■ 


U N I V E R.S  ITY 
Of  I LLI N O I 5 
Received  by  bequest  from 
Albert  H.  Lybyer 
Professor  of  History 
University  of  Illinois 
1916-1949 

1 C33 

19  i4a 

v*  to  


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/centurydictionar06whit_1 


THE  CENTURY 
(YCLOPEDIAOF  NAMES 


THE  CENTURY 
CYCLOPEDIA  OF  NAMES 

A PRONOUNCING  AND  ETYMOLOGICAL  DICTIONARY 
OF  NAMES  IN  GEOGRAPHY,  BIOGRAPHY 
MYTHOLOGY,  HISTORY,  ETHNOLOGY,  ART 
ARCH/EOLOGY,  FICTION,  ETC.,  ETC.,  ETC. 

t 

EDITED  BY 

BENJAMIN  E.  SMITH,  A.M.,  L.H.D. 

MANAGING  EDITOR  OF  THE  FIRST  EDITION  OF  THE  CENTURY 
DICTIONARY,  AND  EDITOR  OF  THE  CENTURY  ATLAS 
AND  THE  CENTURY  DICTIONARY  SUPPLEMENT 

ASSISTED  BY  A NUMBER  OF  SPECIALISTS 


*7 Revised  and  Enlarged 


PUBLISHED  BY 

CIjc  Century  Co. 

NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1889,  1890,  1891,  1895, 


1896,  1897,  1899,  1900,  1901,  1902,  1903, 
The  Century  Co.  All  Righis  Reserved. 


1904,  1906,  1911,  1913,  1914;  by 


PREFACE. 


HI  Cyclopedia  of  Names  is  an  outgrowth  of  The  Century  Dictionary.  It  was  part  of  the 
j»n  of  that  work  to  include  in  its  final  volume  a somewhat  fuller  appendix  of  names 
o >ersons  and  places  than  had  before  been  given  in  general  dictionaries ; but  as  the  size 
c he  book  increased,  it  became  obvious  that  this  could  not  be  done  in  the  available  space, 
e it  was  decided  to  place  the  appendix  in  a separate  volume.  The  result,  with  many 
modifications  of  e original  scheme,  is  the  present  work.  It  is  entirely  independent  in  subject  and  use, 
yet  serves  as  a oplement  to  the  dictionary  by  extending  the  name-list  into  regions  which  the  dictionary 
could  not  occup  and  by  enlarging  its  encyclopedic  field.  In  character  it  is  primarily  a dictionary  of 
proper  names,  ging  their  orthography  and  pronunciation  and  such  explanation  of  them  as  is  necessary 
for  their  identifition;  and,  secondarily,  a condensed  encyclopedia  in  its  somewhat  fuller  treatment  of 
several  thousand  of  the  more  important  articles. 

The  range  cpames  to  be  included  was  practically  unrestricted,  since  the  object  sought  was  not  the 
presentation  of  ay  special  class,  as  in  a gazetteer  or  biographical  dictionary,  but  a general  account  of  all  the 
names  excluded,  y their  nature,  from  the  larger  work,  so  far  as  this  was  possible  within  the  prescribed  lim- 
its. The  entrie:  hus  comprise  not  only  names  in  biography  and  geography,  but  also  names  of  races  and 
tribes,  mythofig  al  and  legendary  persons  and  places,  characters  and  objects  in  fiction,  stars  and  constella- 
tions, notable  1 ldings  and  archaeological  monuments,  works  of  art,  institutions  (academies,  universities, 
societies,  legish  ve  bodies,  orders,  clubs,  etc.),  historical  events  (wars,  battles,  treaties,  conventions,  etc.), 
sects,  parties,  n ed  streets  and  squares,  books,  plays,  operas,  and  even  celebrated  gems,  vessels  (war-ships, 
yachts,  etc.),  an  horses.  Pseudonyms,  also,  which  have  literary  importance  are  included.  The  only  condi- 
tion of  insertioi  las  been  that  the  name  should  be  one  about  which  information  would  be  likely  to  be  sought. 

All  these  irious  groups  could  not,  of  course,  be  presented  with  equal  fullness.  The  space  given  to 
persons  and  phis  is  relatively  much  greater  than  that  devoted  to  any  other  class,  and  the  others  follow  in 
what  appeared  be  the  order  of  their  usefulness  to  the  general  reader,  whose  needs  have  everywhere  been 
considered  in  tb  selection  of  the  names  to  be  defined.  Thus,  both  ancient  geography  and  modern  are  repre- 
sented, and  thejnformation  given  in  the  brief  space  allowed  to  the  separate  articles  is  historical  rather  than 
statistical.  Th  list  of  geographical  names,  also,  includes,  besides  towns  which  are  notable  from  their  size, 
smaller  places  ad  localities  which  are  important  historically,  or  as  visited  by  tourists,  or  for  other  reasons ; 
the  various  pl^sical  and  political  divisions  of  the  earth;  rivers,  lakes,  seas,  etc.;  natural  curiosities;  and 
various  imagery  places  of  legend  and  fiction.  The  list  of  personal  names,  for  the  same  reason,  is  selected 
from  all  timesand  not  only  from  actual  biography,  but  also  from  mythology,  legend,  and  fiction  (the  last 
chiefly  Englisfy.  In  the  matter  of  dates  the  usual  difficulties,  due  to  different  styles  of  reckoning  and  to 
the  actual  diff  fences  (which  are  very  numerous)  among  the  best  authorities,  have  been  met  and,  it  is  hoped, 
to  a considers  )le  degree  overcome.  In  English  biography  the  dates  given  in  the  “Dictionary  of  National 
Biography”  h ve,  as  a rule,  been  adopted  so  far  as  its  volumes  were  available  (A  to  N);  and  full  acknow- 
ledgment is  lure  given  of  the  aid  received  in  this  and  in  other  ways  from  that  great  work.  In  the  brief 
bibliographies  with  few  exceptions,  only  the  most  important  works  are  given,  and  these  often,  for  economy 
of  space,  wit 1 abbreviated  titles. 


VI 


PREFACE. 


The  orthography  has,  in  general,  been  determined  by  the  established  usage  in  tlanguage  from  which 
the  name  is  taken.  The  correct  and,  as  a rule,  the  only  current  spelling  of  a placame  is  the  local  one, 
and,  within  certain  limits,  of  a personal  name  that  which  its  bearer  gives  it.  Th  are,  however,  large 
groups  to  which  these  considerations  do  not  apply.  English  usage,  in  many  cases  coreign  names  which 
were  introduced  before  the  present  period  of  greater  exactness,  has  established  formvhich  differ  more  or 
less  from  the  present  or  original  native  form.  Familiar  instances  of  this,  in  place-nan,  are  Munich  for  the 
German  Munchen , Flushing  for  the  Dutch  VI issingen,  Hanover  for  the  German  Hannover, in  personal  names 
Horace , Livy , Pliny,  Augustine , for  the  Latin  Horatius,  Livius,  Plinius , Augustinus , and  t commonly  accepted 
Latinized  forms  of  Greek  names,  as  Hercules  for  Heracles , Plato  for  Platon,  etc.  In  ±se  cases  the  desire 
has  been  to  return  to  the  native  form  when  its  difference  from  the  Anglicized  spelling  comparatively  slight 
(as  in  Hannover) ; but  in  other  cases  the  conventional  English  spelling  has,  as  a rule,  hi  accepted.  In  the 
case  of  Greek  names,  in  particular,  both  geographical  and  personal,  it  has  seemed  beso  retain  the  famil- 
iar forms  which  have  come  to  us  through  the  Latin,  and  to  transliterate  other  Greek  ames,  not  recorded 
in  classical  Latin,  according  to  the  same  system.  No  transliteration  of  the  Greek  cane  acceptable  which 
is  not  complete  and  consistent : such  consistency,  however,  would  produce  many  fornwhich  are  not  only 
without  support  in  English  usage,  but  are  also  open  to  the  charge  of  pedantry.  There  e also  many  names 
in  regard  to  which  usage  differs  (there  being  in  fact,  as  a rule,  no  proper  local  usage),  ovhere  accepted  use 
may  properly  be  corrected  in  accordance  with  a general  rule : as,  for  example,  Hudsc  Bay  for  Hudson's 
Bay.  Here  choice  has  been  made  of  the  simpler  or  the  corrected  spelling.  Lastly,  the;  is  the  large  group 
of  names  taken  from  languages  which  do  not  employ  the  Roman  alphabet,  or  are  witlut  any,  and  whose 
sounds  have  to  be  represented  by  some  method  of  transliteration.  Here  established  ai  familiar  translit- 
erations have,  as  a rule,  been  adopted ; and  in  other  cases  the  simplest  available  torn,  according  to  the 
system,  for  the  languages  concerned,  used  in  The  Century  Dictionary.  So  far  as  was  rssible  the  use  of 
“accented”  letters  in  transliteration  has  been  avoided,  the  employment  of  such  markstn  the  absence  of 
a generally  accepted  scientific  system,  appearing  to  be  distinctly  undesirable,  especiall  from  a practical 
point  of  view. 

In  the  pronunciation  the  system  of  notation  employed  by  Professor  Whitney  in  The  kntury  Dictionary 
has,  with  slight  modifications,  been  adopted.  The  marking  of  the  sounds  of  foreign  naies  might  in  some 
cases  have  been  simplified  by  the  use  of  a notation  based  upon  a different  principle;  bt,  since  this  work 
was  designed  to  be  a companion  to  the  dictionary,  it  was  desirable  to  avoid,  especially  in  iris  particular,  dif- 
ference of  method.  Moreover,  the  “English”  notation  is  that  to  which  most  are  accustomd,  and  which  best 
enables  the  English  consul  ter  of  a dictionary  to  reproduce  with  a fair  degree  of  accurac  the  sounds  indi- 
cated. In  any  case,  only  by  the  ear  can  one  know  the  exact  sounds  of  a foreign  speech,  ail  only  the  trained 
tongue  can  utter  them  with  precision.  This  is  particularly  true  of  personal  and  place  nmes,  which  often 
have  a special  character  that  can  not  exactly  be  inferred  from  the  general  rules  or  usage  of  the  languages 
concerned.  The  values  of  the  signs  used  are  given  in  the  key:  it  is  necessary  only  to  remar  that  the  natural 
tendency  of  an  English-speaker  to  shorten  or  slur  the  long  vowels  of  many  foreign  names  las  led  to  the  use 
of  the  long- vowel  signs,  to  insure  the  right  vowel  quality,  even  in  cases  where  the  actual  sound  is  shorter 
than  that  indicated  by  the  notation. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  systematically  to  etymologize  all  the  names  in  the  list:  rut  etymological 
notes  have  been  inserted  under  many  of  the  historical  names  of  prime  interest,  especially  those  of  ancient 
English  origin,  and  in  many  other  cases  where  they  seemed  to  be  useful.  These  have  beer  contributed  by 
Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  with  additions  by  some  of  the  other  specialists  in  their  several  departments 
Sanskrit,  Semitic,  American  Indian,  etc.  Dr.  Scott  has  also  aided  in  the  work  on  the  pronuiciation,  and  has 
criticized  the  proofs. 

The  geographical  articles  have  been  prepared  by  Professor  Edmund  K.  Alden,  whose  work  has  been 
supplemented  in  Mexican  and  Central  and  South  American  geography  by  Mr.  Herbert  H.  Smith,  in  African 
geography  by  Mr.  Heli  Chatelain,  and  in  ancient  Oriental  geography  by  Dr.  Cyrus  Adler.  Professor  A\  . R. 
Martin  has  contributed  the  articles  on  Indian  and  Persian  biography,  mythology,  and  literature;  Colonel 
Garrick  Mallery,  those  on  North  American  Indian  tribes;  Professor  Charles  A.  Young,  those  on  the  stars; 


PREFACE. 


vii 


Professor  William  1 Carpenter,  thoson  Teutonic  mythology,  ethnology,  and  legend ; and 
B.  Wood,  those  on  iglish  literatures!  characters  in  fiction.  Professor  Carpenter  has  also  w tten bm- 
graphical  articles  oi  he  bestdmown  lines  in  German  and  Scandinavian  liteiatuie.  le  accouu 
of  art,  noted  buildi, , (generally  und  place-names),  and  the  articles  on  classical  archaeology 
by  the  late  Mr.  Thcas  W.  Ludlow,  liographical  notices  of  the  more  important  1011c  1 ™ 
contributed  by  Dr.  D.  Woodward.  Dr.  Adler  has  also  written  numerous  articles  on  Seim  le  ■ 7 • 

antiquities ; Mr.  H 1.  Smith  has  hacharge  of  the  Mexican  and  South  American  biography  and  eulogy 
and  Mr.  Chatelain  ,s  written  on  Alcan  ethnology,  and  has  read  the  proofs  especially  for  the 
of  the  pronunciati . Many  valuab  notes  on  the  ethnology  and  geography  of  the  s0U^WeS‘e"'  “A 
and  northern  Hex  were  received  Pm  Mr.  Adolph  Bandolier.  General  assist, nice  u > the b og  aphmal 
and  historical  worms  been  given  1:  Dr.  M.  A.  Mikkelsen,  and  valuab  e ale  m e cn  1C“““  ^ 

and  proofs  by  Re  George  M‘Arthr.  Whatever  degree  of  typographical  accuracy  and  cons . y 
been  attained  is  fgely  due  to  theproof-readers  of  The  De  Vinne  Press. 

BENJAMIN  E.  SMITH. 

September  Is  1894. 

THE  REMSED  AND  ENLARGED  EDITION. 

Since  the  fi:;  edition  of  the  Cyclopedia  of  Names  was  issued  in  1894  many  other  editions  and  im- 
pressions have  leared,  in  all  of  ihich  changes,  more  or  less  numerous,  have  been  made  as  the  result  of 
careful  revision,  id.  some  of  whic  have  comprised  considerable  additions.  Of  the  earlier  editions  le 
most  notable  wathe  second,  issud  in  1895,  in  the  preparation  of  which  much  assistance  was  receive 
from  Mr.  Louis  eilprin,  the  late  Irofessor  Angelo  Heilprin  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in  Philadelphia, 
Dr.  Samuel  A.  Ion,  Mr.  F.  W.  Bilge  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  and  many  otheis  le 
present  edition, Thick  has  been  elarged  by  the  incorporation  of  a supplement  containing  about  3,000 
names  and  addional  items  of  inormation,  also  embodies  the  results  of  a new  and  extensive  revision 
covering  all  pan-and  in  particuar  the  statistical  part  (populations,  dates,  etc.)-of  the  material. 
“Chronological  able  of  the  Princbal  Events  in  the  History  of  the  World,”  prepared  by  Charles  Henry 
Smith,  professoBmeritus  of  Amerlan  history  in  Yale  University,  has  been  added,  and  also  a Ghrono  og- 
ical  Outline  of  European  Literatire”  prepared  by  Harry  Morgan  Ayres,  assistant  professor  ot  English 
Literature  in  Clumbia  University  Especial  mention  should  also  he  made  of  the  assistance  receded 
from  Dr.  A.  FJandelier,  Dr.  Cyra  Adler,  and  Mr.  F„  S.  Dellenbaugh. 

BENJAMIN  E.  SMITH. 


July  1,  19 


K~Y  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


a as  In 
a as  in 
a as  in 
& as  in 
a as  in 
a as  in 
e as  in 
e as  in 
t as  in 
i as  in 
i as  in 
o as  in 
6 as  in 
6 as  in 
A as  in 
a as  in 
u as  in 
& as  in 


fat,  man,  pang, 
fate,  mane,  dab 
far,  father,  gu 
fall,  talk, 
ask,  fast,  ant. 
fare. 

met,  pen,  bless, 
mete,  meet, 
her,  fern, 
pin,  it. 
pine,  fight,  fill 
not,  on  frog, 
note,  poke,  flo 
move,  Bpoon, 
nor  song,  off. 
tub. 

mute,  acute, 
pull. 


ii  German  ii,  Frflich  u. 
oi  as  in  oil,  joint  boy. 
ou  as  in  pound,  proud. 

A single  dot  un(er  a vowel  in  an  un- 
accented syllable!  indicates  its  abbre- 
viation and  lightening,  without  abso- 
lute loss  of  its  distinctive  quality. 
Thus: 

ft  as  in  prelate,  courage. 
i;  as  in  ablegate,  episcopal. 

9 as  in  abrogate,  eulogy,  democrat, 
u as  in  singular,  education. 

A double  dot  under  a vowel  in  an 
unaccented  syllable  indicates  that, 
even  in  the  mouths  of  the  best  speak- 
ers, its  sound  is  variable  to,  and  in  or- 
dinary utterance  actually  becomes, 

This  star  wherever  used  refers 


the  short  resound  (of  but,  pun,  etc.). 
Thus : 

a as  in  errant,  republican, 
g as  in  prudent,  difference. 

as  in  chanty,  density, 
o as  in  valor,  actor,  idiot, 
ft  as  in  Persia,  peninsula, 
ft  as  in  the  book, 
ft  as  in  nature,  feature. 

A mark  (~)  under  the  consonants 
t,  d,  s,  z indicates  that  they  in  like 
manner  are  variable  to  ch , j,  sh,  zh. 
Thus : 

$ as  in  nature,  adventure, 
ft  as  in  arduous,  education. 

§ as  in  pressure. 

■i  as  in  seizure. 


y as  in  yet. 

B Spanish  b (medial). 

6h  as  in  German  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

G as  in  German  Abensberg,  Ham- 
burg. 

H Spanish  g before  e and  i;  Spanish 
j ; etc.  (a  guttural  h). 
ft  French  nasalizing  n,  as  in  ton,  en. 
8 final  s in  Portuguese  (soft), 
th  as  in  thin. 

Tu  as  in  then. 

D = TH. 

• denotes  a primary,  " a secondary 
accent.  (A  secondary  accent  is  not 
marked  if  at  its  regular  interval  of 
two  syllables  from  the  primary,  or 
from  another  secondary.) 


to  material  that  will  he  found  in  the  supplement. 


CONTENTS 


Names  (pages  1-1085) 

Supplement 

A Chronological  Table  of  the  Chief  Events  of  Histry 
Lists  of  Rulers 

G EN E ALOGICAL  C HARTS 

A Chronological  Outline  of  European  jsh i>  AmericanLiterature 


teaSBt&TlIll  C.FNTl  IRYHilgaa 

CYCLOPEDIA  OF  NAMES 


a (a)!  [Lit.  ‘(the)  water,’ 
i.  j ‘the  river’;  one  of 
th<  forms,  surviving  in 
rh  ’-names,  of  a com- 
md  Teut.  word,  Goth. 
all  i,  OHG.  aha,  AS.  ed, 
et  = L.  aqua,  water: 
se  aqua  and  ewe 2,  C.  D.] 
A river  in  northern 
Ftnce  which  flows  into 
the  North  Sea  between  Calais  and  Dunkirk. 

Aa.  A river  in  the  provice  of  North  Brabant, 
Netherlands,  which  unfes  with  the  Dommel 
near  Herzogenbusch.  - 

Aa.  A river  in  the  ppvince  of  Groningen, 
Netherlands,  which  flop  into  the  Dollart. 

Aa.  A river  in  the  cstons  of  Lucerne  and 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  i tributary  of  the  Aare. 

Aa.  A river  in  the  c iton  of  Unterwalden, 
Switzerland,  which  fo:  is  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Sarnen  into  the  Lake  < Lucerne. 

Aa.  A river  in  the  cpton  of  Unterwalden, 
Switzerland,  which  flo  s into  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne near  Buochs. 

Aa.  A river  in  Courlnd,  emptying  by  one 
mouth  into  the  Gulf  c Riga,  and  by  another 
into  the  Diina. 

Aa.  A river  in  Livoni)  about  175  miles  long, 
which  flows  into  the  Gif  of  Riga. 

Aa  (a),  Peter  van  df.  A Dutch  publisher 
and  engraver  who,  wit.  his  brothers,  formed  a 
publishing-house  at  l)yden  about  1682.  They 
edited  several  collections  o travels  in  Dutch  and  French. 

Aach  (ach).  A smalljowu  in  Baden,  about  20 
miles  northwest  of  Costance,  the  scene  of  an 
engagement  betweenihe  French  and  the  Aus- 
trians, March  25,  1791 

Aachen  (a'chen).  Tfe  German  name  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle. 

Aageson  (a'ge-son),  oiAagesen  (-sen),  Svend. 
A Scandinavian  wriflr  of  the  12th  century. 
His  “Compendiosa  his  to;  1 regum  L)ani:e,”  from  King 
Skjold  to  Knud  VI.,  is  th<  irst  connected  history  of  Den- 
‘ is  life. 

[Egypt.,  ‘delight  of 
] An  Egyptian  queen, 
ing  of  the  17th  dynasty, 
33,  first  king  of  the  18th 


mark.  Little  is  known  of 

Aah-hotep  (a-ho'tep 
the  moon’  (Brugsch 
wife  of  Karnes,  last 
and  mother  of  Aah 


dynasty.  Her  coffin  us  found  at  Thebes  in  1860,  in 
the  ancient  necropolis  of  |o,  and  was  placed  in  the  Bulak 
Museum  (removed  to  Gizji,  and  in  1902  to  Cairo). 

Aahmes  (a'mes)  I.  L.  Ainasis  (a-ma'sis). 
[Egypt.,  ‘child  of  tl  moon’  (Brugscli).]  An 
Egyptian  king,  the  f inder  of  the  18th  dynasty 
and  the  conqueror  of  he  Hyksos.  He  lived  about 
1700  B.  C.  An  inscriptio  on  two  rock- tablets  at  Tilran 
and  Massaarah,  commemrating  the  22d  year  of  his  reign, 
has  been  deciphered. 

Aahmes  II.,  L.  Anksis.  An  Egyptian  king 
(572-528  b.  c.  [Bruglh],  570-526  [Sayce]),  the 
fifth  of  the  26th  dyiisty.  He  maintained  friendly 
relations  with  the  Greeletates,  sending  gifts  (548  B.  c.) 
for  the  rebuilding  of  thamrnt  temple  at  D Iphi,  and  es- 
tablishing at  Naucratis  (reek  commerce  and  settlement. 

Mr.  Petrie’s  excavatids  show  them  [Creeksl  to  have 
been  in  possession  of  tl  city  [Naucratisl  from  a much 
earlier  period  — earlier]  perhaps,  than  the  dynasty  to 
which  Amasis  belonged]  What  Amasis  actually  did  for 
the  Greeks  of  Xaucratis  hust,  therefore,  have  been  to  con- 
firm them  in  their  occroation  of  that  site,  and  to  grant 
them  an  exclusive  charer  whereby  they  should  he  en- 
titled to  hold  it  in  permuity. 

A.  B.  Edwans,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  180. 

Aahmes.  An  Egwtian  captain  who  fought 
against  the  Hyksosnbout  1700  B.  c An  impor- 
tant inscription  iff  his  tomb  at  El-Kab,  near 
ancient  Thebes,  h®  been  deciphered. 


Aahmes  -N efertari.  See  Nefertari. 

Aalborg  (al'borG).  A seaport  in  the  amt  of 
Aalborg,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Lijmfjord 
about  lat.  57°  3'  N.,  long.  9°  55'  E.  It  has  an 
important  foreign  commerce  and  fisheries. 
Population,  31,509. 

Aalborg.  A stift  and  amt  of  Jutland,  Denmark. 

Aaleu  (a'len).  A town  in  the  Jagst  circle, 
Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Kocher  about 
42  miles  east  of  Stuttgart:  an  ancient  free  im- 
perial city.  Population,  10,442. 

Aalesund  (a'le-sond).  A seaport  in  the  amt 
of  Romsdal,  Norway,  on  islands  of  the  western 
coast,  about  lat.  62°  28'  N.  Population, 
13.848. 

Aali.  See  Ali. 

Aalst.  See  Alost. 

Aalten  (al'ten).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  about  30  miles 
east  of  Arnhem. 

Aar.  See  Aare. 

Aarau  (ar'ou).  The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Aare  24 
miles  southeast  of  Basel.  It  has  manufactures 
of  silk,  cotton,  instruments,  etc.  Population, 
7,831. 

Aarburg  (ar'borG).  A small  manufacturing 
town  in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Aare  about  22  miles  southeast 
of  Basel. 

Aare  (a're),  or  Aar  (ar).  A river  in  Switzer- 
land, rising  in  the  Bernese  Oberland  near  the 
Grimsel  Pass.  It  traverses  the  Hash  Thai  and  forms 
the  Handeck  Fall,  traverses  the  lakes  of  Brienz  and  Thun, 
flows  through  Bern,  Solothurn,  and  Aargau,  and  joins  the 
Rhine  opposite  Waldshut.  Upon  it  are  Bern,  Solothurn, 
Aarau,  and  Brugg.  Its  length  is  about  170  miles,  and  it 
is  navigable  from  Unterseen  for  small  craft. 

Aared  (a'red).  A group  of  mountains  in  Nejd, 
central  Arabia.  Also  Ared,  Arid,  Aroudh. 

Aarestrup  (a're -strop),  Carl  Ludwig  Emil. 
Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  4,  1800 : died  1856. 
A Danish  lyric  poet,  author  of  “Digte”  (1838) 
and  “Efterladte  Digte”  (1863). 

Aargau  (ar'gou),  F.  Argovie  (ar-go-ve').  A 
canton  of  Switzerland,  capital  Aarau.  bounded 
by  Baden  on  the  north  (separated  by  the  Rhine), 
Zurich  and  Zug  on  the  east,  Lucerne  on  the 
south,  and  Basel,  Solothurn,  and  Bern  on  the 
west.  The  language  is  German,  and  about  lialf  the 
population  is  Roman  Catholic.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fer- 
tile of  the  cantons,  has  an  important  trade  and  large 
manufactures,  especially  of  cotton,  and  sends  ten  mem- 
bers to  the  National  Council.  Its  area  is  642  square  miles, 
and  its  population  229,890,  (1910).  In  the  13th  century  it 
came  under  the  influence  of  the  Hapshurgs,  was  annexed 
in  part  by  the  Swiss  confederates  in  1415,  became  a canton 
in  1798,  and  assumed  its  present  form  in  1803. 

Aarhus,  or  Aarhuus  (ar'hos).  The  capital  of 
the  amt  of  Aarhus,  Jutland,  Denmark,  on  the 
Cattegat.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  Jutland,  and  has 
important  commerce,  manufactures,  and  a cathedral. 
The  bishopric  was  founded  by  Otto  I.  in  the  10th  century. 
Population,  55,103. 

Aarhus.  An  amt  and  stift  in  Jutland,  Den- 
mark. 

Aaro  (ar'e).  A small  island  of  Schleswig, 
Prussia,  in  the  Little  Belt. 

Aaron  (ar'on  or  ar'on).  [Gr.  ’A ap&v,  Heb. 
’Aharon.']  The  first  high  priest  of  the  Israel- 
ites, eldest  son  of  Amram  and  Jochebed,  of  the 
tribe  of  Levi,  and  brother  of  Moses  and  Mir- 
iam. He  died  on  Mount  Hor  at  the  age  of  123 
years. 

Aaron,  Saint.  A British  martyr  who  was  put 
to  death  at  Newport,  Wales,  in  the  reign  of 
Diocletian. 


Aaron.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  (?)  “ Titus 
Andronicus,”  a Moor  of  unnatural  wickedness. 

Aaron’s  confessions  of  his  villanies  (in  “ Titus  Androni- 
cus, ” v.  1)  will  recall  to  every  reader  the  conversation  be- 
tween Barabas  and  Ithamore  in  the  third  scene  of  the 
second  act  of  the  “Jew  of  Malta”  [of  Marlowe],  The 
character  of  Aaron  was  either  drawn  by  Marlowe  or  in 
close  imitation  of  him  ; and  it  seems  to  me  more  reasona- 
ble to  suppose  that  “ Titus  Andronicus  ” is  in  the  main  a 
crude  early  work  of  Marlowe’s  than  that  any  imitator 
could  have  written  with  such  marked  power. 

Bullen,  Introd.  to  Marlowe’s  Works,  p.  lxxviL 

Aaron  ben  Asher  (ar'on  ben  ash'er).  Lived 
at  Tiberias  in  the  first  quarter  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury. A Jewish  scholar,  probably  belonging 
to  the  Karaite  sect.  He  completed  the  Massorah,  i.  e. 
the  vowels  and  accents  which  make  up  the  traditional 
text  of  the  Hebrew  Bible.  His  contemporary  and  oppo- 
nent was  a certain  Ben  Naftali.  When  these  authorities 
differ,  both  readings  are  given  in  the  rabbinical  Bibles. 

Aarssens  (ar'sens),  Frans  van.  Born  1572 : 
died  1641.  A Dutch  diplomatist,  one  of  the 
foremost  politicians  of  his  age,  guilty  of  pro- 
moting the  condemnation  of  Barneveldt  in 
1619.  His  memoirs  are  important. 

Aasen  ( a'sen ),  Ivar  Andreas.  Born  at  Orsten, 
in  Norway,  Aug.  5, 1813 : died  Sept.  23, 1896.  A 
Norwegian  philologist,  botanist,  and  poet:  au- 
thor of  “Det  norske  Folkesprogs  Grammatik” 
(1848),  “Ordbog  over  det  norske  Folkesprog” 
(1850),  later  enlarged  and  issued  under  the  title 
“ Norsk  Ordbog”  (1873),  and  other  works. 

Aasvasr  (as'var).  A group  of  small  islands  on 
the  coast  of  Norway,  nearly  on  the  arctic  cir- 
cle, the  seat,  of  important  herring-fisheries. 

Ab  (ab).  The  fifth  month  of  the  Hebrew  eccle- 
siastical and  the  eleventh  of  the  civil  year ; J uly- 
August.  It  was  a Babylonian  name,  adopted  by  the 
Jews  with  the  names  of  the  rest  of  the  months  after  the 
Babylonian  exile.  Its  etymology  is  uncertain. 

Ababdeh,  or  Ababde  (a-biib'de).  An  African 
tribe,  of  Hamitie  (Beja)  race,  living  in  Upper 
Egypt  and  northern  Nubia,  east  of  the  Nile, 
about  lat.  20°-22°  N.  Their  number  is  estimated 
to  be  about  100,000. 

Ababde  (a-biib'de).  A village  in  Egypt,  on  the 
Nile,  about  lat.  27°  50'  N.  It  is  near  the  site 
of  the  Roman  city  Antinoe. 

Abaco  (a'bii-ko),  Great,  or  Lucaya  (lo-ka'ya). 
One  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  Bahama 
group,  West  Indies,  east  of  Great  Bahama. 
It  is  about  80  miles  long  and  20  wide. 

Abaco,  Little.  An  island  of  the  Bahamas, 
northwest  of  Great  Abaco. 

Abaddon  (a-bad'on).  [Heb.,  ‘destruction’: 
synonym  of  Sheol  in  the  Old  Testament  (Job 
xxvi.  6 and  xxviii.  22,  Ps.  lxxxviii.  12).]  1.  The 
destroyer  or  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit ; Apol- 
lyon.  Rev.  ix.  11. — 2.  The  place  of  destruction; 
the  depth  of  hell.  Talmud;  Milton,  P.  R.,  iv. 
624. 

Abadites.  See  Ahhadides. 

Abad  y Queypeo  (a'biiTH  e ka-pa'o),  Manuel. 
Born  in  the  Asturias  about  1770 : died  in  1824. 
A Spanish  ecclesiastic.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent 
in  Mexico,  and  in  1809  he  was  made  bishop  of  Micloacan. 
Driven  out  soon  after  by  the  revolutionists,  he  returned 
in  1813.  In  1820  he  was  deposed  and  sent  a prisoner  to 
Spain  for  opposition  to  the  Inquisition.  Released  soon 
after,  he  became  a member  of  the  government  junta  and 
bishop  of  Tortosa.  In  1823  he  was  again  imprisoned  by 
the  Inquisition,  and  died  in  confinement. 

Abse  (a'be),  or  Abai  (a'bi).  [Gr.  ’IV/foo]  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  of  I’hocis,  Greece, 
noted  for  its  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo. 

Abafi  (o'bo-fe),  or  Apafi,  Michael.  Bom 
Sept.  25,  1632:  (lied  April  15,  1690.  A prince 
of  Transylvania,  under  the  protection  of  the 


Abaffy 


Abot,  Robert 


Porte  until  1686  when  he  made  a treaty  with 
the  emperor.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  sou 
Michael  (born  Aug.  14,  1682:  diedFeb.il, 
1713). 

Abailard.  See  Abelard. 

Abakansk  (ab-a-kansk').  A small  town  in 
the  government  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  near 
the  Yenisei,  north  of  Minusinsk,  noted  for  the 
tumuli  and  hieroglyphic  statues  in  its  neigh- 
borhood. 

Abaliget  (ob'o-le-get).  A village  near  Fiinf- 
kirchen,  county  of  Baranya,  Hungary,  noted 
for  its  large  stalactite  cave  (about  3,000  feet  in 
length). 

Abalus  (ab'a-lus).  An  island  abounding  with 
amber,  said  (by  Pytheas)  to  be  in  the  Northern 
Ocean,  and  variously  identified:  probably  a 
part  of  the  Prussian  Baltic  coast. 

Abamonti  (a-ba-mon'te),  or  Albamonte  (al- 
ba-mon'te),  Giuseppe.  Born  about  1759:  died 
Aug.  8,  1818.  A Neapolitan  statesman,  sec- 
retary-general under  the  Cisalpine  Republic, 
1798,  and  member  of  the  executive  committee 
at  Naples.  On  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  in 
1799  he  was  arrested  and  condemned  to  be  hung,  but 
was  amnestied  and  returned  to  Milan,  where  he  again 
acted  as  secretary-general  until  1805  when  he  returned  to 
Naples. 

Abana  (ab'a-na).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river,  the  modern  Barada,  which  flows 
through  the  plain  and  city  of  Damascus  and  is 
lost  in  the  desert.  Also  Amana. 

Abancay  (a-Ban-ki').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Apurimae,  Peru,  about  110  miles  south- 
west of  Cuzco,  noted  for  its  sugar-refineries. 
Population,  3,000. 

Abancay  River.  A small  river  of  Peru,  an 
affluent  of  the  Apurimae,  west  of  Cuzco,  and 
crossed  by  the  road  to  Lima,  it  was  a military 
point  of  great  importance  in  the  civil  wars  of  the  16th 
century.  Here  Alonso  de  Alvarado  was  defeated  by  the 
elder  Almagro,  and  with  his  whole  array  captured,  July 
12,  1537.  Near  the  same  place  Giron  defeated  Alonso  de 
Alvarado,  May  21,  1564. 

Abano  (a'ba-no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Padua,  Italy,  about  6 miles  southwest  of  Padua, 
noted  for  its  hot  springs  (the  ancient  Aquee 
Patavinse  or  Aponus  ( Aponi ) fons).  It  is  the  re- 
puted birthplace  of  the  historian  Livy.  Popu- 
lation, about  3,000. 

Abano,  Pietro  d’  (Petrus  Aponus  or  de  Apo- 
no).  Born  at  Abano,  Italy,  1250  (1246?):  died 
at  Padua,  1316  (1320?).  An  Italian  physician 
and  philosopher,  denounced  by  the  Inquisition 
as  a magician.  He  wrote  “Conciliator  differentiarum 
quee  inter  pliilosophos  et  medicos  versantur”  (printed 
1472),  “ De  venenis  eorumque  remediis”  (printed  1472),  etc. 

Abarbanel.  See  Abrabanel. 

Abarim  (ab'a-rim).  A mountainous  region  or 
lofty  table-land  in  Palestine,  east  of  the  Dead 
Sea,  containing  Pisgah  and  Nebo. 

Abaris  (ab'a-ris).  [Gr.  "Afiapit;.']  A mythical 
Greek  sage,  surnamed  “ The  Hyperborean,”  as- 
signed to  the  6th  or  7th  century  b.  c. 

[Abaris]  was  said  to  have  received  from  Apollo,  whose 
priest  he  had  been  in  his  own  country,  a magic  arrow, 
upon  which  he  could  cross  streams,  lakes,  swamps,  and 
mountains.  This  arrow  he  gave  to  Pythagoras,  who  in 
return  taught  him  his  philosophy.  Oracles  and  charms 
under  his  name  appear  to  have  passed  current  among  the 
Greeks.  According  to  Pindar  he  came  into  Greece  in  the 
reign  of  Crmsus.  Eusebius  places  him  a little  earlier. 
Probably  he  was,  like  Anacharsis,  a Scythian  who  wished 
to  make  himself  acquainted  with  Greek  customs.  [It  has 
been  conjectured  that  the  arrow  of  Abaris  is  a mythical 
tradition  of  the  magnet,  but  it  is  hardly  possible  that  if 
the  polarity  of  the  needle  had  been  known  it  should  not 
have  been  more  distinctly  noticed. — II.  C.  K.l 

Rawlinsun,  Herod.,  III.  29,  note. 

Abasalo  (a-ba-sa'lo),  Mariano.  Born  in  Do- 
lores, Mexico,  1783:  died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  1819. 
A soldier  in  the  Spanish  army  who  joined  the 
revolutionary  movement  of  Hidalgo  in  1810, 
and  was  named  lieutenant-general  of  the  in- 
surgents. He  was  captured  and  sent  a pris- 
oner to  Spain,  where  he  died  in  confinement. 
Abascal  y Sousa  (a-Bas-kal'  e so'sii),  Jos6 
Fernando.  Born  in  Oviedo,  Asturias,  June 
3,  1743:  died  in  Madrid,  June  30, 1821.  A Span- 
ish general  and  statesman,  viceroy  of  Peru 
1806-16.  He  was  created  Marquis  de  la  Concordia 
Espanola  del  Peru  (decree  of  May  20,  1812),  and  on  bis  re- 
turn to  Spain  was  made  captain-general. 

Abasgi  (a-bas'ji),  or  Abasci  (a-bas'i),  or 
Abasges  (a-bas'jez).  [Gr.  ’Afiaayoi,  'AfiaaKoi.' ) 
A Scythian  people  anciently  inhabiting  a small 
region  in  the  Caucasus,  on  the  shore  of  the 
Black  Sea,  north  of  Colchis. 

Abasgia  (a-bas'ji-ii).  The  region  occupied  by 
the  Abasgi;  the  modern  Abkhasia. 

Abassides.  See  Abbassidcs. 

Abate.  See  Abbate. 


Abauzit  (a-bo-ze'),  Firmin.  Bom  at  Uz&s, 
Gard,  France,  Nov.  11,  1679:  died  at  Geneva, 
March  20,  1767.  A French  philosopher  and 
mathematician,  a friend  of  Newton,  Rousseau, 
and  Voltaire.  His  name  was  used  as  a pseudo- 
nym by  Voltaire. 

Abayi  (a-ba-ye')-  [Heb.,  ‘my  father.’]  Bom 
about  280  a.  d.  : died  339.  A distinguished 
Hebrew  scholar,  surnamed  “Nachmani.”  He  was 
director  of  a celebrated  Jewish  academy  at  Pumbeditha 
in  Babylonia,  333-338,  and  was  held  in  high  esteem  for 
his  learning  and  upright  character. 

Abb  (ab).  A town  80  miles  east  of  Mocha. 
Abbadides(ab'a-didz),orAbadites(ab'a-dits). 
A Moorish  dynasty  of  Seville.  It  was  founded 
in  1023  by  Abul-Kasim,  cadi  of  Seville,  and 
lasted  till  the  capture  of  the  city  by  the  Alrno- 
ravides  in  1091. 

Abbadie  (a-ba-de'),  Antoine  Thomson  d\ 

Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  Jan.  3,  1810:  died  at 
Paris,  March  20,  1897.  A French  traveler  (in 
company  with  his  brother)  in  Abyssinia  and 
the  Galla  country  (1837^8).  He  published  “Gto- 

dcsie  d’une  partie  dela  Haute-Ethiopie  " (1860-73),  “liic- 
tionnaire  de  la  laugue  amarinna  ” (1881),  etc. 

Abbadie,  Arnaud  Michel  d’.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, July  24, 1815:  died  1823.  A French  traveler 
in  Abyssinia  and  the  Galla  country,  brother  and 
companion  of  A.  T . Abbadie ; author  of  “ Douze 
ans  dans  la  Haute-Ethiopie”  (1868),  etc. 
Abbadie,  James  (Jacques).  Born  at  Nay, 
Basses-Pyrenees,  probably  in  1654  (1657  and 
1658  are  also  given):  died  at  London,  Sept.  25, 
1727.  A noted  French  Protestant  theologian. 
He  went  to  Berlin  about  1680  as  minister  of  the  French 
church  there,  and  thence  to  England  and  Ireland ; was 
for  a time  minister  of  the  French  church  in  the  Savoy  ; 
and  settled  in  Ireland  as  dean  of  Killaloe  in  1699.  His 
chief  work  is  the  “Traito  de  la  vdritd  de  la  religion 
chrdtienne  " (1684),  with  its  continuation,  “ Traito  de  la  di- 
vinity de  notre  Seigneur  Jdsus-Christ  ” (1689). 

Abba  Jared  (ab'bii  ya'red).  A mountain  in 
northern  Abyssinia,  northeast  of  Gondar,  14,714 
feet  in  height. 

Abbas  (ab'bas).  Bora  about  566:  died  652. 
Abul  Fadl  al  Hasinii,  uncle  of  Mohammed, 
and  founder  of  the  family  of  the  Abbassides. 
Abbas  I.,  “The  Great.”  Born  1557:  died  at 
Kaswin,  Persia,  Jan.  27,  1628.  A famous  shah 
of  Persia,  who  reigned  1586-1628.  He  defeated 
the  Turks  at  Basra  in  1605,  conquered  Khorasan,  Kan- 
dahar, etc.,  and  consolidated  the  Persian  monarchy. 

Abbas  II.  Hilmi.  Born  July  16,  1874.  Khe- 
dive of  Egypt,  eldest  son  of  Tewfik  Pasha. 
He  succeeded  his  father  Jan.  8,  1892. 

Abbas  Pasha.  Born  at  Jiddah,  Arabia,  1813: 
died  July  13,  1854.  A grandson  of  Mehemet 
Ali,  viceroy  of  Egypt  1848-54. 

Abbas  Mirza  (ab'bas  mer'za).  Born  about 
1783:  died  at  Mashhad,  Persia,  Dec.,  1833. 
A prince  of  Persia,  younger  son  of  the  shah 
Feth-Ali  (Path-' Ali),  noted  as  a commander 
in  the  wars  against  Russia,  1811-13  and  1826-28. 

By  the  first  war  Persia  lost  its  remaining  possessions 
in  the  Caucasus,  and  was  compelled  to  acknowledge  the 
flag  of  [Russia  on  the  Caspian,  and  by  the  second  it  lost 
Armenia.  The  succession  of  Abbas  to  the  throne  was 
guaranteed  in  the  treaty  of  1828. 

Abbassides  (a-bas'idz  or  ab'a-sidz).  The  califs 
of  Bagdad,  750-1258.  They  claimed  descent  from 
Abbas,  the  uncle  of  Mohammed,  and  succeeded  the  Om- 
miad  califs  of  Damascus  upon  the  defeat  of  the  calif  Mar- 
wan  by  Abul  Abbas  near  the  Zab  in  750.  Almansur  suc- 
ceeded Abul  Abbas  and  made  Bagdad  the  capital  of  the 
califate.  The  most  famous  calif  of  this  family  was  Barun- 
al-Rashid,  786-809.  From  1258  to  1517  the  Abbassides 
were  nominal  califs  of  Egypt  The  last  Abbasside,  Muta- 
wakkal  III.,  died  in  Cairo  in  1538.  Also  Abbassids. 

Abbate,  or  Abate  (a-bii'te),  Niccolo  dell’. 

Born  at  Modena,  Italy,  1512:  died  in  France, 
1571.  An  Italian  painter.  He  assisted  in  dec- 
orating the  palace  at  Fontainebleau.  His  best 
works  are  at  Modena  and  Bologna. 

Abbatucci  (a-ba-tii'se  ; It.  a-ba-to'che), 
Charles.  Born  1771:  killed  in  battle,  Dec.  2, 
1796.  A French  general,  son  of  J.  P.  Abbatucci, 
distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  the  Army  of 
the  Rhine,  1794-96. 

Abbatucci,  Jacques  Pierre.  Born  1726:  died 
1812.  A Corsican  partizan  commander,  an  an- 
tagonist of  Paoli  and  later  a division  general 
in  the  French  service  in  Italy. 

Abbatucci,  Jacques  Pierre  Charles.  Born 
1791 : died  1857.  A French  jurist  and  politi- 
cian, grandson  of  J.  P.  Abbatucci,  and  minis- 
ter of  justice  under  Napoleon  III. 

Abbaye  (ii-ba'),  1’.  A French  military  prison 
at  St.-Germain-des-Pres,  Paris,  built  in  1522 
and  destroyed  in  1854.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  mur- 
der of  164  prisoners  by  the  revolutionists  under  MaiUard 
in  September,  1792.  See  September  massacre. 

Abbe  (ab'i),  Cleveland.  Born  at  New  York. 
Dec.  3,  1838.  An  American  astronomer  and 


meteorologist,  apointed  director  of  the  Cincin- 
nati Observatorjn  1868,  and  meteorologist  of 
the  Weather  Buau  in  1871. 

Abbeokuta.  S eAbeokuta. 

Abberville  (ab'<-vil),  Lord.  The  principal 
character  in  Cu  berland’s  play  “ The  Fash- 
ionable Lover.” 

Abbeville  (ab-vf).  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sommi  France,  situated  on  the 
Somme  25  milesnorthwest  of  Amiens:  the 
ancient  capital  < Ponthieu,  and  a place  of 
gathering  in  the  1st  and  second  Cmsades.  It 
has  important  manultures  of  cloth,  etc.,  and  a consid- 
erable trade.  Its  moi  interesting  building  is  the  church 
of  St.  Wulfram,  beguin  1488,  one  of  the  richest  existing 
examples  of  the  flamlyant  style.  The  gravels  of  Abbe- 
ville have  yielded  foil  remains  of  the  mammoth  and 
rhinoceros  associated  ith  implements  of  prehistoric  man 
dating  from  atime  whi  the  Somme  flowed  300  feet  above 
its  present  level.  Foliation,  20,704. 

Abbeville,  Claudel*.  See  Claude  d’ Abbeville. 

Abbeville,  Treat;  of.  A treaty  concluded 
in  1259  by  whichSenry  III.  of  England  re- 
nounced his  clain  to  Anjou,  Poitou,  Nor- 
mandy, Touraine,and  Maine,  in  favor  of 
Louis  IX.  of  Fraie,  and  held  Guienne  as  a 

+fief  of  France. 

Abbey  (ab'i),  Edwi  Austin.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  1,  182.  An  American  painter 
and  illustrator.  Hexecuted  a series  of  mural  paint- 
ings (the  Holy  Grail)  for  le  Boston  Public  Library. 

Abbiategrasso  (ab)e-a-te-gras[so).  A town 
in  the  province  ofdilan,  15  miles  southwest 
of  Milan.  Populatm,  8,009. 

Abbitibbe  (ab-i-tib'),  Lake.  A lake  in  Can- 
ada, south  of  Jam*  Bay,  about  lat.  49°  N. 
Also  Abbitibbi. 

Abbitibbe  River,  he  outlet  of  Lake  Abbi- 
tibbe, flowing  into  Jmes  Bay,  in  Hudson  Bay. 

Abbon  (a-boh'),  L.  Abbo  (ab'o),  surnamed 
Cernuus  (‘The  Crooed').  Died923.  Arnonk 
of  St.-Germain-des-’r6s,  author  of  a Latin 
poem  upon  the  siegeif  Paris  by  the  Normans. 
Abbon  of  Fleury,  L.  Abbo*  Floriacensis. 
Born  near  Orleans,  Fance,  945:  died  Nov.  13, 
1004.  A French  thelogian  and  diplomatist, 
author  of  an  “Epitcne  de  vitis  Romanorum 
Pontificum,  desinensin  Gregorio  I.”  (printed 
1602),  and  other  work. 

Abbot  (ab'ot),  Chares.  Bom  at  Abingdon, 
Berkshire,  Oct.  14, 177 : died  May  7,  1829.  An 
English  politician,  spaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  1802-16,  CBated  Baron  Colchester 
in  1816.  He  was  chie:secretary  and  privy  seal 
for  Ireland  in  the  Adcngton  ministry  (1801). 

Abbot,  Ezra.  Born  a Jackson,  Maine,  April 
28,  1819:  died  at  Camridge,  Mass.,  March  21, 
1884.  An  American  iblical  scholar.  He  was 
professor  of  New  Testamen  criticism  and  interpretation 
at  Harvard  University,  187984,  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
American  edition  of  Smith  “Bible  Dictionary,"  and  a 
member  of  the  American  emmittee  for  New  Testament 
revision.  He  published  “ Iterature  of  the  Doctrine  of  a 
Future  Life " (1864),  “ Thi  Authorship  of  the  Fourth 
Gospel  ’’  (1880),  and  other  wcks. 

Abbot,  Francis  Ellingwood.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  1836:  died  1903.  An  American  writer, 
editor  of  “The  Indei”  (a  journal  of  free 
thought)  1870-80,  and  author  of  “Scientific 
Theism”  (1886),  “ The  Way  out  of  Agnosti- 
cism” (1890),  etc. 

Abbot,  George.  Bom  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
Oct.  29,  1562:  died  at  >oydon,  Aug.  4,  1633. 
An  English  prelate,  appointed  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  in  Feb.,  1(11.  He  was  graduated  at 
Oxford  (Balliol  College),  whre  he  was  tutor  until  1593, 
and  became  master  of  Univesity  College  in  1597,  dean  of 
Winchester  in  1600,  vice-chaicellor  of  Oxford  University 
in  1600  (and  again  in  1603  aid  1605),  bishop  of  Coventry 
and  Lichfield  in  May,  1609,  aid  bishop  of  London  in  Feb., 
1610.  He  was  a firm  Protesant,  and  was  influential  in 
state  affairs  during  the  reignof  James  I.  He  was  one  of 
the  translators  of  the  New  T stament  in  the  King  James 
version.  , 

Abbot,  George.  Born  at  Easington,  xork- 
shire,  England,  1603 : dbd  Feb.  2,  1648.  An 
English  religious  write:  and  member  of  the 
Long  Parliament,  surnamed  “The  Puritan”: 
author  of  the  “Whole  Book  of  Job  Para- 
phrased” (1640),  and  ‘ Vindiciffi  Sabbathi  ” 
(1641). 

Abbot,  Sir  Maurice  o-  Morris.  Born  at 

Guildford,  Surrey,  1565:  died  at  London,  Jan. 
10,  1642.  A merchant  and  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don, knighted  on  the  ac:ession  of  Charles  I., 
1625.  lie  was  one  of  the  oripinnl  directors  of  the  East 
India  Company  and  i's  governcr  (1624),  rendering  it  most 
important  services,  lie  was  ele  ted  to  Parliament  in  1621, 
and  in  1624  became  a member  d the  council  for  establisti- 
ing  the  colony  of  Virginia. 

Abbot,  Robert.  Born  a;  Guildford,  Surrey, 
about  1560:  died  March  2.  1618.  An  Eng- 
lish  prelate,  bishop  of  Salisbury  (1615),  elder 


Abbot,  Rert 


brother  of  George  Abbotprchbishop  of  Can- 
terbury: author  of  Mini  of  Popish  Subtle- 
ties” (1594),  and  other  wts. 

Abbot,  Robert.  Born  ant  1588 : died  about 
1660.  An  English  Puritj  divine,  author  of 
“ Triall  of  our  Church-Tpakers  ” (1639),  and 
other  works. 

Abbot,  Samuel.  Borni  Andover,  Mass., 
Feb.  25,  1732:  died  Aprip,  1812.  A Boston 
merchant  and  philanthropt ; one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  Andover  Thejgical  Seminary. 
Abbot,  The.  A novel  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
published  in  1820,  found  upon  incidents  in 
the  history  of  Mary  Que  of  Scots,  from  her 
imprisonment  in  Lochle  i to  her  flight  into 
England  after  the  battkf  Langside : sequel 
to  “ The  Monastery.” 

Abbotsford  (ab'ots-ford'  The  residence  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  on  thefweed  about  3 miles 
above  Melrose.  The  pldwas  acquired  by  him  in 
1811,  and  he  removed  there  i812.  It  was  originally  a 
farm  in  front  of  which  was  aind  from  which  the  place 
had  received  the  name  of  City  (‘filthy')  Hole.  Scott 
renamed  it  from  the  adjoinioford.  The  land  had  be- 
longed to  the  Abbey  of  Melil.  Upon  it  Scott  built  a 
small  villa,  to  which  in  1817  (began  to  add,  producing 
in  the  end  a large  castellatj  and  gabled  mansion  of 
which  the  interior  is  finishedllate  medieval  style. 
Abbott  (ab'ot),  AustinjBorn  at  Boston,  Dec. 
18,  1831:  died  April  l!1896.  An  American 
lawyer  and  legal  writeion  of  Jacob  Abbott. 
He  was  appointed  dean  of  tl  faculty  of  law  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  Y(  in  1891,  and  is  the  author 
of  “New  Cases,  Mainly  Nev’ork  Decisions”  (1877-86), 
“Legal  Remembrancer"  (18S  a series  of  digests  of  New 
York  statutes  and  reports  of  aited  States  courts,  etc. 

Abbott,  Benjamin  Vaghan.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, June  4,  1830:  diecn  Brooklyn,  Feb.  17, 
1890.  An  American  la  per  and  legal  writer, 
eldest  son  of  Jacob  Abitt.  He  was  the  author  of 
a digest  of  New  York  statu t«md  reports  (1863),  a digest 
of  United  States  court  reporand  acts  of  Congress  (1867- 
1875),  “A  Treatise  on  the  Cdts  of  the  United  States  and 
their  Practice  ” (1877),  “ A Itionary  of  Terms  in  Amer- 
ican and  English  Jurisprudce  ” (1879),  etc. 

Abbott,  Charles.  Boi  at  Canterbury,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  7, 1762:  diecNov.  4,  1832.  A noted 
English  jurist,  the  son  f a Canterbury  barber, 
appointed  chief  justice  iov.  4, 1818,  and  created 
Baron  Tenterden  of  Endon,  April,  1827.  He 
was  the  author  of  a treatison  the  “ Law  Relative  to 
Merchant  Ships  and  Seamai  (1802(,  still  an  authority  on 
mercantile  law. 

Abbott,  Edwin  Abb(t.  Born  at  London, 
1838.  An  English  clejyman  and  educator,  a 
graduate  and  fellow  ofit.  John’s  College,  Cam- 
bridge, head-master  f the  City  of  London 
School  1865—89.  He  i the  author  of  “A  Shake- 
spearean Grammar”  (1869)/ Francis  Bacon"  (1885),  and 
various  educational  and  relious  works. 

Abbott,  Emma.  Borfat  Chicago  about  1850: 
died  at  Salt  Lake  CityUtah,  Jan.  5,  1891.  An 
American  soprano,  stcessful  both  in  Europe 
and  America  as  an  opiatic  singer.  She  mar- 
ried Eugene  Wetherel 

Abbott,  Evelyn.  Boa  1843:  died  1901.  An 
English  scholar,  a grguate  and  fellow  of  Bal- 
liol  College,  Oxford,  md  classical  tutor  and 
librarian,  the  author  < various  works  on  clas- 
sical philology  and  oft  history  of  Greece. 
Abbott,  Jacob.  Bor  at  Hallowell,  Maine, 
Nov.  14,1803:  died  ati’armington,  Maine,  Oct. 
31, 1879.  An  America  Congregational  clergy- 
man, and  a volumipus  writer  of  juvenile 
works.  He  was  graduatl  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1820, 
studied  at  Andover  Theofeical  Seminary,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and^tural  philosophy  at  Amherst 
College  1825-29.  His  bestnown  works  are  “The  Rollo 
Books,"  “Young  Christian  series,  “ Lucy  Books,”  “Sci- 
ence for  the  Young,”  etc. 

Abbott,  John  Steven  Cabot.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Maine,  Sept.  1 8,805 : died  at  Fair  Haven, 
Conn.,  June  17,  1877.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  (pator  successively  at  Wor- 
cester, Roxbury,  an/ Nantucket,  Mass.)  and 
historical  writer,  broiler  of  Jacob  Abbott,  ne 
was  the  author  of  a “Hi»ry  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,”  a 
“History  of  the  Civil  Wr  in  America,”  a “History  of 
Frederick  the  Second,”  ‘The  Mother  at  Home,”  “The 
Child  at  nome,”  etc. 

Abbott,  Josiah  Garder,  Born  at  Chelmsford, 
Mass.,  Nov.  1,  1815 Idied  at  Wellesley  Hills, 
Mass.,  June  2,  1891.  A jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  judge  of  the  Supdor  Court  of  Massachusetts  for 
Suffolk  County  1855-59,  emocratio  member  of  Congress 
from  that  State  1876-77,  an  member  of  the  Electoral  Com- 
mission in  1877.  ne  waslvice  (1875,  1877)  the  unsuccess- 
ful Democratic  candidatsor  U.  S.  senator,  and  once  (l878) 
for  governor. 

Abbott,  Lyman.  B<  n at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Dec. 
18, 1835.  A Congreg  tional  clergyman,  author, 
and  journalist,  a so  of  Jacob  Abbott.  He  has 
been  the  editor-in-chief  c he  “ Christian  Union”(changed 
to  “The  Outlook’  in  18  ) since  1881,  and  was  pastor  of 
Plymouth  Church,  Broo:  yn,  from  1888  to  1899.  He  ori- 


3 

ginally  studied  law,  hut  abandoned  that  profession  for 
the  ministry  in  1860. 

A.  B.  C.,  An.  A poem  by  Chaucer,  a prayer 
to  the  Virgin  Mary.  It  is  a loose  translation  from  a 
work  of  Guillaume  de  Deguileville,  a Cistercian  monk  who 
died  about  1360.  Each  stanza  begins  with  a different  let- 
ter of  the  alphabet,  arranged  in  order  from  A to  Z. 

Abda  (ab'da),  or  Abdas  (ab-das').  Said  by 
Theopkanes  (Chronogr.  sub  an.  405)  to  have 
been  bishop  of  Susa,  and  called  by  Socrates 
bishop  of  Persia.  He  is  said  to  have  aided  Maruthas 
in  driving  a demon  out  of  Yezdigerd,  king  of  Persia. 
Theodoret  relates  that  his  zeal  led  him  to  destroy  a fire- 
temple,  which  roused  a persecution  against  the  Chris- 
tians to  which  he  fell  a victim. 

Abdalla  (ab-dal'a).  The  Mufti,  a character  in 
Dryden’s  tragedy  “Don  Sebastian.” 

Abdallah  (abd-fil'ah),  or  Abdullah  (ab-dol'- 
lah).  [Ar.,  ‘servant  of  God.’]  Born  at  Mecca 
about  545:  died  at  Medina,  570.  The  father  of 
Mohammed. 

Abdallah  hen  (or  ibn)  Yasim  (ab-dal'ah  ben 
(or ’b’n)  ya-sem').  Died  1058.  Alearned  Ara- 
bian Mussulman,  appointed  by  a sheik  of  Lam- 
touna  to  instruct  a tribe  of  Berbers  in  the  Atlas 
mountains  in  the  faith  of  Islam.  His  enthusiasm 
gave  rise  to  the  sect  of  Al-Morabethun  (“dedicated  to  the 
service  of  God  ”)  or  Almoravides,  which  under  his  leader- 
ship conquered  the  country  lying  between  the  Sahara 
and  the  ancient  Gsetulia  forthe  new  religion.  He  died  in 
battle ; but  his  conquests  were  continued  in  Africa  by  his 
successors,  and  in  1086  Yussuf  ibn  Tashfyn  extended  his 
victories  to  Spain. 

Abdallatif  (abd-al-la-tef'),  or  Abd-ul-Lateef 

(abd-61-la-tef').  Born  at  Bagdad,  1162 : died 
at  Bagdad,  Nov.  8, 1231.  An  Arabian  physician, 
philosopher,  and  traveler.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
historical  work  on  Egypt  published  in  Latin  by  Professor 
Joseph  White  of  Oxford  as  “AbdaUatiphi  historic  TEgypti 
compendium,” in  1800.  A manuscript  of  it,  brought  from 
the  East  by  Pococke,  is  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 

Abdalmalek,  or  Abd-el-Malek,  or  -Malik 

(abd-al-  (or  -el-)  ma'lek,  -lik).  The  fifth  calif 
of  the  Ommiads,  685-705. 

Abdalmalek.  Born  at  Basra  about  740.  A 
Mohammedan  doctor,  instructor  of  Harun-al- 
Rashid,  noted  for  his  extraordinary  memory. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  the  romance  of 
Antar. 

Abdalmalek.  Born  at  Cordova,  801:  died  853. 
A Mohammedan  historian  and  theologian. 

Abd-al-Rahman,  or  Abdalrahman.  See  Aid- 
er-Rah  man. 

Abdara.  See  Abdera. 

Abdelazar  (ab-del-a'zar).  A tragedy  made  by 
Mrs.  Aphra  Belm  from  the  play  “Lust’s  Do- 
minion,” acted  in  1676  and  published  the  next 
year.  It  contains  the  song  “ Love  in  fantastic 
triumph  sat.” 

Abd-el-Kader,  or -Kadir  (abd-el-ka'der).  Born 
near  Mascara,  Algeria,  1807 : died  at  Damas- 
cus, May  26,  1883.  A celebrated  Arab  chief, 
the  heroic  leader  of  the  Arabs  in  the  wars  in 
Algiers  against  the  French  1832-47,  and  pris- 
oner of  the  French  1847-52.  He  lived  in  later 
years  principally  at  Damascus  as  a pensioner 
of  the  French  government. 

Abd-el-Malek,  or  -Malik.  See  Abdalmalek. 

Abd-el-Mottalib.  See  Abdul-Muttalib. 

Abdemon  (ab'de-mon).  See  the  extract. 

The  “ wisdom  ” of  Solomon  is  said  to  have  provoked  the 
Tyrians  to  match  them  wits  against  his.  Solomon  had 
sent  Hiram  certain  riddles  to  test  his  sagacity,  and  had 
asked  for  a return  in  kind,  wagering  a good  round  sum 
upon  the  result.  The  contest  terminated  in  Solomon’s 
favour,  and  Hiram  had  to  make  a heavy  payment  in  con- 
sequence. Hereupon,  a Tyrian  named  Abdemon  (Abdes- 
mun?)  came  to  the  rescue,  and  vindicated  the  honour  of 
his  country  by  correctly  solving  all  King  Solomon’s  rid- 
dles, and  proposing  to  him  others,  of  which  the  Israelitish 
monarch,  with  all  his  intelligence,  was  quite  unable  to 
discover  the  solution.  He  was  thus  compelled  to  refund 
all  the  money  that  Hiram  had  paid  him,  and  to  forfeit  a 
considerable  amount  in  addition. 

Rawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  103. 

Abdera  (ab-de'ra).  [Gr.  ra  ’’Afich/pa,  or ’AfAr/pov.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a maritime  city  of  Thrace, 
founded  by  the  Teians,  belonging  to  the  Athe- 
nian Confederation.  Its  inhabitants  were  no- 
torious among  the  Greeks  for  dullness.  The 
exact  ancient  site  has  not  been  identified. 

Abdera  (ab-de'ra).  [Gr.  ra  ’A/3 dr/pa,  Audr/pa, 
A/3<5 apa,  "Afidr/pov.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town,  the  modern  Adra  (or  AJmeria  ?),  on  the 
southern  coast  of  Spain,  about  45  miles  south- 
east of  Granada.  Also  Abdara. 

Abd-er-Rahman  (abd-er-riih'man)  I.  [Ar., 
‘servant  of  the  merciful  one,’i.  e.  God.]  Born  at 
Damascus,  731 : died  788.  The  founder  (756)  of 
the  independent  Ommiad  power  in  Spain,  with 
Cordova  as  capital.  He  survived  the  massacre  of  the 
Ommiads  by  the  Abbassides,  took  refuge  in  Mauretania, 
and  was  invited  by  a party  of  tile  Arabs  in  Spain  to  come 
to  them  as  their  sovereign.  He  quickly  established  his 
power,  overcame  his  chief  antagonist  in  battle  (755),  sup- 


A Becket,  Gilbert  Abbott 

pressed  formidable  rebellions  (758-763),  and  repelled  the 
invasion  of  Charlemagne  (778).  The  famous  mosque  at  Cor- 
dova was  constructed  by  him.  Also  Abd-al-Rahman,  Ab- 
durrahman, Abdurrahman. 

Abd-er-Rahman  III.  Born  891:  died  961. 
Calif  of  Cordova  from  912  to  961.  During  his 
reign  the  Saracen  power  in  Spain  rose  to  its 
greatest  height. 

Abd-er-Rahman.  Died  732.  A Saracen  chief- 
tain, governor  of  Narbonne.  He  invaded 
France  with  a large  army,  and  was  defeated 
by  Charles  Martel,  and  slain,  near  Tours  in  732. 

Abd-er-Rahman.  Born  Nov.  28,  1778:  died 
Aug.,  1859.  Sultan  of  Fez  and  Morocco  1823- 
1859.  The  piratical  habits  of  his  subjects  involved  him 
in  several  conflicts  with  European  powers,  and  in  1844  he 
supported  Abd-el-Kader  against  France. 

Abdiel  (ab'di-el).  [Heb.,  ‘ servant  of  God.’] 
A seraph  in  Milton’s  “Paradise  Lost”  (v.  896), 
the  only  seraph  who  remained  loyal  when 
Satan  stirred  up  the  angels  to  revolt.  He  is 
mentioned  by  the  Jewish  cabalists. 

Abdi-Milkut  (ab'de-mil-kot').  A king  of 
Sidon,  a contemporary  of  Esarhaddon,  king  of 
Assyria  (680-668  b.  c.).  He  made  an  alliance  with 
King  Sanduarri,  and  revolted  from  his  allegiance  to  As- 
syria ; was  attacked,  and,  after  a prolonged  resistance,  fled, 
probably  to  Cyprus ; and  was  caught  and  decapitated  in  C76. 

Abdol-Motalleb.  See  Abdul-Muttalib. 

Abdool-.  See  Abdul-. 

Abdul- Aziz  (ab'dol-a-zez' ) . Born  Feb.  9, 1830 : 
assassinated  (?)  June  4, 1876.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1861-76,  second  son  of  Mahmud  II.  and  brother 
of  Abdul-Medjid  whom  he  succeeded.  Aided  by 
his  grand  vizirs,  Ali  Pasha  and  Fuad  Pasha,  he  attempted 
to  introduce  Western  civilization  into  Turkey.  In  1867  he 
visited  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  journeyed  through  Eng- 
land, Austria,  and  Germany.  Dissatisfaction  with  his  re- 
form polii  y and  the  depletion  of  his  treasury  brought  about 
his  deposition,  May  30,  1876. 

Abdul-Hamid  (ab'dol-ha-med')  I.  Born  May 
30,  1725 : died  April  7, 1789.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
from  Jan.  21,  1774.  till  April  7,  1789.  He  inherited 
a disastrous  war  with  Russia,  which  was  ended  in  July, 
1774,  by  the  treaty  of  Kainardji,  and  which  resulted  in  the 
loss  of  Crimea  and  adjacent  regions.  He  was  also  engaged 
in  war  with  Russia  and  Austria  from  1787. 

Abdul-Hamid  II.  Born  Sept.  22, 1842.  Sultan 
of  Turkey  Aug.  31,  1876, -(dethroned)  April 
27,  1909,  second  son  of  Abdul-Medjid  and 
brother  of  the  insane  Murad  V.  whom  ho  suc- 
ceeded. He  carried  on  a war  with  Russia  from  April 
24,  1877,  to  1878.  By  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano,  which 
followed  (March  3,  1878),  modified  by  the  Berlin  Treaty 
of  July  13,  1878,  Turkey  lost  large  possessions  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

Abdul-Kerim  (ab'dol-ke-rem')  Pasha.  Born 
1811:  died  1885.  A Turkish  general,  distin- 
guished by  bis  services  in  the  Crimean  war, 
and  against  the  Servians  in  1876,  hut  banished 
for  failure  in  the  Russian  war  of  1877. 

Abdul-Latif.  See  Abdallatif. 

Abdul-Medjid,  or  Mejid  (ab'dol-me-jed'). 
Born  April  23,  1823 : died  June  25,  1861.  The 
eldest  son  of  Mahmud  II.  whom  he  succeeded, 
July  1,  1839.  He  was  conquered  by  Mehemet  Ali,  the 
rebellious  viceroy  of  Egypt,  at  Nisib,  June  24,  1839,  but 
was  protected  by  the  intervention  of  the  Great  Powers  in 
1840.  November  3,  1839,  he  promulgated  the  Hatti-sherif 
of  Giilhanfe  (the  imperial  palace  where  it  was  first  pro- 
claimed), an  organic  statute  for  the  government  of  the 
empire,  guaranteeing  the  security  of  life  and  property  to 
subjects  and  introducing  fiscal  and  military  reforms.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  Crimean  war  from  1853  to  1856.  In 
1856  was  promulgated  the  Hatti-y-humayun,  which  pro- 
fessed to  secure  the  rights  of  the  Hatti-sherif  of  Gulhanh 
to  all  classes,  without  distinction  of  rank  or  religion. 

Abdul-Mumen  (ab'dol-mo'inen).  Bom  in 
northwestern  Africa,  1101:  died  1163.  The 
founder  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Almohados, 
calif  from  1130  till  1163. 

Abdul-Muttalib  (ab'dol-m8t-ta'lib).  Died  578. 
The  grandfather  of  Mohammed  and  his  guar- 
dian for  two  years. 

Abdurrahman.  See  Abd-cr-Rahman. 

Abdurrahman  Kban  (ab-dor-rfth'man  khan). 
Bom  about  1830 : died  Oct.  3,  1901.  The  ameer 
of  Afghanistan,  proclaimed  such  in  1880. 

Abecedarians  (a/'be-se-da'ri-anz).  A German 
Anabaptist  sect  of  the  16th  century,  led  by 
Nicholas  Stork,  a weaver  of  Zwickau,  which 
rejected  all  learning  (even  the  learning  of 
“A-B-C”)  as  a hindrance  to  religion,  professed 
a special  inspiration  superseding  the  Bible,  and 
predicted  (and  was  disposed  to  promote)  the 
overthrow  of  existing  governments. 

A Becket  (a-bek'et),  Gilbert  Arthur.  Born 
at  London,  1837 : died  at  London,  Oct.  15, 
1891.  An  English  journalist,  dramatist,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  son  of  G.  A.  A Becket. 

A Becket,  Gilbert  Abbott.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  9,  1811:  died  at  Boulogne,  France,  Aug. 
30,  1856.  An  English  lawyer,  journalist,  and 
writer,  noted  chiefly  for  his  contributions  to 


A Becket,  Gilbert  Abbott 

“Punch”:  author  of  the  “Comic  History  of 
England,”  the  “Comic  History  of  Borne,”  the 
“ Comic  Blaekstone,”  etc. 

A Becket,  Thomas.  See  Thomas  of  London. 
Abed-nego  (a-bed'ue-go).  [Probably  an  error 
in  the  text  for  Abed  Nebo,  servant  of  the  god 
Nebo.]  One  of  the  three  Hebrews  east  by 
Nebuchadnezzar  into  the  fiery  furnace.  His 
Hebrew  name  was  Azariah,  Abed-nego  being  substituted 
for  it  by  the  prince  of  the  eunuchs  of  the  king  of  Baby- 
lon. Dan.  i.  7. 

Abegg  (a/ beg),  Julius  Friedrich  Heinrich. 

Born  at  Erlaugen,  Bavaria,  March  27,  1796 : 
died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  May  29, 1868.  A Ger- 
man jurist, author  of  “ Versuch  einer  Geschiehte 
der  preussischen  Civilprozessgesetzgebung  ” 
(1848),  etc. 

Abel  (a'bel).  [Hob.  Hebei,  formerly  derived 
from  Heb.  hebel,  transitoriness;  more  prob- 
ably to  be  connected  with  Assyro-Babylonian 
ablu,  son.]  The  second  son  of  Adam,  slain 
by  liis  brother  Cain,  according  to  the  account 
in  Genesis. 

Abel  (a'bel),  Carl.  Born  at  Berlin,  Nov.  25, 
1837.  A German  comparative  philologist,  au- 
thor of  “Linguistic  Essays”  (1880),  etc.  He 
has  acted  as  Ilchester  lecturer  "on  comparative  lexicog- 
raphy at  Oxford,  and  as  Berlin  correspondent  of  the 
“ rimes"  and  “Standard." 

Abel  (a'bel),  Sir  Frederick  Augustus.  Born  at 
London,  July  17, 1827 : died  there.  Sept.  6, 1902. 
An  English  chemist,  president  of  the  Institute 
of  Chemistry  and  other  learned  societies,  and 
author  of  “Guncotton,”  “Modern  History  of 
Gunpowder,”  “On Explosive  Agents,”  etc.,  and 
with  Bloxarn  of  a “Handbook  of  Chemistry.” 
Abel  (a'bel),  Heinrich  Friedrich  Otto.  Born 
at  Reichenbach,  Wurtemberg,  Jan.  22,  1824: 
died  at  Leonberg,  Wurtemberg,  Oct.  28,  1854. 
A German  historian, collaborator  on  the  “ Monu- 
menta  Germanise  historica,”  and  author  of 
“Konig  Philipp  der  Hohenstaufe”  (1852),  etc. 
Abel  (a'bel),  Joseph.  Born  at  Aschach,  in 
Austria,  1768:  died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  4,  1818.  An 
Austrian  historical  and  portrait  painter. 

Abel  (a'bel),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Kothen, 
Germany,  1725:  died  at  London,  June  20,  1787. 
A German  composer,  and  noted  performer  on 
the  viol  da  gamba. 

Abel  (a'bel),  Niels  Henrik.  Born  at  Findoe, 
Norway,  August  5,  1802:  died  near  Arendal, 
Norway,  April  6,  1829.  A distinguished  Nor- 
wegian mathematician,  noted  especially  for 
his  researches  on  elliptic  functions.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  in  1839. 

Abelard  (ab'e-liird),  Peter,  F.  Abelard 
(a-ba-lar '),  ML.  Abelardus  (ab-e-lar'dus). 
Born  at  Pallet  (Palais),  near  Nantes,  France, 
in  1079 : died  April  21, 1142.  A French  scholar, 
one  of  the  most  .notable  of  the  founders  of 
scholastic  theology,  a pupil  of  Boscellin  of 
Compiegne  and  of  William  of  Champeaux. 

He  taught  with  great  success  at  Melun,  at  Corbeil,  and  at 
Paris.  In  1121  he  was  cited  before  the  Synod  of  Soissons, 
on  the  charge  of  disseminating  Sabellianism,  and  was 
compelled  to  burn  his  “Introductio  ad  Theologiam.”  He 
Boon  after  retired  to  a solitary  place  near  Nogent-sur- 
Seine,  but  was  sought  out  by  students,  who  built  for  him 
the  Oratory  of  the  Paraclete.  From  1125  till  about  1134 
he  was  abbot  of  St.  Gildas  in  Bretagne.  In  1140,  at  the 
Council  of  Sens,  he  was  accused  of  heresy  by  Bernard  of 
Clairvaux  and  was  condemned  by  the  council  and  the 
Pope,  but  was  afterward  reconciled  to  Bernard.  He  repre- 
sent id  the  spirit  of  free  inquiry  in  theology,  and  contrib- 
uted largely  to  fix  the  scholastic  manner  of  philosophizing. 
For  his  relation  to  Hcloise,  see  Ucloise. 

Abel  de  Pujol  (ii-bel'  depii-zliol' ),  Alexandre 
Denis.  Born  at  Valenciennes,  France,  Jan. 
30, 1785 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  28, 1861.  A French 
historical  painter. 

Abelin  (a'  be-len ),  Johann  Philipp : pseudonym 
Johann  Ludwig  Gottfried  (Gothofredus). 

Died  about  1635.  A German  historian,  founder 
of  the  “Theatrum  Europroum,”  a serial  work 
on  contemporaneous  history,  carried  forward 
by  Schieder,  Oraus,  and  others  into  the  18th  cen- 
tury, and  author  of  a history  of  tho  West  Indies, 
“Historia  Antipodum,”  and  other  works. 
Abelites  (a'bel-its),  or  Abelonites  (ab'e-lon- 
Its),  or  Abelonians  (a-bel-6'ni-anz).  An  Afri- 
can sect,  mentioned  by  Augustine  (“  Do  Hsere- 
sibus”)  as  coming  to  an  end  in  his  day,  which 
observed  the  custom  of  marrying  without  pro- 
creating, in  order  not  to  perpetuate  inherited 
sin  and  in  imitation  of  the  traditional  examplo 
of  Abel,  tho  son  of  Adam.  They  adopted  the 
children  of  others. 

Abell  (a'bel),  Thomas.  Executed  at  Smith- 
field.  London,  July  30,  1540.  A Roman  Catho- 
lic clergyman,  rector  of  Bradwcll  in  Essex,  and 
chaplain  to  Queen  Catherine,  wife  of  Henry 


4 

VHI.  of  England,  unjustly  condemned  on  the 
charge  of  concealing  the  treasonable  practices 
of  Elizabeth  Barton,  the  “Nun  of  Kent.”  He 
was  an  active  supporter  of  the  queen  in  her  endeavor  to 
prevent  the  divorce  sought  by  Henry. 
Abencerrages(a-ben'se-raj-ez;  Sp.pron.a-Ben- 
tha-ra'Hes).  A Moorish  family  in  Granada,  fa- 
mous in  Spanish  romance.  Their  struggle  with  the 
family  of  the  Zegris  and  tragical  destruction  in  the  Al- 
hambra by  King  Abu  Hassan,  near  the  end  of  the  Moorish 
dominion  in  Granada,  are  told  in  Perez  de  Hita’s  (unhis- 
torical)  “ Historia  de  las  guerras  civiles  de  Granada  ” (1595), 
the  groundwork  of  a romance  by  Chateaubriand  (1826), 
and  of  an  opera  by  Cherubini  (1813). 

Abenezra  (a-ben-ez'ra),  or  Ibn  Ezra  (’b’n-ez'- 
ra).  See  Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Ezra. 
Abensberg  (ii'bens-bero).  A small  town  in 
Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Abens  18  miles  south- 
west of  Ratisbon,  the  scene  of  a victory  by  Na- 
poleon over  the  Austrian  army  of  Archduke 
Louis,  April  20,  1809.  The  attack  was  on  the  center 
of  the  Austrian  line,  which  was  cut  in  halves:  the 
left  was  driven  across  the  Isar  at  Landshut,  which  was 
captured,  and  the  right  was  overcome  at  Eckmiihl  on 
April  22.  In  this  series  of  operations  the  Austrians  lost 
60,000  men. 

Abeokuta  (ab-e-o-ko'ta).  The  principal  town 
of  Yoruba  or  Yariba,  in  Southern  Nigeria, 
western  Africa.  It  was  founded  in  1830  by  fugitive 
slaves,  who  were  subsequently  joined  by  numerous  free- 
men, mostly  of  the  Egba  tribe.  Excepting  a few  native 
Christian  churches,  the  mass  of  the  people  isstill  heathen. 
Population  (estimated),  60,000.  Also  Abiieolcata. 

Aber  (ab'er).  [Gael,  abar  = W.  aber,  a con- 
fluence of  waters,  the  mouth  of  a river.  Cf. 
Gael,  inbhir,  with  same  senses,  = W.  ynfer,  in- 
flux, = Sc.  inver-.]  An  element  appearing  in 
many  place-names  in  Great  Britain,  and  sig- 
nifying ‘a  confluence  of  waters,’  either  of 
two  rivers  or  of  a river  with  the  sea : as,  Aber- 
deen, Aberdour,  Abergavenny,  Aberystwith. 
Aberavon  (ab-er-a'von).  A seaport  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, South  Wales,  situated  on  Bristol 
Channel  7 miles  east  of  Swansea.  It  has  large 
manufacturing  works,  and  there  are  mines  of  coal  and 
iron  in  its  vicinity.  Population,  7,553. 

Aberbrothock.  See  Arbroath. 

Aberconway.  See  Conway. 

Abercorn  (ab'er-korn).  A hamlet  in  Linlith- 
gowshire, Scotland,  about  10  miles  west  of 
Edinburgh.  It  was  the  seat  of  a bishopric  from 
681  to  685. 

Abercrombie  (ab'er-krum-bi),  James.  Born  at 
Glasshaugh,  in  Scotland,  1706:  died  at  Stirling, 
Scotland,  April  28,  1781.  A British  general, 
commander  of  an  expedition  against  Canada 
in  1758.  He  was  defeated  by  Montcalm  at 
Ticonderoga,  July  8,  1758. 

Abercrombie,  John.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, Oct.  10,  1780:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov. 
14,  1844.  A Scottish  physician  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  wrote  “Pathological  and  Prac- 
tical Researches  on  Diseases  of  the  Brain  and  Spinal 
Cord "(1828),  “Pathological  and  Practical  P.esearches on 
Diseases  of  the  Stomach,  the  Intestinal  Canal,  etc."  (1828), 
“ Enquiries  Concerning  the  Intellectual  Powers  and  the 
Investigation  of  Truth  ” (1830),  “ Philosophy  of  the  Moral 
Feelings  ” (1833),  etc. 

Abercrombie,  John  Joseph.  Bom  in  Tennes- 
see in  1802:  died  at  Roslyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  3, 
1877.  An  American  soldier.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1822,  and  served  in  the  Florida  war  (hre- 
vetted  major),  in  the  Mexican  war  (hrevetted  lieutenant- 
colonel),  and  in  the  Union  army  in  the  Civil  War  (hrevetted 
brigadier-general). 

Abercromby  (ab'er-krum-bi),  David.  Died 
about  1702.  A Scottish  physician  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  His  chief  work  is  entitled  “A  Discourse 
of  Wit”  (London,  1685).  “It  antedates  the  (so-called) 
‘Scottish  School  of  Philosophy’ a century  nearly:  for  in 
it  Dr.  Thomas  Reid’s  philosophy  of  common  sense  . . . 
is  distinctly  taught.”  A.  B.  Grosart,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Abercromby,  James.  Born  Nov.  7, 1776:  died 
at  Colinton  House,  Midlothian,  April  17,  1858. 
An  English  politician,  third  son  of  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby,  created  Baron  Dunfermline  in 
1839.  He  became  a member  of  Parliament  in  1807, 
judge-advocate-general  in  1827,  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer of  Scotland  in  1830,  master  of  the  mint  in  1834, 
and  speaker  in  1835. 

Abercromby,  Sir  John.  Born  1772:  died  at 
Marseilles,  Feb.  14,  1817.  An  English  soldier, 
second  son  of  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby.  He 
served  in  Flanders  1793-94,  was  arrested  by  Napoleon  and 
imprisoned  at  Verdun  in  1S03,  was  exchanged  in  1S08, 
and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  at  Bombay  in 
1809.  He  captured  Mauritius  in  1S10. 

Abercromby,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Forfar,  Scot- 
land. 1656:  died  1716  (various  dates  are  as- 
signed). A Scottish  physician,  antiquary,  and 
historian,  author  of  “Martial  Achievements  of 
the  Scots  Nation”  (1711-16). 

Abercromby,  Sir  Ralph.  Born  at  Mens  try, 
Clackmannan.  Scotland,  Oct.,  1734:  died  near 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  March  28,  1801.  A distin- 


ibersychan 

guished  British  neral.  commander-in-chief  in 
the  West  Indies'95-97  (where  he  took  Grena- 
da, Demerara,  d Trinidad,  and  relieved  St. 
Vincent),  in  Irerdin  1798,  and  in  the  Nether- 
lands in  1799.  was  mortally  wounded  near  Alex- 
andria, Egypt,  Marcil,  1801.  He  “ shar  es  with  Sir  John 
Moore  the  credit  ofnewing  the  ancient  discipline  and 
military  reputation  the  British  soldier"  (H.  M.  Ste- 
phens, in  Diet.  Nat.  og.). 

Abercromby,  Siuobert.  Born  at  Tullibody, 
Clackmannan,  btland,  1740:  died  at  Air- 
threy,  near  Stirlg,  Scotland,  Nov.,  1827.  A 
British  general,  linger  brother  of  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby.  Hervedin  the  French  and  Indian  and 
Pievolutionary  wars  ( the  battles  of  Brooklyn.  Brandy- 
wine, and  German  tow  and  at  Charleston  and  Yorktown), 
and  later  commandeer  India. 

Aberdare  (ab-er-e').  A mining  and  manufac- 
turing town  in  Gmorganshire,  South  Wales, 
about  5 miles  schwest  of  Merthyr-Tydvil. 
There  are  coal-  ai  iron-mines  in  its  vicinity. 
Population,  43,36 

Aberdare,  Baron  See  Bruce  Pryce,  Henry 
Austin. 

Aberdeen  (ab-er-d/),  or  New  Aberdeen.  A 
seaport,  capital  otlie  county  of  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  on  the  Nth  Sea  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Don  and  Deen  lat.  57°  8' 33"  N.,  long.  2° 
4'  6"  W.  (lighthou).  It  is  the  principal  city  of 
northern  Scotland,  anlias  an  important  foreign  and 
coasting  commerce  ana  variety  of  manufactures.  It 
received  a charter  frora'illiam  the  Lion  in  1178.  Popu- 
lation, 181,918. 

Aberdeen,  Old.  Aown  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Don,  one  mile  non  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 
It  contains  the  Cathedi  of  St.  Macliar,  and  King's  Col- 
lege in  the  University  ovberdeen.  The  old  cathedral  is 
now  a parish  church,  coistingof  the  spacious  nave  only 
of  the  original  building  It  was  begun  in  1366.  There 
are  two  castle-like  toweat  the  west  end,  surmounted  by 
heavy  pyramidal  spires,  id  a fine  projecting  porch  on  the 
south  side.  The  materi  is  granite  throughout. 

Aberdeen.  A cityn  Brown  County,  South 
Dakota,  about  120  cles  northeast  of  Pierre:  a 
railroad  and  tradig  center.  Population, 
10,753,  (1910). 

Aberdeen.  A city,  ipital  of  Monroe  County. 
Mississippi,  on  the  ombigbee,  in  lat.  33°  51' 
N.,  long.  88°  35'  W.  Population,  3,708,  (1910). 

Aberdeen,  Earl  of.  See  Gordon. 

Aberdeen,  Universe  of.  An  institution  of 

learning  at  Aberdet,  incorporated  1860,  by 
the  union  of  King’  College  and  university 
(founded  by  Bishop  Iphinstone.  1494)  at  Old 
Aberdeen  and  the  Mrischal  College  and  uni- 
versity (founded  by  ie  Earl  Marischal,  1593) 
at  New  Aberdeen.  , has  about  80  teachers  and 
1,300  students.  It  sendsvith  Glasgow  University  one 
member  to  Parliament. 

Aberdeenshire  (ab-eden'shir).  A county  of 
Scotland,  capital  Abrdeen,  bounded  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  noli  and  east,  by  Kincar- 
dine, Forfar,  and  Peih  on  the  south,  and  by 
Inverness  and  Banff  q the  west.  Its  ancient  di- 
visions  were  Mar,  Formarti  Buchan,  Garioch,  and  Strath- 
bogie.  Its  leading  industrs  are  agriculture,  stock-rais- 
ing, granite-cutting,  fcnd  fiang.  Area,  1,972  square  miles. 
Population,  304 a*  " . 

Aberdour  (ab-er-dor')  A small  place  in  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland,  on  th  Firth  of  Forth  about  8 
miles  north  of  Edinbvgh,  resorted  to  for  sea- 
bathing. 

Aberfoyle  (ab-er-foil'.  A small  village  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  tear  Loch  Katrine.  It 
figures  in  Scott’s  nove“  Rob  Roy.” 

Abergavenny  (ab-fer-a'ni  or  ab"er-ga-ven'i  . 
A town  in  Monmoutshire,  England,  at  th< 
junction  of  the  Gavany  and  Usk,  built  on 
the  site  of  the  Roma  Gobannio.  There  are 
coal-mines  and  iron-wcks  in  its  vicinity.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,795. 

Abernethy  (ab'6r-ne-ii).  A small  town  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  bout  7 miles  southeast 
of  Perth.  It  was  ancintly  a seat  of  Culdee 
worship  and  a Pictish  oyal  residence. 

Abernethy,  John.  Bon  at  Coleraine,  Ireland. 
Oct.  19,  1680:  died  Dec  1740.  A clergyman  of 
the  Irish  Presbyterian  (lurch,  appointed  by  the 
synod  to  tho  church  iiDublin,  1717.  His  re- 
fusal to  obey  caused  i schism  in  the  Irish 
Church. 

Abernethy,  John.  Ben  at  London  April  3, 
1764:  died  at  Enfield,  lear  London,  April  28, 
1831.  An  English  surpon,  lecturer  on  anat- 
omy and  physiology  in  tie  College  of  Surgeons 
1814-17,  and  surgeon  to  It.  Bartholomew’s  Hos- 
pital 1815-27.  His  medial  works  were  collected  in 
five  volumes  in  1S30.  He  pofessed  great  influence  in  his 
profession,  due  less  to  his  lerning  than  to  his  powerful, 
attractive,  and  somewhat  eccntric  personality. 

Abersycban  (ab-6r-suk'in).  A mining  town 
in  Monmouthshire,  Enjand,  about  16  miles 


Abersychm 

southwest  of  the  town  of  lonmouth.  Popu- 
lation, 17,768. 

Abert  (a'bert),  John  Jar  ;S.  Born  at  Shep- 
herdstown,  Va.,  Sept.  17,  ’88:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Jan.  27,  1)3.  An  American 
military  (topographical)  ngineer,  brevetted 
major  in  1814,  and  made  cJonel  of  engineers  in 
1838.  He  was  given  thetharge  of  the  topo- 
graphical bureau  in  1829. 

Abert  (a'bert),  Johann  oseph.  Born  Sept. 
21,  1832,  at  Kochowitz  in  )hemia.  A German 
musician,  author  of  tht  operas  “Anna  von 
Landskron”  (1859),  “Enig  Enzio”  (1862), 
“Astorga”  (1866),  “Ekliard”  (1878),  etc. 
Aberystwith  (ab-er-ist“  th).  A seaport  and 
watering-place  in  Cardig  ishiro,  Wales,  at  the 
junction  of  tho  Ystwith  ; d Rlieidol,  in  lat.  52° 
25'  N.,  long.  4°  5'  W.  It  < [tains  the  University  Col- 
lege  of  Wales,  which  wa3  op  ed  in  1872.  Population, 
8,014. 

Abeshr  (a-besh'r).  Th  capital  of  Wadai,  in 
Sudan,  about  lat.  14°  5'  .,  long.  21°  5'  E. 
Abessa  (a-bes'a).  A fenle  character  in  Spen- 
ser’s “Faerie  Queene,” epresenting  the  cor- 
ruption of  the  abbeys  a:  convents. 

Abgar  (ab'gar),  L.  Abgrus  (ab'ga-rus).  An 
appellation  of  the  kin  of  Edessa,  used  as 
tv  as  ‘Ctesar’  among  tl  Romans,  ‘Pharaoh’ 
and  ‘Ptolemy’ in  Egy]  and  ‘ Antiochus’  in 
Syria.  The  dynasty  laste  from  99  B.  c.  to  217  A.  D. 
According  to  Eusebius,  Abg  XV.  (Ucomo,  ‘the  black,' 
18  to  50)  wrote  to  Christ  ask; ; him  to  take  up  his  abode 
with  him  and  relievo  him  off  incurable  disease.  Christ 
promised  to  send  him  one  olis  disciples  after  his  ascen- 
siod,  and  accordingly  Thomasent  Tliaddeus.  In  Cedre- 
nus  is  the  following  story.  Jianias,  who  carried  Ahgar's 
letter  to  Christ,  was  also  a sinter  and  tried  to  take  his 
portrait,  but  was  dazzled  bthe  splendor  of  his  counte- 
nance. Washing  his  face,  Cist  dried  it  on  a linen  cloth, 
on  which  his  features  were  lraculously  impressed.  This 
cloth  was  taken  to  Edessa  bjAnanias. 
Abhidhanachintamai  (a  -bhi-  dha ' na  - c-hin- 
ta'ma-ni).  [Skt.,  ‘ thi  jewel  that  gives  every 
word  wished.’]  A synoymic  lexicon  in  Sanskrit 
by  Hemachandra  who ye d in  the  12th  century. 
AbhidhanaratnamaL:  (a-bhi-dha'na-rat-n'a- 
ma'la).  [Skt.,  ‘the  pkrl  necklace  of  words.’] 
A Sanskrit  vocabularjby  Halayudha,  belong- 
ing to.  about  the  end  (the  11th  century. 
Abhidharmapitaka  l-bhi-dhar'ma-pit'a-ka). 
[Skt.,  ‘basket  of  mtaphysics.’]  That  sec- 
tion of  the  Buddhist  sriptures  which  treats  of 
Abhidharma  or  the  sureme  truth,  philosophy 
or  metaphysics.  It  iniides  the  Dhammasanganl,  on 
conditions  of  life  in  differs  worlds ; the  Vibhanga,  eigh- 
teen treatises  of  various  intents ; the  Kathavatthu,  on 
one  thousand  controvertepoints ; the  Puggalapannatti, 
explanations  of  common  ersonal  qualities ; the  Dhatu- 
katha,  on  the  elements ; thYamaka,  on  pairs,  or  apparent 
contradictions  or  contrast  and  the  Patthana,  or  “Book  of 
Origins,”  on  the  causes  oixistence. 

Abhimanyu  (a-bhi-ran'yu).  In  Hindu  legend, 
the  son  of  Arjuna.  He  killed  Lakshmana,  son  of 
Duryodhana,  on  the  secol  day  of  the  great  battle  of  the 
Mahal  .harata,  but  on  tluhirteenth  himself  fell  fighting 
heroically. 

Abhiramamani  (a-tu-ra'ma-man'i).  [Skt., 
‘the  jewel  (book  or  earn  a)  relating  to  Rama.’] 
A Sanskrit  drama  (which  the  hero  is  Rama, 
written  by  Sundaralishra  in  1599  a.  d. 
Abhiras  (ab-he'raz),  A people  inhabiting  the 
coast  east  of  the  mflth  of  the  Indus  (Lassen), 
the  region  identifieihy  Lassen  and  Ritter  with 
the  Ophir  (ophir)  olhe  Old  Testament. 
Abhorson  (ab-hor'm).  An  executioner  in 
Shakspere’s  “ Mease  for  Measure.” 

Abia  (a-bi'a).  Seejb/jah. 

Abiad  (a'be-ad).  'Je  Whito  Nilo.  See  Bahr- 
ein Abiad. 

Abiah  (a-bi'a).  Sc  Abijah . 

Abiathar  (a-bl'a-tlr).  [Heb.,  ‘father  of  ex- 
cellence’ or  ‘abunance’  (Gesenius),  or  ‘my 
father  excels’  (Olsiusen).]  A high  priest  of 
Israel  in  the  11th  entury  B.  C.,  a partizau  and 
companion  of  Davimiring  his  exile,  appointed 
for  his  services  Igh  priest  conjointly  with 
Zadok,  tho  appointo  of  Saul. 

Abich  (ii'bich),  Whelm  Hermann.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  11,  J)6:  died  at  Gratz,  July  1, 
1886.  A German  aineralogist  and  geologist, 
and  traveler  in  Rujia  and  elsewhere,  appointed 
professor  of  minejlogy  in  Dorpat  in  1842. 
Abidharma.  Beclbhidharmapitaka. 

Abiezer  (a-bi-e'ze.  [Heb.,  ‘ father  of  help.’] 

1.  A grandson  qMar.asscli  and  nephew  of 
Gilead,  founder  f an  important  family  to 
which  also,  collecvely,  the  name  was  applied. 
Also  Abiesar. 

A family  of  ManaSh,  consequently  of  Joseph,  that  of 
Abieznr,  which  resiij  at  Ophra,  to  the  west  of  Sichem, 
near  the  lower  slop'  of  Ephraim,  assumed  in  this  sad 
state  of  affairs  a greimportance,  and  nearly  gave  Israel 


that  dynasty  which  would  have  realised  its  unity.  These 
Abiezrites  were  very  fine  men,  heroes,  like  unto  the  sons 
of  a king. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trails.),  I.  260. 

2.  One  of  David’s  chief  warriors,  an  inhabitant 
of  Anathoth,  in  the  tribe  of  Benjamin. 

Abigail  (ab'i-gal).  [Heb.,  ‘father  (source)  of 
joy,’  or  ‘my  father  is  joy.’]  1.  The  mother 
of  Amasa  and  sister  of  David. — 2.  The  wife  of 
Nabal  and,  after  his  death,  of  David.  By  has- 
tening  to  meet  David  with  a supply  of  provisions  when 
he  was  marching  to  take  vengeance  upon  Nabal  she  suc- 
ceeded in  arresting  his  anger. 

3.  A character  in  Marlowe’s  tragedy  “The 
Jew  of  Malta,”  the  daughter  of  Barabas  the 
Jew.  The  passages  between  her  and  her  father  strongly 
resemble  those  between  Shylock  and  Jessica  in  the  “Mer- 
chant of  Venice.” 

4.  A lady’s-maid  or  waiting  gentlewoman  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  “Scornful  Lady,” 
and  in  other  plays : presumably  from  Abigail 
who  called  herself  the  handmaid  of  David  in 
1 Sam.  xxv.  3.  The  name  is  now  a popular 
synonym  for  a lady’s-maid. 

Abigor  (ab'i-gor).  In  medieval  demonology, 
a demon  of  high  degree,  grand  duke  in  the 
infernal  realms.  He  has  sixty  legions  at  his  com- 
mand, and  is  an  authority  on  all  subjects  pertaining  to 
war.  He  is  represented  as  a knight  carrying  a lance, 
standard,  or  scepter. 

Abihu  (a-bl'hu).  [Heb.,  ‘ father  (worshiper) 
of  Him’  (God).]  The  second  of  the  sons  of 
Aaron  by  Elisheba.  For  neglecting  to  burn  incense 
with  fire  taken  from  the  great  altar  and  using  strange  or 
common  fire,  he  was  slain  with  his  elder  brother  Nadab 
by  fire  from  heaven. 

Abijah  (a-bi'ja).  [Heb.,  ‘father  (worshiper) 
of  Jehovah,’  or  ‘my  father  is  Jehovah.’]  1. 
The  name  of  various  persons  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament:  a son  of  Becher,  one  of  the 
sons  of  Benjamin  (1  Chron.  vii.  8) ; the  wife  of 
Hezron  and  mother  of  Ashur  (1  Chron.  ii.  24); 
the  second  son  of  Samuel,  one  of  the  judges 
whose  injustice  led  to  the  establishment  of  the 
kingdom  (1  Sam.  viii.  2,  1 Chron.  vi.  28);  a 
priest,  a descendant  of  Eleazar,  the  chief  of 
the  eighth  of  the  twenty-four  courses  into 
which  the  priesthood  was  divided  by  David  (1 
Chron.  xxiv.  10) ; a son  of  Jeroboam  the  son  of 
Nebat  (1  Ki.  xiv.  1);  the  mother  of  Hezekiah 
(2  Chron.  xxix.  1) ; a priest  mentioned  in  Ne- 
hemiah  (x.  7). — 2.  The  second  king  of  Judah, 
son  of  Rehoboam  and  grandson  of  Solomon. 
He  reigned  932-929  B.  C.  (Duncker).  A victory  over  Jero- 
boam in  which  400,000  men  are  said  to  have  fought  for 
Abijah  and  800,000  for  Jeroboam,  leaving  500,000  dead 
(obviously  erroneous  numbers),  was  the  notable  event  of 
his  reign.  Also  Abijam,  Abiah,  Abia. 

Abika.  See  Creek. 

Abila  (ab'i-la).  In  ancient  geography,  a city 
of  Syria,  capital  of  the  tetrarehy  of  Abilene, 
northwest  of  Damascus. 

Abildgaard  (a-bil'gard),  Nikolai  Abraham. 
Born  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  Sept.  4, 1744 : 
died  at  Fredericksdal,  June  4,  1809.  A Danish 
painter  of  Norwegian  parentage,  professor 
(1786)  at  the  academy  of  Copenhagen,  and  later 
its  director. 

Abilene  (ab-i-le'ne).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
district  and  tetrarehy  of  Syria,  lying  east  of 
Antilibanus. 

Abilene  (ab'i-len).  The  capital  of  Dickinson 
County,  Kansas,  situated  on  Smoky  Hill  River 
about  85  miles  west  of  Topeka.  Population, 
4,118,  (1910). 

Abilene.  The  capital  of  Taylor  County,  Texas, 
about  200  miles  northwest  of  Austin.  Popula- 
tion, 9,204,  ,(1910). 

Abimelech  (a-bim'e-lek).  [Heb.;  Assyrian 
Abi-milki,  father  of  counsel.]  1.  A name 
used  in  the  Old  Testament  apparently  as  a 
general  title  (like  the  Egyptian  ‘Pharaoh’)  of 
the  Philistine  kings.  Specifically—  (a)  A king  of 
Gerar  in  the  time  of  Abraham  (Gen.  xx.).  Supposing  Sarah 
to  be  Abraham's  sister,  as  Abraham  asserted,  he  took  her 
into  his  harem,  but  dismissed  her  when  lie  found  she 
was  Abraham’s  wife.  (5)  A second  king  of  Gerar,  in  the 
time  of  Isaac  (Gen.  xxvi.),  with  whom  Isaac  found  refuge 
during  afamine,  and  to  whom  he  made  the  same  statement 
about  Kebekah  that  Abraham  had  made  about  Sarah. 

2.  A son  of  Gideon  by  a concubine,  a native 
of  Shechem,  made  king  of  Israel  by  the  She- 
chemites  (Judges  ix.).  His  reign,  which  lasted 
three  years,  is  assigned  by  Duncker  to  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  12th  century  B.  C. 

Abingdon  (ab'ing-don).  A town  in  Berkshire, 
England,  7 miles  south  of  Oxford.  It  contains 
the  ruins  of  a noted  abbey.  Population, 
6,480. 

Abingdon,  Earl  of.  See  Bertie,  Willoughby. 
Abinger,  Baron.  See  Scarlett,  James. 
Abington  (ab'ing-ton).  A town  in  Plymouth 


Abomey 

County,  Massachusetts,  about  20  miles  south 
of  Boston.  Population,  5,455,  (1910). 
Abington,  Mrs.  (Frances  or  Fanny  Barton). 

Born  at  London,  1737:  died  at  London,  March 
4,  1815.  An  English  actress,  daughter  of  a 
private  soldier  in  the  King’s  Guards.  From  the 
position  of  a flower-girl,  known  by  the  name  of  “Nosegay 
Fan,’  in  St.  James’s  Park,  and  street-singer,  she  rose  to 
eminence  on  the  stage,  and  enjoyed  a successful  career 
of  forty-three  years.  “ She  was  the  original  representa- 


lotte  Rusport,  in  the  ‘West  Indian;’  Boxalana,  in  the 
‘Sultan;’  Miss  Hoyden,  in  the  ‘Trip  to  Scarborough;’ 
and  her  crowning  triumph,  Lady  Teazle.”  (Doran,  Annals 
of  the  Eng.  Stage,  II.  211.)  She  married  her  music-mas- 
ter, one  of  the  royal  trumpeters,  from  whom  she  soon 
separated. 

Abipones  (ab-i-po'nez).  A tribe  of  Indians  who 
in  the  16th  century  occupied  both  sides  of  the 
river  Paraguay  about  600  miles  above  the 
Parana.  Later  they  removed  to  the  Chaco  region,  and 
were  driven  southward  by  the  Spaniards.  They 
were  savage  and  intractable,  wandering  in  their  habits, 
and  lived  by  hunting  and  fishing.  After  tire  in- 
troduction of  horses  by  the  Spaniards,  this  tribe  acquired 
large  numbers  of  them  by  theft  or  by  taming  those  which 
had  run  wild,  and  became  skilful  equestrians. 

Abisbal,  Count.  See  O’Donnell,  Henry. 

Abishag  (a-bish'ag).  [Heb.,  ‘father  (author) 
of  error.’]  A Shunammite  woman  taken  by 
David  to  comfort  him  in  his  old  age.  1 Ki.  i.  1-4. 

A’okhasia  (ab-kha'si-a).  A region,  not  an  ad- 
ministrative division,  on  the  southern  slope  of 
the  Caucasus,  having  an  area  of  about  3,000 
square  miles.  It  was  permanently  subjugated 
by  Russia  in  1864.  Population,  about  80,000. 

Abnaki  (ab-nak'e).  [‘The  whitening  sky  at 
daybreak,’  i.  e.  eastern  people.]  A confed- 
eracy of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  oc- 
cupying all  Maine  and  the  valley  of  the  St. 
John’s  River,  and  ranging  northwest  to  the  St. 
Lawrence.  They  were  called  Tarrateens  by  the  New 
England  tribes  and  colonial  writers.  The  component 
tribes  were  the  Penobscot,  the  Passamaouoddy,  and  the 
Amalicite  (Malecite)  — all  allies  of  the  French.  After 
the  fall  of  the  French  in  North  America,  many  of  the 
Abnaki  withdrew  to  Canada.  They  number  now  over 
2,000.  Also  Abenaki.  See  Algonquian. 

Abner  (ab'ner).  [Heb., ‘father  of  light.’]  The 
uncle  of  Saul,  and  the  commander-in-chief  of 
his  army.  After  Saul’s  death  he  maintained  the  in- 
terests of  the  royal  house,  supporting  Ishbosheth  against 
David.  In  his  flight,  after  the  defeat  at  Gibeon,  he  slew 
Joab  s brother,  Asahe],  who  was  pursuing  him.  Later, 
when  lie  was  about  to  effect  a compromise  with  David 
prejudicial  to  Joab’s  interest,  Joab  treacherously  slew  him. 

Abney  (ab'ni),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Willes- 
ley,  Derbyshire,  Jan.,  1640:  died  at  Theobalds, 
H ertf  ordshire,  Feb.  6, 1722.  A London  merchant 
(originally  a fishmonger),  sheriff  of  London  and 
Middlesex  1693-94,  one  of  the  original  directors 
of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  Lord  Mayor  of 
London,  1700-01.  He  was  a friend  and  patron  of  Dr. 
Watts,  who  for  the  last  36  years  of  his  life  made  his  home 
with  the  Abneys. 

Abnoba  (ab'no-ba).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountainous  region  in  Germany,  containing 
the  sources  of  the  Danube  : the  modern  Black 
Forest.  Also  called  Silva  Marciana  and  Montes 
Rauraci. 

Abo  ( a'bo;  Sw.  a'bo).  A seaport,  capital  of 
Abo-Bjorneborg,  Finland,  in  lat.  60°  26'  57"  N., 
long.  22°  17'  3"  E. : the  capital  of  Finland  be- 
fore 1819.  It  was  founded  by  Eric  the  Saint  in  the  12th 
century,  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and  was  the  seat  of 
a university  which  was  removed  to  Helsingfors  in  1827. 
Population,  43,680. 

Abo,  Peace  (Treaty)  of.  A treaty  between 
Russia  and  Sweden,  signed  Aug.  18,  1743,  by 
which  Russia  acquired  the  southern  part  of 
Finland  as  far  as  the  river  Kyrnen  and  secured 
the  election  of  an  ally  as  Prince  Roj’al  of 
Sweden. 

Aboab  (a-bo'ab),  Isaac.  A Hebrew  scholar  who 
flourished  at  Toledo  about  1300.  He  was  the  author 
of  “Shulchan  hapanim  ” (table  of  showbread),  which  is 
lost,  and  of  “ Menorath  hamaor  ” (the  light),  a collection 
of  legends  made  from  an  ethical  and  religious  point  of 
view,  composed  in  seven  parts  to  correspond  witli  the 
seven  branches  of  the  temple  candlestick  (menorah). 
This  work  became  very  popular  among  the  Jews  every- 
where, and  was  translated  into  Spanisli  and  German. 

Aboan  (a-bo'an).  A slave  in  Southern’s  play 
“Oronooko”:  a fine  though  secondary  char- 
acter. 

Abo-Bjorneborg  (ft'bo-byer'ne-borg).  A gov- 
ernment of  Finland,  Russia, Obordering  on  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Capital,  Abo.  Area,  9,335 
square  miles.  Population,  475,068. 

Abomey  (ab-6'mi;  native  a-bo-ma').  The 
capital  of  Dahomey,  in  lat.  7°  5'  N.,  long. 
2°  4'  E.  It  was  captured  by  the  French  in 
November,  1892.  Population,  about  10,700. 


Abominations 

Abominations,  Tariff  of.  See  Tariff. 
Abongo.  See  Obongo. 

Abony  (ob'ony).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Pest,  Hungary,  50  miles  southeast  of  Budapest. 
Population,  13,529.  Also  Nagy- Abony. 

Aboo.  See  Abu. 

Aboo-Bekr.  See  Abu-Bekr. 

Abookeer.  See  Abukir. 

Abou.  See  Abu. 

Abou-Bekr.  See  Abu-Bekr. 

Abou  ben  Adhem  (a'bo  ben  a/dem).  The  title 
of  a short  poem  by  Leigh  Hunt. 
Abou-Hassan.  See  Abu-Hassan. 

Abou-Klea.  See  Abu-Klca. 

About  (a-bo'),  Edmond  Francois  Valentin. 
Born  at  Dieuze,  France,  Feb.  14,  1828 : died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1885.  A French  novelist, 
journalist,  and  dramatist.  He  studied  archaeology 
at  the  French  school  in  Athens,  and  after  returning  to 
France  in  1853  wrote  for  the  “Moniteur,”  “Soir,”  etc. 
Napoleon  III.  made  use  of  his  pen  in  political  work  for 
many  years.  In  1872  he  was  arrested  by  the  Germans  for 
shooting  a German  sentry,  but  was  released.  With  Sarcey 
he  founded  the  “ XlXme  Siecle."  In  1884  he  was  elected 
an  academician.  Among  his  works  are  “La  Grece  con- 
temporaine,”  a satire  on  the  manners  and  morals  of  the 
Greeks  (1855),  “La  question  romaine/’an  attack  on  the 
papacy  (I860),  “Alsace ” (1872),  “Les  manages  de  Paris” 
(1856),  “Le  roi  des  montagnes’’(1856),  “ Germaine  ”(1857), 
“Trente  et  quarante  ”(1858),“  L'homme  a l'oreille  cassCe  ” 
(“The  Man  with  the  broken  Ear”:  1861),  “Le  nez  dun 
notaire  ” (“  The  Nose  of  a Notary  " : 1862),  “ Le  cas  de  M. 
Gudrin  ” (1863),  “Madelon  ” (1863),  “ Le  roman  d’un  brave 
homme  " (18801,  etc. 

Abra  (ab'ra).  1.  A character  in  the  romance 
of  “ Amadis  of  Greece,”  the  sister  of  Zario,  the 
sultan  of  Babylon.  She  succeeds  to  the  throne  of 
Babylon,  after  her  brother  has  been  killed  by  Lisuarte 
whom  she  loves  and  finally  marries. 

2.  The  favorite  concubine  of  Solomon,  a char- 
acter (of  remarkable  docility)  in  Prior’s  poem 
“Solomon  on  the  Vanity  of  the  World.” 

Abra  was  ready  ere  I called  her  name ; 

And,  though  I called  another,  Abra  came. 

ii.  364. 

Abrabanel  (a-bra-ba-nel'),  Isaac.  Born  at 
Lisbon,  1437 : died  at  Venice,  1508.  A Jewish 
scholar  and  statesman.  His  family  claimed  descent 
from  the  royal  house  of  David.  He  was  treasurer  of  Al- 
fonso V.,  king  of  Portugal.  On  the  death  of  this  king  he 
was  deprived  of  his  fortune,  and  being  obliged  to  quit 
Portugal  (1481),  went  to  Madrid,  where  he  remained  eight 
years  in  the  service  of  Queen  Isabella.  Forced  to  quit 
Spain  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  (1492),  he  proceeded 
to  Naples  and  entered  the  service  of  King  Ferdinand,  and 
thence  to  Sicily  and  Corfu.  He  was  a writer  of  distinction 
in  the  fields  of  philosophy  and  biblical  exegesis.  Also 
Abarbanel,  Abravenel,  Barbanella. 

Abradatas  (ab-ra-da'tas).  A king  of  Susa, 
first  an  enemy,  then  an  ally,  of  the  Persians 
under  Cyrus.  In  the  “ Cyropaedia  ” of  Xenophon  is 
told  as  an  episode  (our  earliest  sentimental  romance)  the 
story  of  the  loves  of  Abradatas  and  his  wife  Pantheia, 
which  ends  with  the  death  of  Abradatas  in  battle  and  the 
suicide  of  Pantheia  and  her  eunuchs. 

Abraham  (a'bra-ham).  [Biblical  etymology 
‘father  of  multitudes’  (Gen.  xvii.  5):  also  called 
Abram,  exalted  father;  possibly  abu-rdm,  my 
father  is  the  Exalted  One.  According  to  some 
Abraham  is  an  ancient  Aramaic  dialectic  form 
for  Abram.]  Flourished  2000  (If)  B.  c.  The  first 
of  the  patriarchs  and  the  founderof  theHebrew 
race.  Many  critical  scholars  do  not  consider  Abraham 
a historical  figure.  The  narrative  in  the  14th  chapter  of 
Genesis  is  especially  considered  historical  and  ancient. 
The  date  of  the  events  there  narrated  is  fixed  by  Hommel 
at  2150  B.  c.;  according  to  the  usual  chronology,  1918  B.  c. 
Abraham  is  equally  revered  by  Jews,  Christians,  and  Mo- 
hammedans. He  was  buried  in  the  cave  of  Machpelah 
(the  double  cave)  at  Hebron,  now  said  to  be  inclosed  by 
the  Great  Mosque  (Haram)  of  that  place. 

Abu-ramu  or  Abram , Abraham’s  original  name,  occurs 
on  early  Babylonian  contract-tablets. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  53. 

Abraham,  Plains  of,  or  Heights  of.  An  ele- 
vated plain  just  beyond  Quebec  to  the  south- 
west, along  the  river,  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  Quebec.  See  under  Quebec. 

Abraham  a Sancta-Clara  (a'bra-ham  ii  sank'- 
ta  kla'rii).  Born  at  Kriihenheimstetten,  near 
Messkirch,  Baden,  July  2, 1044:  died  at  Vienna, 
Dec.  1,  1709.  Ulrich  Megerle  (or  Megerlm), 
an  Augustinian  monk,  court  preacher  at 
Vienna  and  satirical  writer,  lie  wrote  “Judas  the 
Arch-rascal  ’*  (“Judas  der  Erzschelm "),  a eatirico-reli- 
gious  romance  (1686-95) ; “ (Jack,  (Jack,  Gack  a (Ja  of  a mar- 
vellous hen  in  the  duchy  of  Bavaria,  or  a detailed  account 
of  the  famous  pilgrimage  of  Maria  Stern  in  Taxa”  (1687), 
etc.  His  collected  works  fill  21  volumes. 

Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Ezra  (a'bra-ham 
ben  ma-er'  ’b’n  ez'rii).  Born  at  Toledo,  1092: 
died  1167.  A celebrated  scholar  of  the  Jewish- 
Arabic  period  in  Spain,  a philologist,  poet, 
mathematician,  astronomer,  and  Bible  com- 
mentator. He  had  a good  knowledge  of  Hebrew  and 
Arabic  grammar,  and  wrote  a treatise  on  Hebrew  gram- 
mar, “Sefer  moznaim  ” (book  of  weights) ; also  150  poems, 


6 

which  are  largely  used  in  the  Jewish  liturgy.  He  com- 
mented on  the  entire  Bible  except  the  earlier  prophets ; 
drew  the  distinction  between  faith  and  reason,  tradition 
and  criticism  ; was  the  first  biblical  critic  ; wrote  a work 
on  Jewish  philosophy  and  a metrical  treatise  on  the  game 
of  chess  ; and  traveled  extensively  in  France,  Italy,  Spain, 
Greece,  Africa,  and  England.  He  was  known  to  medieval 
scholars  as  Avenare,  said  to  be  a corruption  of  Abraham 
Judaeus. 

Abraham  Cupid.  See  Adam  Cupid. 

Abrahamites  (a'bra-ham-its).  1.  A branch 
of  the  Paulicians,  named  from  Abraham  (Ibra- 
him) of  Antioch,  its  founder. — 2.  A small 
sect  of  Bohemian  deists  living  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Pardubitz.  They  rejected  nearly  all  the 
doctrines  of  the  church,  and  professed  to  adopt  the  reli- 
gion of  Abraham  before  his  circumcision. 

Abraham-man  (a'bra-ham-man).  Originally, 
a mendicant  lunatic  from  Bethlehem  Hospital, 
London . The  wards  in  the  ancient  Bedlam  (Bethlehem) 
bore  distinctive  names,  as  of  some  saint  or  patriarch. 
That  named  after  Abraham  was  devoted  to  a class  of 
lunatics  who  on  certain  days  were  permitted  to  go  out 
begging.  They  bore  a badge,  and  were  known  as  Abra- 
ham-men.  Many,  however,  assumed  the  badge  with- 
out right,  and  begged,  feigning  lunacy.  Hence  the  more 
common  meaning  came  to  be  an  impostor  who  wandered 
about  the  country  seeking  alms,  under  pretense  of  lunacy. 
From  this  came  the  phrase  to  sham  Abraham,  to  feign 
sickness. 

Abraham  Newland.  See  Newland. 

Abraham’s  Oak.  An  ancient  oak  or  terebinth 
which  long  stood  on  the  plain  of  Mamre,  near 
Hebron  in  Syria,  and  was  believed  to  be  that 
under  which  the  patriarch  pitched  his  tent. 
Wheeler,  Familiar  Allusions. 

Abraham  the  Jew  and  the  Merchant  Theo- 
dore. A medieval  story,  invented  in  support 
of  the  worship  of  images.  “Theodore,  ruined  by  a 
shipwreck  and  repulsed  by  his  friends,  borrows  money 
from  Abraham,  invoking,  as  his  only  security,  the  great 
Christ  set  up  by  Constantine  in  the  copper-market  before 
the  palace  at  Byzantium.  Again  Theodore  loses  all,  and 
again  the  Jew  trusts  him.  Theodore  sails  westward,  and 
this  time  prospers.  Wishing  to  repay  Abraham,  but  find- 
ing no  messenger,  he  puts  the  money  in  a box,  and  com- 
mits it,  in  the  name  of  Christ,  to  the  waves.  It  is  washed 
to  the  feet  of  the  Jew  on  the  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora. 
But,  when  Theodore  returns,  Abraham,  to  try  him,  feigns 
that  he  has  not  received  it.  Theodore  requires  him  to 
make  oath  before  the  Christ.  And  as  Theodore,  standing 
before  the  image,  passionately  prays,  the  heart  of  his 
benefactor  is  turned  to  faith  in  the  surety  of  the  friend- 
less.” Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  155. 

Abrahen  (ab'ra-hen).  A character  in  Chap- 
man’s tragedy  “Revenge  for  Honour”:  the 
second  son  of  the  calif. 

Abram  (a'bram).  1.  See  Abraham. — 2.  In 
Shakspere’s  “Romeo  and  Juliet,”  a servant  to 
Montague. 

Abrantes  (a-bran'tes).  A town  in  the  district 
of  Santarem,  province  of  Estremadura,  Portu- 
gal, situated  on  the  Tagus  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation, about  75  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon.  It 
was  the  starting-point  of  Junot  in  his  march  on 
Lisbon.  Population,  7,245. 

Abrantes  (a-bron-tas'),  Due  d’.  See  Junot, 
Andoche. 

Abrantfcs,  Duchesse  d’.  See  Junot,  Madame. 
Abrantes,  Viscount  and  Marquis  of.  See 

Calrnon  du  Pin  e Almeida,  Miguel. 

Abravanel.  See  Abrabanel. 

Abreu  (a-bra'o),  Joao  Capistrano  de.  Born  in 
Gear:!,  Brazil,  1852.  A Brazilian  historian.  For 
many  years  he  has  resided  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  where  he  has 
been  assistant  in  the  National  Library,  and  professor  in 
the  Pedro  Segundo  College,  and  has  been  connected  with 
various  journals. 

Abreu,  Jose  de.  Born  at  Porto  Novo,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  about  1775:  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Ituzaingd,  Feb.  20, 1827.  A Brazilian  general. 
He  was  of  obscure  parentage  and  enlisted  as  a common 
soldier,  but  rapidly  rose  in  rank  and  was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  Brazilian  leaders  in  the  campaigns  against 
Artigas,  1816  to  1820.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  field- 
marshal,  and  in  1826  was  created  Baron  of  Serro  Largo, 
taking  part  in  the  Uruguayan  campaign  under  the  Mar- 
quis of  Barbacena. 

Abrocomas,  or  Habrocomas,  and  Antbia 

(a-  (or  ha-)  brok'o-mas  and  an'thi-a).  An  old 
Greek  romance  by  Xenophon  of  Ephesus,  it 
recounts  the  adventures  of  the  two  lovers  so  named  before 
and  subsequent  to  their  marriage. 

Abrolhos  (a-brol'yos).  A group  of  islets  off 
the  coast  of  West  Australia,  about  lat.  28°-29°  S. 

Abrolhos  Rocks.  A group  of  islets  and  reefs  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  about  lat.  18°  S. 

Abrudbdnya  (ob'rud-Mnflyo).  A town  in 
the  county  of  Unterweissonburg,  Transylva- 
nia, Austria-Hungary,  about  28  miles  north- 
west of  Karlsburg:  the  chief  point  in  the 
Transylvanian  gold  region.  Population, 
3,341. 

Abrutum.  Abricium  in  Moesia.  See  Decius. 

Abruzzi  and  Molise  (ii-brot'se  and  mo-le'ze). 
A compartimento  in  the  modern  kingdom  of 
Italy,  containing  the  provinces  Chieti,  Teramo, 


Abt 

Aquila,  and  Camobasso.  Area,  6,380  square 
miles.  Populatiu,  1,487,865. 

Abruzzo  (a-brot's).  A former  division  of  Italy, 
comprising  the  pmnees  of  Chieti,  Teramo, 
and  Aquila : a pa;  of  the  former  kingdom  of 
Naples.  Within  iare  the  highest  and  wildest 
portions  of  the  Apnuines. 

Abruzzo  Citerioi  (a-brot'so  che-ta-ri-6're). 
The  old  name  of  te  province  of  Chieti,  Italy. 

Abruzzo  Ulterior  (a-brot'so  61-ta-ri-d're)  I. 
An  old  name  of  th  province  of  Teramo,  Italy. 

Abruzzo  Ulterior!  II.  An  old  name  of  the 
province  of  Aquilaltaly. 

Absalom  (ab'sa-un).  [Heb.,  ‘father  of 
peace.’]  1.  The  tird  son  of  David,  king  of 
Israel.  He  rebelled  ajinst  his  father,  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  in  the  forest  cEphraim. 

2.  A character  inlryden’s  satire  “Absalom 
and  Achitophel” : a undutiful  son,  intended 
to  represent  the- Due  of  Monmouth. 

Absalom,  Tomb  of.  A tomb  so  named,  in  Je- 
rusalem. It  consists!  a rock-cut  basement  19  feet 
square  and  20  high,  surnunted  by  a Phenician  concave 
cornice  of  Egyptian  typiabove  which  is  an  attic  of  ma- 
sonry supporting  a cylimr  capped  by  a tall  concave  cone. 
At  the  corners  of  the  basnent  are  cut  pilasters  with  Ionic 
columns  as  antu\  and  the  are  two  Ionic  semi-columns  on 
every  face.  Above  theuchitrave  is  a Doric  triglyph- 
frieze  of  late  type. 

Absalom  and  Achiophel  (ab'sa-lom  and  a- 
kit'o-fel).  A poeticl  satire  by  John  Dryden 
(published  1681),  diicted  against  the  political 
faction  led  by  the  Ed  of  Shaftesbury.  The  sec- 
ond part  was  written  by  ’te  and  revised  by  Dryden,  and 
was  intended  to  show  up  le  minor  characters  of  the  con- 
tending factions.  The  suess  of  this  attack  upon  Shaftes- 
bury was  unprecedented,  nd  the  satire  has  been  said  to 
be  “the  first  in  the  langua;  for  masculine  insight  and  for 
vigour  of  expression.” 

Absalon  (ab'sa-lon).  Born  1128:  died  at  So- 
roe,  Zealand,  Denmar,  1201.  A Danish  prelate, 
statesman,  and  warnr,  archbishop  of  Lund 
and  primate.  Also  Ael. 

Absaroka  (ab-sa'ro-k).  [Named  from  a spe- 
cies of  hawk,  but  com;only  styled  ‘the  Crow.’] 
A tribe  of  the  Hidatsalivision  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  umber  about  1,800,  and 
are  on  the  Crow  resention  in  Montana. 

Abschatz  (ap'shats),  [ans  Assmann,  Baron 
von.  Born  at  Wiirbil,  Silesia,  Feb.  4,  1646  : 
died  April  22,  1699.  . German  poet,  transla- 
tor of  “ Pastor  Fido”  'om  the  Italian  of  Gua- 
rini,  and  author  of  saejd  hymns  still  in  use  in 
Protestant  churches,  selection  of  his  poems  was 
given  by  W.  Muller  in  “ Bitothek  deutscher  Dichter  des 
17.  Jahih."  (1824). 

Absecon  (ab-se'kon).  ’he  name  of  a bay  and 
an  inlet  on  the  coast  olNew  Jersey,  northeast 
of  Atlantic  City.  Alscwritten  Absecum. 

Absentee  (ab-sen-te'),  he.  One  of  the  tales 
in  the  series  “ Tales  fim  Fashionable  Life,” 
by  Miss  Edgeworth,  pulislied  in  1812. 

Absolon  (ab'so-lon).  i Chaucer’s  “ Miller’s 
Tale,”  an  amorous  parti  clerk  who  comes  to 
grief  in  his  wooing  of  tb  carpenter’s  wife. 

Absolon,  John.  Born  aLondon,  May  6,  1815: 
died  there,  June  26, 1891  An  English  painter, 
best  known  from  his  wser-colors. 

Absolute  (ab'so-lut),  SiAnthony.  A famous 
character  in  Sheridan’s  uftedy  “The  Rivals,” 
an  obstinate,  passional  self-willed,  but  gen- 
erous old  man.  The  follving  passage  exhibits  his 
temper:  “SirAnth.  So  you  wi  fly  out!  Can’t  you  be  cool 
like  me?  What  thedevil  goocan  passiondo"! ' Passion  is 
of  no  service,  you  impudent,  feolent,  over  bearing  repro- 
bate ! There  you  sneer  again  ! on’t  provoke  me ! but  you 
rely  upon  the  mildness  of  myemper — you  do,  you  dog! 
you  play  upon  the  meekness  ony  disposition  ! Vet  take 
care,  the  patience  of  a saint  nr  be  overcome  at  last ! but 
mark ! I give  you  six  hours  ai  a half  to  consider  of  this ; 
if  you  then  agree,  without  anymdition,  to  do  everything 
on  earth  that  I choose,  why,  etfound  you  ! I may  in  time 
forgive  you."  Sheridan,  Rival  ii.  1. 

Absolute,  Captain.  In  heridan’s  “Rivals,” 
the  son  of  Sir  Anthony,  spirited  soldier  and 
persistent  lover  who  appirs  as  the  impecuni- 
ous Ensign  Beverley  (ands  thus  his  own  rival) 
to  win  the  affections  of  he  romantic  Lydia 
Languish  who  scorns  a nxeli  with  one  so  suit- 
able as  the  son  of  Sir  Amonv  Absolute. 

Absyrtus  (ab-ser'tus).  [G  A^prof.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  brother  of  Mfea,  who  cut  him  in 
pieces  and  threw  the  fragrntq  one  by  one  into 
the  sea  to  delay  her  fatherwho  stopped  to  pick 
them  up)  in  his  pursuit  of  er  and  Jason.  Ac- 
cording to  another  legei  he  was  slain  by 
Jason.  See  Jason. 

Abt  (apt).  Franz.  Born  aEilenbtirg,  Prussian 
Saxony,  Dec.  22, 1819:  died  Wiesbaden.  March 
31, 1885.  A German  compeer,  noted  chiefly  for 
his  popular  songs  (“  Whenhe  Swallows  home- 
ward fly,”  etc.). 


Abu 

Abu  (a'bo).  A mountain,  5,650  feet  high,  in 
Rajputana,  India,  about  lat.  24°  36'  N.,  long. 
72°  43'  E.,  the  chief  seat  of  the  Jain  worship. 
There  are  several  villages  on  the  mountain 
and  five  Delwara  temples. 

Abu-Arish  (a'bo-a'rish  or  -a'resh).  A town  in 
southwestern  Arabia,  24  miles  from  the  Red 
Sea,  about  lat.  16°  55'  N.,  long.  42°  40'  E.  Popu- 
lation, about  8,000. 

Abu-Bekr  (a'bo-bek'r).  [Ar. ; said  to  mean 
‘father  of  the  virgin,’  i.  e.  Ayesha,  Moham- 
med’s wife.]  Born  at  Mecca,  573:  died  at  Me- 
dina, Arabia,  Aug.  22  (?),  634.  . The  father-in- 
law  and  one  of  the  first  followers  and  chief 
supporters  of  Mohammed,  and  the  first  calif  or 
successor  of  the  prophet  (632-634).  His  original 
name  was  Abd-el-Kaaba.  Also  Aboo-Bekr,  Abou- 
Bekr,  Abu-Bakr. 

Abu-Habba  (a'bo-hab'a).  An  Arab  village 
about  16  miles  southeast  of  Bagdad.  Excavations 
were  made  there  in  1881,  and  the  site  of  an  ancient  Baby- 
lonian city  discovered,  probably  Sippar,  the  biblical  Se- 
pharvaim  (which  see). 

Abudah  (a-bo'da).  A character  in  the  Rev. 
James  Ridley’s  u Tales  of  the  Genii”:  a rich 
merchant  who  in  seeking,  in  a dream,  the  talis- 
man of  Oromanes,  which  insures  perfect  hap- 
piness, finds  it  in  love  of  God  and  submission 
to  his  will. 

Abu-Hanifah  (a'bo-ha-ne'fa).  Born  at  Al- 
Kufah,  700:  died  at  Bagdad,  770.  A noted  Mo- 
hammedan imam  and  jurisconsult,  the  founder 
of  the  Hanifi  sect. 

Abu-fiassan  (a'bo-has'an).  In  the  story  of 
“The  Sleeper  Awakened”  In  “The  Arabian 
Nights’  Entertainments,”  a-  citizen  of  Bagdad 
who  while  entertaining  the  disguised  calif  ex- 
presses a wish  to  “be  calif  for  one  day.”  The 
wish  is  granted  in  such  a way  that  Abu-Hassan  is  entirely 
deceived,  to  the  great  amusement  of  the  calif,  who  in  the 
end  makes  him  his  companion  and  favorite.  Shakspere 
has  adopted  this  idea,  from  an  older  play,  in  the  decep- 
tion practised  on  Sly  the  tinker,  in  the  induction  to  the 
“ Taming  of  the  Shrew." 

Abukir  (a-bo-ker').  A small  village  in  north- 
ern Egypt,  on  the  bay  of  Abukir  13  miles  north- 
east of  Alexandria.  It  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Canopus,  probably  a little  to  the  west.  Here,  July  25, 
1799,  Napoleon  with  5,000  French  defeated  15,000  Turks. 
March  8,  1801,  the  English  under  Sir  Ralph  Ahercromby 
captured  the  town  from  the  French.  Also  Abookeer, 
Aboukir. 

Abukir,  Bay  of.  A bay  north  of  Egypt,  be- 
tween Abukir  and  the  Rosetta  mouth  of  the 
Nile,  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  Aug. 
1 and  2,  1798,  in  which  Nelson  defeated  the 
French  fleet  under  Brueys,  who  lost  13  out  of 
17  vessels  and  9,000  men. 

Abu-Klea  (a'bo-kla'a).  Wells  in  the  Nubian 
desert  in  the  bend  of  the  Nile  on  the  route  be- 
tween Korti  and  Shendy,  where,  Jan.  17,  1885, 
the  Mahdists  attacked  the  British  under  Stew- 
art, and  were  repulsed  with  severe  loss  on  both 
sides.  Also  Abou-Klea. 

Abul  Casim.  See  A bid  Kasim. 

Abulfaraj  (a'bol-fa-raj'),  or  Abulfaragius 
(ab'ul-fa-ra/  ji-us),  surnamed  Bar-Hebraeus 
(‘Son  of  the  Hebrew’).  Born  at  Malatia  (Ma- 
latiya),  Armenia,  1226:  died  at  Maragha,  Persia, 
1286.  Gregory  Abulfivrayitm  al  Harun,  a Syriac 
and  Arabic  author,  the  son  of  a baptized  Jew. 
At  twenty  he  was  made  bishop  of  Gula  and  afterward  of 
Aleppo,  and  became  maphrian,  the  dignity  among  the 
Jacobite  Christians  next  to  that  of  patriarch.  Of  his  many 
Syriac  and  Arabic  writings  the  best-known  are  an  auto- 
biography and  a chronicle  in  Syriac,  a universal  history 
from  Adam  down  to  his  own  time. 

Abulfazl  (a'bol-fa' zl).  Assassinated  1602. 
Vizir  and  historiographer  of  the  Mogul  em- 
peror Akbar,  author  of  the  “Akbar  Nameh,” 
or  “Book  of  Akbar,”  comprising  a history  of 
Akbar’s  reign,  and  an  account  of  the  religious 
and  political  constitution  and  the  administra- 
tion of  the  empire. 

Abulfeda  (a-bol-fa'da,  or  a-bol'fa-da),  Ismael 
ben-Ali  Emad-eddin.  Born  at  Damascus, 
1273 : died  in  Syria,  Oct.  26, 1331.  A noted  Ara- 
bian geographer  and  historian,  prince  of  Hamah 
in  Syria : author  of  a geography  and  an  ‘ ‘Abridg- 
ment of  the  History  of  the  Human  Race.” 

Abulghazi  Bahadur  (a-bol-ghii/ze  ba-ha-dor'). 
Born  1605:  died  about  1665.  A khan  of  Khiva, 
author  (after  his  -abdication)  of  a history  of  the 
Mongols  and  Tatars,  translated  into  various 
European  languages. 

Abul-Hassan  Ali  ebn  Bekar  (a'bol-has'an 
a'le  eb'n  be'kar).  A character  in  “ The  Ara- 
bian Nights’  Entertainments,”  the  lover  of  the 
calif’s  favorite,  Schemselnihar.  Fleeing  from 
Bagdad  for  fear  of  the  califs  anger,  he  dies  at  the  same 
hour  aa  Schemaelnihar. 


7 

Abul  Kasim  Mansur  (a'bol  ka-sem'  mjin-sor'). 
Born  at  Shadab,  uear  Tus,  in  Khorasan,  about 
940 : died  1020  at  Tus.  The  great  epic  poet 
of  Persia,  called  Firdusi  (more  correctly  Fir- 
dausi the  Paradisiac,  from  Firdaus,  Paradise). 

He  was  the  author  of  the  “Shahnamah,"  an  epic  of  about 
60,000  distichs,  that  sings  the  deeds  of  Iranian  and  Per- 
sian sovereigns  and  heroes  from  the  oldest  time  to  the 
fall  of  the  Sassanidse  (641  A.  ».),  and  contains  many  of  the 
ancient  epic  traditions  of  the  Iranians.  He  lived  long 
at  the  court  of  Mahmud  of  Ghazni. 

Abu-Nuvas  (a'bo-no'vas).  Died  810.  An 
Arabic  lyric  poet  who  lived  at  the  court  of  the 
califs  of  Bagdad.  His  songs  of  love  and  wine  are 
among  the  most  notable  in  Arabian  poetry. 

Aburi  (a-bo're).  A town  15  miles  back  of  Akri, 
West  Africa.  Owing  to  its  altitude,  it  is  used  as  a 
sanatorium  by  British  officials  and  residents,  as  also  by 
the  Basel  Mission,  which  has  there  an  excellent  industrial 
school.  Population,  10,393. 

Abu  Shahrein.  See  Eridu. 

Abushehr.  See  Bushire. 

Abu-Simbel  (a'bo-sim'bel),  or  Ipsambul  (ip- 
sam'bol).  The  ancient  Abuncis  or  Aboccis, 
a place  in  Upper  Egypt  situated  on  the  Nile 
about  lat.  22°  25'  N.,  famous  for  its  two  rock- 
temples,  one  large  and  the  other  smaller,  built  in 
the  steep  face  of  a cliff  by  Rameses  II.  For  the 
great  temple  the  rock  has  been  cut  away  to  form  a smooth 
facade  about  100  feet  wide  and  high,  with  a cornice  of 
seated  cynocephali.  Before  the  facade  are  four  enthroned 
colossi  of  Rameses,  about  66  feet  high,  and  comparatively 
perfect  except  for  the  split  ting  away  of  the  head  and  arms 
of  one.  Over  the  central  portal,  in  a rectangular  niche, 
is  a figure  of  Ra  the  sun-god.  The  first  chamber  of  the 
interior  is  a large  hall  with  8 Osiride  piers,  and  mural 
sculptures  portraying  the  military  deeds  of  Rameses. 
Beyond  is  a smaller  pillared  hall,  then  a vestibule  before 
the  sanctuary,  which  contains  seated  figures  of  Amen, 
Ptah,  Horus,  and  Rameses  himself.  From  the  outer  hall 
8 lateral  chambers,  irregularly  placed,  are  reached.  The 
total  depth  in  the  rock  of  this  temple  is  over  200  feet. 
The  facade  of  the  smaller  temple  displays  six  rectangular 
niches  containing  colossal  figures  in  high  relief.  Between 
the  two  central  niches  is  the  portal,  which  leads  to  a hall 
supported  by  6 square  piers  with  Hathor  capitals.  From 
the  hall  extends  a corridor  with  two  small  chambers  and 
a sanctuary.  The  whole  interior  is  sculptured.  On  the 
left  leg  of  the  injured  colossus  of  the  great  temple  is  a 
Greek  inscription,  one  of  the  most  ancient 'specimens  of 
Greek  writing,  recording  that  when  Psammetichus  came 
to  Elephantine,  the  writers,  whose  names  are  given,  came 
to  the  spot  by  way  of  Kerkis.  It  dates  from  592  B.  0. 

Abusir  (a-bo-ser').  A small  town  in  the  Delta 
of  Egypt,  south-southwest  of  Cairo,  the  ancient 
Busiris,  containing  pyramids  erected  by  kings 
of  the  5th  dynasty. 

Abu-Teman  (a'bo-te-man').  Born  in  Syria 
about  807 : died  about  845.  An  Arabian  court 
poet  at  Bagdad,  and  collector  of  Oriental  poetry. 

Abydos  (a-bl'dos).  [Gr.  //  ’A/fiJor.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a town  in  Upper  Egypt  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Nile,  near  the  modern  Arabat-el- 
Madfuneh,  about  lat.  26°  13'  N.,  long.  31° 
52'  E.,  famous  for  a temple  of  Osiris  built  by 
Seti  I. , and  also  for  a temple  built  by  Rameses  II. 
The  former  is  described  by  Strabo  as  the-  “Memnonion.” 
The  plan  is  a square  facing  the  northeast,  with  a large 
rectangular  projection  from  the  back  of  the  southeast 
side.  From  the  outer  court  is  entered  the  long  first  hall, 
with  two  ranges  of  columns,  and  from  it  the  second  hall, 
with  three  ranges.  Both  these  great  halls  are  ornamented 
with  reliefs.  From  the  second  hall  there  is  access  to  an 
extensive  series  of  chambers,  corridors,  and  smaller  halls, 
all  decorated  with  colored  reliefs.  In  one  of  the  corridors 
is  the  chronologically  important  Tablet  of  Abydos.  (See 
below.)  A number  of  the  chambers  are  covered  with  false 
vaults,  cut  to  shape  from  flat  lintels.  The  temple  of 
Rameses  is  also  dedicated  to  Osiris.  It  was  a rectangle, 
preceded  by  a great  inclosed  court  surrounded  by  Osiride 
figures.  From  the  court  two  spacious  central  hypostyle 
halls  are  entered  in  succession,  and  from  these  open  a 
number  of  chambers.  The  gateways  were  of  red  and 
black  granite,  and  one  chamber  was  wholly  lined  with 
alabaster.  This  temple,  which  was  considerably  smaller 
than  that  of  Seti,  is  in  a very  ruinous  state.  See  Abydos, 
Tablet  of. 

Abydos,  or  Abydus.  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Hellespont 
about  lat.  40°  11/  N.,  long.  26°  25'  E.,  noted 
in  the  legend  of  Hero  and  Leander,  and  as  the 
location  of  the  Bridge  of  Xerxes. 

Abydos,  Bride  of.  A poem  by  Lord  Byron, 
published  in  1813. 

Abydos,  Tablet  of.  An  inscription  in  a corri- 
dor of  the  temple  of  Seti  I.  at  Abydos,  giving 
a succession  of  65  kings  beginning  with  Menes, 
covering  a period  of  about  2,200  years.  A simi- 
lar tablet  containing  18  names,  found  in  the  temple  of 
Rameses  in  1818,  was  removed  by  the  French  consul-gen- 
eral, sent  to  Paris,  and  finally  purchased  for  the  British 
Museum. 

Abyla  (ab'i-la).  [Gr.  AjlvTiy  or  ’A P'tfo].]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a promontory  in  Africa,  the 
modern  Jobel  Musa  or  Apes’  Hill,  opposite 
Calpe  (Gibraltar):  the  two  constitute  the  fa- 
mous “Pillars  of  Hercules.”  Also  Abyla  Mons 
(‘mountain’)  and  Abyla  Columna  (‘pillar’). 

Abyssinia  (ab-i-sin'i-il).  [Arabic  Ilabash, 


Academy  of  France  at  Rome 

‘mixed  ’:  referring  to  the  character  of  the  popu- 
lation.] A country  of  Africa,  part  of  the  an- 
cient Ethiopia,  bounded  by  Eritrea  on  the 
north,  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan  on  the 
west,  British  East  Africa  on  the  south, 
the  Italian  Somaliland  on  the  east,  and  the 
British  Somali  Coast  Protectorate  on  the  north- 
east: area,  over  200,000  square  miles;  popu- 
lation, 9-11  millions.  Its  inhabitants  are  Ethio- 
pians, Falasha  (the  Abyssinian  Jews),  Gallas,  etc. ; the 
prevailing  language  is  Amharic ; the  prevailing  religion 
that  of  the  Ethiopian  (Coptic)  Church  (founded  in  the  4th 
century  by  Frumentius,  bishop  of  Axum) ; and  the  gov- 
ernment a feudal  monarchy  under  .a  Negus  or  emperor 
(Negus  Negust,  ‘king  of  kings’).  The  present  sovereign 
Is  Lidj  Jeassu  (born  1896),  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
1911,  his  grandfather  Menelek  II.  having  resigned  through 
ill  health.  The  surface  of  the  country  consists  mainly  of 
table-lands  with  mountain-ranges  reaching  an  elevation  of 
about  15,0JOfeet.  The  climate  is  temperate  and  salubrious. 
The  principal  exports  (through  Massowah)  are  skins,  ivory, 
butter,  gums,  and  mules.  The  empire  is  divided  into  the 
kingdoms  of  Tigrd  in  the  north,  Amhara,  with  Gujam,  in 
the  west  and  center,  and  Shoa  in  the  south ; and  there  are 
many  outlying  territories  and  dependencies.  The  chief 
cities  are  Ankober,  Gondar,  Adowa,  and  the  capital,  Adis 
Abeba.  Abyssinia  was  visited  by  the  Portuguese  in  the 
15th  and  16th  centuries  in  the  search  for  the  kingdom  of 
Prester  John.  It  was  broken  up  into  small  monarchies 
down  to  the  time  of  the  adventurer  Theodore  who  consoli- 
dated the  kingdom,  but  was  overthrown  by  the  British 
expedition  under  Napier  in  1868.  Difficulties  with  Italy  in 
1887  and  1888  were  followed  by  a treaty  of  “mutual  pro- 
tection ” in  1889.  This  protectorate  was  abrogated  by 
Menelek  in  1893.  Italy  renewed  hostilities,  but  after  her 
defeat  in  the  battle  of  Adowa  (March  1,  1896)  recognized 
the  independence  of  Abyssinia  in  the  treaty  of  Adis  Abeba, 
Oct.  26, 1896.  Among  the  explorers  of  Abyssinia  are  Bruce, 
Gobatj  Beke,  Parkyns,  Stern,  and  Markham. 

Acacians.  A branch  of  the  Arians,  named 
from  Acacius,  bishop  of  Ctesarea  (died  363). 

Academic  Legion.  An  armed  corps  of  students, 
especially  in  the  revolutionary  troubles  of  1848 ; 
specifically,  an  insurrectionary  corps  of  the 
kind  which  was  conspicuous  at  Vienna  in  1848. 

Academy  (a-kad'e-mi),  The.  [Gr.  ’AmdS/yeta.] 
A public  pleasure-ground  on  the  Cephissus, 
about  one  mile  northwest  of  ancient  Athens,  on 
land  said  to  have  belonged,  in  the  time  of  the 
Trojan  war,  to  the  hero  Academus.  it  was  sur- 
rounded with  a wall  by  Hipparchus  and  further  adorned 
by  Cimon,  the  son  of  Miltiades,  who  bequeathed  it  to  the 
citizens  of  Athens.  It  was  the  resort  of  Plato,  who  taught 
in  its  groves  for  nearly  fifty  years,  till  his  death  in  348  B.  0. 

Academy,  The.  The  Platonic  school  of  philos- 
ophy down  to  the  time  of  Cicero : so  called  from 
the  pleasure-ground  above  described,  it  is  com- 
monly divided  into  the  Old,  the  Middle,  and  the  New 
Academy.  The  chief  representatives  of  the  first  were 
Speusippus,  Xenocrates  of  Chalcedon,  Polemo,  Crates, 
and  Crantor.  The  Middle  Academy  was  founded  by  Ar- 
cesilaus  about  244  B.  c.,  and  the  New  Academy  by  Car- 
neades  about  160  B.  C.  Sometimes  the  academies  of  Philo 
and  Antioclius  are  spoken  of  as  the  fourth  Academy  and 
the  fifth  Academy,  respectively. 

Academy,  French.  [F.  Academie  franyaise .] 
An  association  originating  about  1629  m the 
informal  weekly  meetings  of  a few  (8)  men  of 
letters  in  Paris,  and  formally  established  Jan. 
2,  1635,  by  Cardinal  Richelieu,  for  the  purpose 
of  controlling  the  French  language  and  regu- 
lating literary  taste.  It  consisted  of  forty  mem- 
bers, the  “forty  immortals,”  the  officers  being  a director 
and  a chancellor,  both  chosen  by  lot,  and  a permanent 
secretary,  chosen  by  votes.  Among  the  objects  provided 
for  in  the  constitution  was  the  preparation  of  a diction- 
ary, a grammar,  a treatise  on  rhetoric  and  one  on  poetry. 
In  1694  the  first  edition  of  the  celebrated  “ Dictionnaire 
de  1’Academie ” appeared,  while  the  seventh  appeared  in 
1S78.  The  Academy  was  suppressed  by  the  Convention 
in  1793,  hut  was  reconstructed  in  1795,  under  the  name 
of  the  “Class  of  French  Language  and  Literature,”  as 
part  of  the  National  Institute.  Its  original  organization 
was  restored  by  Louis  XVIII.  in  1816. 

Academy,  Royal  Spanish.  [Sp.  Real  Aca- 
demia Espailola .]  An  academy  founded  at 
Madrid  in  1713  by  the  Duke  of  Escalona  , and 
established  by  royal  confirmation  in  1714.  Its 
object  is  to  cultivate  and  improve  the  national 
language. 

Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  American. 

A society  for  the  encouragement  of  art  and 
science,  founded  in  Boston  in  1780.  It  has  pub- 
lished “Memoirs”  from  1785,  and  “Proceed- 
ings” from  1846. 

Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  The.  [F.  V Academic 
des  beaux  arts .]  An  institution  originating  in 
a private  association  of  painters  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, recognized  by  royal  authority  in  1648  under 
the  name  of  Academy  of  Paintingand  Sculpture, 
and  definitively  constructed  in  1655  by  Cardinal 
Mazarin.  At  the  creation  of  the  National  Institute  in 
1795  it  was  united  with  the  Academy  of  Architecture, 
founded  by  Colbert  in  1671,  to  form  the  fourth  class  of  the 
institute;  and  since  1819  this  class  has  borne  the  name  of 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  It  consists  of  40  members  and  a 
secretary,  10  honorary  academicians,  10  foreign  associates, 
and  60  correspondents.  It  publishes  its  memoirs  and 
transactions  and  the“  Dictionnaire  general  deB  beaux-arts.” 

Academy  of  France  at  Rome.  [F.  Academie 


Academy  of  France  at  Rome 

de  France  d Borne.]  A school  of  fine  arts 
founded  at  Rome  by  Louis  XIV.,  where  those 
artists  are  sent,  at  the  public  expense,  who  ob- 
tain the  great  annual  prizes  of  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  at  Paris.  See  Villa  Medici. 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres. 
[F.  V Academic  dcs  inscriptions  et  belles- 
lettres.']  An  association  composed  originally  of 
four  members,  chosen  by  Colbert  from  among 
the  members  of  the  French  Academy  to  draw 
up  inscriptions  for  the  monuments  erected  by 
Louis  XIV.  and  the  medals  struck  in  his  honor. 

It  received  a separate  organization  in  1701,  which  was  con- 
firmed by  the  letters  patent  of  Louis  XIV.  iu  1712,  and  was 
suppressed  by  the  Convention  in  1793;  but  at  the  creation 
of  the  National  Inst  itute  in  1795  its  members  were  incorpo- 
rated in  that  body.  In  1816  the  title  was  restored  by  Louis 
XVIII.  for  the  second  class  of  the  Institute.  The  pres- 
ent Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres  consists  of 
40  members,  10  honorary  academicians,  and  8 foreign  as- 
sociates, with  70  corresponding  members  at  home  and 
abroad. 

Academy  of  Medicine.  [F.  V Academe  de 
medecine.]  A French  academy  founded  in  1820 
to  preserve  vaccine  matter  and  act  as  a bureau 
of  information  to  the  government  on  sanitation 
and  the  public  health.  It  is  divided  into  three  sec- 
tions: medicine,  surgery,  and  pharmacy.  It  publishes 
memoirs,  and  carries  on  an  extensive  correspondence. 

Academy  of  Moral  and  Political  Science, 

The.  [F.  V Academie  dcs  sciences  morales  ct  po- 
litiqucs.]  The  fifth  class  of  the  French  Na- 
tional Institute,  founded  iu  1795,  suppressed 
by  Napoleon  in  1803,  and  reestablished  by 
Louis  Philippe  in  1832.  It  has  40  members, 
10  honorary  academicians,  8 foreign  associates, 
and  GO  corresponding  members. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia, The.  A scientific  institution  organized 
in  1812,  and  incorporated  in  1817,  possessing 
a valuable  library  relating  chiefly  to  natural 
history,  and  an  extensive  collection  of  speci- 
mens in  natural  history.  Its  publications  consist 
of  a series  of  “Journals  ” from  1817  to  date,  and  of  “ Pro- 
ceedings "from  1841,  besides  “The  American  Journal  of 
Conchology  ” and  “ Entomological  News.” 

Academy  of  Sciences,  The.  [F.  V Academic 
des  sciences.]  An  institution  founded  at  Paris 
iu  16G6  by  Colbert,  approved  by  Louis  XIV.  in 
1699,  suppressed  by  the  Convention  in  1793,  and 
reconstituted  in  1795  as  a class  of  the  National 
Institute.  It  numbers  68  members,  10  honor- 
ary academicians,  8 foreigu  associates,  and  100 
corresponding  members. 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin,  The  Royal. 
[G.  Die  konigliche  Akademie  der  Wissenschaf- 
ten.]  An  institution  founded  in  1700  by  Fred- 
eric I.  after  plans  submitted  by  Leibnitz,  and 
opeued  in  1711.  Its  present  constitution  dates  from 
1812.  It  is  divided  into  four  sections : physical,  mathe- 
matical, philosophical,  and  historical.  The  regular  mem- 
bers are  paid,  and  hold  general  meetings  every  Thursday 
and  sectional  meetings  every  Monday.  Besides,  there  are 
foreign  members,  not  to  exceed  24,  and  honorary  members 
and  correspondents.  It  publishes  “ Abhandlungen  ” (till 
1803  "M^moires”  and  “is'ouveaux  Mcmoires  ”)  and  “ Mo- 
natsberichte.  ” 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  Copenhagen,  The 
Royal.  [Dan.  Det  kongelige  danske  Videnska- 
.bernes  Selskab.]  An  academy  established  as  a 
private  society  in  1742,  and  received  under  the 
royal  protection  in  1743.  since  1742  it  has  published 
a series  of  transactions  under  the  name  of  “Skrifter,” 
and  since  1823i  each  of  its  two  classes  has  also  published 
independent  memoirs  under  the  name  of  “Afhandlinger." 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  St.  Petersburg,  The 
Imperial.  An  academy  projected  by  Peter 
the  Great  with  the  assistance  of  Wolf  and  Leib- 
nitz, and  established  by  Catherine  I.,  Dec.  21, 
1725.  It  is  composed  of  15  professors,  a president,  and 
a director,  with  four  adjuncts,  who  attend  the  meetings 
of  the  society,  and  succeed  to  vacancies.  It  has  published 
“Commentarii  Academia?  Scientiarum  Imperialis  Petro- 
politana?”  (14  volumes  from  1728  to  1747);  “Novi  Com- 
mentarii  Academia*, “ etc.  (30  volumes  down  to  1777); 
“Acta  Academia?,”  etc.,  of  which  two  volumes  appear  an- 
nually. 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  Stockholm,  The,  or 
The  Royal  Swedish  Academy.  A society, 
originally  private,  founded  June  2,  1739,  and 
incorporated  March  31, 1741,  as  the  Royal  Swe- 
dish Academy.  Its  quarterly  publications  are 
issued  in  annual  volumes,  of  which  the  first  40 
(to  1779)  form  a series  known  as  the  “Old 
Transactions.” 

Academy,  or  Society,  of  Arcadians.  A society 
founded  in  1690  in  Italy  by  Giovan  Mario  Cres- 
cimbeni  and  Gian  Vincenzo  Gravina.  Its  chief 
aim  was  to  establish  in  literature  the  simplicity  of  the 
shepherds  of  the  fabled  golden  age  of  Arcadia. 

Acadia  (a-ka'di-a),  Acadie  (a-kii-de').  [Ori- 
ginally Larcadia : Acadie  is  said  to  have 
been  first  used  in  1603.]  A former  French 
colony  in  America,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic, 


8 

the  Gulf  and  River  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  west- 
ward by  a line  running  north  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Penobscot.  It  was  colonized  by  France  in 
1604,  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713  (except  Cape  Breton).  The 
French  settlers  in  Nova  Scotia  were  deported  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1755. 

Acadian  Mountains  (a-ka'di-an  moun'tanz). 
An  occasional  name  of  the  elevated  region  in- 
cluded between  the  Hudson,  the  lower  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  Atlantic,  and  comprising  the 
mountains  of  Canada,  Maine,  and  the  White  and 
Green  Mountains. 

Acajutla  (ii-kii-Hot'la).  A small  seaport  in 
Salvador,  Central  America,  about  40  miles  west 
of  San  Salvador. 

Acampichtli,  or  Acampistli  (a-kam-pesh'tle). 
[Aztec,  ‘handful  of  reeds.’]  A chief,  or  so- 
called  king,  of  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico,  who,  ac- 
cording to  the  most  probable  chronology,  was 
elected  in  1375  and  died  in  1403.  He  led  the  In- 
dians of  Tenochtitlan  in  their  wars  with  Tecpan,  and  ca- 
nals and  stone  houses  were  first  made  in  his  time.  His 
power  was  very  limited. 

Acapulco  (a-kii-pol'ko).  A seaport  in  Guer- 
rero, Mexico,  on  the  Pacific  in  lat.  16°  50'  56// 
N.,  long.  99°  55'  28#  W.  It  has  one  of  the  best  har- 
bors in  the  country,  and  had  a large  commerce  during 
the  17th  and  18th  centuries.  Population,  4,932. 

Acarnania,  or  Akarnania  (ak-ar-na'ni-a). 
[Gr.  ’A mpvavia.]  In  ancient  geography,  a divi- 
sion of  Greece,  bounded  by  the  Ambracian  Gulf 
on  the  north,  by  Amphilochia  on  the  northeast, 
by  iEtolia  on  the  east  (partly  separated  by  the 
Achelous),  and  by  the  Ionian  sea  on  the  west. 

Its  ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Leleges  and  Curetes. 
They  were  rude  mountaineers,  but  were  regarded  as 
Greeks,  and  as  such  were  allowed  to  participate  in  the 
Pan-Hellenic  games. 

Acarnania  and  iStoiia  (e-toTi-a).  Anomarchy 
of  modern  Greece,  havingan  areaof 2,036  square 
miles.  Its  capital  is  Missolonghi.  Population, 
141,405. 

Acaste  (a-kast').  A character  in  Moliere’s 
play  “Le  Misanthrope,”  a gay  and  brilliant 
marquis,  a lover  of  Celimene. 

Acasto  (a-kas'to).  A character  in  Otway’s  play 
“ The  Orphan,”  a nobleman,  the  father  of  Poly- 
dore  ami  Castalio,  retired  from  the  court  and 
living  on  his  estates. 

Acastus  (a-kas'tus),  or  Akastos  (-tos).  [Gr. 
’Axacrroc.]  In  Greek  legend,  a son  of  King 
Pelias  of  Iolcos,  an  Argonaut,  and  one  of  the 
hunters  of  the  Calydonian  hoar.  He  was  the 
father  of  Laodamia. 

Acawais.  See  Accawais. 

Acaxees  (a-kaks'ez).  A native  tribe  (now  ex- 
tinct as  such)  in  the  state  of  Durango  in  north- 
ern Mexico.  Traces  of  their  language  may  yet  be 
detected.  They  were  described,  in  the  last  years  of  the 
10th  century  and  in  the  17th,  when  first  met  with,  as  rather 
peaceably  inclined,  of  sedentary  habits,  and  as  sorely 
pressed  by  their  ferocious  neighbors  the  Tepehuanes. 

Acca.  See  Acre. 

Accad.  See  Akkad. 

Aceademia  della  Crusca(ak-ka-da'me-adelTa 
kros'lia).  [It.,  ‘academy  of  the  bran,’  a fanci- 
ful name  alluding  to  its  professed  object  of  sift- 
ing or  purifying  the  Italian  language.]  An 
academy  founded  at  Florence  in  1582  by  the 
poet  Grazzini,  with  the  object  of  purifying  the 
Italian  language  and  literature.  It  published  in 
1013  the  first  edition  of  the  “Vocabolario  degli  Accade- 
miei  della  Crusca,’’  long  the  standard  dictionary  of  the 
Italian  language. 

Accadians.  See  under  Akkad. 

Acca  Larentia  (ak'a  la-ren'shi-a).  A mythical 
female  personage  in  the  early  history  of  Rome, 
sometimes  represented  as  a public  woman  who 
bequeathed  her  wealth  to  the  citizens  of  Rome, 
sometimes  as  the  wife  of  Faustulus  and  the  nurse 
of  Romulus  and  Remus.  She  seems  to  be  of  Etruscan 
origin  and  connected  with  the  worship  of  the  Lares.  Also, 
improperly,  Acca  Laurcntia. 

Accawais  (a-ka-wii-ez').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
British  Guiana,  the  small  remnants  of  which  in- 
habit the  river-banks  near  the  coast.  They  are 
allied  in  language  to  the  Carihs,  but  are  more  savage  and 
wandering  in  their  habits,  and  are  very  treacherous.  They 
often  attack  villages  of  the  more  civilized  Indians.  Also 
written  Accaways,  Accowaios,  Alcavais. 

Accho  (ak'o).  An  old  name  of  Acre. 

Acciajuoli  (a-cha-yo-o'le),  or  Acciajoli  (a-chii- 
yo'le),  Nerio.  A member  of  the  Florentine 
family  of  that  name,  created  Duke  of  Athens 
in  1394.  The  title  was  retained  by  his  successors  till 
1456,  when  the  Turks  put  an  end  to  the  domination  of 
the  Latins  in  Attica. 

Acciajuoli,  or  Acciajoli,  Niccolo.  Died  1365.  A 
wealthy  Florentine  banker  and  statesman,  lie 
served  for  many  years  ns  the  chief  adviser  of  Joanna, 
Queen  of  Naples,  and  was  invested  in  1358  with  the  harony 
and  hereditary  governorship  of  the  fortress  of  Corinth. 


Aecorso,  Francesco 

Acciajuoli,  or  Acciajoli,  Donato.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, 1428:  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  28,  1478.  An 
Italian  scholar  and  statesman,  gonfalonier  of 
Florence  in  14/  3.  He  was  the  author  of  lives  of  Han- 
nibal, Scipio,  and  Charlemagne,  of  a translation  of  some 
of  Plutarch’s  “ Lives,”  and  of  commentaries  on  Aristotle’s 
“Ethics”  and  “Politics." 

Accioli  de  Cerqueirae  Silva  (Sk-se-oTe  da  ser- 
ka'ra  e sel'va),  Ignacio.  Born  in  Coimbra, 
Portugal,  in  1808:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Aug. 
1,  1865.  A Brazilian  geographer.  When  very 
young  he  emigrated  with  his  father  to  Brazil.  In  1833  he 
began  the  publication  of  a series  of  geographical  works 
on  the  empire,  of  which  he  was  made  official  chronicler. 

Accius  (ak'shi-us),  Lucius.  Born  about  170 
B.  c. : died  at  an  advanced  age.  A Roman 
tragic  poet  and  prose  writer,  especially  notable 
for  his  imitations  from  the  Greek,  though  he 
dealt  also  with  Roman  subjects.  Fragments  of 
his  tragedies  have  been  preserved.  Also  Attius.  [“The 
forms  Accius  and  Attius  probably  differ  dialectically.  In 
the  MSS.  that  with  cc  greatly  preponderates ; on  the  other 
hand,  in  inscriptions  the  spelling  of  this  name  with  tt  is 
far  the  more  frequent."  Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of 
Rom.  Lit.  /trans.),  I.  191.] 

Acco.  See  Acre. 

Accolon  (ak'o-lon).  A character  in  the  “ Morte 
d’Arthur,”  a knight  of  Gaul,  celebrated  for  his 
combat  with  King  Arthur,  in  which  the  latter 
sought  to  regain  his  enchanted  sword  and  scab- 
bard of  which  Accolon  had  gained  possession 
through  the  aid  of  Morgan  le  Fay. 

Accolti  (ak-kol'te),  Benedetto.  Born  at  Arez- 
zo, Italy,  1415:  died  at  Florence,  1466.  An 
Italian  jurist  and  winter,  chancellor  of  the  re- 
public of  Florence  1459—66.  He  was  the  author 
of  a history  of  the  first  crusade,  “ De  Bello  a Christiania 
contra  Barbaros,”  etc.  (1532),  which  served  as  the  foun- 
dation of  Tasso’s  “Gerusalemme  liberata.” 

Accolti,  Benedetto.  Born  at  Florence,  1497 : 
died  1549.  An  Italian  cardinal  (and  legate  in 
Ravenna)  and  poet,  author  of  Latin  poems  col- 
lected in  “Carmina  illustrium  Poetarum  Ital- 
orum.” 

Accolti,  Bernardo.  Born  about  1465:  died 
about  1535.  An  Italian  poet,  son  of  Benedetto 
Accolti  the  elder.  See  the  extract. 

The  same  age  gave  the  name  of  Ilnico  to  Bernardo  Ac- 
colti, of  Arezzo,  born  before  1466,  and  who  died  after  the 
year  1534.  Whenever  this  celebrated  poet  announced  his 
intention  of  reciting  his  verses,  the  shops  were  shut  up, 
and  the  people  flocked  in  crowds  to  hear  him.  He  was 
surrounded  by  prelates  of  the  first  eminence ; a body  of 
Swiss,  troops  accompanied  him ; and  the  court  was  lighted 
by  torches.  But,  as  51  r.  Roscoe  has  justly  remarked,  there 
wanted  one  circumstance  to  crown  his  glory  — that  his 
works  had  perished  with  himself.  Their  style  is  hard  and 
poor ; his  images  are  forced,  and  his  taste  is  perverted  by 
affectation.  He  has  left  us  a comedy,  La  Virginia ; some 
octaves  and  terza  rima ; some  lyric  poetry ; and  some 
strambotti,  or  epigrams. 

Sismondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  428. 

Accolti,  Francesco.  Born  at  Arezzo,  1418 
died  at  Siena,  1483.  An  Italian  jurist,  profes 
sor  of  law  at  Bologna  and  Ferrara,  and  secretary 
to  the  Duke  of  Milan : brother  of  Benedetto 
Accolti  the  elder.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
notable  jurists  of  his  age. 

Accolti,  Pietro.  Born  at  Florence,  1455:  died 
at  Florence,  1532  (1549?).  An  Italian  cardinal 
and  legate  in  Ancona  (commonly  called  “ Car- 
dinal of  Ancona”),  brother  of  Bernardo  Ac- 
colti. As  abbreviator  under  Leo  X.  he  drew 
up  the  bull  against  Luther,  1520.  He  was  made 
archbishop  of  Ravenna  in  1524  by  Clement  VII. 

Accomplished  Fools,  The.  See  The  Tender 
Husband. 

Accoramboni  (ak-ko-ram-bo'ne),  Virginia 
or  Vittoria.  Died  at  Padua,  Dee.  22,  1585. 
The  Duchess  of  Bracciano,  an  Italian  lady  of 
great  beauty  and  wit.  Her  first  husband,  Francesco 
Peretti,  whom  she  married  in  1573,  was  murdered  in  1581 
at  the  instigation,  it  was  said,  of  Paolo  Giordano  Orsini, 
Duke  of  Bracciano,  whom  she  married.  On  his  death,  Nov. 
13,  1585,  she  became  involved  In  litigation  with  Lodovie 
Orsini  concerning  the  inheritance,  ami  was  murdered  by 
him.  These  events  were  altered  and  adapted  by  Webster 
in  his  tragedy  “The  White  Devil,  or  Vittoria  Corombona" 
(1612).  Her  history  has  been  written  by  Gnoli  (1870),  ami 
she  was  made  the  subject  of  a novel  by  L.  Tieck,  “ Vit- 
toria Accoramboni"  (1840). 

Accorso  (ak-kor'so),  Latinized  Accursius 
(a-kOr'si-us),  Buono.  Born  at  Pisa  about  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  A classical  scholar 
and  rhetorician,  commentator  on  Cffisar  and 
other  Latin  authors.  Also  Buon accorso. 

Accorso,  Latinized  Accursius,  Francesco. 
Born  at  Florence  about  1180:  died  about  1260. 
An  Italian  jurist,  for  a time  teacher  of  law  at 
Bologna,  nis  most  celebrated  work  was  a body  of  ex- 
planatory glosses  on  the  Roman  law,  called  “The  Great 
Gloss." 

Accorso,  Latinized  Accursius,  Francesco. 

Born  at  Bologna,  1225:  died  at  Bologna,  1293. 
An  Italian  jurist,  son  of  the  preceding,  profes- 


Accorso,  Francesco 

sor  of  law  at  Bologna.  He  entered  the  service 
of  Edward  I.  of  England  and  lectured  on  law  at 
Oxford  about  1275. 

Accorso,  Latinized  Accursius,  Mariangelo. 

Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  16th  century.  An 
Italian  literary  critic,  author  of  “Diatrib®  in 
Ausonium,  Jul.  Solin  Polyhistora,  et  in  Ovidii 
Metamorphoses'’  (1524),  etc. 

Accra,  or  Acra  (ak-ra').  See  Alcra , the  better 
spelling  of  the  name. 

Accrington  (ak'ring-ton).  A town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  about  34  miles  northeast  of 
Liverpool.  Its  industries  include  calico-print- 
ing, dyeing,  iron-founding,  coal-mining,  etc. 
Population,  43,122. 

Accum  (a'koin),  Friedrich  Christian.  Bom 

at  Biickeburg,  Germany,  1769 : died  at  Berlin, 
June  28,  1838.  A German  chemist,  long  resi- 
dent in  London,  known  chiefly  by  his  “Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Gas-light”  (1815),  and  his 
efforts  to  promote  the  use  of  gas  for  purposes 
of  illumination. 

Accursius.  See  Accorso. 

Aceldama  (a-sel'da-ma).  [Aramaic,  ‘field  of 
blood.’]  A field  said  to  have  been  situated 
south  of  Jerusalem,  the  potter’s  field,  purchased 
with  the  bribe  which  Judas  took  for  betraying 
his  Master  (whence  the  name).  It  was  appro- 
priated to  the  interment  of  strangers. 

Acephali  (a-sef 'a-11).  [Gr.  d/cr^a/iof,  without 
a head.]  A name  given  to  various  parties  of 
Christians,  in  the  5th  and  6th  centuries,  who 
rebelled  against  their  bishops  or  other  heads  of 
the  church.  The  most  notable  among  them  were  cer- 
tain  Monophysites  who  rejected  (on  doctrinal  grounds) 
the  authority  of  Peter  Mongus,  bishop  of  Alexandria (482). 

Acerbas  (a-ser'bas),  or  Akerbas  (a-ker'bas), 
or  Sicharbas  (si-kar'bas).  [Said  to  be  a cor- 
ruption of  Sichar-Baal .]  In  classical  legend, 
the  uncle  and  husband  of  Elissa,  a wealthy 
and  powerful  Tyrian  noble,  high  priest  of  the 
Tyrian  god  Melkarth:  the  “Sick®  us”  of  Ver- 
gil. See  Elissa. 

Acerbi  (a-eher'be),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Castel- 
Goffredo,  near  Mantua,  Italy,  May  3,  1773: 
died  Aug.  26,  1846.  An  Italian  traveler  and 
naturalist,  author  of  “Travels through  Sweden, 
Finland,  and  Lapland”  (1802). 

Acernus,  Sebastian.  See  Klonowicz. 

Acerra  (a-cber'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  the  Roman  Acerrse  (Gr.  ’Axeppai), 
10  miles  northeast  ofNanles  Population. 15, 829. 

Acestes  (a-ses'tez).  [Gr.  ’Aiceorric.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a son  of  the  Sicilian  river-god  Crimisus 
and  Egesta  (Segesta),  a Trojan  woman.  He 
figured  in  the  Trojan  war,  and  was  introduced 
by  Vergil  in  the  “iEneid.” 

Ach  (ach).  See  Aa. 

Acha  (a-eha/),  Jose  Maria.  Born  about  1805: 
died  at  Cochabamba,  1868.  A Bolivian  revolu- 
tionist. He  served  under  Santa  Cruz,  1829-39,  and  under 
Ballivian  in  the  war  against  Peru,  1841.  In  1858  he  was 
made  by  President  Linares  minister  of  war,  but  revolted, 
and  in  May,  1861,  was  proclaimed  president  of  Bolivia. 
He  held  his  post  during  a period  of  great  disorder  until 
1865,  when  he  was  deposed  by  another  revolution. 

Acbsea.  See  Achaia. 

Achaean  League  (a-ke' an  leg).  1.  A religious 
confederation  in  Achaia,  consisting  at  the  time 
of  Herodotus  of  twelve  cities : Pellene,  iEgeira, 
zEgie,  Bura,  Helike,  iEgion,  Rhypes,  Patr®, 
Phar®,  Olenos,  Dyme,  and  Tritsea.  Later  Khypes 
and  M g®  fell  into  decay,  and  their  placesin  the  confederacy 
were  taken  by  Leontion  and  Keryneia.  In  373  B.  c.  the 
number  of  cities  was  reduced  to  ten  by  the  destruction  of 
Helike  and  Bura  by  an  earthquake.  A common  sacrifice 
to  Poseidon  was  held  at  Helike  until  that  town  was  de- 
stroyed, when  2Egion  became  the  center  of  the  confedera- 
tion, and  the  common  sacrifices  were  held  in  honor  of 
Zeus  Homagyrios  and  Demeter  Panach®a,  the  chief  divini- 
ties of  .®gion.  The  confederacy  was  dissolved  by  An- 
tigonus  Gbnatus  about  288  B.  c. 

2.  A political  confederation  of  Achaean  and 
other  Greek  cities  extending  over  the  period 
from  281  B.  C.  to  146  B.  C.  After  the  death  of  Ly- 
simachus  in  280  is.  c. , the  Achaean  cities  Dyme,  Patrae,  Tri- 
taea,  and  Phar®  formed  a confederation  to  resist  the 
Macedonian  domination,  and  were  afterward  joined  by 
the  other  Achaean  cities,  except  Olenos  and  Helike.  In 
251  B.  c.  the  confederation  acquired  new  strength  by  the 
accession  of  Sikyon,  under  the  leadership  of  Aratus.  In 
245  B.  c.  Aratus  was  elected  strategus  of  the  league, 
which  under  his  guidance  rapidly  rose  to  national  im- 
portance. In  a short  time  it  embraced  Athens,  iEgina, 
Salamis,  and  the  whole  of  Peloponnesus,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Sparta,  Tegea,  Orchomenos,  Mantineia,  and  Elis. 
It  was  destroyed  by  the  ltomans  in  146  B.  C.,  and  with  it 
fell  the  last  stronghold  of  freedom  in  Greece.  The  Achaean 
League  is  remarkable  as  the  most  perfect  type  of  fed- 
eral government  which  has  been  handed  down  from  an- 
tiquity. The  confederation  was  inseparable,  every  city 
having  equal  rights  with  the  others  ; in  foreign  affairs  the 
federal  government  was  supreme  Common  affairs  were 
regulated  at  general  meetings  held  twice  a year  by  the 
VI.  2 


9 

citizens  of  all  the  towns.  The  principal  officers  were : 
two  strategi  (after  255  B.  c.  only  one),  who,  in  conjunction 
with  the  hipparchus  or  commander  of  the  cavalry,  and  an 
under-strategus,  commanded  the  federal  army,  and  were 
intrusted  with  the  conduct  of  war;  a state  secretary; 
and  an  apparently  permanent  council  of  ten  demiurgi, 
who  appear  to  have  presided  at  the  great  assemblies. 
Acb.sei  (a-ke'i).  [Gr.  AxaioL.~\  The  Achaaans, 
one  of  the  four  principal  races  of  the  Greeks. 
Their  chief  places  of  abode  were  southern  Thessaly  and 
eastern  Peloponnesus.  The  name  is  sometimes  extended 
poetically  to  all  the  Greeks.  In  Homeric  times  they  had 
a certain  preponderance  of  influence  over  the  other  Hel- 
lenes. 

Achasmenes  (a-kem'e-nez).  [Gr.  ’Axaipevijc, 
OPers.  Hakliamani,  the  friendly  (Sayce).]  The 
eponymous  founder  of  the  ancient  Persian 
royal  family  of  the  Ach®meuid® : the  name  was 
later  used  as  a family  name,  as  by  one  of  the 
sons  of  Darius  Hystaspis.  See  Aclisemenidse. 
AchsemenidaB  (ak-e-men'i-de).  An  ancient 
royal  family  of  Persia,  founded  about  600  b.  o. 
The  following  are  the  names  of  its  leading  members : 
Achsemenes,  Cyrus  the  Great,  Cambyses  (Gomates,  the 
Magian  usurper),  Darius  Hystaspis,  Xerxes  I.,  Artaxerxes 
I.,  Xerxes  II.,  Sogdianos,  Darius  Ochus,  Artaxerxes  Mne- 
mon,  Ochus,  Arses,  Darius  Codomannus.  Also  Achsemen- 
ides,  Achemenides,  Achemenids. 

Achseus  (a-ke'us),  or  Achaios  (a-kl'os).  [Gr. 
,Axa-idg.~\  A Greek  poet  of  Eretria  in  Eubcea, 
who  flourished  from  about  484  b.  c.  to  448. 
He  was  the  author  of  forty-four  dramas,  only  fragments 
of  which  remain.  The  titles  of  seventeen  are  known. 
He  contended  with  Sophocles  and  Euripides. 

Achaia  (a-ka'ya).  [Gr.  ’Axa'a-]  1.  In  ancient 
geography:  (aj  A small  region  in  southern 
Thessaly,  containing  Phthia,  hence  called 
Achaia  Phthiotis.  It  was  probably  the  original  home 
of  the  Achrean  race,  and  it  retained  its  name  as  late  as 
the  time  of  Herodotus.  See  the  extract. 

Ach®a  Phthiotis  was  the  tract  about  Mount  Othrys.  Its 
sea-board  reached  from  the  middle  of  the  Pagas®an  gulf 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Spercheius.  Inland  it  one  e extended 
beyond  Pharsalus,  called  anciently  Phthia  (Leake,  iv.  pp. 
484,  485) ; but  at  this  lime  its  northern  boundary  seems  to 
have  been  the  line  of  hills  stretching  from  Lake  Xyn- 
ias  ( Taukli ) across  to  the  gulf  of  Pagasee,  and  terminating 
in  the  promontory  of  Pyrrha  (Cape  Anglcistri).  Westward 
it  was  bounded  by  the  Dolopians  and  Enianians. 

liawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  108,  note. 
(&)  A mountainous  district  in  tho  Peloponne- 
sus, bordering  on  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  north  of 
Elis  and  Arcadia : originally  named  iEgialus  or 
ACgialeia,  that  is,  “The  Coast.”  (c)  The  states 
forming  the  restored  Achaean  League,  about 
280-146  b.  c.  See  Achaean,  2.  (d)  A Roman  prov- 
ince, of  uncertain  limits,  but  nearly  correspond- 
ing to  modern  Greece,  formed  probably  in  the 
1st  century  B.  C.  Its  northern  boundary  was  proba- 
bly drawn  south  of  Thessaly  and  Epirus.  The  province 
was  abolished  by  Nero,  but  was  reestablished  by  Vespasian. 
2.  A medieval  Prankislj  principality  in  Greece, 
corresponding  generally  to  the  Peloponnesus. 
Achaia.  A nomarehy  of  modern  Greece. 
Area,  1,252  square  miles.  Population, 
150,918. 

Achalm  (ack'alm).  A summit  of  the  Ra.uhe 
Alb,  near  Reutlingen,  in  Wurtemberg,  2,300 
feet  high. 

Achamoth  (ak'a-moth).  The  name  given  by 
the  Gnostic  Valentine  to  a lower  or  imperfect 
Wisdom,  the  weakest  ®on,  the  form  under 
which  spirit  surrenders  itself  completely  to 
matter  and  becomes  the  foundation  of  the  real 
world. 

Achan  (a'kan).  An  Israelite  of  the  tribe  of 
Judah,  stoned  to  death,  with  his  family,  for 
plundering  during  the  sack  of  Jericho.  Josh, 
vii.  Also  called  Acliar.  1 Chron.  ii.  7. 
Achard  (ach'iirt),  Frans  Karl.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, April  28, 1753 : died  at  Cunern,  Silesia,  April 
20,  1821.  A German  chemist,  the  founder  of 
the  beet-root  sugar  manufacture. 

Achard  (ask -fir'),  Louis  Amedee  Eug&ne. 
Born  at  Marseilles,  April  23, 1814 : died  at  Paris, 
March  25,  1875.  A French  novelist  and  dram- 
atist, author  of  “La  Belle  Rose”  (1847),  “La 
Chasse  Royale  ” (1849-50),  etc. 

Acharius  (a-ka'ri-'os),  Erik.  Born  at  Gefle, 
Sweden,  Oct.  10, 1757 : died  at  Wadstena,  Swe- 
den, Aug.  14,  1819.  A Swedish  physician  and 
botanist,  a pupil  of  Linnaeus:  author  of  “Lich- 
enographia  universalis,”  etc. 

Acharnians  (a-kar'ni-anz),  The.  [Gr.  : 'Axapval , 
Acharn®,  the  principal  deme  of  Attica,  60  sta- 
dia north  of  Athens,  near  the  foot  of  Mount 
Pames.]  A comedy  of  Aristophanes,  brought 
out,  under  tho  name  of  Callistratus,  at  llio  Le- 
n®a,  or  country  Dionysia,  425  B.  C.  It  was  an 

attempt  to  support  the  aristocratic  peace  party  against 
the  intrigues  and  intimidations  of  the  democratic  war  party 
represented  by  the  chorus  of  Acharnians.  In  form  it  ia  an 
extravagant  farce  rather  than  a comedy. 

Achasta.  See  Rumscn. 

Achastlian.  See  Rumsen. 


Achillini 

Achates  (a-ka'tez).  The  faithful  companion, 
“ fidus  Achates,”  of  iEneas. 

Acheezi.  See  Achin. 

Achelous  (ak-e-16'us),  or  Acheloos  (-os).  [Gr. 
’•t^tViuor.]  In  ancient  geography,  a river  in 
Greece  (the  modern  Aspropotamo),  which  rises 
in  Epirus,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
ancient  iEtolia  and  Acarnania,  and  flows  into 
the  Ionian  sea.  Its  length  is  about  130  miles. 
Achenbach  (aeh'en-bach),  Andreas.  Bora 
Sept.  29,  1815:  died  March  31,  1910.  A noted 
German  landscape  and  marine  painter. 
Achenbach,  Oswald.  Born  at  Dusseldorf, 
Feb.  2,  1827 : died  there,  Feb.  1,  1905.  A Ger- 
man landscape-painter,  brother  of  Andi’eas. 
The  subjects  of  his  works  are  chiefly  Italian. 
Achenwall  (ach'en-val),  Gottfried.  Bom  at 
Elbing,  Prussia,  Oct.  20,  1719:  died  at  Gottin- 
gen, May],  1772.  A German  scholar,  professor 
of  philosophy  (1748)  and  of  law  (1761)  at  the 
University  of  Gottingen.  He  is  regarded  as 
the  founder  of  the  science  of  statistics. 
Achern  (ach'ern).  A town  in  Baden,  situated 
on  the  Acher  about  31  miles  southwest  of 
Carlsruhe.  Population,  3,000. 

Achernar  (a-kcr'nar).  [Ar.  Ahher-nalir,  the 
latter  part.]  The  first-magnitude  star  a Eri- 
dani,  situated  in  the  southern  hemisphere  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  constellation, 
about  32-£  degrees  from  the  south  pole. 
Acheron  (ak'e-ron).  [Gr.  ’Axepuv:  probably 
derived  from  Heb.  ah’rdn,  the  west,  i.  e. 
the  direction  of  the  setting  sun,  darkness ; 
hence  its  connection  with  Hades.]  1.  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  name  of  several  small 
rivers,  of  which  the  chief,  the  modern  Gurla, 
was  in  Thesprotia  in  Epirus.  It  flowed  through 
the  lake  Acherusia,  received  the  waters  of  the  Coeytus 
(the  modern  Vuvosj,  and  emptied  into  the  Ionian  sea. 

2.  In  classical  mythology,  a river  in  Hades, 
and  later  the  Lower  World  in  general. 
Acherusia  Pains  (ak-e-ro'gi-a  pa'lus).  [L., 
‘Aeherusian  bog,’  Gr.  ’Axe povoia  Xi/xvi/.'}  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  name  of  several  small  lakes 
supposed  to  be  connected  with  the  lower 
world.  The  most  important  were  the  lake  through 
which  the  Acheron  flowed,  and  one  11  miles  west  of  Na- 
ples, the  modern  Lago  del  Fusaro.  Like  Aciteron,  the  name 
was  transferred  to  the  lower  world. 

Achill,  or  Achil  (ak'il),  or  Eagle  Island.  An 
island  in  the  county  of  Mayo,  Ireland,  off  the 
western  coast  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  10°  W.  Area, 
80  square  miles. 

Achilleis  (ak-i-le'is),  or  Achilleid  (ak-i-le'id). 
1.  An  unfinished  epic  poem  by  P.  Papinius 
Statius. — 2.  A part  of  the  Iliad,  comprising 
Books  I,  VIII,  XI  -XXII,  regarded  by  some  crit- 
ics as  constituting  a poem  of  which  the  theme 
is  the  “wrath  of  Achilles,”  and  which  is  dis- 
tinct from,  and  older  than,  the  rest  of  the  Iliad. 
See  Iliad.  The  name  “Achilleis”  was  first  ap- 
plied to  these  books  by  Grote. — 3.  A poem  by 
Goethe. 

Achilles  (a-kil'ez).  [Gr.  ’AqyiUHf.]  A Greek 
legendary  warrior,  son  of  Peleus  and  Thetis 
and  grandson  of  Abacus,  and  chief  of  the  Myr- 
midons, a Thessalian  tribe.  He  is  the  central  hero 
of  the  Iliad,  which  is  largely  occupied  with  hi3  quarrel 
with  Agamemnon,  leader  of  the  Greek  host,  and  his 
martial  exploits.  He  was  the  slayer  of  Hector,  and  was 
himself  slain  by  Paris. 

In  Achilles,  Homer  summed  up  and  fixed  forever  the 
ideal  of  the  Greek  character.  He  presented  an  imperish- 
able picture  of  their  national  youthfulness,  and  of  their 
ardent  genius,  to  the  Greeks.  The  “ beautiful  human  hero- 
ism "of  Achilles,  his  strong  personality,  his  fierce  passions 
controlled  and  tempered  by  divine  wisdom,  his  intense 
friendship  and  love  that  passed  the  love  of  women,  above 
all,  the  splendor  of  his  youthful  life  in  death  made  per- 
fect, hovered  like  a dream  above  the  imagination  of  the 
Greeks,  and  insensibly  determined  their  subsequent  de- 
velopment. At  a later  age,  this  ideal  was  destined  to  be 
realized  in  Alexander. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  20. 

Achilles.  An  opera  by  Gay  produced  at  Covent 
Garden  in  1733.  Colman  the  elder  brought  out 
“Achilles  in  Petticoats,”  altered  from  Gay,  in 
the  same  year. 

Achilles  of  Germany.  A surname  of  Albert, 
Elector  of  Brandenburg. 

Achilles  Tatius  (a-kil'ez  ta'shi-us).  Lived 
probably  about  500  A.  D.  An  Alexandrine  rhet- 
orician, author  of  a Greek  romance,  “Leucippe 
and  Cleitophon.” 

Achilleum  (ak-i-le'um).  A place  on  the  promon- 
tory of  Sigeum,  in  the  Troad,  containing,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  the  tomb  of  Achilles. 
Achillini  (ii-kil-le'ne),  Alessandro.  Born  at 
Bologna,  Italy, Oct.  29, 1463:  died  Aug.,  1512(?). 
An  Italian  physician  and  philosopher,  surnamed 
“the  second  Aristotle.” 


AckLn 

Achin,  or  Aclieen,  or  Atcheen  (a-ehen'),  or 
Atjeh.  A former  Malay  sultanate,  now  a Dutch 
dependency,  in  northern  Sumatra.  A war  with 
the  Dutch,  which  began  in  1873,  resulted  in  the  virtual 
subjugation  of  the  country.  Population,  about  583,000. 

Achin.  Tho  capital  of  Aehin,  on  the  river  Achin 
about  lat.  5°  40'  N.,  long.  95°  20'  E. 

Achines,  Ricardo.  The  name  commonly  given 
by  old  Spanish-American  historians  to  Richard 
Hawkins. 

Achish  (a'kish).  1.  A Philistine  king  of  Gath 
with  whom  David  sought  refuge  when  fleeing 
from  Saul.  1 Sam.  xxi.  10-15;  xxix. — 2.  An- 
other king  of  Gath  who  reigned  in  the  time  of 
Solomon.  1 Ki.  ii.  39-40. 

Achitophel.  See  Ahitliophel. 

Achmed.  See  Achmet. 

Achmet  (ach'met)  I.,  or  Ahmed  (ah'med). 
Born  1589:  died  Nov.  22,  1617.  A sultan  of 
Turkey,  son  of  Mohammed  III.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1603.  He  concluded,  Hov.  11,  1606,  the 
peace  of  Sitvatorok  with  Austria,  when  for  the  first  time 
the  Turks  observed  the  principles  of  an  international  law 
in  their  diplomatic  relations  with  Christian  nations.  In 
1612  he  concluded  an  unsuccessful  war  with  Persia. 

Achmet  II.,  or  Ahmed.  Bom  1642:  died  Feb. 
6,  1695.  A sultan  of  Turkey,  brother  of  Soly- 
man  II.  whom  he  succeeded  July  13,  1691.  His 
forces  were  expelled  from  Hungary  by  the  battle  of  Salan- 
keman,  Aug.  19,  1091,  in  which  the  grand  vizir  Kiuprili 
the  Virtuous  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Austrians 
under  Louis  of  Baden. 

Achmet  III.,  or  Ahmed.  Born  1673:  assassi- 
nated 1736.  A sultan  of  Turkey  1703-30,  brother 
of  Mustapha  II.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  was  in- 
volved by  Charles  XII.  (who,  after  the  battle  of  Pultowa 
in  1709,  took  refuge  first  in  Otchakoff , then  in  Bender)  in  a 
war  with  Russia,  which  was  ended  by  the  Peace  of  the 
Pruth,  1711  (see  Pruth) ; took  Morea  and  the  Ionian  Islands 
from  Venice,  1715  ; was  defeated  at  Peterwardein  in  1716 
and  at  Belgrad  in  1717  by  the  Austrians  under  Prince 
Eugene;  and  signed  the  treaty  of  Passarowitz  in  1718 (see 
Passarowitz).  He  was  compelled  by  the  janizaries  to  re- 
sign, and  died  of  poison  in  prison. 

Achmet,  or  Ahmed,  Bey.  Died  July  16,  1822. 
A Turkish  commander  in  the  Greek  war  of  in- 
dependence. He  was  repulsed  by  the  Greeks,  May  27, 
1821,  in  an  attack  on  the  fortified  post  at  Valtetzi. 

Achmet,  or  Ahmed,  Kiuprili.  Born  1635 : died 
1676.  Grand  vizir  of  the  Ottoman  empire  from 
1661  to  1676.  He  added  Candia,  Neuhausel  in 
Hungary,  and  Kamieniec  in  Poland  to  the 
empire. 

Achmetha.  See  Ecbatana. 

Achomawi  (li-cho-ma'wi).  An  almost  extinct 
tribe  of  North  American  Indiaus.  See  Pa- 
laihnihan. 

Achray  (ak'ra),  Loch.  A lake  about  2 miles 
long,  in  western  Perthshire,  Scotland,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Stirling. 

Acidalius  (at-si-da'li-os),  Valens.  Born  at 
Wittstock,  Prussia,  May  25,  1567 : died  at 
Neisse,  Prussia,  May  25,  1595.  A German  phi- 
lologist and  man  of  letters,  author  of  commen- 
taries on  Latin  classics. 

Acilia  gens  (a-sil'i-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a clan  or  house  whose  family  names  were  Avi- 
ola,  Balhus,  and  Glabrio.  Members  of  the  last 
two  families  were  frequently  tribunes  of  the 
debs. 

cireale,  or  Aci  Reale  (a'che-re-a'le).  A city 
in  the  province  of  Catania,  Sicily,  situated  on 
the  eastern  coast  9 miles  north-northeast  of 
Catania.  Near  it  are  the  grotto  of  Galatea,  the  cave  of 
Polyphemus,  and  the  Rocks  of  the  Cyclops.  Population, 
commune,  35,418. 

Acis  (a'sis).  [Gr.  ”Atac.~]  In  classical  mythology, 
a beautiful  Sicilian,  son  of  Faunus  and  Symae- 
this,  beloved  by  Galatea,  and  slain  by  Polyphe- 
mus the  Cyclops,  his  unsuccessful  rival.  He  was 
crushed  under  a rock,  and  his  blood  as  it  flowed  forth  was 
changed  into  the  river  Acis. 

Acis  and  Galatea.  A pastoral  opera  by  Han- 
del composed  in  1720  or  1721.  The  words  are  by 
Gay,  with  additions  from  Pope,  Hughes,  and  Dryden. 
“Aci,  Galatea  e Polifemo"  is  another  work  by  Handel 
composed  in  Italy  in  1708-09.  Grove. 

Acis  et  Galatee  (ii-sez'  a ga-lii-ta,').  An  opera  by 
Lulli  (words  by  Campistron)  produced  in  1686. 

Ackermann  (ak'er-man),  Johann  Christian 
Gottlieb.  Born  Feb.  17, 1756:  died  at  Altorf, 
Bavaria,  March  9,  1801.  A German  medical 
writer,  author  of  “ Institutiones  historiro  medi- 
cinal” (1792),  and  live3  of  Hippocrates,  Theo- 
phrastus, Dioscorides,  Aretseus,  Rufus  Ephe- 
sius,  and  Galen. 

Ackermann,  Konrad  Ernst.  Born  in  Schwe- 
rin, Germany,  Feb.  1,  1712 : died  at  Hamburg, 
Nov.  13,  1771.  A noted  German  actor.  He  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  first  in  Liineburg  (Jan.,  1740),  trav- 
eled with  various  companies  for  several  years,  and  erected 
and  conducted  a theater  in  Hamburg  (1764-67).  He  is  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  the  German  school  of  acting. 


10 

Ackermann,  Rudolph.  Bom  at  Schneeberg, 
Saxony,  April  20, 1764 : died  March  30, 1834.  A 
German  art-publisher  and  bookseller  in  Lon- 
don, son  of  a coach-builder  and  harness-ma- 
ker, whose  trade  he,  for  a time,  followed.  The 
establishment  of  lithography  as  a fine  art  in 
England  is  credited  to  him. 

Acklin  Island  (ak'lin  i'land).  A long  island 
in  the  group  of  the  southern  Bahamas. 

Acla  (a'kla).  A town  on  the  Caribbean  side 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  probably  near  the 
bay  of  San  Bias.  It  was  founded  by  Pedrarias  in 
1515,  and  was  the  place  where  Balboa  built  his  ships  to  be 
transported  across  the  isthmus  in  1517,  and  where  he  was 
executed.  The  settlement,  for  a time  important,  was 
abandoned  before  1580. 

Acland  (ak'land),  Lady  Christian  Henrietta 
Caroline  (commonly  known  as  Lady  Har- 
riet). Born  Jan.  3,  1750  : died  at  Tetton,  near 
Taunton,  England,  July  21,  1815.  A daughter 
of  the  first  earl  of  Ilchester,  and  wife  of  Major 
John  Dyke  Acland  whom  she  accompanied 
through  Burgoyne’s  campaign  in  1777.  Her  ad- 
ventures formed  a noteworthy  incident  of  the 
Revolutionary  War. 

Acland,  Sir  Henry  Wentworth.  Bom  Aug.  23, 
1815:  died  Oct.  16,  1900.  An  English  physi- 
cian, regius  professor  of  medicine  in  Oxford 
1857-94.  He  accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales 
to  America  in  1860. 

Acland,  John  Dyke.  Died  at  Pixton  Park, 
near  Dulverton,  England,  Oct.  31,  1778.  An 
English  soldier  and  politician.  As  member  of  Par- 
liament he  was  a vigorous  opponent  of  the  demands  of 
the  American  colonies,  and,  as  major  of  the  20th  Foot, 
joined  Burgoyne’s  expedition  during  the  Revolutionary 
War.  He  was  wounded  in  the  second  battle  of  Saratoga 
and  taken  prisoner.  During  the  campaign  he  was  accom- 
panied by  his  wife.  See  Acland,  Lady. 

Acland,  Sir  Thomas  Dyke.  Born  at  Killerton, 
Devonshire,  May  25,  1809:  died  there,  May  29, 
1898.  An  English  politician  and  educational 
reformer.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1837.  He  was  in- 
fiuential  in  the  establishment  of  the  Oxford  local  examina- 
tions system  (1857-58),  in  the  improvement  of  English 
agriculture,  and  in  the  volunteer  movement. 

Acoemetae  (as-e-me'te).  [L. ; Gr.  aaot/iTjTcu , ‘the 
sleepless  ones’  or  watchers.]  A monastic  or- 
der founded  by  Alexander,  a Syrian  monk, 
about  430.  The  day  was  divided  into  three  parts  during 
each  of  which  one  third  of  the  monks  carried  on  their  devo- 
tions so  that  the  worship  in  the  monastery  was  unceasing. 

Acolastus  (ak-o-las'tus).  A Latin  comedy  com- 
posed by  Gulielmus  Fullonius  (Willem  de  Voi- 
der), a schoolmaster  of  The  Hague,  and  trans- 
lated into  English  prose  and  published  in  1540 
by  John  Palsgrave  with  the  Latin  version:  first 
acted  in  1529.  It  was  designed  for  use  in  schools,  and 
there  were  forty  different  issues  of  it  during  the  lifetime 
of  the  author. 

Acolhuas  (a-ko-16'az).  A branch  of  the  Na- 
huatl  tribe  of  central  Mexico,  reported  by  tra- 
dition to  have  preceded  the  Aztecas  in  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  valley  of  Mexico,  and  to  have 
been  the  founders  of  the  Indian  settlement  at 
Tezcuco.  Also  Acolhuans. 

Acoma  (a'ko-ma).  [Properly  Ako,  hut,  with 
the  affix  -ma,  indicative  of  tribe  or  people,  cor- 
rupted into  Acoma  or  Akorna.']  An  Indian  vil- 
lage of  western  New  Mexico,  situated  ou  a rock 
about  14  miles  south  of  the  station  of  Cubero 
on  the  Santa  F6  Railroad  in  Valencia  Coun- 
ty. Acoma  was  first  visited  by  the  Spaniards  under  Al- 
varado in  Sept.,  1540,  and  appears  in  the  chronicles  of 
that  time  as  Acuco  (a  corruption  of  Ha-ku-kia). 

Acoma.  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
about  550  in  number,  inhabiting  the  pueblo  of 
the  same  name  in  western  New  Mexico.  This 
and,  possibly,  Isleta  are  the  only  pueblos  occupying  the 
same  site  since  the  Spanish  invasion  in  the  16th  century. 
It  includes  the  summer  villages  of  Acomita  and  Pue- 
blito.  See  Keresan. 

Acomat(a-k6-ma/).  In  Racine’s  tragedy  “Baja- 
zet,”  an  ambitious  vizir. 

Aconcagua  (a-kon-ka'gwii).  A province  in 
central  Chile,  hounded  by  Coquimbo  on  the 
north,  and  by  Santiago  and  Valparaiso  on  the 
south.  Capita],  San  Felipe.  Area,  5,485  square 
miles.  Population,  128,486. 

Aconcagua.  Mount.  One  of  the  highest  peaks  of 
the  Andes,  situated  in  the  provinces  of  San  Juan 
and  Mendoza,  Argentina,  about  lat.  32°  31'  S., 
long.  69°  50'  W.  Height,  23,091  feet. 

Aconcio  (a-kon'cho),  Giacomo.  Bom  at 
Trent,  Tyrol,  about  1500 : died  at  London,  about 
1566.  An  Italian  theologian  and  engineer,  a 
refugee  in  England  in  the  time  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, to  whom  he  dedicated  his  “ Stratagemata 
Satana?  ” (1565),  Also  Aconzio,  Concio,  and 
Latinized  Acontius  (Jacobus). 

Acontius  (a-kon'shi-us).  The  principal  char- 


Acre 

acter  in  the  tale  of  Acontius  and  Cydippe,  told 
by  Aristsenetus  and  by  Ovid.  “Acontius  gathered 
an  orange  in  the  garden  of  Venus,  and  having  written  on 
the  rind  the  words,  ‘ By  Artemis,  I will  marry  Acontius,’ 
threw  it  in  Cydippe’s  way.  She  took  it  in  her  hand,  read 
out  the  inscription,  and  threw  it  from  her.  But  Artemis 
heard  the  vow,  and  brought  about  the  marriage.”  Wil- 
liam Morris  lias  taken  the  legend  for  the  subject  of  one 
of  his  poems  in  “The  Earthly  Paradise.” 

Acontius,  Jacobus.  See  Aconcio. 

Acordad  (a-kor-THaTH').  A court  established 
at  Queretaro,  New  Spain  (Mexico),  for  the  sum- 
mary trial  of  brigands  and  other  criminals. 
It  originated  in  an  old  Spanish  institution,  the  Santa 
Hermandad,  which  was  originally  a kind  of  vigilance 
committee,  was  subsequently  converted  into  a regular 
police  force  and  tribunal,  and  after  1631  had  courts  in 
Spanish  America.  In  1719  the  Querdtaro  court,  or  acor- 
dad, was  given  independent  powers,  and  it  was  ordered 
that  there  should  be  no  appeal  from  it;  its  officers  had 
jurisdiction  throughout  New  Spain.  The  court  was  sup- 
pressed in  1813,  but  its  methods  are  still  in  vogue  in 
Mexico. 

Azores.  Same  as  Azores. 

Acosta  (a-kos'ta),  Christovao  de.  Died  1580. 
A Portuguese  traveler  and  naturalist,  author 
of  “Tratado  de  las  drogas  y medecinas  de  las 
Indias  orientales”  (1578). 

Acosta,  Gabriel  (later  Uriel)  de.  Born  at 
Oporto,  Portugal,  about  1591:  committed  sui- 
cide, 1647  (1640?).  A Portuguese  philosopher 
and  Jewish  proselyte  from  Catholicism.  He  was 
excommunicated  by  the  synagogue  at  Amsterdam  on  ac- 
count of  rationalism.  His  autobiography  was  published 
under  the  title  “Exemplar  vitae  human®  ” (1687). 

Acosta,  Joaquin.  Born  in  Guaduas,  Colombia, 
about  1795:  died  at  Bogota,  1852.  A Colom- 
bian soldier  and  historian.  He  entered  Bolivar’s 
army  in  1819,  and  before  his  death  had  attained  the  rank 
of  general.  He  was  also  a member  of  congress  and  held 
Important  diplomatic  posts.  Besides  traveling  and  con- 
ducting extensive  investigations  in  Colombia,  he  visited 
Spain  in  1845  to  search  the  archives  there,  and  spent 
several  years  in  Paris  where  he  published  his  “ Compendio 
histdrico  del  descubrimiento  y colonizacion  de  la  Nueva 
Granada  ” (1848). 

Acosta,  Jose  de.  Bom  at  Medina  del  Campo, 
Old  Castile,  1540 : died  at  Salamanca,  Feb.  15, 
1600.  A Spanish  Jesuit  historian  and  archaeolo- 
gist. He  went  to  Peru  in  1571,  was  historiographer  of 
the  council  of  bishops  at  Lima  1582-83,  in  1586  resided 
for  some  time  in  Mexico,  returned  to  Spain  in  1587,  vis- 
ited Rome  in  1590,  was  subsequently  at  the  head  of  the 
Jesuits’  College  at  Valladolid,  was  visitor  in  Aragon  and 
Andalusia,  and  finally  had  charge  of  the  College  at  Sala- 
manca. The  first  two  books  of  his  “Natural  and  Moral 
History  of  the  Indies,"  in  Latin,  appeared  at  Salamanca 
in  1588  and  1589 ; the  entire  work  in  Spanish  at  Seville  in 
1590.  There  are  many  editions  in  Spanish,  Latin,  Italian, 
French,  Dutch,  German,  and  English.  He  also  published 
the  “Concilium  Limense ” (Rome,  1589),  “Depromulga- 
tione  evangelii  apud  harbaros  ” (1589),  and  various  theo- 
logical treatises  in  Latin. 

Acqua  (a'kwa),  Cesare  dell’.  Born  at  Pirano, 
July  22,  1821:  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.,  1905.  A 
painter  of  portraits  and  historical  subjects. 

Acquapendente  (a'kwa-pen-den'te).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  67  miles 
northwest  of  Rome. 

Acquaviva  (a-kwa-ve'  va).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Italy,  18  miles  south  by  west  of 
Bari.  Population,  10,994. 

Acqui  (a'kwe).  A town  in  the  province  of  Ales- 
sandria, Italy,  the  ancient  Aquee  Statiellm,  sit- 
uated on  the  Bormida  29  miles  northwest  of 
Genoa,  noted  for  hot  sulphur  baths.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  a silkworm  industry.  Popula- 
tion, 9,309. 

Acrse  (a'kre)  [Gr.  "Aspai.’]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  of  Sicily,  a colony  of  Syracuse, 
on  the  site  of  tho  modern  Palazzolo  Aereide 
(which  see). 

Acragas,  or  Akragas  (ak'ra-gas).  [Gr.  ’.Wpu- 
yaf.]  The  Greek  name  of  Agrigentum. 

Acrasia  (a-kra'zi-a).  [Gr.  aspaala,  intemper- 
ance, immoderateness.]  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene,”a  beautiful  woman, the  personification 
of  intemperance  in  all  things,  living  in  the 
“Bower  of  Bliss,”  in  which  is  everything  to  de- 
light the  senses.  She  was  suggested  by  Circe 
and,  more  directly,  by  the  Alcina  of  Ariosto. 

Aerates  (ak-ra'tez).  [Gr.  dxparyf,  intemperate..] 
A male  character  in  the  “ Faerie  Queene,”  by 
Spenser,  personifying  the  intemperate  love  of 
pleasure. 

Acre  (a'kir  or  ii'ker),  or  Saint-Jean  d’Acre. 
A seaport  in  Palestine,  Asiatic  Turkey',  on  the 
bay  of  Acre  about  lat.  32°  56'  N.,  long.  35°  4' 
E.:  the  ancient  Aeca,  Acco  ("Do?,  ’Akxu),  tho 
scriptural  Accho,  and  the  later  Ptolemais.  It  is 
on3  of  the  chief  ports  for  the  Palestine  coast  It  was  in 
the  territory  assigned  to  the  tribe  of  Asher  (Judges  i.  31), 
but  was  never  conquered  by  the  Israelites.  Its  kings 
were  reckoned  next  to  those  of  Tyre  and  Sidon.  It  was 
conquered  by  the  Assyrian  king  Sennacherib  and  captured 
and  ruined  by  his  grandson  Assurhanipal.  It  was  captured 
by  the  Arabs  in  638,  by  the  Crusaders  in  1104,  by  Saladin 


Acre 

in  1187,  and  by  the  Crusaders  in  1191;  and  was  held  by 
the  Knights  of  St.  John  until  1291,  being  the  last  strong- 
hold in  Palestine  to  hold  out  for  the  Christians.  Sir 
Sidney  Smith  defended  it  successfully  against  Napoleon 
in  1799.  In  1832  it  was  taken  by  Ibrahim  Pasha,  and  in 
1840  by  the  Anglo-Austrian-Turkish  forces.  It  was  named 
Saint- Jean  d'Acre  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John.  Population, 
about  10,000. 

As  Ptolemais,  Akko  played  a most  important  part  in  the 
Graeco-Roman  age ; as  Acre,  it  has  been  famous  in  his- 
tory from  the  period  of  the  Crusades  to  times  within  our 
own  memory.  It  occupied  the  north-western  extremity 
of  the  great  bay  which  indents  the  Syrian  coast  north  of 
Carmel,  a bay  eight  miles  across  and  about  four  miles 
deep.  Its  own  haven  was  small  and  exposed ; but  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  bay,  under  Carmel,  was  the  sheltered 
roadstead  of  Haifa ; and  either  at  Akko  or  at  Haifa  vessels 
could  ride  securely  in  almost  all  sorts  of  weather.  The 
great  importance  of  Akko  was  that  it  commanded  the  en- 
trance to  the  broad  plain  of  Esdraelon,  conducting  to  the 
rich  valley  of  the  Jordan,  and  so  was,  in  a certain  sense, 
as  it  was  often  called,  “the  key  of  Palestine.’’  Its  kings 
were  reckoned  next  in  rank  to  those  of  Tyre  and  Sidon 
during  the  Assyrian  period ; and  we  find  them  taking  part 
in  the  wars  which  were  carried  on  by  Shalmaneser  IV. 
and  Sennacherib.  Rawlinson , Phoenicia,  p.  53. 

Acre,  Bay  of.  An  indentation  on  tlie  western 
coast  of  Palestine,  north  of  Mount  Carmel. 

Acrelius  (a-kra'li-os),  Israel.  Born  at  Oster- 
aker,  Sweden,  Dec.  25,  1714 : died  at  Fellings- 
bro,  Sweden,  April  25, 1800.  A Swedish  clergy- 
man, author  of  a history  of  the  Swedish  colonies 
in  America  (1759,  Eng.  trans.  1874). 

Acres  (a'kerz),  Bob.  A character  in  Sheridan’s 
comedy  “ The  Rivals,”  an  awkward  and  simple 
country  gentleman  changed  into  a boasting 
coward  by  the  sudden  excitement  of  the  gaie- 
ties of  Bath  society.  His  brag  and  his  ludicrous  van- 
ity and  assurance  are  combined  with  a comic  trepidation 
and  an  uneasy  gaiety.  The  part  has  been  modified  by  the 
actors. 

Acri  (a'kre).  A small  town  in  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  southern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mu- 
cone  about  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Co- 
senza. 

AcrisiUS  (a-kris'i-us).  [Gr.  ’Anpiaiog.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a king  of  Argos,  father  of  Danae. 

Acroceraunia  ( ak  "rd-se-ra 'ni-a),  or  Akroke- 
raunia  (ak-ro-ke-ra'ni-a).  [Gr.  ra  an pa  nepavvia, 
the  thunder-smitten  peaks.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a promontory  which  projects  from  the 
northwestern  part  of  Epirus  into  the  Ionian 
sea,  about  lat.  40°  27'  N.,  long.  19°  20'  E. : the 
modem  Greek  Glossa  and  Italian  Linguetta. 
The  name  is  sometimes  incorrectly  extended  to  the  whole 
range  of  Ceraunian  Mountains  (which  see). 

Acro-Corinthus  (ak//ro-ko-rin'thus).  A height 
(over  1,800  feet)  cohered  with  ruins,  under  the 
northern  slope  of  which  lies  the  city  of  Corinth, 
Greece : celebrated  for  its  extensive  view.  The 
medieval  fortifications  form  a triple  line,  II  miles  in  cir- 
cuit, below  the  summit.  Of  the  ancient  fortifications, 
the  celebrated  temple  of  Aphrodite,  and  other  religious 
foundations,  the  remains  are  very  scanty.  The  most  inter- 
esting relic  of  antiquity  is  the  vaulted  subterranean  well- 
house  of  the  famed  fountain  Pirene.  The  view  from  the 
summit  is  of  remarkable  grandeur,  and  embraces  many 
of  the  storied  sites  and  mountains  of  Greece. 

Acropolis  (a-krop'o-lis).  [Gr.  anpdnoAiC,  the  up- 
per city,  from  an pot;,  highest,  upper,  and  ndXig, 
city.]  A general  name  for  the  citadel  of  an 
ancient  Greek  city,  but  especially  appropriated 
to  that  of  Athens,  famous  for  the  placing  on 
its  summit  in  the  5th  century  b.  c.  of  the  high- 
est achievements  of  Greek  art,  the  Parthe- 
non and  the  Ereehtheum,  with  the  sculptures 
which  adorned  them  without  and  within,  and 
the  Propylsea,  or  monumental  gate,  inside  of 
the  walls  at  the  west  end.  The  Acropolis  is  a pre- 
cipitous rock  which  rises  about  260  feet  above  the  city, 
and  extends  1,000  feet  from  east  to  west,  and  400  in  its 
greatest  width.  It  was  the  site  of  the  earliest  Athens 
known  to  history,  was  strongly  fortified,  and  contained 
the  palace  of  the  king  until  the  expulsion  of  the  Pisistra- 
tids.  Prom  this  time  it  ceased  to  be  inhabited,  and  was 
reserved  as  sacred  ground  and  as  a last  reiuge  in  time  of 
danger.  It  was  taken  and  sacked  by  the  Persians  in  480 
B.  c. ; shortly  afterward  its  fortifications  were  strength- 
ened and  completed  and  its  area  increased  by  retaining- 
walls  and  filling,  especially  by  Cimon,  who  had  much  to 
do  with  devising  the  plans  for  monumental  embellish- 
ment which  were  carr  ied  out  under  Pericles.  The  ancient 
entrance  to  the  Acropolis  was  on  the  southwest,  by  a 
narrow,  winding  path  commanded  by  the  battlements 
above.  Among  the  other  monuments  of  the  Acropolis 
are  the  pre-Persian  temple  of  Athena,  correctly  identified 
and  studied  by  Dorpfeld  in  1885,  the  colossal  bronze  statue 
by  Phidias  of  Athena  Promachos,  and  the  temple  of 
Wingless  Victory.  The  slopes  of  the  Acropolis  were  occu- 
pied by  important  foundations,  particularly  on  the  south, 
where  lie  the  Odeum  of  Herodes,  the  sanctuary  of  iEscu- 
lapius,  and  the  Dionysiac  theater.  Under  the  medieval 
Pranks  and  Turks  the  Acropolis  was  the  citadel  and  abode 
of  the  dukes  and  pashas.  The  Parthenon  was  in  turn 
cathedral  and  mosque;  the  Propyl  a:  a became  the  palace 
and  government  offices;  and  the  Ereehtheum,  after  being 
a church,  was  fitted  as  the  pasha’s  harem.  These  great 
monuments  remained  comparatively  unharmed  until  a 
late  date  in  the  Turkish  domination.  The  Propylata  were 
shattered  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder  induced  by 


11 

lightning,  the  Ereehtheum  was  destroyed  by  the  over- 
weighting of  the  roofs  in  the  effort  to  make  them  bomb- 
proof, and  the  Parthenon  was  cut  in  two  in  1687,  during 
the  Venetian  siege  of  Athens  under  Konigsmark,  by  a 
bomb  purposely  shot  into  the  powder  stored  in  it. 

Acropolita  (ak^ro-po-lEta),  George.  Born  at 
Constantinople  in  1220:  died  Dec.,  1282.  A By- 
zantine historian  and  diplomat,  employed  by 
the  emperor  Michael  Palseologus  in  the  nego- 
tiations with  Popes  Clement  IV.,  Gregory  X., 
John  XXI.,  Nicholas  III.,  and  Martin  IV.,  to  re- 
unite the  Greek  and  Latin  churches.  He  wrote 
a history  of  the  Byzantine  empire  from  1204 
Ato  1261. 

Acs  (ach).  A village  in  the  county  of  Komorn, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube  west  of 
Komorn : the  scene  of  several  contests  between 
the  Austrians  and  Hungarians  in  1849. 

Acta  Apostolorum  (ak'ta  a-pQS-to-lo'rum). 
See  Acts  of  the  Apostles. 

Acta  Diurna  (ak'tadl-er'na).  [L.,‘  events  of  the 
day.’]  A Roman  “ official  daily  chronicle,  which, 
in  addition  to  official  reports  of  events  in  the 
imperial  family,  and  state  and  city  affairs,  con- 
tained regulations  by  the  magistrates,  transac- 
tions and  decrees  of  the  senate,  accidents,  and 
family  news  communicated  to  the  editors.  The 
Acta  were  publicly  exhibited  on  a whitened  board  (album), 
which  any  one  might  read  and  copy ; and  there  were  men 
who  made  a business  of  multiplying  and  transmitting 
such  news  to  the  provinces.  After  a time  the  originals 
were  placed  among  the  state  archives  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  wished  to  consult  them  ” ( Seyffert , Diet,  of 
Class.  Antiq.  Ed.  by  Nettleship  and  Sandys).  The  publi- 
cation of  such  news  was  made  official  by  Csesar : it  ceased, 
apparently,  on  the  transfer  of  the  capital  to  Constanti- 
nople. The  eleven  fragments  of  “Acta  (diurna)  populi’’ 
first  published  in  1615  (called  “fragmenta  Dodwelliana,” 
from  Dodwell  the  chief  defender  of  their  genuineness) 
are  now  regarded  as  spurious. 

Actajon  (ak-te'on).  [Gr.  ’Anraiuv.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a hunter,  son  of  Aristseus  and  Au- 
tonoe,  daughter  of  Cadmus,  who,  having  seen 
Artemis  (Diana)  bathing,  was  changed  by  her 
into  a stag  and  torn  in  pieces  by  his  own  dogs. 
Other  accounts  of  his  death  are  given. 

Acta  Eruditorum  (ak'ta  e-ro-di-to'rum).  [L., 
‘acts  of  the  learned’:  with  reference  to  the 
Roman  ‘acta,’  or  official  records.  See  Acta 
Diurna.']  The  first  German  literary  periodical, 
founded  by  Otto  Mencke  at  Leipsic,  1682,  and 
discontinued  1782.  After  his  death  his  son  J.  B. 
Mencke  became  editor.  In  1732  the  title  was  changed  to 
“Nova  Acta  Eruditorum  a new  series  edited  by  another 
son,  F.  O.  Mencke. 

Acta  Martyrum  (ak'ta  mar'ti-rum).  See  Acta 
Sanctorum. 

Acta  Pilati  (ak'ta  pi-la'tl).  A spurious  report 
said  to  have  been  sent  by  Pilate  to  Tiberius  on 
the  trial  and  death  of  Christ. 

Acta  Sanctorum  (ak'ta  sangk-to'rum).  [L., 
‘the  deeds  of  the  saints’:  with  reference  to 
the  Roman  ‘ acta,’  or  official  records.]  A name 
applied  generally  to  all  collections  of  accounts 
of  saints  and  martyrs,  both  of  the  Roman  and 
Greek  churches ; specifically,  the  name  of  a 
work  begun  by  the  Bollandists,  a society  of 
Jesuits,  in  1643.  It  now  consists  of  over  sixty 
folio  volumes,  including  an  index  published  in 
1875. 

Actium  (ak'shi-um).  [Gr.  ’A/mor.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a promontory  on  the  northwestern 
coast  of  Acarnania,  Greece,  about  lat.  38°  56' 
N.,  long.  20°  46'  E.  The  ancient  peribolos  or  sacred 
inclosure,  rectangular  in  plan  and  built  in  opus  reticula- 
tum,  the  seat  of  the  famous  Actian  games  of  Augustus, 
still  remains.  Recent  excavations  have  laid  bare  extensive 
ruins  of  several  successive  temples,  the  latest  of  which  is 
that  dedicated  by  Augustus  after  the  victory  of  B.  o.  31. 
A famous  naval  battle  was  fought  near  Actium  between 
Octavius  and  Mark  Antony  and  Cleopatra  Sept.  2,  31  B.  c. 
It  was  decided  by  the  flight  of  Cleopatra.  Antony’s  land 
forces  surrendered  to  Octavius.  The  victory  secured  for 
the  latter  supreme  rule  over  the  Roman  dominion. 
Actius  Syncerus.  The  academical  name  of 
Sanazzaro. 

Acton,  (ak'ton).  A suburb  of  London  in  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  8 miles  west  of  St.  Paul’s. 
Population,  37,744. 

Acton,  Charles  Januarius  Edward.  Born  at 
Naples,  March  6, 1803:  died  there,  June  23, 1847. 
The  second  son  of  Sir  John  Francis  Edward 
Acton.  He  entered  the  service  of  the  Pope,  was  made 
cardinal  in  1842,  and  played  an  important  part  in  papal 
politics,  especially  in  matters  relating  to  England. 

Acton,  Eliza.  Bom  at  Battle,  England,  April 
17,  1799:  died  at  Hampstead,  Feb.  13,  1859. 
An  English  poet  and  prose  writer,  best  known 
as  the  author  of  “Modern  Cookery”  (1845). 
Acton,  Sir  John  Francis  Edward.  Born  at 
Besan^on,  France,  1736:  died  at  Palermo,  Aug. 
12,  1811.  An  officer  in  the  naval  service  of 
France  and  afterward  (1799)  of  Tuscany,  gen- 
eralissimo and  prime  minister  at  Naples  during 


Adalbert 

the  French  revolutionary  epoch-  In  December, 
1798,  after  the  successes  of  the  French  in  northern  Italy, 
Acton  fled  (with  the  king  and  queen)  to  Palermo,  but 
was  soon  restored  to  Naples  where  he  established  a reign 
of  terror,  committing  to  prison  and  executing  many  citi- 
zens on  the  authority  of  the  Junta.  In  1806  he  again  fled 
to  Sicily. 

Acton,  Thomas  C.  Born  1823:  died  May  1, 
1898.  An  American  banker  and  public  official, 
president  of  the  board  of  New  York  police 
during  the  draft  riots  in  1863. 

Actors’  Vindication,  The.  See  Apology  for 
Actors. 

Acts  of  the  Apostles.  A book  of  the  New 

Testament,  a continuation  of  the  third  gospel 
(Luke),  and,  according  to  a uniform  tradition, 
by  the  same  author.  It  is  a history  of  the  early 
progress  of  Christianity  after  (and  including)  the  ascen- 
sion of  Christ. 

Acuco.  See  Acoma. 

Acuna  (a-kon'ya),  Cristoval  de.  Born  at  Bur- 
gos, Spain,  1597 : died  at  Lima,  Peru,  probably 
about  1676.  A Jesuit  missionary  and  author. 
He  was  rector  of  the  College  of  Cuenca,  near  Quito.  In 
1639  he  accompanied  Pedro  Teixeira  on  his  voyage  down 
the  Amazon,  and  in  1641  published  at  Madrid  his  “Nuevo 
descubrimiento  del  gran  rio  de  las  Amazonas,”  which  is  the 
first  clear  account  of  that  river.  The  original  edition  of 
this  work  is  very  rare,  but  there  are  later  ones  in  various 
languages.  Acuna  visited  Rome  before  returning  to 
Quito,  and  in  1659  returned  to  Peru. 

Acuna  y Bejarano  (a-kon'ya  e ba-Ha-ra'no), 
Juan  de,  Marquis  of  Casa  Fuerte.  Born  at 
Lima,  Peru,  1657 : died  at  Mexico,  1734.  A 
Spanish-American  soldier  and  administrator. 
He  was  governor  of  Messina,  viceroy  of  Aragon  and  Mal- 
lorca, member  of  the  supreme  council  of  war,  and  vice- 
roy of  New  Spain  from  1722  until  his  death. 

Acuna,  Hernando  de.  Died  1580.  A Spanish 

poet  and  soldier.  He  served  in  the  expedition  of 
Charles  V.  against  Tunis.  At  the  request  of  the  emperor 
he  translated  Olivier  de  la  Marche’s  “ I.e  chevalier  deli- 
bdrd.,”  His  poems  were  published  after  his  death,  under 
the  title  “ Varias  Poesias”  (1591). 

Acusilaus  (a-ku-si-la'us).  [Gr.  Anovnilaor.]  An 
ancient  Greek  commentator  on,  or  prose  para- 
phrast  of,  the  Theogony  of  Hesiod.  He  was  bom 
at  Argos  probably  about  the  middle  of  the  6th  centm-y 
B.  C.,  and  was  by  some  regarded  as  one  of  the  seven  wise 
men. 

Ada  (a'da).  [The  Greek  form  of  the  Hebrew 
name.]  See  Adah. 

Adad.  See  Hadad. 

Adafudia,  or  Adafoodia  (a-da-fo'di-a).  A town 
in  the  western  part  of  Sudan,  Africa,  in  lat. 
13°  6'  N.,  long.  1°  3'  E.  Population,  about 
25,000  (?). 

Adah  (a'da).  [Heb.,  ‘ornament,’  ‘beauty’; 
Gr.  ’Ada,  Ada.]  1.  In  the  Old  Testament:  (a) 
The  first  of  the  two  wives  of  Lamech.  Gen.  iv. 
19-23.  (b)  One  of  the  wives  of  Esau  and  the 

mother  of  Eliphaz.  Gen.  xxxvi. — 2.  The  wife 
of  Cain,  a character  in  “Cain,”  by  Lord  Byron. 
Adair  (a-dar'),  James.  An  English  trader  resi- 
dent among  the  North  American  (Chickasaw 
and  Cherokee)  Indians  from  1735  to  1775,  He 
wrote  a “History  of  the  American  Indians  ” (1775),  in  which 
he  maintains  that  the  Indians  are  descendants  of  the  Jews. 

Adair,  John.  Born  in  Chester  County,  S.  C., 
1759:  died  in  Harrodsburg,  Ky.,  May  19,  1840. 
An  American  politician  and  soldier.  He  served 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  was  an  officer  in  the  Kentucky 
State  militia  (ultimately  brigadier-general),  served  in  the 
Indian  wars,  and  commanded  the  Kentucky  troops  at  the 
battle  of  New  Orleans.  He  was  United  States  senator 
from  Kentucky  1805-06,  governor  of  Kentucky  1820-24, 
and  member  of  Congress  1831-33. 

Adair,  Sir  Robert.  Born  at  London,  May  24, 
1763:  died  there,  Oct.  3, 1855.  An  English  dip- 
lomat and  writer  of  historical  memoirs.  He  was 
sent  on  diplomatic  missions  to  Vienna  1806-07,  to  Constan- 
tinople 1808-09,  where  he  concluded  the  treaty  of  the  Dar- 
danelles, and  to  the  Low  Countries  1831-35.  He  published 
“Historical  Memoirs  of  a Mission  to  the  Court  of  Vienna 
in  1806”  (1844),  and  “The  Negotiations  for  the  Peace  of 
the  Dardanelles  in  1808-1809  ’’  (1845). 

Adair,  Robin.  See  Robin  Adair. 

Adaize.  See  Hadai. 

Adal  (a-dal'),  or  Adel  (a-dal').  A region  in 
eastern  Africa,  bordering  on  the  Red  Sea  and 
mainly  included  in  the  Italian  colony  of  Eri- 
trea. Its  southern  end  lies  in  French  Somali- 
land. Its  inhabitants  are  the  Danakil.  Also 
Adaiel,  Adajcl. 

Adalberon  (a-dal'be-ron),  or  Adalbero  (a-dal'- 
be-ro).  Died  988.  Bishop  of  Rheims  and  chan- 
cellor of  France  under  Lothaire  and  Louis  V. 
In  963  he  was  made  archbishop,  and  in  987  he  officiated 
at  the  coronation  of  Hugh  Capet,  by  whom  ho  was  elevated 
to  the  position  of  lord  high  chancellor. 

Adalbert  (ad'al-b&rt),  Saint.  Flourished  about 
700.  An  early  English  saint,  perhaps  a grand- 
son of  Oswald,  king  of  Deira.  He  devoted  him- 
self to  missionary  work  among  the  Friesians,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  archdeacon  of  Utrecht. 


Adalbert 

Adalbert,  Saint  ( originally  CzechVojtecli  (voi'- 
teeh).  Born  near  Prague,  Bohemia,  about  955: 
martyred  in  West  Prussia,  April  23,  997.  A 
Bohemian  prelate,  bishop  of  Prague,  called  the 
“Apostle  of  the  Prussians.”  In  988  he  abandoned 
his  diocese  and  retired  to  the  monastery  of  Sant’  Alessio 
in  Home,  but  was  constrained  in  993  to  return.  Be  then 
devoted  himself  to  missionary  work  among  the  Prussians. 

Adalbert.  Died  981.  A German  missionary, 
archbishop  of  Magdeburg,  ealled  the  “Apostle 
of  the  Slavs.” 

Adalbert.  Died  at  Goslar,  Prussia,  March  16, 
1072.  A German  prelate,  archbishop  of  Bre- 
men and  Hamburg.  He  attempted  the  forma- 
tion of  a northern  patriarchate. 

Adalbert  (a'dal-bert),  Heinrich  Wilhelm. 
Born  at  Berlin,  Oct.  29, 1811:  died  at  Karlsbad, 
June  6,  1873.  A prince  of  Prussia,  son  of 
Prince  Wilhelm,  the  youngest  brother  of  King 
Frederick  Will  iam  III.  He  entered  the  army  as  an 
artillery  officer  in  1832.  In  1842  he  visited  southern  Brazil 
and  the  Amazon  and  Xingii.  A description  of  this  voyage 
was  published  for  private  circulation,  and  republished  in 
English  (2  vols.,  London,  1849).  After  the  revolution  of 
184S  he  was  employed  in  the  organization  of  the  German 
marine. 

Adalia  (a-dii'le-a),  or  Antaiiyeh  (an-ta'_le-ye), 
or  Satali  (sa-ta'le),  or  Sataliah  (sa-ta'le-a).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adalia  about  lat.  36° 
52'  N.,  long.  30°  45'  E.,  built  by  Attalus  II.  of 
Pergamum,  and  a leading  city  of  ancient  Pam- 
phylia:  the  ancient  Attalcia.  Population  (es- 
timated), 13,000. 

Adalia,  Golf  of,  or  Pamphylian  Gulf.  An 

arm  of  the  Mediterranean  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Pamphylicus  Sinus. 

Adam  (ad'am).  [Heb.  ’Adhtim.]  1.  The  first 
man;  the  father  of  the  human  race,  according 
to  the  account  of  the  creation  in  Genesis. 

Like  cherub,  Adam  also  was  a Babylonian  word.  It  has 
the  general  sense  of  “man,”  and  is  used  in  this  sense  both 
in  Hebrew  and  in  Assyrian.  But  as  in  Hebrew  it  has  come 
to  be  the  proper  name  of  the  first  man,  so,  too,  in  the  old 
Babylonian  legends,  the  “Adamites”  were  “the  white 
race  ” of  Semitic  descent,  who  stood  in  marked  contrast 
to  “the  black  heads  ” or  Accadians  of  primitive  Babylonia. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  31. 

2.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  “As  you  Like 
it,”  an  old  and  faithful  servant  of  Oliver,  but 
following  the  fortunes  of  Orlando.  There  is  a 
tradition  that  Shakspere  himself  acted  this 
part. 

Adam,  Master  or  Maitre.  See  Billaut,  Adam. 

Adam.'  A city  of  Palestine  mentioned  in  the 
3d  chapter  of  Joshua. 

Adam  of  Bremen.  Died  at  Bremen  about 
1076.  A German  ecclesiastical  historian,  au- 
thor of  a history  of  the  diocese  of  Hamburg 
and  Bremen  for  the  period  788-1072  (Copen- 
hagen, 1579) : the  chief  authority  for  Scandi- 
navian church  history  during  this  period. 

Adam  of  Murimutb.  Born  about  1286:  died 
1370.  An  English  chronicler,  ambassador  to 
Rome  1323,  canon  of  Hereford,  and  vice-gen- 
eral to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1325. 
“ His  chronicle  extends  as  an  original  record  over  the 
forty  years  from  1306  to  1346.  The  continuation  extends 
to  the  year  1380.”  Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  IV.  251. 

Adam  of  Orlton.  Born  at  Hereford,  England: 
died  at  Farnham,  England,  July  18,  1345.  An 
English  prelate,  made  bishop  of  Hereford  in 
1317,  of  Worcester  in  1327,  and  of  Winchester  in 
1333.  He  took  the  part  of  the  barons  against  Edward 
II.  , was  tried  by  Parliament  for  treason  as  an  adherent  of 
Mortimer  (the  first  English  bishop,  it  is  said,  ever  tried 
before  a lay  court),  and  was  iniluential  in  political  affairs 
during  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 

Adam  (a-doh'),  Adolphe  Charles.  Born  at 
Paris,  July  24, 1803  : died  at  Paris,  May  3, 1856. 
A French  composer  of  comic  opera.  His  best- 
known  work  is  “Le  Postilion  de  Longjumeau” 
(1831). 

Adam  (a'dam),  Albrecht.  Born  at  Nordlingen, 
April  16,  1786:  died  at  Munich,  Aug.  28,  1862. 
A German  painter  noted  especially  for  his  bat- 
tle-pieces and  paintings  of  horses. 

Adam  (ad'am),  Alexander.  Born  near  Forres, 
Scotland,  June  24,  1741:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Dec.  18,  1809.  A Scottish  educator,  rector  of 
the  High  School  of  Edinburgh  1768-1809.  Ho 
published  “Roman  Antiquities”  (1791),  and 

★other  works. 

Adam  (a-don'),  Mmo,  Edmond  (Juliette 
Lamber).  Born  at  Verberie,  Oise,  Oct.  4, 1836. 
A French  writer,  founder  (in  1879)  and  editor 
of  the  “Nouvelle  Revue”  (-1899).  Among  her 

works  are  “ Garibaldi  ” (1859),  “Recits  d’une  paysanne" 
(1862),  “ Voyage  autour  d un  grand  pin  ” (1863),  “ bans  lea 
Alpes”  (1867),  “Laide”  (1878),  "La  Patrie  Hongroise : 
Souvenirs  personnels  ” (1884),  etc.  She  has  been  twice  mar- 
ried, first  to  M.  La  Measure.  M.  Adam,  prefect  of  police  in 


12 

the  Franco-German  war,  and  later  life  senator,  died  in 
1877.  She  has  written  under  the  names  of  J.  La  Messine, 
Juliette  Lamber,  and  Comte  Paul  Vasili. 

A.dam  (ii'dam),  Franz.  Born  May  4, 1815:  died 
Sept.  30,  1886.  A German  painter,  chiefly  of 
military  scenes,  son  of  Jlbreeht  Adam. 

Adam  (a-doh'),  Louis.  Born  at  Miettershelz, 
Alsace,  1758:  died  at  Paris,  1848.  A noted 
French  pianist,  father  of  Adolphe  Charles 
Adam. 

Adam  (a'dam),  Melchior.  Born  at  Grottkau, 
Silesia,  1551 : died  1622.  A German  Protestant 
divine  and  biographer,  author  of  “Vitse  Ger- 
manorum  Philosophorum,”  etc. 

Adam  (a-doh'),  Quinn  Francois  Lucien. 
Born  at  Nancy,  May  31,  1833.  A French  magis- 
trate and  philologist,  noted  for  researches  on 
American  and  other  languages. 

Adam  (ad'am),  Robert.  Born  at  Kirkcaldy, 
Scotland,  1728:  died  at  London,  March  3,  1792. 
A noted  Scottish  architect  and  landscape-pain- 
ter. See  Adelphi. 

Adam,  William.  Born  at  Maryburgh,  Kinross, 
Scotland,  Aug.  2, 1751:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 
17,  1839.  A British  lawyer  and  politician,  one 
of  the  managers  of  the  impeachment  of  Warren 
Hastings,  1788,  and  chancellor  of  the  Dueliy  of 
Cornwall,  1806. 

Adam,  William  Patrick.  Born  Sept.  14, 1823 : 
died  at  Ootacamund,  India,  May  24,  1881.  A 
British  politician,  whip  of  the  Liberal  party 
from  1874  to  1880,  and  governor  of  Madras  from 
1880  till  his  death. 

Adam  Bede  (ad'am  bed).  A novel  by  George 
Eliot  (Mary  Ann  Evans)  published  in  1859. 
See  Bede,  Adam. 

Adam  Bell,  Clym  of  the  Cloughe,  and  Wyl- 
lyam  of  Cloudeslee.  An  old  ballad  printed  by 
William  Copland  about  1550,  and  in  the  collec- 
tions of  Percy  and  Ritson.  Child  repeats  it  from 
Ritson  with  some  variations  from  an  edition  older  than 
Copland’s  recovered  by  Payne  Collier.  See  Bell,  Adam. 

Adam  Cupid.  A nickname  of  Cupid  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Romeo  and  Juliet”  (ii.  1).  Some  com- 
mentators contend  that  the  name  should  be  “Abram  ” (the 
quartos  (2-5)  and  folios  have  “Abraham  ”).  a corruption 
of  “auburn,”  as  Cupid  is  frequently  represented  with  au- 
burn or  yellowish  hair.  Others  agree  with  Upton  in  the 
following  extract. 

Shakespere  wrote  "Young  Adam  Cupid,”  &c.  The 
printer  or  transcriber  gave  us  this  “Abram,”  mistaking 
the  d for  br,  and  thus  made  a passage  direct  nonsense 
which  was  understood  in  Sh.’s  time  by  all  his  audience ; 
for  this  Adam  was  a most  notable  archer,  named  Adam 
Bell,  who  for  his  skill  became  a proverb.  In  Much  Ado, 
I,  i:  “And  he  that  hits  me,  let  him  be  clapped  on  the 
shoulder,  and  called  Adam.” 

Upton,  quoted  in  Furness,  Var. 

Adam  da  la  Halle.  See  La  Halle. 

Adana  Kadnion  (ad'am  kad'mon).  [Heb., ‘the 
first  man.’]  In  cabalistic  doctrine,  the  first 
man,  emanating  from  the  infinite  and  repre- 
senting the  ten  Sephiroth  (which  see). 

Adamastor  (ad-am-as'tor).  The  phantom  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  the  “Lusiad”:  a 
terrible  spirit  described  by  Camoens  as  appear- 
ing to  Vasco  da  Gama  and  prophesying  the  mis- 
fortunes which  should  fall  upon  other  expedi- 
tions to  India. 

Adana  wa  (a-da-ma'  wii).  A region  in  Northern 
Nigeria  and  German  Kameruu,  Africa,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  8°  N.,  long.  13°  E.,  having  an 
area  of  about  70,000  square  miles:  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Fumbina.  The  ruling  class  is  Fulnh ; 
but  the  population  consists  of  several  negro  tribes  with 
Bantu  admixtures.  Such  are  the  Batt.a,  Hama,  Mbnna, 
Mbuma,  Kotofo,  Zani,  and  Kali.  To  denote  the  respective 
tribal  dialects,  the  suffix  nr  hi  is  appended,  e.  g. , Batta- 
nchi,  Dama-nchi,  Mbana-nchi.  All  these  dialects  seem  to 
form  one  linguistic  cluster. 

Adamello  Alps  (a-dii-mel'o  alps).  A group  of 
the  Alps  on  the  border  between  Italy  and  Tyrol, 
south  of  the  Ortler  group.  The  highest  point 
is  about  11,500  feet. 

Adamites  (ad'am-Its).  A sect  which  originated 
in  the  north  of  Africa  in  the  2d  century,  and 
pretended  to  have  attained  to  the  primitive  in- 
nocence of  Adam,  rejecting  marriage  and  (in 
their  assemblies  or  “paradises”)  clothing.  This 
heresy  reappeared  in  the  14th  century,  in  Savoy,  and  again 
in  the  16th  century  among  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  of 
the  Free  Spirit,  in  Germany,  Bohemia,  and  Moravia  It 
was  suppressed  in  1421  on  account  of  the  crimes  and  im- 
moralities of  its  votaries.  When  toleration  was  proclaimed 
by  Joseph  II.,  in  1781,  the  sect  revived,  but  was  promptly 
proscribed.  Its  latest  appearance  was  during  the  insur- 
rection of  1S48-49. 

Adamnan  (ad'am-nan),  or  Adomnan,  Saint. 
Born  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  about  625:  died  at 
Iona,  Scotland,  704.  A Celtic  ecclesiastic,  ab- 
bot of  Iona;  author  of  “ Vita  Columbse ” and 
“De  Locis  Sanctis,”  an  account  of  Palestine 
and  other  countries. 


Adams,  Henry 

Adampi  (a-dam'pe).  See  Ahrd. 

Adams  (ad'amz).  A town  in  Berkshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  47  miles  northwest  of  Spring- 
field.  Population,  13,026,  (1910). 

Adams.  A town  in  Jefferson  County,  New 
York,  40  miles  northeast  of  Oswego.  Popula- 
tion, 3, 128,  (1910). 

Adams,  Abraham  (“Parson”).  In  Fielding’s 
novel  “Joseph  Andrews,”  a poor  curate  whose 
adventures  (chiefly  ludicrous)  in  the  company 
of  Joseph  Andrews  and  his  betrothed,  Fanny, 
constitute  .a  large  part  of  the  book.  He  is  a por- 
trait of  Fielding’s  friend  Young.  His  characteristics  are 
given  in  the  following  passage." 

Mr.  Abraham  Adams  was  an  excellent  scholar.  He  was 
a perfect  master  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages : to 
which  he  added  a great  share  of  knowledge  in  the  Oriental 
tongues  and  could  read  and  translate  French,  Italian,  and 
Spanish.  He  had  applied  many  years  to  the  most  severe 
study,  and  had  treasured  up  a fund  of  learning  rarely  to 
be  met  with  in  a university : he  was,  besides,  a man  of 
good  sense,  good  parts,  and  good  nature  ; but  was,  at  the 
same  time,  as  entirely  ignorant  of  the  ways  of  this  world 
as  an  infant  just  entered  into  it  could  possibly  be.  As  he 
had  never  any  intention  to  deceive,  so  he  never  suspected 
such  a design  in  others.  He  was  generous,  friendly,  and 
brave,  to  an  excess ; but  simplicity  was  his  characteristic : 
he  did,  no  more  than  Mr.  Colley  Cibber,  apprehend  any 
such  passions  as  malice  and  envy  to  exist  in  mankind ; 
which  was  indeed  less  remarkable  in  a country  parson,  than 
in  a gentleman  who  has  passed  his  life  behind  the  scenes ; — 
a place  which  has  been  seldom  thought  the  school  of  in- 
nocence ; and  where  a very  little  observation  would  have 
convinced  the  great  apologist  that  those  passions  have  a 
real  existence  in  the  human  mind. 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews,  p.  4. 

Adams,  Charles  Baker.  Born  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  Jan.  11,  1814:  died  at  St.  Thomas,  West 
Indies,  Jan.  19,  1853.  An  American  naturalist 
and  geologist.  He  became  professor  of  chemistry  and 
natural  history  at  Middlebury  College,  Vermont,  in  1838; 
was  State  geologist  of  Vermont  from  1845  to  1848;  and 
became  professor  of  astronomy  and  zoology  in  Amherst 
College,  1847.  He  was  associated  with  Professor  Edward 
Hitchcock  in  a geological  survey  of  New  York.  Between 
1844  and  1851  he  made  scientific  journeys  to  Panama  and 
the  West  Indies. 

Adams,  Charles  Pollen.  Born  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  April  21,  1842.  An  American  writer  of 
German  dialect  poems,  etc.  He  served  in  the  13th 
Massachusetts  regiment  of  infantry  in  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  Gettysburg.  In  1877 
he  published  “Leedle  Yawcoob  Strauss  and  other  Poems.” 

Adams,  Charles  Francis.  Born  at  Boston, 
Aug.  18,  1807:  died  at  Boston,  Nov.  21,  1886. 
An  American  statesman  and  diplomatist,  son 
of  J.  Q.  Adams.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1825,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1829,  became  a Whig 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  le§jslatur<>  in  1840.  srad  was 
made  candidate  of  the  Free-soil  party  for  Vice-President 
in  1848.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts 
1859-61,  United  States  minister  to  England  1861-68,  and 
United  States  arbitrator  at  the  Geneva  tribunal  1S71-72. 
He  published  “Life  and  Works  of  John  Adams  ” (10  vols., 
1850-56),  and  edited  “ Diary  of  John  Quincy  Adams  " (12 
vols.,  1874-77). 

Adams,  Charles  Francis.  Born  at  Boston, 
May  27, 1835.  An  American  lawyer  and  writer, 
second  son  of  C.  F.  Adams  (1807-86).  lie  served 
in  the  Civil  War  (mustered  out  as  brevet  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers),  was  a member  of  the  board  of  Massachu- 
setts railroad  commissioners  1869-79,  and  was  president 
of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  from  1884  to  1890.  He  pub- 
lished “Studies  Military  and  Diplomatic”  (1911),  etc. 

Adams,  Charles  Kendall.  Bom  at  Derby,  Yt., 
Jan.  24, 1835:  died  July  26,  1902.  An  Ameri- 
can educator  and  historical  writer.  He  was  pro- 
fessor  of  history  at  the  University  of  Michigan  1863-35, 
president  of  Cornell  University  1885-92,  ami  president  of 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  1892-1901.  ile  \\  as  the  author 
of  “Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France ” (1374),  “Man- 
ual of  Historical  Literature”  (1882),  etc. 

Adams,  Clement.  Born  at  Buekington,  War- 
wickshire, about  1519:  died  Jan.  9,  1587.  An 
English  teacher  and  author,  schoolmaster  to 
the  royal  “henchmen”  (pages)  at  Greenwich. 
He  wrote  down  Chancellor’s  oral  narrative  of  his  journey 
to  Moscow  in  1553,  the  first  written  account  of  the  earliest 
English  intercourse  with  Russia  (published  by  Hakluyt 
in  his  “ Collections  ” of  1589). 

Adams,  Edwin.  Born  at  Medford,  Mass.,  Feb. 
3,  1834:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  25, 1877. 
An  American  actor,  particularly  successful  in 
the  romantic  drama,  though  much  admired  m 
pure  comedy  and  tragedy.  He  made  his  ddbut 
in  1853  at  Boston. 

Adams,  Hannah.  Born  at  Medfield,  Mass., 
1755:  died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1832. 
An  American  writer,  author  of  “View  of  Re- 
ligious Opinions”  (1784:  later  entitled  “Dic- 
tionary'of  Religions”),  a “History  of  New  Eng- 
land” (1799),  a “History  of  the  Jews”  (1812), 
etc. 

Adams,  Henry.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb. 
16,  1838.  An  American  historian,  third  son  of 
C.  F.  Adams  (1807-86);  author  of  “Essays  in 
Anglo-Saxon  Law”  (1876),  a life  of  Gallatin 
(1S79),  a life  of  John  Randolph  (1882),  etc. 


Adams,  Henry 

His  chief  work  is  a “History  of  the  United  States  " under 
the  administrations  of  Jefferson  and  Madison  (9  vols.). 

Adams,  John.  Born  at  Braintree  (in  present 
Quincy),  Mass.,  Oct.  30,  1735:  died  at  Quincy, 
Mass.,  July  4,  1826.  The  second  President  of 
the  United  States,  1797-1801.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1755,  studied  law,  look  a leading  part  in 
opposing  the  Stamp  Act,  was  counsel  for  the  soldiers 
charged  with  murder  in  connection  with  the  “Boston 
massacre”  of  1770,  and  became  a leader  of  the  patriot 
party.  In  1774  he  was  chosen  a member  of  the  revolu- 
tionary congress  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  a delegate 
to  the  first  and  second  Continental  Congresses,  proposed 
Washington  as  commander-in-chief,  signed  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  was  appointed  commissioner  to 
France  in  1777  (arriving  at  Paris  in  1778),  negotiated  a 
treaty  with  the  Netherlands  in  1782.  was  one  of  the  nego- 
tiators of  the  treaties  wi. h Great  Britain,  1782-83,  nego- 
tiated a treaty  with  Prussia,  was  appointed  minister  to 
London  in  1785,  and  was  recalled  in  17S8.  He  was  Fed- 
eral Vice-President  1789-97,  and  was  elected  as  Federal 
candidate  for  President  in  1796.  In  1800  he  was  the  un- 
successful Federal  candidate  for  President,  and  retired  to 
Quincy  in  1801.  “ Life  and  Works,”  edited  by  C.  F.  Adams 
(10  vols.,  1850-56);  life  by  J.  Q.  and  C.  F.  Adams  (1871),  by 
J.  T.  Morse  (1885). 

Adams,  John.  Born  in  England  about  1760  (?) : 
died  at  Pitcairn  Island,  1829.  A leading  mu- 
tineer of  the  Bounty  (under  the  name  of  Alex- 
ander Smith)  and  governor  of  Pitcairn  Island. 
See  Bounty. 

Adams,  John.  Born  in  Tennessee  in  1825: 
died  Nov.  30,  1864.  A Confederate  general  in 
the  Civil  War.  He  was  graduated  at  W est  Point  in  1846, 
brevefted  first  lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Santa  Cruz  de 
Rosales,  and  promoted  captain  of  dragoons  Nov.  3J,  1866  : 
he  resigned  May  31, 1861,  to  become  a Confederate  major- 
general.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Franklin,  Team 
Adams,  John  Couch.  Born  at  Lidcot,  Corn- 
wall, England,  June  5, 1819 : died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  Jan.  21,  1892.  An  English  astrono- 
mer, professor  of  astronomy  at  Cambridge  and 
director  of  the  observatory.  He  shares  with 
Leverrier  the  honor  of  the  discovery  of  the 
planet  Neptune  (1846).  See  Neptune. 

Adams,  John  Quincy.  Born  at  Braintree, 
Mass.,  July  11,  1767:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Feb.  23, 1848.  The  sixth  President  of  the  United 
States,  1825-29,  son  of  President  John  Adams. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1787,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1791.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  the 
Netherlands  1794-1797,  and  to  Prussia  1797-1801 ; United 
States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1803-08 ; professor  of 
rhetoric  and  belles-lettres  at.  Harvard  1806-09;  United 
States  minister  to  Russia  1809-14  ; one  of  the  negotiators 
of  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  1814;  United  States  minister  to 
England  1815-17  ; secretary  of  state  1817-25  ; candidate 
for  President,  1824,  and,  there  being  no  choice  by  electors, 
chosen  by  the  House  of  Representatives.  In  1828  Jackson 
defeated  him  for  the  Presidency.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Massachusetts  (Anti-Masonic  and  Whig)  1831- 
1848,  and  unsuccessful  candidate  for  governorof  Massachu- 
setts 1834.  His  diary  was  edited  by  C.  F.  Adams  (1874-77). 

Adams,  John  Quincy.  Born  Sept.  22, 1833 : died 
Aug.  14, 1894.  An  American  politician,  eldest 
son  of  C.  F.  Adams  (1807-86).  He  was  the  un- 
successful Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1867  and  1871. 

Adams,  Mount.  1.  The  second  highest  (5,805 
feet)  summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  near 
Mount  Washington. — 2.  Apeak  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  in  Washington,  12,307  feet  high. 
Adams,  Nehemiah.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Feb.  19,  1806:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 
1878.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man, pastor  in  Boston,  and  author  of  devotional 
and  other  works. 

Adams,  Parson.  See  Adams ^ Abraham. 
Adams,  Point.  The  northwestemmost  head- 
land of  Oregon,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
river. 

Adams,  Samuel.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept. 
27,  1722:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  2,  1803.  An 
American  patriot  and  statesman,  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Revolution.  He  was  a delegate  to  the 
first  Continental  Congress,  an  influential  member  of  the 
second  Continental  Congress,  a signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  ratifying 
convention  1788,  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts 
1789-94,  and  governor  of  Massachusetts  1794-97. 

Adams,  Mrs.  Sarah  Flower,  Born  at  Great 
Harlow,  Essex,  Feb.  22,  1805:  died  Aug.,  1848. 
An  English  poet,  wife  of  William  Bridges  Ad- 
ams, inventor  and  pamphleteer,  and  the  daugh- 
ter of  Benjamin  Flower.  She  was  the  author  of 
“ Vivia  Perpetua"  (1841),  a dramatic  poem,  and  of  other 
poems  and  hymns,  of  which  the  best-known  is  “Nearer, 
my  God,  to  Thee.” 

Adams,  Thomas.  Flourished  in  the  first  half 
of  the  17th  century.  An  English  Puritan  divine 
and  writer,  one  of  the  greatest  of  English 
preachers.  He  was  preacher  at  Willington  in  Bedford- 
shire, 1612;  vicar  of  Wingrave,  Bucks,  1614-15:  preacher 
of  St.  Gregory’s  under  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral,  1618-23;  and 
chaplain  to  Sir  Henry  Montague,  lord  chief  justice  of 
England.  He  published  “ The  Happiness  of  the  Church  ” 
(1018:  a collection  of  sermons),  a collection  of  occasional 
sermons  (1629),  and  a commentary  on  the  second  epistle 
of  St.  Peter  (1633). 


13 

Adams,  William.  Born  at  Gillingham,  near 
Chatham,  England:  died  in  Japan,  1620.  An 
English  navigator.  He  joined,  as  pilot  major,  in  1598, 
a Dutch  fleet  of  five  ships  fitted  out  by  Rotterdam  mer- 
chants for  the  India  trade,  and  after  an  unfortunate  voy- 
age, in  which  all  the  ships  except  the  Charity,  in  which 
he  sailed,  returned  to  Holland  or  were  lost,  he  arrived  at 
the  island  of  Kiushiu,  Japan,  April  19,  1600.  There  he 
remained,  under  compulsion,  rose  into  favor  at  court,  and 
received  from  the  shogun  Iybyasu  a considerable  estate 
at  Hemi  near  Yokosuka.  In  1613  he  obtained  for  the 
English  the  privilege  of  establishing  a trading-station  at 
Firando,  and  was  employed  in  the  service  of  the  factory 
at  Firando  from  Nov.  24,  1613,  to  Dec.  24,  1616. 

Adams,  William.  Born  at  Colchester,  Conn., 
Jan.  25,  1807 : died  at  Orange  Mountain,  N.  J., 
Aug.  31,  1880.  An  American  Presbyterian 
clergyman,  pastor  in  New  York  city,  and  presi- 
dent of  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New 
York,  1873-80. 

Adams,  William.  Born  1814:  died  1848.  An 
English  clergyman  and  writer,  vicar  of  St. 
Peter’s,  Oxford  (1840) : author  of  “ The  Shadow 
of  the  Cross”  (1842),  “Distant  Hills”  (1844), 
and  other  sacred  allegories. 

Adams, William  Taylor:  pseudonym  “ Oliver 
Optic.”  Born  at  Medway,  Mass.,  July  30, 
1822 : died  at  Boston,  March  27, 1897.  An  Amer- 
ican teacher  (in  the  public  schools  of  Boston) 
and  writer  of  fiction,  chiefly  juvenile,  including 
the  series  entitled  the  “Boat  Club,”  “Young 
America  Abroad,”  “Starry  Flag,”  “Riverdale 
Series,”  “Onward  and  Upward,”  etc.  He  also 
founded  and  edited  “Oliver  Optic’s  Magazine.” 
Adam’s  Bridge,  or  Kama’s  Bridge.  A dan- 
gerous shoal,  about  17  miles  long,  northwest  of 
Ceylon,  about  lat.  9°  5'  N.,  long.  79°  34'  E. 
Adams  Island.  A name  of  Roa-Poua,  one  of 
the  Marquesas  Islands. 

Adam’s  Peak.  A conical  mountain,  7,379  feet 
high,  in  Ceylon,  about  lat.  6°  50'  N.,  long.  80° 
30'  E.,  the  seat  of  Singhalese  worship.  There 
is  a Buddhist  temple  on  the  summit. 

Adam’s  Run.  A township  in  Colleton  County, 
South  Carolina,  about  25  miles  west-southwest 
of  Charleston.  Population  (1900),  4,966. 
Adamson,  J olm.  Born  at  Gateshead,  England, 
Sept.  13,  1787 : died  at  Newcastle,  Sept.  27, 
1855.  An  English  archaeologist  and  Portu- 
guese scholar. 

Adamson  (ad 'am- son),  Patrick  (originally 
Conston,  Constant, "Oonsteane,  or  Constan- 
tine). Born  at  Perth,  Scotland,  March  15, 1537 : 
died  at  St.  Andrew’s,  Scotland,  Feb.  19,  1592. 
A Scottish  prelate,  made  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrew’s,  1576,  and  excommunicated  on  vari- 
ous charges  in  1588. 

Adamson,  Robert.  Born  1852 : died  1902.  A 
Scottish  philosophical  writer,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Owens  College,  Manchester,  and  of 
logic  and  rhetoric  at  Glasgow  University  1895- 
1902.  He  was  the  author  of  “Roger  Bacon : the  Philosophy 
of  Science  in  the  Middle  Ages  ” (187G),  “ On  the  Philosophy 
of  Kant  ”(1879),  “Urhte”  (1881),  etc. 

Adamsthal  (a'dams-tal).  A village  9 miles 
north  of  Briinn,  Moravia.  There  are  noted 
caves  in  the  vicinity. 

Ad  ana  (a-da'na).  A vilayet  in  Asia  Minor, 
Turkey,  corresponding  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Cilicia  Campestris.  It  was  ceded  by  the  sultan  to 
Ibrahim  Pasha  in  1833  (Peace  of  Kutaya,  May  of  that  year). 
Population,  about  422,400. 

Adana.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Adana, 
situated  on  the  Sihun  about  lat.  37°  1'  N.,  long. 
35°  18'  E.  It  was  colonized  by  Pompey  with  pirates 
about  63  B.  c.,  and  was  refounded  in  the  time  of  Harun- 
al-Rashid.  It  formed  the  northwestern  outpost  of  Ibra- 
him Pasha.  Population  (estimated),  45,000. 

Adangbe  (a-dang'be).  A town  of  German  To- 
go-laud,  western  Africa.  It  has  about  7,000  inhabi- 
tants, whose  ancestors  were  driven  from  Elmina  by  the 
Ashanti,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century. 

Adans  le  Roi.  See  Adenet. 

Adanson  (a-doh-son'),  Michel.  Born  at  Aix, 
France,  April  7,  1727 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  3, 
1806.  A French  naturalist  and  traveler  in  Sene- 
gambia:  author  of  ' ‘ Histone  naturelle  du  Se- 
negal” (1757),  “Families  des  plantes”  (1763), 
etc. 

Adar  (a'dar).  [Assyro-Baby Ionian  addaru,1  the 
dark.’]  The  name  of  the  12th  month  (Febru- 
ary-March)  of  the  Babylonian  calendar  from 
which  it  was  adopted  by  the  Jews,  along  with 
the  rest  of  the  names  of  the  months,  after  the 
Exile.  The  intercalated  month  necessary  in  a lunar 
calendar  was  added  both  by  the  Babylonians  and  Jews 
after  Adar,  and  was  called  by  the  latter  the  second  Adar. 
In  the  Jewish  calendar  it  occurs  7 times  in  a cycle  of  19 
years. 

Adar  (a'dar).  The  probable  reading  of  the 
name  of  an  Assyrian  deity,  the  warrior  god, 


Adela 

usually  called  the  warrior  of  Bel.  His  consort 
was  Gula.  See  Adrammelech. 

Adara  (a-da'ra).  [Ar.,  ‘the  virgins,’  a name 
for  four  stars,  of  which  Adara  is  the  brightest, 
in  the  southern  part  of  Canis  Major.]  The  bright 
second-magnitude  star  e Canis  Majoris,  in  the 
animal’s  thigh. 

Adbeel  (ad'be-el).  The  name  of  the  third  son 
of  Ishmael.  Gen.  xxv.  13,  1 Chron.  i.  29.  An 
Arabian  tribe,  Idiba’  it , is  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions. It  was  probably  located  on  the  Egyptian  bor- 
der. The  name  has  also  been  found  in  a Minsean  in- 
scription. 

Adda  (a'da).  A river  in  Italy,  the  ancient 
Addua.  It  rises  in  the  Alps  west  of  the  Ortler  Ppitze, 
traverses  the  Valtelline  and  the  Lake  of  Como,  and  joins 
the  Po  8 miles  west  of  Cremona.  Its  length  is  about  150 
miles,  and  it  is  navigable  about  75  miles. 

Addington  (ad'ing-ton),  Henry.  Born  at 
Reading,  England,  May  30,  1757 : died  Feb.  15, 
1844.  An  English  politician,  created  first  Vis- 
count Sidmouth  in  1805.  He  entered  Parliament  in 
1783;  became  speaker  1789-1801,  and  premier  and  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  1801-04  ; negotiated  the  treaty  of 
Amiens  in  1802 ; and  was  president  of  the  council  1 805,  lord 
privy  seal  1806,  and  again  president  of  the  council  1806-07 
and  1S12.  As  home  secretary,  1812-22,  he  was  noted  for 
his  repressive  measures.  He  left  the  cabinet  in  1824. 

Addiscombe  (ad'is-kum).  A place  about  10 
miles  south  of  London,  formerly  the  seat  of  a 
college  for  the  cadets  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. 

Addison,  (ad'i-son).  A town  and  village  in 
Steuben  County,  New  York,  on  the  Canisteo 
river  22  miles  west  of  Elmira.  Population, 
town,  2,509;  village;  2,004,  (1910). 

Addison,  Joseph.  Born  at  Milston,  Wilts,  May 
1,  1672:  died  at  Holland  House,  London,  June 
17, 1719.  A famous  English  essayist,  poet,  and 
statesman,  son  of  Lancelot  Addison,  ne  was 
educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Queen’s  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  his  M.  A.  degree  in  1693,  and  in  1698 
obtained  a fellowship  which  he  held  until  1711.  A Latin 
poem  which  he  published  in  1697  011  the  “Peace  of  Bys- 
wick”  brought  him  a pension  of  £300,  and  he  proceeded  to 
qualify  himself  for  the  diplomatic  service  of  the  govern- 
ment by  travel  and  study  on  the  Continent  1699-1703,  visit- 
ing France,  Italy,  Austria,  Germany,  and  Holland.  He  was 
under-secretary  of  state  1706-08;  secretary  to  the  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  (Wharton)  1709-10  ; secretary  to  the 
lords  justices  on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne  in  1714  ; secre- 
tary for  Ireland  under  the  Earl  of  Sunderland  in  1715 ; a 
commissioner  for  trade  and  ihe  colonies  1716  ; and  secre- 
taiy  of  state,  April,  1717,  to  March,  1718.  On  Aug.  3, 1716, 
he  married  the  Countess  of  Warwick.  His  principal  works 
are  his  “Letter  from  Italy,”  a poem  written  as  lie  was  cross- 
ing the  Alps  in  1701,  printed  in  1703;  “ The  Campaign,”  a 
poem  published  in  1704  ; “Remarks  on  Several  Tarts  of 
Italy, "published  in  1705 ; “Fair Rosamond,”  an  opera,  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1707  ; “ Cato,”  a tragedy,  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  April  14, 1713 ; “The  Drummer,"  a play,  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1716  (acted  in  1715)  ; contributions 
to  the  “Whig  Examiner”  in  1710  (five  papers) ; contribu- 
tions to  the  “ Tatler  ” from  17C9  till  1711  (41  papers  were  by 
Addison  alone,  34  by  Addison  and  Steele  together)  : and  274 
“Spectators”  1711-12:  these  last  were  all  signed  by  one 
of  the  letters  of  the  word  C.  L.  I.  O.  (Clio).  His  most  fa- 
mous character  is  that  of  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley,  originally 
sketched  by  Steele.  He  contributed  to  the  “Guardian  ” 
51  papers  in  1713,  and  also  others  to  a new  “ Spectator  ” in 
1714.  From  Dec.,  1715,  to  June,  1716,  he  contributed  55  pa- 
pers to  “The  Freeholder.”  The  principal  editions  of  Ms 
works  are  Tickell’s  edition  (1721),  the  Baskerville  (1761), 
an  edition  by  Bishop  Hurd  (1811),  and  one  by  G.  W. 
Greene,  New  York  (1856). 

Addison,  Lancelot.  Born  in  the  parish  of 
Crosby Ravensworth, Westmoreland,  1632 : died 
at  Lichfield,  April  20, 1703.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer,  father  of  Joseph  Addison.  He 
was  educated  at  Queen’s  College,  Oxford,  where  he  was 
graduated  (A.  B.)  in  1655.  He  was  a zealous  royalist  and 
Episcopalian,  and  at  the  Restoration  was  appointed  Eng- 
lish chaplain  at  Dunkirk.  On  the  sale  of  Dunkirk  to  the 
French  in  1662  he  was  transferred  to  Tangier.  About 
1670  he  became  a royal  chaplain,  in  1683  dean  of  Lichfield, 
and  in  1684  archdeacon  of  Coventry.  His  principal  works 
are  “West  Barbary,  or  a Short  Narrative  of  the  Revolu- 
tions of  the  Kingdoms  of  Fez  and  Morocco"  (1671),  and 
“The Present  State  of  the  Jews  (moreparticularlyreiating 
to  those  of  Barbary),”  1675. 

Addison  of  the  North.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Henry  Mackenzie. 

Addison’s  Walk.  A walk  in  the  grounds  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  said  to  have  been  a 
favorite  promenade  of  the  essayist,  who  in  1689 
held  a demyship  in  that  college. 

Addled  Parliament.  A nickname  of  the  sec- 
ond Parliament  of  James  I.  (April-June,  1614), 
which  was  dissolved  without  having  passed 
any  acts,  on  its  refusal  to  grant  supplies  until 
the  king’s  imposition  of  customs  and  the  res- 
toration of  the  nonconforming  clergy  ejected 
in  1604  had  been  considered. 

Addna  (ad'u-a).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Adda. 

Adel.  See  Actal. 

Adela  (ad'e-lii,).  Born  about  1062  (?) . died  1137. 
The  fourth  daughter  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
wife  of  Stephen,  earl  of  Blois  and  Chartres, 
and  mother  of  Stephen,  king  of  England. 


Adelaer 

Adelaer  (a'de-lar)  (Curt  Sivertsen).  Born  at 
Brevig,  Norway,  Dec.  16,  1622:  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, Nov.  5,  1675.  A naval  commander,  in 
the  service  of  the  Netherlands  (1637),  of  Venice 
(1642),  and  of  Denmark  (1663).  He  defeated 
the  Turks  at  the  Dardanelles,  May  13,  1654. 
Adelaide  (ad'e-lad).  The  capital  of  South 
Australia,  founded  in  1836  on  the  Torrens  7 
miles  southeast  of  Port  Adelaide.  The  University 
of  Adelaide  was  founded  in  1874.  Population,  including 
suburbs,  178,300. 

Adelaide  (Amelia  Adelaide  Louise  Theresa 
Caroline).  Born  Aug.  13,  1792:  died  Dec.  2, 
1849.  A princess  of  Saxe-Coburg-Meiningen, 
and  queen  of  England,  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Clar- 
ence (later  William  IV.),  whom  she  married 
July  18,  1818. 

Adelaide  (a-da-la-ed'),  Eugene  Louisa.  Born 
at  Paris,  Aug.  25,  1777 : died  Dec.  31, 1847.  A 
princess  of  Orleans,  sister  of  Louis  Philippe, 
king  of  the  French.  Returning  in  1792  from  a jour- 
ney to  England,  she  found  herself  inscribed  among  the 
Cmigrds,  but  succeeded  in  making  her  escape,  and  re- 
mained in  exile  till  1814.  She  is  said  to  have  persuaded 
her  brother  to  accept  the  crown  in  1830. 

Adelaide  (ad'e-lad),  or  Adelheid,  Saint.  Born 
about  931:  died  at  Selz  in  Alsace,  Dec.  16,  999. 
A daughter  of  Rudolf  II.  of  Burgundy,  and  wife 
of  Lothar  of  Italy  and  afterward  of  Otho  I. 
She  founded  a Benedictine  cloister  in  Selz, 
Alsace. 

Adelaide,  Port.  See  Port  Adelaide. 

Adelard  (ad'e-lard),  or  AStbelhard  (ath'el- 
hard),  of  Bath.  An  English  philosophical  writer 
who  flourished  in  the  early  part  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. He  studied  at  Tours  and  Laon,  also  teaching  at 
the  latter  place,  and  traveled  in  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  and 
Africa,  returning  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  He 
wrote  “ lie  eodern  et  diverso  ” (before  1116),  an  allegory,  in 
which  philosophy  and  love  of  worldly  enjoyment  (Philo- 
cosmia)  are  represented  as  contending  for  the  soul  of 
man ; “ PerdifficilesQufestiones  Naturales  ” (printed  toward 
the  end  of  the  15th  century);  a translation  of  Euclid 
(printed  1482)  which  long  remained  a text-book ; etc. 

Adelheid  (a'del-hid).  1.  See  Adelaide,  Saint. — 
2.  A character  in  Goethe’s  “Goetz  von  Ber- 
lichingen  ” (which  see). 

Adeliza  (ad-e-li'za),  Queen.  Died  March  23, 
1151  (?).  The  second  queen  of  Henry  I.  of 
England,  daughter  of  Godfrey  (Barbatus)  of 
Louvain,  duke  of  Brabant  or  Lower  Lotharin- 
gia,  and  a descendant  in  the  male  line  from 
Charlemagne.  She  was  married  to  Henry  I.,  .Tan.  24, 
1120-21,  and  after  his  death  married  William  de  Albini. 
Adeinau  (a'del-nou).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  about  44  miles 
northeast  of  Breslau : the  scene  of  a battle  be- 
tween the  Prussians  and  Polish  insurgents, 
April  22,  1848. 

Adelon  (ad-lon'),  Nicolas  Philibert.  Born 
at  Dijon,  Aug.  20, 1782 : died  July  19, 1862.  A 
French  medical  writer. 

Adelphi.  See  Adelphce. 

Adelphi  (a-del'fl),  The.  A region  of  London 
comprising  several  streets  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Strand  and  the  Adelphi  Terrace,  facing  the 
river.  The  name  was  given  from  the  Greek  aSe\t/>oi 
(‘brothers’)  from  the  fact  that  the  terrace  was  built  about 
1768  by  four  brothers  named  Adam,  whose  names  were 
given  to  the  streets  John  street,  Robert  street,  James 
street,  and  William  street.  Dickens's  Dictionary. 

Adelphi  Theater.  A theater  on  the  Strand, 
London,  first  built  in  1806,  and  rebuilt  and  en- 
larged in  1858.  “The  old  Adelphi  was  the  home  of 
melodrama  and  screaming  farce,  and  these  traditions  are 
to  a degree  kept  up  in  the  plays  at  the  modern  house." 
Dickens’s  Dictionary. 

Adelphians  (a-del'fi-anz).  A branch  of  the 
Euchites,  named  from  a certain  Adelphius,  a 
Galatian.  See  Euchites. 

Adelphce  (a-del'fe),  or  Adelphi  (a-del'fi). 
[Gr.  adeXfioi,  brothers.]  A comedy  by  Ter- 
ence, adapted  from  Menander’s  Greek  ’kSr/poi, 
with  the  addition  of  a scene  from  a play  of 
Diphilos.  It  suggested  Molihre’s  “Boole  des 
Maris”  and  Baron’s  “L’Bcole  des  P6res.” 
Adelsberg  (a'dels-berG).  A town  in  Carniola, 
Austria-Hungary,  about  22  miles  east-north- 
east of  Trieste.  TheAdelsberg  grotto,  over  five  miles 
long,  is  one  of  the  most  noted  stalactite  caverns  in  the 
world.  Population,  3,863,  (1910). 

Adelung  (ii'de-long),  Friedrich  von.  Born  at 
Stettin,  Prussia,  Feb.  25, 1768 : died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Jan.  30,  1843.  A German  philologist, 
nephew  of  J.  C.  Adelung.  He  wrote  “Rapport  entre 
la  langue  sanscrite  et  la  langue  russe"  (1811),  “Versuche 
einer  I.iteratur  der  Sanskritsprache " (1830),  “Ubersicht 
der  Reisenden  in  Russland  bis  1700,”  etc. 

Adelung,  Johann  Christoph.  Born  at  Spauto- 
kow,  Prussia,  Aug.  8,  1732:  died  at  Dresden, 
Sept.  10, 1806.  A German  philologist,  librarian 
at  Dresden  (1787-1806).  He  wrote  “ Grammatisch- 


14 

kritisches  Worterbuch  der  hochdeutschen  Mundart " 
(1774-86),  “ Umstandliches  Lehrgebaude  der  deutschen 
Sprache”  (1781-82),  “ tiber  den  deutschen  Stil,”  “Mith- 
ridates,"  and  other  works,  especially  on  German  language 
and  literature. 

Aden  (a'den  or  a'den).  A seaport  in  Arabia, 
the  ancient  Adana,  Attante,  or  Arabia  Felix, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  lat.  12°  46'  N.,  long.  44° 
58'  E.,  situated  on  a rocky  peninsula  connected 
with  the  mainland  by  a narrow  isthmus,  it  is 
an  important  coaling-station,  and  a port  of  call  of  the 
Peninsular  and  Oriental  steamships.  It  was  captured 
by  the  British  in  1839  and  annexed.  Aden  and  the  settle- 
ments adjoining,  with  the  island  of  Perim,  in  all  80  square 
miles,  are  administered  by  a political  resident,  subject 
to  the  Bombay  government.  Population,  43,974.  See 
Arabia. 

Aden,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Arabian  sea, 
lying  between  Arabia  on  the  north  and  the 
Somali  Land  on  the  south,  and  connected  with 
the  Red  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 
Adenfes.  See  Adenet. 

Adenet  (ad-na').  A French  trouvero  of  the 
13th  century,  surnamed  “ le  Roi.”  Also  Adenez, 
Adenes,  Adans.  See  the  extract. 

Adenfes  or  Adans  le  Roi  derived  his  imposing  surname 
from  the  function  of  king  of  the  minstrels,  which  he  per- 
formed at  the  court  of  Henry  III.,  duke  of  Brabant.  He 
must  have  been  born  about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  the  last  probable  allusion  to  him  which  we 
have  occurs  in  the  year  1297.  The  events  of  his  life  are  only 
known  from  his  own  poems,  and  consist  chiefly  of  travels 
in  company  with  different  princesses  and  princes  of  Flan- 
ders and  Brabant.  His  literary  work  is  however  of  great 
importance.  It  consists  partly  of  refashionings  of  three 
Chansons deGestes,  “LesenfancesOgier,"  “Berteaus grans 
Ties,"  and  “BuevesdeCommarchis.”  In  these  three  poems 
Adenes  works  up  the  old  epics  into  the  form  fashionable 
in  his  time,  and  as  we  possess  the  older  versions  of  the 
first  and  last,  the  comparison  of  the  two  forms  affords  a 
literary  study  of  the  highest  interest.  His  last,  longest, 
and  most  important  work  is  the  roman  d’aventures  of 
Cldomadbs,  a poem  extending  to  20,000  verses,  and  not  less 
valuable  for  its  intrinsic  merit  than  as  a type  of  its  class. 

Saintsbury,  Er.  Lit.,  p.  93. 

Adenez.  See  Adenet. 

Aderbaijan.  See  Azerbaijan. 

Aderer  (a-de-rar'),  or  Aderar  (-rar'),  or  Adrar 
(a-drar').  A mountainous  region  in  the  Sahara, 
within  the  Spanish  protectorate  and  new 
French  “ sphere  of  influence,”  about  lat.  20°  N. 
The  chief  place  in  it  is  Wadan. 

Aderno  (a-dar-no').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  the  ancient  Hadranum,  about 
17  miles  northwest  of  Catania.  It  contains 
Sikelian  antiquities  and  a Norman  castle. 
Population,  commune,  25,859.  . 

Adersbach  (a'derz-bach).  A village  in  east- 
ern Bohemia,  near  the  Riesengebirge  and  the 
Silesian  frontier,  about  12  miles  northwest  of 
Braunau. 

Adersbach  Rocks.  A labyrinth  of  fantastic 
rocks,  about  5 miles  long,  near  the  village  of 
Adersbach. 

Adherbal  (ad-her'bal).  Died  112  B.  c.  A son 
of  Micipsa  and  king  of  Numidia,  in  conjunction 
with  his  brothers  Hiempsal  and  Jugurtha,  in 
118  B.  C.  Hiempsal  was  slain  by  Jugurtha  and  Adher- 
bal fled  to  the  protection  of  the  Romans  who  restored  him 
in  117.  He  was  again  ousted  by  Jugurtha  and  slain  by 
him  in  Cirta. 

Adiabene  (adri-a-be'ne).  [Gr.  ’A<5 A 
small  Assyrian  district  on  the  Tigris  not  far 
from  Nisibis.  It  was  a vassal  of  Parthia,  and  suc- 
cumbed to  Rome  under  Trajan.  Its  queen,  Helen,  and 
her  sons  Izates  and  Monabaz,  embraced  Judaism  about 
the  year  18  A.  D. 

Adi-Buddha  (a'de-bud'hii).  [Skt.,  ‘ the  primor- 
dial Buddha.’]  A creation  of  Buddhism  as- 
cribed to  the  10th  century  A.  D.  He  is  represented 
as  a being  infinite,  self-existent,  and  omniscient,  who 
evolved  out  of  himself  by  the  exercise  of  the  five  medita- 
tions the  five  Dhyanibuddhas,  while  each  of  these  evolved 
out  of  himself  by  wisdom  and  contemplation  the  corre- 
sponding Bodhisattvas,  and  each  of  them  again  evolved  out 
of  his  immaterial  essence  a material  world,  't  hese  ema- 
nations bear  a resemblance  to  the  Eons  or  Emanations  of 
the  Gnostics.  It  is  hence  believed  possible  that  they  owe 
their  existence  to  the  influence  of  Persian  Christianity. 
See  Dhyani-Buddha,  Bodhisattva. 

Adicia  (a-dis'i-a).  [Gr.  aSuda,  wrong,  injustice.] 
In  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  the  wife  of  the 
soldan,  an  unrighteous  woman,  transformed 
into  a raging  tiger. 

Adige  (a'de-je),  G.  Etsch  (ech).  A river  of 
Tyrol  and  northern  Italy,  the  Roman  Athesis. 
It  rises  in  the  Col  de  Resca  in  western  Tyrol  near  the  fron- 
tier of  Orisons,  traverses  the  Yintschgau,  flows  south 
through  Tyrol  into  Italy,  Bends  arms  to  the  Po.  and  flows 
into  the  Adriatic  nortli  of  the  mouths  of  the  latter.  Its 
length  is  about  220  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  for  about 
180  miles.  On  it  are  Trent  and  Verona  It  has  formed 
an  important  strategic  line  in  the  Italian  campaigns. 
Near  the  Adige  and  Lago  di  Garda  victories  were  gained 
by  the  Austrians  over  the  French  under  Scherer  in  the 
spring  of  1799.  The  most  notable  battle  was  that  of  Ma- 
gtiano,  April  5. 

Adigetto  (a-de-jet'to).  A canal  or  arm  of  the 
Adige,  which  separates  from  it  near  Badia,  and 


Admetus 

flows  past  Rovigo  into  the  Adriatic  north  of 
the  Po. 

Adighe  (a-de'ghe).  A collective  name  for 
various  disconnected  and  hostile  tribes  in  the 
Caucasus.  Some  are  Christian  and  some  Mo- 
hammedan. 

Adi-Granth  (a'de-granth).  [‘  The  fundamental 
book.’]  The  Bible  of  the  Sikhs,  compiled  by 
the  fifth  successor  of  Nanak,  Guru  Arjun  (1584- 
1606).  He  collected  in  it  the  poetical  pieces  of  the 
founder  and  the  three  following  gurus,  and  added  his  own 
compositions  as  well  as  sentences  and  fragments  by  Ra- 
manauda,  Kabir,  Namdev,  and  others.  Additions  were 
made  by  Govind  (1675-1708),  the  tenth  and  last  guru,  who 
composed,  besides  a second  Granth,  “The  Granth  of  the 
Tenth  Reign."  These  books  are  written  in  an  antiquated 
Panjabi,  called  Gurmukhi,  ‘that  which  comes  from  the 
mouth  of  the  guru.’  These,  with  biographies  of  the  gu- 
rus and  the  saints,  and  a number  of  directions  as  to  ritual 
and  discipline,  make  up  the  sacred  literature  of  the  sect. 
Adin  (a'din).  [Heb.,  ‘delicate.’]  The  head 
of  a Hebrew  family  which  returned  from 
Babylon  with  Zerubbabel.  Ezra  ii.  15,  Neh. 
vii.  20. 

Adirondack  Mountains  (ad-i-ron'dak  moun'- 
tanz).  A range  of  mountains  in  northeastern 
New  York,  the  highest  in  the  State.  The  main 
group  is  in  Hamilton,  Essex,  Franklin,  and  Clinton 
counties,  but  the  name  is  extended  to  the  whole  north- 
eastern region  of  New  York.  The  highest  peak  is  Mount 
Marcy  (5,344  feet).  Other  prominent  summits  are  Mount 
Dix,  Mount  McIntyre,  Mount  Seward,  Mount  Whiteface, 
Haystack,  etc. 

Adirondack  Park.  A park  established  by  act 
of  the  New  York  legislature  in  1892  within  the 
counties  of  Hamilton,  Essex,  Franklin,  War- 
ren, St.  Lawrence,  and  Herkimer,  for  the  use 
of  the  public.  Further  provision  for  the  park 
was  made  by  act  of  1893. 

Adites  (ad'its).  Early  Arabian  (Cushite)  rulers. 
Aditi  (ad'i-ti).  [Skt.,  appar.  from  a-  priv.  and 
*diti,  bond  (y/  da,  bind).]  Used  in  the  Vedas 
as  an  adjective  to  mean  ‘unbound,’  ‘free,’  ‘lim- 
itless,’ ‘infinite,’  ‘exhaustless,’  and,  as  a noun, 
to  mean  ‘ freedom,’  ‘ security,’  and  then  ‘ infin- 
ity,’ in  particular  that  of  the  heaven  in  contrast 
with  the  finitude  of  the  earth  and  its  spaces. 
The  last  conception  personified  is  the  goddess  Aditi,  the 
mother  of  the  Adityas.  In  the  post-Yedic  literature 
Aditi  is  the  mother  of  the  gods,  daughter  of  Daksha  and 
wife  of  Kasyapa,  mother  of  the  thirty-three  gods,  mother 
of  the  Tushitas  or  of  the  twelve  Adityas  and  the  sun,  and 
sister  of  Agastya.  In  Aditi  the  confused  and  imposing 
notion  of  a substratum  of  all  existence  seems  to  have 
found  one  of  its  earliest  expressions. 

Adityas  (a'dit-yaz).  [‘ Sons  of  Aditi.’]  In  the 
Vedic  literature,  seven  gods  of  the  heavenly 
light,  at  whose  head  stands  Varuna,  who  is  the 
Aditya  par  excellence.  They  are  Yaruna,  Mitra,  ‘the 
friend,’  Aryaman,  ‘the  bosom  friend,’  Bhaga,  ‘the  lib- 
eral,’Daksha,  ‘the  capable,’ Ansa,  ‘the  apportioner,’  and 
an  uncertain  seventh.  M itra  and  the  rest  are  only  a split- 
ting up  and  reflection  of  Varuna,  the  god  of  the  vast 
luminous  heavens,  viewed  as  embracing  all  things  and  as 
the  primary  source  of  all  life  and  every  blessing.  In  the 
Brahmanas  and  later  the  Adityas  are  twelve  in  number, 
with  manifest  reference  to  the  number  of  the  months. 
The  term  Aditya  is  also  used  from  the  earliest  times  as  a 
designation  for  the  sun.  See  Amesha  Spcntas. 

Adler  (ad'ler),  Nathan  Marcus.  Born  at  Han- 
over, Germany,  1803:  died  at  Brighton,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  21,  1890.  Chief  rabbi  of  the  United 
Congregations  of  Jews  of  the  British  Empire, 
and  author  of  various  theological  works. 
Adlerberg  (ad'ler-bero),  Count  Vladimir 
(Woldemar).  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov. 
10, 1790 : died  there,  March  20,  1884.  A Russian 
general  and  minister  in  the  service  of  Nicholas 
and  Alexander  II. 

Adlerbeth  (ad'ler-bet),  Gudmund  Goran. 

Born  1751 : died  1818.  A Swedish  poet,  dram- 
atist, translator  (of  old  Norse  poetry,  Vergil, 
Horace,  Ovid,  etc.),  and  historical  writer. 
Adlercreutz  (ad'ler-kroits),  Count  Karl  Jo- 
ban.  Born  near  Borgd,  Finland,  April  27, 1757 : 
died  Aug.  21, 1815.  A Swedish  general,  defeated 
in  Finland  by  the  Russians  in  1808.  He  took  part 
iu  deposing  Giistavus  IV.  in  March,  1809,  and  served  in 
Germany  iu  1813,  and  iu  Norway  in  1814. 

Adlersparre  (ad'16rs-pa're),  Count_  Georg. 
Born  in  Jemtland,  Sweden,  March  28, 1760 : died 
in  Wermland,  Sweden,  Sept.  23,  1835.  A Swe- 
dish author,  editor,  statesman,  and  general. 
He  contributed  to  the  overthrow  of  Gustavus 
IV.  in  1809.  Later  he  was  appointed  major- 
general  and  was  ennobled. 

Adlersparre,  Karl  August.  Born  June  7, 1810: 
died  May  5,  1862.  A Swedish  poet  and  histo- 
rian, son  of  Count  Georg  Adlersparre. 

Admah  (ad'ma).  One  of  the  cities  destroyed 
with  Sodom.  Gen.  xiv.  2. 

Admetus  (ad-me'tus),  or  Admetos  (-tos).  [Gr. 
IVi/u/rof.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a Thessalian 
king,  son  of  Plieres,  king  of  Plierse,  delivered 


Admetus 

from  death  by  the  voluntary  sacrifice  of  his 
wife  Alcestis.  See  Alcestis.  He  took  part  in  the 
expedition  of  the  Argonauts  and  in  the  chase  of  the  Caly- 
donian  hoar. 

Admirable  Crichton.  See  Crichton. 
Admirable  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Mirabilis.  A 

surname  given  to  Eoger  Bacon. 

Admiralty  Inlet  (ad'mi-ral-ti  in'let).  An  arm 
of  the  sea,  on  the  western  coast  of  the  State 
of  Washington,  connecting  Puget  Sound  with 
the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Admiralty  Island.  An  island  west  of  Alaska, 
belonging  to  the  United  States,  lat.  57°  30'  N., 
long.  134°  30'  W. 

Admiralty  Islands.  An  archipelago  in  the 
Pacific,  northeast  of  Papua,  about  lat.  2°  S., 
long.  147°  E.,  discovered  by  the  Dutch  in  1616, 
and  annexed  by  Germany  in  1885. 

Admiralty  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Strait  of 
Magellan,  on  the  western  coast  of  King 
Charles’s  South  Land,,  Tierra  del  Fuego. 
Admonitionists  (ad-mo-nish'on-ists).  A name 
given  to  the  followers  of  Thomas  Cartwright, 
two  of  whom  in  1572  published  “An  Admoni- 
tion to  Parliament,”  followed  by  a second  one 
by  himself,  strongly  advocating  church  govern- 
ment by  presbyters  as  opposed  to  bishops,  and 
the  supremacy  of  the  church  over  the  state. 
Admont  (ad'mont).  A small  town  in  Styria, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Enns  about 
50  miles  south  of  Linz : noted  for  its  scenery 
and  Benedictine  abbey. 

Ado  (a'do),  Saint.  Born  about  800:  died  874. 
An  archbishop  of  Vienne  (appointed  859),  noted 
for  his  zeal  in  reforming  the  morals  of  the  peo- 
ple and  in  enforcing  church  discipline.  His 
memory  is  celebrated  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  on  Dec.  16. 

Adod.  See  Hadad. 

Adolph.  See  Atawidf. 

Adolphe  (a-dolf').  A romance  (“Adolphe:  anec- 
dote trouvee  dans  les  papiers  d’un  inconnu”)  by 
Benjamin  Constant  (first  published  1816),  which 
ranks  as  a masterpiece  of  French  literature. 
Adolphus  (a-dol'fus),  William  Augustus,  G. 
Wilhelm  August  Karl  Friedrich  Adolf. 
Born  at  Weilburg,  July  24,  1817:  died  at  Ho- 
henberg,  Nov.  17,  1905.  The  last  duke  of 
Nassau.  He  succeeded  to  the  duchy  in  1839.  In  1866 
he  sided  with  Austria,  and  Nassau  was  annexed  to  Prussia 
in  the  same  year.  He  became  grand  duke  of  Luxemburg 
in  Nov.,  1890. 

Adolphus,  John.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  7, 
1768:  died  there,  July  16,  1845.  An  English 
barrister  and  historian,  author  of  a “History 
of  England  from  the  Accession  of  George  in. 
to  the  Conclusion  of  Peace  in  1783”  (1802),  etc. 
Adolphus,  John  Leycester.  Bom  May  11, 
1795 : died  Dec.  24,  1862.  An  English  barrister 
and  man  of  letters,  a son  of  John  Adolphus: 
author  of  “ Letters  to  Richard  Heber,  Esq.,”  on 
the  authorship  of  the  Waverley  novels  (1821). 
Adolphus,  Frederick,  G.  Friedrich  Adolf. 
Bom  May  14,  1710:  died  Feb.  12,  1771.  Duke 
of  Holstein-Eutin,  chosen  as  crown-follower  of 
Sweden  1743.  He  reigned  1751-71. 

Adolphus  of  Nassau.  Born  about  1252:  killed 
at  Gollheim,  Rhine  Palatinate,  July  2,  1298.  A 
king  of  Germany,  elected  1292  and  deposed 
1298.  He  was  defeated  by  his  successor  Al- 
bert I.  at  Gollheim,  1298. 

Adonai  (ad-o-na'i  or  a-do-ni').  [Heb.  ’Adonai, 
plural  of  ’adon,  lord.]  The  name  used  by  the 
Hebrews  in  place  of  the  ineffable  name  Yah- 
veh  (Jehovah)  wherever  it  occurs  in  the  Scrip- 
tures. See  the  extract. 

It  is  in  accordance  with  this  Masoretic  mode  of  pronun- 
ciation that  Hebrew  is  now  taught.  But  there  was  one 
word  which  the  Masoretes  of  Tiberias  either  could  not  or 
would  not  pronounce.  This  was  the  national  name  of  the 
God  of  Israel.  Though  used  so  freely  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, it  had  come  to  be  regarded  with  superstitious  rev- 
erence before  the  time  when  the  Greek  translation  of  the 
Septuagint  was  made,  and  in  this  translation,  accordingly, 
the  word  Kyrios,  “Lord,”  is  substituted  for  it  wherever  it 
occurs.  The  New  Testament  writers  naturally  followed 
the  custom  of  the  Septuagint  and  of  their  age,  and  so  also 
did  the  Masoretes  of  Tiberias.  Wherever  the  holy  name 
was  met  with,  they  read  in  place  of  it  AdOnai,  “Lord,” 
and  hence,  when  supplying  vowel-symbols  to  the  text  of 
the  Old  Testament,  they  wrote  the  vowels  of  Adftnai  under 
the  four  consonants,  YHVH,  which  composed  it.  This 
simply  meant  that  Adbnai  was  to  be  read  wherever  the 
Bacred  name  was  found.  In  ignorance  of  this  fact,  how- 
ever, the  scholars  who  first  revived  the  study  of  Hebrew 
in  modem  Europe  imagined  that  the  vowels  of  Ad/mai  (il 
or  6,  o,  and  a)  were  intended  to  he  read  along  with  the 
consonants  below  which  they  stood.  The  result  was  the 
hybrid  monster  Yfihovkh  [Jehovah].  In  passing  into  Eng- 
land the  word  became  even  more  deformed.  In  German 
the  sound  of  y is  denoted  by  the  symbol  j,  and  the  German 
symbol,  but  with  the  utterly  different  English  pronuncia- 


15 

tion  attached  to  it,  found  its  way  into  the  English  trans- 
lations of  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  74. 

Adonais  (ad-o-na'is).  An  elegiac  poem  by 
Shelley,  commemorating  the  death  of  Keats, 
published  in  1821. 

Adonbec.  See  Saladin. 

Adonijah  (ad-o-ni'ja).  [Heb.,  ‘my  Lord  is  Je- 
hovah’; Gr.  ’Aduu/aV.]  1.  The  fourth  son  of 
David.  He  plotted  to  obtain  the  throne  in  place  of  Solo- 
mon near  the  close  of  David's  reign. 

2.  A Levite  mentioned  in  2 Chron.  xvii.  8. 
Adonis  (a-do'nis).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  in  Syria,  the  modern  Nahr-Ibranim, 
rising  in  the  Lebanon,  and  flowing  into  the 
Mediterranean  about  13  miles  north  of  Beirut. 
Adonis  (a-do'nis).  [Gr.  ’'Aduvig ; Heb.  and  Phen. 
’adon,  lord.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a youth,  a 
model  of  beauty,  beloved  of  Aphrodite.  He  died 
from  the  wound  of  a boar’s  tusk,  received  while  hunting. 
Acceding  to  the  entreaties  of  Aphrodite,  Zeus  decreed  that 
he  should  pass  half  the  year  in  the  upper  and  half  in  the 
lower  world.  Adonis  is  an  oriental  deity  of  nature,  typi- 
fying the  withering  of  nature  in  winter,  and  its  resuscita- 
tion in  summer.  By  way  of  Asia  Minor  his  cult  came  to 
Greece,  then  under  the  Ptolemies  to  Egypt,  and,  at  the 
time  of  the  Empire,  to  Rome.  The  yearly  festival  of 
Adonis  in  the  spring  was  a special  favorite  with  women. 
In  the  Old  Testament  reference  is  made  to  the  weeping  of 
the  women  over  Tammuz,  the  Babylonian  equivalent  of 
Adonis  (Ezek.  viii.  14).  In  the  Babylonian  Nimrod  epic 
he  is  mentioned  as  the  beloved  of  Ishtar  (Astarte,  the  Se- 
mitic goddess,  corresponding  to  Aphrodite),  being  repre- 
sented there  as  slain  by  the  goddess  herself.  See  Tammuz. 
Adony  (od'ony).  A small  town  in  the  county 
of  Stuhlweissenburg,  Hungary,  on  the  Danube 
about  28  miles  south  of  Budapest. 

Adoptive  Emperors,  The.  The  Roman  em- 
perors Nerva,  Trajan,  Hadrian,  Antoninus 
Pius,  and  Marcus  Aurelius : so  called  because 
after  Nerva,  who  was  elected  by  the  senate  on 
the  death  of  Domitian,  each  was  the  adopted 
son  of  his  predecessor.  They  constitute  the  greatest 
and  noblest  group  of  Roman  emperors,  and  the  period  of 
their  reigns  is  the  happiest  in  Roman  history  — according 
to  Gibbon  the  happiest  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

Adoration  of  the  Lamb.  A painting  by  Jan 
and  Hubert  van  Eyck,  in  the  cathedral  of 
Ghent,  Belgium.  It  is  the  capital  work  of  the 
Flemish  school. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi.  Of  the  paintings  with 
this  subject  the  following  are  among  the  most 
notable  : (1)  An  altarpiece  (1528)  by  Sodoma  (Bazzi),  in 
San  Agostino  at  Siena,  Italy.  It  is  the  painter's  master- 
piece, admirable  in  drawing  and  color.  (2)  A painting  in 
tempera  by  Sandro  Botticelli,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  The 
three  kings  are  portraits  of  Cosimo,  Giuliano,  and  Gio- 
vanni dei  Medici.  The  Virgin  occupies  a hut  among  rocks 
and  old  ruins.  (3)  A painting  by  Tintoret,  in  the  Scuola 
di  San  Rocco  at  Venice.  The  entire  scene  is  lighted  by 
the  radiance  emanating  from  the  body  of  the  Child.  (4) 
A noted  painting  by  Rembrandt,  in  Buckingham  Palace, 
London.  The  Virgin  and  Child  are  seated  at  the  right  ; 
before  them  kneel  the  Magi.  Behind  are  kings  and  old 
men,  and  in  the  distance  a caravan  of  camels.  (5)  A pic- 
ture by  Albert  Diirer,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  There  is  a 
very  delicate  landscape  background.  (6)  A painting  by 
Rubens,  in  the  Musde  de  Peinture  at  Brussels,  Belgium. 
The  Virgin  stands  in  the  middle  holding  the  Child  erect, 
with  St.  Joseph  behind  her  ; before  them  the  kings  stand 
and  kneel,  while  their  guards  and  attendants  observe  the 
scene  from  a staircase  behind.  (7)  A painting  by  Rubens 
(1624),  in  the  Museum  at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  Virgin 
appears  at  the  left,  holding  the  Child  on  a pillow ; behind 
her  stands  St.  Joseph,  and  in  front  the  kings  and  their 
train.  The  figures  are  over  life-size.  (8)  A splendid 
painting  by  Paolo  Veronese,  a companion  piece  to  the 
Marriage  at  Cana,  in  the  Museum  at  Dresden.  The  Vir- 
gin is  seated,  with  the  Child  on  her  knee;  the  kings,  at- 
tended by  a numerous  train  with  camels  and  horses,  offer 
their  gifts.  (9)  The  noted  “Dombild”  of  the  Cathedral 
of  Cologne,  a large  triptych  by  Meister  Stephan  (died 
1451),  considered  the  finest  work  of  the  early  German 
school  intermediate  between  purely  medieval  and  Renais- 
sance painting.  The  side  panels  bear  St.  Gereon  and  St. 
Ursula,  and  on  the  outside  is  painted  an  Annunciation. 
Adorf  (a'dorf).  A small  town  in  the  district 
of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  on  the  Elster  about  30 
miles  southwest  of  Zwickau. 

Adour  (ad-or').  A river  in  southwestern  France, 
the  ancient  Aturus,  which  rises  in  the  Pyrenees 
and  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  about  5 miles 
west  of  Bayonne.  Its  length  is  about  180  miles, 
and  it  is  navigable  for  about  70  miles. 

Adowa  (a'do-wa),  or  Adua  (a'do-a).  The  capi- 
tal of  Tigrd,  Abyssinia,  about  lat.  14°  8'  N., 
long.  38°  54'  E.  Population,  3,000. 

Ad  Pirum  (ad  pi'rum).  [L.,  ‘ at  the  pear-tree.’] 
An  ancient  Roman  station  in  the  Birnbaumer 
Wald  (northeast  of  Trieste),  on  the  road  across 
the  Alps  into  Italy,  celebrated  in  connection 
with  Theodosius’s  victory  of  the  Frigidus,  394. 
Adra  (a'drii).  A seaport,  the  ancient  Abdera, 
in  the  province  of  Almeria,  Spain,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean about  50  miles  southeast  of  Granada. 
There  are  numerous  lead-mines  in  its  vicinity. 
Population,  11,188. 

Adrain  (ad'ran),  Robert.  Born  at  Carriekfer- 


Adrian  VI. 

gus,  Ireland,  Sept.  30, 1775:  died  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, New  Jersey,  Aug.  10,  1843.  An  Irish- 
American  mathematician,  a participant  in  the 
Irish  rebellion  of  1798.  He  escaped  to  America, 
taught  school  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Rutgers  College  from  1810  to 
1813,  at  Columbia  College  from  1813  to  1825,  and  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  from  1827  to  1834.  He  edited 
Hutton’s  “Mathematics,”  and  was  editor  of  the  “Mathe- 
matical Diary  ” from  1825  to  1829. 

Adrammelech,  or  Adramelecli  (a-dram'e-lek). 
[Babylonian  Adar-maKk,  Adar  is  councilor 
(ruler,  prince).]  1.  An  idol  worshiped,  with 
the  sacrifice  of  children,  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Sepharvaim  with  whom  Sargon,  king  of  As- 
syria, colonized  Samaria.  (2  Ki.  xvii.  31.)  See 
Adar. — 2.  A son  of  Sennacherib,  king  of  As- 
syria. With  the  help  of  his  brother  Sharezer  he  slew 
his  father  in  the  so-called  temple  of  Nisroch,  on  his  return 
from  his  expedition  against  Hezekiah.  (2  Ki.  xix.  37,  Isa. 
xxxvii.  38.)  This  event  is  mentioned  in  the  Babylonian 
chronicle  (cuneiform). 

3.  In  angelology,  one  of  the  fallen  angels. 
Adramyttium  (ad-ra-mit'i-um).  [Gr.  ’Adpa/ibr- 
ruov,  ’ASpa/LtvTTiov.']  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Gulf  of  Adra- 
myttium about  lat.  39°  35'  N.,  long.  26°  55'  E. 
The  modern  town  Adramyti  or  Edremid  lies 
about  3 miles  inland  (population,  8,000). 
Adramyttium,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Aegean 
Sea,  on  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  north 
of  Mytilene. 

Adrar.  See  Aderer. 

Adraste  (a-drast').  The  principal  character  of 
Moliere’s  play  “Le  Sicilien,”  a young  French 
gentleman  who  succeeds  in  carrying  off  Isidore, 
the  beautiful  Greek  slave  of  Don  Pedre,  by 
disguising  himself  as  a portrait-painter : hence 
the  second  title  of  the  play,  ‘ ‘ L’Amour  peintre.” 
Adrasteia  (ad-ras-ti'a).  [Gr.  ’ASpaareia.']  1. 
A name  of  Nemesis  and  of  Rhea-Cybele. — 2. 
A Cretan  nymph,  daughter  of  Melisseus,  to 
whom  Rhea  intrusted  the  infant  Zeus  to  be 
reared  in  the  Dicttean  grotto.  Smith,  Diet.  Gr. 
and  Rom.  Biog. 

Adrastus  (a-dras'tus),  or  Adrastos  (a-dras'- 
tos).  [Gr.  ’'ASpaoTOQ.']  In  Greek  legend,  a king 
of  Argos,  leader  in  the  expedition  of  the 
“Seven  against  Thebes.”  He  was  worshiped 
as  a hero  in  several  places,  among  themMegara. 
Adria  (a'dri-a).  In  ancient  geography  (about 
the  1st  century  a.  d.),  that  part  of  the  Medi- 
terranean which  lies  between  Crete  and  Sicily. 
Adria  (in  ancient  Picenum).  See  Atri. 

Adria  (a'dre-a),  or  Adria  Veneta  (a'dre-a  va- 
na'ta).  A town  in  the  province  of  Rovigo, 
Italy,  the  ancient  Adria,  Atria,  Hadria,  or 
Hatria,  situated  near  the  sea  about  16  miles 
southwest  of  Venice.  It  has  a cathedral  and  many 
antiquities,  and  has  been  successively  an  Etruscan,  a 
Greek,  and  a Roman  town.  Population,  commune,  15,678. 
Adrian  (a'dri-an),  or  Hadrian  (ha'dri-an),  I. 
Pope  from  772  to  795.  He  summoned  Charles  the 
Great  to  resist  the  encroachments  of  the  Lombard  king 
Desiderius,  who  had  occupied  Pentapolis  and  was  threat- 
ening Rome ; and  Charles,  after  the  destruction  of  the 
Lombard  kingdom,  granted  anew  to  him  the  territories 
originally  bestowed  by  Pepin,  with  the  addition  of  Ancona 
and  Benevento.  Adrian  adopted  the  view  of  the  Eastern 
Church  with  regard  to  the  veneration  of  images,  anathe- 
matizing all  who  refused  to  venerate  the  images  of  Christ, 
the  Virgin,  or  the  saints.  He  was  the  son  of  a Roman 
noble. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  II.  Pope  from  867  to  872. 

He  passed  a sentence  of  deposition  on  Photius,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople,  which  was  confirmed  at  a council  of 
the  Eastern  Church  in  869-870. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  III.  Pope  from  884  to  885. 
Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  IV.  (Nicholas  Break- 
spear).  Born  before  1100  at  Langley,  near  St. 
Albans,  in  Hertfordshire : died  at  Anagni,  Italy, 
1159.  Pope  from  Dec.  4,  1154,  to  Sept.  1, 1159: 
the  only  Englishman  who  has  occupied  the 
papal  chair.  He  was  successively  a clerk  and  abbot  of 
the  monastery  of  St.  Rufus,  in  Provence,  and  in  1146  was 
created  cardinal-bishop  of  Albano  by  Pope  Eugenius  III. 
From  1152  to  1154  he  was  legate  to  .Denmark  and  Nor- 
way. As  Pope  he  bestowed  the  sovereignty  of  Ireland 
on  Henry  II.  of  England.  He  quelled  the  democratic 
rising  of  the  Roman  people  under  Arnold  of  Brescia,  and 
procured  the  execution  of  the  latter  in  1155.  He  com- 
pelled William,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  to  acknowledge 
the  feudal  suzerainty  of  the  Pope.  With  Adrian  IV.  be- 
gan the  great  conflict  between  the  papal  power  and  the 
house  of  Hohenstaufen.  He  died  while  preparing  to 
place  himself  at  the  head  of  the  forces  of  the  Italian 
party  against  the  emperor  Frederick  I. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  V.  (Ottoboni  Fiesco). 

Pope  in  1276.  He  lived  only  five  weeks  after 
his  accession  to  the  chair. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  VI.  Born  at  Utrecht  in 
1459:  died  Sept.  14,  1523.  Pope  from  1522  to 
1 523.  He  studied  at  the  University  of  Louvain,  of  which 
he  became  vice-chancellor,  and  was  chosen  by  the  em- 
peror Maximilian  to  be  the  tutor  of  his  grandson,  Arch- 


Adrian  VI. 

duke  Charles,  the  later  emperor  Charles  V.  In  1516  he 
became  bishop  of  Tortosaand  grand  inquisitor  of  Aragon  ; 
in  1517  he  was  created  a cardinal  by  Leo  X.;  and  after 
the  death  of  Ferdinand  he  acted  for  a time  as  regent  of 
Spain.  On  his  accession  to  the  papal  chair  Jan.  9,  1522, 
he  corrected  various  external  abuses  in  the  church,  but 
failed  in  his  efforts  to  check  the  Reformation. 

Adrian.  A lord  ill  Shakspere’s  ‘ ‘ Tempest.” 

Adrian  de  Gastello,  or  de  Corneto.  Born  at 
Corneto,  Tuscany,  Italy,  1460  (?) : died  1521  (?). 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  scholar,  nuncio  of 
Innocent  VIII.  in  Scotland  in  1488,  agent  at 
Rome  of  Henry  VII.  of  England,  collector  of 
Peter’s  pence  in  England,  and  papal  prothon- 
otary.  He  obtained  in  11-92  the  prebend  of  Ealdland  in 
St.  Paul’s  Cathedral,  and  the  rectory  of  St.  Dunstan-in-the- 
East,  but  returned  to  Rome  on  the  death  of  Innocent 
VIII.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1502,  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Weils  in  1501,  and  cardinal  in  1503.  In  1517 
he  was  implicated  in  the  conspiracy  of  Cardinals  Petrucci, 
De  Sauli,  and  Riario  to  poison  Leo  X.,  and  was  deprived  of 
his  cardinalate  (1518)  and  of  his  dignities  in  England.  He 
was  probably  assassinated.  He  wrote  “ Venatio,”  a poem 
(1505),  “De  Vera  Philosophia”  (1507),  “DeSermone Latino 
et  modo  Latine  Loquendi’’  (1513),  etc. 

Adrian  (a'dri-an).  The  capital  of  Lenawee 
County,  Michigan,  a manufacturing  city  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Raisin  about  55  miles  south- 
west of  Detroit : sometimes  called  the  “ Maple 
City”  Population,  10,763,  (1910). 

Adriana  (S-dri-a'nii).  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Comedy  of  Errors”:  the  wife  of  An- 
tipholus  of  Ephesus. 

Adriana,  Villa.  See  Hadrian’s  Villa. 

Adrianople  (ad//ri-an-o,pl).  [Turk.  Edirneh,  or 
Edreneh .]  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Adri- 
anople, on  the  Maritza  in  lat.  *41°  41'  N., 
long.  26°  35'  E.,  a place  of  great  strategic  and 
commercial  importance,  founded  by  the  em- 
peror Hadrian  about  125  A.  D.,  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Uscudama:  the  residence  of  the 
sultans  1361-1453.  it  was  besieged  by  the  Avars  in 
586,  stormed  by  the  Bulgarians  in  922,  entered  by  the 
Crusaders  in  1189,  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1361,  taken  by  the 
Russians  under  Diebitsch  in  1829,  occupied  by  the  Rus- 
sians Jan.,  1878,  and  besieged  by  the  Bulgars  in  1912.  The 
emperor  Baldwin  I.  was  taken  prisoner  in  Adrianople  by 
the  Bulgars  in  1205.  Its  most  notable  building  is  the  16th- 
century  mosque  of  Sultan  Selim  II.  It  is  preceded  by  a 
tine  portico  of  monolithic  columns,  and  flanked  by  four 
slender  fluted  minarets  about  200  feet  high.  The  span  of 
the  dome  (106  feet)  is  greater  than  that  of  Santa  Sophia : 
it  rests  on  four'  colossal  porphyry  columns. 

Adrianople.  A vilayet  in  European  Turkey. 
Population,  1,028,200. 

Adrianople,  Battle  of.  1.  A victory  of  the 
Goths  over  the  emperor  Valons,  378  a.  d. — 2. 
A victory  of  the  Slavs  over  the  Byzantines, 
551. 

Adrianople,  Peace  or  Treaty  of.  A treaty 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  signed  at  Adrian- 
ople, Sept.  14,  1829.  Turkey  ceded  to  Russia  im- 
portant fortresses  and  districts  on  the  northeastern  coast 
of  the  Black  Sea ; granted  to  Russian  subjects  freedom  of 
trade  in  Turkey,  and  freedom  of  navigation  in-  the  Black 
Sea,  Danube,  and  Dardanelles ; confirmed  and  extended 
the  protectorate  exercised  by  the  czar  over  the  Danubian 
principalities ; gave  Russia  control  of  a part  of  the  left, 
hank  of  the  lower  Danube,  and  of  the  Sulina  mouth  of 
that  river;  and  recognized  the  independence  of  Greece. 

Adrian!  (a-dre-a'no),  Giovanni  Battista. 

Born  at  Florence  1513 : died  1579.  A Florentine 
statesman  and  historian,  author  of  a history  of 
his  time,  for  the  period  1536-74. 

Adrianns,  Publius  iElius.  See  Hadrian. 

Adriatic  Sea  (a-dri-at'ik,  or  ad-ri-at'ik,se).  [Gr. 
6 Adpiag,  L.  Mare  Adriaticum,  or  Mare  Super um, 
It.  Marc  Adriatico,  F.  Mer  Adriatiqae,  G.  Adria- 
tisches  Mecr .]  That  part  of  the  Mediterranean 
which  lies  between  Italy  on  the  west  and  north- 
west, and  Austria,  Montenegro,  and  Albania  on 
the  east,  and  is  connected  with  the  Ionian  Sea 
by  the  Strait  of  Otranl  O.  Its  chief  arms  are  the  Gulfs 
of  Manfredonia,  Venice,  Trieste,  and  Quamero,  and  its  lar- 
gest tributaries  are  the  Po  and  Adige.  Its  length  is  about 
450  miles,  and  its  average  width  about  100  miles. 

Adrienne  Lecouvreur  (a-dri-en'  le-ko-vrer'). 
A prose  drama  in  5 acts,  by  Scribe  and  Le- 
gouvb,  first  presented  April  14,  1849.  See  Lc- 
couvreur,  Adrienne. 

Adaatici  (ad-u-at'i-si),  or  Aduatuci  (ad-u- 
at'u-sl).  A German  tribe  of  Belgie  Gaul,  de- 
scendants of  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  living 
west  of  the  Meuse,  dispersed  by  Caesar  57  b.  c. 

Adula  (a-do'la),  or  Rheinwaldgebirge  (rin- 
viild-ge-ber'ge).  A group  of  tho  Alps  in  the 
western  part  of  the  canton  of  Orisons,  Switzer- 
land, the  source  of  the  Hinter-Rhein.  The 
highest  point  is  the  Rheinwaldhom,  11, 150  feet. 

Adule,  Adulis.  See  Zulla. 

Adulis  Bay.  See  Annesley  Bay. 

Adullam ( a-dul'am ) . [Heb.,  possibly  ‘retreat.’] 
A city  and  “cave”  (error  for  “ stronghold”)  in 
the  territory  of  Judah  in  the  low  country : origi- 
nally a Canaanite  city.  it  was  used  by  David 


16 

as  a hiding-place.  It  has  been  identified  with  the  modern 
Aid-el-m5,  10  miles  northeast  of  Hebron  ; falsely  identi- 
fied by  tradition  with  Khareitun  near  Bethlehem. 

Adullam,  Gave  of.  The  stronghold  to  which 
David  withdrew  from  Gath.  1 Sam.  xxii. 
See  above. 

Adullamites.  In  English  history,  the  group 
of  Liberals  who  seceded  from  the  Whig  party 
and  voted  with  the  Conservatives  when  Earl 
Russell  and  Mr.  Gladstone  introduced  a measure 
for  the  extension  of  tho  elective  franchise  in 
1866.  They  received  the  name  of  Adullamites  from  their 
being  likened  by  Mr.  Bright  to  the  discontented  persons 
who  took  refuge  with  David  in  the  Cave  of  Adullam. 
The  party  was  also  known  collectively  as  “The  Cave” 
and  “ The  Cave  of  Adullam.” 

Advance  (ad-vans' ),  Tile.  The  vessel  in  which 
Elisha  Kane  explored  the  arctic  regions  in 
search  of  Sir  John  Franklin.  See  Kane. 

Adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  The.  1.  The  ship  of 
the  pirate  Captain  Kidd. — 2.  The  ship  in  which 
Captain  Kin g ( associated  wi  th  Fitzroy ) explored 
the  coasts  of  South  America,  1826-30. 

Adventures  of  Five  Hours,  The.  A play  by 
Sir  Samuel  Tuke,  an  adaptation  of  Calderon’s 
“Los  Empeiios  de  Seis  Horas,”  made  by  the 
advice  of  Charles  II.,  and  printed  in  1662. 

Adventures  of  an  Atom,  The.  A political 
satire  by  Smollett,  published  in  1769. 

Adversity  Hume.  A nickname  of  Joseph 
Hume  (1777-1855),  given  to  him  about  1825  on 
account  of  bis  predictions  of  national  disaster. 
See  Prosperity  Robinson. 

Adventures  of  Philip.  A novel  by  Thackeray, 
published  in  1862. 

Adye  (a/di),  Sir  John  Miller.  Born  Nov.  1, 
1819:  died  Aug.  26,  1900.  An  English  general 
and  military  writer:  author  of  “Defence  of 
Cawnpore,”  etc. 

iEacides  (e-as'i-dez).  A descendant,  of  Alacus, 
especially  Achilles. 

•(Sadis  (e'a-kus).  [Gr.  Ala/cof.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  son  of  Zeus  and  Aigina,  re- 
nowned for  his  justice,  and  made  a judge  in 
the  lower  world.  Ho  was  the  grandfather  of 
Achilles. 

JEdhan.  See  Aidan. 

Aedon  (a-e'don).  [Gr.  Ayduv.']  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a daughter  of  Pandareus  of  Ephesus. 
According  to  Homer  she  was  the  wife  of  Zethus.  king  of 
Thebes,  ami  the  mother  of  Itylus.  Inspired  by  envy 
of  -Niobe,  the  wife  of  her  brother  Amphion,  who  had  six 
sons  and  six  daughters,  she  formed  the  design  of  killing 
Niobe’s  eldest  son,  but  by  mistake  destroyed  her  own  son 
Itylus.  To  relieve  her  grief  sue  was  changed  by  Zeus 
into  a nightingale. 

iSdui  (ed'ii-i).  A Celtic  people  living  in  cen- 
tral Gaul,  west  of  the  Sequani  between  the 
Sadne  and  the  Loire.  Their  capital  was  Bibracte 
(Augustodunum,  Autun).  They  were  allies  of  the  Romans, 
but  joined  in  the  revolt  of  52  B.  C.  Also  lledui. 

The  iEdui,  friends  and  brothers,  as  they  delighted  to  he 
called,  of  the  Roman  people,  held  Ihe  highest  place  among 
the  nations  of  central  Gaul.  Their  friendship  and  brother- 
hood was  acknowledged  by  ihe  P-omans  themselves.  It 
was  a special  badge  of  distinction.  Rome  had  many  al- 
lies; the  2Edui  were  her  only  brothers.  The  brothers  of 
Rome  were  naturally  the  first  among  the  nations  of  Gaul 
to  find  their  way  into  ihe  Roman  Senate. 

Freeman , Hist.  Essays,  4th  ser.,  p.  98. 

iEgadian  Islands  (5-ga'di-an  i'landz).  See 
JEgates. 

JEgseon  (e-je'on).  [Gr.  Aiyaiuv.']  Seo  Briareus. 

iEgaieos  (e-ga'lo-os).  [Gr.  AxyaXeugQ  In  an- 
cient geography,  a mountain-range  in  Attica 
separating  the  Athenian  and  Eleusinian  plains. 
It  ended  in  a promontory  (Amphiale)  opposite  Saiami3. 
From  it  Xerxes  witnessed  the  buttle  of  Salamis. 

iEgates  (e-ga'tez).  [L.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a group  of  small  islands  west  of  Sicily:  the 
modern  iEgadian  Islands.  They  comprise  Favi- 
gnana,  Maritimo,  Levanzo,  and  Formica,  and  belong  to  the 
province  of  Trapani,  Sicily.  Near  them  was  gained  the 
Roman  naval  victoiy  over  the  Carthaginians,  241  B.  c. 

iSgean  Sea  (c-jo'an  so).  [L.  Mare  JEgaeum, 
Gr.  6 A lyaioc  tt6vtoi ~,  or  to  A'tyaiovTrclayo f,  so  called, 
according  to  Strabo,  from  Alyci,  Algro,  a town 
in  Euboea;  according  toothers  (erroneously) 
from  A iyd'C,  Algeus.j  That  part  of  tho  Medi- 
terranean which  lies  between  Greece  on  tho 
west,  European  Turkey  on  tho  north,  and 
Asia  Minor  on  the  east,  and  communicates 
with  the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  thence  with  tho 
Black  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles,  it  con- 
tains many  islands,  as  Euboea,  the  Cyclades,  tho  Sporades, 
Samos,  Chios,  Mytilene,  Samothrace,  Thasos,  etc.  Its 
chief  arms  are  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  the  Saronic  Gulf,  the 
Channels  of  Egripo  and  Talanta,  and  the  Gulfs  of  Lamia, 
Volo,  Salonild,  Cassandra,  Monte  Santo,  Contessa,  Saros, 
Adramyti,  Smyrna,  Scala  Nova,  Mendelia,  and  Kos.  Its 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Salembria,  Vardar,  Struma,  Ma- 
ritza, Sarabat,  and  Mendere.  Its  length  is  about  400  miles, 
and  its  greatest  width  over  200  miles.  See  .Bp cue. 

iEgeon  (o-je'on).  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Comedy  of  Errors”:  a merchant  of  Syracuse. 


iEglamour 

Algeus  (e'jus).  [Gr.  Alyebc.]]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  father  of  Theseus,  and  king  of  Athens. 
He  threw  himself  into  the  iEgean  Sea  (whence,  according 
to  tradition,  the  name)  through  grief  at  the  supposed 
loss  of  his  son. 

iSgidi  (a-ge'de),  Ludwig  Karl.  Born  at  Tilsit, 
April  10,  1825  : died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  19,  1901. 
A German  jurist,  publicist,  and  politician,  pro- 
fessor of  jurisprudence  in  the  University  of 
Bonn  (1838),  and  professor  of  jurisprudence  in 
the  University  of  Berlin  (1877 ). 
iEgidiuS  (e-jid'i-us).  1.  A Roman  commander 
in  Gaul  under  Majorianus  (457-461).  After  the 
death  of  the  emperor  he  maintained  an  independent  sov- 
ereignty, possibly  with  the  title  of  king,  at  Soissons.  He 
was  voluntarily  chosen  king  of  the  1 ranks  during  the 
temporary  exile  of  the  unpopular  Childeric. 

2.  See  Giles,  Saint. 

iEgidius  a Colunmis  (e-jid'i-us  a ko-lum'nis). 
Born  at  Rome  about  1247 : died  1316.  A scho- 
lastic philosopher,  general  of  the  Augustine 
order,  sumamed  “Doctor  Fundatissimus.” 
iEgina  (e-jl'na),  or  Aigina  (I'gi-na).  [Gr. 
A iyiva.']  In  Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of 
Asopus,  the  river-god,  beloved  by  Zeus,  and 
carried  by  him  to  the  island  of  Aigina  (whence, 
according  to  tradition,  its  name). 
iEgina,  or  Aigina.  An  island  of  Greece,  in  the 
Saronic  Gulf  of  the  iEgean,  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  long. 
23°  26'  E.  It  was  colonized  by  Dorians,  and  was  an  im- 
portant commercial  state  and  center  of  art  in  the  6th  and 
5tli  centuries  B.  c.  In  156  b.  c.  it  was  subjugated  byAthens, 
and  now  belongs  to  the  nomarchy  of  Attica  and  Bceotia. 
Its  length  is  9 miles.  Population,  8,600. 

iEgina,  or  Aigina.  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Aigina,  situated  on  the  western  coast:  popula- 
tion, 5,412.  The  temple  of  Athena  at  A5gina  was 
a monument  famous  for  boih  architecture  and  sculpture. 
It  was  a Doric  p ripteros  of  6 by  12  columns,  the  cella 
having  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  with  2 columns  in  antis. 
Twenty-two  columns,  with  their  entablature,  are  standing. 
Each  pediment  was  filled  with  a group  of  sculpture  rep- 
resenting a combat  between  Greeks  and  Trojans  under 
the  presidency  of  Athena,  who  is  the  central  figure.  The 
major  part  of  these  sculptures  has  been  recovered,  and 
is  included  in  the  collection  of  the  JEginetan  Marbles 
(which  see)  at  Munich.  Though  appearing  older,  the 
temple  is  ascribed  to  the  early  part  of  the  5th  century  B.  c. 
Of  the  temple  of  Aphrodite  but  one  of  the  great  Doric 
columns,  very  similar  to  those  of  the  temple  of  Athena, 
but  larger,  is  standing,  hut  the  plan  has  been  in  part  re- 
covered. The  temple  was  liexastyle. 

iEgina,  Gulf  of.  See  Saronic  Gulf. 
ifigineta,  Paulus.  See  Fauhis  JEgineta. 
/Eginetan  Marbles  (cj-i-ne'tan  mar'blz).  An 
important  collection  of  sculpture  from  tbe  tem- 
ple of  Athena  in  Aigina,  now  in  the  Glyptothek 
at  Munich.  These  sculptures  were  discovered  in  1811, 
and  consist  for  themost  part  of  the  remains  of  the  series  of 
statues  from  both  pediments  of  the  temple.  Five  figures 
survive  from  the  eastern  pediment,  and  10  from  the  west- 
ern, which  is  probably  complete.  Both  groups  represent 
the  exploits  of  Greek  heroes  in  the  Trojan  war,  with 
Athena  as  the  central  figure.  They  belong  to  an  artistic 
period  immediately  before  (he  time  of  full  mastery,  and 
thus,  while  in  many  particulars  admirable,  preserve  some 
archaic  features,  as  the  rigid  smile  on  the  expressionless 
faces,  and  the  stiffness  of  attitude  of  some  of  the  figures. 
The  date  generally  accepted  is  about  475  B.  C.;  but  this 
is  not  definitely  established.  These  sculptures  were  re- 
stored by  Thorwaldsen. 

iEgipan  (e'ji-pan).  [Gr.  A lyhav,  the  goat  Pan.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  goat  Pan,  in  some 
forms  of  the  myth  identical  with  Pan,  and  in 
others  different  from  him.  He  is  called  the 
son  of  Zeus  and  Alga,  Pan’s  wife,  and  also  the 
father  of  Pan. 

•Sgir  (i'gir).  [ON.  segir,  AS.  edaor,  the  sea.] 
In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  god  of  the  ocean, 
lie  was  tho  principal  water-demon  and  by  race  a giant, 
but  personifies  tho  more  propitious  characteristics  of  the 
sea.  He  is  also  called  liter  (ON.  HUr)  and  Gymir.  His 
wife  is  Ran. 

iEgis  (e'jis).  [L.  aegis,  < Gr.  aiytc,  the  egis,  also 
a rushing  storm,  hurricane.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, originally  the  storm-cloud  enveloping  the 
thunderbolt,  the  especial  weapon  of  Zeus.  It 
afterward  came  to  be  regarded  as:  (a)  The  skin  of  the 
goat  Amalthea,  the  foster-mother  of  Zeus,  which  the  latter 
took  for  defensive  armor  in  his  war  with  the  Titans.  (6) 
A terrible  weapon  wrought  by  Hephaestus  after  the  fash- 
ion of  a thunder-cloud  fringed  with  lightning,  intrusted 
by  Zens  to  Apollo  and  to  Athena,  and  a characteristic  at- 
tribute of  the  latter.  In  ait  tho  iEgis  is  represented  as 
a sort  of  mantle  fringed  with  serpents,  generally  worn 
over  (he  breast,  but  sometimes  held  extended  over  the 
left  arm,  or  thrown  over  (he  arm  to  serve  as  a shield.  The 
.Egis  of  Athena,  except  in  tho  most  primitive  representa- 
tions, bears  in  the  midst  (ho  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa, 
and  is  usually  covered  with  scales  like  those  of  a serpent. 
iEgistliUS(c-jis'thus).  [Gr.  AiyioCoc.]  Iu  Greek 
legend,  a son  of  Thyestes  and  cousin  of  Aga- 
memnon: be  seduced  CTytemnestra,  and  pro- 
cured tbe  murder  of  Agamemnon.  In  the  “Aga- 
memnon” of  -Eschylus  CTytemnestra,  incited  to  the  act 
by  .Egisthus,  commits  the  murder. 
iEglamour  (e'gla-mor).  The  Sad  Shepherd  in 
Jonson’s  play  of  that  name.  He  grieves  at  the 
reported  drowning  of  the  shepherdess  Earine. 


iEgle 

iEgle  (eg'le).  [Gr.  Aiyib?.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy! (a)  A naiad,  mother  of  the  Graces,  (b) 
One  of  the  Hesperides. 

iEgOSpotami  (e-gos-pot'a-mi).  [Gr.  A'rydg  no- 
ra/io!,  “goat’s  rivers.’]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  and  a town  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus,  about  lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  26°  33'  E., 
noted  as  the  place  of  a naval  victory  of  the 
Spartans  under  Lysander  over  the  Athenians, 
405  b.  c.,  which  led  to  the  close  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian war. 

JEgyptus  (e-jip'tus).  [Gr.  Aijw-oc.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a son  of  Belus  and  twin  brother  of 
Danaus.  Hereceivedfrom  Belus  the  sovereignty 
of  Arabia  and  conquered  Egypt.  See  Egypt.. 
iElfheah  (alf'hean),  or  Saint  Alphege  (al'fej). 
Born  954 : died  April  19, 1012.  An  Anglo-Saxon 
prelate,  made  bishop  of  Winchester  in  984  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1006.  He  was  captured 
by  the  Danes  in  1011,  and  held  for  ransom.  This  he  at 
first  agreed  to  pay,  but  afterward  refused,  and  iu  conse- 
quence was  slain. 

Alfred.  See  Alfred. 

.Slfric  (alf'rik).  Born  about  955:  died  about 
1020  A.  D.  An  English  (Anglo-Saxon)  abbot, 
surnamed  “Grammaticus,”  author  of  homilies 
(edited  by  Thorpe  1844-46),  a Latin  grammar 
and  glossary,  a treatise  on  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,  “ Heptateuchus,”  etc.  There  has 
been  much  discussion  with  regard  to  his  identity,  and  it 
is  still  in  dispute. 

jffilfthryth  (alf'thrith),  L.  Elfrida  (el-fn'd8). 
Born  about  945:  died  about  1000.  An  Anglo- 
Saxon  queen,  daughter  of  Ordgar,  ealdorman  of 
Devon,  wife  first  of  iEthelwald,  ealdorman  of 
the  East  Anglians,  and,  after  his  death,  of  King 
Eadgar  by  whom  she  was  the  mother  of  HCthel- 
red  II.  She  is  said  to  have  caused  the  murder  of  her 
stepson  Eadward  at  Corfe,  in  order  to  secure  the  election 
of  dithelred. 

.#;iia  Capitolina  (e'li-a  kapH-to-lTna).  In  au- 
cient  geography,  a Roman  colony  established 
by  Hadrian,  131  A.  d.,  on  the  site  of  Jerusalem. 
Ailia  was  the  family  name  of  Hadrian : a temple  was 
dedicated  to  Jupiter  Capitolinus  in  the  place  (hence  the 
name). 

iElia  gens  (e'li-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome,  a 
plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names  and 
surnames  were  Bala,  Catus,  Gallus,  Gracilis, 
Lamia,  Ligur,  Psetus,  Sejanus,  Staienus,  Stilo, 
and  Tubero.  To  this  gens  belonged  the  em- 
peror Hadrian  and  the  Antonines,  whom  he 
adopted. 

iElian  (e'li-an).  See  JElianus , Claudius. 
.£Ilianus  (e-li-a'nus),  Claudius.  A Roman 
rhetorician  of  the  2d  century  a.  d.,  said  to  have 
been  boru  at  Prieneste,  Italy.  His  extant  works 
are  noociAij’Io-Topia,  commonly  called  “ Varia  Historia,” 
“a  collection  of  ‘ana'  containing  anecdotes  of  every 
kind,  historical,  biographical,  antiquarian,  put  together 
without  any  method  or  connection,  and,  perhaps,  not  in- 
tended for  publication”  (K.  0.  Muller);  and  ilepl  Zuu ov 
ISiotijto?’  (De  Animalium  Natura),  “On  the  Peculiarities  of 
Animals,”  a worksim  lar  in  form  to  the  preceding. 

JElianus  Tacticus  (e-li-a'nus  tak'ti-kus). 
Lived  about  100  A.  D.  A writer,  probably  a 
Greek  residing  at  Rome,  author  of  a work  in 
Greek  on  the  military  tactics  of  the  Greeks  and 
the  constitution  of  a Roman  army. 
iElia  (al'a),  or  Ella  (el'a).  Died  588.  King 
of  the  Deirans  from  559  to  588,  the  son  of  Iffa, 
ealdorman  of  the  Deirans.  He  cast  off  the  su- 
premacy of  the  Bernicians  at  the  death  of  Ida. 
Aello  (a-el'o).  [Gr.  Ar/Uw.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  Harpies. 

Aeisfc.  See  A lost. 

Aelst  (alst),  Willem  van.  Born  at  Delft,  Neth- 
erlands, 1020:  died  at  Amsterdam,  1G79.  A 
Dutch  painter  of  flowers  and  fruit. 
iEmilia  (e-mil'i-a).  [Fem.  of  JEmilius.']  1.  In 
the  fourth  book  of  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,” 
a lovely  lady  “rapt  by  greedie  lust”  into  the 
power  of  a cannibal  giant  who  held  Amoret 
also  captive.  She  was  saved  by  Belpkoebe. — 2. 
In  Shakspere’s  “Comedy  of  Errors,”  the  wife 
of  Adgeon,  acting  as  the  abbess  of  Ephesus. 
Emilia  gens  (e-mil'i-a  jenz).  One  of  the  most 
ancient  patrician  houses  at  Rome,  probably  of 
Sabine  origin,  which  regarded  as  its  ancestor 
Mamercus,  called  /Emilius  on  account  of  Lis 
persuasive  language,  who  was  variously  repre- 
sented as  the  son  of  Pythagoras,  or  of  Numa, 
or  as  the  descendant  of  Ascanius.  The  first 
member  of  the  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was  L. 
ACmilius  Mamercus  (in  484  B.  0.).  Its  family  names  are 
Barbula,  Buca,  Lepidus,  Mamercus  or  Mamercinus,  1‘apus, 
Paulus,  Regillus,  and  Scaurus. 
iEmilius  (e-mil'i-us).  [A  Roman  name  said  to 
be  from  Gr.  aipvfao f,  flattering.  See  /Emilia 
gem. ] In  Shakspere’s  (?)  “ Titus  Andronicus,” 
a noble  Roman, 
c.— » 


17 

xEmilius,  Paulus  (Paolo  Emilio).  Bom  at 

Verona,  Italy:  died  at  Paris,  May  5, 1529.  An 
Italian  historian,  summoned  to  France  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  VIII.  to  write  a French  history, 
“De  rebus  gestis  Francorum.” 
iEmiiius  Paulus.  See  Paulus. 
iEneas  (e-ne'as).  [Gr.  Aim'af.]  In  classical 
legend,  a Trojan  prince,  son  of  Anckises,  king 
otDardanus,  and  Aphrodite.  The  traditions  about 
him  vary.  According  to  Homer,  being  robbed  of  his  cat- 
tle by  Achilles,  he  took  sides,  with  his  Dardanians,  against 
the  Greeks,  played  an  important  part  in  the  war,  and  after 
the  sack  of  Troy,  and  the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Priam, 
reigned  (as  did  also  his  descendants)  in  the  Troad.  In 
post-Homeric  traditions  he  is  sometimes  r presented  as 
absent  from  the  sack  of  Troy,  sometimes  as  seeking  refuge, 
on  the  admonition  of  Aphrodite,  in  Mount  Ida,  and  carry- 
ing his  father  thither  on  his  shoulders  (with  other  varia- 
tions), and  as  settling  in  the  peninsula  of  Pallene,  or  in 
the  Arcadian  Orchomenos.  Most  of  the  traditions,  how- 
ever, represent  him  as  landing  in  Italy,  and  becomingthe 
ancestral  hero  of  the  Romans.  See  /Eneid. 

iSneas  Sylvius.  See  Pius  II. 
iEneid  (e-ne'id),  or.ZBneis  (-is).  An  epic  poem, 
in  twelve  books,  by  Vergil,  recounting  the  ad- 
ventures of  iEneas  after  the  fall  of  Troy,  founded 
on  the  Roman  tradition  that  Alneas  settled  in 
Latium  and  became  the  ancestral  hero  of  the 
Roman  people.  The  hero,  driven  by  a storm  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  is  hospitably  received  by  Dido,  queen  of 
Carthage,  to  whom  lie  relates  the  fall  of  Troy  and  his  wan- 
derings. An  attachment  between  them  is  broken  by  the 
departure  of  Aineas,  in  obedience  to  the  will  of  the  gods, 
and  the  suicide  of  Dido  follows.  After  a visit  to  Sicily, 
ASneas  lands  at  Cumse  in  Italy.  In  a descent  to  (he  in- 
fernal regions  he  sees  his  father,  Anchises,  and  has  a pro- 
phetic vision  of  the  glorious  destiny  of  his  race  as  well  as 
of  the  future  heroes  of  Pvome.  He  marries  Lavinia,  daugh- 
ter of  Latinus,  king  of  the  Latini,  and  a contest  with  Tur- 
nus,  king  of  the  Rutuli,  the  rejected  suitor,  follows,  in 
which  Turnus  is  slain.  The  poem  is  a glorific  ation  of  Rome 
and  of  the  emperor  Augustus,  who,  as  a member  of  the 
Julian  gens,  traced  his  descent  from  Julus  (sometimes 
identified  with  Ascanius),  the  grandson  of  A5neas.  The 
poem  was  completed,  but  not  finally  corrected,  at  the  death 
of  the  author  in  19  B.  o. 

iEnesidemus  (en-e-si-de'mus).  [Gr.  Alvyaid?]- 
goc.']  A celebrated  Greek  skeptical  philoso- 
pher of  Cnossus  (or  AUgse)  in  Crete,  a younger 
contemporary  of  Cicero. 

JEolia  (e-o'li-ii).  See  /Eolis. 
iEolian  Islands  (e-5'li-an  i'landz).  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Lipari  Islands. 

.Sicilians  (e-o'li-anz).  The  Azoles  or  ASolii,  one 
of  the  four  great  divisions  of  the  Greek  race. 
They  occupied  from  an  early  period  a large  part  of  north- 
ern Greece  and  the  western  part  of  Peloponnesus,  and 
also  migrated  to  Asia  Minor,  settling  in  the  region  named 
for  them  ASolis,  and  in  Lesbos. 

^lolis  (e'o-lis),  or  iEolia  (e-o'li-a).  [Gr.  Alo/iic, 
Aio/h'a.]  In  ancient  geography,  originally  the 
western  coast  of  Asia  Minor  between  the  river 
Hermus  and  Lectum.  Later  it  extended  along 
Troas. 

■^Bolus  (e'o-lus).  [Gr.  AloZof.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  god  of  the  winds,  which  he  con- 
fined in  a cavern. — 2.  The  son  of  Hellen,  and 
the  eponymic  founder  of  the  iEolian  race. 
iEpinus  (a-pe'nos)  (Franz  Maria  Ulrich  Theo- 
dor Hoch).  [G.  Hock,  high ; Gr.  aim g,  high, 
steep,  whence  IEpinus.']  Born  at  Rostock.  Ger- 
many, 1724:  died  at  Dorpat,  1802.  A German- 
Russian  physicist,  author  of  “ Tentamen  theo- 
rite  eleetricitatis  et  magnetismi”  (1759),  etc. 
iEpinus,  Johann  (originally  Hoch).  Born  at 
Ziesar,  Prussia,  1499 : died  at  Hamburg,  May 
13,  1553.  A German  Protestant  theologian,  an 
opponent  of  Melanchthon,  and  author  of  a work 
“De  Purgatorio.” 

iEqui  (e'kwi).  In  ancient  geography,  a tribe 
living  in  Latium,  east  of  Romo  and  north  of  the 
Hernici,  often  allied  with  the  Volseians  and  at 
war  with  the  Romans.  They  were  finally  sub- 
dued about  300  B.  c. 

Aerians  (a-e'ri-anz).  A reforming,  Arian,  sect 
of  the  4th  century:  so  called  from  their  leader 
Aerius.  They  maintained  that  a presbyter  or  elder  does 
not  differ  from  a bishop  in  authority,  repudiated  prayers 
for  the  dead,  and  rejected  church  tasts.  This  sect  was 
the  forerunner  of  modern  Presbyterianism. 

Aerius  (a-e'ri-us).  A presbyter  of  Sebastia, 
in  Pontus,  Asia  Minor,  who  lived  in  the  middle 
of  the  4t.h  century  a.  d.,  and  was  the  founder 
of  the  Aerians. 

.<T!r6  (a're),  or  Arroe  (ar're-e).  An  island  of 
Denmark,  in  the  Little  Belt,  south  of  Fti- 
nen.  Length,  15  miles.  Area,  33  square  miles. 
Population,  about  11,000.  Its  chief  town  is 
Alroeskjobing. 

Aerschot,  orArschot  (ar'skot).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brabant,  Belgium,  on  the  Demer 
about  23  miles  northeast  of  Brussels.  Popula- 
tion, 7,709. 

Aertszen  (iirt'sen),  Pieter.  Born  at  Amster- 


AJstii 

dam  about  1507 : died  1573.  A Dutch  histori- 
cal painter.  Among  his  works  is  a Crucifixion, 
in  Antwerp. 

iEscanes  (es'ka-nez).  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s “ Pericies” : a lord  of  Tyre. 

iEsclunes  (es'ki-nez).  [Gr.  Aiaxivt]c.\  An  Athe- 
nian philosopher,  a contemporary  and  disciple 
of  Socrates.  The  three  extant  dialogues  as- 
cribed to  him  are  spurious. 

iBsdiines.  Born  389  B.  c. : died  in  Samos  314 
B.  c.  A famous  Athenian  orator,  the  political 
antagonist  of  Demosthenes,  son  of  Atrometus 
(Trornes),  of  the  deme  of  the  Cothocidac,  and 
Glaucothea.  He  served  in  the  campaigns  at  Nemea  in 
368,  at  Mantineia  in  362,  and  at  Tamynse  in  349 ; was  a 
tragic  actor  and  a clerk  to  the  assembly  before  lie  ap- 
peared about  348  as  a public  speaker ; was  twice  an  envoy 
to  Philip  of  Macedon,  347-346 ; was  accused  (once  (343)  by 
Demosthenes)  of  having  accepted  bribes  from  the  king, 
box  saved  himself ; and  was  defeated  (330)  in  a trial  which 
he  brought  against  Ctesiphon  for  having  proposed  that 
Demosthenes  should  be  rewarded  for  his  public  services 
with  a golden  crown,  and,  as  a consequence,  went  into 
exile.  He  finally  settled  in  P„hodes,  where  he  is  said  to 
have  established  a school  of  eloquence.  His  extant  ora- 
tions are  “ Against  Timarchus"  (345),  “On  the  Embassy  " 
(343),  and  “ Against  Ctesiphon  ” (330). 

iEscMnes  the  Orator.  A Greek  statue  from 
Herculaneum,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples, 
of  high  rank  among  works  of  its  class.  The  orator 
stands  quietly,  his  arm  wrapped  in  his  mantle;  the  ex- 
pression is  preoccupied,  but  full  of  dignity. 

Aeschylus  (es'ki-lus).  [Gr.  Aia qvZor.]  Born 
at  Eleusis,  Attica,  in  525  b.  c. : died  at  Gela. 
Sicily,  in  456  b.  c.  The  greatest  of  the  Greek 
tragic  poets.  He  was  the  son  of  a certain  Enphorion, 
and  fought  in  the  great  battles  of  the  Persian  war,  being 
wounded,  it  is  said,  at  Marathon  in  490  B.  c.  In  484  B.  c. 
he  gained  his  first  tragic  victory  : in  allhe  gained  thirteen. 
In  468  he  was  defeated  by  Sophocles.  In  the  same  year 
he  quitted  Athens,  according  to  Plutarch,  in  mortification 
at  his  defeat,  and  went  to  the  court  of  Hiero  at  Syracuse, 
at  whose  invitation  he  had  already  once  before  visited 
Sicily  and  written  a local  piece  called  the  “ TEtnseans.  ” 
ASsehylus  was  the  father  of  the  Greek  tragic  drama.  Ac- 
cording to  Suidas  he  wrote  ninety  plays,  and  over  seventy 
titles  remain,  but  only  7 plays  are  extant : the  “Supplices,” 
the  “Persae/’the  “Seven  against  Thebes,”  the  “Prome- 
theus Vinctus,”  and  the  Orestean  trilogy,  consisting  of 
the  “Agamemnon,”  “ Choephori,”  and  “Eumenides.” 

iEsculapius  (es-ku-la'pi-us),  or  Asklepios  (as- 
kle'pi-os).  [Gr.  ’Aok/j/tuSc.}  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  god  of  medicine,  son  of  Apollo  and  Coronis. 
He  was  killed  with  a thunderbolt  by  Zeus,  because  Pluto 
complained  that  Hades  was  being  depopulated.  At  the 
request  of  Apollo,  he  was,  after  death,  placed  among  the 
stars.  He  is  commonly  represented  as  an  old  man  with 
a heard,  his  usual  attribute  being  a staff  with  a serpent 
coiled  around  it.  The  common  offering  to  him  was  a 
cock. 

Aeslima  Daeva  (a-esh'ma  da-a'va).  The  de- 
mon of  anger  in  Avestan  mythology,  identified 
with  the  Asmodeus  of  the  Book  of  Tobit. 

iSsir  (I'sir).  The  collective  name  for  the  gods 
of  Scandinavian  mythology.  There  were  12 
gods  and  26  goddesses,  dwellers  in  Asgard. 

iEson  (e'son).  [Gr.  Aioov.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  father  of  Jason,  and  stepbrother  of  Pelias, 
who  excluded  him  from  his  share  of  the  king- 
dom of  Thessaly.  When  Pelias,  on  the  reported  re- 
turn of  the  Argonauts,  attempted  to  kill  him,  he  com- 
mitted suicide.  According  to  Ovid,  he  was  rejuvenated 
by  Medea  after  the  return  of  the  Argonauts. 

iEsop,  or  Esop  (e'sop).  [Gr. Aioonogfj.IEsopus.'] 

1 . According  to  tradition,  a Greek  fabulist  of 
the  6th  century  b.  c.,  represented  as  a dwarf 
and  originally  a slave.  Samos  and  other  places 
claimed  the  honor  of  being  his  birthplace.  After  obtaining 
his  freedom  he  visited  Lydia  and  Greece.  Of  the  so-called 
fables  of  iEsop  there  have  been  several  editions ; but  they 
are  all  spurious.  Indeed,  heisprobahlynotahistorical  per- 
sonage. “Some  of  the  fables  attributed  to  him  are  drawn 
from  Egyptian  sources  older  by  eight  hundred  years  than 
the  famous  dwarf  who  is  supposed  to  have  invented 
them.  The  fable  of  ‘The  Lion  and  the  Mouse’ was  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Brugsch  in  an  Egyptian  papyrus  a few 
years  ago.  ‘ The  Dispute  of  the  Stomach  and  the  Mem- 
bers ’ has  yet  more  recently  been  identified  by  Pro- 
fessor Maspero  with  an  ancient  Egyptian  original." 
( Edwards , Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  223.)  He  was  repre- 
sented in  later  art  as  deformed,  “perhaps  to  indicate 
his  nearer  approach  to  the  lower  animals  and  his  pecu- 
liar sympathy  for  their  habits.  Such  is  the  conception 
of  the  famous  statue  now  in  the  Villa  Albani  at  Rome.” 

2.  A Greek  historian  of  the  7th  or  8th  century 
A.  D.,  author  of  a life  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

xEsop,  Clodius.  A Roman  tragic  actor,  a con- 
temporary and  intimate  friend  of  Cicero,  re- 
garded by  Horace  and  others  as  the  equal  of 
the  great  actor  Roscius. 

.Sistii  (es'ti-i).  See  the  extract. 

North  of  the  Slavs, and  intimately  connected  with  them, 
the  Prusso-Lettish  branch  of  languages  was  situated ; 
these  tribes  are  first  mentioned  as  the  ASstii  of  Taci- 
tus (c.  46)  on  the  amber  coast,  then  as  the  Galindse  and 
Sudini  of  Ptolemy,  the  neighbours  of  the  Venedse.  Mid- 
lenhoff  makes  it  probable  that  “the  stock  collectively 
spread  from  the  south  or  soutli-cast,  so  that  the  swampy 


iEstii 

district  of  the  Pripet  was  once  its  natural  boundary  to 
the  south,  and  the  original  basis  of  its  diffusion.” 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  428. 
■/Ethelbald(atli'el-bald),  or  Ethelbald  (eth'el- 
baid).  Died  757.  King  of  the  Mercians  from 
716  (718  ?)  to  757,  son  of  Alweo,  grandnephew  of 
Penda,  and  successor  of  Ceolred.  He  was  acknow- 
ledged  overlord  of  the  English  as  far  as  the  Humber,  731 ; 
took  the  West-Saxon  town  of  Somerton,  73 i ; ravaged 
Northumbria,  740  ; was  defeated  by  his  West-Saxon  under- 
king,  Cuthred,  at  the  battle  of  Burford,  754  ; and  was  killed 
by  his  ealdormen,  757. 

-^thelbald,  or  Ethelbald.  King  of  the  West 
Saxons  858-860,  son  of  iEthelwulf.  ne  married 
his  father’s  widow,  Judith  of  France,  who  on  his  death  re- 
turned to  France  and  married  Baldwin,  afterward  count 
of  Flanders.  From  this  last  union  was  descended  Matilda, 
wife  of  William  the  Conqueror. 

.Ethelberht  (ath'el-bemt),  orEtbelbert  (eth'- 
el-bert),  Saint.  Born  552  (?):  died  Feb.  24, 
616.  King  of  Kent  from  560  to  616,  son  of 
Eormenric,  and  great-grandson  of  Hengist.  He 
was  defeated  by  the  West  Saxons  under  Ceawlin  and  Cu- 
tha  at  the  battle  of  Wimbledon,  568  ; married  Bertha  or 
Bercia,  a Christian  princess,  daughter  of  Charibert,  king 
of  the  Franks;  gradually  established  ids  overlordship 
over  the  English  south  of  the  Humber  after  the  death  of 
Ceawlin,  593  ; received  St.  Augustine  at  the  Isle  of  Thanet, 
597;  and  was  converted  and  vigorously  supported  Augus- 
tine. He  issued  the  first  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  codes,  600. 

iEtbelberht,  or  Ethelbert.  King  of  the  West 
Saxons  860-866,  son  of  .ZEthelwulf. 

.Ethelburb  (atli'el-born),  L.  Efchelburga  (eth- 
el-ber'ga),  Saint.  Died  676(f).  Abbess  of  Bark- 
ing, Essex.  She  is  commemorated  on  Oct.  11. 
.Etbelilsed  (ath'el-llad),  or  Ethelfleda  (etk'el- 
fle-da).  Died  in  918  (?j.  The  eldest  daughter 
of  King  Alfred.  She  married  Ethelred,  ealdorman  of 
the  Mercians.  During  his  life  they  had  equal  rule,  and 
after  his  death,  in  911  or  912,  she  was  sole  ruler.  She  is 
known  as  “the  Lady  of  the  Mercians.” 

iEthelfrith  (ath'el-frith),  or  Ethelfrid  (eth'- 
el-frid),  or  iEdilfrid.  Died  617.  King  of  the 
Northumbrians  from  593  to  617,  son  of  JEthel- 
ric,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  defeated  Aidan  < .Ed- 
han)  at  the  battle  of  Dsegsastan  (probal)ly  Dawstone),  603; 
defeated  the  Welsh  at  the  battle  of  Chester,  613,  massa- 
cring about  twelve  hundred  of  the  two  thousand  monks 
from  Bangor  Yscoed,  who  were  praying  for  the  success  of 
the  Welsh  ; and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  Rsedwald  at 
the  battle  of  the  Idle,  617. 

ethelred  (ath' el-rad),  or  Ethelred  (eth'el- 
red),  or  Ethered  (etk'e-red),  I.  King  of  the 
West  Saxons  from  866  to  878, son  of  /Etkel- 
wulf. 

ethelred,  or  Ethelred,  II.  Born  968 : died  at 
London,  April  23,  1016.  King  of  England,  sur- 
named  “TheUnready”  (‘lackingcounsel’),  son 
of  Edgar  and  Elfrida.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne 
978,  instituted  the  payment  of  “dauegeld"  991,  ordered 
a general  massacre  of  the  Danes  1002,  was  deposed  1013, 
and  was  restored  1014. 

■SSthelstan.  See  Athelstan. 

-ffifchelwulf  (ath'el-wulf),  or  Ethelwulf  (etk'- 
el-wulf),  or  Athulf.  Died  Jan.  13  (June  13?), 
858.  An  Anglo-Saxon  king,  son  of  Ecgberlit 
(king  of  Wessex,  ruler  of  Sussex,  Kent,  and 
Essex,  and  overlord  of  Mercia,  East  Anglia, 
Northumbria,  Wales,  and  Strathclyde),  whom 
he  succeeded  in  839.  In  842  he  was  defeated  by  the 
Danes  at  Charmouth,  but  in  851  repulsed  them  with  great 
slaughter  at  Ockley  in  Surrey.  In  856  he  married  a sec- 
ond wife,  Judith,  the  daughter  of  Charles  the  Bald.  The 
West  Saxons  revolted  under  his  son  iEthelbald  to  whom 
he  surrendered  the  government  of  Wessex,  retaining  only 
his  overlordship. 

Anther  (e'ther).  [Gr.  Ald/jp.\  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  son  of  Chaos  and  Darkness,  and  the 
brother  of  Night,  Day,  and  Erebus;  or,  accord- 
ing to  Hesiod,  the  son  of  Erebus  and  Night, 
and  the  brother  of  Day.  By  Day  he  was  the  father 
of  Land,  Heaven,  and  Sea;  by  Earth,  of  the  Giants  and 
Titans  and  the  vices  which  destroy  the  human  race.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Orphic  hymns,  he  is  the  soul  of  the 
world  from  which  all  life  springs.  In  later  times  he  was 
regarded  as  the  broad  expanse  of  heaven,  the  abode  of 
the  gods. 

^Ethiopia.  See  Ethiopia. 

AL-thiopica.  See  Theagenes  and  Chariclea. 
iEthiopis  (e-thi'o-pis),  or  Lay  of  .Ethiopia.  A 
Greek  epic  poem  of  the  Trojan  cycle,  by  Arctinus 
of  Miletus,  the  oldest  certainly  known  epic  poet 
(about  776  B.  C. ) ; so  named  from  one  of  its  heroes, 
Memnon  the  Ethiopian.  It  was  a continuation  of 
the  Iliad,  reaching  “from  the  death  of  Hector  to  that  of 
Achilles,  and  telling  of  the  arrival  of  the  Amazons  and 
the  /Ethiopians  to  aid  Troy.” 

Aetians.  See  Aetius  and  Anomceans.  ■ 

Aetion  (a-e'shi-on).  [Gr . ’Aeriuv.']  A noted 
Greek  painter,  probably  a contemporary  of 
Apelles.  His  picture  of  the  “Marriage  of 
Alexander  and  Roxana  ” was  famous  in  an- 
tiquity. 

Aetius  (a-e'shi-us), or  Aetios  (-os).  [Gr.  Amof.] 
Born  at  Antioch,  in  Coelo-Syria : died  at  Con- 
stantinople, 367  a.  d.  A Syrian  theologian,  sur- 


18 


Africa 


named  “The  Atheist,”  the  founder  of  a sect  of 
extreme  Allans,  called  Aetians  from  him,  Euno- 
mians  from  his  disciple  Eunomius,  and  Ano- 
moeans.  The  Aetians  “were  the  first  to  carry  out  the 
doctrines  of  Arius  to  their  legitimate  issue,  and  in  oppo- 
sition both  toHomoousians  and  Homoiousians  maintained 
that  the  Son  was  unlike , dio/xoios,  the  Father”  (whence 
the  name  Anomceans). 

Aetius.  Born  at  Durostorus  (Silistria)  about 
396 ; killed  at  Rome,  454.  A Roman  general, 
commander-in-chief  under  Valentinian  III. 
He  gained  many  victories  over  the  West  Goths,  Franks, 
Burgundians,  and  other  northern  invaders,  and  is  famous 
for  his  victory  over  Attila,  near  Ch&lons-sur-Marne,  451. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  the  emperor. 

Aetius.  Born  at  Amida,  Mesopotamia  : flour- 
ished about  500  a.  d.  A Greek  winter,  author 
of  a medical  work  in  sixteen  books  (Latin 
translation  1542).  Though  essentially  a compilation, 
it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  books  of  antiquity  on 
medicine. 

Etna  (et'na).  A Latin  didactic  poem  errone- 
ously attributed  to  Vergil.  It  combats  the 
popular  mythical  theory  of  the  causes  of  vol- 
canic action. 

/Etna,  Mount.  See  Etna. 

Etolia  (e-to'li-a),  or  Aitolia  (i-to'li-a).  [Gr. 
A iTcjXia.]  In  ancient  geography,  a district  of 
Greece,  bounded  by  Epirus  and  Thessaly  on  the 
north,  Doris  on  the  northeast,  Locris  on  the 
east  and  southeast,  the  Corinthian  Gulf  on 
the  south,  and  Acarnania  on  the  west.  It  now 
forms  part  of  the  nomarehy  of  Acarnania  and 
Etolia. 


natives  of  Afghanistan,  and  called  by  them 
Pushtu  or  Pukhtu. 

Afinger  (af'ing-er),  Bernhard.  Born  at  Nu- 
remberg, Bavaria,  May  6, 1813 : died  at  Berlin, 
Dec.  25,  1882.  A noted  German  sculptor. 

Afium-Karahissar  (a-fe-om'ka-ra'his-sar'),  or 
Karahissar.  [Turk.,  ‘black  castle  of  opium.’] 
A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Khodowendikyar,  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  about  lat.  38°  38'  N.,  long.  30°  28' 
E.:  the  native  city  of  Othman,  founder  of  the 
Turkish  empire.  Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Synnada.  Population,  20,000  (?). 

Afranius  (a  - fra/ni  - us),  Lucius.  A Roman 
comic  poet,  an  imitator  of  Menander,  living 
about  100  B.  c.  Fragments  of  his  works  are 
extant. 

Afranius  Nepos,  Lucius.  ARoman  general, 
an  adherent  of  Pompey.  He  was  consul  60  b.  c., 
was  opposed  to  Csesar  in  Spain  49  B.  c.,  and  died  in  Africa 
46  B.  c. 

Afrasiab  (a-fra-si-ab').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
son  of  the  Turaman  king  Pesheng  and  a de- 
scendant of  Tur,  the  son  of  Feridun.  The  obliga- 
tion to  blood-revenge  for  the  death  of  Eraj,  who  had  been 
killed  by  Tur  and  his  brother  Salm,  was  the  ground  of  the 
long  struggle  between  Iran  and  Turan.  A great  part  of 
the  Shahnamah  is  taken  up  with  the  account  of  the  wars 
waged  by  A frasiab  with  Iranian  sovereigns  until  he  at  last 
escapes  from  Horn,  who  had  bound  him,  into  the  lake  of 
Urumiah.  As  Afrasiab  is  induced  to  raise  his  head  above 
tlie  waters,  he  is  caught  with  a lasso  by  Horn,  who  gives 
him  over  to  Kaikhosrav,  who  beheads  him.  Afrasiab  is 
the  Franrasyan  of  the  Avesta. 


Etolian  League  (e-to'li-an  leg).  A confeder- 
acy of  Greek  tribes  whose  constitution  was 
copiedfrom  that  of  the  Achfean  League,  it  waged 
war  against  Macedon  323  B.  c.,  against  the  Gauls  279,  and 
against  the  Achaean  League  220,  and  was  allied  with  Home 
211-192.  It  was  dissolved  in  107  B.  c. 

Afanasieff  (a-fa-na'si-ef),  Aleksandr.  Born 
1826 : died  1871.  A Russian  archaeologist, 
author  of  “Russian  Popular  Stories,”  “Poeti- 
cal Views  of  the  Old  Slavonians  about  Na- 
ture,” etc. 

Afar  and  Afar  country.  See  Danakil  and 
Danakil  country. 

Afer  (a'fer),  Domitius.  Born  at  Nimes,  France : 
died  60  a.  d.  A Roman  orator,  a teacher  of 
Quintilian.  In  a.  d.  26  he  conducted  the  accusation 
for  the  government  against  Claudia  Pulchra,  the  cousin 
of  Agrippina,  and  in  A.  i>.  27  appeared  against  Varus 
Quintilius,  her  son. 

Affenthal  (af'fen-tal).  A village  near  Baden, 
in  Baden,  noted  for  its  red  wine. 

Affre  (af'r),  Denis  Auguste.  Born  at  St. 
Rome,  Tarn,  France,  Sept.  27,  1793:  died  at 
Paris,  June  27,  1848.  A French  ecclesiastic, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Paris  in  1840.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  in  the  insurrection  of  184S,  at  the  barri- 
cades, June  26,  while  attempting  to  admonish  the  in- 
surgents. 

Afghanistan  (af-gan-is-tiin').  A country  of 
Asia,  bounded  by  Asiatic  Russia  and  Bokhara 
north,  India  east,  Baluchistan  south,  and 
Persia  west,  and  extending  from  about  lat.  29° 
to  38°  31'  N.,  and  long.  60°  to  72°  E.  The  chief 
divisions  are  Kabul,  nerat,  Kandahar,  Afghan  Turkestan, 
Badakshan,  and  Farrah.  The  government  is  a monarchy 
under  a hereditary  sovereign.  The  prevailing  religion  is 
Mohammedanism.  Afghanistan  became  independent  of 
Persia  under  the  Durani  dynasty  in  1747.  Under  its  ruler, 
Dost  Mohammed,  war  broke  out  with  the  British  in  1838. 
The  latter  captured  Kandahar,  Ghazni,  and  Kabul  (1839), 
establishing  a new  ameer;  but  in  1841  the  British  agent 
was  massacred,  and  the  British  army  was  annihilated 
in  1842  in  retreating  in  the  Kurd-Kabul  Pass.  Gen- 
eral Pollock  ended  the  war  in  1842.  In  1878,  under  the 
ameer  Shere  Ali,  war  again  broke  out  with  the  British, 
who  captured  Jelalabad  and  Kandahar.  Shere  Ali  fled, 
and  Yakub  Khan  was  proclaimed  in  1879.  A massacre  of 
the  British  resident  at  Kabul  was  followed  by  an  invasion 
under  General  Roberts,  and  Yakub  Khan  abdicated.  The 
latter's  brother  Ayub  Khan  in  1880  defeated  the  British 
forces,  but  under  General  Roberts  they  relieved  Kandahar 
in  1880,  defeated  Ayub  Khan,  and  recognized  Abdurrah- 
man Khan  as  ameer.  Various  disputes  arose  regarding 
the  boundary  between  Afghanistan  and  the  Russian  pos- 
sessions. The  Russians  seized  Penjdeh  in  1885;  and  war 
was  narrowly  averted.  An  Anglo-Russian  commission 
arranged  the  delimitation  of  the  northern  frontier  in 
1886-87,  and  the  Pamir  Commission  of  1895  defined  the 
northeastern  border.  Area  (estimated),  250,000  square 
miles.  Population,  4i-5  millions,  including  the  Afghans 
proper,  Pathans,  Hindkis,  Hazaras,  Kataghans,  etc. 
Afghan  Turkestan.  The  territories  in  the 
basin  of  the  Oxus,  subject  to  the  Ameer  of 
Afghanistan. 

Afghan  wars.  Wars  between  Great  Britain 
and  Afghanistan  during  the  years  1838-42  and 
1878-80.  See  Afghanistan. 

Afghan  (af'gan).  1.  One  of  an  Iranian  race 
forming  a large  part  (about  3,000,000)  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Afghanistan.  The  native  name 
is  Pushtanah  (pi.). — 2.  One  of  the  languages 
of  the  Aryan  family,  spoken  by  the  Afghans  or 


Africa  (af'ri-ka).  [F.  Afrique,  G.  Afrika,  Sp. 
It.  Pg.  Africa,  L.  Africa  (whence  Gr.  ’AQpudj, 
the  prop.  Gr.  term  being  Aq3w/,  Libya),  prop.  adj. 
(sc.  terra),  from  Afer  (pi.  Afri),  an  inhabitant 
of  Africa,  orig.  with  reference  to  the  country 
of  the  Carthaginians,  from  whom  the  term  was 
received.]  1.  A continent  of  the  eastern 
hemisphere,  next  to  Asia  the  largest  grand 
division  of  the  world,  bounded  by  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  north  (which  separates  it 
from  Europe),  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  (which  con- 
nects it  with  Asia),  the  Red  Sea  (which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Asia),  and  the  Indian  Ocean  on 
the  east,  the  Southern  Ocean  on  the  south,  and 
the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  37” 
20'  N.  to  lat.  34°  50'  S.,  and  from  long.  17°  31'  W.  to  long. 
51°  22'  E Its  principal  political  divisions  are  Morocco, 
Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Barca  (Bengazi),  Fezzan,  Egypt, 
the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  Abyssinia,  the  Italian  pos- 
sessions (Eritrea  and  Somaliland),  British  Somaliland, 
British  East  Africa,  British  protectorates  in  the  interior, 
Portuguese  East  and  West  Africa  (Angola),  Portuguese 
Guinea,  Madagascar  (a  French  protectorate),  British  South 
Africa  (Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Natal,  the  Orange  Free  State, 
the  Transvaal,  Rhodesia,  etc.),  the  German  possessions 
(Kamerun,  Togo-land,  German  Southwest  and  German 
East  Africa),  Belgian  Kongo,  the  French  Kongo,  the  Brit- 
ish possessions  in  west  Africa  (Sierra  Leone,  Gold  Coast, 
Nigeria,  etc.),  the  French  sphere  of  influence  in  western 
Africa  (including  the  western  Sahara  and  Senegal),  Li- 
beria, the  Spanish  coast,  etc.  The  more  distinctive 
physiographic  features  of  the  continent  are  to  be  found 
in  the  Atlas  Mountains,  the  Sahara,  the  great  equa- 
torial forests,  the  lake  region  (Albert  Nyanza,  Victoria 
Nyanza,  Tanganyika,  etc.),  and  in  the  south-central  pla- 
teau. Principal  rivers:  Nile,  Kongo,  Niger,  and  Zambesi 
(with  the  Victoria  Falls,  the  “African  Niagara”).  Africa 
lias  few  high  mountains ; the  highest  are  the  glacier-cov- 
ered Kilimanjaro  (19,780)  in  German  East  Africa  and  Ke- 
nia  (18,620)  in  British  East  Africa.  Its  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  of  the  negro  race,  with  Kafirs,  Hottentots,  Copts, 
Arabs,  Moors,  Berbers,  and  some  Europeans.  The  prevail- 
ing religions  are  Mohammedanism,  various  forms  of  pa- 
ganism, the  Coptic  Church,  and  the  Abyssinian  Church. 
The  name  “Dark  Continent  ” has  been  given  to  it  as  the 
least-known  of  the  earth’s  grand  divisions.  Its  northern 
portions  were  early  seats  of  civilization,  and  partof  the  Ro- 
man Empire ; but  much  of  its  interior  is  still  unexplored. 
It  was  circumnavigated  by  the  Phenicians  as  early  as  the 
7 th  century  B.  c.  Coast-line  exploration  was  undertaken  by 
the  Portuguese  in  the  middle  of  the  15th  century,  and  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  doubled  by  Da  Gama  (1497).  Explo- 
rations (interior)  have  been  made  since  the  last  part  of  the 
18th  century  by  Bruce,  Mungo  Park,  Hornemann,  Burck- 
liardt,  Denham,  Clapperton,  Lander,  Oudney,  Rebmann, 
Barth,  Richardson,  Overweg,  Vogel,  Livingstone,  Burton, 
Speke,  Grant,  Baker,  Stanley,  Schweinfurth,  Mauch, Nach- 
tigal,  De  Brazza,  Holub,  Wissmann,  Serpa  Pinto,  Cameron, 
Rohlfs,  Lenz,  Du  Chaillu,  Emin  Pasha,  and  others.  Recent 
events  are  the  founding  of  the  Union  of  South  Africa  (see 
supplement),  and  the  partitioning  among  various  powers 
(Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  Portugal,  Italy,  Spain, 
etc.)  of  immense  districts  especially  in  the  interior  and 
along  the  eastern  and  western  coasts : this  so-called 
“ scramble  for  Africa”  began  about  1884.  (See  Spheres  of 
Influence.)  The  length  of  Africa  is  4,970miles,  its  breadth 
about4,700  miles, its  area  (estimated, Petermann), 11,608, 793 
square  miles,  and  its  population  about  127,000,000. 
[African  names.  In  most  purely  African  languages 
the  names  of  tribes,  languages,  and  countries,  as  first 
heard  and  written  by  travelers,  colonists,  authors,  and 
cartographers,  appear  not  in  their  naked  form,  but  adorned 
with  prefixes  or  suflixes,  which  distinguish  the  name  of 
one  member  of  the  tribe  from  many,  the  tribe  from  the 
language,  and  the  country  from  both  tribe  and  language. 
Strictly  speaking,  the  only  correct  way  would  be  to  use 
the  prefixes  and  suffixes  as  the  natives  do.  This,  however, 
is  impossible,  because  the  languages  are  not  yet  suffi- 


Africa 

ciently  known,  and  because  a specialist  alone  could  mas- 
ter the  great  variety  of  prefixes  and  suffixes.  Therefore 
Dr.  Lepsius  and  Dr.  B.  N.  Oust,  and  many  after  them, 
prefer  to  use  the  stem  of  the  word,  as  it  may  be  ascer- 
tained, and  add  to  irrespectively,  “man,’’  “men,’’  “tribe,” 
“language,"  "country.”  Thus,  Ganda  man  (instead  of 
U ganda),  Ganda  tribe  or  people  (instead  of  Ba-ganda), 
Ganda  language  (instead  of  Lu-ganda),  and  Ganda-land 
(instead  of  Bu-ganda).  Uganda,  as  generally  written,  is 
the  Suahili  form  of  Bu-ganda.  In  this  dictionary  the 
tribe  and  the  dialect  will  generally  be  found  under  one 
name,  the  word-stem.  In  the  case  of  suffixes,  which  are 
used  in  a few  Nigritic  and  in  the  Hottentot  and  Hamitic 
languages,  there  is  no  difficulty ; for  the  initial  syllables 
are  not  affected,  and  can  be  readily  found  in  the  diction- 
ary. Thus  in  Mandi-ngo,  of  the  Nigritic  branch,  the  stem 
is  Mandi  or  Mande,  and  -ngo  is  a suffix.  In  the  Hottentot 
name  Nama-qua,  the  suffix  -qua  signifies  people  or  tribe ; 
and  it  is  better  to  say  Nama  tribe  or  people.  The  great- 
est difficulty  is  met  with  in  the  Bantu  languages,  where 
every  noun  has  a prefix  for  the  singular  and  another 'for 
the  plural.  The  following  rules  will  be  found  useful : In 
a general  way,  and  in  cases  of  doubt,  the  prefix  Mu-  may 
be  considered  to  signify  ‘person  ’ (man,  woman,  or  child), 
Ba-  or  Wa-  to  signify  people,  U - to  signify  country,  and 
Ki-  to  signify  language.  Thus,  Mu-gogo,  a Gogo  man ; 
Wa-gogo,  Gogo  people  ; U-gogo,  Gogo-land ; Ki-gogo,  Gogo 
language.  Generally  speaking,  too,  the  plural  prefix 
Ama-  (for  tribe)  is  used  among  the  Kafirs  in  South  Africa, 
Ova-  in  West  Africa,  between  Benguella  and  Walfisch  Bay, 
A-  or  Alma-  from  Loanda  to  the  lunda  country,  Eshi- 
( Exi -),  Bashi -,  and  Bena-  from  the  Kongo  district  of  An- 
gola due  east  to  Nyangwe,  Ba-  in  the  Kongo  basin  and 
central  Africa  generally,  Wa-  in  East  Africa.  The  pre- 
fixes of  most  frequent  occurrence,  in  proper  names,  are : 
Man  : Mu-,  Um-,  Mo-,  M- ; seldom  Ki-,  Tshi-,  Ka-,  Mushi-, 
Mukua-.  People : Ba-,  Wa-,  Ova-,  A-,  Ma-,  Ama- ; seldom 
Tu-,  Eshi-  or  Bashi-,  Akua-.  Language : Ki-,  Tshi-, 
Shi-,  Si-,  Se- ; seldom  U -,  Vo-,  Di-.  Land : Bu-,  IT - ; sel- 
dom Le-. 

Examples : 

Man.  People.  Language.  Land. 

Ganda:  M-ganda,  Ba-ganda,  Lu-ganda,  Bu-ganda. 

Lnba:  Mu-luba,  Ra-Iuba,  Ki-lnba,  U-luba. 

Gogo:  Mu-gogo,  Wa-gogo,  Ki-gogo,  U-gogo. 

Gwamba:  Mo-gwamba,  Ma-gwamba,  Shi-gwamba. 

Suto:  Mo-suto,  Ba-suto,  Se-suto,  Le-suto. 

Mbangala:  Ki-mbangala,  I-mbangala,  U-mbangala. 

Mbimdu:  O-tshi-mbundu,  Ovi-mbundu,  TJ-mbundu. 

Lange:  Mushi-lange,  Bashi-lange,  Kishi-lange. 

Ngola : Mukua-ngola,  Akua-ngola,  Di-ngola. 

African  languages.  Our  knowledge  of  African  lan- 
guages is  not  yet  sufficient  to  warrant  a final,  or  even 
a generaUy  acceptable,  classification.  Specialists  contra- 
dict each  other  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  classify.  The 
English-speaking  public  still  holds  to  the  temporary  clas- 
sification of  Dr.  B.  N.  Oust  in  his  “Modern  Languages  of 
Africa,”  which  is  simply  that  of  Fr.  MtiUerin  his  “Grund- 
ri8s  der  Sprachwissenschaft."  German  Africanists  show, 
of  late,  a preference  for  that  of  Dr.  Lepsius  in  the  intro- 
duction to  his  “Grammar  of  Nuba.”  Somewhat  modi- 
fied, this  will  probably  be  that  of  the  future.  Our  classi- 
fication tries  to  combine  the  nomenclature  of  Dr.  Oust, 
generally  followed  in  English  books,  with  the  facts,  which 
give  more  support  to  the  system  of  Lepsius.  The  main 
question  is  about  the  relation  of  Bantu  and  Negro. 

I.  Purely  African  languages. 

(1)  Negro  languages : 

(a)  Bantu  languages  (pure). 

(b)  Nigritic  or  Sudan-negro  languages  (mixed). 

(c)  Nuba-Fulah  or  Pul  languages  (mixed). 

(2)  Hottentot,  Bushmen,  or  Batua  languages  : 

(а)  Hottentot  languages,  1 . „ ,.  ... 

(б)  Bushmen  languages,  j 0 nCa' 

(c)  Pygmy  languages,  in  central  Africa. 

(3)  Hamitic  languages : 

(a)  Egyptian. 

( b ) Libyan  or  Berber  languages. 

(c)  Ethiopian  or  Kushitic  languages. 

II.  Extra-African  languages. 

(1)  Semitic  languages : 

(a)  Pure  Arabic  (Egyptian,  Maghreb,  Sudani,  and  Mus- 

cat dialects). 

( b ) Mixed  (Amharic,  Tigre,  etc.). 

(2)  Malay  languages  (Madagascar). 

(3)  Aryan  languages. 

(a)  English,  in  South  Africa  and  Liberia.  \ p 

French,  in  Algeria.  j rure. 

(4)  Creole  dialects. 

Mediterranean  Lingua  Franca. 

English  Creole  (in  West  Africa,  Kru-English). 

Portuguese  Creole  (Cape  Verde  Islands ; S.  Thomd 
and  Principe  Islands). 

Dutch  Creole  (Boers  and  Hottentots). 

In  the  English,  Portuguese,  and  Dutch  Creoles,  the  word- 
store  is  European  ; much  of  the  phonology,  morphology, 
and  syntax  is  African.  For  the  Semitic  and  Malay  lan- 
guages, see  Arabic,  Malay-Polynesian.  For  the  purely 
African  languages,  see  Bantu,  Nigritic,  Hamitic,  Nuba- 
Fulah,  Hottentot.— African  ethnography.  Owing  to  the 
scantiness  of  ethnographic  data,  the  linguistic  division  of 
Africa  is  also  generally  applied  to  the  ethnographic  classi- 
fication. It  should,  however,  he  remembered  that  the  two 
do  not  cover  each  other  exactly  either  within  a family  or 
group,  or  from  class  to  clas3.  Thus  the  Hottentots  of  Cape 
Colony  have  lost  their  original  dialect,  and  adopted  Dutch. 
The  Ba-Botse,  on  the  Zambesi,  have  lost  their  language 
and  adopted  the  Se-chuana  dialect  of  the  Ma-Kololo.  The 
Nuba  of  Egypt,  while  retaining  many  characteristics  of 
their  language,  have  lost  nearly  all  their  racial  traits, 
while,  on  the  contrary,  the  Hausa  have  given  up  almost 
every  trace  of  their  first  mother-tongue,  but  arc  still,  ra- 
cially, pure  negroes.  As  a rule,  the  names  of  African 
tribes  and  languages  or  dialects,  if  stripped  of  prefixes 
and  suffixes,  coincide,  and  will  be  found  under  one  title 
in  this  dictionary.  See  Bantu,  Nigritic,  Hottentot,  Hamitic, 
Nuba-Fulah  ; also  African  names  and  A frican  languages .] 
2.  In  ancient  geography,  a part  of  northern  Af- 
rica which  corresponded  nearly  to  the  modern 
Tunis.  It  comprised  the  immediate  dominions 
of  Carthage.  Later  it  was  a Roman  province. 


19 

North  Africa— the  only  Africa  known  to  the  ancients — 
had  seen  many  rulers  come  and  go  since  the  Arabs  under 
Okba  first  overran  its  plains  and  valleys.  Dynasty  had 
succeeded  dynasty ; the  Arab  governors  under  the  K lia- 
lifs  of  Damascus  and  Baghdad  had  made  room  for  the 
Houses  of  Idris  (A.  D.  788)  and  Aghlab  (800);  these  in 
turn  had  given  way  to  the  Fatimi  Khalifs  (909);  and  when 
these  schismatics  removed  their  seat  of  power  from  their 
newly  founded  capital  of  Mahdiya  to  their  final  metropo- 
lis of  Cairo  (968),  their  western  empire  speedily  split  up 
into  the  several  princedoms  of  the  Zeyris  of  Tunis,  the 
Beni  Hammad  of  Tilimsan,  and  other  minor  governments. 
At  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century,  the  Murabits  or  Al- 
moravides,  a Berber  dynasty,  imposed  their  authority  over 
the  greater  part  of  North  Africa  and  Spain,  but  gave  place 
in  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  to  the  Muwahhids  or  Alrno- 
hades,  whose  rule  extended  from  the  Atlantic  to  Tunis, 
and  endured  for  over  a hundred  years.  On  the  ruins  of 
their  vast  empire  three  separate  and  long-lived  dynasties 
sprang  up  : the  Beni-Hafs  in  Tunis  (1228-1531),  the  Beni 
Ziyan  in  Central  Maghrib  (1235-1400),  and  the  Beni  Merin 
in  Morocco  (1200-1550).  To  complete  the  chronology  it 
may  be  added  that  these  were  succeeded  in  the  sixteenth 
century  by  the  Corsair  Pashas  (afterwards  Deys)  of  Algiers, 
the  Turkish  Pashas  or  Beys  of  Tunis,  and  the  Sherifs  or 
Emperors  of  Morocco.  The  last  still  continue  to  reign  ; 
but  the  Deys  of  Algiers  have  given  place  to  the  French, 
and  the  Bey  of  Tunis  is  under  French  tutelage. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  21. 

3.  A diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  of 
Italy.  It  comprised  the  Boman  provinces  of  Africa,  Nu- 
midia,  and  a part  of  Mauritania,  and  corresponded  to 
modern  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 

4.  See  the  extract. 

Africa  meant  to  the  Arabs  the  province  of  Carthage 
or  Tunis  and  its  capital,  which  was  not  at  first  Tunis  but 
successively  Kayrawan  and  Mahdiya.  Throughout  the 
later  middle  ages  the  name  Africa  is  applied  by  Chris- 
tian writers  to  the  latter  city.  Here  it  was  that  in  1390 
a “ grand  and  noble  enterprise  ” came  to  an  untimely  end. 
“The  Genoese,”  says  Froissart,  “ bore  great  enmity  to  this 
town  ; for  its  Corsairs  frequently  watched  them  at  sea,  and 
when  strongest  fell  on  and  plundered  their  ships,  carrying 
their  spoils  to  this  town  of  Africa.” 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  13L 

Africaine  (af-ri-kan'),  L’.  Ad  opera  by  Mey- 
erbeer, produced  at  the  Acadfimie  in  Paris, 
April  28,  1865,  after  his  death. 

African  International  Association.  See 

Kongo  Free  State. 

African  War,  The.  The  war  between  Julius 
Caesar  and  the  followers  of  Pompey,  who  had 
collected  in  the  province  of  Africa  after  the 
defeat  of  Pharsalia  48  B.  C.,  and  were  over- 
thrown at  Thapsus  46  b.  c. 

Africans,  The.  A pastoral  by  Colman  the 
younger,  produced  in  1808. 

Africanus  (af-ri-ka'nus),  Sextus  Julius.  A 
Christian  historian  of  the  first  half  of  the  3d 
century  a.  d.,  author  of  a treatise  on  chro- 
nology, fragments  of  which  are  extant  (chiefly 
in  Eusebius). 

Afridis  (a-fre'diz).  A warlike  tribe  of  Afghans 
dwelling  south  of  Peshawar. 

Afrikander  (af-re-kan'der).  The  Dutch  word 
for  “African  a name  given  to  whites  born  in 
South  Africa,  particularly  to  those  of  Dutch 
descent. 

Afrikander  Bund  (af-re-kan'der  bont),  or 
Bond  (bond).  A South  African  association 
founded  in  1879  (and  under  the  present  name 
in  1880),  which  aims  not  only  at  the  furtherance 
of  Afrikanderinfluenc.e,but  at  the  ultimate  com- 
plete independence  of  South  Africa  in  the  form 
of  a United  States  of  South  Africa. 

Afzelius  (af-ze'li-us ; Sw.  pron.  af-tsa'li-os), 
Adam.  Born  at  Larf,  Sweden,  Oct.  7,  1750 : 
died  J an.  30, 1837.  A Swedish  naturalist,  demon- 
strator of  botany  at  Upsala  (1785),  scientific 
explorer  in  Sierra  Leone  (1792),  secretary  of 
legation  in  London  (1796),  and  professor  of 
materia  medica  at  Upsala  (1812). 

Afzelius,  Arvid  August.  Born  Oct.  8,  1785 : 
died  at  Enkoping,  Sept.  25,  1871.  A Swedish 
writer  and  scholar,  noted  as  a collector  of 
Swedish  folk-songs.  He  was  pastor  at  Enko- 
ping after  1828. 

Agabus  (ag'a-bus).  [Gr.  ’Ayaiioq. J A prophet 
and  martyr-  of  the  early  Christian  church,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  one  of  the  seventy  disciples 
of  Christ.  In  43  A.  D.,  while  Paul  and  Barnabas  were 
in  Antioch,  he  came  from  Judea  to  Antioch,  where  he 
predicted  the  approach  of  a famine.  (Acts  xi.  27,  2S.)  He 
is  said  to  have  suffered  martyrdom  at  Antioch,  and  is 
commemorated  as  a saint  in  the  Byzantine  Church  on 
March  8. 

Agada  (ag'a-da).  [Aramean  form  of  Hebrew 
liagada,  narrative.]  The  name  given  to  one 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  post-biblical 
Hebrew  literature  it  denotes  that  portion  of  the 
Talmudic  literature  not  devoted  to  religious  law : thus 
the  exegetical  and  homiletical  portions,  fables,  proverbs, 
the  ethics,  as  well  as  everything  relating  to  natural 
science  and  history,  are  included  under  the  term  Agada, 
which  is  opposed  to  Halacha,  the  legal  portions. 

Agade  (a-ga'de).  See  Akkad. 


Agassiz,  J.  L.  R. 

Agades  (a'ga-dez).  The  capital  of  the  sultan- 
ate of  Asben  (or  Air),  in  Africa,  about  lat.  17° 
N.,  long.  7°  45'  E.  Population,  about  7,000. 
Agag  (a'gag).  [Heb. ; of  uncertain  meaning.] 
1.  An  Amalekiteking,  spared  by  Saul,  contrary 
to  his  vow,  and  slain  by  order  of  Samuel.  1 
Sam.  xv. — 2.  A character  in  Dryden’s  “Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,”  a satire  of  Sir  Edmund 
Berry  Godfrey,  a magistrate  who  received  the 
declaration  of  Titus  Oates.  He  was  afterward 
found  in  a ditch  dead  and  mutilated,  hence  the 
allusion  (see  def.  1). 

Agamemnon  (ag-a-mem'non).  [Gr.  ’Ayape/ivuv.'] 

1.  In  Greek  legendary  history,  the  son  of 
Atreus,  king  of  Mycenae,  and  the  most  power- 
ful ruler  in  Greece.  He  led  the  Greek  expedition 
against  Troy,  and  on  his  return  was  slain,  according  to 
Homer,  by  ASgisthus,  according  to  ,'Eschylus,  by  his  wife 
Clytemnestra,  who  was  incited  to  the  deed  partly  by 
jealousy  of  Cassandra,  and  partly  through  fear  on  account 
of  her  adultery  with  iEgisthus. 

2.  The  greatest  of  the  tragedies  of  Aeschylus. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  Argos,  in  the  palace  of  Agamemnon, 
at  the  time  of  the  king’s  return  from  the  capture  of  Troy  ; 
the  catastrophe  is  the  murder  (behind  the  scenes)  of 
Agamemnon  and  Cassandra  (whom  he  has  brought  captive 
with  him)  by  the  queen  Clytemnestra  urged  on  by  her 
paramour  .'Egisthu s.  Tragedies  with  this  subject  have 
been  written  also  by  Seneca,  Alfieri,  and  Lemercier. 

Agamenticus  (ag-a-men'ti-kus),  Mount.  A 
hill,  673  feet  high,  in  York  County,  near  the 
southwestern  extremity  of  the  State  of  Maine. 
The  locality  was  the  site  of  one  of  the  earliest  English 
colonies  in  Maine,  led  by  Gorges  and  others,  in  1631. 
Agana  (a-ga'nya).  The  principal  place  in  the 
Ladrones,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  on  the  island 
of  Guahan. 

Aganippe  (ag-a-nip'e).  [Gr.  ’AyaviTnrtj.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a fountain  near  Mount  Heli- 
con, in  Boeotia,  Greece,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 
It  was  believed  to  inspire  those  who  drank  of  it,  and  it 
gave  the  name  “ Aganippides  ’’  to  the  Muses.  See  Helicon. 
Agape  (ag'a-pe).  [Gr.  aydny,  love.]  In  Spen- 
ser’s “Faerie  Queene,”  a fay,  the  mother  of 
three  knights  born  at  a birth,  for  whom  she 
obtained  the  gift  that  if  one  were  killed  his 
strength  should  pass  into  the  remaining  bro- 
thers or  brother. 

Agapetus  (ag-a-pe'tus)  I.  [Gr.  ’Ayan^rdc,  be- 
loved.] Pope  from  June,  535,  to  April,  536, 
son  of  Gordianus,  a Roman  priest.  He  went  to 
Constantinople  in  536,  and  there  deposed  Anthimus  the 
Eutychian,  patriarch  of  Constantinople.  The  Boman 
Church  celebrates  his  festival  Sept.  20. 

Agapetus  II.  Pope  from  946  to  955,  a Roman 
by  birth. 

Agapida  (a-ga-pe'THa),  Fray  Antonio.  The 
fictitious  writer  to  whom  Washington  Irving 
originally  attributed  the  authorship  of  the 
“Conquest  of  Granada.” 

Agard,  or  Agarde  (a-gard'),  Arthur.  Bom 
at  Foston,  Derbyshire,  1540:  died  at  London, 
Aug.  22,  1615.  An  English  antiquary,  clerk  in 
the  Exchequer,  and  (1603)  deputy  chamberlain. 
He  prepared  catalogues  of  state  papers,  compiled  a list  of 
all  the  leagues,  treaties  of  peace,  “ intercourses,”  and  mar- 
riages arranged  between  England  and  other  countries 
down  to  the  end  of  the  16th  century,  and  wrote  a Latin 
treatise  on  the  Doomsday  Book.  He  bequeathed  his  nu- 
merous MSS.  partly  to  the  Exchequer  and  partly  to  his 
friend  Bobert  Cotton.  Most  of  them  are  now  in  the 
British  Museum. 

Agardh  (a'gard),  Jakob  Georg.  Born  at  Lund, 
Sweden,  1813:  died  there  1901.  A Swedish 
naturalist,  son  of  K.  A.  Agardh,  professor  of 
botany  at  Lund : author  of  ‘ 1 Species,  Genera, 
et  Ordines  Algarum,”  “ Theoria  Systematis 
Naturalis  Plantarum”  (1858),  etc. 

Agardh,  Karl  Adolf.  Born  at  Bastad,  Sweden, 
Jan.  23,  1785:  died  at  Carlstad,  Sweden,  Jan. 
28,  1859.  A noted  Swedish  naturalist  and 
political  economist,  professor  of  botany  and 
economics  at  the  University  of  Lund  1812,  and 
bishop  of  Carlstad  1834.  His  most  important 
scientific  works  are  “ Systema  Algarum ’* (1824),  “leones 
Algarum  Europsearum ’’  (1828-35),  “Larobok  i Botanik” 
(1830-32). 

Agasias  (a-gas'i-as).  [Gr.  ’Ayaoiac.  ] Asculptor 
of  Ephesus.  According  to  the  inscription  on  the  statue 
he  was  the  sculptor  of  the  so-called  Borghese  Gladiator 
(which  see)  in  the  Louvre.  This  inscription  is  in  late 
Greek  characters  which  place  the  work  at  about  the  last 
century  of  the  Boman  republic. 

Agassiz  (ag'a-si ; F.  pron.  a-ga-se'),  Alexander. 
Born  at  Neucliatel,  Switzerland,  Dee.  17, 1835  : 
died  at  sea,  March  27,  1910.  An  American 
zoologist  and  geologist,  son  of  J.  L.  R.  Agassiz. 
He  was  curator  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of 
Harvard  University  1874-85,  and  director  from  1902. 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe.  Born  at  Mo- 
tier,  canton  of  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  May  28, 
1807  : died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  14, 
1873.  A celebrated  Swiss- American  naturalist, 
especially  noted  as  a geologist  (researches  on 


Agassiz,  J.  L.  R. 

glaciers)  and  ichthyologist.  He  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history  at  Neuchatel  in  1832;  studied 
glaciers  1830-40;  came  to  the  United  States  in  1846; 
became  professor  of  zoology  and  geology  at  Harvard 
in  1847 ; traveled  in  the  United  States,  in  Brazil 
(1865-66),  and  around  Cape  Horn  (1871-72),  and  became 
curator  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1859.  He  published  “Recherches  sur  les  pois- 
Bons  fossiles”  (1833-43),  “Natural  History  of  the  Fresh- 
water Fishes  of  Europe"  (1839-42),  “Etudes  sur  les 
glaciers"  (1840),  “Systeme  glaciaire"  (1847),  “Contribu- 
tions to  the  Natural  History  of  the  United  States” 
(1857-62),  etc. 

Agasti  (a-gas'ti),  or  Agastya  (a-gast'ya).  A 
Rishi,  reputed  author  of  a number  of  Vedic 
hymns.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  both  Mitra 
and  Varuna  by  Urvasi,  to  have  been  born  in  a water-jar, 
to  have  been  of  short  stature,  to  have  swallowed  the 
ocean  and  compelled  the  Vindhya  mountains  to  prostrate 
themselves  before  him  (whence  they  lost  their  primeval 
height),  to  have  conquered  and  civilized  the  south,  and 
to  have  been  made  regent  of  the  star  Canopus.  He  is  most 
prominent  in  the  Ramayana,  where  he  dwells  in  a her- 
mitage on  Mount  Kunjara  and  is  chief  of  the  hermits  of 
the  south.  In  Tamil  literature  he  is  venerated  as  the  first 
teacher  of  science  and  literature  to  the  primitive  Dravidian 
tribes. 

AgathaxcMdes  (ag-a-thar'ki-dez).  [Gr.  'AyaOap- 
,£«%■.]  Born  at  Guidos,  Asia  Minor  : flourished 
during  the  latter  half  of  the  2d  century  B.  c. 
A Greek  grammarian,  author  of  several  geo- 
graphical works.  Of  a part  of  one,  “On  the 
Erythraean  Sea,”  an  extract  is  given  by  Pho- 
tius.  Also  Agatharcus. 

Agatharchus  (ag-a-thar'kus).  [Gr.  ’AyaOapxoc.] 
See  Agalharchides. 

Agatharchus.  An  Athenian  painter  of  the  5th 
century  b.  c.,  said  by  Vitruvius  to  have  painted 
a scene  for  a tragedy  of  ZEschylus,  and  thus 
to  have  been  the  inventor  of  scene-painting. 
Agatha  (ag'a-thii),  Saint.  A Sicilian  virgin 
martyr  (born  at  Palermo)  put  to  death  by  Quin- 
tianus,  the  governor  of  Sicily,  Feb.  5,  251,  be- 
cause she  rejected  his  illicit  advances.  The  Roman 
and  Anglican  churches  celebrate  her  festival  on  that  day. 
She  is  sai  1 to  have  been  scourged,  burnt  with  hot  irons, 
torn  with  hooks,  and  then  placed  on  a bed  of  live  coals 
and  glass. 

Agathias  (a-ga'thi-as).  [Gr.  ’Aya6iaq.\  Born 
at  Myrina,  Asia  Minor,  about  536 : died  about 
582.  A Byzantine  poet  and  historian,  author 
of  a history  of  the  period  552-558  (ed.  by  Nie- 
buhr, 1828). 

Agatho  (ag'a-tho),  Saint,  surnamed  Thauma- 
turgUS.  Pope  from  June  27,  678,  to  Jan.  10, 
682;  a native  of  Palermo,  Sicily.  He  brought 

about  the  sixth  Ecumenical  Council  of  Constantinople 
in  6rf0,  in  which  the  Monothelite  heresy  was  condemned. 

Agathocles  (a-gath'o-klez),  or  Agatliokles. 
[Gr.  AyadoK.) l?/?.]  Born  at  Thermte,  Sicily,  361  (?) 
B.  C. : died  289  B.  C.  A Sicilian  despot,  tyrant 
of  Syracuse  317-289  B.  c.  He  invaded  Africa 
in  310. 

Agathon  (ag'a-thon).  [Gr.  ’Ayafltw.]  Born  about 
477  b.  c.  A Greek  (Athenian)  tragic  poet.  He 
figures  in  the  “Symposium”  of  Plato,  the 
scene  of  which  is  laid  in  his  house. 

Agathon.  A philosophical  romance  by  Wie- 
land,  published  in  1766 : so  named  from  its  chief 
character  in  which  the  author  depicted  himself. 
Agathon.  An  unknown  author  referred  to  by 
Chaucer  in  the  prologue  to  the  “Legend  of 
Good  Women.” 

Agave  (a-ga've).  [Gr.  Ayavg.']  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Cadmus,  wife  of  the  Spartan 
Echion,  and  mother  of  Pentheus,  king  of  Thebes, 
whom  she  destroyed  in  a frenzy. 

Agawam  (ag'a-wom).  A town  in  Hampden 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Con- 
necticut nearly  opposite  Springfield.  Popula- 
tion, 3,501,  (1910). 

Agawam.  See  Pennacook. 

Agbatana.  Same  as  Ecbatana. 

Agde  (agd).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  France,  the  ancient  Agatha,  on  the 
Herault  near  the  Mediterranean , 29  miles  south- 
west of  Montpellier.  It  was  a colony  of  Massilia. 
A council  was  called  here  by  Alaric  II.  in  606,  and  it  has 
often  been  sacked  in  the  religious  wars.  It  was  held  for 
some  years  by  the  Huguenots.  Population,  8,435. 

Aged  P.  See  Wemmick. 

Ageladas  (a-jel'a-das).  [Gr.  ’AytZadaf.]  Flour- 
ished 520-460  b.  c.  A Greek  sculptor,  a native 
of  Argos,  known  chiefly  as  the  instructor  of 
the  three  great  sculptors  of  the  5th  century  B.  c. , 
Myron,  Phidias,  and  Polycleitus.  He  probably 
represented  more  especially  the  severe  formulae  of  the 
Doric.  Peloponnesian, or  Argive  school  which  devoted  itself 
to  the  structure  and  proportions  of  the  perfected  athlete, 
in  distinction  from  the  more  graceful  and  sympathetic 
Ionic  school  already  far  advanced  in  Asia  Minor  and  north- 
ern Greece.  Nothing  now  remains  which  can  be  traced 
to  his  hand  An  inscription  with  his  name  has  been  dis- 
covered at  Olympia. 

Agelaus  (aj-e-la'us).  [Gr.  Ay/Zaor.]  In  Greek 


20 

mythology:  1.  A son  of  Heracles,  and  ances- 
tor of  Croesus. — 2.  A servant  of  Priam,  who 
exposed  Paris  on  Mount  Ida. — 3.  The  bravest 
of  the  suitors  of  Penelope.  He  was  one  of  the 
last  to  he  slain  by  Ulysses. 

Agen  (a-zhon').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  the  ancient  Agin- 
num,  on  the  Garonne  about  lat.  44-  13'  N., 
long.  0°  39'  E.  It  has  a cathedral.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Nitiobriges,  and  later  of  the  Agenois,  and  was 
the  scene  of  executions  in  the  Albieensian  and  Hueruenot 
wars.  It  is  also  notable  as  the  birthplace  of  Scaliger  and 
Lacepede.  Population,  commune,  23,141. 

Agendicum  (a-jen'di-kum).  The  ancient  name 
of  Sens,  France. 

Agenois  (a-zha-nwa/),  or  Agenais  (a-zha-na'). 
A former  district  of  France,  comprised  in  the 
modern  department  of  Lot-et-Garonne. 
Agenor  (a-je'nor).  [Gr.  A yr/vap.']  1.  In  Greek 
legend:  (a)  A king  of  Phoenicia,  son  of  Posei- 
don and  Libya,  and  father  of  Cadmus  and  Eu- 
ropa.  ( b ) A son  of  Phegeus,  king  of  Psophis 
in  Arcadia,  one  of  the  slayers  of  Alemteon,  slain, 
in  turn,  by  Alcmteon’s  son.  (c)  A brave  Trojan 
warrior,  son  of  Antenor,  who  appears  in  the  Il- 
iad as  a leader  in  the  attack  on  the  fortifications 
of  the  Greeks.  He  fought  with  and  wounded  Achilles, 
and  Apollo  assumed  his  form  in  order  to  lead  Achilles 
away  from  his  pursuit  of  the  retreating  Trojans. 

2.  The  Greek  name  for  Baal-Samen. 

Age  of  Innocence.  A noted  painting  by  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  in  the  National  Gallery,  Lon- 
don. It  represents  a little  girl  seated  on  the 
ground  in  a wooded  landscape. 

Ager  (a'ger),  Captain.  A character  in  Middle- 
ton  and  Rowley’s  play  “A  Fair  Quarrel,”  a 
soldier  of  delicate  and  noble  nature  who  makes, 
in  his  consideration  of  a point  of  family  honor, 
a fine  distinction  between  moral  and  physical 
..courage. 

Ageri  (a'ger-i),  or  Egeri  (a'ger-i).  A small 
valley  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of 
.Zug,  Switzerland. 

Ageri,  or  Egeri,  Lake  of.  A lake,  about 
miles  long,  in  the  canton  of  Zug,  Switzerland. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Lorze  into  the  Lake  of  Zug. 
Agesander  (aj-e_-san'der),  or  Agesandros 
(-dros).  [Gr.',A;'/;eranJpof.]  Flourished  42-21 
B.  c.  A Greek  sculptor,  a native  of  Rhodes. 
With  Athenodorus  and  Polydorus  of  Rhodes 
he  carved  the  Laocoon  (which  see). 

Agesilail  of  Colchos.  The  principal  character 
in  the  romance  of  that  name  in  the  eleventh 
and  twelfth  hooks  of  “Amadis  of  Gaul.” 
Agesilas  (a-zha-se-las').  A tragedy  by  Cor- 
neille, produced  in  1666. 

Agesilaus  ( a-je-si-la'us)  II.,  or  Agesilaos  (-os). 
[Gr.  ’Ayr/auao f.]  Died  in  Egypt  in  the  winter 
of  361-360  B.  C.  King  of  Sparta  from  399  to 
361  B.  c.,  a son  of  Archidamus  II.  of  the  Eu- 
rypontid  line,  by  his  second  wife  Eupolia,  and 
half-brother  of  Agis  II.  whom  he  succeeded. 
In  396  he  came  to  the  relief  of  the  Asiatic  Greeks  against 
Persia,  and  in  the  following  year  defeated  the  satraps 
Tissaphernes  and  Pharnabazus.  In  394,  as  he  was  prepar- 
ing to  enter  the  heart  of  the  empire,  he  was  called  home 
by  the  ephors  to  take  part  in  the  Corinthian  war,  stirred 
up  against  Sparta  by  Pers  an  gold.  In  394  he  defeated 
the  troops  of  the  allies  at  the  battle  of  Coronea  in  Boeotia. 
In  393  he  ravaged  Argolis,  in  392  the  Corinthian  territory, 
and  in  391  reduced  (he  Acarnanians.  In  369  he  main- 
tained the  unwalled  Sparta  against  the  attacks  of  four 
armies.  He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Mantineia  in 
362,  and  in  361  he  crossed  with  a Lacedaemonian  army  of 
mercenaries  into  Egypt. 

Agger  of  Servius  Tullius.  [L.  agger,  mound, 
rampart.]  An  especially  important  stretch  of 
the  Servian  Wall  of  Rome,  extending  from  the 
Colline  Gate,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Ministry 
of  Finance,  across  the  low  ground  to  the  Es- 
quilme  Gate,  adjoining  the  existing  Arch  of 
Gallienus,  at  the  foot  of  the  Esquiline.  in  the 
middle  of  the  Agger  there  was  a third  gate,  the  Porta 
Viminalis.  The  Agger  consisted  of  a great  mound  of 
earth,  hi  front  of  which  there  was  a ditch  30  feet  deep 
and  100  wide.  The  mound  had  a very  massive  retaining- 
wall  in  front,  rising  30  feet  above  the  top  of  the  ditch,  and 
a lighter  wall  at  the  back.  An  impressive  length  of  the 
front  wall  is  standing,  close  to  tile  railway-station. 

Aggershus  (ag'gers-hos),  or  Akershus  ( a'kers- 
hos).  An  amt  or  province  of  southeastern 
Norway.  Area,  2,01/  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 116,896. 

Aggtelek.  See  Agtclck. 

Aghasura  (a-gha'so-ra).  [‘The  Asura  or  de- 
mon Agha.’]  In  Hindu  mythology,  an  asura 
who  was  general  of  Kansa,  king  of  Mathura, 
and  second  cousin  of  Krishna.  He  took  the  form 
of  a huge  serpent,  and  Krishna's  companions  the  cowherds 
entered  into  its  mouth, mistaking  it  for  a cavern,  Krishna 
rescuing  them. 

Aghlabides.  See  Aglabites. 

Aghrerath  (agh're-rath).  In  the  Shahnamah, 


Agnes 

the  third  son  of  the  Turanian  king  Pesheng.  He 
fruitlessly  tried  to  dissuade  Pesheng  from  attacking  Iran, 
and  Afrasiab  from  executing  Naudar.  He  freed  Naudar’s 
captive  nobles,  who  had  been  spared  on  his  entreaty  and 
were  imprisoned  at  Sari.  For  this  he  was  killed  by 
Afrasiab. 

Aghrim,  or  Aughrim  (ag'rim).  A village  in 
County  Galway,  Ireland,  about  31  miles  east  of 
Galway.  Here,  July  12,  1691,  the  English  under  Ginkel 
defeated  the  Irish  and  French  under  Saint-Ruth. 

Agias  (a'ji-as).  [Gr.  Ayeaf.]  An  ancient  Greek 
“cyclic”  poet  of  Trcezen  (about  740  b.  c.), 
author  of  the  “Nostoi,”  or  “Homeward  Voy- 
ages” of  the  Ac  h to  a II  heroes  from  the  siege  of 
Troy. 

Agib  (a/ gib).  1.  The  third  Calendar  in  the 
story  of  “The  Three  Calendars”  in  the  “Ara- 
bian Nights’  Entertainments.” — 2.  In  the  story 
of  Noureddin  Ali  and  Bedredden  Hassan  in 
“The  Arabian  Nights,”  a son  of  Bedredden 
Hassan  and  the  Queen  of  Beauty. 
Agilolfinger  (a-gi-lol'fing-er).  The  family  of 
the  earliest  dukes  of  Bavaria.  The  line  began 
about  590  (530  ?)  and  ended  in  788. 

Agilulf  (a'gi-lulf).  Died  616.  A duke  of  Turin 
and  king  of  Lombardy. 

Agincourt  (aj'in-kort;  F.  pron.  azh-an-kor'). 
A village  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
Prance,  about  29  miles  southeast  of  Boulogne, 
noted  for  the  victory  gained  there  Oct.  25, 1415, 
by  the  English  (about  15,000)  under  Henry  V. 
over  the  French  (50,000-60,000)  under  the  Con- 
stable d’Albret.  The  loss  of  the  English  was 
about  1,600 ; that  of  the  French  over  10,000. 
Agincourt.  See  Seroux  d’ Agincourt. 
Agincourt,  Ballad  of.  A poem  by  Drayton 
which  appeared  in  “Poems  Lyrick  and  Pasto- 
ral” about  1605.  (Not  to  be  confused  with  “The 
Battle  of  Agincourt,"  also  by  Drayton,  which  he  pub- 
lished in  1627.) 

Aginnum.  See  Agen. 

Agira  (a-je'ra),  or  San  Filippo  d’Argiro.  A 

town,  the  ancient  Agyrium,  in  the  province 
of  Catania,  Sicily,  about  31  miles  northwest  of 
Catania.  Population,  10,836;  commune,  17,738. 
Agis  (a'jis)  I.  [Gr.  ’Aytf.]  King  of  Sparta 
about  1032  (?)  b.  c. 

Agis  II.  King  of  Sparta  from  about  426  to  399 
B.  c.  He  was  victorious  at  Mantineia  418. 
Agis  III.  King  of  Sparta  338-330  B.  c.  He  was 
allied  with  Persia  against  Macedon,  and  was 
defeated  and  killed  in  330. 

Agis  IV.  Died  b.  c.  240.  King  of  Sparta  from 
B.  c.  244:  son  of  Eudamidas  II.  of  theEurypontid 
line.  He  proposed  to  recruit  the  ranks  of  the  Spartans 
from  among  the  Fericeci,  and  advocated  a redistribution 
of  tlie  landed  property.  In  these  measures  of  reform  he 
was  opposed  by  his  colleague,  Leonidas  II..  of  the  Agid 
line,  and  was,  after  seme  transient  successes,  captured  and 
sentenced  to  death  by  the  ephors.  Alfieri  produced  a 
remarkable  tragedy  on  this  subject. 

Aglabites  (ag'la-blts),  or  Aghlabites,  or  Agla- 
bides  (ag'la-bidz).  An  Arab  dynasty  which 
reigned  in  northern  Africa  (capital  at  Kairwan) 
from  the  beginning  of  the  9th  century  to  909. 
It  was  succeeded  by  the  Fatimites. 

Aglaia  (ag-la'ya).  [Gr.  AyXaia.']  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  three  Graces. — 2.  An 
asteroid  (No.  47)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk, 
Sept.  15,  1857. 

Aglaura  (ag-la'ra).  A tragedy  by  Sir  John 
Suckling,  acted  in  1637-38  and  printed  in  1646. 

Aglaura  enjoys  the  eccentric  possession  of  two  fifth 
acts,  so  that  it  c n be  made  a tragedy  or  a tragi-comedy 
at  pleasure.  Saintsbury. 

Aglauros  (ag-la'ros),  or  Agraulos  (ag-ra'los), 
or  Agraule  (-le).  [Gr.  ’’Ay'/avpoc,  "AypavAoc,  Ay- 
pav?7/.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  wife  of  Ce- 
c-rops;  also,  the  daughter  of  Cecrops,  noted  in 
legends  of  Attica. 

Aglemut  (ag'le-mot).  [Singular  Aglemu.]  A 
tribe  of  Alaskan  Eskimo  inhabiting  the  shores  of 
Bristol  Bay  and  the  northern  shore  of  the  Alas- 
kan peninsula.  Also  Jglemvit,  Aglegmut. 
Agnadello  (a-nya-dc  l'lo).  A village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cremona,  northern  Italy,  near  Lodi. 

Here,  May  14,  15C9,  the  French,  under  Louis  XII.,  de- 
feated the  Venetians.  For  the  battle  of  1705,  see  Lassano. 
Agnano,  Lago  d’  (13/ go  u’  a-nya'nd).  Formerly 
a small  lake,  now  an  open  crater,  5 miles  west 
of  Naples,  noted  for  the  Grotta  del  Cane  (which 
see).  It  was  drained  in  1870. 

Agnes  (ag'nes  or  ag'nez),  Saint.  [Formerly 
Annes,  Annis,  Annire,  etc.,  F.  Agnes,  L.  Agnes; 
from  Gr.  ayv of,  lamb.]  A Roman  virgin  and 
martyr,  12  or  13  years  of  age,  beheaded  during 
the  reign  of  Diocletian.  She  is  said  to  have  been 
slain  after  having  been  exposed  to  the  vilest  outrage 
in  a brothel.  Her  festival  is  celebrated  on  Jan.  21  by  the 
Greek,  Roman,  and  Anglican  churches. 


Agnes 

Agnes.  1.  A character  in  Moliere’s  “ L’Ecolo 
des  Femmes,”  an  ingenue.  She  contrives  to  make 
extremely  suggestive  allusions  while  speaking  with  the 
utmost  simplicity  of  mind.  Wycherley  took  his  “Coun- 
try Wife  ’’  from  this  character.  The  name  has  become 
proverbial  for  a person  of  this  kind. 

2.  In  “Fatal  Curiosity,”  a tragedy  by  George 
Lillo,  the  wife  of  Wilmot  and  mother  of  Young 
Wilmot.  She  kills  her  son. — 3.  See  Wickfield. 
Agnes’s  Eve,  Saint.  Celebrated  on  the  night 
of  Jan.  20.  It  was  especially  a holiday  for  women. 
It  was  supposed  possible  by  various  forms  of  divination  for 
a girl  on  this  night  to  see  the  form  of  her  future  husband. 

Agnes’  Eve,  Saint.  A poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 
lished in  1842. 

Agnes,  The  Eve  of  Saint.  A poem  by  Keats, 
written  in  1818. 

Agnes  Grey.  A novel  by  Anne  Bronte,  pub- 
lished under  the  signature  of  ‘ ‘ Acton  Bell  ” in 
1847. 

Agnes  of  Austria.  Born  1281:  died  1364. 
Daughter  of  the  German  king  Albert  I.,  and 
wife  of  Andrew  III.  of  Hungary,  notorious  for 
her  vengeance  on  all  connected  with  the  mur- 
derers of  her  father. 

Agnes  of  Meran.  Died  at  Poissy,  1201.  Wife 
of  Philip  II.  of  France,  and  daughter  of  Duke 
Berthold  of  Meran.  Philip’s  divorce  of  his  previous 
>.  fe,  Ingeborg  of  Denmark,  \va3  held  to  lie  invalid  by  the 
I ope,  and  he  was  forced  by  an  interdict  to  reinstate  her. 

Agnes  of  Poitou.  Died  Dec.  14, 1077.  Second 
consort  of  the  emperor  Henry  IH.,  and 
daughter  of  William  V.,  duke  of  Aquitaine. 
At  the  death  of  Henry  III.,  Oct.  5,  1056,  she 
became  guardian  of  her  son,  Henry  IV.  A con- 
spiracy of  the  nobility  deprived  her  of  the  regency  in 
May,  1062,  when  the  young  king  was  abducted  from 
Kaiserswerth  to  Cologne  by  Anno,  archbishop  of  Cologne. 

Agnes  Sorel.  See  Sorel,  Agnes. 

Agnesi  (a-nya'ze),  Maria,  Gaetana.  Born  at 
Milan,  May  16,  1718:  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  4, 
1799.  An  Italian  lady,  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Bologna  in  1750,  noted  for  her 
acquirements  in  languages  and  science : author 
of  “Iustituzioni  Analitiche”  (1745),  etc. 
Agnesi,  Maria  Theresa.  Born  at  Milan,  1724: 
died  about  1780.  An  Italian  composer  and 
pianist,  sister  of  M.  G.  Agnesi : author  of  the 
operas  “Sofonisbe,”  “Ciro  in  Armenia,”  “Ni- 
tocri,”  and  “ Insubria  Consolato.” 

Agnethlen  (ag'net-len).  A town  in  Transyl- 
vania, about  25  miles  northeast  of  Hermann- 
stadt.  Population,  about  3,000. 

Agnew  (ag'nu),  Cornelius  Rea.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Aug.  8,  1830:  died  there,  April  18,  1888. 
A noted  American  physician  and  surgeon, 
clinical  professor  of  diseases  of  the  ear  and  eye 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York  city  (1869). 

Agliew,  David  Hayes.  Born  in  Lancaster 
County,  Pennsylvania,  Nov.  24,  1818:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  March  22, 1892.  An  eminent  Am- 
erican surgeon,  appointed  in  1870  professor  of 
operative  surgery,  and  in  1871  of  the  principles 
and  practice  of  surgery,  iu  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Agnew,  Patrick.  Bom  1822:  died  at  Multan, 
India,  April  21,  1848.  An  English  Indian  civil 
servant,  murdered  witli  his  companion,  Lieu- 
tenant W.  A.  Anderson,  by  the  retainers  of 
Mulraj,  dewan  or  governor  of  Multhn.  This 
incident  led  to  the  second  Sikh  war. 
Agni(ag'ni),  [Skt.,=:L.  ignis,  fire.]  In  Hindu 
mythology,  the  god  of  fire.''  in  the  Veda  he  is  the 
conveyer  of  the  sacrifice,  messenger  and  priest  of  men, 
their  protector  against  the  horrors  of  the  darkness,  the 
defender  of  the  home.  As  one  of  the  chief  divinities  of 
the  Vedas  great  numbers  of  hymns  are  addressed  to  him, 
more  than  to  any  other  god.  He  is  one  of  the  three  great 
deities  Agni,  Vayu  (or  Indra),  and  Surya,  who  preside  re- 
spectively over  earth,  air,  and  sky. 

Agni  Purana  (ag'ni  po-ra'nii).  APuraua  (so 
named  as  supposed  to  have  been  communicated 
by  Agni  to  Vasishtha)  devoted  to  the  glorifica- 
tion of  Siva,  hut  of  very  various  contents,  ritual, 
cosmical,  ethical,  military,  legal,  medical,  rhe- 
torical, grammatical,  taken  largely  from  earlier 
works.  It  is  quite  modern,  and  has  no  legiti- 
mate claim  to  be  regarded  as  a Purana. 

Agnie.  See  Mohawk. 

Agniehronnon.  See  Mohawk. 

Agnoetae  (ag-no-e'te).  [Gr.  ’Ayvor/ra'i,  the  igno- 
rant ones.]  1.  A Christian  sect  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury, which  denied  the  omniscience  of  the  Su- 
premo Being,  maintaining  that  God  knows  the 
past  only  by  memory,  and  the  future  only  by 
inference  from  the  present. — 2.  A sect  of  the 
6th  century,  followers  of  Themistius,  deacon 
of  Alexandria,  who,  on  the  authority  of  Mark 
xiii.  32  (“But  of  that  day  and  that  hour  know- 
eth  no  man,  . . . neither  the  Son,  but  the 


21 

Father”),  held  that  Christ,  as  man,  was  igno- 
rant of  many  things,  and  specifically  of  the 
time  of  the  day  of  judgment.  Also  Agnoitce, 
Agnoites. 

Agnolo  (a'nyo-lo),  Baccio  d’.  Born  at  Florence 
about  1461 : died  1543.  A Florentine  architect. 
Agobard  (F.  pron.  ag-6-biir').  Boru  779:  died 
J une  6,  840.  A Frankish  theologian,  archbishop 
of  Lyons  816. 

Agora  (ag'o-ra),  The.  [Gr.  ayopa,  assembly, 
market-place.]  Alarge  irregular  area  in  Athens, 
entered  beneath  the  northeast  angle  of  the  Colo- 
nus  Ago  rams  hill,  on  which  stands  the  so-called 
* Theseum,  by  the  broad  portico-bordered  Dromos 
street  running  to  the  Dipylon  Gate,  thence  pass- 
ing along  the  base  of  the  “ Theseum”  hill,  and 
extending  one  branch  north  of  the  Areopagus, 
and  another  around  the  western  endof  the  Areo- 
pagus, and  between  the  Pnyx  and  the  Acropolis. 
Tliis  last  portion  was  especially  the  political  agora,  while 
the  portion  north  of  the  Areopagus  was  more  particularly 
the  original  commercial  agora  or  market-place,  embra- 
cingaswell  anumberof  religious  foundations,  thefamous 
porticos,  the  Basil  , ios,  Hleutherios,  and  l'oikile,  and  the 
Bonleuterion  or  senate-house.  The  position  of  the  new 
agora  or  oil-market  is  i xed  by  its  existing  Gate  of  Athena 
Archegetis  : much  of  its  inclosure  also  remains,  south  of 
the  Stoa  of  Hadrian,  and  further  east  than  the  old  agora. 
The  great  Stoa  of  Attalus  If.  undoubtedly  faced  on  part 
of  the  commercial  agora,  and  the  so-called  Stoa  of  the 
giants  is  within  the  area  of  the  agora. 

Agoracritus  (ag-o-rak'ri-tus),  or  Agorakritos 
(-tos).  [Gr.  ’Ayopanoirot;.']  A Greek  sculptor, 
a native  of  Paros,  the  favorite  pupil  of  Phi- 
dias and  the  rival  of  Alcameues.  His  most 
famous  statue  was  a Nemesis,  probably  repre- 
sented by  a little  statue  in  the  Lateran. 
Agordo  (a-gor'do).  A small  town  in  tbo  prov- 
ince of  Belluno,  northern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Cordevole  14  miles  northwest  of  Belluno. 
There  are  important  mines  of  copper  and  other 
minerals  in  the  vicinity. 

Agosta  (a-gos'tii),  L.  Augusta  (a-gus'ta).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Syracuse,  Sicily, 
about  13  miles  north  of  Syracuse,  it  was  over- 
thrown by  an  earthquake  in  1693.  Near  here,  April  22, 
1676,  the  French  fleet  defeated  the  Spanish  and  Dutch. 
Population,  15,317  • commune,  16,102. 

Agostini  (ii-gos-te'ne),  Leonardo.  Born  at 
Siena,  Italy : lived  in  the  17th  century.  An 
Italian  antiquary,  appointed  inspector  of  an- 
tiquities by  Pope  Alexander  VII. : editor  of 
a new  edition  of  Paruta’s  “ Sicilian  Medals,” 
etc. 

Agostini,  Paolo.  Born  at  Vallerano,  Campagna 
Eomana,  Italy,  1593 : died  at  Borne,  1629.  A 
noted  Italian  composer,  chiefly  of  sacred  music, 
maestro  at  the  Vatican  Chapel  (1629). 
Agostino  de  Duccio  (a-gos-te'no  de  do'ehid). 
Born  at  Florence,  .1418:  died  at  Perugia,  1498. 
An  Italian  sculptor,  noted  for  his  reliefs  in 
glazed  terra-cotta.  In  1442  he  made  the  reliefs  on 
the  facade  of  the  Duomo  at  Modena.  From  1446  to  1454 
he  lived  In  Bimini.  From  Bimini  he  went  to  Perugia, 
where  his  beautiful  facade  of  the  church  of  San  Bernar- 
dino, with  its  terra-cottas  and  party-colored  marbles,  forms 
one  of  the  most  charming  examples  of  polychromatic 
architecture  in  Italy. 

Agoult  (fi-go' ),  Comtessed’  (Marie Catherine 
Sophie  de  Flavigny):  pseudonym  Daniel 
Stern.  Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Dec. 
31, 1805 : died  at  Paris,  March  5, 1876.  A French 
writer.  Her  works  include  “Esquisses  morales  et  poli- 
tiques"  (184 J),  “Histoire  de  la  revolution  de  1848”  (1851), 
“ Neiida,”  etc.  She  lived  for  atime  with  T.iszt,  and  of  her 
two  daughters  by  him  one  married  Von  Billow  and  after- 
ward Wagner. 

AgOVJ(a-gou').  Abranchof  theEthiopian  family 
constituting  a large  part  of  the  population  of 
Abyssinia.  They  inhabit  parts  of  Amhara  and 
Tigr6. 

Agra  (a'gra).  1.  A division  of  the  United 
Provinces  of  British  India.  Area,  10,078 
square  miles.  Population,  5,249,542. — 2.  A 
district  of  the  division  of  Agra,  intersected  by 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area,  1,845  square 
miles.  Population,  1,060,528. — 3.  The  capital 
of  the  division  and  district  of  Agra,  situated 
on  the  Jumna  about  lat.  27°  10'  N.,  long. 
78°  E.  It  is  a military,  railway,  and  commercial  center, 
and  exports  cotton,  BUgar,  and  worked  marble.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  Mogul  empire  during  the  last  part  of  the  10th 
and  the  first  part  of  the  17th  century,  and  was  captured 
by  the  British  in  1893.  The  English  in  Agra  were  besieged 
in  the  fort  by  the  mutineers,  July-Oct.,  1857.  Popu- 
lation, including  cantonment,  188,022.  Among  the 
noted  buildings  of  Agra  are : (1)  The  palace  of  Akbar, 
massively  built  of  red  sandstone,  richly  sculptured,  and 
exhibiting  in  its  lintel-construction  the  marks  of  Hindu 
influence  on  the  Indian-Saracenic  style.  (2)  Adjoining 
lies  the  palace  of  Shah  Jehan,  half  a century  later  in  date, 
and  forming  a strong  contrast,  in  its  white  marble  archi- 
tecture, its  dentellated  arcades,  and  its  inlaid  work  of 
arabesques  and  flowers  in  colored  stone.  (3)  The  Pearl 
Mosque,  another  notable  foundation  of  Shah  Jehan.  The 


Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich 

entire  size,  including  the  cloistered  court,  is  only  187  by 
234  feet,  but  the  building  is  a gem  of  Mogul  artistic  de- 
sign and  execution.  (4)  The  tomb  of  ltimad  ud-Daulah, 
built  under  Jahangir,  in  the  early  17th  century.  By  its 
inlaid  work  in  stone,  possibly  of  Italian  derivation,  it 
marks  an  epoch  in  the  Indian-Saracenic  style.  The  ex- 
terior forms  a single  story  with  octagonal  towers  at  the 
angles,  and  is  surmounted  by  a square  central  pavilion 
with  three  arcades  to  a side,  widely  projecting  bracketed 
cornice,  and  a domical  roof.  All  the  openings  of  the 
monument  except  the  central  portal  are  closed  by  marble 
slabs  pierced  in  geometrical  patterns  of  marvelous  deli- 
cacy. (5)  The  Taj-Mahal  (which  see). 

AgYcS  (a'gre).  [Gr.  al  ’Aypa.i.\  A suburb  of  an- 
cient Athens  extending  eastward  from  opposite 
the  temple  of  Olympian  Zeus  over  the  hills  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Ilissus.  In  it  lies  the 
Panathenaic  Stadium. 

Agram  (a/gram),  Slav.  Zagrab  (zag'rab).  1. 
A county  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Croa- 
tia and  Slavonia.  Population,  541,242. — 2.  A 
royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  crownland  of 
Croatia  and  Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated near  the  Save  about  lat.  45°  49'  N.,  long. 
15°  58'  E.  It  has  a trade  in  wine  and  grain,  and  some, 
manufactures,  and  is  the  seat  of  aBornan  Catholic  arch- 
bishopric and  cathedral,  and  of  a university.  The  latter 
was  opened  in  1874,  and  has  about  70  instructors  and  1,300 
students.  It  was  devastated  by  earthquakes  in  1880-81. 
Population,  79,000,  (1910). 

Agramant  (ii'gra-mant).  In  Boiardo’s  “Or- 
lando Innamorato”  and  Ariosto’s  “Orlando 
Furioso,”  the  young  king  of  Africa. 
Agramonte  y Lomaz  (a-gra-mon'te  e lo-e- 
naz'),  Ignacio.  Born  at  Puerto  Principe,  1841 : 
killed  at  the  encounter  of  Jimaguayu,  July  1, 
1873.  A Cuban  revolutionist,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  revolts  cf  18C7  and  1868,  commissioned 
major-general  by  Cespedes.  He  commanded  the 
insurgents  in  Camagiiey,  and  subsequently  their  entire 
force. 

Agraulos.  See  Aglauros. 

Agravaine  (ag'ra-van),  Sir.  In  the  romances 
of  chivalry,  a knight  of  the  Bound  Table,  sur- 
named  L’Orgueilleux  (‘  The  Proud’). 
Agraviados  (a-gra-ve-a'THds).  [Sp.,  ‘the  dis- 
contented.’] In  Spanish  history,  the  adherents 
of  the  Hapsburgs  in  Spain  in  the  18th  century, 
who  opposed  recognition  of  the  Bourbons;  also, 
the  partizans  of  an  unsuccessful  absolutist  out- 
break in  1826-28. 

Agreda  (a-gra'THa).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Soria,  Spain,  about  60  miles  northwest 
of  Saragossa. 

Agreda,  Maria  de.  Bom  at  Agreda,  Spain, 
1602:  died  at  Agreda,  May  24,  1665.  A Spanish 
mystic,  abbess  of  the  convent  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  at  Agreda.  She  wrote  a life  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,  the  contents  of  which  she  asserted  had 
been  revealed  to  her.  It  was  characterized  by  Bossuet 
as  indecent,  and  was  censured  by  the  Sorbonne. 

Agreeable  Surprise,  The.  A farce  by  O’Keefe, 
produced  in  1781.  It  contains  some  peculiarly 
felicitous  blunders  in  situation  and  character. 
A-Green.  See  George-a-Green. 

Agrib  (a'greb),  or  Jebel  Ghareb  (jeb'el  gha'- 
reb).  A mountain  in  middle  Egypt,  lat.  28° 
12'  N.,  long.  32°  42'  E.,  about  5,300  feet  high. 
Also  Agreeb,  Agarrib,  Jebel  Khareeb,  etc. 
Agricane  (a-gre-ka'ne).  In  Boiardo’s  “Orlando 
Innamorato,”  a king  of  Tatary  who  is  in  com- 
mand of  an  enormous  army,  but  is  killed  by 
Orlando  in  single  combat. 

Agricola  (a-grik'o-lji),  Christoph  Ludwig. 
Born  at  Batisbon,  Nov.  5, 1667:  died  there,  1719. 
A German  landscape-  and  portrait-painter. 
Agricola,  Cnasus  Julius.  Born  at  Forum  Julii 
(Fr6jus),  June  13,  a.  D.  37 : died  at  Borne,  Aug. 
23,  a.  d.  93.  A Boman  soldier  and  statesman,  son 
of  the  senator  Julius  Grascinas,  and  the  father- 
in-law  of  Tacitus.  He  served'first  under  Suetonius 
Paulinus  in  Britain  ; in  C3  was  appointed  qusestor  in  Asia 
under  the  proconsul  Salvius  Titianus;  in  70  was  raised  by 
Vespasian  to  the  command  of  the  20th  legion  in  Britain ; 
and  from  74  to  73  was  governor  of  the  province  of  A qui- 
tania.  On  his  recall  he  was  elected  consul  and  assigned 
the  province  of  Southern  Britain.  In  seven  campaigns 
from  78  to  84  he  pacified  the  rest  of  Britain  as  far  as  the 
northern  boundary  of  berth  and  Argyll.  He  was  recalled 
to  Borne  in  84. 

Agricola  (originally  Bauer),  Georg.  Born  at 
Glauchau,  Saxony , March  24, 1490 : died  at  Chem- 
nitz, Saxony,  Nov.  21,  1555.  A German  min- 
eralogist, an tii or  of  a treatise  on  metallurgy, 
“De  re  metallica”  (1530),  etc. 

Agricola  (originally  Schnitter),  Johann.  Born 
at  Eislehen,  Germany,  Aoril  20,  1492 : died  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  22,  1566.  A German  Protestant 
theologian  and  reformer,  preacher  in  Eislehen, 
professor  in  Wittenberg,  and  later  court  preach- 
er in  Berlin.  He  was  a leader  of  the  Antinomians.  He 
published  various  theological  works,  and  a collection  of 
German  proverbs  (1529-48). 

Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich.  Born  at  Dobit- 


Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich 

echen,  Saxe-Altenburg,  Jan.  4,  1720:  died  at 
Berlin,  Nov.  12,  1774.  A German  organist  and 
composer,  director  of  the  Royal  Chapel  at  Ber- 
lin 1759-74. 

Agricola  (originally  Sohr  or  Sore),  Martin. 

Born  at  Sorau,  Brandenburg,  about  1486: 
died  at  Magdeburg,  June  10,  1556.  A German 
musician  and  writer  on  music,  musical  director 
at  Magdeburg,  notable  for  his  attempt  to  im- 
prove musical  notation : author  of  “Ein  Kurtz 
deutsche  Musica”  (1528),  “Musiea  instrumen- 
talis  deudsch  ” (1529),  etc. 

Agricola,  Rodolphus  (Roelof  Huysmann). 
Born  at  Baflo,  near  Groningen,  in  1443:  died 
at  Heidelberg  in  1485.  A Dutch  scholar, 
painter,  and  musician,  lecturer  on  Greek  and 
Roman  literature  at  Worms  and  Heidelberg 
after  1482.  He  was  an  influential  promotor  of  classi- 
cal studies.  His  principal  work  is  a treatise  “ De  Inven- 
tione  Dialectica." 

Agri  Decumates.  See  Decumates  Agri. 
Agrigentum  (ag-ri-jen'tum).  The  ancient 
name  of  Girgenti : the  Greek  Akragas  CAnpayag). 

It  was  founded  by  colonists  from  Gela  about  582  B.  C..  In 
the  middle  of  the  6th  century  B.  c.  it  was  ruled  by  the  tyrant 
Phalaris:  afterward  its  government  was  in  turn  oligarchic 
and  republican.  It  was  most  flourishing  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c.,  when  it  was  a great  commercial  center,  with 
nearly  1,000,000  (?)  inhabitants.  In  406  B.  c.  it  was  plun- 
dered by  Carthage,  and  was  rebuilt  and  received  a Syra- 
cusan colony.  In  the  Punic  wars  it  sided  with  Carthage, 
and  was  eventually  annexed  by  Rome,  and  became  of  little 
importance.  For  its  later  history  and  ruins,  see  Girgenti. 

Agrippa  (a-grip'a), Cornelius  Heinrich  (called 
Agrippa  of  Nettesheira).  Born  at  Cologne, 
Prussia,  Sept.  14,  1486:  died  at  Grenoble, 
France,  Feb.  18,  1535.  A German  philosopher 
and  student  of  alchemy  and  magic,  author  of 
“ De  incertitudine  et  vanitate  scientiarum” 
(1527),  “De  occulta  philosophia”  (1510),  etc. 
Agrippa  I.,  Herod.  Bom  about  11  b.  c.:  died 
at  Catsarea,  Palestine,  44  A.  D.  A grandson 
of  Herod  the  Great,  appointed  king  over  the 
tetrarchies  of  northeastern  Palestine,  37  A.  d., 
and  in  41  A.  D.  over  Judea  also.  He  persecuted 
the  Christians,  44  A.  I>.  (Acts  xii.),  and  is  said  to  have 
died  in  a horrible  manner.  Acts  xii.  23. 

Agrippa  II.,  Herod.  Born  about  27  a.  d.: 
died  at  Rome,  100.  Son  of  Herod  Agrippa  I., 

made  prince  of  Chalcis  48  A.  D.,  and  king  over 
northern  Palestine  in  52.  He  sided  with  the  Romans 
in  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  before  him  that 
Paul  was  brought. 

Agrippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius.  Born  at  Rome, 
63  B.  c. : died  in  Campania,  12  B.  C.  A Roman 
commander,  of  obscure  origin,  the  leading 
statesman  of  the  reign  of  Augustus.  He  served 
under  Octavius  in  the  Perusinian  war,  and  in  Gaul  and 
Germany  ; defeated  Sextus  Pompey  atMylfeandNaulochus 
36  b.  C.;  was  consul  37,  and  sedile  33 ; served  at  Actium 
31 ; dedicated  the  Pantheon  27  ; was  governor  of  Syria  17 ; 
and  was  tribune  with  Augustus  18-13  B.  c.  He  was  tho 
father  of  Vipsania,  first  wife  of  Tiberius  and  mother  of 
lirusus.  His  third  wife  was  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Au- 
gustus and  widow  of  Marcellus. 

Agrippa,  Menenius.  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “ Coriolanus.” 

Agrippa  Postumus.  Born  12  b.  c.  : died  14 
A.  D.  A posthumous  son  of  Marcus  Vipsanius 
Agrippa  by  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus, 
adopted  by  Augustus  in  4 B.  c.,  and  murdered  in 
prison  on  the  accession  of  Tiberius,  probably  by 
the  order  of  Livia. 

Agrippina  (ag-ri-pi'na).  Born  about  13  b.  c. : 
died  at  Pandataria,  near  Naples,  33  a.  d.  The 
youngest  daughter  of  Marcus  Vipsanius  Agrippa 
and  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus:  wife  of 
Germanicus  and  mother  of  Caligula,  she  in- 
curred  the  hatred  of  Tiberius  and  Sejanus,  and  by  them 
was  banished  to  Pandataria,  where  she  died  of  voluntary 
starvation.  She  was  a woman  of  lofty  character. 
Agrippina,  Julia.  Born  at  Oppidum  Ubiorum 
(named  for  her  Colonia  Agrippina,  the  modern 
Cologne),  about  15  a.  d.  : put  to  death  at  the 
Lucrine  Lake,  near  Baiae,  60  or  59.  A daughter 
of  Germanicus  and  Agrippina,  and  wife  of 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus  by  whom  she  was 
mother  of  Nero.  Later  she  married  CrispusPassienus, 
and,  49  a.  D.,  Claudius  whom  she  poisoned  54  a.d.  She  was 
a woman  of  scandalous  life  (according  to  ancient  authori- 
ties) and  unbounded  ambition  and  had  great  influence  in 
the  early  part  of  Nero’s  reign  : but  she  was  murdered  by 
his  order.  There  is  a portrait-statue  of  her  in  Naples. 
Agtelek  (og'te-lek).  A village  in  the  county 
of  Gomor,  Hungary,  noted  for  its  cavern  (or 
Baradla),  which  is,  after  the  Adelsberg,  the 
largest  stalactite  grotto  in  Europe. 

Agu  (a-go'),  or  Aku  (a-ko').  An  old  Chaldean 
name  of  the  moon-god ; in  later  Babylonian  and 
Assyrian,  Sin  (which  see). 

Agua  (a'gwa),  or  Volcan  de  Agua.  [Sp.,  ‘ vol- 
cano of  water.’]  A conical  mountain  25  miles 
southwest  of  Guatemala,  12,197  feet  high.  It 


22 

discharges  water,  and  destroyed  old  Guatemala 

★ by  floods,  Sept.  8,  1541. 

Aguadilla  (a-gwa-THel'ya).  A seaport  at  the 
northwestern  extremity  of  Porto  Rico.  Popu- 
lation, 6,135,  (1910). 

Aguado  (a-gwa'THo),  Juan  de.  A Spaniard  who 
accompanied  Columbus  on  his  second  voyage 
to  America  (1493),  returned  to  Spain  next  year 
and  was  made  royal  commissioner  to  investi- 
gate the  affairs  of  Hispaniola,  He  arrived  there 
in  Oct.,  1495,  and  returned  to  Spain  1496.  Nothing  is 
known  of  his  previous  or  subsequent  history. 

Agua  Fria  (a'gwa  fre'a)  Creek.  A tributary 
of  the  Gila  River  in  Arizona. 

Aguas  Calientes  (a'gwas  ka-le-an'tes).  [Sp., 

‘ hot  springs.’]  A state  of  Mexico,  bounded  by 
Zacatecas  on  the  west,  north,  and  east,  and  by 
Jalisco  on  the  south  and  southeast.  Area, 
2,951  square  miles.  Population,  118,978,  (1910). 

Aguas  Calientes.  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
the  same  name,  about  lat.  21°  53'  N.,  long. 
102°  17'  W.  There  are  hot  springs  in  the  vicinity 
(whence  the  name).  Population,  about  40,000. 

Ague-Cheek  (a'gu-chek),  Sir  Andrew.  A 

character  in  Shakspere’s  comedy  “Twelfth 
Night,”  a timid,  silly  but  amusing  country 
squire. 

Agiiero  (a-go-a'ro),  Cristobal.  Born  in  San 
Luis  de  la  Paz,  Michoacan,  1600 : date  of  death 
not  recorded.  A Mexican  Dominican  mission- 
ary, who  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  labor- 
ing among  the  Zapotec-an  Indians.  He  left 
several  works  on  their  language. 

Agiiero,  Joaquin  de.  Born  at  Puerto  Principe, 
Nov.  15,  1816:  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1851.  A 
Cuban  revolutionist.  He  was  a planter  of  moderate 
fortune  and  exalted  ideas.  In  1843  he  freed  his  slaves  and 
took  measures  to  have  them  educated.  Later  he  endea- 
vored to  bring  white  immigrants  to  Cuba.  After  engaging 
in  the  insurrection  of  1851,  he  was  captured  and  shot. 

Agiiero,  Jose  Riva.  See  Riva  Agiiero , Jos6. 

Aguesseau  (a-ge-so'),  Henri  Francois  d’, 
or  Daguesseau.  Born  at  Limoges,  France, 
Nov.  27,  1668:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  9,  1751.  A 
French  jurist,  chancellor  of  France  1717-22  and 
1737-50.  His  complete  works  were  published 
1759-89. 

Aguilar  (a-ge-lar'),  Grace.  Born  at  London, 
June,  1816:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
Sept.  16, 1847.  An  English  novelist  and  writer 
on  Jewish  history.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Jewish  parents. 

Aguilar,  Manuel.  Born  in  Costa  Rica  about 
1800 : died  at  Guatemala,  June  6, 1846.  A Cen- 
tral American  statesman.  He  occupied  various 
public  posts  in  Costa  Rica,  represented  that  state  in  the 
Assembly  of  1828,  and  was  elected  president  April  7, 1837. 
He  was  deposed  by  Carrillo,  May,  1838. 

Aguilar  de  la.  Frontera  (a-ge-lar'  da  la  fron- 

ta'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of  Cordova, 
Spain.  26  miles  southeast  of  Cordova.  Popu- 
lation, 13,236. 

Aguilas  (ii'ge-las),  or  San  Juan  de  las  Agui- 

las  (san  Hwan  da  las  a'ge-las).  A seaport  in 
the  province  of  Murcia,  Spain,  48  miles  south- 
west of  Murcia.  It  exports  lead,  esparto-grass, 
and  soda.  Population,  15,868. 

Aguilera  (a-ge-la'ra),  Francisco  Xavier.  Born 
at  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  about  1775 : died  at 
Valle  Grande,  Nov.  23,  1828.  A royalist  guer- 
rilla chief  of  Chareas  (Bolivia),  notorious  for 
his  cruelty.  He  received  a commission  as  brigadier- 
general,  and  for  a time  was  military  commandant  of  Santa 
Cruz.  In  1828,  with  a small  force* he  captured  a Spanish 
post,  and  proclaimed  Ferdinand  VII.  as  king.  He  was 
soon  captured  and  shot. 

Aguinaldo  (a-ge-nal'do),  Emilio.  Born  about 
1868.  A Filipino  leader  of  mixed  European 
and  native  descent.  He  took  a leading  part  in  the 
rebellion  against  Spain  1896-98.  In  January  of  the  latter 
year  he  left  the  Philippines,  agreeing  not  to  return.  After 
the  battle  of  Manila,  May  I,  1898,  he  returned  with  the 
consent  of  the  American  authorities  and  established  a 
native  government,  of  which  he  became  the  head,  and 
collected  an  army.  On  Feb.  4,  1899,  he  began  hostilities 
against  the  American  forces  occupying  Manila.  He  was 
captured  in  March,  1901. 

Aguirre  (a-ger'ra),  Josef  Saenz  de.  Born  at 
Logrono,  Spain,  March  24, 1630:  died  at  Rome, 
Aug.  19,  1699.  A Spanish  cardinal  and  theo- 
logian, author  of  “Defensio  cathedra;  S.  Pe- 
tri,” etc.  (1682),  “Collectio  maxima  Concilio- 
rum”  (1693),  “ Theologia  S.  Anselmi,”  etc. 

Aguirre,  Lope  de.  Born  at  Onate,  Asturias, 
about  1508:  shot  Oct.  27, 1561.  A Spanish  ad- 
venturer who  early  in  life  drifted  to  America, 
and  for  twenty  years  led  such  a scandalous  life 
in  Peru  that  he  was  known  as  “Aguirre  the 
madman.”  He  was  engaged  in  several  rebellions,  was 
outlawed,  and  joined  the  expedition  of  Pedro  de  Ursua  in 
search  of  El  Dorado  and  the  kingdom  of  the  Omaguas  on 
the  upper  Amazon  (1559).  Ursua  and  his  lieutenant  Var- 


Ahava 

gas  were  murdered  by  Aguirre  and  others  at  Machiparo, 
near  the  present  site  of  Tabatinga  on  the  upper  Amazon, 
Jan.  1,  1561,  and  Fernando  de  Guzman  (whom  Aguirre 
afterward  murdered)  was  made  general  with  Aguirre  as 
his  lieutenant.  From  this  time  the  expedition  became  a 
piratical  cruise  so  wild  that  it  bordered  on  insanity.  The 
band  declared  themselves  rebels,  or  maranones,  and  pro- 
ceeded down  the  Amazon,  plundering  Indian  villages, 
fighting  with  one  another,  and  committing  every  horrible 
crime,  reaching  the  island  of  Margarita  July  20,  1561. 
There  Aguirre  murdered  the  governor  and  others,  robbed 
the  royal  treasury,  and  then  made  a descent  on  the  main- 
land of  Venezuela.  He  was  captured  at  Barquisimeto, 
and  shot  by  his  own  maranones. 

Agulhas  (a-go'lyas),  Cape.  The  southern- 
most point  of  Africa,  in  lat.  34°  50'  S.,  long.  20° 
1'  E.,  100  miles  southeast  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

Agustfn  (a-gos-ten')  I.  The  title  of  Iturbide, 
emperor  of  Mexico.  See  Iturbide. 

Agustina  (a-gos-te'na).  Died  at  Cueta,  Spain, 
June,  1857.  The  “ Maid  of  Saragossa,”  noted 
for  her  bravery  in  the  defense  of  that  citv, 
1808-09. 

Agyia  (a-ji'yii).  A town  in  Thessaly,  Greece, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ossa.  Population, 
2,806. 

Ahab  (a'hab).  [Heb.  Achab  (Gr.  Aj-ad/3),  fa- 
ther’s brother.]  King  of  Israel,  according  to 
the  traditional  reckoning,  918-896  b.  c.,  but 
according  to  some  scholars  876-854  B.  c. : the 
son  and  successor  of  Omri.  He  married  Jezebel, 
daughter  of  Ethbaal,  king  of  Tyre,  and  permitted  the  wor- 
ship of  Baal  and  Astarte  in  Samaria,  alongside  of  that  of 
Yahveh.  By  this,  as  well  as  by  his  luxury  and  wicked- 
ness in  the  matter  of  Naboth’s  vineyard,  he  provoked 
the  anger  of  the  prophets,  more  especially  of  Elijah.  He 
engaged  in  a war  with  Benhadad  of  Damascus,  whom  he 
defeated  in  liis  second  campaign,  hut  whose  life  he  spared. 
No  reason  for  this  is  given  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  the 
act  was  denounced  by  the  prophets.  The  reason  of  this 
act  is  found  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  where  we  find 
that  Shalmanezer  II.  in  854  B.  c.  fought  with  the  kings  of 
Damascus,  Hamath,  and  with  Ahabbu  Sirlaa  who  i3 
identified  by  most  scholars  with  Ahab  of  Israel.  The 
presence  of  the  common  enemy  Assyria  no  doubt  induced 
Ahab  to  make  peace  with  Benhadad  of  Damascus.  After 
the  disappearance  of  danger  from  Assyria  he  made  an 
alliance  with  Jehosaphat,  king  of  Judah,  and  carried  on 
another  campaign  against  Damascus,  but  was  killed  in  a 
battle  at  Ramoth  Gilead.  The  Old  Testament  contains 
considerable  information  concerning  this  period,  which 
is  supplemented  by  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  and  the 
Moabite  stone.  Ahab  continued  Samaria  as  the  capital  of 
Israel,  but  dwelt  in  Jezreel,  which  he  greatly  beautified. 

Ahaggar  (a -hag 'gar).  A large  plateau  and 
mountainous  region  in  Sahara,  intersected  by 
lat.  23°-24°  N.,  long.  5°-6°  E.  The  chief  place 
in  it  is  Ideles. 

Ahala  (a-ha'la),  Cneius  Servilius  Structus. 

A Roman  patrician,  master  of  the  horse  439 
B.  C.  (according  to  the  common  chronology), 
and  slayer  of  the  popular  leader  Spurius  Maslius. 

Ahalya  (a-hal'ya).  In  Hindu  legend,  the  wife 
of  the  Rishi  Gautama,  and  very  beautiful : ac- 
cording to  the  Ramayana  the  first  woman 
made  by  Brahma  and  given  by  him  to  Gautama. 
She  was  seduced  by  India.  Gautama  expelled  Ahalya 
from  his  hermitage  and  deprived  her  of  her  preeminent 
beauty  or,  as  others  state,  made  her  invisible.  Rama  re- 
stored her  to  her  natural  state  and  reconciled  her  to  her 
husband.  Kumarila  Bhatta  explains  this  seduction  as  In- 
dra’s  (the  sun’s)  carrying  away  the  shade  of  night. 

Ahanta  (a-han'ta).  A district  on  the  Gold 
Coast  of  Africa,  about  long.  2°-3°  W. 

Ahantchuyuk  (a-hant'cho-yok).  A division 
of  the  Kalapooian  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, on  and  about  Pudding  River,  Ore- 
gon. The  name  was  applied  to  them  by  the  Calapooya. 
See  Kalapooian.  Also  called  Fra.ch  Prairie  Indians, 
and  Pudding  Paver  Indians. 

Ahasuerus  (a-liaz-u-e'rus).  [Heb.  Aliashve- 
rosb,  Pers.  Khschjdrsha  (‘mighty’  and  ‘eye’?).] 
Xerxes,  who  ruled  486-465  B.  C.,  mentioned  in 
Ezra  iv.  6 and  throughout  the  book  of  Esther. 
The  Ahasuerus  of  the  book  of  Daniel  (ix.  1),  who  is  called 
the  father  of  Darius  the  Mede,  cannot  have  been  Xerxes; 
he  has  been  variously  identified  with  Astyages  and  Cy- 
axeres.  See  Xerxes. 

Ahasuerus.  1 . A name  given  to  the  legendary 
“Wandering  Jew”  (which  see). — 2.  A prose 
drama  by  Edgar  Quinet,  published  in  1833, 
founded  on  the  legend  of  the  Wandering  Jew. 

Ahaus  (a'hous).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  about  28  miles  north- 
west of  Munster. 

Ahausen  (ii'hou-zen),  or  Auhausen  (ou'hou- 
zen).  A village  in  Bavaria,  12  miles  northeast 
of  Nordlingen.  Here  the  Protestant  Union  was 
formed  under  the  lead  of  the  elector  Frederick 
IV.  of  the  Palatinate  in  1608. 

Ahausaht  (a'hou-siit),  or  Ahowsaht.  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  on  Clayoquaht 
Sound,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia, 
numberiner  273.  See  Alit. 

Ahava  (aTia-va).  The  name  of  a place  and 
river  or  canal  in  Babylon  at  which  the  Jews 


Ahava 

who  formed  the  second  expedition  which  re- 
turned to  Jerusalem  with  Ezra  assembled.  Its 
exact  location  is  unknown.  Ezra  viii.  15. 
Ahaz  (a'haz).  [Iieb.,  “possessor.’]  King  of 
Judah,  according  to  some  735-715  b.  c.,  accord- 
ing to  others  734-728  or  742-727  B.  C.  The  last  date 

seems  most  probable.  He  was  a contemporary  of  the 
prophet  Isaiah.  On  his  accession  to  the  throne,  which 
took  place  in  his  youth,  Rezin,  king  of  Syria,  and  Pekali, 
king  of  Israel,  formed  a conspiracy  against  him.  Contrary 
to  the  advice  of  Isaiah  he  sought  the  assistance  of  the 
Assyrian  king,  to  whom  he  paid  homage  and  tribute. 
This  latter  fact  is  mentioned  both  in  the  Bible  and  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions.  In  the  latter  he  is  called  lauhazi , 
which  would  indicate  that  his  name  is  shortened  from 
Joahaz.  His  tribute  to  Assyria  had  the  desired  result, 
Tiglath  Pileser  attacking  Rezin  and  Pekah.  This  policy 
culminated  in  the  entire  destruction  of  the  kingdom  of 
Israel.  Ahaz  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Hezekiah. 
Ahaziah  (a-ha-zi'a).  [Heb.,  ‘sustained  by 
Yahveh.’]  Son  of  "Ahab  and  king  of  Israel 
853-851  B.  C.  (896-894?). 

Ahaziah.  Son  of  Jehoram  and  Athaliah,  and 
king  of  Judah  844-843  b.  c.  (885-884?). 
Ahenobarbus  (a-he-no-bar'bus).  A plebeian 
family  of  Rome,  gens  Domitia,  to  which  the 
emperor  Nero  belonged. 

Ahijah  (a-hi'ja),  or  Ahiah  (a-hi'a).  [Heb., 
‘brother  of  Yahveh.’]  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, the  name  of  several  persons,  of  whom  the 
most  notable  was  a son  of  Ahitub  and  high 
priest  in  the  reign  of  Saul  (1  Sam.  xiv.  3,  18) : 
probably  the  same  as  Ahimelech,  who  was 
high  priest  at  Nob,  and  was  killed  by  Saul  for 
assisting  David. 

Ahimaaz  (a-him'a-az).  [Heb.,  ‘brother  of 
anger.’]  1.  The  father  of  Ahinoam,  wife  of 
Saul.  1 Sam.  xiv.  50. — 2.  A high  pi-iest,  the  son 
and  successor  of  Zadok.  He  distinguished  himself 
by  his  services  to  King  David  during  the  revolt  of  Ab- 
salom. 2 Sam.  xv.  xviii. 

Ahimelech  (a-him'e-lek).  [Heb.,  ‘brother  of 
the  king.’  Compare  Assyrian  Ahi-milki,  ‘bro- 
ther of  counsel.’]  1.  Priest  of  Nob,  father  of 
Abiathar,  the  friend  of  David.  He  gave  to  David, 
who  was  fleeing  from  Saul,  the  sacred  bread  and  the  sword 
of  Goliath  from  the  tabernacle.  For  this  Saul  slew  him. 
2.  Son  of  Abiathar,  a priest  in  David’s  time: 
grandson  of  the  priest  of  Nob.  Called  Abim- 
elech,  1 Chr.  xviii.  16. 

Ahithophel  (a-hith'o-fel).  [Heb.  ‘brother  of 
folly,’  that  is,  ‘foolish.’]  1.  A Hebrew  poli- 
tician, counselor  of  King  David  and,  later,  of 
Absalom  in  his  revolt  against  his  father.  He 
was  famous  for  his  political  wisdom,  and  his  defection 
caused  David  great  apprehension.  His  advice,  however, 
was  rejected  by  Absalom,  and  he  thereupon  retired  to 
his  home,  set  his  affairs  in  order,  and  hanged  himself. 
Thought  to  be  the  grandfather  of  Bathsheba. 

2.  A character  in  Dryden’s  poem  “Absalom 
and  Achitophel,”  intended  to  represent  the 
Earl  of  Shaftesbury  who  was  called  by  this 
name  by  his  contemporaries:  a treacherous 
friend  and  adviser.  Also  Acliitopliel. 

Ahlden  (al'den).  A small  town  27  miles  north 
of  Hanover.  Princess  Sophia  Dorothea,  wife 
of  George  I.  of  England,  was  kept  here  as 
prisoner,  1694-1726. 

Ahlefeld  (a'le-felt),  Frau  von  (Charlotte 
Sophie  Luise  Wilhelmine  von  Seebach): 
pseudonym  Elisa  Selbig.  Born  at  Stedten, 
near  Erfurt,  Germany,  Dec.  6,  1781 : died  at 
Teplitz,  Bohemia,  July  27,  1849.  A German 
writer  of  sentimental  novels. 

Ahlefeldt  (a'le-felt),  Countess  Eliza  Davidia 
Margaretha  von.  Born  in  Langeland,  Den- 
mark, Nov.  17,  1790:  died  at  Berlin,  March  20, 
1855.  A German  woman,  wife  of  Major  von  Liit- 
zow  (1810),  from  whom  she  was  separated  (1824), 
living  then,  for  a time,  with  the  author  Immer- 
mann.  She  was  noted  for  her  patriotism  (she  accom- 
panied her  husband  to  the  field  and  cared  for  the  wounded, 
1813-14)  and  her  love  of  literature. 

Ahlheide  (al'hi-de).  A sterile  plain  in  the 
central  part  of  Jutland,  Denmark. 

Ahlquist  (al'kvist),  August  Engelbert.  Born 
at  Kuopio,  Finland,  Aug.  7, 1826 : died  Nov.  20, 
1889.  A Finnish  philologist,  poet,  and  traveler 
in  Russia  and  Siberia,  appointed  in  1862  pro- 
fessor of  the  Finnish  language  and  literature  at 
Helsingfors. 

Ahlwardt  (al'vart),  Christian  Wilhelm.  Bom 

at  Greifswald,  Prussia,  Nov.  23,  1760:  died 
there,  April  12,  1830.  A German  philologist, 
rector  successively  of  several  public  schools, 
and  later  professor  of  ancient  literature  at  the 
University  of  Greifswald.  His  work  was  chiefly 
upon  the  Greek  poets  (edited  Pindar,  1820). 
Ahlwardt,  Theodor  Wilhelm.  Born  July  4, 
1828 : died  Nov.  1,  1909.  A German  orien- 
talist, son  of  Christian  Wilhelm  Ahlwardt,  pro- 


23 

fessor  of  oriental  languages  at  the  University 
of  Greifswald.  His  chief  work  is  the  “Verzeichnis 
der  arabischen  Handschriften  der  koniglichen  Bibliothek 
zu  Berlin  " (1887-99 : 10  vols./. 

Ahmed.  See  Achmet. 

Ahmedabad  (a-med-ii-bad'),  or  Ahmadabad 

(a-mad-a-bad').  A district  in  Bombay,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  72°  E. 
Its  area  is  3,816  square  miles.  Population, 
795,967. 

Ahmedabad.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Ahmedabad,  situated  on  the  Sabarmati  in  lat. 
23°  N.,  long.  72°  35'  E.,  formerly  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  important  cities  of  India,  it 
was  captured  by  the  British  in  1780,  and  was  ceded  to 
them  in  1818.  The  Jumma  Musjid  of  Ahmedabad,  built  by 
Ahmed  Shah  in  the  early  15th  century,  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  mosques.  The  gross  dimensions  are  382  by  258 
feet,  three  sides  of  the  court  being  surrounded  by  a colon- 
naded gallery,  and  the  sanctuary,  95  feet  deep,  occupying 
one  end.  The  sanctuary  contains  200  columns,  which 
support  three  rows  each  of  five  domes,  the  central  one  of 
which  is  the  largest  and  highest,  and  is  flanked  by  two 
which  are  higher  than  the  other  twelve.  The  front  toward 
the  court  is  formed  by  a fine  screen,  with  three  noble 
pointed  arches,  flanked  on  each  side  by  a lower  arcade. 
Population,  including  cantonment,  185,889. 

Ahmednagar,  or  Ahmednuggur  (ii-med-nug'- 
er).  A district  in  Bombay,  British  India,  about 
lat.  18°  20'-19°  59'  N.,  long.  73°37'-75°  41'  E. 
Ahmednagar,  or  Ahmednuggur.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Ahmednagar,  about  lat.  19° 
5'  N.,  long.  74°  55'  E.,  formerly  an  important 
city  of  Aurangabad.  It  surrendered  to  the  British 
under  Wellington  in  1803.  Population,  42,032. 

Ahmedpur  (a-med-por'),  East.  A town  in  the 
state  of  Bahawalpur,  India.  Population,  9,928. 
Ahmes.  See  Aahmes. 

Ahn  (an),  Johann  Franz.  Born  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Prussia,  Dec.  15, 1796:  died  at  Neuss, 
Prussia,  Aug.  21,  1865.  A German  teacher  (at 
Aix-la-Chapelle  and  later  (1843-63)  at  Neuss) 
and  grammarian,  noted  for  his  methods  of 
teaching  the  modern  languages.  He  published 
“The  Poetry  of  Germany"  (1859),  and  English,  French, 
German,  Dutch,  and  Italian  grammars. 

Ahnen  (a'nen),  Die.  [G.,‘the  ancestors.’]  A 
series  of  historical  romances  by  Gustav  Frey- 
tag,  illustrating  German  history  (published 
1870-80).  it  comprises  “Ingo  und  Ingraban,”  “Das 
Nest  der  Zaunkonige,”  “Die  Briider  voni  deutschen 
Hause,”  “Markus  Konig,”  “Die  Geschwister,”  and  “Aus 
einer  kleinen  Stadt.” 

Ahnfeld  (an'felt),  Arvid  Wolfgang  Nathan- 
ael. Born  Aug.  16, 1845 : died  Feb.  17, 1890.  A 
Swedish  journalist,  author  of  a “History  of 
the  Literature  of  the  World”  (1874-76),  and 
other  encyclopedic  works. 

Aholibamah  (a-liol-i-ba'ma).  [Heb.,  ‘tent  of 
the  high  place.’]  1.  One  of  the  wives  of 
Esau ; also,  the  name  of  an  Edomite  tribe. — 2. 
A character  in  Byron’s  “ Heaven  and  Earth,” 
the  proud,  ambitious  granddaughter  of  Cain. 
Ahome  (ii-ho'ma).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the  Piman 
stock  in  Sinaloa.  They  have  been  almost  completely 
Mexicanized,  but  the  language  still  is  occasionally  heard. 

Ahowsaht.  See  Ahausaht. 

Ahr  (ar).  A river  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prus- 
sia, about  55  miles  long,  which  joins  the  Rhine 
at  Sinzig  (above  Bonn).  On  its  banks  are  pro- 
duced the  noted  Ahr  wines. 

Ahrens  (a'rens),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Knie- 
stedt,  near  Salzgitter,  Prussia,  1808:  died  at 
Salzgitter,  Aug.  2,  1874.  A German  philosoph- 
ical writer  and  jurist,  professor  at  Brussels 
1834-50,  at  Gratz  1850-59,  and  at  Leipsic  1859. 
He  wrote  “Cours  de  psychologie  ” (1837-38),  “Cours  de 
droit  naturel”  (1838),  “Die  Rechtsphilosophie  ” (1851), 
“Die  organische  Staatslehre ’’  (1850),  “Naturrecht”  (1870— 
1871),  “ Juristische  Encyklopadie  ” (1855-57),  etc. 
Ahrens,  Heinrich  Ludolph.  Born  at  Helm- 
stedt,  June  6, 1809  : died  at  Hanover,  Sept.  24, 
1881.  A German  philologist,  noted  as  a student 
of  the  Greek  dialects. 

Ahriman  (a'ri-man).  See  Angra  Mainyu. 
Ahrweiler  (ar'vi-ler).  A small  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ahr 
20  miles  south  by  east  of  Cologne.  Its  chief 
industry  is  the  making  of  wine. 

Aht  (at).  A division  of  the  Wakashan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  comprising  22  tribes, 
dwelling  chiefly  on  the  west  coast  of  Vancou- 
ver Island,  British  Columbia,  one  tribe  being 
near  Cape  Flattery,  Washington.  The  principal 
tribes  of  this  division  are  Nitinaht,  Tlaasaht  or  Makah, 
Tlaokwiaht  or  Olahoquaht,  Ahausaht,  Moatcaht  or  Nootka 
proper,  and  Ehatishaht.  They  number  about  3,000.  See 
W alcashan. 

Ahtena  (a'te-nii),  or  Atna  (iit'nii).  A tribe  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  sometimes  called 
Copper  Indians,  from  their  habitat  on  the  Atna 
or  Copper  River,  Alaska.  See  Athapascan. 


Aidin 

Ahuizotl,  or  Ahuitzotl  (a-ho'i-tsotl).  The 
chief  or  ‘king’  of  Tenochtitlan  (Mexico)  from 
1486  until  his  death  in  1502.  He  made  war  on  the 
Zapotecas,  subdued  rebels  in  Tlacopan,  and  sacrificed  an 
immense  number  of  captives  to  celebrate  his  completion 
of  the  great  Aztec  temple.  He  also  built  an  aqueduct 
from  Chapultepec  to  the  lake  of  Tezcuco,  with  the  object 
of  raising  the  waters,  but  the  result  was  a disastrous  Hood. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Montezuma  II. 

Ahumada  (a-o-ma'THa),  Duke  of  (Pedro  Gi- 
ron, Marques  de  las  Amarillas).  Born  at  San 
Sebastian,  1788:  died  at  Madrid,  May  17, 1842. 
A Spanish  politician  and  general,  chief  of  the 
general  staff  of  the  Spanish  army  in  the  war  of 
independence,  minister  of  war  for  a short  time 
in  1820,  member  of  the  regency  during  the 
minority  of  Isabella,  and  again  minister  of  war 
in  1835. 

Ahumada  y Villalon  (a-o-ma'THa  e vel-ya- 
lon'),  Agustin  de,  Marques  de  las  Amarillas. 
Bom  about  1700:  died  in  Mdxico  City,  Feb.  6, 
1760.  A Spanish  general  and  administrator. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Italian  and  Peninsular 
wars,  and  from  Nov.  10, 1755,  was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

Ahura  Mazda  (a-ho'ra  maz'da).  [‘The  Wise 
Lord’:  the  modern  Persian  Ormazd .]  The 
Good  Spirit  in  the  dual  system  of  Zoroaster. 
Angra  Mainyu,  ‘the  Spiritual  Enemy’  (Persian  Ahriman), 
also  called  Druj,  ‘deceit,’  is  in  eternal  conflict  with  him. 
Both  have  existed  from  the  beginning  of  the  world.  Ahura 
Mazda  will,  however,  ultimately  triumph  and  the  good 
kingdom,  vohukhshathra,  be  established. 

Ahwaste  (a-was'te).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  formerly  dwelling  on  San  Fran- 
cisco bay,  California.  See  Costanoan. 

Akwaz  (ah-waz').  A village  in  the  province  of 
Khuzistan,  Persia,  situated  on  the  Karim  about 
lat.  31°  12'  N.,  long.  48°  45'  E.,  an  ancient  resi- 
dence of  the  Persian  kings,  and  a flourishing 
town  under  the  Arabs  in  the  early  middle  ages. 

Ai  (a'i).  [Heb.,  ‘ruin.’]  In  biblical  geogra- 
phy, a city  of  the  Canaanites,  in  the  territory 
of  Benjamin,  about  10  miles  north  of  Jerusalem, 
conquered  by  Joshua. 

Aias  (i'as).  The  Greek  name  of  Ajax. 

Aiblinger  (ib'ling-er),  Joseph  Kaspar.  Born 
at  Wasserburg,  Bavaria,  Feb.  23, 1779 : died  at 
Munich,  May  6,  1867.  A German  composer,  the 
founder,  with  Gregorio  Trentino,  of  a musical 
conservatory  (Odeon)  in  Venice,  and  kapell- 
meister (1826)  to  the  king  of  Bavaria.  His 
works  comprise  masses,  requiems,  etc.,  and  an 
opera  “Rodrigo  e Ximene.” 

Aicard  (a-kar'),  Jean.  Born  at  Toulon,  Feb. 
4,  1848.  A French  poet  and  prose-writer. 
He  was  made  a member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy in  1909,  succeeding  Francois  Copp6e. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Lea  jeunes  croyances  ” (1867),  “ Les 
rebellions  et  lea  apaisements " (1871),  “ Poemes  de  Pro- 
vence ’’  (1874),  “Lachanson  de  l’enfant’’(1876),  “Mietteet 
Nore”  (1880),  “Eloge  de  Lamartine”  (1883),  “Emilio,"  a 
prose  drama  (1884),  “Le  Pere  Lebonnard,"  a drama  in 
verse  (1889),  “Le  manteau  du  roi ” (1907),  etc. 

Aichach  (ich'ach).  A small  town  in  Upper 
BaVaria,  on  the  Paar  about  13  miles  northeast 
of  Augsburg.  A French  victory  was  gained 
here  over  the  Austrians,  1805. 

Alda  (a-e'da).  An  opera  by  Verdi,  first  given 
at  Cairo,  Egypt,  Dec.  27,  1871. 

Aidan  (i'dan),  or  iEdhan.  Died  606.  A king 
of  Scottish  Dalriada,  son  of  Gabran,  a former 
king  of  Dalriada,  and  successor,  according  to 
the  law  of  tanistry.  to  his  relative  Conall.  He 
was  crowned  by  St.  Columba  in  the  island  of  Iona  in  674. 
In  575,  at  the  council  at  Drumceat,  he  declared  the  inde- 
pendence of  his  kingdom,  which  had  been  formed  in  the 
5th  century  by  emigrants  from  Irish  Dalriada,  and  which 
had  hitherto  been  treated  as  an  Irish  dependency.  In  603 
he  led  a force  of  Britons  and  Scots  against  .Kthelfritti, 
king  of  Bernicia,  but  was  defeated. 

Aidan,  Saint.  Died  Aug.  31, 651.  First  bishop 
of  Lindisfarne,  and  founder  of  the  Northum- 
brian Church . He  was  sent  by  the  monks  of  Hii  or  Iona, 
in  answer  to  the  request  of  King  Oswald,  to  convert  his 
heathen  subjects.  On  the  defeat  of  Oswald  by  Penda642, 
Aidau  joined  Oswiu,  king  of  the  Deirans. 

Aide  (a-e-da'),  Hamilton.  Bom  in  Paris, 
France,  in  1829:  died  Dee.  13,  1906.  A novelist 
and  poet,  son  of  an  Armenian  and  an  English 
lady,  and  for  a time  an  officer  in  the  British 
army.  Among  Ilia  works  are  “Eleanore  and  Other 
Poems  ” (185(3),  “Rita:  an  Autobiography”  (1859),  “Carr 
of  Carlyon ” (1862),  “The  Romance  of  the  Scarlet  Leaf, 
and  Other  Poems”  (1865),  “Songs  Without  Music”  (1882), 
“ Passages  in  the  Life  of  a Lady  ” (1887),  etc. 

Aidenn  (a 'den).  [Ar.  Adn,  Eden.]  Para- 
dise : an  “Anglicized”  form  of  the  Arabic  for 
Eden,  used,  for  the  rime’s  sake,  by  Edgar  Allan 
Poe  in  “The  Raven.” 

Aidin  (i-den').  A city  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situ- 
ated near  the  Mendere,  about  55  miles  south- 
east of  Smyrna,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient 
Tralles.  It  has  trade  in  figs,  cotton,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, about  36,250. 


Aienai 

Aienai  (l-a-ni'),  or  Ioni  (i-6-ni').  A tribe  of 
the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians. See  Caddo. 

Aigai  (Tgi).  [Gr.  Ai yah]  A town  in  -Folia, 
Asia  Minor,  the  modern  Nimrud-Kalessi.  On 
its  site  are  the  ruins  of  various  ancient  struc- 
tures. 

Aigina.  See  JEgina. 

Aigle  (a'gl),  G.  Aelen  (a'len).  A small  town 
in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  on  the 
Grande  Eau,  near  the  Rhone,  about  22  miles 
southeast  of  Lausanne. 

Aigle.  A town  in  the  department  of  Orne. 

See  Laigle. 

Aignadel.  See  Agnadello. 

Aignan.  See  Saint-Aignan. 

Aiguebelle  (ag-bel').  A small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoy,  France,  about  17  miles  east 
of  Chambery.  hi  ere,  in  1742,  the  French  and 

Spaniards  defeated  the  Sardinians. 

Aiguebelle,  Paul  Alexandre  Neveue  d’. 
Born  Jan.  7, 1831:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  21,  1875. 
A French  naval  officer,  in  the  Chinese  service 
during  the  Taiping  rebellion,  1862-64. 

Aigueperse  (ag-pers').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-Dome,  France,  19  miles 
northeast  of  Clermont-Ferrand.  Population, 
2,115. 

Aigues-Mortes,  or  Aiguesmortes  (ag-raort'). 
A town  in  the  department  of  Card,  France, 
near  the  Mediterranean,  22  miles  southwest  of 
Nimes,  founded  by  St.  Louis  1246.  From  here 

he  embarked  on  the  Crusades,  1248  and  1270.  It  lias 
salt-works  and  fisheries.  Its  fortifications  (constructed 
by  Philip  III.  1270-85;  are  from  an  archaeological  point  of 
view  among  the  most  remarkable  in  France.  Population, 
3,890. 

Aiguille  d’Argentiere  (a-giiey'  dar-zhoh'te- 
ar').  [F.  aiguille , needle:  in  this  special  use, 
‘needle-like  peak.’]  An  Alpine  peak,  12,832 
feet  high,  northeast  of  Mont  Blanc. 

Aiguille  de  la  Grande-Sassiere  (a-giiey'  dels 
grohd'sas-se-ar').  One  of  the  chief  peaks  of 
the  Tarentaise  Alps,  France,  on  the  Italian 
border.  Height,  12,325  feet. 

Aiguille  du  Midi  ( a-giiey ' dii  me-de').  1.  An 
Alpine  peak,  12,605  feet  high,  northeast  of 
Mont  Blanc. — 2.  A peak  in  the  Alps  of  Oisans, 
Isere,  France,  about  11,025  feet  high.  ■ 

Aiguille  Verte  (a-giiey' vert).  An  Alpine  peak, 
13,540  feet  high,  northeast  of  Mont  Blanc. 

Aiguillon  (a-giie-yoh').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  oh  the  Lot 
near  its  junction  with  the  Garonne,  16  miles 
northwest  of  Agen  : tno  Roman  Acilio.  Pop- 
ulation, 2,886. 

Aiguillon,  Due  d’  (Armand  Vignerot  Du- 
plessis  Richelieu).  Born  1720:  died  1782. 
A French  politician,  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
under  Louis  XV.  1771-74. 

Aiguillon,  Due  d’  (Armand  de  Vignerot  Bu- 
piessis  Richelieu).  Born  1750:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, May  4,  1800.  A son  of  the  preceding, 
noted  during  the  early  days  of  the  French 
Revolution  for  his  republican  tendencies.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  renounce  the  privileges  of  his 
rank.  In  1792,  however,  lie  fell  under  suspicion  and  es- 

*-caped  to  England. 

Aigun  (l'gon).  A town  in  Manchuria,  Chinese 
Empire,  on  the  Amur  about  lat.  50°  5'  N., 
long.  127°  28'  E.  It  is  a naval  station.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 

Aiken  (a'ken).  The  capital  of  Aiken  County, 
South  Carolina,  about  lat.  33°  34'  N.,  long.  81° 
40'  W.,  noted  as  a winter  health-resort.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,911,  (19K1). 

Aiken,  William.  Born  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  1806:  died  at  Flat  Rock,  North  Caro- 
lina, Sept.  7,  1887.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  the  South  Carolina  legislature 
1838-43,  governor  1844,  and  representative  in 
Congress  1851-57.  He  opposed  nullification  and  se- 
cession. In  1866  he  was  reelected  to  Congress,  but  was 
not  admitted  to  a seat. 

Aikin  (a' kin),  Arthur.  Born  at  Warrington, 
Lancashire,  Eugland,  May  19,  1773:  died  at 
London,  April  15,  1854.  An  English  chemist 
and  mineralogist,  son  of  John  Aikin.  lie  pub- 
lished a “Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy” 
(1807-11),  a “ Manual  of  Mineralogy  ” (1811),  etc. 

Aikin,  John.  Born  at  Kibwortk,  England,  Jan. 
15,  1747 : died  at  Stoke  Newington,  England, 
Dec.  7, 1822.  An  English  physician,  iiewasthe 
author  of  a translation  of  the  “ Germania  ’’and  “Agricola” 
of  Tacitus,  “Biographical  Memoirs  of  Medicine  in  Great 
Britain,”  “Biographical  Dictionary  ” (1799-1815),  “Even- 
ings at  Home  ” (1792-95,  written  in  conjunction  with  his 
sister  Mrs.  Barbauld),  etc. 

Aikin,  Lucy.  Born  at  Warrington,  Lancashire, 
England,  Nov.  6,  1781:  died  at  Hampstead, 


24 

Eugland,  Jan.  29,  1864.  An  English  writer, 
daughter  of  John  Aikin.  She  wrote  “Lorimer,  a 
Tale  ” (1814),  “ Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ” 
(1818),  “ Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  James  I.”  (1822),  “Me- 
moirs  of  the  Court  of  Charles  I.”  (1833),  ‘‘Life  of  Addison  " 
(1813),  etc. 

Aikman  (ak'man),  William.  Born  at  Caerney, 
Forfarshire,  Oct.  24,  1682 : died  at  London, 
June  7,  1731.  A Scottish  portrait-painter. 

Aillon,  Lucas  Vasques  de.  See  Ay  lion. 

Ailly  (I-e'),  or  Ailli,  Pierre  d’.  Born  1350 : 
died  at  Avignon,  France,  1420  (?).  A French 
cardinal  and  theologian,  surnamed  the  “ Ham- 
mer of  Heretics”  and  the  “Eagle  of  the  Doc- 
tors.” 

Ailred  of  Rievaulx.  See  Ethelred. 

Ailsa  Craig  (al'sa  krag).  A rocky  island  of 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Firth 
of  Clyde.  It  is  conical  in  shape,  and  rises  to  a 
height  of  1,114  feet. 

Aimard  (a-miir'),  Gustave.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  13,  1818:  died  there,  June  20,  1883.  A 
French  novelist  and  traveler  in  the  United 
States,  Mexico,  Spain,  Turkey,  and  the  Cauca- 
sus: author  of  “Les  Trappeurs  de  l’Arkansas” 
(1858)  and  numerous  other  works  in  the  style  of 
Cooper.  He  died  insane. 

Aimbn.  See  Aymon. 

Aimon,  Jacques.  A pseudonym  of  Voltaire. 

Aimores  (i-mo-res'),  or  Aymores,  or  Aimures. 
An  Indian  tribe  of  eastern  Brazil,  now  known 
as  Botoeudos. 

Aimores,  Serra  dos.  See  Sierra  dos  Aimores. 

Aimweil  (am'wel).  1.  In  Farquhar’s  comedy 
“The  Beaux’  Stratagem,” a young  gentleman 
of  a romantic  temperament,  who  has  dissipated 
his  fortune  and  who,  with  his  cooler-headed 
friend  Archer  disguised  as  his  servant,  person- 
ates a rich  lord,  with  a view  to  retrieving  their 
losses  by  a rich  marriage  for  either  or  both, 
making  a journey  from  one  town  to  another, 
and  taking  turns  in  being  master  and  man  — a 
stratagem  which  is  successful. — 2.  In  Shirley’s 
play  “The  Witty  Fair  One,”  a gentleman,  the 
lover  of  Violetta. 

Ain  (an).  A river  of  eastern  France,  about  100 
miles  long,  which  joins  the  Rhone  17  miles  east 
of  Lyons.  It  is  narrow  in  its  lower  course. 

Aill.  A department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Saone-et-Loire  and  Jura  on  the  north,  Haute- 
Savoie  and  Savoie  (froln  both  of  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Rhone),  with  Switzerland,  on 
the  east,  Isere  (separated  by  the  Rhone)  on  the 
south,  and  Rhone  and  Saone-et-Loire  (from 
both  of  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Saone)  on 
the  west.  It  19  mountainous  (Jura)  in  the  east  and  a 
table-land  in  the  west,  and  is  rich  in  iron,  asphalt,  and 
building  and  lithographic  stones.  Its  caDital  is  liourg, 
its  area  2.248  square  miles,  and  its  population  345,856. 
It  was  formed  from  the  ancient  Bresse,  Bugey,  Dombes, 
Valromey,  and  the  “Pays  de  Gex.” 

Ainad  (l-nad' ).  A trading  town  in  Hadramaut, 
Arabia,  about  lat.  16°  N.,  long.  48°  E. 

Ain  Hersha  (In  her'sha).  A village  in  Syria. 
It  contains  a Roman  temple  in  antis,  practically  complete 
except  the  roof.  The  cella  is  surrounded  on  the  interior 
by  a cornice,  and  has  four  engaged  Ionic  columns  at  the 
west  end.  The  exterior  west  wall  bears  in  relief  a female 
bust  with  small  horns,  and  I he  door  is  richly  sculptured. 
The  plan  measures  26  by  39  feet. 

Ainmiller  (In'mil-er),  Max  Emanuel.  Born 
at  Munich,  Feb.  14, 1807 : died  at  Munich,  Dec. 
8,  1870.  A German  painter  of  architectural 
subjects  and  on  glass. 

Ainos  (I'noz),  or  Aino  (i'no),  or  Ainu  (I'no). 
A small  tribe  (about  50,000  in  number)  of  non- 
Japanese  (perhaps  Mongolian)  race  and  lan- 
guage, representing  the  primitive  population  of 
Japan,  living  in  Yesso;  parts  of  Saghalin,  the 
Kuriles,  and  on  the  adjacent  coast.  The  type  is 
somewhat  European  as  compared  with  other  Asiatics. 
The  abundance  of  hair  on  the  head  and  body  is  especially 
notable,  and  gave  the  Ainos  the  early  name  of  “hairy 
Kuriles.” 

Ainslie  (anz'li),  Hew.  Born  in  the  parish  of 
Dailly,  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  April  5,  1792:  died 
at  Louisville,  Kv.,  March  11, 1878.  A Scottish- 
American  poet,  author  of  a “Pilgrimage  to  the 
Land  of  Burns”  (1820),  etc.  He  emigrated  to 

America  in  1822,  and  resided  for  a short  time  in  Robert 
Owen’s  community  at  New  Harmony,  Indiana.  The  rest 
of  his  life  was  devoted  to  the  business  of  brewing. 

Ainsworth  (ans'werth),  Henry.  Born  at  Pleas- 
ington,  Lancashire,  England,  1571 : died  at 
Amsterdam  about  1622.  An  English  separa- 
tist clergyman,  controversialist,  and  rabbinical 
scholar.  He  was  driven  from  England  by  the  persecu- 
tion of  the  Brownists  (Independents),  with  whom  he  was 
connected,  became  porter  to  a bookseller  in  Amsterdam 
about  1693,  teacher  of  Francis  Johnson’s  church  there, 
1596,  and  1610-22  pastor  of  a new  congregation. 

Ainsworth,  Robert.  Born  at  Woodyale,  near 


Aisne 

Manchester,  England,  Sept.,  1660:  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  4,  1743.  An  English  teacher  and 
lexicographer,  author  of  a Latin-English  dic- 
tionary (1736). 

Ainsworth,  William  Francis.  Born  at  Exe- 
ter, England,  Nov.  9,  1807 : died  at  Hammer- 
smith, London,  Nov.  27, 1896.  An  English  geol- 
ogist and  traveler.  He  has  published  “Researches 
in  Assyria,  Babylonia,  etc.”  (183b),  “Travels  and  Re- 
searches in  Asia  Minor,  Mesopotamia,  etc."  (1842),  “Trav- 
els ill  (he  Track  of  the  10,060  Greeks"  (1844),  “A  Personal 
Narrative  of  the  Euphrates  Expedition”  (1888),  etc. 

Ainsworth,  William  Harrison.  Born  at  Man- 
chester, England,  Feb.  4, 1805 : died  at  Reigate, 
England,  Jan.  3.  1882.  An  English  novelist. 
His  works  include  “ Rookvvood” (1834),  “Crichton  ” (1837), 
“Jack  Sheppard"  (1839).  “ Tower  of  London  ” (1840),  “The 
Flitch  of  Bacon,  or  the  Custom  of  Dunmow"(1854),  “Tower 
Hill”  (1871),  “Beau  Nash”  (1880),  etc. 

Aintah  (In-tab').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Sajur  about 
lat.  37°  4'  N.,  long.  37°  25'  E.  It  has  some  trade 
and  manufactures,  and  is  a missionary  center.  Popula- 
tion (estimated),  43,150. 

Air  (a-er'),  or  Asben  (as-ben').  A mountain- 
ous oasis  in  the  Sahara,  Africa,  lat.  16°-20°  N., 
long.  6°-10°  E.,  having  an  area  of  about  20,000 
square  miles,  and  a population  estimated  at 
60,000.  Its  capital  is  Agades,  and  chief  town 
Tintellust.  Also  Ahir. 

Airavata  (i-ra'va-ta).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  prototype  of  the  elephant,  produced  at  the 
churning  of  the  ocean:  the  world-elephant  of 
the  East,  and  Indra’s  beast  of  burden. 

Airay  (ar'a),  Henry.  Born  at  Kentmere, 
Westmoreland,  about  1560:  died  Oct.  6,  1616. 
An  English  Puritan  divine,  vice-chancellor  of 
Oxford,  1606,  and  author  of  a “ Commentary  on 
Philippians”  (1618). 

Aircastle  (ar'kas'T).  A character  in  Foote’s 
comedy  “The  Cozeners,”  played  in  an  amus- 
ingly prolix  and  digressive  manner  by  Foote 
himself,  burlesquing  Gahagan,  a highly  edu- 
cated young  Irish  gentleman  who  was  bung  in 
1749  for  “filing  or  diminishing  the  current  coin 
of  the  realm.” 

Aird  (ard),  Thomas.  Born  at  Bowden,  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotland,  Aug.  28,  1802:  died  at 
Dumfries,  April  25,  1876.  A Scottish  poet  and 
journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the  “ Edinburgh  Weekly 
Journal"  (1833),  and  (he  “Dumfriesshire  and  Galloway 
Herald”  (1835-63),  and  author  of  “The  Old  Bachelor  in 
the  Scottish  Village”  (1846),  “Poetical  Works”  (1848),  etc. 

Airdrie  (ar'dre).  A town  in  Lanarkshire,  Scot- 
land, 10  miles  east  of  Glasgow.  Population  of 
municipal  burgh,  22,288. 

Aire  (ar).  A river  in  Yorkshire,  England, 
which  joins  the  Ouse  18  miles  southeast  of 
York.  Its  length  is  about  75  miles,  and  it  is 
navigable  from  Leeds. 

Aire.  A small  river  in  eastern  France,  which 
joins  the  Aisne  in  the  department  of  Ardennes. 

Aire-sur-l’Adour  (ar' stir 'la-dor').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Landes,  France,  on  the 
Adour  about  lat.  43°  14'  N.,  long.  0°  14'  W. 
It  is  an  old  town,  the  seat  of  a bishopric. 
Population,  4,303. 

Aire-sur-la-Lys  (ar'siir'la-les').  A fortified 
town  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
France,  situated  on  the  Lys  30  miles  southeast 
of  Calais.  Population,  7,999. 

Airlie  Castle  (ar'li  kas'l).  A residence  of  the 
Earl  of  Aii-lie,  near  Meigle,  Scotland,  it  was 
plundered  and  destroyed  by  the  eighth  Earl  of  Argyle 
1639-40  as  a result  of  Airlie’s  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
Charles  I.  This  raid  forms  the  subject  of  the  old  ballad 
of  “The  Bonnie  House  of  Airlie.”  Allan  Cunningham 
has  transferred  it  to  the  18th  century. 

Airola  (I-ro'la).  A small  town  in  the  province  of 
Beneveuto,  Italy,  23  miles  northeast  of  Naples. 

Airolo  (i-ro'lo),  G.  Eriels  (er'i-elz).  A small 
town  in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  at 
the  southern  entrance  of  the  St.  Gotthard  rail- 
way tunnel,  on  the  Ticino  about  38  miles  south- 
east of  Lucerne. 

Airy  (ar'i),  Sir  George.  The  successful  lover 
of  Miranda  in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy  “The 
Busybody.” 

Airy,  Sir  George  Biddell.  Born  at  Alnwick, 
Northumberland,  July  27,  1801:  died  at  Green- 
wich. Jan.  2, 1892.  A noted  English  astronomer. 
He  was  appointed  Lucasian  professor  at  Cambridge  in 
1826,  Plumian  professor  and  director  of  tile  Cambridge 
Observatory  in  1828,  director  of  the  Greenwich  Observa- 
tory and  astronomer  royal  in  1835,  and  president  of  the 
Royal  Society  1871-73.  He  resigned  his  position  as  astron- 
omer royal  in  1881. 

Aisne  (an).  A department  of  France,  capital 
Laon,  boimded  by  Nord  and  Belgium  on  the 
north,  by  Ardennes  and  Marne  on  the  east,  by 
Seine-et-Marne  on  the  south,  and  by  Oise  and 


Aisne 

Somme  on  the  west : formed  from  parts  of  an- 
cient Picardy,  Brie,  and  Ile-de-France.  Its 
area  is  2,866  square  miles,  and  its  population 
534,495. 

Aisne.  A river  in  northern  France,  about  150 
miles  long  and  navigable  for  75  miles,  it  rises  in 
the  department  of  Meuse,  flows  through  the  departments 
of  Maine,  Ardennes,  Aisne,  and  Oise,  and  joins  the  Oise 
near  Compifcgne.  On  it  are  Rethel  and  Soissons.  Its 
chief  affluents  are  the  Aire  and  Vesle,  and  it  communicates 
by  canals  with  the  Meuse  and  Marne. 

Al3Se  (a-e-sa'),  Mile.  Born  1694:  died  at  Paris, 
1733.  A daughter  of  a Circassian  chief,  carried 
off  when  a child  by  Turkish  rovers  and  sold  at 
Constantinople  to  the  French  ambassador,  M. 
de  Ferriol,  who  took  her  to  Paris  and  educated 
her.  She  gained  celebrity  at  court  for  her  beauty  and 
accomplishments.  Her  letters  to  her  lover  Chevalier 
d’Aydie  have  been  published. 

Aistulf  (is'tulf),  or  Astolf  (as'tolf).  King  of 
the  Lombards,  749-756.  His  conquest  of  the 
exarchate  of  Ravenna  (752)  was  wrested  from 
him  by  Pepin  the  Short  in  755. 

Aitareya  (I-ta-ra'ya).  [Skt.,  ‘descendant  of 
Itara.’J  To  him  a Brahmana,  an  Aranyaka, 
and  an  Upanishad,  which  bear  his  name, 
were  supposed  to  have  been  revealed. 

Aitken  (at'ken),  Robert.  Born  at  Crailing, 
near  Jedburgh,  Jan.  22,  1800:  died  suddenly 
in  the  railway-station  at  Paddington,  July  11, 
1873.  A clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England 
(from  which  he  temporarily  withdrew  1824- 
1840),  leader  of  the  Aitkenites. 

Aitkenites  (at'ken-Its).  A party  in  the  Church 
of  England,  led  by  Robert  Aitken,  a Wesleyan 
minister  who  became  a High-churchman  (vicar 
of  Pendeen  1849-73).  Its  object  was  to  in- 
graft certain  Methodist  practices  and  views 
upon  the  Anglican  Church. 

Aitolia.  See  JEtolia. 

Aiton  (a'ton),  William.  Born  near  Hamilton, 
Scotland,  1731 : died  at  Kew,  near  London,  Feb. 
2,  1793.  A Scottish  botanist  and  gardener,  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  Royal  Botanical  Garden 
at  Kew  1759.  He  published  “Hortus  Ke wen- 
sis”  (1789). 

Aitutaki  (I-to-ta'ke),or  Aitutake  (i-to-ta'ke). 
One  of  the  chief  islands  of  the  group  called 
“ Cook’s  Islands,”  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Aivalik  (i'va-lek),  or  Aivali  (I'va-le).  A 
seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Khodovendikyar,  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium  66  miles  northwest  of  Smyrna. 
Aivazovski  (I-va-zof'ske),  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Feodosia,  Crimea,  Russia,  May  22,  1812.  An 
Armenian  historian. 

Aivazovski,  Ivan.  Born  at  Feodosia  in  the 
Crimea,  July  7, 1817 : died  there,  May  2,  1900. 
An  Armenian  painter,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
professor  in  the  Imperial  Academy  of  the  Fine 
Arts  at  St.  Petersburg. 

Aix  (a).  A small  island  off  the  western  coast 
of  France,  11  miles  south  of  La  Rochelle,  the 
scene  of  several  encounters  between  the  French 
and  British. 

Aix  (as).  [L.  Aquas  Sextise,  Springs  of  Sextius 

(C.  Sextius  Cal vi  nus,  a Roman  proconsul,  its 
founder).]  A city  in  the  department  of  Bou- 
ches-du-Rhone,  France,  about  lat.  433  33'  N., 
long.  5°  25'  E.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric, 
and  has  a cathedral,  a museum,  an  academy,  and  baths.  It 
was  colonized  by  the  proconsul  C.  Sextius  Calvinus  123 
B.  c.,  and  became  renowned  for  i’ s baths.  In  its  vicinity 
Marius  defeated  the  Teutones  and  their  allies  wi  h great 
slaughter  1J2  B.  c.  It  became  the  capital  of  Provence, 
and  a famous  literary  center,  and  was  the  temporary  resi- 
dence of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1.130.  Prior  to  the 
Revolution  it  had  oae  of  thechief  provincial  parliaments. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  olive-oil  and  fruits,  and  manu- 
factures of  silks,  etc.  Ait  contains  a cathedral,  of  very 
early  foundation,  with  Romanesque  nave  and  later  aisles 
and  choir.  The  curious  porch  has  antique  columns,  and 
cedar-wood  doors  of  1504,  very  delicately  sculptured.  A 
baptis* ery  of  the  6th  century  opens  on  the  south  aislo : it 
has  eight  Roman  columns.  Population,  21'. 829. 

Aix,  or  Aix-les-Bains  (as-la-ban').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Savoie,  France,  the  an- 
cient Aquas  Gratian®  or  Aquas  Allobrogum, 
situated  near  Lake  Bourget,  8 miles  north  of 
Chambdry,  renowned  since  Roman  times  for 
its  hot  sulphur  springs.  It  has  an  arch  of 
Campanus.  Population,  8,079. 
Aix-la-Chapelle  (as-  (aks-)  la-sha-pel'),  G. 
Aachen  (ii/chen).  [From  its  mineral  springs 
(L.  aquae),  known  from  the  time  of  Charle- 
magne, and  the  chapel  (F.  chapelle)  of  the 
palace.]  A city  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  about  lat.  50°  46'  N.,  long.  6°  5'  E., 
an  important  commercial  and  railway  center. 
It  has  large  manufactures  of  cloth,  needles,  cigars,  ma- 
chinery, etc.,  and  a noted  cathedral,  a Rathhaus.  famous 
hot  sulphur  springs,  and  a museum  (the  Suermondt). 


25 

It  was  founded  by  the  Romans  as  a watering-place,  was 
a favorite  residence  and  the  northern  capital  of  Charles 
the  Great  (who  died  here),  and  became  a tree  imperial 
city.  From  Louis  the  Pious  to  Ferdinand  I.  it  was  the 
crowning-place  of  the  German  emperors  (hence  called 
the  “seat  of  royalty,”  etc.),  and  it  was  also  the  seat 
of  numerous  diets  and  councils.  It  was  captured  by 
the  French  in  the  revolutionary  period,  and  was  granted 
to  Prussia  in  1815.  The  Cathedral  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  con- 
sists of  the  famous  polygonal  monument  founded  by 
Charlemagne  in  796,  and  a beautiful  Pointed  choir  of  the 
14th  century.  Charlemagne's  structure  was  inspired  by 
San  Vitale  at  Jtavenna  and  similar  Italian  buildings.  It 
is  16-sided,  about  105  feet  in  exterior  diameter,  with 
a dome  104  feet  high  and  48  in  diameter  over  the  central 
portion.  The  eight  gables  around  the  dome  are  13th- 
century  additions.  The  dome  is  supported  by  eight  mas- 
sive piers,  and  the  surrounding  ambulatory  is  two-storied. 
The  marble  throne  of  Charlemagne,  in  which  his  body 
sat  for  over  350  years,  is  now  in  the  upper  gallery.  The 
mosaic  on  gold  ground  in  the  dome  ismodern.  The  choir 
is  of  light  and  elegant  proportions ; it  is  ornamented  with 
medieval  statues  of  Charlemagne,  the  Virgin,  and  the 
apostles,  and  with  good  modern  glass.  The  chapels  are 
interesting,  and  there  is  a fine  late-Pointed  cloister.  The 
bronze  doors  of  the  west  portal,  which  opens  between  two 
low  cylindrical  towers,  date  from  804.  The  Rathhaus,  or 
town  hall,  is  a structure  of  the  14th  century,  interesting 
as  incorporating  what  remains  of  the  palace  of  Charle- 
magne, including  the  lower  part  of  the  west  tower.  The 
Kaisersaal,  a great  vaulted  hall  extending  the  entire 
length  of  the  upper  story,  contains  eight  historical  fres- 
cos designed  by  Rethel,  which  rank  among  the  finest 
examples  of  their  cF-s.  The  council-chamber  is  adorned 
with  imperial  portraits.  Population,  commune,  156,008, 
(1910). 

AiX-la-Chapel!e.  A governmental  district  of 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia.  Population, 
G30,504. 

Aix-la-CIiapelle,  Congress  of.  A congress  of 
the  sovereigns  of  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia, 
assisted  by  the  ministers  Castlereagh  and  Wel- 
lington from  Great  Britain,  Richelieu  from 
France,  Metternich  from  Austria,  Nesselrode 
and  Kapodistrias  from  Russia,  and  Harden- 
berg  and  Bernstorff  from  Prussia.  The  conven- 
tion signed  Oet.  9, 1818,  provided  for  the  immediate  with- 
drawal of  the  army  of  occupation  from  France.  The  con- 
gress expressed  the  reactionary  purposes  of  the  Holy 
Alliance,  and  received  France  into  the  European  concert. 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  Peace  of.  1 . A treaty  (May 
2, 1668),  between  the  Triple  Alliance  (England, 
the  Netherlands,  and  Sweden)  on  one  side,  and 
France  on  the  other,  acceded  to  by  Spain,  by 
which  France  returned  Franche-Comte  to  Spain 
and  received  twelve  fortified  towns  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  among  them 
Lille,  Tournay,  and  Oudenarde. — 2.  A treaty 
(Oct. , 1748)  which  ended  the  war  of  the  Austrian 
succession.  The  basis  of  peace  was  the  mutual  restitu- 
tion  of  conquests,  except  in  ihe  case  of  Austria,  which 
ceded  Parmn,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  to  the  Spanish  in- 
fant Don  Philip  and  confirmed  Prussia  in  the  possession  of 
Silesia.  The  pragmatic  sanction  was  confirmed  in  Austria. 
Aizani.  See  Azaui. 

Aja  (aj'a).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a prince  of 
the  solar  race,  the  son  of  Raglru  or  of  Dilipa, 
son  of  Raghu. 

Ajaccio  (a-ya'eho).  A seaport,  the  capital  of 
the  department  of  Corsica,  France,  situated  on 
the  western  coast  of  Corsica  on  the  Gulf  of 
Ajaccio,  lat.  41°  55'  N.,  long.  8°  44'  E.,  cele- 
brated as  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte. It  has  a considerable  trade,  and  a ca- 
thedral. Population,  22,2u4. 

Ajalon  (aj'a-lon),  or  Aijalon  (aj'a-lon).  In 
biblical  geography,  a town  of  Palestine,  the 
modern  Yalo,  14  miles  northwest  of  Jerusalem. 
Ajan  (a'jan),  or  Ajam  (a/jam).  A district  in 
Somali  Land,  eastern  Africa,  on  the  coast  south 
of  Cape  Guardafui. 

Ajatasatru  (a-ja-ta-sat'ro).  A king  of  Kasi 
(Benares),  mentioned  in  the  Upanishads,  who 
was  very  learned  and,  though  a Kshatriya, 
taught  the  Brahman  Gargyabalaki. 

Ajax  (a'jaks).  [Gr.  Ai’raf.]  In  Greek  legend: 
(a)  The  son  of  Telamon  and  half-brother  of 
Teucer,  and  one  of  the  leading  Greek  heroes  in 
the  Trojan  war,  famous  for  his  size  and  physi- 
cal strength  and  beauty.  According  to  Homer  he 
was,  next  to  Achilles,  the  bravest  of  the  Grecian  host. 
He  several  times  engaged  in  single  combat  with  Hector 
and  gained  the  advantage  over  him,  and  was  always  a ter- 
ror to  the  Trojans.  There  are  various  accounts  of  his  ex- 
ploits after  the  war  and  of  his  dea’h.  According  to  the 
common  poetical  tradition,  lie  died  by  his  own  hand. 
The  decision  of  Agamemnon  (on  the  advice  of  Athena)  to 
award  the  arms  of  Achilles  to  Odysseus  drove  Ajax  mad, 
and  in  his  insanity  he  furiously  attacked  and  slew  the 
sheep  of  the  Greeks,  imagining  them  to  be  his  enemies. 
Shame  for  this  conduct  drove  him  to  suicide.  According 
to  other  accounts  he  was  murdered.  From  his  Wood  was 
said  to  have  sprung  up  a purple  flower  bearing  on  its 
leaves  the  letters  at,  the  first  letters  of  liis  name  and  also 
an  exclamation  of  woe.  His  story  was  dramatized  by 
Sophocles,  (b)  A Locrian  legendary  king,  son 
of  O'ileus,  and  one  of  the  heroes  in  the  Trojan 
war:  often  called  the  Lesser  Ajax. 

Ajax,  Sir.  See  the  extract. 


Akbar 

Sir  Ajax  seems  to  have  been  a title  imposed  on  Sir  John 
Harrington,  for  a very  meritorious  attempt  to  introduce 
cleanliness  into  our  dwellings.  ...  In  1596,  he  pub- 
lished, under  the  name  of  Misacmos,  a little  treatise 
called,  “A  new  discourse  of  a stale  subject,  or  the  Meta- 
morphosis of  Ajax,"  of  which  the  object  v/as  to  point  out 
the  propriety  of  adopting  something  like  the  water-closets 
of  the  present  day.  As  the  nature  of  his  subject  led  him 
to  lay  open  the  interior  of  our  palaces  and  great  houses, 
offence  was  taken  at  his  freedom  : he  lost,  at  least  for  a 
time,  the  favour  of  Elizabeth  (his  godmother),  and  was 
banished  from  court.  His  gains,  from  his  well-timed  la- 
bours, were  apparently  confined  to  the  honour  of  contrib- 
uting to  the  merriment  of  the  wits,  Shakspeare,  Jonson, 
Nabbes,  and  many  others,  who  took  advantage  of  his  own 
pun  (a-jakes),  and  dubbed  him  a knight  of  the  stool; 
under  which  title  he  frequently  appears  in  their  pages. 

Gifford,  Note  to  Jonson’s  “The  Silent  Woman,”  I.  447. 

Ajigarta  (a-je-gar'ta).  Tbe  poor  Brahman 
Riski  who  sold  his  son  Sunahsepa  to  Robita 
to  be  a substitute  for  Robita,  King  Harischan- 
dra  having  vowed  that  if  he  obtained  a son 
he  would /sacrifice  him  to  Varuna,  and  Rohita 
having  been  the  son  given. 

Ajmir-  or  Ajmere-  (aj-mer')  Merwara.  A 
chief-commission ership  in  Rajputaua,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.  it  consists  of 
two  districts,  Ajmir  and  Merwara,  united  in  1871.  Ajmir 
district  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1818.  Area,  2,711 
square  miles.  Population,  501,395.  Also  Ajmeer. 

Ajmir,  or  Ajmere.  The  capital  of  Ajmir- 
Merwara,  about  lat.  26°  27'  N.,  long.  74°  37'  E. 
The  Mosque  of  A j mir  was  foun ded  in  the  early  13th  century, 
and  is  one  of  the  first  established  in  India.  It  occupies  the 
spacious  square  court  of  a Jain  temple,  whose  old  colon- 
nades of  graceful  and  well-carved  columns  remain  in  place 
around  the  walls  and  support  a series  of  low  domes,  't  he 
great  beauty  of  the  monument  lies  in  the  screen  of  seven 
keel-shaped  Mohammedan  arches  carried  across  the  west 
side  of  (he  court  in  front  of  the  colonnade.  This  screen 
is  covered  with  bands  of  Cuficand  Togra  inscriptions  sepa- 
rated by  diaper-work,  admirable  in  decorative  motive,  and 
cut  with  great  delicacy.  Population,  73,839.  Also 
A jmeer. 

Ajodhya  (a-jodh'ya).  A town  in  Faizabad 
district,  United  Provinces,  British  India,  on 
the  site  of  an  important  ancient  city.  Popu- 
lation, 21,584. 

Ajunta  (a-jun'ta),  or  Adjunta.  A small  place 
in  Hyderabad,  India,  celebrated  for  its  cave- 
temples.  The  Buddhist  vihara,  or  monastery,  is  known 
as  Cave  No.  16.  It  is  rock-cut,  in  plan  a rectan- 
gular hall  about  65  feet  square,  with  a hexastyle  por- 
tico preceding  the  poital.  At  the  back  is  a rectangu- 
lar pillared  shrine,  in  which  is  an  enthroned  figure  of 
Buddha.  The  sides  are  bordered  by  16  small  cells  for  the 
recluses.  The  hall  has  an  interior  peristyle  of  20  fine  col- 
umns, with  cubical  corbeled  c pitals.  The  columns  and 
flat  ceiling  are  carved  with  rich  arabesques,  and  (he  walls 
are  covered  with  interesting  paintings  of  Buduhist  scenes. 
The  monument  dates  from  the  6th  century  A.  D.,  and  is 
typical  of  a large  class  of  similar  viharas.  Sometimes,  as 
in  the  Great  Vihara  at  Bagh,  a shala  or  school,  in  form  a 
pillared  hail  separate  from  the  main  foundation,  is  at- 
tached to  the  vihara. 

Akabah  (a-ka-ba').  A haven  in  Arabia  Petr®a, 
at  tbe  bead  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah,  about  lat. 
29°  33'  N.,  long.  35°  24'  E.  Near  it  were  the 
ancient  Elath  (JElano,)  and  Ezion  Geber. 
Akabah,  Gulf  of.  The  northeastern  arm  of 
tho  Red  Sea,  the  ancient  Sinus  iElaniticus, 
about  100  miles  long. 

Akakia  (a-ka-ke-a')  (Martin  Sans-Malice). 

[Alcakia  ( ana/cia ) is  a Greek  translation  of  tbe 
French  name  sans-maMce .]  Bornat  Ckalons-sur- 
Marne:  died  1551.  A French  physician,  lec- 
turer at  the  College  de  France,  founded  by 
Francis  I.  He  published  several  medical  works. 
Akakia,  Le  dccteur.  A pseudonym  of  Vol- 
taire, borrowed  from  the  preceding,  it  was  used 
by  Voltaire  in  his  “Diatribe  du  Docteur  Akakia,”  a lam- 
poon on  Slaupertuis,  published  about  1752.  A supple- 
ment appeared  later.  The  book  was  burned  by  the  pub- 
lic executioner  on  ihe  Place  Gendarmes,  Dec.  24,  1762, 
but  a copy  was  saved  by  Voltaire,  who  republished  it. 

Akansa.  See  Kwapa. 

Akarnania.  See  Acarnania. 

Akassa  (a-kas'sii).  Tbe  seaport  of  the  Niger, 
West  Africa.  See  Iclzo. 

Akbar,  or  Akber  (ak'bor;  Hindu  pron.  uk'- 
ber),  or  Abhbar,  originally  Jel-al-eddin  Mo- 
hammed (je-lal'ed-den'  mo-bam'ed).  [Ar., 

‘ very  great.’]  Born  at  Amarkote,  Sind,  India, 
Oct.  14, 1542:  died  at  Agra,  India,  Oct.  15, 1605. 
A great  Mogul  emperor  in  India,  1556-1605. 
He  was  born  during  the  .exile  of  his  father  Humayun. 
After  twelve  years  Humayun  recovered  the  throne  of 
Delhi,  but  died  within  a year,  when  in  1556  Akbar  succeeded 
him,  ruling  at  first  under  the  regency  of  Eairam  Khan. 
In  his  eighteenth  year  he  threw  off  this  yoke.  By  war 
and  policy  he  consolidated  his  power  over  the  greater 
part  of  India.  He  put  an  end  to  the  conflict  between 
Afghan  and  Mogul,  and  sought  to  reconcile  Hindu  and 
Mohammedan.  He  interested  himself  in  various  religions, 
Brahmanism,  Buddhism,  Mazdaism,  and  Christianity,  and 
even  sought  to  establish  a religion  of  his  own.  He 
sought  to  better  his  subjects  by  measures  of  tolera- 
tion and  improved  social  laws.  lie  permitted  the  use 
of  wine,  but  punished  intoxication;  tried  to  stop  widow- 
burning  ; permitted  the  marriage  of  Hindu  widows  ; for- 
bade the  marriage  of  boys  before  sixteen  and  of  girls 


Akbar 

before  fourteen  ; to  gratify  his  Hindu  subjects  prohibited 
the  slaughter  of  cows ; had  his  lands  accurately  surveyed 
and  statistics  taken  ; constructed  roads ; established  a uni- 
form system  of  weights  and  measures  ; and  introduced  a 
vigorous  police.  He  was  sometimes  harsh  and  cruel,  and 
is  charged  with  poisoning  his  enemies.  The  rebellion  of 
his  son  Selim,  later  known  as  Jahangir,  was  a Mohamme- 
dan uprising  against  Akbar's  apostasy.  The  rebellion  was 
suppressed,  and  Akbar  returned  to  the  faith.  He  was 
probably  poisoned  at  the  instigation  of  Jahangir. 

Akbar,  Tomb  of.  See  Secundra. 

Ake  (a'ke).  1.  See  Acre. — 2.  One  of  the  princi- 
pal ruined  cities  of  Yucatan,  situated  about  30 
miles  east  of  Merida,  noted  for  its  pyramid. 
Akeman  street  (ak'man  stret).  [So  called  from 
AS.  Acemannes  burh,  sick  man’s  town,  a name 
of  Bath:  AS.  sece,  ece,  ake  (now  spelled  ache), 
pain.]  An  ancient  Roman  road  in  England 
connecting  Bath,  through  Speen  and-Walling- 
ford.  with  London. 

Aken,  or  Acken  (a'ken).  A town  iu  Prussian 
Saxony,  on  the  Elbe  25  miles  southeast  of 
Magdeburg.  Population,  8,224. 

Akenside  (a'ken-sid),  Mark.  Born  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  Nov.  9,  1721:  died  at  London, 
June  23, 1770.  An  English  poet  and  physician, 
author  of  ‘ ‘ Pleasures  of  the  Imagination”  ( 1744). 
He  was  the  son  of  a butcher.  He  studied  theology  and 
then  medicine  at  Edinburgh;  went  to  London  in  1743 
and  to  Leyden  in  1744,  where  he  completed  his  medical 
studies;  and  returned  to  England  in  1744,  beginning  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  Northampton,  and  removing 
in  1745  to  London.  In  1701  he  became  physician  to  the 
queen.  The  best  edition  of  his  poetical  works  (with  a 
biography)  is  that  published  by  Dyce  in  1834. 

Akerbas.  See  Acerbas. 

Akerblad  (a'ker-blad),  Johan  David.  Born 
in  Sweden,  1760 : died  at  Rome,  Feb.  8,  1819. 
A Swedish  Orientalist  and  diplomatist,  author 
of  works  on  oriental  inscriptions. 

Akerman  (a'ker-man),  or  Akyerman,  or  Ak- 
kerman.  A seaport  in  the  government  of  Bes- 
sarabia, Russia,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Dniester  about  lat.  46°  15'  N.,  long.  30°  15'  E. 
It  is  probably  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Milesian  colony 
Tyras,  and  was  occupied  by  the  Venetians  and  Genoese  in 
the  later  middle  ages.  Population,  32,470. 

Akerman,  Convention  of.  A treaty  concluded 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  Oct.  6,  1826,  by 
which  Russia  secured  the  navigation  of  the 
Black  Sea,  and  various  agreements  were  en- 
tered into  concerning  Moldavia,  Waliaehia,  and 
Servia.  The  non-fulfilment  of  the  treaty  by 
Turkey  led  to  the  war  of  1828-29. 

Akerman  (ak'er-man),  Amos  Tappan.  Born  in 
New  Hampshire,  1823:  died  at  Cartersville,  Ga., 
Dec.  21, 1880.  An  American  lawyer,  a graduate 
of  Dartmouth  College,  1842.  He  settled  in  Elberton, 
Georgia,  1850,  followed  his  adopted  State  in  secession, 
1861,  became  a Eepublican  and  reconstructionist  after  the 
war,  and  was  attorney-general  under  Grant,  1870-72. 

Akerman,  John  Yonge.  Born  at  London, 
June  12,  1806:  died  at  Abingdon,  England, 
Nov.  18, 1873.  An  English  numismatist. 

Akers  (a'kerz),  Benjamin  Paul.  Born  at  Sac- 
carappa,  Maine,  July  10,  1825:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  21,  1861.  An  American  sculptor. 

Among  his  best  works  are  “Una  and  the  Lion,”  “St. 
Elizabeth  of  Hungary,”  “The  Dead  Pearl-Diver,” etc.  See 
Allen,  Elizabeth  Chase. 

Akershem,  Miss  Sophronia.  See  Lammle, 
Mrs.  Alfred. 

Akershus.  See  Aggershus. 

Akhal  Tekke  (a'  khal  tek'ke).  An  oasis  in 
central  Asia,  north  of  Persia,  inhabited  by 
Turkomans,  annexed  by  Russia  in  1881.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Transcaspian  railway. 
Akhalzikh  (a-khal-tzekh').  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tiflis,  Caucasus,  Russia,  about  lat. 
41°  40'  N.,  long.  43°  1'  E.  It,  is  the  ancient  capital  of 
Turkish  Georgia,  and  was  captured  by  the  Russians  under 
Paskevitch,  Aug.  27,  1828.  A Turkish  attack  upon  it  was 
repulsed  in  March,  1829,  and  near  it  a Russian  victory 
was  gained  Nov.  26,  1853.  Population,  15,357. 

Akhi  ssar  (a-khis-sar').  A town  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, the  ancient  Thyatira,  about  58  miles  north- 
east of  Smyrna.  Population  (estimated), 10, 000. 
Akhissar  (in  Albania).  See  Kroia. 

Akhlat  (akh-lat').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Erzrum,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  Lake  Yan  about 
lat.  38°  45'  N.,  long.  42°  13'  E.  Near  it  are  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  Khelat. 

Akhmim  (akh-mem'),or  Ekhmim  (ekh-mem'). 
A town  in  Egypt,  the  ancient  Khemmis  or  Pan- 
opolis,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile  between 
Assiut  and  Tbebes.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  cult  of 
Ammon  Khem,  and  its  ancient  necropolis  was  discovered 
by  Maspero  in  1884.  Population,  23,795. 

Akhtub  a (akh'to-ba).  An  arm  of  the  Volga, 
which  branches  from  the  main  stream  near 
Tsaritsyn,  and  flows  parallel  with  it  to  the 
Caspian  Sea. 

Akhtyrka  (akh-ter'ka).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kharkoff,  Russia,  about  lat.  50°  18' 


26 

N.,  long.  34°  59'  E.  It  has  a cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 28,100. 

Akib,  Le  rabbin.  A pseudonym  used  by  Vol- 
taire in  1761. 

Akiba  (a-ke'ba)  ben  Joseph  (‘Akiba  son  of 
Joseph’),  or  simply  Rabbi  Akiba.  Executed 
132(f)  a.  d.  The  most  distinguished  Jewish 
personage  in  the  2d  century.  There  are  many 
tegeuds  about  him.  He  introduced  a new  method  of  in- 
terpreting the  oral  law  (Halacha)  and  reduced  it  to  a 
system  (Mishna).  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  rebellion 
which  broke  out  against  Hadrian  under  the  leadership  of 
Bar-Cochba  (132  A.  D.)  and  suffered  death  by  torture  for 
his  share  in  this  unsuccessful  uprising. 

Akita  Ken  (a-ke'ta  ken).  A ken  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  main  island  (Hondo)  of 
Japan.  Its  chief  town  is  Akita.  The  population 
of  the  town  is  36,294. 

Akka  (ak'ka).  A tribe  of  pygmies  discovered 
by  Miani  and  Schweinfurth  in  central  Africa, 
between  the  Nepoko  and  Aruwimi  rivers.  Their 
average  height  is  1.33  meters,  complexion  light  brown,  hair 
scanty  and  woolly,  head  large,  nose  flat,  arms  long,  legs 
short,  and  hands  well  formed,  but  not  the  feet.  They  are 
expert  hunters,  live  in  temporary  grass  huts  of  beehive 
shape,  and  keep  no  domestic  animals,  save  chickens.  Also 
caUed  Tikke-Tikke,  or,  in  Bantu  speech,  Wambuti. 

It  seems  possible,  therefore,  that  at  an  epoch  when  the 
Sahara  was  stiil  a fertile  land,  and  the  Delta  of  Egypt  air 
arm  of  the  sea,  a race  of  men  allied  to  the  Bushmen 
ranged  along  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Atlas  mountains, 
and  extended  from  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  on  the  one 
side  to  the  banks  of  the  Nile  on  the  other.  Of  this  race 
the  brachycephalic  Akkas  and  other  dwarf  tribes  of  Cen- 
tral Africa  would  be  surviving  relics.  They  were  driven 
from  their  primitive  haunts  by  the  negro  invasion,  and 
finally  forced  into  the  extreme  south  of  the  continent  by 
the  pressure  of  the  Ban-tu  or  Kaffir  tribes. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  148. 

Akkad,  or  Accad  (ak'kad  or  ak'ad).  One  of 
the  four  cities  of  Nimrod’s  empire  (Gen.  x.  10) 
in  Shinar  or  Babylonia:  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions it  is  usually  the  name  of  a region. 
The  kings  of  Babylonia  and  those  of  Assyria  who  conquered 
Babylonia  call  themselves  “king  of  Sumer  and  Akkad," 
whence  it  is  usually  assumed  that  Sumer  denominated 
southern  Babylonia  and  Akkad  northern  Babylonia.  The 
boundaries  of  this  district  are  not  certain,  but  it  seems 
to  have  lain  between  the  Tigris  and  the  Elamitic  and  Me- 
dian mountains,  its  northern  limit  being  the  upper  Zab. 
The  name  of  a city,  Agade,  was  discovered  in  an  inscrip- 
tion of  Nebuchadnezzar,  which  is  held  by  some  to  be 
identical  with  the  city  of  Akkad.  Agade  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  earliest-known  Babylonian  king,  Sargon  I. 
(about  3800  B.  c.).  Cyrus  mentions  this  city  as  still  exist- 
ing in  his  time.  Friedrich  Delitzsch  considers  it  part  of 
the  city  of  Sepharvaim ; other  scholars,  however,  doubt 
the  identification.  Akkadian  is  the  name  given  to  the 
people  and  dialect  of  Akkad.  The  people  were  supposed 
to  be  a non-Semitic  tribe  and  their  language  agglutina- 
tive ; the  literature  in  this  dialect  consisted  chiefly  of 
magical  incantations.  This  theory  has  been  strongly  de- 
fended by  Oppert  and  Haupt.  Joseph  Hr, levy  and  others 
hold  that  this  non-Semitic  people  and  language  never  ex- 
isted and  that  the  writing  is  simply  a cryptography  or 
secret  writing  invented  by  the  priests  to  lend  a greater 
mystery  to  their  sacred  writings.  The  most  recent  theory 
is  that  the  so-called  Akkadian  dialect  is  simply  an  older 
form  of  Sumerian  and  should  be  called  Old  Sumerian. 
(See  Surneria.)  Alckadist  is  the  name  given  to  a person 
who  believes  in  the  real  existence  of  the  Akkadian  dialect 
and  people  : the  opponents  of  this  school  are  called  anti- 
Akkadists. 

Akko.  See  Acre. 

Akmolinsk,  or  Akmollinsk  (afe-mo-linsk').  A 
Russian  province  in  the  government  of  the 
Steppes,  Russian  central  Asia,  organized  in 
1868.  It  is  level  in  the  north,  hilly  in  the  center,  and  a 
desert  steppe  in  the  south.  Area,  225,074  square  miles. 
Bopulatiou,  809,700. 

Akmolinsk.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Akmolinsk,  situated  on  the  Ishim  about  lat. 
51°  30'  N.,  long.  71°  30'  E.  It  is  a caravan 
center.  Population,  9,557. 

Akoklak.  See  Kitunahan. 

Akola  (a-ko'la).  A district  in  the  province  of 
Berar,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  21° 
N.,  long.  77°  E.  Area,  2,678  square  miles. 
Population,  582,540. 

Akola.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Akola, 
British  India,  about  lat.  20°  42'  N.,  long.  77° 
E.  Population,  29,289. 

Akpotto  (ak-pot'to).  See  Igbira. 

Akra  (ak-ra/ ),  formerly  Accra.  A Nigritic  tribe 
of  the  Gold  Coast, West  Africa,  subject  to  Eng- 
land. It  occupies  the  triangular  area  between  the  sea- 
coast,  the  Volta  River,  and  the  Ashanti  Mountains.  The 
Akra  language  has  monosyllabic  roots  and  makes  a great 
use  of  musical  tones.  Ga,  (Gau)  and  Adampi  are  its  two 
principal  dialects. 

Akra,  formerly  Accra.  A town  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  West  Africa,  about  80  miles  west  of  the 
Volta  river.  It  has  about  18,000  inhabitants,  a few 
only  being  white.  It  became  English  in  1850,  and,  after 
Cape  Coast  Castle,  is  the  largest  town  of  the  Gold 
Coast. 

Akrabbim  (a-krab'im).  [Heb.,  ‘ scorpions.’] 
In  biblical  geography,  a group  of  hills  south  of 
the  Dead  Sea,  variously  identified. 


Alabama,  The 

Akragas.  See  Agrigentum. 

Akr  on  ( ak  'ron ) . T he  capital  of  Summit  County, 
Ohio,  36  miles  south  of  Cleveland,  it  has  consid- 
erable manufactures  of  flour,  woolen  goods,  matches,  agri- 
cultural implements,  etc.  Population,  69,067,  (1910). 
Akrura  (a-kro'ra).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
Yadava  and  uncle  of  Krishna,  chiefly  noted  as 
the  holder  of  the  Syamantaka  gem. " See  Sya- 
mantaka. 

Aksakoff  (iik-sa'kof),  or  Aksakov  (ak-sa'kof), 
Constantine.  Born  at  Moscow,  April  10, 1817 : 
died  in  the  island  of  Zante,  Greece,  Dec.,  1860. 
A Russian  poet  and  prose-writer,  son  of  Sergei 
Aksakoff. 

Aksakoff,  or  Aksakov,  Ivan.  Bom  Oct.  8, 

1823:  died  Feb.  8, 1886.  A Russian  Panslavist, 
son  of  Sergei  Aksakoff. 

Aksakoff,  or  Aksakov,  Sergei.  Bom  at  Ufa, 

Russia,  Oct.  1,  1791:  died  at  Moscow,  May  12, 
1859.  A Russian  writer,  author  of  “Family 
Chronicles”  (1856),  etc. 

Akserai  (ak-se-ri').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey:  the  ancient  Archelais. 
Population  (estimated),  10,000. 

Aksha  (ak'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
eldest  son  of  Ravana,  slain  by  Hanuman. 
Akshehr  (ak'shenr).  A smalltown  in  the  vila- 
yet of  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  lat.  38° 
22'  N.,  long.  31°  17'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Thymbrium  or,  more  probably,  of  Philomelion, 
the  scene  of  the  victory  of  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  over  the  Seljuks,  May  18, 1190.  Bajazet 
I.  died  here  1403.  Also  Ak- Shell er. 

Aksu  (ak-so'),  or  Ak-sai  (ak-sU).  A northern 
tributary  of  the  Tarim  in  eastern  Turkestan, 
about  300  miles  long.  It  rises  in  the  Tian-Shan. 
Aksil  (ak-so').  A city  in  eastern  Turkestan, 
about  lat.  41°  7'  N.,  long.  80°  30'  E.,  important 
as  a commercial  center  and  strategical  point. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  goods.  Popula- 
tion (estimated!,  40,000. 

Akupara  (ak-o-pa/ra).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  tortoise  which  upholds  the  world. 
Akurakura  (a-ko-ra'ko-ra).  A small  African 
tribe,  settled  on  the  bend  of  Cross  River,  West 
Africa,  in  the  region  where  the  Bantu  and  Ni- 
gritic languages  meet  and  blend. 

Akureyri  (a-ko-ra'ri).  A small  seaport  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Iceland,  the  second  largest 
place  on  the  island. 

Akwapim  (ak-wa-pem').  See  Ashanti. 

Akyab  (ak-yab').  A district  in  the  division  of 
Arakan,  Lower  Burma,  intersected  by  lat.  21° 
N.  and  long.  93°  E.  Area,  5,136  square  miles. 
Population,  481,666. 

Akyab.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  district  of 
Akyab,  and  chief  port  of  the  Arakan  division 
of  Lower  Burma,  lat.  20°  8'  N.,  long.  92°  55' 
E.  Population,  35,680. 

Ala  (a'la).  A town  in  Tyrol,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, on  the  Adige  23  miles  southwest  of 
Trent.  Population,  5,300,  (1910). 

Ala.  See  Igara. 

Alabama  (al-a-ba'ma).  [See  Alibamu."]  A 
river  in  the  State  of  Alabama,  which  is 
formed  by  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  above 
Montgomery,  and  unites  with  the  Tombigbee 
to  form  the  Mobile,  about  32  miles  north  of 
Mobile.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Cahawba.  Its  total 
length  is  312  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  to  Mont- 
gomery. 

Alabama.  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
United  States,  capital  Montgomery,  bounded 
by  Tennessee  on  the  north,  Georgia  (partly 
separated  by  the  Chattahoochee)  and  Florida 
(separated  by  the  Perdido)  on  the  east,  Florida 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  Missis- 
sippi on  the  west,  and  extending  from  lat.  30° 
13'  to  lat.  35°  N.,  and  from  long.  84°  53'  to  long. 
88°  35'  W. : one  of  the  Gulf  States,  it  is  moun- 
tainous in  the  north,  hilly  and  rolling  in  the  center,  and 
low  in  the  south ; and  is  traversed  by  the  Tennessee 
river  in  the  north,  and  by  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee 
systems  from  north  to  south.  It  is  rich  in  coal  and  iron 
in  the  mountainous  region,  and  was  the  fourth  State  in 
the  quantity  of  pig-iron  produced  in  1911.  It  has  66  coun- 
ties, 10  representatives  in  Congress,  and  12  electoral  votes. 
It  was  settled  by  the  French  in  1702.  The  territory  north 
of  lat.  31°  N.  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  to 
the  United  States  in  1783;  and  the  remaining  territory 
was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States  in  1819.  It  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  in  1819,  seceded  Jan.  11,  1861,  and 
was  readmitted  July,  1868.  Area,  52,250  square  miles. 
Population,  2,138,093,  (1910). 

Alabama,  The.  A wooden  steam-sloop  of  1,040 
tons  built  for  the  Confederate  States  at  Birken- 
head, England.  Her  commander  was  Captain  Semmes 
of  the  Confederate  navy.  (See  Semmes.)  Her  crew  and 
equipments  were  English.  She  cruised  1862-64,  destroy- 
ing American  shipping,  and  was  sunk  by  the  Kearsarga 
off  Cherbourg,  June  19,  1864. 


Alabama  claims 

Alabama  claims.  Claims  for  damages  pre- 
ferred by  the  United  States  against  Great 
Britain  for  losses  caused  during  the  Civil  War 
by  the  depredations  on  American  commerce  of 
vessels — the  chief  of  which  was  the  Ala- 
bama— fitted  out  or  supplied  in  British  ports 
under  the  direction  of  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment. The  adjustment  of  these  claims  was  provided 
for  by  the  treaty  of  Washington,  concluded  May  8,  1871, 
which  referred  them  to  a tribunal  of  arbitration  to  be 
composed  of  five  members,  named  respectively  by  the 
governments  of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  Italy, 
Switzerland,  and  Brazil.  The  tribunal  assembled  in  Ge- 
neva, Switzerland,  Dec.  15, 1871,  and  was  composed  of  the 
following  arbitrators : Count  1'edcrigo  Sclopis,  of  Italy ; 
Baron  Itajuba,  of  Brazil ; Jacques  Staemptii,  of  Switzer- 
land; Charles  Francis  Adams,  of  the  United  States;  and 
Lord  Chief  Justice  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn,  of  Great 
Britain.  The  agent  for  Great  Britain  was  Lord  Tenter- 
den,  the  counsel  Sir  Roundell  Palmer ; the  agent  for  the 
United  States,  J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  the  counsel  William 
M.  Evarts,  Caleb  Cushing,  and  Morrison  B.  Waite.  Count 
Sclopis  was  elected  president,  and  Alexandre  Favrot,  of 
Switzerland,  secretary.  After  having  received  the  cases 
of  the  contending  parties,  the  tribunal  adjourned  till 
June  15,  1872.  The  United  States  claimed,  in  addition  to 
direct  damages,  consequential  or  indirect  damages  ; while 
Great  Britain  contended  against  any  liability  whatever, 
and  especially  against  any  liability  for  indirect  damages. 
Sept.  14,  1872,  the  decision  of  the  tribunal  was  announced, 
a gross  sum  of  $15,500,000  in  gold  being  awarded  the 
United  States  in  satisfaction  for  all  claims.  The  Geneva 
tribunal  is  of  importance  in  the  history  of  international 
law  on  account  of  the  rules  relating  to  neutrals  which  it 
adopted  to  guide  its  action. 

Alabama  Claims  Commission.  A commission 
of  representatives  of  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States,  for  the  settlement  of  the  Ala- 
bama claims.  Its  members  were  Earl  de  Grey  and 
Ripon,  Sir  Stafford  Northcote,  Sir  Edward  Thornton, 
Sir  John  Macdonald,  and  Professor  Montague  Bernard,  for 
Great  Britain ; and  Hamilton  Fish,  Robert  C.  Schenck, 
Samuel  Nelson,  Ebenezer  R.  Hoar,  and  George  H.  Wil- 
liams, for  the  United  States.  They  concluded  the  treaty 
of  Washington,  May  8, 1871.  See  treaty  of  Washington,  and 
Alabama  claims  (above). 

Alabanda  (al-a-ban'da).  An  ancient  city  of 
Caria,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  site  of  the  modern 
Hissar. 

Alabaster  (al'a-bas-ter),  William.  Born  at 
Hadleigh,  Suffolk,  England,  1567 : died  in  April, 
1640.  An  English  poet  and  divine,  a gradu- 
ate and  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
author  of  a Latin  tragedy,  “Roxana”  (acted 
at  Cambridge  University  about  1592,  printed 
1632),  and  of  various  learned  works.  He  began 
an  epic  poem,  in  Latin,  in  praise  of  Elizabeth,  the  first 
book  of  which  remains  in  manuscript  in  the  library  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge.  In  1596  he  went  to  Cadiz 
as  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Essex. 

Alacoque  (a-la-kok'),  Marguerite  Marie.  Born 
at  Lauthecour,  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  July 
22, 1647 : died  at  Paray-le-Monial,  France,  Oct. 
17,  1690.  A French  nun,  founder  of  the  wor- 
ship of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus. 

Alaeranes  (a-la-kra'nes).  A group  of  coral 
islets  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  22°  30'  N., 
long.  89°  40'  W. 

AlaHJagh  (a'la-daG').  A range  of  the  Taurus 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  Asia  Minor,  north 
of  Adana,  a continuation  of  the  Bulgar-Dagh. 
Ala-Dagh,  or  Allah  Dagh.  A mountain-range 
in  the  northern  part  of  Asia  Minor,  intersected 
by  long.  32°  E. 

Ala-Dagh.  A mountain-range  in  Turkish  Ar- 
menia, north  of  Lake  Van,  about  11,000  feet 
high,  the  source  of  the  eastern  Euphrates. 
Aladdin  (a-lad'in).  In  the  story  of  “Aladdin 
or  the  Wonderful  Lamp,”  in  the  “Arabian 
Nights’  Entertainments,”  the  son  of  a poor  wid- 
ow in  China,  who  becomes  possessed  of  a magic 
lamp  and  ring  which  command  the  services 
of  two  terrific  jinns.  Learning  the  magic  power  of 
the  lamp,  by  accidentally  rubbing  it,  Aladdin  becomes 
rich  and  marries  the  Princess  of  Cathay  through  the 
agency  of  the  “slave  of  the  lamp"  who  also  builds  in  a 
night  a palace  for  her  reception.  One  window  of  this 
palace  was  left  unfinished,  and  no  one  could  complete  it 
to  match  the  others.  Aladdin  therefore  directs  the  jinns 
to  finish  it,  which  is  done  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye  (hence 
the  phrase  “to  finish  Aladdin’s  window”;  that  is,  to  at- 
tempt to  finish  something  begun  by  a greater  man).  After 
many  years  the  original  owner  of  the  lamp,  a magician, 
in  order  to  recover  it,  goes  through  the  city  offering  new 
lamps  for  old.  The  wife  of  Aladdin,  tempted  by  this 
idea,  exchanges  the  old  rusty  magic  lamp  for  a brand-new 
useless  one  (hence  the  phrase  “ to  exchange  old  lamps  for 
new  ’’),  and  the  magician  transports  both  palace  and  prin- 
cess to  Africa,  but  the  ring  helps  Aladdin  to  find  them.  He 
kills  the  magician,  and,  possessing  himself  of  the  lamp, 
transports  the  palace  to  Cathay,  and  at  the  sultan’s  death 
succeeds  to  the  throne. 

Aladfar  (al-ad-far').  [Ar.]  A name,  not  much 
used,  for  the  star  ?/  Lyrse. 

Aladja-Dagh  (a-la'ja-daa').  A mountain  near 
Kars,  Russian  Armenia,  the  scene  of  a vic- 
tory of  the  Russians  under  Grand  Duke  Michael 
over  the  Turks  under  Mukhtar  Pasha,  Oct.  13- 
15,  1877. 


' 27 

Ala-ed-Din  (a-la'ed-den'),  or  Ala-eddin,  or 

Aladdin.  An  Ottoman  statesman,  son  of 
Othman  the  founder  of  the  Ottoman  empire. 
On  the  death  of  Othman,  Orchan,  Ala-ed-Din’s  elder 
brother,  offered  to  share  the  empire  with  him,  but  he 
would  accept  only  the  revenues  from  a single  village  and 
the  post  of  vizir.  He  organized  the  corps  of  janizaries, 
at  the  head  of  which  he  gained  a victory  over  the  em- 
peror Andronicus  in  1330,  and  took  Nicasa,  the  chief  de- 
fense of  the  Greek  empire  in  Asia. 

Alaghez  (a-la-gez').  An  extinct  volcano  30 
miles  northwest  of  Erivan,  Transcaucasia, 
Russia,  13,436  feet  high.  Also  Ali-Ghez. 
Alagoas  (a-la-go  ' as).  A state  of  eastern 
Brazil,  capital  Maceio,  bounded  by  Pernam- 
buco on  the  north  and  northwest,  the  Atlantic 
on  the  southeast,  and  Sergipe  on  the  southwest. 
Its  chief  products  are  cotton,  sugar,  and  to- 
bacco. Area,  22,583  square  miles.  Population, 
649,273. 

Alagoas.  A town  in  the  state  of  Alagdas, 
situated  near  the  coast  in  lat.  9°  45'  S.,  long. 
35°  50'  W. : formerly  the  capital  of  the  province. 
Population,  about  15,300. 

Alai,  or  Alay,  Mountains.  See  Trans-Alai. 
Alain  de  Lille  (a-lan'  de  lei).  Latinized  Ala- 
nus  ab  Insulis  (a-la'nus  ab  in'su-lis).  Born 
1114:  died  at  Citeaux,  France,  i203  (?).  A 
monk  and  celebrated  scholar,  surnamed  “Doc- 
tor Universalis,”  author  of  an  encyclopedic 
poem,  treating  of  morals,  the  sciences,  and  the 
arts,  entitled  “ Amtielaudianus”  (published  in 
1536),  etc. 

Alais  (a-la').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Gard,  France,  situated  on  the  Gardon  25  miles 
northwest  of  Nimes.  It  has  a fort  built  by  Louis 
XIV.  to  intimidate  the  Huguenots.  Population, 
27,435. 

Alais,  Peace  of.  A peace  (1629)  which  termi- 
nated the  last  of  the  religious  wars  in  France, 
in  which  (1628)  La  Rochelle,  the  stronghold  of 
the  Huguenots,  was  taken  by  Richelieu,  and 
the  Huguenots  were  compelled  to  disband  as  a 
political  party. 

Alajuela  (a-la-Hwa'la).  A town  of  Costa  Rica, 
about  lat.  9°  55'  N.,  long.  84°  20'  W.  Popula- 
tion, 5,861. 

Alaka  (a'la-ka).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
capital  of  Kuvera  and  the  abode  of  the  gan- 
dharvas  on  Mount  Meru. 

Ala-kul  (a-la-koF).  A lake  in  Asiatic  Russia, 
about  lat.  46°  N.,  near  the  Chinese  frontier, 
without  outlet. 

Alaman  (a-la-man'),  Lucas.  Born  at  Guana- 
juato, Oct.  18,  1792:  died  in  Mexico,  June  2, 
1853.  A Mexican  historian  and  statesman. 

He  traveled  extensively  in  Europe,  1814-22,  and  was  dep- 
uty in  the  Spanish  Cortes  for  his  native  province.  Re- 
turning to  Mexico,  he  held  various  important  offices,  being 
secretary  of  the  interior  for  the  provisional  government 
1823-25,  foreign  minister  under  Bustamente,  and  again 
under  Santa  Anna  until  his  death.  Many  important  public 
works  are  due  to  him,  including  the  Mexican  museum. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  “ Historia  de  Mdjico  ” and  “ Dis- 
ertaciones  sobre  la  historia  de  la  Repfibliea  Mejicana,’’ 
works  published  during  the  ten  years  before  his  death. 
Alamanni  (al-a-man'I),  less  correctly  Ale- 
manni  (al-e-man'i).  [‘All  men,’  that  is, 

‘ men  of  all  nations.’]  A German  race  of  Sue- 
vic  origin,  which  occupied  the  region  from  the 
Main  to  the  Danube  in  the  first  part  of  the  3d 
century  A.  D.  Their  territory  extended  later  across 
the  Rhine,  including  Alsace  and  part  of  eastern  Switzer- 
land. They  were  defeated  by  Clovis  496.  (See  Swabia.) 
The  Alamannic  is  the  German  dialect  in  old  Alamannic 
territory  in  the  region  of  the  upper  Rhine,  approximately 
coincident  with  modem  Alsace,  the  southern  half  of 
Baden  and  of  Wiirtemberg,  Swabia,  and  Switzerland. 
With  Bavarian  itforms  the  group  specifically  called  High 
German.  It  is  the  typical  form  of  Old  High  German, 
which  exists  in  literature  from  the  8th  to  the  end  of  the 
11th  century. 

Alamanni  (a-la-man'ne),  or  Alemanni  (fi-le- 
man'ne),  Luigi.  Born  at  Florence,  1495:  died 
at  Amboise,  France,  1556.  Am  Italian  poet,  au- 
thor of  eclogues,  hymns,  satires,  elegies,  a di- 
dactic poem  “La  Coltivazione ” (1546),  an  epic 
poem  “ Girone  il  cortese”  (1548),  etc.  He  con- 
spired against  Giulio  de’ Medici  and  escaped  to  Venice: 
thence  he  went  to  Genoa,  and  in  1523  to  the  court  of 
Francis  I.  where,  after  returning  to  Florence  for  a short 
time  (1527-30),  he  spent  most  of  his  after  life.  Through 
Wyatt,  who  imitated  him,  he  exerted  considerable  in- 
fluence upon  English  poetry. 

Alamannia  (al-a-man'i-a),  or  Alemannia 

(al-e-man'i-a).  A.  division  of  ancient  Ger- 
many, which  first  appears  about  the  end  of  the 
3d  century.  It  lay  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Ger- 
many  and  adjoining  parts  of  Switzerland  and  Tyrol,  the 
region  settled  largely  by  the  Alamanni  (ancestors  of  the 
Swabians,  German  Swiss,  etc.).  For  the  duchy  of  Ala- 
mannia, see  Swabia. 

Alamannic  (al-a-man'ik),  or  Alemannic  (al-e- 
man'ik),  Federation.  A federation  of  several 


A1  Araf 

German  tribes,  chiefly  Suevi  ( Alamanni  — all 
men,  i.  e.,  men  of  all  nations),  which  appeared 
on  the  Main  the  3d  century  after  Christ.  Caracalla 
engaged  in  war  with  them  in  214.  Under  Aurelian  they 
invaded  the  empire,  but  were  defeated  in  three  battles  in 
271.  In  356  and  357  they  were  defeated  by  Julian  ; in  366 
by  Jovinus;  and  in  496  they  were  completely  subjugated 
by  Clovis. 

Alamans.  See  Alamanni. 

Alambagh  (a-lam'baa),  or  Alumbagh  (a-lum'- 
bao).  An  inclosure  near  Lucknow,  India.  It 
was  held  by  Outram  against  the  Sepoys  from 
Nov.,  1857,  until  March,  1858. 

Alameda  (a-la-ma'da).  [Sp.,  ‘a  grove  or  row 
of  poplar-trees.’  The  name  is  now  applied  very 
generally  in  Spanish  America  to  any  large 
pleasure-ground  or  park.}  A town  in  Spain, 
about  50  miles  northwest  of  Malaga.  Popu- 
lation, 4,235. 

Alameda.  A city  in  Alameda  County,  Califor- 
nia, situated  on  San  Francisco  bay  9 miles 
east  of  San  Francisco.  Population,  23,383, 
(1910). 

Alameda.  Up  to  1681,  a pueblo  of  the  Tigua 
Indians,  9 miles  north  of  Albuquerque  on  the 
Rio  Grande  in  central  New  Mexico.  In  1681 
the  Indian  pueblo  was  burnt  by  Governor  Oter- 
min  on  bis  expedition  into  New  Mexico. 
Alamillo  (a-la-mel'yo).  [Sp.]  A small  settle- 
ment on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  F6 
Railroad,  in  New  Mexico,  south  of  Albuquer- 
que and  on  the  Rio  Grande.  Up  to  1680  it  was  the 
site  of  a considerable  village  of  the  Biros  Indians.  The 
ruins  of  the  village  are  still  visible. 

Alaminos  (a-la-me'nos),  Anton  or  Antonio. 

A Spanish  navigator  whose  name  is  associated 
with  many  early  expeditions  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  appears  that  he  was  with  Columbus  in 
1499  and  1502,  and  he  was  chief  pilot  of  the  successive  ex- 
peditions of  Cordova,  Grijalva,  and  Cortds  to  Mexico,  1517 
to  1520.  He  discovered  the  Bahama  channel  in  1520. 
Alamo  (a'la-mo).  A mission  building  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  begun  in  1744.  it  was  used  as  a 
parish  church  until  1793,  when  the  mission  was  secu- 
larized. In  Feb.,  1836,  it  was  occupied  by  Colonel  W. 
B.  Travis  with  about  150  men  in  revolt  against  the 
government  of  Mexico.  After  withstanding  a terrible 
siege,  it  was  taken  by  assault  on  March  6,  and  the  garri- 
son (including  David  Crockett  and  Colonel  Bowie)  killed. 
.One  man  had  previously  made  his  escape. 

Alamos  (a'la-mos),  Los.  A town  in  the  state 
of  Sonora,  Mexico,  about  lat.  27°  25'  N.,  long. 
109°  W.  Population,  6,180. 

Alamos  de  Barrientos  (a/la-mos  de  bar-re-en'- 
tos),  Balthazar.  Born  at  Medina  del  Campo, 
Spain,  1550 : died  about  1635.  A Spanish  phi- 
lologist. 

Alan,  William.  See  Allen. 

Aland  Islands  (a'land  i'landz).  An  archi- 
pelago at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
in  the  government  of  Abo-Bjorneborg,  Finland, 
conquered  by  Russia  from  Sweden  in  1809. 
The  chief  island  is  Aland  (population,  9,000). 
It  was  occupied  by  the  Allies  in  1854. 

Alani  (a-la'nl).  A people  of  Scythian  origin, 
dwelling  originally  in  the  Caucasus.  With  the 
Huns  they  defeated  the  East  Goths  about  375  A.  D. , and 
they  invaded  Gaul  with  the  Suevi  and  Vandals  in  406,  and 
Spain  in  409.  They  were  defeated  by  the  W est  Goths  about 
418,  and  disappeared  as  a nation  in  the  5th  century. 

The  Alani  are  a puzzling  race,  our  accounts  of  whom 
are  somewhat  contradictory,  but  who  may  perhaps  be 
most  safely  set  down  as  a non-Aryan,  or,  at  any  rate,  a 
non-Teutonic  people,  who  had  been  largely  brought  under 
Gothic  influences.  But  early  in  the  fifth  century  they 
possessed  a dominion  in  central  Spain  which  stretched 
from  sea  to  sea.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  89. 

Alans.  See  Alani. 

Alantika  (a-lan'ti-ka).  A mountain-range  of 
Adamawa,  central  Africa,  from  7,000  to  9,000 
feet  bigb. 

Alanus  ab  Insulis.  See  Alain  de  Lille. 
Alaotra  (a-la-d'tra),  Lake.  The  largest  lake  of 
Madagascar,  north  of  Tamatave,  30  miles  long 
and  5 wide. 

Alapalli,  or  Allajialli  (a-la-pal'le),  or  Alleppi 

(a-lep'i).  A seaport  in  Travancore,  India,  in 
lat.  9°  30'  N„  long.  76° 20'  E.  Population,  24,918. 
Alapayevsk  (a-la-pa-yevsk').  A town  in  the 
government  of  Perm,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Neiva  about  70  miles  northeast  of  Yekaterin- 
burg. It  has  largo  iron-foundries.  Population, 
8,384. 

A1  Araf  (al  a'raf).  [Ar.,  from  'araf a (?),  to  dis- 
tinguish.] In  Mohammedan  theology,  a par- 
tition between  heaven  and  hell  (described  in 
the  Koran,  Surah  vii.  44)  on  which  are  those 
who  have  not  yet  entered  into  heaven  but 
desire  to  do  SO.  It  is  regarded  by  some  as  a limbo  for 
the  patriarchs  and  prophets,  or  other  holy  persons,  and 
by  others  as  a place  of  abode  for  those  whose  good  and 
evil  works  are  about  equally  balanced.  Hughes,  Diet,  of 
Islam. 


Alarbus 


28 


Albanian 


Alarbus  (a-lar'bus).  In  Shakspere’s  (?)  “Titus 
Andronicus,”  a sou  of  Tamora,  queen  of  the 
Goths. 

Alarcon  (a-lar-kon'),  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Cuenca,  Spain,  situated  on  a rock 
in  the  Jucar,  43  miles  south  of  Cuenca,  it  was 
an  important  medieval  fortress,  and  was  the  scene  of  a 
Moorish  victory  over  the  Castilians  in  1195. 

Alarcon  (a-lar'kon).  In  Tasso’s  “Jerusalem 
Delivered,”  the  King  of  Barca  who  fought 
against  the  Crusaders  with  the  Egyptians. 
Alarcon  (a-lar-kon'),  Hernando  de.  Lived 
about  1540.  A Spanish  navigator,  sent  by  the 
viceroy  of  New  Spain  to  support  by  sea  the 
expedition  of  Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado 
to  the  mythical  Seven  Cities  in  the  interior  of 
(what  was  then)  Mexico.  He  set  sail  May  9,  1540, 
and  by  penetrating  the  Gulf  of  California  proved  that 
California  was  not  an  island.  lie  made  two  attempts  to 
ascend  the  Colorado  in  boats,  and  planted  a cross  at  the 
highest  point  he  reached,  burying  a writing  at  its  foot, 
subsequently  found  by  Melchor  Diaz.  His  report  is  printed 
in  Hakluyt's  “Voyages.”  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Alarcon,  Pedro  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Guadix, 
Spain,  March  10,  1833:  died  at  Madrid,  July 
20,  1891.  A Spanish  poet,  novelist,  journalist, 
and  politician.  He  accompanied  the  Spanish  army  to 
Morocco  as  a newspaper  correspondent  in  1859,  and  in 
1864  was  elected  a member  of  the  Cortes  f ora  Cadiz.  In 
1868  he  fought  on  the  side  of  the  revolutionists  in  the 
battle  of  Alcolea.  He  published  “ Diario  de  un  testigo  de  la 
guerra  de  Africa"  (1869),  “ Poeslas  serias  y humoristicas" 
(18,01,  “LI  sombrero  de  tres  picos”  (L574),  “El  Hijo 
Prddigo”  (18'  7),  etc. 

Alarcon  y Mendoza  (a-lar-kon'  e raan-do'tha), 
Juan  Ruiz  de.  Bora  in  Tasco,  Mexico,  about 
1588 : died  in  Cordova,  Spain,  Aug.  4, 1G39.  A 
Spanish  dramatic  poet.  lie  was  graduated  doctor  of 
laws  in  Mexico  in  1606.  Afterward  he  went  to  Spain,  had 
a subordinate  position  under  the  Council  of  the  Indies, 
and  began  to  publish  his  comedies  iu  1628.  They  are  re- 
garded by  some  judges  as  the  finest  in  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage. Perhaps  the  best-known  is  “La  Verdad  sospe- 
chosa,”  which  was  imitated  by  Corneille  in  “ Le  Menteur.” 

Alarcos.  Soe  Alarcon. 

Alardo  (a-liir'do).  The  younger  brother  of 
Bradamant  in  Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso.” 
Alaric  (al'a-rik).  [Goth.  *Alareiks , from  al, 
all,  and  reiks , ruler.  Cf.  Gensertc,  Theodo?-tc, 
etc.]  Born  on  the  island  of  Peuce,  in  the 
Danube,  376  (?)  a.  d. : died  at  Cosentia,  Italy, 
410.  A celebrated  king  of  the  West  Goths, 
395(?)-410,  a member  of  the  princely  family 
of  Baltha.  He  served  under  Theodosius  as  commander 
of  the  Gothic  auxiliaries  in  the  war  agai.ist  Lugenius 
and  Arbogastes  in  194 ; left  the  Roman  service  on  the 
death  of  Theodosius,  being  elected  king  of  the  West 
Goths  about  the  same  time  ; invaded  Greece  in  3)6,  and 
was  compelled  by  Stilicho  to  reti  e to  Epirus  in  397; 
was  appointed  prefect  of  eastern  Illyri  ;um  by  Arcadius ; 
invaded  Italy  in  400,  and  fought  a drawn  battle  at  Pol- 
lentia  in  401  or  4u3  with  Stilicho,  who  allowed  him  to 
escape  to  Illyricum ; was  made  prefect  of  western  Illyri- 
cum  by  Honorius;  invaded  Italy  a second  time  in  408; 
and  after  twice  besieging  Rome  captured  and  sacked  it 
Aug.  24,  410.  He  died  while  preparing  to  invade  L icily 
and  Africa,  and  was  buried,  with  a vast  treasure,  in  the 
bed  of  the  river  Busento. 

Alaric  II.  Died  near  Poitiers,  France,  507  a.  d. 
A king  of  the  West  Goths,  435-507,  defeated 
and  slain  by  Clovis.  He  ordered  the  compilation  of 
the  code  “Breviarum  Alaricianum’  or  “Corpus  Theodo- 
sii  ” (so  named  from  the  six  books  of  the  Theodosian  code 
which  it  contains). 

Alaric  Cottin.  See  Cottin. 

Alarodians  (al-a-ro'di-anz).  See  the  extract. 

In  Tubal  and  Meshech  we  must  see  representatives  of 
the  so-called  Alarodiau  race,  to  which  the  modern  Geor- 
gians belong.  This  race  was  once  in  exclusive  possession 
of  the  highlands  of  Armenia,  and  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions found  there  were  the  work  of  Alarodian  princes  who 
established  a kingdom  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Van.  /.bout 
B.  c.  600  Aryans  from  Phrygia  entered  Armenia,  overthrew 
the  old  monarchy,  and  imposed  (heir  rule  upon  the  in- 
digenous population.  The  bulk  of  the  Armenians,  how- 
ever, still  belong  to  the  older  race,  though  the  language 
they  have  adopted  was  that  of  their  invaders.  The  Ala- 
rodian is  a family  of  inflectional  languages,  of  which  the 
Georgian  in  the  Caucasus  is  the  chief  1 iving  representative. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  50. 

Alarum  for  London,  or  The  Siege  of  Ant- 
werp. An  anonymous  play  acted  about  1599 
(published  in  1600),  attributed  to  Lodge. 
Alascans  (a-las'kanz).  A name  given  to  the 
foreign  Protestants  in  London  during  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.,  from  the  superintendent  of  the 
foreign  (German,  French,  etc.)  churches  in 
London,  John  Laski,  a Polish  refugee  and  fol- 
lower of  Zwingli.  See  Laski. 

Alasco  (a-las'ko).  An  old  astrologer  in  Scott’s 
novel  “Kenilworth,”  secretly  in  the  employ  of 
Richard  Varney.  Also  called  Dr.  Demetrius 
Doboobic. 

Alasco,  John.  See  Laski. 

Alashehr  (a-la-shcHr').  A town  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, the  Philadelphia  of  Scripture,  situated  on 
the  slope  of  Tmolus  about  80  miles  east  of 


Smyrna,  on  the  railway  from  Smyrna.  It  has 
considerable  trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  a Greek  archbishopric. 
Population  (estimated),  8,000. 

Alaska  (a-las'ka),  formerly  Prussian  America. 
A territory  of  the  United  States,  capital  Juneau, 
bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north, 
British  America  on  the  east,  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  and  Arctic  oceans, 
Bering  Strait,  and  Bering;  Sea  on  the  west,  it 
includes  many  islands.  The  nighest  point  is  Mount 
McKinley  (20,300  feet : U.  S.  Gcal,  tsurv.).  Chief  river, 
the  Yukon.  It  has  valuable  fisheries,  fur-trade,  and  ex- 
tensive forests,  and  large  mineral  deposits.  By  act  of 
Congress,  1884,  it  constituted  a civil  and  judicial  district, 
with  a governor,  judge,  attorney,  and  marshal.  An  act 
of  Congress,  approved  August  24,  1912,  created  a legisla- 
tive assembly  consisting  of  a Senate  of  8 members  and  a 
House  of  Representatives  of  16  members.  It  was  discov- 
ered by  the  Russians  in  1741.  It  was  purchased  by  the 
United  States  from  Russia  for  $7,200,000,  by  treaty  of 
March  30,  1867.  Ar  ea,  590,884  square  miles.  Population, 
64,366,  (1910). 

Alaska  Peninsula.  A peninsula  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Alaska,  partly  inclosing  Bering  Sea. 

Alaska  Strait.  A sea  passage  between  the 
mainland  of  Alaska  and  Kodiak  Island. 

Alasnam  (a-las'nam).  In  the  “Arabian 
Nights’  Entertainments,”  a man  who  became 
possessed  of  eight  magnificent  golden  statues, 
and  on  searching  for  the  ninth,  which  was  more 
singular  and  precious  still,  discovered  it  in  the 
person  of  a beautiful  woman,  whom  he  married. 

Alassio  (a-liis'se-o).  A small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Genoa  about  48  miles  southwest  of  Genoa. 
It  is  a bathing-place  and  winter  health-resort. 

Alastor  (a-las'tor).  1.  In  Greek  mythology, 
a surname  of  Zeus  as  the  avenger:  also  applied 
to  any  avenging  deity  or  demon. — 2.  In  medi- 
eval demonology,  a spirit  of  evil,  the  executor 
of  the  sentences  of  the  king  of  hell. — 3.  A 
poem  by  Shelley,  published  in  1816,  named 
from  its  chief  character,  “Alastor  or  the  Spirit 
of  Solitude.” 

The  poet’s  self-centred  seclusion  was  avenged  by  the 
Furies  of  au  irresistible  passion  pursuing  him  to  speedy 
ruin.  Preface  to  the  Poem,  Dec.  14,  1815. 

Alatau  (ii-lii-tou'),  or  Sungariaa  (sung-gar'- 
i-an)  Alatau.  A mountain-range  in  Semi- 
ryetchensk,  Asiatic  Russia,  on  the  Boundary  be- 
tween that  government  and  the  Chinese  prov- 
ince of  Hi,  about  lat.  44°  46'  N.  It  reaches 
a height  of  about  13,000  feet. 

Alatau,  or  Kusnetzky  (koz-net'ske)  Alatau. 
A range  of  mountains  in  the  governments  of 
Tomsk  and  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  extending  about 
northeast  and  southwest. 

Alatau,  or  Trans-Hi  (tranz-e'le)  Alatau.  A 
mountain  system  in  Semiryetchensk,  Asiatic 
Russia,  south  of  the  river  Ili.  It  reaches  a 
height  of  over  15,000  feet. 

Alatheus  (a-la'the-us),  or  Odotlieus  (o-do'the- 
us).  Died  386  a.  d.  An  Ostrogothic  general. 
On  the  death  of  Vithimir,  376,  he  became  with  Saphrax 
the  guardian  of  Vithericus.  king  of  the  Greuthungi,  the 
chief  tribe  of  the  Ostrogoths.  Alatheus  and  Saphrax 
fought  under  the  Visigoth  Fridigern  at  (he  battle  of 
Adrianople  in  378. 

Alatri  (a-la'tre).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  about  45  miles  east  by  south  of 
Rome : the  ancient  Alatrium.  There  is  an  ancient 
temple  beyond  the  Porta  San  Tietro,  prostyle,  with  two 
Tuscan  columns  before  the  ants;,  in  plan  26  by  47  feet.  At 
some  time  subsequent  to  its  construction,  aposticum  was 
added,  of  similar  disposition  to  the  pronaos.  Population, 
6,523;  commune,  15,322. 


America  and  the  East  Indies,  and  added  largely  to  geo- 
graphical knowledge.  He  commanded  a squadron  at  'Tra- 
falgar, and  in  1816  was  made  grand  admiral  and  chief  of 
marine. 

Alazan  (a-la'zan).  A river  in  Transcaucasia, 
about  150  miles  long,  a northern  tributary  of 
the  Kur. 

Alb,  or  Alp.  See  Swabian  Jura. 

Alba  (al'ba).  Ancient  Scotland  north  of  the 
Forth  and  Clyde. 

Alba  (al'ba).  A town  in  the  province  of  Cuneo, 
Italy,  on  the  Tanaro  about  31  miles  southeast 
of  Turin:  the  ancient  Alba  Pompeja.  It  has  a 
cathedral.  Population,  6,858 ; commune,  13,900. 

Alba,  Duke  of.  See  Alva. 

Alba  de  Liste,  Count  of.  See  JLenriquez  de 
Guzman,  Luis. 

Albacete  (al-bii-tha'ta).  A province  in  the  tit- 
ular kingdom  of  Murcia,  Spain,  bounded  by 
Cuenca  on  the  north,  Valencia  and  Alicante  on 
the  east,  Murcia  and  Granada  on  the  south, 
and  Jaen  and  Ciudad  Real  on  the  west,  it  is 
mountainous  in  the  west,  and  elsewhere  a table-land. 
Area,  5,737  square  miles.  Population,  est.,  250,282. 

Albacete.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Al- 
bacete, about  lat.  38°  58'  N.,  long.  1°  55'  W. 
It  manufactures  and  exports  cutlery.  Popu- 
lation, 22,484. 

Alba  de  Torraes  (al'ba  da  tor'mas).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Salamanca,  Spain,  sit- 
uated on  the  Tormes  17  miles  south  of  Sala- 
manca. Here,  1809,  the  French  defeated  the 
Spaniards. 

Alba  Longa  (al'ba  long'ga).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  in  Latium,  Italy,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Rome,  the  ancient  center  of  the  Latin 
League.  Its  foundation  is  traditionally  ascribed  to 
Ascanius  and  its  destruction  to  Tullus  Hostilius. 

Alban  (al'ban,  or  al'ban)  Saint.  Protomartyr 
of  Britain,  303.  He  is  said  to  have  been  a native  of 
Verulamium  where  he  was  put  to  death  with  the  sword. 
The  famous  monastery  of  St.  Alban  was  founded  in  his 
honor  by  King  Ofla.  about  795.  His  festival  is  celebrated 
in  the  Roman  Church  June  22,  and  in  the  Anglican  Church 
on  June  17. 

Alban  Lake.  See  Albano. 

Alban  Mountains  (al'ban  moun'tanz),  It. 
Monti  Laziali.  A mountain  group  southeast 
of  Rome,  near  Albano.  Its  highest  point  is 
Monte  Cavo. 

Albanenses  (al-ba-nen'sez).  A small  medieval 
sect,  named  from  the  city  of  Alba  in  Piedmont, 
which  professed  Manichtean  doctrines.  They 
were  closely  allied  to  the  Albigenses. 

Albani  (al-ba'ne),  or  Albano  (-no),  Francesco. 
Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  March  17,  1578 : died 
there,  Oct.  4,  1660.  A noted  Italian  painter. 

Albani  (al-ba'ne),  Mme.  (Marie  Louise  Ge- 
ci:e  Emma  Lajeunesse).  Born  at  Chambly, 
(Quebec,  1850  (Grove).  A distinguished  soprano 
singer,  of  French-Canadian  parentage.  Her  fam- 
ily removed  to  Albany,  New  York  (from  which  she  took 
her  assumed  name),  in  1864.  She  studied  in  Paris  under 
Duprez,  and  in  Milan  under  Lnmperti,  and  made  her  d£- 
but  as  an  opera-singer  in  Messina  in  1870.  She  married 
Ernest  Gye  in  1878. 

Albani,  Villa.  A palace  in  the  northern  part 
of  Rome,  celebrated  for  its  art  collections. 

Albania  (al-ba'ni-ji).  [Gr.  kZ/lawa.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a country  of  Asia,  lying  west 
of  the  Caspian,  north  of  Armenia,  and  east  of 
Iberia,  and  corresponding  nearly  to  the  modern 
Baku  and  southern  Daghestan  in  Russia.  It  was 
part  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  and  the  theater  of  some  of 
the  wars  of  Saigon  and  Sennacherib. 


Alatyr  (a-liUter').  A town  in  tho  government 
of  Simbirsk,  Russia,  on  the  Sura  about  lnt.  54° 
53'  N.,  long.  46°  SO'  E.  Population,  14,100. 
Also  Alatecr. 

Ala^a  (a'la-vii).  One  of  the  Basque  provinces 
in  Spain,  capital  Vitoria,  bounded  by  Biscay 
and  Guipiizcoa  on  the  north,  Navarre  on  tho 
east,  Logroho  on  the  south,  and  Burgos  on  the 
west.  Area,  1,175  squaro  miles.  Population, 
101,183. 

Alava,  Miguel  Ricardo  de.  Born  at  Vitoria, 
Spain,  1771:  died  at  Bareges,  France,  1843.  A 
Spanish  politician  and  general.  He  fought  under 
Wellington  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  at  the  close  of 
which  he  had  obtained  the  rank  of  brigadier  general ; was 
president  of  the  Cortes  May,  1822 ; lought  in  tile  same  year 
under  Ballast  e-os  and  Murillo  in  support  of  the  Cortes 
against  the  rebels ; went  into  exile  1823,  on  the  restoration 
of  Ferdinand  by  French  intervention ; espoused  the  cause 
of  Maria  Christina  against  Don  Carlos  on  the  deal  h of  F erdi- 
nand  ; was  ambassador  to  London  1S34,  and  to  Paris  1835  ; 
nnd  retired  to  France  after  the  insurrection  of  La  Granja. 

Alava  y Navarete(a'la-va  e na-va-ra'ta),  Ig- 
nacio Maria  de.  Born  at  Vitoria,  Spain,  about 
1750 : died  at  Chiclana,  near  Cadiz,  May  26, 1817. 
A Spanish  admiral  and  explorer.  He  is  best  known 
for  his  voyage  of  circumnavigation  of  the  globe,  com- 
menced in  1794,  in  which  he  explored  the  coasts  of  South 


Albania.  [NL.  Albania , Alb.  Slikyperi,  Turk. 
Arnautlik,  F.  Albanie,  G.  Albanien.\  A region  in 
the  western  part  of  European  Turkey,  bounded 
by  Montenegro  and  Novi-Bazar  on  the  north, 
Macedonia  (with  a vague  frontier)  and  Thessaly 
on  the  east,  Greece  and  the  Gulf  of  Arta  on  the 
south,  and  the  Ionian  Sea,  the  Strait  of  Otranto, 
and  the  Adriatic  on  the  west,  corresponding  in 
general  to  the  vilayets  Skutari,  Janina,  and 
part  of  Monastir,  and  largely  to  the  ancient 
Illyria  and  Epirus.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Turks  in 
the'  first  part  of  the  15th  century,  levelled  under  Scan- 
derheg  1443-67,  and  was  subdued  by  the  Turks  in  1478. 
Several  rebellions  against  the  Turks  occurred  about  the 
beginning  of  the  19th  century.  Albania  resisted  the 
treaty  of  Berlin  (1878)  and  t lie  cession  of  territory  to 
Montenegro  in  1L8D.  Population,  about  1,000,000,  prin- 
cipally Arnauts. 

Albania,  or  Albany.  An  ancient  name  of  the 
Scottish  Highlands,  fancifully  derived  from  the 
mythical  Albanaet,  son  of  Brute. 

Albanian  (al-ba'ni-an).  The  language  of  the 
Albanians.  It  is  now  commonly  regarded  as  a member 
of  the  Aryan  family.  It  exists  only  in  modern  dialects, 
but  is  supposed  to  be  the  descendant  of  the  ancient  Illy- 
rian of  which  no  records  are  extant.  Also  called  Sldpetar , 
from  the  native  name  of  the  people  ( Shkypetdr , 'high- 
landers ’X 


Albanian  Gates 

Albanian  Gates.  The  defile  of  Derbend  be- 
tween the  Caucasus  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Albano  (al-ba'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  slope  of  the  Alban 
Mountains,  14  miles  southeast  of  Rome,  on  the 
site  of  Pompey’s  Villa:  the  Roman  Albanum. 
It  passed  to  the  Papal  States  in  1697.  It  contains  the  ruins 
of  a pretorian  camp  built  by  Domitian,  a large  fortified 
inclosure,  auadrilateral  in  plan.  The  walls  are  built  of 
huge  but  rather  thin  blocks  of  stone.  One  of  the  gates 
remains.  Population,  8,461. 

Albano,  Lake  of,  or  Lago  di  Gastello,  or  Al- 
ban Lake.  A small  lake  near  Albano,  Italy, 
noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery,  occupying 
the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano. 

Albano,  Mount.  See  Monte  Cavo. 

Albany  (al'ba-ni).  Same  as  Breadalbane. 
Albany.  The  capital  of  the  State  of  New  York 
and  of  Albany  County,  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Hudson  in  lat.  42°  39'  507/  N.,  long. 
73°  44'  567/  W.  (Dudley  Observatory),  near  the 
head  of  navigation.  It  is  an  important  commercial 
city,  the  terminus  of  lines  of  steamers  to  New  York  and 
other  river-ports,  and  of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals, 
and  a center  of  extensive  systems  of  railroads.  Besides 
the  State  Capitol,  it  contains  the  law  and  medical  depart- 
ments and  the  (Dudley)  Observatory  of  Union  University. 
It  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1614,  fortified  (Fort  Orange) 
in  1624,  obtained  a city  charter  in  1686,  was  the  seat  of  a 
convention  (under  the  lead  of  Franklin)  to  form  a colonial 
union  in  1754,  and  became  the  permanent  capital  in  1797. 
On  March  29, 1911,  the  capitol  was  injured  by  a fire  which 
destroyed  the  State  library.  Population,  100,253,  (1910). 

Albany.  The  capital  of  Dougherty  County, 
Georgia,  situated  on  Flint  River,  at  the  head 
of  navigation,  90  miles  southwest  of  Macon. 
Population,  8,190,  (1910). 

Albany.  The  capital  of  Linn  County,  Oregon, 
situated  on  the  Willamette  63  miles  southwest 
of  Portland.  Population,  4,275,  (1910). 
Albany.  A small  seaport  in  western  Australia, 
situated  on  King  George  Sound  about  lat. 
35°  S. 

Albany,  Countess  of  (Louise  Marie  Karo- 
line  von  Stolberg-Gedern).  Born  1753 : died 
at  Florence,  Jan.  29, 1824.  A German  princess, 
daughter  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  prince  of  Stol- 
berg-Gedern, and  wife  (married  March  28, 1772) 
of  the  “Young  Pretender”  (Duke  of  Albany), 
and  later  the  mistress  of  Alfieri. 

Albany,  Duke  of.  See  Leopold  George  Dun- 
can Albert. 

Albany,  Duke  of.  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“King  Lear,”  the  husband  of  Goneril,  Lear’s 
eldest  daughter. 

Albany  Regency.  A name  given  to  a clique 
of  New  York  politicians  who  controlled  the 
machinery  of  the  Democratic  party  in  the  State 
of  New  York  from  about  1820  to  about  1854. 
Among  its  members  were  Van  Buren,  Marcy, 
Wright,  and  Dix. 

Albany  River.  A river  in  Canada,  about  500 
miles  m length,  flowing  into  James  Bay. 

Alb  a sin  (al'ba-sen),  or  Yaksa  (yak'sa).  A 
former  fortified  town  in  the  Amur  Territory, 
Siberia,  on  the  northern  bend  of  the  Amur  : a 
center  of  Russian  colonization  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. 

Albategnius  (al-ba-teg'ni-us),  Mohammed 
ben  Jabir.  Bom  in  Mesopotamia  about  850: 
died  929.  A noted  Arabian  astronomer.  He 

discovered  the  motion  of  the  sun,  and  introduced  into 
mathematical  calculation  the  use  of  the  sine,  in  place  of 
the  entire  chord  of  the  arc  which  had  previously  been  em- 
ployed. Among  his  works  are  commentaries  on  Ptolemy’s 
“Almagest,”  a treatise  on  astronomy  and  geography,  etc. 
One  of  his  astronomical  works  was  translated  into  Latin, 
under  the  title  “De  Scientia  Stellarum  " (Nuremberg,  1537). 
Albay  (al-bi').  A town  of  Luzon,  one  of  the 
Philippine  Islands.  Population,  14,049. 

Albe  (al'be).  The  ancient  Alba  Fucentia,  now 
a small  village  near  Avezzano,  in  central  Italy. 
It  contains  an  ancient  amphitheater  of  the  usual  Homan 
elliptical  plan,  114  by  305  feet,  estimated  to  have  stated 
20,000  people.  The  arena  measures  63  by  159  feet. 

Al-Beladori  (al-bel'/a-do'ri),  Abul  Hassan  Ah- 
med. Died  at  Bagdad  about  895.  An  Arabian 
historian,  author  of  a history  of  the  conquest 
of  Syria,  the  island  of  Cyprus,  Mesopotamia, 
Armenia,  Egvpt,  Africa,  Spain,  Nubia,  and  the 
islands  of  the  Mediterranean  by  the  Arabs. 
He  describes  the  condition  of  the  conquered 
countries  and  various  towns  founded  by  the 
Moslems,  among  them  Bagdad.  Also  Albeladory. 
Albemarle  (al-be-marl').  See  Aurnale. 
Albemarle.  See  Albemarle  Inland. 
Albemarle,  Duke  of.  See  Monk. 

Albemarle,  Earl  of.  See  Keppel. 

Albemarle  Club.  A London  club,  established 
in  1874,  composed  of  ladies  and  gentlemen. 
Headquarters,  37  Dover  Street,  W.  Member- 
ship, 1,100. 


29 

Albemarle  Island.  The  largest  of  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands,  in  the  Pacific.  Area,  1,650  square 
miles. 

Albemarle  Point.  The  early  name  of  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina. 

Albemarle  Sound.  A shallow  body  of  water, 
about  55  mijes  long,  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  North  Carolina,  separated  from  the  Atlantic 
by  sand  beaches,  and  communicating  with  Pam- 
lico Sound  on  the  south  through  Croatan  and 
Roanoke  Sounds.  It  receives  the  Roanoke  River,  and 
is  connected  with  Chesapeake  Bay  by  the  Chesapeake 
and  Albemarle  Canal  and  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal. 
Albemarle,  The.  A Confederate  iron-clad  ram, 
built  on  the  Roanoke  River  about  30  miles 
below  Weldon,  North  Carolina,  during  1863. 
She  did  much  damage  to  Union  steamers  during  the 
spring  of  1864,  but  was  destroyed  by  Lieutenant  VV.  B. 
Cushing  during  the  night  of  Oct.  27  of  that  year.  He 
attacked  her  in  a small  launch  carrying  a torpedo.  For- 
cing his  way  within  the  chain  of  logs  which  formed  part 
of  her  defense,  he  exploded  the  torpedo  under  the  ram’s 
overhang.  She  was  afterward  raised,  towed  to  Norfolk, 
and  in  1867  stripped  and  sold. 

Albendorf  (al'ben-dorf).  A village  and  fre- 
quented place  of  pilgrimage  (to  the  sanctuary 
of  the  New  Jerusalem),  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Glatzer  Neisse,  north- 
west of  Glatz. 

Albenga  (al-beng'ga).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  the  Roman  Albingauuum, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  44  miles  south- 
west of  Genoa.  It  contains  a cathedral,  an  early 
Pointed  church  with  sculpture  of  Runic  type  about  the 
doorways.  The  baptistery  is  octangular,  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury, with  Corinthian  columns,  some  early  mosaics,  and 
a curious  tomb.  The  bridge  over  the  Centa,  the  Ponte 
Lungo,  between  the  railway-station  and  the  town,  is  Ro- 
man. All  the  piers  of  its  ten  arches,  and  much  of  theupper 
work,  are  antique.  There  are  also  medieval  walls.  The 
town  contains  a gymnasium  and  an  episcopal  seminary. 
Alberes  (al-bar').  The  eastern  ramification  of 
the  Pyrenees,  between  Spain  and  the  depart- 
ment of  Pyren^es-Orientales,  France. 

Alberic  (al'ber-ik)  I.  Slain  by  the  Romans 
about  925  at  Orta,  Italy.  A Lombard  noble- 
man, patrician  (also  called  senator,  consul, 
and  prince)  of  the  Romans  and  duke  of  Spoleto, 
expelled  from  Rome  by  Pope  John  X.  He 
married  Marozia,  daughter  of  Theodora. 
Alberic  II.  Died  954.  A patrician  and  senator 
of  the  Romans,  son  of  Alberic  I.  and  Marozia. 
Alberoni  (al-ba-ro'ne),  Giulio.  Born  near 
Piacenza,  Italy,  May  31,  1664:  died  June  16, 
1752.  A statesman  and  cardinal,  resident  of 
the  Duke  of  Parma  at  the  Spanish  court,  nego- 
tiator of  the  marriage  of  Philip  V.  and  Eliza- 
beth Farnese,  and  prime  minister  of  Spain, 
1714  (or  1715)  to  1719.  His  foreign  policy  led 
to  the  Quadruple  Alliance  and  a war  disastrous 
to  Spain. 

Albers  (al'berz),  Johann  Friedrich  Hermann. 

Born  at  Dorsten,  Westphalia,  Nov.  14,  1805: 
died  at  Bonn,  May  12,  1867.  A German  physi- 
cian and  professor  at  Bonn,  author  of  “Atlas 
der  pathologischen  Anatomie”  (1832-62),  etc. 
Albert  (al'bert),  G.  Albrecht  (al'breeht),  sur- 
named  “The  Bear,”  from  his  heraldic  emblem. 
Born  at  Ballenstadt,  Germany,  about  1100 
(1106?):  died  at  Ballenstadt,  Nov.  18, 1170.  Mar- 
grave of  Brandenburg,  son  of  Otto  the  Rich, 
count  of  Ballenstadt.  He  received  a grant  of  Lusatia 
1125  (retaining  it,  however,  but  a few  years),  and  of  the 
Nordmark  1134 ; obtained  the  duchy  of  Saxony  1138,  which 
he  soon  lost;  attacked  the  Wends  1136-37  and  later,  and 
conquered  a large  part  of  their  territory  ; and  assumed  the 
title  of  margrave  of  Brandenburg  1150. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  “The  Proud.” 
Born  1158:  died  June  25,  1195.  Margrave  of 
Meissen  from  1190  to  1195.  In  attempting  to  oppress 
his  younger  brother  Dietrich,  who  had  inherited  Weissen- 
fels,  he  incurred  the  enmity  of  the  emperor  Henry  VI., 
and  died  by  poison,  administered,  it  is  said,  by  an  agent 
of  the  emperor. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  surnamed  “The  Tall.” 
Born  1236:  died  Aug.  15,  1279.  DukeofBruns- 
wick-Luneburg,  son  of  the  first  duke,  Otto  the 
Child . He  wascaptured  by  the  sonsof  the  margravenenry, 
Oct.  27,  1263,  in  the  war  of  the  ! huringian  succession,  and 
was  released  in  1264,  on  the  payment  of  8.060  marks  in 
silver  and  the  cession  of  the  Guelph  cities  and  castles  on 
the  Werra. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  surnamed  “Tho  Bad.” 
Died  1314.  Landgrave  of  Thuringia  after  1265, 
and  margrave  of  Meissen  from  1288  to  1293.  By 
his  second  wife,  Cunegonde  of  Eisenberg,  he  was  per- 
suaded to  exclude  his  sons  by  his  first  marriage  from  the 
succession  in  Thuringia  in  favor  of  Apitz,  liisson  by  Cune- 
gonde. A war  followed,  in  which  he  was  taken  captive  hy 
his  son  Frederick,  and  forced  to  sign  a disadvantageous 
treaty  at  Rochlitz,  Jan.  1,  1289. 

Albert  I.,  G.  Albrecht.  Born  about  1250: 
slain  by  a conspiracy  at  Windisch  on  the  Reuss, 
Switzerland,  May  1,  1308.  The  eldest  sou  of 


Albert 

Rudolf  I.  of  Hapsburg,  duke  of  Austria  1282, 
and  German  king  1298-1308.  He  overthrew  and 
killed  his  rival,  Adolf  of  Nassau,  at  the  battle  of  Goll- 
heim,  July  2,  1298. 

Albert  II.,  G.  Albrecht.  Born  1298:  died  1358. 
Duke  of  Austria  and  son  of  Albert  I.  of  Ger- 
many.  He  ruled  the  Austrian  lands  in  common  with 
his  brother  Otto  from  1330,  and  after  1339  alone. 

Albert  III.,  G.  Albrecht.  Died  1395.  Son  of 
Albert  II.  of  Austria.  He  ruled  alone  as  duke 
of  Austria  from  1379. 

Albert  I.,  G.  Albrecht.  Bom  about  1317: 
died  Feb.  18,  1379.  The  founder  of  the  reign- 
ing bouse  of  Mecklenburg,  created  duke  of 
Mecklenburg  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in 
1348.  h e came  into  possession  of  the  duchy  of  Schwe- 
rin in  1358  by  the  extinction  of  the  ducal  house,  and  se- 
cured the  election  of  his  second  son  Albert,  by  his  first 
wife  Euphemia  of  Sweden,  as  king  of  Sweden  in  1363. 

Albert  II.,  G.  Albrecht.  Died  1412.  Son 
of  Albert  I.  of  Mecklenburg,  elected  king  of 
Sweden  in  1363.  He  was  defeated  by  Queen  Margaret 
of  Denmark  and  Norway  (widow  of  Hakon)  at  the  battle 
of  Falkoping,  Sept,  21,  1„89,  and  taken  piisoner.  In  13D5 
he  was  released  and  renounced  the  throne  of  Sweden. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  Achilles,  and 
also  Ulysses,  from  bis  valor  and  sagacity.  Bom 
at  Tange rmiinde,  Prussia,  Nov.  9,  1414:  died  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  March  11,  1486.  An 
elector  of  Brandenburg,  third  son  of  Frederick 
I.  on  whose  death  (1440)  he  succeeded  to  the 
principality  of  Ansbach.  He  inherited  the  princi- 
pality of  Baireuth  in  1464  from  his  brother  John,  and  re- 
ceived the  electorate  of  Brandenburg  in  14. 0 fiom  his  bro- 
ther Frederick  II.,  whose  hearing  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  discharge  of  a cannon.  He  carried  on  successful  wars 
with  Mecklenburg  and  romerania,  and  resisted  the  at- 
tempt of  the  Teutonic  Knights  to  repossess  themselves  of 
Neumaik.  He  was  the  aulhor  of  the  “Dispositio  Achil- 
lea,” a family  ordinance  providing  for  the  separation  of 
Brandenburg  and  Ansbach- Baireuth,  and  establishing 
primogeniture  in  each,  according  to  Hallam  the  first  in- 
stance of  the  legal  establishment  of  the  custom  of  primo- 
geniture. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht.  Bom  at  Ansbach,  May 
16,  1490 : died  March  20,  1568.  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg-Ansbach,  last  grand  master  of 
the  Teutonic  Knights,  and  first  duke  of  Prussia : 
younger  son  of  Frederick  of  Ansbach,  who  was 
the  second  son  of  Albert  Achilles,  elector  of 
Brandenburg.  He  was  elected  grand  master  Feb.  13, 
1511;  made  his  entry  into  Konigsberg  Nov.  22.  1512; 
carried  on  war  with  his  suzerain,  the  king  of  Poland,  1519- 
1525,  in  a futile  att empt  to  regain  theindependence  of  Prus- 
sia, the  Ordensland  of  the  Teutonic  Knights  ; secured  by 
the  treaty  of  Cracow,  A pril  S,  1825,  the  conversion  of  Prussia 
into  a secular  duchy,  hereditary  in  his  family ; and  for- 
mally introduced  the  Reformation  July  6,  1515.  He  was 
aided  in  his  political  and  ecclesiastical  reforms  by  the  ad- 
vice of  Luther.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  University  of 
Konigsberg  (1544),  the  third  Protestant  university. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  surnamed  “The  Bold.” 
Bom  July  17,  1443 : died  at  Emden,  Prussia, 
Sept.  12,  1500.  Duke  of  Saxony,  younger  son 
of  Frederick  the  Gentle,  and  founder  of  the 
Albertine  Saxon  line.  In  the  division  of  the 
Saxon  dominions  in  1485  he  received  Meissen. 
Albert  IV.,  G.  Albrecht,  surnamed  “The 
Wise.”  Born  Dec.  15, 1447 : died  March  18, 1508. 
Duke  of  Bavaria,  third  son  of  Albert  III.  After 
the  death  of  his  oldest  brother  John  he  became  (1465)  co- 
regent with  the  second  brother  Sigismund,  and  later  (1467) 
sole  ruler. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht.  Born  June  28, 1490 : died 
at  Aschaffenburg,  Sept.  24, 1545.  The  youngest 
son  of  the  elector  Johannes  Cicero  of  Bran- 
denburg, archbishop  of  Magdeburg  1513,  arch- 
bishop and  elector  of  Mainz  1514,  and  cardinal 
1518.  To  him  was  intrusted  the  sale  of  indulgences  in 
one  district  of  Germany,  and  Tetzel  acted  as  his  commis- 
sioner. See  Tetzel , Luther. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  surnamed  Alcibiades. 

Born  at  Ansbach,  March  28, 1522 : died  at  Pforz- 
heim, Jan.  8,  1577.  A margrave  of  Branden- 
burg, partizan  and  later  opponent  of  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.  He  was  defeated  by  Maurice 
of  Saxony  at  Sievershausen,  in  Lime  burg,  July 
9,  1553. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht  or  Albert.  Born  Nov.  13, 
1559 : died  July,  1621.  An  archduke  of  Austria, 
sixth  son  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  II.  He 
was  educated  for  the  church,  and  became  a cardinal  1677, 
and  archbishop  of  Toledo  1584.  From  15;  4 to  1596  he 
was  viceroy  of  Portugal,  and  was  appointed  governor  ot  the 
Spanish  Netherlands  in  1596.  In  1600  he  was  defeated  by 
Maurice  of  Nassau  at  Nieupoort,  and  concluded  an  ar- 
mistice of  12  years  with  the  Netherlands  in  1609. 

Albert,  Count  of  Geierstein.  A character  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel  “Anne  of  Geierstein, ”a 
restless  intriguer  and  head  of  the  Vehmgericht. 
Pursued  by  Charles  of  Burgundy,  he  takes  refuge  in  a 
monastery  and  is  known  as  the  “Black  Priest  of  St. 
Paul’s.”  By  order  of  the  Vehmgericht  ho  kills  Charles 
of  Burgundy  in  battle. 

Albert.  In  Goethe’s  “Sorrows  of  Werther,”  a 
young  farmer  who  marries  Charlotte,  with 


Albert 

whom  Werther  is  in  love.  He  represents  Kest- 
ner,  one  of  Goethe’s  friends.  See  Werther. 
Albert  (al-bar')  (original  name,  Alexandre 
Martin).  Born  April  27,  1815:  died  May,  1895. 
A French  mechanic,  noted  as  a revolutionist 
and  follower  of  Louis  Blanc.  He  was  a member  of 
the  provisional  government  Feb.,  1848,  and  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  (convened  May  4);  was  sentenced  to 
deportation  for  complicity  in  the  riot  of  May  15,  1848 ; 
and  recovered  his  liberty  by  the  amnesty  of  1859.  In  1870 
he  took  a prominent  part  in  the  defense  of  n-uis. 

Albert  (al'bert).  In  Sheridan  Knowles’s  play 
“ The  Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,”  the  real 
Lord  Wilfrid,  appearing  as  the  Blind  Beggar. 
Albert  (al-bar'),  formerly  Ancre  (ankr).  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Somme,  France,  on 
the  Ancre  28  miles  northeast  of  Amiens.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,046. 

Albert  (al'bert),  G.  Albrecht  (al'breeht), 
Friedrich  Heinrich.  Born  Oct.  4, 1809:  died 
Oct.  14,  1872.  Prince  of  Prussia,  fourth  son  of 
Frederick  William  in.  He  commanded  in  the  fourth 
cavalry  division  in  the  Franco- Prussian  war,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Sedan,  Artenay,  and  Orleans. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  Friedrich  Rudolf.  Born 
at  Vienna,  Aug.  3, 1817 : died  at  Arco,  Tyrol,  Feb. 
18,  1895.  Archduke  of  Austria,  eldest  sou  of 
Archduke  Charles,  noted  as  a soldier  and  mili- 
tary writer.  He  served  in  Italy  1848-49,  and  as  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  south  gained  the  victory  of  Cus- 
tozza  June  24,  1866.  (See  Custozza.)  The  same  year  he 
was  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  Austrian  army. 

Albert  Francis  Augustus  Charles  Emman- 
uel. Born  at  the  Rosenau,  near  Coburg,  Ger- 
many, Aug.  26,  1819 : died  at  Windsor  Castle, 
England,  Dec.  14, 1861.  Prince  Consort  of  Eng- 
land, second  son  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha.  He  married  Queen  Victoria  Feb.  10,  1840,  and 
was  made  prince  consort  June  25,  1857. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  Kasimir.  Born  at  Mor- 
itzburg,  near  Dresden,  July  11,  1738:  died  at 
Vienna,  Feb.  11,  1822.  Duke  of  Saxe-Teschen, 
an  Austrian  general,  son  of  Augustus  III.  of 
Poland.  He  was  defeated  by  Dumouriez  1792. 
Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  Friedrich  August. 
Born  at  Dresden,  April  23,  1828:  died  at  the 
Castle  of  Sibyllenort,  Silesia,  June  19,  1902. 
King  of  Saxony,  son  of  King  John  of  Saxony, 
whom  he  succeeded  Oct.  29, 1873.  As  crown  prince 
he  commanded  in  the  Franco-German  war  an  army  corps, 
and  later  the  Army  of  the  Meuse. 

Albert  Edward  (al'bert  ed'ward).  Born  at 
London,  Nov.  9,  1841:  died  there,  May  6, 1910. 
King  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  of  the 
dominions  beyond  the  sea,  and  emperor  of  India, 
eldest  son  of  Queen  Victoria.  He  married  PrincesB 
Alexandra  of  Denmark  March  10,  1863.  In  1860  he  made 
a tour  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  in  1862  of  Egypt 
and  Palestine,  and  in  1875-76  of  British  India.  He  as- 
cended the  throne  as  Edward  VII.  Jan.  22,  1901. 

Albert  Victor  Christian  Edward.  Born  Jan. 
8,  1864:  died  Jan.  14,  1892.  Eldest  son  of 
Edward  VII.  He  was  created  Duke  of  Clarence 
and  Avondale  in  1890. 

Albert  the  Great.  See  Albertus  Magnus. 
Albert  Savarus  (al-bar'  sa-va-riis').  A tale 
by  Balzac,  published  1844,  one  of  the  “ Scenes 
from  Private  Life.”  Savarus  is  said  to  be  a 
portrait  of  the  author.  The  book  contains 
many  details  of  bis  life  and  work. 

Albert  (al'bert),  Joseph.  Born  at  Munich, 
March  5, 1825:  died  there,  May  5, 1886.  A Ger- 
man photographer,  inventor  of  the  Albertype. 
Albert  (al-bar'),  Paul.  Born  at  Thionville, 
Dec.  14,  1827:  died  at  Paris,  June  21,1880.  A 
French  literary  historian,  professor  at  Poitiers, 
and  later  (1878)  at  the  College  de  France. 
Albert  Edward  Nyanza  (nyan'za).  A lake  in 
central  Africa,  south  of  Lake  Albert  Nyanza, 
and  connected  with  the  latter  by  the  Semliki, 
virtually  discovered  by  Stanley  in  1875  and 
revisited  by  him  1888-89.  Its  native  name  is 
MutaNzige.  Renamed  as  Lake  Edward  in  1909. 
Albert  Chapel.  See  Windsor. 

Albert  Embankment.  See  Thames  Embank- 
ments. 

Albert  Hall.  A covered  amphitheater  in  Lon- 
don, finished  in  1871.  its  axes  are  270  and  240  feet, 
those  of  the  arena  100  and  70,  and  it  can  seat  8,000  persons. 
The  exterior  is  of  brick,  with  ornament  of  colored  tiles 
and  terra-cotta  including  a frieze  representing  the  various 
peoples  of  the  earth. 

Albert  Lea  (al'bert  le).  The  capital  of  Free- 
born County,  Minnesota,  92  miles  south  of  St. 
Paul.  Population,  6,192,  (1910). 

Albert  Memorial.  A monument,  in  London, 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  Prince  Consort, 
Albert  of  Saxe-Gotha,  on  the  south  side  of 
Kensington  Gardens,  built  from  the  designs  of 
Sir  Gilbert  Scott.  It  consists  of  a colossal  bronze 
statue  of  the  prince,  seated,  beneath  an  ornate  spired 
canopy  in  the  Pointed  style,  which  rises  to  a height  of  175 


30 

feet.  Statue  and  canopy  rest  on  a basement  bearing  re- 
liefs of  artists  of  all  countries  and  times.  At  the  angles 
four  pedestals  project  with  groups  of  statuary  represent- 
ing Agriculture,  Commerce,  Engineering,  and  Manufac- 
ture. Steps  descend  on  all  sides  in  pyramidal  form,  and 
at  the  lower  angles  are  placed  sculptures  personifying 
Europe,  America,  Asia,  and  Africa. 

Albert  Nyanza  (al'bert  nyan'za).  A lake  in 
central  Africa,  intersected  by  lat.  2°  N.,  long. 
31°  E.,  one  of  the  main  sources  of  the  Nile,  dis- 
covered by  Sir  Samuel  Baker,  March  14,  1864. 
Length,  97  miles.  Area,  1,700  square  miles. 

Alberta  (al-ber'ta).  Formerly  a provisional 
district  formed  in  1882  in  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritories, Canada,  bounded  by  Athabasca,  Sas- 
katchewan and  Assiniboia,  the  United  States, 
and  British  Columbia.  A province  of  Alberta,  capital 
Edmonton,  was  proclaimed  Sept.  1,  1905.  It  includes  the 
former  district  of  Alberta,  the  western  half  of  Athabasca, 
and  a strip  of  Assiniboia  and  Saskatchewan.  It  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Dominion  Parliament  by  4 senators  and  7 
representatives,  and  has  a legislative  assembly  of  41  mem- 
bers. Area,  land,  255,285  sq.  m.  Pop.,  374,663,  (1911). 

Alberti  (al-bar'te),  Leone  Battista.  Bom  at 

Florence,  Feb.  18,  1404:  died  at  Rome,  1472. 
A noted  Italian  poet,  musician,  painter,  sculp- 
tor, and  architect,  author  of  “ De  re  zEdifi- 
catoria”  (1485),  etc. 

Albertine  Line  (al'ber-tin  lin).  The  younger 
and  royal  branch  of  the  Saxon  house  which  de- 
scended from  Albert  (G.  Albrecht),  duke  of 
Saxony  (1443-1500)  . He  ruled  jointly  with  his  bro- 

ther  Ernst  (see  Ernestine)  from  1464  to  1485,  when  they 
came  into  possession  of  Thuringia  by  inheritance,  and 
agreed  upon  a division,  Albrecht  taking  an  eastern  and 
a western  portion,  with  the  Ernestine  lands  intervening 
between  them. 

Albertinelli  (al-bar-ti-nel'le),  Mariotto.  Born 
at  Florence,  Oct.  13,  1474:  died  at  Florence, 
Nov.  5,  1515.  A Florentine  painter,  an  asso- 
ciate and  imitator  of  Fra  Bartolommeo. 

Albertrandy(al-ber-tran'di),  John  (Jan)  Bap- 
tist. Born  at  Warsaw,  Dec.  7,  1731:  died  at 
Warsaw,  Aug.  10,  1808.  A Polish  Jesuit  and 
historian,  of  Italian  parentage,  librarian  to 
Bishop  Zaluski  in  Warsaw,  and  later  to  Stanis- 
laus Augustus,  and  a notable  collector  of  manu- 
scripts relating  to  Polish  history.  He  was 
appointed  by  Stanislaus  bishop  of  Zenopolis. 

Albertus  Magnus  (al-ber'tus  mag'nus).  [L., 
‘Albert  the  Great.’]  Born  at  Lauingen,  Swabia. 
1193  (according  to  some  authorities  1205) : died 
at  Cologne,  Nov.  15, 1280.  A famous  scholastic 
philosopher  and  member  of  the  Dominican 
order.  He  studied  in  Padua  and  Bologna,  taught  philoso- 
phy and  theology  at  Cologne  (1229),  taught  at  Paris  (1245), 
and  finally  returned  to  Cologne.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Ratisbon  in  1260,  but  soon  resigned  and  retired  to  a con- 
vent where  he  died.  Among  his  numerous  pupils  was 
Thomas  Aquinas.  He  was  famous  for  his  extensive  learn- 
ing which  gained  for  him  his  surnames  “The  Great”  and 
“Doctor  Universalis,”  and  was  even  reputed  to  be  a magi- 
cian ; but  his  modern  critics  differ  greatly  in  their-  esti- 
mates of  his  attainments  and  ability.  “He  was  the  first 
scholastic  who  reproduced  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle 
systematically,  with  thoroughgoing  consideration  of  the 
Arabian  commentators,  and  transformed  it  in  accordance 
with  the  dogmas  of  the  church  ” — to  the  practical  exclu- 
sion of  Platonic  influences.  His  works  fill  twenty-one 
volumes,  and  relate  chiefly  to  physical  science : they  in- 
clude a sort  of  encyclopedia  of  the  learning  of  his  times. 

Albertville  (al-bar- vel').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoie,  France,  near  the  Arly, 
23  miles  northeast  of  Chamb^ry.  Population. 
6,364. 

Albi,  or  Alby  (al-be').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  France,  situated  on  the 
Tarn:  the  ancient  Albiga.  It  has  a cathedral  (of 
St.  Cecilia)  and  an  archiepiscopal  palace,  and  is  the  seat 
of  a bishopric.  It  was  a stronghold  of  the  Albigenses,  to 
whom  it  gave  their  name.  The  cathedral  is  a unique 
monument,  massively  built  of  brick,  with  the  base  of  its 
walls  sloped  outward,  the  openings  all  high  above  the 
ground,  and  otherwise  fitted  to  serve  not  only  as  a church 
but  as  a citadel.  It  was  built  1277-1512.  It  has  a massive 
and  lofty  western  tower,  and  a beautiful  florid  triple 
porch  on  the  south  side,  lavishly  carved  in  stone.  The 
interior,  without  aisles  or  transepts,  is  262  feet  long,  62 
wide,  and  98  high,  surrounded  between  the  buttresses  by 
2 tiers  of  chapels.  The  celebrated  15th-century  rood-loft 
and  choir-screen  are  rich  with  delicate  tracery  and  ex- 
cellent figure  and  foliage  sculpture.  The  roof  and  walls 
are  covered  with  Italian  frescos  dating  from  about  1505. 
Population,  commune,  23,303. 

Albigenses  (al-bi-jen'sez).  A collective  name 
for  the  members  of  several  anti-sacerdotal  sects 
in  the  south  of  France  in  the  12th  and  13th 
centuries:  so  called  from  Albi,  in  Languedoc, 
where  they  were  dominant.  They  revolted  from 
the  Church  of  Rome,  were  charged  with  Manichman  errors, 
and  were  so  vigorously  persecuted  that,  as  sects,  they  had 
in  great  part  disappeared  by  the  end  of  the  13th  century. 
A crusade  against  them  was  preached  by  Pope  Innocent 
III.  in  1208,  and  was  led  by  Arnold  of  Citeaux  and  Simon 
de  Montfort.  The  war  of  extermination,  which  lasted  for 
several  years,  was  one  of  the  bloodiest  in  history.  Their 
doctrines  are  known  chiefly  from  the  writings  of  their 
orthodox  enemies.  Also  called  Cathari,  and  by  many 
other  names. 


Albitte,  Antoine  Louis 

Albigeois  (al-be-zhwa/).  A former  district  of 
Languedoc,  France,  comprised  in  the  modern 
department  of  Tam. 

Albin,  or  Albyn  (al'bin).  Another  form  of 
Albion. 

Albina  (al-bl'nii).  A former  city  in  Multno- 
mah County,  Oregon,  on  the  Willamette,  now 
a part  of  Portland. 

Albingians  (al-bin'ji-anz).  [Properly  North 
Albingians ; LL.  Nordalbingi  (cf.  L.  Albis,  the 
Elbe),  G.  Nordalbingisch .]  A Saxon  tribe  liv- 
ing north  of  the  Elbe  (whence  the  name)  in 
the  present  Holstein.  They  were  first  made  known 
to  Europe  by  the  campaigns  of  Charlemagne  in  the  8th 
century.  Their  language  was  the  Low  German  dialect  of 
Holstein.  With  the  other  closely  related  dialects,  West- 
phalian, Middle  Saxon,  and  East  Saxon,  it  forms  the  group 
specifically  called  Saxon. 

Albini  (al-be'ne),  Franz  Joseph,  Baron  von. 
Born  at  St.  Goar,  May  14,  1748:  died  at  Die- 
burg,  Jan.  8, 1816.  A German  statesman,  head 
of  the  government  of  the  electorate  of  Mainz 
during  the  French  revolutionary  period. 
Albinovanus  Pedo.  See  Pedo. 

Albinus  (al-bi'nus;  G.  pron.  al-be 'nos),  or 
Weiss  (vis),  Bernhard  Siegfried.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Feb.  24,  1697 : died  at 
Leyden,  Sept.  9,  1770.  A German  anatomist, 
professor  of  medicine  and  anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leyden : author  of  “ Tabulae  Seeleti 
et  Musculorum  Corporis  Humani”  (1747),  etc. 
Albinus  ( al-bi 'n  us ),  Clodius  ( Decimus  Clodius 
Ceionius  Septimius  A.).  Died  after  the  battle 
of  Lyons,  197  A.  D.  A Roman  commander,  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  the  armies  in  Gaul  and  Brit- 
ain in  193  A.  D.,  and  probably  recognized  as 
Caesar  by  Severus  in  194 : said  to  have  been  called 
“Albinus”  from  the  fairness  of  his  body.  He 
was  defeated  by  Severus  in  197. 

Albinus,  Spurius  Postumius.  Roman  consul 
334  and  321  B.  c.,  and  commander  at  the  defeat 
of  the  Caudine  Forks. 

Albion  (al'bi-on),  or  Alebion  (a-le'bi-on).  [Gr. 
A/./3z6.«’  or  ’A'Aefllov.]  In  classical  mythology,  a 
son  of  Poseidon  and  brother  of  Dercynus  or 
Bergion.  He  and  his  brother  lost  their  lives  in  an  attack 
on  Heracles  as  the  latter  passed  through  their  country 
(Liguria)  with  the  oxen  of  Geryon. 

Albion  (al'bi-on).  [L.  Albion,  Gr.  ’AX/h'uv, 
A/ovtuv.  from  Old  Celtic  * Albion,  Ir.  Alba,  Alpa, 
Elba  (gen.  Alban,  dat.  ace.  Albain),  W.  Alban 
(see  Albin),  lit.  ‘white  land,’  with  reference 
to  the  chalk  cliffs  of  the  southern  coast.  Cf. 
Alps."]  The  ancient  name  of  Britain : restricted 
in  later  poetic  use  to  England.  Alban  and  Albin 
were  ancient  names  for  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

Albion.  The  capital  of  Orleans  County,  New 
York,  43  miles  northeast  of  Buffalo.  Popula- 
tion, village,  5,016,  (1910). 

Albion.  A city  in  Calhoun  County,  southern 
Michigan,  38  miles  south-southwest  of  Lan- 
sing. Population,  5,833,  (1910). 

Albion  and  Albanius  (al-ba'ni-us).  An  op- 
eratic entertainment  by  Dryden,  produced  in 
1685,  allegorically  representing  the  chief  events 
of  King  Charles  II. ’s  reign.  Albion  was  Charles 
himself  and  Albanius  was  James,  duke  of  York. 
It  was  not  printed  till  1691. 

Albion’s  England.  A rimed  chronicle  of  Eng- 
lish history,  by  William  Warner,  published  in 
1586.  It  was  seized  as  contraband  by  the  order  of  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  for  no  reason  that  is  now  as- 
signable. 

Albion  Knight.  A comedy  morality  published 
in  1565.  It  turns  on  the  want  of  concord  be- 
tween the  lords  temporal  and  the  lords  spiritual. 
Albireo  (al-bir'e-o).  [Origin  doubtful,  but  con- 
jectured to  be  a corruption  of  ab  ireo  in  the 
Latin  version  of  the  “Almagest.”]  The  usual 
name  for  the  yellow  third-magnitude  star  /3 
Cygni,  in  the  beak  of  the  swan.  It  is  coarsely 
double  with  a fine  contrast  of  color  between 
the  two  components. 

Albis  (al'bis).  The  Latin  name  of  the  Elbe. 
Albis  (al'bes).  A low  mountain-range  in  the 
canton  of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  west  of  Lake 
Zurich.  Its  best-known  summit  is  the  Utliberg. 
A.lbistan  (al-bi-stan ' ) , or  E lbistan  ( el-bi-stan ' ) . 
A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, on  the  Jikun  40  miles  northeast  of  Marash. 
The  sultan  Bibars  defeated  here  the  Turks 
and  Mongols  in  1277.  Population,  8,000  (?). 
Albitte  (iil-bet'),  Antoine  Louis.  Died  1812. 
A French  radical  revolutionist,  member  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly,  1791.  He  was  con- 
demned to  death  for  participation  in  the  revolt  of  May  20, 
1795,  against  the  Convention,  hut  succeeded  in  avoiding 
capture.  Under  the  Directory  he  was  appointed  mayor  of 
Dieppe,  after  the  18th  Brumaire  was  engaged  in  military 
affairs,  and  finally  perished  in  the  retreat  from  Moscow. 


Albizzi 

Albizzi  (al-bet'se).  A noted  Italian  family, 
originally  of  Arezzo,  which  played  a conspic- 
uous part  in  Florentine  affairs  during  the  14th 
and  15th  centuries.  They  belonged  to  the 
democratic  Guelph  party. 

Albizzi,  Bartolommeo,  L.  Bartholomaeus 
Albicius  Pisanus  ( ‘ of  Pisa  ’) . Born  at  Rivano 
in  Tuscany:  died  at  Pisa,  Dec.  10,  1401.  A 
noted  Franciscan  monk  and  religious  writer : au- 
thor of  “Liber  conformitatum  sancti  Francisci 
cum  Christo  ” (first  ed.  folio,  Venice,  undated). 

Albo,  Joseph  (al'bd).  Born  at  Soria  in  Spain: 
died  there,  1444.  A Jewish  physician,  theolo- 
gian, and  philosopher.  He  wrote  a work  entitled 
“ Ikkarim ” (“  fundaments”)  which  comprises  a complete 
system  of  the  Jewish  religion. 

Alboin  (al'boin).  Died  at  Verona  in  573.  King 
of  the  Lombards  from  about  561  to  572, 
son  of  Alduin,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  destroyed 
the  kingdom  of  the  Gepidse  (566),  and  married  Rosa- 
munda,  daughter  of  the  slain  king  Cunimuud.  In  668  he 
conquered  Italy  as  far  south  as  the  Tiber,  and  established 
the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards  with  Pavia  as  its  capital. 
He  was  murdered  at  the  instigation  of  Rosamunda,  whom, 
at  a carousal,  he  had  ordered  to  drink  from  her  father's 
skull.  She  is  said  to  have  employed  for  this  purpose  a 
common  soldier  (Helmichis,  Alboin’s  shield-bearer)  whom 
she  first  allowed  to  become  her  paramour,  and  to  whom 
she  then  offered  the  choice  of  perishing  through  the  jeal- 
ousy of  Alboin  or  of  becoming  his  murderer.  This  story 
is  probably  unhistorical. 

Albona  (al-bo'nii).  A town  in  Istria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  42  miles  southeast  of  Trieste.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  11,991,  (1910). 

Alboni  (al-bo'ne),  Marietta.  Born  at  Cesena, 
Italy,  March  10,  1823:  died  at  Ville  d’Avray, 
June  23,  1894.  A celebrated  contralto  singer. 
She  studied  under  Madame  Bertoletti  and  later  under  Ros- 
sini (Grove),  and  made  her  df-but  at  the  Communal  Thea- 
ter in  Bologna  with  great  success,  appearing  immediately 
afterward  at  La  Scala  in  Milan.  She  sang  in  all  the  Con- 
tinental and  English  cities  and  in  America  until  1866, 
when  her  husband,  Count  Pepoli,  a Bolognese,  died.  In 
1872  she  reappeared  in  “ II  Matrimonio  Segreto  ” at  the 
Italiens.  In  1877  she  married  again  an  officer  of  the  Garde 
R6publicaine,  M.  Zieger. 

A1  Borak  (al  bo'rak).  [Ar.,  ‘lightning.’]  A 
legendary  animal,  white  in  color,  in  size  be- 
tween a mule  and  an  ass,  with  two  wings,  and 
of  great  swiftness,  on  which  Mohammed  is  said 
to  have  made  a nocturnal  journey  to  the  seventh 
heaven,  conducted  by  the  angel  Gabriel. 
Albornoz  (al-bor 'noth),  Gil  Alvarez  de. 
Born  at  Cuenca,  Spain,  about  1300:  died  at 
Viterbo,  Italy,  Aug.  24,  1367.  A Spanish  prel- 
ate (archbishop  of  Toledo)  and  soldier,  a 
supporter  of  the  papal  authority  in  Italy. 
Albovine  (al'bo-vin),  King  of  the  Lombards. 
A tragedy  by  Davenant,  printed  in  1629.  The 
scene  and  the  names  of  characters  are  the  same 
as  in  his  later  poem  “ Gondibert.” 

Albracca  (al-brak'ka).  InBoiardo’s  “Orlando 
Innamorato,”  a castle  of  Cathay  in  which  An- 
gelica was  besieged  by  Agricane. 

Albrecht.  See  Albert. 

Albrecht  (al'brecht).  Lived  about  1270.  A 
German  poet,  author  of  the  later  “ Titurel,”  a 
continuation  of  the  “ Titurel”  of  Wolfram  von 
Eschenbach : generally,  but  probably  wrongly, 
named  Albrecht  von  Scharfenberg. 

Albrecht,  Wilhelm  Eduard.  Born  at  Elbing, 
Prussia,  March  4, 1800 : died  at  Leipsic,  May  22, 
1876.  A German  jurist,  one  of  the  seven  Got 
tingen  professors  removed  on  account  of  liber- 
alism in  1837. 

Albrechtsberger  (iil-brechts-ber'ger),  Johann 
Georg.  Born  at  Kloster-Neuburg,  near  Vien- 
na, Feb.  3, 1736:  died  at  Vienna,  March  7, 1809. 
An  Austrian  musician,  distinguished  especially 
as  a contrapuntist : author  of  “ Grundliche  An- 
weisung  zur  Komposition”  (1790),  etc. 

Albrechtsburg (al'brechts-boro).  Anextensive 
castle  at  Meissen,  Saxony,  founded  in  1471  by 
the  princes  Ernst  and  Albert.  It  is  a picturesque 
pile,  dominated  by  towers  and  lofty  roofs,  and  by  the  open- 
work spire  of  its  Johanniskapelle.  The  large  banqueting- 
hall  is  an  imposing  room,  with  wooden  figures  of  Saxon 
princes.  There  is  much  excellent  vaulting.  Since  1863  the 
whole  has  been  restored  and  decorated  with  historical 
frescos.  Tor  150  years  from  1710  the  famous  royal  porce- 
lain manufactory  was  conducted  here. 

Albreda  (al-bra'da).  A seaport  in  Senegambia, 
situated  bn  the  Gambia  River  20  miles  above 
Bathurst.  Population,  7,000  (?). 

Albret  (al-bra/),  House  of.  A Gascon  family 
which  arose  in  the  11th  century,  and  derived 
its  name  from  the  Chateau  d’ Albret.  its  best- 
known  members  are  Charles  d'Albret,  count  of  Dreux, 
who  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Agincourt  in  1416;  Louis 
d’Albret  (died  1465),  cardinal  bishop  of  Cahors ; Jean 
d'Albret,  who  became  king  of  Navarre  by  his  marriage 
with  Catherine  of  Foix  in  1484  ; Jeanne  d'Albret  (see  be- 
low); and  Cdsar-Bh^bus  d'Albret,  marshal  of  France  and 
the  last  descendant  of  the  house  in  the  male  line. 


31 

Albret,  Jeanne  d’.  Born  at  Pau,  France,  Jan. 
7,  1528 : died  at  Paris,  June  9,  1572.  A queen 
of  Navarre,  daughter  of  Henry,  king  of  Na- 
varre, and  Margaret  of  Valois,  wife  of  Antony 
of  Bourbon,  and  mother  of  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
noted  as  a supporter  of  the  Huguenots. 

Albright  (al'brit),  Jacob.  Bom  near  Potts- 
town,  Pa.,  May  1, 1759:  died  1808.  An  Ameri- 
can Methodist  clergyman,  founder  of  the  de- 
nomination named  the  “Evangelical  Associa- 
tion.” 

Albrizzi  (al-bret'se),  Isabella  Teotochi,  Coun- 
tess d’.  Born  in  Corfu,  1763:  died  at  Venice, 
Sept.  27,  1836.  A Venetian  patroness  of  liter- 
ature and  art,  called  by  Byron  “the  Madame 
de  Stael  of  Venice”:  author  of  “Descrizione 
delle  opere  di  Canova”  (1809-25),  etc. 

Albucasis  (al-bu-ka'  sis),  or  Abul-Casim  ( a-bol- 
ka-sem'),  or  Abul-Kasim  el  Zahrawi.  Born  at 
Zahra  al  Tasrif,  near  Cordova,  Spain:  died  at 
Cordova  about  1106.  An  Arabian  physician, 
author  of  “Al-Tasrif,”  a famous  resume  of 
Arabian  medical  science.  According  to  some  he 
lived  a century  earlier.  His  work  was  partially  translated 
into  Latin  and  twice  into  Hebrew. 

Albuera  (al-bo-a'ra).  A village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Badajoz,  Spain,  12  miles  southeast  of 
Badajoz.  Here,  May  16,  1811,  the  Anglo-Spanish- Portu- 
guese army  (30,000)  under  Beresford  defeated  the  French 
(20,000)  under  Soult.  The  losses  were  nearly  even. 

Albufeira  (al-bo-fa/e-ra).  A small  fishing  port 
in  the  province  of  Algarve,  Portugal,  21  miles 
west  of  Faro. 

Albufera  de  Valencia  (al-bo-fa'rfi,  da  va-lan'- 
the-a).  A lagoon,  about  10  miles  long,  7 miles 
south  of  Valencia,  in  Spain.  Its  revenues  belonged 
to  Godoy,  later  to  Suehet  (Duke  of  Albufera),  and  after 
him  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

Albula  (al'bo-la).  A pass  in  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  about  25  miles  southeast 
of  Coire,  connecting  the  valleys  of  the  Albula 
and  Hinter-Rhein  with  that  of  the  Inn.  Its 
height  is  7,595  feet. 

Albumazar  (al-bo-ma'zar).  Born  at  Balkh, 
Turkestan,  805  (?):  died  at  Wasid,  central 
Asia,  885.  A celebrated  Arabian  astronomer, 
author  of  numerous  works,  including  an  intro- 
duction to  astronomy,  a “Book  of  Conjunction,” 
and  a treatise  on  astrology,  a Latin  translation  of 
the  first  (“  Introductorium  in  Astronomiam  ”)  appeared 
at  Venice  in  1506,  and  of  the  second  (“  De  Magnis  Con- 
junctionibus")  at  Augsburg  in  1489.  The  work  on  astrol- 
ogy was  printed  at  Augsburg  under  the  title  “ Flores  As- 
trologici  ” in  1488.  His  name  is  given  to  the  leading 
character,  a knavish  astrologer,  in  a university  play  (in 
English),  named  for  him,  by  John  Tomkis  (or  Tomkins), 
acted  by  the  gentlemen  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  be- 
fore King  James  I.  in  1614.  It  is  founded  on  “ L’Astrologo  ” 
of  Gian  Battista  del  Porta,  1606.  Dryden  revived  it  in 
1748.  In  1734  a comedy  called  “The  Astrologer”  (pro- 
duced in  1744)  was  founded  on  it  by  Ralph. 

Albuquerque  (al-bo-kar'ke).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Badajoz,  Spain,  24  miles  north  of 
Badajoz.  Population,  9,030. 

Albuquerque.  The  capital  of  Bernalillo 
County,  New  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Rio 
Grande  58  miles  southwest  of  Santa  Fe:  an 
important  railroad  center,  it  consists  of  two  set- 
tlements, the  old  town  and  the  new  town.  The  latter 
was  founded  in  1880.  The  old  town  was  founded  in  1706. 
Population,  new  city,  11,020,  (1910). 

Albuquerque,  Affonso  de,  surnamed  “The 
Great”  and  “The  Portuguese  Mars.”  Born  at 
Alhandra,  near  Lisbon,  1452  (1453  ?) : died  at 
sea  near  Goa,  India,  Dec.  16,  1515.  A cele- 
brated Portuguese  navigator  and  conqueror, 
the  founder  of  the  Portuguese  empire  in  the 
East.  He  set  out  on  his  first  expedition  to  India  in 
1503 ; returned  home  in  1504 ; went  to  India  again  in 
1506 ; conquered  Goa  and  afterward  the  whole  of  Malabar, 
Ceylon,  the  Sunda  Islands,  the  peninsula  of  Malacca,  and 
the  island  of  Ormuz.  King  Emmanuel  appointed  a per- 
sonal enemy  of  Albuquerque  to  supersede  him.  On  his 
return,  he  died  at  sea.  He  made  the  Portuguese  name 
profoundly  respected  in  the  East. 

Albuquerque,  Duarte  Coeiho  de.  See  Coelho 
de  Albuquerque,  Duarte. 

Albuquerque,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la 
Cueva,  Duke  of.  See  Fernandes  de  la  Cueva. 

Albuquerque,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la 
Cueva  Henriquez,  Duke  of.  See  Fernandes  de 
la  Cueva  Henriques. 

Albuquerque,  Jeronymo  de.  Born  about  1514 : 
died  at  Olinda,  near  Pernambuco,  about  Feb. 
25, 1594.  A Portuguese  soldier,  leader  in  various 
wars  against  the  Indians  in  Brazil,  whither  he 
went  in  1535.  In  1548  he  was  captured  by  the  Oahetes 
tribe,  hut  gained  their  good  will  and  married  the  daughter 
of  a chief. 

Albuquerque  Maranhao,  Jeronymo  de.  Born 
at  Pernambuco,  1548:  died  at  Maranhao,  Feb. 
11, 1618.  A Brazilian  soldier,  son  of  Jeronymo 
de  Albuquerque  and  an  Indian  mother.  He  con- 


Alcantara 

quered  Rio  Grande  do  Norte  from  the  Indians  1598-99  and 
Ceari  in  1613.  In  Nov.,  1615,  he  took  Maranhao  from  the 
French,  and  was  made  captain-general  of  that  colony. 

Albuquerque,  Mathias  de.  Said  to  have  been 
born  in  Brazil:  died  at  Lisbon,  June  9,  1647. 
A Portuguese  general,  governor  of  Pernambuco 
in  1624,  and,  after  the  Dutch  had  taken  Bahia 
(May,  1624),  acting  governor-general  of  north- 
ern Brazil.  He  recovered  Bahia  in  1625.  After  vis- 
iting Madrid  he  returned  to  Pernambuco,  in  Oct.,  1629,  as 
governor,  and  in  Feb.,  1630,  abandoned  Olinda  and  Recife 
(Pernambuco)  to  the  Dutch.  In  Dec.,  1635,  he  was  ordered 
back  to  Madrid,  whence  he  was  sent  to  Portugal  in  dis- 
grace. In  1640  Portugal  threw  of!  the  Spanish  yoke,  aud 
Albuquerque  took  a principal  part  in  the  war  which  fol- 
lowed. His  decisive  victory  of  Montijo  or  Campo  Mayor 
(May,  1644)  won  for  him  the  titles  of  Count  of  Allegrete 
and  grandee  of  Portugal 

Albuquerque,  Pedro  d’.  Bom  at  Pernambuco 
about  1575 : died  at  Para,  Feb.  6,  1644.  A son 
of  Jeronymo  de  Albuquerque  Maranhao,  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Maranhao  and  Para  in  1642. 
Albuquerque  Coelho,  Jorge  d’.  See  Coelho , 
Jorge  d’ Albuquerque. 

Alby.  See  Albi. 

Albyn.  See  Albion. 

Alcacer-do-Sal  (al-ka'ser-do-sal').  A trading 
town  in  the  province  of  Estremadura,  Portugal, 
situated  on  the  Sado  50  miles  southeast  of  Lis- 
bon : the  Roman  Salacia.  It  has  been  the  scene 
of  various  battles,  particularly  between  Moors  and  Chris- 
tians. Population,  about  2,000. 

Alcseus  (al-se'us).  [Gr.  A/wziof.]  1.  A famous 
poet  of  Mytilene  in  Lesbos  (about  611-580 
B.  C.),  by  some  regarded  as  the  first  in  rank  of 
the  lyric  poets  of  Greece.  He  supported  the  nobles 
in  their  struggles  with  the  tyrants  of  his  native  town, 
was  banished,  and  led  an  eventful  and  wandering  life. 
He  was  ■“the  perfect  picture  of  an  unprincipled,  violent, 
lawless  Greek  aristocrat,  who  sacrificed  all  and  everything 
to  the  demands  of  pleasure  and  power"  (Mahaffy).  Frag- 
ments pi  his  works  remain. 

2.  In  Greek  legend,  a son  of  Perseus  and  An- 
dromeda. He  was  an  ancestor  of  Hercules. 
Alcaforado  (al-ka-fo-ra/do),  Francisco.  A 
Portuguese  navigator  who  took  part  in  the  ex- 
pedition (of  which  he  wrote  an  account)  of  Joao 
Gonzales  Zareo  to  the  island  of  Madeira  in  1420. 

Alcala  de  Chisbert  (al-ka-la'  da  ches-bart'). 
[Alcala  : Ar.  ‘ castle.’]  A town  in  the  province 
of  Castellon,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean 65  miles  northeast  of  Valencia.  Popu- 
lation, 6,293. 

Alcala  de  Guadaira  (al-ka-la/  dagwa-THl'ra). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Seville,  Spain,  situ- 
ated near  the  Guadaira  7 miles  east  of  Seville. 
It  contains  a Moorish  castle,  an  unusually  fine  example, 
older  than  1246,  when  the  town  was  taken  by  the  Chris- 
tians. Population,  8,198. 

Alcala  de  Henares  (al-ka-la/  da  a-na'ras).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Madrid,  Spain,  near 
the  site  of  the  Roman  Complutum,  situated  on 
the  Henares  17  miles  east  by  north  of  Madrid: 
the  birthplace  of  Cervantes,  it  was  formerly  famous 
for  its  university,  founded  by  Cardinal  Ximenes,  which 
was  removed  to  Madrid  in  1836.  Population,  11,206. 

Alcald  deles  Gazules  (al-ka-la'  da  los ga-tho'- 
las).  A town  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain, 
30  miles  east  of  Cadiz.  Population,  8,877. 

Alcala  la  Real  (al-ka-la'  la,  ra-al').  A town 
in  the  province  of  Jaen,  Spain,  27  miles  north- 
west of  Granada.  Population,  15,973. 

Alcald  y Herrera,  Alonso  de.  A Portuguese 
writer  of  Spanish  origin,  who  published  in  1641 
five  Spanish  tales  in  each  of  which  one  of  the 
five  vowels  is  omitted.  Ticknor. 

Alcamenes,  or  Alkamenes  (al-kam'e-nez). 
[Gr.  ’k/.Kafitvrjc.]  Born  at  Lemnos,  of  Attic  de- 
scent, or  at  Athens : flourished  about  448-404 
b.c.  A Greek  sculptor,  according  to  Pausanias 
the  most  skilful  pupil  of  Phidias.  The  same  au- 
thor ascribes  to  him  the  centaur  conflict  on  the  western 
pediment  of  the  temple  of  Zeus  recently  recovered  at 
Olympia.  This  must  have  been  a very  early  work  of  the 
master.  His  recorded  works  were  statues  of  gods  and 
heroes  mainly.  His  Aphrodite  “of  the  gardens"  was  one 
of  the  great  statues  of  antiquity.  His  statue  of  ivory  and 
gold  of  .Fsculapiiis  may  be  represented  in  the  beautiful 
head  in  the  British  Museum,  found  at  Melos. 

Alcamo  (al'ka-mo).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Trapani,  Sicily,  24  miles  west-southwest  of  Pa- 
lermo. Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Segesta.  Population,  commune,  51,809. 

Alcandre  (al-kon'dr).  A character  in  Made- 
moiselle de  Scuddry’s  romance  “C161ie”:  a 
flattering  portrait  of  Louis  XIV.,  then  only 
about  eighteen  years  of  age. 

Alcaniz  (al-kan-yeth').  A town  in  the  province 
of  Teruel,  Spain,  on  the  Guadalope  64  miles 
southeast  of  Saragossa.  Population,  7,806. 

Alcantara  (al-kan'ta-rii).  A western  quarter, 
formerly  a suburb,  of  Lisbon,  noted  for  the 
victory  gained  there  in  1580  by  the  Duke  of 
Alva  over  tho  Portuguese. 


Alcantara 

Alcantara.  [Ar.,  ‘the  bridge.’]  A small  town 
in  the  province  of  Caceres,  Spain,  the  ancient 
Norba  Csesarea,  situated  on  the  Tagus  31  miles 
northwest  of  Caceres.  The  famous  bridge  of  Trajan, 
over  the  Tagus,  built  in  105  A.  D.,  exists  to-day  practically 
as  the  Romans  left  it.  It  is  built  without  cement,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  imposing  of  masonry  bridges.  It  is  about 
616  feet  long,  and  about  190  feet  high  from  the  river-bed, 
with  six  arches.  The  two  central  arches  each  have  a spanof 
110  feet.  A plain  triumphal  arch  rises  over  the  middle 
pier.  Another  notable  structure  is  the  monasteiy  of  the 
Knights  of  Alcantara,  begun  in  1506,  and  now  in  ruins. 
The  florid  Pointed  church  is  divided  by  slender  piers  into 
lofty,  gracefully  vaulted  aisLs.  The  cloisters  are  fine,  and 
the  buildings,  both  for  residence  and  for  defense,  of  great 
extent  and  massiveness.  Population,  3,248. 

Alcantara.  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Ma- 
rankao,  Brazil,  in  lat.  2°  25'  S.,  long.  44°  25'  V/. 
Alcantara,  Francisco  Martin.  Born  in  the 
province  of  Estremadura,  probably  about  1480: 
killed  at  Lima,  Peru,  June  26,  1541.  A Span- 
ish soldier,  half-brother  of  Francisco  Pizarro  on 
the  mother’s  side.  lie  left  Spain  with  Pizarro  i:i  1529, 
and  was  with  him  during  part  of  the  conquest  of  Peru. 
He  received  a large  inheritance  which  was  un  ustly  taken 
from  the  younger  Almagro.  Alcantara  was  killed  with 
Pizarro. 

Alcantara,  Doctor  of.  An  operetta  by  Julius 
Eickberg  produced  in  Boston  in  1862. 
Alcantara,  Knights  of.  A religious  and  mili- 
tary order  in  Spain,  created  about  1156  by  the 
brothers  Don  Suarez  and  Don  Gomez  de  Bar- 
rientos to  combat  the  Moors.  In  1177  it  was  con- 
firmed by  Pope  Alexander  III.  a3  a religious  order  of 
knighthood  under  Benedictine  rule.  It  took  its  name 
from  the  fortified  town  of  Alcantara,  with  whose  defense 
it  was  intrusted  about  1213,  having  hitherto  been  known 
as  the  order  of  the  Knights  of  San  Julian  del  Pereyro.  In 
1494-95  the  grand  mastership  was  vested  in  the  crown, 
and  in  1540  the  knights  received  permission  to  marry.  In 
1835  the  order  ceased  to  exist  as  a spiritual  body,  though 
it  still  remains  in  its  civil  capacity. 

Alcantara,  Pedro  ole.  See  Pedro  I.  and  II.  of 
Brazil. 

Alcatraz  (al-ka-traz'),  or  Pelican  Island.  A 
small  island  north  of  San  Francisco,  the  seat 
of  a military  prison,  a torpedo  station,  and  a 
lighthouse. 

Alcaudete  (al-kou-da'ta).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Jaen,  Spain,  situated  on  a tributary  of 
the  Guadalquivir  23  miles  southwest  of  Ja6n. 
Population,  9,907. 

Alcazar  (al-ka'thar).  [Ar.  al  qaer,  the  castle.] 

1.  The  palace  of  the  Moorish  kings  and  later 
of  Spanish  royalty  at  Seville.  A large  part  is  cf 
the  original  Alhambresque  architecture,  and  extremely 
beautiful,  though  restored  and  too  highly  colored.  Other 
portions  have  been  added  by  successive  t punish  sover- 
eigns, from  Pedro  the  Cruel.  The  gardens  were  laid  out 
by  the  emperor  Charles  V. 

2.  A palace  in  Segovia,  Spain,  originally  Moor- 
ish, occupied  by  the  sovereigns  of  Castile  from 
the  14th  century.  It  was  a large  and  strong  medieval 
castle,  with  picturesque  towers  and  turrets,  and  con- 
tained rooms  of  much  his'orical  interest.  It  was  burned 
in  1802,  and  has  been  restored. 

Alcazar,  Battle  of.  See  Batfe  of  Alcazar. 
Alcazar  de  San  Juan  (al-ka'thar  da  san  kwan). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain, 
a railway  and  manufacturing  center.  Popula- 
tion, 11,499. 

Alcazar-Quivir.  See  Kassr-cl-Kebtr. 
Alcazava  Sotomaycr,  Simao  de.  Born  about 
1490 : died  on  the  east  coast  of  Patagonia  early 
in  1536.  A Portuguese  explorer,  from  1522  in 
the  service  of  Spain  as  a naval  officer,  in  1534 

he  fitted  out,  at  his  own  expense,  two  vessels  and  240  men, 
with  the  object  of  reaching  Peru  by  the  Straits  of  Magel- 
lan. Leaving  san  Luear  Sept.  21,  lie  touched  atlheAbrol- 
hos  Islands,  .Brazil,  and  arrived  at  the  Straits  in  Jan.,  1C.35  ; 
attempting  to  pass,  he  was  driven  back  by  a storm,  and 
wintered  at  Puerto  de  los  Lobos  (probably  St.  Joseph’s  or 
St.  Matthew’s  Bay).  Thence  he  led  a land  expedition 
which  crossed  the  country  to  the  Andes  and  was  the  first 
to  explore  the  Patagonian  plateau.  Alcazava  hims  If  was 
obliged  by  sickness  to  return  to  the  ship,  where  he  was 
shortly  after  murdered  in  a mutiny.  Also  Alcazaba,  Al- 
cazo'ci,  Alca;oba. 

Alcedo(al-tka'THo),  Antoniode.  Born  at  Quito, 
1735:  date  of  death  not  recorded.  A Spanish 
brigadier-general  (1792)  and  geographer,  son  of 
Don  Dionisio  de  Alcedo  y Herrera,  best  known 
for  his  “Diccionario  geogrdfico-histdrico  de 
las  Indias  occidentales  6 America”  (Madrid, 
1786-89,  5 vols.).  There  is  an  English  translation  by 
Thomson,  London,  1812-15.  He  served  during  part  of  his 
life  in  America. 

Alcedo  y Herrera  (al-tha'THd  e er-ra'ra),  Dio- 
nisio  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  1690:  died  there, 
1777.  A Spanish  administrator.  From  1706  to 
1752  he  was  almost  constantly  in  Spanish  America  in  va- 
rious civil  capacities.  As  president  and  captain-general 
of  Quito  (1728-37)  he  received  the  French  commission 
sent  to  measure  an  arc  of  the  meridian.  From  1743  to 
1749  he  was  captain-general  of  Tierra  Firme  and  president 
of  Panama.  Hepublished  some  works  of  considerable  im- 
portance on  the  geography  and  history  of  South  America. 

Alceste.  See  Alcentis. 


32 

Alceste  (al-sest').  The  principal  character  in 
Moliere’s  comedy  “The  Misanthrope”:  a dis- 
agreeable but  upright  man  who  scorns  the 
civilities  of  life  and  the  shams  of  society. 
Wycherley  has  taken  him  as  the  model  of  his 
rude  and  brutal  Manly  in  “The  Plain  Dealer.” 

Alceste.  A pseudonym  of  several  modern 
French  writers,  among  them  Alfred  Assolant, 
Hippolyte  de  Castille,  Louis  Belmontet,  and 
Edouard  Laboulaye. 

Alceste.  A tragic  opera  by  Gluck,  first  pre- 
sented at  Vienna.  Dec.  16.  1767. 

Alcester  (al'ster  or  as'ter).  A town  in  War- 
wickshire, England,  19  miles  south  of  Bir- 
mingham: the  site  of  an  ancient  Roman  en- 
campment. Population,  2,303. 

Alcester,  Baron.  See  Seymour , Sir  Frederick. 

Aicestis  (al-ses'tis),  or  Alceste  (al-ses'te). 
[Gr.  ’ 'AAKr/anc , or  AX/ceot^.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Pelias  and  wife  of  Admetus, 
king  of  Pherte  in  Thessaly.  When  her  husband  was 
stricken  with  a mortal  sickness  she  sacrificed  her  li.e  for 
him,  iu  accordance  with  the  promise  of  Apollo  that  by 
this  means  he  should  be  saved.  According  to  one  form 
of  the  legend  she  was  allowed  to  return  to  the  upper  world 
by  Persephone  : according  to  another  she  was  rescued  by 
Hercules.  She  is  the  subject  of  a play  by  Euripides. 

The  Aicestis  is  a curious  and  almost  unique  example  of 
a great  novelty  attempted  by  Euripides  — a novelty  which 
Shakspeare  h s sanctioned  by  his  genius  — I mean  the 
mixture  of  comic  and  vulgar  elements  with  real  tragic 
pathos,  by  way  of  contrast.  The  play  is  not  strictly  a 
tragedy,  but  a melodrama,  with  a happy  conclusion,  and 
was  noted  as  such  by  the  old  critics,  who  called  the  play 
rather  comic,  that  is  to  say,  like  the  new  comedies  in  this 
respect.  The  intention  of  the  poet  seems  to  have  been  to 
calm  the  minds  of  the  audience  agitated  by  great  sorrows, 
and  to  tone  them  by  an  afterpiece  of  a higher  and  more 
refined  character  than  the  satyric  dramas,  which  were 
coarse  and  generally  obscene. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1.  325. 

Aldiemb  (al-kemb').  [Ar.]  A rarely  used 
name  for  the  second-magnitude  star  a Pcrsei, 
usually  called  Mirfalc,  and  sometimes  Algenib. 

Alchemist,  The.  A comedy  by  Ben  Jonson 
acted  by  the  King’s  Servants  in  1010 : a satire 
on  the  reigning  folly  of  the  time,  the  search 
for  the  philosopher’s  stone,  it  observes  strictly 
the  unities  of  time  and  place,  and,  i.i  point  of  inteUec- 
tual  power,  is  regarded  as  the  first  of  Jonson’s  plays. 
“The  Empiric,"  a droll,  was  founded  on  it  in  1676,  and 
“The  Tobacconist,"  a farce,  in  1771.  It  was  entered  in 
the  Stationers’  Register  in  1610,  but  was  not  published 
till  1012. 

Alchfrith  (alck'frith),  or  Alchfrid  (-frid). 
A son  of  Oswiu,  king  of  the  Northumbrians, 
aud  Eanfked,  daughter  of  Eadwino.  ne  was  cre- 
ated under-king  of  the  Deirans  by  his  father;  married 
Cyneburh,  daughter  of  Penda,  king  of  the  Mercians  ; and 
joined  his  father  in  the  defeat  of  Penda,  655,  near  the 
river  Wiawaed.  lie  made  unsuccessful  war  against  his  fa- 
ther, and  probably  fled  to  Mercia. 

A’.chiba,  or  Alkhiba  (al-ke-ba').  [Ar.,  ‘the 
tent,’  a name  given  by  some  of  the  Arabians 
to  the  constellation  Corvus.]  The  seldom 
used  name  of  the  fourth-magnitude  star  a 
Corvi,  which,  kowover,  is  not  the  brightest  in 
the  constellation. 

Alchymist  (al-che-mest'),  Der.  An  opera  by 
Spohr,  composed  about  the  end  of  1829,  and 
first  performed  at  Cassel  July  28,  1830.  The 
libretto  by  Pfeiffer  is  based  ou  a story  by 
Washington  Irviug. 

Alcibiades  (al-si-bi'a-dez).  [Gr.  AXki/3«zi%.] 
Bora  at  Athens,  about  450  b.  c.  : killed  at  Me- 
lissa, Phrygia,  404  B.  C.  A celebrated  Athenian 
politician  and  general,  the  son  of  Cleiuias  and 
Deinomache,  and  a pupil  and  friend  of  Socrates. 
After  his  father’s  death  at  the  battle  of  Coronea  lie  was 
brought  up  in  the  house  of  Pericles,  who  was  his  kinsman, 
lie  became  leader  of  the  radical  party  about  421 ; com- 
manded the  Athenian  League  420-418 ; was  appointed  a 
commander  of  the  e pedi.ion  against  Sicily  in  415 ; and 
was  accused  of  profanation  in  Athens,  and  Led  to  Sparta, 
in  the  same  year,  becoming  an  open  enemy  of  Athens. 
In  42, having  becomean  object  of  suspicion  at  Sparta  (his 
death  hod  been  resolved  upon),  he  went  over  to  the  Per- 
sians. He  was  soon  recalled  by  the  Athenian  army,  audeom- 
manded  the  Athenians  in  the  victory  over  the  Pelopon- 
nesians and  Persians  at  Cyzicus  410,  and  iu  other  success- 
ful battles.  His  failure  at  Andros  and  the  defeat  of  his 
general  at  Notion  in  407  cause  ! him  to  be  deposed  from 
iiis  command.  After  the  battle  of  /Egospotami  he  sought 
refuge  with  Pharnabazus  in  Phrygia  where  he  was  treach- 
erously put  to  death.  He  was  celebrated  for  his  great 
beauty  and  talents,  and  also  for  his  self-will  and  unbri- 
dled insolence  and  capriciousness. 

Alcibiades.  A tragedy  by  Thomas  Otway  pro- 
duced in  1675. 

Alcibiades.  A pseudonym  used  by  Alfred 
Tennyson  in  “ Punch.” 

Alcida:  Greene’s  Metamorphoses.  A pam- 
phlet by  Robert  Greene,  licensed  in  1588,  prob- 
ably published  in  1589.  It  consists  of  stories 
exposing  the  evils  of  women’s  pride  and  vanity. 

Alcidamas  (al-sid'a-mas).  [Gr.  ’A'AmAduar .]  A 


Alcock 

Greek  rhetorician,  a native  of  Elaaa  in  Asia 
Minor.  He  was  a pupil  of  Gorgias,  and  between  432 
and  411  B.  c.  resided  at  Athens  where  he  gave  instruc- 
tion in  eloquence,  being  the  last  of  the  purely  sophistical 
school  of  rhetoricians.  Two  extant  declamations  and 
fragments  of  other  works  are  ascribed  to  him. 

Alcide  (al-sed'),  Baron  de  M . . . A pseudo- 
nym used  1833-35  and  in  1864  by  Alfred  de 
Musset. 

Alcides  (al'si-dez).  A patronymic  of  Heracles, 
who  was  a descendant  of  Alcseus. 

Alcilia  (al-olie'na).  A fairy,  the  embodiment 
of  carnal  delights,  in  Boiardo’s  “Orlando  In- 
namorato”  and  Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso”: 
the  sister  of  Logistilla  (reason)  and  Morgana 
(lasciviousness).  When  tired  of  her  lovers  she  changed 
them  into  trees,  beasts,  etc.,  and  was  finally,  by  means  of 
a magic  ring,  displayed  in  her  real  senility  and  ugliness. 
Compare  Acrasia,  Armida,  and  Circe. 

Alcinous  (al-sin'o-us).  [Gr.  AXtaVoof.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a king  of  the  Phteacians,  in  the 
island  of  Scheria,  mentioned  in  the  Odyssey. 
A considerable  part  of  the  poem  (Books  VI. -XIII.)  is  de- 
voted to  the  events  of  Odysseus’s  stay  in  his  dominions. 

Alciphron  (al'si-fron).  [Gr.  AX/d^por.]  Lived 
probably  in  the  last  part  of  the  2d  century  a.  d. 
A Greek  epistolographer  whose  identity  is  un- 
certain, Alciphron  being,  perhaps,  an  assumed 
name.  The  letters  atti  ibuted  to  him  “are  about  100  in 
number,  and  are  divided  into  three  books.  They  repre- 
sent classes  of  the  older  Greek  community,  and  are  val- 
uable from  the  glimpses  which  they  give  of  social  life, 
the  materials  being  mostly  derived  from  the  remains  of 
the  middle  and  new  comedy,  ’the  most  lively  are  those 
supposed  to  be  written  by  celebrated  het®r®,  especially 
those  from  Glvcera  to  Menanaer.  The  style  is  a careful 
imitation  of  the  best  Attic”  (K.  0.  Muller,  List,  of  the 
Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.).  (Donaldmi.) 

Alciphron.  A character  in  Thomas  Moore’s 
romance  “The  Epicurean,”  published  in  1827. 
Moore  also  wrote  a poem  with  this  title,  pub- 
lished in  1839. 

Alciphron,  or  the  Minute  Philosopher.  A 

philosophical  dialogue  by  Bishop  Berkeley, 
written  to  expose  the  weakness  of  infidelity. 
It  was  composed  while  Berkeley  was  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  and  was  published  in  1732. 

Alcira  (iil-the'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  Spain,  on  an  island  of  the  Jucar  20 
miles  south  of  Valencia.  Population, 
20,572. 

Alcmajon  (alk-me'on).  [Gr.  AX/c/ra/wr.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Amphiaraus  and 
Eriphyle  and  the  leader  of  the  Epigoni  in  the 
expedition  against  Thebes.  In  accordance  with  the 
command  of  his  father,  given  when  he  joined  the  first 
expedition  against  Thebes,  and  the  advice  of  the  oracle, 
he  slew  his  mother,  and  was  driven  mad  aud  pursued  by 
the  Furi  s in  consequence.  Having,  under  f.,lse  pretenses, 
obtained  from  Ihegeus  the  Aicadian  the  necklace  and 
robe  of  Harmonia  (see  Uarmonia)  for  his  wife  Callirrhoe, 
lie  was  waylaid  and  slain  by  lliegeus’s  order. 

Alcmaeon.  A Greek  natural  philosopher,  horn 
at  Crotona,  Italy,  in  the  6th  century  B.  c.,  es- 
pecially noted  for  his  discoveries  in  anatomy. 

Alcma20nid.se  (alk-me-on'i-de).  A noble  family 
of  Athens,  a branch  of  the  family  of  the  Neleidse 
which  came  from  Pylos  in  Messenia  to  Athens 
about  1100  B.  C.  Among  the  more  notable  members 
of  the  family  are  Alcmajon,  an  Athenian  general  in  the 
Cirrhaean  war;  Megacles,  a son  of  Alcmseon,  and  a rival 
of  Fisistratus;  Clistheues,  the  legislator,  son  of  Megacles; 
Pericles,  t,.e  celebrated  Athenian  statesman,  great-grand- 
son of  Menat  les ; and  the  scarcely  less  famous  Alcibiades, 
cousin  of  Pericles.  The  family  was  banished  for  sacri- 
lege about  596  B.  c.,  on  account  of  the  ac  ion  of  the  Alc- 
ma-onid  archon  Megacles  v.  ho  612  b.  C.  put  to  death  the 
participants  in  the  insurrection  of  Cylon  while  they  clung 
for  protection  to  the  altars.  They  returned  through  an 
alliance  with  T y<  u-gus,  carried  on  with  varying  fortunes 
a struggle  with  Pisistrutus  and  the  Pisistratid®,  and  were 
finally  restored  in  510  B.  c. 

Aleman,  or  Aikman  (alk'man),  or  Alcmason. 
[Gr.  AX/c/zdr,  or  AX/t^aiW.]  The  greatest  lyric 
poet  of  Sparta.  Heflouri  hed  about  the  middle  of  the 
7th  century  B.  c.,  and  was  probably  brought  to  Greece  as 
a slave,  in  youth,  from  Sardis.  “Lis  six  books  contained 
all  kinds  of  melos,  hymns,  paeans,  prosodia,  partlienia,  and 
erotic  songs.  His  metres  are  easy  and  various,  and  not 
like  the  complicated  systems  of  later  lyrists.  Cn  the 
other  hand,  his  proverbial  wisdom,  and  the  form  of  his 
personal  allusions,  sometimes  remind  one  of  Pindar.  But 
the  general  character  of  the  poet  is  that  of  an  easy, 
simple,  pleasure-loving  man.  He  boasts  to  have  imitated 
the  song  of  birds  (fr.  17, 67) — iu  other  words,  to  have  been 
a self-taught  and  original  poet.”  ( Mahaffy , Hist.  Greek 
Lit.,  1. 170.)  Fragments  of  his  writings  are  extant. 

Alcmene  (alk-me'ne),  or  Alkmene.  [Gr.  A Xx- 
[ir/vTi.~]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  wife  of  Am- 
phitryon and  mother,  by  Zeus,  of  Heracles. 

Alcobapa  (al-ko-ba'sii).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Estremadura,  Portugal,  50  miles 
north  of  Lisbon.  It  contains  a Cistercian  monastery, 
founded  in  114S,  and  believed  to  have  been  the  largest  of 
the  order.  The  buildings  now  serve  as  barracks. 

Alcock,  or  Alcocke  (al'kok),  John.  Born  at 
Beverley,  Yorkshire,  England,  1430;  died  at 
Wisbeach,  England,  Oct.  1,  1500.  An  English 


Alcock 

prelate  and  scholar,  successively  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, Worcester,  and  Ely,  and  founder  of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1496. 

Alcofribas  Nasier  (al-ko-fre-ba'na-sya').  An 
anagrammatic  pseudonym  of  Francois  Rabelais, 
once  or  twice  shortened  to  the  first  word  only. 

Alcolea  (al-ko-la'a).  A locality  in  the  province 
of  Cordova,  Spain,  on  the  Guadalquivir  8 miles 
northeast  of  Cordova,  where,  Sept.  28, 1868,  the 
Spanish  revolutionists,  under  Serrano,  defeated 
the  royalists.  The  battle  resulted  in  the  over- 
throw of  Queen  Isabella. 

Alcor  (al'kor).  [Ar. , but  uncertain ; said  to  sig- 
nify ‘ the  rider.’]  A small'  fifth-magnitude  star 
very  near  to  Mizar  (f  Ursse  Majoris).  It  is  easily 
seen  with  the  naked  eye  if  the  eye  is  normal,  but  not 
otherwise:  hence  sometimes  used  as  a test  of  vision.  _It 
is  called  Aliore  in  the  Latin  version  of  the  “ Almagest. 

Alcoran.  See  Koran. 

Alcorn  (al'korn),  James  Lusk.  Born  Nov.  4, 
1816:  died  Dec.  20,  1894.  An  American  poli- 
tician, founder  of  the  levee  system  of  the  State 
of  Mississippi,  Republican  governor  of  Missis- 
sippi 1870-71, United  States  senator  1871-77,  and 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  governor  in  1873. 

Alcott  (al'kot),  Amos  Bronson.  Born  at  Wol- 
cott, Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1799 : died  at  Boston,  March 
4,  1888.  An  American  philosophical  writer  and 
educator,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  school  of 
transcendentalistsinNewEngland.  Hewasson  of 
Joseph  Chatfield  Alcox,  a small  farmer  and  mechanic,  and 
Anna  Bronson : the  family  name  was  originally  spelled 
Alcoclce.  His  youth  was  spent  in  peddling  books  and 
other  wares,  interrupted  by  school-teaching,  chiefly  in  Vir- 
ginia and  North  and  South  Carolina.  He  returned  to  New 
England  in  1823,  and  soon  after  opened  an  infant-school 
in  Boston  where  he  later  (1831-37)  conducted  a well-known 
school  in  which  the  instruction  was  based  upon  the  prin- 
ciples of  self-analysis  and  self-education,  the  efforts  of  the 
teacher  being  directed  to  the  development  of  the  indi- 
viduality of  the  pupil.  He  retired  to  Concord  1810,  where 
he  was  intimately  associated  with  Emerson,  Hawthorne, 
Xhoieau,  and  Channing,  and  became  dean  of  the  Concord 
School  of  Philosophy!  His  chief  works  are  “Orphic 
Sayings”  contributed  to  the  “l)ial”  (1810),  “Tablets” 
(1868),  “Concord  Days”(1872),  “Table-Talk”  (1877),  “Son- 
nets and  Canzonets  ” (1832). 

Alcott,  Louisa  May.  Born  at  Germantown, 
Pa.,  Nov.  29, 1832 : died  at  Boston,  Mass. , March 
6,  1888.  An  American  author,  daughter  of  A. 
B.  Alcott.  She  was  a tea:  her  in  early  life  and  an  army 
nurse  in  the  Civil  War.  Among  her  works  are  “Little 
Women”  (1868),  “Old-Fashioned  Girl”  (1869),  “Little 
Men”  (IS71),  “Aunt  Jo’s  Scrap-Bag”  (1872-82),  “Rose  in 
Bloom,”  etc. 

Alcoy  (al-koi').  A city  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, Spain,  lat.  38°  42'  N.,  long.  0°  27'  W. : 
an  important  manufacturing  center  (paper, 
etc.).  It  was  the  scene  of  a bloody  insurrection  of  the 
Internationale  in  July,  1873.  Population,  32,063. 

Alcudia  (al-ko'THe-ii).  A seaport  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Majorca,  Balearic  Islands,  for- 
merly the  chief  fortress  of  the  island.  Popula- 
tion, 2,703. 

Alcudia,  Duke  of.  See  Godoy,  Manuel  de. 

Alcuin  (al'kwin),  AS.  Ealkwine  (ealch'wi-ne). 
Born  at  York,  England,  735:  died  at  Tours, 
May  19,  804.  An  English  prelate  and  scholar, 
abbot  of  Tours : also  known  as  Albinus,  Flaceus, 
and  Albinus  Flaccus.  He  was  educated  at  York, 
and  settled  on  the  Continent  in  782,  on  the  invitation 
and  under  the  protection  of  Charlemagne.  He  was  mas- 
ter of  the  school  of  the  palace  and  served  as  general  su- 
perintendent of  Charlemagne’s  schemes  of  ecclesiastical 
and  educational  reform.  At  the  council  of  Frankfort  in 
794  he  led  the  opposition  to  adoptionism,  which  the  coun- 
cil condemned ; and  at  the  synod  of  Aachen  (Aix-la- 
Chapelle)  in  799  he  persuaded  Felix,  the  leader  of  (he 
adoptionists,  to  recant  (his  second  recantation).  Alcuin 
wrote  on  a great  variety  of  subjects,  including  theology, 
history,  grammar,  rhetoric,  orthography,  dialectics,  etc. 
About  802  he  revised  the  Vulgate.  He  was  also  a poet. 

Alcyone  (al-si'o-ne).  [Gr.  ’A'limovy.']  1.  In 
classical  mythology:  (a)  The  daughter  of  Aldus 
and  wife  of  Ceyx.  After  the  loss  of  her  husband 
she  cast  herself  into  the  sea  and  was  changed 
into  a kingfisher.  (6)  A Pleiad,  daughter  of 
Atlas  and  Pleione. — 2.  A greenish  star  of 
magnitude  3.0,  the  brightest  of  the  Pleiades. 
Alcyonius  (al-si-6'ni-us),  or  Alcionius,  Pe- 
trus. Born  at  Venice,  1487:  died  at  Rome, 
1527.  An  Italian  scholar,  corrector  of  the  press 
of  Aldus  Manutius,  and  professor  of  Greek  at 
Florence  : author  of  “Medicis  legatus,  sive  do 
Exilio”  (1522),  etc. 

Aldabella  (al-dii-bel'lii).  1.  The  wife  of  Or- 
lando in  Ariosto’s  poems,  the  sister  of  Oliviero 
and  Brandimarte  and  daughter  of  Monodantes : 
in  the  oldFrench  and  Spanish  poems  called  Alda 
and  Auda. — 2.  A character  in  Milman’s  play 
“Fazio”:  a handsome  shameless  woman  who 
beguiles  Fazio  when  he  becomes  rich,  and  after 
his  execution  is  condemned  to  imprisonment  in 
a nunnery  for  life  through  the  interposition  of 
Bianca,  the  wife  of  Fazio, 
o.— 3 


33 

AMabra  (ai-da'bra)  Islands.  Small  islands 
in  the  Indian  Ocean , belonging  to  Great  Britain, 
in  lat.  9°  23'  S.,  long.  46°  15'  E. 

Aldan  (til-dan').  A river  in  the  government  of 
Yakutsk,  Siberia,  which  rises  near  the  Yablo- 
noi  Mountains,  and  joins  the  Lena  about  lat. 
63°  N.,  long.  130°  E.  Its  length  is  about  1,300 
miles. 

Aldan  Mountains.  A spur,  of  the  Stanovoi 
Mountains,  in  eastern  Siberia,  near  the  river 
Aldan. 

Aldana  (al-da'na),  Lorenzo  de.  Born  in  Es- 
tremadura  about  1500:  died  at  Arequipa,  Peru, 
probably  in  1556.  A Spanish  soldier  who  served 
with  Alvarado  in  Guatemala  and  Peru,  and  in 
1536  went  with  Juan  de  Rada  to  reinforce  Al- 
magro  in  Chile.  In  1554  he  was  with  Alonzo  de  Alva- 
rado in  the  campaign  against  Giron,  and  shared  in  the 
defeat  at  the  Abaneay  (May  21, 1554).  Authorities  are  not 
in  accord  as  to  the  date  of  his  death,  Calaucha  placing  it 
iu  1571. 

Aldborough  (ald'bur//6,  locally  a/bro).  A small 
town  in  Yorkshire,  England,  the  ancient  Isu- 
rium,  16  miles  northwest  of  York,  noted  for  its 
Roman  antiquities  (the  pavements,  founda- 
tions, etc.,  of  the  ancient  city). 

Aldborough,  or  Aldetourgh."  A watering-place 
in  Suffolk,  England,  21  miles  northeast  of 
Ipswich.  Population,  2,405. 

Aldea  Gallega  do  Ribatejo  (al-da'a  gal-la'ga 
do  re-ba-ta'zho).  A town  in  the  district  of 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  near  the  Tagus  8 miles  east 
of  Lisbon. 

Aldebaran  (al-de-ba-ran'  or  al-deb'a-ran). 
[Ar.  al-dabardn,  the  follower  or  the  hindmost, 
because  in  rising  it  follows  the  Pleiades.] 
The  standard  first-magnitude  red  star  a Tauri. 
It  is  in  the  eye  of  the  animal,  and  is  the  most  conspicuous 
member  of  the  group  known  as  the  Hyades.  Also  often 
called  Palilidum  (which  see). 

Aldegonde.  See  Sainte-Aldegonde. 

Aldegrever  (al'de-gra-fer),  or  Aldegraf  (al'de- 
graf),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Paderborn,  Prussia, 
1502 : died  at  Soest,  Prussia,  1562.  A German 
engraver  and  painter. 

Aiden  (al'den),  James.  Born  at  Portland, 
Maine,  March  31, 1810 : died  at  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  Feb.  6, 1877.  An  American  naval  officer, 
appointed  captain  Jan.  2, 1863,  commodore  July 
25, 1866,  and  rear-admiral  June  19, 1871,  and  re- 
tired March  31, 1872.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  commanded  the  Richmond  in  the  New  Orleans  cam- 
paign of  1862,  and  the  Brooklyn  in  Mobile  Bay,  1864, 
and  in  the  attacks  on  Fort  1 isher. 

Aiden,  John.  Born  in  England,  1599:  died  at 
Duxbury,  Mass.,  Sept.  12, 1G87.  One  of  the  “Pil- 
grim Fathers,”  a cooper  of  Southampton,  who 
was  engaged  in  repairing  the  Mayflower  and 
became  one  of  the  party  which  sailed  in  her. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  tostep  on  Plymouth  Rock, 
though  this  honor  is  also  assigned  to  Mary  Chilton.  Be 
settled  at  Duxbury  and  in  1623  married  Priscilla  Mullens. 
•The  incidents  of  their  courtship  form  the  theme  of  Long- 
fellow’s “Courtship  of  Miles  Standish.”  He  was  a magis- 
trate in  the  colony  for  more  than  5(1  years,  and  outlived 
all  the  other  signers  of  the  Mayflower  compact. 

Aiden,  Joseph.  Born  at  Cairo,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  4, 
1807 : died  at  New  York,  Ang.  30,  1885.  An 
American  educator.  He  was  professor  of  Latin  (later 
of  rhetoric  and  political  economy)  in  Williams  College 
1835-53,  professor  of  mental  and  moral  philosophy  at  La- 
fayette College  1853-57,  president  of  Jefferson  College, 
Cannonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  1857-62,  and  principal  of  the 
Albany,  New  York,  Normal  School  1867-72.  He  was  also 
for  a time  editor  of  “The  New  York  Observer,”  and  was  a 
prolific  writer,  chiefly  of  juvenile  literature. 

Aldenhoven  (til'den-ho-fen).  A town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  Here,  March  1,  1793,  the  Austrians 
under  the  Prince  of  Coburg  and  Archduke  Charles  de- 
feated the  French,  and  Oct,  2,  1794,  the  French  (about 
85,000)  under  Jourdan  defeated  the  Austrians  (about  70,000) 
under  Clairfayt.  Population,  about  2,000. 

Alderamin  (al-der-am'in).  [Ar.  al-dord'  l-ya- 
min,  the  right  arm.]  The  usual  name  of  the 
214 -magnitude  star  a Cephei. 

Alderney  (al'der-ni),  F.  Aurigny  (o-ren-ye'). 
One  of  the  Channel  Islands,  the  ancient  Au- 
rinia  or  Riduna,  situated  northeast  of  Guern- 
sey, and  7 miles  west  of  Cape  La  Hague,  in  lat. 
49°  43'  N.,  long.  2°  12'  W.  (Braye  Harbor): 
length,  3l4  miles;  area,  4 square  miles:  noted 
for  its  breed  of  cattle,  it  contains  the  town  of  St. 
Anne.  The  government  is  vested'  in  a judge,  6 jurats,  and 
12  representatives.  Population,  2,062. 

Alderney,  Race  of,  F.  Ras  d’Aurigny.  A 

channel  between  Alderney  and  the  French 
coast,  dangerous  from  its  currents. 

Aldersgate  (al'ders-gat).  A gate  in  old  Lon- 
don wall  which  stood  in  the  reentering  angle 
of  the  old  city  between  Newgate  and  Cripple- 
gate  and  at  the  junction  of  Aldersgate  street 


Aldred 

and  St.  Martin’s  lane.  It  is  called  Ealdred’s 
gate  ( Ealdredesgate ) in  the  (Latin)  laws  of 
Ethelred. 

Aldershot  (al'der-shot).  A town  on  the  border 
of  Surrey  and  Hampshire,  England,  34  miles 
southwest  of  London,  noted  for  its  military 
camn  (established  1855).  Population, 
30,974. 

Aldfrith  (ald'frith),  Ealdfrith  (eald'frith),  or 
Eallfrith  (eah'frith).  Died  705.  KiDg  of  the 
Northumbrians,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Oswiu, 
and  brother  of  Ecgfrith,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  685. 

Aldgate  (ald'gat).  [Originally  Alegate : mean- 
ing probably  ‘a  gate  open  to  all,’ or  ‘free  gate.’] 
The  eastern  gate  of  old  London  wall,  situated 
near  the  junction  of  Leadenhall  street,  Hounds- 
diteh,  Whitehall,  and  the  Minories.  it  must  have 
been  one  of  the  7 double  gates  mentioned  by  Fitz  Stephens 
(who  died  1191),  not  one  of  the  Roman  gates.  The  great 
road  to  Essex  by  which  provisions  were  brought  to  the 
R,oman  ciiy  crossed  the  Lea  at  Old-ford  and  entered  the 
city  with  the  Eormine  (Ermine)  street,  not  at  Aldgate  but 
at  Bishopsgate.  Aldgate  may  have  been  opened  in  the 
reign  of  King  Eadgar,  or  that  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
but  probably  dates  from  the  first  years  of  Henry  I.,  at 
which  time  Bow  Bridge  across  the  Lea  at  Stratford  is 
supposed  to  have  been  built  by  his  queen  Matilda. 

Aldhelrn  (iild'helm),  Saint.  Born  640  (?) : died 
at  Doulting,  near  Wells,  England,  May,  709. 
An  English  scholar  and  prelate,  made  bishop  of 
Sherborne  in  705.  His  best-known  works  are  “De 
laude  virginitatis,”  in  prose,  and  a poem  “De  laudibus 
virginum.” 

Aldiboronteplioscopliormo  (al//di-bo-ron//te- 
fos//ko-f6r  'ni-o).  A character  in  Henry 
Carey’s  burlesque  “ Chrononbotonthologos.”  it 
was  given  as  a nickname  to  James  Ballantyne  the  printer, 
on  account  of  the  solemn  pomposity  of  his  manner,  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott.  See  Rigdumfunrddos. 

Aldiger  (al'di-ger).  In  Ariosto’s  “Orlando 
Furioso,”  a Christian  knight  and  the  brother 
of  the  enchanter  Malagigi. 

Aldine  (al'din)  Press.  The  press  established  at 
Venice  by  Alius  Manutius.  See  Manutius. 

Aldingar  (al'ding-giir),  Sir.  A ballad  concern- 
ing a false  steward  who  sought  to  take  away 
the  honor  of  his  queen,  in  the  ballad  with  this  title 
from  the  Percy  MS.  the  queen’s  name  is  Llinore,  the  wife 
of  Henry  II.,  but  the  story  occurs  repeatedly  in  connec- 
tion with  historical  personages  of  nearly  ail  the  European 
nations. 

Our  conclusion  would  therefore  be,  with  Crundtvig, 
that  the  ballads  of  Sir  Aldingar,  Ravengaard,  arid  Mem- 
ering,  and  the  rest,  are  of  common  derivation  with  the 
legends  of  St.  Cunigtind,  G undeberg,  &c.,  and  that  all  these 
are  offshoots  of  a story  which,  “beginning  far  back  in  the 
infancy  of  the  Gothic  race  and  their  poetry,  is  continually 
turning  up,  now  here  and  now  there,  without  having  a 
proper  home  in  any  definite  time  or  assignable  place.” 

Child , Eng.  and  Scottish  Ballads,  III.  241. 

Aldingar.  The  prior  of  St.  Cuthbert’s  Abbey 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  poem  “Harold  the 
Dauntless.” 

Aldini  (al-de'ne),  Count  Antonio.  Born  at, 
Bologna,  Italy,  1756 : died  at  Pavia,  Italy,  Oct. 
5, 1826.  An  Italian  statesman,  minister  of  the 
Italian  republic  and  kingdom  under  the  Na- 
poleonic r4gime. 

Aldini,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
April  10, 1762 : died  at  Milan,  Jan.  17, 1834.  An 
Italian  physicist,  professor  of  physics  at  Bo- 
logna, brother  of  Antonio  Aldini  and  nephew 
of  Galvani. 

Aldo  Manuzio.  See  Manutius. 

Aldo  (al'do),  Father.  In  Dryden’s  play  “Lim- 
berham,  or  the  Kind  Keeper,”  an  abandoned 
but  kind-hearted  old  debauchee. 

Aldobrandini  (al-do-bran-de'ne).  A celebrated 
Florentine  family,  originally  from  the  village  of 
Laseiano,  near  Pistoja,  established  in  Florence 
since  the  12th  century.  Among  its  more  important 
members  are  Giovanni  A.  (1525  : died  at  Rome,  1573),  an 
Italian  cardinal,  son  of  Silvestro  A. ; Giovanni  Francesco  A. 
(1546-1601),  a papal  general,  n eph e w of  Pope  Clement  V II I. ; 
Pietro  A.  (1571-1621),  an  Italian  cardinal,  grandson  of  Sil- 
vestro A.;  Silvestro  A.  (born  at  Florence,  Nov.  23, 1499:  died 
at  Rome,  Jan.  6,  1558),  an  Italian  jurist;  and  Tommaso 
A.  (15407-72),  an  Italian  man  of  letters,  son  of  Silvestro 
A.,  author  of  a Latin  translation  of  Diogenes  Laertius. 

Aldobrandini,  Ippolito.  See  Clement  VII I, 
rope. 

Aldred  (al'dred),  or  Ealdred  (e-al'dred),  or  Ai- 
red (al'red).  Died  at  York,  England,  Sept. 
11, 1069.  An  English  ecclesiastic,  made  bishop 
of  Worcester  in  1044  and  archbishop  of  York 
in  1060.  About  1050  he  was  sent  on  a mission  to  Rome 
by  Edward  the  Confessor,  and  in  1054  to  the  court  of  the 
emperor  Henry  III.  to  negotiate  for  the  return  of 
Edward  the  TEtheliiig  from  Hungary.  He  was  the  first 
English  bishop  to  make  the  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem  (1058). 
According  to  one  account  (Florence  of  Worcester)  he 
crowned  Harold  in  1066,  hut  the  ceremony  was  probably 
performed  by  Stigand.  He  submitted  to  William  I.,  whom 
he  crowned  1066  and  over  whom  he  is  said  to  have  exer 
cised  considerable  influence. 


Aldrich,  Henry 

Aldrich  (al'drich  or  al'drij),  Henry.  Born  at 
Westminster,  England,  1647 : died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Dec.  14,  1710.  An  English  divine, 
writer,  musician,  and  architect,  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  from  1689:  author  of  a logical 
compendium  (1691)  which  long  remained  a pop- 
ular text-book  (ed.  bv  Mansel). 

Aldrich,  Nelson  WilmartL.  Born  at  Foster, 
R.I.,Nov.  6,1841.  An  American  politician, mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Rhode  Island  1879-81,  and 
Rep.  senator  from  Rhode  Island  1881-1911. 
Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey.  Born  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  Nov.  11,  1836:  died  at  Boston, 
March  19,  1907.  An  American  poet,  nov- 
elist, and  journalist,  editor  of  the  “Atlan- 
tic Monthly”  1881-90.  Hia  works  Include  “Bells" 
(1855),  “Ballad  of  Bable  Bell"  (1856),  “Pampinea,  and 
other  Poems”  (1861),  “Poems"  (1863,  1865),  “Cloth  of 
Gold,  and  other  Poems ” (1874),  “Flower and  Thom”  (1876), 
“Story  of  a Bad  Boy”  (1870),  “Marjorie  Daw,  and  other 
People"  (1873),  “Prudence  Palfrey”  (1874),  “Flower  and 
Thorn  : Later  Poems  " (1876),  “ The  Queen  of  Sheba  ” (1877), 
“ Rivermouth  Romance  ” (1877),  “The  Still  water  Tragedy  ” 
(1880),  “ From  Ponkapog  to  Pesth  ” (1883),  “ Mercedes,  and 
Later  Lyrics"  (1883),  “Wyndham  Towers”  (1889),  “The 
Sisters’  Tragedy  (1891),  “Two  Bites  at  a Cherry  ” (1894), 
“Judith  and  Holofernes”  (1896),  “A  Sea  Turn”  (1902), 
“Ponkapog  Papers”  (1903),  “Judith  of  Bethulia”  (1904), 
"Pauline  Paulovna”  (1907),  "Songs  and  Sonnets”  (1907). 
Aldridge  (hl'drij),  Ira.  Born  at  Bellair,  near 
Baltimore,  about  1810(?):  died  at  Lodz,  Po- 
land, Aug.  7,  1866.  A negro  tragedian,  sur- 
named  the  “African  Roscius,”  in  early  life 
valet  of  Edmund  Kean. 

Aldringer  (alt'ring-er),  or  Aldringen  (filt'- 
ring-en),  or  Altringer  (alt'ring-er).  Count 
Johann.  Born  at  Tliionville  (Diedenhofen), 
Lorraine,  Dec.  10,  1588:  killed  at  Landshut, 
Bavaria,  July,  1634.  An  Imperialist  general  in 
the  Thirty  Years’ War.  He  succeeded  Tilly  as  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  League  in  1632,  and  distin- 
guished himself  under  Wallenstein  at  Nuremberg. 
Aldrovand  (al'dro-vand),  Father.  A Domini- 
can, the  warlike  chaplain  of  Lady  Eveline  Be- 
renger  in  Scott’s  novel  “The  Betrothed.” 
Aldrovandi  (al-dro-van'de),  L.  Aldrovandus 
(al-dro-van'dus),  Ulisse.  Born  at  Bologna, 
Italy,  Sept.  11, 1522:  died  at  Bologna,  May  10, 
1605.  A celebrated  Italian  naturalist,  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  at  Bologna  in  1560. 
At  his  instance  the  senate  of  Bologna  established  in  1568 
a botanical  garden,  of  which  he  was  appointed  director. 
He  also  served  as  inspector  of  drugs,  in  which  capacity  he 
published  “ Antidotarii  Bononiensis  Epitome  ” (1574).  His 
chief  work  is  a “Natural  History”  in  13  volumes,  espe- 
cially notable  on  account  of  the  profusion  and  excellence 
of  its  illustrations.  The  last  7 volumes  were  published 
after  his  death. 

Aldstone  (ald'stun),  or  Aldstone  Moor,  or 
Alston  Moor.  A town  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, 20  miles  southeast  of  Carlisle.  Popula- 
tion, 3,134. 

Aldus  Manutius.  See  Manutius. 

Aleandro  (iil-a-an'dro),  Girolamo,  L.  Alean- 
der,  Hieronymus.  Born  at  Motta,  near  Ven- 
ice, Feb.  13,  1480 : died  at  Rome,  Jan.  31,  1542. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  (cardinal)  and  scholar, 
author  of  a “Lexicon  grasco-latinum”  (1512), 
etc.  He  was  several  times  papal  legate  or  nuncio  to 
Germany,  and  was  an  ardent  opponent  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. 

Aleardi  (a-la-ar'de),  Aleardo  (originally  Gae- 
tano). Born  at  Verona,  Italy,  Nov.  4,  1812: 
died  there,  July  17,  1878.  An  Italian  poet  and 
patriot,  an  active  partizan  of  the  insurrection 
in  Venetia  1848-49,  imprisoned  by  the  Austri- 
ans in  1852  and  1859.  Best  edition  of  his 
poems,  Florence,  1862  (5th  ed.  1878). 
Alecsandri  (al-ek-san 'dre),  or  Alexandri, 
Basil,  or  Vassile.  Born  in  Moldavia,  July, 
1821:  died  atMircesti,  Moldavia,  Aug.  26, 1890. 
A Rumanian  poet,  politician,  and  journalist, 
active  in  politics  after  1848,  and  for  a short 
time  (1859)  foreign  minister:  author  of  lyric 
and  dramatic  poems  in  Rumanian,  and  of 
translations  of  Rumanian  songs  into  French. 
Alecto  (a-lek'to).  [Gr.  ’AAt/ktu,  she  who  rests 
not.]  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  three 
Erinyes.  See  Erinyes. 

Aleksin,  or  Alexin  (a-lek'sen).  A town  in 
the  government  of  Tula,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Oka  85  miles  south  by  west  of  Moscow. 
Population,  3,600. 

Alem&n  (a-la-man'),  Mateo.  Born  near  Se- 
ville in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century : died  in 
Mexico  about  1610  (?).  A Spanish  novelist,  for 
many  years  controller  of  the  finances  to  Philip 
II. : author  of  the  famous  “ La  vida  y hechos 
del  picaro  Guzman  de  Alfarache”  (1599),  etc. 
See  Gusman  de  Alfarache. 

Alemanni,  Alemannic.  See  Alamanni,  Ala- 
mannie. 


34 

Alemanni,  Luigi.  See  Alamanni,  Luigi. 
Alemannia.  See  Alamannia. 

Alembert  (a-loh-bar'),  Jean  le  Rond  d’. 

Born  at  Paris  i n November,  1717 : died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  29,  1783.  A noted  French  mathematician, 
philosopher,  and  author.  He  was  an  editor  of  the 
“Encyclop^die,”  for  which  he  wrote  the  introduction,  the 
mathematical  articles,  and  part  of  the  biographies.  In 
1772  he  became  perpetual  secretary  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy, and  in  that  capacity  was  the  spokesman  of  the  parti 
des  philosophes  of  which  Voltaire  was  the  head.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  “Traitd  de  dynamique”  (1743),  “Traitd 
de  l’6quilibre  et  du  mouvement  des  fluides  ” (1744),  “Re- 
cherches  sur  la  precession  des  equinoxes  et  sur  la  nuta- 
tion del’axe  dela  terre”  (1749),“  Recherches  sur  diffdrents 
points  importants  du  system e du  monde”  (1754),  “Me- 
langes de  philosophie  et  de  litterature,"  “Elements  de 
philosophie,”  “Opuscules  mathdmatiques  ” (1761-80),  etc. 
Alemquer,  or  Alenquer  (a-lan-kar').  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Estremadura,  Portugal, 
29  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon.  Pop.,  6,541. 
Alemquer,  or  Alenquer.  A town  in  Brazil,  on 
the  Amazon  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Tapajds. 
Population,  9,445. 

Alemtejo  (a-lan-ta'zho).  A province  of  Portu- 
gal, bounded  by  Beira  on  the  north,  by  Spain 
on  the  east,  by  Algarve  on  the  south,  and  by 
Estremadura  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west,  it 
comprises  3 districts,  Evora,  Portalegre,  and  Beja.  Area, 
9,219  square  miles.  Population,  416,105. 

Alencar  (a-lan-kar'),  Jose  Martiniano  de. 

Bom  in  Ceard,  May  1,  1829:  died  at  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro, Dec.  12,  1877.  A Brazilian  jurist  and 
novelist,  best  known  from  his  stories  of  Indian 
and  colonial  life,  among  which  are  “O  Guar- 
any,”  “Iracema,”  and  “O  Sertanejo.” 
Alengon  (a-lon-son').  A former  countship  and 
duchy  of  France,  whose  counts  and  dukes  were 
prominent  in  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th  centuries. 
The  duchy  was  an  appanage  of  the  house  of  Va- 
lois. See  below. 

Alengon.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Orne,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Briante  and  Sarthe  in  lat.  48°  25'  N.,  long.  0° 
5'  E.  It  has  an  important  trade  and  manufactures  of  lace 
(the  celebrated  “point  d’Alenton”),  linen,  and  woolen 
goods.  The  town  was  often  taken  and  retaken  in  the  Eng- 
lish and  League  wars.  Captured  by  the  Germans  Jan.  16, 
1871.  Population,  17,843. 

Alengon,  Due  d’  (Charles  de  Valois).  Died 
1346.  A brother  of  Philip  VI.  of  France,  killed 
in  the  battle  of  Crecy. 

Alengon,  Due  d’  (Charles  IV.).  Born  1489: 
died  April  11,  1525.  A prince  of  the  blood  and 
constable  of  France,  husband  of  Margaret  of 
Valois,  sister  of  Francis  I.  His  cowardice  caused 
the  loss  of  the  battle  of  Pavia  in  1525  and  the  capture  of 
Francis  I. 

Alengon,  Due  d’  (Jean  II.).  Died  1476.  He  sup- 
ported the  Dauphin  against  his  father  Charles  VII.,  and 
was  condemned  to  death  in  1456,  the  sentence  being,  how- 
ever, commuted  to  life  imprisonment,  followed  by  a par- 
don. 

Alenio  (a-la'ne-o),  Giulio.  Born  at  Brescia, 
Italy,  about  1582:  died  1649.  An  Italian  Jes- 
uit, a missionary  in  China. 

Aleppo  (a-lep'o).  [Ar.  Haleb  or  Haleb-es-Shah- 
ba.\  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Aleppo,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kuweik  in  lat.  36°  11'  32#  N., 
long.  37°  9'  E.:  the  ancient  Beroea.  it,  has  an  ex- 
tensive commerce,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  etc.  In 
638  it  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens ; was  the  seat  of  a 
Seljuk  sultanate  11th  and  12th  centuries ; was  captured  by 
the  Crusaders  under  Baldwin  in  1170 ; was  plundered  by 
the  Mongols  and  by  Timur ; was  conquered  and  annexed 
by  the  Turks  in  1517  ; suffered  severely  from  plagues,  and 
in  1170  and  1822  from  earthquakes ; and  was  the  scene 
of  an  outbreak  againBt  the  Christians  in  1850.  Popula- 
tion, about  200,000. 

Aleppo.  A vilayet  in  Asiatic  Turkey.  Popu- 
lation, 1,500,000. 

Aleppy.  See  Alapalli. 

Aler  (a'ler),  Paul.  Born  at  Saint-Guy  in  Lux- 
emburg, Nov.  9, 1656:  died  at  Dfiren,  Germany, 
May  2,  1727.  A German  Jesuit,  author  of  the 
school  treatise  “Gradus  ad  Parnassum”  (1702), 
etc. 

Aleshki  (a-lesh'ke).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Taurida,  Russia,  near  the  Dnieper, 
opposite  Kherson.  Population,  12,300. 

Alesia  (a-le'shi-a).  [Gr.  ’Afecta. J In  ancient 
geography,  the  capital  of  the  Mandubii  in  cen- 
tral Gaul,  usually  identified  with  Alise,  famous 
for  its  defense  by  Vercingetorix  (of  whom  Na- 
poleon III.  erected  a colossal  statue  here)  and 
capture  by  Julius  Caesar  52  b.  C.  See  Alise. 
Alesius  (a-le'shi-us)  (properly  Aless),  Alex- 
ander. Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  23,  1500: 
died  at  Leipsic,  March  17,  1565.  A Scottish 
Lutheran  controversialist  and  exegete,  early 
made  a canon  of  St.  Andrew’s  where  he  was 
educated.  He  was  imprisoned  several  times  as  a result 
of  his  reforming  tendencies,  and  finally  escaped  to  Ger- 
many in  1632,  where  he  became  the  friend  of  Luther  and 


Alexander 

Melanchthon  and  declared  his  adherence  to  the  Augs- 
burg Confession.  In  August,  1535,  he  returned  to  England, 
and  was  intimately  associated  with  Cranmer  and  other 
English  reformers.  He  returned  to  Germany  in  1539,  was 
appointed  in  the  same  year  professor  of  theology  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder,  and  played  an  important  part  in  the 
German  Reformation.  Also  Alesse. 

Alessandri  (a-les-san'dre),  Alessandro.  Born 
at  Naples,  about  1461 : died  1523.  An  Italian 
jurist  and  antiquarian,  author  of  “Dies  geni- 
ales”  (1522),  etc. 

Alessandri,  Basil.  See  Alecsandri. 

Alessandria  (al-es-san'dre-a).  [Named  for 
Pope  Alexander  III.]  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Alessandria,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Bormida  with  the  Tanaro,  lat.  44°  55'  N., 
long.  8°  38'  E.  It  is  an  important  railway  center  and 
a strong  fortress,  and  has  flourishing  trade  and  manufac- 
tures of  woolen  goods,  linen,  silk,  etc.  The  town  was  built  by 
the  Lombard  League  against  Frederick  Barharossa  in  1168  ; 
was  conquered  by  Sforza  in  1522 ; was  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged by  the  French  in  1657 ; was  taken  by  the  Imperial- 
ists in  1707  ; was  ceded  to  Savoy  in  1713  ; was  the  capital 
of  the  French  department  of  Marengo  in  the  revolutionary 
period ; was  taken  by  Suvaroff  in  1799 ; was  occupied  by  the 
Austrians  in  1821 ; became  a Piedmontese  military  center 
1848-49 ; and  was  occupied  by  the  Austrians  in  1849. 
Population,  commune,  71,298. 

Alessandria.  A province  in  Piedmont,  Italy. 
Area,  1,964  square  miles.  Population, 
849,037. 

Alessandria.  A small  town  in  the  province  of 
Girgenti,  Sicily,  20  miles  northwest  of  Gir- 
genti. 

Alessandria,  Armistice  of.  An  armistice 
agreed  upon  between  Napoleon  and  the  Aus- 
trian general  Melas,  June  16,  1800,  after  the 
battle  of  Marengo.  The  Austrians  retired  behind 
the  Mincio,  abandoning  to  the  French  every  fortress  in 
northern  Italy  west  of  that  river.  “It  was  an  armistice 
more  fatal  [to  the  Austrians]  than  an  unconditional  sur- 
render.” Fyffe,  Hist,  of  Mod.  Europe. 

Alessi  (a-les'se),  Galeazzo.  Born  at  Perugia, 
Italy,  1500(1512?):  died  1572.  An  Italian  archi- 
tect, builder  of  the  church  of  Sta.  Maria  di 
Carignano  (in  Genoa),  and  of  palaces  and 
churches  in  Genoa,  Milan,  etc. 

Alessio  (a-les'se-o).  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Skutari,  European  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Drin 
20  miles  southeast  of  Skutari : the  ancient  Lis- 
sus,  founded  by  Dionysius.  Scanderbeg  died 
here.  Population,  about  3,000. 

Alet  (a-la/).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Aude,  France,  on  the  Aude  15  miles  southwest 
of  Carcassonne.  It  contains  a ruined  cathe- 
dral. 

Aletsch  (a'lech)  Glacier.  The  largest  glacier 
in  Switzerland,  13  miles  in  length,  situated  in 
the  canton  of  Valais,  north  of  Brieg  and  south 
of  the  Jungfrau. 

Aletschhorn  (a'lech-horn),  A peak  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  13,773  feet  high,  near  the  Aletsch 
Glacier. 

Aleut  (al'e-ot).  See  Unungun. 

Aleutian  Islands  (al-e-6'shi-an  i'landz),  or 
Catharine  Archipelago  (kath'a-rin  ar-ki- 
pel'a-go).  A chain  of  about  150  islands  belong- 
ing principally  to  Alaska.  It  extends  westward 
from  the  peninsula  of  Alaska,  and  separates  Bering  Sea 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  islands  were  discovered  by 
the  Russians  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century.  Popu- 
lation (Aleuts),  about  2,000. 

Alexander  (al-eg-zan'der).  [Gr.  A/f^avSpor.] 
See  Paris. 

Alexander  III.,  surnamed  “The  Great.”  Born 
at  Pella,  Macedonia,  in  the  summer  or  autumn 
of  356  B.  c. : died  at  Babylon,  May  or  June,  323 
B.  C.  A famous  king  of  Macedon  and  con- 
queror, son  of  Philip  and  a pupil  of  Aristotle. 
He  fought  at  the  battle  of  Chaeronea  in  338 ; succeeded 
to  the  throne  in  336 ; subjugated  Thrace  and  Illyr  ia  in  335 ; 
and  conquered  and  destroyed  Thebes  and  subdued  oppo- 
sition in  Greece  in  335.  In  334  he  started  on  his  eastern 
expedition ; gained  the  victory  of  Granicus  in  334  and  of 
Issus  in  333 ; captured  Tyre  and  Gaza,  occupied  Egypt, 
and  founded  Alexandria  in  332 ; overthrew  the  Persian 
Empire  at  Arbela  in  331 ; conquered  the  eastern  provinces 
of  Persia  330-327 ; and  invaded  India  in  326.  He  returned 
from  India  to  Persia  325-324.  He  became  a hero  of 
various  cycles  of  romance,  especially  in  the  middle  ages. 
See  Alexander,  Romance  of.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map IX. 

Alexander.  A Greek,  or  native  of  Lyncestis 
in  Macedonia  (whence  his  surname  “Lynces- 
tes”),  implicated  with  his  brothers  in  the  mur- 
der of  Philip,  336  B.  C.  Because  he  was  the  first  to 
do  homage  to  Alexander  the  Great,  the  latter  pardoned 
him  and  raised  him  to  a high  position  in  the  army,  but 
afterward  put  him  to  death  for  a treasonable  correspon- 
dence with  Darius. 

Alexander.  A celebrated  commentator  on  Aris“- 
totle  of  the  end  of  the  2d  and  beginning  of  the 
3d  century  a.  d.,  a native  of  Aphrodisias  in 
Caria,  whence  his  surname  “ Aphrodisiensis.” 
He  was  also  called  “the  Exegete."  More  than  half  of 
his  numerous  works  are  extant.  The  most  notable  is  a 
treatise  on  Aristotle’s  views  concerning  fate  and  freewiU. 


Alexander 

Alexander,  surnamed  Balas  (the  Semitic 
ba'al  perhaps  signifies  ‘ lord  ’).  Killed  in 
Arabia,  146  b.  c.  A person  of  low  origin  who 
usurped  the  Syrian  throne  in  150  B.  c.  He  was 
overthrown  in  battle  by  Ptolemy  Philometor  and  was 
murdered  by  an  Arabian  emir  with  whom  he  had  taken 
refuge. 

Alexander  I.  Died  326  b.  c.  King  of  Epirus, 
son  of  Neoptolemus  and  brother  of  Olympias, 
the  mother  of  Alexander  the  Great.  His  youth 
was  spent  at  the  court  of  Philip  of  Macedonia,  who  made 

' him  king  of  Epirus.  On  her  repudiation  by  Philip,  Olym- 
pias sought  refuge  with  Alexander,  and  it  was  at  his 
marriage  with  Philip’s  daughter  Cleopatra  in  336  B.  c. 
that  Philip  was  assassinated  by  Pausanias.  In  332  B.  o. 
Alexander  crossed  over  into  Italy  to  aid  the  Tarentines 
against  the  Lucanians  and  Bruttii.  He  was  treacherously 
killed  by  some  Lucanian  exiles  at  the  battle  of  Pandosia. 

Alexander  II.  King  of  Epirus,  son  of  Pyrrhus 
and  Lanassa,  the  daughter  of  Agathocles,  ty- 
rant of  Syracuse.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  272 
B.  c.  He  was  dispossessed  of  Epirus  and  Macedonia  by 
Demetrius,  whose  father,  Antigonus  Gonatas,  he  had  de- 
prived of  Macedonia : but  Epirus  was  recovered  by  the 
aid  chiefly  of  the  Acarnanians. 

Alexander,  surnamed  Jannsus  (Heb.  Yannai, 
an  abbreviation  of  Jonathan).  Born  128  or  129 
b.  c. : died  78  B.  c.  King  of  the  Jews  from  104 
till  78  b.  c.,  a younger  son  of  John  Hyrcanus. 

Alexander,  surnamed  “The  Paphlagonian.” 
An  impostor,  a native  of  Abonoteiehos  (Ionop- 
olis  in  Paphlagonia),  who  flourished  about  the 
beginning  of  the  2d  century.  He  posed  as  an 
oracle  and  wonder-worker,  and  attained  great  influence. 
His  tricks  were  exposed  by  Lucian. 

Alexander,  Saint.  Died  at  Alexandria,  April 
17,  326.  The  patriarch,  of  Alexandria  from  312. 
He  condemned  the  heresy  of  Arius  in  his  dispute  with 
Alexander  Baucalis,  and  attended  the  Council  of  Nicaea 
in  325  with  his  deacon  St.  Athauasius. 

Alexander.  A Greek  medical  writer  born  at 
Tralles  in  Lydia,  in  the  6th  century. 

Alexander  I.  Bishop  of  Rome,  successor  of 
Evaristus.  Eusebius  in  his  history  gives  as  the  date  of 
his  accession  the  year  109  A.  D.;  in  his  chronicle,  the  year 
111  A.  D.  In  both  works  he  is  assigned  a reign  of  ten  years. 

Alexander  II.  (Anselmo  Baggio,  ML.  Ansel- 
mus  Badajus).  Born  at  Milan : died  April  20, 
1073.  Pope  from  1061  to  1073,  successor  of  Nich- 
olas II.  He  strove  to  enforce  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy 
and  the  extravagant  pretensions  of  the  papacy.  His  elec- 
tion did  not  receive  the  imperial  sanction,  and  an  antipope, 
Honorius  II.  (Cadolaus,  bishop  of  Parma),  was  chosen  by 
a council  at  Basel,  but  was  later  deposed  by  a council 
held  at  Mantua.  Alexander  was  succeeded  by  Hilde- 
brand under  the  name  of  Gregory  VII. 

Alexander  III.  (Rolando  Ranuci  of  the  house 
of  Bandinelli).  Born  at  Siena,  Italy:  died 
Aug.  30,  1181.  Pope  from  1159  to  1181.  He 
carried  out  successfully  the  policy  of  Hildebrand  in  oppo- 
sition to  Frederick  Barbarossa  and  Henry  II.  of  England. 
Three  antipopes,  Victor  IV.,  Pascal  III.,  and  Calixtus 
III , elected  in  1159,  1164,  and  1168,  respectively,  were 
confirmed  by  the  emperor  and  disputed  the  authority  of 
Alexander,  who  was  compelled  to  seek  refuge  in  France 
from  1162  to  1165.  The  contest  between  the  pope  and  the 
emperor  ended  in  the  decisive  defeat  of  the  latter  at  the 
battle  of  Legnano,  May  29,  1176.  In  1177  a reconciliation 
took  place  at  Venice,  and  in  1178  the  antipope  Calixtus 
III.  abdicated.  The  contest  with  Henry  II.  of  England 
ended  in  the  humiliation  of  the  king  and  the  canonization 
of  Thomas  a Becket,  who  represented  the  papal  claims  of 
supremacy. 

Alexander  IV.  (Count  Rinaldo  di  Segni). 

Died  at  Viterbo,  Italy,  May  25,  1261.  Pope 
from  1254  to  1261.  He  attempted  to  unite  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches,  established  the  Inquisition  in  France 
in  1255,  and  encouraged  the  orders  of  mendicant  friars. 
The  last  years  of  his  pontificate  were  spent  at  Viterbo, 
whither  he  had  been  driven  by  the  factional  struggles  in 
Borne. 

Alexander  V.  (Pietro  Philarghi).  Born  at 
Candia:  died  at  Bologna,  May  3,  1410.  Pope 
from  June  26,  1409,  to  May  3,  1410.  He  was 
elected  by  the  Council  of  Pisa,  after  the  deposition  of 
Benedict  XIII.  and  Gregory  XII.,  with  the  understanding 
that  he  should  reform  the  abuses  of  the  church.  He  was, 
according  to  the  general  belief,  poisoned  by  Balthasar 
Cossa,  his  successor  under  the  name  of  John  XXIII. 

Alexander  VI.  (Rodrigo  Borgia).  Born  at 
Xativa  in  Valencia,  Jan.  1,  1431:  died  Aug.  18, 
1503.  Pope  from  Aug.  11, 1492,  to  Aug.  18, 1503. 
He  was  made  cardinal  and  vice-chancellor  in  1456  by  his 
uncle  Calixtus  III.,  whom  healso  succeeded  as  archbishop 
of  Valencia.  His  election  to  the  pontificate  is  ascribed  to 
bribery.  His  efforts  were  directed  toward  the  aggran- 
dizement of  the  temporal  power  of  the  papacy  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  feudal  vassals  of  the  church,  and  toward  the 
foundation  for  his  family  of  a great  hereditary  dominion 
in  Italy.  In  the  furtherance  of  these  plans  two  of  his  five 
illegitimate  children  by  Rosa  Vanozza(Ctesar  and  Lucretia 
Borgia)  played  important  parts.  May  4,  1493,  Alexander 
issued  hi3  bull  dividing  the  New  World  between  Spain  and 
Portugal.  In  1494  he  unsuccessfully  opposed  the  entrance 
of  Charles  VIII.  into  Naples,  but  in  1495  he  joined  the 
league  between  the  emperor,  Milan,  Venice,  ami  Spain, 
which  drove  Charles  from  Italy.  May  23,  1498,  the  exe- 
cution of  Savonarola  took  place  by  his  order,  and  in  1501 
he  instituted  the  censorship  of  books.  He  was  poisoned, 
it  is  said,  by  a cup  of  wine  intended  for  Cardinal  Corneto. 

Alexander  VII.  (Fabio  Chigi).  Born  at  Si- 


35 

ena,  Feb.  13,  1599 : died  May  22,  1667.  Pope 
from  April  7,  1655,  to  May  22,  1667.  He  was  a 
patron  of  learning  and  art,  and  a poet.  He  promulgated 
a bull  against  the  Jansenists,  and,  in  1662,  in  a conflict 
with  Louis  XIV.,  was  deprived  of  Avignon.  During  his 
pontificate  occurred  .the  conversion  to  the  Catholic  faith 
of  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  after  her  abdication  (1654) 
of  the  Swedish  crown. 

Alexander  VIII.  (Pietro  Ottoboni).  Bom  at 

Venice,  1610:  died  Feb.,  1691.  Pope  from  1689 
till  1691.  He  condemned  the  doctrine  of  “philosophi- 
cal sin,”  as  taught  by  theJesuit  Bongotof  Dijon  ; assisted 
Venice  against  the  Turks;  and  enriched  the  Vatican  li- 
brary by  the  purchase  of  Queen  Christina’s  coUection  of 
books  and  manuscripts. 

Alexander  of  Hales.  Born  at  Hales,  Glouces- 
tershire, England : died  1245.  A noted  Eng- 
lish theologian  and  philosopher,  surnamed 
“Doctor  Irrefragabilis.”  He  lectured  at  Paris  and 
was  a member  of  the  order  of  Franciscans.  His  chief  work 
is  “Summa  Theologue  " (printed  1475). 

Alexander  has  acquired  a place  in  the  roll  of  mediaeval 
writers  mainly  by  the  accidents  of  his  historic  position. 
He  was  among  the  first  to  approach  the  labour  of  ex- 
pounding the  Christian  system  with  the  knowledge  not 
only  of  the  whole  Aristotelian  corpus,  but  also  of  the  Arab 
commentators.  He  thus  initiated  the  long  and  thorny  de- 
bates which  grew  out  of  the  attempt  to  amalgamate  the 
Christian  faith  with  a radically  divergent  metaphysical 
view.  Leslie  Stephen,  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Alexander  I.  Born  1078  (?) : died  at  Stirling, 
Scotland,  April  27, 1124.  A king  of  Scotland,  the 
fourth  son  of  Malcolm  Canmore  and  Margaret, 
sister  of  Eadgar  the  /Et  holing,  and  brother  of 
Edgar  whom  he  succeeded  in  1107.  He  mar- 
ried Sibylla,  a natural  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of 
England. 

Alexander  II.  Bom  at  Haddington,  Scotland, 
Aug.  24,  1198 : died  in  Kerrera,  Scotland,  July 
8,  1249.  A king  of  Scotland,  son  of  William 
the  Lion  whom  he  succeeded  in  1214:  sur- 
named “The  Peaceful.”  He  joined  the  Eng- 
lish barons  against  John. 

Alexander  III.  Born  at  Roxburgh,  Scotland, 
Sept.  4,  1241:  died  near  Kinghorn,  Fife,  Scot- 
land, March  16, 1285.  A king  of  Scotland,  son  of 
Alexander  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1249.  His 
army  defeated  the  Norwegians  in  1263,  and 
aided  Henry  III.  of  England  in  1264. 

Alexander  I.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  23, 
1777 : died  at  Taganrog,  Russia,  Dec.  1,  1825. 
Emperor  of  Russia,  son  of  Paul  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1801.  He  encouraged  education  and  science, 
and  the  introduction  of  Western  civilization  ; carried  out 
many  reforms,  including  the  abolition  of  serfdom  in  the 
Baltic  provinces ; and  promoted  trade  and  manufactures. 
In  1805  he  joined  the  coalition  against  Napoleon ; was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Austerlitz ; joined  Prussia  against 
Napoleon  in  1806 ; signed  the  Peace  of  Tilsit  in  1807 ; and 
conquered  Finland  in  1808.  A successful  war  was  waged 
with  Turkey  1806-12.  In  1812  Napoleon  invaded  Russia 
(see  Napoleon).  Alexander  was  a leader  in  the  coalition 
against  France  1813-14 ; was  present  at  the  battles  of  Dres- 
den and  Leipsic  in  1813 ; entered  Paris  in  1814  ; took  part 
in  the  Congress  of  Vienna;  became  king  of  Poland  in  1815; 
again  entered  Paris  in  1815;  formed  the  Holy  Alliance  in 
1815,  and  took  partin  the  conferences  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in 
1818,  Troppau  in  1820,  Laibach  in  1821,  and  Verona  in  1822. 
He  married  a princess  of  Baden. 

Alexander  II.  Born  April  29,  1818 : died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  March  13,  1881.  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia, son  of  Nicholas  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1855.  He  concluded  the  treaty  of  Paris  1856 ; proclaimed 
the  emancipation  of  the  serfs  1861 ; reorganized  the  army 
and  the  departments  of  administration  and  justice;  and 
developed  commerce  and  manufactures.  He  suppressed 
the  Polish  insurrection  1863-64,  and  carried  on  war  with 
Turkey  1877-78.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  reign  he 
was  closely  allied  with  G ermany  and  Austria.  The  attacks 
of  the  Nihilists  led  him  to  enter  upon  a reactionary  pol- 
icy in  1879,  and  he  was  finally  assassinated  by  them.  He 
married  a princess  of  Hesse. 

Alexander  III.  Born  March  10,  1845:  died  at 
Livadia,  Crimea,  Nov.  1, 1894.  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia, son  of  Alexander  II.  whom  he  succeeded 
March  13,  1881.  He  continued  the  reactionary  policy 
of  his  father’s  reign.  A meeting  of  the  emperors  of  Rus- 
sia, Germany,  and  Austria,  at  Skierniewice  in  Poland, 
Sept.,  1884,  cemented  the  personal  union  of  these  rulers  for 
the  time,  but  since  the  formation  of  the  Triple  Alliance 
(which  see)  in  1883,  Russia  has  become  a virtual  ally  of 
France.  Alexander  opposed  Prince  Alexander  of  Bulgaria 
at  the  time  of  his  overthrow  in  1886,  and  refused  to  rec- 
ognize his  successor  Prince  Ferdinand.  (For  the  chief 
events  in  his  reign,  see  Russia.)  He  married  Princess 
Dagmar  of  Denmark  in  1866. 

Alexander  I.  Bom  April  5,  1857 : died  Nov. 
17,  1893.  Titular  prince  of  Battenberg,  the 
second  son  of  Prince  Alexander  of  Hesse.  He 
served  in  the  Hessian  army,  and  in  the  Russo-Turkish 
warof  1877-78  in  the  Russian  army.  He  was  elected  prince 
of  Bulgaria  April  29, 1879 ; suspended  constitutional  gov- 
ernment there  1881-83 ; became  by  the  revolution  at  Philip- 
popolis,  Sept.,  1885,  prince  of  Eastern  Rumelia  also ; com- 
manded in  the  repulse  of  the  Servian  invasion,  Nov.,  1885, 
at  the  battles  of  Slivnitza,  Dragoman  Pass,  Tsaribrod,  and 
Pirot ; became  governor-general  of  Eastern  Rumelia  April, 
1886;  and  was  overthrown  by  a conspiracy  at  Sofia  Aug. 
21,  1886,  and  abducted  to  Reni  on  the  Danube.  He  was 
restored  at  the  end  of  August  by  a counter-revolution,  but 
abdicated  in  the  beginning  of  Sept.,  1886. 


Alexander,  Romance  of 

Alexander  Bey.  See  Scanderbeg. 

Alexander,  Archibald.  Born  in  Virginia, 
April  17,  1772:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Oct. 
22,  1851.  An  American  Presbyterian  divine, 
president  of  Hampden  Sydney  College  (Va.) 
1796-1806,  and  professor  at  Princeton  Theolog- 
ical Seminary  1812-51.  He  wrote  “Evidences  of 
Christianity”  (1823),  “Treatise  on  the  Canon  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament”  (1826),  “Outlines  of  Moral  Science” 
(1852),  etc. 

Alexander,  Barton  Stone.  Bom  in  Kentucky, 
1819:  died  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Dec.  15, 
1878.  An  American  military  engineer  and  offi- 
cer in  the  Civil  War,  brevetted  colonel  and 
brigadier-general  March  13, 1865. 

Alexander,  Edmund  B.  Bom  at  Haymarket, 
Va.,  Oct.  6,  1802:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Jan.  3,  1888.  An  American  officer.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  commanded  the  Utah  expedition 
1857-58,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  Oct.  18,  1865. 

Alexander,  Sir  James  Edward.  Born  in 
Scotland,  1803:  died  April  2,  1885.  A British 
soldier  (general)  and  explorer,  author  of 
“Travels  through  Russia  and  the  Crimea” 
(1830),  “Expedition  of  Discovery  into  the  In- 
terior of  Africa”  (1838),  etc.  He  served  in  India 
and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  in  the  Burmese,  Kafir, 
Crimean,  and  other  wars.  In  1836-37  he  conducted  an 
expedition  into  Namaqualand  and  Damaraland. 

Alexander,  James  Waddel.  Bom  in  Louisa 
County,  Va.,  March  13, 1804:  died  at  Red  Sweet 
Springs,  Va.,  July  31,  1859.  An  American 
Presbyterian  clergyman,  son  of  Archibald  Alex- 
ander. He  was  professor  of  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres 
at  Princeton  College  1833—44,  and  of  ecclesiastical  history 
and  church  government  in  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
nary 1844-51,  and  pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyte- 
rian Church,  New  York,  1851-59. 

Alexander,  John.  A pseudonym  of  Jeremy 
Taylor,  used  in  1642. 

Alexander  John  (Alexander  John  Cuza  or 
Cusa).  Born  at  Hush,  Moldavia,  March  20, 
1820:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  May  15,  1873. 
Prince  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia  1859,  and  of 
★Rumania  1861:  dethroned  1866. 

Alexander,  John  W.  Born  at  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
Oct.  7,  1856.  An  American  portrait-painter. 
He  studied  at  Munich,  at  Paris,  and  in  Italy,  and 
is  societaire  of  the  Beaux  Arts  at  Paris. 
Alexander,  Joseph  Addison.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  24,  1809:  died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  28,  1860.  An  American  biblical 
scholar,  son  of  Archibald  Alexander,  and  pro- 
fessor in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  Isaiah  (1846-47),  on  the  Psalms 
(1850),  and  on  several  books  of  the  New  Testament. 

Alexander  (a  - lek  - san ' der),  Ludwig  Georg 
Friedrich  Emil.  Born  July  15, 1823 : died  Dec. 
15,  1888.  Prince  of  Hesse,  younger  son  of  the 
grand  duke  Ludwig  II.  of  Hesse-Darmstadt. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Russian  military  service, 
and  later  in  the  Austrian,  commanding  a South-German 
contingent  against  Prussia  in  1866. 

Alexander  (al-eg-zan'der),  Sir  William.  Bom 
1567  (?) : died  at  London,  Sept.  12,  1640.  A 
Scottish  poet  and  statesman,  created  earl  of 
Stirling  in  1633.  Author  of  “Monarchicke  Tragedies" 
(1603-07);  “Paraenesis  to  the  Prince”  (1604);  “Doomes- 
day,  etc.”  (first  part  1614),  etc.  He  received  Sept.  21, 1621, 
the  grant  of  New  Scotland  (i.  e.,  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick),  which  he  transferred  to  De  la  Tour  in  1630. 
In  1626  he  was  appointed  secretaiy  of  state  for  Scotland. 

Alexander,  William.  Born  at  New  York, 
1726:  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15, 1783.  An 
American  major-general  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  known  as  Lord  Stirling,  though  his  claim 
to  the  Stirling  title  and  estate  was  pronounced 
invalid  by  the  lords’  committee  on  privileges 
in  March,  1762.  He  entered  the  service  as  colonel  of  a 
militia  regiment  in  1775,  commanded  a brigade  at  the 
battle  of  Long  Island  in  1776,  where  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner, and  also  served  at  Trenton,  Brandywine,  German- 
_town,  and  Monmouth. 

Alexander,  William  Lindsay.  Born  at  Leith, 
Aug.  24,  1808:  died  at  Pinkieburn,  near 

Edinburgh,  Dec.  21,  1884.  A Scottish  Congre- 
gational clergyman  and  religious  writer,  a 
member  of  the  Old  Testament  revision  com- 
mittee in  1870. 

Alexander,  Mrs.  See  Hector,  Annie. 
Alexander,  Campaspe,  and  Diogenes.  A 
comedy  by  John  Lyly,  printed  in  1584,  and  re- 
printed as  “Campaspe”  in  that  year  and  in 
1591.  It  is  usually  known  by  the  latter  title. 
Alexander,  Romance  of.  One  of  the  most  fa- 
mous romances  of  the  middle  ages.  Callisthfenes, 
a companion  of  Alexander,  wrote  an  account  of  the  Asi- 
atic expedition  of  Alexander,  but  it  is  lost.  Ilis  name, 
however,  is  attached  to  a fabulous  account  which  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  written  in  Alexandria  in  the  early 
part  of  the  3d  century.  There  are  three  Latin  translations 
of  this  pseudo-Oallisthcnes  : one  by  Julius  Valerius,  be- 
fore 340;  the  “Itinerarium  Alexandri”;  and  the  "flis- 
toria  do  preliis,”  by  Archpresbyter  Leo;  and  on  these 


Alexander,  Romance  of 

the  later  ones  are  based.  It  was  translated  into  Syriac 
and  Armenian  in  the  5th  century.  The  Persians  and 
Arabs  made  use  of  the  myth,  and  in  the  nth  century 
Simeon  Seth,  keeper  of  the  imperial  wardrobe  at  the  By- 
zantine court,  translated  it  back  from  the  Persian  into 
the  Greek. 

[This]  was  translated  into  Latin,  and  from  Latin  even  into 
Hebrew,  by  one  who  wrote  under  the  adopted  name  of 
Jos.  Gorionides,  had  very  wide  popularity,  and  became 
the  groundwork  of  many  French,  and  English  poems.  Ger- 
ald de  Barri  mentions  the  Latin  version  which  professed 
to  be  by  an  JEsopus  or  a Julius  Valerius,  and  had  a ficti- 
tious dedication  to  Constantine  the  Great.  In  the  year 
1200  Gaultier  de  Chatillon  turned  it  into  an  Alexandreis, 
which  was  one  of  the  best  Latin  poems  of  the  Middle 
Ages  ; and,  again,  in  1236  Aretinus  Qualichiuus  turned  it 
into  Latin  elegiac  verse.  ...  A score  of  French  poets 
worked  upon  the  subject,  and  by  translation  and  expan- 
sion produced  that,  romance  of  Alexander  of  which  the 
great  French  exemplar  was  composed  in  or  near  the  year 
1184  by  the  trouv.  re  Lambert  ii  Oort,  or  le  Court,  of  Cha- 
teaudun,  and  Alexandre  de  Paris,  named  usually  from 
Paris  where  he  dwelt,  and  sometimes  from  Bernay  where 
lie  was  born.  There  are  only  fragments  of  the  earliest 
French  poem  upon  this  subject,  written  in  the  eleventh 
century  in  octosyllabic  verse  by  Alberic  [Aubry]  of  Besan- 
gon.  The  larger  and  later  romance  orChanson  d’Alixandre 
is  of  22,606  lines  in  nine  books,  and  the  twelve-syllabled 
lines  are  of  the  sort  now  called,  as  is  generally  supposed 
from  their  use  in  this  poem,  Alexandrines.  . . . There  is 
a German  Alexandreis,  written  in  six  books,  by  Rudolph 
of  liohenems,  a Suabian,  between  the  years  1220  and  1254. 
Ulricli  von  iischenbach  translated  the  Alexandreis  of  Gaul- 
tier de  Chatillon.  The  Alexander  romance  was  adopted  in 
Spain,  Italy,  and  even  in  Scandinavia.  An  admirable  free 
translation  into  English  metre  was  made  in  the  thirteenth 
century  by  an  unknown  author,  who  has  been  called 
Adam  Davie.  . . . But  few  mistakes  can  be  more  obvious. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  286. 

[Lamprecht,  a priest,  translated  the  French  of  Aubry,  or 
Alberic,  of  Besan  .on.  into  German,  and  called  it  the  Alex- 
anderlied,  in  the  12th  century  (about  1130).  The  Alexan- 
dreis of  the  Austrian  Siegfried  was  written  about  1350.  In 
the  luth  century  he  again  appeared  as  the  hero  of  prose 
romances  in  Germany.  Alexander  myths  are  to  be  found 
in  many  other  of  the  old  French  poems,  and  he  becomes  a 
knightly  conqueror  surrounded  by  twelve  paladins.  The 
poems  do  not  properly  form  a cycle,  as  they  are  quite  in- 
dependent of  one  another.] 

Alexander  Column.  A column  erected  at  St. 
Petersburg  in  1832  in  honor  of  Alexander  I. 

The  polished  shaft  of  red  granite,  84  feet  high  and  14  in 
diameter,  is  remarkable  as  the  greatest  modern  monolith. 
It  supports  a Roman-Doric  capital  of  bronze,  on  which  is 
a die  bearing  a figure  of  an  angel  with  the  cross.  The 
pededal  is  adorned  with  reliefs  in  bronze.  The  total 
height  is  154)  feet. 

Alexander  Cornelius  (kor-ne'lius).  A Greek 
writer  of  the  1st  century  B.  C.,  a native  either 
of  Ephesus  or  of  Cotiteum  in  Lesser  Phrygia : 
surnamed  ‘ ‘ Polyhistor  ” from  his  great  learning. 
During  the  war  of  Sulla  in  Greece  lie  was  made  prisoner 
and  sold  as  a slave  to  Cornelius  Lentul us,  who  brought 
him  to  Rome  to  become  pedagogue  of  his  children.  He 
received  the  Roman  franchise  and  his  gentile  name  either 
from  Cornelius  Lentulus  or  from  L.  < ornelius  Sulla.  He 
died  at  Laurentum  in  a fire  which  destroyed  his  house, 
lie  wrote  a geographico-historical  account  in  42  books  of 
nearly  all  the  countries  of  the  ancient  world,  and  many 
other  works,  of  which  only  the  titles  and  fragments  have 
been  preserved. 

Alexander  Jagellon  (ja-gel'lon).  Born  in 
1461 : died  in  1506.  King  of  Poland  and  grand 
duke  of  Lithuania,  second  son  of  Casimir  IV. 
of  Poland.  He  succeeded  to  the  grand  duchy  at  (he 
death  oi  his  father  in  1492,  and  was  elected  king  of  Boland 
at  the  death  of  his  brother  John  Albert  in  1501.  He  mar- 
ried Helena,  daughter  of  Ivan  III.  of  Russia,  but  was  al- 
most incessantly  at  war  with  his  father-in-law.  In  his 
reign  the  laws  of  Boland  were  codified  by  John  Laski. 

Alexander  Karageorgeviich  (ka-ra-ga-or'ge- 
vieh).  \Karageorgevitch,  son  of  Black  George. 
See  Czerny.']  Born  at  Topola,  Servia,  Oct.  11, 
1806:  died  at  Temesvar,  Hungary,  May  2, 
1885.  A son  of  Czerny  George,  elected  prince 
of  Servia  in  1842  and  deposed  in  1858.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Prince  Milosch  Obrenovitch,  who  was  in 
turn  succeeded  by  his  son  Michael  in  18i.0.  Alexander 
made  repeated  attempts  to  regain  the  throne,  and  was 
accused  of  complicity  in  the  murder  of  Prince  Michael  in 
1868  and  imprisoned,  but  was  soon  pardoned. 

Alexander  Nevski  (nef'ski),  Saint.  Born  at 
Vladimir,  Russia,  1219:  died  Nov.  14,  1263.  A 
Russian  national  hero  and  patron  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, prince  of  Novgorod  and  grand  duke  of 
Vladimir.  He  defeated  the  Swedes  in  1240  on  the  Izhora, 
a southern  affluent  of  the  Neva  (whence  his  surname 
Nevski),  and  the  Livonian  Knights  on  the  ice  of  Lake 
Peipus,  1242.  lie  is  commemorated  in  the  Russian  Church 
Nov.  23. 

Alexander  Nevski,  Cloister  or  Monastery 

of.  A famous  foundation  of  Peter  the  Great 
at  St.  Petersburg.  The  larce  church,  though  by  a 
Russian  architect,  Is  basilican  in  plan,  with  transepts  and 
an  Italian  dome  at  the  crossing.  The  exterior  is  sober 
in  design  and  ornament ; the  interior  is  of  lavish  richness 
in  marbles,  jewels,  and  paintings.  The  shrine  of  the 
saint,  in  massive  silver,  is  15  feet  high  without  the  angel- 
supported  canopy. 

Alexander  of  the  North.  An  epithet  of  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden. 

Alexander  Severus  (se-ve'rus),  Marcus  Aure- 
lius. Born  at  Area  Caisarea  in  Phcenicia,  Oct. 
1,  208  A.  D.  : died  in  235  A.  D.  Roman  emperor 


36 

from  222  to  235,  son  of  Gessius  Marcianus  and 
Julia  Mamaea,  and  a cousin  of  Elagabalus  by 
whom  he  was  adopted  in  221.  He  was  killed  by 
his  mutinous  soldiers  in  a campaign  against  the  Germans 
on  the  Rhine.  See  Mamsea. 

Alexander  the  Corrector.  A pseudonym  of 
Alexander  Cruden. 

Alexander  and  the  Family  of  Darius.  An 

important  painting  by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London. 

Alexander’s  Feast.  An  ode  by  Dryden  writ- 
ten in  1697,  in  honor  of  St.  Ceeilia’s  day. 

Alexanderbad  (al-ek-san'der-bad),  or  Alex- 
andersbad  (al-ek-san'ders-bad).  A watering- 
place  in  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  in  the 
Fichtelgebirge  21  miles  northeast  of  Baireuth. 

Alexander  Archipelago.  A group  of  islands 
on  the  coast  of  Alaska  which  includes  Sitka 
and  Prince  of  Wales  islands. 

Alexander  I.  Land.  A region  in  the  South 
Polar  lands,  about  lat.  70°  S.,  long.  75°  W. 

Alexandra  (al-eg-zan'dra).  Died  in  69  b.  c. 
(jueen  of  Judea  from  78  B.  C.  to  69  B.  C.,  con- 
sort of  Alexander  Jan  me  us  whom  she  suc- 
ceeded. 

Alexandra  ( Caroline  Marie  Charlotte  Louise 
Julie).  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  1,  1844. 
Daughter  of  Christian  IX.  of  Denmark  and 
wife  of  Edward  VII.,  king  of  England,  whom 
she  married  March  10,  1863. 

Alexandra.  The  queen  of  the  Amazons  in 
Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso.” 

Alexandra.  The  54th  asteroid,  discovered  by 
Goldschmidt  at  Paris,  Sept.  10,  1858. 

Alexandra  Land.  A vast  region  of  Australia 
under  the  administration  of  South  Australia, 
regarded  as  the  same  as  the  Northern  Territory, 
or  as  that  part  of  it  which  is  included  between 
lat.  16°-26°  S.  and  long.  129°-138°  E. 

Alexandre  (al-ek-soh'dr),  Aaron.  Born  at 
Hohenfeld,  Bavaria,  about  1766:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  16,  1850.  A German  chess-player, 
author  of  “Encyclopddie  des  6checs”  (1837). 

Alexandre  le  Grand  (al-ek-soh'dr  le  groh). 
A tragedy  by  Racine,  produced  in  1665.  it  was 
the  cause  of  a serious  quarrel  between  Moliu reand  Racine, 
who  both  loved  the  same  woman,  an  actress  who  played 
the  part  of  Axiane. 

Alezandretta  (al-eg-zan-dret'a),  Turk.  Skan- 
derun,  or  Iskanderun  (from  Arab.  Iskan- 
der, Alexander  (the  Great)).  A seaport  in 
the  vilayet  of  Adana,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Iskandeinn  in  lat.  36°  35'  N.,  long. 
36°  10'  E.,  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great  in 
333  b.  c. 

Alexandria  (al-eg-zan'dri-a),  Arab.  Iskan- 
deriyeh.  A famous  seaport  of  Egypt,  founded 
by  Alexander  the  Great  in  332  B.  C.  (whence  its 
name).  It  is  situated  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of 
the  Delta  on  the  strip  of  land  which  lies  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  Lake  Mareotis.  The  modern  city  oc- 
cupies what  was  anciently  the  island  of  Pharos,  together 
with  the  isthmus  now  connecting  it  with  the  mainland 
where  the  ancient  city  stood.  Alexandria  was  the  capital 
of  Egypt  during  the  Ptolemaic  period,  and  became  an  im- 
portant seat  of  Greek  culture  and  learning.  In  30  B.  c. 
it  was  annexed  by  Rome.  It  ranked  as  tile  second  city  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  and  continued  to  be  the  chief  com- 
mercial city  under  the  Byzantine  empire.  It  was  an 
important  center  of  Christianity,  and  the  seat  of  a patri- 
archate. In  641  it  was  taken  by  the  Saracens  under  Amru, 
and  was  entered  by  the  French  in  1798,  who  were  defeated 
near  here  by  the  British  in  1801.  (See  A bukir.y  The  pres- 
ent city  was  largely  rebuilt  under  Mehemet  Ali.  It  was 
bombarded  by  a British  fleet  of  eight  ironclads  under  Sir 
Frederick  Seymour,  July  11, 18S2,  and  defended  by  the  in- 
surgents, and  was  taken  by  the  British  July  12.  Popu- 
lation, 332,246. 

After  the  time  of  Alexander,  Grecian  literature  flour- 
ished nowhere  so  conspicuously  as  at  Alexandria  in 
Egypt,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ptolemies.  Here  all  the 
sects  of  philosophy  had  established  themselves  ; numer- 
ous schools  wei  e opened  ; and,  for  the  advancement  of 
learning,  a library  was  collected,  which  w :s  supposed,  at 
one  time,  to  have  contained  700,000  volumes,  in  all  lan- 
guages. Connected  with  the  library  there  were  extensive 
offices,  in  which  the  business  of  transcribing  books  was 
carried  on  very  largely,  and  with  every  possible  advan- 
tage which  royal  munificence  on  the  one  hand,  and 
learned  assiduity  on  the  other,  could  insure.  Kor  did 
the  literary  fame  of  Alexandria  decline  under  the  Roman 
emperors.  Domitian,  as  Suetonius  reports,  sent  scribes 
to  Alexandria  to  copy  books  for  the  restoration  of  those 
libraries  that  had  been  destroyed  by  fire.  And  it  seems 
to  have  been  for  some  centuries  afterwards  a common 
practice  for  those  who  wished  to  form  a library,  to  main- 
tain copyists  at  Alexandria.  The  conquest  of  Egypt  by 
the  Saracens,  A.  D.  640,  who  burned  the  Alexandrian 
Library,  banished  learning  for  a time  from  that,  as  from 
other  countries,  which  they  occupied. 

Taylor , Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  69. 
[This  library  (according  to  many  writers  who  discredit 
its  sacking  by  the  Arabs)  was  entirely  destroyed  under 
Theophilus,  A.  D.  391.) 

Alexandria.  A small  town  on  the  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  near  the  island  of  Tenedos.  It  con- 
tains important  ruins  of  Roman  therma;.  The  structure 


Alexis 

measured  270  by  404  feet  in  plan,  and  had  on  three  sides 
long  halls,  with  columns,  inside  of  which  were  smaller  sub- 
divisions. The  walls  of  the  interior  were  incrusted  with 
ornamental  marbles,  and  the  vaults  ornamented  with 
glass  mosaics.  It  is  believed  to  date  from  the  reign  of 
Hadrian. 

Alexandria.  A town  in  southern  Rumania. 
50  miles  southwest  of  Bukliarest.  Population, 
14,669. 

Alexandria.  A small  manufacturing  town  in 
Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
Leven  15  miles  northwest  of  Glasgow. 
Alexandria.  The  capital  of  Rapides  parish, 
Louisiana,  situated  on  Red  River  100  miles 
northwest  of  Baton  Rouge,  a Federal  squadron  in 
Banks’s  expedition  passed  the  rapids  here.  May,  1864,  by 
means  of  a dam  built  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  Bailey.  Pop- 
ulation, 11,213,  (1910). 

Alexandria.  A town  in  Jefferson  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  32 
miles  southwest  of  Ogdensburgh.  Population, 
4,259,  (1910). 

Alexandria.  The  capital  of  Douglas  County, 
Minnesota,  125  miles  northwest  of  St.  Paul. 
Population,  3,001,  (1910). 

Alexandria.  A city  and  port  of  entry  in  Vir- 
ginia, formerly  in  Alexandria  County,  now  in- 
dependent, situated  on  the  Potomac  7 miles 
south  of  Washington.  It  was  entered  by  Federal 
troops  May  24,  1861.  Population,  15,329,  (1910). 

Alexandrian  Codex,  L.  Codex  Alexandrians. 

An  important  manuscript  of  the  Scriptures 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  sent  to  Charles  I. 
of  England  by  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople. 
It  is  written  in  Greek  uncials  on  parchment,  and  con- 
tains the  Septuagint  version  of  the  Old  Testament  com- 
plete, except  parts  of  the  Psalms,  and  almost  all  the  X ew 
Testament.  It  is  assigned  to  the  5tli  century. 

Alexandrian  Saga.  See  A lexander,  Romance  of. 
Alexandrina  (al-eg-zan-drl'na),  Lake.  See 

Victoria,  Lake. 

Alexandrine  War.  A war  (48-47  b.  c.)  be- 
tween Julius  Ctesar  and  the  guardians  of  Ptol- 
emy (elder  brother  of  Cleopatra),  in  Egypt. 
It  resulted  in  favor  of  Caesar,  who  placed  Cleopatra"  and 
her  younger  brother  (the  elder  having  died)  on  the  Egyp- 
tian  throne. 

Alexandroff.  See  Alexandrov. 

Alexandrcpol  (al-ek-san-dro'pol),  or  Alexan- 
dra,pci  (al-ek-siin-dra'pol),  formerly  Gumri. 
A town  in  the  government  of  Erivau,  Trans- 
caucasia, Russia,  situated  on  the  Arpa  35  miles 
northeast  of  Kars.  It  is  an  important  military  post. 
Here,  1853,  the  Russians  defeated  the  Turks.  Population, 
30,616. 

Alexandrov,  or  Alexandroff  (ii-lek-.«an'drof). 
A town  in  the  government  of  Vladimir,  Russia, 
60  miles  northeast  of  Moscow.  Population, 
7,600. 

Alexandrovsk  (al-ek-san'drofsk).  A town  in 
the  government  of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  sit- 
uated near  the  Dnieper  in  lat.  47°  47'  N.,  long. 
35°  20'  E.  Population,  25,400. 
Alexandrovsky  (al-ek-san-drof'ske)  Moun- 
tains. A mountain-range  running  east  and 
west  in  the  governments  of  Semiryetchensk 
and  Syr-Daria,,  Asiatic  Russia.  Its  greatest 
height  is  about  12,000  to  13,000  feet. 

Alexas  (a-lek'sas).  A minor  character  in 
Shakspere’s  “Antony  and  Cleopatra,”  an  at- 
tendant of  Cleopatra. 

Alexei.  See  Alexis. 

Alexiad  (a-lek'si-ad),  The.  See  the  extract. 

By  the  command  of  the  Empress  Irene,  Nicephorus 
Byrennius,  who  had  married  her  daughter  the  celebrated 
Anna  Comnena,  undertook  a history  of  the  house  of 
Comneni,  which  has  come  down  to  us  with  the  title 
“Materials  of  History.”  Anna  herself  continued  her 
husband’s  work  when  she  retired  after  his  death  to  the 
leisure  of  a convent.  The  imperial  authoress  entitled  her 
hook  “The  Alexiad.”  As  its  epic  name  denotes,  it  is 
mainly  a prolix  biography  of  her  father  Alexis  I.  It  is  in 
fifteen  hooks,  and  includes  the  period  from  1069  to  1118. 
The  work  is  interesting  in  itself  to  the  student  of  history, 
but  it  is  most  generally  known  as  having  supplied  Sir 
Walter  Scott  with  the  subject  and  some  of  the  materials 
for  tile  last  and  feeblest  of  his  romances. 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  399. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Alexin.  See  Aleksin. 

Alexinatz  (a-lek'si-nats).  A town  in  Servia. 
situated  near  the  Morava  in  lat.  43°  31'  N., 
long.  21°  41'  E.,  the  scene  of  several  contests 
between  the  Turks  and  Servians  in  1876. 
Population,  5,199. 

Alexios.  See  Alexius. 

Alexis  (a-lek'sis).  [Gr.  AAejif.]  Born  at  Thurii, 
Magna  Grsecia, Italy, about 390b. c. : diedabout 
288  B.  c.  A Greek  dramatist,  a master  of  the 
“ middle  comedy.”  He  was  a prolific  writer,  the 
author  of  245  plays.  Fragments  of  these,  amounting  to 
1,600  lines,  are  extant.  He  was  brought  as  a youth  to 
Athens,  and  was  a citizen  of  that  city. 

Alexis,  or  Alexei.  Born  in  1629:  died  in  1676. 
Czar  of  Russia,  son  of  Michael  F6odorovitch, 


Alexis 

the  son  of  Czar  Michael  Romanoff,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1645.  He  waged  a war  with  Poland  from 
1654  to  1667,  acquiring  possession  of  Smolensk  and  eastern 
Ukraine.  In  a war  with  Sweden  from  1655  to  1658  he  con- 
quered a part  of  Livoniaand  Ingermanland,  but  was  forced 
by  domestic  troubles  to  relinquish  this  territory  at  the 
treaty  of  Cardis,  June  21,1661.  He  extended  bis  conquests 
to  eastern  Siberia,  codified  the  laws  of  the  various  prov- 
inces of  Russia,  and,  by  beginning  to  introduce  European 
civilization,  prepared  the  way  for  his  son  Peter  the  Great. 
Alexis,  or  Alexei.  Born  at  Moscow,  Feb.  18, 
1690:  died  in  prison  at  St.  Petersburg,  July  7, 
1718.  The  eldest  son  of  Peter  the  Great  and 
father  of  Peter  II.  He  was  condemned  for 
high  treason  and  imprisoned. 

Alexis.  An  amorous  shepherd  in  Fletcher’s 
pastoral  “The  Faithful  Shepherdess.” 

Alexis  I.-V.  See  Alexius. 

Alexisbad  (a-lek'ses-bad).  A health-resort  in 
the  Harz,  Anhalt,  Germany,  18  miles  south  of 
Halberstadt,  noted  for  mineral  springs. 
Alexius  (a-lek'si-us),  Saint.  A saint  (probably 
mythical)  said  to  have  been  born  at  Rome  about 
350  A.  D.  According  to  the  legend,  he  fled  from  his  bride, 
a lady  of  high  rank,  on  the  wedding  evening  to  the  porch 
of  the  Church  of  Our  Lady  of  Edessa,  where  he  lived  in 
chastity  for  seventeen  years.  He  afterward  returned  to 
Rome  and  lived  unrecognized  in  his  father's  house.  He  is 
commemorated  in  the  Roman  Church  on  July  17,  and  in 
the  Greek  on  March  17. 

Alexius,  Saint.  A Roman  saint  of  the  5th  century, 
said  to  have  been  a senator.  He  was  the  founder 
of  the  Alexians  or  Cellites. 

Alexius  I.  Comnenus  (kom-ne'nus),  Gr.  Alex- 
ios  Komnenos.  Born  at  Constantinople  in 
1048:  died  in  1118.  Byzantine  emperor  from 
1081  to  1118,  nephew  of  Isaac  Comnenus.  He 
supplanted,  by  the  aid  of  the  soldiery,  the  emperor  Ni- 
cephorus,  who  retired  to  a monastery,  and  defended  the 
empire  against  the  Petchenegs,  the  Turks,  and  the  Nor- 
mans. In  his  reign  occurred  the  first  Crus  .de.  Hislifehas 
been  written  by  his  daughter  Anna!  'omnena.  See  A lexiad. 

Alexius  II.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Born  in  1168  (f) : di,ed  in  1183.  By- 
zantine emperor  from  1180  to  1183,  son  of 
Manuel  whom  he  succeeded.  He  was  deposed 
and  strangled  by  Andronicus. 

Alexius  III.  Angelus  (an'je-lus),  Gr.  Alexios 
Angelos.  Died  in  1210.  Byzantine  emperor 
from  1195  to  1203.  He  usurped  the  throne  of  his 
brother  Isaac  II.,  but  was  deposed  by  an  army  of  Crusaders 
who  besieged  Constantinople  and  reinstated  Isaac  II.  with 
his  son  Alexius  IV.  as  colleague.  Alexius  III.  died  in  exile. 

Alexius  IV.  Angelus,  Gr.  Alexios  Angelos. 

Died  in  1204.  Byzantine  emperor  in  1203  and 
1204,  son  of  Isaac  II.  Angelus.  He  was  put  to 
death  after  a reign  of  six  months  by  Alexius  V. 
Alexius  V.,  or  Alexios,  surnamed  Dukas  Murt- 
zuphlos.  Died  in  1204.  A Byzantine  emperor. 
He  usurped  the  throne  of  Alexius  IV.  in  1204,  but  was 
driven  from  Constantinople  by  the  Crusaders  who  had  re- 
solved on  toe  partition  of  the  empire.  He  was  arrested 
in  Morea,  tried  for  the  muiderof  AlexiusI  V.,  and  executed. 

Alexius  I.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Komnenos. 

Died  in  1222.  Emperor  of  Trebizond  from  1204 
to  1222,  grandson  of  the  Byzantine  emperor 
Andronicus  I.  At.  the  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Crusaders  in  1204  he  made  himself  master  of  Trebizond, 
which  he  raised  from  the  position  of  a province  of  the 
Byzantine  empire  to  that  of  an  independent  empire. 

Alexius  II.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Died  in  1330.  Emperor  of  Trebizond 
from  1297  to  1330,  son  of  Joannes  II.  whom  he 
succeeded. 

Alexius  III.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Died  in  1390.  Emperor  of  Trebizond 
from  1349  to  1390,  son  of  Basilius  by  Dene  of 
Trebizond. 

Alexius  IV.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Died  in  1446.  Emperor  of  Trebizond 
from  1417  to  1446,  son  of  Manuel  IH.  and  Eu- 
docia  of  Georgia. 

Aleyn,  or  Alain.  [ME. : the  mod.  Allen.']  See 
the  extract. 

The  good-livers  go  to  service  and  are  fed  by  the  Holy 
Graal.  The  sinners,  on  the  contrary,  not  being  thus  fed, 
beg  Josephes,  Joseph's  son,  to  pray  for  them  ; and  he  or- 
ders Bron’s  twelfth  son,  Aleyn  or  Alain  le  Gros,  to  take 
the  net  from  the  Graal  table,  and  fish  with  it.  He  catches 
one  fish,  which  the  sinners  say  will  not  suffice.  But  Aleyn 
having  prayed  satisfies  them  all  with  it,  and  is  thence- 
forward called  the  Rich  Fisher.  Joseph  dies  and  his 
body  is  buried  at  “Olay,"  while  his  son  transmits  the 
Graal  to  Aleyn.  By  Aleyn’s  instrumentality  the  leper  king 
Galafres,  of  the  land  of  Foreygne,  is  converted  and  chris- 
tened Alphasan.  He  is  healed  by  looking  upon  the  Graal, 
and  builds  Castle  Corbenic,  which  is  to  be  the  repository 
and  shrine  of  the  Holy  Cup,  as  Vespasian  was  healed  by 
looking  on  the  Veronica 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  167. 
Aleyn.  One  of  the  Cambridge  students  or  clerks 
of  Cantebregge  in  Chaucer’s  “ Reeve’s  Tale.” 
Alfadir  (al-fa/dir).  [Icel.  Alfadhir,  All-father.] 
In  Old  Norse  mythology,  one  of  the  many 
appellations  of  Odin  as  the  supreme  god  of  all 
mankind. 


37 

Alfana  (al-fa/na).  The  horse  of  Gradasso  in 
“Orlando  Furipso.” 

Al-Farabi  (al-fa-ra'bi),  Abu  Nasr  Mohammed 
Ibn  Tarkhan.  Born  at  Farab,  Turkestan, 
about  870:  died,  at  Damascus  about  950.  An 
Arabian  philosopher  of  the  school  of  Bagdad, 
famous  for  his  great  learning.  He  wrote  an  encyclo- 
pedia of  the  sciences  and  numerous  treatises  on  the  work3 
of  Plato  and  Aristotle. 

Alfarache,  Guzman  de.  See  Guzman. 

Alfaro  (al-fa'ro).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Logrono,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ebro  60 
miles  northwest  of  Saragossa.  Population, 
5,938. 

Alfaro,  Francisco  de.  Born  at  Seville  about 
1565 : died  at  Madrid  about  1650.  A Spanish 
lawyer.  He  was  successively  fiscal  of  the  Audience  of 
Panama  (1594),  member  of  the  Audience  of  Lima  (about 
1601),  president  of  the  Audience  of  Charcas  (1632),  and 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies  for  some  years  before 
his  death.  The  viceroy  Montesclaros  commissioned  him  to 
inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  Indians  of  Peru,  and  the  re- 
sult was  a set  of  laws  called  the  Ordinances  of  Alfaro,  pro- 
mulgated in  1612  and  intended  to  prevent  Indian  slavery. 

Alfasi  (al-fa/si),  Isaac  ben  Jacob.  [Ar.  Al- 
fasi,  Fez.]  Born  in  Kala  Hamad,  near  Fez, 
1013 : died  at  Tucena,  1103.  A celebrated 
Jewish  scholar  and  authority  on  the  Talmud. 
He  composed  a sort  of  abbreviated  Talmud  which  was 
much  used  by  the  Spanish  Jews  in  pla<e  of  the  Talmud 
itself.  Also  called,  after  the  initials  of  his  name,  Rif. 
Alfeld  (al'felt).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Hanover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Leine  28 
miles  south  of  Hanover. 

Alfeta  (al'fe-ta).  The  name  given  in  the  “Al- 
magest” and  Alphonsine  tables  to  the  second- 
magnitude  star  a Coronse  Borealis.  The  star  is 
more  generally  known  as  Alphecca  or  Gemma. 
Alfheim(alf'  him).  [ON .Alfheimr:  d[/r, elf, and 
heimr,  world.]  InOldNorse  mythology, the  abode 
of  the  light  Elves.  It  was  conceived  to  be  near  the 
sacred  well  of  the  Noras,  at  the  foot  of  the  ash  Yggdrasil. 

Alfieri  (al-fe-a're),  Cesare,  Marquis  di  Sos- 
tegno.  Born  at  Turin,  Aug.  13,  1796:  died 
at  Florence,  April  17,  1869.  A Piedmontese 
statesman  and  political  reformer,  for  a short 
time  premier  in  1848. 

Alfieri,  Count  Vittorio.  Born,  of  noble  pa- 
rents, at  Asti  in  Piedmont,  Jan.  17,  1749:  died 
at  Florence,  Oct.  8,  1803.  A celebrated  Italian 
dramatist.  At  nine  years  of  age  he  wa3  placed  in  the  A cad- 
emy  at  Turin,  at  thirteen  began  the  study  of  civil  and  ca- 
nonical law,  which  he  soon  abandoned,  ami  at  fourteen 
came  into  possession  of  large  wealth.  From  1767  to  1773  he 
roamed  adventurously  over  Europe,  returning  to  Turin  in 
the  latteryear.  In  1775  his  play  “ Cleopatra"  was  success- 
fully produced.  He  then  went  to  Tuscany  to  complete 
“Philip  II.’’  and  “Polynices,”  two  tragedies  originally 
written  in  French  prose,  which  he  now  versified.  While 
in  Florence  he  formed  a connection  with  the  Countess  of 
Albany,  which  endured  for  twenty  years.  He  resided  for 
a time  in  Rome,  leaving  it  in  1783  for  a period  of  travel: 
on  his  return  he  joined  the  countess  in  Alsace,  living  with 
her  there  and  in  Paris,  where  he  went  in  1787  to  oversee  a 
complete  edition  of  iris  works.  In  1792,  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  Revolution,  they  returned  to  Florence  where  he 
passed  the  last  eleven  years  of  his  life.  He  left  21  tragedies 
and  6 comedies,  besides  6 odes  on  American  Independence, 
various  sonnets,  and  a number  of  prose  works,  among 
which  are  a “Panegyric  on  Trajan,”  “Essays  on  Litera- 
ture and  Government,”  and  a “Defense  of  Louis  XVI.,” 
which  includes  a satirical  account  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. His  tragedies  are  “ Philip  II.”  “Polynices,”  “An- 
tigone ” (the  sequel  of  “Polynices”),  “Virginia,”  “Aga- 
memnon," “Orestes,”  “The  Conspiracy  of  the  Pazzi,” 
“Don  Garcia,”  “ Rosamunda,”  “Mary  Stuart,”  “ Timo- 
leon,”  “Octavia,”  “Merope,”  “Saul,”  “Agis,”  “Sopho- 
nisba,”  “ Myrrha,”  two  tragedies  on  the  elder  and  y ounger 
Brutus,  and  two  on  the  subject  of  Alcestes.  “Abel,” 
which  he  called  a “tramelogedia,”  is  a sort  of  mixture  of 
lyric  and  tragic  poetry.  He  wrote  six  comedies  which  he 
attempted  to  make  a vehicle  for  his  political  sentiments. 
They  are  satirical,  not  dramatic.  They  are  “One,”  “Few,” 
“Too  Many,”  “The  Antidote,”  “La  Finestrina,”  and 
“The  Divorce.”  They  were  never  played.  He  also  wrote 
an  autobiography.  He  was  a strict  observer  of  dramatic 
unities,  and  left  out  all  secondary  characters.  His  bold, 
vigorous,  lofty,  and  almost  naked  style  founded  a new 
school  in  Italian  drama.  His  works  were  first  collected 
and  published  after  his  death  by  the  Countess  of  Albany. 
The  edition  is  in  35  volumes,  published  at  Pisa  1805-15. 
Thirteen  volumes  contain  his  posthumous  works. 

Alfinger  (iil'fing-er),  Ambrosio  de.  Died  1532. 
A German  soldier,  appointed  in  1528  agent  of 
the  mercantile  house  of  the  Welsers  (of  Augs- 
burg), which  held  Venezuela  as  a hereditary 
fief  on  condition  of  completing  the  conquest  of 
the  country  for  Castile  and  colonizing  it.  After 
ravaging  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Maracaybo,  he  marched 
into  the  highlands  of  New  Granada,  and  had  nearly 
reached  the  rich  country  of  the  Chibchas  when  he  died 
from  a wound  by  an  Indian  arrow.  His  inroads  were 
marked  by  horrible  cruelties. 

Alfold  (ol'feld).  [Hung.,  ‘lowland.’]  The 
great  central  plain  of  Hungary. 

Alfonso  (al-fon'so)  I.,  or  Alpbionso,  or  Alonzo 
(a-lon'zo).  Born  693:  died  at  Cangas,  757. 
King  of  Asturias  739-757,  surnamed  “ TheCath- 
olic  ” on  account  of  his  zeal  in  erecting  and  en- 


Alfonso  XIII. 

dowing  monasteries  and  churches.  He  was  a son 
of  Pedro,  duke  of  Biscay,  a descendant  of  the  Visigothic 
kings,  and  son-in-law  of  Pelayo,  king  of  Asturias,  whose 
son  Favila  he  succeeded.  He  is  said  to  have  wrested 
Leon,  Galicia,  and  Castile  from  the  Moors. 

Alfonso  II.,  or  Alphonso.  Died  in  Oviedo,  842. 
King  of  Asturias  791-842,  surnamed  “The 
Chaste.”  He  defeated  Mohammed,  the  Moorish 
governor  of  Merida,  in  830. 
idfonso  III.,  or  Alpbonso.  Born  848:  died 
912.  King  of  Asturias  and  Leon  866-910,  sur 
named  “The  Great,”  eldest  son  of  Ordono  I. 
His  reign  was  filled  with  internal  struggles  and  external 
conflicts,  especially  with  the  Moors,  over  whom  he  was 
almost  uniformly  victorious.  His  successes  extended 
his  dominions  from  the  Duero  to  the  Guadiana.  In  910 
he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Garcia  on  account  of  civil 
wars  raised  by  his  sons. 

Alfonso  IV.,  or  Alpbonso.  Died  933(f).  King 
of  Leon  924-927  (?),  surnamed  “ The  Monk,” 
eldest  son  of  Ordoiio  II.  He  abdicated,  on  the  death 
of  his  wife,  in  favor  of  his  brother  Ramiro,  and  retired  to 
a cloister,  was  taken  prisoner  at  Leon  in  an  attempt  to 
regain  the  throne,  was  blinded,  and  was  confined  till  his 
death  in  the  monastery  of  St.  Julian. 

Alfonso  V.,  or  Alpbonso.  Born  994 : died  1027. 
King  of  Leon  and  Castile  999-1027,  son  of 
Bermudo  II.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  recaptured 
Leon,  which  had  been  lost  during  his  minority,  and  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Viseo. 

Alfonso  VI.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1030:  died 
1109.  King  of  Leon  and,  as  Alfonso  I.,  of  Cas- 
tile, surnamed  “The  Valiant,”  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand the  Great  whom  he  succeeded  in  Leon  in. 
1065.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Sancho  in  Castile  in 
1072.  From  1068  until  1072,  when  Sancho  died,  the 
brothers  were  at  war,  and  in  1071  Alfonso  was  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  at  Valpellage  (Golpeliera).  In  1085  he 
captured  Toledo  from  the  Moors  and  was  himself  de- 
feated near  Zalaca  by  Yussuf  ibn  Tashfyn  in  1086.  His 
reign  witnessed  the  exploits  of  the  Cid. 

Alfonso  VII.,  King  of  Leon  and  Castile.  See 
Alfonso  I.  (of  Aragon). 

Alfonso  VIII.,  or  Alphonso  (Alfonso  Ray- 
mond). Born  1106:  died  at  Tremada,  Aug., 
1157.  King  of  Leon  and,  as  Alfonso  II.  (or 

III. ),  king  of  Castile,  1126-57,  son  of  Urraca, 
daughter  of  Alfonso  VI.  (and  wife  of  Alfonso 

VII. ),  and  Raymond  of  Burgundy,  her  first 
husband.  He  extended  the  frontiers  of  Castile  from 
the  Tagus  to  the  Sierra  Morena  Mountains,  and  proclaimed 
himself  emperor  of  Spain  in  1135. 

Alfonso  IX.,  or  Alphonso.  King  of  Leon 
1188-1230,  son  of  Ferdinand  II.  He  gained  a bril- 
liant victory  over  Mohammed  ibn  Hud  at  Merida  1230. 
He  was  married  first  to  Theresa,  daughter  of  Sancho  I. 
of  Portugal,  and  later  to  Berengaria,  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Castile:  both  marriages  were  dissolved  by  the  Pops 
as  being  within  the  degree  of  affinity  prescribed  by  the 
canon  law. 

Alfonso  IX.,  or  Alphonso  (also  reckoned  as 

VIII.  and  as  III.).  Bern  1155:  died  1214. 
King  of  Castile  1158-1214,  surnamed  “The 
Noble”  or  “The  Good,”  son  of  Sancho  HI. 
He  was  defeated  by  the  Moors  at  Alarcos  in  1195,  and  in 
alliance  with  Aragon  and  Navarre  defeated  the  Moors  at 
Las  Navas  de  Tolosa  in  1212. 

Alfonso  X.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1221:  died  at 
Seville,  April  4,  1284.  A celebrated  king  of 
Leon  and  Castile,  1252-82,  surnamed  “The 
Wise ’’and  “The  Astronomer,”  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand III.  He  laid  claim  to  the  duchy  of  Swabia,  and 
twice  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  secure  the  imperial 
crown  : the  first  time  he  was  defeated  by  Richard  of 
Cornwall,  and  the  second  by  B-udolf  of  Hapsburg.  From 
1261  to  1266  he  waged  war  with  the  Moors  with  varying 
fortune.  He  was  dethroned  by  his  son  Sancho  in  1282. 
Alfonso  is  celebrated  as  the  authorof  the  code  “ LasSiete 
Partidas,”  the  basis  of  Spanish  jurisprudence,  and  for 
the  Alphonsine  tables,  a set  of  astronomical  observations 
compiled  at  his  command. 

[Alfonso]  first  maje  the  Castilian  a national  language  by 
causing  the  Bible  to  be  translated  into  it,  and  by  requir- 
ing it  to  be  used  in  all  legal  proceedings ; and  he  first,  by 
his  great  Code  and  other  works,  gave  specimens  of  prose 
composition  which  left  a free  and  disencumbered  course 
for  all  that  has  been  done  since, — a service,  perhaps, 
greater  than  it  has  been  permitted  any  other  Spaniard  to 
render  the  prose  literature  of  his  country. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  41. 

Alfonso  XI.,  or  Alplionso.  Died  March  26. 
1350.  King  of  Leon  and  Castile  1312-50,  sur- 
named “The  Avenger”  from  his  severity  in 
repressing  internal  disorder:  son  of  Ferdinand 

IV.  He  defeated  the  Moors  of  Morocco  and  Granada  at 
Rio  Salado,  Oct.  29,  1340. 

Alfonso  XII.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  at  Madrid, 
Nov.  28,  1857  : died  at  El  Pardo,  Nov.  25,  1885. 
The  son  of  Isabella  II.,  proclaimed  king  of 
Spain  Dec. , 1874.  He  landed  in  Spain  Jan.,  1875,  and 
suppressed  the  Carlist  rebellion  in  1876. 

Alfonso  XIII.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  at  Madrid, 
May  17,  1886.  The  son  of  Alfonso  XII.,  pro- 
claimed king  under  the  regency  of  his  mother 
(Maria  Christina  of  Austria)  on  the  day  of  his 
birth.  The  regency  ended  May  17,  1902.  Ho 
was  married  to*  Princess  Ena  (Victoria)  of 
Batter.berg  May  31,  1906. 


38 


Alfonso  I. 

Alfonso  I.,  King  of  Naples.  See  Alfonso  I'. 
of  Aragon. 

Alfonso  II.,  or  AlphonSO.  Born  1448:  died  Nov. 
19, 1495.  King  of  Naples  1494-95,  eldest  son  of 
Ferdinand  I.  and  Isabella.  He  defeated  the  Flor- 
entines at  Poggio  1479,  and  the  Turks  at  Otranto  1481. 
Having  rendered  himself  obnoxious  to  his  subjects,  he 
abdicated  (Jan.  23,  1495)  in  favor  of  his  son  Ferdinand  II., 
when  Charles  Vni.  of  France  threatened  his  capital. 
Alfonso  I.,  or  Alfonso  (af-fon 'so),  or  Alphonso. 
Born  about  1110:  died  Dec.  6,  1185.  The  first 
king  of  Portugal,  son  of  Henry  of  Burgundy, 
count  of  Portugal,  and  Teresa  of  Castile.  On 

his  father’s  death  in  1112  he  became,  under  his  mother's 
tutelage,  count  of  Portugal,  and  was  declared  sole  ruler 
in  1128.  In  that  year  he  made  successful  war  upon  his 
mother,  who  refused  to  yield  up  the  government,  and 
upon  her  ally,  Alfonso  VIII.,  from  whom  he  wrested 
the  independence  of  Portugal.  He  was  proclaimed  king 
by  his  soldiers,  probably  after  the  victory  over  the  Moors 
at  Ourique,  July  26,  1139;  took  Santarem  from  the  Moors 
in  1146  ; captured  Lisbon  in  1147  ; and  was  taken  captive 
near  Badajoz  in  1167  by  the  Leonese  and  made  to  pay  a 
heavy  ransom  (the  surrender  of  all  his  conquests  in  Galicia). 

Alfonso  II.,  or  Alfonso,  or  Alphonso.  Born 
April  23,  1185 : died  March  25,  1223.  King  of 
Portugal  1211-23,  surnamed  “The  Fat.”  He 
defeated  the  Moors  at  Alcacer  do  Sal  in  1217. 
Alfonso  III.,  or  Alfonso,  or  Alphonso.  Born 
May  5,  1210 : died  Feb.  16,  1279.  King  of  Por- 
tugal 1248-79.  During  his  reign  Algarve  was 
incorporated  in  Portugal. 

Alfonso  IV.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.  Born  at 
Coimbra,  Feb.  8, 1290:  died  May  28, 1357.  King 
of  Portugal  1325-57,  surnamed  “ The  Brave” 
and  “ The  Fierce.”  He  consented  to  the  murder  of 
Ines  de  Castro,  secretly  married  to  his  son  Pedro,  who, 
in  consequence,  headed  a revolt  against  his  father.  See 
Caxtro,  Ines  de. 

Alfonso  V.,  or  Alfonso,  or  Alphonso.  Born 
1432:  died  at  Cintra,  Aug.  28,  1481.  King  of 
Portugal  1438-81,  surnamed  “The  African” 
from  his  conquests  in  Africa:  son  of  King 
Duarte  (Edward).  He  defeated  the  Moors  in 
Africa  in  1458  and  1471,  and  was  defeated  at 
Toro  in  1476  by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic. 
Alfonso  VI.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.  Born 
1643 : died  Sept.  12,  1683.  King  of  Portugal, 
second  son  of  John  IV.  He  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1656  and  was  deposed  in  1667. 
Alfonso  I.,  or  Alphonso.  King  of  Aragon  and 
Navarre  1104-34,  and,  as  Alfonso  VII.,  king  of 
Leon  and  Castile.  He  married  Urraca,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Alfonso  VI.  of  Leon  and  Castile,  in  1109.  In 
1118  he  conquered  Saragossa  from  the  Moors. 

Alfonso  II.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1152:  died 
1196.  King  of  Aragon  1163-96,  son  of  Ray- 
mondo  V.,  count  of  Barcelona,  and  Petronilla, 
daughter  of  Ramiro  II.  of  Aragon : especially 
noted  as  a patron  of  Proven§al  poetry. 
Alfonso  III.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1265:  died 
June  18,  1291.  King  of  Aragon  1285-91,  sur- 
named “ The  Magnificent,”  son  of  Pedro  III. 
He  granted  in  1287  the  “ Privilege  of  Union  ” by  which  his 
subjects  were  permitted  to  bear  arms  and  the  right  was 
given  of  citing  the  king  himself  before  the  Cortes. 

■Alfonso  IV.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1299:  died 
1336.  King  of  Aragon  1327-36,  surnamed  “ The 
Good.  ’ His  entire  reign  was  occupied  by  a war  with 
the  Genoese  about  the  possession  of  Corsica  and  Sardinia. 

Alfonso  V.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1385 : died  at 
Naples,  June  27, 1458.  King  of  Aragon  and,  as 
Alfonso  I.,  king  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia  and  of 
Naples : surnamed  ‘ ‘ The  Magnanimous.”  He  was 
the  son  of  Ferdinand  the  Just,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1416 
as  king  of  Aragon  and  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia.  In  1420  he 
was  adopted  as  heir  and  prospective  successor  by  Joanna 
I.  of  Naples,  but  was  disinherited  in  1423  in  favor  of  Louis 
of  Anjou.  He  captured  Naples  in  1442,  seven  years  after 
the  death  of  Joanna,  and  enforced  his  claim  to  the  succes- 
sion. He  was  a patron  of  learning  and  a model  of  ehivalric 
virtues. 

Alfonso  I.,  or  Alphonso,  of  Este.  Born  1476 : 
died  Oct.  31,  1534.  Duke  of  Ferrara  1505-34. 
He  commanded  the  papal  troops  in  the  war  of 
the  League  of  Cambrai  in  1509,  and  fought 
against  Pope  Julius  II.  at  Ravenna  in  1512. 
He  married  Lucretia  Borgia  in  1501. 

Alfonso,  Count  of  Poitou.  Died  1271.  Brother 
of  Louis  IX.  of  France,  and  ruler  of  Poitou  and 
Toulouse. 

Alfonso  de  Cartagena.  See  Alphonsus  a Sancta 
Maria. 

Alford  (al'ford),  Henry.  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
10,  1810  : died  at  Canterbury,  England,  Jan.  7, 
1871.  An  English  divine,  biblical  scnolar,  poet, 
and  general  writer,  a graduate  and  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  dean  of  Can- 
terbury 1857-71.  Hewas  theauthorof  a noted  edition 
of  the  Greek  Testament  (1849-61),  “New  Testament  for 
English  Headers  ” (1867),  "Poems,”  “The  Queen’s  English” 
(1866),  etc. 

Alford  (originally  Griffiths),  Michael.  Born 

at  London,  1587 : died  at  St.  Omer,  Aug.  11, 


1652.  An  English  Jesuit,  author  of  various 
works  on  ecclesiastical  history. 

Alfortville  (al-fort-vel').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine,  France,  on  the  Marne  south- 
east of  Paris,  the  seat  of  a national  veterinary 
school  established  1766. 

Alfred  (al'fred),  or  Alfred  (alf'rad),  surnamed 
“The  Great.”  Born  at  Wantage,  Berkshire, 
849 : died  Oct.  28,  901.  King  of  the  West  Saxons 
871-901,  fifth  and  youngest  son  of  iEthelwulf, 
king  of  the  West  Saxons,  and  his  wife  Osburh 
(daughter  of  Oslac  his  cup-bearer),  and  brother 
of  iEthelred  whom  he  succeeded.  He  fought 
against  the  Danes  in  the  defensive  campaign  of  871,  serv- 
ing under  his  brother  JEthelred  at  Ashdown,  Basing,  and 
Merton,  and  commanded  as  king  at  Wilton.  In  878  he  re- 
ceded before  the  Danes  to  Athelney,  but  later  obtained  a 
decisive  victoiy  over  them  at  Ethandun.  By  the  treaty  of 
Wedmore,  which  followed,  Guthrum  consented  to  receive 
baptism  and  to  retire  north  of  Watling  Street.  Alfred  forti- 
fied London  in  886,  and  carried  on  a defensive  war  with  the 
Danes  894-897,  which  ended  in  the  withdrawal  of  the  in- 
vaders, and  in  which,  by  the  aid  of  ships  of  improved 
model,  the  English  for  the  first  time  gained  a decided 
naval  advantage  over  the  vikings.  His  success  against 
the  Danes  was  due  largely  to  his  reform  of  the  national 
fyrd  or  militia,  by  which  half  the  force  of  each  shire 
was  always  ready  for  military  service.  His  adminis- 
tration was  also  marked  by  judicial  and  educational  re- 
forms. He  compiled  a code  of  laws,  rebuilt  the  schools 
and  monasteries,  and  invited  scholars  to  his  court  He 
was  himself  a man  of  learning,  and  translated  into 
Saxon  the  “Ecclesiastical  History  ” of  the  Venerable  Bede, 
the  “Epitome  of  Universal  History’’of  Paulus  Orosius, 
and  the  “ Consolations  of  Philosophy  ’’  by  Boethius,  and 
corrected  a translation  of  the  “ Dialogues  ” of  Gregory  the 
Great.  The  popular  accounts  of  his  life  abound  in  legends 
which  are  devoid  of  historical  foundation. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  the  great  services  of  Alfred 
to  his  people  in  peace  and  in  war  should  have  led  poster- 
ity to  ascribe  every  institution,  of  which  the  beginning 
was  obscure  [such  as  the  law  of  frank-pledge,  the  distri- 
bution of  hundreds  and  ty  things,  and  trial  by  jury],  to  his 
contrivance,  till  his  fame  has  become  almost  as  fabulous 
in  legislation  as  that  of  Arthur  in  arms.  Hallam. 

Alfred  the  Great.  A historical  play  by  J. 
Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1831. 

Alfred,  or  Alredus  (al-re'dus),  or  Aluredus 
(al-o-re'dus),  of  Beverley.  Lived  about  1143. 
An  English  chronicler,  author  of  “ Annales  sive 
Historia  de  gestis  regum  Britannia?  libris  ix.  ad 
annum  1129,”  a work  occupied  chiefly  with  the 
fabulous  history  of  the  country. 

Alfred,  Prince  (Duke  of  Edinburgh).  Born 
Aug.  6,  1844  : died  July  30,  1900.  The  second 
son  of  Queen  Victoria:  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  Gotha  (1893).  He  was  elected  king  of 
Greece  in  1862,  but  declined  the  offer. 

Alfred  Club.  A club  instituted  in  1808  in  Al- 
bemarle street,  London. 

Alfreton  (al'fer-ton).  A town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  13  miles  northeast  of  Derby.  Popu- 
lation, 17,505. 

Alfric.  See  JElfric. 

Alfures  (al-fo'res),  or  Alfuros  (al-fo'ros),  or 
Alfura  (al-fo'ra).  A descriptive  name,  signi- 
fying ‘wild,’  ‘uncivilized,’  given  to  certain 
native  tribes  of  the  north  of  Celebes,  the  Mo- 
luccas, Mindanao,  and  adjacent  islands.  They 
are  generally  classed  with  the  Malays.  Also 
Haraforas. 

Algardi  (al-gar'de),  Alessandro.  Born  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  1602  (1598  ?):  died  at  Rome,  June 
10,  1654.  A noted  Italian  sculptor.  His  chief 

works  are  the  monument  of  Leo  XI.  and  a marble  relief 
of  Leo  I.  and  Attila,  both  in  St.  Peter’s,  Pome. 

Algarotti  (al-ga-rot'te),  Count  Francesco. 
Born  at  Venice,  Dec.  11,  1712:  died  at  Pisa, 
Italy,  May  3,  1764.  A noted  Italian  littera- 
teur and  art  connoisseur. 

Algarve  (al-gar'va).  The  southernmost  prov- 
ince of  Portugal,  bounded  by  Alemtejo  on  the 
north,  by  Spain  (from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Guadiana)  on  the  east,  and  by  the  Atlantic 
on  the  south  and  west.  It  forms  the  district  Faro, 
with  the  town  of  Faro  as  capital.  It  was  partly  conquered 
from  the  Moors  by  Sancho  I.,  and  was  united  with  Portu- 
gal as  a kingdom  by  Alfonso  III.  about  1250.  Area,  1,937 
square  miles.  Population,  255,191. 

Algau,  or  Allgau  (al'gou).  A popular  name 
for  the  southwestern  part  of  Bavaria  with  the 
neighboring  portions  of  Wiirtemberg  andTyrol; 
in  an  extended  sense,  the  region  between  the 
Danube  on  the  north,  the  Lech  on  the  east, 
the  Inn  on  the  south,  and  the  111  and  Lake 
Constance  on  the  west. 

Algauer  Alps.  A mountain  group  in  Algau 
(northern  Tyrol  and  southwestern  Bavaria). 
Its  highest  point  is  the  Parseyer  Spitz,  which 
is  about  9,960  feet  high.  Among  other  points  is 
the  Griinten. 

Al-Gazali  (al-ga-za'le),  or  Algazel  (al-ga'zel), 
Abu  Hamid  Mohammed.  Born  at  Tus,  Per- 
sia, 1058  (1059?):  died  1111.  An  Arabian  phi- 


Algiers 

losopher  and  theologian,  for  a time  professor 
of  theology  and  director  of  the  school  at  Bag- 
dad . He  wrote  “ The  Destruction  of  the  Philosophers  ” 
and  other  works  in  defense  of  Moslem  orthodoxy  against 
the  followers  of  Aristotle  and  other  Greek  philosophers. 

Algebar  (al'je-bar).  [Said  to  he  from  Ar.  al,  the, 
and  jabbdr  (Syr.  gaboro),  giant.]  1.  An  Arabic 
and  poetical  name  of  the  constellation  Orion. — 
2.  Occasionally  used  to  designate  Rigel  (p 
Orionis),  the  brightest  star  in  the  constellation. 
Algeciras,  or  Algeziras  (al-Ha-the 'ras). 
[Ar.  al-jazira,  the  island  or  peninsula.]  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  6 miles 
west  of  Gibraltar:  the  ancient  Portus  Alhus. 
It  has  a considerable  coasting-trade.  It  was  the  landing- 
place  of  the  Arabs  under  Tank  in  711 ; was  retaken  from 
the  Moors  by  Alfonso  XI.  of  Castile  in  1344  (?);  and  was 
the  scene  of  engagements,  July,  1801,  between  the  British 
and  Franco-Spanish  fleets.  It  contains  a notable  aqueduct 
built  by  the  Moors.  The  arches  are  pointed,  and  of  con- 
siderable height  and  span.  An  international  conference 
on  affairs  relating  mainly  to  Morocco  was  held  January 
16-April  7,  1906.  Population,  13,302. 

Algeiba,  or  Algieba  (al-je'ba).  [Ar.,  said  to 
represent  aljeb-bah,  the  forehead;  hut  if  so  a 
misnomer,  as  it  is  in  the  shoulder  of  the  con- 
stellation.] The  second-magnitude  double  star 
y Leonis.  By  Ulugh  Beigh  the  name  Algeiba 
was  applied  to  three  stars,  //,  y,  and  f Leonis. 

Algenib  (al'je-nib).  [Ar.  al-jdnib  al-faras,  the 
flank  of  the  horse.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  y Pegasi,  at  the  extremity  of  the  wing. 
The  same  name  is  also  often  given  to  a Persei, 
better  known  as  Mirfak.  See  also  Alchemb. 

Algenubi  (al-je-no'bi).  [Ar.  ra’s  al-’asad  ’al- 
janubbi,  the  head  of  the  lion,  the  southern : op- 
posed to  ul-samdli,  the  northern.]  A name 
of  the  third-magnitude  star  e Leonis. 

Alger  (al'jer),  Russell  Alexander.  Born  in  La- 
fayette township,  Medina  Co.,  Ohio,  Feb.  27, 
1836:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  24,  1907. 
An  American  politician  and  general.  He  served 
in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil  War  and  was  brevetted 
major-general  of  volunteers  in  June,  1865;  waB  governor 
of  Michigan  1885-87  ; was  a candidate  for  the  presidential 
nomination  at  the  Republican  National  Convention  of 
1888 ; was  secretary  of  war  1897- August,  1899 ; and  United 
States  senator  from  Michigan  1902-07. 

Alger,  William  Rounseville.  Born  Dec.  30, 
1822:  died  Feb.  7,  1905.  A Unitarian  clergy- 
man and  author.  Among  liis  works  are  “Introduction 
to  the  Poetry  of  the  Orient,"  “Metrical  Specimens  of 
the  Thought,  Sentiment  and  Fancy  of  the  East”  (1856), 
“Friendships  of  Women  ” (1867),  etc. 

Algeria  (al-je'ri-a).  [Ar.  al-jazira,  the  island 
or  peninsula;  F.  Algerie,  G.  Algerien. ] A 

country  in  northern  Africa,  the  ancient  Nii- 
midia  and  eastern  Mauritania,  organized  as 
a colonial  possession  of  France  in  1834  (con- 
quest begun  in  1830).  It  is  bounded  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  the  north,  by  Tunis  on  the  east,  by  Sahara  on 
the  south,  and  by  Morocco  on  the  west,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Atlas  range.  It  comprises  three  distinct  regions  : 
the  Tell,  or  mountainous  and  cultivated  region,  in  the 
north  ; the  steppe  region,  with  various  shotts,  or  brackish 
lakes,  in  the  center ; and  the  Sahara,  which  extends  in- 
definitely southward.  The  leading  industry  is  agriculture, 
but  the  country  also  contains  considerable  mineral  wealth 
(especially  iron  and  copper),  and  exports  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  wine,  olive-oil,  esparto  grass,  wool,  fruits,  and  live 
stock.  It  is  organized  in  2 divisions,  Northern  Algeria  (in- 
cluding Algiers,  Oran,  and  Constantine)  and  Southern  Al- 
geria (including  Ain  Sefra,  Ghardaia,  Touggart,  and  the  Sa- 
haran Oases).  The  capital  is  Algiers.  The  government  is 
vested  in  a governor-general  appointed  from  France,  in  the 
French  Corps  L6gislatif,  and  in  a Superior  Council.  Each 
of  the  three  departments  sends  1 senator  and  2 deputies  to 
the  French  Assembly.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Moham- 
medanism, and  the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Berbers,  Arabs, 
Europeans  (largely  French  and  Spaniards),  Jews,  Moors, 
and  descendants  of  Turks.  The  country  was  annexed 
by  Rome  in  the  1st  century  B.  c.  ; was  conquered  by 
the  Vandals  in  the  5th  century,  and  by  the  Saracens 
in  the  7th ; passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Turks  in 
1519  ; and  was  a piratical  power  from  the  16th  to  the  19th 
century,  becoming  independent  of  Turkey  in  1710.  The 
office  of  dey  was  established  in  1600.  Defeated  by  the 
United  States  in  1815.  Conquest  by  France,  begun  in  1830 
with  the  taking  of  Algiers,  was  continued  by  the  taking  of 
Constantine  in  1837,  tile  subdual  of  the  Kabyles,  and  the 
capture  of  Abd-el-Kader  in  1847.  Area  (including  the 
Algerian  Sahara),  343,500  square  miles.  Population, 
5,231,850.  See  Corsairs. 

Algesiras.  See  Algeciras. 

Alghero  (al-ga'ro),  or  Algheri  (-re).  A sea- 
port in  the  province  of  Sassari,  Sardinia,  in  lat. 
40°  34'  N.,  long.  8°  19'  E.  It  has  a cathedral. 
Population,  about  9,000. 

Algiers  (al-jerz').  [F.  Alger,  Sp.  Pg.  Argel,  It. 
Algieri,  G . Algier.  See  Algeria. 1 A seaport,  the 
capital  of  Algeria,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Algiers 
in  lat.  36°  47'  N.,  long.  3°  3'  E.,  founded  by  the 
Arabs  about  935.  It  consists  of  a lower  or  European 
and  an  upper  or  Moorish  quarter,  and  contains  the  Kasbab, 
or  ancient  fortress  of  the  deys,  situated  about  500  feet 
above  the  sea,  numerous  mosques,  a Catholic  cathedral, 
and  several  Protestant  churches.  The  harbor  is  spacious, 
safe,  and  well  fortified.  Algiers  is  a favorite  winter 
health-resort.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Charles 


Algiers 

V.  in  1541 ; bombarded  by  the  British  in  1816  ; and  occu- 
pied by  the  French  in  1830.  Population,  138,240.  See 

Corsairs. 

‘Algiers ’is  in  Arabic  ‘Al-Gezair’ ("the  islands"),  said 
to  be  so  called  from  that  in  its  bay ; or,  more  probably, 
‘Al-Gezair’  is  a grammarian’s  explanation  of  the  name 
‘Tzeyr’  or  ‘Tzier,’  by  which  the  Algerians  commonly 
called  their  city,  and  which  is,  I suspect,  a corruption  of 
the  [name  of  the]  Roman  city  Caesarea  (Augusta),  which 
occupied  almost  the  same  site.  It  should  be  remarked 
that  the  Algerians  pronounce  the  gim  hard:  not  *A1- 
Jezair.’  Europeans  spelt  the  name  in  all  sorts  of  ways: 
Arger,  Argel,  Argeir,  Algel,  Ac.,  down  to  the  French  Alger 
and  our  Algiers. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  13. 
Algiers.  The  middle  province  or  department 
of  Algeria.  Population,  1,619,842. 

Algiers.  A manufacturing  suburb  of  New  Or- 
leans, situated  on  the  Mississippi  opposite  New 
Orleans. 

Algoa  Bay  (al-go'a  ba).  A bay  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Cape  Colony,  Africa. 

Algol  (al'gol).  [Ar.  al-ghul,  the  ghoul  or  de- 
mon.] The  remarkable  second-magnitude  va- 
riable star  /?  Persei,  in  the  head  of  Medusa, 
who  is  the  monster  referred  to  in  the  name. 
Algonquian  (al-gon  'ki-an).  [Algonqu(in)  and 
-ian.]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  which  formerly  occupied  an  area  larger 
than  that  of  any  other  stock  in  North  America, 
reaching  from  Labrador  to  the  Eocky  Mountains 
and  from  Churchill  Eiver  of  Hudson  Bay  at  least 
as  far  south  as  Pamlico  Sound  in  N orth  Carolina. 
There  were  breaks  in  the  continuity  of  its  territory  in  and 
near  the  State  of  New  York  where  an  area  was  occupied 
by  Iroquoian  tribes,  and  one  in  Newfoundland  where  the 
Beothukan  family  dwelt.  An  advance  to  the  south  be- 
yond the  contiguous  tribal  territories  was  made  by  the 
Shawano  or  Shawnee  tribe  which  had  early  separated 
from  the  main  body.  The  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho,  two 
allied  tribes  of  this  stock,  also  separated  from  their  kin- 
dred on  the  north  and  forced  their  way  west  through 
hostile  tribes  across  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Black  Hills 
country  of  South  Dakota,  and  more  recently  into  Wyoming 
and  Colorado,  thus  forming  the  advance  of  the  Algonquian 
stock  in  that  direction,  leaving  the  Siouan  tribes  in  their 
rear  and  confronting  those  of  the  Shoshonean  stock.  In 
the  immense  area  occupied  by  this  stock  the  number  of 
tribes  which  sometimes  have  been  called  villages,  and 
sometimes  were  composed  of  several  neighboring  villages, 
was  very  large.  Hundreds  of  names  of  these  subordinate 
divisions  with  their  situations  are  known,  and  also  several 
confederacies  which  are  more  frequently  mentioned  by  a 
collective  name  than  by  the  names  of  the  tribes  compos- 
ing them.  Among  these  confederacies  are  the  Abnaki, 
Illinois,  Pennacook,  Powhatan,  and  Siksika.  The  Cheyenne 
and  Arapaho  and  the  Sac  and  Fox,  though  essentially 
confederacies,  are  not  designated  as  such  under  a special 
title.  Excluding  the  five  confederacies  Just  mentioned, 
the  principal  tribes  are  Algonquin,  Arapaho,  Cheyenne, 
Conoy,  Cree,  Delaware,  Fox,  Kickapoo,  Mahican,  Massa- 
chuset,  Menominee,  Miami,  Micmac,  Misisaga,  Mohegan, 
Montagnais,  Montauk,  Munsee,  Nanticoke,  Narraganset, 
Nauset,  Nipmuc,  Ojibwa,  Ottawa,  Pamlico,  Pequot,  Pian- 
kishaw,  Pottawotomi,  Sac,  Shawano,  Wampanoag,  and 
Wappinger.  The  Algonquian  stock  numbers  now  about 
90,000,  of  whom  about  60,000  are  in  Canada  and  the  rest 
in  the  United  States.  As  its  tribes  were  met  by  the  first 
French,  English,  and  Dutch  immigrants  and  for  genera- 
tions were  closely  connected  with  the  colonial  and  revo- 
lutionary history  of  North  America,  the  literature  relating 
to  them  fills  many  volumes.  Brief  allusions  to  prominent 
historic  events  appear  under  some  of  the  tribal  names. 

Algonquin,  or  Algonkin  (al-gon 'kin).  [A 
French  contraction  of  Micmac  algoomeaking , 
or  algoomaking,  ‘at  the  place  of  spearing  fish 
and  eels.’  Hewitt.']  A collective  term  for  a 
group  of  tribes  of  North  American  Indians  of 
the  valleys  of  the  Ottawa  Eiver  and  of  the 
northern  tributaries  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  to 
near  Quebec.  They  were  early  allies  of  the  French  in 
fighting  the  Iroquois  by  whom  many  were  driven  west 
where  they  became  known  as  Ottawa.  Some  returned 
to  Three  Rivers,  Quebec.  There  are  about  1,500  in  the 
provinces  of  Quebec  and  Ontario. 

Algorab  (al-go-rab'),  or  Algores  (al'go-res). 
[Ar.  al-ghurdb,  the  raven.]  The  third-magni- 
tude star  6 Corvi.  See  Alchiba.  In  this  constel- 
lation the  lettering  of  the  stars  does  not  at  all  correspond 
to  their  present  brightness. 

Algrind  (al'grind).  An  anagram  of  Grindal,  in 
Spenser’s  “Shepherd’s  Calendar.” 

Al-Hakim  ibn  Otta  (al-ha'kem  ib'n  ot'ta). 
Died  about  780.  An  impostor  who  appeared 
as  a prophet  in  Mero,  the  capital  of  Khorasan, 
in  774,  sumamed  Al-Mokenna  (Mocanna,  or 
Mukanna),  “ The  Veiled  One.”  He  destroyed 
himself  about  780  to  avoid  capture  by  an  army  which  had 
been  sent  against  him  by  the  calif  Mahdi.  He  has  been 
made  the  subject  of  a poem  by  Moore,  “Mokanna,  or  the 
Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan." 

Al-Hakim  (al-ha'kem)  II.  Born  about  thebe- 
ginning  of  the  10th  century : died  Sept.  30,  976. 
Calif  of  Cordova  961-976,  famous  as  a patron 
of  literature  and  learning.  He  collected  a large 
library  (said  to  have  contained  600,000  volumes),  which 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  celebrated  academy  of  Cordova, 
and  founded  colleges,  mosques,  and  hospitals. 

Albama  de  los  Banos  (ii-lfi'ma  da  los  bau'yos). 
A town  and  watering-place,  containing  hot 


39 

sulphur  springs,  in  the  province  of  Granada, 
Spain,  26  miles  southwest  of  Granada.  It  was 
taken  from  the  Moors  in  1482.  Population, 
7,679. 

Albama  de  Murcia  (a-la'ma  da  mor'the-a).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Murcia,  Spain,  17  miles 
southwest  of  Murcia,  noted  for  its  sulphur 
springs.  Population,  8,466. 

Alhamarides  (a-la-mar'idz).  The  last  Moor- 
ish dynasty  in  Spain.  It  ruled  in  Granada 
from  the  middle  of  the  13th  century  until  1492. 
Alhambra  (al-ham'bra).  [Ar.  al-hamra’u,  red.] 
A great  citadel  and  palace  founded  in  the  13th 
century  above  the  city  of  Granada,  Spain,  by 
the  Moorish  kings.  The  hill  inclosed  by  this  once 
formidable  fortress  is  2,430  feet  long  and  674  wide ; the 
high  and  thick  walls  are  strengthened  by  great  square 
towers,  and  there  is  a strong  inner  citadel.  The  palace,  a 
large  part  of  which  was  destroyed  by  Charles  V.  to  make 
room  for  a P^enaissance  structure,  is  the  finest  example 
of  Moorish  art,  and  gives  its  name  to  the  Alhambraic 
style.  It  consists  of  galleries  and  rather  small  rooms  sur- 
rounding arcaded  courts  beautiful  with  fountains,  flowers, 
and  subtropical  vegetation.  The  key-note  of  the  style  is 
the  delicacy  and  elaboration  of  detail  of  its  interior  dec- 
oration, which  is  formed  especially  of  endlessly  varied 
arabesque  patterns  and  Moslem  inscriptions  impressed 
on  plaster  or  executed  in  wood,  and  delicately  yet  bril- 
liantly colored.  All  is  on  a rather  small  scale ; but  the 
little  marble  columns  are  very  finely  cut,  the  coupled 
Ajimez  windows  are  lovely  in  proportions  and  ornament, 
and  the  research  of  artistic  effects  of  perspective  is  note- 
worthy. 

Alhazen  (al-ha'zen).  Born  at  Bassora:  died 
at  Cairo,  1038.  An  Arabian  mathematician, 
author  of  commentaries  on  the  “Almagest”  of 
Ptolemy,  a treatise  “On  Twilight,”  a “ Thesau- 
rus Optieee,”  etc. 

Alhena  (al-hen'a).  [Ar.  al-hen’ali,  a ring  or 
circlet.]  The  third-magnitude  star  y Gemi- 
norum,  in  the  foot  or  ankle  of  Pollux.  It  is 
sometimes  called  Almeisam. 

Ali  (a'le).  Born  at  Mecca  about  600:  killed  at 
Kufa,  661.  A cousin  german  and  adopted  son  of 
Mohammed,  and  the  fourth  calif,  656-661:  sur- 
named  “ The  Lion  of  God.”  He  was  the  son  of  Abu 
Talib,  uncle  of  Mohammed,  and  he  married  Fatima,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Prophet.  He  was  defeated  by  Moavya,  the 
founder  of  the  Ommiad  dynasty,  and  assassinated.  His 
sons  Hassan  and  Hussein,  who  tried  to  regain  the  cal- 
ifate,  were  killed  in  669  and  680  respectively.  Their  fol- 
lowers brought  about  the  great  schism  which  divides  the 
Moslem  world  into  two  sects,  the  Sunnites  and  the 
Shiites.  The  latter,  which  include  Persians  and  most  of 
the  Mohammedans  of  India,  regard  Ali  as  the  first  right- 
ful calif,  and  venerate  his  sons  as  martyrs.  He  wrote 
lyric  poems  (“Diwan  ”),  and  a collection  of  proverbs  is  at- 
tributed to  him. 

Ali.  Brother  of  the  prince  in  the  story  of 
“Prince  Ahmed  and  the  Fairy  Pari-Banou,” 
in  “The  Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments.” 
He  marries  the  Princess  Nourounnihar. 

Ali  Bey.  Born  in  Abkhasia  about  1728 : died 
1773.  A Mameluke  bey,  ruler  of  Egypt,  who 
declared  himself  independent  of  the  Porte  in 
1768.  He  made  many  conquests  in  Arabia,  Syria,  etc., 
and  was  taken  prisoner  in  battle  in  1773. 

Ali  Bey.  See  Badia  y Leblich. 

Ali  Pasha.  Born  at  Tepeleni,  Albania,  1741: 
beheaded  at  Janina,  Feb.  5,  1822.  An  Alba- 
nian who  became  pasha  of  Janina  in  1788.  He 
subdued  the  Suliotes  in  1803  and  was  made  governor  of 
Rumelia.  He  intrigued  with  France,  Russia,  and  Great 
Britain  against  Turkey,  and  was  compelled  by  the  Turks 
to  surrender  at  Janina,  and  assassinated. 

Ali  Pasha.  Born  at  Constantinople,  1815:  died 
Sept.  6, 1871.  A Turkish  statesman  and  diplo- 
matist, several  times  grand  vizir  since  1855. 
He  was  especially  distinguished  as  the  promoter  of  vari- 
ous reforms  in  the  Turkish  government. 

Aliaska.  See  Alaska. 

Aliata.  See  Comanche. 

Ali  Baba  (a'le  ba'ba).  A character  in  “The 
Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments,”  in  the  story 
“Ali  Baba  and  the  Forty  Thieves”:  a poor 
wood-cutter  who,  concealed  in  a tree,  sees  a 
band  of  robbers  enter  a secret  cavern,  and 
overhears  the  magic  words  “open  sesame” 
which  open  its  door.  After  their  departure  he  repeats 
the  spell  and  the  door  opens,  disclosing  a room  full  of 
treasures  with  which  he  loads  his  asses  and  returns  home. 
His  brother  Cassim,  who  discovers  his  secret,  enters  the 
cave  alone,  forgets  the  word  “sesame,”  and  is  found  and 
cut  in  pieces  by  the  robbers.  The  thieves,  discovering 
that  Ali  Baba  knows  their  secret,  resolve  to  kill  him,  but 
are  outwitted  by  Morgiana,  a slave. 

Ali  Baba.  An  opera  by  Cherubini,  founded  on 
his  “Koukourgi,”  produced  at  Paris  1833. 
Alibamah,  or  Alibami,  or  Alibamo.  See 
AUbamu. 

Alibamu  (ii-le-ba/mo).  [In  the  form  Alabama, 
as  the  name  of  one  of  the  United  States,  com- 
monly but  incorrectly  translated  ‘here  we  rest’  : 
the  name  is  first  mentioned  as  that  of  a chief 
met  by  De  Soto.]  A tribe  of  the  Creek  Con- 


Alinda 

federacy  of  North  American  Indians.  The  French 
came  into  conflict  with  them  in  1702.  There  is  now  an 
Alibamu  town  on  Deep  Creek,  Indian  Territory,  and  some 
of  the  tribe  live  near  Alexandria,  Louisiana ; over  100  are 
in  Polk  County,  Texas.  (See  Creek  and  Miiskhogean.) 
Also  Alibamo,  Alibamah,  Alibami. 

Alibaud  (a-le-bo'),  Louis.  Born  at  Nimes 
France,  May  2,  1810:  guillotined  at  Paris,  July 
11,  1836.  A Frenchman  who  attempted  to  as- 
sassinate Louis  Philippe,  June  25, 1836. 

Alibert  (a-le-bar'),  Jean  Louis,  Baron.  Born 
at  Villefranche,  Aveyron,  France,  May  12, 
1766:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1837.  A French 
medical  writer,  author  of  “ Traite  complet  des 
maladies  de  la  peau”  (1806-27),  etc. 

Alibunar  Marsh.  A large  morass  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Alibunar  in  Croatia. 

Alicante  (a-le-kiin'ta).  A province  in  the  titu- 
lar kingdom  of  Valencia,  Spain,  bounded  by 
Valencia  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  east,  Murcia  on  the  south,  and  Albacete 
and  Murcia  on  the  west.  Area,  2,185  square 
miles.  Population,  est.,  494,094. 

Alicante.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Alicante,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  lat.  38°  21'  N.,  long.  0°  29'  W. : the 
ancient  Lucentum.  It  is  one  of  the  best  harbors  in 
the  Mediterranean,  and  has  an  important  export  trade 
in  wine  and  other  products  of  eastern  Spain.  It  was  re- 
covered from  the  Moors  by  Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile, 
ceded  to  Aragon  in  1304,  besieged  and  taken  by  the  French 
1709,  besieged  by  the  French  1812,  and  bombarded  by  the 
insurgents  of  Cartagena  1873.  Population,  54,417. 

Alicata.  See  Licata. 

Alice  (al'is).  1.  The  wife  of  Bath  in  Chaucer’s 
tale  of  that  name.  Her  “ gossib,”  to  whom  she 
alludes,  has  the  same  name. — 2.  A lady  in  at- 
tendance on  the  Princess  Katharine,  daughter 
of  the  King  of  France,  in  Shakspere’s  “Henry 
V.” — 3.  The  principal  female  character  in 
“Arden  of  Feversham.” — 4.  A little  girl 
through  whose  dream  pass  the  scenes  of  ‘ ‘ Alice’s 
Adventures  in  Wonderland  ” and  “ Through  the 
Looking-glass,”  two  popular  stories  for  children 
by  Lewis  Carroll  (Charles  Dodgson). 

Alice,  or  The  Mysteries.  A novel  by  Bulwer, 
published  in  1838:  a sequel  to  “Ernest  Mal- 
travers.” 

Alicia  (a-lisk'i&).  1.  One  of  the  principal 
female  characters  in  Eowe’s  tragedy  “Jane 
Shore,”  a woman  of  strong  passions  who  by  her 
jealousy  ruins  her  former  friend  Jane  Shore. — 

2.  The  name  given  by  Lillo  in  his  “Arden  of 
Feversham”  to  the  Alice  of  the  earlier  version. 

Alicudi  (a-le-ko'de),  or  Alicuri  (a-le-ko're). 
The  westernmost  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  north  of 
Sicily,  in  lat.  38°  35'  N.,  long.  14°  15'  E.  It  is 
4 miles  long. 

Alides  (al'idz).  The  descendants  of  Ali  the 
fourth  calif. 

Aliena  (a-li-e'na).  The  name  assumed  by  Celia 
in  Shakspere’s  “As  you  Like  it”  when  she 
followed  Eosalind  disguised  as  a shepherdess. 
See  Alinda. 

Alifanfaron  (a-le-fan'fa-ron).  The  emperor 
of  the  Island  of  Trapoban,  mentioned  by  Don 
Quixote.  When  he  sees  two  flocks  of  sheep  coming 
toward  him  he  says  : “ Know,  friend  Sancho,  that  yonder 
army  before  us  is  commanded  by  the  Emperor  Alifanfaron, 
sovereign  of  the  Island  of  Trapoban,  and  the  other  . . . 
by  . . . Pentapolin. ’’  See  Pentapolin. 

Aligarh  (a-li-gur').  A district  in  the  Meerut 
division,  United  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  28°  N.,  long.  78°  E. 
Area,  1,946  square  miles.  Population, 
1,200,822. 

Aligarh,  Fort.  A fort  in  the  district  of  Aligarh, 
defended  by  the  Mahrattas  and  stormed  by  the 
British  under  Lake  1803. 

Alighieri.  See  Dante. 

AlijOS  (a-le'Hos).  A group  of  small  islands  in 
the  Pacific,  west  of  Lower  California. 

Alikhanoff  (a-le-cha'nof),  originally  Ali 
Khan  (a'le  chan).  Born  in  the  Caucasus, 
1846:  assassinated  July  16,  1907.  A Eussian 
governor  of  the  Merv  oasis,  noted  for  his  share 
in  gaining  Merv  for  the  Eussians  in  1884. 

Alima  (a-le'ma).  A right  affluent  of  the 
Kongo  Eiver,  having  its  head  waters  near  those 
of  the  Ogowe,  in  French  Kongo.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Brazza  in  1878,  and  is  navigable  as 
far  as  Leketi. 

Alinda  (a-lin'da).  1.  A character  in  Lodge’s 
romance  “Eosalynde,”  the  story  transformed 
by  Shakspere  into  “As  you  Like  it.”  Alinda  is 
the  Celia  of  Shakspere’s  play. — 2.  The  daugh- 
ter of  Alphonso  in  Fletcher’s  “Pilgrim.”  — 

3.  The  name  assumed  by  young  Arclias  when 
disguised  as  a woman,  in  Fletcher’s  “Loyal 
Subject.” 


Alioth 

Aliotll  (al'i-oth).  [Ar.,  but  of  disputed  deriva- 
tion.] The  name  in  the  Alphonsine  tables, 
and  still  in  ordinary  use,  of  the  bright  second- 
magnitude  star  e Ursse  Majoris.  The  name  is  also 
sometimes  (rarely)  given  to  a Serpentis,  and  even  to  0 Ser- 
pentis. 

Aliris.  See  Feramorz. 

Aliscans  (a-les-kon').  [Also  Aleschans ; frornL. 
Elysii  Campi,  Elysian  Fields,  referring  to  an 
ancient  cemetery  near  Arles.]  A chanson  of 
the  12th  century,  dealing  with  the  contest  be- 
tween William  of  Orange,  the  great  Christian 
hero  of  the  south  of  France,  and  the  Saracens. 
It  forms,  according  to  custom,  the  center  of  a whole  group 
of  chansons  dealing  with  the  earlier  and  later  adventures 
of  the  hero,  his  ancestors  and  descendants.  Such  are 
“Le  couronnement  Loys,”  “La  prise  d’Orange,”  “ I.e 
charroi  de  Nimes,"  “Le  moniage  Guillaume.”  The  series 
formed  by  these  and  others  is  among  the  most  interesting 
of  these  groups.  Saintsbury,  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  19. 

Alise  (a-lez').  A small  town  in  the  department 
of  Cote-d’Gr,  France,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Dijon.  It  is  usually  identified  with  Alesia. 

Aliso  (al'i-so).  A fortress  near  the  river  Lippe, 
built  by  the  Romans  under  Drusus,  11  b.  c.,  as 
a military  center  against  the  German  tribes : 
variously  identified  with  Elsen  (near  Pader- 
born),  localities  near  Hamm,  Dortmund,  etc. 

Alison,  Alisoun.  Old  forms  of  Alice. 

Alison  (al'i-son),  Archibald.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  13,  1757:  died  at  Colinton,  near 
Edinburgh,  May  17,  1839.  A Scottish  clergy- 
man, author  of  “Essays,”  of  which  the  most 
noted  is  that  on  “The  Nature  and  Principles 
of  Taste  ” (1790). 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald.  Born  at  Kenley,  Shrop- 
shire, Dec.  29,  1792 . died  at  Glasgow,  May  23, 
1867.  A British  lawyer  and  historian,  son  of 
Archibald  Alison  (1757-1839).  He  settled  near 
Glasgow  as  sheriff  of  Lanarkshire  in  1835,  and  was  made 
a baronet  in  1842.  Ilia  principal  works  are  a “ History  of 
Europe”  (10  vols.  1833-42),  “Criminal  Law  of  Scotland," 
a life  of  Castlereagh,  etc. 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  21,  1826:  died  Feb.  5,  1907.  A British 
general,  son  of  Sir  Archibald  Alison  ( 1792-1867) . 

He  served  in  the  Crimea  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  in 
India  during  the  mutiny,  on  the  Gold  Coast  in  the  Ashanti 
expedition  1873-74,  and  in  the  military  expedition  to 
Egypt  in  1882.  He  was  the  author  of  the  treatise  “ On 
Army  Organization  " (1809). 

Alisos  (a-le'sos),  Los.  A dry  torrent  in  north- 
western Chihuahua,  where,  in  1881,  in  a bloody 
encounter  between  the  Mexican  forces  com- 
manded by  Colonel  Garcia,  and  the  Apaches 
led  by  Geronimo,  the  latter  were  defeated. 

Alithea  (al-i-the'a).  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Wycherley’s  comedy  “The 
Country  Wife,”  a woman  of  the  world,  bril- 
liant and  cool.  She  also  appears  in  Garrick’s 
“Country  Girl.” 

Aiiwal  (al-e-wal').  A village  in  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  near  the  Sutlej,  in  lat.  30°  56' 
N.,  long.  75°  38'  E.  Here,  Jan.  28,  1846,  the 
British  under  Smith  defeated  the  Sikhs. 

Aljubarrota  (al-zho-ba-ro'tii).  A small  place 
in  Portugal,  about  63  miles  north  of  Lisbon. 
Here,  Aug.  14,  1385,  John  I.  of  Caslile  was  defeated  by 
John  I.  of  Portugal.  The  battle  established  the  inde- 
pendence of  Portugal. 

Alkaid  (al-kad').  [Ar.  al-qddi  al-bandt  al-na’sli, 
the  governor  of  the  mourners : by  the  Arabians 
the  four  stars  which  form  the  bowl  of  the 
“ dipper”  were  called  “the  bier.”]  The  bright 
second-magnitude  star  y Ursse  Majoris,  at  the 
extremity  of  the  bear’s  tail,  or  “ dipper-handle.” 
It  is  .more  usually  called  Benetnasch. 

Alkalurops  .al-ka-lu'rops).  [Ar.  al-lcalurops,  a 
transliteration  of  the  Gr.  Ka?uivpoip,  a herds- 
man’s staff.]  A seldom  used  name  of  the 
fourth-magnitude  star  y Bootis,  situated  in  the 
staff  which  Bootes  carries  in  his  right  hand.  It 
is  a chrome  star. 

Alkes  (al'kes).  [Ar.  al-lcds,  the  cup.]  The  4lo- 
raagnitude  star  a Crateris. 

Alkmaar  (silk-mar').  A town  in  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the 
North  Holland  Canal  18  miles  north  of  Am- 
sterdam: noted  as  a cheese-market,  it  was  un- 
successfully besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1573,  and  was 
the  scene  of  several  indecisive  actions  between  the  French 
under  Brune  and  the  Anglo-Itussian  army  under  the  Luke 
of  York  in  the  autumn  of  1799.  Population,  18,275. 

Alkmaar,  Convention  of.  A convention  con- 
cluded at  Alkmaar,  Oct.,  1799,  by  which  the 
Anglo-Russian  army  under  the  Duke  of  York 
evacuated  the  Netherlands. 

The  result  of  a series  of  mischances,  everyone  of  which 
would  have  been  foreseen  by  an  average  midshipman  in 
Nelson's  fleet,  or  an  average  . crgeant  in  Massena’s  army, 
was  that  York  had  to  purchase  a retreat  for  the  allied 
forces  at  a price  equivalent  to  an  unconditional  surrender. 
He  was  allowed  to  re-embark  on  consideration  that  Great 


40 

Britain  restored  to  the  French  8,000  French  and  Dutch 
prisoners,  and  handed  over  in  perfect  repair  all  the  mili- 
tary works  which  our  own  soldiers  had  erected  at  the 
Helder.  Fyffe,  Hist.  Mod.  Europe,  I.  196. 

Alkmaar,  Heinrik  von.  Lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  15th  century.  A German  translator 
of  the  poem  “Reineke  de  Vos,”  published  in 
Low  German  at  Bremen  1498. 

Alkoran.  See  Koran. 

Alkoremmi  (al-ko-rem'me).  The  palace  of 
Vathek,  in  the  story  of  that  name  by  Beckford. 

He  [Vathek)  surpassed  in  magnificence  all  his  prede- 
cessors.  The  palace  of  Alkoremmi,  which  his  father  Mo- 
tassem  had  erected  on  the  hill  of  Pied  Horses,  and  which 
commanded  the  whole  city  of  Samarah,  was  in  his  idea 
far  too  scanty  : he  added,  therefore,  five  wings,  or  rather 
other  palaces,  which  he  destined  for  the  particular  grati- 
fication of  each  of  his  senses.  BecJc/ord , Vathek,  p.  20. 

Alla  (al'la),  or  Ella  (el'la).  The  king  in  “ The 
Man  of  Law’s  Tale,”  one  of  Chaucer’s  “ Canter- 
bury Tales.”  He  marries  the  unjustly  accused 
Constance. 

Allah  (al'a).  [Ar.  ’ alldh , for  ’ aVildli , the  God.] 
God. 

Allahabad  (al-a- ha-bad').  [Hind.,  ‘city  of 
God.’]  The  capital  of  the  United'  Provinces 
of  British  India  and  of  the  district  and  divi- 
sion of  Allahabad,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Jumna  with  the  Ganges,  in  lat.  25°  26' 
N.,  long.  81°  50'  E.  It  is  the  emporium  for  central 
Hindustan,  a celebrated  place  of  Hindu  pilgrimage,  the 
seat  of  an  annual  fair,  and  an  important  railway  center. 
Among  tile  chief  buildings  are  the  citadel  built  by  Akbar 
and  one  of  the  chief  British  strongholds  in  India,  the  J uma 
Masjid  (mosque),  and  the  serai  of  Kliosru.  Allahabad 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  1765  and  by  them  granted  to 
the  Emperor  of  Delhi  and  later  to  the  Nawab  of  Gudh ; it 
was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1801.  Population,  including 
cantonment,  172,032. 

Allahabad.  A district  of  the  Allahabad  divi- 
sion, intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  82°  E. 
.Area,  2,811  square  miles.  Pop.,  1,489,358. 
Allahabad.  A division  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces, British  India.  Area,  17,270  square 
miles  Population,  5,540,702. 

Allain-Targe  (a-lan'tilr-zha' ),  Franqois  Henri 
Rene.  Born  at  Angers,  May  7,  1832 : died  at 
the  Chateau  de  Targd  (Maine-et-Loire),  July  16, 
1902.  A French  advocate,  politician,  and  jour- 
nalist, a friend  of  Gambetta  and  minister  under 
him  1881-8 1.  He  was  also  minister  of  the  in- 
terior in  the  Brisson  ministry  1885. 

AllamaM  (a-la-mon'),  Jean  Meolas  Sebas- 
tien.  Bom  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  1713: 
died  at  Leyden,  March  2, 1787.  A Swiss  scholar, 
professor  of  philosophy  (1749)  and  later  of 
natural  history  in  the  University  of  Leyden. 
He  was  the  first  to  explain  the  phenomena  of 
the  Leyden  jar. 

Allan  (al'an),  David.  Born  at  Alloa,  Scotland, 
Feb.  13,  1744 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  6, 1796. 
A Scottish  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
Allan,  Sir  Hugh.  Born  at  Saltcoats,  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  Sept.  29,  1810:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Dec.  9,  1882.  A Scottish  merchant,  identified 
with  Canadian  mercantile  interests,  and  foun- 
der of  the  Allan  Line  of  steamships  in  1853. 
Allan,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  1782 : 
died  there,  Feb.  23,  1850.  A Scottish  painter, 
best  known  from  his  pictures  of  Russian  life  and 
Scottish  history.  He  was  elected  president  of 
the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1838. 
Allan-a-Bale  (al'an-a-dal').  In  the  Robin 
Hood  ballads,  a brave,  gaily  dressed,  and  musi- 
cal youth  whom  Robin  Hood  assisted  to  elope 
with  his  bride  who  was  to  be  married  against 
her  Will  to  an  old  knight.  He  i3  usually  introduced 
as  “chaunting  a round-de-lay."  He  appears  as  Robin 
Hood's  minstrel  in  Scott’s  “lvanhoe.” 

Allapaha  (a-lap'a-ha).  A river  in  southern 
Georgia  and  northern  Florida,  a tributary  of 
the  Suwannee. 

Allar&ice  (al'ar-dis),  Robert  Barclay.  Born 
1779:  died  1854.  A British  officer  and  pedes- 
trian, known  as  “Captain  Barclay.” 

His  [Captain  Barclay’s]  most  noted  feat  was  walking  ono 
mile  in  each  of  1,000  successive  hours.  This  feat  was  per- 
formed at  Newmarket  from  1 June  to  12  July,  1809.  His 
average  time  of  walking  the  mile  varied  from  14  m.  64  sec. 
in  the  first  week  to  21  min.  4 sec.  in  the  last,  and  his 
weight  was  reduced  from  13  st.  4 lb.  to  11  stone. 

Diet.  Fat.  Biog. 

Allatoona  (al-a-to'na).  a place  in  northern 
Georgia,  about  35  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta. 
Here,  Oct.  5,  1864,  the  Federals  under  Corse  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  French.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  706 ; 
of  the  Confederates,  1,142. 

Alls  (al'le).  A river  about  130  miles  long,  in 
the  province  of  East  Prussia,  which  joins  the 
Pi’egel  at  Wehlau. 

Alleber  (ill-bar'),  Henri  d’.  A pseudonym  of 
Henri  de  Lapommeraye. 


Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand 

Allectus  (a-lek'tus).  The  prime  minister  of 
Carausius,  “emperor”  of  Britain,  and  his  mur- 
derer (293  A.  D.).  Allectus  usurped  the  throne  of 
Carausius  and  retained  it  for  three  years,  but  was  de- 
feated and  slain  by  the  Homans  under  a lieutenant  of  Con- 
stantius  near  London. 

Allee  Blanche  (al -la'  blonsh).  [F.,  ‘White 
Walk.’]  Ah  Alpine  valley  south  of  Mont  Blanc. 
Allee  Verte  (ill-la' vert).  [F.,  ‘Green  Walk.’] 
A double  avenue  of  limes  beginning  at  the 
western  end  of  the  Boulevard  d’Anvers  in  Brus- 
sels and  extending  along  the  bank  of  the  Wille- 
broeck  Canal.  It  was  formerly  a fashionable 
promenade. 

Alleghany  (al'e-ga-ni)  Mountains.  A name 
given  sometimes  to  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
(see  Appalachian),  and  sometimes  to  that  part 
of  this  system  which  lies  west  and  south  of  the 
Hudson;  but  usually  applied,  in  a restricted 
sense,  to  the  chain  which  in  Pennsylvania  lies 
east  of  the  Laurel  Hill  range.  This  chain  crosses 
the  western  extremity  of  Maryland,  traverses  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Virginia 
and  West  Virginia.  Also  the  Aileghanies. 

Alleghany  River.  See  Allegheny. 

Allegheny  ( al' e-gen ■ -i),  or  Allegheny  City. 
A city  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  situ- 
ated on  the  Allegheny  River  opposite  Pittsburg. 
It  is  an  important  railroad  center  and  has  extensive 
manufactures.  It  was  incorporated  with  Pittsburg  in 
1907. 

Allegheny,  or  Alleghany,  River.  The  chief 
head  stream  of  the  Ohio  River,  it  rises  in  Potter 
County,  Pennsylvania,  flows  through  Cattaraugus  County, 
New  York,  reenters  Pennsylvania,  flows  southwest,  and 
unites  with  the  Monongahela  at  Pittsburg  to  form  the 
Ohio.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  French  Creek,  the  Clarion, 
and  the  Conemaugh.  Its  length  is  about  300  miles,  and  it 
is  navigable  about  200  miles. 

Allegheny  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Meadville,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated 
in  1817.  It  is  under  the  control  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church. 

Allegri,  Antonio.  See  Correggio. 

Allegri  (al-la'gre),  Gregorio.  Born  at  Rome 
about  1580:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  18,  1652.  An 
Italian  composer. 

His  name  is  most  commonly  associated  with  a “Mise- 
rere’’for  nine  voices  in  two  choirs,  which  is,  or  was  till 
lately,  sung  annually  in  the  Pontifical  Chapel  during  the 
Holy  Week,  and  is  held  to  be  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
compositions  which  have  ever  been  dedicated  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Homan  Church.  There  was  a time  when  it 
was  so  much  treasured  that  to  copy  it  was  a crime  visited 
with  excommunicalion.  Notthat  its  possession  was  even 
thus  confined  to  the  Sistine  Chapel.  Dr.  Eurney  got  a 
copy  of  it.  Mozart  took  down  the  notes  while  the  choir 
were  singing  it,  and  Choron,  the  Frenchman,  managed  to 
insert  it  in  his  “Collection  ” of  pieces  used  in  Rome  dur- 
ing the  Holy  Week.  Leopold  I.,  a great  lover  of  music, 
sent  his  ambassador  to  the  Pope  with  a formal  request  for 
a copy  of  it,  which  was  granted  to  him. 

Grove,  Diet,  of  Music. 
Alleguash  (al'e-gwosh),  or  Allegash.  A river 
in  northern  Maine,  a branch  of  the  St.  John. 
Alleine,  Edward.  See  Alleyne. 

Alleine  (al'en),  Joseph.  Born  at  Devizes, 
England,  1634:  died  Nov.  17,  1668.  An  Eng- 
lish Puritan  clergyman,  ejected  under  the  Uni- 
formity Act  of  1662:  author  of  “An  Alarm  to 
the  Unconverted”  (1672),  etc. 

Alleine,  Richard.  Born  at  Ditcheat,  Somer- 
set, England,  1011:  died  Dee.  22,  1681.  An 
English  Puritan  clergyman,  ejected  under  the 
Uniformity  Act  of  1662:  author  of  “Vindiciae 
Pietatis”  (1663),  etc. 

Alleine,  William.  Born  at  Ditcheat,  Somerset- 
shire, in  1614:  died  at  Yeovil,  Somersetshire, 
Oct.,  1677.  An  English  Puritan  clergyman, 
brother  of  Richard  Alleine.  He  was  ejected  under 
the  Act  of  Uniformity  of  1662 ; author  of  two  books  on 
the  millennium,  etc. 

Allemame  (al-man').  An  obsolete  name  of 
Germany. 

Allemand  (al-mon'),  Comte  Zacharie  Jacques 
Theodore.  Born  at  Port  Louis,  Mauritius, 
1762 : died  at  Toulon,  March  2, 1826.  A French 
naval  commander. 

Allen  (al'en).  Atownshipin  Michigan,  60  miles 
southwest  of  Lansing.  Population,  1,253,  (1910). 
Allen,  Arabella,  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Pick- 
wick Papers,”  a young  lady,  afterward  Mrs. 
Nathaniel  Winkle. 

Allen,  Barbara.  See  Barbara  Allen’s  Cruelty. 
Allen,  Benjamin.  In  Charles  Dickens’s  “Pick- 
wick Papers,”  “a  coarse,  stout,  thick-set” 
young  surgeon,  “with  black  hair  cut  rather 
short  and  a white  face  cut  rather  long.” 

Allen,  Bog  of.  A group  of  peat  morasses 
in  Eildare,  King’s  County,  Queen’s  County, 
and  Westmeath,  Ireland. 

Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Copenhagen, 
April  23,  1811:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  27, 
1871.  A Danish  historian,  author  of  hand- 


Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand 

books  of  Danish  history,  of  a “History  of  the 
Three  Northern  Kingdoms  ” (1864-72),  etc. 
Allen,  Charles  Grant  Blairfindie : pseudo- 
nyms Cecil  Power,  J.  Arbuthnot  Wilson. 

Born  at  Kingston,  Canada,  Feb.  24, 1848  : died 
at  Haslemere,  Surrey,  Oct.  25,  1899.  A British 
naturalist  and  novelist. 

Allen,  Elisha  Hunt.  Born  at  New  Salem, 
Mass.,  Jan.  28, 1804 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Jan.  1,  1883.  A politician  and  diplomatist.  He 

was  a Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Maine  1841-43,  and 
Hawaiian  chief  justice  and  minister  to  the  United  States. 

Allen,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Chase):  pseudonym 
Florence  Percy.  Born  Oct.  9,  1832 : died  Aug. 
7, 1911.  An  American  poet  and  general  writer. 
She  was  also  known  as  Mrs.  Akers  Allen  (from  Paul  Akers, 
the  sculptor,  her  first,  husband).  Among  her  poems  she 
wrote  “Rock  Me  to  Sleep,  Mother.” 

Allen,  Ethan.  Born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Jan. 
10, 1737 : died  atBurlington,  Vt.,  Feb.  21  (N.  S.), 
1789.  A noted  American  Revolutionary  com- 
mander, colonel  of  the  “Green  Mountain  Boys.” 
He  captured  Fort  Ticonderoga  from  the  British  May  10, 
1775  ; was  a prisoner  1775-78 ; and  was  later  commander 
of  Vermont  militia.  He  wrote  “Reason  the  only  Oracle 
of  Man  " (1784). 

Allen,  Harrison.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
April  17,  1841 : died  there,  Nov.  14,  1897.  An 
American  anatomist  and  naturalist.  He  was 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States  army  1862-65,  and 
professor  (of  comparative  anatomy  and  later  of  physiology) 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  from  1865. 

Allen,  Henry.  Born  at  Northampton,  N.  H., 
Feb.  2,  1748:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  June  14, 
17 84.  The  founder  of  a short-lived  religious  sect 
in  Nova  Scotia,  named  from  him  “Allenites.” 
His  peculiar  doctrine  related  chiefly  to  the  fall,  and  to  the 
creation  of  the  material  world,  which  he  regarded  as  a 
consequence  of  the  fall. 

Allen,  Ira.  Born  at  Cornwall,  Conn.,  April  21, 
1751:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  7,  1814. 
An  American  Revolutionary  soldier  and  poli- 
tician, brother  of  Ethan  Allen.  He  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Bennington  in  1777,  was  a member  of  the 
Vermont  legislature  1776-77,  secretary  of  state,  trea- 
surer, and  surveyor-general ; and  was  sent  as  a delegate  to 
the  convention  which  ratified  the  Federal  Constitution  in 
1792.  Having  been  appointed  major-general,  he  went  in 
1795  to  Europe  to  purchase  arms.  On  the  return  voyage 
he  was  captured  by  the  English,  and  brought  to  England 
on  a charge  of  supplying  the  Irish  rebels  with  arms,  and 
was  acquitted  only  after  a suit  of  eight  years  in  the  Court 
of  Admiralty.  He  wrote  “ The  Natural  and  Political  His- 
tory of  Vermont  “ (1798),  etc. 

Allen,  Joel  Asaph.  Born  at  Springfield,  Mass. , 
July  19,  1838.  An  American  naturalist,  noted 
as  a mammalogist.  He  was  assistant  in  ornithology 
at  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge 
1871-85,  and  curator  of  the  department  of  Mammalia  and 
birds  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York,  1885-.  He  accompanied  Agassiz  in  his  expedition 
to  Brazil  in  1865. 

Allen,  John.  Born  at  Colinton,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  3,  1771:  died  at  Dulwich,  England, 
April  10,  1843.  A British  political  and  histori- 
cal writer,  secretary  to  Lord  Holland:  author 
of  “ Growth  of  the  Royal  Prerogative  in  Eng- 
land” (1830),  etc. 

Allen,  Philip.  Bom  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Sept. 
1,  1785 : died  at  Providence,  Dec.  16, 1865.  An 
American  politician,  Democratic  governor  of 
Rhode  Island  1851-53,  and  United  States  sena- 
tor 1853-59. 

Allen,  Ralph.  Bom  1694 : died  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, June  29, 1764.  An  English  philanthropist, 
known  chiefly  as  the  friend  of  Fielding,  Pope, 
and  Pitt.  He  was  of  obscure  birth,  but  acquired  a for- 
tune by  devising  (1720)  a system  of  cross-posts  for  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  and  made  a liberal  use  of  his  wealth. 
He  was  the  original  of  Allworthy  in  Fielding’s  “Tom 
Jones,”  and  i3  well  known  from  Pope's  lines  in  the  “Epi- 
logue to  the  Satires  of  Horace”: 

“Let  humble  Allen  with  an  awkward  shame 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  find  it  fame.” 

Allen,  Robert.  Born  in  Ohio  about  1815  • died 
at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Aug.  6,  1886.  An 
American  soldier.  He  was  a graduate  of  the  United 
States  Militaiy  Academy  (1836),  and  was  brevetted  major 
April  18,  1847,  for  gallant  conduct  in  the  battle  of  Cerro 
Gordo,  and  major-general  March  13, 1865.  He  became  assis- 
tant quartermaster-general  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  July 
28,  1866,  and  retired  March  21,  1878. 

Allen,  Samuel.  Born  in  England,  about  1636 : 
died  at  Newcastle,  N.  H.,  May  5,  1705.  An 
English  merchant,  proprietor  and  governor  in 
New  Hampshire. 

Allen,  Thomas.  Born  at  Uttoxeter,  Stafford- 
shire, England,  Dec.  21,  1542 : died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Sept.  30,  1632.  An  English  mathe- 
matician and  antiquary,  of  great  eminence  in 
his  day.  He  is  best  known  from  his  collection  of  MSS. 
of  astronomy,  astrology,  etc.,  copies  of  some  of  which  are 
preserved. 

Allen,  or  Alan,  William.  Bom  at  Rossall, 
Lancashire,  England,  1532:  died  at  Rome,  Oct. 
16,  1594.  An  English  cardinal  and  controver- 
VI.  3 


41 

sialist,  a graduate  of  Oxford,  appointed  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mary’s  Hall  in  1556.  He  fled  to  Lou- 
vain in  1561,  and  founded  the  Catholic  seminary  at  Douay, 
Sept.  29,  1568.  In  1587  he  was  created  cardinal  by  Sixtus 
V.,  and  commissioned  to  reorganize  ecclesiastical  affairs 
in  England  after  the  kingdom  should  have  been  conquered 
by  Philip  II.  He  was  implicated  in  various  conspiracies 
against  Elizabeth,  and  became  the  leader  of  the  Spanish 
party  among  English  Catholics. 

Allen,  William.  Born  at  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
Jan.  2,  1784:  died  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  July 
16,  1868.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man and  author,  president  of  Bowdoin  College 
1820-39. 

Allen,  William.  Bom  at  Edenton,  N.  C.,  1806 : 
died  July  11,  1879.  A lawyer  and  politician, 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio 
1833-35,  United  States  senator  1837-49,  gover- 
nor of  Ohio  1874-76.  He  was  the  leading  ex- 
pounder of  the  “Ohio  Idea”  (which  see). 
Allen,  William  Francis.  Born  at  Northbor- 
ough,  Mass.,  Sept.  5, 1830:  died  Dec.,  1889.  An 
American  classical  scholar.  He  was  a graduate  of 
Harvard  (1851),  and  was  appointed  professor  of  Latin  in 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1867.  He  was  the  author  of 
a series  of  Latin  text-books,  etc. 

Allen,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Oct.  21, 1784 . died  at  Plymouth,  England, 
Aug.  15,  1813.  An  American  naval  comman- 
der. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
was  mortally  wounded  while  in  command  of  the  Argus. 

Allen,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Manchester, 
Maine,  March  27,  1808:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  29, 1882.  An  American  educator.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  Bowdoin  College  (1833),  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  and  afterward  of  philosophy  and  English  lit- 
erature at  Dickinson  College,  president  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia College  at  Gettysburg  1865-66,  and  president  of  Girard 
College  1850-62  and  1867-82. 

Allen,  Zachariah.  Born  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
in  1795 : died  in  1882.  An  American  scientist 
and  inventor.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  University 
in  1813,  studied  law,  aud  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1815.  Later  he  became  a manufacturer.  He  is  credited 
with  the  first  construction  (1821)  of  a hot-air  furnace  for 
the  heating  of  dwelling-houses.  In  1833  he  patented  his 
invention  of  the  automatic  cut-off  valve  for  Bteam-en- 
gines.  He  was  president  of  the  Rhode  Island  Historical 
Society  1880-82.  He  published  “The  Science  of  Me- 
chanics ”(1829),  “ Philosophy  of  the  Mechanics  of  Nature,” 
“The  Rhode  Island  System  of  Treatment  of  the  Indians, 
and  of  establishing  Civil  and  Religious  Liberty  ”(1876),  “So- 
lar Light  aud  Heat,  the  Source  and  Supply  ” (1879),  etc. 

Allenburg  (al'len-borG).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alle 
30  miles  southeast  of  Konigsberg. 

Allendale  (al'en-dal).  A town  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  27  miles  west  of  Newcastle. 
Allendale.  A township  and  town  in  Barnwell' 
County,  South  Carolina,  67  miles  southwest  of 
Columbia.  Population,  town,  1,453,  (1910). 
Allende  (al-yan'da),  Ignacio.  Born  in  San 
Miguel  el  Grande  (since  named  San  Miguel  de 
Allende,  in  his  honor),  Jan.  27,  1779:  exe- 
cuted in  Chihuahua,  June  26,  1811.  A Mexi- 
can patriot,  son  of  a Spaniard,  Narciso  Allende, 
and  a captain  in  the  Spanish  army,  with  his 
regiment  he  declared  for  Mexican  independence  Sept., 
1810,  and  joined  the  insurrection  of  Hidalgo.  He  was 
betrayed  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  May  21,  1811, 
and  shot. 

Allende.  A hamlet  and  hacienda  in  southern 
Chihuahua,  formerly  called  Sau  Bartolome,  and 
the  first  Spanish  establishment  in  Chihuahua 
(1570). 

Allende,  or  Allende  San  Miguel.  See  San 

Miguel  de  Allende. 

Allendorf  (al'len-dorf).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Werra  17  miles  east  of  Cassel. 

Allenstein  (alTen-stin).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alle  63 
miles  south  of  Konigsberg.  Near  here,  Feb.,  1807, 
the  French  under  Soult  defeated  the  Russians  and  Prus- 
Bians.  Population,  27,422. 

Allentown  (al'en-toun).  A borough  in  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey,  11  miles  southeast 
of  Trenton.  Population,  634,  (1910). 
Allentown.  A city,  the  capital  of  Lehigh 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Lehigh 
50  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia.  It  has  ex- 

tensive  iron  manufactures  and  a large  trade  in  coal  and 
iron,  and  is  the  seat  of  Allentown  College  for  Women  and 
Muhlenberg  College.  Population,  51,913,  (1910). 

Aller  (al'ler).  A river  in  northern  Germany 
which  joins  the  Woser  18  miles  southeast  of 
Bremen.  Its  length  is  about  100  miles  and  it  is 
navigable  from  Celle. 

Allerheiiigen  (iil-lor-hi'li-gen).  [G.,  ‘All 
Saints.’]  A ruined  Premonstrant  abbey  in  the 
Black  Forest,  Baden,  near  Oherkirch. 
Allerheim  (al'ler-him)  on  the  Ries,  or  Allers- 
heim  (al'lers-him).  A village  6 miles  south- 
east of  Nordlingen,  Bavaria.  Here,  Aug.  3,  1646, 


All  is  True 

the  French  under  Condd  defeated  the  Imperialists  under 
Mercy  (who  fell).  It  is  sometimes  called  the  second  battle 
of  Nordlingen. 

Allerton  (al'er-ton),  Isaac.  Born  about  1583: 
died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1659.  One  of  the 
“Pilgrim  Fathers,”  a colonist  at  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts,  1620,  and  agent  of  the  Plymouth 
Colony  in  Europe. 

Allestree  (als'tre),  or  Allestry,  Richard. 

Born  at  Uppington, Shropshire, England,  March, 
1619  (1621?):  died  at  London,  Jan.  28,  1681. 
An  English  royalist  divine  and  scholar.  He 
was  appointed  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king  and  regius 
professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford  in  1663,  and  provosi  of 
Eton  College  in  1665.  Author  of  “Privileges  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,”  etc.  (1647),  and  of  several  collectious 
of  sermons. 

Allevard  (al-var').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Isere,  France,  situated  on  the  Breda  23 
miles  northeast  of  Grenoble.  Population, 
2,560. 

Alley,  The.  See  Change  Alley. 

Alleyne  (al'en),  Edward.  Born  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Botolph,  London,  Sept.  1,  1566:  died 
Nov.  25,  1626.  A celebrated  actor,  and  the 
founderof  Dulwich  College  (incorporatedl619). 
He  served  with  the  Earl  of  Worcester’s  players,  the  Earl 
of  Nottingham's,  or  the  Lord  Admiral's,  company,  and 
Lord  Strange’s  players,  and  also  engaged  in  various  enter- 
prises  with  Philip  Henslowe.  He  is  frequently  mentioned 
with  praise  by  contemporary  writers.  His  name  first 
appears  as  an  actor  in  a list  of  the  Earl  of  Worcester’s 
players  in  1586,  and  he  was  said  by  Nash  in  “ Pierce  Peni- 
lesse”  in  1592  to  be  one  of  the  four  greatest  English 
actors.  His  last  known  appearance  was  in  1603-04  when 
he  delivered  a reception  address  to  James  I.  He  is  said 
to  have  excelled  in  tragedy.  He  built,  with  Henslowe, 
the  “Fortune”  Theater  in  1600,  in  which  he  played  at  the 
head  of  the  Lord  Admiral's  company.  He  began  to  build 
Dulwich  College  in  1613,  and  personally  managed  its 
affairs  after  its  completion.  Also  Alleyn. 

All  Fools,  or  All  Fools  hut  the  Fool.  A 

tragi-comedy  by  Chapman,  printed  in  1605.  it 
was  first  called  “The  World  on  Wheels  ” and  registered 
in  1599.  It  is  considered  the  best  of  his  comedies. 

All  for  Love,  or  The  World  Well  Lost.  A 

tragedy  by  Dryden  produced  in  1678.  it  is  based 
on  Shakspere’s  “ Antony  and  Cleopatra.'’  In  this  play  he 
abandoned  rime. 

Allia  (al'i-a),  or  Alia  (a'li-a).  In  ancient 
geography,  a small  river  in  Latium,  Italy,  the 
modem  Aga,  which  joins  the  Tiber  about  10 
miles  north  of  Rome.  On  its  hanks  in  390  (388  ? 387 1) 
B.  c.,  the  Gauls  under  Brennus  defeated  the  Romans.  The 
battle  was  followed  by  the  capture  and  sack  of  Rome. 

Alliance,  The.  See  Farmers'  Alliance. 
Alliance  (a-li'ans).  A city  in  Stark  County, 
Ohio,  situated  on  the  Mahoning  River  48  miles 
southeast  of  Cleveland.  Population,  15,083, 
(1910). 

Allibone  (al'i-bon),  Samuel  Austin.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  April  17,  1816:  died  at  Lucerne. 
Switzerland,  Sept.  2, 1889.  An  American  bibli- 
ographer, at  one  time  librarian  of  the  Lenox 
Library  in  New  York  city.  He  was  the  authorof  a 
“Dictionary  of  English  Literature  and  British  and  Ameri- 
can Authors”  (3  vols.  1854-71 ; Supplement,  by  Dr.  John 
Foster  Kirk,  2 vols.  1891),  and  of  various  other  works,  in- 
cluding “Poetical  Quotations”  and  “Prose  Quotations." 
Allier  (al-ya').  A department  of  France,  capi- 
tal Moulins,  bounded  by  Cher  on  the  north- 
west, Nievre  on  the  north,  Saone-et-Loire  oa 
the  east,  Loire  on  the  southeast,  Puy-de-Dome 
on  the  south,  and  Creuse  on  the  west,  it  was 

formed  chiefly  from  part  of  the  ancient  Bourbonnais. 
Area,  2,848  square  miles.  Population,  417,961. 

Allier.  A river  in  central  France,  the  ancient 
Elaver,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Lozere, 
flows  north,  and  joins  the  Loire  5 miles  west 
of  Nevers.  Its  length  is  about  220  miles,  and 
it  is  navigable  from  Fontanes. 

Alligator  Swamp  (al'i-ga-tor  swomp).  A large 
swamp  in  North  Carolina,  between  Pamlico 
and  Albemarle  Sounds. 

Allingham  (al'ing-ham),  William.  Born  at 
Ballyshannon,  Ireland,  1828:  died  1889.  An 
Irish  poet.  He  published  “Poems”  (1850),  “Day  and 
Night ” (1854),  “Lawrence  Bloomfield  in  Ireland"  (1864), 
etc. 

Allison  (al'i-son),  William  B.  Born  at  Perry, 
Ohio,  March  21,  1829:  died  Aug.  4,  1908.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Republican  member 
of  Congress  from  Iowa  1863-71,  United  States  senator  1873- 
1908,  and  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination  for 
President  in  1888. 

All  is  True.  A play,  probably  by  Shakspere, 
an  earlier  form  of  “Henry  VIII.,”  which  is 
chiefly  by  Fletcher  and  Massinger,  Shakspere’s 
share  in  the  latter  not  being  large,  it  is  founded 
on  Holinshed’s  “Chronicle ” and  Fox’s  “Martyrs."  Wot- 
ton  describes  it  as  “ the  play  of  Henry  VIII  ,”  but  Lorkin 
says  “it  was  a new  play  called  All  is  True,  representing 
some  principal  pieces  of  Henry  VIII.”  Portions  of  it  are 
now  embedded  in  “Henry  VIII.,"  as  we  have  it.  The 
Globe  Theater  caught  lire  during  its  performance,  March 
29,  1613,  and  the  manuscript  perished. 


Allix 


42 


Almeida 


Allix  (a-leks'),  Jacques  Alexandre  Fran- 
cois. Born  Sept.  21,  1776.  died  Jan.  26,  1836. 
A French  general  and  military  writer.  He  served 
as  a colonel  at  Marengo  in  1800,  and  later  in  the  service  of 
Jerome  Bonaparte,  king  of  Westphalia;  was  exiled  from 
France  July  24,  1815,  and  recalled  in  1819.  Author  of 
“Systfeme  d’artUlerie  de  campagne  ” (1827). 

Allix,  Pierre.  Born  at  Alen<jon,  France,  1641: 
died  at  London,  March  3, 1717.  A French  Prot- 
estant divine  and  controversialist,  an  exile  in 
London  after  1685. 

Allman  (al'man),  George  James.  Bom  at 
Cork,  1812:  died  Nov.  24,  1898.  A British 
zoologist,  regius  professor  of  natural  history 
and  regius  keeper  of  the  Natural  History  Mu- 
seum in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  1855-70. 
Alloa  (al'6-a).  A seaport  in  Clackmannanshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  6 miles 
east  of  Stirling.  Population,  11,417. 
Allobroges  (a-lob'ro-jez).  In  ancient  history, 
a Celtic  people  of  southeastern  Gaul,  dwelling 
between  the  Rhone  and  the  Isere,  northward 
to  Lake  Geneva.  They  occupied  also  a tract  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Rhone.  The  chief  town  of  the  tribe 
was  Vienne.  They  were  subjected  to  Rome  121  B.  C. 

The  Allobroges  were  Celts,  though  their  name  means 
‘those  of  another  march  or  district’ : they  were  so  called 
doubtless  by  some  of  their  Celtic  neighbours,  but  the 
name  which  they  gave  themselves  is  unknown. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  5. 

Alien  (al'on),  Henry.  Bom  at  Welton,  York- 
shire, England,  Oct.  13,  1818 : died  at  London, 
April  16,  1892.  An  English  Congregational 
clergyman  and  author,  editor  after  1865  of  the 
“ British  Quarterly  Review.” 

Allouez  (a-16-a'),  Claude  Jean.  Bom  in 
France,  1620 : died  in  Indiana,  1690.  A French 
Jesuit  in  America.  He  explored  the  regions  of  Lake 
Superior  and  parts  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  established  a 
mission  at  Chemorniegon  on  Lake  Superior  in  1665,  ami 
rebuilt  Marquette’s  abandoned  mission  at  Kaskaskia,  Il- 
linois, in  1676. 

Alloway  Kirk  (al'o-wa  kerk).  A ruined  church 
in  the  parish  of  Ayr,  Scotland,  near  the  Doon, 
rendered  famous  by  Burns  in  “ Tam  o’  Shanter.” 
All  Saints’  Bay.  A harbor  on  the  coast  of 
the  state  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  in  lat.  13°  S.,  long. 
38°  30'  W. 

Allsop  (al'sop),  Thomas.  Born  near  Wirks- 
worth,  Derbyshire,  April  10,  1795:  died  at  Ex- 
mouth in  1880.  An  English  stock-broker  and 
author.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Coleridge,  and  was 
known  as  his  “favorite  disciple.”  He  shared  the  theories 
and  was  also  the  friend  of  such  men  as  Cobbett,  Mazzini,  etc. 
All  Souls  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, founded  in  1437,  by  Archbishop  Chi- 
chele, to  provide  masses  for  the  souls  of  the  de- 
parted, especially  those  killed  in  the  Hundred 
Years’  War.  The  first  quadrangle,  with  its  fine  gate, 
remains  as  when  first  built ; the  chapel  possesses  beautiful 
fan-tracery  and  reredos.  The  second  quadrangle,  with  its 
two  towers,  was  built  1720.  The  statutes  of  the  college 
were  formally  issued  April  2,  1443. 

Allstedt  (al'stet).  A town  in  Saxe-Weimar, 
Germany  situated  on  the  Rhone  32  miles  north 
of  Weimar.  It  is,  with  its  territory,  an  enclave  sur- 
rounded by  Prussia,  and  is  situated  in  the  Goldene  Aue. 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Allston  (al'ston),  Washington.  Born  at  Wac- 
camaw,  S.  C.,  Nov.  5, 1779 : died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  July  9, 1843.  An  American  painter.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  (1800),  studied  at  the 
Royal  Academy  and  at  Rome,  and  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1809.  His  work  covers  a wide  range,  including 
portraits,  genre,  landscapes,  marines,  historical  paintings, 
etc. 

All’s  Well  that  ends  Well.  A comedy  by 
Shakspere,  played  in  1601.  Portions  of  this  play 
were  written  not  later  than  1593,  but  the  play  as  we  have 
it  was  written  after  1600,  probably  just  before  its  produc- 
tion. It  was  first  printed  in  the  folio  of  1623.  The  plot 
is  from  “Giletta  of  Narbonne”  in  Painter’s  “Palace  of 
Pleasure,”  who  took  it  in  1566  from  the  Decameron  of 
Boccaccio.  The  story  is  followed  closely,  but  the  coun- 
tess, the  clown,  Lafeu,  and  Parolles  are  8hakspere’s  own. 

All-the-Talents  Administration.  A name 
given  ironically  to  the  English  ministry  of 
1806-07.  Among  the  leading  members  were  Grenville 
(premier),  Fox  (foreign  secretary),  Erskine,  and  Lords 
Fitzwilliam,  Sidmouth,  and  Ellenborough. 

Allwit  (al'wit).  A character  in  Middleton’s 
“Chaste  Maid  in  Cheapside,”  contented  to  he 
made  a fool  of. 

Allworth  (al'werth),  Lady.  A rich  widow  in 
Massinger’s  play  “A  New  Way  to  pay  Old 
Debts.” 

Allworth,  Tom.  In  Massinger’s  play  “A  New 
Way  to  pay  Old  Debts,”  a young  gentleman, 
page  to  Lord  Lovell. 

Allworthy  (al'wer"THi),  Thomas.  In  Field- 
ing’s novel  “Tom  Jones,”  a squire  of  large 
fortune,  the  foster-father  of  the  foundling  Tom 
J ones.  He  is  depicted  as  a man  of  the  most  upright  and 
attractive  character  — a sharp  contrast  to  Squire  Western. 
He  Is  a portrait  of  Fielding's  friend  Ralph  Allen. 


Allyn  (al'in),  Ellen.  A pseudonym  of  Chris- 
tina Georgina  Rossetti. 

Alma  (al'ma).  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,” 
the  Queen  of  Body  Castle : the  soul  dwelling  in 
the  body  (the  House  of  Temperance). 

Alma.  A pseudonym  used  by  Miss  C.  M.  Yonge 
in  some  of  her  novels. 

Alma,  or  the  Progress  of  the  Mind.  A poem 
by  Prior. 

Alma  (al'ma).  A river  in  the  Crimea,  Russia, 
which  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  about  20  miles 
north  of  Sebastopol.  Near  its  mouth,  Sept.  20, 1854, 
the  Allies  (about  27,000  British  under  Lord  Raglan,  about 
22,000  French  under  St.  Arnaud,  and  5,000-7,000  Turks) 
defeated  the  Russians  (35,000-45,000)  under  Menshikoff. 
The  loss  of  the  Allies  was  about  3,400 ; that  of  the  Rus- 
sians about  6,000. 

Almaach,  or  Aimak  (al'mak).  [Ar.,  probably 
‘ the  hoot.’]  The  fine  second-magnitude  triple 
star  y Andromeda?,  in  the  foot  of  the  constel- 
lation. 

Almack’s  (al'maks).  1.  A gaming-club  estab- 
lished by  William  Almack  in  Pall  Mall,  London, 
before  1763,  afterward  the  Whig  club  known 
as  “Brook’s.”  "Among  the  twenty-seven  original 
members  of  Almack’s  Club  were  the  Duke  of  Portland  and 
Charles  James  Fox,  and  it  was  subsequently  joined  by 
Gibbon,  William  Pitt,  and  very  many  noblemen.”  S.  L. 
Lee,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

2.  Famous  assembly-rooms  built  by  Almack  in 
1764,  and  opened  Feb.  20,  1765,  in  King  street, 
St.  James.  “At  the  beginning  of  this  century  admis- 
sion to  Almack’s  was  described  as  ‘the  seventh  heaven 
of  the  fashionable  world,’  and  its  high  reputation  did  not 
decline  before  1840."  (S.  L.  Lee,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.)  These 
rooms  are  commonly  called  “Willis’s,"  after  the  next 
proprietor. 

Alma  Dagh.  See  Amanus. 

Alma  Island  (al'ma  i'land).  An  island  in  the 
Saguenay  River,  Canada,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake 
St.  John. 

Almada  (al-ma'da).  A port  in  the  province  of 
Estremadura,  Portugal,  on  the  Tagus  opposite 
Lisbon.  Population,  7,890. 

Almaden  ( al  - ma  - den  ' ),  or  Almad6n  de 
Azogue  (iil-ma-den'  da  a-tho'ga).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  in  iat. 
38°  44'  N.,  long.  4°  52'  W.  : the  ancient  Sisa- 
pon.  It  is  celebrated  fur  its  quicksilver-mines,  which 
were  worked  by  the  Romans  and  Moors  and  are  now 
crown  property.  Population,  7,375. 

Almagest  (al'ma-jest),  The.  See  the  extract. 

The  best  known  of  the  works  of  Ptolemy  is  his  “ Great 
Construction  Of  Astronomy  ” (ueyaA r)  (rvi'Tagu;  aerrporo- 

ju.ia.5)  in  thirteen  books.  To  distinguish  this  from  the  work 
on  astrology  in  four  books  only,  or  the  “four-book  con- 
struction" (rerpa3i/3Aos  criirTafis),  the  lengthened  trea- 
tise on  spherical  astronomy  was  called  >}  fityurr^  avv to£  i? 
(“the  greatest  construction”)  or  simply  the  /veyicrTi), 
from  which  the  Arabs,  by  prefixing  their  article,  framed 
the  title  Tabrir  al  Magisthi,  under  wiiich  the  book  was 
published  in  A.  ».  827,  and  from  this  is  derived  the  name 
Almagest  by  which  Ptolemy’s  great  work  is  familiarly 
known.  . . . The  first  book  lays  down  the  mathematical 
principles  of  his  system.  . . . The  second  book  deals  with 
the  problems  connected  with  the  determination  of  the 
obliquity  of  the  sphere.  In  the  third  book  he  fixes  the 
length  of  the  year  at  365|  days  and  explains  his  cele- 
brated theory  of  excentrics  and  epicycles.  The  fourth 
book  treats  of  the  moon,  criticising  the  results  obtained 
by  Hipparchus.  In  the  fifth  he  describes  the  astrolabe  of 
Hipparchus  with  which  that  astronomer  discovered  the 
moon’s  second  inequality,  called  by  Bullialdus  the  erec- 
tion. The  sixth  book  treats  of  eclipses.  The  seventh  treats 
of  the  stars,  with  reference  to  their  movement  from  west 
to  east,  which  Hipparchus  had  established ; but  by  redu- 
cing this  motion  from  48"  to  36"  in  a year  Ptolemy  increases 
the  error  of  his  predecessor.  In  the  eighth  book  he  gives, 
with  slight  variations,  the  celebrated  catalogue  of  tire  stars 
drawn  up,  as  we  have  seen,  by  Hipparchus,  and  introduces 
also  a description  of  the  Milky  Way.  The  ninth  book  treats 
of  the  planets  in  general ; the  tenth  of  Venus;  the  eleventh 
of  Jupiter  and  Saturn.  In  the  twelfth  he  gives  us  the  pro- 
gressions and  retrogradations  of  the  planets,  and  in  the 
thirteenth  lie  discusses  their  movements  in  latitude,  and 
the  inclinations  of  their  orbits. 

E.  O.  Muller , Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  264. 

[( Donaldson . ) 

Almagro  (al-ma'gro).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  14  miles  southeast 
of  Ciudad  Real.  It.  has  noted  lace  manufactures  and 
is  tlie  center  of  a district  producing  the  wine  of  Valde- 
penas.  Population,  7,974. 

Almagro,  Diego  de.  Born  probably  at  Aldea 
del  Rey,  about  1475,  but  according  to  some  ac- 
counts a foundling  in  Almagro,  1464:  executed 
July  10  (12?),  1538.  A Spanish  soldier,  one  of  the 
conquerors  of  Peru.  He  went  to  Panama  with  Pedrarias 
in  1514,  and  in  1525  joined  Pizarro  and  Luque  in  an  enter- 
prise for  conquest  toward  the  south.  He  went  down 
the  coast  with  Pizarro  as  early  as  1526;  and  when, 
after  his  return  from  Spain,  Pizarro  sailed  for  Peru  (Jan., 
1531),  Almagro  followed,  late  in  the  same  year,  with  three 
vessels  and  150  men,  and  joined  him  at  Cajamarca  about 
tlie  middle  of  February,  1533,  before  the  death  of  Ata- 
liualpa.  Here  a violent  quarrel  (the  second)  between  them 
took  place;  but  areconciliation  was  effected  and  Almagro 
took  an  active  part  in  the  march  on  Cuzco.  In  1535  he 
was  sent  to  conquer  Chile,  of  which  he  was  made  governor. 
He  went  as  far  south  as  Coquiinbo.  hut  finding  nothing  of 
the  coveted  riches,  turned  back,  laid  claim  to  Cuzco  as 


the  territory  assigned  to  him,  and  seized  the  city  by  sur- 
prise (April  8,  1537),  capturing  Hernando  and  Gonzalo 
Pizarro.  He  was  attacked  by  Alonzo  Alvarado,  who  was 
captured  with  his  whole  army  July  12, 1537.  Almagro  was 
finally  defeated  by  Hernando  Pizarro  at  Las  Salinas,  near 
Cuzco,  April  26,  1538,  and  he  was  soon  after  captured, 
tried,  and  beheaded. 

Almagro,  Diego  de,  surnamed  “The  Youth ” or 
“Lad.”  Born  at  Panama,  1520:  executed  at 
Cuzco  about  Sept.  25, 1542.  Son  of  Diego  de 
Almagro  and  of  an  Indian  mother.  He  accom- 
panied his  father  to  Chile  (1535-36)  and  after  his  death 
lived  in  poverty  at  Lima.  The  conspirators  who  killed 
Francisco  Pizarro  (June  26,  1541)  had  met  at  his  house, 
but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  was  actively  engaged  with 
them.  They,  however,  proclaimed  him  governor  of  Peru, 
and  part  of  the  country  submitted  to  him  ; but  the  royal- 
ists under  Vaca  de  Castro  defeated  him  at  Chupas,  Sept. 
16,  1542.  He  was  arrested  next  day  and  soon  after  be- 
headed. 

Almahide  (al-ma-ed').  A romance  by  Made- 
leine de  Seuderv,  founded  on  the  dissensions 
of  the  Zegris  and  Abencerrages. 

Almahyde  (al'nia-kid).  The  Queen  of  Granada 
in  Dryden’s  “Almanzor  and  Almahyde,  or  The 
Conquest  of  Granada.”  The  name  was  taken  from 
Madeleine  de  Scud^ry’s  novel  “ Almaliide." 

Almain  (al-man').  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Al- 
maijn,  Almaigne , etc.,  OF.  Aleman,  F.  Alleniand, 
German,  L.  Alamanni,  Alemanni:  see  Alaman- 
ni. ] An  old  name  for  Germany. 

Almali.  See  Elmalu. 

Al-Mamun  (al-ma-mon').  Born  786 : died  833. 
The  seventh  Abbasside  calif  of  Bagdad,  813-833, 
a younger  son  of  Harun-al-Rashid  : ‘ ‘ the  father 
of  letters  and  the  Augustus  of  Bagdad”  (Sis- 
mondi).  Also  Al-Mamoun,  Al-Mamon,  Mamun. 

Almansa  (al-man'sa),  or  Almanza  (al-miin'- 
tha.).  A town  in  the  province  of  Albacete, 
Spain,  59  miles  southwest  of  Valencia.  Popu- 
lation, 11,180. 

Almansa,  or  Almanza,  Battle  of.  A victory 
gained  by  the  French  and  Spanish  under  the 
Duke  of  Berwick  over  the  allied  British,  Dutch, 
and  Portuguese  under  Galway,  April  25, 1707. 
It  established  Philip  V.  on  the  Spanish  throne. 

Al-Mansur  (al-man-sor'),  or  Almansor  (al- 
man'sor)  (Abu  Jaffar  Abdallah).  [Ar.  Al- 
Mansur,  the  Victorious.]  Born  about  712:  died 
near  Mecca,  Oct.  18,  775.  The  second  Abbasside 
calif,  successor  of  his  brother  Abul-Abbas  Al- 
Saffah  in  754.  His  reign  was  marked  by  numerous 
revolts  which  were  suppressed  with  great  cruelty.  He 
transferred  the  seat  of  government  to  Bagdad,  which  lie 
built  with  great  splendor.  He  was  a patron  of  learning, 
and  under  his  inspiration  many  Greek  and  Latin  works, 
including  Plato,  Herodotus,  Homer,  and  Xenophon,  were 
translated  into  Arabic  and  other  Oriental  tongues. 

Almansur,  or  Almansor.  Born  near  Alge- 
ciras,  Andalusia,  939:  died  1002.  The  regent 
of  Cordova  under  the  sultan  Hisham  II.  He 
reconquered  from  the  Christians  the  territory  south  of 
the  Douro  and  Ebro,  extended  his  sway  over  a consider- 
able portion  of  western  Africa,  and  restored  the  waning 
power  of  the  califate  of  Cordova.  He  is  said  to  have 
starved  himself  to  death,  broken-hearted  over  the  defeat, 
after  fifty  actions,  of  Calatanazar  by  the  kings  of  Leon  and 
Navarre  and  the  Count  of  Castile. 

Almanzor  (al-man'zor).  The  calif  of  Arabia 
in  Chapman’s  “ Revenge  for  Honor.” 
Almanzor  and  Almahyde,  or  The  Conquest 
of  Granada  by  the  Spaniards.  A heroic  tra- 
gedy in  two  parts,  by  Dryden,  produced  in  1670. 
It  was  partly  taken  from  Mademoiselle  de  Scuddry’s  “ Al- 
mahide.”  It  is  usually  known  as  “The  Conquest  of  Gra- 
nada.” The  character  of  Almanzor,  a knight  errant  of  ex- 
travagant egotism,  is  caricatured  as  Drawcansir  in  “The 
Rehearsal.” 

Almaraz  (al-ma-rath').  A small  town  in  west- 
ern Spain,  on  the  Tagus  40  miles  northeast  of 
Caceres.  The  bridge  over  the  Tagus  was  built  in  1552. 
It  is  580  feet  long  and  25  feet  wide,  and  rises  134  feet 
above  the  water.  It  has  only  two  arches,  and  resembles 
the  great  Roman  works. 

Almarie.  See  Amalric  of  Bene. 

Alma-Tadema  (al'ma-ta'de-mii,),  Sir  Lau- 
rence. Born  at.  Dronryp,  Friesland,  Jan.  8, 
1836:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  June  25, 1912.  A paint- 
er noted  especially  for  his  representations  of 
Egyptian,  Greek,  and  Roman  life.  Knighted  in 
1899.  He  settled  in  London  in  1870  and  was  naturalized 
1873.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Vintage,”  “Catullus,” 
“The  Siesta,”  “Entrance  to  a Roman  Theatre,'1  “ Tarqui- 
nius  Superbus,”  “ Phidias,”  “An  Audience  at  Agrippas. 

Almaviva  (al-ma-ve7va),  Count.  A brilliant 
and  too  attractive  nobleman  in  Beaumarchais’s 
comedy  “ Le  Barbier  de  S4ville.”  He  is  the  lover 
of  Rosine,  and  succeeds,  with  the  aid  of  Figaro  the  barber, 
his  former  valet,  in  rescuing  her  from  old  Bartholo  and 
marrying  her  himself.  He  appears  in  the  “ Manage  de 
Figaro,”  already  tired  of  Rosine  his  wife,  and  in  “La  Mere 
Coupable  ” as  an  old  and  faded  beau.  He  also  appears  in 
the  operas  by  Paisiello  and  Rossini  founded  on  “ Le  Bar- 
bier.” 

Al-Megnum.  See  Bahalul. 

Almeida  (al-ma'e-dii).  A town  in  the  province 


Almeida 

of  Beira,  Portugal,  in  lat.  40°  46'  N.,  long.  6° 
50'  W.  It  was  captured  by  the  French  in  1810, 
and  retaken  by  Wellington  in  1811. 

Almeida,  Francisco  d’.  Born  at  Lisbon  about 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century : killed  at  Sal- 
danha  Bay,  South  Africa,  March  1,  1510.  A 
Portuguese  commander,  first  viceroy  of  Portu- 
guese India  1505-09.  He  conquered  Kilwa, 
Cannanore,  Cochin,  Kalikut,  Malacca,  etc.,  and 
defeated  the  Egyptian  fleet  in  1509. 

Almeida,  Nicolao  Tolentino.  Born  at  Lisbon, 
1745 : died  at  Lisbon,  1811.  A Portuguese 
poet  and  satirist.  He  published  a collection 
of  poems  in  1802. 

Almeida-Garrett  (al-ma'da-gar-ret'  or  -gar'- 
ret),  Joao  Baptista  d’.  Born  at  Oporto,  Por- 
tugal, Feb.  4,  1799:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  10, 
1854.  A Portuguese  poet,  dramatist,  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  the  author  of  the  poetical  works  “Ca- 
moes  ” (1825),  “ Dona  Branca  ” (1826),  “ Adozinda  ” (1828), 
“Romanceiro"  (1851-53),  and  of  “Auto  de  Gil-Vicente” 
(1838),  and  other  dramas. 

Almeisam  (al-me-i-sam').  [Ar.  al  meisdn,  the 
proud  marcher.]  A seldom  used  name  for 
Geminorum.  See  Alliena. 
melo  (al-ma-lo').  A town  iu  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,018. 

Alrnenara  (al-ma-na'ra).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Lerida,  Spain,  15  miles  northeast 
of  Lerida.  Here,  July  27,  1710,  the  Allies  un- 
der Starhemberg  and  Stanhope  defeated  the 
Spanish. 

Almerla  (al-ma-re'a).  A mountainous  prov- 
ince in  Andalusia,  Spain,  bounded  by  Murcia 
on  the  northeast,  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
southeast,  oast,  and  south,  and  Granada  on  the 
west  and  northwest.  It  contains  important 
lead-mines.  Area,  3,360  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 378,188. 

Almerla.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Almeria,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Almeria  iu  lat.  36°  50'  N.,  long.  2°  32'  W.:  the 
Goman  Portus  Magnus.  It  exports  lead,  esparto, 
etc.,  has  a cathedral,  and  is  well  fortified  It  was  an 
important  emporium  under  the  Moors.  Population, 
51,358. 

Almeria  (al-me'ri-a).  In  Congreve’s  play  “ The 
Mourning  Bride,”  the  (supposed)  widowed  bride 
of  Alphonso,  prince  of  Valentia.  It  is  she  who 
utters  the  familiar  words : 

“ Music  hath  charms  to  soothe  a savage  breast, 

To  soften  rocks,  or  bend  a knotted  oak.” 

Congreve,  Mourning  Bride,  i.  1 (ed.  1710). 

Almodovar,  or  Almodovar  del  Campo  (al- 
mo-do'var  del  kam'po).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  21  miles  southwest  of 
Ciudad  Real.  Population,  12,525. 

Almodovar  (al-md-do'var),  Count  of  (Ilde- 
fonso  Diaz  de  Ribera).  Bom  at  Granada, 
1777 : died  at  Valencia,  1846.  A Spanish  states- 
man.  He  was  imprisoned  and  exiled  in  the  reign  of 
Ferdinand  VII.,  was  afterward  minister  of  war  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Cortes,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1842-43.  ^ 

Almodovar  del  Rio  (al-mo-do'var  del  re'o).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Cordova,  Spain, 
situated  on  the  Guadalquivir  13  miles  south- 
west of  Cordova.  Population,  4,034. 

Almogia  (al-mo-He'a).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Malaga,  Spain,  12miles  northwest  of  Malaga. 
Population,  6,511. 

Almohades  (al'mo-hadz).  A Mohammedan 
dynasty  in  northern  Africa  and  Spain,  which 
superseded  the  Almoravides  about  the  middle 
of  the  12th  century : so  called  from  the  sect 
of  the  Muwahhidun  (worshipers  of  one  god), 
founded  by  Mohammed  ibn  Tumart.  The  family 
established  itself  in  the  provinces  of  Fez,  Morocco,  Tlem- 
cen,  Oran,  and  Tunis,  and  extended  its  conquests  to  Anda- 
lusia, Valencia,  and  a part  of  Aragon  and  Portugal.  It 
sustained  a decisive  repulse  at  Las  Navas  de  Tolosa,  July 
16, 1212,  at  the  hands  of  Alfonso  of  Castile,  aided  by  the 
kings  of  Aragon  and  Navarre,  and  became  extinct  in 
Spain  in  1257  and  in  Africa  in  1269. 

Almon  (al'mon),  John.  Bom  at  Liverpool,  Dec. 
17,  1737 : died  at  Boxmoor,  Dec.  12,  1805.  An 
English  publisher  and  political  pamphleteer, 
a friend  of  John  Wilkes. 

Almonacid  (al-mo-na-theTH').  A small  town 
situated  on  the  Guazelate  13  miles  southeast 
of  Toledo,  Spain.  Here,  Aug.  11,  1809,  the 
French  under  Sebastiani  defeated  the  Spanish 
under  Venegas. 

Almoudbury(ii'mqnd-ber//i,  locally  am'bri).  A 
town  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
on  the  Calder,  adjoining  Huddersfield.  Popu- 
lation, 14,436. 

Almonde  (al-mon'da),  Philippus  van.  Bom 
at  Briel,  Netherlands,  1646:  died  near  Leyden, 


43 

Jan.  6,  1711.  A Dutch  naval  officer,  made 
commander  of  the  fleet  on  the  death  of  De 
Ruyter  in  1676.  He  accompanied  William  of  Orange 
to  England  in  1688;  commanded  the  Dutch  fleet  at  La 
Hogue  in  1692  : and  commanded,  with  Sir  George  Rooke, 
the  allies  at  the  destruction  of  the  Spanish  fleet  in  the 
Bay  of  Vigo  1702. 

Almonte  (al-mon'ta),  Juan  Nepomuceno. 

Born  in  Guerrero,  1812:  died  at  Mexico,  1869. 
A Mexican  general,  of  mixed  Indian  blood, 
said  to  have  been  an  illegitimate  son  of  the 
revolutionist  Morelos.  He  served  under  Santa  Anna 
in  Texas,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  San 
Jacinto.  After  his  release  he  became  secretary  of  state, 
and  in  1841  was  appointed  minister  to  Washington.  He 
entered  a formal  protest  (1845)  against  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  and  demanded  his  passport.  In  1845  he  was  a can- 
didate for  the  presidency,  and  claimed  to  have  been  elected ; 
he  afterward  contributed  to  the  elevation  of  Paredes,  and 
was  his  minister  of  war.  In  the  war  with  the  United 
States  he  fought  at  Buenavista,  Cerro  Gordo,  and  Churu- 
buseo.  Under  Santa  Anna  Almonte  was  a second  time 
made  minister  to  Washington,  a position  which  he  re- 
tained until  1860.  Later  he  was  minister  to  France,  ac- 
companied the  French  expedition  to  Mexico  in  1862,  and 
was  a member  of  the  regency  appointed  after  the  city  of 
Mexico  was  taken.  Maximilian  made  him  grand  marshal. 
He  was  the  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on  the  geog- 
raphy of  Mexico. 

Almora  (al-mo'ra).  A district  in  Kumaun  di- 
vision, United  Provinces,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  29°  35'  N.,  long.  79°  40'  E. 
Almora.  The  capital  of  Almora  district  and 
Kumaun  division,  British  India,  in  lat.  29°  36' 
N.,  long.  79°  40'  E.  Population,  8,596. 
Almoravides  (al-mo'ra-vidz).  A Mohammedan 
dynasty  in  northwestern  Africa  and  Spain, 
founded  by  Abdallah  hen  Yasirn  (died  1058). 
His  successor  founded  Morocco  in  1062.  The  Almoravides 
under  Yussuf  defeated  Alfonso  VI.  of  Castile  at  Zalaca  in 
1086  and  the  dynasty  was  established  in  Spain.  It  was 
overthrown  by  the  Almohades  1146-47. 

A new  Berber  revolution  had  taken  place  in  North 
Africa,  and  a sect  of  fanatics,  called  the  marabouts  or 
saints  (Almoravides,  as  the  Spaniards  named  them),  had 
conquered  the  whole  country  from  Algiers  to  Senegal. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  178. 

Almqvist  (aim ' kvist),  Karl  Jonas  Love. 

Born  at  Stockholm,  Nov.  28,  1793:  died  at 
Bremen,  Sept.  26,  1866.  A Swedish  novelist 
and  general  writer.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Tornro- 
eens  Bok  ” (“  Book  of  the  Thom-Rose  ”),  “ Gabriele  Mi- 
manso,"  “Amalie  Hillner,’’  “Araminta  May,”  “Kolum- 
bine,”  “Marjam,”  etc. 

Almunecar  (iil-mon-ya'kar).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Granada,  Spain,  38  miles  east  of 
Malaga.  Population,  8,022. 

Almy  (al'mi),  John  J.  Born  April  25,  1815: 
died  May  16, 1895.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  was  appointed  commodore  Dec.  21,  1869,  and  rear-ad- 
miral Aug.  24, 1873,  retired  April  24, 1877.  He  had  charge 
successively  of  the  Union  gunboats  South  Carolina,  Con- 
necticut, and  Juniata  during  the  Civil  War. 
Alnaschar  (al-nash'ar  or  -nas'kar).  The  “ Bar- 
ber’s Fifth  Brother”  in  “The  Arabian  Nights’ 
Entertainments.”  He  invests  his  inheritance  in  glass- 
ware. While  awaiting  customers  he  fancies  himself  already 
a millionaire,  and  an  incautious  movement  upsets  his 
basket,  breaking  its  contents  and  destroying  all  his  pros- 
pects (hence  the  phrase  “visions  of  Alnaschar,”  i.  e. , count- 
ing one’s  chickens  before  they  are  hatched ; day-dreams). 
Alnilam  (al-ni-lam').  [Ar.  al-nizdm,  the  string 
of  pearls.]  The  bright  second-magnitude  star 
e Orionis,  in  the  middle  of  the  giant’s  belt. 
Alnitak  (al-ni-tak').  [Ar.  al-nitdlc , the  girdle.] 
The  fine  triple  second-magnitude  star  f Orionis, 
at  the  southeastern  end  of  the  belt. 

Alnwick  (an'ik).  A market  town  of  Northum- 
berland, England,  situated  on  the  Alne.  It  is 
famous  for  its  castle  (held  by  the  Percys  since  1309),  the 
seat  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland.  Here,  1174,  the  Eng- 
glish  under  Glanville  defeated  the  Scots.  Near  Alnwick 
are  the  ruins  of  Hulne  Abbey  (1240).  Population,  6,716. 

A.  L.  O.  E.  A pseudonym  (standing  for  ‘A 
Lady  of  England’)  of  Charlotte  Maria  Tucker. 
Alogians  (a-16'ji-anz),  or  Alogi  (al'o-ji).  A 
heretical  sect  which  existed  in  Asia  Minor 
toward  the  end  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.  Lit- 
tle is  known  of  them.  They  were  called  Alogi  by  Epipha- 
nius  because  they  rejected  the  doctrine  of  the  Logos  and 
the  Gospel  of  John  (which  they  ascribed  to  the  Gnostic 
Cerinthus).  They  also  rejected  the  Apocalypse. 

Aloidse  (a-lo-i'de),  or  Aloiadse  (a-16-l'a-de), 
or  Aloadse  (a-16'a-de).  [Gr.  ’A?Mel6at,  A'/oud- 
6ai,  ’A Xuadai,  sons  of  Aloeus.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, two'  giants,  Otus  and  Epbialtes,  sons  of 
Poseidon  by  Iphimedea,  wife  of  Aloeus.  Each 
of  the  brothers  measured  9 cubits  in  breadth  and  27  in 
height  at  the  age  of  nine  years, when,  according  to  the  Odys- 
sey, they  threatened  the  Olympian  gods  with  war,  and  at- 
tempted to  pile  Mount  Ossa  on  Olympus  and  Pelionon  Ossa, 
but  were  destroyed  by  the  arrows  of  Apollo.  According 
to  Homer  they  kept  Ares  imprisoned  for  thirteen  months, 
until  he  was  secretly  liberated  by  Hermes.  By  some  writers 
they  are  represented  as  having  survived  the  attempt  on 
Olympus,  and  as  having  fallen  victims  to  their  presump- 
tion in  suing  Ephialtes  for  the  hand  of  Hera,  and  Otus 
for  that  of  Artemis.  In  the  island  of  Naxos,  Artemis,  in 
the  form  of  a stag,  ran  between  the  brothers,  who,  aiming 


Alpheratz 

simultaneously  at  the  animal,  slew  each  other.  In  Hades, 
as  a further  punishment,  they  were  tied  to  a pillar  with 
serpents,  and  perpetually  tormented  by  the  screeching  of 
an  owl. 

Alompra,  or  Aloung  P’houra.  Born  1711 : died 
1760.  The  founder  of  the  last  dynasty  of 
Burma  (named  from  him).  He  reigned  1754-60. 
Alonzo  (a-lon'zo).  1.  The  King  of  Naples  in 
Shakspere’s  “ Tempest.”  He  appears  as  Duke  of 
Savoy  and  Usurper  of  the  Kingdom  of  Mantua  in  the  ver- 
sion of  Dryden  and  Davenant. 

2.  In  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  “Custom  of  the 
Country,”  a young  Portuguese  gentleman,  the 
enemy  of  Duarte. — 3.  In  Sheridan’s  transla- 
tion of  Kotzebue’s  “Pizarro,”  the  commander 
of  the  army  of  Ataliba,  king  of  Quito. 

Alonzo.  See  Borax. 

Alonzo  of  Aguilar.  A brave  Spanish  knight 
who  lost  his  life  in  trying  to  plant  King  Ferdi- 
nand’s banner  on  the  heights  of  Granada,  in 
1501.  There  are  several  Spanish  ballads  on  the 
subject. 

Alonzo  the  Brave  and  the  Fair  Imogene.  A 

ballad  by  “Monk”  Lewis  (M.  G.  Lewis). 
Alopeus  (a-lo'pe-us),  Maximilian.  Bom  at 
Viborg,  Finland,  Jan.  21,  1748:  died  at  Frank - 
fort-on-the-Main,  May  16,  1822.  A Russian 
diplomatist,  accredited  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  court  of  Prussia  in  1790  by  Cathe- 
rine II. 

Alora  (a'lo-ra).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Malaga,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalhorce 
9 miles  northwest  of  Malaga.  Population, 
10,326. 

Aloros  (a-lo'ros).  The  first  of  the  ten  mythical 
kings  who  reigned  over  Babylonia  before  the 
deluge. 

Alost  (a/lost),  or  Aelst,  or  Aalst  (alst).  A city 
in  the  province  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium, 
situated  on  the  Dender  16  miles  northwest  of 
Brussels.  It  has  a trade  in  grain  and  hops,  and  manu- 
factures  lace,  cotton,  etc.  It  was  taken  by  Turenne  1667. 
Population,  33,496. 

Aloysius  (al-6-is'i-us),  Saint  (Louis  Gonzaga). 
Died  1591.  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Roman 
Church  June  21. 

Alp  (alp).  The  principal  character  in  Byron’s 
poem  “The  Siege  of  Corinth,”  a renegade  shot 
in  the  siege. 

Alp.  The  local  name  of  the  elevated  and  little 
inhabited  meadow  and  pasture  tracts  of  Swit- 
zerland and  Tyrol.  Also  Aim. 

Alp,  or  Alb,  Rauhe.  See  Bauhe  Alp  and  Swa- 
bian Jura. 

Alp  Arslan  (alp  ars-lan').  Born  1029:  died 
1072.  A surname  of  Mohammed  hen  Daud, 
sultan  of  the  Seljuk  Turks,  who  reigned  in  Kho- 
rasan  from  1059  to  1072.  He  succeeded  his  uncle 
Toghrul  Beg  as  chief  ruler  of  the  empire  in  1063,  subdued 
Georgia  and  Armenia  about  1064,  and  conquered  Aleppo 
and  defeated  and  took  prisoner  the  Byzantine  emperor 
Romanus  Diogenes  near  the  Araxes  in  1071,  a victory  which 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Seljuk  empire  of  Rhm. 

Alpena  (al-pe'na).  The  capital  of  Alpena 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Thunder  Bay, 
Lake  Huron,  in  lat.  45°  4'  N.,  long.  83°  26'  W. 
It  is  a center  of  the  lumber  trade.  Popula- 
tion, 12,706,  (1910). 

Alpes,  Basses.  See  Basses- A Ipes. 

Alpes,  Hautes.  See  Hautes-Alpes. 
Alpes-Maritimes  (alp  mar-e-tem').  A depart- 
ment of  France,  capital  Nice,  bounded  by  Italy 
on  the  north  and  east,  by  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  south,  and  by  Var  and  Basses-Alpes  on  the 
west : noted  for  its  mild  climate  and  the  health- 
resorts  on  its  coast.  It  was  formed  from  the  terri- 
tory of  Nice  (ceded  by  Italy  in  1860)  and  from  part  of  Var. 
Area,  1,443  square  miles.  Population,  334,007. 

Alph  ( alf).  A sacred  underground  river  in 
Xanadu,  in  Coleridge’s  poem  “Kubla  Khan.” 
Alphard  (al-fard').  [Ar.  al-fard,  the  solitary, 
because  there  is  no  other  conspicuous  star  very 
near  it.]  The  second-magnitude  star  a Hydros, 
or  Cor  Hydras. 

Alphecca  (al-fek'ka),  or  Alphacca  (al-fak'ka). 
[Ar.  alfekkah,  the  (broken)  cup  or  platter  of  a 
dervish:  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  constel- 
lation.] A usual  name  of  the  second-magnitude 
star  a Coronas  Borealis,  more  commonly  known 
as  Gemma,  hut  also  as  Alfeta. 

Alphege,  Saint.  See  JElfheali. 

Alphen  (al'fen),  Hieronymus  van.  Born  at 
Gouda,  Netherlands,  Aug.  8,  1746:  died  at  The 
Hague,  April  2,  1803.  A Dutch  poet  and  jurist. 
Alpheratz  (al-fe-rats').  [Ar.  Surrat-al-fards, 
the  navel  of  the  horse : the  star  having  been 
reckoned  as  belonging  to  Pegasus.]  The  usual 
name  of  the  second-magnitude  star  a Andro- 
meda?, in  the  head  of  the  constellation  . It  is  also 
often  called  Sirrah. 


Alpheus 

Alpheus  (al-fe'us),  Alpheius  (al-fi'us).  [Gr. 
AA^etdf.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a river-god, 
son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethvs.  He  is  represented  as 
originally  a hunter  who  tell  in  love  with  the  nymph  Are- 
thusa.  She  fled  from  him  and  transformed  herself  into  a 
well,  and  upon  this  he  became  the  river  Alpheus.  The 
details  of  the  myth  vary. 

Alpheus.  The  principal  river  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, Greece,  the  modern  Rufia,  Ruphia,  or 
Rouphia,  emptying  into  the  Ionian  Sea.  it  flows 
in  part  of  its  course  underground,  and  was  for  this  reason 
fabled  to  flow  under  the  sea  to  Sicily.  Olympia  was  on 
its  banks.  Its  northern  and  southern  head  streams,  both 
known  as  Ruphia  (the  northern  also  as  Ladori),  unite  on 
the  borders  of  the  nomarchies  of  Messenia,  Arcadia, 
Achaia,  and  Elis. 

Alphirk  (al-ferk').  [Ar.  kawdlcib-al-firq,  stars 
of  the  flock.]  The  third-magnitude  double  star 
B Cephei. 

Alphonso.  See  Alfonso. 

Alphonsus  a Sancta  Maria  (iil-fon'sds  a 
sangk'ta  ma-re'a),  or  Alfonso  de  Cartagena 
(al-fon'so  da  kar-ta-Ha'na).  Born  at  Carta- 
gena, Spain,  1396:  died  July  12,  1456.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  historian.  He  succeeded 
his  father,  Paulus,  as  bishop  of  Burgos ; was  deputed  in 
1431  by  John  II.  of  Castile  to  attend  the  Council  of  Basel ; 
and  succeeded  in  reconciling  Albert  V.  of  Austria  with 
Ladislaus,  king  of  Poland.  Ilis  principal  work  is  a history 
of  Spain  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  14'J6  (printed 
1545). 

Alphonsus  of  Lincoln  (al-fon'sus  ov  ling'kon). 
A story  resembling  that  of  Hugh  of  Lincoln  and 
Chaucer’s  “ Tale  of  the  Prioress,”  purporting  to 
be  composed  in  1459,  reprinted  by  the  Chaucer 
Society  in  1875.  It  is  attributed  by  Hain  and 
others  to  Alphonsus  a Spina. 

Alphonsus  (al-fon'sus),  Emperor  of  Germany. 
A tragedy  attributed  to  Chapman,  printed  in 
1654,  after  his  death.  It  was  played  at  Black- 
friars  in  1636,  and  was  then  a revival. 
Alphonsus,  King  of  Arragon,  The  Comical 
History  of.  A play  by  Robert  Greene,  written 
as  early  as  1592,  and  printed  in  1599.  It  was 
called  ‘‘comical”  only  because  its  end  is  not 
tragical. 

Alpiew  (al'pu).  In  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy 
“ The  Basset-Table,”  Lady  Reveller’s  waiting- 
woman,  a pert,  adroit  soubrette.  The  name  is 
taken  from  alpieu,  a term  in  the  game  of  basset  imply- 
ing the  continuance  of  the  bet  on  a card  that  has  already 
won. 

Alpine  Club.  A club  established  in  London  in 
1857  for  those  who  are  interested  in  the  subject 
of  mountains,  as  explorers,  or  artists,  or  for 
scientific  purposes. 

Alpini  ( al-pe'ne ) , L.  Alpinus,  Prospero.  Born 
at  Marostiea,  Yenetia,  Nov.  23,  1553:  died  at 
Padua,  Italy,  Feb.  6,  1617.  An  Italian  bota- 
nist and  physician,  author  of  works  on  the 
natural  history  of  Egypt,  etc. 

Alpnach  (alp'nach),  or  Alpnacht  (alp'naoht). 
A commune  in  the  canton  of  Unterwalden, 
Switzerland,  8 miles  southwest  of  Lucerne. 
Alpnach,  Lake.  The  southwestern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne. 

Alps  (alps).  [F.  Alpes,  It.  Alpi,  G.  Alpen,  etc., 
L.  Alpes,  Gr.  ’'AArreig,  "A'Amia,  "A'Afte/a,  a Celtic 
name,  ‘the  white  (mountains).’  Cf.  Albion.'] 
The  most  extensive  moimtain  system  in  Eu- 
rope, comprising  a part  of  southeastern  France, 
most  of  Switzerland,  a part  of  northern  Italy, 
a part  of  southern  Germany,  and  the  western 
part  of  Austria-Hungary.  It,  was  anciently  di- 
vided into  the  Maritime,  Cottian,  Graian,  Pennine,  Rhse- 
tian,  Noric,  Carnic,  Venetian,  and  Julian  Alps.  The  modern 
division  is  into  the  Western,  Central,  and  Eastern  Alps. 
The  Western  Alps  include  the  Ligurian  Alps,  Maritime 
Alps,  Cottian  Alps,  Graian  Alps,  Montagues  des  Maures  and 
Esterel  Mountains,  Mountains  of  Provence  (or  of  Vaucluse, 
Ventoux  group),  Alps  of  Dauphind,  Limestone  Alps  of 
Savoy,  and  the  Mountains  of  Chablais  and  Faucigny.  The 
Central  Alps  include  the  Pennine  Alps,  Lepontine  Alps, 
Khsetian  Alps,  Otzthaler  Alps,  Bernese  Alps,  Fribourg 
Alps,  Emmenthal  Alps,  Urner  and  Engelberg  Alps,  Todi 
range,  Schwyzer  Alps,  St.  Gall  and  Appenzell  Alps,  Vo- 
rarlberg  and  Allgau  Alps,  North  Tyrolese  and  Bavarian 
Alps,  Luganer  Alps,  Bergamasker  Alps,  Ortler  Alps,  Nons- 
berg  Alps,  Adamello  Mountains,  and  Tridentine  Alps. 
The  Eastern  Alps  include  the  Zillerthal  Alps,  Hohe  Tau- 
ern,  Niedere  Tauern,  Carinthianand  Styrian  Alps,  Styrian 
Nieder  Alps,  Kitzbuhler  Alps,  Salzburg  Alps,  Upper  Aus- 
trian Alps,  North  Styrian  Alps,  Lower  Austrian  Alps, 
Lessinian  Alps,  Cadoric  Alps  (Dolomite  Alps),  Venetian 
Alps,  Carnic  Alps,  Karawanken,  Bacher,  and  Santhaler 
Alps,  and  Julian  Alps.  There  are  also  various  outliers  of 
the  system  in  Hungary  and  Croatia,  etc.  (Bakony  Forest, 
Mountains  of  Cilli,  etc.).  The  length  of  the  range  from 
the  Pass  of  Giovi  (north  of  Genoa)  to  Semmering  Pass  is 
over  600  miles ; and  its  width  is  from  90  to  180  miles.  Its 
highest  peak  is  Mont  Blanc,  15,781  feet  (on  the  borders 
of  France  and  Italy;  highest  in  Switzerland,  the  Monte 
Rosa);  and  its  average  height  about  7,700  feet.  Its 
largest  glacier  is  the  Aletsch,  about  13  miles  long.  See, 
further,  the  special  articles  Pennine,  Maritime,  Lepontine 
Alps,  etc. 

Alps,  Eastern.  A division  of  the  Alps  which 


44 

extends  from  the  Brenner  Pass  eastward  to 
the  Semmering  Pass.  Oftentimes  made  to  include 
all  the  Alps  lying  east  of  a line  connecting  Lake  Constance 
with  Lago  Maggiore.  See  Alps. 

Alps,  Western.  A division  of  the  Alps  which 
is  separated  from  the  Apennines  by  the  Pass 
of  Giovi  (north  of  Genoa)  and  extends  to  the 
Pass  of  Great  St.  Bernard.  Oftentimes  made  to  in- 
clude all  the  Alps  lying  west  of  a line  connecting  Lake 
Constance  with  Lago  Maggiore.  See  Alps. 

Alpujarras(al-p6-Har'riis),or  Alpuxaras,  The. 

A mountainous  region  in  the  provinces  of  Gra- 
nada and  Almerfa,  Spain.  It  contains  many  romantic 
valleys.  After  the  fall  of  the  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada 
in  1492  it  was  the  refuge  of  the  Moriscos  in  Spaiu. 

A1  Rakim  (al  ra-kem').  A fabulous  dog  that 
accompanied  and  guarded  the  Seven  Sleepers. 
The  name  occurs  in  the  Koran  (in  reference  to  the  Sleepers) 
and  has  been  variously  interpreted  as  a brass  plate,  a stone 
table,  the  name  of  the  dog,  and  the  name  of  the  valley  in 
which  the  Sleepers’  cave  was  situated. 

Alredus,  or  Aluredus.  See  A If  red  of  Beverley. 

Alright  Island  (al-rit'  I'land).  One  of  the 
Magdalen  Islands,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Alroy.  See  Wondrous  Tale  of  Alroy. 

Alsace  (al-zas'),  L.  Alsatia,  G.  Elsass.  A for- 
mer government  of  eastern  France,  it  formed' 
after  the  Revolutionthe  departments  of  Iiaut-RhinandBas- 
Rhin,  and  is  now  par  t (see  Alsace-Lorraine)  of  the  German 
Empire,  comprising  the  districts  (Bezirke)  of  Upper  Alsace 
and  Lower  Alsace.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Rhine  Palatinate 
on  the  north,  by  Baden  (from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Rhine)  on  the  east,  by  Switzerland  on  the  south,  and  by 
France  and  German  Lorraine  on  the  west.  The  Vosge3  are 
on  its  western  frontier.  Its  soil  is  fertile,  and  it  has  impor- 
tant iron-  and  coal-mines,  and  considerable  manufactures. 
Its  chief  city  is  Strasburg.  German  is  the  language  of  the 
largest  numberof  the  inhabitants.  It  was  a part  of  ancient 
Gaul  and  afterward  of  the  Frankish  kingdom.  In  the  9th 
and  10th  centuries  it  was  a part  of  Lotharingia,  and  later  of 
the  duchy  of  Swabia,  and  gradually  came  to  be  divided  be- 
tween imperial  cities,  bishops,  and  other  spiritual  rulers, 
etc.  Part  of  it  was  conquered  by  France  in  the  Thirty 
Years’  War,  and  ceded  to  her  in  1648.  Strasburg  was  seized 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  1681,  and  the  remainder  of  Alsace  was 
annexed  to  France  in  1791.  It  was  ceded  to  Germany  in 
1871  as  a result  of  the  Franco-German  war. 

Alsace,  Lower,  G.  Unter-Elsass.  A district 
of  Alsace-Lorraine,  occupying  the  northern 
portion  of  Alsace.  The  chief  city  is  Stras- 
burg. Area,  1,848  square  miles.  Population, 
683,551. 

Alsace,  Upper,  G.  Ober-Elsass.  A district  of 
Alsace-Lorraine,  occupying  the  southern  por- 
tion of  Alsaco.  Its  chief  town  is  Miilhausen. 
Area,  1,354  square  miles.  Population, 
511,459. 

Alsace-Lorraine  (al-zas'lor-ran'),  G.  Elsass- 
Lotliringen.  An  imperial  territory  (Reichs- 
land)  of  the  German  Empire,  capital  Strasburg, 
bounded  by  Luxemburg,  Prussia,  and  the  Rhine 
Palatinate  on  the  north,  by  Baden  (from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Rhine)  on  the  east,  by 
Switzerland  and  France  on  the  south,  and  by 
France  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Vosges; 
soil  generally  fertile,  producing  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  etc., 
and  it  has  important  iron-  and  coal-mines,  and  large  manu- 
factures of  iron,  cotton,  etc.  It  is  divided  into  3 districts. 
Upper  Alsace,  Lower  Alsace,  and  Lorraine.  By  the  con- 
stitution granted  May,  1911,  it  is  ruled  by  a governor  and 
a Diet  of  two  chambers,  and  sends  3 members  to  the  Bun- 
desrath  aud  15  deputies  to  the  Reichstag.  The  prevailing 
religion  (78  per  cent,  of  the  population)  is  Roman  Catholic. 
The  prevailing  language  is  German,  except  in  Lorraine, 
where  French  is  chiefly  spoken.  It  was  ceded  by  France 
to  Germany  in  1871,  as  a result  of  the  Franco-German  war. 
Area,  5,604  square  miles.  Population,  1,871,702. 

Alsatia.  The  Latin  name  of  Alsace. 

Alsatia  (al-sa'skia).  Formerly  a cant  name 
(Alsace  being  a debatable  ground  or  scene  of 
frequent  contests)  for  Whitefriars,  a district  in 
London  between  the  Thames  and  Fleet  street, 
and  adjoining  the  Temple,  which  possessed  cer- 
tain privileges  of  sanctuary  derived  from  the 
convent  of  the  Carmelites,  or  White  Friars, 
founded  there  in  1241.  The  locality  became  the 
resort  of  libertines  and  rascals  of  every  description,  whose 
abuses  and  outrages,  and  especially  the  riot  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  led  in  1097  to  the  abolition  of  the  privilege 
and  the  dispersion  of  the  Alsatians.  The  term  Alsatia  has 
in  recent  times  been  applied  offensively  to  the  English 
stock-exchange,  because  of  the  supposed  questionable 
character  of  some  of  its  proceedings.  The  name  first  oc- 
curs in  Shad  well’s  plays  “ The  Woman  Captain  ” (1680)  and 
“The  Squire  of  Alsatia"  (168S).  See  Whitefriars. 

Alsatia,  The  Squire  of.  See  Squire. 

Alsea  (al-se').  [From  Alsi,  their  name  for 
themselves.]  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, which  formerly  occupied  20  villages  on 
both  sides  of  Alsea  River,  Oregon,  and  is  now 
on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  One  of  these 
villages  was  Yahats.  See  TaJconan. 

Alsen  (al'sen),  Dan.  Als.  An  island  20  miles 
long,  in  the  Little  Belt,  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  9° 
50'  E.,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  Prussia.  Its  chief  town  is  Sonderburg.  The 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  Danish.  It  was  a strategic  point 
for  the  Danes  in  1848-49,  and  was  conquered  by  the  Prus- 


Altamura 

sians  under  Herwarth  von  Bittenfeld,  June  29,  1864. 
Area,  106  square  miles.  Population,  about  26,000. 
Alsfeld  (als'felt).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Upper  Hesse,  grand  duchy  of  Efesse, 
situated  on  the  Schwalm  41  miles  southwest 
of  Cassel. 

Alshain  (al-shan').  A seldom  used  name  for 
the  fourth-magnitude  star  /I  Aquilie. 
Alshemali  (al-she-ma'li).  [Ar.  al-semdli,  the 
northern.  See  AhjenuU.]  The  fourth-magni- 
tude star  p Leonis,  in  the  head  of  the  animal. 
Alsi.  See  Alsea. 

Al  Sirat  (al  si-rat').  [Ar.,  ‘the  road  or  way’; 
probably  borrowed  in  Arabic  from  Latin  strata 
via.]  The  bridge' over  which  all  must  pass  who 
enter  the  Mohammedan  paradise,  it  is  of  incou- 
ceivable  narrowness,  finer  than  the  edge  of  a razor ; hence 
those  burdened  by  sins  are  sure  to  fall  off  and  are  dashed 
into  hell,  which  it  crosses.  The  same  idea  appears  in 
Zoroastrianism  and  among  the  Jews. 

Alsleben  (als'la-ben).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Saale  30  miles  south  of  Magdeburg. 

Alsop  (al'sop),  Rickard.  Born  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  Jan.  23,  1761:  died  at  Flatbush,  L.  I., 
Aug.  20,  1815.  An  American  author,  one  of 
the  “Hartford  Wits”  and  chief  writer  on  the 
“Echo.”  He  published  “ Monody  on  the  Death 
of  Washington,”  and  other  poems. 

Alsop,  Vincent.  Died  May  8,  1703.  An  Eng- 
lish nonconformist  divine  and  controversialist. 
He  wrote  “Antisozzo”  (1675),  “Mischief  of  Impositions  ” 
(1680),  “Melius  Inquirendum  ” (1679),  etc. 

Alsted  (al'stet),  Johann  Heinrich.  Bom  at 

Ballersbach,  near  Iierborn,  Prussia,  1588:  died 
at  Weissenburg,  Transylvania,  Nov.  8,  1638.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian  and  voluminous 
writer,  professorof  philosophy  (1615)  and(1619) 
of  theology  at  Herborn. 

Alster  (al'ster).  A small  tributary  of  the  Elbe 
which  traverses  Hamburg,  forming  two  basins, 
one  (the  larger)  outside  the  town  (Aussen 
Alster),  and  one  within  it  (Binnen  Alster).  The 
latter  is  surrounded  with  fine  buildings  and  is 
a favorite  pleasure-resort, 

Alston,  or  Alston  Moor.  See  Aldstone. 
Alstroemer  (al'stre-mer),  Jonas.  Born  at 
Alingsses,  West  Gothland,  Sweden,  Jan.  7, 
1685:  died  June  2, 1761.  A Swedish  merchant, 
distinguished  as  a promoter  of  industrial  re- 
form in  Sweden. 

Alt.  See  Aluta. 

Altahmo  (al-ta'md).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  San  Fran- 
cisco bay,  California.  See  Costanoan. 

Altai  (al-tl').  A mountain  system  which  lies 
partly  in  the  government  of  Tomsk,  Siberia, 
and  is  continued  eastward  into  Mongolia.  The 
highest  elevation,  the  Bjelueha  (White  Moun- 
tain), is  about  14,800  feet.  The  main  range  is 
also  known  as  the  Ektag  Altai. 

Altaic  (al-ta'ik).  A term  applied  to  various 
“ Turanian”  or  unclassified  languages  in  north- 
ern Asia  : usually  in  the  compound  Ural-Altaic. 
See  Turanian. 

Altai  Mining  District.  A territory  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  government  of  Tomsk,  Si- 
beria, noted  for  mineral  wealth.  Its  capital  is 
Barnaul. 

Altair  (al-tar'),  or  Atair  (a-tar').  [Ar.  al-nasr 
al-tair,  the  flying  eagle.]  The  standard  first- 
magnitude  star  a Aquilse. 

Altamaha  (aP'ta-ma-ha').  A river  in  Georgia 
which  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Oconefe 
and  Ocmulgee,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  55 
miles  southwest  of  Savannah.  Its  length  is 
about  130  miles. 

Altamirano  (al-ta-me-ra'no),  Ignacio  Manuel. 
Born  in  Guerrero  about  1835:  died  Feb.  14, 
1893.  A Mexican  poet,  orator,  and  journalist, 
of  pure  Indian  blood,  said  to  have  been  a de- 
scendant of  the  Aztec  monarchs.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Constituent  Congress  of  1861,  and  joined  the 
army  during  the  French  invasion,  attaining  the  rank  of 
colonel.  He  published  “ Clemencia,”  “Julia,"  etc.  He 
died  in  Italy. 

Altamont  (al'ta-mont).  1.  In  Rowe’s  play 
“The  Fair  Penitent,”  the  much-wronged  but 
forgiving  husband  of  Calista  (the  1 air  Peni- 
tent). He  kills  “that  haughty  gallant,  gay 
Lothario”  who  has  wronged  him. — 2.  In  Thack- 
eray’s novel  “Pendennis,”  the  name  assumed 
by  the  returned  convict  Amory.  He  is  the  first 
husband  of  Lady  Clavering  and  father  of  the 
emotional  Blanche  Amory. 

Altamont,  Frederick.  See  Bunce,  John. 
Altamura  (al-ta-mo'ra).  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Italy,  28  miles  southwest  of  Bari. 

It  contains  a cathedral,  founded  by  the  emperor  Freder- 


Altamura 

Ick  n.  It  ia  a 3-aisled  church  of  basilican  plan,  with  cy- 
lindrical pillars  and  round  arches  in  the  nave  and  pointed 
vaulting  in  the  aisles.  The  west  front  is  Romanesque  in 
character,  with  a great  rose  and  imposing  lion-porch  and 
much  sculpture,  especially  scenes  from  the  life  of  Christ. 

Altar  (ill-tar'),  or  Altar  de  Collanes  (al-tar' 
dakol-ya'nes),  or  Capac-Urcu  (kii'pak  or'ko). 
A volcano  in  the  eastern  range  of  the  Andes 
of  Ecuador,  east  of  Riobamba,  17,730  feet  high 
(Reiss  and  Stiibel). 

Altar,  The.  See  Ara. 

Altaroche  (al-ta-rosh'),  Marie  Michel.  Born 
at  Issoire,  Puy-de-Dome,  France,  April  18, 
1811 : died  at  Vaux,  May  14,  1884.  A French 
journalist,  poet,  and  dramatist : early  editor 
of  “Charivari.” 

Altas  Torres  (al'tas  tor'res).  [Sp.,  ‘high  tow- 
ers.’] See  Madrigal. 

Alt-Breisach.  See  Breisack. 

Altdorf  (Switzerland).  See  Altorf. 

Altdorf  (alt'dorf),  or  Altorf  (al'torf).  A small 
town  in  Middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Schwarzach  13  miles  southeast  of  Nu- 
remberg. It  was  the  seat  of  a university  from  1023  to 

1809,  which  was  united  in  the  latter  year  with  that  of 
Erlangen. 

Altdorfer  (alt'dor-fer),  or  Altorfer  (al'tor-fer), 
Albrecht.  Born  at  Altdorf,  Bavaria,  1488: 
died  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  1538.  A German 
painter  and  engraver.  His  chief  work,  “ The 
Battle  of  Arbela,”  is  at  Munich. 

Altea  (al-ta'a).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  Spain,  25  miles  northeast  of  Alicante. 
Population,  5,977. 

Altemira  (al-te-ml'ra).  A tragedy  by  Lord 
Orrery,  produced  in  1702,  after  his  death. 

It  is  a roar  of  passion,  love  (or  what  passed  for  it),  jeal- 
ousy, despair,  and  murder.  In  the  concluding  scene  the 
slaughter  is  terrific.  It  all  takes  place  iu  presence  of  an 
unobtrusive  individual,  who  carries  the  doctrine  of  non- 
intervention to  its  extreme  limit.  When  the  persons  of 
the  drama  have  made  an  end  of  one  another,  the  quietly 
delighted  gentleman  steps  forward,  and  blandly  remarks, 
that  there  was  so  much  virtue,  love,  and  honor  in  it  all, 
that  he  could  not  find  it  in  his  heart  to  interfere  though 
his  own  son  was  one  of  the  victims. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  133. 

Alten  (al'ten),  Count  Karl  August  von.  Born 
at  Burgwedel,  near  Hanover,  Oct.  20,  1764: 
died  at  Bozen,  Tyrol,  April  20,  1840.  A Hano- 
verian general,  commander  of  the  “German 
Legion  ” in  British  service.  He  served  in  the  Penin- 
sular and  Waterloo  campaigns,  and  was  Hanoverian  min- 
ister of  war  and  foreign  affairs. 

Alten  Fiord  (al'ten  fyord).  A fiord  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Norway,  in  lat.  70°  N. 
Altena  (al'te-na).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lenne 
40  miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  It  is  noted  for 
iron  and  steel  manufactures,  and  for  its  castle. 
Population,  13,591. 

Altenahr  (al'ten-ar).  A village  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ahr  30  miles 
south  of  Cologne.  Near  it  is  the  ruined  castle 
of  Altenahr  or  Are,  destroyed  early  in  the  18th 
century. 

Altenberg  (al'ten-bero).  A town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  in  the  Erzgebirge  21 
miles  south  of  Dresden:  noted  for  its  tin-mines. 
Altenburg  (duchy).  See  Saxe- Altenburg. 
Altenburg  (al'ten-borG).  The  capital  (since 
1826)  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Germany,  near  the 
Pleisse  25  miles  south  of  Leipsic.  it  contains  a 
castle  (founded  in  the  11th  century),  famous  from  the 
“Robbery  of  the  Princes"  in  1455.  Ancient  Saxon  resi- 
dence. Population,  38,818. 

Altendorf  (al'ten-dorf).  A town  near  and 
now  incorporated  with  Essen,  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia. 

Altenesch  (al'ten-esh).  A village  in  Olden- 
burg, Germany,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ochtum 
9 miles  northwest  of  Bremen.  Here  in  1234 
the  Stedinger  were  nearly  exterminated  by 
the  Crusaders. 

Altenessen  (al-ten-es'sen).  A coal-mining 
town  near  Essen,  Rhine  Province,  Prussia. 
Population,  33,416. 

Altenkirchen  (iil-ten-ker'chen).  A small  town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Wied  34  miles  southeast  of  Cologne. 
Altenkirchen.  An  ancient  countship  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Altenkirchen. 

Alten-Otting.  See  Allotting. 

Altenstein  (al'ten-stin),  Karl  (Baron  von 
Stein  zum  Altenstein).  Bom  at  Anspach,  Ba- 
varia, Oct.  7, 1770:  died  at  Berlin,  May  14, 1840. 
A Prussian  statesman,  minister  of  finance  1808- 

1810,  and  minister  of  public  worship  1817-38. 
Altenstein.  A summer  castle  of  the  dukes  of 

Saxe-Meiningen,  in  the  Thuringian  forest  10 


45 

miles  south  of  Eisenach,  noted  in  the  history 
of  Boniface  and  of  Luther  (1521). 

Altenzelle  (al-ten-tsel'le).  A former  Cistercian 
monastery  near  Nossen,  in  Saxony,  secularized 
in  1544. 

Alterati  (It.  pron.  al-te-ra'te),  The.  A private 
musical  academy,  founded  in  1568  at  Florence 
by  seven  Florentine  noblemen,  it  devoted  it- 
self to  the  cultivation  of  the  musical  drama,  and  under 
its  auspices  the  first  Italian  opera  was  produced.  See 
Daphne. 

Alterf  (al-terf').  [Ar.]  The  seldom  used  name 
of  the  fourth-magnitude  star  /l  Leonis,  in  the 
mouth  of  the  animal. 

Alter  Fritz  (al'ter  frits).  [G., ‘Old Fritz.’]  A 
nickname  of  Frederick  the  Great. 

Althsea  (al-the'a),  or  Althea.  [Gr.  ’A/l data.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a daughter  of  Thestius,  wife  of 
CEneus,  king  of  Calydon,  and  mother  of  Tydeus, 
Meleager,  and  Deianeira. 

Althea.  The  name  under  which  RichardLove- 
lace  poetically  addressed  a woman,  supposed 
to  be  Lucy  Sacheverell,  who  was  also  celebrated 
under  the  name  of  Lucasta. 

Althen  (F.pron.al-ton'),  Jehan  or  Jean.  Born 
in  Persia:  died  in  France,  1774.  A Persian, 
the  son  of  a governor  of  a Persian  province, 
who  introduced  the  cultivation  of  madder  into 
France.  He  was  sold  as  a slave  at  Smyrna,  but  made 
his  escape  to  France,  bringing  with  him  some  seeds  of 
madder,  the  exportation  of  which  was  forbidden  under 
penalty  of  death. 

Althing.  See  Thing. 

Althorp,  Viscount.  See  Spencer,  third  Earl. 

Altilia  (al-te'li-a).  A small  place  in  central 
Italy  about  20  miles  north  of  Benevento.  The 
Roman  walls  of  the  ancient  town  (the  Samnite  Ssepinum), 
about  two  miles  from  the  modern  site,  remain  practically 
perfect.  The  plan  is  a square  with  rounded  angles  and  a 
gate  strengthened  by  massive  square  towers  in  the  middle 
of  each  side,  oriented  toward  the  cardinal  points.  The 
masonry  is  reticulated,  except  that  of  the  gate-arclies.  An 
inscription  ascribes  the  construction  to  Nero. 

Altin  (al-tin'),  or  Teletskoi  (ta-let-skoi').  A 
lake,  75  miles  long  and  about  20  broad,  in  west- 
ern Siberia,  in  lat.  51°  30'  N.,  long.  87°  30'  E., 
which  empties  into  a tributary  of  the  Obi. 

Alting  (al'ting),  Johann  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Emden,  Prussia,  Feb.  17,  1583:  died  at  Gron- 
ingen, Aug.  25,  1644.  A German  Protestant 
theologian,  professor  of  dogmatics  at  Heidel- 
berg (1613),  and  later  (1627)  of  theology  at 
Groningen.  He  opposed  the  Remonstrants  in 
the  synod  of  Dordrecht. 

Alting,  Jakob.  Born  at  Heidelberg,  Sept.  27, 
1618:  died  at  Groningen,  Aug.  20,  1676.  A son 
of  J.  H.  Alting,  professor  of  Oriental  languages 
(1643)  and  of  theology  (1667)  at  Groningen. 
His  works  on  Hebrew  are  notable. 

Altis  (al'tis).  [Gr.  ’A Hnf.]  The  sacred  pre- 
cinct and  nucleus  of  the  ancient  Olympia,  in 
Greece. 

Altisidora  (al'tis-i-do'rii).  A character  in  the 
“Curious  Impertinent,”  an  episode  in  “Don 
Quixote  ” : an  attendant  of  the  duchess.  She 
torments  Don  Quixote  by  pretending  to  be  in 
love  with  him. 

Altkirch  (alt'kercli).  A small  town  in  Upper 
Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  the  111  18 
miles  northwest  of  Basel:  capital  of  theSund- 
gau. 

Altmark  (alt'miirk).  The  nucleus  of  Branden- 
burg and  the  Prussian  monarchy:  known  first 
as  the  Nordmark,  now  in  the  province  of  Sax- 
ony, Prussia.  See  Nordmark  and  Brandenburg . 

Altmeyer  (alt'mi-er),  Jean  Jacques.  Born  at 
Luxemburg,  Jan.  24,  1804 : died  at  Brussels, 
Sept.  15,  1877.  A Belgian  historian.  Among  his 
works  are  “Histoiredes  relations  commerciales  et  poli- 
tiques  des  Pays-Bas,”  etc.,  “Rdsumd  de  l’histoire  mo- 
derne”(1842),  and  various  works  on  Dutch  and  Belgian  his- 
tory, etc. 

Altmiihl  (alt'miil).  A river  in  Bavaria,  the 
ancient  Alcimona  or  Alcmona,  which  joins  the 
Danube  at  Kelhcim  14  miles  southwest  of  Ra- 
tisbon. It  crosses  the  Franconian  .Tura.  Its  length  is 
about  125  miles,  and  it  is  connected  with  the  Main  system 
by  the  Ludwigs-Canal  at  Dietfurt. 

Alto-Douro  (al'to-do'ro).  A region  in  the 
southern  part  of  Traz-os-Montes  and  the  north- 
ern part  of  Beira,  Portugal,  near  the  Douro, 
noted  for  its  (port)  wine. 

Altofronto,  Giovanni.  See  Malevole. 

Alton  (al'ton),  Johann  Samuel  Eduard  d’. 
Born  at  St.  Goar,  Prussia,  July  17, 1803 : died 
at  Halle,  July  25,  1854.  A German  anatomist, 
son  of  J.  W.  E.  d’Alton,  author  of  “Handbuch 
der  menschlichen  Anatomie”  (1848-50),  etc. 
Alton  (al'ton),  Johann  Wilhelm  Eduard  d’. 
Born  at  Aquileia,  Austria-Hungary,  Aug.  11, 
1772:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  May  11,  1840.  A 


Alva 

German  naturalist  and  engraver,  author  of 
“ Naturgeschichte  des  Pferdes”  (1810),  “Ver- 
gleichende  Osteologie”  (1821-31). 

Alton  (al'ton).  A town  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, 25  miles  north  by  east  of  Portsmouth. 
Population,  5,479. 

Alton.  A city  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mississippi  21  miles  north  of  St. 
Louis.  It  has  important  manufactures  and  trade,  and  is 
the  seat  of  Shurtlett  College.  Population,  17,628,  (1910). 

Altona  (al'to-na).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Elbe  below  Hamburg  and  ad- 
joining it,  in  lat.  53°  33'  N.,  long.  9°  57'  E. 
It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  province,  and  has  extensive 
foreign  and  domestic  trade  and  important  manufactures. 
It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  observatory  which  was  re- 
moved to  Kiel  in  1874.  It  received  the  privileges  of  a 
city  in  1664,  and  was  burned  by  the  Swedes  1713.  Popu- 
lation, 172,411,  (1910). 

Alton  Locke  (al'ton  lok),  Tailor  and  Poet. 

A story  by  Charles  Kingsley,  published  in  1850. 

Altoona  (al-to'na).  A city  in  Blair  County, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
at  the  base  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  in 
lat.  40°  31'  N.,  long.  78°  25'  W.,  noted  for  the 
manufacture  of  locomotives  and  railway-cars. 
Population,  52,127,  (1910). 

Altorf  (al'torf),  or  Altdorf  (alt'dorf).  The 
capital  of  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated near  the  Reuss  and  near  the  southeastern 
extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  route,  20  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne. 
It  is  celebrated  in  the  legends  of  William  Tell,  to  whom  a 
statue  was  erected  here  in  1861.  Population  (1S88),  2,551. 
See  Tell,  William. 

Altorf  (in  Bavaria).  See  Altdorf. 

Altorfer.  See  Altdorfer. 

Altotting  (alt-et'ting),  or  Alten-Otting  (al'- 
ten-et'ting).  A small  town  in  Upper  Bavaria, 
Bavaria,  on  the  Morn  51  miles  northeast  of 
Munich.  It  is  a famous  pilgrim  resort,  on  account  of  a 
miraculous  image  of  the  Virgin,  which,  it  is  said,  was 
brought  from  the  East  in  the  7th  century. 

Altranstadt  (alt'ran-stat).  A village  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony  9 miles  southeast  of  Merseburg, 
where  a treaty  was  concluded,  1706,  between 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  and  Augustus  H.  of 
Saxony,  by  which  the  latter  lost  Poland,  a 
treaty  was  also  made  here  in  1707,  between  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden  and  the  emperor  Joseph  I.,  by  which  re- 
ligious toleration  was  secured  to  the  Protestants  in 
Silesia. 

Altrincham,  or  Altringkam  (al'tring-am).  A 
town  in  Cheshire,  England,  8 miles  southwest, 
of  Manchester.  Population,  16,831. 

Altringer.  See  Aldringer. 

Altstadten  (alt.'stad-ten),  or  Altstetten  (alt'- 
stet-ten).  A town  in  the  canton  of  St.  Gall, 
Switzerland,  in  lat.  47°  23'  N.,  long.  9°  32'  E. 
It  has  cotton  manufactures.  Population, 
8,724. 

Altstrelitz  (alt'stra-lits).  The  former  capi- 
tal of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  situated  south  of 
Neustrelitz. 

Altvater  Mountains  (alt'fa-ter  moun'tanz), 
or  Moravian  Snow  Mountains.  A group  of 
mountains  in  the  Sudetic  system,  situated  in 
northern  Moravia  on  the  frontier  of  Austrian 
Silesia.  The  highest  point,  Gross  Altvater,  is 
about  4,850  feet  high. 

Altwasser  (iilt'vas-ser).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Polsnitz  41 
miles  southwest  of  Breslau,  it  has  mines  of  brown 
coal,  and  was  formerly  a watering-place.  Population, 
15,259. 

Aludra  (al-6'dra).  [Ar.  al-adra,  the  singular 
of  al-addra,  the  virgins,  four  stars  near  each 
other  in  Canis  Major.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  77  Canis  Majoris. 

Alula  (al'u-la)  Borealis  and  Australis.  [L., 
‘northern’  and  ‘southern  wing.’]  The  two 
fourth-magnitude  stars  v and  f Ursa*  Majoris, 
which  mark  the  southern  hind  foot  of  the  beast. 
Xi,  which  is  a fine  binary  star  with  a period  of  only  6t 
years,  is  also  known  as  El  Acola. 

Alumbagh.  See  Alambagh. 

Aluredus.  See  Alfred  of  Beverley. 

Aluta  (a-lo'ta),  or  Alt  (alt),  or  Olt  (olt).  A 
river  which  rises  in  eastern  Transylvania,  flows 
south  and  west,  and  breaks  through  the  Car- 
pathians at  the  Rotherthurm  Pass,  and  then 
flows  south  through  Wallachia,  and  joins,  the 
Danube  opposite  Nicopolis.  Its  chief  tributary 
is  the  Oltetz.  The  length  of  the  Aluta  is  about 
300  miles. 

Alva  (al'vii;  Sp.  al'va),or  Alba  (al'bii),  Duke  of 
(Fernando  Alvarez  de  Toledo).  Born  Oct. 
29,  1507  : died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  II,  1582.  A fa- 
mous Spanish  general.  Ho  fought  in  the  various 
campaigns  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  of  Philip  II.;  de- 


Alva 

cided  the  victory  of  Muhlberg,  1547 ; was  commander 
against  Metz  in  1552  and  later  in  Italy ; was  sent  as  gov- 
ernor to  the  Netherlands  in  1567,  and  there  became  noto- 
rious for  his  cruelty ; established  the  “Council  of  Blood” 
(which  see);  put  to  death  Egmont,  Hoorn,  and  many 
others;  and  was  generally  successful  against  William  of 
Orange  down  to  1572.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1573  and 
conquered  Portugal  in  1580. 

Alva  de  Liste,  or  Alva  de  Aliste,  Count  of. 

Same  as  Alba  de  Liste.  See  Henriquez  de  Gas- 
man, Luis. 

Alvarado  (al-va-ra'THo),  Alonso  de.  Born  at 
Burgos  about  1490 : died  in  Peru,  1556.  A Span- 
ish cavalier  who  in  1518  joined  Cortes  and 
served  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  of  his  early 
life  nothing  is  known.  In  1534  he  went  to  Peru  with  Pedro 
de  Alvarado  (who  was  not  related  to  him),  remained  with 
Pizarro,  and  was  sent  to  conquer  Chachapoyas,  a region 
on  the  upper  Maranon.  Called  back  by  the  revolt  of  Inca 
Manco,  he  was  detached  with  400  men  to  relieve  Cuzco. 
Almagro,  meanwhile,  had  seized  that  city,  and  Alvarado’s 
refusal  to  acknowledge  him  led  to  a battle  at  the  river 
Abancay,  July  12,  1537,  where  Alvarado  was  defeated  and 
captured  with  his  whole  force.  He  escaped  from  Cuzco 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  joined  Pizarro,  and  commanded  his 
cavalry  at  the  battle  of  Las  Salinas,  April  26,  1538,  captur- 
ing Almagro  next  day.  He  then  returned  to  Chachapoyas 
and  carried  his  conquests  eastward  to  the  Huallaga.  He 
joined  Vaca  de  Castro  in  1541,  took  part  in  the  campaign 
against  the  younger  Almagro,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Chupas,  Sept.  16,  l >42.  Soon  after  he  went  to  Spain,  re- 
ceived the  title  of  marshal,  and  returned  with  Casca  in 
1546.  He  was  a judge  in  the  military  court  which  con- 
demned Gonzalo  Pizarro  and  Carbajal  to  death.  Gasca 
made  him  governor  of  Cuzco,  and  in  1553  he  was  sent  to 
govern  Charcas,  where  he  put  down  a rebellion.  On  the 
rebellion  of  Giron,  Alvarado  marched  against  him  with 
1,000  men  (Nov.,  1553),  but  was  defeated  at  Chuquingua, 
near  the  river  Abancay,  May  21, 1554.  It  is  said  that  the 
mortilieation  of  this  defeat  caused  his  death. 

Alvarado,  Diego  de.  Died  in  Spain,  1540.  A 
Spanish  soldier,  either  brother  or  uncle  of 
Pedro  de  Alvarado,  who  went  with  him  to  Peru 
in  1534. 

Alvarado,  Pedro  de.  Born  in  Badajoz,  1485: 
died  at  Guadalajara,  Mexico,  June  4,  1541.  A 
Spanish  cavalier,  famous  as  a companion  of 
Cortes  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico.  He  went  to 
the  West  Indies  in  1510,  and  in  1511  joined  the  expedition 
of  Velasquez  to  Cuba,  where  he  received  a grant  of  land. 
In  1518  he  commanded  a vessel  in  the  expedition  of  Gri- 
jalva to  Yucatan,  and  in  the  following  year  followed 
Cortes  in  the  Mexican  conquest.  He  was  present  at  the 
seizure  of  Montezuma,  and  when  Cortes  went  to  meet 
Narvaez,  Alvarado  was  left  in  command  of  the  force  at 
Mexico.  During  Cortds’s  absence  the  Mexicans  rose  and 
besieged  the  Spaniards.  In  the  disastrous  nocturnal  re- 
treat (the  noche  triste , July  1, 1520),  Alvarado  commanded 
the  rear-guard  and  escaped  with  difficulty,  saving  his  life, 
according  to  the  tradition,  by  leaping  a great  gap  in  the 
causeway,  at  a spot  still  called  “Alvarado's  Leap.”  In 
the  subsequent  operations  and  the  siege  of  Mexico  he  took 
a prominent  part.  In  Dec.,  1523,  he  was  sent  with  420 
Spaniards  and  a large  force  of  Indians  to  conquer  Guate- 
mala ; after  a desperate  battle  with  the  Quiche  Indians 
near  Quezaltenango,  he  marched  to  Utitlan,  burned  that 
town  after  conquering  the  inhabitants  (April,  1524),  de- 
feated another  army  near  Lake  Atitlan,  and  founded  the 
old  city  of  Guatemala,  July  25,  1524.  He  returned  to 
Spain  to  meet  charges  of  defrauding  the  royal  treasury 
and  was  acquitted,  and  returned  to  Guatemala  in  1530 
as  governor,  with  a large  number  of  colonists.  In  1531 
he  headed  an  expedition  of  400  men  against  Quito,  claim- 
ing that  that  region  was  not  included  in  the  grant  made 
to  Pizarro,  and  was  thus  open  to  conquest.  Landing 
on  the  coast,  he  led  liis  men  over  the  mountains  in  a 
terrible  march,  during  which  large  numbers  perished. 
Near  Riobamba  lie  met  the  forces  of  Almagro  and  Benal- 
cazar,  and  was  induced  to  retire,  receiving,  it  is  said,  a 
large  sum  of  gold  from  Pizarro : most  of  his  men  re- 
mained. Returning  to  Guatemala,  he  took  part  in  the 
conquest  of  Honduras,  which  was  added  to  his  govern- 
ment. In  1540  he  went  to  Mexico,  was  engaged  in  sub- 
duing a revolt  in  Jalisco,  and  died  there  from  a fall  with 
his  horse.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Alvarenga  (iil-va-reng'ga),  Manuel  Ignacio 
da  Silva.  Born  in  Sao  Joao,  (Pel  Rei,  Minas 
Geraes,  1758:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Nov.  1, 
1812.  A Brazilian  poet.  His  songs  and  odes 
are  among  the  finestin  the  Portuguese  language. 
Alvarenga  Peixoto,  Ignacio  Jose  de.  Born 
in  Rio  de  Janeiro  about  the  end  of  1748:  died 
in  Angola  early  in  1793.  A Brazilian  poet  and 
revolutionist.  For  taking  part  in  the  revolutionary 
conspiracy  of  1789  he  was  condemned  to  death  (1792),  but 
the  sentence  was  commuted  to  deportation  to  Angola. 

Alvares  (al'va-res),  or  Alvares  Correa  (ko- 
ra'yii),  Diogo.  Died  near  Bahia,  Oct.  5,  1557. 
A Portuguese  (generally  known  by  his  Indian 
name  Caramuru)  who  in  1510  was  shipwrecked 
on  the  coast  of  Brazil  near  Bahia.  He  succeeded 
in  gaining  the  friendship  of  the  TupinamM  Indians,  and 
subsequently  brought  about  friendly  relations  between 
them  and  the  first  Portuguese  colonists. 

Alvarez  (al'va-res),  Francisco.  Born  at 
Coimbra,  Portugal : died  after  1540.  A Portu- 
guese travelerin  Abyssinia,  author  of  “Verda- 
deira  Informacam  do  Preste  Joao  das  Indias” 
(1540,  “True  Information  about  Prester  John 
of  the  Indies”). 

Alvarez  (al'va-reth),  Juan.  Born  at  Concepcion 
de  Atoyae  (now  Ciudad  Alvarez),  Jan.  27,  1780: 


46 

died  Aug.  21,  1867.  A Mexican  general.  He 
joined  the  revolt  of  Morelos  in  Nov.,  1810,  and  was  prom- 
inent in  the  civil  wars  and  in  the  war  with  the  United 
States.  In  Feb.,  1854,  he  began  the  revolt  at  Acapulco 
which  spread  until  Santa  Anna  fled  from  the  country  in 
Aug.,  1865.  Alvarez  was  made  acting  president  at  Cuer- 
navaca, Oct.  4,  1855  ; but  unable  to  reconcile  the  conflict- 
ing cabals,  he  transferred  the  office  to  Comonfort,  Dec.  8, 
1855,  and  returned  to  his  home  at  Acapulco.  He  aided 
Juarez  against  the  French,  and  was  commander  of  the 
5th  army  division  when  he  died. 

Alvarez,  Don.  In  Dryden’s  tragedy  “Don  Se- 
bastian,” a former  counselor  to  Don  Sebastian, 
at  the  period  of  the  play  a slave. 

Alvary  (al-va'ri)  (Achenbacli),  Max.  A tenor 
singer,  son  of  the  painter  Andreas  Achenbach, 
born  at  Diisseldorf  in  1858:  died  1898.  He  first 
appearedin  Weimar,  removing  to  New  York  in  1884.  After 
several  successful  seasons,  lie  returned  to  Hamburgin  1889. 

Alvear  (al-ve-iir'),  Carlos  Maria.  Born  in 
Buenos  Ayres  about  1785:  died  in  Montevideo 
about  1850.  He  received  a military  education 
in  Spain,  and  in  1812  became  a member  of  the 
constitutional  assembly  of  the  Platine  states. 
He  joined  the  party  of  Posadas ; was  sent  to  command  the 
besieging  army  at  Montevideo,  which  capitulated  in  June, 
1814 ; was  worsted  in  a struggle  with  Artigas,  and  in  Jan., 
1815,  succeeded  Posadas  as  supreme  director,  but  was  soon 
deposed  by  a mutiny  of  the  troops.  He  commanded  the 
Argentine  forces  against  the  Brazilians  in  Uruguay,  1826, 
and  won  the  indecisive  victory  of  Ituzaingd,  Feb.  20, 1827. 
He  was  minister  to  the  United  States  in  1823.  During  the 
dictatorship  of  Rosas  he  was  banished. 

Alvensleben  (Si'  vens-la-ben),  Albrecht,  Count 
von.  Born  at  Halberstadt,  Prussian  Saxony, 
March  23,  1794 : died  at  Berlin,  May  2, 1858.  A 
Prussian  politician  and  diplomatist.  As  min- 
ister of  finance,  1836-42,  he  developed  the 
Zollverein  (which  see). 

Alvensleben,  Gustav  von.  Born  in  Eicken- 
barleben,  Prussian  Saxony,  Sept.  30,  1803 : 
died  at  Gernrode  in  the  Harz,  June  30,  1881. 
A Prussian  general  of  infantry,  chief  of  staff 
in  the  military  department  of  the  Rhine  prov- 
inces and  Westphalia.  He  served  in  the  staff  1866, 
and  commanded  an  army  corps  1870-71,  distinguishing 
himself  at  Sedan  and  elsewhere. 

Alvensleben,  Gustav  Hermann  von.  Born 
at  Rathenow,  Brandenburg,  Jan.  17, 1827 : died 
at  Mockmiihl,  Feb.  1,  1905.  A Prussian  lieu- 
tenant-general. He  participated  in  the  wars  against 
Denmark  and  Austria,  and  commanded  an  Uhlan  regiment 
in  the  Franco-Prussian  war. 

Alvensleben,  Konstantin  von.  Bora  at  Eich- 
enbarleben,  Prussian  Saxony,  Aug.  26,  1809 : 
died  at  Berlin,  March  28,  1892.  A Prussian 
general,  brother  of  Gustav  von  Alvensleben, 
commander  of  the  3d  army  corps  in  the  war  of 
1870-71,  at  Vionville,  Mars-la-Tour,  Gravelotte, 
the  investment  of  Metz,  on  the  Loire,  and 
elsewhere. 

Alves  Branco  (al'ves  brang'ko),  Manoel. 
Bom  at  Bahia,  Juno  7,  1797 : died  at  Nictheroy, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  July  13,  1855.  A Brazilian  law- 
yer and  statesman.  He  entered  political  life  as  dep- 
uty in  1830,  and  soon  became  a leader  of  the  liberal  party. 
He  was  chosen  senator  in  1837,  was  five  times  minister 
(1835,  1837,  1840,  1844,  and  1846),  and  was  premier  May, 
1847,  to  Jan.,  1849.  In  Dec.,  1854,  he  wa3  created  Visconde 
de  Caravellas. 

Alvinczy  (al'vin-tse),  or  Alvinzi,  Joseph, 
Baron  von  Barberek.  Bom  at  Alvincz,  Tran- 
sylvania, Feb.  1,  1735:  died  at  Budapest,  Nov. 
25, 1810.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He  served 
in  the  Seven  Years' War,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel; 
unsuccessfully  attempted  to  storm  Belgrad  in  1789;  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Neerwinden  in  1793 ; was  defeated  at 
Hondschooten  1793 ; commanded  on  the  upper  Rhine ; be- 
came commander  in  Italy  in  1796;  and  was  defeated  by 
Bonaparte  at  Arcole  1796,  and  at  Rivoli  1797. 

Alvord  (al7  vord),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Rutland, 
Vt.,  Aug.  18, 1813:  died  Oct.  16, 1884.  An  Amer- 
ican general  and  military  writer.  He  served  in 
the  Mexican  war,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  major  (Aug. 
15,  1847),  and  in  the  Civil  War.  He  became  brevet  briga- 
dier-general April  9,  1865,  and  brigadier-general  and  pay- 
master-general Aug.  4,  1876. 

Alwaid  (al-wid').  [Ar.  al  ’ awdid , the  sucking 
camel-colts  (this  star,  with  three  others  near 
it,  being  so  called  by  the  Arabs).]  The  second- 
magnitude  star  /3  Draconis,  in  the  monster’s  eye. 
It  is  called  Bastaban  on  some  star-maps. 

Alwar  (ul'wur),  or  Ulwar  (ul'wur).  A state 
of  Rajputana,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  30' 
N.,  long.  76°  30'  E.  It  is  under  British 
control.  Area,  3,141  square  miles.  Population, 
828,487. 

Alwar.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Alwar,  in 
lat.  27°  34'  N.,  long.  76°  36'  E.  Population, 
56,771. 

Alxinger  (alk'sing-er),  Jobann  Baptist  von. 

Born  at  Vienna,  Jan.  24,  1755:  died  at  Vienna, 
May  1.  1797.  An  Austrian  poet,  secretary  of 
the  imperial  court  theater  (1794).  He  published 
“Gedichte"(1780,  1784),  “Doolin  von  Mainz"  (1787),  “Bli- 


Amadis  of  Gaul 

omberis  ” (1791).  His  writings  were  collected  in  ten  vol- 
umes in  1812. 

Alyattes  (a-li-at'ez).  [Gr.  AAt>drr?/r.]  A king 
of  Lydia  who  reigned  about  617-560  B.  C.,  the 
father  of  Croesus.  He  made  various  conquests  in  Asia 
Minor,  and  carried  on  war  against  Cyaxares  of  Media.  His 
tomb  north  of  Sardis,  near  Lake  Gygsea,  was  one  of  the 
most  notable  monuments  of  antiquity. 

If  the  measurements  of  Herodotus  are  accurate,  and 
modern  travellers  appear  to  think  that  they  do  not  greatly 
overstep  the  truth,  the  tomb  of  Alyattes  cannot  have  fallen 
far  short  of  the  grandest  of  the  Egyptian  monuments.  Its 
deficiency  as  respects  size  must  have  been  in  height,  for 
the  area  of  the  base,  which  alone  our  author’s  statements 
determine,  is  above  one-third  greater  than  that  of  the 
Pyramid  of  Cheops.  As,  however,  the  construction  was 
of  earth  and  not  of  stone,  a barrow  and  not  a pyramid,  it 
would  undoubtedly  have  required  a less  amount  of  servile 
labour  than  the  great  works  of  Egypt,  and  would  indicate 
a less  degraded  condition  of  the  people  wli  ->  raised  it  than 
that  of  the  Egyptians  in  the  time  of  the  pyramid-builders. 

Iiawlinson,  Herod.,  I.  363. 

Alypius  (a-lip'i-us).  The  (unidentified)  author 
of  a Greek  treatise  on  the  elements  of  music. 
“ The  woi’k  consists  wholly,  with  the  exception  of  a short 
introduction,  of  lists  of  the  symbols  used  (both  for  voice 
and  instrument)  to  denote  all  the  sounds  in  the  forty-five 
scales  produced  by  taking  each  of  the  fifteen  modes  in  the 
three  genera  (diatonic,  chromatic,  enharmonic).”  Smith, 
Diet.  Gr.  and  Rom.  Biog. 

Alz  (tilts).  A tributary  of  the  Inn,  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  the  outlet  of  the  Chiemsee. 

Alzei,  or  Alzey  (alt'sl).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rhine  Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
Selz  19  miles  southwest  of  Mainz,  it  is  an  old 
Roman  town,  and  is  noted  in  the  Nibelungen  cycle.  It 
was  sacked  by  Bpinola  in  1620,  and  by  the  French  1688-89. 
Population,  7,488. 

Alzirdo  (alt-ser'do).  In  “ Orlando  Furioso,” 
the  king  of  Tremizen,  defeated  by  Orlando. 

Alzire  (al-zer').  A tragedy  by  Voltaire,  pro- 
duced Jan.  27,  1736,  in  which  he  contrasted  the 
virtues  of  the  noble  natural  man  and  those  of 
Chri stianized  and  civilized  man . The  he roine, 
Alzire,  is  a noble  Peruvian  captive. 

Alzog  (alt'soG),  Johann  Baptist.  Born  at 
Ohlau,  Silesia,  June  29,  1808  : died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  Feb.  28,  1878.  A German  Roman  Cath- 
olic historian,  professor  at  Posen,  Hildes- 
heim,  and  Freiburg.  He  was  the  author  of  “Lehr- 
buch  der  Universalkirchengeschichte"  (1840,  “Manual  of 
General  Church  History  ’’),  “Grundriss  derPatrologie,”  etc. 

Alzubra  (al'zu-bra).  [Ar.  ] The  rarely  used 
name  of  a little  star  of  the  fifth  magnitude,  72 
Leonis,  in  the  animal’s  hind  quarters. 

Amadab  (a-ma'da).  A place  in  Nubia  on  the 
bend  of  the  Nile  near  Derr,  noted  for  the  tem- 
ple of  Thothmes  III. 

Amadeo  (a-ma-da'o),  Giovanni  Antonio. 

Born  near  Pavia  about  1447 : died  Aug.  27, 1522. 
The  most  rem  arkable  of  the  Lombard  sculptors. 
He  was  associated  early  with  the  Mantegazze  in  the  works 
of  the  facade  of  the  Certosa.  With  his  brother  Protasius 
he  also  made  the  tomb  of  San  Lanfranco  in  the  church  of 
that  saint  near  Pavia.  He  made  the  monument  to  Medea 
Colleone  (or  Coleoni)  at  Basella  near  Bergamo,  and  the 
chapel  and  tomb  of  Colleone  himself  at  Bergamo,  1509. 
In  1490  he  was  appointed  chief  architect  of  the  Certosa  at 
Pavia,  and  made  a new  design  for  the  facade  which  was 
subsequently  carried  out  by  his  successors.  He  constructed 
the  cupola  of  the  cathedral  at  Milan,  and  two  important 
monuments  of  the  chapel  of  the  Borromei  at  Isola  Bella. 

Amadeus  (am-a-de'us),  It.  Amadeo  (a-ma- 
da'o).  Born  May  30,  1845  : died  at  Turin,  Jan. 
18,  1890.  Duke  of  Aosta,  the  second  son  of 
Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  elected  king  of  Spain 
Nov.,  1870.  He  entered  Madrid  Jan.  2,  1871, 
and  abdicated  Feb.  11,  1873. 

Amadeus  V.  Born  at  Bourget,  Savoy,  1249: 
died  1323.  A count  of  Savoy,  surnamed  “ The 
Great,”  who  reigned  from  1285  to  1323,  and 
was  the  ancestor  of  the  house  of  Savoy  (later 
Italian  dynasty).  He  increased  the  possessions 
of  Savoy  by  marriage  and  conquest,  and  was 
made  prince  of  the  empire  1313. 

Amadeus  VI.  Born  1334 : died  1383.  A count 
of  Savoy,  surnamed  “The  Green  Count,”  a 
grandson  of  Amadeus  V.  He  reigned  1343-83, 
and  acquired  various  territories  in  Piedmont 
and  elsewhere. 

Amadeus  VII.  A count  of  Savoy,  surnamed 
“The  Red.”  a son  of  Amadeus  VI.  He  reigned 
1383-91,  and  acquired  Nice. 

Amadeus  VIII.  Born  at  Chambdry,  Savoy, 
Sept.  4,  1383 : died  at  Geneva,  Jan.  7,  1451.  A 
count  (later  duke)  of  Savoy,  son  of  Amadeus 
VII.  He  succeeded  as  count  in  1391,  was  created  duke 
in  1416,  and  abdicated  in  1434.  He  was  elected  pope  in 
1439,  and  reigned  as  Felix  V.  1440-49. 

Amadeus,  Lake.  A salt  lake,  about  150  miles 
long,  on  the  boundary  of  South  Australia  and 
western  Australia,  about  lat.  24°  S. 

Amadis  of  Gaul  (am'a-dis  ov  gal).  The  legen- 
dary hero  of  a famous  medieval  romance  of  chiv- 
alry, the  center  of  a cycle  of  romances : the 


Amadis  of  Gaul 

oldest  of  the  heroes  of  chivalry.  He  is  represen  ted 
as  the  illegitimate  son  of  Perion,  king  of  Gaul,  and  Eli- 
eena,  princess  of  Brittany.  He  was  exposed  soon  after 
birth,  by  his  mother,  to  the  sea  in  a cradle  ; was  picked  up 
by  a Scottish  knight;  was  educated  at  the  court  of  the 
king  of  Scotland  ; and  fell  in  love  with  Oriana,  daughter 
of  Lisuarte,  king  of  England,  whom  he  eventually  married. 
After  being  knighted  he  returned  to  Gaul,  and  during  the 
rest  of  his  life  performed  there  and  elsewhere  a number 
of  wonderful  exploits. 

It  is  to  Herberay  that  the  famous  romance  of  Amadis 
of  Gaul  owes  most  of  its  fame.  According  to  the  most 
probable  story,  the  Amadis  was  originally  translated  by 
the  Spaniard  Montalvo  from  a lost  Portuguese  original  of 
the  fourteenth  century.  There  is  absolutely  no  trace  of  a 
French  original,  the  existence  of  which  has  been  assumed 
by  French  critics.  In  form  the  Amadis  is  a long  prose 
roman  d’aventures,  distinguished  only  from  its  French 
companions  and  predecessors  by  a somewhat  higher  strain 
of  romantic  sentiment,  and  by  a greater  abundance  of 
giants,  dwarfs,  witches,  and  other  condiments,  which, 
even  in  its  most  luxuriant  day,  the  simpler  and  more  aca- 
demic French  taste  had  known  how  to  do  without.  It 
had  been  continued  in  the  Spanish  by  more  than  one  au- 
thor, and  was  a very  voluminous  work  when,  in  1540,  Her- 
beray undertook  to  give  a French  version  of  it.  He,  in 
his  turn,  had  continuators,  but  none  who  equalled  his 
popularity  or  power.  . . . The  book  became  immensely 
popular.  It  is  said  that  it  was  the  usual  reading  book  for 
foreign  students  of  F'rench  for  a considerable  period,  and 
it  was  highly  thought  of  by  the  best  critics  (such  as  Pas- 
quier)  of  its  own  and  the  next  generation.  It  had  more- 
over a great  influence  on  what  came  after  it.  To  no  single 
book  can  be  so  clearly  traced  the  heroic  romances  of  the 
early  seventeenth  century.  Saintsbury,  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  236. 

Amadis  of  Greece.  A continuation  of  the 
seveuth  book  of  “ Amadis  of  Gaul,”  though  it 
is  the  ninth,  not  the  eighth  book  of  the  series. 
It  was  in  Spanish,  and  said  to  be  by  Feliciano  de  Silva.  It 
relates  the  exploits  of  the  son  of  Lisuarte  of  Greece  who 
was  the  son  of  Esplandian,  the  son  of  Amadis  (of  Gaul). 

[Mr.  Southey]  has  mentioned  that  in  Amadis  of  Greece 
may  be  found  the  original  of  the  Zelmane  of  Sidney’s 
“ Arcadia,"  the  Florizel  of  Shakespeare’s  “ Winter's  Tale," 
and  Masque  of  Cupid  in  the  “Faery  Queene.” 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  l’rose  Fiction,  I.  378. 

Amadis  de  Gr^ce.  An  opera  by  Lamotte,  pro- 
duced in  1704. 

Amadu,  Sultan.  See  Bambara. 

Amager  (a/ma-ger),  or  Ainak  (a'mak).  An 
island  of  Denmark,  in  the  sound,  opposite  Co- 
penhagen. Area,  29  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 57,989. 

Amaimon  (a-mi'mon),  or  Amaymon  (a-ml'- 
mon),  or  Amnymnn  (a-inoi'mon).  In  medieval 
demonology,  one  of  the  four  kings  of  hell,  of 
which  he  governed  the  eastern  portion.  Asmo- 
deus  is  his  lieutenant  and  first  prince  of  hisrealm.  Shak- 
spere  alludes  to  him  in  the  “Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,” 
ii.  2,  and  “ 1 Hen.  IV.,’’  ii.  4. 

Amalarius  (am-a-la'ri-us).  Died  837.  A deacon 
and  priest  in  Metz,  who  became  abbot  of  Horn- 
bach,  and  was  head  of  the  church  at  Lyons 
during  the  deposition  of  Ago  bard,  833-837.  His 

work  "De  ecclesiasticis  officiis”  describes  the  order  of 
service  observed  in  the  Roman  Church  in  the  9th  century. 

Amalasontha  (am//a-la-son'tha),  or  Amala- 
suentha,  or  Amalasuntha,  or  Amalaswin- 

tha.  Born  498:  killed  535  (534?).  Daughter  of 
Theodoric,  king  of  the  East  Goths,  and  regent 
of  the  East-Gothic  kingdom  526-535  (534?). 
Amalecite  (a-mal'e-sit).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians,  chiefly  of  New  Brunswick. 
See  Abnaki. 

Amalek  (am'a-lek).  A grandson  of  Esau, 
eponymic  of  an  Arab  tribe  mentioned  in  the 
early  history  of  the  Hebrews,  in  biblical  history 
the  Amalekites  are  represented  as  a nomadic  tribe.  In 
the  time  of  Abraham  they  are  mentioned  as  inhabiting 
the  district  southwest  of  the  Dead  Sea  (Gen.  xiv.  7)  ; in 
the  Mosaic  period  they  are  spread  out  over  the  entire 
desert  of  et-Tih  as  far  as  the  Egyptian  boundary  and  the 
Sinaitic  peninsula  (Ex.  xvii.  8-16;  Num.  xiii.  29);  later 
they  extended  their  settlements  into  the  territory  of  the 
tribe  of  Ephraim  (Judges  xii.  15).  They  attacked  the 
Israelites  when  wandering  through  the  desert,  were  driven 
oil  by  Joshua,  and  were  doomed  to  extermination  (Ex. 
xviL  8-16;  Deut.  xxv.  17-19).  Saul  and  David  defeated 
them  but  did  not  annihilate  them  (1  Sam.  xxx.),  and  the 
last  of  them  were  killed  by  600  Simeonites  on  the  moun- 
tain of  Seir  (1  Chron.  iv.  43). 

Amalekites  (am'a-lek-its).  See  Amalelc. 
Amalfi  (a-miil'fc).  A seaport  in  tko  province 
of  Salerno,  Italy,  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno  22 
miles  southeast  of  Naples,  it  has  manufactures  of 
paper,  macaroni,  ete.,  and  contains  a cathedral  (see  be- 
low) and  a Capuchin  monastery  (now  a hotel).  It  was 
founded,  according  to  tradition,  in  the  4th  century,  had 
at  first  a republican  constitution  under  elective  princes, 
and  became  an  important  commercial  center  in  the  middle 
ages.  It  was  said  to  have  contained  the  oldest  MS.  of  the 
Pandects  (which  see).  The  cathedral  is  a picturesque 
church  in  the  Norman-Saracenic  style,  in  masonry  of  al- 
ternate dark  and  light  courses.  It  was  built  originally  in 
the  loth  century  and  remodeled  in  the  13th.  There 
is  a three-aisled  vestibule  of  two  bays;  the  nave  has 
mosaics,  antique  columns,  and  a richly  carved  and  gilded 
roof.  The  crypt  contains  the  relics  of  St.  Andrew.  The 
bronze  doors  of  the  chief  portal  were  cast  at  Constanti- 
nople before  1066.  Population,  6,165. 

Amalfi  ta  n Code  or  Tables.  [ML.  tabula  Amal- 


47 

fitana.~\  The  oldest  existing  code  of  maritime 
law,  compiled  about  the  time  of  the  first  Cru- 
sade by  the  authorities  of  Amalfi,  which  then 
possessed  considerable  commerce  and  maritime 
power. 

Amalia  (a-ma'le-a),  Anna.  Born  at  Wolfen- 
biittel,  Germany,  Oct.  24,  1739:  died  at  Wei- 
mar, April  10,  1807.  Duchess  of  Saxe-Weimar- 
Eisenacli,  wife  of  Duke  Ernest,  and  mother  of 
Duke  Karl  August.  She  was  regent  1759-75,  and  is 
celebrated  as  a patroness  of  literature  and  art,  especially 
as  the  friend  of  Wieland,  Herder,  and  Goethe. 

Amalie  (a-ma'le-e),  or  Amalia,  Marie  Fried- 

erike.  Born  Dec.  21,  1818 : died  May  20,  1875. 
Princess  of  Oldenburg,  eldest  daughter  of 
Grand  Duke  Augustus,  and  wife  of  Oth o,  King 
of  Greece  (married  Nov.  22,  1836). 

Amalie  (a-ma'le-e),  Marie  Friederike  Au- 
guste. Duchess  in  Saxony : pseudonym  Ama- 
lie Heiter.  Born  Aug.  10, 1794 : died  Sept.  18, 
1870.  A German  dramatist,  sister  of  King 
John  of  Saxony:  author  of  “Der  Oheim,” 
“Die  Fiirstenbraut,”  “ Vetter  Heinrich,”  etc. 
Amalings  (am'a-lingz).  A royal  Gothic  family 
said  to  have  ruled  over  the  Goths  till  the  divi- 
sion of  the  nation  into  Ostrogoths  and  Visi- 
goths, when  they  ruled  over  the  Ostrogoths  till 
the  extinction  of  the  male  line  in  Theodoric  the 
Great,  526.  Also  Amals. 

The  kings  [of  the  Goths]  were  chosen  by  the  voice  of 
the  assembled  people  from  certain  great  families,  two  of 
which,  the  Amalings  and  the  Balthings,  are  known  to  us 
by  name.  The  Amalings  were  said  to  be  descended  from 
a hero  [the  fourth  in  descent  from  Gaut,  the  eponymous 
ancestor  of  the  Goths]  whose  deeds  had  earned  for  him 
the  title  of  Amala,  “the  mighty”;  the  name  of  the  Balth- 
ings is  derived  from  the  same  root  as  our  English  word 
“bold.”  . . . The  Amalings  became  the  royal  line  of  the 
Ostrogoths,  while  the  Visigoths  chose  their  kings  from  the 
Balthings.  Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  13. 

Amalric  of  Bene  (a-mal-rek'ov  ban),  or  Amau- 
ry  of  Chartres  (a-mo-re'ov  shart'r).  Born  at 
Bene,  near  Chartres,  France : died  about  1206. 
A French  theologian  and  mystical  philosopher, 
accused  by  the  ecclesiastical  authorities  of  pan- 
theism. See  Amalricians. 

Amalricians  (am-al-rish'ianz).  The  followers 
of  Amalric  (Amaury)  of  Bene  (in  the  diocese 
of  Chartres),  a pantheist  who  was  condemned 
by  the  University  of  Paris  (in  which  he  was  a 
professor  of  logic  and  exegesis),  by  the  Pope, 
and  by  a synod  of  Paris.  Ten  of  them  were 
burned  as  heretics. 

Amals.  See  Amalings. 

Amalthsea  (am-al-the'a),  or  Amalthea.  [Gr. 
A/iaAOeia.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  nurse  of 
Zeus,  probably  a goat.  In  Roman  legend,  the 
Sibyl  who  sold  to  Tarquin  the  Sibylline  books. 
Amambara  (a-mam-ba'ra).  A tributary  of  the 
Niger,  south  of  the  Binue. 

Amana  (a-ma/na),  or  Abana  (ab'a-na).  [Heb., 
'‘faithful,  steady.’]  A river  which  rises  in  the 
Anti -Lebanon  and  flows  through  Damascus  (2 
Ki.  v.  12):  the  modern  NahrBarada.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  the  district  of  the  Anti-Leb- 
anon (Cant.  iv.  81). 

Amanda  (a-man'da).  In  Cibber’s  comedy 
“Love’s  Last  Shift,”  and  in  its  continuation 
by  Vanbrugh  “The  Relapse,”  a virtuous  and 
charming  woman,  deserted  by  Loveless,  to 
whom  she  was  married  very  young,  but  whose 
love  she  regains. 

Amandola  (a-man'do-la).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ascoli,  Italy,  45  miles  south  of  Ancona. 
Amants  magnifiques  (a-mon'  man-ye-fek'), 
Les.  A sort  of  dramatic  potpourri  by  Moliere, 
written  at  the  order  of  the  king  in  1670. 
Amanus  (a-ma'nus).  [Gr.  ’A/tav6c.~]  In  ancient 
geography,  a mountain  group,  the  modern  Alma 
Dagh,  a branch  of  Mount  Taurus,  on  the  borders 
of  Cilicia  and  Syria. 

Amanvillers  (a-moit-ve-yar').  A village  north- 
west of  Metz  of  which  the  name  is  sometimes 
given  to  what  is  commonly  called  the  battle  of 
Gravelotte. 

Amapala  (a-ma'pa-la).  A seaport  on  the 
island  of  Tigre,  in  the  Gulf  of  Fonseca,  on  the 
Pacific  coast  of  Honduras.  It  exports  Central 
American  products. 

Amarakantaka  (am,'/a-ra-kan,ta-ka).  [Skt., 
‘ peak  of  the  immortals.’]  A place  of  pilgrimage 
in  India  in  the  table-land  east  of  the  Vindhyas. 
Amarakosha  (am//a-ra-ko,sha).  [Skt.,  ‘the 
immortal  vocabulary,  or  the  vocabulary  of 
Amara.’]  A celebrated  vocabulary  of  the  clas- 
sical Sanskrit,  ascribed  to  Amarasinha. 
Amarant  (am'a-rant).  A giant  killed  in  the 
Holy  Land  by  Guy  of  Warwick. 

Amaranta  (am-a-ran'tS).  In  Beaumont  and 


Amathus 

Fletcher’s  “ Spanish  Curate,”  the  wife  of  Bar- 
tolus,  “as  cunning  as  she ’s  sweet.” 

Amarante  (a-ma-ran'ta).  A small  town  in 
northern  Portugal,  north  of  Oporto. 
Amaranth  (am'a-ranth),  Lady.  A character 
in  O’Keefe’s  farce  “Wild  Oats.” 

Amarapura  (am'a-ra-po'ra).  A decayed  town 
of  Burma,  near  the  Irawadi  6 miles  northeast 
of  Ava.  It  contains  the  former  royal  palace.  It  was 
built  in  1783,  and  was  for  many  years  capital  of  Burma. 

Amarasinha  (am'a-ra-sin'ha).  The  author  of 
the  Amarakosha.  His  date  is  uncertain,  but  it  is 
probable  that  he  flourished  about  400  a.  d. 

Amara,vati  (a-ma-ra'va-te).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, the  capital  of  Indra’s  heaven,  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Meru. 

Amargoza  (a-mar-go'za)  River.  A small 
river  in  eastern  California,  which  flows  into 
Death  Valley. 

Amari  (a-ma're),  Emerico.  Born  at  Palermo, 
May  9,  1810:  died  there,  Sept.  20,  1870.  An 
Italian  publicist.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
criminal  law  in  the  University  of  Palermo  in  1841.  Author 
of  “Critica  di  una  scienza  delle  legislazioni  comparate" 
(1857). 

Amari,  Michele.  Born  at  Palermo,  July  7, 
1806 : died  at  Florence,  July  16, 1889.  An  Italian 
historian,  statesman,  and  Oriental]  st,  member  of 
the  Italian  senate.  His  chief  works  are  “ La  guerra 
del  Vespro  Siciliano”  (1841),  "Storia  dei  Alusulmanui  in 
Sicilia”  (1853-73). 

Amarillas  (a-ma-rel'yas).  See  Ahumada. 
Amarinna  (a-ma-rin'na).  See  Amharic. 
Amar-Sin  (a  -mar'sin).  [‘  Sin  (i.  e.  the  moon- 
god)  sees.’]  A Babylonian  king  of  the  old- 
Babylonian  period,  residing  in  Ur.  His  name 
is  found  on  several  archaic  cuneiform  inscriptions  which, 
however,  do  not  give  much  information  concerning  his 
person  or  reign. 

Amaru,  Tupac.  See  Tupac  Amaru. 
Amarushataka  (a-ma-ro-sha'ta-ka).  An  erotic 
poem  in  Sanskrit,  mystically  interpreted,  in 
a hundred  stanzas,  written  by  a king  named 
Amaru,  but  by  some  attributed  to  the  philoso- 
pher Sankara,  who  assumed  the  dead  form  of 
that  king  in  order  to  converse  with  his  widow. 
Amar  yBorbon  (a-mar'  e bor-bon'),  Antonio. 
A Spanish  general  who,  from  1803  to  1810,  was 
viceroy  of  New  Granada.  He  was  imprisoned  at 
Bogotd,  July  20, 1810,  and  in  August  was  sent  out  of  the 
country  by  the  revolutionary  junta. 

Amaryllis,  Amarillis  (am-a-ril'is).  [L.  Ama- 
ryllis, Gr.  ’Ap.apvXMi;.']  1.  A shepherdess  or 
country  maiden  in  the  “Idyls”  of  Theocritus 
and  “Eclogues”  of  Vergil. — 2.  In  Spenser’s 
‘ ‘ Colin  Clout ’s  Come  H orne  Again,”  a personage 
described  with  adulation,  intended  for  Alice 
Spenser,  Countess  of  Derby,  with  whose  family 
Spenser  claimed  an  alliance.  It  was  for  her  that 
Milton  wrote  his  “Arcades.” — 3.  In  Fletcher’s 
pastoral  “The  Faithfu'l  Shepherdess,”  a shep- 
herdess who  is  in  love  with  Perigot,  and  uses 
foul  means  to  part  him  from  Amoret.  — 4.  Iu 
Buckingham’s  “Rehearsal,”  a female  character 
intended  to  cast  ridicule  on  Dryden.  The  part 
was  taken  by  Ann  Reeve,  whose  intrigue  with 
Dryden  was  noticed  in  the  play. 

Amasa  (am'a-sa).  [Heb.,  ‘burden.’]  A son 
of  Abigail,  sister  of  David,  and  Jether,  an  Ish- 
maelite.  He  joined  Absalom  in  his  rebellion,  and  was 
made  commander  of  his  forces.  After  his  defeat  he  was 
pardoned  by  David  and  offered  the  command  of  the  army 
in  place  of  Joab.  Later  Joab  treacherously  slew  him. 
Amasia  (a-ma'se-a).  A city  in  the  vilayet  of 
Sivas,  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  lat.  40°  40'  N.,  long. 
35°  50'  E.,  on  the  Yeshil-Irmak : the  later  resi- 
dence of  the  kings  of  Pontus,  and  the  birthplace 
of  Strabo.  Population,  about  30,000. 

Amasis,  Amosis.  See  Aahmes. 

Amat  (ii-mat'),  Felix.  Born  at  Sabadell,  near 
Barcelona,  Spain,  Aug.  10,  1750:  died  near  Sa- 
leut,  Sept.  28,  1824.  A Spanish  ecclesiastic 
and  writer,  archbishop  of  Palmyra  in  partibus 
infidelium.  He  became  confessor  to  Charles  IV.  in  1S06, 
and  is  the  author  of  an  ecclesiastical  history,  “Tiatado 
de  la  Iglesia  de  Jesu  Cristo”  (1793-1803). 

Amat,  Manuel  de.  Born  in  Catalonia  about 
1705 : died  at  Barcelona  about  1780.  A Spanish 
general  and  administrator.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  Africa,  Italy,  and  the  Peninsula  ; was  captain- 
general  of  Chile  1755-61,  and  viceroy  of  Peru  1761-76.  In 
1767  he  carried  out  the  decree  for  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits. 

Amateur  Casual,  The,  or  Amateur  Lambeth 
Casual.  The  pseudonym  of  James  Green- 
wood, an  English  reporter  on  the  “Pall  Mall 
Gazette,”  who,  under  this  name,  recounted  his 
adventures  in  the  casual  ward  in  a London 
workhouse. 

Amathus  (am'a-thus).  [Gr.  ’'A/iaOor.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  of  Phenician  origin  on 


Amathiis 

the  southern  coast  of  Cyprus,  near  the  site  of 
the  modern  Limasol.  It  contained  a sanctuary 
of  Aphrodite. 

Amati  (a-ma'te).  A celebrated  Italian  family 
of  violin-makers  which  flourished  at  Cremona 
in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries.  Its  most  noted 
members  were  Andrea,  his  sons  Antonio  and  Geronimo, 
and  Nicolo,  son  of  Geronimo. 

Amatitl&n  (a-ma-te-tlan').  A town  in  Guate- 
mala, Central  America,  south  of  Guatemala. 
Population,  3,471. 

Amatitlan  Lake.  A lake.  9 miles  long,  in 

southern  Guatemala,  near  Amatitlan. 
Amatongaland.  See  Tongaland. 

Amatus  Lusitanus  (a-ma'tus  lu-si-ta'nus). 
Born  1511 : died  1568.  A Portuguese  physician, 
of  Hebrew  descent.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
second  author  to  describe  the  valves  in  the  veins.  He 
wrote  an  account  of  seven  hundred  remarkable  cases  in 
medicine  and  surgery  (1551-66). 

Amaury  of  Chartres.  See  Amalric  of  Bene. 
Amaury  (a-ma'ri  or  a-mo-re')  I.,  or  Amalric 
(am-al'rik).  Born  1135:  died  1173.  King  of 
Jerusalem  (Count  of  Joppa),  a younger  son 
of  Pule  of  Jerusalem,  and  the  successor  of  his 
brother  Baldwin  III.,  1162.  He  invaded  Egypt  in 
1168,  marching  as  far  as  Cairo,  but  was  driven  out  by  Sala- 
• din,  by  whom  he  was  put  upon  the  defensive  in  1170. 

Amaury  II.,  or  Amalric  (of  Lusignan).  Died 
1205.  King  of  Cyprus  1194,  and  titular  king  of 
Jerusalem  1197  (through  his  marriage  with  Isa- 
bella, widow  of  Henry,  count  of  Champagne). 
He  was  unable  to  maintain  himself  against  the  Moslems, 
and  died  at  Ptolemais. 

Amaury,  Giles.  The  grand  master  of  the 
Templars  in  Scott’s  tale  “The  Talisman.”  He 
conspired  against  King  Richard  and  was  killed 
by  Saladin. 

Ainaxiki,  Amaxicbi.  See  Levkas. 

Amaziah  (am-a-zi'a).  [Heb.]  The  son  of  Joash, 
king  of  Judah"797-792  B.  c.  (840?  811?  b.  c.). 
Amazirghs  (a'ma-zergz).  The  Berbers  of 
northei’n  Morocco. 

Amazon  (am'a-zon).  [Pg.  Bio  Amazonas,  Sp. 
Bio  de  las  Amazonas,  F.  Fleuve  des  Amazones, 
G.  Amazonenstrom / formerly  Orellana;  in  its 
upper  course  Maranon  or  Tunguragua,  in  its 
middle  course  Solitudes.']  The  principal  river 
of  South  America,  and  the  largest  in  the  world. 
It  has  two  chief  head  streams.  One  is  the  Marabou 
(Tunguragua)  which  rises  in  Peru  about  lat.  10°  30'  S. ; 
the  other  is  the  Ucayale  (which  has  for  its  southern- 
most head  stream  the  Apurimac).  The  Ucayale  rises  in 
Peru  about  lat.  15°  S.  The  MaraSon  (Amazon)  flows 
northwest  between  ranges  of  the  Andes,  turns  east  near 
lat.  5°  S.,  enters  Brazil  about  long.  70°  W.,  and  after  dis- 
charging water  through  several  narrow  channels  into  the 
Lower  Tocantins  or  ParA  Paver,  thus  cutting  off  the  island 
of  Marajd,  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  the  equator.  It  is 
connected  on  the  north  with  the  Orinoco  by  the  Cassi- 
quiare  and  Negro.  The  basin  of  the  Amazon  comprises 
about  2,500,000  square  miles.  Its  leading  tributaries  are, 
on  the  north,  the  Napo,  Iga,  .Japura,  and  Negro;  on  the 
south  the  Huallaga,  Javary,  Jutahy,  JuruA,  Purus,  Ma- 
deira, Tapajds,  and  Xingd.  Its  length,  to  the  source  of 
the  Apurimac,  is  probably  about  3,300  miles,  though  often 
given  as  4,000.  It  is  navigalde  about  2,300,  for  steamships 
about  2,200  miles.  The  width  of  the  main  mouth  is  50 
miles;  and  at  the  Peruvian  frontier  the  river  is  1 mile 
wide.  The  mouth  was  discovered  by  Pinzon  in  1500,  and 
Orellana  descended  it  in  1541.  Steamers  first  plied  on  it 
in  1853.  In  1867  it  was  made  a free  highway  to  all  na- 
tions. 

Amazonas  (a-ma-zo'niis).  The  largest  state  of 
Brazil,  capital  Manaos,  occupying  the  north- 
western part  of  the  country  and  bordering  on  Ve- 
nezuela, Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  and  Bolivia. 
It  is  largely  occupied  by  forests.  Area  (claimed), 
732,439  square  miles.  Population,  249,756. 
Amazonas.  A department  of  northern  Peru, 
west  of  Loreto.  Area,  13,943  square  miles. 
Population,  about  70,676. 

Amazonas.  Aterritoryin  southern  Venezuela, 
bordering  on  Brazil.  Area  (claimed,  including 
a vast  area  of  disputed  territory),  90,928  square 
miles.  Population,  with  Alto  Orinoco,  45,197 
(a  mere  estimate,  as  there  are  hardly  any  civ- 
ilized inhabitants). 

Amazonia  (am-a-zo'ni-a).  A name  sometimes 
iven  to  the  valley  of  the  Amazon, 
mazons  (am'a-zonz).  [L.  Amazon,  Gr.  Aga- 
Zuv,  a foreign  name  of  unknown  meaning;  ac- 
cording to  Greek  writers,  from  a-  priv.,  without, 
and/m(of, abreast:  apopularetymology,  accom- 
panied by,  and  doubtless  originating,  the  state- 
ment that  the  right  breast  was  removed  in  order 
that  it  might  not  interfere  with  the  use  of  the 
how  and  javelin.]  1.  In  Greek  legend,  a race  of 
women  supposed  to  have  dwelt  on  the  coast  of 
the  Black  Sea  and  in  the  Caucasus  Mountains. 
The  Amazons  and  their  contests  were  a favorite  theme  in 
Grecian  art  and  story.  They  were  represented  as  forming 
a state  from  which  men  were  excluded,  as  devoting  them- 
selves to  war  and  hunting,  and  as  being  often  in  conflict 
with  the  Greeks  in  the  heroic  age. 


48 

But  it  is  in  the  famous  legend  of  the  Amazons  that  we 
must  look  for  the  chief  evidence  preserved  to  us  by  classi- 
cal antiquity  of  the  influence  exercised  by  the  Hittites  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  Amazons  were  imagined  to  be  a nation 
of  female  warriors,  whose  primitive  home  lay  in  Kappa- 
dokia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Thermodon,  not  far  from  the 
ruins  of  Boghaz  Keui.  From  hence  they  had  issued  forth 
to  conquer  the  people  of  Asia  Minor  and  to  found  an  em- 
pire which  reached  to  the  zEgean  Sea.  The  building  of 
many  of  the  most  famous  cities  on  the  riSgean  coast 
was  ascribed  to  them, — Myrina  and  Kyme,  Smyrna  and 
Ephesos,  where  the  worship  of  the  great  Asiatic  goddess 
was  carried  on  with  barbaric  ceremonies  into  the  later  age 
of  civilised  Greece.  Now  these  Amazons  are  nothing 
more  than  the  priestesses  of  the  Asiatic  goddess,  whose 
cult  spread  from  Carchemish  along  with  the  advance  of 
the  Hittite  armies.  She  was  served  by  a multitude  of 
armed  priestesses  and  eunuch  priests ; under  her  name 
of  Ma,  for  instance,  no  less  than  six  thousand  of  them 
waited  on  her  at  Komana  in  Kappadokia.  Certain  cities, 
in  fact,  like  Komana  and  Ephesos,  were  dedicated  to  her 
service,  and  a large  part  of  the  population  accordingly 
became  the  armed  ministers  of  the  mighty  goddess.  Gen- 
erally these  were  women,  as  at  Ephesos  in  early  days, 
where  they  obeyed  a liigh-priestess,  who  called  herself 
the  queen-bee.  When  Ephesos  passed  into  Greek  hands, 
the  goddess  worshipped  there  was  identified  with  the 
Greek  Artemis,  and  a high-priest  took  thp  place  of  the 
high-priestess.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  78. 

2.  A fabled  tribe  of  female  warriors  said  to 
have  existed  in  South  America.  The  report  origi- 
nated in  an  Indian  myth  which  was  found  from  the  West 
Indies  to  Paraguay,  and  still  exists  among  tiie  Caribs  and 
others : it  is  interesting  from  its  relation  to  the  Old  World 
myth. 

Amazons,  The.  An  earlier  English  form  of  the 
Portuguese  name  of  the  Amazon  River,  still  in 
occasional  use. 

Amazons,  Battle  of.  See  Batt’c  of  Amazons. 

Ambala  (um-ba'la),  or  Umballa  (um-bal'a). 
The  name  of  a former  division  of  the  Pan- 
jab, British  India.  Area,  about  4,014  square 
miles. 

Ambala.  A district  in  the  division  of  Delhi, 
intersected  by  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  long.  77°  E. 
Area,  1,851  square  miles.  Population, 
815,880. 

Ambala.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Am- 
bala, situated  in  lat.  30°  23'  N.,  long.  76°  46' 
E.,  an  important  station  on  the  North-Western 
Railway.  Population,  including  cantonment, 
78,638. 

Ambalerna  (am-ba-la'ma).  A town  in  Co- 
lombia, situated  on  the  Magdalena  55  miles 
west  of  Bogota.  It  is  the  center  of  an  exten- 
sive tobacco  district.  Population,  about 

9.000. 

Ambassadors,  The.  A painting  by  Holbein 
the  younger,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
It  is  believed  to  represent  Dinteville,  French  ambassador 
at  St.  James  s in  1533,  and  Nicolas  Bourbon,  a poet.  It 
was  formerly  thought  to  portray  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  with 
Leland. 

Ambassi,  or  Ambasse.  See  Suo  Salvador. 

Ambato  (am-bii'to).  A town  of  Ecuador,  65 
miles  south  of  Quito.  Population,  about 

10.000. 

Ambelakia  (am-be-la'ke-a).  A small  town  in 
the  vale  of  Tempe,  Thessaly,  18  miles  north- 
east of  Larissa.  / 

Amber  (am'ber).  A decayed  town  near  Jey- 
pore,  India,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Jey- 
pore.  Population,  4,956. 

Amberg  (am'berG).  A town  in  the  Upper  Pa- 
latinate, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Vils  32  miles 
northwest  of  Ratisbon:  the  former  capital  of 
the  Upper  Palatinate.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron, 
arms,  beer,  etc.  A victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Aus- 
trians under  the  archduke  Charles  over  the  French  under 
Jourdan,  Aug.  24,  1796.  Population,  24,303. 

Amber  Islands,  or  Electrides  (e-lek'tri-dez). 
[Gr.  al  ’IlXeKTpidet;.]  A name  given  by  the  Greeks 
in  later  times  to  the  islands  in  the  North  Sea 
off  Denmark,  Germany,  and  Holland.  Elton, 
Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  41. 

Amber  Witch,  The.  An  opera  by  W.  V.  Wal- 
lace, words  by  Chorley,  first  produced  in  Lon- 
don Feb.  28,  1861.  It  was  founded  on  a popular  Ger- 
man romance  of  the  same  name  by  Meinhold,  published 
in  1843. 

Ambert  (on-bar').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Puy-de-Dome,  France,  situated  near  the 
Dore  37  miles  southeast  of  Clermont-Ferrand. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cheese  and  paper. 
Population,  7,581. 

Ambiorix  (am-bi'o-riks).  A chief  of  the  Ebu- 
rones  in  Gaul,  famous  iu  the  campaigns  against 
the  Romans  54-53  b.  c. 

Ambitious  Statesman,  The,  or  The  Loyal 
Favorite.  A tragedy  by  Crowne,  acted  in  1679. 

Ambitious  Stepmother,  The.  A tragedy  by 
Nicholas  Rowe,  printed  in  1700. 

Ambleside  (am'bl-sid).  A town  in  the  Lake 
District,  Westmoreland,  England,  1 mile  north 
of  Lake  Windermere,  noted  for  its  picturesque 


Ambrones 

Scenery.  Near  it  are  Rydal  Mount,  Fox  How,  Grasmere, 
etc.  It  contains  Roman  antiquities.  Population, 

2.536. 

Ambleteuse  (oh-bl-tez').  A decayed  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France, 
7 miles  north  of  Boulogne. 

Amhoella  (am-bwa'la).  A Bantu  people  living 
in  the  interior  of  Africa,  near  the  head  streams 
of  the  Zambesi,  about  lat.  15°  S.,  long.  19°  E. 
Amboim  (am-bwing').  See  Mbuiyi. 

Ambois  (on-bwa'),  Bussy  d’.  The  principal 
character  in  Chapman’s  play  of  that  name : a 
self-confident  and  arrogant  adventurer,  with 
some  real  loftiness  of  character. 

Ambois,  Clermont  d’.  The  brother  of  Bussy 
d’ Ambois,  a scholar  and  philosopher.  He  is  the 
central  figure  in  Chapman’s  play  “The  Revenge  of  Bussy 
d’Ambois."  He  commits  suicide  after  the  death  of  his 
patron  Guise. 

Amboise  (on-bwaz').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loire  14  miles  east  of  Tours,  it  is  famous 
for  its  castle,  a favorite  residence  of  the  Valois  kings,  oc- 
cupying a high  rock- platform  from  which  rise  its  3 cylin- 
drical, cone-roofed  towers.  Two  towers  built  at  the  base 
of  the  rock,  42  feet  in  diameter  and  over  100  feet  high,  con- 
tain spiral  passages  by  which  horses  and  vehicles  can  mount 
to  the  platform  above.  In  the  gardens  is  the  Chapel  of  St. 
Hubert,  one  of  the  richest  existing  examples  of  thfe  florid 
Pointed.  Here  Leonardo  da  Vinci  is  buried.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Amboise  in  1560.  Later  it  be- 
came a political  m i on.  Abd-el-Kader  was  confined  in  it 
1848-52.  It  is  now  the  property  of  the  Orleans  family. 
Population,  commune,  4,731. 

Amboise,  Conspiracy  of.  An  unsuccessful 
conspiracy  of  Huguenots  under  La  Renaudie 
to  seize  the  king  (Francis  II.),  first  at  Blois 
and  afterward  at  Amboise  in  1560,  and  remove 
him  from  the  influence  of  the  Guises.  Cond6 
was  the  real  chief  of  the  conspirators. 
Amboise,  Edict  of.  An  edict  of  pacification 
between  the  French  Catholics  and  Huguenots, 
authorizing  (1563)  the  Reformed  worship  in  the 
houses  of  the  nobility,  throughout  all  the  do- 
mains of  the  justiciary  nobles,  and  in  one  city 
of  each  bailiwick.  It  ended  the  first  war  be- 
tween the  two  parties. 

Amboise,  Georges  d’.  Born  at  Chaumont-sur- 
Loire,  France,  1460:  died  at  Lyons,  1510.  A 
French  statesman  and  cardinal,  minister  of 
Louis  XH.  1498,  and  director  of  his  foreign 
policy. 

Amboise,  League  of.  See  Amboise,  Conspir- 
acy of. 

Amboyna  (am-boi'na).  [Malay  Ambun.]  One 
of  the  chief  islands  of  the  Moluccas,  situated  in 
lat.  3°  41'  S.,  long.  128°  10'  E.,  consisting  of 
two  parts  connected  by  a narrow  isthmus.  Its 
chief  product  is  cloves.  It  was  settled  by  the  Portuguese 
in  the  16th  century,  and  was  taken  by  the  Dutch,  to  whom 
it  now  belongs,  in  1605.  Length,  32  miles.  Area,  about 
300  square  miles.  Population,  about  40,000. 

Amboyna.  A residency  of  the  Dutch  East  In- 
dies, comprising  Amboyna,  Ceram,  Banda  Isl- 
ands, Timor-Laut,  etc. 

Amboyna.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  island 
and  residency  of  Amboyna.  Population,  about 
9,000. 

Amboyna,  or  The  Cruelties  of  the  Dutch  to 
the  English  Merchants.  A tragedy  by  Dry  den, 
produced  ill  1673.  Part  of  the  plot  was  taken  from 
one  of  the  Italian  novels  of  Cinthio,  the  10th  of  the  iiftli 
decade,  and  part  has  reference  to  occurrences  of  the  time. 
Ambracia  (am-bra'shi-a).  [Gr.  Agfiparia,  ear- 
lier Agirpatcta.]  The  ancient  name  of  Arta 
(which  see). 

Ambracian  Gulf  (am-bra'shi-an  gulf).  See 
Arta,  Gulf  of . 

Ambree  (am'bre),  Mary.  A woman  who  is 
said  to  have  fought  at  the  siege  of  Ghent  in 
1584  to  revenge  her  lover’s  death,  she  is  fre- 
quently mentioned  in  old  ballads,  and  is  the  subject  of 
one  preserved  by  Percy.  Ben  Jonson  refers  to  her  in  the 
“ Epicoene”  and  “ Tale  of  a Tub  ” and  in  “The  Fortunate 
Isles,’’  where  he  quotes  the  words  of  this  ballad.  Fletcher 
also  mentions  her  in  “The  Scornful  Lady.”  The  ballad  in 
Percy’s  “Reliques”  is  often  quoted  by  the  writers  of  Jon- 
son’s  time,  and,  like  him,  they  frequently  gave  the  name 
of  Mary  Ambree  to  any  remarkable  virago  who  adopted 
man’s  attire. 

Ambriz  (am-brez').  A coast  town  of  Portu- 
guese Angola,  West  Africa,  and  capital  of  the 
“coDCelho”  (county)  of  the  same  name,  its 
chief  export  is  coffee,  which  is  brought  down  from  the 
Mutemu  and  Encoge  mountains.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1855.  Population,  about  2,500,  of  mixed 
African  origin,  mostly  from  Loanda. 

Ambrones  (am-bro'nez).  [L.  Ambrones  (Livy), 
Gr.  "Agfipui’ie  (Strabo).]  A German  tribe  men- 
tioned by  Livy  and  Strabo  in  connection  with 
the  Teutones,  whose  near  neighbors  they  seem 
to  have  been  on  the  North  Sea,  and  with  whom 
they  were  allied  in  the  Cimbrian  wars.  They 
suffered  a crushing  defeat  by  Marius  at  Aquae  Sextiae,  102 
B.  c.  There  is  no  certain  record  of  their  subsequent  fate. 


Ambros  49 


Ambros  (am'bros),  August  Wilhelm.  Bom 

at  Mauth,  Bohemia,  Nov.  17,  1816:  died  at 
Vienna,  June  28, 1876.  An  Austrian  composer 
and  writer  on  music.  His  chief  literary  work 
is  a “ Geschichte  der  Musik”  (1862-81),  a very 
high  authority  in  its  department. 

Ambrose  (am'broz),  L.  Ambrosius  (am-bro'zi- 
us),  of  Alexandria.  Died  about  250.  A Ro- 
man nobleman,  a friend  of  Origen. 

Ambrose,  L.  Ambrosius,  Saint.  Bora  at 
Treves,  Gaul,  probably  340:  died  at  Milan, 
April,  397.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Latin 
Church.  He  was  educated  at  Rome,  appointed  consular 
prefect  in  Upper  Italy  about  369,  and  elected  (while  a ci- 
vilian and  unbaptized)  bishop  of  Milan  in  374.  He  was 
the  champion  of  the  Catholics  against  the  Allans  and 
pagans.  For  his  cruelty  in  the  massacre  of  Thessalonica 
the  emperor  Theodosius  was  excommunicated  by  Am- 
brose and  forced  to  do  penance.  Among  his  works  are 
“De  officiis  ministrorum,"  “Hexaemeron,"  hymns,  etc. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  the  Ambrosian  ritual. 

He  was  elected,  while  still  an  unbaptized  catechumen 
and  governor  of  the  province,  to  the  post  of  Bishop  of 
Milan,  having  entered  the  church  with  his  troops  to  quell 
the  fury  of  the  partisans  of  the  two  rival  candidates. 
While  he  soothed  the  people  with  his  wise  words,  a little 
child,  so  the  story  runs,  suddenly  called  out  “ Ambrose  is 
Bishop  ” ; the  words  were  caught  up  and  carried  round  the 
church  by  the  rapturous  acclamation  of  the  whole  multi- 
tude. Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  187. 

Ambrose,  Isaac.  Born  at  Ormskirk,  Lanca- 
shire, England,  1604:  died  1664.  An  English 
nonconformist  divine  and  devotional  writer, 
author  of  “Looking  unto  Jesus”  (1658). 

Ambrose  and  the  Emperor  Theodosius.  A 
painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.  The  archbishop,  in  full  canonicals,  stands  with 
his  attendants  before  the  door  of  the  cathedral,  and  for- 
bids the  emperor  to  enter. 

Ambrose’s  Tavern.  An  old  tavern  in  Edin- 
burgh, now  destroyed,  the  scene  of  Wilson’s 
“ Noctes  Ambrosian®.” 

Its  location  was  the  site  of  the  new  Register  House,  in 
the  rear  of  the  old  Register  House , and  it  is  approached 
from  West  Register  Street  by  the  narrow  alley  running 
now  between  the  new  Register  House  and  the  new  Cafb 
Royal.  Hutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  55. 

Ambrosian  Library  (am-bro'zian  li'bra-ri). 
[Named  for  St.  Ambrose.]  A library  at  Mi- 
lan, founded  by  Cardinal  Borromeo  in  1609. 
It  contains  230,000  printed  volumes  and  8,400 
MSS. 

Ambrosiaster  (am-bro'zi-as-ter),  or  Pseudo- 
Ambrosius  (su//do-am-bro'zius).  [‘The  spu- 
rious Ambrosius.’]  The  name  usually  given  to 
the  unknown  author  of  “Commentariain  XIII. 
Epistolas  B.  Pauli,”  which  has  found  its  way 
into  the  Benedictine  edition  of  the  works  of 
Ambrose.  The  author  is  sometimes  identified 
with  the  Roman  deacon  Hilary. 

Ambrosio,  or  the  Monk.  A romance  by  Mat- 
thew Gregory  Lewis,  published  in  1795.  a sec- 
ond edition  was  issued  in  which  many  objectionable  pas- 
sages were  omitted.  He  gained  the  sobriquet  of  “The 
Monk  ” and  “Monk  Lewis  ” from  this  book. 

Ambrosius.  See  Ambrose. 

Ambrosius  (am-bro'zius),  or  Ambrose,  Father. 
The  last  abbot  of  St.  Mary’s,  Edward  Glen- 
dinning,  in  Scott’s  novel  “ The  Abbot.” 

Ambrosius  Aurelianus  (am-bro'zius  a-re- 
li-a'nus),  Welsh  Emrys.  Lived  about  440. 
A leader  of  the  Romans  and  Romanized  Brit- 
ons, said  to  have  been  a descendant  of  Con- 
stantine, elected  emperor  in  Britain,  Gaul, 
and  Spain  under  Honorius.  He  drove  back  the 
Saxon  invaders  and  confined  Hengist  for  some  years  to 
the  Isle  of  Thanet. 

Ambundu  (am-bon'do).  See  Kimbundu. 

Ameland  (a'me-lant).  An  island  in  the  North 
Sea,  north  of  the  province  of  Friesland,  Neth- 
erlands, to  which  it  belongs.  Length,  13  miles. 

Amelia  (a-ma'le-a).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  45  miles  north  of  Rome:  the 
ancient  Ameria.  It  has  a cathedral. 

Amelia  (a-me'lia).  Bom  Aug.  7,  1783:  died 
Nov.  2, 1810.  An  English  princess,  the  fifteenth 
and  youngest  child  of  George  III. 

Amelia.  The  heroine  of  Fielding’s  novel  of 
that  name  (published  1751),  a virtuous  and  de- 
voted wife,  said  to  be  the  portrait  of  Fielding’s 
own  wife.  She  is  represented  as  having  suffered  an  in- 
jury to  her  nose  (like  Mrs.  Fielding),  which  impaired  her 
popularity  among  Fielding’s  readers.  Thackeray  consid- 
ered her  “the  most  charming  character  in  English  fiction.  ’’ 

Amelia.  See  Sedley,  Amelia. 

Amelia  Island  (a-me'lia  I' land).  A small 
island  off  the  northeastern  coast  of  Florida. 

Am61ie-les-Bains  (ii-ma-le 'la-ban').  [For- 
merly Arles-les- Bains:  the  name  was  changed  in 
1840  in  honorof  the  wife  of  Louis  Philippe.]  A 
health-resort  in  the  department  of  Pyr6n6es- 
Orientales,  France,  20  miles  southwest  of  Per- 
pignan. It  has  sulphur  springs. 


Amelot  de  la  Houssaye  (am-io  de  la  o-sa'), 
Abraham  Nicolas.  Born  at  Orleans,  France, 
Feb.,  1634:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1706.  A 
French  publicist,  author  of  “Histoire  du  gou- 
vernement  de  Venise”  (1676),  etc. 

Amelotte  (am-lot'),  Denis.  Born  at  Saintes, 
France,  March  15,  1606:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  7, 
1678.  A French  theologian,  author  of  a trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testament  (1666-68). 

Amen.  See  Amun. 

Amends  for  Ladies.  A play  by  Nathaniel 
Field,  published  in  1618. 

Amenemhat  (a-men-em'hat)  I.,  Se-hotep-ab- 

Ra.  An  Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the  12th 
dynasty,  who  reigned  about  2466  B.c.  (Brugsch). 
He  waa  a successful  ruler  and  general,  and  founded  the 
temple  of  Amun  in  Thebes.  There  is  considerable  docu- 
mentary evidence  concerning  his  reign.  Also  Amenemha. 

Amenemhat  II.,  Nub-kau-Ra.  An  Egyptian 
king,  the  third  of  the  12th  dynasty,  who  reigned 
about  2400  B.  c.,  and  of  whom  little  is  known. 
Also  Amenemlia. 

Amenemhat  III.,  Maa-en-Ra.  An  Egyptian 
king,  the  sixth  of  the  12th  dynasty,  who  reigned 
about  2300  B.  C.  (Brugsch).  He  constructed  Lake 
Mceris  and  the  Labyrinth.  (See  Maoris,  Labyrinth.)  In- 
scriptions of  his  time  have  been  found  on  the  rocks  in 
the  peninsula  of  Sinai.  There  is  also  a mark  (with  an  in- 
scription) on  the  rocks  of  Semneh  showing  the  height  of 
the  inundation  of  the  Nile  in  the  14tli  year  of  his  reign. 
(See  Nile.)  Also  Amenemha. 

Amenemhat  IV.,  Maat-kheru-Ra.  An  Egyp- 
tian king,  the  seventh  of  the  12th  dynasty, 
who  reigned  about  2266  B.  c.  (Brugsch).  Also 
Amenemha. 

Amenhotep  (a-men-ho'tep)  I.,  or  Amenophis 

(am-e-no'fis),  Ser-ka-Ra.  An  Egyptian  king, 
the  second  of  the  18th  dynasty,  who  reigned 
about  1666  B.  c.  (Brugsch).  He  was  successful 
in  campaigns  in  Ethiopia  (Kush)  and  Libya. 
Also  Amenlietp. 

Amenhotep  II.,  or  Amenophis,  Aa-kheperu- 

Ra.  An  Egyptian  king,  the  seventh  of  the 
18th  dynasty,  who  reigned  about  1566  B.  c. 
(Brugsch).  He  made  a successful  campaign  in  Asia, 
which  is  commemorated  in  an  inscription  in  a temple  at 
Amadah  in  Nubia.  There  are  also  inscriptions  bearing  his 
name  in  the  temple  of  Amun  at  Karnak.  Also  Amenhetp. 

Amenhotep  III.,  or  Amenophis,  Maat-neb- 

Ra.  An  Egyptian  king,  the  ninth  of  the 
18th  dynasty,  who  reigned  about  1500  B.  o. 
(Brugsch).  He  was  a successful  warrior  and  a great 
builder.  The  two  colossal  statues  of  Memnon  near  Thebes 
are  portrait-statues  of  him.  See  Memnon. 

Amenophis  III.  was  as  great  in  peace  as  in  war.  In 
hi3  reign  Egypt  lost  none  of  her  military  prestige,  and 
from  some  large  scarab*! — one  of  which  is  in  the  Gizeh 
Palace  — we  learn  that  under  his  rule  Egypt  stretched 
from  Mesopotamia  to  the  country  of  Karo  in  Abyssinia. 
At  the  same  time  that  he  consolidated  the  empire  left  him 
by  preceding  monarchs,  Amenophis  raised  along  the  banks 
of  the  Nile  monuments  which  for  their  grandeur  and  the 
perfection  of  their  workmanship  are  unsurpassed.  The 
temple  at  Gebel-Barkal,  in  the  Stldan,  was  erected  by  this 
king;  so  also  was  that  at  Soleb,  near  the  third  cataract — 
and  souvenirs  of  him  may  be  found  at  Asshan,  Elephan- 
tine, Uebel-Silsileh,  El-Kab,  Tftrah,  the  Serapeum  at  Mem- 
phis, and  Serbut-el-Hadim.  He  added  considerably  to 
Karnak,  and  built  that  portion  of  the  temple  at  Luxor 
that  bears  his  name.  He  also  erected  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Nile — opposite  to  Luxor — a sacred  edifice  which  once 
must  have  been  one  of  the  most  important  in  Egypt.  De- 
stroyed completely  by  causes  unknown  to  us,  all  that  is 
now  left  of  it  are  the  two  enormous  colossi  — called  by  the 
Arabs  SJnamat — which  originally  stood  at  the  entrance. 

Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  39. 

Amenhotep  IV.,  or  Amenophis,  Khu-n-Aten 

(‘splendor  of  the  sun’s  disk’).  An  Egyptian 
king,  the  tenth  of  the  18th  dynasty,  who  reigned 
about  1466  B.  C.  (Brugsch).  He  was  an  innovator 
in  religion,  substituting  the  new  worship  of  Aten  (the 
sun’s  disk)  for  that  of  Amun  and  the  other  Egyptian 
deities.  He  also  moved  the  capital  from  Thebes  to  a place 
in  middle  Egypt,  the  modern  Tel-el-Amarna. 

Ameni  (a-ma'ne),  or  Amenemhat.  An  Egyp- 
tian official  under  Userteseu  I.  An  inscription 
recording  the  events  of  his  life  has  been  found  in  a rock- 
tomb  at  Beni-Hassan.  It  contains  a reference  to  a famine 
which  has,  by  some,  been  supposed  to  be  that  which  oc- 
curred during  Joseph’s  sojourn  in  Egypt. 

Amenities  of  Literature.  A work  by  Isaac 
D’Israeli,  completed  in  1841. 

Amenophis.  See  Amenhotep. 

Amenthes.  See  Amenti. 

Amenti  (a-men'te).  In  Egyptian  mythology, 
the  under  world ; the  world  of  the  dead. 
Ameria  (a-me'ri-ii).  The  ancient  name  of 
Amelia  in  Italy. 

America  (a-mer'i-ka).  [It.  Sp.  Pg.  Amer- 
ica, F.  Amdrique,  G.  Amerika;  from  NL. 
America  (1507),  after  Americas  Vesputius  (It. 
Amerigo  Vespucci),  an  Italian  explorer.  See 
Vespucci.]  The  western  continent  or  grand 
division  of  the  world,  including  North  Amer- 
ica, South  America,  and  adjacent  islands.  See 


Ames 

North  America  and  South  America,  it  was  visited 
by  the  Northmen  about  1000  (?)  and  was  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1492.  The  mainland  was  probably  reached 
by  Cabot  in  1497.  (See  Columbus , Cabot.)  The  name  Amer- 
ica was  proposed  by  Waldseemiiller  (a  teacher  of  geog- 
raphy  in  the  college  of  Saint- Dib  among  the  Vosges)  in  a 
treatise  called  “Cosmographia,”  publishedin  1507.  Length, 
about  10,500  miles;  greatest  breadth,  over  3,000  miles. 
Area  (estimated),  about  14,900,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (estimated),  160,000,000. 

America.  A wooden  keel  schooner-yacht  de- 
signed and  built  by  George  Steers  of  New  York, 
for  Commodore  J.  C.  Stevens  of  the  New  York 
Yacht  Club,  in  1851.  Her  original  dimensions  were: 
length  over  all,  100  feet  6 inches;  length  on  water-line, 
90  feet  4 inches ; beam,  22  feet  6 inches  ; draught,  11  feet 
6 inches.  In  1851,  at  the  time  of  the  World’s  Fair  in 
London,  Commodore  Stevens,  having  crossed  the  Atlantic 
in  the  America,  entered  her  in  the  race  of  Aug.  22  open 
to  yachts  of  all  nations  for  a £106  cup.  The  course  was 
around  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  the  America  beat  the  whole 
fleet  of  18  yachts  by  about  7 miles.  Aug.  28  she  sailed  a 
race  with  ihe  English  schooner  Titania  over  a 40-mile 
course,  beating  her  out  of  sight.  The  cup  (£105)  which 
she  won  in  1851  was  given  (1857)  to  the  New  York  Yacht 
Club  and  made  a prize  open  to  challenge  by  yachts  of 
all  nations.  There  have  been  twelve  unsuccessful  at- 
tempts to  recover  it. 

America,  British.  See  British  America. 
America,  Central.  See  Central  America. 
America,  North.  See  North  America. 
America,  Russian.  An  old  name  for  Alaska. 
America,  South.  See  South  America. 
America,  Spanish.  See  Spanish  America. 
American  Colonization  Society,  The.  A so- 
ciety organized  at  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, Jan.  1, 1817,  for  the  purpose  of  coloniz- 
ing free  American  negroes.  It  purchased  in  1821  a 
tract  of  land  near  Cape  Mesurado,  Africa,  where  it  founded 
the  colony  of  Liberia,  which  became  an  independent  re- 
public in  1847. 

American  Cousin,  Our.  A drama  by  Tom 
Taylor,  produced  in  1858.  In  this  play  E.  A.  Sothern 
made  a name  by  his  clever  development  of  the  originally 
small  part  of  Lord  Dundreary. 

American  Party,  or  Know-nothing  Party. 

In  United  States  politics,  a party  which  advo- 
cated the  control  of  the  government  by  native 
citizens.  As  it  was  at  the  outset  a secret  fraternity  and 
its  members  refused  to  give  information  concerning  it, 
they  received  the  name  of  “Know-nothings.”  In  1855  it 
discarded  its  secret  machinery.  The  party  nominated 
Fi.lraore  for  President  in  1856,  and  was  powerful  for  sev- 
eral years.  (See  under  A nlimasonic  Party.) 

American  Philosophical  Society.  A scientific 
society  founded  at  Philadelphia  by  Franklin 
in  1743,  and  united  in  1769  with  his  J unto  of 
1723,  or  Society  for  Promoting  Useful  Know- 
ledge. Franklin  was  the  first  president  after 
the  union  of  the  two  societies. 

American  Volunteers,  The  (official  title,  The 
Volunteers  of  America).  A religious  organ- 
ization founded  in  March,  1896,  by  Sir.  and  Sirs. 
Ballington  Booth,  who  separated  from  the  Sal- 
vation Army.  It  was  designed  to  be  essentially 
American  in  constitution  and  method. 
Amerigo  Vespucci.  See  Vespucci. 
Amersfoort  (a/mers-fort).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  on  the  Eem 
26  miles  southeast  of  Amsterdam,  it  was  an  im- 
portant  seat  of  the  Jansenists,  and  has  a noted  Church 
of  St.  Mary.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade. 
Population,  commune,  19,089. 

Ames  (amz),  Adelbert.  Born  at  Rockland, 
Maine,  Oct.  31,  1835.  An  American  general  in 
the  Civil  War.  Ho  was  graduated  from  West  Point  in 
1861,  and  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Bull  Run,  Gaines’s 
Mill,  Malvern  Hill,  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville,  An- 
tietam,  Gettysburg,  and  others.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  of  volunteers  March  13,  1865,  and  major-general 
of  the  regular  army  1866,  and  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel  .1  uly  28, 1866.  He  was  provisional  gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi  1808-70,  Republican  United  States  sen- 
ator from  that  State  1870-74,  and  its  governor  1874-76.  lie 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  1898. 

Ames,  Fisher.  Born  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  April 
9, 1758 : died  at  Dedham,  July  4, 1808.  A noted 
American  orator,  statesman,  and  political 
writer.  He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in 
1774,  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Dedham  in  1781,  was 
a member  of  the  Massachusetts  ratifying  committee  in 
1788,  and  was  a Federal  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 1789-97.  He  declined  the  presidency  of  Harvard 
College  in  1804.  He  wrote  the  “Laocoon  ’’  and  other  essays 
to  rouse  the  opposition  against  France. 

Ames,  Joseph.  Born  at  Yarmouth,  England, 
Jan.  23,  1689:  died  at  London,  Oct.  7,  1759. 
An  English  antiquary  and  bibliographer,  pub- 
lisher of  “Typographical  Antiquities”  (1749, 
ed.  by  Herbert  1785-90).  This  work  is  the 
“foundation  of  English  bibliography.” 

Ames,  Joseph.  Born  1816:  died  1872.  An  Amer- 
ican painter,  chiefly  noted  for  his  portraits. 
Ames,  Mrs.  (Mary  Clemmer,  later  Mrs.  Hud- 
son). Bom  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1839:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Aug.  18,  1884.  An  Ameri- 
can writer,  and  the  Washington  correspondent 


50 


Arnes 

of  the  New  York  “Independent.”  She  pub- 
lished novels,  poems,  sketches,  etc. 

Ames,  Oakes.  Born  at  Easton,  Mass.,  Jan.  10, 
1804:  died  May  8,  1873.  An  American  manu- 
facturer, capitalist,  and  politician.  He  was  inter- 
ested in  the  building  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  was 
Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1863- 
1873,  and  was  censured  by  the  House  for  his  connection 
with  the  Credit  Mobilier  (which  see). 

Ames  (Latinized  Amesius),  William.  Bom 
at  Ipswich,  England,  1576:  died  at  Rotterdam, 
Nov.,  1633.  An  English  Puritan  theologian 
and  casuist  residing  in  the  Netherlands.  He 
wrote  “Medulla  Theologite,”  “ De  Conscientia” 
(1632),  “Coronis,”  etc. 

Amesbury  (amz'ber//i).  A town  in  Esses 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Merri- 
mac  34  miles  north  of  Boston.  It  was  the 
residence  of  Whittier.  Population,  9,894,  (1910). 
Amesha  Spentas,  mod.  Pers.  Amsliaspands. 
[Pers.,  ‘Immortal  Holy  Ones.’]  The  seven  su- 
preme spirits  of  Avestan  theology.  At  their  head, 
as  their  creator,  stands  Ahuramazda.  The  others  are 
moral  or  physical  abstractions.  They  are  Vohu  Manah, 
‘good  mind,’  Asha  Vahishta,  ‘ best  righteousness,’ Khsha- 
thra  Vairya,  ‘the  wished-for  kingdom,’  Spenta  Armaiti, 
‘holy  harmony,’  Haurvatat,  ‘wholeness,  saving  health,’ 
Ameretat,  ‘immortality.’  In  the  later  religion  they  be- 
came guardian  geniuses  respectively  of  the  flocks,  fire, 
metals,  the  earth,  waters,  and  trees.  They  are  related  to 
Ahuramazda  as  are  the  Adityas  in  Vedic  theology  to 
Varuna.  See  Adilyas. 

Amestris  (a-mes'tris).  See  the  extract. 

Amestris,  the  daughter  of  Otanes  according  to  Herodo- 
tus, of  Onophas  according  to  Ctesias,  was  the  favourite 
wife  of  Xerxes,  and  bore  him  at  least  five  children.  Her 
crimes  and  cruelties  are  related  by  Ctesias  at  some  length, 
and  are  glanced  at  by  Herodotus.  She  may  be  the  Vashti 
of  Esther,  whose  disgrace  was  perhaps  only  temporary. 
She  lived  to  a great  age,  dying,  as  it  would  seem,  only  a 
little  before  her  son  Artaxerxes. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  258. 

Ameto  (a-ma'to).  A prose  idyl  of  Boccaccio, 
with  poetical  interludes.  Seven  nymphs  over  whom 
Ameto,  a young  hunter,  presides  recount  the  story  of  their 
loves,  and  each  story  concludes  with  eclogues,  which  were 
the  first  in  the  Italian  language. 

Amga  (a.m'ga).  A river  of  eastern  Siberia, 
about  500  miles  in  length,  which  joins  the  Al- 
dan in  about  lat.  63°  N.,  long.  134°  E. 

Amhara  (ain-ha'ra).  The  central  province 
of  Abyssinia,  including  Dembea,  Begemeder, 
Lasta,  Medja,  Gojani.  The  capital  is  Gondar. 

Amharic  (am-hhr'ik),  or  Amarinna  (a-ma- 
rin'a).  The  language  of  the  Abyssinian  prov- 
ince Amhara,  and  of  Shoa:  since  the  14th 
century  the  court  and  official  language  of  Abys- 
sinia.  As  long  as  the  ancient  Geez  flourished,  Amharic 
was  only  a provincial  dialect  of  southern  Abyssinia. 
Within  the  last  three  centuries  it  has  been  sometimes 
used  in  writing,  with  adapted  Ethiopian  characters.  It 

19  a Semitic  language  with  an  intermixture  of  African 
words. 

Amherst  (am'erst).  A district  in  Tenasserim 
division,  Lower  Burma,  intersected  by  lat.  16° 
N.,long.  98°  E.  Area,  7,062 sq.  m.  Pop.,  300,173. 

Amherst.  A subdivision  in  the  western  part 
of  Amherst  district,  containing  the  four  sea- 
board townships  of  Chaungzon,  Mudon, 
Kyaikkami,  and  Yelamaing. 

Amherst.  A town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 20  miles  north  of  Springfield,  the  seat 
of  Amherst  College  and  of  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College.  Population,  5,112,  (1910). 

Amherst,  Jeffrey  (Baron  Amherst).  Born 
at  Riverhead,  Kent,  Jan.  29,  1717:  died  at 
Montreal,  in  Kent,  Aug.  4,  1797.  An  English 
field-marshal.  As  major-general  he  served  in  the 
attack  on  Louisburg  in  July,  1758,  at  Ticonderoga  in 
July,  1759,  and  at  Montreal  in  Sept.,  1760.  He  was  ap- 
pointed governor-general  of  British  North  America  in 
1761,  governor  of  Virginia  in  1763,  governor  of  Guernsey 
in  1770,  and  lieutenant-general  and  acting  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  army  in  1772  (commander-in-chief  in  1793). 
He  was  created  Baron  Amherst  in  1776  (recreated  in  1787), 
general  in  1778,  and  field-marshal  in  1796. 

Amherst,  William  Pitt  (Earl  Amherst).  Born 
Jan.,  1773:  died  1857.  An  English  statesman 
and  diplomatist,  nephew  of  Jeffrey  Amherst. 
He  was  ambassador  to  China  1816-17,  governor-general 
of  India  1823-28,  and  carried  on  the  first  Burmese  war 
1824-26. 

Amherst  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Amherst,  Massachusetts,  it  was 
opened  in  1821  and  incorporated  in  1825,  and  is  non-sec- 
tarian.  It  has  over  600  students. 

Amherstburg  (am'erst-berg).  A town  in  Es- 
sex County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Detroit  River  into  Lake  Erie, 

20  miles  south  of  Detroit.  Population,  2,560, 
(1911). 

Amhurst  (am'6rst),  Nicholas.  Born  at  Mar- 
den,  in  Kent,  Oct.  16,  1697:  died  at  Twicken- 
ham, April  12,  1742.  An  English  poet  and 
pamphleteer,  editor  of  the  political  journal 


“ The  Craftsman.”  He  was  expelled  from  St.  John’s 
College,  Oxford,  for  irregular  conduct,  or  according  to  his 
own  account  for  the  liberality  of  his  opinions,  and  re- 
venged himself  by  satirizing  the  university  in  “Terras 
Filius,”  a prose  work,  and  “Oculus  Britannise,”  a poem. 

Amias  (am'i-as),  or  Amyas.  In  Book  IY  of 
Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  the  captive  lover 
of  ZEmilia,  a squire  of  low  degree. 

Amici  (a-me'che),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  Modena,  Italy,  March  25,  1784  (1786?):  died 
at  Florence,  April  10, 1863.  An  Italian  optician 
and  astronomer.  He  produced  a dioptric  or 
achromatic  microscope  which  hears  his  name. 
Amicis,  De.  See  De  Amiris. 

Amida  (a-ml'da).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
Roman  city  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Diarbekr. 
Amidas  (am'i-das)  and  Bracidas  (bras'i-das). 
Twin  brothers  whom  Artegal  reconciles  in  the 
fifth  book  of  Spenser’s  “ Faerie  Queene.” 
Amidas,  Philip.  Born  at  Hull,  England,  1550 : 
died  about  1618.  An  English  navigator.  He 
explored,  with  Barlow,  the  North  Carolina  coast 
• in  1584.  See  Barloic. 

Amie  (a'mi).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  “Sad  Shep- 
herd,” a gentle  shepherdess  in  whose  mouth 
are  put  the  words : 

I graut  the  linnet,  lark,  and  bullfinch  sing, 

But  best  the  dear  good  angel  of  the  Spring, 

The  nightingale.  ii.  2. 

Amiel  (a'mi-el).  In  Dryden’s  “Absalom  and 
Achitopliel,”  a character  intended  for  Edward 
Seymour,  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
who  was  an  adherent  of  the  Prince  of  Orange 
and  the  head  of  the  house  of  Seymour. 

Amiel  (a-me-el'),  Henri  Frederic.  Born  at 
Geneva,  1821 : died  1881.  A Swiss  scholar  and 
poet,  appointed  professor  of  esthetics  and  of 
French  literature  at  the  Academy  of  Geneva  in 
1849,  and  of  moral  philosophy  in  1854.  Parts 
of  his  “ J ournal  intime  ” were  published  after  his 
death  (2  vols.  1882-84).  He  studied  at  Berlin 
1844-48. 

Amiens  (ii-me-an').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Selle  with  the  Somme  in  lat.  49° 
55'  N.,  long.  2°  18'  E.:  the  ancient  Samarobri- 
va.  It  was  the  capital  of  ancient  Picardie  and  is  now 
one  of  the  leading  manufacturing  and  commercial  cen- 
ters of  France.  The  cathedral  of  Amiens,  begun  in  1220, 
is  in  purity  and  majesty  of  design  perhaps  file  finest  ex- 
isting medieval  structure.  It  is  469  feet  long,  213  across 
the  transepts,  and  about  150  in  height  of  nave-vaulting. 
The  incomparable  facade  has  3 huge  porches  covered 
with  the  richest  sculpture,  2 galleries,  the  lower  arcaded, 
the  upper  filled  with  statues  of  kings,  and  a great  rose 
and  gable  between  two  low  square  towers.  The  transepts 
have  superb  roses  40  feet  in  diameter  above  traceried  ar- 
cades filled  with  colored  glass.  The  great  portal  of  the 
south  transept  is  famous  for  its  sculpture.  The  interior 
is  simple  and  most  impressive.  The  110  late-Pointed 
choir-stalls  are  probably  unexcelled,  and  the  radiating 
apsidal  chapels  are  of  exceptional  beauty.  The  slender 
wooden  central  spire  is  361  feet  high.  Population, 
90,920. 

Amiens,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  Nov.  27, 
1870,  by  the  Germans  under  Manteuffel  over 
the  French.  It  was  followed  by  the  taking  of 
Amiens  Nov.  28,  and  the  surrender  of  its  cita- 
del Nov.  30. 

Amiens,  Council  at.  See  Amiens,  Mise  of. 
Amiens,  Mise  of.  The  award  pronounced  Jan. 
23,  1264,  by  Louis  IX.  of  France,  to  whom  the 
question  as  to  the  obligation  of  Henry  HI.  to 
observe  the  Provisions  of  Oxford  had  been  re- 
ferred at  the  Council  of  Amiens,  Dec.  16,  1263. 

By  this  award  the  King  of  France  entirely  annulled  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford,  and  all  engagements  which  had 
been  made  respecting  them.  Not  content  with  doing  this 
in  general  terms,  he  forbade  the  making  of  new  statutes, 
as  proposed  and  carried  out  in  the  Provisions  of  West- 
minster, ordered  the  restoration  of  the  royal  castles  to  the 
king,  restored  to  him  the  power  of  nominating  the  officers 
of  state  and  the  sheriffs,  the  nomination  of  whom  had 
been  withdrawn  from  him  by  the  Provisions  of  Oxford  ; 
he  annulled  the  order  that  natives  of  England  alone  should 
govern  the  realm  of  England,  and  added  that  the  king 
should  have  full  and  free  power  in  this  kingdom  as  he 
had  had  in  time  past.  All  this  was  in  the  king’s  favor.  The 
arbitrator,  however,  added  that  all  charters  issued  before 
the  time  of  the  Provisions  should  hold  good,  and  that  all 
parties  should  condone  enmities  and  injuries  arising  from 
the  late  troubles.  Stubbs,  Early  Plantagenets,  p.  202. 

Amiens,  Treaty  of.  A peace  concluded  at 
Amiens,  March  27,  1802,  between  Great  Britain 
on  one  side,  and  France,  Spain,  and  the  Ba- 
tavian Republic  on  the  other.  England  restored 
all  conquests  except  Ceylon  and  Trinidad,  the  Ionian  Re- 
public was  acknowledged,  the  French  were  to  abandon 
Rome  and  Naples,  and  Malta  was  to  be  restored  to  the 
Knights  of  St.  John. 

Amiens  (a'mi-enz).  In  Shakspere’s  “As  you 
Like  it,”  a gentleman  in  attendance  on  the 
duke. 

Amin  (a-men').  The  eldest  son  of  Harun-al- 
Rashid  in  “The  Three  Ladies  of  Bagdad”  in 


Amman,  Jost 

“The  Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments.”  He 
marries  Amine. 

Amina  (a-me'na).  The  principal  character  in 
Bellini’s  opera  “La  Sonnambula.” 

Aminadah  (a-min'a-dab).  A name  often  used 
by  the  older  dramatists  to  designate  a Quaker. 
Aminadab  Sleek.  See  Sleek,  Aminadah. 
Amine  (a-men').  1.  In  the  story  of  “ Sidi  Non- 
man”  in  “The  Arabian  Nights’  Entertain- 
ments,” the  wife  of  Sidi  Nouman.  Her  habit  of 
eating  only  a few  grains  of  rice,  at  table,  arouses  his  sus- 
picions, and  he  discovers  her  feasting  at  night  with  a 
ghoul. 

2.  In  the  story  of  “ The  Three  Ladies  of  Bag- 
dad” in  “Tlie  Arabian  Nights’  Entertain- 
ments,” Zobeide’s  sister.  Without  knowing 
his  rank,  she  marries  Amin,  eldest  son  of  Ha- 
run-al -Rashid. 

Aminta  (a-min'ta).  A pastoral  drama  by  Tasso, 
produced  in  1573. 

But  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  pastoral  drama  is 
marked  by  the  Aminta  of  Torquato  Tasso,  acted  at  Fer- 
rara in  1573.  This  celebrated  poem  is  simple  in  plot ; but 
its  design  is  allegorical,  and  the  Arcadia  presented  is  a 
reflexion  of  the  Ferrara  court,  the  poet  himself  appearing 
as  one  of  the  shepherds  (Tirsi).  Ward. 

Aminte  (a-mant').  1 See  Cathos. — 2.  The 
neighbor  of  Sganarelle  in  Moliere’s  “L’Amour 
MOdecin.” 

Amintor  (a -min 'tor).  One  of  the  principal 
male  characters  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s 
play  “The  Maid’s  Tragedy.”  His  weakness  and  ir- 
resolution in  love  are  explained,  but  not  compensated  for, 
by  his  fantastic  loyalty  to  his  king. 

Araiot,  or  Amyot  (a-me-o'),  Joseph.  Bom  at 

Toulon,  France,  1718:  died  at  Peking,  1794.  A 
French  Jesuit  missionary  (in  China)  and  Ori- 
entalist. He  wrote  “ Memoires  concernant  i’histoire, 
les  sciences,  et  les  arts  des  Cliinois"  (1776-91),  “Diction- 
naire  tatar-mantchou-fram;ais  ” (1789),  etc. 

Amirante  Islands  (am  'i- rant  I'landz).  A 
group  of  small  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  be- 
longing to  the  British,  situated  southwest  of 
the  Seychelles  about  lat.  5°-7°  S. 

Amirkot,  Amerkote  (am-er-kot').  A town  in 
Sind,  British  India,  94  miles  east  of  Haidarabad. 
Amis  et  Amiles  (a-mes'  at  a-me'les).  A chan- 
son de  geste,  in  3,500  lines,  dating  probably  from 
the  12th  century.  Its  theme  is  the  adventures  of  two 
noble  friends  Amis  and  Amiles.  They  escape  the  treachery 
of  the  felon  knight  Hard  re  ; the  niece  of  Charles,  Lubias, 
is  bestowed  on  Amis,  and  his  daughter,  Bellicent,  falls  in 
love  with  Amiles;  the  latter  is  accused  of  treason  by 
Hardrd,  and  is  saved  by  Amis  who  fights  in  his  stead  and 
slays  his  accuser  ; and  Amiles  and  Bellicent  are  married. 
Amis,  having  forsworn  himself  in  aiding  Amiles,  is  pun- 
ished by  an  attack  of  leprosy,  of  which  he  is  cured  by  the 
blood  of  the  children  of  Amiles  who  are  slain  by  their 
father  for  this  purpose : the  children,  how’ever,  are  mirac- 
ulously restored  to  life.  Also  known  as  Amys  and  Amy- 
loun. 

Amis  et  Amiles  is  the  earliest  vernacular  form  of  a story 
which  attained  extraordinary  popularity  in  the  middle 
ages,  being  found  in  every  language  and  in  most  literary 
forms,  prose  and  verse,  narrative  and  dramatic.  This  pop- 
ularity may  partly  be  assigned  to  the  religious  and  mar- 
vellous elements  which  it  contains,  but  is  due  also  to  the 
intrinsic  merits  of  the  story.  The  chanson  ...  is  writ- 
ten, like  Roland,  in  decasyllabic  verse,  but,  unlike  Roland, 
has  a shorter  line  of  six  syllables  and  not  assonanced  at 
the  end  of  each  stanza.  Saintsbury,  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  16. 

Amis  (a'mis)  the  Parson.  A comic  poem  in 
Middle  High  German,  composed  by  an  Austrian 
(Der  Strieker),  probably  about  1230. 

A mist, a, d (a-mes-taTH')  Case.  The  case  of  the 
United  States  against  the  Spanish  vessel  Ami- 
stad.  This  vessel,  while  coming  from  Africa  in  1839 
with  a cargo  of  kidnapped  negroes,  was  seized  by  the  ne- 
groes near  Cuba  and  taken  to  the  coast  of  Connecticut, 
and  there  captured  by  a United  States  vessel.  On  a libel 
for  salvage  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  held  on  ap- 
peal that  the  negroes  were  free  and  not  pirates. 

Amisus  (a-mi'sus).  The  ancient  name  of  Sam- 
sun. 

Amlet  (am'let),  Dick  or  Richard.  In  Van- 
brugh’s comedy  “ The  Confederacy,”  a game- 
ster, the  son  of  a garrulous  old  woman  who 
combines  the  trade  of  selling  paint,  powder, 
and  toilet  luxuries  to  ladies  with  a less  re- 
spectable one.  He  attempts  with  her  assistance  to 
pass  himself  off  as  a fine  gentleman,  but  only  produces  the 
impression  of  a footman  raised  from  the  ranks. 

Amlet,  Amleth.  Same  as  Hamlet. 

Amlet,  Mrs.  See  Amlet,  Dick. 

Amlwch  (am'lok).  A seaport  in  Anglesey, 
Wales.  56  miles  west  of  Liverpool,  noted  for 
its  (Parys)  copper-mines.  Population,  2,- 
994. 

Amman  (am'man),  Jost.  Born  at  Zurich, 
Switzerland,  about  1539:  died  at  Nuremberg, 
March,  1591.  A Swiss  wood-engraver  and 
painter.  He  came  to  Nuremberg  in  1560,  where  he  prob- 
ably worked  until  his  death.  He  is  chiefly  known  for  t)i ^en- 
gravings, especially  his  wood-engravings,  and  left  no  less 
than  550  prints,  of  which  the  most  noted  are  a set  of  115 
wood-prints  of  arts  and  trades,  printed  at  Frankfort  in  1586. 


Amman,  Johann  Konrad 

Amman,  Johann  Konrad.  Born  at  Schaff- 
hausen,  Switzerland,  1669:  died  at  Warmond, 
near  Leyden,  about  1725.  A Swiss  physician 
and  writer  on  instruction  for  deaf-mutes.  His 
chief  works  are  “Surdus  loquens”  (1672), 
“Dissertatio  de  loquela”  (1700),  etc. 

Amman,  or  Ammann,  Paul.  Born  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Aug.  30,  1634:  died  Feb.  4,  1691.  A 
German  physician  and  botanist.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  botany  at  Leipsic  in  1674,  and  of 
physiology  in  1682,  and  was  the  author  of  “Praxis  Vul- 
nerum  lethalium  ”(1690),  “Character  naturalis  Plantarum  ” 
(1676),  etc. 

Amman  (am-man').  A ruined  town  northeast 
of  the  Dead  Sea,  the  ancient  Rabboth  Ammon 
or  Philadelphia.  It  contains  a Roman  theater  about 
360  feet  in  diameter,  in  part  excavated  from  a hillside. 

Ammanati  (am-ma-na'te),  Bartolommeo. 

Bom  at  Settignano,  near  Florence,  June  18, 
1511:  died  at  Settignano,  April  22,  1592.  An 
Italian  architect  and  sculptor.  His  most  noted 
work  is  the  “Ponte  della  Trinita  ” at  Florence. 

Ammen  (am'en),  Daniel.  Born  May  15,  1820: 
died  July  11,  1898.  An  American  admiral.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  as  midshipman  July  7, 1836,  was  made  exec- 
utive officer  of  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squadron  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and  commanded  the  Seneca 
in  the  attack  on  Port  Royal  Nov.  7, 1861,  and  the  Patapsco 
in  that  on  Fort  McAllister  March  3,  1863.  He  was  pro- 
moted captain  July  25, 1866,  and  was  retired  with  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral  June  4,  1878.  He  wrote  “The  Atlantic 
Coast"  (“The  Navy  in  the  Civil  War"  series,  1883). 

Ammen,  Jacob.  Born  Feb.  7, 1808:  died  Feb. 
6,  1894.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point  in  1831,  re- 
signed from  the  army  in  1837,  became  captain  of  volun- 
teers April  18,  1861,  took  part  in  the  West  Virginia  cam- 
paign under  McClellan,  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  July  16,  1862,  and  was  in  command  of  the  dis- 
trict of  East  Tennessee  April  10, 1864,- Jan.  14,  1865,  when 
he  resigned. 

Arnmer  (am'mer),  or  Amper  (am'per).  A river 
in  Upper  Bavaria,  which  rises  in  the  Alps, 
traverses  the  Ammersee,  and  joins  the  Isar  30 
miles  northeast  of  Munich.  It  receives  the 
outlet  of  the  Starnbergersee.  Length,  about 
125  miles. 

Ammergau.  See  Ober-Ammergau. 

Ammerland  (am'mer-land).  A small  district  in 
the  western  part  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, Germany. 

Ammersee  (am'er-za).  A lake  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, 10  miles  long,  traversed  by  the  Arnmer. 
It  lies  west  of  the  Starnbergersee. 

Ammianus(arn-i-a'nus)  Marcellinus.  Born  at 
Antioch,  Syria,  about  330  a.  d.  : died  about  395. 
A Greek  historian,  author  of  a history  of  Rome 
(in  Latin),  covering  the  period  96  A.  D.-378. 
The  part  for  96-352  is  lost.  He  wrote  probably 
between  380-390. 

Ammon.  See  Amun. 

Ammon  (am'on).  The  eponymic  ancestor  of 
a people,  the  children  of  Ammon,  or  Ammon- 
ites, frequently  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment: according  to  the  account  in  Genesis, 
the  son  of  Lot  by  his  younger  daughter  was 
Ben-Ami  (Gen.  six.  38). 

Ammon,  or  Amon,  or  Amun,  Saint.  Bom 
about  285,  in  lower  Egypt:  died  348.  The 
founder  of  the  settlement  of  hermits  in  Nitria. 
See  Nitria. 

Ammon  (am'mon),  Christoph  Friedrich  von. 

Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria,  Jan.  16,  1766:  died 
at  Dresden,  May  21,  1850.  A German  Protes- 
tant preacher  and  rationalistic  theologian.  He 
was  appointed  professor  (1789)  at  Erlangen,  later  (1794) 
at  Gottingen,  and  again  (1804)  at  Erlangen. 

Ammon,  Friedrich  August  von.  Born  at 
Gottingen,  Sept.  10,  1799:  died  May  18,  1861. 
A German  ophthalmologist,  son  of  C.  F.  von 
Ammon.  He  became  professor  in  the  surgical  and  medi- 
cal academy  at  Dresden  in  1829,  and  royal  privy  medical 
counselor  in  1844. 

Ammonias  (a-mo'ni-as).  [Gr.  ’Afifioviag. ] An 
architect  who,  according  to  an  epigram  of 
the  Anthology,  restored  the  Pharos  of  Alex- 
andria in  the  time  of  the  emperor  Anastasius, 
about  the  end  of  the  5th  century  A.  D.  He  is 
also  credited  with  the  construction  of  an  aque- 
duct. 

Ammonius  (a-mo'ni-us).  Bora  about  170  a.  d.: 
died  after  243.  An  Alexandrian  philosopher, 
the  founder  of  the  Neoplatonic  school,  sur- 
named  “ Saccas”  or  “Saceophorus”  (‘the  sack- 
bearer’),  from  his  occupation,  in  early  life,  as  a 
orter.  Plotinus,  Longinus,  and  Origen  were  his  pupils, 
ccording  to  Porphyry  he  was  born  a Christian,  but  this 
is  denied  by  Eusebius  and  Jerome. 

Ammonius.  An  Alexandrian  philosopher,  of 
the  second  half  of  the  5th  century  a.  D.,  a com- 
mentator on  Aristotle. 

Ammonoosuc  (am-o-no'suk),  Lower.  A river 


51 

in  New  Hampshire,  about  100  miles  long,  which 
rises  near  Mount  Washington  and  joins  the 
Connecticut  7 miles  north  of  Haverhill. 

Amol  (a-mol'),  or  Amul  (a-mol').  A city  in 
the  province  of  Mazanderan,  Persia,  situated 
on  the  Heraz  in  lat.  36°  20'  N.,  long.  52°  23' 
E.  It  was  very  important  in  the  middle  ages. 
Population,  10,000. 

Amometus  (am-5-me'tus).  A Greek  writer  of 
uncertain  date,  author  of  a poetical  descrip- 
tion of  a nation  of  “Attacori,”  dwelling  be- 
yond the  Himalayan  range,  resembling  the 
ancient  account  of  the  Hyperboreans. 

Amon  (a'mon).  In  Old  Testament  history:  (a) 
A governor  of  Samaria  in  the  time  of  Ahab 
(Amosvii.).  ( b ) The  son  of  Manasseh  and  king 
of  Judah  642-640  b.  c.  He  was  assassinated 
through  a court  conspiracy,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Josiah. 

Amon.  See  Amun. 

Amon,  or  Aimon,  or  Haymon.  See  Aymon. 
Amoneburg  (a-men'e-bore).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Ohm  7 miles  east  of  Marburg.  It  was 
formerly  a strong  fortress. 

Amontons  (a-moh-ton'),  Guillaume.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.  31,  1663 : died  Oct.  11,  1705.  A 
French  physicist.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a system 
of  telegraphy  by  means  of  signals  from  one  station  to  an- 
other through  a series. 

Amoo.  See  Amu-Daria. 

A moor  See  Amur. 

Amor  (a'mor).  [L.,  ‘love.’]  Same  as  Eros. 
Amoraim (a-mo'ra-em).  [Aram., ‘expounders.’] 
The  rabbis  who  commented  upon  the  Mishna, 
and  thus  evolved  the  Gemara,  which  with  the 
Mishna  constitutes  the  Talmud.  The  period  of 
the  Amoraim  begins  after  the  death  of  the  patriarch  rabbi 
Judah  I.  and  extends  to  the  close  of  the  Talmud,  i.  e., 
about  200-500  A.  D. 

Amoret  (am'o-ret).  1.  In  Spenser’s  “ Faerie 
Queene,”  the  twin  sister  of  Belphcebe,  the  im- 
personation of  the  grace  and  charm  of  female 
beauty.  Brought  up  by  Venus  in  the  Courts  of  Love, 
she  becomes  the  wife  of  Sir  Scudamore,  hut  is  not  in- 
sensible to  the  passion  of  Corflambo  (sensual  love).  (See 
Busirane.)  Also  Amoretta. 

2.  In  Fletcher’s  “Faithful  Shepherdess,”  a 
shepherdess  in  love  with  and  loved  by  Perigot, 
and  enduring  many  trials  with  sweetness  and 
constancy. 

Amoretta  (am-o-ret'a).  See  Amoret , 1. 
AmorgOS  (a-mor'gos).  [Gr.  ’A/wpydc.]  An  isl- 
and, 21  miles  long,  in  the  iEgean  Sea,  one  of 
the  Cyclades,  16  miles  southeast  of  Naxos.  It 
is  mountainous  and  fruitful.  Population. 
3,314. 

Amorites  (am'o-rits).  [Probably  from  Heb. 
amir,  mountain-top,  the  mountaineers  (Num. 
xiii.  29).]  A name  used  in  the  Old  Testament  in 
general  for  the  Canaanites  as  well  as  for  a sub- 
division of  the  Canaanites.  Biblical  critics  assert 
that  in  the  set  of  documents  known  as  J (Jahvist)  all  the 
pre-Israelitish  inhabitants  of  Palestine  are  called  Canaan- 
ites, while  in  the  documents  known  as  E (Elohist)  (by 
others  R=Redactor)  they  are  called  Amorites.  This  gen- 
eral use  of  the  term  Amorite  finds  further  confirmation  in 
the  recently  suggested  reading  of  a geographical  term  in 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions,  mat  Amurri,  country  of  the 
Amorites, which  denominates  in  the  inscriptions  Phcenicia 
and  Syria  in  general,  particularly  Palestine : it  was  previ- 
ously read  mat  Aharri.  Even  in  the  restricted  sense  it  is 
obvious  that  they  were  one  of  the  chief  races  of  Canaan. 
As  early  as  the  13th  century  B.  c.  they  seem  to  have  been 
antagonists  of  the  Hittites.  They  appear  on  the  Egyptian 
monuments  as  Amaru;  they  lived  east  of  the  Jordan 
where  Sihon  and  Og,  their  kings,  were  defeated  by  Moses. 
The  land  thus  conquered  became  the  property  of  the  tribes 
of  Reuben,  Gad,  and  half  of  Manasseh.  Those  west  of  the 
Jordan  were  conquered  by  Joshua,  and  their  territory  was 
given  to  the  tribe  of  Judah. 

Amorous  Bigot,  The.  A comedy  by  T.  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1690. 

Amorous  Complaint  Made  at  Windsor,  An. 

A poem  attributed  to  Chaucer. 

Amorous  La  Foole.  Sir.  See  La  Foole. 
Amorous  Prince,  The.  A play  by  Mrs.  Aphra 
Behn,  adapted  from  Davenport’s  “City  Night- 
Cap,”  produced  and  printed  in  1671. 
Amorphus  (a-mor'fus).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  com- 
edy ‘‘Cynthia’s  Revels,”  a traveler  and  affected 
talker.  He  is  a liar  and  braggart,  and  an  arbi- 
trator of  quarrels,  but  no  fighter. 

Amory  (a'mo-ri),  Blanche.  In  Thackeray’s 
novel  “Pendennis,”  a worldly,  frivolous,  and 
selfish  girl,  whose  real  name  is  Betsy.  She  en- 
courages any  man,  even  the  French  cook,  and,  while  posing 
as  a tender,  delicate  flower,  makes  every  one  about  her  as 
uncomfortable  as  possible. 

For  this  young  lady  [Blanche  Amory]  was  not  able  to 
carry  out  any  emotion  to  the  full ; but  had  a sham  enthu- 
siasm, a sham  hatred,  a Bliam  love,  a sham  taste,  a sham 
grief,  each  of  which  flared  and  shone  very  vehemently  for 


Amphiaraus 

an  instant,  but  subsided  and  gave  place  to  the  next  sham 
emotion.  Thackeray , Pendennis,  II.  xxxv. 

Amory,  Thomas.  Born  1691  (?):  died  Nov.  25, 
1788.  An  English  writer,  author  of  “Memoirs 
containing  the  Lives  of  several  Ladies  of  Great 
Britain,  etc.”  (1755),  “Life  of  John  Buncle, 
Esq.”  (1756-66),  etc.  Hq  has  been  called  the 
“English  Rabelais.” 

“John  Buncle”  is  virtually  a continuation  of  the  me- 
moirs. The  book  is  a literary  curiosity,  containing  an  ex- 
traordinary medley  of  religious  and  sentimental  rhapso- 
dies, descriptions  of  scenery,  and  occasional  fragments  of 
apparently  genuine  autobiography.  “ The  soul  of  Rabe- 
lais,” says  Hazlitt  [who  never  gets  names  right],  “passed 
into  John  (Thomas)  Amory." 

Leslie  Stephen,  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Amos  (a'mos).  [Heb.]  1.  A Hebrew  prophet,  a 
contemporary  of  Isaiah  and  Hosea,  and  a native 
of  Tekoab,  near  Bethlehem. — 2.  One  of  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament,  the  third  of  the 
minor  prophets. 

The  humble  condition  of  a shepherd  following  his  flock 
on  the  hare  mountains  of  Tekoa  has  tempted  many  com- 
mentators, from  Jerome  downwards,  to  think  of  Amos  a3 
an  unlettered  clown,  and  to  trace  his  “rusticity"  in  the 
language  of  his  book.  To  the  unprejudiced  judgment, 
however,  the  prophecy  of  Amos  appears  one  of  the  best 
examples  of  pure  Hebrew  style.  The  language,  the  im- 
ages, the  grouping  are  alike  admirable ; and  the  simplicity 
of  the  diction,  obscured  only  in  one  or  two  passages  by 
the  fault  of  transcribers  (iv.  3 ; ix.  1),  is  a token,  not  of 
rusticity,  but  of  perfect  mastery  over  a language  which, 
though  unfit  for  the  expression  of  abstract  ideas,  is  unsur- 
passed as  a vehicle  for  impassioned  speech. 

IF.  it.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  125. 

Amos,  Sheldon.  Bom  about  1835:  died  near 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  Jan.  3,  1886.  An  English 
jurist  and  publicist.  He  was  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence at  University  College,  London,  1869-79,  and  author 
of  “Capital  Punishment  in  England"  (1864),  “Codifica- 
tion in  England  and  the  State  of  New  York"  (1867),  “ Dif- 
ference of  Sex  as  a Topic  of  Jurisdiction  and  Legislation" 
(1870),  “ Policy  of  the  Contagious  Diseases  Acts  Tested" 
(1870),  “A  Systematic  View  of  the  Science  of  Jurispru- 
dence" (1872),  “Science  of  Politics"  (1883),  etc. 

Amosis.  See  Aalm.es. 

Amoskeag  (am-os-keg').  See  Pennacook. 
Amour  Medecin  (a-mor'  mad-san'),  L’.  A 
comedy  by  Moliere,  produced  in  1665  at  Ver- 
sailles. In  this  play  he  ridicules  pedantry  and  charla- 
tanism in  the  medical  profession,  against  which  he  had 
a spite. 

Amoy  (a-moi').  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Fuhkien,  China,  situated  on  the  island  of  Amoy 
opposite  Formosa,  in  lat.  24°  27'  N.,  long.  118° 
4'  E.  It  is  a free  haven,  and  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  in 
the  country.  It  exports  sugar,  opium,  etc.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  British  in  1841,  and  became  open  to  British 
commerce  in  1842.  Population,  about  114,000. 

Amoymon.  See  Amaimon. 

Amper.  See  Arnmer. 

Ampere  (oh-par'),  Andre  Marie.  Born  at 
Lyons,  Jan.  22,  1775:  died  at  Marseilles,  June 
10,  1836.  A French  physicist  and  mathemati- 
cian, famous  for  his  investigations  in  electro- 
dynamics. He  was  professor  at  the  Polytechnic  School 
in  Paris  and  later  in  the  College  de  France,  and  a member 
of  theAcademyof  Sciences.  His  chief  works  are  “Recueil 
d’observations  Mectro-dynamiques  ” (1822),  and  “Thborie 
des  phbnomfenes  ^lectro-dynamiques.” 

Ampere,  Jean  Jacques  Antoine.  Born  at 
Lyons,  Aug.  12,  1800:  died  at  Pau,  France, 
March  27,  1864.  A French  literary  historian, 
son  of  A.  M.  Ampfere,  professor  in  the  College 
de  France,  and  a member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy. He  was  the  author  of  “Histoire  iittbraire  de  la 
France  avant  le  12me  siccle  ” (1839-40),  “Histoire romaine 
a Rome  ” (1861-64),  “ Histoire  de  la  formation  de  la  langue 
fran<;aise,"  “L’empire  romain  A Rome,”  “La  Grece, 
Rome,  et  Dante." 

Ampersand  (am'per-sand).  A peak  of  the 
Adirondacks  situated  south  of  the  Saranac 
Lakes.  It  is  3,365  feet  in  height. 
Ampezzaner  (am-pet-sa'ner)  Alps.  A group 
of  the  Dolomite  Alps  on  the  borders  of  south- 
ern Tyrol  and  Italy. 

Ampezzo  (am-pet'so).  The  upper  valley  of  the 
Boita,  situated  in  Tyrol  and  the  Italian  border 
26  miles  southeast  of  Brixen.  Its  chief  town  is 
Cortina  di  Ampezzo  (or  Ampezzo  di  Calore). 
Population,  commune,  3,700,  (1910). 

Ampezzo.  A town  in  the  province  of  Udine, 
Italy,  32  miles  northwest  of  Udine.  Popula- 
tion, 2,546. 

Ampfing  (amp'fing).  A village  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, 5 miles  west  of  Miihldorf. 

Ampfing,  Battle  of.  1.  See  Miihldorf. — 2. 
A victory  gained  by  the  Austrians  under  Arch- 
duke John  over  the  French,  Dec.  1,  1800. 
AmpMalus  (am-fi'a-lus).  [From  a Gr.  name 
’A/npialoc;.']  In  Sidney’s  “Arcadia,”  the  valiant 
and  virtuous  son  of  the  wicked  Cecropea,  and 
the  lover  of  his  cousin  Philoclea. 

Amphiaraus  (am'fi-a-ra'us).  [Gr.  ’A/^mpoof.] 


Amphiaraus 

In  Greek  mythology,  a seer  and  hero  of  Argos, 
who  took  part  in  the  Argonautic  expedition, 
the  hunt  of  the  Calydonian  boar,  and  the  ex- 
pedition of  the  Seven  against  Thebes. 
AmpMareion  (am//fi-a-ri'on).  A sanctuary 
and  oracle  of  Amphiaraus,  near  Oropus,  in 
Boeotia,  Greece.  Amphiaraus  was  one  of  the  Seven 
who  marched  against  Thebes,  and  was  here  swallowed  up 
by  the  earth  at  the  will  of  Zeus,  to  save  him  in  his  flight. 
The  sanctuary  occupies  a narrow  area  on  the  bank  of  a 
torrent;  it  includes  a temple  and  altar,  a large  portico,  a 
long  range  of  bases  for  votive  statues,  and  a theater  whose 
plan  and  stage- structure  are  interesting.  All  the  existing 
ruins  are  of  Hellenistic  date.  The  oracle  enjoyed  great 
renown,  and  the  deified  seer  had  a high  reputation  for 
healing  sickness.  Excavations  have  been  made  here  since 
1884  by  the  Archaeological  Society  of  Athens. 

Ampliictyony  (am-fik'ti-on-i),  or  Amphiety- 
onic  League  (am-fik-ti-on'ik  leg).  [From  Gr. 
a/MpucTvovei;,  dwellers  around,  neighbors.]  In 
Greek  history,  a league  of  peoples  inhabiting 
neighboring  territories  or  drawn  together  by 
community  of  origin  or  interests,  for  mutual 
protection  and  the  guardianship  in  common  of  a 
central  sanctuary  and  its  rites.  There  were  several 
such  confederations,  but  the  name  is  specially  appropri- 
ated to  the  most  famous  of  them,  that  of  Delphi.  This 
was  composed  of  twelve  tribes,  and  its  deputies  met  twice 
each  year,  alternately  at  Delphi  and  at  Thermopylie.  Its 
origin  dates  back  to  the  beginnings  of  Grecian  history, 
and  it  survived  the  independence  of  Greece.  It  exercised 
paramount  authority  over  the  famous  oracular  sanctuary 
of  the  Pythian  Apollo  and  over  the  surrounding  region, 
and  conducted  the  Pythian  games;  and  it  constituted, 
though  in  an  imperfect  way,  a national  congress  of  the 
many  comparatively  small  and  often  opposed  states  into 
which  Greece  was  divided. 

Amphilochus  (am-fil'o-kus).  [Gr.  ’Aytpttoxog.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  a seer,  son  of  Amphiaraus 
and  brother  of  Aletnaeon:  one  of  the  Epigoni. 
AmpMon  (am-fi'on).  [Gr.  ’A/t^iwv.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a skilful  musician,  son  of  Zeus  and 
Antiope,  twin  brother  of  Zethus,  and  husband 
of  Niobe.  The  brothers  slew  Dirce,  who  had  ill-treated 
their  mother,  by  causing  her  to  be  dragged  to  death  by 
a bull.  They  took  possession  of  Thebes,  and  when  the 
walls  were  building,  the  stones  moved  of  their  own  accord 
to  their  places  under  the  influence  of  Amphion’s  lyre. 
Ampllipolis  (am-fip'o-lis).  [Gr.  Afupiirohc;.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  in  Macedonia,  on 
the  Strymon,  3 miles  from  the  JEgean,  in  lat. 
40°  48'  N.,  long.  23°  51'  E.  Originally  a Thracian 
town,  it  was  colonized  by  Athens  about  430  B.  C.,  and  was 
captured  by  Sparta  in  424  B.  0.  Near  it  the  Spartans 
under  Brasidas  defeated  the  Athenians  under  Cleon  422 
B.  c.  It  later  became  a Macedonian  and  then  a Roman 
possession. 

AmpMssa  (am-fls'a).  [Gr.  ’Ay^crcra.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a town  of  the  Ozolian  Lo- 
crians,  Greece,  10  miles  northwest  of  Delphi. 
Amphitrite  (am-fi-tri'te).  [Gr.  Apipirpir//.]  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  the  sea,  daugh- 
ter of  Nereus  and  Doris,  and  wife  of  Poseidon. 
— 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  29)  discovered  by  Marth, 
at  London,  March  1,  1854. 

Amphitruo.  See  Amphitryon. 

Amphitryon  (am-fit'ri-on),  or  Amphitruo  ( atn- 
fit'ru-o).  [Gr.  ’A/itpiTpvuv.']  In  Greek  legend,  a 
son  of  Alcteus,  king  of  Troezen,  and  husband 
of  Alcmene.  To  secure  Alcmene  (who  would  not  wed 
him  until  the  death  of  her  brothers,  who  were  slain  by 
the  Taphian3,  was  avenged)  he  undertook,  for  his  uncle 
Creon,  to  catch  the  Taumessian  fox,  which  by  a decree  of 
fate  could  not  he  captured,  by  the  help  of  an  Athenian 
dog  which  fate  had  decreed  should  catch  every  animal 
it  might  pursue.  Fate  extricated  itself  from  its  perplex- 
ity by  turning  both  animals  into  stone.  He  attacked  the 
Taphians,  but  could  not  overcome  them  so  long  as  the 
chief  Pterelaus,  who  was  rendered  immortal  by  one  golden 
hair,  lived.  ComEeiho,  daughter  o;  Pterelaus,  cut  off  this 
hairfor  love  of  Amphitryon,  and  he  perished.  The  appli- 
cation of  the  name  Amphitryon  to  a host  is  from  that 
part  of  the  stoi-y  where  J upiter  assumes  the  former’s  shape 
in  order  to  visit  Alcmene.  He  gives  a feast  and  is  inter- 
rupted by  the  real  Amphitryon.  This  gives  rise  (in  Mo- 
li  re’s  comedy)  to  a dispute  which  is  settled  by  the  phrase 
“Le  veritable  Amphitryon  est  1 Amphitryon  oh  l’on  dine” 
(he  who  gives  the  feast  is  the  host). 

Amphitryon,  or  Amphitruo.  1.  A play  of 
Plautus  “with  a mythological  (comic-marvel- 
ous) plot,  treated  with  complete  mastery  over 
the  language  and  with  sparkling  humor.  Its 
original  and  the  time  of  its  composition  are 
unknown”  ( Teuffel  and  Scliwabe). 

It  is  more  of  a burlesoue  than  a comedy,  and  is  full  of 
humour.  It  is  founded  on  the  well-worn  fable  of  Jupiter 
and  Alcmena,  and  has  been  imitated  by  Molifere  and  Dry- 
den.  Its  source  is  uncertain  : but  it  is  probably  from 
Archippus,  a writer  of  the  old  comedy  (415  B.  C.).  Its 
form  suggests  rather  a development  of  the  Satyric  drama. 

Cruttwell,  Hist,  of  Koman  Lit.,  p.  44. 

2.  A comedy  by  Moliere,  produced  in  1668:  a 
version  of  Plautus’s  play. — 3.  An  opera  by 
Sedaine,  produced  in  1781. — 4.  A comedy  by 
Andrieux,  produced  in  1782. 

Amphitryon,  or  The  Two  Socias.  A comedy 
by  Dryden,  performed  in  1690 : an  altered  ver- 
sion of  Moliere’s  play. 


52 

Amplepuis  (oii-ple-pwe').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone,  France,  29  miles  northwest 
of  Lyons.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
muslin.  Population,  7,000. 

Ampsivarii  (amp-si-va'ri-i),  or  Amsivarii. 
[L.  Ampsivarii  (Tacitus) ; ef.  L.  Amisia,  the 
Ems.]  A German  tribe  described  by  Tacitus 
as  originally  neighbors,  in  the  region  of  the 
Ems,  of  the  Chauei  who  had  driven  them  out. 
In  the  year  58  A.  D.  they  appeared  on  the  Rhine  whence 
they  were  dislodged  by  the  Romans,  and  were  thought  to 
have  been  annihilated.  They  reappeared,  however,  in  the 
4th  century  in  incursions  into  Roman  territory.  They  were 
ultimately  merged  in  the  Franks. 

Ampthill  (ampt'hil).  A small  town  in  Bed- 
fordshire, England,  40  miles  northwest  of  Lon- 
don. 

Ampthill,  Baron.  See  Bussell,  Odo  William. 

Ampudia  (ain-po'de-a),  Pedro  de.  A Mexican 
general,  in  command  of  the  Mexican  army  on 
the  Rio  Grande  at  the  beginning  of  the  Mexi- 
can war,  1846.  As  commander  at  Monterey  he 
surrendered  to  General  Taylor  Sept.  24,  1846. 

AmpurdcCn  (am-por-diin').  A valley-plain  in 
the  province  of  Gerona,  Spain,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Figueras. 

Araraoti  (um-ra-6'te),  or  Amrawati  (um-ra'- 
wa-te).  A district  in  the  province  of  Berar, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  78°  E. 
Area,  2,750  square  miles.  Population, 
630,118. 

Amraoti.  A town  in  Amraoti  district,  lat.  20° 
56'  N.,  long.  77°  47'  E.  Population,  34,216. 

Amraphel  (am'ra-fel).  A king  of  Shinar 
(southern  Babylonia)  who,  allied  with  Chedor- 
laomer,  king  of  Elam,  and  two  other  kings, 
marched,  in  the  time  of  Abraham,  against  the 
five  kings  of  the  Vale  of  Siddim  (Gen.  xiv.). 
He  is  identified  by  some  with  Hammurabi  who  reigned 
about  2200  B.  c.,  by  others  with  his  father  Sin-muballit, 
whose  name  is  sometimes  read  Amarpal : all  this  is,  how- 
ever, very  uncertain. 

Amri  (am'ri).  In  the  second  part  of  Dryden 
and  Tait’s  “Absalom  and Achitophel,”  a char- 
acter intended  to  represent  Heneage  Finch. 

Amrit  (am'ret)  A ruined  town  on  the  coast  of 
Phoenicia,  30  miles  north  of  Tripolis:  the  an- 
cient Marathus.  It  contains  important  antiquities. 
The  Burdj  el-Bezzak  is  an  ancient  Phenician  tomb  built 
of  huge  blocks  of  stone.  It  is  square,  with  a plain  mas- 
sive cornice,  and  terminated  in  a pyramid,  now  ruined. 
The  original  height  was  52  feet.  It  contains  two  chambers, 
one  over  the  other,  with  niches  for  corpses.  Another 
tomb  at  Amrit  is  one  of  the  most  elaborate  of  surviving 
Phenician  works.  The  base  is  square  and  on  it  rest  three 
superposed  circular  drums,  each  smaller  than  that  below. 
The  top  drum  terminates  in  domical  form,  and  the  two 
upper  drums  have  a cornice  of  combined  dentils  and 
serrations.  A molding  of  concave  curve  connects  the 
lowest  and  middle  drums.  On  the  corners  of  the  base 
stand  four  rude  lions,  issuing  from  the  lowest  drum.  The 
height  is  about  32  feet.  The  so-called  “monolithic” 
house  is  a structure  with  walls  for  the  most  part  hewn 
from  the  solid  rock.  It  is  isolated  by  the  cutting  away  of 
the  rock  behind.  The  chief  front  is  about  97  feet  long 
and  20  high.  The  interior  shows  holes  for  wooden  ceiling- 
beams.  The  Maabed  is  an  old  Phenician  temple  consist- 
ing of  a small  cella,  open  on  one  side  to  exhibit  the  sacred 
image,  and  raised  on  a square  base  or  die.  The  roof  is  a 
great  slab  hewn  to  the  form  of  a flat  arch  on  the  under 
side,  the  whole  forming  a miniature  and  simplified  Egyp- 
tian temple.  The  total  height  is  23  feet.  The  cella  was 
originally  surrounded  by  a colonnaded  court.  There  are 
also  ruins  of  a stadium  with  ten  tiers  of  seats,  on  one 
side  all  rock-hewn,  on  the  other  partly  built  up  of  ma- 
sonry. It  now  measures  99  by  411  feet,  but  has  probably 
lost  some  of  its  length. 

Amrita  (am-re'ta).  [Sometimes  Amreeta ; Skt. 
amrita,  prop,  adj.,  immortal,  = Gr.  a/ifipoToc, 
whence  ult.  E.  ambrosia .]  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a god  (masc.);  the  water  of  life  (neu- 
ter) ; ambrosia.  In  the  latter  sense  the  term  is  vari- 
ously applied  in  the  Vedas,  but  especially  to  the  soma 
juice.  In  later  legend  it  was  the  water  of  life  produced 
at  the  churning  of  the  ocean  by  the  gods  and  demons. 
The  Ramayana,  the  Mahabharata,  and  the  Pur  anas  give 
the  story  with  variations.  The  gods,  worsted  by  the  de- 
mons, repaired  to  Vishnu,  asking  new  strength  and  im- 
mortality. He  bade  them  churn  the  ocean  for  the  Amrita 
and  other  lost  treasures.  Collecting  all  plants  and  herbs, 
they  cast  them  into  the  sea  of  milk,  which  they  churned, 
using  Mount  Mandara  as  a churning-stick  and  the  serpent 
Vasuki  as  a rope,  while  Vishnu  himself  was  the  pivot. 
From  the  sea  came  the  sacred  cow,  Surabhi,  Varuni,  god- 
dess of  wine,  Parijata,  the  tree  of  paradise,  the  Apsarases, 
the  moon,  poison,  Sri,  the  goddess  of  beauty,  and  Dhan- 
vantara,  physician  of  the  gods. 

Amritsar,  or  Umritsir  (um-rit'ser).  A district 
in  the  division  of  Lahore,  Panjab,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  75°  E. 

It  is  divided  into  the  three  subdistricts  Amritsar,  Ajnala, 
and  Tarn  Taran,  and  is  administered  by  a deputy  com- 
missioner. Area,  1,601  square  miles.  Population, 
1,023,828. 

Amritsar,  or  Umritsir  (um-rit's6r).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  Amritsar  district,  Panjab,  in  lat. 
31°  38'  N.,  long.  74°  53'  E. : one  of  the  most 
important  commercial  and  manufacturing 


Amun 

cities  in  northern  India.  It  is  the  religious  center 
of  the  Sikhs,  and  contains  a Sikh  temple  attended  by  500 
to  600  priests.  Population,  including  cantoumeut, 
162,429. 

Amru  ben-el-Ass  (am'ro  ben-el-as'),  or  Amer. 
Died  about  663  a.  d.  An  Arab  general  and 
statesman.  He  conquered  Syria  during  the  reign  of 
the  calif  Abu-Bekr,  and  Egypt  639-641,  in  that  of  Omar. 
By  his  statesmanlike  reorganization  of  the  conquered 
provinces,  and  by  the  excellence  of  his  administration,  he 
did  much  to  reconcile  the  inhabitants  to  Islam.  The 
story  that,  at  the  taking  of  Alexandria,  he  gave  the 
order  to  destroy  the  celebrated  Alexandrine  library,  is 
probably  unhistorical. 

Amru-el-Kais  (am'ro-el-lds').  Lived  at  the 
beginning  of  the  7th  century.  An  Arabian  poet, 
hostile  to  Mohammed.  His  “ Moallakat”  was 
translated  by  Sir  W.  Jones,  1782. 

Amrum  (am'rom),  or  Amrom  (am'rom).  One 
of  the  North  Friesian  Islands  in  the  North  Sea, 
west  of  Schleswig.  Its  length  is  6 miles. 

Amsancti,  or  Ampsancti,  Vallis  (am-sank'te 
val'les).  A valley  in  the  province  of  Avellino, 
Italy,  near  Frigento,  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  15°  7' 
E.,  noted  for  its  sulphurous  lake  and  cave. 

Amsdorf  (ams'dorf),  Nikolaus  von.  Born  at 
Torgau,  Germany,  Dec.  3,  1483:  died  May  14, 
1565.  A German  Protestant  reformer.  He  was 
the  intimate  friend  of  Luther,  whom  he  accompanied  to 
Leipsic  in  1519  and  to  Worms  in  1521,  and  whom  he  aided 
in  the  translation  of  the  Bible.  He  was  instrumental  m 
introducing  the  Reformation  into  Magdeburg  in  1524,  into 
Goslar  in  1528,  and  elsewhere ; was  consecrated  bishop  of 
Naumburg  by  Luther  in  1542,  but  was  driven  from  his  see 
in  1546  in  the  Smalkaldic  war,  and  was  a prominent  op- 
ponent of  Melanchthon  in  the  adiaphoristic  controversy. 

Amsler  (ams'ler),  Samuel.  Born  at  Schinz- 
nach,  Aargau,  Switzerland,  Dec.  17,  1791:  died 
at  Munich,  May  18,  1849.  A German  engraver. 
Among  his  noted  works  are  the  “Triumphal  March  of 
Alexander  the  Great  ” (after  Thorwaldsen),  the  “Triumph 
of  Religion  in  the  Arts  ” (after  Overbeck),  etc. 

Amsteg,  or  Amstag  (am'stag).  A village  in  the 
canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  route  27  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne. 

Amstel  (am'stel).  A small  river  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, which  flows  through  Amsterdam  and 
empties  into  the  Y. 

Amstelland  (am'stel-lant).  Formerly,  the 
name  given  to  the  region  which  lies  near  the 
Amstel. 

Amsterdam  (am'ster-dam).  [Orig.  Amstelle- 
damme,  dam  of  the  Amstel.]  A city  in  the 
province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  built 
on  marshy  ground  (traversed  by  canals  con- 
nected by  numerous  bridges)  at  the  junction 
of  the  Amstel  and  Y,  in  lat.  52°  22'  N.,  long. 
4°  5'  E. : the  chief  commercial  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Netherlands,  and  one  of  the  leading 
seaports  of  Europe.  It,  has  communication  by  the 
North  SeaCanal  arid  North  Holland  Canal  with  the  North 
Sea.  It  i3  a market  for  colonial  products,  including  sugar, 
coffee,  spices,  rice,  tobacco,  etc.,  has  ship-building  indus- 
tries and  important  manufactures  of  sugar,  sails,  tobacco, 
beer,  etc.,  and  is  especially  famous  for  diamond-cutting 
and  -polishing.  It  was  founded  at  the  beginning  of  the 
13th  century,  became  of  great  importance  on  the  decline 
of  Antwerp  about  1585-95,  and  was  the  fust  commercial 
city  of  Europe  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  entered  by  the 
French  in  1795,  and  belonged  to  the  French  Empire  1810-13. 
It  contains  various  important  buildings,  museums,  etc. 
Population,  565,589. 

Amsterdam.  A city  inMontgomery  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Mohawk  30  miles  north- 
west of  Albany.  Population,  31,267,  (1910). 

Amsterdam.  A small  uninhabited  island  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  in  lat.  37°  51'  S.,  long.  77°  32' E. 
It  belongs  to  France. 

Amsterdam,  New.  An  old  name  for  New  York 

(city). 

Amstetten  (am'stet-ten).  A small  town  in 
Lower  Austria,  situated  on  the  Ips  28  miles 
east  by  south  of  Linz. 

Amucu  (a-mo-ko'),  Lake.  A small  lake  in 
British  Guiana,  about  lat.  3°  40'  N.,  connected 
with  the  Essequibo  and,  through  the  Branco, 
v i 1 h the  Amazon.  According  to  Schomburgk  this 
was  the  so-called  Lake  Parima  connected  with  the  myth 
of  El  Dorado. 

Amu  Daria  (a-mo'diir'ya),  Ar.  Jihun  (je'hon), 
orGihon.  The  principal  river  of  Central  Asia: 
the  ancient  Oxus.  It  rises  as  the  Ak-Su  in  the  east- 
ern Pamir  near  the  frontier  of  eastern  Turkestan  ; flows 
generally  west  to  near  long.  66°  E..  separating  in  part  of 
its  course  Bokhara  from  Afghanistan ; flows  then  north- 
west, and  empties  by  a delta  into  the  southern  part  of 
the  Sea  of  Aral.  It  is  generally  thought  to  have  emptied 
into  the  Caspian  Sea  in  ancient  and  even  in  medieval 
times.  Among  its  tributaries  are,  among  those  on  the 
right,  the  Wakash  (or  Surghab)  and  Kafirnagan  ; and  on 
the  left,  the  Pandja,  Koksha,  and  Kunduz.  AtTchardjul 
it  is  crossed  by  the  Transcaspian  Railway.  Its  length  is 
about  1,400  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  by  vessels  about  300 
miles. 

Amun  (a'mon).  [Egypt.,  ‘the  hidden  or  veiled 
one.’]  An  Egyptian  deity.  He  is  variously  repre- 
sented as  a ram  with  large  curving  horns,  as  a being 


Amnn 


53 


Anakim 


with  a ram's  head  and  a human  body,  and  as  a man  en- 
throned or  standing  erect.  In  art  his  figure  is  colored 
blue.  On  his  head  he  wears  the  royal  symbol  and  two 
long  feathers,  and  in  one  hand  he  carries  a scepter  and  in 
the  other  the  sign  of  life.  His  chief  temple  and  oracle 
were  on  an  oasis  in  the  -Libyan  desert  near  Memphis.  Also 
Amen,  Amnion,  Anion , and  Hammon.  See  the  extract. 

But  after  the  rise  of  the  Theban  dynasty  the  supreme 
form  under  which  Ra  was  worshipped  was  Amun,  “the 
hidden  one."  In  course  of  time  he  absorbed  into  himself 
almost  all  the  other  deities  of  Egypt,  more  especially  Ra 
and  Khnum.  He  reigns  over  this  earth,  as  his  represen- 
tatives, the  Pharaohs,  over  Egypt,  and  inspires  mankind 
with  the  sense  of  right.  He  is  called  Khem  as  the  self- 
begetting  deity,  “ the  living  < isiris  " as  the  animating  prin- 
ciple of  the  universe.  Ou  his  head  he  wears  a lofty  crown 
of  feathers,  sometimes  replaced  by  the  crowns  of  Upper 
and  Lower  Egypt  or  the  ram's  head  of  Khnum,  and  Mut 
and  Khunsu  form  with  him  the  trinity  of  Thebes. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  63. 

Amunategui  (a-mo-na'ta-gwe),  Miguel  Luis. 
Born  Jan.  il,  1828:  died  Jan.  22, 1888.  ACltilean 
historian,  associated,  in  the  production  of  most 
of  his  works,  with  his  brother,  Gregorio  Victor 
Amunategui.  Among  these  are  “Memoria  sobre  lare- 
conquista  espafiola  ” (1860),  “ Compend  o de  la  historia  po- 
litics y eclesiastica  de  Chile”  (1856),  “Descubrimiento  y 
conquista  de  Chile”  (1862),  “Los  precursores  de  la  inde- 
pendence de  Chile  ” (1872-73). 

Amur,  or  Amoor  (a-mor').  A river  in  Siberia 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Shilka  and  Argun, 
about  lat.  53°  N.,  long.  121°  E.  It  flows  generally 
southeast,  then  northeast,  and  then  east,  and  it  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Saghalin.  In  part  of  its  course  it  forms  the 
boundary  between  Siberia  and  Mantchuria.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are,  on  the  right,  the  Sungari  and  Usuri;  on 
the  left,  the  Zeya,  Bureya,  Kur,  Gorin,  and  Im.  Its  length, 
including  the  Argun,  is  about  2,700  miles,  and  it  is  naviga- 
ble for  about  2,400  miles. 

Amur.  A province  in  eastern  Siberia,  situated 
north  of  the  river  Amur,  ceded  by  China  to 
Russia  in  1858.  Its  capital  is  Khabarovka. 
Area,  172,826  square  miles.  Population,  about 
160,400. 

Amurath  (a- mo-rat')  I.,  or  Murad.  Born 
1319:  killed  June  15, 1389.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1359-89,  son  of  Orkban.  He  completed  the  organi- 
zation of  the  janizaries,  begun  by  his  father,  and  was  the 
first  of  the  Ottoman  sultans  who  made  conquests  in  Eu- 
rope. In  1361  he  occupied  Adrianople,  which  he  made 
the  capital  of  his  European  dominions,  took  Sofia  in 
1382,  and  defeated  tile  princes  of  Servia  and  Bosnia  in  the 
battle  of  Kosovo  1389.  He  was  killed  after  the  engage- 
ment by  a wounded  Servian  who,  it  is  said,  started  from 
among  the  dead  and  plunged  a dagger  into  his  breast  as  he 
surveyed  the  field  of  battle. 

Amurath  II.,  or  Murad.  Bom  about  1403: 
died  1451.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1421-51,  son  of 
Mohammed  I.  He  unsuccessfully  besieged  Constan- 
tinople in  1423,  carried  on  war  against  the  Hungarians 
under  Hunyady  and  the  Albanians  under  Scanderbeg,  de- 
feated the  Hungarians  at  Varna  in  1444  and  Kossova  in 
1448,  and  subdued  the  Morea  in  1446. 

Amurath  III.,  or  Murad.  Born  1546:  died 
1595.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1574-95,  son  of  Selim 
II.  He  continued  the  war  against  Austria  with  varying 
success,  and  took  Luristan,  Georgia,  Shirvan,  Tabriz,  and 
part  of  Azerbaijan  from  Persia  in  11*90. 

Amurath  IV.,  or  Murad.  Born  about  1611: 
died  1640.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1623-40.  He  cap- 
tured Bagdad  from  the  Persians  in  1638. 

Amurath  V.,  or  Murad.  Born  1840 : died  Aug. 
29,  1904.  Sultan  of  Turkey  May  to  Aug.,  1876 
(dethroned  Aug.  31),  nephew  of  Abdul-Aziz. 

Amussat  (a-mfi-sa'),  Jean  Zulema.  Born  at 
St.  Maixent,  Deux-S&vres,  France,  Nov.  21, 
1796:  died  May  14,  1856.  A French  surgeon 
and  surgical  writer,  author  of  “Torsion  des 
arteres  ” (1829),  etc.  He  invented  a probe 
used  in  lithotrity. 

Amyas  Leigh,  Sir.  See  Leigh. 

Amyclse  (a-mi'kle).  [Gr.  A/A/ola/.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a town  in  Laconia,  Greece,  3 miles 
south  of  Sparta,  the  legendary  seat  of  Tynda- 
reus.  It  longretained  its  Achaean  population.  Accord- 
ing to  a tradition  the  inhabitants  of  Arayciae  had  been  so 
often  alarmed  by  false  reports  of  the  hostile  approach 
of  the  Spartans  that  all  mention  of  the  subject  was  for- 
bidden: hence  when  they  did  come  no  one  dared  to  an- 
nounce the  fact,  and  the  town  was  captured.  “Amyclsean 
silence  ” thus  passed  into  a proverb. 

Amymone  (am-i-mo'ne).  [Gr.  ’Auvacivrj.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a daughter  of  Danaus. 

Amynta  (a-min'tS,).  A character  in  IVUrfe’s 
romance  “Astrea.” 

Amyntas  (a-min'tas)  I.  [Gr.  ’A/dvra?.]  Died 
about  498  b.  C.  King  of  Macedonia,  son  of  Al- 
cetas,  and  fifth  in  descent  from  Perdiccas,  the 
founder  of  the  dynasty.  He  presented  earth  and 
water  in  submission  to  Megabazus,  whom  Darius,  on  the 
return  from  his  Scythian  expedition,  had  left  at  the  head 
of  80,000  men  in  Europe. 

Amyntas  II.  King  of  Macedonia  394-370  b.  c., 
nephew  of  Perdiccas  II.  He  succeeded  his  father 
in  Upper  Macedonia ; obtained  the  crown  of  Macedonia 
proper  in  394  by  the  murder  of  Pausanias,  son  of  the 
usurper  Aeropus  ; was  driven  from  Macedonia  by  Argseus, 
the  son  of  Pausanlaa,  supported  by  Iiardylis,  an  Illyrian 


chief ; and  was  restored  by  the  Thessalians,  with  whom 
he  had  taken  refuge. 

Amyntas  III.  Died  336  b.  c.  King  of  Mace- 
donia 360-359,  grandson  of  the  preceding.  He 

was  an  infant  at  the  death  of  his  father  360  B.  C.,  and  was 
excluded  359  B.  0.  from  the  throne  by  the  regent,  his 
uncle  Philip,  at  whose  court  he  was  brought  up,  and  whose 
daughter  he  married.  He  was  executed  by  Alexander  the 
Great  for  a conspiracy  against  the  king’s  life. 

Amyntas,  or  The  Impossible  Dowry.  A pas- 
toral drama  of  the  Italian  type  by  Thomas 
Randolph,  first  printed  in  1638.  It  has  no  con- 
nection in  plot  with  Tasso’s  “ Aminta.” 

Amyntor,  Gerhard  von.  A pseudonym  of 
Dagobert  von  Gerhardt,  a German  novelist. 

Amyot  (a-me-o'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Melun, 
France,  Oct.  30, 1513:  died  at  Auxerre,  France, 
Feb.  6,  1593.  A French  writer.  He  was  tutor  to 
Charles  IK.  and  Henri  of  Anjou,  grand  almoner,  bishop 
of  Auxerre,  and  commander  in  the  Order  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.  He  is  known  chiefly  by  his  translations  of  “The- 
agenes  and  Chariclea  ” (1547),  of  the  works  of  Diodorus 
Siculus  (1554),  of  “ Daphnis  and  Chloe  ” and  Plutarch's 
“Lives”  (1559),  and  of  Plutarch's  “Morals"  (1572). 

Amyot,  Joseph.  See  Amiot. 

Amyraut  (a-me-ro'),  or  Amyrault  (L.  Amy- 
raldns),  Mo'ise.  Born  Sept.,  1596:  died  1664. 
A French  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Saumur  1633—64.  He  was  charged  with  Arminianism, 
and  although  he  was  acquitted  at  the  synods  of  Alenqon 
(1637)  and^Charenton  (1644),  the  “Eormula  Consensus 
Helvetica”  (1657)  was  directed  chiefly  against  him. 

An  or  On,  See  Heliopolis. 

Anabaptists  (an-a-bap'tists).  [From  Gr.  ava- 
8a~TiC,eiv , rebaptize.]  Those  Christians  who 
hold  baptism  in  infancy  to  be  invalid,  and 
require  adults  who  have  received  it  to  be  bap- 
tized on  joining  their  communion.  The  name  is 
best  known  historically  a3  applied  to  the  followers  of 
Thomas  Miinzer,  a leader  of  the  peasants’  war  in  Germany, 
who  was  killed  in  battle  in  1525,  and  to  those  of  John 
Matthias  and  John  Bockold,  or  John  of  Leyden,  who  com- 
mitted great  excesses  while  attempting  to  establish  a so- 
cialistic kingdom  of  Hew  Zion  or  Mount  Zion  at  Munster 
in  Westphalia,  and  were  defeated  in  1535,  their  leaders 
being  killed  and  hung  up  in  iron  cages,  which  are  still 
preserved  in  that  city.  The  name  has  also  been  applied 
to  bodies  of  very  different  character  in  other  respects, 
probably  always  in  an  opprobrious  sense,  since  believers 
in  the  sole  validity  of  adult  baptism  refuse  to  regard  it  as 
rebaptism  in  the  case  of  persons  who  had  received  the 
rite  in  infancy.  It  is  now  most  frequently  used  of  the 
Mennonites.  See  Mennonites. 

Anabara(a-na-ba-ra').  Ariverin  Siberia  which 
flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  west  of  the  Lena. 

Anabasis  (a-nab'a-sis).  [Gr.  avapaois,  a going 
up,  an  expedition  inland.]  A celebrated  account 
by  Xenophon,  in  seven  books,  of  the  campaign 
of  Cyrus  the  Younger  against  Artaxerxes  II. 
of  Persia,  and  the  retreat  of  the  10,000  Greeks, 
401-399  B.  c.,  after  the  death  of  Cyrus  atCunaxa. 
See  Cyrus. 

The  title  means  “ a march  up  ( from  the  coast)"  into,  the 
interior,  and  properly  applies  only  to  the  first  part,  as  far 
as  the  battle  at  Ounaxa.  . . . Cyrus  was  killed  (Sept.,  401). 
The  remaining  and  larger  part  of  the  work  ought  rather 
to  be  called  catabasis,  the  march  down  to  the  sea.  Soon 
after  the  death  of  Cyrus,  the  Persian  satrap  Tisnphernes 
treacherously  seized  five  of  the  Greek  generals.  The 
Greeks  were  now  in  terrible  danger.  That  night  Xeno- 
phon— who  had  not  hitherto  been  either  an  officer  ora 
private  soldier,  but  simply  an  “unattached  ” volunteer, 
. . . awoke  the  surviving  leaders,  and  in  a midnight  coun- 
cil of  war  gave  them  heart,  by  his  plain  earnest  eloquence, 
to  take  measures  for  the  common  safety.  Next  day, 
formed  in  a hollow  square  with  the  baggage  in  the  center, 
they  began  the  retreat.  Moving  along  the  Tigris,  past 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Nineveh  and  the  modern  Mossul, 
they  came  into  the  country  of  the  Carduchi,  or  Kurds,  who, 
like  modern  Kurds,  rolled  down  stones  on  them  from  the 
top  of  their  mountain-passes ; then  through  Armenia  and 
Georgia.  At  last  one  day — in  thefifth  month  — Eeb.,  400 
B.  c. — Xenophon,  who  was  with  the  rear  guard,  heard  a 
great  shouting  among  the  men  who  had  reached  the  top 
of  a hill  in  front.  He  thought  they  saw  an  enemy.  He 
mounted  his  horse,  and  galloped  forward  with  some  cav- 
alry. As  they  came  nearer,  they  could  make  out  the 
shout : it  was  " The  sea  ! the  sea ! ” There,  far  off,  was  the 
silver  gleam  of  the  Euxine.  After  the  long,  intense  strain 
of  toil  and  danger,  the  men  burst  into  tears:  like  true 
Greek  children  of  the  sea  they  knew  now  that  they  were 
in  sight  of  home.  Two  days’  march  brought  them  to  the 
coast  at  Trapezus,  a Greek  city,  the  modern  Trebizond ; 
there  they  sacrificed  to  the  gods,  especially  to  Zeus  the  Pre- 
server and  Heracles  the  Guide.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  110. 

Anabasis  of  Alexander  the  Great.  An  im- 
portant historical  work  by  Arrian,  in  seven 
books,  all  of  which,  with  the  exception  of  a few 
pages,  has  survived.  It  begins  with  the  acces- 
sion of  Alexander,  and  describes  bis  campaigns 
and  victories. 

Anacaona  (a-na-ka'o-na).  [A  Haitian  name 
meaning  ‘golden  flower.’]  An  Indian  woman, 
sister  of  Behechio  and  wife  of  Caonabo,  ca- 
ciques of  Haiti  when  it  was  discovered  by  Co- 
lumbus (1492).  After  the  capture  and  death  of  Caonabo 
she  counseled  submission  to  the  Spaniards,  and  herself 
received  Bartholomew  Columbus  with  great  hospitality 
(1498).  She  succeeded  her  brother  Behechio  as  ruler  of 
his  tribe,  and  friendly  relations  with  the  whites  continued 
until  1503 : In  that  year  she  entertained  Ovando  and  his 


forces,  but  in  the  midst  of  a festival  in  their  honor  they 
attacked  her  village,  massacred  a great  number  of  Indians, 
and  carried  her  to  Santo  Domingo,  where  she  was  hanged. 

Anacapri  (a-na-ka'pre).  1.  The  western  part 
of  the  island  of  Capri,  Italy. — 2.  A small  town 
on  the  island  of  Capri. 

Anacharsis  (an-a-kar'sis).  [Gr.  Avcixapon;.']  A 
Scythian  prince,  brother  of  Saulius,  king  of 
Thrace,  a contemporary  of  Solon.  He  visited 
Athens  where  he  obtained  a great  reputation  for  wisdom. 
On  returning  to  Thrace  he  was  slain  by  his  brother.  By 
some  he  was  reckoned  among  the  seven  sages. 

Anacharsis  Clootz.  See  Clootz. 
Anacletus(an-a-kle'tus),or  Cletus(?),I., Saint. 
Died  91  (!)  A.  d.  Bishop  of  Rome,  said  by 
some  to  have  been  elected  83  a.  d. 

Anacletus  II.  Antipope  in  opposition  to  In- 
nocent II.,  1130-38. 

Anaconda  (an-a-kon'da).  A city,  the  capital 
of  Deerlodge  County,  Montana.  Population, 
10,134,  (1910). 

Anacreon  (a-nak 're-on).  [Gr.  Avanpeov .]  Born 
in  Teos  about  563  b.  c.:  died  about  478  B.  c.  A 
famous  Greek  lyric  poet  who  sang  chiefly  the 
praises  of  love  and  wine.  He  was  driven  with  hit 
townspeople,  by  Harpagus,  from  Teos  to  Abdera ; thence 
he  went  to  the  court  of  Polycrates  in  Samos,  and  later  to 
Athens.  “He  was  the  courtier  and  laureate  of  tyrants. 
He  won  his  first  fame  with  Polycrates,  at  whose  death 
Hipparchus  fetched  him  to  Athens  in  a trireme  of  fifty 
oars.  Between  Bacchus  and  Venus  he  spent  his  days  in 
palaces ; and  died  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-five  at  Teos, 
choked,  it  is  reported,  by  a grape-stone  — a hoary-headed 
roud."  Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  318. 

The  great  body  of  his  fragments,  and  the  numerous  cop- 
ies of  his  poems,  speak  of  love  as  an  engrossing  amuse- 
ment, of  feasting  as  spoilt  by  earnest  conversation,  nay 
even  of  old  age  with  a sort  of  jovial  regret.  . . . Hispoetry 
is  no  longer  the  outburst  of  pent-up  passion,  but  the  ex- 
ercise of  a graceful  talent,  the  ornament  of  a luxurious 
leisure.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  197. 
Anacreon.  An  opera  in  two  acts  by  Cheru- 
bini, words  by  Mendouze,  produced  in  Paris 
Oct.  4,  1803. 

Anacreon  of  the  Guillotine.  A nickname  of 
Barere  de  Vieuzae. 

Anacreon  Moore.  A nickname  of  Thomas 
Moore. 

Anacreon  of  Persia.  A surname  given  to  Hafiz. 
Anadarco,  Anadarko.  See  Nadaaltu. 
Anadoli.  See  Anatolia. 

Anadyomene  (an"a-di-om'e-ne).  [Gr.  AvaSvo - 
phy,  rising  (from  the  sea).]  A surname  of 
Aphrodite,  in  allusion  toher  originfrom  the  sea. 
Anadyr,  or  Anadir  (an-a-der').  A river  in 
eastern  Siberia,  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 
Anadyr  about  lat.  65°  N.  Its  length  is  about 
450  miles. 

Anadyr,  Gulf  of.  Au  arm  of  Bering  Sea,  east 
of  Siberia. 

Anagni  (a-nan'ye).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  36  miles  southeast  of  Rome:  the 
ancient  Anagnia,  capital  of  the  Hernici.  it 
has  a cathedral  and  has  often  been  the  residence  of  the 
popes.  Population,  10,059. 

Anahuac  (a-na'wak).  [Nahuatl,  signifying 
‘within  the  water.’]  A name  originally 
used  to  designate  the  low  lands  bordering  on 
the  Lake  of  Mexico,  and  now  generally 
applied  to  the  greater  part  of  the  central 
table-land,  or  to  that  portion  of  it,  in  the  region 
of  the  City  of  Mexico,  which  bolds  the  valley 
lakes  (Texcoco,  Chaleo,  etc.),  and  extends  east- 
ward to  the  mountain  wall  of  Popocatepetl  and 
Ixtaccihuatl.  Anahuac  has  been  stated  to  be  the  name 
for  the  supposed  Indian  “empire”  of  the  Mexicans  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  This  is,  however,  an  error, 
as  there  was  no  empire,  but  only  a confederacy  of  warlike 
tribes.  Tbe  name  has,  therefore,  no  political,  hardly  even 
a definite  geographical,  significance. 

Anaides  (a-na'dez).  [Gr.  avcu&f)c,  shameless.] 
In  Ben  Jonson’s  “Cynthia’s  Revels,”  a fashion- 
able ruffler  and  impudent  ruffian.  Thomas  Dekker 
imagined  that  in  this  character  he  was  caricatured.  Others, 
however,  think  Marston  was  intended. 

Anaitis  (a-nl'tis),  Anait  (a-nlt').  A Syrian 
goddess  whose  worship  was  introduced  into 
Greek  mythology.  She  was  variously  identified  with 
Artemis,  Aphrodite,  Cybele,  etc.  In  Egyptian  mythology 
she  appeared  under  the  name  Anta,  Antha. 

Anak  (a'nak).  [Heb.,  ‘long-necked,’  i.  e. 
‘ giant.’]  In  the  Old  Testament,  tbe  progenitor 
of  a tribe  or  race  of  giants,  the  Anakim  (which 
see),  or  a collective  name  for  this  tribe  itself. 
Anakim  (an'a-kim).  In  the  Old  Testament, 
the  sons  of  Anak,  a race  of  giants  dwelling  in 
southern  Palestine. 

People  saw  survivors  of  the  ancient  indigenous  popula- 
tions, anterior  to  the  Canaanites  (Emim,  Zomzomniin, 
Anakim),  in  individuals  of  lofty  stature  whom  they  be- 
lieved were  to  be  found  in  certain  particular  places.  But 
popular  imagination  revels  in  giants;  it  willingly  creates 
them.  These  Anakim  were  surrounded  by  legends  ; they 
sometimes  called  them  ref  aim  { the  dead,  the  giants,  the 
phantoms,  the  heroes);  a plain  to  the  southwest  of  .Tern- 


Anakim 

union  bore  their  name,  and  they  were  confounded  with 
the  Titanic  racoB  buried  under  the  flea. 

lleiiau,  Hint,  of  the  i'cople  of  Israel  (tranB.),  I.  191. 

Anam.  See  Annum. 

Anambas  Islands  (ii-nam'bas  i'laudz).  A 
group  of  small  islands  oast  of  tho  Malay  Penin- 
sula and  west  of  Borneo. 

Anammelech  ( a-nam'e-lek).  [Babylonian  Anu- 
malik,  Anu  the  counselor.]  A divinity  of  tho 
Babylonian  Sepharvites,  whoso  worship  they 
continued  to  practise  in  Samaria  (2  Ki.  xvii.  31 ). 

Anu  was  tho  god  of  heaven,  and  stood  at  the  head  of  the 
Babylonian  pantheon. 

Anandagiri  ( a-nan-da-ge're).  A follower  of  San- 
kara. He  lived  about  the  loth  century  and  wrote  a 
Sankara  vijayap  triumph  of  Sankara’),  in  which  are  related 
at  length  the  polemics  of  the  master  against  forty-eight 
different  sects.  It  is  an  apocryphal  romance  of  no  historic 
worth. 

Anandalahari  (a-nan-da-la'ha-re).  [Skt.,‘tho 
wave  of  joy.’]  A poem  ascribed  to  Sankara.  It 
is  a hymn  of  praiso  to  Parvati,  wife  of  Siva,  min- 
gled with  mystical  doctrine. 

Ananias  (an-a-ni'as).  [Gr.  ’A vavtac,  Ileb.  Hana- 
nidh.\  A Jewish  Christian  of  Jerusalem  who 
with  his  wife  Sapphira  was  struck  dead  for  fram  l 
and  lying.  Acts  v. 

Ananias.  A Jewish  Christian  of  Damascus,  a 
friend  of  Paul. 

Ananias.  A Jewish  high  priest  48-59  a.  d., 
before  whom  St.  Paul  was  tried. 

Ananias.  In  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “The  Al- 
chemist,” a hypocritical  puritan  deacon  of 
Amsterdam. 

Ananieff  (a-niin'yef).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kherson,  Russia,  in  lat.  47°  47'  N., 
long.  29°  57'  E.  Population,  16,713. 

Ananus  (an'a-nus).  High  priest  of  the  Jews, 
the  son  of  Seth.  lie  was  appointed  by  Cyrenius  and 
removed  by  Valeiian,  and  is  apparently  the  Annas  men- 
tioned in  the  gospels. 

Ananus.  High  priest  of  the  Jews,  son  of  the 
preceding.  He  held  office  for  three  months  in  62  A.  d., 
and  was  removed  by  King  Agrippaat  the  demand  of  the 
Pharisees  because  of  his  attempt  to  revive  Sadduceeism, 
and  was  put  to  death  67  A.  D.  by  the  Zealots. 

Anapa  (a-na'pa).  A seaport  and  naval  station 
in  the  government  of  Kuban,  Northern  Cau- 
casus, on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  44°  55'  N., 
long.  37°  20'  E.  Population,  6,676. 

Anaphi  (a-na'fe).  An  island  of  the  Cyclades, 
Greece,  lat.  36°  21'  N.,  long.  25°  48'  E.,  east 
of  Santorin : the  ancient  Anaphe.  Length,  7 
miles. 

Anaquito  (a-na-ke'to).  A plain  about  a mile 
from  Quito,  Ecuador,  where  the  army  of  Gon- 
zalo  Pizarro  defeated  that  of  the  viceroy  Vas- 
co Nunez  Vela  aided  by  Benalcazar,  Jan.  18, 
1546.  Vela  was  killed,  and  Benalcazar  severely 
wounded. 

Anargha  Raghava  (a-nar'gha  ra'glia-va).  A 
drama  of  the  13th  or  14th  century  by  Murari 
Misra,  of  which  Raghava  or  Rama  is  the  hero. 
Anarkali  (iin-ar'ka-li).  An  important  suburb 
of  Lahore,  British  India. 

Afiasco  (an-yas'ko),  Pedro  de.  Born  at  Lima, 
1550 : died  at  Tucuman,  April  12, 1605.  A Pe- 
ruvian Jesuit.  He  left  several  works  on  the 
language  of  the  Indians  among  whom  he  bad 
labored. 

Anasitch  (a-na-sich').  A tribe  of  the  Kusan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  it  formerly 
had  a village  on  the  south  side  of  Coos  Bay,  Oregon.  The 
survivors  are  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  See 
Kusan. 

Anastasia  (an-as-ta'shi-a),  Saint.  1.  A Chris- 
tian martyr  slain  during  tbe  reign  of  Nero  (54— 
68  A.  D.).  She  is  said  to  have  been  a pupil  of  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul.  Her  martyrdom  is  commemorated  on  April  15. 
2.  A Christian  martyr  who  perished  in  the 
persecution  by  Diocletian  303  (?)  a.  d.  The  date 
of  her  commemoration  in  the  Latin  Church  is 
Dec.  25,  in  the  Greek  Dec.  22. — 3.  Died  597. 
AGreek  saint  who  lived  in  Alexandria  disguised 
as  a monk  for  28  years. 

Anastasian  Law.  A law  of  the  emperor  Anas- 
tasius  I.  (506),  directed  against  usurers. 
Anastasius  (an-as-ta'shi-us)  I.,  Saint.  [Gr. 
’Avaardaio^.]  Bishop  of  Rome  399-401.  He  con- 
demned the  writings  of  Origen,  and  excommunicated  Ru- 
ff n us,  the  antagonist  of  Jerome  and  advocate  of  Origen, 
although  he  is  said  to  have  acknowledged  that  he  did  not 
understand  the  controversy. 

Anastasius  II.  Pope  496-498.  He  endeavored  to 

put  an  end  to  the  schism  between  the  sees  of  Constanti- 
nople and  Rome  arising  from  the  dispute  concerning 
precedence,  and  wrote  a letter  of  congratulation  to  Clovis, 
king  of  the  Franks,  on  his  conversion  to  Christianity. 

Anastasius  III.  Pope  911-913. 

Anastasius  IV.  (Conrad).  Pope  1153-54.  His 


64 

administration  was  disturbed  by  the  movements 
of  Arnold  of  Brescia  and  his  followers. 
Anastasius  I.,  sumamed  Dicorus.  Born  at 
Dyrrachium  about  430:  died  518.  Byzantine 
emperor  491-518.  He  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  an  in- 
trigue with  the  empress  Ariadne  whom  he  married  after 
the  death  of  the  emperor  Zeno,  her  husband,  without 
male  issue.  As  a Eutychian  he  opposed  the  orthodox 
who  rose  in  arms  under  Vitalianus  but  were  bought  off  by 
the  faithless  promise  of  a general  council. 

Anastasius  II.  (Artemius).  Byzantine  em- 
jeror  713-716.  He  was  deposed  by  the  fleet  which  he 
lad  sent  to  the  coast  of  Syria  to  destroy  the  naval  stores 
of  the  Arabs,  but  which  was  repulsed,  mutinied  under  its 
commander  John,  and  proclaimed  Theodosius  III.  em- 
peror. He  was  put  to  death  in  721  (719  7)  by  Leo  III.  for 
conspiring  against  the  throne. 

Anastasius.  Died  753.  Patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople 703(728  ?)-753.  He  was  elected  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  emperor  Leo  Isaurus,  and  favored  the 
Iconoclasts,  for  which  he  was  excommunicated  by  Pope 
Gregory  Ili. 

Anastasius,  surnamed  Bibliothecarius  (‘The 
Librarian’).  Died  886.  Librarian  of  the  Vati- 
can and  abbot  of  Sta.  Maria  Trans-Tiberim  at 
Rome.  He  was  sent  to  Constantinople  to  arrange  a 
marriage  between  the  daughter  of  Louis  II.  and  a son  of 
Basil  of  Macedonia  in  8b9,  and  while  there  assisted  the 
papal  ambassador  in  attendance  at  the  eighth  ecumenical 
council  by  his  knowledge  of  Greek.  His  fame  rests  upon 
his  numerous  translations  from  the  Greek  and  his  sup- 
posed connection  with  the  “Liber  Pontiflcalis"  (which  see). 

Anastasius  Griin.  See  Auersperg. 

Anasuya  (a-na-so'yii).  [Skt.,  ‘charity.’]  In 
Hindu  mythology  and  drama : (a)  The  wife  of  the 
Rishi  Atri,  very  pious  and  austere,  and  pos- 
sessed of  miraculous  powers.  When  Sita  visited 
Atri  and  herself  at  their  hermitage  in  the  forest  south  of 
Chitrakuta,  she  gave  Sita  an  ointment  with  which  to  keep 
herself  beautiful  forever,  (b)  A friend  of  Shakuntala. 
Anathoth  (an'a-thoth).  In  biblical  geography, 
a city  of  Benjamin  in  Palestine,  the  birthplace 
of  Jeremiah.  The  traditional  site  is  Kenyet  el-’Enat, 
about  10  miles  northwest  of  Jerusalem  ; but  the  true  site 
is  probably  ’Anata,  about  3 miles  northeast  of  that  city. 
Anatolia  (an-a-to'li-ii).  [Turk.  Anadoli,  NGr. 
’AvaToMj,  eastern  land.]  A large  region  of  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  nearly  identical  with  Asia  Minor. 
There  was  a theme  (province)  of  Anatolia  in  the  Byzan- 
tine empire  situated  in  the  interior  of  Asia  Minor. 

Anatomy  of  Abuses,  The.  A work  by  Philip 
Stubbes,  published  in  1583  in  two  parts.  It  is 
a curious  account  of  the  social  customs  of  the 
time. 

Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  The.  A famous 
work  by  Robert  Burton  (1577-1640),  published 
in  1621,  under  the  pseudonym  “Democritus 
Junior,”  and  frequently  republished  and 
abridged.  The  sixth  edition  is  the  last  which  contains 
changes  by  the  author:  it  was  published  shortly  after  his 
death  from  an  annotated  copy.  The  work  is  the  result 
of  many  years  of  humorous  study  of  men  and  of  books, 
and  abounds  in  quotations  from  authors  of  all  ages  and 
countries.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts  which  treat  (1) 
of  the  causes  and  symptoms  of  melancholy,  (2)  of  its  cure, 
and  (3)  of  erotic  and  religious  melancholy. 

Its  literary  history  is  rather  curious.  Eight  editions  of 
it  appeared  in  half  a century  from  the  date  of  the  first, 
and  then,  with  other  books  of  its  time,  it  dropped  out  of 
notice  except  by  the  learned.  Early  in  the  present  cen- 
tury it  was  revived  and  reprinted  with  certain  modern- 
isations, and  four  or  five  editions  succeeded  each  other 
at  no  long  interval.  The  copies  thus  circulated  seem  to 
have  satisfied  the  demand  for  many  years,  and  have  been 
followed  without  alteration  in  a finely-printed  issue  of  re- 
cent date.  Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  429. 

Anaxagoras  (an-ak-sag'o-ras).  [Gr.  ’A vagayd- 
pa?.]  Born  at  Clazomenas,  Ionia,  about  500 
b.  c. : died  at  Lampsacus,  Mysia,  about  428 
B.  c.  A Greek  philosopher,  for  a long  time  resi- 
dent in  Athens  where  he  became  the  friend  and 
teacher  of  Pericles,  Thucydides,  and  Euripides, 
and  when;e  he  was  banished  on  a charge  of 
impiety.  He  is  reckoned  as  a disciple  of  Anaximander 
and  is  famous  as  the  flrstof  the  old  Greek  natural  philoso- 
phers to  introduce  intelligence  or  reason  (eoOs)  as  a met- 
aphysical principle  in  the  explanation  of  the  world.  He 
regarded  it  not  as  creative  but  as  regulat  ive,  as  that  which 
brought  order  out  of  the  original  chaos.  Fragments  of 
his  writings  have  been  preserved. 

Anaxarchus  (an-aks-ar'kus).  [Gr.  ’Avdfapjof.] 
A Greek  philosopher  of  Abdera,  a disciple  of 
Democritus,  who  flourished  about  350  b.  c.  He 
attended  Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  campaigns,  and  is  said 
to  have  consoled  the  king  after  the  murder  of  Cleitus  by 
maintaining  that  a king  can  do  no  wrong. 

Anaxarete  (an-aks-ar'e-te).  [Gr.  ’A va^aperr/.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  a maiden  of  Cyprus  whose 
lover  Iphis  iu  despair  hung  himself  at  her  door. 
For  her  indifference  Venus  changed  her  into  a stone 
statue.  The  story  is  also  told  with  changed  names. 

Anaxilaus  (an-aks-i-la'us).  [Gr.  AnafiXaof.] 
A Pythagorean  philosopher  and  physician  of 
the  1st  century  B.  c.,  banished  as  a magician 
from  Italy  by  Augustus  28  B.  O. 

Anaxilaus,  or  Anaxilas  (an-aks'i-las).  Died 
476  B.  c.  Tyrant  of  Rhegium  about  494  B.  c. 


Ancillon,  David 

Anaximander  (an-aks-i-man'der).  [Gr.  ’AvafL- 
pavdpog.]  Born  at  Miletus  about  611  b.  c. : 
died  about  547  b.  c.  AGreek  physical  philoso- 
pher (the  second  of  the  Ionian  school)  and 
mathematician,  a friend  and  pupil  of  Thales. 
He  taught  that  the  principle  (a pxv,  a word  which  he  first 
used  in  this  sense)  of  things  is  a substance  of  indetermi- 
nate quality  and  limitless  quantity  (Jveipov),  “immortal 
and  imperishable,’’  out  of  which  all  things  arise  and  to 
which  all  return.  This  substance,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, he  regarded  as  having  a nature  intermediate  be- 
tween that  of  water  and  air.  11  e was  probably  the  author 
of  the  first  philosophical  treatise  in  Greek  prose. 

Anaximenes  (an-aks-im'e-nez).  [Gr.  ’Avafipi- 
vi/c.]  Born  at  Miletus : lived  in  the  6th  century 
B.  c.  A Greek  philosopher,  the  third  of  the 
Ionian  school,  a contemporary  and  friend  of 
Thales  and  Anaximander,  and  usually  reckoned 
as  a disciple  of  the  latter.  He  regarded  air  as 
the  principle  (apj^)  of  things. 

Anaximenes.  Born  at  Lampsacus : lived  in  the 
4th  century  B.  C.  A Greek  rhetorician,  histo- 
rian, and  companion  of  Alexander  the  Great: 
the  probable  author  of  an  extant  treatise  on 
rhetoric  ('Vr/Topud/  irpo^  A?. egavdpov),  the  only  ex- 
isting work  on  the  subject  prior  to  Aristotle. 
Anaya  (a-na'ya),  Pedro  Maria.  Born  at  Hui- 
(•hapan,  1795 : died  at  Mexico,  March  21, 1854.  A 
Mexican  general.  He  jmned  the  Spanish  army  as  a 
cadet  in  1811,  followed  the  defection  of  Iturbidein  1821,  and 
was  a captain  under  Filisolain  Nicaragua,  1823.  In  1833  he 
became  brigadier-general.  Adhering  to  the  federal  ist  party, 
he  was  forced  to  leave  the  country.  He  invaded  Tabasco  in 
Nov.,  1840,  with  federalist  forces  from  Texas  and  Yucatan, 
but  was  defeated  at  Cometan,  May  15,  1841,  and  fled  to 
Yucatan.  Under  Herrera(1845)  he  was  minister  of  war.  He 
adhered  to  Santa  Anna,  and  while  the  latter  was  resisting 
the  advance  of  Scott,  was  acting  president  April  2 to  May 
20, 1847.  He  commanded  the  Mexican  force  of  800  men 
which  defended  the  convent  of  Churubusco,  and  only  sur- 
rendered after  his  ammunition  was  exhausted  (Aug.  20, 
1847).  In  1852  he  was  secretary  of  war  under  Arista,  served 
three  days  in  the  administration  of  Ceballos,  and  on  Santa 
Anna’s  restoration  (1853)  was  made  postmaster-general,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  his  death. 

Ancachs  (an-kachs').  A maritime  department 
of  Peru,  north  of  Lima,  corresponding  to  the 
colonial  intendencia  of  Huaylas. 

Ancseus  (an-se'us).  [Gr.  ftj/vaZof.]  In  Greek 
classical  legend : (a)  A son  of  Poseidon.  He  was 
told  by  a seer  that  he  would  not  live  to  enjoy  the  wine 
from  a vineyard  which  he  had  planted.  He,  however, 
lived  to  have  wine  of  his  own  growth  and,  in  scorn  of  the 
prophet,  raised  a cup  of  it  to  his  mouth.  The  seer  re- 
plied, “There  is  many  a slip  between  the  cup  and  the  lip,” 
and  at  the  same  instant  a tumult  arose  over  a wild  boar 
in  the  vineyard.  Ancseus  put  down  the  cup,  and  was 
killed  in  an  attempt  to  destroy  the  animal,  (ft)  A son 
of  the  Arcadian  Lycurgus,  and  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts. He  was  killed  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 
Ancelot  (ons-lo'),  Jacques  Arsine  Francois 
Polycarpe.  Born  at  Havre,  France,  Feb.  9, 
1794:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  7,  1854.  A French 
dramatist,  elected  a member  of  the  Academy 
in  1841.  He  was  the  author  of  “Louis  LX.”  (1819),  “ Le 
maire  du  palais  " (1823),  “ Fiesque  ” (1824),  “ Olga  ” (1828), 
“Elizabeth  d’Angleterre ” (1829),  “Marie  de  Brabant” 
(1825),  “Epltres  familieres,”  etc. 

Ancelot,  Mme.  (Marguerite  Louise  Virginie 
Chardon).  Born  at  Dijon,  France,  March  15, 
1792:  died  at  Paris,  March  21, 1875.  A French 
dramatist  and  novelist,  wife  of  J.  A.  Ancelot. 
Her  “Theatre  complet”  (1848)  contains  twenty  plays,  of 
which  “ Marie  ou  trois  epoques  ” is  her  chief  work. 
Among  her  novels  the  most  popular  were  “ Rende  de  Var- 
ville”  (1853)  and  “ La  niece  du  banquier  ” (1853). 
Ancenis  (oh-se-ne').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inferieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loire  17  miles  northeast  of  Nantes.  Popu- 
lation, 4,998. 

Anchieta  (an-shya'ta),  or  Anchietta,  Josd  de. 

Born  in  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands,  1533:  died 
at  Beritigba,  Espirito  Santo,  June  9, 1597.  A Jes- 
uit missionary,  called  the  “Apostle  of  Brazil.” 

He  became  a Jesuit  in  1551,  and  in  1558  was  sent  as  a mis- 
sionary to  Brazil,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  arduous  labors  and  travels,  often  among  savage  tribes 
of  Indians.  From  1578  to  1585  he  was  provincial  of  his 
order  in  Brazil.  Anchieta  wrote  an  Indian  grammar,  and 
various  letters  on  Brazil  which  have  been  published  in 
modern  times. 

Anchises  (an-ki'sez).  [Gr.  'Ayx'oys.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a prince  of  the  royal  house  of  Troy,  son 
of  Capys  and  father  (by  Aphrodite)  of  /Eneas. 

Ancienne-Comedie,  Rue  de  1’.  See  line  de 
VAnciennc-Comedie. 

Ancient  Mariner,  The.  A poem  by  Coleridge, 
published  in  the  “Lyrical  Ballads”  in  1798  as 
his  principal  contribution  to  the  book,  Words- 
worth writing  most  of  the  other  poems. 
Ancillon  (on-sel-yon'),  Charles.  Born  at 
Metz,  July  28,  1659:  died  at  Berlin,  July  5, 
1715.  A French  historian  and  litterateur,  a 
Protestant  refugee  in  Berlin  : son  of  David  An- 
cillon. 

Ancillon,  David.  Bom  at  Metz,  March  17, 1617 : 


Ancillon,  David 

died  at  Borlin,  Sept.  8,  1002.  A French  Prot- 
estant divine,  a refugee  in  Germany  after  tlio 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 

Ancillon,  Jean  Pierre  Fr6d6ric.  Born  at 
Berlin,  April  30,  1707:  died  April  19,  1837.  A 
Prussian  statesman  and  historian,  a descen- 
dant of  Charles  Ancillon,  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  1832. 

Anckarstrom  (iing'kar-str6m),  Johan  Jakob. 

Born  May  1 1, 1762 : executed  at  Stockholm,  April 
27, 1792.  A Swede  who  assassinated  Gustavus 
III., March  10,1792.  He  was  first  a court  page,  and  then 
a soldier,  leaving  the  army  in  1783  with  the  rank  of  captain. 
In  171)0  ho  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  for  seditious 
speech,  but  was  finally  set  free.  He  moved  to  Stockholm 
in  that  year,  and  formed  a conspiracy  for  the  murder  of 
the  king,  which  was  eifectod  two  year’s  later.  See  Qua- 
tavus. 

Anckarsward  (ang'k&r-svard),  Karl  Hen- 
rik, Count.  Born  at  Sweaborg, April  22, 1782 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  25,  1805.  A Swedish 
soldier  and  statesman.  He  joined  the  revolutionary 
arty  in  1809,  but,  being  opposed  to  the  policy  of  Berna- 
otte,  was  retired  from  the  army  (ISIS),  in  which  lie  held 
the  post  of  colonel.  He  became  a member  of  the  Kiksdag 
1817,  where  as  leader  of  the  opposition  ho  distinguished 
himself  by  the  bitterness  of  his  attacks  on  the  government. 

Anclam.  See  Anklam. 

Ancona  (iin-ko'na).  A province  in  the  com- 
partimentoofthe  Marches,  eastern  Italy.  Area, 
748  square  miles.  Population^  312,135. 

Ancona.  [L.  Ancona,  Gr.  ’Aytcuv,  from  dynuv,  a 
bend,  angle : in  allusion  to  its  situation  in  a bend 
of  the  coast.]  A seaport,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Ancona,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  Sea  in 
lat.  43°  37'  N.,  long.  13°  SI7  E.  It  is  the  chief  sea- 
port between  Venice  and  Brindisi,  a railway  center,  a na- 
val station,  and  the  terminus  or  port  of  call  of  several 
steamship  lines,  and  exports  grain,  hemp,  lamb-  and  goat- 
skins, silk,  etc.  It  contains  a cathedral  and  Roman  an- 
tiuuities  (mole  and  arch  of  Trajan).  It  was  colonized  by 
Syracusans  about  390  B.  O.,  became  a Roman  naval  station, 
was  destroyed  by  the  Goths  and  restored  by  N arses,  and 
was  again  destroyed  by  the  Saracens.  In  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a republic.  It  was  annexed  to  the  Papal  States  in 
1532 ; taken  from  the  French  by  the  Allies  in  1799 ; taken  by 
the  French  in  1805,  but  restored  to  the  Papal  States  on  the 
fall  of  Napoleon;  held  by  the  French  1832-38,  and  taken  by 
the  Austrians  from  the  revolutionists  in  1849.  The  Papal 
army  under  Lamoricifere  surrendered  at  Ancona  to  the 
Sardinians  in  1860.  The  cathedral  is  of  the  12th  century 
except  the  facade,  which  is  of  the  13th,  and  has  a magnifi- 
cent Pointed  recessed  doorway  covered  by  a porch  whose 
columns  rest  on  couched  lions.  The  interior  has  10  col- 
umns from  the  ancient  temple  of  Venus,  and  several  fine 
tombs.  The  ancient  dome  at  the  crossing  is  dodecagonal. 
Population,  56,835. 

Ancona.  A medieval  march  (mark)  of  Italy, 
extending  from  Tronto  on  the  Adriatic  north- 
west to  San  Marino,  and  west  to  the  Apennines. 
It  was  afterward  part  of  the  Papal  States,  and 
passed  with  them  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 
Ancre  (on'kr),  Marquis  d’,  Baron  de  Lus- 
signy  (Concino  Concini).  Assassinated  at 
Paris,  April  14, 1617.  A Florentine  adventurer, 
marshal  and  chief  minister  of  France  at  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII. 

Ancren  Riwle  (angk'ren  rol ; ME.  pron.  angk7- 
renrii'le).  The  “Rule  of  Anchoresses,”  a work 
on  the  rules  and  duties  of  monastic  life,  it  was 
written,  first  in  English  and  afterward  in  Latin,  for  a soci- 
ety of  anchoresses  (three  in  number)  at  Tarente,  or  Tar- 
rant-Kaines  (Kaineston  or  Kingston),  near  Crayford  Bridge 
in  Dorsetshire ; and  is  ascribed  to  Simon  of  Ghent  (died 
1315),  bishop  of  Salisbury  in  1297.  Five  manuscripts  are 
extant.  It  was  edited  for  the  Camden  Society  by  the  Rev. 
James  Morton  in  1853. 

Ancrum  Moor  (an'krum  mor),  Battle  of.  A 

victory  gained  1545,  about  5 miles  northwest  • 
of  Jedburgh,  Scotland,  by  the  Scots  under  the 
Earl  of  Angus  and  Scott  of  Bqpcleugh  over  the 
English  under  Evers. 

Ancud  (an-koTH'),  or  San  Carlos  (san  kar'los). 
A seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Chilo6, 
Chile,  situated  on  the  island  of  Chilod  in  lat. 
41°  51'  S.,  long.  73°  49'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric.  Population,  3,424. 

Ancus  Marcius  (ang'kus  mar'shius).  The 
fourth  king  of  Rome  (040-616  B.  c.),  a grand- 
son of  Numa  and  the  reputed  founder  of  Ostia, 
fortifier  of  the  Janiculum,  and  builder  of  a 
bridge  over  the  Tiber. 

Ancy-le-Franc  (on-se'le-fron7).  A town  in  the 
department  of  Yonne,  France,  29  miles  east  of 
Auxerre.  It  has  a noted  chateau. 

Ancyra  (an-si'ra).  [Gr.  * 'Ayuvpa , associated  by 
legend  with  ayuvpa,  anchor.]  An  ancient  town 
of  Galatia  (originally  of  Phrygia)  in  Asia  Minor, 
founded,  accordingto  the  legends,  by  Midas,  son 
of  Gordius  : the  modern  Angora,  orEngareh,  or 
Engiiri.  It  became  the  chief  town  of  the  Tectosages,  a 
Gallic  tribe  which  settled  in  Galatia  about  277  B.  c.,  and 
passed  into  the  possession  of  Rome  25  B.  c.,  when  it  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Sebaste  Tectosagum.  It  had  an  im- 
portant trade.  (See  Angora.)  The  temple  of  Augustus 
in  Ancyra  contained  a famous  inscription  in  Latin  and 


55 

Qrook(Monumcntum,  or  Manuor,  Ancyranum  : discovered 
in  1564),  a transcript  of  the  record  of  fils  deeds  which  Au- 
gustus ordered  In  his  will  to  be  cut  on  bronze  tablets  for 
his  mausoleum.  An  ecclesiastical  council  was  held  here 
about  314,  which  passed  twenty-five  canons  relating  chiefly 
to  the  treatment  of  those  who  hud  betrayed  their  faith  or 
delivered  up  the  sacred  hooks  during  the  Diocletian  per- 
secution. 

Ancyrean  (an-si-re'an)  inscription.  Soo  An- 
cyra. 

Andagoya  (iiu-dti-go'yii),  Pascual  de.  Born  in 
the  province  of  Alava  about  1495 : died  at 
Manta.  Peru,  Juno  18, 1548.  A Spanish  soldier. 

He  went  with  Pedrarias  to  Darien  (1614),  and  was  engaged 
in  many  explorations.  In  1622  lie  was  appointed  inspec- 
tor-general of  tho  Indians,  and  about  tho  same  time  made 
an  expedition  southward  into  a province  called  Biru,  be- 
tween tho  river  Atrato  and  the  l'aciflc.  Here  ho  had  the 
first  tidings  of  the  Inca  empire.  In  1540  he  went  as  gov- 
ernor to  a province  called  New  Castile,  on  (he  Pacific  side 
of  New  Grenada,  but  became  involved  in  a boundary  quar- 
rel with  Sebastian  de  Benalcazar,  was  imprisoned,  and  lost 
Iris  government.  Andagoya  wrote  an  account  of  his  trav- 
els, which  is  one  of  the  most  Important  historical  authori- 
ties for  that  period. 

Andalucia,  Nueva.  So©  Nueva  Andalucla. 

Andalusia  (an-da-lo7zi-a),  Sp.  Andalucia  (iin- 
da-lo-the7a).  [The  name  is  derived  from  that 
of  the  Vandals  (=  Vandalusia).']  A captaincy- 
general  in  southern  Spain,  comprising  the 
modern  provinces  Almeria,  Ja6n,  Granada, 
Cordova,  jMalaga,  Seville,  Cadiz,  and  Huelva. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  other  mountain- 
ranges,  and  belongs  in  large  part  to  the  basin  of  the  Gua- 
dalquivir. From  the  fertility  of  its  soil  it  has  been  called 
the  “garden”  and  “granary”  of  Spain;  it  is  also  rich  in 
minerals.  It  was  a part  of  the  Roman  Bictica,  was  over- 
run by  the  Vandals  in  the  5th  century,  and  became  the  nu- 
cleus of  the  Moorish  power  and  their  last  stronghold 
against  the  Christians. 

Andaman  Islands  (an'da-man  i'landz),  or  An- 
damans (an'da-manz).  A group  of  islands 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  and  a penal  colony 
since  1858,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  in  lat.  6°  457-13°  34'  N.,  long. 
92°  157— 93°  157  E.  It  comprises  the  Great  Andaman 
group  and  the  Little  Andaman  group.  The  chief  islands 
are  North,  Middle,  and  South  Andaman,  and  Rutland. 
The  natives  number  about  1,900.  Area,  2,508  square 
miles.  Pop.,  about  24,650 ; of  penal  settlement,  16,256. 

Andaste.  See  Conestoga. 

Andechs  (an'deks).  A village  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Ammersee  southwest  of 
Munich,  noted  for  its  castle,  later  a monastery 
and  place  of  pilgrimage. 

Andeer  (iin'dar).  A village  near  the  southern 
end  of  the  Via  Mala,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. 

Andelys  (on-dle7),  Les.  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  19  miles  southeast  of  Rouen,  consisting 
of  Grand-Andelys  and  Petit-Andelys.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  etc.,  and  contains  the  Chateau 
Gaillard  (which  see),  built  by  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted. 
Population,  5,514. 

Andenne  (on-den7).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Namur,  Belgium,  situated  on 
the  Meuse  10  miles  east  of  Namur.  Popula- 
tion, 8,025. 

Anderab(an-der-ab'),  or  Inderab  (in-der-ab7). 
A town  in  Afghan  Turkestan,  situated  on  the 
river  Anderab  on  the  northern  slope  of  the 
Hindu-Kush,  85  miles  northeast  of  Kabul. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Anderida  (an-der'i-da).  A Roman  encampment 
in  England,  generally  identified  with  Pevensey. 
In  491  it  was  destroyed  by  the  South  Saxons. 

Andermatt  (an'der-mat),  or  Ursern  (or'sern). 
[It.  Orsera. ] A village  in  the  canton  of  Uri, 
Switzerland,  32  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne, 
situated  near  the  junction  of  the  St.  Gotthard 
route  with  the  Furka  Pass  route  (by  the  Ur- 
sern valley)  and  the  Oberalp  route.  It  is  an  im- 
portant tourist  center.  Population,  about  800. 

Andernach  (an'der-nach).  A town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine  12  miles  northwest  of  Co- 
blentz : the  Roman  Antunnacum,  or  Antoni- 
acum.  It  has  a trade  in  millstones  and  tufa.  Charles 
the  Bald  was  defeated  here  in  876  by  the  son  of  Louis  the 
German,  and  here  Otto  I.  defeated  the  dukes  of  Franconia 
and  Lorraine  in  939.  It  passed  to  the  archbishopric  of  Co- 
logne, and  became  an  important  commercial  city.  Popu- 
lation, 8,798. 

Andersen  (an7der-sen),  Hans  Christian.  Born 
at  Odense,  Denmark,  April  2, 1805 : died  at  Co- 
penhagen, Aug.  4, 1875.  A Danish  novelist  and 
poet,  best  known  as  a writer  of  fairy  tales  and 
of  travels.  He  went  to  Copenhagen  a poor  boy,  was  first 
an  actor,  and  then  by  the  generosity  of  friends  was  enabled 
to  attend  tlie  university.  The  same  year  (1828)  appeared 
his  first  important  work,  “ Fodreise  fra  Holmens  Kanal  til 
Ostpynten  af  Amager  ” ( V Foot  Tour  from  the  Holm  Canal  to 
the  Eastern  Point  of  Amager  ”).  In  1829  appeared  a collec- 
tion of  poems,  and  the  same  year  his  first  dramatic  work, 
“Kjaerlighed  paa  Nikolai  Taarn  ” (“Love  on  the  Nikolai 
Tower"),  a vaudeville,  was  performed.  The  novels  “Im- 


Andersonville 

provlsatoren  " (“The  Improvisator")  and  “Kun  an  Spllio 
mand  " (“Only  a Fiddler")  followed.  In  1886  appeared 
the  first  of  the  “ Tales" (“  Eventyr  ")  which,  with  the  “ HI] - 
lcdiiog  uden  Hllleder"(“  Picture-book  without  Pictures”), 
has  principally  established  Ills  fame  abroad.  Uls  autre 
biography,  “MltLivs  Eventyr,”  appeared  after  his  death. 
His  collected  works,  “ Samlcuo  Hkrlftcr,”  were  published 
1854-76. 

Anderson  (an'dOr-Hon).  Tho  capital  of  Madi- 
son County.  Indiana,  situated  on  tho  West 
Fork  of  Wnite  Rivor  34  miles  northeast  of 
Indianapolis.  Population,  22,476,  (1910). 
Anderson.  Tho  capital  of  Anderson  County, 
South  Carolina,  97  miles  northwest  of  Columbia. 
Population.  9,654,  (1910). 

Anderson,  Sir  Edmund.  Born  at  Flixborough 
or  Broughton,  Lincolnshire,  1530:  died  Aug. 
1,  1605.  An  English  jurist,  lord  chief  justice 
of  tho  Common  Picas  1582-1605.  lie  was  a 
bitter  opponent  of  the  Puritans. 

Anderson,  James.  Born  at  Hermiston,  near 
Edinburgh,  1739:  died  Oct.  15,  1808.  A Scot- 
tish economist  and  agricultural  writer.  “He  is 
specially  noticeable  as  having  published  in  1777  a pam- 
phlet called  ‘An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  the  Corn 
Laws,  with  a view  to  the  Corn  Bill  proposed  for  Scotland,’ 
which  contains  a complete  statement  of  the  theory  of 
rent  generally  called  after  Ricardo."  Leslie  Stephen,  in 
Diet,  of  Nat.  Biog. 

Anderson,  John.  Born  at  Roseneath,  Dum- 
bartonshire, Scotland,  1726:  died  Jan.  13, 1796. 
A Scottish  physicist.  He  was  professor  (1756)  of 
Oriental  languages  and  later  (1760)  of  natural  philosophy 
at  Glasgow,  and  the  founder  of  Anderson  s University  at 
Glasgow  (now  comprising  also  a medical  school). 

Anderson,  John.  Born  Oct.  4, 1833:  died  Aug. 
16,1900.  A Scottish  zoologist.  He  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  Indian  Museum  at  Calcutta  in  1865, 
and  scientific  officer  on  expeditions  to  western  China  in 
1868  and  1874.  In  1881  he  was  sent  by  the  trustees  of  the 
Indian  Museum  to  investigate  the  marine  zoology  of  the 
Mergui  Archipelago,  and  retired  from  the  service  of  the 
Indian  government  in  1887.  His  writings  consist  chiefly 
of  scientific  papers  and  reports  to  the  government. 

Anderson,  Joseph.  Born  near  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  5, 1757 : died  at  Washington,  April  17, 1837. 
An  American  lawyer,  politician,  and  officer  in 
the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  United  States  sena- 
tor from  Tennessee  1797-1815,  and  first  comptroller  of  the 
treasury  1815-36. 

Anderson,  Martin  Brewer.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Maine,  Feb.  12, 1815 : died  at  Lake  Helen, 
Fla.,  Feb.  26,  1890.  An  American  educator,  a 
graduate  of  Waterville  College,  and  president 
of  the  University  of  Rochester  1853-88. 
Anderson,  Mary  Antoinette  (Mrs.  Navarro). 
Born  at  Sacramento,  Cal.,  July  28,  1859.  An 
American  actress.  She  made  her  first  appearance  on 
tlie  American  stage  as  Juliet,  at  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
Nov.  25,  1875,  and  played  with  success  in  Great  Britain 
and  America  until  the  early  part  of  1889,  when  she  retired 
from  the  stage. 

Anderson,  Rasmus  Bjorn.  Born  at  Albion, 
Wis.,  Jan.  12,  1846.  A Scandinavian  scholar, 
professor  of  Scandinavian  languages  in  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  and  (1885-89)  United 
States  minister  to  Denmark.  He  has  written 
“America  not  Discovered  by  Columbus,” 
“Norse  Mythology,”  etc. 

Anderson,  Richard.  Henry.  Bom  in  South  Car- 
olina, Oct.  7, 1821:  died  at  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  June 
26,  1879.  An  American  general  in  the  Con- 
federate service.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point 
in  1842,  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  capture 
of  the  city  of  Mexico,  was  promoted  captain  in  1855,  re- 
signed in  1861  to  accept  a brigadier’s  commission  in  the 
Confederate  service,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  1864.  He  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Antietam, 
Gettysburg,  Spottsylvania,  etc. 

Anderson,  Robert.  Born  at  Carnwath,  in  Lan- 
arkshire, July  7,  1750:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 
20,  1830.  A Scottish  critic,  editor  of  “A  Com- 
plete Edition  of  the  Poets  of  Great  Eritain  ” 
(14  vols.  1792-1807). 

Anderson,  Robert.  Born  near  Louisville,  Ky. , 
June  14,  1805:  died  at  Nice,  Oct.  27,  1871. 
An  American  general  famous  for  his  defense  of 
F ort  Sumter,  ne  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1825 ; 
served  in  the  Black  Hawk,  Seminole,  and  Mexican  wars ; 
was  appointed  major  in  1857;  became  commander  of  the 
troops  in  Charleston  Harbor  in  Nov.,  1860 ; removed  his 
force  from  Fort  Moultrie  to  Fort  Sumter,  Dec.  26 ; was  in- 
vested there  by  the  Confederates  who  bombarded  the  fort 
April  12-13,1861;  and  evacuated  the  fort  April  14.  He 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  1861,  and  retired  in  1863 
with  the  rank  of  brevet  major-general.  He  translated 
works  on  artillery  from  the  French. 

Anderson,  Rufus.  Born  at  North  Yarmouth, 
Maine,  Aug.  17,  1796 : died  at  Boston,  May  30, 
1880.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
secretary  of  the  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions  1832-66,  and  the 
author  of  several  works  on  missions. 
Andersonville  (an'der-son-vil).  A village  in 
Sumter  County,  Georgia,  62  miles  southwest  of 
Macon.  During  the  Civil  War  it  contained  a Confederate 


Andersonville 


56 


Andrdossi 


military  prison,  opened  in  1864.  It  was  under  the  super- 
intendency of  Wirz,  who  was  tried  by  a United  States  com- 
mission in  1865,  and  executed  for  cruelty  and  mismanage- 
ment. Over  12,000  prisoners  died  (1804-65)  in  the  prison. 
Anderssen  (an'ders-sen),  Adolf.  Born  at 
Breslau,  July  6,  1818 : died  at  Breslau,  March 
13,  1879.  A noted  German  chess-player. 
Andersson  (an'ders-son),  Karl  Johan.  Born 
in  Wermland,  Sweden,  1827:  died  in  the  Ova- 
kuatnhi  region,  southern  Africa,  July  5, 1867.  A 
Swedish  explorer  in  South  Africa.  He  accompa- 
nied F.  Galton  in  1850  from  Walfisch  Bay  through  Damara- 
land  to  Ovam bo-land.  In  1853  and  1854  he  continued 
alone  and  reached  Lake  Ngami.  On  his  return  to  Europe 
he  published  “Lake  Ngami,  or  Four  Years’  Wanderings 
in  Southwest  Africa"  (1855).  In  1856  he  worked  in  the 
Swakop  mines  as  inspector ; then  went  on  a new  explora- 
tion as  far  as  the  Okavango  River  in  1859.  This  is  described 
in  his  “ Okavango  River  " (1861).  For  some  time  he  settled 
in  Otyimbingue  as  an  ivory-trader.  In  1866  he  undertook 
his  last  iourney  to  the  Kunene  River,  but  was  obliged  by 
sickness  to  retrace  his  steps. 

Andersson,  Lars.  See  Andrea , Laurentius. 
Andersson,  Nils  Johan.  Born  in  Sm&land, 
Feb.  20,  1821:  died  at  Stockholm,  March  27, 
1880.  A Swedish  botanist,  author  of  works  on 
the  botany  of  Scandinavia  and  Lapland. 
Andes  (an'dez),  Sp.  Los  Andes,  or  Cordilleras 
de  los  Andes  (kor-del-ya'ras  da  los  an'das). 
[Sp.,  ‘the  chains  of  the  Andes’ : said  to  be  so 
named  from  Peruv.awfi,  copper.]  The  principal 
mountain  system  of  South  America.  It  extends 
from  Cape  Horn  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
and  comprises  the  Patagonian  Andes,  the  Chilean  Andes 
(which  lie  partly  in  the  Argentine  Republic),  the  Bolivian 
and  Peruvian  Andes  ( each  with  two  ranges  nearly  parallel), 
the  Ecuadorian  Andes,  and  the  Colombian  Andes  (with 
three  main  ranges)  branching  eastward  into  the  Vene- 
zuelan Andes.  The  range  rises  abruptly  from  the  Pacific 
coast  and  contains  many  celebrated  volcanoes.  Among 
the  chief  summits  are  Aconcagua,  Sorata,  Illimani,  Chim- 
borazo, Cotopaxi,  Antisana,  Tolima,  etc.  (see  these  names). 
Its  length  is  about  4,500  miles,  its  average  width  about 
100  miles,  and  its  average  height  about  12,500  feet.  On 
its  eastern  slope  rise  the  head  waters  of  the  Amazon.  It 
is  rich  in  gold,  silver,  and  other  metals. 

Andes.  In  ancient  geography,  a village  near 
Mantua,  Italy,,  famous  as  the  birthplace  of 
Vergil. 

Andesians  (an-de'zi-anz),  or  Antesians  (an- 
te'zi-anz).  A general  name  for  a number  of  na- 
tive tribes  in  the  Andes  region.  Its  significance 
is  geographical  rather  than  ethnographical. 
Andhaka  (an'dha-kii).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
a demon,  son  of  Kasyapa  and  Diti,  having  a 
thousand  arms  and  heads,  two  thousand  eyes 
and  feet,  and  called  Andhaka  because  he 
walked  like  a blind  man,  though  he  saw  wpIL 
Siva  slew  him  when  he  tried  to  carry  oft'  the 
tree  of  paradise  from  heaven. 

Andijan  (an-di-jan').  A town  in  Ferghana, 
Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  near  the  Syr- 
Daria  75  miles  northeast  of  Khokand.  Popu- 
lation, 17,627. 

Andkhui  (and-ko'e),  or  Andklio  (and-ko'). 
A town  in  Afghan  Turkestan,  90  miles  north- 
west of  Balkh,  the  seat  of  a small  khanate  de- 
pendent on  Afghanistan.  Population  (esti- 
mated), 15,000. 

Andlaw-Birseck  (ant'lav-bers'ek),  Franz 
Xaver  von.  Born  at  Freiburg,  Baden,  Oct. 
6,  1799:  died  Sept.  4,  1876.  A German  diplo- 
matist. He  was  the  author  of  “ Erinnerungsblatter  aus 
den  Papieren  eiues  lliplomateu  ” (1857),  “Melu  Tagebuch 
1811-61 " (1862),  etc. 

Andd  (an'de).  The  northernmost  of  the  Lofoten 
Islands,  35  miles  long,  northwest  of  Norway. 
Andocides  (an-dos'i-dez).  [Gr.  Ardo/dcfyf.] 
Born  at  Athens,  467  (?)  B.  C. : died  about  391 
B.  C.  An  Athenian  politician  and  orator.  See 
the  extract. 

Andocides  . . . was  banished  from  Athens  in  415,  on 
suspicion  of  having  been  concerned  in  a wholesale  sacri- 
lege,—the  mutilation,  in  one  night,  of  the  images  of  the 
god  Hermes,  which  stood  before  the  doors  of  houses  and 
public  buildings.  He  made  unsuccessful  application  for 
a pardon,  first  in  411  B.  c.,  during  the  reign  of  the  Four 
Hundred,  then,  after  their  fall,  in  410,  when  he  addressed 
the  Assembly  in  the  extant  speech  On  his  Return.  From 
410  to  403  he  lived  a roving  merchant’s  life  in  Sicily,  Italy, 
Greece,  Ionia,  and  Cyprus.  In  402  the  general  amnesty 
allowed  him  to  return  to  Athens.  But  in  399  the  old 
charges  against  him  were  revived.  He  defended  himself 
in  his  extant  speech  On  the  Mysteries  (so  called,  because 
it  deals  partly  with  a charge  that  he  had  violated  the 
Mysteries  of  Eleusis)  and  was  acquitted.  During  the 
Corinthian  war  he  was  one  of  an  embassy  sent  to  treat  for 
peace  at  Sparta,  and  on  his  return  made  his  extant  speech 
On  the  Peace  with  Lacedaemon  (390  B.  C.),  sensibly  advis- 
ing Athens  to  accept  the  terms  offered  by  Sparta.  The 
speech  Against  Alcibiades  which  bears  his  name  is  spu- 
rious. Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  117. 

Andorra  (iin-dor'ra),  F.  Andorre  (on-dor'). 
A state  in  the  Pyrenees  surrounded  by  the  de- 
partment of  Ariege  (France)  and  the  province 
of  L6rida  (Spain).  It  is  a semi-independent  republic 
under  the  suzerainty  of  France  and  the  Bishop  of  Urgel  in 
Spain,  governed  by  a council  of  24  members  and  a syndic. 


The  language  is  Catalan  : the  religion  Roman  Catholic. 
Area,  175  square  miles.  Population,  5,231. 

Andover  (an'do-ver).  A town  in  Hampshire, 
England,  13  miles  northwest  of  Winchester. 
^Population,  6,509. 

Andover.  A town  in  Essex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, 22  miles  northwest  of  Boston,  the  seat 
(formerly)  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary 
(a  Congregational  seminary  founded  in  1807), 
and  of  Phillips  Academy  and  the  Abbot 
Female  Academy.  Population,  7^301,  (1910). 
Andrada  (an-dra'da),  Antonio  de.  Bom  about 
1580 : died  at  Goa,  March  19,  1634.  A Portu- 
guese missionary  in  the  East  Indies  and  Tibet, 
author  of  “Novo  descobrimento  do  Grao  Ca- 
tayo,  ou  dos  Reynos  de  Tibet”  (1626). 
Andrada,  Diogo  Payva  de.  Bom  1528 : died 
1575.  A'Portuguese  theologian,  sent  as  a dele- 
gate by  Dom  Sebastian  to  the  Council  of  Trent. 
He  wrote  “ Orthodoxarum  Quaestionum  libri  X,  etc.,  con- 
tra Kemnitii  petulantem  audaciam  ’’  (1564),  etc. 

Andrada,  Gomes  Freire  de.  Bora  in  Portu- 
gal, 1684:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Jan.  1,  1763. 
A Portuguese  administrator.  From  1733  until  his 
death  he  was  governor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  then  compris- 
ing most  of  southern  Brazil,  and  the  period  of  his  admin- 
istration was  the  most  prosperous  in  the  colonial  history  of 
that  country.  In  1758  he  was  made  count  of  Bobadella. 

Andrada  e Silva  (an-dra'da  e sel'va),  Jose 
Bonifacio  de  (generally  known  as  Jose  Boni- 
facio). Born  in  Santos,  SaoPaulo,  June  13, 1765 : 
died  near  Rio,  April  6, 1838.  A Brazilian  states- 
man and  a noted  mineralogist.  He  took  a leading 
part  in  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Brazil,  and  on 
Jan.  16, 1822,  was  made  minister  of  the  interior  and  of  for- 
eign affairs.  It  was  by  his  advice  that  Pedro  I.  decided  to 
throw  oii  allegiance  to  Portugal.  He  was  exiled  to  Europe 
Nov.  12,  1823,  and  returned  in  1829. 

Andrada  Machado  e Silva,  Antonio  Carlos 
Eibeiro  de.  Born  in  Santos,  Nov.  1, 1773 : died 
in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Dec.  5,  1845.  A Brazilian 
statesman,  brother  of  Jose  Bonifacio  de  An- 
drada 6 Silva.  He  was  involved  in  the  rebellion  of  1817 
at  Pernambuco,  and  was  imprisoned  until  1821.  In  the 
Brazilian  constituent  assembly  of  1823  he  led  the  radicals, 
and  in  Nov.,  1823,  was  banished  (with  his  two  brothers) 
to  France.  He  returned  in  1828,  was  elected  deputy  1835 
and  during  succeeding  years,  and  was  one  of  the  liberal 
leaders.  He  was  one  of  the  first  ministers  of  Pedro  II., 
and  in  1845  entered  the  senate.  He  was  a brilliant  orator, 
and  has  been  called  “the  Mirabeau  of  Brazil.” 

Andrade  Neves  (an-dra'da  na'ves),  Jose  Joa- 
quim  de.  Born  at  Rio  Pardo,  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul,  Jan.  22, 1807  : died  at  Asuncion,  Paraguay, 
Jan.  6,  1869.  A Brazilian  general,  distinguished 
in  the  war  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  (1835-45),  and 
especially  as  a cavalry  commander  in  the  Para- 
guayan war  (1867-69).  In  Oct.,  1867,  he  was 
created  baron  of  Triumpho. 

Andrassy  (on'dra-she),  Gyula  (Julius),  Count. 
Born  at  Kaschau,  Hungary,  March  8,  1823 : died 
at  Volosea,  Istria,  Feb.  18, 1890.  A noted  Hun- 
garian statesman.  He  entered  the  Hungarian  diet  in 

1847,  was  appointed  governor  of  the  county  of  Zemplin  in 

1848,  took  part  in  the  Hungarian  insurrection  of  1848-49,  re- 
mained in  exile  till  1857,  reentered  the  Hungarian  diet  in 
1831,  was  premier  of  the  Hungarian  ministry  1867-71,  and 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  of  Austria-Hungary  1871-79, 
framed  the  Andrassy  Note  to  the  Porte  in  1S76,  was  a lead- 
ing member  of  the  Congress  of  Berlin  in  1878,  and  nego- 
tiated with  Bismarck  the  German-Austrian  alliance  in  1879. 

Andrassy  Note,  The.  A declaration  relating 
to  the  disturbed  state  of  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina, drawn  up  by  the  governments  of 
Austria,  Russia,  and  Germany  with  the  ap- 
proval of  England  and  France,  and  presented 
to  the  Porte,  Jan,  31,  1876.  It  demanded  the  es- 
tablishments religious  liberty,  the  abolition  of  the  farm- 
ing of  taxes,  the  application  of  the  revenue  derived  from 
direct  taxation  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  to  the  needs  of 
these  provinces,  the  institution  of  a commission  composed 
equally  of  Christians  and  Mohammedans  to  control  the 
execution  of  these  reforms,  and  the  improvement  of  the 
agrarian  population  by  the  sale  of  waste  lands  belonging 
to  the  state. 

Andre  (F.pron.  on-dra'),  or  Andreas,  Bernard, 

of  Toulouse.  A French  poet  aud  historian, 
poet  laureate  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  of 
England  (the  first  laureate  appointed  by  au 
English  king),  tutor  of  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales, 
and  royal  historiographer.  He  was  blind,  but  in 
spite  of  this  misfortune  attained  a high  degree  of  scholar- 
ship. He  wrote  a life  of  Henry  VII. 

Andre,  Johann.  Born  at  Offenbach,  Hesse, 
March  28, 1741:  died  June  18, 1799.  A German 
composer,  musical  director,  and  publisher,  au- 
thor of  operas,  instrumental  pieces,  etc. 
Andr6,  Johann  Anton.  Born  at  Offenbach, 
Hesse,  Oct.  6, 1775 : died  April  8, 1842.  A noted 
German  composer,  musical  director,  and  pub- 
lisher, son  of  Johann  Andrd. 

Andre  (an'dra  or  an'dri),  John.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1751:  executed  at  Tappan,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  2, 
1780.  A British  officer  (adjutant-general  with 
rank  of  major)  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He 


made  the  arrangements  near  Stouy  Point,  as  the  represen- 
tative of  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  with  Benedict  Arnold  for  the 
surrender  of  West  Point  (Sept.  21,  1780),  but  was  arrested 
on  his  return  at  Tarrytown,  Sept.  23,  aud  condemned  as 
a spy. 

Andre  (on-dra').  A novel  by  George  Sand,  pub- 
lished in  1834,  named  from  its  chief  character. 
Andrea  (an-dra'ya),  Francisco  Jose  Soares 
de.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Jan.  29,  1781:  died  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  Oct.  2, 1858.  A Portuguese-Brazilian 
general,  a supporter  of  Brazilian  independence. 
He  went  to  Brazil  in  1808 ; was  adjutant-general  in  the  Cis- 
platine  campaign  of  1827 ; commandant  of  Pard  1831 ; pres- 
ident and  commandant  of  ParA  1835;  and  president  of 
Santa  Catharina  1839,  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  1841,  of  Minas 
Geraes  1843,  of  Bahia  1845,  and  again  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul 
1848.  He  attained  the  rank  of  marshal  in  the  army,  and 
was  created  baron  of  Cagapava. 

Andrea,  Girolamo.  Born  at  Naples,  April  12, 
1812 : died  at  Rome,  May  14, 1868.  An  Italian 
cardinal  and  diplomatist.  His  liberalism  in  religion 
and  politics  (especially  his  leaning  toward  Italian  unity) 
led  to  his  suspension  (1866) from  his  dignities  by  the  papal 
Curia ; but  he  was  reinstated  after  a humble  submission  in 
1867. 

Andrea  Doria.  See  Doria. 

Andrea  Pisano.  See  Pisano. 

Andrea  del  Sarto.  See  Sarto. 

Andrea  (an'dra),  Jakob.  Born  at  Wai- 
blingen,  Wurtemberg,  March  25,  1528:  died 
at  Tubingen,  Jan.  7,  1590.  One  of  the  chief 
Protestant  theologians  of  the  16th  century,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  theology  and  chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Tubingen  in  1562.  He  was 
the  principal  author  of  the  “Formula  Concordise,”  and 
wrote  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  works,  chiefly  polemical. 

Andrea,  Johann  Valentin.  Born  at  Herren- 
berg,  Wurtemberg,  Aug.  17, 1586 : died  at  Stutt- 
gart, June  24,  1654.  A German  Protestant 
theologian  and  satirical  writer,  grandson  of 
Jakob  Andrea.  He  was  the  author  of  “Menippus,” 
a satire  (1648),  and  works  ou  the  so-called  Rosicrucians. 

Andrea,  Laurentius,  or  Andersson,  Lars, 

Born  1480 : died  1552.  A Swedish  reformer, 
chancellor  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  Together  with 
Olaus  Petri  he  translated  the  Bible  into  Swedish  (1526), 
and  was  the  principal  agent  in  introducing  the  Lutheran 
Reformation  at  the  diet  of  Westerns,  1527.  In  1540  he  was 
charged  with  having  failed  to  disclose  a conspir  acy  against 
the  king,  aud  was  sentenced  to  death,  but  bought  a pardon. 
Andreanof  Islands  (an-dra-a'nof  i'landz).  A 
group  of  the  Aleutian  Archipelago. 
Andreasberg  (an-dra'as-berG),  or  Sankt  An- 
dreasberg.  A town  and  summer  resort  in  the 
province  of  Hanover,  Prussia,  in  the  Harz  28 
miles  northeast  of  Gottingen.  It  has  important 
silver-mines. 

Andred’s  weald  (an'dredz  weld),  or  Andred’s 
wold  (an'dredz  wold),  modernized  forms  of 
AS.  Andredes  weald  (an'dra-des  weald).  A 
forest  in  England  which  formerly  extended 
through  a large  part  of  Kent,  Surrey,  Sussex, 
and  Hampshire,  and  is  now  represented  by  tbe 
Weald.  See  tbe  extract. 

The  Andred’s-Wold  comprised  the  Wealds  of  Kent,  Sur- 
rey, and  Sussex,  taking  in  at  least  a fourth  part  of  Kent, 
“the  Seven  Hundreds  of  the  Weald,”  and  all  the  interior 
of  Sussex  as  far  as  the  edge  of  the  South  Downs,  and  a 
belt  of  about  twelve  miles  in  breadth  between  the  hills 
and  the  sea.  Lambarde  describes  the  Weald  of  Kent  as 
being  “stuffed  with  heardes  of  deere  and  droves  of 
hogges,”  and  adds  that  “it  is  manifest,  by  the  Saxon 
Chronicles  and  others,  that  beginning  at  Winchelsea  it 
reached  at  length  an  hundred  and  twenty  miles  towards 
the  west,  and  stretched  thirty  miles  in  braidth  towards 
the  north.’’  Ellon,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist,  p.  104,  note. 

Andree  (an'dra),  Karl  Theodor.  Born  at 
Brunswick,  Oct.  20,  1808:  died  at  Wildungen, 
Aug.  10,  1875.  A German  geographer  and 
journalist.  He  wjote  “ Nord-America ” (1850-51),  “ Bue- 
nos Ayres  und  die  Crgentinische  Republik’’  (1856), 
“Geographische  Wanderungen  ” (1859),  “Geographie  des 
Welthandels”  (1867-72),  etc. 

Andree.  Richard.  Born  at  Brunswick,  Ger- 
many, Feb.  26,  1835 : died  at  Munich,  Feb.  22, 
1912.  A German  geographer  and  ethnographer, 
son  of  Karl  Theodor  Andree  (1808-75).  His 
writings  embrace  a wide  range  of  subjects. 
Andreini  (an-dra-e'ne),  Francesco.  Lived 
about  1616.  An  Italian  comedian  and  author, 
the  leader  of  a troupe  of  actors  which  for  some 
years  enjoyed  considerable  reputation  in  Italy 
and  France.  He  wrote  “Le  Bravure  del  Capi- 
tano  Spavento”  (1607),  etc. 

Andreini,  Giovanni  Battista.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, 1578:  died  at  Paris  about  1650.  An 
Italian  comedian  and  poet,  son  of  Francesco 
Andreini.  He  was  the  author  of  “L’Adamo,”  a sacred 
drama,  from  which  Milton  was  said  to  have  borrowed 
several  scenes  in  his  “ Paradise  Lost.” 

Andreini,  Isabella.  Born  at  Padua,  1562:  died 
at  Lyons,  1604.  An  Italian  actress  and  writer, 
wife  of  Francesco  Andreini:  author  of  “Mir- 
tilla,”  a pastoral  fable  (1588). 

Andr6ossi,  or  Andrdossy  (on-dra-6-se'),  An- 


AndrSossi 

toine  Francois,  Comte  d’.  Born  at  Castel- 
naudary,  France,  March.  6,  1761:  died  at  Mon- 
tauban,  Sept.  10,  1828.  A French  general  and 
diplomatist,  author  of  various  military  and 
scientific  works.  He  served  in  the  wars  of  the  Rev- 
olution and  under  Bonaparte,  took  part  in  the  event  of 
the  18th  Brumaire,  and  was  ambassador  in  London,  Vi- 
enna, and  Constantinople. 

Andres  (an-dres'),  Juan.  Born  at  Planes, 
Spain,  Feb.  15,  1740:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  17, 
1817.  A Spanish  Jesuit  and  scholar.  He  wrote 
“Hell’  Origine,  dei  Progressi  e dello  stato  attuale  d’ogni 
letteratura  " (1782-99,  “ On  the  Origin,  Progress,  and  Pres- 
ent Condition  of  all  Literature"),  etc. 

Andrew  (an'dro),  Saint.  [Formerly  also  A n- 
drow,  Andro ; ME.  Andrew,  OF.  Andreu,  F. 
Andrieu,  Andre,  LL.  Andreas,  Gr.  ’AvApeag,  lit. 
‘manly,’  from  avfjp  (avAp-),  a man.]  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century  A.  D.  One 
of  the  twelve  disciples  of  Jesus,  a brother  of 
Simon  Peter  and  an  apostle  to  the  Gentiles. 
He  is  honored  by  the  Scotch  as  their  patron  saint,  and  by 
the  Russians  as  the  founder  of  their  church.  He  suffered 
martyrdom  by  crucifixion.  His  symbol  is  the  so-called 
St.  Andrew’s  cross  (X).  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Ro- 
man, Greek,  and  Anglican  churches  on  Nov.  30. 
Andrew  I.  King  of  Hungary  1046-60.  He  car- 
ried on  wars  with  the  Germans  1046-52,  and  with  his 
brother  Bfila.  In  the  latter  war  he  was  killed. 

Andrew  II.  King  of  Hungary  1205-35  (1236  ?). 
He  took  part  in  the  fifth  Crusade  in  1217,  and  “gave 
his  people  a constitution  which  organized  a state  of 
anarchy  by  decreeing  in  his  Golden  Bull  (1222)  that  if 
the  king  should  violate  the  privileges  of  the  nobility  they 
should  be  permitted  to  resist  him  by  force,  and  such  re- 
sistance should  not  be  treated  as  rebellion  ” ( Duruy , 
Middle  Ages,  p.  491). 

Andrew  III.  King  of  Hungary  1290-1301, 
grandson  of  Andrew  II.,  and  the  last  of  the 
Arpad  dynasty.  On  the  murder  of  Ladislaus  III.  (IV.), 
the  Pope  claimed  Hungary  as  a fief  of  the  church,  and 
invested  Charles  Martel,  son  of  the  King  of  Naples,  with 
it,  who  was,  however,  defeated  by  Andrew  at  Agram,  1291. 

Andrew,  James  Osgood.  Born  in  Wilkes 
County,  Ga.,  May  3,  1794:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala., 
March  1,  1871.  An  American  bishop  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  The  fact  that  be  was 
a slave-owner  led  to  a dispute  in  the  church  which  re- 
sulted in  the  formation  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South,  1846. 

Andrew,  John  Albion.  Born  at  Windham, 
Maine,  May  31,  1818:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  30, 
1867.  An  American  statesman,  Republican  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  1861-66,  and  one  of  the 
most  active  of  the  “ war  governors.”  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Bowdoin  College  in  1837,  practised  law  in  Boston, 
was  a prominent  antislavery  advocate,  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature,  and  was  ap- 
pointed delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Convention 
in  1860. 

Andrew  of  Crete  (Andreas  Cretensis).  Born 
at  Damascus,  660 : died  732.  An  archbishop  of 
Crete,  and  a writer  of  religious  poetry.  He  took 
part  in  the  Monothelite  synod  of  712,  but  afterward  re- 
turned to  orthodoxy.  He  is  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the 
musical  canon. 

Andrew  of  Wyntoun.  Born  about  the  middle 
of  the  14th  century:  date  of  death  unknown. 
A Scottish  chronicler,  canon  regular  of  the  pri- 
ory of  St.  Andrew’s  and  prior  of  St.  Serf’s  (1395). 
His  “Oryginale  Cronykil  of  Scotland,"  in  rimed  eight-syl- 
labled verse,  was  finished  between  1420  and  1424.  See 
Original  Chronicle  of  Scotland. 

Andrewes  (an'droz),  Lancelot.  Born  at  Bark- 
ing, England,  1555 : died  at  London,  Sept.  25, 
1626.  An  English  prelate  and  author,  dean  of 
Westminster,  bishop  of  Chichester,  Ely,  and 
Winchester,  and  one  of  the  translators  of  the 
Bible  (1607-11).  He  wrote  “Tortura  Torti” 
(1609),  manuals  of  devotion,  etc. 

Andrews  (an'droz),  Edward  Gayer.  Born 
Aug.  7,  1825:  died  Dec.  31,  1907.  An  Ameri- 
can bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
He  was  graduated  from  Wesleyan  University,  Middletown, 
Connecticut,  in  1847,  entered  the  Methodist  ministry. in 
1848,  and  was  elected  bishop  in  1872. 

Andrews,  Ethan  Allen.  Born  at  New  Britain, 
Conn.,  April  7, 1787 : died  at  New  Britain,  March 
24,  1858.  An  American  educator,  editor  of  Latin 
text-books  and  of  a “ Latin-English  Lexicon” 
(1850). 

Andrews,  James  Pettit.  Born  near  Newbury, 
Berkshire,  England,  about  1737 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  6,  1797.  An  English  antiquary  and 
historian.  He  wrote  a “History  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, etc.”  (1794-95),  “Henry’s  History  of  Brit- 
ain, Continued”  (1796),  etc. 

Andrews,  Joseph.  Born  at  Hingham,  Mass., 
Aug.  17,  1806 : died  at  Hingham,  May  9,  1873. 
An  American  engraver. 

Andrews,  Joseph.  See  Joseph  Andrews. 
Andrews,  Lancelot.  See  Andrewes. 
Andrews,  Stephen  Pearl.  Born  at  Temple- 
ton, Mass.,  March  22,  1812:  died  at  New  York, 


57 

May  21,  1886.  An  American  miscellaneous 
writer,  author  of  works  on  language,  law,  pho- 
nography, and  philosophy. 

Andria  (an'dre-a).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Bar,  Italy,  in  lat.  41°  13'  N.,  long.  16°  18'  E.«It 
was  a residence  of  the  emperor  Frederick  II. 
Population,  commune,  49,569. 

Andria  (an'dri-a).  A comedy  by  Terence  (166 
B.  C.),  an  adaptation  of  a play  of  the  same 
name  by  Menander. 

Andrieiix  (on-dre-e'),  Frangois  Guillaume 
Jean  Stanislas.  Born  at  Strasburg,  May  6, 
1759:  died  at  Paris,  May  9,  1833.  A noted 
French  dramatist.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Les  dtour- 
dis”  (1787),  “Moli&re  avec  ses  amis”  (1804),  “La  come- 
dienne” (1816),  “Brutus”  (I860),  etc. 

Andriscus  (an-dris'kus).  A pretended  son  of 
Perseus,  king  of  Macedon,  and  a claimant  to 
the  throne,  defeated  and  sent  captive  to  Rome 
148  B.  c. 

Androclus  (an'dro-klus).  Lived  in  the  1st  cen- 
tury a.  d.  A Roman  slave  noted  for  his  friend- 
ship with  a lion.  According  to  the  story,  Androclus 
was  condemned  to  be  slain  by  wild  beasts,  but  the  lion 
which  was  let  out  against  him  refused  to  touch  him,  and 
it  was  found  that  the  animal  was  one  which  the  slave, 
while  escaping  from  his  master  in  Africa,  had  found  suf- 
fering from  a thorn  in  his  foot,  and  cured. 

Andromache  ( an-drom ' a-ke ) . [G r . ’AvApopaxp.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Hector  and,  after 
his  death,  of  Neoptolemus,  son  of  Achilles,  and 
later  of  Helenus,  brother  of  Hector.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Eetion,  king  of  Thebae  in  Cilicia,  who,  with  his 
seven  sons,  was  slain  by  Achilles  when  he  captured  Thebse. 

Andromache.  A play  of  Euripides.  See  the 
extract. 

The  Andromache  ...  is  one  of  the  worst  constructed, 
and  least  interesting,  plays  of  Euripides.  The  date  is  un- 
certain, as  it  was  not  brought  out  at  Athens,  perhaps  not 
till  after  the  poet’s  death,  and  is  only  to  be  fixed  doubt- 
fully by  the  bitter  allusions  to  Sparta,  with  which  it  teems. 
It  has  indeed  quite  the  air  of  a political  pamphlet  under 
the  guise  of  a tragedy.  It  must,  therefore,  have  been 
composed  during  the  Peloponnesian  war,  possibly  about 
419  B.  c.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1.  337. 

Andromachus  (an-drom'a-kus).  [Gr.  ’AvApo- 
paxoc.]  A physician  of  the  emperor  Nero  (called 
“the  elder,”  to  distinguish  him  from  his  son), 
the  first  to  bear  the  title  of  “Archiater,”  or 
chief  physician.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a celebrated 
medicine  and  antidote  (called  from  him  “theriaca  Andro- 
machi  ”). 

Andromaque  (on-dro-mak').  1.  A tragedy  by 
Racine,  produced  in  1667. — 2.  An  opera  by 
Grotty,  produced  at  Paris  1780. 

Andromeda  (an-drom'e-da).  [Gr.  ’A vApopeAr/.'] 
lu  Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Cepheus  and 
Cassiopeia.  She  was  exposed  to  a sea-monster,  was 
rescued  by  Perseus,  and  was  changed,  after  her  death,  to  a 
constellation. 

Another  myth,  seemingly  so  diverse — the  story  of  the 
slaying  of  the  dragon  by  Perseus  and  the  rescue  of  An- 
dromeda— was  localised  by  the  Greeks  on  the  Phoenician 
coast.  It  proves  to  be  a lunar  eclipse  myth,  ultimately 
Babylonian,  a Greek  translation  of  the  Phoenician  version 
of  the  combat  of  Bel  Merodach  with  the  dragon  Tiamat, 
and  the  rescue  of  the  moon  goddess  Istar  from  the  black 
dragon  who  threatened  to  devour  her. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  303. 
Andromeda.  A northern  constellation  sur- 
rounded by  Pegasus,  Cassiopeia,  Perseus,  Pis- 
ces, Aries,  etc.,  supposed  to  represent  the  figure 
of  a woman  chained.  The  constellation  contains 
three  stars  of  the  second  magnitude,  of  which 
the  brightest  is  Alpheratz. 

Andromede  (on-dro-mad').  A play  by  Cor- 
neille, first  acted  in  1650. 

Andronica  (an-dro-ne'ka).  One  of  the  hand- 
maids of  Logistilla  (Reason)  in  Ariosto’s  “Or- 
lando Furioso.”  She  represents  fortitude. 
Androniciis  (an-dro-ni'kus)  I.  Comnenus. 
[MGr.  A vApAvinoq  Kouvyvocf]  Born  abottt  1110: 
(lied  at  Constantinople,  Sept..  12, 1185.  Byzan- 
tine emperor  1183-85,  grandson  of  Alexius  I. 
Comnenus.  Having  contrived  to  get  himself  appointed 
regent  during  the  minority  of  Alexius  II.,  he  put  the 
prince  and  his  mother,  the  empress  Maria,  to  death,  and 
ascended  the  throne ; but  his  cruelly  and  debauchery 
brought  about  a popular  insurrection  under  Isaac  Angelus, 
who  put  him  to  death  after  subjecting  him  to  every  spe- 
cies of  indignity  and  torture. 

Andronicus  II.  Palseologus.  Born  about  1259 : 
died  1332.  Byzantine  emperor  1282-1328  (?), 
son  of  Michael  Palseologus.  During  his  reign  the 
empire  was  ravaged  (1306-08)  by  the  revolt  of  the  Cata- 
lan Grand  Company,  a body  of  .Spanish  mercenaries  em- 
ployed against  the  Ottoman  Turks,  and  (1321-28)  by  a civil 
war  with  his  grandson  Andronicus  III.,  by  whom  he  was 
dethroned  and  compelled  to  retire  to  a cloister. 

Andronicus  III.  Palseologus.  Bom  about 
1296 : died  June  15, 1341.  Byzantine  emperor 
1328-41 , grandson  of  Andronicus  II.  whoso 
throne  he  usurped.  He  carried  on  war  with  the  Otto- 
man Turks,  who  (1326-38)  detached  nearly  the  whole  of 
Asia  Minor  from  the  empire. 


Anelida  and  Arcite 

Andronicus,  Livius.  Born  at  Tarentum  about 
284  B.  C.:  died  about  204.  An  early  Roman 
dramatic  poet  (Greek  by  birth)  and  actor,  the 
first  writer  who  “clothed  Greek  poetry  in  a 
Latin  dress.”  He  was  brought  as  a prisoner  of  war  to 
Rome  272  B.  c.,  and  sold  as  a slave  to  M.  Livius  Salinator. 
He  was  manumitted  and  earned  his  living  as  a teacher  of 
Latin  and  Greek.  For  his  pupils’  use  he  translated  the 
Odyssey  into  Latin  Saturnian  verse.  His  plays,  also,  were 
translated  from  the  Greek. 

Andronicus,  Marcus.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Titus 
Andronicus,”  the  brother  of  Titus  and  tribune 
of  the  people. 

Andronicus,  Titus.  See  Titus  Andronicus. 
Andronicus,  surnamed  Cyrrhestes  (from  his 
birthplace).  A Greek  astronomer,  horn  at 
Cyrrhus,  Syria,  in  the  1st  century  B.  c.,  the 
builder  of  the  “Tower  of  the  Winds”  (which 
see)  at  Athens. 

Andronicus  of  Rhodes.  A peripatetic  philoso- 
pher and  commentator  on  Aristotle,  who  flour- 
ished during  the  1st  century  B.  c.  He  was  head 
of  the  peripatetic  school  at  Rome  about  58  b.  c. 
Andros  (an'dros).  [Gr.  ’lAvApor.]  The  north- 
ernmost island  of  the  Cyclades,  Greece,  situ- 
ated in  the  Aegean  Sea  6 miles  southeast  of 
Euboea,  anciently  a possession  successively  of 
Athens,  Macedon,  Pergamus,  and  Rome,  its 
length  is  25  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  10  miles,  and 
its  surface  is  mountainous.  Its  chief  product  is  silk. 
Population,  18,035. 

Andros.  A small  seaport,  capital  of  the  island 
of  Andros,  on  its  eastern  coast. 

Andros.  A group  of  islands  in  the  Bahamas, 
named  from  the  chief  island  of  the  group,  about 
lat.  24°  45'  N.,  long.  78°  W. 

Andros  (an'dros),  Sir  Edmund.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  6,  1637:  died  at  London,  Feb.  27, 
1714.  An  English  colonial  governor  of  New 
York  1674-81,  and  of  New  England  (including 
New  York)  1686-89.  When  the  charters  of  the  colo- 
nies were  revoked  he  was  conspicuous  in  an  attempt  to 
seize  the  charter  of  Connecticut  (1687),  which  probably 
succeeded.  (S ee Charter  Oak.)  He  offended  the  colonists 
of  New  England  by  his  tyranny  and  was  seized  April  18, 
16S9,  in  Boston  and  sent  to  England  for  trial ; but  the  col- 
onists’ complaints  were  dismissed.  He  was  governor  of 
Virginia  (where  he  founded  William  and  Mary  College) 
1692-98,  and  governor  of  the  island  of  Jersey  1704-06. 
Androscoggin  (an-dros-kog'in).  A r iver  whose 
head  streams  rise  in  northern  New  Hampshire 
and  northern  Maine,  and  which  drains  Lake 
Umbagog  and  the  Rangeley  Lakes,  and  joins 
the  Kennebec  5 miles  north  of  Bath.  Its  total 
length  is  about  175  miles. 

Androtion  (an-dro'ti-on).  [Gr AAvAportoiv.']  An 
Athenian  orator,  a contemporary  of  Demosthe- 
nes and  a pupil  of  Isocrates.  All  of  his  work  has 
perished  with  the  exception  of  a fragment  preserved  by 
Aristotle.  He  was  attacked  by  Demosthenes  in  one  of  his 
early  orations. 

Andrugio  (an-dro'jo).  In  Marston’s  “Antonio 
and  Mellida,”  the  noble  hut  turbulent  Duke  of 
Genoa.  He  utters  the  famous  speech  beginning, 
“Why,  man,  I never  was  a prince  till  now.” 
Andrussof  (an'dros-sof),  or  Andrussovo.  A 
village  in  the  governmentof  Smolensk,  Russia, 
noted  for  the  treaty  of  Andrussof  in  1667  be- 
tween Russia  and  Poland,  by  which  the  latter 
ceded  Kief,  Smolensk,  and  eastern  Ukraine. 
Andtijar  (an-do'Har).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Jaen,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalquivir  44 
miles  northeast  of  Cordova,  it  was  the  scene  of  an 
engagement  between  the  French  and  Spanish,  July  18-20, 
1808.  The  Convention  of  Bailen  was  signed  here  in  1808, 
and  here  in  1823,  by  decree,  the  French  assumed  superi- 
ority over  the  Spanish  authorities.  Near  it  was  the  Celti- 
berian  Illiturgis  (?).  Population,  16,302. 

Andvari  (and'va-re).  [Old  Norse.]  In  Old 
Norse  mythology,  a dwarf  who  lived  in  the 
water  in  the  form  of  a pike.  He  was  caught  by 
Loki  and  forced  to  give  up  his  treasure,  ultimately  called 
from  its  possessors  the  Nibelung  Hoard.  On  the  last 
ring,  the  Andvaranaut,  later  the  Ring  of  the  Nibelungs, 
he  laid  the  curse  of  destruction  to  all  who  should  own  it. 
Anegada  (ii-ne-ga'da).  The  northernmost  of 
the  Virgin  Islands,  British  West  Indies,  in  lat. 
18°  45'  N.,  long.  64°  20'  W.  Its  length  is  10 
miles. 

Anel  (a-nel'),  Dominique.  Born  1679:  died 
about  1730.  A French  surgeon.  He  introduced 
improvements  in  the  operations  for  aneurism 
and  fistula  lacrymalis. 

Anelida  and  Arcite  (a-nel'i-dii  and  ar'sit).  An 
unfinished  poem  by  Chaucer.  It  was  among  those 
printed  by  Caxtoti,  and  is  mentioned  in  botli  Lydgate’s 
and  Thynne’s  lists  of  Chaucer’s  works,  in  the  latter  as  “Of 
Queen  Anelida  and  False  Arcite."  There  are  passages  in  it, 
from  Boccaccio’s  “Teseide,"  and  the  “ Thebaid  ’’  of  Statius 
was  also  drawn  upon.  Chaucer  tells  us  that  he  took  it 
from  the  Latin,  and  says  at  the  close  of  the  prologue : 

“ First  follow  I Stace  and  after  him  Corinne." 

To  Corinne  or  Corineus,  whoever  he  or  she  was,  ho  owed 
the  inspiration  of  this  poem.  Miss  Barrett  (Mrs.  Brown- 


Anelida  and  Arcite 

ing)  modernized  the  poem  about  the  middle  of  the  19th 
century.  Anelida  was  the  Queen  of  Armenia.  In  the 
poem  is  included  “The  Complaint  of  Fair  Anelida  upon 
False  Arcite,”  occasioned  by  the  fact  that  the  Theban 
knight  (who  is  not  the  true  Arcite  of  the  “Knight’s  Tale”) 
deserted  her  for  another.  The  poem  breaks  off  at  the 
end  of  her  complaint. 

Anerio  (a-na/re-o),  Felice.  Born  at  Rome 
about  1560 : died  about  1630.  An  Italian  com- 
poser of  sacred  music  who  succeeded  Pales- 
trina, on  the  latter’s  death,  as  composer  for  the 
papal  chapel. 

Anerio,  Giovanni  Francesco.  Born  at  Rome 
about  1567 : died  after  1613.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, brother  of  Felice  Anerio,  maestro  at 
the  Lateran  1600-13.  He  wrote  sacred  music 
chiefly. 

Anethan  (an-ton'),  Julius  (Jules)  Joseph, 

Baron  d\  Bom  at  Brussels,  April  24,  1803: 
died  there,  Oct.  8,  1888.  A Belgian  Conserva- 
tive politician,  premier  1870-71. 

Anethou,  Pic  d’.  See  Netliou. 

Aneurin  (an'I-rin).  Flourished  about  600 
a.  p.  (?).  A Welsh  bard,  son  of  a chief  of  the 
Otadini  or  Gododin  (a  sea-coast  tribe  dwelling 
south  of  the  Firth  of  Forth),  and  author  of  the 
epic  “Gododin”  (which see),  the  chief  source 
of  the  very  scanty  information  about  him.  He 
has  been  thought  to  be  identical  with  Gildas  the  histo- 
rian, or  to  be  the  son  of  Gildas  (who  was  sometimes  called 
Euryn  y Coed  Aur). 

Aneurin’s  great  epic  itself  is  wanting  in  all  precision  of 
detail.  It  is  the  history  of  a long  war  of  races,  compressed 
under  the  similitude  of  a battle  into  a few  days  of  ruin, 
like  the  last  fight  in  the  Voluspa. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  346. 

Anfossi  (an-fos'se),  Pasquale.  Born  at  Naples, 
1736:  died  at  Rome,  1797  (1795  ?).  An  Italian 
operatic  composer,  author  of  “ L’Incognita  per- 
seguitata”  (1773),  etc. 

Angami-Naga  (an-ga'me-na'ga).  A savage 
and  warlike  tribe  in  northern  Assam. 

Angara  (an-ga-ra').  (Upper  Angara  and 
Upper  Tungusta.)  The  chief  tributary  of  the 
Yenisei,  in  southern  Siberia.  It  rises  northeast  of 
Lake  Baikal,  traverses  Lake  Baikal,  flows  northwest  and 
west,  and  joins  the  Yenisei  above  Yeniseisk.  Its  length 
is  about  1,300  miles.  It  is  navigable  throughout  almost 
its  entire  course. 

Angel  (an'jel),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born  at 
Burlington,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  28, 1815: 
died  at  Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  11, 1894.  A lawyer 
and  diplomatist,  commissioner  to  China  (1855) 
under  President  Pierce,  and  minister  to  Sweden 
and  Norway  under  President  Buchanan. 
Angelica  (an-jel'i-ka).  1.  In  Boiardo’s  “Or- 
lando Innamorato”  and  Ariosto’s  “Orlando 
Furioso,”  a beautiful  but  coquettish  and  faith- 
less princess,  daughter  of  Galaphron,  king  of 
Cathay.  His  unrequited  love  for  her  was  the 
cause  of  Orlando’s  madness. — 2.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Congreve’s  play  “Love 
for  Love,”  a witty  and  piquant  woman,  and  the 
author’s  favorite  character. — 3.  A character 
in  Farquhar’s  comedy  “ The  Constant  Couple,” 
and  also  in  its  sequel,  “Sir  Harry  Wildair.” 
Angelic  Brothers.  A community  of  Dutch 
Pietists,  in  the  16th  century,  who  believed  that 
they  had  attained  that  state  of  angelic  purity 
in  which  there  is  “ neither  marrying  nor  giving 
in  marriage”:  founded  by  George  Gichtel. 
Angelic  Doctor,  ML.  Doctor  Angelicus.  A 
surname  of  Thomas  Aquinas. 

Angelico  (an-jel'e-ko),  Fra.  See  Fiesole. 
Angelina  (an-je-li'na).  1.  In  Dryden’s  tragi- 
comedy “ The  Rival  Ladies,”  a sister  of  Don 
Rhodorigo,  in  love  with  Gonsalvo.  She  dis- 
guises herself  as  a man  and  goes  by  the  name 
of  Amideo. — 2.  The  heroine  of  Goldsmith’s  bal- 
lad “Edwin  and  Angelina,”  sometimes  called 
“The  Hermit,”  in  “The  Vicar  of  Wakefield.” 
Angelina.  A pseudonym  of  Harriet  Martineau. 
Angelique  (oh-zha-lek').  1.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  Moliere’s  “ Le  Malade  Ima- 
ginaire.”  She  is  the  daughter  of  Argan,  the  imaginary 
invalid,  who  wishes  to  marry  her  to  the  son  of  his  physi- 
cian, M.  Diafoirus,  but  is  finally  induced  to  give  her  to 
CICante,  the  man  she  loves. 

2.  The  wife  of  George  Dandin,  in  Moliere’s 
comedy  of  that  name.  See  George  Dandin. 
Angell  (an'jel),  James  Burrill.  Bom  at  Scitm 
ate,  R.  I.,  Jan.  7, 1829.  An  American  educator. 
He  was  a graduate  of  Brown  University  and  was  professor 
of  modern  languages  there  1853-60,  editor  of  the  Providence 
“Journal"  1860-66,  president  of  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont 1866-71,  and  president  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
1871-1909.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  China  1880- 
1881,  and  commissioner  in  negotiating  treaties  with  that 
country  ; and  was  minister  to  Turkey  1897-98. 

Angell,  Joseph  Kinnicut.  Born  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I..  April  30,  1794:  died  at  Boston, 
May  1,  1857.  An  American  legal  writer.  He 


58 

was  a graduate  of  Brown  University  1813,  editor  of  the 
“Law  Intelligencer  and  Review”  1829-31,  and  reporter 
of  the  Rhode  Island  Supreme  Court;  author  of  “Treatise 
of  the  Right  of  Property  in  Tide  Waters"  (1826),  “In- 
quiry Relative  to  an  Incorporeal  Hereditament  ” (1827), 
“A  Practical  Summary  of  the  Law  of  Assignment”  (1835), 
“On  Adverse  Enjoyment"  (1837),  “Treatise  on  the  Com- 
mon Law  in  Relation  to  Water  Courses”  (1840),  “Treatise 
on  the  Limitations  of  Actions  at  Law  and  Suits  in  Equity 
and  Admiralty  ” (2d  ed.  1846),  and  with  Samuel  Ames 
of  “Treatise  on  Corporations"  (3d  ed.  1846). 

Angeln  (ang'eln).  A small  district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  lying  be- 
tween the  Flensburg  Fiord  on  the  north,  the 
Baltic  on  the  east,  and  the  Schlei  on  the  south. 
It  is  noted  for  its  fertility,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  original  home  of  the  Angles. 
Angelo,  Michel.  See  Michelangelo. 

Angelo  (an'je-lo).  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “Mea- 
sure for  Measure,”  the  duke’s  deputy. 

The  actor  is  here  required  to  represent  a man  who  is 
too  little  for  the  great,  bold,  and  dangerous  projects  of  an 
ambitious  selfishness;  too  noble  for  the  weak  errors  of  a 
vain  self-love,  who  wavers  negatively  between  the  two, 
who  aspires  after  honour,  who  would  be  a master  in  his 
political  vocation,  a saint  in  his  moral  life,  but  who,  in 
the  hour  of  temptation,  is  found  as  false  and  tyrannical 
in  the  one  as  he  is  hypocritical  and  base  in  the  other. 
Gervinus,  Shakespeare  t ’ommentaries(tr.  by  F.  E.  Runnett, 

[ed.  1880),  p.  500. 

2.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Comedy  of  Errors,”  a gold- 
smith. 

Angelo.  A prose  drama  by  Victor  Hugo,  first 
represented  at  the  Theatre  Fran§ais,  Paris, 
April  28,  1835.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Padua  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  16th  century.  It  was  translated  into  English 
by  G.  H.  Davidson,  and  produced  iu  London  as  “Angelo 
and  the  Actress  of  Padua.  ” 

Angelo,  Sant’,  Oastle  of.  The  remodeled 
mausoleum  of  Hadrian  in  Rome,  it  is  a huge 
circular  tower  about  230  feet  in  diameter  on  a basement 
about  300  feet  square,  with  medieval  chambers  and  case- 
ments excavated  in  its  solid  concrete,  and  three  Renais- 
sance stories  added  on  its  summit  to  serve  the  purposes 
of  a citadel.  Originally  the  mausoleum  possessed  a super- 
structure surrounded  with  columns  and  statues,  and 
crowned  with  a cone  of  masonry.  It  is  connected  with 
the  Vatican  quarter  by  the  Pont  Sant’  Angelo,  built  by 
Hadrian  in  136,  which  originally  had  seven  arches : two 
are  now  built  up.  Also  Hadrian's  Mole. 

Angelus  Silesius  (an'je-lus  si-le'shi-us)  (Jo- 
hannes Schefiler).  Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
1624:  died  at  Breslau,  July  9,  1677.  A German 
philosophical  poet,  author  of  “ Cherubinischer 
Wandersmann”  (1657),  etc. 

Angelus,  The.  A celebrated  painting  by  J.  F. 
Millet  (1859).  The  time  is  evening ; two  peasants,  a 
man  and  a woman,  at  the  sound  of  the  Angelus  bell  from 
a distant  church,  stop  their  work  and  stand  in  the  field 
praying  with  bowed  heads.  In  1889  it  was  bought  at 
auction  by  the  American  Art  Association  for  680,650 
francs,  which  included  tax,  auctioneer's  fees,  etc.  It  was 
sold  in  1890  to  the  agents  of  M.  Chauchard  for  $150,000. 
He  has  signified  his  intention  of  presenting  it  to  the 
Lcuvre  at  his  death. 

Angely  (onzh-le'),  Louis.  Born  at  Berlin  about 
1780  (1788?):  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  hi,  1835.  A 
German  actor  and  dramatist.  His  works, 

mainly  adaptations  of  French  plays,  have  been 
collected  in  four  volumes  (Berlin,  1842). 
Angerapp  (an'ge-rap).  A head  stream  of  the 
Pregel,  in  East  Prussia,  which  drains  the 
Mauersee. 

Angerburg  (ang'er-borG).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  situated  on  the  An- 
gerapp 60  miles  southeast  of  Konigsberg. 

Angermanelf  (ang'er-man-elf).  A river  in 

Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia 
near  Hernosand.  It  drains  several  lakes  and  forms 
many  waterfalls.  Its  length  is  over  200  miles,  and  it  is 
navigable  in  its  lower  course. 

Angermanland  (ang'er-man-land).  A district 
in  northern  Sweden,  mainly  included  in  the 
modern  Hernosand  lan. 

Angermann  (ang'er-miin).  See  Angermanelf. 
Angermiinde  (ang-er-mun'de).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  42  miles 
northeast  of  Berlin,  on  the  Miindesee. 
Angerona  (an-je-ro'na),  or  Angeronia  (-ni-a). 
In  Roman  mythology,  a goddess  whose  attri- 
butes and  powers  are  not  definitely  known. 
She  was,  perhaps,  the  goddess  who  releases  from  (or 
causes)  anguish  and  secret  grief.  Her  statue  stood  in 
the  temple  of  Volupia  (sensual  pleasure),  and  she  was  rep- 
resented with  her  finger  upon  her  bound  and  sealed  lips. 
Angers  (oh-zha').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on 
the  Maine  5 miles  from  the  Loire,  in  lat.  47° 
28'  N.,  long.  0°  33'  W. : the  Roman  Juliomagus 
or  Andecavia  (Andegavia  or  Andegavum),  a 
town  of  the  Andecavi  or  Andes,  a Gallic  tribe. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  ami  varied  manufactures.  It 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  Anjou,  and  the  seat  of  a uni- 
versity and  a military  college.  It  suffered  severely  in  the 
Huguenot  and  Vendean  wars.  The  cathedral  of  Angers 
is  an  interesting  monument  of  the  Angevin  Pointed  style, 


Anglo-Saxon 

characterized  particularly  by  the  vaulting,  which  rises  so 
much  in  every  bay  as  to  approach  a domical  form.  There 
is  a fine  early  sculptured  west  portal ; the  nave  is  54  feet 
wide  and  80  feet  high;  and  there  are  long  transepts, 
but  no  aisles.  It  contains  splendid  13th-century  glass, 
a beautiful  wall-arcade  beneath  the  windows,  and  very 
extensive  and  notable  14th-century  tapestries  bequeathed 
by  King  Rend.  The  castle,  completed  by  St.  Louis,  is  a 
huge  trapezoid  about  half  a mile  in  circuit,  with  seven- 
teen massive  cylindrical  towers  bossing  its  walls.  Within 
the  inclosure  remain  portions  of  the  Renaissance  palace 
of  the  counts  of  Anjou  as  well  as  the  dungeons  and  many 
other  interesting  memorials  of  the  medieval  fortress. 
Population,  82,935. 

Angerstein  (ang'er-stin),  John  Julius.  Born 

at  St.  Petersburg,  1735 : died  at  Blackheath, 
Jan.  22,  1823.  An  English  merchant,  philan- 
thropist, and  art  amateur.  The  greater  part  of  his 
very  valuable  collection  of  pictures  was  acquired  by  the 
British  government  in  1824,  at  an  expense  of  £60,000. 

Angerviile,  Richard.  See  Bury,  Richard  de. 

Angevin  Line  or  Dynasty.  The  early  Plan- 
tagenet  kings  of  England,  from  Henry  H.  to 
John:  so  called  from  their  origin  in  Anjou. 
Anghiera  (an-ge-a'ra),  Pietro  Martire  d’,  or 
Peter  Martyr.  See  Martyr,  Peter. 

Angilbert  (ang'gil-bert),  Saint.  Born  about 
740  A.  D.:  died  Feb.  18,  814.  A Frankish  poet, 
historian,  and  diplomatist,  a councilor  of  Charles 
the  Great,  and  abbot  of  Centula,  or  Saint-Ri- 
quier  in Picardie  (794).  He  was  surnamed  “the 
Homer  of  his  age.” 

Angiras  (an'gi-ras).  In  Vedic  mythology,  the 
alleged  ancestor  of  the  Angirases,  represented 
as  the  author  of  the  ninth  Mandala  of  Rigveda, 
of  a law-book,  and  of  an  astronomical  manual. 

Angirases,  The.  [Deriv.  uncertain.]  In  Hindu 
mythology,  a class  of  beings  standing  between 
gods  and  men.  They  are  called  the  sons  of  heaven, 
sons  of  the  gods.  They  appear  in  company  with  the  gods, 
with  the  Asvins,  Yama,  the  gods  of  the  sun  and  the  light. 
Agni  is  called  the  first  and  highest  Angiras.  At  the  same 
time  the  Angirases  are  called  the  fathers  of  men,  and 
many  families  trace  their  descent  from  them.  The  hymns 
of  the  Atharvaveda  are  called  Angirasas,  and  the  Angi- 
rases were  especially  charged  with  the  protection  of  sac- 
rifices performed  in  accordance  with  the  Atharvaveda. 

Angkor  (ang-kor').  Aruined  city  near  the  fron- 
tiers of  Cambodia  and  Siam,  near  Lake  Bienho. 

Anglante’s  knight.  The  name  given  to  Or- 
lando, lord  of  Anglante,  in  Ariosto’s  “ Orlando 
Furioso.” 

Angles  (ang'glz).  [In  mod.  use  only  as  a his- 
torical term;  L.  Anglus,  usually  in  pi.  Angli 
(first  in  Tacitus),  repr.  the  OTeut.  form  found 
in  AS.  Angle,  Ongle,  /Engle,  r eg.  Engle,  pi.  (in 
comp.  Angel-,  Ongel-),  the  people  of  Angel, 
Angol,  Angul,  Ongul  {—  Icel.  Ongull),  a district 
of  what  is  now  Schleswig-Holstein,  said  to  be 
so  named  from  angel,  angul,  ongul,  a hook,  in 
ref.  to  its  shape.]  A Teutonic  tribe  which 
in  the  earliest  period  of  its  recorded  history 
dwelt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  district 
now  called  Angeln,  in  Schleswig-Holstein,  and 
which  in  the  5th  century  and  later,  accom- 
panied by  kindred  tribes,  the  Saxons.  Jutes, 
and  Friesians,  crossed  over  to  Britain,  and  col- 
onized the  greater  part  of  it.  The  Angles  were  the 
most  numerous  of  these  settlers,  and  founded  the  three 
kingdoms  of  East  Anglia,  Mercia,  and  Northumbria, 
From  them  the  entire  country  derived  its  name  England, 
in  Anglo-Saxon  Engla  land , ‘land  of  the  Angles.’ 

Anglesey  (ang'gl-se),  or  Anglesea  (ang'gl-se). 
[AS.  Angles  eg,  ‘Angle’s  island.’]  An  island 
and  county  of  North  Wales,  which  lies  north- 
west of  the  mainland  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  Menai  Strait.  Its  surface  is  generally  flat.  It  was 
an  ancient  seat  of  the  Druids,  was  conquered  by  the 
Romans  under  Suetouius  Paulinus  in  61  A.  1).,  and  by 
Agricola  in  78,  and  later  became  a Welsh  stronghold. 
Its  length  is  22  miles,  and  its  area  (ad.  co.)  276  square 
miles.  Population  (ad.  and  pari,  co’s.),  50,606.  See  Mona. 

Anglesea,  Earl  of.  See  Annesley. 

Anglesey,  Marquis  of.  See  Paget. 

Angleterre  (on-gle-tar').  The  French  name  of 
England. 

Anglia  (ang'gli-a).  A Latin  name  of  England ; 
specifically,  that  part  of  England  which  was 
settled  by  the  Angles.  See  East  Anglia. 

Anglian  (ang'gli-an).  A name  sometimes  used 
for  the  old  English  (Englisc)  or  Anglo-Saxon 
of  Anglia,  the  district  of  Britain  first  occupied 
by  the  Angles. 

Anglo-Latin  (ang-glo-lat'in).  Middle  or  medi- 
eval Latin  as  written  in  England  in  the  middle 
ages:  the  ordinary  language  of  the  church  and 
the  courts  until  the  modem  period.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  the  liberal  inclusion  and  free  Latin- 
izing of  technical  and  vernacular  English  and 
Norman  or  Anglo-French  terms. 

Anglo-Saxon  (ang-glo-sak'son).  [<  ML.  An- 
glo-Saxones,  more  correctly  written  Anglosax- 


Anglo-Saxon 

ones,  pi.,  also  Angli  Saxones  or  Angli  et  Saxones, 
rarely  Saxones  Angli.  The  terra  frequently  oc- 
curs in  the  charters  of  Alfred  and  his  successors 
(chiefly  in  the  gen.  pi.  with  rex)  as  the  general 
name  of  their  people,  all  the  Teutonic  tribes  in 
England ; hut  it  is  sometimes  confined  to  the 
people  south  of  the  Humber.  The  same  term 
is  used  by  foreign  chroniclers  and  writers  in 
Latin  from  the  8th  to  the  12tli  century,  with 
the  general  meaning.]  1.  (a)  Literally,  one  of 
the  Angle  or  ‘English’  Saxons.  The  name  is 
sometimes  restricted  to  the  Saxons  who  dwelt  chiefly 
in  the  southern  districts  (Wessex,  Essex,  Sussex,  Middle- 
sex—names  which  contain  the  form  of  Saxon  — and 
Kent)  of  the  country  which  came  to  be  known,  from  a 
kindred  tribe,  as  the  land  of  the  Angles,  Engla  land, 
now  England,  hut  usually  extended  to  the  whole  people 
or  nation  formed  by  the  aggregation  of  the  Angles,  Sax- 
ons, and  other  early  Teutonic  settlers  in  Britain,  or  the 
whole  people  of  England  before  the  Conquest.  (J)  pi. 

The  English  race  ; all  persons  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  in  the  United  States,  and  in  their 
dependencies,  who  belong,  actually  or  nomi- 
nally, nearly  or  remotely,  to  the  Teutonic  stock 
of  England;  in  the  widest  use,  all  English- 
speaking  or  English-appearing  people. — 2. 
The  language  of  the  Anglo-Saxons;  Saxon; 
the  earliest  form  of  the  English  language,  con- 
stituting, with  Old  Saxon,  Old  Friesic,  and 
other  dialects,  the  Old  Low  German  group, 
belonging  to  the  so-called  West  Germanic  di- 
vision of  the  Teutonic  speech. 

Angol  (an-gol' ).  The  capital  of  Malleco,  Chile, 
in  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  long.  73°  W.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  former  territory  of  Angol.  Population, 
7,391. 

Angola  (an-go'la).  [Pg.  Angola,  repr.  the  na- 
tive name  Ngola.']  1.  The  Ngola  tribe. — 2. 
The  native  Angola  nation,  of  which  the  Ngola 
tribe  was  the  principal.— 3.  The  old  Portu- 
guese colony  of  Angola,  foimded  in  the  boun- 
daries of  the  ancient  native  kingdom  of  Angola, 
and  called  “Reino  e Conquistas  de  Angola.” — 
4.  The  modern  Portuguese  province  of  An- 
gola, comprising  the  old  kingdoms  of  Kongo, 
Angola,  and  Benguella,  the  new  district  of 
Mossamedes,  and  the  latest  accessions  between 
the  Kuangu  and  Kassai  rivers.  This  province 
extends  along  the  west  coast  of  Africa  from  6”  to  17° 
south  latitude,  and  inland  as  far  as  the  Kuangu,  Kassai, 
and  Zambesi  rivers.  Its  area  is  about  484,800  square  miles  ; 
its  population  from  three  to  five  millions.  The  adminis- 
tration is  in  the  hands  of  a governor-general,  residing  at 
Loanda.  There  are  six  districts,  Kongo,  Loanda,  Ben- 
guella, Mossamedes,  Huilla,  and  Lunda.  Every  district 
is  subdivided  into  “concelhos"  (counties)  under  military 
“chefes  ” ; and  the  concelhos  are  subdivided  into  divisions 
under  commandants,  who  are  either  natives  or  white 
traders.  Angola  is  ruled  by  the  same  laws  as  Portugal, 
and  the  natives  have  exactly  the  same  legal  standing  and 
right  to  vote  as  the  white  Portuguese.  Angola  is  the  only 
central  African  possession  which  has  a large  white  popu- 
lation (about  6,000)  and  in  which  agriculture  is  flourishing 
on  alarge  ecale.  See  Kimbundu,  Umbundu,  Ngola,  Kongo. 

Angolalla  (an-go-lal'la).  One  of  the  chief 
towns  in  Shoa,  Abyssinia,  about  lat.  9°  36'  N. 

Angora  (an-go'ra).  A vilayet  in  Asia  Minor, 
Turkey.  Population,  about  932,800. 

Angora,  Turk.  Engnri.  [Gr.  ’'Aynvpa : see  An- 
cyra.]  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Angora, 
situated  bn  a head  stream  of  the  Sakaria,  about 
lat.  39° 50'  N.,  long.  32°  50'  E.:  the  ancient  An- 
cyra  (which  see).  It  was  an  ancient  Galatian  town, 
the  capital  of  the  Koman  province  of  Galatia,  and  an  im- 
portant emporium  on  the  route  between  Byzantium  and 
Syria,  and  it  is  still  one  of  the  chief  commercial  places 
in  Asia  Minor.  The  district  is  especially  celebrated  for 
its  breed  of  goats.  A battle  was  fought  at  Angora,  June 
16, 1402,  between  Bajazet  with  400,000  (?)  Turks,  and  Timur 
(Tamerlane)  with  800,000  (1)  Mongols,  in  which  Bajazet 
was  defeated.  As  a result  Asia  Minor  fell  into  the  hands 
of  Timur.  Population,  about  30,000. 

Bayezid  himself,  with  one  of  his  Bons,  was  taken  pris- 
oner, and  the  unfortunate  Sultan  became  a part  of  his  vic- 
tor's pageant,  and  was  condemned  in  fetters  to  follow  his 
captor  about  in  his  pomps  and  campaigns.  The  fact  that 
he  was  carried  in  a barred  litter  gave  rise  to  the  well- 
known  legend  that  he  was  kept  in  an  iron  cage. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey. 

Angornu  (an-gor'no),  or  Angorno  (an-gor' 
no),  or  Ngornu  (n’gor'no).  A town  in  Bornu, 
Sudan,  situated  near  Lake  Chad,  about  lat.  12° 
45'  N.,  long.  13°  E.,  an  important  trading  cen- 
ter. Population,  about  20,000. 

Angostura  (an-gos-to'ra),  or  Ciudad  Bolivar 
(se-6-dad'  bo-le'var).  A town  in  Venezuela, 
situated  on  the  Orinoco  in  lat.  8°  10'  N.,  long. 
63°  50'  W.,  near  the  narrow  pass  of  the  river 
at  the  head  of  ocean  navigation.  It  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  town.  Population,  about 
11,000. 

Angouleme  ( on-go-lam The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Charente,  France,  situated  on  the 
Charente  in  lat.  45°  40'  N.,  long.  0°  10'  E. : the 
ancient  Inculisma.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  An- 


59 

goumois  and  frequently  an  appanage  of  the  royal  house. 
During  the  Huguenot  wars  it  was  several  times  sacked. 
The  cathedral  of  Angouleme  is  a highly  interesting  struc- 
ture built  in  1120,  with  wide  nave  and  transepts  domically 
vaulted,  and  no  aisles.  The  crossing  is  surmounted  by  a 
beautiful  ovoid  dome  on  an  octagonal  drum.  The  west 
front  has  several  tiers  of  arcades  between  low,  conically 
capped  towers,  and  bears  much  Romanesque  figure-sculp- 
ture of  great  interest.  The  fine  belfry,  over  the  north 
transept,  rises  in  six  arcaded  tiers,  and  resembles  an  Italian 
campanile.  Population,  37,507. 

Angouleme,  Due  d’  (Charles  de  Valois). 

Born  April  28,  1573:  died  Sept.  24,  1650.  A 
French  politician  and  general,  an  illegitimate 
son  of  Charles  IX.  and  Marie  Touchet,  made 
Due  d’ Angouleme  in  1619.  He  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Bastille,  1605-16,  for  his  intrigues  with  the  M arquise  de  Ver- 
neuil.  As  a soldier  he  served  with  distinction  at  Arques  and 
Ivry,  and  he  directed  the  sieges  of  Soissons  and  La  Ro- 
chelle. He  is  the  reputed  author  of  “M^moires  ” (1662). 

Angouleme,  Due  d’  (Louis  Antoine  de  Bour- 
bon). Born  at  Versailles,  Aug.  6,  1775:  died 
at  Goritz,  June  3,  1844.  The  eldest  son  of 
Charles  X.  of  France  (Comte  d’Artois)  and 
Maria  Theresa  of  Savoy,  princess  of  Sardinia. 
He  opposed  Napoleon  in  the  south  of  France  on  his  return 
from  Elba,  was  a commander  in  the  French  invasion  of 
Spain  in  1823,  and  was  exiled  in  1830. 

Angouleme,  Duchesse  d’  (Marie  Therese 
Charlotte).  Born  at  Versailles,  Dec.  19,  1778: 
died  Oct.  19,  1851.  Daughter  of  Louis  XVI. 
and  wife  of  the  Due  d’ Angouleme,  an  active 
adherent  of  the  ultra-royalists. 

Angoumois  (on-go-mwa').  A former  division 
of  western  France,  which,  with  Saintonge, 
formed  a government  previous  to  the  Revo- 
lution. (Compare  Saintonge.)  It  corresponds 
nearly  to  the  department  of  Charente. 

Angra  (ang'gra).  A seaport,  capital  of  the 
Azores,  situated  on  the  southern  coast  of  Ter- 
ceira,  in  lat.  38°  38'  N.,  long.  27°  13'  W.  it  is 
the  seat  of  a bishopric.  It  was  surnamed  “do  heroismo  ” 
for  its  patriotic  opposition  to  the  pretender  Dom  Miguel, 
1830-32.  Population,  about  11,000. 

Angra  Mainyu  (an'gra  mln'yo).  See  Ahura 
Masda. 

Angra  Pequena  (ang'gra  pa-ka'na).  [Pg., 

‘ Little  Bay.’]  A region  in  the  protectorate  of 
German  southwestern  Africa,  extending  from 
Orange  River  northward  to  the  Portuguese  An- 
gola north  of  Cape  Frio  (but  excluding  Walfisch 
Bay).  It  was  acquired  by  the  German  Luderitz  in  1883, 
and  passed  under  German  protection  in  1884. 

Angra  Pequena.  A harbor  on  the  coast  of  the 
protectorate  of  Angra  Pequena,  in  lat.  26°  38' 
S.,  long.  14°  55'  E. 

Angri  (an'gre).  A town  iu  the  province  of 
Salerno,  Italy,  19  miles  southeast  of  Naples. 
^Population,  7,597  ; commune,  11,219. 
Angstrom  (ang'strem),  Anders  Jonas.  Born 
at  Lodgo  in  Westernorrland,  Sweden,  Aug.  13, 
1814 : died  June  21,  1874.  A noted  Swedish 
physicist.  He  wa3  appointed  in  1858  professor  of  phys- 
ics at  Upsala  (where  he  had  been  connected  with  the  astro- 
nomical observatory  from  1843).  Author  of  “ Recherches 
sur  le  spectre  solaire  ’’  (1868),  etc. 

Anguilla  (ang-gwil  'la),  or  Snake  Island.  [Sp. 
Anguila.]  An  island  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  in 
the  British  West  Indies,  which  lies  north  of 
St.  Martin  in  lat.  18°  13'  N.,  long.  63°  4'  Yf. 
Area,  35  square  miles.  Population,  about  3,900. 
Anguisciola  (an-gwe'sho-la),  or  Angussola 
(an-gos-so'la),  Sofonisba.  Born  at  Cremona, 
Italy,  about  1530:  died  at  Genoa  1626  (?).  An 
Italian  portrait-painter,  a pupil  of  Bernardino 
Campi.  She  painted  several  portraits  of  herself  and  also 
portraits  (no  longer  extant)  of  the  royal  family  of  Spain. 

Angus  (ang'gus).  The  ancient  name  of  Forfar- 
shire. 

Angus,  Earl  of.  See  Douglas. 

Angus.  In  Shakspere’s  “Macbeth,”  a thane 
of  Scotland. 

Anhalt  (an'halt).  A duchy  of  northern  Ger- 
many and  state  of  the  German  Empire,  it  is 
surrounded  by  Prussia  and  consists  of  two  chief  portions, 
an  eastern  (Dessau-Kothen-Bernburg),  which  is  level,  and 
a western  (Ballenstedt),  which  is  hilly  and  mountainous. 
It  has  also  several  enclaves.  Its  capital  is  Dessau,  and  its 
government  a hereditary  constitutional  monarchy  under 
a duke  and  landtag.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  Bun- 
desrat  and  two  members  to  the  Reichstag.  It  became  an 
independent  principality  in  the  first  part  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury and  was  often  divided  and  reunited.  The  present 
duchy  was  formed  in  1863  by  the  union  of  the  duchies  of 
Anhalt- Dessau-Kbthen  and  Anhalt- Bemburg.  Area,  888 
square  miles.  Population,  328,029. 

Anhalt-Dessau,  Leopold,  Prince  of.  See  Leo- 
pold. 

Anholt  (iin'holt).  An  island  belonging  to  Den- 
mark, situated  in  the  Cattegat  47  miles  north 
of  Zealand.  It  is  seven  miles  long. 

Anholt.  A small  town  in  the  provinco  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Yssel  (on  the 
Dutch  frontier)  16  miles  northwest  of  Wesel. 


Anjou 

Anhwei  (an-hwa/e),  or  Ngan-hui  (n’gan- 
hwe').  A province  of  China,  bounded  by 
Kiang-su  on  the  northeast,  by  Kiang-su  and 
Che-kiang  on  the  east,  by  Kiang-si  on  the  south, 
by  Hu-peh  and  Ho-nan  on  the  west,  and  by 
Ho-nan  on  the  northwest.  Its  capital  is  Nganking. 
It  contains  part  of  the  green-tea  district.  Area,  54,810 
square  miles.  Population,  23,670,314. 

Anian  (a-ni-an'),  straits  of.  A name  of  un- 
certain origin  applied  first  in  the  16th  century 
to  the  passage  from  Bering  Sea  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  now  called  Bering  Strait.  Zaltieri,  1566, 
gives  the  name  Streto  de  Anian.  Mercator,  1569,  Ortelius, 
1570,  Porcacchi,  1572,  Fuiiani,  1574,  Wytfliet,  1597,  and 
others  later  give  the  strait  under  this  name,  which  by 
some  is  supposed  to  have  been  derived  from  an  Asiatic 
province  of  Ania.  Ortelius,  1570,  indicates  this  province 
in  N E.  Siberia.  Later  the  position  of  the  strait  was 
shifted  to  various  points  along  the  western  American 
coast  designating  entrance  or  passage  east.  The  name 
was  used  as  late  as  1821  by  Lapie  on  his  map. 

Anicetus  (an-i-se'tus).  Lived  about  60  a.  d. 

A freedman  and  tutor  of  Nero. 

Anicetus.  Bishop  of  Rome  about  154-166  a.  d. 
Aniches,  or  Aniene  (a-neslF).  A manufactur- 
ing and  mining  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
France,  14  miles  west  of  Valenciennes.  Popu- 
lation, 8,321. 

Aniello,  Tommaso.  See  Masaniello. 
Animuccia  (a-ne-mo'eba),  Giovanni.  Born  at 
Florence  about  1490  (?):  died  1571.  An  Ital- 
ian composer  of  sacred  music.  “He  composed 
the  famous  ‘Laudi,’  which  were  sung  at  the  Oratorio  of 
S.  Filippo  after  the  conclusion  of  the  regular  office,  and 
out  of  the  dramatic  tone  and  tendency  of  which  the  ‘ Ora- 
torio ’ is  said  to  have  been  developed.  Hence  he  has  been 
called  the  ‘Father  of  the  Oratorio.’”  Grove,  Diet,  of 
Music. 

Anio  (a'ne-o),  or  Aniene  (a-ne-a'ne),  or  Teve- 
rone  (ta-va-ro'ne).  [L.  Anio  (Anien-)  or  Amen, 
Gr.  Aviwv  or  Aviyg.]  A river  in  central  Italy, 
the  ancient  Anio,  which  joins  the  Tiber  3 miles 
north  of  Rome.  It  forms  a waterfall  330  feet  high 
near  Tivoli,  and  its  valley  is  noted  for  its  beauty  and  an- 
tiquities. 

Aniruddha  (an-i-rod'dha).  [Skt.,  ‘uncon- 
trolled.’] In  Hindu  mythology,  a son  of  Pra- 
dyumna  and  grandson  of  Krishna.  Usha,  a Daitya 
princess,  daughter  of  Bana,  falling  in  love  with  him,  had 
him  brought  by  magic  to  her  apartments  at  Souitapura. 
Bana  sent  guards  to  seize  them,  but  Aniruddha  slew  them 
with  an  iron  club.  Bana  then  secured  him  by  magic. 
Krishna,  Balarama,  and  Pradyumna  went  to  rescue  him 
and  fought  a great  battle,  in  which  Bana  was  aided  by 
Siva  and  Skanda,  the  god  of  war.  Bana  was  defeated, 
hut,  spared  at  the  intercession  of  Siva  and  Aniruddha,  was 
taken  home  to  Dvaraka  with  Usha  as  his  wife. 

Anjala.  In  Swedish  history,  an  unsuccess- 
ful league  of  noblemen  against  Gustavus  IH., 
1788. 

Anjar  (an-jar').  A small  town  in  Cutch,  India, 
lat.  23°  6' N.,  long.  70°10'E.  Population,  18,014. 
Anjeles.  See  Los  Angeles  (Chile). 

Anjengo  (an-jeng'go),  or  Anjutenga  (an-jo- 
teng'ga).  A village  in  Travancore,  India, 
situated  on  the  western  coast  in  lat.  8°  40'  N., 
long.  76°  45'  E.,  once  an  important  seaport. 
Anjer  (an'yer).  A seaport  in  Java,  in  lat.  6° 
4'  S.,  long.  105°  53'  E.  It  was  overwhelmed 
by  a tidal  wave  following  the  eruption  of 
Krakatoa  in  1883. 

Anjou  (an'jo ; F.  pron.  on-zho').  [L.  Andecavi, 
Andegavi,  a Gallic  tribe;  urbs  or  civitas  Ande- 
cava  or  Andecavorum,  their  city.]  An  ancient 
government  of  France,  capital  Angers,  it  was 
hounded  by  Maine  on  the  north,  by  Touraine  on  the  east, 
by  Poitou  on  the  south,  and  by  Brittany  on  the  west.  It 
comprised  the  department  of  Maine-et-Loire  and  small 
portions  of  adjoining  departments.  Anjou  was  united 
with  Touraine  in  1044,  and  with  Maine  in  1110.  By  the 
marriage  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet  with  Matilda,  heiress  of 
Henry  I..  Anjou,  England,  and  Normandy  were  united  in 
1154  when  Henry  II.  founded  tfie  Angevin  house  (Plan- 
tagenet). Anjou  was  conquered  by  Philip  Augustus  of 
France  about  1204,  and  was  united  subsequently  with 
Naples  and  Provence.  It  was  annexed  to  the  French 
crown  in  1480  by  Louis  XI. 

Anjou,  Counts  and  Dukes  of.  The  origin  of 
the  countship  is  referred  to  Ingelger,  seneschal 
of  Gatinais,  who  in  870  received  from  Charles 
the  Bald  that  portion  of  the  subsequent  prov- 
ince of  Anjou  which  lies  between  the  Maine 
and  the  Mayenne.  Among  his  descendants  are  Fulke, 
count  of  Anjou,  a Crusader,  who  became  king  of  Jerusa- 
lem 1131,  and  Fulke’s  son  Geoffroy  le  Plantagenet,  who 
married  Matilda,  the  daughter  and  heiress  of  Henry  I.  of 
England,  and  founded  the  English  royal  house  of  Plan- 
tagenet. (See  Henry  II.)  The  second  house  of  Anjou  was 
a branch  of  the  royal  family  of  France.  King  John  of 
- England  forfeited  his  French  fiefs  to  Philip  Augustus 
about  1204,  and  Anjou  passed  into  the  hands  of  Charles, 
the  brother  of  Louis  IX.  Charles  established  the  house  of 
Anjou  on  the  throne  of  Naples  in  1266.  His  son  Charles 
II.  of  Naples  gave  Anjou  and  Maine  to  his  son-in-law, 
Charles  of  Valois,  and  from  1290  the  counts  of  Valois  took 
the  title  of  duke  of  Anjou  and  count,  of  Maine.  The  son 
of  Charles  oIYalois  became  king  of  France,  as  Philip  VI., 
1328,  uniting  Anjou  to  the  crowu.  King  John  bestowed 


Anjou 

it  on  his  son  Louis  in  1356.  The  second  house  of  Anjou 
became  extinct  in  the  direct  line  on  the  death  of  Charles, 
nephew  of  Rene,  1481.  The  title  of  duke  of  Anjou  has 
also  been  borne  without  implying  territorial  sovereignty, 
by  Charles  VIII.  of  France,  by  the  four  sons  of  Henry  II., 
by  the  second  son  of  Henry  IV.,  by  the  two  sons  of  Louis 
XIV.,  by  Louis  XV.,  and  by  Philip  V.  of  Spain. 

Ankarstrom.  See  Anckarstrom. 

Anklam,  or  Anclaxn  (an'klam).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Peene  45  miles  northwest  of  Stettin.  It 
contains  a military  school.  It  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic 
town,  aud  was  several  times  besieged  in  th  j 17th  and  18th 
centuries.  Population,  15,625. 

Ankober  (an-ko'ber),  or  Ankobar  (-bar).  The 
former  capital  of  Shoa,  Abyssinia,  in  lat.  9° 34' 
N.,  long.  39°  53'  E.  Population,  about  2,000. 

Ankogel  (an'ko-gel).  A peak  of  the  Hohe 
Tauern,  about  10,700  feet  high,  on  the  borders  of 
Salzburg  and  Carinthia,  southeast  of  Gastein. 

Ankori  (an-ko'ri).  An  African  highland,  6,000 
to  7,000  feet  high,  between  Albert,  and  Victoria 
lakes.  The  population  is  dense,  and  the  chiefs 
belong  to  the  Huma  tribe  of  Galla  stock. 

Ankt  (iingkt).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a god- 
dess analogous  to  the  Greek  Hestia  (Vesta). 

Ann,  Mother.  See  Lee,  Ann. 

Anna  (an'a),  or  Anne  (an),  Saint.  [Of  Heb. 
origin:  same  as  Hannah. ] According  to  tradi- 
tion, the  mother  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Her  life 
and  the  birth  of  the  Virgin  are  recorded  in  several  of  the 
apocryphal  gospels.  Her  festival  is  kept  in  the  Greek 
Church  July  25,  and  in  the  Roman  Church  July  26. 

Anna.  In  New  Testament  history,  a prophetess 
of  Jerusalem,  noted  for  her  piety.  Luke  ii.  36, 37. 

Anna.  One  of  the  principal  female  characters 
in  Home’s  play  “Douglas.” 

Anna  Bolena.  An  opera  by  Donizetti,  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1830. 

Anna  Carlovna  (an'na  kar'lov-na).  See  Anna 
Leopoldovna. 

Anna  Comnena  (an'a  kom-ne'na).  Bom  at 
Constantinople,  Dec.  1,  1083 : died  1148.  A 
Byzantine  princess  and  historian,  daughter  of 
Alexius  I.  Comnenus.  She  wrote  the  “Alex- 
iad  ” (which  see). 

Anna,  Donna.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Mozart’s  opera  “Don  Giovanni.” 

Anna  Ivanovna  (an'na  e-va'nov-na).  Born 
Jan.  25,  1693:  died  Oct.  28,  1740.  Empress  of 
Russia  1730^0,  daughter  of  Ivan  V.,  brother 
of  Peter  the  Great.  She  was  elected  by  the  Secret 
High  Council,  consisting  of  eight  of  the  chief  nobles,  in 
preference  to  other  claimants,  after  having  promised  im- 
portant concessions  to  the  nobility.  She,  however,  foiled 
the  attempt  of  the  council  to  limit  her  power,  exiled  or 
executed  its  members,  arid  surrounded  herself  with  Ger- 
man favorites,  of  whom  Biren  or  Biron,  a Courlander  of 
low  extraction,  was  the  leader. 

Anna  Karenina  (an'na  ka-ra'ne-na).  A novel 
by  Tolstoi,  perhaps  the  most  representative  of 
his  works.  It  first  appeared  serially,  but  with 
long  intervals,  in  a Moscow  review,  and  was 
published  in  1878. 

Anna  Leopoldovna  (an'na  la-o-pol'dov-na),  or 
Carlovna  (kar'lov-na),  Elizabeth  Catherine 
Christine.  Born  Dec.  18, 1718 : died  March  18, 
1746.  Grand  duchess,  and  regent  of  Russia 
1740-41,  daughter  of  Charles  Leopold,  duke  of 
Mecklenburg,  and  wife  of  Anton  Ulric,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  On  the  death  of  the  czarina  Anna  Iva- 
novna, Oct.  28, 1740,  she  became  regent  for  her  son  Ivan, 
who  had  been  appointed  her  successor  by  Anna,  but  was 
deprived  of  this  post  Dec.  6,  1741,  by  a conspiracy  which 
deposed  Ivan  and  placed  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  the 
Great,  on  the  throne. 

Anna  Matilda  (an'a  ma-til'da).  The  name 
adopted  by  Mrs.  Hannah  Cowley,  dramatist 
and  poet,  in  a poetical  correspondence  with 
Robert  Merry  (who  called  himself  “ Della  Crus- 
ca”)  in  the  “World.”  With  two  others  of  her  school 
(the  “ Della  Cruscans")  she  was  held  up  to  scorn  by  Gif- 
ford in  his  “Baviad  and  Maeviad,”  and  the  name  “Anna 
Matilda”  has  passed  into  a synonym  of  namby-pamby 
verse  and  sentimental  fiction.  See  Laura  Matilda. 

Anna  Petrovna  (an'nape-trov'na).  Born  1708: 
died  1728.  Eldest  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great 
and  Catherine  I.,  wife  of  Charles  Frederick,  duke 
of  Holstein-Gottorp,  and  mother  of  Peter  III. 

Annabel  (an'a-bel).  [Jntw  hella,  fair  Anna.] 
A character  in  Dryden’s  “ Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel”  intended  for  the  Duchess  of  Monmouth. 

Annabella,  Queen.  In  Scott’s  novel  “The 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth,”  the  wife  of  King  Robert 
III.  aud  mother  of  Rothsay. 

Annaberg  (an'na-berG).  A town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  in  the  Erzgebirge  18 
miles  southeast  of  Chemnitz.  It  is  one  of  the  chief 
manufacturing  places  in  the  kingdom,  noted  for  its  laces, 
ribbons,  etc.,  and  is  the  center  of  a formerly  Important 
mining  district.  Population,  16,837. 

Annals  of  a Quiet  Neighborhood.  A novel 
by  George  Macdonald,  published  in  1866. 


60 

Annals  of  the  Parish.  A novel  by  John  Galt, 
published  in  1821. 

Annam,  or  Anam  (a-nam'  or  an-nam').  A 
French  protectora  te,  capital  Hue,  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Indo-Chinese  peninsula.  It  lies  be- 
tween Tongking  on  the  north,  the  China  Sea  on  the  east, 
and  French  Cochin-China  on  the  south.  Its  boundaries 
toward  the  west  are  undetlned.  It  is  rich  in  agricultural 
resources.  The  government  is  a monarchy,  with  a French 
resident.  The  inhabitants  are  Annamites  (in  the  towns  and 
along  the  coasts)  and  Mois  (in  the  hill  districts),  and  the 
prevailing  religions  are  Buddhism,  Confucianism,  spirit- 
worship,  and  Christianity.  It  was  formerly  a Chinese  pos- 
session, and  became  independent  in  1428.  French  Cochin- 
China  was  ceded  to  France  1802  and  1867.  It  became  a 
French  protectorate  by  a treaty  signed  in  1884.  Tongking 
was  ceded  to  France  1884.  Area  of  protectorate,  about 
62,100  square  miles.  Population,  over  6,000,000. 

Annamaboe,  or  Anamabo  (a-na-ma-bo'). 

A seaport  and  British  station  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
West  Africa,  10  miles  east  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 
Population,  about  5,000. 

Annamitic,  or  Anamitic  (an-am-it'ik).  One 
of  the  languages  of  Cochin-China,  originating 
from  a native  dialect  mixed  with  Chinese,  the 
compound  dialect  being  most  nearly  related 
to  the  dialect  of  Canton. 

Annan  (an'an).  A seaport  and  parliamentary 
and  royal  burgh  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated at  the  entrance  of  the  Annan  into  Sol- 
way Firth,  in  lat.  54°  59'  N.,  long.  3°  15'  W. 
It  is  the  birthplace  of  Edward  Irving.  Popu- 
lation, 5,804. 

Annan.  A river,  about  40  miles  long,  in  Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  which  flows  into  the  Sol- 
way Firth  at  Annan. 

Annandale  (an'an-dal).  The  valley  of  the 
Annan,  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland. 

Annapolis  (a-nap  ' o-lis).  [‘City  of  Anna,’ 
Queen  Anne.]  A seaport,  the  capital  of 
Maryland  (and  of  Anne  Arundel  County),  sit- 
uated on  the  Severn,  2 miles  from  Chesapeake 
Bay,  in  lat.  38°  59'  N.,  long.  76°  29'  W.,  the 
seat  of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy, 
and  of  the  non-sectarian  St.  John’s  College. 
The  town  was  founded  in  1049,  and  it  became  a city  in  1696. 
It  was  at  first  called  Providence  and  Anne  Arundel  Town, 
and  it  was  one  of  the  seats  of  the  Continental  Congress 
(Nov.,  1783,  to  June,  1784).  Washington  here  resigned  his 
commission  as  commander-in-chief,  Dec.,  1.83.  Popula- 
tion, 8,009,  (1910). 

Annapolis.  A seaport  in  Nova  Scotia,  near 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  lat.  44°  31'  34''  N.,  long. 
65°  47'  20"  W.  It  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1604, 
and  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1713.  It  was  originally 
named  Port  Royal. 

Annapolis  Convention.  Aconvention  of  twelve 
delegates  from  the  States  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Virginia, 
which  met  at  Annapolis,  Sept.  11,  1786,  to  pro- 
mote commercial  interests.  It  recommended 
the  calling  of  another  convention  (the  Consti- 
tutional Convention)  in  1787. 

Ann  Arbor  (an  ar'bor).  A city,  the  capital 
of  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan,  situated  on 
Huron  River  38  miles  west  of  Detroit:  the 
seat  of  the  University  of  Michigan.  Popula- 
tion, 14,817,  (1910). 

Annas  (an'as).  [Heb.,  ‘merciful.’]  A high 
priest  of  the  Jews,  called  Ananus  (which  see) 
by  Josephus,  according  to  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed high  priest  by  Quirinus,  proconsul  of 
Syria,  about  7 a.  d.,  and  deposed  by  Valerius 
Gratus,  procurator  of  Judea,  in  14  A.  d.  He  was 
followed  by  Ishmael,  the  son  of  Phabaeus  ; Eleazar,  the  son 
of  Annas  ; and  Simon,  the  son  of  Camithus,  when  Joseph, 
surnamed  Caiaphas,  the  son-in-law  of  Annas,  was  elevated 
to  the  office  about  27  A.  D.  In  the  New  Testament  (Luke 
iii.  2,  John  xviii.  13,  Acts  iv.  6)  Annas  is  mentioned  as 
high  priest  conjointly  with  Caiaphas.  The  first  hearing  of 
Jesus  was  before  Annas,  who  sent  him  bound  to  Caiaphas. 

Anne  (an).  Born  at  London,  Feb.  6,  1665 : died 
at  Kensington,  England,  Aug.  1,  1714.  Queen 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  1702-14,  daugh- 
ter of  James  II.  of  England  and  Anne  Hyde, 
and  wife  of  Prince  George  of  Denmark  (mar- 
ried 1683).  She  was  largely  under  the  influence  of  the 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  aud  later  of  Mrs. 
Masham.  She  sided  with  the  Prince  of  Orange  at  the  Revo- 
lution. Among  tlie  events  in  her  reign  were  the  Warof  the 
Spanish  Succession  and  the  union  of  England  and  Scotland. 

Anne  of  Austria.  Born  at  Madrid,  Sept.  22, 
1601:  died  Jan.  20,  1666.  A queen  of  France, 
daughter  of  Philip  III.  of  Spain,  and  wife  of 
Louis  XIII.  of  France.  She  was  regent  1643-61. 

Anne  of  Bohemia.  Born  at  Prague,  Bohemia, 
May  11,  1366:  died  June  7,  1394.  A queen  of 
England,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  IV., 
and  wife  of  Richard  II.  of  England. 

Anne  de  Beaujeu  (an  de  bo-zhe').  Born  about 
1462:  died  1522.  Daughter  of  Louis  XI.,  and 
regent  of  France  1483-90. 

Anne  of  Brittany  (Bretagne).  Bom  at  Nantes, 


Annunciation,  The 

1476:  died  at  Blois,  1514.  The  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Francis  II.,  duke  of  Brittany,  wife 
of  Charles  VIII.  of  France  (1491)  and,  after 
his  death,  of  his  successor,  Louis  XII.  (1499). 
Through  her  the  last  of  the  great  fiefs  of  France 
was  permanently  united  to  the  crown. 

Anne  of  cieves.  Born  at  Cleves,  Germany, 
1515:  died  in  England,  1557.  A queen  of  Eng- 
land, daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Cleves,  and  fourth 
wife  of  Henry  VIII.  She  was  married  in  Jan- 
uary, 1540,  and  divorced  in  J uly  of  the  same  year. 
Anne  of  Denmark.  Born  at  Skanderborg, 
Denmark,  Dec.  12,  1574:  died  March  2,  1619. 
A queen  of  England  and  Scotland,  daughter  of 
Frederick  II.  of  Denmark,  and  wife  of  James 
VI.  of  Scotland  (James  I.  of  England). 

Anne  of  Geierstein.  A romance  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1829.  The  scene  is  laid 
mainly  in  Switzerland  in  the  15th  century. 
Anne  Boleyn.  A tragedy  by  Dean  Milman, 
produced  in  1821.  See  also  Anna  Bolena. 
Anne  Of  Savoy.  Born  1320 : died  1359.  Em- 
press-regent of  the  Eastern  Empire,  daughter 
of  Amadeus  V.,  duke  of  Savoy.  She  was  married 
to  the  emperor  Andronicus  III.  in  1337,  and,  after  hi3 
death  (1341),  became  regent  during  the  minority  of  her 
son  John  V.  Palseologus. 

Anne,  Sister.  The  sister  of  Bluebeard’s  last 
wife,  Fatima,  she  watched  for  the  cloud  of  dust 
which  was  to  indicate  the  arrival  of  their  brothers  to  res- 
cue them.  See  Bluebeard. 

Anne  Ivanovna.  See  Anna  Ivanovna. 

Anne  Page.  See  Page. 

Anne  Petrovna.  See  Anna  Petrovna. 

Annecy  (an-se').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Annecy  in  lat.  45°  53'  N.,  long.  6°  8' 
E.,  the  former  seat  of  the  coxtnts  of  Genevois. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  ste^l,  etc.  It 
contains  an  old  castle,  a cathedral,  and  a bishop’s  palace. 
Population,  commune,  14,351. 

Annecy,  Lake  of.  A lake,  9 miles  long,  in  the 
department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  near  An- 
necy. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Fier  to  the  Rhone. 
Annenkof  (an'en-kof),  Michael.  Born  April 
30, 1835  : died  1899.  A Russian  general  and  en- 
gineer who  projected  andsuperintendedthecon- 
struction  of  the  Russian  Transcaspian  Railway. 
Annenwullen  (an'nen-vul-len).  A manufactur- 
ing town,  in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prus- 
sia, near  Dortmund.  Population,  12,186. 
Annesley  (anz'li),  Arthur.  Born  at  Dublin, 
July  10, 1614:  died  April  26, 1686.  An  English 
statesman,  son  of  Sir  Francis  Annesley  (Lord 
Mountnorris  and  Viscount  Valentia  in  Ire- 
land), created  Earl  of  Anglesea  in  1661.  He  sat 
in  Richard  Cromwell’s  parliament  of  1658;  was  president 
of  the  council  of  state  in  1660,  aiding  in  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.;  succeeded  to  his  father’s  titles  in  1660; 
and  was  lord  privy  seal  1672-82.  He  supported  the  par- 
liamentary attack  on  James  in  a paper  addressed  to  Charles 
II.,  entitled  “The  Account  of  Arthur,  Earl  of  Anglesea, 
to  your  Most  Excellent  Majesty  on  the  true  state  of  your 
Majesty’s  government  and  kingdom”  (1682). 

Annesley  (anz'li)  Bay,  or  Adulis  (a-do'lis) 
Bay,  or  Zulla  (zol'la)  Bay.  An  arm  of  the 
Red  Sea  on  its  western  coast,  southeast  of 
Massowah,  extending  30  miles  inland,  about 
lat.  15°  N. 

Anni  (Sn'ne),  or  Ani  (a'ne).  A ruined  medie- 
val city  in  the  government  of  Erivan,  Caucasus, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Arpachai  about  28 
miles  southeast  of  Kars : the  ancient  capital  of 
Armenia. 

Annie  Laurie.  A song  written  by  William 
Douglas  of  Kirkcudbright. 

Anniston  (an'is-ton).  A manufacturing  city 
in  Calhoun  Couuty,  Alabama,  60  miles  east  of 
Birmingham:  the  center  of  a great  iron-mining 
region.  Population,  12,794,  (1910). 

Annius  of  Viterbo  (an'i-us  ovve-ter'bo).  Born 
at  Viterbo,  Italy,  about  1432:  died  Nov.  13, 
1502.  An  Italian  Dominican  monk  and  scholar. 
He  published  a spurious  collection  of  lost 
classics. 

Anniviers  (a-ne-ve-a'),  Val  d’,  G.  Einfisch- 
tbal  (in'fish-tal).  An  Alpine  valley  20  miles 
long,  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland, 
which  unites  with  the  Rhone  valley  opposite 
Sierre.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 
Anno,  Saint.  See  Hanno. 

Annonay  (iin-no-na').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardeche,  France,  37  miles  southwest 
of  Lyons,  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  paper, 
silk  goods,  and  glove-leather.  Population, 
17,300. 

Annunciation,  The;  1.  A very  beautiful  pic- 
ture by  Andrea  del  Sarto,  in  the  Galleria  Pitti, 
Florence. — 2.  A painting  by  Luca  Signorelli 
(1491),  in  the  San  Carlo  Chapel  of  the  Duomo 


Annunciation,  The 

at  Volterra,  Italy:  one  of  the  master’s  best 
works. — 3.  A picture  by  Titian,  in  the  Scuola 
di  San  Rocco  at  Venice. — 4.  A characteristic 
Preraphaelite  painting  by  Dante  Gabriel  Ros- 
setti, in  the  National  Gallery,  London.  The 
Virgin  was  painted  from  Christina  Rossetti. — 
5.  A painting  by  Fra  Angelico,  in  Madrid. 

Anmrnzio  (an-non'tzi-o),  Gabriele  d’.  Born  at 
Francavilla  al  Mare,  near  Pescara,  Italy,  in 
1864.  An  Italian  poet  and  novelist.  He  has 
written  “ Primo  Vere"  (1879),  “Canto  Nuovo”  (1882), 
“ Terra  Vergine"  (1882),  “ Intermezzo  di  rime  ” (1883),  “ 11 
libro  delli  Vergini"  (1884),  “L’lsotteo:  La  Chimera” 
(1885-88),  “ San  Pantaleone  ’’  (1886),  “ Elegie  romane  " (1887- 
91),  “Giovanni  Episcopo”  (1891 : translated  as  “Episcopo 
and  Company,"  1896),  “ Poema  paradisiaco : Odi  navali  ’’ 
(1891-93),  “II  Piacere"  (1889),  “ L'Innocente  " (1891),  “Tri- 
onfo  della  Morte”  (1894  : translated  as  “ The  Triumph  of 
Death,”  1896),  “Levergini  delle  Rocce  ” (1896),  “La  Citta 
Morta”  (1898),  “La  Gioconda"  (1899),  “II  fuoco ’’ (1900), 
“ La  Canzone  di  Garibaldi  ” (1900),  “ Francesca  da  Rimini  ” 
(1901),  “Li  Laudi"  (1901),  “La  ftaccola  sotto  il  moggio" 
(1905),  “Pid  cha  l’amore”  (1906),  “L’Orazione  e 1a.  can- 
zone in  morte  d'  Giosuk  Carducci ''  (1907),  “La  nave  ” (1908). 

Annus  Mirabilis  (an'us  mi-rab'i-lis).  [L.,  ‘ The 
Year  of  Wonders’  (1666).]  A poem  by  Dryden, 
descriptive  of  the  Dutch  war  and  the  London 
fire  of  1666  (published  1667). 

Annweiler  or  Anweiler  (an'vi-ler).  A small 
manufacturing  town  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate, 
Bavaria,  on  the  Queich  22  miles  southwest  of 
Speyer.  Near  it  is  the  Annweiler  Thai  (Pala- 
tine Switzerland). 

Anomosans  (an-o-me'anz).  [Gr.  avdyoiop,  un- 
like, dissimilar.]’  A sect  of  extreme  Arians  in 
the  4th  century.  They  held  that  the  Son  is  of  an 
essence  not  even  similar  to  that  of  the  Father  (whence 
their  name),  while  the  more  moderate  Allans  held  that 
the  essence  of  the  Son  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Father, 
though  not  identical  with  it.  It  was  founded  at  Antioch, 
and  was  led  by  Aetius,  and  after  him  by  Eunomius,  whence 
its  members  were  also  called  Aetians  and  Eunomians.  Its 
tenets  were  finally  condemned  at  the  Council  of  Constan- 
tinople (381).  See  Eudoxians. 

Anonymus  Cuspiniani  (a-non'i-mus  kus-pin-i- 
a'ni).  [NL.,  ‘the  anonymous  (manuscript)  of 
Cuspinian.’]  See  the  extract. 

Anonymus  Cuspiniani  is  the  uncouth  designation  of  the 
mysterious  MS.  (also  edited  by  Roncalli)  which  is  our 
most  valuable  authority  for  the  last  quarter-century  of  the 
Western  Empire.  The  MS.  of  this  chronic! e is  in  the  Impe- 
rial Library  at  Vienna.  It  was  first  published  by  a certain 
Joseph  Cuspinianus,  a scholar  of  the  Renaissance  (who 
died  in  1529),  and  hence  the  name  by  which  it  is  techni- 
cally known.  Hodykin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  211. 

Anoobis.  See  AnvMs. 

Anoukis,  or  Anouke,  or  Anaka.  See  Ankt. 

Anquetil  (onk-tel'),  Louis  Pierre.  Born  at 
Paris,  Jan.  21,  1723:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  6, 
1808.  A French  historian.  He  wrote  “Histoire 
de  France”  (1805),  “Esprit  de  la  ligue”  (1767),  “Prdcis  de 
l'histoire  universelle  ” (1797),  etc. 

Anquetil  - Duperron  (ohk  - tel  'dfi  -per  - ron' ), 
Abraham  Hyacinthe.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  7, 
1731:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1805.  A French 
Orientalist,  brother  of  L.  P.  Anquetil.  His 
chief  work  is  “Zend-Avesta.” 

Ans  (on  or  ans).  A northwestern  suburb  of 
Liige,  Belgium. 

Ansarii  (an-sa'ri-i),  or  Nossarii  (no-sa'ri-i). 
An  Arabian  people  in  Syria,  dwelling  in  the 
mountains  between  the  Orontes  north  and 
Tripolis  south.  Number  (estimated),  75.000. 

Ansbach  (ans'bach).  An  ancient  principality 
of  Germany,  ruled  by  margraves  of  the  Ho- 
henzollern  house.  It  was  united  with  Bayreuth  in 
1769,  acquired  by  Prussia  in  1791-92,  ceded  to  Bavaria  by 
Prussia  in  1805,  occupied  by  France  in  1806,  and  ceded  to 
Bavaria  in  1810. 

Ansbach  (ans'bach),  or  Anspach  (ans'pach). 
The  capital  of  Middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Franconian  Rezat  25  miles  south- 
west of  Nuremberg:  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  principality  of  Ansbach.  Popula- 
tion, 18,478. 

Anscharius.  See  Ansgar. 

Ansdell(anz'del),  Richard.  Born  at  Liverpool, 
1815 : died  April  20,  1885.  An  English  artist, 
noted  chiefly  for  paintings  of  animal  life. 

Anse  (ons).  A small  town  in  the  department  of 
Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the  Azergue  near 
the  Saone,  14  miles  north-northwest  of  Lyons. 
It  was  an  important  place  in  the  middle  ages. 

Ansedonia  (an-sa-do'ne-ii).  A small  town  in 
Tuscany,  Italy,  on  the  coast  near  Orbetello; 
the  ancient  Cosa.  It  contains  Etruscan  fortifications 
the  most  perfect  in  Italy,  in  plan  approximately  a square 
of  about  a mile  in  circuit.  The  lower  part  of  the  wails  is 
of  huge  polygonal  blocks  so  exactly  fitted  that  a knife- 
blade  cannot  be  inserted  in  the  joints  ; the  upper  part  is 
of  approximately  squared  blocks  and  horizontal  courses. 
The  height  reaches  30  feet,  the  thickness  is  about  6 feet. 
There  are  a number  of  large  towers  and  three  double 
gates. 


61 


Anthology,  The 


Anselm  (an'selm),  Saint.  Born  at  or  near 
Aosta,  Italy,  1033:  died  at  Canterbury,  April 
21,  1109.  A celebrated  divine,  founder  of  scho- 
lastic theology.  He  studied  under  Lanfranc  at  Bee 
where  he  assumed  the  monastic  habit  in  1060 ; was  prior 
of  Bee  1063-78,  and  its  abbot  1078-93 ; and  was  archbishop 
of  Canterbury  1093-1109.  He  stubbornly  supported,  in  a 
dispute  with  William  II.  and  Henry  I.  concerning  the  right 
of  investiture,  the  policy  inaugurated  by  Gregory  VII. 
Chief  works:  “Monologion,"  “ Broslogion,”  “Cur  Deus 
Homo?"  His  day  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  Church 
April  21. 

Anselm  of  Laon.  Born  at  Laon,  France,  about 
1030  : died  July  15,  1117.  A French  theologian, 
author  of  an  interlinear  gloss  on  the  Vulgate. 
Anselme  (on-selm'),  Jacques  Bernard  Mo- 
deste  d’.  Born  at  Apt,  July  22, 1740:  died  1812. 
A French  general,  commander  of  the  army  of 
the  Var  in  1792.  He  was  suspended  from  his  command 
and  imprisoned  1793,  on  the  charge  of  having  permitted 
the  pillage  of  the  conquered  county  of  Nice ; but  was  set 
at  liberty  by  the  revolution  of  July,  1794,  and  lived  in  re- 
tirement till  his  death. 

Anselme  (on-selm').  A character  in  the  drama 
“L’Avare,”  by  Moliere. 

Ansgar  (ans'gar),  or  Anscharius  (ans-ka'ri- 
us).  Born  near  Amiens,  France,  Sept.  9 (?), 
801  a.  D. : died  at  Bremen,  Feb.  3,  865.  A 
Frankish  missionary  to  Denmark  (827),  Swe- 
den (828-831),  and  northern  Germany:  called 
“The  Apostle  of  the  North.”  He  was  the  first 
bishop  of  Hamburg  (831).  This  bishopric  was  afterward 
(846)  united  with  that  of  Bremen. 

Anshumant.  In  Hindu  mythology,  a son  of 
Asamanjas  and  grandson  of  Sagara.  He  brought 
back  the  horse  carried  off  from  Sagara’s  Asvamedha  sacri- 
fice, and  discovered  the  remains  of  Sagara’s  sixty  thousand 
sons  who  had  been  killed  by  the  fire  of  Kapila’s  wrath. 

Ansibarii.  See  Ampsivarii. 

A.nslo  (ans'lo),  Reinier.  Born  at  Amsterdam, 
1626:  died  at  Perugia,  May  10,  1669.  A Dutch 
poet.  He  wrote  “ The  Martyr  Crown  of  St.  Stephen,” 
“ The  Plague  at  Naples,”  and  “The  Paris  Wedding  ” (i.  e., 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew). 

Anson  (an' son),  George  (Lord  Anson).  Born 
at  Shugborough,  Staffordshire,  April  23,  1697 : 
died  at  MoorPark,  Hertfordshire,  June  6,  1762. 
A celebrated  English  admiral.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1712,  became  a captain  in  1724,  and  from  1/24  to 
1735  was  generally  cruising  on  the  coast  of  Carolina.  In 


Anstrather  (an'stfir),  East  and  West.  Two 
royal  burghs  in  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  on  the 
coast  17  miles  northeast  of  Edinburgh. 

Anta,  or  Antha  (an'ta).  The  Egyptian  name 
of  the  goddess  Anaitis. 

Antseus  (an-te'us).  [Gr.  Avraloc.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a Libyan  giant  and  wrestler,  son 
of  Poseidon  and  Ge.  He  was  invincible  so  long  as 
he  remained  in  contact  with  his  mother  the  earth.  He 
compelled  strangers  in  his  country  to  wrestle  with  him, 
and  built  a house  to  Poseidon  of  their  skulls.  Heracles 
discovered  the  source  of  his  strength,  and  lifting  him  into 
the  air  crushed  him. 

Antalcidas  (an-tal'si-das).  A Spartan  admiral 
and  politician  who  flourished  in  the  first  half 
of  the  4th  century  B.  C.  He  concluded  with 
Persia  the  Peace  of  Antalcidas,  387  B.  c. 

Antananarivo.  See  Tananarivo. 

Antar  ( an'tar)  or  Antara  (an'ta-ra).  An  Arab 
warrior  and  poet  who  lived,  probably,  a little 
before  the  time  of  Mohammed.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  author  of  one  of  the  poems  hungup  in  the 
Kaaba  at  Mecca,  and  the  hero  of  a celebrated  romance 
named  from  him,  the  author  of  which  is  unknown.  (See 

* Asrnai.) 

Antarctic  Ocean.  That  part  of  the  ocean  which 
is  included  between  the  south  pole  and  the  Ant- 
arctic Circle.  Among  the  lands,  or  supposed  lands,  dis- 
covered in  this  region,  are  Victoria  Land,  Wilkes  Land, 
King  Oscar  IX.  Land,  and  Alexander  I.  Land.  Graham 
Land  has  recently  been  shown  to  be  archipelagic.  Tracts 
of  land  and  sea  north  of  the  Antarctic  Circle,  as  the  South 
Shetlands,  are  sometimes  included.  No  trace  of  animal 
life  belonging  to  the  land  surface  has  yet  been  discovered 
in  the  Antarctic  tract.  Mount  Erebus,  active  volcano, 
13,000  feet ; Mount  Melbourne,  about  15,000  feet.  Visited 
by  Cook  1772-73,  Weddell  (to  75°),  D'Urville  1839,  Wilkes 
1839,  Ross  1841-42  (to  lat.  78°  10'),  the  Challenger  ex- 
pedition 1874,  Larsen  1893,  the  Belgica  expedition  1897- 
1899,  Borchgreviuk  1898-1901,  and  the  British  Antarctic 
expedition  1902  (to  lat.  82°  17’,  the  farthest  point  reached 
up  to  that  date).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  3i. 

Antares  (an-ta'rez).  [Gr.  Avrapyc  (Ptolemy), 
from  am,  against,  corresponding  to,  similar,  and 
"Apvc,  Ares,  Mars : so  called  because  this  star 
resembles  in  color  the  planet  Mars.]  A red 
star  of  the  first  magnitude,  the  middle  one  of 
three  in  the  body  of  the  Scorpion  ; a Scorpii. 

Antelope  Island,  or  Church  Island.  The  lar- 
gest island  in  Great  SaltLake,  Utah.  Length, 
about  18  miles. 


1740  he  commanded  a squadron  of  six  ships  sent  to  the 
Pacific.  Two  ships  were  driven  back  by  storms,  one  was 
lost  at  Cape  Horn,  and  two  others  were  destroyed  as  unsea- 
worthy. In  the  remaining  vessel,  the  Centurion,  of  60  guns, 
he  nearly  destroyed  the  commerce  of  the  Spanish  colonies 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  blockaded  ports,  and  even  sacked  and 
burned  towns.  He  then  crossed  the  Pacific,  captured 
the  Spanish  treasure-ship  on  its  way  from  Manilla  to 
Acapulco  (June  20,  1/43),  obtained  booty  to  the  value  of 
£500,000,  and  reached  England  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
in  June,  1744.  He  was  made  rear-admiral,  and  in  1746 
vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  with  the  command  of  the  Chan- 
nel fleet.  On  May  3, 1747,  he  intercepted  a French  convoy 
off  Cape  Finisterre,  and  gained  a brilliant  victory.  In  re- 
ward he  was  created  Baron  Anson.  Thereafter  he  was 
engaged  in  organizing  the  navy,  and  was  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  from  June,  1751,  until  Nov.,  1756,  and  again 
from  June,  1757,  until  his  death.  In  June,  1761,  he  at- 
tained the  highest  naval  rank  as  admiral  of  the  fleet. 

Ansonia  (an-so'ni-a).  A city  of  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the  Nauga- 
tuck River  10  miles  west  by  north  of  New 
Haven.  It  has  manufactures  of  copper,  brass, 
and  electrical  goods,  clocks,  etc.  Population, 
15,152,  (1910). 

Anspach  (ans'pach),  Margravine  of.  See 

Berkeley,  Elizabeth. 

Ansted  (an'sted),  David  Thomas.  Born  at 
London,  Feb.  5,  1814:  died  at  Melton,  May  20, 
1880.  An  English  geologist,  professor  of  geol- 
ogy in  King’s  College,  London,  1840-53.  He 
was  the  author  of  “Geology”  (1844),  “Great 
Stone  Book  of  Nature”  (1863),  etc. 

Anster  (an'ster),  John.  Born  at  Charleville, 
County  Cork,  Ireland,  1793:  died  at  Dublin, 
June  9, 1867.  An  Irish  scholar  and  poet,  regius 
professor  of  civil  law  in  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, 1837-67.  He  translated  Goethe’s  “Faust” 
(1835,  1864). 

Anstett  (an'stet),  Johann  Protasius  von. 

Born  at  Strasburg,  1766:  died  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  May  14,  1835.  A Russian  diplomatist. 
He  concluded  with  Prussia  the  convention  of  Kalish, 
Feb.  28,  1813:  assisted  Nesselrode  in  arranging  the  sub- 
sidy treaty  of  England  with  Russia  and  Prussia  at  Reich- 
enbach,  June  15,  1813;  represented  Russia  with  plenary 
powers  at  the  congress  of  Prague,  July  15-Aug.  10, 1813; 
and  from  1815  to  his  death  was  ambassador  extraordinary 
and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  German  Confedera- 
tion. 

Anstey  (an'sti),  Christopher.  Born  at  Brink- 
ley,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  Oct.  31,  1724: 
died  at  Chippenham,  England,  Aug.  3,  1805. 
An  English  satirical  poet,  author  of  “ New  Bath 
Guide”  (1766),  etc. 

Anstey,  F.  A pseudonym  of  T.  A.  Guthrie. 


Antenor  (an-te'nor).  [Gr.  Avri/vup.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a Trojan,  according  to  Homer  the  wisest 
of  the  elders.  He  was  the  host  of  Menelaus  and  Odys- 
seus when  they  visited  Troy,  and  strongly  advised  the 
Trojans  to  surrender  Helen.  His  friendliness  toward  the 
Greeks  in  the  end  amounted  to  treason. 

Antenor.  Lived  about  509  b.  c.  An  Athenian 
sculptor  who  “ made  the  first  bronze  statues  of 
Harmodius  and  Aristogeiton,  which  the  Athe- 
nians set  up  in  the  Cerameicus.  (B.  C.  509.) 
These  statues  were  carried  off  to  Susa  by  Xerxes,  and 
their  place  was  supplied  by  others  made  either  by  C'allias 
or  by  Praxiteles.  After  the  conquest  of  Persia,  Alexander 
the  Great  sent  the  statues  back  to  Athens,  where  they 
were  again  set  up  in  the  Cerameicus.”  Smith,  Diet,  of 
Gr.  and  Rom.  Biog. 

Antequera  (an-ta-ka'ra).  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malaga,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadal- 
horce  25  miles  north  of  Malaga : the  Roman 
Antiquaria.  It  has  manufactures  of  woolen  goods  and 
silk3,  tanneries,  etc.  It  was  captured  from  the  Moors  in 
111).  Population,  31,609. 

Anteros  (an'te-ros).  [Gr.  Avrepuc,  from  avrl, 
against,  and  epuc,  love.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
son  of  Aphrodite  and  Ares  and  brother  of  Eros. 
He  was  the  god  of  unhappy  love,  the  avenger 
of  unrequited  affection : the  opposite  of  Eros. 
Anteros.  Bishop  of  Rome  235-236,  successor  of 
St.  Pontianus.  He  was  a Greek  by  birth.  According 
to  Eusebius,  he  was  elected  in  238,  dying  one  month  later, 
but  most  modern  historians  follow  Baronius,  as  above. 

Antesians.  See  Anclesians. 

Anthemius  (an-the'mi-us).  [Gr.  Avdeptoc.] 
Born  at  Tralles,  Lydia : died  about  534.  A 
Greek  mathematician  and  architect.  He  was 
one  of  the  architects  employed  by  the  emperor  Justinian 
in  building  the  church  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople. 
Anthemius.  Emperor  of  the  West  467-473 
(472  f ),  son  of  Procopius  and  son-in-law  of  the 
eastern  emperor  Marcian.  He  was  nominated  em- 
peror of  the  West  by  the  eastern  emperor  Leo,  on  the  ap- 
plication of  Ricimer  for  a successor  to  Majorian,  and 
was  confirmed  at  Rome.  He  became  the  father-in-law 
of  Ricim<  r in  467,  and  was  killed  in  a civil  war  which 
broke  out  between  them. 

Anthia  (an-thi'ii).  [Gr.  vAvdua\ . The  heroine 
in  the  romance  “Ephesiaca,”  by  Xenophon  of 
Ephesus. 

Anthology,  The.  [Gr.  bvdoAoyta,  LGr.  also  av- 
6ol6yiov,  a flower-gathering,  hence  a collec- 
tion of  small  poems,  from  avOoMyoc,  gathering 
flowers,  from  av0o<;,  a flower,  and  Weyetv  = L. 
legere,  gather,  read.]  A collection  of  several 
thousand  short  Greek  poems  by  many  authors. 


Anthology,  The 

written  for  the  most  part  in  the  elegiac  meter. 
In  it  every  period  of  Greek  literature  is  represented,  from 
the  Persian  war  to  the  decadenoe  of  Byzantium.  The  first 
Anthology  was  compiled  by  Meleager  of  Gadara  in  the  1st 
century  B.  c.  : to  this  additions  were  made  by  Philippas  of 
Thessalonica  about  100  a.d.  In  the  collection  by  Agathias 
of  Myrina  (6th  century)  the  poems  are  (for  the  first  time) 
arranged  by  subjects.  See  the  extract. 

The  Greek  Anthology  brings  together  epigrams  and 
short  pieces  ranging  over  about  1,000  years, — from  Simon- 
ides of  Ceos  (490  b.  c.)  to  the  sixth  century  of  our  era. 
Maximus  Planudes,  a monk  of  Constantinople  (1330  a.  d.), 
put  together  a collection,  founded  on  that  of  Agathias 
(550  A.  D.),  in  seven  books.  This  was  the  only  one  till,  in 
1606,  the  scholar  Saumaise,  better  known  as  Salmasius, 
found  a manuscript  in  the  library  of  the  Elector  Palatine 
at  Heidelberg,  containing  another  Greek  Anthology,  put 
together  by  Constantinus  Cephalas about  920  a.d.  This  is 
now  known  as  the  Palatine  Anthology ; and  it  is  now  seen 
that  Planudes  had,  in  large  measure,  merely  rearranged  or 
abridged  it.  Love,  art,  mourning  for  the  dead,  the  whole 
range  oi  human  interests  and  sympathies,  lend  leaves  to 
this  garland  of  Greek  song.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  160. 

Antbon  (an'thon),  Charles.  Born  atNew  York, 
Nov.  19,  1797 : died  at  New  York,  July  29, 1867. 
An  American  classical  teacher,  professor  of 
Greek  in  Columbia  College.  He  edited  Lemprifere’s 
* Classical  Dictionary  ”(1841),  and  compiled  a “ Dictionary 
of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities  ”(1848),  and  various  clas- 
sical text-books. 

Anthony  (an'to-ni),  or  Antony  (an'to-ni), 
Saint,  “The  Great”:  L.  Antonins.  Born  at 
Coma,  Upper  Egypt,  about  251  a.d.  : died  about 
356.  An  Egyptian  abbot,  called  (by  Athanasius) 
the  founder  of  asceticism.  He  early  adopted  an  as- 
cetic  mode  of  life,  and  in  2S5  retired  altogether  from  the  so- 
ciety of  men,  living  first  in  a sepulcher,  then  for  twenty 
years  in  the  ruins  of  a castle,  and  finally  on  Mount  Colzim. 
His  sanctity  attracted  numerous  disciples,  whom  he  gath- 
ered into  a fraternity  near  Faytim,  which  at  his  death 
numbered  15,000  members.  He  was  a friend  and  sup- 
porter of  Athanasius.  He  was  often  (according  to  his  own 
belief)  sorely  tempted  in  his  solitude  by  the  devil,  who  ap- 
peared in  a great  variety  of  forms,  now  as  a friend,  now 
as  a fascinating  woman,  now  as  a dragon,  and  once  broke 
through  the  wall  of  his  cave,  filling  the  room  with  roaring 
lions,  howling  wolves,  growling  bears,  fierce  hyenas,  and 
crawling  serpents  and  scorpions  — scenes  frequently  de- 
picted in  Christian  art.  (See  Temptation  of  St.  Anthony.) 
His  bones,  discovered  in  561  and  brought  first  to  Alexan- 
dria, then  to  Constantinople,  and  finally  to  Vienne  in 
southern  France,  are  said  to  have  performed  great  won- 
ders in  the  11th  century,  during  an  epidemic  of  “St.  An- 
thony's fire,”  an  erysipelatous  distemper,  also  called  the 
“sacred  fire.”  His  day  is  Jan.  17  in  the  Roman  Church. 

Anthony  (an'to-ni),  Henry  Bowen.  Born  at 
Coventry,  R.  I.,  April  1,  1815:  died  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Sept.  2, 1884.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  statesman.  He  was  a graduate  of  Brown 
University  1833,  many  years  editor  of  the  Providence 
“Journal,”  Whig  governor  of  Rhode  Island  1849-51,  Re- 
publican United  States  senator  1859-84,  and  several  times 
president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate. 

Anthony,  Susan  Brownell.  Born  at  South 
Adams,  Mass.,  Feb.  15,  1820:  died  at  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  March  13, 1906.  A social  reformer, 
and  agitator  in  behalf  of  female  suffrage,  tern, 
perance,  and  the  civil  rights  of  women. 
Anthony  of  Padua,  Saint.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Aug. 
15,  1195 : died  near  Padua,  June  13,  1231.  A 
Franciscan  monk,  theologian,  and  preacher  in 
France  and  Italy.  He  taught  at  MontpeUier,  Tou- 
louse, and  Padua.  According  to  the  legend,  he  one  day 
preached  to  a school  of  fishes  and  was  heard  with  atten- 
tion. In  the  Roman  calendar  liis  day  is  June  13.  There 
is  a noted  painting  of  him  by  Murillo  in  the  cathedral  of 
Seville.  The  figure  of  the  saint  was  cut  from  the  picture 
by  a thief  in  1874,  but  was  recovered  in  New  York,  and 
replaced  very  skilfully.  There  is  also  a painting  of  An- 
thony by  Murillo  in  the  museum  at  Seville.  The  saint 
kneels,  with  one  arm  about  the  infant  Saviour,  who  ia 
seated  before  him  on  an  open  hook. 

Anthony  ’s  Nose.  A promontory  near  the  south- 
ern entrance  of  the  Highlands,  New  York,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Hudson  between  West  Point 
and  Peekskill. 

Anti  (iin'te).  A province  of  the  Inca  empire 
of  Peru,  at  the  base  of  the  eastern  mountains, 
bordering  the  Ucayale  valley:  so  called  from  the 
Indians  who  inhabited  it.  By  some  it  has  been 
supposed  that  the  Andes  took  their  name  from 
this  province. 

Antibes  (on-teb').  A fortified  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean  13  miles  southwest 
of  Nice:  the  ancient  Antipolis.  it  was  a Greek 
colony  from  Marseilles.  In  1746  it  was  bombarded  by  the 
Allies  under  Browne.  Population,  11,753. 

Antibes  Legion.  A foreign  battalion  at  Rome 
during  the  French  occupation  of  the  city,  sup- 
ported by  Pope  Pius  IX.  It  was  formed  at  An- 
tibes and  composed  chiefly  of  Frenchmen. 
Antiburgbers  (an'ti-ber-gerz).  The  members 
of  one  of  two  sections  into  which  the  Scotch 
Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747,  by  a con- 
troversy on  the  lawfulness  of  accepting  a clause 
in  the  oath  required  to  be  taken  by  burgesses 
declaratory  of  “ their  profession  and  allowance 
of  the  true  religion  professed  within  the  realm 


62 

and  authorized  by  the  laws  thereof.”  The  Anti- 
burghers denied  that  this  oath  could  he  taken  consistently 
with  the  principles  of  the  church,  while  the  Burghers  af- 
firmed its  compatibility.  The  parties  were  reunited  in  1820. 

Anticant,  Dr.  Pessimist.  A pseudonym  of 
Thomas  Carlyle. 

Anti-Corn-Law  League.  An  association 
formed  inl839,withheadquartersat  Manchester, 
to  further  the  repeal  of  the  British  corn-laws. 
Among  the  leaders  were  Cobden,  Bright,  Vil- 
liers,  Joseph  Hume,  and  Roebuck. 

Anticosti  (an-ti-kos'ti).  A thinly  Inhabited 
island  of  British  America,  situated  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  in  lat.  49°-50°  N.,  long.  61° 
40'-64°  30'  W.  It  is  swampy,  rocky,  and  un- 
fruitful. Its  length  is  135  miles  and  its  great- 
est width  about  35  miles. 

Anticyra  (an-tis'i-ra).  [Gr.  ’Avrluvpa,  ’Avr'mvppa , 
earlier  ’Avriiappa .]  1.  In  ancient  geography, 

a city  in  Phoeis,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Co- 
rinthian Gulf  in  lat.  38°  23'  N.,  long.  22°  38' 
E.  It  is  noted  for  the  hellebore  (the  ancient 
remedy  for  madness)  obtained  in  its  neighbor- 
hood.— 2.  A city  in  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
on  the  Speretius  in  lat.  38°  51'  N.,  long.  22° 
22'  E.  It,  also,  was  noted  for  its  hellebore. — 
3.  A city  in  Loeris,  Greece,  situated  near  Nau- 
pactus  in  lat.  38°  24'  N.,  long.  22°  E. 
Antietam  (an-te'tam).  A small  river  in  south- 
ern Pennsylvania  and  western  Maryland,  which 
joins  the  Potomac  6 miles  north  of  Harper’s 
Ferry.  On  its  banks  near  Bharpsburg,  Sept.  17,  1862,  a 
battle  (called  by  tiie  Confederates  the  battle  of  Sharps- 
burg)  was  fought  between  the  Federals  (87,764,  of  whom 
about  60,000  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle)  under  McClellan, 
and  the  Confederates  (40,000  according  to  Lee,  45,000  to 
70,000  according  to  Pollard,  97,000  according  to  McClellan) 
under  Lee.  The  total  loss  of  the  Union  army  was  12,410 
(2,108  killed)  ; of  the  Confederates,  11,172.  Other  esti- 
mates of  the  Confederate  loss  are  8,000  to  26,000.  Lee  re- 
treated across  the  Potomac  on  the  18th.  The  battle  is  va- 
riously desciibed  as  a Federal  victory  and  as  indecisive. 

Anti-Federal  Party.  In  United  States  history, 
the  party  which  opposed  the  adoption  and  rati- 
fication of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  which,  failing  in  this,  strongly  favored  the 
strict  construction  of  the  Constitution,  its  fun- 
damental principle  was  opposition  to  the  strengthening  of 
the  national  government,  at  the  expense  of  the  States. 
Soon  after  the  close  of  Washington’s  first  administration 
(1793)  the  name  Anti-Federal  went  out  of  use,  Republican, 
and  afterward  Democratic-Republican  (row  usually  Demo- 
cratic alone),  taking  its  place.  Also  called  Anti-Federalist 
Party. 

Anti-Federalists.  See  Anti-Federal  Party. 
Antigone  (an-tig'o-ne).  [Gr.  ’Avnyovy .]  In 
Greek  legend,  a daughter  of  (E dipus  by  his 
mother  J ocaste.  She  accompanied  CEdipus,  as  a faith- 
ful daughter,  in  his  wanderings  until  his  death  at  Colonus; 
she  then  returned  to  Thebes.  According  to  Sophocles, 
Daemon,  the  son  of  Creon  (who  iu  other  accounts  was 
then  dead),  fell  in  love  with  her.  Contrary  to  the  edict 
of  Creon,  she  buried  the  body  of  her  brother  Polynices, 
who  had  been  slain  in  single  combat  with  his  brother 
Eteocles,  and  (according  to  Sophocles)  was  shut  up  in  a 
subterraneous  cave  where  she  perished  by  her  own  hand. 
Daemon  also  slew  himself.  Other  accounts  of  her  life  and 
death  are  given. 

Antigone.  1.  A celebrated  tragedy  by  Sopho- 
cles, of  uncertain  date. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Al- 
fieri,  a sequel  to  “ Polynices,”  published  in 
1783. 

Antigonidse  (an-ti-gon'i-de).  [Gr.  ’Avrtyovifiat.] 
The  descendants  of  Antigonus,  king  of  Asia, 
one  of  the  generals  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
The  principal  members  of  the  family  were  Demetrius  1. 
(Poliorcetes),  king  of  Macedonia  (died  283  B.  C. ) , son  of 
Antigonus,  king  of  Asia  ; Antigonus  Gonatas,  king  of 
Macedonia  (died  239  B.  c.),  son  of  Demetrius  I.  ; Deme- 
trius of  Cyrene  (died  250  B.  c.),  son  of  Demetrius  I. ; 
Demetrius  II.,  king  of  Macedonia  (died  229  B.  c.),  son  of 
Antigonus  Gonatas;  Antigonus  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia 
(died  220  B.  c.),  son  of  Demetrius  of  Cyrene;  Philip  V., 
king  of  Macedonia  (died  179  B.  C.),  son  of  Demetrius  II. ; 
and  Perseus,  king  of  Macedonia,  conquered  by  the  Romans 
168  B.  C. 

Antigonish  (an-tig-o-nesb').  A seaport,  capital 
of  Antigonish  County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  on 
George  Bay  38  miles  east  of  Pictou. 

Antigonus  (an-tig'o-nus).  [Gr.  ’Avriyovog.’] 
Born  about  80  B.  C. : executed  at  Antioch  37  B.C. 
A king  of  Judea  who  reigned  40-37  B.  C. : the 
last  Maccabean  king.  He  was  defeated  by  Herod, 
the  son  of  Antipater,  and  put  to  death  by  Antony  as  a 
common  malefactor. 

Antigonus.  Born  about  382  B.  C. : killed  at  the 
battle  of  ipsus,  301  b.  c.  One  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  surnamed  “The  One- 
Eyed.”  After  the  death  of  Alexander  he  received  the 
provinces  of  Greater  Phrygia,  Lycia,  and  Pamphylia. 
He  carried  on  war  against  Perdiceas  and  Eumenes,  made 
extensive  conquests  in  Asia,  assumed  the  title  of  king  in 
306,  and  was  overthrown  at  Ipsus  by  a coalition. 

Antigonus.  1 . In  Shakspere’s  ‘ ‘ WintePs  Tale,” 
a lord  of  Sicilia. — 2.  In  FletchePs  “ Humorous 
Lieutenant,”  an  old  and  licentious  king. 


Antin,  Due  d’ 

Antigonus  Carystius  (ka-ris'ti-us).  Born  in 
Carystos,  Euboea  (whence  his  surname) : lived 
about  250  B.  C.  A Greek  writer,  author  of  a work  re- 
lating  to  natural  history,  portions  of  which  are  extant, 
valuable  as  containing  quotations  from  lost  writings. 

Antigonus  Doson  (do'son).  [Gr.  Ati<mm,‘Going- 
to-Give’:  a surname  said  to  have  been  applied 
to  Antigonus  “because  he  was  always  about  to 
give,  and  never  did.”]  Died  220  b.  c.  King  of 
Macedon  229-220  B.  c.,  nephew  of  Antigonus 
Gonatas,  and  son  of  Demetrius  of  Cyrene,  the 
grandson  of  Antigonus,  Alexander’s  general. 
He  was  appointed  guardian  of  Philip,  son  of  Demetrius  II., 
and  on  the  death  of  Demetrius  (229  B.  c.)  he  married  his 
widow,  and  ascended  the  throne.  He  supported  success- 
fully Aratus  and  the  Achsean  League  against  Cleomenes, 
king  of  Sparta,  and  the  zEtolians,  and  defeated  the  former 
at  Sellasia  221. 

Antigonus  C-onatas  (gon'a-tas).  Born  about 
319  b.  c. : died  239  b.  c.  Son  of  Demetrius  Po- 
liorcetes, and  king  of  Macedon  276-239.  He 
suppressed  the  Celtic  invasion  and  was  tempo- 
rarily driven  from  his  land  by  Pyrrhus  273. 

Antigua  (an-te'gwa).  1.  An  island  in  the  col- 
ony of  the  Leeward  Islands,  Lesser  Antilles, 
British  West  Indies,  ia  lat.  (St.  John)  17°  N., 
long.  61°  57'  W.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus 
in  1493,  and  settled  in  1632.  It  exports  sugar,  rum,  mo- 
lasses, etc.  The  chief  town  is  St.  John.  Length,  28  miles. 
Area,  108  square  miles.  Population,  with  Barbuda  and 
Redonda,  about  36,000. 

2.  See  Guatemala,  Old. 

Anti- Jacobin,  or  Weekly  Examiner,  The.  A 

paper  originated  Nov.  20, 1797,  by  George  Can- 
ning and  contributed  to  by  his  friends,  princi- 
pally John  Hookham  Frere  and  George  Ellis. 
It  was  edited  by  William  Gifford,  and  the  last  number  ap- 
peared July  9,  i798.  Its  avowed  purpose  was  to  ridicule 
the  doctrines  of  the  French  Revolution  and  their  advocates 
in  England. 

Anti-Jacobin  Review,  The.  A monthly  peri- 
odical started  in  1798  by  John  Gifford;  it 
came  to  an  end  in  1821.  It  had  no  connection  with 
Canning’s  paper,  and  the  names  of  the  distinguished  au- 
thors of  the  latter  do  not  appear  in  it. 

Antihueno(au-t  e-wa-no' ) , or  Antigiienu  ( an-te- 
gwa-no').  An  Araucanian  Indian  of  Chile  who, 
in  1559,  was  made  toqui  or  war-chief  of  the  tribe. 

In  1563  he  defeated  and  killed  a son  of  the  governor  Villa- 
gra  at  Mariguenu,  attempted  to  take  Concepcion  but  failed, 
and  drove  the  Spaniards  from  Canete  and  Araupo,  but  was 
defeated  and  killed  in  an  attack  on  Angol  in  1564. 

Anti-Libanus  (an//ti-lib'a-nus),  or  Anti-Leba- 
non (an//ti-leb'a-non).  [Gr.  Avn/.i/davoc.]  A 
mountain -range  of  Syria,  parallel  to  and  east 
of  the  Lebanon  range,  and  separated  from  it 
by  the  valleys  of  the  Orontes  and  Litany.  Its 
highest  peak  is  Mount  Hermon. 

Antilles  (an-til'lez  or  an-tel').  [Sp.  Antillas, 
F.  Antidies,  G.  Atitillm.]  A general  name  for 
the  West  Indies,  excluding  the  Bahamas.  The 
Greater  Antilles  comprise  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Haiti,  and 
Porto  Rico  ; the  Lesser  Antilles  comprise  the  remainder, 
to  which  the  name  was  formerly  restricted.  See  West 
Indies. 

Antilochus  (an-til'o-kus).  [Gr.  ’Avrt?.o^or.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a son  of  Nestor  conspicuous  in 
the  Trojan  war.  He  was  a close  friend  of  Achillesand 
was  chosen  to  break  to  him  the  news  of  Patroclus’s  death. 
Memnon  (or,  in  another  account,  Hector)  slew  him  and 
Achilles  avenged  his  death,  as  he  did  that  of  Patroclus. 
The  three  friends  were  buried  in  the  same  mound,  and 
were  seen  by  Odysseus  walking  together  over  the  aspho- 
del meadows  of  the  under  world. 

Anti-Macchiavel  (an//ti-mak'i-a-vel).  An  es- 
say by  Frederick  the  Great,  respecting  the 
duties  of  sovereigns,  intended  to  confute  the 
“Principe”  of  Maccbiavelli.  It  was  written  before 
he  became  king,  and  was  issued  by  Voltaire  at  The  Hague 
in  1740. 

Antimachus  (an-tim'a-kus).  [Gr.  ’Avri/iaxoi;.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a Trojan  warrior  mentioned 
iu  the  Iliad. 

Antimachus.  A Greek  epic  and  elegiac  poet 
of  Claros,  a part  of  the  dominion  of  Colophon 
(whence  he  was  called  “The  Colophonian”), 
who  flourished  about  410  B.  C.  His  chief  work 
was  the  “Thebais,"  a voluminous  epic  poem.  His  elegy 
on  Lyde,  his  wife  or  mistress,  was  highly  praised  in  an- 
tiquity. He  also  published  a critical  edition  of  Homer. 
“ The  Alexandrian  critics  constantly  quote  him,  and 
greatly  admired  him,  and  he  may  fairly  he  regarded  the 
model  or  master  of  the  Alexandrian  epic  poets."  Mahaffy, 
Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  146. 

Anti-Masonic  Party  (an//ti-ma-son'ik  piir'ti). 
In  American  polities,  a political  party  which 
opposed  the  alleged  influence  of  freemasonry 
in  civil  affairs.  It,  originated  in  western  New  York 
after  the  kidnapping  of  William  Morgan  in  1826,  who  had 
threatened,  it  was  said,  to  disclose  the  secrets  of  the 
order.  A national  convention  nominated  Wirt  for  the 
presidency  in  1831;  hut  the  organization  was  soon  after 
absorbed  by  the  Whigs.  Anti-Masonic  influence  continued 
for  some  time  powerful  in  local  matters.  An  American 
Party,  organized  in  1875,  revived  the  principles  of  the 
Anti-Masons,  but  has  had  very  few  adherents. 

Antin  (on-tan'),  Due  d’  (Louis-Antoine 


Antin,  Due  d’ 

de  Pardaillan  de  Gondrin).  Born  1665 : died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  2,  1736.  A French  courtier,  le- 
gitimate son  of  Madame  de  Montespan.  He 
gained  the  favor  of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  dauphin,  and  was 
a member  of  the  regency  under  the  Duke  of  Orleans. 

Antinori  (an-te-n6're),MareheseOrazio.  Born 
at  Perugia,  Oct.  28, 1811 : died  at  Marefia,  Aug. 
26,  1882.  An  African  traveler  and  zoologist. 

After  a successful  career  as  scientist  and  patriot,  and  a 
journey  through  Syria  and  Asia  Minor,  he  went  to  Egypt 
in  1859.  He  explored,  with  Poggia,  the  Upper  Nile  regions 
(1860-61)  and  returned  to  Italy  with  rich  collections.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Italian  Geographical  So- 
ciety. In  1869  he  explored  Bogo-land,  north  of  Abyssinia. 
In  1876  he  led  an  important  scientific  expedition  into 
Shoa  and  established  the  station  Marefia  where  he  died. 
The  thorough  zoologic  exploration  of  Shoa  is  due  to  him. 

AntillOUS  (an-tin'o-us).  [Gr.  Am'roof.]  Born 
in  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Hadrian  117-138  a.  d.  A page,  attendant,  and 
favorite  of  the  emperor  Hadrian.  He  drowned 
himself  in  the  Nile,  probably  from  melancholy.  Of  the 
many  representations  of  Antinous  in  ancient  art,  the 
statue  (questionably  so  named)  from  the  villa  of  Hadrian, 
in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  Rome,  is  considered  the  finest. 
It  represents  a well-formed  nude  youth  with  bowed  head. 
There  is  a colossal  statue  of  Hadrian’s  favorite  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome,  in  the  character  of  Bacchus,  ivy-crowned 
and  holding  a staff  or  scepter.  The  head,  somewhat  stem 
in  expression,  is  among  the  finest  of  the  type.  The  full 
paludamentum  is  modern,  the  ancient  drapery  having 
been  in  bronze. 

Antioch  (an'ti-ok).  [L.  Antiocliia,  Turk.  An- 
takia;  Gr.  Avridxeia,  named  from  Avrioxoc,  An- 
tiochus, father  of  Seleucus.]  A city  in  the 
vilayet  of  Aleppo,  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  sit- 
uated on  the  Orontes  about  15  miles  from  the 
Mediterranean,  inlat  36°  11'  N.,  long.  36°  10'  E. 
It  was  founded  by  Seleucus  about  300  B.  c. , was  the  capital 
of  Syria  until  05  B.  C.,  and  rose  to  great  splendor.  It  was 
called  “ the  Crown  of  the  East,”  and  “ Antioch  the  Beauti- 
ful.” Under  the  early  Roman  Empire  it  was  a famous 
emporium,  the  most  important  after  Rome  and  Alexan- 
dria, and  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  influential  seats  of 
Christianity,  the  center  of  a patriarchate.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a serious  riot  in  A.  d7  387,  suppressed  by  Theo- 
dosius. It  was  often  ravaged  by  earthquakes  (especially 
in  A.  D.  115,  341,  458,  507-508,  525-526),  was  destroyed  by 
Chosroes  in  538  and  by  the  Saracens  in  635,  and  was  be- 
sieged and  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1098.  From  1099 
until  its  capture  by  the  Egyptian  sultan  in  1268  it  was  the 
seat  of  a Christian  principality.  It  passed  to  the  Turks  in 
1516.  It  is  now  an  unimportant  town  (Antakia)  with  few 
relics  of  antiquity.  In  1872  it  was  devastated  by  an 
earthquake.  Population,  about  25,000. 

Antioch.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Asia 
Minor,  situated  on  the  borders  of  Pisidia  and 
Pamphylia  in  lat.  38°  16'  N.,  long.  31°  17'  E., 
founded  by  Seleucus.  It  received  a Roman 
colony  and  was  called  Caesarea.  It  is  noted 
in  St.  Paul’s  history. 

Antioch  College.  A coeducational  institution 
of  learning,  at  Yellow  Springs,  Greene  County, 
Ohio  (incorporated  in  1852).  It  is  non-sec- 
tarian 

Antioche.  A chanson  de  geste  of  the  group 
entitled  “Le  Chevalier  au  Cygne.”  It  narrates 
the  exploits  of  the  Christian  host  in  attacking 
and  then  defending  Antioch. 

Antioche  (oh-te-osh'),  Pertuis  d’.  An  arm  of 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  west  of  the  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  France,  between  the  isl- 
ands of  R6  and  Oldron. 

Antiochus  (an-tl'o-kus)  I.  [Gr.  Avr/'oxoc.] 
Died  about  30  B.  c.  King  of  Commagene,  a 
petty  principality  between  the  Euphrates  and 
Mount  Taurus,  capital  Samosata,  at  one  time 
a part  of  the  Syrian  kingdom  of  the  Seleucidm. 
He  concluded  a peace  with  Pompey  64  B.  c.,  and  later 
(49  B.  c.)  supported  him  in  the  civil  war  with  Caesar. 

Antiochus  II.  King  of  Commagene,  successor 
of  Mithridates  I.  He  was  summoned  to  Rome  and 
executed,  29  B.  c.,  for  having  caused  the  murderof  an  am- 
bassador sent  to  Rome  by  his  brother. 

Antiochus  IV.,  surnamed  Epiphanes.  A king 
of  Commagene,  apparently  a son  of  Antio- 
chus III.  He  was  a friend  of  Caligula,  who  in  A.  D.  38 
restored  to  him  the  kingdom  of  Commagene,  which  had 
been  made  a Roman  province  at  the  death  of  his  father 
A.  D.  17.  Subsequently,  however,  he  was  deposed  by  Cali- 
gula, but  was  restored  on  the  accession  of  Claudius,  a.  d. 
4L  He  was  finally  deprived  of  his  kingdom  A.  D.  72. 

Antiochus  I.,  surnamed  Soter.  [Gr.  aurr/p,  de- 
liverer.] Born  about  323  b.  c.:  killed  261  b.  c. 
King  of  Syria  280  (281?)-261,  son  of  Seleucus 
N icator.  jt  ia  said  that  when  he  fell  sick,  through  love 
of  Stratonice,  the  young  wife  of  his  father,  the  latter,  on 
the  advice  of  the  physician  Erasistratiis,  resigned  Strat- 
onice to  his  son,  and  invested  him  with  the  government 
of  Ipper  Asia,  allowing  him  the  title  of  king.  On  the 
death  of  his  father,  Antiochus  succeeded  to  the  whole  of 
his  dominions,  but  relinquished  his  claims  to  Macedonia 
on  the  marriage  of  Antigonus  Gonatas  to  Phila,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Seleucus  and  Stratonice. 

Antiochus  II.,  surnamed  Theos.  [Gr.  di- 
vine, = L.  dims,  as  an  imperial  title.]  Killed  246 
(247?)  B.  C.  King  of  Syria,  son  of  Antiochus  I. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  261  B.  C.  He  became  in- 


63 

volved  in  a ruinous  war  with  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  king 
of  Egypt,  during  which  Syria  was  further  weakened  by  the 
revolt  of  the  provinces  of  Parthia  and  Bactria,  Arsaces  es- 
tablishing the  Parthian  empire  about  250  B.  c.,  and  Theo- 
dotus  the  independent  kingdom  of  Bactria  about  the  same 
time.  Peace  was  concluded  with  Egypt  250  B.  c.,  Antio- 
chus being  obliged  to  rej ect  his  wife  Laodice,  and  to  many 
Berenice,  the  daughter  of  Ptolemy.  On  the  death  of  Ptol- 
emy (247  B.  c.),  he  recalled  Laodice,  who  shortly  caused 
him  to  be  murdered,  and  also  Berenice  and  her  son.  The 
connection  between  Syria  and  Egypt  is  referred  to  in  Dan- 
iel xi.  6. 

Antiochus  III.  Born  about  238  B.c. : died  187 
B.  C.  King  of  Syria  223-187  B.c.,  surnamed  ‘ ‘ The 
Great,”  the  most  famous  of  the  Seleucidte.  He 
was  the  son  of  Seleucus  II.,  and  grandson  of  Antiochus  II., 
and  succeeded  his  brother  Seleucus  Ceraunus  at  the  age 
of  fifteen.  His  surname  “The  Great”  was  earned  by  the 
magnitude  of  his  enterprises  rather  than  by  what  he  ac- 
complished. He  subdued  his  rebellious  brothers  Molo  and 
Alexander,  satraps  of  Media  and  Persis,  220  B.  c.,  and  was 
forced  (after  having  undertaken  an  aggressive  war  against 
Ptolemy  Philopator)  by  the  battle  of  Raphia,  near  Gaza,  to 
relinquish  his  claims  to  Coele-Syria  and  Palestine  217  B.c. 
He  defeated  and  killed  Achsens,  the  rebellious  governor  of 
Asia  Minor,  214  B.c. ; attempted  to  regain  the  former  prov- 
inces Parthia  and  Bactria  212-205  B.  o.  ; and  was  compelled 
to  recognize  the  independence  of  Parthia  205  B.  c.  The 
victory  of  Paneas,  198  B.  c.,  gave  him  the  Egyptian  prov- 
inces of  Coele-Syria  and  Palestine.  He,  however,  made 
peace  with  Ptolemy  Epiphanes,  to  whom  he  betrothed  his 
daughter  Cleopatra,  promising  Ccele-Syria  and  Palestine 
as  a dowry.  He  conquered  the  Thracian  Chersonese 
from  Macedonia  196  B.  C.  ; received  Hannibal  at  his  court 
195  B.  C.  ; carried  on  a war  with  the  Romans  192-189  B.  C., 
who  demanded  the  restoration  of  the  Egyptian  provinces 
and  the  Thracian  Chersonese;  was  defeated  at  Thermopy- 
lse  191,  and  at  Magnesia  190  ; and  sustained  naval  losses 
at  Chios  191,  and  at  Myonnesus  190.  He  purchased  peace 
by  consenting  to  the  surrender  of  all  his  European  posses- 
sions, and  his  Asiatic  possessions  as  far  as  the  Taurus,  the 
payment  of  15,000  Euboean  talents  within  twelve  years, 
and  the  surrender  of  Hannibal,  who  escaped,  and  by  giv- 
ing up  his  elephants  and  ships  of  war.  Antiochus  was 
killed  by  his  subjects  in  an  attempt  to  plunder  the  rich 
temple  of  Elymais  to  pay  the  Romans,  an  event  which,  as 
also  his  defeat  by  the  Romans,  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
referred  to  in  Daniel  xi.  18, 19. 

Antiochus  IV.,  surnamed  Epiphanes.  Died 
164  B.  c.  King  of  Syria  175-164  b.  c.  : son  of 
Antiochus  III.  He  reconquered  Armenia,  which  had 
been  lost  by  his  father,  and  made  war  on  Egypt  171-168 
B.  c.,  recovering  Coele-Syria  and  Palestine.  The  policy  of 
Antiochus  of  rooting  out  the  Jewish  religion,  in  pursuance 
of  which  he  took  Jerusalem  by  storm  170  B.  C.  (when  he 
desecrated  the  temple)  and  again  in  168  B.  c.  led  to  the 
successful  revolt  under  Mattathias,  the  father  of  the  Mac- 
cabees, 167  B.  c. 

Antiochus  V.,  surnamed  Eupator.  [Gr.  ev- 

Tcarup,  of  a noble  sire.]  Died  162  B.  c.  King 
of  Syria  164-162  B.  c.,  son  of  Antiochus  IV. 
whom  he  succeeded  at  the  age  of  nine  years, 
under  the  guardianship  of  Lysias.  He  concluded 
a peace  with  the  Jews,  who  had  revolted  under  his  father, 
and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  Demetrius  Soter  (the  son 
of  Seleucus  Philopator)  who  laid  claim  to  the  throne. 

Antiochus  VII.,  surnamed  Sidetes.  Died  121 
B.  C.  King  of  Syria  137-128  B.C.,  second  son  of 
Demetrius  Soter.  He  carried  on  war  with  the  Jews, 
taking  Jerusalem  in  1.33  B.  C.,  after  which  he  concluded 
peace  with  them  oil  favorable  terms  and  was  killed  in  a 
war  with  the  Parthians. 

Antiochus  VIII.,  surnamed  Grypus.  [Gr. 
ypvTrog,  hook-nosed.]  Died  96  B.  c.  King  of 
Syria  125-96  B.  C.,  second  son  of  Demetrius 
Nieator. 

Antiochus  XIII.,  surnamed  Asiaticus.  King 
of  Syria,  the  son  of  Antiochus  X. . the  last 
of  the  Seleucidffi.  He  took  refuge  in  Rome  during 
the  mastery  of  Tigranes  in  Syria  83-69  B.  c.  ; was  given  pos- 
session of  the  kingdom  by  Lucullus  69  B.  C. ; but  was  de- 
prived of  it  by  Pompey  65  B.  c.. 

Antiochus.  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “Pericles,”  the 
king  of  Antioch. — 2.  In  Massinger’s  “Believe 
as  You  List,”  the  king  of  Lower  Asia,  a fugitive, 
the  son  of  a daughter  of  Charles  V.  of  Portugal. 

Antiochus  of  Ascalon.  Bom  at  Ascalon,  Pal- 
estine: lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century 
B.  C.  An  eclectic  philosopher,  founder  of  the 
so-called  fifth  Academy.  He  studied  under  the 
Stoic  Mnesarchus  and  under  Philo,  and  while  Cicero  was 
studying  at  Athens  (79  B.  c.)  acted  as  his  instructor.  He 
attempted  to  revive  the  doctrines  of  the  old  Academy. 

Antiope  (an-tl'o-pe).  [Gr.  Amon-??.]  In  Greek 
legend : (a)  A daughter  of  the  Boeotian  river- 
god  Asopus,  and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Amphion 
and  Zethus.  In  other  accounts  she  is  the  daughter  of 
Nycteus  of  Hyria.  She  was  imprisoned  and  ill  treated  by 
Dirce  upon  whom  she  took  vengeance  in  a frightful  way. 
See  Dirce.  (ft)  A sister  or  daughter  of  Hippolyte, 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  and  wife  of  Theseus. 

Antioquia  (an-te-6'ke-a).  1.  A department, 

capital  Medellin,  in  the  western  part  of  the  Re- 
public of  Colombia.  The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous;  the  chief  occupation  is  mining. 
— 2.  A town  in  this  department,  situated  on 
the  Cauca  about  lat.  6°  35'  N.,  long.  76°  7'  W. 
It  stands  at  an  elevation  of  nearly  2,000  feet 
above  tho  sea.  Population,  8,780. 

Antiparos  (an-tip'a-ros),  ancient  Oliaros. 


Antis 

An  island  of  the  Cyclades,  7 miles  long,  south- 
west of  Paros,  celebrated  for  a stalactite  grotto. 

Antipas,  Herod.  See  Herod  Antipas. 

Antipater  (an-tip'a-ter).  [Gr.  AvriTrarpoQ.'] 
Died  319  B.  c.  A Macedonian  general.  He  was 
a pupil  of  Aristotle,  served  as  minister  and  general  under 
Philip  of  Macedon,  and  was  appointed  by  Alexander  regent 
of  Macedonia  334  B.  c.  He  suppressed  the  Thracian  rebel- 
lion under  Memnon  331;  gained  a victory  over  the  Spar- 
tans near  Megalopolis  331 ; was  superseded  as  regent  by 
Craterus,  and  ordered  to  conduct  an  army  of  recruits  to 
Babylon  in  323 ; received  the  regency  of  Macedonia  at  the 
death  of  Alexander  in  323;  defeated  the  revolted  Athenians 
and  their  allies  at  Cranon  in  322  ; invaded  AStolia  in  323  ; 
and  was  appointed  regent  of  the  empire  on  the  death  of 
Perdiccas  in  321. 

Antipater,  surnamed  “ The  Idumean.”  Died  43 
B.  c.  Procuratorof  Judea,  governor  of  Idumea, 
and  the  father  of  Herod  the  Great.  He  secured, 
by  his  participation  in  the  Alexandrine  war  (48  B.  c.) 
the  confirmation  by  Caesar  of  his  political  tool  Hyrcanus 
as  high  priest  47  B.  c.,  and  was  himself  appointed  proc- 
urator of  Judea  about  46  B.  C. 

Antipater.  Died  4 b.  c.  Son  of  Herod  the 
Great  by  his  first  wife  Doris.  He  is  described  by 
Josephns  as  a “mystery  of  wickedness,"  and  was  put  to 
death  for  conspiring  against  the  life  of  his  father,  after 
having  previously  succeeded,  by  arousing  his  father’s  sus- 
picions, in  bringing  about  the  death  of  Alexander  and 
Aristobulos,  Herod’s  sons  by  Mariamne,  his  second  wife. 

Antipater,  L.  Coelius.  Lived  about  123  B.  c. 
A Roman  jurist  and  historian,  a contemporary 
of  C.  Gracchus,  and  the  teacher  of  L.  Crassus 
the  orator.  He  wrote  a history  of  the  second  Punic 
war,  “ loaded  with  rhetorical  ornament  but  important  in 
substance,”  fragments  of  which  are  extant. 

Antiphanes  (an-tif'a-nez).  [Gr.  AvTi<j>avi 7f.]  A 
Greek  comic  poet  who  lived  between  404  and 
330  B.  C.  He  was  the  most  distinguished  writer  of  the 
so-called  middle  comedy,  a period  in  the  development  of 
Greek  comedy  extending  from  about  390  to  338  B.  c. 

Antiphellos  (an-ti-fel'os).  [Gr.  Arrive  AAot;.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a town  on  the  southwest- 
ern coast  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  it  contains  a 
Lycian  necropolis  of  rock-cut  tombs,  which  are  architec- 
turally important  because  the  facades  are  in  exact  repro- 
duction of  a framed  construction  of  square  wooden  beams, 
with  doors  and  windows  of  paneled  work,  and  ceilings  of 
round  poles  laid  closely  together.  These  tombs  evidently 
represent  ancient  dwellings,  and  the  imitation  is  carried 
out  in  some  of  the  interiors.  There  is  also  an  ancient 
theater,  the  cavea  of  which  is  well  preserved,  with  26 
tiers  of  seats. 

Antiphilus  (an-tif  i-lus).  [Gr.  Avritfnlog.  ] 
Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  4th  century 
B.  c.  A Greek  painter. 

Antipholus  of  Ephesus  (an-tif'o-lus  ov  ef'e- 
sus),  and  Antipholus  of  Syracuse  (sir'a-kusj. 
In  Shakspere’s  “Comedy  of  Errors,”  twin  bro- 
thers, the  first  of  a violent  and  the  latter  of  a 
mild  nature. 

Antiphon  (an'ti-fon).  [Gr.  Avrupav.]  Born  at 
Rhamnus,  Attica,  about  480  b.  C. : executed  at 
Athens,  411  B.  C.  An  Athenian  orator  and  poli- 
tician, the  oldest  of  the  “ten  Attic  orators.” 
He  was  a member  of  the  aristocratic  party,  and  was  con- 
demned for  his  share  in  establishing  the  government  by 
the  400.  Fifteen  of  his  orations  are  extant. 

Antiphon  was  the  ablest  debater  and  pleader  of  his  day, 
and  in  his  person  the  new  Rhetoric  first  appears  as  a po- 
litical power  at  Athens.  He  took  a chief  part  in  organis- 
ing the  Revolution  of  the  Four  Hundred,  and  when  they 
fell  was  put  to  death  by  the  people  (411  B.  c.),  after  de- 
fending himself  in  a masterpiece  of  eloquence.  Of  his  15 
extant  speeches,  all  relating  to  trials  for  homicide,  12  are 
mere  sketches  or  studies,  forming  three  groups  of  four 
each,  in  which  the  case  for  the  prosecution  is  argued  al- 
ternately with  the  case  for  the  defence. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  111. 

Antipodes  Islands  (an-tip'o-dez  I'landz).  A 
cluster  of  small  uninhabited  islands  in  the  South 
Pacific,  in  lat.  49°  48'  S.,  long.  178°  20'  E. : so 
called  from  their  nearly  antipodal  position  to 
Greenwich  (near  London). 

Antipodes  (an-tip'o-dez),  The.  A comedy  by 
Richard  Brome,  printed  in  1640. 

Antipolis  (an-tip'o-lis).  [Gr.  Avr'i~n'Air.\  The 
ancient  name  of  Antibes,  in  Prance. 

Antipsara  (an-tip'sa-ra).  A small  island  near 
Ipsara. 

Antiquary  (an'ti-kwa-ri),  The.  1.  A comedy 
by  Shakerley  Marmion,  printed  in  1641 . Part  of 
O’Keefe’s  play"“Modern  Antiques"  was  taken  from  this, 
also  D’Urfd’s  “Madam  Fickle,"  in  which  Sir  Arthur  Old. 
love  is  a copy  of  Veterano  the  Antiquary. 

2.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in 
1816:  so  named  from  its  principal  character, 
Jonathan  Oldbuok  the  Antiquary. 

Anti-Rent  Party  (an-ti-rent'  piir'ti).  InUnited 
States  politics,  a party  in  the  State  of  New 
York  which  had  its  origin  in  dissatisfaction 
among  the  tenants  under  the  patroon  system 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  The  tenants  re- 
fused to  pay  rent  in  1839,  resisted  force,  and  a few  years 
later  carried  their  opposition  into  politics.  The  mattoi 
was  settled  by  compromise  in  1850. 

Antis  (iin'tez),  or  Campas  (kiim'paz).  The 


Antis 

ancient  Indian  inhabitants  of  Anti.  They  were 
conquered  by  the  Inca  Yahuar-huaccac  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury. Their  few  descendants  wander  in  the  forests  about 
the  head  waters  of  the  Ucayale,  and  are  closely  related  to 
the  Chunchos  (which  see).  They  live  in  huts  and  wear  a 
long  cotton  robe. 

Antisana  (an-te-sa'na).  A volcano  of  the  Ecua- 
dorian Andes,  35  miles  southeast  of  Quito. 
Ascended  by  Wh ymper  in  1880.  Height  (Whym- 
per), 19,335  (Reiss  and  Stiibel,  18,885)  feet. 

It  [Antisana]  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  only  great 
mountain,  anywhere  in  the  world,  immediately  upon  the 
Equator,  and  it  has  become  improbable  that  a loftier  one 
will  ever  be  discovered  exactly  upon  the  Line. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
[Equator,  p.  228. 

Antisana.  A village  on  the  slope  of  Mount 
Antisana,  one  of  the  highest  inhabited  spots  in 
the  world.  Height  (Whymper),  13,306  (Reiss 
and  Stiibel,  13,370)  feet. 

Anti-Semitic  Party.  A political  party  whose 
chief  aim  is  to  hinder  the  spread  of  Hebrew 
(Semitic)  influence  in  public  affairs.  Such  par- 
ties have  representatives  in  the  Austrian 
Reichsrath  and  the  German  Reichstag. 

Antistates  (an-tis'ta-tez).  [Gr.  ’AvTicTaTT/t;.] 
A Greek  architect,  associated  with  Calltesehrus, 
Antimachides,  and  Porinus  in  planning  and  be- 
ginning the  great  temple  of  Zeus  at  Athens  in 
the  time  of  Pisistrat.us  (about  560  B.  c.).  This 
work  was  interrupted  by  the  downfall  of  Pisistratus, 
resumed  by  the  Roman  architect  Cossutius  in  the  time  of 
Antiochus  Epiphanes  (175-164  B.  C.),  and  finished  by  the 
emperor  Hadrian.  The  unfinished  building  was  compared 
by  Aristotle  with  the  pyramids  of  Egypt. 

Antisthenes  (an-tis'the-nez).  [Gr.  ’Avriadevt/g.] 
Born  at  Athens  about  444  b.  c.  : died  at  Athens 
after  371  b.  c.  An  Athenian  philosopher, founder 
of  the  school  of  the  Cynics.  He  was  a pupil  of 
Socrates  and  taught  in  a gymnasium  at  Athens. 

Anti-suyu  (an'te-so'yo).  [Quichua,  ‘country  of 
the  Antis.’]  A name  given  by  the  Incas  to 
the  region  of  the  Andes  and  their  eastern 
slope,  inhabited  by  various  tribes.  The  word 
“ Andes”  seems  to  be  derived  from  Anti. 

Antitactse  (an  -ti-tak  'te).  [Gr.  avrerdnrai, 
heretics.]  A name  given  to  the  Antinomian 
Gnostics. 

Anti-Taurus  (an//ti-ta'rus).  [Gr.  ’A vriravpoc.] 
A range  of  mountains  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  which 
lies  northeast  of  and  parallel  to  the  Taurus,  lat. 
38-39°  N.,  long.  36°  E.,  regarded  as  a contin- 
uation of  the  Ala-Dagh. 

Antium  (an'shi-um).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean 32  miles  south  of  Rome:  the  modern 
Porto  d’Anzio.  It  wa9a  Volscian  stronghold,  and  be- 
came a Roman  colony  in  338  B.  c.  Later  it  was  a favorite 
Roman  residence. 

Antivari  (an-te'va-re),  or  Ear  (bar).  A town 
in  Montenegro,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  in 
lat.  42°  4'  N.,  long.  19°  7'  E.  It  was  Venetian  in 
the  middle  ages,  and  later  Albanian.  In  1878  it  was  con- 
quered  by  Montenegro,  and  was  ceded  by  Turkey  in  the 
same  year. 

Antofagasta  (an-to-fa-gas'ta).  A province  of 
northern  Chile,  conquered  from  Bolivia  in  1879. 
Area,  46,597  square  miles.  Population,  113,323. 

Antofagasta.  A seaport  situated  on  Morena 
Bay  iu  lat.  23°  41'  S.,  long.  70°  25'  W.  in  the 
vicinity  are  rich  saltpeter  deposits.  In  1879  it  was  occu- 
pied by  Chile,  and  was  ceded  by  Bolivia  in  1884.  A rail- 
road crosses  the  Andes  from  this  point  to  the  plateau  of 
Bolivia.  Population,  32,496. 

AntOgast  (an'to-gast).  A small  watering-place 
in  Baden,  on  the  slope  of  the  Kniebis  near 
Oberkirch. 

Antoine  de  Bourbon  (on-twan'  de  bor-bon'). 
Born  April  22,  1518:  died  Nov.  17,  1562.  A 
son  of  Charles  de  Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome, 
husband  of  Jeanne  d’Albret  (1548),  and  king  of 
Navarre  1555. 

Antommarchi  (an-tom-mar'ke),  Francesco. 
Born  in  Corsica  about  1780  : died  April  3,  1838. 
An  Italian  surgeon,  physician  to  Napoleon  at 
St.  Helena.  He  wrote  “Les  derniers  moments 
de  NapoKon”  (1823). 

Antongil  Bay  (an-ton-zhel'  ba).  A bay  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  northern  part  of  Mada- 
gascar. 

Anton  Ulrich  (an'ton  ol'rieh).  Born  at  Hit- 
zacker  in  Liineburg,  Oct.  4,  1633 : died  March  27, 
1714.  Duke  of  Br uns wick- Wolf enbiittel,  and 
a novelist  and  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  the  ro- 
mances “Die  durchlauchtige  Syrerinn  Aramena”  (1669- 
1673),  and  “Octavia”  (1677). 

Antonelli  (an-to-nel'le),  Giacomo.  Born  at 
Sonnino,  Latium,  Italy,  April  2,  1806:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  6,  1876.  A noted  Roman  prelate 
and  statesman.  He  became  cardinal  in  1847,  and  was 
president  of  the  ministry  1S47-48,  and  secretary  of  foreign 
affairs  for  the  Papal  States  after  1850. 


64 

Antonello  da  Messina.  Bom  at  Messina, 
Sicily,  about  1430:  died  at  Venice  about  1493, 
An  Italian  painter,  said  to  have  introduced 
painting  in  oils  from  the  Low  Countries  into 
Italy. 

Antonina  (an-to-ni'na).  [L.]  The  wife  of 
Belisarius. 

Antonine.  See  Antoninus. 

Antonines  (an'to-ninz),  Age  of  the.  In  Roman 
history,  the  period  of  the  reigns  of  Antoninus 
Pius  and  Marcus  Aurelius.  It  was  generally 
characterized  by  domestic  tranquillity.  See 
Adoptive  Emperors. 

Antoninus  (an-to-ni'nus),  Itineraries  of.  Two 
accounts  of  routes  in  the  Roman  Empire,  said 
to  have  been  edited  in  the  time  of  (Antoninus) 
Caracalla.  One  related  to  routes  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa ; the  other  to  maritime  routes. 
See  Itineraries. 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelius.  See  Marcus 
Aurelius. 

Antoninus,  Pillar  of.  See  Column  of  Marcus 
Aurelius. 

Antoninus,  Wall  of.  See  Wall  of  Antoni- 
nus. 

Antoninus  Liheralis  (an-to-ni'nus  lib-e-ra'lis). 
Lived  about  150  A.  d.  A Greek  grammarian,  au- 
thor of  a collection  of  tales  of  metamorphoses 
(ed.  by  Koch  1832). 

Antoninus  Pius  (an-to-ni'nus  pi'us)  (Titus 
Aurelius  Fulvus  Boionius  Arrius).  Born 
near  Lanuvium,  Italy,  Sept.  19,  86  a.  d.  : died 
at  Lorium,  Italy,  March  7, 161  A.  D.  Emperor  of 
Rome  138-161  A.  D.  He  was  consul  and  proconsul  in 
Asia  under  Hadrian,  and  was  adopted  by  Hadrian  in  138. 
His  reign  was  marked  by  general  internal  peace  and  pros- 
perity. (See  Adoptive  Emperors.)  It  “was  one  of  those 
periods  which  have  been  pronounced  happy  because  they 
are  barren  of  events,  and  the  placid  temper  of  the  prince 
gave  him  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  felicity  of  his  people  ” 
(Smith,  Hist,  of  the  World). 

Antonio  (an-to'ne-o),  Sant’,  Church  of.  A 

remarkable  church  in  Padua,  Italy,  built  by 
Niccola  Pisano  in  the  13th  century,  and  combin- 
ing Pointed  forms  with  seven  Byzantine  domes 
modeled  after  those  of  St.  Mark’s  at  Venice. 
The  aisles  and  chapels  have  groined  vaults,  and  Pointed 
and  round  arches  are  used  together.  The  church  con- 
tains fine  paintings  and  tombs,  and  several  magnificent 
chapels,  among  them  the  Cappella  del  Santo,  whose  mar- 
ble reliefs  are  among  the  most  notable  of  the  Renaissance, 
and  the  Cappella  San  Felice,  in  the  Venetian  Pointed 
style,  with  admirable  14th-century  frescos. 

Antonio,  Nicolao.  [NL.  Nicolaus  Antonins.] 
Born  at  Seville  1617 : died  1684.  A Spanish  bib- 
liographer and  critic.  He  was  appointed  by  Philip  IV. 
his  general  agent  at  Rome  in  1659,  and  was  made  fiscal  of 
the  royal  council  at  Madrid  about  1677.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  “Bibliotheca  Hispanica,"  an  index  of  Spanish  au- 
thors from  the  time  of  Augustus.  It  is  in  two  parts,  each 
of  two  folio  volumes,  lie  also  published  “Bibliotheca 
Hispanica  Nova  1 (1672),  and  “Bibliotheca  Vetus"  (1696). 

Antonio  (an-to'ni-o).  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “Mer- 
chant of  Venice,”  the  princely  merchant  who 
gives  to  the  play  its  name.  He  is  of  a sensitive,  sus- 
ceptible, melancholy  nature,  with  a presentiment  of  evil 
and  danger.  Being  obliged  to  borrow  money  of  Shylock 
to  meet  the  needs  of  Bassanio,  his  friend,  he  is  induced  to 
sign  a bond  agreeing  to  forfeit  a pound  of  flesh  if  he  does 
not  repay  the  money  within  a specified  time.  Not  being 
able  to  pay,  he  nearly  loses  his  life  to  satisfy  the  demands 
of  the  J ew.  See  Shylock. 

2.  In  Shakspere’s  “Tempest,”  the  usurping 
duke  of  Milan. — 3.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Two  Gen- 
tlemen of  Verona,”  the  father  of  Proteus. — 4. 
The  brother  of  Leonato,  governor  of  Messina, 
in  Shakspere’s  “Much  Ado  about  Nothing.” — 
5.  A sea-captain  devoted  to  Sebastian,  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Twelfth  Night.” — 6.  In  Middleton’s 
play  “ The  Changeling,”  a secondary  character 
who  pretends  for  his  own  purposes  to  be  an  idiot 
ora  changeling:  from  him  the  play  takes  its 
name. — -7.  In  Webster’s  tragedy  “The  Duchess 
of  Malfi,”  the  steward  of  the  household  of  the 
Duchess  of  Malfi.  Hois  secretly  married  to  her, 
an  offense  for  which  he  is  murdered  by  her 
brothers. — 8.  In  Otway’s  play  “Venice  Pre- 
served,” a foolish  speeehmaker  and  senator 
whose  buffooneries  were  intended  to  ridicule 
the  first  Earl  of  Shaftesbury.  The  part  is  omit- 
ted from  the  acting  play  on  account  of  its  in- 
decency.— 9.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Marston’s  “Antonio  and  Mellida”  and  “ An- 
tonio’s Revenge,”  the  son  of  Andrugio,  in  love 
with  Mellida. — 10.  In  Tomkis’s  comedy  “Al- 
bumazar,”  an  old  gentleman,  supposed  to  be 
drowned,  who  returns  in  time  to  frustrate  the 
schemes  of  the  thievish  Albumazar. — 11.  In 
Dryden’s  tragedy  “ Don  Sebastian,”  a young 
Portuguese  nobleman,  a slave  at  the  time  the 
play  begins.  Dorax  calls  him  “The  amorous 
airy  spark,  Antonio.” 


Antwerp 

Antonio  and  Mellida.  A tragedy  in  two  parts 
by  Marston,  printed  in  1602.  It  had  been  played 
in  1601  and  ridiculed  by  Ben  Jonson  in  “The  Poetaster" 
and  “ Cynthia’s  Revels.”  The  second  part  is  also  known 
as  “ Antonio's  Revenge." 

Antonius,  Saint.  See  Anthony. 

Antonius’,  Marcus.  See  Antony , Mark. 

Antonius  (an-to'ni-us),  Marcus.  Bom  143 
B.  c. . killed  at  Rome,  87  B.  c.  A Roman  orator, 
consul  99  B.  c.,  and  censor  97.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  the  Marian  party. 

Antony  (an'to-ni).  A tragedy  by  Alexandre 
Dumas,  produced  in  1831. 

Antony,  Saint.  See  Anthony. 

Antony,  Mark,  L.  Marcus  Antonius.  Born 
about  83  b.  c. : died  at  Alexandria  in  Aug.,  30 
B.  c.  A Roman  triumvir  and  general,  grand- 
son of  Marcus  Antonius  the  orator.  He  served 
in  Palestine  and  Egypt ; was  qusestor  in  52  and  tribune  iu 
50 ; became  a prominent  adherent  of  Caesar ; and  was  ex- 
pelled from  Rome  and  fled  to  Caesar,  who  thereupon  com- 
menced the  civil  war.  He  commanded  the  left  wing  at 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia ; was  master  of  the  horse  in  47, 
and  became  consul  in  44.  He  engaged  in  intrigues  after 
Caesar's  death,  and  was  denounced  by  Cicero ; fled  from 
Rome  ; formed  with  Octavian  and  Lepidus  the  2d  trium- 
virate in  43 ; defeated  Brutus  and  Cassius  at  Philippi  in 
42 ; summoned  Cleopatra  to  Asia,  and  later  followed  her 
to  Alexandria ; and  renewed  the  triumvirate  in  40  and  37. 
From  about  40  he  lived  chiefly  in  Alexandria  with  Cleo- 
patra; conducted  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against 
Parthia;  was  defeated  by  Octavian  at  Actium  31;  and 
fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  committed  suicide. 

Antony  and  Cleopatra.  A tragedy  by  Shak- 
spere,  written  and  produced  in  1607,  entered 
on  the  Stationers’  Register  in  1608,  and  printed 
in  1623.  It  was  founded  on  North's  “riutarch,”  and  in 
it  Shakspere  lias  followed  history  more  minutely  than  in 
any  other  of  his  plays.  The  subject  has  been  used  by 
pryden  in  “All  for  Love,”  and  by  Fletcher  and  Massinger 
in  “The  False  One.”  The  character  of  Mark  Antony  is 
incomparably  stronger  in  Shakspere’s  play  than  in  the 
others.  Dryden  makes  him  a weak  voluptuary  entirely 
given  up  to  his  passion  for  Cleopatra. 

Antony  Love,  Sir,  or  The  Rambling  Lady. 

A comedy  by  Southerne,  printed  in  1684.  sir 
Antony  is  the  Rambling  J ady  herself,  who  in  male  attire 
swaggers,  fights  duels,  hobnobs  with  the  men,  and  fol- 
lows one  whom  she  loves  to  France. 

Antony  of  Padua.  See  Anthony. 

Antraigues  (on-trag').  A small  picturesque 
town  in  the  department  of  Ardeehe,  France, 
west  of  Privas. 

Antraigues  (on-trag'),  Comte  d’  (Emmanuel 
Louis  Henri  de  Launay).  Born  at  Ville- 
Neuve,  Ardfeche,  France,  about  1755:  assas- 
sinated near  London,  July  22,  1812.  A French 
politician,  author  of  “Memoires  sixr  les  Etats- 
G6n(5raux,  etc.”  (1788).  He  was  a deputy  1789, 
emigrated  in  1790,  and  was  later  employed  in 
various  diplomatic  missions. 

Antrim  (an'trim).  A county  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north,  by  the 
North  Channel  on  the  east,  by  Down  on  the 
south,  and  by  Londonderry  and  Lough  Neagh 
on  the  west.  It  is  hilly  on  the  coast.  The  chief  city 
is  Belfast.  Antrim  was  largely  colonized  from  Scotland. 
Area,  1,211  square  miles.  Population,  196,090. 

Antrim.  A town  in  County  Antrim,  13  miles 
northwest  of  Belfast.  Near  it  are  Antrim  Castle, 
Shane’s  Castle,  and  an  ancient  round  tower,  an  unusual 
example  of  this  characteristic  type  of  medieval  Irish  struc- 
ture. It  is  95  feet  high  and  18  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and 
tapers  to  the  top,  which  is  covered  with  a conical  block 
replacing  the  original  one,  which  was  destroyed  by  light- 
ning. The  small,  low  door  is  raised  about  10  feet  above 
the  ground,  and  has  monolithic  jambs  and  lintel.  Antrim 
was  the  scene  of  a royalist  victory  over  the  Irish  insur- 
gents, June  7,  1798.  Population,  1,826. 

Antuco  (an-to'ko).  A small  place  in  Bio  Bio, 
Chile,  about  lat.  37°  30'  S.  From  it  one  of  the 
chief  passes  (6,890  feet  high)  over  the  Andes 
leads  to  the  Argentine  Republic. 

Antwerp  (aut'werp).  [Flem.  Antwerpen , G. 
Antwerpen,  F.  Anvers,  Sp.  Amberes.]  A prov- 
ince of  Belgium,  bounded  by  the  Netherlands 
on  the  north,  by  Limburg  on  the  east,  by 
Brabant  on  the  south,  and  by  East  Flanders  on 
the  west.  The  chief  cities  are  Antwerp  and  Mechlin. 
Area,  1,093  square  miles.  Population,  973,455,  principally 
Flemish. 

Antwerp.  A seaport  of  Belgium,  and  the  capital 
of  the  province  of  Antwerp,  situated  on  the 
Schelde  60  miles  from  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  51° 
13'  N.,  long.  4°  24' E.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  city  of 
Belgium  and  one  of  the  principal  seaports  of  Europe,  and 
also  a strong  fortress.  It  has  extensive  quays  and  docks, 
and  is  the  terminus  of  the  Red  Star  Steamship  Line  to  New 
York,  and  of  other  steamship  lines.  The  city  was  founded 
by  the  7th  century,  and  its  most  flourishing  period  was 
from  the  11th  to  the  16th  century.  It  suffered  severely 
from  the  Inquisition,  the  “Spanish  Fury”  of  1576,  and 
the  “French  Fury"of  1583.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Duke 
of  Parma  in  1784  and  taken  in  1585.  The  town  was  occu- 
pied by  tlie  French  in  1794,  and  was  recovered  from  France 
in  1814.  The  citadel  was  taken,  after  a siege,  by  the  French 
under  Gerard  from  the  Dutch  under  Chassi  in  1832.  The 
cathedral  of  Antwerp  is  the  most  important  church  in  the 


Antwerp 

Low  Countries.  It  was  begun  in  1352,  and  finished  early 
in  the  16th  century.  The  exterior  is  marked  by  the  grace- 
ful north  tower  and  spire  of  the  west  front,  402  feet  high. 
The  south  tower  is  incomplete.  Over  the  crossing  is  a 
curious  pyramidal  stepped  erection  with  a pointed  bulbous 
top ; to  expose  this  to  view  the  roofs  of  nave,  choir,  and 
transepts  terminate  at  the  quadrangle  of  the  crossing, 
which  produces  a strange  effect.  The  windows  are  very 
large  and  richly  traceried,  but  the  general  impression  is 
bare.  The  simple  interior  is  highly  impressive,  with  ad- 
mirable perspectives.  It  contains  Rubens's  famous  paint- 
ings, the  “Descent  from  the  Cross,"  the  “ Elevation  of  the 
Cross,”  and  the  ‘'Assumption.”  The  dimensions  are 
384  by  471  feet,  length  of  transepts  222,  height  of  vaulting 
130.  The  Musde  Plantin-Moretus  is  a unique  collection  of 
everything  pertaining  to  the  early  days  of  printing  and  to 
its  later  development  in  the  house  of  the  noted  printer 
Plantin,  who  opened  his  office  in  1555.  The  house  itself  is  a 
highly  interesting  example  of  a Renaissance  dwelling  of 
the  better  burgher  class,  with  its  old  furniture,  tapestries, 
and  ornaments,  combined  with  business  offices.  It  is  built 
around  a quaint  court.  The  old  printing-oflice,  the  pro- 
prietor’s office,  and  the  salesroom  are  preserved  complete. 
Among  the  ninety  portraits  in  the  house  are  fourteen  by 
Rubens  and  two  by  Van  Dyck.  Population,  317,171. 

Anu  (a'no).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a son  of 
King  Yayati  and  Sarmishtha.  When  the  curse  of 
old  age  and  infirmity  was  pronounced  upon  Yayati  by  Su- 
kra,  the  father  of  his  wife  Devayani,  Sukra  consented  to 
transfer  it  to  any  one  of  Yayati’s  five  sons  who  would  con- 
sent to  bear  it.  Anu  was  one  of  the  four  who  refused,  and 
in  consequence  was  cursed  by  his  father,  the  curse  being 
that  his  posterity  should  not  possess  dominion— a curse 
apparently  not  fulfilled. 

Ann  (a'no).  The  supreme  god  of  the  Assyro- 
Babylonian  pantheon.  He  was  especially  the  god  of 
heaven,  and  his  consort  Antu  the  “mother  of  the  gods.” 
His  ancient  seat  of  worship  was  in  Uruk  and  later  in  Ur. 
In  the  time  of  the  Assyrian  ascendancy  his  cult  fell  into 
the  background,  though  theoretically  he  maintained  the 
first  place  in  the  hierarchy  of  the  Assyro-Babylonian  di- 
vinities. 

Anubis  (a-nu'bis).  [Gr.  ”Avov3ic.]  In  Egyptian 
mythology,  the  son  of  Osiris : often  identified  by 
the  Greeks  with  Hermes.  He  is  represented  with 
a jackal’s  head,  and  was  the  ruler  of  graves  and  super- 
visor of  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

Anukis  (a-no'kis).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a 
goddess  personifying  the  lower  hemisphere : 
the  same  as  Ankt. 

Anunaki  (a-no-na'ki).  In  Assyro-Babylonian 
mythology,  the  spirits  of  the  earth,  with  the 
Igigi,  spirits  of  heaven,  they  constitute  the  “host  of  hea- 
ven and  earth,”  subordinate  to  the  higher  gods,  especially 
to  Anu,  the  supreme  god  of  heaven. 

Anupshuhar  (a-nop-sho'har).  A town  in  the 
United  Provinces,  British  India,  situated  on 
the  Ganges  70  miles  southeast  of  Delhi. 
Anuradhpura  (a  - no  - radh  - po ' ra).  A saered 
city  of  northern  Ceylon,  60  miles  west  of  Trin- 
eomalee. 

Anville  (on-vel'),  Jean  Baptiste  Bourgui- 
gnon  d’.  Bom  at  Paris,  July  11, 1697 : died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  28,  1782.  A French  geographer  and 
chartographer.  He  was  the  author  of  “Atlas 
general  ” (1737-80),  “fitats  formes  en  Europe” 
(1771),  etc. 

Anwar-i-Suhail  ( an  - war ' e - stt  - hil ' ) . [Pers . , 
‘Lights  of  Canopus.’]  The  Persian  version  of 
the  so-called  ‘ ‘ Fables  of  Bidpai  or  Pilpay,”  made 
about  1494  a.  d.  by  Husain  Waiz  al-Kashifi. 
It  is  a simplified  recast  of  that  by  Nasr  Allah  of  Ghazni, 
made  about  1130  from  the  Arabic  Kalilah  and  Dimnah  of 
Abdallah  ibn  al-Mogaifa,  which  in  turn  was  made  from  the 
Pahlavi  version  by  Barzoi  of  thelndian  original,  from  which 
the  Sanskrit  Panchatantra  and  Hitopadesha  were  derived. 
The  star  Canopus  is  taken  as  representing  wisdom. 

Anything  for  a Quiet  Life.  A play  by  Thomas 
Middleton,  printed  in  1662. 

Anzasca  (an-tsas'ka),  Val  d’.  A picturesque 
Alpine  valley  in  the  province  of  Novara,  Italy, 
east  of  Monte  Rosa. 

Anzin  (on-zan').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  li  miles  west  of  Valenciennes, 
the  center  of  a coal-mining  region.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  14,387. 

Anzio,  Porto  d’.  See  Antium. 

Aogemadaeca.  A Parsi  tract  inculcating  resig- 
nation to  death:  so  called  from  its  initial 
Avesta  word  aogcmaide,  ‘ we  come.’  It  has  the 
appearance  of  an  Avesta  text  with  Pahlavi 
translation  and  commentary. 

Aomori  Bay  (a-o'mo-ri  ba').  A large  bay  at  the 
northern  extremity  of  the  main  island  of  Japan. 
Aoaia  (a-6'ni-a).  [Gr.  ’Aoria.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a district  in  Boeotia,  Greece.  The  name 
is  often  used  as  synonymous  with  Boeotia. 
Aornus  (a-dr'nus).  [Gr.  vAo  pvoc.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a rock  stronghold,  situated  near  the 
Indus  (near  the  river  Kabul?),  taken  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  from  native  defenders  327  B.  c. 
Aosta  (a-os'ta).  [F.  Aoste.]  A town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora 
Baltea  in  lat.  45°  45'  N.,  long.  7°  20'  E., 
at  the  terminus  of  the  Great  St.  Bernard  and 
Little  St.  Bernard  routes:  the  Roman  Augusta 

Pnetoria.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Salassi, 
C.—  5 


65 

and  became  a Roman  colony  under  Augustus.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  important  Roman  antiquities.  The  cathe- 
dral is  of  the  11th  century,  with  later  medieval  and  modern 
restorations.  There  are  two  imposing  towers  at  the  sides 
of  the  apse,  and  several  interesting  tombs  in  the  plain  in- 
terior. The  Pretorian  Gate  (porta  della  Trinith)  of  the 
ancient  Roman  walls  survives  in  fair  condition.  There 
are  three  arched  passages : that  in  the  middle  is  27  feet 
wide,  those  on  the  sides  7\.  The  space  between  the  two 
faces  is  nearly  40  feet.  The  arches  are  surmounted  by  a 
frieze  and  a range  of  corbels.  There  is  also  a Roman  tri- 
umphal arch,  an  interesting  and  well-preserved  monu- 
ment. It  is  84  feet  wide  and  65  High,  with  a single  arch  38 
feet  high  between  coupled  unfluted  Corinthian  columns. 
The  arch  has  a Doric  entablature,  with  triglyphs  at  the 
angles.  The  attic  is  destroyed.  Pop.,  commune,  7,875. 

A.OSta,  Duke  of.  A title  of  Amadeus,  king  of 
Spain. 

Aosta,  Valley  of.  The  upper  valley  of  the 
Dora  Baltea  in  northwestern  Italy. 

Apaches  (a-pa'chaz).  [From  the  Cuchan  and 
Maricopa  e' patch,  man,  here  applied  in  the 
sense  of  ‘enemy.’]  A people  of  the  southern 
division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  In  1598  they  occupied  northwest- 
ern New  Mexico,  and  between  that  date  and  1629  roamed 
over  the  upper  Gila  drainage-area  in  southwestern  New 
Mexico.  In  1799  their  range  was  from  central  Texas  nearly 
to  Colorado  River,  Arizona,  and  they  have  subsequently  ex- 
tended their  raids  as  far  south  as  Durango,  Mexico.  The 
names  by  which  the  principal  Apache  tribes  and  subtribes 
have  been  known  to  history  are  Arivaipa,  Chiricahua,  Co- 
yotero,  Faraone,  Gileno,  Jicarillo,  Lipan,  Llanero,  Mesca- 
lero,  Mimbrefio,  Mogollon,  Naisha,  Pinal  Coyotero,  Tchi- 
kun,  and  Tchishi.  The  Apaches  are  now  on  reservations 
in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Oklahoma,  and  number  about 
6,200.  See  Athapascan. 

Apafi.  See  Ahafi. 

Apalacha.  See  Apalachi. 

Apalache.  See  Apalachi. 

Apalachi  (ap-a-la'che),  or  Apalache  (-che), 
or  Apalacha  (-cha).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  known  since  1526,  formerly  dwelling 
in  and  around  St.  Mark’s  River,  Florida,  and 
northward  to  the  Appalachian  range,  in  16S8 
the  towns  of  the  tribe  or  division  were  mentioned  in  a pe- 
tition to  Charles  II.  of  Spain.  About  1702  they  were 
broken  up  and  scattered,  and  are  now  extinct  or  absorbed. 
Also  Appalachee.  See  Muslchogean. 

Apamea  (ap-a-me'a).  [Gr.  ’Anageia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  in 
(about)  lat.  38°  3'  N.,  long.  29°  55'  E. : the 
modern  Dinair  or  Denair. 

Apamea.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Syria, 
situated  on  the  Orontes  50  miles  southeast  of 
Antioch : the  medieval  Famieh,  and  the  mod- 
ern Qal'at  el  Mudiq,  originally  called  Pharnake. 

Apappus  (a-pap'pus).  See  the  extract. 

At  Assfian,  at  El-Kab,  at  Kasr-es-Syed,  at  Sheik  Said,  at 
Zauwit-el-Meitin,  at  Sakkarah,  and  at  San  the  name  of 
Apappus  frequently  appears:  and  it  may  also  be  seen 
sculptured  on  the  rocks  at  Wady  Magharah,  and  at  Ham- 
mamat,  a station  on  the  road  between  Keneh  and  Kosseir. 
The  name  Apappus  signifies,  in  Egyptian,  a giant,  and  this 
may  be  the  basis  of  a tradition  which  describes  him  as 
being  nine  cubits  high,  and  also  says  that  he  reigned  a 
hundred  years.  ilariette,  Outlines,  p.  11. 

Apastamba(a-pas-tam'bhii).  The  author  of  Su- 
tras connected  with  the  Black  Yajurveda  and  of 
a Dharmashastra.  To  him  or  his  school  are  as- 
cribed two  recensions  of  the  Taittiriyasamhita. 

Apaturia  (ap-a-tu'ri-a).  [Gr.  ’A'lrarovpia.']  In 
Greek  antiquity,  the  solemn  annual  meeting 
of  the  phratries  for  the  purpose  of  registering 
the  children  of  the  preceding  year  whose  birth 
entitled  them  to  citizenship,  it  took  place  in  the 
month  Pyanepsion  (Oct.-Nov.),  and  lasted  three  days. 
The  registration  took  place  on  the  third  day. 

Apava  (ii'pa-ya).  In  the  Brahmapurana  and 
the  Harivansa,  Apava  performed  the  office  of 
the  creator  Brahma,  and  divided  himself  into 
two  parts,  male  and  female.  These  produced 
Vishnu,  who  created  Viraj,  who  brought  into 
the  world  the  first  man. 

Apeldoorn  (a'pel-dorn).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Gelderland , Netherlands,  situated  on  i he  Grift 
and  Dieren  Canal  17  miles  north  of  Arnhem. 
Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Loo.  Pop.,  34,890. 

Apellas  (a-pel'as).  [Gr.  A7rr/i/tdf.]  Lived 
about  400  b.  c.  A Greek  sculptor. 

Apelles  (a-pel'ez).  [Gr.  ’Avrr/l/U/f.]  A famous 
Greek  painter  of  the  time  of  Philip  and  Alex- 
ander. Three  cities  claimed  to  be  his  birthplace,  Colo- 
phon, Ephesus,  and  Cos.  He  was  a pupil  first  of  an  other- 
wise unknown  Ephoros,  and  later  of  the  famous  Pamphilos 
of  Sicyon.  In  him  there  was  that  blending  of  Doric  and 
Ionic  elements  to  which  the  best  results  of  Greek  civili- 
zation may  generally  be  traced.  His  greatest  work,  and, 
perhaps,  the  most  perfect  picture  of  antiquity,  was  the 
Aphrodite  Anadyomene,  originally  painted  for  the  temple 
of  ZEsculapius  in  Cos.  It  was  afterward  bought  by  Augus- 
tus for  100  talents  and  placed  in  the  temple  of  Csesar  in 
Rome.  In  Nero’s  time  the  nearly  ruined  picture  was 
copied  by  Dorotheus.  Apelles’s  model  was  supposed  to 
have  been  Pancaste,  the  mistress  of  Alexander,  or  Phryne. 
From  some  expressions  in  an  obscure  text  it  has  been  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a half-length  figure,  and  the  subject  was 
painted  by  Titian  in  this  way  in  the  Bridgewater  picture. 


Aphthartodocotse 

Apelt  (a'pelt),  Ernst  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Eeichenau,  Saxony,  March  3,1812 : died  at  Jena, 
Oct.  27,  1859.  A German  philosophical  writer, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Jena.  He  was  the 
author  of  “Epochen  der  Geschiclite  der  Menschheit” 
(1845,  2d  ed,  1852),  “ Theorie  der  Induktion  ” (1854),  “Re- 
ligionsphilosophie  ” (1860),  etc. 

Apemantus  (ap-e-man'tus).  In  Shakspere’s 
“ Tim  on  of  Athens,”  a cynical  and  churlish 
philosopher. 

Diogenes,  in  Lily’s  “Alexander  and  Campaspe,”  sat  to 
the  poet  for  Timon’s  contrast,  the  cynic  Apemantus  ; the 
quick  striking  epigrammatic  answers  to  questions  which 
seem  to  be  inserted  here  and  there  too  much  for  the  sake 
of  eliciting  witty  replies,  are  quite  on  this  model.  The 
description  of  this  antique  fool  is  so  perfect  in  its  way 
that  it  is  supposed  Shakespeare  must  have  seen  the  short 
sketch  of  a cynic  which  in  Lucian’s  “Public  Sale  of  Phi- 
losophers” is  put  into  the  mouth  of  Diogenes. 

Gervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bun- 
(nett,  ed.  1880),  p.  781. 

Apennines  (ap'e-ninz).  [F.  Apennins , It.  Apen- 
nini,  G.  Apenninen,  etc. ; L.  Apenninus  or  Appen- 
ninus.1  The  central  mountain  system  of  Italy. 
It  forms  the  backbone  of  the  peninsula  and  extends  from 
the  Ligurian  Alps  in  the  neighborhood  of  Savona  south- 
eastward to  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula.  Its  length  is 
about  800  miles  and  its  average  height  about  4,000  feet. 
The  highest  point  is  Monte  Corno  (9,585  feet),  in  the  Gran 
Sasso  d'ltalia. 

Apenrade  (a/pen-ra-de).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the 
Apenrade  Fjord  35  miles  north  of  Schleswig. 
Population,  commune,  7,023. 

Apepa  (a-pa'pa).  A shepherd  king  of  Egypt 
who  ruled  at  Avaris  (Zoan)  about  1700  B.  C. : 
probably  the  Aphobis  of  Manetho,  and  perhaps 
a contemporary  of  Joseph. 

Apepi  (a-pa'pe).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
great  serpent,  the  embodiment  of  evil  (Typhon). 
Aper  (a/ per),  Aperiu  (a-per-e'o),  Apuirai 
(a-po-e'ri).  A name  of  an  ancient  people 
mentioned  in  the  Egyptian  records,  and  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  the  Hebrews,  but  probably 
an  “Erythraean  people  in  the  east  of  the  nome 
of  Heliopolis,  in  what  is  known  as  the  ‘red 
country’  or  the  ‘red  mountain’”  (Brugsch). 
Apfelstedt  (ap'fel-stet).  A small  river  in  Thu- 
ringia which  joins  the  Gera  south  of  Erfurt. 
Aphobis.  See  Apepa. 

Aphraates  (af-ra'tez),  Jacob.  Lived  in  the 
4th  century.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Syrian 
Church,  surnamed  “ The  Persian  Sage.”  After 
his  conversion  he  lived  in  Edessa  and  later  in  Antioch. 
He  was  an  opponent  of  Arianism,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
collection  of  homilies. 

Aphrodisias  (af-ro-dis'i-as).  [Gr.  A^poAomf.] 
An  ancient  town  of  Caria,  situated  on  the 
Menander:  the  modern  Ghera.  it  contains  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  hippodrome  which  coincide  on  one 
side  with  the  city  walls.  Both  ends  are  semicircular. 
The  length  is  919  feet,  the  breadth  270  ; the  arena  is  747 
by  98  feet.  There  are  26  tiers  of  seats,  divided  into  sec- 
tions by  flights  of  steps  and  bordered  above  by  an  arcaded 
gallery.  There  is  also  a Roman  temple  of  Venus,  which 
is  comparatively  well  preserved.  It  is  Ionic,  octastyle, 
pseudodipteral,  with  15  columns  on  the  flanks,  in  plan  60 
by  119  feet.  The  peristyle  columns  are  35J  feet  high. 
Aphrodite  (af-ro-di'te).  [Gr.  ’AippoAhy,  asso- 
ciated by  popular  etym.  with  acf>p6(;,  foam,  as 
if  ‘foam-born’  (ef.  Anadyomene ).]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  goddess  of  love  and  wedlock, 
accordingto  one  legend  daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Dione,  accordingto  another  risen  from 
the  foam  of  the  sea  at  Cyprus,  whence  she  is 
Called  Kypris.  Many  scholars  give  her  an  Asiatic  ori- 
gin and  connect  her  with  the  Phenician  Astarte  (Assyro- 
Babylonian  Ishtar)  who  corresponds  to  her.  She  was 
originally  conceived  as  a power  of  nature,  and  later  spe- 
cifically as  the  deity  of  reproduction  and  love.  She  some- 
times appears  as  the  wife  of  Hephrestus  (Vulcan),  and  in 
her  train  are  her  son  Eros  (Amor)  and  the  Graces.  The 
chief  seats  of  her  worship  were  Paphos,  Amathus,  and  Ida- 
lion  on  the  island  of  Cyprus,  Cnidus  in  Asia  Minor,  Corinth, 
and  Eryx  in  Sicily.  Among  plants  the  myrtle,  rose,  and 
apple  were  especially  sacred  to  her ; among  animals  the 
ram,  he-goat,  dove,  and  swan.  Of  her  representations  in 
art  the  most  famous  are  the  replica  of  her  statue  of  Cnidus 
by  Praxiteles  in  the  Glyptothek  of  Munich,  the  original 
statues  of  Melos  in  the  Louvre,  of  Capua  at  Naples,  the 
Medicean  in  Florence,  and  the  Capitoline  in  Rome.  The 
Romans  identified  Aphrodite  with  Venus,  who  was  origi- 
nally a Latin  goddess  of  spring. 

Aphrodite,  Temple  of.  See  JEgina  (Greece). 
Aphroditopolis  ( aFro-di-top'o-lis).  [Gr.  ’A<ppo- 
diroiro'Aic,  ‘ city  of  Aphrodite.’]  The  iifirne  of  sev- 
eral cities  in  ancient  Egypt. 
Aphthartodocetas  (af-th‘ar//t6-do-se'te).  [MGr. 
’AtpdapTodoKtjTai,  from  Gr.  a<pdaproc,  incorruptible, 
and  fioneiv,  teach.]  A Monopbysite  sect  which 
existed  from  the  6th  to  the  9th  century  or 
later.  They  held  that  the  body  of  Christ  was  incorrup- 
tible even  before  the  resurrection,  and  that  he  sulfered 
deatli  only  in  a phantasmal  appearance.  From  this  they 
are  sometimes  called  Phantasiasts,  a name  more  properly 
belonging  to  the  Docetse,  who  denied  even  the  reality  of 
Christ's  body. 


Aphthonius 

Aphthonius  (af-tho'ni-us),  AIliU3  Festus. 

Lived  about  300  a.  d.  A Greek  rhetorician. 
He  was  the  author  of  four  books  “de  metris,”  which 
Marius  Victorinus,  about  the  middle  of  the  4th  century, 
incorporated  in  his  system  of  grammar. 

Apia  (a'pi-a).  An  old  name  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus. 

Apia  (a'pe-a).  A municipality  and  seaport, 
chief  town  of  Upolu,  Samoan  Islands,  situated 
in  lat.  13°  49'  S.,  long.  171°  48'  W.  It  is  the  center 

of  German  commerce  in  the  western  Pacific,  and  has  been 
under  German  control  since  1899-1900.  On  March  15,  1889, 
a hurricane  visited  the  harbor  of  Apia,  destroying  the 
American  men-of-war  Vandalia  and  Trenton,  and  the 
German  men-of-war  Adler  and  Eber,  with  several  mer- 
chant vessels.  The  American  Nipsic  and  the  German 
Olga  were  beached.  Many  lives  were  lost. 

Apiacas  (ap-e-aJsas').  The  name  of  two  Indian 
tribes  of  Brazil.  (1)  A horde  of  the  Tupi  race  which, 
in  historical  times,  has  lived  on  the  Upper  Tapajds  and 
Arinos ; they  are  an  agricultural  people,  and  skilful  canoe- 
men  ; now  reduced  to  a few  thousand.  (2)  A small  tribe 
on  the  Tocantins,  which,  by  its  language,  appears  to  be 
allied  to  the  Caribs. 

Apianus  (a-pe-a'nos),  Petrus:  Latinized  from 
bis  German  name,  Peter  Bienewitz  (G.  biene, 
L.  apis , a bee).  Born  at  Leysnick,  1495 : died 
there,  April  21, 1552.  A German  mathematician 
and  cosmographer.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Ingolstadt,  and  was  created  by  Charles  V.  a knight  of  the 
German  Empire.  He  wrote  an  astronomical  work,  but  is 
best  known  for  his  volumes  on  cosmography,  which  con- 
tain some  of  the  earliest  maps  of  America. 

Apicata  (ap-i-ka'ta).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  play 
“The  Pall  of  Sejanus,”  the  wife  of  Sejanus, 
who  put  her  away  for  Livia. 
Apicius(a-pish'ius),  Marcus  Gabius.  Afamous 
Roman  epicure  who  lived  during  the  reigns  of 
Augustus  and  Tiberius.  Having,  it  was  said,  spent 
one  hundred  million  sesterces  (about  $3,600,000)  in  procur- 
ing and  inventing  rare  dishes,  he  balanced  his  accounts 
and  found  that  he  had  only  ten  million  sesterces  ($360,000) 
left.  Unwilling  to  starve  on  such  a pittance,  he  destroyed 
himself. 

Apinji  (a-pen'je).  A small  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
French  Kongo,  between  the  Ba-Kele  and  the 
Ashango. 

Apion  (a'pi-on).  [Gr.  ’AttIuv.']  A Greek  gram- 
marian and  commentator  on  Homer,  who  flour- 
ished about  the  middle  of  the  1st  century  A.  D. 
Apis  (a 'pis).  [Gr.  ’Airff,  Egypt.  Hapi,  the 
hidden  one.]  The  Bull  of  Memphis,  worshiped 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  the  image  of  the  soul  of  Osiris,  and  was  the  sacred  em- 
blem of  that  god.  Sometimes  he  is  figured  as  a man  with 
a bull's  head.  “ There  were  many  signs  necessary  for  an 
Apis ; . . . for  instance,  spots  in  the  shape  of  a triangle  on 
the  forehead,  and  a half-moon  on  the  breast.  If  such  an 
Apis  was  discovered,  it  was  led  with  rejoicings  into  Mem- 
phis, it  was  carefully  tended,  and  after  its  death  was  buried 
with  great  costliness.  He  was  zealously  worshipped  and 
gave  oracles.  He  was  looked  on  as  the  second  life,  or  the 
son  of  Ptah,  the  soul  or  image  of  Osiris,  born  of  a virgin 
cow.  After  his  death  he  became  Osiris- Apis  or  Serapis.” 
La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion  (trans.),  p.  405. 

Apo  (a'po).  A volcano  in  the  central  part  of 
Mindanao,  Philippines,  over  10,000  feet  high. 
Apocalypse,  The.  See  Revelation . 

Apocrypha  (a-pok'ri-fa),  The.  [LL.  apocry- 
pha, ueut.  pi.  (sc.  scripta)  of  apocryphus,  from 
Gr.  cnroupvt/ioc  (neut.  pi.  airdupiupa,  sc.  ypappara  or 
/3if]Xla),  hidden,  concealed,  obscure,  recondite, 
hard  to  understand;  in  eccles.  use,  of  writ- 
ings, anonymous,  of  unknown  or  undetermined 
authorship  or  authority,  unrecognized,  unca- 
nouical,  spurious,  pseudo-;  from  a~0Kpi~rtiv, 
hide  away,  conceal,  obscure,  from  ano,  away, 
and  KpuiTTew,  hide,  conceal.]  A collection  of 
fourteen  hooks  subjoined  to  the  canonical  books 
of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  authorized  version 
of  the  Bible,  as  originally  issued,  but  now  gen- 
erally omitted.  They  do  not  exist  in  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
hut  are  found  with  others  of  the  same  character  scattered 
through  the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  versions  of  the  Old 
Testament.  They  are  : FirstandSeeondEsdras(otherwise 
Third  and  Fourth  Esdras  or  Ezra,  reckoning  Nehemiah  as 
Second  Ezra  or  Esdras),  Tobit  or  Tobias,  Judith,  the  Rest 
of  Esther,  Wisdom  of  Solomon,  Ecclesiasticus,  Baruch  (as 
joined  to  Jeremiah),  parts  of  Daniel  (namely,  Song  of  the 
Three  Children,  the  History  of  Susanna,  the  Destruction  of 
Bel  and  the  Dragon),  the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and  First  and 
Second  Maccabees.  Most  of  these  are  recognized  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  as  fully  canonical,  though  theo- 
logians of  that  church  often  distinguish  them  as  deutero- 
canonical,  on  the  ground  that  their  place  in  the  canon  was 
decided  later  than  that  of  the  other  books,  limiting  the 
name  Apocrypha  to  the  two  (last)  books  of  Esdras  and 
the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and  other  books  not  in  the  above 
collection,  namely.  Third  and  Fourth  Maccabees,  a book 
of  Enoch,  an  additional  or  151st  Psalm  of  David,  and  eigh- 
teen Psalms  of  Solomon.  With  these  sometimes  are  in- 
cluded certain  pseudepigraphic  books,  such  as  the  Apoc- 
alypse of  Baruch  and  the  Assumption  of  Moses.  The 
name  Apocrypha  is  also  occasionally  made  to  embrace 
the  Antilegomena  of  the  New  Testament.  The  Greek 
Church  makes  no  distinction  among  the  books  contained 
in  the  Septuagint. 

Apodaca  (a-po-da'ka),  Juan  Ruiz  de.  Born  at 
Cadiz,  Feb.  3,  1754:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  11, 
1835.  A Spanish  naval  officer  and  adminis- 


66 

trator,  ambassador  to  England  1808,  captain- 
general  of  Cuba  1812-16,  and  viceroy  of  New 
Spain  (Mexico),  Aug.,  1816,  to  Aug.,  1822.  By 
energy  combined  with  a spirit  of  conciliation,  he  in  a great 
measure  repressed  the  revolutionists,  defeating  Mina,  who 
was  captured  and  executed  (Nov.,  1817),  and  driving  Vi- 
cente Guerrero  to  the  mountains.  When  Iturbide  re- 
belled (1821)  the  viceroy  was  obliged  to  temporize,  and  the 
insurgents  had  gained  important  successes  before  he  left. 
For  this  reason  he  is  surnamed  “the  Unfortunate.” 

Apolda  (a-pol'da).  A town  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  9 miles  northeast 
of  Weimar.  It  has  manufactures  of  hosiery,  woolen 
goods,  machinery,  dyes,  hells,  etc.  Population. 
21,262. 

Apollinare  in  Classe  (a-pol-le-na're  in  clas'se), 
San.  [See  Classis.)  A church  at  Ravenna, 
Italy,  begun  in  534,  the  most  important  existing 
early-Christian  basilica  in  Italy,  in  plan  it  is  93 
feet  by  173,  measuring  inside,  with  nave  and  aisles  sepa- 
rated by  24  gray  marble  columns  with  round  arches,  and  a 
raised  semicircular  tribune.  There  is  a clearstory  of 
double  round-arched  windows,  and  the  wooden  roofs  are 
open.  The  narthex,  now  walled  up,  originally  had  open 
arcades.  Nave  and  aisles  have  painted  medallion-friezes 
of  busts  of  the  bishops  and  archbishops  of  Ravenna.  The 
vault  and  walls  of  the  tribune  are  covered  with  splendid 
mosaics  of  the  6th  and  7th  centuries.  The  picturesque 
circular  campanile  is  of  brick,  120  feet  high,  with  many 
round-arched  windows. 

Apollinare  Nuovo  (a-pol-le-na're  no-o'vo), 
San.  A church  at  Ravenna,  Italy,  built  by  Theo- 
doric  in  the  6th  century.  In  plan  it  is  115  by  315  feet, 
with  a single  raised  apse  (beina),  and  a handsome  narthex 
with  a portico.  The  nave,  51  feet  wide,  with  fine  coffered 
ceiling,  has  24  columns  brought  from  Constantinople ; 
the  Corinthian  capitals  are  surmounted  by  heavy  Byzan- 
tine abaci.  Above  the  arcades  of  the  nave  the  walls  are 
covered  with  very  beautiful  6th-century  mosaics. 

Apollinarians  (a-pol-i-na'ri-anz).  A religious 
sect  deriving  their  name  from  Apollinaris  the 
Younger,  bishop  of  Laodicea  in  the  4th  century. 
Apollinaris  denied  the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  at- 
tributing to  him  a human  body  and  a human  soul,  or 
vital  principle,  but  teaching  that  the  Divine  Reason,  or 
Logos,  took  in  him  the  place  which  in  man  is  occupied  by 
the  rational  principle. 

Apollinaris  (a-pol-i-na'ris),  Saint.  See  the 
extract. 

The  mythical  founder-bishop  of  the  Church  of  Ravenna 
was  Saint  Apollinaris,  a citizen  of  Antioch,  well  versed  in 
Greek  and  Latin  literature,  who,  we  are  told,  followed 
Peter  to  Rome,  was  ordained  there  by  that  Apostle,  and 
eventually  was  commissioned  by  him  to  preach  the  Gos- 
pel at  Ravenna.  Before  his  departure,  however,  he  had 
once  passed  a night  in  St.  Peter's  company  at  the  monas- 
tery known  by  the  name  of  the  Elm  (“ad  Ulmum  ”). 
They  had  slept  upon  the  bare  rock,  and  the  indentations 
made  by  their  heads,  their  backs,  and  their  legs  were  still 
shown  in  the  9th  century. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  444. 

Apollinaris,  surnamed  “The  Younger.”  Died 
about  390.  Bishop  of  Laodicea,  and  founder  of 
the  sect  of  the  Apollinarians. 

Apollinaris  Fountain  (a-pol-i-na'ris  foun'- 
tan).  A mineral  spring  near  Neuenahr,  25 
miles  northwest  of  Coblentz,  Prussia,  discov- 
ered in  1853.  Its  waters  are  largely  exported. 

Apollinaris  Sidonius.  See  Sidonius,  Apolli- 
naris. 

Apollino  (a-pol-le'no).  A statue  in  the  tribune 
of  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  It  is  an  antique  copy  from 
a Greek  original,  probably  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.,  repre- 
senting an  effeminate  type  of  the  youthful  Apollo  stand- 
ing easily  and  gracefully. 

Apollinopolis  Magna  (a-pol-i-nop'6-lis  mag'- 
na).  An  ancient  city  of  Egypt,  near  Edfu.  See 
Edfu. 

Apollo  (a-pol'o).  [Gr.  AttoXauv,  Doric  ’Atte/UW; 
associated  in  popular  etvm.  with  anoTuivvai,  de- 
stroy, to  which  notion  some  of  his  attributes 
are  due ; prob.  of  Eastern  origin.  See  quota- 
tions.] In  Greek  and  later  in  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  great  Olympian  gods,  the  son 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona),  represent- 
ing the  light-  and  life-giving  influence,  as  well 
as  the  deadly  power,  of  the  sun,  and  often 
identified  with  the  sun-god  Helios.  He  was  the 
leader  of  the  Muses,  god  of  music,  poetry,  and  healing,  and 
patron  of  these  arts ; a mighty  protector  from  evil,  all- 
seeing,  and  hence  the  master  of  prophecy;  also  the  de- 
stroyer of  the  unjust  and  insolent,  and  ruler  of  pestilence. 
In  art  he  was  represented  in  the  full  majesty  of  youthful 
manhood,  in  most  of  his  attributions  unclothed  or  hut 
lightly  draped,  and  usually  characterized  by  the  bow  and 
arrows,  the  laurel,  the  lyre,  the  oracular  tripod,  the  ser- 
pent, or  the  dolphin.  He  was  the  father  of  zEsculapius, 
to  whom  he  granted  his  art  of  healing.  Apollo  was  hon- 
ored, both  locally  and  generally,  under  many  special  titles, 
of  which  each  had  its  particular  type  in  art  and  literature : 
as,  Apollo  Cilharoedus  (Apollo  who  sings  to  the  accompa- 
niment of  the  lyre),  equivalent  to  Apollo  itusagetes,  the 
conductor  of  the  Muses ; Apollo  Sauroldonos  (the  lizard- 
killer),  etc. 

The  oldest  epigraphic  form  of  the  name  of  Apollo  is 
Aplu,  which  corresponds  to  the  Semitic  Ablu,  the  “son  ” 
of  heaven,  which  was  one  of  the  titles  of  Tammuz  the  Syrian 
sun-god.  Taylor , Aryans,  p.  304. 

Beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  Allobroges,  the  Gaulish 
Apollo  appears  to  have  been  known  all  over  the  Celtic 


Apollonia 

world,  and  he  bore  several  names,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant were  Maponos,  Granuos,  and  Toutiorix.  Three 
inscriptions  in  honour  of  Apollo  Maponos  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  north  of  England,  and  in  one  of  them, 
found  near  Ainstable,  in  Cumberland,  he  is  called  Deus 
Maponus,  without  any  allusion  to  Apollo.  Fortunately 
the  name  Maponos  offers  no  difficulty : it  is  the  same 
word  as  the  old  Welsh  mapon,  now  mabon,  ‘boy  or  male 
child,’  which  occurs,  for  example,  in  a Welsh  poem  in  the 
Book  of  Taliessin,  a manuscript  of  the  13th  century  : it  is 
there  applied  to  the  infant  Jesus,  in  a passage  describing 
the  coming  of  the  Magi  to  him  at  Bethlehem.  Thus  it 
seems  certain  that  some  of  the  Celts  worshipped  an  Apollo 
whom  they  described  as  an  infant,  and  this  is  borne  out 
by  a group  of  inscriptions  at  the  other  extremity  of  the 
Celtic  world  of  antiquity : I allude  to  the  ancient  province 
of  Dacia,  and  especially  Carlsburg  and  its  neighbourhood, 
in  Transylvania,  where  we  find  him  styled  Deus  Bonus 
Fuer  Posphorus,  Apollo  Pythius,  Bonus  Puer  Posphorus, 
or  Bonus  Deus  Puer  Posphorus.  Our  Maponos  is  in  all 
probability  the  Bonus  Puer  attested  by  these  inscriptions. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  22. 

Apollo  Belvedere  (a-pol'o  bel-va-da're).  Afa- 
mous statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome,  it  is  a fine 
antique  copy  of  a Greek  original  in  bronze  — possibly  an 
offering  set  up  at  Delphi  (it  may  be  in  connection  with 
the  Diana  of  Versailles,  in  the  Louvre),  in  commemoration 
of  the  divine  aid  which  (by  a natural  convulsion)  repelled 
the  Gallic  hordes  from  the  Delphic  sanctuary  in  279  B.  c. 
The  god  stands  as  a vigorous  youth,  undraped  except  for 
a chlamys  clasped  round  the  neck  and  thrown  over  the 
extended  left  arm,  apparently  having  just  discharged  an 
arrow  whose  flight  he  watches.  The  theory  that  the  left 
hand  held  an  segis  is  not  supported. 

Apollo  Chresterios  (a-pol'o  kres-te'ri-os). 

[Gr.  A noEXuv  xpV<rri]pLoq.\  Apollo  of  oracles. 
Apollo  Citharoedus  (a-pol'o  sith-a-re'dus). 
[Gr.  Kidapcp ddf,  one  who  plays  on  the  cithara, 
a harper.]  1.  A statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 
The  god,  strongly  feminine  in  type,  advances  laurel- 
crowned  and  draped  in  long  tunic  and  himation,  as  he 
touches  the  strings  of  his  lyre.  An  attempt  has  been 
made  to  connect  this  statue  with  Nero's  musical  successes 
in  Greece. 

2.  A notable  antique  marble  statue  in  the  Glyp- 
tothek,  Munich.  The  figure  is  shrouded  in  full  dra- 
peries of  feminine  type,  including  the  long  tunic  with 
diplois.  The  lyre  is  held  high  against  the  left  shoulder. 
The  head  is  of  late  character. 

Apollo  Club.  A famous  club  held  in  the  17th 
century  at  the  Devil  Tavern  near  Temple  Bar. 
It  was  frequented  by  Ben  Jonson,  Randolph, 
Herrick,  and  others. 

Apollo  of  Tenea.  An  archaic  Greek  statue  in 
the  Glyptothek  at  Munich,  probably  represent- 
ing not  Apollo  hut  an  athlete.  It  is  important  in 
sculpture  as  representing  a type  in  a class,  unknown  until 
late  years,  of  early  Greek  undraped  statues  characterized 
by  the  awkwardness  of  artistic  infancy. 

Apollo  of  Thera  (tlie'ra).  A statue  of  Apollo 
in  the  National  Museum,  Athens,  a typical  ex- 
ample of  youthful  manhood  in  Greek  archaic 
sculpture.  The  figure  is  undraped. 

Apollo  Saurcktonos  (a-pol'o  sa-rok'to-nos). 
[Gr.  Saupoxrdrof,  the  lizard-slayer.]  A statue 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  god  is  represented  as  a 
beautiful  youth,  undraped,  graceful,  and  feminine,  about 
to  transfix  with  a dart  a lizard  (a  method  of  divination) 
which  ascends  a tree-trunk  on  which  he  leans.  It  is  a 
reproduction  of  a work  in  bronze  by  Praxiteles. 

Apollo  Slaying  the  Python.  A noted  painting 
by  Turner,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Apollodorus  (a-pol-5-dd'rus).  [Gr.  k-o'/j,66u- 
pof.]  Born  at  Athens : flourished  about  404  b.c. 
The  first  of  the  great  school  of  Greek  painters, 
an  elder  contemporary  of  Zeuxis  and  Parrha- 
sius.  Pliny  mentions  a priest  in  adoration  and  an  Ajax 
struck  by  lightning  by  this  master.  He  seems  to  have 
been  the  first  important  painter  to  abandon  the  old  sche- 
matic arrangements  for  the  actual  relations  of  nature. 
This  was  undoubtedly  due  to  the  discovery  of  perspec- 
tive associated  with  the  scene-painter  Agatharcus  and 
the  philosophers  Democritus  and  Anaxagoras. 

In  a word,  they  [the  Egyptians]  discovered  the  laws  of 
chiaroscuro,  and  with  them  the  art  of  foreshortening, 
which  is,  in  fact,  perspective  applied  to  the  human  figure. 
Greek  tradition  ascribes  these  great  discoveries  to  an  Athe- 
nian named  Apollodorus,  who  flourished  about  four  hun- 
dred and  thirty  years  before  our  era. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  94. 

Apollodorus.  Born  at  Carystos,  Euboea : lived 
about  300-260  b.  c.  A Greek  comic  poet  of  the 
new  Attic  comedy.  “He  is  remarkable  as  having 
afforded  Terence  the  "models  of  two  plays,  the  ‘Hecyra’ 
and  ‘Phormio.’” 

Apollodorus.  Lived  about  140  b.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian grammarian,  author  of  an  (extant)  “Bib- 
liotheca,” an  important  work  on  Greek  mythol- 
ogy- 

Apollodorus.  Born  at  Damascus : died  in  the 
reign  of  Hadrian  (117-138).  An  architect,  the 
designer  of  the  Forum  and  Column  of  Tra- 
jan at  Rome,  and  of  the  stone  bridge  over  the 
Danube  about  105  A.  d.  He  was  banished  and 
put  to  death  by  Hadrian. 

Apollonia  (ap-o-16'ni-a).  [Gr.  ArroXhivia,  from 
’Avd/.Awr,  Apollo.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Illyria,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Aous  in  lat.  40°  40'  N.,  long.  19°  25'  E. 


Apollonia 

Apollonia.  In  ancient  geography,  the  port  of 
Cyrene,  Africa,  in  lat.  32°  56'  N.,  long.  22°  E. : 
the  modern  Marsa  Susa. 

Apollonia.  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in 
Palestine,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  be- 
tween Joppa  and  Cassarea:  the  modern  Arsuf. 
Apollonia.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of 
Thrace,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  42° 
26'  N.,  long.  27°  44'  E. : the  modern  Sizeboli. 
Apollonia.  A station  on  the  British  Gold  Coast, 
West  Africa. 

Apollonius  (ap-o-16'ni-us).  [Gr.  A7ro/U<jrtof.] 
Lived  in  the  time  of  Augustus.  A noted  Alex- 
andrian grammarian,  author  of  a “Homeric 
Lexicon”  (ed.  by  Bekker  1833). 

Apollonius,  surnamed  Dyscolus.  [Gr.  6vanoloc, 
ill-tempered.]  Born  at  Alexandria  : flourished 
during  the  reigns  of  Hadrian  and  Antoninus 
Pius.  A celebrated  Alexandrian  grammarian . 
Only  a few  of  his  numerous  works  are  extant;  that  "‘On 
Syntax  ” (ed.  by  Bekker  1817)  is  the  most  famous.  He  and 
his  son,  zElius  Herodian,  are  called  by  Priscian  the  great- 
est of  grammarians.  He  is  said  to  have  lived  in  extreme 
poverty. 

Apollonius,  surnamed  Molon.  Born  at  Ala- 
banda,  Caria:  lived  about  80  B.  c.  A Greek 
rhetorician,  an  instructor  of  Cicero  and  Ctesar. 
Apollonius,  surnamed  Pergseus  (from  his  birth- 
place). Born  at  Perga,  Pamphylia,  Asia  Minor: 
lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  3d  century  B.  C. 
A Greek  geometrician  educated  at  Alexandria, 
surnamed  “ The  Great  Geometer.”  His  chief  work 
is  a treatise  on  “Conic  Sections  ” (ed.  by  Halley  1710)  in 
eight  books,  of  which  the  first  four  are  extant  in  Greek 
and  all  but  the  eighth  in  Arabic. 

Apollonius,  surnamed  Rhodius  (‘of  Rhodes’). 
Born  at  Alexandria  or  at  Naucratis,  about  235 
B.  C.  A Greek  epic  poet,  author  of  the  “Ar- 
gonautica.”  Being  unsuccessful  in  Alexandria,  he  went 
to  Rhodes  (whence  his  surname)  where  lie  lectured  on 
rhetoric,  but  later  returned  to  the  former  city. 
Apollonius.  Born  at  Tralles,  Caria:  flour- 
ished, possibly,  at  the  beginning  of  the  1st 
century  A.  D.  A Greek  sculptor  who,  with  his 
brother,  carved  the  so-called  Farnese  Bull 
(which  see). 

Apollonius, surnamed  Tyanseus  ( from  his  birth- 
place). Born  at  Ty  ana,  Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor, 
about  4 B.  C. : died  about  97  (?)  A.  d.  A Pytha- 
gorean philosopher  and  reputed  magician  and 
wonder-worker,  whose  life  and  supposed  mira- 
cles have  often  been  compared  with  those  of 
Christ.  “He  studied  first  in  the  Greek  schools  at  Tarsus, 
and  was  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  Pythagorean  philoso- 
phy. This  he  combined  with  the  legerdemain  practised 
in  some  of  the  Asclepeia,  and  a journey  to  the  old  seats 
of  magic  in  Babylonia  and  Persia,  and  to  the  confines  of 
India,  initiated  him  into  the  theurgic  practices  of  the 
East."  His  life  by  Philostratus,  which  is  largely,  if  not 
wholly,  fabulous  (and  which  was  doubtless  written  for  a 
controversial  purpose),  presents  striking  similarities  with 
that  of  Jesus.  Divine  honors  were  paid  to  him  in  the  3d 
century,  and  his  bust  was  placed  by  Alexander  Severus  in 
his  lararium  with  those  of  Abraham,  Orpheus,  and  Christ. 

Apollonius  of  Tyre.  1.  A Stoic  philosopher 
living  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  men- 
tioned by  Diogenes  Laertius  as  the  author  of 
a work  on  Zeno,  and  by  Strabo  as  the  author 
of  another  work  which  seems  to  have  been  a r4- 
sum6  of  the  philosophers  and  their  writings 
from  the  time  of  Zeno. — 2.  The  king  of  Tyre, 
in  the  romance  named  for  him  (which  see). 
Apollonius  of  Tyre,  History  of.  An  old 
Greek  romance  of  uncertain  date  and  author- 
ship. Antiochus,  king  of  Syria,  to  prevent  his  daugh- 
ter's marriage,  demands  of  her  suitors,  as  the  price  of  her 
hand,  the  solution  of  a riddle  containing  an  allusion  to 
his  incestuous  passion  for  her.  This  is  accomplished  by 
Apollonius  of  Tyre,  whom  Antiochus  then  seeks  to  slay. 
Apollonius  escapes,  marries  the  daughter  of  another  king, 
and  returns  to  take  the  sovereignty  of  Syria.  The  rest  of 
the  tale  is  occupied  with  the  adventures  of  his  daughter 
and  wife. 

Besides  the  Latin  prose  version  already  mentioned,  the 
romance,  orhistory,  of  Apollonius  [of  Tyrel  was  translated 
into  Latin  verse  about  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century,  by 
Godfrey  of  Viterbo,  who  introduced  it  in  his  Pantheon,  or 
Universal  Chronicle,  as  part  of  the  history  of  Antiochus 
the  Third  of  Syria.  It  was  also  inserted  in  the  Gesta  Ro- 
manorum  which  was  written  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  became  soon  after  the  subject  of  a French  prose 
romance,  which  was  the  origin  of  the  English  Kynge 
Apolyne  of  Tyre,  printed  by  Wynkin  de  Worde  in  1510. 
It  was  from  the  metrical  version,  however,  of  Godfrey  of 
Viterbo  that  the  story  came  to  Gower,  who  has  told  it 
with  little  variation  in  his  Confcssio  Amantis.  Gower  is 
introduced  as  speaking  the  prologue  to  each  of  the  five 
acts  of  Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre ; whence  it  may  be  pre- 
sumed that  the  author  of  that  play  derived  his  plot  from 
the  English  poet.  The  drama  of  Pericles,  as  is  well  known, 
has  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion ; the  composition 
of  the  whole,  or  greater  part,  of  it  having  been  attributed 
to  Shakspeare  by  some  of  his  commentators,  chiefly  on 
the  authority  of  Dryden. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  84. 

Apollos  (a-pol'os).  [Gr.  'kiroXUtq,  a shortened 
form  of  ’An-o/.Divioc .]  Flourished  about  the  mid- 


67 

die  of  the  1st  century  a.  d.  An  Alexandrian 
Jew  who  came  to  Ephesus  about  49  a.  d.,  where 
he  was  converted  by  Aquila  and  Priscilla.  He 
went  to  meet  Paul  at  Corinth,  and  was  with  Paul  at  Ephe- 
sus wiien  the  First  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians  was  writ- 
ten. He  was  a man  of  great  ability  and  attainments,  and 
the  attachment  of  his  immediate  disciples  to  him  was 
such  as  almost  to  create  a schism  in  the  church. 

Apollyon  (a-pol'ion).  [Gr.  ’AttoaAvuv,  render- 
ing the  Heb.  Abaddon;  prop.  adj.  ano'AXvov,  de- 
stroying.] The  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit 
mentioned  in  Rev.  ix.  11.  He  is  introduced  byBun- 
yan  in  the  “Pilgrim’s  Progress,"  and  has  a terrible  com- 
bat with  the  pilgrim  Christian. 

Apologia  Socratis.  See  Apology  of  Socrates. 

Apologie  for  Poetrie.  A work  by  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  written  in  1580  or  1581,  published  in 
1595  after  his  death.  It  is  a plea  for  the  poet’s 
art.  Also  Defence  of  Poetrie. 

Apology  for  Actors,  An.  A work  in  three 
books  by  Thomas  Heywood,  published  in  1612, 
and  reprinted  in  1658  by  William  Cartwright, 
with  some  alterations,  under  the  title  of  “The 
Actors’  Vindication.” 

Apology  of  Socrates.  Plato’s  version  of  the 
defense  of  Socrates  before  his  judges.  (See 
Socrates.)  A similar  work  attributed  to  Xeno- 
phon is  spurious. 

Apopi.  See  Apcpi. 

Apostate  (a-pos'tat),  The.  A surname  of  the 
Roman  emperor  Julian. 

Apostate,  The.  A tragedy  by  Richard  Lalor 
Sheil,  produced  in  1817.  Junius  Brutus  Booth 
was  celebrated  as  Pescara  in  this  play. 

Apostle  Islands  (a-pos'i  i'landz).  A group 
of  islands  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Lake 
Superior,  belonging  to  Wisconsin. 

Apostle  of  Andalusia,  The.  Juan  de  Avila. 

Apostle  of  Ardennes,  The.  St.  Hubert. 

Apostle  of  Brazil,  The.  The  Jesuit  Jos6  de 
Anchieta. 

Apostle  of  Free  Trade,  The.  Richard  Cob- 
den. 

Apostle  of  Germany,  The.  St.  Boniface. 

Apostle  of  Infidelity,  The.  Voltaire. 

Apostle  of  Ireland,  The.  St.  Patrick. 

Apostle  of  Peru,  The.  The  Jesuit  Alonso  de 
Barcena. 

Apostle  of  Temperance,  The.  Theobald  Ma- 
thew. 

Apostle  of  the  English,  The.  Augustine  the 
missionary  to  England. 

Apostle  of  the  French,  The.  St.  Denis. 

Apostle  to  the  Friesians,  The.  St.  Willibrod, 
missionary  to  Friesland. 

Apostle  of  the  Gauls,  The.  St.  Irenasus. 

Apostle  of  the  Gentiles,  The.  St.  Paul. 

Apostle  of  the  Highlanders,  The.  St.  Co- 
lumba. 

Apostle  of  the  Indians,  The.  John  Eliot. 

Apostle  of  the  Indies,  The.  St.  Francis  Xa- 
vier. 

Apostle  of  the  Iroquois,  The.  F.  Piquet. 

Apostle  of  the  North,  The.  1.  Ansgar. — 2 
Bernard  Gilpin,  an  evangelist  on  the  English 
border. 

Apostle  of  the  Peak,  The.  William  Bagshaw, 
a preacher  of  Derbyshire. 

Apostle  of  the  Piets,  The.  St.  Ninian. 

Apostle  of  the  Scots,  The.  John  Knox. 

Apostle  of  the  Slavs,  The.  St.  Cyril. 

Apostles’  Creed,  The.  A primitive  creed  of 
the  Christian  church,  not  of  apostolic  origin, 
but  a product  of  the  Western  Church  during  the 
first  four  centuries,  not  now  assignable  to  any 
individual  author.  It  was  originally  a baptismal  con- 
fession, and  was  intended  to  be  a popular  summary  of  apos- 
tolic teaching. 

Apostolic  Canons.  Certain  ordinances  and  reg- 
ulations, usually  reckoned  as  eighty-five  in  num- 
ber, belonging  to  the  first  centuries  of  the 
Christian  church,  and  incorrectly  ascribed  to 
the  apostles. 

Apostolic  Constitutions.  A collection  of  dif- 
fuse instructions,  relating  to  the  duties  of 
clergy  and  laity, to  ecclesiastical  discipline,  and 
to  ceremonies,  divided  into  eight  books.  They 
profess  to  be  the  words  of  the  apostles,  written  down  by 
Clement  of  Rome,  but  are  considerably  later  than  apostolic 
times. 

The  first  sixbooks,  which  have  a strong  Jewish-Christian 
tone,  are  the  original  basis,  and,  according  to  recent  inves- 
tigations, were  composed,  with  the  exception  of  some 
later  interpolations,  at  the  end  of  the  third  century,  in 
Syria  (or  Asia  Minor).  The  seventh  and  eighth  books, 
each  of  which,  however,  forms  an  independent  piece,  are 
later  additions,  and  date  from  the  beginning  of  the  fourth 
century,  at  all  events  from  a period  before  the  Council  of 
Nica)a  (32f)).  The  collection  of  the  three  parts  into  one 
whole  may  be  the  work  of  the  author  of  the  eighth  book. 

Schaff , History  of  the  Christian  Church,  II.  185. 


Appenzell  Inner  Rhodes 

Apostolic  Council,  The.  The  first  conference 
or  synod  of  the  Christian  church,  it  was  held  at 
Jerusalem  50  (51?)  a.  d.  by  the  churches  of  Jerusalem  and 
Antioch  to  settle  the  personal  relation  between  the  Jewish 
and  gentile  apostles,  to  divide  the  field  of  labor  between 
them,  to  decide  the  question  of  circumcision,  and  to  de- 
fine the  relation  between  the  Jewish  and  gentile  Christians. 
Acts  xv. 

Apostolic  Fathers,  The.  Those  Christian 
writers  who  were  believed  to  have  been  con- 
temporary with  any  of  the  apostles  They  are 
Barnabas,  Clement  of  Rome,  Ignatius,  Poly- 
carp, Ilormas,  and  Papias. 

Apostolics  (ap-os-tol'iks),  or  Apostolicals  (ap- 
os-tol'i-kalz).  In  Spanish  history,  a political 
party  which  supported  the  Catholic  Church  and 
absolute  government.  It.  dated  from  the  restoration 
of  the  Bourbons,  and  lasted  till  about  1833,  when  it  was 
absorbed  by  the  Carlists. 

Apostolius  (ap-os-to'li-us),  Michael.  [MGr. 
ATroard/Uof.]  Died  in  Crete  about  1480.  AGreek 
scholar  of  Constantinople,  who  fled  to  Italy  in 
1453. 

Apostool  (a  pos-tol'),  Samuel.  Bornl638:  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.  A 
Dutch  Mennonite  preacher  at  Amsterdam.  He 
became  involved  in  a dispute  in  1662  with  bis  colleague 
Hans  Galeuus,  who  maintained  that  Christianity  is  not  so 
much  a body  of  dogma  as  a practical  life.  The  formation 
of  two  parties,  Gaienists  and  Apostoollans  or  Apostooiists, 
resulted,  which  were  reunited  in  1801. 

Apotheosis  of  Augustus.  The  largest  existing 
cameo,  in  the  Cabinet  des  M6dailles,  Paris. 
It  is  of  Roman  workmanship,  and  is  carved  in  a sardonyx 
nearly  a foot  across.  There  are  26  figures,  among  them 
Augustus,  Aineas,  Julius  Csesar,  Tiberius,  and  Caligula. 

Apotheosis  of  Venice.  A masterpiece  of  Paolo 
Veronese,  in  the  middle  of  the  ceiling  of  the 
Sala  del  Maggior  Consiglio  of  the  ducal  palace 
at  Venice. 

Apoxyomenos  (a-pok-si-om'e-nos).  [Gr.  atro^v6- 
yevog,  scraping  oneself  (i.  e.  with  the  strigil).] 
The  athlete  with  the  strigil,  a notable  statue 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  It  is  an  antique  copy  of  a 
celebrated  bronze  of  Lysippus,  embodying  that  master's 
canon  of  the  proportions  of  the  human  figure.  It  was 
found  in  1849  in  the  Trastevere,  Rome. 

Appalachee  Bay  (ap-a-lach'e  ba).  An  arm  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Florida,  about  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  84°  15'  W. 
Appalachee  Indians.  See  Apalachi. 
Appalachia  (ap-a-lach'i-a).  A region  of  4,500 
square  miles  in  area  in  the  western  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, lying  west  of  the  valley  of  Virginia. 
Appalachian  Mountains  (ap-a-lach'i-an  or  ap- 
a-la'chi-an  moun'tanz).  [Named  from  the  Ap- 
palachee or  Apalachi  Indians.]  A great  moun- 
tain systeminthe  eastern  part  of  North  America, 
which  extends  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 
to  northern  Alabama:  often,  but  less  properly, 
called  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  from  its  chief 
division.  The  system  comprises  the  mountains  of  Gaspe 
Peninsula  (St.  Anne  Mountains,  Shickshock  Mountains), 
the  White  Mountains,  the  Green  Mountains,  the  Hoosac 
Range,  the  Taconic  Range,  the  Helderberg  Mountains, 
the  Shawangunk  Mountains,  the  Plue  Ridge,  the  Aile- 
ghanies  proper,  South  Mountain,  the  Blue  Mountains, 
the  Laurel  Hill  and  Chestnut  Ridge  ranges,  the  Black 
Mountains,  the  Stone  Mountains,  the  Bald  Mountains, 
the  Cumberland  Mountains,  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains, 
the  Unaka  Mountains,  and  some  lesser  groups.  It  con- 
tains large  deposits  of  coal  and  iron.  It  is  cut  by  the 
Connecticut,  Hudson,  Delaware,  Susquehanna,  Potomac, 
Kanawha,  Tennessee,  and  other  rivers.  Its  length  is  about 
1,500  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  (in  Pennsylvania)  about 
130  miles.  Its  highest  point  is  Mount  Mitchell,  in  North 
Carolina,  which  is  6,711  feet  high. 

Appalachicola  (ap-a-lach-i-ko'la).  A river  of 
western  Florida,  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Flint  and  Chattahoochee,  which  flows  into  St. 
George’s  Sound,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  29°  45' 
N.,  long.  85°  W.  It  is  about  90  miles  long  and 
is  navigable. 

Appalachicola  Bay.  An  arm  of  St.  George’s 
Sound,  at  the  mouth  of  Appalachicola  River. 
Appendini  (ap-pen-de'ne),  Francesco  Maria. 
Born  near  Turin,  Nov.  4, 1768 : died  Jan.,  1837. 
An  Italian  historian  and  critic. 

Appenzell  (ap'pen-tsel).  [‘  The  abbot’s  (Nor- 
bert’s)  cell.’]  A canton  of  German  Switzer- 
land, surrounded  by  the  canton  of  St.  Gall  and 
divided  into  two  half-cantons,  Appenzell  Inner 
Rhodes  and  Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  it  has 

manufactures  of  muslin,  silk,  and  embroidery.  It  passed 
under  the  control  of  the  abbots  of  St.  Gall;  won  its  inde- 
pendence in  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century:  was  allied 
with  the  confederated  enntonsin  1452;  wns  admitted  into 
the  confederation  in  1513:  and  was  divided  into  the  half- 
cantons  in  1597.  Area,  162  square  miles.  Population, 
72,354,  (1910). 

Appenzell.  The  capital  of  the  half-canton  of 
Appenzell  Inner  Rhodes,  in  lat.  47°  20'  N.,  long. 
9°  24'  E.  It  has  two  monasteries.  Population, 
4.574. 

Appenzell  Inner  Rhodes,  G.  Appenzell  In- 


Appenzell  Inner  Rhodes 

nerrhoden.  A half-canton,  capital  Appenzell, 
occupying  the  southeastern  portion  of  tne  can- 
ton of  Appenzell.  The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic 
and  the  language  German.  It  sends  one  member  to  the 
National  Council.  Population,  14,631,  (1910). 

Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  G.  Appenzell  Aus- 
serrhoden.  A half-canton,  capital  Trogen, 
which  occupies  the  northern  and  western  parts 
of  the  canton  of  Appenzell.  The  religion  isProtes- 
iant,  and  the  language  German.  It  sends  three  members 
to  the  National  Council.  Population,  57,723,  (1910). 

Apperley  (ap'er-li),  Charles  James.  Born  in 
Denbighshire,  Wales,  1777 : died  at  London, 
May  19,  1843.  An  English  writer  on  sporting 
matters  (under  the  pseudonym  “Nimrod”). 

Appian  (ap'i-an),L.  Appianiis.  [Gr.  Att™^.] 
Born  at  Alexandria:  lived  in  Rome  during  the 
reigns  of  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Antoninus  Pius. 
A Roman  historian,  author  of  a history  of 
Rome  (in  Greek)  in  twenty-four  books,  of 
which  eleven,  and  parts  of  others,  are  extant. 
It  is  a compilation  from  earlier  writers. 

Appiani  (ap-pe-a'ne),  Andrea.  Born  at  Milan, 
May  23,  1754:  died  at  Milan,  Nov.  8, 1817.  A 
noted  Italian  fresco-painter. 

Appian  Way,  L.  Via  Appia.  The  most  fa- 
mous of  the  ancient  Roman  highways.  It  ran  from 
Rome  to  Brundisium  (Brindisi),  and  is  probably  the  first 
great  Roman  road  which  was  formally  undertaken  as  a 
public  work.  It  was  begun  in  312  B.  c.  by  Appius  Claudius 
Caecus,  the  censor,  who  carried  it  as  far  as  Capua.  The 
next  stage  of  the  work  extended  it  to  Beneventum,  and  it 
probably  did  not  reach  Brundisium  until  244  B.  c.,  when 
a Roman  colony  was  inaugurated  there.  At  present  the 
Appian  Way,  for  a long  distance  after  it  leaves  Rome, 
forms  one  of  the  most  notable  memorials  of  antiquity  in 
or  near  the  Eternal  City,  bordered  as  it  is  by  tombs  and 
the  ruins  of  monumental  buildings.  Long  stretches  of  the 
pavement  remain  perfect,  and  show  that  the  width  of  the 
roadway  proper  was  only  15  feet. 

Appiano  (ap-pe-a'no).  An  Italian  family,  rulers 
of  Piombino  from  the  14th  to  the  17t,h  cen- 
tury. Its  founder  was  Jacopo  I.,  lord  of  Pisa 
1392-98. 

Appii  Forum  (ap'i-I  fo'rum).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a station  on  the  Appian  Way  40  miles 
southeast  of  Rome. 

Appin  (ap'in).  A small  district  in  Argyllshire, 
Scotland,  lying  along  the  eastern  coast  of  Loch 
Linnhe. 

Appius  and  Virginia  (ap'i-us  and  ver-jin'i-a). 
A tragedy  by  Webster,  printed  in  1654.  See  Ap- 
pius Claudius  (under  Claudius),  and  Virginia. 
The  story,  originally  told  by  Livy,  forms  the  first  novel  of 
the  nineteenth  day  in  the  “Pecorone  di  Giovanni  Fioren- 
tino,”  published  in  1378,  and  was  reproduced  in  Painter's 
“ Palace  of  Pleasure”  (first  ed.  1566)  two  centuries  later. 
There  is  a version  of  it  in  the  “Roman  de  la  Rose.” 
Chaucer  tells  it  in  “The  Doctor’s  Tale,”  and  Gower  em- 
bodied it  in  his  “Confessio  Amantis."  There  was  an  ear- 
lier play,  “ the  Tragical  Comedy  of  Apius  and  Virginia,”  by 
an  unknown  author  whose  initials  were  R.  B.  It  was  prob- 
ably acted  as  early  as  1563,  though  not  printed  till  1575. 
John  Dennis  also  wrote  a,  tragedy  with  this  name  in  1709. 

Appius  Claudius.  See  Claudius. 

Appleby  (ap'l-bi).  The  capital  of  Westmore- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Eden  28  miles 
southeast  of  Carlisle.  Population,  1,764. 

Appleton.  The  capital  of  Outagamie  County, 
Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  falls  of  Fox  River 
in  lat.  44°  18'  N.,  long.  88°  21'  W.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  paper,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Lawrence  Univer- 
sity. Population,  16,773,  (1910). 

Appleton  (ap'l-tpn),  Charles  Edward  Cutts 
Birch.  Born  at  Reading,  England,  March  16, 
1841:  died  at  Luxor,  Upper  Egypt,  Feb.  1, 1879. 
An  English  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  “ Academy  ” (the  first  number  of 
which  appeared  Oct.  9,  1869)  and  its  editor  1869-79. 

Appleton,  Daniel.  Born  at  Haverhill,  Mass., 
Dec.  10,  1785:  died  at  New  York,  March  27, 
1849.  An  American  bookseller  and  publisher, 
founder  of  the  publishing  house  of  D.  Appleton 
and  Company,  New  York. 

Appleton,  Jesse.  Born  at  New  Ipswich,  N.  H., 
Nov.  17,  1772:  died  at  Brunswick,  Maine,  Nov. 
12,  1819.  An  American  clergyman  and  educa- 
tor, president  of  Bowdoin  College  1807-19.  He 
was  father-in-law  of  President  Franklin  Pierce. 

Appleton,  John.  Born  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  Feb. 
11,  1815:  died  at  Portland,  Maine,  Aug.  22, 
1864.  An  American  politician  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  graduated  from  Bowdoin  College  in  1834 ; com- 
menced the  practice  of  law  at  Portland,  Maine,  1837  ; was 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Maine  1851-53 ; and 
was  appointed  minister  to  Russia  by  President  Buchanan 
in  1860. 

Appleton,  Nathan.  Born  at  New  Ipswich, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  6, 1779:  died  at  Boston,  July  14, 1861. 
An  American  manufacturer  and  political  econ- 
omist, brother  of  Samuel  Appleton,  and  one 
of  the  three  founders  of  the  town  of  Lowell, 
Massachusetts.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1831-33  and  1842. 


68 

Appleton,  Samuel.  Born  at  New  Ipswich, 
N.  H.,  June  22,  1766:  died  at  Boston,  July  12, 
1853.  An  American  merchant  and  philanthro- 
pist. He  established  himself  with  his  brother  Nathan 
as  an  importer  in  Boston  in  1794,  and  later  engaged  exten- 
sively in  cotton  manufacture  at  Waltham  and  Lowell. 

Appleton,  Thomas  Gold.  Born  at  Boston, 
March  31,  1812:  died  at  New  York,  April  17, 
1884.  A prose-writer,  poet,  and  amateur  painter. 
Appold  (ap'old),  John  George.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, April  14,  1800 : died  at  Clifton,  Aug.  31, 
1865.  An  English  mechanician.  He  was  the  in- 
ventor of  a form  of  centrifugal  pump  and  of  a break  which 
was  used  in  laying  the  first  Atlantic  cable. 

Appomattox  Court  House  (ap-6-mat'oks  kort 
hous).  A village  and  the  capital  of  Appomattox 
County,  Virginia,  situated  about  25  miles  east 
of  Lynchburg.  Here,  April  9,  1865,  General  Lee  sur- 
rendered  the  Confederate  army  of  Northern  Virginia  (about 
26,000)  to  General  Grant,  virtually  ending  the  Civil  War. 

Appomattox  River.  A river  of  Virginia,  join- 
ing the  James  River  20  miles  southeast  of  Rich- 
mond. It  is  about  150  miles  long,  and  is  navi- 
gable for  about  15  miles. 

Apponyi  (op'pon-ye),  Count  Antal  Gyorgy. 
Born  Dec.  4,  1751 : died  March  17, 1817.  A Hun- 
garian statesman,  founder  of  the  Apponyi  Li- 
brary at  Presburg. 

Apponyi,  Count.  Antal.  Born  Sept.  7,  1782: 
died  Oct.  17,  1852.  A Hungarian  diplomatist, 
.son  of  Antal  Gyorgy  Apponyi. 

Apponyi,  Count.  Gyorgy.  Born  Dec.  29,  1808  : 
died  March  1,  1899.  A Hungarian  statesman, 
grandson  of  Antal  Gyorgy  Apponyi.  He  wasconrt 
chancellor  and  conservative  leader  before  the  insurrection 
of  1848-49,  and  later  nationalist  leader. 

Apponyi,  Count  Rudolph.  Born  Aug.  1, 1812 : 
died  at  Venice,  May  31,  1876.  A Hungarian 
diplomatist,  son  of  Antal  Apponyi.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Austrian  minister  (1856)  and  ambassador  (1860)  at 
the  court  of  St.  James,  was  relieved  in  1871,  and  was 
transferred  to  Paris  in  1872. 

Appuleia  gens.  In  ancient  Rome,  a plebeian 
clan  or  house  whose  family  names  are  Decia- 
nus,  Pansa,  and  Saturninus. 

Appuleius.  See  Apuleius. 

Apraxin  (a-prak'sin),  Feodor.  Bom  1671:  died 
Nov.  10,  1728.  A Russian  admiral,  the  chief 
collaborator  of  Peter  the  Great  in  the  founding 
of  the  Russian  navy.  He  served  with  distinction  in 
the  wars  against  Sweden.  Turkey,  and  Persia. 

Apraxin,  Stefan.  Died  in  prison,  Aug.  31, 
1758.  A Russian  general,  conqueror  of  the 
Prussians  at  Gross-Jagerndorf,  Aug.  30,  1757. 
He  was  arrested  for  conspiracy. 

Apricena  (a-pre-cha'na).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Foggia,  Italy,  25  miles  north  of  Foggia. 
Population,  7,643. 

Apries  (a'pri-ez).  [Gr.  Airpiyf,  in  LXX  Ovaippi], 
Heb.  Hophra,  Egypt.  Uahabra. ] A king  of 
Egypt,  the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the  Bible,  who 
reigned  about  590-570  B.  c. 

Nebuchadnezzar  was  still  king  of  Babylon,  while  Apries 
had  (in  B.  c.  588)  succeeded  his  father,  Psamatik  II.,  as 
monarch  of  Egypt.  The  feud  between  the  two  powers 
was  still  raging,  and  Apries,  about  B.  c.  570,  determined 
on  an  invasion  of  Syria  both  by  sea  and  land,  with  the 
object  of  aggrandizing  his  own  country  at  the  expense  of 
the  Babylonians.  Herodotus  tells  us  that  his  fleet  en- 
gaged that  of  Tyre,  while  his  land  army  attacked  Sidon. 
Diodorus  adds  that  he  defeated  the  combined  navies  of 
Phoenicia  and  Cyprus  in  a great  sea-fight,  after  which  he 
took  Sidon,  and  made  himself  master  of  the  entire  Phoe- 
nician seaboard.  Rawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  182. 

April  (a'pril).  [ME.  Apr  He,  Apr  Hie,  etc.  (AS. 
rarely  Aprelis),  also  and  earlier  Avcril,  Averel, 
Averylle,  OF.  Avrill,  F.  Avril  = Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  Abril 
- It.  Aprile  = D.  April  = MHG.  Apr ille,  Abrillc, 
Abrelle,  Aprill,  G.  Ajiril  : Dan.  Sw.  April,  from 
L.  Aprilis  (sc.  mensis,  month),  April;  usually, 
but  fancifully,  regarded  as  if  from  *aperilis, 
from  aperire,  open,  as  the  month  when  the  earth 
‘opens’  to  produce  new  fruits.]  The  fourth 
month  of  the  year,  containing  thirty  days.  With 
poets  April  is  the  type  of  inconstancy,  from  the  change- 
ableness of  its  weather. 

Apsaras  (ap'sa-ras),  pi.  Apsarases.  In  Hindu 
mythology,  one  of  a class  of  female  spirits 
which  reside  in  the  breezes.  They  are  wives  of  the 
Gandharvas,  have  the  power  of  changing  their  forms, 
are  fond  of  dice,  and  give  good  fortune  in  play.  They 
are  seldom  mentioned  in  the  Rigveda,  while  in  the  Athar- 
vaveda  they  are  objects  of  fear,  regarded  as  occasion- 
ing madness,  and  incantations  are  used  against  them. 
Later  works  mention  various  classes  with  distinctive 
names.  They  are  distinguished  as  daivika,  ‘divine,’  or 
laukika,  ‘worldly,’  the  former  ten,  the  latter  thirty-four. 
These,  like  Urvasi,  fascinated  heroes,  and,  like  Menaka 
and  Rambha,  allured  sages  from  their  devotions.  The 
Apsarases  are  India’s  hand-maidens,  and  conduct  to  his 
heaven  warriors  fallen  in  battle,  where  they  become  their 
wives. 

Apsethus  (ap-se'thus).  See  the  extract. 

According  to  the  Philosophumena,  Simon  of  Gettim  in 
Samaria  called  himself  a God,  in  imitation  of  a certain 


Aquarius 

Apsethus  who  in  Libya  trained  some  parrots  to  say,  “ Ap 
sethus  is  a god,”  and  then  let  them  loose.  They  flew 
abroad,  all  over  Libya  and  as  far  as  Greece.  He  obtained 
divine  worship.  But  a clever  Greek  found  but  the  trick, 
caught  some  of  the  parrots,  and  taught  them  to  say,  “Ap- 
sethus  shut  us  up,  and  taught  us  to  say,  ‘Apsethus  is  a 
god.’”  He  let  them  fly  to  Libya.  Upon  which  the  Liby. 
ans  burned  Apsethus  as  an  impostor.  This  is  an  old  story 
told  of  Hanno  the  Carthaginian. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  54,  note. 

Apsheron  (ap-sha-ron').  A peninsula  in  Trans- 
caucasia, Russia,  which  projects  into  the  Cas- 
pian Sea  and  terminates  in  Cape  Apsheron,  in 
lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  50°  25'  E.  it  is  noted  for  its 
petroleum-wells  (iu  the  vicinity  of  Baku)  and  its  mud 
volcanoes. 

Apsley  House.  The  residence  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  at  Hyde  Park  Corner  in  London. 
It  was  built  for  Lord  Bathurst  in  1785,  purchased  by  the  gov- 
ernment in  1820,  and  presented  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington 
as  part  of  the  national  reward  for  his  services.  It  contains 
a picture-gallery  with  several  pictures  by  Velasquez,  a 
Correggio,  several  W ouvermans,  a Parmigiano,  etc. 

Apt  (apt).  A town  in  the  department  of  Vau- 
cluse,  France,  situated  on  the  Calavon  30  miles 
east  by  south  of  Avignon : the  ancient  Apta 
Julia  (a  city  of  the  Vulgientes).  It  contains  im- 
portant Roman  antiquities  and  a cathedral.  Population, 
6,418. 

Apuan  (ap'u-an)  Alps.  A chain  of  the  north- 
ern Apennines,  situated  near  Carrara,  Italy,  it 
is  separated  from  the  main  range  of  the  Apennines  by  the 
upper  valleys  of  the  Serchio  and  Magra. 

Apuleius,  or  Appuleius  (ap-u-le'us),  Lucius. 
Born  at  Medaura,  Numidia,  about  125  A.  D. 
A Roman  Platonic  philosopher  and  rhetorician, 
author  of  a famous  romance,  the  “Metamor- 
phoses, or  The  Golden  Ass.”  He  also  wrote 
an  “Apology,”  philosophical  works,  etc.  See 
Golden  Ass.  The. 

Apulia  (a-pu'li-a),  It.  Puglia  (po'lya).  In  an- 
cient geography,  a region  in  Italy  between 
the  Apennines  and  the  Adriatic,  south  of  the 
Frentani  and  east  of  Samnium,  conquered  by 
Rome  in  the  4th  century  B.  C.  Later  it  included 
the  Messapian  Peninsula.  It  was  made  a duchy  under 
the  Normans  in  the  middle  of  the  11th  century.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Dauni,  Peucetii,  and  Salen- 
tini  or  Messapians. 

Apulia  (a-po'le-a).  A compartimento  of  the 
modern  kingdom  of  Italy,  comprising  the  prov- 
inces of  Foggia,  Bari,  and  Lecce,  it  is  one  of 
the  least  prosperous  districts  of  Italy.  Area,  7,376  square 
miles.  Population,  2,090,945. 

Apur6  (a-po-ra').  A river  in  western  Venezuela, 
one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Orinoco, 
which  it  joins  in  lat.  7°  35'  N.,  long.  66°  50'  W. 
Its  length  is  about  600  miles,  and  it  is  naviga- 
ble in  its  lower  part. 

Apurimac  (a-po-re-mak').  [Quichua  apu, 
chief,  and  rimae,  oracle.]  A department  in 
the  interior  of  southern  Peru.  Population, 
about  177,400. 

Apurimac.  The  southernmost  head  stream  of 
the  Ucayale,  and  lienee  of  the  Amazon,  in  Peru, 
rising  about  15°  10'  S.,  and  flowing  north.  From 
the  confluence  of  the  Man  taro  (12°  S.)  it  is  called  the  End 
to  its  junction  with  the  Perend  ; thence  to  the  Ucayale  it 
is  known  as  the  Tambd.  The  entire  length  to  the  Ucayale 
is  about  500  miles. 

Apus  (a'pus).  [NL.,  from  Gr.  arrovg,  without 
feet.]  One  of  the  southern  constellations 
formed  in  the  16th  century,  probably  by  Petrus 
Theodori;  the  Bird  of  Paradise,  it  is  situated 
south  of  the  Triangulum  Australe,  and  its  brightest  star 
is  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Aquas  Calidae  (a'kwe  kal'i-de).  [L.,  ‘hot 
springs.’]  In  ancient  geography : (a)  The  mod- 
ern Vichy.  ( b ) A place  in  Mauretania  Caisari- 
ensis,  south  of  Cajsarea.  (c)  Same  as  Aquee 
Solis. 

Aquae  Sextiae  (a'kwe  seks'ti-e).  [L., ‘springs 
of  Sextius’  (C.  Sextius  Calvinus,  proconsul).] 
The  Roman  name  of  Aix,  France.  Scene  of  the 
great  victory  of  Marius  over  the  Teutones,  Ambroncs,  and 
some  other  Germanic  tribes,  B.  0.  102. 

Aquae  Solis  (a'kwe  so'lis).  [L.,  ‘springs  or 
baths  of  the  sun.’]  The  Roman  name  of  Bath, 
England. 

A city  remarkable  for  its  splendid  edifices,  its  temples, 
its  buildings  for  public  amusement,  and  still  more  so  for 
its  medicinal  baths.  For  this  latter  reason  it  was  called 
Aquae  Solis,  the  Waters  of  the  Sun,  and  for  the  same 
cause  its  representative  in  modern  times  has  received  the 
name  of  Bath.  Remains  of  the  Roman  bathing-houses 
have  been  discovered  in  the  course  of  modern  excava- 
tions. Among  its  temples  was  a magnificent  one  dedi- 
cated to  M inerva,  who  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  patron 
goddess  of  the  place. 

Wrhjht,  Celt,  Roman,  and  Saxon,  p.  143. 

Aquambo  (a-kwam-bo').  A region  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  Africa,  about  lat.  6°-7°  N.,  long.  1°  E. 

Aquapim  (a-kwa-pem').  A region  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  Africa,  about  lat.  6°  N.,  long.  0°. 

Aquarius  (a-kwa'ri-us).  [L.,  ‘the  Water- 
bearer.’]  A zodiacal  constellation  supposed 


Aquarius 

to  represent  a man  standing  with  his  left  hand 
extended  upward,  and  with  his  right  pouring 
out  of  a vase  a stream  of  water  which  flows 
into  the  mouth  of  the  Southern  Fish.  Its 
symbol  is  ax,  representing  a stream  of  water. 
Aquaviva  (a-kwa-ve'va),  Claudio.  Born  Sept. 
14,  1543:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  31,  1615.  An 
Italian  ecclesiastic,  general  of  the  Jesuits 
1581-1615,  noted  for  his  administrative  ability. 
Aquednek  (a-kwed'nek),  or  Aquidneck 
(a-kwid'nek).  [Amer.  Ind.]  The  early  name 
of  the  island  of  Rhode  Island. 

Aqueduct  of  Arcueil.  See  Arcueil. 

Aqueduct  of  Valens.  An  aqueduct  in  Con- 
stantinople, finished  378  a.  D.,  and  still  in  use. 
The  main  bridge  is  2,000  feet  long  and  75  high,  and  con- 
sists of  two  tiers  of  arches  of  about  30  feet  span. 

Aquila.  An  early  Christian  who,  with  his  wife 
Priscilla,  was  employed  at  Ephesus  in  instruct- 
ing Apollos,  who,  though  “ instructed  in  the 
way  of  the  Lord,”  needed  to  have  it  “more  ac- 
curately set  forth.” 

Aquila.  Born  in  Pontus:  lived  about  130  a.  d. 
A Jewish  proselyte,  surnamed  “Ponticus” 
from  his  birthplace.  He  was  a disciple  of  Rabbi 
Akiba,  and  made  a slavishly  literal  translation  of  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures  into  Greek,  which  superseded  the  Sep- 
tuagint  among  Greek-speaking  Jews. 

Aquila  (a'kwe-la)  (Adler),  Kaspar.  Born 
at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  Aug.  7,  1488:  died  at 
Saalfeld,  Nov.  12, 1560.  A German  Protestant 
theologian,  an  assistant  of  Luther  in  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Old  Testament.  He  became  pastor  at 
Saalfeld  in  1527,  and  was  outlawed  by  Charles  V.,  1548, 
for  his  violent  opposition  to  the  Interim,  but  saved  him- 
self by  flight,  returning  after  the  treaty  of  Passau  (1552) 
to  his  pastorate  at  Saalfeld. 

Aquila  (a'kwe-la).  A province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Abruzzi  and  Molise,  Italy : for- 
merly called  Abruzzo  Ulteriore  II.  Area,  2,484 
square  miles.  Population,  409,743. 

Aquila,  or  Aquila  degli  Abruzzi.  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Aquila,  situated  on  the 
Aterno  in  lat.  42°  21'  N.,  long.  13°  25'  E.  It 

is  the  seat  of  a trade  in  saffron,  and  the  center  of  impor- 
tant routes  over  the  Apennines.  It  was  built  by  the  em- 
peror Frederick  II.  Here,  June  2,  1424,  the  Aragonese 
under  Braccioda  Mon  tone  were  defeated  by  the  allied  (pa- 
pal, Milanese,  and  Neapolitan)  army  under  Jacob  Caldora  ; 
Braccio  was  mortally  wounded.  Pop.,  commune,  21,188. 

Aquila  et  Antinous  (ak'wi-la  et  an-tin'o-us). 
[L.,  ‘the  Eagle  and  Antinous.’]  A northern 
constellation  situated  in  the  Milky  Way  nearly 
south  of  Lyra,  and  containing  the  bright  star 
Altair.  It  has  for  its  outline  the  figure  of  a flying  eagle 
carrying  in  its  talons  the  boy  Antinous,  the  page  of  the 
emperor  Hadrian. 

Aquilant  (a-kwi-lant').  The  brother  of  Gry- 
phon, descended  from  Oiivero,  a character 
in  Boiardo  and  Ariosto.  The  brothers  were 
brought  up  by  two  fairies. 

Their  fame  in  arms  o’er  all  the  world  was  blown. 
Aquileia  (a-kwe-la'ya),  mod.  also  Aglar  (ag- 
lar').  A town  in  the  crownlaud  of  Gorz  and 
Gradiska,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  near  the 
head  of  the  Adriatic,  22  miles  northwest  of 
Trieste.  It  contains  a cathedral  (11th  century).  It  was 
one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  Roman  Empire,  an  empo- 
rium, and  the  key  of  Italy  on  the  northeast,  colonized  by 
Rome  about  181  B.  C.  In  452  A.  D.  it  was  destroyed  by 
Attila’s  forces.  It  was  the  scene  of  various  church  coun- 
cils, and  became  the  seat  of  an  important  patriarchate  in 
the  6th  century.  Population,  2,651,  (1910). 

The  bishoprics  which  have  most  historical  importance 
are  those  which  at  one  time  or  another  stood  out  in  rivalry 
or  opposition  to  Rome.  Such  was  the  patriarchal  see  of 
Aquileia,  whose  metropolitan  jurisdiction  took  in  Como 
at  one  end  and  the  Istrian  Pola  at  the  other.  The  pa- 
triarchs of  Aquileia,  standing  as  they  did  on  the  march 
of  the  Italian,  Teutonic,  and  Slavonic  lands,  grew,  un- 
like moBt  of  the  Italian  prelates,  into  powerful  temporal 
princes.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  171. 

Aquilin  (ak'wi-lin).  Tho  horse  of  Raymond, 
in  the  “Jerusalem  Delivered”  by  Tasso.  His 
sire  was  the  wind. 

Aquillia  gens  (a-kwil'i-;i  jenz).  In  ancient 
Rome,  a patrician  and  plebeian  clan  or  house 
of  great  antiquity,  whoso  family  names  under 
the  Republic  were  Corvus,  Crassus,  Floras, 
Gallus,  and  Tuscus. 

Aquillius(a-kwil'i-ns),  Manius.  A Roman  gen- 
eral, consul  101 B.  C.,  and  commander  in  the  war 
against  the  slaves  in  Sicily.  He  was  accused  of  mal- 
administration 98  B.  c.,  but  acquitted,  and  was  defeated  in 
the  war  against  Mithridates88  B.  o.,  and  barbarously  slain. 
Aquilo  (ak'wi-lo).  [L.]  The  north  wind. 
Aquinas  (a-kwi  'nas),  Thomas,  Saint,  or 
Thomas  of  Aquino.  Born  at  Iioccaseeea, 
near  Aquino,  Italy,  1225  or  1227 : died  at  Fossa 
Nuova,  near  Terraeina,  Italy,  March  7,  1274. 
A famous  Italian  theologian  and  scholastic 
philosopher,  surnamed  “Doctor  Angelieus,” 
‘Father  of  Moral  Philosophy,”  and  (by  his 


69 

companions  at  school)  the  “Dumb  Ox.”  He 
entered  the  Dominican  order  ; studied  at  Cologne  under 
Albertus  Magnus ; and  taught  at  Cologne,  Paris,  Rome, 
Bologna,  and  elsewhere.  His  followers  were  called  “ Tho- 
mists."  His  chief  work  is  the  “Summa  Theologise."  His 
complete  works  were  published  in  1787,  and,  under  the 
auspices  of  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  iu  1883. 

Aquino  (a-kwe'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  55  miles  northwest  of  Naples: 
the  seat  of  a bishopric.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Juvenal,  and  Pescennius  Niger,  and  gave  his  name  to 
Thomas  Aquinas. 

Aquitaine  (ak-wi-tan').  [F.,  also  in  another 
form  Guienne  or  Guyenne ; from  L.  Aquitania .] 
An  ancient  division  of  southwestern  France,  ly- 
inghetweentheGaronneand  the  Loire.  A West- 
Gothic  kingdom  was  founded  there  in  the  first  part  of  the 
5th  century.  It  was  conquered  by  Clovis  507-511,  became 
a duchy  about  700(7),  and  was  thoroughly  conquered  by 
Charles  the  Great,  and  made  a kingdom  (including  all 
southern  Gaui  and  the  Spanish  March)  for  his  son  Louis. 
In  838  Neustria  was  united  to  it,  and  it  became  soon  after 
a duchy  and  one  of  the  great  fiefs  of  the  French  crown. 
Gascony  was  united  to  it  in  1052.  In  1137  it  passed  tempo- 
rarily to  France,  by  the  marriage  of  Eleanor  with  Louis 
VII.  of  France,  but  in  1152  was  united  (by  the  marriage 
of  Eleanor  with  Henry)  to  Normandy  and  Anjou,  and  in 
1154  to  England,  which  retained  it  under  John.  It  be- 
came nominally  a French  fief  in  12.'8  (?),  and  was  freed 
from  French  vassalage  and  granted  to  Edward  III.  in  1360. 
Part  of  it  was  recovered  from  the  English  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  V.,  but  was  won  back  by  Henry  V.  It  was  finally 
conquered  by  the  French  1451-53.  It  included  (as  Gui- 
enne) properly  Bordelais,  Rouergue,  Pt-rigord,  Quercy, 
Ag6nois,  and  Bazadois,  and  comprised  nearly  the  mod- 
ern departments  Gironde,  Dordogne,  Lot,  Lot-et-Garonne, 
and  Aveyron.  Compare  Guienne. 

Aquitania  (ak-wi-ta/ni-a).  [L.,  named  from 
the  Aquitani,  a people  of  Gaul.]  The  south- 
western division  of  Gaul,  as  described  by  Julius 
Caesar,  comprising  the  region  between  the  Pyre- 
nees and  Garonne.  By  Augustus  it  was  extended  to 
the  Loire  northward,  and  made  a Roman  province.  See 
Aquitaine. 

Aquitanian  Sea  (ak-wi-ta'ni-an  se).  An  occa- 
sional name  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

Ara  (a'ra).  [L., ‘an  altar.’]  One  of  the  fifteen 
ancient  southern  constellations  ; the  Altar.  It 
is  situated  south  of  the  Scorpion.  Its  two  bright- 
est stars  are  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Arabah  (a'ra-ba).  A valley  or  wady  between 
the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Akabah. 

Arabat  (ar-a-bat').  A small  place  in  the  Crimea, 
Russia,  at  the  head  of  the  peninsula  of  Arabat. 
Arabat,  Tongue  of.  A long  and  narrow  penin- 
sula which  separates  the  Sea  of  Azov  from  the 
Sivash. 

Arabat  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azov. 
Arabella  (ar-a-bel'a).  1.  The  romantic  female 
Quixote  in  Mrs.  Lennox’s  novel  of  that  name. 
- — 2.  A character  in  Garrick’s  play  “ The  Male 
Coquette.” 

Arabella  Stuart.  See  Stuart,  Arabella. 
Arabgir  (a-rab-ger'),  or  Arabkir  (a-rab-ker'). 
A town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  lat.  39°  N., 
long.  38°  40'  E.  Population,  25,000. 

Arabi  Pasha  (a-ra'be  pash'a),  Ahmed.  Born 
at  Heyha  Sharkiek,  Egypt,  1841 : died  in  Egypt, 
Sept.  21, 1911.  An  Egyptian  officer  and  revolu- 
tionary leader.  He  organized  the  national  party  of 
Egypt  in  opposition  to  the  Anglo-French  control ; took 
part  in  the  deposition  of  the  ministry  in  1881 ; and  became 
minister  of  war  in  1882.  He  withdrew  the  budgets  from 
the  English  and  French  controllers,  an  act  which  resulted 
iu  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria  by  the  English,  July  11, 
and  the  defeat  of  Arabi  Pasha  at  Tel-el-Kehir,  Sept.  13, 
1882.  He  was  exiled  to  Ceylon  1882  and  was  pardoned  1901. 
Arabia  (a-ra'bi-a),  Turk,  and  Pers.  Arabistan 
(a-rab-e-stan').  [Also  Araby,  Arable,  from  P. 
Arable:  probably  ‘the  desert’  (Heb . ardbdh)] 
L.  Arabia,  Gr.  ’ApafSla,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Arabia,  G. 
Arabien,  etc.]  A peninsula  with  tbe  shape  of 
an  irregular  triangle  between  Persia,  Syria, 
Egypt,  and  Ethiopia,  bounded  on  the  west  by 
the  Red  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  on  the  south 
by  the  Gulf  of  Aden  and  the  Arabian  Sea,  on 
the  east  by  the  Gulf  of  Oman  and  tho  Persian 
Gulf,  and  on  the  north  by  a portion  of  Syria. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans  divided  Arabia  into  A.  Peti-wa 
(the  stony),  A.  Deserta  (the  desert),  and  A.  Felix  (the  hap- 
py). Modern  geographers  recognize  from  8 to  12  uiz 
tricts, — the  Sinaitic  peninsula;  the  Hedjaz,  fdong  "he 
coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  including  the  Haram(i.  e.,  tile  sacred 
territory  of  Mecca  and  Medinah);  Yemen, oi  the  southern 
coast  of  the  same  sea  (biblical  Sheba);  Badramaut  or 
Hazarmaveth,  the  province  next  to  Yemen,  situated  toward 
the  Indian  Ocean ; Oman  and  Hajar,  the  northern  and 
southern  halves  of  the  coast  on  the  Persian  Gulf;  Nejd, 
or  Central  Arabia ; and  the  Syrian  desert.  The  area 
of  Arabia  proper  is  about  845,000  square  miles , one 
third  of  tins  is  a sandy  desert.  It  has  few  permanent 
rivers,  the  rivulets  that  flow  from  the  hills  losing  them- 
selves in  the  sand.  It  contains  palm-trees  and  mead- 
ows, and  is  especially  famed  for  its  spices.  The  high  pla- 
teau of  the  Nejd,  which  rises  from  3,000  to  4,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  is  the  home  of  the  swiftest  horses  and 
camels.  The  principal  seaports  are  Jiddah,  in  Hedjaz, 
with  about  30,000  inhabitants;  Muscat,  the  key  to  the 
Persian  Gulf,  iu  Oman,  with  20,000  inhabitants ; and  Aden, 


Arabic 

the  key  to  the  Red  Sea,  in  Yemen,  with  42,000  inhabitants. 
Other  important  cities  are  Mecca  and  Medinah,  with 
60,000  and  50,000  inhabitants  respectively.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  6,000,000,  of  whom  one  fifth  are  Bedouins  ot 
dwellers  in  tents,  the  remaining  four  fifths  being  seden- 
tary. The  races  which  have  peopled  the  country  are  di- 
vided into  three  sections  : the  old,  “ lost  Arabs  (al  A rabu 
l-baidah ),  who  are  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  mythical 
prehistoric  period;  the  pure  Arabs  (al  Arabu  l-Aribah ), 
who  claim  to  be  descended  from  Qahtan  (i.  e.,  the  Yoktan 
of  the  Old  Testament  — Gen.  x.  25) ; and  the  mixed  Arabs 
(al  Arabu,  l-mutaribah),  who  claim  to  be  descended  from 
Ishmael.  The  period  preceding  the  era  of  Mohammed  is 
characterized  by  the  formation  of  local  monarchies  and 
federal  governments  of  a rude  form.  The  religion  of  that 
period  had  elements  of  fetishism,  and  animal  and  ances- 
tor worship.  The  Koran  enumerates  ten  idols  of  pre- 
Islamitic  times.  But  in  the  midst  of  the  old  idolatry 
there  had  arisen  some  perception  of  a supreme  god, 
Allah,  the  other  gods  being  termed  his  children.  Mecca 
with  its  Kaaba  was  the  center  of  Arab  worship  under  the 
guardianship  of  the  noble  tribe  of  Koreish.  Out  of  Mecca 
and  the  Koreishites  came  Mohammed  (570-632),  who  by 
his  new  religion  consolidated  the  Arabs  into  a theocracy, 
so  that  on  his  death  the  Arab  peninsula  was,  witli  a few 
exceptions,  under  one  scepter  and  one  creed.  He  was 
succeeded  (632)  by  Abu-Bekr,  the  father  of  his  favorite 
wife,  Ayesha,  his  title  being  calif,  or  successor.  Abu- 
Bekr  was  followed  by  Omar  (634-644),  who  conquered 
Syria,  Persia,  and  Egypt.  He  was  followed  by  Othman 
(644-656),  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  Ali,  the  prophet's 
nephew  and  son-in-law.  All  of  these  except  Abu  Bek r 
died  at  the  hands  of  assassins.  Next  came  the  dynasty 
of  the  Omayyads  (661-750),  with  fourteen  princes,  having 
their  capital  at  Damascus.  During  the  reign  of  Yezid  I., 
the  second  prince  (679-683),  a rebellion  took  place  which 
split  the  Mohammedan  world  into  two  great  secta,  the 
Sunnites  and  Shiites.  The  Omayyads  conquered  other 
portions  of  Asia  and  Africa,  and  even  invaded  France 
(732).  Their  most  important  achievement  was  the  con- 
quest of  Spain  in  711,  under  the  reign  of  Walid  I.  (705- 
715),  the  sixth  of  the  dynasty.  Spain  soon  became  inde- 
pendent of  the  main  Arab  realm  (later  under  the  Moors). 
In  the  Orient  the  Omayyads  succumbed  to  Ibrahim  and 
li  s brother,  Abul  Abbas,  who  founded  the  dynasty  of  the 
Abbassides  (750-1258).  During  this  period  the  Arabian 
power  reached  its  highest  point.  The  most  celebrated 
rulers  of  this  dynasty  were  Abu  Jaffar,  surnamed  Al- 
Mansur  (754-775),  founder  of  Bagdad,  the  capital  of  the 
Abbassides,  and  Harun-al-Rashid  (786-809),  who  is  well 
known  in  Arabic  literature,  and  who  had  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  Charlemagne.  But  it  was  under  the  Abbas- 
sides that  the  disintegration  of  the  Arabic  empire  began. 
In  909  the  Fatimites  (i.  e.,  the  descendants  of  Ali  and  Fati- 
ma, the  daughter  of  Mohammed)  established  themselves 
in  northern  Africa,  and  founded  in  972  the  califate  of 
Egypt,  with  Cairo  as  its  capital.  The  dynasty  of  the 
Abbassides  came  to  an  end  with  the  capture  of  Bagdad 
by  the  Mongols  in  1258.  Hedjaz  in  the  west  and  Yemen 
in  the  south  are  Turkish  provinces.  Oman  is  an  inde- 
pendent sultanate.  Nejd  and  other  districts  are  under 
the  influence  of  the  Wahhabees,  a politico-religious  faction 
named  after  Mohammed  bin-Abdul  Wahhab,  who  arose 
about  1740  as  a reformer.  Aden  has  been  held  by  the 
English  since  1839. 

Arabia  Deserta  (a-ra'bi-a,  de-zer'ta).  [L.,  ‘un- 
inhabited Arabia.’]  In  ancient  geography,  the 
northern  and  central  portions  of  Arabia. 
Arabia  Felix  (a-ra'bi-ii,  fe'liks).  [L.,  ‘flour- 
ishing Arabia.’]  In  ancient  geography,  the  re- 
gion in  the  southeast  and  south  of  Arabia,  or 
perhaps  the  peninsula  proper. 

Arabia  Petrasa  (a-ra'bi-a  pe-tre'a).  [L., 
‘rocky  Arabia.’]  In  ancient  geography,  the 
northwestern  part  of  Arabia. 

Arabian  Gulf.  The  Red  Sea. 

Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments,  or  A Thou- 
sand and  One  Nights.  A collection  of  Ori- 
ental tales  of  which  the  plan  and  name  are  very 
ancient.  The  source  of  some  of  the  stories  has  been 
traced,  others  are  traditional.  Masfide  in  943  speaks  of 
a Persian  work  “A  Thousand  Nights  and  a Night."  Mo- 
hammed-ibn-Ishaq  in  his  Al  Fihrist  in  987  alludes  to  it 
as  well  known  to  him.  In  the  course  of  centuries  it  had 
been  added  to  and  taken  from  to  a great  extent,  and  in 
1450  it  was  reduced  to  its  present  form  in  Egypt,  probably 
iu  Cairo.  The  tales  show  their  Persian,  Indian,  and  Ara- 
bian origin.  The  modern  editions  are  Antoine  Galland's, 
from  the  oldest  known  MS.  (1548),  published  in  French, 
in  Paris,  in  1704-17,  in  twelve  volumes,  an  inaccurate 
translation ; E.  W.  Lane’s  English  translation,  which  is 
scholarly,  published  in  1840 ; Payne’s  English  translation, 
1882-84  ; and  Sir  Richard  Burton’s  English  translation,  in 
ten  volumes,  printed  by  the  Kamashastra  Society,  for  sub- 
scribers only,  at  Benares,  in  18S5-83.  Five  volumes  were 
added  in  1887-88.  Lady  Burton  issued  an  expurgated  edi- 
tion for  popular  reading  at  London,  1886-88,  in  six  volumes. 
Arabian  Sea.  A part  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
nearly  corresponding  to  the  ancient  Mare  Ery  th- 
reeurn,  which  is  hounded  by  Africa  on  the  west, 
Arabia  on  the  northwest,  Persia  and  Baluchis- 
tan on  the  north,  and  India  on  the  east,  and 
is  connected  with  the  Red  Sea  by  the  Strait  of 
Bab-el-Mandeb,  and  with  the  Persian  Gulf  by 
the  Strait  of  Oman.  Its  chief  arms  are  the 
Gulfs  of  Aden,  Oman,  dutch,  and  Cambay;  its 
islands,  Sokotra,  and  the  Lakkadiv  Islands. 
Arabic  (ar'a-bik).  One  of  the  Semitic  family  of 
languages,  of  which,  with  the  Himyaritic  and 
Ethiopie  languages,  it  constitutes  the  southern 
branch.  It  is  (he  language  of  the  Koran,  and  has 
largely  contributed  from  its  vocabulary  to  Persian,  Hindu- 
stani, and  Turkish,  and  in  a less  degree  to  Malay,  Spanish, 
and  other  tongues.  This  Semitic  language  invaded  Africp, 
long  after  its  sister  language,  the  Punic,  had  disappeared. 


Arabic 

It  came  in  by  Suez,  across  the  Red  Sea,  and  over  the  In- 
dian Ocean  from  Muscat.  It  has  superseded  the  Hamitic 
Egyptian,  spread  over  the  Sahara  to  Lake  Chad  and  the 
Senegal,  and  in  East  Africa  it  has  strongly  impregnated 
the  Suahili.  In  Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli  it 
is  the  superior  language,  and  from  one  end  of  the  Sudan 
to  the  other  it  is  the  sacred  language  of  the  Mohamme- 
dans. Nowhere  in  Africa  is  the  Arabic  spoken  in  its  clas- 
sical form,  but  in  a variety  of  dialects,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Egyptian,  the  Maghreb,  in  Northwest 
Africa,  the  Sudani  in  the  Sudan,  and  the  Muscat  dialect 
in  East  Africa. 

Arabicus  Sinus  (a-rab'i-kus  si'nus).  ARoman 
name  of  the  Red  Sea. 

Arabs.  See  Arabia. 

Araby  (ar'a-bi).  A poetical  form  of  Arabia. 
Ar  acaj  U ( a-’ra-ka-zho ' ) . The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Sergipe,  Brazil,  situated  nearthe  coast,  190  miles 
northeast  of  Bahia.  Pop.,  municipio,  21,132. 
Aracan.  See  AraJcan. 

Aracati,  or  Aracaty  (&-ra-ka-te').  A seaport 
in  the  state  of  Ceard,  Brazil,  in  lat.  4°  35'  S., 
long.  37°  48'  W.  Population,  about  6,000. 
Aracena(a-ra-the'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Huelva,  Spain,  53  miles  northwest  of  Se- 
ville. Population,  6,281. 

Arachne  (a-rak'ne).  [Gr.  ’A pdxvn,  identified 
with  ap&xvv , a spider.]  In  Greek  legend,  a 
Lydian  maiden  who  challenged  Athene  to  a 
contest  in  weaving,  and  was  changed  by  her 
into  a spider. 

Arachosia  (ar-a-ko'shi-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a region  in  ancient  Persia  corresponding 
to  part  of  the  modern  Afghanistan. 

Ara  Cceli,  Church  of.  [L.,  ‘altar  of  heaven.’] 
See  Santa  Maria  in  Ara  Cceli. 

Arad  (or'od),  New.  A town  in  the  county  of 
Temes,  Hungary,  across  the  river  from  Old 
Arad.  Population,  6,139. 

Arad,  or  Old  Arad.  A royal  free  city  in  the 
county  of  Arad,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Ua- 
ros  in  lat.  46°  12'  N.,  long.  21°  16'  E.:  a rail- 
way center,  the  chief  emporium  in  southeastern 
Hungary,  and  an  important  fortress,  it  has  a 
large  trade  in  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  spirits,  and  cattle.  In 
the  revolution  of  1819  it  played  an  important  part;  it  was 
taken  from  the  Austrians  after  a long  siege;  was  sur- 
rendered by  the  Hungarians  Aug.,  1849 ; and  was  the  scene 
of  the  military  executions  by  Haynau,  Oct.  6,  1849.  Popu- 
lation, 63,000,  (1910). 

Aradus  (ar'a-dus).  See  Arvad. 

Araf  (a'raf),  Al.  [Said  to  be  derived  from  Ar. 
arafa,  part,  divide.]  The  partition  between 
Heaven  and  Hell  described  in  the  Koran  (Surah 
vii.  44).  It  is  variously  interpreted.  “ Some  imagine  it 
to  be  a sort  of  limbo  for  the  patriarchs  and  prophets,  or 
for  the  martyrs  and  those  who  have  been  most  eminent 
for  sanctity.  Others  place  here  those  whose  good  and  evil 
works  are  so  equal  that  they  exactly  counterpoise  each 
other,  and  therefore  deserve  neither  reward  nor  punish- 
ment ; and  these,  say  they,  will  on  thelast  day  tie  admitted 
into  Paradise,  after  they  shall  have  performed  an  act  of 
adoration,  which  will  be  imputed  to  them  as  a merit,  and 
will  make  the  scale  of  their  good  works  to  preponderate. 
Others  suppose  this  intermediate  space  will  be  a recep- 
tacle for  those  who  have  gone  to  war  without  their 
parents'  leave,  and  therein  suffered  martyrdom  ; being  ex- 
cluded from  Paradise  for  their  disobedience,  and  escaping 
hell  because  tiiey  are  martyrs."  Hughes,  Diet,  of  Islam. 
Arafat  (a-ra-fat').  A sacred  mountain  of  the 
Mohammedans,  situated  about  15  miles  south- 
east of  Mecca,  Arabia. 

Arafura  Sea  (a-ra-fo'ra,  se).  That  part  of  the 
ocean  which  lies  north  of  Australia,  east  of  Ti- 
mor, and  southwest  of  Papua. 

Arafuras.  See  Alfures. 

Arago  (ar'a-go;  F.  pron.  a-ra-go'),  Dominique 
Franqois.  Born  at  Estagel,  near  Perpignan, 
France,  Feb.  26,  1786:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  2, 
1853.  A French  physicist  and  astronomer, 
noted  especially  for  his  experiments  and  dis- 
coveries in  magnetism  and  optics,  and  for  his 
skill  as  a popular  expounder  of  scientific  facts 
and  theories.  He  was  engaged  with  Biot  in  geodetic 
measurements  in  the  Pyrenees  and  Balearic  Islands  1806- 
1808 ; was  imprisoned  by  the  Spaniards  and  later  by  the  Al- 
gerines as  a spy,  and  finally  released  in  1809;  became  a 
member  of  the  Academy  and  professor  of  analytical  geom- 
etry at  the  Polytechnic  School  in  1S09 ; lectured  in  Paris 
on  astronomy  1812-45;  and  was  appointed  chief  director 
of  the  observatory  and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy 
in  1830.  In  the  same  year  he  became  a member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  and  in  1848  a member  of  the  provi- 
sional government.  With  Gay-Lussac  he  was  the  founder 
(1810)  of  the  “ Annales  de  Chimie  et  ,de  Physique."  He 
is  best  known,  popularly,  from  his  “Eloges  historiques" 
upon  deceased  members  of  the  Academy,  which  he  deliv- 
ered as  secretary  of  that  body. 

Arago,  Etienne.  Born  at  Perpignan,  France, 
Feb.  9,  1802 : died  at  Paris,  March  6,  1892.  A 
French  dramatist,  journalist,  politician,  and 
poet,  brother  of  Dominique  Framjois  Arago : 
author  of  “Les  Aristocrates”  (1847),  etc. 

Arago,  Jacques  Etienne  Victor.  Born  at  Es- 
tagel, near  Perpignan,  March  10,  1790:  died 
in  Brazil,  Jan.,  1855.  A French  traveler  and 


70 

writer,  brother  of  Dominique  Francois  Arago : 
author  of  “Voyage  autour  du  monde”  (1843), 
etc. 

Aragon  (ar'a-gon).  An  ancient  kingdom,  now 
a captaincy-general  of  Spain,  capital  Sara- 
gossa, bounded  by  France  on  the  north,  by 
Catalonia  on  the  east,  by  Valencia  on  the  south, 
and  by  New  Castile,  Old  Castile,  and  Navarre  on 
the  west,  comprising  the  provinces  of  Huesca, 
Saragossa,  and  Teruel.  It  is  traversed  by  mountains 
and  intersected  by  the  Ebro.  During  the  middle  ages  it 
was  one  of  the  two  chief  Christian  powers  in  the  penin- 
sula. In  1035  it  became  a kingdom ; was  united  to  Catalo- 
nia in  1137  ; rose  to  great  influence  through  its  acquisitions 
in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries  of  Valencia,  the  Balearic 
Islands,  Sardinia,  and  the  Sicilies ; and  was  united  with 
Castile  in  1479  through  the  marriage  of  Ferdinand  of  Ara- 
gon with  Isabella  of  Castile.  Area,  18.294  square  miles. 
Population,  940,346.  Formerly  also  Arragon. 

Aragon.  A river,  about  125  miles  long,  which 
rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  flows  west  and  southwest 
through  Aragon  and  Navarre,  and  joins  the 
Ebro  at  Milagro. 

Aragona  (a-ra-go'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  8 miles  north  of  Girgenti. 
There  are  sulphur-mines  in  its  vicinity.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  14,126. 

Aragua  (a-ra'gwa).  A noted  valley  in  northern 
Venezuela,  east  of  Lake  Valencia.  It  gave 
name  to  a former  province  of  Venezuela. 

Araguari  (a-ra-gwii-re').  A river  in  northern 
Brazil  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  of 
the  Amazon. 

Araguaya  (a-ra-gwi'a).  A river  of  central  Bra- 
zil which  rises  about  lat.  18°  30'  S.,  flows  north, 
is  separated  in  its  middle  course  for  a long  dis- 
tance into  two  arms,  and  joins  the  Tocantins 
about  lat.  6°  S.  Its  length  is  about  1,000  miles, 
and  it  is  navigable  for  about  750  miles. 

Araish.  See  El-Araish. 

Arakan,  or  Aracan  (a-ra-kan').  A division 
in  the  western  part  of  Lower  Burma,  ceded 
to  the  British  iu  1826.  Population,  762,102. 

Arakan.  The  northernmost  district  of  the  di- 
vision of  Arakan. 

Araktcheyeff  (a-rak-eha'yef),  Count  Alexei. 
Born  Oct.  4, 1769 : died  at  Grusino,  government 
of  Novgorod,  Russia,  May  3,  1834.  A Russian 
general  and  minister  of  war  (1806),  the  organ- 
izer of  the  military  colonies  in  Russia  1822-25. 

Aral  Sea  (ar'al  se),  or  Sea  of  Ehuwarizm. 
A brackish  inland  sea  of  Russian  Central  Asia, 
in  lat.  43°  42'-  46°  44'  N.,  long.  58°  18'-  61°  46'  E. 
It  receives  the  waters  of  the  Amu-Daria  and  Sir-Daria, 
but  has  no  outlet  and  is  thought  to  have  been  formerly 
dry,  the  Amu-Daria  and  Sir-Daria  then  discharging  into 
the  Caspian  Sea.  The  Aral  is  generally  shallow  (maxi- 
mum depth  37  fathoms),  and  is  veiled  by  storms.  Its 
length  is  225  miles,  greatest  width  185  miles,  height  above 
sea-level  about  160  feet,  and  area  26,200  square  miles.  It 
is  decreasing  in  size. 

Aram  (a/ram),  or  Aramea,  or  Aramsea  (ar-a- 
me'a).  [L.  Aram,  Gr.  ’A pap,  Heb.  ’Ardm;  L. 
* Aramsea  (sc.  regio).  The  common  etymology 
‘highland’  is  very  doubtful.]  The  biblical 
name  of  the  country  extending  from  the  west- 
ern frontiers  of  Babylonia  to  the  highlands  of 
western  Asia.  The  inhabitants  of  this  country  are 
called  Arameans.  The  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  render 
the  name  by  Syria.  The  Old  Testament  mentions  six  di- 
visions of  the  country,  among  them  being  Aram  Naharaim 
(Gen.  xxiv.  10),  i.  e.,  of  the  two  rivers;  Mesopotamia,  prob- 
ably the  territory  between  the  Euphrates  and  the  Chabor 
where  the  Judean  exiles  were  settled  (2  Ki.  xvii.  6) ; Pad- 
danaram,  probably  the  designation  for  the  flat  country  in 
northern  Mesopotamia ; and  Damascus.  In  the  Assyrian 
cuneiform  inscriptions  the  names  Aramu,  Arimu,  and 
Arumu  are  used,  but  only  of  Mesopotamia  and  the  peoples 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Euphrates.  The  principal 
river  of  Aram  was  the  Orontes.  The  Arameans  were  in 
race,  language,  and  religion  Semitic.  As  early  as  the 
period  of  the  Judges  an  Aramean  king  extended  his  con- 
quests to  Palestine  (Judges  iii.  8, 10).  David  took  Damas- 
cus from  them,  but  Solomon  was  obliged  to  restore  it. 
The  last  king  of  Damascus,  Rezin,  allied  himself  with 
Pekah,  king  of  Israel,  against  Judah,  but  succumbed  to 
Tiglath-Pileser  of  Assyria (745-727  B.  c.).  Aram  Naharaim 
appears  on  Egyptian  monuments  and  in  the  Tel-el-Amarna 
tablets  under  the  form  Naharina.  Thothmes  I.  and  III. 
and  Amenophis  III.  conquered  it  several  times ; but  after 
repeated  attacks  it  Anally  fell  to  the  Assyrians.  The  Ara- 
means became  an  important  factor  in  the  Assyrian  state  ; 
their  language  seems  to  have  become  the  common  speech 
of  trade  and  diplomacy,  and  gradually  supplanted  Assyrian 
in  Assyria  and  Hebrew  in  Palestine.  See  also  Syria. 

Aram  (a'ram),  Eugene.  Born  at  Ramsgill, 
Yorkshire,  1.704:  died  Aug.  6, 1759.  An  English 
scholar,  executed  for  fraud  and  the  murder  of 
Daniel  Clark,  committed  in  Knaresborough  in 
1745.  He  taught  at  Knaresborough  and  elsewhere,  and 
was  arrested  while  acting  as  usher  in  a private  school  at 
Lynn  Regis.  The  testimony  of  an  accomplice,  Houseman, 
through  whom  Clark’s  remains  were  discovered  in  a cave 
near  Knaresborough,  secured  Aram’s  conviction.  On  his 
trial  he  defended  himself  with  unusual  ability.  He  was 
self-taught,  but  attained  a very  considerable  knowledge  of 
languages,  and  has  been  credited  with  the  discovery  of 


Ararat 

the  affinity  of  the  Celtic  to  other  European  tongues  ; he 
also  disputed  the  then  almost  universally  accepted  direct 
derivation  of  Latin  from  Greek.  He  has  been  highly  ideal- 
ized in  a novel  by  Bulwer  (pub.  1832),  and  his  arrest  is  the 
theme  of  awell-known  poem  by  Hood  (“  Dream  of  Eugene 
Aram”).  A play,  “Eugene  Aram,”  by  W.  G.  Wills,  was 
produced  by  Henry  Irving  in  1873. 

Aramea,  or  Aramaea.  See  Aram. 

Arameans,  or  Aramseans.  See  Aram. 
Aramaic  (ar-a-ma'ik) . One  of  the  Semitic  fam- 
ily of  languages,  properly  a general  term  for 
all  the  northern  Semitic  dialects,  and  so  includ- 
ing the  so-called  Chaldaic  or  Chaldean,  and 
Syriac  or  Syrian.  Some  portions  of  the  “Hebrew” 
Scriptures  (Ezra,  and  Daniel,  and  parts  of  other  books) 
are  in  Aramaic.  Also  Aramean. 

Araminta  (ar-a-min'ta).  1.  Iu  Vanbrugh’s 
comedy  “ The  Confederacy, ’’the  wife  of  Money- 
trap,  an  extravagant,  luxurious  woman  with  a 
marked  leaning  toward  “ the  quality.” — 2.  The 
principal  female  character  iu  Congreve’s  com- 
edy “ The  Old  Bachelor.” 

Aramis  (a-ra-mes').  One  of  the  “Three  Mus- 
keteers,” in  Dumas’s  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
the  mildest  and  most  gracious  of  the  trio,  and  finally  en- 
ters the  church.  The  name  is  an  assumed  one,  his  real 
name  being  known  only  to  the  captain  of  the  Musketeers. 

Aran  (a-ran'),  Valle  de  or  Val  de.  A valley  in 
the  Pyrenees,  in  the  province  of  Lerida,  Spain, 
northeast  of  the  Maladetta  group : the  source 
of  the  Garonne. 

Aran,  or  Arran,  Islands  (ar'an  i'landz).  Three 
islands  at  the  entrance  of  Galway  Bay,  western 
coast  of  Ireland : Inishmore  (length  8 miles), 
Inishmain,  Inisheer : about  lat.  55°  N. 

Arana,  Diego  Earros.  See  Barros  Arana, 
Diego. 

Aranda  (a-ran'da)  Count  of  (Pedro  Pablo 
Abarca  y Bolea).  Born  in  Aragon,  1719 : 
died  1799  (1794  '().  A Spanish  statesman  and 
diplomatist.  As  president  of  the  Council  of  Castile 
he  effected  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  in  1767.  Later  he 
was  ambassador  to  France. 

Aranda  de  Duero  (a-ran'da  da  dwa'ro).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Burgos,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Duero  57  miles  east  of  Valladolid. 
Population,  5,736. 

Arango  y Parreno  (a-rang'go  e par-ra'no), 
Francisco  de.  Born  at  Havana,  May  22,  1765  : 
died  at  Guines,  March  21, 1837.  A Cuban  law- 
yer. He  was  twice  the  representative  of  Cuba  in  the 
Spanish  Cortes,  was  councilor  of  state,  and  held  other  pub- 
lic offices  ; but  he  is  best  known  for  his  numerous  works 
on  economical  questions  connected  with  Cuba. 
Aranjuez  (a-ran-Hweth').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Madrid,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Tagus 
28  miles  soutb  of  Madrid.  It  was  a favorite  royal 
residence,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  rev- 
olution of  March,  1808,  which  overthrew  Godoy  and  com- 
pelled Charles  IV.  to  abdicate.  Population,  12,670. 

Aranjuez,  Peace  of.  A treaty  of  alliance  against 
England  concluded  between  France  and  Spain, 
1772. 

Aransas  Bay  (a-ran'zas  ba).  An  arm  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  northeast  of  Corpus  Christ! 
Bay. 

Aransas  Pass.  A strait,  the  entrance  to  Aran- 
sas Bay. 

Arany  (or'ony),  Janos.  BornatNagy-Szalonta, 
Hungary,  March  2, 1817:  died  at  Budapest,  Oct. 
22,  1882.  A Hungarian  poet.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  the  Hungarian  language  and  literature  in  the  Re- 
formed Gymnasium  at  Nagy-Koros  in  1854,  director  of  the 
Kisfaludy  Society  in  I860,  and  member  of  the  Hungarian 
Academy  in  1858  (secretary  1864-78).  He  was  the  author  of 
the  humorous  poem  “ Az  elveszett  alkotmAny  ” (“The  Lost 
Constitution,"  1843),  the  epic  trilogy  “Toldi  ’’(1847-80),  etc. 

Arany,  Laszlo.  Born  at  Nagy-Szalonta,  March 
24,  1844:  died  at  Budapest,  Aug.  1,  1898.  A 
Hungarian  poet,  son  of  Jdnos  Arany. 

Aranyos  (or'on-vosh).  [Hung,  arany,  gold.] 
A gold-bearing  river  in  western  Transylvania, 
which  flows  easterly  to  join  the  Maros.  Its 
length  is  about  80-90  miles. 

Aranza  (a-ran'zii),  Duke.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Tobin’s  comedy  “ The  Honeymoon.” 
Arapaho,  or  Arapahoe  (a-rap'a-ho).  [Proper- 
ly a plural  form  : but  the  plural  Arapahoes  is 
used.  The  name  is  possibly  from  Pawnee 
tirapihu,  trader.]  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians  living  chiefly  on  the  head  waters  of 
the  Platte  and  Arkansas  rivers,  but  also  rang- 
ing from  the  Yellowstone  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

They  number  about  2,200,  some  living  in  Oklahoma  and 
others  on  the  Wind  River  Reservation,  Wyoming.  See 
Algonquian. 

Arapiles  (a-ra-pe'les).  A village  near  Sala- 
manca, the  principal  scene  of  the  battle  of  Sal- 
amanca, 1812. 

Arar  (a'rar).  [L.,  also  Araris.']  The  ancient 
name  of  the  river  Saone. 

Ararat  (ar'a-rat).  The  ancient  name  of  a dis- 
trict in  eastern  Armenia  between  the  rivers 


Ararat 

Araxes  and  the  lakes  Van  and  Urumiah  ; also 
used  for  all  Armenia,  and  for  the  mountain- 
ridge  in  the  south  of  that  country.  The  usual 
statement  that  Noah's  ark  rested  on  Mount  Ararat  has  no 
foundation  in  the  Hebrew  text, which  reads  “ on  the  moun- 
tains of  Ararat.”  In  the  Assyrian  cuneiform  inscriptions 
the  country  is  mentioned  under  the  name  Urartu,  and 
many  expeditions  of  the  Assyrian  kings  against  it  are 
enumerated.  The  Greeks  called  the  Armenians  Alaro- 
dians  (Herod.  III.  94). 

Ararat  (ar'a-rat).  [Heb.  ’Arardt,  Samaritan 
Hararat.  The  Ar.  name  is  Massis,  Turk.  Aghri- 
Dagh,  Pers.  Euhi-Nuh  (Noah’s  Mountain).]  A 
volcanic  mountain  which  rises  in  two  summits 
(Great  Ararat  and  Little  Ararat)  from  the  plain 
of  the  Araxes,  in  lat.  39°  40'  N.,  long.  44°  20'  E.: 
the  traditional  resting-place  of  Noah’s  ark  (see 
above).  It  lies  on  the  confines  of  Russian,  Turkish, 
and  Persian  Armenia,  the  summit  belonging  to  Russia. 
The  mountain  was  partly  altered  by  an  earthquake  in  1840. 
It  was  ascended  by  Parrot  in  1829,  and  since  that  time 
by  Bryce  and  others.  The  height  of  Great  Ararat  is  about 
17 MOO  feet  (17,325 — Parrot) ; that  of  Little  Ararat,  12,840 
feet. 

Ararat.  A town  in  Ripon  County,  Victoria, 
Australia,  situated  on  Hopkins  River  55  miles 
northwest  of  Ballarat.  It  contains  gold-fields. 
Population,  3,580. 

Araros  (ar'a-ros).  [Gr.  ’Apapuc.J  An  Athenian 
comic  poet,  the  son  of  Aristophanes.  He  brought 
out  his  father’s  “Plutus”  388  B.  c.,  and  ap- 
peared as  an  original  poet  375  B.  c. 

Aras  (a-ras').  A river,  the  ancient  Araxes, 
which  rises  in  Turkish  Armenia,  flows  through 
Transcaucasia,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Russia  and  Persia,  and  joins  the  Kur 
about  lat.  39°  55'  N.,  long.  48°  25'  E.  Its  length 
is  400-500  miles. 

Aratus  (a-ra'tus).  [Gr.  vAparog. ] Lived  about 

270  b.  c.  A Greek  poet,  said  to  have  resided 
during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at  the  court  of 
Antigonus  Gonatas,  and  to  have  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  physic,  grammar,  and  phi- 
losophy. He  “was  the  author  of  an  astronomical  epic 
which  Cicero  translated,  entitled  ‘Prognostics  of  the 
Weather'  ( Diosemeia ).  It  is  from  Aratus  that  St.  Paul, 
addressing  the  Athenians,  quotes  the  words  * For  we  are 
also  his  offspring'  (Acts  xvii.  28)”  (Jebb,  Greek  Lit.). 

Aratus.  [Gr.  ’hparof.]  Born  at  Sicyon,  Greece, 

271  B.  c. : died  213  b.  c.  A Greek  statesman 
and  general.  He  liberated  Sicyon  from  the  usurper 
Nicocles  in  251 ; was  elected  strategus  of  the  Achsean 
League  in  245  for  the  first  time ; took  the  citadel  of  Corinth 
in  243  • was  defeated  in  a succession  of  campaigns  by  the 
Spartans  under  Cleomenes  ; formed  an  alliance  with  Anti- 
gonus of  Macedon,  who  defeated  Cleomenes  at  the  battle 
of  Sellasia  221  B.  c.  ; and  carried  on  an  unsuccessful  de- 
fensive war  against  the  Hftolians  221-219  B.  c.  He  com- 
posed commentaries  in  thirty  books  (all  now  lost)  which 
brought  the  history  of  Greece  down  to  the  year  220  B.  c. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  poisoned  by  Philip  of  Macedon. 

Arauca  (a-rou'ka).  A river  in  Colombia  and 
western  Venezuela,  a tributary  of  the  Orinoco. 
Araucana  (a-rou-ka'na).  A heroic  poem,  in 
thirty-seven  cantos,  by  the  Spanish  poet  Alonso 
de  Ercilla.  It  is  partly  a geographical  and  statistical 
account  of  the  province  of  Araucania  and  partly  the  story 
of  the  expedition  for  the  conquest  of  Araucania  in  which 
the  author  took  part. 

Araucania  (a-rou-ka'ne-a).  A region  in  south- 
ern Chile  which  included  the  territory  south  of 
the  Biobio  River  to  the  Gulf  of  Ancu — that  is, 
nearly  the  modem  provinces  of  Biobio,  Arauco, 
Malleco,  Cautin,  and  Valdivia.  See  Araucani- 
ans. 

Araucanians  (ar-a-ka'ni-anz).  or  Araucanos 
(a-rou-ka'nos).  [Said  to  be  derived  from  a 
verb  of  their  language,  aucani,  to  be  savage,  un- 
conquerable.] A tribe  of  Indians  in  southern 
Chile.  They  were  very  numerous  and  warlike,  and  suc- 
cessfully resisted  the  Incas  in  the  15th  century.  From 
the  time  when  their  territory  was  first  invaded  by  Valdivia 
(1544)  they  waged  a continual  war  against  the  Spaniards. 
Valdivia  himself  was  killed  by  them  (1553),  as  was  one  of 
his  successors,  Martin  Garcia  Loyola  (1598),  and  twice  the 
whites  were  completely  driven  from  their  territory.  The 
tribe  still  numbers  over  20,000.  Originally  they  were  rov- 
ing and  very  savage,  but  they  now  practise  agriculture  and 
have  considerable  herds.  Few  of  them  are  Catholics. 
Arauco  (ii-rou'ko).  A province  (capital  Lebu) 
in  southern  Chile.  Area,  2,446  square  miles 
(formerly  larger).  Population,  61,538. 
Arauco.  A fort  and  town  of  Chile,  south  of 
Concepcidn,  and  originally  about  6 miles  from 
the  sea:  founded  by  Valdivia  in  1552.  During 

the  early  Araucanian  wars  it  was  a post  of  great  impor- 
tance. Besieged  by  the  Indians,  it  was  abandoned  and 
destroyed  in  1553  ; rebuilt  by  Mendoza,  1559 ; again  aban- 
doned when  attacked  by  Antihueno,  1663  ; rebuilt  in  1566 
and  withstood  what  might  be  called  a continuous  siege 
from  1559  to  1590,  when  it  was  removed  to  the  present  site 
on  the  coast.  The  modem  town  is  a port  of  some  impor- 
tance. Population,  3,246. 

Araujo  Lima  (a-rou'zhii  le'ma),  Pedro  de. 
Born  at  Antas,  Pernambuco,  Dec.  22,  1793: 
died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  7,  1870.  A Bra- 


71 

zilian  statesman,  regent  of  Brazil  during  the 
minority  of  the  emperor  Pedro  II.,  April  22, 
1838,  to  J uly  23,  1840.  The  emperor  created  him  vis- 
count of  Olinda  in  1841,  and  marquis  of  Olinda  in  1854. 
He  was  senator,  and  several  times  prime  minister  (1848- 
1849,  1857-59,  1862-64,  1865-66). 

Araujo  de  Azevedo  (a-rou'zho  de  a-za-va'do), 
Antonio  de.  Born  near  Ponte  de  Lima,  May 
14,  1754:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  21, 1817. 
A Portuguese  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He 
was  made  minister  of  war  and  foreign  affairs,  July,  1804, 
and  toward  the  end  of  1807  prime  minister.  It  was  by 
his  advice  that  the  Portuguese  court  fled  to  Brazil  (Nov., 
1807).  Arrived  atRiode  Janeiro(March,  1808),  heresigned, 
remaining  a member  of  the  Council  of  State,  and  in  1815 
was  created  conde  de  Barca.  In  1814  he  was  minister  of 
marine,  and  in  1817  was  again  called  to  be  prime  minister, 
holding  the  position  until  his  death. 

Araujo  Porto-Alegre  (a-rou'zho  por'to-a-la'- 
gre),  Manoel  de.  Born  at  Rio  Pardo,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  Nov.  29,  1806:  died  at 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  Dec.  30,  1879.  A Brazilian 
poet,  painter,  and  architect : author  of  a col- 
lection of  poems  entitled  “Brazilianas.” 
Arausio  (a-ra'shi-o).  [Gr.  ’A pavaiuv.']  A town 
of  the  Cavari,  the  modern  Orange,  Prance. 
Aravalli,  or  Aravali  (ar-a-val'e),  or  Aravulli 
(ar-a-vul  'i)  Hills.  A range  of  mountains  in 
Rajputana,  India,  about  300  miles  in  length, 
extending  from  northeast  to  southwest.  Its 
highest  point  is  Mount  Abu  (about  5,650  feet). 
Arawaks  (a'ra-waks).  A numerous  Indian 
stock  also  called  Armas,  widely  distributed  over 
northern  and  northeastern  South  America,  in 
and  between  tribes  of  other  linguistic  stocks. 
The  Campas,  for  instance,  a considerable  tribe  of  eastern 
Peru,  are  Arawaks  by  their  language,  as  is  the  Pano  group. 
Some  of  the  latter  are  cannibals.  Formerly  they  occupied 
most  of  the  West  Indian  islands  with  the  coasts  of  Guiana 
and  part  of  Venezuela.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they 
had  been  driven  out  of  the  Lesser  Antilles  by  invasions  of 
the  Caribs,  but  were  found  by  Columbus  in  Haiti,  and  the 
first  Indians  discovered  by  him  in  the  Bahamas  were  of 
this  race.  The  Arawaks  of  the  Antilles  (except  those  on 
Jamaica  in  part)  were  a gentle,  well-disposed  people,  prac- 
tising agriculture,  but  with  little  civilization.  They  were 
constantly  forced  to  defend  themselves  against  the  Caribs. 
Also  written  Arrawacs,  Arwakas , Arruagues. 

Araxes  (a-rak'sez).  [Gr.  A/idf^r.]  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Aras  and  perhaps  of  other 
streams  flowing  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Araxes  (Aras)  seems  to  have  been  a name  common  in 
the  days  of  Herodotus  to  all  the  great  streams  flowing  into 
the  Caspian,  just  as  Don  has  been  to  all  the  great  Scythian 
rivers  (Tan- ais,  Dan- aper  or  Dniepr,  Demaster  or  Dreiestr, 
Donau,  Don-aub  or  Dan- ube,  Ac.),  and  as  Avon  is  to  so 
many  English  streams.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  9,  note. 

Arbaces  (ar'ba-sez  or  ar-ba'sez).  [Gr.  Ap- 
/M/o?f.]  The  founder  of  the  Median  empire. 
He  reigned  about  876-848  b.  c. 

Arbaces.  1.  In  Beaumont  andFletcher’s  “King 
and  No  King,”  the  King  of  Iberia,  whose  nature 
is  a compound  of  vainglory  and  violence. — 
2.  A character  in  Dr.  Arne’s  opera  “Arta- 
xerxes.” — 3.  In  Byron’s  “ Sardanapalus,”  the 
Governor  of  Media,  who  became,  in  place  of 
Sardanapalus,  the  king  of  Nineveh  and  As- 
syria. 

Arballu  (ar-ba-e'lo).  [Assyr.,  ‘city  of  the  four 
gods.’]  Same  as  Arbela. 

Arbasto  (ar-bas'to)  the  Anatomie  of  For- 
tune. A novel  by  Robert  Greene,  printed  in 
1584. 

Arbate  (ar-bat').  1.  A character  in  Moliere’s 
comedy  “La  Princesse  d’Elide.” — 2.  A char- 
acter in  Racine’s  play  “ Mithridate.” 

Arbe  (ar'ba),  Slav.  Rab  (rab).  An  island, 
about  14  miles  long,  in  the  Adriatic  Sea  35  miles 
southeast  of  Fiume,  belonging  to  Dalmatia, 
Austria-Hungary. 

Arbedo  (ar-ba'do).  A village  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  2 miles  northeast  of  Bel- 
linzona.  Here,  1422,  the  Swiss  defeated  the 
Milanese  (“battle  of  St.  Paul”). 

Arbela  (ar-be'la).  [See  Arbailu.\  In  ancient 
geography,  a town  in  Assyria,  lat.  36°  8'  N., 
long.  44°  4'  E.,the  modern  Arbil,Erbil,orErvil. 
It  was  an  early  seat  of  the  worship  of  Istar,  and  a place 
of  considerable  importance.  Near  here,  at  Gaugamela, 
the  Macedonians  (47,000)  under  Alexander  the  Great  de- 
feated the  Persian  army  (about  1,000,000  ?)  under  Darius, 
in  331  B.  o.  This  battle  led  to  the  final  overthrow  of  the 
Persian  empire. 

Arber  (iir'ber).  Tho  highest  group  of  the  Boh- 
merwald,  situated  in  Bavaria  about  50  miles 
east  of  Ratisbon.  The  height  of  the  Grosser 
Arber  is  about  4,780  feet. 

Arber’s  English  Garner.  A series  of  selec- 
tions of  English  prose  and  poetry  in  10  volumes, 
printed  by  Edward  Arber  (died  1912)  from  man- 
uscript or  printed  originals,  ranging  from  1402 
to  1715.  They  are  mostly  tracts,  poems,  and  short 
pieces,  given  with  modern  spelling.  The  series  of  “Eng- 
lish .Reprints  ” follows  the  original  exactly. 


Arcachon 

Arber’s  English  Reprints.  A series  of  re- 
prints of  English  prose  and  poetry  in  30  num- 
bers, in  14  volumes  (1st  ed.  1868),  ranging  from 
1516  to  1712.  These  are  somewhat  longer  than 
the  pieces  printed  in  the  “ Garner.” 

Arbil  (ar-bel').  See  Arbela. 

Arblay  (ar'bla),  Madame  d’  (Frances  Bur- 
ney). Born  at  Lynn  Regis,  England,  June 
13,  1752 : died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  6,  1840. 
A noted  English  novelist.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Dr.  Burney,  the  musician,  and  the  wife  (married 
July  31,  1793)  of  General  d’Arblay.  She  wrote  “Evelina, 
or  a Young  Lady’s  Entrance  into  the  World  ” (1778),  “ Ce- 
cilia” (1782),  “Edwy  and  Elvina,"  a tragedy  (acted  March 
21,  1795),  “ Camilla ” (1796),  “Love  and  Fashion,”  a com- 
edy (1800),  “The  Wanderer "(1814),  “Memoirsof  Dr.  Bur- 
ney ” (1832), “Letters  and  Diaries ” (5  vols.  1842 ; 2 vols.  1846). 
From  1786  to  1791  she  occupied  a subordinate  position 
at  court. 

Arboga  (ar-bo'ga).  A town  in  the  lan  of  Wes- 
terns, Sweden,  situatedon  the  Arboga  near  Lake 
Malar,  76  miles  northwest  of  Stockholm,  it 

was  formerly  of  great  importance,  the  seat  of  many  coun- 
cils and  diets.  Population,  5,183. 

Arbogast  (ar'bo-gast),  or  Arbogastes  (ar-bo- 
gas'tez).  Died  394  A.  D.  A Frankish  general 
in  the  Roman  service.  Valentinian  II.  was  slain  by 
his  order  while  participating  in  the  athletic  sports  of  the 
soldiers,  and  Eugenius,  a client  of  Arbogast,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor.  He  was  defeated  by  Theodosius  in  394, 
on  the  Frigidus  north  of  Aquileia,  and  after  marching 
about  the  mountains  for  two  days  fell  upon  his  sword, 
and  so  perished. 

Arbois  (ar-bwa').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Jura,  France,  in  lat.  46°  55'  N.,  long.  5°  45'  E., 
famous  for  its  wines.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
Pichegru.  Population,  4,093. 

Arbois  deJubainville(ar-bwa'dezhu-ban'vel), 
Marie  Henri  d’.  Born  at  Nancy,  Dec.  5, 1827 : 
died  in  Feb.,  1910.  A French  archaeologist. 
Arboleda  (ar-bo-la'THa),  Julio.  Born  in  Bar- 
bacoas,  1817 : died  Nov.  12,  1862.  A Colom- 
bian poet  and  revolutionist.  He  early  took  rank 
among  the  first  poets  of  Spanish  America,  but  the  manu- 
script of  his  greatest  work,  “Gonzalo  de  Oyon,”  was  de- 
stroyed by  a personal  enemy,  and  only  portions  which 
had  been  copied  were  published.  In  1856  he  joined  the 
revolt  in  Antioquia,  became  its  leader,  and  in  alliance 
with  Moreno,  president  of  Ecuador,  carried  on  a war 
against  Mosquera  and  the  federalists.  The  states  of  west- 
ern Colombia  adhered  to  him,  and  he  assumed  the  supreme 
power;  but  in  the  midst  of  his  success  he  was  assassi- 
nated. 

Arbon  (ar'bon).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Thur- 
gau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Con- 
stance 16  miles  southeast  of  Constance. 
Arbrissel  or  Arbrisselles  (ar-bre-sel'),  Robert 
d’.  Born  at  Arbrissel  or  Arbrises,  Brittany, 
1047 : died  Feb.  25,  1117.  A French  ecclesias- 
tic, the  founder  of  the  order  of  Fontevrault. 
He  was  appointed  vicar-general  of  the  Bishop  of  Rennes 
in  1085 ; became  professor  of  theology  at  Angers  in  1089  ; 
and  two  years  later  retired  to  the  forest  of  Craon,  where 
he  founded  the  abbey  of  De  Rota.  Later  he  founded  the 
celebrated  abbey  of  Fontevrault,  near  Poitiers,  after  which 
the  order  was  named. 

Arbroath (ar-broTH'),  or  Aberbrothock  (ab-er- 
hroth'ok),  or  Aberbrothwick  (ab-er-broth'- 
ik).  A seaport  in  Forfarshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  North  Sea  17  miles  northeast 
of  Dundee.  It  has  manufactures  of  jute,  flax,  linen, 
etc.  Near  it  is  a ruined  abbey,  founded  in  1178.  Ponu- 
lation,  22,372. 

Arbues  (ar-ho-as'),  Pedro.  Born  at  Epila,  Ara- 
gon, 1442:  died  Sept.  17, 1485.  A Spanish  Au- 
gustinian  monk,  appointed  by  Torquemada  an 
inquisitor  of  Aragon  1484.  He  was  fatally  wounded 
in  the  night  of  Sept.  14-15,  1485,  as  the  result  of  a conspir- 
acy of  the  relatives  of  his  victims. 

Arbuthnot  (ar'buth-not ; Sc.  pron.  ar-buth'not), 
John.  Born  at  Arbuthnot,  Scotland,  1667 : died 
at  London,  Feb.  27,  1735.  A British  physician, 
wit,  and  man  of  letters.  He  studied  at  Aberdeen 
and  St.  Andrews,  and  was  appointed  physician  extraor- 
dinary to  Queen  Anne  Oct.  30,  1705,  and  physician  in  or- 
dinary Nov.  11,  1709.  The  Tory  ministry  employed  him 
as  a political  writer,  and  he  joined  with  Swift,  Pope,  Gay, 
and  Parnell  to  form  the  Scriblerus  Club  about  1714.  His 
chief  works  are  “Law  is  a Bottomless  Pit ; or,  History  of 
John  Bull”  (1712),  “Memoirs  of  Martinus  Scriblerus," 
mainly  Arbuthnot’s  (1741). 

Arbuthnot,  Marriot.  Bom  1711 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  31,  1794.  An  English  admiral,  com- 
mander of  the  fleet  in  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Charleston  in  1780.  He  became  an  admiral 
of  the  blue  in  1793. 

Arc  (ark).  A river  in  the  department  of  Savoie, 
France,  which  joins  the  Isere  at  Chamousset. 
Its  length  is  about  90  miles. 

Arc,  Joan  of.  See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Arcachon  (ar-ka-shon').  A watering-place  in 
the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on 
the  Bassin  d’ Arcachon  35  miles  southwest  of 
Bordeaux,  it  Is  noted  as  a winter  resort,  and  also 
as  a place  for  sea-bathing.  It  is  said  to  attract  over 
200,000  visitors  annually.  Population,  9,279. 


Arcades 

Arcades  (ar'ka-dez).  [Gr.  ’Apicadec,  Arcadians.] 
A mask,  by  Milton,  acted  shortly  after  ‘ ‘ Comus  ” 
in  1634,  and  printed  in  1645. 

Arcadia  (ar-ka'di-a).  [Gr.  ’Apsadia,  from  Apudc, 
Arcadian.]  In  ancient  geography,  a region  in 
the  heart  of  the  Peloponnesus,  bounded  by 
Achaia  on  the  north,  by  Argolis  on  the  east, 
by  Laconia  and  Messenia  on  the  south,  and  by 
Elis  On  the  west.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  and  is  in- 
tersected by  mountains,  and  was  proverbial  for  its  rural 
simplicity.  Its  cities  Tegea,  Mantinea,  etc.,  formed  a 
confederation  about  370-360  B.  C. 

The  history  of  the  rise  in  modern  literature  of  an  ideal 
Arcadia  — the  home  of  piping  shepherds  and  coy  shep- 
herdesses, where  rustic  simplicity  and  plenty  satisfied 
the  ambition  of  untutored  hearts,  and  where  ambition 
and  its  crimes  were  unknown  — is  a very  curious  one,  and 
has,  I think,  been  first  traced  in  the  chapter  on  Arcadia  in 
my  “Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece."  Neither  Theocri- 
tus nor  his  early  imitators  laid  the  scene  of  their  poems 
in  Arcadia ; this  imaginary  frame  was  first  adopted  by 
Sannazaro.  Mahaffy,  Hist.  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  420. 

Arcadia  (ar-ka-de'a).  A nomarchy  of  modern 
Greece.  Area,  1,661  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 162,324. 

Arcadia  (iir-ka'di-a).  1.  A description  of  shep- 
herd life,  in  prose  and  verse,  by  Sannazaro, 
written  toward  the  end  of  the  15th  century. 
Though  itself  not  a pastoral  romance,  it  appears  to  have 
first  opened  the  field  to  that  species  of  composition. 

2.  A pastoral  romance  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
published  in  1590,  but  written  in  1580-81.  Its 
whole  title  is  “The  Countess  of  Pembroke's  Arcadia.” 
Although  the  scenes  are  artificial,  the  freshness  of  Sid- 
ney’s style  gives  reality  and  interest  to  it. 

3.  A romance  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in 
1589.  It  is  formed  on  the  model  of  Sidney's  celebrated 
pastoral,  which,  though  it  was  not  printed  till  some  years 
after  the  publication  of  Greene's  Arcadia,  had  been  writ- 
ten a considerable  time  before  it.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose 
Fiction,  II.  557. 

4.  A pastoral  romance  by  Lope  de  Vega, 
modeled  on  Sannazaro,  which,  though  written 
long  before,  was  not  printed  till  1598. — 5.  A 
pastoral  play  by  Shirley,  printed  1640,  having 
been  acted  some  time  previously.  This  is  a 
dramatization  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney’s  romance. 

Arcadius  (ar-ka'di-us).  [Gr.  Ap/cachof.]  Born 
in  Spain  383  (377?)  a.  d.  : died  May  1, 408.  By- 
zantine emperor  395-408,  the  elder  of  the  two 
sons  of  Theodosius  and  Flaccilla.  He  succeeded, 
under  the  guardianship  of  Rufinas,  to  the  eastern  half  of 
the  empire  on  the  death  of  his  father  and  the  permanent 
division  of  the  Roman  Empire,  ltufinus  claimed  the  civil 
government  also  of  the  Western  Empire,  and  was  murdered 
in  395  by  Gainas,  commander  of  the  Gothic  mercenaries  at 
Constantinople,  who  acted  under  the  instructions  of  Stili- 
cho,  the  guardian  of  Arcadius’s  brother  Uonorius,  emperor 
of  the  West.  Arcadius  now  fell  under  the  influence  of  the 
eunuch  Eutropius,  supported  by  Gainas.  After  the  death 
of  Eutropius  (399)  and  of  Gainas  (401)  he  was  governed  en- 
tirely by  his  dissolute  wife  Eudoxia.  In  this  reign  Alaric 
settled  with  his  West  Goths  in  Illyria,  and  was  appointed 
dux  in  Illyricum  orientate. 

Arcady  (iir'ka-di).  An  obsolete  or  poetical 
form  of  Arcadia. 

Arcagnolo.  See  Orcagna. 

Arc  de  Triomphe  du  Carrousel  (ark  de  tre- 
onf'  dii  ka-ro-sel').  [F.,  ‘triumphal  arch  of 
the  tilting-yard.’]  A triumphal  arch  built  by 
Napoleon  I.  at  Paris,  in  commemoration  of  his 
victories  of  1805-05,  in  the  square  inclosed  by 
the  Tuileries  and  the  Louvre,  it  imitates,  on  a 
smaller  scale,  the  Arch  of  Constantine  at  Rome.  It  has 
a large  archway  between  two  small  ones,  flanked  by  Corin- 
thian columns,  an  entablature,  and  a high  attic.  Reliefs 
over  the  small  archways  represent  incidents  of  the  cam- 
paigns ; over  the  columns  are  placed  statues  of  soldiers  of 
the  empire,  and  in  the  spandrels  of  the  large  archway  are 
sculptured  Victories.  On  the  summit  is  a group  in  bronze 
representing  a four-horse  chariot.  The  height  is  48  feet, 
the  width  63 J.  , 

Arc  de  Triomphe  de  l’Etoile  (ark  de  tre-onf' 
de  la, -twill').  [F.,  ‘triumphal  arch  of  the 

star.’]  A triumphal  arch,  the  largest  existing, 
at  the  head  of  the  Champs  Elysees,  Paris,  it 
was  begun  in  1806  by  Napoleon  I.,  but  not  finished  until 
1836.  The  structure  is  146  feet  wide,  160  high,  and  72 
deep.  Its  chief  fronts  are  pierced  with  a single  archway 
67  feet  high  and  46  wide,  and  the  ends  have  smaller  arch- 
ways. The  spandrels  of  the  large  archway  are  adorned 
with  Victories  by  Pradier,  and  flanked  by  large  rectangu- 
lar pauels  representing  military  episodes,  as  do  the  reliefs 
of  the  frieze.  Above  the  heavy  cornice  there  is  an  attic 
with  shields  bearing  titles  of  victories.  Against  the  four 
piers  of  the  fronts  are  placed  pedestals,  upon  which  are 
colossal  high  reliefs  representing  (east  front)  triumph  of 
Napoleon  and  Peace  of  Vienna  (1810),  by  Cortot ; depart- 
ure of  troops  for  the  frontier  in  1792,  by  Rude;  (west 
front)  blessings  of  peace  (1815),  and  resistance  of  France 
to  invasion  (1814),  both  by  Etex.  The  vaults  are  inscribed 
with  the  names  of  battles  won  by  France,  and  of  Republi- 
can and  Imperial  officers. 

Arcesilaus  (iir-ses-i-la'us),  or  Arcesilas  (ar- 
ses' i-las).  [Gr.  ’ApKeoiXaoc,  Doric  ’Apiceai^at;.'] 
Born  at  Pitane,  gEolis,  about  316  b.  c.  : died 
about  241  b.  c.  A Greek  skeptical  philosopher, 
founder  of  the  second  Academy. 

Arch  ( arch),  Joseph.  Born  at  Barford,  War- 


72 

wickshire,  England,  Nov.  10,  1826.  An  English 
social  reformer.  He  founded  the  National  Agricul- 
tural Laborers’  Union  in  1872,  and  was  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  N.  W.  Norfolk  1885-86,  1892,  1895-1900. 

Arch  of  Augustus,  or  Porta  Romana.  A fine 
simple  Roman  triumphal  arch  at  Rimini,  Italy, 
built  in  27  b.  c.,  in  honor  of  the  restoration 
of  the  Flaminian  Way.  It  is  of  white  travertine, 
45.9  feet  hicrh  and  28.8  thick,  with  a single  arch  29.5  feet 
hierh  and  26.9  wide.  A Corinthian  fluted  column  on  each 
side  of  the  archway  supports  an  entablature,  above  which 
there  is  a low  pediment. 

Arch  of  Constantine.  An  arch  in  Rome  built 
312  A.  D.  in  honor  of  Constantine’s  triumph  over 
Maxentius.  It  lias  a large  central  archway  between 
two  smaller  ones,  and  four  Corinthian  columns  on  each 
front.  The  attic  bears  a long  inscription.  Much  of  its 
abundant  sculpture  was  taken  from  the  destroyed  Arch 
of  Trajan ; that  of  Constantine’s  artists,  associated  with 
it,  is  mucli  inferior. 

Arch  of  Drusus.  An  arch  (wrongly  named) 
built  by  Caracalla  to  carry  an  aqueduct  for  the 
supply  of  his  thermal  over  the  Via  Appia  near 
the  gate  of  San  Sebastiano.  it  is  built  of  traver- 
tine, incrusted  with  white  marble,  and  decorated  with 
Composite  columns,  and  originally  had  on  each  side  an 
entablature  and  a pediment.  The  style  is  very  poor. 

Arch  of  Hadrian.  A triumphal  gateway  at 
Athens,  probably  built  by  Hadrian,  between 
the  old  city  and  his  new  quarter,  it  is  59  feet 
high,  with  a single  arch  20  feet  high.  Above  the  arch 
there  is  an  attic  with  three  large  openings,  originally 
closed.  Above  the  central  opening  there  is  a pediment. 
The  arch  was  decorated  on  each  side  with  Corinthian  col- 
umns. 

Arch  of  Janus  Quadrifrons.  An  arch  in  the 
Velabrum,  Rome,  at  the  northeastern  extrem- 
ity of  the  Forum  Boarium.  It  is  a four-way  arch 
of  marble,  largely  built  of  older  architectural  fragments, 
late  in  period  and  degraded  in  style.  The  interior  is  cov- 
ered with  a simple  groined  vault.  The  four  fronts  bear 
32  niches  for  statues  of  divinities,  and  on  the  massive  piers 
16  blind  niches  flanking  the  archways.  The  attic  is  de- 
stroyed. The  structure  was  used  in  antiquity  as  a kind 
of  financial  exchange. 

Arch  of  Septimius  Severus.  An  arch  in  the 
Roman  Forum,  dedicated  203  a.  d.,  in  commem- 
oration of  victories  over  the  Parthians.  it  is  of 
Pentelic  marble,  with  a central  arch  and  two  side  arches, 
flanked  by  four  Corinthian  columns  on  each  face.  There 
are  panels  over  the  side  arches  and  a frieze  above  all  with 
reliefs  of  Roman  triumphs.  The  attic  bears  inscriptions. 
Arch  of  Titus.  An  arch  in  Rome,  built  in  com- 
memoration of  the  taking  of  Jerusalem,  it  has 
a single  archway,  the  opening  flanked  on  each  face  by 
four  Composite  columns.  The  spandrels  bear  Victories 
in  relief,  and  on  the  high  attic  is  the  dedicatory  inscrip- 
tion. The  vault  is  richly  coffered  and  sculptured,  and 
the  interior  faces  of  the  piers  display  reliefs  of  Titus  in 
triumph,  with  the  plunder  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalem,  in 
which  the  seven-branched  candlesticks  are  conspicuous. 

Arch  of  Trajan.  1.  An  arch  over  the  Appian 
Way  at  Benevento,  Italy,  dedicated  a.  d.  114, 
and  one  of  the  finest  of  ancient  arches,  it  is  of 
white  marble,  48  feet  high  and  301  wide,  with  a single 
arch  measuring  27  by  164  feet.  On’  each  face  there  are 
four  engaged  Corinthian  columns,  with  an  entablature, 
above  which  is  a paneled  attic.  The  arch  is  profusely 
sculptured  with  reliefs  illustrating  Trajan’s  life  and  his 
Dacian  triumphs.  There  are  Victories  in  the  spandrels  and 
dedicatory  inscriptions  on  the  central  panels  of  the  attic. 
2.  An  arch  erected  at  Ancona  a.  d.  112.  it  is  of 
white  marble,  and  stands  at  the  end  of  the  breakwater 
built  by  Trajan,  and  is  perhaps  the  best-proportioned  of 
all  Roman  triumphal  arches.  It  has  a single  opening  46 
by  29.)  feet,  two  engaged  Corinthian  columns  on  the  face 
of  each  pier,  and  a high  attic  above  the  entablature. 

Archangel  (ark-an'jel),  or  Archangelsk  (ar- 
chang'gelsk).  The  largest  and  northernmost 
government  of  Russia,  bounded  by  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  the  White  Sea,  the  Ural  Mountains,  Fin- 
land, and  the  governments  of  Vologda  and 
Olonetz.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  sterile  in  the 
north  and  covered  with  forests  in  the  south.  Area,  326,- 
063  square  miles.  Population,  about  413,500. 

Arcnangel,  or  Archangelsk.  A seaport,  the 
capital  of  the  government  of  Archangel,  situ- 
ated on  the  Dwina,  near  the  White  Sea  in  lat. 
64°  32'  N.,  long.  40°  33'  E.:  the  chief  commer- 
cial town  in  the  north  of  Russia,  and  long  the 
only  Russian  seaport.  The  harbor  is  open  from  May 
to  September.  Archangel  exports  grain,  flax,  linseed, 
pitch,  skins,  tar,  etc.  It  was  visited  by  the  English  in 
1553,  and  an  English  factory  was  built/  A Russian  fort 
was  built  in  1584.  The  town  was  blockaded  by  the  British 
in  1854  and  in  1855.  Population,  21,096. 

Archangel  Bay,  or  Gulf  of  Archangel.  An 

arm  of  the  White  Sea  near  Archangel. 

Archas.  The  person  in  Fletcher’s  “ The  Loyal 
Subject  ” who  gives  to  the  play  its  name : a 
general  of  the  Muscovites  whose  loyalty  is  of 
that  exaggerated  description  that  bears  all 
kinds  of  outrage  from  an  unworthy  king. 
Young  Archas,  the  son  of  the  general,  disguise's  himself 
as  a woman,  and  takes  the  name  of  Alinda. 

Archdale  (arch'dal),  John.  An  English  colo- 
nial official,  governor  of  North  Carolina  about 
1695-96. 


Archilochus 

Archelaus  (ar-ke-la'us).  [Gr.  Ap^Glaof.]  One 
of  the  Heraclidse,  the  traditional  founder  of  the 
Macedonian  royal  house. 

Archelaus.  Lived  about  450  b.  c.  A Greek 
philosopher  of  the  Ionian  school,  said  to  have 
been  the  instructor  of  Socrates  and  Euripides : 
surnamed  “Physicus”  (‘the  physicist’)  from 
his  devotion  to  physical  science.  He  regarded 
heat  and  cold  as  the  principles  of  generation. 

Archelaus.  Died  399  b.  c.  King  of  Macedon 
413-399  b.c.,  the  natural  son  of  Perdiccas  II. 
He  was  a patron  of  Hellenic  art  and  literature,  and  at- 
tracted  to  his  court  Zeuxis,  Euripides,  and  Agathon,  and 
invited  Socrates,  who  declined. 

Archelaus.  A Cappadocian  general  in  the 
service  of  Mithridates.  He  was  defeated  by  Sulla 
at  Chseronea  in  86  B.  C.,  and  at  Orcbomenus  in  85,  and  de- 
serted to  the  Romans  in  81. 

Archelaus.  King  of  Egypt  56  or  55  b.  c.,  a son 
of  Archelaus  of  Cappadocia.  He  became  high 
priest  at  Cornana  63  B.C.,  and  secured  the  hand  of  Bere- 
nice, queen  of  Egypt,  by  representing  himself  to  be  the 
son  of  Mithridates  Eupator.  He  was  defeated  and  slain 
by  the  Romans  after  a reign  of  six  mouths. 

Archelaus.  King  of  Cappadocia  from  about 
34  b.c.  to  17  A.  d.,  a grandson  of  Archelaus 
(about  56  B.  C.).  He  owed  his  elevation  to  Mark  An- 
tony, who  was  captivated  by  the  charms  of  Archelaus  s 
mother,  Glaphyra.  He  sided  with  Antony  in  the  war  with 
Octavian ; was  suffered,  after  the  defeat  of  Antony,  to 
retain  his  kingdom,  to  which  was  subsequently  added 
part  of  Cilicia  and  Lesser  Armenia ; and  was  summoned 
to  Rome  by  Tiberius,  where  he  was  detained  till  his  death. 

Archelaus.  Died  at  Vienna,  Gaul.  Ethnarch 
of  Judea,  Samaria,  and  Idumea  about  3 b.  c.- 
7 a.  d.,  a son  of  Herod  the  Great.  He  was  de- 
posed by  Augustus. 

Archelaus.  Lived  probably  in  the  1st  century 
a.  d.  A Greek  sculptor.  A bas-relief,  the 
“Apotheosis  of  Homer,”  carved  by  him,  is  in 
the  British  Museum. 

Archeuholz  (ar'chen-hdlts),  Baron  Johann 
Wilhelm  von.  Born  near  Dantzic,  Sept.  3, 
1743:  died  near  Hamburg,  Feb.  28,  1812.  A 
German  historian.  He  wrote  “ Geschichte  des 
siebenjahrigen  Kriegs”  (1793,  “History  of  the 
Seven  Years’  War”),  etc. 

Archer  (ar'cher),  Branch  T.  Born  1790:  died 
Sept.  22,  1856.  A Texan  revolutionist  and  poli- 
tician. He  removed  to  Texas  in  1831,  presided  over  the 
“Consultation"  Nov.  3,  1835,  was  a member  of  the  first 
Texan  congress  1836,  was  sent  to  Washington  where  he 
became  speaker  of  the  House  and  was  secretary  of  war, 
1839-42. 

Archer.  In  Farquhar’s  comedy  “ The  Beaux’ 
Stratagem,”  a friend  of  Aimwell  who  pretends 
to  be  his  servant  in  order  to  further  the  success 
of  the  stratagem.  He  carries  on  Various  lively 
adventures  on  his  own  account.  See  Aimwell. 

Archer,  The.  See  Sagittarius. 

Archer  River.  A river  in  Cape  York  Penin- 
sula, Queensland,  Australia,  which  flows  into 
the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Archias  (ar'ki-as),  Aulus  Licinius.  [Gr.  Ap- 
X'ac.)  A Greek  poet,  a native  of  Antioch  (from 
about  120  B.  C. ).  Cicero  defended  him  (61  B.  c.)  against 
the  charge  of  assuming  Roman  citizenship  illegally,  in  an 
oration  (pro  Arcliia  poeta)  from  which  chiefly  he  is  known. 

Archibald  (ar'chi-bald),  Sir  Adams  George. 
Born  at  Truro,  Nova  Scotia,  May  18, 1814:  died 
at  Halifax,  Dec.  14, 1892.  A Canadian  politician 
and  jurist,  secretary  of  state  for  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  1867-68,  and  lieutenant-governor  of 
Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territories  1870- 
1873.  He  was  knighted  in  1885. 

Archidamus  (iir-ki-da'mus)  II.  [Gr.  ’Apxlda- 
//of.  ] King  of  Sparta  469  to  about  427  b.  C. 
He  led  the  Peloponnesian  army  against  Athens  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Peloponnesian  war. 

Archidamus  III.  King  of  Sparta  from  361  to 
338  B.  C.  He  defeated  the  Arcadians  and  Argives  in  the 
“Tearless  Rattle,”  367,  and  was  killed  in  battle  in 338. 

Archidamus.  A Bohemian  lord  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Winter’s  Tale.” 

Archigenes  (ar-kij'e-nez).  [Gr .’Apxiytvr/c.]  A 
Greek  physician,  a native  of  Apamea  in  Syria, 
who  practised  in  Rome  in  the  time  of  Trajan 
(98-117  a.  d.)  : the  most  celebrated  of  the  eclec- 
tics. He  was  the  author  of  a treatise  on  the 
pulse,  to  which  Galen  added  a commentary. 

Archilochus  (ar-ldl'o-kus).  [Gr.  ’Apx'rtoxoc.l 
A Greek  lyric  poet  of  Paros  who  flourished 
about  700  "b.  c.  (the  date  is  much  disputed). 
He  was  famous  for  his  satiric  iambic  poetry.  “The  Em- 
peror Hadrian  judged  that  the  Muses  had  shown  a special 
mark  of  favor  to  Homer  in  leading  Archilochus  into  a dif- 
ferent department  of  poetry."  (Smith.)  The  invention  of 
elegiacs  was  attributed  to  him.  Sec  Callimis. 

He  [Archilochus]  was  born  of  a good  family  at  Paros, 
but  lived,  owing  to  poverty,  a life  of  roving  adventure, 
partly,  it  appears,  as  a mercenary  soldier,  partly  as  a c6l- 
onist  to  Thasos ; nor  do  bis  wanderings  appear  to  have 
been  confined  to  eastern  Ilellas.  for  he  speaks  in  praise  of 
the  rich  plains  about  the  Siris  in  Italy  (frag.  21).  He  was 


Archilochus 

betrothed  to  Neobule,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Lycam- 
bes,  his  townsman ; but  when  she  was  refused  him,  prob- 
ably on  account  of  his  poverty,  he  vented  his  rage  and  dis- 
appointment in  those  famous  satires  which  first  showed 
the  full  power  of  the  iambic  metre,  and  were  the  wonder 
and  the  delight  of  all  antiquity.  He  ended  his  life  by  the 
death  he  doubtless  desired,  on  the  field  of  battle.  In 
coarseness, terseness,  and  bitterness  he  may  justly  be  called 
the  Swift  of  Greek  literature.  But  even  the  scanty  frag- 
ments of  Archilochus  show  a range  of  feeling  and  a wide- 
ness of  sympathy  far  beyond  the  complete  works  of  Swift. 

Mahaffy,  Hist.  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  159. 

Archilochus,  if  not  absolutely  the  inventor,  was  the  cre- 
ator of  these  two  metres,  the  iambic  and  trochaic,  as  truly 
as  Homer  was  the  creator  of  the  heroic  measure. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  279. 

Archimage  (ar'ki-maj),  or  Arcliimago  (ar-ki- 
ma/go).  1.  The  impersonation  of  Hypocrisy 
in  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  a magician  and 
a compound  of  deceit  and  credulity.  He  deceives 
Una  by  assuming  the  appearance  of  the  Bed  Cross  Knight, 
but  his  falsehood  is  exposed.  The  whole  story  is  taken 
from  Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso,”ii.  12. 

2.  The  personification  of  Indolence  in  Thom- 
son’s “Castle of  Indolence.” 

Archimedes  (ar-ki-me'dez).  [Gr.  VJW<%-] 
Born  at  Syracuse  about  287  B.  c. : died  at  Syra- 
cuse, 212  b.  c.  The  most  celebrated  geometri- 
cian of  antiquity.  He  is  said  to  have  been  a relative 
of  King  Hiero  of  Syracuse,  to  have  traveled  early  in  life 
in  Egypt,  and  to  have  been  the  pupil  of  Conon  the  Samian 
at  Alexandria.  His  most  important  services  were  rendered 
to  pure  geometry,  but  his  popular  fame  rests  chiefly  on 
his  application  of  mathematical  theory  to  mechanics.  He 
invented  the  water-screw,  and  discovered  the  principle  of 
the  lever.  Concerning  the  latter  the  famous  saying  is  at- 
tributed to  him.  “Give  me  where  I may  stand  and  I will 
move  the  world  ” (56s  nov  otc6  <ai  toc  /cocrpor  *iv?jcru>). 
By  means  of  military  engines  which  he  invented  he  post- 
poned the  fall  of  Syracuse  when  besieged  by  Marcellus 
214-212,  whose  fleet  he  is  incorrectly  said  to  have  destroyed 
by  mirrors  reflecting  the  sun’s  rays.  He  detected  the  ad- 
mixture of  silver,  and  determined  the  proportions  of  the 
two  metals,  in  a crown  ordered  by  Hiero  to  be  made  of 
pure  gold.  The  method  of  detecting  the  alloy,  without 
destroying  the  crown,  occurred  to  him  as  he  stepped  into 
the  bath  and  observed  the  overflow  caused  by  the  displace- 
ment of  the  water.  He  ran  home  through  the  streets 
naked  crying  heurelca,  “I  have  found  it."  He  was  killed 
at  the  capture  of  Syracuse  by  Marcellus. 

Archipelago  (ar-ki-pel'a-go),  Greek.  The  vari- 
ous islands  and  groups  of  islands  in  the  Aegean 
Sea.  See  AEgean  Sea. 

Archipelago,  Indian  or  Malay.  The  various 
islands  in  the  eastern  hemisphere  lying  be- 
tween Australia  and  the  southeast  coast  of 
Asia,  including  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo,  Cele- 
bes, the  Molucca,  Lesser  Sunda,  and  Philippine 
islands. 

Archipelago,  Duchy  of.  Same  as  duchy  of 
Naxos. 

Archon  (ar'kon).  In  Dryden’s  poem  “Albion 
and  Albanius,”  a character  intended  to  repre- 
sent Monk. 

Archytas  (ar-ki'tas)  of  Tarentum.  [Gr.  ’A pxv- 
raf.]  Lived  about  400  b.  c.  A Greek  Pythago- 
rean philosopher,  mathematician,  and  general, 
who  enjoyed  in  antiquity  a great  reputation  for 
his  learning  and  virtues.  He  was  drowned  in 
the  Adriatic. 

Arcis-sur-Aube  (ar-se'siir-ob').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the 
Aube  17  miles  north  of  Troyes.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Danton.  Here  a battle  was  fought,  March  20  and 
21,  1814,  between  the  French  under  Napoleon  and  the 
Allies  under  Schwarzenberg.  Napoleon  was  unsuccessful 
in  his  attempt  to  prevent  the  junction  of  Schwarzenberg 
and  Bliicher,  and  retreated,  leaving  the  route  to  Baris 
open,  with  the  intention  of  attacking  the  Allies  in  the 
rear.  Population,  2,833. 

Arcite  (ar'sit).  A Theban  knight.  For  account 
of  him  see  Chaucer’s  “ Knight’s  Tale,”  Dryden’s 
“Palamon  and  Arcite.”  The  Arcite  of  Chaucer’s 
“ Anelida  and  Arcite”  is  not  the  same  knight. 

Arco  (ar'ko).  A small  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Sarea,  near  Lake 
Garda,  16  miles  southwest  of  Trent:  a noted 
winter  resort.  It  contains  a castle  and  the 
town  palace  of  the  counts. 

Arco  della  Pace  (ar'ko  del'la  pa'che).  [It., 
‘arch  of  the  peace.’]  An  arch  in  Milan,  Italy, 
begun  in  1807  in  honor  of  Napoleon,  and  com- 
pleted in  1838  in  commemoration  of  the  Peace 
of  1815.  There  is  a large  central  arch  flanked  by  smaller 
ones,  and  each  front  is  ornamented  by  four  Corinthian 
columns  and  an  entablature.  Above  the  attic  is  a fine 
bronze  group  of  the  goddess  Peace  in  a six-horse  chariot, 
and  at  the  four  angles  are  mounted  Victories.  The  wall- 
spaces  are  covered  with  sculptured  reliefs. 

Arco  dei  Leoni  (ar'ko  da'e  la-6'ne).  [It., 
‘arch  of  the  lions.’]  A Roman  double-arched 
gateway  in  Verona,  probably  of  the  3d  century 
A.  d.,  one  arch  of  which  is  destroyed,  it  is  of 
light  and  graceful  proportions.  On  each  side  of  the  arch 
there  is  a Corinthian  column ; above  there  is  a stoiy  with 
three  openings  between  pilasters.  The  top  story  had  col- 
umns with  spiral  fluting,  one  of  which  remains. 

Arcole  (ar'ko-le),  or  Areola  (ar'ko-lii).  A 
VI.  4 


73 

village  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  Alpone  15  miles  southeast  of  Ve- 
rona. Here  a victory  was  gained  by  the  French  (about 
18,000)  under  Napoleon  (MassOna  and  Augereau,  division 
commanders)  over  the  Austrians  (about  40,000)  under  Al- 
vinezy,  Nov.  15,  16,  and  17,  1796,  which  prevented  the  re- 
lief of  Mantua.  It  was  fought  largely  in  the  swamps 
near  Arcole.  Population,  commune,  3,239. 

Argon  (ar-son'),  Jean  Claude  E16onore  Le 
Michaud,  d’.  Born  at  Pont.arlier,  France,  1733 : 
died  July  1,  1800,  A French  military  engi- 
neer and  writer,  author  of  “Considerations 
militaires  et  politiques  sur  les  fortifications” 
(1795),  etc.  He  devised  the  floating  batteries 
used  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar  in  1782. 

Arcos  de  la  Frontera  (ar'kos  da  la  fron-ta'ra). 
A town  and  strong  fortress  in  the  province  of 
Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalete  30  miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz.  It  was  a Roman  town,  and  was 
long  a frontier  town  of  Castile,  toward  Granada.  Popu- 
lation, 13,926. 

Arcot  (ar-kot').  [Tamil  Arkat,  Arucati,  six 
forests.]  A city  in  the  district  of  North  Arcot, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  Palar  in  lat.  12° 
54'  N.,  long.  79°  20'  E.,  once  the  capital  of  the 
Carnatic.  It  was  taken  by  Clive  in  August,  1751,  and 
defended  by  him  Sept.-Nov.  of  that  year  against  the 
French  and  natives.  Later  it  was  successively  held  by  the 
French,  British,  and  Hyder  Ali,  and  was  ceded  to  the 
British  in  180L  Population,  10,734. 

Arcot,  or  Arkat,  North.  A district  in  Madras, 
Britishlndia,  about  lat.  13°N.,long.  79°E.  Area, 
7,386  square  miles.  Population,  2,207,712. 

Arcot,  or  Arkat,  South.  A district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  about  lat.  12°  N. , long.  79°  E.  Area, 
5,217  square  miles.  Population,  2,349,894. 

Arco-Valley  (ar-ko-fa'  li),  Count  Ludwig. 
Born  in  Bavaria,  1843 : died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
15,  1891.  A German  diplomatist,  secretary  of 
legation  at  Washington  1871-72,  and  minister 
to  the  United  States  1888-91.  His  marriage  with 
the  actress  Janisch  (1872)  caused  his  dismissal  from  the 
imperial  service,  to  which  he  was  restored  on  separating 
from  his  wife. 

Arctic  Ocean.  A part  of  the  ocean  which  lies 
about  the  North  Pole,  is  partially  inclosed  by 
Europe,  Asia,  North  America,  and  Greenland, 
communicates  with  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  Be- 
ring Strait,  and  is  open  to  the  Atlantic,  it  is 
generally  regarded  as  extending  southward  to  the  Arctic 
Circle.  Among  the  lands  ill  it  are  Greenland,  Nova  Zem- 
bla,  Spitzbergen,  Franz  Josef  Land,  Jan  Mayen,  New  Si- 
beria, Wrangel  Land,  Banks  Land,  Prince  Patrick  Island, 
Melville  Island, Victoria  Land,  King  William  Island,  Prince 
of  Wales  Land,  Bathurst  Island,  North  Somerset,  Cock- 
burn  Island,  Grinnell,  North  Devon,  Baffin  Land,  Elles- 
mere Land,  etc.  Among  its  arms  or  divisions  are  Kotze- 
bue Sound,  Beaufort  Sea,  Melville  Sound,  McClintock 
Channel,  Gulf  of  Boothia,  Lancaster  Sound,  Baffin  Bay, 
Smith  Sound.  White  Sea,  Kara  Sea,  Barentz  Sea,  Gulf  of 
Obi,  Yenisei  Gulf,  Taimyr  Bay,  Long  Strait.  The  pole 

★was  reached  by  Peary  on  April  6,  1909. 

Arctic  Explorers.  See  under  Frohislier,  Davis, 
Barentz,  Hudson,  Baffin,  Scoresby,  Cook,  Bar- 
row,  Parry,  Franklin,  Banks,  Boss,  McClure, 
McClintock,  Kane,  Hall,  Hayes,  Payer,  Mark- 
ham, Nordenskjold,  Scliwatka,  De  Long,  Greely, 
Nares,  Nansen,  Peary,  Grinnell,  Fox. 

Arctic,  The.  A first-class  passenger  steamship 
belonging  to  the  Collins  Line  (the  first  Ameri- 
can line  of  steamships),  which  was  sunk  by  col- 
lision in  the  Atlantic  in  1854. 

Arctinus  (ark-ti'nus).  [Gr  Ap/crivof.]  A Greek 
poet  of  Miletus  (about  776  B.  c.),  author  of  the 
cyclic  poem  “zEthiopis”:  the  “oldest  certainly 
known  epic  poet.”  He  was  said  to  be  a pupil 
of  Homer. 

Arcturus  (ark-tu'rus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Apsrov- 
pot;,  Arcturus,  lit.  ‘ bear-ward,’  from  apurog,  a 
bear,  the  Great  Bear,  and  ovpog,  ward,  guard, 
keeper.]  A yellow  star  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, the  fourth  in  order  of  brightness  in  the 
entire  heavens.  It  is  situated  between  the  thighs  of 
Bootes,  behind  the  Great  Bear,  and  is  easily  found  by  fol- 
lowing out  the  curve  of  the  bear's  tail.  In  the  southern 
hemisphere  it  may  be  recognized  by  it3  forming  a nearly 
equilateral  triangle  with  Spica  and  Denebola.  It  is  called 
by  astronomers  a Boutis. 

Arcueil  (iir-key').  A village  in  tho  department 
of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  Bieivre  1 mile 
south  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris : the  ancient 
Arcus  Julianus.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
Roman  aqueduct  on  the  site  of  which  another  was  built 
in  1613-24  to  convey  water  to  the  gardens  of  the  Luxem- 
bourg. On  top  of  this  aqueduct  another  was  built  in 
1868-72.  Population,  9,237. 

Arcy-sur-Cure  (ar-seisur-kiir').  A village  iii 
tho  department  of  Yonne,  France,  situated  near 
Vermenton:  famous  for  its  stalactite  grottos. 

Ardabil  (ar-da-bel'),  or  Ardebil  (ar-de-bel'). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Azerbaijan,  Persia, 
situated  on  I he  Kara-Su  in  lat.  38°  14'  N.,  long. 
48°  19'  E.  Population,  15,000  (?). 

Al'dahan  (ar-da-han').  A fortress  in  Russian 


Ardennes,  Forest  of 

Armenia,  situated  on  the  Kur  41  miles  north- 
west of  Kars : stormed  by  the  Russians  May, 
1877,  and  ceded  to  Russia  by  Turkey  1878. 

Ardashir  (ar-da-sher').  The  real  founderof  the 
Sassanian  dynasty,  surnamed  ‘ ‘ i Papakan,”  the 
son  of  Papak.  He  reigned  from  211  or  212  a.  d.  to  241 
or  242.  Beginning  with  Papak’s  kingdom  about  Istakkr, 
he  subdued  Kerman  and  Susiana.  In  224  he  defeated  and 
killed  Ardavan,  the  last  Parthian  emperor,  from  which 
time  he  called  himself  “king  of  kings.”  While  Istakkr 
was  in  theory  the  capital,  his  real  capital  consisted  of 
Ctesiphon  and  Veh- Ardashir  (Seleucia),  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  Tigris.  The  important  fact  in  his  career  is 
his  effective  patronage  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion. 

Arda  Viraf.  See  the  following. 

Arda  Viraf  Namak  (ar'da  ve-rfif  nfi-mak'). 
[‘  The  Book  of  Arda  Viraf.’]  A favorite  reli- 
gious book  among  the  Parsis,  written  in  Pah- 
lavi.  In  the  reign  of  Shapur  II.,  since  doubts  still  ex- 
isted as  to  the  truth  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion,  the  Das- 
turs  resolved  to  send  one  among  them  to  the  land  of  the 
dead  to  bring  back  certainty.  Seven  were  chosen,  and 
these  chose  three  and  these  again  one,  Arda  Viraf.  Viraf 
drank  three  cups  filled  with  a narcotic  (mang),  and  slept 
until  the  seventh  day,  during  which  time  he  made  a jour- 
ney guided  by  Sraosha,  “the  angel  of  obedience,  ’ and 
Ataro  Yazad,  “the  angel  of  the  fire,’’ through  heaven  and 
hell.  The  rewards  of  the  one  and  the  punishments  of  the 
other  are  minutely  described.  Neither  author  nor  date 
is  known,  but  the  book  belongs  undoubtedly  to  Sassanian 
times. 

Ardea  (ar'de-a).  [L. ; Gr . ’ApSea.\  Id  ancient 
geography,  a town  of  Latium,  Italy,  21  miles 
south  of  Rome.  It  was  the  chief  town  of  the 
Rutulians,  ami  later  a Roman  colony. 

Ardebil.  See  Ardabil. 

Ardeche  (ar-dash').  A department  of  France, 
capital  Privas,  bounded  by  Loire  on  the  north, 
by  Drome  (separated  by  the  Rhone)  on  the  east, 
by  Gard  on  the  south,  and  by  Lozere  and  Haute- 
Loire  on  the  west : formed  chiefly  from  the  an- 
cient Vivarais.  It  is  mountainous,  containing  the  cul- 
minating point  of  the  O'vennes,  and  is  rich  in  non,  coal, 
and  other  minerals.  Area,  2,144  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 347,140. 

Ardeche.  A small  river  in  the  department  of 
Ardeche,  France,  which  joins  the  Rhone  26 
miles  northwest  of  Avignon. 

Ardei,  or  Ardai  (ar'di).  The  western  part  of 
the  Haar,  a range  of  hills  in  Westphalia  north 
of  the  Ruhr. 

Ardekan  (ar-de-kan').  A town  in  Persia,  135 
miles  east  of  Ispahan.  Population,  8,000  to 
9,000. 

Ardelan  (ar-de-lan').  A district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  about  lat.  35°  30' 
N.,  long.  47°  E. 

Ardelia  (ar-de'lia).  A pseudonym  of  Anne 
Finch,  countess  of  Winchelsea. 

Arden,  Enoch.  See  Enoch  Arden. 

Arden  (ar'den).  An  English  forest  which  in 
former  times  extended  through  Warwickshire 
and  other  midland  counties  of  England.  Malone 
and  other  editors  of  Shakspere  have  held  that  the  Forest 
of  Arden  of  “As  you  Like  it  ” was  the  Forest  of  Ardennes 
in  French  Flanders.  Wherever  the  scene  of  the  play  was 
laid,  it  is  evident  from  the  allusions  to  Robin  Hood  and 
the  bits  of  description  that  it  is  the  English  forest  that 
Shakspere  meant,  though  the  characters  are  French. 

Arden  of  Feversham.  1.  A tragedy  first 
printed  (anonymously)  in  1592,  and  at  one  time 
attributed  to  Shakspere.  According  to  Fleay,  who 
dates  it  1585,  there  is  some  ground  for  attributing  it  to 
Kyd.  Tieck  translated  it  into  German  as  Shakspere’s  work. 
“It  is  a domestic  tragedy  of  a peculiarly  atrocious  kind, 
Alice  Arden,  the  wife,  being  led  by  her  passion  for  a base 
paramour,  Mosbie,  to  plot,  and  at  last  cany  out,  the  mur- 
der of  her  husband.  Here  it  i3  not  that  the  versification 
has  much  resemblance  to  Shakespere’s,  or  that  single 
speeches  smack  of  him,  but  that  the  dramatic  grasp  of 
character  both  in  principals  and  in  secondary  characters 
has  a distinct  touch  of  his  almost  unmistakable  hand. 
Yet  both  in  the  selection  and  in  the  treatmentof  the  sub- 
ject the  play  definitely  transgresses  those  principles  which 
have  been  said  to  exhibit  themselves  so  uniformly  and  so 
strongly  in  the  whole  great  body  of  his  undoubted  plays." 
Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  424. 

2.  A tragedy,  founded  on  the  earlier  one,  by 
George  Lillo  in  1736.  it  was  played  first  in  1759. 
It  was  practically  unfinished  and  was  altered  and  revised 
by  Dr.  John  Hoadley  in  1762.  It  was  produced  in  this 
form  in  1790. 

Ardennes  (ar-den').  A department  of  France, 
capital  Mdzuires,  bounded  by  Belgium  on  the 
north  and  northeast,  by  Meuse  on  the  east,  by 
Marne  on  the  south,  and  by  Aisne  on  the  west : 
formed  largely  from  part  of  the  ancient  Cham- 
pagne. It  produces  iron,  marble,  slate,  etc. 
Area,  2,027  square  miles.  Population, 
317,505. 

Ardennes,  Forest  of.  [L .Ar duenna  Silva.']  In 
ancient  times,  a large  forest  in  Gaul  which 
extended  from  the  Rhine  at  Coblontz  to  the 
Sambre ; now  restricted  to  southern  Belgium 
and  a part  of  northeastern  France,  the  present 
Ardennes,  a plateau  rich  in  minerals  and  tim- 
ber. See  Arden. 


Ardennes,  Wild  Boar  of 

Ardennes,  Wild  Boar  of.  A nickname  of  the 
ferocious  William  de  la  Marck  (died  1485).  He 
figures  in  Scott’s  “Quentin  Durward.” 

Ardeshir.  See  Ardashir. 

Ardhanari.  [Skt., ‘Half-woman.’]  In  Hindu- 
ism, a form  in  which  Siva,  half  male  and  half 
female,  typifies  the  male  and  female  energies. 

Arditi  (ar-de'te),  Luigi.  Born  July  16,  1822: 
died  May  1,  1903.  An  Italian  violinist  and  com- 
poser. He  was  director  of  opera  at  Vercelli  1843;  trav- 
eled in  America  1846-56;  was  conductor  at  Her  Majesty’s 
Theater,  London,  185S ; and  conductor  of  Italian  opera  at 
ft.  Petersburg  and  Vienna.  He  composed  operas  (“I 
Briganti,”  “ La  Spia,”  “II  Corsaro'j,  overtures,  waltzes 
(“II  Baieo”),  etc. 

Ardnamurchan  (ard-na-mer'chan).  A penin- 
sula in  the  northwestern  part  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland. 

Ardnamurchan  Point.  A promontory  at  the 
northwestern  extremity  of  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land. 

Ardoch  (ar'docli).  A parish  in  southern  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  12  miles  north  of  Stirling,  it 
has  noted  Roman  military  antiquities  (the  best-preserved 
Roman  camp  in  Great  Britain),  and  is  the  probable  site 
(Wright)  of  the  victory  of  Agricola  over  the  North  Britons 
84  A.  D. 

Ardore  (ar-do're).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Reggio,  Calabria,  Italy,  32  miles  north- 
east of  Reggio. 

Ardoye  (ar-dwa').  A town  in  the  province  of 
West  Flanders,  Belgium,  29  miles  southwest 
of  Ghent.  Population,  6,586. 

Ardre3  (ard'r).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  9 miles  southeast  of 
Calais.  Near  here  was  the  meeting  on  the  “Field  of 
the  Cloth  of  Gold  ” (which  see)  between  Francis  I.  and 
Henry  VIII.  in  1520.  See  Balinghem. 

Ardrossan  (ar-dros'an).  A seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
Firth  of  Clyde  26  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 
It  exports  coal  and  iron.  Population, 
5,933. 

Ardshir.  See  Ardashir. 

Arduin  (ard'win),  or  Ardoin,  or  Ardoino  (ar- 
do-e'no),  or  Ardwig  (iird'viG).  Died  1015. 
King  of  Italy  or  Lombardy  1002-13,  and  mar- 
quis of  Ivrea.  He  was  proclaimed  king  of  Italy  in 
Pavia  on  the  death  of  Otho  III.,  but  was  overthrown  by 
Henry  II. 

Ardven  (ard'ven).  In  the  poems  of  Ossian,  a 
name  given  to  a region  on  the  western  coast  of 
Scotland. 

Ardys  (ar'dis).  Son  of  Gyges,  king  of  Lydia. 
Asurbanipal,  king  of  Assyria  (668-626  B.  C.),  relates  "in  his 
annals  that  Gyges  rebelled  against  him,  but  that  his  son 
Ardys,  in  consequence  of  the  invasion  of  Lydia  by  the 
Cimmerians,  submitted  to  him  and  invoked  his  help. 

Are  (a're).  A ruined  castle  near  Altenahr,  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia. 

Are  (a're),  or  Ari  (a're),  Thorghilsson.  Born 
1067  (1068?):  died  1148.  An  Icelandic  histo- 
rian, surnamed  “Frothi.”  He  wrote  “Islendinga 
bdk  ” (lost),  “ Konunga  bok  ” (lost),  and  “ Landnama 
bok”  (“Book  of  Settlements,”  extant). 

Arecibo  (a-ra-se'bo).  A seaport  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Porto  Rico.  Population,  9,612, 
(1910). 

Arecunas  (a-ra-ko'nas).  A tribe,  or  rather 
race,  of  South  American  Indians.  They  wander 
in  the  region  between  the  Amazon,  Orinoco,  and  Rio  Ne- 
gro, especially  in  southeastern  Venezuela  and  on  the  Rio 
Branco,  and  are  savages  of  a low  grade,  fierce  warriors, 
and  cannibals.  By  their  language  they  appear  to  be  re- 
lated to  the  Caribs. 

Areius  (a-rl'us).  [Gr.  ’Apeiog.]  A Stoic  or 
Pythagorean  philosopher  of  Alexandria,  the 
friend  and  preceptor  of  Augustus  Ctesar.  He  is 
said  to  have  overcome  the  latter’s  hesitation  to  put  to 
death  Csesarion,  the  reputed  son  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Cleo- 
patra, by  a parody  of  Homer's  famous  praise  of  monar- 
chy: “’T  is  no  good  thing,  a multitude  of  Caesars  ” (lit. 
‘rulers’). 

Arelate  (ar-e-la'te).  1.  A Roman  colony  and 
military  post  near  the  modern  Pechlarn,  on 
the  Danube. — 2.  The  Roman  name  of  Arles. 
Arena  Chapel,  The,  It.  Cappella  Annunziata 
dell’  Arena.  A chapel  in  Padua,  Italy,  it  is 
a plain  vaulted  building  without  aisles,  stands  in  the 
precincts  of  the  ancient  amphitheater,  and  is  famous  for 
its  series  of  frescos  by  Giotto,  which  were  begun  in  1303, 
and  cover  all  the  interior  walls  except  those  of  the  choir. 
The  frescos  illustrate  New  Testament  history,  and  also 
give  allegorical  representations  of  the  virtues  and  vices. 
The  main  subjects  are  38  in  number. 

Arenales  (a-ra-na'les),  Juan  Antonio  Alva- 
rez de.  Born  in  1755 : died  about  1825.  An 
Argentine  general  of  the  war  for  independence. 
He  served  under  San  Martin  in  the  invasion  of  Chile  and 
Peru,  and  in  the  latter  country  led  two  expeditions  to  the 
interior  (Dec.,  1820,  and  May,  1821).  In  the  first  of  these 
he  defeated  and  captured  the  Spanish  general  O’Reilly 
(Dec.  6,  1820).  In  1822  he  commanded  the  garrison  of 
Lima. 


74 

Arenberg  (a'ren-berG),  or  Aremberg  (a'rem- 
bero),  Prince  August  Marie  Raymond  von. 

Born  at  Brussels,  Aug.  30,  1753 : died  there, 
Sept.  26,  1833.  An  Austrian  general,  brother 
of  Engelbert  Ludwig  von  Arenberg.  He  was 
elected  to  the  French  States-General  1789,  and  was  a friend 
of  Mirabeau,  upon  whose  death  he  emigrated  to  Austria. 
He  obtained  the  rank  of  major-general  in  the  Austrian 
army,  and  was  employed  by  the  Austrian  government  in 
negotiations  with  the  French. 

Arenberg,  Engelbert  Ludwig,  Duke  of.  Born 
July  3,  1750 : died  at  Brussels,  March  7,  1820. 
He  lost  his  possessions  west  of  the  Rhine  by  the  Peace  of 
Lundville  (1801),  receiving  Meppen  and  Recklinghausen  in 
compensation  (1803). 

Arenberg,  Karl  Leopold,  Duke  of.  Born  1721 : 
died  1775.  A commander  in  the  Austrian  ser- 
vice, son  of  Leopold  Philipp  Karl  Arenberg.  He 
led  the  right  wing  of  the  Austrians  at  Hochkirchen  in 
1758,  and  was  defeated  by  Wiinsch  in  1759. 

Arenberg,  Leopold  Philipp  Karl,  Duke  of. 
Born  1690:  died  1754.  A commander  in  the 
Austrian  service.  He  fought  under  Prince  Eugene 
at  Belgrad  in  1717,  and  obtained  the  rank  of  field-marshal 
in  1737,  with  the  command  of  the  army  in  Flanders. 

Arenberg-Meppen  (a'ren-berG-mep'en).  A 
German  duchy,  forming  the  circle  (kreis)  of 
Meppen,  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia. 
Arenberg-Meppen,  Prosper  Ludwig,  Duke  of. 
Born  April  28,  1785:  died  Feb.  27, 1861.  A son 
of  Engelbert  Ludwig  von  Arenberg.  He  became 
duke  of  Arenberg  in  1803,  was  deprived  of  his  sovereignty 
by  Napoleon  in  1810  (receiving  in  1813,  as  an  indemnifica- 
tion, a rental  of  240,800  francs),  and  was  reinstated  in  1815. 

Arendal  (a'ren-dal).  A seaport  in  the  stift  of 
Christiansand,  Norway,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Nid-Elv  40  miles  northeast  of  Christian- 
sand: sometimes  called  “Little  Venice.”  It 
exports  woodenware  and  iron.  Population, 
10,684. 

Arenenberg  (a-ra'nen-berG).  A castle  of  the 
Bonapartes,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Thur- 
govie,  Switzerland,  on  the  Unter  See  6 miles 
west  of  Constance. 

Arensburg  (a'rens-borG).  A seaport  in  the 
island  of  Osel,  Livonia,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  southern  coast.  Population,  about  4,600. 

Arenys  de  Mar  (a-ra'nes  da  mar).  A seaport 
in  the  province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  29  miles  northeast  of 
Barcelona.  Population,  4,618. 

Areopagite,  The.  See  Dionysius. 
Areopagitica  (aF’e-o-pa-jit'i-ka),  or  Speech 
for  the  Liberty  of  Unlicensed  Printing.  A 
pamphlet  by  John  Milton,  published  in  1644. 

“ The  most  splendid  argument,  perhaps,  the  world  had 
then  witnessed  in  behalf  of  intellectual  liberty.”  Pres- 
cott, Hist.  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  III.  191  (1850). 

Areopagus  (a-re-op'a-gus).  [Gr.  ’Apetog  n ayog, 
‘Martial  hill,’  i.  e.  ‘Hill  of  Mars  (Ares).’]  A 
low  rocky  hill  at  Athens  continuing  westward 
the  line  of  the  Acropolis,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a depression  of  ground.  Ou  the  south 
side  near  the  top  there  is  a flight  of  fifteen  rock-cut 
steps,  and  portions  of  the  summit  are  hewn  smooth  to 
form  platforms,  doubtless  for  altars.  Upon  this  hill  sat 
the  famous  court  of  the  same  name,  which  originally  ex- 
ercised supreme  authority  in  all  matters,  and  under  the 
developed  Athenian  constitution  retained  jurisdiction  in 
cases  of  life  and  death  and  in  religious  concerns,  and  ex- 
ercised a general  censorship.  From  the  slope  of  the  Are- 
opagus St.  Paul  delivered  his  address  to  the  Athenians 
(Acts  xvii.),  who  were  probably  assembled  on  the  border 
of  the  Agora  below.  At  the  base  of  the  steep  rock,  on 
the  northeast  side,  there  is  a deep  and  gloomy  cleft,  at  the 
bottom  of  which  lies  a dark  pool  of  water.  This  was  the 
famed  Shrine  of  the  Furies  (Eumenides).  The  Areopagus 
was  named  from  the  tradition  that  here  Ares  (Mars)  was 
put  to  trial  for  the  slaying  of  Halirrliotius ; here  too  Ores- 
tes received  absolution  for  killing  Clytemnestra. 

Arequipa  (a-ra-ke'pa).  A department  in  south- 
ern Beru.  Area,  21,947  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, about  157,000. 

Arequipa.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Arequipa,  Peru,  situated  on  a plain  near  the 
foot  of  the  Misti  volcano  7,611  feet  above  the 
sea,  in  lat.  16°  24'  S.,  long.  71°  31'  W.  It  iscon- 

nected  by  rail  with  the  port  of  Mollendo,  10/  miles  distant, 
and  with  Lake  Titicaca,  218  miles,  and  another  road  is 
building  to  Cuzco.  The  plain,  watered  by  irrigation,  is 
very  fertile,  and  the  city  has  a large  trade.  It  is  an  epis- 
copal town,  and  the  seat  of  a university  and  three  col- 
legios  (schools).  Arequipa  was  founded  by  Pizarro  in 
1540.  It  has  frequently  suffered  from  earthquakes,  and 
was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  that  of  Aug.  13,  1868. 
In  1856  and  1857  the  city  was  in  rebellion  against  the  gov- 
ernment of  President  Castilla.  The  cathedral  is  a large 
building  which  hns  replaced  the  original  cathedral  of  1621, 
horned  in  1844.  The  very  wide  front  is  divided  at  intervals 
by  large  Composite  columns,  between  which  there  are  two 
superposed  orders  with  their  entablatures.  The  central 
part  of  the  facade  is  crowned  by  a long,  low  pediment  filled 
with  sculptures.  In  the  lower  story  there  is  no  opening 
but  the  great  round-arched  central  portal.  The  facade  is 
flanked  by  two  excellent  towers,  which  rise  above  it  In 
two  stages,  with  columns  grouped  at  the  angles,  and  each 
with  a single  round  arch  in  every  face.  The  towers  are 
crowned  by  low  Pointed  spires.  Pop.,  35,000-40,000. 


Argali 

Arequipa,  or  Misti  (mes-te').  A semi-active 
volcano  of  the  Andes,  19,200  feet  high,  near  the 
city  of  Arequipa.  Ascended  by  Pickering. 

Ares(a'rez).  [Gr.  Apr/'-.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  god  of  war  (son  of  Zeus  and  Hera),  typical 
particularly  of  the  violence,  brutality,  confu- 
sion, and  destruction  it  calls  forth.  The  cor- 
responding Roman  deity  was  Mars. 

Ares,  the  warrior-god  of  the  Greeks,  has  been  identified 
by  Professor  Sayce  with  Uras,  the  warrior-god  of  the 
Babylonians,  whose  title,  “the  lord  of  the  pig,”  helps  to 
explain  an  obscure  Greek  myth  which  tells  us  that  Ares 
slew  Adonis  by  taking  the  form  of  a wild  boar,  the  sun- 
god  being  slain  by  the  tusk  of  winter. 

Isaac  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  303. 

Areson  (a're-son),  Jon.  Born  1484:  died  1550. 
An  Icelandic  poet  and  Roman  Catholic  bishop. 

Aretasus  (ar-e-te'us).  [Gr.  Aperaiog.^  Born  in 
Cappadocia:  lived  in  the  1st  (2d?)  century 
A.  D.  A celebrated  Greek  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer.  He  was  the  author  of  a treatise  on  the 
causes,  symptoms,  and  cure  of  acute  and  chronic  diseases, 
in  eight  books,  of  which  only  a few  chapters  are  lost. 

Arete  (a-re'te).  [Gr .Apr/Ty.]  In  the  Odyssey, 
the  wife  of  Alcinous,  king  of  the  Phteacians : 
“a  noble  and  active  superintendent  of  the 
household  of  her  husband.” 

Arete.  A companion  of  Cynthia,  in  Ben  Jon- 
son’s  ‘ ‘ Cynthia’s  Revels,”  a dignified  grave  lady, 
personifying  Virtue  or  Reasonableness. 

Arethusa  (ar-e-thu'sa).  [Gr.  Aptdovaa.']  A 
name  of  various  springs  in  ancient  Greece,  es- 
pecially of  one  on  the  island  of  Ortygia  in  the 
harbor  of  Syracuse.  With  it  was  connected  the  legend 
that  Arethusa,  a nymph  of  Elis,  while  bathing  in  the  Al- 
pheus  was  pursued  by  her  lover,  the  river-god,  and  fled 
from  him  to  Ortygia,  whither  he  followed  under  sea  and 
overtook  her. 

Arethusa.  In  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  play 
“Philaster,”  a princess,  a woman  of  the  great- 
est self-abnegation  and  womanly  devotion. 

Aretin  (a-re-teu' ),  Baron  Christoph  von.  Born 
at  Ingolstadt,  Dec.  2,  1773:  died  at  Munich, 
Dec.  24,  1824.  A Bavarian  political  and  legal 
writer.  He  was  appointed  librarian  of  the  Centralbib- 
liothek  at  Munich  1806,  but  was  forced  to  resign  on  ac- 
count of  the  sensation  caused  by  his  treatise  “Die  Plane 
Napoleons und  seinerGegnerin Deutschland  ” (“  The  Plans 
of  Napoleon  and  his  Opponents  in  Germany,”  1809). 

Aretin,  Baron  Karl  Maria  von.  Born  at 
Wetzlar,  July  4, 1796:  died  at  Berlin,  April  29, 
1868.  A Bavarian  historical  writer,  son  of 
Christoph  von  Aretin. 

Aretino,  Guido.  See  Guido  d’ Arezzo. 

Aretino,  Leonardo.  See  Bruni,  Leonardo. 

Aretino  (a-ra-te'no),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Arezzo, 
Italy,  April  20,  1492:  died  at  Venice,  Oct.  21, 
1556.  An  Italian  writer  of  satirical  sonnets  and 
comedies,  styled  “The  Scourge  of  Princes.” 

Aretino,  Spinello.  See  Spinello. 

Arezzo  (a-ret'so).  A province  in  Tuscany, 
Italy.  Area,  1,273  square  miles.  Population, 
281,852. 

Arezzo.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Arezzo, 
Italy,  the  ancient  Arretium,  near  the  junction 
of  the  Arno  and  Chiana,  38  miles  southeast  of 
Florence : the  birthplace  of  many  distinguished 
men,  including  Maecenas,  Guido  Aretino,  Pe- 
trarch, Pietro  Aretino,  and  Vasari,  it  was  one 
of  the  twelve  ancient  Etruscan  cities,  the  terminus  of 
the  Via  Flaminia,  and  contains  notable  Etruscan  and  me- 
dieval antiquities.  It  was  colonized  by  adherents  of  Sulla. 
During  the  middle  ages  it  was  Ghibelline  and  antago- 
nistic to  Florence.  Ihe  cathedral  is  a remarkable  build- 
ing, though  ineffective  outside,  and  with  unfinished  facade. 
The  imposing  interior,  without  transepts,  is  one  of  the 
best  of  the  Italian  Pointed  style.  Population,  11,432 ; 
with  suburbs,  16,451. 

Arfak  (ar'fak).  A mountain  group  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Papua. 

Arfe  v Villafane  (ar'fa  e vel-ya-fa/na),  Juan 
de.  Born  1535:  died  about  1603.  A Spanish 
silversmith  and  sculptor. 

Arga  (ar'ga).  A small  river  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
a tributary  of  the  Aragon. 

Arga*llS  (ar-je'us),  Mount.  [Gr.  Apyaio f.] 
The  ancient  name  of  the  Arjish-Dagh. 

Argalia  (ar-gii-le'a).  The  brother  of  Angelica 
in  Boiardo’s  “Orlando  Innamorato.”  He  was 
killed  by  the  Spanish  knight  Ferrau,  and  his  ghost  reap- 
pears in  Ariostos  “Orlando  Furioso."  He  had  an  en- 
chanted lance  which  overthrew  everyone  whom  it  touched, 
and  which  finally  came  into  the  possession  of  Astolpho. 

Argali  (ar'gal),  Sir  Samuel.  Born  at  Bristol, 
England,  1572  (?) : died  1626.  An  English  ad- 
venturer, deputy  governor  of  Virginia  1617-19. 
He  went  to  Virginia  as  a trader  in  1609,  and  conducted 
Lord  Delaware  thither  in  1610,  returning  to  England  in 
1611.  He  was  at  Jamestown  again  in  1612,  and  during 
this  year  abducted  Pocahontas.  (See  Pocahontas.)  He 
reduced  the  French  settlements  on  the  coast  of  Acadia  and 
Maine  in  1613,  and  in  1614  sailed  for  England,  returning 
later  as  deputy  governor. 


Argalus 

Argalus  (ar'ga-lus).  In  Sidney’s  romance  “Ar- 
cadia,” the  husband  of  Parthenia.  He  was  killed 
by  Amphialus  in  single  combat. 

Argalus  and  Parthenia.  A pastoral  tragedy 
by  Henry  Glapthorne,  printed  in  1639. 

Argam  (ar-gain'),  or  Argaum  (ar-gam').  A 
village  in  Berar,  British  India,  about  lat.  21° 
7'  N.,  long.  76°  59'  E.  Here  Wellesley  (later 
Duke  of  Wellington)  defeated  the  Mahrattas 
Nov.  29,  1803. 

Argan  (ar-gon').  The  principal  character  in 
Moliere’s  “Malade  Imaginaire,”  a hypochon- 
driac whose  mind  is  divided  between  his  dis- 
eases, his  remedies,  and  his  desire  to  reduce 
his  apothecary’s  bill. 

Argand  (ar-gon'),  Aime.  Born  at  Geneva 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century  : died  in 
Switzerland,  Oct.  24,  1803.  A Swiss  physician 
and  chemist,  inventor  of  the  “Argand  lamp.” 
His  first  lamp  was  made  in  England  about 
1782. 

Argandab  (ar-gan-dab').  A river  in  Afghan- 
istan, about  35  miles  long,  which  joins  the 
Helmund  west  of  Kandahar. 

Argante  (ar-gan'te).  A giantess  in  Spenser’s 
“Faerie  Queene,”  the  personification  of  licen- 
tiousness. 

Argante  (ar-goht').  The  father  of  Octavia 
and  Zerbinetta,  in  Moliere’s  “Les  Pourberies 
de  Scapin.”  He  is  fooled  into  giving  up  his  plans  and 
falling  into  those  of  his  son  and  daughter,  by  Scapin. 
Argantes  (ar-gan'tes).  In  Tasso’s  “ Jerusalem 
Delivered,”  the  bravest  of  the  infidel  knights. 
Arganthonius  (ar-gan-tho'ni-us).  [Gr.  ’A pyav- 
Ouvioc.']  In  ancient  geography,  a mountain-ridge 
in  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor,  near  the  Propontis. 
Argel  (ar-Hel').  The  Spanish  name  of  Algiers. 
Argelander  (ar'ge-lan-der),  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm August.  Bom  at  Memel,  Prussia,  March 
22, 1799:  died  at  Bonn,  Feb.  17,  1875.  A noted 
German  astronomer,  professor  successively  at 
Abo,  Helsingfors,  and  Bonn.  He  wrote  various  as- 
tronomical works,  including  “Uber  dieeigene  Bewegung 
des  Sonnensystems”  (1837),  and  “ Untersuchungen  uber 
die  Eigenbewegung  von  250  Sternen  ” (1869). 

Argenis  (ar'je-nis).  A romance  by  John  Bar- 
clay, published  in  1621 : said  to  have  been  writ- 
ten in  “rivalry  of  the  Arcadia.”  Argenis  is  the 
daughter  of  King  Meliander  of  Sicily,  and  the  story  con- 
sists in  an  account  of  the  war  waged  for  her  hand  by  Ly- 
cogenes,  a Sicilian  rebel,  and  Poliarchus,  prince  of  Gaul. 

We  are  informed  in  a Latin  life  of  Barclay  that  it  was  a 
favorite  work  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  and  suggested  to  him 
many  of  his  political  expedients.  Cowper,  the  poet,  rec- 
ommends Argenis  to  his  correspondents,  Mr.  Rose  and 
Lady  Hesketh,  as  “the  most  amusing  romance  that  ever 
was  written.”  “It  is,”  says  he  in  a letter  to  the  former, 
“interesting  in  a high  degree  — richer  in  incident  than 
can  be  imagined — full  of  surprises  which  the  reader  never 
forestalls,  and  yet  free  from  all  entanglement  and  confu- 
sion. The  style,  too,  appears  to  me  to  be  such  as  would 
not  dishonor  Tacitus  himself." 

Dunlop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction,  II.  347. 

Argensola  (ar-Hen-so'la),  Bartolomeo  Leo- 
nardo de.  Born  at  Barbastro,  Aragon,  1562: 
died  Feb.  4,  1631.  A Spanish  poet  and  histo- 
rian, author  of  ‘ ‘ Conquista  de  las  Islas  Molucas  ” 
(1609),  etc.  He  became  rector  of  Villaliermosa  in  1588, 
was  for  a time  chaplain  to  the  empress  Maria,  and  about 
1616  succeeded  his  brother  Lupercio  Leonardo  de  Argen- 
sola as  historiographer  of  Aragon. 

Argensola,  Lupercio  Leonardo  de.  Born 
Dec.,  1559:  died  1613.  A Spanish  tragic  and 
lyric  poet,  brother  of  Bartolomeo  Leonardo  de 
Argensola.  He  became  historiographer  of  Aragon  in 
1599,  and  secretary  to  the  count  of  Lemos,  viceroy  of 
Naples,  1610. 

Argenson  (ar-zhoh-son'),  Marc  Rene  Voyer 
d’.  Born  1652 : died  May  8, 1721.  A French  pol- 
itician, president  of  the  council  of  finance  and 
keeper  of  the  seals  1718-20.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1718. 
Argenson,  Ren  6 Louis  Voyer,  Marquis  d’. 
Bom  Oct.  18,  1694:  died  Jan.  26,  1757.  A 
French  statesman  and  writer  (son  of  Marc 
Rend  Voyer  d’ Argenson),  secretary  of  foreign 
affairs  1744-47.  He  wrote  “ Considerations  sur 
le  gouvernement  de  la  France”  (1764),  etc. 
Argenson,  Marc  Pierre  de  Voyer,  Comte  d’. 
Born  Aug.  16, 1696:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  22,  1764. 
A French  statesman,  brother  of  Rend  Louis 
Voyer.  He  became  intendant  of  Paris  1740,  and  was 
secretary  of  war  1743-57.  He  was  a friend  of  Voltaire, 
to  whom  he  furnished  the  material  for  the  “Siecle  de 
Louis  XIV.” 

Argenson,  Marc  Antoine  Rene  Voyer,  Mar- 
quis de  Paulmy.  Born  Nov.  22, 1722:  died 
Aug.  13,  1787.  A French  diplomatist  and  man 
of  letters,  son  of  Rend  Louis  Voyer.  He  col- 
lected the  “Bibliothfeque  de  l'Arsenal,”  consisting  of  150,- 
000  volumes,  which  he  sold  to  the  Comte  d'Artois  in  1785  ; 
and  published  “Melanges  tirOa  d’une  grande  biblio- 
thtque”  (1779-87),  etc. 


75 

Argentan  (ar-zhon-toh').  Atowninthe  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  France,  situated  on  the  Orne  21 
miles  north  by  west  of  Alencon.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  gloves,  etc.,  and  has  long  been  noted  for  its  lace. 
It  contains  an  ancient  castle.  Population,  6,387. 

Argentario  (ar-jen-ta're-6),  or  Argentaro.  A 

promontory  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  which  projects 
into  the  Mediterranean  south  of  Grosseto.  . 
Argentat  (ar-zhon-ta').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Corrdze,  France,  situated  on  the  Dor- 
dogne 14  miles  southeast  of  Tulle.  Popula- 
tion, 2,830. 

Argenteuil  (ar-zhoh-tey').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated 
on  the  Seine  6 miles  northwest  of  Paris.  It  has 

a ruined  priory,  founded  656,  at  one  time  a nunnery  of 
which  Heloise  was  abbess.  Population,  commune, 
19,829. 

Argenti&re  (ar-zhoh-te-ar').  A village  in  the 
department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  6 miles 
northeast  of  Chamonix,  noted  for  the  glacier  of 
Argentiere  in  the  vicinity. 

Argentiere,  Glacier  d’.  One  of  the  largest  gla- 
ciers in  the  Mont  Blanc  group,  east  of  Chamonix. 
Argentina  (ar-jen-te'na;  Sp.  pron.  ar-Hen-te'- 
na).  Same  as  Argentine  Republic. 

Argentina  de  Guzman.  The  name  commonly 
used  in  quoting  the  historical  work  ‘ ‘ La  Ar- 
gentina : Historia  de  las  Provincias  del  Rio  de 
la  Plata,”  by  Ruy  Diaz  de  Guzman. 
Argentina,  La.  A historical  poem  written  by 
Barco  Centenero. 

Argentine  (ar'jen-ten).  A city  in  Wyandotte 
County,  Kansas,  on  the  Kansas  River  close  to 
Kansas  City:  noted  for  silver-  and  lead- smelt- 
ing. It  was  annexed  in  1910  to  Kansas  City. 
Argentine  (ar'jen-ten)  Republic,  formerly  Ar- 
gentine Confederation.  [Sp.  Republica  (or 
Confederacion)  Argentina,  the  ‘ Silver  Repub- 
lic.’] A republic  of  South  America,  capital 
Buenos  Ayres,  lying  between  Bolivia  and  Para- 
guay on  the  north,  Paraguay,  Brazil,  Uruguay 
(separated  by  the  Pilcomayo,  Paraguay,  Uru- 
guay), and  the  ocean  on  the  east,  the  ocean  and 
Chile  on  the  south,  and  Chile  (separated  from  it 
by  the  Andes)  on  the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in 
the  west,  and  contains  the  Pampas  in  the  center,  and  the 
Gran  Chaco  in  the  north.  The  chief  river  system  is  that 
of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  Its  chief  products  are  hides,  wool, 
tallow  and  other  animal  products,  maize,  wheat,  (lax,  lin- 
seed, sugar,  Paraguay  tea,  and  live  stock.  There  are  14 
provinces,  10  territories,  and  a federal  district.  The  gov- 
ernment is  vested  in  a president  and  a legislature  of  30 
senators  and  120  deputies.  The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic 
and  the  language  Spanish.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Argentines  (of  Spanish  descent),  with  many  immigrants 
(largely  Italian;  also  Spanish,  French,  etc.),  Indians,  and 
Gauchos.  The  country  was  colonized  by  Spain  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  16th  century.  The  revolutionary  movement  be- 
gan in  1810  ; independence  was  proclaimed  in  1816  under 
the  name  U nited  Provinces  of  La  Plata  (changed  to  Argen- 
tine Confederation  in  1825) ; dictatorship  of  Rosas  1835-52 ; 
Buenos  Ayres  was  separated  from  the  confederation  1852- 
1859;  Brazil  and  Argentina  were  allied  in  war  with  Para- 
guay 1865-70.  By  a treaty  in  1881  Patagonia  and  Tierra  del 
Fuego  were  divided  between  it  and  Chile.  A financial 
crash  occurred  in  1890.  The  peak  of  Aconcagua  is  now 
within  the  Argentine  boundary.  Area,  1,135,840  square 
miles.  Population,  estimated,  6,805,684. 

Argenton-Slir-Creuse  (ar-zhoh-ton'siir-krez'). 
A town  in  the  department  of  Indre,  France, 
situated  on  the  Creuse  18  miles  southwest  of 
Chateauroux.  Population,  6,275. 
Argentoratum  (ar-jen-to-ra'tum).  [L.,  also 
Argentorate,  Gr.  Apyevrdparov,  an  Old  Celtic 
name,  ‘ stone  of  Argantos.’]  The  Roman  name 
of  Strasburg. 

Arginusaa  (ar-ji-nu'se).  [Gr.  Apyivovocu.']  A 
group  of  small  islands  off  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  southeast  of  Lesbos.  Near  here  the 
Athenian  fleet  under  Conon  defeated  the  Spar- 
tans under  Callieratidas  406  B.  c. 

Argives  (ar'jivz).  [L.  Argivi,  from  Gr.  Apyeioi 
(’ApydFoi),  from  Apyoc,  Argos.]  The  Greeks  of 
Argolis.  From  the  important  part  played  by  them  under 
their  king  Agamemnon  in  the  Trojan  war,  their  name  is 
extended  by  Homer  to  all  the  Greeks. 

Argo  (ar'go).  An  island  in  the  Nile,  between 
New  Dongola  and  the  third  cataract. 

Argo  (ar'go).  [Gr.  Apyk.~\  In  Greek  legend, 
the  ship  which  bore  the  Argonauts.  See  Argo- 
nauts. 

Argo  Navis  (ar'go  na'vis).  [L.,‘ the  ship  Argo.’] 
An  ancient  southern  constellation,  the  largest 
in  the  heavens.  It  contains  Canopus,  after  Sirius  the 
brightest  of  the  fixed  stars.  By  modern  astronomers  it  is 
commonly  divided  into  four  parts  by  adding  the  distinc- 
tive words  navis,  carina,  puppis,  and  velum,  or  hull,  keel, 
stern,  and  sail. 

Argolicus  Sinus, E.Argolic  Gulf.  S eeNanplia, 
Gulf  of. 

Argolis  (ar'go-lis).  [Gr.  ’A/oyo/u'r.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a division  of  Peloponnesus,  Greece, 


Argus 

surrounded  by  Sicyonia,  Corinthia,  the  yEgean 
(with  the  Saronic  and  Argolic  gulfs),  Laconia, 
and  Arcadia,  containing  the  plain  of  Argos 
and  the  cities  of  Argos  and  Mycenae. 

Argolis.  A nomarchy  of  modern  Greece,  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  the  Morea.  Area, 
1,104  square  miles.  Population,  81,943. 
Argonautica  (ar-go-na/ti-ka).  [L.,  from  Gr. 
Apyovavnua,  ‘deeds  of  the  Argonauts.’]  An  epic 
poem  by  Apollonius  of  Rhodes.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Apollonius  Rhodius  (194  B.  C.)  wrote  the  Argonautica, 
an  epic  in  four  books  on  Jason’s  “ Voyage  in  the  Argo  ” to 
win  the  golden  fleece.  It  is  the  work  of  a learned  Ho- 
meric scholar  who  has  not  the  Homeric  feeling  for  the 
heroic  age ; it  is  artificial,  and  somewhat  cold  ; but  there 
is  some  fine  dramatic  painting ; the  poem  is  full  of  literary 
interest,  and  is  the  best  of  its  class  that  the  Alexandrian 
age  has  left.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  140. 

Argonauts  (ar'go-natz),  The.  [Gr.  Apyovavrai, 
from  Apyi),  their  ship.]  In  Greek  legend,  the 
heroes  who  sailed  to  Colchis  in  the  ship  Argo 
to  carry  off  the  Golden  Fleece.  The  expedition 
took  place  not  long  after  the  Trojan  war.  Jason  was  its 
leader,  and  it  included  demigods  and  heroes  from  all  parts 
of  Greece.  See  Golden  Fleece , Jason , Medea. 

Argonne  (ar-gon'),  or  Forest  of  Argonne.  A 

rocky  plateau  on  the  borders  of  Lorraine  and 
Champagne,  France,  containing  several  diffi- 
cult defiles  which  lead  from  the  basin  of  the 
Meuse  to  that  of  the  Seine  famous  in  the 
“Argonne  Campaign”  of  Dumouriez  in  1792. 
ArgOS  (ar'gos).  [Gr.  rb  ’Apyor.]  A city  in  Argolis, 
Greece,  situated  about  5 miles  from  the  Argolic 
Gulf,  in  lat.  37°  38'  N.,  long.  22°  43'  E. : the 
leading  Dorian  city  prior  to  the  middle  of  the 
8th  century  B.  C.  It  remained  an  important  town  in 
later  times,  was  often  at  variance  with  Sparta,  and  flour- 
ished under  the  Romans.  It  was  ruled  by  the  legendary 
dynasties  of  Inachus,  Danaus,  and  Pelops.  It  produced 
many  noted  sculptors.  It  contains  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  theater.  The  upper  tiers  of  seats  of  the  cavea 
are  rock-hewn  ; below  these  are  tiers  of  masonry.  Twenty 
tiers  in  all  survive,  the  lowest  consisting  of  thrones  of 
honor.  There  are  remains  of  a Roman  stage,  and  of  several 
modifications  of  the  Greek  stage-structure.  An  under- 
ground passage  ran  from  behind  the  proscenium  to  the 
middle  of  the  orchestra,  as  at  Eretria,  etc.  There  are  im- 
portant remains  of  the  Heraion,  or  sanctuary  of  Hera,  the 
national  shrine  of  Argolis,  which  lay  at  some  distance 
from  the  city.  The  temple  was  rebuilt  after  a fire  in  the 
5th  century  B.  c.,  a little  below  the  old  site,  as  a Doric  hexa- 
style  peripteros  about  65 i by  130  feet.  The  cult-statue 
was  an  admirable  chryselephantine  work  by  Polycleitus. 
The  Heraion  has  been  in  course  of  excavation  since  1892 
by  the  American  School  at  Athens,  to  which  is  due  nearly 
all  our  knowledge  of  the  architectural  and  sculptural  re- 
mains of  both  temples  and  their  peribolos,  as  well  as  a 
very  valuable  collection  of  archaic  terra-cottas.  Popu- 
lation, 8,828. 

Argostoli  (ar-gos'to-le).  A seaport  and  capital 
of  Cephalonia,  Ionian  Islands,  Greece,  situated 
on  the  western  coast  in  lat.  38°  12'  N.,  long. 
20°  29'  E.  It  has  a flourishing  trade,  and  is 
the  seat  of  a metropolitan.  Poptilation,  about 
10,000. 

Argout  (ar-go'),  Antoine  Maurice  Apolli- 
naire, Comte  d’.  Bom  Aug.  27,  1782:  died 
Jan.  15, 1858.  A French  politician  and  financier. 
He  became  a peer  of  France  1819;  acted  as  mediator  be- 
tween Charles  X.  and  the  popular  leaders  July,  1830; 
and  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Bank  of  France  1834, 
and  minister  of  finance  1836.  Later  in  the  same  year  he 
was  reappointed  governor  of  the  bank,  continuing  to  hold 
the  post  under  the  republic  of  1848. 

Argovie  (ar-go-ve').  The  French  name  of 
Aargau. 

Argnelles  (ar-gwel'yes),  Augustin.  Born  at 
Ribadesella,  Asturias,  Spain,  Aug.  28,  1776: 
died  at  Madrid,  March  23, 1844.  A Spanish  lib- 
eral statesman,  a prominent  member  of  the 
Cortes,  imprisoned  1814—20,  minister  of  the  in- 
terior 1820-21,  and  exiled  1823-32.  He  was  the 
guardian  of  Queen  Isabella. 

Arguin  (ar-go-en').  A small  island  west  of 
Africa,  in  lat.  20°  25'  N.,  long.  16°  37'  W., 
claimed  by  France. 

Argun  (ar-gon').  One  of  the  two  chief  head 
streams  of  the  Amur.  It  rises  as  the  Kerulen  in 
Mongolia,  traverses  Lake  Dalai-Nor,  flows  along  the  boun- 
dary between  Mongolia  and  Siberia,  and  unites  with  the 
Shiika  to  form  the  Amur  about  lat.  63°  N.,  long.  121°  E. 
Its  length  is  about  1,000  miles. 

Arguri  (ar-go're).  A former  village  in  Russian 
Armenia,  on  the  northern  slope  of  Ararat, 
buried  by  an  earthquake  and  landslide  from 
Ararat  in  1840. 

Argurion  (iir-gu'ri-on).  [Gr.  apyvpiov,  money.] 
A semi-allegorical  personification  of  money,  in 
Ben  Jonson’s  “Cynthia’s  Revels.”  The  char- 
acter is  afterward  expanded  in  “The  Staple 
of  News”  as  Lady  Pecunia. 

Argus  (ar'gus).  [Gr.  Apyor,  surnamed  HavdnTijg, 

‘ the  All-seeing.’]  In  Greek  legend,  the  guardian 
of  Io,  slain  by  Hermes,  famed  to  have  had  one 
hundred  eyes. 


Argyie 

Argyle.  See  Argyll. 

Argyll  (ar-gil'),  Earl  of,  Duke  of.  See  Camp- 
bell. 

Argyll,  or  Argyle.  A county  in  western  Scot- 
land, the  second  in  size,  bounded  by  Inverness 
on  the  north,  by  Perth,  Dumbarton,  and  the 
Firth  of  Clyde  on  the  east,  and  by  the  Atlantic 
and  the  North  Channel  on  the  south  and  west. 
It  is  much  indented  by  lochs  and  firths,  which  form  Kin- 
tyre  and  other  peninsulas,  and  includes  the  islands  Mull, 
Iona,  Colonsay,  Staffs,  Ulva,  Rum,  Coll,  Tiree,  Jura,  Islay, 
Gigha,  etc.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Within 
it  are  Lochs  Shiel,  Sunart,  Eil,  Linnhe,  Awe,  Fyne,  etc. 
The  leading  industries  are  the  rearing  of  cattle  and  sheep, 
the  quarrying  of  building-stone,  lead-mining,  and  fishing 
(herring,  salmon,  and  trout).  Area,  3,110  square  miles. 
Population  (civil  county),  73,665. 

Argyro-Castro  (ar'ge-ro-kas'tro).  A town  in 
Albania,  vilayet  of  .Janina,  Turkey,  in  lat.  40° 
12'  N.,  long.  20°  12'  E.  Population  (estimated), 
11,000. 

Argyropoulos  (ar-ge-ro-pS'los),  Johannes. 
Born  at  Constantinople  about  1416 : died  at 
Borne  about  1486.  A Greek  scholar,  professor 
of  the  Peripatetic  philosophy  in  Florence  (1456) 
and  in  Borne  (1471).  Among  his  pupils  were  Piero 
and  Lorenzo  de’  Medici,  Politian,  and  Reuehlin.  He  trans- 
lated Aristotle  into  Latin. 

Argyropoulos,  Perikles.  Born  at  Constanti- 
nople, Sept.  17,  1809:  died  at  Athens,  Dec.  22, 
1860.  A Greek  politician  and  publicist,  pro- 
fessor of  law  in  the  University  of  Athens. 

Aria  (a'ri-a).  [L.  Aria,  Gr.  'Apia  or  Apda.\  In 

ancient  geography,  a region  in  Asia  correspond- 
ing nearly  to  western  Afghanistan  and  eastern 
Khorasan:  often  confounded  with  Ariana. 

Ariadne  (ar-i-ad'ne).  [Gr.  Apia6 vy.']  1.  In 

Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of  Minos,  king 
of  Crete.  She  gave  Theseus  the  clue  by  means  of  which 
he  found  his  way  out  of  the  labyrinth,  and  went  with  him 
to  the  Island  of  Dia  (Naxos),  where,  according  to  the  com- 
mon account,  she  was  abandoned  by  Theseus,  and  became 
the  wife  of  Dionysus. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  43)  discovered  by  Pogson 
at  Oxford,  April  15,  18.37. 

Ariadne.  Died  515  a.  d.  A Byzantine  em- 
press, daughter  of  Leo  I.  She  was  married  to  Zeno, 
who  became  emperor  474,  and  after  his  death  (491)  became 
the  wife  of  Anastasius  I. 

Ariadne,  Sleeping.  See  Sleeping  Ariadne. 

Arialdus  (a-ri-al'dus).  Died  June  28,  1066.  A 
deacon  and  reformer  in  the  church  of  Milan, 
murdered  by  the  emissaries  of  the  Archbishop 
of  Milan  whose  excommunication  he  had  se- 
cured from  the  Pope.  He  was  canonized  by 
Pope  Alexander  II. 

Ariana  (a-ri-a'na).  [L.  Ariana , Gr.  Apiav!j.~\ 
In  ancient  geography,  a region  in  Asia,  of  vague 
boundaries,  extending  from  Media  on  the  west 
to  the  Indus  on  the  east,  and  from  Hyrcania 
and  Bactriana  on  the  north  to  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  Arabian  Sea  on  the  south. 

Ariane  (a-re-an').  A tragedy  by  Corneille, 
composed  in  1672. 

Ariano  (a-re-a'no),  or  Ariano  di  Puglia  (a-re- 
a'no  de  pol'ya).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Avellino,  Italy,  situated  among  the  Apennines 
50  miles  northeast  of  Naples.  It  is  the  seat  of 
abiskopric.  Pop.,  8,360;  commune,  17,650. 

Arians  (a'ri-anz).  The  followers  of  Arius,  a 
deacon  of  Alexandria,  who  in  the  4th  century 
maintained,  in  opposition  to  both  Sabelliauism 
and  Tritheism,  that  the  Son  is  of  a nature  sim- 
ilar to  (not  the  same  as)  the  Father,  and  is 
subordinate  to  him.  The  tendency  of  these  doc- 
trines was  toward  the  denial  of  the  divinity  of  Christ. 
The  Arlan  discussion  raged  fiercely  in  the  4th  century,  and 
though  Arianism  was  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Nicaea 
(3‘25),  the  heresy  long  retained  great  importance,  theolo- 
gical and  political.  The  strongholds  of  the  Arians  were  in 
the  East  and  among  the  Goths  and  other  barbarians  who 
were  converted  by  Arian  missionaries.  See  Socinians. 

Arias  de  Avila  (ii-re'as  de  a've-la),  Pedro. 

See  Avila. 

Arias  de  Saavedra  (a-re'as  de  sa-a-va'dra), 
Hernando.  Born  in  Asuncion  about  1550 : died 
in  Santa  F6  de  la  Vera  Cruz  about  1625.  A 
Spanish  statesman,  three  times  governor  of 
Paraguay,  which  then  comprehended  all  the 
Spanish  settlements  of  the  Plata  and  Parana. 

Arias  Montanus  (a'ri-as  mon-ta'mis),  Bene- 
dictus.  Born  in  Estremadura,  Spain,  1527: 
died  at  Seville,  1598.  A Spanish  Orientalist, 
editor  of  the  Antwerp  Polyglot  Bible  (1568-73). 

Arica  (a-re'ka)..  A former  province  of  Peru  in 
the  department  of  Moquegua,  on  the  coast  be- 
tween lat.  18°  and  19°  S.  In  18S0  it  was  seized  by 
the  Chileans,  and  by  the  treaty  ratified  May  21,  1884, 
Arica  and  Tacna  were  to  be  held  by  them  for  ten  years, 
the  inhabitants,  at  the  end  of  that  time,  to  decide  te>  which 
country  they  would  belong,  the  other  country  to  receive  an 
indemnity.  The  question  is  still  undecided.  Area,  about 
11,000  square  miles. 


76 

Arica  (ii-re'ka).  A town  and  port  of  Peru,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  im- 
portant, principally,  as  the  seaport  of  Tacna,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  a railroad.  The  harbor  is  a roadstead 
protected  by  a point  and  a small  island.  The  town  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  earthquakes  in  1868,  1877,  and  1906. 
The  Chileans  blockaded  and  bombarded  Arica  April,  1880, 
and  took  it  by  assault  June  7.  Population,  about  3,900. 

Ariccia  (a-re'cha).  A townin  the  province  of 
Borne,  Italy,  nearly  adjoining  Albano : the 
Latin  Aricia.  Population,  3,945. 

Ariel  (a-rd'che),  Cesare.  Born  at  Brescia, 
July  2, 1782 : died  there,  July  2, 1836.  An  Ital- 
ian didactic  poet.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
history  and  literature  in  the  lyceum  at  Brescia  in  1810, 
and  professor  of  the  Latin  language  in  1824. 

Arichat  (a-re-shat').  A small  seaport  on  Ma- 
dame Island,  off  the  southern  coast  of  Cape 
Breton  Island,  Nova  Scotia. 

Arickarees.  See  Arikara. 

Arided  (ar'i-ded).  [Ar.  al-ridf,  ‘the  hindmost,’ 
the  star  being  in  the  tail  of  the  constellation.] 
The  second-magnitude  star  a Cygni,  more  fre- 
quently called  JJeneb  Cygni. 

Ariege  (a-re-azk').  A department  in  France, 
capital  Foix,  bounded  by  Haute-Garonne  on 
the  west  and  north,  by  Aude  on  the  east,  and 
by  Pyrendes-Orientales,  Andorra,  and  Spain  on 
the  south : corresponding  in  general  to  the 
ancient  county  of  Foix.  It  is  rich  in  non,  and  has 
various  other  mineral  products.  Area,  1,892  square  miles. 
Population,  205,684. 

Ariege.  A river  in  southern  France  which 
rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  flows  past  Tarascon  and 
Foix,  and  joins  the  Garonne  near  Toulouse : the 
Latin  Aurigera.  Its  length  is  about  100  miles. 
Ariel  (a'ri-ei).  [Heb.JLion  of  God’:  used  as  an 
epithet  in  the  Old  Testament : rendered  ‘lion- 
like ’in  2 Sam.  xxiii.  20,  1 Chron.  xi.  22.]  1.  One 
of  the  chief  men  sent  by  Ezra  to  procure  minis- 
ters for  the  sanctuary.  Ezra  viii.  16. — 2.  Used 
in  Isa.  xxix.  as  a name  for  Jerusalem. — 3.  In 
cabalistic  angelology,  one  of  the  seven  princes 
of  angels,  or  spirits  who  preside  over  the  waters 
under  Michael  the  arch-prince. — 4.  “An  ayrie 
spirit”  in  Shakspere’s  “ Tempest.” — 5.  One  of 
the  rebel  angels  in  Milton’s  “Paradise  Lost.” 
— 6.  A sylph,  guardian  of  Belinda,  in  Pope’s 
“Bape  of  the  Lock.”  This  particular  spirit  was  the 
chief  of  those  whose 

“ Humble  province  is  to  tend  the  fair  . . . 

To  save  the  powder  from  too  rude  a gale, 

Nor  let  the  imprison'd  essences  exhale  . . . 

...  to  curl  their  waving  hairs, 

Assist  their  blushes  and  inspire  their  airs.” 

Aries  (a'ri-ez).  [L.,  ‘a  ram.’]  1.  One  of  the 
zodiacal  constellations. — 2.  The  first  sign  of 
the  zodiac  (marked  T),  which  the  sun  enters  at 
the  vernal  equinox,  March  21,  and  leaves  April 
20.  Owing  to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  the  con- 
stellation Aries  has  moved  completely  out  of  the  sign  of 
the  same  name,  which  is  now  occupied  by  the  constella- 
tion Pisces. 

Arikara  (a-re'ka-ra),  or  Eicara  (re'ka-ra),  or 
Bee  (re).  A tribe  of  the  Caddoan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  living  on  the  Fort 
Berthold  reservation,  North  Dakota.  They 
number  380.  See  Caddoan.  Also  Arickarce. 
Arimaspians  (ar-i-tnas'pi-anz).  [Gr.  Apipaonoi, 
according  to  Herodotus  a Scythian  word  mean- 
ing ‘ one-eved.’]  In  classical  mythology,  a one- 
eyed  people  of  Scythia.  They  were  at  war  with 
the  Griffins  whose  gold  they  sought. 
Arimathea  (aFi-ma-the'a).  In  scriptural  ge- 
ography, a town  in  Judea,  Palestine,  of  unde- 
termined location : probably  the  Bamah  of  1 
Sam.  i.  1,  19. 

Arimathea,  Joseph  of.  See  Joseph  of  Ari- 
mathea. 

Ariminum  (a-rim'i-num).  The  Latin  name  of 
Bimini. 

Arimazes  (ar-i-ma'zez),  or  Oriomazes  (o-ri-o- 

ma'zez).  The  commander  of  a fortress,  called 
the  Bock  (Kohiten  ?),  in  Sogdiana,  near  the 
pass  of  Kolugha  or  Derbend.  He  surrendered  to 
Alexander  328  B.  e.,  who  found  in  the  fortress  Roxana,  the 
daughter  of  the  Bactrian  chief  Oxyartes. 

Arinos  (a-re'nos).  A river  in  the  state  of  Matto 
Grosso,  Brazil,  about  400  miles  long,  it  joins 
the  Juruena,  forming  the  Tapajds,  and  is  separated  by 
short  portages  from  the  head  streams  of  the  Paraguay. 

Ariobarzanes  (a/'ri-d-bar-za'nez)  I.,  surnamed 
Philoromseus.  [Gr.  <f>iAop<jpaio f,  friendly  to- 
ward the  Bomans.]  A king  of  Cappadocia 
who  lived  about  the  beginning  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury b.  c.  He  was  several  times  expelled  by 
Mithridates  and  restored  by  the  Bomans. 
Ariobarzanes  II.,  surnamed  Philopator.  [Gr. 

( pi'/ondrup , loving  one’s  father.]  King  of  Cap- 
padocia, son  of  Ariobarzanes  I.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded about  63  b.  c. 


Arista 

Ariobarzanes  III.,  surnamed  Eusebes  and 
Philoromseus.  [Gr.  ewe/ftfc,  pious ; <pi'Aopopaior, 
friendly  toward  the  Bomans.]  Died  42  b.  c. 
A son  of  Ariobarzanes  II.  whom  he  succeeded 
about  51  B.  C-  He  aided  Pompey  against  Caesar  in  the 
civil  war,  but  was  pardoned  by  Caesar.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  Cassius. 

Ariobarzanes  I.  Satrap  of  Pontus  in  the  5th 
century  b.  c.,  father  of  Mithridates  I. 

Ariobarzanes  II.  King  of  Pontus  363-337  b.  c., 
son  and  successor  of  Mithridates  I.  He  re- 
volted from  Artaxerxes  362  B.  c.,  and  founded 
the  independent  kingdom  of  Pontus. 

Ariobarzanes  III.  King  of  Pontus  266-240  (?) 
B.c.,  son  of  Mithridates  III. 

Ariobarzanes.  A satrap  of  Persis  who,  after 
the  battle  of  Gaugamela,  331  b.c.,  secured  the 
pass  of  the  Persian  Gates.  Alexander  was 
able  to  force  the  pass  only  by  stratagem. 

Arioch  (ar'i-ok).  [Probably Babylonian  Eriahu, 
servant  of  the  moon-god.]  1.  A king  of  Ella- 
sar,  one  of  the  four  kings  who  at  the  time  of 
Abraham  made  an  attack  on  the  cities  in  the 
valley  of  Siddim  (Gen.  xiv.).  In  the  book  of  Judith 
(i.  6)  he  is  called  king  of  Elam  ; identified  by  some  with 
Erim-agu,  king  of  Larsa. 

2.  Captain  of  the  guard  of  Nebuchadnezzar 
(Dan.  ii.  14f.). — 3.  In  Milton’s  “Paradise  Lost” 
(vi.  371),  one  of  the  rebellious  angels  over- 
thrown by  Abdiel. 

Ariodantes.  In  Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso,” 
the  lover  of  Geneura,  princess  of  Scotland. 

Arion  (a-ri'on).  [Gr.  ,Apiuv.~\  A Greek  poet  of 
Lesbos  who  flourished  probably  about  700  b.c. 
(later  dates  are  given),  and  was  famous  as  a 
player  upon  the  cithara.  He  lived' chiefly  at  the 
court  of  Periander,  tyrant  of  Corinth.  According  to  the 
legend  Arion,  while  returning  from  a musical  contest  in 
Sicily  in  which  lie  had  been  victor,  was  thrown  into  the 
sea  by  the  sailors,  but  was  saved  and  carried  to  Tsenarus 
by  dolphins  which  had  gathered  about  the  ships  to  listen 
to  his  lyre. 

Arion,  though  a Lesbian  by  birth,  belongs  by  art  rather 
to  the  Dorian  school.  His  great  work  was  to  give  the 
dithyramb,  or  choral  hymn  to  Dionysus,  a finished  choral 
form,  by  fixing  the  number  (50)  of  the  cyclic  or  circular 
chorus  that  was  to  sing  it,  grouped  round  the  altar,  and 
by  dividing  the  singing  and  acting  parts  clearly  from  each 
other.  We  have  a fragment  by  him  [also  ascribed  to  an- 
other poet],  addressed  to  Poseidon,  and  telling  of  Posei- 
don’s servants,  the  dolphins,  who  had  wafted  the  poet 
safely  to  land,  when  he  had  lost  his  course  at  sea.  A 
fable  grew  up  that  certain  wicked  sailors  had  thrown 
Arion  overboard,  and  that  the  dolphins,  charmed  by  his 
songs,  had  saved  him.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  62. 

Arion.  In  Greek  legend,  a fabulous  horse,  the 
offspring  of  Poseidon  by  Demeter  (or,  in  other 
accounts,  Gtea  or  a harpy)  who  to  escape  him 
had  metamorphosed  herself  into  a mare.  It  was 
successively  owned  by  Copreus,  Oncus,  Heracles,  and  Ad- 
rastus.  It  possessed  marvelous  powers  of  speech,  and  its 
right  feet  were  those  of  a man. 

Arion.  A pseudonym  of  William  Falconer. 

Ariosto  (a-re-os'to  or  ar-i-os'to),  Ludovico. 
Born  at  Beggio,  northern  Italy,  Sept.  8,  1474: 
died  at  Ferrara,  Italy,  June  6,1533.  Acelebrated 
Italian  poet,  author  of  “Orlando  Furioso.”  He 
was  forced  by  his  father,  who  was  commander  of  the  cit- 
adel of  Reggio,  to  study  law;  but  at  length,  being  allowed  to 
follow  hisinelinations,  studied  the  classics,  having  a strong 
inclination  toward  poetry.  As  early  as  1495  he  wrote  sev- 
eral comedies.  Two  of  them,  the  “Cassaria”  and  “Sup- 
positi,”  were  acted  about  1512.  These  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  Cardinal  Ippolito  of  Este,  who  took  him  into 
his  service,  where  he  remained  till  1517,  when  he  entered 
that  of  the  cardinal's  brother,  Alfonso,  duke  of  Ferrara, 
by  whom  he  was  employed  as  governor  of  the  district 
of  Garfagnana  1522-25.  The  province  was  distracted  by 
banditti,  but  his  government  was  satisfactory  to  his  sov- 
ereign and  his  people  for  three  years.  He  then  declined 
an  embassy  to  Pope  Clement  VII.,  and  passed  the  last 
years  of  his  life  at  Ferrara  writing  comedies  and  correcting 
his  “Orlando  Furioso " (which  see),  publishing  the  com- 
pleted edition  a year  before  his  death,  which  was  due  to 
consumption.  His  seven  satires,  in  the  Horatian  style, 
were  published  in  1534,  after  his  death.  They  are  gay, 
easy,  and  full  of  Epicurean  philosophy.  His  comedies  are 
placed  next  to  those  of  Macchiavelli  by  most  Italian 
critics. 

Ariosto  of  the  North.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Ariovistus  (a-ri-o-vis'tus).  Lived  about  60  b.c. 
A German  chief  who  crossed  the  Bhine  and 
invaded  Gaul,  aiding  the  Sequani  against  the 
gEdui,  and  was  defeated  by  Julius  Csesar  near 
Mtilhausen  58  b.  c. 

Arish.  See  El-Araish. 

Arishkerd  (a-rish'kerd),  Plain  of.  A plain  in 
Asiatic  Turkey,  west  of  Mount  Ararat  and  north 
of  the  Ala-Dagh,  about  the  head  waters  of  the 
East  Euphrates. 

Arista  (a-res'ta),  Mariano.  Born  in  San  Luis 
Potosi,  July  26,  1802 : died  at  sea  near  Lisbon, 
Portugal.  Aug.  7, 1855.  A Mexican  general.  He 
commanded  the  army  of  northern  Mexico  and  Texas  1846, 
and  was  defeated  by  General  Taylor  at  Palo  Alto  (May  8) 
and  Resaca  de  la  Palma  (May  9),  after  which  he  was  re- 
called. He  w'as  minister  of  war  under  Herrera  (1848X  and 


Arista 

\ras  elected  president  of  Mexico  Jan.  8,  1861.  To  avoid 
a civil  war  he  resigned  in  Jan.,  1863,  and  soon  after  went 
to  Europe. 

Aristseus  (ar-is-te'us).  [Gr.  ’Apioraiog.']  In 
Greek  mythology,  a beneficent  deity,  protector 
of  husbandmen  and  shepherds. 

Aristseus.  A native  of  Cyprus,  an  official  in 
the  court  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  According 
to  a letter  ascribed  to  him  (but  a forgery),  he  was  sent  by 
Ptolemy  to  Jerusalem  to  obtain  from  Eleazar,  the  high 
priest,  a copy  of  the  Pentateuch  and  seventy  elders  to 
translate  it  into  Greek.  See  Septuagint. 

Aristagoras  (ar-is-tag'6-ras)  of  Miletus.  [Gr. 
’Apiaraydpag.^  Died  497  B.C.  A Persian  gover- 
nor of  Miletus,  and  leader  in  the  Ionian  revolt 
against  Persia  in  500  b.  C. 

Aristander  (ar-is-tan'der).  [Gr.  ,ApiOTav6pog.~\ 
A celebrated  soothsayer  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
Aristarchus  (ar-is-tar'kus),  or  Aristarchos 
(-kos).  [Gr.  ’Apiarapxog.l  Born  at  Samos: 
lived  between  280-264  b.  c.  A noted  Greek 
astronomer  of  the  Alexandrian  school.  His  only 
extant  work  is  a treatise  on  the  magnitude  and  distance 
of  the  sun  and  moon. 

Aristarchus,  or  Aristarchos.  Born  at  Samo- 
thrace : flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  2d 
century  B.  C. : died  in  Cyprus.  A noted  Alex- 
andrian grammarian  and  critic,  the  most  cele- 
brated of  antiquity.  His  most  notable  work  was  a 
recension  of  Homer.  “The  text  he  established  and  his  di- 
vision of  the  poems  into  books  are  substantially  those 
which  have  come  down  to  us. 

Aristarchus,  or  Aristarchos.  An  associate  of 
the  apostle  Paul  51-57  A.  D.  He  was  a native  of 
Thessalonica,  accompanied  Paul  in  several  of  his  mission- 
ary journeys,  and  was  his  “fellow  prisoner”  in  Home. 
(Acts  xix.  xx.  xxvii.)  He  is  represented  by  the  Greek 
Church  as  bishop  of  Apamea  in  Phrygia,  and  by  the  Roman 
as  bishop  of  Thessalonica. 

Ariste  (a-rest').  The  brother  of  Chrysale,  in 
“Les  Femmes  Savantes  ” by  Mol i ere. 

Aristeas  (a-ris'te-as).  [Gr.  ’Apicreag.]  A Greek 
poet,  assigned  to  various  periods,  from  the  6th 
century  B.  C.  to  the  time  of  Homer,  and  the  re- 
puted author  of  an  epic  poem,  the  “Arimaspea,” 
in  three  books.  The  accounts  of  his  life  are  fabulous : 
he  is  represented  as  a magician  who  rose  after  death,  and 
whose  soul  could  occupy  or  abandon  his  body  at  will. 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides  (ar-is-ti'dez).  [Gr. 
’ApiareiSj/g.']  A Greek  writer  of  the  2d  century 
b.  c.,  author  of  a romance,  the  “ Milesiaca  ” or 
“Milesian  Tales,”  a prose  work  in  six  or  more 
books.  He  was  the  founder  of  Greek  romance  and  “the 
title  of  his  work  is  supposed  to  have  given  rise  to  the  term 
‘ Milesian  ’ as  applied  to  works  of  fiction  ” (Smith). 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides  (ar-is-ti'dez).  Died 
probably  at  Athens  about  468  b.  c.  A cele- 
brated Athenian  statesman  and  general,  son  of 
Lysimachus:  surnamed  “The  Just.”  He  was 
one  of  the  ten  generals  in  the  year  of  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon (490),  and  chief  archon  in  489 ; was  constantly  op- 
posed to  Themistocles ; and  was  ostracized  in  483.  He 
took  part  in  the  victory  of  Salamis  (480),  was  Athenian 
commander  at  the  victory  of  Plattea(479),  carried  through 
civic  reforms  (477),  and  was  chief  founder  of  the  Delian 
League  (about  477). 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides,  Quintilianus  (kwin- 
til-i-a'nus).  The  (Greek)  author  of  a treatise 
on  music  (printed  in  the  collection  of  Meibomius 
1652)  who  lived,  probably,  in  the  1st  century 
a.  d.  His  work  is  the  most  important  ancient 
book  on  the  subject. 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides,  of  Thebes.  A Greek 
painter,  son  or  brother,  and  in  either  case  the 
pupil,  of  Nicomachos,  and  a contemporary  of 
Apelles.  He  was  preeminently  the  painter  of  the>j  Sri  and 
■naS-q,  or  the  expression  of  the  mind  and  passions  of  man. 

Aristides,  or  Aristeides,  Publius  Allius,  sur- 
named Tneodorus.  Born  at  Adriani  in  Mysia, 
117  A.  d.  : died  at  Smyrna  about  180  a.  d.  A 
celebrated  Greek  rhetorician,  a friend  and  ad- 
viser of  Marcus  Aurelius.  His  father  Eudtemon 
was  a priest  of  Jupiter,  and  he  himself  became  a priest  of 
ASsculapius  at  Smyrna. 

Aristippus (ar-is-tip'us).  [Gr.  ApiarvirKog.]  Born 
at  Cyrene,  Africa : lived  about  380  b.  c.  A Greek 
philosopher,  a pupil  of  Socrates,  and  the  founder 
of  the  Cyrenaie  School.  See  Cyrenaics. 
Aristippus,  or  The  Jovial  Philosopher.  A 
play  by  Thomas  Randolph,  printed  in  1630. 
Aristo  (a-res/to).  The  brother  of  Sganarelle,  in 
Molihre’s  “ficole  des  Maris.” 

Aristobulus  (a-ris-to-bu'lus).  [Gr.  Apicr6[3ov- 
kof.]  Lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A general 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  and  the  historian  of 
his  Asiatic  expedition. 

Aristobulus.  Lived  about  160  b.  c.  An  Alex- 
andrian Jew  and  Peripatetic  philosopher. 
Aristobulus  I.  Son  of  .John  Hyrcanus,  and 
king  of  Judea  105-104  B.  C.  His  Hebrew  name  was 
Judah.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  of  the  Hasmone- 
ans  to  assume  the  title  of  king.  During  his  brief  reign 
he  extended  Judea  in  the  regions  of  Ifurea  and  Tracho- 
nltis,  and  forced  Judaism  on  the  conquered  peoples. 


77 

Aristobulus  II.  Died  about  48  b.c.  Son  of 
Alexander  Jannasus,  designated  by  his  mother, 
the  queen-regent  Alexandra,  high  priest,  while 
to  his  elder  brother  Hyrcanus  II.  the  throne 
was  bequeathed.  After  her  death  a contest  took  place 
between  the  two  brothers  which  brought  Pompey  for  the 
first  time  to  Jerusalem  (63  B.  C.);  he  defeated  Aristobulus 
and  led  him  captive  to  Rome. 

Aristobulus  III.  A Jewish  prince,  grandson 
of  Hyrcanus  II.,  brother  of  Mariamne,  and  thus 
brother-in-law  of  Herod  I.  He  was  made  high 
priest  by  Herod,  but,  fearing  his  great  popularity,  Herod 
had  him  assassinated  (about  30  B.  c.).  He  was  the  last 
male  representative  of  the  Hasmonean  family. 

Aristodemus  (a-ris-to-de'mus).  [Gr.  ’ApiardAy- 
pog.~\  Lived  in  the  8th  century  B.  c.  A Mes- 
senian  national  hero  in  the  first  war  against 
Sparta.  He  offered  his  daughter’s  life,  in  response  to 
an  oracle,  for  the  preservation  of  the  Messenian  state ; 
and  when  her  lover,  in  order  to  save  her,  declared  that 
she  was  with  child  by  him,  killed  her  and  opened  her 
womb  to  refute  the  lie.  He  was  made  king  about  729  b.  C.; 
but  although  he  gained  a victory  over  the  Spartans  724  B.  c., 
was  unable  to  continue  the  war,  and  killed  himself  on  his 
daughter's  tomb  before  722  B.  C. 

Aristogiton,  or  Aristogeiton  (a-ris-to-ji'ton). 

[Gr.  ’Apii7ToyetT(jv.-\  See  Harmodius. 
Aristomenes  (ar-is-tom'e-nez).  [Gr.  ’Apicrope- 
vyc.]  Lived  in  the  7th  century  b.c.  A Messenian 
national  hero  in  the  second  war  against  Sparta 
645-630  (685-668).  He  was  surprised  in  Eira,  the  last 
stronghold  of  the  Messenians,  by  the  Spartans,  and  com- 
pelled  to  surrender,  but  was  allowed  to  depart  with  his 
men.  He  died  in  Rhodes  at  the  court  of  his  son-in-law 
Damagetus,  and  is  said  to  have  twice  sacrificed  the  heca- 
tomphonia,  prescribed  for  one  who  with  his  own  hand 
had  killed  one  hundred  of  his  enemies  in  battle. 
Ariston  (a-ris'ton),  or  Aristo  (a-ris'to).  [Gr. 
’AploTuv.~\  Born  at  Chios:  died  250  b.  c.  A 
Greek  Stoic  philosopher,  a disciple  of  Zeno 
and  later,  according  to  Diogenes  Laertius,  of 
the  Platonist  Polemo.  He  was  called  the  “Siren” 
from  his  eloquence,  and  “ Phalantus”  from  his  baldness. 
Of  the  various  branches  of  philosophy  he  recognized  only 
ethics  as  a legitimate  study. 

Aristonicus  (a-ris-to-m'kus),  or  Aristonikos 
(-kos).  [Gr.  ’ApiariviKog.']  A natural  son  of 
Eumenes  II.  of  Pergamus.  when  Attalus  ill.,  the 
successor  of  Eumenes,  died,  bequeathing  the  kingdom  of 
Pergamus  to  the  Romans,  Aristonicus  disputed  the  in- 
heritance with  the  latter,  defeating  and  taking  prisoner 
P.  Licinius  Crassus  131  B.  c.  He  was  himself  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  130  B.  c.  by  M.  Perperna:  was  carried 
to  Rome  to  adorn  the  triumph  of  M.  Aquilius,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Perperna ; and  was  beheaded. 

Aristophanes  (ar-is-tof'a-nez).  [Gr.  ’Apiaroipd- 
w?f.]  The  greatest  of  the  Greek  comic  poets. 
He  was  born  probably  between  450  and  440  B.  c.,  and  died 
not  later  than  380  B.  c.  He  "was  an  aristocrat  who  ridi- 
culed radicalism  and  the  advanced  democracy,  but  spared 
the  vices  of  his  associates  and  his  party.  ...  In  matters 
ot  religion  he  was  a great  defender  of  orthodoxy  against 
the  new  physical  school,  and  was  never  weary  of  attacking 
Socrates  and  Euripides  for  their  breaking  up  of  the  old 
faith”  (Mahaffy).  His  first  play,  the  “Revellers”  or 
“Banqueters,”  was  produced  in  427  B.  c.,  and  obtained 
the  second  prize;  the  “Babylonians"  in  426;  the  “Aohar- 
nians  ” in  426,  with  the  first  prize ; the  “ Knights  ” in  424, 
with  the  first  prize  ; the  “ Clouds  ” in  423 ; the  “ Wasps” 
in  422,  with  the  second  prize ; (he  “ Peace  ” in  419,  with 
the  second  prize;  “ Ampliiaraus”  in  414,  with  the  second 
prize  ; the  “ Birds  ” in  414,  with  the  second  prize  ; “ Lysis- 
trata”  in  411 ; the  “Thesmophoriazus.e  ” in  413;  the  first 
edition  of  the  “ Plutus  ” in  408  ; the  “Frogs ” in  405,  with 
the  first  prize;  the  “ Ecclesiazusae  ” about  393 ; and  the  sec- 
ond edition  of  the  “Plutus”  in  388.  Of  these  the  “ Achar- 
nians,”  “Knights,”  “ Clouds,” “ Wasps,”  “Peace, ’’“Birds,” 
“Lysistrata,”  “Thesmophoriazusse,”  “Plutus,”  “Frogs,” 
and  “ Ecclesiazusm  ” are  extant. 

Aristophanes  was  not  only  a great  satirist  but  a great 
poet.  His  comedies  unite  elements  which  meet  nowhere 
in  literature.  There  is  a play  of  fancy  as  extravagant  as 
in  a modern  burlesque  ; the  whole  world  is  turned  topsy- 
turvy ; gods  and  mortals  alike  are  whirled  through  the 
motley  riot  of  one  great  carnival.  There  is  a humour  as 
delicate,  a literary  satire  as  keen,  as  the  most  exquisite 
wit  could  offer  to  the  most  subtle  appreciation.  And  there 
are  lyric  strains  of  a wild  woodland  sweetness  hardly  to 
be  matched  save  in  Shakspere.  Aristophanes  clung  to  the 
old  traditions  of  Athens  with  a sortof  jovial,  unreasoning 
toryism.  Demagogues,  philosophers,  rhetoricians  were 
his  abomination.  His  ideal  was  the  plain,  sturdy  citizen 
of  the  good  old  school  who  beat  the  Persian  at  Marathon. 
He  claims  for  himself,  and  justly,  that  he  is  outspoken  on 
the  side  of  virtue  against  vice.  But  his  personal  judg- 
ments must  be  taken  with  reserve. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  100. 

Aristophanes  of  Byzantium.  A celebrated 
Alexandrian  grammarian  and  critic,  pupil  and 
successor  of  Zenodotus  and  instructor  of  the 
great  critic  Aristarchus.  Only  fragments  of  his 
works  have  survived.  He  edited  Horner  and  other  Greek 
poets,  and  introduced  the  system  of  marking  accents  in 
order  to  preserve  the  true  pronunciation  of  Greek,  which 
was  rapidly  becoming  corrupt. 

Aristophanes,  The  English.  Samuel  Foote. 
Aristophanes,  The  French.  Moli5re. 
Aristophanes’  Apology.  A poem  by  Brown- 
ing, published  in  1875.  It  is  the  sequel  to 
“ Balaustion’s  Adventure.” 


Arjuna 

Aristotle  (ar'is-totl).  [Gr.  ’ApioTorl'/.r/g.]  Bom 
at  Stagira,  in  Chalcidice,  384  b.  c.  : died  at 
Chaicis,  in  Euboea,  322  B.  c.  The  most  famous 
and  influential  of  Greek  philosophers,  the 
founder  of  the  Peripatetic  school.  He  was  the 
son  of  Nicomachus,  physician  and  friend  of  Amyntas,  king 
of  Macedonia.  In  his  eighteenth  year  he  went  to  Athens 
and  became  a pupil  of  Plato,  with  whom  he  remained  for 
twenty  years.  After  the  death  of  Plato  he  went  to  Atar- 
neus,  as  a guest  of  Hermias  (whose  sister  or  niece,  Pythias, 
he  afterward  married),  and  remained  there  three  years; 
then  he  went  to  Mytilene.  In  343  (342?)  he  was  sum- 
moned to  the  court  of  Macedon  to  undertake  the  educa- 
tion of  Alexander  (afterward  “the  Great”),  then  thirteen 
years  old.  In  335  (334?)  he  returned  to  Athens  where  he 
founded  his  school  (see  Peripatetic)  and  produced  the 
greater  part  of  his  scientific  works.  He  taught  in  the 
Lyceum.  On  the  death  of  Alexander  the  uprising  against 
the  Macedonians  forced  Aristotle  to  flee  from  Athens  to 
Chaicis  in  Euboea,  where  he  died.  His  numerous  writ- 
ings (the  number  of  which  is  variously  given,  but  was  cer- 
tainly very  large)  dealt  with  all  the  then  known  branches  of 
science.  They  were  partly  in  the  form  of  dialogues,  frag- 
ments of  which  have  survived  (“  Eudemus  ”).  These  have 
been  called  his  exoteric  (‘public,’  ‘suited  for  the  general 
public  ),  and  his  other,  more  strictly  scientific,  works  his 
esoteric  (‘private,’  ‘suited  for  private  instruction’)  writ- 
ings. His  extant  works  (which  have  been  imperfectly 
preserved)  fall  Into  four  groups : the  logical,  the  meta- 
physical and  those  relating  to  natural  science,  the  ethi- 
cal, and  the  “Poetics”  and  “Rhetoric.”  They  include  the 
“Topics,”  “Analytics” (“Prior "and “Posterior”),  “Sophis- 
ticalRefutations,”  “Rhetoric,”  “Metaphysics,”  “ Politics,” 
“Poetics,”  “On  Animals,”  “On  Parts  of  Animals,”  “On 
Generation  of  Animals,”  “ On  the  Soul,”  “ On  Locomotion  of 
Animals,”  “Meteorologies,”  “Nicomachean  Ethics,”  etc. 
Various  works  ascribed  to  him  are  spurious.  A genuine 
treatise  by  him  on  the  constitution  of  Athens  was  dis- 
covered in  1891  at  the  British  M useumin  a heap  of  papyrus 
rolls.  The  manuscript  was  probably  written  later  than  the 
14th  year  of  Domitian  (from  95-100  A.  D.).  It  is  an  almost 
complete  text.  The  first  Latin  translation  of  his  works, 
with  notes,  is  that  of  the  Arabian  Averroes  (1100 : Venice, 
1489) ; the  first  edition  in  Greek  is  that  of  Aldus  Manutius 
(1495-98).  Aristotle’s  influence  upon  the  development  of 
philosophy  and  science  has  been  very  great,  especially 
during  the  centuries  which  preceded  the  birth  of  modern 
knowledge  and  scientific  method.  He  was  “the  philoso- 
pher ” par  excellence.  His  works  were  the  text-books  of 
the  schools,  and  his  opinions  on  all  matters  authoritative. 
See  Organon,  Nicomachean  Ethics,  Metaphysics. 

Aristoxenus  (ar-is-tok'se-nus).  [Gr.  ’Apicro^e- 
vog. ] Born  at  Tarentum,  Italy:  lived  about 
320  b.  c.  A Greek  philosopher  of  the  Peripa- 
tetic school,  and  writer  on  music:  the  founder 
of  a school  of  musicians  named,  for  him,  the 
Aristoxeneans. 

Arius,  or  Areius  (ar'i-us),  or  Areios  (-os).  [Gr. 
"Apeiog.']  Born  in  Libya  (or  Alexandria?)  about 
256  A.  d.  : died  suddenly  in  Constantinople, 
336  a.  d.  A celebrated  presbyter  of  Alexan- 
dria, the  founder  of  Arianism.  See  Arians. 
He  was  excommunicated  for  heresy  by  a provincial  synod 
at  Alexandria  in  321,  aDd  defended  his  views  (which  were 
condemned)  before  the  Council  of  Nicaea  in  S25. 
Arivaipa  (a-re-vi'pa).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  living  at  the  San  Carlos  agency, 
White  Mountain  reservation,  Arizona,  identi- 
fied with  the  Pinaleno,  also  called  the  Tchikun, 
who  have  been  classed  as  a subdivision  of  the 
Chiricahua.  See  Apaches. 

Arizona  (ar-i-zo'na).  [Said  to  be  a corruption 
of  Pima  or  Papago  drlison,  little  creeks.]  A 
western  State  of  the  United  States,  capital 
Phoenix,  bounded  by  Utah  on  the  north,  New 
Mexico  on  the  east,  Mexico  on  the  south,  and 
California  and  Nevada  (partly  separated  by  the 
Colorado  River)  on  the  west,  it  extends  from  lat. 
31°  2<y  to  37°  N.,  and  from  loDg.  109°  to  114°  45'  W;  Its  sur- 
face consists  of  table-lauds  traversed  by  mountain-ranges, 
and  it  contains  important  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
etc.  Arizona  was  explored  by  the  Spaniards  in  the  Kith 
century,  was  acquired  from  Mexico  in  1848,  and  an  addi- 
tional part  by  the  Gadsden  Purchase  in  1853,  was  organ- 
ized as  a Territory  in  1863,  and  was  admitted  as  a State  in 
1912  (act  signed  June  20, 1910:  admission  proclaimed  Feb. 
14, 1912).  Area,  113,020  sq.  m.  Population,  204,354,  (1910). 

Arizpe  (a-reth'pa).  [Prom  Opata  arit,  ant.] 
A town  in  Sonora,  Mexico,  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  that  state,  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Sonora  River.  It  was  probably  the  site  of 
an  Opata  village  as  early  as  1540.  The  Mission  of  Arizpe 
dates  from  about  1640,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the 
Sonora  River  Valley.  At  present  the  town  has  not  over 
4.000  inhabitants. 

Arjish-Dagli  (ar-jesh'dag').  An  extinct  vol- 
cano, the  ancient  Argasus,  the  highest  moun- 
tain in  Asia  Minor,  situated  in  the  vilayet  of 
Angora  in  about  lat.  38°  30'  N.,  long.  35°  20'  E. 
Its  height  is  13,100  feet. 

Arjish  Lake.  The  northeastern  arm  of  Lake 
Van,  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Arjuiia(ar'jo-ua;  Hind.pron.ur'jo-na).  InHin- 
du  mythology:  (a)  One  of  the  chief  heroes  of 
the  Mahabharata,  the  third  reputed  son  of  Pan- 
du,  son  of  Indra  and  Kunti,  brave,  high-minded, 
generous,  and  handsome.  One  of  his  wives  was  the 
sister  of  Krishna.  After  performing  numerous  marvel- 
ous exploits  he  retired  from  the  world  to  the  Himalayas. 
(b)  See  Kartavirya. 


Arkab 

Arkab  (ar'kab).  [Ar.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  fi  Sagittarii.  The  name  is  not  much  used. 
Arkadelphia  (ar-ka-del'fi-a).  The  capital  of 
Clark  County,  Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Oua- 
chita River,  63  miles  southwest  of  Little  Rock. 
Population,  2,745,  (1910). 

Arkadia.  See  Arcadia. 

Arkansas  (ar'kan-sa  or  ar-kan'zas).  One  of 
the  Southern  States  of  the  United  States,  cap- 
ital Little  Rock.  It  is  bounded  by  Missouri  on 
the  north,  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Mississippi)  on  the  east,  Louisiana 
on  the  south,  and  Oklahoma  and  Texas  on  the 
west,  and  extends  from  lat.  33°  to  36°  30'  N., 
and  from  long.  89°  40'  to  94°  42'  W.  Its  surface 
is  in  general  level  or  rolling,  and  hilly  in  the  west,  with 
the  Ozark  Mountains  in  the  northwest,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  river  Arkansas.  The  leading  occupation  is  agri- 
culture and  the  chief  productions  are  cotton  and  Indian 
corn.  Ar  kansas  has  75  counties,  sends  7 representatives 
and  2 senators  to  Congress,  and  has  9 electoral  votes.  It 
was  first  settled  by  the  French  in  1085,  formed  part  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  of  1803,  was  organized  as  a Territory 
in  1819,  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1830,  seceded  May  0, 
1801,  and  was  readmitted  June,  1868.  Area,  53,335  square 
miles.  Population,  1,674,449,  (1910). 

Arkansas.  The  second  largest  tributary  of 
the  Mississippi.  It  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
(lows  east  through  Colorado  and  Kansas,  and  southeast 
through  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  and  Arkansas,  and  joins  the 
Mississippi  at  Napoleon.  Its  length  is  about  2,000  miles, 
and  its  extreme  width  about  1 mile.  It  is  navigable  about 
800  miles. 

Arkansas  City.  A city  in  Cowley  County, 
southern  Kansas,  on  the  Arkansas  River.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,508,  (1910). 

Arkansas  Post.  A village  in  Arkansas  County, 
Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River  73 
miles  southeast  of  Little  Rock.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Federals  Jan.  11,  1863. 

Arkiow  (ark'lo).  A seaport  in  the  county  of 
Wicklow,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Avoca  39  miles  south  of  Dublin.  The  Irish  in- 
surgents, about  30,000,  were  defeated  by  the 
royal  troops  near  here  June  10, 1798.  Pop.,  4,944. 
Arkona  (ar-ko'nii),  or  Arkon  (ar'kon),  Cape. 
The  northernmost  point  of  the  island  of  Riigen, 
Prussia,  projecting  into  the  Baltic  Sea.  It  con- 
tained a Wendish  sanctuary. 

Arkwright  (ark'rit),  Sir  Eichard.  Born  at 
Preston,  England,  Dec.  23,  1732:  died  at  Crom- 
ford,  Derbyshire,  England,  Aug.  3,  1792.  An 
English  inventor  and  manufacturer,  a barber 
by  trade.  He  invented  the  cotton-spinning  frame  (pat- 
ented 1769),  and  established  factories  at  Cromford  and  else- 
where, being  the  first  to  employ  machinery  on  a large 
scale  as  a substitute  for  hand  labor  in  textile  manufactures. 
His  claim  to  the  invention  was  disputed  by  Highs,  or 
Hayes,  a reed-maker  at  Bolton,  in  1785,  and  a verdict  was 
rendered  against  him : Highs’s  claim  is  now,  however, 
generally  conceded  to  be  fraudulent.  Arkwright  was 
knighted  by  George  III.  in  1786. 

Arlanza  (ar-lan'tha).  A small  river  in  north- 
ern Spain,  a tributary  of  the  Arlanzon. 
Arlanzon  (ar-lan-tlion').  A small  river  in 
northern  Spain,  a tributary  of  the  Pisuerga  and 
subtributary  of  the  Douro. 

Arlberg  (arl'berG).  A pass  on  the  border  of 
Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  5,895  feet  high. 
Arlberg  Tunnel.  A tunnel  under  the  Arlberg, 
forming  part  of  the  railway  which  runs  from 
Bludenz  in  Vorarlberg  via  Landekto  Innsbruck. 
It  is  about  614  miles  long,  and  was  opened  in 
1884. 

Arlecchino  and  Arlequiil.  See  Harlequin. 
Arles  (arlz),  Kingdom  of.  In  medieval  history, 
a kingdom  which  was  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  kingdoms  of  Transjurane  Burgundy  and 
Cisjurane  Burgundy  in  933.  In  1032  its  terri- 
tories were  annexed  to  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire. (See  Burgundy,  Cisjurane,  and  Transju- 
rane.) Cisjurane  Burgundy,  formed  in  879,  is 
sometimes  called  the  kingdom  of  Arles. 

Arles  (arlz ; F.  pi’on.  arl).  A city  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situated 
on  the  left  hank  of  the  eastern  arm  of  the 
Rhone  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  43°  43'  N.,  long. 
4°  37'  E. : the  Roman  Arelate  or  (under  Con- 
stantine the  Great)  Constantia.  it  is  especially 
noted  for  its  antiquities,  which  include  a Roman  amphi- 
theater (the  largest  in  France),  a Roman  theater  (where 
the  Venus  of  Arles  was  found),  a Roman  obelisk,  a Roman 
cemetery  (Aliscamps),  a forum,  and  a palace  of  Constan- 
tine. (See  below.)  It  was  called  the  “Gallic  Rome” 
from  its  importance,  was  a favorite  residence  of  Con- 
stantine, was  the  seat  of  several  church  councils,  and  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Axles  in  879.  From 
1150  to  1251  it  was  a republic,  and  then  became  subject  to 
Charles  of  Anjou,  and  followed  the  fortunes  of  Provence. 
The  amphitheater  is  built  of  excellent  masonry,  and  is 
one  of  the  best-preserved  structures  of  the  kind.  The  ex- 
terior shows  2 stories  of  60  arches,  the  lower  Doric,  the 
upper  Corinthian.  There  were  43  tiers  of  seats,  and  5 con- 
centric corridors.  The  ancient  podium  of  the  arena  is 
almost  entire.  The  axes  of  the  ellipse  are  459  and  341 


78 

feet.  The  three  square  towers  are  parts  of  the  fortifica- 
tion of  the  8th  century,  erected  either  by  the  Moors  or  by 
Charles  Martel.  The  Roman  theater  is  of  unusual  size 
and  richness  of  ornament.  Two  Corinthian  columns  of 
the  hack  wall  of  the  stage  remain  standing,  with  the  bases 
of  others,  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  wall,  with  its  doors 
and  niches.  Some  of  the  tiers  of  seats  also  remain,  and 
part  of  the  exterior  wall  of  the  cavea,  with  arches,  columns, 
and  rich  entablature.  The  cathedral  (of  St.  Trophinus) 
has  a plain  early-Romanesque  nave  and  Flamboyant  choir. 
The  remarkable  western  portal  shows  a great  semicircular 
arch  whose  tympanum  bears  a figure  of  Christ  and  the 
emblems  of  the  Evangelists.  Population,  28,110. 

Arlincourt  (ar-lait-kor'),  Gliarles  Victor  Pre- 
VOt,Vicomte  d’.  Bom  at  the  Chateau  de  Me- 
rantris,  near  Versailles,  Sept.  28,  1789:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  22,  1856.  A French  poet  and  novel- 
ist, author  of  “ Le  solitaire”  (1821),  etc. 

Arlilie  (ar'len).  The  Bohemian  Girl,  in  Balfe’s 
opera  of  that  name. 

Arlington,  Earl  of.  See  Bennet,  Henry. 

Arlington  (ar'ling-ton).  A town  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  6 miles  northwest  of 
Boston.  Population,  11,187,  (1910). 

Arlington.  A village  in  Alexandria  Comity, 
Virginia,  opposite  Washington.  It  contains  a 
national  cemetery. 

Arlington  House.  A mansion  on  the  heights 
opposite  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  in 
the  midst  of  the  national  cemetery,  it  was 
once  the  property  of  General  Washington,  and  descended 
through  Parke  Custis  to  the  Confederate  general  Robert 
E.  Lee  who  married  his  daughter  in  1831.  It  was  oceu- 
jjied  as  headquarters  by  the  Union  army,  the  estate  being 
a camp  of  the  troops.  It  became  the  property  of  the 
United  States  government. 

Arlon  (ar-16n'),  Flem.  Aarlen  (ar'len).  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Luxemburg,  Bel- 
gium, 15  miles  northwest  of  Luxemburg : the 
Roman  OrolaunumVicus.  Near  here  the  French 
uuder  Jourdan  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Beaulieu,  April  16  and  17,  1794.  Population, 
11,858. 

Armada  (ar-ma'da),  The  Invincible  or  The 
Spanish.  A great  fleet  sent  by  Philip  II.  of 
Spain  against  England  in  1588.  it  consisted  of 
129  (or  more)  vessels,  19,295  soldiers,  and  8,460  sailors,  and 
was  commanded  by  the  Duke  of  Medina  Sidonia.  It  was 
met  and  defeated  by  the  English  fleet  of  about  80  vessels, 
under  Lord  Howard  of  Effingham,  in  the  English  Channel 
and  Strait  of  Dover,  in  Aug.,  1588. 

Armadale  (ar'ma-dal).  A novel  by  Wilkie 
Collins,  published  in  1866. 

Armado  (ar-ma'do),  Don  Adriano  de.  In 

Shakspere’s  “ Love’s  Labour’s  Lost,” a verbose, 
fantastical  Spanish  military  braggart.  His 
prototype  is  found  in  old  Italian  comedy. 

Armageddon  (ar-ma-ged'on),  or  Har-Maged- 
on  (har-ma-ged'on).  [Heb.  See  the  defini- 
tion.] A name  used  in  Rev.  xvi.  16,  and  signi- 
fying ‘the  mountain  of  Megiddo.’  The  reference 
in  the  passage  in  Revelation  is  probably  to  Megiddo,  but 
some  refer  it  to  the  plain  of  Esdraelon  in  Galilee  and  Sa- 
maria, famous  as  a battle-field.  See  Esdraelon. 

Armagh  (ar-ma' ).  A county  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  Lough  Neagh  on  the  north,  Down 
on  the  east,  Louth  on  the  south,  and  Tyrone 
and  Monaghan  on  the  west : sometimes  called 
the  “ Orchard  of  Ireland.”  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
undulating,  and  low  in  the  north  and  south.  Armagh  has 
manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton.  Area,  512  square  miles. 
Population,  125,392. 

Armagh.  A city  and  parliamentary  borough 
in  the  county  of  Armagh,  34  miles  southwest 
of  Belfast,  the  seat  of  an  Anglican  archbishop 
(primate  of  Ireland)  and  a Roman  Catholic 
archbishop.  It  rvas  the  ancient  metropolis  of  Ireland 
and  a seat  of  learning.  The  cathedral  (Protestant)  of  Ar- 
magh, the  metropolitan  church  of  the  primate  of  Ireland, 
is  a late-Pointed  structure  recently  well  restored.  Armagh 
was  sacked  by  O’Neill  in  1564.  Population,  7,588. 

Armagnac  (ar-man-yak').  In  medieval  history, 
a district  in  southern  France  corresponding  in 
general  to  the  department  of  Gers.  it  was  made 
a countship  in  the  10th  century,  and  was  united  to  the 
crown  in  the  16tli  century.  The  counts  and  their  adherents 
were  conspicuous  in  the  15th  century.  See  Armagnacs. 

Armagnac,  Bernard  VII.,  Comte  d’.  Died 
June  12, 1418.  A French  partizan  leader  of  the 
Armagnacs  (which  see)  in  the  civil  war  against 
the  Burgundians.  He  was  made  constable  and  chief 
minister  of  France  in  1415,  and  was  murdered  in  prison 
by  the  mob  shortly  after  the  capture  of  Paris  by  the  Bur- 
gundians. 

Armagnac,  Jean  V.,  Comte  d’.  Born  about 
1420:  died  1473.  Apolitical  agitator,  grandson 
of  Bernard  VII.  He  formed  an  incestuous  union  with 
his  sister  Jeanne  Isabelle,  which  brought  upon  him  the 
censure  of  the  church  and  deprivation  of  his  posses- 
sions by  Charles  VII.  He  was  reinstated  after  the  death 
of  Charles,  joined  the  League  of  the  Public  Weal  against 
Louis  XI.  in  1465,  and  was  put  to  death  by  the  royalists 
at  the  capture  of  the  castle  of  Lectoure. 

Armagnac  War  (in  G.  often  corrupted  to  Ar- 
megeckenkrieg).  The  contest  between  the 
Armagnac  mercenaries  of  the  emperor  Fred- 


Armenia 

erick  III.  and  the  Swiss  in  1444,  which  ended  in 
the  total  defeat  of  the  Armagnacs  at  St.  Jakob 
on  the  Birs,  Aug.  26, 1444. 

Armagnacs  (ar-man-yaks'),  The.  1.  The  party 
of  the  house  of  Orleans,  opponents  of  the  house 
of  Burgundy  during  the  reign  of  Charles  VI. : 
so  named  from  Bernard  of  Armagnac,  their 
leader. — 2.  Bands  of  lawless  mercenaries,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  natives  of  the  county  of  Ar- 
magnac, trained  in  the  civil  wars  between  the 
Armagnac  and  Burgundian  parties.  To  rid  France 
of  them  they  were  sent  by  Charles  VII.  to  aid  the  em- 
peror Frederick  III.  in  enforcing  his  claims  against  the 
Swiss  in  1444. 

Arman^on  (ar-moh-soh').  A river  in  France, 
about  100  miles  long,  which  joins  the  Yonne 
east  of  Joigny. 

Armand  Teiiin.  See  Bouarie,  Marquis  de  la. 

Armande  (ar-mohd').  One  of  the  learned  ladies 
in  Moliere’s  comedy  “Les  Femmes  Savantes.” 
She  loves  Clitandie,  but  he  loves  her  sister 
Henriette  wlio  is  not  a femme  savante. 
Armande  Bejart.  See  Bejart. 

Armansperg  (ar'manz-perG),  Count  Joseph 
Ludwig  von.  Born  at  Kotzting,  in  Lower  Ba- 
varia, Feb.  28,  1787 : died  at  Munich,  April  3, 
1853.  A Bavarian  statesman,  president  of  the 
regency  of  Greece  1833-35,  and  chancellor  of 
state  1835-37. 

Armatoles  (ar'ma-tolz),  or  Armatoli  (iir-ma- 
to'li).  A body  of  irregular  Greek  (Christian) 
local  militia,  in  the  employ  of  the  sultans  from 
the  15th  century  to  the  Greek  revolution  in 
1821.  The  Armatoles  had  existed  in  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire, and  had  served,  in  a measure,  to  protect  the  Greek 
population  from  the  Franks,  Albanians,  and  Servians. 
The  institution  was  accepted  by  the  sultans  and  incorpo- 
rated in  their  administration.  After  the  Peace  of  Belgrad 
(1739)  the  power  of  the  Armatoles  was  attacked  by  the 
Porte,  and  it  steadily  declined.  Large  numbers  of  them 
joined  the  Greeks  in  the  war  of  independence. 

Armed  Soldier  of  Democracy,  The.  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte. 

Armellina  (ar-me-li'na).  The  shrewd  maid- 
servant of  Antonio,  in  Tomkis’s  comedy  “Al- 
bumazar.”  She  is  loved  and  finally  won  by 
Trincalo.  See  Trincalo. 

Armendaris,  Lope  Diaz  de.  See  Dias  de  Ar- 
mendaris. 

Armendariz  de  Toledo,  Alonso  Henriquez  de. 

Born  in  Navarre,  1543:  died  in  Mexico,  Nov.  5, 
1628.  A Spanish  Franciscan  friar.  He  was  suc- 
cessively vicar-general  of  Peru,  bishop  of  Sidonia  (1603), 
bishop  of  Cuba  from  1610  to  1623,  and  bishop  of  Michoacan 
in  Mexico  from  1624  until  his  death. 

Armendariz(ar-men-da'reTH),Josede,Marquis 
of  Castellfuerte.  Born  atRivagorza,  Navarre, 
about  1670  : died  about  1740.  A Spanish  gen- 
eral. He  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Lagudina  in  Estre- 
madura,  May,  1709,  and  led  the  charge  which  broke  the 
enemy's  left  at  the  battle  of  Villaviciosa,  Dec.  10,  1710 ; 
commanded  in  Aragon  and  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Bar- 
celona; was  governor  of  Tarragona;  thence  passed  to 
Sicily  where  he  commanded  at  the  siege  of  Malazzo  and 
bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle  of  Francavilla  at  the  head  of 
the  royal  guards ; on  his  return  to  Spain  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  Guipuzcoa ; and  shortly  after  was  named  viceroy 
of  Peru,  reaching  Lima  in  May,  1724.  He  returned  to 
Spain  in  1736. 

Armenia  (ar-me'ni-a).  [F.  Armenie,  G.  Arme- 
nien.  The  name  Armenia  ( Armaniya ) first  oc- 
curs iu  a Persian  cuneiform  inscription  of  Darius 
Hystaspis  (521-486  b.  c.).  Its  origin  is  in  doubt. 
The  native  name  was  Biaina,  the  original  of 
the  modern  Van.)  The  classical  name  of  the 
Hebrew  Ararat,  Assyrian  Urartu,  the  country 
which  extends  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Van 
between  the  Upper  Euphrates  and  Media,  form- 
ing the  juncture  between  the  high  plateau  of 
Iran  and  the  table-land  of  Asia  Minor,  its  great- 
est extent  was  from  37°-49° E.  long,  and  37° 30-42°  N.  lat. , 
or  from  the  Taurus,  the  northeastern  parts  of  Mesopo- 
tamia, and  the  Kurdish  Mountains  to  the  Caucasus  and 
Georgia.  The  territory  east  of  the  Euphrates  was  called 
Great  Armenia,  and  that  to  the  west  Little  Armenia.  The 
country  is  characterized  by  gloomy  mountains,  deep  val- 
leys, and  a climate  very  hot  in  summer  and  extremely 
co'ld  in  winter.  Only  two  of  its  mountains  are  mentioned 
by  the  ancients  by  name  ; the  Taurus,  and  the  Paryadres 
in  the  north  on  the  boundaries  of  Poutus.  Several  im- 
portant rivers  have  their  source  in  Armenia:  the  Euphra- 
tes, the  Tigris,  the  Kyros  (modern  Kurt,  and  the  Araxes 
(modern  Aras).  Urartu  appears  in  the  Assyrian  cunei- 
form inscriptions  as  one  of  the  countries  of  Nairi,  which 
subsequently  gained  the  supremacy  over  the  rest.  Its 
kings  carried  on  almost  incessant  war  with  Assyria.  Ex- 
peditions against  it  with  varying  results  are  mentioned 
by  tlie  Assyrian  kings  shalmanezer  II.  (860-824  B.  C.),  Shal- 
manezer  III.  (782-772  B.  c.),  Assurdan  III.  (772-755  B.  C.), 
and  Tiglath-Pileser  II.  (745-727  B.  C.).  That  it  was  not 
permanently  and  thoroughly  subjugated  by  Assyria  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  the  murderers  of  Sennacherib  fled 
(681  B.c.)  to  that  country  (Isa.  xxxvii.  38, 2 Ki.  xix.  37).  The 
oldest  inscriptions  found  in  Armenia  are  in  Assyrian  script 
and  language.  Later  on,  after  Sarduris  1.  (in  the  Assyrian 
text  .Seduri),  835  B.  c.,  the  cuneiform  script  was  employed 
with  the  native  language.  The  monuments  in  this  lan- 


Armenia 

guage,  known  as  “Vannic  Inscriptions,"  were  deciphered 
by  Professor  A.  H.  Sayce.  According  to  him  the  people 
of  Urartu  constituted  one  of  the  Hittite  tribes.  The  lan- 
guage, though  inflectional,  had  no  connection  with  either 
the  Semitic  or  the  Indo-European  families  of  speech,  and 
seems  to  have  been  the  ancestor  of  the  modern  Georgian. 
As  that  language  was  spoken  in  Armenia  as  late  as  640  B.  c. , 
the  invasion  of  the  Aryans,  who  are  the  forefathers  of 
the  modern  Armenians,  could  not  have  taken  place  until 
after  this  date.  After  the  Assyrian  period  Armenia  be- 
came a dependency  of  Persia  and  Media.  Alexander  the 
Great  conquered  it  along  with  the  Persian  empire,  and 
after  his  death  it  became  a province  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Seleucidse.  From  149  B.  0.  to  428  A.  D.  the  dynasty  of 
the  Arsacidae  governed  it  under  the  nominal  supremacy  of 
Parthia  and  Rome.  Then  it  was  ruled  by  Persian,  Byzan- 
tine, and  Arabic  governors  until  in  859  the  dynasty  of  the 
Bagratides  (descended  from  a noble  Jewish  family)  arose, 
which  came  to  an  end  in  1045.  The  last  refuge  of  Ar- 
menian independence  was  destroyed  by  the  Mamelukes 
in  1375.  Since  then  the  Armenians  have  been  without  an 
independent  state,  their  country  being  divided  between 
Persia,  Turkey,  and  Russia.  They  still  have  an  indepen- 
dent church,  with  the  seat  of  government  at  Constantino- 
ple. See  Ararat. 

Armenia  Major,  Armenia  Minor.  See  Ar- 
menia. 

Armenian  (fir-me'ni-an).  1.  An  inhabitant 
of  Armenia. — 2.  The  language  prevalent  in 
Armenia,  and  belonging  to  the  Aryan  family. 
It  was  formerly  classed  with  Persian  as  belonging  to  the 
Iranian  group,  but  is  now  separated  as  the  sole  extant 
member  of  an  independent  Aryan  language.  See  Armenia. 
Armenti&res  (ar-mon-te-ar').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Lys  near  the  Belgian  frontier,  9 miles  north- 
west of  Lille.  It  has  manufactures  of  table- 
linen  and  cotton  cloth,  and  machinery.  Popu- 
lation, 28,613. 

Armfelt  (firm'felt),  Baron  (Count)  Gustav 
Mauritz.  Born  at  Abo,  Finland,  March31, 1757 : 
died  at  Zarskoe-Selo,  Russia,  Aug.  19, 1814.  A 
Swedish  general  and  statesman,  distinguished 
in  the  war  against  Russia  1788-90.  Later  he  was 
regent,  was  exiled  and  restored,  and  held  high  commands 
and  offices.  He  entered  the  Russian  service  in  1811. 
Armfelt,  Karl  Gustav.  Born  in  Ingermann- 
land,  Nov.  9,  1666:  died  in  Finland,  Oct.  24, 
1736.  A Swedish  general.  He  entered  the  French 
service  in  1685,  returned  to  Sweden  in  1700,  was  intrusted 
by  Charles  XII.  with  the  defense  of  Finland  in  1713,  was 
overpowered  by  Galitzin  at  Storkyro  in  1714,  was  sent  on 
a disastrous  expedition  to  the  north  of  Norway  in  1718, 
and  was  commander-in-chief  in  Finland  at  his  death. 
Armgart  (arm'gart).  A poem  (named  from  its 
chief  character,  a woman  of  great  sensibility 
and  imaginative  power)  by  George  Eliot,  first 
published  in  “Macmillan’s  Magazine  ” for  July, 
1871. 

Armida  (fir-me'dfi),  or  Armide  (fir-med').  1. 
An  enchantress  in  Tasso’s  “Jerusalem  Deliv- 
ered.” She  used  her  charms  to  seduce  the  Crusaders  from 
their  vows  and  duty.  Her  palace,  surrounded  by  magnifi- 
cent pleasure-grounds,  was  so  luxurious  and  splendid  that 
“the  gardens  of  Armida  "have  become  a synonym  for  gor- 
geous luxury.  She  also  possessed  a magic  girdle  which  sur- 
passed even  the  cestus  of  Venus  in  its  power.  Her  volup- 
tuous witchery  was  finally  destroyed  by  a talisman  brought 
from  the  Christian  army,  and  Rinaldo,  who  had  been  en- 
slaved by  her,  escaped.  She  followed  him,  and  he  finally 
defeated  her  in  battle,  persuaded  her  to  become  a Christian, 
and  became  her  knight. 

2.  The  title  of  operas  by  Lulli  (produced  in 
1686),  Traetta  (Vienna,  1760),  Jommelli  (Na- 
ples, 1771),  Gluck  (Paris,  1777),  Cherubini 
(1782),  and  Rossini  (Naples,  1817). 

Arinin  (ar'min),  Robert.  Lived  about  1610. 
An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  author  of 
“Nest  of  Ninnies”  (1608;  reprinted  by  the 
Shaksperian  Society  1842).  He  was  famous  as  an 
actor  of  Shakspere’s  clowns  and  fools,  and  was  in  the  first 
cast  of  Ben  Jonson’s  “Alchemist”  in  1610. 

Armine  (ar-men'),  Ferdinand.  The  lover  of 
Henrietta  Temple,  in  Disraeli’s  romance  of  that 
name. 

Arminians  (fir-min 'i-anz).  The  followers  of 
Arminius  (Jacobus  Harmensen,  1560-1609),  a 
Protestant  divine  of  Leyden.  They  presented  their 
doctrines  in  a “remonstrance”  (1610:  whence  they  are 
also  called  Remonstrants).  See  Harmensen  and  Remon- 
strants. 

Arminius  (fir-min'i-us).  [L.  Arminius  (Taci- 
tus), supposed  to  represent  an  early  Teutonic 
form  of  the  mod.  G.  Hermann,\  Born  17  b.  c.  : 
died  21  a.  d.  A German  chieftain,  prince  of  the 
Cherusei,  and  the  liberator  of  Germany  from 
the  Roman  dominion.  He  entered  the  Roman  mili- 
tary service,  and  became  a Roman  citizen  of  the  equestrian 
order.  On  his  return  he  organized  a revolt  of  the  Cherusei, 
and  defeated  the  governor  Quintilius  Varus  in  the  Teuto- 
burg  forest  9 A.  I).  He  was  defeated  by  Germanicus  on 
the  Campus  Idistavisus  16  A.  D.,  but  succeeded  in  maintain- 
ing the  independence  of  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine.  He 
overthrew  Marboduus  (Marbod),  chief  of  the  Suevi,  who 
had  made  himself  master  of  several  neighboring  tribes. 
He  was  assassinated  as  the  result  of  a conspiracy  against 
him  among  the  German  chiefs. 

Arminius.  See  Harmensen. 

Arminiusauelle  (ar-men'e-6s-kvelTe).  [G., 


79 

‘Arminius’s,  or  Hermann’s,  Spring.’]  A noted 
warm  spring  at  Lippspringe,  in  the  Teutobur- 
gerwald,  Germany. 

Armistead  (fir'mis-ted),  George.  Born  at  New- 
market, Va.,  April  10,  1780:  died  at  Baltimore, 
April  25, 1818.  An  American  officer  who  served 
with  distinction  at  the  capture  of  Fort  George 
from  the  British,  May  27,  1813.  He  was  bre- 
vetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  gallant  defense 
of  Fort  McHenry,  Sept.  13,  1814. 

Armistead,  Lewis  Addison.  Born  at  New- 
bern,  N.  C.,  Feb.  18, 1817 : died  at  Gettysburg, 
Pa.,  July  3,  1863.  A Confederate  general,  son 
of  General  Walker  Keith  Armistead.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war  1846-47,  became  brigadier-general  in 
the  Confederate  army  in  1861,  and  was  killed  in  the  charge 
of  Pickett's  division  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 

Armistead,  Walker  Keith.  Born  about  1785 : 
died  at  Upperville,  Va.,  Oct.  13,  1845.  An 
American  engineer  and  general,  brother  of 
George  Armistead.  He  was  graduated  from  West 
Point  in  1803,  superintended  the  defenses  of  Norfolk, Va., 
1808-11,  was  chief  engineer  to  the  army  of  the  Niagara  in 
the  War  of  1812,  superintended  the  defenses  of  Norfolk 
and  the  Chesapeake  1813-18,  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  1828  for  ten  years’  service  in  one  grade,  and  served 
in  the  Florida  war  1836-37. 

Armisticio  (fir-mes-te'the-o).  A former  terri- 
tory of  V enezuela,  now  forming  the  western  part 
of  the  state  of  Bolivar.  Its  area  was  7,153  square 
miles.  It  is  almost  uninhabited  except  by  wild  Indians. 
Armorica  (ar-mor'i-kfi).  [L.  Armorica,  Are- 
morica  (of  old  Gaulish  origin),  land  by  the  sea.] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  northwestern  part  of 
France,  comprising,  in  general,  the  region  which 
lies  between  the  mouths  of  the  Seine  and  Loire. 
It  was  restricted  in  the  middle  ages  to  Brittany. 
Armorican  (ar-mor'i-kan).  Same  as  Breton, 
one  of  the  Celtic  tongues. 

Armory  of  Germany.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Suhl,  Prussia,  on  account  of  its  manufactures  of 
firearms. 

Armstrong  ( arm ' strfing) , Archibald  (Archie ) . 

Born  at  Arthuret  in  Cumberland,  or  at  Lang- 
holm in  Roxburghshire:  died  1672.  The  cele- 
brated jester  of  King  James  I.  He  is  introduced 
in  Scott’s  novel  “The  Fortunes  of  Nigel.” 
Armstrong,  John.  Born  in  Ireland,  1725 : died 
at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  March  9,  1795.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  war 
1755-56,  commanded  the  expedition  against  the  Indian 
village  of  Kittanning  in  1755,  became  brigadier-general  in 
the  Continental  army  March  1, 1776,  resigned  April  4, 1777, 
and  was  a delegate  from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Continental 
Congress  1778-80  and  1787-88. 

Armstrong,  John.  Born  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  1758: 
died  1843.  An  American  general,  politician, 
and  diplomatist,  son  of  John  Armstrong.  He 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  was  the  author  of 
the  “Newburg  Addresses”  to  the  army  in  1783.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  New  York  1801-02  and  1803-04, 
minister  to  France  1804-10  (part  of  the  time  minister  to 
Spain),  and  secretary  of  war  1813-14.  He  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  in  1812.  Among  his  works  is  a history 
of  the  War  of  1812. 

Armstrong,  J ohn  or  Johnnie.  A Scottish  free- 
booter, the  chief  of  a band  of  over  150  men,  and 
the  brother,  apparently,  of  the  Laird  of  Manger- 
ton,  the  chief  of  his  name.  He  levied  blackmail  al- 
most as  far  as  Newcastle,  and  was  a terror  to  the  inhabi- 
tants. When,  about  1529,  James  V.  undertook  to  suppress 
the  turbulence  of  the  Border  marauders  or  March  men, 
Johnnie  Armstrong,  one  of  the  most  notorious  of  them,  ap- 
peared before  him  with  36  of  his  band,  well  equipped  and 
mounted,  and  offered  his  services.  The  king  showed  him 
no  favor,  but  had  him  and  all  his  men  hanged  upon  trees 
near  Hawick.  The  in  j ustice  of  this  treatment  was  the  theme 
of  several  popular  ballads.  “ Armstrong’s  Good- Night  ” was 
said  to  have  been  composed  by  one  of  the  band.  This  ballad, 
with  two  entitled  “ Johnie  Arinstrang,”  is  to  be  found  in 
“Child's  Engiishand  Scottish  Ballads."  The  Scottish  cham- 
pion swordsman  whose  story  is  told  by  Scott  in  “ The  Laird’s 
Jock  ’’seems  to  have  been  the  son  of  the  above-mentioned 
Laird  of  Mangerton.  William  Armstrong(aboutl596)known 
as  “Kinrqont  W illie,  "and  William  Armstrong (1602?,  1658?) 
known  as  “Christie’s  Will”  were  both  noted  freebooters, 
and  belonged  to  the  same  family. 

Armstrong,  Samuel  Chapman.  Born  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  Jan.,  1839:  died  at  Hampton, 
Va.,  May  11,  1893.  An  American  officer  in  the 
Civil  War,  founder  and  principal  of  the  Hamp- 
ton Institute  (Virginia)for  negroes  and  Indians. 
Armstrong,  William  George,  Baron.  Born 
Nov.  26,  1810  : died  Dec.  27,  1900.  An  English 
engineer  and  inventor  of  the  Armstrong  gun, 
a breech-loading  cannon  (1854-58).  He  was 
created  first  baron  Armstrong  in  1887. 

Army  and  Navy  Club.  1.  A club  established 
in  London  in  1838  for  the  association  of  com- 
missioned officers  of  all  ranks  in  either  branch 
of  the  service,  at  36  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. — 2.  A 
similar  club  established,  in  New  York  in  1871. 
Arnaldus  Villanovanus  (fir-nal'dus  viFa-nd- 
va'nus).  See  Arnold  of  Villanova. 

Arnason  (fir'nfi-son),  J<jn.  Born  at  Reykjavik, 


Arneth,  Alfred  von 

Iceland,  Nov.  13,  1819:  died  Aug.  17,  1888.  An 
Icelandic  writer.  He  was  for  many  years  librarian  of 
the  public  library  of  Iceland,  and  published,  with  Grimson, 
“Popular  Legends  of  Iceland”  (1862-64). 

Arnau  (ar'nou).  A town  in  Bohemia,  situated 
on  the  Elbe  65  miles  northeast  of  Prague : an 
important  center  of  linen  and  paper  manufac- 
ture. Population^  commune,  4,272,  (1910). 
Arnaud  (fir-no'),  Henri.  Born  at  La  Torre,  Pied- 
mont, 1641:  died  at  Schonberg,  1721.  A Wal- 
densian  clergyman  andpatriot.  He  was  the  military 
leader  in  a campaign  against  the  French  and  Savoyards 
1689-90,  described  in  his  “ Histoire  de  laglorieuse  rentr^e 
des  Vaudois  dans  leurs  valines.”  He  later  conducted  the 
Waldensian  exiles  to  Germany. 

Arnaud,  St.,  Leroy  de.  See  Leroy  de  Saint- 
Arnaud. 

Arnauld  (ar-no'),  Agnes.  Born  1594:  died  1671. 
A French  Jansenist  nun,  a sister  of  Antoine  Ar- 
nauld. She  was  the  author  of  “ L’lmage  d’une  religieuse 
parfaite  et  d’une  imparfalte”  (1660),  and  “Le  chapelet  se- 
cret du  Saint  Sacrement”  (1663). 

Arnauld,  Angeiique,  or  Angelique  de  Saint- 
Jean.  Born  Nov.  28, 1624:  died  Jan.  29, 1684. 
A French  Jansenist  nun,  niece  of  Jacqueline 
Marie  Arnauld,  and  daughter  of  Robert  Ar- 
nauld d’Andilly,  made  abbess  of  Port-Royal  in 
1678:  author  of  “ Memoires  pour  servir  a,  l’his- 
toire  de  Port-Royal,  etc.”  (1742),  etc. 

Arnauld,  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  6, 1560 : 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  29, 1619.  A French  advocate. 

He  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  speech  against  the 
Jesuits  in  favor  of  the  University  of  Paris  in  1594. 

Arnauld,  Antoine,  surnamed  “The  Great  Ar- 
nauld.” Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  16,  1612:  died  at 
Liittich,  Aug.  8,  1692.  A French  philosopher 
and  Jansenist  theologian,  son  of  Antoine  Ar- 
nauld. He  wrote  “ De  la  frequente  communion  ” (1643), 
“La  perpetuity  de  la  foi”  (1669-72),  etc. 

Arnauld,  Henri.  Born  at  Paris,  1597 : died  at 
Angers,  June  8,  1694.  A French  Jansenist  ec- 
clesiastic, brother  of  Antoine  Arnauld  (1612-94). 
He  became  bishop  of  Angers  in  1649,  and  was  one  of  the 
four  bishops  who  refused  to  sign  the  acceptance  of  the 
Pope’s  bull  condemning  the  “Augustinus”  of  Jansenius. 

Arnauld,  Jacqueline  Marie,  or  Marie  Ange- 
lique  de  Sainte-Madeleine.  Bom  Sept.  8, 
1591:  died  Aug.  6,  1661.  A French  Jansenist 
nun,  abbess  of  Port-Royal,  sister  of  Antoine 
Arnauld  (1612-94). 

Arnauld  d’Andilly  (ar-no'don-de-ye'),  Rob- 
ert. Born  at  Paris  about  1588:  died  at  Port- 
Royal,  Sept.  27,  1674.  A French  advocate  and 
theological  writer,  brother  of  Antoine  Arnauld. 
Arnauld  de  Villeneuve.  See  Arnold  of  Vil- 
lanova. 

Arnault  (fir-no'),  Antoine  Vincent.  Born  at 
Paris,  Jan.  1,  1766:  died  near  Havre,  Sept.  16, 
1834.  A French  dramatist,  fabulist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  wrote  “Marius  a Min- 
tumes”  (1791),  “Germanicus”  (1817),  etc. 

Arnault’s  short  moral  poems  are  not  so  much  fables  aa 
what  used  to  be  called  in  English  “emblems.”  The  most 
famous  of  these,  which  of  itself  deserves  to  keep  Arnault’s 
memory  green,  is  “La  Feuille." 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  401. 

Arnauts  (fir'nats).  The  Turkish  name  for  the 
Albanians. 

Arndt  (arnt),  Ernst  Moritz.  Born  at  Schoritz, 
Riigen,  Prussia,  Dec.  26,  1769:  died  at  Bonn, 
Prussia,  Jan.  29,  1860.  A German  poet  and 
general  writer,  professor  at  Greifswald  and 
later  at  Bonn.  He  wrote  “Versuch  einer  Geschichte 
der  Leibeigenschaft  in  Pommern  und  Riigen  ” (1803), 
“Der  Geist  der  Zeit”  (1807),  etc.  Among  his  songs  are 
“Was  ist  des  Deutschen  Vaterland?”  “Was  blasen  die 
Trompeten?”  etc.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  patriots 
in  the  Napoleonic  epoch. 

Arne  (am),  Michael.  Born  in  1741:  died  Jan. 
14,  1786.  Musician  and  composer,  son  of  Dr. 
Arne.  He  wrote  the  music  for  Garrick’s  “Cy- 
mon”  (1767),  “The  Belle’s  Stratagem”  (1780), 
and  other  plays,  and  some  very  popular  songs, 
“The  Highland  Laddie,”  etc. 

Arne,  Susanna  Maria.  See  Cibber. 

Arne,  Thomas  Augustine.  Born  at  London, 
March  12, 1710 : died  at  London,  March  5,  1778. 
An  English  composer.  He  wrote  several  operas,  “ Bri- 
tannia” and  “Eliza ”(1742-44),  “Artaxerxes”  (1762);  orato- 
rios, “Abel”  (1755),  “Judith  ”(1764);  musical  settings  of  sev- 
eral of  Shakspere’s  songs;  the  song  “Rule  Britannia  ” in  the 
“Masque  of  Alfred  ” (1740);  a musical  farce,”  Thomas  and 
Sally,”  etc.  He  was  also  author  as  well  as  composer.  He 
was  created  doctor  of  music  by  the  University  of  Oxford, 
July  6,  1759. 

Arneb  (ar'neb).  [Ar.  al  amah,  the  hare.]  The 
third-magnitude  star  a.  Leporis.  Sometimes 
called  Arsli. 

Arneburg  (iir'ne-borG) . A town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe  40 
miles  northeast  of  Magdeburg.  Population, 
about  2,000. 

Arneth  (fir'net),  Alfred  von.  Born  at  Vienna, 


Arneth,  Alfred  von 

July  10, 1819:  died  there.  July30, 1897.  An  Aus- 
trian historian,  son  of  Joseph  Calasanza  von 
Arneth.  His  works  include  histories  of  Prince 
Eugene  (1858-59),  Maria  Theresa  (1863-79),  etc. 
Arneth,  Joseph  Calasanza  von.  Born  Aug. 
12,  1791:  died  Oct.  31,  1863.  An  Austrian 
archeeologist  and  numismatist.  He  became  di- 
rector of  the  cabinet  of  numismatics  and  antiquities  at 
Vienna  in  1840,  and  was  the  author  of  “Synopsis  uumorum 
antiquorum  " (1837-42),  etc. 

Arnheim,  Baroness  of.  See  Geierstein,  Anne  of. 
Arnhem  (arn'hem),  or  Arnheim  (am'him). 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gelderland, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Rhine  in  lat.  51° 
58'  N.,  long.  5°  52'  E. : probably  the  Roman 
Arenacum.  It  lias  important  transit  trade  and  various 
manufactures.  It  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic  town,  and 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1585,  by  the  French  in  1672 
and  1795,  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1813.  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
died  at  Arnhem  in  1586.  Population,  commune, 
63,987. 

Arnhem,  Cape.  A headland  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Arnhem  Bay.  An  indentation  on  the  coast  of 
the  Northern  Territory,  South  Australia. 
Arnhem  Land.  A district  in  the  Northern 
Territory,  South  Australia. 

Arnim  (ar'nim),  Count  Adolf  Heinrich  von. 
Born  April  10,  1803:  died  Jan.  8,  1868.  A 
Prussian  politician  and  historical  writer.  He 
was  the  leading  cabinet  minister  March  19-29, 1848,  and  was 
appointed  to  a hereditary  seat  in  the  Herreuhaus  in  1854, 
where  he  supported  the  interests  of  the  landed  nobility. 

Arnim,  Elizabeth  (or  Bettina)  von.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  April  4,  1785:  died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  20,  1859.  A German  writer,  wife 
of  Ludwig  Achim  von  Arnim  aud  sister  of 
Clemens-  Brentano,  noted  for  her  correspon- 
dence (largely  spurious)  with  Goethe,  1807-11. 
Arnim,  Count  Harry  Karl  Kurt  Eduard 
von.  Born  at  Moitzelfit.z,  Pomerania,  Prussia, 
Oct.  3, 1824 : died  at  Nice,  France,  May  19, 1881. 
A German  diplomatist,  ambassador  at  Rome 
1864-70,  and  at  Paris  1872—74.  He  took  a leading 
part,  in  the  negotiations  preliminary  to  the  treaty  of  Frank- 
fort May  10, 1871 ; was  appointed  ambassador  at  Paris  Jari. 
9,  1872,  and  recalled  March  2,  1874,  on  account  of  differ- 
ences of  opinion  with  Prince  Bismarck  ; was  assigned  to 
Constantinople  March  19 ; and  was  dismissed  from  the 
diplomatic  service  May  15  for  publishing  his  Roman  de- 
spatches. On  Dec.  15  he  was  sentenced  to  three  months’ 
imprisonment,  on  the  charge  of  having  filched  state  docu- 
ments from  the  archives  of  the  German  embassy  at  Paris, 
but  escaped  punishment  by  having  previously  removed 
himself  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  the  German  courts; 
and  on  Oct.  5,  1876,  was  sentenced  to  five  years’  penal  ser- 
vitude for  lese-majesty  in  publishing  an  anonymous  pam- 
phlet against  the  chancellor,  entitled  “Pro  nihilo,  Vorge- 
schichte  des  Aruim-Prozesses  ” (1875).  He  died  in  exile. 

Arnim,  Baron  Heinrich  Alexander  von.  Born 
at  Berlin,  Feb.  13,  1798 : died  at  Diisseldorf, 
Jan.  5, 1861.  A Prussian  diplomatist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  ambassador  at  Brussels  1840-46,  and  at 
Paris  1846-48,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  March  21 
to  June  8,  1848. 

Arnim,  or  Arnheim,  Baron  Johann  (or  Hans) 
Georg  von.  Born  at  Boitzenburg,  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  1581:  died  at  Dresden,  April  18, 
1641.  A German  diplomatist  and  general  in  the 
Thirty  Years’  War,  in  the  service  of  the  Impe- 
rialists, and  later  of  the  Protestants. 

Arnim,  Karl  Otto  Ludwig  von.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, Aug.  1,  1779:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  9,  1861. 
A German  writer  of  travels. 

Arnim,  Ludwig  Joachim  (commonly  Achim) 
von.  Born  at  Berlin,  June  26,  1781:  died  at 
Dahme,  Prussia,  Jan.  21, 1831.  A German  nov- 
elist and  poet.  From  all  parts  of  Germany  he  col- 
lected folk-songs  which  were  published,  1806-08,  in  con- 
junction with  Clemens  Brentano,  under  the  title  “Des 
Knaben  Wunderhorn  ’’  (“  The  Boy’s  Wonder-Horn  ’’).  He 
was  the  author  of  several  novels  and  tales,  the  most 
celebrated  among  them  the  historical  novel  “ Die  Kronen- 
wachter”  (“The  Guardians  of  the  Crown”).  His  col- 
lected works  were  published  by  his  wife,  with  an  intro- 
duction by  William  Grimm,  1839-18,  in  20  volumes. 
Arno  (ar'no),  or  Arn  (arn),  or  Aquila  (ak'wi- 
la).  [OHG.  arn,  L.  aqmla,  eagle.]  Born  about 
750:  died  Jan.  24,  821.  A German  ecclesiastic 
and  diplomatist,  the  friend  of  Alcuin,  appointed 
archbishop  of  Salzburg  in  798.  He  is  said  to  have 
converted  many  Avars  ami  Wends,  to  have  presided  at 
several  synods,  including  the  Council  of  Wentz  813,  and 
to  have  enjoyed  the  esteem  of  Charlemagne  and  Leo  III. 
He  wrote,  together  with  Benedict  the  Deacon,  the“Con- 
gestum(lndicnlus)Arnonis,”alistof  all  the  churches,  vil- 
lages, etc.,  in  the  archbishopric  of  Salzburg. 

Arno  (ar'n5).  A river  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  about 
140  miles  long:  the  Roman  Arnus.  it  rises  in  the 
Apennines,  flows  south,  west,  northwest,  and  then  west, 
and  empties  into  the  Mediterranean  5 miles  southwest 
of  Pisa.  Florence  and  Pisa  are  situated  on  it. 

Arno,  Val  d’.  The  fruitful  valley  of  the  upper 
Arno. 

Arnobius  (ar-no' bi-us),  surnamed  Afer.  Born 
in  Numidia : lived  about  300.  A rhetorician 


80 

and  Christian  apologist.  His  chief  work  is  entitled 
“ Adversus  Gentes  ’’  (“  Against  the  Gentiles  ”). 

Arnobius.  Lived  about  460.  A Semi-Pelagian 
ecclesiastic  of  Gaul,  author  of  a “ Commentary 
on  the  Psalms.” 

Arnold  (ar'nold),  Sir  Arthur.  Born  May  28, 
1833:  died  at  London,  May  20,  1902.  An  Eng- 
lish journalist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  Lib- 
eral politician  : brother  of  Sir  Edwin  Arnold. 
He  was  editor  of  the  “ Echo,”  and  the  author  of  “ From 
the  Levant,”  “ Through  Persia  by  Caravan.’  “Social  Poli- 
tics,” “ Free  Land,”  etc.  Knighted  in  1895. 

Arnold,  Benedict.  Born  1615 : died  1678.  An 
oarly  colonial  governor  of  Rhode  Island. 

Arnold,  Benedict.  Born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Jan.  14,  1741 : died  at  London,  June  14,  1801. 
An  American  Revolutionary  general  and  trai- 
tor. He  was  commissioned  colonel  1775,  and  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga;  commanded  the  expedi- 
tion through  the  Maine  wilderness  against  Quebec  in  1775 ; 
was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Quebec ; was  made  brigadier- 
general  ; commanded  at  a naval  battle  on  Lake  Champlain 
in  1776  ; defeated  the  British  at  Ridgefield,  Connecticut, 
1777  ; and  was  made  major-general.  In  the  Burgoyne  cam- 
paign he  served  with  distinction  at  the  first  battle  of  Sara- 
toga 1777,  and  decided  the  second  battle  of  Saratoga  (where 
he  was  wounded).  He  was  appointed  commander  of  Phila- 
delphia 1778 ; was  tried  before  a court  martial  on  various 
charges,  and  reprimanded  by  Washington  1780.  Appoint- 
ed commander  of  West  Point  in  1780,  he  planned  with  An- 
drO  the  surrender  of  that  place  to  the  British.  The  plan  was 
discovered  through  the  capture  of  Andre,  and  Arnold  es- 
caped to  the  British,  receiving  the  rank  of  major-general 
in  the  British  army  and  subsequently  conducting  expedi- 
tions against  Virginia  and  New  London,  Connecticut,  178L 
The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  spent  chiefly  in  London. 

Arnold  (ar'ndlt),  Christoph.  Born  afc  Som- 
merfeld,  near  Leipsic,  Dec.  17, 1650 : died  April 
15, 1695.  A German  astronomer,  noted  for  ob- 
servations of  the  comets  of  1682  and  1686,  and 
of  the  transit  of  Mercury  in  1690. 

Arnold  (ar(nold),  Sir  Edwin.  Born  June  10, 
1832:  died  March  24,  1904.  An  English  poet, 
journalist,  and  Orientalist.  He  was  educated  at 
King’s  College  (London)  and  at  Oxford,  became  principal 
of  the  Government  Sanskrit  College  at  Poona,  India,  and 
later  served  on  the  staff  of  the  “ Daily  Telegraph, ’’London. 
Among  his  poems  are  “Light  of  Asia  ’’  (1879),  “ Light  of  the 
World”  (1891),  “Indian  Song  of  Songs”  (1875),  “Indian 
Poetry,”  “Pearls  of  the  Faith,”  “Lotus  and  Jewel.” 

Arnold.  George.  Born  at  Now  York  city,  June 
24,  1834 : died  at  Strawberry  Farms,  N.  j.,  Nov. 
3,  1865.  An  American  poet  and  man  of  letters. 
He  contributed  to  “Vanity  Fair,””  The  Leader,”  and  other 
periodicals,  and  was  the  author  of  “ Poems  ’’  (edited,  with 
biographical  sketch,  by  William  Winter,  1870). 

Arnold  (ar'nolt),  Gottfried.  Born  at  Anna- 
berg,  Saxony,  Sept.  5,  1666 : died  at  Perleberg, 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  May  30, 1714.  A German 
Pietist  theologian  and  church  historian.  “He 
was  the  first  to  use  the  German  language  instead  of  the 
Latin  in  learned  history : but  his  style  is  tasteless  and  in- 
sipid.” Schaff. 

Arnold  (ar'nold),  Isaac  Newton.  Born  at 
Hartwick,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  30, 1815 : died  at  Chicago, 
April  24, 1884.  An  American  politician,  Repub- 
lican member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1861-65. 
He  wrote  a life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  (1866,  revised  ed. 
1885),  a life  of  Benedict  Arnold  (1880),  etc. 

Arnold  (ar'nolt),  Johann  Georg  Daniel.  Born 
at  Strasburg,  Feb.  18, 1780 : died  there,  Feb.  18, 
1829.  An  Alsatian  jurist  and  poet,  appointed 
professor  of  Roman  law  in  the  University  of 
Strasburg  in  1811.  He  wrote  the  comedy  “Der 
Pfingstmontag ” (1816),  etc. 

Arnold,  Matthew.  Born  at  Laleham,  Middle- 
sex, England,  Doc.  24,  1822:  died  at  Liverpool, 
April  15, 1888.  A noted  English  critic  and  poet, 
son  of  Thomas  Arnold.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester, Rugby,  and  Balliol  College  (Oxford),  and  became 
a fellow  of  Oriel.  He  was  made  lay  inspector  of  schools 
in  1851,  and  was  appointed  professor  of  poetry  in  Oxford 
in  1857.  He  visited  the  Uni:ed  States  in  1883  and  18S6. 
His  works  include  poems  (1849),  1 Empedocles  on  Etna”' 
(1852),  poems  (1854,  1861),  “Essays  in  Criticism”  (1S65), 
“Study  of  Celtic  Literature” (1867),  “Literature  and  Dog- 
ma” (1873),  “Culture  and  Anarchy,”  “Last  Essays  on 
Church  and  Religion  ” (1877',  “Mixed  Essays,”  “St.  Paul 
and  Protestantism,”  “Friendship’s  Garland,”  “Higher 
Schools  and  Universities  in  Germany.” 

Arnold,  Bichard.  Born  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
April  12, 1828 : died  on  Governor’s  Island,  N.  Y. 
harbor,  Nov.  8, 1882.  An  American  general  in 
the  Civil  War,  son  of  Lemuel  II.  Arnold . He  served 
in  the  Peninsula  campaign  18S2,  commanded  a cavalry 
division  in  General  Banks’s  Red  River  expedition  1804, 
and  received  brevet  ranks  for  gallantry  in  the  engage- 
ments of  Savage  Station,  Port  Hudson,  and  Fort  Morgan. 

Arnold,  Samuel  Greene.  Born  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  April  12,  1821 : died  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
Feb.  12, 1880.  An  American  politician  and  his- 
torian, several  times  lieutenant-governor  of 
Rhode  Isla.nd,  and  United  States  senator  1862- 
1863:  author  of  a “History  of  Rhode  Island.” 

Arnold,  Samuel.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  10, 
1740:  died  at  London,  Oct.  22, 1802.  An  Eng- 
lish composer  of  operas  and  oratorios.  He  be- 
came organist  and  composer  to  the  Chapel  Royal  In  1783, 


Arnould 

and  conductor  of  the  Academy  of  Ancient  Music  in  1789. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  “The  Maid  of  the  MiU" 
(1765),  “The  Cure  of  Saul”  (1767),  “Abimelech”  (1768), 
“ The  Resurrection  ” (1773),  and  “ The  Prodigal  Son”  (1773). 

Arnold,  Thomas.  Born  at  West  Cowes,  Isle  of 
Wight,  June  13, 1795:  died  at  Rugby,  June  12, 
1842.  A noted  English  educator  and  historian, 
famous  as  head-master  of  Rugby  (1828-42). 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford  (Corpus 
Christi  College),  and  became  fellow  of  Oriel  in  1815.  In 
1819  he  settled  at  Laleham,  near  Staines,  and  occupied 
himself  with  preparing  young  men  for  the  universities. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford 
in  1841.  Among  his  works  area  "History  of  Rome”  (3  vols. 
1838-43),  “Lectures  on  Modern  History”  (1842),  “Ser- 
mons" (1829-34),  and  an  edition  of  Thucydides  (1830-35). 

Arnold,  Thomas  Kerchever.  Born  at  Stam- 
ford, England,  1800:  died  at  Lyndon,  Rutland- 
shire, March  9, 1853.  An  English  clergyman  and 
writer  of  classical  text-books,  with"  Rev.  J.  E. 
Riddle  he  issued  an  English-Latin  lexicon  (1847),  based  on 
the  German  work  of  C.  E.  Georges. 

Arnold,  Thomas.  Born  1823:  died  1900.  An 
English  scholar,  son  of  Thomas  Arnold  (1795- 
1842).  He  was  the  author  of  a “Manual  of  English  Litera- 
ture,” and  editor  of  Wyclif,  Beowulf,  Henry  of  Hunting- 
don, Simeon  of  Durham,  etc. 

Arnold,  William  Delafield.  Born  at  Laleham, 
near  Staines,  England,  April  7,  1828:  died  at 
Gibraltar,  April  9, 1859.  A son  of  Thomas  Ar- 
nold and  brother  of  Matthew  Arnold.  He  was 
educated  at  Rugby,  and  was  a student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  in  1847.  In  1848  he  went  to  India  as  ensign,  and 
became  assistant  commissioner  in  the  Panjab,  and  (1856) 
director  of  public  instruction.  He  wrote  the  novel  “Oak- 
field  ” (1853),  under  the  pseudonym  “Punjabee.” 

Arnold  of  Brescia.  Born  at  Brescia,  Italy, 
about  1100:  executed  at  Rome,  1155.  An  Ital- 
ian religious  reformer  and  political  agitator. 
During  a popular  insurrection  at  Rome,  1146,  he  preached 
the  deposition  of  the  Pope  and  the  restoration  of  the  an- 
cient republic.  An  interdict  of  the  city  by  Adrian  IV. 
compelled  him  to  seek  refuge  in  Campania  1155.  He  was 
delivered  to  the  Pope  by  the  emperor  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  and  executed. 

Arnold  of  Villanova,  F.  Arnanid  de  Ville- 
neuve.  Born  about  1240:  died  1313.  A phy- 
sician, alchemist,  and  astrologer,  whose  nation- 
ality is  unknown.  He  taught  at  Paris,  Barcelona,  and 
Montpellier,  and  lias  been  incorrectly  accredited  with  the 
discovery  of  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  hydrochloric  acids, 
which,  according  to  Hoefer,  were  known  before  his  time. 

Arnold  of  Winkelried.  See  Wirikelried. 
Arnold  von  Melchthal.  See  Melclithal. 

Arnoldi  (ar-nol'de),  Wilhelm.  Born  Jan.  4, 
1798:  died  Jan.  7,  1864.  A German  Ultramon- 
tane ecclesiastic,  installed  as  bishop  of  Treves 
in  1842.  He  displayed  at  Treves  an  alleged  “coat”  of 
Christ  in  1844,  which  attracted  a large  number  of  pil- 
grims to  the  city,  and  gave  rise  to  the  German  Catholic 
movement  under  Ronge. 

Arnolfo  di  Cambio  (ar-nol'fo  de  kam'be-o),  or 
Arnolfo  di  Lapo  (la'po).  Born  at  Colle,  Tus- 
cany, about  1232:  died  at  Florence,  1300.  A Tus- 
can architect  and  sculptor,  employed  on  the 
churches  of  Santa  Croce  (1295)  and  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Fiore  (1298)  in  Florence. 

To  comprehend  what  Arnolfo  did  for  Florence  we  have 
but  to  look  down  upon  that  fair  city  and  note  that  all  the 
most  striking  objects  which  greet  the  eye,  the  Duomo, 
the  Palazzo  Veccliio,  Santa  Croce,  or  San  Michele,  and  the 
walls  which  surround  the  city,  are  his  work. 

Perkins,  Tuscan  Sculptors,  L 53. 

Arnolphe  (ar-nolf').  A cynical  and  morose 
man  in  Moliere’s  “Ecole  des  Femmes.”  He  is 
imbued  with  the  idea  that  a woman  can  only  be  good  and 
virtuous  in  proportion  as  she  is  ignorant.  He  brings  up  a 
young  girl,  Agnes,  on  these  principles  with  the  view  of 
marrying  her;  but  this  system  results  in  making  her  so 
ignorant  that  she  says  and  does  the  most  adventurous 
things  without  a blush.  His  warnings  teach  her  exactly 
how  to  deceive  him,  and  she  marries  her  younger  lover, 
Horace. 

Arnon  (ar'non).  In  scriptural  geography,  a 
small  river  (the  modern  Wady  Mojib)  flowing 
into  the  Dead  Sea.  It  formed  the  boundary  between 
the  Moabites  on  the  south  and  the  Amorites  (and  later 
the  Israelites)  on  the  north. 

Arnon  (ar-non').  A tributary  of  the  Cher,  ly- 
ing chiefly  in  the  department  of  Cher,  France. 

Arnot  (ar'not),  William.  Born  at  Scone, 
Scotland,  Nov.  6,  1808:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
June  3,  1875.  A Scottish  minister  and  theo- 
logical writer.  He  was  ordained  minister  of  St.  Pe- 
ter’s Church  in  Glasgow  in  1838,  joined  Dr.  Chalmers’s 
Free  Church  movement  in  1843,  and  became  minister  of 
a Free  Church  congregation  in  Edinburgh  in  1S63. 

Arnott  (ar'not),  Neil.  Born  at  Arbroath.  Scot- 
land, May  15,  1788:  died  at  London,  March  2, 
1874.  A British  physician,  physicist,  and  in- 
ventor. He  wrote  “Elements  of  Physics" (Vol.  I.,  1827 ; 
Part  I.,  Vol.  II.,  1829;  frequently  reprinted),  “Warming 
and  Ventilation,”  etc.,  and  invented  a form  of  stove  and 
the  water-bed. 

Arnould  (ar-no'),  Madeleine  Sophie.  Born 

at  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1744:  died  1803.  A French 
actress  and  opera-singer  (1757-78),  “the  most 
admired  artist  of  the  Paris  Opera”  (Grove). 


Arnsberg 

Arnsberg  (iirnz'berG).  A governmental  district 
in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia.  Popu- 
lation, 2,213,549. 

Arnsberg.  A manufacturing  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Ruhr  in  lat.  51°  25'  N.,  long.  8°  4'  E. : the  an- 
cient capital  of  Westphalia,  and  a seat  of  the 
Vehmgerichte.  It  has  a ruined  castle.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  9,195. 

Arnstadt  (arn'stat).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  Germany,  situ- 
ated on  the  Gera  11  miles  southwest  of  Erfurt : 
one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Thuringia.  It  has 
an  ancient  castle  and  a Rathaus.  Population, 
16,270. 

Arnswalde  (arns'val-de).  A manufacturing 
town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia, 
40  miles  southeast  of  Stettin.  Population, 
commune,  9,065. 

Arnulf  (ar'nulf).  Born  about850 : died  at  Ratis- 
bon,  Bavaria,  Dec.  8,  899.  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire,  illegitimate  son  of  Karlmann, 
king  of  Bavaria.  He  was  elected  king  of  the  East 
Franks'  in  887,  was  crowned  emperor  in  896,  defeated  the 
Normans  near  Louvain  in  891,  fought  with  the  Moravians, 
and  invaded  Italy  and  stormed  Home  in  896. 

Arnulf.  Archbishop  of  Rheims  989-991. 
Arnway  (arn'wa),  John.  Born  in  Shropshire, 
1601:  died  in  Virginia,  probably  in  1653.  An 
English  royalist  clergyman  and  writer,  arch- 
deacon of  Lichfield  and  Coventry.  He  was  exiled 
and  took  refuge  at  The  Hague,  and  later  accepted  an  invi- 
tation to  preach  in  Virginia.  He  wrote  the  “Tablet” 
(1650),  a reply  to  Milton's  “ Eikonoklastes,”  and  “Alarum 
to  the  Subjects  of  England  ” (1650). 

Arod  (a'rod).  [Heb.  'drdd,  perhaps  ‘wild  ass.’] 
1.  A son  of  Gad  (Num.  xxvi.  17),  also  called 
Arodi  (Gen.  xlvi.  16). — 2.  In  Dry  den  and  Tate's 
“Absalom  and  Achitophel,”  part  ii.,  a character 
intended  for  Sir  William  Waller. 

Arok-Szallas  (o'rok-sal'ash).  A town  in  the 
county  of  Jazygien,  Hungary,  45  miles  north- 
east of  Budapest.  Population,  12,067. 

Arolas  (a-ro'las),  Juan.  Born  at  Barcelona, 
June  20,  1805:  died  at  Valencia,  Nov.  25, 1849. 
A Spanish  poet,  author  of  “ Poesias  caballeres- 
cas  y orientales”  (1840-50),  etc. 

Arolsen  (a'rol-sen).  The  capital  of  the  prin- 
cipality of  Waldeck,  Germany,  22  miles  west 
by  north  of  Cassel.  It  contains  the  princely  castle 
with  rich  collections,  and  is  the  birthplace  of  Rauch  and 
Kaulbach.  Population,  2,811. 

Arona  (a-ro'na).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  Lago  Maggiore  38 
miles  northwest  of  Milan,  it  contains  a noted 
colossal  bronze  and  copper  statue  of  Cardinal  Carlo  Bor- 
romeo.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Arona,  Juan  de.  See  Paz  Soldan  y Unanue, 
Pedro. 

Arondight  (a'ron-dit).  In  medieval  legends, 
the  sword  of  Lancelot  of  the  Lake. 
Aroostook  (a-ros'tuk).  A river  in  northern 
and  northeastern  Maine,  which  joins  the  St. 
John  in  western  New  Brunswick : length  over 
100  miles. 

Arouet.  See  Voltaire. 

Arpachshad  (ar-pak-shad'),  or  Arphaxad  (ar- 
fak'sad).  1.  Third  son  of  Shem  (Gen.  x.  22, 
24;  xi.  10). — 2.  A Semitic  tribe  and  country, 
usually  considered  the  same  as  Arrapaehitis,on 
the  upper  Zab  northeast  of  Nineveh. 

Arpad  (ar-pad').  A city  in  northern  Syria, 
about  15  miles  north  of  Aleppo : the  modern 
Tel-Erfad.  In  the  Old  Testament  it  is  always  mentioned 
in  conjunction  with  Hamath,  modern  Hamah,  on  the 
Orontes  (e.  g.,  Isa.  x.  9,  Jer.  xlix.  23).  In  the  Assyrian  in- 
scriptions it  is  called  Ar-pad-da.  It  was  taken  by  Tiglath- 
Pileser  II.  in  740  B.  c.,  after  a siege  of  three  years. 
Arpad  (ar'pad).  Died  907  a.  d.  The  Magyar 
national  hero,  founder  of  the  Arp&d  dynasty  iu 
Hungary  about  890. 

Arpad  dynasty.  A dynasty  of  Hungarian 
sovereigns,  ruling  as  kings  from  1000  to  1301. 
Arpasia  (ar-pa'shia).  A Grecian  princess,  in 
Rowe’s  tragedy  “ Tamerlane.” 

Arphaxad.  See  Arpachshad. 

Arpi  (ar'pi),  or  Argyrippa  (ar-ji-rip'a).  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  of  Apulia,  Italy,  in 
lat.  41°  31'  N.,  long.  15°  33'  E. 

Arpino.  See  Cesari,  Giuseppe. 

Arpino  (ar-pe'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Garigliano  in 
lat.  41°  40'  N.,  long.  13°  37'  E.:  the  ancient 
Arpinum,  the  birthplace  of  Marius  and  Cicero. 
It  was  originally  a Volscian  town,  and  received  the  Roman 
franchise  302  B.  c.,  and  the  suffrage  188  B.  c.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  about  10,000. 

Arqua  (ar-kwa').  A village  13  miles  southwest 
of  Padua,  Italy:  the  place  where  Petrarch 
died  (1374). 
c.— e 


81 

Arquebusiers  of  St.  Andrew.  A fine  painting 
by  Frans  Hals  (1633)  in  the  town  hall  at  Haar- 
lem, Holland.  It  comprises  14  figures,  colonel,  cap- 
tains, lieutenants,  ensigns,  and  sergeants,  and  is  admirable 
in  color  and  expression. 

Arquebusiers,  Gild  of.  See  Gild  of  Arque- 
busiers. 

Arquebusiers,  Syndics  of  the.  See  Syndics 
of  the  A rquebusiers. 

Arques  (ark).  A small  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Arques  and  Bethune,  31  miles  from  Dieppe. 
It  contains  a famous  ruined  castle.  A victory  was  gained 
here  by  Henry  IV.  over  the  Duke  of  Mayenne,  Sept.  21, 
1589. 

Arrah  (ar'ra).  A town  in  Bengal,  British 
India,  35  miles  west  of  Patna.  In  1857  it  was 
successfully  defended  against  the  Sepoy  rebels. 
Population,  46,170. 

Arrah  na  Pogue  ( Arrah  of  the  Kiss ) ; or,  The 
Wicklow  Wedding.  A play  by  Dion  Bouei- 
cault,  produced  in  1865. 

Arraignment  of  Paris,  The.  A play,  some- 
thing between  a pageant  and  a mask,  which 
was  published  anonymously  in  1584,  but  was 
certainly  written  by  Peele. 

Arrakis  (ar'ra-kis).  [Ar.  an-rdqig,  the  trotting 
camel.  See  Alwaid .]  The  fourth-magnitude 
double-star  y Draconis,  in  the  Dragon’s  tongue. 
Arran  (ar'an).  [Gael.  Aran.]  An  island  of 
Scotland,  in  the  county  of  Bute,  west  of  tho 
Firth  of  Clyde.  Its  length  is  about  20  miles,  its  great- 
est breadth  about  12  miles,  and  its  area  165  square  miles. 
Population,  over  5,000. 

Arran  (islands  of  Ireland).  See  Aran. 

Arran,  Earl  of.  See  Hamilton,  James. 

Arras  (ar-ras').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situated  on 
the  Scarpe  in  lat.  50°  17'  N.,  long.  2°  46'  E. : the 
Roman  Nemetocenna,  or  Nemetacum  of  the 
Atrebates,  later  Atrabate.  it  is  a strong  fortress 
and  the  seat  of  a bishopric,  has  an  active  trade  in  grain, 
oil,  etc.,  and  manufactures  of  lace,  beet-sugar,  etc.,  and 
was  formerly  noted  for  its  tapestry.  Among  its  buildings 
are  a cathedral,  a hotel  de  ville,  and  a museum.  Arras  was 
the  capital  of  the  Atrebates,  and  later  of  Artois  ; belonged 
in  the  later  middle  ages  to  Burgundy,  and  passed  with  the 
Netherlands  to  Spain  ; was  taken  by  the  French  in  1640; 
was  vainly  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1654 ; and  was 
ceded  to  France  in  1659.  Birthplace  of  Robespierre. 
Population,  24,921. 

Arras,  Lines  of.  Fortifications  extending  from 
Arras  to  Bouchain  on  the  Schelde,  crossed  by 
Marlborough  1711. 

Arras,  Treaties  of.  1.  A treaty  concluded 
between  the  Armagnacs  and  the  Burgundians 
in  1414. — 2.  A treaty  between  Charles  VII.  of 
France  and  Philip  the  Good  of  Burgundy,  con- 
cluded in  1435. — 3.  A treaty  between  Louis  XI. 
of  France  and  Maximilian  I.,  concluded  in  1482. 
France  was  to  receive  Artois,  Franehe-Comtd, 
and  other  territories. 

Arrate  y Acosta  (ar-ra'te  e a-kos'ta),  Jose 
Martin  Felix.  Born  at  Havana,  1697:  died 
there  in  1766.  A Cuban  historian.  He  studied 
law  in  Havana  and  Mexico,  and  was  regidor  of  Havana 
from  1734,  and  alcalde  in  1752.  In  1762  he  assisted  in  de- 
fending the  city  against  the  English.  His  “Llave  del 
Nuevo  Mundo  y Antemural  de  las  Indias  Occiden tales ’’  (a 
history  of  Cuba),  commenced  in  1761,  was  published  in 
1830. 

Arrawaks.  See  Aramaics. 

Arrebo  (ar-e-bo'),  Anders  Christensen.  Born 
in  iEroe,  Jan.  2,  1587:  died  at  Vordingborg, 
Denmark,  March  12, 1637.  A Danish  poet,  author 
of  “Hexaemeron”  (1641  and  1661),  etc.  He  was 
styled  “the  father  of  Danish  poetry”:  he  intro- 
duced into  it  the  renaissance  then  spreading 
from  Italy. 

Arr6e  (ar-ra'),  Monts  d’.  A mountain  group  in 
the  department  of  Finistere,  France,  culminat- 
ing in  Mont  St.-Michel  (about  1,275  feet  high). 
Arrest  (ar-rest'),  Heinrich  Ludwig  d’.  Born 
at  Berlin,  Aug.  13,  1822:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
June  14,  1875.  A German  astronomer,  ap- 
pointed professor  at  Leipsic  in  1852  and  at 
Copenhagen  in  1857,  noted  for  his  discoveries 
of  comets  and  observations  of  nebulae. 
Arretium  (ar-re'shi-um).  An  ancient  and 
powerful  city  of  Etruria : the  modern  Arezzo 
(which  see).  In  an  Italian  coalition  against  Rome 
(285-282  B.  o.)  Arretium  refused  to  take  part,  and  was  be- 
sieged by  the  whole  force  of  the  confederacy,  including 
paid  hordes  of  Gallic  Senones.  L.  Csecilius  Metellus  went 
to  the  relief  of  the  city,  but  was  defeated  and  slain,  with 
seven  military  tribunes  and  13,000  men,  the  rest  of  the 
army  being  made  prisoners. 

Arrhidseus  (ar-i-de'us).  [Gr.’Ap/Waiof.]  Killed 
317  B.  C.  Half-brother  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
and  one  of  his  successors,  put  to  death  by  order 
of  Olympias. 

Arria  (ar'i-a).  Died  42  a.  d.  The  wife  of  Cce- 
cina  Paitus.  Her  husband  was  condemned  to  death 


Arroyo  Molinos 

for  being  privy  to  a conspiracy  against  Claudius : as  he 
hesitated  to  destroy  himself  in  obedience  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  emperor,  she  stabbed  herself  and  handed  him 
the  dagger  with  the  words,  “ Paetus,  it  does  not  pain  me.” 

Arriaga  (ar-re-a'ga),  Pablo  Jose  de.  Born  at 
Vergara,  Spain,  1562:  perished  in  a shipwreck 
near  Havana,  Cuba,  1622.  A Spanish  Jesuit  and 
author.  He  spent  most  of  his  life  in  Peru,  where  he  was 
rector  of  the  Jesuit  College  of  Arequipa,  and  afterward 
first  rector  of  the  College  of  San  Martin  at  Lima.  His 
best-known  and  most  valuable  work  is  his  “Estirpacion 
de  la  Idolatria  de  los  Indios  del  Peru.” 

Arrian  (ar'i-an),  L.  Flavius  Arrianus  (fla'vi- 

us  ar-i-a'nus)".  [Gr.  ’A’pptavoc;.]  Born  at  Nico- 
media,  Bithynia,  about  100  A.  D. : died  at  an 
advanced  age  in  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 
A noted  Greek  historian  and  philosopher.  He 
edited  the  “Lectures  of  Epictetus,”  and  published  an 
abstract  of  his  philosophy,  and  was  the  author  of  a his- 
tory of  the  Asiatic  expedition  of  Alexander  the  Great 
(see  Anabasis),  of  a treatise  on  India,  of  a “Voyage  around 
the  Buxine,”  etc.  He  was  both  a Roman  and  an  Athenian 
citizen,  and  in  the  former  capacity  filled  several  important 
magistracies.  Hadrian  appointed  him  governor  of  Cappa- 
docia A.  D.  136,  and  while  holding  this  office  he  defeated 
the  invading  Alani.  He  was  raised  to  the  consular  rank 
by  Antoninus  Pius  in  a.  j>.  146.  The  remainder  of  his  life 
was  spent  in  dignified  retirement  as  priest  of  Ceres  and 
Proserpine  in  his  native  city. 

Arriaza  (ar-re-a'  tha),  or  Arriaza  y Superviela, 
Juan  Bautista  de.  Bom  at  Madrid,  1770: 
died  there  in  1837.  A Spanish  poet,  author 
of  “Emilia”  (1S03),  “Poesias  patri6ticas”  (3d 
ed.  1815),  and  “Poesias  liricas”  (6th  ed.  1829- 
1832).  He  was  a strenuous  supporterof  the  absolutemon- 
archy,  and  was  made  a councilor  and  charhberlain  by 
Ferdinand  VII. 

Arrigal  (ar'i-gal).  A mountain  in  the  northern 
part  of  Donegal,  Ireland,  the  highest  in  the 
county. 

Arrivabene  (ar-re-va-ba'ne),  Ferdinando. 

Born  at  Mantua,  Italy,  1770 : died  there,  June 
29,  1834.  An  Italian  jurist  and  miscellaneous 
author.  He  was  thrown  into  prison  at  Sebenico,  Dal- 
matia, in  1800,  by  the  Austrian  government,  for  political 
reasons,  and  published  a protest,  ‘ ‘ La  tomba  di  Sebenico," 
which  created  a great  sensation.  Later  he  wjas  made 
president  of  a court  of  justice  at  Brescia. 

Arrivabene,  Count  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Man- 
tua, Italy,  June  24,  1787:  died  at  Mantua,  Jan. 
11, 1881.  An  Italian  patriot  and  political  econo- 
mist. He  was  arrested  by  the  Austrian  government  in 
1820  for  having  participated  in  the  disturbances  of  the 
Carbonari,  and  fled  the  country.  He  returned  to  Italy  in 
1860,  where  he  was  created  a senator  and  was  for  a long 
time  the  president  of  the  Italian  Association  of  Political 
Economy. 

Arroe.  See  Aird. 

Arrom  (ar-rom'),  Cecilia  Bohl  von  Faber, 
Madame  de : pseudonym  Feman  Caballero. 

Bom  at  Morges,  Switzerland,  1796:  died  at 
Seville,  Spain,  April  7,  1877.  A Spanish  nov- 
elist, author  of  “La  familia  de  Alvareda” 
(1850),  etc. 

Arrot.  The  weasel  in  “Reynard  the  Fox.” 
Arroux  (ar-ro').  A tributary  of  the  Loire,  about 
75  miles  long,  lying  chiefly  in  the  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire.  It  flows  past  Autun. 
Arrow,  The.  See  Sagitta. 

Arrow  (ar'o),  Lake.  A small  lake  in  County 
Sligo,  Ireland. 

Arrow  Lake,  Upper  and  Lower.  Expansions 
of  the  Columbia  River  in  British  Columbia. 
Arrowpoint  (ar'o -point),  Catharine.  In 

George  Eliot’s  novel  “Daniel  Deronda,”  a girl 
accomplished  to  a point  of  exasperating  thor- 
oughness, but  possessing  much  good  sense. 
Arrowsmith  (ar'o -smith),  Aaron.  Born  at 
Winston,  Durham,  July  14,  1750:  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  23,  1823.  A noted  English  geog- 
rapher and  chartographer.  He  published  “A  Chart 
of  the  World  as  on  Mercator’s  projection,  showing  all  the 
New  Discoveries,”  etc.  (1790),  “Maps  of  the  World” 
(1794),  “Maps  of  North  America”  (1796),  “Maps  of  Scot- 
land ” (1807),  “Atlas  of  Southern  India ’‘(1822),  etc. 

Arrowsmith,  John.  Bom  1790:  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  1,  1873.  An  English  geographer  and 
chartographer,  a nephew  of  Aaron  Arrowsmith. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society.  He  published  a “London  Atlas ’’(1st  ed.  1834), 
etc. 

Arroyo  de  China  (ar-ro'yo  de  che'na).  [Sp., 
‘pebble  gorge.’]  A former  name  of  Concep- 
cion del  Uruguay,  in  the  Argentine  Republic. 
Arroyo  Hondo  (ar-ro'yo  hon'do).  [Sp.,  ‘ deep 
gorge.’]  The  name  of  two  deep  sluices  or 
gorges  in  New  Mexico,  one  running  west  of 
Taos  a distance  of  about  12  miles,  the  other 
running  5 miles  south  of  Santa  F6  toward  the 
Santa  F6  Creek.  On  the  sides  of  the  latter  there 
are  the  ruins  of  two  ancient  villages  of  the  Tehuas  called 
Kukutt. 

Arroyo  Molinos  (iir-ro'yo  mo-le'nos).  Avillage 
in  Spain,  43  miles  northeast  of  Badajoz,  the 
scene  of  a British  victory  over  the  French,  1811. 


Arru  Islands 

Arru  Islands.  See  Am  Islands. 

Arruda  da  Camara  (ar-ro'da  da  ka'ma-ra), 
Manoel.  Born  in  Alagoas,  1752:  died  at  Per- 
nambuco, 1810.  A Brazilian  botanist,  author 
of  various  works  on  the  economic  botany  of 
Brazil.  He  studied  medicine  in  France,  and  during 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  was  a practising  physician  in 
Pernambuco. 

Arsaces  (ar'sa-sez  or  ar-sa'sez)  I.  [L. ; G-r. 
’A puatt^f.]  The  founder  of  the  Parthian  king- 
dom. He  is  variously  represented  as  the  chief  of  a 
nomad  tribe  of  Scythians,  Bactrians,  or  Parthians  who 
about  250  B.  c.  headed  a revolt  of  the  Parthians  against 
Syria,  and  established  the  independent  kingdom  of  Parthia 
(250  B.  0.-226  A.  D.). 

Arsacidae  (ar-sas'i-de).  1.  A dynasty  of  Par- 
thian kings,  established  by  Arsaces  I.  about 
250  b.  c.  and  overthrown  by  the  Persians  226 
A.  D.  The  most  noteworthy  of  the  Arsacidae  are  Phra- 
ates  III.  (died  60  (?)  B.  c.),  Orodes  I.  (died  37  (?)  B.  c.),  Phra- 
ates  TV.  (died  4 (?)  A.  D.),  Artabanus  II.  (died  44  A.  I>.),  Vo- 
losgeses  I.  (died  90  (?)  A.  D. ),  and  Chosroes  (died  122  (?)  A.  D.). 

2.  A dynasty  of  Armenian  kings  founded  (prob- 
ably) by  Valarsaces,  brother  of  Arsaces  III., 
king  of  Parthia  in  149  b.  c.  The  history  of  the 
dynasty  is  obscure.  See  Armenia. 

Arsames  (iir'sa-mez).  [Gr.  Apcrd/nyp.]  1.  The 
father  of  Hystaspes  and  grandfather  of  Darius. 

— 2.  A son  of  Darius  and  a commander  in  the 
army  of  Xerxes. — 3.  An  illegitimate  son  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon.  Smith. 

Arschot.  See  Aerschot. 

Arsenius  (ar-se'ni-us),  surnamed  “ The  Great.” 
[Gr.  Apahiog.']  Born  about  354:  died  450  (449?). 
A famous  Egyptian  monk.  He  was  tutor  to  the 
sons  of  the  emperor  Theodosius  the  Great,  Arcadius  and 
Honorius,  about  383-394,  and  a hermit  in  the  monastic 
wilderness  of  Scetis  in  Egypt  394—434.  Driven  from  Scetis 
in  434  by  an  irruption  of  barbarians,  he  went  to  Troe,  near 
Memphis,  and  remained  there  till  444  ; then  spent  three 
years  in  the  island  of  Canopus ; and  finally  returned  to 
Troe  where  he  died.  He  is  honored  by  the  Greek  Church 
on  May  8,  by  the  Latin  on  J uly  19. 

Arsenius,  surnamed  Autorianus.  Died  1267. 
Patriarch  of  Constantinople  1254-61.  He  was  ap- 
pointed, with  George  Muzalon,  by  Theodore  Lascaris  II. 
guardian  of  the  latter’s  son  John  IV. ; but  was  deposed  and 
banished  to  Proconnesus  by  the  emperor  Michael  VIII. 
Palseologus,  to  whom  he  refused  to  grant  absolution  for 
usurping  the  throne  and  putting  out  the  eyes  of  John  IV. 
Arsh.  See  Arneb. 

Arsinoe  (ar-sin'o-e).  [Gr.  ’A poivd//.~]  1.  Born 
316  B.  C.  Daughter  of  Ptolemy  I.  of  Egypt, 
wife  of  Lysimachus  and,  afterward,  of  Ptol- 
emy II. — 2.  Lived  about  280  b.  c.  The  daugh- 
ter of  Lysimachus,  and  first  wife  of  Ptolemy  II. 

— 3.  Lived  about  220  b.  c.  The  wife  of  Ptol- 
emy IV.  Philopator,  by  whose  order  she  was 
put  to  death. — 4.  Killed  at  Miletus,  41  b.  c. 
Queen  of  Egypt  in  47  b.  C.,  put  to  death  by 
Mark  Antony  at  the  instigation  of  her  sister 
Cleopatra. — 5.  In  Moliere’s  comedy  “The  Mis- 
anthrope,” a woman  whose  age  and  ugliness 
have  forced  her  to  give  up  the  admiration  of 
men:  she  assumes  a hypocritical  and  prudish 
species  of  piety. — 6.  An  opera  by  Thomas 
Clayton,  produced  in  1705.  It  was  composed  of  a 
number  of  Italian  songs  which  he  brought  with  him  from 
Italy  and  adapted  to  the  words  of  an  English  play  by  Peter 
Motteux  called  “Arsinoe,  Queen  of  Cyprus."  He  called 
it  his  own  composition.  According  to  Doran  it  was  the 
first  attempt  to  establish  opera  in  England  as  it  was  pro- 
duced in  Italy. 

Arsinoe.  In  ancient  geography,  a town  near 
the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  in  lat.  30°  3'  N., 
long.  32°  34'  E. 

Arsinoe.  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in 
Lower  Egypt,  situated  near  Lake  Moeris  34 
miles  southwest  of  Memphis.  Also  called  Cro- 
codilopolis. 

Ars-sur-Moselle  (ar-stir-mo-zel'),  G.  Ars-an- 
der-Mosel.  A town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  on  the  Moselle  5 miles  south- 
west of  Metz. 

Arta  (iir'ta).  A river  of  Albania  and  Greece, 
the  ancient,  Arachthus,  which  forms  (since 
1881)  part  of  the  boundary  between  Greece  and 
Turkey,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Arta  8 miles 
below  Arta. 

Arta,  or  Narda  (nar'da).  A town  in  the  nom- 
archy  of  Arta,  Greece,  situated  on  the  river 
Arta  in  lat.  39°  8'  N.,  long.  20°  59'  E. : the 
ancient  Ambracia.  It  was  colonized  by  Corinthians 
about  640  B.c. ; was  taken  by  the  Romans  189  B.  c. ; and  was 
ceded  to  Greece  by  Turkey  in  1881.  Population,  7,582. 
Arta  (ar-ta').  A town  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Majorca,  Balearic  Islands.  Population,  5,831. 
Art, a,  (ar'ta),  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Ionian  Sea, 
the  ancient  Ambracian  Gulf,  between  Albania 
on  the  north  and  Greece  on  the  south,  its  length 
is  about  25  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  10  miles. 

Artabasdes  (ar-ta-bas'dez),  or  Artabazes 
(ar-ta-ba'zez).  [Gr.  ’Aprafiaai fyg  (Strabo),  ’Apra- 


82 

/3d(r/g  (Plutarch).  ] A sou  of  Tigranes  the  Great 
(king  of  Armenia),  co-ruler  with  his  father,  and 
his  successor  about  55-34  b.  c. 

Artabazes.  See  Artabasdes. 

Artabazus  (ar-ta-ba'zus).  [Gr.  ’A prdpafyg.]  A 
Persian  general  distinguished  in  the  campaigns 
of  480  and  479  b.  c.  He  retreated  to  Asia  after 
the  defeat  of  Plattea. 

Artabazus.  In  Xenophon’s  “ Cyropedeia,”  a 
Median,  a friend  and  adviser  of  Cyrus. 
Artabazus.  Lived  about  362-328  b.  c.  A Per- 
sian satrap  of  western  Asia  under  Artaxerxes 
III.,  against  whom  he  rebelled.  He  was  par- 
doned and  fought  at  Arbela  under  Darius. 
Artaelishast  (ar-tak-shast'),  or  Artachshasta 
(ar-tak-shas'ta).  [Old  Pers.  Artakshatza  (on 
the  Babylonian  monuments  ArtaJcshatsu  and 
Artakshassu),  from  arta,  great,  and  ksliatza,  or 
kshatlira,  kingdom.]  In  passages  of  the  Old 
Testament  (Ezra  iv.  7,  8;  vi.  14;  vii.  1,  11,  21; 
Neh.  ii.  1,  v.  14,  xiii.  6),  a name  referring  to  Ar- 
taxerxes I.  Longimanus  (465-425  B.  c.)  of  the 
Persian  Achasmenian  dynasty,  the  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  Xerxes  who  undertook  the  memo- 
rable expedition  for  the  subjugation  of  Greece. 
In  the  seventh  year  of  the  reign  of  Artaxerxes  (459-458) 
Ezra  came  witn  a colony  of  exiles  to  Jerusalem  authorized 
by  the  king  to  reestablish  the  worship  of  the  temple 
(Ezra  vii.  12  ft'.).  But  when  the  Jews  started  to  build  walls 
around  the  city,  Artaxerxes  was  persuaded  to  suspend  the 
work.  In  446-445  Nehemiah  went  to  Jerusalem  empow- 
ered to  rebuild  the  walls  and  gates  of  the  city.  Artaxerxes 
continued  the  war  against  the  Greeks. 

Artagnan  (ar-tan-yon'),  D’.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  “The  Three  Musketeers” 
by  Dumas,  and  also  iu  its  sequels  “Twenty 
Years  After”  and  “Bragelonne.”  He  is  a young 
Gascon  of  an  adventurous  yet  practical  nature,  with  a 
genius  for  intrigue,  who  goes  up  to  Paris  to  seek  his  for- 
tune with  an  old  horse,  abox  of  miraculous  salve  given  to 
him  by  his  mother,  and  his  father’s  counsels.  His  career 
is  one  of  hairbreadth  escapes  (with  death,  in  the  end,  on 
the  field  of  battle)  in  the  society  of  “ The  Three  Musket- 
eers,” Athos,  Porthos,  and  Ararnis. 

Artaguette  (ar-ta-get').  Killedl736.  A French 
military  leader  under  Bienville,  colonial  French 
governor  of  Louisiana.  He  had  subdued  the  Nat- 
chez Indians,  and  was  engaged  in  fighting  the  Chickasaws, 
who,  in  connection  with  English  traders  from  the  Caro- 
linas,  defied  French  authority  on  the  Mississippi,  when  he 
was  wounded  and  captured  in  an  attack  upon  the  Chicka- 
saw strongholds.  He  was  burned  at  the  stake. 

Artamene  (ar-ta-man'),  or  The  Grand  Cyrus. 

A romance  by  Mademoiselle  Scudery,  published 
in  1650  in  10  volumes.  Artamene  is  intended 
for  the  great  Condd. 

Artaphernes  (ar-ta-fer'nez).  [Gr.  ’Apra^pvrig.'] 
Lived  about  500  B.  c.  A brother  of  Darius 
Hystaspes  by  whom  he  was  appointed  satrap  of 
Sardis.  He  interfered  ineffectually  in  behalf  of  Hippias, 
the  expelled  tyrant  of  Athens,  and  took  part  in  the  war 
against  the  revolted  Ionians. 

Artaphernes.  Son  of  the  preceding.  He  com- 
manded, with  Datis,  the  Persian  army  which  invaded 
Greece  in  490  B.  c.,  and  led  the  Lydians  in  the  expedition 
of  Xerxes  against  Greece  in  480. 

Artaxaminous  (ar-taks-am'i-nus).  The  King 
of  Utopia,  a characterin  “BombastesFurioso,” 
a burlesque  opera  by  W.  B.  Rhodes. 

Artaxata  (ar-taks'a-tii).  [Gr.  ’Apra^ara,  Arm. 
Artashat .]  In  ancient  geography,  the  capital 
of  Armenia  in  the  2d  and  1st  centuries  B.  c., 
situated  in  the  plain  of  the  Araxes,  probably 
northeast  of  Ararat.  It  is  said  to  have  been  built, 
in  accordance  with  the  plan  of  Hannibal,  by  Artaxias  I., 
180  B.  c. ; was  destroyed  by  Nero’s  general  Corbulo  in  58 

A.  D. ; and  was  restored  by  Tiridates  I. 

Artaxerxes  (ar-taks-erks'  ez)  I.  [Gr.  ’Apra- 
fepfyf,  Apro^kp^j/g.  See  Artachshast  and  Arda- 
shir.]  King  of  Persia  465-425  (424?)  b.  c.,  son 
of  Xerxes:  surnamed  “Longimanus”  (‘the 
Long-handed’)  from  the  excessive  length  of  his 
right  hand.  His  forces  were  defeated  on  sea  and  land 
in  449  B.  c.  in  the  double  action  of  Salamis  in  Cyprus. 
See  Arlachshast. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  he  was  the  king 
who  sent  Ezra  and  Nehemiah  to  Jerusalem,  and  sanc- 
tioned the  restoration  of  the  fortifications. 

Itawlinson,  Herod. 

Artaxerxes  II.  King  of  Persia  405-361  (359?) 

B.  c.,  son  of  Darius  II.:  surnamed  “Mnemon” 
(Gr.  M vr/pov)  from  the  excellence  of  his  mem- 
ory. He  was  defeated  by  his  younger  brother  Cyrus  (who 
was  killed  in  the  battle)  at  Cunaxa  in  401,  and  concluded 
the  Peace  of  Antalcidas  with  Sparta  in  387.  During  his 
reign  the  worship  of  Anaitis  was  adopted  from  the  Baby- 
lonians by  the  Persians. 

Artaxerxes  III.  King  of  Persia  361  (359  ?)-338 
B.C.,son  of  Artaxerxes  II.:  surnamed  “Ochus.” 
He  reconquered  Egypt  and  reduced  Phoenicia,  and  was  poi- 
soned by  the  eunuch  Bagoas,  his  chief  minister. 
Artaxerxes.  An  opera  by  Arne,  produced  in 
1762.  The  libretto  was  translated  from  Metas- 
tasio’s  “ Artaserse.” 

Artedi  (ar-ta'de),  Peter,  Latinized  as  Petrus 


Arthenice 

Arctedius.  Born  in  Sweden,  Feb.  22,1705:  died 
at  Leyden,  Sept.  27, 1735.  An  eminent  Swedish 
naturalist,  especially  noted  as  an  ichthyologist. 
He  became  an  intimate  friend  of  Linnaeus  atUpaal  (1728-32), 
and  the  two  reciprocally  bequeathed  to  each  other  their 
manuscripts  and  hooks  in  the  event  of  death.  Artedi 
was  accidentally  drowned  at  Leyden,  and  his  manuscripts, 
according  to  the  agreement,  came  into  the  hands  of  Liu- 
nseus,  who  published  the  “Bibliotheca  Ichthyologia  ” and 
“Philosophia  Ichthyologica,”  together  witli  a life  of  the 
author,  1738. 

Artegal  (ar'te-gal).  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene,”  a knight  errant,  the  impersonation  of 
justice,  supposed  to  be  intended  to  represent 
Lord  Grey,  Spenser’s  patron.  Sometimes  spelled 
Arthegal. 

Artemas  (ar'te-mas).  [Gr.  ’A prepag.\  A com- 
panion of  St.  Paul  and,  according  to  tradition, 
bishop  of  Lystra. 

Artemidorus  (ar//te-mi-d6'rus),  surnamed  Dal- 
dianus  (‘of  Daldis’  in  Lydia).  [Gr.  Aprepi - 
dopag,  gift  of  Artemis.]  Lived  about  170  A.  D. 
A Greek  writer,  author  of  a work  “ The  Inter- 
pretation of  Dreams”  (ed.  by  Hereher  1864). 
Artemidorus  of  Guides.  In  Shakspere’s  trag- 
edy “Julius  Caesar,”  a teacher  of  rhetoric. 
Artemidorus  of  Ephesus.  Lived  in  the  2d 
century  b.  c.  (?).  A Greek  geographer. 
Artemire  (ar-ta-mer').  A tragedy  by  Voltaire, 
produced  iu  1720.  It  was  not  successful,  and 
the  author  preserved  the  best  of  it  in  “ Mari- 
amne,”  which  was  produced  in  1724. 

Artemis  (iir'te-mis).  [Gr.  ’Apreptg.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  great  Olympian  deities, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona), 
and  twin  sister  of  Apollo.  She  may  be  regarded  as 
a feminine  form  of  Apollo.  She  chastised  evil  with  her 
keen  shafts  and  with  deadly  sickness,  and  also  protected 
mortals  from  danger  and  pestilence.  Unlike  Apollo,  she 
was  not  connected  with  poetry  or  divination,  but,  like 
him,  she  was  a deity  of-  light,  and  to  her  was  attributed 
authority  over  the  moon,  which  belonged  more  particular- 
ly to  her  kinswomen  Hecate  and  Selene.  In  art  Artemis 
is  represented  as  a virgin  of  noble  and  severe  beauty,  tall 
and  majestic,  and  generally  bearing  bow  and  quiver  as  the 
huntress  or  mountain  goddess.  She  was  identified  by  the 
Romans  with  their  Diana,  an  original  Italian  divinity. 
Artemis.  A court  lady  in  Dryden’s  comedy 
“Marriage  A-la-Mode.” 

Artemis,  Temple  of.  See  Ephesus. 

Artemisia  ( ar-te-mish'ia  ).  [Gr.  Aprepicia.'] 
Queen  of  Caria  352-350  B.  C.  In  memory  of  her 
husband  Mausolus,  she  built  at  Halicarnassus  the  mau- 
soleum which  was  reckoned  one  of  the  wonders  of  the 
world.  (See  Mausolus.)  To  give  further  proof  of  her  af- 
fection she  is  said  to  have  mixed  her  husband’s  ashes  with 
a precious  liquid  and  to  have  drunk  the  potion  so  prepared. 
Artemisia.  Queen  of  Halicarnassus,  and  vas- 
sal of  Persia,  distinguished  in  the  battle  of 
Salamis,  480  B.  c. 

Artemisium  (ar-te-mish'ium).  [Gr.  Aprepimov, 
temple  of  Artemis.]  A promontory  in  north- 
ern Euboea,  Greece,  near  which  occurred  an 
indecisive  naval  battle  between  the  Greeks  un- 
der Eurybiades  and  the  Persians  under  Aehse- 
menes,  480  b.  c. 

Artemus  Ward.  See  Ward,  Artemus. 
Artenay  (art-na').  A village  in  the  department 
of  Loiret,  France,  13  miles  north  of  Orleans, 
the  scene  of  German  victories  Oct.  10  and  Dec. 
3 and  4,  1870. 

Artevelde  (ar'te-vel-de),  Jacob  van.  Born  at 
Ghent  about  1285:  died  at  Ghent,  July  24, 
1345.  A Flemish  popular  leader,  surnamed  the 
“Brewer  of  Ghent,”  who,  about  1337,  became 
ruwart  or  president  of  Flanders,  which  was  in 
revolt  against  Count  Louis  of  Flanders  and 
Nevers.  He  formed  an  alliance  with  Edward  III.  of 
England  against  France  in  1335 ; induced  the  Flemings 
to  recognize  Edward  as  king  of  France  in  1340;  and  was 
killed  in  a popular  tumult,  because,  as  it  was  said,  he  had 
attempted  to  secure  the  succession  in  Flanders  lor  the 
Black  Prince.  His  surname  was  derived  from  the  fact 
that,  although  an  aristocrat  by  birth,  he  was  enrolled  in 
the  Gild  of  Brewers. 

Artevelde,  Philip  van.  Born  about  1340: 
died  at  Roosebek,  Belgium,  Nov.  27,  1382.  A 
Flemish  popular  leader,  son  of  Jacob  van  Arte- 
velde. He  was  chosen  ruwart  or  president  of  Flanders 
in  1381,  in  the  course  of  a revolution  against  Louis  III., 
Count  of  Flanders,  whom  he  defeated  at  Bruges,  May  3, 
1382.  He  was  conquered  and  slain  by  Charles  VI.  at 
Roosebek,  Nov.  27,  1382. 

Artevelde,  Philip  van.  A play  by  Sir  Henry 

Taylor  (published  1834):  an  attempt  to  revive 
the  traditions  of  the  tragic  school  of  Marlowe 
and  Shakspere. 

Artful  Dodger,  The.  See  Dawkins,  John. 
Arth  (art).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz, 
Switzerland,  the  starting-point  of  a railway  up 
the  Rigi. 

Arth6nice  (ar-ta-nes').  An  anagram  of  “Cath- 
erine ” (Marchioness  de  Rambouillet),  invented 
by  the  poets  Malherbe  and  Racine. 


Arthur 

Arthur  (ar'thur).  [ME.  Arthur,  Arthour,  from 
OP.  Arthure  ’(ML.  Arthurus,  Arturus),  from 
W.  Arthur,  earlier  Artus,  conjectured  to  be 
from  Old  Celtic  (Old  Ir.)  art  (artva-),  stone. 
The  extant  Ir.  Artur  is  from  E.  or  W.]  A Brit- 
ish chieftain  who  lived  in  the  6th  century.  He 
fought  many  battles,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cam- 
lan  (whicli  see).  He  was  buried  at  Glastonbury.  In  the 
time  of  Henry  II.,  according  to  Geraldus  Cambrensis 
and  others,  his  remains  were  discovered  ttiere.  Nennius, 
aBreton  monk,  left  in  the  lOthcentury  a short  Latin  chron- 
icle which  is  tiie  earliest  authentic  account  we  have  of 
him.  He  is  celebrated  in  Welsh,  Breton,  and  old  French 
romance,  but  his  actual  existence  and  deeds  have  very  lit- 
tle to  do  with  the  origin  of  the  cycle  of  romances  to  which 
his  name  is  given,  as  around  him  myths  relating  probably 
to  some  remote  ancestor  or  ancestors  have  crystallized. 

Arthur,  King.  In  Fielding’s  burlesque  “ Tom 
Thumb,”  a “passionate  sort  of  king,”  husband 
to  Dollallolla,  of  whom  he  is  afraid,  and  in  love 
with  Glumdalca. 

Arthur,  Count  or  Duke  of  Brittany.  Born  at 
Nantes,  March  29, 1187 : killed  at  Rouen,  April 

3,  1203.  Son  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  mur- 
dered probably  by  order  of  his  uncle,  King  John. 

Arthur,  Sir  George.  Born  at  Plymouth,  June 
21,  1784:  died  Sept.  19,  1854.  An  English  co- 
lonial governor  in  British  Honduras,  Van  Die- 
men’s Land,  Canada,  and  Bombay. 

Arthur  ’William  Patrick  Albert,  Prince, 
Duke  of  Connaught.  Born  May  1,  1850.  Third 
son  of  Queen  Victoria.  He  became  governor-gen- 
eral  of  Canada  in  Oct.,  1911  (appointed  Jan.  30,  1911). 

Arthur,  Chester  Alan.  Born  at  Fairfield,  Vt., 
Oct.  5,  1830:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  18,  1886. 
The  twenty-first  President  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1848 ; taught  school ; 
practised  law  in  New  York  city ; was  appointed  on  the 
staff  of  the  governor  of  New  York  in  1861;  became  in- 
spector-general and  quartermaster-general  of  New  York 
troops  in  1862  ; and  was  collector  of  the  port  of  New  York 
1871-78.  In  1880  he  was  elected  (Republican)  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and  held  that  office  from  March,  1881,  to  Sept,  of  the 
same  year,  when  he  succeeded  Garfield  (who  died  Sept.  19. 
1881).  and  served  as  President  from  Sept.  19, 1881,  to  March 

4,  1885.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Re- 
publican nomination  in  18S4. 

Arthur’s.  A London  club  established  in  1765. 
It  was  named  from  the  keeper  of  White’s  Chocolate 
House  who  died  in  1763. 

Arthur’s  Seat.  A hill,  822  feet  in  height,  which 
overlooks  Edinburgh  from  the  east. 

Arthur’s  Show.  A representation,  principally 
an  exhibition  of  archery,  by  fifty-eight  city 
worthies  who  called  themselves  by  the  names 
of  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table,  referred  to 
in  Shakspere’s  Henry  IV.,  II.  iii.  2,  300.  Aldis 
Wright. 

Arthurian  Cycle  of  Romances,  The.  A series 
of  romances  relating  to  the  exploits  of  Arthur 
and  his  knights . They  were  “Breton  romances  ampli- 
fied in  Wales  and  adopted  at  the  court  of  the  Plantagenets 
as  the  foundation  of  the  epic  of  chivalry.”  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  (about  1140)  may  perhaps  be  considered  as  t he 
sourceof  the  legends.  He  collected  or  invented  in  such 
a manner  as  to  give  a chivalrie  interest  to  his  material, 
on  which  the  great  mass  of  later  romance  was  based  or 
grafted.  From  about  1150  poems  were  sung  by  wandering 
minstrels  on  the  adventures  of  Arthur  and  his  knights. 
The  French  prose  “Morte  Arthur”  was  not  compiled  till 
the  latter  half  of  the  13th  century,  and  had  not  originally 
this  name.  It  was  an  abridgment  and  consolidation,  by 
Rustighello  (or  Rusticien)  of  Pisa,  of  a number  of  the 
prose  romances  which  grew  from  these  poems.  The  Eng- 
lish “Morte  Arthur  ” of  Sir  Thomas  Malory  is  thought  to 
have  been  translated  from  some  earlier  compilation,  per- 
haps that  of  Helie  de  Borron.  The  stories  of  Arthur, 
Guinevere,  Merlin,  The  Round  Table,  Lancelot,  The  Holy 
Grail,  Tristan,  Perceval,  Meliadus,  Guiron,  Ysaie  le  Triste, 
and  Arthus  de  Bretagne  are  the  principal  romances  both 
British  and  French  in  this  cycle.  ’There  is  a large  number 
of  minor  poems  and  prose  romances  which  deal  with 
special  episodes. 

Articbofsky  (ar-te-shov'ske),  or  Arciszew- 
ski  (art-se-shev'ske),  Crestofle  d’Artischau. 
Bom  in  Poland  about  1585:  date  of  death  not 
recorded.  A Polish  soldier  who  entered  the 
service  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  in 
1623,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  with 
the  Portuguese  in  Brazil,  1631-39.  He  returned 
to  Holland  in  1637,  and  in  Dec.,  1638,  was  sent  back  in 
command  of  a reinforcement,  with  a rank  so  high  that  it 
conflicted  with  the  powers  of  the  governor,  Maurice  of 
Nassau.  A quarrel  ensued,  and  in  1639  Artichofsky  was 
ordered  back  to  Holland. 

Article  47,  L‘.  A drama  by  Adolphe  Belot, 
from  a romance,  produced  in  1871. 

Articles  of  Confederation.  See  Confederation. 

Articles  of  Smalliald.  See  Smalkaldic. 

Artifice,  The.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre. 

Artigas  (iir-te'giis),  Jos6.  Bora  near  Monte- 
video, Uruguay,  1755:  died  in  Paraguay,  Sept. 
23,  1851.  A South  American  revolutionary 
general,  and  dictator  of  Uruguay,  1811-20. 

Artois  (ar-twa'),  [From h.Atrebates (sing.  Atre- 
has),  Atrebatenses,  a Celtic  tribe  who  inhabited 
the  district  in  the  time  of  Caasar.]  An  ancient 


83 

province  of  northern  France,  capital  Arras,  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  department  of  Pas-de- 
Calais.  It  was  a county  under  Flemish  rule  in  the 
middle  ages;  was  annexed  to  France  under  Philip  Au- 
gustus in  1180;  was  made  a countship  by  St.  Louis  in 
1237  for  his  brother  Robert ; passed  to  Philip  the  Bold 
of  Burgundy  in  1384  ; on  the  death  of  Charles  the  Bold  was 
temporarily  taken  by  Louis  XI.  of  France  (1477) ; passed 
by  the  marriage  of  Mary  of  Burgundy  (1477)  with  Maxi- 
milian of  Austria  to  the  Hapsburgs ; and  was  ceded  in  part 
to  Fiance  in  1659,  the  cession  being  completed  in  the 
treaties  of  Nimeguen  1678-79. 

Artois,  Comte  d’.  The  title  of  Charles  X.  of 
France  previous  to  his  accession  to  the  throne. 
Artotyrites  (ar-to-ti'rits).  [LL.  Artotyritse, 
pi.,  from  Gr.  apTdrvpog,  bread  and  cheese,  from 
aproc,  bread,  and  rvp6g,  cheese.  ] A seet  in 
the  primitive  church  which  used  bread  and 
cheese  iu  the  eucharist,  alleging  that  the  first 
oblations  of  man  were  the  fruits  of  the  earth 
and  the  produce  of  their  flocks.  They  ad- 
mitted women  to  the  priesthood  and  to  the 
episcopate. 

Artsmilsll  (arts'milsh).  A collective  name  for 
several  tribes  of  North  American  Indians  living 
on  Shoalwater  Bay  and  Willopah  River,  Wash- 
ington, including  the  Copalis,  Marhoo,  Nasal, 
and  Querquelin : they  have  been  classed  with 
the  Lower  Chinook.  See  ChinooJcgn. 

Artus.  See  Arthur. 

Aru,  or  Arru  (a-ro'),  or  Aroe,  or  Arroe  (a-ro') 
Islands.  A group  of  islands,  southwest  of 
Papua,  intersected  by  lat.  6°  S.,  long.  134°  30' 
E.,  nominally  under  Dutch  control.  Popula- 
tion, about  21,600,  of  mixed  Papuan  races. 
Aruba.  See  Oruba. 

Arundel  (ar'uu-del).  A town  of  Sussex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Arun  (whence  the  name) 
19  miles  west  of  Brighton,  famous  for  its  cas- 
tle, the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  Popula- 
tion, 2,739. 

Arundel,  Earl  of.  See  Howard. 

Arundel,  Thomas.  Bora  1353 : died  1414.  An 
English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1396- 
1414,  an  active  opponent  of  the  Lollards.  He 
was  impeached  and  banished  in  1397,  and  re- 
stored in  1399. 

Arundel.  The  horse  of  Sir  Bevis  in  the  old 
romances. 

Arundel  House.  1.  A house  belonging  to 
Lord  Arundel,  which  formerly  stood  near  Higli- 
gate,  London.  Lord  Bacon  died  there  in  1626. 
— 2.  A noted  mansion,  on  the  Strand,  London, 
where  Arundel,  Norfolk,  Surrey,  and  Howard 
streets  now  are.  In  its  gardens  were  originally 
placed  the  Arundelian  Marbles. 

Arundel  Society.  An  English  society  for  the 
promotion  of  art,  founded  at  London  in  1849. 
Arundelian  (ar-un-de'lyan),  or  Oxford,  Mar- 
bles. Part  of  a collection  of  ancient  sculptures 
and  antiquities  formed  by  Thomas  Howard, 
earl  of  Arundel,  presented  to  the  University 
of  Oxford  in  1667.  It  includes  the  Parian 
Chronicle,  a marble  slab  detailing  events  in 
Greek  history. 

Aruns  (a'runz),  Tomb  of.  A structure  so  named, 
just  outside  of  the  city  of  Albano,  Italy,  it  con- 
sists of  a large  rectangular  base  of  masonry,  containing 
a chamber,  and  surmounted  by  a massive  cone  with  four 
smaller  cones  at  the  angles.  The  character  of  the  dentil- 
cornice  and  other  ornament  shows  that  it  is  Roman  and 
not  very  early. 

Aruwimi  ( ar-6-we'me).  A right  affluent  of  the 
Kougo,  1,800  miles  long,  which  joins  the  Kongo 
iu  2°  N.  lat.  and  23°  E.  long.  It  runs  through 
a thick  forest  region.  On  its  banks  was  Stan- 
ley’s famous  Yambuya  camp. 

Aruwimi.  A station  in  the  Kongo  Free  State, 
on  the  Kongo  below  Stanley  Falls,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Aruwimi,  founded  in  1884. 

Arvad  (ar-vad'),  or  Aradus  (ar'a-dus).  APhe- 
nician  city,  situated  on  a rocky  island,  3 miles 
from  the  coast,  north  of  Sidon:  founded  by 
fugitives  from  that  place  (Strabo,  XVI.  2, 13  f. ). 
It  is  mentioned  in  Ezek.  xxvii.  11  and  1 Mac.  xv.  23. 
After  Tyre  and  Sidon  it  was  the  most  important  city  in 
Phoenicia.  Remains  of  its  walls  still  exist.  It  is  repre- 
sented by  the  village  of  Ruud. 

Arval  Brothers  (ar'val  bruTH'erz).  [L.  fra- 
tres  arvales,  from  arvum,  a field.]  In  Roman 
antiquities,  a priesthood  of  12  members,  in- 
cluding the  emperor,  who  offered  public  sacri- 
fices for  the  fertility  of  the  fields. 

Arve  (ilrv).  A river  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Savoie,  France,  which  rises  in  the  Col 
de  Balme,  traverses  the  valley  of  Chamonix, 
and  joins  the  Rhone  1 mile  south  of  Geneva. 
Its  length  is  about  55  miles. 

Arveyron  (ar-va-r6n').  A tributary  of  the 
Arve,  the  outlet  of  the  Mer  do  Glace,  which 
joins  the  Arve  in  the  valley  of  Chamonix. 


Asbury  Park 

Arviragus  (ar-vir'a-gus).  1.  A knight,  the 
husband  of  Dorigen,  in  the  “Franklin’s  Tale,” 
by  Chaucer.  See  Dorigen. — 2.  A mythical  son 
of  Cymbeline.  In  Shakspere’s  “Cymbeline"  he  is  the 
real  son  of  Cymbeline,  brought  up  as  Cadwal,  the  son  of 
Belarius,  who  is  disguised  as  Morgan. 

Arwidsson  (ar'veds-son),  Adolf  Ivar.  Born 
at  Padasjoki,  Finland,  Aug.  7,  1791:  died  at 
Viborg,  Finland,  June  21,  1858.  A Swedish 
poet.  He  published  a collection  of  Swedish 
folk-songs  (1834-42). 

Aryabhata  (ar-ya-bha'ta).  A Hindu  astrono- 
mer. Of  his  writings  there  are  extant  the  Dasagitisutra 
and  the  Aryashtasata  (dasagiti,  ‘ ten  poems,’  Aryashtasata, 
‘eight  hundred  distichs  of  Arya’).  According  to  his  own 
account  he  was  born  at  Kusumapura  (Palibothra)  in  476 
of  our  era.  His  fame  spread  to  the  West.  He  is  believed 
by  Weber  to  be  the  Andubarius,  or  Ardubarius,  who  is  rep- 
resented in  the  “Chronicon  Paschale"  (a.  d.  330  ; reedited 
under  Heraclius  A.  D.  610-641)  as  the  earliest  Hindu  as- 
tronomer. He  is  the  Arabic  Arjabahr.  He  teaches  also 
a quite  peculiar  numerical  notation  by  means  of  letters. 
The  larger  work,  “ Aryasiddhanta,”  belongs  to  a later  age, 
perhaps  to  the  14th  century. 

Aryan  (ar'yan  or  ar'ian).  1.  A member  of  the 
Eastern  or  Asiatic  division  of  the  Indo-Euro- 
pean family,  occupying  the  territories  between 
Mesopotamia  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  the 
two  subdivisions  of  Persia,  or  Iran,  and  India. 
[This  is  the  older,  more  scientific,  and  still  widely  current 
use  of  the  word.  More  recent,  but  increasingly  popular, 
is  the  second  use.] 

2.  An  Indo-European  or  Indo-German  or  Ja- 
pbetite,  a member  of  that  section  of  the  hu- 
man race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and  Irani- 
ans (Persians)  as  its  Eastern  or  Asiatic  division, 
and  the  Greeks,  Italians,  Celts,  Slavonians,  and 
Germans  or  Teutons  as  its  Western  or  Euro- 
pean division.  The  languages  of  all  these  branches 
or  groups  of  peoples  are  akin  ; that  is  to  say,  they  are  de- 
scendants of  one  original  tongue,  once  spoken  in  a limited 
locality  by  a single  community,  but  where  or  when  it  is 
impossible  to  say. 

As  (as),  pi.  Ail  sir  (a'ser).  [ON.  ass,  pi.  sesir,  with 
a fern,  asynja,  pi.  asynjur. ] In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, a member  of  one  of  the  principal  races 
of  gods,  the  inhabitants  of  Asgard.  There  were 
two  races  of  gods,  the  Ases  (HSeir),  and  the  Vans  (Vanir), 
who  dwelt  in  Vanaheim  (ON.  V anaheimr).  They  were 
originally  at  war  with  each  other,  but  were  subsequently 
reconciled,  and  several  of  the  Vans  (Heimdall,  Njord, 
Frey,  and  Freyja)  were  received  into  Asgard. 

Asa  (a'sii).  King  of  Judah  about  929-873  b.  c. 
(Duncker),  son  of  Abijam  or  Abijab.  He  en- 
deavored to  extirpate  idolatry  from  the  land,  and  in  the 
thirteenth  year  of  his  reign  defeated  the  Cushite  king 
Zerah,  who  had  penetrated  into  the  vale  of  Zephathah. 

Asakasa  (a-sa-ka'sa)  Pagoda.  A picturesque 
Buddhist  tower  in  Tokio,  Japan,  it  consists  of 
five  square  red-lacquered  stages  with  widely  projecting 
roofs  upturned  at  the  corners,  from  which  bells  are  sus- 
pended, and  is  surmounted  by  a tail  hooped  finial. 

Asama-Yama  (a-sa'ma-ya'ma).  A volcano, 
about  8,200  feet  high,  in  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  northwest  of  Tokio. 

Asaph  (a'saf).  [Heb.  ’Asaph,]  1.  A Levite, 
a son  of  Baracbiah  (1  Ckron.  vi.  39,  xv.  17),  a 
noted  musician  in  the  time  of  David,  later 
celebrated  as  a poet  and  prophet.  From  him  the 
choristers  of  the  temple  were  called  the  “ sons  of  Asaph.” 
Twelve  of  the  psalms  are  ascribed  to  him. 

2.  Saint.  Abbot  and  bishop  of  Llanel wy  (later 
St.  Asaph),  in  North  Wales,  about  590.  He  is 
commemorated  iu  the  Roman  Church  on  May 
1. — 3.  The  name  under  which  Tate  wrote  of 
Dryden  in  the  second  part  of  “Absalom  and 
Achitophel.” 

Asben.  See  Air. 

Asbjornsen  (as-byem'sen),  Peter  Christen. 

Born  at  Christiania,  Norway,  Jan.  15,  1812: 
died  1885.  A Norwegian  man  of  letters  and 
zoologist.  He  wrote  “Norske  Folke-Eventyr”  (1842-43, 
“Norwegian  Folk-Tales”),  fairytales  relating  to  Norwe- 
gian life,  etc. 

Asboth  (as'both;  Hung.  pron.  osh'bot),  Alex- 
ander (Sandor).  Born  at  Keszthely,  Hungary, 
Dec.  18,  1811:  died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  Jan.  21, 
1868.  A Hungarian-American  general.  He  served 
with  Kossuth  in  the  Hungarian  rebellion  of  1848-49;  re- 
moved with  him  to  the  United  States  in  1851 ; joined  the 
volunteer  service  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861; 
commanded  divisions  under  Fremont  and  Curtis;  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  and  in  the  battle  of  Mari- 
anna; and  resigned  in  1865,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major- 
general.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  the  Argentine 
Republic  from  1866  till  his  death. 

Asbury  (az'be-ri),  Francis.  Born  at  Hands- 
worth,  Staffordshire,  England,  Aug.  20  (21?), 
1745 : died  at  Spottsylvania,  Virginia,  March  3i , 
1816.  The  first  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  in  the  United  States.  He  was  sent  by 
Wesley  as  a missionary  to  the  American  colonies  in  1771. 

Asbury  Park.  A watering-place  in  Monmouth 
County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  6 miles  south  of  Long  Branch  and  35 
miles  south  of  New  York.  Fop.,  10,150,  (1910). 


Ascagne 

Ascagne  (as-cany').  The  name  given  to  the 
daughter  of  Albert,  in  Molibre’s  comedy  “Le 
Depit  Amoureux.”  she  is  substituted  for  her  brother 
Ascagne,  who  is  dead,  and  appears  in  his  dress.  Unfor- 
tunately she  does  not  assume  the  heart  of  a man,  but  falls 
in  love  with  Valferewhom  she  contrives  to  marry  secretly. 
Ascalaphus  (as-kal'a-fus).  [Gr.  kcred/la^or.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a son  of  Acheron,  transformed 
into  an  owl. 

Ascalon  (as'ka-lon),  or  Ashkelon,  or  Askelon. 

[Gr.  ’AoitdAu v,  Heb.  Ashqeldn.~\  One  of  the  five 
chief  cities  of  Philistia,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean 39  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem,  its  site 
is  marked  by  the  modern  village  of  Asgalan.  Near  it 
were  the  temple  and  sacred  lake  of  Derketo.  It  is  men- 
tioned in  Phenician  and  Assyrian  inscriptions,  in  the  lat- 
ter under  the  form  IsqalAna;  the  names  of  four  of  its 
kings  (Sidka,  Sarludari,  Rukibti,  and  Mitenti)  appear  in 
the  annals  of  Sennacherib  (705-681  B.  C.)  and  Esarhaddon 
(680-668  B.  c.).  Herod  I.,  whose  birthplace  it  was,  adorned 
the  city  with  many  edifices.  In  the  11th  century  (Aug.  12, 
1099)  it  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  Crusaders  under 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon  over  a superior  army  sent  by  the  sul- 
tan of  Egypt  to  recapture  Jerusalem,  was  taken  by  the 
Crusaders  (1153),  and  by  Saladin  in  1187,  and  destroyed 
1270. 

Ascalon.  The  sword  of  St.  George,  in  the 
“ Seven  Champions.” 

Ascania  (as-ka'ni-a),  Lake.  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a lake,  II  miles  long,  in  Bithynia,  Asia 
Minor  (the  modern  Lake  Isnik),  which  dis- 
charges into  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  Nicroa  was 
situated  at  its  eastern  extremity. 

Ascanio  (as-ka'nio).  1.  The  son  of  Don  Hen- 
riques,  in  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  play  “ The 
Spanish  Curate”:  a modest,  affectionate  boy 
of  an  almost  feminine  tenderness. — 2.  A page 
in  Massinger’s  “ Bashful  Lover.”  See  Maria. 
— 3.  A page  in  Dry  den’s  play  “The  Assigna- 
tion.” 

Ascanius  (as-ka'ni-us),  or  lulus  (i-u'lus).  In 
classical  legend,  the  son  of  iEneas  and  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Roman  Julii. 

Ascapart  (as'ka-part),  or  Ascabart  (as'ka- 
bart).  A giant  in  the  romance  of  “Bevis  of 
Hampton.”  Bevis  conquered  him.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  30  feet  high.  There  are  frequent  allusions  to  him  in 
the  Elizabethan  writers. 

Ascelon.  See  Ascalon. 

Ascension  (as-then-se-on').  [Sp.]  A recent 
settlement  12  miles  south  of  the  boundary  line 
of  New  Mexico,  the  scene  of  a bloody  distur- 
bance. Ruins  of  considerable  interest  exist  in 
the  vicinity  along  the  Casas  Grandes  River. 
Ascension  Bay.  A small  inlet  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Yucatan. 

Ascension  (a-sen'shcn)  Island.  A volcanic 
island  in  the  Atlantic,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain,  situated  in  lat.  7°55'  S., long. 14°  23'  W. 
It  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1501  and  named 
Conception  Island,  and  rediscovered  on  Ascension  day, 
1508,  when  the  present  name  was  given  to  it.  It  was 
occupied  by  Great  Pritain  in  1815.  Its  length  is  7£  miles 
and  its  area  38  square  miles.  Population,  about  130. 

Asch  (ish).  A town  in  northwestern  Bohemia., 
near  the  German  frontier,  15  miles  northwest 
of  Eger.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  and  silk.  Population,  commune, 

21.890,  (191^). 

Aschaffenburg  (a-shaf'fen-borG).  A former 
principality  of  Germany,  ceded  to  Bavaria  in 
1814.  It  now  forms  with  Lower  Franconia  a 
governmental  district  of  Bavaria. 
Aschaffenburg.  A town  in  Lower  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  23  miles  south- 
east of  Frankfort : an  old  Roman  fortress,  it  has 
a castle  (with  a library  and  picture-gallery),  and  contains 
interesting  ltoman  antiquities.  It  formerly  belonged  to 
the  electorate  of  Mainz,  and  was  long  one  of  the  resi- 
dences of  the  electors.  A victory  was  gained  near  Aschaf- 
fenburg by  the  Prussian  army  of  the  Main  over  allied 
troops  under  Neipperg,  Juiy  14,  1866.  Population, 

25.891. 

Ascham(as'kam),  Roger.  Born  at  Kirby  Wiske, 
near  Northallerton,  Yorkshire,  1515:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  30,  1568.  A noted  English  clas- 
sical scholar  and  author.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John’s  College,  Cambridge  (B.  A.  Feb.,  1534),  where  he 
became  an  accomplished  Greek  scholar;  taught  at  the 
university  ; was  tutor  to  the  Princess  Elizabeth  1548-50; 
and  served  as  Latin  secretary  to  Mary  and  Elizabeth  1553- 
1508.  His  chief  works  are  “Toxophilus,”  a treatise  on 
archery  (1545),  and  “The  Scholemaster”  (1570).  See  these 
names. 

Aschbach  (ash' bach),  Joseph  von.  Born  at 
Hochst,  Prussia,  April  29, 1801 : died  at  Vienna, 
April  25,  1882.  A German  historian,  appointed 
professor  of  history  in  the  University  of  Bonn 
in  1842,  and  in  the  High  School  of  Vienna  1853. 
Besides  a number  of  historical  works  relating  chiefly  to 
Spain  under  the  Moors,  he  published  (1867)  the  treatise 
“Roswithaund  Conrad  Celtes,"in  which  he  attempted  to 
rove  that  the  works  ascribed  to  Roswitha  were  written 
y Celtes.  This  assertion  has  been  disproved  by  Kopke 
and  Waitz. 


84 

Aschersleben  (ash-ers-la'  ben).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Fine  near  the  Wipper,  28  miles  southwest  of 
Magdeburg:  the  ancient  capital  of  the  count- 
ship  of  Askanien  (line  extinct  in  1345).  It  has 
manufactures  of  machinery,  tinware,  woolen 
goods,  etc.  Population,  27,878. 

Asclepiades  (as-kle-pi'a-dez).  [Gr.  Acslgma- 
6i] f.]  Lived  about  100  B.  C.  A Bithynian  phy- 
sician. He  practised  in  Rome  and  attained  there  a great 
reputation,  due  chiefly  to  his  avoidance  of  powerful  reme- 
dies, and  attent  ion  to  diet,  exercise,  bathing,  and  the  whims 
of  his  patients. 

Ascoli  (as'ko-le),  or  Ascoli  Piceno  (pe-cha'no). 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ascoli  Piceno, 
Italy,  situated  ou  the  Tronto  in  lat.  42°  51'  N., 
long.  13°  35'  E.:  the  ancient  Asculum  Picenum, 
a stronghold  of  the  Piceni.  It  is  the  seatof  a bishop 
and  has  important  trade  and  various  manufactures.  It 
gave  the  signal  for  the  Marsic  war  in  90  B.  c.,  and  was 
captured  by  the  Romans  in  b-J  B.  c.  Population,  com- 
mune, 28,882. 

Ascoli,  Graziadio  Isaia.  Born  at  Gorizia,  July 
16, 1829  : died  at  Milan,  Jan.  21,  1907.  An  Ital- 
ian comparative  philologist.  He  was  the  origina- 
tor and  the  chief  representative  in  Italy  of  the  Ario-Se- 
mitic  theory,  which  supposes  a close  connection  between 
the  Aryan  and  Semitic  families  of  languages.  In  the 
treatise  “Studij  orientali  e linguistici”  he  endeavored  to 
prove  the  presence  of  Semitic  elements  in  the  Etruscan 
dialect.  lie  edited  “ Archivio  glottologico  italiano.” 
Ascoli  Piceno.  The  southernmost  province  of 
the  Marches,  in  eastern  Italy.  Area,  796  square 
miles.  Population,  est.,  251,894. 

Ascoli  Satriano  (sa-tre-a'no).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  2 miles  south  of  Fog- 
gia  : the  ancient  Asculum  Apulum.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a bishopric.  Population,  8,550. 
Aseonius  Pedianus  (as-ko'ni-us  ped-i-a'nus), 
Quintus.  Born  perhaps  at  Padua,  Italy,  about 
2 b.  c. : died  about  83  a.  d.  A noted  Roman 
commentator  on  Cicero’s  speeches. 

Ascot  Heath  (as'kot  lieth).  A race-course  in 
Berks,  England,  6 miles  southwest  of  Windsor. 
Annual  meetings  are  held  here  in  June. 
Ascrasan  Sage  (as-kre'an  saj).  A name  given 
by  Vergil  to  Hesiod,  who  was  a native  of  Ascra 
in  Boeotia,  Greece. 

Asculum  (as'ku-lum).  The  Latin  name  of 
Ascoli. 

Ascutney  Mountain  (as-kut'ni  moun 'tan). 
A mountain  in  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  30 
miles  southeast  of  Rutland.  Height,  3,320  feet. 
Asdrubal.  See  Hasdrubal. 

Aselli  (a-sel'le),  Asellio  (a-sel'le-o),  or  Asel- 
lius  (a-sel'i-us),  Gaspare.  Born  at  Cremona, 
Italy,  about  1581  (?) : died  at  Pavia,  Italy,  1626. 
An  Italian  anatomist,  the  discoverer  of  the 
lacteal  vessels:  author  of  “De  Lactibus,  etc.” 
(1627),  etc. 

Aselli  (a-sel'li).  [L.,  ‘the  little  asses,’  which 
stand  on  each  side  of  Prtesepe,  the  manger.] 
The  two  fifth-magnitude  stars  y and  <5  Caucri, 
y being  the  northern  one. 

Asenappar  (a-se-nap-par').  [Probably  a cor- 
ruption of  Asnrbanipal , Sardanapalus  of  the 
Greeks,  who  reigned  668-626  B.  c.  See  Asur- 
banipal.~\  A ruler,  mentioned  in  Ezra  iv.  10, 
who  had  transplanted  certain  tribes  to  the  cities 
of  Samaria.  Also  Asnapper. 

Asfi.  See  Safi. 

Asgard  (as'gard).  [ON.  Asgardlir:  dss,  god, 
and  gardhr,  garth.]  The  realm  of  the  gods 
and  goddesses  in  01d_Norse  mythology:  also 
called  Asahcim  (ON.  Asaheimr),  the  world  of 
the  gods.  It  was  apparently  located  in  the  heavens 
above  the  earth.  Asgard  contained  different  regions  as 
well  as  separate  abodes.  The  principal  of  these  was  Val- 
hull  (Valhalla),  the  assembling-place  of  the  gods  and 
heroes,  in  the  region  called  Gladsheim  (ON.  Gladhsheimr). 
Asgill  (as'gil),  John.  Born  1659:  died  1738. 
An  English  lawyer  and  pamphleteer,  expelled, 
on  a charge  of  blasphemy,  from  the  Irish  House 
of  Commons  in  1703,  and  from  the  English 
House  of  Commons  in  1707. 

Ash  (ash),  John.  Born  at  Dorsetshire, England, 
about  1724:  died  at  Persbore,  England,  1779.  An 
English  lexicographer,  compiler  of  an  English 
dictionary  (2  vols.,  London,  1775).  He  was  a 
Baptist  minister. 

Ashangi  Lake  (ash-an'ge  lak).  A small  lake 
in  eastern  Abyssinia,  near  lat.  12°  30'  N. 
Ashango  (a-shan'go).  A Bantu  tribe  of  the 
French  Kongo  (Gabun),  half-way  between  the 
coast  and  Franceville.  Their  country  is  a plateau, 
670  to  760  meters  high,  covered  with  forests  in  which  the 
Obongo  pygmies  hide. 

Ashango  Land.  A country  in  western  Africa, 
about  lat.  2°  S.,  long.  12°  30'  E.  Among  the 
inhabitants  is  a race  of  dwarfs  (visited  by  Du 
Chaillu). 


Asher 

Ashanti  (a-shan'te),  or  Ashantee  (a-shan'te), 
or  Sianti  (se-an-te').  A former  kingdom  in 
Africa,  capital  Kumassi,  which  lies  north  of 
the  Gold  Coast  from  about  long.  1°  to  2°  W. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  the  country  exports  palm-oil,  gold- 
dust,  etc.  The  government  is  an  aristocratic  despotism  : 
it  has  frequently  been  involved  in  disputes  with  the  Brit- 
ish. Area,  about  10,000  square  miles.  Population  (esti- 
mated), 1,000,000. 

Ashanti.  A British  possession,  north  of  the 
British  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa.  The  nation  and 
the  language  of  Ashanti  have  not  the  same  boundaries 
as  the  former  kingdom.  Some  tribes  speaking  another 
language  are  subject  to  the  king  of  Ashanti,  while  some 
tribes  of  Ashanti  stock  and  speech  are  independent  of 
him.  The  language  belongs  to  the  Nigritie  group,  and 
is  spoken  between  the  Asini  and  Tanno  rivers  on  the  west, 
the  Volta  River  on  the  east,  and  the  Kong  Highland  on 
the  north.  The  native  name  of  the  language  is  Otshi.  Its 
principal  dialects  are : Akan,  the  court  dialect;  Akwapim, 
the  literary  dialect,  intelligible  to  all;  Bron,  north  ast  of 
Akan  ; Fanti,  spoken  around  Cape  Coast  Castle.  The  chiefs 
of  villages  constitute  the  nobility,  from  which  the  king 
chooses  his  officers.  Tiie  people  have  attained  a certain 
degree  of  civilization.  Ashanti  is  famous  for  its  gold  and 
gold- work.  In  1874  England  conquered  Kumassi.  Ashanti 
became  a British  protectorate  in  1896  : annexed  1901. 
Ashanti  War.  A war  between  Great  Britain 
and  Ashanti,  1873—74.  Ashanti  was  invaded  by  the 
British  army  under  Wolseley,  who  conquered  and  burned 
Coomassie  (Kumassi)  Feb.,  1874,  and  exacted  a favorable 
treaty. 

A^hbel  (ash'bel).  A son  of  Benjamin.  Gen. 
xlvi.  21. 

Ashbourne,  or  Askbourn  (ash'bem).  A town 
in  Derbyshire,  England,  14  miles  northwest  of 
Derby.  Population,  4,039. 

Ashbourne,  Baron.  See  Gibson,  Edward. 
Ashburton  (ash'ber-tqn).  A town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  18  miles  southwest  of  Exeter. 
Population,  2,628. 

Ashburton,  Baron.  See  Baring  and  Dunning. 
Ashburton,  Mary.  The  principal  female  char- 
acter in  Longfellow’s  prose  romance  “ Hy- 
perion.” 

Ashburton  River.  A river  in  western  Aus- 
tralia which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  about 
lat.  23°  S. 

Ashburton  Treaty.  A treaty  concluded  at 
Washington,  Aug.  9,  1842,  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States.  The  present  boun- 
dai-y  between  Maine  and  Canada  was  established,  and  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  suppression  of  the  African  slave- 
trade  and  the  mutual  extradition  of  fugitives  from  justice 
The  commissioners  were  Lord  Ashburton  for  Great  Britain, 
and  Daniel  Webster  for  the  United  States. 

Ashby  (ask'bi),  Turner.  Born  at  Rose  Hill, 
Fauquier  County,  Va.,  1824:  died  June  6, 1862. 
A noted  Confederate  general  in  the  Civil  War. 
He  raised  a regiment  of  cavalry  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War,  became  a brigadier-general  1862,  and  was  killed 
in  a skirmish  preliminary  to  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys,  Va. 
Ashby-de-la-Zouch  (ash'bi-del-a-zoch').  A 
town  in  Leicestershire,  England,  16  miles  north- 
west of  Leicester.  It  contains  a ruined  castle 
in  which  Mary  Stuart  was  confined.  Popula- 
tion, 4,726. 

Ashdod  (ash'dod).  [Heh., ‘stronghold.’]  One 
of  the  five  cities  of  the  Philistine  confederacy, 
and  a seat  of  the  worship  of  Dagon  the  fish-god 
(1  Sam.  v.  5),  between  Gaza  and  Jaffa,  it  was 
strategically  important  because  of  its  location  on  the 
highway  to  Egypt,  It  was  assigned  to  the  tribe  of  Judah 
(Josh.  xv.  47),  but  was  never  subdued  by  the  Israelites. 
It  was  conquered  by  tiie  Assyrians  under  Sargon  722-705 
B.  C.,  and  in  the  annals  of  Esarhaddon,  680-668  B.  c.,  is 
mentioned  (under  the  form  Asdudu)  as  paying  homage  to 
the  Assyrian  king.  Psammetichus.  king  of  Egypt  666-610 
B.  C.,  took  it  from  the  Assyrians  (Herod.  II.  157).  It  is, 
however,  mentioned  as  an  independent  power  in  aUiance 
with  others  against  Jerusalem  at  the  time  of  Nehemiah 
(iv.  7).  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Maccabees  (1  Mac.  v.  68,  x. 
84),  and  afterward  restored  by  Gabinius  65  B.  c.  (Josephus, 
“Antiquities,”XIV.  v.  3).  Its  site  is  marked  by  the  modern 
village  of  Esdild. 

Ashdown  (ash'doun),  AS.  iEscesdun  (as'kes- 
don).  A locality  in  Berkshire,  England  (not 
the  modern  Ashdown),  where  Ethelred  and 
Alfred  the  Great  defeated  the  Danes  in  871. 
Ashe  (ash),  John.  Born  1720:  died  1781.  An 
American  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
defeated  by  the  British  under  General  Prevost 
at  Brier  Creek,  1779. 

Ashe,  Samuel.  Born  1725:  died  1813.  An 
American  jurist  and  politician,  a brother  of 
John  Ashe,  chief  justice  and  governor  of  North 
Carolina. 

Ashehoh  (a-zhe-ho'),  or  Ajeho  (a-zhe-ho'),  or 
Alchoku  (al-cho-ko').  A city  of  Manchuria, 
Chinese  Empire,  about  lat.  46°  N.,  long.  126° 
30'  E.  Population  (estimated),  40,000. 

Asher  (ash'fer).  [Heb., ‘blessed.’]  1.  Son  of 
the  patriarch  Jacob  and  of  Zilpah. — 2.  A He- 
brew tribe,  of  northwestern  Palestine,  which 
occupied  in  general  the  sea-shore  from  Carmel 
northward. 


Asherali 

Asherah.  See  Ashtoreth. 

Ashestiel  (ash'es-tel).  A house  on  the  south- 
ern bauk  of  the  Tweed,  a few  miles  from  Sel- 
kirk, occupied  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  1804-11, 
before  he  removed  to  Abbotsford.  His  autobiog- 
raphy to  July,  1792,  found  in  an  old  cabinet  at  Abbotsford 
and  known  as  “The  Ashestiel  Memoir,"  introduced  by 
Lockhart  in  his  K Life,"  was  dated  1808  and  written  here. 
Asheville  (ash'vil).  The  capital  of  Buncombe 
County,  in  the  western  part  of  North  Carolina. 
It  is  a well-known  health-resort.  Population, 
18.762,  (1910). 

Ashford  (ash'ford).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  England,  13  miles  southwest  of  Canter- 
bury. Population,  12,808. 

Ashi  (ash'i),  Rabbi.  Born  at  Babylon:  lived 
about  400.  The  first  and  chief  editor  of  the 
Talmud. 

Ashingdon  (ash'ing-don).  A village  in  Essex, 
England,  33  miles  northeast  of  London.  See 
Assandun. 

Ashkelon.  See  Ascalon. 

Ashkenaz  (ash-ke-naz').  1.  A descendant  of 
Japhet.  — 2.  A North  Asiatic  people  mentioned 
in  Jer.  li.  27  with  Minni  and  Ararat:  probably 
the  name  of  the  district  south  of  Lake  Uru- 
miyeh  and  identical  with  Asguza  (for  Asyunza) 
in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. — 3.  Applied  in 
rabbinical  literature  and  by  the  modern  Jews 
to  Germany. 

Ashland  (ash'land).  The  capital  of  Ashland 
County,  Ohio,  52  miles  southwest  of  Cleveland. 
Population,  6,795,  (1910). 

Ashland.  A city  in  Boyd  County,  northeast- 
ern Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  River.  Popula- 
tion, 8,683,  (1910). 

Ashland.  A borough  in  Schuylkill  County, 
Pennsylvania,  40  miles  northwest  of  Reading. 
It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is  the  center  of  an  im- 
portant  anthracite  coal  region.  Population,  6,855,  (1910). 

Ashland.  The  capital  of  Ashland  County,  Wis- 
consin, situated  on  a bay  of  Lake  Superior  62 
miles  southeast  of  Duluth.  It  is  an  important 
port  and  railroad  terminus  of  recent  growth. 
Population,  11,594,  (1910). 

Ashley  Cooper.  See  Shaftesbury. 

Ashley  (ash'li),  Chester.  Born  at  Westfield, 
Mass.,  June  1,  1790:  died  atWashington,  D.  C., 
April  27,  1848.  An  American  politician,  Dem- 
ocratic United  States  senator  from  Arkansas 

1844- 48. 

Ashley.  A borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Penn- 
svlvania,  south  of  Wilkesbarre.  Population, 
5,601,  (1910). 

Ashley  River.  A small  river  in  South  Caro- 
lina, at  whose  mouth  Charleston  is  situated. 
Ashmodai.  See  Asmodeus. 

Ashmole  (ash'mol),  Elias.  Bom  at  Lichfield, 
England,  May  23,  1617 : died  at  London,  May 
18,  1692.  An  English  antiquary,  founder  of 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  (which  see)  at  Oxford: 
author  of  “Institutions,  Law  and  Ceremonies 
*of  the  Order  of  the  Garter”  (1672). 

Ashmolean  Museum.  A museum  at  Oxford 
University,  founded  by  Elias  Ashmole  in  1679. 
The  building  was  erected  by  Sir  Christopher 
Wren  in  1682. 

Ashmun  (ash'mun),  George.  Born  at  Bland- 
ford,  Mass.,  Dec.  25, 1804 : died  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  July  17,  1870.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts 

1845- 51,  and  president  of  the  National  Republican  Conven- 
tion in  1860. 

Ashmun,  Jehudi.  Born  at  Champlain,  N.  Y., 
April,  1794:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Aug. 
25,  1828.  A chief  organizer  of  the  colony  of 
Liberia,  western  Africa,  1822-28. 

Ashochimi  (ash-6-che'mi),  orWappo  (wa'po). 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians  whose  former 
range  extended  in  California  from  the  geysers 
to  the  Calistoga  hot  springs  and  in  Knight’s 
Valley.  See  Yukian. 

Ashraf  (ash-raf'),  or  Eshref  (esh-ref').  A 
town  in  Mazanderan,  Persia,  situated  near  the 
Caspian  Sea  about  lat.  36°  40'  N.,  long.  53° 
32'  E.  It  was  a favorite  residence  of  Abbas 
the  Great.  Population,  5,000. 

Ashraf,  Gulf  of.  Same  as  Astrabad  Bay. 
Ashtabula  (ash-ta-bu'lii).  A manufacturing 
city  in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  situated  on 
Ashtabula  River,  near  Lake  Erie,  50  miles 
northeast  of  Cleveland.  Population,  18,266, 
(1910). 

Ashtaroth  (ash'ta-roth).  In  biblical  geogra- 
phy, a city  of  Bashan,  Syria,  east  of  the  Sea 
of  Galilee:  probably  the  same  as  Ashteroth- 
Karnaim,  modern  Tel-Asherah,  4 miles  from 
Edrei. 


Ask 

the  Oxus  and  Jaxartes,  while  Asia  Minor  was  the  meet- 
ing-point of  both  Semites  and  Aryans.  Asia  was  the 
seat  of  many  splendid  ancient  civilizations  (the  As- 
syrian, Babylonian,  Persian,  Indian,  Chinese,  etc.),  and 
in  it  original  ed  the  great  religions  of  the  world, — Ju- 
daism, Buddhism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism. 
Parts  of  it  have  in  all  ages  been  the  theater  of 
notable  conquests.  In  modern  times  it  has  to  a con- 
siderable extent  fallen  under  the  control  of  the  Turks, 
Russians,  British,  and  French.  The  principal  physio- 
graphic divisions  of  Asia  are  the  Siberian  and  Turanian 
lowlands  (steppes,  in  part),  the  desert  regions  of  Arabia, 
Persia,  and  Mongolia,  the  plateau  of  the  Deccan,  and  the 
vast  mountain  complex  which  centers  about  the  Pamir 
and  in  various  branches  traverses  the  greater  part  of  the 
continent  south  and  southeast  of  Turkestan  and  Siberia. 
Mount  Everest,  in  the  Himalaya,  29,002  feet,  is  the  cul- 
minating point  of  the  globe.  Rivers  of  the  first  magni- 
tude are  numerous,  the  longest  being  the  Yangtse,  Yenisei, 
and  Obi.  Area,  with  islands  (estimated),  17,057,666  square 
miles.  Population  (estimated),  850,000,000. 

2.  See  Asia  Minor. — 3.  A Roman  province, 
formed  in  129  B.  c.,  comprising  Mysia,  Lydia, 
Caria,  and  Phrygia. 

juu  o uovoi  oi  ,u»«  nenno.  Asia,  Russian.  See  Asiatic  Russia. 

Ashton,  Lucy.  The  bride  of  Lammermoor  in  ^-Sia  Minor  (mi  nor).  [L.,  ‘lesser  Asia’;  F. 
Scott’s  novel  of  that  name,  the  daughter  of  Sir  Sle  Mmeure,  G.  Alemasien. ] A peninsula  of 
William  and  Lady  Ashton.  Betrothed  to  Edgar  we®  ®rn  Asia  which  lies  between  the  Black  Sea 
E-avenswood,  she  is  forced  by  her  mother  to  marry  an-  gnatne  feea  ot  Marmora  on  the  north,  the  JEige&n 
other,  and  dies,  a maniac,  on  her  wedding-night.  (See  Sea  on  tile  west,  and  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on 
RavenswpodJ  The  leading  characters  of  this  novel  also  the  south.  The  eastern  boundary  is  vague.  The  chief 
appear  in  Donizettis  opera  “Lucia  di  Lammermoor,  • • .... 

and  in  several  dramas  founded  upon  the  incidents  of  the 
story. 

Ashton,  Sir  William.  In  Scott’s  “Bride  of 


85 

Ashtavakra  (ash-ta-va'kra).  In  Hindu  leg- 
end, the  hero  of  a story  in  the  Mahabharata. 
His  father  Kahoda.  devoted  to  study,  neglected  his  wife. 
Ashtavakra,  though  still  unborn,  rebuked  him,  and  the 
angry  father  condemned  the  son  to  be  born  crooked 
(hence  the  name,  from  ashtan,  eight,  and  valcra, 
crooked).  At  the  court  of  Janaka,  king  of  Mithila, 
Kahoda  was  defeated  in  argument  by  a Buddhist  sage  and 
was  drowned  in  accordance  with  the  conditions.  In  his 
twelfth  year  Ashtavakra  set  out  to  avenge  his  father,  and 
worsted  the  sage,  who  declared  himself  to  be  a son  of 
Varuna  sent  to  obtain  Brahmans  to  officiate  at  a sacrifice. 
Kahoda  was  restored  to  life,  and  commanded  his  son  to 
bathe  in  the  Samanga  River,  whence  the  boy  became  per- 
fectly straight.  In  the  Vishnu  Purana  some  celestial 
nymphs  see  Ashtavakra  performing  penance  in  the  water 
and  worship  him.  He  promises  them  a boon  and  they 
ask  the  best  of  husbands.  When  he  offers  himself,  they 
laugh  in  derision  at  his  crookedness.  He  cannot  recall 
his  blessing,  but  condemns  them  to  fall  into  the  hands 
of  thieves. 

Ashteroth.  See  Ashtoreth. 

Ashton  (asb'ton),  Lady.  The  wife  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam and  mother  of  Lucy,  the  “ bride  of  Lam- 
mermoor,” in  Scott’s  novel  of  that  name. 


divisions  in  ancient  times  were  Mysia,  Lydia,  Caria,  Lycia, 
Pamphylia,  Pisidia,  Phrygia,  Bithynia,  Paphlagonia,  Gala- 
tia,  Lycaonia,_  Cilicia,  Cappadocia,  and  Pontus.  (See  these 

names.)  It  is  a part  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  corresponds 

Lammermoor,”  the  Lord  Keeper  of  Scotland,  generally  to  Anatolia.  The  surface  is  in  the  main  a pla- 
fatboi-  nf  T teau<  traversed  by  the  Taurus  and  other  ranges.  The  chief 

wiaerot  Liuty.  rivers  are  the  Sakaria,  Kizil-Irmak,  Sihun,  Mendere,  and 

Ashton  - m - lvlakerfield  (ash  ton- m- maker-  kotow  rt u,.  -r — „ — a 1=— . 


Sarabat.  It  was  the  seat  of  Troy,  Lydia,  and  other  ancient 
feld).  Acoal-mining  and  manufacturing  town  powers,  and  of  Ionian  Greek  civilization;  and  its  possession 
jashire,  England,  15  miles  northeast  of  £as  b®?n  disputed  by  Persia,  Macedon,  Syria,  Rome,  the 
— ’ ’ — Byzantine  empire,  Parthia,  the  Saracens,  the  Selj  uks,  and 

the  Turks. 


in  Lancashir 

Liverpool.  Population,  18,687. 
Ashton-nnder-Lyne  (ash'ton-un'der-lin').  A 
town  in  Lancashire,  England,  6.)  miles  east  of 
Manchester,  noted  for  its  cotton  manufactures. 
Population,  43,890. 


Asia  Minor  contained  anciently,  according  to  Herodotus, 
fifteen  races  or  nations.  Of  these  four  occupied  the 
southern  region;  namely,  the  Cilicians,  the  Pamphylians, 
the  Lycians,  and  the  Caunians ; four  lay  to  the  west  of  the 


Ashtoreth  (ash'to-reth).  The  goddess  of  fe-  great  table-laud,  either  upon  or  very  near  the  coast,  the 
cundity  and  love  of  the  Can aanites,  equivalent 
to  Ishtar  of  the  Assyro-Babylonians,  the  female 
counterpart  of  Baal : the  Greek  Astarte.  These 
two  deities  held  the  first,  place  in  the  Phenlcian  pantheon. 

Baal  was  identified  with  the  sun,  and  Ashtoreth  with  the 


Carians,  the  Lydians,  the  Mysians,  and  the  Greeks ; four- 
bordered  on  the  Euxine,  the  Thracians.  Mariandynians,  Pa- 
phlagonians,  and  Cappadocians ; and  three,  finally,  dwelt  in 
the  interior,  the  Phrygians,  the  Chalybes,  and  the  Matieni. 
. . . Such  were  the  political  divisions  of  Asia  Minot- 
recognized  by  Herodotus.  A century  later  Ephorus  made 


moon,  and  she  is  often  represented  under  the  symbol  of  an  enumeration  which  differs  from  that  of  Herodotus  but 


the  crescent.  The  chief  seat  of  her  worship  was  Sidon. 

The  pomegranate  and  the  dove  were  sacred  to  her.  In 
Ascalon  she  was  worshiped  under  the  name  of  Derceto. 

(See  Ascalon.)  The  favorite  places  of  her  worship  were 
sacred  groves,  and  she  herself  was  often  adored  under 
the  symbol  of  a tree,  the  asherah  (translated  ‘ grove ")  often 
denounced  in  the  Old  Testament.  Her  cult  in  later  times 
was  combined  with  immorality. 

Ashuapmouckouan  River  (ash-wap'moeh- 
o-an'  riv'er).  The  middle  course  of  the  Sague- 
nay  River,  in  Quebec,  Canada,  flowing  into  Asiag0  (a.s§.a'go) 


in  two  or  three  particulars,  c Asia  Minor,"  he  said, 
inhabited  by  sixteen  races,  three  of  which  are  Greek,  and 
the  rest  barbarian,  not  to  mention  certain  mixed  races 
which  are  neither  the  one  nor  the  other.  The  barbarian 
races  are  the  following  : — Upon  the  coast,  the  Cilicians, 
the  Lycians,  the  Pamphylians,  the  Bitliynians,  the  Paphla- 
gonians,  the  Mariandynians,  the  Trojans,  and  the  Carians  ; 
in  the  interior,  the  Pisidians,  the  Mysians,  the  Chalybians, 
the  Phrygians,  and  the  Milyans.” 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  I.  381-386. 


.,  , Sette  Communi,  province  of  Vicenza,  Italy,  38 

i southwestern  mj]es  northwest  of  Padua.  Population,  2,349; 


commune,  6,128. 

Asiatic  Russia. 


Those  regions  of  Asia  which 


Lake  St  John  - , , s^,.  The  chief  place_  in  the 

Ashuelot (ash'we-lot).  Ariverin 
New  Hampshire,  a tributary  of  the  Connecticut 
Ashui.  See  Assyria. 

A"cBUro  ; 6/  1 rT \ T !t„  A lain  are  under  Russian  rule.  They  include  Transcaucasia, 

Ashwanipi  (ash-wan-e  pi),  Lake.  A lake  near  gjijer;a  anlj  Russian  Central  Asia  (Turkestan  and  the 
the  source  ot  the  Ashwanipi  River.  Transcaspian  Province). 

Ashwanipi  River,  or  Grand  River.  A river  in  Asmara  (a-se-na'ra).  An  island,  11  miles  long, 
Labrador  flowing  into  Hamilton  Inlet.  off  the  northwestern  coast  of  the  Island  of  Sar- 

Asia  (a'shia  or  a'zhia).  [P.  Asie,  G.  Asien,  dinia,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Sassari:  the 
Perhaps  from  the  Semitic  stem  acu,  to  go  out,  ancient  Insula  Herculis  (Island  of  Hercules), 
going  out,  rise  of  the  sun : G.  Morgenland.']  1.  Asmara,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 
A continent  of  the  eastern  hemisphere,  the  nean,  off  the  northwestern  coast  of  the  Island  of 
largest  grand  division  of  the  world.  It  is  bounded  Sardinia. 

by  the  Arctic  on  the  north,  Bering  Strait  (which  separates  AsinatUS  (as-i-na'rus).  In  ancient  geography, 

a small  river  in  the  province  or  Syracuse, 


it  from  North  America)  on  the  northeast,  the  Pacific  on 
the  east,  and  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  south.  The  Red 
Sea  separates  it  from  Africa,  to  which  it  is  joined  bythe 
Isthmus  of  Suez  (now  pierced  by  a canal),  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, Black,  and  Caspian  seas  separate  it  in  part  from 


Sicily:  the  modern  Fiume  di  Noto,  or  Falco- 
nare.  Near  here  the  Syracusans  defeated  the 
_ t.  - . - , . - , . .-  . , Athenians  413  B.  C. 

irtfcd-jwMIi®),  In  ancient  Borne, 
lat.  l°  16'  N.-770  4 O'  N.,  and  long.  26°  3'  E.-1690  40'  W.  a plebeian  clan  or  house,  originally  from  leate, 
The  chief  divisions  of  the  mainland  are  Korea,  Asiatic  the  principal  town  of  the  Marrucini,  whose  fam- 
Russia  Chinese  republic,  the  French  possessions  and  jj  names  were  Agrippa,  Celer,  Dento,  Gallos, 
protectorates,  Siam,  British  India,  Afghanistan,  Persia,  J...  u Q 1 • 11  ’ 

Turkey,  and  Arabia.  V7hh  the  ancients  the  name  also  loilio,  ana  balonmus. 
embraced  the  few  parts  of  Africa  known  to  them,  and  it  AsilliUS.  See  Pollio. 

was  only  after  the  Nile  began  to  be  considered  as  a divid-  AsiniUS  GalluS.  See  Gallus,  Cains  Asinius. 
ing  river  that  the  countries  west  of  it  were  separated  a ■ . . . Agtt-i*  i i i - — 7* r ""  i A rnoiintninoim  refrion 

from  Asia,  while  Egypt  was  still  included  in  it.  Moreover,  AS1T,  or  ASyr  (a-ser  ).  A.  mountainous  region 

’ in  western  Arabia,  between  Hejaz  on  the 

north  and  Yemen  on  the  south,  inhabited  by 
Wahabis. 

Asisi.  See  Assisi. 

Asius  (a'shi-us).  An  early  Greek  poet  of  Samos. 
He  is  “quoted  by  Duris  as  describing  the  luxury  of  the 
Ionians  at  Samos  in  terms  not  unlike  Thucydides'  account 
of  the  old  Athenians.  Athemeus  cites  a few  comic  lines 
from  an  elegy  of  the  same  poet,  and  Pausanias  refers  to 
him  on  obscure  genealogical  questions  about  local  heroes  ” 

_ _ ( Mahaffy , Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  145). 

stood  the  cradle  of  mankind” : according  to  legends  of  Ask  (ask)  and  Enibla  (em'bla).  [ON.  Askr 
the  oldest  Asiatic  nations,  in  the  region  of  the  Hindukush.  iu|(j  Embla.  I In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  first 
Western  Asia  was,  and  is  still,  occupied  by  Semites.  , J ?„  Mido-ard  bv  the 

The  Indo-Germanic  branch  of  the  human  family  occupied  ™an  ;UI“,  woman,  createa  m miagara  Dy  tuo 
in  ancient  time  the  highland  of  Iran  and  the  basins  of  three  gods  Odin,  Hffinir,  and  Lodur  (Old  ivorse 


the  knowledge  of  the  ancients  with  regard  to  Asia  did  not 
reach  far  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  Perso-Macedonian 
empire.  The  parts  south  of  the  Himalayas  were  called 
India,  those  to  the  north  Scythia.  The  west  was  termed 
Upper  and  Lower  Asia,  the  Tigris  being  the  dividing  line 
between  both.  In  the  books  of  the  Maccabees  “Asia” 
designates  the  parts  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Seleucides  ex- 
cepting Syria,  i.  e.,  the  greatest  part  of  Asia  Minor;  in 
the  New  Testament  the  Roman  province,  namely,  the 
western  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Asia  Minor,  with  Ephesus 
as  capital,  which  was  bequeathed  to  the  republic  by  Atta- 
lus,  king  of  Pergamon  (133  B.  0.).  In  Asia,  it  is  assumed, 


Ask 

Lodhurr),  out  of  trees  found  on  tlie  sea-shore. 
Odin  gave  them  life,  Hsenir  sense,  and  Lodur 
blood  and  color. 

Askabad  (as-ka-bad').  A place  in  the  Turko- 
man Steppe,  Russian  Central  Asia,  about  lat. 
37°  50'  N.,  long.  58°  20'  E. : an  important  sta- 
tion on  the  Transcaspian  Railway.  Popula- 
tion, 19,426. 

Askanien  (as-ka'ni-en).  An  ancient  countship 
of  Germany,  named  from  the  castle  of  Askanien 
near  Aschersleben. 

Aske  (ask),  Robert.  Executed  1537.  The 
leader  of  the  Yorkshire  insurrection  called  the 
“Pilgrimage  of  Grace”  (which  see). 

Askelon.  See  Ascalon. 

Askew,  or  Ascue  (as'ku),  Anne.  Born  at 
Stallingborough,  Lincolnshire,  England,  1521: 
burned  at  Smithfield,  London,  July  16,  1546. 
An  English  woman  accused  of  heresy  in  regard 
to  the  sacraments. 

Askja  (ask'ya).  A volcano  in  the  interior  of 
Iceland.  It  was  in  eruption  in  1875. 

Asklepios.  See  JEsculapius. 

Aslauga’s  Knight  (a-slou'gaz  nit).  [G.  As- 
lauga’s Ritter .]  A story  by  Baron  de  La  Motte 
Fouque,  published  in  German  in  the  autumn 
of  1814,  and  translated  into  English  in  Carlyle’s 
“German  Romance.”  Aslauga  is  a spirit  chosen  by 
the  Knight  in  preference  to  any  earthly  lady-love.  She 
appears  to  him  at  important  moments  in  his  career,  and 
he  dies  fancying  himself  clasped  in  her  arms  and  shrouded 
in  her  wonderful  golden  hair. 

Asmai  (Abu  Said  Abd-el  Melek  ibn  Koraib 
El-Asmai).  Born  at  Basra  about  740  a.  d.  : 
died  about  830.  An  Arabian  litterateur  and 
preceptor  to  Harun-al-Rashid.  He  probably 
wrote  the  romance  “ Antar.” 

Asmodeus  (as-mo-de'us  or  as-mo'de-us).  [Heb. 
Ashmodai : derived  by  some  from  Heb.  samad, 
to  destroy:  probably  of  Persian  origin.]  In 
later  Jewish  demonology,  a destructive  demon. 
In  the  book  of  Tobit  he  is  said  to  have  loved  Sara  and  to 
have  destroyed  in  succession  her  seven  husbands,  appear- 
ing as  a succubus  on  their  bridal  nights.  He  is  hence 
jocularly  spoken  of  as  the  destroyer  of  domestic  happi- 
ness. When,  however,  Sara  was  married  to  the  son  of 
Tobit,  Asmodeus  was  driven  away  by  the  fumes  from  the 
burning  heart  and  liver  of  a fish  (hence  the  allusion  in 
“Paradise  Lost,”  iv.  168).  King  Solomon,  in  his  search 
for  the  mysterious  and  miraculous  Shamir,  ordered  As- 
modeus, who  knew  the  secret,  to  be  brought  to  him. 
He  resisted  the  summons  violently,  upsetting  trees  and 
houses.  A poor  widow  begging  him  not  to  injure  her 
little  hut,  he  turned  aside  so  sharply  that  he  broke  his 
leg  and  has  been  a “diable  boiteux'’  (lame  devil)  ever 
since.  Le  Sage  made  him  the  hero  of  his  romance  “Le 
Diable  Boiteux,’1  from  which  Foote  took  his  play  “The 
Devil  on  Two  Sticks."  He  appears  in  the  former  as  the 
companion  of  Don  Cleofas,  whom  he  takes  with  him  in 
his  wonderful  flight  over  the  roofs  of  Madrid,  showing 
him  by  his  diabolical  power  the  insides  of  the  houses  as 
they  fly  over  them.  In  the  novel  he  is  a witty,  playful, 
malicious  creature.  He  is  also  introduced  in  Wieland’s 
“Oberon.” 

Asmoneans,  Hasmoneans.  [From  Asmonai, 
the  first  of  the  dynasty.]  See  Maccabees. 

Asnapper  (as-nap'er).  See  Asenappar. 

Asnen  (as'nen),  Lake.  A lake  in  southern 
Sweden,  south  of  Wexio. 

Asniferes  (a-ne-ar').  A suburb  of  Paris,  situ- 
ated on  the  Seine  1 mile  northwest  of  the  for- 
tifications. Population,  36,482. 

Asoka  (a-so'ka),  or  Piyadasi  (pi'ya-da-si).  A 
king  of  the  Maurva  dynasty  of  Magadha,  son 
of  Bindusara,  and  grandson  of  Chandragupta, 
b.  c.  263-226.  in  consequence  of  a quarrel  with  his 
father,  he  went  away  to  Rajputaua  and  the  Panjab.  Re- 
turning at  the  moment  of  his  father's  death,  he  massacred 
his  brothers  aud  obtained  the  throne.  In  time  he  ex- 
tended his  sway  over  Hindustan,  the  Panjab,  and  Afghan- 
istan, while  he  claimed  to  rule  also  over  South  India  and 
Ceylon.  Converted  by  a miracle,  he  openly  adopted  Bud- 
dhism and  became  the  Buddhist  Constantine.  Especially 
noted  are  his  edicts  enjoining  the  practioal  morality  of 
Buddhism,  which  are  engraved  in  different  Prakrit  dia- 
lects on  pillars  or  rocks  in  various  parts  of  India.  Prin- 
sep,  their  first  decipherer,  and  Lassen  refer  them  to  the 
time  of  Asoka, but  Wilson  thinks  they  were  engraved  “at 
some  period  subsequent  to  B.  c.  205.” 

Asola  (a-so'la).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Mantua,  Italy,  19  miles  northwest  of  Mantua. 

Asolando  (as-o-lan'do) : Facts  and  Fancies. 
A volume  of  poems  by  Robert  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  London  Dec.  12, 1889,  the  day  on  which 
the  poet  died  in  Venice. 

Asolo  (a'so-lo).  A town  in  the  province  of  Tre- 
viso, Italy,  33  miles  northwest  of  Venice:  the 
ancient  Acelutn.  Population,  commune,  5,847. 

AsopilS  (a-so'pus).  [Gr.  ’A.acmot;.']  In  ancient 
geography:  (a)  A small  river  inBoeotia,  Greece, 
flowing  into  the  Euripus  in  northern  Attica : 
the  modern  Oropo.  (b)  A small  river  in  Sicy- 
onia,  Greece,  flowing  into  the  Corinthian  Gulf 
4 miles  northeast  of  Sicyon : the  modern  Ha- 
gios  Georgios. 


86 

Asopus.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  god  of  the 
river  Asopus  (in  Sicyonia).  He  was  struck  by 
a thunderbolt  from  Zeus. 

Asotus  (a-so'tus).  [Gr.  fiowof,  profligate.]  In 
Ben  Jonson’s  “ Cynthia’s  Revels,”  a foolish  and 
prodigal  coxcomb,  the  parasite  of  Amorphus 
whom  he  imitates  in  every  way. 

Aspar  (as'par).  Died  471.  A general  of  the 
Eastern  Empire,  the  son  of  Ardaburius.  He 
was  an  Alan  by  extraction.  As  early  as  424  he  went  with 
his  father  on  the  expedition  to  Italy  which  overthrew  the 
usurper  Joannes  and  established  the  young  Valentinian  on 
the  throne  of  his  uncle  Honorius.  He  was  consul  in  434. 

‘ ‘ He  was  called  ‘ First  of  the  Patricians  ’ ; he  stood  on  the 
very  steps  of  the  throne,  and  might  have  been  Emperor 
himself,  but  he  was  an  Arian.”  Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her 
Invaders,  II.  450. 

Asparagus  Gardens,  The.  A low  place  of 
public  entertainment,  not  far  from  Pimlico.  It 
is  to  this  that  Brome  refers  in  his  “ Sparagus 
Garden”  (which  see). 

Aspasia  (as-pa'shi-a).  [Gr.  Aaitaoia,  lit.  ‘ wel- 
come.’] Bom  at  Miletus,  Ionia : flourished  about 
440  b.  c.  A celebrated  Milesian  woman  of  great 
talents  and  beauty,  who  removed  to  Athens  in 
her  youth,  and  became  the  mistress  of  Pericles. 
Her  house  was  the  center  of  literary  and  philosophical 
society  at  Athens,  and  her  ascendancy  over  Pericles  was 
such  that  the  war  with  Samos  in  behalf  of  Miletus,  440  B.  c., 
was  frequently  ascribed  to  her  influence.  She  was  also 
said  to  have  written  part  of  Pericles's  famous  funeral  ora- 
tion over  the  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  campaign  of  431  B.  C. 
She  was  accused  by  the  comic  poet  Hermippus  of  impu- 
rity 432  B.  c.,  but  was  saved  by  the  intervention  of  Pericles, 
whose  eloquence  and  personal  influence  procured  her  ac- 
quittal. After  the  death  of  Pericles,  429  B.  C.,  she  attached 
herself  to  Lysicles,  a democratic  leader.  The  son  of  Peri- 
cles by  Aspasia  was  legitimated  by  a decree  of  the  people, 
took  his  father's  name,  and  was  executed,  with  five  other 
generals,  after  the  victory  of  Arginusse. 

Aspasia,  or  Aspatia.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  ‘ ‘ Maid’s 
Tragedy.”  She  is  betrothed  to  Amiutor  and 
is  deserted  by  him. 

Aspasius(as-pa'shius).  Born  at  Ravenna,  Italy: 
flourished  about  225  a.  D.  A Roman  rhetorician 
and  sophist. 

Aspe  (as'pa).  A town  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, Spain,  21  miles  west  of  Alicante.  Popu- 
lation, 7,927. 

Aspe  (asp),  Vallee  d’.  A valley,  department 
of  Basses-Pyrenees,  France,  near  the  Spanish 
frontier,  traversed  by  one  of  the  main  routes 
across  the  Pyrenees.  It  formed  a medieval  re- 
public under  the  protection  of  Bearn. 

Aspen  (as'pen).  A silver-mining  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  Pitkin  County,  Colorado,  west  of  Lead- 
ville.  Population,  i,834,  (1910). 

Aspendos  (as-pen'dos) , Aspendus  (-dus).  [Gr. 
-'Va-crdor.]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of 
Pamphylia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Eurymedon 
about  lat.  36°  58'  N.,  long.  31°  16'  E.  it  contains 
a Roman  theater,  which  is  the  best  preserved  of  all  an- 
cient structures  of  the  kind.  The  cavea  is  quite  intact. 
There  is  also  a Roman  aqueduct  which  crosses  the  valley 
by  a long  range  of  arches. 

Asper  (as'per).  [L.,  ‘rough,  harsh.’]  1.  In  Ben 
Jonson’s  “Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,”  a 
character  which  he  designed  as  a portrait  of 
himself. 

He  is  of  an  ingenious  and  free  spirit,  eager  and  constant 
in  reproof,  without  fear  controlling  the  world’s  abuses. 
One  whom  no  servile  hope  of  gain,  or  frosty  apprehension 
of  danger,  can  make  to  be  a parasite,  either  to  time, 
place,  or  opinion. 

J orison,  in  Dram.  Pers.  Every  Man  out  of  Iris  Humour. 
2.  The  pseudonym  of  Johnson  in  the  “Ramb- 
ler,” and  under  which  he  abused  Garrick. 

Asperg  (as'perG),  or  Asberg  (as'berG).  Atowu 
in  the  Neckar  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  9 miles 
north  of  Stuttgart.  Population,  about  3,000. 

Aspern  (as'pern).  A village  in  Lower  Austria, 
situated  ou  the  north  bank  of  the  Danube  5 
miles  northeast  of  Vienna. 

Aspern,  Battle  of,  or  Battle  of  Essling.  A 
victory  gained  at  Aspern  and  Essling,  May  21 
and  22,  1809,  by  the  Austrians  under  Archduke 
Charles  (80,000)  over  the  French  under  Napo- 
leon (40,000  and  later  80,000).  The  loss  of 
the  Austrians  was  about  24,000;  that  of  the 
French  considerably  more,  including  Lannes. 

Asplialtites  (as-fal-ti'tez),  Lake.  [L.  Locus 
asphaltites,  Gr.  A ipvTj  ’ActpaLTiryc,  lake  of  asphalt 
or  bitumen.]  An  ancient  name  of  the  Dead 
Sea. 

Aspidiske  (as-pi-dis'ke),  or  Asmidiske  (as- 
mi-dis'ke).  [Gr.  aamdtaKr),  a little  shield.]  The 
fourth-magnitude  star  i Argus,  situated  in  the 
shield  which  ornament  s the  vessel’s  poop.  There 
is  some  confusion  in  the  lettering  of  the  stars  of  this  con- 
stellation, and  some  star-maps  assign  this  name  to  f in- 
stead of  l. 

Aspinwall  (as'pin-wal).  William.  Born  at 
Brookline,  Mass.,  May  23,  1743:  died  April  16, 


Assemani,  Stefano  Evodio 

1823.  An  American  physician.  He  fought  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  battle  of  Lexington,  became  a surgeon 
in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  is  said  to  have  established 
the  practice  of  vaccination  in  America. 

Aspinwall,  William  H.  Born  at  New  York, 
Dec.  16,  1807 : died  there,  Jan.  18,  1875.  An 
American  merchant,  the  chief  promoter  of  the 
Panama  Railroad,  whose  eastern  terminus  is 
named  for  him. 

Aspinwall,  or  Colon  (ko-lon').  A seaport  on 
the  low  island  of  Manzanilla,  in  the  republic 
of  Panama,  in  lat.  9°  22'  N.,  long.  79°  55'  W. : 
the  terminus  of  the  Panama  Railroad  and  also 
of  the  Panama  Canal,  it  was  founded  in  1855  by 
W.  H.  Aspinwall,  and  was  burned  by  insurgents  in  1885 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Aspramonte  (as-pra-mon'te).  An  Italian  epic 
poem,  by  an  unknown  author,  which  appeared 
at  Milan  in  1516,  a year  after  “Orlando  Fu- 
l’ioso.”  The  subject  is  the  defeat  of  the  Saracens  by  the 
French  when  the  former  came  over  in  large  numbers 
under  Gamier,  king  of  Carthage,  to  sack  Rome : this  they 
accomplished,  and  went  across  to  France  where  Charle- 
magne and  all  the  great  paladins  defeated  them  near  As- 
pramonte (Aspremont). 

Aspre  (as'pr),  Konstantin,  Baron  d’.  Born 
1789 : died  1850.  An  Austrian  general,  distin- 
guished in  the  Italian  campaigns  of  1848-49. 
Aspromonte  (as-pro-mon'te).  A mountain  in 
Calabria,  Italy,  10-20  miles  northeast  of  Reggio, 
nearly  7,000  feet  in  height.  Near  it  Garibaldi 
was  defeated  and  captured  by  Italian  troops 
under  Pallavicini,  Aug.  29,  1862. 
Aspropotamo  (as-pro-pot'a-mo).  The  modem 
name  of  the  river  Achelous. 

Assab  (as-sab').  A hay  in  the  Red  Sea,  in  lat. 
13°  N.,  long.  42°  50'  E.  Since  1881  it  has  be- 
longed, with  adjacent  villages,  to  Italy. 

Assad  (as'sad).  In  the  story  of  “Prince  Am- 
giad  and  Prince  Assad,”  in  the  “Arabian 
Nights’  Entertainments,”  the  son  of  Camaral- 
zaman  and  Haiatalnefous. 

Assal  (iis-sal').  A salt  lake  in  eastern  Africa, 
near  the  Gulf  of  Tajurrah,  Gulf  of  Aden,  600 
feet  below  the  sea-level. 

Assam  (as-sam').  Achief-commissionership  of 
British  India.  It  was  included  in  the  province  of 
Eastern  Bengal  aud  Assam,  constituted  in  1905,  but  was 
created  a chief-commissionership  by  decree  of  December, 
1911.  It  was  ceded  by  Burma  in  1826. 

Assandun  (as-san'dun).  A locality,  identified 
with  Ashingdon,  Essex,  England,  where  in  1016 
Edmund  Ironsides  was  defeated  by  Canute. 
Assassination  Plot.  A conspiracy  against  the 
life  of  William  III.  of  England,  by  Sir  George 
Barclay,  Charnoek,  and  Parkyns,  detected  in 
1696. 

Assassins,  The.  A military  and  religious  order 
in  Syria,  founded  in  Persia  by  Hassan  ben 
Sabbah  about  1090.  A colony  migrated  from  Persia 
to  Syria,  settled  in  various  places,  with  their  chief  seat 
on  the  mountains  of  Lebanon,  and  became  remarkable 
for  their  secret  murders  in  blind  obedience  to  the  will  of 
their  chief.  Their  religion  was  a compound  of  Magian- 
ism,  Judaism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism.  One 
article  of  their  creed  was  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided 
in  their  chief  and  that  his  orders  proceeded  from  God 
himself.  The  chief  of  the  sect  is  best  known  by  the 
denomination  old  man  of  the  mountain  (Arabic  sheikh  al- 
jebal,  chief  of  the  mountains).  These  barbarous  chief- 
tains and  their  followers  spread  terror  among  nations  far 
and  near  for  almost  two  centuries.  In  the  time  of  the 
Crusades  they  mustered  to  the  number  of  60,000,  and  pre- 
sented a formidable  obstacle  to  the  arms  of  the  Christians. 
They  were  eventually  subdued  by  the  sultan  Bibars  about 
1272. 

Assaye,  or  Assye  (as-si').  A village  of  Hai- 
darabad,  British  India,  about  lat.  20°  15'  N., 
long.  75°  54'  E.  Here  9,500  men  under  Wellesley 
(Duke  of  Wellington)  defeated  more  than  40,000  Mahrattas 
Sept.  23,  1803.  The  loss  of  the  British  was  about  1.800. 
Assche.or  Asche(as'ehe).  A small  town  in  Bra- 
bant, Belgium,  9 miles  northwest  of  Brussels. 
Asselyn  (as'se-lin),  Jan,  surnamed  Krabbetje. 
Born  at  Antwerp  (?)  about  1610:  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1660.  A Dutch  painter  of  landscapes, 
animals,  and  battles. 

Assemani  (as-sa-ma'ne),  Giuseppe  Aloysio. 
Born  at  Tripoli,  Syria,  about  1710:  died  at 
Rome,  Feb.  9,  1782.  A Syrian  Orientalist, 
nephew  of  Giuseppe  Simone  Assemani,  pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  languages  at  Rome. 
Assemani,  Giuseppe  Simone.  Born  at  Tripoli, 
Syria,  1687:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  14.  1768.  A 
Syrian  Orientalist,  custodian  in  the  Vatican  li- 
brary: author  of  “ Bibliotheca  orient alis  Clem- 
entino-Vaticana”  (1719-28),  etc. 

Assemani,  Simone.  Born  at  Tripoli,  Syria, 
1752 : died  1821.  A Syrian  scholar,  professor  of 
Oriental  languages  at  Padua : author  of  works 
on  Oriental  numismatics. 

Assemani,  Stefano  Evodio.  Born  at  Tripoli, 
Syria,  1707 : died  1782.  A Syrian  Orientalist, 


Assemani,  Stefano  Evodio 

nephew  of  Giuseppe  Simone  Assemani,  custo- 
dian in  the  Vatican  library.  His  works  include 
“Bibliothecae  Mediceo-Laurentianae  et  Palatina)  cod., 
etc."  (1742),  “Acta  Sanctorum  Martyrum”  (1748),  etc. 

Assembly,  National.  In  French  history,  the 
first  of  the  Revolutionary  assemblies,  in  ses- 
sion 1789-91.  The  States-General,  elected  in  1789,  were 
opened  May  5, 1789,  and  in  June  the  third  estate  assumed 
the  title  of  National  Assembly,  and  absorbed  the  two  re- 
maining estates.  Its  chief  work  was  the  formation  of  the 
constitution  (whence  it  is  also  called  the  Constituent  As- 
sembly). 

Assembly  of  Fowls.  Seo  Parliament  ofFowles. 

Assembly  of  Ladies,  The.  A poem  attributed 
to  Chaucer,  but  now  considered  spurious : an 
imitation  of  the  “Parliament  of  Fowles.” 

Assen  (as'sen).  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Drenthe,  Netherlands,  16  miles  south  of  Gro- 
ningen. Near  it  are  famous  antiquities.  Popu- 
lation, 11,191. 

Assens  (fis'sens).  A town  in  the  island  of  Fiinen, 
Denmark,  situated  on  the  Little  Belt  21  miles 
southwest  of  Odense.  Population,  4,645. 

Asser  (as'er).  Died  at  Sherborne,  England, 
909(?)  A.  D.  A Welsh  monk,  bishop  of  Sher- 
borne and  companion  of  Alfred  the  Great.  He 
wrote  a “Life  of  Alfred”  (ed.  by  Wise  1722). 

Assideans  (as-i-de'anz).  See  Chasidim. 

Assing  (as'sing),  Ludmilla.  Bom  at  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  22, 1821 : died  at  Florence,  March  25, 
1880.  A German  authoress,  editor  of  various 
works  of  Varnhagen  von  Ense  (her  uncle)  and 
of  Alexander  von  Humboldt.  She  was  sentenced, 
1863-64,  to  imprisonment  for  libel  by  the  Prussian  gov- 
ernment. 

Assini  (as-se'ne).  A small  French  protectorate 
on  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  west  of  the 
British  Gold  Coast,  on  a river  of  the  same 
name. 

Assiniboia  (as^n-i-boi'a).  Formerly  a pro- 
visional district  in  the  northwest  of  Canada, 
formed  in  1882.  It  extended  to  the  north 
nearly  to  lat.  52°  N.,  and  on  the  west  to  a lit- 
tle beyond  long.  111°.  It  was  bounded  on  the 
south  by  the  United  States  and  on  the  east  by 
Manitoba.  On  the  establishment  in  1905  of 
the  provinces  of  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan  by 
far  the  larger  part  of  it  was  incorporated  in 
the  latter  province.  Area,  district,  7,505  square 
miles.  Population,  42,556,  (1911). 

Assiniboin  (a-sin'i-boin).  [Chippewa  mini, 
stone,  upwawa,  he  cooks  by  roasting:  i.  e.  by 
hot  stones.]  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, an  offshoot  of  the  Pabakse  gens  of  the 
Ihanktonwanna : called  Ilohc  (ho'ha)  by  the 
Dakota.  They  number  about  2,600,  and  live  in  the 
northwest  territory  of  British  North  America  and  also  in 
Montana.  See  Sioucin  and  Sioux. 

Assiniboine,  or  Assiniboin.  A river  in  the 
southern  part  of  British  America,  which  joins 
the  Red  River  of  the  North  at  Winnipeg,  Mani- 
toba. Length,  about  500  miles. 

Assinie  (as-se-ne').  [F.]  Seo  Assini. 

Assisi,  or  Asisi  (a-se'se).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Perugia,  Italy,  12  miles  southeast  of 
Perugia,  famous  as  the  birthplace  of  St.  Fran- 
cis : the  Umbrian  Assisium.  It  is  also  the  birthplace 
of  Propertius  and  Metastasio.  Near  it  are  Roman  ruins. 
It  contains  a temple  of  Minerva,  a fine  Roman  hexastyle 
Corinthian  prostyle  portico,  with  its  low  pediment  com- 
plete, now  attached  to  the  Church  of  Santa  Maria  della 
Minerva,  of  which  the  vaulted  cella  still  forms  the  chief 
part.  The  temple  dates  from  Augustus,  and  is  good  in 
its  proportions  and  ornament.  The  Church  of  San  Fran- 
cesco, begun  1228,  consists  of  the  Upper  Church,  the  Lower 
Church,  and  the  Crypt  (containing  the  tomb  of  the  saint). 
The  first,  225  feet  long,  consists  of  a single  nave  of  five 
bays  with  a rose-window  of  great  beauty.  The  walls  are 
covered  with  frescos,  chiefly  by  Cimabue  (story  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments)  and  Giotto  (life  of  St.  Francis).  The 
latter  series  is  famous,  and  exhibits  in  the  highest  degree 
the  painter’s  individuality,  dramatic  quality,  and  direct- 
ness of  conception.  The  Lower  Church  i3  wider  than  the 
other,  low  and  crypt-like;  it  contains  interesting  tombs, 
fine  painted  glass,  and  many  frescos,  among  them  some 
of  Giotto’s  most  admired  works.  The  chief  of  these  are 
the  Virtues  and  the  Glorification  of  St.  Francis,  and  a 
beautiful  Madonna,  on  gold  ground. 

Assiut,  or  Assiout.  See  Slut. 

Assize  of  Clarendon.  An  English  ordinance, 
issued  in  1166  (12  Hen.  II.),  which  introduced 
changes  into  the  administration  of  justice. 

Assizes  of  Jerusalem.  Two  codes  of  laws, 
drawn  up  under  the  authority  of  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon,  the  first  crusading  king  of  Jerusalem, 
and  in  force  under  the  Christian  sovereignty  in 
Jerusalem  and  in  Cyprus.  One  code  had  jurisdic- 
tion  over  the  nobility,  the  second  over  the  common  peo- 
ple. Both  were  conceived  with  a wisdom  and  enlighten- 
ment beyond  their  age,  and  were  baaed  on  contemporary 
French  law  and  customs. 

Assize  of  Northampton.  An  English  ordi- 
nance, a reissue  and  expansion  of  the  Assize 


87 

of  Clarendon,  issued  at  Northampton  in  1176 
(22  Hen.  II.),  drawn  up  in  the  form  of  instruc- 
tions to  the  judges.  The  new  articles  relate 
to  tenure,  reliefs,  dower,  etc. 

Assmannshausen  (as'mfins-hou-zen).  A vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Rhine  16  miles  west  of  Mainz, 
celebrated  for  its  red  and  white  wines. 
Associated  Counties,  The.  In  English  his- 
tory, a name  given  to  the  counties  of  Norfolk, 
Suffolk,  Essex,  Hertford,  Cambridge,  Hunting- 
don, and  Lincoln,  because  they  combined, 
1642-46,  to  join  the  Parliamentary  side  in  the 
civil  war,  and  to  keep  their  territory  free  from 
invasion. 

Assollant,  or  Assolant  (a-so-lon'),  Jean  Bap- 
tiste Alfred.  Born  at  Aubusson,  March  20, 
1827 : died  at  Paris,  March  4,  1886.  A French 
novelist  and  journalist.  He  brought  a charge  of 
plagiarism  against  Victorien  Sardou,  alleging  that  the 
latter’s  play  “Oncle.Sam”  was  taken  from  Assollant’s 
“Scfenes  de  la  Vie  desEtats-Unis.”  The  charge  was  re- 
ferred to  a commission  of  authors  who  gave  a verdict  in 
favor  of  M.  Sardou. 

Assommoir  (fi-som-mwiir'),  L’.  [F.,‘the  blud- 
geon.’]  A novel  by  Zola,  published  in  1877. 

ASSOS  (as'os).  [Gr.  vA.aaog.'\  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium,  Mysia,  in  lat.  39°  29'  N.,  long.  26°  22'  E. 
The  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  Turkish  village  of  Bell  ram. 
It  was  thoroughly  explored  and  excavated  by  the  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  of  America  1881-82,  with  the  important 
result  of  illustrating  the  architectural  and  topographical 
development  of  a minor  Greek  city  with  a completeness 
comparable  with  the  body  of  information  supplied  by  Pom- 
peii concerning  Roman  towns  under  somewhat  similar 
conditions.  The  remains  studied  include  very  extensive 
fortifications  of  successive  periods,  temples  ranging  from 
the  archaic  Doric  to  foundations  dating  within  the  Chris- 
tian era,  a theater,  baths,  porticos,  a gymnasium,  private 
dwellings  in  great  variety,  a remarkable  and  highly 
adorned  street  of  tombs,  and  a Greek  bridge. 

Assouan.  See  Assuan. 

Assuan,  or  Asswan,  or  Assouan  (as-swan'). 

* A town  in  Upper  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile 
near  the  first  cataract,  in  lat.  24°  5'  N.,  formerly 
supposed  to  be  on  the  tropic  of  Cancer:  the  an- 
cient Syene.  It  is  noted  for  its  granite.  It  was 
the  place  of  banishment  of  Juvenal. 

Assuay.  See  Azuay. 

Assumption.  See  Asuncion. 

Assumption  of  the  Virgin.  1.  A masterpiece 
of  Titian  in  the  Aceademia,  Venice,  one  of  the 
most  renowned  of  existing  paintings.  The  Vir- 
gin ascends  toward  the  throne,  wafted  on  glowing  clouds 
and  surrounded  by  ranks  of  rejoicing  angels.  The  apos- 
tles look  up  in  amazement  from  the  earth  below. 

2.  A powerful  painting  by  Titian,  in  the  ca- 
thedral of  Verona,  splendid  and  characteristic 
in  coloring. — 3.  Frescos  by  Correggio  in  the 
dome  of  the  cathedral  of  Parma,  Italy.  They 
occupy  the  entire  octagon,  and  are  famous  for  their  grace 
and  the  beauty  of  their  color  and  golden  light.  They  are 
now  damaged  by  moisture. 

4.  A painting  by  Rubens,  in  Antwerp  Cathe- 
dral, Belgium.  The  Virgin,  surrounded  by  angels,  is 
borne  up  to  heaven  in  glory  ; the  apostles  and  women  are 
gathered  about  the  empty  tomb  below.  The  coloring  is 
less  brilliant  than  is  usual  with  Rubens. 

5.  A painting  by  Perugino,  in  the  Aceademia, 
Florence.  The  Virgin  is  in  face  and  form  one  of  Peru- 
gino’s  most  beautiful  figures ; the  four  saints  in  the  fore- 
ground, too,  are  admirable. 

6.  A large  and  important  painting  by  Guido 
Reni,  in  Bridgewater  House,  London. — 7.  A 
fine  fresco  by  Gaudenzio  Ferrari,  in  the  Church 
of  San  Cristoforo  at  Vercelli,  Italy.  The  figures 
of  the  Father,  the  Virgin,  the  angel,  and"  the  apostles,  es- 
pecially, are  of  grand  conception. 

8.  A painting  by  Murillo,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The  Virgin  floats  upward, 
resting  on  clouds,  with  bands  of  cherubs  above  and  below 
her.  This  picture  excels  in  the  qualities  of  grace  and 
purity  of  expression  which  characterize  many  of  Murillo’s 
works. 

9.  One  of  the  most  admired  paintings  of  Guer- 
cino  (1623),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St. 
Petersburg.  The  Virgin,  with  face  uplifted,  is  borne 
upward  on  a cloud,  surrounded  by  angels.  The  apostles 
stand  about  her  tomb  below. 

Assur (as'or),  or  Ashur  (ash'er).  [See  Assyria .] 
1.  The  original  name  of  Assyria  and  of  its 
earliest  capital. — 2.  See  Asur. 

Assye.  See  Assaye. 

Assynt  (as'int),  Loch..  A lake,  7 miles  long, 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  Sutherland,  Scot- 
land, noted  for  its  picturesqueness. 

Assyria  (a-sir'i-;i).  [OPers.  Athura,  Gr.  ’Aoavpia, 
L.  Assyria,  F.  Assy  He,  G.  Assyrien;  in  the  cu- 
neiform inscriptions  A shir ; in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment AS&r.]  An  ancient  Asiatic  state,  which 
at  the  period  of  its  greatest  power  covered  a 
territory  of  about  75,000  square  miles,  bounded 
by  Armenia  on  the  north,  the  Lower  Zab  on 


Asterope 

the  south,  the  Zagros  Mountains  on  the  east,  and 
the  Euphrates  on  the  west.  In  Gen.  x.  2 the  name 
is  given  to  a small  district  about  25  by  17  miles  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Tigris.  The  name  of  the  country  was 
derived  from  that  of  the  city  Assur,  situated  about  60 
miles  south  of  the  modern  Mosul  and  marked  by  the 
ruins  of  Kileh-Shergat.  This  city  is  not  mentioned  in 
the  Old  Testament,  but  it  survived  Nineveh,  being  still 
in  existence  in  the  time  of  Cyrus,  the  conqueror  of 
Babylon.  The  name,  besides  being  given  to  the  city  and 
country,  was  also  applied  to  the  national  god,  being  always 
spelled  A tar  in  this  connection.  The  Persians  called 
the  city  Athura.  'ihe  Greeks  comprised  in  the  name  As- 
syria, or  its  shortened  form  Syria , the  entire  territory  be- 
tween Babylonia  and  the  Mediterranean,  sometimes  ap- 
plying it  even  to  Babylonia.  The  northern  and  eastern 
portions  of  the  country  were  mountainous,  but  the  greater 
part  was  flat,  being  an  extension  of  the  Babylonian  plains. 
Its  principal  rivers  were  the  Tigris,  the  .Upper  and  Lower 
Zab,  the  Kurnib,  the  Khoser,  and  the  western  Khabur. 
It  was  a fertile  country,  and  abounded  in  all  sorts  of 
animals : among  others,  the  stag,  roebuck,  wild  bull,  and 
lion.  The  hunting  of  the  lion  was  the  favorite  sport  of 
the  Assyrian  kings.  According  to  Genesis  (x.  8-12, 22) 
the  Assyrians  were  descendants  of  Shem  and  emigrants 
from  Babylon.  Their  Semitic-Babylonian  origin  is  fully 
attested  by  their  sculptures  and  inscriptions.  Their  lan- 
guage is,  apart  from  a few  dialectical  and  orthographical 
variations,  identical  with  Babylonian,  and  closely  akin  to 
Hebrew.  Assyria  derived  its  civilization  from  Babylonia. 
Its  religion  was  the  same  as  that  of  the  mother-country, 
with  the  exception  of  the  national  god  Ashur,  who  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  pantheon.  Assyrian  architec- 
ture was  a slavish  copy  of  that  of  Babylonia.  Although 
stone  abounded  in  the  former,  bricks  continued  to  be  used 
in  imitation  of  the  practice  in  Babylonia,  where  no  stone 
existed.  The  Babylonian  emigrants  who  established  As- 
syria probably  set  out  about  2000  B.  C.  The  first  Assyrian 
rulers  of  whom  we  hear  were  Belkapkapu,  Isnii-Dagan, 
and  his  son  Samsi-Ramman  (1816  B.  c.).  For  the  next  800 
years  nothing  is  known  of  the  condition  of  Assyria.  In 
the  15th  century  B.  c.  Assyria  was  involved  in  a war  with 
Babylonia,  then  under  the  rule  of  the  non-Semitic  Kas- 
sites.  War  continued  between  the  two  countries  for  a 
long  time  with  varying  success.  Finally,  however,  Assyria 
became  supreme  and  Babylonia  the  vassal  state.  The  chief 
maker  of  Assyria’s  glory  was  Tiglatli-Pileser  I.  (1120-1100 
B.  c.),  who  conquered  the  city  of  Babylon,  other  cities  of 
Babylonia,  and  penetrated  as  far  as  the  Mediterranean. 
His  more  important  successors  were  Asur-dan  i I.  ( 30-911 
B.  C.) ; Asurnazii  pal  (884-860  B.  C.)  ; Shalmaneser  II.  (860- 
824  B.  C.),  who  came  in  contact  with  Damascus  and  Israel ; 
Tiglath-Pileser  III.  ( Phul  in  the  Old  Testament)  746-727 
b.  c.,  whose  power  extended  to  the  confines  of  Egypt  and 
who  put  the  crown  of  Babylon  on  his  head ; Saigon  w22-705 
B.  c.),  the  conqu  eror  of  Samaria,  who  defeated  t he  Egypt  ians 
at  Raphia;  Sennacherib  (705-681  B.  c.);  and  Isarhaddon 
(680-668  B.  C.).  These  last  two  kingsmark  the  height  of  As- 
syrian power,  and  Esarhaddon  was  enabled  by  his  con- 
quests to  add  to  his  name  the  title  king  of  Upper  and 
Lower  Egypt  and  Ethiopia.  Under  Asurbanipal  (the 
Sardanapalus  of  Greek  writers),  66S-626  B.  c.,  the  decline 
of  the  empire  began.  In  some  respects  this  reign  was 
most  prosperous  and  brilliant : it  was  the  golden  age  of 
art  and  literature.  Under  this  reign  too  Susa  was  con- 
quered and  destroyed.  But  signs  of  the  approaching 
break-up  were  seen  in  the  constant  uprisings  of  the  op- 
pressed nations.  The  downward  course  was  rapid.  Once, 
about  625,  Assyria  succeeded  in  repelling  the  attack  of 
the  Medes  and  Persians  under  Phraortes,  but  when  his 
son  Cyaxares  in  union  with  Nabopolassar  of  Babylon  re- 
peated the  attack(606  B.  C.),  Nineveh  fell  and  the  Assyrian 
power  entirely  disappeared.  See  Century  Atlas,  MapTIII. 

Assyrian  Canon.  See  Eponym  Canon. 

Ast  (fist),  Georg  Anton  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Gotha,  Germany,  Dee.  29,  1778:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Oct.  31,  1841.  A German  philologist  and 
philosophical  writer. 

AstacilS  (as'ta-kus).  [Gr.  "Ac raxof.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a Greek  colony  in  Bithynia,  Asia 
Minor,  near  Nicomedia. 

Astacus,  Gulf  of.  Same  as  Gulf  of  Nicomedia 
or  of  Ismid. 

Astarte  (as-t.ar'te).  See  Ashtoreth. 

Astarte.  The  woman  guiltily  beloved  by  Man- 
fred (in  Byron’s  “Manfred”),  and  for  whom  he 
suffers  an  undying  remorse. 

Astell  (as' tel),  Mary.  Born  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  England,  1668:  died  1731.  An  Eng- 
lish writer.  She  was  the  author  of  “A  Serious  Proposal 
to  Ladies,’’  published  anonymously  (1694-97).  ’t  he  “pro- 
posal ” was  for  the  erection  of  a monastery  or  home  of  re- 
ligious retirement,  to  be  conducted  under  the  rules  of  the 
Church  of  England  : a scheme  which  later  brought  upon 
its  author  considerable  abuse,  as  in  the  “Tntler”  (32), 
where  she  appears  under  the  name  of  Madonella. 

Aster  (fis'ter),  Ernst  Ludwig  von.  Born  at 
Dresden,  Oct.  5,  1778:  died  at  Berlin,  Feh. 
10,  1855.  A German  military  engineer.  He 
planned  the  fortresses  of  Coblentz  and  Ehren- 
breitstein. 

Asterabad.  See  Astrdbad. 

Asterius  (as-te'ri-us).  1.  Lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  4th  century  A.  B.  An  Arian  theo- 
logian of  Cappadocia. — 2.  Lived  about  400  a.  d 
A bishop  of  Amasia,  in  Pontus,  noted  as  a 
writer  of  “Homilies.” 

Asterope  (as-ter'6-pe).  [Gr.  ’Aor>p6-y.~]  One 
of  the  Pleiades,  composed  of  two  stars,  each  of 
7-J  magnitude,  and  just  too  faint  to  be  seen 
by  most  eyes  without  telescopic  assistance. 
It  is  sometimes  regarded  as  the  “lost  Pleiad,’’  though 
more  usually  Pleione  is  so  considered.  See  Pleiades, 


Asti 

Asti  (as'te).  A city  in  the  province  of  Alessan- 
dria, Italy,  the  ancient  Asta  Pompeia,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Borbore  and  Tanaro  28 
miles  southeast  of  Turin.  During  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a powerful  republic.  It  has  important  trade,  and 
is  noted  for  the  wines  produced  in  its  vicinity.  It  is  the 
birthplace  of  Alfteri.  It  has  a cathedral  chiefly  of  the 
13th  century.  The  fine  facade  has  alternate  courses  of 
white  stone  and  red  brick,  with  three  trefoil-headed  sculp- 
tured doorways.  There  is  a handsome  lateral  porch  with 
statues,  an  octagonal  lantern,  and  a square,  round-arched 
campanile.  The  transepts  have  pentagonal  ends,  and 
apses  on  the  east  side.  Population,  commune,  38,045. 

Astie  (as-te-a'),  Jean  Frederic.  Born  at  Ne- 
rac,Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  Sept.  21, 1822:  died 
at  Lausanne,  May  20,  1894.  A French  Protes- 
tant clergyman,  and  writer  on  theological,  phi- 
losophical, and  historical  subjects.  He  was  pastor 
of  a French-Swiss  cliurcli  in  New  York  1848-53,  removed 
to  Paris,  and  later  (1856)  became  professor  of  theology  and 
philosophy  at  Lausanne.  Among  his  works  is  a “ Histoire 
de  la  r^publique  des  Etats-Unis  " (1865). 

Astier  (as-te-a'),  Paul.  In  Daudet’s  “Strug- 
gle for  Life,”  au  unscrupulous  egoist. 

Astle  (as'l),  Thomas.  Bom  Dec.  22, 1735 : died 
at  Battersea  Rise,  near  London,  Dec.  1,  1803. 
An  English  paleographer  and  antiquary,  ap- 
pointed keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower  of 
London  in  1783.  He  wrote  “ The  Origin  and 
Progress  of  Writing”  (1784),  etc. 

Astley  (ast'li),  Sir  Jacob,  afterward  Baron 
Astley.  Born  1579 : died  at  Maidstone,  Eng- 
land, Feb.,  1G52.  An  English  royalist  general 
in  the  first  civil  war.  He  served  at  EdgehiU, 
Gloucester,  Naseby,  and  elsewhere,  and  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner  at  Stow  in  1040. 

Astley,  Philip.  Born  at  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme,  England,  1742:  died  at  Paris,  1814.  A 
well-known  horse-tamer.  He  began  as  a cabinet- 
maker ; joined  Elliott’s  regiment  of  light  horse  in  Holland 
as  a rough-rider  in  1759 ; and  finally  settled  in  London,  and 
developed  a prosperous  business  as  the  proprietor  of  cir- 
cuses there  and  in  other  cities.  The  circus  and  hippo- 
drome, well  known  as  “Astley’s,”  was  situated  on  the 
Surrey  side  of  the  Thames,  not  far  from  Westminster 
Bridge:  it  is  now  known  as  “Sanger’s  Amphitheater.” 
Astolat  (as'to-lat).  In  the  Arthurian  romances, 
a name  of  Guildford,  Surrey,  England. 
Astolfo,  or  Astolpho  (as-tol'f 6).  1.  An  impor- 
tant character  in  the  Charlemagne  romances 
and  in  the  “Orlando  Innamorato”  and  “Or- 
lando Furioso.”  The  most  notable  of  his  knightly 
feats  and  adventures  is  his  journey  to  the  moon,  where  he 
enters  the  Valley  of  Lost  Things,  and  among  a mass  of 
broken  resolutions,  lovers’  tears,  days  lost  by  idlers,  etc., 
finds  Orlando’s  lost  wits  in  a vessel  larger  than  all  the 
others.  He  was  permitted  to  take  them  back  to  Orlando. 
Pope,  in  the  ‘ ‘ Itape  of  the  Lock,”  speaking  of  the  same 
place,  says : 

“ Where  the  heroes’  wits  are  kept  in  ponderous  vases. 
And  beaux’  in  snuff  boxes  and  tweezer  cases." 

He  was  also  the  possessor  of  a wonderful  horn  which 
spread  universal  terror  when  it  was  sounded. 

2.  The  King  of  Lombardy  in  an  episode  in 
Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso.”  He  is  introduced 
from  the  “Tale  of  Astolpho  and  Jocundo,"  two  men  who, 
finding  their  wives  false,  took  a remarkable  method  to 
procure  a true  one. 

Astolphus.  See  Aistulf. 

Aston  (as'ton),  Antony.  Flourished  about 
1712-31.  An  English  actor,  prompter,  and 
dramatic  writer. 

Aston  Hall.  An  old  hall  in  the  Elizabethan 
style,  near  Birmingham,  England,  recently  re- 
paired and  now  a museum,  having  been  sold 
by  the  owner,  Mr.  Charles  Holt  Bracebridge, 
to  the  town  of  Birmingham.  This  is  said  to  be 
the  original  of  Irving’s  “Bracebridge  Hall.” 
Aston  Manor.  A manufacturing  town  imme- 
diately north  of  Birmingham,  England.  Popu- 
lation, 77,326. 

Astor  (as'tor),  John  Jacob.  Born  at  Walldorf, 
near  Heidelberg,  July  17,  1763:  died  at  New 
York,  March  29,  1848.  A German- American 
merchant.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1783, 
established  himself  shortly  at  New  York  in  the  fur  trade, 
became  the  first  regular  dealer  in  musical  instruments  in 
the  United  States,  aud  speculated  in  New  York  realty  and, 
during  the  war  of  1812,  in  government  securities.  He  con- 
ceived the  scheme  of  connecting  the  fur  trade  with  the 
Pacific  by  a line  of  trading-posts  extending  from  the  Great 
Lakes  along  the  Missouri  and  Columbia,  at  whose  mouth 
he  founded  Astoria  in  1811.  At  his  death  his  fortune  was 
estimated  at  820,000,000.  He  left  8400,000  for  founding 
the  Astor  Library. 

Astor,  William  Backhouse.  Born  at  New 
York,  Sept.  19,  1792:  died  at  New  York,  Nov. 
24, 1875.  An  American  capitalist,  son  of  John 
Jacob  Astor.  He  gave  $550,000  to  the  library 
founded  by  his  father. 

Astor,  William  Waldorf.  Born  1848.  A 
diplomatist  and  author,  grandson  of  William 
Backhouse  Astor.  He  was  United  States  min- 
ister to  Italy  1882-85,  and  is  the  author  of  “Va- 
lentino” (1885),  “Sforza”  (1889). 


88 

Astor  Library.  A library  in  the  city  of  New 
Y ork,  founded  by  John  Jacob  Astor,  and  opened 
in  1854.  It  was  a reference  library  only,  and  contained 
about  260,000  volumes.  It  was  combined  in  1895  with 
the  Lenox  and  the  proposed  Tilden  Library  as  the  New 
York  Public  Library  (which  see). 

Astor  Place  Biot.  A serious  riot  in  New  York, 
May  10,  1849,  between  the  partizans  of  the  ac- 
tors Edwin  Forrest  and  Macready.  The  latter 
was  acting  at  the  time  in  the  Astor  Place  Opera  House. 
It  was  suppressed  by  the  militia.  Twenty-two  were  killed 
and  thirty-six  wounded. 

Astoreth.  See  Ashtoreth. 

Astorga  (as-tor'ga).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Leon,  Spain,  the  ancient  Asturica  Augusta,  sit- 
uated on  the  Tuerto  29  miles  southwest  of  Leon. 
The  Roman  city  walls  are  still  in  large  par  t perfect,  and 
present  a curious  spectacle  with  their  long  series  of  pro- 
jecting semicircular  towers  which  do  not  rise  above  the 
curtains.  Population,  5,573. 

Astorga,  (as-tor'ga),  Baron  Emmanuele  d\ 
Born  at  Naples,  Dec.  11,  1681:  died  in  Bohe- 
mia, Aug.  21,  1736.  An  Italian  musician,  co.m- 
poser  of  a celebrated  “Stabat  Mater”  (1713), 
a pastoral  opera,  “Dafne,”etc. 

Astoria  (as-to'ri-a).  The  capital  of  Clatsop 
County,  Oregon,  on  the  Columbia  75  miles  north- 
west of  Portland . It  was  founded  as  a fur-trading  sta- 
tion by  John  Jacob  Astor  (for  whom  it  was  named)  in  1811. 
Leading  industry,  salmon-canning.  Pop.  9,599,  (1910). 

Astoria.  A former  village  of  Long  Island,  New 
York,  now  a part  of  the  Borough  of  Queens, 
New  York  city. 

Astrabacus  (as-trab'a-kus).  [Gr.  Aorpa/la/cof.] 
See  the  extract. 

The  hero-temple  of  Astrabacus  is  mentioned  by  Pausa- 
nias  in  his  description  of  Sparta  (III.  xvi.  § 6).  An  ob- 
scure tradition  attaches  to  him.  Astrabacus,  we  are  told, 
and  Alopecus  his  brother,  sons  of  Irbus,  grandsons  of 
Amphisthenes,  great-grandsons  of  Amphicles,  and  great- 
great-grandsons  of  Agis,  found  the  wooden  image  of  Diana 
Orthia  which  Orestes  and  Iphigeniahad  conveyed  secretly 
from  Tauris  to  Lacedaimon,  and  on  discovering  it  were 
stricken  with  madness  (ib.  § 6).  The  worship  of  Astrab- 
acus at  Sparta  is  mentioned  by  Clemens  (Cohort,  ad  Gen- 
tes,  p.  35).  It  is  conjectured  from  his  name  [literally 
‘ass  keeper’]  that  he  was  “the  protecting  genius  of  the 
stable.”  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  433,  note. 

Astrabad  (as-tra-bad'),  or  Asterabad  (as-ter- 
a-bad').  A province  of  northern  Persia, 
adjoining  Mazanderan  on  the  west.  Popula- 
tion (estimated),  80,000. 

Astrabad,  or  Asterabad.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Astrabad,  situated  in  lat.  36°  50'  N., 
long.  54°  25'  E.  It  was  formerly  an  important 
town.  It  was  captured  by  Timur  in  1384. 
Population  (estimated),  5,000  to  15,000. 
Astrabad  Bay,  or  Gulf  of  Ashraf  (ash-raf'). 
The  southeasternmost  bay  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Astraea,  or  Astrea  (as-tre'a).  [Gr.  Acrpaia, 
fern,  of  aoTpaloq,  starry.]  i.  In  classical  my- 
thology, the  goddess  of  justice,  daughter  of  the 
Titan  Astrseus  and  Eos,  or  of  Zeus  and  Themis. 
In  the  golden  age  she  lived  among  men,  and  in  the  brazen 
age  was  the  last  of  the  gods  to  leave  them.  She  departed 
for  the  sky  where  she  shines  as  the  constellation  Virgo. 

2.  An  asteroid  (the  fifth)  discovered  by  Henke 
at  Driesen,  Dec.  8,  1845. — 3.  See  Astrce. 
Astraea,  The  Divine.  A nickname  of  Mrs. 
Aphra  Behn. 

Astraea  Rednx  (as-tre'a  re'duks).  [L.,  ‘ As- 
trtea  brought  back.’]  A poem  by  Dryden  cele- 
brating the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  first  pub- 
lished in  1660. 

Astrakhan  (as-tra-chan').  A government  of 
southeastern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Saratoff  and  Samara,  the  Kirghiz 
Steppe,  the  Caspian,  Caucasia,  and  the  province 
of  the  Don  Cossacks.  It  is  largely  a barren  steppe. 
Area,  91,042  square  miles.  Population,  1,214,500. 
Astrakhan.  The  capital  of  the  government  of 
Astrakhan,  situated  on  an  island  in  the  delta 
of  the  Volga,  about  lat.  46°  25'  N.,  long.  47° 
55'  E.  It  has  extensive  commerce  by  the  Volga  and 
Caspian,  and  is  the  chief  port  for  the  latter  ; it  has  also  a 
large  transit  trade  with  Persia  and  Transcaucasia,  various 
manufactures,  valuable  fisheries,  etc.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  a Tatar  state,  and  was  conquered  by  Russia 
1554.  Population,  about  121,680. 

Astrea.  See  Astreea. 

Astree  (as-tra/).  A pastoral  romance  by 
Ilotiore  D’Urfe.  See  the  extract. 

In  imitation  of  Montemayor  and  Cervantes,  whose  ro- 
mances had  been  so  popular  in  the  peninsula,  Ilonore 
D’Urfd  (1567-1626),  a French  nobleman,  wrote  his  AstrSe, 
a work  which,  under  the  disguise  of  pastoral  incidents 
and  characters,  exhibits  the  singular  history  of  his  own 
family,  and  the  amours  at  the  court  of  Henry  the  Great. 
The  first  volume,  dedicated  to  that  monarch,  appeared, 
probably  in  its  second  edition  (no  copy  of  the  first  edition 
is  known),  in  1610,  the  second  part  in  the  same  year,  and 
the  third, which  is  addressed  to  Louis  XIII.,  was  given  to 
the  world  four  or  five  years  subsequent  to  the  publication 
of  tlie  second.  The  Duke  of  Savoy  was  depositary  of  the 
fourth  part,  which  remained  in  manuscript  at  the  death 
of  the  author,  and  was  transmitted  on  that  event  to 


Asura 

Mademoiselle  D’Urte.  She  confided  it  to  Baro,  the  secre- 
tary of  her  deceased  relative,  who  published  it  two  years 
after  the  death  of  his  master,  with  a dedication  to  Mary 
of  Medicis,  and  made  up  a fifth  part  from  memoirs  ana 
fragments  also  placed  in  his  hands.  The  whole  was 
printed  at  Rouen,  1647,  in  five  volumes.  . . . For  more 
than  forty  years  it  furnished  the  subject  for  nearly  aU 
dramatic  compositions  (Segraisiana,  p.  144-5),  while  poets 
confined  their  efforts  to  expressing  in  verse  what  D’Urfd 
had  made  the  personages  of  his  romance  utter  in  prose. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  378,  392,  note. 

Astrolabe  (as'tro-lab),  The,  or  The  Conclu- 
sions of  the  Astrolabe.  An  unfinished  prose 
treatise  by  Chaucer,  written  by  him  for  the 
instruction  of  his  son  Lewis,  then  ten  years  old. 
It  is  inferred  that  it  was  written  in  1391.  ‘This  is  not 
proved,  however ; and  of  the  child  nothing  more  is  known 
than  that  in  the  introduction  to  this  treatise  Chaucer 
mentions  him  by  name  and  gives  his  reasons  for  the  “en- 
diting”  of  the  work  for  him.  It  contains  somevery  slight 
autobiographical  allusions,  but  is  essentially  a translation 
of  the  work  of  the  Arabian  astronomer  Messahala  (8th 
century)  from  a Latin  version. 

Astrolabe  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
on  the  northeastern  coast  of  Papua. 

Astroni  (as-tro'ne).  The  crater  of  an  extinct 
volcano  5 miles  west  of  Naples. 

Astropalia  (as-tro-pa-le-a').  A modern  Greek 
name  of  Stampalia. 

Astrophel  (as'tro-fel).  1.  The  name  assumed 
by  Sir  Philip  Sidney  in  the  series  of  sonnets 
entitled  “Astrophel  and  Stella,”  which  is  his 
greatest  literary  work.  These  sonnets,  110  in  num- 
ber, chronicle  the  growth  of  Sidney’s  love  for  Stella  (Pe- 
nelope Devereux,  sister  of  Essex,  afterward  Lady  Rich). 
See  Stella. 

2.  An  elegy  written  by  Spenser  on  the  death  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

Astruc  (as-triik'),  Jean.  Bom  March  19, 1684 : 
died  at  Paris  in  1766.  A French  medical 
writer  and  professor.  His  most  celebrated  work  is 
“Conjectures  sur  les  memoires  originaux,  dont  il  paroit. 
que  Moyse  s’est  servi  pour  composer  le  livre  de  la  Genese  ” 
(Brussels,  1753),  in  which  he  divided  the  book  of  Genesis 
into  two  parts  on  the  basis  of  the  use  of  Elohim  or  Yahveh 
(Jehovah)  as  the  name  of  God,  holding  that  this  difference 
in  usage  pointed  to  the  fact  that  Genesis  was  made  up  of 
two  parallel,  independent  narratives.  His  memoir  formed 
the  starting-point  of  modern  criticism  of  the  Pentateuch. 

Astudillo  (as-to-THel'yo).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Palencia,  Spain,  26  miles  southwest 
of  Burgos. 

Astulphus.  See  Aistulf. 

Astura  (as-to'ra).  1.  A small  river  south  of 
Rome,  which  rises  near  Velletri  aud  flows  into 
the  Mediterranean. — 2.  A small  town  near  the 
mouth  of  this  river. 

Asturias  (as-to're-as).  [L.  Asturia,  from  As- 
tur,  pi.  Astures,  the  name  of  the  people.]  An 
ancient  province  of  northwestern  Spain,  offi- 
cially called  Oviedo  since  1833.  See  Oviedo,  it 
was  the  nucleus  of  the  Spanish  kingdom.  The  Christian 
kingdom  of  Asturias  was  founded  about  718  by  Pelayo,  and 
was  merged  in  the  kingdom  of  Leon  in  the  10th  century. 

Asturias,  Prince  of.  A title  of  the  heir  to  the 
Spanish  throne,  first  assumed  in  1388. 

Astyages  (as-ti'a-jez).  [Gr.  AorvayT/g  ; in  the 
inscriptions  Jshtuvegu  according  to  Abydenus, 
in  Eusebius  Asdaliages,  supposed  to  represent 
Zend  Aj-dahak,  the  biting  snake.]  The  son 
and  successor  of  Cyaxares,  king  of  the  Medes 
584-549  B.  C.  In  the  latter  year  Cyrus  the  Great  de- 
throned him  and  united  Media  with  Persia.  According 
to  Herodotus,  Astyages  was  the  grandfather  of  Cyru3. 

Astyanax  (as-ti'a-naks).  In  Greek  legend,  the 
son  of  Hector  and  Andromache.  Also  called 
Scamandrius. 

Astypalaea  (as’ti-pa-lo'a).  The  ancient  name 
of  Stampalia. 

Asuncion  (a-son-the-on'),  or  Assumption 

(a-sump'shon).  [Sp.  Asuncion,  Assumption 
(sc.  of  the  Virgin).]  The  capital  of  Paraguay, 
situated  on  the  Paraguay  in  lat.  25°  18'  S., 
long.  57°  30'  W.,  founded  by  Juan  de  Ayolas 
Sept.,  1536.  It  was  taken  by  the  Brazilians 
Jan.  5,  1869.  Population,  60,259. 

Asur  (as'er).  The  ancient  national  god  of  As- 
syria. Also  Assur. 

The  form  of  religion  prevalent  in  Assyria  is  wholly 
Babylonian,  with  one  important  exception.  Supreme  over 
the  old  Babylonian  Pantheon  rises  the  figure  of  a new 
god,  the  national  deity  of  Assyria,  its  impersonation  Assur. 
Assur  is  not  merely  primus  inter  pares,  merely  the  preBi 
dent  of  the  divine  assembly,  like  Merodach  : he  is  their 
lord  and  master  in  another  and  more  autocratic  sense. 
Like  the  Yahveh  of  Israel,  he  claims  to  be  “king  above 
all  gods,"  that  “among  all  gods  ” there  is  none  like  unto 
himself.  Sayce,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  122. 

Asura,  (a'so-ra).  [Skt.,  from  asu,  spirit,  and 
so  * spiritual.’]  A word  designating  especially 
the  difference  between  celestial  and  mundane 
existence,  and  then  a spirit  of  life,  God ; later, 
a demon,  as  if  a-sura,  a not-god,  whence  by 
popular  etymology  sura,  god. 


Asurbanipal 

Asurbanipal  (a-sor-ba'ni-pal).  [Assyrian  A§- 
ur-bani-pal,  the  god  Ashur  creates  or  makes  the 
son.]  King  of  Assyria  668-626  b.  c.,  son  of 
Esarhaddon  and  grandson  of  Sennacherib,  the 
last  of  the  great  kings  of  the  vigorous  Sargon- 
ide  dynasty.  The  Greeks  called  him  Sardanapalus : 
in  the  Old  Testament  (Ezra  iv.  10)  he  is  mentioned  under 
the  nam eAsenappar  (which  see),  ‘the  greatand  majestic.’ 
His  reign  was  marked  by  great  external  prosperity  and 
Eplendor,  and  the  flourishing  of  art  and  literature,  but 
also  by  frequent  revolts  and  disturbances,  which  shook 
the  huge  empire  to  its  foundations,  and  foreboded  its 
near  fall,  which  took  place  a score  of  years  after  his  death 
(608  B.  c.).  At  the  beginning  of  his  reign  he  had  to  sup- 
press a revolt  in  Egypt  instigated  by  the  dethroned  Ethi- 
opian king  Tarhaka  or  Tarqu  (the  Tirhakah  mentioned 
in  the  Old  Testament — 2 Ki.  xix.  9,  Isa.  xxxvii.  9).  But 
the  most  significant  uprising  was  that  of  the  coalition 
of  Babylonia,  Arabia,  Ethiopia,  Phoenicia,  and  Palestine, 
brought  about  by  his  own  brother  Shamash-shum-ukin 
(the  Greek  Saosduchinos),  the  viceroy  of  Babylonia,  which 
was  also  quelled  by  Asurbanipal.  Of  his  victories  and 
conquests  may  be  especially  mentioned  the  capture  and 
destruction  of  Susa,  after  many  expeditions,  between  646 
and  640  B.  o.  Asurbanipal  held  together  the  Assyrian  em- 
pire under  his  iron  scepter  with  great  rigor,  not  shrink- 
ing from  the  most  atrocious  cruelties,  inflicting  punish- 
ment on  so-called  “rebels.”  Under  his  protection  and 
promotion  Assyrian  art,  especially  architecture,  attained 
the  height  of  its  development,  and  literature  celebrated 
its  golden  age.  Being  of  a literary  turn  of  mind,  or,  as  he 
expresses  himself,  “endowed  with  attentive  ears”  and  in- 
clined to  the  study  of  “all  inscribed  tablets,”  he  caused 
the  collecting  and  reediting  of  the  whole  cuneiform  lit- 
erature then  in  existence,  and  the  tablets,  well  arranged 
and  marked,  were  deposited  in  the  royal  library  of  his 
palace.  A great  part  of  this  library  was  discovered  in 
the  ruins  of  that  palace  on  the  mound  of  Kuyunjik,  and 
transferred  to  the  British  Museum,  and  to  it  is  due 
the  larger  part  of  our  present  knowledge  of  Assyrian  his- 
tory and  civilization.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  VIII. 

Asur-bel-nisesu  (a'sor-bel-ne-sa'so).  [Assyr- 
ian, ‘the  god  Ashur  is  the  lord  of  his  people.’] 
King  of  Assyria  about  1480  B.  C.  He  is  the  first 
Assyrian  king  about  whom  some  definite  and  certain 
knowledge  is  preserved.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  cunei- 
form inscriptions  as  having  entered  into  a treaty  with 
Karaindash,  king  of  Babylonia. 

Asur-dan  (a'sor-dan)  I.  [Assyrian,  ‘the  god 
Ashur  is  judge.’]  King  of  Assyria  about  1208- 
1150  B.  C.  He  conducted  a victorious  campaign  against 
the  Babylonian  king  Zamma-shum-iddina,  and  conquered 
many  cities.  He  had  the  temple  of  Anu  and  Ramman  in 
the  city  of  Assur,  which  was  threatening  to  fall,  torn  down, 
without,  however,  rebuilding  it.  This  was  done  by  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I.  (1120-1100  B.  c.). 

Asur-dan  II.  King  of  Assyria  about  930-911 
B.  c.,  son  and  successor  of  Tiglath-Pileser  II. 

Asur-dan  III.  King  of  Assyria  772-754  b.  c. 

The  most  interesting  event  recorded  of  his  reign  is  the 
mention  of  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  at  Nineveh  in  763.  As 
this  is  confirmed  by  the  calculations  of  astronomers,  who 
fix  the  date  thereof  on  the  15th  of  June,  763,  it  has  served 
as  a basis  for  the  establishment  of  the  whole  chronology 
of  western  Asia. 

Asur- etil-ilani-ukinni  (a'sor-a-tel-e-la'ne-o- 
ke'ne).  [Assyrian,  ‘ Asur,  the  lord  of  gods,  has 
established  me.’]  Kingof  Assyria  from  626  B.C., 
son  and  successor  of  Asurbanipal.  Under  him 
began  the  downfall  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  inaugurated 
by  an  invasion  of  the  Scythians.  How  long  he  reigned 
is  not  known.  His  son  and  successor  Sin-shar-ishkun 
(‘the  moon-god  has  established  the  king’),  the  Sarakosof 
the  Greeks,  was  the  last  king  of  Assyria. 

Asur-nadin-sum  (a'sor-na'den-som).  [As- 
syrian, ‘Asur  is  the  giver  of  the  name.’]  Eldest 
son  of  Sennacherib,  king  of  Assyria  705-681 
B.  C.  He  was  established  by  his  father  kingof  Babylonia, 
but  was  made  captive  by  Hallus,  king  of  Elam. 

Asurnazirpal  (a'sor-na'zer-pal).  [Assyrian 
Asur-nagir-pal,  Asur  is  the  protector  of  the 
son.]  King  of  Assyria  884-860  B.  c.  He  was  one 
of  the  greatest  and  most  warlike  of  Assyrian  kings,  and 
inaugurated  a period  of  prosperity  and  power  of  the  As- 
syrian empire.  He  made  numerous  and  successful  cam- 
paigns especially  to  “the  countries  of  Nairi ” (see  Ar- 
menia) and  Syria,  and  extended  the  boundaries  of  Assyr- 
ian dominion  westward.  His  victorious  expeditions  were 
marked,  according  to  his  own  annals,  by  atrocious  cruel- 
ties and  barbarous  devastations.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  by  works  of  peace.  He  rebuilt  Calah,  which  he 
made  his  capital,  adorning  it  with  a temple  of  Adar  (the 
god  of  war),  his  favorite  divinity,  and  a palace  for  himself, 
and  constructed  a canal.  The  ruins  of  his  buildings  ex- 
cavated show  a great  advance  in  architecture  and  sculp- 
ture over  the  preceding  period. 

Asur-nirari  (a'sor-ne-ra're).  [Assyrian  Asur- 
nirdri,  the  god  Asur  is  my  helper.]  King  of 
Assyria  754-745  b.  c. 

Asvalayana.  A Sanskrit  author,  represented 
as  a pupil  of  Saunaka.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
ritual  treatise,  the  Asvalayanasutras. 

Asvamedha.  [Skt.,  ‘the  horse-sacrifice.’]  A 
ceremony  the  antiquity  of  which  reaches  track 
into  Vedic  times.  It  was  then  performed  by  kings 
desirous  of  offspring.  As  described  in  the  Mahabharata, 
it  implied  that  he  who  instituted  it  was  a conqueror 
and  king  of  kings.  A horse  of  a particular  color  was 
consecrated  and  let  loose  to  wander  for  a year.  If  the 
liberator  of  the  horse  subdued  all  the  countries  through 
which  the  horse  passed,  he  returned  with  the  horse 
in  triumph,  and  a great  festival  was  held,  at  which  the 


89 

horse  was  sacrificed  really  or  figuratively.  It  was  be- 
lieved that  a hundred  Asvamedhas  would  enable  the 
offerer  to  dethrone  Indra. 

Asvatthaman.  Ill  Hindu  mythology,  a son 
of  Drona  and  Kripa,  and  a general  of  the 
Kauravas.  He  and  two  others  were  the  sole  effective 
survivors  of  the  Kaurava  host  after  the  great  battle  of 
the  Mahabharata. 

Asvin  (as'vin).  In  Vedic  mythology,  properly 
an  adjective  meaning  ‘provided  with  horses,’ 
‘ consisting  of  horses,’  in  which  sense  it  is 
used  in  a number  of  Vedic  passages.  As  a sub- 
stantive signifying  ‘horse-tamer’  it  is  applied  to  Agni 
and  to  Agni  and  Indra,  and  as  a masculine  dual,  Asvinau, 
‘the  two  charioteers,’  to  two  gods  of  light,  who  are  the 
first  to  appear  in  the  eastern  sky  upon  a golden  chariot 
drawn  by  winged  steeds,  or  birds.  They  are  deliverers, 
bestowers  of  gifts,  healers,  and  already  in  the  Veda  are 
the  physicians  of  the  gods.  Later  they  are  the  constant 
attendants  of  Indra  and  paragons  of  beauty.  They  also 
appear  as  the  Twins  in  the  zodiac.  They  are  the  Dios- 
curi, the  Castor  and  Pollux,  of  Greco-Roman  mythology. 

As  You  Find  It.  A comedy  by  Charles  Boyle, 
the  fourth  earl  of  Orrery,  printed  in  1703. 

As  You  Like  It.  A comedy  by  Shakspere, 
which  existed  in  some  shape  in  1600.  Furness. 
Malone  and  others  (Fleay,  Hunter,  etc.)  think  it  was  pro- 
duced in  1599.  No  copy  of  it  is  known  to  exist  earlier 
than  the  folio  of  1623.  It  was  founded  on  Lodge’s  ro- 
mance “Rosalynde.”  In  the  comedy  the  characters  of 
Touchstone,  Audrey,  and  Jacques  are  Shakspere’s,  other- 
wise he  has  followed  Lodge  quite  closely. 

There  is  on  this  Date  of  Composition  a happy  unanimity, 
which  centers  about  the  close  of  the  year  1599 : if  a few 
months  carry  it  back  into  1598  or  carry  it  forward  almost 
to  1601,  surely  we  need  not  be  more  clamorous  than  a 
parrot  against  rain  over  such  trifles. 

Furness,  App.  to  As  you  Like  it,  p.  304. 

Ata.  An  ancient  Egyptian  king,  the  fourth  of 
the  1st  dynasty. 

Atacama  (a-ta-ka'ma),  Desert  of.  An  exten- 
sive rocky  and  rainless  region  in  the  northern 
part  of  Chile. 

Atacama,  A northern  province  of  Chile,  capi- 
tal Copiapo.  It  is  rich  in  copper,  nitrates,  silver,  gold, 
salt,  and  various  minerals.  Area,  about  30,720  square 
miles.  Population,  63,968.  Atacama  was  formerly  a 
maritime  department  of  Bolivia.  It  is  largely  a rocky 
waste.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Chileans  in  1879. 

Atahualpa  (a-ta-wal'pa),  or  Atahuallpa.  An 
Indian  chief  of  the  Scyri  tribe  (?)  from  Ecua- 
dor, said  to  have  been  the  son  of  the  Inca 
head-chief  Huayna  Capac  and  a woman  from 
the  vicinity  of  (modern)  Quito.  The  date  of  his 
birth  is  uncertain.  After  the  death  of  Huayna  Capac 
the  newly  elected  head-chief  Huascar  attempted  to  treat 
the  northern  so-called  Incas  as  a subjected  tribe.  The 
Ecuadorian  colony  had  chosen  meanwhile  a chief  from 
their  midst,  Atahualpa,  and  war  began.  The  southern  In- 
cas were  driven  into  Peru  and  were  followed  by  Atahualpa 
and  his  warriors  as  far  as  Cuzco.  Huascar  was  taken 
prisoner  and  the  victor  was  returning  to  Quito  with  most 
of  his  forces  when  Pizarro  arrived.  The  latter  was  hailed 
by  the  southern  and  true  Incas  as  liberator,  and  he  pene- 
trated to  Cajamarca  withoutopposition.  In  the  vicinity  of 
that  settlement  Atahualpa  camped  with  his  forces  and, 
while  meeting  the  Spaniards  without  hostile  signs,  pre- 
pared an  attack  upon  them  in  their  quarters.  On  Novem- 
ber 16, 1532,  Atahualpa  occupied  the  present  market-place 
of  Cajamarca  with  a throng  of  warriors.  It  is  untrue  that 
the  Indians  were  unarmed.  They  attacked  but  were  put  to 
flight.  The  so-called  massacre  lasted  not  an  hour  and  the 
number  of  the  slain  has  been  greatly  exaggerated.  Atahu- 
alpa was  captured  and  held  a prisoner,  though  well  treated. 
The  former  chief  of  Cuzco,  Huascar,  was  murdered  by  In- 
dians from  the  side  of  Atahualpa.  In  consequence  of  this 
and  the  constant  intrigues  of  Atahualpa,  coupled  with  the 
approach  of  forces  from  Ecuador  with  hostile  intentions, 
he  was  put  to  death.  The  charge  that  he  was  planning 
an  attack  upon  the  foreigners  is  well  confirmed  as  is  also 
the  ransom  which  his  party  offered  and  actually  delivered. 
After  his  death  the  Ecuadorian  Indians  continued  the 
warfare  under  several  independent  leaders. 

Atala  (a-ta-la/).  A romance  by  Chateaubriand 
which  first  appeared  in  the  newspaper  “Le 
Mercure  de  France”  in  1801.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
North  America.  Atala,  the  daughter  of  a North  American 
Indian  chief,  falls  in  love  with  Chactas,  the  chief  of  another 
tribe,  who  is  a pr  isoner,  delivers  him  from  death,  and  flies 
into  the  desert  with  him.  She  has  been  brought  up  in  the 
Christian  faith  and  vowed  to  virginity  by  her  mother,  and 
is  faithful  to  this  vow  through  incredible  temptations,  and 
Anally  poisons  herself  in  despairing  fanaticism. 

Atalanta  (at-a-lan'tii),  or  Atalante  (at-a-lan'- 
te).  [Gr.  ’ATa/.avrr/.  j 1.  In  Greek  legend,  a 
maiden  whose  story  appears  in  two  versions  : 
(a)  In  the  Arcadian  version,  a daughter  of  Zeus  by  Cly- 
mene,  exposed  by  her  father  in  infancy,  suckled  by  a bear, 
brought  up  by  a party  of  hunters,  and  developed  into  a 
beautiful  and  swift  huntress.  She  took  part  in  the  Caly- 
donian  boar-hunt,  was  the  first  to  strike  the  boar,  and  re- 
ceived from  Meleager  the  head  and  skin  as  prize  of  victory. 
She  was  also  connected  with  the  Argonautic  expedition, 
and  married  Meilanion.  (6)  In  the  Boeotian  version,  a 
daughter  of  Schceneus,  son  of  Athamas,  of  great  beauty 
and  very  swift  of  foot.  She  was  warned  by  an  oracle  not 
to  marry,  and  rid  herself  of  her  suitors  by  challenging 
them  to  a race,  overtaking  them,  and  smiting  them  with 
a spear  in  the  back.  Hippomenes,  however,  overcame  her 
by  throwing  before  her  in  the  race  three  golden  apples 
given  to  him  by  Aphrodite,  which  she  stooped  to  pick  up, 


Ate 

and  so  failed  to  win.  Because  Hippomenes  failed  to  give 
thanks  to  Aphrodite,  the  goddess  changed  the  pair  into 
lions. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  36)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt at  Paris,  Oct.  5,  1855. 

Atalanta  in  Calydon  (kal'i-don).  A classical 
tragedy  by  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne,  pub- 
lished in  1864. 

The  truest  and  deepest  imitation  of  the  spirit  of  Mb- 
chylus  in  modern  times  is  not  to  be  sought  in  the  stiff  for- 
malism of  Racine  or  Alfieri,  but  in  the  splendid  Atalanta 
in  Calydon  of  Mr.  Swinburne,  whose  autitheism  brings 
him  to  stand  in  an  attitude  between  human  freewill  and 
effort  on  the  one  side,  and  ruthless  tyranny  of  Providence 
on  the  other,  not  approached  in  poetry  (so  far  as  I know) 
from  ASschylus’  day  down  to  our  own. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  277. 

Atalantis  (at-a-lan'tis),  The  New.  See  New 

Atalantis. 

Ataliba  (at-a-le'ba).  In  Sheridan’s  transla- 
tion of  Kotzebue’s  “ Pizarro,”  the  king  of  Quito 
(Inca  of  Peru). 

Atalide  (at-a-led').  In  Racine’s  tragedy  “Ba- 
jazet,”  a princess  in  love  with  Bajazet.  She  kills 
herself  on  hearing  of  his  assassination,  instigated  by  her 
rival  Roxana,  reproaching  herself  with  being  in  some  sort 
the  cause. 

Atali  Tsalaki.  See  Cherokee. 

Atall  (at'al).  In  Cibber’s  comedy  “ The  Double 
Gallant,”  the  son  of  Sir  Harry  Atall.  He  courts 
Clarinda  under  the  disguise  of  Colonel  Standfast,  falls  in 
love  with  Silvia  and  makes  love  to  her  as  Mr.  Freeman, 
and  finally  discovers  that  she  is  the  woman  to  whom  he 
had  been  betrothed  by  his  father  years  before. 

Atall,  Sir  Positive.  In  Thomas  Shadwell’s 
comedy  “ The  Sullen  Lovers  or  The  Imperti- 
nents,”  a foolish  knight  who  pretends  to  under- 
stand everything,  and  will  not  permit  any  one 
in  his  company  to  understand  anything.  He 
is  a caricature  of  Sir  Robert  Howard. 

Atargatis  (at-ar-ga'tis).  [L.,  from  Gr.  ’Arapya- 
rtg,  a Syrian  goddess  whose  name  appears  also 
in  the  form  Derceto,  Gr.  Aep/cerA]  A goddess 
of  the  Hittites,  worshiped  in  Carchemish,  cor- 
responding to  Ashtoreth  (Astarte)  of  the  Ca- 
naanites  (Assyro-Babylonian  Ishtar).  At  As- 
calon  she  was  worshiped  under  the  name  of  Derceto  in 
the  form  of  a woman  terminating  in  a fish.  She  also  had 
a temple  in  Ephesus,  and  her  numerous  retinue  of  priest, 
esses,  which  the  Greeks  found  there,  is  supposed  to  have 
given  rise  to  the  myth  of  the  Amazons. 

Ataulf,  Ataulphus.  See  Atawulf. 

Atawulf  (at'a-wfdf).  Died  415  (417).  King 
of  the  West  Goths,  brother-in-law  of  Alaric  I. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  410.  He  evacuated  Italy  in 
412  ; conquered  Aquitaine  in  Gaul ; formed  a treaty  with 
the  emperor  Honorius,  whose  sister  Placidia  he  married 
in  414  ; crossed  into  Spain  to  subdue  a revolt  of  the  Van- 
dals and  Suevi  against  the  empire  ; and  was  assassinated 
atBarcelona.  Also  written  Ataulf,  Athaulf,  Adavlf,  Atavl- 
phus,  etc. 

Under  Alaric’s  successor,  Athaulf,  the  first  foundations 
were  laid  of  that  great  West-Gothic  kingdom  which  we 
are  apt  to  look  on  as  specially  Spanish,  but  which  in  truth 
had  its  first  beginning  in  Gaul,  and  which  kept  some 
Gaulish  territory  as  long  as  it  lasted. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog. 

Atbara  (at'ba-ra).  The  largest  tributary  of 
the  Nile  with  the  exception  of  the  Blue  Nile. 
It  rises  near  Lake  Dembea  in  Abyssinia,  flows  in  a north- 
westerly direction,  and  joins  the  Nile  south  of  Berber.  Its 
chief  affluent  is  the  Takazze.  Length,  about  500  miles. 

Atcha.  See  Atka. 

Atchafalaya  (ach-af-a-li'a).  An  outlet  of  the 
Red  and  Mississippi  rivers,  in  southern  Louisi- 
ana, about  150  miles  long. 

Atcheen,  or  Atchin.  See  A chin. 

Atchinsk  (a-chensk').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
Tcliulym  100  miles  west  of  Krasnoyarsk.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,699. 

Atchison  (ach'i-son),  David  R.  Bom  at  Frog- 
town,  Ky.,Aug.ll,  1807:  died  in  Clinton  County, 
Mo.,  Jan.  26,  1886.  An  American  politician. 
He  waB  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Missouri 
1843-55,  president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate,  and  pro- 
slavery leader  in  the  Kansas  troubles  of  1856-57. 

Atchison.  The  capital  of  Atchison  County, 
Kansas,  situated  on  the  Missouri  21  miles  north- 
west of  Leavenworth.  It  is  an  important  railway 
center,  and  has  manufactures  of  flour,  machinery,  etc. 
Population,  16,429,  (1910). 

Ate  (a'te).  [Gr .’An?,  a personification  of  ary, 
strife.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  a daughter  of 
Zeus  (Homer)  or  of  Eris,  strife  (Hesiod) ; the 
goddess  of  infatuation  or  reckless  crime.  For 
entrapping  Zeus  in  a rash  oath,  at  the  birth  of  Heracles, 
she  was  hurled  from  Olympus  to  earth,  where  she  contin 
ues  to  work  mischief,  walking  over  the  heads  of  men  with- 
out ever  touching  the  ground.  Behind  her  go  the  Litai 
(Prayers),  daughters  of  Zeus,  who  are  ready,  if  besought, 
to  repair  the  evil  she  has  done.  In  later  forms  of  the 
myth  she  became  an  avenger  of  unrighteousness  like  Dice 
and  Nemesis. 

2.  In  Spenser’s  “ Faerie  Queene,”  a hag,  a liar 
and  slanderer,  friend  of  Duessa. 


Atella 

Atella  (a  -tel'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a town 
in  Campania,  Italy,  10  miles  north  of  Naples. 
See  Aversa. 

Atcilan  plays  (a-tel'an  plaz).  [L.  Atellanw 
fabulx.j  Early  Roman  comedies  so  named 
from  Atella,  from  which  they  were  derived. 
Originally  simple  and  coarse  farces,  they  were 
gradually  raised  to  (burlesque)  comedy. 

Aten  (a'ten).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  sun’s 
disk.  The  worship)  of  Aten  was  introduced 
by  Amenhotep  IV. 

The  son  and  successor  of  Thothmes  IV.  found  it  neces- 
sary to  support  himself  by  entering  into  matrimonial  alli- 
ance with  the  king  of  Naharina.  The  marriage  had 
strange  consequences  for  Egypt.  The  new  queen  brought 
with  her  not  only  a foreign  name  and  foreign  customs, 
but  a foreign  faith  as  well.  She  refused  to  worship  Amun 
of  Thebes  and  the  other  gods  of  Egypt,  and  clung  to  the 
religion  of  her  fathers,  whose  supreme  object  of  adora- 
tion was  the  solar  disk  [AtenJ.  The  Hittite  monuments 
themselves  bear  witness  to  the  prevalence  of  this  worship 
in  Northern  Syria.  The  winged  solar  disk  appears  above 
the  figure  of  a king  which  has  been  brought  from  Birejik 
on  the  Euphrates  to  the  British  Museum ; and  even  at 
Boghaz  Keui,  far  away  in  Northern  Asia  Minor,  the  winged 
solar  disk  has  been  carved  by  Hittite  sculptors  upon  the 
rock.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  21. 

Atena  (a-ta'na).  A small  town  in  the  province 
t>f  Salerno,  Italy,  45  miles  southeast  of  Sa- 
lerno. 

Aterno  (a-ter'no).  The  upper  course  of  the 
river  Pescara,  in  central  Italy. 

Atessa  (a-tes'sa).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Chieti,  Abruzzi,  Italy,  24  miles  southeast  of 
Chieti.  Population,  4,325  ; commune,  10,223. 
Atfalati  (at-fa'la-ti).  A division  of  the  Kala- 
pooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly living  from  about  Wappatoo  Lake  to  the 
present  site  of  Portland,  Oregon,  but  now  on 
Grande  Ronde  reservation.  They  number  about 
20.  Atfalati  is  the  name  which  they  give  themselves. 
Also  called  Follati,  Sualatine , Tualatim,  Tuhwalati , 
Twalati , Wappatoo. 

Ath  (at),  or  Aatli  (at),  or  Aeth.  (at).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  situated  on 
the  Dender  30  miles  southwest  of  Brussels.  It 

has  a flourishing  trade  and  manufactures.  Formerly  it 
was  a fortress,  and  has  several  times  been  besieged. 
Population,  11,270. 

Athabasca  (ath-a-bas'ka).  [N.  Amer.  Ind., 
‘place  of  hay  and  reeds’:  properly  A thapascaA 
Formerly  a provisional  district  in  the  North- 
west Territories,  Canada,  lying  north  of  Al- 
berta and  east  of  British  Columbia.  In  1905  it 
was  divided  between  the  new  provinces  of 
Alberta  and  Saskatchewan. 

Athabasca,  or  Elk  River.  A river  in  British 
North  America  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, flows  generally  northeast,  crosses  the 
western  end  of  Athabasca  Lake,  and  unites 
with  Peace  River  to  form  Slave  River.  It  is 
properly  the  upper  course  of  the  Mackenzie. 
Length,  about  600  miles. 

Athabasca  Lake.  A lake  in  British  North 
America,  about  lat.  59°  N.,  long.  110°  W.  it  re- 
ceives the  Athabasca  River,  and  its  outlet  is  by  the  Slave 
Kiver  tlirough  ihe  Mackenzie  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Length, 
230  miles.  Breadth,  20-30  miles. 

Athabasca  Pass.  A pass  over  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  in  British  North  America,  between 
Mounts  Brown  and  Hooker. 

Athabascans.  See  Athapascans. 
Atha-ben-Hakem.  See  Molcanna. 

Atha  Melik  (a'tka  ma'lik),  Ala-ed-Din  (a-la- 
ed-den').  Born  in  Khorasan,  Persia,  about 
1227:  died  at  Bagdad,  1282.  A Persian  his- 
torian, author  of  “Conquest  of  the  World.” 
Atkalaric  (a-thal'a-rik),  or  Athalric  (a-tbal'- 
rik).  Born  516:  died  534.  A Gothic  prince, 
son  of  Euthelric  or  Eutharie  and  Amalasuintha, 
daughter  of  Theodoric  I.  Oil  Theodoric’s  death  in 
526  he  became  king  of  the  East  Goths  in  Italy  under  Ama- 
lasuintha’s  regency. 

Athalia.  1.  An  opera  by  Handel,  produced  in 
1733. — 2.  An  opera  by  Mendelssohn,  produced 
in  1844. 

Athaliah  (ath-a-li 'a).  [Heb.,  ‘Yahveh  is 
mighty.’]  The  daughter  of  Akab,  king  of  Israel, 
and  Jezebel,  and  wife  of  Jehoram,  king  of  Ju- 
dah. On  the  death  of  Jehoram  and  that  of  his  son  and 
successor,  Ahaziah,  she  usurped  the  throne  of  the  king- 
dom of  Judah  about  843  B.  c.  (Duncker).  In  order  to  re- 
move all  rivals  she  put  to  death  all  the  male  members  of 
the  royal  house,  Joash  alone  escaping.  She  was  put  to 
death  by  command  of  Jehoida  about  837  B.  c.  (Duncker). 
Athalie  (a-ta-le').  [F.  for  Athaliah.\  A trag- 
edy composed  by  Racine  for  the  scholars  of 
Saint-Cyr,  but  not  performed  there.  The  sub- 
ject was  from  sacred  history,  and  it  was  his  last  dramatic 
work.  It  was  written  at  the  instigation  of  Madame  de 
Maintenon,  was  first  performed  in  1660  (printed  in  1091) 
at  Versailles  with  choruses,  and  has  since  been  produced 
from  time  to  time  with  music  by  various  great  composers. 
Athalie  was  one  of  Rachel  s greatest  parts. 


90 

Athamas(ath'a-mas).  [Gr.  ’Add/mc.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a son  of  HColus,  king  of  Thessaly,  and 
Enarete,  and  king  of  the  Minyae  in  the  Boeotian 
Orchomenus.  He  was  the  father,  by  Nephele,  the 
cloud-goddess,  of  Phrixus  and  Helle.  He  united  himself 
with  Ino,  daughter  of  Cadmus,  and  was  thereupon  aban- 
doned by  Nephele,  who  in  revenge  brought  a droughtupon 
his  land  and  carried  away  her  children  through  the  air  on 
a golden-fleeced  ram.  In  the  transit  Helle  fell  into  the 
sea,  thereafter  named  for  her  “Hellespont."  He  was 
later  visited  with  madness  by  Hera,  and  slew  his  son 
Learchus  and  persecuted  Ino  who,  with  her  other  son 
Melicertes,  threw  herself  into  the  sea.  Finally  he  settled 
in  a part  of  Thessaly  named  for  him  the  “Athamanian 
plain,”  and  wedded  Themisto. 

Athanagild  (a-than'a-gild),  L.  Athanagildus 
(a-than-a-gil'dus).  Died  567  A.  d.  A king  of 
the  West  Goths.  He  ascended  the  throne  in  554  by 
the  aid  of  a Byzantine  fleet,  and  in  return  for  this  service 
ceded  to  the  emperor  Justinian  all  the  seaboard  towns  from 
Valencia  to  Gibraltar.  Of  his  two  daughters  Brunehilde 
and  Galeswintha,  the  former  was  married  to  Sigebert, 
king  of  Austrasia,  and  the  latter  to  Chilperic,  king  of 
Neustria. 

Athanaric  (a-than'a-rik).  Died  381.  A chief 
of  a tribe  of  West  troths  in  Dacia.  He  was  de- 
feated by  the  emperor  Valens  in  369,  and  remained  quiet 
six  years,  when  the  pressure  of  the  Huns  compelled  him 
to  take  up  arms  once  more  against  the  empire.  He  died 
at  Constantinople,  whither  he  had  gone  to  conclude  a 
treaty  with  Theodosius. 

Athanasian  Creed.  One  of  the  three  great 
creeds  of  the  Christian  church,  supposed  at 
one  time  to  have  been  composed  by  Athanasius. 
The  name  was  probably  given  to  it  during  the  Arian  con- 
troversy in  the  6th  century,  Athanasius  being  the  chief 
upholder  of  the  system  of  doctrine  opposed  to  the  Arian 
system.  It  is  included  in  the  Greek,  Roman,  and  English 
services,  but  is  not  retained  in  the  American  Book  of 
Common  Prayer.  It  is  also  called  “ Quicunque  vult,”  from 
its  first  words. 

Athanasius  (ath-a-na'sbi-us),  Saint.  Born  at 
Alexandria  about  296  a.  d.  : died  there,  373. 
One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Christian  ehurch,  and 
the  chief  defender  of  the  orthodox  faith  against 
Arianism:  surnamed  “The  Father  of  Ortho- 
doxy.” He  was  made  a deacon  by  Alexander,  the  patriarch 
of  Alexandria,  in  319;  accompanied  Alexander  to  the  Synod 
of  Nice  in  325 ; secured  by  his  eloquence  and  zeal  the  for- 
mulation on  the  part  of  the  synod  of  the  Nicene  Creed 
against  the  Arians ; was  made  patriarch  of  Alexandria  in 
328;  was  deposed  by  the  Synod  of  Tyre  in  335,  and  exiled 
to  Treves  by  Constantine  l.  in  336 ; was  reinstated  by  Con- 
stantine II.  in  338;  was  deposed  by  Constantius  in  340, 
taking  refuge  with  Juliuc  I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  through 
whose  influence  his  doctrines  were  approved  by  the  synods 
of  Rome  (341)  and  Sardica  (343);  returned  to  Alexandria 
in  346;  was  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Milan  in  355, 
and  again  expelled  by  Constantius  in  356 ; returned  in  362 
and  was  expelled  by  Julian  in  the  same  year,  taking  refuge 
in  Upper  Egypt ; returned  to  Alexandria  in  364 ; and  was 
expelled  by  Valens  in  365,  returning  in  366.  His  .works 
were  edited  by  the  Benedictines  (1698),  and  by'Migne 
in  the  “Patrologia.”  His  memory  is  celebrated  in  the 
Eastern  and  Latin  churches  on  May  2. 

Athapascan  (ath-a-pas'kan),  or  Tinneh  (ti- 
na').  A linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  in  three  primary  divisions,  the  north- 
ern, the  Pacific,  and  the  southern.  The  northern 
division  includes  tribes  of  British  North  America  and 
Alaska,  among  which  are  the  Ah-tena,  Kaiyuh-khotana, 
K’naia-khotana,  Koyukukhotana,  Kutchin,  Jlontagnais, 
Montagnards,  Takulli,  and  Unakhotana.  The  Pacific  divi- 
sion is  composed  oi  tribes  of  Washington,  Oregon,  and  Cali- 
fornia, including  the  Chasta  Costa,  Chetco,  Hupa,  Kalts’ 
ereatunne,  Kenesti,  Kwalhiokwa,  Kwatami,  Micikqwutme 
tunne,  Mikono  tunne,  Naltunne  tunne,  Owilapsh,  Qwinc- 
tunnetun  Saiaz,  Tceme,  Teetlestcan  tunne,  Tlatskanai, 
Tolowa,  Tutu,  and  Yukitce.  The  southern  division  con- 
sists of  the  various  Apache  and  ^Navajo  tribes  in  Oklahoma, 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Mexico.  While  some  of  the 
Oregon  tribes  have  fought  the  United  States,  its  more 
notable  opponents  have  been  the  Apache,  under  such 
famous  leaders  as  Cochise.  Mangus,  Colorado,  and  Gero- 
nimo.  The  present  number  of  this  stock  is  about  30,000, 
of  whom  about  8,000,  constituting  the  northern  division, 
are  in  Alaska  and  British  North  America ; several  hun- 
dred, comprising  the  Pacific  division,  are  in  Washington, 
Oregon,  and  California  ; and  about  20,000.  belonging  to  the 
southern  division,  are  in  Oklahoma,  Arizona,  New  Mex- 
ico, and  Colorado.  Besides  there  are  the  Lipan  and  some 
refugee  Apache  in  Mexico.  For  the  Athapasca  proper, 
see  Montaynais. 

Atharvan  (a-t’har'van).  In  Vedic  mythology, 
the  priest  of  fire  (Agni)  and  Soma,  and  then, 
viewed  as  a definite  person,  the  first  priest 
in  primeval  times  who  brings  down  fire  from 
heaven,  offers  soma,  and  prays.  With  miraculous 
powers  he  subdues  the  demons,  and  he  receives  from 
the  gods  heavenly  gifts.  As  a singular  or  as  a plural  the 
word  also  designates  1 the  spells  of  Atharvan,’  the  Atliar- 
vaveda. 

Atharvaveda  (a-t’har-va-va'da).  [Skt.,  ‘Veda 
of  the  Atharvans.’]  The  fourth  of  the  Vedas. 
It  never  attained  in  India  the  high  consideration  of  the 
other  Vedas,  or  came  to  be  universally  acknowledged  as 
a Veda.  To  the  student,  however,  its  interest  is  only 
second  to  that  of  the  Rik.  It  is  a historical,  not  a litur- 
gical, collection.  It  goes  by  a variety  of  names,  which 
seem  at  least  in  part  fabricated  to  give  it  a dignity  to 
which  it  had  no  fair  claim.  It  was  called  the  Veda  of 
the  Atharvans  and  the  Angirases  to  bring  it  into  connec- 
tion with  ancient  and  venerated  Indian  families,  and 
“Veda of  the  Atharvans"  has  come  to  be  its  most  famil- 


Athene  Polias 

iar  name.  It  is  also  called  Brahmaveda,  where  brahma 
means  ‘sacred  utterance’  in  the  sense  of  ‘charm,  In- 
cantation.’ It  comprises  nearly  six  thousand  verses  in 
about  seven  hundred  and  thirty  hymns,  which  are  divided 
into  twenty  books.  The  first,  eighteen  books  are  arranged 
upon  a like  system,  of  which  the  length  of  the  hymn 
is  the  principle.  A sixth  of  the  mass  is  not  metrical, 
but  consists  of  prose  akin  to  the  Brahmanas.  Of  the  re- 
mainder one  sixth  is  found  also  in  the  Rik,  and  five  sixths 
are  peculiar  to  the  Atharvan.  As  compared  with  the  first 
nine  books  of  the  Rik,  the  tenth  book  of  the  Rik  and  the 
Atharvan  are  the  product  of  a later  period.  In  the  former 
the  gods  are  regarded  with  love  and  confidence;  in  the 
latter  with  cringing  fear.  The  Atharvan  knows  a host  of 
imps  and  hobgoblins,  and  offers  them  homage  to  induce 
them  to  abstain  from  harm.  The  most  prominent  char- 
acteristic is  the  multitude  of  incantations  spoken  by  the 
person  to  be  benefited  or  by  the  sorcerer  for  him.  The 
Atharvan  seems  in  the  main  of  popular  rather  than  of 
priestly  origin,  and  forms  an  intermediate  step  to  the  su- 
perstitions of  the  ignorant  mass. 

Athaulf.  See  Atarndf. 

Atheist,  The,  or  The  Second  Part  of  The 
Soldier’s  Fortune.  A comedy  by  Otway,  first 
acted  in  1684. 

Atheist’s  Tragedy,  The,  or  The  Honest 
Man’s  Revenge.  A play  by  Cyril  Tourneur, 
conjectured  (by  Fleay)  to  have  been  acted 
between  1601  and  1604,  and  printed  in  1611. 
It  was  founded  on  Boccaccio’s  “Decameron,” 
vii.  6. 

Athelard  of  Bath.  See  Adelard. 

A-thelney  (ath'el-ni),  Isle  of.  [AS.  Mthelmga 
HI,  isle  of  nobles.]  A marsh  near  Taunton, 
Somersetshire,  England,  the  refuge  of  Alfred 
the  Great  in  878.  He  founded  here  a Bene- 
dictine abbey  in  888. 

Athelstan  (ath'el-stan),  or  Althelstan.  Born 

895 : died  940.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  and 
Mercia  924-940,  a son  of  Edward  the  Elder: 
surnamed  “ The  Glorious.”  He  defeated  the  Danes 
and  Celts  at  Brunanburgh  in  937.  Through  the  marriage 
of  his  sisters,  he  was  brother-in-law  to  Charles  the  Simple, 
king  of  the  West  Franks;  Louis,  king  of  Lower  Bur- 
gundy; Hugh,  the  Great  Duke  of  the  French;  and  the 
emperor  Otto  the  Great. 

Athelstanc  (ath'el-stan).  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s 
novel  “Ivanhoe,”  the  Thane  of  Coningsburgh, 
suitor  of  Rowena,  called  “ The  Unready,”  from 
the  slowness  of  his  mind. 

Athena.  Seo  Athene. 

Athenseum  (ath-e-ne'um).  [Gr.  ’Adf/vaiov.]  A 
famous  school  or  university  at  Rome,  founded 
by  the  emperor  Hadrian.  It  was  named  for 
Athens,  and  was  situated  on  the  Capitoline 
Hill. 

Athenaeum,  The.  A London  club  established 
in  1824.  It  was  designed  for  the  “association  of  indi- 
viduals known  for  their  scientific  or  literary  attainments, 
artists  of  eminence  in  any  class  of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  no- 
blemen and  gentlemen  distinguished  as  liberal  patrons  of 
Science,  Literature,  or  the  Arts.”  Its  headquarters  are  at 
107  Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 

Athenaus  (ath-e-ne'us).  [Gr.  AOI/vatoc.]  A 
Greek  grammarian,  rhetorician,  and  philoso- 
pher of  Naucratis,  Egypt,  who  flourished  about 
200  a.  D.:  author  of  “Deipnosophistse”  (ed.  by 
Meineke  1859).  See  Deipnosophists. 

Athenagoras  (ath-e-nag'o-ras).  [Gr.  'A0ijvay6- 
paf.]  Born  at  Athens:  flourished  about  176 
a.  d.  A Greek  Platonist  philosopher  and  Chris- 
tian, author  of  an  apology  or  intercession  in 
behalf  of  the  Christians,  addressed  to  the  em- 
perors Marcus  Aurelius  and  Commodus.  He 
states  and  refutes  the  accusations  of  atheism,  cannibalism, 
and  incest  made  against  the  Christians  in  his  day.  A 
treatise  on  the  resurrection  of  the  dead  is  also  attributed 
to  him. 

Athenais.  See  Eudocia. 

Athene  (a-the'ne),  or  Athena  (-na).  [Gr.  Adr/vrj, 
’A 0l/va.\  In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of 
knowledge,  arts,  sciences,  and  righteous  war; 
particularly,  the  tutelary  deity  of  Athens : iden- 
tified by  the  Romans  with  Minerva.  She  personi- 
fied the  clear  upper  air  as  well  as  mental  clearness  and 
acuteness,  embodying  the  spirit  of  truth  and  divine  wis- 
dom, and  was  clothed  with  the  aegis,  symbolizing  the  dark 
storm-cloud,  and  armed  with  the  resistless  spear — the 
shaft  of  lightning. 

Professor  Max  Muller,  for  instance,  had  identified 
Athena , the  great  deity  of  the  Ionian  Greeks,  with  the 
Vedic  dahana,  the  “ dawn  ” creeping  over  the  sky.  The 
philological  difficulty  was  considerable,  and  scholars  are 
now  inclined  to  believe  that  Athena  was  not.  the  dawn  but 
the  lightning.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  305. 

Athene  Parthenos  (a-the'ne  par 'the-nos). 
[Gr.  ’Adr/v?)  -rvapOh’nc,  Athene  the  virgin.]  A 
notable  Roman  reduced  copy,  in  the  National 
Museum,  Athens,  of  the  great  chryselephantine 
statue  of  Athene  by  Phidias  in  the  Parthenon. 
Artistically  the  copy  is"  poor,  but  from  its  evidently  care- 
ful reproduction  of  details  it  is  historically  highly  impor- 
tant. 

Athene  Polias  (a-t,he'ne  pol'i-as).  [Gr.  ’AWjvn 
TroXtat;,  Athene,  guardian  of  the  city  (Athens).] 
A notable  original  Greek  statue,  in  the  Villa 


Athene  Polias 

Albani,  Borne.  The  goddess,  in  her  usual  full  drapery 
and  segis,  has  a liou-head  drawn  over  her  head  in  place  of 
a helmet.  The  proportions  are  somewhat  short,  as  in  the 
older  sculpture,  and  the  statue  is  dated  by  experts  in  the 
5th  century  B.  c. 

Athene,  Temple  of.  See  Assos,  Mgina,  Athens, 
Syracuse. 

Athenian  Bee,  The.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Plato,  a native  of  Athens,  in  allusion  to  the 
sweetness  of  his  style. 

Athenion  (a-the'ni-on).  A leader  in  the  second 
servile  insurrection  in  Sicily,  103-99  B.  c.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  commander  of  banditti  in  Cilicia, 
where  he  was  captured  and  sold  as  a slave  into  Sicily.  He 
was  chosen  leader  of  the  insurgents  in  the  western  part 
of  the  island,  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Lilybaeum, 
joined  Tryphon  (Salvius),  king  of  the  rebels,  by  whom  he 
was  for  a time  thrown  into  prison,  fought  under  Tryphon 
in  the  battle  with  L.  Licinius  Lucullus,  and  on  the  death 
of  Tryphon  became  king.  He  was  slain  in  battle  by  the 
hand  of  M.  Aquillius  who  put  down  the  revolt. 
Athenodorus  (a-then-o-do'rus).  [Or.  AdsvdSw- 
por.  ] Born  at  Tarsus,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the 
1st  century  B.  C.  A Stoic  philosopher  of  Tarsus, 
a friend  of  the  emperor  Augustus : surnamed 
“ Cananites,”  from  Cana,  in  Cilicia,  his  father’s 
birthplace. 

Athenodorus.  A Greek  statuary,  one  of  the 
collaborators  on  the  group  of  the  “Laocoon.” 
He  was  a son  and  pupil  of  Agesander  of  Bhodes. 
See  Laocodn. 

Athens  (ath'enz).  [Gr.  ’Adijvai,  Homer  (Odys- 
sey, vii.80)  ’Adfjvr/,  L.  A theme,  F.  A theues,  G.  A then, 
It.  Atene;  origin  unknown:  traditionally  from 
’Adyvr/,  the  goddess.]  The  capital  and  largest 
city  of  Greece  and  the  chief  city  of  Attica,  sit- 
uated about  5 miles  from  its  seaport  Piraeus  (on 
the  Saronic  Gulf),  in  lat.  37°  58'  N.,  long.  23° 
44'  E.  The  ancient  city  grew  up  around  the  Acropolis. 
The  other  noted  hills  were  the  Areopagus  and  1’nyx.  Long 
walls  joined  the  city  to  its  port.  The  modern  city  has  ex- 
tended northeastward  toward  Lycabettus,  and  contains, 
besides  the  palace  and  government  buildings,  a university, 
a museum,  and  foreign  (American,  French,  German,  etc.) 
schools  for  classical  studies.  Athens  was  founded,  ac- 
cording to  the  old  account,  by  an  Egyptian  colony  led  by 
Cecrops.  It  became  the  chief  place  in  Attica,  with  Pallas 
Athene  as  its  espechu  divinity,  and  was  ruled  by  kings, 
among  whom  Erechtheus,  Theseus,  and  Codrus  were  fa- 
mous. It  was  then  (from  the  legendary  date  B.  c.  1132) 
ruled  by  the  nobles  (Eupatrids),  and  had  archons  as  ma- 
gistrates, who  were  successively  perpetual,  decennial,  and 
after  683  B.  c.  annual.  The  laws  of  Draco  were  enacted  in 
624  B.  c.,  and  those  of  Solon  in  594  B.  c.  Pisistratus  be- 
came tyrant  in  560,  and  his  sons  were  expelled  in  510.  The 
reforms  of  Cleisthenes  (509)  made  Athens  a pure  democ- 
racy : popular  assemblies  of  all  citizens  made  the  laws. 
The  glorious  period  began  with  the  Persian  wars,  in  which 
Athens  took  a leading  part,  as  at  Marathon  490,  and  Sala- 
mis  480.  The  city  was  temporarily  held  by  the  Persians 
in  480.  Under  Themistocles,  immediately  after,  the  long 
walls  were  built.  Athens  became  the  head  of  the  Con- 
federacy of  Delos  in  477  (?),  and  for  a short  period  had  an 
extensive  empire  and  was  the  first  power  in  Greece.  The 
“ Age  of  Pericles  ” (about  461-429)  was  noted  for  the  adorn- 
ment of  the  city.  The  Peloponnesian  war,  431-104,  re- 
sulted in  the  displacement  of  Athens  by  Sparta  in  the 
hegemony  of  Greece.  Athens  was  taken  by  Sparta  in  404 
and  an  aristocratic  faction  was  put  in  power  ; but  moder- 
ate democracy  was  restored  by  Thrasybulus  in  403.  Athens 
under  Demosthenes  resisted  Macedon,  but  was  overthrown 
at  the  battle  of  Chaeronea  338,  and  was  generally  after 
this  under  Macedonian  influence.  It  was  subjugated  by 
Rome  in  146  B.  C.,  and  pillaged  by  Sulla  in  86  B.  c.  It 
continued  to  form  part  of  the  Roman  and  later  of  the 
Byzantine  empire.  Conquered  by  the  Latin  Crusaders  in 
1205,  it  became  a lordship  and  soon  a duchy  under  French, 
Spanish,  and  Italian  rulers  successively  till  its  conquest 
by  the  Turks  in  1456.  It  was  devastated  by  a Venetian 
bombardment  in  1687,  and  also  in  the  War  of  Liberation 
in  1821-27.  It  became  the  capital  of  the  new  kingdom  of 
Greece  m 1834.  Population,  107,479.  (See  Greece, 
Peloponnesian  War,  Persian  Wars,  Solon,  Pericles,  etc.) 
The  following  are  among  the  important  structures  of  the 
ancient  and  the  modem  city  : Dionysiac  Theater,  a thea- 
ter on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Acropolis,  where  all  the 
famous  Greek  dramas  were  produced.  It  was  originally 
of  wood,  and  was  not  completed  in  stone  until  about  340 
B.  c.  The  existing  remains  of  orchestra  and  stage-structure 
are  modifications  of  Roman  date.  The  front  wall  of  the 
stage  bears  excellent  reliefs  of  Bacchic  myths.  The  di- 
ameter of  the  cavea  is  about  300  feet : it  has  one  precinc- 
tion,  and  is  divided  by  radial  stairways  into  13  wedge- 
shaped  sections.  The  lowest  tier  consists  of  seats  of  honor 
cut  from  marble  in  the  form  of  chairs.  Gale  of  the  Oil- 
Market,  or  New  Agora,  a gate  built  with  gifts  from  Julius 
Cffisar  and  Augustus.  The  west  front  is  Doric,  tetrastyle, 
the  columns,  26  feet  high  and  4 in  base-diameter,  still 
supporting  their  entablature  and  pediment.  The  middle 
intercolnmniation,  for  the  passage  of  vehicles,  is  llj  feet 
wide,  the  others  4J.  Long  walls,  two  massive  fortifica- 
tion walls  extending  from  the  ramparts  of  the  city  to 
those  of  the  Piraeus,  at  a distance  apart,  except  near  their 
diverging  extremities,  of  about  550  feet.  (See  above.) 
They  made  the  ports  and  the  metropolis  practically  one 
huge  fortress,  and  assured  Athenian  supplies  by  sea 
while  rendering  possible  Athenian  naval  triumphs  at 
times  when  the  Spartans  held  their  land  without  the 
walls.  They  were  destroyed  when  Athens  fell  before 
Sparta  toward  the  end  of  the  5th  century,  but  were  re- 
stored in  393  B.  C.  by  Conon.  The  long  walls  follow  the 
crests  of  the  group  of  hills  southwest  of  the  Acropolis, 
and  run  southwest.  The  northern  wall,  which  was  the 
longer,  measured  about  5 miles.  There  was  at  least  one 
cross-wall  to  guard  against  the  forcing  of  the  passage. 


91 

On  most  maps  there  is  shown  a third  wall,  called  the 
Phaleric  wall,  starting  from  the  south  side  of  Athens, 
near  the  Ilissus,  and  extending  to  the  east  side  of  the  Bay 
of  Phalerum.  No  vestige  of  such  a wall  has,  however, 
been  discovered,  nor  has  any  trace  of  an  ancient  port  been 
found  at  the  so-called  Old  Phalerum,  at  the  eastern  end  of 
the  bay.  It  is  very  improbable  that  such  a wall  ever  ex- 
isted, and  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  Phalerum  lay  at  the 
western  end  of  the  bay.  Old  Temple  of  Athena,  between  the 
Erechtheum  and  the  Parthenon.  Its  foundations  were 
recognized  and  studied  by  Dorpfeld  in  1885.  It  was  Do- 
ric, peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  12  columns  on  the  flanks, 
and  measured  70  by  137  feet.  A number  of  the  column- 
drums,  capitals,  and  other  architectural  elements  are  built 
into  the  north  wall  of  the  Acropolis.  The  temple  had  a 
large  cult-cella  toward  the  east,  behind  which  there  was 
a treasury  with  two  chambers  opening  on  a vestibule. 
A notable  authority  (Penrose)  combats  Dorpfeld’s  restora- 
tion, and  suggests  that  the  temple  may  have  been  Ionic, 
of  8 by  16  columns : but  the  Dorpfeld  theory  may  be  taken 
as  demonstrated.  This  temple  remained  standing  cer- 
tainly until  406  B.  C.,  and  probably  until  the  reign  of 
Hadrian  and  later.  It  is  of  unusual  historical  and  archae- 
ological importance.  Panalhenaic  Stadium,  a stadium 
still  practically  complete  except  for  its  sheathing  of  mar- 
ble. The  arena  measures  109  by  670  feet,  and  is  bordered 
on  its  long  sides  and  its  semicircular  east  end  by  the 
slopes  which  supported  the  seats  (about  60  tiers)  for  the 
spectators.  There  were  at  intervals  29  flights  of  steps  to 
give  access  to  the  seats.  Academy  of  Sciences,  a beau- 
tiful building  in  Pentelic  marble,  lately  completed  in  the 
classical  Greek  style  for  the  accommodation  of  a learned 
body  modeled  after  the  French  Institute.  Convent  of 
Daphni,  a convent  founded  by  the  French  dukes  of  Athens 
in  the  13th  century.  (See  also  Arch  of  Hadrian  ; Dexileos, 
Monument  of;  Erechtheum;  Hegeso,  Monument  of ; Lysi- 
crates,  Choragic  Monument  of;  Nike  Apteros,  or  Wingless 
Victory,  Temple  of;  Odeum  of  H erodes;  Olympieum,  or 
Temple  of  Olympian  Zeus ; Parthenon  ; Propylsea  ; The- 
seum  ; Tower  of  the  Winds.)  The  topographical  features 
of  ancient  Athens  are  described  under  their  names.  See 
Century  Atlas,  Map  XIII. 

Athens.  The  capital  of  Athens  County,  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  Hocking  Biver  35  miles  west 
of  Marietta.  It  is  the  seat  of  Ohio  University 
(founded  1804).  Population,  5,463,  (1910). 

Athens.  A city  in  Clarke  County,  Georgia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Oconee  62  miles  northeast  of 
Atlanta.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Georgia 
(founded  1801).  Population,  14,913,  (1910). 

Athens.  The  capital  of  McMinn  County,  Ten- 
nessee, 50  miles  northeast  of  Chattanooga. 
Population,  2,264,  (1910). 

Athens.  A borough  in  Bradford  County,  north- 
eastern Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna near  the  New  York  border.  Popula- 
tion, 3,796,  (1910). 

Athens  of  America,  The,  or  The  Modern 
Athens.  An  epithet  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Athens  of  Ireland,  The.  An  epithet  of  the 
city  of  Cork,  and  also  of  Belfast. 

Athens  of  the  North,  The.  Edinburgh:  so 
called  from  its  resemblance,  topographically 
and  intellectually,  to  Athens;  also,  an  oc- 
casional epithet  of  Copenhagen. 

Athens  of  Switzerland,  The.  An  occasional 
epithet  of  Zurich. 

Athens  of  the  West,  The.  Cordova,  Spain, 
which  was  an  intellectual  center  from  the  8th 
to  the  13th  century. 

Atherstone  (ath'er-ston) . A town  in  Warwick- 
shire, England,  17  miles  northeast  of  Birming- 
ham. Population,  5,248. 

Atherstone,  Edwin.  Born  at  Nottingham, 
April  17,  1788:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  29, 
1872.  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.  He 
was  the  author  of  “The  Last  Days  of  Hercu- 
laneum,” etc. 

Atherton  (ath'er-ton),  Charles  Gordon.  Born 
at  Amherst,  N.  H.,  July  4 (?),  1804:  died  at 
Manchester,  N.  H.,  Nov.  15,  1853.  An  Ameri- 
can politician,  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  New  Hampshire  1837 — 43,  and  United 
States  senator  1843-49  and  1853.  He  introduced 
the  so-called  “ Atherton  gag,”  a resolution  which  provided 
that  all  bills  or  petitions  on  the  subject  of  slavery  should 
be  “laid  on  the  table  without  being  debated,  printed,  or 
referred,”  and  which  remained  in  force  183&-45. 

Atherton,  John.  Bom  at  Bawdripp,  Somer- 
setshire, 1598 : died  at  Dublin,  Dec.  5,  1640. 
Bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore,  hung  for 
unnatural  crime. 

Atherton,  or  Ohowbent  (chou'bent).  A man- 
ufacturing and  mining  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  10  miles  northwest  of  Manchester. 
Population,  16,211. 

Atherton  Gag.  See  Atherton,  Charles  Gordon. 

Atherton  Moor,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained 
near  Bradford,  England,  1643,  by  the  Boyalists 
under  the  Earl  of  Newcastle  over  the  Parlia- 
mentarians under  Ferdinando  Fairfax. 

Athesis  (ath'e-sis).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Adige. 

Athias  (a-te'iis),  Joseph.  Died  1700.  A Jew- 
ish printer  of  Amsterdam,  publisher  of  editions 
of  the  Hebrew  Bible  (1661-67). 


Atkinson,  Thomas  Wit  lam 

Athlete,  The.  A Greek  statue,  held  to  be  a 
copy  of  the  famous  Doryphorus  (spear-bearer), 
the  canon  or  type  of  Polyclitus,  found  at  Pom- 
peii, and  now  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 
The  undraped  figure  is  rather  short  and  heavy,  but  is  ad 
mirably  proportioned  and  in  simple,  unpretending  pose. 

Athlit  (ath'let).  A town  in  Galilee  (Palestine), 
on  the  Mediterranean  south  of  Haifa,  it  con- 
tains the  Castle  of  the  Pilgrims,  a splendid  fortress  estab- 
lished by  the  Templars  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury. It  occupies  a promontory  projecting  into  the  sea, 
whose  isthmus  is  cut  by  glacis,  double  ditch,  and  massive 
walls  with  rectangular  towers.  Within  the  inclosure 
there  are  vaulted  magazines,  ruins  of  a hexagonal  church, 
a fine  hall  of  the  Palace  of  the  Templars,  and  other  re- 
mains. 

Athlone,  Earl  of.  See  Ginlcel. 

Athlone  (ath-lon').  A parliamentary  borough 
in  Westmeath  and  Boscommon,  Ireland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Shannon  in  lat.  53°  25'  N.,  long.  7° 
51'  W.  It  was  taken  from  the  Irish  by  General  Ginkel 
in  June,  1691.  Population  of  urban  district, 
6,617. 

Athol,  or  Athole,  or  Atholl  (ath'ol).  A hilly 
district  in  northern  Perthshire,  Scotland.  Area, 
about  450  square  miles. 

Athol  (ath'ol).  A town  in  Worcester  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  Miller’s  Biver  33 
miles  west  of  Fitchburg.  Population,  8,536, 
(1910). 

Athor,  or  Athyr.  See  Hatlior. 

Athos  (ath'os).  [Gr.  ”Adag,  ”A6uv.]  The  east- 
ernmost peninsula  of  Chalcidice  in  Macedonia. 
It  projects  into  the  Mgean  Sea  and  is  connected  with  the 
mainland  by  a narrow  isthmus  (pierced  by  a canal  during 
the  invasion  of  Xerxes).  On  it  were  the  ancient  cities 
Olophyxus,  Charadriae,  Apollonia,  Acrothoum,  and  Cleon®. 
Length,  30  miles. 

It  is  believed  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  dwellings 
of  Pompeii,  some  buildings  in  Athos  are  the  oldest  speci- 
mens of  domestic  architecture  in  Europe. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  14. 

Athos,  Mount.  [Gr.  "Adug,  "Adwv,  NGr.  "A yiov 
opog,  the  holy  mount,  It.  Monte  Santo.']  A 
mountain  at  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 
Athos,  famous  since  the  early  middle  ages  for 
its  communities  of  monks,  which  form  a sort 
of  republic  tributary  to  Turkey.  Height,  6,350 
feet. 

Athos  (a-thos').  One  of  the  “Three  Musketeers” 
in  Dumas’s  novel  of  that  name.  See  Trots 
Mousquetaires,  Les. 

Athy  (a-thi').  A town  in  Kildare,  Ireland,  39 
miles  southwest  of  Dublin.  Pop.,  3,599. 

Atia,  or  Attia,  gens  (at'i-a  jenz).  In  ancient 
Borne,  a plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family 
names  were  Balbus,  Labienus,  Bufus,  and 
Varus. 

Atilia,  or  Atillia,  gens  (a-til'i-a  jenz).  In 
ancient  Borne,  a patrician  and  plebeian  clan 
or  house  whose  family  names  under  the  Eepub- 
lic  were  Bulbus,  Calatinus,  Longus,  Begulus, 
and  Serranus.  The  first  member  of  this  gens  who  be- 
came consul  was  M.  Atilius  Regulus,  335  B.  o. 

Atin  (a'tin).  The  personification  of  strife  in 
Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene.” 

Atilia  (a-te'na).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  70  miles  southeast  of  Borne. 
Population,  2,024;  commune,  4,646. 

Atitlan  (a-te-tlan').  A volcano  in  Guatemala 
near  Lake  Atitlan.  Height,  11,849  feet. 

Atitlan,  Lake.  A lake  in  Guatemala,  Centra! 
America,  50  miles  west  of  Guatemala,  noted 
for  its  great  depth.  It  has  no  outlet. 

Atka  (at'ka).  The  largest  of  the  Andreanof 
Islands,  Aleutian  Archipelago. 

Atkarsk  (at-karsk').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  eastern  Bussia-,  55  miles 
northwest  of  Saratoff.  Population,  12,600. 

Atkins  (at'kinz),  John.  Bom  1685:  died  1757. 
An  English  surgeon  who,  in  1721,  accompanied 
the  ships  Swallow  and  Weymouth  on  a voyage 
to  West  Africa  and  America,  returning  in  1723. 
He  published  the  “Navy  Surgeon  ” (1732),  and  “A  Voyage 
to  Guinea,  Brazil,  and  the  West  Indies  " (1735). 

Atkins,  Tommy.  See  Tommy  Atkins. 

Atkinson  (at'kin-son),  Edward.  Born  at 
Brookline,  Mass.,  Feb.  10,  1827 : died  at  Boston, 
Dec.  11,  1905.  An  American  economist  and 
statistician.  He  was  the  author  of  “Our  National  Do- 
main ” (1879),  “ Cotton  Manufacturers  of  the  United  States  ” 
(1880),  “Railroads  of  the  United  States,"  etc. 

Atkinson,  Henry.  Born  in  North  Carolina,  1782: 
died  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  June  14,  1842. 
An  American  general.  He  defeated  the  Indians 
at  Bad  Axe  Biver  in  Black  Hawk’s  war,  1832. 

Atkinson,  Thomas  Witlam.  Born  in  York- 
shire, England,  March  6,  1799:  died  at  Lower 
Walmer,  Kent,  Aug.  13,  1861.  An  English 
artist  and  traveler.  He  was  the  author  of  “Oriental 
and  Western  Siberia " (1858),  “Travels  in  the  Regions  of 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Amoor  ” (1860),  etc. 


Atkinson,  Sergeant 

Atkinson,  Sergeant.  A character  in  Fielding’s 

“Amelia.”  With  his  devotion  to  Booth  and  Amelia, 
and  his  self-sacrificing  generosity,  he  is  an  embodiment 
of  goodness  of  heart. 

Atkyns  (at'kinz),  Rickard.  Born  1615:  died 
1677.  An  English  writer  on  the  history  of  print- 
ing: author  of  “The  Original  and  Growth  of 
Printing,  etc.”  (1664). 

Atkyns,  Sir  Robert.  Born  in  Gloucestershire, 
1621 : died  Feb.  18, 17 09.  An  English  jurist,  and 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer:  author  of  “Par- 
liamentary and  Political  Tracts”  (1734),  etc. 

Atlanta  (at-lan'ta).  The  capital  of  Georgia 
and  of  Fulton  County,  situated  in  lat.  33°  45' 
N.,  long.  84°  25'  W.  Itisan  important  railway  center, 
and  has  an  extensive  trade  in  cotton,  tobacco,  etc.,  and 
manufactures  of  cotton,  iron,  flour,  etc.  It  is  the  seat 
of  Atlanta  University  (colored),  founded  in  1869.  At- 
lanta was  taken  by  Sherman  Sept.  2, 1864,  and  was  partly 
burned  previous  to  his  departure  on  his  “March  to  the 
Sea”  (Nov.  15,  1864).  It  became  the  State  capital  in  1868. 
There  was  a cotton  exposition  at  Atlanta  in  1881.  Popu- 
lation, 154,839,  (19!  0). 

Atlanta,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  east  of 
Atlanta,  July  22,  1864,  by  the  Federals  under 
Sherman  over  the  Confederates  under  Hood 
(who  had  made  a sortie  from  the  city).  Fed- 
eral loss,  about  3,600  (including  General 
McPherson). 

Atlantes  (at-lan'tez).  [PI.  of  ’ArAag.']  In 
Greek  architecture,  colossal  male  statues  used 
instead  of  columns  to  support  an  entablature. 

Atlantes  (at-lan'tes).  A magician,  inBoiardo’s 
and  Ariosto’s  “ Orlando,”  who  lived  on  Mount 
Carena  in  a castle  surrounded  with  a wall  of 
glass  where  he  educated  the  young  Rogero. 

Atlantic  (at-lan'tik).  The  capital  of  Cass 
County,  Iowa,  situated  on  East  Nishnabotna 
River,  47  miles  east  of  Omaha.  Population, 
4,560,  (1910). 

Atlantic  City.  A seaside  resort  in  Atlantic 
County,  New  Jersey,  60  miles  southeast  of 
Philadelphia.  Population,  46.150,  (1910). 

Atlantic  Ocean.  [F.  Mer  Atlantique,  G.  Atlan- 
tisclies  Meer.  L.  Atlanticum  mare , Gr.  to  ArAav- 
tikuv  •KkAayog,  fj  AtAmvtim ) daAaaaa,  the  sea  of 
Atlas,  originally  applied  to  the  sea  beyond 
Mount  Atlas  in  northwest  Africa,  from  ’’ArAag 
(’ArAavr-),  Mount  Atlas.]  That  part  of  the 
ocean  which  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Circle 
on  the  north,  Europe  and  Africa  on  the  east, 
the  Antarctic  Ocean  on  the  south,  and  America 
on  the  west.  It  is  sometimes  regarded  as  terminating 
at  lat.  40°  S.,  the  part  southward  being  reckoned  as  be- 
longing to  the  so-called  Southern  Ocean.  Its  chief  currents 
are  the  Gulf  Stream,  East  Greenland  Current,  Labrador 
Current,  Equatorial  Current,  South  Connecting  Current, 
Guinea  Current,  and  Brazilian  Current.  Length,  10,000 
miles ; average  breadth,  3,000  miles ; average  depth,  about 
13,000  feet. 

Atlantis  (at-lan'tis).  [L.  Atlantis,  Gr.  ?'/  ’ArAavrlg 
vijaog,  the  Atlantic  Isle,  from  "ArAag,  Mount 
Atlas.]  A mythical  island  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  northwest  of  Africa,  referred  to  by 
Plato  and  other  ancient  writers,  which  with  its 
inhabitants  was  said  to  have  disappeared  in  a 
convulsion  of  nature. 

Atlantis,  The  New.  See  New  Atlantis. 

Atlas  (at'las).  [Gr.  ’ArAai;,  lit.  ‘the supporter’ 
(of  the  sky),  from  a-  euphonic  and  rXav  ( rAa -) 
(=  L.  tollere),  bear  up,  support.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  a Titan,  brother  of  Prometheus  and 
Epimetheus,  son  of  Iapetus  and  Clymene  (or 
Asia),  and  father  (by  Pleione)  of  the  Pleiades 
and  (by  Hlthra)  of  the  Hyades,  and  also  (in 
Homer)  of  Calypso.  According  to  Hesiod  he  was 
condemned  by  Zeus,  for  his  part  in  the  batcle  of  the 
Titans,  to  stand  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  earth, 
near  the  dwelling-place  of  the  Hesperides,  upholding  the 
heavens  with  his  shoulders  and  hands.  His  station  was 
later  said  to  be  in  the  Atlas  Mountains  in  Africa.  Ac- 
cording to  some  accounts  he  was  the  father  of  the  Hes- 
perides : also  a king  to  whom  the  garden  of  the  Hesperides 
belonged.  The  details  of  the  myth  vary  greatly. 

Ideler  has  shown  (see  Humboldt’s  “ Aspects  of  Nature,” 
vol.  i.  pp.  144-146,  E.  T ) that  there  was  a confusion  in 
the  Greek  mind  with  respect  to  Atlas.  The  earlier  writers 
(Homer,  Hesiod,  &c.)  intended  by  that  name  the  Peak  of 
Teneritfe,  of  which  they  had  some  indistinct  knowledge 
derived  from  Phoenician  sources.  The  later,  unacquainted 
with  the  great  Western  Ocean,  placed  Atlas  in  Africa, 
first  regarding  it  as  a single  mountain,  and  then,  as  their 
geographical  knowledge  increased,  and  they  found  there 
was  no  very  remarkable  mountain  in  North-western  Africa, 
as  a mountain  chain.  Herodotus  is  a wri'er  of  the  tran- 
sition period.  His  description  is  only  applicable  to  the 
Peak,  while  his  locality  is  Africa  — no!,  however,  the 
western  coast,  but  an  inland  tract,  probably  south-eastern 
Algeria.  Thus  his  mountain,  if  it  is  to  be  considered  as 
having  any  foundation  at  all  on  fact,  must  represent  the 
eastern,  not  the  western,  extremity  of  the  Atlas  chain. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  Ill,  159,  note. 

2.  The  fourth-magnitude  star  27  Pleiadum, 
at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  “handle”  of 
the  group. 


92 

Atlas,  Witch  of.  See  Witch  of  Atlas. 

Atlas  Mountains.  A mountain  system  in  Mo- 
rocco, Algeria,  and  Tunis,  sometimes  regarded 
as  limited  to  Morocco.  Its  highest  summit, 
Jebel  Ajashi,  in  Morocco,  is  14,600  feet  high. 
Length,  about  1,500  miles. 

Atm"  (atm),  Atmu  (at'mo),  or  Tmu  (tmo). 
In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  setting  sun,  a 
double  of  Ra,  represented  in  human  form,  wor- 
shiped at  Northern  On,  or  Heliopolis. 

Atna.  See  Ahtena. 

Atna  (at'na)  River,  or  Copper  River.  A river 
in  Alaska  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  west  of 
Mount  St.  Elias. 

Atnah  (at'na).  [From  a Takulli  word  meaning 
‘stranger.’]  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians dwelling  on  Fraser  River,  British  Colum- 
bia: to  be  distinguished  from  the  Ahtena  of 
the  Athapascan  stock.  See  SaMshan. 

Atooi.  See  Kauai. 

Atossa(a-tos'a).  [Gr.  "Arocsoa.']  1.  The  daugh- 
ter of  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia,  aud  wife  suc- 
cessively of  Cambyses,  Smerdis,  and  Darius 
Hystaspes. 

Atossa,  the  daughter  of  Cyrus,  and  wife  successively 
of  her  brother  Cambyses,  of  the  Pseudo-Smerdis,  and  of 
Darius,  is  known  to  us  chiefly  from  Herodotus  and  ASschy- 
lus.  There  is  no  mention  of  her  in  the  Inscriptions,  nor 
by  any  historical  writer  of  repute,  except  Herodotus  and 
such  as  follow  him.  According  to  one  account  she  was 
killed  by  Xerxes  in  a fit  of  passion. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  256. 

2.  A poetical  name  given  to  the  first  Duchess 
of  Marlborough  by  Pope  in  his  “ Moral  Essays.” 

Atrato  (a-tra'to).  A river  in  Colombia  which 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Darien  in  lat.  8°  N.,  long. 
77°  W.  Its  length  is  about  400  miles,  and  it  is 
navigable  for  over  half  its  course. 

Atrebates  (a-treb'a-tez  or  at-re-ba'tez).  In 
ancient  history,  a tribe  of  Belgic  Gaul,  dwell- 
ing chiefly  in  the  later  Artois.  It  joined  the 
confederation  against  Julius  Caesar.  One 
branch  dwelt  in  Britain  near  the  Thames. 

Adventurers  from  Gaul  probably  led  the  way  into  Eng- 
land ; and  the  names  Brigantes  and  Parisi  in  Durham 
and  east  Yorkshire,  Cenomauni  in  east  Anglia,  and  Atre- 
bates in  Berkshire,  belong  equally  to  the  continental  dis- 
tricts of  Bregenz,  Paris,  Maine,  and  Arras.  There  is  some 
reason,  from  local  names  and  language,  to  connect  these 
Gaulish  tribes  with  the  Kymric  rather  than  with  the  Erse 
variety  of  the  Kelts.  Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  5. 

Atrek  ( a-trek' ),  or  Attruck  (a-truk' ) . A river  in 
northern  Persia,  and  on  the  boundary  between 
Persia  and  the  Transcaspian  territory  of  Russia. 
It  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  in  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  64°  10' 
E.  Length,  about  2o0  miles. 

Atreus  (a'tros).  [Gr.  Arpruf.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a king  of  Mycenre,  son  of  Pelops  and  father  of 
Agamemnon.  He  slew  the  sons  of  Thyestes 
and  was  slain  by  Htgisthus. 

Atri  (a'  tre).  A town  in  the  province  of  Teramo, 
Abruzzi,  Italy,  14  miles  southeast  of  Teramo : 
the  ancient  Adria  or  Hadria. 

Atri  (a'tre).  A river  in  Bengal,  British  India, 
which  joins  the  Ganges  at  Pubna. 

Atri  (a'tre).  In  the  Veda,  one  of  the  most 
frequently  named  rishis  of  primeval  times. 
He  enjoys  the  help  of  Indra,  Agni,  and  the  Asvins  in  all 
kinds  of  need.  He  frees  the  sun  from  the  power  of  the 
asura  Svarbhanu.  He  is  one  of  the  seven  rishis  (in  the 
sky  the  seven  stars  of  the  Great  Bear).  To  him  are  as- 
cribed a number  of  hymns  in  the  fifth  Slandala  of  the 
Rigveda. 

Atridse  (a-tri'de).  The  sons  of  Atreus,  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus. 

Atrides  (a-tri'dez).  [Gr.  'ArpdSrig,  a patronymic, 
from  Arpeug.]  A son  of  Atreus,  especially  Aga- 
memnon. 

Atropatene  (aVro-pa-te'ne).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a mountainous  district  of  Media,  cor- 
responding in  general  to  the  modern  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  Persia. 

Atropos  (at'ro-pos).  [Gr.  "Arpoirog,  inflexible, 
from  a-  priv.  and  rpeiveiv,  turn.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, that  one  of  the  three  Mcerai  (Gr.  MoZ- 
pai ),  or  Fates,  who  severs  the  thread  of  human 
life.  See  Fates. 

Atsuge  (at-so-ga').  An  almost  extinct  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  Also  called  Hat 
Creek  Indians,  Pakamali.  See  Palaihnihan. 

Attacapan  (a-tak'a-pan).  A linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  named  from  the  Ata- 
kapa,  its  principal  tribe,  in  1885  but  eight  individ- 
uals  of  the  entire  stock,  all  members  of  the  Atakapa 
tribe,  were  known  to  survive.  Of  these,  three  resided  at 
Lake  Charles,  Calasieu  parish,  Louisiana,  the  remainder 
in  western  Texas.  The  other  tribes  of  the  stock  were  the 
Coco  and  Heyeketi.  The  Atakapa  were  accused  of  canni- 
balism, and  their  tribal  name  is  derived  from  a Choctaw 
term  signifying  ‘man-eater.’ 

Attacapas.  [PL]  See  Attacapan, 


Attic  Muse,  The 

Attakapas  (a-tak'a-pa).  A popular  name  for 
a district  in  southern  Louisiana  comprising  the 
parishes  of  St.  Mary’s,  St.  Martin’s,  Vermilion, 
Iberia,  and  Lafayette. 

Attalia  (at-a-li'a).  The  ancient  name  of  Adalia. 
Attalus  ( at'a-lus)  I.,  or  Attalos  (-los).  [Gr. 
’ArraXog.]  Died  197  B.  c.  King  of  Pergamon 
241-197.  He  carried  on  war  with  the  Galatians,  Syria, 
and  Macedon,  and  was  allied  with  Rome  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  reign.  Votive  groups  were  set  up  by  him  on  the 
Acropolis  at  Athens,  in  honor  of  his  victory  over  the 
Gauls.  These  groups,  of  figures  of  about  half  life-size, 
were  : (1)  Battle  of  the  Gods  and  Giants  ; (2)  Combat  be- 
tween Athenians  and  Amazons;  (3)  Victory  of  Marathon  ; 
(4)  Destruction  of  the  Gauls  by  Attalus.  Four  figures 
from  these  groups  are  in  the  Museo  Nazionaleat  Naples: 
a Fallen  Giant,  a Dead  Amazon,  a Fallen  Persian,  and  a 
Dying  Bearded  GauL 

Attains  II.,  or  Attalos.  Born  220  B.  c. : died 
138  b.  c.  King  of  Pergamon  159-138,  son  of 
Attalus  I.  He  was  an  ally  of  Rome. 

Attalus  III.,  or  Attalos.  "Died  133  B.  c.  King 
of  Pergamon  138-133  B.  C.,  nephew  of  Attalus 
II.  By  his  will  he  left  his  kingdom  to  the  Ro- 
mans. 

Attalus,  or  Attalos.  Died  about  336  b.  c.  A 

Macedonian  general,  assassinated  by  order  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Attalus.  Lived  about  325  b.  C.  A Macedonian 
officer  in  the  service  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
Attalus,  Flavius  Priscus.  Emperor  of  the 

W est.  He  was  probably  an  Ionian  by  birth,  was  prefect 
of  Rome  when  the  city  was  taken  by  Alaric  in  409,  and 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  Alaric  in  opposition  to  Hono- 
rius.  He  was  deposed  by  Alaric  in  410,  and  was  banished 
to  Lipari  by  Honorius  in  416. 

Attar  (at-tar'),  or  Athar  (Mohammed  ibn 
Ibrahim  Ferid-Eddin).  Born  near  Nishapur, 
Persia,  1119:  died  1202  (1229  ?).  A Persian  poet 
and  mystic.  He  wrote  forty  poetical  works,  admired 
for  elegance  of  style  and  insight  into  the  Sufi  doctrines. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  killed  at  a great  age  by  a Mongol 
soldier. 

Attendorn  (at'ten-dorn).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Bigge  43  miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  Popu- 
lation, 3,545. 

Atterbom  (at'ter-bom),.  Peter  Daniel  Ama- 
deus. Born  at  Asbo,  Ostergotland,  Sweden, 
Jan.  19,  1790:  died  July  21,  1855.  A Swedish 
poet,  professor  (first  of  philosophy  and  later 
of  esthetics)  at  Upsala.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
Phosphorists  (which  see),  editor  of  the  “Phosphoros,” 
and  later  of  the  “Poetisk  kalender.”  He  wrote  “ Lycksa- 
lighetens  6,"  a romantic  drama  (1824-27,  “The  Fortunate 
Island”),  “Svenskasiare  och skalder ’’ (1841-55,  “Swedish 
Seers  and  Bards  ”),  etc. 

Atterbury  (at'er-ber-i),  Francis.  Born  at 
Milton,  Buckinghamshire,  March  6, 1662 : died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  15, 1732.  A noted  English  divine, 
politician , and  controversialist.  He  was  appointed 
bishop  of  Rochester  and  dean  of  Westminster  1713,  and 
banished  as  a Jacobite  in  1723. 

Attercliffe  (at'er-klif).  A small  town  in  York- 
shire, England,  northeast  of  Sheffield. 
Attersee  (at'er-za),or  Kammersee  (kam'mer- 
za).  The  largest  lake  of  Upper  Austria,  situ- 
ated in  the  Salzkammergut  20  miles  east  of 
Salzburg.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Ager  into  the 
Traun.  Length,  about  13  miles. 

Attic  (at'ik).  One  of  the  dialects  of  ancient 
Greek,  spoken  in  Athens  and  the  surrounding 
district  (Attica).  It  was  the  most  highly  culti- 
vated of  the  Hellenic  dialects. 

Attica  (at'i-ka).  [Gr.  i}  ’AttiiA/,  earlier  ’A ktiktj, 
from  asrij,  a headland,  a promontory.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a division  of  central  Greece,  bounded 
by  Bceotia  (partly  separated  by  Cithseron)  on 
the  northwest,  the  Gulf  of  Egripos  (separating 
it  from  Euboea)  on  the  northeast,  the  zEgean 
on  the  east,  the  Saronic  Gulf  on  the  southwest, 
and  Megaris  on  the  west.  It  contains  several  moun- 
tains ((’it ha-rnn.  Parnes,  Pentelicus,  and  Hymettus)  and 
the  plain  of  Attica  watered  by  the  Cephissus  and  Hissus. 
Its  chief  city  was  Athens,  with  whose  history  it  is  in  gen- 
eral identified. 

The  names  of  the  Attic  tribes  were  Erechtheis,  JJgeis, 
Pandionis,  Leontis,  Acamantis,  Gineis,  Cecropis,  Hippo- 
thoontis,  zEantis,  andAntiocliis;  the  heroes  being  Erech- 
theus,  /Egeus,  Pandion,  Leos,  Acamas,  (Eneus,  Cecrops, 
Hippothoon,  Ajax,  and  Antiochus.  The  order  given  is 
that  .observed  upon  the  monuments. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  266,  note. 

Attica.  A city  in  Fountain  County,  Indiana, 
situated  on  the  Wabash  70  miles  northwest  of 
Indianapolis.  Population,  3,335,  (1910). 
Attica.  A nomarchy  of  modern  Greece.  Capi- 
tal, Athens.  Area,  883  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 341,247. 

Attic  Bee,  The.  A surname  of  the  Greek  tragic 
poet  Sophocles,  and  also  of  Plato. 

Attic  Muse,  The.  An  epithet  of  the  Greek  his- 
torian Xenophon. 


Atticus,  Titus  Pomponius 

Atticus  (at'i-kus),  Titus  Pomponius.  Born  at 
Rome,  109  b.  c. : died  March,  32  b.  c.  A Roman 
scholar  and  bookseller,  an  intimate  friend  of 
Cicero,  best  known  from  the  letters  addressed 
to  him  by  the  great  orator.  His  chief  work  was 
“ a synchronistic  Roman  history  in  the  somewhat  meagre 
form  of  tables,  probably  with  the  addition  of  the  con- 
temporary history  of  foreign  peoples  which  had  acquired 
importance  in  connection  with  that  of  Rome,  and,  as  a 
supplement,  the  pedigrees  of  the  chief  Roman  families” 
( Teufel  and  Schicabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  G.  C.  W. 
Warr),  I.  269). 

Atticus  Herodes,  Tiberius  Claudius.  Born 
at  Marathon,  Greece,  about  104  a.  d.  : died 
about  180.  A celebrated  Greek  rhetorician 
and  public  benefactor.  He  erected  at  his  own  ex- 
pense many  public  works  at  Athens,  Corinth,  Olympia, 
and  elsewhere,  and  restored  several  decayed  towns  in 
various  parts  of  Greece. 

Attigny  (a-ten-ye').  A small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Aisne  22  miles  south  by  west  of  Mezihres,  im- 
portant in  the  Merovingian  and  Carolingian 
periods. 

Attike.  See  Attica. 

Attila  (at'i-la).  [LL.  Attila,  OHG.  Azziio,Essilo , 
MHG.  G.  Etzel,  Icel.  Atli,  Hung.  Ethel/1.]  Died 
453  a.  D.  A famous  king  of  the  Huns,  son 
of  Mundzuk  and  brother  of  Bleda,  together 
with  whom  he  ascended  the  throne  in  433 : 
sumamed  the  “Scourge  of  God”  by  medieval 
writers,  on  account  of  the  ruthless  and  wide- 
spread destruction  wrought  by  his  arms.  On 
the  death  (assassination?)  of  his  brother  in  445  he  be- 
came sole  ruler  and  extended  his  sway  over  German  as 
well  as  Slavonic  nations,  including  the  East  Goths, 
Gepidae,  Alani,  Heruli,  LongobarJs,  Thuringians,  and  Bur- 
gundians. He  laid  waste  the  provinces  of  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire south  of  the  Danube  442-447,  exacting  from  Theodo- 
sius II.  a tribute  of  six  thousand  pounds  of  gold,  and  es- 
tablishing the  annual  subsidy  at  two  thousand  pounds; 
laid  claim  to  one  half  of  the  Western  Empire  as  the  be- 
trothed husband  of  Honoria,  the  sister  of  Valentinian,  who 
years  previously  had  sent  him  her  ring  and  the  offer  of  her 
hand  in  marriage  ; invaded  Gaul  in  451,  in  alliance  with 
Genseric,  king  of  the  Vandals,  and  was  defeated  in  the 
same  year  by  the  Roman  general  Aetius  with  the  aid  of 
the  West-Gothic  king  Theodoric  at  Chalons-sur- Marne ; 
invaded  Italy  in  452,  destroying  Aquileia,  but  retired  with- 
out attacking  Rome,  being,  according  to  the  legend,  dis- 
suaded from  sacking  that  city  by  Pope  Leo  I. ; and  died, 
probably  from  the  rupture  of  a blood-vessel,  on  the  night 
of  his  marriage  with  a Gothic  maiden  named  Ildico  or 
Hilda.  He  appears  in  German  legend,  notably  in  the 
Nibelungenlied,  as  Etzel,  who,  in  his  turn,  is  the  Atli  of 
the  heroic  lays  of  the  elder  Edda.  Between  Etzel  and 
Atli  there  are  differences  as  well  as  correspondences.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Edda,  Atli,  who  married  Gudrun,  the  widow 
of  Sigurd  (the  Siegfried  of  the  Nibelungenlied),  possessed 
a kingdom  in  the  South.  He  is,  however,  nowhere  called 
a king  of  the  Huns.  HOnalaad , located  in  the  south 
of  Germany,  is  here  a possession  of  Sigurd’s  ancestors, 
the  VolBungs,  and  he  himself  is  frequently  called  the 
“ Hunnish.”  In  the  Nibelungenlied  the  land  of  the  Huns 
is  located  in  the  east,  and  belongs  to  Etzel  as  king.  In  the 
later  legend,  as  in  this  case,  the  whole  exter  nal  circum- 
stances of  Attila  have  been  transferred  to  Etzel,  and  the 
historical  and  legendary  person  are  regarded  as  one.  Atli, 
on  the  other  hand,  has  nothing  in  common  with  Attila, 
although  the  Old  Norse  material  apparently  came  origi- 
nally from  German  sources.  There  are  other  differences 
between  the  Germanic  Atli  and  Etzel  that  are  not  due  to 
the  confusion  of  the  latter  with  Attila  the  Hun.  The 
earliest  material  of  the  legend  was  probably  from  two 
separate  sources,  a German  and  a Gothic,  which  were  ulti- 
mately fused  together.  The  crushing  defeat  of  the  Bur- 
gundians by  Attila,  451,  by  transference  made  what  was 
probably  at  bottom  only  a feud  between  two  families  into 
the  fearful  climax  in  the  second  part  of  the  Nibelungen- 
lied. 

Attila.  1 . A tragedy  by  Corneille,  produced  in 
1667. — 2.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  in  Ven- 
ice in  1846. 

Attila,  or  The  Triumph  of  Christianity.  An 

epic  poem  in  twelve  books,  by  W.  Herbert 
(London,  1838),  with  a historical  preface,  on 
the  career  of  Attila  from  his  defeat  on  the  Cata- 
launian  plains  (451)  till  his  death  (453). 

Preternatural  machinery,  both  celestial  and  infernal,  is 
supplied  on  a liberal  scale.  The  most  useful  part  of  the 
book  to  a historical  student  is  the  second  half  of  it,  “At- 
tila and  his  Predecessors,  an  Historical  Treatise.”  Here 
all  the  materials  for  writing  the  lifeof  Attila  are  collected 
with  great  industry,  but  there  is  no  sufficient  separation 
between  the  precious  and  the  vile. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  40. 

Attinghausen  (at'tin<j-hou-zen).  A small  vil- 
lage in  the  canton  of  IJri,  Switzerland, situated 
on  the  Reuss  20  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne, 
celebrated  in  the  William  Tell  legend. 

Attiret  (a-te-ra/),  Jean  Denis.  Born  atDfile, 
France,  July  31,  1702:  died  at  Peking,  Dec.  8 
(17  ?),  1768.  A French  painter,  and  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary in  China. 

Attis.  See  Atys. 

Attius.  See  Accius. 

Attius  (at'i-us),  or  Attus  (at'us),  Navius.  An 
augur  under  Tarquinius  Priscus. 

This  augur  forbade  the  king  to  carry  out  his  intention  of 
creating  three  new  centuries  of  horsemen,  which  were  to 


93 

have  been  called  after  hi?  own  name,  and  placed  on  an 
equal  footing  with  the  Ramnes,  Titionses,  and  Luceres. 
Tarquin,  in  mockery  of  the  augur's  art,  said  : — “ Tell  me 
now  by  thy  auguries  whether  the  thing  I have  now  in  my 
mind  may  be  done  or  not."  “It  may,”  replied  Attius  Na- 
vius, after  he  had  consulted  the  gods  by  augury.  “Well, 
then,1'  rejoined  the  king,  “ it  was  in  my  mind  that  thou 
shouldst  cut  this  whetstone  in  two  with  this  razor.”  The 
augur  took  the  razor  and  severed  the  whetstone ; Tarquin 
desisted  from  his  scheme,  and  learnt  to  respect  the  omens. 
The  whetstone  and  razor  were  buried  under  a sacred  cov- 
ing in  the  Comitiurn,  and  a veiled  statue  of  Attfijus  Navius 
was  afterwards  set  up  over  the  spot. 

Smith,  Hist,  of  the  World,  II.  190. 

Attiwendaronk.  See  Neuter. 

Attleborough  (at'l-bur-o).  A town  in  Nor- 
folk, England,  14  miles  southwest  of  Norwich. 
Population,  2,299. 

Attleborough.  A town  in  Bristol  County, 
Massachusetts,  31  miles  southwest  of  Boston. 
Population,  16,215,  (1910). 

Attock  (at-tok'),  or  Atak  (a-tak').  A fort  and 
strategic  point  in  the  Panjab,  British  India, 
situated  on  tho  Indus  in  lat.  33°  54'  N.,  long. 
72°  15' E.,  built  by  Akbar  in  1581.  it  is  at  the 
head  of  navigation.  The  Indus  is  crossed  here  by  a rail- 
way biidge. 

Attruck.  See  Atrek. 

Attucks  (at'ukz),  Crispus.  Died  at  Boston, 
March  5,  1770.  A half-breed  Indian  or  mulatto, 
tho  alleged  leader  of  the  mob  at  the  “ Boston 
massacre,”  March  5,  1770,  in  which  he  was  the 
first  to  fall. 

Attwood  (at'wud),  Thomas.  Born  at  London, 
Nov.  23, 1765 : died  at  Chelsea,  March  24,  1838. 
An  English  musician,  a pupil  of  Mozart,  organ- 
ist of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  composer  to  the 
Chapel  Royal  (1796).  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Philharmonic  Society.  His  works  comprise  songs, 
glees,  anthems,  music  for  the  stage,  etc.  He  was  buried 
beneath  the  organ  of  St.  Paul’s. 

Attys.  See  Atys. 

Atuamih  (a-to-a'me),  or  Hamefkuttelli  (ha- 
mef-ko-tel'e).  An  almost  extinct  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.  See  Palaihnihan. 

Atum.  Seo  A tm. 

Attires  (a-to'rez).  A town  in  Venezuela,  situ- 
ated on  the  Orinoco  at  one  of  its  principal  cata- 
racts, about  lat.  5°  38'  N. 

Atwater  (at'  wa-ter),  Lyman  Hotchkiss.  Born 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  17,  1813 : died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  17, 1883.  An  American 
clergyman,  educator,  and  editor  of  the  “Prince- 
ton Review.”  He  was  appointed  professor  of  mental 
and  moral  philosophy  at  Princeton  in  1854,  and  later  (1869) 
of  logic  and  moral  and  political  science. 

Atwood  (at ' wud),  George.  Born  1746  : died 
at  London,  July  11,  1807.  A noted  English 
mathematician.  On  leaving  Cambridge  (1784),  after 
having  been  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  College,  he  was 
given  a sinecure  as  patent-searcher  of  the  customs  by  Wil- 
liam Pitt  as  an  indirect  remuneration  for  executing  the 
calculations  connected  with  the  revenue.  He  wrote  “A 
Treatise  on  the  Rectilinear  Motion  and  Rotation  of  Bodies, 
etc.”  (1784),  “A  Dissertation  on  the  Construction  and  Prop- 
erties of  Arches  ” (1801),  etc.  In  the  former  of  these  works 
occurs  the  first  description  of  the  well-known  “Atwood’s 
machine"  for  exhibiting  the  action  of  gravity. 

Atys,  or  Attis  (at'is).  A mythical  personage 
in  the  worship  of  the  Phrygian  goddess  Cy- 
bele  (Rhea),  son  of  the  Lydian  supreme  god 
Manes,  or  of  Nana,  daughter  of  the  river-god 
Sangarius,  and  beloved  of  Cybele.  Hemet  hisdeath 
in  early  youth  at  a pine-tree,  which  received  his  spirit, 
while  from  his  blood  sprang  violets.  A tomb  was  raised 
to  him  on  Mount  Dindymum,  in  the  sanctuary  of  Cybele, 
the  priests  of  which  had  to  be  eunuchs.  A festival  of  or- 
giastic character,  lasting  three  days,  was  celebrated  in  his 
honor  in  the  spring.  A pine-tree  covered  with  violets  was 
carried  to  the  shrine  of  Cybele  as  a symbol  of  the  departed 
Atys.  Then,  amidst  tumultuous  music  and  the  wildest  ex- 
hibition of  grief,  the  mourners  sought  for  Atys  on  the 
mountains.  On  the  third  day  he  was  found,  and  the  re- 
joicing which  followed  was  as  extravagant  as  the  mourn- 
ing which  preceded.  The  myth  may  be  considered  as  the 
counterpart  of  the  Greek  legend  of  Aphrodite  and  Adonis, 
which  itself  is  borrowed  from  the  Semitic  legend  of  Tam- 
muz  and  Ishtar.  According  to  Rawlinson  the  name  means 
‘under  the  influence  of  Ate,'  i.  e.,  ‘judicially  blind.’ 

Au.  See  Aa. 

Aubagne  (o-biiny').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situated 
on  the  Huveaune  10  miles  east  of  Marseilles. 
Population,  9,614. 

Aubanel  (o-ba-nel'),  Joseph  Marie  Jean-Bap- 
tiste  Theodore.  Born  at  Avignon,  France, 
March  26,  1829:  died  there,  Oct.  31,  1886.  A 
French  publisher  and  writer  in  the  Provengal 
language,  author  of  the  poem  “ The  Pome- 
granate Opened,”  in  Provengal  (1860),  etc. 

Aube  (ob).  A department  of  France,  capital 
Troyes,  bounded  by  Marne  on  the  north,  Haute- 
Marne  on  the  east,  Cote-d’Or  on  the  south, 
Yonne  on  the  southwest,  and  Seine-et-Marne 
on  the  west,  formed  from  parts  of  the  old  Cham- 
pagne and  Burgundy,  it  is  fertile  in  the  southeast, 


Aubrey,  John 

produces  wine,  etc..,  and  has  manufactures  of  iron,  wool, 
cotton,  and  linen.  It  comprises  6 arrondissements.  Area, 
2,326  square  miles.  Population,  243,670. 

Aube.  A river  in  France  which  rises  in  the 
plateau  of  Langres,  and  joins  the  Seine  25 
miles  northwest  of  Troyes.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Aube  (o-ba'),  Jean  Paul.  Born  at  Longwy, 
Lorraine, July  4,1837.  A notedFrench  sculptor. 
In  1847.  he  came  with  his  father  to  Paris ; in  1849  he 
entered  “La  Petite  Ecole”  at  the  age  of  twelve,  where 
he  was  associated  with  Dalou,  Barrias,  Delaplanche,  and 
others.  In  1856  he  entered  the  atelier  of  Duret,  profes- 
sor at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  and  later  that  of  Danton, 
with  whom  he  remained  five  years.  He  served  in  the 
National  Guard  during  the  Frauco-Prussian  war. 

Aubenas  (ob-na/).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Ardeche,  southern  France,  situated  on  the 
Ard&che  14  miles  southwest  of  Privas : noted 
for  its  silk  trade  and  manufactures.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  7,064. 

Auber  (o-bar'), Daniel  Francois  Esprit.  Born 

at  Caen,  Normandy,  Jan.  29, 1782:  died  in  Paris, 
May  13,  1871.  A French  operatic  composer. 
Among  his  works  are  “Le  Mapon ” (1825),  “La  Muette 
de  Portici  ’ (1828),  “Era  Diavolo’  (1830),  “LeDieuetla 
Bayadere”  (183u),  "Lestocq”  (1834),  “Le  Cheval  de 
Bronze"  (1835),  “Le  Domino  Noir”  (1837),  “Les  Diamants 
de  la  Couronne”  (1841),  “HaydCe  ” (1847),  “Manon  Les- 
caut,”  ‘‘La  Fiancee  du  Roi  des  Garbes,”  “Le  Reve 
d’Amour”  (1869),  etc. 

Auberge  Rouge  (©"barzh  rozh'),  L’.  [F.,  ‘The 
Red  Inn.’]  A tale  by  Balzac,  written  in  1831. 

Auberlen  (ou'  ber-len),  Karl  August.  Born  at 
Fellbach,  Nov.  19,  1824:  died  at  Basel,  May  2, 
1864.  A German  Protestant  theologian,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  in  the  University  of  Basel 
1851-1864. 

Aubert,  Alexander.  Born  at  London,  May  11, 
1730:  died  at  Wygfair,  St.  Asaph,  Oct.  19,  1805. 
An  English  astronomer. 

Aubertin  (o-ber-tan'),  Charles.  Born  at  St. 
Dizier,  Dec.  24,  1825:  died  in  1908.  A French 
scholar,  appointed  rector  of  the  Academy  of 
Poitiers  in  1874.  He  published  “ Kt  ude  critique  sur 
les  rapports  supposes  entre  SCnequeet  Saint- Paul  ”(1857), 
“ L Esprit  public  au  XVIIIe  siecle  "(1872),  “ Les  origities  de 
la  langue  et  de  la  poesie  francaises  ” (1875),  and  “ Histoire 
de  la  langue  et  de  la  litte  ratine  francaises  au  moyen-age  ” 
(1876-78), _ etc. 

Aubervilliers  '6-ber-ve-lya').  A suburb  of 
Paris,  1 mile  north  of  the  fortifications.  Popu- 
lation, 34,009. 

Aubigne,  Frangoise  d’.  See  Maintenon,  Ma- 
dame de. 

Aubigne,  Merle  d’.  See  Merle  d’Aubign/':. 

Aubigne  (o-be-nya'),  Theodore  Agrippa  d’. 

Born  near  Pons,  Saintonge,  France,  Feb.  8, 
1552 : died  at  Geneva,  April  29, 1630.  A French 
Huguenot  historian,  satirist,  and  soldier,  in  the 
administrative  service  of  Henry  IV.  He  wrote 
“Histoire  universelle  1550-1601”  (1616-20), 
“Histoire  secrete,”  satires,  etc. 

Aubin  (o-ban').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Aveyron,  France,  in  lat.  44°  32'  N.,  long.  2° 
15'  E.  Population,  commune,  9,986. 

Aublet  (o-bla'),  Jean  Baptiste  Christophe 
Fusee.  Born  at  Salon,  Provence,  Nov.  4,  1720: 
died  at  Paris,  May  6,  1778.  A French  botanist. 
In  1752  he  went  to  Mauritius,  where  he  spent  several 
years.  From  1762  to  1764  he  traveled  in  French  Guiana, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  in  Santo  Domingo.  The  results 
of  his  voyages  were  published  in  1775,  in  his  “Histoire 
des  plantes  de  la  Guyane  frangaise  " (4to,  2 vols.  text,  2 
of  plates),  containing  also  descriptions  of  species  from 
Mauritius,  and  many  notes  of  general  interest. 

Aubrac  (o-brak').  A mountain-group  in  the 
departments  of  Aveyron  and  Lozere,  France, 
connected  with  the  system  of  the  Cdvennes. 
Its  highest  point  is  nearly  4,800  feet. 

Aubrey  (a'bri),  Mr.  1.  The  principal  character 
in  Samuel  Warren’s  novel  “Ten  Thousand  a 
Year,”  afterward  succeeding  to  the  title  of 
Lord  Drelincourt.  A reserved  and  elegant  country 
gentleman  with  an  income  of  ten  thousand  a year,  the 
loss  and  subsequent  recovery  of  which  form  the  main 
interest  of  the  book. 

2.  In  Cumberland’s  play  “The  Fashionable 
Lover,”  the  father  of  Augusta  Aubrey.  He  re- 
turns in  time  to  reward  those  who  have  be- 
friended her. 

Aubrey,  Augusta.  The  principal  female  char- 
acter in  Cumberland’s  “Fashionable  Lover,” 
persecuted  by  Lord  Abberville,  but  finally  mar- 
ried to  Francis  Tyrrel. 

Aubrey,  John.  Born  at  Easton  Pierse,  Wilt- 
shire, March  12  (Nov.  3 ?),  1626:  died  in  June, 
1697.  An  English  antiquary,  author  of  “Mis- 
cellanies,” a collection  of  ghost-stories  and 
other  tales  of  the  supernatural.  He  materially 
aided  Anthony  il  Wood  in  preparing  his  “Antiquities  of 
Oxford  ” (1674).  Parts  of  the  valuable  manuscript  mate- 
rial left  by  him  have  been  edited. 


Aubry 

Aubry  (o-bre'),  Claude  Charles,  Comte  d’. 
Born  at  Bourg-en-Bresse,  Oct.  25,  1773:  died 
Oct.  19, 1813.  A French  general.  He  fought  with 
distinction  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-13,  was  rewarded 
with  the  title  of  count  and  promoted  to  general  of  a divi- 
sion for  his  services  in  restoring  the  bridge  over  the  Bere- 
sina,  and  was  fatally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic. 
Aubry  de  Montdidier  (o-bre'  de  moh-de-dya'). 
A French  gentleman  of  the  court  of  Charles  V. 
who  was  murdered  in  1371  in  the  forest  of 
Montargis  by  another  courtier,  Bichard  de  Ma- 
caire.  It  is  said  that  the  murderer  would  have  escaped 
but  for  the  fidelity  of  Aubry’B  dog,  which  followed  him  con- 
tinually until,  the  attention  of  the  king  having  been  called 
to  it,  he  ordered  that  Macaire  should  fight  with  his  ac- 
cuser the  dog.  Macaire  was  armed  with  a club,  but  was 
pulled  down  by  the  dog  and  confessed  his  crime.  The 
subject  has  been  dramatized  and  sung  in  ballads  in  French, 
German,  and  English. 

Auburn  (a'bern).  The  hamlet  described  by 
Goldsmith  in  his  “Deserted  Village,”  com- 
monly identified  with  Lissoy,  County  West- 
meath, Ireland. 

Auburn.  The  capital  of  De  Kalb  County, 
Indiana,  situated  on  Cedar  Creek  22  miles 
north  of  Fort  Wayne.  Pop.,  3,919,  (1910). 
Auburn.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Androscog- 
gin County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscog- 
gin 34  miles  north  of  Portland,  opposite  Lewis- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  boots  and 
shoes,  etc.  Population,  15,064,  (1910). 
Auburn.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Cayuga 
County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  outlet  of 
Owasco  Lake  in  lat.  42°  55'  N.,  long.  76°  40' 
W.,  the  seat  of  a State  prison,  conducted  on  the 
“ silent”  (or  “Auburn  ”)  system,  and  of  a Pres- 
byterian theological  seminary,  chartered  1820 
and  opened  in  1821.  Population,  34,668,  (1910). 
Auburn,  Mount.  See  Mount  Auburn. 
Aubusson  (o-bii-son').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  France,  situated  at  the  Crense 
in  lat.  45°  56'  N.,  long.  2°  10'  E.,  noted  for  its 
carpets.  Population,  commune,  7,015. 
Aubusson,  Pierre  d’.  Born  in  France,  1423: 
died  at  Bhodes,  July  13,  1503.  Grand  master 
of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  1476-1503.  He  suc- 
cessfully conducted  the  heroic  defense  of 
Bhodes  against  the  Turks  in  1480. 

Aueassin  et  Nicolette  (o-ka-sah'  a ne-ko-let'). 

1.  A French  romance  of  the  13th  century, 
named  from  the  hero  and  heroine.  See  the 
extract. 

The  finest  prose  tale  of  the  French  middle  ages,  Aucas- 
Ein  et  Nicolet  te.  In  this  exquisite  story  Aueassin,  the  son 
of  the  Count  of  Beaucaire,  falls  in  love  with  Nicolette,  a 
captive  damsel.  It  is  very  short,  and  is  written  in  mingled 
verse  and  prose.  The  theme  is  for  the  most  part  nothing 
but  the  desperate  love  of  Aueassin,  which  is  careless  of 
religion,  which  makes  him  indifferent  to  the  joy  of  battle, 
and  to  everything  except  “ Nicolette  ma  tres-douce  mie,” 
and  which  is,  of  course,  at  last  rewarded.  But  the  extreme 
beauty  of  the  separate  scenes  makes  it  a masterpiece. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  117. 

2.  An  opera  by  Gretry,  first  produced  in  1780. 
Audi  'osh).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 

Gers,  France,  situated  on  the  Gers  in  lat.  43° 
38'  N.,  long.  0°  36'  E. : the  ancient  Elimber- 
rum  or  Eliberris,  later  Augusta  Auscorum,  a 
flourishing  town,  capital  of  the  Ausci.  It  was 
the  chief  town  of  Gascony  and  Arraagnac,  and  the  seat  of 
an  archbishop.  It  has  a large  trade  in  wine,  brandy,  etc., 
and  various  manufactures.  The  cathedral  of  Auch,  begun 
under  Charles  VIII.  in  the  florid  Pointed  style,  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  churches  of  southern  France.  The 
classical  portico  was  added  by  Louis  XIV.  The  imposing 
interior,  347  feet  long  and  87  high,  displays  fine  Renais- 
sance glass  and  113  16th-century  choir-stalls  carved  with 
figures  in  rich  niches  and  canopies,  which  are  among  the 
handsomest  in  France.  Population,  13,526. 
AucMnleck  (aeh-in-lek'  or  af-flek').  A vil- 
lage in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  28  miles  south  of 
Glasgow. 

Auchmuty  (ok'mu-ti),  Samuel.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1722:  (lied  at  New  York, 
March  6,  1777.  A royalist  Episcopal  clergy- 
man, rector  of  Trinity  Church,  New  York  city. 
Auchmuty,  Sir  Samuel.  Born  at  New  York, 
1756  (1758  ?) : died  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  Aug.  11, 
1822.  A British  general,  son  of  Samuel  Auch- 
muty. During  the  American  Revolution  he  served  in 
the  English  army,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  Later 
he  served  with  distinction  in  India  (1784-97),  at  the  Cape 
and  in  Egypt  (1800-03),  and  in  the  latter  year  was  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Bath.  In  180G  he  was  promoted  to  brigadier- 
general  and  commanded  a force  sent  to  aid  Beresford  at 
Buenos  Ayres.  On  arriving  there  he  found  that  the  city  had 
been  recovered  by  the  Spaniards  and  Beresford  had  surren- 
dered. Unable  with  his  force  to  retake  Buenos  Ayres,  he  at- 
tacked Montevideo  and  took  it  by  storm,  after  a bloody 
fight  (Feb.  3,  1807).  Auchmuty  was  shortly  after  super- 
seded by  General  Whitelock,  under  whom  he  served  in 
the  disastrous  campaign  against  Buenos  Ayres.  In  1808 
he  became  major-general,  and  from  1810  to  i813  he  served 
with  distinction  in  India  and  Java.  In  1821  he  was  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  in  Ireland. 


94 

Auchterarder  (acli-ter-ar'der).  A town  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  13  miles  southwest  of 
Perth. 

Auckland.  See  Bishop- Auckland. 

Auckland  (ak  'land) . A provincial  district  in  the 
northern  part  of  North  Island,  New  Zealand. 
Auckland.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Eden,  New  Zealand,  situated  on  Hauraki 
Gulf  in  lat.  36°  50'  S.,  long.  174°  49'  E. : the 
former  capital  of  New  Zealand,  it  has  one  of  the 
best  harbors  in  New  Zealand,  and  contains  a college  and  ca- 
thedral. Population,  37,736 ; with  suburbs,  82,101. 

Auckland,  Earl  of.  See  Eden. 

Auckland  Islands.  A group  of  uninhabited 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  south  of 
New  Zealand,  in  lat.  50°  30'  S.,  long.  166°  13' 
E.,  claimed  by  Great  Britain.  They  were  discovered 
by  the  British  in  1806. 

Audaeus  (a-de'us),  Audius  (a'di-us),  or  Udo 
(u'do).  Born  in  Mesopotamia : died  in  Scythia 
about  370  A.  d.  The  founder,  about  330,  of  a 
rigid  monastic  sect  in  Scythia,  which  subsisted 
about  a hundred  years.  He  was  an  anthropomor- 
phist,  and  observed  Easter  on  the  14th  of  Nisan,  accord- 
ing to  the  Jewish  fashion. 

Aude  (od).  A department  of  France,  capital 
Carcassonne,  hounded  by  Tarn  and  He  vault 
on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east, 
Pyrenees-Orientales  on  the  south,  Haute-Ga- 
ronne  on  the  northwest,  and  Ariege  on  the  west. 
It  formed  part  of  ancient  Languedoc.  There  are  outli- 
ers of  the  Pyrenees  in  the  south  and  of  the  C6vennes  in 
the  north.  It  comprises  4 arrondissements.  Area,  2,448 
square  miles.  Population,  308,327. 

Aude.  A river  in  southern  Prance  which  rises 
in  the  Pyrenees  and  flows  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  11  miles  east  of  Narbonne.  Carcassonne 
is  situated  on  it.  Length,  about  125  miles. 

Audebert  (6d-bar'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Bochefort,  France,  1759:  died  at  Paris,  1800. 
A French  naturalist  and  artist. 

Audefroy  le  Batard  (od-frwa'  le  ba-tar'). 
See  the  extract. 

By  far  the  best  of  them  [romances]  are  those  of  Aude- 
froy le  Bastard,  of  whom  nothing  is  known,  but  who,  ac- 
cording to  the  late  M.  Paul  in  Paris,  may  be  fixed  at  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  63. 

Audenarde.  See  Oudenarde. 

Audh.  See  Oudh. 

Audhuinla  (ou-DHum'la).  [Icel.]  The  cow,  in 
the  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  from  whose  udders 
flowed  the  milk  which  nourished  the  first  cre- 
ated being,  the  giant  Ymir,  and  his  race.  She 
licked  out  of  the  salty  ice  a being,  Buri,  whose  son,  Borr, 
was  the  father  of  Odin. 

Audians  (a'di-anz).  A monastic  sect  founded 
by  Audius  or  Audaeus,  a Syrian,  in  the  4th 
century.  Audius,  after  unsuccessful  attempts  to  im- 
prove the  morals  of  the  clergy,  separated  from  the  church 
and  was  irregularly  appointed  bishop.  Various  heretical 
opinions  were  attributed  to  the  sect. 

Audience.  [Sp.  Audiencia .]  Originally,  a su- 
perior court  of  Spain.  The  audience  as  established 
in  the  Spanish  colonies  of  America  had  very  extensive 
powers,  frequently  in  legislative  and  administrative  mat- 
ters as  well  as  in  judicial  ones.  In  the  latter  respect 
it  was  the  superior  of  crown  governors,  but  inferior  to 
the  viceroys.  In  criminal  suits  its  decisions  admitted 
of  no  appeal ; in  civil  cases  an  appeal  lay  to  the  Council 
of  the  Indies  only  where  the  amount  involved  was  large. 
The  audience  properly  consisted  of  four  oidores  (auditors 
or  judges),  one  of  whom,  as  president,  virtually  ruled  the 
lest.  In  regions  governed  by  a viceroy,  the  president  of 
the  audience  commonly  exercised  the  viceregal  functions 
in  case  of  a temporary  vacancy.  Elsewhere,  as  in  Chareas, 
he  governed  the  country  as  a province,  subject  to  a vice- 
roy in  another  place.  The  audiences  could  appoint  tem- 
porary governors  and  remove  them  ; in  the  case  of  crown 
governors  and  captains-general,  their  powers  were  often 
so  nearly  balanced  by  those  of  the  audience  as  to  give  rise 
to  constant  disputes.  The  first  audience  established  in 
America  was  that  of  Santo  Domingo ; later  there  were  au- 
diences of  Panama,  Los  Reyes  (Lima),  Confines  (Central 
America),  New  Spain,  Chareas,  Chile,  Bogotii,  etc.  See 
these  names. 

Audi  erne  (o-de-arn').  A seaport  iu  the  de- 
partment of  Finistere,  France,  22  miles  west 
of  Quimper.  Population,  commune,  4,706. 
Audiffredi  (ou-def-fra'de),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  Saorgio,  near  Nice,  1714:  died  July  3, 
1794.  An  Italian  astronomer  and  bibliographer. 
Audiffret  (o-de-fra'),  Marquis  d’  (Charles 
Louis  Gaston).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1787 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  28,  1878.  A French  finan- 
cier and  government  official,  author  of  “Sys- 
tem? financier  de  la  France”  (1840),  etc. 
Audiffret-Pasquier  (o-de-fra'  pas-ke-a'),  Due 
d’  (Edme  Armand  Gaston).  Born  at  Paris, 
Oct.  20,  1823:  died  June  4,  1905.  A French 
statesman,  president  of  the  Senate  1876-79. 
Auditorium  (a-di-to'ri-um).  A large  building 
in  Chicago,  combining  a hotel  and  a theater. 
It  is  situated  at  the  corner  of  Michigan  Avenue  and  Con- 
gress street,  and  has  a front  of  360  feet  on  the  latter  street. 
It  was  erected  1887  89. 


Auerbach,  Berthold 

Audley  (ad'li),  Hugh.  Died  1662.  An  English 
money-lender  and  miser  who  amassed  a large 
fortune  largely  at  the  expense  of  improvident 
young  gallants. 

Audley,  or  Audeley,  James  de.  Born  about 
1316:  died  at  Fontenay-le-Comte,  1369.  An 
English  commander  in  the  wars  of  Edward  HI. , 
noted  for  his  bravery. 

Audley,  Thomas  (Baron  Audley  of  Walden). 
Born  in  Essex,  England,  1488:  died  at  London, 
April  30,  1544.  An  English  politician,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  1529-33,  and  lord 
chancellor  of  England  1533-44. 

Audouin  (o-do-an'),  Jean  Victor.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  27, 1797 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  9, 1841. 
A noted  French  entomologist.  He  wrote  a 
“Histoire  des  insectes  nuisibles  a la  vigne” 
(1842),  etc. 

Audran  (o-droh'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 
1594:  died  at  Paris,  1674.  A noted  French  en- 
graver. His  prints,  which  are  numerous,  are 
marked  “C,”  later  “K.” 

Audran,  Claude.  Born  at  Paris,  1597 : died  at 
Lyons,  1677.  A French  engraver,  brother  of 
Charles  Audran. 

Audran,  Claude.  Born  at  Lyons,  1639:  died 
at  Paris,  1684.  A French  painter,  second  son 
of  the  engraver  Claude  Audran. 

Audran,  Claude.  Born  at  Lyons,  1658:  died 
1734.  A French  painter,  eldest  son  of  Germain 
Audran : an  instructor  of  the  painter  Watteau. 
Audran,  Gerard.  Born  at  Lyons,  1640:  died 
at  Paris,  1703.  An  engraver,  third  son  of  the 
elder  Claude  Audran,  celebrated  especially  for 
his  engravings  of  Lebrun’s  historical  paintings. 
He  wrote  “Proportions  du  corps  humain” 
(1693). 

Audran,  Germain.  Born  at  Lyons,  1631 : died 
1710.  A French  engraver,  nephew  of  Charles 
Audran. 

Audran,  Jean.  Born  at  Lyons,  1667 : died  at 
Paris,  1756.  A French  engraver,  third  son  of 
Germain  Audran.  His  best-known  work  is 
“ The  Bape  of  the  Sabines,”  after  Poussin. 
Audrey  (a'dri).  [Also  Aw  drey,  Awdry,  etc.,  a 
reduced  form  of  AS.  JEtheldryht  (ML.  Ethel- 
dritha),  St.  Audrey,  from  whose  name  comes 
also  the  word  tawdry.]  1.  In  Shakspere’s 
comedy  “As  you  Like  it,”  an  awkward  country 
girl.— 2 (or  Awdrey).  A bride,  in  Jonson’s 
“ Tale  of  a Tub,”  a bright  and  perverse  little 
person. 

Audubon  (a'du-bon),  John  James.  Born  near 
New  Orleans,  May  4,  1780:  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  27,  1851.  A noted  American  ornitholo- 
gist, of  French  descent,  chiefly  celebrated  for 
his  drawings  of  birds.  He  was  educated  in  France, 
where  he  was  a pupil  of  the  painter  David,  and  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  made  various  unsuccessful 
attempts  to  establish  himself  in  business  in  New  York, 
Louisville,  and  New  Orleans.  His  time  was  chiefly  de- 
voted to  his  favorite  study,  in  the  pursuit  of  which  he 
made  long  excursions  on  foot  through  the  United  States. 
His  chief  work,  the  “ Birds  of  America,”  was  published, 
1827-30,  by  subscription,  the  price  of  each  copy  being 
$1,000.  In  1831-39  he  published  “Ornithological  Biogra- 
phy ” (5  volumes).  His  “ Quadrupeds  of  America  ” (chiefly 
by  John  Bachman  and  Audubon’s  sous)  appeared  1846-54. 
Aue  (ou'e).  The  name  of  various  small  rivers 
in  Germany.  See  Aa. 

Aue.  A manufacturing  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  situated  ou  the  Mulde  14  miles 
southeast  of  Zwickau.  Population,  17,149. 
Aue,  Hartmann  von.  See  Hartmann  von  Aue. 
Auenbrugger  von  Auenbrug  (ou-en-brog'er 
fon  ou'en-brog),  Leopold.  Bom  at  Gratz, 
Styria,  Nov.  19,  1722:  died  at  Vienna,  May  17, 
1809.  A German  physician,  inventor  of  the 
method  of  studying  internal  diseases  by  per- 
cussion: author  of  “Inventum  Novum  ex  Per- 
cussione,  etc.”  (1761). 

Auerbach  (ou  ' er-bach).  A small  town  in  the 
Franconian  Jura,  Upper  Palatinate,  Bavaria, 
31  miles  northeast  of  Nuremberg. 

Auerbach.  A manufacturing  town  in  the  gov- 
ernmental district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  situated 
on  the  Goltzseh  15  miles  southwest  of  Zwickau. 
Population,  10,315. 

Auerbach,  Berthold.  Born  at  Nordstetten, 
Wurtemberg,  Feb.  28,  1812:  died  at  Cannes, 
France,  Feb.  8, 1882.  A noted  German  novelist, 
poet,  and  author,  of  Hebrew  birth.  He  studied 
at  Tubingen,  Munich,  and  Heidelberg,  and  was  impris- 
oned in  1836  in  the  fortress  of  Hohenasperg  for  participa- 
tion in  the  Bnrschenschaft.  Among  his  works  are  a trans- 
lation of  Spinoza,  “Schwarzwalder  Dorfgeschichten  “ 
(1843,  “Village  Tales  of  the  Black  Forest"),  “Die  Frau 
Professori n"  (1847),  “Barfiissele”(1856,  “ Little  Barefoot”). 
“Joseph  im  Schnee  ” (1860),  “ Edelweiss  ” (1861),  “ Auf  dor 
Hohe"  (1871,  “On  the  Heights"),  “Das  Landhaus  am 
Rhein  ” (1869),  “ Waldfried  ” (1874),  "Brigitte  " (1880),  etc. 


Auerbach,  Heinrich 

Auerbach.  Heinrich  (originally  Stromer). 
Born  at  Auerbach,  Bavaria,  1482:  died  1542. 
A German  medical  professor,  famous  as  the 
builder  of  “Auerbach’s  Keller.” 

Auerbach’s  Keller  (Cellar).  A wine-cellar  in 
Auerbach’s  Hof  (‘tavern’)  in  Leipsic  (No.  1 
Grimmaisehe  Strasse),  famous  from  its  con- 
nection with  the  Faust  legends,  with  Goethe’s 
“Faust,”  and  with  the  academic  years  of  the 
youthful  Goethe.  There  are  two  mural  paintings  of 
the  16th  century  under  the  arches,  one  of  which  repre- 
sents Faust  seated,  with  others  at  a table  with  a goblet  in 
his  hand : a black  dog  watches  him.  The  other  shows 
Faust,  astride  of  a wine-cask,  being  whisked  by  the  agency 
of  the  demon  through  the  open  door.  The  pictures  and 
inscriptions  have  been  several  times  restored. 

Auersberg  (ou'ers-berG).  One  of  the  chief 
mountains  of  the  Erzgebirge,  Saxony,  20  miles 
southeast  of  Zwickau. 

Auersperg  (ou'ers-perG),  Count  Anton  Alex- 
ander von:  pseudonym  Anastasius  Griin. 

Bom  at  Laibach,  Carniola,  April  11,  1806 : died 
at  Gratz,  Styria,  Sept.  12,  1876.  A noted  Aus- 
trian poet  and  statesman,  member  of  the  Frank- 
fort Parliament  of  1848,  and  later  of  the  Aus- 
trian Reichsrat.  Among  his  works  are  “Der  Letzte 
Ritter”  (1830,  “The  Last  Knight”),  “ Spaziergange  eines 
Wiener  Poeten  "(1831,  “Promenades  of  a Viennese  Poet  ”), 
“Schutt”  (1835,  “Ruins”),  “Gedichte”  (1837),  “ Volks- 
lieder  aus  Krain  ” (1850),  “Robin  Hood  " (1864),  and  (pos- 
thumously) “In  der  V eranda : eine  dichterische  Nachlese  ” 
(1876).  His  collected  works  were  published  in  1877. 

Auersperg,  Prince  Adolf  Wilhelm  Daniel. 

Born  July  21,  1821 : died  at  his  castle  Goldegg 
in  Lower  Austria,  Jan.  5,  1885.  An  Austrian 
statesman,  brother  of  Prince  Karl  Wilhelm 
Auersperg,  premier  of  the  Cisleithan  ministry 
1871-79. 

Auersperg,  Prince  Karlos.  Bom  May  1, 1814 : 
died  Jan.  4, 1890.  An  Austrian  statesman,  sev- 
eral times  from  1861  president  of  the  upper 
chamber  of  the  Reichsrat. 

Auerstadt,  or  Auerstedt  (ou'er-stet).  A vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  14  miles 
northeast  of  Weimar.  A famous  victory  was  gained 
here  Oct.  14,  1806,  by  the  French  (35,000)  under  Davout 
over  the  Prussians  (50,000)  under  the  Duke  of  Brunswick 
(Frederick  William  III.  present).  The  loss  of  the  French 
was  7,500 ; of  the  Prussians,  over  10,000  (including  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick).  On  the  same  day  Napoleon  defeated 
another  Prussian  army  at  Jena.  See  Jena. 

Auerstadt,  Due  d’.  See  Davout. 

Auerswald  (ou'ers-valt),  Alfred  von.  Born 
at  Marienwerder,  Dee.  16, 1797 : died  at  Berlin, 
July  3, 1870.  A Prussian  official  and  politician, 
minister  of  the  interior  in  Camphausen’s  cabi- 
net, March  29-June  14,  1848. 

Auerswald,  Hans  Adolf  Erdmann  von.  Bom 
Oct.  19,  1792 : died  Sept.  18, 1848.  A Prussian 

feneral,  brother  of  A.  von  Auerswald.  He  was 
illed,  with  Prince  Liehnowski,  by  rioters  at 
Frankfort. 

Auerswald,  Rudolf  von.  Born  Sept.  1,  1795: 
died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  15,  1866.  A Prussian  offi- 
cial and  politician.  He  was  intrusted  with  the  for- 
mation of  a cabinet,  June  10,  1848,  on  the  resignation  of 
Camphausen,  remaining  in  office  till  Sept.  10. 

Auf  der  Hohe  (ouf  der  he'e).  A novel  by 
Berthold  Auerbach,  published  in  1871  (trans- 
lated into  English  as  “On  the  Heights”).  The 
scene  is  laid  in  southern  Germany. 
Auffenberg  (ouf 'en-herG),  Joseph,  Baron 
von.  Born  at  Freiburg  in  Breisgau,  Aug.  25, 
1798:  died  there,  Dee.  25, 1857.  A German  sol- 
dier (in  the  service  of  Austria  and  then  of 
Baden)  and  dramatic  poet.  On  a journey  to  Spain, 
1832,  he  was  severely  wounded  by  robbers  near  Valencia, 
was  nursed  in  the  Convent  del  Cid  at  Valencia  through  a 
long  convalescence,  and  in  his  will  made  the  convent  his 
heir.  He  became  seneschal  of  Baden  in  1839.  Chief 
works:  “Alhambra"  (1829-30)  and  “Das  Nordlicht  von 
Kasan.” 

Aufidia  gens  (a-fid'i-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names 
were  Lurco  and  Orestes.  The  first  member  of 
this  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was  Cn. 
Aufidius  Orestes,  71  B.  c. 

Aufidius  (a-fid'i-us),  Tullius.  In  Shakspere’s 
“ Coriolanus,”  the  general  of  the  Volscians. 
Aufidus  (4'fi-dus).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Ofanto. 

Aufrecht  (ouf'recbt),  Theodor.  Bom  at 
Leschnitz,  Upper  Silesia,  Jan.  7,  1822:  died  at 
Bonn,  April  4,  1907.  A German  philologist, 
noted  especially  as  a Sanskritist.  ne  collaborated 
with  Kircnhoff  in  the  publication  of  the  “Umbrische 
Sprachdenkmaler”  (1849-51),  founded,  with  A.  Kuhn,  the 
“Zeitschrift  fur  vergleichende  Sprachforschurig ’’  (1852), 
and  aided  Max  Muller  in  editing  the  Rigveda.  In  1802 
he  became  professor  of  Sanskrit  and  comparative  philol- 
ogy at  Edinburgh,  and  was  professor  at  Bonn  1875-89. 
Augarten  (ou'giir-ten).  A public  garden  in 
Vienna,  situated  in  the  Leopoldstadt  suburb 


95 

between  the  Danube  and  the  Donau  Canal. 
It  is  noted  as  the  place  where  many  musical  masterpieces 
were  first  performed.  It  wa3  opened  in  1775,  at  first  only 
a garden ; then  a concert-room  was  built,  and  in  1782 
morning  concerts  were  started  by  Marten,  an  entrepre- 
neur, in  association  with  Mozart.  From  this  time  until 
1830  the  jjlace  was  a resort  for  music-lovers,  but  interest 
dwindled  and  the  place  is  now,  as  at  first,  a garden  for 
walking  and  lounging.  Grove. 

Auge  (a'je),  or  Augeia  (a-ji'a).  [Gr.  Abyri, 
Avyda.']  In  Greek  mythology,  a priestess  of 
Athene,  mother  by  Heracles  of  Telephus. 

Auge  (ozh),  or  Vallee  d’Auge.  A district  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  department  of  Calvados, 
Normandy. 

Augeas  (a'je-as  or  a-je'as),  or  Angelas  (a-jl'- 
as).  [Gr.  Avytag  or  ’Avyetag.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a son  of  Helios  (or  of  Phorbas)  and 
Hermione,  king  of  the  Epeians  in  Elis,  and  one 
of  the  Argonauts.  He  was  the  owner  of  an  enormous 
herd  of  cattle,  including  twelve  white  bulls  sacred  to  the 
sun.  The  cleaning  of  his  stable  or  farm-yard  was  one  of 
the  labors  of  Hercules  (Heracles).  He  was  slain  by  Her- 
cules. 

Augean  stable.  See  Augeas. 

Auger  (o-zha/),  Athanase.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.  12,  1734:  died  there,  Feb.  7,  1792.  A 
French  classical  scholar  and  ecclesiastic.  He 
translated,  among  other  classics,  Demosthenes,  JEsclii  nes, 
and  Isocrates.  His  principal  work  is  a treatise  “ De  la 
constitution  romaine.” 

Augereau  (ozh-ro'),  Pierre  Francois  Charles, 

Due  de  Castiglione.  Born  Nov.  11,  1757 : died 
near  Melun,  France,  June  12,  1816.  A French 
marshal,  distinguished  in  the  Italian  campaigns 
of  1796-97,  particularly  at  Lodi,  Castiglione, 
and  Areole.  He  played  an  important  part  in  the  coup 
d’etat  of  18th  Fructidor,  1797 ; was  a member  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  500  in  1799;  became  commander  of  the  army  in 
Holland  in  1800 ; was  appointed  marshal  in  1804 ; forced 
an  Austrian  corps  to  surrender  1805  ; served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Jena' (1806)  and  Eylau  (1807);  commanded  in  Cata- 
lonia in  1809;  and  fought  at  Leipsic  1813.  He  was  made 
a peer  by  Louis  XVIII. 

Aughrim.  See  Aghrim. 

Augier  (o-zhe-a/),  Guillaume  Victor  Emile. 

Born  at  Valence,  France,  Sept.  17, 1820:  died  at 
Croissy  (Seine-et-Oise),  Oct.  25, 1889.  A French 
dramatist,  member  of  the  Academy  in  1857. 
His  most  important  works  are  “L'Aventuriere, " in  verse 
(1848);  “Gabrielle,”  in  verse  (1849);  “Legendrede  M.  Poi- 
rier” (4  acts,  1854;  in  collaboration  with  Jules  Sandeau), 
the  best  modern  French  comedy;  “Les  eff  routes”  (5  acts, 
1861) ; “ Le  fils  de  Giboyer  ” (5  acts,  1862) ; “ Maitre  Gue- 
rin ’’  (5  acts,  1864);  “Paul  Forestier”  (in  verse;  4 acts, 
1868) ; “ Les  Fourchambault  ” (3  acts,  1S78). 

Auglaize  (a'glaz).  A river  in  western  Ohio,  a 
tributary  of  the  Maumee. 

Augsburg  (agz'herg;  G.  prou.  ougs'borG).  The 
capital  of  the  governmental  district  of  Swabia 
and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Wertach  with  the  Lech,  in  lat.  48°  22' 
N.,  long.  10°  54'  E. : an  important  commercial 
and  railway  center  for  South  Germany,  it  has 
manufactures  of  cotton,  woolens,  machinery,  etc.,  and  an 
important  book-trade.  It  was  built  by  the  emperor  Augus- 
tus as  Augusta  (whence  the  modern  name)  Vindelicorum 
about  15  B.  c.,  and  was  the  chief  city  of  Rhaetia.  It  fell 
under  Frankish,  and  later  under  Swabian  rule,  and  became 
a free  imperial  city  (1276),  the  leading  member  of  the  Swa- 
bian League,  the  seat  of  several  diets,  and  an  important 
center  of  German  commerce  and  art.  It  suffered  severely 
in  the  Smalcaldic  war.  Thirty  Years’  War,  and  War  of 
the  Spanish  Succession.  In  1806  i t passed  to  Bavaria.  The 
cathedral  of  Augsburg  is  of  early- Romanesque  foundation, 
but  was  altered  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries.  It  has  a 
choir  at  each  end.  The  eastern  choir  has  on  each  side 
a splendid  sculptured  portal  of  the  14th  century.  It  con- 
tains mircli  interesting  church  furniture,  11th-century 
bronze  doors  with  Old  Testament  and  mythological  reliefs, 
beautiful  glass,  and  fine  paintings.  The  late-Pointed  clois- 
ter is  noteworthy.  Population,  101,500,  (1910). 

Augsburg,  Bishopric  of.  A former  “imme- 
diate ” bishopric  of  the  German  Roman  Empire, 
secularized  in  1803.  It  passed  to  Bavaria. 

Augsburg  Confession.  [L.  Confessio  Augus- 
tana. ] The  chief  Lutheran  creed,  prepared 
by  Melanchthon  and  read  before  the  Diet  of 
Augsburg  in  1530. 

Augsburg,  Diet  of.  Convened  April  8,  1530, 
opened  June  20,  and  closed  in  Nov.  It  was 
summoned  by  Charles  V.,  in  an  invitation  dated 
at  BologDa,  Jan.  21,  1530,  for  the  purpose  of 
settling  the  religious  dispute  in  Germany,  and 
to  prepare  for  war  against  the  Turks. 

Augsburg  Interim.  A provisional  arrange- 
ment for  the  settlement  of  religious  differences 
between  Protestants  and  Roman  Catholics  in 
Germany  during  the  Reformation  epoch,  pend- 
ing a definite  settlement  by  a church  council. 
Itwas  proclaimed  by  Charles  V.,  May  15,  1548, 
hut  not  canned  out  by  many  Protestants. 

Augsburg,  League  of,  July  9,  1686.  A treaty 
between  Holland,  the  emperor,  the  kings  of 
Sweden  and  Spain,  and  the  electors  of  Bavaria, 
Saxony,  and  the  Palatinate,  for  the  purpose  of 


Augusta  Emerita 

maintaining,  as  against  France,  the  treaties  of 
Munster  and  Nimeguen. 

Augsburg,  Religious  Peace  of,  Sept.  25, 1555. 
A treaty  between  the  Lutheran  and  Catholic 
estates  of  Germany,  concluded  at  a diet  held  in 
Augsburg  in  conformity  with  the  Convention  of 
Passau.  It  secured  the  triumph  of  the  Reformation  by 
providing  that  the  individual  states  of  the  empire  should 
be  permitted  to  prescribe  the  form  of  worship  within  their 
limits.  The  benefits  of  this  peace,  however,  were  not  ex- 
tended to  the  Calvinists. 

Augur  (a'ger),  Christopher  Colon.  Bom  at 
New  York,  1821 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Jan.  16,  1898.  An  American  general.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843;  led  a division  under 
Banks  at  Cedar  Mountain  ; commanded  the  left  wing  of 
the  army  in  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson ; was  promoted 
brigadier-general  in  1869  ; and  was  retired  in  1885. 
Augur,  Hezekiah.  Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Feb.  21, 1791:  died  at  New  Haven,  Jan.  10, 1858. 
An  American  sculptor,  and  the  inventor  of  a 
wood-carving  machine. 

Augurs,  The  Mask  of.  A mask  by  Ben  Jonson, 
acted  in  1622. 

August  (a'gust).  [From  ME.  August,  Augst, 
also  Aust,  after  OF.  Aoust,  mod.  F.  Aout  — Sp. 
Pg.  It.  Agosto  = D.  Augustus  = G.  Dan.  August 
— Sw.  Augusti  = Russ.  Avgusta  = Gr.  Avyovarog, 
from  L.  Augustus  (sc.  mensis,  month),  August: 
so  named  by  the  emperor  Augustus  Ctesar  in 
his  own  honor,  following  the  example  of  Julius 
Caesar,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  preceding 
month,  July.  The  earlier  name  of  August  was 
Sextilis  (from  sextus  — E.  sixth , it  being  the  sixth 
month  in  the  old  calendar).]  The  eighth  month 
of  the  year,  containin  g thirty-on  e days,  reckoned 
the  first  month  of  autumn  in  Great  Britain,  but 
the  last  of  summer  in  the  United  States. 
August,  Elector  of  Saxony.  See  Augustus. 
August  (ou'gost),  Emil  Leopold.  Born  1772: 
died  1822.  Duke  of  Saxe-Gotha  and  Altenburg 
1804-22,  a patron  of  art  and  literature,  and 
author  of  the  idyllic  work  “Kyllenion.” 
August,  Ernst  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Prenzlau, 
Feb.  18,  1795:  died  at  Berlin,  March  25,  1870. 
A German  scientist,  the  inventor  of  the  psy- 
chrometer. 

August,  Friedrich  Eberhard,  Prince  of  Wfir- 
temberg.  Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan. 
24,  1813:  died  Jan.  12,  1885.  Uncle  of  Charles 
I.  of  Wurtemberg,  and  general  in  the  Prussian 
service.  He  served  with  distinction  at  the  bat- 
tles of  Koniggratz,  Gravelotte,  and  Sedan. 
August,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Heinrich,  Prince 
of  Prussia.  Born  Sept.  19, 1779  : died  July  19, 
1843.  A nephew  of  Frederick  the  Great,  and 
a distinguished  officer  in  the  Napoleonic  wars. 
August,  Paul  Friedrich.  Born  July  13, 1783: 
died  Feb.  27, 1853.  Grand  duke  of  Oldenburg, 
1829-53. 

August,  Wilhelm,  Prince  of  Prussia.  Bom 
Aug.  9,  1722 : died  June  12,  1758.  A Prussian 
general,  brother  of  Frederick  the  Great. 
Augusta  (a-gus'ta).  [L.,  fern,  of  Augustus, 
which  see.]  A title  conferred  as  a supreme 
honor  upon  women  of  the  Roman  imperial 
house.  It  was  first  born  e by  Livia,  then  by  A ntonia,  grand- 
mother of  Caligula,  and  first  as  consort  of  the  emperor  by 
Agrippina,  wife  of  Claudius.  Later  it  was  bestowed,  with 
tlieconsentof  the  emperor,  upon  others  besides  the  consort 
of  the  reigning  Caesar. 

Augusta  (ou-gos'ta),  Marie  Luise  Kathar- 
ina.  Born  at  Weimar,  Germany,  Sept.  30, 
1811 : died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  7, 1890.  The  second 
daughter  of  Karl  Friedrich,  grand  duke  of 
Saxe-Weimar,  and  Princess  Maria  Paulovna, 
and  wife  (1829)  of  William I.,  afterward  emperor 
of  Germany. 

Augusta  (a-gus'ta).  The  Roman  town  on  the 
site  of  London. 

Augusta.  See  Agosta. 

Augusta  (a-gus'ta).  The  capital  of  Richmond 
County,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  Savannah,  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  in  lat.  33°  28'  N.,  long. 
81°  54'  W.  It  has  a large  cotton  trade,  and  important 
manufactures,  especially  of  cotton,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
Medical  College  of  Georgia.  Itwas  besieged  and  taken 
by  the  American  troops  in  1781.  Pop.,  41,040,  (1910). 
Augusta.  A village  in  Hancock  County,  Illi- 
nois, 34  miles  northeast  of  Quincy. 

Augusta.  The  capital  of  Maine  and  of  Kenne- 
bec County,  situated  on  the  Kennebec,  at  the 
head  of  navigation,  in  lat.  44°  19'  N.,  long.  69° 

50'  W.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  etc.,  and  a United 
States  arsenal.  Population,  13,211,  (1910). 

Augusta  Auscorum  (a-gus'ta  as-ko'rum). 
The  ancient  name  of  Auch  in  France,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Ausci  (whence  the  name). 

Augusta  Emerita  (e-mer'i-tji).  The  ancient 
name  of  Merida,  in  Spain,  “it  was  built  in  b.  0. 23 


Augusta  Emerita 

by  Publius  Causius,  the  legate  of  Augustus,  who  colonized 
it  with  the  veterans  of  the  5th  and  10th  legions  whose  term 
of  service  had  expired  ( emeriti  \ whence  the  name])  at  the 
close  of  the  Cantabrian  war."  Smith. 

Augusta,  Pretoria  (pre-to'ri-a).  The  Roman 
name  of  Aosta. 

Augusta  Rauracorum  (ra-ra-ko'rum).  The 
Roman  name  of  Augst,  Switzerland. 

Augusta  Suessionmn  (swes-i-6'num),  or  Sues- 
sonum  (swe-so'num).  The  Roman  name  of 

Soissons. 

Augusta  Taurinorum  (ta-ri-no'rum).  The 
Roman  name  of  Turin,  the  capital  of  the  Tau- 
rini  (whence  the  name). 

Augusta  Trevirorum  (trev-i-ro'ram).  The 
Roman  name  of  Treves,  capital  of  the  Treviri 
(whence  the  name). 

Augusta  Trinobantum.  See  Londinium. 
Augusta  IJbiorum  (u-bi-6'rum).  A Roman 
name  of  Cologne,  named  from  the  Ubii. 
Augusta  Veromanduorum  (ver-o-man-du-o'- 
rum).  The  Roman  name  of  St.  Quentin,  in 
France,  the  capital  of  the  Veromandui  (whence 
the  name). 

Augusta  Vindelicorum  (vin-del-i-ko'mm). 
The  Roman  name  of  Augsburg,  the  capital  of 
Vindelieia  or  Rlitetia  Secunda. 

Augusta  Victoria.  Born  Oct.  22, 1858.  Daugh- 
ter of  Duke  Friedrich  of  Sehleswig-Holstein- 
Sonderburg-Augustenburg,  and  empress  of 
Germany. 

Augustan  History,  The.  A collection  (date 
and  authorship  unknown)  of  lives  of  the  Roman 
emperors  from  Hadrian  to  Numerianus.  The  lives 
bear  the  names  of  .Elms  Spartianus,  Julias  Capitolinus, 
Vulcacius  Gallicanus,  TrebeUius  Pollio  (all  of  whom  wrote 
as  early  as  the  time  of  Diocletian),  dilius  Lampridius,  and 
Flavius  Vopiscus  (early  in  the  4th  century). 
Augustenburg  (ou-gos'ten-borG).  A castle  in 
the  island  of  Alsen,  Schleswig-Holstein,whence 
the  house  of  Augustenburg  was  named. 
Augustenburg  Line.  A branch  of  the  royal 
house  of  Denmark  and  Oldenburg  founded  by 
Ernst  Giinther  (1609-89),  son  of  Duke  Alexan- 
der (died  1627).  To  this  line  belong  Caroline  Amalie, 
queen  of  Christian  VIII.  of  Denmark,  and  the  German 
empress  Augusta  Victoria. 

Augustin.  See  Augustine. 

Augustina.  See  Agustina. 

Augustine  (a-gus'tin  or  a'gus-tin),  Saint,  L. 
Aurelius  Augustinus.  Born  at  Tagaste,  Nu- 
midia,  Nov.  13,  354  A.  d.  : died  at  Hippo,  Nu- 
midia,  Aug.  28,  430.  The  most  celebrated 
father  of  the  Latin  Church.  He  was  educated  at 
lladaura  and  Carthage ; taught  rhetoric  at  Tagaste  and 
Carthage ; and  removed  to  Borne  in  383,  and  to  Milan  in 
384,  where  he  became  a friend  of  Ambrose.  Originally 
a Manichean,  he  was  converted  to  Christianity,  largely 
through  the  influence  of  his  mother  Monica,  and  was 
baptized  by  Ambrose  in  387 : in  395  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Hippo.  He  was  the  champion  of  orthodoxy  against 
the  Donatists  and  Pelagians.  His  most  famous  works  are 
his  autobiography  entitled  “Confessiones"  (397),  and  “De 
Civitate  Dei,"  “Of  the  City  of  God’’  (426). 

Augustine,  or  Austin  (as'tin),  Saint.  Died  at 
Canterbury,  England,  May  26,  604  A.  D.  A 
Benedictine  monk  sent  by  Pope  Gregory  I.  as 
missionary  to  Kent  in  597:  surnamed  “ The 
Apostle  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.”  He  became  the 
first  archbishop  of  Canterbury  about  600. 
Augustine,  Life  of  St.  A series  of  seventeen 
frescos  byBenozzo  Gozzoli  (1465),  in  the  choir 
of  San  Agostino,  in  San  Gimignano,  Italy.  The 
finest  are  the  “Death  of  Santa  Monica”  and 
the  “ Burial  of  St.  Augustine.” 
Augustodunum  (a-gus-to-du'num).  [L.,  ‘hill 
of  Augustus.’]  The  capital  of  the  ancient 
iEdui,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Autun. 
Augustonemetum.  The  Roman  name  of  the 
modern  Clermont,  in  France. 

Augustoritum  (a-gus-tor'i-tum).  [L.,  ‘ford  of 
Augustus.’]  The  Roman  name  of  the  mod- 
ern Limoges,  the  capital  of  the  Lemorices,  a 
Gallic  tribe. 

Augustowo  (ou-gos-to'vo),  or  Augustow  (ou- 
gos'tov).  A town  in  the  government  of  Su- 
walki,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  a small 
lake  and  on  the  Netta  about  lat.  53°  50'  N., 
long.  22°  58'  E.  Population,  13,800. 
Augustulus  (a-gus'tu-lus),  Romulus.  [L.,  ‘lit- 
tle Augustus.’]  The  last  Roman  emperor  of  the 
West,  475-476  a.d.,  son  of  Orestes  who  deposed 
the  emperor  Julius  Nepos,  and  seized  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  empire,  while  he  had  the  title  of 
emperor  conferred  on  his  son.  Augustulus  was  com- 
pelled by  Odoacer  to  abdicate  after  the  defeat  and  death  of 
his  father  at  Pavia.  “ ne  was  called  Romulus  from  his  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  a Count  Romulus  of  Noricum,  while 
Augustus  is  known  to  have  been  a surname  at  Aquileia," 
(Smith,  Hist,  of  the  World.)  Augustus  was  popularly 
changed  to  the  diminutive  Augustulus  in  derision  of  the 
emperor’s  youth. 


96 

Augustus  (a-gus'tus).  [L.,  ‘reverend,’  ‘ven- 
erable,’ orig.,prob.,  ‘consecrated  by  augury.’] 
A title  conferred  by  the  senate  in  27  B.  c.  upon 
Octavianus,  the  first  Roman  emperor,  it  was 
assumed  by  succeeding  emperors,  at  first  on  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  senate,  but  later  as  an  official  title.  Until 
the  time  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  who  bestowed  it  upon  Lucius 
Verus,  and  later  upon  Commodus,  it  was  held  only  by 
the  reigning  emperor.  Under  Diocletian  the  title  was 
held  both  by  the  emperor  of  the  West  and  the  emperor 
of  the  East,  their  colleagues  assuming  the  title  of  Caesar. 

Augustus  (Gaius  Octavius,  called  later  Oaius 
Julius  Caesar  Octavianus).  Born  at  Veli- 
tras  (?),  Latium  (or  at  Rome  ?),  Sept.  23,  63 
b.  c. : died  at  Nola,  Campania,  Aug.  19,  14 
A.  d.  The  first  Roman  emperor,  son  of  C.  Octa- 
vius by  Attia,  daughter  of  Julia,  the  sister 
of  Julius  Caesar,  made  by  Julius  Caesar  his 
chief  heir.  After  Csesar’s  death  he  went  from  Epi- 
rus to  Rome  (spring  of  44  B.  C.);  gained  the  influence  of 
Cicero,  the  senate,  and  the  people  against  Antony ; was 
reconciled  with  Antony,  and  formed  with  him  and  Lepidus 
the  second  triumvirate  in  43;  took  part  in  the  proscrip- 
tion of  43,  and  in  the  victory  over  Brutus  and  Cassius  at 
Philippi  in  42 ; carried  on  the  Perusian  war  41-40 ; be- 
came more  closely  allied  with  Antony  (40),  and  ruler  over 
the  West;  renewed  the  triumvirate  in  37 ; subdued  Sex- 
tus Pompey  in  36 ; and  defeated  Antony  and  Cleopatra  at 
Actium  in  31,  remaining  sole  ruler  of  the  Roman  domin- 
ion. In  28  he  was  made  Princeps  Senatus,  and  received 
the  title  of  “ Augustus  ’’  in  27.  Augustus  preserved  the 
republican  forms,  but  united  in  his  own  person  the  con- 
sulai’,  tribunician,  proconsular,  and  other  powers.  His 
generals  carried  on  various  wars  in  Spain,  Africa,  Germany, 
etc.,  but  the  Roman  advance  in  the  last-named  country  re- 
ceived a definite  set-back  through  the  defeat  of  Varus  by 
Arminius  in  9 A.  D.  Under  Augustus  Roman  literature 
reached  its  highest  point,  and  the  temple  of  Janus  was 
closed.  The  birth  of  Jesus  Christ  also  occurred  in  his  reign. 
Augustus,  G.  August  (ou'gost).  Born  July 
31,  1526:  died  Fob.  12,  1586.  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony 1553-86,  brother  of  Maurice  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. Originally  a Calvinist,  he  was  induced  by  his 
wife  Anna  of  Denmark  to  embrace  Lutheranism,  and  was 
one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  securing  the  adoption  of 
the  “ Formula  Concordias  ” 1580. 

Augustus  II.,  G.  August,  Frederick,  G.  Fried- 
rich (as  Saxon  elector,  Frederick  Augustus 

1.,  G.  Friedrich  August).  Born  at  Dresden, 
May  12,  1670:  died  at  Warsaw,  Feb.  1,  1733. 
Elector  of  Saxony  1694-1733,  surnamed  “The 
Strong.”  He  was  elected  king  of  Poland  1697  ; joined 
Peter  the  Great  and  Denmark  against  Charles  XII.  1699  ; 
invaded  Livonia  in  the  same  year;  was  defeated  by  the 
Swedes  at  Riga  1701  and  at  Klissow  1702 ; was  deposed 
from  the  Polish  throne  through  the  influence  of  Charles 
XII.  in  1704  ; and  W'as  reinstated  in  1709,  after  the  defeat 
of  Charles  at  Pultowa. 

Augustus  III.,G.  August,  Frederick, G.  Fried- 
rich (as  Saxon  elector,  Frederick  Augustus 

11.,  G.  Friedrich  August).  Born  at  Dresden, 
Oct.  17,  1696:  died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  5,  1763. 
Elector  of  Saxony,  son  of  Augustus  II.  whom 
he  succeeded  as  elector  in  1733:  he  was  elected 
king  of  Poland  the  same  year.  He  supported 
Prussia  in  the  first  Silesian  war.  In  the  second  Silesian 
war  he  sided  with  Austria,  being  compelled  at  its  close 
(Peace  of  Dresden,  Dec.  25,  1745)  to  pay  to  Prussia  a war 
indemnity  of  one  million  rix-dollars.  He  became  involved 
in  the  third  Silesian  (or  Seven  Years’)  war  1756-63  through 
a secret  treaty  with  Austria.  The  electorate  during  the 
whole  of  the  war  was  occupied  by  the  Prussians. 

Augustus  Frederick.  Born  in  London,  Jan. 
27, 1773 : died  at  Kensington,  London,  England, 
April  21,  1843.  Prince  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  and  Duke  of  Sussex,  the  sixth  son  of 
George  III.  He  was  a patron  of  literature  and  art,  and 
president  of  the  Royal  Society  1830-39. 

Augustus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Augustus. 
Augustus  and  Livia,  Temple  of.  A Roman 
Corinthian  temple  in  Vienne,  France.  It  is  hexa.- 
style,  pseudoperipteral,  and  placed  on  a raised  basement 
measuring  49.1  by  881  feet,  with  a flight  of  steps  in  front. 
The  height  is  57  feet.  The  building  was  transformed  into 
a church  in  the  middle  ages,  and  injured,  but  is  well  re- 
stored. 

Aujila  (a-je'la  or  ou-je'la).  An  oasis  in  the 
Libyan  desert,  Africa,  about  lat.  29°  N.,  on  the 
route  between  Egypt  and  Murzuk,  noted  for 
its  dates. 

Auk  (ak).  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
living  in  Stephens  Passage  and  on  Admiralty 
and  Douglas  islands,  Alaska.  They  number 
about  279.  See  Koluschan. 

Auld  Lang  Syne.  A song  by  Burns,  written 
about  1789. 

Auld  Reekie  (aid  re'ki).  Edinburgh:  so  named 
because  of  its  smokiness,  or  from  the  unclean- 
liness of  its  streets. 

Auld  Robin  Gray.  A ballad  by  Lady  Anne 
Barnard,  published  in  1772.  It  was  written  to  an 
old  Scottish  tune,  “ The  Bridegroom  grat,”  which  has  been 
superseded  by  a modern  English  air.  (Grove.)  She  after- 
ward wrote  a second  part  in  which  Robin  considerately 
dies  and  Jeanie  marries  Jamie. 

Aulia  gens  (a'li-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome,  a 
clan,  probably  plebeian,  whose  only  family 
name  was  Cerretanus.  Q.  Aulius  Cerretanus 


Aunis 

held  the  consulship  twice  in  the  Samnite  war, 
323  and  319  B.c. 

Aulic  Council.  In  the  old  German  Empire,  the 
personal  council  of  the  emperor,  and  one  of 
the  two  supreme  courts  of  the  empire  which 
decided  without  appeal,  it  was  instituted  about 
1501,  and  organized  under  a definite  constitution  in  1559, 
modified  in  1654.  It  finally  consisted  of  a president,  a 
vice-president,  and  eighteen  councilors,  six  of  whom  were 
Protestants  : the  unanimous  vote  of  the  latter  could  not 
be  set  aside  by  the  others.  The  Aulic  Council  ceased  to 
exist  on  the  extinction  of  the  German  Empire  in  1806. 
The  title  is  now  given  to  the  council  of  state  of  the  em- 
peror of  Austria. 

Aulich  (ou'lich),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Presburg, 
1795:  died  at.  Arad,  Oct.  6, 1849.  A Hungarian 
general  in  the  revolution  of  1848-49.  He  was 
surrendered  to  the  Austrians  after  the  capitulation  of 
Vilagos  Aug.  13, 1849,  and  was  hung  as  a rebel. 

Aulick  (a'lik),  John  H.  Born  at  Winchester, 
Va.,  1789 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  27, 
1873.  An  American  naval  officer.  He  entered  the 
navy  as  a midshipman  1809,  commanded  the  Vincennes 
1847  ; was  for  a time  commander  of  the  East  India  squad- 
ron ; and  was  retired  April  4,  1867,  with  the  rank  of  com- 
modore. 

Aulintac  (a-lin'tak).  A tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  formerly  inhabiting  a village  of 
the  same  name  under  Santa  Cruz  Mission,  Cali- 
fornia. See  Costanoan. 

Aulis  (a'lis).  [Gr.  AiMf.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Beeotia, 
Greece,  in  lat.  38°  24'  N.  It  was  the  rendez- 
vous of  the  Greek  fleet  in  the  expedition  against 
Troy. 

Aulne.  See  Avne. 

Aulnoy,  d’.  See  Aunoy,  d’. 

Aumale  (6-mal'),  in  the  middle  ages  Albamar- 
la,  E.  Albemarle  (al-be-marl').  A countship 
of  France,  formed  by  William  the  Conqueror  in 
1070.  It  passed  to  various  families,  finally  to  that  of  Lor- 
raine, and  was  created  a duchy  in  1547.  By  marriage  it 
passed  to  the  house  of  Savoy,  from  whom  it  was  purchased 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  1675  for  his  illegitimate  son  the  Due  du 
Maine. 

Aumale.  A small  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-Inferieure,  on  the  Bresle,  France,  37  miles 
northeast  of  Rouen:  the  Roman  Alba  Marla, 
Albamarla,  or  Aumalcum.  Population,  com- 
mune, 2,417. 

Aumale.  A town  in  the  province  of  Algiers, 
Algeria,  58  miles  southeast  of  Algiers.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  6,537. 

Aumale,  Due  d’  (Claude  de  Lorraine).  Born 
1526:  died  1573.  A French  Roman  Catholic 
partizan  leader  in  the  civil  wars. 

Aumale,  Due  d’  (Charles  de  Lorraine).  Born 
1556 : died  1631.  One  of  the  French  Leaguers, 
commander  at  the  battles  of  Arques  and  Ivry, 
son  of  Claude  de  Lorraine. 

Aumale,  Due  d’(Henri  Eugene  Philippe  Louis 
d’Orleans).  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  16,  1822:  died 
at  Zucco,  Sicily,  May  7, 1897.  The  fifth  son  of 
Louis  Philippe.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  army 
in  Algeria  1840-47 ; was  governor-general  of  Algeria  1847-48 ; 
became  a member  of  the  Assembly  1871,  and  of  the  French 
Academy ; and  was  appointed  general  of  division  in  1872. 
In  1873  he  was  president  of  the  Bazaine  tribunal.  In  1886 
he  was  expelled  from  France.  He  published  “Histoires 
des  Princes  de  Condf; ” (1869),  “Institutions  militaires  de 
la  France”  (1867),  etc. 

Aumont  (o-mon'),  Jean  d’.  Bom  1522:  died 
Aug.  19,  1595.  A French  general,  appointed 
marshal  of  France  in  1579.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  to  recognize  Henry  IV.,  on  the  death  of  Henry  III., 
in  1589,  and  was  made  governor  of  Champagne  and  later 
of  Bretagne.  He  fought  in  the  battles  of  Arques  and 
Ivry. 

Aungervyle,  Richard.  See  Bury , Richard  de. 

Aunoy  (o-nwa'),  or  Aulnoyto-nwa'),  Comtesse 
d’  (Marie  Catherine  Jumelle  de  Berne- 
ville).  Born  about  1650:  died  1705.  A French 
writer  of  tales,  romances,  and  memoirs,  best 
known  from  her  fairy  stories.  She  wrote  “His- 
toire  d’Hippolyte,  Comte  "de  Douglas”  (1690),  “Contes 
des  fees ” (1710),  “Contes  nonveaux’’  (1715),  etc.  Most  of 
her  fairytales  are  borrowed  from  the  “Nights”  of  Stra- 
parola. 

Among  her  works  are  the  “Yellow  Dwarf”  and  the 
“ White  Cat,”  stories  which  no  doubt  she  did  not  invent, 
hut  to  which  she  has  given  their  permanent  and  well- 
known  form.  She  wrote  much  else,  memoirs  and  novels 
which  were  bad  imitations  of  the  style  of  Madame  de  la 
Fayette,  hut  her  fairy  tales  alone  are  of  value. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p,  326. 

Aune,  or  Aulne  (on).  A river  in  Brittany, 
France,  which  flows  into  the  Roads  of  Brest. 
Length,  about  70  miles. 

Aunis  (o-nes').  The  smallest  of  the  ancient 
governments  of  France,  lying  between  Poitou 
on  the  north  and  Saintonge  on  the  south,  and 
principally  comprised  in  the  department  of  Cha- 
rente-Inferieure.  It  was  conquered  by  Louis 
Vm.  1223-26.  In  general  it  shared  the  for- 
tunes of  Aquitaine. 


Aural 

Aurai  (o-ra'),  or  Ahurei  (a-6-ra').  A seaport 
on  the  island  of  Rapa  (or  Oparo),  Austral 
Islands,  South  Pacific,  a coaling-station  of  the 
Panama,  New  Zealand,  and  Sydney  Line.  It 
is  a French  possession. 

Aurangabad.  [Hind.  Aurangabad,  city  of  Au- 
rung-Zebe.]  The  headquarters  of  the  division 
and  district  of  Aurangabad,  in  lat.  19°  53'  N., 
long.  75°  20'  E.,  the  former  Mogul  capital  and 
the  favorite  residence  of  Aurung-Zebe,  now 
partly  in  ruins.  Population,  36,837. 
Aurangabad  (ou-rung-ga-bad'),  or  Aurenga- 
bad,  or  Aurungabad.  A.  district  in  the  Au- 
rangabad division,  Hyderabad  state,  British 
India.  Area,  6,172  square  miles.  Pop.,  721,407. 
Auray  (o-ra').  A seaport  in  the  department 
of  Morbihan,  France,  situated  on  the  Auray  10 
miles  west  of  Yannes.  Hear  it  is  St.  Anne,  a place 
of  pilgrimage.  It  is  an  important  center  of  oyster-cul- 
ture. Population,  commune,  6,665. 

Auray,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  1364  by 
Jean  Y. , duke  of  Brittany,  and  Sir  J ohn  Chandos 
over  the  French  under  Charles  de  Blois  and 
Duguesclin. 

Aurelia  (a-re'lya).  1.  In  Marston’s  “Malcon- 
tent,” the  duchess,  a dissolute,  proud  woman, 
whose  character  is  depicted  in  Marston’s  high- 
est strain. — 2.  A pretty  but  impertinent  and 
affected  coquette  in  Dryden’s  comedy  “An 
Evening’s  Love,  or  The  Mock  Astrologer.” 
Aurelia  gens  (a-re'lya  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a plebeian  elan  or  house  whose  family  names 
were  Cotta,  Orestes,  and  Scaurus.  The  first 
member  of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consul- 
ship was  C.  Aurelius  Cotta  (252  b.  c.). 
Aurelian  (a-re'lyan)  (Claudius  Lucius  Va- 
lerius Domitius  Aurelianus).  Born  probably 
at  Sirmium,  Pannonia,  about  212  a.  d.:  killed 
near  Byzantium,  275.  Emperor  of  Rome  270-275. 
He  was  of  obscure  birth,  aud  rose  from  the  rank  of  a pri- 
vate to  the  highest  post  in  the  army ; was  designated  by 
Claudius  as  his  successor ; and  defeated  the  Alamantii 
271,  and  Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra,  272-273.  He  was 
called  by  the  senate  the  “ Restorer  of  the  Roman  Empire.” 

Aurelian,  Wall  of.  See  Wall  of  Aurelian. 
Aurelianus  (a-re-li-a'nus),  Cslius.  Born  per- 
haps in  Numidia : lived  in  the  2d  century  A.  d. 
A Roman  physician,  author  of  a treatise  in  8 
books  on  chronic  and  acute  diseases.  To  the 
former  3 books  were  devoted,  and  to  the  latter  5. 
Aurelius,  Marcus.  See  Marcus  Aurelius. 
Aurelius  (a-re'lyus).  An  amorous  squire  in 
Chaucer’s  “Franklin’s  Tale.”  See  Dorigen. 
Aurelius  Victor  (vik'tor).  A Roman  historian 
of  the  4th  century  A.  D.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
brief  history  of  the  emperors  (the  “Csesares  ”)  to  near  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Constantins,  and,  perhaps,  of  a so- 
caUed  “ Epitome  ” in  which  the  history  is  brought  down  to 
the  death  of  Theodosius  I.  A later,  unknown  hand  added 
to  the  “Csesares”  the  “Origo  gentis  Romanic " and  the 
“De  viris  illuslribus’  which  have  been  ascribed  to  him. 

Aurelle  de  Paladines  (o-rel'  de  pa-la-den'), 
Claude  Michel  Louis.  Born  at  Malzieu,  Lo- 
z6re,  France,  Jan.  9,  1804:  died  at  Versailles, 
Dec.  17,  1877.  A French  general.  He  served  in 
Algeria  and  the  Crimean  war  ; defeated  the  Germans 
under  Von  der  Tann  near  Coulmiers,  Nov.  9,  1870;  and 
was  defeated  at  Beaune-la-Rolande  Nov.  28,  and  before 
Orl4ans  Dec.  2-4. 

Aurengabad.  See  Aurangabad. 

Aureng-Zebe,  or  The  Great  Mogul.  A rimed 
tragedy  by  Dryden,  produced  in  1675,  read  by 
Charles  II.  in  manuscript,  and  partly  revised 
by  him. 

Aurich  (ou'rich).  A governmental  district  of 
the  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia.  Population, 
253,289. 

Aurich.  A town  in  the  province  of  Hanover, 
Prussia,  in  lat.  53°  28'  N.,  long.  7°  27'  E. : the 
chief  town  of  East  Friesland.  Population, 
6,141. 

Aurifaber  (as  L.  a-ri-fa'ber,  as  G.  ou-re-fa'- 
ber)  (Latinized  from  Goldschmied),  Johann. 
Bom  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Jan.  30,  1517 : died 
at  Breslau,  Oct.  19,  1568.  A German  Lutheran 
divine,  appointed  professor  of  theology  at 
Rostock  in  1550,  on  the  recommendation  of 
Melanchthon. 

Aurifaber  (Latinized  from  Goldschmied), 
Johann.  Born  1519:  died  at  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
Nov  18,  1575.  A German  Lutheran  divine,  a 
friend  and  assistant  of  Luther,  and  editor  of 
his  works. 

Auriga  (fi-ri'ga).  [L.,  a charioteer;  as  con- 
stellation, the  Wagoner.]  A northern  constella- 
tion, the  Charioteer  or  Wagoner,  containing  the 
splendid  star  Capella.  It  is  supposed  to  represent  a 
charioteer  kneeling  in  his  vehicle.  He  is  often  represented 
with  a kid  on  his  left  shoulder,  this  being  doubtless  an 
ancient  constellation  figure  coincident  in  position  with 
the  Charioteer. 

0.-7 


97 

Aurigny  (o-re-nye').  The  French  name  of  Al- 
derney. 

Aurillac  (o-rel-yak').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Cantal,  France,  situated  on  the 
Jordanne  in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  2°  25'  E. 
It  has  diversified  manufactures  and  an  active  trade. 
Annual  horse-races  occur  here  in  May.  Population,  com- 
mune, 17,772. 

Aurinia  (a-rin'i-a).  The  Roman  name  of  Al- 
derney. 

Aurivillius  (a-ri-vil'i-us,  in  G.  pron.  ou-re- 
vel'le-os),  Karl.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  1717 : 
died  1786.  A Swedish  Orientalist. 

Auronzo  (ou-ron'dzo).  A commune  in  the 
province  of  Belluno,  Italy,  near  the  Austrian 
frontier  31  miles  northeast  of  Belluno.  Its 
chief  town  is  Viilagrande. 

Aurora  (a-ro'ra).  [L.,  the  dawn,  the  goddess 
of  the  dawn,  earlier  *Ausosa,  Gr.  auj  (Doric), 
rjeig  (Ionic),  eug  (Attic),  the  dawn,  goddess  of 
dawn,  Skt.  ushas,  *ushasd,  dawn,  from  the  root 
wsft,burn.]  In  Roman  mythology,  the  goddess  of 
the  dawn  : called  Eos  by  the  Greeks.  The  poets 
represented  her  as  rising  out  of  the  ocean  in  a 
chariot,  her  rosy  fingers  dropping  gentle  dew. 
Aurora.  1.  A fresco  by  Guido  Reni,  in  the 
Palazzo  Rospigliosi,  Rome.  Aurora,  scattering 
flowers,  advances  before  the  chariot  of  Phoebus,  who  is 
attended  by  the  Hours. 

2.  A fresco  by  Guercino,  on  the  ceiling  of  a 
casino  of  the  Villa  Ludovisi,  Rome.  The  dawn- 
goddess  advances  through  the  air  in  a chariot,  pursuing 
the  fleeing  Night.  The  Hour3  scatter  dew  before  her,  and 
genii  flowers. 

Aurora.  A city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois,  situ- 
ated on  the  Fox  River  39 miles  west  of  Chicago. 
It  has  railroad  shops,  and  manufactures  of  ma- 
chinery, flour,  etc.  Pop.,  29,807,  (1910). 
Aurora.  A manufacturing  city  in  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio  River 
22  miles  southwest  of  Cincinnati.  Population, 
4,410,  (1910). 

Aurora  Leigh  (a-ro'ra  le).  A narrative  poem 
by  Mrs.  Browning,  published  in  1857,  named 
from  its  heroine.  It  was  written  at  the  Casa 
Guidi  in  Florence. 

Aurangabad.  See  Aurangabad. 

Aurung-Zeb  (a'rung-zeb'),  or  Aurang-Zebe, 
or  Aureng-Zebe.  [Hind.,  ‘ornament  of  the 
throne.’]  Born  Oct.  20,  1619 : died  at  Ahmed- 
nugguv,  Feb.  21,  1707.  Emperor  of  Hindustan 
1658-1707,  surnamed  “Alum-Geer”  or  “Alam- 
Gir”  (‘conqueror  of  the  world’):  third  son  of 
the  emperor  Shah  Jehan.  He  became  governor  of 
Deccan  in  1638,  and  usurped  the  throne  in  1658,  after 
having  murdered  his  two  elder  brothers  Dard  and  Shuja 
and  imprisoned  his  father  and  younger  brother.  He  incor- 
porated the  vassal  states  Bejapoor  and  Golconda  in  the 
empire  1683-87,  and  is  regarded  by  the  Mussulmans  of 
India  as  one  of  their  greatest  monarchs,  although  his  reli- 
gious intolerance  impaired  the  resources  of  the  country. 
Aurva  (our'wa).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a rishi, 
son  of  Urva,  grandson  of  Bhrigu.  in  a persecu- 
tion of  his  race,  which  did  not  spare  even  the  unborn  child, 
Aurva  Bhargava  was  miraculously  preserved  and  brought 
to  birth.  The  fire  of  his  wrath  threatened  to  destroy  the 
world,  when  at  the  intercession  of  the  manes  of  his  an- 
cestor he  sent  this  fire  into  the  ocean,  where  it  has  since 
remained. 

Au  Sable  (6  sa'bl).  A river  in  Michigan  which 
flows  into  Lake  Huron  north  of  Saginaw  Bay. 
Au  Sable.  A small  river  in  northeastern  New 
York  which  flows  from  the  Adirondacks  and 
empties  into  Lake  Champlain. 

Au  Sable  Chasm.  A deep,  narrow,  and  pictur- 
esque chasm  formed  by  the  Au  Sable  River 
near  Keeseville,  New  York. 

Anscha  (ou'sha).  A small  town  in  northern 
Bohemia,  east  of  Leitmeritz. 

Auschwitz  (ou'shvits),  Pol.  Oswiecim  (os-vye- 
at'sem).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Sola  31  miles  west  of  Cracow, 
the  seat  of  the  Polish  duchies  of  Auschwitz 
andZatoruntil  1773.  Population,  10,118,  (1910). 
Ausci  (a'si),  or  Auscenses  (fi-sen'sez).  Am 
Aquitanian  tribe  conquered  by  P.  Crassus  in 
56  b.  C.  They  gave  name  to  Augusta  Auscorum, 
the  modern  Auch. 

Ausonia  (a-so'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  country  of  the  Ausones,  Italy,  restricted  in 
historical  times  to  a territory  on  the  borders  of 
Campania  and  Latium ; poetically,  the  Italian 
peninsula. 

Ausonius  (a-sd'ni-us),  Decimus  Magnus.  Born 
at  Burdigala  (Bordeaux,  France)  about  310 
a.  d.  : died  about  394.  A Latin  Christian  poet 
and  man  of  letters.  He  was  appointed  tutor  to  Gra- 
tianus,  and  later  to  political  offices,  including  the  consul- 
ate (379). 

Auspicius  (a-spish'ius),  Saint.  Died  about  474. 
Bishop  of  Toul,  said  to  have  been  one  of  the 
most  learned  prelates  of  his  time.  An  epistle 


Austin,  Stephen  Fuller 

in  Latin  verse  addressed  by  him  to  Count  Ar- 
bogastes  is  extant. 

Auspitz  (ou'spits).  A town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 54  miles  northeast  of  Vienna. 
• Population,  commune,  3,472,  (1910). 

Aussa  (ou'sa).  A place  in  Adal,  eastern  Africa, 
about  lat.  11°  30'  N. 

Aussee  (ou'sa).  A small  town  in  Styria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, on  the  head  streams  of  the  Traun 
38  miles  southeast  of  Salzburg.  It  has  noted 
salt-works,  and  is  a watering-place. 

Aussig  (ou'sio),  or  Labem  (la-bem').  A town 
in  Bohemia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Biela  and  Elbe  44  miles  north  of  Prague,  it  has 
an  important  trade  in  coal,  and  manufactures  of  chemi- 
cals, woolens,  etc.  Here,  June  15,  1426,  the  Hussites  de- 
feated the  Saxons.  Population,  commune,  39,255,  (1910). 
Austen  (as'ten),  Jane.  Born  at  Steventon, 
Hants,  England,  Dec.  16,  1775:  died  at  Win- 
chester, July  18, 1817.  A famous  English  nov- 
elist, daughter  of  George  Austen,  rector  of 
Deane  and  Steventon.  she  lived  in  Bath  (1801), 
Southampton  (1805),  Chawton  near  Alton  (1809),  and  Win- 
chester (May,  1817),  and  was  buried  in  Winchester  Cathe- 
dral. Her  works  are  “Sense  and  Sensibility"  (published 
1811),  “Pride  and  Prejudice”  (1813),  “Mansfield  Park” 
(1814),  “Emma” (1816),  “Northanger  Abbey  ” (1818),  “Per- 
suasion ” (1818).  Her  letters  were  edited  by  Lord  Bra- 
bourne  in  1881. 

Auster  (as'ter).  [L.]  The  south  wind. 
Austerlitz  (ous'ter-lits).  A town  in  Moravia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Littawa  12 
miles  east  of  Briinn.  Here,  Dec.  2,  1805,  the  French 
(about  60,000)  under  Napoleon  (Soult,  Lannes,  Murat, 
Bernadotte)  overthrew  the  Russo-Austrian  army  (over 
80,000)  under  Kutusotf : called  the  “Battle  of  Three  Em- 
perors,” from  the  presence  of  the  emperors  Alexander  1., 
Francis,  and  Napoleon.  The  loss  of  the  French  was  about 
12,000;  that  of  the  Allies  over  30,000.  The  battle  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  Peace  of  Presburg  between  France  and  Aus- 
tria. Population,  commune,  3,666,  (1910). 

Austerlitz,  Sun  of.  The  bright  sun  which  dis- 
persed the  clouds  and  mist  on  the  morning  of 
the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  proverbial  as  a sym- 
bol of  good  fortune. 

Austin  (as'tin),  Alfred.  \_Austin  and  Austen  are 
ult.  contracted  forms  of  Augustine.']  Born  at 
Headingley,  near  Leeds,  May  30,  1835:  died  at 
Ashford,  Kent,  June  2, 1913.  An  English  poet, 
critic,  journalist,  and  lawyer.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  University  of  London  in  1853;  was  called  to  the 
bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1857 ; was  correspondent  at 
Rome  of  the  London  “Standard”  during  the  ecumenical 
council  of  the  Vatican  in  1870,  and  at  the  headquarters  of 
the  King  of  Prussia  during  the  Franco-German  war ; and 
became  editor  of  the  “National  Review  ” on  its  establish- 
ment in  1883.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Human  Trag- 
edy”(1862),  “ Savonarola  ” (1881),  “ In  Veronica’s  Garden  ” 
(1895),  “ Sacred  and  Profane  Love  ” (1908),  etc.  Appointed 
laureate  Dec.,  1895. 

Austin,  Mrs.  (Jane  Goodwin).  Born  1831: 
died  March  30,  1894.  An  American  authoress. 
She  has  published,  among  other  works,  “ Outpost  ” (1866), 
“Cipher”  (1869),  “A  Nameless  Nobleman ’’ (1881),  “Nan- 
tucket Scraps  ” (1882). 

Austin,  John.  Born  at  Creeling  Mill,  Suffolk, 
March  3,  1790:  died  at  Weybridge,  in  Surrey, 
Dec.,  1859.  A noted  English  lawyer  and  writer 
on  jurisprudence,  professor  of  jurisprudence  at 
the  University  of  London  (University  College) 
1826-32.  He  wrote  “Province  of  Jurisprudence 
Determined”  (1832),  “Lectures  on  Jurispru- 
dence” (1861-63). 

Austin,  Jonathan  Loring.  Born  at  Boston, 
Jan.  2,  1748:  died  at  Boston,  May  10, 1826.  An 
American  Revolutionary  patriot.  He  was  sent  to 
Paris,  1777,  with  despatches  to  Dr.  Franklin  announcing 
the  surrender  of  General  Burgoyne,  and  remained  two 
years  with  Franklin  as  his  private  secretary. 

Austin,  Moses.  Born  at  Durham,  Conn.,  about 
1764  (?) : died  June  10,  1821.  An  American 
pioneer  in  Texas.  He  obtained  about  1820  permission 
from  the  Mexican  government  to  establish  in  Texas  an 
American  colony  of  300  families,  but  died  before  the  pro- 
ject could  be  accomplished.  The  colony  was,  however, 
founded  by  his  son  Stephen  F.  Austin. 

Austin,  Samuel.  Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Oct.  7, 1760:  died  at  Glastonbury,  Conn.,  Deo.  4, 
1830.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
president  of  the  University  of  Vermont  1815-21. 
Austin,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Taylor).  Born  at  Nor- 
wich, England,  1793:  died  at  Weybridge,  Surrey, 
Aug.  8,  1867.  An  English  writer,  wife  of  John 
Austin,  best  known  as  a translator  from  the 
French  and  German  (of  Ranke,  Guizot,  Nie- 
buhr, etc.). 

Austin,  Stephen  Fuller.  Born  at  Austinville, 
Va.,  Nov.  3,  1793:  died  at  Columbia,  Tex.,  Dec. 
25,  1836.  The  founder  of  the  State  of  Texas, 
son  of  Moses  Austin.  He  established  in  1821  the 
colony  contemplated  by  his  father;  was  sent  as  a com- 
missioner to  Mexico,  1833,  to  urge  the  admission  of  Texas 
into  the  Mexicim  Union  as  a separate  Stale,  and  was  im- 
prisoned there  from  February  to  June,  1834;  and  was 
appointed  in  1835  a commissioner  to  the  United  States  to 
secure  the  recognition  of  Texas  as  an  independent  State. 


Austin,  William 


98 


Austrian  Succession,  War  of  tlie 


Austin,  William.  Bom  1587:  died  Jan.  16, 
1634.  An  English  lawyer  and  writer  on  reli- 
gious and  miscellaneous  subjects.  His  works, 
published  posthumously,  are  “ Devotionis  Augustinianse 
Flamma,  or  Certayne  Devout,  Godly,  and  Lerned  Medita- 
tions, etc."  (1635),  “Hsec  Homo,  wherein  the  Excellency  of 
the  Creation  of  Woman  is  described  by  way  of  an  Essay  " 
(1637),  and  a translation  of  Cicero’s  “Cato  Major.” 
Austin,  William.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
March  2,  1778 : died  there,  June  27,  1841.  An 
American  lawyer  and  writer,  author  of  the  tale 
“Peter  Kugg,  the  Missing  Man,”  etc. 

Austin.  The  capital  of  Mower  County,  Minne- 
sota, situated  on  Cedar  River  97  miles  south  of 
St.  Paul.  Population,  6,960,  (1910). 

Austin.  The  capital  of  Lander  County,  Ne- 
vada, 146  miles  northeast  of  Carson  City.  Pop- 
ulation, precincts  1 and  2,  755,  (1910). 

Austin.  The  capital  of  Texas  and  of  Travis 
County,  situated  on  the  Colorado  River  in  lat. 
30°  18'  N.,  long.  97°  40'  W.  It  is  a railroad 
center  and  the  seat  of  a State  university  and 
other  institutions.  Population,  29,860,  (1910). 

Austin  Friars.  The  monastery  of  the  Friars 
Eremite  of  the  order  of  St.  Augustine,  on  the 
north  side  of  Broad  street,  Old  London,  founded 
by  Humphrey  Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford  and 
Essex,  in  1253.  The  ground  was  considered  especially 
sacred,  and  the  tombs  were  equal  in  beauty  to  those  of 
Westminster  Abbey.  Here  were  buried  Hubert  de  Burgh ; 
Edmund  Blantagenet,  half-brother  of  Richard  II.;  those 
who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Barnet;  Richard  Fitz  Alan,  earl 
of  Arundel,  beheaded  1397  ; the  Earl  of  Oxford,  beheaded 
1463 ; and  Edward  Stafford,  duke  of  Buckingham,  be- 
headed 1521.  At  the  dissolution  the  spire  was  destroyed 
and  the  monuments  sold  by  the  Marquis  of  Winchester. 
The  nave  was  walled  up,  and  is  now  used  as  a church  by 
the  Dutch  residents  of  London.  It  was  damaged  by  fire 
in  1862.  Little  of  the  old  church  remains  in  the  present 
budding.  The  order  is  also  called  Augustinians. 
Austral  Islands  (as'tral  i'landz).  See  Tubuai 
Islands. 

Australasia  (as-tra-la'slia  or  -zhji).  [NL., 
‘southern  Asia/  from  L.  australis , southern, 
and  Asia.']  A division  of  Oceanica,  compris- 
ing Australia,  Papua,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand, 
New  Caledonia,  Bismarck  Archipelago,  and 
some  lesser  islands ; often  regarded  as  compris- 
ing only  the  Australian  colonies  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, including  New  Zealand,  Tasmania,  and 
Fiji . sometimes  equivalent  to  Oceanica. 
Australasian  Federation.  The  federal  union 
of  the  British  Australian  colonies.  A national 
convention  at  Sydney  in  1891,  under  the  presidency  of  Sir 
Henry  Parkes,  adopted  resolutions  and  drafted  a “Bill  to 
constitute  a Commonwealth  of  Australia.  ’ Several  years 
of  discussion  followed,  and  the  new  Australian  common- 
*wealth  was  inaugurated  on  Jan.  1,  1901. 

Australia  (as-tra'lia),  formerly  New  Holland. 
[F.  Australie,  G.  Australian,  NL.  Australia, 
‘Southland/  fromL.  australis,  south,  southern.] 
An  island-continent  and  possession  of  Great 
Britain,  south  of  Asia,  extending  from  lat.  10° 
41'  to  39°  8'  S.,  and  from  long.  113°  to  153°  30'  E. 
It  is  bordered  by  the  Pacific  on  the  east,  by  the  Indian  Ocean 
on  the  northwest,  west,  and  southwest,  and  is  separated 
from  Papua  by  Torres  Strait  on  the  north,  and  from  Tas- 
mania by  Bass  Strait  on  the  south.  Its  principal  natural 
features  are  mountains  along  the  eastern  and  southern 
coasts  (Australian  Alps,  Blue  Mountains,  Liverpool  Range, 
etc.),  the  Murray  River  system  in  the  southeast,  the  lake 
district  in  the  south,  and  extensive  desert  regions  in  the 
interior.  The  chief  products  are  wool,  wheat,  maize,  and 
other  cereals,  hay,  cotton,  sugar,  wine,  etc.  It  is  also  rich 
in  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  coal.  Its  political  divisions  are 
the  States  forming  the  ★Commonwealth  of  Australia  (con- 
sisting of  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  Queensland,  South 
Australia,  Western  Australia,  and  Tasmania),  the  depend- 
ency of  British  New  Guinea,  New  Zealand,  and  the  crown 
colony  of  Fiji ; and  its  chief  cities,  Melbourne  and  Syd- 
ney. In  1606  it  was  visited  by  Spanish  and  Dutch  explorers, 
and  was  explored  by  Cook  1770-77.  The  first  settlement 
was  at  Port  Jackson  in  1788.  Gold  was  discovered  in 
1851.  Among  the  explorers  of  Australia  have  been  Bass, 
Flinders,  Oxley,  Sturt,  Eyre,  Leichardt,  Burke,  Wills, 
Stuart,  Warburton,  Forrest,  Giles,  etc.  Area,  2,974,581 
square  miles.  Population,  excluding  aborigines,  4,455,005. 

The  natives  of  Australia  were  all,  when  discovered,  and 
still  (when  uninfluenced  by  the  teaching  of  missionaries) 
remain,  on  much  the  same  low  level  of  civilisation.  The 
men,  like  the  animals  of  this  continent,  appear  in  some 
respects  to  belong  to  an  older  world  than  ours.  They  are 
not  only  in  an  extremely  rudimentary  stage  of  material 
culture,  but  they  show  few  if  any  signs  of  ever  having 
been  in  a much  higher  condition.  No  people  have  less 
settled  homes ; destitute  of  the  forms  of  agriculture  prac- 
tised by  the  natives  of  the  other  South  Sea  Islands,  the 
tribes  wander  over  large  expanses  of  country,  urged  by 
the  necessities  of  the  chase,  and  attracted,  now  here,  now 
there,  by  the  ripening  of  wild  berries  or  by  the  presence 
of  edible  roots.  Houses  they  have  none,  and  their  tem- 
porary shelters  or  gunyehs  are  of  the  rudest  and  most 
fragile  character.  Nothing  can  more  clearly  demonstrate 
their  barbarous  condition  than  the  entire  absence  of 
native  pottery  and  of  traces  of  ancient  pottery  in  the  soil. 
They  have  scarcely  made  any  progress  in  domesticating 
animals.  Their  government  is  a democracy  of  the  fight- 
ing men,  tempered  by  the  dictates  of  Birraark  or  sorcer- 
ers, and  by  the  experience  of  the  aged.  Yet  their  social 


customs,  rules  of  marriage,  and  etiquette  are  of  a com- 
plexity apparently  more  ancient  than  even  the  similar 
rules  among  North  American  Indians,  Kaffirs,  and  Poly- 
nesians. Lang,  Myth.,  etc.,  II.  1. 

Australian  Alps.  A mountain-range  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales, 
nearly  parallel  with  the  coast,  containing  the 
highest  point  in  Australia,  Mount  Kosciusko, 
7,336  feet. 

Australian  Pyrenees.  See  Pyrenees,  Austra- 
lian. 

Austrasia  (as-tra'sia  or  -zia).  [ML. , from  OHG. 
os  tar,  eastern.  See  Austria.]  The  eastern 
kingdom  of  the  Merovingian  Franks  from  the 
6th  to  the  8th  century  a.  d.  It  embodied  an 
extensive  region  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine, 
with  Metz  as  its  capital. 

Austria  (as ' tri -a).  [G.  Osterreicli,  F.  Au- 

triche,  ML.  Austria;  from  OHG.  Ostarrih,  G. 
Oesterreich,  eastern  kingdom.]  1.  An  arch- 
duchy in  the  western  part  of  Austria-Hungary, 
comprising  the  crownlands  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Austria  (which  see) : the  nucleus  of  the  Haps- 
burg  dominions.  The  emperorls  its  hereditary  arch- 
duke. It  was  originally  the  Ostmark  formed  by  Charles 
the  Great  799,  destroyed  by  the  Magyars,  reerected  by 
Henry  I.  in  928,  and  made  a duchy  in  1156.  Until  1246  it 
was  under  the  Babenberg  dynasty  (which  see),  and  came 
under  the  rule  of  the  Hapsburgs  in  1282.  Salzburg  was 
united  with  it  administratively  from  1814  until  1849. 

2.  The  eastern  division  of  the  ancient  Caro- 
lingian  kingdom  of  Italy,  corresponding  to  the 
later  Venetia. — 3.  The  Cisleithan  division  of 
Austria-Hungary,  comprising  Upper  Austria, 
Lower  Austria,  Salzburg,  Tyrol  and  Vorarl- 
berg,  Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  Gorz  and 
Gradiska,  Istria,  Trieste,  Bohemia,  Moravia, 
Silesia,  Galicia,  Bukowina,  and  Dalmatia. — 4. 
The  dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg, 
called  officially  the  Austro-Hungarian  mon- 
archy. See  Austria-Hungary. — 5.  Same  as 

* Austrasia. 

Austria,  Lower.  [G.  Nieder-Osterreich  or 
Osterreich-unter-der-Enns.]  A crownland  in 
the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary, 
forming  the  eastern  portion  of  the  archduchy 
of  Austria.  It  is  bounded  by  Bohemia  and  Moravia 
on  the  north,  Hungary  on  the  east,  Styria  on  the  south, 
and  Upper  Austria  on  the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in 
the  south,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Danube.  The  chief 
city  is  Vienna.  The  prevailing  language  is  German,  and 
the  prevailing  religion  Roman  Catholic.  Area,  7,654 

-^square  miles.  Population,  3,530,698,  (1910). 

Austria,  Upper.  [G.  Ober-Osterreicli  or  0s- 
terreich-ob-der-Enns.]  A crownland  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  capi- 
tal Linz,  forming  the  western  portion  of  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  bounded  by  Bavaria  and 
Bohemia  on  the  north,  Lower  Austria  on  the 
east,  Styria  and  Salzburg  on  the  south,  and 
Bavaria  and  Salzburg  on  the  west.  It  is  moun- 
tainous, especially  in  the  south,  and  is  traversed  by  the 
Danube.  The  inhabitants  are  Germans,  and  the  prevail- 
ing religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Area,  4,631  square  miles. 
Population,  852,667,  (1910). 

Austria,  House  of.  See  Hapsburg,  House  of. 

Austria-Hungary  (as'tri-a-hung'ga-ri)  (offi- 
cially, the  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy; 
loosely  and  popularly,  Austria).  [G.  Oster- 
reich-Ungarn,  or  Osterreichisch-Ungarische  Mon- 
archic.] An  empire  of  Europe,  capital  Vienna, 
one  of  the  “Great  Powers,”  bounded  by  Ger- 
many (partly  separated  from  it  by  the  Erz- 
gebirge and  Sudetie  Mountains)  and  Rus- 
sia (partly  separated  from  it  by  the  Vistula) 
on  the  north,  Russia  and  Rumania  on  the 
east,  Rumania  (separated  from  it  by  the  Car- 
pathians), Servia  (partly  separated  from  it  by 
the  Danube),  and  Montenegro  on  the  south, 
the  Adriatic  Sea  and  Italy  (mainly  separated 
from  it  by  the  Alps)  on  the  southwest,  and 
Switzerland  and  Germany  (partly  separated 
from  it  by  the  Inn  and  the  Bohmerwald)  on 
the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  42°  to  51°  N.,  and  from 
long.  9°  30'  to  26°  20'  E.  Politically  the  monarchy  is  di- 
vided into  the  Cisleithan  division,  comprising  Upper 
Austria,  Lower  Austria,  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  Salzburg, 
Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  Kiistenland,  Dalmatia,  Bohe- 
mia, Moravia,  Silesia,  Galicia,  and  Bukowina,  which  are 
represented  in  the  Reichsrath,  which  meets  at  Vienna, 
and  is  composed  of  an  Upper  House,  and  a Lower  House 
of  516  members ; and  the  Transleithan  division,  compris- 
ing Hungary  (including  Transylvania),  Croatia-Slavonia, 
and  Fiume,  represented  at  Budapest  by  the  Diet,  com- 
posed of  a House  of  Magnates,  and  a House  of  453  Repre- 
sentatives. Legislation  for  the  monarchy  as  a whole  is 
vested  in  the  Delegations  (60  members  from  each  of  the 
two  parliaments).  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  were  an- 
nexed by  Austria-Hungary  in  1908.  The  government  is  a 
constitutional  hereditary  monarchy.  The  inhabitants 
belong  to  various  races  whose  relations  are  exceedingly 
complicated.  The  Slavs  (Czechs,  Poles,  Ruthenians,  Slovaks, 
Slovens,  Servians,  and  Croatians)  lead,  numerically  form- 
ing about  one  half  of  the  whole  ; the  Germans  constitute 
one  fourth,  the  Magyars  less  than  one  sixth,  and  the  Ru- 


mans  about  one  fifteenth.  There  are  also  Jews,  Bul- 
garians, Armenians,  Italians,  Gipsies,  Ladins.  The  reli- 
gion of  the  majority  is  Roman  Catholic  : there  are  several 
millions  of  Protestants,  and  about  an  equal  number  be- 
long to  the  Greek  Church.  The  country  produces  grain 
of  all  kinds  (especially  wheat),  wine,  beets,  potatoes, 
fruits,  timber,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco ; has  manufactures  of 
iron,  glass,  cotton,  linen,  wool,  and  silk  ; and  is  very  rich 
in  mineral  resources,  including  gold,  silver,  quicksilver, 
iron,  coal,  lead,  copper,  salt,  zinc,  and  coal.  It  is  on  the 
whole  unfavorably  situated  for  commerce.  The  south 
and  west  of  Austria  belonged  to  the  Roman  Empire.  The 
country  was  at  various  times  overrun  by  the  Goths,  Huns, 
Lombards,  Avars,  etc.  The  nucleus  was  the  March  of 
Austria,  which  was  erected  by  Charles  the  Great,  remade 
by  Henry  the  Fowler,  and  constituted  a duchy  in  1156. 
To  this  Styria  was  united  in  1192.  The  Babenberg  dynasty 
(which  see)  was  extinguished  in  1246,  and  was  followed 
after  some  years  by  the  Hapsburg  line.  (See  Hapsburg.)  Ru- 
dolf of  Hapsburgfthe  ruler  of  various  districts  in  Switzer- 
land, Alsace,  Swabia,  and  Breisgau)  was  elected  emperor 
of  Germany  in  1273.  In  1282  he  conferred  Austria,  Styria, 
and  Carniola  (having  wrested  them  from  Ottocar  II.  of 
Bohemia  in  1276)  upon  his  sons.  Carinthia  was  acquired 
in  1335,  Tyrol  in  1363,  and  Trieste  in  1382.  The  continuous 
line  of  Hapsburg  emperors  of  Germany  began  in  1438. 
Austria  was  made  an  archduchy  in  1453.  Bohemia,  with 
Moravia,  Silesia,  and  Lusatia,  was  added  to  the  Hapsburg 
dominions  in  1526.  In  the  same  year  began  the  rule  of 
the  Hapsburgs  in  Hungary,  at  that  time  mainly  in  the 
possession  of  the  Turks,  who  were  not  completely  dispos- 
sessed until  1718.  Austria  took  the  leading  part  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,  and  at  its  close  (1648)  had  to  cede  her 
possessions  in  Alsace  to  France ; she  also  took  part  in  the 
W ar  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  and  acquired  in  1714  the 
Spanish  (Austrian)  Netherlands,  Milan,  Mantua,  Naples, 
and  Sardinia  (the  latter  was  exchanged  for  Sicily  in  1720). 
By  the  treaties  of  1735  and  1738  Naples  and  Sicily  were 
ceded  to  the  Bourbons,  part  of  northwestern  Italy  was 
ceded  to  Sardinia,  and  Austria  received  Parma  and  Pia- 
cenza. The  accession  of  Maria  Theresa  in  1740  led  to  the 
War  of  the  Austrian  Succession.  The  greater  part  of 
Silesia  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1742  ; and  by  the  treaty  of 
1748  Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  were  ceded  to  Don 
Philip.  Austria  also  took  a leading  part  in  the  Seven 
Years’  War.  By  the  first  partition  of  Poland,  1772,  she 
acquired  Galicia  and  Lodomeria.  Bukowina  was  acquired 
in  1777,  and  Bavaria  ceded  the  Innviertel  in  1779.  War 
was  waged  with  France  1792-97.  By  the  treaty  of  Campo- 
Formio,  1797,  Austria  lost  the  Austrian  Netherlands  and 
Lombardy,  but  received  Venice,  Venetia,  Istria,  and  Dal- 
matia. N ew  Galicia  (afterward  lost)  was  obtained  in  the 
third  partition  of  Poland,  1795.  War  with  France  was 
carried  on  1799-1801,  resulting  in  the  treaty  of  Luneville 
(1801),  by  which  the  previous  treaty  was  confirmed.  Mem- 
bers of  the  Hapsburg  family  received  cessions  in  the  ar- 
rangements of  1803.  The  emperor  Francis  took  the  title 
of  “ Emperor  of  Austria”  in  1804.  A disastrous  war  with 
France  broke  out  in  1805,  and  Austria  was  forced  to  cede 
(1805)  Tyrol,  Vorarlberg,  Breisgau,  various  territories  in 
Swabia,  etc.,  Venetia,  Dalmatia,  etc.,  to  France  and  French 
allies,  and  received  Salzburg  and  Berchtesgaden.  The 
dissolution  of  the  German  Empire  took  place  in  1806.  War 
with  France  again  occurred  in  1809,  and  Austria  ceded 
in  the  same  year  Carniola,  Trieste,  Croatia,  part  of  Carin- 
thia, etc.,  Saizburg,  the  Innviertel,  etc.,  and  part  of  Galicia, 
to  Napoleon.  Austria  joined  the  Allies  against  Napoleon  in 
1813.  By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  (1816)  she  regained  many 
of  her  former  dominions,  including  Tyrol,  the  Illyrian 
territories,  Venetia,  and  Lombardy.  She  became  the  head 
of  the  German  Confederation  (1815-66),  a member  of  the 
Holy  Alliance,  and  a leader  in  the  European  reactionary 
movement.  Revolutionary  movements  in  Austrian  and 
Italian  dominions  1848-49  were  repressed,  and  a rebellion 
in  Hungary  which  took  place  at  the  same  time  was  sub- 
dued with  the  aid  of  Russia.  The  Republic  of  Cracow 
was  annexed  in  1846.  By  the  war  of  1859  against  France 
and  Sardinia,  Austria  lost  Lombardy  and  her  influence  in 
Italy.  She  joined  with  Prussia  in  a war  against  Denmark 
in  1864.  In  1866  Prussia,  in  alliance  with  Italy,  made  war 
upon  Austria,  and  completely  defeated  her  at  Koniggratz. 
She  was  obliged  to  retire  from  the  Germanic  Confedera- 
tion and  to  cede  Venetia  to  Italy.  The  formation  of  the 
dual  monarchy  took  place  in  1867.  In  1878  the  adminis- 
tration of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  was  given  to  Austria- 
Hungary,  and  they  were  annexed  in  1908.  In  1883  Austria 
entered  into  the  Triple  Alliance  with  Germany  and  Italy. 
Area,  261,035  square  miles.  Population,  49,965,239. 

Austrian  Hyena,  The.  A nickname  given  to 
Julius  Jakob  von  Haynau,  from  his  cruelties  in 
Italy  and  Hungary.  His  flogging  of  women  at  the 
capture  of  Brescia,  and  his  severity  to  the  defeated  Hun- 
garians in  1849,  roused  such  indignation  that  he  barely  es- 
caped with  his  life  when  on  a visit  to  the  brewery  of 
Barclay  and  Perkins,  London. 

Austrian  Rigi.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Sehafberg  in  Austria. 

Austrian  Succession,  War  of  the.  The  war 
between  Austria  aud  England  on  the  one  side, 
and  France,  Bavaria,  Prussia,  Spain,  Sar- 
dinia, etc.,  on  the  other,  which  broke  out  on 
the  succession  of  Maria  Theresa  (daughter  of 
the  emperor  Charles  VI.)  to  the  Austrian  lands 
in  1740.  The  states  whose  adhesion  to  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction  (which  see)  Charles  VI.  had  secured  took  up 
arms  to  despoil  Maria  Theresa  of  her  dominions.  The 
conflict  with  Prussia  which  was  terminated  in  1742  is 
known  as  the  first  Silesian  war  (which  see).  England  be- 
came allied  with  Austria  1741,  and  King  George  II.  de- 
feated the  French  at  Dettingen  1743.  The  second  Silesian 
war,  in  which  Saxony,  originally  the  ally  of  Prussia, 
joined  Austria,  followed  in  1744-45.  French  victories 
were  gained  at  Fontenoy  1746,  Raucoux  1746,  and  Lawfeld 
1747.  The  American  phase  of  the  war  between  England 
and  France  is  known  as  King  George's  war.  The  ex- 
pedition of  the  Young  Pretender  in  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land 1745-46  was  a diversion  in  the  French  favor.  Russia 
joined  Austria  in  1747.  The  war  was  ended  by  the  Peace 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle  1748,  and  a mutual  restitution  of  con- 


Austrian  Succession,  War  of  the 

quests,  except  in  regard  to  Austria,  which  came  out  of 
the  struggle  with  the  loss  of  Silesia,  as  well  as  of  Parma 
and  Piacenza. 

Austrian  Switzerland.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Salzkammergut  in  Austria,  on  ac- 
count of  its  picturesque  scenery. 
Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy.'  [G.  Osterreicli- 
isch-Ungarische  Monarchic .]  The  official  name 
(since  1867)  of  Austria-Hungary. 
Austro-Prussian  War.  See  Seven  Weeks’  War. 
Austro-Sardinian  War.  See  Italian  War  of 
1859. 

Auteuil  (o-tey').  A former  village,  now  a 
portion  of  Paris,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Seine  east  of  Boulogne,  noted  as  the  place 
of  residence  of  Boileau,  Moliere,  Helvetius, 
Talleyrand,  Thiers,  and  other  distinguished 
people. 

Authentic  Doctor,  The.  A title  given  to  the 
schoolman  Gregory  of  Bimini  (died  1358). 
Author  (a'thor),  The.  A comedy  by  Foote, 
produced  and  printed  in  1757.  See  Cadwallader. 
Author’s  Farce,  The.  A play  by  Fielding, 
produced  in  1730,  and  revived  in  1734,  with 
amusing  ridicule  of  the  Cibbers. 

Autire  (ou-ti-ra'),  or  Hoteday  (ho-te-da').  A 
tribe  or  division  of  North  American  Indians 
which  lived  in  the  valley  of  the  Shasta  River, 
California.  In  1851  it  had  19  villages  with  an 
estimated  population  of  1,140.  See  Sastean. 
Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-table,  The.  A 
series  of  papers  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
published  serially  in  the  first  twelve  numbers 
of  the  “Atlantic  Monthly,”  and  together  in 
1858.  The  autocrat  (Holmes  himself)  discourses  on  mat- 
ters in  general  with  a genial  philosophy  from  his  position 
at  a hoarding-house  breakfast-table.  He  used  this  signa- 
ture also  in  other  works. 

Autodidactus  (ato-di-dak'tus),  The,  or  the 
Natural  Man.  [Ar.  Hai-Ibn-yoqtdn ; L.  anto- 
didactus,  ‘self-taught.’]  A psychological  ro- 
mance by  the  Arabian  philosopher  Ibn-Tofail 
(died  1188).  In  it  the  author  “ supposes  a child  thrown 
upon  a desert  island  at  its  birth,  and  there  growing  to  man- 
hood, who  comes  by  himself  to  the  knowledge  of  nature, 
not  only  in  its  physical  but  also  in  its  metaphysical  aspect, 
and  even  of  God.”  A Latin  translation  was  published  in 
Europe  by  the  English  Orientalist  Edward  Pococke  under 
the  title  “ Philosophus  Autodidactus  ” (1671).  It  was  trans- 
lated into  English  by  S.  Ockley  (1711),  and  into  German 
by  J.  G.  P.  (Prilius),  1726. 

Autolycus  (a-tol'i-kus).  [Gr.  ’KvtoIvko^.']  Born 
at  Pitane,  in  Hlolis : lived  about  350  B.  c.  A 
Greek  astronomer,  author  of  treatises  “On  the 
Motion  of  the  Sphere”  and  “On  Fixed  Stars.” 
Autolycus.  In  Greek  legend,  a son  of  Hermes 
(or  Dtedalion)  and  Chione,  and  father  of  Anti- 
cleia,  the  mother  of  Odysseus.  He  was  a famous 
thief,  and  possessed  the  power  of  making  himself  and  the 
things  that  he  stole  invisible,  or  of  giving  them  new  forms. 
Autolycus.  In  Shakspere’s  “Winter’s  Tale,” 
a witty  thieving  peddler,  a “snapper  up  of  un- 
considered trifles.”  He  indulges  in  grotesque 
self-raillery  and  droll  soliloquizing  on  his  own 
sins. 

Automedon  (a-tom'e-don).  [Gr.  Avro/ieduv.} 
In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Diores,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  the  comrade  and  charioteer 
of  Achilles.  In  another  account,  he  had  an  indepen- 
dent command  of  ten  ships  in  the  Trojan  war.  Vergil 
makes  him  the  companion  in  arms  of  Pyrrhus,  son  of 
Achilles. 

Autran  (d-tron'),  Joseph  Antoine.  Born  at 
Marseilles,  June,  1813:  died  there,  March  6, 
1877.  A French  poet,  author  of  “La  Fille 
d’Eschyle,”  a tragedy  which  gained  him  a seat 
in  the  Academy. 

Autriche  (6-tresh').  The  French  name  of 
Austria. 

Autricum  (a'tri-kum).  The  Roman  name  of 
a town  of  the  Celtic  Carnutes:  the  modern 
Chartres. 

Autronia  gens  (a-tro'ni-a  jenz).  In  ancient 
Rome,  a clan  or  house  whose  only  known 
family  name  is  Pajtus.  The  first  member  of  this 
gens  who  obtained  the  consulate  was  P.  Autronius  Peetus, 
65  B.  C. 

Autun  (o-tun').  A city  in  the  department  of 
Sadne-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Ar- 
roux  42  miles  southwest  of  Dijon:  the  ancient 
Augustodunum  (whence  the  name),  it  contains 
many  Roman  antiquities,  the  medieval  Cathedral  of  St. 
Lazare,  theological  seminaries,  and  collections,  and  has 
varied  manufactures  and  some  trade.  The  Roman  town, 
which  was  the  seat  of  a noted  school  of  rhetoric,  was  de- 
stroyed by  Tetricus  in  270,  and  rebuilt  by  Constantius 
Chlorus  and  Constantine  : later  it  was  sacked  by  northern 
invaders,  Saracens,  Normans,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  in 
great  part  early  Romanesque,  with  fine  western  pyramid- 
capped  towers  flanking  a beautiful  porch  of  two  bays,  in 
which  opens  the  round-arched  portal,  with  an  impressive 
bast  Judgment  in  its  tympanum.  The  ornamental  details 
of  the  interior  are  largely  copied  from  the  local  Roman 
remains.  There  is  a lofty  15th-century  spire  at  the  cross- 


99 

ing ; its  great  stone  pyramid  is  hollow  from  base  to  apex. 
Among  the  Roman  remains  are  the  Porte  d'Arroux,  a 
Roman  gateway  of  fine  masonry,  with  two  large  arches 
Hanked  by  small  ones,  and  surmounted  by  an  arcade  of 
high,  narrow  arches  between  Corinthian  pilasters ; the 
Porte  St.  Andrti,  a Roman  gateway  of  similar  character  to 
the  Porte  d’Arroux,  but  more  massive,  with  two  large  and 
two  small  arches  below,  and  an  upper  arcade  of  ten  arches 
displaying  Ionic  pilasters;  and  the  temple  of  Janus,  so 
called,  a massive  square  Roman  tower,  in  reality  a defen- 
sive outwork  of  the  ancient  fortifications.  It  has  two 
tiers  of  openings.  Population,  commune,  15,479. 

But  the  special  glory  of  which  Autun  was  specially  to 
boast  itself,  the  possession  of  the  Flavian  name,  has  ut- 
terly passed  away ; but  for  the  witness  of  Eumenius  itself, 
the  world  might  have  wholly  forgotten  that  Autun  had 
ever  borne  it.  Autun  has  been  for  ages  as  little  used  to 
the  name  Flavia  as  Trier  has  been  used  to  the  name  of 
Augusta.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  4th  ser.,  p.  97. 

Autunois  (o-tii-nwa/).  A former  division  of 
Burgundy,  corresponding  in  general  to  the  mod- 
ern department  of  Saone-et-Loire  and  part  of 
Cote-d’Or. 

Auvergne  (o-varny').  [From  Arverni .]  An 
ancient  government  of  France.  It  was  bounded 
by  Bourbonnais  on  the  north,  Lyonnais  on  the  east,  Lan- 
guedoc on  the  southeast,  Guienne  on  the  southwest,  and 
Limousin  and  Marche  on  the  west ; corresponding  to  the 
departments  of  Puy-de-Ddme  and  Cantal,  and  part  of 
Haute-Loire.  Capital,  Clermont.  It  was  a county  and 
then  a duchy,  and  was  finally  united  to  the  French  crown 
in  1532. 

Auvergne,  Countess  of.  A minor  character  in 
Shakspere’s  “Henry  VI.,” part  1. 

Auvergne,  Mountains  of.  A branch  of  the 
Oevennes  Mountains,  situated  chiefly  in  the  de- 
partments of  Cantal  and  Puy-de-Dome,  France. 
They  are  volcanic  ip  structure.  The  chief  peaks  are  Puy- 
de-Sancy  (6,185  feet  high),  Plomb  du  Cantal,  and  Puy-de- 
Ddme. 

Auverney  (5-ver-ne'),  Victor  d’.  A pseudo- 
nym used  by  Victor  Hugo  about  1829. 

Aux  Cayes.  See  Cages. 

Auxentius  (aks-en'shius).  Died  374.  An  Arlan 
bishop  of  Milan  355-374,  who  was  condemned  by 
the  synod  held  at  Rome  370,  although  he  en- 
joyed the  favor  of  the  imperial  court.  He  sus- 
tained himself  iu  his  see  till  his  death. 

Auxerre  (o-sar').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Yonne 
in  lat.  47°  48'  N.,  long.  3°  32' E.:  the  Roman 
Autissiodurum  (whence  the  name),  a town  of 
the  Senones;  later  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Auxerrois.  It  is  noted  for  its  wines,  and  has  varied 
manufactures.  The  cathedral  of  Auxerre  is  a beautiful 
13th-century  building  with  some  later  modifications. 
The  transepts  have  magnificent  portals  and  great  traceried 
windows.  The  piers  of  the  portals  of  the  fasade  are  cov- 
ered with  panels  bearing  reliefs  of  Old  Testament  sub- 
jects, and  the  interior  is  beautifully  proportioned  and  or- 
namented. It  possesses  splendid  medieval  glass.  The 
length  is  330  feet,  the  height  of  vaulting  92  feet.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  20,931. 

Auxerrois  (o-sar-wa').  An  ancient  county  of 
France,  capital  Auxerre,  formerly  part  of  the 
duchy  of  Burgundy.  It  was  incorporated  in 
France  under  Louis  XI. 

Auxois  (o-swa/).  A medieval  eountsliip  in 
Burgundy,  corresponding  to  the  arrondissement 
of  Avallon  in  the  department  of  Yonne  and  the 
arrondissement  of  S4mur  in  the  department  of 
Cote-d’Or. 

Auxonne  (o-son').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Cote-d’Or,  France,  on  the  Saone  20  miles 
southeast  of  Dijon,  strongly  fortified  by  Vau- 
bau.  Population,  commune,  6,307. 

Auxonnois  (o-son-wii').  A former  small  district 
of  France,  whose  capital  was  Auxonne. 

Auzout  (o-zo'),  Adrien.  Died  1691.  A French 
mathematician,  astronomer,  and  maker  of  tel- 
escopes, inventor  of  the  filar  micrometer. 

Auzoux,  Theodore  Louis.  Born  at  Saint  A.u- 
bin  d’Escroville  in  1797  : died  at  Paris,  May  7, 
1880.  AFrench  physician,  inventor  of  a method 
of  making  paste  models  of  anatomical  prepara- 
tions. 

Ava  (a/  va).  The  former  capital  of  Burma,  sit- 
uated on  the  Irawadi  in  lat.  21°  52'  N.,  long. 
96°  1'  E. : now  largely  in  ruins. 

Avallenau,  The.  [Poem  ‘of  the  apple-trees.’ 
See  quotation  under  Avalon .]  A poem  ascribed 
to  the  ancient  Merlin.  “The  poem  ia  considered  by 
Mr.  Stephens  to  be  founded  on  a tradition  of  seven  score 
chiefs  who  were  changed  to  sprites  in  the  Wood  of  Celyd- 
don,  to  have  been  written  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign 
of  Owain  Gwynedd,  and  to  contain  distinct  historical  allu- 
sion to  affairs  of  the  years  1165-1170.  It  includes  also  a 
notion  of  the  return  of  Cadwallader,  which  was  one  of  the 
inventions  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  set  afloat  by  the 
wide  popularity  of  his  fictitious  history.  Apple-trees  were 
chosen  by  the  poet  because,  after  Geoffrey's  history  ap- 
peared, Fairy  land  was  known  among  the  bards  as  Ynys 
yr  Avallon,  the  Island  of  the  Apple-trees,  which  English 
romancists,  not  knowing  the  meaning  of  Avallon,  or  not 
being  so  much  impressed  as  the  Welsh  by  the  beauty 
of  a blossoming  apple-orchard,  called  ‘ the  woody  isle  of 
Avalon.’”  Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  III.  256. 


Avedik 

Avallon  (a-val-lon').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  on  the  Cousin  27  miles 
southeast  of  Auxerre  : the  Roman  Aballo.  Gives 
name  to  a red  Burgundy  wine.  Population, 
commune,  5,848. 

Avalokiteshvara  (a  " va  - 16  - ki  - tash ' wa  - ra) . 
[Skt. , ‘ the  Lord  who  looks  down  from  on  high.’] 
One  of  the  two  Bodhisattvas  (see  that  word),  the 
other  being  Manjushri,  who  had  become  objects 
of  worship  among  the  followers  of  the  Great  Ve- 
hicle at  least  as  early  as  400  a.  d.  They  are  not 
mentioned  iu  the  Pitakas,  or  in  the  Lalita  Vistara,  or  in 
the  older  Nepalese  and  Tibetan  books,  and  are  the  inven- 
tion of  Buddhists  seeking  gods  to  replace  those  of  the 
Hindu  Pantheon.  Avalokiteshvara  is  the  personification 
of  power,  the  merciful  protector  of  the  world  and  of  men. 
Somewhat  later  his  power  was  separated  from  his  pro- 
tecting care,  and  the  former  more  specially  personified  as 
the  Bodhisattva  Vajradhara,  ‘the  bearer  of  the  thunder- 
bolt,’or  Vajrapani,  ‘ he  who  has  the  thunderbolt  in  his 
hand,’  both  formerly  epithets  of  Indra.  This  new  being, 
with  the  other  two  Bodhisattvas,  forms  the  earliest  triad 
of  northern  Buddhism,  Vajrapani  being  the  Jupiter  To- 
nans,  Manjushri  the  deified  teacher,  and  Avalokiteshvara 
the  spirit  of  the  Buddhas  present  in  the  church.  These  be- 
ings and  one  or  two  other  less  conspicuous  Bodhisattvas 
had  become  practically  gods,  though  the  original  teach- 
ing of  Gautama  knew  nothing  of  God,  taught  that  Arahats 
were  better  than  gods,  and  acknowledged  no  form  of 
prayer. 

Avalon  (av'a-lon),  or  Avallon,  or  Avelion 

(a-vel'iou),  or  Avilion  (a-vil'ion).  [W.  Ynys 
yr  Afallon,  island  of  apples.]  In  Celtic  my- 
thology, the  Land  of  the  Blessed,  or  Isle  of 
Souls,  an  earthly  paradise  in  the  western  seas. 
The  great  heroes,  such  as  Arthur  and  Ogierle  Dane,  were 
carried  there  at  death,  and  the  fairy  Morgana  or  Morgan 
le  Fay  holds  her  court  there.  It  is  often  called  the  Vale 
of  Avalon  or  Avilion. 

Of  all  the  qualities  of  Tir  Tail  ngire  abundance  of  apples, 
the  only  important  fruit  known  to  the  northern  nations, 
seems  to  have  been  the  only  one  which  conveyed  the  high- 
est notion  of  enjoyment.  Hence  the  soul-kingdom  was 
called  by  the  Welsh  the  island  of  apples,  Ynys  yr  Avallon , 
and  sometimes  Ynysvitrin  or  Ynysgutrin , Glass  Island, 
a name  which  identifies  it  with  the  Teutonic  Glasberg. 
When  these  names  passed  into  other  languages  untrans- 
lated, so  that  their  meaning  became  obscured  or  forgot- 
ten, the  kingdom  of  the, dead  was  localized  at  Glastonbury, 
the  Anglo-Saxon  Glaestinga  burh.  There,  according  to 
legend,  Arthur  lies  buried ; but  another  popular  tradition 
has  it  that  he  was  carried  away  to  the  island  of  Avallon  by 
his  sister  the  fairy  Morgana,  the  Morgue  la  Fae  of  French 
Romance.  ...  In  the  romance  of  Ogier  le  Danois,  when 
Ogier,  who  Morgue  la  Fae  determines  shall  be  her  lover, 
arrives  at  the  palace  of  Avallon,  he  finds  there  besides 
Morgana  her  brother  King  Arthur,  and  her  brother  Aube- 
ron,  the  Oberon  of  fairy  romance,  and  Mallabron,  a sprite 
of  the  sea.  Encyc.  Brit.  (9th  ed.),  V.  325. 

Avalon  Peninsula  (av'a-lon  pe-nin'su-lii). 
The  peninsula  at  the  southeastern  extremity  ’of 
Newfoundland,  on  which  St.  John’s  is  situated, 
connected  with  the  rest  of  the  island  by  a nar- 
row isthmus. 

Avalos,  Ferdinando  Francesco  d’.  See  Pes- 
cara, Marquis  of. 

Avalos,  Gil  Bainirez  de.  See  Davalos. 

Avare,  L’.  [F.,  ‘the  miser.’]  A comedy  by 

Moliere,  produced  in  1668.  The  plot  was  borrowed 
from  the  “ Aulularia”  of  Plautus.  Fielding  founded  his 
il  Miser”  upon  it. 

Avaricum  (a-var'i-kum).  The  RomaD  name  of 
the  chief  city  of  the  Bituriges,  a Gallic  tribe : 
the  modern  Bourges,  capital  of  the  department 
of  Cher. 

Avars  (a'varz).  1.  A people  of  Ural-Altaic 
stock,  allied  to  the  Huns,  who  appeared  on  the 
Danube  about  555  A.  d.,  and  settled  in  Dacia. 
They  aided  Justinian,  and  later  assisted  the  Lombards 
against  the  Gepid®  ; occupied  Pannonia,  and  later  Dalma- 
tia, and  invaded  Germany,  Italy,  and  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula. Their  power  was  broken  by  Charles  the  Great  about 
796,  and  they  disappeared  with  the  establishment  of  the 
Moravians  and  Magyars. 

2.  A people,  probably  allied  to  tbe  Lesghians, 
who  dwell  in  Daghestan. 

Avasaxa  (a-vii-sak'sa).  A mountain  in  Fin- 
land, near  Tornefi,  resorted  to  by  tourists  in 
summer  on  account  of  the  view  obtained  there 
of  tbe  midnight  sun. 

Avatcha  (a-va'cka),  or  Avatchinskaya  (a-va- 
chen'ska-ya).  A volcano  in  Kamtcbatka,  in 
lat.  53°  15'  N.,  long.  158°  50'  E.,  about  8,000 
feet  high. 

Avatcha  Bay.  A bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Kamtcbatka,  on  which  Petropaulovsk  is  situ- 
ated. 

Avebury  (a'ber-i),  or  Abury  (a'ber-i).  A small 
village  in  Wiltshire,  England,  6 miles  wost  of 
Marlborough,  noted  for  its  megalitkic  antiqui- 
ties. Near  by  is  the  barrow  called  Silbury 
Hill. 

Avedik  (av'e-dik).  Lived  about  1700.  A pa- 
triarch of  Armenia  who,  at  the  instance  of  the 
French  ambassador,  was  deposed  by  the  Porte 
and  exiled  to  Chios.  See  the  extract. 


Avedik 

Hammer  mentions  the  banishment  of  the  Armenian  pa- 
triarch to  Chios,  for  opposing  the  influence  of  France,  and 
asserts  that  he  was  kidnapped  by  order  of  the  French  am- 
bassador, and  carried  to  the  isle  of  St.  Marguerite,  near 
Antibes,  where  he  died.  But  it  appeal's  that  this  patri- 
arch, whose  name  was  Avedik,  was  not  in  reality  taken  to 
St.  Marguerite,  but  was  secretly  transported  from  Mar- 
seilles to  the  abbey  of  Mont  St.  Michel,  where  he  was  in- 
trusted to  the  safe  keeping  and  zealous  teaching  of  the 
monks,  in  whose  custody  he  remained  completely  secluded 
from  the  world  for  three  years.  He  was  then  removed  to 
the  Bastille.  The  terror  of  imprisonment  for  life  in  that 
celebrated  place  overcame  hi?  fortitude,  and  he  declared 
himself  a convert  to  Catholicism,  yet  he  was  detained  in 
France  until  his  death.  The  complaints  of  the  sultan 
against  this  outrage  on  the  law  of  nations  caused  the 
French  ambassador  at  Constantinople  to  deny  the  transac- 
tion, and  he  even  attempted  to  persuade  the  Porte  that 
the  Spaniards  were  the  man-stealers  who  had  kidnapped 
the  unfortunate  Avedik.  At  last,  to  avoid  a rupture  with 
Turkey,  Louis  XIV.  formally  announced  that  Avedik  was 
dead,  though  he  was  still  languishing  in  a French  prison. 

Finlay,  Hist.  Greece,  V.  239,  note. 

Aveiro  (a-va'ro).  A district  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  province  of  Beira,  Portugal. 
Population,  303,169. 

Aveiro.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  district  of 
Aveiro,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vouga  35 
miles  south  of  Oporto.  Population,  9,979. 
Aveiro,  Duke  of  (Jose  Mascarenhas).  Born 
1708:  executed  Jan.  13,  1759.  A Portuguese 
nobleman,  condemned  to  death  for  alleged  par- 
ticipation in  the  attempted  murder  of  the  king 
in  1758. 

Ave-Lallemant  (a-va'lal-inon'),  Robert 
Christian  Berthold.  Born  at  Liibeek,  July 
25,  1812 : died  there,  Oct.  10,  1884.  A German 
traveler  in  South  America. 

Aveline  (av-len'),  Le  sieur.  A pseudonym  of 
Voltaire. 

Avellaneda  (a-va-lya-na'THa),  Alonso  Fer- 
nandes de.  The  name  assumed  by  the  writer 
of  a spurious  “second  volume  of  the  Ingenious 
Knight  Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha,”  which  ap- 
peared in  1614  before  the  genuine  “second 
part”  by  Cervantes  was  published.  Its  author- 
ship has  been  assigned  to  Luis  de  Aliaga,  the  king's  con- 
fessor, and  also  to  Juan  Blanco  de  i'az,  a Dominican 
friar.  The  book  contains  vulgar  abuse  of  Cervantes,  and 
is  in  turn  ridiculed  by  him  in  the  later  chapters  of  “ Don 
Quixote.’’ 

Avellaneda  y Arteaga  (a-va-lya-na'THa  e ar- 
ta-a'ga),  Gertrudis  Gomez  de.  Bornin  Puerto 
Principe,  Cuba,  March  23, 1814:  died  in  Madrid, 
Feb.  2, 1873.  A Cuban  authoress.  Most  of  her 
life  was  passed  in  Spain,  where  she  was  twice  married. 
Her  lyrics  are  greatly  admired.  She  wrote  several  sue- 
cessful  dramas.  Of  her  novels  the  best-known  are  “Dos 
Mujeres,”  “Espatolino,”  and  “ El  Mulato  Sab,”  a kind  of 
Cuban  “ Uncle  Tom’s  ( abin.”  Some  of  her  works  are  pub- 
lished over  the  pseudonym  “La  Peregrina.” 
Avellaneda,  Nicolas.  Born  in  Tucuman,  Oct. 
1,  1836:  died  Dee.  26,  1885.  An  Argentine 
statesman,  journalist,  and  author  of  several 
historical  and  economical  works.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  political  economy  in  the  University  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
minister  of  public  instruction  during  the  administration 
of  Sarmiento,  1868-74,  and  succeeded  that  statesman  as 
president  of  Argentina,  1874-80. 

Avellino  (a-vel-le' no),  formerly PrincipatoUl- 
teriore  (prin-che-pa'to  ol-ta-re-o're).  A prov- 
ince in  Campania,  Italy.  Area,  1,172  square 
miles.  Population,  408,377. 

Avellino.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Avel- 
lino, 29  miles  northeast  of  Naples,  celebrated 
for  its  hazel-nuts  and  chestnuts : the  seat  of  a 
bishopric.  It  retains  the  name,  hut  is  not  on  the  exact 
site,  of  the  ancient  Abellinum,  a city  of  the  Hirpini  de- 
stroyed in  the  wars  of  the  Greeks  and  Lombards.  It  has 
several  times  been  damaged  by  earthquakes.  Population, 
commune,  23,760. 

Avellino,  Francesco  Maria.  Born  at  Naples, 
Aug.  14,  1788:  died  Jan.  10,  1850.  An  Italian 
archaeologist  and  numismatist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  in  the  University  of  Naples  in  181ft,  direc- 
tor of  the  Museo  Borbonico  in  1839,  and  was  editor  of 
“ Bollettino  archeologico  Napolitano  ” 1843-48. 
Avenare.  See  Abraham  ben  Heir  ibn  Ezra. 
Avenbrugger.  See  Aucnbrugger. 

Avenches  (a-vonsh'),  G.  Wifflisburg  (vif'lis- 
bora).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Swit- 
zerland, 7 miles  northwest  of  Fribourg:  the 
Roman  Aventicum,  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
Helvetii.  It  has  remains  of  an  amphitheater,  various 
other  Roman  relics  (including  a Corinthian  column),  and 
a castle. 

Avenel  (av'nel),  Mary.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel  “The 
Monastery,”  the  wife  of  Halbert  Glendinning. 
She  reappears  in  “ The  Abbot.” 

Avenel,  Julian.  The  usurper  of  Avenel  Cas- 
tle and  the  uncle  of  Mary  Avenel  in  Scott’s 
novel  “The  Monastery.” 

Avenel,  Knight  of.  See  Glendinning,  Hal- 
bert. 


100 

Avenio  (a-ve'nio).  The  Roman  name  of  a town 
of  the  Cavares,  in  Gallia  Narbonensis : the  mod- 
ern Avignon. 

Aventine  (av'en-tin).  [L.  Hons  Aventinus,  It. 
Monte  Aventino .]  The  farthest  south  of  the 

seven  hills  of  ancient  Rome,  rising  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Tiber,  south  of  the  Palatine. 
Below  it  to  the  northeast  lay  the  Circus  Maximus,  and  to 
the  east  the  thermae  of  Caracalla. 

Aventinus  (av-en-ti'nus)  (originally  Thur- 
mayr,  Johannes).  Born  at  Abensberg,  Ba- 
varia, 1477  (?):  died  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  Jan. 
9,  1534.  A Bavarian  historian,  author  of  “An- 
nalium  Boiorum  libri  VII.,”  etc. 

Averell  (a've-rel),  William  Woods.  Born  at 
Cameron,  Steuben  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  5, 1832: 
died  at  Bath,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  3, 1900.  Au  American 
general  and  inventor.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1855;  distinguished  himself  during  the  Civil  War 
as  a leader  of  cavalry  raids  in  Virginia  1863  ami  1864;  and 
resigned  May  18,  1866,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major-gen- 
eral. Among  his  inventions  are  a process  of  manufac- 
turing cast-steel  directly  from  the  ore,  an  asphalt  pave- 
ment, and  various  electrical  appliances. 

Averno  (a-ver'no),  L.  lacus  Avernus  (a-ver'- 

nus).  [Gr.  ’’Aopvog  Xigvrj,  lit.  ‘the  birdless  lake’: 
it  being  said  that  its  exhalations  killed  the 
birds  flying  over  it.  But  this  is  prob.  a popular 
etym.  due  to  the  accidental  resemblance  of  the 
name  to  the  Gr.  aogvnc,  birdless.]  A small  lake 
in  Campania,  Italy,  9 miles  west  of  Naples, 
anciently  believed  to  be  the  entrance  to  the 
infernal  regions.  Its  circumference  is  nearly 
2 miles,  and  it  is  about  200  feet  deep. 
Averroes  (a-ver'6-ez),  or  Averrhoes  (Abul 
Walid  Mohammed  hen  Ahmed  ibn  Roshd). 
Born  at  Cordova  about  1126  (1120  ?):  died  at 
Morocco,  Dec.  12, 1198.  A distinguished  Spanish- 
Arabian  philosopher,  physician,  and  commen- 
tator on  Aristotle.  He  belonged  to  a noted  family  of 
jurists,  and  himself  held  judicial  positions.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  cover  the  fields  of  medicine,  philoso- 
phy, natural  history,  astronomy,  ethics,  mathematics,  and 
jurisprudence.  Many  of  them  were  translated  into  Latin 
and  Hebrew. 

Avers  (a'vers),or  Averser  Thai  (a'ver-sertal). 
An  alpine  valley  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  west  of  the  Up- 
per Engadine : a tributary  to  the  valley  of  the 
Hinter-Rhein. 

Aversa  (a-ver'sa).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  9 miles  north  of  Naples,  noted 
for  its  white  wine  and  fruits.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Normans,  about  1029,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Atella.  Population,  23,477. 

Averulino,  Antonio.  See  Filarete. 

Averysboro,  or  Averysborough  (a'ver-iz- 

buYo).  A village  in  Harnett  County,  North 
Carolina,  32  miles  south  of  Raleigh.  Here,  March 
16,  1865,  the  Federals  under  Sherman  repulsed  the  Confed- 
erates under  Hardee.  Loss  of  Federals,  554 ; of  Confeder- 
ates, 865. 

Aves  (a'ves).  [‘Bird’  islands.]  A group  of 
small  islands  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  belonging 
to  Venezuela,  southeast  of  Buen  Ayre. 

Avesnes  (a-van').  A town  ill  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  situated  bn  the  Helpe  26  miles 
southeast  of  Valenciennes.  It  was  fortified  by 
Vauban.  Population,  6,013. 

Avesta  (a-ves'tii).  The  Bible  of  Zoroastrianism 
and  the  Parsis.  The  name  comes  from  the  Pahlavi 
avistalc,  which  possibly  mean3  ‘knowledge.’  The  name 
“ Zendavesta”  arose  by  mistake  from  inverting  the  Pah- 
lavi phrase  Avistak  va  Zand,  ‘Avesta  and  Zend,’  or  ‘the 
Law  and  Commentary,’  Zend,  ‘knowledge,  explanation,’ 
referring  to  the  later  version  and  commentary  in  Pahlavi. 
The  present  Avesta  is  but  a remnant  of  a great,  litera- 
ture. It  includes  (1)  the  Yastta,  a collection  of  liturgical 
fragments  and  of  hymns  or  Gathas ; (2)  the  Vispered,  a li- 
turgical collection;  (3)  the  Vendidad,  a collection  of  re- 
ligious laws  ; (4)  the  Yashts,  mythical  fragments  devoted 
to  various  Mazdayasnian  divinities;  and  (5)  different 
prayers  known  under  the  names  Nyayish,  Afringan,  Gah, 
Sirozah,  and  six  various  other  fragments.  The  Yasna, 
‘sacrifice,  worship,’  is  the  chief  liturgical  work.  In  it 
are  inserted  thet.athas,  ‘ hymns,’ verses  from  the  sermons 
of  Zoroaster.  These  are  written  in  an  older  dialect. 
They  form  the  oldest  and  most  sacred  part  of  the  Avesta. 
The  Vispered  contains  invocations  to  “all  the  lords" 
(vispe  ratavo).  The  l'ashts  (from  yasliti,  ‘worship  by 
praise’)  are  twenty-one  hymns  to  the  divinities,  “Yaza- 
tas  or  Izads.”  The  Vendidad,  or  ‘law  against  the  daevas 
or  demons’  (vidaeva  data),  is  a priestly  code  like  the 
Pentateuch,  ’the  present  form  of  the  Avesta  belongs  to 
the  Sassanian  period.  According  to  the  record  of  Khusro 
Anoshirvan  (A.  D.  531-579),  King  Valkhash,  one  of  the  last 
of  the  Arsacidas,  ordered  a search  for  all  surviving  writ- 
ings, and  required  the  priests  to  aid  with  their  oral  tradi- 
tion. The  texts  were  reedited  under  successive  Sassanian 
rulers,  until  under  Shapur  II.  (A.  ».  309-379)  the  final 
redaction  was  made  by  his  prime  minister  Atur-pat  Ma- 
raspend. 

Avesta  (a-ves'ta).  A mining  town  in  Koppar- 
berg  likt,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Dal-elf  38 
miles  southeast  of  Falun. 

Avestan.  See  Zend. 

Aveyron  (a-va-ron').  A department  of  south- 


Avila 

ern  France,  bounded  by  Cantal  on  the  north, 
Lozere  and  Gard  on  the  east,  Herault  and  Tarn 
on  the  south,  and  Lot,  Tarn-et-Garoune,  and 
Tarn  on  the  west,  formed  from  the  ancient 
Rouergue  (in  Guienue).  Its  capital  is  Rodez.  Area, 
3,385  square  miles.  Population.  377,299. 

Aveyron,  A river  ill  southern  France  which 
joins  the  Tarn  9 miles  northwest  of  Montauban. 
Length,  about  150  miles.  On  it  are  Rodez  and 
Villefranche. 

Avezac  (av-zak'),  Auguste  Genevieve  Valen- 
tin d’.  Born  in  Santo  Domingo,  1777:  died  Feb. 
15, 1851.  An  American  lawyer  and  diplomatist 
of  French  descent.  He  was  chargd  d’affaires  at  The 
Hague  1831  and  1845-49,  and  member  of  the  New  York 
legislature  1841-45  ; author  of  “Reminiscences  of  Edward 
Livingstone.” 

Avezzano  (a-vet-sa'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Aquila,  Italy,  on  the  border  of  Lago 
di  Fucino  (now  nearly  drained)  53  miles  east  of 
Rome.  Population,  commune,  9.442. 

Aviano  (a-ve-a'no).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Udine,  Italy,  46  miles  northeast  of 
Venice. 

Avianus  (a-vi-a'nus),  or  Avianius  (-ni-us), 
Flavius.  A Latin  fabulist,  probably  of  the 
4th  century  A.  D.  He  wrote  forty-two  fables  in  the 
manner  of  zEsop,  in  elegiac  meter.  The  collection  was 
used  as  a school-book,  and  was  augmented,  paraphrased, 
and  imitated. 

Avicebron.  See  Salomon  ibn  Gebirol. 

Avicenna  (av-i-sen'a)  (a  corrupt  form  of  Ibn 
Sina).  Born  at  Afshena,  Bokhara,  Aug.,  980: 
died  at  Liam  adan,  Persia,  1037.  The  most  cele- 
brated Arabian  physician  and  philosopher,  au- 
thor of  commentaries  on  the  works  of  Aristotle, 
and  of  treatises  on  medicine  based  chiefly  on 
Galen:  surnamed  the  “Prince  of  Physicians.” 
His  works,  most  of  which  are  brief,  number  over  100. 
His  writings  upon  Aristotle  were  held  in  great  esteem, 
and  his  “Canon  of  Medicine"  (Canon  Medicine?,  in  Ar. 
Kitab  el-qdnOni  fi-tibbi,  1593;  L.  trans.  by  Gerardus  Cre 
monensis,  1595)  was  long  regarded  in  Europe  as  one  of 
the  highest  authorities  in  medical  science. 

Avicenna  (Ebn  Sina)  was  at  once  the  H ippocrates  and 
the  Aristotle  of  the  Arabians ; and  certainly  the  most  ex- 
traordinary man  that  the  nation  produced.  In  the  course 
of  an  unfortunate  and  stormy  life,  occupied  by  politics 
and  by  pleasures,  he  produced  works  which  were  long 
revered  as  a sort  of  code  of  science.  In  particular  his 
writings  on  medicine,  though  they  contain  little  besides 
a compilation  of  Hippocrates  and  Galen,  took  the  place 
of  both  even  in  the  universities  of  Europe ; and  were 
studied  as  models  at  Paris  and  Montpellier  till  the  end  of 
the  17th  century,  at  which  period  they  fell  into  an  almost 
complete  oblivion.  Whewell,  Ind.  Sciences,  I.  279. 

Avidius  Cassius.  General  under  M.  Aurelius. 

Avienus  (a-vi-e'nus),  Rufus  Festus.  Lived 
probably  about.  370  a.  d.  A Roman  poet.  He 
wrote  “ Descriptioorbisterrae” (based  on  the  ‘‘Periegesis” 
of  Dionysios),  “ Ora  maritima  ’’  (a  description  of  the  west- 
ern and  southern  coasts  of  Europe),  “Aratea  phenom- 
ena” (a  poetical  translation  of  the  “Phenomena"  [Gr. 
i jmtro/rei'o ] of  Aratus),  “ Aratea  prognostics, ” etc. 

Avigliana  (a-vel-ya'na).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  14  miles  west  of 
Turin. 

Avigliano  (a-vel-ya'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Potenza,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bianco 
northwest  of  Potenza.  Population,  12,744. 

Avignon  (a-ven-yon').  [In  E.  formerly  Av in- 
ion;  F.  Avignon,  It.  Avignone,  L.  Avcnio(n-), 
Avennio(n-),  Gr.  Aveviuv.']  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Vaucluse,  France,  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Rhone,  in  lat.  43°  57'  N., 
long.  4°  50'  E. : the  Roman  Avenio : called 
the  “Windy  City”  and  the  “City  of  Bells.” 
It  has  a large  trade  in  madder  and  grain,  and  manufac- 
tures of  silk,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  and 
formerly  of  a university.  It  was  a flourishing  Roman 
town,  and  is  celebiated  as  the  residence  of  the  popes 
1309-76,  to  whom  it  belonged  until  its  annexation  by 
the  French  in  1791.  At  that  time  it  was  the  scene  of 
revolutionary  outbreaks,  and  of  royalist  atrocities  in 
1815.  It  is  associated  with  the  lives  of  Petrarch,  Laura, 
and  Rienzi.  Population,  48,312.  The  cathedral  of 
Avignon  is  in  great  part  of  the  11th  century.  There 
is  an  octagonal  lantern  with  a dome  of  Byzantine  appear- 
ance, and  Pointed  barrel-vaulting.  The  sculptured  tombs 
of  Popes  John  XXII.  and  Benedict  XII.  and  the  papal 
throne  remain  in  the  church,  which  is  much  modernized. 
The  palace  of  the  popes  is  an  enormous  castellated  pile, 
built  during  the  14th  century,  with  battlemented  towers 
150  feet  high  and  walls  rising  to  a height  of  100  feet. 
Much  remains  in  the  interior,  though  now  difficult  of 
access  owing  to  the  use  of  the  palace  as  barracks.  The 
Pope’s  Chapel  and  that  of  the  Inquisition  are  both  fres- 
coed, the  latter  by  Simone  Martini. 

Avila  (a've-la).  A province  of  Spain,  bounded 
by  Valladolid  on  the  north,  Segovia  and  Ma- 
drid on  the  east,  Toledo  and  Cficeres  on  the 
south,  and  Salamanca  on  the  west.  It  is  a part 
of  Old  Castile.  Area,  3,042  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 216,753. 

Avila.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Avila, 
situated  on  the  Adaja  58  miles  northwest  of 
Madrid.  It  has  a cathedral  and  university. 


Avila 

The  cathedral  is  of  early-Pointed  work,  in  part  castellated 
for  defense.  The  effect  of  both  exterior  and  interior 
is  plain  and  somewhat  heavy  : the  good  tracery  of  win- 
dows and  cloister  is  much  blocked  up  to  exclude  the 
light  in  the  prevailing  Spanish  fashion.  There  are  some 
beautiful  sculptured  tombs,  and  remarkable  carved 
choir-stalls.  The  town  walls  are  medieval.  The  circuit 
is  practically  complete.  With  its  gates,  very  numerous 
semicircular  towers,  and  its  crowning  of  pointed  battle- 
ments, it  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  of  existing 
examples  of  the  kind.  Population,  13,010. 

Avila  (a've-la),  Alonzo  de  (often  written  Alon- 
zo Davila).  Bom  about  1485:  died  after  1537. 
A Spanish  soldier  and  adventurer  in  America. 
He  went  to  America,  where  his  name  first  appears  as 
commander  of  one  of  Grijalva's  ships  in  the  expedition 
of  1518  to  the  Mexican  coast.  In  1519  he  joined  Cortes, 
was  one  of  his  most  trusted  captains,  marched  with  him 
to  Mexico  and  against  Narvaez,  and  in  1521  was  his  agent 
to  the  Audience  of  Santo  Domingo,  where  he  obtained  im- 
portant concessions.  In  June,  1522,  he  was  sent  to  Spain 
with  treasure  and  despatches  : near  the  Azores  his  ships 
were  captured  by  French  corsairs,  and  the  treasure  was 
lost.  Avila  managed  to  have  his  despatches  sent  to  Spain, 
but  was  himself  kept  a prisonerfor  several  years.  Finally 
ransomed,  he  returned  to  Spain,  was  appointed  contador 
of  Yucatan,  and  set  out  for  that  region  as  second  in  com- 
mand of  the  expedition  of  Montejo  (1527).  Arrived  there, 
he  was  appointed  to  lead  an  expedition  to  a region  on 
the  west  coast,  in  search  of  gold.  He  provoked  conflicts 
with  the  Indians,  was  unable  to  return,  and,  after  terrible 
sufferings,  made  his  way  to  Trujillo  in  Honduras.  In 
1537  he  was  engaged  in  another  unsuccessful  expedition 
to  Yucatan. 

Avila,  Gil  Gonzalez  de.  See  Gonzalez  Davila. 
Avila,  Juan  de.  Born  at  Almodovar  del  Campo, 
Spain,  1500:  died  May  10, 1569.  A Spanish  pulpit 
orator  who  preached  forty  years  in  Andalusia, 
whence  his  surname  “Apostle  of  Andalusia.” 
(Chief  work:  “Epistolario  espiritual ” (1578). 
Avila,  Pedro  Arias  de,  generally  called  Pe- 
drarias  (pa-dra're-as).  Born  at  Arias,  Segovia, 
Spain,  1442:  died' at  Leon,  Nicaragua,  March 
6,  1531.  A Spanish  soldier  and  administrator. 
After  serving  with  distinction  in  the  Moorish  wars  of  Spain 
and  Africa,  he  was  sent  (1514)  with  a large  fleet  and  over 
1,500  men  to  Darien  as  governor  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  super- 
seding Balboa,  whom  he  imprisoned  and  tried  on  various 
charges.  A reconciliation  was  effected,  but  later  (1517) 
Balboa  was  accused  (probably  falsely)  of  planning  a re- 
bellion, tried,  and  executed  in  the  governor's  presence. 
Pedrarias's  government  was  marked  by  rapacity  and 
cruelty.  In  1519  he  founded  Panama  and  made  it  his 
capital.  He  aided,  or  at  all  events  encouraged,  the  enter- 
prise of  Pizarro  and  Almagro  in  search  of  Peru ; but  on 
the  failure  of  the  first  expedition  relinquished  his  share, 
forcing  the  partners  to  pay  him  an  indemnity.  In  con- 
sequence of  numerous  complaints,  Pedrarias  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  governorship  of  Nicaragua  in  1526. 

Avila  y Zuniga  (a've-la  e tho'nye-ga),  Luis 
de.  Born  at  Placencia,  Spain,  about  1490: 
died  after  1550.  A Spanish  historian.  He 
wrote  “Comentarios  do  lev  guerri  de  Alemana, 
hecha  por  Carlo::  V.,  1540-47”  (1547). 

Aviles  (a-ve-las').  A seaport  in  tho  province 
of  Oviedo,  Spain,  in  lat.  43°  38'  N.,  long.  5° 
56'  W.  Population,  12,763. 

Avilas  (a-ve-las'),  Pedro  Menendez  de.  See 
Menender:  d~  Avilas. 

Aviles  y d^l  Fierro  (a-ve-las'  e del  fe-er'ro), 
Gabriel,  Marquis  of  Aviles.  Bom  about  1745 : 
died  at  Valparaiso,  Chile,  1810.  A Spanish  sol- 
dier and  administrator.  He  was  colonel  and  after- 
ward general  in  the  Spanish  army  in  Peru  ; took  part  in 
suppressing  the  rebellion  of  Tupac  Amaru  (1780-81) ; 
commanded  the  forces  against  Diego  Tupac  Amaru  (1783); 
and  was  one  of  the  judges  who  condemned  the  rebels 
to  torture  and  death.  He  was  successively  president  of 
Chile  (1795  to  1799),  viceroy  of  Buenos  Ayres  (1799  to  1801), 
and  viceroy  of  Peru  (1801  to  1806),  attaining  the  military 
grade  of  lieutenant-general.  He  died  while  on  his  way 
from  Peru  to  Spain. 

Avilion.  See  Avalon. 

Avisa  (a-vi'sa).  A volume  of  short  poems  by 
Henry  Willobie  or  Willoughby,  it  was  first  printed 
in  1594,  and  prefixed  to  the  second  edition  in  1596  are  some 
verses  which  allude  to  Shakspere's  “Rape  of  Bucrece.” 
The  poems  exemplify  the  character  of  a chaste  woman  re- 
sisting all  the  temptations  to  which  her  life  exposes  her. 

The  singular  book  known  as  Willoughby’s  Avisa.  which, 
as  having  a supposed  bearing  on  Shakespere,  and  as  con- 
taining much  of  that  personal  puzzlement  which  rejoices 
critics,  has  had  much  attention  of  late  years,  is  not  strictly 
a collection  of  sonnets ; its  poems  being  longer  and  of 
differing  stanzas. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Bit.,  p.  111. 
Avisio  (a^ve'se-o).  An  alpine  valley  in  south- 
ern Tyrol,  east  of  the  Adige,  and  east  and  south 
of  Botzen.  It  is  subdivided  into  the  Cembra, 
Fiemme,  and  Fassa.  Length,  60  miles. 
Avisio.  A small  river  of  Tyrol  which  joins  the 
Adige  north  of  Trent. 

Avison  (av'i-son),  Charles.  Born  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  1710  (?) : died  there,  May  9,  1770. 
An  English  composer  and  writer  on  music.  He 
is  best  known  from  his  “ Essay  on  Musical  Expression  ” 
(1762),  in  which  he  placed  German  music  below  that  of  the 
French  and  Italians. 

Avitus  (a-vi'tus),  Marcus  Mascilius.  Died  at 
Auvergne,  456  A.  D.  Emperor  of  the  West  455- 


101 

456.  As  master  of  the  armies  in  Gaul  he  distinguished 
himself  against  the  Huns  and  Vandals.  He  obtained  the 
purple  Aug.  16,  455,  by  the  aid  of  Theodoric  II.,  king  of 
the  West  Goths,  but  was  deposed  by  Ricimer  after  a reign 
of  fourteen  months. 

Avitus,  Alcimus  Ecdicius  or  Ecdidius,  Saint. 
Died  523  (525  ?).  Archbishop  of  Vienne  490-523, 
probably  a nephew  (grandson  according  to 
Wetzer  and  Welte)  of  the  emperor  Avitus.  He 
was  the  chief  spokesman  of  the  orthodox  in  a religious 
disputation  with  the  Arians  499 ; converted  Sigismund, 
king  of  Burgundy,  from  Arianism  ; and  presided  at  the 
Council  of  Epaone  (Epaune)  in  517.  His  works  include 
letters,  homilies,  and  poems. 

Aviz  (a-vez').  A small  town  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo,  Portugal,  situated  on  a tributary  of 
the  Zatas  75  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon. 

Aviz,  Order  of  St.  Benedict  of.  A Portu- 
guese order  of  knighthood,  originating  in  a mil- 
itary order  founded  by  Alfonso  I.,  1143-1147,  to 
suppress  the  Moors.  It  received  the  papal  confirma- 
tion in  1162  as  a religious  order  under  the  rules  of  St. 
Benedict.  Aviz  became  the  seat  of  the  order  in  1187.  In 
1789  it  was  transformed  into  an  honorary  order  for  the  re- 
ward of  military  merit. 

Avize  (a-vez').  A small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Marne,  France,  20  miles  south  of 
Rheims.  It  is  a depot  for  champagne. 

Avlona  (av-16'na),  It.  Valona  (va-16'na).  A 
seaport  in  Albania,  Turkey,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Avlona,  Adriatic  Sea,  in  lat.  40°  28'  N., 
long.  19°  30'  E.:  the  ancient  Aulon  (Gr.  Av/mv). 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Avoca  (a-vo'ka),  or  Ovoca  (o-vo'ka),  Vale  of. 
A valley  in  County  Wicklow,  Ireland,  about 
12  miles  southwest  of  Wicklow,  traversed  by 
the  river  Avoca  (formed  by  the  Avonmore 
and  Avonbeg) : celebrated  for  its  picturesque 
beauty. 

Avogadro  (a-vo-ga'dro),  Count  Amedeo.  Born 
at  Turin,  Aug.  9, 1776 : died  there,  July  9,  1856. 
A noted  Italian  chemist  and  physicist,  profes- 
sor at  the  University  of  Turin.  He  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  law  (named  for  him)  that  equal  volumes  of 
gas  or  vapor  at  the  same  temperature  and  pressure  con- 
tain the  same  number  of  molecules. 

Avola  (a'vo-la).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  12  miles  southwest  of  Syra- 
cuse. Population,  commune,  16,264. 

Avon  (a' von),  or  East  Avon.  [A  common 
river-name,  in  other  British  forms  Aven,  Evan, 
Anne,  Anne,  Auney,  Inney,  etc.;  from  W.  afon, 
Manx  am,  Gael,  abhuinn,  water,  cognate  with 
AS.  ea,  Goth,  ahwa,  L.  aqua,  water,  L.  amnis, 
river.  Cf.  Aa.]  A river  in  Wilts  and  Hants, 
England,  which  flows  into  the  English  Channel 
at  Christchurch  near  the  mouth  of  the  Stour. 
It  passes  Salisbury.  Length,  about  65  miles. 
Avon,  or  Lower  Avon,  or  Bristol  Avon.  A 
river  in  Wilts  and  Somerset,  England,  and  on 
the  boundary  between  Somerset  and  Glouces- 
ter, flowing  into  Bristol  Channel  7 miles  north- 
west of  Bristol.  On  it  are  Bath  and  Bristol.  Length, 
about  80  miles  : navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Bristol. 

Avon,  or  Upper  Avon.  A river  which  rises 
near  Naseby,  Northampton,  England,  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Northampton 
and  Leicester,  traverses  Warwickshire,  flows 
in  Worcestershire,  and  joins  tho  Severn  at 
Tewkesbury  in  Gloucestershire,  it  passes  Rugby, 
Warwick,  Stratford,  and  Evesham.  Length,  nearly  100 
miles. 

Avondale  (av'on-dal).  A suburb  of  Cincin- 
nati, in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio. 

Avonmouth  (a'von-mouth).  A small  seaport 
in  Gloucestershire,  England,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Avon  northwest  of  Bristol. 

Avont  (a'vont),  Pieter  van  den.  Born  at 
Mechlin,  1600:  died  at  Deurne,  near  Antwerp, 
Nov.  1, 1652.  A Dutch  historical  and  landscape 
painter,  master  of  Antwerp  Gild  1622-23. 

Avranches  (av-rohsh')  A townin  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  situated  near  the 
S6e  30  miles  east  of  St.  Malo:  the  ancient  In- 
ge na,  later  Abrincatss,  a town  of  the  Abrincatui, 
a Gallic  tribe.  It  was  formerly  a bishop's  seat  and  a 
fortress,  and  had  a noted  Bchool  under  Lanfrane.  The 
revolt  of  the  Nu-Pieds  (which  see)  broke  out  here  1639. 
Population,  commune,  7,360. 

Avranchin  (av-roh-shah').  An  ancient  divi- 
sion of  Normandy,  France,  forming  part  of  the 
modern  department  of  Manche. 

Awadsi  (a-wad'ze),  or  Awaji  (a-wa'je).  An 
island  of  Japan,  lying  between  the  main  island 
and  Sikoku. 

Awe  (a),  Loch.  A lake  in  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land, 8 miles  west  of  Inverary,  bordered  by  Ben 
Cruachan  on  the  north.  Its  outlet  is  by  the 
Awe  into  Loch  Etive.  Its  length  is  about  23 
miles. 

Awo-Sima  (a'wo-se'mh).  A small  island  south 


Ayas 

of  Tokio,  Japan,  formerly  a Japanese  penal 
settlement. 

As  (aks),  or  Acqs  (aks).  A small  town  in  the 
department  of  Allege,  France,  on  the  Arihge 
at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  21  miles  southeast 
of  Foix:  celebrated  for  its  hot  sulphur  baths. 
It  was  a Roman  town. 

Axayacatl  (a-tcha-ya-ka'tl),  or  Axayacatzin 
(a-tcha-ya-katz-en ' ) . [Literally,  ‘ Face-in-the- 
Water.’]  A war-chief  of  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico 
from  1464  until  his  death  in  1477.  Axayacatl 
was  quite  unlucky  in  his  military  undertak- 
ings, being  disastrously  defeated  in  Michoacan 
and  by  the  tribe  of  Huexotzinco.  According 
to  some  accounts  he  was  the  father  of  Monte- 
zuma II. 

Axel.  See  Absalon. 

Axenberg  (aks'en-bere).  A mountain  in  the 
canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  near  the  eastern 
shore  of  Urner  Bay,  Lake  Lucerne,  18  miles 
southeast  of  Lucerne.  At  the  foot  is  “TelFs 
Chapel.” 

Axenstrasse  (aks'en-stra/se).  A noted  road 
leading  along  the  eastern  side  of  Urner  Bay,  in 
Switzerland,  from  Brunnen  to  Fliielen. 
Axholme,  or  Axholm  (aks'olm).  An  island 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land, formed  by  the  rivers  Trent,  Don,  and 
Idle.  Its  marshes  were  reclaimed  by  Flemings 
in  the  17th  century. 

Axim  (a-sheng'  or  aks'im).  A British  station 
on  the  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa,  in  lat.  4°  52' 
N„  long.  2°  15'  W. 

Axius  (aks'i-us).  [Gr.  ’'A^ior. ] The  ancient 
name  of  the  Vardar. 

Axminster  (aks'min-ster).  [AS.  Ax  an  mynster, 
Acsan  mynster,  minster  of  the  Axe  (river).] 
A town  in  Devonshire,  England,  24  miles  east 
of  Exeter,  famous  formerly  for  its  carpet-man- 
ufactures. Population,  2,906. 

Axum  (ak-som').  An  ancient  town  of  Tigr4, 
Abyssinia,  in  lat.  14°  8'  N.,  long.  38°  45'  E., 
noted  for  its  antiquities.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  Abyssinia,  and  a religious  center. 
Axumite  Kingdom  (aks'um-it  king'dum).  An 
ancient  name  of  the  Ethiopian  kingdom. 

Ay,  or  Al  (a'e  or  I).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Marne, France,  situated  on  the  Marne  18  miles 
northwest  of  Chalons-sur-Marne : noted  for  its 
wines.  Population,  commune,  7,391. 
Ayacucho  (I-a-ko'cho).  [Quichua,  ‘corner  of 
death’:  so  called  from  an  Indian  battle  which 
took  place  there  in  the  14th  century.]  A small 
plain  in  the  valley  of  the  Venda-Mayu  stream- 
let, near  the  village  of  Quinua,  about  midway 
between  Lima  and  Cuzco,  Peru,  it  was  the  scene 
of  the  most  memorable  battle  in  the  history  of  South 
America,  in  which  a veteran  force  of  9,000  Spaniards,  under 
the  viceroy  La  Serna,  was  defeated  by  5,780  patriots  under 
General  Sucre,  Dec.  9,  1824.  The  battle  lasted  about  an 
hour:  the  viceroy  himself  was  taken  prisoner,  his  army 
was  completely  routed  and  forced  to  capitulate,  and  the  in- 
dependence of  Spanish  South  America  was  finally  secured. 
Ayacucho.  A department  of  Peru:  corresponds 
to  the  colonial  intendeneiaof  Guamanga.  Area, 
18,185  square  miles.  Population,  302,470. 
Ayacucho.  A city  of  Peru,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  same  name,  situated  in  a val- 
ley 7,900  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  the  ancient 
Guamanga  founded  by  Pizarro  in  1539;  the  name  was 
changed  in  honor  of  the  battle  of  Ayacucho.  The  city  is 
the  seat  of  a bishopric  and  has  a university.  Population, 
14,346. 

Ayala  (a-ya'la),  Adelardo  Lopez  de.  Bom 

March,  1829:  died  Dec.  30,  1879.  A Spanish 
dramatist  and  politician,  president  of  the 
chamber  under  Alfonso  XH.  Among  his  dramas 
are  “El  tan  to  por  ciento  ” (1861),  “El  nuevo  Don  Juan" 
(1863),  “Consuelo”(1878),  etc. 

Ayala,  Pedro  Lopez  de.  Born  in  Murcia, 
Spain,  1332 : died  1407.  A Spanish  poet,  prose- 
writer,  and  statesman.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Najera  (1367)  and  carried  to  England.  On 
his  return  he  was  made  grand  chancellor  to  Henry  II. 
He  was  again  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Aljubarrota. 
“He  was  in  some  respects  the  first  Spaniard  of  his  age.” 
(TioJcnor.)  His  principal  works  are  a history  “ Crdnicas 
de  los  reyes  de  Castillas,  etc.,”  and  a poem  “El  Rimado 
de  palacio.” 

Ayamonte  (a-ya-mon'ta).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Huelva,  Spain,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Guadiana  in  lat.  37°  13'  N.,  long.  7°  26' 
W.  Population,  7,530. 

Ayan  (a-yan').  A small  seaport  in  the  mari- 
time province  of  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Sea  of 
Okhotsk  about  250  miles  south  vvest  of  Okhotsk, 
in  lat.  56°  17'  N.,  long.  138°  10'  E. 

Ayas,  or  Ayass  (a'yas).  A small  seaport  in  the 
vilayet  of  Adana,  Asiatic  Turkey,  30  miles  south- 
east of  Adana : the  ancient  gEgai  (Gr.  AlyAi). 


Ayasaluk 

Ayasaluk,  or  Ayasalouk  (a-ya-sa-lok').  A vil- 
lage which  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Ephesus,  Asia  Minor. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt,  The.  [‘The  again-biting  of 
the  inner  wit/  or  ‘the  remorse  of  conscience.’] 
A translation  into  the  Kentish  dialect  in  1340, 
by  Dan  Michel  of  Northgate,  Kent,  a brother 
of  the  Cloister  of  St.  Austin  at  Canterbury,  from 
the  French  of  Frere  Lorens  (called  in  Latin 
Laurentius  Gallus),  of  a treatise  composed  by 
the  latter  in  1279  for  the  use  of  Philip  III.  of 
France,  called  “ Le  Somme  des  Vices  et  des 
Vertus.”  There  are  other  versions  both  prose  and 
metrical.  It  is  thought  that  Chaucer’s  “Parson’s  Tale’’ 
was  partly  taken  from  the  French  treatise,  and  that  he  was 
not  ignorant  of  Dan  Michel  s version.  Morris. 

Avesha  (a'ye-sha).  Born  at  Medina,  Arabia, 
about  611:  died  about  678.  The  daughter  of 
Abu-Bekr,  and  the  favorite  wife  of  Mohammed. 
She  was  married  to  the  prophet  when  only  nine  years  old, 
and  survived  him  by  forty-six  years,  dying  at  the  age  of 
sixty-seven.  Her  father,  who  derived  his  name  (Abu-Bekr, 
‘father  of  the  virgin  ) from  her,  became  the  first  calif 
(successor  of  Mohammed),  and  she  herself  was  greatly  re- 
vered by  the  Moslems,  being  called  “ the  mother  of  the 
believers’’  ( Ummu-l-Mu ' miniri),  and  exercised  a consid- 
erable influence  on  the  politics  of  Mohammedanism  after 
the  prophet’s  death. 

Ayhuttisaht.  See  Eliatisakt. 

Aylesbury  (alz'ber-i).  A town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, England,  38  miles  northwest  of  London, 
noted  for  its  laces  and  manufactures  of  straw. 
Population,  9,243. 

Aylssford  (alz'ford).  A town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Medway  27  miles  south- 
east of  London.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Sedley.  There 
are  British  antiquities  in  the  neighborhood.  Here  the 
Jutes  under  Horsa  defeated  the  Britons  in  455  A.  D. 
Ayliffe  (a'lif),  John.  Born  at  Pember,  Hamp- 
shire, 1676:  died  Nov.  5,  1732.  An  English 
jurist.  He  wrote  “The  Ancient  and  the  Present  State 
of  the  University  of  Oxford  ” (1714),  “Parergon  Juris  Ca- 
nonici  Anglicani ; or  a Commentary  by  way  of  Supplement 
to  the  Canons  and  Constitutions  of  the  Church  of  England” 
(1726),  “ New  Pandect  of  Roman  Civil  Law  ” (1734),  etc. 
He  was  a graduate  of  Oxford  (New  College),  and  was  ex- 
pelled and  deprived  of  his  degrees  in  1711  for  slandering 
the  university. 

Ayllon,  or  Ailldn  (ll-yon'),  Lucas  Vasquez 
de.  Bom  about  1475:  died  in  Virginia,  Oct. 
18,  1526.  A Spanish  lawyer,  judge  of  the  Audi- 
ence of  Santo  Domingo  from  1509.  In  1519  he  was 
sent  by  the  Audience  to  Cuba  to  prevent  Velasquez,  gov- 
ernor of  that  island,  from  interfering  with  the  expedition 
of  Cortes  in  Mexico,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In  1520  he  re- 
ceived a license  to  explore  the  coast  of  Florida,  and  sent 
a caravel  there  under  Gordilla.  Satisfied  by  his  reports, 
Ayllon  went  to  Spain,  received  a royal  cedula  to  explore 
and  settle  800  leagues  of  coast,  and  after  sending  a pre- 
liminary expedition  under  Pedro  de  Quexos  (1525)  he  sailed 
from  Hispaniola  in  June,  1526,  with  three  ships  and  people 
for  a colony.  After  running  along  the  coast  he  fixed  his 
settlement,  called  San  Miguel,  at  the  point  where  the 
English  afterward  founded  Jamestown,  Virginia.  There 
he  died  of  a fever,  and  quarrels  in  the  colony  led  to  its 
abandonment. 

Aylmer(al'-  or  el'mer),  John. Born  atTivetshall 
St.  Mary,  Norfolk,  England,  1521:  died  at  Ful- 
ham, near  London,  June  3,  1594.  An  English 
prelate,  made  bishop  of  London  March,  1577. 
He  was  installed  archdeacon  of  Stow  in  June,  1553,  but 
on  account  of  his  heretical  opinions  was  obliged  to  take 
refuge  at  Strasburg  and  Zurich  until  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth.  He  was  an  opponent  of  Puritanism,  and  was 
bitterly  attacked  in  the  Martin  Marprelate  tracts.  His 
administration  of  his  office  made  him  exceedingly  unpop- 
ular. He  is  supposed  to  be  the  “Morrell"  (“the  proude  and 
ambitious  pastour’’)of  Spenser’s  “Shepherd’s  Calendar.” 

Aylmer,  Lake.  A lake  in  British  America, 
northeast  of  Great  Slave  Lake. 

Aymaras  (i-ma-raz').  [Originally  applied  to  a 
small  branch  of  the  Quichuas,  but  by  mistake 
transferred  to  this  tribe.]  A race  of  Indians, 
anciently  and  properly  called  Collas,  who,  iu 
the  earliest  recorded  times,  occupied  the  region 
about  Lake  Titicaca  and  the  neighboring  val- 
leys of  the  Andes.  They  had  attained  a considera- 
ble degree  of  civilization  before  they  were  subdued  by  the 
Incas  in  the  13th  and  I4th  centuries.  They  dwelt  in  stone 
huts,  had  flocks  of  llamas,  and  practised  agriculture. 
Their  most  formidable  arms  were  slings  and  bolas  or 
weighted  lassos.  Their  language  is  related  to  the  Quiehua, 
and  it  has  been  supposed  that  this  was  the  original  stock 
from  which  the  Quichuas  and  Incas  were  derived.  The 
Aymaras  are  still  very  numerous,  forming  three  fourths  of 
the  population  of  Bolivia,  with  a few  in  southern  Peru. 
They  speak  their  own  language  and  cherish  their  ancient 
traditions,  but  are  nominally  Catholics. 

Aymar-Vernay  (a-mar'var-na/),  Jacques. 
Born  1662 : died  after  1692.  A French  peasant, 
famous  as  a successful  impostor  in  divination. 
Aymer  (a'mer),  or  /Ethelmaer,  de  Valence, 
or  de  Lusignan.  Died  1260.  A younger  son 
of  Isabella,  widow  of  King  John  of  England, 
and  Hugh,  count  of  La  Marche,  her  second 
husband:  elected  bishop  of  Winchester  Nov., 
1250. 

Aymer  de  Valence.  Died  1324.  The  third  son 


102 

of  William  of  Valence,  half-brother  of  Henry 
III.  He  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Pembroke  in  1296 ; 
led,  as  “ Guardian  of  Scotland,’’  the  van  in  the  attack  on 
Robert  Bruce  in  1306 ; defeated  the  Scots  at  Methven ; 
and  was  defeated  by  Bruce  at  Loudon  Hill  (1307).  Under 
Edward  II.  he  was  one  of  the  chief  opponents  of  the  fa- 
vorite Gaveston ; but  he  joined  the  king's  party  when 
Gaveston,  after  his  capture  in  Scarborough  Castle,  was 
put  to  death,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Pembroke 
had  promised  him  his  life. 

Aymer,  Prior.  In  Scott’s  “ Ivanhoe,”  the  prior 
of  Jorvaulx  Abbey,  a fat  and  cautious  voluptu- 
ary who  is  captured  by  Locksley. 

Aymestrey,  or  Aymestry  (am'stri).  A small 
place  in  Herefordshire,  England,  northwest  of 
Leominster,  noted  for  its  limestone. 

Aymon,  or  Aimon  (a/mon),  or  Haymon  (ha,'- 
mon).  A partly  imaginary  character  who  ap- 
pears in  the  old  French  romances,  a prince  of 
Ardennes,  of  Saxon  origin,  who  took  the  ti- 
tle of  Duke  of  Dordogne.  He  was  the  father  of 
Renaud  (Rinaldo),  Guiscard  (Guicciardo),  Alard  (Alardo), 
and  Richard  (Richardetto),  the  “four  sons  of  Aymon  ” 
whose  adventures  were  written  in  a chanson  de  geste  of 
the  13th  century  (first  printed  in  1493),  supposed  to  be  by 
Huon  de  Villeneuve,  under  the  title  of  “Les  Quatre  Fils 
d’Aymon”  (which  see).  The  brothers  appear  in  Tasso’s 
“Jerusalem  Delivered,"  Pulci’s  “Morgante  Maggiore,” 
Boiardo’s  “Orlando  Innamorato,”  Ariosto’s  “Orlando 
Furioso,”  and  other  French  and  Italian  romances. 

Ay  ora  (a-yo'ra).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Valencia,  Spain,  50  miles  southwest  of 
Valencia.  Population,  4,980. 

Ayotla  (a-yot'la),  or  Ayutla  (a-yotTii),  Plan 
of.  The  announcement  of  principles  made  by 
Mexican  revolutionists  at  Ayotla  in  southern 
Mexico,  March  1,  1854  ; hence,  the  name  given 
to  the  revolution  which  resulted  in  the  down- 
fall of  Santa  Anna  in  1855. 

Ayr  (ar).  A seaport  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ayr  in  the  Firth 
of  Clyde,  in  lat.  55°  27'  N.,  long.  4°  37'  W. 
Ayr  and  its  vicinity  are  noted  from  their  con- 
nection with  Burns.  Population,  28,624. 

Ayr.  A river  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  which  flows 
into  the  Firth  of  Clyde  at  Ayr.  Length,  33 
miles. 

Ayr,  or  Ayrshire  (ar'sher).  A county  of  Scot- 
land, lying  between  Renfrew  on  the  north, 
Lanark  and  Dumfries  ou  the  east,  Kirkcud- 
bright and  Wigtown  on  the  south,  aud  the  Firth 
of  Clyde  on  the  west.  It  is  divided  into  Carrick, 
Kyle,  and  Cunninghame  ; is  hilly  and  mountainous  in  the 
south  and  east;  and  has  flourishing  agriculture  and  manu- 
factures of  iron,  cotton,  and  wool.  Area,  1,132  square 
miles.  Population  (civil  couuty),  254,436. 

Ayrer  (i'rer),  Jakob.  Died  at  Nuremberg, 
March  26,  1605.  A German  dramatic  poet.  His 
“Opus  Theatricum”  was  published  iu  1618. 
Ayres  (arz),  Romeyn  Beck.  Born  at  East 
Creek,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  20,  1825 : died  at  Fort  Hamil- 
ton, N.  Y.,  Dec.  4, 1888.  An  officer  in  the  Mexi- 
can an  d Civil  wars.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point 
in  1847  ; remained  in  garrison  at  Fort  Preble  during  the 
Mexican  war ; took  part  in  the  battles  of  Gettysburg,  the 
Wilderness,  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  Five  Forks,  and 
the  battle  on  the  Weldon  Railroad;  and  obtained  the  brevet 
rank  of  major-general  U.  S.  Army  March  13, 1865.  He  was 
promoted  colonel  in  the  regular  army  Jan.  18,  1879. 

Ayres  de  Cazal  (i'rez  de  ka-zal'),  Manuel. 
Born  in  1754:  died  at  Lisbon  about  1823.  A 
Portuguese  historian.  He  took  orders,  and  about  1780 
went  to  Brazil  where  he  was  a prior  of  Crato  in  Goyaz ; 
subsequently  he  lived  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  returning  to  Por- 
tugal in  1821.  He  wrote  the  “Corografia  Brasilica”  (Rio 
de  Janeiro,  1817  and  1845),  a work  on  the  geography  and 
history  of  Brazil,  of  great  merit. 

Ayrshire  Bard  or  Plowman,  The.  Robert 
Burns. 

Ayrton  (ar'ton),  William  Edward.  Born  in 
London,  1847 : died  there,  Nov.  8,  1908.  An 
English  electrician  and  inventor,  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  and  telegraphy  at  the  Im- 
perial College  of  Engineering,  Tokio,  Japan, 
1872-79.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  applied  physics 
at  the  City  and  Gilds  of  London  Technical  College,  Finsbury, 
in  1879,  and  chief  professor  of  physics  at  the  Central  Insti- 
tution, South  Kensington,  of  the  City  and  Gilds  of  London 
Institute  in  1884.  With  Professor  Perry  he  constructed 
ammeters,  voltmeters,  etc.,  and  with  Professor  F.  Jenkin 
and  Professor  Perry  devised  the  system  of  automatic  elec- 
tric transport  called  “telpherage.”  His  works  include 
“ On  the  Economical  Use  of  Gas-engines  for  the  Production 
of  Electricity"  (1882),  “ Electricity  as  a Motive  Power” 
(1879),  “Practical  Electricity"  (1887),  and,  with  Professor 
J.  Perry,  “Contact  Theory  of  Voltaic  Action"  (1880),  etc. 
Ays  (Iz),  or  Hais  (hlz).  An  extinct  Indian  tribe 
of  eastern  and  southeastern  Texas.  They  were  met 
with,  in  the  first  half  of  the  16th  century,  in  what  is  now 
the  eastern  part  of  Indian  Territory. 

Ayscue  (as'kii),  Sir  George.  Died  about 
1672.  An  English  admiral,  distinguished  in  the 
wars  against  the  Dutch.  Of  his  early  life  nothing 
is  known.  In  1646  he  was  a captain  in  the  English 
fleet,  and  was  one  of  those  who  adhered  to  the  Par- 
liament. In  1649  he  was  engaged  on  the  Irish  coast  as 
admiral,  and  in  1651  was  sent  by  Cromwell  to  America, 


Azazel 

in  command  of  a squadron : he  reduced  Barbadoes  and 
other  islands  which  had  remained  faithful  to  the  royalists, 
visited  the  coast  of  Virginia,  and  returned  to  England  in 
1652.  On  July  3,  1652,  he  had  a fight  with  a large  Dutch 
fleet  in  the  Downs,  and  on  Aug.  16  he  encountered  De  Ruy- 
ter’s  fleet  off  Plymouth,  both  sides  claiming  the  victory. 
From  1658  until  the  Restoration  he  was  in  Sweden,  and 
on  his  return  was  made  commissioner  of  the  navy.  He 
subsequently  served  against  the  Dutch,  was  captured  in 
the  engagement  off  the  north  Foreland,  June,  1666,  and 
only  released  when  peace  was  declared,  Oct.,  1667. 

Ayton  (a'ton),  or  Aytoun,  Sir  Robert.  Born 
at  the  castle  of  Kinaldie,  near  St.  Andrew’s, 
Scotland,  1570 : died  at  London,  Feb.,  1638.  A 
Scottish  lyric  poet. 

Aytoun  (a'ton), William  Edmonstoune.  Born 

at  Edinburgh,  June  21,  1813:  died  near  Elgin, 
Scotland,  Aug.  4,  1865.  A Scottish  lawyer, 
poet,  and  man  of  letters.  He  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  “Blackwood’s  Magazine,”  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
belles-lettres  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  sheriff 
of  Orkney.  He  married  (April,  1849)  Jane  Emily  Wilson, 
a daughter  of  John  Wilson  (Christopher  North).  His  chief 
works  are  “Lays  of  the  Cavaliers”  (1848),  “Firmilian” 
(1854),  “Bothwell”  (1856),  “Ballads  of  Scotland”  (1858). 
He  was  associated  with  Theodore  Martin  in  the  produc- 
tion of  the  “Bon  Gaultier  Ballads”  aud  the  “Poems  aud 
Ballads  of  Goethe.” 

Ayub,  or  Ayoub,  Khan  (a-yob'  khan').  A 
younger  son  of  Shere  Ali,  claimant  to  the  Af- 
ghan throne  after  the  death  of  his  father  (1879). 
He  opposed  the  British  and  Abdurrahman  Khan,  was  gov- 
ernor of  Herat,  and  was  overthrown  by  Abdurrahman 
Khan  in  1881. 

Ayutan.  See  Comanche. 

Ayuthia  (ii-yo'the-a).  The  former  capital  of 
Siam,  situated  on  the  Menam  45  miles  north 
of  Bangkok.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Burmese  in 
1767.  Also  Tuthia,  Juthia. 

Aywaille  (i-vil'le).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Liege,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Ambleve  14 
miles  southeast  of  Liege.  Pop.,  est.,  5,122. 

Azais  (ii-za-es'),  Pierre  Hyacinthe.  Born  at 
Sor&ze,  Tarn,  France,  March  1,  1766:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  22,  1845.  A French  philosopher, 
son  of  Pierre  Hyacinths  Aza'is,  musician  (1743- 
1793).  His  system  of  philosophy  is  explained  in  his 
work  “ Des  compensations  dans  les  destinies  humaines  ” 
(1809).  He  also  wrote  “ SystDme  universel  ” (8  vols.,  1812) ; 
“Manuel  du  philosophe”  (1816);  “ Du  sort  de  l’homme” 
(1820)  ; “ Jugement  impartial  sur  Napoleon”  (1820),  which 
cost  him  his  post  as  inspector  of  the  library  at  Nancy ; 
“ Cours  de  philosophic  generale  ” (1824),  etc. 

Azamgarh.  See  Azimgarh. 

Azangaro,  or  Asangafo  (as-an'ga-ro).  A vil- 
lage of  the  department  of  Puno,  Peru,  in  the 
basin  of  Lake  Titicaca. 

Azani  (a-za'ni),  or  Azanion  (a-za'ni-on),  or 
Aizani.  [Gr.  ’AC.avoi.']  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  of  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  in  lat. 
39°  16'  N.  Its  ruins  are  near  the  modern  Chav- 
dur-Hissar. 

Azanza  (a-than'tha),  Miguel  Jose  de.  Born 

at  Aviz,  Navarre,  1746:  died  at  Bordeaux, 
Frauce,  June  20,  1826.  A Spanish  statesman 
and  soldier.  When  a young  man  he  traveled  exten- 
sively in  Spanish  America.  In  1795  he  was  minister  of 
war.  From  May,  1798,  to  May,  1800,  he  was  viceroy  of  New 
Spain  (Mexico).  He  was  minister  of  finance  under  Ferdi- 
nand VII.,  afterwar  d member  of  the  supreme  junta,  and 
presided  over  the  junta  at  Bayonne  in  favor  of  Joseph 
Bonaparte.  Under  Joseph  he  was  successively  minister 
of  justice,  of  the  Indies,  and  of  ecclesiastical  affairs.  Alter 
the  fall  of  the  Bonapartes  he  lived  in  retirement  at  Bor- 
deaux. Mexicans  call  him  “the  Bonapartist  viceroy.” 

Azara  (a-tha'ra),  Felix  de.  Born  at  Barbu- 
nales,  Aragon,  May  18,  1746:  died  in  Aragon, 
1811.  A Spanish  naturalist  and  traveler, 
brother  of  Don  Jos<5  Nicolo  de  Azara.  He  en- 
tered the  army  and  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
taking  part  in  the  Algiers  expedition,  in  which  he  was 
wounded  (1775).  From  1781  to  1801  he  was  in  Paraguay 
as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  settle  the  boundaries  be- 
tween the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  possessions,  and  he  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  studying  the  geography,  history, 
and  zoology  of  this  region.  The  results  were  published 
in  French,  in  a work  on  the  quadrupeds  of  Paraguay  and 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  in  his  “Voyage  dans  l’Amerique 
meridionale  ” (Paris,  1809,  4 vols.  8vo,  with  atlas). 

Azara,  Jose  Nicolas  de.  Bom  1731:  died  1804. 
A Spanish  diplomatist  and  art  connoisseur, 
brother  of  Felix  de  Azara. 

Azariah.  See  Uzziali. 

Azay-le-Rideau  (a-za'le-re-do').  A small 
town  in  the  department  of  Indre-et-Loire, 
France,  near  Tours.  It  contains  a chateau,  a very 
fine  example  of  the  Renaissance  manor-house  of  the  16th 
century,  with  cylindrical  flanking  towers,  high  roofs,  and 
dormer-windows. 

Azazeel.  See  Asaziel. 

Azazel  (a-za-zel').  A name  which  occurs  in  the 
ritual  of  the  day  of  atonement,  Lev.  xvi.  8, 10-26. 
The  high  priest  had  among  other  ceremonies  to  cast  lots 
upon  two  goats.  One  lot  was  inscribed  “ for  Yahveh  ” 
(Jehovah),  the  other  “ for  Azazel."  The  goat  upon  which 
the  lot  “ for  Yahveh  ” fell  was  offered  as  a sacrifice,  while 
on  the  goat  upon  which  the  lot  “for  Azazel”  had  fallen 
the  high  priest  laid  his  hands  and  confessed  all  the  sins 
of  the  people.  The  goat  was  then  led  by  a man  into  the 


Azazel 

desert,  “unto  a land  not  inhabited,"  and  was  there  let  loose. 
The  authorized  version  renders  Azazel  on  the  margin  by 
“ scape  goat" ; the  revised  version  has  Azazel  in  the  text 
and  “ or  dismissal  ” on  the  margin.  Various  explanations 
of  the  word  have  been  offered,  such  as,  for  instance,  that  it 
meant  the  goat  sent  away  or  let  loose  (taking  it  as  a com- 
pound of  ez  ozel),  or  the  place  to  which  the  goat  was  sent. 
The  probable  and  plausible  explanation,  adopted  by  nearly 
all  modem  critics,  is  that  which  takes  it  as  the  proper  name 
of  an  evil  spirit  popularly  supposed  to  have  its  dwelling  in 
the  wilderness.  This  view  is  supported  by  the  antithesis  in 
which  Azazel  is  put  to  Yahveh.  The  rite  may  be  considered 
a survival  of  an  older  stage  of  religious  belief,  perhaps 
Egyptian,  Azazel  being  a substitute  for  Typhon,  who  was 
also  conceived  as  living  in  the  desert.  In  Arabic  writers 
(Qazwini,  Erariz,  etc.)  Azazil  is  described  as  one  of  the  jinns 
(genii)  who  for  their  transgression  were  taken  prisoners  by 
the  angels.  Azazil  grew  up  among  them  and  became  their 
chief,  until  he  refused  to  prostrate  himself  before  Adam, 
when  he  became  Iblis  (despair),  the  father  of  the  Shaitans 
(evil  spirits,  Satans).  This  is  reechoed  in  Milton’s  “Para- 
dise Lost,"  where  Azazel  is  represented  as  the  standard- 
bearer  of  the  infernal  hosts,  cast  out  from  heaven  and  be; 
coming  the  embodiment  of  despair.  The  identification 
of  Azazel  with  Satan  is  also  met  in  some  of  the  church 
fathers.  The  etymology  of  the  name  is  obscure. 
Azaziel  (a-za'zi-el).  1.  In  Faust’s  “Miracu- 
lous Art  and  Book  of  Marvels,  or  The  Black 
Raven,”  the  name  of  one  of  the  chief  princes 
of  the  infernal  kingdom,  of  which  Lucifer  is 
the  king. — 2.  A seraph  in  Byron’s  “Heaven 
and  Earth.”  He  loves  Anah,  a mortal,  whom 
he  carries  away  from  earth. 

Azcaputzalco  (az-ka-pot-zal'ko),  or  Azcapo- 
zalco,  or Atzcapozalco.  [Nahuatl,  from  ezcatl, 
the  ant.]  A village  of  Mexico  about  5 miles 
northwest  of  the  capital,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  horse-cars.  It  was  an  old  Aztec  town, 
founded  by  the  Tecpaneos  on  the  western  side  of  the  lake 
of  Tezcuco  in  1168.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  it  was  the 
great  market  of  Mexico,  where  there  was  a regular  sale  of 
produce  and  slaves.  Cortds  and  his  army  took  refuge  there 
after  the  flight  of  the  noche  triste.  It  was  the  scene  of  a 
battle  between  the  Spanish  forces  and  those  of  Iturbide, 
Aug.  19,  1821 : both  sides  claimed  the  victory. 

Azeglio  (ad-zal'yo),  Marchese  d’  (Massimo 
Taparelli).  Bom  at  Turin,  Oct.  24, 1798 : died 
at  Turin,  Jan.  15, 1866.  An  Italian  statesman 
and  author.  He  served  in  the  Italian  revolution  of 
1848 ; was  premier  of  Sardinia  1849-62  ; and  was  Sardinian 
envoy  to  Romagna  in  1859.  He  wrote  the  novels  “ Ettore 
Fieramosca  " (1833),  “Nicolb  de’  Lapi  ” (1841),  “Degli  ul- 
timi  casi  di  Romagna,”  and  an  autobiography  (1867). 
Azemilcrius  (a-ze-mil'kus).  [‘Mighty  king’ (?).] 
King  of  Tyre  and  Phenicia.  During  his  reign 
Tyre,  after  a long  siege,  was  conquered  by 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Azerbaijan  (az-er-bi-jan'),  or  Aderbaijan. 
A province  of  northwestern  Persia,  lying  be- 
tween Russia  on  the  north,  Turkey  on  the 
west,  and  Irak-Ajemi  on  the  southeast:  sur- 
face mountainous.  It  corresponds  in  general  to  the 
ancient  Media  Atropatene.  The  chief  city  is  Tabriz. 
Area  (estimated),  30,000  to  40,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 1,000,000. 

Azevedo  Coutinlio  (a-za-va'doko-te'nyo),  Jose 
Joaquim  da  Cnn'ha.  Bom  at  Campos,  Sept.  8, 
1742:  died  in  Portugal,  Sept.  12,  1821.  A Por- 
tuguese-Brazilian  prelate,  in  1794  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Pernambuco,  and  in  1818  inquisitor-general  of 
Portugal  and  Brazil,  the  last  who  held  this  office.  He 
was  a noted  defender  of  the  interests  of  Brazil  in  Portu- 
gal, and  was  the  author  of  several  historical  and  economi- 
cal works  relating  to  that  country. 

Azevedo  y Zuniga,  Gaspar  de.  See  ZCMga  y 

Azevedo. 


103 

Azhi  Dahaka  (a/zhi  da-ha/ka).  [‘Destroying 
serpent.’]  Originally,  the  cloud-serpent  of  Ar- 
yan mythology,  the  destroying  serpent  of  the 
Avesta;  later,  in  the  heroic  myths  of  the  Bani- 
ans, an  old  king  of  Iran.  In  Firdausi,  as  Dahak, 
Dahhak,  or  Tohhak,  he  is  the  son  of  an  Arab  chief  Mir- 
das  and  dwells  in  Mesopotamia.  He  makes  a league 
with  Ahriman,  who  prompts  him  to  compass  the  death 
of  his  own  father  and  succeed  him.  Ahriman  feeds  Da- 
hak with  flesh,  though  man  had  before  lived  on  fruits. 
In  return  he  wishes  to  kiss  Dahak  upon  the  shoulders, 
whence  there  grow  in  consequence  two  serpents.  Each 
day  two  men  are  killed  that  the  serpents  maybe  fed  with 
their  brains.  Attacking  Iran,  Dahak  puts  Jem  to  flight, 
slays  him  in  China,  and  seizes  the  kingdom,  which  he 
holds  during  a thousand  years  of  oppression  and  misrule. 
Overthrown  by  Kave  and"  Feridun,  he  was  chained  by  the 
latter  in  Mount  Demavend,  whence  it  is  believed  that  he 
will  at  the  end  of  time  escape  to  spread  destruction  and 
be  slain  by  Xeresaspa. 

Azibaal  ( a-ze-ba'al).  [‘  My  strength  is  the  god 
Ba'al’  (?).]  King  of  Aradus  (Arvad),  Pheni- 
cia, appointed  by  Asurbanipal,  the  Assyrian 
king  (668-626  B.  C.). 

Azim  (a/zim).  A lover  of  Zelicainthe  “Veiled 
Prophet.”  He  kills  her  by  mistake  for  the 
latter. 

Azimech.  (az'i-mek).  [Ar.  as-simak : mean- 
ing uncertain.]  A name  applied  both  to  a Vir- 
ginis  (Spica)  and  to  Arcturus,  but  rarely  to  the 
latter. 

Azimgarh,  or  Azamgarli  (a-zhn-,  a-zam-gur'). 
A district  in  Gorakhpur  division,  United  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  N., 
long.  83°  E.  Area,  2,207  square  miles. 
Azimgarh.  The  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
Azimgarh,  situated  on  the  Tons  55  miles  north- 
east of  Benares.  Population,  18,835. 
Azincourt.  See  Agincowt. 

Azo  (iid'zo),  or  Azzo  (ad'zo),  Porcius.  Died 
1230  (1200  ?).  An  eminent  Bolognese  jurist,  au- 
thor of  “Surama  codicis,”  and  “Apparatus  ad 
codicem.”  He  was  a pupil  of  John  Bassianus,  and 
taught  at  the  University  of  Bologna. 

Azoff,  or  Azof.  See  Azov. 

Azor  (a'  zor).  The  name  of  the  Beast  in  Mar- 
montel’s  “ Beauty  and  the  Beast.” 

Azores  (a-zorz'),  or  Western  Islands.  [Pg. 
Azores,  F.  Azores,  G.  Azoren : so  called  from 
the  hawks  (agores)  found  there.]  A group  of 
islands  situated  in  the  Atlantic  800  miles  west 
of  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°-40°  N.,  long.  25°-31°  10' 
W.  They  belong  to  Portugal,  and  form  the  province 
Azores,  capital  Angra,  with  three  districts — Angra,  Ilorta, 
aud  Ponta  Delgada.  There  are  nine  islands : Sao  Miguel, 
Santa  Maria,  Terceira,  Sao  Jorge,  Pico,  Fayal,  Graziosa, 
Flores,  aud  Corvo.  The  surface  is  volcanic  and  moun- 
tainous, and  the  soil  fertile,  producing  oranges,  wine,  etc. 
The  islands  are  a noted  health-resort-  They  were  occu- 
pied by  Portugal  in  1432,  and  colonized  by  Portuguese  and 
Flemings  in  the  16th  century.  Area,  922  square  miles. 
Population,  about  256,300. 

Azotus  (a-zo'tus).  [Gr.  ’ACwrof.]  See  Aslidod. 
Azov,  or  Azof,  or  Azoff  (a'zof).  A town  in 
the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Don  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  47°  10' 
N.,  long.  39°  25'  E.  It  was  taken  from  the  Turks  by 
Peter  the  Great  in  1696,  and  annexed  to  Russia  in  1774. 
Population,  about  27,000. 

Azov,  or  Azof,  or  Azoff,  Sea  of.  A sea  south  of 
Russia,  communicating  with  the  Black  Sea  by 


Azuni 

the  Strait  of  Yenikale:  the  ancient  Palus  Maeo- 
tis.  Its  largest  arm  is  the  Gulf  of  Taganrog,  and  its 
chief  tributary  the  Don.  It  is  very  shallow.  Length,  220 
miles.  Width,  about  80  miles.  Area,  14,000  square  miles. 

Azpeitia  (ath-pay'te-a).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  on  the  Urola  15  miles 
southwest  of  San  Sebastian.  Population, 
6,066. 

Azrael  (az'ra-el).  In  Jewish  and  Mohamme- 
dan angelology,  the  angel  who  separates  the 
soul  from  the  body  at  the  moment  of  death,  for 
which  he  watches. 

Aztec  Calendar  Stone.  See  Stone  of  the  Sun. 

Aztecas  (az'tek-az).  [Said  to  he  derived  from 
Nahuatl  aztlan,  place  of  the  heron;  but  with 
equal  probability  from  the  name  of  a clan  (the 
‘ Heron’  clan)  which  left  its  name  to  the  place.] 
A surname  of  the  Mexican  branch  of  Nahuatl 
Indians  of  central  Mexico.  The  name  “Aztecs” 
has  been  much  misused,  every  sedentary  tribe  having 
been  conceived  to  be  descendants  of  the  people  so  named. 
In  fact,  they  were  a band  of  Indians  who  had  gradually 
drifted  into  the  valley  of  Mexico, from  the  north  (probably), 
and  who,  harassed  by  tribes  of  their  own  linguistic  stock 
which  had  preceded  them  in  the  occupation  of  the  shores 
of  the  lagoon  of  Mexico,  finally  fled  to  some  islands  in  the 
midst  of  its  waters  for  security.  Improving  upon  this  al- 
ready secure  position,  they  held  their  own,  and  in  the  end 
turned  upon  their  neighbors.  From  these  petty  tribal 
wars  resulted,  in  the  course  of  the  15th  century,  the  con- 
federacy between  the  Aztecs,  the  Tezcucans,  and  the  Tec- 
panecans,  which  became  at  last  formidable  to  all  the  ab- 
origines of  central  Mexico  up  to  the  year  1519,  when  Cor- 
tbs  put  an  end  to  the  power  of  the  confederates  of  the 
valley  plateau  of  Mexico.  The  word  Azteca  was  only  a 
surname,  not  the  original  designation  of  the  tribe ; and 
the  supposed  connection  of  the  Mexicans  with  the  New 
Mexican  Pueblos  can  only  he  admitted  when  it  is  proved 
that  the  Pueblo  languages  are  of  one  stock,  and  that  that 
stock  is  radically  connected  with  the  Nahuatl  of  central 
Mexico. 

Aztecs.  See  Aztecas. 

Aztlan  (azt-lan').  [Nahuatl,  ‘place  of  the 
Heron.’]  A mythical  site  where  the  Aztecas 
are  said  to  have  dwelt,  or  whence  they  are  rep- 
resented as  having  started  on  their  journey  to 
the  southward.  Its  location  is  not  yet  de- 
fined. 

Azuaga  (a-tho-a'ga).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  Spain,  57  miles  northeast  of  Seville. 
Population,  14,192. 

Azuay  (a-tho-L),  or  Assuay  (as-so-i').  A 
province  in  southern  Ecuador.  Capital,  Cuenca. 
Area,  3,875  square  miles.  Population,  about 
132,400. 

Azucena  (ad-zo-cha'na).  Acharacter  inVerdi’s 
“II  Trovatore,”  the  old  gipsy  who  stole  Man- 
rico. 

Azulai  (a-zo-li'),  Hayim  David.  Born  in  Jeru- 
salem: lived  and  died  in  Leghorn,  Italy.  A 
Jewish  scholar  of  the  18th  century.  He  wrote 
numerous  works,  the  most  celebrated  being  his  bibliog- 
raphy, “Shem-ha-Ged61im”  (“  The  Names  of  the  Great”), 
which  enumerates  more  than  1,300  Jewish  authors,  and 
over  2,200  of  their  works. 

Azuni  (ad-zo'ne),  Domenico  Alberto.  Born 
at  Sassari,  Sardinia,  Aug.  3,  1749:  died  at 
Cagliari,  Sardinia,  Jan.  23,  1827.  An  Italian 
jurist  and  legal  and  historical  writer.  He  pub- 
lished “ Sistema  universale  dei  principj  d^l  diritto  marit- 
timo  dell’  Europa"  (1795),  “Dizionario  della  giurispru- 
denza  mercantile”  (1786-88),  “Histone  de  Sardaigne1' 
(1802),  etc. 


aader  (ba'der),  Franz 
Xaver  von.  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, March  27, 1765:  died 
at  Munich,  May  23,  1841. 
A German  scholar,  ap- 
pointed honorary  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  and 
speculative  theology  at 
the  University  of  Munich 
in  1826:  chiefly  known 
from  his  philosophical  writings.  He  devoted  him- 
self at  first  to  the  study  of  medicine  and  the  natural  sci- 
ences, held  the  position  of  superintendent  of  mines  in 
Munich  (1797),  and  published  various  scientific  and  tech- 
nical works.  His  philosophy  was  conceived  under  Roman 
Catholic  influences,  and  was  theosophieal  in  character. 
His  philosophical  works  have  been  collected,  under  the 
editorship  of  Frauz  Hoffman,  in  10  volumes  (1850-60). 
Baal  (ba'al).  [Phen.  and  Heb.  ba'al,  lord, 
master.]  The  supreme  god  of  the  Canaanites. 
The  Assyro- Babylonian  form  of  the  name  is  Belu,  Bel.  He 
was  conceived  as  the  productive  power  of  generation  and 
fertility,  his  female  counterpart  Ashtoretli  (Astarte,  Ish- 
tar)  being  the  receptive.  His  statue  was  placed  on  a 
bull,  the  symbol  of  generative  power,  and  he  was  repre- 
sented with  bunches  of  grapes  and  pomegranates  in  his 
hands.  He  was  also  worshiped  as  the  sun-god,  and  was 
represented  with  a crown  of  rays.  Offerings  made  to  him 
were  incense,  bulls,  and  on  certain  occasions  human  sac- 
rifices, especially  children  (Jer.  xix.  5).  The  favorite  places 
of  his  altars  were  heights  and  roofs  of  houses  (Jer.  xxxii. 
29).  His  cult,  like  that  of  Ashtoreth,  was  attended  by 
wild  and  licentious  orgies.  The  various  names  and  epi- 
thets of  Baal  occurring  in  the  Old  Testament  and  else- 
where were  derived  from  his  various  aspects  and  the 
localities  in  which  he  was  worshiped.  So  Baal  Zebub  (in 
the  New  Testament  Beelzebub,  ‘lord  of  flies’)  in  Ekron  ; 
Baal  Gad  (‘lord  of  good  luck  ')  in  Baal  Gad  (Josh.  xi.  17, 
xii.  7),  the  modern  Banias  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Hermon; 
Baal  Bear,  from  the  mountain  in  Moab.  His  general 
name  among  the  Moabites  was  Chemosh  (which  see). 
Moloch  (‘  king')  was  his  name  especially  among  the  Am- 
monites. In  Tyre  he  was  worshiped  as  Melcarth  (‘  king  of 
the  city  ’).  identified  by  the  Greeks  with  Hercules.  He  was 
Baal  Berith  (‘  lord  of  the  covenant  ’)  in  the  confederacy 
of  Shechem.  Like  the  Hebrew  Jah  and  El  and  the  Assyro- 
Babylonian  Belu,  Baal  entered  largely  into  the  composition 
of  proper  names.  So,  among  numerous  others,  the  names 
of  the  two  celebrated  Carthaginian  generals  in  the  Punic 
wars,  Hannibal  (‘Baal  is  gracious ')  and  Hasdrubal  (‘Baal 
is  helpful ').  The  worship  of  Baal  was  introduced  into 
Israel  under  Ahab  and  his  wife,  who  was  a Phenician 
princess. 

Baal.  A king  of  Tyre.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  As- 
syrian cuneiform  inscriptions  as  having  been  made  king 
of  Tyre  by  Esarhaddon  (king  of  Assyria  680-668  B.  C.),  but 
rebelled  against  him  and  joined  Tirhakah,  the  Ethiopian 
king  of  Egypt.  On  his  expedition  against  Egypt,  Esar- 
haddon forced  Baal  to  submit  to  the  Assyrian  sovereignty. 
Under  Asurbanipal  (668-626)  Baal  renewed  his  rebellion 
against  Assyria,  but  was  again  obliged  to  submit. 


Baalath  (ba/al-atli).  A town  of  Dan,  situated 
probably  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Bel'ain, 
about  2 miles  north  of  Bet.h-horon. 

Baalbec,  or  Baalbek  (bal'bek),  or  Baalbak 
(bal'bak).  [‘  The  city  of  Baal’  or  of  ‘ the  sun  ’ ; 
Old  Syriac  Ba'aldak : the  modern  Al-Bukaa 
(the  valley).]  An  ancient  city  of  Syria,  sit- 
uated on  the  slope  of  Anti-Libanus  34  miles 
northwest  of  Damascus:  the  Greek  Heliopolis 
(‘city  of  the  sun’),  famous  for  its  ruins,  it  was 
a center  of  the  worship  of  Baal  as  sun-god,  whence  both 
the  original  and  the  Greek  names.  The  city  wasaR-oman 
colony  (Colonia  Julia  Augusta  Felix)  under  Augustus,  and 
was  adorned  (great  temple)  by  Antoninus  Pius.  Its  fall 
began  with  its  capture  by  the  Arabs,  and  it  was  totally 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1759.  The  site  is  famous 
for  the  ruins  of  the  two  great  temples  on  its  acropolis. 
The  older  portions  of  the  acropolis  wall,  made  of  huge 
stones,  are  of  Phenician  or  kindred  origin,  and  date  from 
the  time  when  the  worship  of  Baal  was  still  supreme.  All 
the  structures,  except  the  parts  of  the  wall  mentioned, 
are  late  Roman  in  time,  and  are  very  effective  from  their 
grouping,  their  great  size,  and  the  beauty  of  the  mate- 
rials. Baalbec  has  been  known  to  Europeans  since  the 
16th  century,  and  its  monuments  have  been  studied  and 
drawn  by  many  explorers. 

Baal  Peor  (ba'al  pe'or).  See  Baal. 

Baan  (ban),  or'Baen,  Jan  van  der.  Born  at 
Haarlem,  Feb.  20,  1633:  died  at  Amsterdam, 
1702.  A Dutch  portrait-painter.  His  son  Jacob 
der  Baan  (born  at  The  Hague,  March,  1672: 
died  at  Vienna,  April,  1700)  also  practised  the 


same  art. 


Baanites  (ba'an-its).  The  followers  of  Baanes, 
a Paulician  of  the  8th  and  early  part  of  the 
9th  century. 


Baar  (bar).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Zug, 
Switzerland,  15  miles  northeast  of  Lucerne. 

Baar  (bar),  The.  An  elevated  and  broken  re- 
gion in  southwestern  Wiirtemberg  and  south- 
eastern Baden,  lying  about  the  bead  waters  of 
the  Neckar  and  Danube. 

Bab  (bab),  Lady.  A character  in  the  Rev. 
James  Townley’s  farce-comedy  “High  Life 
Below  Stairs,”  taken  by  Kitty,  the  maid  of 
Lady  Bab,  who  impersonates  her  mistress  and 
is  so  called  by  her  fellow-servants. 

Bab  (bab),  or  Bab-ed-Din  (bab'ed-den').  A 
title  first  assumed  by  Mohammed  Ali  (put  to 
death  in  1850),  founder  about  1843  of  the  Per- 
sian sect  named  Babi,  which  revolted  against 
the  government  in  1848.  See  Babi. 

Bab  Ballads,  The.  A volume  of  amusing  verse 
by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  published  in  London  1868. 
These  poems  appeared  originally  in  “Fun.” 

Baba  (ba'ba),  Ali.  A character  in  the  story  of 
“ The  Forty  Thieves  ” in  “ The  Arabian  Nights’ 
Entertainments,”  who  makes  his  way  into  the 
secret  cave  of  the  forty  thieves  by  the  use  of 
the  magic  words  “open  sesame”  (the  name  of 
a kind  of  grain). 

Baba  (ba'ba),  Cape.  A promontory  at  the 
western  extremity  of  Asia  Minor,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Gulf  of  Adramyttium. 

Baba,  Hajji.  The  principal  personage  in  a 
novel  by  James  Morier,  “The  Adventures  of 
Hajji  Baba  of  Ispahan,”  published  in  1824. 

Baba  Abdalla  (ba'ba  ab-dal'la).  A blind 
man,  in  a story  in  “ The  Arabian  Nights’  En- 
tertainments,” who  becomes  rich  through  the 
kindness  of  a dervish.  His  covetousness  makes  him 
demand  also  a box  of  magic  ointment  which,  when  ap- 
plied to  the  left  eye,  reveals  all  hidden  treasures,  but 
when  used  on  the  right-  produces  total  blindness.  Doubt- 
ing this,  he  applies  it  to  both,  and  loses  sight  and  riches. 

Bababalouk.  The  chief  eunuch  in  Beckford’s 
“Vathek,”  a most  “royal  and  disgusting  per- 
sonage.” The  name  is  not  original  with  him. 

Babadag  (ba-ba-dag').  A town  in  the  Do- 
brud.ja,  Rumania,  in  lat.  44°  55'  N.,  long.  28° 
40'  E.  Population,  3,679. 

Babar.  See  Baber. 

Babbage  (bab'aj),  Charles.  Born  near  Teign- 
mouth,  Devonshire,  Dec.  26,  1792 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  18,  1871.  A noted  English  mathe- 
matician, one  of  the  founders,  secretaries,  and 
vice-presidents  of  the  Astronomical  Society, 
and  professor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge 
(1828-39).  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  inventor  of  a 
calculating  machine  which,  after  many  years  of  toil  and 
a large  expenditure  of  money,  he  failed  to  perfect.  He 
published  a treatise  “On  the  Economy  of  Machinery  and 
Manufactures”  (1st  ed.  1832),  a table  of  logarithms,  and 
many  minor  works. 

Babbitt  (bab'it),  Isaac.  Born  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  July  26, 1799 : died  at  Somerville,  Mass., 
May  26,  1862.  An  American  inventor  and 
manufacturer,  a goldsmith  by  trade,  noted  for 
the  discovery  of  the  anti-friction  metal  (an 
alloy  of  tin  with  copper  and  antimony)  which 
bears  bis  name. 

Babcock  (bab'kok),  Orville  E.  Born  at  Frank- 
lin, Vt.,  Dec.  25,  1835:  died  June  2, 1884.  An 
American  general.  He  served  as  able  de-camp  to 
General  Grant  in  the  Civil  War,  and  when  Grant  became 
President  acted  for  a time  as  his  private  secretary.  He 
was  indicted  in  1876  by  the  grand  jury  of  St.  Louis  for  com- 
plicity in  revenue  frauds,  but  was  acquitted  with  the  aid 
of  a deposition  by  President  Grant.  He  was  promoted 
colonel  July  25,  1866. 

Babcock,  Rufus.  Born  at  North  Colebrook, 
Conn.,  Sept.  18,  1798:  died  at  Salem,  Mass., 
May  4,  1875.  An  American  Baptist  clergyman. 
He  was  graduated  from  Brown  University  1821 ; was  pres- 
ident of  Waterville  College  (Colby  University),  Maine, 
1833-37;  served  as  pastor  of  several  Baptist  congrega- 
tions ; and  was  the  founder  and  editor  of  the  “ Baptist 
Memorial.  ” 

Babek  (ba'bek).  Died  837.  A Persian  rebel  and 
religious  leader,  surnamed  “Khoremi”  (‘the 
sensualist’)  on  account  of  the  libertine  prin- 
ciples which  he  inculcated.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
and  put  to  death  after  having  defied  for  a time  the  entire 
forces  of  the  calif  Motassem. 

104 


Babel  (ba'bel).  Same  as  Babylon  (which  see). 
Bab-el-Mandeb  (bab-el-man'deb).  [Ar.,  ‘gate 
of  tears,’  from  its  dangerousness.]  A strait, 
20  miles  wide,  connecting  the  Red  Sea  with 
the  Indian  Ocean,  and  separating  Arabia  from 
' eastern  Africa.  In  it  is  the  island  of  Perim, 
occupied  by  the  British. 

Bab-el-Mandeb,  Ras  (Cape).  The  southwest- 
ern headland  of  Arabia,  which  projects  into 
the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 

Babenberg  (ba'ben-berG).  A princely  family 
of  Franconia,  prominent  in  the  9th  and  10th 
centuries,  whose  castle  stood  on  the  site  of  the 
modern  Bamberg.  The  Austrian  dynasty  of 
Babenberg,  which  ruled  from  about  976  to  1246, 
was  formerly  supposed  to  have  been  descended 
from  this  Franconian  house. 

Babenhausen  (ba'ben-hou-zen).  A small  town 
in  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Gtinz  22  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Ulm : the  seat  of  a former  imperial 
lordship. 

Babenhausen.  A small  town  in  the  province  of 
Starkenburg.  Hesse,  on  the  Gersprenz  15  miles 
southeast  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

Baber  (ba'ber),  or  Babar  (ba'bar),  or  Babur 
(ba'bor)  (Zehir-Eddin  (or  Zahir  al  din)  Mo- 
hammed). Born  Feb.  4,  1483:  died  Dec.  28, 
1530.  A great-grandson  of  Timur : the  founder 
of  the  so-called  Mogul  empire  in  India.  He  sue- 
ceeded  his  father  in  Ferghana  in  1494,  conquered  Kashgar, 
Kunduz,  Kandahar,  and  Kabul,  and  in  1525  and  1526  India. 
He  wrote  in  the  Tatar  language  memoirs  afterward  trans- 
lated into  Persian  and  from  that  into  various  Western 
languages. 

This  dynasty  is  commonly  known  as  Mogul,  both  in  and 
out  of  India  ; but  Baber  was  for  all  practical  purposes  a 
Turk.  His  memoirs  were  written  in  Turkish ; his  army 
was  chiefly  Turkish ; and  he  always  speaks  of  the  real 
Moguls  with  extreme  dislike.  The  cause  of  the  misnomer 
is  that  the  name  Mogul  is  in  India  loosely  applied  to  all 
strangers  from  the  North,  much  in  the  same  way  as  that 
of  Frank  is,  throughout  the  eastern  world,  to  all  strangers 
from  the  West.  It  is  even  applied  to  the  Persians,  with 
hardly  more  reason  than  the  Persians  themselves  have 
for  calling  the  Ottoman  Turks  Romans. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Saracens,  p.  192. 

Babes  in  the  Wood.  See  Children  in  the  Wood. 
Babeuf  (ba-bef'),  or  Baboeuf,  Frangois  Noel: 
pseudonym  Caius  Gracchus.  Born  at  St. 
Quentin,  France,  1760  (1762?):  died  at  Paris, 
May  28,  1797.  A French  agitator  and  commu- 
nist. He  founded  a journal  called  “La  Tribune  du  Peu- 
ple  ’’  (1794),  in  which  he  advocated  absolute  equality  and 
community  of  property.  In  1796  he  organized  a conspir- 
acy against  the  Directory  for  the  purpose  of  putting  his 
theories  into  practice,  but  was  betrayed,  and  executed, 
together  with  his  principal  accomplice,  Darthd.  His  sys- 
tem of  communism,  known  as  Babouvisme,  is  set  forth  in 
his  principal  works,  “ Cadastre  perpdtuel  “ (1789)  and  “ Du 
systeme  de  population  ” (1794). 

Babi  (bab'e),  or  Babists  (bab'ists).  A Persian 
sect  of  Mohammedans,  so  called  from  bab,  ‘ a 
gate,’  the  name  assumed  by  the  founder  of  the 
sect,  who  claimed  that  no  one  could  come  to 
know  God  except  through  him.  it  was  founded 
about  1843  by  Seyd  Mohammed  Ali,  a native  of  fchiraz.  On 
the  accession  of  the  shah  Kasr-ed-Din  1848,  the  sect  broke 
out  into  revolt,  proclaiming  the  Bab  as  universal  sover- 
eign, and  was  put  down  only  after  several  Persian  armies 
had  been  routed.  The  Bab  was  executed  1850.  An  at- 
tempt on  the  life  of  the  shah  in  1852  by  three  Babists  oc- 
casioned a terrible  persecution,  in  spite  of  which  the  sect 
survives.  The  Babi  form  a pantheistic  offshoot  of  Mo- 
hammedanism, tinctured  with  Gnostic,  Buddhistic,  and 
Jewish  ideas,  inculcate  a high  morality,  discountenance 
polygamy,  forbid  concubinage,  asceticism,  and  mendi- 
cancy, recognize  the  equality  of  the  sexes,  and  encourage 
the  practice  of  charity,  hospitality,  and  abstinence  from 
intoxicants  of  all  kinds. 

Babia-Gura  (ba'bva-go'ra).  A group  of  the 
Carpathians,  near  the  borders  of  Huugary  and 
Galicia,  southwest  of  Cracow. 

Babiega.  The  name  of  the  Cid’s  horse. 
Babinet  (ba-be-na'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Lusi- 
gnan,  France,  March  5, 1794 : died  at  Paris, Oct. 
21,  1872.  A French  physicist,  meteorologist, 
and  astronomer. 

Babington  (bab'ing-ton),  Anthony.  Born 
at  Dethick,  Derbyshire,  Oct.,  1561:  executed 
Sept.  20,  1586.  An  English  Roman  Catholic 
conspirator.  He  was  page  for  a time  to  Mary  Queen 


Babington 

of  Scots  during  her  Imprisonment  at  Sheffield,  and  later 
leader  (under  the  guidance  of  various  Catholic  priests, 
particularly  of  John  Ballard)  of  a conspiracy  for  the  mur- 
der of  Elizabeth,  the  release  of  Mary,  and  a general  rising 
of  the  Catholics. 

Babism  (bab'izm).  The  religion  of  the  Babi 
(which  see). 

Babley,  Richard.  See  Dick,  Mr. 

Babo  (ba'bo),  Josef  Marius  von.  Born  at 
Ehrenbreitstein,  Jan.  14, 1756:  died  at  Munich, 
Feb.  5,  1822.  A German  dramatic  poet.  He  be- 
came professor  of  flno  arts  at  Munich  1778,  and  at  his  death 
was  a theatrical  manager  in  the  same  city.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  historical  tragedy  “Otto  von  Wittelsbach” 
(1781),  etc. 

Babdcsa  (bo'bo-eho).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Siimeg,  Hungary,  situated  near  the  Drave. 

Babceuf.  Seo  Babeuf. 

Baboon  (ba-bon'),  Lewis  and  Philip.  Char- 
acters in  Arbuthnot’s  “History  of  John  Bull,” 
representing,  respectively,  Louis  XIV.  and 
Philip  of  Bourbon,  due  d’ Anjou. 

Babrius  (ba'bri-us),  or  Babrias  (ba'bri-as),  or 
Gabrias  (ga'bri-as).  [Gr.  Ba^piog,  B aflpiag,  or 
Tajlpiat;.]  A Greek  writer  of  the  1st  century 
B.  c.,  who  put  into  choliambic  verse  the  fables 
attributed  to  JEsop. 

Babua  (ba'bwa),  or  A-babua  (a-ba'bwa).  An 
African  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  south  of  the 
Welle  River. 

Ba-Bumantsu  (ba-bo-man'tso).  See  Bushmen. 

Babur.  See  Baber. 

Babuydn  Islands  (ba-bo-yan'  i'landz).  A group 
of  small  islands  in  the  Philippines,  north  of 
Luzon. 

Babylas  (baVi-las),  or  Babyllus  (-lus),  or 
Babila  (-la),  Saint.  Died  250.  Bishop  of  Antioch 
from  about  237  to  250,  in  which  latter  year  he 
suffered  martyrdom.  In  the  Catholic  Church 
his  day  is  Jan.  24;  in  the  Greek  Sept.  4. 

Babylon  (bab'i-lon).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
capital  of  Babylonia,  situated  on  the  Euphra- 
tes in  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  44°  30'  E. ; Babel. 
The  etymology  of  the  name  is,  as  ascertained  by  many 
passages  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions,  bab-ili,  gate  of 
God.  The  explanation  of  Gen.  xi.  9,  ‘confusion,’  from 
the  Hebrew  balal,  is,  as  in  many  other  instances,  based 
on  a popular  etymology.  Its  Persian  name  was  Babirus. 
It  was  situated  in  the  south  on  the  Euphrates,  and  its 
ruins  are  spread  out  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  Babylon 
was  one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Mesopotamia  (compare  Gen. 
x.  10),  and  was  the  undisputed  capital  of  Babylonia  at 
the  time  of  the  Elamite  conquest  (2300  B.  c.),  remaining 
this  till  the  end.  As  capital  of  the  country  it  shared 
in  all  its  vicissitudes,  and  wqs  the  principal  aim  of 
the  Assyrian  invasions.  It  was  first  conquered  by  the 
Assyrian  king  Tukulti-Adar  about  1300  B.  c. ; then  by 
Tiglath-Pileser  L about  1110  B.  c.  Of  Shalmaneser  II. 
(860-824  B.  C.)  and  his  son  and  grandson  it  is  recorded  that 
they  victoriously  entered  Babylon  and  sacrificed  there  to 
the  gods.  It  was  customary  with  the  Assyrian  kings,  in 
order  to  be  recognized  as  fully  legitimate  kings,  to  go 
to  Babylon  and  there  perform  the  mysterious  ceremony 
termed  by  them  “seizing  the  hands  of  Bel."  Sennacherib 
sacked  it  690  B.  c.,  and  completely  razed  it  to  the  ground. 
His  son  and  successor  Esarhaddon  undertook,  eleven 
years  later,  the  restoration  of  the  city.  But  it  was  under 
Nabopolassar,  the  founder  of  the  new  Babylonian  empire, 
625-604  B.  C.,  and  especially  under  his  successor  Nebu- 
chadnezzar, 605-562  B.  c.,  that  it  became  “Babylon  the 
great,”  The  ruins,  now  covering  both  banks  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, are  those  of  the  Babylon  of  these  kings  and  their 
successors,  and  convey  some  idea  of  its  former  magnitude 
and  splendor.  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  took  more  pride  in 
the  buildings  constructed  under  his  auspices  than  in  his 
victorious  campaigns,  concentrated  all  his  care  upon  the 
adorning  and  beautifying  of  his  residence.  To  this  end 
he  completed  the  fortification  of  the  city  begun  by  his 
father  Nabopolassar,  consisting  in  a double  in  closure  of 
mighty  walls,  the  inner  called  Imyur-Bel  (‘Bel  is  gra- 
cious ),  the  outer  Nemitti-Bel  (‘foundation  of  Bel’).  The 
circumference  of  the  latter  is  given  by  Herodotus  (178  ff.) 
as  having  been  about  55  miles  (480  stades),  its  height 
about  340  feet,  and  its  thickness  about  85  feet.  Ctesias 
(in  Diod.  Sicul.  II.  7 ff.)  gives  somewhat  smaller  numbers. 
According  to  both  these  writers  the  wall  was  strengthened 
by  250  towers  and  pierced  by  100  gates  of  brass  (compare 
also  Jer.  1. 15 ; li.  63,  58).  The  city  itself  was  adorned  with 
numerous  temples,  chief  among  them  Esagila  (‘the  high- 
towering  house’),  temple  of  the  city  and  of  the  national 
god  Merodach  (Babylonian  Marduk)  with  his  spouse  Zir- 
panit.  In  the  neighborhood  of  it  was  the  royal  palace, 
the  site  of  which  was  identified  with  the  ruins  of  Al- 
Kasr.  Sloping  toward  the  river  were  the  Hanging  Gar- 
dens, one  of  the  seven  wonders,  the  location  of  which  is  in 
the  northern  mound  of  ruins,  Babil.  The  temple  described 
by  Herodotus  is  that  of  Nebo  in  Borsippa,  not  far  from 
Babylon,  which  Herodotus  included  under  Babylon,  and 
which  also  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  is  called  “Baby- 
lon the  second.”  This  temple,  which  in  the  mound  of 
Birs  Nimrfld  represents  the  most  imposing  ruin  of  Baby- 
lonia, is  termed  in  the  inscriptions  Kzida  (‘  the  eternal 
house1),  an  ancient  sanctuary  of  Nebo  (Assyrian  Nabu), 
and  was  restored  with  great  splendor  by  Nebuchadnezzar. 
It  represents  in  its  construction  a sort  of  pyramid  built  in 
seven  stages,  whence  it  is  sometimes  called  “ temple  of 
the  seven  spheres  of  heaven  and  earth,”  and  it  is  assumed 
that  the  narrative  of  the  "tower  of  Babel”  in  Gen.  xi. 
was  connected  with  this  temple.  Concerning  Babylon 
proper  Herodotus  mentions  that  it  had  wide  streets  lined 
with  houses  of  three  and  four  stories.  In  the  conquest 
of  Cyrus,  538  B.  C.,  the  city  of  Babylon  was  spared. 
Darius  Hystaspes  razed  its  walls  and  towers.  Xerxes 

VI.  5 


105 

(486-466  B.  c.)  despoiled  the  temples  of  their  golden  stat- 
ues and  treasures.  Alexander  the  Great  wished  to  restore 
the  city,  but  was  prevented  by  his  early  death.  The  de- 
cay of  Babylon  was  hastened  by  the  foundation  in  its 
neighborhood  of  Seleucia,  300  B.  0.,  which  was  built  from 
the  ruins  of  Babylon.  The  last  who  calls  himself  in  an 
inscription  “king  of  Babylon,  restorer  of  Esagila  and 
Ezida,”  was  Antiochus  the  Great  (223-187  B.  C.).  In  the 
time  of  Pliny  (23-79  A.  D.)  Babylon  was  a deserted  and 
dismal  place.  In  the  Apocalypse  Babylon  is  used  for  the 
city  of  the  Antichrist.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  VIII. 
Babylon.  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in 
Egypt,  on  the  Nile  opposite  the  Pyramids. 
Babylon.  A town  on  the  south  shore  of  Long 
Island,  in  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  30  miles 
east  of  Brooklyn.  Population,  9,030,  (1910). 
Babylon,  Modern.  A name  frequently  given 
to  London. 

Babylonia  (bab-i-16'ni-a).  See  Babylon. 
Babylonian  Captivity.  1.  The  period  of  the 
exile  of  the  Jews  in  Babylon:  usually  reck- 
oned as  70  years,  though  the  actual  period 
from  the  destruction  of  the  temple  and  Jeru- 
salem to  the  return  was  not  more  than  50  years. 
In  605  B.  c.  Nebuchadnezzar  attacked  Jerusalem  and  car- 
ried off  many  prisoners.  In  597  the  city  was  again  attacked 
and  the  king  Jehoiachin,  his  household  and  10,000  of  the 
flower  of  the  nation,  were  carried  away.  In  586  the  city 
was  captured  after  a siege,  the  city  and  temple  were 
burned,  and  the  inhabitants  massacred.  The  survivors  were 
carried  off  to  Babylonia.  This  was  the  beginning  of  t[ie 
Babylonian  captivity  proper.  In  536, Cyrus,  after  capturing 
Babylon,  granted  the  exiles  permission  to  return  ; and  a 
colony  of  42,300  persons  availed  itself  of  the  privilege. 

2.  That  period  in  the  history  of  the  papacy  in 
the  14th  century  when  the  popes,  exiled  from 
Italy,  lived  at  Avignon  under  French  influences. 
Their  stay  in  France  lasted  about  70  years. 
Babylonica  (bab-i-lon'i-ka).  An  ancient  ro- 
mance in  thirty-nine  books,  by  Iambliehus,  a 
Syrian  rhetorician  of  the  time  of  Trajan,  it  ex- 
isted in  manuscript  until  near  the  end  of  the  17th  century, 
when  it  was  destroyed  by  fire.  An  epitome  of  it  is  given 
by  Photius.  It  narrates  the  adventures  of  two  lovers, 
Rliodanes  and  Sinonis,  in  their  flight  from  King  Garmus 
of  Babylon,  and  their  attempt  to  evade  his  two  eunuchs, 
Damas  and  Saca,  sent  in  pursuit  of  them. 

Baca  (ba'ka),  Valley  of.  [Heb.,‘  valley  of  bal- 
sam-trees’]. A valley  referred  to  in  the  Old 
Testament  (Ps.  lxxxiv.  6),  probably  El-Bakei’a, 
between  Jerusalem  and  Bethlehem. 

Bacairis,  or  Bakairis,  or  Bacahiris  (ba-ka-e- 
rez'),  or  Bacuris  (ba-ko-rez').  An  Indian  tribe 
of  central  Brazil,  living  about  the  head  waters  of 
the  Xingu  and  J ur  uena.  A few  hundred  have  submit- 
ted  to  the  whites  and  serve  as  herdsmen  and  laborers.  They 
have  no  intercourse  with  the  wild  Bacairis,  who  are  much 
more  numerous.  The  latter,  who  were  first  visited  by 
Von  den  Steinen  in  1886,  go  naked,  live  partly  by  agri- 
culture, and  have  permanent  villages.  By  their  language 
they  are  classed  with  the  Carib  stock. 

Bacapa,  Saint  Ludovicus.  [Pima,  from  vatki, 
ruined  building  or  house.]  An  abandoned  mis- 
sion in  southeastern  Arizona,  founded  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  17th  century,  and  often  con- 
founded with  Vacapa  (now  Matape)  in  central 
Sonora. 

Bacau.  See  Bakau. 

Bacbuc  (bak-biik').  The  priestess  of  the  temple 
in  Rabelais’s  “Pantagruel.” 

Baccarat  (bak-ka-ra/).  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  situated 
on  the  Meurthe  15  miles  southeast  of  Lun6- 
ville : celebrated  for  its  glass-works.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  6,996. 

Bacchse  (bak'e),  The.  [Gr.  B duxai,  the  Baccha- 
nals.] A play  of  Euripides,  assigned  to  a late 
period  in  the  life  of  the  dramatist,  it  was  composed 
for  the  court  of  Archelaus,  and  is  founded  on  the  punish- 
ment of  Pentheus,  “who,  with  his  family,  jeers  at  the 
worship  of  Dionysus,  and  endeavors  to  put  it  down  by 
force.  His  mother  Agave,  and  her  sisters,  are  driven 
mad  into  the  mountains,  where  they  celebrate  the  wild 
orgies  of  Bacchus  with  many  attendant  miracles.  Pen- 
theus, who  at  first  attempts  to  imprison  the  god,  and 
then  to  put  down  the  Bacchanals  by  force  of  arms,  is  de- 
prived of  his  senses,  is  made  ridiculous  by  being  dressed 
in  female  costume,  and  led  out  by  the  god  to  the  wilds  of 
Cithseron,  where  he  is  torn  in  pieces  by  Agave  and  other 
princesses”  ( Mahaffy , Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  373). 

Bacchiadae  (ba-ld'a-de).  [Gr.  B auxiadai.]  A 
ruling  family  of  Corinth,  a branch  of  the 
Heraclidse:  so  named  from  Bacchis,  king  of 
Corinth  926-891  B.  C.  They  ruled  Corinth  first  un- 
der a monarchical  form  of  government,  then  as  a close 
oligarchy  from  926  B.  c.  till  their  deposition  by  Cypselus, 
about  657  B.  0. 

Bacchiglione  (biik-ke-lyo'ne).  A river  in 
northeastern  Italy  which  flows  past  Vicenza 
and  Padua  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 
Length,  about  80  miles. 

Bacchus  (bak'us).  [L.,  Gr.  Bd/c^of,  another 
name  of  Dionysus,  the  god  of  wine ; also  one 
of  his  followers  or  priests.  Also  called  "I axgof, 
prob.  related  to  idxeiv,  shout,  with  allusion  to 
the  noisy  manner  in  which  the  festival  of  Dio- 
nysus was  celebrated.]  In  classical  mythology, 


Bach,  Johann  Sebastian 

a name  of  Dionysus,  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  Semele,  and  the  god  of  wine,  personifying 
both  its  good  and  its  bad  qualities.  It  was  the  cur- 
rent name  of  this  god  among  the  Romans.  The  orgiastic 
worship  of  Bacchus  was  especially  characteristic  of  Boeo- 
tia,  where  his  festivals  were  celebrated  on  the  slopes  of 
Mount  Cithseron,  and  extended  to  those  of  the  neighbor- 
ing Parnassus.  In  Attica  the  rural  and  somewhat  savage 
cult  of  Bacchus  underwent  a metamorphosis,  and  reached 
its  highest  expression  in  the  choragic  literary  contests,  in 
which  originated  both  tragedy  and  comedy,  and  for  which 
were  written  most  of  the  masterpieces  of  Greek  literature. 
Bacchus  was  held  to  have  taught  the  cultivation  of  the 
grape  and  the  preparation  of  wine.  In  early  art,  and  less 
commonly  after  the  age  of  Phidias,  Bacchus  is  represented 
as  a bearded  man  of  full  age,  usually  completely  draped. 
After  the  time  of  Praxiteles  he  appears  almost  universally, 
except  in  archaistic  examples,  in  the  type  of  a beardless 
youth,  of  graceful  and  rounded  form,  often  entirely  un- 
draped or  very  lightly  draped.  Among  his  usual  attri- 
butes are  the  vine,  the  ivy,  the  thyrsus,  the  wine-cup,  and 
the  panther. 

Bacchus  and  Ariadne.  A noted  painting  by 
Titian  (1523),  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Bacchus  descends  from  his  leopard-chariot,  attended  by 
satyrs  and  maenads,  while  Ariadne  turns  away  startled. 
The  background  is  of  woodland,  meadow,  and  sea,  glowing 
with  color  and  light,  harmonious,  and  beautiful  in  form. 

Bacchylides  (ba-kil'i-dez).  [Gr.  Ba/cTu/Udjfc-] 
A Greek  lyric  poet  of  the  second  rank,  living 
in  the  5th  century  b.  c.,  a native  of  Iulis  in  the 
island  of  Ceos,  a nephew  and  pupil  of  Simon- 
ides and  a contemporary  and  rival  of  Pindar. 
He  lived  for  a time  at  the  court  of  Hiero  in  Syracuse. 
A manuscript  of  his  poems  has  recently  been  discovered. 

Bacciocchi,  Elisa.  See  Bonaparte. 

Bacciocchi  (ba-chok'ke),  Felice  Pasquale, 

Prince  of  Lucca,  Piombino,  etc.  Born  at  Ajac- 
cio, Corsica,  May  18,  1762:  died  at  Bologna, 
April  27,  1841.  The  husband  of  Elisa  Bona- 
parte and  brother-in-law  of  Napoleon  I. 

Baccio  della  Porta.  See  Bartolommeo,  Fra. 

Bach  (bach),  Baron  Alexander  von.  Born  at 
Loosdorf,  Lower  Austria,  Jan.  4, 1813:  diedNov. 
13, 1893.  An  Austrian  Ultramontane  statesman, 
minister  of  justice  1848  (July  19,  Oct.  8, and  Nov. 
21),  and  of  the  interior  1849-59,  and  later  am- 
bassador at  Rome. 

The  Concordat  negotiated  by  Bach  with  the  Papacy  in 
1856  marked  the  definite  submission  of  Austria  to  the  ec- 
clesiastical pretensions  which  in  these  years  of  political 
languor  and  discouragement  gained  increasing  recogni- 
tion throughout  Central  Europe. 

Fyffe,  Hist,  of  Mod.  Europe,  III.  156. 

Bach,  Heinrich.  Born  Sept.  16,  1615:  died  at 
Arnstadt,  July  10,  1691.  A member  of  the  fa- 
mous Bach  family  of  musicians,  organist  at 
Arnstadt  (1681),  and  father  of  the  musicians 
Johann  Christoph  and  Johann  Michael  Bach. 

Bach,  Johann  Christian.  Born  at  Erfurt, 
1640:  died  at  Erfurt,  1682.  A member  of  the 
Bach  family  of  musicians,  son  of  Johannes 
Bach  of  Erfurt,  who  was  a great-uncle  of  Jo- 
hann Sebastian  Bach. 

Bach,  Johann  Christian.  Born  at  Leipsic, 
1735:  died  at  London,  1782.  A son  of  Johann 
Sebastian  Bach,  surnamed  “the  Milanese" 
and  “the  English”  from  his  residence  in  Milan 
(where  he  was  organist  of  the  cathedral  1754- 
1759)  and  in  London  (1759-82).  He  composed 
operas,  masses,  Te  Deums,  etc. 

Bach,  Johann  Christoph.  The  name  of  sev- 
eral members  of  the  noted  family  of  musicians. 
(a)  Born  1613 : died  at  Arnstadt,  1661.  A German  musi- 
cian, grandfather  of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach.  (6)  Born  at 
Erfurt,  1645  : died  at  Arnstadt,  1693.  An  uncle  of  Johann 
Sebastian  Bach,  court  musician  to  the  Count  of  Schwarz- 
burg.  (c)  Born  1643 : died  1703.  A son  of  Heinrich  Bach 
of  Arnstadt  and  uncle  of  the  first  wife  of  Johann  Sebas- 
tian Bach.  He  was  court  organist  at  Eisenach,  and  one  of 
the  most  noted  members  of  the  Bach  family,  (d)  Born 
1671 : died  1721.  The  brother  of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach, 
organist  at  Ohrdruff. 

Bach,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich.  Born  at 

Leipsic,  1732:  died  at  Biickeburg,  1795.  A son 
of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach,  kapellmeister  to 
Count  Schaumburg  at  Biickeburg. 

Bach,  Johann  Michael.  Born  1648:  died  at 
Arnstadt,  1694.  A son  of  Heinrich  Bach, 
and  the  father-in-law  of  Johann  Sebastian 
Bach:  a composer  of  note,  and  an  instrument- 
maker. 

Bach,  Johann  Sebastian.  Born  at  Eisenach,' 
March  21,  1685:  died  at  Leipsic,  July  28,  1750. 
An  organist,  and  ono  of  the  greatest  of  com- 
posers of  church  music.  At  the  age  of  ten  (then  an 
orphan)  he  went  to  live  with  his  brother  Johann  Christoph, 
organist  at  Olmlruff,  and  at  fifteen  entered  the  Michadis 
school  at  Luneburg.  He  became  a violinist  in  the  court 
band  of  Prince  Johann  Ernst  at  Weimar  in  1703  ; organist 
at  Arnstadt  in  1704  ; organist  at  Miihlhnusen  in  1707  ; 
court  organist  at  Weimar  in  17^8;  kapellmeister  to  the 
lYinceof  Anlialt-Kfithen  at  Kbthen  in  1717;  cantor  at  the 
Thomas-Schule,  and  organist  and  director  of  music  in  two 
churches  at  Leipsic  (1723-60);  honorary  court  composer 
to  the  Elector  of  Saxony  (1736);  and  honorary  kapell- 


Bach,  Johann  Sebastian 

meister  to  the  Duke  of  Weissenfels.  His  works  — chiefly 
church  and  piano  music  — are  numerous.  He  was  twice 
married,  and  had  seven  children  by  his  first  wife  and  thir- 
teen by  the  second. 

Bach,  Karl  Philipp  Emanuel.  Born  at  Wei- 
mar, March  14, 1714:  died  at  Hamburg,  Dec.  14, 
1788.  A distinguished  composer,  son  of  Johann 
Sebastian  Bach.  He  went  to  Berlin  in  1737,  and  in  1740 
entered  the  service  of  Frederick  the  Great  as  court  musi- 
cian, remaining  in  this  position  until  1707 ; he  then  went 
to  Hamburg.  He  was  a voluminous  composer  of  piano- 
music,  oratorios,  etc.;  healso  wrote  on  thetheory  of  piano- 
playing. 

Bach,  Wilhelm  Friedemann.  Born  at  Weimar, 
1710  : died  at  Berlin,  July  1,  1784.  The  eldest 
son  of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach,  organist  of  the 
Church  of  St.  Sophia  in  Dresden  (1733)  and  of 
St.  Mary’s  at  Halle  (1747-1767).  He  was  an  organ- 

ist  and  composer  of  great  ability,  but  was  of  dissolute 
habits.  He  died  in  want  and  degradation. 

Bacharach  (ba'chii-rach).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  on  the  Rhine  24  miles  above 
Coblentz:  famous  for  its  wines.  Near  it  is  the 
castle  Stahleck,  an  ancient  residence  of  the 
palatines. 

Bache  (bach),  Alexander  Dallas.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  July  19,  1806:  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  17,  1867.  An  American  physicist, 
son  of  Richard  Bache  and  grandson  of  Benja- 
min Franklin.  He  was  a graduate  of  West  Point 
1825 ; professor  of  natur  1 philosophy  and  chemistry  in 
the  University  of  Pennsy. .•  inia  1828^1 ; the  organizer  of 
Girard  College  1836,  and  its  first  president ; and  superin- 
tendent of  the  Coast  Survey  1843-67.  He  wrote  “Obser- 
vations at  the  Magnetic  and  Meteorological  Observatory 
at  the  Girard  College,”  and  various  scientific  papers. 

Bache,  Francis  Edward.  Born  at  Birming- 
ham, England,  Sept.  14,  1833:  died  there, 
Aug.  24,  1858.  An  English  composer,  author 
of  music  for  the  pianoforte,  operas,  songs, 
etc. 

Bache,  Franklin.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
25,  1792:  died  there,  March  19,  1864*.  An  Am- 
erican physician  and  chemist,  a cousin  of  Alex- 
ander Dallas  Bacho.  He  was  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  Franklin  Institute  1826-32,  in  the  Philadelphia 
College  of  Pharmacy  1831-41,  and  in  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege 1841-64.  With  Dr.  Wood  he  prepared  a “Pharmaco- 
poeia,” (1830),  which  was  the  foundation  of  the  “United 
States  Pharmacopoeia  ” and  “ United  States  Dispensatory.” 
He  was  editor,  with  Dr.  Wood,  of  the  “Dispensatory” 
1833-64. 

Bache,  Richard.  Born  at  Settle,  Yorkshire, 
England,  Sept.  12, 1737 : died  in  Berks  County, 
Pa.,  July  29,  1811.  Son-in-law  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  postmaster-general  of  the  United 
States  1776-82. 

Bache,  Sarah.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  11, 
1744:  died  Oct.  5,  1808.  Daughter  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  and  wife  of  Richard  Bache. 
Bachelor  of  Salamanca,  The  (F.  “Le  bache- 
lier  de  Salamanque,  ou  les  mdmoires  de  Don 
Chbrubin  de  la  Ronda  ”).  A romance  by  Le 
Sage.  According  to  a statement  of  the  author  in  the 
first  edition  (1736)  it  was  taken  from  a Spanish  manuscript ; 
but  this  was  not  really  the  case.  It  was  his  last  novel. 
(Bachelor  here  means  a * bachelor  of  arts.’) 

Bachergebirge  (ba'cher-ge-ber'ge).  A moun- 
tain group  in  southern  Styria,  south  of  the 
Drave,  an  eastern  continuation  of  the  Kara- 
wanken. 

Bachian.  See  Batjan. 

Bachman  (bak'man),  John.  Born  in  Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  4,  1790:  died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  Feb.  25,  1874.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  naturalist,  an  associate  of  Audubon 
in  his  “Quadrupeds  of  North  America.” 
Bachmann  (bach' man),  Gottlob  Ludwig 
Ernst.  Born  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  1,  1792:  died 
April  15,  1881.  A German  classical  philologist, 
professor  of  classical  philology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Rostock  1833-65. 

Bacis  (ba'sis),  or  Bakis  (ba'kis).  [Gr.  Bataf.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a name  given  to  several  seers 
or  prophets,  the  most  celebrated  of  whom  was 
the  Bceotian  Bacis,  whose  oracles  were  delivered 
at  Heleon  in  Boeotia.  Specimens  of  these  (spu- 
rious) oracles,  in  hexameter  verse,  have  been 
preserved. 

Back  (bak),  Sir  George.  Born  at  Stockport, 
Cheshire,  Nov.  6,  1796:  died  at  London.  June 
23,  1878.  An  English  admiral  and  Arctic  ex- 
plorer. He  accompanied  Franklin  to  the  Spitzbergen 
Seas  in  the  Trent  (1818),  to  the  Coppermine  River  (by 
land)  and  the  Arctic  coasts  of  America  (1819-22),  and  to 
the  Mackenzie  River  (1825-27).  He  conducted  an  expedi- 
tion overland,  and  discovered  the  Great  Fish  or  Back 
River  (1833-35) ; and  commanded  the  Terror  in  an  Arctic 
expedition  (1836-37).  He  was  made  admiral  in  1857.  His 
chief  works  are  “Narrative  of  the  Arctic  Land  Expedi- 
tion to  the  Mouth  of  the  Great  Fish  River,"  and  “Narra- 
tive of  an  Expedition  in  H.  M.  S.  Terror." 

Back  Bay,  The.  All  expansion  of  the  Charles 


106 

River,  now  largely  filled  in  and  forming  a 
wealthy  quarter  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Backbite  (bak'bit),  Sir  Benjamin.  A slan- 
derer in  Sheridan’s  comedy  “The  School  for 
Scandal.” 

Backergunge  (bak'er-gunj),  or  Bakerganj,  or 
Bakarganj  (bak'ar-ganj).  A district  in  the 
Dacca  division,  Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam, 
British  India,  in  the  Ganges  delta.  Area,  4,542 
square  miles.  Population,  2,291,752. 

Backbuysen  (bak'hoi-zen),  or  Bakhuyzen, 
Ludolf.  Born  at  Emden,  in  East  Friesland, 
Dec.  18,  1631 : died  at  Amsterdam,  Nov.  17, 
1708  (1709?).  A Dutch  marine  painter. 

Backnang  (bak'nang).  A town  in  the  Neckar 
circle,  Wurtemberg,  on  the  Murr  15  miles 
northeast  of  Stuttgart.  Population,  com- 
mune, 8,327. 

Backstrom  (bak'strem),  Per  Johan  Edvard. 

Born  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  27,  1841 : died  there, 
Feb.  12,  1886.  A Swedish  poet  and  dramatist. 
He  was  editor  of  “l’eater  och  Musik  ’ (1876),  of  “Nu” 
(1877),  and  of  “Post  och  Inrikes  Tidningar ’’ (from  1878  to 
his  death),  and  author  of  the  tragedy  “Dagvard  Frey  " 
(1877),  etc. 

Backtischwah.  See  BaJchtishwa. 

Backus  (bak'us),  Isaac.  [ME.  hakhous,  AS. 
bsechus,  bake-house.]  Born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Jan.  9,  1724 : died  Nov.  20, 1806.  An  American 
Baptist  minister,  author  of  a “ History  of  New 
England,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Bap- 
tisits ^ 7 77— pfp 

Backwell  (bak'wel).  Edward.  Died  1683.  A 
London  goldsmith  and  alderman  who  played 
an  important  part  in  financial  affairs  under 
Cromwell  and  Charles  n.  He  is  regarded  as 
the  chief  founder  of  the  banking  system  in 
England. 

Bacler  d’Albe  (bak-lar  dalb'),  Louis  Albert 
Ghislam,  Baron.  Born  at  Saint-Pol,  Pas-de- 
Calais,  France,  Oct.  21,  1762:  died  at  Sevres, 
Sept.  12, 1824.  A French  painter,  chartographer, 
and  soldier.  He  served  with  distinction  under  Napo- 
leon 1796-1814,  especially  as  director  of  the  topograph- 
ical bureau,  and  attained  (1813)  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  His  best-known  work  is  a picture  of  the  battle 
of  Arcole,  in  which  he  took  part. 

Bac-ninh  (bak-neny').  A town  in  Tonkin,  in 
the  delta  of  the  Red  River  northeast  of  Hanoi. 
Near  it  several  engagements  in  the  French  war  in  Tonkin 
took  place  in  1884. 

Bacolor  (ba-ko-lor').  A town  in  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  northwest  of  Manila.  Popula- 
tion, 13,493. 

Bacon  (ba'kon),  Anthony.  Born  1558:  died 
May,  1601.  An  English  diplomatist,  son  of  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon  by  his  second  wife,  and  bro- 
ther of  Francis  Bacon.  He  attached  himself  (1593) 
to  the  Bail  of  Essex,  and  followed  his  fortunes  until  his 
death,  acting  for  seven  years  as  his  private  foreign  sec- 
retary. 

Bacon,  Delia.  Born  at  Tallmadge,  Ohio,  Feb. 
2,  1811:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Sept.  2,  1859. 
An  American  writer,  sister  of  Leonard  Bacon. 
Her  best-known  work  is  the  “Philosophy  of  the  Plays 
of  Shakespeare  Unfolded  ” (1857),  in  which  she  attempted 
to  prove  that  the  plays  attributed  to  Shakspere  are  the 
work  of  Francis  Bacon  and  others. 

Bacon,  Ezekiel.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  1, 
1776:  died  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  18,  1870.  An 
American  jurist  and  politician.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1807-13,  and  first  comp- 
troller of  the  United  States  Treasury  1813-15. 

Bacon,  Francis.  Born  at  York  House,  Lon- 
don, Jan.  22,  1561:  died  at  Highgate,  April 
9,  1626.  A celebrated  English  philosopher,  ju- 
rist, and  statesman,  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Ba- 
con, created  Baron  Verulam  July  12,  1618,  and 
Viscount  St.  Albans  Jan.  27, 1621:  commonly, 
but  incorrectly,  called  Lord  Bacon.  He  studied 
at  Trinity  College",  Cambridge,  April,  1573,  to  March,  1575, 
and  at  Gray's  Inn  1575  ; became  attached  to  the  embassy 
of  Sir  Amias  Paulet  in  France  in  1576 ; was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1582 ; entered  Parliament  in  1584  ; was  knighted 
in  1603 ; became  solicitor-general  in  1607,  and  attorney- 
general  in  1613;  was  made  a privy  councilor  in  1616, 
lord  keeper  in  1617,  and  lord  chancellor  in  1618 ; and  was 
tried  in  1621  for  bribery,  condemned,  fined,  and  removed 
from  office.  A notable  incident  of  his  career  was  his 
connection  with  the  Earl  of  Essex,  which  began  in  July, 
1591,  remained  an  intimate  friendship  until  the  fall  of 
Essex  (1600-01),  and  ended  in  Bacon’s  active  efforts  to 
secure  the  conviction  of  the  earl  for  treason.  (See  Essex.) 
His  great  fame  rests  upon  his  services  as  a reformer  of 
the  methods  of  scientific  investigation;  and  though  his 
relation  to  the  progress  of  knowledge  has  been  exag- 
gerated and  misunderstood,  his  reputation  as  one  of 
the  chief  founders  of  modern  inductive  science  is  well 
grounded.  His  chief  works  are  the  “Advancement  of 
Learning. ” published  in  English  as  “The  Two  Books  of 
Francis  Bacon  of  the  Proticience  and  Advancement  of 
Learning  Divine  and  Human,”  in  1605 ; the  “ Novum 
organum  sive  indicia  vera  de  interpretatione  naturae,” 
published  in  Latin,  1620,  as  a “second  part”  of  the  (in- 
complete) “Instauratio  magna  ”;  the  “De  dignitate  et 
augmentis  scientiarum,"  published  in  Latin  in  1623 ; 


Bacup 

“Historia  Ventorum  " (1622),  “ Historia  Vitae  et  Mortis” 
(1623),  “ Historia  Densi  et  Rari  ” (posthumously,  1658X 
“Sylva  Sylvarum ” (posthumously,  1627),  “New  Atlantis,” 
“Essays"  (1597,  1612,  1625),  “De  Sapientia  Veterum" 
(1609),  “Apothegms  New  and  Old,”  “History  of  Henry 
VII."  (1622).  Works  edited  by  Ellis,  Spedding,  and  Heath 
(7  vols.  1857) ; Life  by  Spedding  (7  vols.  1861,  2 vols. 
1878).  See  Sltaksiiere. 

Bacon,  John.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  24,  1740: 
died  there,  Aug.  4,  1799.  An  English  sculptor. 
Among  his  works  are  monuments  to  Pitt  (Guildhall  and 
Westminster  Abbey),  Dr.  Johnson  and  Howard  (St.  Paul’s), 
and  Blackstone  (All  Souls,  Oxford). 

Bacon,  Leonard.  Born  at  Detroit,  Mich. , Feb. 
19,  1802:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  24, 
1881.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man, editor,  and  author.  He  was  pastor  in  New 
Haven  (1st  church  1825-81),  professor  and  lecturer  (1871) 
in  New  Haven  Theological  Seminary  (1866-81),  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  “New  Englander,"  and  one  of  the  foun- 
ders and  editors  of  the  New  York  “Independent.” 

Bacon,  Nathaniel.  Born  1593:  died  1660.  An 
English  Puritan  lawyer,  member  of  Parliament 
1645-60,  and  master  of  requests  under  Crom- 
well and  Richard  Cromwell.  He  was  the  author 
of  a "Historical  Discourse  of  the  Uniformity  of  the  Gov- 
ernment of  England  ” (1647-51). 

Bacon,  Nathaniel.  Born  in  England  about 
1642:  died  Oct.,  1676.  An  Anglo-American 
lawyer,  son  of  Thomas  Bacon  of  Friston 
Hall,  Suffolk,  England.  He  emigrated  to  Virginia, 
settled  on  the  upper  James,  and  became  a member  of  the 
governor’s  council.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Virginians, 
who  were  dissatisfied  with  Governor  Berkeley's  Indian 
policy,  to  lead  an  expedition  against  the  Indians,  but  was 
refused  a commission  by  the  governor.  He  nevertheless 
invaded  the  Indian  territory  in  1676,  but  was  proclaimed 
a rebel  by  Governor  Berkeley,  was  captured,  tried  before 
the  governor  and  council,  and  acquitted.  The  enthusiasm 
which  Bacon’s  cause  awakened  was  taken  advantage  of 
to  demand  the  abolition  of  exorbitant  taxes,  the  recently 
imposed  restrictions  on  the  suffrage,  and  other  evils. 
Having  been  proclaimed  a rebel  a second  time  by  the 
governor,  Bacon  captured  and  destroyed  Jamestown,  but 
died  before  he  could  accomplish  his  projects  of  reform. 

Bacon,  Sir  Nicholas.  Born  at  Chiselhurst, 
Kent,  1509 : died  at  London,  Feb.  20,  1579.  An 
English  statesman,  father  of  Francis  Bacon. 
He  was  graduated  B.  A.  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge in  1527 ; was  called  to  the  bar  in  1533 ; became 
solicitor  of  the  Court  of  Augmentations  in  1537 ; attorney 
of  the  Court  of  Wards  and  Liveries  in  1546  ; and  was  lord 
keeper  of  the  great  seal  from  Dec.  22,  1558,  to  his  death, 
exercising  after  April  14,  1659,  the  jurisdiction  of  lord 
chancellor. 

Bacon,  Roger.  Born  at  or  near  Ilchester,  Som- 
ersetshire, about  1214 : died  probably  at  Oxford 
in  1294.  A celebrated  English  philosopher.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford  and  Paris  (whence  he  appears  to 
have  returned  to  England  about  1250),  and  joined  the 
Franciscan  order.  In  1257  he  was  sent  by  his  superiors  to 
Paris  where  he  was  kept  in  close  confinement  for  several 
years.  About  1265  he  was  invited  by  Pope  Clement  IV. 
to  write  a general  treatise  on  the  sciences,  in  answer  to 
which  he  composed  his  chief  work,  the  “ Opus  Majus.”  He 
was  in  England  in  1268.  In  1278  his  writings  were  con- 
demned as  heretical  by  a council  of  his  order,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  again  placed  in  confinement.  He 
was  at  liberty  in  1292.  Besides  the  “Opus  Majus,”  his 
most  notable  works  are  “Opus  Minus,”  “Opus  Tertium,” 
and  “Compendium  Philosophise.”  See  Siebert,  “Roger 
Bacon,”  1861;  Held,  “Roger  Bacon’s  Praktische  Philoso- 
phic,” 1881 ; and  L.  Schneider,  “Roger  Bacon,”  1873. 

Bacon’s  Rebellion.  See  Bacon,  Nathaniel. 

Baconthorpe  (ba/  kon- thorp),  or  Bacon,  or 
Bacho,  John.  Died  1346.  An  English  Car- 
melite monk  and  schoolman,  surnamed  “the 
Resolute  Doctor.” 

Bacos.  See  Cacos. 

Bacsanyi  (bo'chan-ye),  Janos.  Born  at  Ta- 
polcza,  western  Hungary,  May  11, 1763:  died  at 
Linz,  May  12,  1845.  A Hungarian  poet,  prose- 
writer,  and  journalist.  He  founded,  with  Bar6ti 
and  Kazinczy,  a journal,  the  “Magyar  Museum,” 
in  1788. 

Bactra.  See  Balkh. 

Bactria  (bak'  tri-a),  or  Bactriana  (bak-tri-a'- 
na).  [From  Bactra.']  In  ancient  geography, 
a country  in  Asia,  north  of  the  Paropamisus 
Mountains  on  the  upper  Oxus,  nearly  cor- 
responding to  the  modern  district  of  Balkh  in 
Afghanistan.  The  population  was  Aryan  in  race  ; the 
capital  Zariaspa  or  Bactra,  now'  Balkh.  Bactria  was  the 
cradle  of  the  Persian  religion  w hich  Zarathushtra  (Zoroas- 
ter) reformed  about  600  B.  c.  (?).  At  a very  early  period  it 
was  tiie  center  of  a powerful  kingdom  which  was  con- 
quered by  the  Medes,  and  together  with  these  by  the  Per- 
sians, and  then  by  Alexander.  It  was  a part  of  the  kingdom 
of  the  Seleucidse,  and  from  256  B.  c.  for  about  100  years  an 
independent  Greco-Bactrian  kingdom  which  extended  to 
the  Kabul  River  and  the  Indus.  Bactria  belonged  to  the 
Sasanidae  until  about  640  A.  D.,  and  lias  since  been  under 
Mohammedan  rule. 

Bactrian  Sage,  The.  Zoroaster,  who  was  a na- 
tive of  Bactria. 

Bacup  (bak'up).  A manufacturing  and  min- 
ing town  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  16 
miles  north  of  Manchester.  Population, 
22,505. 


Baczko 

Baczko  (bats'ko),  Ludwig  von.  Born  at  Lick, 
East  Prussia,  June  8, 1750 : died  March  27,  1823. 
A German  historical  writer  and  novelist. 
Badagry  (ba-da-gre').  A town  in  West  Africa, 
near  Lagos.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  a native 
kingdom  and  a great  slave-port. 

Badajoz  (bad-a-hos';  Sp.  ba-Da-Hoth').  A prov- 
ince of  Estremadura,  western  Spain,  popularly 
called  Lower  Estremadura.  Area,  8,451  square 
miles.  Population,  520,246. 

Badajoz.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Bada- 
joz, situated  on  the  Guadiana  near  the  Portu- 
guese frontier,  in  lat.  38°  49'  N.,  long.  6°  56'  W. : 
the  Roman  Pax  Augusta,  or  Batallium.  It  is 
strongly  fortified  and  has  a cathedral  and  castle.  It  has 
belonged  at  various  times  to  the  Moors,  Castile,  and  Portu- 
gal. It  is  the  birthplace  of  Morales.  Badajoz  has  often 
been  besieged,  the  most  notable  of  these  events  being  (1) 
the  unsuccessful  siege  by  the  Allies  in  1705,  when  it  was 
defended  by  the  French  and  Spanish ; (2)  its  siege  by  the 
French  under  Soult,  who  captured  it  March,  1811 ; (3)  three 
sieges  by  the  British,  April-May,  1811,  May-J une,  1811,  and 
March-April,  1812.  It  was  stormed  and  taken  by  them 
April  6,  1812.  Population,  32,699. 

Badakshan  (bad-ak-shan').  A province  in 
Afghanistan,  about  lat.  36°-38°  N.,  long.  69°- 
72°  E.,  bounded  by  the  Oxus  on  the  north,  the 
Hindu  Kush  on  the  south,  and  Kataghan  on 
the  west,  especially  noted  for  its  rubies.  It  is 
inhabited  largely  by  Tajiks.  Capital,  Faizabad.  Popu- 
lation (estimated),  100,000. 

Badalocchio  (ba-da-lok'ke-o),  Sisto,  surnamed 
Rosa.  Born  at  Parma,  1581:  died  at  Bologna, 
1647.  An  Italian  painter  and  engraver,  a pupil 
and  assistant  of  Annibale  Carracci. 

Badalona  (ba-Da-lo'na).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  northeast  of 
Barcelona.  Population,  19.240. 

Badcock  (bad'kok),  John.  A writer  on  pugi- 
listic and  sporting  subjects,  who  wrote  between 
1816  and  1830  under  the  pseudonyms  of  “Jon 
Bee”  and  “John  Hinds.”  In  1830  he  edited  the 
"Works  of  Samuel  Foote,"  with  remarks,  notes,  and  a 
memoir  (under  the  name  of  Jon  Bee). 

Baddeley  (bad'li),  Robert.  Born  probably  in 
1733  : died  in  1794.  An  English  actor.  He  was 

originally  the  cook  of  Samuel  Foote,  and  went  on  the  stage 
before  1761.  He  was  the  original  Moses  in  the  ‘‘School 
for  Scandal."  In  his  will  he  left  the  revenue  of  his  house 
in  Surrey  for  the  support  of  an  asylum  for  decayed  actors, 
and  also  the  interest  of  one  hundred  pounds  to  provide 
wine  and  cake  for  the  actors  of  Drury  Lane  Theater  on 
TweHth  Night.  This  is  still  done. 

Since  1843,  then,  the  term  of  “ Their,  ” or  “ Her  Maj esty's 
Servants, " is  a mere  formality,  as  there  is  no  especial  com- 
pany now  privileged  to  serve  or  solace  royalty.  Mr. 
Webster,  who  occupies  Garrick’s  chair  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Theatrical  Fund,  tells  me,  that  Baddeley  was 
the  last  actor  who  wore  the  uniform  of  scarlet  and  gold 
prescribed  for  the  “gentlemen  of  the  household  ” who 
were  patented  actors  ; and  that  he  used  to  appear  in  it  at 
rehearsal.  He  was  proud  of  being  one  of  their  “ Majes- 
ties’servants’’;— a title  once  coveted  by  all  nobly-aspir- 
ing actors.  Doran , Eng.  Stage,  II.  416. 

Baddeley,  Sophia.  Born  at  London  in  1745: 
died  at  Edinburgh  in  1786.  The  wife  of  Rob- 
ert Baddeley,  and  an  actress  and  singer. 
.Badeau  (ba-do'),  Adam.  Born  Dec.  29,  1831: 
died  March  19, 1895.  An  American  officer  (cap- 
tain and  brevet  brigadier-general, United  States 
army)  and  writer,  military  secretary  to  Gen- 
eral Grant  1864-69,  and  later  in  the  consular 
service.  He  has  written  “Military  History  of  Ulysses 
S.  Grant”  (1867-81),  “Grant  in  Peace  ”(1886),  “ The  Vaga- 
bond Papers  ’’  (a  volume  of  literary  sketches  and  dramatic 
criticism,  1859),  etc. 

Badebec  (bad-bek').  The  wife  of  Gargantua 
in  the  romance  of  “Pantagruel”  by  Rabelais. 
She  was  the  mother  of  Pantagruel,  at  whose  birth  she 
died,  owing  to  the  surprising  number  of  mules,  camels, 
dromedaries,  wagons,  and  provisions  of  every  kind  which 
she  brought  forth  at  the  same  time. 

Bad-Elster.  See  Elster. 

Baden  (ba'den).  [P.  Bade.\  A grand  duchy 
of  southern  Germany,  and  a state  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire,  the  fourth  in  area  and  fifth  in 
population:  capital  Carlsruhe.  it  is  bounded  by 
Hesse  and  Bavaria  on  the  north,  Bavaria  on  the  northeast, 
Wiirtemberg  on  the  east,  Switzerland  (separated  mainly 
by  Lake  Constance  and  the  Rhine)  on  ihe south,  and  Alsace 
and  the  Rhine  Palatinate  (separated  by  the  Rhine)  on  the 
west.  It  produces  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  hemp,  potatoes, 
hops,  and  chicory ; manufactures  clocks,  woodenware,  cot- 
ton and  silk  goods,  chemicals,  cigars,  machinery,  straw 
hats,  brushes,  paper,  etc.;  and  abounds  in  mineral  springs. 
It  comprises  the  four  districts  of  Constance,  Freiburg, 
Carlsruhe,  and  Mannheim.  The  government  is  a consti- 
tutional hereditary  monarchy  under  a grand  duke,  and  a 
Landtag  with  an  upper  house  and  a chamber  of  73  repre- 
sentatives. Baden  sends  8 representatives  to  the  Bun- 
desrat  and  14  to  the  Reichstag.  About  two  thirds  of  the 
population  are  Roman  Catholic,  one  third  Protestant.  Its 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Alamanni,  and  it  formed  a 
part  of  the  duchy  of  Alamannia.  Its  rulers  have  been  de- 
scendants of  the  house  of  Zahringcn  fa  place  near  Frei- 
burg). They  ruled  as  margraves,  with  a separation  in 
the  16th  century  into  the  lines  Baden-Baden  and  P.aden- 
Durlach,  which  were  reunited  in  1771.  Baden  entered 
the  Fiirstenbund  in  1785,  received  accession  of  territory  in 
1803,  and  became  an  electorate.  It  was  allied  with  Napo- 


107 

leon ; received  further  accessions  in  1805 ; joined  the  Con- 
federation of  the  Rhiue  in  1806,  became  a grand  duchy,  and 
again  received  increase  of  territory  ; joined  the  Allies  in 
1813;  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815;  and 
received  a constitution  in  1818.  It  was  the  scene  of  revo- 
lutionary proceedings  in  1848,  and  of  the  outbreak  of  revo- 
lution in  May,  1849,  which  was  suppressed  by  the  aid  of 
Prussian  troops  in  July.  It  sided  with  Austria  m 1866, 
and  became  a member  of  the  German  Empire  in  1871. 
Area,  6,823  square  miles.  Population,  2,057,160. 

Baden,  or  Baden-Baden.  [G.,  ‘baths.’]  A 
town  and  watering-place  in  Baden,  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Oosbach  18  miles  southwest  of  Carls- 
ruhe, famous  for  its  hot  medicinal  springs:  the 
Roman  Ci vitas  Aurelia  Aquensis.  it  is  a place  of 

annual  resort  of  about  50,000  people,  and  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  gambling  establishments  (closed  1872).  It 
was  long  the  capital  of  the  margravate  of  Baden.  Popu- 
lation, 16,237. 

Baden,  or  Baden  bei  Wien  (ba'den  bi  ven). 
A town  and  watering-place  of  Lower  Austria, 
situated  in  a valley  of  the  Wienerwald  14  miles 
southwest  of  Vienna,  noted  for  its  hot  sulphur 
springs,  known  to  the  Romans.  Population, 
commune,  14,083,  (1910). 

Baden,  or  Oberbaden  (6 'ber- ba'den).  [G., 
‘Upper  Baden.’]  A town  and  watering-place 
in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Limmat  14  miles  northwest  of  Zurich, 
noted  for  its  hot  sulphur  baths,  known  to  the 
Romans:  the  Roman  Aquas  Helvetic®.  It  was 
the  meeting-place  of  the  Swiss  diet  for  three 
centuries.  Population,  6,050. 

Baden,  Jacob.  Born  at  Vordingborg,  May  4, 
1735 : died  at  Copenhagen,  J uly  5, 1804.  A Dan- 
ish philologist  and  critic,  appointed  professor 
of  eloquence  and  the  Latin  language  at  Copen- 
hagen in  1780.  He  founded  the  “Kritisk  Jour- 
nal” in  1768,  and  published  “Grammatiea  La- 
tina” (1782),  etc. 

Baden,  Margrave  of.  See  Louis  William  I., 
Margrave  of  Baden. 

Baden,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  between  the  Ger- 
man Empire  and  France,  concluded  at  Baden, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  7,  1714,  which,  with  the 
treaties  of  Utrecht  and  Rastadt,  ended  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession.  The  Peace  of  Ryswick 
was  ratified,  the  electors  of  Bavaria  and  Cologne  were  re- 
instated in  their  lands  and  dignities,  and  Landau  was  left 
in  the  possession  of  France. 

Baden-Baden.  See  Baden. 

Baden-Powell  (ba'den-pou'l),  Sir  George 
Smyth.  Bom  1847 : "died  1898.  An  English 
politician  and  publicist.  He  was  appointed  joint 
commissioner  with  Colonel  Sir  W.  Crossman,  in  1882,  to 
inquire  into  the  administration,  revenues,  and  expendi- 
ture of  the  British  West  India  colonies ; assisted  Sir  Charles 
Warren  in  his  diplomatic  relations  with  the  native  chiefs 
of  Bechuanaland  in  1885 ; spent  the  winter  of  1886-87  in 
Canada  and  the  United  States,  investigating  the  fishery 
dispute ; and  was  made  joint  commissioner  with  SirGeorge 
Bowen,  in  1887,  to  arrange  the  details  of  the  new  Malta 
constitution.  He  was  British  commissioner  in  the  Bering 
Sea  inquiry,  1891 ; and  British  member  of  the  Joint  Com- 
mission, Washington,  1892.  Author  of  "New  Homes  for 
the  Old  Country"  (1872),  “Protection  and  Bad  Times" 
(1879),  “ State  Aid  and  State  Interference  ” (1882),  etc. 
Badenweiler  (ba'den-vl-ler).  A village  and 
watering-place  in  Baden,  near  Miillheim,  south- 
west of  Freiburg.  It  contains  ruins  of  Roman  baths, 
one  of  the  most  interesting  existing  examples.  There  are 
two  parts,  corresponding  in  their  subdivisions,  one  for 
men  and  one  for  women.  Each  part  has  a large  atrium 
or  outer  court,  whence  there  is  access  to  the  apodyterium 
or  dressing-room  ; the  caldarium,  or  hot-air  bath  ; thefrigi- 
darium,  or  cold  bath ; and  the  tepidarium,  or  warm  bath. 
The  entire,  structure  measures  318  by  99  feet ; the  walls, 
pavements,  and  steps  remain  in  position.  The  date  as- 
signed is  the  2d  century  A.  P. 

Bader  (ba'der),  Joseph.  Born  Feb.  24,  1805: 
died  1883.  A German  writer  on  the  history, 
etc.,  of  Baden.  He  was  editor  of  the  periodi- 
cal “Badenia”  1839-64. 

Badger  (baj'er),  Squire.  A character  in  Field- 
ing’s “Don  Quixote  in  England.” 

Badger,  George  Edmund.  Born  at  Newbern, 
N.  C.,  April  13,  1795:  died  at  Raleigh,  N.  C., 
May  11,  1866.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
secretary  of  the  navy  1841,  and  Whig  United  States  sen- 
ator from  North  Carolina  1846-55. 

Badger,  George  Percy.  Born  1815 : died  Feb. 
21,  1888.  An  English  Orientalist,  compiler  of 
an  English-Arabic  lexicon  (1881). 

Badghis  (bad-ghez').  A district  in  Afghan- 
istan, north  of  Herat.  By  the  recent  de- 
limitation it  is  included  in  the  Russian 
dominions. 

Badham  (bad'am),  Charles.  Born  at  Ludlow, 
Shropshire,  July  18,  1813:  died  at  Sydney, 
Australia,  Feb.  26,  1884.  An  English  classical 
scholar  and  teacher,  appointed  professor  of 
classics  and  logic  in  the  University  of  Sydney 
in  1867.  He  published  editions  of  various  Greek 
classics,  “Criticism  applied  to  Shakspere” 
(1846),  etc. 


Baer 

Badia  (ba-de'a).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Rovigo,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige  29  miles 
southwest  of  Padua. 

Badia  Calavena  (ba-de'a  ka-la-va'na).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  13 
miles  northeast  of  Verona,  the  chief  place  in 
the  ‘ ‘ Tredici  Communi.” 

Badiali  (ba-de-a/le),  Cesare.  Born  at  Imola, 
Italy:  died  there,  Nov.  17,  1865.  A celebrated 
Italian  bass  singer. 

BadiayLeblich(ba-THe'a  e lab-leeh'),  Domin- 
go. Born  1766 : died  1818.  A Spanish  traveler 
in  northern  Africa  and  the  Orient : better 
known  by  his  Mussulman  name  of  Ali  Bey. 
Badikshis  (ba-dek-shez').  [PL]  An  Afghan 
tribe  of  Aryan  origin. 

Badinguet  (ba-dan-ga/),  afterward  Radot 
(ra-do').  Died  1883.  A workman  in  whose 
clothes  Napoleon  III.  escaped  from  the  fortress 
of  Ham  1846;  hence,  anicknameof  Napoleon  III. 
Badius  (ba'de-os),  Jodocus  or  Josse,  sur- 
named Ascensius  (from  his  birthplace).  Bom 
at  Asche,  near  Brussels,  1462:  died  1535.  A 
Flemish  printer  and  writer.  He  established  at 
Paris  a printing-house,  the  “Pnelum  Ascen- 
sianum,”  about  1499. 

Bad  Lands.  Certain  lands  of  the  northwestern 
United  States  characterized  by  an  almost  en- 
tire absence  of  natural  vegetation,  and  by  the 
varied  and  fantastic  forms  into  which  the  soft 
strata  have  been  eroded.  At  a little  distance  they 
appear  like  fields  of  desolate  ruins.  The  name  was  first 
applied,  in  its  French  form  mauvaises  terres,  to  a Tertiary 
area  (Miocene)  in  the  region  of  the  Black  Hills  in  South 
Dakota,  along  the  White  River,  a tributary  of  the  Upper 
Missouri. 

Badman  (bad'man),  The  Life  and  Death  of 

Mr.  A work  by  John  Bunyan,  published  in 
1680. 

Badminton  (bad'min-ton).  The  residence  of 
the  dukes  of  Beaufort,  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng- 
land, 15  miles  northeast  of  Bristol. 
Badminton.  A cup  made  of  special  and  sweet- 
ened claret,  named  for  the  Duke  of  Beaufort 
(of  Badminton),  who  was  a patron  of  pugilis- 
tics;  hence,  in  the  prize-ring,  blood,  the  slang 
name  for  which  is  “claret.” 

Badminton,  The.  A coaching  and  sporting 
club  of  1,000  members,  established  in  London 
in  1876. 

Badon  (ba'don),  Mount,  L.  Mons  Badonicus 

(monz  ba-don'i-kus).  The  scene  of  a battle 
said  to  have  been  gained  by  King  Arthur  over 
the  Saxon  invaders  in  520  (?) : variously  iden- 
tified with  Badbury  Rings  (Dorset),  a hill  near 
Bath,  and  Bouden  Hill  (near  Linlithgow). 
Badoura  (ba-d’o'ra).  The  principal  character 
in  the  story  of  the  “Amours  of  Prince  Cam- 
aralzaman  and  the  Princess  Badoura,”  in  “The 
Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments.”  Their  story 
is  a proverbial  one  of  love  at  first  sight. 
Badrinath.  See  Bhadrinath. 
Badroulboudour  (ba-drol'bo-dor').  The  wife 
of  Aladdin  in  the  story  of  “Aladdin  or  the  Won- 
derful Lamp,”  in  “The  Arabian  Nights’  Enter- 
tainments.” 

Baehia  gens  (be'bi-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names 
were  Dives,  Herennius,  Sulca,  and  Tamphilus. 
The  first  member  of  this  gens  who  obtained 
the  consulship  was  Cn.  Babins  Tamphilus 
(182  B.  c.). 

Basda  (be'dii).  See  Bede. 

Baedeker  (bad'e-ker),  Karl.  Born  1801:  died 
1859.  A German  publisher,  noted  as  the 
founder  of  a series  of  guide-books. 

Baegna  Elv  (bag'na  elv).  The  chief  head 
stream  of  the  Drammen  (or  Drams)  Elv,  in 
southern  Norway. 

Baele  (bii-a'le).  A Nigritic  tribe,  northeast 
of  Lake  Chad.  It  is  pastoral  and  nomadic,  owning 
camels,  sheep,  and  goats.  It  is  half  heathen  and  half  Mo- 
hammedan. 

Baena  (ba-a'na).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Cordova,  Spain,  25  miles  southeast  of  Cordova: 
the  Latin  Baniana  or  Biniana.  Population, 
14,539. 

Baena  (bii-ya'na),  Antonio  Ladislau  Montei- 

ro.  Born  in  Portugal  about  1795:  died  in  Para, 
March  28, 1850.  A Portuguese-Brazilian  author, 
lie  was  an  officer  in  the  Portuguese  and  subsequently  in 
the  Brazilian  army,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel ; his  later 
years  were  spent  in  Pard,  where  he  took  part  in  several 
military  expeditions  against  the  Cabanaes  rebels,  1835-86. 
Subsequently  he  studied  the  geography  and  history  of  the 
Amazon  valley.  His  “ Kras  do  Pard”  and  “Ensaio  coro- 
graflco  sobre  a provincia  do  Pard  ” are  still  standard  works 
on  that  region. 

Baer  (bar),  Karl  Ernst  von.  Born  in  Est.honia, 
Russia,  Feb.  28,  1792:  died  at  Dorpat,  Nov.  28, 


Baer 

1876.  A celebrated  German  naturalist,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  researches  in  embryology. 
He  was  appointed  extraordinary  professor  of  zoology  at 
Konigsbergin  1819(and  two  years  later  ordinary  professor), 
and  succeeded  liu rdach  as  director  of  the  Anatomical  In- 
stitute. In  1829  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg  as  member  of 
the  Academy,  returned  to  Kouigsberg  in  1830,  and  again 
went  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1834  as  librarian  of  the  Academy. 
His  chief  works  are  the  “Entwickelungsgeschichte  der 
Tiere”  (1828-37),  and  “ Untersuchungen  liber  die  Ent- 
wickelung  der  Fische"  (1835). 

Baerle  (bar'le),  Cornelius  van.  The  tulip-fan- 
cier in  Dumas’s  story  “La  Tulipe  Noire.” 
Baerle,  Gaspard  van.  See  Barlseus. 

Baert  (ba-ar'),  Alexandre  Balthazar  Fran- 
cois de  Paule,  Baron  de.  Born  at  Dunkirk 
about  1750 : died  at  Paris,  March  23,  1825.  A 
French  politician  and  geographer.  He  was  elected 
to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  in  which  he  vainly 
exerted  himself  to  save  Louis  XVI.  He  wrote  “ Tableau 
de  la  Grande-Bretagne,  etc.”  (1800),  etc. 

Bsetica  (be'ti-ka).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
southernmost  division  of  Hispania  (Spain). 
Baetis  (be'tis),  oi’Bsetes  (be'tez).  The  Roman 
name  of  the  Guadalquivir. 

Baeyer  (ba'yer),  Adolf  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  31, 1835.  A Germanchemist,  son  of  Johann 
Jakob  Baeyer.  He  became  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Strasburg  in  1872,  and  succeeded  Liebig  at  Munich  in 
1875.  He  is  the  discoverer  of  cerulein,  eosin,  and  indol. 

Baeyer,  Johann  Jakob.  Born  at  Miiggelsheim, 
near  Kopenick,  Nov.  5,  1794:  died  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  10,  1885.  A Prussian  soldier  and  geome- 
ter. He  fought  as  a volunteer  in  the  campaigns  of  1813 
and  1814  ; joined  the  army  in  1815 ; and  attained  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-general  in  1858.  He  conducted  several  im- 
portant geodetic  surveys,  and  in  1870  became  president 
of  the  Geodetic  Institute  at  Berlin.  He  published  various 
geodetical  works. 

Baez  (ba'ath),  Buenaventura.  Born  at  Azua, 
Hayti,  about  1810 : died  in  Porto  Rico,  March 
21,  1884.  A statesman  of  Santo  Domingo.  He 
cooperated  with  Santa  Anna  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Dominican  Republic,  and  was  president  from  1849  to  1853, 
when  he  was  overturned  and  expelled  by  Santa  Anna.  He 
retired  to  New  York,  but  Santa  Anna  being  driven  out  in 
1856,  he  was  called  back  and  again  elected  president.  In 
June,  1858,  he  was  again  supplanted  by  Santa  Anna. 
Elected  a third  time  in  1865,  he  was  supplanted  in  1866 
by  a triumvirate  headed  by  Cabral.  Baez  was  recalled 
and  made  president  a fourth  time  in  1868.  After  various 
negotiations  he  signed  with  President  Grant  two  treaties 
(Nov.  29,  1869),  one  for  the  annexation  of  Santo  Domingo 
to  the  United  States,  and  the  other  for  the  cession  of  the 
bay  of  Samana.  The  annexation  scheme  was,  ostensibly 
at  least,  approved  by  the  people  of  Santo  Domingo,  but 
the  United  States  Senate  refused  to  ratify  it.  The  failure 
of  this  resulted  in  renewed  disorders,  and  the  fall  of  Baez. 
Baeza  (ba-a'tha).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Jaen,  southern  Spain,  22  miles  northeast  of 
Jaen:  the  Roman  Beatia.  It  has  a cathedral,  and 
was  formerly  the  seat  of  a university.  It  was  a flourish- 
ing Moorish  city,  and  was  sacked  by  St.  Ferdinand  in  the 
13th  century.  Population,  14,379. 

Baffin  (baf'in),  William.  Died  Jan.  23,  1622. 
An  English  navigator  and  explorer.  He  was  pilot 
of  the  Discovery,  Captain  Robert  Bylot,  which  in  1615 
was  despatched  by  the  Muscovy  Company  to  North  Amer- 
ica in  search  of  the  northwest  passage.  The  expedition 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the  bay  between  Greenland 
and  British  America  which  has  since  received  the  name 
of  Baffin  Bay.  An  account  of  the  expedition,  written  by 
Baffin,  was  printed  by  Purchas,  who,  however,  took  great 
liberties  with  the  text.  The  original  manuscript,  with 
map,  is  in  the  British  Museum,  and  was  edited  for  the 
Hakluyt  Society  in  1849  (Rundall,  “ Narratives  of  Voyages 
towards  the  North-west”).  Baffin  was  killed  while  serv- 
ing in  the  allied  English  and  Persian  armies  in  the  island 
of  Kishm.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  3. 

Baffin  Bay  (baf'in  ba).  A sea  passage  com- 
municating with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  Davis 
Strait,  and  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  Smith 
Sound,  and  lying  west  of  Greenland : explored 
by  Baffin  1616.  Also  Baffin’s  Bay. 

Baffin  Land  (baf'in  land).  An  extensive  terri- 
tory in  the  Arctic  regions,  lying  west  of  Baffin 
Bay.  Also  Baffin’s  Land. 

Baffo  (baf'fo),  surnamed  “The  Pure.”  Lived 
about  1580-1600.  A Venetian  lady,  sultana  and 
counselor  of  the  sultan  Amurath  III. 

Baling  ( ba'feng).  One  of  the  chief  head  streams 
of  the  river  Senegal. 

Bagamoyo  (bii-ga-mo'yd).  A port,  town,  and 
the  greatest  commercial  center  of  German  East 
Africa,  south  of  the  Kingani  River  opposite 
Zanzibar.  It  is  a meeting-place  of  inland  roads  and 
caravans.  A railroad  has  been  built  from  Dar-es-Salaam 
to  Mrogoro.  Pop.  of  district,  about  69,000,  consisting  of 
Arabs,  Hindus,  and  Africans  ; of  town,  about  5,000. 

Ba-ganda  (ba-gan'da).  See  Ganda. 

Bagaudae  (ba-ga'dej.  A body  of  Gallic  peas- 
ants in  rebellion  against  the  Romans  at  inter- 
vals from  about  270  a.  d.  to  the  5th  century. 
Bagby  (bag'bi),  Arthur  Pendleton.  Born  in 
Virginia,  1794:  died  at  Mobile,  Alabama,  Sept. 
21,  1858.  An  American  politician.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Alabama  1837-41,  United  States  senator  from 
Alabama  1841-48,  and  United  States  minister  to  Russia 
1848-49. 


108 

Bagby,  George  William.  Born  in  Virginia, 
Aug.  13, 1828:  died  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Nov.  29, 
1883.  A physician,  journalist  (became  editor 
of  the  Lynchburg  “Express”  in  1853,  and  of 
the  “Southern  Literary  Messenger”  in  1859), 
and  humorist.  He  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 
“Mozis  Addums.” 

Bagdad,  or  Baghdad  (bag-dad',  commonly 
bag'dad).  [Pers.,  ‘gift  of  God.’  The  name 
Bag-da-da  is  fouud  iu  the  Assyrian  cuneiform 
inscriptions,  and  appears  to  be  of  Aramean 
origin.]  A vilayet  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the 
lower  valleys  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris, 
between  Persia  and  Arabia. 

Bagdad,  or  Baghdad.  The  capital  of  the  vila- 
yet of  Bagdad,  situated  on  the  Tigris  in  lat. 
33°  20'  N.,  formerly  a city  of  great  importance 
and  still  the  seat  of  considerable  commerce,  it 
has  manufactures  of  leather,  silk, cotton  and  woolen  goods. 
It  was  founded  in  762  by  Abu  Jaffar,  surnamed  “Al- 
Mansur"  (‘the  Victorious’),  second  calif  of  the  dynasty  of 
the  Abbassides,  and  it  was  the  capital  of  the  Abbassides  for 
five  hundred  years,  bearing  the  name  of  Mansurijeh,  also 
Dar-es-Selam  (‘Dwelling  of  Peace’),  which  latter  name  it 
still  has  in  official  documents  of  the  Ottoman  government. 
Under  the  Abbassides  it  became  a celebrated  center  of 
Arabic  learning  and  civilization,  and  the  glory  and  splen- 
dor of  the  eastern  world.  During  the  height  of  its  pros- 
perity it  harbored  a million  and  a half  people  within  its 
walls.  It  declined  with  the  decay  of  the  Abbassidian  ca- 
lifate,  and  came  at  the  fall  of  this  dynasty,  in  1258,  into 
the  hands  of  the  Mongols.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Turkish 
province  Mesopotamia.  Population,  about  145,000. 

Bage  (baj),  Robert.  Born  at  Darley,  Derby- 
shire, England,  Feb.  29, 1728:  diedatTamworth, 
England,  Sept.  1,  1801.  An  English  novelist. 
He  was  a paper-manufacturer  by  trade,  and  did  not  begin 
to  write  before  the  age  of  fifty-three.  He  wrote  “ Mount 
Henneth "(1781),  “Barham  Downs” (1784),  “Hermsprong, 
or  Man  as  he  is  not”  (1796),  etc. 

Bagehot  (baj'ot),  Walter.  Born  at  Langport, 
Somersetshire,  Feb.  3,  1826:  died  there,  March 
24, 1877.  A noted  English  economist,  publicist, 
and  journalist.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  London  1846,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1852,  and  was 
editor  of  the  “Economist”  1860-77.  He  wrote  “The 
English  Constitution”  (1867),  “Physics  and  Politics,  etc." 
(1869),  “Lombard  Street,  etc.”  (1873),  “Literary  Studies” 
(1879),  “Economic  Studies ’’(1880), “Biographical  Studies" 
(1881),  etc. 

Baggara  (bag'ga-ra).  A Hamitic  but  Arabic- 
speaking tribe  of  the  upper  Nile  valley.  They 
are  nomads,  hunters,  Egyptian  soldiers,  and 
slave-raiders.  See  Shilluk. 

Baggesen  (bag 'e-sen),  Jens  (Emmanuel). 
Born  at  Korsor,  Denmark,  Feb.  15, 1764 : died  at 
Hamburg,  Oct.  3,  1826.  A Danish  poet,  author 
of  “ Comic  Tales”(1785),“Labyrinthen”(1792), 
“Parthenais”  (1804),  etc. 

Baghdad.  See  Bagdad. 

Baghelkhand  (bii-gel-kund').  A tract  in  cen- 
tral India,  and  a political  agency,  the  most 
important  state  of  which  is  Rewati. 
Bagheria(ba-ge-re'a),  orBagaria(ba-gii-re'a). 
A town  on  the  northern  coast  of  Sicily,  8 miles 
east  of  Palermo.  Population.  16,704. 
Baghirmi  (ba-ger'me).  An  important  African 
kingdom,  southeast  of  Lake  Chad  on  the  Shari 
River,  between  Bornu  and  Wadai,  and  within 
the  French  sphere  of  influence.  The  country  is  a 
fertile  plain.  The  population  is  mixed  : the  mass  is  Ni- 
gritic;  tlie  higher  class  are  pastoral  Fulalis  and  trading 
Arabs.  Islam  was  introduced  in  the  16tli  century,  but 
many  are  still  pagan.  Capital,  Massenya.  The  language 
is  called  Bagrima ; it  is  related  to  Kuka  and  distinct  from 
Kanuri.  Population,  about  1,000,000. 

Baghistan  (bag-is-tan').  The  ancient  name  of 
Behistun. 

Bagida  (ba'ge-da).  A town  in  German  Togo- 
land,  West  Africa.  Here  Nachtigal  hoisted  the 
German  flag  in  1884. 

Bagimont’s  Roll  (baj'i-monts  rol).  A list  of 
the  ecclesiastical  benefices  of  Scotland  and 
their  valuation  in  the  latter  part  of  the  middle 
ages.  “It  took  its  name  from  an  Italian  churchman, 
Boiamond  (or  Bajimont)  of  Vicci,  a canon  of  the  cathedral 
of  Asti  in  Piedmont,  who  was  sent  by  the  Pope  to  Scot- 
land in  1274  to  collect  the  tithe  or  tenth  part  of  all  the 
church  livings,  for  a Crusade.”  Chambers’s  Encyc.,  I.  657. 
Bagirmi.  See  Baghirmi. 

Bagley  (hag'  li),  Joh  n Judson.  Born  at  Medina, 
N.  Y..  July  24,1832:  died  at  San  Francisco, 
July  27, 1881.  An  American  politician,  Repub- 
lican governor  of  Michigan  1873-77. 

Baglivi  (bal-ye've),  Giorgio.  Born  at  Ragusa, 
Sicily,  1669:  died  at  Rome,  1707.  An  Italian 
physician,  professor  of  anatomy  and  medicine 
in  the  College  de  Sapienza  at  Rome.  He  was 
the  founder  of  the  system  of  “ solidism  ” iu  medicine,  as 
opposed  to  Galenism  or  humorism.  His  medical  writings 
were  held  in  high  esteem,  and  were  frequently  reprinted. 

Bagnacavallo,  Bartolommeo.  See  Ramcnghi. 
Bagne(bany),  orBagnes(bany),Val  de.  An  al- 
pine valley  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland, 
southeast  of  Martigny,  traversed  by  the  Dranse. 


Bagrima 

Bagn&res-de-Bigorre  (ban-yar'db-be-gor'),  or 
BagnSres-d’  Adour  (ban  - y ar ' da  - dor ' ).  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Hautes-Pyr6n4es, 
France,  situated  on  the  Adour  13  miles  south 
of  Tarbes : the  Roman  Aqute  Bigerrionum  Bal- 
nearise.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  Pyrenean  watering-places 
on  account  of  its  hot  springs  (sulphate  of  lime,  etc.).  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  8,591. 

Bagn&res-de-Luchon  (ban-yar'de  -lii - chon'), 
or  Luchon.  A town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  71  miles  southwest  of 
Toulouse,  near  the  Spanish  frontier : the  Roman 
Balnearies  Lixovienses.  it  is  one  of  the  chief 
watering-places  in  the  Pyrenees,  and  is  celebrated  for  its 
warm  salt  and  sulphur  springs.  Population,  commune, 
3,465. 

Bagnet  (bag'net),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph.  Char- 
acters in  Charles  Dicltens’snovel“BleakHouse.” 

Bagnet  is  an  ex-artilleryman,  devoted  to  the  bassoon. 
Their  children  Malta,  Quebec,  and  Woolwich  are  named 
from  the  stations  where  they  were  bom. 

Bagni  di  Lucca  (ban'yede  lok'ka).  [It.,  ‘baths 
of  Lucca.’]  A watering-place  in  Italy,  13  miles 
northeast  of  Lucca,  noted  for  hot  springs. 
Population,  1,227 ; commune,  12,150. 

Bagni  di  San  Giuliano  (ban' ye  de  san  jo-le-a'- 
no).  A town  and  watering-place  in  Italy,  north- 
east of  Pisa. 

Bagnigge  Wells.  A place  of  amusement  in 
London  which  formerly  (time  of  George  II. ) lay 
at  the  east  of  Gray’s  Inn  Road,  nearly  opposite 
what  is  now  Mecklenburg  Square  and  northeast 
of  St.  Andrew’s  burying  ground,  it  “included  a 
great  room  for  concerts  and  entertainments,  a garden 
planted  with  trees,  shrubs,  and  flowers,  and  provided  with 
walks,  a fish-pond,  fountain,  rustic  bridge,  rural  cottages 
and  seats.  The  admission  was  threepence.” 

Bagno  a Ripoli  (ban'yo  a re'po-le).  An  east- 
ern suburb  of  Florence. 

Bagno  in  (or  di  Romagna  (ban'yo  en  (or  de) 

ro-man'ya).  A town  and  watering-place  in 
the  Apennines,  Italy,  37  miles  northeast  of 
Florence. 

Bagnoles  (ban-yol').  A small  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Orne,  France,  northwest 
of  Alen§on. 

Bagnoli  (ban-yo'le).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Avellino,  Italy,  45  miles  east  of 
Naples. 

Bagnols-les-Bains  (ban-yol'la  ban').  A wa- 
tering-place in  the  department  of  Lozere, 
France,  on  the  Lot  east  of  Mende.  It  has  sul- 
phur springs. 

Bagnols-sur-C&ze  (ban-yol'siir-saz').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Gard,  France,  on  the  Ceze 
25  miles  northeast  of  Nimes.  Population, 
commune,  4,582. 

Bagnuolo  (han-yo-o'lo),  Count  (Giovanni  Vi- 
cenzo  Sanfelice).  Born  about  1590 : died  about 
1650.  A Neapolitan  soldier.  In  1624  (Naples  be- 
ing then  under  Philip  IV.  of  Spain)  he  commanded  a con- 
tingent of  troops  from  his  country  sent  with  others  to 
the  relief  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  then  threatened  by  the  Dutch. 
He  distinguished  himself  greatly  in  the  following  cam- 
paigns, ultimately  commanded  at  Bahia,  and  in  1638  re- 
pelled an  attack  upon  that  city.  For  this  service  he  was 
made  a prince  iu  Naples. 

Bagoas  (ba-go'as).  [Gr.  Bayuar.']  Died  about 
336  B.  C.  An  Egyptian  eunuch,  in  the  service 
of  Artaxerxes  Oehus  of  Persia,  who  for  a short 
time  usurped  the  virtual  sovereignty  of  the 
empire.  He  put  to  death  Artaxerxes  Oclius  (338)  and 
Arses  (336),  but  was  himself  compelled  to  drink  a poison 
which  he  had  intended  for  Arses’s  successor  Codomaunus. 
Bagoas.  A favorite  eunuch  of  Alexander  the 
Great. 

Bagot  (bag'ot),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Blith- 
field,  Staffordshire,  England,  Sept.  23,  1781: 
died  -at  Kingston,  Canada,  May  18,  1843.  A 
British  diplomatist.  He  became  under-secretary  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs  in  1807,  minister  to  France  in  1814, 
ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1820,  ambassador  to  Hol- 
land in  1824,  and  governor-general  of  the  Canadas  in  1842. 

Bagot,  Sir  William.  Lived  about  the  end  of 
the  14th  century.  An  English  statesman,  min- 
ister of  Richard  II.  He  was  one  of  the  council  (with 
Bussy,  Green,  and  Serope)  left  in  charge  of  the  kingdom 
when  Richard  departed  for  Ireland  in  1399. 

Bagradas  (bag'ra-das).  The  ancient  name  of 
the  river  Medjerda  (which  see). 

Bagratians.  See  Bagratidse. 

Bagratidas  (ba-grat'i-de).  A dynasty  of  Ar- 
menian monarchs  which  lasted  from  the  9th  to 
the  11th  century.  See  Armenia. 

Bagration  (ba-gra-tse-on'), Prince  Peter.  Born 
1765 : died  1812.  A Russian  general,  descended 
from  a Georgian  princely  family.  He  served  with 
distinction  against  the  Turks  and  Poles,  and  in  1799  iu 
Italy  (Cassano)  and  Switzerland;  opposed  Murat  at  Hol- 
labrun,  Nov.  16,  1805 ; served  at  Austerlitz,  Eylau,  Fried- 
land,  and  in  Finland;  was  commander-in  chief  in  Turkey 
ill  1809;  was  defeated  near  Mohileft,  July  23,  1812;  and 
was  mortally  wounded  at  Borodino,  Sept.  7,  1812. 
Bagrima.  See  Baghirmi. 


109 


Bagshaw 


Baily,  Francis 


Bagshaw  (bag'sha),  Edward.  Died  1662.  An 
English  Royalist  politician  and  author.  Origi- 
nally a Puritan,  he  sat  in  the  Parliament  convened  by 
Charles  I.  at  Oxford  1644,  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  same 
year  by  the  Parliamentary  army,  and  languished  in  the 
Kings  Bench  prison  at  Southwark  till  1646.  While  in 
prison  he  wrote,  among  other  works,  “lie  monarchia 
absoluta  ” (1659). 

Bagshot  (bag'shot)  A village  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, 10  miles  southwest  of  Windsor. 

Bagshot  Heath.  A tract  of  land  on  the  border 
of  Surrey  and  Berkshire,  England. 

Bagstock  (bag'stok),  Major  Joe.  “A  wooden- 
featured,  blue-faced”  officer,  a friend  of  Mr. 
Dombey,  in  Dickens’s  novel  ‘‘Dombey  and 
Son.”  He  calls  himself  “ J.  B.,”  “Old  J.  B.,"  “tough  old 
Joe,"  and  says  “Joe  is  rough  and  tough,  sir!  blunt,  sir, 
blunt  is  Joe.” 

Bahalul  (ba-ha-lol').  The  court  fool  of  Ha- 
run-al-Rashid : surnamed  ‘ ‘ Al-Megnum  ” ( ‘ the 
Crazy’). 

Bahama  Bank  (ba-ha'ma  bangk),  Great.  A 
bank  or  area  of  shoal  water  between  Cuba  and 
the  Bahama  Islands. 

Bahama  Bank,  Little.  A hank  north  of  Great 
Bahama  Island. 

Bahama  Channel,  Old.  The  part  of  the  ocean 
between  Cuba  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
Bahamas.  Also  called  G-ulf  of  Florida. 
Bahamas  (ba-ha'maz),  formerly  Lucayos  (16- 
ki'os).  A group  of  islands  in  the  British  West 
Indies,  southeast  of  Florida.  The  principal  islands 
are  Great  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  Island,  New 
Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Long 
Island,  Great  Exuma,  Crooked  Island,  Ackliu  Island, 
Mariguana,  and  Great  Inagua.  The  group  contains  also 
many  keys  aud  reefs.  The  capital  is  Nassau.  The  Baha- 
mas were  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1492 ; were  occupied 
by  the  British  in  1629  ; and  were  finally  secured  to  them 
in  1783.  Area,  5,450  square  miles.  Population,  60,283. 
Bahar.  See  Behar. 

Baharites  (ha-har'its),  or  Baharides  (ha-har'- 
Idz).  A Mameluke  dynasty  which  reigned  over 
Egypt  from  the  middle  of  the  13th  to  the  end 
of  the  14th  century. 

Bahawalpur  (ba-ha-wal-por'),  or  Bhawalpur 
(bha'wal-por  or  bhal-por').  A feudatory  state 
in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  under  British 
supervision,  extending  from  lat.  27°  42'  to  30° 
25'  N.,  and  from  long.  69°  31'  to  74°  1'  E. 
Area,  15,000  square  miles.  Population,  720,877. 
Bahawalpur.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Ba- 
hawalpur, on  the  Indus.  Population,  18,546. 
Bahia  (ba-e'a).  A state  of  Brazil,  hounded  by 
Piauhy,  Pernambuco,  and  Sergipe  on  the  north, 
the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  Espirito  Santo  and 
Minas  Geraes  on  the  south,  and  Goyaz  on  the 
west.  It  is  noted  for  its  tobacco,  coffee,  and 
sugar.  Area,  164,643  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 2,117,956. 

Bahia,  or  Sao  Salvador  da  Bahia  (soun  sal- 
va-dor'  da  ba-e'a).  A seaport,  capital  of  the 
state  of  Bahia,  situated  on  All  Saints’  Bay  in 
lat.  13°  1'  S.,  long.  38°  32'  W.  It  is  the  second 
city  of  the  country;  has  a large  harbor;  com- 
prises an  upper  and  a lower  town  ; and  is  the 
seat  of  an  archbishopric.  It  has  regular  steam- 
ship communication  with  various  European 
and  American  ports ; exports  sugar,  tobacco, 
etc.;  and  has  flourishing  manufactures,  it  was 
peopled  in  1536,  but  abandoned  ; was  refounded  in  1549 ; 
and  was  the  colonial  capital  of  Brazil  until  1763.  Popu- 
lation, 205,813. 

Bahia  de  Todos  os  Santos  or  Bay  of  All 
Saints.  The  harbor  of  Bahia,  Brazil.  In 
old  works  the  name  is  frequently  applied  to 
the  city. 

Bahia  Honda  (ba-e'a  on'da).  [Sp./deep  hay.’] 
A small  harbor  in  northwestern  Cuba,  west  of 
Havana. 

Bahlapi  (bach-la'pe).  See  Chuana. 
Bahlingen.  See  Balinqen.  ' 

Bahman  (ba'man),  Prince.  The  eldest  son  of 
the  Sultan  of  Persia,  a character  in  the  story 
of  “The  Two  Envious  Sisters”  in  “The  Arabian 
Nights’  Entertainments.”  He  left  with  his  sister 
when  starting  out  on  hia  adventures  a magical  knife  : if  it 
kept  bright  she  would  know  that  he  was  safe,  if  a drop  of 
blood  appeared  on  it,  that  he  was  dead. 

Bahn  (ban).  A town  in  the  province  of  Pome- 
rania, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Thue  66  miles 
northeast  of  Berlin.  Population,  about  3,000. 
Bahr  (bar),  Johann  Christian  Felix.  Born 
at  Darmstadt,  June  13,  1798:  died  at  Hoidcl- 
berg,  Nov.  29,  1872.  A German  philologist  and 
historian.  He  wrote  “Geschichte  der  romischen  Lit- 
eratur”  (1828:  supplements  1836-37,  1840),  etc.,  and 
edited  the  fragments  of  Ctesias  (1825). 

Bahraich  (ba-rich').  A district  in  the  Fyzabad 
division, United  Provinces,  British  India.  Area, 
2,647  square  miles.  Population,  1,051,347. 


Bahraich,  or  Bharech.  The  capital  of  Bt^h- 
raich  district,  British  India. 

Bahrdt  (hart),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Bis- 

chofswerda,  in  Saxony,  Aug.  25, 1741 : died  near 
Halle,  April  23,  1792.  A German  theologian, 
noted  for  his  extreme  rationalism.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  biblical  philology  at  Leipsic  1766-68,  of  biblical 
antiquities  at  Erfurt  1768-71,  ol  theology  (aud  pastor)  at 
Giessen  1771-75,  and  became  director  of  Von  Saliss  Phi- 
lanthropin  at  Marschlinz  in  1776,  a post  which  he  held 
fourteen  months.  He  was  superintendent-general  and 
pastor  at  Diirkheim  when  (1778)  he  was  declared  by  the 
imperial  aulic  council  incapable  of  holding  an  ecclesias- 
tical office  and  forbidden  to  publish  any  writing.  Taking 
refuge  in  Prussia,  he  lectured  on  philosophy  and  philology 
at  Halle  1779-89.  He  was  condemned  to  one  year's  im- 
prisonment (1789)  for  having  published  the  pasquinade 
“ Das  Religionsedict,  ein  Lustspiel  ” (1788).  His  remain- 
ing years  were  devoted  to  the  management  of  a tavern  of 
questionable  repute. 

Bahrein  (ha-ran'),  or  Aval  (a-val'),  Islands. 
A group  of  islands  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  near  the 
coast  of  Arabia,  about  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  50°  E. 
The  chief  island  is  Saroak  (length  about  30  miles);  the 
capital  Manama.  The  islands  are  celebrated  for  their 
pearl  fisheries.  They  are  under  British  protection. 

Bahr-el-Abiad  (bahr-el-a-be-ad').  The  White 
Nile. 

Bahr-el-Azrak  (bahr-el-az'rak).  The  Blue 
Nile. 

Bahr-el-Ghazal  (bahr-el-gha-zal').  One  of 
the  chief  western  ti’ibutaries  of  the  White 
Nile.  Also  a dry  emissary  of  Lake  Chad. 
Bahya  hen  Joseph  ben  Pakoda.  Lived  in 
Saragossa,  Spain,  in  the  11th  century.  A Jew- 
ish religious  author  and  poet.  He  is  best  known  by 
his  work  “ Duties  of  the  Heart,”  which  he  wrote  in  Arabic 
(translated  into  Hebrew  under  the  title  “Hobath  ha  Leba- 
hoth”),  containing  meditations  and  exhortations  on  the 
spiritual  side  of  religion.  It  holds  a place  among  the 
Jews  similar  to  that  of  the  “Imitation  of  Christ”  among 
Christians.  It  waB  translated  into  Spanish  (1610),  and  an 
English  translation  has  been  prepared. 

Baise  (ba'ye).  [Gr.  B aim.']  See  Baja. 

Baiburt  (bi-bort').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Erzrum,  Asiatic  Turkey,  66  miles  northwest 
of  Erzrum,  on  the  Chorok.  It  has  an  impor- 
tant strategic  and  commercial  position.  Popu- 
lation, 6,000. 

Baidar  (bi-dar').  A village  and  valley  near 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  Crimea,  Russia. 
Baif  ( ba-ef'),  Jean  Antoine  de.  Born  at  Ven- 
ice, 1532:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  9, 1589.  A French 
poet,  natural  son  of  Lazare  de  Baif,  a friend  of 
Ronsard  and  a member  of  the  “P14iade.” 
Baikal  (bi'kal),  Tatar  Bai-kul.  [‘Rich  sea.’] 
The  largest  fresh-water  lake  of  Asia,  situated 
in  southern  Siberia  on  the  border  of  Irkutsk 
aud  Transbaikalia.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  up- 
per Angara,  Selenga,  and  Bargusin,  and  its  outlet  is  the 
tower  Angara  to  the  Yenisei.  Length,  397  miles.  Average 
width,  45  miles.  Area,  12,500  square  miles. 

Baikal  Mountains.  A range  of  mountains 
west  and  northwest  of  Baikal. 

Baikie  (ba'ki),  William  Balfour.  Bom  at 
Kirkwall,  Orkney,  Aug.  21, 1824  : died  at  Sierra 
Leone,  Dec.  12,  1864.  A surgeon  (assistant 
surgeon  in  the  royal  navy  1848-51),  explorer 
and  pioneer  in  the  valley  of  the  Niger,  Africa. 
He  was  appointed  surgeon  and  naturalist  of  the  Niger  ex- 
ploring expedition  (1854),  and  succeeded  to  the  command 
of  the  vessel  (the  Pleiad)  on  the  death  of  its  captain.  The 
expedition  ascended  the  river  250  miles  beyond  the  high- 
est point  before  reached. 

Bailan  (in  Syria).  See  Beilan. 

Bailey  (ba'li),  Gamaliel.  Born  at  Mount  Holly, 
N.  J.,  Dec.  3,  1807 : died  at  sea,  June  5,  1859. 
An  American  abolitionist,  editor  of  the  “ Na- 
tional Era”  at  Washington. 

Bailey,  James  Montgomery.  Bom  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  25, 1841 : died  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
March  4, 1894.  An  American  humorist,  editor 
of  the  “ Danbury  News.” 

Bailey,  Joseph.  Born  at  Salem,  Ohio,  April  28, 
1827 : killed  in  Newton  County,  Mo.,  March  21, 
1867.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil  War. 
While  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Red  River  expedition, 
1864,  he  constructed  a dam  (Bailey’s  dam)  above  Alexan- 
dria to  insure  the  passage  of  the  fleet,  for  which  service 
he  was  made  brigadier-general  aud  received  the  thanks  of 
Congress.  He  settled  in  Newton  County,  Missouri,  was 
appointed  sheriff,  and  was  assassinated  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duty. 

Bailey,  Nathan  or  Nathaniel.  Died  at  Step- 
ney, June  27,  1742.  An  English  lexicographer 
and  schoolmaster,  author  of  “An  Universal 
Etymological  English  Dictionary,”  first  pub- 
lislied  in  1721.  A supplement  appeared  in  1727,  and 
a folio  edition  in  1730,  with  the  title  “Dictionarium  Bri- 
tannicum,  collected  by  several  hands,  . . . revis’d  and 
improv'd  with  many  thousand  additions  by  N.  Bailey.” 
Tlie  dictionary,  based  on  the  works  of  Kersey,  Coles, 
Phillips,  Blount,  and  others,  has  often  been  republished, 
and  it  has  served  as  the  foundation  of  other  works  of  the 
kind,  including  Johnson's. 

Bailey,  Philip  James.  Born  at  Nottingham, 


April  22, 1816 : died  there,  Sept.  6, 1902.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  Hewrote  “Festus”  (1839),  “ Angel  World  " 
(1860),  “Mystic"  (1855),  “The  Age,  Universal  Hymn” 
(1867),  etc. 

Bailey,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Sheffield,  1791:  died 
Jan.  18, 1870.  An  English  writer  on  philosophy 
and  political  economy. 

Bailey,  Theodoras.  Born  at  Chateaugay, 
N.  Y.,  April  12,  1805 : died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Feb.  10, 1877.  An  American  rear-admiral. 

He  entered  the  navy  in  1818,  and  became  lieutenant  in 
1827,  commander  in  1849,  and  captain  in  1855.  He  was 
second  in  command  in  the  naval  attack  on  the  defenses 
of  New  Orleans  in  1862,  and  was  sent  by  Admiral  Far- 
ragut,  April  25,  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  city.  He 
was  made  commodore  in  1862,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  commander  of  the  Eastern  Gulf  blockading 
squadron,  in  which  post  he  is  said  to  have  taken  over  150 
blockade-runners  in  eighteen  months.  He  was  made  rear- 
admiral  July  25,  1866,  and  placed  on  the  retired  list  Oct. 
10,  1866. 

Bailiff’s  Daughter  of  Islington,  The.  An 

old  ballad  preserved  in  Percy’s  “Reliques” 
and  Ritson’s  “Ancient  Songs.”  It  is  a tale  of 
a squire’s  son  and  a bailiff’s  daughter. 

Bailleul  (ba-ye').  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Nord,  France,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Lille.  Population,  13,573. 

Baillie  (ba'li),  Lady  Grizel  (Grizel  Hume). 
Born  at  Redbraes  Castle,  Berwickshire,  Dec. 
25,  1665 : died  Dec.  6,  1746.  A Scottish  poet, 
daughter  of  Sir  Patrick  Hume,  first  earl  of 
Marchmont. 

Baillie,  or  Bailly,  Harry.  The  host  of  the 
Tabard  Inn  in  Chaucer's  “Canterbury  Tales.” 

“He  is  a shrewd,  bold,  manly,  well-informed  fellow  with 
a blabbing  shrew  for  a wife.”  Shakspere's  “Mine  Host 
of  the  Garter”  in  the  “Merry- Wives  of  Windsor  ’ is  said 
to  have  been  taken  from  him.  He  is  sometimes  called 
“Henry  Bailif." 

Baillie,  Joanna.  Born  at  Bothweli,  Lanark- 
shire, Scotland,  Sept.  11,  1762:  died  at  Hamp- 
stead, England,  Feb.  23, 1851.  A Scotch  dram- 
atist and  poet.  She  wrote  “Plays  on  the  Passions” 
(1802-36),  in  which  she  delineates  the  principal  passions 
of  the  mind,  each  passion  being  made  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  and  a comedy  ; and  was  the  author  of  the  poems 
“Lines  to  Agnes  Baillie  on  her  Birthday,”  “ The  Kitten,'' 
and  “ To  a Child.” 

Baillie  Nicol  Jarvie.  See  Jarvie. 

Baillie,  Robert.  Born  at  Glasgow,  1599:  died 
July,  1662.  A Scotch  Presbyterian  divine  and 
controversialist,  author  of  “Letters  and  Jour- 
nals, 1637-62,”  etc.  This  work  is  “for  Scotland  much 
what  Pepys  and  Evelyn  are  for  England.  They  are  es- 
pecially valuable  in  relation  to  the  assembly  of  1638  and 
the  assembly  of  Westminster”  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.). 

Baillie,  Robert,  of  Jerviswood.  Executed 
at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  24,  1684.  A Scottish  pa- 
triot, condemned  for  alleged  complicity  in  the 
“Rye  House  Plot”  (which  see). 

Baillon  (ha-yon'),  Ernest  Henri.  Bom  at 
Calais,  Nov.  30,  1827 : died  July  19,  1895.  A 
noted  French  botanist. 

Baillot  (ba-yo'),  Pierre  Marie  Francois  de 
Sales.  Born  at  Passy,  near  Paris,  Oct.  1, 1771 : 
died  at  Paris,  Sept.  15, 1842.  A French  violinist. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Viotti,  became  professor  of  the  violin 
in  the  Conservatory  of  Music  at  Paris  1795,  and  per- 
formed in  Russia,  Holland,  and  England.  He  wrote  “ Art 
du  Violin”  (1835). 

Baillou  (ba-yo')  (L.  Ballonius),  Guillaume 

de.  Born  1538:  died  1616.  A French  physi- 
Clan.  He  was  appointed  by  Henry  IV.  first  physician 
to  the  Dauphin  in  ItiOl,  and  is  reputed  to  have  been  the 
first  to  make  known  the  nature  of  croup,  lie  wrote 
“ Adversaria  medicinalia,  ” etc. 

Bailly  (ba-ye'),  Antoine  Nicolas.  Bom  June 

6, 1810:  died  Jan.  1, 1892.  A French  architect. 
He  was  appointed  to  a position  in  the  administration  of  the 
city  of  Paris  in  1834,  and  became  architect  to  the  French 
government  in  1844.  He  has  built  the  Moli&re  fountain 
at  Paris,  reconstructed  the  cathedral  at  Digue,  and  erected 
the  new  Tribunal  de  Commerce  at  Paris. 

Bailly,  Jean  Sylvain.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept. 
15,  1736:  executed  at  Paris,  Nov.  12,  1793.  A 
noted  French  astronomer  and  politician.  He 
was  a member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Inscriptions,  and  of  the  French  Academy,  presi- 
dent of  the  Third  Estate  and  of  the  National  Assembly  in 
1789,  and  mayor  of  Paris  1789-91.  He  wrote  “Histoire  de 
l’astronomie  ” (1775-87),  “Essai  sur  lorigine  des  fables  et 
des  religions  anciennes  ” (1799),  “Meraoires,"  etc. 

Bailundo  (bl-lon'do).  The  Portuguese  name 
of  Ombalundu,  a country  and  kingdom  on  the 
high  plateau  northeast  of  Benguella,  Angola. 
The  natives  of  Bailundo  are  taller  than  their  neighbors 
of  Bihe  (Oviye),  and  not  very  friendly  to  them,  but  the 
two  tribes  speak  dialects  of  the  same  language,  and  aro 
known  by  the  generic  name  of  Ovimbundu.  They  aro 
the  great  traders  and  carriers  who  bring  the  produce  of 
central  Africa  to  Benguella.  See  Umtrundu. 

Baily  (ba'li),  Edward  Hodges.  Born  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  1788:  died  at  London,  May  22, 
1867.  A noted  English  sculptor. 

Baily,  Francis.  Born  at  Newbury,  Berkshire, 
April  28,  1774:  died  at  London,  Aug.  30,  1844. 


Baily,  Francis 

A distinguished  English  astronomer,  reformer 
of  the  Nautical  Almanac,  and  reviser  of  star- 
catalogues.  He  wrote  a “Journal  of  a Tour  in  Unset- 
tled Parts  of  North  America  in  1796  and  1797"  (edited  by 
De  Morgan,  1856),  “Tables  for  the  Purchasing  and  Re- 
newing  of  Leases”  (1802),  “Doctrine  of  Interest  and  An- 
nuities ” (1808),  etc. 

Baimenas.  An  Indian  tribe  of  Sinaloa.  Their 
language  has  been  lost. 

Bain  (ban),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Watten, 
Caithness,  1810:  died  1877.  A Scottish  mech- 
anician, inventor  of  the  automatic  chemical 
telegraph  (1843). 

Bain,  Alexander.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  June  11, 
1818:  died  there,  Sept.  18, 1903.  A Scottish  phil- 
osophical writer.  He  was  educated  at  Marischal  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  and  became  professor  of  natural  philoso- 
phy in  the  Andersonian  University  of  Glasgow  in  1815, 
examiner  in  logic  and  moral  philosophy  for  the  University 
of  London  (1857-62, 1864-69),  professor  of  logic  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen  (1860-80),  and  lord  rector  there  (1881- 
1887).  His  chief  works  are  “ The  Senses  and  the  Intellect  ’’ 
(1855),  “ The  Emotions  and  the  Will"  (1869),  “ Mental  and 
Moral  Science  ” (1868),  “ Logic  ’’  (1870),  “ Mind  and  Body,” 
“ Manual  of  English  Composition  and  Rhetoric”  (1866), 
“ Education  as  a Science,"  essays  on  J.  S.  Mill,  etc. 

Bainbridge  (ban'brij),  Christopher.  Born  at 
Hilton,  Westmoreland,  1464  (?):  died  at  Rome, 
July  14,  1514.  A noted  English  prelate.  He 
was  made  bishop  of  Durham  in  1507,  archbishop  of  York 
in  1508,  ambassador  to  the  Pope  in  1509,  cardinal  (St. 
Praxedis)  in  1511  by  Julius  II.,  and  legate  and  commander 
of  a papal  army.  He  was  poisoned  by  one  of  his  own 
chaplains,  probably  at  the  instigation  of  a rival,  the  Bishop 
of  Worcester. 

Bainbridge,  John.  Born  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
England,  1582:  died  at  Oxford,  1643.  An  Eng- 
lish physician  and  astronomer. 

Bainbridge,  William.  Born  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
May  7,  1774:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  28, 
1833.  An  American  naval  officer,  appointed 
commodore  in  1812.  He  served  as  Ueutenant-com- 
mandant  in  the  quasi-war  with  France  in  1798,  and  was 
captured  by  the  French  ; commanded  the  Philadelphia 
in  the  Tripolitan  war,  and  was  obliged  to  surrender  her, 
Nov.  1,  1803,  after  she  had  become  fast  on  a rock  in  a 
position  such  that  she  could  not  use  her  guns;  was 
given  command  (1812)  of  a squadron  composed  of  the 
Constitution,  Essex,  and  Hornet ; and  a3  commander  of 
the  Constitution  captured  the  British  frigate  Java  Dec. 
29,  1812.  On  his  return  he  took  charge  of  the  Charles- 
town navy-yard.  In  1815  he  commanded  a squadron 
in  the  Mediterranean ; and  in  1819,  in  the  Columbus, 
took  command  of  the  squadron  in  that  sea,  returning 
in  1821.  He  later  was  stationed  at  Philadelphia,  Boston, 
and  elsewhere. 

Bain-de-Bretagne  (bah'db-bre-tany').  [F., 
‘bath  of  Brittany.’]  A town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine, 
France,  south  of  Rennes.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,873. 

Baines  (banz),  Edward.  Born  at  Walton-le- 
Dale,  Lancashire,  Feb.  5,  1774:  died  Aug.  3, 
1848.  An  English  journalist  and  politician, 
proprietor  and  editor  of  the  “ Leeds  Mercury,” 
and  author  of  histories  of  Yorkshire  and  Lan- 
cashire, etc. 

Baines,  Sir  Edward.  Born  at  Leeds,  1800: 
died  there,  March  2,  1890.  An  English  journal- 
ist, statesman,  and  philanthropist,  son  of  Ed- 
ward Baines. 

Baines,  Matthew  Talbot.  Born  Feb.  17, 1799 : 
died  Jan.  22,  1860.  An  English  politician, 
eldest  son  of  Edward  Baines,  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  with  a seat 
in  the  cabinet,  in  1855. 

Baines,  Thomas.  Born  at  King’s-Lynn,  Norfolk, 
England,  1822 : died  at  Durban,  Port  Natal,  May 
8, 1875.  An  English  artist  and  African  explorer. 
He  arrived  at  Cape  Colony  in  1842 ; accompanied  the  British 
army  throughout  the  Kafir  war  1848-51 ; explored  north- 
west Australia  under  Augustus  Gregory  1855-56 ; was  artist 
and  storekeeper  to  the  Livingstone  Zambesi  expedition 
in  1858 ; went  with  Chapman  from  the  southwest  coast  to 
the  Victoria  Falls  in  1861 ; and  lectured  in  England  1804- 
1868.  He  wrote  “Explorations  in  Southwestern  Africa" 
1864),  and  “The  Gold  Regions  of  Southeastern  Africa” 
1877). 

Baini  (ba-e'ne),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Rome, 
Oct.  21,  1775:  died  May  10,  1844.  An  Italian 
priest,  musical  critic,  and  composer:  author  of 
a life  of  Palestrina. 

Bains-en-Vosges(bah,zoh-v6zh,),orBains-les- 
Bains  (ban'la-ban').  A town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Vosges,  France,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Epinal.  It  has  hot  baths. 
Population,  commune,  2,384. 

Bairaktar  (bl-rak-tar').  A title  of  Mustapha 
(1755-1808),  grand  vizir  of  Mahmud  II. 
Bairam,  orBeiram(bi-ram').  Thename  of  two 
Mohammedan  feasts.  The  great  Bairam  (Tdu’l-kabir) 
forms  the  concluding  ceremony  of  the  pilgrimage  to 
Mecca,  and  is  celebrated  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  twelfth 
month.  Each  householder  who  is  able  to  do  so  sac- 
rifices a sheep,  the  flesh  of  which  is  divided  into  three 
portions,  one  for  the  family,  one  for  relatives,  and  one 
for  the  poor.  The  lesser  Bairam  is  celebrated  at  the 


110 

termination  of  the  fast  of  the  month  of  Ramadan.  It  is 
a* season  of  great  rejoicing  at  which  presents  and  visits 
are  exchanged. 

Baird,  (bard),  Absalom.  Born  at  Washington, 
Pa.,  Aug.  20,  1824:  died  at  Relay,  Md.,  June 
14,  1905.  An  American  general.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  West  Point  in  1849;  became  captain  in  the 
regular  army  in  1861,  and  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
in  1862 ; served  as  division  commander  at  Chattanooga  in 
1863,  and  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  of  1864;  and  became 
brevet  brigadier-general  and  brevet  major-general  in  1865. 

Baird,  Charles  Washington.  Born  at.  Prince- 
ton, New  Jersey,  1828:  died  1887.  A Presby- 
terian clergyman,  son  of  Robert  Baird.  He  has 
written  works  on  the  Presbyterian  liturgies,  local  his- 
tories, and  a “History  of  the  Huguenot  Emigration  to 
America  ” (1885). 

Baird,  Sir  David.  Born  at  Newbyth,  Dec., 
1757 : died  Aug.  29,  1829.  A British  general. 
He  served  in  British  India  1780-89,  where  he  was  wounded 
and  imprisoned  by  Hyder  Ali  for  nearly  four  years ; re- 
turned to  India  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  1791 ; took  Pon- 
dicherry in  1793 ; was  made  major-general  (at  the  Cape) 
in  1798 ; led  the  storming  column  at  the  capture  of  Serin- 
gapatam  May  4, 1799 ; commanded  an  expedition  to  Egypt 
in  1801 ; led  (then  lieutenant-general)  an  army  to  recap- 
ture the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1806;  served  in  the  siege 
of  Copenhagen  in  1807  ; was  sent  to  Spain  to  reinforce 
Moore  in  1808 ; and  was  wounded  at  Corunna  in  1809. 

Baird,  Henry  Carey.  Born  at  Bridesburg, 
Pa.,  Sept.  10,  1825.  An  American  (protection- 
ist) political  economist  and  publisher,  nephew 
of  Henry  C.  Carey. 

Baird,  Henry  Martyn.  Born  Jan.  17.  1832: 
died  Nov.  11,  1906.  A son  of  Robert  Baird : 
professor  of  Greek  in  the  New  York  Univer- 
sity 1859-1902:  author  of  a “History  of  the 
Rise  of  the  Huguenots  ” (1879),  etc. 

Baird,  Robert.  Born  in  Fayette  County,  Pa., 
Oct.  6,  1798:  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  March 
15, 1863.  An  American  clergyman  and  histori- 
cal writer.  He  wrote  “A  View  of  Religion  in  Amer- 
ica ” (1842),  “ History  of  the  Temperance  Societies  ” (1836), 
a “ History  of  the  Albigenses,  Waldenses,  and  Vaudois,” 
etc. 

Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton.  Born  at  Reading, 
Pa.,  Feb.  3,  1823:  died  at  Wood’s  Holl,  Mass., 
Aug.  19, 1887.  A noted  American  naturalist..  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  natural  sciences  at  Dickinson 
College,  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  in  1845;  assistant  secretary 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  1850,  secretary  in  1878; 
and  United  States  commissioner  of  fish  and  fisheries  in  1871. 
His  works  (including  scientific  papers)  are  very  numerous 
(over  1,000  titles);  among  them  are  a “Catalogue  of  North 
American  Reptiles ” (1853),  “Birds  of  North  America” 
(with  Cassin  and  Lawrence,  1860),  “Mammals  of  North 
America,"  “History  of  North  American  Birds”  (with 
Brewer  and  Ridgeway,  1874-84),  etc. 

Baireuth.  See  Bayreuth. 

Baise,  or  Bayse  (baz).  A river  in  southern 
France  which  joins  the  Garonne  west  of  Agen. 
Length,  about  100  miles. 

Baiter  (bi'ter),  Johann  Georg.  Born  at  Zurich, 
May  31, 1801:  died  there,  Oct.  10, 1877.  A Swiss 
classical  philologist.  He  wa3  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Ziirich  1833-49,  and  prorector  of  the  gymnasium 
of  Zurich  1849-65.  He  published,  with  Sauppe,  an  edi- 
tion of  the  “ Oratores  Attici  ” (1839-50),  and,  with  Orelli, 
the  “ Fabellm  iambic®  ” of  Babrius  (1845). 

Baitul  (ha-tol'  ),  orBetul.  A district  in  the  Ner- 
budda  division  of  the  Central  Provinces,  India. 

Baja  (ha'ya).  A seaport  in  Campania,  Italy, 
near  Cape  Misenum  on  the  Gulf  of  Pozzuoli, 
west  of  Naples:  the  ancient  Bairn,  it  was  for- 
merly a great  seaport  and  the  leading  Roman  watering- 
place,  especially  in  the  times  of  Horace,  Nero,  and  Ha- 
drian. It  was  famous  for  its  luxury,  and  contained  the 
villas  of  many  celebrated  Romans.  It  was  plundered  by 
the  Saracens.  Among  the  antiquities  of  Baja  are  : (1) 
A temple  of  Diana,  so  called,  in  reality  part  of  a Roman 
bath.  It  is  octagonal  without,  circular  within,  with  a 
pointed  dome  97  feet  in  diameter.  The  walls  have  four 
ornamental  niches.  The  structure  is  in  o pus  incertum 
eased  in  masonry  of  brick  and  stone.  (2)  A temple  of 
Mercury,  so  called,  in  reality  part  of  a Roman  bath,  three 
subdivisions  of  which  survive.  The  chief  of  these  is  the 
frigidarium,  or  cold  bath,  a circular  domed  structure  144 
feet  in  diameter,  with  a circular  opening  at  the  apex,  as 
in  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  The  two  others  are  rectangu- 
lar and  vaulted,  the  vault  of  one  having  excellent  orna- 
ment in  relief.  (3)  A temple  of  Venus,  so  called,  in  fact 
part  of  a Roman  hath,  an  octagonal  buttressed  structure 
of  opus  incertum  cased  in  brick,  and  opus  reticulatum,  cir- 
cular within,  94  feet  in  diameter,  and  domed.  It  has  eight 
windows  above,  four  doors  below,  and  had  lateral  cham- 
bers containing  stairs. 

Baja  (bo'yo).  A town  in  the  county  of  B&cs, 
Hungary,  situated  near  the  Danube  93  miles 
south  of  Budapest.  Population,  20,361. 

Bajada  del  Parana.  See  Parana. 

Bajazet  (baj-a-zet')  I.,  or  Bayazid,  or  Bajasid 
(ha-ya-zed').  [Turk.  Bayazid.']  Born  1347: 
died  1403.  Sultan  of  the  Turks  1389-1403,  son 
of  Amurath  I.:  surnamed  “Ilderim”  (‘light- 
ning ’)  on  account  of  his  rapid  movements.  He 
conquered  Bulgaria  and  a great  part  of  Asia  Minor,  Mace- 
donia, Servia,  and  Thessaly;  defeated  the  allied  Hunga- 
rians, Poles,  and  French  at  Nicopolis  1396;  and  was  de- 
feated by  Timur  at  Angora  1402,  and  held  prisoner  by  him 
until  his  death.  He  is  said  to  have  been  carried  about  in 
an  iron  cage  : but  this  is  a mere  invention  of  later  writers. 


Baker,  Sir  Richard 

Bajazet’s  (alleged)  treatment  by  Timur  forms  the  most 
powerful  portion  of  Marlowe’s  “Tamburlane"  and  also 
of  Rowe's  “ Tamerlane.”  He  is  shown  in  an  iron  cage 
and  fed  with  broken  scraps  like  a dog. 

Bajazet  XI.  Born  1447;  died  1512.  Turkish 
sultan  1481-1512,  son  of  Mohammed  II.  He  was 
engaged  in  almost  uninterrupted  warfare  with  Hungary, 
Poland,  V enice,  Egypt,  and  Persia  ; was  deposed  by  his  son 
Selim  ; and  died  soon  after  by  poison. 

Bajazet.  A tragedy  by  Racine,  produced  Jan.  4, 
16(2.  Bajazet  in  this  play  is  the  brother  of  the  sultan 
Amurath,  and  the  necessity  of  choosing  between  the  throne 
with  Roxane  and  death  with  Atalide  whom  he  loves  forms 
the  most  striking  part  of  the  play. 

Bajazet,  Mosque  of.  A mosque  in  Constanti- 
nople, finished  in  1505,  one  of  the  finest  exam- 
ples of  Moslem  architecture.  The  fore  court  has 
elegant  Pointed  arcades  of  marble,  with  capitals  of  jasper 
and  verde  antico.  There  are  four  doorways  of  Persian  type, 
and  a graceful  octagonal  fountain  in  the  middle  of  the 
court.  The  interior  displays  excellent  proportions  and 
details. 

Bajmok  (boi'mok).  A town  in  the  county  of 
B&es,  Hungary,  southwest  of  Theresienstadt. 
Population,  7,588. 

Bajura.  The  standard  of  Mohammed. 

Bajza  (hoi ' zo),  Joseph.  Born  at  Sziicsi, 
Hungary,  Jan.  31, 1804:  died  March  3, 1858.  A 
Hungarian  poet,  critic,  and  historian.  He  was 
appointed  director  of  the  National  Theater  at  Pesth  in 
1837,  ami  became  editor  of  the  “Ellendr”  in  1847,  and  of 
Kossuth  8 “ Hirlap  ” in  1848. 

Bakacs  (ho'koch).  Tarnas.  Died  1521.  A Hun- 
garian prelate  and  statesman.  By  viadislaus  II. 
he  was  made  chancellor  and  archbishop  of  Gran  and  later 
(1500)  became  cardinal  primate  of  Hungary  and  papal  le- 
gate. He  received  permission  from  the  Pope  (1513)  to  un- 
dertake a crusade  against  the  Turks,  but  the  army  which 
he  raised  was,  under  the  leadership  of  George  Dosa,  di- 
verted to  an  attack  on  the  nobility.  It  was  subdued  1514 
by  John  ZApolya. 

Bakalahari  (ba-ka-la-ha're).  A tribe  of  the 
Bechuanas  dwelling  in  the  Kalahari  desert  of 
South  Africa. 

Bakankala  (ba-kan-ka'la).  See  Bushmen. 

Bakarganj.  See  Backergunge. 

Bakasekele  (ba-kas-se-ka'le).  See  Bushmen. 

Bakau  (ba-kou ' ),  or  Bacau,  or  Bakeu.  A town 
in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Bistritza 
55  miles  southwest  of  Jassy.  It  is  a railway 
center.  Population,  17,062. 

Bake  (ba'ke),  Jan.  Born  at  Leyden,  Sept.  1, 
1787:  died  March  26, 1864.  A Dutch  classical 
philologist  and  critic.  He  was  professor  of  Greek 
and  Roman  literature  in  the  University  of  Leyden  1817-57, 
and  published,  with  Geel,  Haraaker,  and  Peerlkamp,  the 
“ Bibliotheca  critica  nova  ” (1825-31). 

Bakel  (ba-kel').  A fortified  town  and  trading 
station  in  Senegal,  French  West  Africa,  situ- 
ated on  the  Senegal  about  lat.  15°  N. 

Baker  (ba'ker),  Edward  Dickinson.  Born  at 
London,  England,  Feb.  24, 1811:  killed  Oct.  21, 
1861,  at  the  battle  of  Ball’s  Bluff.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  soldier.  He  was  Whig  member 
of  Congress  from  Illinois  1845-46;  colonel  in  the  Mexican 
war  and  brigade  commander;  member  of  Congress  from 
Illinois  1849-51 ; and  Republican  United  States  senator 
from  Oregon  1860-61.  He  commanded,  as  colonel,  a bri- 
gade at  Ball’s  Bluff. 

Baker,  George  Augustus.  Born  in  New  York 

city,  1821 : died  there,  April  2, 1880.  An  Ameri- 
can portrait-painter. 

Baker,  Mrs.  (Harriette  Newall  Woods):  pseu- 
donym Mrs.  Madeline  Leslie.  Born  1815: 
died  1893.  An  American  writer  of  juvenile 
stories,  wife  of  Rev.  S.  R.  Baker  and  daughter 
of  Rev.  Leonard  Woods. 

Baker,  Henry.  Born  at  London,  May  8, 1698: 
died  at  London,  Nov.  25,  1774.  An  English 
naturalist  and  poet,  son-in-law  of  Defoe.  He 
is  best  known  as  the  author  of  “The  Microscope  Made 
Easy”  (1743),  and  “Employment  for  the  Microscope” 
(1753). 

Baker,  John  Gilbert.  Born  at  Guisborough, 
Yorkshire,  Jan.  13, 1834.  An  English  botanist. 
He  became  assistant  curator  of  the  herbarium  of  the  Royal 
Gardens,  Kew,  in  1866,  and  was  keeper  1890-99.  He  has 
written  on  ferns,  etc. 

Baker,  Lafayette  C.  Born  at  Stafford,  Genesee 
County,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  13,  1826 : died  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  July  2. 1868.  An  American  brigadier- 
general,  head"  of  the  bureau  of  secret  service  in 
the  Civil  War.  He  organized  the  pursuit  of  Wilkes 
Booth,  and  was  present  at  his  death.  He  wrote  a “His- 
tory of  the  United  States  Secret  Service  in  the  Late  War’ 
(1868). 

Baker,  Sir  Richard.  Born  at  Sissinghurst,  in 
Kent,  about  1568:  died  at  London,  in  the  Fleet 
Prison,  Feb.  18,  1645.  An  English  writer, 
author  of  “Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  England” 
(1641),  and  of  various  devotional  and  other 
works.  He  died  in  destitution  due  to  his  becoming 
surety  for  debts  owed  by  relatives  of  bis  wife.  His  literary 
work  was  all  done  in  the  Meet.  See  Chronicle  of  the  Kings 
of  England. 


Baker,  Sir  Samuel  White 

Baker,  Sir  Samuel  White.  Bom  at  London, 
June  8, 1821 : died  at  Newton  Abbot,  England, 
Dec.  30, 1893.  An  English  traveler.  He  founded 
a settlement  and  sanatorium  at  Ceylon  in  1847 ; was  in 
the  Turkish  railway  service  ; left  Cairo  for  the  sources  of 
the  Nile  in  1861 ; explored  the  Blue  Nile  region  1861-62  ; 
started  from  Khartum  in  1862 ; discovered  Bake  Albert 
Nyanza  March  14, 1864  ; commanded  an  Egyptian  expedi- 
tion in  central  Africa,  1869-73,  for  the  suppression  of  the 
slave-trade  and  annexation  of  territory  to  Egypt ; and 
traveled  in  Cyprus,  Syria,  India,  etc.  He  has  written  “The 
Rifle  and  the  Hound  in  Ceylon"  (1864),  “Eight  Years’ 
Wanderings  in  Ceylon  ” (1855),  “The  Albert  Nyanza,  etc.” 
(1866),  “The  Nile  Tributaries  of  Abyssinia,  etc.”  (1867), 
“Ismailia,  etc.  "(1874),  “Cyprus  as  I saw  it  in  1879,”  “Wild 
Beasts  and  their  Ways  "(1890).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map 
109. 

Baker,  Thomas.  Born  at  Lancbester,  Durham, 
Sept.  14, 1656:  died  at  Cambridge,  July  2,  1740. 
An  eminent  English  antiquary.  He  left  a valuable 
collection  of  materials  in  forty-two  manuscript  volumes 
relating  to  the  history  of  Cambridge : twenty-three  vol- 
umes are  in  the  Harleian  collection  (British  Museum) 
and  the  rest  in  the  library  of  Cambridge  University. 

Baker,  Valentine  (Baker  Pasha).  Bom  1827 : 
died  at  Tel-el-Kebir,  Nov.  17, 1887.  An  English 
officer,  brother  of  Sir  Samuel  White  Baker.  He 
was  a colonel  in  the  British  army  ; was  in  the  Turkish  ser- 
vice during  the  war  of  1877-78  ; was  Egyptian  commander 
in  the  Sudan  after  the  defeat  of  Hicks  Pasha  1883 ; and 
was  defeated  by  Osman  Digna  in  the  battle  of  Tokar,  Feb. 
4,  1884. 

Baker,  Sir  William  Erskine.  Born  at  Leith, 
Scotland,  1808 : died  in  Somersetshire,  Dec.  16, 
1881.  A British  military  and  civil  engineer  in 
India.  He  was  promoted  major-general  in  1865, 
and  general  in  1887. 

Baker,  William  Mumford.  Born  at  Wash- 
ington, June  27,  1825 : died  at  Boston,  Aug.  20, 
1883.  A Presbyterian  clergyman  and  novelist, 
son  of  Daniel  Baker.  He  wrote  “ Inside : a Chroni- 
cle of  Secession"  (1866),  “Oak-Mot”  (1868),  “The  New 
Timothy"  (1870),  “His  Majesty  Myself’’  (1879),  “Blessed 
Saint  Certainty  ” (1881),  etc.  He  sometimes  used  the  pseu- 
donym George  F.  Harrington. 

Baker,  Mount.  A volcanic  peak  in  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  in  northern  Washington,  near  the 
Canadian  frontier.  Height,  10,827  feet. 
Baker,  The,  and  the  Baker’s  Wife.  Nick- 
names given  to  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoi- 
nette because  they  gave  bread  to  the  hungry 
mob  at  Versailles,  Oct.  6, 1789. 

Bakerganj.  See  Backergunge. 

Bakeu.  See  Bdkau. 

Bakewell  (bak'wel).  A town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  on  the  Wye  22  miles  northwest  of 
Derby.  Chatsworth  House  and  Haddon  Hall 
are  in  the  vicinity.  Population,  2,850. 
Bakhmut  (bach-mot').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  southern  Russia,  135 
miles  east  of  Yekaterinoslaff.  Population, 
about  25^000. 

Bakhtchisarai  (bach-che-sa-ri' ).  A town  in  the 
Crimea,  government  of  Taurida,  Russia,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Simferopol.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  Tatar  khans,  and  contains  their 
residence.  Population,  15,644. 

Bakhtishwa  (bach-tish'wa),  Giabril  ben  Giur- 
gis  ben.  Died  about  828.  A Greek  Nestorian, 
a member  of  a family  of  noted  physicians,  who 
became  physician  to  Harun-al-Rashid  in  805. 
He  was  the  first  to  present  to  the  Arabians  translations 
of  the  Greek  works  on  medicine.  Also  Bakhtichuna,  Bac- 
tishua,  Bocht  Jem. 

Bakhtiyari  (baeh-te-ya/re)  Mountains.  A 

range  of  mountains  in  western  Persia,  west  of 
Ispahan. 

Bakhtiyari.  A nomadic,  semi-independent  peo- 
ple in  Luristan  and  Khuzistan,  western  Persia, 
allied  to  the  Kurds. 

Bakhuyzen,  or  Bakhuizen.  See  Backhuysen. 
Bakke-Bakke.  See  Pygmies. 

Bakony  (bok'ony)  Forest,  G.  Bakonyerwald. 

A hilly  volcanic  region  in  Hungary,  south  and 
west  of  the  Danube,  southwest  of  Budapest, 
and  north  of  Lake  Balaton.  It  had  formerly  ex- 
tensive forests,  and  was  noted  as  a resort  for  robbers.  Its 
highest  point  is  about  2,300  feet. 

Baku  (bii-ko' ).  A government  in  Transcaucasia, 
Russia,  west  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Area,  15,061 
square  miles.  Population,  about  891,300. 
Baku.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  government 
of  Baku,  situated  on  the  Caspian  Sea,  on  the 
southern  coast  of  the  Apsheron  Peninsula,  in 
lat.  40°  23'  N.,  long.  49°  52'  E.,  famous  as  a 
center  of  petroleum  production.  It  has  an  exten- 
sive trade  in  petroleum,  grain,  etc. ; is  one  of  the  leading 
Russian  naval  stations;  and  is  connected  with  Caspian 
ports  and  by  rail  with  the  Black  Sea.  From  ancient  times 
it  has  been  a place  of  the  fire- worshipers.  It  belonged  to 
the  Persians  and  Turks,  and  was  taken  by  the  Russians 
in  1806.  Population,  179,133. 

Ba-Kuandu  (ba-kwiin'do).  See  Bushmen. 
Ba-Kuise  (ba-kwe'se).  See  Bushmen. 


Ill 

Ba-Kume  (ba-ko'me).  See  Dualla. 

Bakunin  (ba-kon 'yen),  Michael.  Born  at 
Torzhok,  Russia,  1814:  died  at  Bern,  July  1, 
1876.  A Russian  socialist  and  political  agita- 
tor, regarded  as  the  founder  of  Nihilism.  He 
took  part  in  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Germany, 
especially  at  Dresden,  1848-49;  was  exiled  to  Siberia  in 
1851;  escaped  to  Japan,  and  arrived  in  England  in  1861; 
and  founded  the  Alliance  of  the  Social  Democracy  in  1869, 
which  was  absorbed  the  same  year  by  the  International. 
On  account  of  his  extreme  views  he  was  expelled  from 
the  latter  at  The  Hague  congress  in  1872. 

Bala  (ba'la).  A town  in  Merionethshire,  Wales, 
20  miles  southwest  of  Denbigh. 

Bala  (ba'la),  Lake.  A small  lake  in  Merion- 
ethshire, Wales,  near  Bala.  Its  outlet  is  the  Dee. 
Balaam  (ba/lam).  [Heb.,  ‘the  destroyer.'] 
A prophet  of  Pethor,  in  Mesopotamia,  men- 
tioned in  the  Book  of  Numbers.  The  Moabite  king 
Balak  sent  for  him  to  curse  the  Israelites,  who  had  already 
conquered  Bashan  and  the  land  of  King  Sihon,  and  were 
threatening  Moab.  See  the  story  in  Num.  xxii.,  xxiii. 
Balaam.  A character  in  Dry  den’s  satire  “Ab- 
salom and  Achitophel,”  intended  for  the  Earl 
of  Huntingdon. 

Balaclava.  See  Balaklava. 

Baladan  (ba-la-dan').  Mentioned  in  2 Ki.  xx. 
12,  Isa.  xxxix.  1,  as  father  of  Merodach-baladan 
(Assyrian  Marduk-abal-iddina , the  god  Mero- 
dach  gave  the  son).  The  latter  was  king  of  Baby- 
lonia 721-710  B.  C.,  a contemporary  of  Sennacherib,  king 
of  Assyria,  and  Hezekiah,  king  of  Judah,  to  the  latter  of 
whom  he  sent  presents  and  congratulations  upon  his  re- 
covery. Baladan  is  probably  shortened  from  Merodach- 
baladan. 

Balafr6  (ba-la-fra'),  Le.  [F.,‘ the  scarred.’]  1. 
The  name  given  to  Henri  and  Francois,  the 
second  and  third  dukes  of  Guise,  from  sword- 
cuts  which  scarred  their  faces. — 2.  See  Lesly, 
Ludovic. 

Balagansk  (ba-la-gansk').  A small  town  in 
the  government  of  Irkutsk,  on  the  Angara 
northwest  of  Irkutsk.  Near  it  is  a noted  cave. 
Balaghat  (ba-la-gat'),  or  Baiaghaut.  A dis- 
trict in  the  Nagpur  division  of  the  Central 
Provinces,  British  India,  situated  in  lat.  21°- 
23°  N.,  long.  80°-81°  E.  Area,  3,132  square 
miles.  Population,  326,521. 

Balaguer  (ba-la-gar' ) Vittorio.  Born  at  Bar- 
celona, 1824  : died  at  Madrid,  1901.  A Catalan 
poet,  historian,  and  novelist.  He  became  keeper 
of  the  archives  at  Barcelona  in  1854,  and  soon  after  pro- 
fessor of  history.  Author  of  “ Trovador  de  Montserrat  ’’ 
(1850),  “ Don  Juan  de  Serravalle  ’’  (5th  ed.  1875),  and  “ His- 
toria  politica  y literaria  de  los  trovadores”  (1878-80). 
Balaguer  (ba-la-gar').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lerida,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Segre 
25  miles  northeast  of  Lerida.  Population,  4,604. 
Balahissar  (ba-la-his'sar).  A ruined  town  in 
Asia  Minor,  near  the  Sangarius,  85  miles  south- 
west of  Angora,  on  the  supposed  site  of  the 
ancient  Pessinus. 

Balak  (ba'lak).  [Heb.,  ‘destroyer.’]  In  Old 
Testament  history,  a king  of  the  Moabites.  See 
Balaam. 

Balak.  A character  in  Dryden  and  Tate’s  sat- 
ire “Absalom  and  Achitophel,”  intended  for 
Dr.  Burnet. 

Balakhany  (ba-la-chany').  A small  town  north 
of  Baku,  Caucasia,  noted  for  its  petroleum 
springs. 

Balakhna  (ba-lach'na),  sometimes  Balatchna 
(ba-lach'na).  A small  town  in  the  government 
of  Nizhni -Novgorod,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Volga  northwest  of  Nizhni -Novgorod,  noted 
for  shoemaking. 

Balaklava,  or  Balaclava  (bal-a-kla'va).  A 
small  seaport  in  the  Crimea,  Russia,  about 
8 miles  southeast  of  Sebastopol : the  ancient 
Symbolon  Portus,  and  the  medieval  Cembalo. 
A Greek  colony  was  settled  here  by  Catherine  II.  It  was  the 
headquarters  of  the  Allies  in  the  Crimean  war.  A series 
of  engagements  between  the  Russians  and  the  Allies  took 
place  near  Balaklava,  Oct.  25,  1854.  General  Liprandi, 
with  about  12,000  Russians,  took  some  redoubts,  com- 
mitted to  about  250  Turks,  which  commanded  the  cause- 
way to  the  (English)  port  of  Balaklava,  and  threatened  the 
port  itself.  The  attack  was  diverted  by  a brilliant  charge 
of  the  Heavy  Brigade,  led  by  General  Scarlett.  Through 
a misconception  of  the  general-in-chief’s  (Lord  Raglan  s) 
order,  Lord  Lucan,  commander  of  the  cavalry,  ordered 
Lord  Cardigan,  with  the  Light  Brigade,  to  charge  the 
Russian  artillery  at  the  extremity  of  the  northern  valley 
in  the  plain  of  Balaklava.  With  a battery  in  front  and  one 
on  each  side  the  Light  Brigade  hewed  its  way  past  the 
guns  in  front  and  routed  the  enemy  s cavalry.  Of  670 
horsemen  198  returned.  This  charge  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  a well-known  poem  by  Tennyson. 

Ba-Lala  (ba-liil'a).  See  Bushmen. 

Balami  (bii-la'me).  A learned  vizir  of  the 
Samanide,  Abu  Salih  Mansur  ben  Nub.  He  col- 
lected old  Iranian  traditions,  and  in  963  wrote  a Persian 
abridgment  of  the  great  Arabic  history  of  Tabari. 

Balan  (ba-lon').  1.  An  early  French  version  of 
the  romance  of  “Fierabras,”  which  appears  in 


Balboa,  Miguel  Cabello  de 

English  as  “ The  Sowdan  of  Babylon.”  Balan  is 
the  Sowdan  and  the  father  of  the  knight  Fierabras  or 
Ferumbras.  He  was  conquered  by  Charlemagne. 

2.  In  Arthurian  legend,  the  brother  of  Balin. 
See  Balin  and  Balan. 

Balance,  The.  See  Libra. 

Balance,  Justice.  The  father  of  Sylvia  in  Far- 
quhaPs  comedy  “ The  Recruiting  Officer,”  one 
of  the  principal  characters. 

Balantes  (ba-lan'tes).  A heathen  tribe,  of  the 
Nigritic  branch,  in  Portuguese  Guinea,  West 
Africa. 

Balarama  (ba-la-ra/ma).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  elder  brother  of  Krishna.  In  the  Mahabharata 
he  teaches  Duryodhana  and  Bhima  the  use  of  the  mace. 
Though  inclining  to  the  Pandavas,  he  refuses  to  side  with 
them  ortheKauravas;  but,  upon  witnessing  the  foul  blow 
struck  by  Bhima  in  the  contest  with  Duryodhana,  he  is 
scarcely  restrained  by  Krishna  from  falling  upon  the  Pan- 
davas. He  died  just  before  Krishna,  as  he  sat  under  a 
banian  in  the  vicinity  of  Dvaraka.  The  Puranas  add 
many  incidents.  Balarama  is,  according  to  the  Vaishnavas, 
an  incarnation  of  Vishnu. 

Balard  (ba-lar'),  Antoine  Jerome.  Bom  at 

Montpellier,  Sept.  30,  1802:  died  at  Paris, 
March  31,  1876.  A French  chemist.  He  became 

professor  of  chemistry  in  the  College  of  France  in  1851. 
He  discovered  bromine  in  1826. 

Balaruc  (ba-la-riik').  A small  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  H(srault,  France,  on  the 
fitang  de  Thau. 

Balashof  (ba-la-shof').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  on  the  Khoper  120 
miles  west  of  Saratoff.  Population,  22,- 
800. 

Balasore.  See  Balasur. 

Balassa  (bol'osh-sho),  Balint  (Valentine). 
Born  1551  : died  1594.  A Hungarian  poet. 
Balassa-Gyarmath  (bol ' osh  - sho - dyor ' mot). 
The  capital  of  the  county  of  Nograd,  Hungary, 
42  miles  north  of  Budapest.  Population, 
8,580. 

Balasur  (bal-a-sor').  A seaport,  capital  of  the 
district  of  Balasur,  in  Orissa,  British  India, 
near  the  coast.  Population,  about  20,800. 
Balaton  (bol'ot-on),  Lake,  G.  Plattensee 
(plat ' ten  - za).  The  largest  lake  in  Hun- 
gary, situated  50  miles  southwest  of  Buda- 
pest. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Sio  and  Sarviz  to 
the  Danube.  Length,  48  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  7)  miles. 

Balaustion’s  Adventure  (ba-las'ehonz  ad- 
ven'tur).  A poem  by  Robert  Browning,  pub- 
lished 1871.  Balaustion  is  a Greek  girl  of  Rhodes.  Her 
story  is  continued  in  “Aristophanes’  Apology.” 
Balawat  (ba-la-wat').  A mound  of  ruins  about 
15  miles  east  of  Mosul  and  9 miles  from  Nimrud. 
It  attained  some  importance  in  the  history  of  Assyriology 
through  the  discovery  made  there  by  the  excavator  Hor- 
muzd  Rassam,  in  1877,  of  bronze  plates  which  served  as 
covers  of  gates  to  the  court  of  the  royal  palace  of  Shal- 
maneser II.,  king  of  Assyria  860-824  B.  C.  The  plates  are 
decorated  in  repoussd  work  with  bas-reliefs  representing 
scenes  of  war,  games,  sacrifices,  and  with  inscriptions  con- 
taining a concise  record  of  the  first  nine  years  of  the  reign 
of  that  king.  They  are  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

Balbek.  See  Baalbec. 

Balbi  (bal'be),  Adriano.  Born  at  Venice, 
April  25,  1782 : died  at  Padua,  March  14,  1848. 
An  Italian  geographer  and  statistician,  author 
of  “Atlas  ethnographique  du  globe”  (1826), 
“ Abrdgd  de  geographic”  (1832),  etc. 

Balbi,  Gasparo.  A Venetian  traveler.  He  spent 
the  years  1579-88  in  India.  On  his  return  to  Venice 
he  published  “ Viaggio  nelle  Indie  Orientals  ” (1590),  which 
was  inserted  by  the  brothers  De  Bry  in  their  collection 
of  voyages  (1606). 

Balbinus  (bal-bl'nus),  Decimus  Caslius. 

Killed  238.  A Roman  orator,  poet,  and  states- 
man, of  noble  birth,  appointed  by  the  senate 
joint  emperor  (Augustus)  of  Rome  with  Pupie- 
nus  Maximus,  238,  in  opposition  to  Maximin, 
who  was  shortly  after  killed  by  his  own  soldiers 
at  the  siege  of  Aquileia.  Balbinus  and  his  colleague 
were  murdered  by  the  pretorians  at  Rome  before  the  be- 
ginning of  August  in  the  same  year,  after  having  reigned 
since  about  the  end  of  April. 

Balbo  (bal'bo),  Count  Cesare.  Bom  at  Turin, 
Nov.  21, 1789:  died  there,  June  3, 1853.  An  Ital- 
ian statesman  and  writer,  premier  of  Sardinia  in 
1848.  Hewrote  “Storia  d’ltalia”  (1830),  “Vita 
di  Dante”  (1839),  “Delle  speranze  d’ltalia” 
(1844),  etc. 

Balboa  (biil-bo'a),  or  Balvoa,  Miguel  Cabello 

de.  Born  in  Archidona  about  1525:  died,  prob- 
ably in  Peru,  after  1586.  A Spanish  historian. 
He  served  as  a soldier  in  the  French  wars,  but  subsequently 
took  orders,  and  went  to  America  about  1666,  residing 
for  a time  at  Bogota,  and  later  in  Lima  and  Cuzco.  He 
wrote  “Miscelanea  Anartica  y origeri  de  los  Incas  del 
Peru,"  which  remained  in  manuscript  until  1840,  when  a 
French  translation  was  published  in  the  Ternaux-Com- 
pans  collection,  as  “ L’Histoire  du  I’Crou.  ’’ 


Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez 

* 

Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez.  Born  at  Xeres  de  los 
Caballeros,  1475:  died  at  Acla,  near  Darien, 
1517  or  1518.  A Spanish  soldier,  the  discoverer 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  In  1500  he  went  to  America 
with  the  expedition  of  Rodrigo  Bastidas,  and  was  left  by 
him  at  Espauola.  In  1510  he  went  to  Darien  where  he 
was  later  elected  alcalde  in  a new  settlement  formed  by 
hia  advice.  In  1512  he  received  from  Pasamonte,  king’s 
treasurer  at  Santo  Domingo,  a commission  to  act  as  gov- 
ernor. Balboamade  numerous  explorations, generally  con- 
ciliating the  Indians;  and  from  them  he  learned  that  there 
was  a great  sea  to  the  south  (the  Pacific),  and  far  southward 
a country  rich  in  gold,  where  the  people  were  civilized 
(Peru).  Determined  to  discover  these,  he  set  out  from 
Darien  with  part  of  his  force  Sept.  1,  1513,  and  after  an 
adventurous  journey  reached,  on  Sept.  25,  a mountain 
from  which  he  first  saw  the  Pacific.  The  shore  itself  was 
attained  on  Sept.  29,  and  Balboa,  entering  the  water,  took 
possession  for  the  kings  of  Castile.  He  returned  to  Darien 
Jan.  29,  1514.  In  the  same  year  (June  30)  Pedro  Arias  de 
Avila  (called  Pedrarias)  arrived  as  governor  of  the  colony. 
The  relations  of  the  two  men  were  unfriendly,  but  Balboa 
obtained  permission  to  explore  the  South  Sea.  Cutting 
the  timbers  for  his  ships  on  the  Caribbean  side,  he  trans- 
ported them  with  immense  labor  across  the  isthmus,  and 
had  launched  two  vessels  when  he  was  arrested  by  Pedra- 
rias, on  a charge  of  contemplated  revolt,  and  beheaded. 

Balbriggan  (bal -brig' an).  A watering-place 
in  County  Dublin,  Ireland,  20  miles  northeast 
of  Dublin.  It  has  manufactures  of  stockings, 
etc.  Population,  2,236. 

Balbuena  (bal-bwa'na),  Bernardo  de.  Bom 
in  Val  de  Penas,  1568:  died  in  Porto  Rico,  1627. 
A Spanish  prelate  and  poet.  Most  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  Mexico,  Jamaica,  and  Porto  Rico,  and  he  became 
bishop  of  the  latter  island  in  1620.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  epics  “ El  Bernardo  "and  “ La  Grandeza  Mexicans,  "and 
his  principal  poem  “ El  Siglo  de  Oro  ” (‘  The  Age  of  Gold  ’). 

Balbus  (bal'  bus),  Lucius  Cornelius.  Born  in 
Gades : flourished  in  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A 
Roman  politician,  surnamed  “Major”  to  distin- 
guish him  from  his  nephew  Lucius  Cornelius 
Balbus.  He  served  in  Spain  in  the  war  against  Serto- 
rius,  and  was  made  a Roman  citizen  in  72  B.  c.  His  right 
to  the  citizenship  was  successfully  defended  by  Cicero  in 
65  B c.  He  sided  with  Ctesar  against  Pompey,  being  in- 
trusted with  the  management  of  the  former's  affairs  at 
Rome ; and.  on  the  death  of  Csesar,  attached  himself  to 
Octavius,  under  whom  he  obtained  the  consulship  40  B.  c. 

Balbus,  Lucius  Cornelius.  A Roman  politi- 
cian, surnamed  ‘ ‘ Minor”  to  distinguish  him  from 
his  uncle  Lucius  Cornelius  Balbus.  He  was  ques- 
tor  to  the  propretor  Asinius  Pollio  in  Further  Spain 
44-43  B.  c.,  where  he  acquired  a large  fortune  through  op- 
pression and  exaction  ; became  subsequently  governor  of 
Africa ; and  enjoyed  a triumph  19  B.  c.,  inconsequence  of 
a victory  over  the  Garamantes. 

Balcarce  (bal-kar'sa),  Antonio  Gonzalez. 

Born  at  Buenos  Ayres  in  1774 : died  there,  Aug. 
5,  1819.  A Spanish-American  soldier.  He  served 
in  the  defense  of  Buenos  Ayres  (1807),  and  was  captured 
by  the  British  ; joined  the  revolutionary  movement  of 
May,  1810  ; and  was  sent  with  an  army  to  aid  the  patriots 
of  Upper  Pern  (1811).  He  was  disastrously  defeated  by 
Goyeneche  at  the  battle  of  Huaqui  (June 20, 1811). 

Balcarce,  Juan  Ramon.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1773 : died  at  Entre  Rios  about  1833.  An 
Argentine  general,  brother  of  A.  G.  Balcarce. 
In  1818,  and  again  in  1820,  he  was  for  a short  time  gover- 
nor of  Buenos  Ayres  ; in  1824  was  a member  of  the  con- 
stituent assembly ; in  1827  minister  of  war  and  marine, 
and  in  Dec  , 1832,  was  elected  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
but  in  Nov.,  1833,  was  driven  out  by  Rosas. 

Balchen  (bal'chen),  Sir  John.  Said  to  have 
been  born  Feb.  4,  1670,  at  Godaiming  in  Sur- 
rey: died  1744.  An  English  naval  officer,  com- 
mander of  various  vessels  1697-1728,  promoted 
admiral  of  the  white  in  1743.  He  perished  in  the 
wreck  of  the  Victory  in  the  Channel  on  the  night  of  Oct.  4, 
1744. 

Bald  Heads.  See  Comanche. 

Bald  Mountain  (bald  inoun'tiin).  A peak  in 
the  Front  Range,  Colorado.  Height,  about 
12,500  feet. 

Baldassare  (bal-das-sii're).  In  Donizetti’s  op- 
era “ La  Favorita,”  the  head  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Jacopo  di  Compostella. 

Baldegger  See  (bald'eg-er  za).  A small  lake  in 
the  canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  11  miles 
north  of  Lucerne. 

Baldenburg  (bar den-boro).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  80  miles 
southwest  of  Dantzic. 

Balder  (bal'der).  1.  See  Baldur. — 2.  A poem 
by  Sydney  Dobell,  published  in  1854. 

Balder  Dead.  A poem  by  Matthew  Arnold. 
Johannes  Ewald,  the  Danish  poet,  also  published  a dra- 
matic poem  with  this  title  in  1773. 

Balderstone  (hal'der-ston),  Caleb.  In  Scott’s 
novel  “ The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,”  the  old 
servant  of  the  Master  of  Ravenswood.  He  sup- 
plies  the  comic  note  in  this  tragic  tale,  with  his  faithful 
but  ludicrous  efforts  to  uphold  the  honor  of  the  family. 

Balderstone,  Thomas  (called  Uncle  Tom).  In 

Charles  Dickens’s  tale  “Mrs.  Joseph  Porter,” 
the  uncle  of  Mrs.  Gattleton. 

Baldi  (bal'de),  Bernardino.  Born  at  Urbino, 
June  6,  1553 : died  at  Urbino,  Oct.  10,  1617.  A 


112 

noted  Italian  scholar,  mathematician,  poet, 
and  general  writer. 

Baldinucci  (bal-de-no'che),  Filippo.  Born  at 
Florence,  1624:  died  Jan.  1,  1696.  A Floren- 
tine art  critic.  He  wrote  “Notizie  de’  profes- 
sori  del  disegno  da  Cimahue  1260-1670”  (1681- 
1688). 

Baldock  (bal'dok),  Ralph  de.  Died  1313. 
Bishop  of  London  (1304)  and  lord  chancellor 
(April,  1307).  He  was  removed  on  the  acces- 
sion of  Edward  II. 

Baldock,  Robert  de.  Died  1327.  An  English 
lord  chancellor  (1323)  under  Edward  II.  He  was 
overthrown  with  the  De  Spencers,  and  died  in  London  as 
the  result  of  ill  treatment  by  a mob. 

Baldovinetti  (bal-do-ve-net'te),  Alessio.  Born 
at  Florence,  Oct.  14,  1427 : died  there,  Aug.  29, 
1499.  A noted  Florentine  painter  and  worker 
in  mosaics. 

Baldovini  (bal-do-ve'ne),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Florence,  Feb.  27,  1635:  died  Nov.  18,  1716. 
An  Italian  poet,  author  of  “Lamento  di  Cecco 
da  Varlungo,  etc.”  (1694),  etc. 

Balducci  (bal-do'che),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Palermo : died  at  Rome,  1642.  One  of  the  best 
of  the  Anacreontic  poets  of  Italy.  He  wrote 
“Canzoni  Siciliani,”in  the  Sicilian  dialect,  etc. 

Balduin.  See  Baldwin. 

Baldung  (bal'dong),  Hans.  Born  at  Gmtind, 
Swabia,  1476  (?):  died  at  Strasburg,  1545.  A 
German  painter,  surnamed  “Grtin”  (‘green’), 
from  his  use  of  that  color  in  his  draperies. 

Baldur  (bal'dor),  or  Balder  (bal'der).  [ON. 
Baldr ; AS.  bealdor,  OHG.  balder,  prince,  lord.] 
In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a son  of  Odin,  and  one 
of  the  principal  gods.  Baldur's  characteristics  are 
those  of  a sun-god.  He  is  the  “ whitest  ” of  the  gods,  and 
so  beautiful  and  bright  that  a light  emanates  from  him. 
He  is  the  wisest,  most  eloquent,  and  mildest  of  the  Ases. 
His  dwelling  is  Breidablik(ON.  Breidhablilc).  His  wife  is 
Nanna.  He  is  finally  slain,  at  the  instigation  of  Loki,  by 
a twig  of  mistletoe  in  the  hands  of  the  blind  god  Hodur 
(ON.  Iludhr).  Baldur  is  specifically  a Northern  god ; 
among  the  other  Germanic  races  there  is  no  existing 
record  of  him  whatsoever. 

Baldwin  (bal'dwin)  I.,  surnamed  “BrasdeFer” 
(‘Iron  Arm’).  [OF1.  Baldwin,  Balduin,  bold 
friend : L.  Balduinus,  F.  Baldwin  or  Baudouin, 
It.  Balduino,  G.  Baldwin.]  Died  879  (877  ?).  The 
first  count  of  Flanders,  son-in-law  of  Charles 
the  Bald  of  France. 

Baldwin  II.  Died  918.  Count  of  Flanders,  son 
of  Baldwin  I.  He  married  Alfrith,  daughter 
of  Alfred  the  Great  of  England. 

Baldwin  V.,  surnamed  Le  Debonnaire.  Died 
1067.  Count  of  Flanders,  son  of  Baldwin  IV., 
father-in-law  of  William  of  Normandy  whom 
he  accompanied  in  the  invasion  of  England, 
and  regent  of  France  1060-67. 

Baldwin  I.  Born  1058:  died  in  Egypt,  March, 
1118.  King  of  Jerusalem.  He  was  a brother  of 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon  whom  he  accompanied  on  the  first 
Crusade  (1C96-99),  and  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Jeru- 
salem. He  conquered  Acre  in  1104,  Beirut  in  11,  9,  and 
Sidon  in  1110. 

Baldwin  II.  Died  Aug.  21,  1131.  Count  of 
Edessa,  king  of  Jerusalem  1118-31.  In  his  reign 
the  military  orders  of  St.  John  and  the  Templars  were  es- 
tablished for  the  defense  of  the  Holy  Land. 

Baldwin  III.  Born  1129 : died  at  Tripolis,  Feb. 
10,  1162.  King  of  Jerusalem  1143-62.  He  lost 
Edessa  to  Emadeddin  Zenki  (Zenghi),  emir  of  Mossul,  in 
1144,  an  event  which  gave  rise  to  the  second  Crusade 
(1147-49). 

Baldwin  IV.,  surnamed  “ The  Leper.”  King  of 
Jerusalem  1173-83,  son  of  Amaury.  He  gained 
a signal  victoiy  over  Saladin  in  the  plain  of  Ramah,  Nov. 
25,  1177,  and  again  near  Tiberias  in  the  early  summer  of 
1182.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew  Baldwin  V.,  who 
died  in  1185. 

Baldwin  I.  Born  at  Valenciennes,  1171:  died 
1206.  Emperor  of  Constantinople ; as  Count  of 
Flanders,  Baldwin  IX.  He  joined  the  fourth  Crusade 
in  1201.  The  Crusaders,  supported  by  the  Venetian  fleet, 
at  the  request  of  Alexius,  son  of  the  Byzantine  emperor 
Isaac  Angelus,  who  had  been  dethroned  by  his  brother, 
captured  Constantinople,  and  replaced  Alexius  and  his 
father  in  1203.  As  the  emperor  was  unable  to  fulfil  his 
compact  with  the  Crusaders,  which  called  for  a union  of 
the  Greek  with  the  Roman  Church  and  the  payment  of 
large  sums  of  money,  hostilities  broke  out,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  Latin  empire  was  erected,  with  Baldwin  as 
emperor,  in  1204.  He  was  defeated  and  made  prisoner  by 
the  Bulgarians  in  1205. 

Baldwin  II.  Born  1217:  died  1273.  Emperor 
of  Constantinople  1228-61,  son  of  Pierre  de 
Courtenay,  and  a nephew  of  Baldwin  I.  He  was 
deposed  by  Michael  Palaeologus,  an  event  which  marked 
the  fall  of  the  Latin  empire. 

Baldwin.  Died  at  Acre,  Syria,  Nov.  19,  1190. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  became  bishop  of 
Worcester  in  1180,  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Canterbury 
in  1184,  crowned  Richard  I.  in  1189,  and  set  out  upon  the 
third  Crusade  in  1190. 


Balfour,  Alexander 

Baldwin,  Count.  The  father  of  Biron  and  Car- 
los in  South  erne’s  “Fatal  Marriage,”  an  un- 
yielding, self-willed  man. 

Baldwin,  Abraham.  Born  at  Guilford,  Conn. , 
Nov.  6, 1754:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  March 
4,1807.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress ; member  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  1787 ; member  of  Congress  from 
Georgia  1789-99;  United  States  senator  1799-1807;  and 
president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  1801  and  1802. 

Baldwin,  Charles  H.  Born  in  New  York  city, 
Sept.  3,  1822:  died  there,  Nov.  17,  1888.  An 
American  naval  officer,  appointed  rear-ad- 
mn'al  in  1883.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war  on  the 
Congress,  and  was  commander  of  the  Clifton  of  the  mor- 
tar-fleet at  New  Orleans,  under  Farragut,  and  at  Vicks- 
burg, in  1862.  He  was  later  ordnance  inspector  at  the 
Mare  Island  navy-yard.  He  retired  Sept.  3,  1884. 

Baldwin,  Henry.  Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Jan.  14,  1780:  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  21, 
1844.  An  American  jurist  and  politician.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1817-22,  and 
associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
1830-44. 

Baldwin,  Matthias  William.  Born  at  Eliza- 
bethtown, N.  J.,  Dec.  10,  1795:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  7, 1866.  An  American  inventor, 
noted  as  an  improver  and  manufacturer  of 
locomotive  engines. 

Baldwin,  Roger  Sherman.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  4,  1793:  died  there,  Feb. 
19,  1863.  An  American  politician  and  jurist. 
He  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1844-45,  United  States 
senator  1847-51,  and  member  of  the  “Peace  Congress  ” in 
1861. 

Baldy  (bal'di)  Peak.  1.  A peak  12,623  feet 
high,  northeast  of  Santa  F6,  New  Mexico, 
forming  a part  of  the  southernmost  spur  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  called  the  Santa  F6  range. 
The  same  name  is  also  given  to  a peak  of  the  mountains 
north  of  Jemez,  properly  called  Sierra  de  la  Jara(Reed 
Mountains). 

2.  A peak  in  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  range, 
Colorado. 

Bale  (bal),  John.  Born  at  Cove,  near  Dunwich, 
in  Suffolk,  Nov.  21,  1495:  died  at  Canterbury, 
1563.  An  English  Protestant  (originally  Catho- 
lic) prelate,  bishop  of  Ossory  (1552).  He  was  the 
author  of  moralities  (religious  plays)  and  the  compiler  of 
a chronological  catalogue  of  British  writers,  “ Illustrium 
Majoris  Britannia;  Scriptorum  Summarium  ”(1548).  He  was 
nicknamed  “ Bilious  Bale  "on  account  of  his  bad  temper. 

Bale.  See  Basel. 

Balearic  Islands  (bal-e-ar'ik  i'landz).  [L. 
Baliaricus,  adj.,  from  Baliares,  less  prop.  Bale- 
ares,  Gr.  Ha /.Aia peic,  'BaAiapt6ec,  etc.,  G.  Balearen, 
F.  B/ileares.]  A group  of  islands  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, belonging  to  Spain,  situated  east  of 
Valencia.  It  comprises  Majorca,  Minorca,  Cabrera, 
Iviza,  and  Formentera  (the  ancient  Pityusae),  and  some 
smaller  islands.  I he  group  forms  a province,  with  Palma 
as  capital.  It  was  long  a possession  of  Carthage  ; was 
acquired  by  Rome  in  123  B.  c.,  and  formed  the  kingdom 
of  Mallorca  from  1276  till  its  union  with  Aragon  in  1343. 
The  chief  products  are  oil,  wine,  and  fruit.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  famous  in  ancient  times  as  slingers.  Area, 
1,860  square  miles.  Population,  about  310,000. 

Balechou  (ha-la-sho').  Jean  Joseph  Nicolas. 

Bom  at  Arles,  1715  (?):  died  at  Avignon,  Aug. 
18,1765.  A noted  French  engraver.  His  best, 
work  is  a full-length  portrait  of  Augustus  III., 
king  of  Poland. 

Balen  (ha'len),  Hendrik  van.  Born  at  Ant- 
werp, 1575 : died  there,  July  17, 1632.  A Flem- 
ish historical  painter. 

Balestier  (bal-es-ter'),  Charles  Wolcott.  Bom 

at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13, 1861 : died  at  Dres- 
den, Germany,  Dec.  6, 1891.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, novelist,  and  publisher.  He  was  the  author 
of  “A  Patent  Philtre ”(1884),  “The  Naulahko,”  with  Rud- 
yard  Kipling (1892),  “Benefits  Forgot ”(1893, in  “The  Cen- 
tury Magazine  ”),  and  otuer  works. 

Balestra  (ba-les'tra),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Ve- 
rona, Italy,  1666:  died  there,  April  21,  1740.  An 
Italian  painter  of  the  Venetian  school. 

Balfe  (half),  Michael  William.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, May  15, 1808:  died  at  Rowney  Abbey,  Oct. 
20, 1870.  An  operatic  composer,  violinist,  and 
singer.  His  works  include  “ I P.ivali  di  se  stessi  ”(1830), 
“ Siege  of  Rochelle  ’’  (1835),  “The  Maid  of  Artois ” (1836), 
“Catherine  Grey”  (1837),  “Joan  of  Arc”  (1837),  “ Dia- 
deste  ” (1S3S),  « Falstaff  ” (1838),  "Keolanthe  " (1841),  “ Le 
Puits  d’Amour”  (184"),  ‘ Bohemian  Girl”  (184  ) “Lea 
Quatre  Fils  d’Aymon  ” (1844),  “L’Etoile  de  Seville”  (1845), 
“Maid  of  Honour  ” (1847),  “ Sicilian  Bride  ’’  (1852),  “ Rose 
of  Castile ” (1857),  " Satanella ’’ (1858),  ‘‘II  Talismano,”  the 
Italian  version  of  his  last  opera,  “The  Knight  of  the  Leo- 
pard ’’  (1874). 

Balfour  ( bal'fiir  or  bal'fer),  Alexander.  Born 
at  Monikie,  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  March  1, 
1767 : died  Sept.  12,  1829.  A Scotch  poet  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  “Campbell,  or  the  Scottish  Proba- 
tioner" (1819),  “ Contemplation  and  other  Poems  " (1820), 
“Fanner’s  Three  Daughters ” (1822),  “The  Foundling  of 
Olenthorn,  or  the  Smuggler’s  Cave”  (1823),  "Highland 
Mary  " (1827). 


Balfour,  Arthur  James 

Balfour,  Arthur  James.  Bora  July  25,  1848. 
A Brit.sk  Conservative  politician,  nephew  of 
the  Marquis  of  Salisbury.  He  was  president  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  1885-86  : secretary  for  Scotland 
1886-87 ; chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1887-91 ; first  lord  of 
the  treasury  and  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  1891-92, 
1896-1900,  and  1900-06  ; and  prime  minister  1902-05.  He 
has  written  a “Defence  of  Philosophic  Doubt  ” (1879),  etc. 

Balfour,  Clara  Lucas  (Clara  Liddell).  Born 
in  the  New  Forest,  Hampshire,  Dec.  21,  1808: 
died  at  Croydon,  July  3,  1878.  An  English 
writer.  She  lectured  on  temperance  and  other  topics, 
and  was  the  author  of  numerous  works  designed  chiefly  to 
promote  the  temperance  cause. 

Balfour,  Francis  Maitland.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  10,  1851 : died  in  the  Alps,  July 
19  (?),  1882.  A British  biologist  (brother  of 
Arthur  James  Balfour),  lecturer  (1876)  on  and 
professor  (1882)  of  animal  morphology  at 
Cambridge.  He  wrote  “Development  of  Elasmobranch 
Fishes  ” (1878)  and  “ Comparative  Embryology  "{1880-81). 
His  works  were  edited  by  Foster  and  Sedgwick  (4  vols.) 
in  1883.  He  was  killed  with  his  guide  during  an  ascent  of 
the  Aiguille  Blanche  de  Penteret. 

Balfour,  Sir  James.  Died  1583.  A Scotch 
judge  and  political  intriguer.  He  was  implicated 
in  the  plot  to  assassinate  Beaton,  and  was  imprisoned 
after  the  surrender  of  the  castle  of  St.  Andrew's  (June, 
1647)  in  the  French  gaHeys,  where  he  had  John  Knox  as 
a companion.  He  was  also  commonly  reputed  to  have 
drawn  up  the  bond  for  Darnley’s  murder,  and  to  have 
provided  the  house,  which  belonged  to  his  brother,  in  the 
Kirk  o’  Field,  where  the  murder  was  accomplished.  In 
the  sqme  year  (1567)  he  was  appointed  by  Queen  Mary 
governor  of  Edinburgh  Castle,  which  he  shortly  after 
betrayed  to  Murray.  He  accomplished  the  destruction  of 
the  regent  Morton,  who  was  executed,  1581,  for  the  mur- 
der of  Darnley.  He  was  one  of  the  authors,  if  not  the 
chief  author,  of  “Balfours  Practicks,”  the  earliest  text- 
book on  Scottish  law. 

Balfour,  Sir  James.  Bom  1600:  died  1657. 
A Scotch  antiquary  and  historian,  author  of 
“Annals  of  the  History  of  Scotland  from  Mal- 
colm III.  to  Charles  II.” 

Balfour,  James.  Born  at  Pilrig,  near  Edin- 
burgh, 1705 : died  1795.  A Scottish  philosoph- 
ical writer,  professor  of  moral  philosophy  (1754) 
and  of  law  (1764)  at  Edinburgh. 

Balfour,  John  (Lord  Balfour  of  Burleigh). 
Died  1688.  A Scotch  nobleman  of  little  note, 
mistaken  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (in  “Old  Mor- 
tality”) for  another  man  of  the  same  name. 
See  Balfour  of  Burley. 

Balfour,  John  Hutton.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
Sept.  15,  1808:  died  there,  Feb.  11,  1884.  An 
eminent  Scottish  botanist  and  physician.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  botany  at  Glasgow  University 
in  1841,  and  at  Edinburgh  in  1845,  and  emeritus  professor 
in  1879.  Author  of  a manual  of  botany  (1848),  a class-book 
(1852),  “ Phyto-Theology  ” (1851),  etc. 

Balfour,  Nisbet.  Born  at  Dunbog,  county  of 
Fife,  Scotland,  1743:  died  there,  Oct.,  1823.  A 
British  soldier,  appointed  lieutenant-general 
in  1798  and  general  in  1803,  conspicuous  for 
his  services  during  the  Revolutionary  War. 
He  was  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  the  battle  on  Long 
Island,  the  capture  of  New  York,  and  the  battles  of  Eliza- 
bethtown, Brandywine,  and  Germantown,  and  was  ap- 
pointed commandant  of  Charleston  1779. 

Balfour,  Robert.  Born  about  1550:  died  about 
1625.  A Scotch  philologist  and  philosophical 
writer,  professor  of  Greek  in  the  College  of 
Guienne,  and  principal  (about  1586)  of  that  in- 
stitution. He  wrote  “Commentaries  on  the 
Logic  and  Ethics  of  Aristotle”  (1618-20),  etc. 
Balfour  of  Burley,  John.  A Covenanter,  a 
character  in  Scott’s  novel  “Old  Mortality,” 
historically  taken  from  a real  John  Balfour  of 
Kinloeh,  but  by  Scott  confused  with  John  Bal- 
four of  Burleigh  (died  1688).  Thelatterwasnot 
a Covenanter. 

Balfrush  (bal-frosh'),  or  Barfrush  (bar- 
frosh').  A town  in  Mazanderan,  Persia,  on 
the  Bawal,  near  the  Caspian  Sea,  89  miles 
northeast  of  Teheran.  It  is  an  important  em- 
porium for  commerce  between  Russia  and  Per- 
sia. 

Balgownie  (bal-gou'ni),  Brig  o’.  A very  pic- 
turesque structure  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  con- 
sisting of  a single  high  and  wide-pointed  arch 
spanning  the  Don.  it  dates  from  1320. 
Balguy  (bal'ge),  John.  Born  at  Sheffield, 
England,  Aug.  12,  1686:  died  at  Harrowgato, 
Sept.  21,  1748.  An  English  divine  and  con- 
troversialist. He  wrote  “Letter  to  a Deist,” 
“ Foundation  of  Moral  Goodness,”  etc. 

Bali  (ba/li;  Hind.  pron.  bul'i).  In  Hindu 
mythology,  a Daitya  who  had  attained  sover- 
eignty over  the  three  worlds,  but  lost  it  when 
he  promised  Vishnu,  in  his  dwarf  incarnation, 
as  much  land  as  he  could  measure  with  three 
strides.  Vishnu  met  the  condition,  and  ban- 
ished Bali  to  the  under  world,  where  he  reigned, 
c.— 8 


113 

Bali  (ba'le).  A mountainous  and  volcanic  isl- 
and of  the  Sunda  group,  east  of  Java,  it  is  in  part 
annexed  to  Dutch  possessions  and  in  part  under  Dutch 
influence  (7  minor  states).  The  religion  is  Hinduism  ; the 
language  allied  to  Javanese.  Length,  75  miles  ; breadth, 
60  miles  ; area,  2,100  square  miles.  Population,  600,000. 

Bali  Strait.  A strait  which  separates  Java 
from  Bali. 

Balikesri  (ba-le-kes're).  A town  in  the  vila- 
yet of  Khudavendikyar,  Asiatic  Turkey,  112 
miles  southwest  of  Constantinople.  Popula- 
tion, about  20,000. 

Balin  (ba/len).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
monkey  king  of  Kishkindhya,  who  was  slain 
by  Rama,  and  whose  kingdom  was  given  to 
his  brother  Sugriva,  the  ally  of  Rama. 

Balin  (ba'lin)  and  Balan  (ba'lan).  In  the 
“ Morte  d’ Arthur,”  two  brothers,  born  in  North- 
umberland, each  renowned  for  valor.  Balin  was 
called  “Le  Sauvage."  They  finally  slew  each  other  “by 
mishap,"  and  were  buried  in  one  tomb.  Tennyson  has  a 
poem  with  the  title  “Balin  and  Balan,”  giving  the  story 
in  a modified  form. 

Balingen  (ba'ling-en),  sometimes  Bahlingen. 
A town  in  the  Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Eyach  38  miles  south- 
west of  Stuttgart.  Population,  about  3,500. 

Balinghem  (ba-la,n-gan').  A small  place  in 
the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  near 
Calais,  noted  as  the  place  of  the  “ Field  of  the 
Cloth  of  Gold”  (1520). 

Baliol  (ba'li-ol  or  bal'yol),  or  Balliol  (bal'i-ol), 
Edward  de.  Died  1363.  Eldest  son  of  John 
de  Baliol  and  Isabel,  daughter  of  John  de  Wa- 
renne,  earl  of  Surrey,  and  claimant  to  the 
throne  of  Scotland.  He  landed  in  Scotland  in  1332, 
and  after  a briUiant  campaign  of  seven  weeks  was  crowned 
at  Scone  Sept.  24,  but  three  months  later  was  surprised 
at  Annan  by  Archibald  Douglas,  and  driven  across  the 
border.  He  was  restored  by  Edward  III.  of  England, 
through  whose  assistance  he  gained  the  battle  of  Halidon 
Hill,  July  19,  1333.  After  1338,  Edward  being  occupied 
in  the  French  war,  Baliol  maintained  a nominal  footing 
in  Scotland  till  the  return  of  David  Bruce  in  1311. 

Baliol,  or  Balliol,  John  de.  Died  about  1269. 
The  founder  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
a regent  of  Scotland  during  the  minority  of  Alexander 
III.,  until  deprived  of  the  post,  on  a charge  of  treason, 
in  1255,  through  the  influence  of  Henry  III.,  with  whom 
he  sided  in  the  barons’ war  1263-65.  He  gave,  about  1263, 
the  first  lands  for  the  endowment  of  the  college  which 
hears  his  name,  an  endowment  which  was  increased  by 
his  will,  and  also  by  the  gifts  of  his  widow,  Devorguilla. 
“ He  died  in  1269,  and  although  his  widow  Devorguilla 
continued  to  pay  the  weekly  allowances,  she  did  not  until 
1282  take  steps  for  giving  a permanent  character  to  the 
House  of  Balliol.”  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  71. 

Baliol,  John  de.  Born  1249:  died  1315.  King 
of  Scotland,  son  of  John  de  Baliol  (died  1269). 
With  Bruce  and  Hastings  he  became  one  of  the  principal 
claimants  of  the  Scottish  crown  on  the  death  of  Margaret, 
the  Maid  of  Norway,  1290,  basing  his  claim  upon  the  right 
of  his  maternal  grandmother,  Margaret,  eldest  daughter 
of  David,  earl  of  Huntingdon,  brother  of  William  the  Lion 
and  grandson  of  David  I.  (See  Bruce,  Robert.)  He  was 
recognized  as  the  proper  heir  by  Edward  I.  of  England,  to 
whom  the  claims  of  the  disputants  were  referred  for  arbi- 
tration ; was  crowned  at  Scone,  Nov.  30,  1292,  and  ren- 
dered homage  to  Edward  as  feudal  superior;  made  an 
alliance  wi‘h  Philip  the  Fair  of  France  1295 ; ravaged  Cum- 
berland 1296,  and  renounced  his  allegiance  to  Edward; 
was  compelled  to  renounce  his  crown  to  Edward  during 
the  latter's  invasion  of  Scotland  the  same  year;  was  im- 
prisoned, with  his  son  Edward,  in  England  till  1299  ; and 
died  in  exile. 

Baliol,  Mrs.  Martha  Bethune.  A refined  and 
cultivated  old  lady  who  is  supposed  to  relate 
some  of  the  “ Chronicles  of  the  Canongate”  to 
Mr.  Chrystal  Croftangryin  Scott’s  “Chronicles 
of  the  Canongate.” 

Baliol  College.  See  Balliol  College. 

Balisarda  (ba-le-sar'da).  In  Ariosto’s  “Or- 
lando Furioso,”  the  sword  stolen  from  Orlando 
by  Brunello  and  given  to  Rogero.  It  could  cut 
through  even  enchanted  objects. 

Balize  (ba-lez'),  or  Belize  (be-lez').  1.  See 
British  Honduras. — 2.  A seaport  and  capital 
of  British  Honduras,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Honduras.  It  was  first  settled  by  the  English 
about  1667.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Balkan  Peninsula  (bal-kan'  or  bal'kan  pe- 
nin'su-lii).  In  its  widest  sense,  the  southeast- 
ernmost  peninsula  of  Europe,  including  the  re- 
gions south  of  the  Save  and  Danube.  It  com- 
prises Dalmatia,  parts  of  Croatia  and  Kiistenland,  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  Montenegro,  Servia,  Bulgaria,  part  of  Ruma- 
nia, European  Turkey,  and  Greece.  The  name  is  often 
used  in  a narrower  sense,  including  Servia,  Bulgaria,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  Montenegro,  and  sometimes  Rumania  and 
Greece  (often  without  the  Morea).  In  this  second  sense 
it  is  coextensive  with  tlie  Balkan  States. 

Balkan,  or  the  Balkans.  A mountain  system 
in  southeastern  Europe,  the  ancient  Ilcemusor 
iEmus  (Gr.  6 ALtof),  which  extends  from  the 
sources  of  the  Timok  (near  the  frontiers  of 
Servia  and  Bulgaria)  generally  eastward  to 
Cape  Emineh  on  the  Black  Sea.  it  forms  the  main 


Ballantyne,  James 

boundary  between  Bulgaria  proper  and  Eastern  Rumelia, 
and  is  subdivided  into  the  Etropol-Balkan,  the  Kotcha- 
Balkan,  etc.  The  chief  passes  are  the  Nadir-Derbend, 
Karnabad,  Iron  Gate,  Shipka,  and  Trajan.  The  Balkan 
was  the  scene  of  severe  fighting  in  the  Russo-Turkish 
wars  of  1828-29  and  1877-78.  Its  highest  point  is  about 
7,800  feet. 

Balkan  States.  See  Balkan  Peninsula. 

Balkash  (bal-kash'),  or  Balkhash,  or  Dengis. 
A lake  in  Russian  Central  Asia,  about  lat.  45°- 
47°  N.,  long.  74°-79°  E.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Hi. 
Height  above  sea-level,  about  780  feet ; length,  340  miles  ; 
greatest  width,  66  miles ; area,  about  7,800  sq.  m.  It  has 
no  outlet.  The  water  is  saline  on  the  margins,  elsewhere 
drinkable. 

Balkh  (balkh).  A for  the  most  part  desert  re- 
gion in  central  Asia,  belonging  to  Afghanistan, 
south  of  the  Amu-Daria  and  north  of  the  Hindu- 
Kush.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Bactria.  Its  inhabitants  are  of  Uzbeg  stock. 

Balkh.  The  chief  town  of  Balkh,  situated  on 
the  river  Balkh  in  lat.  36°  46'  N.,  long.  66°  53' 
E.:  the  ancient  Bactria:  called  the  “Mother  of 
Cities.”  It  is  associated  with  the  history  of  Zoroaster. 
It  was  destroyed  by  Jenghiz  Khan  in  1220,  later  by  Timur. 

Balkhan  (bal-khan ')  Bay.  A bay  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  about  lat.  40°  N. 

Balkhan  Mountains.  A group  of  mountains 
east  of  Balkhan  Bay,  near  the  Transcaspian 
Railway. 

Balkis  (bal'kis).  The  Arabian  name  of  the 
Queen  of  Sheba  who  came  to  see  the  glory  of 
Solomon. 

Ball  (bal),  Ephraim.  Bom  at  Greentown,Ohio, 
Aug.  12,  1812:  died  at  Canton,  Ohio,  Jan.  1, 
1872.  An  American  inventor  and  manufac- 
turer of  plows,  mowers  (the  Buckeye  machine), 
and  harvesters. 

Ball,  John.  Died  at  St.  Albans,  England,  July 
15, 1381.  An  English  priest  who  took  a promi- 
nent part  in  Wat  Tyler’s  rebellion  in  1381.  He 
accepted,  in  the  main,  the  doctrines  of  Wyclif,  modified 
by  views  of  his  own,  and  made  himself  popular,  especially 
by  preaching  the  equality  of  gentry  and  villeins.  He  was 
several  times  committed  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury’s prison,  and  was  excommunicated  by  Archbishop 
Islip.  He  was  committed,  probably  about  the  end  of 
April,  1381,  to  the  archbishop’s  prison  at  Maidstone,  and 
one  of  the  first  acts  of  the  insurgents  was  to  set  him  at 
liberty.  He  preached  at  Blackheath  on  the  text 
“When  Adam  dalf,  and  Eve  span, 

Who  was  thanne  a gentilman?" 

After  the  death  of  Tyler  at  Smithfield,  he  fled  to  the  mid- 
land counties,  hut  was  taken  at  Coventry,  and  executed  at 
St.  Albans  in  the  presence  of  the  king.  He  was  called  the 
“Mad  Priest,.” 

Ball,  Sir  Robert  Stawell.  Born  at  Dublin, 
July  1, 1840.  A British  astronomer.  He  became 
professor  of  applied  mathematics  and  mechanism  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Science  for  Ireland  1867,  and  was  profes- 
sor of  astronomy  in  the  University  of  Dublin,  and  astron- 
omer royal  of  Ireland  1874-92,  and  professor  of  astron- 
omy and  director  of  the  observatory  at  Cambridge  1892-. 

Ball,  Thomas.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
June  3,  1819:  died  at  Montclair, *N.  J.,  Dec.  11, 
1911.  An  American  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  a statue  of  Webster  (New  York),  of  Washington  (Bos- 
ton), “Emancipation  ” (Washington),  etc. 

Ball,  Valentine.  Born  at  Dublin,  July  14, 1843 : 
died  June  16, 1895.  A British  geologist  and  ex- 
lorer.  He  was  appointed  to  the  staff  of  the  Geological 
urvey  of  India  in  1864 ; was  professor  of  geology  and 
mineralogy  in  the  University  of  Dublin  1881-83 ; and  be- 
came director  of  the  Science  and  Art  Museum  in  1883. 

Ball,  The.  A comedy  by  Shirley  and  Chapman, 
licensed  in  1632  and  published  in  1639. 

Ballachulish  (ba-la-cho'lish),  or  Ballahulish. 
A village  in  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  situated  on 
Loch  Levin  23  miles  northeast  of  Oban.  Near 
it  are  slate-quarries. 

Balladino  (bal-la-de'no),  Antonio.  In  Ben 
Jonson’s  comedy  “ The  Case  is  Altered,”  a “pa- 
geant poet”  intended  to  ridicule  Anthony 
Munday. 

Ballagi  (bol'log-e),  Maurice  (originally  Moritz 
Blocll).  Born  March  18,  1815 : died  Sept.  1, 
1891.  A Hungarian  philologist  and  Protestant 
theologian,  best  known  from  his  grammars  and 
dictionaries  of  the  Hungarian  language.  He 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Szarvas  1844-48, 
1851-55,  and  at  Pesth  1855-78. 

Ballantine  (bal'an-tin),  James.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1808 : (lied  there,  Dec.,  1877.  A Scottish 
poet,  painter  on  glass,  and  manufacturer  of 
stained  glass.  He  wrote  “The  Gaberlunzie’s  Wallet” 
(1843),  “ The  Miller  of  Deanhaugh  ” (1845),  “Essay  on  Or- 
namental Art”  (1847),  “ Poems  " (I860),  etc. 

Ballantrae  (bal-an-tra').  A fishing  town  in 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Stin- 
char  30  miles  southwest  of  Ayr. 

Ballantyne  (bal'an-tin),  James,  Born  at  Kelso, 
Scotland,  1772:  died  Jan.  17,1833.  A Scotch 
printer  and  publisher,  the  friend  and  business 
associate  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  See  Aldiboronte- 
phoscojphornio. 


Ballantyne,  James  Robert 

Ballantyne,  James  Robert.  Born  at  Kelso, 
Scotland,  Dec.  13, 1813 : died  Feb.  16,  1864.  A 
British  Orientalist.  He  was  superintendent  of  the 
government  Sanskrit  College  at  Benares  1845-61,  libra- 
rian of  the  East  India  office  1861-64,  and  author  of  gram- 
mars of  Hindustani,  Hindi,  Mahratta,  and  Sanskrit,  and 
numerous  other  works. 

Ballantyne,  John.  Born  at  Kelso,  Scotland, 
1774:  died  at  Edinburgh,  June  16,  1821.  A 
Scotch  writer  and  publisher,  brother  of  James 
Ballantyne.  See  Bigdumfunnidos. 
Ballantyne,  Robert  Michael.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  24, 1825 : died  1894.  A British  writer 
of  juveniles.  He  was  in  the  service  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company  1841-47. 

Ballarat  (bal-a-rat/).  A city  in  the  State 
of  Victoria,  Australia,  66  miles  northwest  of 
Melbourne.  In  its  vicinity  are  celebrated  gold-mines, 
discovered  in  1851.  Next  to  Melbourne  it  is  the  leading 
city  in  the  State.  It  consists  of  Ballarat  East  and  Bal- 
larat West.  Population,  48,063. 

Ballari  (bal-la're),  or  Bellary.  A district  in 
Madras,  British  India,  between  the  Nizam’s 
dominions  on  the  north,  and  Mysore  on  the 
south.  Area,  5,714  square  miles.  Population, 
947  214. 

Ballari.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Ballari, 
in  lat.  15°  9'  N.,  long.  76°  51'  E.  Population, 
including  cantonment,  58,247. 

Ballenstedt  (bal'len-stet).  A town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  at  the  foot  of  the  Lower  Harz,  36 
miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  has  a castle, 
the  former  residence  of  the  dukes  of  Auhalt-Bernburg. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Ballesteros  (bal-yes-ta'ros)  Francisco.  Born 
at  Saragossa,  1770:  died  at  Paris,  June  29, 1832. 
A Spanish  general  and  patriot.  He  was  minister 
of  war  for  a short  time  in  1815,  and  vice-president  of  the 
provisional  ministry  1820.  He  was  exiled  after  the  French 
invasion  of  1823. 

Ballia  (bal'li-a).  A district  in  the  Benares 
division,  United  Provinces,  British  India. 
Ballina  (bal-i-na').  A port  in  the  county  of 
Mayo,  northwestern  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
river  Moy,  near  its  mouth,  29  miles  southwest 
of  Sligo.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  Aug., 
1798.  Population,  4,505. 

Ballinasloe  (bal-i-na-slo').  A town  in  coun- 
ties Roscommon  and  Galway,  Ireland,  on  the 
Suck  35  miles  east  of  Galway.  Population, 
4,904. 

Balling  (bal'leng),  Karl  Joseph  Napoleon. 

Born  at  Gabrielshiitte,  Saaz,  Bohemia,  April  21, 
1805 : died  at  Prague,  March  17,  1868.  A Bo- 
hemian chemist. 

Ballinrobe  (bal-in-rob').  A small  town  in 
County  Mayo,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Robe 
27  miles  north  of  Galway. 

Balliol.  See  Baliol. 

Balliol  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, England,  reputed  to  have  been  founded 
by  Sir  John  Baliol  and  his  wife  Devorguilla, 
parents  of  John  Baliol,  king  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween 1263  and  1268.  The  oldest  of  the  existing 
buildings  dates  from  the  15th  century.  The  south  front 
has  recently  been  rebuilt,  in  the  main  in  the  style  of  the 
13th  century. 

Between  the  original  foundation  and  the  beginning  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  Balliol  College  had  received  no  less 
than  three  codes  of  statutes,  those  issued  by  the  Lady  De- 
vorguilla de  Balliol  in  1282,  those  Issued  by  Sir  Philip  de 
Somerville  in  1340,  and  those  issued  by  Simon  Sudbury, 
Bishop  of  London,  in  1364.  Two  other  Bishops  of  London 
had  moreover  intervened  in  the  course  of  the  fifteenth 
century  to  redress  particular  grievances.  Inasmuch,  how- 
ever, as  some  of  the  enactments  of  the  third  code  were 
ambiguous,  and  others  inconvenient,  the  society  sought 
and  obtained  from  Pope  Julius  11.  a commission  empower- 
ing the  Bishops  of  Winchester  and  Carlisle,  or  either  of 
them,  to  revise  the  statutes  throughout.  The  work  was 
accomplished  by  Bishop  Fox,  in  1507.  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  414. 

Ballivian  (bal-ye-ve-an'),  Adolfo.  Bom  at 
La  Paz,  Nov.  17,  1831:  died  Feb.,  1874.  A 
Bolivian  statesman,  son  of  General  Jose  Bal- 
livian. He  was  a colonel  in  the  army,  but  headed  the 
party  of  opposition  to  the  military  rulers  who  for  a long 
time  governed  Bolivia,  and  was  kept  in  exile  until  his 
party  elected  him  president  (1873).  He  died  soon  after 
his  inauguration. 

Ballivian,  Jose.  Bom  at  La  Paz,  May,  1804: 
died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1852.  A Bolivian 
soldier  and  statesman.  In  1841  he  headed  the  army 
which  defended  Bolivia  against  the  invasion  of  Gamarra, 
gaining  the  battle  of  Yngavi  (Nov.  20,  1841),  in  which  Ga- 
marra was  killed ; and  soon  after  was  elected  president 
of  Bolivia,  holding  the  office  until  the  end  of  1847,  when 
he  was  deposed  by  the  revolutionist  Belzu,  and  exiled. 

Ballo  in  Maschera  (bal'lo  en  mas'ke-ra),  Un. 
[It.,  ‘A  Masked  Ball.’]  An  opera  by  Verdi, 
first  produced  in  Rome,  Feb.  17,  1859.  it  was 
originally  called  Gustavo  III.,  but  during  its  rehearsals 
Orsini  made  his  attempt  to  kill  Napoleon  III.,  and  the  title 
was  thought  too  suggestive. 

Ballon  d’ Alsace  (bii-lon'  dal-zas'),  or  Wel- 
scher  Belchen  (vel'sher  bel'chen).  One  of  the 


114 

principal  summits  of  the  Vosges,  near  the  bor- 
der of  France  and  Alsace,  25  miles  northwest  of 
Miilhausen.  Height,  4,080  feet. 

Ballon  de  Guebwiller  (ba-loh'  de  geb-vel-lar'), 
or  Ballon  de  Soultz,  G.  Gebweiler  (geb'vi- 
ler)  (or  Sulzer)  Belchen.  The  highest  summit 
of  the  Vosges,  in  Upper  Alsace,  west  of  Gueb- 
willer and  north  of  Thann.  Height,  4,677  feet. 
Ballou  (ba-lo'),  Hosea.  Born  at  Richmond, 
N.  H.,  April  30.  1771:  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
June  7,  1852.  An  American  Universalist  cler- 
gyman, one  of  the  founders  of  American  Uni- 
versalism,  pastor  of  the  Second  Universalist 
Society  in  Boston  1817-52. 

Ballou,  Hosea.  Born  at  Halifax,  Vt.,  Oct.  18, 
1796:  died  at  Somerville,  Mass.,  May  27,  1861. 
An  American  Universalist  clergyman,  first 
president  of  Tufts  College:  a grandnephew  of 
Hosea  Ballou  (1771-1852). 

Ballou,  Maturin  Murray.  Born  April  14, 1820 : 
died  March  27, 1895.  An  American  journalist 
and  writer,  son  of  Hosea  Ballon  the  younger. 
He  has  been  the  editor  and  proprietor  of  “Ballou’s  Month- 
ly,” part  proprietor  and,  after  1872,  editor  for  several 
years  of  the  “Boston  Daily  Globe”  and  other  journals. 
Author  of  “Due  West,"  “Due  South,"  “ The  New  Eldora- 
do," “Biography  of  Rev.  Hosea  Ballou,”  etc. 

Ball’s  Bluff  (balz  bluf).  A bluff  in  Virginia, 
on  the  Potomac  River  33  miles  northwest  of 
Washington.  Here,  Oct.  21, 1861, 1,900  Federals  under 
Colonel  Baker  were  defeated  by  the  Confederates  under 
General  N.  G.  Evans.  Federal  loss,  894.  Confederate  loss, 
302.  Colonel  Baker  was  killed. 

Ballston  Spa  (bal'ston  spa).  A watering- 
place  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  6 miles 
southwest  of  Saratoga  Springs.  It  has  sev- 
eral noted  mineral  springs.  Population,  4,138, 
(1910). 

Bally-.  [Ir.  baile,  a town,  place.]  An  element 
in  many  Irish  place-names,  meaning  ‘ town.’ 
Ballycastle  (bal-i-kas'l).  A small  seaport  in 
County  Antrim,  Ireland,  43  miles  northwest  of 
Belfast. 

Ballymena  (bal-i-me'na).  A town  in  County 
Antrim,  Ireland,  23  miles  northwest  of  Belfast, 
on  the  Braid,  noted  for  its  linen  manufactures. 
Population,  10,886. 

Ballymoney  (bal-i-mo'ni).  A town  in  County 
Antrim,  Ireland,  situated  on  a tributary  of  the 
Bann  40  miles  northwest  of  Belfast.  Popula- 
tion, 2,952. 

Ballyshannon  (bal-i-shan'on).  A seaport  in 
County  Donegal,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Erne, 
near  its  mouth,  20  miles  northeast  of  Sligo. 
Population,  2,359. 

Balmaceda  (bal-ma-tha'THa),  Jose  Manuel. 

Born  at  Santiago  in  1838:  died  there,  Sept.  19, 
1891.  A Chilean  statesman.  He  was  a pronounced 
liberal,  and  acquired  great  popularity  as  a leader  of  the 
Reform  Club,  and  after  1870  as  a deputy  to  the  Chilean 
Congress.  In  1878  he  was  minister  to  Argentina,  and  in 
1881  was  made  foreign  minister  by  Santa  Maria.  He  was 
elected  president  by  a great  majority  in  1886,  at  once  in- 
stituted numerous  reforms,  and  began  an  elaborate  sys- 
tem of  railroads  and  other  public  works.  Dissensions  in 
his  own  party  culminated  in  a war  between  the  president 
and  Congress.  After  numerous  engagements  he  was  de- 
feated and,  unable  to  escape  from  Santiago,  remained  con- 
cealed in  the  Argentine  legation  until  in  a fit  of  despera- 
tion he  shot  himself. 

Balmawhapple  (bal-ma-bwap'l).  In  Scott’s 
novel  “ Waverley,”  an  obstinate  Scottish  laird, 
a Jacobite : his  name  is  Falconer  of  Balma- 
whapple. 

Balme,  Col  de.  See  Col  de  Balme. 

Balmez  (bal'meth),  or  Balmes  (bal'mes), 
Jaime  Luciano.  Born  at  Vick  iu  Catalonia, 
Aug.  28,  1810:  died  there,  July  9,  1848.  A 
Spanish  publicist  and  philosophical  writer.  He 
founded  apolitical  journal," El Pensamientode la  Nacion  " 
(an  organ  of  the  clerical  and  monarchical  party),  at  Ma- 
drid in  1844. 

Balmoral  Castle  fbal-mor'al  kas'l).  A favor- 
ite residence  of  Queen  Victoria  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Dee  about  45 
miles  west  of  Aberdeen.  The  property  was  purchased 
in  1852,  and  the  castle  was  erected  1853-55,  iu  Scottish 
baronial  style. 

Balmung  (biil'mong).  Siegfried’s  sword,  iu 
the  “Nibelungenlied.” 

Balnaves  (bal-nav'es),  Henry.  Born  at  Kirk- 
caldy, Fifeskire  (date  unknown) : died  1579. 
A Scotch  Protestant  reformer.  He  wrote  “ The 
Confession  of  Faith  : Conteining  how  the  Troubled  Man 
Should  Seeke  Refuge  at  his  God,  etc.,’’  which  was  revised 
and  prefaced  by  John  Knox. 

Balnibarbi  (bal-ni-bar'bi).  A land  visited  by 
Gulliver  in  bis  travels,  as  related  by  Swift.  It 
was  “occupied  by  projectors.” 

Balsamo,  Joseph.  See  CagUostro,  Count  de. 
Balsham  (bkl'sham),  Hugh  de.  Died  1286. 
An  English  prelate,  bishop  of  Ely,  and  founder 
of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 


Baltimore 

Balta  (bal'ta),  Jose.  Born  at  Lima,  Peru,  1816: 
killed  at  Lima,  July  26, 1872.  A Peruvian  soldier 
and  statesman.  He  retired  from  the  army  with  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  1855;  was  minister  of  war  for  a short  time 
in  1865  ; was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  insurrection  which 
drove  out  the  unconstitutional  president  Prado  in  1868  ; 
was  regularly  elected  president  of  Peru  Aug.  2,  1868,  and 
served  for  four  years ; and  was  murdered  in  a military 
mutiny. 

Balta.  A city  in  the  government  of  Podolia, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Kodyma  in  lat.  47°  55' 
N.,  long.  29°  35'  E.  It  has  a flourishing  trade. 
Population,  27,600. 

Balta-Limani  (bal'ta-le-ma'ni),  Convention 
of.  A treaty  concluded  in  1849  at  Balta- Limani 
(on  the  Bosporus),  between  Turkey  and  Rus- 
sia, granting  to  the  latter  certain  rights  in  the 
Danubian  principalities  for  seven  years. 
Baltard  (bal-tar'),  Louis  Pierre.  Born  at 
Paris,  July  9,  1764:  died  Jan.  22,  1846.  A 
French  architect  and  engraver  of  architectural 
and  other  subjects. 

Baltard  (bal-tar'),  Victor.  Born  at  Paris,  June 
19,  1805:  died  Jan.  14,  1874.  A French  archi- 
tect, son  of  Louis  Pierre  Baltard.  He  was  gov- 
ernment architect  of  the  city  of  Paris,  and  author  of 
“Monographie  de  la  Villa  Mddieis”  (1847),  etc. 

Baltazarini  (bal-tad-za-re'ne),  or  Baltagerini 
(biil-ta-je-re'ne).  Flourished  about  the  middle 
of  the  16th  century.  An  Italian  musician,  the 
first  violinist  of  his  time.  He  became  intendant  of 
music  and  first  valet  de  chambre  to  Catherine  de’  Medici, 
• who  gave  him  the  name  Beaujoyeulx.  He  apparently  first 
introduced  the  Italian  dances  into  Paris. 

Balthazar,  or  Balthasar  (bal-tha ' zar:  in 
Shak.  accented  on  the  first  syl.).  [The 
Greek  form  of  Belshazzar  (which  see).]  The 
name  of  various  personages,  (a)  One  of  the  three 
Magi  who  came  from  the  East  to  worship  the  infant  Jesus. 
See  Cologne.  ( b ) Chaucer’s  name  for  Belshazzar  in  “ The 
Monk's  Tale.’’  (c)  A merchant  in  Shaksperes  “Comedy 
of  Errors.’’  (d)  The  name  assumed  by  Portia  as  a doctor 
of  law  in  the  trial  scene  in  Shakspere’s  “ Merchant  of 
Venice.”  ( e ) A servant  of  Portia  in  Shakspere's  “Mer- 
chant of  Venice.”  (/)  A servant  of  Don  Pedro  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Much  Ado  about  Nothing."  ( g ) A servant  of 
Romeo  in  Shakspere’s  “ Romeo  and  Juliet.  ” (A)  The  proud 
and  hot-tempered  father  of  Juliana  in  Tobin's  “ Honey- 
moon.” (0  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Julius  Eich- 
berg's  opera  “The  Doctor  of  Alcantara." 

Balthings  (bal'tingz).  See  Amalings. 

Balti.  See  Baltistan. 

Baltia  (bal'shi-a).  An  (unidentified)  island  off 
the  coast  of  Scythia,  mentioned  by  ancient 
writers  (Pliny  and  others).  It  gave  name  to  the 
Baltic  Sea.  Pythias  calls  it  Basilia. 

Baltic  (bal'tik).  See  Baltic  Sea. 

Baltic,  Battle  of  the.  See  Copenhagen. 

Baltic  Port,  G.  Baltischport.  A small  sea- 
port in  Esthonia,  Russia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
west  of  Reval. 

Baltic  Provinces.  The  collective  name  for 
Esthonia,  Livonia,  and  Courland,  three  govern- 
ments of  Russia  bordering  on  the  Baltic.  They 
contain  an  important  German  element,  hut  the  larger 
part  of  the  population  consists  of  Esthonians  and  Letts. 
They  have  been  largely  Russianized  in  recent  years. 
Baltic  Sea.  [F.  Mer  Baltique,  It.  Mare  Baltico, 
NL.  Mare  Balticum,  prob.  from  Litb.  baltas, 
white,  balti,  be  white.  Other  names  are  G. 
Ostsee,  east  sea,  Dan.  Ostersoen,  Sw.  Ostersjon, 
L.  Mare  Suericum,  Swedish  sea,  Pelagus  Scythi- 
cum,  Scythian  sea,  or  Sinus  Codanus,  Gothic  (?) 
gulf.]  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  inclosed  by 
Sweden,  Russia,  Germany,  and  Denmark,  it 
communicates  with  the  North  Sea  by  the  Skager  Rack,  Cat- 
tegat,  Sound,  Great  Belt,  and  Little  Belt.  Its  chief  islands 
are  Zealand,  Funen,  Langeland,  Laaland,  Falster,  Mben, 
Alsen,  Fehmarn,  Bornholm,  Riigen,  Usedom,  Wollin,  Oland, 
Gothland,  Osel,  Dago,  Stockholm  Archipelago,  and  Aland 
Archipelago.  Its  chief  arms  are  the  gulfs  of  Bothnia,  Fin- 
land, and  Riga,  Kurisches  Raff,  Frisches  Haff,  Gulf  of 
Dantzic,  Pomeranian  Haff,  Liibeck  Bay,  and  Kiel  Bay.  Its 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Finland  lake  system,  the  Neva 
(with  Lake  Ladoga),  Narova  (with  Lake  Peipus),  Diina, 
Niemen,  Vistula,  Oder,  Dal  Elf,  Ljusnan,  Angerman  Elf, 
CmeS  Elf,  Pitea  Elf,  Stora  Lnlea  Elf,  and  Torneii  Elf. 
Length,  about  900  miles.  Greatest  width,  about  200  miles. 
Area,  about  184,000  square  miles. 

Baltim  >re  (bal'ti-mor),  Lord.  See  Calvert. 
Baltimore.  A small  seaport  in  County  Cork, 
Ireland,  near  Cape  Clear. 

Baltimore.  A seaport,  the  principal  city  of 
Maryland,  situated  on  Patapsco  River  near  its 
entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  lat.  39°  18' 
N.,  long.  76°  37'  W. : one  of  the  chief  Atlantic 
seaports:  surnamed  “the  Monument  City.”  it 
has  a large  export  trade  in  bread-stuffs,  tobacco,  cotton, 
provisions,  oysters,  coal,  etc. ; large  manufactures  of 
flour,  woolen  and  cotton  goods,  cigars  and  tobacco,  iron 
and  steel,  clothing,  etc. ; and  important  oyster  fisheries. 
A large  part  of  the*  wholesale  business  and  financial  sec- 
tion of  the  city  (over  2001)  buildings)  was  destroyed  by  fire 
February  7-8,  1904.  It  is  an  important  railroad  center  and 
the  terminus  of  steamboat  lines.  It  is  the  seat  of  a Roman 
Catholic  archbishopric,  and  contains  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  and  the  Peabody  Institute.  The  city  was  laid 
out  about  1730,  and  was  incorporated  as  a city  iu  1796.  It 


Baltimore 

was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  British  1814,  and  was 
the  scene  of  a conflict,  April  19,  1861,  between  the  Balti- 
more mob  and  Federal  troops  (6th  Massachusetts  and  7th 
Pennsylvania).  Population,  658,485,  (1910). 

Baltistan  (biil-te-stan'),  or  Balti  (bal'te),  or 
Little  Tibet.  A province  of  Cashmere,  capi- 
tal Iskardo,  situated  on  the  upper  Indus  north 
of  Cashmere  proper.  The  inhabitants  are  Mo- 
hammedans, of  Tibetan  and  Aryan  stock,  and 
number  about  60,000. 

Baltjik  (balt-jek').  A seaport  of  Bulgaria,  on 
the  Black  Sea  22  miles  northeast  of  Varna. 
Population,  5,860. 

Baltzer  (balt'zer),  Johann  Baptista.  Born  at 
Andernach,  Prussia,  July  16, 1803:  died  at  Bonn, 
Oct.  1,  1871.  A German  Roman  Catholic  the- 
ologian, noted  for  his  opposition  to  the  dogma 
of  papal  infallibility,  which  led  to  his  suspen- 
sion from  his  ecclesiastical  office  in  1870.  He 
became  professor  of  dogmatics  at  Breslau  in  1830,  and 
was  suspended  in  1860. 

Baltzer,  Wilhelm  Eduard.  Bom  at  Holien- 
leine,  circle  of  Merseburg,  Germany,  Oct.  24, 
1814 : died  at  Durlaeh,  Baden,  June  24, 1887.  A 
German  clergyman,  and  writer  on  theology  and 
philosophy,  noted  as  a vegetarian. 
Baluchistan  (bal-6-chis-tan'),  or  Beluchistan, 
or  Biluchistan.  [Pers.,  ‘country  of  the  Balu- 
chis.’] A territory  of  Asia,  bounded  by  Af- 
ghanistan and  the  Northwest  Frontier  Prov- 
ince on  the  north,  Sind,  the  Panjab,  and  the 
Frontier  Province  on  the  east,  the  Arabian 
Sea  on  the  south,  and  Persia  on  the  west,  it 

iB  largely  a desert,  and  is  traversed  by  mountain-ranges. 
Its  chief  divisions  are  British  Baluchistan,  the  Agency 
Territories,  and  the  native  states  of  Khelat  and  Las  Bela. 
Quettah  is  the  headquarters  of  a division  of  the  army. 
There  are  about  800  miles  of  railway.  The  leading  tribes 
are  the  Brahoes  and  Afghans ; the  prevailing  religion, 
Simnite  Mohammedanism.  Baluchistan  has  several  times 
been  invaded  by  British  forces  in  connection  with  the 
Afghan  wars.  Area,  134,638  square  miles.  Population 
829,712  (1911). 

Baluchistan,  British.  See  British  Baluchistan. 
Balue  (ha-lii'),  Jean  de  la.  Born  at  Poitiers, 
1422 : died  at  Ancona,  Oct.,  1491.  A French 
cardinal  and  politician,  imprisoned  for  his  mis- 
deeds by  Louis  XI.  (1469-80),  it  is  said,  in  an 
iron  cage.  He  was  liberated  after  eleven  years  through 
the  influence  of  Pope  Sixtus  IV.,  went  to  B,ome,  was  sent 
back  to  France  as  legate  a latere , and  finally,  on  the  death 
of  the  Pope,  again  retired  to  Rome,  where  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Orleans  and  of  Prameste. 

Baluze  (ba-liiz'),  Etienne.  Born  at  Tulle, 
France,  Dec.  24,  1630:  died  at  Paris,  July  28, 
1718.  A French  historian.  He  wrote  "Francorum 
Capitularia  Regum ’’  (1677),  “Epistolse  Xnnocentil  papas 
III."  (1682),  “ Conciliorurn  nova  Collectio”  (1683),  “Les 
Vies  des  Papes  d’Avignon  ” (1693),  “ Historia  Tutelensis  ” 
(1717),  etc. 

Balwhidder  (bal'hwiTH-er),  Rev.  Micah.  A 

kind-hearted,  sincere,  but  prejudiced  Scottish 
minister  in  Galt’s  “Annals  of  the  Parish.” 
Baly.  See  Bali. 

Balzac  (bal-zak'),  Honore  de.  Born  at  Tours, 
France,  May  16,  1799:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  18, 
1850.  A celebrated  French  novelist.  After  at- 
tending school  in  Tours  and  Paris  he  became  a lawyer's 
clerk.  His  inclination  to  write  was  strongly  opposed  by 
his  family,  but,  “ in  order  to  get  his  hand  in,  ’’  he  composed 
a dozen  novels.  These  appeared  either  anonymously  or 
under  a nom  de  plume,  and  when  republished  often  re- 
ceived an  entirely  different  title.  Some  of  them  were  ex- 
cluded by  Balzac  from  the  complete  collection  of  his 
works;  others  he  absolutely  disowned.  After  a disas- 
trous venture  in  publishing,  printing,  and  type-casting,  he 
sold  out  his  entire  stock  and  fell  back  on  his  pen  to  pay 
off  his  debts.  His  first  novel  of  real  merit,  “Le  dernier 
Chouan  ou  la  Bretagne  en  1800,”  was  published  in  1829 ; 
then  followed  “ La  physiologie  du  mariuge  ’’  and  the  first 
of  the  “Contes  drolatiques"  (1830),  “La  peau  de  cha- 
grin ’ (1830),  “La  femme  de  trente  ans”  (1831),  “Eugenie 
Grandet,”  “Le  mddecin  de  campagne,"  and  “l’Histoire 
des  Treize”  (1833),  “Seraphita,"  “La  recherche  de  1’ab- 
solu,”  and  “Le  I'ere  Goriot"  (1835),  “Le  lys  dans  la 
vallde”  (1836),  “Illusions  perdues"  (1837),  “Histoire  de 
la  grandeur  et  de  la  decadence  de  Cdsar  Birotteau  ” and 
“Le  cabinet  des  antiques”  (1838),  etc.  For  the  stage 
Balzac  did  not  write  with  success  : “ Vautrin,”  “ Les  Res- 
Bources  de  Quinola,"  “PamCla  Giraud,”  and  “ La  Maratre  ” 
had  very  short  runs;  but  “Le  Faiseur,”or  “Mercadet,” 
a comedy  finished  and  put  upon  the  stage  by  d’Ennery 
after  Balzac’s  death,  has  been  included  since  1869  in  the 
repertoire  of  the  Theatre  Franrjais.  Balzac’s  ventures 
in  publishing  were,  as  has  been  said,  unsuccessful : “La 
Chronique  de  Paris”  (1835)  lived  but  one  year,  and  “La 
Revue  Parisienne”  (1840)  ended  with  the  third  number. 
Returning  undaunted  to  a collective  edition  of  “La  comd- 
die  humaine,”  Balzac  published  “ Ursule  Mirouet”  and 
“ Mdmoires  de  deux  jeunes  marines  ” in  1842,  “ Une  tdnd- 
breuse  affaire"  in  1843,  “Albert  Savarns,”  “Un  ddbut 
dans  la  vie,"  “La  muse  du  ddpartement,”  and  “Modesto 
Migrron”  in  1844;  but  he  did  not  complete  the  task  he 
had  undertaken.  “ Les  Chouans ” and  “Une  passion  dans 
le  desert " are  the  only  parts  extant  of  the  “Scenes  de 
la  vie  milifaire.”  His  latest  productions,  “Les  parents 
pauvres”  (“La  cousine  Bette,"  “Le  cousin  Pons,”  and 
“ Les  paysans  "),  are  among  his  best.  On  March  14, 1850, 
he  married  a widow,  Madame  Hanska,  member  of  a noble 
Polish  family,  with  whom  he  had  opened  a correspon- 
dence in  1833,  and  whom  he  had  subsequently  met  in 


115 

Vienna,  Geneva,  and  St.  Petersburg.  He  died  in  Paris,  just 
after  his  return  from  the  wedding-trip.  Balzac  is  consid- 
ered the  chief  of  the  realistic  school  of  French  novelists. 

Balzac,  Jean  Louis  Guez  de.  Born  at  Balzac, 
near  Angouleme,  1597:  died  there,  Feb.  18, 1654. 
A noted  French  writer.  He  published  “Letters” 
(1624),  “Le Prince ”(1631),  “ Discours ” (1644),  “LeBarbon ” 
(1648),  and  “Aristippe."  He  is  regarded  as  the  foremost 
prose-writer  of  his  time. 

Bam  (ham).  A town  in  Kirman,  southern  Persia, 
115  miles  southeast  of  Kirman. 

Ba-Mangwato  (ba-mang-gwii'to).  See  Chuana. 

Bamba  (bam'ba).  See  Mbamba  and  Kongo  Na- 
tion. 

Bambara  (bam-ba/ra).  A country  of  western 
Africa,  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Niger,  about 
lat.  10°-15°  N.  The  chief  town  is  Segu.  The  country 
lies  within  the  French  colony  of  Upper  Senegambia  and 
Niger.  Population  (chiefly  Mandingo),  estimated,  2,000,000. 

Bambara.  A tribe  of  French  Senegambia,  of 
the  Nigritic  branch,  settled  about  the  head 
waters  of  the  Niger  River.  It  belongs  to  the  Mande 
nation.  Once  a great  negro  kingdom,  it  broke  up,  in  1864, 
into  three  divisions,  Kaseta,  Massina,  and  Beledugu.  In 
1890  their  sultan,  Amadu,  and  his  capital,  Segu  Sikoro, 
were  conquered  by  the  French,  and  the  country  was  an- 
nexed. This  is  a fertile,  undulated  plain.  The  people 
have  adopted  Mohammedan  civilization,  and  weave  excel- 
lent cotton  cloth. 

Bamberg  (bam'berG).  A eity  of  Upper  Fran- 
conia, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Regnitz,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  Main,  33  miles  northwest 
of  Nuremberg.  It  has  important  trade  and  manu- 
factures, the  castle  of  the  former  prince-bishops,  the 
old  and  new  palaces,  the  Church  of  St.  Michael,  and  an 
art  gallery,  and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a university. 
The  cathedral  of  Bamberg,  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  German  Romanesque  structures,  was  founded  by  the 
emperor  Henry  II.  in  1004,  but  modified  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. There  are  four  towers,  each  of  eight  stages  and 
265  feet  high  ; the  two  at  the  west  end  display  fine  open- 
work. There  are  five  admirably  sculptured  portals; 
the  sculptures  of  the  splendid  chief  portal  represent  the 
Last  Judgment,  wKh  the  apostles  and  prophets,  and  the 
church  and  synagogue.  The  effective  interior  possesses 
a richly  carved  choir-screen  and  highly  interesting  me- 
dieval tombs.  There  is  an  impressive  early-Romanesque 
crypt,  and  a western  choir  with  transepts,  which  date 
from  1274.  The  cathedral  is  312  feet  long,  92  wide,  and 
86  high.  Population,  45,483. 

Bamberg,  Bishopric  of.  A former  bishoprio 
and  state  of  the  German  Empire,  now  com- 
prised in  northern  Bavaria.  It  was  founded  by 
the  emperor  Henry  II.  in  1007,  secularized  in  1801,  and 
annexed  to  Bavaria  in  1803. 

Bamberg  Conference.  A conference  of  the  mid- 
dle German  states  at  Bamberg  May  25,  1854. 
Its  object  was  to  determine  the  policy  of  these  states  In 
relation  to  that  of  Prussia  and  Austria  with  reference  to 
the  Eastern  Question. 

Bamberger  (bam'berg-er),  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Mainz,  July  22, 1823:  died  at  Berlin,  March  14, 
1899.  A German  politician  and  economist.  He 
took  part  in  the  revolutionary  movement  1848-49 ; was  a 
member  of  the  National  Liberal  party  in  theGermanReichs- 
tag  1873-80;  and,  with  other  disaffected  National  Liberals, 
seceded  from  the  party  in  1880  to  form  the  later  Liberal 
Union. 

Bamboccio  (bam-boch'o).  See  La  or,  Peter  van. 

Bamborough  (bam'bur-o).  A village  on  the 
coast  of  Northumberland,  England,  16  miles 
southeast  of  Berwick,  celebrated  for  its  castle, 
founded  by  Ida  about  547,  and  often  noted 
in  medieval  wars. 

Bambuk,  or  Bambouk  (bam-bok').  A region 
in  Senegal,  Africa,  between  the  upper  Sene- 
gal and  the  Faleme,  about  lat.  12°  40'-] 4°  30' 
N.,  long.  10°  40'-12°  30'  W.  It  contains  iron 
and  gold.  The  inhabitants  are  Mandingoes. 

Bamian  (ba-me-an7).  A valley  in  Afghanistan, 
northwest  of  Kabul,  in  lat.  34°  50'  N.,  long. 
67°  40'  E.  it  is  an  ancient  seat  of  Buddhist  worship, 
and  is  famous  for  its  colossal  idols  carved  in  the  rock 
(highest,  173  feet)  and  other  antiquities. 

Bammaku,  or  Bammakou  (ba-ma'ko).  Once 
an  important  native  town  on  the  upper  Niger, 
West  Africa.  It  is  now  headquarters  of  the  French 
domination  on  the  upper  Niger.  The  natives  have  with- 
drawn. 

Bamo.  See  Bhamo. 

Bampton  (bamp'ton),  John.  Born  about  1689: 
died  1751.  An  English  divine,  and  the  founder 
at  Oxford  of  the  “Bampton  Lectures”  on  di- 
vinity. The  first  lecturer  was  chosen  in  1779. 

Bampur  (biim-por').  A town  and  region  in 
southern  Persia. 

Bamra  (bflm'ra).  A feudatory  state  in  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  between  the  valley  of  the 
Mahanadi  and  the  Chota  Nagpur  plateau. 
Area,  1,988  square  miles.  Population,  123,378. 

Ban  (ban).  Ill  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance, 
a king  of  Brittany,  the  father  of  Lancelot  du 
Lac,  and  the  brother  of  Bors,  king  of  Gaul. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Arthur,  and  with  Bors 
came  from  Brittany  to  aid  him  in  battle. 

Bana  (ba'na).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a Daitya 


Bancroft,  George 

with  a thousand  arms,  who  was  a friend  of 
Siva  and  an  enemy  of  Vishnu.  His  daughter 
Usha,  loving  Aniruddha,  Krishna's  grandson,  had  him 
brought  to  her  by  magic.  In  the  rescue  the  arms  of 
Bana  were  cut  off  by  Krishna’s  weapons.  Upon  Siva’s 
intercession  Bana  was  spared. 

Banack.  See  Bannock. 

Banagher  (ban7 a -Her).  A town  in  King’s 
County,  Ireland.  It  is  on  the  Shannon  River.  It  is 
to  the  superiority  of  this  town  that  the  phrase  “That 
bangs  Banagher,  and  Banagher  bangs  the  world  ” alludes. 

Banal  Frontier.  A part  of  the  former  “ Mili- 
tary Frontier”  of  the  Austrian  empire. 
Banana  (ba-na/na).  The  seaport  of  the  Belgian 
Kongo.  The  trading-factories  and  state  housesare  built 
on  a land-spit.  In  1390,  132  ships  called;  but  since  the 
ocean  steamers  began  to  go  straight  up  to  Matadi,  the  start- 
ing-point of  the  railroad,  Banana  has  lost  most  of  its  com- 
mercial importance.  The  headquarters  of  the  great 
Dutch  firm  have  been  removed  to  Cabinda  and  Kisanga, 
in  Portuguese  territory. 

Banana  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands 
off  the  coast  of  Sierra  Leone,  Africa,  belong- 
ing to  Great  Britain. 

Bananal  (ba-na-nal'),  or  Santa  Anna  (san'ta 
a'na).  An  island  in  the  river  Araguaya,  Brazil. 
Length,  220  miles.  Greatest  width,  50  miles. 
Ba-Nano  (ba-na'no).  A generic  name,  mean- 
ing ‘ Highlanders,’  given  to  the  natives  of  the 
Caconda  and  Bihe  plateau,  east  of  Benguella, 
West  Africa. 

Banaras.  See  Benares. 

Banas  (ba-nas').  A river  of  Rajpntana,  India, 
which  flows  generally  northeast,  and  joins  the 
Chambal.  Length,  about  300  miles. 

Banas.  A river  of  India  which  flows  south- 
west into  the  Ran  of  Kaehh. 

Banat  (ba-nat').  [Hung,  ban,  lord,  chief.]  A 
region  in  southern  Hungary  situated  between 
the  Maros  on  the  north,  the  Theiss  on  the  west, 
and  the  Danube  on  the  south,  it  comprises  the 
counties  of  Temes,  Toronto,  Krassd,  and  part  of  the  for- 
mer “ Military  Frontier.”  Its  ciiief  town  is  Temesvir.  It 
formed  an  Austrian  crownland  (the  Servian  waywodeship 
and  Temeser  Banat)  1849-60. 

Banattee.  See  Bannock. 

Banbridge  (ban'brij).  A town  in  County  Down, 
Ireland,  22  miles  southwest  of  Belfast,  noted 
for  its  linen  manufactures.  Population, 

, 5,006. 

Banbury  (ban'ber-i).  A town  in  Oxfordshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Cherwell  22  miles 
north  of  Oxford.  Its  ancient  cross,  noted  in  nursery 
rime,  was  destroyed  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth.  It  was  famous  for  its  ale  and  cakes,  and  for 
its  cheese  which  was  proverbially  regarded  as  consisting 
of  nothing  but  “paring."  Hence  the  allusions  in  Shak- 
spere  and  other  writers  to  persons  thin  as  a Banbury 
cheese.  Insurgents  were  defeated  here  by  troops  of 
Edward  IV.  in  1469.  It  was  twice  besieged  in  the  civil 
war.  Population,  12,9G3. 

Banbury  Man.  A Puritan.  From  the  frequent 
allusions  in  the  writers  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries,  the 
town  would  seem  to  have  been  chiefly  inhabited  by  them. 
Swift  speaks  of  a Banbury  saint,  meaning  a particularly 
rigid  or  even  hypocritical  Puritan.  The  name  or  epithet 
“ Banbury  " was  applied  in  a depreciatory  sense  before  the 
Puritan  times.  Thus  Latimer,  in  a letter  to  Henry  VIII. 
about  1528,  speaks  of  “laws,  customs,  ceremonies  and 
Banbury  glosses,"  apparently  meaning  ‘ silly,’  ‘useless.’ 
Banca  (bang'ka).  An  island  east  of  Sumatra, 
belonging  to  the  Dutch,  famous  for  tin-mines. 
Capital,  Muntok.  Length,  135  miles.  Area, 
4,446  square  miles.  Population,  about  115,000. 
Banca,  Strait  of.  A strait  between  Sumatra 
and  Banca. 

Banco  (ban'ko),  Nani  d’ Antonio.  Born  in 
Siena  about  1374 : died  about  1420.  A Floren- 
tine sculptor,  a pupil  of  Donatello.  About  1402- 
1408  he  completed  the  Porta  della  Mandola  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Duomo,  commenced  by  Niccola  d’Arezzo.  The 
angels  of  this  door  are  very  characteristic.  There  are 
many  of  his  works  about  Or  San  Michele. 

Bancroft  (bang'kroft  or  ban'kroft),  Aaron. 
Born  at  Reading,  Mass.,  Nov.  10,  1755:  died  at 
Worcester,  Mass.,  Aug.  19,  1839.  An  American 
clergyman,  father  of  George  Bancroft.  He  wrote 
a “Life  of  George  Washington”  (1807),  etc. 
Bancroft,  Edward.  Born  1744:  died  1821.  An 
English  chemist,  naturalist,  traveler,  and  nov- 
elist. In  early  life  he  several  times  visited  North  and 
South  America.  Later  he  made  some  important  discov- 
eries in  dyeing  and  calico-printing.  He  published  an 
“ Essay  on  the  Natural  History  of  Guiana  ” (1769),  “Charles 
Wentworth  ” (a  novel,  1770),  and  a work  on  colors  and  cal- 
ico-printing (1794  and  1813). 

Bancroft,  George.  Born  at  Worcester,  Mass., 
Oct.  3,  1800:  died  at  Washington,  Jan.  17,  1891. 
An  American  historian,  statesman,  and  diplo- 
matist. Ho  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1817 ; 
studied  at  Gottingen  ; was  tutor  of  Greek  in  Harvard  ; 
opened  with  Cogswell  the  Bound  Hill  School  at  North- 
ampton in  1823  ; was  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston 
18‘  8-41 : was  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts in  1844  ; was  secretary  of  the  navy  1845-46 
(established  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis),  and  was 


Bancroft,  George 

United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1840-49,  and  minis- 
ter to  Berlin  1807-74.  He  wrote  a “ History  of  the  United 
States  ” (10  vols.  : vol.  1 published  1834  ; vol.  10  1874  ; cen- 
tenary edition,  0 vols.,  1870) ; a “ History  of  the  Formation 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States”  (2  vols.  Ih82; 
revised  edition  of  the  entire  history,  6 vols.,  1883-84),  etc. 

Bancroft,  Hubert  Howe.  Born  at  Granville, 
Ohio,  May  5,  1832.  An  American  historian. 

In  1852  ho  established  an  extensive  book  bnsine8B  in  San 
Francisco ; anil  began  to  collect  books  and  documents  re- 
lating to  tho  Paeillc  States,  acquiring  60,000  volumes, 
tracts,  and  manuscripts  (including  the  purchased  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  Sqtllor,  and  a large  part  of  that  of  tho  emperor 
Maximilian  of  Mexico).  Upon  this  library,  which  was 
elaborately  indexed,  he  founded  his  “ West  American  His- 
torical Series,”  designed  to  embrace  a history  of  Central 
America,  Mexico,  and  the  States  of  tho  l’aeille  Blope  north- 
ward to  Alaska,  in  30  volumes  (1876-87).  He  is  the  author 
also  of  “Chronicles  of  the  Builders  of  the  Commonwealth  " 
(1801-92),  “The  New  Pacific"  (1800),  “The  Book  of 
Wealth  (1900-101,  etc. 

Bancroft,  Richard.  Born  at  Farn  worth,  Lan- 
cashire, England,  Sept.,  1544 : died  at  Lambeth, 
Nov.  2,  1010.  An  English  prelate,  a vigorous 
opponent  of  Puritanism,  ne  became  bishop  of 
London  in  1597,  and  was  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1604-10. 
Banda  (btin'da).  A district  in  tho  Allahabad 
division,  United  Provinces,  British  India, 
about  lat.  25°-26°  N.,  long.  81°  E.  Area,  3,060 
square  miles.  Population,  631,058. 

Banda.  The  capital  of  the  Banda  district,  sit- 
uated on  the  Ken  River  97  miles  west  of  Alla- 
habad. Population,  22,565. 

Banda  Islands.  A group  of  twelve  small  isl- 
ands in  the  Molucca  Archipelago,  situated  70 
miles  south  of  Ceram : a Dutch  possession,  its 
chief  products  are  nutmegs  and  mace.  The  seat  of  gov- 
ernment is  Banda  Neira. 

Banda  Oriental  (ban'da  o-re-en-tal').  The 
common  name  in  the  Platine  region  for  the 
territory  now  comprehended  in  Uruguay  (which 
see). 

Banda  Sea.  A sea  in  the  East  Indies,  east  of 
the  Sunda  Sea,  north  of  Timur-Laut,  and  south 
of  Ceram. 

Bandaisan  (ban-dl-sau').  A volcano  in  the 
main  island  of  Japan,  about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long. 
140°  E.  It  underwent  a disastrous  eruption 
July  15,  1888. 

Bandarra  (ban-dar'ra),  Gontjalo  Annes.  Born 
early  in  the  16th  century : died  at  Lisbon,  1556. 
A Portuguese  cobbler  and  rimer,  surnamed,  on 
account  of  his  prophecies  and  thaumaturgical 
character,  “The  Portuguese  Nostradamus.” 
He  was  condemned  by  the  Inquisition  in  1541, 
but  escaped  with  his  life. 

Banded  Peak  (ban'ded  pek).  A summit  in 
southern  Colorado.  Height,  12,860  feet.  Also 
called  Mount  Hesperus. 

Bandel  (ban'del),  Joseph  Ernst  von.  Born 
at  Ansbach,  May  17, 1800:  died  at  Neudegg, 
near  Donauworth,  Sept.  25,  1876.  A German 
sculptor,  designer  of  the  statue  of  Hermann 
near  Detmold  (completed  1875). 
Ban-de-la-Roche.  Same  as  Steinthal. 
Bandelier  (ban-de-ler'),  Adolph  Francis  Al- 
phonse. Born  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  Aug.  6, 
1840.  A Swis9-American  archaeologist,  lecturer 
on  American  archaeology  in  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, 1904-.  He  has  conducted  explorations  in  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  Mexico,  Central  America,  Peru,  and 
Bolivia. 

Bandello  (ban-del'lo),  Matteo.  Born  at  Cas- 
telnuovo,  Piedmont,  1480:  died  at  Agen,  France, 
1562.  An  Italian  prelate  (bishop  of  Agen  1550) 
and  novelist.  His  tales  (1554-73)  furnished 
subjects  for  Shakspere,  Massinger,  and  others. 
Bande  Noire  (bond  nwar).  [F.,  ‘black  hand.’] 
1.  One  of  various  infantry  companies  in  the 
French  service  in  the  16th  century. — 2.  In 
France,  speculators  who,  especially  during  the 
Revolution,  purchased  confiscated  church  prop- 
erty and  ancient  estates  and  buildings,  and 
often  destroyed  time-honored  relics  for  the 
purpose  of  using  the  material  in  the  erection 
of  new  structures. 

Bandettini  (ban-det-te'ne),  Teresa.  Born  at 
Lucca,  Aug.  12,  1763:  died  1837.  An  Italian 
poet  and  improvisatrice.  Her  works  include  “La 
Morte  di  Adonide,”  “ II  Polidoro,”  “La  Rosmunda,”  etc. 
She  married  (1789)  Pietro  Landucci. 

Bandiera  (ban-de-a'ra),  Attilio.  Born  at  Na- 
ples, 1817.  Bandiera,  Emilio.  Born  at  Naples, 
1819.  Two  Italian  patriots,  sons  of  Admiral 
Bandiera,  executed  by  the  Neapolitan  govern- 
ment at  Cosenza,  July  25,  1844,  for  an  at- 
tempted rising  on  the  coast  of  Calabria.  They 
had  previously  joined  a conspiracy  for  an  at- 
tack on  Sicily  which  had  failed. 

Bandinelli  (ban-de-nel'le),  Bartolommeo  or 
Baccio.  Born  at  Florence,  Oct.  7,  1488:  died 
there,  Feb.  7,  1560.  An  Italian  painter  and 


116 

sculptor,  son  and  pupil  of  the  Florentine  gold- 
smith Mieliolarigtdo  Bandinelli  di  Viviauo:  a 
would-bo  rival  of  Michelangelo.  He  made  the 
copy  of  the  Laocoon  in  the  Ufflzi,  and  the  Hercules  of  the 
Palazzo  Vecchio. 

Bandini  (biin-de'ne),  Angelo  Maria.  Born  at 
Florence,  Sept.  25,  1726:  died  1800.  An  Ital- 
ian scholar,  antiquary,  and  librarian  of  the 
Laurentine  Library.  He  wrote  a life  of  Amerigo  Ves- 
pucci (1745),  a ratalogueof  Greek,  Latin,  and  Kalian  manu- 
scripts in  the  Laurentine  Library  (1764-78),  a “Uissertatio 
do  saltationibus  veterurn,”  etc. 

Bandon  ( ban'don), or Bandonbridge  (ban'dou- 
brij).  A town  in  County  Cork,  Ireland,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Cork.  Population, 
2,830. 

Bandon.  A small  river  in  County  Cork,  Ire- 
land, which  flows  into  Kinsale  Harbor. 
Bandtke  (biint'ke),  or  Bandtkie  (bant'kye), 
Jan  Wincent.  Born  at  Lublin,  Poland,  1783: 
died  at  Warsaw,  1846.  A Polish  jurist,  brother 
of  Jerzy  Samuel  Bandtke,  professor  of  law  at 
Warsaw,  and  author  of  a history  of  Polish  law 
(1850),  etc. 

Bandtke,  or  Bandtkie,  Jerzy  Samuel.  Born 
at  Lublin,  Poland,  Nov.  24,  1768 : died  at  Cra- 
cow, June  11,  1835.  A Polish  historian  and 
grammarian,  librarian  and  professor  at  Cracow 
(1811-35),  and  author  of  a history  of  the  Polish 
nation  (1820),  etc. 

Ban6r  (l>a-nar'),  or  Banier,  or  Banner,  Johan. 

Born  at  Djursliolm,  near  Stockholm,  June  23, 
1596:  died  at  Halberstadt,  Germany,  June  20, 
1641.  A Swedish  general  in  the  Thirty  Years’ 
War.  He  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Breitenfeld, 
Sept.  17,  1631 ; was  made  field-marshal  after  the  death  of 
Gustavus  Adolphus ; and  gained  the  victories  of  Wittstock, 
Oct.  4,  1636,  and  Chemnitz,  April  14,  1639. 

Banff  (banf).  A county  of  Scotland,  bounded 
by  Moray  Firth  on  the  north,  Aberdeenshire 
on  the  east  and  south,  and  Elginshire  and  In- 
verness-shire on  the  west.  Its  surface  i3  mountain- 
OU8  except  near  the  coast.  Area,  630  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (civil  county),  61,487. 

Banff.  A seaport  and  chief  town  of  Banffshire, 
Scotland,  situated  40  miles  northwest  of  Aber- 
deen, at  the  mouth  of  the  Deveron.  The  parlia- 
mentary burgh  includes  the  neighboring  seaport  of  Mac- 
duff. Population,  7,148. 

Bang  (hang),  Peder  Georg.  Born  at  Copen- 
hagen, Oct.  7, 1797 : died  April  2,  1861.  A noted 
Danish  jurist  and  statesman,  professor  of  law 
at  Copenhagen,  secretary  of  the  interior  1848- 
1849,  and  premier  1854-56. 

Bangala  (ban-ga'la).  See  Ngalaaud  Mbangala. 
Bangalur  (bang-ga-lor'),  or  Bangalore  (bang- 
ga-i6r').  A district  in  Mysore,  India.  Area, 
3,092  square  miles. 

Bangalur.  The  chief  city  of  Mysore,  India, 
situated  in  lat.  12°  58'  N.,  long.  77°  35'  E.  ithas 

considerable  trade,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  etc. 
It  was  fortified  by  Hyder  Ali,  and  was  taken  from  Tippu 
Saib  (by  storm)  by  the  British  under  Cornwallis,  179L 
Population,  159,046. 

Bangkok  (bang-kok').  The  capital  of  Siam, 
situated  on  the  river  Menam,  about  20  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  13°  44'  N.,  long.  100° 
31'  E. : the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  coun- 
try. The  houses  are  built  largely  in  the  river.  On  the 
mainland  are  the  royal  palace  and  many  Buddhist  tem- 
ples. Its  trade  is  largely  in  Chinese  hands.  The  chief 
exports  are  rice,  sugar,  hides,  cotton,  silk,  ivory,  pepper, 
sesame,  cardamoms,  etc.  It  became  the  capital  after  the 
destruction  of  Ayuthia.  The  Great  Pagoda  of  Wat-ching 
at  Bangkok  is,  in  its  general  concave-conoid  form,  similar 
to  the  Burmese  pagodas,  but  is  much  more  frankly  polyg- 
onal in  plan,  and  is  ornamental  with  the  most  elaborate 
exuberance  in  both  color  and  carving.  Instead  of  ter- 
minating in  a sharp  flnial,  it  ends  in  a tall  hexagonal 
prism  with  a domical  top.  At  the  base  and  toward  the 
summit  there  are  large  rectangular  niches  with  lavish 
adornment  of  flame-tongued  pinnacles.  Population,  628,- 
675. 

Bangla  (bang'gla).  Same  as  Faizabad,  in  Oudh. 
Bangor  (han'gov).  [W.,  ‘high  choir.’]  A city 
and  seaport  in  Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  situated 
on  Menai  Strait  9 miles  northeast  of  Carnarvon. 
It  contains  a cathedral,  lately  restored,  and  is  the  seat  of 
the  University  College  of  North  Wales.  Population, 
11,269. 

Bangor.  A seaport  and  watering-place  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  entrance 
to  Belfast  Lough,  12  miles  northeast  of  Belfast. 
Population,  5,903. 

Bangor.  Aseaportiu  Penobscot  County, Maine, 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  in 
lat.  44°  48'  N.,  long.  68°  47'  W.,  at  the  head  of 
navigation.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  lumber  depotsof 
the  world,  and  has  a considerable  trade  and  ship-building 
industries.  It  became  a city  in  1834.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
(Congregational)  theological  seminary,  which  was  incor- 
porated in  1814,  was  opened  at  Hampden  in  1816,  and  was 
removed  to  Bangor  in  1819.  Population,  24,803,  (1910). 

Bangorian  Controversy.  Aeon troversy stirred 
up  by  a sermon  preached  before  George  I.  on 


Banks,  Nathaniel  Prentiss 

March  31,  1717,  by  Dr.  Hoadley,  bishop  of  Ban- 
gor, from  the  text  “My  kingdom  is  not  of  this 
world.”  He  argued  that  Christ  had  not  dele- 
gated judicial  and  disciplinary  powers  to  the 
Christian  ministry. 

Bangor-iscoed.  A small  town  in  Flintshire, 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Dee  14  miles  south  of 
Chester,  formerly  famous  for  its  monastery. 
Bangweolo  (bang-we-o'16),  or  Remba  (bem'- 
bii).  A lake  in  central  Africa,  about  lat.  11°  S., 
long.  30°  E.  It  is  formed  by  the  head  streams  of  the 
Kongo.  The  Luapula,  the  only  Btream  flowing  out  of  it, 
emerges  from  its  southern  point,  and  is  about  one  mile 
wide  at  tin;  place  of  exit.  The  Chambezi  does  not  enter 
the  lake.  It  was  discovered  in  1803  by  Livingstone,  who 
died  near  its  shore  in  1873. 

Banholo,  or  Banhuolo,  Count.  See  Bagnuolo. 
Banias  (Da-ni-as').  A village  of  Palestine  about 
45  miles  southwest  of  Damascus.  Also  Paneas. 
Its  castle  is  a fortress  of  the  Crusaders,  occupying  a plat- 
form about  300  by  1,200  feet.  The  plan  resembles  a figure 
8,  bordered  by  numerous  rectangular  and  semicircular 
towers  connected  by  thick  curtain-walls.  The  eastern  ex- 
tremity constituted  the  donjon,  and  still  displays  a hall 
30  by  100  feet,  complete  except  in  its  vaulting. 

Banim  (ba'nim),  John.  Born  at  Kilkenny, 
Ireland,  April  3, 1798:  died  near  Kilkenny,  Aug. 
13, 1842.  An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist,  and  poet. 

He  wrote  the  tragedies  "Uamon  and  Pythias  ” (produced 
1821)  and  “The  Prodigal,”  the  “O’Hara  Tales  ” (in  collabo- 
ration with  his  brother  Michael),  “The  Nowlans,”  etc. 

Banim,  Michael.  Bom  at  Kilkenny,  Ireland, 
Aug.  5,  1796:  died  at  Booterstown,  Dublin 
County,  Ireland,  Aug.  30,  1874.  An  Irish  nov- 
elist, brother  of  John  Banim,  and  his  collabo- 
rator in  the  writing  of  the  “ O’Hara  Tales.” 
Banjaluka,  or  Banialuka  (ban-ya-16'ka).  A 
town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the  Yerbas  in  lat. 
44°  40'  N.  It  has  been  the  scene  of  various 
battles  between  the  Turks  and  Austrians.  Pop- 
ulation, about  14,000. 

Banjarmasin  (han-yar-mas'in),  or  Banjar- 
massin.  A Dutch  residency  in  southeastern 
Borneo,  formerly  a sultanate. 

Banjarmasin.  The  chief  town  of  the  residency 
of  Banjarmasin,  situated  near  the  coast. 
Banjumas  (ban-yo-mas').  The  capital  of  the 
residency  of  Banjumas,  island  of  Java,  situated 
in  lat.  7°  32'  S.,  long.  109°  17'  E. 
Banjuwangis  (ban-yo-wang'gis).  A seaport  in 
eastern  Java,  situated  in  lat.  8°  13'  S.,  long. 
114°  23'  E. 

Bankbcin  (bouk'ban).  A Hungarian  drama 
by  Katona,  produced  in  1827.  It  is  named  from 
the  hero,  a Hungarian  governor  and  rebel  against  the 
queen,  who  lived  about  1214. 

Banker-Poet,  The.  A surname  of  Samuel  Ro- 
gers, and  also  of  Edmund  Clarence  Stedman. 
Bankrupt,  The.  A comedy  by  Foote,  produced 
in  1773. 

Banks  (bangks),  Mrs.  George  Linnaeus  (Var- 
ley).  Born  at  Manchester,  March  25, 1821:  died 
at  Dalston,  May  5, 1897.  An  English  novelist 
and  poet.  Her  works  include  the  novels  “God’s  Provi- 
dence House”  (1866),  “Stung  to  the  Quick”  (1867),  and 
“The  Manchester  Man  ” (1876) ; also  the  collection  of  poems 
“Ripples  and  Breakers”  (1878). 

Banks,  John.  Bom  about  1650:  died  after  1696. 
An  English  dramatist  of  the  period  of  the  Res- 
toration. He  wrote  “The  Rival  Kings”  (1677),  “The 
Destruction  of  Troy  ’’  (acted  1678,  printed  1679),  “The  Un- 
happy Favorite”  (1682),  “The  Innocent  Usurper"  (1683  : 
published  1694),  “The  Island  Queens” (1684  : acted  1704 
as  “The  Albion  Queens”),  “Virtue  Betrayed ” (1692),  and 
“Cyrus  the  Great ’’ (1696). 

Banks,  Sir  Joseph.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  13, 
1743:  died  at  lsleworth,  June  19,  1820.  An 
English  naturalist,  especially  distinguished  as 
a botanist,  and  a patron  of  science.  He  equipped 
the  ship  Endeavour,  and  accompanied  Cook's  first  expe- 
dition 1768-71,  visited  Iceland  1772,  and  was  president  of 
the  Royal  Society  1778-1820.  His  herbarium  and  library 
are  in  the  British  Museum.  He  wrote  “ A Short  Account 
of  the  Causes  of  tile  Disease  called  the  Blight,  Mildew,  and 
Rust  ”(1805),  etc. 

Banks,  Nathaniel  Prentiss.  Born  at  Waltham, 
Mass.,  Jan. 30, 1816:  died  there,  Sept.  1, 1894.  An 
American  politician  and  general,  in  early  life  he  was 
a machinist,  editor,  and  lawyer  ; served  in  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 1853-57,  elected  first  as  a coalit  ion  Democrat,  then 
as  a Know-nothing,  and  later  as  a Repu  hi  ican  ; was  speaker 
of  the  House  1856-57 ; and  was  Republican  governorof  Mas 
sachusetts  1858-61.  In  1861  he  was  commissioned  major- 
general  of  volunteers;  commanded  a corps  on  the  upper 
Potomac  and  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  1862;  com- 
manded at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain  Aug.  9,  1862 ; 
succeeded  Butler  in  command  at  New  Orleans  at  the  end 
of  1862  ; invested  Tort  Hudson  and  captured  it  July,  1863  ; 
commanded  the  Red  River  expedition  in  1864  ; was  de- 
feated at  Sabine  Cross  Roads ; and  gained  a victory  at 
Pleasant  Hill.  He  wiib  Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1865-73;  was  defeated  as  Liberal-Re- 
publican candidate  for  Congress  in  1872  ; was  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1875-77,  and  again  1889-91; 
and  was  United  States  marshal. 


Banks,  Thomas 

Banks,  Thomas.  Born  at  Lambeth,  England, 
Doc.  29,  1735:  died  at  London,  Eel).  2, 1805.  A 
noted  English  sculptor. 

Banks,  Thomas  Christopher.  Born  l ~or> : died 
at  Greenwich,  England,  Sent.  30,  1854.  An 
English  lawyer  and  genealogist . He  published  a 
“ Manual  of  the  Nobility  " (1807),  “ Dormant  and  Extinct 
Baronage  of  England  ” (1807-09:  vol.  4 in  1837),  and  numer- 
ous minor  works. 

Banks,  The.  See  Grand  Banks. 

Bankside  (bangk'sid).  That  portion  of  the 
Thames  bank  which  lies  on  the  south  side  be- 
tween Bl&ckfriars  and  Waterloo  bridges,  in  the 
time  of  the  Tudors  it  “consisted  of  a single  row  of  houses, 
built  on  a dike,  or  levee,  higher  both  than  the  river  at  high 
tide  and  the  ground  behind  the  hank.  At  one  end  of  Bank 
Side  stood  tlie  Clink  Prison,  Winchester  House,  and  St. 
Mary  Ovaries  Church.  At  the  other  end  was  the  Falcon 
Tavern  with  its  stairs,  and  behind  it  were  the  Paris  Gar- 
dena. . . . A little  to  the  west  of  the  Clink  and  behind  the 
houses  stood  the  Globe  Theatre,  and  close  beside  it  the  Bull- 
baiting." Bcsant,  London,  p.  356. 

Banks  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  in 
the  South  Pacific,  northeast  of  the  New  Heb- 
rides: named  (as  were  the  following  four)  for 
Sir  Joseph  Banks. 

Banks  Land.  A large  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean  northwest  of  Prince  Albert  Land  and 
southwest  of  Melville  Island. 

Banks  Peninsula.  A peninsula  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  South  Island  of  New  Zealand. 
Banks  strait.  A sea  passage  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  separating  Banks  Land  from  Melville 
Island. 

Banks  Strait.  A strait  separating  Tasmania 
from  the  Furneaux  Group  to  the  northeast. 
Banks’s  horse.  A celebrated  trick-horse  named 
Morocco,  the  property  of  a man  named  Banks 
who  lived  about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  could  perform  tricks  with  cards  and  dice  and 
dance  at  his  master  s command.  In  1600  or  1601  Banks 
is  said  to  have  made  him  “override  the  vane  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral " in  the  presence  of  an  enormous  crowd.  The 
first  mention  of  him  occurs  about  1590.  He  is  alluded  to  by 
Raleigh,  Armin,  Gayton,  and  many  others,  and  there  are 
references  to  him  in  the  plays  of  the  period. 

Sir  Kenelm  Digby  says, — “ He  would  restore  a glove 
to  the  due  owner,  after  the  master  had  whispered  the 
man’s  name  in  his  ear;  would  tell  the  just  number  of 
pence  in  any  piece  of  silver  coin  newly  showed  him  by 
his  master."  Bankes  showed  his  horse  upon  the  continent, 
and  in  France  had  a narrow  escape  from  the  Capuchins, 
who  suspected  him  of  being  in  league  with  the  devil. 
There  was  a report  that  he  fell  a victim  to  a similar  sus- 
picion at  Rome.  Ben  Jonson,  in  his  epigram,  speaks  of 
“Old  Banks  the  juggler,  our  Pythagoras, 

Grave  tutor  to  the  learned  horse ; . . 

Hudson,  Note  to  Love's  Labour ’s  Lost. 
Bankura  (bang-ko-ra').  A district  of  the  Bar- 
dhwan  division,  Bengal,  British  India,  in  lat.  23° 
N.,  long.  87°  E.  Area,  2,621  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,116,411. 

Bankura.  The  capital  of  the  Bankura  district, 
situated  on  the  Dhalkisor  River  100  miles  north- 
west of  Calcutta.  Population,  20,737. 

Bann  (ban).  A river  of  northeastern  Ireland 
which  flows  through  Lough  Neagh,  and  empties 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  near  Coleraine.  Length, 
about  90  miles. 

Bannacks.  See  Bannock. 

Bannatyne  (ban ' a-tin ) , George.  Bom  in  Scot- 
land, 1545:  died  about  1608.  A collector  of 
early  Scottish  poetry.  His  manuscript  collection  is 
preserved  in  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh.  It  has 
been  printed  in  part  by  Allan  Ramsay  and  Lord  Hailes, 
and  completely  by  the  Hunterian  Club. 

Bannatyne  Club.  A Scottish  literary  club, 
named  from  George  Bannatyne,  founded  under 
the  presidency  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  1823,  and 
dissolved  in  1859.  It  was  devoted  to  the  pub- 
lication of  works  on  Scottish  history  and  lit- 
erature. 

Bannister  (ban' is -ter),  Charles.  Born  in 
Gloucestershire,  England,  about  1738  (?) : died 
at  London,  Oct.  26,  1804.  An  English  actor 
and  bass  singer. 

Bannister,  John.  Bom  at  Deptford,  England, 
May  12,  1760:  died  at  London,  Nov.  7,  1836. 
A noted  English  comedian,  the  son  of  Charles 
Bannister. 

Bannock  (ban' ok).  [PL,  also  Bannocks;  a 
corruption  of  Pan-i'ti,  the  tribal  designation 
used  by  the  people  themselves.]  A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  also  called  “Robber 
Indians.”  It  was  divided  into  two  geographically  dis- 
tinct divisions,  the  first  of  which  claimed  the  territory  be- 
tween lat.  42°  and  45°,  and  from  long.  113°  to  the  main 
chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ; while  the  second  divi- 
sion, or  northern  Bannock,  claimed  all  of  the  southwestern 
portions  of  Montana,  into  which  they  had  been  forced 
by  the  Blackfeet.  The  southern  branch  was  by  far  the 
more  populous.  In  1869  the  Bannock  of  Salmon  River 
numbered  but  350,  in  50  lodges,  having  been  largely  re- 
duced by  smallpox  and  the  inroads  of  the  Blackfeet. 
Upon  the  establishment  of  Wind  River  reservation  in 
1869,  about  600  southern  Bannock  were  placed  on  it,  and 


117 

In  the  same  year  600  others  were  assigned  to  Fort  Hall 
reservation.  Most  of  the  latter  subsequently  wandered 
away,  but  in  1871  returned  witli  the  Shoihonl  and  scat- 
tered Bannock  of  southeast  Idaho.  There  are  hntweon 
400  nnd  500(mixed  with  Shoshonipm  Fort  Hall  reservation, 
and  92  on  Lemhi  reservation,  Idaho.  (Hea  Dinger  and 
Shoshonean.)  Also  Banack,  Banattee,  Banack,  Hoonack, 
Panack,  Panasht,  Paunaque,  Ponaek,  Ponashta,  Punnak. 

Bannockburn  (ban'ok-b6rn).  A village  in 
Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  3 miles  south  of  Stir- 
ling. Here,  June  24, 1314,  the  Scots  (about  30,000)  under 
Robert  Rruce  totally  defeated  the  English  (about  100,000) 
under  Edward  II.  The  loss  of  the  English  was  about 
110,000.  At  Sauohieburn,  in  the  vicinity,  James  III.  of  Scot- 
land was  defeated  and  slain  by  rebellious  nobles  in  1488. 
Bannu  (ba-no'),  or  Banu.  A district  in  the 
Northwest  Frontier  Province,  British  India, 
about  lat.  33°  N.,  long.  71°  E.  Area,  1,670 
square  miles.  Population,  226,776. 

Banolas  (biin-yo'liis).  A town  in  tho  prov- 
ince of  Gerona,  Spain,  8 miles  north  of  Gerona. 
Population,  5,103. 

Banos  de  Bejar  (ban'yos  da  ba-Hiir').  [Sp., 
‘baths  of  Bejar.’]  A watering-place  in  Spain, 
situated  on  the  borders  of  Salamanca  and 
Caceres,  50  miles  south  of  Salamanca. 

Banquo  (bang'kwo).  The  thane  of  Lochaber 
in  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “Macbeth.”  He  is  a 
general  in  the  king’s  army,  with  the  same  rank  as  Mac- 
beth, and  with  the  same  ambitions,  but  is  of  a quieter 
nature  and  more  discretion.  He  is  killed  by  order  of  Mac- 
beth on  account  of  the  future  promised  to  him  by  the 
Weird  Sisters,  namely  that  Banquo’s  posterity  should 
reign.  In  one  of  the  most  powerful  scenes  of  the  play  his 
ghost  appeal  s to  the  guilty  Macbeth  while  unseen  by  the 
other  banqueters. 

Banquo  and  Fleance,  though  named  by  Holinshed,  fol- 
lowed by  Shakspere,  are  now  considered  by  the  best  au- 
thors to  be  altogether  fictitious  personages.  Chalmers  says, 
“ History  knows  nothing  of  Banquo,  the  thane  of  Lochaber, 
nor  of  Florence  his  son.”  Sir  Walter  Scott  observes  that 
“ early  authorities  show  us  no  such  persons  as  Banquo  and 
his  son  Fleance  ; nor  have  we  reason  to  think  that  the  latter 
ever  fled  further  from  Macbeth  than  across  the  flat  scene 
according  to  stage  direction.  Neither  were  Banquo  and  his 
son  ancestors  of  the  house  of  Stuart. " Yet  “ Peerages  "and 
“Genealogical  Charts"  still  retain  the  names  of  Banquo 
and  Fleance  in  the  pedigree  of  the  Royal  Houses  of  Scot- 
land and  England.  Furness,  Shak.  Var. 

Banswara  (ban-swa/ra).  A small  tributary 
state  in  Rajputana,  British  India,  about  lat.  23° 
30'  N.,  long.  74°  30'  E.  Area,  1,946  sq.  miles. 
Bantam  (ban-tam'  or  ban'tam).  [Malay  and 
Javanese  Bantan.\  A decayed  seaport  of  Java, 
61  miles  west  of  Batavia,  formerly  of  great 
commercial  importance. 

Bantia  (ban'shi-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  southern  Italy,  southeast  of  Venusia 
and  northeast  of  the  modern  Potenza. 

Banting  (ban'ting),  William.  Born  1797 : died 
at  Kensington,  March  16, 1878.  A London  un- 
dertaker who,  in  1863,  in  a pamphlet  entitled 
“A  Letter  on  Corpulence,”  recommended  a 
course  of  diet  for  the  reduction  of  corpulence, 
which  has  heen  named  from  him  “banting.” 
The  diet  recommended  was  originally  prescribed  for  Bant- 
ing by  William  Harvey,  and  consists  of  the  use  of  lean 
meats  principally,  and  abstinence  from  fats,  starch,  and 
sugar. 

Bantry  (ban'tri).  A seaport  in  County  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  near  the  head  of  Bantry  Bay, 
39  miles  west-southwest  of  Cork.  Population, 

3,109. 

Bantry  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  on  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Ireland,  in  County  Cork. 
Length,  25  miles. 

Bantu  (ban'to).  The  homogeneous  family  of 
languages  spoken,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Hottentot,  Bushmen,  and  Pygmy  enclaves, 
throughout  the  vast  triangle  between  Kamerun, 
Zanzibar,  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Ba-ntu 
(or  ova-ndu,  ba-tu,  a-tu)  signifies  in  almost  all  these  lan- 
guages ‘the  people,’  and  has  therefore  been  adopted  to 
denote  the  whole  family.  All  the  Bantu  languages  are 
clearly  derived  from  one  mother-tongue.  Though  they 
differ  in  the  vocabulary,  their  grammar  is  practically  one. 
Although  subdivided  into  hundreds,  of  dialects,  the  Bantu 
family  contains  relatively  few  great  national  languages. 
Such  languages  are,  in  South  Africa,  the  Kafir  and  Zulu, 
the  Se-chuana,  the  Shi-gwamba ; on  the  north  and  south 
of  the  Kunene  River,  a large  cluster  of  dialects  charac- 
terized by  the  prefix  Ova-  or  Ovi- ; the  Angola  language, 
from  Loanda  to  the  Kuangu  River  ; the  Kongo  language, 
from  the  Lifune  River  to  Sette  Kama,  and  from  the  Atlan- 
tic to  Stanley  Pool;  the  Lunda  language;  the  Kibokue  or 
Kioko  language,  from  the  confluence  of  the  Kassai  to  its 
source  and  beyond ; the  great  Luba  (and  Lange)  language, 
from  the  confluence  of  the  Luebo  and  Kassai  rivers  to 
Lake  Bangweolo ; the  Ki-lolo,  in  the  horseshoe  bend  of 
the  Kongo  River ; the  Ki-teke,  from  the  equator  over 
Stanley  Pool  to  lat.  T S.  ; the  Fan,  in  northern  French 
Gabun  and  southern  German  Kamerun  ; the  Lu-ganda,  on 
Victoria  Nyanza : the  Kinyanja,  on  LakeNyassa;  theKua 
language,  in  Mozambique  ; and  Ki-suahili,  from  Zanzibar 
to  the  far  west,  northwest,  and  southwest.  The  term 
Bantu  is  also  used  to  denote  ‘a  race.’  The  negroes  of 
both  the  Bantu  stock  and  the  Nigritic  branch  are  physi- 
cally one  race,  and  the  difference  is  almost  purely  lin- 
guistic. See  Nigritic,  Nuba-Fulah,  Hamitic,  Khoikhoin, 
and  A frican  languages,  African  ethnography  (under  Africa). 


Barabbas 

Banville  (bon-vel'),  Theodore  Faullain  de. 

Born  at,  Moulins,  France,  March  14,  1M23 ; died 
at  Paris,  March  13,  1891.  A French  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist.  lie  was  the  son  of  an  officer 
in  tho  navy,  and  early  devoted  himself  to  literature,  pub- 
lishing in  1842  two  volumes  of  verse,  entitled  “Les  Ca- 
riatides,”  whieh  attracted  attention.  He  also  wrote 
“ Odes  Funambulesques ” (1807),  etc.,  and  extensively  for 
the  stage.  His  most  successful  piay,  “ Grlngoire,"  was 
published  in  1860.  In  1882  appeared  “Mes  Souvenirs," 
in  which  he  portrayed  some  of  his  contemporaries. 

Banyuls-3Ur-Mer  (ban-yiil'Biir-mar').  A sea- 
port in  the  department  of  Pyrendes-Orientales, 
France,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  Spanisli  frontier,  20  miles  southeast  of  Per- 
pignan. It  produces  fine  Roussillon  wine. 
Population,  3,301. 

Banyumas.  See  Banjumas. 

Banz  (bants).  A Benedictine  abbey,  now  a 
castle,  near  Lichtenfels,  Upper  Franconia,  Ba- 
varia, founded  about  1058. 

Bapaume  (ha-pom').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  14  miles  south 
of  Arras.  Here,  Jan.  2 and  3, 1871,  the  Germans  under 
Von  Goeben  gained  a victory  over  the  French  under  Faid- 
herbe.  Population,  commune,  2,946. 

Baphomet  (baf'6-met).  The  imaginary  idol  or 
symbol  which  tlie  Templars  were  accused  of 
worshiping.  By  some  modern  writers  the  'Templars 
are  charged  with  a depraved  Gnosticism,  and  the  word 
Baphomet  has  had  given  to  it  the  signification  of  baptism 
of  wisdom  (as  if  from  Gr.  (3a<f>ij,  baptism,  and  gijnv,  wis- 
dom), baptism  of  fire;  in  other  words,  the  Gnostic  bap- 
tism, a species  of  spiritual  illumination.  But  this  and 
the  other  guesses  are  of  no  value.  The  word  may  be  a 
manipulated  form  of  Mahomet,  a name  which  took  strange 
shapes  in  the  middle  ages. 

Baps  (haps),  Mr.  In  Charles  Dickens’s  novel 
“Dombey  and  Son,”  a dancing-master,  “a 
very  grave  gentleman.” 

Baptist,  The.  See  John. 

Baptista  (bap-tis'ta).  In  Shakspere’s  “Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,”  a rich  gentleman  of  Padua, 
the  father  of  Katharine. 

Baptistery  of  San  Giovanni.  A baptistery  at 
Florence,  Italy,  remodeled  by  Arnolfo  di  Cam- 
bio in  the  13th  century.  It  is  octagonal  in  plan 
(108  feet  in  diameter) ; the  exterior  is  in  white  and  black 
marble,  with  arcades  and  inlaid  panels;  and  the  interior 
is  domed,  with  a small  lantern.  It  is  famous  for  its  three 
magnificent  double  gates  in  bronze,  of  which  that  on  the 
south  is  by  Andrea  Pisano  (1330),  and  those  on  the  north 
and  east  by  Ghiberti  (1403-24).  Andrea’s  gate  haB  a beau- 
tiful wreathed  framing  of  leaves,  flowers,  and  birds,  and 
twenty-eight  panel-reliefs  of  the  story  of  John  the  Baptist. 
The  north  Ghiberti  gate  has  also  twenty-eight  reliefs, 
mostly  of  tlie  life  of  Christ ; and  the  chief  gate,  that  toward 
the  east,  has  in  richly  ornamented  framing  ten  reliefs 
from  the  Old  Testament. 

Baquedano  (ba-ka-THa'no),  Manuel.  Bora  in 
Santiago,  1826.  A Chilean  soldier.  He  began  the 
Peruvian  campaign  of  1879  as  a brigadier-general  under 
Escala,  and  in  1880  succeeded  that  general  in  command 
of  .the  army  of  invasion,  conducting  the  Tacna  ami  Lima 
campaigns  with  an  almost  uninterrupted  series  of  victo- 
ries, the  Peruvian  forces  being  inferior.  For  his  services 
he  was  made  generalissimo  of  the  Chilean  army. 

Bar,  Karl  Ernst  von.  See  Baer. 

Bar  (bar).  An  ancient  territory  in  eastern 
France,  whose  capital  was  Bar-le-Duc.  it  was 
a county  and  later  a duchy,  was  united  with  the  duchy 
of  Lorraine  in  1473,  was  annexed  by  France  in  1659,  and 
was  restored  in  1661  to  Lorraine,  whose  fortunes  it  fol- 
lowed. 

Bar.  A town  in  the  government  of  Podolia, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Roflf  in  lat.  49°  5'  N., 
long.  27°  40'  E.  Population,  over  10,000. 

Bar.  See  Antivari. 

Bar,  Confederation  of.  A union  of  Polish 
patriots,  led  by  members  of  the  nobility, 
formed  at  Bar,  1768,  against  the  Russian  in- 
fluence and  the  dissidents.  It  carried  on  war 
against  the  Russians,  deposed  the  king  (Stanislaus),  was 
suppressed  by  the  Russians,  and  dissolved  in  1772. 

Bara  (ba'ra),  Jules.  Born  Aug.  31, 1835:  died 
June  26,  1900.  A Belgian  liberal  politician, 
minister  of  justice  1865-70  and  1878-84. 
Baraba  (ba-ra-ba/),  or  Barabinska  (ba-ra- 
ben'ska).  A steppe  in  western  Siberia,  situated 
between  the  rivers  Obi  and  Irtish,  in  the  govern- 
ments of  Tobolsk,  Tomsk,  and  Akmolinsk. 
Bara  Banki  (ba'ra  ban'ke).  A district  in  the 
Faizabad  division,  United  Provinces,  British 
India,  about  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  81°  30'  E.  Area, 
1,758  square  miles.  Population,  1,179,323. 
Barabas.  [See  Barabbas.']  Tho  Jew  of  Malta 
in  Marlowe’s  play  of  that  name.  He  not  only  rep- 
resents the  popular  hatred  of  tlie  Jew,  but  also  the  Jew’s 
reciprocal  hatred  and  revenge.  He  dies  in  a caldron  of  boil- 
ing oil  prepared  for  another. 

Barabbas  (ba-rab'as).  [Aram.,  ‘son  of  the 
father’  (teacher  of  master).]  A robber  and 
insurrectionary  leader  whose  release  from 
prison  instead  of  that  of  Jesus  was  demanded 
Of  Pilate  by  the  Jews.  Also  Barabas  (which  see).  In 
Elizabethan  writers  also  Barrabas  (bar'a-b^s). 


Baraboo 

Baraboo  (bar' a -bo).  The  capital  of  Sauk 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Baraboo 
Biver  35  miles  northwest  of  Madison.  Popula- 
tion, 6,324,  (1910). 

Barabra  (ba-ra'bra),  or  Berabra.  [Ar.]  The 
collective  name  of  the  Nubians  who  inhabit 
the  Nile  valley  from  Assuan  to  Wadi  Haifa. 
Baracoa  (ba-ra-ko'ii).  A decayed  seaport  near 
the  eastern  end  of  Cuba.  Population,  5,633. 
Barada  (ba-ra'da).  A river  of  Syria  which 
rises  in  Anti-Libanus,  flows  through  Damascus, 
and  is  lost  in  the  desert:  the  ancient  Abana. 
Baradas  (ba-ra-da/),  Count.  A conspirator 
against  Cardinal  Richelieu  in  Bulwer’s  play 
“ Bichelieu.” 

Baradla.  See  Agtelek. 

Baraguay  d’Hiiliers  (ba-ra-ga/  de-ya'), 
Achille.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  6,  1795:  died 
at  Amelie-les-Balns,  France,  June  6,  1878. 
A French  marshal,  son  of  Louis  Baraguay 
d’Hiiliers.  He  became  governor  of  the  military  school 
of  Saint-Cyr  1833 ; was  governor  of  Constantine,  Algeria, 
1843-44 ; commanded  the  French  forces  in  Rome  in  1849  ; 
became  marshal  in  1864  ; commanded  an  army  corps  in  the 
Italian  war  of  1859 ; and  became  commandant  of  Paris  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Franco-German  war,  but  was  removed 
Aug.  12,  1870. 

Baraguay  d’Hiiliers,  Louis.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  13,  1764:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  6,  1813.  A 
French  soldier,  made  general  of  brigade  in  1793, 
and  general  of  division  in  1797.  He  served  as  chief 
of  staff  to  General  Custine ; fought  in  Italy  under  Napo- 
leon 1790-97  ; was  made  commandant  of  Venice ; served 
under  Macdonald  in  1799;  commanded  in  Tyrol  in  1809; 
and  led  a division  in  the  Russian  campaign  of  1812. 

Barak  (ba-rak').  A name  given  to  the  upper 
course  of  the  Surma,  a river  in  British  India. 
Baralt  (ba-ralt'),  Rafael  Maria.  Born  at 
Maracaybo,  July  2,  1814:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan. 
2,  1860.  A Venezuelan  historian  and  soldier, 
resident  in  Spain  after  1843.  He  wrote  “Resumen 
de  la  Historia  antigua  y modema  de  Venezuela  ” (Paris, 
1841  et  seq.  : the  last  two  volumes  with  the  collaboration 
of  Ramon  Diaz),  etc. 

Baramula  (ba-ra-mo'la).  A town  in  the  western 
part  of  Cashmere;  the  river-port  of  the  state; 
on  the  Jhelum  west  of  Srinagar.  Near  it  is  the 
famous  gorge  of  the  Jhelum.  It  was  almost  destroyed  by 
earthquake  in  1885.  Population,  5,866. 

Baranof  (ba-t-a'nof)  Alexander  Andrevitcb. 

Born  1746:  died  1819.  A Bussian  trader,  first 
governor  of  Bussian  America.  He  founded  a trad- 
ing colony  on  Bering  Strait  in  1796,  and  took  possession 
of  the  island  in  the  Sitka  group  which  afterward  bore  his 
name  in  1799,  founding  there  a factory  and  fortress.  He 
was  ennobled  by  the  emperor  Alexander. 

Baranof.  See  Sitka  Island. 

Barante  (ba-ront'),  Aimable  Guillaume  Pros- 
per Brugi&re,  Baron  de.  Bom  at  Biom, 
France,  June  10,  1782 : died  Nov.  22,  1866.  A 
French  statesman,  historian,  and  general  wri- 
ter, son  of  Claude  Ignace  Brugiere,  Baron  de 
Barante.  He  held  various  offices  under  the  Empire  and 
Restoration,  and  was  ambassador  to  Turin  and  St.  Peters- 
burg under  Louis  Philippe.  Among  his  works  are  “ Ta- 
bleau de  la  litterature  francaise  au  dix-huiti&me  siticle” 
(1808),  translations  of  Schiller’s  dramatic  works  and  of 
“Hamlet, ” “Histoire  desducsde  Bourgogne  delamaison 
de  Valois”  (1824-26),  ‘ Histoire  de  la  convention  natio- 
nale  ” (1851-53),  and  “Histoire  du  Directoire” (1855). 

Barante,  Claude  Ignace  Brugiere,  Baron  de. 

Born  at  Biom,  Dec.  10,  1745 : died  May  20, 1814. 
A French  writer,  father  of  the  preceding,  au- 
thor of  an  “Examen  du  principe  fondamental 
des  Maximes,”  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  La 
Boehefoueauld’s  “Maxims”  (1798),  etc. 
Barante,  Prosper  Claude  Ignace  Brugi&re, 
Baron  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  27,  1816:  died 
there,  May  10,  1889.  A French  senator,  grand- 
son of  the  preceding. 

Barataria  (ba-ra-ta-re'a).  The  island  city  over 
which  Sancho  Panza,  in  “Don  Quixote,”  was 
made  governor.  At  his  inauguration  feast  every  dish 
was  snatched  away  untasted,  so  that  he  starved  in  the 
midst  of  abundance.  Disgusted  with  the  joys  of  govern- 
ment, after  a short  trial,  he  abjured  his  ephemeral  royalty, 
preferring  his  liberty. 

Barataria  Bay  (bar-a-ta'ri-a  ha).  An  inlet  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  southeastern  coast 
of  Louisiana,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Length, 
about  15  miles. 

Barathron  (bar'a-thron).  [Gr.  [3 apadpov,  a pit.] 
A steep  ravine  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Hill 
of  the  Nymphs,  at  Athens,  outside  of  the  an- 
cient walls,  rendered  more  precipitous  by  an- 
cient use  of  it  as  a quarry.  This  was  the  “pit”  into 
which  the  bodies  of  criminals  were  thrown  in  antiquity 
after  execution,  or  in  some  cases  whUe  still  living. 

Baratier  (ba-ra-ter'),  Johann  Philipp.  Born 
at  Schwabach  in  Anspach,  1721:  died  1740.  A 
German  scholar  noted  for  his  extraordinary 
precociousness.  He  is  said  to  have  read  and  written 
German  and  French  at  four  years  of  age,  Latin  at  five,  and 


118 

Greek  and  Hebrew  at  seven.  He  compiled  a Hebrew  dic- 
tionary at  twelve,  and  published  a French  translation  of 
the  Itinerary  of  Benjamin  of  Tudela  at  thirteen. 

Baraya  (ba-ra'ya),  Antonio.  Born  at  San  Juan 
de  Jeron  in  1791:  executed  at  Bogota,  July  20, 
1816.  A New  Granadan  general.  He  joined  the 
revolutionists  in  1810,  and  was  one  of  the  members  of  the 
first  independent  Junta.  He  was  captured  by  Morilla  and 
shot  as  a rebel. 

Baraza  (ba-ra'tha),  or  Barax  (ba-ra'),  Cypri- 
ano.  Born  in  France,  1642 : died  in  Mojos,  Bo- 
livia, Sept.  16,  1702.  A Jesuit  missionary  who, 
in  1674,  was  the  first  to  visit  the  Mamore  region, 
in  what  is  now  northern  Bolivia.  He  founded  the 
celebrated  missions  of  Loreto  and  Trinidad ; and  was 
murdered  by  the  Baures  Indians  in  the  forests  east  of 
the  Mamord. 

Barbacena  (bar-ba-sa'na).  A small  town  in 
the  state  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  northwest  of 
Bio  de  Janeiro. 

Barbacena,  Marquis  of.  See  Caldeira  Brant 
Pontes,  Felisberto. 

Barbacoas  (bar-ba-ko'as).  A small  town  in 
the  department  of  Cauca,  Colombia,  near  the 
southwestern  corner. 

Barbadillo  (bar-ba-del'yo),  Alfonso  Salas. 

Born  at  Madrid  about  1580 : died  1630.  A 
Spanish  writer  of  note,  author  of  tales,  poems, 
and  numerous  comedies. 

Barbados,  or  Barbadoes  (bar-ba'doz).  An 
island  of  the  British  West  Indies,  near  the  Wind- 
ward group,  situated  east  of  St.  Vincent,  in 
lat.  13°  4'  N.,  long.  59°  37’  W.  Its  chief  exports 
are  sugar,  rum,  and  molasses.  The  capital  is  Bridgetown. 
It  is  governed  by  governor,  executive  committee,  legisla- 
tive council,  and  House  of  Assembly.  It  was  colonized  in 
1625.  Length,  21  miles ; width,  15  miles.  Area,  166  square 
miles.  Population,  194,477. 

Barbalbo  Bezerra  (bar-bal'yobe-zer'ra),  Luiz. 
Born  at  Pernambuco,  1601:  died  at  Bio  de 
Janeiro,  1644.  A leader  of  the  Portuguese  in 
the  war  with  the  Dutch  at  Pernambuco  and 
Bahia,  1630-40.  For  illegal  acts  he  was  called  to  Por- 
tugal in  1640  and  for  a time  imprisoned,  hut  was  subse- 
quently pardoned  and  employed  in  the  war  with  Spain. 
In  1643  he  returned  to  Brazil  as  governor  of  the  capitania 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Barbara  (bar'ba-ra),  Saint.  [L.  Barbara,  Gr. 
Kapjiapr/,  It.  and  Sp.  Barbara,  F.  Barbe.~\  A 
virgin  martyr  and  saint  of  the  Greek  and  Boman 
Catholic  churches,  martyred  at  Nicomedia  (?), 
Bithynia,  about  235  A.  D.  (or  306?).  She  is  com- 
memorated in  the  Greek  and  Boman  churches 
on  Dec.  4. 

Barbara.  In  Charles  Dickens’s  tale  “The  Old 
Curiosity  Shop,”  “a  little  servant  girl,  very 
tidy,  modest,  and  demure,  but  very  pretty 
too”:  afterward  Mrs.  Kit  Nubbles. 

Barbara  Allen’s  Cruelty.  An  old  ballad,  given 
in  Percy’s  “ Beliques,”  relating  the  cruelty  to 
her  lover,  and  subsequent  remorse,  of  Barbara 
Allen.  There  is  another  version  called  “Bonny 
Barbara  Allan,”  which  is  not  so  popular. 

Barbarelli.  See  Giorgione. 

Barbarossa  (bar-ba-ros'a).  [It.,  ‘Bed-beard.’] 
See  Frederick  /.,  “Barbarossa,”  Emperor  of 
Germany. 

Barbarossa,  Horuk.  Died  1518.  A Moham- 
medan corsair,  a native  of  Mytilene,  who  con- 
quered and  became  the  ruler  of  Algiers  about 
1517.  He  was  defeated  and  slain  by  an  army  sent  against 
him  by  the  (later)  emperor  Charles  V.,  1518.  Also  written 
XTruj,  Aruch , Arooj,  Horush,  and  Horuc. 

Barbarossa,  Khair-ed-Din,  or  Kheyr-ed-Din. 

Died  at  Constantinople,  1546.  Brother  of  Horuk 
whom  be  succeeded  1518  as  Bey  of  Algiers. 
Having  surrendered  the  sovereignty  of  Algiers  to  the 
Turkish  sultan  Selim  I.,  in  order  to  gain  support  against 
the  Spaniards,  he  was  appointed  governor-general,  and  re- 
ceived 1519  a reinforcement  of  2,000  janizaries.  He  made 
himself  master  of  Tunis,  but  in  1535  the  emperor  Charles 
V.  besieged  and  captured  the  city  and  liberated  a vast 
number  of  Christian  slaves.  He  was  appointed  high  ad- 
miral of  the  Ottoman  fleets  1537,  and  in  conjunction  with 
Francis  I.  captured  Nice  1543. 

Barbaroux  (bar-ba-rd'),  Charles  Jean  Marie. 

Born  at  Marseilles,  March  6, 1767 : guillotined  at. 
Bordeaux,  June  25,  1794.  A noted  Girondist 
orator  and  politician,  a lawyer  by  profession. 
He  led  the  Marseilles  battalion  in  the  attack  on  the  Tui- 
leries  Aug.  10,  1792,  and  was  a Girondist  deputy  to  the 
National  Convention.  He  was  proscribed  May  31,  1793, 
as  a royalist  and  enemy  of  the  republic. 

Barbary,  Roan.  The  favorite  horse  of  Rich- 
ard II.  See  Skakspere’s  “Richard  II.,”  v.  5. 

Barbary  (bar'ba-ri).  [Formerly  Barbarie,  F. 
Barbaric,  ML.  L.  Barbaria,  MGr.  hapfiapia,  land 
of  barbarians,  or  foreigners,  applied  in  L.  to 
Italy  (as  distinguished  from  Greece),  Persia, 
Phrygia,  Scythia,  Gaul,  etc.]  A general  name 
for  the  regions  along  or  near  the  northern  coast 
of  Africa,  west  of  Egypt,  comprising  Morocco, 
Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Barca,  and  Fezzan. 

Barbason  (bar'ba-son).  A fiend  referred  to  in 


Barbey  d’Aurevilly 

Shakspere’s  “Henry  V.,”  act  ii.,  scene  1,  and 
“Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,”  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

I am  not  Barbason;  you  cannot  conjure  me.  Hen.  V. 

Barbastro  (bar-bas'tro).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Huesca,  northeastern  Spain,  situated  on 
the  Vero  60  miles  east-northeast  of  Saragossa. 
It  has  a cathedral.  Population,  7,033. 

Barbauld  (bar' bald),  Mrs.  (Anna  Letitia 
Aikin).  Born  at  Kibworth-Harcourt,  Leices- 
tershire, June  20,  1743:  died  at  Stoke-Newiug- 
ton,  March  9, 1825.  An  English  poet  and  essay- 
ist, daughter  of  Bev.  John  Aikin  and  the  wife 
of  Bev.  Bochemont  Barbauld.  She  wrote  “Poems  ” 
(1773),  “Hymns  in  Prose  for  Children,  ’ “TheFemale  Spec- 
tator ” (1811),  a poem  “ Eighteen  Hundred  and  Eleven  ” 
(1812),  etc. 

Barbazan  (bar-ba-zon'),  Arnauld  Guilhelm 

de.  Died  1432.  A French  general  in  the  service 
of  Charles  VII.,  sumamed  the  “Knight  with- 
out Reproach .”  He  defeated  the  combined  English  and 
Burgundian  army  at  La  Croisette  1430,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  was  made  governor  of  Champagne  and  Brie,  with 
the  title  of  Restorer  of  the  Kingdom  and  Crown  of  P rance. 

Barbazon.  See  Barbison. 

Barbe-Bleue  (barb'ble').  [F.,  ‘Bluebeard.’] 
1.  A comedy  by  Sedaine,  with  music  by  Grdtry, 
produced  in  Paris  in  1789. — 2.  An  opera  bouife, 
words  by  Meilhac  and  Iialevy,  music  by  Offen- 
bach, produced  in  1866. — 3.  See  Bluebeard. 

Barbe-Marbois.  See  Marbois. 

Barber  (bar' her),  Francis.  Born  at  Prince- 
ton, N.  J.,  1751 : died  at  Newburg,  N.  Y , Feb.  11, 
1783.  An  American  officer  (lieutenant-colonel ) 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  taught  at  Elizabeth- 
town 1769-76,  having  among  his  pupils  Alexander  Hamii- 
ton.  In  1781  he  was  selected  by  Washington  to  quell  the 
mutiny  of  the  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  troops. 

Barber,  John  Warner.  Born  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  1798 : died  1885.  An  American  historical 
writer,  author  of  ‘ ‘ History  and  Antiquities  of 
New  England,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey,” 
1841,  etc. 

Barber,  Mary.  Born  in  Ireland  (?)  about  1690: 
died  1757.  An  English  poet,  best  known  as  a 
friend  of  Swift. 

Barber  of  Seville,  The.  See  Barbier  and  Bar- 

biere. 

Barber  Poet.  An  epithet  of  Jacques  Jasmin. 

Barberini  (bar-be-re'ne).  A Boman  princely 
family  named  from  Barberino  di  Val  d’Elsa, 
near  Florence,  in  Tuscany.  Its  power  and  wealth 
were  established  by  Carlo  Maffeo  Barberini,  Pope  Urban 
VIII.,  who  made  his  brother,  Antonio,  and  two  nephews, 
Francesco  and  Antonio,  cardinals,  and  gave  to  a third 
nephew,  Taddeo,  the  principality  of  Palestrina.  The  fam- 
ily has  a magnificent  palace  and  library  at  Rome. 

Barberini,  Francesco.  Born  at  Barberino, 
Tuscany,  1264:  died  1348.  An  Italian  poet  and 
jurist,  author  of  “Documentid’Amore”  (printed 
1640). 

Barberini,  Maffeo.  See  Urban  VIII. 

Barberini  faun.  An  ancient  statue  now  m the 
Glyptothek,  Munich,  Bavaria.  It  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Barberini  family  at  Rome. 

Barberini  Palace.  A palace  in  Borne,  near  the 
Quirinal,  begun  by  Urban  VIII.,  and  finished 
in  1640.  It  is  noted  for  its  art  treasures. 

Barberini  vase.  See  Portland  vase. 

Barberino  (bar-be-re'no).  A small  town  in  Tus- 
cany, Italy,  18  miles  south  of  Florence. 

Barberino  di  Mugello  (bar-be-re'no  de  mo- 
jel'lo).  A small  town  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  17 
miles  north  of  Florence. 

Barberton  (bar'ber-ton).  A town  in  the 
Transvaal,  South  Africa,  about  150  miles 
west  of  Delagoa  Bay.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Barbes  (bar-ba/),  Armand.  Born  at  Pointe- 
a-Pitre,  Guadeloupe,  Sept.  18,  1809:  died  at 
The  Hague,  June  26,  1870.  A French  revolu- 
tionist. He  was  sentenced  to  death  (commuted  to  per- 
petual imprisonment)  for  complicity  in  the  attack  on  the 
Conciergerie  May  12,  1839 ; was  released  by  the  February 
Revolution  1848 ; was  condemned  to  perpetual  imprison- 
ment lor  participation  in  the  attempt  to  overthrow  the 
National  Assembly  May  15,  1848;  and  was  restored  to  lib- 
erty in  1854.  Author  of  “ Deux  jours  de  condam nation  A 
mort " (1848). 

Barbeu-Dubourg  (bar-be'dii-bor'),  Jacques. 
Born  atMayenne,  Feb.  12,  1709:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  14, 1779.  A French  physician,  naturalist, 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  wrote  botanical  and 
medical  works,  “Petit  code  de  la  raison  humaine"  (1774), 
“Chronograpliie ’’ (1753),  “ Le  calendrier  de  Philadelphie” 
(1778),  etc. 

Barbey  d’Aurevilly  (bar-ba'do-re-ve-ye'), 
Jules  Am6d6e.  Born  at  Saint-Sauveur-le- 
Vieomte,  Manche,  France,  Nov.  2,  1808:  died 
at  Paris,  April  23.  1889.  He  came  to  Paris  in  1851, 
and  founded,  with  Escudier  and  Granier  de  Cassagnac, 
“Le  rdveil.'  He  wrote  “Une  vieille  maitresse”  (1851), 
“ L’Ensorcelde  ” (1874),  “ Le  prfitre  marid  ” (1865). 


Barbeyrac 

Barbeyrac  (bar -ba-rak'),  Jean.  Born  at  Beziers, 
France,  March  15,  1674 : died  March  3, 1744.  A 
French  writer  on  law,  translator  of  Puffen- 
dorf’s  “Law  of  Nature  and  of  Nations.” 
Barbezieux(bar-be-ze-e').  Atowninthedepart- 
ment  of  Cliarente,  France,  20  miles  southwest 
of  Angouleme.  Population,  commune,  4,204. 
Barbiano  (bar- be -5/ no),  Alberico,  Count. 
Died  1409.  An  Italian  general.  He  formed,  about 
1379,  the  hist  regular  company  of  Italian  as  opposed  to 
foreign  mercenaries  in  Italy.  In  this  company,  called  the 
“Company  of  St.  George,"  were  trained  some  of  the  best 
generals  of  the  time.  Barbiano  became  grand  constable 
of  Naples  in  1384. 

Barbican  (bar'bi-kan).  A locality  in  London, 
so  called,  as  the  name  indicates,  from  a former 
watch-tower  of  which  nothing  now  remains. 
Milton  lived  here  in  1646-47,  and  here  he  wrote  some  of  his 
shorter  poems.  Wheeler , Familiar  Allusions. 

Barbie  du  Bocage  (bar-be-a'  dii  bo-kazh'), 
Jean  Denis.  Born  at  Paris,  April  28,  1760: 
died  there,  Dec.  28, 1825.  A French  geographer 
and  philologist. 

Barbiej  (bar-be-a' ) , Antoine  Alexandre.  Born 
at  Coulommiers,  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  Jan. 
11,  1765 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  6, 1825.  A French 
bibliographer,  author  of  a “ Dictionnaire  des 
outrages  anonymes  et  pseudonym.es”  (1806-08), 
etc. 

Barbier,  Henri  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
29, 1805 : died  at  Nice,  Feb.  13, 1882.  A French 
poet.  His  best-known  work  is  “Les  Iarnbes”  (1831),  a series 
of  satires,  political  and  social,  occasioned  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  1830.  The  most  famous  is  “ La  Ouree,  ” a satire  on 
the  scramble  for  place  under  the  Orleanist  government. 

Barbier,  Paul  Jules.  Born  at  Paris,  March  8, 
1825 : died  there,  Jan.  16,  1901.  A French  dra- 
matic poet  and  librettist.  He  published  the  drama 
“ Un  poete  ’’  in  1847,  and  from  1850  worked  much  in  col: 
laboration  with  Michel  Carr6,  as  in  “Cora  on  l’escla- 
vage"  (1866),  etc. 

Barbier  de  Seville  (bar-be-a'  de  sa-vel'),  Le. 
[F. , ‘ Barber  of  Seville.’]  1 . A comedy  by  Beau- 
marchais, first  composed  in  1772  as  a comic 
opera.  It  was  refused,  and  in  1775,  after  various  vicis- 
situdes, appeared  in  its  present  form  as  a comedy.  It  is 
in  this  play  that  Figaro  makes  his  first  appearance. 

2 (It.  II  Barbiere  di  Siviglia).  An  opera 
boulfe,  after  Beaumarchais’s  comedy,  the  music 
by  Paisiello,  first  played  in  St.  Petersburg  in 
1780  and  in  Paris  in  1789. — 3 (It.  17  Barbiere 
di  Siviglia).  An  opera  boulfe,  after  Beaumar- 
chais’s play,  words  by  Sterbini,  music  by  Ros- 
sini, presented  in  Rome  in  1816  and  in  Paris  in 
1819.  It  was  hissed  on  the  first  night,  but  grew  in  favor 
and  became  one  of  the  most  popular  operas  ever  written. 
Other  operas  of  thi3  name  founded  on  the  same  play  have 
been  produced. 

Barbieri,  Giovanni  Francesco.  See  Ghiercino. 
Barbieri  (bar-be-a're),  Paolo  Antonio.  Born 
1596:  died  1640.  A Bolognese  painter  of  ani- 
mals, fruits,  and  flowers,  brother  of  Guercino. 
Barbison  (bar-bi-son').  A small  village  near  the 
forest  of  Fontainebleau.  It  is  noted  as  being 
one  of  the  favorite  haunts  of  what  is  known  as 
the  Fontainebleau  group  of  painters.  Also 
Barbizon.  See  Fontainebleau. 

Barbon  (bar'bon),  or  Barebone  (bar' bon),  or 
Barebones  (bar'bonz),  Praisegod.  Born 
about  1596:  died  1679.  An  English  Baptist 
preacher,  leather-dealer,  and  politician.  He 
became  a member  of  Cromwell’s  “ little  parliament  " of 
1653,  named,  by  its  enemies,  for  him,  “Barebone’s  Parlia- 
ment." He  is  said  (probably  erroneously)  to  have  had 
two  brothers  named  respectively  “Christ-came-into-the- 
world-to-save,”  and  “If-Christ-had-not-died-thou-hadst- 
been-damned  ’’  (familiarly  abbreviated  to  "Damned  "). 

Barbosa  (bar-bo' sa),  Duarte.  BomatLisbon: 
died  May  1,  1521.  A Portuguese  navigator. 
He  visited  India  and  the  Moluccas,  and  prepared  a man- 
uscript account  of  his  journey,  which  was  printed  by 
Ramusio  in  Italian  as  “Sommario  di  tutti  14  regni  dell’ 
Indie  oriental e,"  the  original  Portuguese  being  printed  by 
the  Lisbon  Academy  in  the  “Noticias  Ultramarinas " in 
1813.  He  accompanied  Magellan  in  the  voyage  around 
the  world,  and  was  killed  soon  after  the  death  of  his  chief 
in  the  island  of  Cebu. 

Barbosa  Machado,  Diogo.  Born  at  Lisbon, 
March  31, 1682 : died  1770.  A Portuguese  bib- 
liographer. He  wrote  a biographical  and  critical  notice 
of  Portuguese  writers,  “Bibliotheca  Lusitana,  etc."  (1741- 
1759). 

Barbotan  (bar-bo-ton').  A watering-place  in 
the  department  of  Gers,  France,  situated  near 
the  Douze  38  miles  west-southwest  of  Agen. 
It  has  hot  mineral  springs. 

Barbou  (biir-bo').  A noted  French  family  of 
printers  which  flourished  from  about  1540  to 
1808.  The  most  famous  were  Jean,  the  founder  of  the 
family;  Hugues,  his  son  ; and  Joseph  Gerard  (about  the 
middle  of  the  18th  century). 

Barbour  (bar'b6r),  James.  [An  archaic  form 
of  Barber.']  Born  in  Orange  County,  Va.,  June 
10, 1775:  died  near  Gordonsville,  Va.,  June  8, 


119 

1842.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  1794  ; became  United  States  senator  from  Vir- 
ginia 1815  ; resigned,  1825,  on  being  appointed  secretary  of 
war  by  President  John  Quincy  Adams  ; and  was  minister 
to  England  1828-29. 

Barbour,  John.  Born  about  1316:  died  March 
13, 1395.  A Scottish  poet,  archdeacon  of  Aber- 
deen, and  an  auditor  of  the  exchequer.  His  chief 
poem  is  “ The  Bruce"  (1375;  edited  by  Skeat  for  the 
E.  E.  T.  S.  1870-77).  See  Bruce,  The. 

Barbour,  John  S.  Born  in  Culpeper  County, 
Va.,  Aug.  8,  1790:  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1855. 
An  American  politician,  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Virginia  1823-33. 

Barbour,  Oliver  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Washington  County,  New  York,  July  12,  18ll : 
died  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  17,  1889.  An 
American  legal  writer. 

Barbour,  Philip  Pendleton.  Born  in  Orange 
County,  Va.,  May  25, 1783:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Feb.  24,  1841.  An  American  politician 
and  jurist,  brother  of  James  Barbour.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  1814-25 ; speaker  of 
the  House  1821-23 ; member  of  Congress  1827-30 ; one  of 
the  candidates  for  the  Democratic  nomination  for  vice- 
president  in  1832 ; and  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1836-41. 

Barbox  Brothers  (bar'boks  bruTH'erz),  and 
Barbox  Brothers  and  Co.  A story  and  its 
sequel  by  Charles  Dickens,  included  in  “Mugby 
Junction,”  an  extra  Christmas  number  of  “All 
the  Year  Round,”  1866. 

Barboza,  Domingos  Caldas.  See  Caldas  Bar- 
bosa. 

Barboza,  Francisco  Villela.  See  Villela  Bar- 
boza. 

Barbuda  (bar-bo'da).  An  island  of  the  British 
West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  Leeward  group, 
situated  30  miles  north  of  Ant  igua,  in  lat.  17°  35' 
N.,  long.  61°  45'  W.  It  is  a political  dependency 
of  Antigua.  Length,  10  miles.  Population,  775. 

Barby  (bar'be).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Saale,  17  miles  southeast  of  Mag- 
deburg. It  was  the  seat  of  a former  countship. 
Population,  commune,  5,301. 

Barca  (bar'ka),  or  Barcas  (bar'kas).  A sur- 
name, meaning  (probably)  ‘lightning,’  of  sev- 
eral Carthaginian  generals.  The  most  noted 
was  Hamilcar. 

Barca,  Conde  de.  See  Araujo  de  Asevedo. 
Barca  (bar'ka).  A former  vilayet  (Bengazi) 
of  the  Turkish  empire  (1879-1912),  in  northern 
Africa,  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
north,  Egypt  on  the  east,  and  the  Gulf  of  Sidra 
on  the  west:  a part  of  ancient  Cyrenaica. 
A small  part  of  it  is  very  fertile  ; the  remainder  is  largely 
a desert.  Capital,  Bengazi.  It  now  forms  part  of  the 
Italian  province  of  Libya.  Area,  about  20,000 square  miles. 
Population,  about  300,000. 

Barca.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  Cyre- 
naiea,  Africa,  situated  near  the  coast : one  of 
the  cities  of  the  Pentapolis. 

Barca.  A river  in  eastern  Africa  which  flows 
toward  the  Red  Sea  south  of  Suakim. 

Barca.  A district  north  of  Abyssinia,  about  lat. 

16°  N.,  near  the  upper  course  of  the  river  Barca. 
Barcellona  (bar-ehel-16'na).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  22  miles  west  by 
south  of  Messina.  Pop.,  commune,  23,493. 
Barcelona  (bar-se-lo'na;  Sp.  pron.  bar-tha-lo'- 
na).  A province  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  bounded 
by  Gerona  on  the  northeast,  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  on  the  southeast,  and  Lerida  and  Tarra- 
gona on  the  west.  Area,  2,968  square  miles. 
Population,  1,054,541. 

Barcelona.  A seaport  and  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Barcelona,  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean between  the  mouths  of  the  Llobregat  and 
Besos,  in  lat.  41°  22'  N.,  long.  2°  11'  E. : the 
ancient  Barcino  or  Barcelo  (Roman  Colonia 
Faventia  Julia  Augusta  Pia  Barcino),  said  to 
have  been  founded  or  rebuilt  by  Hamilcar  Barca, 
and  named  for  him : called  in  the  middle  ages 
Barcinona  or  Barchinona  (Ar.  Barchaluna).  it 
is  the  second  city  in  Spain,  and  one  of  the  principal  com- 
mercial places  in  the  peninsula,  and  a strong  fortress.  It 
has  regular  steam  communication  with  the  Mediterranean 
ports,  Great  Britain,  and  South  America.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a noted  university,  founded  in  1596.  It  was  an  important 
Roman  and  Gothic  city  ; became  the  capital  of  the  Span- 
ish March  ; was  governed  by  counts  of  Barcelona  and  was 
annexed  (12th  century)  to  Aragon.  It  was  a great  com- 
mercial and  literary  center  in  the  middle  ages  ; came  for 
a short  time  under  French  rule  in  1640;  returned  to  Spain 
in  1652,  was  occupied  by  Franco  in  1697,  and  was  restored 
to  Spain  by  the  Peace  of  Ryswick ; was  taken  by  Peter- 
borough in  1705  ; was  stormed  by  the  Duke  of  Berwick 
in  1714;  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1808,  and  held  un- 
til 1814  ; and  has  been  the  scene  of  various  insurrections 
(1835-36,  1840-42,  Progressist  outbreak  1856,  Federalist 
1874).  It  was  the  seat  of  an  international  exhibition  in 
1887.  The  Column  of  Columbus,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rambla  and  marine  Paseo,  is  a tine  Corinthian  column  of 


Barclay  Sound 

bronze,  197  feet  high,  supporting  a statue  of  the  discoverer, 
and  rising  from  a stone  pedestal  ornamented  with  bronze 
reliefs  and  Victories  and  surrounded  with  marble  statues. 
The  cathedral  of  Barcelona  is  of  the  14th  century.  The  in- 
terior is  highly  picturesque  in  its  perspectives,  and  impres- 
sive in  its  effects  of  light.  Close  to  the  west  end  there  is  a 
beautiful  octagonal  lantern.  From  here  extends  the  nave, 
from  the  capitals  of  whose  lofty  piers  the  vaulting-ribs 
spring  directly.  The  clearstory  consists  merely  of  a row  of 
small  roses.  The  aisles  are  almost  as  high  as  the  nave,  and 
the  church  is  lighted  by  windows  in  the  deep  galleries  over 
the  side-chapels.  There  are  two  beautiful  Romanesque 
doors  belonging  to  an  older  cathedral,  and  a light  and  spa- 
cious Gothic  cloister,  with  fountains.  It  was  the  scene  of 
revolutionary  riots  in  1909.  Population,  698,556. 
Barcelona.  A town  in  Venezuela,  situatednear 
the  Caribbean  Sea  160  miles  east  of  Caracas. 
Population,  about  12,000. 

Barceloneta  (bar-tha-16-na'ta).  A maritime 
suburb  of  Barcelona,  Spain. 

Barcelonnette  (bar-se-lon-net').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Basses-Alpes,  situated  on 
the  Ubave  32  miles  east-southeast  of  Gap. 
It  has  suffered  severely  in  the  wars  of  the  frontier.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  2,405. 

Barcena,  or  Barzena  (bar-tha'na),  Alonso  de. 

Born  at  Baeza,  1528:  died  at  Cuzco,  Jan.,  1598. 
A Spanish  Jesuit,  called  the  “Apostle  of  Peru.” 
He  was  sent  to  Peru  in  1570,  and  was  one  of  those  em- 
ployed to  instruct  the  young  Inca  Tupac  Amaru  before 
his  execution.  The  remainder  of  Barcena’s  life  was  spent 
in  laboring  among  the  Indians  of  Peru,  Charcas,  Tucu- 
man,  and  the  Gran  Chaco.  He  wrote  a polyglot  work  on 
their  languages,  which  is  supposed  to  be  lost. 

Barcia  (bar-the'a),  Andres  Gonzalez.  Bom 
at  Madrid,  1670 : died  there,  Nov.  4,  1743.  A 
Spanish  historian.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Spanish  Academy,  and  held  various  honorary  offices. 
He  wrote  “Ensayo  cronolbgico  para  la  historia  general  de 
la  Florida  ” (Madrid,  1723),  and  edited  an  extensive  series 
of  historical  works  relating  to  America,  with  the  general 
title  “Historiadoresprimitivosdelndias.”  This  includes 
reprints  of  Herrera,  Oviedo,  Gomara,  Zarate,  Garcilaso, 
Torquemada,  etc. 

Barcino  (bar'si-no).  The  ancient  name  of  Bar- 
celona, Spain. 

Barclay  (bar'kla),  Alexander.  Born  probably 
in  Scotland  about  1475  : died  at  Croydon,  Eng- 
land, 1552.  A British  poet,  author  of  “ The  Ship 
of  Fools,”  “Eclogues,”  etc.  See  Ship  of  Fools. 
He  was  a monk  of  Ely  and  Canterbury,  priest  in  the 
College  of  Ottery  St.  Mary,  vicar  of  Much  Badew  in  Essex, 
and  rector  of  All  Hallows,  Lombard  street,  London. 

Barclay  (bar-kla'),  John.  Born  at  Pont-S,- 
Mousson,  France,  Jan.  28,  1582:  died  Aug.  15, 
1621.  A Scottish  poet,  a son  of  William  Barclay. 
He  wrote  “Satyricon  " (1603  : second  part  1607),  “Sylvie  ” 
(Latin  poems,  1606),  “Apologia"  (1611),  “Icon  Animo- 
rum”  (1614),  and  the  “Argenis”  (which  see). 

Barclay  (bar'kla),  John.  Born  at  Muthill,  in 
Perthshire,  1734:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  29, 
1798.  A clergyman  of  the  church  of  Scotland, 
founder  of  the  sect  “Barclayites,”  or  “Bere- 
ans.” 

Barclay,  John.  Born  in  Perthshire,  Dec.  10, 
1758:  died  Aug.  21, 1826.  A Scotch  anatomist, 
lecturer  on  anatomy  at  Edinburgh.  He  wrote 
“ A New  Anatomical  Nomenclature  " (1803),  “ The  Muscu- 
lar Motions  of  the  Human  Body  " (1808),  “ A Description 
of  the  Arteries  of  the  Human  Body  ” (1812),  etc. 
Barclay,  Robert.  Born  at  Gordonstown, 
Morayshire,  Scotland,  Dec.  23,  1648:  died  at 
Ury,  Kincardineshire,  Scotland,  Oct.  3,  1690. 
A Scottish  writer,  a member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends.  He  wrote  the  “Apology  for  the  True  Christian 
Divinity  ” (1678),  a standard  exposition  of  the  doctrines 
of  the  sect.  He  was  one  of  the  proprietors,  and  nominal 
governor,  of  East  New  Jersey. 

Barclay,  Thomas.  Born  at  Unst,  in  Shetland, 
June,  1792 : died  at  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Feb.  23, 
1873.  A Scottish  divine,  principal  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  1858-73. 

Barclay  (bar-kla'),  William.  Born  in  Scotland 
about  1546:  died  at  Angers,  July  3, 1608.  A Scotch 
jurist,  professor  of  civil  law  at  Pont-a-Mousson 
and  Angers:  author  of  “De  regno  et  regali  po- 
testate”(1600),“De  potestate  pap8e”(1609),etc. 
Barclay-Allardice,  Robert.  See  Allardice, 
Robert  Barclay. 

Barclay  de  Tolly  (bar'kla  de  to'le),  Prince 
Michael  Andreas.  Born  at  Lukde-Grosshoff, 
Livonia,  Dec.  27  (N.  S. ),  1761:  died  May  26 
(N.  S.),  1818.  A Russian  field-marshal,  of 
Scotch  descent,  ne  served  in  the  wars  with  Turkey, 
Sweden,  and  Poland ; commanded  the  advance-guard  at 
Pultusk ; was  wounded  at  Eylau  1807 ; served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  war  with  Sweden  1808-09  ; led  an  expedition 
across  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  on  the  ice  in  1809;  became 
minister  of  war  1810  ; and  commanded  against  Napoleon 
in  1812.  After  his  defeat  at  Smolensk  he  was  replaced  by 
Kutusoff.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Borodino  and 
at  Bautzen  ; conquered  Thorn  in  1813 ; became  commander 
of  the  Russian  contingent  in  1813;  and  served  at  Dresden, 
Leipsie,  and  in  France. 

Barclay  Sound  (bar'kla  sound).  [From  its  dis- 
coverer, Captain  Barclay,  an  Englishman.]  An 
inlet  of  the  Pacific  on  the  southwestern  coast 
of  Vancouver  Island. 


Barco  Centenera 

Barco  Centenera  (bar'ko  then-ta-na'ra),  Mar- 
tin del.  Born  at  Logrosan,  Spain,  1535 : died  at 
Lisbon,  1604.  A Spanish  ecclesiastic.  He  went 
to  the  Plata  in  1572,  witnessed  the  founding  of  Buenos 
Ayres  (1580),  traveled  extensively,  visiting  Peru  in  1582, 
and  became  archdeacon  of  Paraguay.  After  1596  he  re- 
sided in  Lisbon,  Portugal,  where  his  poem  “La  Argen- 
tina ” was  published  in  1602.  It  is  a chronicle  in  verse 
of  the  Platine  conquests,  of  great  historical  value  in  parts, 
but  with  little  poetical  merit. 

Bar-Cocheba  (bar-kok'e-ba),  or  Bar-Cochba 

(bar-kok'ba),  or  Barcochebas  (bar-kok'e-bas). 
[Aram.,  'son  of  the  star’:  cf.  Nam.  xxiv.  17.] 
A Hebrew  whose  real  name  was  Bar  Coziba 
(from  'the  town  Coziba),  the  heroic  leader  of 
the  Jewish  insurrection  against  the  Romans, 
132-135  A.  D.  He  was  believed  by  many  Jews  to  be 
the  Messiah,  was  proclaimed  king,  and  maintained  his 
cause  against  Hadrian  for  two  years,  but  was  overthrown 
amid  the  slaughter  of  over  half  a million  Jews,  and  the 
destruction  of  986  villages  and  50  fortresses.  Jerusalem 
was  destroyed  and  -SClia  Capitolina  founded  on  its  ruins. 
After  his  failure  his  name  was  interpreted  toenean  ‘son 
of  lies.’ 

Bard  (bard),  Samuel.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
April  1,  1742:  died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  ¥.,  May 
24, 1821.  An  American  physician  and  medical 
writer,  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  at  New  York  1813-21- 
Bard,  The.  A poem  by  Gray,  published  in  1758. 
It  begins  with  the  familiar  phrase  “ Ruin  seize 
thee,  ruthless  King.” 

Bard,  It.  Bardo  (bar 'do).  A village  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora 
Baltea  38  miles  north  of  Turin,  itsfort  commands 
the  St.  Bernard  passes,  and  resisted  IS apoleon’s  passage  of 
the  Alps  in  1800. 

Bardas  (bar  ' das).  [MGr.  BdpJaf.]  Died  at 
Kepos,  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  April  21,  866.  A 
Byzantine  politician.  He  was  the  brother  of  the  em- 
press Theodora,  and,  on  the  death  of  her  husband,  the  em- 
peror Theopkilus,  was  appointed  one  of  the  tutors  of  her 
son,  Michael  III.  He  killed  his  colleague  Theoctistes, 
confined  Theodora  in  the  monastery  of  Gastria,  and  per- 
suaded Michael  to  confer  on  him  the  title  of  Caesar;  but  was 
superseded  in  the  favor  of  the  emperor  by  Basil  the  Mace- 
donian and  was  assassinated. 

Bardell  (bar-del'),  Mrs.  Martha.  An  accom- 
modating landlady  who  let  lodgings  to  Mr.  Pick- 
wick, in  Dickens’s  “Pickwick  Papers,”  and 
brought  a suit  for  breach  of  promise  against 
him. 

Barderah  (bar'de-ra).  A town  in  Somaliland, 
East  Africa,  situated  on  the  river  Juba  about 
lat.  2°  30'  N. 

Bardesanes  (bar-de-sa'nez),  or  Bardaisan 

(bar-di-san').  Born  at  Edessa,  Mesopotamia, 
about  155  A.  D.:  died  223.  A Syrian  scholar. 
He  was  the  author  of  mystic  hymns  of  a Gnostic  character, 
which  were  employed  by  the  Syrian  Christians  for  more 
than  two  centuries,  when  they  were  driven  out  of  use  by 
the  more  orthodox  work  of  Ephraem  the  Syrian.  Of  his 
numerous  works  only  a dialogue  on  fate  survives. 

Bardhwan.  See  Burdwan. 

Bardi  (bar'de),  Bardo  di.  Iu  George  Eliot’s 
novel  “Romola,”  a blind  Florentine  scholar, 
the  father  of  Romola. 

Bardi.  A small  town  in  the  province  of  Pia- 
cenza, Italy,  32  miles  west-southwest  of  Parma. 
Bardili  (bar-de'le),  Christoph  Gottfried.  Born 
at  Blaubeuren,  in  Wurtemberg.  May  28,  1761: 
died  at  Stuttgart,  June  5,  1808.  A German 
philosopher.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
gymnasium  at  Stuttgart,  and  the  expounder  of  a system 
of  rational  realism  which  exerted  considerable  influence 
upon  later  metaphysical  speculation  (Schelling,  Hegel). 
His  “ Grundriss  der  ersteu  Logik  ” (1800)  is  notable  for  its 
criticism  of  Kant. 

Bardo  (bar'do).  A castle  near  Tunis,  the  seat 
of  the  government  of  Tunis. 

Bardolph  (bar'dolf).  1 . A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s  plays  “Henry  IV.,”  parts  I.  and  II., 
“ Henry  V.,”  and  “Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.” 
He  is  a sharper  and  hanger-on,  one  of  Falstaff’s  dissolute 
and  amusing  companions,  called  “The  Knight  of  the 
Burning  Lamp  ” by  1’alst  alf  on  account  of  his  red  nose  : a 
creature,  like  Nym  and  Pistol,  without  honor  or  principle. 
2 (Bardolph,  Lord).  A character  in  Skak- 
spere’s  “Henry  IV.,”  part  II. 

Bardonnechia  (bar-don-nek'ke-fi),  F.  Bardon- 
n&che  (bar-don-nash').  A place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  at  the  Italian  en- 
trance to  the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel. 

Bardoux  (bar-do'),  Ag6nor.  Born  1829  : died 
1897.  A French  politician  and  writer.  He  was 

minister  of  public  instruction,  ecclesiastical  affairs,  and 
fine  arts  from  Dec.  14,  1877,  till  the  resignation  of  Presi- 
dent MacMahon,  and  in  1882  was  appointed  senator  for 
life.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Les  Kgistes  et  leur  influence 
sur  la  suciote  franpaise”  (1878),  etc. 

Bardowiek  (bar'do-vek).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Ilmenau  24  miles  southeast  of  Hamburg. 
•It  has  a ruined  cathedral.  It  was  important  in  the  early 
middle  ages,  was  destroyed  by  Henry  the  T.ion  in  1189,  and 
became  later  the  chief  trading  town  iu  northern  Germany. 


120 

Bardsey  (bard'zi).  A small  island  of  Wales, 
off  the  southwestern  point  of  Carnarvonshire. 
Bardwan.  See  Burdwan. 

Barea  (ba're-a).  A heathen  tribe,  pressed  in 
between  Egypt  and  Abyssinia,  and  between  the 
Kunamaand Bishari tribes.  Ithasoccupied itspres- 
ent  habitation  from  the  earliest  period.  The  lauguage  is 
generally  held  to  be  Hamitic,  but  mixed. 

Barebones,  Praisegod.  See  Barbon,  Praisegod. 
Bareges  (bar-azh'),  or  Bareges-les-Bains  (biir- 
azh'la-ban').  A watering-place  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Pyren6es,  France,  23  miles 
south  of  Tarbes.  It  is  a summer  resort  noted 
for  its  mineral  (sulphate  of  soda)  baths. 
Bareilly  (bar-a'le),  or  Bareli.  A district  in 
the  Bareilly  or  Bohilkhand  division,  United 
Provinces,  British  India,  about  lat.  28°  30'  N., 
long.  79°  30'E.  Area,  1,580 square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,090,117. 

Bareilly.  The  capital  of  the  Bareilly  district, 
near  the  Ramganga,  135  miles  east  of  Delhi. 
It  was  held  by  the  mutineers  1857-58.  Popu- 
lation, including  cantonment,  131,208. 
Barentin  (ba-ron-tan').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-I  ii  fori  cure,  France,  11  miles 
northwest  of  Rouen.  Population,  commune, 
6,039. 

Barents  (ba'rents),  Willem.  Died  in  the  Arc- 
tic regions,  June  20,  1597.  A Dutch  Arctic 
navigator,  commander  of  several  exploring  ex- 
peditions to  Nova  Zembla  and  Spitzbergen, 
1594-97.  In  his  first  voyage,  which  was  an  attempt  to 
discover  a passage  to  China  through  the  Arctic  Ocean,  he 
reached  lat.  77°  or  78° ; on  his  last  (1596-97),  in  which 
Spitzbergen  was  discovered,  he  reached  lat.  80°  11'. 

Barents  Sea.  [From  Willem  Barents.]  That 
part  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  which  lies  between 
Nova  Zembla,  Spitzbergen,  and  the  mainland. 
Barbre  de  Vieuzac  (ba-rar'  de  ve-e-zak'),  Ber- 
trand. Born  at  Tarbes,  France,  Sept.  10, 
1755:  died  Jan.  13,  1841.  A French  lawyer, 
politician,  and  agitator.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Assembly  in  1789,  and  to  tile  Convention  in 
1792  ; president  of  the  Convention  during  the  trial  of 
Louis  XVI.  ; member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  ; 
and  deputy  in  the  Hundred  Days  of  1815. 

Bares,  or  Barres  (ba-ras').  A tribe  of  Indians 
now  located  in  northern  Brazil  and  Venezuela, 
on  the  upper  Rio  Negro  and  Cassiquiare.  it 
appears  that  they  formerly  occupied  much  of  the  region 
bordering  the  Negro,  and  that  they  were  very  numerous. 
They  are  an  agricultural  and  unwarlike  people,  living  in 
fixed  villages.  By  their  language  they  are  related  to  the 
Arawak  stock.  The  remnants  are  imperfectly  civilized 
and  some  of  them  are  nominally  Catholics. 

Baretti  (ba-ret'te),  Giuseppe  Marc’  Antonio. 

Bom  at  Turin,  April  25,  1719:  died  at  London, 
May  6,  1789.  An  Italian  writer  and  lexicog- 
rapher. He  wrote  “ Lettere  fatnigliari  ” (1762),  and  com- 
piled an  English-Italian  and  Italian-English  dictionary 
(1760),  a Spanish-English  dictionary  (1778),  etc. 

Barfleur  (bar-fler').  A small  seaport  in  the  de- 
partment of  Manche,  France,  15  miles  east  of 
Cherbourg.  It  was  an  important  port  in  the 
middle  ages. 

Barfod  (bar'fot),  Paul  Frederik.  Born  at 
Lyngby,  April  7,  J8il:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
June  16, 1896.  A Danish  historian.  He  was  a mem- 
her  of  theftigsdag  1848-69,  and  was  assistant  in  the  Royal 
Library  at  Copenhagen  1861-66.  Author  of  “Fortallinger 
af  Fadrelandets  Historic”  (4tli  ed.  1874),  “ Danmarks  liis- 
torie  1319-1536,  1536-1670"  (]  ^91-93),  etc. 

Barfuss  ( bar'fos),  Hans  Albrecht,  Count  von. 

Born  1635 : died  near  Beeskow,  Prussia,  Dec. 
27,  1704.  A Prussian  field-marshal.  He  fought 

with  distinction  in  the  imperial  army  against  the  Tuiks 
at  Salankamen,  Aug.,  1691. 

Barga  (bar'ga).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Lucca,  Italy,  26  miles  north  of  Pisa.  Popula- 
tion, 2,611;  commune,  8,228. 

Bargiel  (bar-gel'),  Woldemar.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, Oct.  3,  1828  : died  there,  Feb.  23,  1897.  A 
German  composer.  He  was  appointed  professor  at  the 
Conservatory  of  Cologne  in  1859,  kapellmeister  and  direc- 
tor of  the  School  of  Music  at  Rotterdamin  1866,  and  teacher 
at  the  Royal  High  School  of  Music  in  Berlin  in  1874. 
Bargrave  (biir'grav),  Mrs.  The  woman  to 
whom  the  ghost  (Mrs.  Veal)  appears  in  Defoe’s 
narrative  of  “Mrs.  Veal’s  Ghost.” 

Bargylus.  See  Casius. 

Bargylus  is  a mountain  tract  of  no  very  great  elevation, 
intervening  between  the  Orontes  valley  to  the  east  and 
the  low  plain  of  Northern  Phoenicia  to  the  west.  It  is 
mainly  of  chalk  formation,  but  contains  some  trap  and 
serpentine  in  places.  Its  general  outline  is  tame  and  com- 
monplace, hut  it  encloses  many  beautiful  valleys  and  ra- 
vines, gradually  worn  in  its  side  by  the  numerous  streams 
which  flow  eastward  and  westward,  to  the  Orontes  or  to 
the  Mediterranean.  Bawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  16. 

Barham  (bar' am),  Richard  Harris.  Born  at 
Canterbury,  England,  Dec.  6,  1788 : died  at 
London,  June  17,  1845.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  poet.  He  wrote  the  “ Ingoldsby  Legends  ” 


Barker,  George  Frederic 

(1840),  a collection  of  burlesque  poems,  “a  cross  be- 
tween Hood’s  whimsicality  and  that  of  Peter  Pindar" 
( Stedman ).  A second  ser  es  was  published  in  1847,  and  a 
third,  edited  by  his  son,  in  the  same  year. 

Bar  Harbor  (bar  liar'bor).  A noted  summer- 
resort  in  the  island  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine. 
Population,  about  1,500. 

Bar-Hebraeus.  See  Abulfaraj. 

Bari  (ba'ri).  A Nigritic  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Soudan,  near  Lado  and  Gondokoro  on  the  White 
Nile.  They  are  agricultural  and  pastoral,  living  in 
round  grass  huts.  The  men  go  naked.  The  language 
seems  to  be  related  to  Dinka,  and  has  a grannnatic  gen- 
der. The  Nyangbara  is  said  to  be  a dialectal  variation  of 
Bari,  with  Madi  admixtures. 

Bari  (ba're),  formerly  Terra  di  Bari  (ter'ra 
de  ba're).  A province  in  Apulia,  Italy,  on 
the  Adriatic,  noted  for  its  fertility.  Area, 
2,065  square  miles.  Population,  875,754. 

Bari.  A seaport,  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Bari,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in  lat.  41°  8' 
N.,  long.  16°  51'  E. : the  ancient  Barium,  it  has  a 
good  harbor  and  important  trade.  It  was  held  in  the  9th 
century  by  the  Saracens  ; was  taken  from  the  Greeks 
by  the  Normans  under  Robert  Guiscard  ill  1071;  and  was 
destroyed  in  the  12th  century.  Later  a duchy,  and  an- 
nexed to  the  kingdom  of  Naples  in  1558.  The  cathedral  of 
Bari  was  founded  1034,  and  has  been  remodeled.  It  is  three- 
aisled,  with  a handsome  dome  at  the  crossing  and  a lofty 
Norman  campanile.  The  facade  has  arcades  and  rich  bands 
of  sculpture.  There  is  an  early  and  lofty  circular  baptis- 
tery. The  Church  of  San  Nicolk,  founded  iu  1087,  is  a most 
interesting  pilgrimage  church,  three-aisled,  with  round 
arcades  springing  from  cylindrical  shafts,  and  very  rich  in 
sculptured  tombs  and  other  works  of  art.  The  remarkable 
crypt,  with  several  ranges  of  round  arches  supported  on 
columns  of  varied  style,  resembles  a section  of  the  mosque 
of  Cordova.  Population,  commune,  77,478. 

Bariatinski  (bar-ya-ten'ske),  or  Barjatinskij, 
Prince  Alexander.  Born  1815:  died  at  Ge- 
neva, March  9, 1879.  A Russian  field-marshal. 
He  served  in  the  Caucasus  and  the  Crimean  war,  distin- 
guishing himself  as  commander  in  the  Caucasus  by  the 
final  defeat  of  Shamyl  in  1859.  Also  Bcn'ialynslci. 

Baring  (ba'ring  or  bar'ing),  Alexander,  first 
Baron  Ashburton.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  27, 
1774:  died  atLongleat,  Wilts,  England,  May  13. 
1848.  An  English  merchant  and  statesman,  sec- 
ond son  of  Sir  Francis  Baring.  He  was  president  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  1834-35,  and  as  special  commissioner  to 
the  United  States  negotiated  the  Ashburton  treaty  in  1842. 

Baring,  Evelyn.  Bom  Feb.  26,  1841.  An  Eng- 
lish financier  and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  comptrollers-general  representing  England  and 
France  in  Egypt  in  1879,  and  was  British  agent  and  con- 
sul-general in  Egypt  1883-1907.  He  was  created  Baron 
Cromer  1892,  Viscount  1899,  Earl  1901. 

Baring,  Sir  Francis.  Born  at  Larkbear,  near 
Exeter,  England,  April  18,  1740:  died  at  Lee, 
in  Kent,  Sept.  11,  1810.  An  English  financier, 
founder  of  tbe  bouse  of  Baring  Brothers  and  Co. 
He  wrote  “Observations  on  the  Establishment  of  the 
Bank  of  England  " (1797),  etc. 

Baring,  Sir  Francis  Thornhill.  Born  at  Cal- 
cutta, April  20,  1796:  died  at  Stratton  Park, 
Sept.  6,  1866.  An  English  statesman,  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Baring,  created  Baron 
Northbrook  Jan.  4,  1866.  He  was  a lord  of  the 
treasury  Nov.,  1830, -June,  1834  ; chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer Aug.,  1839, -Sept.,  1841;  and  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty 1849-52. 

Baring-Gould  (bar'ing-gold'),  Sabine.  Born 
at  Exeter,  England,  1834.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer.  His  works  include  "Iceland,  etc.” 
(1861),  “ The  Book  of  W erewolves  ” (1865),  “ Post-Medieval 
Preachers  ”(’ 805),  “Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages” 
(1866-67),  “The  Origin  and  Development  of  Religious 
Belief  ” (1S69-70),  “ Lives  of  the  Saints ” (1872-77),  “Some 
Modern  Difficulties,  etc.”  (1874),  “Mehalah,"  “John 
Herring,"  and  other  novels,  etc. 

Baringo  (ba-ring'go),  Lake.  A small  lake  in 
central  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake  Victoria 
Nyanza,  discovered  by  J.  Thomson  in  1883.  It 
has  no  outlet. 

Barisal  (bur-e-sal').  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Backergunge,  British  India,  situated 
125  miles  east  of  Calcutta. 

Bar-Jesus.  See  Elymas. 

Barjols  (biir-zhol').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  30  miles  north  of  Toulon,  called 
the  “Tivoli  of  Provence  ” on  account  of  its  pic- 
turesque surroundings.  Population,  2,323. 
Barka.  See  Barca  (river  and  district). 

Barkal  (bar'kal).  A hill  with  noted  inscrip- 
tions, situated  on  the  Nile,  below  the  fourth 
cataract,  near  the  ancient  Meroe  or  Napata. 
Barker  (bar'ker),  Fordyce.  Bom  at  Wilton, 
Franklin  County,  Maine,  May  2,  1818  : died  in 
New  York  city,  May  29,  1891.  An  American 
physician  and  medical  writer.  He  became  profes- 
sor  of  midwifery  in  the  New  York  Medical  College  iu  1850, 
and  professor  of  clinical  midwifery  in  the  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  in  1860. 

Barker,  George  Frederic.  Born  July  14, 
1835:  died  May  24,  1910.  An  American  phy- 
sician and  chemist.  He  became  professor  of  natural 
sciences  in  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 


Barker,  George  Frederic 

186-1,  professor  of  physiological  chemistry  and  toxicology 
in  the  Yale  Medical  School  in  1867,  and  was  professor  of 
chemistry  and  physics  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
1872-1300  (emeritus). 

Barker,  Jacob.  Born  on  Swan  Island,  Maine, 
Dec.  7,  1779:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  26, 
1871.  An  American  financier  and  politician. 

He  was  employed  by  the  government,  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  of  1812,  to  raise  a loan  of  $6,000,000. 

Barker,  James  Nelson.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  June  17,  1784:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
March  9,  1858.  An  American  politician,  poet, 
and  playwright.  He  was  comptroller  of  the 
United  States  treasury  1838-58. 

Barker,  John.  Born  at  Smyrna,  March  9, 17,71 : 
died  Oct.  5,  1849.  A British  consul  in  Syria, 
and  consul-general  in  Egypt.  He  is  best  known, 
aside  from  his  political  services,  from  his  attempts,  as  a 
horticulturist,  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  \V estern  fruits 
in  the  East. 

Barker,  Joseph.  Born  at  Bramley,  near  Leeds, 
England,  May  11,  1806:  died  at  Omaha,  Neb., 
Sept.  15,  1875.  An  Anglo-American  preacher 
and  political  agitator.  He  was  expelled  from  the 
Methodist  New  Connexion  in  1841,  on  theological  grounds, 
and  established  a sect  known  as  “Barkerites.”  Eater  he 
adopted  deistical  opinions,  but  finally  returned  to  the  or- 
thodox point  of  view.  In  1847  he  visited  America,  on  his 
return  supported  the  Chartist  agitation,  was  arrested  at 
Manchester  (1848),  and  at  the  same  time  was  elected  to 
Parliament.  In  1851  he  emigrated  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  identified  himself  with  the  Abolition  movement. 
He  was  a lecturer  and  a voluminous  writer. 

Barker,  Matthew  Henry.  Born  at  Deptford, 
England,  1790:  died  June  29, 1846.  An  English 
journalist  and  novelist,  best  known  from  his  sea 
tales.  He  wrote  “Land  and  Sea  Tales”  (1836),  “Top- 
sail-sheet Blocks ” (1838),  “Life  of  Nelson”  (1836),  “The 
Victory,  or  the  Wardroom  Mess"  (1844),  etc. 

Barker,  Thomas.  Born  near  Pontypool,  in 
Monmouthshire,  1769:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
Dee.  11, 1847.  An  English  painter  of  landscapes 
and  historical  subjects.  His  son,  Thomas  Jones 
Barker  (1815-82),  was  also  a noted  painter.  His  best- 
known  picture  is  “The  Woodman 
Barking  (bar'king).  [ME.  Berkyng,  AS.  Beor- 
cingas,  orig.  a tribe  name,  ‘descendants  of 
Beorc.’]  A town  in  the  county  of  Essex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Roding  7 miles  east  of 
London.  It  was  celebrated  in  the  middle  ages  for  its 
abbey  for  Benedicune  nuns,  louuded  about  670.  Popula- 
tion, 21,547. 

Barkis  (bar'kis),  Mr.  In  Dickens’s  “David 
Copperfield,”  a bashful  carrier  who  marries 
Peggotty.  He  conveys  his  intentions  to  her  by  sending 
her,  by  David,  the  message  “Barkis  is  willin'.” 

Barksdale  (barks'dal),  William.  Bom  in  Ruth- 
erford County,  Tenn.,  Aug.  21,  1821:  died  at 
Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  2,  1863.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  Mississippi  185:1-61 ; joined  the  Confederate  army  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War ; and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general.  He  fell  while  leading  an  assault  of  his 
brigade  on  the  Federal  position  at  the  Peach  Orchard  in 
the  second  day’s  fight  at  Gettysburg. 

Barksteed  (bark'sted),  or  Barksted  (hark'- 
sted),  William.  Flourished  about  1611.  An 
English  actor  and  poet.  His  name  appears  instead 
of  Marston’son  “The  Insatiate  Countess”  in  some  copies, 
and  for  this  reason,  and  on  account  of  “Hiren”  (which 
see),  he  is  noticed. 

We  know  little  of  Barksteed,  but  it  is  probable  that  he 
is  to  be  identified  with  the  William  Barksted,  or  Backsted, 
who  was  one  of  Prince  Henry’s  players  in  August  1611 
(Colliers  “Memoirs  of  Edward  Alleyn,”  p.  89),  and  be- 
longed to  the  company  of  the  Prince  Palatine’s  players  in 
March  1615-16  (ibid.,  p.  126).  He  i3  the  author  of  two 
poems,  which  display  some  graceful  fancy  (though  the 
subject  of  the  first  is  ill-chosen),— “Myrrha  the  Mother 
of  Adonis,”  1607,  and  “Hiren  and  the  Fair  Greek,”  1611. 

Bxdlen. 

Barlaam  (barTa-am),  Bernard.  Died  about 
1348.  A Calabrian  monk,  of  Greek  descent,  a 
scholar  of  high  repute  in  his  day,  noted  for  the 
part  he  took  in  various  theological  disputes, 
especially  for  his  attack  upon  the  Hesychasts 
of  Mount  Athos.  In  1339  he  was  sent  by  the  emperor 
Andronieu8  III.  on  a mission  to  the  Pope  in  connection 
with  the  desired  reunion  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  churches. 
He  became  associated  with  Petrarch  and  other  scholars, 
and  was  instrumental  in  the  restoration  of  Greek  learning 
in  the  West. 

Barlaam,  Saint.  An  Eremite  of  Sinai,  coun- 
selor of  Josaphat,  in  the  romance  “Barlaam 
and  Josaphat.” 

Barlaam  and  Josaphat.  A romance,  written 
probably  by  St.  John  of  Damascus  (Damasce- 
nus),  a Syrian  monk,  in  the  8th  century,  trans- 
lated into  Latin  before  the  13th  ceutury.  it 
recounts  the  adventures  of  Barlaam,  a monk  of  the  wilder- 
ness of  Sinai  in  attempting  (successfully)  to  convert  Josa- 
phat (or  Joasaph),  the  son  of  a king  of  India,  to  Christianity 
and  asceticism.  The  incidents  of  the  story  were  prob- 
ably taken  from  an  Indian  source.  That  part  of  the  plot 
of  Shakspere’s  “ Merchant  of  Venice  ” which  relates  to  the 
choosing  of  the  casket  came  originally  from  this  romance, 
through  the  “Speculum  Historiale  ” of  Vincentof  Beauvais 
(aboutl290),  the  “ Cento  Novella  Antiche,”  sixty-fifth  tale, 


121 

Boccaccio’s  “Decameron,”  the  “Golden  Legend,”  and  the 
“ Gesta  Romanorum. " An  English  translation  of  this  was 
printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  about  1510-15,  which  con- 
tained the  “ Story  of  the  Three  Caskets.  ” It  is  considered 
probable  that  Shakspere  read  one  of  Richard  Robinson’s 
reissues  (there  were  six  between  1577  and  1601).  Rudblf 
von  Ems  wrote  a poem  of  the  same  name  and  subject  in 
the  13th  century,  probably  based  on  Damascenus. 

Barlaeus  (bar-le'us)  (Gaspard  van  Baerle). 

Born  at  Antwerp,  Feb.  12,  1584:  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  14,  1648.  A Dutch  historian. 
He  was  a professor  of  logic  at  the  University  of  Leyden 
(1617),  and  of  philosophy  and  rhetoric  at  the  Athenaeum 
in  Amsterdam  *(1631).  His  “Rerum  per  octennium  in 
Brasilia  et  alibi  nuper  gestarum  ” (Amsterdam,  1647;  2d 
ed.,  with  additions  by  Piso,  Cleves,  1660)  is  one  of  the  stan- 
dard authorities  on  the  wars  between  the  Dutch  and  Por- 
tuguese in  Brazil. 

Bariaymont  (bar-la -mon'),  or  Barlaimont, 
Charles,  Count  of.  Died  1579.  A Dutch  states- 
man in  the  service  of  Philip  II.  in  the  Nether- 
lands. He  was  a member  of  the  consulta  of 
the  regent  Margaret  of  Parma. 

Bar-le-Duc  (bar-le-diik'),  or  Bar-sur-Ornain 
(bar-siir-or-nan').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Meuse,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Or- 
nain  in  lat.  48°  46'  N.,  long.  5°  10'  E.  it  has 

manufactures  of  cotton,  etc.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  the 
great  Duke  of  Guise  and  of  Oudinot.  Population,  com- 
mune, 17,307. 

Barletta  (bar-let'ta),  Gabriello.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  15th  century.  A Dominican 
monk  of  Naples,  noted  as  apreacher.  He  preached 
in  the  manner  of  Abraham  a Sancta  Clara,  endeavoring  to 
correct  by  ridicule  which  degenerated  into  vulgarity. 

Barletta.  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Bari, 
Italy,  35  miles  northwest  of  Bari : the  ancient 
Bardoli,  and  the  Barolum  of  the  middle  ages. 
It  has  a cathedral  and  castle.  It  was  besieged 
by  the  French  in  1503.  Population,  commune, 
42.022. 

Barley  (bar'ii),  Clara.  In  Dickens’s  novel 
“Great  Expectations,”  a pretty  girl  who  mar- 
ries Herbert  Pocket. 

Barley,  Old  Bill.  A drunken  and  gouty  old 
man,  the  father  of  Clara  Barley. 

Barleycorn  (barTi-korn),  John  or  Sir  John. 

The  personification  of  malt  liquor,  as  being 
made  from  barley.  There  is  a ballad  in  which, 
he  appears  as  a person. 

Barlow  (bar'16),  or  Barlowe,  Arthur.  Born 
about  1550 : died  about  1620.  An  English  navi- 
gator. With  Amidas  he  conducted  Raleigh’s 
exploring  expedition  to  America  in  1584. 

Barlow,  Francis  Channing.  Born  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Oct.  19,  1834:  died  Jan.  11,  1896. 
An  American  lawyer  and  soldier.  He  joined  the 
Federal  volunteer  service  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War, 
and  became  brigadier-general  in  1862  anil  major-general 
in  1865.  He  participated  (as  colonel)  in  the  battles  of  Fair 
Oaks  and  Antietam,  and  commanded  a division  in  the  bat- 
tles of  the  Wilderness  and  Spottsylvania  Court  House  and 
in  the  assault  on  the  defenses  of  Petersburg. 

Barlow,  Joel.  Born  at  Reading,  Conn.,  1754: 
died  near  Cracow,  Poland,  Dec.  24,  1812.  An 
American  poet  and  politician,  one  of  the  ‘ ‘ Hart- 
ford Wits.”  He  resided  abroad,  chiefly  in  France,  1788- 
1805,  where  he  identified  himself  with  the  Girondist  party ; 
was  consul  to  Algiers  1705-97;  and  was  United  States 
minister  to  France  1811-12.  Author  of  “The  Vision  of 
Columbus”  (1787:-  enlarged  as  “The  Columbiad,"  1807), 
“Hasty  Pudding,”  and  “Advice  to  the  Privileged  Orders  ” 
(Part  I.  1791,  Part  II.  1795). 

Barlow,  Henry  Clark.  Born  at  Newington 
Butts,  Surrey,  May  12,  1806:  died  at  Salzburg, 
Austria,  Nov.  8,  1876.  An  English  physician 
and  scholar,  noted  as  a student  of  Dante.  He 
wrote  “Critical,  Historical,  and  Philosophical  Contribu- 
tions to  the  Study  of  the  ‘Divina  Commedia’'’  (1864),  etc. 

Barlow,  Peter.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
Oct.,  1776:  died  March  1,  1862.  An  English 
mathematician,  optician,  and  physicist.  He 
wrote  “An  Elementary  Investigation  of  tile  Theory  of 
Numbers”  (1811),  “A  New  Mathematical  and  Philosophi- 
cal Dictionary  ” (1814),  “New  Mathematical  Tab)  es  " (1814), 
“An  Essay  on  the  Strength  of  Timber  and  other  Mate- 
rials” (1817),  “Essay  on  Magnetic  Attractions"  (1820), 
etc.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  lens  which  bears  his 
name. 

Barlow,  Samuel  Latham  Mitchell.  Born  at 
Granville,  Hampden  County,  Mass.,  June  5, 
1826:  died  at  Glen  Cove,  Long  Island,  N.  Y., 
July  10,  1889.  An  American  lawyer.  He  col- 
lected an  important  library  of  Americana,  which  was  sold 
atauction  in  1890,  and  edited,  with  Henry  Harrisse,  “Notes 
on  Columbus,”  1866  (privately  printed). 

Barlow,  William.  Died  1568.  An  English 
Protestant  prelate  and  controversialist,  bishop 
successively  of  St.  Asaph,  St.  David’s,  Bath 
and  Wells,  and  Chichester.  lie  was  at  one  time  a 
violent  opponent  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  and  also  attacked 
the  church  in  a series  of  pamphlets  which  he  afterward 
repudiated. 

Barlow,  William.  Born  at  St.  David’s,  Wales : 
died  1625.  An  English  ecclesiastic,  archdeacon 
of  Salisbury,  son  of  William  Barlow,  bishop 
of  St.  David’s.  He  wrote  “ The  Navigators'  Supply  " 


Barnard,  Edward  Emerson 

(1697),  a work  on  navigation  treating  largely  of  compasses. 
“Science  is  indebted  to  Barlow  for  some  marked  im- 
provements in  the  hanging  of  compasses  at  sea,  for  the 
discovery  of  the  difference  between  iron  and  steel  for 
magnetic  purposes,  and  for  the  proper  way  of  touching 
magnetic  needles,  and  of  cementing  loadstones.”  Ihct.  of 
Nat.  Biog. 

Barmbeck  (barm/bek).  A suburb  of  Hamburg. 

Barmecides  (biir'me-sidz).  A Persian  family 
so  named  from  its  founder,  Barmak  or  Barrnek, 
probably  a native  of  Khorasan,  who  acquired 
power  under  the  calif  Abd-ul-Malik.  His  grand- 
son, Yahya,  became  vizir  to  the  calif  El-Mahdy,  and 
tutor  of  Harun-al-liashid.  Yahya’s  son  Jaft’ar  was  vizir 
to  Harun,  and  by  his  eminent  services  contributed  to 
the  glory  of  his  master's  reign,  but  fell  under  displeasure, 
and  was  put  to  death  862,  together  with  nearly  all  of  the 
Barmecide  family. 

Barmecide’s  Feast.  A feast  where  the  dishes 
were  empty  and  everything  was  imaginary; 
hence,  any  tantalizing  illusion:  in  allusion  to  the 
story  of  “ The  Barber’s  Sixth  Brother  ” in  “ The  Arabian 
Nights,"  in  which  a rich  Barmecide  gives  a dinner  of 
this  description  to  Shacabac,  a starving  wretch,  and 
obliges  him  to  pretend  that  he  eats  what  is  not  before  him. 
When  it  comes  to  pretending  to  drink  wine,  Shacabac 
feigns  drunkenness  and  knocks  the  Barmecide  down,  and 
the  latter,  with  a pleasing  sense  of  humor,  not  only  for- 
gives him  but  heaps  benefits  upon  him. 

Barmen  (bar'men).  A city  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wupper  24  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne.  It  is  divided  into  Ober-Mit- 
tel  and  Unter-Barmen.  It  is  an  important  manufactur- 
ing center,  and  is  closely  connected  with  Elberfeld.  See 
Elberfeld.  Population,  169,019,  (1910). 

Barmouth  (bar'muth).  A watering-place  in 
Merionethshire,  Wales,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Maw  31  miles  southeast  of  Carnarvon. 
Population,  2,214. 

Barmstedt  (barm'stet).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kriickau  21  miles  northwest  of 
Hamburg. 

Barn  (barn).  A town  in  Moravia,  16  miles 
north-northeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Barnabas  (bar'na-bas),  Saint.  [Aram.,  ‘son 
of  prophecy.’]  The  surname  of  the  Cyprian 
Levite  Joses,  or  Joseph,  an  apostle  of  the 
Christian  church.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  sell  his 
land  for  the  benefit  of  the  common  fund ; introduced  Paul 
after  the  latter’s  conversion ; taught,  with  Paul,  at  An- 
tioch ; undertook,  with  him,  a missionary  journey  to  Cy- 
prus and  various  cities  in  Asia  Minor ; was  sent,  with 
him,  to  Jerusalem  by  the  church  at  Antioch  to  consult 
the  apostles  and  elders  on  the  question  of  circumcision  ; 
and,  when  about  to  undertake  a second  missionary  jour- 
ney with  Paul,  separated  from  him,  owing  to  a difference 
arising  out  of  Barnabas’s  determination  to  take  his  sister’s 
son,  Mark,  with  him.  He  was,  according  to  the  legend, 
martyred  at  Cyprus,  61  A.  D.  His  day  is  celebrated  by  the 
Greek,  Roman,  and  Anglican  churches  on  the  11th  of 
June,  and  his  symbol  is  a rake,  as  his  day  comes  in  the 
time  of  the  hay  harvest.  It  was  formerly  a great  feast 
among  the  English  people. 

Barnabas,  The  Epistle  of.  An  anonymous 
epistle,  containing  no  mention  of  the  readers 
for  whom  it  was  intended,  dating  from  an  early 
period  of  the  church.  It  was  intended  for  persons 
in  danger  of  Judaizitig,  and  emphasizes  the  separation  of 
Christianity  from  Judaism.  Its  authorship  was  ascribed 
to  Barnabas  (the  apostle)  in  the  early  church  ; but  some 
modern  critics  assign  it  to  a post-apostolic  writer,  perhaps 
a converted  Jew  of  Alexandria. 

Barnahy  (bar'na-bi).  [Formerly  Barnabie, 
Barnabee,  fromF.  Barnabe,  from  LL.  Barnabas , 
etc.]  A form  of  Barnabas. 

Barnahy  Rudge  (bar'na-bi  ruj).  A novel  by 
Charles  Dickens  which  came  out  in  parts,  and 
was  published  in  book  form  in  1841.  it  is  baaed 
on  the  Gordon  riots.  Barnahy,  a half  witted  fellow,  the 
friend  of  Grip  the  raven,  becomes  ignorantly  involved  in 
the  riot,  and  is  condemned  to  death  but  pardoned. 

Barnacle  (bar'na-kl),  Lord  Decimus  Tite.  A 

pompous  and  windy  peer,  with  a high  position  in 
the  Circumlocution  Office,  in  Charles  Dickens’s 
“ Little  Dorrit.”  Clarence, an  empty-headed,  and  Fer- 
dinand,  a well-dressed  and  agreeable  young  man,  his  sons, 
are  also  employed  in  the  office. 

Barnadine  (bar'na-din).  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “Measure  for  Measure”:  a prisoner, 
sullen  and  savage,  careless  of  past,  present, 
and  future. 

Barnard  (biir'nard),  Lady  Anne.  Born  Dec. 
8,  1750 : died  May  6,  1825.  A Scottish  poet, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Balcarres.  She  pub- 
lished the  ballad  “Auld  Robin  Gray”  (1772), 
and  a sequel  to  it. 

Barnard,  Daniel  Dewey.  Bom  in  Berkshire 
County,  Mass.,  July  16,  1797 : died  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  April  24,  1861.  An  American  politician 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  1827-29  and  1839-45,  and  United  States  minister 

★to  Prussia  1850-53. 

Barnard,  Edward  Emerson.  Born  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  Doc.  16, 1857.  An  American  astron- 

orner.  He  was  graduated  from  Vanderbilt  University  in 
1886,  and  has  made  a number  of  astronomical  discoveries 


Barnard,  Edward  Emerson 

which  have  been  reported  in  the  “ Sidereal  Messenger," 
“Observatory,”  “ Science  Observer,"  and  “ Astronomische 
Nachrichten."  His  most  notable  discovery  is  that  of  the 
fifth  satellite  of  Jupiter,  made  at  the  Lick  Observatory 
Sept.  9,  1892. 

Barnard,  Frederick  Augustus  Porter.  Born 
at  Sheffield,  Mass.,  May  5,  1809 : died  at  New 
York,  April  27, 1889.  An  American  educator, 
scientist,  and  author.  He  was  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity  of  Alabama  1837-54  ; president  of  the  University 
of  Mississippi  1856-bl ; ami  president  of  Columbia  College 
1864-89.  He  was  United  States  commissioner  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1867,  and  assistant  commissioner-general 
at  that  of  1878. 

Barnard,  John.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  6, 
1681  : died  Jan.  24,  1770.  An  American  Con- 
gregational clergyman,  minister  in  Marblehead 
1716-70.  He  published  numerous  sermons,  “A  History 
of  the  Strange  Adventures  of  Philip  Ashton  ” (1725),  etc. 

Barnard,  John  Gross.  Born  at  Sheffield,  Mass., 
May  19,  1815:  died  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  May  14, 
1882.  An  American  military  engineer  and  gen- 
eral, brother  of  Frederick  Augustus  Porter 
Barnard.  He  served  in  the-  Mexican  war  (brevetted 
major  May,  1848) ; surveyed  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec 
in  1850,  and  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  in  1852  ; was 
superintendent  of  the  United  States  Military  Academy 
1855-56 ; was  chief  engineer  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
1862  and  1864 ; and  was  brevetted  major-general  at  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  wrote  numerous  scientific  and  mili- 
tary papers. 

Barnard  Castle.  A town  in  the  county  of 
Durham, England,  situated  on  the  Tees  21  miles 
southwest  of  Durham.  It  is  named  from  its  castle, 
which  was  built  in  the  12th  century,  and  is  the  chief  scene 
of  Scott's  poem  “Rokeby.” 

Barnard  College.  A college  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  founded  in  New  York  city 
in  1889.  It  was  incorporated  in  Columbia  University 
in  1900.  It  has  over  600  students. 

Barnard’s  Inn.  One  of  the  inns  of  Chancery 
in  Holborn,  London.  The  society  is  of  very  great 
antiquity : the  hall  itself  was  certainly  in  existence  in 
1451,  and  probably  much  earlier.  The  house  began  to  be 
used  as  an  inn  of  Chancery  about  1454.  In  1894  the  Mer- 
cers' Company  erected  here  two  buildings  for  the  Mercers’ 
Schools.  The  old  hall  of  the  inn  has  been  preserved  as  a 
dining-room  for  the  boys. 

Barnato  (bar-na'to),  Barnett  Isaacs.  Born 
in  London  July  5 (?),  1852:  died  June  14,  1897. 
An  English  speculator  aud  capitalist.  He  was 
the  son  of  poor  Jewish  parents,  and,  according 
to  report,  supported  himself  as  peddler,  billiard- 
marker,  etc.  In  1872  or  1873  he  left  London  for  South 
Africa,  where  he  made  a large  fortune  in  the  Kimberley 
diamond-mines  and  the  gold-mines  around  Johannesburg. 
In  1888his  diamond-mining  interests  were  joined  with  those 
of  Cecil  Rhodes.  In  the  same  year  he  was  returned  to 
the  legislative  assembly  at  the  Cape  as  member  for  Kim- 
berley, and  was  reelected  in  1894.  In  1895  he  returned 
to  London,  and  was  the  center  of  the  speculation  in  South 
African  mining  stocks  known  as  the  “Kafir  Circus";  he 
was  popularly  known  as  the  “Kafir  King."  The  failure 
of  the  so-called  “Barnato  Banking  Company”  in  October, 
1895,  subsequent  losses,  and  great  mental  strain  are  sup- 
posed to  have  affected  his  reason.  He  committed  suicide 
by  jumping  into  the  sea  from  the  steamship  Scot  near 
FunchaL 

Barnaul  (bar-na-ci!').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tomsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Bar- 
naulka  and  Obi  240  miles  southwest  of  Tomsk. 
It  is  the  chief  mining  center  in  western  Siberia. 
Population,  29,408. 

Barnaval,  Louis.  A pseudonym  of  Charles  De 
Kay. 

Barnave  (bar-nav'),  Antoine  Pierre  Joseph 
Marie.  Born  at  Grenoble,  France,  Oct.  22, 
1761:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1793.  A 
French  revolutionist  and  orator.  He  was  deputy 
to  the  Third  Estate  in  1789,  and  president  of  the  National 
Assembly  in  1790 ; conducted  the  king  on  his  return  from 
Varennes  in  1791 ; and  was  arrested  for  alleged  treason  in 
1792. 

Barnay  (bar'ni),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Pesth,  Hun- 
gary, Feb.  11,  1842.  A German  actor.  He  first 

appeared  on  the  stage  at  Trautenau  in  I860,  and  has  since 
played  chietly  in  German  cities.  He  visited  the  United 
States  in  1882.  Director  of  the  Royal  Theater  at  Berlin 
since  1906. 

Barnby  (barn'bi),  Sir  Joseph.  Born  Aug.  12, 
1838:  died  Jau.  28, 1896.  An  English  organist, 
composer,  and  conductor.  He  was  made  director 
of  musical  instruction  at  Eton  College  in  1875,  and  in  1886 
was  made  conductor  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
Among  his  works  are  songs,  anthems,  the  oratorio  “Re- 
bekah,"  etc.  Knighted  in  1892. 

Barnegat  Bay  (bar'ne-gat  ba).  A bay  east  of 
New  Jersey,  communicating  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  by  Barnegat  Inlet.  Length,  about  25 
miles. 

Barnegat  Inlet  (bar'ne-gat  in'lef).  A strait 
connecting  Barnegat  Bay  with  the  Atlantic. 
Barnes  (biirnz),  Albert.  Born  at  Rome,  N.  Y., 
Dee.  1, 1798:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  24, 1870. 
An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  bib- 
lical commentator,  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyte- 
rian Church  in  Philadelphia  (1830-67).  He  is  best 


122 

known  by  his  “Notes”  on  the  New  Testament,  Job,  Psalms, 
Isaiah,  etc.  He  was  tried  for  heresy  and  acquitted. 

Barnes,  Barnabo.  Born  in  Yorkshire,  1569  (?) : 
died  1609.  An  English  poet,  son  of  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  in  1593  lie  published  a collection  of  love- 
poems,  sonnets,  and  madrigals,  entitled  “ Parthenophil 
and  Parthenophe." 

Barnes,  Joseph  K.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  July 
21,1817:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  5, 1883. 
An  American  surgeon.  He  became  surgeon-general 
U.  S.  army  in  1863 ; received  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  in  1865 ; and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1882. 
Barnes,  Joshua.  Born  at  Lot*! on,  Jan.  10, 
1654:  died  Aug.  3,  1712.  An  English  classical 
scholar  and  antiquarian,  appointed  professor 
of  Greek  at  Cambridge  in  1695.  He  was  a volu- 
minous writer,  but  is  not  in  high  repute  as  a scholar. 
His  “Gerania,  or  the  Discovery  of  a Better  Sort  of  Peo- 
ple, anciently  discoursed  of,  called  Pygmies."  is  his  best- 
known  work.  He  published  an  edition  of  Homer  (1710). 

Barnes,  Thomas.  Born  about  1785 : died  May 
7,  1841.  An  English  journalist,  editor  of  the 
London  “ Times”  1817-41. 

Barnes,  William.  Born  in  Dorsetshire,  Feb. 
22,  1800:  died  at  Winterbourne  Came,  Oct., 
1886.  An  English  poet,  philologist,  and  clergy- 
man. He  is  best  known  by  liis  three  series  of  “ Poems  of 
Rural  Life  in  the  Dorsetshire  Dialect”  (1844,  1847,  and 
1862).  He  wrote  also  various  philological  works. 

Barnet  (bar'net),  or  Chipping  Barnet  (chip'- 
ing  bar'net).  A town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng- 
land, 11  miles  north  of  London.  A victory  was 
gained  here,  April  14, 1471,  by  the  Yorkists  under  Edward 
IV.  over  the  Lancastrians  under  Warwick.  Warwick  and 
many  Lancastrians  were  slain,  and  Edward  IV.  was  re- 
established on  the  throne.  Population,  7,876. 

Barnett  (bar'net),  John.  Born  at  Bedford, 
England,  July  15, 1802:  died  April  17,  1890.  A 
music  director,  singing-master,  and  composer, 
author  of  numerous  songs  and  operettas,  best 
known  from  his  operas  “The  Mountain  Sylph” 
(1834)  and  “ Farinelli  ” (1838).  in  1841  he  retired 
to  Cheltenham  and  devoted  himself  to  vocal  training. 
His  father  was  a Prussian  who  changed  his  name  from 
Bernhard  Beer,  and  his  mother  a Hungarian. 

Barnett,  John  Francis.  Born  Oct.  16,  1837. 
An  English  composer,  nephew  of  John  Barnett. 
Barnett,  Morris.  Born  in  1800 : died  in  1856. 
An  English  comedian  and  musical  critic.  He 
acquired  some  reputation  as  a writer  of  plays,  particularly 
“ The  Serious  Family,”  which  he  adapted  from  “ Le  Mari 
h la  Campagne.” 

Barneveld  (bar'ne-velt).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  17  miles  north- 
west of  Arnhem.  Population,  about  8,000. 
Barneveld  (in  full  Jan  van  Olden-Barne  veld). 

Born  at  Amersfoort,  Netherlands,  1547  (1549?): 
beheaded  at  The  Hague,  May  13, 1619.  A Dutch 
statesman.  He  became  grand  pensionary  of  Holland  in 
1586  ; negotiated  the  treaty  with  Spain  in  1609  ; sided  with 
the  Remonstrants,  and  was  arrested  by  Maurice  of  Nassau 
for  treason  in  1618,  and  condemned.  A tragedy  was  written 
on  this  subject  and  acted  in  Aug.,  1619,  which  was  first 
printed  from  manuscript  by  Bullen  and  announced  by  him 
as  a play  of  Chapman's,  but  afterward  as  by  Fletcher  and 
Massinger. 

Barney  (bar'ni),  Joshua.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  July  6,  1759:  died  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Dec. 
1,  1818.  An  American  naval  officer  in  the 
Revolutionary  W ar.  He  became  a lieutenant  in  1776 ; 
captured,  while  in  command  of  the  Hyder  Ali,  the  British 
sloop  of  war  General  Monk,  April  8,  1782  ; was  sent  to 
France  with  despatches  for  Franklin  in  1782  ; was  a cap- 
tain in  the  French  service  1795-1800 ; commanded  in 
Chesapeake  Bay  1814,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Bladens- 
burg  in  the  same  year. 

Barney.  In  Charles  Dickens’s  novel  “Oliver 
Twist,”  a villainous-looking  Jew  waiter,  with 
a cold  in  his  head,  at  the  “ Three  Cripples.” 
BarnSeld  (barn'feld),  Richard.  Born  at  Nor- 
bury,  in  Shropshire,  1574:  died  1627.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  was  the  author  of  “ The  Affectionate 
Shepherd  ” (1594),  “ Cynthia  ” (1595),  “ The  Encomium  of 
Lady  Pecunia,”  with  “The  Complaint  of  Poetry,”  “Con- 
science and  Covetousness,”  and  “Poems  in  Divers  Hu- 
mors "(1598).  In  the  last  are  the  poems  “If  Music  and 
Sweet  Poetry  Agree  " and  “ As  it  Fell  Upon  a Day,”  which 
appeared  in  “The  Passionate  Pilgrim,”  and  were  long 
attributed  to  Shakspere. 

Barni  (bar'ne),  Jules  Romain.  Born  at 
Lille,  June  1,  1818:  died  1878.  A French 

republican  politician  and  writer  on  philosophy. 
His  chief  works  are  a “ Histoire  des  idees  morales  et  poli- 
tiques  en  France  au  X Y II 1''  siocle  ” (1866),  and  transla- 
tions from  Kant. 

Barnim  (bar'nem).  The  ancient  name  of  a 
region  in  the  Mittelmark  of  Brandenburg, 
north  and  northeast  of  Berlin. 

Barnivelt  (bar'ni-velt),  Esdras,  Apothecary. 
Under  this  pseudonym  a key  to  the  “Rape  of 
the  Lock”  was  published  shortly  after  the  poem 
itself.  It  was  attributed  to  Pope,  and  also  to 
Arbuthnot.  Cushing. 

Barnsley  (barnz'li).  A town  in  the  West  Rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 


Barr 

Dearne  13  miles  north  of  Sheffield.  It  has  varied 
manufactures.  Population,  41,086. 
Barnstable.  A seaport  in  eastern  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  Cape  Cod  Bay  69  miles  south- 
east of  Boston.  It  has  fisheries  and  coasting- 
trade.  Population,  4,676,  (1910). 

Barnstaple  ( biim'sta-pl).  A seaport  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Taw  35  miles 
northwest  of  Exeter.  It  has  some  trade,  and 
was  formerly  of  greater  importance.  Popula- 
tion, 14,137. 

Barnum  (bar'num),  Phineas  Taylor.  Bom 

at  Bethel,  Conn.,  July  5,  1810:  died  at  Bridge- 
port, Conn.,  April  7, 1891.  A famous  American 
showman.  He  became  proprietor  of  Barnum's  Mu- 
seum in  New  York  city  in  1841;  managed  Jenny  Lind's 
concert  tour  through  America  1850-51 ; established  his 
circus  in  1871 ; was  a member  of  the  Connecticut  legisla- 
ture 1865-69;  and  was  elected  mayor  of  Bridgeport  in 
1875.  Besides  lecturing  on  temperance  and  other  popular 
subjects,  he  wrote  “The  Humbugs  of  the  World”  (1865), 
“Struggles  and  Triumphs,  or  Forty  Years'  Recollections* 
(1869),  etc. 

Barnum,  William  H.  Born  at  Boston  Corners, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  17,  1818 : died  at  Lime  Rock,  Conn., 
April  80,  1889.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  1867- 
1876;  United  States  senator  from  Connecticut  1876-79; 
and  chairman  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee 
1880  and  1884. 

Barnwell,  George.  See  George  Barnwell. 
Barnwell  (barn'wel),  Robert  Woodward. 

Born  at  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  Aug.  10,  1801 : died  at 
Columbia,  S.  C.,  Nov.  25,  1882.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  a member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1829-33 ; a United  States  senator  1850-51;  a com- 
missioner from  South  Carolina  to  confer  with  the  Federal 
Government  regarding  the  secession  of  the  State,  1860 ; a 
member  of  the  Provisional  Congress  of  the  Confederate 
States  1861-62  ; and  a senator  from  South  Carolina  in  the 
Confederate  Congress  1862-66. 

Baroach.  See  Broach. 

Barocchio,  Giacomo.  See  Vignola. 

Barocci  (ba-roch'e),  or  Baroccio,  Federigo. 

Born  at  Urbino,  Italy,  1528:  died  there,  Sept., 
1612.  An  Italian  painter  of  the  Roman  school. 
Baroche  (bii-rosh'),  Pierre  Jules.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  18,  1802:  died  in  Jersey,  Oct.  29, 
1870.  A French  advocate  and  statesman.  He 
was  minister  of  the  interior  1850 ; minister  of  foreign 
affairs  1851 ; president  of  the  Council  of  State  1852  ; min- 
ister of  justice  and  public  worship  1863-69. 

Baroda  (ba-ro'da).  A district  in  Baroda,  Brit- 
ish India.  Area,  1,887  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 644,071. 

Baroda.  A native  state  of  India  under  Brit- 
ish supervision,  ruled  by  a Mahratta  Gaikwar. 
Area,  about  8,099  square  miles.  Population, 
1,952,692. 

Baroda.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Baroda, 
situated  on  the  Yiswamitri  in  lat.  22°  18'  N., 
long.  73°  15'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade, 
and  contains  a college  and  many  schools. 
Population,  103,790. 

Ba-Rolong.  See  Chuana. 

Baron  (ba-ron')  (originally  Boyron),  Michel. 
Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  8, 1653:  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
3,  1729.  A celebrated  French  actor,  a leading 
star  of  the  French  stage,  which  he  abandoned 
from  1691  to  1720.  He  wrote,  it  is  said  with  the  aid 
of  others,  seven  comedies,  among  them  “ L'Audrienne  ” 
and  “L  Homme  h bonnes  fortunes,”  his  best. 

Baron,  The  Old  English.  See  Old  English 
Baron , The. 

Baronius  (ba-ro'ni-us),  or  Baronio  (ba-ro'- 
ne-o),  Cesare.  Born  at  Sora,  Campania,  Oct. 
30, 1538 : died  June  30,  1607.  A Roman  Catho- 
lic church  historian.  He  became  cardinal  in  1596, 
and  was  librarian  of  the  Vatican.  His  chief  work  is  his 
“Annales  ecclesiastici  a Christo  nato  ad  annum  1198” 
(1588-93). 

Barons,  War  of  the.  An  insurrection  of  Eng- 
lish barons  under  Simon  de  Montfort  against 
the  arbitrary  government  of  Henry  III.,  1263- 
1265.  Its  chief  incidents  were  the  victory  of  Montfort 
at  Lewes  in  1264  and  the  capture  of  the  king,  and  the  de- 
feat and  death  of  Montfort  at  Evesham  in  1265. 

Barons’  Wars,  The.  A poem  by  Drayton,  it 

was  first  published  in  1596  under  the  title  of  “Mortimeri- 
ados,”  and  republished  with  many  alterations  in  1603 
under  its  present  title. 

Barossa,  or  Barosa.  See  Barrosa. 

Barozzi  (ba-rot'se),  Giacomo.  See  Vignola. 
Barquisimeto  (bar-ka-se'ma-to).  A city  in 
Venezuela,  155  miles  west  of  Caracas.  It  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1812.  Popula- 
tion, 31,476  (with  the  district). 

Barr  (bar),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Edith  Huddleston). 
Born  at  Ulverston,  Lancashire,  England,  March 
29,1831.  An  Anglo-American  novelist.  She  is 
the  author  of  “Jan  Vedder's  Wife,”  “ Bow  of  Orange  Rib- 
bon,” “Friend  Olivia,"  “Prisoners  of  Conscience,’  “The 
Maid  of  Maiden  Lane,"  “The  Lion's  Whelp,”  “ A Recon- 
structed Marriage,"  etc. 


123 


Barr 


Barrow,  Mrs. 


Barr.  A town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  18  miles  southwest  of  Strasburg, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Vosges.  It  has  consider- 
able manufactures.  Population,  commune, 
5,022. 

Barra  (bar'  a) . An  island  of  the  Outer  Hebrides, 
Inverness-shire,  Scotland,  in  lat.  57°  N.  The 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  Gaelic  Roman  Catholics.  Length, 
8 miles.  Width,  5 miles.  Population,  2,542. 

Barra  (bar'rii).  A small  eastern  suburb  of 
Naples. 

Barra,  or  Barr.  A petty  kingdom  of  West 
Alrica,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia.  The 
ruling  race  is  Mandingo  ; the  chief  town,  Bar- 
rinding. 

Barrackpur  (bar-ak-por').  A town  and  mili- 
tary station  in  Bengal,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Hooghly  15  miles  north  of  Calcutta. 
Population,  31,907. 

Barradas  (bar -ra' das),  Isidro.  Bom  in  the 
Canary  Islands  about  1775:  died  at  New  Or-, 
leans  about  1841.  A Spanish  general,  in  1824 

he  commanded  the  land  forces  assembled  at  Havana  with 
the  object  of  reconquering  Mexico.  In  July,  1829,  the 
fleet  under  Laborde  landed  Barradas  and  3,000  men  on 
the  coast  of  Tampico.  They  were  attacked  by  Santa 
Anna,  and  after  several  engagements  were  forced  to  capit- 
ulate, Sept.  11,  1829. 

Barrafranca  (bar-ra-fran'ka).  A small  town 
in  the  province  of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  Italy, 
47  miles  west  of  Catania. 

Barragan  (bar-ra-gan'),  Miguel.  Born  in 
Valle  del  Mais,  San  Luis  Potosi,  1789:  died  at 
Mexico,  March  1, 1836.  A Mexican  general,  in 
1821  he  was  one  of  the  officers  who  supported  the  defec- 
tion of  Iturbide.  As  commandant  of  Vera  Cruz  he  forced 
the  capitulation  of  San  Juan  de  Uliia,  the  last  Spanish 
fort  in  Mexico  (Nov.  18,  1825).  He  was  vice-president 
under  Santa  Anna,  1835,  and,  during  his  absence,  acted 
as  president  until  his  death. 

Barra  Islands.  The  group  of  small  islands  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  chief 
of  which  is  Barra. 

Barrande  (ba-rohd'),  Joachim.  Born  at 
Saugues,  Haute-Loire,  France,  1799:  died  at 
Frohsdorf,  Oct.  5,  1883.  A French  Austrian 
paleontologist,  author  of  “ Systeme  silurien  du 
centre  de  la  Bohdme”  (1852),  etc. 


A Portuguese  soldier.  In  1647  he  was  appointed 
chief  of  the  Portuguese  forces  at  Pernambuco,  with  the 
rank  of  Mestre  de  Campo.  He  gained  brilliant  victories 
in  1648  and  1649,  and  linally  forced  the  capitulation  of 
Recife  (Pernambuco),  Jan.  27,  1654.  From  April,  1648,  to 
Aug.,  1656,  he  was  governor  of  Pernambuco,  and  from  the 
latter  date  to  June  24,  1663,  captain-general  of  Brazil. 

Barrett  (bar'et),  Lawrence.  Born  at  Pater- 
son, N.  J.,  April  4,  1838:  died  at  New  York, 
March  21, 1891.  An  American  actor  of  Irish  pa- 
rentage. He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at  Detroit  in 
1853  as  Murad  in  “The  French  Spy”;  appeared  in  New 
York  Jan.  19,  1857,  as  Clifford  in  “The  Hunchback’  ; 
was  leading  actor  in  the  Boston  Museum  in  1858 ; en- 
listed in  1861  and  served  for  a time  as  captain  of  Com- 
pany B,  28th  Massachusetts  Volunteers ; was  a partner  of 
Lewis  Baker  in  the  management  of  the  Varieties  Theater, 
New  Orleans,  1863-64  ; and  from  that  time  continued  as  a 
star  actor  and  manager.  From  1886  until  his  death  he 
was  closely  associated  with  Edwin  Booth.  He  produced 
a number  of  new  plays.  He  published  a Life  of  Edwin 
Forrest  in  1881,  and  a Life  of  Edwin  Booth  in  “Actors  and 
Actresses  of  the  Time." 

Barrett,  Wilson.  Bom  in  Essex,  Feb.  18, 1846 : 
died  at  London,  July  22, 1904.  An  English  actor 
and  dramatist.  He  was  manager  of  various  theaters  at 
Leeds  and  London  (Court  Theater,  Princess's,  etc.). 

Barrhead  (bar-hed').  A town  in  Renfrewshire, 
Scotland,  7 miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 

Barri  (bar'i),  Giraldus  de.  See  Giraldus  Cam - 
brensis. 

Barrias  (ba-re-a'),  Felix  Joseph.  Born  at 
Paris,  Sept.  13, 1822 : died  there,  Jan.,  1907.  A 
French  painter,  especially  historical. 

Barricades,  Days  of  the.  In  French  history, 
a name  given  to  several  insurrections  in  Paris 
(May  12, 1588,  Aug.  26-27, 1648, 1830, 1848,  etc.). 

Barrie  (bar'i).  Sir  James  Matthew.  Born  at 
Kirriemuir,  Forfarshire,  May  9,  1860.  A Scot- 
tish writer.  He  has  written  “ Better  Dead  ” (1887),  “Auld 
Licht  Idylls  ” and  “ When  a Man 's  Single  ’ ’ (1888),  “A  Win- 
dow In  Thrums  ” (1889),  “My  Lady  Nicotine”  (1890),  “The 
Little  Minister"  (1890),  “Sentimental  Tommy”  (1896), 
“Margaret  Ogilvy”  (1896),  “Tommy  and  Grizel”  (1900), 
“ The  Little  White  Bird  " (1902),  “Peter  Pan  in  Kensington 
Gardens  ’’  (1906),  “ Peter  and  Wendy  ” (1911),  etc.  He  lias 
also  written  the  plays  “ The  Professor’s  Love  Story  ’’  (1895), 
“The  Little  Minister"  (1897),  “Quality  Street,”  “The  Ad- 
mirable Crichton,”  “Little  Mary”  (1903),  “Peter  Pan” 
(1904),  “Alice  Sit-by-the-Fire  ” (1905),  “What  Every  Wo- 
man Knows  ” (1908),  “ The  Twelve  Pound  Look  ” (1911),  etc. 
He  was  created  a baronet  J une  3,  1913. 


Barranquilla  (bar-ran-kel'ya),  or  Baranquila. 
A seaport  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Republic 
of  Colombia,  situated  on  the  Magdalena  near 
its  mouth.  Population,  16,982. 

Barra3  (ba-ras' ) , Paul  Jean  Frangois  Nicolas, 
Comte  de,  Born  at  Fos-Emphoux  in  Provence, 
June  30,  1755:  died  at  Chaillot,  near  Paris, 
Jan.  29, 1829.  A French  revolutionist.  He  was 
deputy  to  the  Third  Estate  in  1789,  and  to  the  Convention 
in  1792  ; commanded  a division  at  the  capture  of  Toulon 
in  1793 ; took  a leading  part  in  the  overthrow  of  Robes- 
pierre in  1794 ; was  a member  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety,  and  commander-in-chief  on  the  13th  Venddmiaire, 
1795  ; became  a member  of  the  Directory  in  1795  and  dic- 
tator in  1787 ; and  retired  from  office  in  1799.  His  me- 
moirs were  published  in  1895. 

Barre  (bar),  Antoine  le  Fevre  de  la.  Born 
about  1605:  died  at  Paris,  May  4,  1688.  A 
French  general  and  author,  in  1667  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-general  and  sent  against  the  English 
in  the  West  Indies,  where  he  was  generally  successful. 
F'rom  1682  to  1685  lie  was  governor  of  Canada.  He  wrote 
a “Description  de  la  France  dquinoxiale,”  etc. 

Barr 4 (ba-ra/),  Isaac.  Born  at  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, 1726:  died  at  London,  July  20,  1802.  A 
British  officer  and  politician  of  French  descent. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Quebec  1759. 
In  Parliament,  which  he  entered  in  1761,  he  gained  a 
considerable  reputation  as  an  orator,  especially  in  invec- 
tive. He  has  been  suggested  as  the  possible  author  of  the 
letters  of  Junius.  His  name  forms  a part  of  the  name  of 
Wilkes- Barr  now  WiUces-Barre,  in  Pennsylvania. 

Barre  (bar'i).  A town  in  Worcester  County, 
Massachusetts,  22  miles  northwest  of  Worces- 
ter. Population,  2,957,  (1910). 

Barre.  A city  in  Washington  County,  Ver- 
mont, 5 miles  southeast  of  Montpelier.  Popu- 
lation, 10,734,  (1910). 

Barrelier  (bar're-le-a'),  Jacques.  Born  at 
Paris,  1606:  died  Sept.  17, 1673.  A French  bot- 
anist. He  wrote  “ Plantae  per  Galliam,  His- 
paniam  et  Italiam  observataa,  etc.”  (1714),  etc. 
Barren  River,  or  Big  Barren  River.  A river 
in  Kentucky  which  joins  Green  River  north- 
west of  Bowling  Green.  Length,  about  120 
miles. 

Barr4re  (ba-rar'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Perpignan 
about  1690:  died  there,  Nov.  1, 1755.  A French 
naturalist  and  traveler.  He  studied  medicine  and 
botany,  and  from  1722  to  1725  traveled  in  French  Guiana; 
and  after  his  return  was  professor  of  botany  at  Perpignan. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  the  natural  history  and  geog- 
raphy of  French  Guiana. 

Barreto  de  Menezes  (biir-ra'to  dd  me-na'zezh), 
Francisco.  Born  about  1600 : died  after  1663. 


Barrier  Reef,  Great.  A coral  reef  extending 
about  1,000  miles  parallel  with  the  northeast- 
ern coast  of  Australia,  at  a maximum  distance 
of  100  miles : chief  passage,  Raines  Inlet. 

Barrier  Treaty.  A treaty  fixing  the  frontier 
of  a country ; especially,  the  treaty  signed  at 
Antwerp,  Nov.  15,  1715,  by  Austria,  Great 
Britain,  and  the  Netherlands,  determining  the 
relations  of  the  Dutch  and  the  Austrians  in  the 
strategic  towns  of  the  Low  Countries. 

Barri4re  (ba-re-ar'),  Th4odore.  Born  at  Paris, 
1823:  died  there,  Oct.  16, 1877.  A French  drama- 
tist, a prolific  writer. 

Barriers,  Battle  of  the.  A victory  gained  by 
the  Allies  over  the  French  under  the  walls  of 
Paris,  March,  1814. 

Barriii  (bar-re'le),  Antonio  Giulio.  Born 
1836:  died  Aug.  15,  1908.  An  Italian  writer. 
He  accompanied  Garibaldi  to  Tyrol  in  1866,  participated  in 
the  Roman  campaign  of  1867,  and  became  editor  of  “H 
Movimento"  in  1860,  and  of  “II  Caffaro  ” (Genoa)  in  1872. 
Author  of  the  novel  “I  Rossi  e i Neri”  (1871),  etc. 

Barrington  (bar'ing-ton),  Daines.  Bom  1727 : 
died  March  14, 1800.  An  English  lawyer,  natu- 
ralist, and  antiquary,  fourth  son  of  the  first  Vis- 
count Barrington.  He  wrote  “Observations  on 
the  Statutes”  (1766),  “The  Naturalist’s  Calen- 
dar” (1767),  etc. 

Barrington,  George.  Born  at  Maynooth,  Ire- 
land, May  14,  1755 : died  about  1840.  A writer 
on  Australian  topics,  transported  to  that  colony 
as  a pickpocket  in  1790,  and  emancipated  in 
1792.  His  most  notable  exploit  as  a thief  was  the  robbing 
of  Prince  Orloff,  in  Covent  Garden  Theater,  of  a snuff-box 
said  to  be  worth  about  $150,000.  When  “The  Revenge  ” 
by  Young  was  presented  in  Sydney  by  actors  most  of  whom 
were  convicts,  Barrington  wrote  the  prologue  containing 
the  famous  lines : 

“True  patriots  we,  for  be  it  understood 
We  left  our  country  for  our  country's  good.” 

He  also  wrote  “A  Voyage  to  Botany  Bay,  etc. ’’(1801),  “The 
History  of  New  South  Wales,  etc.”  (1802),  "The  History 
of  New  Holland  ” (1808),  and  other  works. 

Barrington,  John  Shute,  first  Viscount  Bar- 
rington. Born  at  Theobalds  in  Hertfordshire, 
1678 : died  at  Becket  in  Berkshire,  Dec.  14, 1734. 
An  English  lawyer  and  polemical  writer.  He 
was  created  Baron  Barrington  and  Viscount  Barrington 
(Irish  Peerage)  in  1720.  He  wrote  “The  Rights  of  Protes- 
tant Dissenters ’*  (1704:  second  part  1705),  “A  Dissuasive 
to  Jacobitism  " (1713),  “ Miscellanea  Sacra.”  (1725),  etc. 

Barrington,  Sir  Jonah.  Bom  in  Queen’s 
County,  Ireland,  1760:  died  at  Versailles, 


France,  April  8,  1834.  An  Irish  judge.  He  was 
the  author  of  “Personal  Sketches ” (1827  : 3d  vol.  1832), 
“ Historic  Memoirs  of  Ireland  ” (1832),  “The  Rise  and  Fall 
of  the  Irish  Nation  ” (1833). 

Barrington,  Samuel.  Born  1729:  died  1800. 
An  English  admiral,  fifth  son  of  the  first  Vis- 
count Barrington.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  the  West  Indies? 

Barrington,  Shute.  Born  at  Becket,  Berk- 
shire, May  26,  1734:  died  March  25,  1826.  An 
English  prelate,  sixth  son  of  the  first  Viscount 
Barrington,  bishop  of  Llaudaff,  and  later  of 
Salisbury  and  of  Durham. 

Barrington,  William  Wildman,  second  Vis- 
count Barrington.  Born  Jan.  15,  1717:  died 
Feb.  1, 1793.  An  English  statesman,  eldest  son 
of  the  first  Viscount  Barrington.  He  was  secre- 
tary at  war  1755-61,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1761-62, 
and  secretary  at  war  1765-78. 

Barrios  (bar're-os),  Gerardo.  Born  at  San  Sal- 
vador about  1810 : died  there,  Aug.  29, 1865.  A 
Central  American  general.  He  was  an  adherent  of 
Morazan,  and  took  part  in  the  war  in  Nicaragua  in  1844. 
In  1857  he  commanded  the  Salvadorian  troops  sent  to 
Nicaragua  against  Walker.  The  same  year  he  returned 
and  fomented  an  unsuccessful  revolution  against  Presi- 
dent Campos.  In  1860  he  became  president  of  Salvador  by 
regular  election,  but  was  deposed  in  1863  by  Carrera,  presi- 
dent of  Guatemala.  In  1865  he  attempted  a war  against 
Duenas,  the  successor  whom  Carrera  had  imposed,  but 
was  captured  and  shot. 

Barrios,  Justo  Rufino.  Born  at  San  Marcos, 
Quezaltenango,  Guatemala,  about  1834:  died 
near  Chalchuapa,  Salvador,  April  2,  1885.  A 
statesman  of  Guatemala.  After  1867  he  opposed 
President  Cerna,  and  in  1871  took  a prominent  part  in  his 
overthrow.  From  June  4,  1873,  until  his  death  Barrios 
was,  by  successive  elections,  president  of  Guatemala.  He 
secured  order  and  prosperity,  initiated  railroads,  tele- 
graphs, and  other  improvements,  and  secured  religious 
freedom.  In  1882-83  he  visited  the  United  States  and 
Europe.  His  scheme  of  forcing  a confederation  of  the 
Central  American  states  led  to  a war  with  Salvador.  Bar- 
rios invaded  that  country,  and  was  killed  in  an  assault  on 
Chalchuapa. 

Barron  (bar'on),  James.  Born  in  Virginia 
about  1768 : died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  April  21, 1851. 
An  American  commodore.  When  in  command  of 
the  Chesapeake  (1807)  he  refused  to  surrender  three  al- 
leged British  deserters  demanded  by  Captain  Humphreys 
of  the  British  ship  Leopard,  and  was  attacked  (in  time  of 
peace)  and  captured  (June  22).  The  Chesapeake  was  taken 
unprepared,  and  fired  only  one  gun  during  the  action.  Bar- 
ron was  court-martialed,  and  deprived  of  his  rank  and  pay 
for  five  years.  On  his  return  to  duty  he  was  refused  an 
active  command,  with  the  result  that  a duel  was  fought  be- 
tween him  and  Commodore  Decatur  (who  had  opposed 
him)  in  1820,  and  the  latter  was  killed. 

Barron  Samuel.  Born  in  Virginia  1765 : died 
Oct.  29,  1810.  An  American  commodore,  brother 
of  James  Barron.  He  commanded  a squadron 
in  the  Tripolitan  war  in  1805. 

Barros  (bar'ros),  Joao  de.  Born  at  Vizeu, 
Portugal,  1496:  died  near  Pombal,  1570.  A 
noted  Portuguese  historian.  He  wrote  “O  Impe- 
rador  Clarimundo,”  a romance  of  chivalry  ; “Asia”  (1562- 
1615),  a history  of  Portuguese  conquests  in  the  Orient ; and 
other  works.  * 

The  Asia  is  the  first  great  work  which  contains  authen- 
tic information  relating  to  the  rich  and  extensive  coun- 
tries separated  from  Europe  by  such  an  immense  expanse 
of  waters,  and  of  which,  previous  to  the  inquiries  of  our 
author,  we  possessed  such  very  vague  and  contradictory 
accounts.  He  is  still  considered  as  the  chief  authority 
and  foundation  for  subsequent  writers,  not  only  in  their 
history  of  all  Portuguese  discoveries  and  of  the  earliest 
communications  of  Europe  with  the  East,  but  in  all  geo- 
graphical and  statistical  knowledge  relative  to  the  Indies. 

Be  Sismomli,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  II.  562. 

Barros  Arana,  Diego.  Bom  at  Santiago  in 
1830  : died  Nov.  4,  1907.  A Chilian  historian. 
His  first  treatise,  “Estudios  historicos  sobre  Vicente  Be- 
navides y las  Cainpahas  del  Sur,”  appeared  in  1850,  and 
later  he  published  a succession  of  important  works. 
Among  his  best-known  works  are  the  “ Historia  de  la  in- 
dependence de  Chile  ” (Santiago,  1854  to  1858,  4 vols.),  “El 
General  Freire,”  “Viday  viages  de  Hernando  de  Magal- 
lanes,”  and  “Historia  general  de  Chile”  (8  vols.,  1884  et 
8eq.).  He  edited  the  “ Coleccion  de  Historiadorea  Primi- 
tives de  Chile,”  and  the  “Puren  indomito,”  a historical 
poem  of  the  Araucanian  war. 

Barrosa  (bar-ro'sa),  or  Barossa,  or  Barosa.  A 

small  place  near  Cadiz,  Spain,  where,  March  5, 
1811,  the  British  under  Graham  defeated  the 
French  under  Victor. 

Barrot  (ba-ro'),  Camille  Hyacinthe  Odilon. 

Born  at  Villefort,  department  of  LozfSre,  July 
19, 1791 : died  at  Bougival,  France.  Aug.  6, 1873. 
A French  advocate  and  statesman.  He  was  a 
leader  of  the  opposition  under  Louis  Philippe,  and  premier 
and  minister  of  justice  1848^9. 

Barrot,  Victorin  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Jan.  10,  1806:  died  there,  Nov.  12,  1883.  A 
French  Bonapartist  politician,  brother  of  Ca- 
mille Hyacinthe  Odilon  Barrot,  elected  life 
senator  in  1877. 

Barrow  (bar'd),  Mrs.  (Frances  Elizabeth 
Mease) : pseudonym  Aunt  Fanny.  Born  at 


Barrow,  Mrs. 

Charleston,  S.  C.,  Fel>.  22,  1822 : died  at  New 
York,  May  7,  1894.  An  American  writer.  She 
married  James  Barrow,  junior,  in  1841.  She  wrote  the 
series:  “Little  Pet  Books"  (1860),  “Good  Little  Hearts,” 
etc.  (1864),  “Nightcap  Series,’’  “The  Pop-Gun  Stories, ’’ 
and  “The  Six  Mitten  Books.’ 

Barrow,  or  Barr  owe,  Henry.  Died  April  6, 
1593.  An  English  religious  reformer,  regarded 
as  one  of  the  founders  of  Congregationalism. 
He  was  executed  on  a charge  of  sedition. 

Barrow,  Isaac.  Born  at  London,  1630 : died  at 
London,  April,  1677.  A noted  English  theolo- 
gian, classical  scholar,  and  mathematician.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge  (scholar  of  Trinity  1647,  and 
fellow  1649),  traveled  on  the  Continent  (1655-59),  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  geometry  at  Gresham  College,  and  in 
1663  first  Lucasian  professor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge 
(resigned  1669  in  favor  of  Newton) ; was  chaplain  to  Charles 
XI.;  and  became  master  of  Trinity  College  in  1672.  Among 
his  works  are  “Lectiones  Opticae  et  Geometric®  ” (1669- 
1670-74),  “Treatise  on  the  Pope's  Supremacy”  (1680).  The 
best  edition  of  hi3  theological  works  is  that  of  Rev.  A. 
Napier  (1859). 

Barrow,  Sir  John.  Born  near  Ulverston  in  Lan- 
cashire, June  19,  1764:  died  at  Camden  Town, 
near  London,  Nov.  23, 1848.  An  English  writer, 
secretary  of  the  admiralty,  and  a traveler  in  the 
service  of  the  government  in  China  and  the 
Cape.  He  was  a promoter  of  Arctic  exploration  (Barrow 
Straits.  Cape  Barrow,  and  Point  Barrow  were  named  for 
him),  and  chief  founder  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Travels  in  South  Africa  ” (1801-04), 
“Travels  in  China ” (18  4),  “Voyage  to  Cochin-China  ’ 
(1806),  “History  of  Arctic  Voyages ” (1818),  “Voyages  of 
Discovery  and  Research  within  the  Arctic  Regions  ” (1846), 
autobiography,  etc. 

Barrow.  Anver  in  Leinster,  Ireland,  which  flows 
into  Waterford  Harbor.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Barrow,  Cape.  A headland  on  the  northern 
coast  of  British  North  America,  projecting  into 
Coronation  Gulf,  about  lat.  68°  N.,  long.  Ill0  W. 
It  was  named  for  Sir  John  Barrow. 

Barrow,  Point.  A headland  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Alaska,  projecting  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  in  lat.  71°  23'  31//  N.,  long.  156°  21,40//  W. 
It  was  named  for  Sir  John  Barrow. 

Barrow-in-Furnes3  (bar'o-in-fer-nes').  A sea- 
port in  Furness,  Lancashire,  England,  50  miles 
northwest  of  Liverpool.  It  has  had  a rapid  recent 
development,  due  to  the  iron  mines  in  the  vicinity,  and 
the  development  of  iron  and  steel  manufactures,  etc. 
Population,  63,775,  (1911). 

Barrow  Strait.  A channel  in  the  Arctic  re- 
gions of  North  America,  communicating  with 
Melville  Strait  on  the  west,  Lancaster  Sound 
on  the  east,  Regent  Inlet  on  the  southeast,  and 
Peel  Sound  on  the  soiuth  : discovered  by  Parry 
in  1819,  and  named  for  Sir  John  Barrow. 
Width,  about  50  miles. 

Barrows  (bar'oz),  Elijah  Porter.  Born  at 
Mansfield,  Conn.,  Jan.  5,  1817:  died  at  Ober- 
lin,  O.,  Sept.  14,  1888.  An  American  religious 
writer.  He  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Andover  Semi- 
nary 1853-66,  and  accepted  a similar  appointment  at 
Oberlin  Theological  Seminary  in  1872. 

Barrundia  (ba*-ron'de-a),  Jos6  Francisco. 

Born  in  Guatemala,  1779:  died  at  New  York, 
Aug.  4, 1854.  A Central  American  statesman. 
He  took  an  early  and  prominent  part  in  the  movement 
against  Spain,  and  in  i813  was  condemned  to  death,  but 
escaped  and  concealed  himself  for  six  years.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  Central  Amer- 
ica 1823-24,  and  introduced  the  decree  by  which  slavery 
was  abolished.  From  June  25, 1829,  to  Sept.  16, 1830,  he 
was  president  of  Central  America.  In  1851,  when  Hon- 
duras, Salvador,  and  Nicaragua  attempted  to  form  a con- 
federation, Barrundia  was  chosen  president ; but  the  union 
was  dissolved  next  year.  In  1854  Barrundia  came  to  the 
United  States  as  envoy  from  Honduras,  with  the  avowed 
object  of  offering  the  annexation  of  that  country  to  the 
authorities  at  Washington*  but  he  died  suddenly  before 
anything  was  done.  He  was  greatly  respected. 

Barry  (bar'i),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, May  23,  1795 : died  at  Clapham,  May  12, 
1860.  An  English  architect,  designer  of  the 
Houses  of  Parliament,  London. 

Barry,  Edward  Middleton.  Born  at  London, 
•Tune  7, 1830 : died  there,  Jan.  27, 1880.  An  Eng- 
lish architect,  son  of  Sir  Charles  Barry,  designer 
of  the  Covent  Garden  Theater,  etc. 

Barry,  Elizabeth.  Born  in  1658 : died  Nov.  7, 
1713.  An  English  actress.  She  went  on  the  stage 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Rochester,  and  was  the 
creator  of  more  than  one  hundred  roles,  mostly  those  of 
tragedy.  Her  Monimia  and  Belvidera  made  her  highest 
reputation.  She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1708,  and  wa3 
buried  at  Acton.  She  (not  Sirs.  Spranger  Barry)  was 
known  as  “ the  great  Mrs.  Barry.” 

Barry,  Gerald.  See  Giraldus  Cambrensis. 

Barry,  James.  Born  at  Cork,  Ireland,  Oct.  11, 
1741:  died  at  London,  Feb.  22, 1806.  An  Irish 
iainter  of  historical  and  mythological  subjects, 
le  was  notorious  for  his  violent  temper  (which  led  to  his 
being  deprived  of  his  professorship  of  painting  to  the 
Royal  Academy  and  his  expulsion  from  that  body)  and 
erratic  views,  and  carried  his  theory  of  the  classical  in  art 
so  far  as  to  represent  all  the  figures  in  his  “ Death  of  Gen- 
eral Wolfe”  nude. 


124 

Barry  (ba-re'),  Comtesse  du  (Jeanne  Becu, 
wrongly  Marie  Jeanne  Gomard  de  Vauber- 
nier).  Born  in  Champagne,  1746  (or  1743): 
guillotined  at  Paris,  Dec.  6,  1793.  The  mistress 
of  Louis  XV.  after  1768,  notorious  for  her 
prodigality. 

Barry  (bar'i),  John.  Born  at  Tacumshane, 
County  Wexford,  Ireland,  1745:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  13,  1803.  An  American  naval 
commander,  distinguished  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.  He  settled  in  Philadelphia  about  1760,  and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  was  given  command  of  the  Lexington, 
and  captured  the  British  tender  Edward  in  1776.  In  1778 
he  took  command  of  the  Raleigh,  which  was  captured, 
a few  days  after  sailing,  by  the  British  ship  Experiment. 
Barry  escaped  and  entered  the  army.  In  command  of  the 
Alliance  (1781)  he  captured  the  British  ships  Atalanta  and 
Trepassy,  and  later  in  the  same  year  conveyed  Lafayette 
and  Noailles  to  France.  He  was  appointed  commodore 
in  1794. 

Barry,  John  Stetson.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  26, 1819 : died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Dec.  11, 
1872.  An  American  Universal  ist  clergyman 
and  historical  writer,  brother  of  William  Barry. 
He  wrote  a “History  of  Massachusetts”  (1855- 
1857). 

Barry,  Sir  John  Wolfe  Wolfe-.  Born  Dec.  7, 
1836.  An  English  civil  engineer.  He  was  ap- 
pointed on  the  Royal  Commission  on  Irish  Public  Works 
(1886)  and  on  the  Western  Highlands  and  Islands  Com- 
mission (1889).  Author  of  “Railway  Appliances”  (1874— 
1892),  “ The  Tower  Bridge”  (1904),  etc.  Son  of  Sir  Charles 
Barry. 

Barry,  Martin.  Born  at  Fratton,  Hants,  Eng- 
land, March  29,  1802 : died  at  Beccles,  Suffolk, 
April  27,  1855.  An  English  physician,  noted 
as  an  embryologist.  He  made  (1843)  the  discovery 
of  the  presence  of  spermatozoa  within  the  ovum. 

Barry,  Patrick.  Born  in  Ireland,  1816:  died 
at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  June  23,  1890.  An  Ameri- 
can horticulturist  and  pomologist.  He  was  edi- 
tor of  the  “Genesee  Farmer”  1844-52,  and  of  the  “Horti- 
culturist” 1852-54  ; prepared  the  catalogue  of  the  Ameri- 
can Pomologieal  Society,  and  published  “A  Treatise  on 
the  Fruit  Garden  ” (1851). 

Barry,  Spranger.  Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland, 
1719:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10,  1777.  An  Irish 
actor,  a rival  of  Garrick.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  Feb.  15,  1744,  in  Dublin.  He  was  one  of  the  best 
actors  of  his  time,  and  excelled  in  tragedy,  though  he  oc- 
casionally played  in  comedy.  He  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Westminster  Abbey. 

Barry,  Mrs.  (Ann  Street).  Born  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, 1734:  died  Nov.  29,  1801.  An  English 
actress,  wife  of  Spranger  Barry,  when  very 
young  she  married  an  actor  named  Dancer,  and  first  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  about  1756  under  that  name.  She 
married  Barry  in  1768.  After  his  death  she  remained  on 
the  stage,  marrying  in  1778  a Mr.  Crawford.  She  was  con- 
sidered “the  equal  of  Mrs. Woffington  and  Mrs.  Cibber  in 
tragedy,  and  to  have  surpassed  both  in  comedy.”  She  was 
buried  near  Barry  in  the  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey. 

Barry,  William  Farquhar.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  Aug.  8,  1818 : died  at  Fort  McHenry,  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  July  18, 1879.  An  American  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers.  He  was  chief  of  artil- 
lery in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861-62,  participating  in 
the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  in  the  engagements  at  Gaines's 
Mill,  Mechanicsville,  Charles  City  Cross-Roads,  Malvern 
Hill,  and  Harrison’s  Landing;  and  held  a similar  post.under 
General  Sherman  1864-66,  taking  part  in  the  siege  of  At- 
lanta and  in  the  northern  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Carolina 
campaigns. 

Barry,  William  Taylor.  Born  at  Lunenburg, 
Va.,  Feb.  5,  1785:  died  at  Liverpool,  England, 
Aug.  30,  1835.  An  American  politician  and 
jurist.  He  was  member  of  Congress  1810-11 ; served  in 
the  war  of  1812;  was  United  States  senator  1815-16;  be- 
came judge  of  the  Kentucky  Supreme  Court  in  1816 ; was 
postmaster-general  1829-33,  and  was  the  first  incumbent 
of  that  office  invited  to  sit  in  the  cabinet ; and  was  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Spain  in  1835. 

Barry.  A small  island  of  Glamorganshire, 
Wales,  in  the  Bristol  Channel  southwest  of 
Cardiff. 

Barry.  A famous  St.  Bernard  dog  which  saved 
forty  lives  on  Mount  St.  Bernard.  His  stuffed 
skin  is  exhibited  in  the  museum  at  Bern. 

Barry  Lyndon  (bar'i  lin'don),  Memoirs  of. 
A novel  by  Thackeray,  first  published  in  “Fra- 
ser’s Magazine,”  beginning  in  1844,  as  “The 
Luck  of  Barry  Lyndon.”  It  is  an  exhibition  of 
a scoundrel  of  the  most  finished  rascality. 

Barsac  (bar-sak').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the  Garonne 
21  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.  It  is  noted  for 
its  wine.  Population,  commune,  2,849. 

Barsad,  John!  See  Pross,  Solomon. 

Barsine.  See  Statira,  3. 

Barsuinas  (bar-su'mas),  or  Barsuma  (-m|). 
A bishop  of  Nisibis  in  Mesopotamia  and  met- 
ropolitan (435^189),  the  chief  founder  of  the 
Nestorian  Church  in  eastern  Asia. 

Bar-sur-Aube  (bar-siir-ob').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the 


Barth61emy-Saint-Hilairo 

Aube  30  miles  east  of  Troyes.  Population, 
commune,  4,507. 

Bar-sur-Aube,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  by 
the  AlliesunderSchwarzenbergoverthe  French 
under  Macdonald  and  Oudinot,  Feb.  27,  1814. 
Bar-sur-Seine  (bar-sur-san').  A town  in  the 

department  of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  18  miles  southeast  of  Troyes.  It  was 
the  scene  of  conflicts  between  the  French  and 
Allies  in  1814.  Population,  commune, 
3,187. 

Bart  (bart ; F.  pron.  bar),  or  Barth,  or  Baert, 
Jean.  Born  at  Dunkirk,  1651 : died  there,  April 
27,1702.  A French  naval  hero.  He  served  first  under 
De  Ruyter,  but  entered  the  French  service  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  with  Holland.  As  his  ignoble  birth  pre- 
vented promotion  in  the  regular  navy,  he  became  captain 
of  a privateer,  but  so  distinguished  himself  against  the 
Dutch  and  English  that  Louis  XIV.  appointed  him  suc- 
cessively lieutenant,  captain,  and  (1697)  commander  of  a 
squadron. 

Bartan  (bar-tan').  A small  town  in  Asia  Mi- 
' nor,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  48  miles  north- 
east of  Erekli. 

Bartas  (bar-ta'),  Guillaume  de  Salluste  du. 

Born  at  Montfort,  near  Aueh,  1544:  died  1590. 
A French  poet.  He  served  under  Henry  of  Navarre 
in  war  and  diplomacy,  and  died  from  wounds  received  at 
the  battle  of  Ivry.  His  most  noted  work  is  “La  premiere 
semaine”  or  “La  creation.”  It  passed  through  thirty 
editions  in  a few  years,  and  was  translated  into  English 
by  Sylvester.  He  also  wrote  “Judith,"  “Uranie,”  “La 
seconde  semaine,”  etc. 

All  that  was  wanting  to  make  Du  Bartas  a poet  of  the 
first  rank  was  some  faculty  of  self-criticism  ; of  natural 
verve  and  imagination  as  well  as  of  erudition  he  had  no 
lack,  but  in  critical  faculty  lie  seems  to  have  been  totally 
deficient.  His  beauties,  rare  in  kind  and  not  small  in 
amount,  are  aUoyed  with  vast  quantities  of  dull  absurdity. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  211. 

Bartenland  (bar'ten-land).  A region  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  south  of 
Konigsberg. 

Bartenstein  (bar'ten-stin).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Aller  34  miles  southeast  of  Konigsberg.  Popu- 
lation, 7,071. 

Bartenstein,  Johann  Christoph,  Baron  von. 

Born  at  Strasburg,  1689 : died  at  Vienna,  Aug. 
6,  1767.  An  Austrian  statesman.  He  was  the 
chief  instrument  in  securing  the  consent  of  Europe  to  the 
pragmatic  sanction  of  Charles  VI.,  and  was  appointed  by 
Maria  Theresa  (1751)  tutor  to  her  son  who  ascended  the 
throne  as  Joseph  II. 

Bartfeld  (bart'feld),  Hung.  Bdrtfa  (bart'fo). 
A town  in  the  county  of  S&ros,  northern  Hun- 
gary, situated  on  the  Topla  40  miles  north  of 
Kaschau.  Population,  6,102. 

Barth  (bart),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Feb.  16,  1821:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  25,  1865. 
A noted  German  traveler.  He  was  educated  in  Ber- 
lin ; traveled  (1845-48)  through  Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli, 
Egypt,  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Greece,  etc. ; started  with  Rich- 
ardson and  Overweg  from  Tripoli  in  1850 ; visited  (1850-55) 
the  Sahara,  Bornu,  Adamawa,  Kanem,  Baghirmi,  Sokoto, 
Timbuktu,  etc.  ; discovered  the  Binud  June  18,  1851 ; and 
traveled  later  in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  etc.  His  works 
include:  “Wanderungen  durch  die  Kiistenlander  des 
Mittelineers”  (1849,  “Journeys  through  the  Border  Lands 
of  the  Mediterranean  ’’),  “Reisen  und  Entdeckungen  in 
Nord  und  Centralafrika”  (1855-58,  “Journeys  and  Dis- 
coveries in  Northern  and  Central  Africa”),  works  on  the 
dialects  of  central  Africa  (1S62-64),  etc.  See  Century 
Atlas,  Map  109. 

Barth,  Jean.  See  Bart. 

Barth,  Kaspar  von.  Born  at  Kiistrin,  Bran 
denburg,  June  21,  1587  : died  at  Leipsic,  Sept. 
17,  1658.  A German  classical  philologist.  He 
is  said  to  have  read  and  elucidated  nearly  ail  the  Greek 
and  Roman  authors.  He  published  “Adversaria,”  in  60 
books. 

Barth.  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Pome- 
rania, Prussia,  15  miles  west  of  Stralsund. 
Population,  7,344. 

BarthAlemy  (bar-tal-ine '),  Auguste  Mar- 
seille. Bom  at  Marseilles,  1796:  died  there, 
Aug.  23,  1867.  A French  satirical  poet  and 
prose-writer.  He  wrote  many  works,  chiefly 
in  collaboration  with  M6ry. 

Barthelemy,  Francois,  Marquis  de.  Born  at 
Aubagne,  France,  Oct.  20, 1747 : died  at  Paris, 
April  3,  1830.  A French  diplomatist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  minister  to  Switzerland  in  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolution  ; member  of  the  Directory  (deposed 
1797) ; and  later  senator. 

Barthelemy,  Jean  Jacques.  Born  at  Cassis, 
near  Marseilles,  Jan.  20,  1716:  died  at  Paris, 
April  30,  1795.  A French  antiquarian  and  man 
of  letters.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Voyage  du  jeune 
Anacharsis  en  Grice " (1788),  “Reflexions  sur  l’alpliabet 
et  la  langue  de  Palmyre ’’ (1754),  “Essai  d’une  palseogra- 
phie  numismatique,"  “Amours  de  Caryte  et  de  Polydore,” 
a romance  (1760),  etc. 

Barth41emy-Saint-Hilaire  (sah-te-lar'),  Jules. 

Born  Aug.  19,  1805:  died  Nov.  24,  1895.  A 
French  statesman  and  Orientalist,  professor  in 


Barth61emy-Saint-Hilaire 

the  College  de  France  and  member  of  the  In- 
stitute. He  became  a member  of  the  Assembly  in  1848 ; 
refused  to  recognize  the  coup  d’etat  of  1851 ; and  under 
the  third  republic  has  been  deputy  and  senator,  and  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs  1880-81.  Among  his  works  are  a 
translation  of  Aristotle  (1839-44),  “Sur  les  Wdas"  (1854), 
“ Du  Bouddhisme”  (1855),  “ Mahomet  et  le  Coran  ” (1805), 
“ Pensdes  de  Marc  Aurfele ” (1876),  “Philosophic  des  deux 
Amperes  ’’  (1866),  “ Etude  sur  Frangois  Bacon  ” (1890),  etc. 

Barthez  (bar-tas'),  or  Barthes  (bar-tas'),  Paul 
Joseph.  Born  at  Montpellier,  France,  Dec.  11, 
1734:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  15,  1806.  A noted 
French  physician  and  medical  writer.  Author 
of  “ Nouveaux  eL'ments  de  la  science  de  l’homme  ” (1778), 
“ Nouvelle  mecanique  des  mouvements  de  l'homme  et  des 
animaux  ” (1798),  etc. 

Barthold(bar'told),  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Berlin,  Sept.  4, 1799:  died  Jan.  14,  1858.  A 
German  historian.  He  became  professor  of  history 
at  Greifswald  in  1834.  Among  his  works  are  “ Der  Ro- 
merzug  Konig  Heinrich’s  von  Liitzelburg”  (1830-31), 
“Geschichte  von  Riigen  und  Pommern”  (1839-45),  “Ge- 
schichte  des  grossen  deutschen  Kriegs  vom  Tode  Gustav 
Adolfs  ab  ” (1843),  and  “ Geschichte  der  deutschen  Stadte” 
(1850-52). 

Bartholdi  (bar-tol-de'),  Frederic  Auguste. 

Born  at  Colmar,  Alsace,  April  2, 1834:  died  Oct. 
4,1904.  A noted  French  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  the  statue  of  Lafayette  in  Union  Square,  New  York  city, 
and  the  great  statue  of  Liberty  in  New  York  Harbor. 

Bartholdy  (bar-tol'de),  Jakob  Salomon.  Born 
at  Berlin,  May  13, 1779 : died  at  Rome,  July  27, 
1825.  A German  diplomatist,  art-collector,  and 
patron  of  art:  author  of  “DerKriegder  Tiroler 
Landleute  ” (1814),  etc. 

Bartholin  (bar'to-len),  Kaspar.  Born  at  Mal- 
mo,  Sweden,  Feb.  12, 1585:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
July  13, 1629.  A Danish  physician  and  scholar. 
He  became  professor  of  oratory  in  the  University  of  Copen- 
hagen in  1611,  of  medicine  in  1615,  and  of  theology  in 
1624.  He  wrote  a text-book  on  anatomy  which  was  highly 
esteemed  in  the  17th  century,  “Institutiones  anatomic®  ” 
(1611). 

Bartholin,  Thomas.  Born  Oct.  20,  1616 : died 
Dec.  4, 1680.  A Danish  physician  and  scholar, 
son  of  Kaspar  Bartholin.  He  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  University  of  Copenhagen  in  1646,  and 
of  medicine  1647-61.  He  wrote  on  anatomy  and  medi- 
cine, and  revised  (1641)  his  father's  “Institutiones  ana- 
tomic®.” 

Bartholo  (bar-to-15').  In  Beaumarchais’s  com- 
edy “ Le  Barbier  de  Seville,”  an  old  doctor  who 
has  become  the  type  of  the  jealous  guardian. 
He  proposes  to  marry  his  ward  Rosine,  who  is  enamoured  of 
Count  Alma  Viva.  He  afterward  appears  in  “Le  Mariage 
de  Figaro  ” as  a less  important  character. 
Bartholomaussee.  See  Konigssee. 
Bartholomew  (bar-thol'o-mu),  Saint.  [Heb., 
‘son  of  Tolmai’;  Gr.  T>apOo'Aoualoc,  L. Bartliolo- 
mseus,  F.  Bartholomee,  Barthelemi,  It.  Bartolo- 
meo, Sp.  Bartolome,  Pg.  Bartolomeu,  G.  Bar- 
tholomdus,  Bartliel.']  One  of  the  twelve  apos- 
tles, probably  identical  withNathaniel.  Little  is 
known  of  his  work.  According  to  tradition  he  preached 
in  various  parts  of  Asia,  including,  according  to  Eusebius, 
the  borders  of  India,  and  was  flayed  alive  and  then  cru- 
cified, head  downward,  at  Albanopolis  in  Armenia.  His 
memory  is  celebrated  in  theRoman  and  Anglican  churches 
on  Aug.  24 ; in  the  Greek  Church  on  J une  11.  His  emblem 
is  a knife. 

Bartholomew,  Saint,  Massacre  of.  An  or- 
ganized slaughter  of  French  Huguenots  in  Pa- 
ris and  the  provinces,  instigated  by  Catherine 
de’  Medici,  commencing  on  St.  Bartholomew’s 
day,  Aug.  24,  1572.  The  number  of  victims  is 
estimated  at  from  20,000  to  30,000.  Among 
them  was  Coligny. 

Bartholomew  Bayou  (bar-thol'o-mu  bi'o).  A 
river  which  rises  in  Arkansas,  near  Pine  Bluff, 
and  joins  the  Ouachita  in  northern  Louisiana. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Bartholomew  Fair.  1.  A fair  formerly  held 
at  Smithfield,  London,  on  St.  Bartholomew’s 
day,  Aug.  24  (O.  S.).  It  was  first  held  in  1133;  in  1691 
it  was  shortened  from  14  to  4 days;  in  1753,  owing  to  the 
change  in  the  calendar,  it  was  held  on  the  3d  of  Sept. ; in 
1840  it  was  removed  to  Islington ; and  in  1855  it  came  to 
an  end.  It  was  originally  the  great  cloth-fair  of  the  king- 
dom and  a market  for  all  kinds  of  goods.  Its  provision 
for  popular  amusements,  however,  gradually  destroyed  its 
character  as  a market,  and  it  became  simply  an  occasion  for 
unbridled  license.  The  Bartholomew  pig,  so  often  alluded 
to  in  old  writers,  was  a chief  dainty  at  the  fair. 

2.  A comedy  by  Ben  Jonson,  acted  first  in 
1614  and  published  in  1631.  it  ig  a satire  on  puri- 
tanism,  ana  naturally  roused  opposition ; after  the  .Res- 
toration, however,  it  was  received  with  applause.  See 
Busy,  Zeal - of-  the-  Land. 

Bartholomew’s  Hospital.  A hospital  in  Smith- 
field,  London,  founded  in  1123. 

Bartholomew  the  Great,  Saint.  A church  in 
the  city  of  London,  founded  in  1123,  and  chiefly 
in  the  Norman  style.  The  existing  church  consists 
of  the  cb  .ir,  transepts,  and  one  bay  of  the  nave  ; the  re- 
mainder of  the  nave,  which  was  probably  later,  was  de- 
stroyed by  Henry  VIII.  The  handsome  Decorated  Lady 
chapel  was  long  used  as  a factory,  but  has  lately  been  re- 
purchased and  restored.  The  church  was  founded  byRa- 


125 

here,  and  his  tomb  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  sanctuary : 
it  is  of  a later  date  than  his  effigy  which  is  placed  upon  it. 

Bartlett,  Elisha.  Born  at  Smithfield,  R.  I., 
1804  (or  1805  ?):  died  there,  July  18, 1855.  An 
American  physician.  He  was  professor  of  materia 
medica  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  in  New  York  1851-55. 

Bartlett,  John.  Born  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
June  14,  1820:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec. 
3,  1905.  An  American  book-publisher  and 
editor.  He  became  a member  of  the  publishing  house  of 
Little,  Brown  and  Co.,  in  Boston,  1865,  and  was  the  senior 
partner  1878-89.  He  compiled  “Familiar  Quotations: 
Being  an  Attempt  to  Trace  to  their  Sources  Passages 
and  Phrases  in  Common  Use  ” (1855  : a ninth  revised  edition 
appeared  in  1891),  and  a concordance  to  Shakspere  (1894). 

Bartlett,  John  Russell.  Born  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Oct.  23,  1805:  died  at  Providence,  May 
28,  1886.  An  American  antiquarian  and  his- 
torian. He  was  engaged  in  business  in  New  York  city 
1837-49 ; was  appointed  commissioner  to  establish  the 
boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  in 
1850;  and  was  secretary  of  state  for  Rhode  Island  from 
1855  until  1872.  He  wrote  a "Dictionary  of  American- 
isms ” (1850 : revised  edition  1877),  a “ Bibliography  of 
Rhode  Island  ’’  (1864),  “ Literature  of  the  Rebellion  ’’  (1866), 
“ Primeval  Man  ” (1868),  etc. 

Bartlett,  Joseph.  Born  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
June  10,  1762;  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  20,  1827. 
A satirical  poet,  author  of  “Physiognomy,”  re- 
cited before  the  Harvard  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Soci- 
ety in  1799.  His  life  was  that  of  an  adventurer. 
Bartlett,  Josiah.  Born  at  Amesbury,  Mass., 
1729;  died  1795.  An  American  patriot  and 
statesman.  He  was  a member  of  the  committee  of 
safety  of  New  Hampshire  in  1775;  member  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  and  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence in  1776;  chief  justice  of  New  Hampshire;  and 
president  and  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1790-94. 

Bartlett,  Samuel  Oolcord.  Born  Nov.  25, 
1817  : died  Nov.  16,  1898.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  Congregational  clergyman.  He  was 
professor  of  philosophy  and  rhetoric  in  Western  Reserve 
College  1846-52  ; professor  of  biblical  literature  in  Chicago 
Theological  Seminary  1868-77;  and  president  of  Dartmouth 
College  1877.  He  wrote  “ From  Egypt  to  Palestine  " (1879), 
and  several  religious  works. 

Bartlett,  William  Henry.  Born  at  London, 
March  26,  1809 : died  Sept.  13,  1854.  An  Eng- 
lish draftsman,  traveler,  writer,  and  editor. 
He  illustrated  works  on  Palestine,  Switzerland,  America, 
etc.,  and  was  the  author  and  illustrator  of  “ Walks  about 
Jerusalem”  (1844),  “Forty  Days  in  the  Desert”  (1848), 
“The  Nile  Boat"  (1849),  “Pictures  from  Sicily”  (1853), 
“The  Pilgrim  Fathers”  (1853),  etc. 

Bartley  (bart'li),  Mordecai.  Bom  in  Fayette 
County,  Pa.,  Dec.  16,  1783:  died  at  Mansfield, 
Ohio,  Oct.  10,  1870.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1823-31,  and 
Whig  governor  of  Ohio  1844-46. 

Bartol  (bar-tol'),  Cyrus  Augustus.  Born 
April  30,  1813 : died  Dec.  17, 1900.  An  Ameri- 
can Unitarian  clergyman,  pastor  1861-87  of  the 
West  Churchin  Boston.  He  was  the  author  of  “Dis- 
courses on  the  Christian  Spirit  and  Life ”(1850),  “Pictures 
of  Europe”  (1855),  “Radical  Problems"  (1872),  and  of 
various  other  ethical  and  religious  works. 

Bartoli  (bar'to-le),  Adolfo.  Born  at  Fiviz- 
zano,  Nov.  19,  1833:  died  at  Genoa,  May  16, 
1894.  An  Italian  historian  of  literature.  He  was 
associated  in  the  editorial  management  of  the  “ Archivio 
storico  italiano  " (1856-59),  and  became  a professor  in  the 
Istituto  de  Studii  Superiori  at  Florence  in  1874.  Author 
of  “ Storia  della  litteratura  italiana  ” (1877). 

Bartoli,  Daniello.  Bom  at  Ferrara,  Feb.  12, 
1608:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  13, 1685.  An  Italian 
historian  and  physicist,  rector  of  the  College  of 
Jesuits  at  Rome.  He  wrote  an  important  “Istoria 
della  compagnia  di  Gesil  ” (1653-75),  and  various  physical 
treatises  (“  Del  Suono,”  1680 ; “Della  tensione  e pressione,” 
1677). 

Bartoli,  Pietro  Santi,  surnamed  Perugino. 
Born  about  1635:  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  7,  1700. 
An  Italian  engraver  and  painter,  a pupil  of 
Nicolas  Poussin. 

Bartoli.  See  Bartolus. 

Bartolo.  See  Bartolus. 

Bartolommeo  (bar-to-lom-ma'o),  Fra  (Baccio 
della  Porta).  Born  at  Savignano,  Tuscany, 
1475:  died  at  Florence,  Oct.  6,  1517.  A cele- 
brated painter  of  the  Florentine  school.  He  was 
a pupil  of  Cosimo  Rosselli,  and  was  greatly  influenced  by 
the  study  of  the  works  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci.  He  was  an 
adherent  of  Savonarola,  and  in  1500  retired  to  a monastery 
in  Florence.  During  his  last  years  he  was  associated  with 
Raphael. 

Bartolozzi  (bar-to-lot'se),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Florence, Sept.  21, 1727(f):  died  at  Lisbon,  March 
7, 1813.  An  Italian  engraver.  He  studied  engraving 
six  years  in  Venice  under  the  historical  engraver  Wagner ; 
went  to  London  in  1764,  where  he  was  appointed  engraver 
to  the  king;  became  an  original  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1769;  and  removed  to  Lisbon  in  1802,  to  take 
charge  of  the  National  Academy  at  Lisbon. 

Bartolus  (bar'to-lus).  Bom  at  Sasso  Ferrato, 
Duchy  of  Urbino,  Italy,  1314:  died  July,  1357. 


Bartram,  William 

A noted  Italian  jurist.  He  was  professor  of  civil 
law  at  Perugia ; author  of  extensive  commentaries  on  the 
Corpus  Juris  Civilis ; and  founder  of  the  school  of  the 
Postglossators  or  Bartolists. 

Bartolus.  In  Fletcher  and  Massinger’s  play 
“The  Spanish  Curate,”  a greedy,  unprincipled 
lawyer,  the  husband  of  Amaranta. 

Barton  (bar'ton),  Andrew.  Died  Aug.  2, 1511. 
A noted  Scottish  naval  commander  in  the  ser- 
vice of  James  IV.  He  obtained  letters  of  marque 
against  the  Portuguese ; but,  as  his  capture  of  Portu- 
guese merchantmen  inflicted  damage  on  the  trade  of  Lon- 
don, he  was  attacked  by  Sir  Thomas  and  Sir  Edward 
Howard  and  killed  in  a desperate  engagement  in  the 
Downs.  The  incident  is  celebrated  in  the  ballad  of  “ Sir 
Andrew  Barton.” 

Barton,  Benjamin  Smith.  Born  at  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  Peb.  10,  1766;  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec. 

19,  1815.  An  American  physician,  naturalist, 
and  ethnologist.  He  wrote  ‘‘New  Views  on  the 
Origin  of  the  Tribes  of  America”  (1797),  etc. 

Barton,  Bernard.  Born  at  Carlisle,  England, 
Jan.  31,  1784:  died  at  Woodbridge,  Feb.  19, 
1849.  An  English  poet,  surnamed  “The 
★Quaker  Poet”:  best  known  as  a friend  of  Lamb. 
Barton,  Clara.  Born  at  Oxford,  Mass.,  Dec. 
25, 1821 : died  at  Glen  Echo,  Md.,  April  12, 1912. 
An  American  philanthropist.  She  entered  the  mil- 
itary hospital  service  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War, 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  hospitals  at  the  front  of  the 
Army  of  the  James  in  1864  ; assisted  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Franco-German  war  the  Grand  Duchess  of  Baden 
in  the  organization  of  military  hospitals  ; superintended 
the  supplying  of  work  to  the  poor  in  Strasburg  in  1871, 
and  the  distribution  of  supplies  to  the  destitute  in  Paris 
in  1872 ; organized  the  American  Red  Cross  Society  in 
1881,  and  was  its  president  1881-1904 ; was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  reformatory  for  women  at  Sher- 
born,  Massachusetts,  in  1883;  and  as  president  of  the 
Red  Cross  Society  superintended  the  expedition  of  relief 
to  the  sufferers  from  the  overflow  of  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers  in  1884,  and  in  1893  was  put  in  charge  of  the 
relief  for  the  sufferers  from  the  cyclone  on  the  South 
Atlantic  coast.  As  president  of  the  American  National 
Red  Cross  Society  she  also  went  from  the  United  States 
to  Constantinople  to  administer  the  funds  of  the  National 
Armenian  Relief  Committee  (January  22-September  12, 
1896). 

Barton,  Elizabeth.  Born  1506  (?) : died  April 

20,  1534.  An  English  impostor,  called  the 
“Nun”  or  “Maid  of  Kent.”  She  was  attacked  in 
1525,  while  in  domestic  service  at  Aldington,  Kent,  with 
a hysterical  disease,  accompanied  by  religious  mania  and 
trances.  She  recovered,  but,  under  the  direction  of  the 
monk  Edward  Bocking,  simulated  her  former  condition 
for  the  purpose  of  religious  deception.  Site  was  admitted 
to  the  priory  of  St.  Sepulchre,  Canterbury,  in  1527,  with 
Bocking  as  her  confessor,  and  began  to  prophesy  about  po- 
litical questions  and  to  denounce  the  opponents  of  the 
Catholic  Church,  gaining  great  influence  even  in  high 
quarters.  She  prophesied  against  the  marriage  of  Henry 
Will,  with  Anne  Boleyn,  and  after  the  marriage  declared 
that,  like  Saul,  Henry  was  no  longer  king  in  the  sight  of 
God.  This  caused  her  arrest  in  1533,  and  she  was  executed 
at  Tyburn  with  Bocking  and  several  other  priests  and  friars 
implicated  in  the  Imposture  and  convicted  of  treasonable 
conspiracy. 

Barton,  Frances  (Fanny).  See  Abington,  Mrs. 
Barton,  Mary.  See  Mary  Barton. 

Barton,  Thomas  Pennant.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1803 : died  there,  April  5, 1869.  An  Amer- 
ican book-collector,  son  of  Benjamin  Smith 
Barton.  He  collected  a valuable  Shaksperian  library, 
which  was  acquired  after  his  death  by.the  public  library 
of  Boston. 

Barton,  William.  Born  at  Warren,  R.  I.,  May 
26,  1748:  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  22, 
1831.  An  American  Revolutionary  officer.  He 
planned  and,  with  38  men,  executed  the  capture  of  the 
British  general  Robert  Prescott,  July  10, 1777,  at  his  head- 
quarters in  a farm-house  near  Newport,  R.  I. 

Barton,  William  Paul  Crillon.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  17, 1786:  died  there,  Feb.  29, 1856. 
An  American  botanist,  a nephew  of  Benjamin 
Smith  Barton.  He  wrote  “Flora  of  North  America” 
(1821-23),  “Lectures  on  Materia  Medica  and  Botany” 
(1823),  “ Medical  Botany,"  etc. 

Barton-on-Irwell  (bar'ton-on-er'wel).  A town 
in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Irwell 
5 miles  west  of  Manchester. 
Barton-upon-Humber  (bar'ton -u-pon-  bum'- 
ber).  A town  in  Lincoln,  England,  situated 
on  the  Humber  7 miles  southwest  of  Hull. 
Population,  5,671. 

Bartram  (bar'tram),  John.  Bom  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  March  23,  1699:  died  at  Kingses- 
sing,  Pa.,  Sept.  22,  1777.  A noted  American 
botanist.  He  founded  in  1728,  at  Kingsessing,  near 
Philadelphia,  the  first  botanical  garden  in  America. 
Bartram,  William.  Bom  at  Kingsessing,  Pa., 
Feb.  9,  1739:  died  there,  July  22,  1823.  An 
American  botanist  and  ornithologist,  son  of 
John  Bartram.  ne  spent  about  five  years  in  investi- 
gating the  natural  products  of  the  Carolinas,  Georgia, 
and  Florida ; prepared  the  most  complete  list  of  American 
birds  before  Wilson  ; and  wrote  “Travels  through  North 
and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  East  and  West  Florida,  etc." 
(1791). 


126 


Bartsch,  Karl 

Bartsch,  Karl.  Born  at  Sprottau,  Silesia, 
Feb.  25,  1832:  died  Feb.  19,  1888.  A distin- 
guished German  philologist,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  German  and  Romance  philosophy  at 
Rostock  in  1858,  and  professor  at  Heidelberg 
in  1871.  He  was  the  author  of  works  on  the  Provensal 
language  and  literature,  of  the  “ Chrestomatliie  de  l’ancien 
frangais,”  of  editions  of  the  “Nibelungeniied,  9 “Wolfram 
von  Eschenbach,  ’ and  other  medieval  German  works,  etc. 

Bartsch.  A river  in  Prussia  which  joins  the 
Oder  near  Gross-Glogau  in  Silesia.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Ba  Rua  (ba-ro'a).  See  Garenganze  and  Luba. 

Baruch  (ba/ruk).  [Heb.,  ‘blessed’:  the  equiv- 
alent of  ‘Benedict.’]  1.  A Jew  who  repaired 
a part  of  the  wall  of  Jerusalem,  about  446 
B.  C.  (Neh.  iii.  20). — 2.  The  amanuensis  and 
faithful  friend  of  the  prophet  Jeremiah. 

Baruch,  Book  of.  An  apocryphal  book  of  the 
Old  Testament  bearing  the  name  of  the  friend 
of  Jeremiah,  assigned  by  most  critics  to  the 
later  part  of  the  Maccabean  period. 

Baruth  ( ba'rot).  A small  to  mi  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  33  miles  south  of  Berlin. 

Barwalde-in-der-N eumark  ( bar ' val  - de  - i n- 
der-noi'miirk).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  50  miles  east-north- 
east of  Berlin. 

Barwalde-in-Pommern  (-pom'mern).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  32 
miles  south  of  Koslin. 

Barwalde  (Brandenburg),  Treaty  of.  A treaty 
made  Jan.  13, 1631,  between  France  and  Gusta- 
VUS  Adolphus  of  Sweden.  Gustavus  was  to  receive 
an  annual  subsidy  of  1,200,000  livres  from  France,  in  re- 
turn for  which  he  was  to  maintain,  at  his  own  expense 
and  under  his  own  direction,  an  army  of  30,000  infantry 
and  6,000  horse  in  the  war  against  the  emperor.  He  also 
received  an  advance  of  300,000  livres,  exclusive  of  the 
annual  subsidy,  as  compensation  for  past  expenses.  The 
treaty  was  to  stand  for  five  years. 

Bary  (ba're),  Heinrich  Anton  de.  Bom  at 

Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Jan.  26,  1831:  died  at 
Strasburg,  Jan.  19,  1888.  A German  physician 
and  botanist,  noted  especially  for  his  researches 
in  eryptogamic  botany.  He  became  professor  of 
botany  at  Freiburg  in  1855,  at  Halle  in  1867,  and  at  Stras- 
burg in  1872. 

Barye  (ba-re'),  Antoine  Louis.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  24,  1795:  died  there,  June  25,  1875.  A 
famous  French  sculptor,  especially  of  animals. 
His  father  was  a master  silversmith  from  Lyons.  At  first  he 
worked  with  an  engraver  named  F'ourrierand  a goldsmith 
named  Biennais.  Conscripted  in  1812,  he  served  as  a top- 
ographical engineer,  and  is  said  to  have  modeled  several 
relief-maps  now  in  the  French  War  Office.  In  1816  he 
studied  sculpture  with  Bosio  and  drawing  with  the  painter 
Gros.  in  1819  he  presented  himself  at  a concours  of 
the  Beaux  Arts,  with  a “Milo  di  Crotona,”  which  won 
the  second  prize.  In  1820  he  lost  the  second  prize.  In 
1823-31  he  worked  for  Fanconnier,  jeweler  to  the  Duch- 
esse  d’Angouleme.  At  this  time  he  began  to  devote  him- 
self more  particularly  to  animals.  In  the  exhibition  of 
1831  Barye  exhibited  the  now  celebrated  “Tiger  Devour- 
ing a Crocodile.”  M.  Lefuel,  who  succeeded  Visconti  as 
architect  of  the  Louvre,  employed  Barye  to  make  four 
groups  for  the  pavilion  on  the  Place  du  Carrousel.  Barye 
was  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  member  of  the  In- 
stitute, and  professor  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes. 

Barygaza  (ba-ri-ga/za).  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  of  India,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Nerbudda,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Baroach. 

Barzillai  (bar-zil'a-i  or  bar'zi-la).  [Heb., 
‘ smith,  iron-worker.’]  1 . In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a wealthy  Gileadite  who  aided  David  when 
he  fled  from  Absalom  (2  Sam,  xvii.  27).  Hence 
— 2.  The  name  given  to  the  character  repre- 
senting the  Duke  of  Ormond,  the  friend  of 
Charles  II.,  in  Dryden’s  “ Absalom  and  Achit- 
ophel.” 

BarZu-Nameh  (bar'zo-na'me).  A Persian  epic 
poem,  modeled  on  the  Shahnamah : author  un- 
known. 

Bas.  See  Bats. 

Ba-sa  (ba-sa/).  See  Dualla. 

Basa-Komi  (ba-sa-ko'mi).  See  Nupe. 

Basantello  (ba-san-tel'lo),  or  Basentello  (ba- 
sen-tel'lo).  A small  place  near  Taranto,  Italy. 
It  gives  name  to  the  battle  in  which  Otto  II.  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Greeks  and  Saracens  July  13, 982,  although 
recent  investigations  show  that  the  battle-field  lay  in 
some  unidentified  locality  south  of  Cotrone. 

Basarjik.  See  Bazardjik. 

Baseili  (bas'ke),  Matteo.  Born  at  Urbino: 
died  at  Venice,  1552.  An  Italian  monk  and  vis- 
ionary, founder  of  the  order  of  the  Capuchins. 

Basco  (bas'ko).  The  largest  island  of  the  Ad- 
miralty group. 

Bascom  (bas ' kom),  Henry  Bidleman.  Born 
at  Hancock,  N.  "Y.,  May  27, 1790 : died  at  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  Sept.  8,  1850.  An  American  bishop 
(1850)  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
(South),  and  president  of  Transylvania  Univer- 
sity, Kentucky,  1842-50. 


Bascom,  John.  Born  May  1, 1827 : died  Oct.  2, 
1911.  An  American  educator  and  philosophi- 
cal writer.  He  was  presidentof  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin 1874-87,  and  professor  of  political  science  at  Wil- 
liams College  1891-1901.  He  wrote  “ Political  Economy  ” 
(1859),  “ .Esthetics " (1862),  “ Philosophy  of  Rhetoric  ” 
(1865),  “ Principles  of  Psychology  ” (1869),  “Science,  Phi- 
losophy, and  Religion  " (1871),  “ Philosophy  of  English  Lit- 
erature” (1874),  “Problems  in  Philosophy,”  etc. 

Basedow  (ba'ze-do),  Johann  Berend  (Bern- 
hard).  Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  11, 1723 : died 
at  Magdeburg,  July  25,  1790.  A German 
teacher  and  educational  reformer.  He  became 
teacher  in  an  academy  at  Soroe,  in  Denmark,  in  1753,  and 
in  the  gymnasium  at  Altona  in  1701 ; published  the 
“ Elementarwerk”  (1774)  (with  100  copperplates,  mostly 
by  Chodowiecki),  containing  the  exposition  of  a new  sys- 
tem of  primary  education  ; and  opened  a model  school, 
called  the  Philanthropic  at  Dessau  in  1774,  from  the  man- 
agement of  which  he  retired  in  1778. 

Basel  (ba'zel),  F.  Bale  (bal).  The  eleventh 
canton  of  Switzerland,  divided  into  the  two 
half-cantons  of  Basel-Stadt  and  Basel-Land. 
Area,  177  square  miles.  Population,  211,783, 
(1910). 

Basel,  F.  Bale  (bal),  and  formerly  Basle.  [LL. 
Basilia.']  The  chief  city  of  the  half -canton 
of  Basel-Stadt,  the  second  in  size  in  Switzer- 
land. It  is  situated  on  the  Rhine  at  its  bend  north- 
ward, in  lat.  47°  33'  N.,  long.  7°  36'  E.,  and  comprises 
Great  Basel  on  the  left  and  Little  Basel  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river.  It  contains  a university,  and  is  the 
chief  commercial  and  banking  city  of  the  country,  and 
has  also  important  manufactures,  especially  of  silk  rib- 
bons. It  is  the  ancient  Roman  Basilia;  became  a part  of 
the  German  Empire  in  1032 ; joined  the  Swiss  Confed- 
eration in  1501 ; and  early  sided  with  the  Reformation. 
It  has  long  been  noted  as  a literary  and  art  center.  Its 
many  contests  with  the  land  of  Basel  ended  in  war  in  1831, 
the  interference  of  the  Federal  troops,  and  the  separation 
of  the  two  half-cantons  in  1833.  The  cathedral  of  Basel, 
an  interesting  building  of  red  sandstone,  with  twin  open- 
work spires,  was  founded  in  1010  and  rebuilt  in  the  middle 
of  the  14th  century.  The  north  portal,  witli  statues  and 
reliefs,  belongs  to  the  original  structure.  The  west  front 
is  of  the  14th  century.  The  spacious  interior  contains  a 
noteworthy  rood-loft,  medieval  church  furniture,  and  some 
historic  tombs.  The  cloister  is  large  and  picturesque. 
The  Rathaus,  or  town  hall,  is  a picturesque  battle- 
mented  building  erected  in  1508,  in  a late-Pointed  style. 
It  has  an  interior  court,  with  a belfry,  and  a quaint  little 
spire  on  the  ridge  of  the  roof.  It  is  arcaded  below,  and 
in  the  second  story  has  a series  of  rectangular  windows 
in  groups  of  three,  the  central  lights  the  highest.  The 
facade  bears  curious  mural  paintings.  The  council-cham- 
ber is  well  decorated.  Population,  129,600. 

Basel,  Confession  of.  1.  A Reformed  confes- 
sion, drafted  by  CEcolainpadius,  and  revised  by 
Myeonius,  published  in  1534. — 2.  The  first 
Helvetic  Confession  (which  see). 

Basel,  Council  of.  A council  held  at  Basel 
July  23, 1431, -May  7, 1449,  the  last  of  the  three 
great  reforming  councils  of  the  15th  century. 
It  was  called  by  Pope  Martin  V.  and  by  his  successor  Eu- 
genius  IV.;  had  as  its  main  objects  the  union  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches,  the  reconciliation  of  the  Bohemians, 
and  the  reformation  of  the  church ; deposed  (June  25, 
1439)  Eugenius  IV.  who  refused  to  acknowledge  its  au- 
thority ; and  elected  (Oct.  30,  1439)  Amadeus,  duke  of  Sa- 
voy, pope,  who  took  the  name  of  Felix  V.  (resigned  1449). 
The  ultramontanes  reject  this  council  altogether,  while 
the  Gallican  Church  acknowledges  the  first  twenty-five  of 
its  forty-five  sessions. 

Basel,  Treaty  of.  1 . A treaty  concluded  April 
5,  1795,  between  France  on  the  one  hand, 
and  Prussia  on  the  other.  Prussia  agreed  to  with- 
draw from  the  coalition  against  France,  which  was  to 
continue  in  possession  of  the  Prussian  territory  west  of 
the  Rhine  until  peace  should  be  concluded  with  the  em- 
pire, while  a line  of  demarcation  fixed  the  neutrality  of 
northern  Germany.  In  a secret  article  it  was  stipulated 
that,  on  conclusion  of  a general  peace,  if  the  empire  should 
cede  to  France  the  principalities  west  of  the  Rhine,  Prus- 
sia should  cede  its  territory  in  that  district,  and  receive 
compensation  elsewhere. 

2.  A treaty  concluded  July  22, 1795,  by  which 
Spain  ceded  Santo  Domingo  to  France. 
Basel-Land  (ba'zel-land).  A half-cantpn  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  Alsace  on  the  north- 
west, Baden  (separated  by  the  Rhine)  on  the 
north,  Aargau  on  the  east,  and  Solothurn  and 
Bern  on  the  south.  The  language  is  German,  and  the 
prevailing  religion  Protestant.  It  was  separated  from 
Basel-Stadt  in  1833.  Area,  163  square  miles.  Population, 
76,241,  (1910). 

Basel-Stadt  (bsi'zel-stat).  A half-canton  of 
Switzerland,  composed  of  the  city  of  Basel  and 
three  villages  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine. 
The  language  is  German.  Population,  135,542, 
(1910). 

Basento  (ba-sen'to),or  Basiento(ba-se-en'to). 
A river  in  southern  Italy  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Taranto  27  miles  southwest  of  Taranto : 
the  ancient  Casuentus.  Length,  about  90  miles. 
Baserac  (ba-se-rak').  A village  of  Opata  In- 
dians situated  on  the  upper  Yaqui  River  in  east- 
ern Sonora,  south  of  Babispe.  It  contains  the 
ruins  of  a once  important  Jesuit  mission,  founded  about 
1642. 


Basil  II. 

Basevi  (ba-sa've),  George.  Born  at  London, 
1794:  died  at  Ely,  Oct.  16,  1845.  An  English 
architect.  His  chief  work,  the  Fitzwilliam  Mnsenm  at 
Cambridge,  was  begun  by  him  In  1837,  continued  by  R.  C. 
Cockerell,  and  completed  by  E.  M.  Barry  in  1874.  He  was 
accidentally  killed  while  inspecting  the  western  bell- 
tower  of  Ely  Cathedral. 

Basford  (bas'ford).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Nottinghamshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Lene  3 miles  north-northwest  of  Nottingham. 
Population,  38,365. 

Bashan  (ba'shan).  [Gr.  B aoav,  Heb.  Bashdn, 
soft  or  rich  soil.]  A district  of  Palestine  east 
of  the  Jordan,  reaching  from  the  river  Arnon 
in  the  south  to  Mount  Herrnon  on  the  north, 
and  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Hauran.  At 
the  time  of  the  entrance  of  the  Israelites  into  Canaan 
the  whole  of  this  region  was  inhabited  by  the  Amorites. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Israelites  and  allotted  to  the 
tribe  of  Manasseh  (Num.  xxxii.  33,  Deut.  iii.  13,  Josh, 
xiii.  29  ff.),  and  afterward  its  inhabitants  were  deported 
to  Assyria  (2  Ki.  xv.  30).  During  the  Roman  period  the 
country  was  divided  into  five  provinces : ItureaandGaul- 
onitis  (modern  Jaulan),  and  to  the  east  of  these  Batanea, 
to  the  northeast  Trachonitis  (modern  Lajah)  and  Hauran- 
itis.  The  fertility  of  the  country  is  proverbially  mentioned 
in  the  Old  Testament  (Deut.  xxxii.  14,  Ps.  xxii.  12,  Jer. 
1.  19,  Micali  vii.  14). 

Bashful  Lover,  The.  A play  by  Massinger 
(licensed  in  163G).  In  some  old  catalogues  it  is  as- 
cribed to  B.  J.,  or  Ben  Jonson  : in  Fleays  opinion,  through 
some  confusion  with  the  “City  Madam.” 

Rashi  (ba-slie')  Islands.  A group  of  small  isl- 
ands between  Formosa  and  Luzon  in  the  Phil- 
ippines. 

Bashi-Bazouk  (bash'i-ba-zok').  [Turk,  bash i- 
bozuq,  one  who  is  in  no  particular  dress  or 
uniform,  an  irregular  soldier  or  civilian,  from 
bashi,  head,  head-dress,  dress  and  appearance, 
and  bozuq,  spoilt,  disorderly,  bad,  from  boz, 
spoil,  damage,  destroy.]  A volunteer  and-  ir- 
regular auxiliary  serving  in  connection  with 
the  Turkish  army  for  maintenance,  but  with- 
out pay  or  uniform.  Bashi-bazouks  are  generally 
mounted,  and  because  unpaid  frequently  resort  to  pillage. 
They  are  also  at  the  command  of  municipal  governors, 
and  when  detailed  to  accompany  travelers  or  expeditions 
through  the  country  they  expect  not  only  to  be  “ found,” 
but  to  be  suitably  rewarded  with  bakshish. 

Bashkirs  (bash'kerz).  A tribe  of  .mixed  Fin- 
nish and  Tatar  race,  inhabiting  the  govern- 
ments of  Orenburg,  Perm,  Samara,  Ufa,  and 
Vyatka,  in  Russia.  Subjugated  by  Russia  in 
the  18tb  century.  Numbers  (estimated),  75,000 
Sunnite  Mohammedans. 

Bashkirtseff  (bash-kert'sev),  Maria  Constan- 
tinovna.  Born  at  Gavrontsi,  government  of 
Pultowa,  Russia,  Nov.  23  (N.  S.),  1860:  died 
Oct.  31,  1884.  A Russian  artist  and  author. 
She  left  many  studies  and  some  finished  pictures  influ- 
enced by  Bastien-Lepage.  Parts  of  her  diary  were  pub- 
lished in  1887. 

Basiasch.  See  Bazids. 

Basil  (ba/zil  or  baz'il),  L.  Basilius  (ba-sil'i-ns). 
[Gr.  Bacu/U/oe  or  BaoiAioc,  kingly,  royal;  L.  Ba- 
silius. It.  Sp.  Pg.  Basilio,  F.  Basile .]  Born  at 
Ctesarea,  in  Cappadocia,  329  a.  d.  : died  there, 
Jan.  1,  379.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Greek 
Church,  bishop  of  Caesarea  and  metropolitan  of 
Cappadocia  370-379:  surnamed  “The  Great.” 
He  studied  at  Constantinople  under  Libanius,  and  at 
Athens  in  the  schools  of  philosophy  and  rhetoric,  in  the 
company  of  his  friend  Gregory  Nazianzen,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Caesarea  as  a rhetorician.  About  361  he  retired 
to  Pontus  and  entered  upon  the  monastic  life.  In  364  he 
was  made  presbyter,  and  in  370  bishop.  He  was  a power- 
ful supporter  of  the  orthodox  faith  in  the  struggle  with 
Arianism,  and  a distinguished  preacher.  His  works  in- 
clude commentaries  on  the  Scriptures,  five  hooks  against 
Eunomius,  homilies,  etc.  The  standard  edition  is  that  of 
Garnier  (1721-30),  reprinted  by  Migne  (1857).  His  festival 
is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  and  Anglican  churches  on 
June  14,  and  in  the  Greek  Church  Jan.  1. 

Basil,  L.  Basilius.  A native  of  Ancyra,  and 
bishop  of  that  city  336-360:  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Semi-Arians.  He  was  deposed  in  360  by  the 
Synod  of  Constantinople,  and  exiled  to  Illyricum,  where 
he  probably  died, 

Basil  I.,  L.  Basilius.  Born  813  (826?):  died 
886.  Byzantine  emperor  867-886,  the  founder 
of  the  Macedonian  dynasty:  surnamed  “The 
Macedonian.”  He  was  of  obscure  origin,  but  succeeded 
in  winning  the  favor  of  Michael  III.  by  whom  he  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  Augustus  in  866,  and  intrusted 
with  the  administration  of  the  empire.  Having  in  the 
mean  time  incurred  the  enmity  of  Michael,  he  assassinated 
the  emperor  and  usurped  the  throne  867.  He  improved 
the  administration  of  the  empire,  drove  the  Saracens  out 
of  Italy  in  885,  and  began  the  collection  of  laws  called 
“Constitutiones  Basilic®,”  or  simply  “Basilica,"  which 
was  completed  by  his  son  Leo. 

Basil  II.,  L.  Basilius.  Born  about  958:  died 
1025.  Byzantine  emperor  976-1025:  surnamed 
“The  Slayer  of  the  Bulgarians.”  He  was  the 
elder  son  of  Romnnus  II.  of  the  Macedonian  dynasty, 
succeeded,  with  his  brother  Constantine,  the  usurper  Jo- 
annes Zimisces,  and  is  notable  as  one  of  the  greatest  gen- 


Basil  II. 

erals  of  the  time.  He  began  a war  with  Bulgaria  in  987, 
which  resulted  in  1018  in  the  incorporation  of  that  kingdom 
with  the  Byzantine  empire. 

Basil,  L.  Basilius.  A Bulgarian  physician  and 
monk,  the  leader  of  the  heretical  sect  of  the 
Bogomiles.  He  was  put  to  death  by  burning 

*in  1118. 

Basilan  (ba-se'lan).  An  island  of  the  Sulu  Ar- 
chipelago, west  of  Mindanao.  Length, 41  miles. 
Basile  (ba-zel').  A slanderer  who  figures  in 
Beaumarchais’s  comedies  “Le  Barbier  de  Se- 
ville ” and  “ Le  Mariage  de  Figaro.”  His  name 
has  become  proverbial  for  this  type  of  charac- 
ter. 

Basilicata  (ba-se-le-ka'ta).  A coinpartimento 
of  southern  Italy,  containing  one  province,  Po- 
tenza.  See  Potenza. 

Basilicon  Doron  (ba-sil'i-kon  do'ron).  [Gr. 
fiaaiMudv  6o>pov , the  royal  gift.]  A work  on  the 
divine  right  of  kings,  written  by  James  I.  of 
England  and  VI.  of  Scotland. 

Basilides  (bas-i-li'dez).  [Gr.  Bam/UA/f . ] A 
noted  Gnostic  of  the  2d  century  (died  about 
138  a.  d.),  probably  a Syrian,  the  founder  of  a 
heretical  sect.  See  Basilidians.  About  his  life 
little  is  known.  He  appears  to  have  taught  in  Alexan- 
dria and  elsewhere  in  Egypt,  and  perhaps  in  Persia.  He 
claimed  to  be  a disciple  of  Glaucias,  an  interpreter  of 
Peter,  and  to  be  in  possession  of  the  secret  traditions  of 
that  apostle.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the  gospel  in 
twenty-four  books,  extracts  from  which  have  been  pre- 
served. 

Basilidians  (bas-i-lid'i-anz).  The  followers  of 
Basilides,  a teacher  of  Gnostic  doctrines  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  in  the  2d  century.  They  dis- 
couraged martyrdom,  kept  their  doctrines  as  secret  as 
possible,  were  much  given  to  magical  practices,  and  soon 
declined  from  the  asceticism  of  their  founder  into  gross 
immorality.  “ The  Gnosticism  of  Basilides  appears  to 
have  been  a fusion  of  the  ancient  sacerdotal  religion  of 
Egypt  with  the  angelic  and  demoniac  theory  of  Zoroaster.  ” 
Milman,  Hist,  of  Christ.,  II.  68. 

Basilisco  (bas-i-lis'ko).  A character  in  the  old 
play  “Soliman  and  Perseda,”  referred  to  in 
Shakspere’s  “King  John,”  i.  1,  244:  a boaster 
whose  name  has  become  proverbial. 
BasiliSCUS  (bas-i-lis'kus).  [Gr.  BaoManoc,  a lit- 
tle king.]  Emperor  of  the  East  475-477  a.  d. 
He  was  the  brother-in-law  of  Leo  I.  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  expedition  to  Carthage  against 
Genseric,  king  of  the  Vandals,  in  468.  He  was  defeated, 
and  was  banished  by  the  emperor  to  Thrace.  He  de- 
throned Zeno,  Leo’s  successor,  but  was  himself  deposed 
by  Zeno,  and  died  in  prison.  In  his  reign  the  great  library 
of  Constantinople  was  destroyed  by  lire. 

Basiliskos  (bas-i-lis'kos).  Ptolemy’s  name  for 
the  first-magnitude  white  star  a Leonis,  now 
ordinarily  known  as  Regulus,  a Latin  transla- 
tion of  Basiliskos. 

Basilius.  See  Basil. 

Basilius  (ba-sil'i-us),  Valentinus.  A noted 
German  alchemist,  who  lived  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  15th  century.  He  made  important  dis- 
coveries in  chemistry,  notably  those  of  antimony  and  muri- 
atic acid.  Author  of  “ Currus  triumphalis  Autimonii.  ” 
Basilius.  The  lover  of  Quiteria  in  Cervantes’s 
“Don  Quixote.”  He  gets  her  away  from  Ca- 
macho by  a stratagem.  See  Camacho. 
Basilius.  The  Prince  of  Arcadia,  in  love  with 
Zelmane,  in  Sidney’s  romance  “Arcadia.” 
Basing,  Baron.  See  Sclater-Booth,  George. 
Basing  House  (ba'zing  hous).  A former  resi- 
dence of  the  Marquis  of  Winchester,  situated 
east  of  Basingstoke.  It  is  famous  for  its  long  de- 
fense by  the  Royalists  against  the  Parliamentarians,  in 
the  English  civil  war.  It  was  taken  by  Cromwell  Oct., 
1645,  and  destroyed. 

Basingstoke  (ba'zing-stok).  A town  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  47  miles  west-southwest  of 
London.  Population,  9,793. 

Baskerville  (bas'ker-vil),  John.  Born  at  Wol- 
verley,  Worcestershire,  Jan.  28,  1706:  died  at 
Birmingham,  Jan.  8,  1775.  A famous  English 
printer  and  type-founder,  in  early  life  he  followed 
various  pursuits  - footman,  stone-cutter,  calligrapher, 
teacher,  and  maker  of  japanned  ware.  About  1750  he 
turned  his  attention  to  type-founding  and  printing,  and 
was  elected  printer  to  the  University  of  Cambridge  for 
10  years  in  1758.  His  first  work  was  a famous  edition  of 
Vergil  (1757);  other  noted  specimens  of  his  art  are  editions 
of  Milton  (1758  and  1759),  the  Prayer-Book  (1760 : four 
eds.,  and  others  in  subsequent  years),  Juvenal  (1761), 
Horace  (1762),  the  Bible  (1763),  and  a series  of  Latin  au- 
thors (1772-73). 

Basie.  See  Basel. 

Basnage  de  Beauval  (ba-nazh'  de  bo-viil'), 
Henri.  Boru  at  Rouen,  Aug.  7,  1656:  died  in 
Holland,  March  19,  1710.  A French  jurist,  a 
brother  of  Jacques  Basnage.  He  was  an  advocate 
in  Rouen,  and  took  refuge  in  Holland  after  the  revocation 
of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Authorof  “ Histoire  des  ouvrages 
des  savants  " (1687),  etc. 

Basnage  de  Beauval,  Jacques.  Born  at  Rouen, 
Aug.  8,  1653:  died  at  The  Hague,  Dec.  22, 
1723.  A French  Protestant  theologian  and  his- 


127 

torian,  pastor  at  Rotterdam  and  The  Hague, 
and  diplomatist.  His  chief  historical  works  are  “ His- 
toire de  1’bglise  depuis  Jbsus-Christ  jusqu’.'i  present” 
(1699),  “Histoire  des  Juifs,  etc.”  (1706),  “ Dissertation his- 
torique  sur  les  duels  et  les  ordres  de  chevalerie  ” (1720), 
“ Histoire  de  la  religion  des  bglises  reformbes  ” (1690). 

Basque  Provinces.  The  provinces  of  Vizcaya, 
Guipuzcoa,  and  Alava,  in  Spain,  united  to  Cas- 
tile in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries.  Part  of  Na- 
varre is  also  comprised  in  the  district  of  the  Basques. 
The  Basque  district  in  France  comprises  the  arrondisse- 
ments  of  Bayonne  and  Mauleon,  in  the  department  of 
Basses- Pyrenees.  See  Basques. 

Basques  (baskz).  A race  of  unknown  origin  in- 
habiting the  Basque  Provinces  and  other  parts 
of  Spain  iu  the  neighborhood  of  the  Pyrenees, 
and  part  of  the  department  of  Basses-Pyr6- 
nees,  France. 

The  singular  Basque  or  Euskarian  language,  spoken  on 
both  slopes  of  the  Pyrenees,  forms  a sort  of  linguistic  isl- 
and iu  the  great  Aryan  ocean.  It  must  represent  the 
speech  of  one  of  the  neolithic  races,  either  that  of  the 
dolichocephalic  Iberians,  or  that  of  the  brachycephalic 
people  whom  we  call  Auvergnats  or  Ligurians.  * Anthro- 
pology throws  some  light  on  this  question.  It  is  now 
known  that  the  Basques  are  not  all  of  one  type,  as  was 
supposed  by  Retzius  and  the  early  anthropologists,  who 
were  only  acquainted  with  the  skulls  of  the  French 
Basques.  Broca  has  now  shown  that  the  Spanish  Basques 
are  largely  dolichocephalic.  The  mean  index  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Zarous  in  Guipuzcoa  is  77.62.  Of  the  French  Basques 
a considerable  proportion  (37  per  cent.)  are  brachycepha- 
lic, with  indices  from  80  to  83.  The  mean  index  obtained 
from  the  measurements  of  fifty-seven  skulls  of  French 
Basques  from  an  old  graveyard  at  St.  Jean  de  Luz  is  80.25. 
The  skull  shape  of  the  French  Basques  is  therefore  inter- 
mediate between  that  of  the  Auvergnats  on  the  north,  and 
that  of  the  Spanish  Basques  on  the  south. 

Taylor,  Aryans,^).  217. 

Basra  (bus'ra),  or  Bassora,  or  Bussorah  (bus'- 
so-ra).  [Pers.  and  Ar.  Basrah .]  A town  in 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Shat-el-Arab 
55  miles  from  the  Persian  Gulf,  it  was  founded  in 
632,  was  a considerable  medieval  emporium  and  Arabic  lit- 
erary center,  and  has  increased  in  importance  recently, 
owing  to  the  development  of  steam  navigation.  Popula- 
tion, about  60,000. 

Bass  (bas),  George.  Born  at  Asworthy,  near 
Sleaford,  in  Lincolnshire:  died  1812  (?).  An 
English  navigator.  He  discovered  Bass’s  Strait 
in  1798,  and  in  the  same  year  circumnavigated 
Tasmania. 

Bassa  (bas'sa),  or  Basa.  A tribe  of  Liberia, 
West  Africa,  of  the  Nigritic  branch,  dwelling 
on  the  Sess  River  and  the  seaboard.  They  belong 
to  the  same  ethnic  and  linguistic  cluster  as  their  eastern 
neighbors,  the  Kru-men. 

Bassadore  (bas-sa-dor').  A British  station  at 
the  western  end  of  the  island  of  Kishm,  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Bassae  (bas'e).  [Gr.  B down.]  A place  in  Ar- 
cadia, Greece,  near  Phigalia.  it  is  noted  for  its 
ruined  temple  of  Apollo  Epieurius,  built  in  the  second 
half  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  by  Ictinus,  the  architect  of 
the  Parthenon.  It  is  a Doric  peripteros  of  6 by  15  columns, 
iu  plan  41  by  125  feet,  the  cella  with  pronaos  and  opis- 
thodomos  of  two  columns  in  antis.  In  the  interior  of  the 
cella  six  piers  project  from  each  side  wall,  their  faces 
formed  by  Ionic  three-quarter  columns.  A portion  to- 
ward the  back  of  the  cella  has  no  piers,  and  has  a door  in 
the  side  wall  facing  the  east : it  is  probable  that  this  was 
the  cella  proper,  and  that  the  main  part  of  the  cella  was 
merely  a monumental  court,  open  to  the  sky  — a unique 
arrangement.  The  famous  frieze,  about  two  feet  high 
(now  in  the  British  Museum),  surrounded  the  interior  of 
the  cella,  above  the  architrave : it  is  in  high  relief,  and 
represents  combats  of  Greeks  with  Amazons  and  with  Cen- 
taurs. 

Bassam  (bas-sam' ; F.  pron.  bas-soii'),  or  Great 
Bassam.  A place  on  the  Ivory  Coast,  Upper 
Guinea,  Africa,  iu  French  territory. 

Bassanes  (bas'a-nez).  A jealous  nobleman  in 
Ford’s  tragedy  “The  Broken  Heart.”  He  exhibits 
traces  of  original  strength  and  shrewdness  through  a 
cloud  of  impure  and  weak  ravings. 

Bassanio  (ba-sa'ni-o).  In  Shakspere’s  “ Mer- 
chant of  Venice,”  a Venetian  nobleman,  the 
friend  of  Antonio,  and  Portia’s  successful 
suitor. 

Bassano  (bas-sa'no),  Duke  of.  See  Maret, 
Hugv.es  Bernard. 

Bassano.  A town  in  the  province  of  Vicenza, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Brenta  28  miles  north 
of  Padua.  It  has  a cathedral.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
the  Da  Ponte  family.  A victory  was  gained  here  Sept.  8, 
1796,  by  the  French  under  Bonaparte  over  the  Austrians 
under  W urmser.  Pop.,  town,  7,896;  commune,  15,443. 

Bassano,  Francesco  (originally  Francesco  da 

Ponte).  Bom  at  Bassano,  Italy,  1550:  diod  at 
Venice,  July  4, 1591.  An  Italian  painter  of  the 
Venetian  school,  eldest  son  of  Jacopo  Bassano. 
Bassano,  Jacopo  (originally  Jacopo  da  Ponte). 
Born  at  Bassano,  Italy,  1510:  died  there,  Feb. 
13,  1592.  An  Italian  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  noted  as  one  of  the  earliest  of  Italian 
genre  painters. 

Bassano,  Leandro  (originally  Leandro  da 
Ponte).  Born  at  Bassano,  Italy,  1558  : died  at 


Bassim 

Venice,  1623.  An  Italian  portrait-painter,  third 
son  of  Jacopo  Bassano. 

Bassantin  (bas'an-tin),  James.  Died  1568. 
A Scotch  astronomer  and  mathematician: 
author  of  an  “ Astronomique  Discours”  (1557). 

Basse  (bas),  or  Bas,  William.  Died  about 
1653.  An  English  poet,  best  known  from  his 
“Epitaph  on  Shakespeare,”  a sonnet  first  at- 
tributed to  Donne. 

Bass4e  (ba-sa'),  La.  A town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  14  miles  west-southwest  of 
Lille.  Population,  4,631. 

Bassein  (bas-san').  The  capital  of  Thana  dis 
trict,  Bombay.  It  is  situated  28  miles  north  of  Bom- 
bay, on  land  that  was  formerly  an  island.  Under  the 
Portuguese  (16th  and  17th  centuries)  it  was  known  as  “ the 
Court  of  the  North."  Population,  10,702. 

Bassein,  or  Bassim  (bas-sem').  A district  in  the 
Irawadi  division,  Lower  Burma,  situated  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  lat. 
15°-17°  30'  N„  long.  94°  ll'-95°  28'  E.  Area, 
4,127  square  miles.  Population,  391,427. 

Bassein,  or  Bassim.  The  chief  town  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Bassein,  situated  on  Bassein  River  in 
lat.  16°  1'  30,/  N.,  long.  94°  23'  E.  It  has  an  impor- 
tant trade  in  rice.  It  was  stormed  by  the  British  May  19, 
1852.  Population,  31,864. 

Bassein  River.  One  of  the  mouths  of  the  Ira- 
wadi. 

Basselin  (bas-lah'),  Olivier.  Bom  in  the  Val- 
de-Vire,  Normandy:  died  about  1418.  A 

French  poet,  a fuller  by  trade.  He  was  the  author 
of  a large  number  of  gay  songs  “ which  show  his  talent 
and  his  ignorance  of  the  rules  of  art."  Only  a few  have 
comedown  to  us.  They  were  called  Vaux-de-  Virc  (whence 
vaudevilles),  from  their  place  of  origin. 

Bassenthwaite  (bas'en-thwat),  Lake.  A lake 
in  Cumberland,  England,  3 miles  northwest  of 
Keswick.  Length,  4 miles. 

Basses  (bas'ez),  Great.  A ledge  of  rocks  sit- 
uated south  of  Ceylon,  in  lat.  6°  11'  N.,  long. 
81°  39'  E. 

Basses,  Little.  A ledge  of  rocks  south  of  Cey- 
lon, and  northeast  of  the  Great  Basses. 

Basses-Alpes  (bas-zalp').  A department  of 
southeastern  France,  capital  Digne,  bounded 
by  Drome  on  the  northwest,  Hautes-Alpes  on 
the  north,  Italy  and  the  Alpes-Maritimes  on 
the  east,  Var  and  Bouches-du-Rhone  on  the 
southwest,  and  Vaucluse  on  the  west.  It  formed 
part  of  Provence.  Area,  2,697  square  miles. 
Population,  113,126. 

Basses-Pyrenees  (bas-pe-ra-na').  A depart- 
ment of  southwestern  France,  capital  Pau, 
bounded  by  Landes  on  the  north,  Gers  on  the 
northeast,  Haut  e s- Py r <5 n 6 e s on  the  east,  Spain 
on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay on  the  west.  It  was  formed  from  B6arn  and  part 
of  the  Basque  region.  Area,  2,977  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 425,817. 

Basset  (bas'et).  A swindler  in  Cibber’s  “Pro- 
voked Husband.” 

Basse-Terre  (bas'tar').  [F.,  ‘ low  land.’]  The 
capital  of  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  French 
West  Indies,  situated  on  the  western  coast. 
The  name  is  given  also  to  the  westernmost  of 
the  island  portions  of  Guadeloupe.  Popula- 
tion, 8,626. 

Basse-Terre.  The  capital  of  St.  Christopher, 
British  West  Indies.  Population,  9,962. 

Bassett  (bas'et),  Richard.  Born  in  Delaware : 
died  1815.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  1787 ; United 
States  senator  from  Delaware  1789-93;  and  governor  of 
Delaware  1798-1801. 

Basset-Table  (bas'et-ta'bl),  The.  A comedy 
by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  first  acted  in  1705,  and 
published  the  next  year.  It  is  a clever  hit  at 
the  fashionable  gambling  habit  of  the  day. 

Bassi  (bas'se),  Laura  Maria  Caterina.  Born 
at  Bologna,  Oct.  29,  1711:  died  Feb.  20,  1778. 
A learned  Italian  lady,  noted  for  her  attainments 
in  experimental  philosophy  and  languages. 

Bassi,  Fra  Ugo  (originally  Giovanni).  Born  in 
1801 : died  in  1849.  A noted  Italian  preacher. 
He  entered  the  order  of  St.  Barnabas  in  1818,  and  began 
his  public  ministry  in  1833.  His  sermons  produced  a great 
effect,  people  throwing  down  their  garments  for  him  to 
walk  on.  In  1848  he  joined  Gavazzi  and  a party  of  Cro- 
ciati,  and  later  joined  Garibaldi  at  Rieti,  where  he  con- 
tinued preaching  until  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Austrians  and  shot.  He  was  buried  where  he  fell. 

Bassianus  (bas-i-a'nus).  In  Shakspe^e’s  “Ti- 
tus Andronicus,”  a brother  of  Saturninus  and 
son  of  the  late  Emperor  of  Rome. 

Bassigny  (bti-sen-ye').  A small  former  divi- 
sion of  France,  lying  partly  in  Lorraine  and 
partly  in  Champagne,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Langres. 

Bassim.  See  Bassein. 


Bassino 

Bassino  (ba-se'no).  The  perjured  husband  in 
Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy  ot  that  name. 
Bassioio  (bas-i-6'ld).  The  gentleman  usher,  a 
character  in  Chapman’s  play  of  that  name, 
a foolish,  conceited  busybody. 

Bassompierre  (ba-son-pyar'),  Frangois,  Bar- 
on de.  Born  at  the  Chateau  d’Harouel,  in 
Lorraine,  April  12, 1579:  died  Oct.  12,  1646.  A 
French  diplomatist  and  soldier,  made  marshal 
of  France  in  1622.  He  served  in  the  imperial  army 
against  the  Turks  in  1603,  at  the  siege  of  Chateau-Porcien 
in  1617,  was  wounded  at  Rethel,  and  took  part  in  the 
sieges  of  Saint  .lean  d’Angely,  Montpellier,  and  La  Ro- 
chelle. through  the  enmity  of  Richelieu  he  was  thrown 
into  the  Bastille,  where  he  remained  until  1643.  He  was 
noted  for  his  amours,  and,  on  his  arrest,  is  said  to  have 
destroyed  6,000  love-letters.  He  wrote  “Mdmoires  du 
Marechal  de  Bassompierre,  etc.  ” (1665). 

Bassora.  See  Basra. 

Bass  Rock  (has  rok).  An  islet,  one  mile  in 
circumference,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  Scotland,  near  North  Berwick.  It  was 
held  by  the  Jacobites  against  William  III., 
1691-94. 

Bass  Strait.  A channel  between  Australia 
andTasmania,  named  for  George  Bass.  Length, 
about  200  miles.  Breadth,  about  140  miles. 
Bassuto.  See  Basutoland. 

Bassville  (bas-vel'),  or  Basseville,  Nicolas 
Jean  Hugon,  or  Husson,  de.  Died  at  Borne, 
Jan.  13,  1793.  A French  journalist  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  editor  of  the  "Mercure  National" 
when  he  became  secretary  of  legation  at  Naples  (1792). 
Summoned  to  Rome  soon  after,  he  was  killed  by  the 
populace  for  attempting,  under  orders  from  the  French 
government,  to  display  the  republican  cocxade. 

Bast  (bast).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a lion- 
ess-headed  or  cat-headed  goddess.  In  her  especial 
city,  Bubastis  (Egypt.  Pa-Bast ),  she  appears  to  have  held  a 
supreme  place  like  that  of  Neith  at  Sais.  Seven  hundred 
thousand  Egyptians  visited  her  shrine  yearly.  “Bronze 
images  of  Bast  were  sold  in  immense  numbers  at  Bubastis, 
as  silver  shrines  of  Diana  were  at  Ephesus  ” (Mariette). 

Bastan.  See  Bastan. 

Bastar  (bus'tar).  A feudatory  state  in  the 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  in  lat.  17° 
46'-20°  14'  N.,  long.  80°  15'-82°  15'  E.  Area, 
13,062  square  miles.  Population,  306,501.  The 
chief  town  is  Jagdalpur. 

Bastard  of  Orleans.  [F.  Bdtard  d’Orleans.'] 
Comte  Jean  de  Dunois  (1402-68),  an  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Louis,  brother  of  Charles  VI. 
Bastards.  See  Khoikhoin,  Griqua. 

Bastarnae  (bas-tar'ne),  or  Basternae  (bas-ter'- 
ne).  [L.  (Livy)  Bastarnse,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Ba<r- 
rapvat .]  A Germanic  tribe.  They  appear  in  his- 
tory, in  the  2d  century  B.  c.,  as  auxiliaries  of  Perseus 
against  the  Romans  in  the  third  Macedonian  war,  in  the 
region  about  the  Black  Sea  north  of  the  Danube,  whither 
they  had  come  from  their  original  seat,  apparently  on 
the  upper  Vistula.  During  the  succeeding  centuries  they 
were  in  frequent  conflict  with  the  Romans,  but  disappear 
in  the  3d  century.  They  appear  to  have  been  the  first 
Germanic  people  to  leave  their  old  homes  in  the  north, 
and  were  the  forerunners,  accordingly,  of  the  movement 
southward  that  afterward  became  general. 

Bastei  (bas-ti').  A rocky  height  in  the  Saxon 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Elbe  6 miles  east 
of  Pirna.  Height,  875  feet. 

Bastetani  (bas-te-ta'nl),  or  Bastitani  (bas-ti- 
ta'nl).  A Spanish  people,  possibly  Iberian, 
hardly  Phenician,  who  occupied  the  coast  of 
Hispania  Baatica. 

Basti  (bus'te).  A district  in  the  Gorakhpur 
division,  United  Provinces,  British  India,  about 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  2,792  square 
miles.  Population,  1,846,153. 

Bastia  (bas-te'a).  A seaport  on  the  northeast- 
ern coast  of  Corsica,  in  lat.  42°  41'  N. , long.  9° 
27'  E.  it  is  the  chief  commercial  place  in  the  island, 
and  was  formerly  its  capital.  It  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  1746.  Population,  commune,  27,338. 

Bastian  (bas'tyan),  Adolf.  Born  at  Bremen, 
June  26,  1826:  died  at  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad, 
Feb.  3,  1905.  A Prussian  ethnologist.  He 
studied  law,  medicine,  and  the  natural  sciences  at  various 
German  universities,  became  a surgeon,  and  (1851-66)  trav- 
eled in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Peru,  Colombia,  Central 
America,  remote  parts  of  China,  India  and  Persia,  Syria, 
Egypt,  Arabia  (penetrating  to  Mecca),  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  West  Africa,  Norway,  India  (a  second  time),  the 
Malay  Islands,  China,  northern  Asia,  the  Caspian  and 
Black  seas,  and  the  Caucasus.  In  1866  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  ethnology  at  Berlin,  and  administrator  of  the 
Ethnological  Museum.  He  succeeded  Virchow  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Berlin  Anthropological  Society,  and  was  the 
principal  organizer  and  president  of  the  African  Society, 
which  gave  a great  impetus  to  German  explorations  in 
Africa.  "Among  his  important  published  works  are  “ Der 
Mensch  in  der  Geschichte”  (3  vols.  1869),  “Sprachver- 
gleichende  Studien  ’’  (1870),  “ Die  Culturlander  des  Alten 
Americas  ’’  (1878),  and  numerous  papers  in  the  proceedings 
of  scientific  societies.  With  Hartmann  he  founded  the 
“Zeitschrift  fur  Ethnologie ” in  1869. 

Bastian  (bas'tyan),  Henry  Charlton.  Born  at 
Truro,  Cornwall,  April  26,  1837.  An  English 


128 

physician  and  biologist,  professor  of  patholog- 
ical anatomy  (1867-87)  and  the  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine  (1887-95)  in  University 
College,  London:  noted  as  a defender  of  the 
doctrine  of  spontaneous  generation.  He  has 
written  “Origin  of  Lowest  Organisms ” (1871),  “Begin- 
nings of  Life  ” (1872),  “ Evolution  and  the  Oigin  of  Life” 
(1874),  “The  Brain  as  an  Organ  of  Mind  " (1880),  etc. 

Bastiat  (bas-tya'),  Frederic.  Born  at  Bayonne, 
France,  June  29,  1801:  died  at  Borne,  Dec.  24, 
1850.  A noted  French  political  economist, 
deputy  to  the  Constituent  and  Legislative  as- 
semblies 1848.  He  was  an  influential  opponent  of  the 
protective  system  and  of  socialism.  Amoug  his  works 
are  “De  l’influence  des  tarifs  francais  et  anglais  sur 
lavenir  des  deux  peuples’’(in  the  “Journal  des  ficono- 
mistes”),  “Sophismesdconomiques”  (1846),  “ Propri(5t6 et 
loi."  “Justice  et  fraternity”  (1848),  “ Protectionnisme  et 
eommunisme”  (1849),  “Capital  et  rente”  (1849),  “Har- 
monies 6conomiques  ” (1849). 

Bastide  (bas-ted'),  Jules.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov. 
22,  1800:  died  there,  March  3,  1879.  A French 
journalist  and  politician,  a leader  in  the  unsuc- 
cessful insurrection  of  1832.  He  was  condemned  to 
death  for  taking  part  in  theemeute  on  the  occasion  of  the 
funeral  of  General  Lamarque,  June  5,  but  escaped  to  Lon- 
don. In  1834  he  returned,  and  in  the  revolution  of  1848 
was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  He  wrote  “La  re- 
publique  franpaise  et  l'ltalie  en  1848”  (1858),  “Guerres  de 
religion  en  Prance  ” (1859),  etc. 

Bastien-Lepage  (bas-tyan'le-  pazh'),  Jules. 
Born  at  Damvillers,  Meuse,  France,  Nov.  1, 
1848 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1884.  A noted 
French  painter.  At  sixteen  years  of  age  he  went  to 
Paris  where  he  partly  supported  himself  by  entering  the 
postal  service.  He  entered  the  atelier  of  Cabanel,  with 
whom  he  remained  until  1870.  During  the  war  he  enlisted 
in  a company  of  francs-tireurs.  After  the  war  was  over 
he  returned  to  Damvillers  to  paint.  On  returning  to  Paris 
he  supported  himself  by  working  for  the  illustrated  papers. 
Returning  to  Damvillers  in  the  summer  of  1873,  he  painted 
his  grandfather's  portrait,  which  was  one  of  the  suc- 
cesses of  the  Salon  of  1874.  He  received  a third-class 
medal  in  1874.  In  the  Salon  of  1875  his  “First  Comrnu 
nion  ” gained  a second-class  medal.  Iu  1880  he  exhibited 
the  great  picture  of  Joan  of  Arc,  now  in  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  New  York. 

Bastille  (bas-tel'),  The.  [In  spelling  and  pron. 
conformed  to  mod.  F. ; from  ME.  hostile,  bas- 
tille, hastcle,  bastei,  etc.,  from  OF.  (and  mod.  F.) 
bastille,  from  ML.  bastile,  pi.  basttlia,  a tower, 
fortress,  from  bastire  (whence  OF.  bastir,  F. 
bdtir  — Pr.  OSp.  bastir  = It.  bastire),  build,  of 
unknown  origin;  referred  by Diez  to  Gr.  [laora- 
(eiv,  raise,  support.]  A celebrated  state  prison 
in  Paris.  The  first  stone  was  laid  April  22, 1370.  There 
were  at  first  only  two  round  towers  75  feet  high,  flanking 
the  city  gate.  Afterward  two  more  were  added  to  the  north 
and  south  and  a parallel  line  was  built  to  the  west ; four 
others  were  afterward  added  to  these.  These  towers  were 
united  by  walls  of  the  same  height  and  a moat  dug  around 
the  whole,  forming  a quadrangle,  the  inner  court  of  which 
was  162  feet  long  and  72  feet  wide.  The  terrors  of  the  Bas- 
tille as  a state  prison  reached  their  culmination  during  the 
ministry  of  Richelieu  (1624-42),  when  Leclerc  du  Trem- 
blay was  commandant.  In  the  reign  of  Louis  XI.  cages  of 
iron  had  been  constructed,  and  the  vaults  beneath  the 
towers,  being  on  a level  with  the  water  in  the  moat,  were 
especially  dreaded.  From  the  beginning  of  the  revolu- 
tion the  Bastdle  was  an  especial  mark  for  the  vindictive- 
ness of  the  populace.  On  July  14,  1789,  it  was  attacked  by 
a mob  which,  after  several  unsuccessful  attempts,  forced  it 
to  surrender.  De  Launey,  the  commandant,  was  disarmed 
and  conducted  toward  the  Hdtel  de  Ville ; at  the  Place  de 
Grfeve  he  was  killed  and  his  head  mounted  on  a pike. 
After  the  first  anniversary  of  the  fall  of  the  Bastille  (July 
14, 1790)  the  old  building  was  razed  (demolition  completed 
May  21,  1791).  See  Place  de  la  Bastille. 

Baston  (bas'ton),  Robert.  An  English  poet, 
born  near  Nottingham  toward  the  end  of  the 
13th  century.  He  was  a Carmelite  monk,  and  prior  of 
the  abbey  of  Scarborough. 

He  (Baston]  is  said  to  have  been  taken  to  Scotland  by 
King  Edward  II.  to  celebrate  the  English  triumphs,  but 
he  was  captured  by  the  Scotch,  and  they  required  of  him 
as  ransom  a panegyric  upon  Robert  Bruce.  His  “ Metra 
de  Illustri  Bello  de  Bannockburn”  were  appended  by 
Hearne  to  his  edition  of  Fordoun's  “Scotichronicon  " 

ilorley,  English  Writers,  VI.  159. 

Bastuli  (bas-tu'H).  An  ancient  people-  in  south- 
ern Spain,  identified  by  Strabo  with  the  Bas- 
tetani. 

Basutoland  (ba-so'to-land).  A native  colony 
in  South  Africa,  capital  Maseru,  under  the  di- 
rect administration  of  the  British  imperial  gov- 
ernment. It  is  bounded  by  the  Orange  Free  State  on 
the  west  and  north,  Natal  on  the  east,  and  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  on  the  south.  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  it  is 
traversed  by  the  Orange  River.  Its  inhabitants  areBasutos 
(allied  to  the  Kafirs).  It  is  governed  by  a British  resident 
commissioner  and  the  high  commissioner  for  South  Africa. 
In  1868  it  was  taken  under  British  protection ; was  an- 
nexed to  Cape  Colony  in  1871 ; was  at  war  with  the  Brit- 
ish 1880-82 ; and  was  taken  under  direct  British  control 
in  1884.  Area,  10,293  square  miles.  Population,  about 
349,000. 

Bastwick  (bast'wik),  John.  Born  at  Writtle, 
in  Essex,  1593  : died  1654.  An  English  physi- 
cian and  Protestant  theological  controversialist. 
He  was  imprisoned  and  lined  by  the  Star  Chamber  in  1634 
on  account  of  his  “ Flagellum  Pontiflcis,"  and  in  1637  for 


Baten  Kaitos 

his  “ Letanie  of  Dr.  John  Bastwicke”  in  which  he  roundly 
denounced  episcopacy.  He  was  released  in  1640  and  his 
fine  returned  to  him. 

Batalha  (ba-tal'ya).  A town  in  the  district 
of  Leiria,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Liz  north- 
northeast  of  Lisbon.  It  is  famous  for  its  Dominican 
monastery,  which  was  begun  in  1388  and  finished  in  1515. 
It  is  the  great  exemplar  of  the  Portuguese  florid  Pointed 
style,  and  though  not  the  ar  chitectural  marvel  that  it  has 
been  called,  is  beautiful  and  interesting.  The  church,  in 
proportions  a cathedral,  has  a lofty  and  dignified  inte- 
rior, not  over-ornate.  There  is  no  triforium.  To  the  south 
opens  the  Founder's  Chapel,  with  a rich  octagonal  lantern 
and  the  royal  tombs.  The  unfinished  chapel  of  Dom  M an- 
uel,  behind  the  choir,  is  massive  in  design  and  marked  by 
exuberance  of  surface-ornament.  The  same  style  charac- 
terizes the  cloister,  the  intricate  tracery  of  whose  arches  is 
unparalleled  elsewhere.  Population,  about  4,000. 

Batan-el-Hajar.  See  Batn-d-Hajar. 

Batang  (ba-tang').  A small  island  in  the  Strait 
of  Singapore,  south  of  Singapore. 

Batanga  (ba-tang'ga).  A region  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Africa,  bordering  on  the  Bight  of 
Biafra.  It  was  partly  under  German  and  partly 
under  French  control. 

Batangas  (ba-tan'gas).  A seaport  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Luz<5n,  Philippines.  Population, 
33,131. 

Batcin  Islands  (ba-tan'  i'landz).  A group  of 
small  islands  between  Formosa  and  Luzon  in 
the  Philippines. 

Batava  Castra  (ba-ta'va  kas'tra).  [L. : so 
named  because  it  was  the  station  (camp)  of  the 
ninth  Batavian  cohort.]  A Roman  fort  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  Passau. 

Batavi  (ba-ta'vi).  A German  tribe,  a branch  of 
the  Chatti.  They  inhabited  the  Insula  Batavorum  in 
Roman  times,  were  subjugated,  probably  by  Drusus,  and 
became  the  allies  of  the  Romans  (serving  in  the  Roman 
armies,  especially  as  cavalry).  Later  they  took  part  in  the 
rising  under  their  own  countryman,  Civilis.  They  were 
ultimately  merged  in  the  Salic  Franks. 

Batavia  (ba-ta'vi-a).  Originally,  the  island  of 
the  Batavi  (Insula  Batavorum),  then  the  entire 
region  inhabited  by  the  Batavi  ; later,  Holland, 
and  then  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands. 
Batavia.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
Dutch  East  Indies,  situated  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Java  in  lat.  6°  8'  S.,  long.  106°  49'  E. : 
the  chief  commercial  city  in  the  East  Indies,  it 
comprises  the  old  city,  long  notorious  for  its  unhealthful- 
ness,  and  the  suburbs  (Weltevreden,  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, etc.).  It  exports  coffee,  rice,  sugar,  spice,  and  other 
East  Indian  products.  It  was  settled  in  the  beginning 
of  the  17th  century,  and  was  held  by  the  British  from 
1811  to  1814.  Population,  138,551. 

Batavia.  A city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois, 
situated  on  Fox  River  32  miles  west  of  Chicago. 
Population,  4,436,  (1910). 

Batavia.  A town  in  western  New  York,  sit- 
uated on  Tonawanda  Creek  36  miles  east  of 
Buffalo.  Population,  village,  11,613,  (1910). 
Batavian  Republic.  A republic  formed  by 
France  out  of  the  Netherlands  in  1795.  It  ex- 
isted until  1806. 

Batavorum  Insula  (bat-a-vo'rum  in'§u-la). 
[L., 1 Island  of  the  Batavians.’]  In  the  time  of 
Tacitus,  a name  given  to  an  island  in  the  Low 
Countries,  formed  by  the  Rhine,  Waal,  and 
Meuse. 

Batbie  (ba-be'),  Anselme  Polycarpe.  Born 

at  Scissan,  France,  May  31, 1828:  died  at  Paris. 
June  30,  1887.  A French  politician  and  legal 
and  economical  writer.  He  became  professor  of  ad- 
ministrative law  in  the  University  of  Paris  in  1862,  and 
senator  for  the  department  of  Gers  in  1871,  voting  with 
the  Right  Center.  Author  of  “ Doctrine  et  jurisprudence 
en  matiire  d’appel  comme  abus  ” (1852),  “ Prdcis  du  cours 
de  droit  public  et  administratif  ” (4th  ed.  1876),  and  “ Nou- 
veau cours  d economic  politique”  (1864-65). 

Batchelor’s  Banquet,  The.  A pamphlet,  by 
Dekker,  first  published  in  1603,  and  four  or  live 
times  reprinted.  It  is  based  on  an  old  French  satire 
of  the  15th  century,  “ Les  Quinze  Joyes  de  Manage,"  but 
is  so  treated  as  to  he  almost  an  original  work. 

Batcliian.  See  Batjan. 

Bateman  (bat'man),  Hezekiah  Linthicum. 

Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  6,  1812:  died  at 
London,  March  22,  1875.  An  actor  and  theatri- 
cal manager.  He  was  the  lessee  of  the  Lyceum 
Theater  in  London  from  1871  till  his  death. 
Bateman,  Kate  Josephine.  Born  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Oct.  7,  1842.  An  actress,  daughter 
of  Hezekiah  Linthicum  Bateman.  She  appeared 
with  her  younger  sister  as  “the  Bateman  Sisters  " about 
1851.  In  1863  she  began  to  play  Leah  at  the  Adelphi  in 
London ; in  1866  married  Mr.  George  Crowe ; in  1868 
returned  to  the  stage  under  her  maiden  name,  playing 
Lady  Macbeth,  Medea,  Juliet,  and  Queen  Mary  in  Tenny- 
son’s drama  (in  1876),  and  afterward  took  the  direction 
of  one  of  the  London  theaters. 

Baten  Kaitos  (ba'ten  M'tos).  [Ar.  bat’n  kaitos, 
the  belly  of  the  whale,  kaitos  being  an  Arabic 
transliteration  of  tbe  Gr.  /a)rof.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  J Ceti. 


Bates 

Bates  (bats).  A soldier  in  the  king’s  army,  in 
+Shakspere’s  “ Henry  V.” 

Bates,  Arlo.  Born  at  East  Mackias,  Maine, 
Dec.  16,  1850.  An  American  author  and  jour- 
nalist. His  wife  Harriet  L.  (Vose)  wrote  under  the  pseu- 
donym “Eleanor  Putnam.''  He  became  editor  of  the  “ Bos- 
ton Sunday  Courier"  in  1880,  and  is  the  author  of  “The 
Pagans"  (1884),  etc. 

Bates,  Charlotte  Fiske  (Mme.  Rog6).  Born 
in  New  York  city,  Nov.  30,  1838.  An  American 
poet.  She  edited  tire  “ Cambridge  Book  of  Poetry  and 
Song  ” (1882),  and  is  the  author  of  “ Risk,  and  Other  Poems  " 
(1879).  etc. 

Bates,  Charley.  A young  thief  in  the  employ 
of  Fagin,  in  Charles  Dickens’s  story  “Oliver 
Twist.” 

Bates,  David.  Boru  about  1810 : died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Jan.  25, 1870.  An  American  poet. 
He  wrote  the  familiar  poem  “ Speak  Gently."  His  poems 
were  published  in  book  form  under  the  title  “ The  Eolian  ” 
(1848). 

Bates,  Edward.  Born  at  Belmont,  Goochland 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  4,  1793:  died  at  St.  Louis, 
March  25,  1869.  An  American  statesman  and 
jurist.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Missouri  1827- 
1829 ; unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomina- 
tion for  President  in  1860 ; and  attorney-general  1861-64. 

Bates,  Henry  Walter.  Born  at  Leicester,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  18,  1825 : died  at  London,  Feb.  16, 
1892.  An  English  naturalist  and  traveler,  in 
1848  he  went  to  the  Amazon  in  company  with  Mr.  A.  R. 
Wallace ; at  first  with  him,  and  afterward  alone,  he  trav- 
eled over  all  parts  of  the  Brazilian  Amazon.  Returning 
to  England  in  1859,  he  published  his  “ Naturalist  on  the 
River  Amazon"  (1863).  He  also  wrote  a handbook  of 
Central  and  South  America,  etc. 

Bates,  Joshua.  Born  at  Weymouth,  Mass., 
1788:  died  at  London,  Sept.  24, 1864.  A banker 
of  the  house  of  Baring  Brothers  and  Co.,  chief 
founder  of  the  Boston  Public  Library,  1852-58. 
Bates  College.  A coeducational  institution  of 
learning  at  Lewiston,  Maine,  it  is  undenomina- 
tional. It  originated  in  the  Maine  State  Seminary,  chartered 
in  1855.  In  1864  it  was  rechartered  as  a college,  and  the 
seminary  was  subsequently  discontinued.  It  was  named 
for  Benjamin  E.  Bates,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  The 
Cobb  Divinity  School  is  a department  of  Bates  College.  It 
has  over  450  students. 

Bath  (bath).  [ME.  Bath,  Bathe,  AS.  Bathan, 
Bathum,  prop.  dat.  pi.  of  bxth,  bath,  xt  thxm 
bathum,  or  xt  thxm  hatum  bathum,  ‘ at  the  hot 
baths’  or  springs.]  A town  in  Somersetshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Avon  in  lat.  51°  24'  N., 
long.  2°  22'  W. : the  Roman  Aquae  Solis  ( ‘ baths 
of  the  sun  ’).  It  is  one  of  the  leading  watering-places  ot 
England,  noted  for  its  saline  and  chalybeate  hot  springs. 
It  contains  Roman  baths  and  other  Roman  antiquities. 
(See  below.)  In  the  Roman  period  it  was  an  important 
watering-place,  was  destroyed  by  the  Saxons,  and  was  devel- 
oped in  the  17th  and  especially  in  the  18th  century  through 
the  influence  of  Beau  Nash.  The  abbey  church  of  Bath,  an 
excellent  example  of  the  Perpendicular  style,  was  begun 
about  1500.  It  has  been  called  “theLantern  of  England," 
from  the  number  and  size  of  its  traceried  windows.  The 
plan  presents  a square  chevet  and  narrow  transepts.  The 
west  window  is  good,  as  is  the  restored  fan-vaulting  of 
the  interior.  The  church  is  225  feet  long,  the  central 
tower  162  feet  high.  Of  the  Roman  therm®  five  large 
halls  remain,  one  of  them  68  by  110  feet,  and  several  smaller 
ones,  with  the  arrangements  for  heating  beneath  the 
floors.  One  of  the  piscin®  retains  its  ancient  lining  of 
lead.  Population,  50,729,  (1911). 

Bath.  A city  and  port  of  entry,  the  capital  of 
Sagadahoc  County,  in  Maine;  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Kennebec,  in  lat.  43°  55'  N., 
long.  69°  49'  W. : one  of  the  principal  ship- 
building centers  in  the  country.  It  has  important 
commerce  and  a fine  harbor.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1780.  Population,  9,396,  (1910). 

Bath.  The  capital  of  Steuben  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Cohocton  River  56  miles 
southeast  of  Rochester.  Population,  village, 
3,884,  (1910). 

Bath  (bath),  Colonel.  An  inflexibly  punctil- 
ious but  kind-hearted  character  in  Fielding’s 
“ Amelia.” 

Bath,  Earl  of.  See  Pulteney,  William. 

Bat-ha  (ba'ta).  The  chief  river  of  Wadai,  Su- 
dan. It  flows  westward  into  Lake  Fittri. 
Bathanyi.  See  Batthyanyi. 

Bathgate  (bath 'gat).  A town  of  Linlithgow- 
shire, Scotland,  19  miles  west  of  Edinburgh. 
Population,  6,786. 

Bathori  (ba'to-re),  Elizabeth.  Died  in  1614. 
A Hungarian  princess,  niece  of  Stephen  Ba- 
thori, king  of  Poland,  and  wife  of  a Hungarian 
count  N&dasdy,  notorious  for  her  crimes.  With 
the  aid  of  her  attendants  she  killed  from  time  to  time 
young  girls  (said  in  different  accounts  to  number  from 
eighty  to  several  hundred)  in  order  to  use  their  blood  as 
a bath  to  improve  her  complexion.  She  was  imprisoned 
for  life,  and  her  accomplices  were  maimed  and  burned. 
B&thori,  Sigismund.  Died  1613  at  Prague.  A 
nephew  of  Stephen  Bathori,  prince  of  Tran- 
sylvania 1581-98. 

Bathori,  Stephen.  Born  1522:  died  1586.  A 
c.— 9 


129 

Hungarian  noble,  prince  of  Transylvania  (1571- 
1576)  and  king  of  Poland  (1575-86).  He  was 
crowned  in  1576. 

Baths  of  Caracalla.  Baths  in  ancient  Rome, 
begun  by  Severus  206  A.  D.  The  therm®  proper 
occupied  a space  of  720  by  375  feet,  in  a large  square  in- 
closure, bordered  by  porticos  and  connected  founda- 
tions. The  remains  include  walls,  arches,  and  vaults, 
which  are  among  the  most  imposing  ruins  of  ancient 
Rome,  and  portions  of  the  figured  mosaic  pavement. 

Baths  of  Diocletian.  Roman  baths  begun  by 
Diocletian,  situated  in  Rome  near  the  Viminal. 

Baths  of  Titus.  Baths  constructed  by  the  em- 
peror Titus  in  Rome,  northeast  of  the  Colos- 
seum. 

Bathsheba  (bath- she  'bii  or  bath  'she- ba). 
[Heb.,  ‘daughter  of  an  oath.’]  1.  The  wife  of 
Uriah  the  Hittite,  sinfully  loved  by  David : after- 
ward the  wife  of  David  and  the  mother  of  Solo- 
mon. 2 Sam.  xi.  Hence  — 2.  The  Duchess  of 
Portsmouth,  in  Dryden’s  “Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel,”  the  favorite  of  Charles  II. 

Bathurst  (bath'erst).  A town  of  New  South 
Wales,  100  miles  west-northwest  of  Sydney: 
the  central  point  of  a gold  district.  Popula- 
tion, 9,223. 

Bathurst.  A seaport  and  chief  town  of  Glou- 
cester County,  New  Brunswick,  situated  on 
the  Bay  of  Chaleur. 

Bathurst.  The  capital  of  British  Gambia,  West 
Africa,  built  on  the  Island  St.  Mary  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Gambia  River.  Its  commerce 
is  mostly  in  the  hands  of  French  firms.  Popu- 
lation, 8,807. 

Bathurst,  Allen,  first  Earl  Bathurst.  Born 
at  Westminster,  Nov.  16,  1684:  died  at  Ciren- 
cester, Sept.  16,  1775.  An  English  statesman, 
a friend  of  Pope,  Swift,  Prior,  Congreve,  and 
Sterne.  To  him  Pope  addressed  the  third  of 
his  “ Moral  Essays.” 

Bathurst,  Henry,  second  Earl  Bathurst.  Born 
May  2,  1714:  died  Aug.  6,  1794.  An  English 
politician,  son  of  the  first  Earl  Bathurst.  He 
was  lord  chancellor  of  England  (1771-78)  and 
lord  president  of  the  council  (1779-82). 

Bathurst,  Henry,  third  Earl  Bathurst.  Born 
May  22,  1762:  died  1834.  An  English  states- 
man, son  of  the  second  Earl  Bathurst.  He  was 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  1809-12  ; secretary  for  war 
and  the  colonies  1812-27;  and  president  of  the  council 
1828-30.  The  following  were  named  for  him. 

Bathurst  Inlet.  An  inlet  extending  south 
from  Coronation  Gulf  into  British  America,  in 
lat,  65°  N.,  long.  108°  W. 

Bathurst  Island.  A large  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  76°  N.,  long.  100°  W. 

Bathurst  Island.  An  island  north  of  Aus- 
tralia, and  west  of  Melville  Island.  It  belongs 
to  the  northern  territory  of  South  Australia. 

Bathycles  (bath'i-klez),  or  Bathykles.  [Gr. 

Born  at  Magnesia : lived  about  560 
B.  C.  A Greek  sculptor.  He  constructed  a 
throne  for  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Amyclsean 
Apollo  in  Laconia. 

Bathyllus  (ba-thil'us)  of  Alexandria.  Lived 
about  20  b.  c.  A freedman  of  Maecenas,  noted 
as  a comic  dancer  in  the  “pantomimi.” 

Batignolles  (ba-ten-yol').  A northwestern 
quarter  of  Paris. 

Batjan  (bat-yan'),  or  Batchian  (bach-yan'). 
One  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  situated  southwest 
of  Gilolo,  in  lat.  0°  45'  S.,  long.  127°  40'  E. 
It  is  under  Dutch  suzerainty.  Area  (esti- 
mated), 800  to  900  square  miles. 

Batlle  (bat'lye),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Monte- 
video, 1812.  An  Uruguayan  general  and  states- 
man. During  the  nine  years’  siege  of  Montevideo  by 
Orihe,  Batlle  belonged  to  the  “Defensa,"  or  Montevidean 
party,  commanding  one  of  the  bodies  of  infantry  in  the 
garrison,  and  leading  various  raids  into  the  interior.  He 
was  minister  of  war  under  Flores;  provisional  president 
1866-68 ; and  was  elected  president  Feb.  28, 1868.  During 
his  term  there  were  frequent  revolts  and  a great  financial 
crisis.  He  gave  up  the  office  in  1872  and  resumed  his 
duties  as  general. 

Batley  (bat'li).  A town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  8 miles  southwest  of  Leeds. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woolens  and  shoddy. 
Population,  30,321. 

Batn-el-Hajar  (bat-n-el-ha'jar).  A region  in 
Nubia,  on  both  sides  of  the  Nile  above  the  sec- 
ond cataract,  about  lat.  21°-22°  N. 

Batonapa  (ba- to -nil 'pa).  [Opata  language, 
‘place  where  the  water  boils,’  from  the  hot 
springs  at  the  foot  of  the  hill.]  A hill  a few 
miles  south  of  Banamichi  on  the  Sonora  River, 
overgrown  with  dense  thickets,  but  covered 
with  tho  remains  of  ancient  Indian  fortifica- 
tions consisting  of  rude  parapets  of  stone. 
They  were  reared  in  ancient  times  by  the  Opatas  of  the 
valley  of  Banamichi,  as  a place  of  refuge  in  case  of  attack. 


Batthyanyi,  Count  Louis 

Baton  Rouge  (bat'on  rozh).  [F.,  ‘red  staff’: 
so  named,  it  is  said,  from  a red  boundary  mark 
which  separated  the  lands  of  the  Indians  from 
those  of  the  whites.]  The  capital  of  the  State 
of  Louisiana,  situatedon  the  Mississi  ppi  River  75 
miles  northwest  of  New  Orleans,  it  was  captured  by 
the  Federals  May  12,  1862  ; and  on  Aug.  5 following  the 
Union  brigadier-general  Thomas  Williams,  with  less  than 
2,600  men,  repulsed  an  attack  by  the  Confederate  major- 
general  John  C.  Breckinridge,  with  about  2,600  men,  the 
Union  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing  being  383,  the 
Confederate,  456.  It  was  the  capital  from  1847  to  1862,  and 
again  became  the  capital  in  1880.  Pop.,  14,897,  (1910). 

Batory.  See  Bathori. 

Batoum.  See  Batum. 

Batrachus  (bat'ra-kus),  or  Batrachos  (-kos). 
[Gr.  pdrpaxoc,  frog.]  A Greek  architect  and 
sculptor  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  Augustus. 
Batrachomyomachia  (bat " ra-  ko " mi  - 6 - ma'- 
ki-a).  [Gr.  Harpaxofivopaxta,  the  battle  of  the 
frogs  and  mice.]  An  ancient  Greek  mock  epic, 
in  hexameters,  of  which  316  lines  are  extant. 
Itwas  formerly  attributed  to  Homer,  and  by  some  modern 
critics  to  Pigres,  brother  of  Artemisia,  queen  of  Caria. 

The  plot  is  witty,  and  not  badly  constructed.  A mouse, 
after  escaping  from  the  pursuit  of  a cat,  is  slaking  its  thirst 
at  a pond,  when  it  is  accosted  by  a frog,  King  Puff-cheek, 
the  son  of  Peleus  (in  the  sense  of  muddy),  who  asks  it  to 
come  and  see  his  home  and  habits.  The  mouse  consents, 
but  the  sudden  appearance  of  an  otter  terrifies  the  frog, 
and  makes  him  dive,  leaving  the  mouse  to  perish,  after 
sundry  epic  exclamations  and  soliloquies.  A bystanding 
mouse  brings  the  tidings  to  the  tribe,  who  forthwith  pre- 
pare for  war,  and  arm  themselves,  sending  a formal  decla- 
ration to  the  frogs.  The  deliberations  of  Zeus  and  Athena, 
as  to  what  part  they  will  take  in  the  war,  are  really  comic, 
and  a very  clever  parody  on  Homer.  Tlien  follows  quite 
an  epic  battle,  with  deliberate  inconsistencies,  such  as  the 
reappearance  of  several  heroes  already  killed.  The  frogs 
are  worsted,  and  the  victorious  mice  are  not  even  deterred 
by  the  thunder  of  Zeus,  but  are  presently  put  to  flight  by 
the  appearance  of  an  army  of  crabs  to  assist  the  defeated 
frogs.  The  German  destructive  critics  think  the  extant 
poem  was  put  together  from  fragments  of  earlier  mock 
epics  of  the  same  kind.  But  of  this  we  have  no  evidence. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  90. 

Bats,  Parliament  of.  See  Parliament. 

Batta  (bat'ta).  See  Masa  and  Kongo. 
Battasz6k  (bat'to-shek).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Tolna,  Hungary,  50  miles  west  of  There- 
sienstadt.  Population,  7,521. 

Battenberg  (bat'ten-bero).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Eder  44  miles  west-southwest  of  Cassel. 
It  gives  name  to  the  Battenberg  family. 
Battenberg,  Alexander  of.  See  Alexander, 
Prince  of  Bulgaria. 

Battenberg,  Henry  Maurice,  Prince  of. 

Born  Oct.  5, 1858 : died  Jan.  21, 1896.  Younger 
brother  of  Alexander  of  Battenberg.  He  married 
Princess  Beatrice  of  Great  Britain  in  1885. 

Battersea  (bat'er-se).  A borough  (metropoli- 
tan) of  London,  situated  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Thames,  4 miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul’s. 
Population,  167,793,  (1911). 

The  name  of  Peter's  Eye  or  Island  still  lingers  in  that  of 
Battersea  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  which  was 
part  of  the  ancient  patrimony  of  St.  Peter's  Abbey  at  West- 
minster. It  was  formerly  famous  for  its  asparagus  beds. 

Hare,  Walks  in  London,  II.  448. 

Battersea  Park.  One  of  the  more  recent  Lon- 
don parks.  It  faces  Chelsea  Hospital,  and  is  on  the 
Surrey  side  of  the  Thames.  It  contains  a fine  subtropi- 
cal  garden,  and  cricket-grounds,  and  is  encircled  by  a 
path  for  equestrians. 

Battery  (bat'er-i),  The.  A park  of  about  -.0 
acres  at  the  southern  extremity  of  New  York 
city,  on  or  near  the  site  of  an  old  Dutch  fort. 
It  was  at  one  time  a fashionable  quarter,  and  is  now  fre- 
quented by  the  poor  of  the  lower  part  of  the  city.  See 
Castle  Garden. 

Batteux (ba-te'), Charles.  Bora nearvouziers, 
France,  May  6,  1713 : died  at  Paris,  J uly  14, 
1780.  A French  litterateur  chiefly  noted  as  a 
writer  on  esthetics.  Author  of  “ ParalF  le  de  la  Hen- 
riadeetdu  Lutrin”  (1746),  “Beaux-Arts  rtduits  h un  meme 
principe  " (1746),  “ Cours  de  belles-lettres  (1750  . his  pi  in- 
cipal  work),  “La  construction  oratoire  (1764),  * Histoire 
des  causes  premieres,  etc.”  (1769),  etc. 

Battey  (bat'i),  Robert.  Born  at  Augusta,  Ga., 
Nov.  26,  1828:  died  at  Rome,  Ga.,  Nov.  8,  1895. 
An  American  physician  and  surgeon.  He  waspro- 
fessor  of  obstetrics  in  the  Atlanta  Medical  College  ( 187 3 — 
1875),  and  editor  of  the  “Atlanta  Medical  ami  Surgical 
Journal ” (1873-76).  He  performed  in  1872  what  lias  since 
been  known  as  Battey ’s  operation  for  the  removal  of  the 
ovaries. 

Batthyanyi  (bot'yon-ye),  Prince  Karl  von. 
Born  1697 : died  April  15,  1772.  A Hungarian 
field-marshal,  ne  played  a prominent  part  in  the  War 
of  the  Austrian  Succession,  and  distinguish!  d himself  by 
the  victory  over  the  French  and  Bavarians  at  Pfaifeuho- 
fen,  April  15,  1745. 

Batthyanyi.  Count  Louis.  Bora  at  Presburg, 
April  9,  1806 : died  at  Budapest,  Oct.  6,  1849. 
A Hungarian  statesman.  He  was  premier  of  Hun- 
gary March-Sept.,  1848.  After  his  resignation  he  took 
part  in  public  alfairs,  chiefly  as  a member  of  the  Diet. 


Batthy&nyi,  Count  Louis 

with  great  moderation  ; but  on  the  entrance  of  the  Aus- 
trians into  Pesth  he  was  arrested  and  at  the  end  of  the 
war  executed. 

Battiadse  (ba-ti'a-de).  [Gr.  Barriddai,  from  Bdr- 
rof,  Battus.]  A dynasty  of  rulers  in  Cyrene, 
which  reigned  from  the  7th  to  the  5th  century 
B.  C.  They  were  as  follows,  according  to  Rawlinson : 
Battus  I.  (founder  of  the  city),  631-591 ; Arcesilaus  I. 
(his  son),  591-575  ; Battus  II.  (the  Happy,  his  son),  675- 
555;  Arcesilaus  II.  (the  Ill-tempered,  his  son),  665(?)-640(?); 
Battus  III.  (the  Lame,  his  son),  640  (?)— 530 (?) ; Arcesilaus 
III.  (his  son),  530  (V)-615  (?);  Pheretima,  regent,  615  (?)- 
614  (?) ; Battus  IV.  (the  Fair,  son  of  Arcesilaus  III.),  514  (?)- 
470 (?) ; Arcesilaus  IV.  (his  son)  ascended  the  throne  about 
470,  gained  a Pythian  victory  466,  and  lived  perhaps  till 
nearly  43L 

Battle  (bat'l),  Mrs.  A character  in  Lamb’s 
“Essays  of  Elia.” 

“ A clear  fire,  a clean  hearth,  and  the  rigor  of  the  game,” 
this  was  the  celebrated  wish  of  old  Sarah  Battle  (now  with 
God),  who  next  to  her  devotions  loved  a good  game  of 
whist.  Charles  Lamb,  Mrs.  Battle’s  Opinions  on  Whist, 

Battle  (bat'l).  [Orig.  Bataille : “thset  mynster 
rot  throre  Bataille,”  ‘the  minster  at  the  Battle’ 
(AS.  Chron.  an.  1094),  Battle  Abbey.]  A town 
in  the  county  of  Sussex,  England,  7 miles 
northwest  of  Hastings.  It  contains  an  abbey  (Battle 
Abbey),  founded  by  William  I.  (1067)  in  gratitude  for  his 
victory  at  Hastings.  The  remains  include  considerable 
portions  of  the  monastic  buildings  (in  part  fitted  as  a res- 
idence of  the  Duke  of  Cleveland),  fragments  of  the  cloisters 
and  refectory,  and  the  ruins  of  the  large  church.  The 
entrance  is  by  a splendid  fortified  medieval  gate.  See 
Senlac.  Population,  2,996. 

Battle  above  the  Clouds.  A popular  name  of 
the  Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain  (which  see), 
Nov.  24,  1863. 

Battle  at  Sea.  A painting  by  Tintoret  in  the 
Museum  at  Madrid,  representing  an  attack  on 
Christian  ships  by  Moslem  corsairs.  In  the  fore- 
ground a strenuous  hand-to-hand  combat  rages  around  a 
beautiful  female  figure.  The  coloring  is  rich  and  strong. 
Battle  Bridge,  King’s  Cross.  In  old  London,  a 
locality  marked  by  a bridge  across  the  Upper 
Fleet  or  Holborn,  supposed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  a battle  between  Suetonius  and 
Boadicea,  or,  more  probably,  between  Alfred 
and  the  Danes. 

Battle  Creek.  A city  in  Calhoun  County, 
southern  Michigan,  108  miles  west  of  Detroit 
on  the  Kalamazoo  River.  Population,  25,267, 
(1910). 

Battle  Hill.  A height  in  Greenwood  Ceme- 
tery, Brooklyn,  the  scene  of  a part  of  the  Bat- 
tle of  Long  Island. 

Battle  Monument.  A memorial  structure  in 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  built  in  1815  to  com- 
memorate the  soldiers  who  were  engaged  in 
the  defense  of  the  city  against  the  British 
troops  in  September,  1814.  The  total  height 
of  the  monument  is  72  feet.  Wheeler,  Familiar 
Allusions. 

Battle  of  Alcazar,  The.  A play  by  Peele, 
acted  in  1588-89  and  printed  in  1594.  Under  this 

name  Peele  writes  of  a battle  fought  in  Barbary  between 
Sebastian,  king  of  Portugal,  and  Abdelmelek,  king  of  Mo- 
rocco, which  really  took  place  in  1578  at  Alcacer  Quibiror 
Al-Kasr  al-Kebir. 

Battle  of  Amazons.  A painting  by  Rubens,  in 
the  old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  subject  is  the 
victory  of  Theseus  over  the  Amazons  on  the  Thermodon. 
The  chief  struggle  is  on  a bridge,  upon  which  the  Greeks 
are  charging,  while  the  Amazons  begin  to  flee  at  the  oppo- 
site end.  Horses  and  riders,  dead  and  wounded,  are  fall- 
ing in  confusion  into  the  stream. 

Battle  of  Dorking,  The.  See  Dorking. 

Battle  of  the  Baltic,  The.  A lyric  by  Thomas 
Campbell. 

Battle  of  the  Books.  A satirical  work  by 
Jonathan  Swift,  written  in  1697.  it  is  his  contri- 
bution  to  the  famous  Bentley  and  Boyle  controversy,  and 
his  first  prose  composition. 

Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.  See  Batra- 
chomyomachia. 

Battle  of  the  Giants.  An  epithet  applied  to 
the  battle  of  Marignano  or  Melegnano,  Sept. 
13  and  14,  1515,  in  which  Francis  I.  of  France 
defeated  the  Duke  of  Milan  and  the  Swiss:  so 
called  from  the  obstinacy  with  which  it  was 
fought,  and  the  superior  character  of  the  troops 
on  both  sides. 

Battle  of  Hastings,  The.  1 . See  Hastings  and 
Senlac. — 2.  Apoem  by  Chatterton, written  about 
1768.  Hewrotetwopoemsofthisname,  the  firstof  which 
he  acknowledged,  but  insisted  that  the  second  and  very 
much  longerone  was  by  Rowley  from  the  Saxon  of  Turgot. 
3.  The  first  tragedy  written  by  Richard  Cum- 
berland, produced  in  1778. 

Battle  of  Issus.  1 . See  Issus. — 2.  A celebrated 
arfcient  mosaic  from  the  House  of  the  Faun  at 
Pompeii,  now  in  the  MuseO  Nazionale,  Naples. 
It  is  about  17  by  8 feet,  formed  of  small  cubes  of  marble, 
and  represents  with  much  life  and  vigor  kings  Alexander 
and  Darius  in  active  combat,  with  both  horse  and  foot. 


130 

Battle  of  the  Kegs.  A mock-heroic  poem  by 
Francis  Hopkinson,  occasioned  by  an  episode 
in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Battle  of  the  Nations.  See  Nations. 

Battle  of  Prague,  The.  A piece  of  music  com- 
posed by  Kotzwara.  It  was  published  in  1792,  and  is 
what  is  known  as  program  music,  describing  the  battle 
between  the  Prussians  and  Austrians  before  Prague  in 
1757. 

Battle  of  the  Spurs.  See  Spurs. 

Battle  of  the  Standard.  See  Standard,  Bat- 
tle of  the. 

Battle  of  the  Thirty.  See  Thirty. 

Battleford  (bat'l-fprd).  A town  in  Saskatche- 
wan, Canada,  situated  at  the  junction  of  Battle 
River  with  the  Saskatchewan.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Northwest  Territories. 
Battus  (bat'us),  or  Battos  (bat'os).  [Gr.  Bar- 
rof.]  A Greek  of  Thera,  the  leader  of  a col- 
ony to  Cyrene  about  630  B.  C.,  and  its  first 
king.  There  were  later  kings  of  the  same 
name.  See  Battiadse. 

Batu  (ba-to').  A group  of  small  islands  west  of 
Sumatra,  near  the  equator,  inhabited  by  Malays. 
The  largest  is  45  miles  in  length.  They  belong 
to  the  Netherlands. 

Batucaris  (ba-to-ka'rez).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Sinaloa,  now  extinct. 

Batucos  (ba-to'koz ).  [A  southern  Pima  name.] 
An  extinct  tribe  of  the  southern  Pimas  orNe- 
bomes  of  central  Sonora.  They  were  sedentary, 
their  dwellings  were  of  a better  class  (of  adobe),  and  they 
dressed  more  substantially  than  their  southern  neighbors 
of  Yaqui  stock.  The  pueblo  of  Batuco  still  exists,  but 
the  population  has  become  Mexicanized,  and  the  language 
is  mostly  lost. 

Batu  Khan  (ba-to khan').  Died  about  1255.  A 
grandson  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  and  Mogul  ruler  of 
Kipcbak.  He  defeated  Henry,  duke  of  Lower  Silesia, 
at  Wahlstadt  in  1241,  and  BCla  IV.,  king  of  Hungary,  on 
the  Sajdin  1242,  and  held  Russia  in  subjection  ten  years. 
Batum  (ba-tom'),  or  Batoum.  A seaport  in 
Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Black 
Sea  in  lat.  41°  39'  N.,  long.  41°  36'  E.  it  has  the 
best  harbor  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  and  is 
the  chief  commercial  place  in  Transcaucasia,  exporting 
timber,  hides,  wax,  etc.  It  is  connected  by  railway  with 
Tillis.  The  modern  town  stands  near  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Petra,  earlier  Bathys.  It  was  ceded  to  Russia  in 
1878.  Population,  28,508. 

Batuta,  Ibn.  See  Tbn  Batuta. 

Batz  (bats),  or  Bas  (bas).  A small  island  in 
the  English  Channel,  belonging  to  the  depart- 
ment of  Finistere,  France,  14  miles  northwest 
of  Morlaix.  It  contains  three  villages,  with 
about  1200  inhabitants,  and  has  a good  harbor. 
Batz,  Bourg  de.  A small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inferieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  coast  14  miles  west  of  St.  Nazaire.  It  has 
important  salt-works. 

Baubo  (ba'bo).  [Gr.  B avpu  or  Ba/?u.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a personage  connected  with  the  Eleu- 
sinian  myth  of  Demeter,  developed  chiefly  un- 
der the  influence  of  Orphism.  According  to  the 
myth  the  goddess  (see  Demeter),  in  search  of  her  daughter, 
came  to  Baubo,  who  offered  her  something  to  drink  which 
was  refused.  Thereupon  Baubo,  indignant,  made  an  in- 
decent gesture  which  caused  Demeter  to  smile  and  accept 
the  gift.  In  a fragment  of  an  Orphic  hymn  the  same  act 
is  attributed  to  a servant  Iambus.  Baubo  came  to  have 
a place  in  the  nocturnal  mysteries  of  Eleusis.  Goethe 
makes  her  symbolize  gross  sensuality  in  the  second  part 
of  “ Faust.” 

Baucher  (bo-sha'),  Francois.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, 1796:  died  at  Paris,  March  14, 1873.  A 
French  hippologist.  He  invented  a new  method  of 
training  saddle-horses,  of  which  the  chief  feature  is  a 
method  of  suppling  the  horse’s  neck  and  jaw  by  a pro- 
gressive series  of  flexions  of  the  muscles,  so  that  the  ani- 
mal ceases  to  bear  or  pull  on  the  bit.  He  wrote  “ MCthode 
d’equitation  ” (1842). 

Baucis  (ba'sis).  [Gr.  Bamv'f.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a Phrygian  woman  who,  with  her  husband 
Philemon,  showed  hospitality  to  Zeus  and 
Hermes  when  every  one  else  had  refused  them 
admission.  They  were  saved  from  an  inundation  with 
which  the  country  was  visited  by  the  gods,  and  were  made 
priests  in  the  temple  of  Zeus.  ’ Wishing  to  die  together, 
they  were  changed  at  the  same  moment  into  trees.  Goe- 
the wrote  a poem  on  this  subject. 

Baucis.  A Greek  poetess  of  Tenos,  a friend  of 
Erinna  and  a disciple  of  Sappho.  An  epitaph 
upon  her  by  Erinna  is  extant. 

Baucis  and  Philemon.  A poem  by  Swift,  pub- 
lished in  1707. 

Baudelaire  (bod-lar'),  Pierre  Charles.  Bom 

at  Paris,  April  9, 1821:  died  there,  Aug.  31, 1867. 
A French  critic  and  poet  of  the  Romantic 
School.  He  was  graduated  from  the  Lyct'e  Louis-le- 
Grand,  Paris,  in  1839.  In  1845  and  1S46  he  published  vol- 
umes entitled  “The  Salon,"  in  which  he  criticized  the 
annual  art  exhibitions  of  Paris,  and  which  established  his 
reputation  as  a critic.  He  also  wrote  “Fleurs  du  Mai” 
(1857  : prosecuted  as  immoral ; expurgated  edition  1861), 


Bauer,  Bruno 

••  ThCophile  Gautier  ” (1859),“  Les  paradis  artificiels,  opium 
et  haschieh”  (1861),  translations  of  Poe’s  works,  etc.  Hi» 
complete  works  were  published  in  four  volumes  in  1869. 

Baudelocque  (bod-lok'),  Jean  Louis.  Born  at 
Heilly,  Picardy,  1746:  died  at  Paris,  1810.  A 
French  surgeon.  He  studied  under  Solajrts,  and  be- 
came accoucheur  of  the  Hospital  de  la  Maternitd.  Author 
of  “ LArt  des  Accouchements  ” (1781). 

Baudens  (bo-doh'),  Jean  Baptiste  Lucien. 

Born  at  Aire,  Pas-de-Calais,  April  3,  1804: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  3, 1857.  A French  surgeon. 
He  became  surgeon  in  the  French  army  in  Algeria  in  1830, 
where  he  founded  a hospital  in  which  he  taught  surgery 
and  anatomy  for  nine  years.  He  returned  to  France  in  1841, 
becoming  director  of  the  military  hospital  of  Val-de-Grace, 
and  serving  as  member  of  the  sanitary  commission  of  the 
army  in  the  Crimean  war.  He  wrote  “Nouvelle  method  t- 
des  amputations”  (1842),  and  “La  guerre  de  Crimfie,  etc.” 
(1857). 

Baudin  des  Ardennes  (bo-dan'  da  zar-den'), 
Charles.  Born  at  Sedan,  1792 : died  at  Ischia, 
June  7,  1854.  A French  naval  officer.  He  served 
with  distinction  against  the  English  1808-12.  After  the 
Hundred  Days  he  engaged  in  trade,  but  returned  to  the 
navy  on  accouut  of  rever  ses  in  1830.  In  1838  he  was  sent 
to  Santo  Domingo  with  the  commissioners  who  were  to 
demand  indemnity  for  losses  sustained  by  French  subjects; 
and,  shortly  after,  with  the  grade  of  rear-admiral,  he  was 
empowered  to  secure  a similar  indemnity  from  Mexico. 
His  demands  being  refused,  he  bombarded  the  fort  of  San 
Juan  de  Uliia,  Vera  Cruz  (Nov.  27,  1838),  forced  its  aban- 
donment next  day,  and  on  Dec.  5 occupied  Vera  Cruz  after 
a hot  fight,  but  soon  withdrew ; he  then  blockaded  the 
port  until  the  French  demands  were  settled  by  a treaty. 
On  his  return  to  France  he  was  made  vice  admiral;  com- 
manded on  South  American  coasts  1840 ; was  prefect  of 
Toulon  1840-47,  and  president  of  the  Bureau  of  Longi- 
tude after  1848.  Shortly  before  his  death  he  became  full 
admiral. 

Baudin,  Nicolas.  Born  at  lie  de  R6,  1750: 
died  in  Mauritius,  Sept.  16, 1803.  A captain  in 
the  French  navy,  and  naturalist.  He  conducted 
an  exploring  expedition  to  Australia,  an  account  of  which 
was  published  by  Pcron  in  “Voyage  aux  terres  Australes 
par  les  corvettes  Gdographe  et  le  Naturaliste  ” (1807). 

Baudissin  (bou'dis-sen),  Wolf  Heinrich  Fried- 
rich Karl,  Count  von.  Born  at  Rantzau,  Jan. 
30,  1789:  died  at  Dresden,  April  4,  1878.  A 
German  litterateur,  contributor  to  the  German 
translation  of  Shakspere  edited  by  Schlegel  and 
Tieck.  The  plays  translated  by  him  are  “Henry  VIII.," 
“Much  Ado  about  Nothing,”  “Taming  of  the  Shrew,” 
“ Comedy  of  Errors,  ’’  “ Measure  for  Measure,  ” “ All's  well 
that  Ends  well,”  “ Antony  and  Cleopatra.”  “ Troilus  and 
Cressida,”  “Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,”  “ Love’s  Labour ’s 
Lost,”  “Titus  Andronicus,”  “ Othello,"  and  “Lear.”  He 
also  published  “Ben  Jonson  und  seine  Schule ’’ (1836), 
translations  of  a number  of  old  English  dramas. 

Baudour  (bo-dor').  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  near  Mons,  noted 
for  its  pottery. 

Baudricourt  (bS-dre-kor'),  Jean  de.  Died  at 
Blois,  May  11,  1499.  A French  marshal.  He 
served  successively  under  Charles  the  Bold,  Louis  XI. , and 
Charles  VIII.,  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  the  Swiss  cantons 
in  1477,  was  made  governor  of  Burgundy  and  Besan^on  in 
1481,  and  became  a marshal  of  France  in  1486. 

Baudrier  (bod-re-a'),  Sieur  de.  A pseudonym 
of  Jonathan  Swift. 

Baudrillart  (bod-re-yar'),  Henri  Joseph 
Leon.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  28, 1821 : died  there, 
Jan.  24,  1892.  A French  political  economist. 
He  became  editor  of  the  “Constitutiounel,”  and  later  of 
the  “Journal  des  Economistes.”  Among  his  works  are 
“Manuel  d’Cconomie  politique  ” (1857),  “Des  rapports  de 
la  morale  et  de  l’dconomie  politique"  (1860),  “Publicistes 
modernes”  (1862),  “Histoire  du  luxe”  (1878-80),  etc. 

Baudrillart,  Jacques  Joseph.  Born  at  Gi- 
vron,  Ardennes,  France,  May  20,  1774:  died  at 
Paris,  March  24,  1832.  A noted  French  writer 
on  forestry. 

Baudry  (bo-dre'),  Paul  Jacques  Aime.  Bom 

at  La  Roche-sur-Yon,  Vend6e,  France,  Nov.  7, 
1828:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1886.  A French 
painter  of  mythological  subjects  and  portraits, 
and  also  of  decorative  works.  Of  the  last  the  best- 
known  are  in  the  foyer  of  the  Grand  Opera  at  Paris  (1886- 
1874).  He  became  a member  of  the  Institute  in  1870. 

Bauer  (bou'er),  Anton.  Born  at  Marburg, 
Aug.  13,  1772:  died  at  Gottingen,  June  1,  1843. 
A German  jurist.  He  became  professor  at  Gottingen 
in  1813,  and  privy  judiciary  councilor  in  1840*  Among 
his  works  is  “Grundsatze  des  Kriminalprozesses"  (1805), 
a revised  edition  of  which  was  published  under  the  title 
of  “Lehrbuch  des  Strafprozesses  ” (1835). 

Bauer,  Bruno.  Born  at  Eisenberg,  in  Saxe- 
Altenburg,  Sept.  6, 1809 : died  at  Rixdorf,  near 
Berlin,  April  13,  1882.  A German  philosophi- 
cal, theological,  and  historical  writer  of  the 
Hegelian  school,  noted  as  an  exponent  of  ex- 
treme rationalism.  He  was  the  author  of  “Religion 
des  Alien  Testaments”  (1838),  “Kriiik  der  evangelischen 
Geschichte  des  Johannes"  (1840),  “ Das  entdeckte  Chris- 
tenthum  ” (1S43).  “ Geschichte  der  Franzosisehen  Revolu- 
tion” (1847),  “Geschichte  der  Politik,  Kultur  und  Auf- 
klariing  des  18.  Jahrhunderts”  (1843-46),  “Die  Apostelge- 
schichte  ” (1860),  “ Kritik  der  Paulinischen  Briefe  ” (I860), 
“Christus  und  die  Casaren  ” (1877),  etc. 


Bauer,  Edgar 

Bauer,  Edgar.  Born  at  Charlottenburg,  Oct. 
7,  1820:  died  at  Hannover,  Aug.  18,  1886.  A 
German  publicist,  brother  of  Bruno  Bauer: 
author  of  numerous  historical  and  polemical 
works  of  radical  tendency.  He  was  imprisoned 
(1843-48)  on  account  of  his  “Streit  der  Kritik 
mit  Kirehe  und  Staat.” 

Bauer,  Karoline.  Born  at  Heidelberg,  March 
29, 1807 : died  at  Zurich,  Oct.  18, 1877.  A noted 
German  actress,  morganatic  wife  (1829)  of  Leo- 
pold (later  King  of  the  Belgians)  under  the 
name  of  Countess  Montgomery,  she  returned  to 
the  stage  when  Leopold  became  king,  and  finally  aban- 
doned it  in  1844  : in  this  year  also  she  married  a Polish 
count.  She  was  famous  both  in  comedy  and  tragedy. 

Bauer le  (boi'er-le),  Adolf.  Born  at  Vienna, 
April  9,  1786:  died  at  Basel,  Sept.  20,  1859. 
An  Austrian  dramatist  and  novelist.  He  founded 
the  “Wiener  Theaterzeitung”  (1806),  and  was  the  author 
of  the  comedies  “ Die  falsche  Primadonna ” (1818),  “Der 
Freund  in  der  Noth,"  etc.,  and  of  various  novels,  including 
“ Therese  Krones  ” (1854),  “ Ferdinand  Raimund  ” (1855), 
both  of  which  appeared  under  the  pseudonym  Otto  Horn. 

Bauernfeind  ( bou ' ern-find) , Kar  1 Maximilian 

von.  Born  at  Arzberg,  Bavaria,  Nov.  18, 1818: 
died  at  Munich,  Aug.  2,  1894.  A German  geod- 
esist and  engineer.  He  became  professor  of  geod- 
esy and  engineering  in  the  School  of  Engineering  at 
Munich  in  1846,  and  was  the  inventor  of  a prism  for  mea- 
suring distances  which  bears  his  name.  Author  of  “ Ele- 
mente  der  Vermessungskunde  ” (1856—58),  etc. 

Bauernfeld  (bou'ern-feld), Eduard  von.  Bom 
at  Vienna,  Jan.  13,  1802:  died  there,  Aug.  9, 
1890.  An  Austrian  dramatist.  Among  his  works  are 
“Die  Bekentnisse  ” (“  Confessions,”  1834),  “ Biirgerlich  und 
Bomantisch"  (1835),  “ Grossjahrig  ” (1846),  “Moderne 
Jugend  ” (1869),  “Des  Alcibiades  Ausgang,”  etc. 

Baug6  (bo-zha').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Coues- 
non  22  miles  northeast  of  Angers.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a French  victory  by  Marshal  de  la  Fayette  over 
the  English  in  1421.  Population,  commune,  3, 199. 
Bauges  (bozh),  Les.  A plateau  in  the  depart- 
ments of  Savoie  and  Haute-Savoie,  France, 
between  Chambdry  and  the  Lake  of  Annecy. 
Bauhin  (bo-ah'),  Gaspard.  Born  at  Basel, 
Jan.  17,  1560:  died  there,  Dec.  5, 1624.  A noted 
botanist  and  anatomist  of  French  descent,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  botany,  and  later  of 
medicine,  at  the  University  of  Basel. 

Bauhin,  Jean.  Born  at  Basel,  1541:  died  at 
Montbeliand,  1613.  A physician  and  natural- 
ist, brother  of  Gaspard  Bauhin. 

Baum  (bourn),  Friedrich.  Died  at  Benning- 
ton, Vt.,  Aug.  18,  1777.  A German  officer  in 
the  British  service  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
He  was  defeated  by  Colonel  Stark  and  fatally  wounded  in 
the  battle  of  Bennington,  Aug.  16,  1777. 

Baumannshohle  (bou'mans-hel-e).  A stalactite 
cave  in  the  Lower  Harz,  in  Brunswick,  5 miles 
southeast  of  Blankenburg,  near  the  Bode. 
Banm&  (bo-ma/),  Antoine.  Born  at  Senlis, 
France,  Feb.  26,  1728:  died  Oct.  15,  1804.  A 
noted  French  chemist  and  pharmacist.  He  was 
the  discoverer  of  many  improvements  in  the  arts  and  in 
chemical  science,  and  author  of  “Elements  de  pharmacie” 
(1762),  “Chimie  experimental  et  raison  nde”_(1773),  etc. 

Baumeister  (bou'mis-ter),  Johann  Wilhelm. 

Bom  at  Augsburg,  April  27, 1804 : died  at  Stutt- 
gart, Feb.  3, 1846.  A noted  German  veterinary 
surgeon,  animal-painter,  and  writer  on  the  care 
and  training  of  domestic  animals.  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  the  Veterinary  School  in  Stuttgart 
1839-46. 

Baumgarten  (boum 'gar-ten),  Alexander 
Gottlieb.  Born  at  Berlin,  July  17, 1714:  died  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  May  26, 1762.  A noted 
German  philosopher  of  the  Wolfian  school,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  philosophy  at ' Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder  in  1740.  He  was  the  founder  of 
the  science  of  esthetics,  and  exerted  a lasting  influence 
upon  the  terminology  of  metaphysics,  especially  in  the 
German  language.  Kant  held  him  in  great  esteem  as  a 
metaphysician,  andfor  a long  time  employed  Baumgarten’s 
works  as  the  foundation  of  his  lectures.  He  wrote  “De 
nonnullis  ad  poema  pertinentibus ’’  (1735),  “ /Eathetica 
Acroamatica  ” (1750-58),  “ Metaphysica”  (1739),  etc. 

Baumgarten,  Hermann.  Born  April  28, 1825: 
died  June  19,  1893.  A German  historian  and 
publicist,  professor  of  history  in  the  University 
of  Strasburg  1872—89.  He  has  written  a “Geschichte 
Spanlens  zur  Zeit  der  Franzbsischen  Revolution  ” (1861), 
“ Geschichte  Spaniens  vom  Ausbruch  der  Franzbsischen 
Revolution  bis  auf  unsore  Tage ” (1865-71),  “Karl  V.  und 
die  deutsche  Reformation  ’’  (1889),  etc. 

Baumgarten,  Konrad.  One  of  the  Unter- 
walden  patriots,  famous  in  the  William  Tell 
legend. 

Baumgarten,  Michael.  Born  at  Haseldorf, 
Holstein,  March  25,  1812:  died  at  Rostock, 
Meeklenburg-Sehwerin,  July  21,  1889.  A Ger- 
man Protestant  theologian,  professor  of  theol- 
ogy at  Rostock  1850-58.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Reichstag  in  1874,  1877,  and  1878. 


131 

Baumgarten,  Sigmund  Jakob.  Bom  at  Wol- 
mirstedt,  near  Magdeburg,  March  14, 1706:  died 
at  Halle,  July  4,  1757.  A German  Protestant 
theologian,  professor  at  Halle  1730-57. 

Baumgarten-Crusius  (-kro'ze-os),  Ludwig 
Friedrich  Otto.  Born  at  Merseburg,  July  31, 
1788 : died  at  J ena,  May  31,  1843.  A German 
Protestant  theologian,  professor  at  Jena  from 
1812.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Lehrbuch  der  Dogmen- 
geschichte  ” (1831-32),  “Kompendium  der  Dogmenge- 
schichte  ” (1840-46),  etc. 

Baumgartner  (bourn ' gart  - ner),  Andreas, 
Baron  von.  Bom  at  Friedberg,  Bohemia, 
Nov.  23, 1793:  died  near  Vienna,  July  30,  1865. 
An  Austrian  scholar  and  politician.  He  became 
professor  of  physics  at  the  University  of  Vienna  in  1823  ; 
was  minister  of  commerce,  trade,  and  public  works,  1851- 
1855  ; and  became  president  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Vienna  in  1851. 

Baumgartner,  Gallus  Jakob.  Born  at  Alt- 
statten,  Switzerland,  Oct.  18,  1797:  died  at 
Saint  Gall,  Switzerland,  July  12,  1869.  A 
Swiss  historian  and  politician.  He  wrote  “Die 
Schweiz  in  ihren  KampfenundUmgestaltungen 
von  1830-50”  (1853-66),  etc. 

Baumgartner  (boum 'gart -ner),  Karl  Hein- 
rich. Born  at  Pforzheim,  Baden,  Oct.  21,  1798: 
died  at  Baden-Baden,  Dec.  11,  1886.  A noted 
German  physiologist,  professor  of  clinical  med- 
icine at  Freiburg  1824-62.  He  was  the  author  of 
“Beobachtungen  fiber  die  Nerven  und  das  Blut”(1830), 
“Lehrbuch  der  Physiologie"  (1853),  etc. 

Baumstark  (boum'stark),  Anton.  Bom  at 
Sinzheim,  Baden,  April  14, 1800 : died  March  28, 
1876.  A German  classical  philologist,  professor 
of  philology  in  the  University  of  Freiburg 
1836-71. 

Baumstark,  Eduard.  Born  at  Sinzheim,  Ba- 
den, March  28,  1807:  died  April  8,  1889.  A 
German  political  economist  and  politician,  a 
brother  of  Anton  Baumstark. 

Baur  (bour),  Albert.  Born  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
J uly  13, 1835 : died  May  7, 1906.  A German  his- 
torical painter  of  the  Diisseldorf  school,  pro- 
fessor of  history-painting  at  Weimar  1872-76. 

Baur, Ferdinand  Christian.  BornatSchmiden, 
near  Caustatt,  June  21, 1792:  died  at  Tubingen, 
Dec.  2,  1860.  A distinguished  German  Protes- 
tant theologian  and  biblical  critic,  the  founder 
of  the  “Tubingen  School,”  professor  at  Blau- 
heuren,  and,  after  1826,  professor  of  theology 
at  Tubingen.  He  was  noted  for  profound  scholarship, 
strength  in  constructive  criticism,  and  boldness  in  innova- 
tion. His  theories  of  apostolic  and  post-apostolic  Chris- 
tianity were  revolutionary,  resolving  its  history  into  a 
speculative  process  of  conflicting  tendencies  (Petrinism 
and  Paulinism)  from  which  the  supernatural  and  miracu- 
lous is  eliminated.  Among  his  works  are  “ Das  mani- 
chaische  Religionssystera  ’’  (1831),  “ Die  cliristliche  Gnosis, 
etc.”  (1835),  “Die  christliche  Lehre  von  der  Versohnung  ’’ 
(1838),  “Die  christliche  Lehre  von  der  Dreieinigkeit ” 
(1841^3),  “ Der  Gegensatz  des  Katholizismus  und  Protes- 
tantismus,"  “ Paulus  ” (1845),  “ Lehrbuch  der  christlichen 
Dogmengeschichte  " (1847),  “Kritische  Untersuchungen 
fiber  die  kanonischen  Evangelien  ” (1847),  “DasMarkus- 
Evangelium  " (1851),  “ Das  Christenthum  und  die  christ- 
liche Kirehe  der  drei  ersten  Jahrhunderte  ” (1853). 

Baur,  Gustav  Adolf  Ludwig.  Born  at  Ham- 
melbach,  June  14, 1816:  died  at  Leipsic,  May  22, 
1889.  A German  Protestant  theologian.  He 
became  professor  of  theology  in  the  University 
of  Leipsic  in  1870. 

Baures  (bou-ras').  A tribe  of  Indians  in 
northern  Bolivia,  occupying  the  forest  region 
about  the  rivers  Mamore  and  Baurds,  ranging 
eastward  to  the  Guapord.  Formerly  very  numerous 
and  powerful,  they  now  number  a few  thousand,  most  of 
them  gathered  into  mission  villages  and  mixed  with  other 
tribes.  By  their  language  they  resemble  their  neighbors 
the  Moxos,  and  in  a broader  sense  they  belong  to  the 
great  Arawak  stock.  They  are  agricultural  and  have  fixed 
villages. 

Baures  (bou-ras').  A river  in  eastern  Bolivia, 
a tributary  of  the  Guapord. 

Bause  (bou'ze),  Johann  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Halle,  Jan.  5,  1738:  died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  3, 
1814.  A noted  German  engraver  on  copper. 
He  was  for  a time  professor  of  this  art  at  the 
Academy  of  Aid  in  Leipsic. 

Bausk  (bousk).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Courland,  Russia,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Musse  and  Memel  40  miles  south  of  Riga. 
Population,  6,700. 

Bausset  (bo-sa'),  Louis  Francois  de.  Bom  at 

Pondicherry,  India,  Dec.  14, 1748 : died  at  Paris, 
June  21, 1824.  A French  ecclesiastic  and  man 
of  letters.  Ho  became  bishop  of  Alais  in  1784,  and  car- 
dinal in  1817 ; and  was  the  author  of  a “Histoire  deFdne- 
lon  ” (1808-09),  “Histoire  de  Bossuet”  (1814),  etc. 

Bautzen  (bout'sen).  A governmental  district 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  corresponding 
nearly  to  Upper  Lusatia.  Area,  953  square 
miles.  Population,  426,420. 


Bavay 

Bautzen,  Wendish  Budissin  (the  official  name 
until  1868).  The  capital  of  the  governmental 
district  of  Bautzen  and  of  Upper  Lusatia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Spree  32  miles  east  of  Dresden : one 
of  the  chief  towns  of  ancient  Lusatia.  It  has 
various  manufactures  and  is  the  seat  of  a Roman 
Catholic  bishopric.  Population,  29,419. 

Bautzen,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  by  Na- 
poleon, May  20  and  21, 1813,  with  about  140,000 
troops  (under  Ney,  Oudinot,  Soult,  and  others: 
Ney  with  his  40,000  men  was  not  present  on  the 
20th)  over  the  allied  Russians  and  Prussians  — 
about  90,000.  The  loss  of  the  French  was  about 
20,000 ; that  of  the  Allies,  about  13,000. 

Baux  (bo),  Les.  A small  town  near  Arles, 
France,  remarkable  for  its  castle  and  stone 
buildings.  It  was  the  capital  of  a powerful 
medieval  countship. 

Bavaria  (ba-va'ri-a),  G.  Bayern  or  Baiern 

(bi'ern),  F.  Bavi&re  (bav-yar').  [ML .Bavaria, 
from  Boarii,  a tribe  connected  in  name  with 
the  Boii.  See  Bohemia .]  A kingdom  of  south- 
ern Germany,  the  second  in  area  and  popula- 
tion of  the  states  of  the  German  Empire,  it 
consists  of  two  unequal  and  disconnected  parts,  the  larger 
eastern  and  the  smaller  western.  The  former  or  main 
portion  is  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  northwest,  the  Thu- 
ringian  states  on  the  north,  the  kingdom  of  Saxony  on 
the  northeast,  Bohemia  (separated  by  the  Bohmerwald) 
on  the  east,  Upper  Austria  and  Salzburg  on  the  east, 
Tyrol  (separated  by  the  Alps)  on  the  south,  Lake  Con- 
stance on  the  southwest,  and  Wiirtemberg,  Baden,  and 
Hesse  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  47°  16'  to  50“  33' 
N.,  and  from  long.  9“  to  13°  48'  E.  The  western  portion 
is  the  Palatinate,  west  of  the  Rhine,  bordering  on  Hesse, 
Prussia,  and  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  country  produces 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  other  cereals,  hops,  potatoes,  tobac- 
co, wine,  flax,  etc. ; has  mines  of  coal,  iron,  and  salt ; and 
has  important  and  varied  manufactures.  It  exports  tim- 
ber, wine,  hops,  grain,  beer,  etc.  Bavaria  contains  8 
government  districts  (Begierungs-Bezirke) : viz.,  Upper 
Bavaria,  Lower  Bavaria,  Palatinate,  Upper  Palatinate  and 
Ratisbon,  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Upper  Franconia,  Middle 
Franconia,  and  Lower  Franconia.  The  capital  is  Munich. 
The  government  is  a constitutional  hereditary  monarchy, 
with  a king,  an  upper  house,  and  a chamber  of  163  depu- 
ties. Bavaria  sends  6 representatives  to  the  Bundesrat 
and  48  to  the  Reichstag,  and  furnishes  3 army  corps  to 
the  imperial  army.  Over  seven  tenths  of  the  population 
are  Roman  Catholic.  The  early  inhabitants  were  formerly 
identified  with  the  Boii.  The  southern  part  belonged  to 
the  Roman  Empire.  The  League  of  the  Boarii  was  formed 
from  various  German  tribes.  Bavaria  was  ruled  by  its 
dukes,  the  Agilolfinger,  from  about  560-788.  It  came  un- 
der the  supremacy  of  Austrasia,  and  in  788  its  duke,  Tassilo 
III.,  was  deposed,  and  it  was  incorporated  with  the  Frank- 
ish empire.  Later  it  was  one  of  the  four  great  German 
duchies  (and  extended  farther  to  the  east  and  sout  h — e.  g. , 
to  Italy — than  at  present).  The  duchy  of  Bavaria  passed 
to  Welf  IV.  (I.)  in  1070.  In  1180,  after  the  fall  of  Henry 
the  Lion,  it  was  granted  by  Frederick  Barbarossa  to  the 
(present)  Wittelsbach  dynasty.  It  was  one  of  the  circles 
of  the  empire.  Duke  Maximilian  I.  received  the  electoral 
dignity  in  1623.  The  Upper  Palatinate  was  annexed  in 
1628.  The  Rhine  Palatinate  was  united  with  Bavaria  in 
1777.  In  1806  Bavaria  became  a kingdom  and  joined  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine.  It  was  obliged  to  cede  terri- 
tory by  the  imperial  delegations  enactment  of  1803,  but 
received  Wurzburg,  Bamberg,  Augsburg,  etc.,  and  in  1805 
Tyrol  and  other  territories.  It  received  Salzburg,  etc.,  in 
1809,  but  was  obliged  to  cede  Tyrol  and  Salzburg  in  1816. 
In  1813  it  joined  the  Allies.  It  received  a constitution  in 
1818.  It  sided  with  Austria  in  1866,  was  the  scene  of 
several  conflicts,  and  was  obliged  to  pay  an  indemnity 
and  make  a small  cession  of  territory  to  Prussia.  It  made 
a treaty  with  the  North  German  Confederation  in  1870, 
and  entered  the  German  Empire  in  1871.  Area,  29,292 
square  miles.  Population,  6,524,372. 

Bavaria.  A bronze  statue,  67  feet  bigb,  in 
the  Theresienwiese,  near  Munich,  designed  by 
Schwan  thaler.  It  was  built  by  order  of  Lud- 
wig I.,  and  was  finished  in  1850.  It  stands  before 
the  Ruhmeshalle(Hall  of  Fame)  and  holds  a wreath  above 
its  head.  There  is  an  interior  ascent  by  a spiral  iron  stair- 
case of  sixty  steps  to  the  head,  through  apertures  in  which 
there  is  a fine  view. 

Bavaria,  Lower,  and  Bavaria,  Upper.  See 

Lower  Bavaria  and  Upper  Bavaria. 

Bavarian  Alps.  That  part  of  the  Alps  which 
lies  in  southern  Bavaria  and  in  the  adjoining 
lands  of  the  Austrian  empire. 

Bavarian  Circle.  One  of  the  ancient  ten  circles 
of  the  old  German  Empire,  now  included  in 
Bavaria  and  neighboring  parts  of  Austria. 

Bavarian  Forest.  A mountainous  region  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Bavaria,  north . of  the 
Danube,  noted  for  its  forests.  It  is  a part  of 
the  Bohemian  Forest. 

Bavarian  Rigi.  See  Rigi. 

Bavarian  Succession,  War  of  the.  A war 
between  Austria  on  one  side,  and  Prussia,  Sax- 
ony, and  Mecklenburg  on  the  other,  1778-79, 
due  to  the  extinction  of  the  Bavarian  electoral 
house.  It  was  onded  (without  fighting)  by 
the  Peace  of  Teschen,  1779. 

Bavay,  or  Bavai  (bii-va').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  14  miles  east  of 
Valenciennes.  It  is  built  on  the  site  of  Ba- 
gaeum,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Nervii. 


Baveno 

Baveno  (ba-va'no).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  western 
shore  of  Lago  Maggiore,  opposite  the  Borro- 
mean  Islands. 

Baviad  (ba'vi-ad),  The.  A satire  on  the  “Della 
Cruscans”  (which  see), by  William  Gifford,  pub- 
lished in  1794,  and  republished  with  “The 
Mteviad  ” (which  was  first  published  in  1795)  on 
the  same  subject  in  1797.  The  latter  also  attacked 
some  of  the  minor  dramatists  of  the  time.  The  names 
Baviad  and  Maeviad  are  taken  from  those  of  two  inferior 
poets  (see  Bavins)  mentioned  in  Vergil’s  “Eclogues,”  iii.  9 : 
“ He  may  with  foxes  plough  and  milk  he-goats, 

Who  praises  Bayius  or  on  Mtevius  dotes.” 

Bavian  (ba-ve-an').  A place  to  the  northeast 
of  Khorsabad,  in  Mesopotamia.  Near  it  was  dis- 
covered  a rock  with  an  inscription  containing  a record  of 
Sennacherib’s  battle  against  the  Elamite-Babylonian  coa- 
lition at  Halule,  a city  on  the  lower  Tigris,  091  b.  c. 

Bavieca  (ba-ve-a'ka).  The  favorite  horse  of 
the  Cid. 

Bavier  (G.  ba-ver' ; F.  bav-ya'),  Simon.  Born 
at  Chur,  Graubiinden,  Sept.  16,  1825 : died  at 
Basel,  Jan.  28,  1896.  A Swiss  statesman.  He 
was  federal  president  in  1882,  and  became  ministerto Rome 
in  1882.  Author  of  “Die  Strassen  der  Schweiz"  (1878). 
Bavius  (ba'vi-us).  Died  in  Cappadocia,  35  b.  c. 
An  inferior  Roman  poet,  an  enemy  of  Vergil 
and  Horace.  His  name  is  always  associated  with  that 
of  Msevius,  who  shared  his  feelings  toward  those  greater 
poets  and  his  lack  of  poetical  ability.  See  Baviad. 
Bawian  (ba-we'an),  or  Bawean.  A small  isl- 
and in  the  Java  Sea,  between  Java  and  Borneo, 
belonging  to  the  Dutch. 

Bawr  (bour),  Baroness  de  (Alexandrine  So- 
phie Goury  de  Champgrand,  by  her  first  mar- 
riage (dissolved  by  divorce)  Comtesse  de 
Saint-Simon).  Born  (of  French  parents)  at 
Stuttgart,  1776:  died  at  Paris,  1861.  A French 
novelist  and  dramatist,  she  wrote  “Argent  et 
Adresse ” (1802),  "Le  Rival  obligeant”  (1805),  “L'Argent 
du  voyage  ” (1809),  “Le  double  stratageme"  (1813),  “Au- 
guste et  Frbddric ’’  (1817),  “Histoire  de  la  musique” 
(1823),  etc. 

Baxter  (baks'ter),  Andrew.  [The  surname 
Baxter  is  from  baxter,  ME.  bakster,  AS.  biecestre, 
baker.]  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  1686 
(1687  ?) : died  at  Whittingham,  near  Edinburgh, 
April  23, 1750.  A Scottish  metaphysician.  His 
chief  work  is  an  “ Enquiry  into  the  Nature  of  the  Human 
Soul  ” (1733). 

Baxter,  Bichard.  Born  at  Rowton,  Shrop- 
shire, England,  Nov.  12,  1615:  died  at  London, 
Dec.  8,  1691.  A noted  English  nonconformist 
divine.  He  was  ordained  in  1638,  was  chosen  lecturer 
at  Kidderminster  in  1640,  and  about  1645  became  a chap- 
lain in  Cromwell  s army.  He  subsequently  favored  the 
Restoration,  and  on  the  accession  of  Charles  II.  in  1660 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king,  but  left  the  Church 
of  England  on  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  Uniformity  in 
1662.  when  he  retired  to  Acton.  In  May,  1685,  he  was 
tried  by  Jeffries  on  the  charge  of  libeling  the  established 
church,  and  was  fined  five  hundred  marks,  for  non-pay- 
ment of  which  he  was  detained  in  prison  until  Nov., 
1686.  His  chief  works  are  “ The  Saint's  Everlasting  Rest  ’’ 
(1650),  “A  Call  to  the  Unconverted”  (1657),  “Methodus 
Theologize  ” (1674),  and  “ Reliquke  Baxterianse  ” (1696). 

Baxter,  Robert  Dudley.  Born  at  Doncaster, 
Feb.  3,  1827:  died  May  20,  1875.  An  English 
statistician.  He  became  a solicitor  in  1842,  and  a part- 
ner in  the  law  firm  of  Baxter,  Rose,  and  Norton  at  West- 
minster in  1860.  He  wrote  “The  National  Income" 
(1868),  “ the  Taxation  of  the  United  Kingdom"  (1869), 
“The  National  Debts  of  the  Various  States  of  the  World  ’’ 
(1871),  “ Local  Government  and  Taxation  ” (1874),  etc. 

Baxter,  William  Edward.  Born  at  Dundee, 
1825:  died  at  London,  Aug.  10,  1890.  A Brit- 
ish politician,  traveler,  and  author.  He  became 
secretary  to  the  admiralty  under  Mr.  Gladstone  in  1868, 
and  was  secretary  to  the  treasury  1871-73.  Author  of 
“America  and  the  Americans"  (1855). 

Bay  City.  A city,  the  capital  of  Bay  County, 
eastern  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Saginaw 
River,  near  its  mouth,  110  miles  northwest  of 
Detroit.  Population,  45,166,  (1910). 

Bay  Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the  Gulf 
of  Honduras,  belonging  to  Honduras.  The 
largest  is  Ruatan. 

Bay  of  Islands.  A bay  on  the  northern  coast 
of  the  North  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Bay  Psalm  Book,  The.  The  earliest  New  Eng- 
land version  of  the  Psalms.  Its  title  is  “The 
Whole  Booke  of  Psalmes  Faithfully  Translated  into  Eng- 
lish Metre.”  It  was  printed  in  1640,  and  was  the  first 
book  published  in  the  British  American  colonies,  though 
not,  as  has  been  said,  “in  the  New  World,  for  there  had 
existed  a printing-press  in  the  city  of  Mexico  one  hun- 
dred years  before."  It  was  the  joint  production  of  Richard 
Mather,  Thomas  Welde,  and  John  Eliot.  Eight  copies 
are  known  to  be  extant. 

Bayamo  (ba-ya'mo).  A town  in  the  interior 
of  eastern  Cuba,  25  miles  east  of  Manzanilla. 
Population,  4,102. 

Bayard  (ba'ard ; F.  pron.  ba-yar').  The  name  of 
the  legendary  horse  given  by  Charlemagne  to 


132 

the  four  sons  of  Aymon.  He  possessed  magical 
powers,  and  the  remarkable  faculty  of  lengthening  him 
self  to  accommodate  all  his  four  masters  at  once,  and 
many  wonders  are  told  of  him.  He  is  said  to  be  still  alive 
in  the  forest  of  Ardennes  where  he  can  be  heard  neighing 
on  midsummer  day.  Boiardo  introduces  him  in  “ Orlando 
Innamorato,”  Ariosto  in  “Orlando  Furioso,"  and  Tasso  in 
“Rinaldo’’  who  is  Renaud  or  Regnault.  one  of  the  four 
sons.  The  name  became  a common  one  for  any  horse,  and 
is  alluded  to  in  many  proverbial  sayings  the  origin  of 
which  seems  to  be  forgotten.  “As  bold  as  blind  Bay- 
ard " is  a proverb  as  old  as  the  14th  century,  applied  to 
those  who  do  not  look  before  they  leap. 

Bayard  (ba'ard;  F.  pron.  ba-yar'),  Chevalier 
de  (Pierre  du  Terrail).  Born  near  Grenoble 
about  1475 : killed  at  the  river  Sesia,  Italy,  April 
30,  1524.  A French  national  hero, called  “the 
knight  without  fear  and  without  reproach,”  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Italian  campaigns  of  Charles 
VIII.,  Louis  XII.,  and  Francis  I.  He  was  espe- 
cially renowned  for  his  bravery  at  the  battles  of  Gnine- 
gate  (1513)  and  Marignano  (1515)  and  the  defense  of  Me- 
zieres  (1521). 

Bayard  (bi'ard),  James  Asheton.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  July  28,  1767 : died  at  Wilming- 
ton, Aug.  6,  1815.  An  American  statesman. 
He  was  Federal  member  of  Congress  from  Delaware  1797- 
1803;  United  States  senator  1805-13;  and  commissioner 
to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  1814. 

Bayard,  James  Asheton.  Born  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Nov.  15,  1799:  died  there,  June  13, 
1880.  An  American  politician,  son  of  James 
Asheton  Bayard.  He  was  Democratic  United 
States  senator  from  Delaware  1851-64  and  1867- 
1869. 

Bayard,  Jean  Frangois  Alfred.  Born  at  Cha- 
rolles,  Saone-et-Loire,  March  17,  1796 : died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  19, 1853.  A French  dramatic  writer. 
He  is  said  to  have  written,  partly  in  conjunction  with 
others,  225  pieces.  Among  them  are  “La  reine  de  seize 
ans  ” (1828),  “ Le  gamin  de  Paris  " (1836),  etc. 

Bayard,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Alphen,  Holland, 
about  1644:  died  in  New  York  city,  1707.  An 
American  colonial  officer,  secretary  of  New 
York  province  in  1673  (under  the  Dutch),  and 
mayor  of  New  York  city  (under  Governor  Don- 
gan).  He  was  a member  of  the  governor's  council, 
and  drew  up  the  Dongan  charter  (which  see). 

Bayard,  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  1796:  died  at  Philadelphia,  March  4, 
1868.  An  American  Whig  politician,  a son  of 
James  Asheton  Bayard,  United  States  senator 
from  Delaware  1836-39  and  1839-45,  charge  d’af- 
faires at  Brussels  1850-53. 

Bayard,  Thomas  Francis.  Bom  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Oct.  29, 1828:  died  Sept.  28, 1898.  An 
American  statesman,  a son  of  James  Asheton 
Bayard.  He  was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from 
Delaware  1869-85 ; president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate 
1881;  member  of  the  Electoral  Commission  1877;  unsuc- 
cessful in  obtaining  the  nomination  as  Democratic  candi- 
date for  the  Presidency  1880  and  1884 ; and  secretary  ol 
state  1885-89.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  to  England 
in  1893,  and  was  the  first  to  hold  that  diplomatic  rank. 

Bayazid.  See  Bajaset. 

Bayazid  (bi-a-zed'),  or  Bayezid  (bi-e-zed').  A 
small  town  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  south  of  Mount  Ararat.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Russians  in  the  wars  of  1828, 1854,  and  1877. 

Bayer  (bi'er),  August  von.  Born  at  Rorschach 
on  Lake  Constance,  May  3, 1803 : died  at  Carls- 
ruhe,Feb.  2, 1875.  A German  painter  of  histori- 
cal and  architectural  subjects. 

Bayer,  Gottlieb  Siegfried.  Born  1694:  died 
at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  21,  1738.  A German 
Orientalist.  Ho  became  professor  of  Greek  and 
Roman  antiquities  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1726. 
Bayer,  Johann.  Born  at  Rain, in  Bavaria,  about 
1572 : died  at  Augsburg,  1660.  A German  astron- 
omer and  Protestant  preacher,  surnamed  from 
his  eloquence  “os  protestantium”  (‘the  Prot- 
estants’ mouth Tpiece] ’).  He  was  the  author  of 
“ Uranometria”  (1603\  enlarged  and  reprinted  under  the 
title  “Coelura  stellatum  christianum  ’ (1627).  This  work 
was  the  first  complete  and  convenient  chart  of  the  hea- 
vens, representing  the  then  existing  state  of  astronomical 
knowledge.  Bayer  was  the  first  to  adopt  the  method  of 
designating  the  stars  by  the  Greek  letters,  etc.,  in  the 
order  of  their  magnitude. 

Bayer,  Karl  Robert  Emmerich  von:  pseu- 
donym Robert  Byr.  Born  at  Bregenz,  Aus- 
tria, April  15,  18.j5:  died  June  30,  1902.  An 
Austrian  novelist.  He  entered  the  military  academy 
at  Neustadt  in  1845,  became  lieutenant  in  a regiment  of 
hussars  at  Milan  in  1852,  and  retired  from  military  service 
in  1862.  Among  his  works  are  “ Kantonierungsbilder” 
(1S60),  “ Osterreiehische  Garnisonen  ” (1863),  “ Anno  Neun 
und  Dreizehn”  (1865),  a number  of  social-political  novels, 
as  “ Der  Kampf  unis  Dasein  ” (18691,  and  the  dramas 
“Lady  Gloster"  (1869),  and  “Der  wuiiae  Fleck”  (1875). 
Bayern.  The  German  name  of  Bavaria. 
Bayerwald.  See  Bayrischer  Wald. 

Bayes  (baz).  A character  in  Buckingham’s 
farce  “The  Rehearsal,”  a dramatic  coxcomb. 
He  was  at  first  called  Bilboa,  and  was  intended  to  ridicule 
Sir  Robert  Howard  ; but  the  piece  having  been  laid  aside 


Bayly,  Ada  Ellen 

for  several  years,  and  Sir  Robert  having  meanwhile  be- 
come a very  good  friend  of  Buckingham,  the  character 
was  altered  to  fit  Dryden,  who  at  this  time  appeared  a fit 
object  for  satire.  The  name  Bayes  refers  to  the  laureate- 
ship. 

Bayes  no  Poetaster.  See  Two  Kings  of  Brent- 
ford. 

Bayes’s  Troops,  Like.  A phrase  referring  to 
the  foot-soldiers  and  hobby-horses  who  fight  a 
battle  in  Buckingham’s  “Rehearsal.”  When  all 
are  killed  it  (s  a question  how  they  are  to  go  off  the  stage. 
Bayes  replies  : “As  they  came  on,  upon  their  legs." 
Whereupon  they  are  obliged  to  revive  and  walk  off. 

Bayeux  (ba-ye').  [F.  Bgyeux,  LL.  Baiocas, 
Baiocasses,  Bagocasses,  L.  Badiocasses,  Gr.  Ovadi- 
saaioi,  orig.  a Celtic  tribe  name,  explained  as 
‘great  conquerors, ’otherwise  as  ‘blond-haired.’] 
A town  in  the  department  of  Calvados,  Norman- 
dy, France,  situated  on  the  Aure  17  miles  north- 
west of  Caen : the  Roman  Augustodurus.  it  was 
the  chief  town  of  Gallic  Baiocasses,  was  called  Baiocum  or 
Baiocasses  (whence  the  modern  name)  in  the  early  middle 
ages,  and  was  the  capital  of  the  Frankish  Baiocassinus,  later 
Bessin.  It  is  famous  for  the  Bayeux  Tapestry  (which 
see).  The  cathedral  of  Bayeux  is  a very  handsome  struc- 
ture of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  The  west  front  has 
lofty  twin  spires,  graceful  arcades,  and  fine  gabled  and 
sculptured  portals.  There  is  a beautiful  vaulted  porch  on 
the  south  side,  besides  the  rich  portal  and  great  traceried 
window  of  the  transept.  The  lower  part  of  the  nave  is  of 
richly  ornamented  Romanesque  round  arches.  Population, 
commune,  7,736. 

Bayeux  Tapestry.  A strip  of  linen  231  feet 
long  and  20  inches  wide,  preserved  in  the  Li- 
brary at  Bayeux,  France,  embroidered  with  epi- 
sodes of  the  Norman  conquest  of  England  from 
the  visit  of  Harold  to  the  Norman  court  until 
his  death  at  Senlac,  each  with  its  title  in  Latin. 
The  work  is  of  great  archaaological  interest  from  its  de- 
tails  of  costume  and  arms.  It  is  believed  to  have  been 
made  by  Matilda,  queen  of  William  the  Conqueror. 

Bayle  (bal),  Gaspard  Laurent.  Born  at  Ver- 
net,  Provence,  Aug.  8,  1774  : died  at  Paris,  May 
11,  1816.  A French  physician  and  medical 
writer. 

Bayle,  Pierre.  Born  at  Carlat,  in  Foix,  France, 
Nov.  18,  1647 : died  at  Rotterdam,  Dec.  28, 
1706.  A noted  French  skeptical  philosopher 
and  critic.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Sedan  in  1675,  and  at  the  Protestant  academy  of  Rot- 
terdam in  1681,  and  was  removed  (on  account  of  his  skep- 
tical opinions)  from  his  professorship  in  1693.  He  was 
an  influential  leader  of  the  modern  skeptical  movement, 
and  is  chiefly  known  as  the  compiler  of  the  famous  “Dic- 
tionnaire  historique  et  critique  "(1696),  in  which  that  ten- 
dency found  clear  expression.  Among  his  other  works  are 
“ Cogitationes  rationales  de  Deo,  anima,  et  malo,"  “Pen- 
s^es  sur  la  conute,  t-crites  k un  docteur  de  la  Sorbonne ’’ 
(1682),  “Commentaire  philosophique  sur  ces  paroles  de 
l'Evatigile  " (1686).  In  1684  he  established  a sort  of  jour- 
nal of  literary  criticism,  “ Nouvelles  de  la  rSpublique 
deslettres,"  which  was  maintained  lor  several  years. 

Bayl6n  (bi-leu'),  or  Bail^n.  A town  in  the 
province  of  Ja6n,  southern  Spain,  25  milos 
north  of  Ja6n.  Population,  7,420. 

Bayl6n,  Capitulation  of.  A capitulation  (July 
22,  1808)  by  which  the  French  general  Dupont 
and  his  army  surrendered  to  the  Spaniards  un- 
der Castaiios,  and  the  French  forces  were  to  be 
allowed  to  leave  Spain.  The  Junta  of  Seville  refused 
to  ratify  the  capitulation,  and  all  the  French  except  the 
superior  officers  were  sent  to  the  galleys  at  Cadiz. 

Bayl4n,  Duke  of.  See  Castaiios. 

Bayley  (ba'li),  James  Roosevelt.  Born  in 

New  York  city,  Aug.  23,  1814:  died  at  Newark. 
N.  J.,  Oct.  3, 1877.  An  American  Roman  Cath- 
olic prelate.  He  was  made  first  bishop  of  Newark 
in  1853,  and  was  archbishop  of  Baltimore  1872-77.  He 
wrote  a “ History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  New  York” 
(1853),  etc. 

Bayley,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Elton,  Hunting- 
donshire, Aug.  3,  1763:  died  near  Sevenoaks, 
Kent,  Oct.  10, 1841.  An  English  jurist  and  legal 
and  religious  writer.  He  became  judge  of  the  King’s 
Bench  in  1808,  was  removed  to  the  Court  of  Exchequer  in 
1830,  and  resigned  from  the  bench  in  1834.  He  wrote 
“ A Short  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Bills  of  Exchange,  Cash 
Bills,  and  Promissory  Ndtes  ” (1789),  etc. 

Bayley,  Richard.  Born  at  Fairfield,  Conn., 
1745:  died  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  17, 
1801.  An  American  physician,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  in  Columbia  College  in  1792, 
and  of  surgery  in  1793. 

Baylies  (ba'liz),  Francis.  Bom  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1783:  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1852. 
An  American  politician,  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1821-27.  He  wrote  a 

★“Memoir  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth.” 

Baylor  (ba'16r),  Frances  Courtenay  (Mrs. 
George  Sherman  Barnum).  Born  at  Fayette- 
ville, Ark.,  Jan.  20,  1848.  An  American  nov- 
elist. She  has  written  “The  Perfect  Treasure"  and  “On 
This  Side,"  two  short  magazine  stories,  which  were  pub- 
lished in  hook  form  as  one  narrative  under  the  title  “ On 
Both  Sides  " (1886),  and  other  works. 

Bayly  (ba'li),  Ada  Ellen:  pseudonym  Edna 
Lyall.  Born  at  Brighton,  England:  died  at 


Bayly,  Ada  Ellen 

Eastbourne,  Feb.  8,  1903.  An  English  nov- 
elist. Among  her  works  are  “ Won  by  Waiting  ” (1879), 
“ Donovan  ” (1882),  ‘ Autobiography  of  a Slander ’’  (1887), 
"Knight  Errant"  (1887),  ‘‘A  Hardy  Norseman”  (1889). 

Bayly  (ba'li),  Thomas  Haynes.  Born  at  Batn, 
England,  Oct.  13,  1797:  died  at  Cheltenham, 
April  22, 1839.  An  English  song-writer,  drama- 
tist, and  novelist.  He  wrote  "Perfection,”  and  other 
plays,  many  popular  songs  (among  them  “ The  Soldier’s 
Tear,”  “I ’d  be  a Butterfly,  ”“We  met— 't  was  in  a Crowd”), 
and  the  tales  "The  Aylmers,”  “A  Legend  of  Killarney,” 
etc. 

Bayne  (ban),  Peter.  Born  in  Ross-shire,  Scot- 
land, Oct.  19, 1830:  died  Feb.  10, 1896.  A Scotch 
litterateur  and  journalist. 

Baynard’s  (ba'nardz)  Castle.  A strong  forti- 
fication on  the  Thames  just  below  Blackfriars, 
founded  by  Baynard,  a follower  of  William  the 
Conqueror,  and  forfeited  to  the  crown  by  one 
of  his  successors.  It  was  burned  in  the  Great 
Fire,  1666. 

Baynes  (banz),  Thomas  Spencer.  Born  at 
Wellington, Somersetshire,  March  24, 1823 : died 
at  London,  May  30,  1887.  A British  philo- 
sophical writer,  appointed  professor  of  logic, 
rhetoric,  and  metaphysics  at  St.  Andrew’s  in 
1864.  He  was  assistant  editor  of  the  London  “Daily 
News,”  and  editor  of  the  9th  edition  of  the  “ Encyclopaidia 
Britannica.” 

Bayonne  (ba-yon';  F.  pron.  ba-yon').  A sea- 
port in  the  department  of  Basses-Pyrenees, 
France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Nive 
and  Adour,  near  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  lat.  43° 
29'  N.,  long.  1°  29'  W.  It  is  a fortress,  and  its  cita- 
del was  fortified  by  Vauban.  The  bayonet  is  said  to  have 
been  invented  here.  The  population  is  largely  Spanish 
and  Basque.  It  is  noted  for  its  hams.  A celebrated  in- 
terview was  held  here  in  1565  between  Charles  IX.,  Eliza- 
beth of  Spain,  Alva,  and  Catherine  de'  Medici,  at  which  (it 
is  alleged)  the  St.  Bartholomew  massacre  was  planned. 
The  cathedral  of  Bayonne  is  of  the  13th  and  14th  centu- 
ries, with  modern  spires.  There  is  beautiful  medieval 
glass,  and  two  fine  sculptured  portals.  The  13th-century 
cloister  has  been  in  part  inclosed  and  transformed  into 
an  additional  aisle  in  the  church.  Population,  commune, 
26,488. 

Bayonne  (ba-yon').  A port  and  city  in  Hud- 
son County,  New  Jersey,  situated  between  New 
York  and  Newark  bays  6 miles  southwest  of 
New  York.  It  has  chemical  works,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 55,545,  (1910). 

Bayonne,  Convention  of.  A convention  con- 
cluded May  10,  1808,  between  France  and  the 
grand  duchy  of  Warsaw. 

Bayonne,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded  at 
Bayonne,  May,  1808,  between  Napoleon  and 
Charles  IV.  of  Spain.  The  latter  renounced  his 
right  to  the  Spanish  throne. 

Bayonne  Decree.  A decree  issued  by  Napoleon 
I.  at  Bayonne,  April  17,  1808,  directing  the 
seizure  of  all  American  vessels  then  in  the 
ports  of  France. 

Bayou  State  (bi'o  stat),  The.  An  epithet 
sometimes  applied  to  Mississippi. 

Bayreuth  (bi'roit),  or  Baireuth.  A former 
German  burgraviate  and  principality,  now  in 
the  northern  part  of  Bavaria,  it  was  united  to 
Ansbach  in  1769  ; was  acquired  by  Prussia  1791-92  ; was 
lost  by  Prussia  in  1805 ; and  was  ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1809. 
Bayreuth,  or  Baireuth.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Red  Main  in  lat.  49°  56'  N.,  long.  11° 
35'  E.  It  contains  the  Wagner  Theater,  the  old  and 
new  palaces,  and  the  residences  of  Richter  and  Richard 
Wagner.  It  is  now  noted  for  its  musical  festivals.  For- 
merly it  was  the  residence  of  the  margraves  of  Branden- 
burg-Culmbach.  Population,  31,903. 

Bayreuth  Festival.  A musical  festival  held 
at  Bayreuth,  for  the  representation  of  Wag- 
ner’s works,  in  the  National  Theater  (opened 
by  Wagner  in  1876). 

Bayrhoffer  (bir'hof-fer),  Karl  Theodor.  Born 
at  Marburg,  1812:  died  at  Jordan,  Wis.,  Feb. 
3,  1888.  A German  philosophical  writer,  pub- 
licist, and  revolutionary  politician.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Marburg  1838-46 ; member  of  the 
Landtag  of  Hesse  in  1848 ; and  president  of  the  chamber 
in  185  J;  and  later  removed  to  the  United  States  (Wis- 
consin). 

Bayrischer  Wald  (bi'ro-sher  valt),  or  Bayer- 
wald  (bi'er-valt).  An  extension  of  the  Boh- 
mer  Wald  in  eastern  Bavaria. 

Bayswater (baz'wa-t6r).  [FromBaynard’sWa- 
tering  Place.]  A part  of  London  lying  north 
of  Kensington  Gardens.  The  original  Bays- 
water  was  a hamlet  near  what  is  now  Gloucester 
Terrace.  Loftie. 

Baza  (ba'tha).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  Spain,  57  miles  northeast  of  Granada : 
the  ancient  Basti  and  the  medieval  Bastiana. 
It  was  an  important  Moorish  city,  and  was  captured  by 
Isabella  in  1489.  It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  French 
under  Soult  over  the  Spaniards  Aug.  10,  1810.  There 
are  hot  springs  in  its  vicinity.  Population,  12,770. 


133 

Bazaine  (ba-zan'),  Francois  Achille.  Born 

at  Versailles,  Feb.  13,  1811:  died  at  Madrid, 
Sept.  23,  1888.  A French  marshal.  He  served 
in  Algeria,  and  in  Spain  against  the  Carlists ; commanded 
the  Foreign  Legion  in  the  Crimean  war ; commanded  a 
division  in  the  Italian  war  of  1859,  and  distinguished 
himself  at  Solferino ; took  part  in  the  Mexican  expedi- 
tion, and  became  commander-in-chief  in  Mexico  in  1863  ; 
was  made  marshal  in  1864  ; withdrew  from  Mexico  in 
1867,  and  was  made  commander  of  the  Imperial  Guard  in 
1869.  He  commanded  a corps  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Franco-German  war,  was  made  commander  of  the  Army 
of  the  Rhine  Aug.,  1870,  and  was  defeated  before  Metz,  at 
Gravelotte,  etc.,  and  besieged  in  Metz,  which  he  surren- 
dered,with  173,000men,  Oct.  27,1870.  For  this  surrender  he 
was  tried  before  a tribunal  under  the  presidency  of  the 
Due  d'Aumale,  and  condemned  to  degradation  and  death. 
The  sentence  was  commuted  to  20  years’  imprisonment, 
and  he  was  incarcerated  near  Cannes  Dec. , 1873,  whence 
he  escaped  Aug.  9-10,  1874.  He  resided  later  in  M adrid, 
and  wrote  several  works  on  the  Metz  episode. 

Bazalgette,  Sir  Joseph  William.  Born  1819: 

died  1891.  An  English  engineer.  As  chief  en- 
gineer to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  he  designed 
and  executed  (1858-65)  the  system  of  drainage  now  in 
operation  in  London,  as  also  (1863-74)  the  Victoria,  the 
Albert,  and  the  Chelsea  embankments. 

Bazan,  Don  Cffisar  de.  See  Don  Cesar  de 
Bazan . 

Bazard  (ba-zar').  Saint- Amand.  Bom  at 

Paris,  Sept.  19,  1791 : died  at  Courtry,  near 
Montfermeil,  July  29,  1832.  A French  social- 
ist, organizer  of  Carbonarist  societies,  and  ad- 
herent of  Saint-Simon. 

Bazardjik.  A town  in  Bulgaria,  27  miles  north 
of  Varna.  It  was  captured  by  the  Russians  in 
1774  and  1810. 

Bazarof  (baz'a-rof).  A brutal  but  original 
medical  student  in  Turgenief’s  “Fathers  and 
Sons.”  He  is  the  representative  of  young  Russia  with 
aspirations  toward  progress.  In  him  is  first  formulated  the 
original  theory  of  Nihilism.  He  takes  pride  in  absolute 
negation. 

Bazas  (ba-za').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Gironde,  France,  33  miles  southeast  of  Bor- 
deaux. It  figured  in  the  Huguenot  wars. 
Population,  commune,  4.684. 

Bazeilles  (ha-zay').  A village  near  Sedan, 
department  of  Ardennes,  France,  near  the 
Meuse.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Bavarians 
Sept.  1,  1870. 

Bazias  (bo'zi-ash).  A small  town  in  Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Danube  45  miles  east  of  Bel- 
grad. 

Bazigars  (ba-ze-garz' ) . A nomadic  race  widely 
diffused  in  Hindustan,  allied,  perhaps,  to  the 
gipsies  of  Europe. 

Bazin  (ba-zan').  The  lackey  of  Aramis  in  “The 
Three  Musketeers”  by  Dumas. 

Bazin  (ba-zan'),  Antoine  Pierre  Louis.  Born 
1799:  died  1863.  A French  Orientalist.  He 
published  "Theatre  chinois,”  “Grammaire  mandarine," 
etc. 

Bazin,  Jacques  Rigomer.  Born  at  Mans,  1771 : 
died  Jan.  20,  1820.  A French  publicist,  man  of 
letters,  and  democratic  politician.  He  was  the 
author  of  pamphlets  published  under  the  title  “ Le  Lynx  ” 
(1814)  and  “Suite  du  Lynx”  (1817),  “Jacqueline  d’Olys- 
bourg”  (1803),  a melodrama,  “Charlemagne ”(1817),  a tra- 
gedy, “Sbide”  (1816),  a novel,  etc. 

Bazoche  (ba-zosh'),  or  Basoche,  La.  An  asso- 
ciation of  clerks  connected  with  the  parliament 
of  Paris.  It  watched  over  the  interests  of  its 
members,  and  performed  farces  satirizing  the 
parliament.  It  arose  at  the  beginning  of  the 
14th  century,  and  was  suppressed  in  1791,  but 
has  recently  been  revived. 

Baztan,  or  Bastan  (bas-tan').  A valley  in  the 
Pyrenees,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Navarre,  Spain.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Bidassoa. 

Bazzard  (baz'ard),  Mr.  In  Charles  Dickens’s 
“Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood,”  a clerk  to  Mr. 
Grewgious,  and  author  of  a tragedy  which 
gives  him  a baleful  influence  over  his  master. 
Bazzi,  Giovanni  Antonio.  See  Sodoma. 
Beach,  Hicks.  See  Hiclcs-Beach. 

Beach  (becli),  Moses  Yale.  Bora  at  Walling- 
ford, Conn.,  Jan.  7, 1800:  died  at  Wallingford, 
July  19,  1868.  An  American  inventor  and 
journalist,  proprietor  of  the  New  York  “Sun.” 
Beachy  Head  (be'clii  bed).  A chalk  headland 
on  the  coast  of  Sussex,  England,  projecting 
into  the  English  Channel,  in  lat.  50°  44'  N.. 
long.  0°  13'  E.  Its  height  is  575  feet. 

Beachy  Head,  Battle  of.  A naval  victory 
gained  near  Beachy  Head  by  the  French  under 
Tourville  over  the  allied  English  and  Dutch  un- 
der Torrington,  June  30  (N.  S.  July  10),  1690. 
Beacon  Hill  (be'kon  hil).  An  elevation  north 
of  Boston  Common.  It  was  named  from  the  beacon 
fires  which  were  formerly  lighted  upon  it. 

Beacon  Street.  A street  in  Boston,  Mass., 


B6arn 

which  extends  from  Tremont  street  along  the 
north  side  of  the  Common  and  Public  Gardens 
westward.  It  is  noted  as  a street  of  residences,  and 
its  name  is  a synonym  for  the  wealth  and  culture  of  the 
city. 

Beaconsfield  (be ' konz  - feld  or  bek ' onz  - feld). 
A town  in  Buckinghamshire,  England,  situated 
25  miles  west-northwest  of  London.  It  was 
the  home  and  burial-place  of  Waller  and  of 
Edmund  Burke.  Population,  1,570. 
Beaconsfield,  Earl  of.  See  Disraeli. 

Beadle,  Harriet.  See  Tattyeoram. 

Beagle  (be'gl),  Sir  Harry.  A fox-hunting 
English  squire  in  Colman’s  comedy  “ The  Jeal- 
ous Wife.” 

Beagle  Channel.  A strait  in  the  archipelago 
of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  which  extends  east  and 
west  in  lat.  55°  S. 

Beagle,  The.  The  ship  ill  which  Darwin  made 
his  voyage  as  naturalist.  She  was  a 10-gun  brig  of 
235  tons,  commanded  by  Captain  Fitzroy.  She  sailed  Dec. 
27,  1831,  and  returned  Oct.  2,  1836.  She  had  previously 
been  used  in  surveying-work  on  the  South  American  coast. 
See  Darwin,  Charles. 

Beale  (bel),  Lionel  Smith.  Born  Feb.  5, 
1828  : died  March  28,  1906.  An  English  physi- 
ologist and  microscopist,  professor  of  medi- 
cine, physiology  and  morbid  anatomy,  and 
later  of  pathological  anatomy  at  King’s  Col- 
lege, London.  He  was  the  author  of  “How  to  Work 
with  the  Microscope,”  “Protoplasm,  or  Life,  Matter,  and 
Mind,”  “On  Life  and  on  Vital  Action  in  Health  and 
Disease,”  etc. 

Beale,  Mary.  Born  in  Suffolk,  England,  1632 : 
died  at  London,  Dec.  28,  1697.  An  English 
artist,  noted  as  a portrait-painter. 

Beall  (bel),  John  Young.  Born  in  Virginia, 
Jan.  1,  1835:  died  on  Governor’s  Island,  New 
York  Harbor,  Feb.  24,  1865.  A Confederate 
spy  and  guerrilla.  He  commanded  a body  of  men  who, 
disguised  as  passengers,  seized  the  Lake  Erie  steamer 
Philo  Parsons  Sept.  19,  1864,  and  subsequently  captured 
and  sank  another  boat,  the  Island  Queen.  He  was  ar- 
rested at  Suspension  Bridge,  New  York,  Dec.  16,  1864, 
was  tried  at  Fort  Lafayette  by  a military  commission, 
and,  in  spite  of  a proclamation  by  Jefferson  Davis,  dated 
Dec.  24,  1864,  in  which  the  Confederate  government  as- 
sumed the  responsibility  for  Beall’s  action,  was  convicted 
and  hanged. 

Bear  Flag  Battalion.  An  American  corps,  in 
the  early  history  Of  California,  which  was  ac- 
tive in  expelling  the  Mexicans. 

Bear  Island.  A small  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  south  of  Spitzbergen. 

Bear  Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  north  of  Siberia,  about  long.  161°  E. 
Bear  Lake.  A lake  about  20  miles  long,  situ- 
ated on  the  border  of  southeastern  Idaho  and 
northeastern  Utah. 

Bear  Mountain.  A hill,  about  750  feet  in 
height,  situated  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Dauphin  County,  eastern  central  Pennsylvania. 
There  are  coal  deposits  in  its  vicinity. 

Bear  River.  A river  in  northern  Utah  and 
southern  Idaho,  which  falls  into  Great  Salt 
Lake,  in  lat.  41°  28'  N.,  long.  112°  17'  W. 
Length,  about  400  miles. 

Beard  (herd),  George  Miller.  Bora  at  Mont- 
ville,  May  8,  1839 : died  in  Now  York  city,  Jan. 
23,  1883.  An  American  physician,  author  of 
“Stimulants  and  Narcotics,”  “Eating  and 
Drinking,”  “Hay  Fever,”  etc. 

Beard,  James  Henry.  Born  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
May  20,  1812:  died  at  Flushing,  N.  Y.,  April  4, 
1893.  An  American  artist,  brother  of  W.  H. 
Beard,  best  known  as  a painter  of  animals. 
Beard,  William  Holbrook.  Bom  April  13, 
1825  : died  Feb.  20, 1900.  An  American  painter, 
chiefly  of  humorous  animal  pictures. 
Beardsley  (berdz'li),  Eben  Edwards.  Bom 
at  Stepney,  Conn.,  1807:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Dec.  22,  1891.  An  American  Protestant 
Episcopal  clergyman  and  historical  writer.  He 
became  rector  of  St.  Thomas's  Church,  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, in  1848,  and  was  the  author  of  “History  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut  ’’  (1865). 

Beardsley,  Samuel.  Born  at  Hoosic,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  9,  1790:  died  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  May  6, 1860. 
An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  New  York,  1831- 
1836  and  1843-44;  associate  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  New  York  1844-47  ; and  chief  justice  iu  1847. 
Beardstown  (berdz'toun).  A city  in  Cass 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois  River 
in  lat.  40°  N.  Population,  6,107,  (1910). 
B6arn  (ba-ar').  [LL.  Bmc  liar  man.]  An  ancient 
province  of  southern  France,  capital  Pau,  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyr5ndes.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a viscounty.  It 
passed  to  the  Albret  (Navarre)  family  in  1465,  and  came 
with  Henry  of  Navarre  to  France.  It  was  formally  incor- 
porated with  France  in  1620. 


Bearnais,  Le 

Bearnais  (ba-ar-na'),  Le.  A surname  given  to 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  who  was  a native  of 
B6arn. 

Beas  (be'as),  or  Bias  (be'as),  or  Beypasha 
(ba-pask'a),  Gr.  Hyphasis  (hif'a-sis).  [Gr. 
"T <fiacu£.-\  A river  in  the  Panjab,  British  India, 
which  joins  the  Satlaj  50  miles  southeast  of 
Lahore.  Length,  about  290  miles. 

Beasley  (bez'li),  Frederick.  'Born  near  Eden- 
ton,  N.  C.,  1777;  died  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
Nov.  2,  1845.  An  American  clergyman  and 
philosophical  writer,  professor  of  mental  and 
moral  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania 1813-28. 

Beata  Beatrix.  A painting  by  Dante  Gabriel 
Rossetti,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London,  it 
is  a portrait  of  the  painter’s  wife,  painted  after  her  death, 
with  a quotation  given  by  Dante  from  Jeremiah,  showing 
the  grief  in  Florence  at  the  death  of  Beatrice  in  1290. 

Beaton  (be'ton;  Sc.  pron.  ba'ton),  or  Bethune, 
David.  Bom  1494:  murdered  at  the  castle  of 
St.  Andrew’s,  May  29, 1546.  A Scottish  prelate 
and  statesman.  He  was  several  times  ambassador  to 
France ; was  made  bishop  of  Mirepoix  by  Francis  I.  in 
1537  ; became  a cardinal  in  1538;  and  was  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrew's  and  primateof  Scotland  in  1539,  lord 
privy  seal  in  1528,  and  chancellor  in  1543.  He  negotiated  the 
marriage  of  James  V.  of  Scotland  with  Magdalen,  daugh- 
ter of  Francis  I.,  and  also  his  second  marriage  with  Mary 
of  Guise.  After  the  death  of  James  he  was  arrested,  but 
later  regained  his  liberty  and  power,  especially  opposing 
the  proposed  English  marriage  of  Mary.  He  was  a man 
of  loose  life  and  a violent  persecutor  of  the  Reformers.  It 
was  by  his  order  that  Wishart  was  arrested,  tried,  and 
burned  at  the  stake. 

Beaton,  or  Bethune,  Janies.  Died  1539.  A 
Scotch  prelate,  uncle  of  David  Beaton.  He  be- 
came archbishop  of  Glasgow  in  1509,  and  of  St.  Andrew  s 
in  1522,  and  was  lord  treasurer  from  1505,  and  chancellor 
1513-28.  He  played  a conspicuous  part  in  Scotch  politics 
during  the  minority  of  James  V.,  and,  like  his  nephew,  was 
a persecutor. 

Beaton,  or  Bethune,  James.  Born  1517 : died 
April  30,  1603.  A Scotch  Roman  Catholic  prel- 
ate, a nephew  of  David  Beaton.  He  became  arch- 
bishop of  Glasgow  in  1552,  and  was  Scottish  ambassador 
to  France  for  many  years  previous  to  his  death.  He  was 
a man  of  high  character  and  attainments. 

Beatrice  (be'a-tris  or  -tres;  It.  pron.  ba-a-tre'- 
che).  [L.  Beatrix,  making  happy;  F.  Beatrice, 
Beatrix,  It.  Beatrice,  Sp.  Pg.  Beatriz.\  1.  See 
Portinari,  Beatrice. — 2.  In  Marston’s  play 
“ The  Dutch  Courtezan,”  an  innocent,  modest 
girl,  the  antithesis  of  her  gay  sister  Crispi- 
nella. — 3.  The  gay  and  wayward  niece  of 
Leonato,  and  rebellious  lover  of  Benedick,  in 
Shakspere’s  comedy  “Much  Ado  about  No- 
thing” : a character  of  intrigue,  gaiety,  wit, 
and  diversity  of  humor. — 4.  The  principal 
character  in  Hawthorne’s  story  “ Rappacini’s 
Daughter.”  Her  poison-fed  beauty  fills  her  lover 
with  passion,  horror,  and  finally  despair  when  he  sees  that 
he  himself  has  imbibed  some  of  her  fatal  charm.  See 
Bappacini 

Beatrice.  The  capital  of  Gage  County,  south- 
eastern Nebraska.  It  is  situated  on  the  Big 
Blue  River.  Population,  9,356,  (1910). 

Beatrice  Cenci  (ba-a-tre'che,chen'cke).  See 
Cenci,  Beatrice. 

Beatrice  Cenci.  A celebrated  portrait  by  Guido 
Reni,  in  the  Palazzo  Barberini,  Rome,  it  is  a 
three-quarter  face  seen  over  the  shoulder,  with  golden 
hair  confined  by  a white  turban  ; the  expression  is  of  grief 
and  gentle  resignation. 

Beatrice-Joanna  (be'a-tris-jo-an'a).  In  Mid- 
dleton’s play  “ The  Changeling,”  a headstrong, 
unscrupulous,  unobservant  girl,  intent  on  put- 
ting an  unwelcome  lover  out  of  the  way.  she 
induces  De  Flores,  whom  she  loathes,  to  murder  him,  and 
is  astounded  when  her  honor  is  demanded  as  a reward  in- 
stead of  money.  Unable  to  escape  him,  she  yields,  but  is 
finally  killed  by  De  Flores  when  discovery  of  the  double 
crime  is  made.  He  also  kills  himself. 

Beatrix  (be'a-triks).  [See  Beatrice.]  The  maid 
and  confidante  of  the  two  sisters  Theodosia  and 
Jacintha  in  Dryden’s  comedy  “An  Evening’s 
Love,  or  The  Mock  Astrologer.” 

Beatrix.  A novel  by  Balzac,  begun  in  1839 
and  finished  in  1844. 

Beatrix  Esmond.  See  Esmond,  Beatrix. 

Beattie  (be'ti ; Sc.  pron.  ba'ti),  James.  Born 
at  Laurencekirk,  Kincardine,  Scotland,  Oct. 
25,  1735:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Aug.  18,  1803.  A 
Scotch  poet,  essayist,  and  philosophical  writer. 
He  was  professor  of  moral  philosophy  and  logic  in  Mari- 
schal  College,  Aberdeen.  He  wrote  “ Original  Poems  and 
Translations”  (1761),  “Judgment  of  Paris”  (1765),  “The 
Minstrel”  (1771-74),  “Essay  on  Truth  ” (1770),  “ Disserta- 
tions ” (1783),  “Elements  of  Moral  Science,”  etc. 

Beatty  (be'ti),  John.  Born  near  Sandusky, 
Ohio,  Sept.  16,  1828.  An  American  general  in 
the  Civil  War.  He  served  in  the  Union  army  as  a 
volunteer  throughout  the  war,  commanding,  as  colonel, 
a brigade  in  the  three  days’  fight  at  Stone  River,  Dec.  31, 


134 

1862, -Jan.  2,  1863,  and  rising  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral. He  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio 
1868-73.  Author  of  “ The  Citizen  Soldier,  or  Memoirs 
of  a Volunteer”  (1879),  etc. 

Beau  Brummel.  See  Brummel. 

Beau  Brummel  (bo  brum'el),  the  King  of 
Calais.  A play  by  William  Blanchard  Jer- 
rold,  brought  out  at  the  Lyceum  Theater  April 
11,  1859.  A play  called  “ Beau  Brummel”  was  also  pro- 
duced in  New  York  in  1891  by  Richard  Mansfield. 

Beau  Didapper.  See  Didapper. ' 

Beau  Feilding.  See  Feilding. 

Beau  Hewit.  See  Flutter,  Sir  Fopling. 

Beau  Nash.  See  Nash. 

Beau  Nash  (bo  nash).  A three-act  comedy  in 
prose  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  produced  at  the  Hay- 
market  and  published  in  1825. 

Beau  Sabreur,  Le.  See  Handsome  Swordsman. 
Beau’s  Duel,  The,  or  A Soldier  for  the  La- 
dies. A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  produced 
and  printed  in  1702.  It  was  in  part  taken  from 
Jasper  Mayne’s  “ City  Match.” 

Beaucaire  (bo-kar').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone, 
opposite  Tarascon,  14  miles  east  of  Nimes:  the 
ancient  Ugernum.  It  is  noted  for  its  fair,  and  for- 
merly had  an  extensive  commerce.  Population,  com- 
mune, 8,764. 

Beauce  (bos).  A district  of  France,  included 
within  the  departments  of  Eure-et-Loir  and 
Loir-et-Cher,  famous  for  its  production  of 
wheat.  Its  chief  town  is  Chartres. 
Beauchamp  (bo-skon'),  Alphonse  de.  Born 
at  Monaco,  1767 : died  at  Paris,  June  1,  1832. 
A French  historian  and  litterateur,  charged 
with  the  supervision  of  the  press  under  the 
Directory.  He  wrote  a “ Histoire  des  guerres  de  la 
Vendee”  (1806),  “Le  Faux  Dauphin”  (1803),  “Histoire 
de  la  conquete  et  des  revolutions  du  Perou"  (1808),  “His- 
toire du  Brasil  depuis  sa  conquete  en  1500  jusqu’au  1810” 
(1815),  “ Vie  de  Louis  XVIII.”  (1821),  etc. 

Beauchamp  (be'cham),  Philip.  [The  surname 
Beauchamp  exists  also  in  the  more  correct 
spelling  Beecham,  which  represents  the  mod. 
pronunciation.  Beauchamp  follows  the  mod. 
F.  spelling;  OF.  Beuchamp,  Beauchamp,  fair 
field.]  A pseudonym  of  George  Grote. 
Beauchamp,  Richard  de,  Earl  of  Warwick. 
Born  at  Sal  warp,  Worcestershire,  Jan.  28, 1382 : 
died  at  Rouen,  France,  April  30. 1439.  A noted 
English  soldier  and  statesman,  prominent  in 
affairs  of  state  during  the  reign  of  Henry  V. 
Beauchamp,  Viscount.  The  title  given  by  the 
Jacobites  to  Sir  Frederick  Vernon  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott’s  novel  “Rob  Roy.” 

Beauclerc  (bo-klark').  [F.  beau  clerc,  fine 
scholar.]  A surname  given  to  Henry  I.  of 
England,  on  account  of  his  attainments  as  a 
scholar. 

Beauclerk  (bo'klark),  Topham.  Born  Dec.  17, 
1739  : died  at  London,  March  11,  1780.  An  Eng- 
lish gentleman  of  refined  tastes  and  charming 
conversation,  notable  chiefly  as  the  intimate 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  for  bis  library  of 
30,000  volumes  (sold  at  auction  in  1781),  which 
was  rich  in  works  relating  to  the  English  stage 
and  English  history. 

Beaufort  (bo-for'),  orBeaufort-en-Vallee  (bo- 
for'ton-val-la').  [F.,  ‘fair  fort’  or  ‘castle.’ 
Cf.  Belfort .]  A town  in  the  department  of 
Maine-e  t-Loire , France , 18  mile  s east  of  Angers. 
Its  castle  gave  their  title  to  the  English  Beau- 
forts.  Population,  commune,  4,104. 

Beaufort  (bo'fort).  A seaport,  capital  of  Car- 
teret County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  an 
inlet  of  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  34°  43'  N.,  long. 
76°  40'  W.  It  has  a good  harbor.  Population, 
2,4S3,  (1910). 

Beaufort  (bu'fort).  A seaport  and  watering- 
place,  the  capital  of  Beaufort  County,  South 
Carolina,  situated  on  Port  Royal  Island,  in  lat. 
32°  26'  N.,  long.  80°  40'  W.  It  has  a good  harbor. 
A settlement  here  was  attempted  by  the  French  in  1562, 
and  was  made  by  the  English  about  1680.  It  was  captured 
by  the  Federals  Dec.  6,  1861.  Population,  2,486,  (1910). 
Beaufort,  Due  de.  See  Venddme,  Francois  de. 
Beaufort  (bu'fort),  Sir  Francis.  [The  Eng. 
surname  is  from  OF.  Beaufort,  the  town,  lit. 
‘fair  fort.’]  Born  in  Ireland,  1774:  died  at 
Brighton,  Dec.  17,  1857.  An  English  rear-ad- 
miral and  man  of  science,  hydrographer  to  the 
navy  1829-55.  He  wrote  “ Karamania,  or  a Brief  De- 
scription  of  the  South  Coast  of  Asia  Minor  ” (1817),  etc. 
Beaufort,  Henry.  Born  at  Beaufort  Castle, 
Anjou:  died  at  Winchester,  England,  April  11, 
1447.  An  English  prelate  and  statesman,  nat- 
ural son  of  John  of  Gaunt  by  Catherine  Swyn- 
ford,  and  half-brother  of  King  Henry  TV.  He 
became  bishop  of  Winchester  (1405)  and  cardinal  (1427),  and 
was  chancellor  1403-05,  1413-17, 1424-26.  He  was,  during 


Beauly  Basin 

the  minority  of  Henry  VI.,  involved  in  a long  contest  for 
the  ascendancy  with  his  nephew,  the  Duke  of  Gloucester. 
He  was  president  of  the  court  which  sentenced  Joan  of 
Arc  to  the  stake. 

Beaufort,  Margaret,  Countess  of  Richmond 
and  of  Derby.  Born  1441 : died  1509.  The 
daughter  of  the  first  Duke  of  Somerset,  wife 
successively  of  the  Earl  of  Richmond,  half- 
brother  of  Henry  VI.,  of  Henry  Stafford,  son  to 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  and  of  Lord  Stanley, 
Earl  of  Derby,  and  mother,  by  her  first  marriage, 
of  Henry  V II.  She  endowed  Christ’s  and  St.  John's 
Colleges,  Cambridge,  and  founded  divinity  professorships 
at  both  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 

Beaugard  (bo'gard),  Captain.  The  principal 
character  in  Otway’s  “ Soldier’s  Fortune  ” and 
its  sequel  “The  Atheist.” 

Beaugard,  Old.  The  wild,  extravagant  father 
of  Captain  Beaugard  in  “The  Atheist.” 

Beaugency  (bo-zhon-se').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  France,  situated  on  the 
Loire  16  miles  southwest  of  Orleans.  It  suf- 
fered severely  in  the  Huguenot  wars.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  3,635. 

Beauharnais  (bo-ar-na'),  Alexandre,  Vi- 

comte  de.  Born  in  Martinique,  May  28,  1760: 
guillotined  at  Paris,  July  23,  1794.  A French 
politician  and  general,  husband  of  Josephine 
(later  empress).  He  was  a member  of  the  Constit- 
uent Assembly  and  general  in  the  Army  of  the  North, 
and  was  condemned  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal  for  trea- 
son. 

Beauharnais,  Eugene  de,  Duke  of  Leuckten- 
berg  and  Prince  of  Eickstadt.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  3,  1781:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  21,  1824. 
A French  soldier  and  statesman,  son  of  Alex- 
andre de  Beauharnais  and  Josephine,  after- 
ward empress  of  France.  He  served  with  Napo- 
leon in  Egypt  in  1798;  was  appointed  viceroy  of  Italy  in 
1805  ; married  the  Princess  Augusta  Amelia  of  Bavaria  in 
1806;  was  adopted  by  Napoleon,  and  made  heir  apparent 
to  the  crown  of  Italy  in  1806  ; gained  the  battle  of  Raab 
1809 ; commanded  an  army  corps  in  the  Russian  cam- 
paign in  1812,  taking  charge  of  the  broken  forces  after 
the  departure  of  Napoleon  and  the  flight  of  Murat;  de- 
cided the  victory  of  Liitzen  in  1813,  and,  when  deprived 
of  his  vieeroyalty  by  the  campaigns  of  1813  and  1814,  re- 
tired to  Bavaria,  where  he  obtained,  with  the  principality 
of  Eichstadt,  the  title  of  Duke  of  Leuchtenberg. 

Beauharnais,  Eugenie  Hortense  de.  Born 
1783:  died  1837.  Daughter  of  Alexandre  de 
Beauharnais,  wife  (1802)  of  Louis  Bonaparte, 
king  of  Holland,  and  mother  of  Napoleon  HI. 

Beauharnais,  Francois,  Marquis  de.  Born 
at  La  Rochelle,  Aug.  12,  1756 : died  at  Paris. 
1823.  A French  royalist  politician,  brother  of 
Alexandre  de  Beauharnais. 

Beauharnais,  Josephine  de.  See  Josdplnne. 

Beaujeu,  Anne  de.  See  Anne  de  Beaujeu. 

Beaujeu  (bo-zke').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the  Ardiere  31 
miles  north-northwest  of  Lyons.  Population, 
commune,  3,148. 

Beaujeu,  Hyacinthe  Marie  L.  de.  Born  at 
Montreal,  Canada,  Aug.  9,  1711 : died  July  9, 
1755.  A French  officer  in  America.  He  suc- 
ceeded Contrecour  as  commander  of  Fort  Duquesne  in 
1755,  planned  the  ambuscade  which  resulted  in  the  defeat 
of  Braddock,  July  9,  1765,  and  fell  at  the  first  file  of  the 
British. 

Beaujolais  (bo-zho-la').  An  ancient  territory 
of  France,  in  the  government  of  Lyonnais, 
now  comprised  in  the  departments  of  Rhone 
and  Loire.  Its  chief  towns  were  Beaujeu  and  Ville- 
franche.  It  was  a barony  and  county,  and  was  united  to 
the  crown  by  Francis  I.,  and  was  later  in  the  possession  of 
the  Orleans  family.  It  is  noted  for  its  mines. 

Beaujoyeulx.  See  Baltazarini. 

Beaulea,  or  Beauleah.  See  Rampur  Beauleah. 

Beaulieu  (bo-le-e').  [F.,  ‘beautiful  place.’] 

A town  in  the  department  of  Correze,  France, 
situated  on  the  Dordogne  20  miles  south  of 
Tulle.  Population,  commune,  1,927. 

Beaulieu  (bu'li).  A village  and  abbey  in 
Hampshire,  England,  6 miles  southwest  of 
Southampton. 

Beaulieu  (bo-le-e'),  Jean  Pierre,  Baron  de. 
Born  at  Namur,  Oct.  26,  1725  : died  near  Linz, 
Dec.  22,  1819.  An  Austrian  general.  He  served 
in  the  Seven  Years’  War  ; commanded  at  Jemappes  in  1792, 
and  as  commander-in-chief  in  Italy  was  defeated  by  Napo- 
leon (1796) at  Montenotte,  Millesimo,  Montesano, Mondovi, 
and  Lodi.  He  was  succeeded  by  Wurmser. 

Beaulieu-Marconnay  (bo-le-e ' mar  - ko  - na ' ), 
Karl  Olivier,  Baron  von.  Born  at  Minden, 
Sept.  5, 1811:  died  at  Dresden,  April  8, 1889.  A 
German  official  and  historical  writer. 

Beauly  (bu'li).  A village  and  ruined  priory 
in  Inverness-shire,  Scotland,  9 miles  west  of 
Inverness. 

Beauly  Basin.  The  upper  part  of  Inverness 
Firth,  connected  with  Moray  Firth,  northwest 
of  Inverness.  Length,  9 tniies. 


Beaumains 

Beaumains.  See  Gareth. 

Beaumanoir  (bo-ma-nwar'),  Jean  de.  Lived 
in  the  middle  of  the  14th  century.  A French 
knight  of  Brittany.  He  is  celebrated  as  the  French 
commander  in  the  “ Battle  of  the  Thirty  " (which  see), 
1361,  between  Ploermel  and  Josselin,  Brittany. 

Beaumanoir,  Sir  Lucas  de.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  novel  “ Ivanhoe,”  the  grand  master  of 
the  Knights  Templar.  He  seizes  Rebecca  and 
tries  her  as  a witch. 

Beaumanoir,  Philippe  de  R6mi,  Sire  de.  Born 
about  1250 : died  Jan.  7, 1296.  A French  jurist. 
He  was  bailli  at  Senlis  in  1273,  and  at  Clermont  in  1280, 
and  presided  at  assizes  held  in  various  towns.  His  chief 
work,  highly  esteemed  in  the  study  of  old  French  law,  is 
“Ooutuines  de  Beauvoisis"  (edited  by  De  la  Thaumassiere 
1690,  and  by  Beugnot  1842). 

Beaumarchais  (bo-mar-sha'),  Pierre  Augus- 
tin Caron  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1732: 
died  there,  May  18,  1799.  A French  polemic 
and  dramatic  writer.  He  was  the  seventh  child  of 
Charles  Caron,  master  clock-maker.  After  an  elementary 
schooling,  he  joined  his  father  in  the  trade.  Subsequently 
he  assumed  the  name  of  Beaumarchais,  in  accordance 
with  a usage  prevalent  in  that  century.  His  claim  to  the 
invention  of  a new  escapement  in  clock-work  being  dis- 
puted, young  Caron  appealed  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
and  to  public  opinion,  thereby  attracting  also  the  atten- 
tion of  the  court.  On  the  death  in  1770  of  the  celebrated 
financier  Duverney,  who  had  taken  Beaumarchais  into 
partnership,  a question  of  inheritance  occasioned  litiga- 
tion. Beaumarchais  conducted  his  own  case,  and  to  vin- 
dicate himself  published  four  “ Mtmoircs  ” (1774-75)  re- 
plete with  wit  and  eloquence,  which  made  him  famous. 
His  earlier  attempts  to  write  for  the  stage,  “Eugenie" 
and  “Les  Heux  Amis,  ou  le  Ndgociant  de  Lyon,"  were 
failures.  “Le  Barbier  de  Seville"  waited  two  years  to 
be  presented  to  the  public,  and  the  first  performance, 
Feb.  23,  1775,  was  not  very  successful.  Subsequently 
he  altered  and  greatly  improved  the  comedy.  “ Le  Ma- 
nage de  Figaro,”  begun  in  1775  and  completed  in  1778, 
was  suppressed  for  four  years  by  the  censure  of  Louis 
XVI.  It  was  given  for  the  first  time  April  27,  1784,  and 
was  immediately  successful.  It  is  the  masterpiece  of 
French  comedy  in  the  18th  century.  His  later  plays, 
“Tarare”  and  “La  Mere  Coupable,”  barely  deserve  men- 
tion. During  the  War  of  American  Independence  Beau- 
marchais sent  to  the  United  States  a fleet  of  his  own, 
carrying  a cargo  of  weapons  and  ammunition  for  the 
American  colonists.  His  poverty  during  the  latter  part 
of  his  life  was  largely  due  to  the  difficulty  he  experienced 
in  recovering  payment  from  the  United  States.  Beau- 
marchais is  the  hero  of  one  of  Goethe’s  plays,  “ Clavigo  ” 
(which  see). 

Beaumaris  (bo -mar 'is).  [OF.  beau  marais, 
fair  marsh.  Formerly  called  Bornover.]  A 
seaport  and  watering-place  in  Anglesea,  Wales, 
situated  on  Beaumaris  Bay  47  miles  west  by 
south  of  Liverpool.  It  has  a castle,  a large  13th-cen- 
tury fortress,  built  by  Edward  I.  The  long,  low  line  of 
the  interior  walls  is  impressive,  with  their  many  towers, 
surmounted  by  the  huge  cylindrical  towers  of  the  main 
structure.  The  central  court  is  extremely  picturesque, 
surrounded  by  ruins  of  the  chapel  and  the  great  hall,  with 
finely  traceried  windows,  and  of  the  interesting  residential 
buildings  profusely  draped  with  ivy.  Population, 
2,326. 

Beaumaris  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea,  be- 
tween Anglesea  and  Carnarvon,  Wales. 

Beaumelle  (bd-mel').  A female  character 
in  Massinger  and  Field’s  play  “The  Fatal 

Dowry.” 

Beaumelle,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la.  Bom 

at  Valleraugue,  Gard,  France,  Jan.  28,  1726: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  17, 1773.  A French  man  of 
letters,  professor  of  French  literature  at  Copen- 
hagen 1749—51.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to  Berlin, 
and  in  1752  to  Paris.  His  works  brought  him  two  periods 
of  imprisonment  in  the  Bastille  and  the  active  enmity  of 
Voltaire. 

Beaumont  (bo-mon' ).  [F.,  ‘ fair  mount’;  L .Bellas 
Mans,  or  Belmontium.’]  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  14  miles  southeast  of  Sedan.  Here,  Aug.  30, 
1870,  the  Germans  under  the  Crown  Prince  of  Saxony  de- 
feated a division  of  MacMahon’s  army. 

Beaumont  (bo'mont,  formerly  bu'mont),  Basil. 
Born  1669:  died  Nov.  27,  1703.  An  English 
rear-admiral.  He  perished  in  the  Downs  in  a terrible 
storm  which  destroyed  13  vessels,  with  1,600  seamen 

Beaumont  (bo-mon'),  Elie  de.  See  Me  de 

Beaumont. 

Beaumont  (bo'mont, formerly  bu'mont),  Fran- 
cis. Bora  at  Grace-Dieu,  Leicestershire,  in 
1584 : died  March  6,  1616,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  An  English  dramatist 
and  poet.  He  entered  Oxford  Feb.  4,  1696,  at  the  age 
of  twelve.  In  1600  he  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  but  ap- 
parently did  not  pursue  his  legal  studies.  In  1602  he 
published  “ Salmacis  and  Ilermaphroditus,"  a poem  after 
Ovid  (his  authorship  of  this  poem  is  doubted  by  Bullen). 
His  friendship  for  Ben  Jonson  probably  began  shortly 
after  this,  and  from  1607  to  1611  his  commendatory  poems 
were  prefixed  to  several  of  Jonson’s  plays.  In  1613  Beau- 
mont produced  “ A Masque  for  the  Inner  Temple,"  and 
about  that  time  he  married  Ursula,  daughter  of  Henry 
Isley  of  Sundridge  in  Kent.  His  close  personal  and  lit- 
erary intimacy  with  John  Fletcher  dated  from  about  1607 
They  lived  together  not  far  from  the  Globe  Theatre  on  the 
Bankside,  sharing  everything  in  common.  Till  1616  (1614, 


135 

Bullen)  they  wrote  together.  The  discussion  of  the  sepa- 
rate authorship  of  the  plays  will  be  found  under  Fletcher, 
John.  The  Induction  and  the  first  two  Triumphs  in  “ Four 
Plays  or  Moral  Representations  in  One  ” are  usually  as- 
cribed entirely  to  Beaumont. 

Beaumont,  Sir  George  Howland.  Bora  at 
Dunmow,  Essex,  England,  Nov.  6,  1753:  died 
Feb.  7,  1827.  An  English  patron  of  art,  con- 
noisseur, and  landscape-painter,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  National  Gallery  at  London. 
Beaumont,  Sir  John.  Bom,  probably  at  Grace- 
Dieu,  Leicestershire,  1583 : died  April  19,  1627. 
An  English  poet,  brother  of  Francis  Beaumont. 
He  wrote  “Bosworth  Field,”  sacred  poems, 
“Crown  of  Thorns”  (now  lost),  etc. 
Beaumont  de  la  Bonni4re  (b5-moh'  de  la  bon- 
yar'),  Gustave  Auguste.  Born  at  Beaumont- 
la-Chatre,  Sarthe,  France,  Feb.  16,  1802:  died 
at  Tours,  Feb.  6,  1866.  A French  politician 
and  man  of  letters.  He  was  the  author  of  “Du  sys- 
ttme  pdnitentiaire  anx  Etats-Unis”  (1832),  “De  l’escla 
vage  aux  ]5tats-Unis  " (1840),  “ L’lrlande,  politique,  sociale, 
et  religieuse  ’’  (1839),  etc. 

Beaumont-de-Lomagne(b6-rn6h'de-16-many ' ). 
A town  in  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Gimone  22  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Montauban.  Population,  com- 
mune, 3,494. 

Beaumont-sur-Oise  (bo-moh'siir-waz').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  situ- 
ated on  the  Oise  18  miles  north  of  Paris.  It  has 
a noted  church.  Population,  commune,  4,089. 
Beaune  (bon).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Cote-d’Or,  eastern  France,  24  miles  southwest 
of  Dijon.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  Burgundy  wines. 
The  hospital  of  Beaune  remains  almost  precisely  as  when 
completed  in  1443.  It  has  a picturesque  doorway  covered 
with  a penthouse,  a quaint  court  with  two  tiers  of  galleries, 
and  a remarkably  high,  steep  roof.  The  grande  salle  has 
a superb  arched  timber  roof.  Population,  13,540. 

Beaune-la-Rolande  (bon'la-ro-lohd').  A vil- 
lage in.  the  department  of'Loiret,  France,  19 
miles  northeast  of  Orleans.  Here,  Nov.  28, 
1870,  the  Prussians  under  General  von  Voigts- 
Rhetz  defeated  the  French  under  Aurelle  de 
Paladines.  The  French  loss  was  about  6,700. 
Population,  1,776. 

Beaupreau  (bo-pra-o').  [F.,  ‘fair  meadow.’] 
A town  in  the  department  of  Maine-et-Loire, 
France,  situated  on  the  Evre  29  miles  south- 
west of  Angers.  It  was  the  scene  of  a Vendean 
victory  1793.  Population,  commune,  3,497. 

Beauregard  (bo're-gard ; F.  pron  bo-re-gar'  or 
bor-gar'),  Pierre  Gustave  Toutant.  [F.  beau 
regard,  fair  view.]  Born  near  New  Orleans, 
May  28,  1818:  died  there,  Feb.  20,  1893.  An 
American  general . He  graduated  at  W est  Point  1838 ; 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  war,  being  brevet- 
ted  captain  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  Contre- 
ras and  Churubusco,  and  major  for  similar  conduct  at 
Chapultepec;  was  appointed  superintendent  at  West  Point 
in  1860,  with  the  rank  of  colonel ; resigned  in  1861,  on  the 
secession  of  Louisiana  from  the  Union,  to  accept  an  ap- 
pointment as  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  army  ; 
bombarded  and  captured  Fort  Sumter,  April  12-13.  1801 ; 
was  in  immediate  command  (under  Joseph  E.  Johnston)  at 
the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21,  being  raised  in  consequence 
of  his  services  in  this  battle  to  the  rank  of  general ; assumed 
command  of  the  army  at  Shiloh,  on  the  fall  of  General  A.  S. 
Johnston,  April  6,  1862 ; commanded  at  Charleston  1862-64 ; 
defeated  Butler  at  Drury’s  Bluff,  May  16,  1864 ; and  sur- 
rendered with  Johnston  in  1865.  He  was  president  of  the 
New  Orleans  and  Jackson  Railroad  Company  1865-70,  and 
became  adjutant-general  of  Louisiana  in  1878. 

Beaurepaire  (bo-re-par').  A castle  celebrated 
in  Arthurian  legend.  Blanchefleur  was  be- 
sieged here  and  freed  by  Sir  Perceval. 
Beaurepaire-Rohan  (bo-re-par'ro-on'),  Hen- 
rique  de.  Born  1818:  died  July,  1894.  A 
French  general  and  geographer.  Hewrotea  “De- 
scripsaode  umaviagem  deCuyabdao  Rio  de  Janeiro,  etc.” 
(1846),  a topography  of  Matto  Grosso,  etc.,  and  he  was 
chief  of  the  commission  which  prepared  the  map  of  Brazil 
published  in  1878.  In  1864  he  was  minister  of  war. 

Beausobre(bo-sobr'),  Isaac  de.  BornatNiort, 
France,  March  8, 1659:  died  at  Berlin,  June  6, 
1738.  A French  Protestant  theologian,  pastor 
of  a French  church  in  Berlin.  He  was  the  author 
of  an  “Essai  critique  de  l’histoire  de  Manichce  et  du  Ma- 
nichcisme  " (1739  : vol.  2, 1744)  a translation  of  the  New 
Testament  into  French  from  the  original  Greek,  etc. 

Beautemns-Beaupre  (bo -ton ' bo  - pra'), 

Charles  Francois.  Bom  at  Neuville-au-Pont, 
Marne,  France,  1766:  died  1854.  A noted  French 
hydrographer. 

Beauty  and  the  Beast.  [F.  La  Belle  et  la 
Bete.~\  A story  in  which  a daughter  (Beauty), 
Z6mire,  to  save  her  father’s  life,  becomes  the 
guest  of  a monster  (Azor),  who,  by  his  kind- 
ness and  intelligence,  wins  her  love,  whereupon 
he  regains  his  natural  form,  that  of  a handsome 
young  prince.  The  French  version  by  Madame  le  Prince 
de  Beaumont  was  published  in  1757.  She  probably  de- 


Bebel 

rived  the  plot  from  Straparola’s  “Piacevoli  Notti,"  a col- 
lection of  Italian  stories  published  in  1550.  There  have 
been  many  English  versions,  of  which  the  most  notewor- 
thy is  Miss  Thackeray’s.  The  story  gave  GiLtry  the  sub- 
ject for  Iris  very  successful  opera  “Zernire  and  Azor.” 
Beauvais  (bo-va/).  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  TlnSrain  43 
miles  north-northwest  of  Paris,  it  is  the  ancient 
C’sesaromagus,  the  capital  of  the  BeUovaci,  a Belgic  tribe, 
whence  its  later  name  Bellovacum  or  Belvucum  (modern 
Beauvais).  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a countship.  Beau- 
vais was  defended  against  the  English  in  1433 ; and  against 
Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  by  the  citizens  under  Jeanne 
Hachette  in  1472.  Many  church  councils  have  been  held 
there.  It  is  an  important  industrial  and  commercial  cen- 
ter, and  has  manufactures  of  Gobelin  tapestries,  carpets, 
cotton,  woolens,  lace,  buttons,  brushes,  etc.  The  cathe- 
dral of  Beauvais  is  a fragment  consisting  merely  of  choir 
and  transepts, begun  in  1225  with  the  intention  of  surpass- 
ing all  other  existing  churches.  The  plan  failed  owing 
to  stinted  expenditure  on  the  foundations,  which  proved 
too  weak  for  the  stupendous  superstructure.  The  choir, 
presenting  the  most  beautiful  13th-century  vaulting  and 
tracery,  is  104  feet  long  and  157  from  vaulting  to  pave- 
ment. It  possesses  superb  medieval  gla6s.  The  great 
transepts  are  Flamboyant.  Population,  20,248. 

Beauvais,  Charles  Theodore.  Born  at  Or- 
leans, France,  Nov.  8, 1772:  died  at  Paris,  1830. 
A French  general  and  writer.  He  compiled  “Vic- 
toires  et  conqu6tes  des  fran^ais,”  and  edited  “Correspon- 
dance  de  Napoleon  avec  les  cours  (Hrang&res,"  etc. 

Beauvallet  (bo-va-la'),  Leon.  Born  at  Paris, 
1829 : died  there,  March  22, 1885.  A French  lit- 
terateur, son  of  Pierre  Framjois  Beauvallet. 
Beauvallet,  Pierre  Francois.  Born  at  Pithi- 
viers,  France,  Oct.  13, 1801:  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
21, 1873.  A French  actor  and  dramatic  writer. 
Beauvau  (bo-vo'),  Charles  Juste  de.  Bora 
at  Luneville,  France,  Sept.  10, 1720 : died  May 
2,  1793.  A marshal  of  France,  distinguished 
in  the  Seven  Years’  War, 

Beauvau,  Rene  Francois  de.  Born  1664:  died 
Aug.  4, 1739.  A French  prelate,  bishop  of  Ba- 
yonne, and  later  (1707)  of  Tournay,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  during  the  siege  of  1709. 
Beaux  (bo),  Cecilia.  Born  at  Philadelphia.  A 
contemporary  American  painter,  a pupil  (in 
America)  of  Van  der  Weilen  and  William  Sar- 
tain,  and  (in  Paris)  of  Henry,  Bouguereau,  Con- 
stant, and  others.' 

Beaux  Arts,  Academie  des.  See  Academy. 
Beaux’  Stratagem,  The.  A comedy  by  Far- 
quhar,  produced  March  8,  1707 : his  best  play. 
Beauzee  (bo-za'),  Nicolas.  Born  at  Verdun, 
May  9,  1717 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23,  1789.  A 
French  grammarian  and  litterateur. 

Beaver  (be'ver),  James  Adams.  Born  at  Mil- 
lerstown,  Pa.,  Oct.  21, 1837.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  general.  He  was  colonel  and  brigade-com- 
mander in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  the  Civil  War ; was 
the  (unsuccessful)  Republican  candidate  for  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1882 ; and  was  Republican  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  1887-91. 

Beaver,  Philip.  Born  at  Lewknor,  Oxfordshire, 
England,  Feb.  28,  1766:  died  at  Table  Bay, 
South  Africa,  April  5,  1813.  A captain  of  the 
English  navy.  He  attempted  unsuccessfully 
to  colonize  the  island  of  Bulama,  West  Africa, 
1792-93. 

Beaver  City.  The  chief  town  and  capita!  of 
Beaver  County,  Oklahoma.  Pop.,  326,  (1910). 
Beaver  Creek.  A river  in  northwestern  Kan- 
sas and  southern  Nebraska,  a tributary  of  the 
Republican  River.  Length,  about  200  miles. 
Beaver  Dam.  A city  in  Dodge  County,  Wis- 
consin, 59  miles  northwest  of  Mdwaukee.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,758,  (1910). 

Beaver  Dam  Creek.  See  Mechanicsville. 
Beaver  Falls.  A borough  in  Beaver  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  near  the  junction  of  the 
Beaver  and  Ohio  rivers,  26  miles  northwest  of 
Pittsburgh.  It  has  manufactures  of  steel,  iron,  etc.,  and 
is  the  seat  of  Geneva  College.  It  was  originally  called 
Brighton.  Population,  12,191,  (1910). 

Beaver  Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the 
northern  part  of  Lake  Michigan,  belonging  to 
Manitou  County,  Michigan.  The  length  of  the 
largest  (Big  Beaver)  is  24  miles. 

Beaver  River.  A river  ill  western  Pennsyl- 
vania, formed  by  the  union  of  the  Mahoning 
and  Shenango  rivers.  It  joins  the  Ohio  near 
Beaver  Falls. 

Beazley  (bez'li),  Samuel.  Born  at  London, 
1786:  died  at  Tunbridge  Castle,  Kent,  Oct.  12, 
1851.  An  English  architect  and  dramatist, 
noted  as  a designer  of  theaters. 

Bebek  (beb'ek).  A place  in  Turkey,  on  the 
Bosporus  6 miles  from  Constantinople. 

Bebel  (ba'bel),  Ferdinand  August.  Born  Feb. 
22,  1840:  died  at  Passugg,  Switzerland,  Aug. 
13,  1913.  One  of  the  leaders  of  the  social- 
democratic  party  in  Germany.  He  joined  the  Ger- 
man labor  movement  which  began  under  the  leadership 
of  Lassalle,  and  which  resulted  in  the  formation  of  the 


Bebel 

social-democratic  party.  In  1867  he  was  chosen  deputy 
from  the  district  of  Glauchau-Meerane,  in  Saxony,  to  the 
constituent  assembly  of  North  Germany,  and  in  1871  was 
elected  to  the  first  Reichstag  of  the  German  Empire.  In 
1872  he  was  sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  on  the 
charge  of  high  treason  against  the  German  Empire,  and  to 
nine  months'  imprisonment  on  the  charge  of  lese-majesty 
against  the  German  emperor,  in  addition  to  which  he  was 
deprived  of  his  seat  in  the  Reichstag.  He  was  reelected 
in  1873  to  the  Reichstag,  in  which  with  interruptions  he 
represented  various  constituencies  until  his  death.  Author 
of  “ (Jnsere  Ziele,”  “Christenthum  und  Sozialismus,"  “ Die 
Frau  und  der  Sozialismus,"  “ Der  deutsche  Bauernkrieg,” 
“My  Life  ” (trans.  1913),  etc. 

Bebenhausen  (ba/ben-hou-zen).  A Roman- 
esque and  Gothic  Cistercian  abbey,  3 miles 
north  of  Tubingen,  Wtirtemberg,  founded  about 
1185. 

Bebra  (ba'bra).  A village  and  important  rail- 
way junction  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau, 
Prussia,  near  the  Fulda,  26  miles  south-south- 
east  of  Cassel. 

Bebutoff  ( ba-bo'tof),  Prince  Vasili  Osipo- 
vitcb.  Born  1792:  died  at  Tiflis,  Transcau- 
casus,  Russia,  March  22, 1858.  A Russian  gen- 
eral, of  Armenian  descent.  He  defeated  the 
Turks  at  Kadiklar,  Dec.  1,  1853,  and  at  Kuruk- 
Dere,  Aug.  5,  1854. 

Bee  (bek).  A ruined  abbey  at  Bec-Helloin, 
near  Brionne,  department  of  Eure,  France,  fa- 
mous as  a seat  of  learning  in  the  11th  century 
under  the  rule  of  Lanfranc  and  Anselm. 
Beccafumi  (bek-ka-fo'me)  (Domenico  de 
Pace).  Born  near  Siena,  Italy,  1486:  died  at 
Siena,  May  18,  1551.  An  Italian  painter,  sur- 
named  “Meccherino”  from  his  insignificant 
appearance.  His  best-known  works  are  his  de- 
signs for  the  decorations  of  the  cathedral  of 
Siena. 

Beccari  (bek'ka-re),  Odoardo.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, Nov.  19,  1843.  An  Italian  botanist,  ex- 
plorer in  New  Guinea,  the  East  Indies,  and 
East  Africa.  He  founded  the  “ Nuovo  giornale  botan- 
ico  italiano"  (1869),  which,  together  with  the  “Boliettino 
della  Society  geograflea  italiana,”  contains  most  of  his  de- 
scriptions of  travel  and  botanical  discoveries. 

Beccaria  (bek-ka-re'a),  Cesare  Bonesano, 
Marehese  di.  Born  at  Milan,  March  15,  1735: 
died  at  Milan,  Nov.  28, 1794.  An  Italian  econo- 
mist, jurist,  and  philanthropist,  professor  in 
Milan.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  opponents  of  the  death 
penalty.  His  most  famous  work  is  “Dei  delitti  e delle 
pene  ” (“  On  Crimes  and  Punishments,”  1764 : revised  1781), 
which  was  written  from  a humanitarian  point  of  view  and 
was  very  influential. 

Beccaria,  Giovanni  Battista.  Born  at  Mon- 
dovi,  Piedmont,  Oct.  3,  1716:  died  at  Turin, 
May  27,  1781.  An  Italian  mathematician  and 
physicist,  professor  of  physics  at  Turin,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  researches  in  electricity. 
Beccles  (bek ' lz).  A municipal  borough  in 
Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the  Waveney 
17  miles  southeast  of  Norwich.  Population, 
6,898. 

B&che,  De  la.  See  De  la  BUche. 

Becher  (bech'er),  Jobann  Joachim.  Born  at 
Speyer,  1635:  died  at  London  (?),  Oct.,  1682. 
A noted  German  chemist,  economist,  and  phy- 
sician. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  treatises,  the 
most  noted  of  which  is  the  “Actorum  laboratorii  chymici 
Monacensis,  seu  physic*  subterrane*  libri  duo  * (1669). 
Of  the  three  elements  recognized  by  him  in  the  composi- 
tion of  metals,  and  in  general  of  minerals,  a vitrifiable 
earth,  a volatile  earth,  and  an  igneous  principle,  the  last 
served  as  the  foundation  of  the  theory  of  Stahl. 
Becher,  Siegfried.  Born  at  Plan,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  28, 1806 : died  March  4, 1873.  An  Austrian 
economist  and  statistician.  He  became  professor 
of  history  and  geography  in  the  Polytechnical  Institute 
at  Vienna,  1835. 

Bechstein  (bech'stin),  Johann  Matthaus. 

Born  at  Waltershausen,-  in  Gotha,  Germany, 
July  11,  1757:  died  at  Meiningen,  Feb.  23, 1822. 
A German  naturalist  and  forester,  author  of 
“Forst-  und  Jagdwissenschaft,”  etc. 
Bechstein,  Ludwig.  Born  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  24,  1801:  died  at  Meiningen,  May 
14,  1860.  A Thuringian  poet,  folklorist,  and 
novelist,  nephew  of  Johann  Matthaus  Bech- 
stein. 

Bechuanaland  (bech-6-a'na-land).  [ Bechuana 
or  Bechwana,  the  name  of  the  people.  See 
Chuana .]  A region  in  South  Africa,  between 
the  Transvaal  aud  German  Southwest  Africa. 

It  is  partly  a colony  (annexed  to  Cape  Colony  in  1895)  and 
partly  a protectorate.  The  climate  is  good,  but  the  soil  is 
arid,  and  more  suitable  for  pasture  than  for  agriculture. 
Mafeking  is  the  chief  town.  The  military  occupation  and 
annexation  by  England  took  place  in  1885.  Area  of  pro- 
tectorate, about  275,000  square  miles.  Population,  about 
133,000. 

Beck  (bek),  Christian  Daniel.  Born  at  Leip- 
sic,  Jan.  22,  1757 : died  Dec.  13,  1832.  A Ger- 
man classical  philologist.  He  was  professor  of 


136 

Greek  and  Roman  literature  in  the  University  of  Leipsic 
(1825-32),  and  editor  of  the  “Allgemeine  Repertorium  der 
neuesten  in-  und  auslandisehen  Literatur  ’’  (1819-32).  He 
published  editions  of  Pindar,  Aristophanes,  Euripides, 
Apollonius  Rhodius,  Plato,  Cicero,  and  Calpurnius,  “Com- 
mentarii  historici  decretorum  religionis  Christian*,"  etc. 

Beck  (bek),  Janies  Burnie.  Born  in  Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  Feb.  13,  1822:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  May  3,  1890.  An  American 
statesman,  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  Kentucky  1867-75,  and  United  States 
senator  1877-90. 

Beck,  Johann  Ludwig  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Leipsic,  October  27,  1786:  died  there,  Feb.  14, 
1869.  A German  jurist,  son  of  Christian  Daniel 
Beck.  He  became  professor  of  law  at  Eonigsberg  in 
1812,  and  president  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  at  Leipsic 
in  1837. 

Beck,  Johann  Tobias  von.  Born  at  Balingen, 
Wtirtemberg,  Feb.  22,  1804:  died  Dec.  28,  1878. 
A German  Protestant  theologian,  appointed 
professor  of  theology  at  Tubingen  in  1843. 
Beck,  Karl.  Born  at  Baja,  Hungary,  May  1, 
1817 : died  at  Wahring,  near  Vienna,  April  10, 
1879.  An  Austrian  poet.  He  was  the  author  of 
“ Nachte.  Gepanzerte  Lieder”  (1838),  “Der  Fahrende 
Poet”  (1838),  “Stille  Lieder”  (1839),  “Saul”  (1841:  a 
drama),  “Janko”  (1842),  “Lieder  vom  armen  Manne” 
(1846),  “Aus  der  Heimath”  (1852),  “Mater  Dolorosa” 
(1853),  “Jadwiga”  (1863),  etc. 

Beck,  Madame.  One  of  the  principal  char- 
acters in  Charlotte  Bronte’s  novel  “Villette.” 
Becker  (hek'er),  August.  Born  at  Klingen- 
miinster,  April  27,  1828:  died  at  Eisenach, 
March  23,  1891.  A German  poet  and  novelist. 

He  was  editor  of  the  “ Isar-Zeitung  " (1859-64),  and  is  the 
authorof  “ Des  Rabbi  Vermachtniss  ” (1866-67),  “ Hedwig  ” 
(1868),  “Meine  Schwester  ” (1876),  etc. 

Becker,  August.  Born  at  Darmstadt,  Jan.  27, 
1821:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  Dec.  19,  1887.  A 
noted  German  landscape-painter. 

Becker,  Jakob.  Born  at  Dittelsheim,  near 
Worms,  March  15,  1810:  died  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Dec.  22,  1872.  A German  genre 
painter. 

Becker,  Jean.  Born  at  Mannheim,  May  11, 
1833:  died  there,  Oct.  10,  1884.  A noted  Ger- 
man violinist,  member,  with  the  Italians  Masi 
and  Chiostri  and  the  Swiss  Hilpert,  of  the 
Florentine  Quartet. 

Becker,  Johann  Philipp.  Born  March  19, 
1809  : died  at  Geneva,  Dec.  9, 1886.  A German 
political  agitator  and  socialist. 

Becker,  Karl  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Liser,  near 
Trier,  Germany,  April  14,  1775 : died  at  Offen- 
bach, Sept.  5,  1849.  A noted  German  philolo- 
gist and  physician.  He  wrote  “Ausfuhrliche 
deutsche  Grammatik,”  “ Handbuch  der  deut- 
schen  Sprache,”  etc. 

Becker,  Karl  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Leipsic, 
July  17, 1804 : died  at  Leipsic,  Oct.  26, 1877.  A 
German  organist  and  writer  on  music,  son  of 
Gottfried  Wilhelm  Becker.  His  chief  works  are 
“Systematisch-chronologische  Darstellung  der  musikal- 
isehen  Literatur  " (1836-39),  “Die  Hausmusik  in  Deutsch- 
land ” (1840). 

Becker,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Berlin,  1777 : 
died  at  Berlin,  March  15,  1806.  A German  his- 
torian. He  wrote  “ Weltgeschichte  fur  Kinder  und 
Kinderlehrer  ” (1801-05),  “Erzahlungen  aus  der  Alten 
Welt  ” (1801-03),  etc. 

Becker,  Mme.  (Christiane  Luise  Amalie 
Neumann).  Born  at  Krossen  in  Neumark, 
Dec.  15,  1778:  died  at  Weimar,  Sept.  27,  1797. 
A famous  German  actress,  daughter  of  the 
actor  Johann  Christian  Neumann,  and  wife  of 
the  actor  Heinrich  Becker.  She  acted  in  both  com- 
edy and  tragedy,  and  was  much  admired  by  Goethe  who, 
after  her  death,  sang  of  her  in  the  elegy  “ Euphrosine.” 

Becker,  Nikolaus.  Born  at  Bonn,  Jan.  8, 1809: 
died  Aug.  28,  1845.  A German  poet,  author  of 
the  popular  Rheinlied  “ Sie  sollen  ihn  nicht 
haben”  (1840),  etc. 

Becker,  Oskar.  Born  at  Odessa,  June  18, 1839: 
died  at  Alexandria,  July  16,  1868.  A German 
medical  student  in  the  University  of  Leipsic 
who  attempted  to  assassinate  William  I.  of 
Prussia  at  Baden-Baden,  July  14, 1861.  He  gave 

at  the  subsequent  trial  as  the  reason  for  his  act  that  the 
king  was  unequal  to  the  task  of  uniting  Germany.  He 
was  sentenced  to  twenty  years’  imprisonment,  but,  at  the 
intercession  of  the  King  of  Prussia,  was  released  in  1866, 
on  condition  of  leaving  Germany. 

Becker,  Rudolf  Zacharias.  Born  at  Erfurt, 
Germany,  April  9,  1752 : died  March  28,  1822. 
A popular  German  writer.  He  was  the  author  of 
“Noth-  und  Hilfsbiichlein  ” (1787-98),  “ Mildheimisches 
Liederbucli,"  “ Holzschnitte  alter  deutscher  Meister,”  etc. 

Becker,  Wilhelm  Adolf.  Born  at  Dresden, 
1796 : died  at  Meissen,  Sept.  30,  1846.  A Ger- 
man classical  archaeologist,  son  of  Wilhelm 
Gottlieb  Becker,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Leipsic.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Gallus  ” (1838),  “Char- 


Beddoes,  Thomas 

ikies  ” (1840 : both  on  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  life), 
“Handbuch  der  romischeu  Alterthiimer”  (“Manual  of 
Roman  Antiquities,"  1843^46,  continued  1849-64),  etc. 

Becker,  Wilhelm  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Ober- 
kallenberg,  Saxony,  Nov.  4, 1753:  died  at  Dres- 
den, June  3, 1813.  A German  archaeologist  and 
man  of  letters.  His  chief  work  is  “ Augus- 
te uni,  Dresden’s  antike  Denkmaler  enthaltend  ” 
(1805-09). 

Beckerath  (bek'er-at),  Hermann  von.  Born 
at  Crefeld,  Dec.  13,  1801:  died  there,  May  12, 
1870.  A Prussian  politician,  a member  of  the 
Frankfort  Parliament,  and  minister  of  finance 
1848-49. 

Beckers  (bek'erz),  Hubert.  Born  at  Munich, 
Nov.  4,  1806:  died  at  Munich,  March  11,  1889. 
A German  philosophical  writer,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Mu- 
nich in  1847.  He  has  written  extensively  upon 
the  philosophy  of  Schelling. 

Becket,  Thomas.  See  Thomas  of  London. 

Beckford  (bek'ford),  William.  Born  in  Ja- 
maica, 1709:  died  at.  London,  June  21,  1770. 
An  English  politician.  He  became  lord  mayor  of 
London  in  1762,  and  again  in  1769.  He  was  a friend  and 
supporter  of  Wilkes.  During  his  second  mayoralty  he 
acquired  celebrity  by  a fearless  impromptu  speech  made 
before  George  III.,  May  23,  1770,  on  the  occasion  of  pre- 
senting an  address  to  the  king. 

Beckford,  William.  Born  at  Fonthill,  Wilt- 
shire, Sept.  29,  1759:  died  May  2,  1844.  An 
English  man  of  letters,  connoisseur,  and  collec- 
tor, son  of  William  Beckford,  lord  mayor  of 
London.  He  was  for  many  years  member  of  Parliament, 
but  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  “ Vathek  ” (which  see). 
He  wrote  also  "Letters  ”(1834),  and  two  burlesques,  “The 
Elegant  Enthusiast"  (1796)  and  “Amezia”  (1797).  His 
villa  at  Fonthill,  upon  which  lie  expended  over  a million 
dollars,  was  famous  as  an  instance  of  reckless  extrava- 
gance aud  fanciful  splendor. 

Beckwith  (bek'with),  Sir  George.  Born  1753: 
died  at  London,  March  20,  1823.  An  English 
lieutenant-general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1771,  and 
served  in  the  North  American  war  1776-82.  From  1787 
to  1791  he  was  diplomatic  agent  of  England  in  the  United 
States,  and  was  successively  governor  of  Bermuda  (April, 
1797),  and  of  St.  Vincent  (Oct.,  1804).  From  Oct.,  1808,  to 
June,  1814,  he  was  governor  of  Barbadoes,  with  conimand 
of  the  British  forces  in  the  Windward  and  Leeward  isl- 
ands ; and  during  this  time  he  reduced  the  French  islands 
of  Martinique  (Jan.  30  to  Feb.  24,  1809)  and  Guadeloupe 
(Jan.  28  to  Feb.  6,  1810).  He  subsequently  commandea 
in  Ireland. 

Beckwith,  (James)  Carroll.  Born  at  Hannibal, 

Mo.,  Sept.  23,  1852.  An  American  portrait  and 
genre  painter,  a pupil  of  Carolus  Duran.  He  be- 
came a member  of  the  N ational  Academy  in  1894. 

Beckx  (beks),  Pierre  Jean.  Born  at  Sichem, 
near  Louvain,  Belgium,  Feb.  8,  1795 : died  at 
Rome,  March  4, 1887.  A Roman  Catholic  eccle- 
siastic, general  of  the  order  of  Jesuits  1853-83. 

Becky  Sharp.  See  Sharp,  BecJcy. 

Becon  (be'kon),  Thomas.  Born  in  Norfolk, 
1511(1512?):  died  at  London,  1567.  An  English 
ecclesiastic  and  writer.  He  was  for  a time  a sup- 
porter of  the  Reformers  in  books  written  under  the  name 
of  Theodore  Basille,  the  doctrines  of  which,  however,  he 
was  obliged  to  recant.  He  was  chaplain  to  Lady  Jane 
Seymour  and  to  Cranmer  under  Edward  VI.,  and  rector 
of  St.  Stephen’s,  Wallirook.  His  best-known  work  is  “ The 
Governaunce  of  Vertue.” 

Becquerel  (bek-rel'),  Alexandre  Edmond. 

Born  at  Paris,  March  24,  1820:  died  there,  May 
13,  1891.  A French  physicist,  son  of  Antoine 
C6sar  Becquerel,  noted  for  researches  on  the 
electric  light,  photography,  etc. 

Becquerel,  Antoine  Cesar.  Born  at  Chatillon- 
sur-Loing,  Loiret,  France,  March  7,  1788 : died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  18,  1878.  A French  physicist, 
noted  for  his  discoveries  in  electricity  and  in 
electro-chemistry.  His  chief  works  are  “ Trail 6 ex- 
perimental de  l’electricitd  et  du  magnet  isme  " (1834—10), 

1 “ Traite  d’electro-chimie  ” (1843), “ Traits  de  physique. ” He 
served  with  the  army  in  Spain  1810-12,  abandoned  his  mili- 
tary career  in  1815,  and  thereafter  devoted  himself  exclu- 
sively to  science. 

Beczwa,  or  Betchwa  (bech'wa).  A river  in 
eastern  Moravia,  a tributary  of  the  March. 

Beda.  See  Bede. 

Bedamar  (bed-a-mar').  A Spanish  statesman 
in  Saint-Real’s  “ Conjuration  des  Espaguols 
contre  la  republique  de  Venise,”  from  which  Ot- 
way took  his  “Venice  Preserved.”  The  character 
is  a noble  one,  but  is  reduced  to  small  proportions  in 
Otway’s  play. 

Bedarieux  (ba-dar-ye').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hera  ill  t,  southern  France,  situated  on 
the  Orb  36  miles  west  of  Montpellier.  It  has 
diversified  manufactures.  Population,  com- 
mune, 6,131. 

Beddoes  (bed'oz),  Thomas.  Born  at  Shiffnal, 
in  Shropshire,  April  13, 1760 : died  Dec.  24, 1808. 
An  English  physician  and  scientist.  He  was 
reader  in  chemistry  to  the  University  of  Oxford  (1788-92), 
and  established  at  Bristol  in  1798  a Pneumatic  Institute  for 


Beddoes,  Thomas 

the  treatment  of  disease  by  inhalation,  in  which  he  em- 
ployed as  his  assistant  Humphry  Davy.  Author  of  “ Isaac 
Jenkins"  (1793),  “Hygeia,  or  Essays  Moral  and  Medical  " 
(1801-02),  etc. 

Beddoes,  Thomas  Lovell.  Born  at  Clifton, 
England,  July  20, 1803:  died  at  Basel,  Jan.  26, 
1849.  An  English  poet  and  physiologist,  son 
of  Thomas  Beddoes.  He  was  the  author  of  “The 
Bride’s  Tragedy  ”(1822),  “ Death’s  Jest-Book,  or  the  Fool’s 
Tragedy  ” (1850),  “ Poems  ” (1851). 

Bede  (bed),  or  Baeda,  surnamed  “ The  Vener- 
able.” Born  at  WearmouthjinNorthumberland, 
probably  in  673  : died  at  Jarrow,  May  26,  735. 
A celebrated  English  monk  and  ecclesiastical 
writer.  He  was  educated  at  the  monastery  of  St.  Peter’s 
at  Wearmouth  and  at  that  of  St.  Paul’s  at  Jarrow,  in  which 
latter  institution  he  remained  until  his  death.  He  was 
ordained  a deacon  in  his  nineteenth  year,  and  became  a 
priest  in  his  thirtieth.  He  devoted  his  life  to  teaching 
and  writing,  and  is  said  to  have  been  master  of  all  the 
learning  of  his  time,  including  Greek  and  Hebrew.  His 
chief  work  is  “Historia  ecclesiastica  gentis  Anglorum.” 
The  first  collective  edition  of  his  writings  appeared  at 
Paris  1544-45,  which  edition  was  reprinted  in  1554.  Both 
the  original  edition  and  the  reprint  are  extremely  rare. 
Bede,  Adam.  The  principal  character  in  George 
Eliot’s  novel  of  that  name,  a young  carpenter, 
a keen  and  clever  workman,  somewhat  sharp- 
tempered  and  with  a knowledge  of  some  good 
books.  He  has  an  alert  conscience,  good  common  sense, 
and  “ well-balanced  shares  of  susceptibility  and  self-con- 
trol.” He  loves  Hetty  Sorrel,  but  finally  marries  Dinah 
Morris.  (See  Morris,  Dinah.)  He  is  said  to  be  in  part  a por- 
trait of  George  Eliot's  father. 

Bede,  Cuthbert.  The  pseudonym  of  the  Rev. 
Edward  Bradley  who  wrote  “Verdant  Green” 
and  other  humorous  works. 

Bede,  Lisbeth.  The  mother  of  Adam  and  Seth 
in  George  Eliot’s  novel  “Adam  Bede.” 

Bede,  Seth.  The  tender-hearted  mystical  bro- 
ther of  Adam  Bede. 

Bedeau  (be-do'),  Marie  Alphonse.  Born  at 
Vertou,  near  Nantes,  France,  Aug.  10,  1804: 
died  at  Nantes,  Oct.  30, 1863.  AFrench  general. 
He  served  in  Algeria ; failed  in  an  attempt  to  suppress  the 
rising  in  Paris  of  Feb.,  1848;  became  vice-president  of  the 
Constituent  and  Legislative  assemblies;  and  was  impris- 
oned at  the  coup  d’etat  of  1851. 

Bedel  (be'del),  Timothy.  Born  at  Salem,  N.H., 
about  1740:  died  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  1787.  An 
American  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He 
was  in  command  of  the  force  which  was  attacked  by  Brant's 
Indians  at  the  Cedars,  near  Montreal,  and  which  was  sur- 
rendered without  resistance  by  Captain  Butterfield,  the 
subordinate  officer  in  command.  The  blame  for  this  affair 
was  thrown  by  General  Arnold  on  Bedel,  who  at  the  time 
of  the  attack  lay  ill  at  Lachine. 

Bedell  (be-del'),  Gregory  Townsend.  Born 
on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  28,  1793  : died  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Aug.  30,  1834.  An  American 
Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman  and  hymn- 
writer. 

Bedell,  Gregory  Thurston.  Born  at  Hudson, 
New  York,  Aug.  27,  1817 : died  at  New  York, 
March  11,  1892.  An  American  bishop  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  son  of  Gregory 
Townsend  Bedell.  He  was  rector  of  the  Church  of 
the  Ascension  in  New  York  city  1843-59,  and  was  con- 
secrated assistant  bishop  of  Ohio  Oct.  13,  1859,  and  be- 
came bishop  of  that  diocese  in  1873  ; he  resigned  the 
office  in  1889  on  account  of  illness.  Author  of  “ Canter- 
bury Pilgrimage  to  the  Lambeth  Conference,”  etc.  (1878), 
“ The  Pastor,”  etc.  (1880),  and  “ Centenary  of  the  Ameri- 
can Episcopate  ” (1884). 

Bedell,  William.  Born  in  Essex,  England, 
1571 : died  Feb.  7,  1642.  An  English  prelate. 
He  became  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1627, 
and  bishop  of  the  united  sees  of  Kilmore  and  Ardagh  in 
Ireland  in  1629  ; resigned  the  see  of  Ardagh  in  1633,  in  dis- 
approval of  pluralities;  and,  being  imprisoned  by  the 
rebels  in  1641,  died  in  consequence  of  the  treatment 
which  he  received. 

Beder.  See  Bedr. 

Bedford  (bed'fprd),  or  Bedfordshire  (bed'ford- 
fehir),  abbreviated  Beds.  A midland  county  of 
England,  bounded  by  Northampton  on  the  north- 
west, Huntingdon  on  the  northeast,  Cambridge 
on  the  east,  Hertford  on  the  southeast,  and  Buck- 
ingham on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
but  is  hilly  in  the  south.  Area  (ad.  co.),  473  square  miles. 
Population  (parL  co.),  171,240. 

Bedford.  [ME.  JBeddeford,  AS.  Bedanford,  Be- 
dica’s  ford:  Bcdica,  Beadeca,  a proper  name.] 
The  capital  of  Bedfordshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Ouse  45  miles  north-northwest  of  London . 
It  was  the  scene  of  a battle  between  the  Britons  and 
Saxons  in  571.  It  had  a castle  in  the  middle  ages.  In 
Bedford  jail  Bunyau  was  imprisoned  (1660-72  and  1675-76), 
and  wrote  “Pilgrim's  Progress.”  Population,  35,144. 
Bedford.  The  capital  of  Lawrence  County, 
Indiana,  65  miles  south-southwest  of  Indian- 
apolis. Population,  8,716,  (1910). 

Bedford.  The  capital  of  Bedford  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  ou  the  Raystown branch 
of  the  Juniata  River,  34  miles  south  of  Altoona, 
Population,  2,235,  (1910). 

VI.  6 


137 

Bedford,  Duke  of.  See  John  of  Lancaster. 
Bedford.  Earls  and  Dukes  of.  See  Russell. 
Bedford  (bed'ford),  Gunning  S.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  1806  : died  iu  New  York  city,  Sept. 
5,  1870.  An  American  physician.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  in  the  Universityof  New  York  1840- 
1862.  He  wrote  “Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,” 
“ Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics,”  etc. 

Bedford  Coffee  House.  A noted  house  for- 
merly standing  in  Covent  Garden,  London,  the 
resort  of  Garrick,  Foote,  Fielding,  and  others. 
Bedford  House.  A fine  mansion  formerly 
standing  in  Bel  grave  Square,  London,  the  res- 
idence of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 

Bedford  Level.  A flat  tract  of  land  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  England,  it  is  about  60 
miles  in  length  and  40  miles  in  breadth,  extending  from 
Milton  in  Cambridgeshire  to  Toynton  in  Lincolnshire, 
and  from  Peterborough  in  Northamptonshire  to  Bran- 
don in  Suffolk.  It  comprises  nearly  all  the  marshy  district 
called  the  Fens  and  the  Isle  of  Ely.  Jt  gets  its  name 
from  Francis,  earl  of  Bedford,  who  in  1634  undertook  to 
drain  it.  Extensive  drainage  works  have  since  been  es- 
tablished, and  the  district  affords  rich  grain  and  pasture 
lands.  Area,  450,000  acres. 

Bedford  Square.  A square  in  London,  situ- 
ated on  the  west  of  the  British  Museum,  from 
which  it  is  divided  by  Gower  street. 

Bedivere  (bed'i-ver),  Sir.  In  the  Arthurian 
cycle  of  romance,  a knight  of  the  Round  Ta- 
ble. It  was  he  who  brought  the  dying  Arthur  to  the 
barge  in  which  the  three  queens  bore  him  to  the  Vale 
of  Avalon. 

Bedlam  (bed'lam).  [A  corruption  of  Beth- 
lehem.] The  hospital  of  St.  Mary  of  Bethlehem 
in  London,  originally  a priory,  founded  about 
1247,  but  afterward  used  as  an  asylum  for  lu- 
natics. 

Bedlam  beggar.  Same  as  Abraham-man. 
Bedlington  (bed'ling-ton).  A town  in  Nor- 
thumberland, England,  situated  on  the  Blyth  11 
miles  north  of  Newcastle.  It  is  in  the  colliery 
district.  Population,  18,766. 

Bedmar  (bed-mar'),  Alfonso  de  la  Cueva, 
Marquis  de.  Born  1572:  died  Aug.  2, 1655.  A 
Spanish  diplomatist  and  prelate  who,  while 
ambassador  of  Philip  III.  to  Venice,  planned 
an  unsuccessful  conspiracy  to  destroy  the  re- 
public, 1618.  He  became  a cardinal  1622.  His  con- 
spiracy is  said  to  have  suggested  the  plot  of  Otway’s 
“ V enice  Preserved.  ” See  Bedamar. 

Bednur  (bed-nor'),  or  Bednore  (bed-nor').  A 
town  in  western  Mysore,  Hindustan,  in  lat. 
13°  50'  N.,  long.  75°  5'  E.  It  was  taken  by  Hyder 
Ali  in  1763,  and  by  Tippu  Saib  in  1783.  Formerly  it  was 
the  seat  of  a rajah. 

Bedott  (be-dot'),  Widow,  or  Widow  Priscilla 
P.  Bedott.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Frances 
Miriam  (Berry)  Whitcher  in  the  “ Widow  Be- 
dott Papers.” 

Bedouins  (bed'6-inz),  or  Bedawi  (bed-ii-we'). 
The  nomadic  Arabs,  in  distinction  from  the 
fellahin,  or  peasants,  and  the  dwellers  in  towns, 
who  usually  call  themselves  “sonsof  the  Arabs” 
( Ibn-el  Arab).  They  are  subdivided  in  tribes  called 
Kabileh.  Two  principal  groups  may  be  distinguished : 
(1)  Bedouins  in  the  narrower  sense — i.  e.,  Arabic-speaking 
tribes  who  occupy  the  deserts  adjoining  central  and 
northern  Egypt,  or  who  are  to  be  found  in  various  regions 
of  southern  Nubia  as  a pastoral  people  ; (2)  Bejas,  or  Be- 
gas,  who  range  over  the  regions  of  Upper  Egypt  and  N ubia 
situated  between  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea,  extending  to 
the  frontiers  of  the  Abyssinian  highland.  This  second 
group  consists  of  three  different  tribes,  the  Hadendoa,  the 
Bisharin,  and  the  Ababdeh.  On  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile 
they  are  spread  out  as  far  as  the  boundaries  of  the  Niger 
(lat.  9°  N. ).  The  territory  occupied  by  them  is  called  “ Ed- 
bai,"  and  they  number  about  600,000  souls.  The  penin- 
sula of  Mount  Sinai  is  also  occupied  by  three  Bedouin 
tribes,  the  Terabiyin,  the  Tihaya,  and  the  Sawarkeh  or  El- 
Araish.  The  Bedouins  live  in  tents.  Their  chief  occupa- 
tion is  breeding  cattle.  Their  figures  are  symmetrical  and 
slender,  their  form  and  limbs  delicate  and  graceful,  and 
their  complexion  bronze-colored.  They  are  courageous 
and  warlike.  They  all  profess  Islam,  but  are  lax  in  fol- 
lowing its  precepts,  and  are  tolerant  in  their  intercourse 
with  non-Mohammedans. 

Bedr  (bed'r),  or  Beder  (bed'er).  A village  in 
Arabia,  between  Medina  and  Mecca,  it.  was  the 
scene  of  the  first  victory  of  Mohammed  over  the  Koraish- 
ites,  about  the  beginning  of  624  A.  D. 

Bedreddin  Hassan  (bed-red-den'  has'san). 
The  son  of  Noureddin  Ali  in  the  story  of  that 
name  in  “The  Arabian  Nights’  Entertain- 
ments.” Having  been  carried  off  by  a genie  and  adopted 
by  a pastry-cook,  he  is  discovered  by  the  superior  quality 
of  the  cheese-cakes  he  makes,  arrested  on  a false  charge 
of  putting  no  pepper  in  them,  and  restored  to  his  family. 
Bedretto  (ba-dret'to),  Val  di.  An  alpine 
valley  in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland, 
southwest  of  the  St.  Gotthard. 

Bedriacmn  (be-dri'a-kum),  or  Bebriacum  (be- 
bri'a-kum).  In  ancient  geography,  a village 
of  northern  Italy,  east  of  Cremona.  The  exact 
location  is  undetermined.  Here,  April,  69  a.  d.,  the  forces 


Beefsteak  Club 

of  Vitellius,  under  Cecina  and  Valens,  defeated  the  forces 
of  Otho  ; later  in  69  A.  i>.,  the  forces  of  Vespasian,  under 
Antonius,  defeated  the  forces  of  Vitellius. 

Beds  (bedz).  An  abbreviation  of  Bedfordshire. 
Bedwin  (bed'win),  Mrs.  “A  motherly  old 
lady,”  Mr.  Brownlow’s  housekeeper,  who  is 
kind  to  Oliver,  in  Charles  Dickens’s  novel 
“ Oliver  Twist.” 

Bee  (be),  Bernard  E.  Born  about  1823:  died 
at  Bull  Run,  July  21,  1861.  A Confederate 
brigadier-general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  com- 
manded a brigade  of  South  Carolina  troops  at  Bull  Run, 
where  he  fell. 

Bee,  Jon.  The  pseudonym  of  John  Badcock. 
Bee,  The.  A periodical  which  appeared  Oct. 
6,  1759,  eight  weekly  numbers  only  being  pub- 
lished. Oliver  Goldsmith  was  the  author  of 
nearly  all  the  essays. 

Beecher  (be'eher),  Catherine  Esther.  Born 
at  East  Hampton,  L.  I.,  Sept.  6,  1800:  died  at 
Elmira,  N.  Y. , May  12, 1878.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  writer,  daughter  of  Lyman  Beecher. 
She  conducted  a female  seminary  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
1822-32,  and  was  the  author  of  “ An  Appeal  to  the  People," 
“Common  Sense  applied  to  Religion,"  “Domestic  Ser- 
vice," “ Physiology  and  Callisthenics,”  etc. 

Beecher,  Charles.  Born  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
Oct.  7,  1815:  died  at  Georgetown,  Mass.,  April 
21, 1900.  An  American  clergyman  and  writer, 
son  of  Lyman  Beecher. 

Beecher,  Edward.  Born  at  East  Hampton, 
L.  I.,  Aug.  27,  1803:  died  July  28,  1895.  An 
American  Congregational  clergyman  and  theo- 
logical writer,  son  of  Lyman  Beecher. 
Beecher,  Henry  Ward.  Born  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  June  24,  1813:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
March  8,1887.  A noted  American  Congregation- 
al clergyman,  lecturer,  reformer,  and  author, 
son  of  Lyman  Beecher.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
College  in  1834 ; studied  theology  at  Lane  Theological  Sem- 
inary ; and  was  pastor  in  Lawrenceburg,  Indiana  (1837-39), 
of  a Presbyterian  church  in  Indianapolis  (1839-47),  and  of 
the  Plymouth  Congregational  church  in  Brooklyn  (1847-87). 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  early  editors  of  the  “In- 
dependent,” the  founder  of  the  “Christian  Union”  and 
its  editor  1870-81 ; and  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  anti- 
slavery orators.  He  delivered  Union  addresses  in  Great 
Britain  on  subjects  relating  to  the  Civil  War  in  the  United 
States  in  1863.  He  published  “Lectures  to  Young  Men  " 
(1844),  “Star  Papers”  (1855),  “Freedom  and  War  ” (1863), 
“ Eyes  and  Ears  ” (1864),  “ Aids  to  Prayer  ” (1864),  “ Nor- 
wood ” (1867),  “Earlier  Scenes,"  “Lecture  Room  Talks,” 
“ YaleLectures  on  Preaching,”  “ A Summer  Parish,”  “Ev- 
olution and  Preaching  " (1886),  etc. 

Beecher,  Lyman.  Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Oct.  12,  1775:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  10, 
1863.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman 
and  theologian.  He  was  pastor  in  East  Hampton, 
Long  Island  (1799-1810),  Litchfield,  Connecticut  (1810-26), 
and  Boston  (1826-32),  and  president  of  Lane  Theological 
Seminary  (1832-51).  He  was  noted  as  a temperance  and 
antislavery  reformer  and  controversialist. 

Beecher,  Thomas  Kinnicut.  Born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  Feb.  10, 1824:  died  at  Elmira,  N.  Y., 
March  14,  1900.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  son  of  Lyman  Beecher,  pastor  at 
Elmira,  N.  Y.,  1854-1900. 

Beechey  (be'chi),  Frederick  William.  Born 
at  London,  Feb.  17,  1796:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
29,  1856.  An  English  rear-admiral  and  geog- 
rapher, son  of  Sir  William  Beechey.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished in  Arctic  exploration  with  Franklin,  and  as 
commander  of  an  expedition  in  1826-31.  He  wrote 
“Voyage  of  Discovery  toward  the  North  Pole  ” (1843),  etc. 

Beechey,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Burford,  Ox- 
fordshire, England,  Dec.  12,  1753:  died  at 
Hampstead,  England,  Jan.  28,  1839.  A noted 
English  portrait-painter. 

Beef-eaters  (bef'e//terz).  [Originally  humor- 
ous.] A name  given  to  the  Yeomen  of  the 
Guard,  whose  function  it  has  been,  ever  since 
1485,  when  they  first  appeared  in  the  coronation 
procession  of  Henry  VII.,  to  attend  the  sover- 
eign at  banquets  and  other  state  occasions. 
The  Tower  Warders  are  also  called  Beef-eaters,  fifteen 
having  been  sworn  in  as  Yeomen  Extraordinary  of  the 
Guard  during  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  The  uniform  dif- 
fers slightly,  the  Tower  Warders  having  no  cross-belt. 
Beefington  (be'fing-ton),  Milor.  A fictitious 
English  nobleman  exiled  by  royal  tyranny  be- 
fore the  granting  of  the  Magna  Charta.  He  is  in- 
troduced in  “The  Rovers”  in  the  Anti-Jacobin  poetry  by 
Frere,  Canning,  and  Ellis. 

Beefsteak  Club.  A club  founded  in  the  reign 
of  Queen  Anne  (it  was  called  a “ new  socioty  ” 
in  1709),  believed  to  be  the  earliest  club  with 
this  namo.  Estcourt,  the  actor,  was  made  providore. 
It  was  composed  of  the  “ chief  wits  and  great  men  of  the 
nation  ” and  its  badge  was  a gridiron.  The  “Society  of 
Beefsteaks,”  established  some  years  later,  which  has  been 
confused  with  this,  scorned  being  called  a club  : they  des- 
ignated themselves  “ the  Steaks.”  “ The  Sublime  Society 
of  the  Steaks"  was  founded  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre 
in  1735.  It  is  said  to  have  had  its  origin  in  an  accidental 
dinner  taken  by  Lord  Peterborough  with  Rich,  the  mana- 
ger, in  his  private  room  at  the  theater.  The  latter  cooked 


138 


Beefsteak  Club 

a beefsteak  so  appetizingly  that  Lord  Peterborough  pro- 
posed repeating  tire  entertainment  the  next  Saturday  at 
the  same  hour.  After  the  fire  at  Covent  Garden  in  1808 
the  Sublime  Society  met  at  the  Bedford  Coffee  House, 
whence  they  removed  to  the  Old  Lyceum  in  1809.  When 
it  was  burned  in  1830,  they  returned  to  the  Bedford. 
When  the  Lyceum  Theatre  was  rebuilt  in  1838,  a magnifi- 
cent and  appropriate  room  was  provided  for  them  (Tiinbs), 
where  they  met  until  1807,  when  the  dwindling  society  was 
dissolved.  A Beefsteak  Club  was  established  at  the  Thea- 
tre Royal,  Dublin,  by  Sheridan,  about  1749,  of  which  Peg 
Woffington  was  president.  There  were  also  other  clubs 
of  the  kind.  The  modem  Beefsteak  Club  was  founded  by 
J.  L.  Toole,  the  actor,  in  1876. 

Beelzebub  (be-el'ze-bub).  [Formerly  also,  and 
still  in  popular  speech,  Belzebub , ME.  Belsebub , 
L.  Beelzebub,  Gr.  BnAfejiovji,  Heb.  Ba'alzebub, 
a god  of  the  Philistines,  the  averter  of  in- 
sects, from  ba'al,  lord  (Baal),  and  sebub,  z'bub, 
a fly.]  1.  A god  of  the  Philistines,  who  had 
a famous  temple  at  Ekron.  He  was  worshiped 
as  the  destroyer  of  flies.  See  Baal. — 2.  In 
demonology,  one  of  the  Gubematores  of  the 
Infernal  Kingdom,  under  Lucifer.  Faust’s 
Boole  of  Marvels  (1469). — 3.  A name  of  the 
Mycetes  ursinus,  a howling  monkey  of  South 
America. 

Beemster  (bam'ster).  A large  polder  in  the 
province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  13 
miles  north  of  Amsterdam.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Beer  (bar),  Adolf.  Born  at  Prossnitz,  Moravia, 
Feb.  27, 1831 : died  at  Vienna,  May  7,  1902.  An 
Austrian  historian.  His  works  include  “Geschichte 
des  Welthandels"  (1860-64),  “ Holland  und  der  osterreich- 
ische  Erbfolgekrieg  " (1871),  “Die  erste  Teilung  Polens  ” 
(1873-74),  and  various  works  on  Austrian  history. 

Beer,  Jacob  Meyer.  See  Meyerbeer,  Giacomo. 

Beer,  Michael.  Born  at  Berlin,  Aug.  19,  1800: 
died  at  Munich,  March  22,  1833.  A German 
dramatist,  brother  of  Meyerbeer.  His  chief  work 
is  the  tragedy  “Struensee”  (1829). 

Beer,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Berlin,  Jan.  4,  1797: 
died  at  Berlin,  March  27, 1850.  A German  banker 
and  astronomer,  brother  of  Meyerbeer.  He 
published  a map  of  the  moon  (1836). 

Beerberg  (bar'berG).  The  highest  mountain  of 
the  Thiiringerwald,  Germany,  15  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Meiningen.  Height,  3,226  feet. 

Beers  (berz),  Mrs.  (Ethelinda  Eliot:  pseudo- 
nym Ethel  Lynn).  Born  at  Goshen,  Orange 
County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  13, 1827 : died  at  Orange, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  10,  1879.  An  American  poet,  she 
is  best  known  as  the  author  of  the  poem  “ All  Quiet  Along 
the  Potomac,"  which  originally  appeared  hi  “Harper's 
Weekly  "for  Nov.  30,  1861,  under  the  title  “The  Picket 
Guard." 

Beers,  Henry  Augustin.  Born  at  Buffalo,  N.Y., 
July  2,  1847.  An  American  man  of  letters, 
appointed  professor  of  English  in  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  of  Yale  University  in  1880. 
He  edited  “ A Century  of  American  Literature  ” (1878),  and 
is  the  author  of  a “Sketch  of  English  Literature  ”(1886), 
“ Nathaniel  Parker  Willis"  (“American  Men  of  Letters," 
1885),  etc. 

Beersheba  (be'er-she'ba  or  be-er'she-ba). 
[Heb., ‘well  of  swearing’  or  ‘ of  seven.’  Cf. 
Gen.  xxi.  31  and  xxvi.  23-33.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Palestine,  44  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem. 
It  became  a seat  of  idolatry  (Amos  v.  5 ; viii.  14).  It  was 
reinhabited  after  the  return  from  the  captivity  (Neh.  xi. 
27).  In  the  period  of  the  Roman  Empire  it  was  the  seat 
of  a garrison,  and  later  of  a bishop.  It  was  mentioned 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  is  identified  with  the  ruins  sur- 
rounding 1,000  large  wells  called  by  the  Arabs  Bir-es- 
Saba,  ‘Well  of  the  Lions.’  It  was  one  of  the  oldest 
places  in  Palestine,  and  is  familiar  in  the  phrase  “ From 
Dan  to  Beersheba  " — that  is,  ‘ from  one  end  of  the  land  to 
the  other.’ 

Beeskow  (ba'sko).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Spree  43 
miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Beethoven  (ba'to-ven),  Ludwig  van.  Born 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  probably  Dec.  16,  1770  : died 
at  Vienna,  March  26,  1827.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man composer,  of  Dutch  descent.  He  began  his 
musical  education  at  the  age  of  four  years  under  his  father, 
a musician  in  the  court  band  of  the  Elector  of  Cologne. 
In  1779  he  was  taught  by  Pfeiffer,  a tenor  singer  who  lodged 
with  his  parents  ; and  from  1783  till  1792  filled  various  po- 
sitions  as  court  organist,  conductor  of  the  opera  band  or 
orchestra,  etc.  In  this  year  the  elector  sent  him  to  Vienna 
to  study  music  at  his  expense.  He  was  now  about  twenty- 
two,  and  began  his  lessons  with  Haydn,  principally  in 
strict  counterpoint.  In  1794  Beethoven,  dissatisfied  with 
the  lack  of  attention  given  him  by  Haydn,  who  was  much 
occupied,  and  who  went  to  England  in  that  year,  took  les- 
sons of  Albrechtsberger  and  from  Schuppanzigh  on  the 
violin.  He  published  his  three  trios,  known  as  Opus  1,  in 
1795,  and  from  this  time  published  his  compositions  with 
regularity.  In  1802  his  deafness,  which  had  previously 
troubled  him,  began  to  be  serious.  In  1814  lawsuits  and 
other  anxieties  and  worries  commenced,  which,  with  his 
now  total  deafness,  clouded  all  his  later  years.  On  April 
20, 1816,  he  made  his  last  appearance  in  public.  In  1824 
he  moved  into  Schwarzspanierhaus  in  Vienna,  where,  on 
December  2, 1826,  his  last  illness  began.  Among  his  com- 


positions are  the  three  trios  (1795),  three  piano  sonatas 
(1796),  “Adelaide ” (1795),  “Prometheus"  and  “Mount  of 
Olives”  (1802),  “1st  Symphony"  (1800),  “2d  Symphony" 
(1802),  “ Kreutzer  Sonata  ” (1803),  “ Eroica  Symphony  ” 
(1804),  “Eidelio”  (1805-06:  rewritten  1814),  “4th  Sym- 
phony" (1806),  “Symphonies  5 and  6 "(1808),  “7th  Sym- 
phony ” (1812), “Battle  Symphony  ”(1813),  “8th Symphony" 
(1814),  “ Meeresstille  ” (1815),  “9th  Symphony"  (1824), 
“ Mass  in  D”  (1824),  etc. 

Beets  (bats),  Nikolaas.  Born  at  Haarlem, 
Holland,  Sept.  13, 1814:  died  at  Utrecht,  March 
14,  1903.  A Dutch  poet.  His  works  include  the 
poems  “ Kuser  ” (1835),  “ Guy  de  Vlaming  " (1857),  “ Ada 
van  Holland”  (1840),  “ Korenbloemen ’’  (1863),  etc.;  and 
the  prose  writings  “ Camera  Obscura  " (1839),  “ Verschei- 
denheden,  etc."  (1868),  “Stichtelijke  Uren  "(1848-60),  etc. 

Befana  (ba-fa'na),  The.  [It.,  corrupted  from 
epifania,  LL.  epiphania,  Epiphany.]  An  old 
woman  in  Italian  folk-lore  who  is  a sort  of 
Wandering  Jew  and  Santa  Claus  combined. 
She  is  the  good  fairy  who  fills  the  children’s  stockings 
with  presents  on  Twelfth  Night,  or  the  feast  of  the  Epiph- 
any, Jan.  6.  If  the  children  have  been  naughty  she 
fills  the  stockings  with  ashes  ; but  she  is  compassionate, 
and  will  sometimes  relent  and  return  to  comfort  the  little 
penitents  with  gifts.  Tradition  says  that  she  was  too  busy 
sweeping  to  come  to  the  window  to  see  the  Three  Wise 
Men  of  the  East  when  they  passed  by  on  their  way  to  offer 
homage  to  the  new-born  Saviour,  but  said  she  could  see 
them  when  they  came  back.  Forthislackof  reverenceshe 
was  duly  punished,  as  they  went  back  another  way  and 
she  has  been  watching  ever  since.  At  one  time  her  effigy 
was  carried  about  the  streets  on  the  eve  of  the  Epiphany, 
but  the  custom  is  mostly  disused.  She  is  used  as  a bug- 
bear by  Italian  mothers. 

Beg  (beg),  Callum.  A minor  character  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott’s  novel  ‘ ‘ Waverley,”  the  foot-page 
of  Fergus  Mac-Ivor,  in  the  service  of  Waverley. 

Bega  (ba'go).  A river  and  canal  in  southern 
Hungary,  a tributary  of  the  Theiss. 

Begas  (ba'gas),  Karl.  Born  at  Heinsberg,  near 
Aachen,  Sept.  30,  1794:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  24, 
1854.  A noted  German  painter  of  historical 
subjects  and  portraits.  He  was  court  painter, 
and  professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy. 

Begas,  Oskar.  Boi-n  at  Berlin,  July  31,  1828: 
died  there,  Nov.  10, 1883.  A German  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  son  of  Kai  l Begas. 

Begas,  Reinkold.  Born  July  15, 1831:  died  Aug. 
3,  1911 . A German  sculptor,  son  of  Karl  Begas. 

Beggar’s  Bush,  The.  A comedy  by  Fletcher 
and  others  (Rowley  and  Massinger),  performed 
at  court  in  1622,  printed  in  1647.  it  was  long 
popular.  Three  alterations  have  appeared  : one,  “ The 
Royal  Merchant,"  an  opera,  in  1767  ; the  last  in  1815  under 
the  title  of  “ The  Merchant  of  Bruges."  Mr.  Lewes  says 
the  plot  is  taken  from  a novel  by  Cervantes,  the  “ Fuerza 
de  la  Sangre." 

Beggar’s  Daughter.  See  Bess  or  Bessee,  and 
Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green. 

Beggar’s  Opera,  The.  An  opera  by  John  Gay, 
produced  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields  Jan.  29, 1728. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  suggested  by  a remark  of  Dean 
Swift  to  Gay  “that  a Newgate  pastoral  might  make  a 
pretty  sort  of  thing.’'  Gay  was  also  said  to  have  been  in- 
duced to  produce  this  opera  from  spite  at  having  been 
offered  an  unacceptable  appointment  at  court.  It  was 
intended  as  a satire  on  the  effeminate  style  then  recently 
imported  from  Italy,  and  was  very  successful.  The  song's 
were  written  for  popular  English  and  Scottish  tunes,  and 
were  arranged  and  scored  by  Dr.  Pepusch  who  composed 
the  overture.  The  characters  are  highwaymen,  pick- 
pockets, etc.,  satirizing  the  corrupt  political  conditions  of 
the  day. 

Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  The.  A comedy  by 
J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1834.  it  was 
abridged  from  “ The  Beggar’s  Daughter  of  Bethnal  Green  ” 
(1828).  which  was  based  on  the  well-known  ballad.  See 
Blind  Beggar,  and  Bess. 

Beg  gars.  The.  See  Gueux. 

Beghards.  See  Beguins,  2. 

Begon  (ba-gon' ),  Michel.  Born  at  Blois,  France, 
1638 : died  at  Rochefort,  Fiance,  March  4, 1710. 
A French  magistrate  and  administrator.  He 
was  a naval  officer  and  successively  intendantof  theFrench 
West  Indies,  of  Canada,  and  of  Rochefort  and  La  Rochelle. 
He  was  noted  for  his  love  of  science,  and  the  great  genus 
of  plants  Begonia  was  named  in  his  honor. 

Beg-Shehr  (beg'shehr'),  or  Bey-Shehr  (ba'- 
shehr'),  orBei-Shehr.  1.  Alake  in  Asia  Minor, 
inlat.  37°  40'  N.,long.  31°  40'  E.  Length,  about 
25  miles. — 2.  A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  eastern  shore 
of  Lake  Beg-Shehr. 

Beguins,  or  Beguines  (beg'inz).  1.  A name 
given  to  the  members  of  various  religious  com- 
munities of  women  who,  professing  a life  of  pov- 
erty and  self-denial,  went  about  in  coarse  gray 
clothing  (of  undyed  wool),  reading  the  Scrip- 
tures and  exhorting  the  people.  They  originated  in 
the  12th  or  13th  century,  and  formerly  flourished  in  Ger- 
many, the  Netherlands,  Fiance,  and  Italy  ; and  communi- 
ties of  the  name  still  exist  in  Belgium.  [Now  generally 
written  Beguine.] 

2.  [Only Begums.']  A community  of  men  founded 
on  the  same  general  principle  of  life  as  that  of 
the  Beguines  (see  def.  1).  They  became  infected 
with  various  heresies,  especially  with  systems  of  illumin- 
ism,  which  were  afterward  propagated  among  the  commu- 


Behr 

nities  of  women.  They  were  condemned  by  Pope  John 
XXII.  in  the  early  part  of  the  14th  century.  The  faithful 
Beguins  joined  themselves  in  numbers  with  the  different 
orders  of  friars.  The  sect,  generally  obnoxious  and  the 
object  of  severe  measures,  had  greatly  diminished  by  the 
following  century',  but  continued  to  exist  till  about  the 
middle  of  the  16th.  Also  called  Beghard. 

Beguinage  (ba-ge-nazlri),  Grand.  [F.]  A nun- 
nery (of  Beguins)  in  Ghent,  Belgium,  removed 
recently  from  its  medieval  site  to  a new  one 
outside  of  the  city.  It  forms  a town  by  itself , walled 
and  moaned,  with  18  convents,  picturesque  streets  of 
small  houses  built  in  highly  diversified  medieval  designs, 
and  a handsome  central  church.  The  Petit  Btguinaye 
is  similar. 

Behaim  (ba'lnm),  or  Behem  (ba'hem),  Mar- 
tin. Born  at  Nuremberg  about  the  middle  of 
the  15th  century:  died  at  Lisbon,  July  29,  1506. 
A celebrated  navigator  and  eosmographer.  From 
about  1484  he  was  in  the  service  of  Portugal,  taking  part 
in  the  expedition  of  Diogo  Cam  (1484)  and  others  on  the 
African  coast.  He  was  a friend  of  Columbus.  The  cele- 
brated Nuremberg  globe,  still  preserved  in  that  city,  was 
constructed  by  him  in  1492,  during  a visit  to  his  family  ; 
and  is  interesting  as  showing  the  idea  of  the  world  enter- 
tained by  the  first  cosmographers,  just  previous  to  the 
discovery  of  America.  Behaim  was  one  of  the  inventors 
of  the  astrolabe. 

Behaim.  Michael.  Born  at  Sulzbach,  in  Weins- 
berg,  1416:  died  there,  1474.  A German  meis- 
tersanger. 

Beham  (ba'ham),  Barfchel.  Born  at  Nurem- 
berg, 1502:  died  at  Venice,  1540.  A German 
engraver  and  painter. 

Beham,  Hans  Sebald.  Born  at  Nuremberg 
about  1500:  died  at  Frankfort-on -the-Main, 
1550.  A German  painter  and  engraver,  brother 
of  Barthel  Beham. 

Behar  (be-har'),  Bahar  (ba-liar'),  or  Bihar 
(bi-hiir').  A former  subprovince  of  Bengal, 
British  India,  in  the  basin  of  the  Ganges,  in 
December,  1911,  it  was  united  with  Chota  Nagpur  and 
Orissa  in  a lieutenant-governorship.  It  produces  opium, 
indigo,  rice,  grain,  sugar,  etc.,  and  has  various  manufac- 
tures. It  has  two  divisions,  Bhagalpur  and  Patna. 
Behar.  A town  in  Behar,  in  lat.  25°  11'  N., 
long.  85°  31'  E.  Formerly  the  residence  of  a 
governor.  Population,  about  45,000. 

Behechio  (ba-e-che'o).  An  Indian  cacique  of 
Xaragu&jin  the  island  of  Hispaniola,  at  the  time 
of  its  discovery.  In  1495  he  joined  his  brother-in- 
law,  Caonabo,  and  other  chieftains  in  war  against  the 
Spaniards.  After  the  defeat  of  the  Indians  at  the  battle 
of  th  e V ega  Real  (April  25, 1495)  he  retired  to  his  own  prov- 
ince, where  he  ruled  conjointly  with  his  sister,  the  cele- 
brated Anacaona.  Influenced  by  her,  he  made  peace  with 
Bartholomew  Columbus  (1498).  He  died  about  1502. 

Behem.  See  Behaim. 

Behistim  (be-his-ton'),orBisutim  (be-sd-ton'). 
[Pers.  Beliistun.']  A rock  in  western  Persia  on 
the  road  from  Hainadan  (ancient  Agbatana)  to 
Bagdad , near  the  city  of  Kirmanshah.  The  rock, 
which  rises  nearly  perpendicular  to  a height  of  1,700  feet, 
lias  been  noticed  from  ancient  times  as  having  on  its 
surface  mysterious  figures  and  signs.  Major-General  Sir 
Henry  Rawlinson,  under  great  hardships  and  dangers, 
copied  and  afterward  deciphered  one  of  the  greatest  in- 
scriptions in  cuneiform  characters.  Three  hundred  feet 
above  the  base,  on  a polished  surface,  is  sculptured  a bas- 
relief  picturing  Darius  with  a long  row  of  fettered  prison- 
ers, representatives  of  the  subjugated  nations.  The  bas- 
relief  is  surrounded  by  numerous  columns  of  inscriptions, 
making  in  all  over  one  thousand  lines  of  cuneiform  writing. 
The  long  account  of  Darius's  reign  is  repeated  three  times 
in  the  different  languages  of  the  empire:  in  Persian,  Assyr- 
ian, and  the  language  of  Susiana  (Elam).  The  decipher- 
ment of  this  long  trilingual  inscription,  executed  by  Sir 
Henry  Rawlinson  during  iheyears  1835-37, formed  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  Assyriology,  as  it  put  it  on  the  basis  of 
a science.  By  the  Greeks  this  gigantic  monument  was 
attributed  to  Semiramis. 

Behm  (bam),  Ernst.  Born  in  Gotha,  Jan.  4, 
1830:  died  there,  March  15,  1884.  A German 
geographer  and  statistician.  He  was  editor  of 
Petermann's  “ Mitteilungen  ” (from  1856 : editor-in-chief 
after  1878),  of  the  statistical  parts  of  the  “Almanac  de 
Gotha,”  and  of  the  “Geographisches  Jahrbuch  " (1866-78). 

Behmen.  See  Bohme,  Jakob. 

Behn  (ban),  Aphra,  or  Afra,  or  Aphara.  Born 
at  Wye,  1640:  died  at  London,  April  16,  1689. 
An  English  dramatic  writer  and  novelist.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  a barber,  John  Johnson,  and  wife  of  a 
Dutch  gentleman  named  Behn,  who  died  before  1666.  In 
her  youth  sho  spent  several  years  in  Surinam,  where  she 
made  the  acquaintance  of  the  chieftain  who  served  as 
the  model  of  her  famous  “Oroonoko"  (which  see).  She 
wrote  much,  and  “ was  the  first  female  writer  w ho  lived 
by  her  pen  in  England.”  Among  her  dramatic  works  are 
“The  Forced  Marriage”  (1671),  “The  Amorous  Prince  ’ 
(1671),  “The  Dutch  Lover”  (1673),  “Abdelazar”  (1677), 
“The  Rover"  (1677),  “The  Debauchee"  (1677),  “The 
Town  Fop”  (1677),  “The  False  Count  ” (1682).  She  also 
published  “Poems"  (1684),  etc. 

Behr  (bar),  Wilhelm  Joseph.  Born  at  Sulz- 
heim,  Ang.  26,  1775:  died  at  Bamberg,  Aug.  1, 
1851.  A Bavarian  publicist  and  liberal  politi- 
cian. He  w’as  professor  of  public  law  in  the  LTniversity 
of  Wurzburg  1799-1821,  and  was  twice  elected  to  the  Ba- 
varian Diet.  He  suffered  imprisonment  (1833-18) for  al- 
leged lese-majesty,  and  became  a member  of  the  Frank- 
fort Parliament  in  1848. 


Behring 

Behring.  See  Bering. 

Behring  Island.  See  Bering  Island. 

Behring  Sea.  See  Bering  Sea. 

Behring  Strait.  See  Bering  Strait. 

Beid  (ba'id).  [Ar.  bid,  the  egg:  this  star  and 
a few  others  around  it  form  ‘ the  ostrich’s 
nest’  of  the  Arabs.]  The  fourth-magnitude 
very  white  star  o Eridani. 

Beijerland,  or  Beyerland  (bl'er-lant).  An  isl- 
and in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, lying  between  the  Oude  Maas  and  the 
Hollandsch  Diep  and  Haring  Vliet. 

Beilan  (ba-lan').  A town  iu  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  near  the  summit  of  the  Beilan  Pass, 
in  lat.  36°  30'  N.,  long.  36°  10'  E.  Here,  July  29, 
1832,  the  Egyptians  under  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeated  the 
Turks. 

Beilan,  Pass  of.  See  Syrian  Gates. 

Beilngries  (biln'gres).  A small  town  in  Middle 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Ludwigs- 
canal,  near  the  Altmiihl,  29  miles  west  of 
Ratisbon. 

Beira  (ba'ra).  A province  of  Portugal,  bounded 
by  Traz-os-Montes  and  Minho  on  the  north, 
Spain  on  the  east,  Alemtejo  and  Estremadura 
on  the  south,  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  partly  a plateau  and  partly  mountainous. 
The  popular  divisions  are  Beira-Mar,  Beira- Alta,  and  Beira- 
Baixa;  the  administrative  districts,  Aveiro,  Castello  Bran- 
co, Coimbra,  Guard,  and  Vizeu.  Capital,  Coimbra.  Area, 
9,208  square  miles.  Population,  1,515,834. 

Beirut,  or  Beyrout,  or  Bairut  (ba-rot').  [F. 
Beyrouth.']  A seaport  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  near  the  foot  of 
Lebanon,  in  lat.  33°  54'  N.,  long.  35°  31'  E. : 
the  ancient  Berytus.  It  is  the  chief  seaport  of 
Syria,  and  has  a considerable  commerce  with  Great 
Britain,  France,  Egypt,  etc.  It  was  an  ancient  Phenician 
town,  and  later  a Roman  colony  (Augusta  Felix),  a noted 
seat  of  learning  under  the  later  empire,  twice  devastated 
by  earthquakes.  The  Crusaders  held  it  for  many  years ; 
later  it  was  occupied  by  Druses.  It  was  conquered  from 
the  Turks  by  a Russian  fleet  in  1772,  was  held  by  the 
Egyptians  in  1840.  and  was  bombarded  by  the  British  fleet 
(Sept-  10-14)  and  occupied  by  the  Allies.  The  American 
Presbyterian  mission  in  Syria  has  its  headquarters  at 
Beirut.  Exports  madder,  silk,  wool,  olive-oil,  gums,  etc. 
Population,  120,000. 

Bei-Shehr.  See  Bcg-Shehr. 

Beissel  (bis'sel),  Johann  Conrad.  Born  at 
Eberbach,  Palatinate,  Germany,  1690 : died  at 
Ephrata,  Pa.,  1768.  A German  mystic.  He  emi- 

grated  to  Pennsylvania  in  1720,  and  founded  the  German 
Seventh-Day  Baptists  at  Ephrata  in  1738. 

Beit-el-Fakili  (bat'el-fa'keii).  [Ar., ‘house 
of  the  learned.’]  A town  in  Yemen,  southwest- 
ern Arabia,  near  the  Red  Sea,  situated  80  miles 
north  of  Mocha:  noted  for  its  coffee  trade. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Beith  (beth).  A town  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
16  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 

Beitzke  (bits'ke),  Heinrich  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Muttrin,  in  Pomerania,  Feb.  15,  1798 : died  at 
Berlin,  May  10,  1867.  A German  historian. 
His  works  include  “Geschichte  der  deutschen  Freiheits- 
kiiege”  (1855),  “Geschichte  des  russischen  Rriegs  im 
Jahre  1812"  (1856),  “Geschichte  des  Jahres  1815  "(1865), 
etc. 

Beja  (ba'zha).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo,  southern  Portugal,  85  miles  south- 
east of  Lisbon : the  Roman  Pax  Julia,  it  has 
a cathedral  and  Roman  antiquities.  Population, 
8,885. 

Bejapur.  See  Bijapur. 

Bejar  (ba-llar').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Salamanca,  Spain,  situated  47  miles  south  of 
Salamanca  on  the  Cuerpo  de  Hombro,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Sierra  de  Bejar.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  cloth.  Population,  9,483. 

B6jart  (ba-zhar').  The  name  of  a family  of 
comedians  who  played  Moliere’s  comedies  and 
belonged  to  bis  troupe.  There  were  four,  Jacques, 
Louis,  Madeleine,  and  Armande.  Armando  was  born  in 
1645,  and  died  in  1700.  she  was  a charming  actress,  par- 
ticularly in  such  parts  as  “Cdlimfene”  in  “The  Misan- 
thrope." Moliere  married  her  in  1662.  She  was  the  sister 
and  not  the  daughter  of  Madeleine  BAjart,  as  was  scan- 
dalously asserted,  the  latter  having  been  his  mistress. 
After  Moliere’s  dealh  his  wife  married  Gudrin  EstrichC, 
and  left  the  stage  in  1694. 

Bek  (bek).  An  architect  of  Amenhotep  IV., 
king  of  Egypt.  He  supervised  the  building  of  the  city 
of  Khuaten,  modem  Tel-el-Amarna.  The  inscription  on 
his  tombstone  has  been  preserved  and  deciphered. 

Bek  (bek),  Anthony.  Died  1311.  An  English 
prelate  and  commander.  He  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Durham  1285,  and  joined  Edward  I.  in  his  expeditions 
against  Scotland  1290  and  1298.  Hereduced,  in  the  latter 
expedition,  the  castle  of  Dirleton,  and  commanded  the 
second  division  of  the  English  in  the  battle  of  I .lkirk. 

Beke  (bek),  Charles  Tilstone.  Born  at  Step- 
ney, England,  Oct.  10,  1800:  died  at  London, 
J uly  31,  1874.  An  English  traveler  and  geog- 
rapher. After  traveling  through  Palestine,  lie  explored 
Shoa  and  Gojam,  Abyssinia,  returning  via  Massowa,  and 


139 

received,  in  1846,  a gold  medal  for  his  travels  in  Abyssinia. 
From  1847-60  he  published  a series  of  works  on  the  lan- 
guages of  Abyssinia  and  the  sources  of  the  Nile.  He  made 
a second  expedition  to  Bible  lands,  and  wrote  several 
books  on  Bible  geography. 

B6kes  (ba'kash).  The  chief  town  in  the  county 
of  Bek6s,  Hungary,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Black  and  White  Koros,  in  lat.  46°  46'  N.. 
long.  21°  10'  E.  Population,  25,483. 

Bekker  (bek'er),  Balthazar.  Born  at  Mets- 
lauier,  in  Friesland,  March  30,  1634  : died  July 
11,  1698.  A Dutch  theologian.  He  was  pastor 
of  a Reformed  congregation  in  Amsterdam  1679-92.  He 
wrote  a book,  “ De  betoverde  wereld,”  in  which  he  ad- 
vances views  of  demoniacal  possession  substantially  the 
same  as  those  held  by  modern  rationalists. 

Bekker,  Elizabeth.  Born  at  Vlissingen,  Hol- 
land, July  24,  1738:  died  at  The  Hague,  Nov. 
4,  1804.  A Dutch  novelist,  wife  of  Adrian 
Wolff.  She  wrote  (conjointly  with  Agatha,  Deken)  “Sara 
Burgerhart  ” (1790),  “Willem  Leevand”  (1785),  “Cornelia 
Wildschut”  (1793-96),  etc. 

Bekker,  Immanuel.  Born  at  Berlin,  May  21, 
1785:  died  at  Berlin,  June  7,  1871.  A distin- 
guished German  philologist,  professor  of  philol- 
ogy in  Berlin.  He  edited  critical  editions  of  Plato, 
the  Attic  orators,  Aristotle,  Sextus  Empiricus,  Thucydi- 
des, Theognis,  Aristophanes,  Herodotus,  Pausanias,  Po- 
lybius, Livy,  Tacitus,  etc.;  also  of  Byzantine,  Provencal, 
and  old  French  authors;  and  wrote  “Anecdota  grseca,”  etc. 

Bek  Pak,  Bed  Pak,  or  Hungry  Desert.  A 

desert  in  Asiatic  Russia,  about  lat.  46°  N., 
long.  68°-73°  E. 

Bekri  (bek'ri),  A1-,  Obeid  Abd-Allah.  An 

Arabian  traveler  and  geographer,  born  in  An- 
dalusia, Spain,  where  he  died  in  1095. 

Bel  (bel).  [‘Lord.’]  One  of  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  Babylonian  gods  of  Semitic  origin. 
In  the  enumeration  of  the  twelve  great  gods  he  holds  the 
second  place  in  the  first  triad.  His  importance  in  Assyria- 
Babylonia  was  about  the  same  as  that  of  Baal  among  the 
Canaanites,  but  he  had  no  solar  character.  To  him  is  as- 
cribed the  creation  of  the  world,  and  especially  of  man- 
kind, whence  the  Assyrian  kings  call  themselves  “gover- 
nors of  Bel,”  “rulers  over  Bel’s  subjects."  He  is  also 
often  entitled  “father  of  the  gods,”  and  his  spouse,  Belit 
(‘lady  ’),  “the  mother  of  the  great  gods.”  It  is  Bel  who 
brings  about  the  deluge  and  destroys  mankind.  His  name 
occurs  in  Isa.  xlvi.  1,  Jer.  1.  2.  The  principal  seat  of  his 
worship  was  Nippur  (modern  Niffer),  while  the  tutelar 
deity  of  the  city  of  Babylon  was  Merodach(Marduk),  who 
is  often  called  Bel-Merodach,  or  simply  Bel,  and  is  alluded 
to  in  the  passages  of  the  Old  Testament  cited  above.  Bel 
being  known  as  the  supreme  god  of  Babylonia,  Herodotus 
considered  the  great  Nebo  temple  of  Borsippa  as  that  of 
Bel.  See  Baal. 

Bel  (bal),  Karl  Andreas.  Born  at  Presburg, 
July  13,  1717:  died  at  Leipsic,  April  5,  1782. 
A Hungarian  historian,  son  of  M.  Bel,  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  at  Leipsic.  He  was  the  author  of 
“De  veraorigine  et  epocha  Hunnorum,  Avarorum,  etc.,” 
and  editor  of  the  “ Acta  Eniditorum,”  and  of  the  “Leip- 
ziger  gelehrte  Zeitung  " (1753-81). 

B61,  or  Belius  (be'li-us),  Matthias.  Born  at 
Ocsova,  March  24,  1684:  died  at  Presburg, 
Aug.  29,  1749.  A noted  Hungarian  historian. 
His  works  include  “Hungarise  prodromus,”  “Adparatus 
ad  historiam  Hungarise,"  “Notitia  Hungarise,”  etc. 

Bela  (ba'lo)  I.  King  of  Hungary  1061-63. 
He  strengthened  the  royal  authority,  suppressed  the  last 
pagan  uprising,  and  introduced  financial  and  commercial 
reforms. 

Bela  II.  King  of  Hungary  1131-41.  He  ac- 
quired Bosnia. 

Bela  III.  King  of  Hungary  1174-96.  He  mar- 
ried a sister  of  Philip  Augustus  of  France. 
Bela  IV.  King  of  Hungary  1235-70.  Son  of 
Andreas  II.  In  his  reign  Hungary  was  in- 
vaded by  the  Mongols  under  Batu  Khan. 
Bela,  or  Beila  (ba'la).  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Las  Bela.,  Baluchistan,  in  lat.  26°  14' 
N.,  long.  66°  19'  E.  Population,  4,183. 

Bel  and  the  Dragon.  One  of  the  books  of 
the  Apocrypha  (which  see). 

Belarius  (be-la'ri-us).  A banished  lord  dis- 
guised under  the  name  of  Morgan  in  Shak- 
spere’s  play  “ Cymbeline.”  He  steals  Arviragus 
and  Guiderius,  Cymbeline’a  sons,  out  of  revenge;  but  when 
Cymbeline  is  made  prisoner  by  the  Roman  general,  Bela- 
rius comes  to  his  rescue  and  is  reconciled  and  restores 
the  princes. 

Belbeis,  or  Belbeys  (bel-bas').  A town  in 
Lower  Egypt,  situated  30  miles  northeast  of 
Cairo.  It  was  besieged  by  Crusaders  under  Amalric 
(1163-64),  and  taken  by  him  in  1108.  Population, 
about  12,000. 

Belbek  (bel'bek).  A small  river  in  the  Crimea, 
northeast  of  Sebastopol. 

Belbella.  See  Uaeltzuk. 

Belch  (belch),  Sir  Toby.  The  uncle  of  Olivia 
in  Shakspere’s  comedy  “ Twelfth  Night.” 

Of  Sir  Toby  himself, — that  most  whimsical,  madcap, 
frolicsome  old  toper,  so  full  of  antics  and  fond  of  sprees, 
with  a plentiful  stock  of  wit  and  an  equal  lack  of  money 
to  keep  it  in  motion, — it  is  enough  to  say,  with  one  of  the 
best  of  Shakespearian  critics,  that  “he  certainly  comes 
out  of  the  same  associations  where  the  Poet  Falstaff  holds 


Belfort 

his  revels";  and  that  though  “not  Sir  John,  npr  a 
fainter  sketch  of  him,  yet  he  has  an  odd  sort  of  a family 
likeness  to  him."  Hudson , Int.  to  Twelfth  Night, 

Belchen  (bel'chen).  A German  name  for 
various  summits  of  the  Vosges,  better  known 
by  tbeir  French  name  Ballon. 

Belchen,  Gebweiler.  See  Ballon  de  Gueb- 
willer. 

Belchen,  Welscher.  See  Ballon  d’ Alsace. 

Belcher  (bel'cher),  Sir  Edward.  Born  in  Nova 
Scotia,  1799 : died  March  18,  1877.  A British 
admiral  and  explorer.  He  commanded  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  1852-54. 
He  wrote  “Narrative  of  a Voyage  round  the  World  " (1843), 
“ Last  of  the  Arctic  Voyages  ” (1855). 

Belcher,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Cambridge, 

Mass.,  Jan.  8,  1681 : died  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  Aug.  31,  1757.  An  American  merchant 
and  politician,  governor  of  Massachusetts  and 
New  Hampshire  1730-41,  and  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  in  1747. 

Belchite  (bel-che'ta).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Aguas- 
Vivas  25  miles  south-southeast  of  Saragossa. 
Here,  June  16-18,  1809,  the  French  under  Suchet  defeated 
th#  Spaniards  under  Blake. 

Belcredi  (bel-kra'de),  Richard,  Count  von. 
Born  Feb.  12,  1823 : died  Dee.  2,  1902.  An 
Austrian  politician,  premier  1865-67. 

Beled-el-Jerid  (bel'ed-el-je-red').  A region  in 
Tunis  and  Algeria,  lying  south  of  the  Atlas 
range,  and  north  of  the  Sahara. 

Belem.  See  Bard. 

Belem  (ba-lang').  A suburb  lying  to  the  west 
of  Lisbon,  P ortugal.  It  contains  a monastery  founded 
in  1500,  in  commemoration  of  the  voyage  of  Vasco  da 
Gama,  and  now  used  as  an  orphan-asylum.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  florid  examples  existing  of  the  Pointed  style. 
The  church,  which  contains  the  tombs  of  Camoens,  Vasco 
da  Gama,  and  many  Portuguese  sovereigns,  is  divided  into 
three  aisles  of  equal  height  by  very  slender  and  lofty 
columns  ; it  has  a raised  choir  at  the.  west  end,  as  in  the 
Escorial  and  other  Spanish  churches. 

Bel-epus.  See  Belibus. 

Belerium  (be-le'ri-um).  See  the  extract.  Also 
said  to  be  named  from  a Cornisb  giant  Bellerus. 

[Posidonius’s]  visit  to  Cornwall,  which  he  called 
“Belerium,”  a name  afterwards  appropriated  by  Ptolemy 
to  the  particular  cliff  now  called  Land’s  End. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  34. 

Belesta  (be-les-ta').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Ariege,  France,  18  miles  east  of  Eoix.  It  is 
noted  for  the  intermittent  spring  of  Fontes- 
torbe.  It  has  manufactures  of  woolens  and 
marble  quarries. 

Belfast  (bel-fast'  or  bel'fast).  A city,  the  cap- 
ital of  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  Lagan  into  Belfast  Lough, 
in  lat.  54°  37'  N.,  long.  5°  57'  W.  it  is  the  second 
city  in  Ireland  in  population  and  the  first  in  importance 
of  manufactures  and  trade  : the  center  of  the  Irish  linen 
manufacture  and  trade.  It  contains  Queen's  University 
(founded  1908,  and  replacing  Queen’s  College,  opened 
1849),  the  Belfast  Academy,  Academical  Institution,  Pres- 
byterian College,  etc.  Population,  349,180. 

Belfast  (bel'fast).  A seaport,  the  capital  of 
Waldo  County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  in  lat.  44°  25'  N.,  long. 
69°  W.  It  has  ship-building  industries,  fisheries,  and 
considerable  commerce  and  manufactures.  It  was  settled 
in  1773,  and  incorporated  in  1853.  Population,  4,618,  (1910). 

Belfast  Lough  (bel-fast'  loch).  An  inlet  of 
the  Irish  Sea,  northeast  of  Belfast,  between 
counties  Antrim  and  Down.  Length,  13  miles. 
Belfegor,  Story  of  (Novella  di  Belfegor). 
A satirical  tale  by  Macchiavelli  (published  in 
1549)  of  the  devil  who  takes  refuge  in  hell  to 
avoid  a scold.  It  has  frequently  been  trans- 
lated, and  was  remodeled  by  La  Fontaine. 
See  Belphcgor. 

Belfield  (bel'feld).  A character  in  Miss  Bur- 
ney’s “Cecilia,”  said  to  have  been  drawn  from 
the  “animated,  ingenious,  and  eccentric  Per- 
cival  Stockdale.” 

Belfond  (bel'fond).  A courteous,  good-tem- 
pered, and  accomplished  gentleman  in  Shad- 
well’s  comedy  “The  Squire  of  Alsatia,”  ex- 
tremely dissipated  and  nearly  ruined  by  women. 
His  elder  brother  is  a vicious,  obstinate,  and 
clownish  boor. 

Belford  (bel'ford).  The  intimate  friend  of 
Lovelace,  in  Richardson’s  “Clarissa  Harlowe.” 

Belfort  (bel-for'),  orBefort(ba-for').  [F.,‘fair 
fort.’  Cf.  Beaufort.]  The  capital  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  Belfort,  France,  situated  on  the  Sa- 
voureuse  in  lat.  47°  38'  N.,  long.  6°  51'  E.  It 
has  great  strategic  importance, commanding  the  Troude  de 
Belfort,  and  being  the  meeting-place  of  the  various  routes 
between  France,  Germany,  and  Switzerland.  It  is  domi- 
nated by  the  citadel,  neai  which  is  the  Lion  of  Belfort  (by 
Bartholdi).  It  was  united  to  France  in  1648,  and  wnsforti 
fled  by  Vauban.  It  resisted  the  Allies  1814-15  ; was  be- 
sieged by  die  Germans  Nov.  3,  1870,  and  was  bombarded 
from  Dec.  3,  1870,  the  garrison  surrendering  (by  order  of 


Belfort 

the  French  government)  with  honors  of  war  Feb.  16, 1871. 
It  tvas  retroceded  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  1871.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  34,649. 

Belfort,  Battle  of.  A battle  between  the 
French  and  Germans,  Jan.  15-17,  1871.  The 
French,  under  Bourbaki,  forced  the  Prussians,  under  Von 
Werder,  who  were  besieging  Belfort,  to  take  up  a favor- 
able position  along  the  Lisaine,  without  raising  the  siege. 
Von  Werder  successfully  defended  his  position,  and  com- 
pelled Bourbaki  to  retreat.  Sometimes  called  the  battle 
of  Hdricourt,  from  the  town  of  that  Dame,  between  Bel- 
fort aud  Montbdliard,  near  which  the  battle  occurred. 

Belfort,  Territory  of,  or  Haut-Rhin.  A ter- 
ritory or  department  of  eastern  France,  border- 
ing: on  Alsace,  and  formed  after  the  war  of 
1870-71.  Capital,  Belfort.  Area,  235  square 
miles.  Population,  95,421. 

Belfort,  Trou§e  de.  A depression  near  Bel- 
fort, between  the  southern  limit  of  the  Vosges 
and  the  northern  slope  of  the  Jura.  It  is  of 
great  strategic  importance. 

Belfour  (bel' for).  The  name  under  which  Lady 
Bradshaigh  carried  on  a correspondence  with 
Richardson. 

Belfry  of  Bruges,  The.  A poem  by  Long- 
fellow. 

Belgae  (bel'je).  In  ancient  history,  a people 
in  northern  Gaul,  mainly  of  Celtic  origin,  oc- 
cupying what  is  modern  Belgium,  Luxemburg, 
northeastern  France,  southern  Holland,  and 
part  of  western  Germany. 


17  provinces  of  Holland. 

Belgam  (bel-gam').  A district  in  the  southern 
division  of  the  Bombay  presidency,  British  In- 
dia, about  lat.  16°  N.,  long.  74°-76°  E.  Area  of 
the  district,  4,649  square  miles.  Population, 
993,976. 

Belgam.  The  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
Belgam,  50  miles  northeast  of  Goa.  Popula- 
tion, 36,878. 

Belgard  (bel'giird).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  16° 
E.,  on  the  Persante.  Population,  commune, 
8,589. 

Belgarde  (bel-gard').  A poor  and  proud  cap- 
tain, in  Massinger’s  play  “The  Unnatural  Com- 
bat,” who,  when  told  not  to  appear  at  the  gov- 
ernor’s table  in  his  shabby  clothes,  arrives  in 
full  armor — all  that  he  had  beside. 

Belgica,  or  Gallia  Belgica  (gal'i-ji  bel'ji-ka). 
[From  the  Belgse.]  A province  of  the  Roman 
Empire  in  eastern  and  northeastern  Gaul,  ex- 
tending northeastward  of  the  province  of  Lug- 
dunensis.  The  frontier  here  was  the  lower  Seine,  andfol- 
lowed  nearly  the  line  of  the  Marne. 

Belgien  (bel'gyen).  The  German  name  of 
Belgium. 

BelgiojOSO  (bel-jo-yo'so).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Pavia,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Po 
8 miles  east  by  south  of  Pavia. 

Belgiojoso,  Princess  of  (Christina  di  Trivul- 
zio).  Born  at  Milan,  June  28,  1808:  died  at 
Milan,  July  5,  1871.  An  Italian  author  and 
patriot,  exiled  for  participation  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  1848. 

Belgique  (bel-zhek'),  La.  The  French  name 
of  Belgium. 

Belgium  (bel'ji-um,  commonly bel'jum).  [From 
L.  Belgica  ; F.  La  Belgique,  G.  Belgien.']  A king- 
dom of  Europe,  bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the 
northwest,  the  Netherlands  on  the  north,  the  Ne- 
therlands (separated  by  the  Meuse),  Prussia, 
and  Luxemburg  on  the  east,  and  France  on  the 
southwest  and  west.  It  is  divided  into 9 provinces: 
East  Flanders,  West  Flanders,  Brabant,  Antwerp,  Lim- 
burg, Libge,  Luxemburg,  Namur,  and  Hainaut.  The 
capital  is  Brussels.  The  government  is  a hereditary  con- 
stitutional monarchy,  with  king,  senate,  and  chamber  of 
representatives.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Cath- 
olic ; the  languages,  French  and  Flemish.  The  surface 
is  generally  level,  but  hilly  in  the  southeast  (the  Ardennes 
rise  to  a height  of  about  2,200  feet).  It  has  flourishing 
agriculture;  is  very  rich  in  coal  and  iron;  has  mines  of 
lead,  copper,  zinc,  calamine,  manganese,  etc. ; and  has  im- 
portant manufactures  of  linen,  lace,  woolen  and  cotton 
goods,  firearms,  gloves,  beet-sugar,  glass,  etc.  It  is  the 
most  thickly  settled  country  In  Europe.  Belgium  was  a 
part  of  the  Roman  and  Frankish  dominions,  and  was 
divided  in  the  middle  ages  into  various  oounties,  duchies, 
etc.  Its  cities,  Ghent,  Bruges,  Brussels,  Antwerp,  etc., 
were  great  commercial  and  manufacturing  centers  in  the 
13th-16th  centuries.  It  formed  part  of  the  later  duchy  of 
Burgundy;  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg;  as  the 
Spanish  Netherlands,  did  not  unite  with  the  northern 
provinces  in  the  revolt  of  the  16th  century ; passed  to 
Austria  as  the  Austrian  Netherlands  in  1713 ; was  con- 
quered by  France  in  1794,  and  annexed  to  France;  and 
was  united  with  the  Netherlands  in  a kingdom  in  1815. 
Belgium  revolted  against  Holland  in  1830  : the  resistance 
of  Holland  was  subdued  by  the  aid  of  France  and  Great 
Britain  1831-33.  Limburg  and  Luxemburg  were  divided 
between  Belgium  and  the  Netherlands  in  1839.  Belgium 


140 

has  been  the  scene  of  many  battles  and  sieges,  as  in  the 
wars  of  the  17th  century,  the  Spanish  Succession,  the 
Austrian  Succession,  the  French  Revolution,  and  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  The  Kongo  Free  State  was  mortgaged 
to  Belgium  in  1890,  and  annexed  in  1908.  The  constitu- 
tion was  reformed  in  a democratic  direction  in  1893. 
Area,  11,373  square  miles.  Population,  7,386,444. 

Belgorod.  See  Bielgorod. 

Belgrad  (bel-grad'),  or  Belgrade  (bel-grad'), 
Serv.  Beograd.  [‘  The  White  City.’]  The 
capital  of  Servia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Save  and  Danube,  in  lat.  44°  47'  N.,  long.  20° 
25'  E.:  the  ancient  Singidunuin.  it  is  a center  of 
trade  between  Austria-Hungary  and  the  Balkan  Peninsula, 
and  an  important  strategic  point.  It  belonged  at  various 
times  to  the  Roman  and  Byzantine  empires,  Avars,  Bul- 
garians, and  Servians ; passed  to  Hungary  about  1433  ; was 
taken  by  the  Turks  and  held  for  short  periods  by  Christians 
(by  Austria  1718-1739);  and  became  the  capital  of  Servia 
in  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  The  citadel  was  re- 
tained by  the  Turks  (who  bombarded  the  city  in  1862) 
until  1867.  Population,  77,816. 

Belgrad,  Battles  of.  1.  A victory  of  the 
Hungarians  under  Hunyadi  over  the  Turks, 
1456. — 2.  Prince  Eugene,  who  was  besieging 
Belgrad,  gained  a decisive  victory  over  a re- 
lieving army  of  200,000  Turks,  Aug.  16,  1717. 
In  consequence,  Belgrad  surrendered  Aug.  18,  1717,  and 
the  peace  of  Passarovitz  was  concluded  July  21,  1718. 

Belgrad,  Sieges  of.  The  city  has  been  be- 
sieged at  various  times : (a)  By  the  Turkish  sultan 
Amurath  1442  (?).  (6)  By  the  Turkish  sultan  Mahomet 
1456.  ( c ) By  the  Turkish  sultan  Soliman  II.  1521;  cap- 
tured and  annexed,  (d)  By  the  Imperialists  under  the 
Elector  of  Bavaria  1688 : taken  from  the  Turks,  (e)  By 
the  Turks  1630 : taken  from  the  Imperialists.  (/)  By 
Prince  Eugene  1717 : stormed  and  taken,  (g)  By  the 
Austrians  under  Laudon  1789 : taken,  but  restored  to 
the  Turks  1791. 

Belgrad,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded  at 
Belgrad,  Sept.,  1739,  between  Turkey,  Austria, 
and  Russia.  Prussia  renounced  naval  rights  in  the 
Black  Sea,  and  restored  to  Turkey  conquests  in  Moldavia 
and  Bessarabia;  Austria  yielded  territory  in  Wallachia, 
Bosnia,  and  Servia,  including  Belgrad. 

Belgrano  (bel-gra'no),  Manuel.  Born  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  June  3,  1770:  died  there,  June 
20,  1820.  An  Argentine  general.  Joining  the 
movement  of  independence  in  1810,  he  was  sent  with  a 
small  army  to  free  Paraguay,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In 
1812  he  led  an  army  against  Upper  Peru  (the  present  Bo- 
livia), defeating  the  Spaniards  at  Tucuman  (Sept.  24, 1812) 
and  Salta  (Feb.  20,  1813),  and  advancing  to  Potosl,  but 
was  defeated  at  Vilcapujio  (Oct.  1,  1813)  and  Ayouma 
(Oct.  26),  and  soon  after  was  superseded  by  San  Martin. 
He  was  restored  to  his  command  in  1815,  but  owing  to 
sickness  took  little  part  in  the  subsequent  movements. 

Belgrave  (bel'grav).  A parish  in  Leicester- 
shire, England,  immediately  north  of  Leicester. 

Belgrave  Square.  A square  in  Belgravia, 
London,  designed  by  George  Basevi.  it  is  6S4 
feet  long  by  637  feet  wide,  and  is  named  from  Belgrave  in 
Leicestershire,  which  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Westminster. 

Belgravia  (bel-gra'vi-ii).  A fashionable  district 
in  the  West  End  of  London.  It  is  hounded  by  Hyde 
Park,  Green  Park,  Sloane  street,  and  Pimlico.  It  was  ori- 
ginally marshy  ground,  andoccupiesin  great  part  what  was 
known  as  the  Ebury  Farm.  In  1825  it  was  filled  up  with 
earth  obtained  in  excavating  St.  Katharine’s  Docks,  and 
residences  were  built.  It  derives  its  name  from  Belgrave 
Square,  which,  with  Eaton  Square,  Grosvenor  Place,  etc., 
is  included  in  it. 

Belial  (be'lial).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Bclyall, 
ME.  Belial,  LL.  (in  Vulgate)  Belial,  Gr.  Be- 
l.ia?.,  Heb.  blya'al,  used  in  the  Old  Testament 
usually  in  phrases  translated,  in  the  English 
version,  “man  of  Belial,”  “son  of  Belial,”  as 
if  Belial  were  a proper  name  equiv.  to  Satan; 
hence  once  in  New  Testament  (Gr.  B eXiap)  as 
an  appellative  of  Satan  (2  Cor.  vi.  15).  But  the 
Heb.  blya'al  is  a common  noun,  meaning  worth- 
lessness or  wickedness.]  The  spirit  of  evil  per- 
sonified ; the  devil ; Satan ; in  Milton,  one  of  the 
fallen  angels,  distinct  from  Satan,  in  “Faust's 
Book  of  Marvels  ” (1469)  he  is  called  the  Viceroy  of  the 
Infernal  Kingdom  under  Lucifer  or  Satan. 

Belianis  (ba-le-a'nes)  of  Greece.  One  of  the 
continuations  of  the  romance  “Amadis  of 
Gaul.”  It  first  appeared,  in  Spanish,  in  1547,  and  was 
written  by  Jeronimo  Fernandez.  In  1586  an  Italian  ver- 
sion appeared ; in  1598  it  was  translated  into  English, 
and  in  1625  into  French. 

Bel-Ibni  (bel-ib'ni).  [Assyr.,  ‘ the  god  Bel  has 
created.’]  Governor  of  Babylonia  under  Asur- 
banipal,  king  of  Assyria  (668-626  B.  c.). 

Belibus  (be'li-bus).  [Perhaps  contracted  from 
Babylonian  Bel-epus,  Bel  has  made.]  King 
of  Babylonia,  appointed  by  Sennacherib,  king 
of  Assyria  (705-681  b.  c.). 

Belidor  (ba-le-dor'),  Bernard  Forest  de. 
Born  in  Catalonia,  1697  (1693  ?) : died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  8,  1761.  A noted  French  engineer.  His 

works  include  “ Architecture  hydraulique  ” (1737-51), 
“Le  bombardier  franqais  " (1731),  ‘ ‘ Traite  des  fortifica- 
tions ” (1735),  etc. 

Believe  as  You  List.  A play  licensed  May  7, 
1631.  it  is  “unquestionably  an  alteration  of  the  play  of 
Massinger’s  which  Herbert  refused  to  license  for  its  dan- 
gerous matter,  the  deposing  of  Sebastian  of  Portugal  by 


Bell,  Adam 

Philip  of  Spain.  Massinger  altered  Sebastian  into  Antio- 
chu8,  Spain  into  Rome,  etc.,  wrote  an  ironical  prologue, 
and  told  his  hearers  to  interpret  as  they  liked  ‘ Believe 
as  You  List  (Fleay). 

Bel  Inconnu  (bel  ah-ko-nii'),  Le.  [OF.,  ‘The 
FairUnknown.’]  One  of  the  secondaryromances 
of  the  Round  Table.  It  is  by  Renauld  de  Beaujeu. 
The  hero  is  a young  knight  who  appears  before  the  Round 
Table  and,  on  being  questioned,  says  he  has  no  name,  his 
mother  having  always  called  him  Beau-fils,  whereupon 
Arthur  commands  that  he  be  called  Le  Bel  Inconnu.  The 
romance  was  printed  for  the  first  time  in  Paris  in  1860. 

Belinda  (be-lin'da).  1.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Etherege’s  comedy  “The  Man 
of  Mode.” — 2.  A gay,  witty,  and  sensible  girl 
in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “The  Provoked  Wife.” 
She  loves  Heartfree,  and  marries  him  ostensibly  to  get 
her  aunt.  Lady  Brute,  out  of  a scrape. 

3.  A rich  woman  in  Charles  Shadw  ell’s  play 
“The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal.” — 4.  An  affected 
fine  lady  in  love  with  Bellmour,  in  Congreve’s 
comedy  “The  Old  Bachelor.” — 5.  The  princi- 
pal character  in  Pope’s  serio-comic  poem  “The 
Rape  of  the  Lock.”  Belinda’s  curl,  stolen  by  her 
lover,  flew  to  the  skies,  and  became  a meteor  which 
“ Shot  through  liquid  air. 

And  drew  behind  a radiant  trail  of  hair.’’ 

Belinda  was  intended  for  Arabella  Fermor,  and  the  inci- 
dent of  the  “Rape  of  the  Lock  ” is  founded  on  fact. 

6.  A proud  but  tender-hearted  girl  in  love  with 
Beverley,  in  Murphy’s  play  “All  in  the  Wrong.” 

Belinda.  A novel  by  Miss  Edgeworth,  published 
in  1801. 

Beline  (ba-len').  The  mercenary  second  wife 
of  Argan  in  Moliere’s  comedy  “Le  Malade 
Imaginaire.”  She  pretends  to  love  him,  but  her 
falsehood  is  discovered  by  his  ruse  of  pretending  to  be 
dead,  when  she  hursts  into  exclamations  of  joy. 

Belinski.  Sec  Bielinski. 

Belisaire  (ba-le-zar').  1 . A tragedy  by  Rotrou, 
produced  in  1643. — 2.  A political  romance  by 
Marmontel,  published  in  1767. 

Belisario  (ba-le-sa're-o).  An  opera  by  Doni- 
zetti, in  three  acts,  produced  at  Venice  Feb.  7, 
1836,  at  London  April  1,  1837,  and  at  Paris 
Oct.  24,  1843. 

Belisarius  (bel-i-sa'ri-us).  [Slav.  Beli-tzar,  i.  e. 
White  Prince.]  Born  in  Illyria.,  or  Dardania  (?), 
about  505:  died  March  13,  565.  The  greatest 
general  of  the  Byzantine  empire.  Hewasgeneral 
of  the  eastern  armies  629-532 ; rescued  Justinian  by  the 
suppression  of  the  “Green"  faction  at  Constantinople  in 
532;  overthrew  theVandal  kingdom  in  Africa  633-534;  won 
famous  victories  over  the  Goths  in  Italy  534-540;  con- 
quered Sicily  in  535,  and  southern  Italy  536-537 ; conquered 
Ravenna  in  540  ; conducted  the  war  against  the  Persians 
541-542  ; again  took  command  against  the  Goths  in  Italy 
in  544  ; was  superseded  by  Narses  in  548 ; rescued  Constan- 
tinople from  northern  (Bulgarian)  invaders  in  669 ; and 
was  imprisoned  a short  time  by  Justinian  about  563.  The 
tale  that  in  old  age  he  was  blind  and  obliged  to  beg  his 
bread  from  door  to  door  is  false. 

The  exploits  of  Belisarius,  looked  at  in  themselves,  are 
enough  to  place  him  in  the  very  first  rank  of  military 
commanders  ; when  we  consider  the  circumstances  under 
which  they  were  achieved,  he  may  fairly  claim  the  first 
place  of  all.  Hannibal  is  his  only  rival,  as  Heraclius  had 
no  Justinian  to  thwart  him  at  home. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays. 

Belise  (ba-lez').  The  sister  of  Philaminte  in 
Moliere’s  comedy  “Les  Femmes  Savantes.” 
She  is  gifted  with  remarkable  self-appreciation,  and  thinks 
every  man  is  in  love  with  her. 

Belit  (be-lit').  [Babylonian, ‘lady.’]  One  of  the 
prominent  female  deities  of  the  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  pantheon,  wife  of  Bel.  She  is  called  “lady 
of  the  nations,”  “ mother  of  the  great  gods.”  As  goddess 
of  the  nether  world  her  name  is  Allat.  She  is,  however, 
sometimes  identified  with  Ishtar,  the  Ashtoreth  (Astarte) 
of  the  Canaanites,  the  goddess  of  love  and  war.  Belit  seems 
to  have  also  been  used  as  an  honorary  title  of  any  goddess. 

Beliza  (be-le'za).  The  waiting-woman  of  Dor- 
alicein  Drvden’s  comedy  “Marriage  ala  Mode.” 

Belize.  See  Balize. 

Belkin  (bel-ken'),  Ivan.  A nom  de  plume  of 
Pushkin,  the  Russian  poet. 

Belknap  (bel'nap),  Jeremy.  Born  at  Boston. 
Mass.,  June  4,  1744:  died  there,  June  20,  1798. 
An  American  historian  and  Congregational  cler- 
gyman. He  wrote  a “History  of  New  Hampshire  ”(1764- 
1792),  “American  Biographies  "(1794-98),  “ The  Foresters, 
an  American  Tale  ” (1796).  etc.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

Belknap,  William  Worth.  Born  at  Newburg, 
N.Y.,Sept.  22,1829:  died  at  Washington,  D.C.^ 
Oc-t.  13,  1890.  An  American  politician  and 
general.  He  served  in  the  volunteer  army  throughout 
the  Civil  War,  participating  in  the  Shiloh,  Vicksburg,  and 
Georgia  campaigns,  and  obtaining  the  rank  of  major-gen- 
eral in  1865.  He  was  collector  of  internal  revenue  in  Iowa 
1865-69,  and  Republican  secretary  of  war  1869-76,  resigning 
in  consequence  of  charges  of  official  corruption. 

Bell  (bel).  Acton.  Pseudonym  of  Anne  Bronte. 

Bell,  Adam.  An  English  outlaw,  celebrated  for 
his  skill  in  archery,  said  to  have  lived  in  the 
time  of  Robin  Hood’s  father.  About  him  nothing 
certain  is  known.  He  is  the  hero  of  several  old  ballads, 
notably  “ Adam  Bell,  Clym  of  the  Cloughe,  and  Wyllyam 


141 


Bell,  Adam 

of  Cloudesle,”  printed  without  date  by  William  Copland 
about  1550.  There  are  several  allusions  to  him  in  dra- 
matic literature.  Shakspere  alludes  to  him  in  “ Much 
Ado  about  Nothing  ’ and  in  ‘ Romeo  and  Juliet,"  and 
Daveuant  in  a poem  called  “A  Long  Vacation  in  London. 
Ben  Jonson  speaks  of  Clym  o’  the  Clough  in  “ The  Alchem- 
ist." Percy  and  Ritson  both  adhere  mainly  to  Copland’s 
text,  and  Child  reprints  from  Ritson  with  some  im- 
provements. The  real  person  or  persons  of  the  name 
are  thought  by  Child  to  have  no  connection  with  the  hero 
of  the  ballads. 

Bell,  Alexander  Graham.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  March  3,  1847.  An  American 
physicist,  son  of  Alexander  M.  Bell.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1872,  and  became  a professor  of  vocal 
physiology  in  the  Boston  University.  He  exhibited  his 
apparatus  for  the  transmission  of  sound  by  electricity, 
the  telephone,  in  1876.  He  invented  the  photophone, ^and 
has  developed  his  father’s  system  of  “Visible  Speech.” 

Beil,  Alexander  Melville.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
1819:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Aug.  7,  1905. 
A Scottish-American  educator,  inventor  of  a 
method  of  phonetic  notation  called  by  him 
‘“visible  speech,”  because  the  characters  indi- 
cate by  their  form  and  position  the  physiologi- 
cal formation  of  the  sounds.  He  wrote  “Visible 
Speech,”  “Principles  of  Phonetics,”  works  on  elocution 
and  shorthand,  and  “ World-English,”  an  adaptation  of 
the  Roman  alphabet  to  the  phonetic  spelling  of  English. 

Bell,  Andrew.  Born  at  St.  Andrew’s,  Scotland, 
March  27,  1753 : died  at  Cheltenham,  England, 
Jan.  27, 1832.  A clergyman  of  the  Church  of 
England,  noted  as  the  founder  of  the  so-called 
“ Madras  system  ” of  popular  education.  From 
1774  till  1781  he  lived  in  Virginia,  and  from  1787  till  1796 
in  India,  where  as  superintendeut  of  the  Madras  Male  Or- 
phan Asylum  he  developed  his  educational  system,  in  which 
thepupilswereledto  teach  one  another  under  thedirection 
of  a master.  His  originality  was  disputed  by  JosephLancas- 
ter  (see  Lancaster)  and  the  contest  between  their  systems 
assumed  considerable  public  importance.  He  wrote  “ An 
Experiment  in  Education  made  in  the  Asylum  of  Madras.” 
Bell,  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov., 
1774:  died  at  Hallow  Park,  near  Worcester, 
April  28,  1842.  A distinguished  British  physi- 
ologist and  anatomist,  noted  as  the  discoverer 
of  the  distinct  functions  of  the  sensory  and 
motor  nerves.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Anatomy  of 
Expression  ” (1806),  “ Anatomy  of  the  Brain  ” (1811),  “ Sys- 
tem of  Comparative  Surgery  ” (1807),  etc. 

Bell,  Currer.  A pseudonym  of  Charlotte 
Bronte. 

Bell,  Ellis.  A pseudonym  of  Emily  Bronte. 
Bell,  George  Joseph.  Born  at  Fountain  Bridge, 
near  Edinburgh,  Starch  26,  1770:  died  1843.  A 
Scotch  advocate,  brother  of  Charles  Bell.  He 
published  various  works  on  the  laws  of  Scot- 
land. 

Bell,  Henry.  Born  at  Torphichen  Mill,  near 
Linlithgow,  Scotland,  1767 : died  at  Helens- 
burgh, Scotland,  1830.  A Scotch  engineer.  He 
is  famous  as  the  builder  of  the  steamship  Comet  which 
began  to  ply  on  the  Clyde  Jan.,  1812,  and  thus  as  the 
originator  of  steam  navigation  in  Europe.  It  has  been 
asserted  that  Fulton  derived  his  ideasof  steam  navigation 
from  Bell. 

Bell,  Henry  H.  Born  in  North  Carolina  about 
1808 : drowned  in  the  Osaka  River,  Japan,  Jan. 
11,1868.  An  American  rear-admiral.  He  became 
fleet-captain  to  Farragut  in  1862,  commanded  a division  of 
the  fleet  in  the  attack  on  the  defenses  of  New  Orleans,  April 
18-25 ; hauled  down,  in  the  midst  of  an  angry  mob,  the 
State  flag  from  the  United  States  custom-house  on  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  city  ; commanded  the  Western  Gulf  Block- 
ading Squadron  for  a time  in  1863 ; and  obtained  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral  in  1866. 

Bell,  Sir  Isaac  Lowthian.  Born  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  England,  1816 : died  Dec.  20, 1G04.  An 
English  manufacturer  and  politician.  Hefounded, 
with  his  brothers  Thomas  and  John  Bell,  the  Clarence  Iron 
Works  on  the  Tees  in  1852,  and  was  member  of  Parliament 
for  Hartlepool  1875-bO.  Author  of  “The  Chemical  Phe- 
nomena of  Iron  Smelting”  (1872),  and  “Report  on  the  Iron 
Manufacture  of  the  United  States,  and  a Comparison  of  it 
with  that  of  Great  Britain  ” (1877). 

Bell,  James.  Born  1825:  died  March  31,  1908. 

A British  chemist.  Principal  of  Somerset  House  Labo- 
ratory, 1875,  and  the  author  of  “Chemistry  of  Foods.” 

Bell,  John.  Born  at  Antermony,  Scotland,  1691 : 
died  there,  July  1, 1780.  A Scotch  traveler  in 
European  and  Asiatic  Russia,  China,  and  Tur- 
key. His  “ Travels”  were  published  in  1763. 
Bell,  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  May  12, 1763: 
died  at  Rome,  April  15, 1820.  A Scotch  surgeon 
and  anatomist,  brother  of  Charles  Bell. 

Bell,  John.  Born  1811:  died  in  March,  1895. 
An  English  sculptor.  His  works  include  “ Eagle 
Slayer,"  “Andromeda,"  “Guards'  Memorial" (at  Waterloo 
Place,  London),  “United  States  directing  the  Progress  of 
America ” (copy  at  Washington),  etc. 

Bell,  John.  Born  near  Nashville,  Term.,  Feb. 
15, 1797 : died  at  Cumberland  Ironworks,  Tenn., 
Sept.  10, 1869.  A noted  American  politician. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee  1827-41, 
speaker  1834-35,  Whig  secretary  of  war  1841,  United 
States  senator  1847-59,  and  candidate  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Union  Party  for  President  in  1860.  He  received 
39  electoral  and  589,581  popular  votes. 


Bell,  Peter.  See  Peter  Bell. 

Bell,  Robert.  Born  at  Cork,  Ireland,  Jan.  16, 
1800:  died  at  Loudon,  April  12,  1867.  A Brit- 
ish journalist,  compiler,  and  general  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  an  “ Annotated  Edition  of  the 
British  Poets”  (1854-57). 

Bell,  Samuel.  Born  at  Londonderry,  N.  H., 
Feb.  9,  1770:  died  at  Chester,  N.  H.,  Dec.  23, 
1850.  An  American  politician,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire  1819-23,  and  United  States  senator 
1823-35. 

Bell,  Thomas.  Born  at  Poole,  Dorsetshire, 
England,  Oct.  11, 1792 : died  at  Selborne,  Hants, 
March  13,  1880.  An  English  dental  surgeon  and 
zoologist.  He  was  professor  of  zoology  in  King’s  Col- 
lege, London,  1836-80 ; a secretary  of  the  Royal  Society 
1848-53 ; president  of  the  Linnean  Society  1853-61 ; and 
president  of  the  Ray  Society  1843-59.  His  works  include 
a “Monograph  of  Testudinata”  (1832-36),  “History  of 
British  Quadrupeds  ” (1837),  “History  of  British  Reptiles  ” 
(1839),  and  “History  of  British  Stalk-Eyed  Crustacea” 
(1853),  an  edition  of  the  “Natural  History  of  Selborne” 
(1877),  etc. 

Bell  Rock,  or  Inchcape  Rock.  A rock  in  the 
North  Sea  off  the  Firth  of  Tay,  Scotland,  in  lat. 
56°  26'  N.,  long.  2°  23'  W. 

Bell,  The.  A noted  old  inn  in  Warwick  Lane, 
London.  Archbishop  Leighton  died  suddenly 
here  in  1684. 

Bell,  The.  A noted  inn  at  Edmonton,  not  far 
from  London.  It  was  to  this  spot  that  John 
Gilpin  pursued  his  mad  career  in  Cowperis 
ballad. 

Bella  (bel'la),  Stefano  della.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, May  18,  1610:  died  there,  July  12,  1664. 
An  Italian  engraver.  He  was  commissioned  by  Car- 
dinal Richelieu  to  execute  designs  of  and  engrave  the 
principal  military  events  of  the  minority  of  Louis  XIII. 
His  works  number  more  than  fourteen  hundred  pieces. 
Bella.  A town  in  the  province  of  Potenza, 
Italy,  18  miles  northwest  of  Potenza.  Popu- 
lation, about  5,000. 

Bella  Wilfer.  See  Wilfer,  Bella. 

Bellac  (be-lak').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Vienne,  France,  situated  on  the  Vincou 
23  miles  northwest  of  Limoges.  Population, 
commune,  4,520. 

Bellacooia.  See  Bilqula. 

Bellafront  (bel'a-fruut).  1.  The  principal  fe- 
male character  in  Middleton  and  Dekker’s 
“Honest  Whore.”  She  gives  its  name  to  the  play, 
hut  turns  out  a true  penitent,  resisting  the  temptations 
of  Hippolito,  who  at  first  reclaimed  her  from  vice.  She 
is  a true  wife  to  an  unsatisfactory  husband,  Matheo. 

2.  The  false  mistress  in  N.  Field’s  comedy  of 
that  name. 

Bellagio  (bel-la'jo).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Como,  Italy,  situated  at  the  separation  of  the 
Lake  of  Como  into  two  arms,  15  miles  northeast 
of  Como.  Pop.,  about  1,100;  commune,  3,536. 
Bellair  (bel-ar'),  Count,  A character  in  Far- 
quhar’s  “Beaux’  Stratagem,”  a French  officer, 
a prisoner  at  Lichfield.  This  part  was  cut  out  by 
the  author  after  the  first  night’s  representation,  and  the 
words  added  to  the  part  of  Foigard. 

Bellair,  Old.  An  amorous  old  man  who  ima- 
gines he  disguises  his  love  for  women,  in  Ether- 
edge’s  comedy  “The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fop- 
ling  Flutter.” 

Bellair,  Young.  The  son  of  Old  Bellair,  a well- 
bred,  polite  youth  of  the  period : a character  in 
which  Etheredge  is  said  to  have  drawn  his  own 
portrait. 

Bellaire  (bel-ar').  A manufacturing  city  in 
Belmont  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
River  5 miles  south  of  Wheeling.  Population, 
12,946,  (1910). 

Bellamira  (bel-lii-me'ra),  her  Dream,  or  the 
Love  of  Shadows.  A tragicomedy  in  two 
parts  by  Thomas  Killigrew.  It  is  in  the  folio 
edition  of  his  works  published  in  1664. 
Bellamira,  or  The  Mistress.  A comedy  by 
Charles  Sedley,  produced  in  1678.  This  play  was 
partly  founded  on  the  “Eunuchus”  of  Terence,  and  in  it 
Sedley  exhibited  the  frailty  of  Lady  Castlemaine  and  the 
audacity  of  Churchill. 

Bellamont,  Earl  of.  See  Coote,  Richard. 
Bellamy  (bel'a-mi).  1.  The  lover  of  Jacintha 
in  Hoadly’s  “Suspicious  Husband.”- — 2.  In  Dry- 
den’s  play  “An  Evening’s  Love,  or  the  Mock 
Astrologer,”  a young  lively  gallant,  a friend  of 
Wildblood.  He  disguises  himself  as  an  astrol- 
oger, and  gives  the  second  name  to  the  play. 
Bellamy,  Edward.  Born  1850 : died  1898.  An 
American  economist  and  journalist,  the  leading 
advocate  of  “nationalism.”  He  has  written 
“ Looking  Backward ”(1888),“  Equality  ”(1897), 
etc. 

Bellamy,  George  Anne.  Born  at  Fingal,  in 
Ireland,  in  1731  (?) : died  at  London  (?),  Feb. 
16,  1788.  An  Irish-English  actress.  She  was  the 


Belle  Helene,  La 

daughter  of  a Mrs.  Bellamy  and  Lord  Tyrawley,  who  ac- 
knowledged her  and  supported  her.  She  first  appeared 
on  the  stage  (Nov.  22, 1744)  as  Monimia  in  “The  Orphan,  ’ 
and  she  rose  rapidly  in  her  profession,  but  never  reached 
the  first  rank.  In  1785  her  “ Apology  ” was  brought  out 
in  five  volumes,  to  which  a sixth  was  added.  Alexander 
Bicknell  is  believed  to  have  written  it  from  her  material. 
The  name  George  Anne  was  given  her,  in  mistake  for 
Georgiana  apparently,  in  her  certificate  of  birth. 

Bellamy  (D.  pron.  bel'a-mi),  Jacobus.  Born 
at  Flushing,  Holland,  Nov.  12, 1757 : died  March 
11,  1786.  A Dutch  poet.  He  wrote  patriotic  and 
anacreontic  poems,  and  is  the  author  of  the  popular  bal- 
lad “Roosje.” 

Bellamy  (bel'a-mi),  Joseph.  Born  at  North 
Cheshire,  Conn.,  1719:  died  at  Bethlehem, 
Conn.,  March  6, 1790.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  theologian,  author  of 
“True  Religion  Delineated”  (1750),  etc. 
Bellamy,  Lord.  A character  in  Thomas  Shad- 
well’s  comedy  “Bury-Fair.” 

Bellano  (bel-la'no).  A town  in  northern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Lake  of 
Como,  18  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Bellaria  (bel-la'ri-a).  The  wife  of  Pandosto  in 
Greene’s  “Pandosto,  or  the  Triumph  of  Time.” 
She  is  the  original  of  Hermione  in  Shakspere’s 
“Winter’s  Tale.” 

Bellario  (bel-la/ri-o).  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher’s  play  “Philaster,”  a page.  She  is  Eu- 
phrasia in  disguise,  who  follows  the  fortunes  of  Philaster 
with  romantic  tenderness  and  fidelity.  It  is  a character 
which  suggests  Shakspere’s  Viola. 

Bellario,  Doctor,  The  erudite  lawyer  of  Padua, 
as  whose  substitute  Portia  appears  in  the  trial 
scene  in  Shakspere’s  “Merchant  of  Venice.” 
Bellarmine  (bel-lar-men').  An  impertinent 
fine  gentleman  in  Fielding’s  “Joseph  An- 
drews,” the  mercenary  lover  of  Leonora. 
Bellarmine  (bel'ar-min).  A drinking-jug  with 
the  face  of  Cardinal  Bellarmino  on  it,  and  the 
shape  of  which  was  supposed  to  resemble  him : 
originated  by  the  Protestants  of  Holland  to 
ridicule  him. 

Bellarmino  (bel-lar-me'no),  E.  Bellarmine 
(bel'ar-min),  Roberto.  Born  at  Montepul- 
ciano,  Tuscany,  Oct.  4,  1542 : died  at  Rome, 
Sept.  17,  1621.  A noted  Italian  cardinal,  and 
Jesuit  theologian  and  controversialist.  He  was 
professor  in  Louvain  and  in  the  Roman  College,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Capua.  His  works  include  “ Hisputationes  de 
Controversiis,  fidei,  etc."  (15s  1),  “Tractatus  de  potestate 
summi  pontificis  in  rebus  temporalibus  ” (“  On  the  Pope’s 
Temporal  Sovereignty"),  “ Christianas  doctrinse  applica- 
tio  ’’  (1603). 

Bellary.  See  Balia, re. 

Bellaston  (bel'as-ton),  Lady.  A fashionable 
demirep  in  Fielding’s  “Tom  Jones,”  a sensual, 
profligate,  and  imperious  woman. 

Bellatrix  (bel'a-triks).  [L.,the  ‘ warrioress.’] 
A very  white  glittering  star  of  the  second  mag- 
nitude, in  the  left  shoulder  of  Orion.  It  is  y 
Orionis. 

Bellay,  Guillaume  du.  See  Langetj,  Sei- 
gneur de. 

Bellay  (be-la'),  Jean  du.  Born  1492:  died  at 
Rome,  Feb.  16,  1560.  A French  cardinal  and 
diplomatist,  brother  of  Guillaume  du  Bellay. 
He  became  bishop  of  Bayonne  in  1526,  bishop  of  Paris  in 
1533,  and  cardinal  in  1535.  He  was  a friend  of  letters,  and 
is  noted  as  the  patron  of  Rabelais. 

Bellay,  Joachim  du.  Born  at  the  Chateau  de 
Lire,  near  Angers,  about  1524:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  1,  1560.  AFrencdi  poet  and  prose-writer, 
surnamerl  “the  French  Ovid,”  and  “Prince  of 
the  Sonnet,”  one  of  the  most  noted  members 
of  the  famous  “P14iade.”  He  was  a cousin  of  Car- 
dinal du  Bellay,  and  for  a time  served  as  his  secretary. 
He  wrote  “L’Olive”  (sonnets  to  his  mistress,  Mademoiselle 
de  Viole,  of  whose  name  “Olive  ’’  is  an  anagram),  47  sonnets 
upon  the  antiquities  of  Rome  (1558),  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Spenser  as  “The  Ruins  of  Rome  ”(1611),  “Regrets” 
(sonnets),  “ Discours  de  la  PoCsie,”  “Defense  et  illustra- 
tion de  la  langue  Franchise  ” (a  notable  work  in  prose), 
etc.  The  “Visions”  of  Bellay  are  sonnets  translated  and 
adapted  by  Spenser. 

Belle  (bel),  Jean  Franqois  Joseph  de.  Born 
at  Voreppo,  Is&re,  France,  May  27,  1767:  died 
June,  1802.  A French  general.  He  served  in  the 
Italian  campaign  of  1799,  and  subsequently  under  Le 
Clerc  in  Santo  Domingo,  where  he  fell  in  battle. 

Belle  Dame  Sans  Merci,  La.  [F.,  ‘the  fair 
lady  without  mercy.’]  1.  A French  poem  by 
Alain  Chartier.  It  was  translated  into  English  by  Sir 
Richard  Ros,  and  not  by  Chaucer,  though  the  translation 
has  been  attributed  to  him. 

2.  A poem  by  Keats. 

Belle  Fourctie  (bel  forsh).  [F., ‘nice  fork.’] 
A namo  given  to  the  North  Fork  of  the  Chey- 
enne River  in  Wyoming  and  South  Dakota. 
Belle  H61ene  (bel  a-lan'),  La.  An  opera 
bouffe,  words  by  Meilhac  and  Hal6vy,  music 
by  Offenbach,  produced  in  1864 


Belle  Jardiniere,  La 

Belle  Jardiniere  (bel  zhar-den-yar'),  La.  [F., 

‘ the  pretty  gardener.’]  A Madonna  and  Child 
with  St.  John,  by  Raphael  (1507),  in  his  early 
manner,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  A fair-haired  Ma- 
donna is  seated  amid  a beautiful  conventionalized  land- 
scape, and  the  children  stand  and  kneel  at  her  knee.  It 
is  familiar  in  reproductions,  and  is  one  of  Raphael’s  most 
pleasing  works. 

Belle  Laitiere  (bel  let-yar'),  La.  [F.,  ‘the 
pretty  milkmaid.’]  A painting  by  Wouver- 
man,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London.  The 
composition  is  strong,  the  figures  standiug  out  dark 
against  the  bright  landscape,  and  the  coloring  delicate.  x 

Belle  Mignonne,  La.  [P.,  ‘ the  pretty  darling.’] 
A name  given  in  France  in  the  18th  century  to  a 
skull  illuminated  with  tapers  and  highly  dec- 
orated, which  was  an  accepted  furnishing  of  a 
devout  lady’s  boudoir.  The  queen  was  said  to  pray 
before  the  skull  of  Ninon  de  L’Enclos.  Lecky. 

Belle  Plaine  (bel  plan).  A city  in  Benton 
County,  Iowa,  42  miles  northwest  of  Iowa  City. 
Population,  3,121,  (1910). 

Belle-Alliance  (bel  al-yons'),  La.  Afarm  about 
13  miles  from  Brussels,  between  Waterloo  and 
Genappe,  in  Belgium.  It  was  occupied  by  the  center 
of  the  French  infantry  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo  (June  18, 
1815),  Napoleon  himself  being  stationed  in  the  vicinity.  By 
this  name  the  Prussians  designate  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 
Belleau  (bel-lo'),  Remy.  Born  at  Nogent-le- 
Rotrou,  Maine,  France,  1528 : died  at  Paris, 
March  16, 1577.  A French  poet,  one  of  the  most 
notable  members  of  the  “P16iade”  (which  see). 

His  life  was  spent  in  the  service  of  Rdmi  de  Lorraine, 
marquis  d’Elbeuf,  and  of  his  son  Charles,  due  d’Elbeuf, 
whose  tutor  he  was.  He  wrote  “Petites  Inventions” 
(short  descriptive  poems),  “Bergeries"  (1565:  a mixture 
of  prose  and  poetry),  “ Amours  et  Nouveaux  eschanges 
de  pierres  pr6cieuses”  (1576),  and  various  translations. 
Bellefontaine  (bel'fon',/t,an).  The  capital  of 
Logan  County,  Ohio,  52  miles  northwest  of 
Columbus.  Population,  8,238,  (1910). 
Bellefontaine  (bel-fon-tan'),  Benedict.  In 
Longfellow’s  poem  “Evangeline,”  a wealthy 
farmer  of  Grand  Pr6,  the  father  of  Evangeline. 
He  died  of  a broken  heart  when  starting  on  his  exile,  and 
was  buried  on  the  seashore. 

Bellefonte  (bel-font').  The  capital  of  Center 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Spring 
Creek  in  lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  77°  49'  W. 
Population,  4,145,  (1910). 

Bellegarde.  A fortress  on  the  Spanish  fron- 
tier, in  the  department  of  Pyrdnees-Orientales, 
France,  18  miles  south  of  Perpignan  on  the 
Col  de  Pertuis. 

Bellegarde.  A small  town  in  the  department 
of  Gard,  France,  10  miles  southeast  of  Nimes. 
Bellegarde.  A small  town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Valserine  and  Rhone,  16  miles  southwest  of 
Geneva,  near  the  famous  Perte  du  Rhone. 
Bellegarde  (bel-gard'),  Gabriel  du  Bac  de. 
Born  at  the  Chateau  de  Bellegarde,  diocese 
of  Carcassonne,  Oct.  17, 1717 : died  at  Utrecht, 
Dec.  13,  1789.  A French  Jansenist  theologian. 
Bellegarde,  Henri,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Dresden, 
Aug.  29, 1756:  died  at  Vienna,  July  22, 1845.  An 
Austrian  general.  He  served  in  the  campaigns  of 
1793-95  ; concluded  with  Napoleon  the  armistice  of  Leo- 
ben,  April  18,  1797  ; was  commander-in  chief  in  the  Vene- 
tian states  in  1805 ; and  was  made  field-marshal  and  gov- 
ernor of  Galicia  in  1806. 

Bellegarde,  Jean  Baptiste  Morvan  de. 

Born  at  Piriac,  near  Nantes,  Aug.  30,  1648 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  26,  1734.  A French  man 
of  letters  and  member  of  the  community  of 
priests  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales.  To  him  is  at- 
tributed the  authorship  of  the  ‘ ‘ Histoire  univer- 
selle  des  voyages  ” (1707). 

Belle-Ile-  (or  Belle-Isle-)  en-Mer  (bel-el'- 
oh-mar').  [F.,  ‘fair  island  in  the  sea.’  The 
Breton  name  is  Guerveur.\  An  island  in  the 
Bay  of  Biscay,  belonging  to  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  8 miles  south  of  Quiberon . 
Capital,  Le  Palais.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  under 
Keppel  in  1761,  and  restored  to  France  in  1763.  It  was 
a political  prison  1849-57.  Length,  11  miles.  Population, 
9,703. 

Belle-Isle  (bel'il').  A small  island  in  Concep- 
tion Bay,  Newfoundland. 

Belle-Isle,  North.  An  island  at  the  eastern 
entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Belle-Isle,  lat.  52°  N., 
long.  55°  25'  W.  It  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 
Belle-Isle,  South.  An  island  situated  north- 
east of  Newfoundland,  lat.  51°  N.,  long.  55° 
35'  W.  Length,  8 miles. 

Belle-Isle,  Strait  of.  A sea  passage  sepa- 
rating Newfoundland  from  Labrador,  and  con- 
necting the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  Width,  12-20  miles. 
Belle-Isle  (bel-el'),  Charles  Louis  Auguste 
Fouquet,  Duke  of.  Born  at  Villefranehe, 
Arveyron,  France,  Sept.  22, 1684:  died  Jan.  26, 


142 

1761.  A French  marshal  and  politician.  He 
shared  with  Broglie  the  command  of  the  French  forces  in 
the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  and  captured  Prague 
Nov.  26,  1741,  but  was  forced  by  the  treaty  of  peace  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  at  Breslau  to  retreat  to  Eger, 
Dec.  17,  1742.  He  became  commander-in-chief  of  the 
French  army  in  Italy  in  1746,  and  was  minister  of  war 
from  1757  to  his  death. 

Belleme  (bel-am').  A small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Orne,  France,  22  miles  east  of 
Alen§on. 

Bellenden  (bel'en-den),  or  Ballenden  (bal'en- 
den),  or  Ballentyne  (hal'en-tin).  Born  at 
Haddington,  in  Berwick,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  16tli  century : died  at  Rome,  1550 
according  to  some,  and  as  late  as  1587  accord- 
ing to  others.  A Scottish  poet  and  prose- 
writer,  chiefly  known  as  the  translator  of 
Hector  Boece’s  “Historia  Scotorum”  (trans. 
1533). 

Bellenden,  Edith.  The  heiress  of  Tillietudlem 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel  “ Old  Mortality.” 
Bellenden,  William.  Died  probably  about 
1633.  A Scotch  classical  scholar. 

Bellenz  (bel'lents).  The  German  name  of 
Bellinzona. 

Bellermann  (bel'ler-man),  Ferdinand.  Born 

at  Erfurt,  March  14,  1814:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
11,1889.  A German  landscape-painter.  He  was 
employed  by  A.  von  Humboldt  in  Venezuela  1842-46. 

Bellerophon  (be-ler'o-fon),  or  Bellerophontes 

(be-ler-o-fon'tez).  [Gr.  Be/1  Be/! Itpu- 

f.]  In  Greek  legend,  a son  of  Glaucus, 
king  of  Corinth  (or,  in  some  accounts,  of 
Poseidon),  and  grandson  of  Sisyphus.  He  was 
the  rider  of  Pegasus,  the  slayer  of  the  monster  Chimtera, 
and  conqueror  of  the  Solymi  and  Amazons.  His  exploits 
gained  for  him  the  daughter  and  one  half  the  kingdom  of 
Iobates,  king  of  Lycia ; but  he  later  fell  under  the  dis- 
pleasure of  the  gods.  According  to  Pindar  his  pride 
so  increased  with  his  good  fortune  that  lie  attempted  to 
mount  to  heaven  on  Pegasus ; but  Zeus  maddened  the 
horse  with  a gadfly,  and  Bellerophon  fell  and  perished. 
He  was  worshiped  as  a hero  at  Corinth. 

Bellerophon.  1.  A British  line-of -battle  ship 
of  74  guns  and  1,613  tons.  She  served  in  the  Channel 
squadron  of  1793  and  1794,  was  disabled  at  the  battle  of 
the  Nile,  Aug.  1,  1798,  and  fought  in  the  battle  of  Tra- 
falgar, Oct.  21,  1805. 

2.  One  of  the  first  armored  war-ships,  built  ac- 
cording to  the  designs  of  Sir  E.  Reed,  chief 
constructor  of  the  British  navy,  and  launched 
in  1866.  Length,  300  feet ; breadth,  56  feet ; 
draught,  26.7  feet.  She  had  an  armored  belt,  at  the 
water-line  10  feet  wide,  and  a high-decked  central  citadel 
with  armored  bulkheads  at  each  end,  mounting  10  12-ton 
guns.  She  had  two  61-ton  guns  behind  armor  in  the  hows, 
and  one  61-  ton  gun  behind  armor  in  the  stern.  The  armor 
was  6 inches  of  iron  on  16  inches  of  wood  backing. 

Bellerophon.  An  opera  by  Thomas  Corneille, 
Fontenelle,  and  Boileau,  the  music  by  Lulli, 
produced  in  1679. 

Bellerus  (be-le'rus).  A Cornish  giant  in  old 
English  legend.  Bellerium  was  the  name  given 
to  the  Land’s  End,  supposed  to  he  his  home. 
Bell  Savage,  or  Belle  Sauvage.  A noted 
London  tavern  which  formerly  stood  on  Lud- 
gate  Hill.  Its  inn  yar  d was  one  of  those  used  in  the  16th 
century  as  a theater  ami  for  bear-baiting  and  other  spec- 
tacles. A printing-house  now  occupies  the  site. 

Belle’s  Stratagem,  The.  A comedy  by  Mrs. 
Cowley,  produced  m 1780.  It  is  still  played. 
See  Hardy,  Leetitia. 

Belleval  (bel-val'),  Pierre  Richer  de.  Bom 

at  Chalons-sur-Marne,  1558  : died  at  Montpel- 
lier, 1623  (1625?).  A French  physician  and 
botanist,  the  inventor  of  an  unsuccessful  sys- 
tem of  Greek  botanical  nomenclature.  The 
genus  BicJicria  was  named  for  him  by  Villars. 
Belleville  (bel-vel').  [F.,  ‘fair  city.’]  A north- 
eastern suburb  of  Paris. 

Belleville.  A town  in  the  department  of 
Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone  26  miles 
north  of  Lyons.  Population,  commune,  3,119. 
Belleville  (bel'vil).  A port  of  entry,  capital 
of  Hastings  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Qmnte,  Lake  Ontario,  in  lat. 
44°  10'  N.,  long.  77°  30'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Albert  College  (secondary  education).  Popu- 
lation, 9,876,  (1911). 

Belleville.  The  capital  of  St.  Clair  County, 
Illinois,  15  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis.  Popu- 
lation, 21,122,  (1910). 

Bellevue  (bel-vii').  [F.,  ‘beautiful  view.’]  A 
noted  castle  near  Cassel  in  Germany,  it  contains 
a fine  picture-gallery  : among  its  chefs-d’oeuvre  are  sj>eci- 
mens  of  llolhein.  Rembrandt,  Vandyck,  Rubens,  Diirer, 
Teniers,  Wouverman,  Titian,  Guido  Reni,  Carlo  Dolce, 
Murillo,  and  many  others.  Most  of  these  were  not  ac- 
cessible to  the  general  public  till  1866. 

Bellevue.  A former  royal  castle,  southwest  of 
Paris,  near  Sevres,  built  by  Madame  de  Pompa- 
dour, and  destroyed  in  the  French  Revolution. 


Bellius 

Bellevue  (bel-vu')  A village  in  Sandusky  and 
Huron  counties,  Ohio,  14  miles  south-southwest 
of  Sandusky.  Population,  5,209,  (1910). 
Bellevue  Hospital.  A public  hospital  situated 
at  the  foot  of  East  26th  street  in  New  York. 
When  rebuilt  it  will  hold  2,000  patients. 
Belley  (bel-la/).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  France,  40  miles  east  of  Lyons,  it  con- 
tains a cathedral  and  has  Roman  antiquities.  There  are 
noted  cascades  and  quarries  of  lithographic  stones  in 
its  vicinity.  Population,  commune,  6,707. 

Bellfounder  (bel'foun-der).  A Norfolk  trotting 
horse  brought  to  New  York  about  1831.  Through 
his  daughter,  the  Charles  Kent  mare,  he  became  the  grand- 
sire  of  Hambletonian  (10),  and  transmitted  to  him  and  his 
descendants  the  partially  developed  trotting  tendency  and 
action.  He.  was  a brown  horse  15)  hands  high.  He  trotted 
a mile  in  three  minutes,  and  17  miles  in  an  hour. 

Belliard  (bel-yar'),  Count  Augustin  Daniel. 

Born  at  Fontenay-le-Comte,  Vendee,  France, 
March  25, 1769:  died  at  Brussels,  Jan.  28,  1832. 
A French  lieutenant-general,  distinguished  in 
the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  particularly  at  Bo- 
rodino, 1812.  He  took  part  iu  the  Egyptian  campaign , 
and,  as  governor  of  Cairo,  surrendered  that  place  to  the 
English  June  27,  1801. 

Bellicent  (bel'i-sent).  The  half-sister  of  King 
Arthur,  in  the  Arthurian  romances.  Tennyson 
alters  her  story  somewhat  in  “Gareth  and 
Lynette.” 

Beilin  (bel-lah'),  Jacques  Nicolas.  Born  at 

Paris,  1703:  died  at  Versailles,  March  21,  1772. 
A French  geographer  and  chartographer.  He  was 
officially  charged  with  the  preparation  of  maps  of  the 
coasts  of  the  known  seas.  His  work  appeared  in  the  “Nep- 
tune Francis’  (1753  : the  French  coasts),  “Hydrographie 
framjaise  ’’  (1756:  maps  of  all  known  coasts),  "Petit  Atlas 
Maritime,”  “ M6moires  sur  les  cartes  des  c6t.es  de  l’Ame- 
rique  septentrionale"  (1755),  “Essais  geographiquee  sui- 
tes lies  Britanniques  ” (1763),  and  similar  works  on  Guiana, 
the  Antilles,  Santo  Domingo,  etc. 

Belling  (bel'ling),  Wilhelm  Sebastian  von. 

Born  at  Paulsdorf,  East  Prussia,  Feb.  15, 1719 : 
died  at  Stolp,  Pomerania,  Nov.  28,  1779.  A 
Prussian  cavalry  general,  distinguished  in  the 
Seven  Years’  War. 

Bellingham  (bel'ing-am),  Richard.  Born  in 

England,  1592  (?) : died  in  Massachusetts,  Dec. 
7,  1672.  A colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
He  emigrated  to  America  in  1634,  and  was  governor  of 
Massachusetts  Colony  in  1641, 1654,  and  1665-72.  In  1641  he 
contracted  a second  marriage,  performing  the  marriage 
ceremony  himself,  without  proclamation  of  banns.  He 
was  presented  by  the  great  inquest  for  breach  of  the  order 
of  court ; but,  as  he  refused  to  vacate  the  bench,  the  other 
magistrates  were  at  a loss  how  to  proceed,  and  he  escaped 
censure. 

Bellini  (bel-le'ne),  Gentile.  Born  about  1427 : 
died  Feb.  22,  1507.  A painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  son  of  Jacopo  Bellini. 

Bellini,  Giovanni.  Born  after  1427 : died  Nov. 
29,  1516.  A noted  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  son  of  Jacopo  Bellini.  His  works  are  in 
all  the  principal  art  galleries.  Among  his  scholars  were 
Titian  and  Giorgione.  His  portrait,  by  himself,  in  the 
Capitol,  Rome,  ranks  among  the  great  portraits,  and  is  a 
fine  example  of  the  Venetian  school,  older  than  the  por- 
trait in  the  Uffizi. 

Bellini,  Jacopo  or  Giacomo.  Died  about  1464. 
An  Italian  painter. 

Bellini,  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Florence,  Sept.  3, 
1643 : died  Jan.  8,  1704.  A distinguished 
Italian  physician  and  anatomist,  professor  of 
philosophy  and  afterward  of  anatomy  at  Pisa. 
His  collected  works  were  published  in  1708. 
Bellini,  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Catania,  Sicily, 
Nov.  1,  1801 : died  near  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1835. 
A famous  Italian  operatic  composer.  His  works 
include  “Bianca  e Fernando”  (1826),  “ II  Pirata ” (1827), 
“La  Straniera”  (1829),  “ Zaira  ” (1829),  “I  Capuletti  ed  i 
Montecchi  ” (1830),  “La  Sonnambuia”  (1831),  “Norma  ” 
(1831),  “ Beatrice  di  Tenda  ” (1833),  “I  Puritani ” (1835). 

Bellinzona  (bel-lin-zo'na),  G.  Bellenz  (bel'- 
lents).  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Ticino, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Ticino  in  lat. 
46°  11'  N.,  long.  9°  1'  E.  It  occupies  an  important 
position  on  the  St.  Gotthard  route  near  the  commence- 
ment of  the  San  Bernardino  route.  It  is  commanded  by 
three  castles,  and  was  once  strongly  fortified.  Popula- 
tion, 4,949. 

Bellisant  (bel'i-sant).  1.  The  mother  of  Val- 
entine and  Orson.  She  was  banished  by  her  husband 
Alexander,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  for  supposed  in- 
fidelity, and  her  sons  were  born  in  a wild  forest. 

2.  One  of  the  principal  female  characters  in 
Massinger’s  “The  Parliament  of  Love.” 
Bellius  (bel'i-us),  Martinus.  Tile  pseudo- 
nym under  which  was  published  a book  en- 
titled “De  liferetieis,  an  sint  persequendi, 
etc.,”  in  “Magdeburg”  (false  for  Basel),  in 
1554.  It  was  published  soon  after  Calvin’s  defense  of 
tlie  execution  of  Servetus,  and  was  a plea  for  religious 
toleration.  The  authorship  was  ascribed  to  Castellio, 
who  in  fact  wrote  a part  of  the  book  under  the  pseudo- 
nym “Basilius  Montfortius.” 


Bellman,  Earl  Mikael 

Bellman  (bel'man),  Karl  Mikael.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  Feb.  4,  1740:  died  Feb.  11,  1795. 
A noted  Swedish  lyrical  poet.  His  works  include 
“Fredman’s  Epistlar"  (‘Epistles,"  1790),  “Fredraan's 
Sanger”  (“Songs,"  1791),  etc. 

Bellman  of  London,  The.  A satirical  work 
by  Dekker,  published  in  1608.  it  is  founded  on 
the  “Ground  Work  of  Coney  Catching,”  which  Fleay  and 
others  believe  to  have  been  also  written  by  Dekker.  The 
latter  was  taken  largely  from  Harman’s  “ Caveat  for  Cur- 
sitors.”  In  the  same  year  Dekker  published  a second 
part  called  “Lanthorne  and  Candlelight,  or  The  Bell- 
man’s Second  Night’s  Walke.”  In  1612  a fourth  or  fifth 
edition  of  the  second  part  appeared,  called  “ O per  se  0, 
or  a new  cryer  of  Lanthorne  and  Candlelight,  Being  an 
addition  or  lengthening  of  the  Bellman’s  Second  Night’s 
Walke."  A number  of  editions  of  the  second  part  were 
published  before  1648,  all  with  differences.  They  are 
amusing  descriptions  of  London  rogues.  Da  borne  wrote 
a play  called  “The  Bellman  of  London  ” in  1613. 

Bellman  of  Paris,  The.  A play  by  Dekker 
and  John  Day,  licensed  in  1623,  but  not  printed. 
Bellmour  (bel'mor).  1.  The  faithful  friend 
of  Jane  Shore,  in  Rowe’s  tragedy  of  that.  name. 

— 2.  The  lover  of  Belinda,  in  Congreve’s  com- 
edy “The  Old  Bachelor.” 

Bello  (bel'yo),  Andres.  Born  at  Caracas, Vene- 
zuela, Nov.  30,  1780 : died  at  Santiago,  Chile, 
Oet.  15, 1865.  A Spanish-American  scholar  and 
author.  In  1810  lie  was  sent  to  London  with  Bolivar 
as  agent  of  the  revolutionary  government,  and  he  re- 
mained there  nearly  twenty  years.  In  1834  he  accepted 
a position  in  the  foreign  department  of  Chile.  He  edited 
the  Chilian  civil  code ; wrote  a treatise  on  international 
law  which  was  translated  into  several  languages;  and  was 
several  times  chosen  to  arbitrate  in  international  disputes, 
including  one  between  the  United  States  and  Ecuador. 
In  1843  he  became  rector  of  the  University  of  Chile. 
Bellona  (be-lo'na).  [L.  Bellona,  from  helium, 
war.]  1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  goddess 
of  war,  regarded  sometimes  as  the  wife  and 
sometimes  as  the  sister  of  Mars.  She  was,  prob- 
ably, originally  a Sabine  divinity,  and  her  worship  ap- 
pears to  have  been  introduced  at  Home  by  a Sabine  family, 
the  Claudii.  She  is  represented  as  armed  with  shield 
and  lance. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  28)  discovered  by  Luther 
at  Bilk,  March  1,  1854. 

Bellot  (bel-o').  Joseph  Rene.  Born  at  Paris, 
1826 : died  1853.  A French  naval  officer,  a vol- 
unteer in  English  expeditions  to  Arctic  regions. 
Bellot  Strait.  A strait  in  the  Arctic  regions 
of  North  America,  between  the  Boothia  penin- 
sula and  the  island  of  North  Somerset. 
Bellovaci  (be-lov'a-si).  An  important  tribe  of 
the  Belgian  Gauls,  occupying  a territory  cor- 
responding to  the  modern  dioceses  of  Beauvais 
and  Senlis,  France:  subdued  by  Julius  Caesar  57 
b.  c.  Their  chief  town  was  Caesaromagus  (Beau- 
vais). 

Bellows  (bel'oz),  Henry  Whitney.  Born  at 
Walpole,  N.  H.,  June  11,  1814:  died  Jan.  30, 
1882.  An  American  Unitarian  divine  and 
writer,  pastor  of  All  Souls  Church,  New  York. 
He  was  president  of  the  United  States  Sani- 
tary Commission  in  the  Civil  War. 

Bellows  Falls.  A village  in  Windham  County, 
Vermont,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Connec- 
ticut 41  miles  southeast  of  Rutland.  Popula- 
tion, 4,883,  (1910). 

Belloy  (bel-wa/),  Pierre  Laurent  Buyrette 
de  (Pierre  Buyrette,  or  Buirette,  or  Bu- 
rette). Born  at  St.  Flour,  Cantal,  France, 
Nov.  17,  1727 : died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1775.  A 
F rench  dramatist.  His  works  include  “Titus  ” (1759), 
“Zelmire”  (1762),  “Le  Siege  de  Calais  ” (1765  : his  most 
notable  work),  “Gaston  et  Bayard”  (1771),  “ T’ierre  le 
Cruel  ’ (1772),  etc. 

Bells,  The.  1.  A poem  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 

— 2.  A dramatization  from  Erckmann-Chat- 
rian’s  “Le  Juif  Polonais”by  Leopold  Lewis, 
produced  in  1871.  Henry  Irving  is  successful 
in  it  as  Mathias. 

Bell-the-Cat.  Apopular  surname  of  Archibald 
Douglas,  earl  of  Angus  (died  about  1514).  At 
a deliberation  of  the  nobles  for  the  purpose  of  effecting 
the  removal  of  Cochrane,  James  III. ’s  obnoxious  favorite, 
their  predicament  was  compared  to  that  of  the  mice  which 
determined  to  hang  a bell  around  the  cat’s  neck,  and  the 
question  was  asked  who  would  be  brave  enough  to  per- 
form the  act.  To  this  Douglas  replied : “I  will  bell  the 
cat.” 

Belluno  (bel-16'no).  [L.  Belunum.~\  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Belluno,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Piave  in  lat.  46°  9'  N.,  long.  12°  13'  E. 
It  has  a cathedral.  Population,  commune, 
18  747. 

Belluno,  ancient  Belunum  (be-lu'num).  A 
province  in  the  compartimento  of  Venetia, 
Italy.  Area,  1,293  square  miles.  Population, 
216,144. 

Belluno,  Duke  of.  See  Victor- Perrin. 
Bel-Merodach.  See  Merodach,  Bel,  Baal. 
Belmez  (bel-math').  A town  in  the  province  of 


143 

Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiato  35 
miles  northwest  of  Cordova.  Population, 
8,978. 

Belmont  (bel'mont).  A village  in  Mississippi 
County,  southeastern  Missouri,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  River  17  miles  south  of  Cairo,  Illi- 
nois. Here,  Nov.  7,  1861,  occurred  an  indecisive  battle 
between  the  Federals  under  Grant  and  the  Confederates 
under  Pillow.  The  loss  of  the  Federals  was  485  ; that  of 
the  Confederates,  642. 

Belmont,  August.  Born  at  Alzey,  Germany, 
1816:  died  at  New  York,  1890.  A German- 
American  banker  and  politician.  He  was  Austrian 
consul  at  New  York,  United  States  minister  to  the  Nether- 
lands 1856-58,  and  chairman  of  the  Democratic  National 
Committee  1860-72.  He  was  a patron  of  the  turf  and  an 
art-collector. 

Belmont,  Charles.  A rakish  young  fellow  in 
Moore’s  play  “ The  Foundling.”  The  part  was 
played  with  great  success  by  Garrick. 
Belmont,  Perry.  Born  at  New  York,  Dec.  28, 
1851.  An  American  politician,  son  of  August 
Belmont.  He  was  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  New  York  1881-87. 

Belmontet  (bel-mon-ta/),  Louis.  BornatMon- 
tauban,  France,  March  26, 1799 : died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  14, 1879.  A French  poet,  and  Bonapartist 
partizan.  His  works  include  “ Les  Tristes  ” (1824),  ” Le 
souper  d’ Auguste  ” (1828),  “ Une  fete  de  Neron  ’’  (tragedy, 
written  with  Soumet,  1829),  etc. 

Bel-Nirari  (bel-ne-ra/re).  [Assyr., ‘the  god 
Bel  is  my  helper.’]  King  of  Assyria  about 
1380  B.  C.  He  conquered  part  of  Babylonia. 
Beloe  (be'lo),  William.  Born  at  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, 1756:  died  at  London,  April  11, 1817.  An 
Euglisli  clergyman  and  writer,  founder,  with 
Archdeacon  Naves,  of  the  “British  Critic”  in 
1793.  He  became  rector  of  All  Hallows,  London  Wall,  in 
1796,  and  was  keeper  of  printed  books  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum 1803-06.  Hewrote  “The Sexagenarian,  or  Recollec- 
tions of  a Literary  Life  ’’  (1817),  etc. 

Beloeil  (be-lely').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  11  miles  west-northwest  of 
Mous.  It  contains  the  castle  of  the  princes 
of  Ligne.  Population,  2,725. 

Beloit  (be-loit').  A city  in  Rock  County,  Wis- 
consin, situated  on  Rock  River  68  miles  south- 
west of  Milwaukee.  Population,  15,125,  (1910). 
Beloit.  The  capital  of  Mitchell  County,  north- 
ern Kansas,  situateef  on  the  Solomon  River. 
Population,  3,082,  (1910). 

Beloit  College.  A non-sectarian  institution 
of  learning  at  Beloit,  Wisconsin,  founded  1847. 
Number  of  students,  about  400. 

Belon  (be-lon'  or  blon),  Pierre.  Born  at  Soulle- 
tifere,  near  Mans,  Sarthe,  1517 : died  April, 
1564.  A noted  French  naturalist  and  traveler 
in  the  Orient  1546—49.  He  wrote  “ Histoire  natu- 
relle  des  estranges  poissons  marines  ” (1551),  “ L’Histoire 
dela  nature  des  oyseaux,  etc.”  (1555),  travels,  etc. 

Beloochistan.  See  Baluchistan. 

Belot  (ba-lo'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Pointe-a- 
Pitre,  Guadeloupe,  Nov.  6, 1829:  died  at  Paris, 
Dee.  17, 1890.  A French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
Among  his  works  are  the  novel  “ Mademoiselle  Giraud, 
ma  femme  ” (1870),  the  play  (in  collaboration  with  Ville- 
tard)  “ Le  testament  de  C£sar  Girodot  ’ (1869),  “Miss 
Multon,"  with  Eugfcne  Nils  (1867),  “L’Article  47”  (1871) 
(from  a novel),  and  many  others. 

Belovar  (bel-6-var').  A royal  free  city  in  Croa- 
tia, 42  miles  east  of  Agram. 

Beloved  Disciple,  The.  The  Apostle  John. 
Beloved  Physician,  The.  St.  Luke. 
Belpasso  (bel-pas'so).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Catania,  Sicily,  8 miles  northwest  of  Catania. 
It  was  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Etna  in  1669. 
Population,  9,640. 

Belper  (bel'per).  A town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Derwent  7 miles  north  of 
Derby.  It  has  cotton,  silk,  and  hosiery  manu- 
factures. Population,  10,934.  • 

Belphegor  (bel'fe-gor),  or  Belfagor  (bel'fa- 
gdr).  1.  Baal  Peor  (which  see). — 2.  An  arch- 
demon who  undertook  an  earthly  marriage,  but 
who  fled,  daunted,  from  the  horrors  of  female 
companionship.  See  the  extract. 

Pluto  summoned  an  infernal  council  to  consult  on  the 
best  mode  of  ascertaining  the  truth  or  falsehood  of  such 
statements  (that  wives  brought  their  husbands  to  hell). 
After  some  deliberation  it  was  determined  that  one  of 
their  number  should  be  sent  into  the  world  endowed  with 
a human  form,  and  subjected  to  earthly  passions ; that  he 
should  be  ordered  to  choose  a wife  as  early  as  possible,  and 
after  remaining  above  ground  for  ten  years,  should  report 
to  his  infernal  master  the  benefits  and  burdens  of  matri- 
mony. Though  this  plan  was  unanimously  approved,  none 
of  the  fiends  were  disposed  voluntarily  to  undertake  the 
commission,  but  the  lot  at  length  fell  on  the  archdemon 
Belfagor.  . . . This  story,  with  merely  a difference  of 
names  was  originally  told  in  an  old  Latin  MS.,  which  is 
now  lost,  but  which,  till  the  period  of  the  civil  wars  in 
France,  remained  in  the  library  of  Saint  Martin  de  Tours. 
But  whether  Brevio  or  Machiavel  first  exhibited  the  tale 
in  an  Italian  garb,  has  been  a matter  of  dispute  among 
the  critics  of  their  country.  It  was  printed  by  Brevio 


Belus 

during  his  life,  and  under  his  own  name,  in  1545 ; and  with 
the  name  of  Machiavel  in  1549,  which  was  about  eighteen 
years  after  that  historian’s  death.  Both  writers  probably 
borrowed  the  incidents  from  the  Latin  MS.,  for  they  could 
scarcely  have  copied  from  each  other. 

Dunlop , Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  186. 

[La  Fontaine  treated  this  subject  in  one  of  his  “ Contes," 
and  Wilson  printed  an  English  tragicomedy  called  “Bel- 
phegor, or  the  Marriage  of  the  Devil  ” in  1691.  Legrand 
brought  out  a French  comedy  called  “ Belphegor  ” in  1721. ) 
3.  A translation  and  adaptation  of  “Palliasse,” 
a French  play  by  Dennery  and  Marc  Fournier, 
by  Charles  Webb  (1856).  The  principal  character, 
Belphegor,  is  a mountebank,  and  though  he  earns  his  liv- 
ing  by  the  most  ludicrous  shams,  his  distress  and  despair 
at  the  apparent  desertion  of  his  wife  are  very  pathetic. 
Belphoebe  (bel-fe'be).  [F.  bel,  belle,  fair,  and  L. 
Pliwbe,  Gr.  Artemis  (Diana).]  A hun- 

tress, in  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  intended 
to  represent  Queen  Elizabeth  as  a woman,  as 
Gloriana  represented  her  as  a queen. 
Belsham  (bel'sham),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bed- 
ford, England,  April  26,  1750:  died  at  Hamp- 
stead, Nov.  11, 1829.  An  English  Unitarian  di- 
vine. 

Belsham,  William.  Born  at  Bedford,  England, 
1752:  died  near  Hammersmith,  Nov.  17,  1827. 
An  English  historian  and  political  essayist, 
brother  of  Thomas  Belsham. 

Belshazzar  (bel-shaz'ar),  or  Bel-shar-uzur. 
[‘Bel  protect  the  king.’]  According  to  the 
book  of  Daniel  (v.),  the  son  of  Nebuchadnezzar, 
and  the  last  king  of  Babylonia.  According  to  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions  this  was  Nabonidus,  while  Bel- 
shazzar was  his  eldest  son.  He  was  governor  of  South 
Babylonia  and  chief  of  the  army  in  the  last  struggle,  and 
co-regent  with  his  father.  When  the  latter  fled  to  Bor- 
sippa,  after  being  defeated  by  Cyrus,  he  assumed  the  com- 
mand in  Babylonia,  and  was  killed  in  the  sack  of  the  city 
by  Cyrus,  638  B.  c.  According  to  the  scriptural  narrative 
he  was  warned  during  a feast  of  his  coming  doom  by  a 
handwriting  on  the  wall,  which  was  interpreted  by  Daniel 
(Dan.  v.,  vii.  1,  viii.  1;  Bar.  i.  11, 12). 

Belshazzar.  A tragedy  by  Dean  Milman,  pub- 
lished in  1822. 

Belsunce  de  Castel  Moron  (bel-zfihs'  de  kas- 
tel'  mo-ron'),  Henri  Francois  Xavier  de. 

Bom  at  tbe  Chateau  de  la  Force,  in  Pdrigord, 
France,  Dec.  4,  1671 : died  at  Marseilles,  June 
4, 1755.  A French  Jesuit,  bishop  of  Marseilles, 
noted  for  his  heroism  during  a pestilence 
in  Marseilles,  1720-21.  He  was  a voluminous 
writer. 

Belt,  Great.  The  middle  sea  passage  between 
the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic,  separating  Zea- 
land from  Funen.  Width,  9-20  miles. 

Belt,  Little.  The  western  sea  passage  between 
the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic,  separating  Funen 
from  the  mainland  of  Denmark  and  Schleswig. 
Width,  7-10  miles. 

Beltane  (bel'tan).  [Also  written  Beltein  and 
Belten;  Gael.  Bealltainn,  Beilteine =Ir . Bealteine, 
Bealltame,  OIr.  Belltaine,  Beltene;  usually  ex- 
plainedas  ‘Bel’s  or  Beal’s  fire, ’from  *Bcal,  *Bial, 
an  alleged  Celtic  deity  ( by  some  writers  patrioti- 
cally identified  with  the  Oriental  Belus  or  Baal), 
and  teine,  fire.  But  the  origin  is  quite  unknown.  ] 
1.  The  first  day  of  May  (O.  S.) ; old  May-day, 
one  of  tho  four  quarter-days  (the  others  being 
Lammas,  Hallowmas,  and  Candlemas)  an- 
ciently observed  in  Scotland. — 2.  An  ancient 
Celtic  festival  or  anniversary  formerly  observed 
on  Beltane  or  May-day  in  Scotland,  and  in  Ire- 
land on  June  21.  Bonfireswere  kindled  on  the  hills, 
all  domestic  fires  having  been  previously  extinguished, 
only  to  be  relighted  from  the  embers  of  the  Beltane  fires. 
This  custom  is  supposed  to  derive  its  origin  from  the  wor- 
ship of  the  sun,  or  fire  in  general,  which  was  formerly  in 
vogue  among  the  Celts  as  well  as  among  many  other  hea- 
then nations.  The  practice  still  survives  in  some  remote 
localities. 

Belted  Will.  A nickname  of  Lord  William 
Howard  (1563-1640),  an  English  border  noble- 
man, warden  of  the  western  marches. 
Belteshazzar  (bel-te-shaz'ar).  [Babylonian 
Bel-balatsit-ugur,  Bel  protect  his  life.]  The 
Babylonian  name  of  Daniel  (Dan.  i.  7,  ii.  26, 
iv.  5). 

Beltis  (bel'tis).  See  Belit. 

Belton  (bel'ton).  The  capital  of  Bell  County, 
Texas,  situated  on  Loon  River  57  miles  nortli- 
northeast  of  Austin.  Population,  4,164,  (1910). 
Beltrame  (bel-tra'me),  Giovanni.  Born  at 
Valeggio,  Italy,  Nov.  11,  1824.  An  Africanist, 
a missionary  to  Khartum,  Fazogl,  Gondokoro, 
and  Sobat,  1859-62.  He  published  in  1862  a grammar 
of  Dinka,  in  1879  “ II  Sennaar  e lo  Sciangallah,’  and  in 
1882  “ II  Fiume  Bianco  e i Denka." 

Beluchees.  See  Baluchistan. 

Beluchistan.  See  Baluchistan. 

Belus  (be'lus),  or  Belos  (bo'los).  [Gr.  Bz/Xof.] 
1.  In  classical  mythology,  a son  of  Poseidon 
and  Libya  (or  Eurynomo),  regarded  as  the  an- 


Belus 

cestral  hero  and  divinity  of  various  earlier 
nations. — 2.  In  classical  legend,  the  father  of 
Dido,  and  conqueror  of  Cyprus. 

Belus  (be'lus).  [Gr.  Bz/zUtf.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a river  of  Palestine  which  flows  into  the 
Mediterranean  at  Acre : the  modern  Natnan. 
It  is  the  reputed  place  of  the  discovery  of  glass 
by  the  Phenicians. 

Belvedere  (bel-ve-der';  It.  pron.  bel-ve-da're). 
[It.,  ‘fair  view.’]  A portion  of  the  Vatican 
Palace  at  Rome. 

Belvedere.  A palace  in  Vienna  which  con- 
tained until  1891  the  Imperial  Picture  Gallery. 
Belvedere,  Torso.  See  Lysippus  and  Torso. 
Belvidera  (bel-ve-da'ra).  The  daughter  of 
Priuli,  the  senator,  and  the  wife  of  Jaflier,  the 
conspirator,  in  Otway’s  tragedy  “ Venice  Pre- 
served.” Jaffier  conspires  to  murder  all  the  senators,  and 
is  persuaded  by  his  wife  to  divulge  the  plot  to  her  father, 
on  condition  that  all  the  conspirators  are  forgiven.  The 
promise  is  not  kept,  and  Jaflier,  his  friend  Pierre,  and  all 
the  other  conspirators  are  condemned  to  death  on  the 
wheel.  Belvidera,  on  learning  the  result  of  her  interfer- 
ence, goes  mad  and  dies.  The  part  was  a favorite  one 
with  the  actresses  of  the  18th  century. 

Belvidere  (bel-vi-der').  A city,  the  capital  of 
Boone  County,  Illinois,  on  the  Kishwaukee 
River  64  miles  west-northwest  of  Chicago. 
Population,  7,253,  (1910). 

Belville  (bel'vil).  The  lover  of  Peggy  in  Gar- 
rick’s “ Country  Girl.” 

Belvoir  (be'ver)  Castle.  The  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Rutland,  in  Leicestershire,  England.  It 
contains  a fine  collection  of  pictures. 

Belz  (belts).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, 41  miles  north  of  Lemberg.  Population, 
commune,  6,017,  (1910). 

Belzig  (belt' sick).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  43  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin.  Near  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  Ha- 
gelberg,  Aug.  27, 1813. 

Belzoni  (bel-tso'ne),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at.  Padua,  1778:  died  at  Gato,  in  Benin,  West 
Africa,  Dec.  3,  1823.  A noted  Italian  traveler 
and  explorer,  the  son  of  a barber  of  Padua. 
He  was  endowed  with  great  physical  strength,  and  earned 
a living  for  a time  in  London  (at  Astley’s)  and  elsewhere 
as  a theatrical  athlete.  Asa  hydraulic  engineer  he  visited 
Egypt  in  1815,  and  devoted  himself  until  1819  to  the  study 
of  Egyptian  antiquities.  He  opened  the  temple  at  Abu- 
Simbel,  the  sepulcher  of  Seti  I.  (1817),  and  the  second 
pyramid  of  Gizeh,  and  made  various  other  important  dis- 
coveries. The  bust  of  the  so-called  “Young  Memnon,” 
nowin  the  British  Museum,  was  transferred  from  Thebes 
by  him.  He  published  in  English,  in  1820,  “A  .Narrative 
of  the  Operations  and  Recent  Discoveries  within  the  Pyra- 
mids, etc.”  In  1823  he  started  for  central  Africa,  but  died 
on  the  way. 

Belzoni’s  Tomb.  The  tomb  of  Seti  I. : so 
named  from  Belzoni  who  opened  it. 

Belzu  (bal'tho),  Manuel  Isodoro.  Born  at 
La  Paz,  1808:  killed  March,  1866.  A Bolivian 
revolutionist.  In  1847  he  headed  a revolution  which 
overturned  Ballivian  and  put  General  Velasco  in  his 
place : next  year  he  rebelled  against  Velasco,  usurped  the 
presidency,  and  retained  the  post  until  1855.  After  spend- 
ing some  years  in  Europe  lie  returned  and  headed  the  re- 
volt against  Melgarejo.  The  latter  attacked  him  in  La 
Paz  and,  after  a bloody  street  battle,  killed  him  with  his 
own  hand. 

Bern  (bem),  Jozef.  Bom  at  Tarnow,  1795:  died 
at  Aleppo,  Dec.  10,  1850.  A Polish  general. 
He  served  in  the  Polish  insurrection  of  1830 ; conquered 
Transylvania  for  the  Hungarian  insurgents  and  drove  the 
Austrians  and  Russian  allies  into  Wall  \chia  in  1849 ; con- 
quered the  Banat;  wasdefeatedby  the  Russians  at  Schass- 
burg,  J uly  31 ; took  part  in  the  battle  of  Temesvar,  Aug.  9 ; 
and  escaped  to  Tu  rkey  aud  took  service  i n the  Turkish  army. 

Beman  (be'man),  Nathaniel  Sydney  Smith. 

Born  at  New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  26,  1785: 
died  at  Carbondale,  111.,  Aug.  8,  1871.  An 
American  Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was  pas- 
tor of  a Presbyterian  church  at  Troy,  New  York,  1822-03, 
and  was  a leader  of  the  new  school  in  the  discussion  which 
led  to  the  division  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  1837. 

Bemba,  Lake.  See  Bangweolo. 

Bembatoka  (bem-ba-to'ka),  Bay  of.  A large 
inlet  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Madagascar. 
Bembo  (bem'bo),  Pietro.  Born  at  Venice, 
May  20,  1470:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  18,  1547.  A 
celebrated  Italian  cardinal  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  the  author  of  poems,  epistles,  a history  of  Venice, 
and  “ Gli  Asolani  ” (dialogues  on  the  nature  of  love). 
“ Connected  in  friendship  with  all  the  men  of  letters  and 
first  poets  of  his  age,  he  was  a lover  of  the  celebrated  Lu- 
cretia  Borgia,  daughter  of  Alexander  VI..  and  wife  of  Al- 
fonzo,  Duke  of  Ferrara ; and  was  a favorite  with  the  Popes 
Leo  X.  and  Clement  VIE,  who  loaded  him  with  honors, 
pensions,  and  benefices.  He  enjoyed,  from  the  year  1529, 
the  title  of  Historiographer  to  the  Republic  of  Venice ; 
and  Paul  III.  finally  created  him  a Cardinal  in  1539. 
Wealth,  fame,  and  the  most  honorable  employs  seemed 
to  pursue  him,  and  snatched  him,  in  spite  of  himself,  from 
a life  of  epicurean  pleasure,  which  he  did  not  renounce 
when  he  took  the  ecclesiastical  habit.  Ilis  death  was 
occasioned  by  a fall  front  his  horse,  on  the  eighteenth 
day  of  January,  1547,  in  his  seventy-seventh  year.”  Sis- 
mondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  426. 


144 

Ben  (ben).  A gay,  simple,  but  somewhat  in- 
credible sailor  in  Congreve’s  comedy  “Love  for 
Love.”  He  is  designed  to  marry  Miss  Prue. 

Benacus  (be-na'kus),  Lacus.  The  Roman 
name  of  the  Lake  of  Garda.  See  Garda. 

Benaiah  (be-na'ya).  [Heb..  ‘built  by  Jehovah.’] 

1.  The  name  of  several  persons  mentioned  in 
the  Old  Testament,  of  whom  the  most  notable 
was  the  son  of  Jehoida,  the  chief  priest.  He  slew 
Adonijah  and  Joab,  and  succeeded  the  latter,  under  Solo- 
mon, as  commander-ln-chief  of  the  army. 

2.  A character  in  Dryden  and  Tate’s  “Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,”  intended  for  George 
Edward  Sackville,  who  was  called  General  Sack- 
ville  and  was  devoted  to  the  Duke  of  York. 
See  1 Ki.  ii.  35. 

Benalcazar  (ba-nal-ka-thar'),  or  Velalcazar 
(va-lal-ka-thar'),  or  Belalcazar  (ba-lal-ka- 
thar'),  Sebastian  de  (Sebastian  Moyano). 

' Born  at  Benaleaz,  Estremadura,  about  1499 : 
died  at  Popayan,  1550.  A Spanish  conqueror 
of  Quito  and  Popayan.  He  joined  the  expedition  of 
Pedrarias  to  Darien,  and  in  March,  1632,  joined  Pizarro 
on  the  coast  at  Puerto  Viejo  with  30  men.  Incited  hv 
the  Caiiaris  Indians,  who  promised  to  join  him,  he  under- 
took the  conquest  of  Quito.  Marching  over  the  moun- 
tains, he  defeated  the  Inca  general  Rumi-fiaui  on  the 
plains  of  Riobaroba,  and  entered  Quito.  Joined  soon 
after  by  Almagro,  their  united  forces  met  those  of  Pedro 
de  Alvarado,  governor  of  Guatemala,  who  had  attempted 
an  independent  conquest  of  Quito.  (See  Alvarado,  Pedro 
de.)  Alvarado  was  induced  to  retire,  and  many  of  his 
men  joined  Benalcazar,  who  continued  his  northern  con- 
quests. He  invaded  Popayan  in  1533,  and  next  year  car- 
ried his  conquests  still  farther  north,  to  the  country  of 
the  Chinchas  Indians.  After  founding  many  Spanish 
towns,  Benalcazar  went  to  Spain  in  1537,  and  in  1538  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  Popayan,  a district  which 
comprised  what  is  now  southwestern  Colombia. 

Benares  (be-na'rez),  or  Banaras  (ba-na'ras). 
[Hind.  Bandrask]  The  capital  of  the  division 
of  Benares,  United  Provinces,  India,  situated 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Gange„s,  in  lat.  25°  18' 
N.,  long.  83°  1'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  cities  in 
northern  India,  the  principal  Hindu  holy  city,  famous  as 
a resort  for  pilgrims.  It  has  manufactures  of  brass  wares, 
etc.,  and  an  important  trade.  The  Ganges  is  crossed  here 
by  the  Dufferin  Bridge.  Benares  was  founded  about  1200(?) 
B.  c. ; was  for  many  years  a Buddhistic  center ; was  con- 
quered by  the  Mohammedans  about  1193 ; and  was  ceded 
to  the  East  India  Company  in  1775.  It  is  called  Lashi 
in  Sanskrit  literature.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  outbreak 
in  the  Indian  mutiny  of  1857.  Population,  with  canton- 
ment, 209,331. 

Benares.  A division  of  the  United  Provinces, 
British  India.  Area,  10,431  square  miles. 
Population,  5,069,020. 

Benares.  A district  in  the  division  of  Benares, 
lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  1,008  square 
miles.  Population,  882,084. 

Benasque  (ba-nas'ke).  A small  town  in  the 
Pyrenees,  province  of  Huesca,  Spain,  near  the 
foot  of  Mount  Maladetta. 

Benauly  (ben-a'li).  A pseudonym  adopted  by 
the  three  brothers  Benjamin  Vaughan,  Austin, 
and  Lyman  Abbott,  in  two  novels,  “Conecut 
Corners ’’and  “Matthew  Carnaby.”  “The  pseu- 
donym is  composed  of  the  first  syllable  of  the  names  of 
the  three  brothers.”  Cushing. 

Benavente  (ba-na-ven'ta).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Zamora,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Orbigo  52  miles  northwest  of  Yalladolid. 

Benavente.  A small  town  in  the  district  of 
Santarem,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Zatas  28 
miles  northeast  of  Lisbon. 

Benavides  y de  la  Cueva  (ba-na-ve'des  e da 
lii  kwa'va),  Diego  de,  Count  of  Santistevan. 
Born  about  1600 : died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March 
17,  1666.  A Spanish  soldier  and  administrator. 
He  was  appointed  viceroy  of  Peru  in  1659,  reaching  Lima 
July  31, 1661.  He  held  the  office  until  his  death. 

Benbecula  (ben-be-ko'la).  An  island  of  the 
Hebrides,  belonging  to  Inverness-shire,  Scot- 
land, between  North  Uist  and  South  Uist. 
Length,  7.)  miles. 

Benbecula  Sound.  A sea  passage  betweeu 
Benbecula  and  South  Uist. 

Benbow  (ben' bo),  John.  Born  at  Shrewsbury, 
March  10,  1653:  died  at  Port  Royal,  Jamaica, 
Nov.  4, 1702.  A noted  British  admiral.  He  early 
ran  away  to  sea,  served  in  various  merchant  and  govern- 
ment vessels,  and  after  1689  was  continuously  In  the  royal 
navy.  He  became  captain  in  1689,  rear-admiral  in  1696, 
and  vice-admiral  in  1701.  In  1692  and  1693  he  was  en- 
gaged in  various  unsuccessful  attacks  on  the  French 
coast;  in  1699  and  again  in  1701  he  commanded  squad- 
rons in  the  West  Indies.  From  Aug.  19  to  Aug.  24,  1702, 
he  had  a running  fight  with  the  French  fleet  oi  Du  Casse. 
On  the  last  day  his  leg  was  shattered  by  a ball,  but  he 
continued  to  direct  the  battle.  Benbow  claimed  that  his 
failure  to  capture  Du  Casse  was  owing  to  the  conduct  of 
his  officers. 

Benbow.  Ill  the  British  navy,  a two-turret, 
central-citadel,  heavy-armed  battle-ship  of  the 
admiral  class : sister  ship  to  the  Camperdown. 


Benedict  I. 

Bencoolen  (ben-ko'len),  or  Benkulen.  [D.  Ben- 

koelen.']  The  capital  of  the  residency  of  Ben- 
eoolen,  Sumatra,  situated  on  the  southwestern 
coast,  about  lat.  3°  50'  S.  It  was  settled  by  the  Eng- 
lish about  1685,  and  ceded  to  the  Dutch  in  1825,  and  had 
formerly  a considerable  trade.  Population,  about  12,000. 

Ben  Cruachan  (hen  kro'ehan).  A mountain 
in  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  near  the  head  of 
Loch  Awe,  13  miles  north  of  Inverary.  Height, 
3,610  feet. 

Benda  (ben'da),  Franz.  Born  at  Altbenatek, 
Bohemia,  Nov.  25,  1709:  died  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  March  7,  1786.  A German  violinist, 
the  founder  of  a school  of  violin-playing. 

Benda,  Georg.  Born  1721:  died  at  Kostritz, 
Thuringia,  Nov.  6,  1795.  A German  composer 
and  violinist,  brother  of  Franz  Benda.  He 
wrote  the  operas  “Ariadne  auf  Naxos”  (1774), 
“ Medea,”  etc. 

Bendavid  (ben -da 'fid),  Lazarus.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Oct.  18,  1762:  died  at  Berlin,  March  28, 
1832.  A German  philosophical  writer  and 
mathematician.  He  was  the  authorof  “ Versuch  fiber 
das  Vergnfigen,”  “ Vorlesungen  fiber  die  Kritik  der  reinen 
Vernunft,”  “Zur  Berechtiung  des  jfidischen  Kalenders,” 
etc. 

Bendemann  (ben'de-man),  Eduard.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  3,  1811:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  Dec. 
27,  1889.  A German  painter.  Among  his  works 
are  “Die trauernden  J uden  ” (1832,  at  Cologne),  “ J eremias 
auf  deu  Trummern  von  Jerusalem”  (1837,  at  Berlin),  “Die 
Wegfiihrung  der  Juden  in  die  Babylonische  Gefangen- 
schaft"  (1872,  at  Berlin). 

Bendemeer.  A river  in  Moore’s  poem  “Lalla 
Rookh.” 

Bender  (ben'der).  [Turk.  Bender,  harbor; 
Russ.  Bendery .]  A town  and  fortress  in  the 
province  of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  61  miles  northwest  of  Odessa,  it  is  a 
trading  center.  Near  it  was  the  residence  of  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden  1709-13.  It  was  stormed  by  the  Russians  under 
Panin  in  1770,  and  under  Potemkin  in  1789,  and  was  again 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1806  and  181L  It  was  finally 
annexed  to  Russia  in  1812.  Population,  35,900. 

Bender-Abbasi  (ben'der-ab-ba-se'),  or  -Abbas 
(ab'bas).  [Pers.,  ‘harbor  of  Abbas.’]  Aseaport 
in  Kirman,  Persia,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Gr- 
in us,  opposite  Ormus.  It  has  communication  by 
steamer  with  Bombay,  Bassora,  etc.  It  was  an  important 
commercial  point  in  the  17th  century.  Population,  about 
8,000.  Also  called  Gombroon. 

Bendigo  (ben'di-go).  The  official  name  of  the 
city  of  Sandhurst,  in  Victoria,  Australia. 
Population,  44,510. 

Bendis  (ben'dis).  [Gr.  BevrSi'f.]  A Thracian 
lunar  goddess,  worshiped  also  in  Lemnos  and 
Bithynia. 

Bendish  (hen 'dish),  Bridget.  Bom  about 
1650:  died  1726.  The  daughter  of  General 
Henry  Ireton,  and  granddaughter  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  famous  for  her  resemblance  to  the 
latter. 

Bendo  (ben 'do),  Alexander.  A pseudonym 
of  Robert  Carr,  Viscount  Rochester,  Earl  of 
Somerset. 

Bendorf  (ben'dorf).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  5 miles  north  of  Coblentz.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  5,977. 

Bend-the-Bow  (bend'THe-bo).  An  English 
archer  in  Scott’s  “Castle  Dangerous.” 

Bendzin  (bend-zen'),  or  Bendin.  A town  in 
the  government  of  Piotrkov,  Russian  Poland, 
situated  near  the  Prussian  and  Austrian  fron- 
tiers 38  miles  northwest  of  Cracow.  Popula- 
tion, 23,757. 

Benedek  (be'ne-dek),  Ludwig  von.  Born  at 
Odenburg,  Hungary,  July  14,  1804:  died  at 
Gratz,  Austria,  April  27,  1881.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Italian  and 
Hungarian  campaigns  1848-49,  and  at  Solferino  in  1859 ; 
was  commander  of  the  Austrian  Army  of  the  North  in 
1866;  and  was  defeated  at  Koniggratz,  July  3,  1866. 

Benedetti  (ba-na-det'te),  Count  Vincent. 
Born  at  Bastia,  Corsica,  April  29, 1817 : died  at 
Paris,  March  28,  1900.  A French  diplomatist. 
He  was  envoy  at  Turin  in  1860,  and  minister  at  Berlin 
1864-70.  His  interviews  with  William  I.  of  Prussia  at 
Ems  J uly  9-13, 1870,  precipitated  the  Franco-German  war. 

Benedick  (ben'e-dik).  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s  comedy  '“Much  Ado  about  Nothing.” 
He  is  a young  gentleman  of  Padua,  of  inexhaustible 
humor,  wit,  and  raillery,  a ridiculer  of  love  (hut  finally 
loving  Beatrice),  who  when  he  spoke  of  dying  a bachelor, 
only  said  so  because  he  did  not  think  he  should  live  to 
be  married.  His  name  has  become  a byword  for  a newly 
married  man,  and  is  frequently  written  Benedict. 

Benedict  (ben'e-dikt)  I.,  surnamea  Bonosus. 
[L.  Benedictus , blessed;  It,  Benedetto,  Bettino, 
Sp.  Benedicto,  Benito,  Pg.  Benedicto,  Bento,  F. 
Benoit,  G.  Benedikt.]  Bishop  of  Rome  574-579. 

In  his  pontificate  the  Longobards  extended  their  con- 
quests in  Italy,  and  threatened  Rome. 


Benedict  II. 

Benedict  II.  Bishop  of  Rome  684-685.  He  is 
said  to  have  prevailed  upon  the  emperor  Constantine  IV. 
to  renounce  the  right  of  confirming  papal  elections.  He 
is  commemorated  in  the  Roman  Church  on  May  7. 
Benedict  III.  Pope  855-858.  In  his  pontificate 
ASthelwulf,  king  of  the  West  Saxons  and  Kentishmen, 
visited  Rome  (whither  he  had  previously  sent  his  son 
Alfred),  and  rebuilt  the  school  or  hospital  for  English 
pilgrims. 

Benedict  IV.  Pope  900-903.  He  crowned 
Louis,  king  of  Provence,  emperor  in  901. 
Benedict  V.,  surnamed  Grammaticus.  Died 
965.  He  was  elected  pope  by  the  Romans  in 
964,  in  opposition  to  Leo  VIII.,  the  choice  of 
the  emperor  Otto  I.  The  emperor  reduced  Rome, 
and  secured  the  person  of  Benedict,  who  was  kept  till  his 
death  in  confinement  under  the  charge  of  Bishop  Adaldag 
at  Hamburg. 

Benedict  VI.  He  was  elected  pope  in  972,  un- 
der the  influence  of  the  emperor  Otto  I.,  on 
whose  death  in  974  he  was  deposed  and  put  to 
death  by  the  Romans. 

Benedict  VII.  * Pope  975-983.  He  ex- 
communicated the  antipope  Bonifacius  VII.  in  a councU 
held  at  Rome  in  975. 

Benedict  VIII.  Pope  1012-24.  He  ousted  the 
antipope  Gregory  by  the  aid  of  Henry  II.  whom  he 
crowned  emperor  in  1014.  He  signally  defeated  the  Sara- 
cens in  Tuscany  in  1016. 

Benedict  IX.  Died  1056.  He  obtained  his 
elevation  to  the  papacy  by  simony  in  1033,  and, 
on  account  of  the  opposition  aroused  by  his 
profligacy,  resigned  in  1044. 

Benedict  X.  (Giovanni  di  Velletri).  An 
antipope  elected  in  1058.  He  reigned  nine 
months,  when  he  was  compelled  to  give  way 
to  Nicholas  II. 

Benedict  XI.  (Nicolo  Boccasini).  Pope  1303- 

1304.  He  annulled  the  hulls  of  Boniface  VIII.  against 
Philip  the  Fair  of  France.  He  is  commemorated  in  the 
Roman  Church  on  July  7. 

Benedict  XII.  (Jacques  Fournier).  Pope 
1334-42.  He  was  the  third  of  the  Avignon 
pontiffs,  a friend  of  Petrarch,  and  a severe 
ecclesiastical  reformer. 

Benedict  XIII.  (Pedro  de  Luna).  An  anti- 
pope elected  by  the  French  cardinals  on  the 
death  of  Clement  VII.  in  1394.  The  Italian  car- 
dinals had  chosen  Boniface  X.  in  1389.  Benedict  was  de- 
posed by  the  Councils  of  Pisa  (1409)  and  Constance  (1417), 
in  spite  of  which  he  retained  the  support  of  Aragon, 
Castile,  and  Scotland  till  his  death  at  Peniscola,  Valencia, 
in  1424. 

Benedict  XIII.  (Piero  Francesco  Orsini). 

Pope  1724-30.  He  made  an  ineffectual  attempt 
to  reconcile  the  Roman,  Greek,  Lutheran,  and' 
Calvinist  churches. 

Benedict  XIV.  (Prospero  Lambertini).  Bom 

at  Bologna,  March  31,  1675 : died  May  3,  1758. 
Pope  1740-58.  He  prohibited  in  two  bulls,  “Ex  quo 
singularis’’  (1742)  and  “Omnium  solicitudinem ” (1744), 
the  practice,  extensively  adopted  by  the  Jesuits  in  their 
Indian  and  Chinese  missions,  of  accommodating  Chris- 
tian language  and  usage  to  heathen  ceremonies  and  super- 
stition. 

Benedict,  Saint.  Bom  at  Nursia,  in  Umbria, 
about  480  a.  d.  : died  March  21,  543.  An  Italian 
monk  who  founded  the  order  of  the  Benedic- 
tines, at  Monte  Cassino,  about  529.  He  Is  com- 
memorated in  the  Roman  and  Anglican  calendars  on 
March  1,  and  in  the  Greek  calendar  on  March  14. 

St.  Benedict  drew  up  for  the  monks  of  Monte  Cassino 
statutes  which  were  promptly  adopted  throughout  Gaul. 
These  wise  regulations  threw  aside  useless  maceration, 
and  divided  the  time  of  the  monks  into  periods  of  prayer, 
mental  and  manual  labor ; they  were  obliged  to  cultivate 
the  land,  but  also  to  read  and  copy  manuscripts.  Some 
little  literary  life  was  thus  preserved  in  the  retirement  of 
the  monasteries,  and  its  dependencies  formed  what  are 
now  called  model  farms  ; they  presented  examples  of  ac- 
tivity and  Industry  for  the  laborer,  the  mechanic,  and  the 
landowner.  Duruy,  Hist.  France,  p.  54. 

Benedict,  Saint,  of  Aniane.  Born  in  Langue- 
doc about  750:  died  821.  A Roman  Catholic 
saint,  noted  as  a reformer  of  monastic  disci- 
pline. Being  intrusted  by  Louis  the  Pious  with  the 
superintendence  of  the  convents  of  western  France,  he 
attempted  to  bring  them  all  under  one  rule  by  joining  to 
the  rule  of  St.  Benedict  of  Nursia,  so  far  as  practicable, 
all  other  rules,  with  the  result  that  the  “Concordia  Regu- 
larum  " of  St.  Benedict  of  Aniane  became  hardly  less  cele- 
brated than  the  original  rule  of  St.  Benedict  of  Nursia. 
Benedict.  Died  in  1193.  Abbot  of  Peterborough 
1177-93.  He  wrote  a history  of  the  passion,  and  another 
of  the  miracles  of  Thomas  Becket ; but  is  not,  as  haB  been 
commonly  supposed,  the  author  of  the  “ Gesta  Henrici 
Secundi. 

Benedict,  Sir  Julius.  Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Nov. 
27, 1804 : died  at  Manchester  Square,  London, 
June  5, 1885.  A musical  composer,  conductor, 
and  performer,  resident  in  England  after  1835. 
He  accompanied  Jenny  Lind  to  America  in  1850.  His 
works  include  the  operas  “The  Gipsy’s  Warning  ” (1838), 
“The  Bride  of  Venice”  (1843),  “The  Crusaders ” (1846), 
“The  Lily  of  Killarney”  (1862);  the  cantatas  “Undine" 
(1860),  “ Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  ” (1863) ; and  the  oratorios 
“ St.  Cecilia  " (1866),  “St.  Peter "(1870),  etc. 
c.— 10 


145 

Benedict  and  Bettris  (Benedick  and  Bea- 
trice). See  Much  Ado  about  Nothing. 
Benedict  Biscop.  Bornin628(?):  died  at  Wear- 
mouth,  Jan.  12,  690.  An  English  ecclesiastic, 
the  founder  of  the  monasteries  of  Wearmoutli 
(674)  and  of  Jarrow  (682).  He  was  an  Angle  of  no- 
ble birth,  thegn  of  King  Oswiu  of  Northumbria.  He  en- 
tered the  church,  and  in  669  was  made  abbot  of  St.  Peter's 
in  Canterbury,  and  is  noteworthy  as  the  guardian  of  Bede, 
who  when  only  seven  years  old  was  placed  under  his 
charge.  “He  was  the  first  person  who  introduced  in 
England  constructors  of  stone  edifices  as  well  as  makers 
of  glass  windows."  (William  of  Malmesbury.)  He  was 
canonized,  and  his  festival  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  and 
Anglican  churches  on  Jan.  12. 

Benediktbeuern  (be'ne-dikt-boi'ern).  A small 
village  and  former  famous  Benedictine  abbey 
in  Upper  Bavaria,  30  miles  south-southwest  of 
Munich.  Near  it  is  the  mountain  Benedikten- 
wand. 

Benedix  (be'ne-diks),  Roderich  Julius.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  Jan.  21,  1811 : died  at  Leipsic,  Sept. 
26, 1873.  A German  dramatist  and  miscellane- 
ous writer,  author  of  numerous  comedies. 
Beneke  (be'ne-ke),  Friedrich  Eduard.  Born 
at  Berlin,  Feb.  17, 1798:  died  1854.  A German 
psychologist.  His  chief  works  are  “Psychological 
Sketches,”  “New  Psychology,"  “Pragmatic  Psychology, " 
etc. 

Benengeli  (ben-en-ge'le ; Sp.  pron.  ba-nen- 
Ha'le),  Cid  Hamet.  The  imaginary  chroni- 
cler from  whom  Cervantes  said  he  received  his 
account  of  Don  Quixote. 

Beneschau  (ba'ne-shou).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
24  miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.  Popula- 
tion, 7,383  (1910). 

Benetnasch  (be-net'nash).  [Ar.  al-Jcdi/id-al 
bendt-al-na’sh,  the  governor  of  the  mourners, 
in  allusion  to  the  fancied  figure  of  a bier.]  The 
bright  second-magnitude  star  //  Urate  Majoris, 
at  the  extremity  of  the  tail  of  the  animal.  Also 
called  Allcaid. 

Benevento  (ben-e-ven'to).  A province  in  the 
compartimento  of  Campania,  Italy.  Area,  818 
square  miles.  Population,  262,992. 
Benevento  (ben-e-ven'to). " [L.  Beneventum, fair 
wind;  orig.  Maleventum,  meaning  (appar.)  ‘ill 
wind.’]  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Bene- 
vento, Italy,  situated  between  the  rivers  Sabato 
and  Calore  34  miles  northeast  of  Naples,  it  con- 
tains a cathedral  and  various  antiquities,  especially  a fa- 
mous arch  in  honor  of  Trajan,  built  114  A.  D.  It  has  various 
manufactures  (plated  ware,  leather,  etc.).  Originally  it  was 
a Samnite  town,  called  Maleventum,  and  was  conquered 
by  the  Romans  in  the  first  part  of  the  3d  century  B.  c.  In 
the  middle  ages  it  was  the  seat  of  a Lombard  duchy.  It 
was  given  by  Napoleon  to  Talleyrand,  wliotook  the  title  of 
Prince  of  Benevento  (1806-15).  The  cathedral  (begun  1114) 
is  in  the  Norman  style.  The  facade  displays  semicircular 
arches  with  curious  sculpture,  and  has  fine  12th-century 
bronze  doors  with  79  relief-panels  of  Byzantine  character. 
The  five-aisled  interior  has  round  arches  and  64  antique 
columns,  and  two  beautiful  sculptured  and  inlaid  am- 
bones.  Population,  commune,  24,647. 

Benevento,  Battles  of.  1.  A victory  gained 
by  the  Romans  over  Pyrrhus,  275  B.  c. — 2.  A 
victory  gained  by  Charles  of  Anjou  over  Man- 
fred, king  of  Sicily,  Feb.,  1266.  Manfred  was 
killed,  and  the  kingdom  of  Sicily  passed  to 
Charles.  Also  called  Battle  of  Grandella. 
Benevento,  Duchy  of.  A Lombard  duchy  in 
southern  Italy,  in  and  near  Beneventum,  estab- 
lished in  571.  It  was  divided  in  840,  passed  to 
Leo  IX.  in  1049,  came  under  the  power  of  the 
Normans  in  1053,  and  was  acquired  by  Gregory 
VII.  in  1077. 

Beneventum.  See  Benevento. 

Benevolus  (be-nev'o-lus).  [L.,  ‘benevolent.’] 
A character  in  Cowper’s  “ Task,”  meant  for 
John  Courtney  Throckmorton  of  Weston  Un- 
derwood. 

Benezet  (hen-e-zet'),  Anthony.  Born  at  St. 
Quentin,  France,  Jan.  31,  1713:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  3,  1784.  A French-American 
philanthropist  and  teacher.  His  family  removed 
to  London  where  they  joined  the  Society  of  Friends, 
and  to  Philadelphia  in  3731.  He  wrote  several  pam- 
phlets against  the  slave-trade,  1762-71,  and  in  behalf  of 
the  Indians. 

Benfeld  (ben'feld ; F.  pron.  bah-feld').  A small 
town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situ- 
ated on  the  III  17  miles  south-southwest  of 
Strasburg. 

Benfey  (ben-fl'),  Theodor.  Born  at  Norten, 
near  Gottingen,  Germany,  Jan.  28,  1809:  died 
at  Gottingen,  June  26, 1881.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man Orientalist , professor  at  Gottingen  1848-81 . 
His  works  include  “ Vollstandige  Grnmmatik  der  Sanskrit- 
sprache  ” (1852),  ‘ ' Sanskrit -English  Dictionary  ” (London, 
1806),  “ GeBchichte  der  Sprachwissenschaft  und  orient. 
Philol.  in  Deutschland  " (1800),  etc. 

Benga  (beng'gii).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Gabun, 
West  Africa,  on  the  Spanish  island  Corisco, 


Ben-hadad 

and  on  the  mainland  opposite,  extending  into 
French  territory  to  the  northeast.  They  have 
moved  from  the  interior  to  the  coast  within  a few  genera- 
tions. The  Benga  language  closely  resembles  the  Dualla 
of  Kamerun  ; and  the  Naka,  between  (hem,  seems  to 
be  a transition  language.  Owing  to  the  labors  of  the 
American  Presbyterian  mission,  many  Beugas  are  Chris- 
tians, and  several  books  have  been  printed  in  their  lan- 
guage. 

Bengal  (ben-gal').  [F.  Bengale,  G.  Bengalen, 
etc. ; Hind.  Bang  did,  from  Skt.  Banga,  one  of 
the  five  outlying  kingdoms  of  Aryan  India.] 
A province  of  British  India,  capital  Cal- 
cutta. It  comprised  Bengal  proper,  Behar,  Ohota  Nag- 
pur, and  Orissa.  In  1905  the  divisions  of  Dacca,  Chitta- 
gong, and  Rajshahi  (except  Darjiling),  the  district  of 
Malda,  and  the  state  of  Hill  Tipperah  were  transferred  to 
the  newly  formed  province  of  Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam. 
An  imperial  announcement  at  Delhi,  in  December,  1911, 
decreed  the  reconstitution  of  Bengal  with  the  status  of  a 
presidency,  the  establishment  of  a new  lieutenant-gover- 
norship for  Behar,  Chota  Nagpur,  and  Orissa,  and  the  con- 
sequent disappearance  of  Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam  as  a 
separate  lieutenant-governorship.  Its  chief  products 
are  rice,  opium,  jute,  indigo,  tea,  and  oil-seeds.  There 
are  also  extensive  coal-fields.  The  leading  religions 
are  Hinduism  and  Mohammedanism,  and  the  chief  lan- 
guages are  Bengali  and  Hindustani.  It  was  conquered  by 
Mohammedans  about  1199,  became  independent  of  Delhi 
in  1336,  and  was  under  the  Moguls  1576-1765.  The  early 
settlements  of  the  East  India  Company  were  made  in  the 
first  part  of  the  17th  ceutury.  It  became  a lieutenant- 
governorship  in  1854. 

Bengal,  Bay  of  or  Gulf  of.  That  part  of 
the  Indian  Ocean  which  lies  between  Hindu- 
stan and  Farther  India,  from  the  Ganges 
delta  to  about  lat.  16°  N. : the  ancient  Gan- 
geticus  Sinus.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the  Krishna, 
Godaveri,  Mahanadi,  Ganges,  Brahmaputra,  and  Irawadi. 
The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  include  the  Sea  of 
Bengal. 

Bengal,  Sea  of.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
that  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean  which  extends 
from  the  Bay  of  Bengal  southward  to  about 
lat.  8°  N. 

Bengal  Presidency.  One  of  the  three  former 
presidencies  or  chief  divisions  of  British  India, 
comprising  nearly  all  the  northern  portion. 
The  presidency  consisted  of  Bengal  (Lower  Bengal),  the 
Northwest  Provinces,  Oudh,  the  Central  Provinces,  Assam, 
etc.  By  executive  act,  announced  at  Delhi  in  December, 
1911,  Bengal  was  reconstituted  a presidency  on  a new  basis. 

Bengal  Proper,  or  Bengal.  A name  given  to 
the  southern  part  of  the  lieutenant-governor- 
ship of  Bengal. 

Bengali  (ben-ga-le').  [Also  Bengalee;  from 
Beng.  Hind.  Bangdli,  from  Bangdld,  Bengal.] 
One  of  the  principal  languages  spoken  in 
Bengal,  an  offshoot  of  the  Sanskrit. 

Bengazi  (ben-ga'ze),  or  Ben-Gliazi  (ben- 

gha'ze).  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  Bengazi, 
Libya,  North  Africa,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Sidra  in  lat.  32°  10'  N.,  long.  20°  5'  E. : the 
ancient  Hesperides  or  Berenice.  Population, 
about  35,000  (?). 

Bengel  (beng'el),  Johann  Albrecht.  Bom  at 

Winnenden,  in  Wtirtemberg,  June  24,  1687  : 
died  Nov.  2,  1752.  A German  Protestant  theo- 
logian and  biblical  scholar,  the  founder  of  the 
so-called  “biblical  realism.”  He  was  the  author  of 
a critical  edition  of  the  New  Testament  (1734),  “Gnomon 
Novi  Testamenti " (1742),  etc. 

Benger  (beng'ger),  Elizabeth  Ogilvy.  Born 
at  Wells,  Somersetshire,  England,  1778:  died 
at  London,  Jan.  9,  1827.  An  English  author. 
She  wrote  novels  (“  Marian,”  “ The  Heart  and  the 
Fancy "),  poems,  and  dramas ; hut  is  chiefly  known  as 
the  compiler  ol  memoirs,  among  which  are  memoirs  of 
Elizabeth  Hamilton,  of  John  Tobin,  of  Anne  Boleyn,  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  of  Elizabeth  of  Bohemia. 

Benguella, or  Benguela(beng-ga'la).  A district 
of  the  Portuguese  province  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  between  the  districts  of  Loanda  and 
Mossamedes,  including  6 concelhos  (counties). 
Benguella,  Benguela,  or  Sao  Filipe  de  Ben- 
guella  (sah  fe-le'pa  da  beng-ga'lii).  A sea- 
port, the  capital  of  the  district  of  Benguella, 
in  lat.  12°  34'  S.  It  was  formerly  an  impor- 
tant station  of  the  slave-trade.  Population, 
about  1,500. 

Ben-hadad  (ben -ha 'dad),  or  Ben-Haddad. 

The  name  of  three  kings  of  Syria : (a)  A contem- 
porary of  Asa,  king  of  Judah  (929-873  B.  C.).  1 Ki.  xv. 

18  If.  (b)  Son  of  the  preceding,  antagonist  and  ally  in 
turn  of  Allah,  king  of  Israel  (1  Ki.  xx.  22,  34).  Shal- 
maneser II.,  king  of  Assyria  860-824,  relates  in  his  an- 
nals that  in  the  6th  year  of  his  reign  (854)  he  defeated  at 
Karkar  (near  the  river  Orontes)  12  allied  kings  of  Hatti 
and  the  sea-coast,  among  them  the  king  Dadda-idri  of 
Damascus,  and  Allah  of  Israel.  Two  other  victories  over 
Dadda-idri  are  recorded  in  the  annals  of  849  and  846. 
Dadda-idri  is,  no  doubt,  the  same  as  Ben-hadad , for  in  both 
the  inscriptions  and  the  Old  Testament  (1  Ki.  xx.  34  (I.) 
he  figures  as  an  ally  of  Ahab  and  as  the  father  and  pre- 
decessor of  Hazael  (Assyrian  Haza-ilu).  His  full  name 
was  probably  Bin-addu-idri,  the  son  of  the  storm-god 


Ben-hadad 

(called  iu  Aasyrian  Rammari),  and  was  shortened  by  the 
Hebrews  as  well  as  by  the  Assyrians,  (c)  Son  of  Hazael, 
and  a contemporary  of  Jehoahaz,  king  of  Israel  (856-839). 
2 Ki.  xiii.  3. 

Ben-Hur  (ben'her').  A novel  by  Lew  (Lewis) 
Wallace,  published  in  1880,  named  from  the 
principal  character,  a young  Jew.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  the  time  of  Christ. 

Beni  (Ba-ne').  A department  in  northeastern 
Bolivia:  Capital,  Trinidad,  situated  on  the 

Mamord  river.  Area,  102,100  square  miles. 
Population,  about  37,330. 

Beni  (Ba-ne'),  or  Veni  (va-ne').  A river  in  Bo- 
livia which  rises  near  La  Paz,  and  unites  with 
the  Mamord,  in  lat.  10°  22'  30//  S.,  long.  65°  22'  W., 
to  form  the  Madeira.  Length,  about  900  miles. 
Beni  Amer  or  Amir  (be-ne  a'mer).  A pastoral 
nomadic  Mohammedan  tribe  in  eastern  Africa, 
dwelling  in  Barka,  north  of  Abyssinia,  and  to 
the  northeast  of  Barka  near  the  Red  Sea  coast. 
It  numbers  about  200,000. 

Benicarlo  (ba-ne-kar-lo').  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Castellon,  eastern  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  80  miles  northeast  of 
Valencia.  It  produces  wines.  Population, 
7,251. 

Benicia  (be-nish'i-a).  A seaport  in  Solano 
County,  California,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Carquinez  25  miles  northeast  of  San  Francisco. 
It  contains  a United  States  arsenal,  and  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  State.  Population, 
2,360,  (1910). 

Benicia  Boy.  A nickname  of  John  C.  Heenan, 
an  American  pugilist,  from  his  residence  in 
California. 

Beni-Hassan  (ba'ne-has'san).  A village  in 
Middle  Egypt-,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Nile,  opposite  the  ancient  Hermopolis,  in 
lat.  27°  54'  N.  It  is  famous  for  its  rock-tombs,  and  for 
its  grottoes  (the  a - , O s ’ApreqxiSos,  cave  of  Artemis).  The 
chief  groups  of  rock-cut  sepulchers  occupy  a terrace  in  the 
limestone  cliff  bordering  at  a little  distance  the  east  bank 
of  the  N ile.  The  tombs  date  from  the  beginuing  of  the  12th 
dynasty  (3000-2500  B.O.),  and  consist  of  a rock-cut  vestibule 
preceding  a chamber  in  which  is  sunk  a shaft  at  the 
bottom  of  which  lies  the  tomb  itself.  The  walls  of  the 
chambers  are  covered  with  very  remarkable  paintings  of 
scenes  of  ancient  life,  but  the  tombs  are  especially  notable 
for  the  celebrated  so-called  proto- Doric  columns  of  many 
of  t heir  vestibules.  These  are  set,  usually  two  in  antis, 
in  the  rectangular  rock-openings,  and  support  an  archi- 
trave on  their  thin  square  abaci : t here  is  no  echinus.  Some 
of  the  rock-cut  shafts  are  shaped  in  prismatic  forms ; 
others  have  shallow  channels  with  sharp  arrises. 
Beni-Israel  (ba'ne-iz'ra-el).  [‘  Sons  of  Israel.’] 
A colony  of  Jewish  descent  at  Kolaba  in  Bom- 
bay. Their  language  is  Marathi,  and  their 
number  is  over  5,000. 

Benin  (be-nen').  A former  name  of  the  eastern 
part  of  Upper  Guinea. 

Benin.  A negro  kingdom  in  western  Africa, 
extending  from  the  western  part  of  the  Niger 
delta  to  Yoruba  on  the  northwest.  It  is  thickly 
settled. 

Benin.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Benin, 
situated  on  the  river  Benin  (a  western  mouth 
of  the  Niger).  It  is  now  small. 

Benin,  Bight  of.  That  part  of  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea  which  lies  west  of  the  Niger  delta 
to  about  long.  1°  E. 

Beni-Suef  (ba'ne-swef').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Beni-Suef,  Egypt,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Nile,  63  miles  south  of  Cairo. 
Population,  23,357. 

Benjamin  (ben'ja-miu).  [Heb.,  commonly  in- 
terpreted to  mean  ‘son  of  the  right  hand,’ 
i.  e.  ‘fortunate,’  felix : but  other  explana- 
tions are  given.]  The  youngest  son  of  Jacob. 
He  was  named  Benoni  (‘  son  of  my  sorrow  ’)  by  his  mother, 
Rachel,  who  died  in  giving  him  birth  ; but.  this  was  changed 
to  Benjamin  by  Jacob.  The  tribe  of  Benjamin  occupied 
a territory  about  26  miles  long  and  12  wide  between  Eph- 
raim (on  the  north)  and  Judah,  containing  Jerusalem  and 
Jericho. 

The  existence  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin  was  also  very 
peculiar.  Its  territory  was  small  and  almost  entirely  oc- 
cupied by  theCanaanites,  either  allies  like  the  Gibeonites 
or  enemies  like  the  Jebusites.  The  Benjamites  were  lit- 
tle else  than  a special  military  corps,  of  a high  caste  as 
regards  the  use  of  the  sling,  their  young  men  being  ac- 
customed to  use  the  left  hand  instead  of  the  right.  Their 
strong  place  was  Gibeah,  to  the  north  of  Jerusalem.  They 
were  not  liked,  and  their  morality  was  said  to  be  very 
low.  Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  289. 

Benjamin,  Judah  Philip.  Bom  at  St.  Croix, 
West  Indies,  Aug.  11, 1811 : died  at  Paris,  May  8, 
1884.  An  American  lawyer  and  politician  of  Eng- 
lish-Hebrew  descent.  He  was  United  States  senator 
1853-61,  attorney-general  of  the  Confederacy  1861,  Confed- 
erate secretaryof  war  1861-62,and  secretary  of  state 1862-65. 
In  1865  he  went  to  England,  and  after  1866  practised  law 
there  with  great  success.  He  wrote  a “ Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Sale  of  Personal  Property  " (1868),  etc. 

Benjamin,  Park.  Born  at-  Demerara,  British 
Guiana,  Aug.  14,  1809:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 


146 

12, 1864.  An  American  journalist  and  poet.  He 
was  associated  with  C.  1'.  Hoffman  as  editor  of  the  “Ameri- 
can Monthly  Magazine  ” (1837-38),  established  in  1840  the 
“New  World”  in  connection  with  E.  Sargent  and  R.  W. 
Griswold,  and  was  connected  with  various  other  journals. 

Benjamin  of  Tudela.  Died  after  1173.  A 
Spanish-Hebrew  traveler  in  the  East.  He  was 
the  author  of  a famous  itinerary  written  originally  iu  He- 
brew under  the  title  "Masaoth”  (excursions),  and  trans- 
lated into  Latin  (1575)  by  Moutanus,  into  French  (1734)  by 
Baratier,  into  English  (1784)  by  Gerrans,  Asher  (1841),  etc. 
Ben  Jochanan  (ben  jo-ka'nan).  InDrydenand 
Tate’s  “Absalom  and  Acliitophel,”  a character 
intended  for  the  Rev.  Samuel  Johnson,  who  up- 
held the  right  of  private  judgment  and  was 
persecuted  therefor. 

Benjowsky  (ben-yof'ski),  Count  Moritz  Au- 
gust von.  Born  at  Verbo,  Hungary,  1741: 
killed  in  Madagascar,  May  23,  1786.  A Hun- 
garian adventurer,  noted  for  intrigues  in  Kam- 
chatka and  Madagascar. 

Ben  Lawers  (ben  la'erz).  [Ben,  in  Scottish 
names  of  mountains,  means  ‘mount, ’from  Gael. 
beinn,  mount,  mountain,  hill,  peak,  lit.  ‘head.’] 
A mountain  in  western  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
near  the  northwestern  shore  of  Loch  Tay. 
Height,  3,985  feet. 

Ben  Ledi  (ben  led'i).  A mountain  in  western 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  20  miles  northwest  of 
Stirling,  between  Lochs  Lubnaig,  Vennachar, 
and  Katrine.  Height,  2,875  feet. 

Ben  Lomond  (ben  lo'mond).  A mountain  in 
northwestern  Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  26  miles 
northwest  of  Glasgow,  east  of  Loch  Lomond. 
It  is  noted  for  its  extended  view.  Height,  3,192 
feet. 

Ben  Macdhui  (ben  inak-do'e).  A mountain  in 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  border 
of  Banffshire,  in  lat.  57°  4'N.,  long.  3°  40'  W. : 
the  second  highest  mountain  in  Great  Britain. 
Height,  4,296  feet. 

Ben  More  (ben  mor).  [Gael,  beinn  mor,  high 
peak.]  The  highest  summit  in  the  island  of 
Mull,  Scotland.  Height,  3,185  feet. 
Bennaskar  (ben-nas'kar).  A magician  in  Rid- 
ley’s “ Tales  of  the  Genii.” 

Bennet  (ben'et),  Henry.  [The  Eng.  surname 
Bennet  or  Bennett  is  from  ME.  Bcuet,  from  OF. 
Beneit,  Benoit,  L.  Benedictus,  Benedict  (St. Bene- 
dict).] Born  at  Arlington,  Middlesex,  1618:  died 
July  28, 1685.  An  English  politician  and  diplo- 
matist, created  earl  of  Arlington  in  1672.  He 
vras  a member  of  the  famous  Cabal  (which  see) ; secretary 
of  state  1662-74  ; and  lord  chamberlain  1674-85.  He  was 
impeached  in  the  House  of  Commons,  Jan.  15,  1674,  as  the 
chief  instrument  or  “ conduit-pipe  ’’  of  the  evil-doing  of 
the  king,  as  a papist,  and  for  breach  of  trust;  but  the  pro- 
ceedings were  dropped. 

Bennet,  Elizabeth.  A girl  of  unusual  strength 
of  character,  high  sense  of  individual  integrity, 
and  audacious  vivacity,  in  Miss  Austen’s  novel 
“Pride  and  Prejudice.”  She  refuses  the  hand  of 
Mr.  Darcy,  to  whom  she  is  attached,  because  he  appears 
too  confident  a suitor.  Her  pride  refuses  to  allow  herself 
to  be  so  easily  won.  His  perseverance  finally  changes  her 
prejudice  into  complacence,  and  she  marries  him. 
Bennet,  Jane.  The  sister  of  Elizabeth  Bennet. 
Bennett  (ben'et),  James  Gordon.  Born  at  New 
Mill,  Banffshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  1, 1795:  died  at 
New  York,  June  1, 1872.  An  American  journal- 
ist, founder  of  the  “ New  York  Herald”  in  1835. 
He  sent  Stanley  as  an  explorer  to  Africa  1871- 
1872. 

Bennett,  John  Hughes.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  31,  1812 : died  at  Norwich,  Sept.  25, 1875. 
A British  physician  and  physiologist. 

Bennett,  Sir  William  Sterndale.  Born  at  Shef- 
field, England,  April  13, 1816 : died  at  London, 
Feb.  1,  1875.  A distinguished  English  com- 
poser.  His  works  include  a cantata,  “The  May  Queen” 


Wood-Nymphs,”  overtures,  etc. 

Bennett  Law,  The.  A law  passed  in  Wiscon- 
sin, 1889,  for  the  regulation  of  schools.  Repealed 
in  1891.  Its  most  noteworthy  provision  was  the  require- 
ment of  teaching  in  the  English  language. 

Ben  Nevis  (ben  nev'is).  The  highest  mountain 
in  Great  Britain,  situated  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  lat.  56°  48'  N.,  long.  5°  W.  There  is 
a meteorological  observatory  on  its  summit. 
Height,  4,406  feet. 

Bennigsen  (ben'nig-sen),  Count  Alexander 
Levin.  Born  at  Zakret,  near  Wilna,  Russia,  July 
21,1809:  diedatBanteln, Feb.  27,1893.  AHanove- 
rian  statesman,  son  of  Count  L.  A.  T.  Bennigsen. 

Bennigsen,  Count  Levin  August  Theophil. 
Born  at  Brunswick,  Feb.  10,  1745:  died  near 
Hannover,  Oct.  3, 1826.  A general  in  the  Rns- 
sian  service.  He  was  a leader  in  the  murder  of  the 
czar  Paul  iu  1801  ; and  served  with  distinction  at  Pultusk 
(1806)  and  Eylau  (1807),  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-14. 


Bentheim 

Bennigsen,  Rudolf  von.  Born  at  Liineburg, 
Hannover,  July  10,  1824:  died  at  Bennigsen, 
Aug.  7,  1902.  A German  statesman,  a leader 
of  the  National  Liberal  party.  He  was  a member 
of  the  Hanoverian  chamber  1857-66,  of  the  Prussian  Land- 
tag 1867-83  and  the  North  German  Reichstag  1867-70,  and 
of  the  German  Reichstag  1871-83,  1887-97. 

Bennington  (ben'ing-ton).  A town  in  south- 
western Vermont,  situated  34  miles  northeast 
of  Albany.  Near  here,  Aug.  16,  1777,  the  Americans 
under  Stark  defeated  the  British  forces  under  Baum  and 
Breyman.  The  loss  of  the  British  was  about  850  ; of  the 
Americans,  about  70.  Pop.,  town,  8,698,  (1910). 

Benno  (ben'o),  Saint.  Born  at  Hildesheim,  1010 : 
died  June  16,  1106.  A German  ecclesiastic, 
bishop  of  Meissen  1066.  He  is  noted  as  a supporter 
of  Pope  Gregory  VII.  in  his  struggle  with  the  emperor 
Henry  IV.,  and  for  his  missionary  labors  among  the  Slavs. 
He  was  canonized  in  1523  (an  event  which  occasioned 
Luther's  “Wider  den  neuen  Abgott  und  Alten  Teuffel  ”), 
and  in  1576  his  remains  were  deposited  in  Munich : since 
then  he  has  been  regarded  as  the  patron  saint  of  that  city. 
Benoit  deSainte-More(he-nwa'  de  saht  mor') 
or  Sainte-Maure.  Born  at  Sainte-Maure,  in 
Touraine.  A French  trouvere  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. Little  is  known  of  his  life  beyond  the  brief  auto- 
biographical notices  contained  in  his  works.  His  royal 
patron,  the  King  of  England,  Henry  II.  (1154-89),  charged 
him  to  write  the  history  of  the  Normans.  Benoit  accord- 
ingly composed  “La  chronique  des  dues  de  Normandie,” 
a poem  of  45,000  lines,  written  about  1180.  Benoit  de 
Saint-Maure  is  also  known  by  his  “Roman  de  Troie,"  a 
poem  of  over  30,000  lines,  written  about  1160  and  dedi- 
cated to  Alienor  de  Poitiers,  queen  of  England.  Two  other 
works  are  ascribed  to  this  trouvere:  “.'Eneas,”  a poem  of 
some  10,000  verses,  and  “ Le  roman  de  Thebes  ” iu  16,000 
lines. 

Benoiton  (be-nwii-ton'),  La  Famille.  A com- 
edy by  Sardou,  produced  in  1865.  Madame  Benoi- 
toil  is  conspicuous  by  her  absence,  and  has  been  the  bane 
of  her  family  by  reason  of  her  neglect.  She  is  constantly 
inquired  for,  and  has  always  gone  out.  Hence  the  saying 
“to  play  the  part  of  Madame  Benoiton.” 

Benrath  ( ben'rat).  A small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  northwest  of  Cologne. 
Benserade  (bons-rad'),  Isaac  de.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1613:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17,  1691.  A 
French  dramatic  and  lyric  poet.  He  was  the  au- 
thor  of  a famous  sonnet  on  Job  which  accompanied  a 
paraphrase  of  several  chapters  of  Job,  “Cldopatre  ” (1635), 
and  other  tragedies,  masks,  and  ballets. 

Bensheim  (bens'hlm).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  on  the  Lauter  13  miles 
south  of  Darmstadt.  Population,  5,378. 
Bensington  (ben 'sing-ton).  A town  in  Oxford- 
shire, England,  12  miles  southeast  of  Oxford. 
,Here,  775  a.  D.,  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  defeated 
Cynewulf,  king  of  Wessex. 

Bensley  (benz'li),  Robert.  Born  1738  (?)  : died 
1817  (?).  An  English  actor. 

Of  all  the  actors  whoflourished  in  my  time  — a melancholy 
phrase  if  taken  aright,  reader  — Bensley  had  most  of  the 
swell  of  soul,  was  greatest  in  the  delivery  of  heroic  con- 
ceptions, the  emotions  consequent  upon  the  presentment 
of  a great  idea  to  the  fancy.  Lamb. 

Benson  (ben'sqn),  Carl.  A pseudonym  of 
Charles  Astor  Bristed. 

Benson,  Edward  White.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
England,  July  14, 1829:  died  at  Hawarden,  Flint- 
shire, Oct.  11,  1896.  An  English  prelate.  He 
became  bishop  of  Truro  in  1877,  and  was  consecrated  arcn- 
bishop  of  Canterbury  in  1883.  His  works  include  “Bov- 
Life  " (1874),  “Singleheart”(1877),  “ The  Cathedral  ” (1879), 
several  volumes  of  sermons,  etc. 

Benson,  Egbert.  Bom  at  New  York  city,  June 
21,  1746:  died  at  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  Aug.  24, 1833. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician.  He  wrote  a 
“Vindication  of 'the  Captors  of  Major  Andre  ” (1817), 
“Memoir  on  Dutch  Names  of  Places’’  (1836),  etc. 

Benson,  Frank  Weston.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
March  24,  1862.  An  American  figui'e- painter. 
Benson,  Joseph.  Born  at  Kirk-Oswald,  Cum- 
berland, England,  Jan.  26,  1749:  died  Feb.  16, 
1821.  A noted  English  Methodist  clergyman 
and  controversialist. 

Bentham  (ben'tkam),  Jeremy.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  15,  1748:  died  there,  June  6,  1832. 
An  English  jurist  and  utilitarian  philosopher. 
He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
in  1783,  and  of  A.  M.  in  1766,  and  was  subsequently  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  Lincoln’s  Inn,  but  he  shortly  gave  up 
the  practice  of  law  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly  to 
literary  pursuits.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1792  he  in- 
herited a considerable  fortune,  which  enabled  him  fully  to 
indulge  his  literary  tastes.  His  chief  works  are  “ Intro- 
duction to  the  Principles  of  Morals  and  Legislation”  (1789), 
“Fragment  on  Government”  (1776),  “The  Constitu- 
tional Code"  (1830),  and  “Rationale  of  Judicial  Evi- 
dence” (1827). 

Bentham,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Sherbum,  York- 
shire, 1513:  died  at  Eccleshall,  Staffordshire, 
Feb.  21,  1578.  An  English  Protestant  bishop, 
one  of  the  translators  of  the  “Bishops’  Bible.” 
Bentheim  (bent'hlm).  A countship  included 
iu  the  preseut  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia, 
bordering  on  the  Netherlands. 

Bentheim.  A small  town  in  the  province  of  Han- 
over, Prussia,  30  miles  northwest  of  Munster. 


Bentinck,  William 

Bentinck  (ben'tingk),  William.  Born  1649  (?) : 
died  at  Bulstrode,  near  Beaconsfield,  Bucking- 
hamshire, Nov.  23,  1709.  A companion,  con- 
fidential adviser,  and  diplomatic  agent  of  Wil- 
liam III.,  created  first  earl  of  Portland.  He  was 
the  son  of  Henry  Bentinck  of  Diepenheira,  in  Overyssel, 
Holland.  He  became  a personal  attendant  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  went  with  him  to  England,  and  rose  there  to 
a high  position  in  the  service  of  the  state  and  in  the  army. 

Bentinck,  Lord  William  Cavendish.  Born 
Sept.  14,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  June  17,  1839. 
An  English  statesman  and  general,  second  son 
of  the  third  Duke  of  Portland,  He  was  governor 
of  Madras  1803-07 ; was  envoy  to  Sicily,  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  British  forces  there,  and  practically  governor 
of  the  island,  1811-14 ; and  was  appointed  governor-general 
of  Bengal  in  1827,  and  governor-general  of  India  in  1833, 
his  administration  extending  from  1828  (when  he  took  his 
seat)  to  1835.  He  abolished  the  “Suttee”  in  1829. 

Bentinck,  William  George  Frederick  Cav- 
endish (usually  called  Lord  George  Ben- 
tinck). Boruat  Welbeek  Abbey,  Feb.  27, 1802: 
died  there,  Sept.  21,  1848.  An  English  politi- 
cian and  sportsman,  second  son  of  the  fourth 
Duke  of  Portland.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  protec- 
tionist  opposition  to  Sir  Robert  Peel  1846-47. 

Bentinck,  William  Henry  Cavendish,  third 
Duke  of  Portland.  Born  1738:  died  at  Bul- 
strode, Nov.  30,  1809.  An  English  Whig  states- 
man, prime  minister  April-Dee.,  1783,  and 
1807-09,  and  home  secretary  1794-1801. 
Bentinck’s  Act,  Lord  George.  An  English 
statute  of  1845,  restricting  unlawful  gaming 
and  wagers. 

Bentivoglio  (ben-te-vol'yo),  Cornelio.  Born 
at  Ferrara,  Italy,  1668 : died  at  Rome,  Dec.  30, 
1732.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  archbishop  of  Carthage,  nuncio  to  France,  car- 
dinal (1719),  and  legate  a latere  in  Romania,  and  the  au- 
thor of  sonnets,  a translation  of  the  “ Thebaid  ” of  Statius, 
etc. 

Bentivoglio,  Ercole.  Born  about  1512:  died 
1573.  An  Italian  poet  and  diplomatist,  grand- 
son of  Giovanni  Bentivoglio. 

Bentivoglio,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Bologna  about 
1438 : died  at  Milan,  1508.  An  Italian  nobleman, 
ruler  of  Bologna  1462-1506. 

Bentivoglio,  Guido.  Born  at  Ferrara,  1579: 
died  1644.  An  Italian  cardinal,  noted  as  a 
diplomatist  and  historian.  He  was  papal  nuncio  to 
Flanders  and  France,  and  author  of  “Della  Guerra  di 
Fiandra”  (1633-39),  letters,  memoirs,  etc. 

Bentley  (bent'li),  Richard.  Born  at  Oulton, 
near  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  Jan.  27, 1662:  died 
July  14,  1742.  A noted  English  classical 
scholar  and  critic,  appointed  master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1700.  He  was  the  author 
of  “Epistolaad  MiHium”  (“  Letter  to  Dr.  John  Mill,”  1691), 
“ Boyle  Lectures  ” (1692),  “ Dissertation  on  the  Epistles  of 
Phalaris  ” (1697,  1699),  etc. 

Bentley,  Robert.  Bom  at  Hitchin,  Hertford- 
shire, England,  March  25, 1821 : died  Dec.,  1893. 
An  English  botanist.  His  works  include  “Man- 
ual of  Botany,”  “Medicinal  Plants,”  etc. 
Benton  (ben'ton),  Thomas  Hart.  Born  at 
Hillsborough,  N.  C.,  March  14,  1782:  died 
at  Washington,  April  10,  1858.  An  American 
Democratic  statesman.  He  was  United  States  sen- 
ator from  Missouri  1821-51;  representative  to  Congress 
1853-56;  and  author  of  “Thirty  Years’ View ” (1854-56), 
“Abridgment  of  the  Debates  of  Congress  from  1789-1866" 
(15  vols.),  etc. 

Benton.  An  iron-clad  gunboat  of  1,000  tons, 
altered  in  1861  from  a powerful  United  States 
snag-boat.  She  belonged  to  the  Mississippi  flotilla, 
and  took  part  In  the  fighting  at  Island  No.  10,  Fort  PiUow, 
Vicksburg,  and  on  the  Yazoo  and  Red  River  expeditions. 

Bentonville  (ben'ton-vil),  Battle  of.  A vic- 
tory gained  at  Bentonville  (south  of  Raleigli  in 
North  Carolina)  by  the  Federals  under  Sher- 
man over  the  Confederates  under  Johnston, 
March  19-20, 1865.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  1,646; 
of  the  Confederates,  2,825. 

Bentzel-Sternau  (bent'zel-ster'nou),  Count 
Christian  Ernst  von.  Born  at  Mainz,  Ger- 
many, April  9,1767:  diednearLake  Zurich,  Aug. 
13, 1849.  A German  politician,  humorous  novel- 
ist, and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  wrote  “Das 
goldene  Kalb”  (1802),  “ Der  steinerne  Gast”  (1808),  “Der 
alte  Adam  ” (1819-20),  etc. 

Benue.  See  Binue. 

Ben  Voirlich  (hen  vor'lich).  A mountain  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  south  of  Loch  Earn. 
Height,  3,224  feet. 

Benvolio  (ben-vo'li-5).  A friend  of  Romeo  and 
nephew  of  Montague,  in  Shakspere’s  tragedy 
“ Romeo  and  Juliet.” 

Benvenuto  Cellini.  An  opera  by  Berlioz,  pro- 
duced in  Paris  in  1838;  in  London  in  1853. 
Benzayda.  In  Dryden’s  play  “The  Conquest 
of  Granada,”  the  daughter  of  the  sultan,  she 
loves  Ozwy,  the  son  of  his  deadliest  foe,  and  exhibits  he- 


147 

roic  courage  and  endurance,  following  her  lover  through 
the  hardships  and  perils  of  civil  war. 

Benzoni  (ben-dzo'ne),  Girolamo.  Born  at  Mi- 
lan, 1519 : died  after  1566.  An  Italian  traveler. 
In  1642  he  went  to  Spanish  America,  traveling  overmuch 
of  the  regions  then  known,  and  sometimes  joining  the 
Spaniards  in  their  raids  against  the  Indians.  Returning 
to  Italy  in  1556,  he  published  an  account  of  his  travels,  with 
the  title  ‘ ‘ Historla  del  Mondo  N uovo  ” (V enice,  1665). 

Beothukan  (ba'o-thuk-an).  [Native  beothuk, 
human  being.]  A linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  comprising  only  the  Beothuk 
tribe,  which  formerly  inhabited  the  region  of 
the  River  of  Exploits  in  northern  Newfound- 
land. So  far  as  is  known,  the  last  surviving 
member  of  the  tribe  and  stock  died  in  1829. 
Beothuks.  See  Beothukan. 

Beowulf  (ba'6-wulf).  [AS.  Bedwulf  taken  by 
some  to  mean  ‘bee-wolf’  (from  bed,  bee,  and 
wulf,  wolf),  i.  e.  ‘bear,’ a complimentary  name 
for  a fierce  warrior ; according  to  others  prob. 
representing  an  orig.  * Beaclowulf  (=  Ieel.  *Bbd- 
hulfr),  war-wolf,  from  beado,  war,  and  wulf, 
wolf.]  The  hero  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  epic  poem 
in  alliterative  verse,  of  unknown  authorship, 
represented  as  a thane  and  later  king  of  the 
Swedish  Ge&tas.  The  scene  of  action  is  in  Danish  and 
Swedish  territory.  The  foundation  Is  mythical,  legendary, 
and  historical  material  from  the  time  of  the  Danish  con- 
quest of  the  Cimbriau  Peninsula,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
6th  century.  Danish  poems  embodying  this  material 
are  supposed  to  have  come  to  the  neighboring  Angles  left 
behind  in  their  old  home,  and  to  have  then  been  brought 
over  to  England  by  the  last  migrat  ions  from  the  Continent. 
The  poem  was  doubtless  a gradual  growth,  and  has  prob- 
ably existed  in  many  successive  versions.  The  form  that 
has  come  down  to  us  dates  from  near  the  beginning  of  the 
8th  century.  It  is  preserved  in  a single  MS.  of  the  Cot- 
tonian Library  in  the  British  Museum.  ‘ ‘ Beowulf  ” is  not 
only  the  oldest  epic  in  English,  but  in  the  whole  Germanic 
group  of  languages. 

Beppo  (bep'po).  A poem  by  Lord  Byron,  writ- 
ten at  Venice  in  1817,  pirblisbed  in  1818. 
Berabra  (be-ra'bra).  The  Arabic  name  of  the 
Nubas  (which  see). 

Beranger  (ba-ron-zha'),  Pierre  Jean  de.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1780 : died  at  Paris,  July  16, 
1857.  A famous  French  lyric  poet.  He  was  the 
author  of  songs,  “ political,  amatory,  bacchanalian,  satiri- 
cal, philosophical  after  a fashion,  and  of  almost  every 
other  complexion  that  the  song  can  possibly  take.  Their 
form  is  exactly  that  of  the  18th-century  chanson,  the 
frivolity  and  licence  of  language  being  considerably  cur- 
tailed, and  the  range  of  subjects  proportionately  ex- 
tended ” ( Saintsbury ).  The  first  collection  of  his  songs 
was  published  in  1815.  He  was  the  son  of  a notary’s  clerk. 
In  1804  necessity  compelled  him  to  seek  aid  from  Lucien 
Bonaparte,  which  was  given  in  the  form  of  a clerkship  in 
the  office  of  the  Imperial  University,  which  he  held  until 
1821.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the  Constituent  Assembly 
from  the  department  of  the  Seine.  His  political  sympa- 
thies were  republican  and  Bonapartist,  and  for  expressing 
them  he  was  twice  prosecuted  by  the  government  (1821- 
1828).  His  songs  have  enjoyed  an  extraordinary  popularity. 

Berar  (ba-rar'),  or  Hyderabad  (hi-der-a-bad') 
Assigned  Districts.  A province  of  British 
India,  north  of  the  Nizam’s  dominions,  about 
lat.  19°  35'-21°  47'  N.,  long.  75°  59'-79°  11'  E. 
It  is  generally  level  and  fertile,  and  produces  cotton  and 
grain.  It  formed  part  of  the  dominions  of  the  Mahratta 
Rajah  of  Nagpur,  was  ceded  to  Hyderabad  in  1803,  and 
was  assigned  (lienee  its  official  name)  by  the  Nizam  to  the 
British  government  in  1853  and  1861.  In  1902  an  agree- 
ment was  reached  with  the  Nizam  by  which  Berar  was 
leased  in  perpetuity  to  India ; and  in  1903  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  administration  of  the  Central  Provinces. 
Area,  17,710  square  miles.  Population,  2,754,016. 

Berard  (ba-rar'),  Joseph  Frederic.  Born  at 
Montpellier,  Nov.  8,  1789:  died  April  16,  1828. 
A French  physician  and  psychologist. 

Berard,  Pierre  Honore.  Born  at  Lichtenberg, 
Alsace,  1797 : died  1858.  A French  surgeon  and 
physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  at  Paris. 
Berat  (be-rat').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Ya- 
nina, European  Turkey,  situated  on  the  river 
Semeni  in  lat.  40°  45'  N.,  long.  19°  52'  E.  Popu- 
lation (estimated),  12,000. 

Beraun  (ba-roun').  A river  in  Bohemia  which 
joins  the  Moldau  south  of  Prague.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Beraun.  A town  in  Bohemia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Litamka  and  Beraun,  17  miles 
west-southwest  of  Prague.  Population,  com- 
mune, 11,536,  (1910). 

Berber  (ber'ber).  A region  in  Nubia,  near  the 
junction  of  the  Atbara  with  the  Nile.  It  is 
now  a province  of  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan. 
Berber,  or  El  Mekheir.  A town  in  Nubia,  sit- 
uated on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  between 
the  mouth  of  the  Atbara  and  the  fifth  cataract, 
about  lat.  18°  N.  It  was  an  important  point  on  the 
caravan  routes  to  Cairo,  Khartum,  and  Suakim,  and  a sta- 
tion on  the  railway  between  Wady-Halfa  and  Khartum. 
It  was  taken  by  Mahdists  in  1884.  Population,  est.,  10,000. 

Berbers  (ber'berz).  A race  of  people  (and  also 
the  name  of  a class  of  languages)  constituting, 
with  the  Cushites,  the  Hamitic  family,  which 


Berengarius 

is  found  scattered  over  North  Africa  and  the 
Sahara,  from  the  Red  Sea  to  the  Atlantic.  The 
complexion  of  the  Berbers  varies  from  white  to  dark 
brown  ; their  features  remind  one  of  the  Egyptian  type ; 
their  stature  is  medium.  They  have  occupied  their 
present  habitat  since  the  dawn  of  history.  Never  have 
their  indomitable  tribes  become  entirely  subject  to  a for- 
eign master,  or  lost  their  ethnic  and  linguistic  charac- 
teristics, in  spite  of  Punic,  Roman,  Germanic,  Arabic,  and 
Osmanli  conquests.  In  the  Kabail  Mountains  they  are 
agricultural;  in  the  Sahara,  nomadic.  For  centuries  they 
have  been  the  middlemen  between  the  Mediterranean 
coast  and  the  Negro  states  of  the  Sudan.  Berber,  a word 
of  Aryan  derivation,  signifies  “alien,”  and  so  does  “Ra- 
tana”  or  “Ertana,”  the  name  given  them  by  the  Arabs. 
They  call  themselves  “Amazirg" — that  is  “The  Free." 
Owing  to  the  barren  nature  of  the  soil,  the  Berber  popula- 
tion, as  compared  with  the  area  it  covers,  is  dispropor- 
tionately small.  In  religion  the  Berbers  are  nominally 
Mohammedan.  A lew  tribes  have  adopted  the  Arabic,  and 
so  have  a few  Arabs  adopted  Berber  dialects.  The  Ber- 
ber languages  are  often  called  Libyan.  Dr.  Cust  mentions 
nine  principal  languages  : Old  Libyan,  Kabail,  Tamashek, 
Ghat,  Ghadamsi,  Shilha,  Zenaga,  Guanch,  Siwah.  See 
Haniites. 

Berbera  (ber-ba'rii).  A seaport  and  town  in 
Somaliland,  northeast  Africa,  in  the  “land  of 
incense  ” of  the  ancients.  It  is  a great  market-place 
for  inland  tribes.  The  climate  is  good.  It  was  annexed 
by  Egypt  in  1876,  and  by  England  in  1884. 

Berbice  (ber-bes').  The  easternmost  of  tbo 
three  counties  of  British  Guiana.  It  was  a 
Dutch  colony  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. 
Berbice.  A river  in  British  Guiana  which  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  east  of  the  Essequibo. 
Berbice, orNew  Amsterdam.  A seaport  in  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  on  the  river  Berbice  near  its  mouth. 
Berceo.  See  Gonzalo  de  Berceo. 

Berchem.  See  Berghem. 

Berchta  (berch'ta).  [ML.  Berclita,  Bertha 
(whence  E.  Bertha),  from  OHG.  beraht,  MHG. 
berht  = E.  bright .]  A fairy  in  South  German 
legends.  She  answers  to  the  Hulda  of  North  Germany, 
and  was  originally  gracious  and  beautiful.  She  has,  how- 
ever, lost  this  character,  and  is  a sort  of  witch  to  frighten 
children,  like  the  Befana  of  Italy. 

Berchtesgaden  (bereh'tes-ga-den).  A small 
town  in  Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Achen 
15  miles  south  of  Salzburg,  it  is  noted  for  its  salt- 
mines and  its  wood-carving.  It  was  the  center  of  a prin- 
cipality until  1803. 

Berchtesgaden.  An  alpine  district  in  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  Bavaria,  near  the  town  of 
Berchtesgaden . 

Berck  (berk).  A seaport  and  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  English  Channel  22  miles  south  of 
Boulogne.  Population,  commune,  9,636. 
Bercy  (ber-se').  A former  commune  of  France, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine : now  a 
southeastern  quarter  of  Paris,  annexed  in  1860. 
Berdiansk  (ber-dyansk').  A seaport  in  the 
government  of  Taurida,  southern  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sea  of  Azov  in  lat.  46°  45'  N.,  long. 
36°  47'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and  is  the  center  of 
a large  6alt  industry.  Population,  36,456. 

Berdichef  (ber-de'ehef).  A city  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kieff,  Russia,  in  lat.  49°  55'  N.,  long. 
28°  20'  E.  It  is  the  center  of  an  important  trade  be- 
tween southern  Russia  and  Germany.  Population,  62,600. 

Berea  College  (be-re'a  kol'ej).  An  institu- 
tion of  learning  in  Berea,  Madison  County,  Ken- 
tucky, 130  miles  south  of  Cincinnati,  founded 
in  1855.  It  is  non-sectarian  and  coeducational.  It  has 
college,  normal,  and  industrial  departments. 

Bereczk  (ber-etsk').  A small  town  in  the  county 
of  Hfiromsz4k,  Transylvania,  situated  near  the 
frontier  of  Moldavia  46  miles  northeast  of 
Kronstadt. 

Berengaria  (ba-ren-ga're-a).  Died  after  1230. 
The  daughter  of  Sancho  VI.  of  Navarre  and 
Blanche  of  Castile,  and  queen  of  Richard  I. 
(Coeur  de  Lion). 

Berengarius  (ber-en-ga'ri-us),  or  BSrenger 
(ba-ron-zha'),  I.  King  of  Italy  888-924,  a son 
of  Eberhard,  duke  of  Friuli,  and  grandson  of 
Louis  le  D6bon  naire.  He  was  chosen  king  of  Italy 
in  opposition  to  Guido,  duke  of  Spoleto,  and,  receiving 
the  papal  recognition,  succeeded  in  maintaining  himself 
against  foreign  and  domestic  rivals  till  defeated  by  Ru- 
dolph, king  of  Burgundy,  in  the  decisive  battle  of  Firen- 
zuola,  July  29, 923.  He  was  assassinated  in  the  following 
year. 

Berengarius  II.  Died  966.  King  of  Italy  950- 
961,  a grandson  of  Berengarius  I.  Italy  being 

invaded  by  the  emperor  Otto  I.,  Berengarius  became  a 
feudatory  of  Germany.  He  was  eventually  dethroned,  and 
died  in  prison. 

Berengarius,  orBerenger.  Born  at  Tours  about 
998:  died  near  Tours,  1088.  A French  ecclesi- 
astic and  dialectician.  He  was  a pupil  of  Fulbert 
of  Chartres,  became  archdeacon  of  Angers  1040,  began  to 
attack  the  dogmas  of  transubstantiation  and  the  real  pres- 
ence about  1045,  and  was  condemned  at  (among  other 
synods)  Vercel  l i L060,  and  Rom<  10l)9  and  1079,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  several  times  recanted. 


Berenger 

Berenger,  Lady  Eveline.  A resolute,  some- 
what impatient  woman  in  Scott’s  novel  “ The 
Betrothed.” 

Berenice  (ber-e-ui'se).  [L.  Berenice,  Beronice, 
Gr.  I iepeviio/.]  1.  The  wife  of  Ptolemy  Soter, 
and  the  mother  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. — 2. 
The  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  and 
wife  of  Antioclrus  Theos,  king  of  Syria. — 3. 
The  wife  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes.  Having  dedicated 
her  hair  in  the  temple  of  Arsinoe  at  Zephyrium  for  the  safe 
return  of  her  husband  from  an  expedition  to  Syria,  the 
astronomer  Couon  of  Samos  reported  that  it  had  been 
transformed  into  the  constellation  called  Coma  Berenices. 
4.  A sister  of  Cleopatra,  slain  by  the  Romans 
55  B.  c. — 5.  A niece  of  Herod  the  Great,  and 
wife  of  Aristobulus,  and  afterward  of  Theudion. 
— 6.  Daughter  of  Agrippa  I.,  king  of  Judah  37- 
44  A.  L>.  She  was  first  married  to  her  uncle  Herod, 
king  of  Chalcis  in  Lebanon,  and  after  his  death  lived 
with  her  brother  Agrippa  II..  it  is  alleged  in  criminal  re- 
lations. To  disprove  this  accusation  she  married  Polemon, 
king  of  Cilicia,  but  abandoned  him  soon  and  returned  to 
her  brother.  Josephus  relates  of  her  that  she  endeavored 
to  stop  the  cruelties  of  Floras,  the  last  and  worst  of  Roman 
governors  in  Judea  (“Jewish  Wars,"  II.  15, 1).  In  the  last 
struggle  of  her  country  she,  like  her  brother,  was  on  the 
side  of  Rome.  She  played  some  part  in  Human  politics, 
supporting  the  elevation  of  Vespasian  as  emperor.  For 
some  time  Titus  was  attracted  by  her  beauty  and  grace, 
and  it  was  believed  that  he  would  marry  her.  She  fol- 
lowed the  conqueror  of  her  country  to  Rome,  but  Titus 
was  compelled  to  repudiate  her.  In  the  New  Testament 
she  is  mentioned  as  coming  with  her  brother  to  welcome 
Festus  at  Caesarea,  and  as  being  present  at  the  audience 
which  Paul  had  with  this  governor  (Acts  xxv.  13,  23 ; 
xxvi.  30). 

Berenice  (ba-ra-nes').  1 . A tragedy  by  Thomas 
Corneille,  produced  in  1657.  The  subject  was  taken 
from  Mademoiselle  de  Scudcry’s  romance  “ Artamfene,  or 
The  Grand  Cyrus." 

2.  A tragedy  by  Racine,  produced  Nov.  21,  1670, 
founded  on  the  story  of  Titus  and  Berenice. 
This  subject  was  proposed  to  Racine  and  Pierre  Corneille 
at  the  same  time  by  Henrietta  of  England,  who  wished  to 
see  her  own  secret  history  on  the  stage.  Corneille  was 
beaten  in  this  literary  tourney,  and  his  play  was  considered 
a sign  of  failing  powers. 

Berenice.  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in 
Egypt,  situated  on  the  Red  Sea,  near  Ras  Benaas, 
in  lat.  23°  55'  N.,  founded  by  Ptolemy  II.  It 
was  an  important  trading  center. 

Berenice.  The  ancient  name  of  Bengazi,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Sidra. 

Beresford  (ber'es-ford),  Janies.  Born  at 
Upham,  Hants,  England,  May  28,  1764:  died 
at  Kibworth  Beauchamp,  Leicestershire,  Sept. 
29,  1840.  An  English  clergyman.  He  was  the 
author  of  a prose  satire,  “ The  Miseries  of  Human  Life” 
(1800-07),  etc. 

Beresford,  Viscount  (William  Carr  Beres- 
ford). Born  Oct.  2,  1768:  died  at  Bedgebury, 
Kent,  Jan.  8, 1854.  A British  general.  He  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  war;  organized  the 
Portuguese  army,  and  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Al- 
buera,  May  16,  1811. 

Beresina,  or  Berezina  (ber-e-ze'na).  A river 
in  the  government  of  Minsk,  Russia,  a tribu- 
tary of  the  Dnieper.  Length,  about  350  miles. 
Beresina,  Passage,  or  Battle,  of  the.  The 
passage  of  Napoleon’s  army  over  the  Beresina 
on  the  retreat  from  Moscow,  Nov.  26-29,  1812. 
It  was  opposed  by  the  Russians  near  Studienka.  Many 
thousands  of  the  French  were  slain  and  drowned,  and 
about  16,000  were  made  prisoners. 

Berettyo  (be'ret-yo).  A river  in  eastern  Hun- 
gary, a tributary  of  the  Koros. 
Berettyo-Ujfalu  (be'ret-yo-oy'fo-lo).  A town 
in  the  county  of  Bihar,  Hungary,  21  miles 
northwest  of  Gross  wardein.  Population, 
7,723. 

Berezof  (ber-ez-of').  A small  town  in  the 
government  of  Tobolsk,  Siberia,  situated  on 
the  Sosva  in  lat.  64°  N.,  long.  65°  30'  E.  it  has 
trade  in  furs,  etc.,  and  is  a place  of  banishment  for  politi- 
cal offenders. 

Berezofsk  (ber-ez-ovsk').  A small  town  in 
the  government  of  Perm,  Russia,  situated  in 
the  Urals  near  Yekaterinburg.  It  is  the  center 
of  important  gold-fields. 

Berg  (berG) . [G. , ‘ mountain.  ’]  A former  duchy 
of  Germany,  situated  east  of  the  lower  Rhine 
and  west  of  Westphalia  and  Mark:  the  Roman 
Ducatus  montensis.  It  was  a county  in  the  middle 
ages,  became  a duchy  in  1380,  and  was  united  with  J iilich  in 
1423.  J iilich,  Berg,  and  Cleves  were  united  in  1521.  In  con- 
sequence of  the  contest  for  the  J iilich  succession,  Berg  and 
Jiilich  passed  in  1666  to  Pfalz-Neuburg.  Berg  was  ceded 
to  France  in  1806.  With  addition  of  Cleves,  etc.,  Berg  was 
made  a grand  duchy  for  Murat,  and  afterward  for  a son  of 
Louis  Bonaparte.  They  were  occupied  by  the  Allies  in 
1813,  were  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815,  and  now  form  a part 
of  the  Rhine  Province.  The  district  has  very  important 
manufactures  and  is  thickly  settled. 

Berg.  A suburb  of  Stuttgart.  It  contains  sev- 
eral noted  villas. 

Berg.  A village  and  castle  on  the  Starnberger 


148 

See,  Bavaria,  near  Munich.  It  was  the  resi- 
dence and  the  scene  of  the  death  of  Louis  II. 
of  Bavaria. 

Berg  (bera),  Count  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Rem- 
bert.  Born  at  Sagnitz  Castle,  in  Livonia,  May 
26,  1790:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  18,  1874. 
A Russian  field-marshal  and  diplomatist,  lieu- 
tenant-general of  Poland  1863-74. 

Bergama  (ber'ga-ma).  A town  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Pergamum  (which  see),  Asia  Minor, 
50  milesnorth  of  Smyrna.  Population,  6,000  (f ). 

Bergamasca  (ber-ga-miis'ka).  A district  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  province  of  Bergamo, 
Italy.  It  comprises  the  Val  Brembana,  Val  Seriana,  and 
Val  di  Scalve.  It  is  mountainous  and  picturesque. 

Bergamasker  Alps  (ber'ga-mas-ker  alps).  A 
division  of  the  Alps  in  northern  Italy  which 
extends  from  Lake  Como  eastward  to  the  Oglio 
and  Lake  Iseo,  and  southward  from  the  Val- 
telline. 

Bergamo  (ber'ga-mo).  [L.  Bergomum,  Gr.  B tp- 
yogov .]  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Berga- 
mo, Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Val 
Seriana  and  Val  Brembana  28  miles  northeast 
of  Milan.  It  contains  a cathedral,  several  notable 
churches,  and  the  Academy  Carrara,  and  has  considera- 
ble commerce  and  manufactures.  It  was  destroyed  by 
Attila.  It  formerly  belonged  to  Venice,  and  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1509  and  1796.  The  cathedral  is  a plain  but 
well-proportioned  building  of  the  14th  to  the  16th  cen- 
tury, with  a modern  favade  and  a fine  dome.  The  curious 
octagonal  baptistery  was  built  in  1341,  in  imitation  of  the 
antique.  Population,  commune,  47,772. 

Bergamo.  A province  in  the  compartimento 
of  Lombardy,  Italy.  Area,  1,065  square 
miles.  Population,  519,720. 

Bergara  (ber-ga/ra),  or  Vergara  (ver-ga'ra), 
Convention  of.  The  capitulation  of  the  Car- 
list  general  Maroto,  Aug.  31,  1839,  which  put 
an  end  to  the  civil  war  between  the  Carlists 
and  the  Cristinos. 

Bergen  (ber'gen).  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Riigen,  Prussia,  situated  in  the  central  part  of 
the  island.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Bergen.  A seaport  and  the  second  city  of  Nor- 
way, situated  in  the  amt  of  South  Bergeuhuus, 
southwestern  Norway.  It  was  a trading  sta- 
tion of  the  Hanseatic  League  1445-1558.  Pop- 
ulation, 72,251. 

Bergen-op-Zoom  (ber'Gen-op-zom').  A town 
in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
situated  on  the  Zoom,  near  the  East  Schelde, 
15  miles  north  of  Antwerp.  It  was  formerly  strongly 
fortified.  It  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Duke  of 
Parma  in  1588,  and  by  Spinola  in  1622,  and  wastaken  by  the 
French  in  1747  and  1795.  In  Sept.,  1799,  an  engagement 
took  place  here  between  the  Duke  of  York  and  the  French 
under  Brune.  March  8,  1814,  the  British  under  Sir  T. 
Graham  attempted  to  carry  the  fortress  of  Bergen-op- 
Zoom  by  storm.  Population,  commune,  13,668.  * 

Bergenroth  (ber'gen-rot),  Gustav  Adolf. 

Born  at  Oletzko,  East  Prussia,  Feb.  26,  1813: 
died  in  Madrid,  Peb.  13,  1869.  A historical 
student,  noted  for  his  researches  in  English  his- 
tory among  the  archives  at  Simaneas,  Spain. 

Bergerac  (berzh-rak').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  southwestern  France, 
situated  on  the  Dordogne  51  miles  east  of 
Bordeaux:  an  ancient  Huguenot  stronghold. 
Population,  15,623. 

Bergerac,  Savinien  Cyrano  de.  Born  about 
1620  at  the  Chateau  de  Bergerac  (Perigord) : 
died  at  Paris  in  1655.  A French  writer  and 
duelist.  He  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Arras  in  1640, 
and  devoted  himself  to  study.  Among  his  works  are 
“Agrippine,”  a tragedy  (1653),  “Le  pedant  jou6,”a  com- 
edy (1654),  “Histoire  comique  des  £tats  et  empires  de  la 
lnrie"  (1656,  after  his  death),  and  “Histoire  comique  des 
6tats  et  des  empires  du  soleil”  (1661).  These  two  are 
said  to  ha  ve  served  to  suggest  at  least  “ MicromCgas  ” and 
“ Gulliver’s  Travels.” 

Bergerac,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded  be- 
tween the  Huguenots  and  Roman  Catholics, 
1577.  Also  called  Treaty  of  Poitiers. 

Bergerat  (berzh-ra'),  Auguste  Emile.  Born 

at  Paris,  April  29, 1845.  A journalist,  novelist, 
and  dramatic  writer,  son-in-law  and  biogra- 
pher of  Theophilo  Gautier.  He  writes  under 
the  pseudonym  of  “Caliban.” 

Bergh  (berg),  Henry.  Born  at  New  York, 
1823:  died  there,  March  12, 1888.  The  founder 
(1866)  and  president  of  the  American  Society 
for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals.  He 
was  secretary  of  legation  and  acting  vice-consul  in  St. 
Petersburg  1862-64.  He  wrote  a play,  “ Love's  Alterna- 
tive, ' produced  at  the  Union  League  Theater,  Baltimore, 
in  1881. 

Berghaus  (berg'hous),  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Cleves,  Prussia,  May  3,  1797 : died  at  Stettin, 
Feb.  17,  1884.  A German  geographer.  He  was 
professor  of  applied  mathematics  in  the  Academy  of 
Architecture  at  Berlin  1824-55,  and  editor  of  the  “Her- 


Berkeley,  George 

tha  ” 1825-29.  Author  of  “Atlas  von  Asien  ” (1833-43), 
“ Pliysikalisoher  Atlas  ” (1837-52),  etc. 

Berghem  (berG'hem),  or  Berchem  (ber'chem), 
Nikolaas.  Bom  at  Haarlem,  1624  : died  there, 
Feb.  18,  1683.  A Dutch  landscape-painter. 
Bergman  (berg'man),  Torbern  Olof.  Born  at 
Katharinberg,  West  Gothland,  Sweden,  March 
20, 1735  : died  July  8, 1784.  A Swedish  chemist 
and  naturalist,  appointed  professor  of  physics 
at  Upsala  in  1758.  His  collected  works  ( ‘ ‘ Opus- 
cula  physica,  chemica  et  mineralia”)  were 
published  1779-84. 

Bergonzi  (bar-gon'tze),  Carlo.  Died  at  Cre- 
mona, after  1755.  An  Italian  maker  of  musi- 
cal instruments,  a pupil  of  Autouio  Stradiva- 
rius,  renowned  for  his  violins  and  violoncellos. 
Bergsoe  (herg'se),  Jorgen  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Copenhagen,  Feb.  8,  1835:  died  there,  June  26, 
1911.  A Danish  naturalist,  novelist,  and  poet. 
His  chief  romances  are  “Fra  Piazza  del  Popolo”  (1866), 
“Fra  den  gamle  Fabrik,”  “I  Sabinerbjergene,”  etc. 

Bergstrasse  (berg'stras-e).  A celebrated  road 
in  Germany,  extending  from  Heidelberg  about 
30  miles  northward,  skirting  the  Odenwald.  It 
was  built  originally  by  the  Romans. 

Bergues  (berg),  or  Bergues-Saint-Winoc 
(berg-sant-ve-nok').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Not'd,  France,  7 miles  southeast  of 
Dunkirk.  It  was  fortified  by  Vauban,  and  was  unsuc- 
cessfully  besieged  by  the  English  in  1793.  Population, 
commune,  5,032. 

Bering,  or  Behring  (ba/ring  or  be' ring), 
Vitus.  [Dan.  Bering.']  Born  at  Horsens,  Jut- 
land, 1680:  died  at  Bering  Island,  1741.  A 
Danish  navigator,  in  the  Russian  service,  noted 
for  discoveries  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean.  He 

explored  the  northern  coast  of  Siberia  in  1725,  traversed 
Bering  Strait  (named  from  him)  in  1728,  proving  that  Asia 
and  America  are  separated,  and  in  1741  explored  the  west- 
ern coast  of  America  to  lat.  69°  N. 

Bering,  or  Behring,  Island.  The  most  west- 
erly of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  situated  iu  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean. 

Bering,  or  Behring,  Sea.  That  part  of  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean  which  lies  between  Bering 
Strait  and  the  Aleutian  Islands.  Also  called 
Sea  of  Kamchatka. 

Bering,  or  Behring,  Strait.  A sea  passage 
which  connects  the  Arctic  with  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  and  separates  Alaska  from  Siberia. 
Width,  in  the  narrowest  part,  36  miles. 
Beringhen  (ber'ing-en),  De.  A.  gourmand  in 
Bulwer’s  ‘ ‘ Richelieu,”  banished  by  the  cardinal. 
Berington  (her  'ing-ton),  Joseph.  Born  in 
Shropshire,  England,  1746:  died  at  Buckland, 
Berkshire,  Dec.  1,  1827.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  priest  and  author.  He  wrote  a “ History 
of  the  Lives  of  Abeillard  and  Heloisa,  etc.’  (1787),  a “His- 
tory of  the  Reign  of  Henry  II.,  etc.”  (1796),  “ Literary  His- 
tory of  the  Middle  Ages  ” (1814),  and  numerous  controver- 
sial works. 

Berinthia  (be-rin'thi-a).  1.  A young  and  dis- 
solute widow  in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “The  Re- 
lapse,” and  afterward  in  Sheridan’s  adaptation, 
the  “Trip  to  Scarborough.” — 2.  The  niece  of 
Mrs.  Pipchin  in  Dickens’s  novel  “Dombey  and 
Son”,  called  “Berry,”  and  much  afflicted  with 
boils  on  her  nose. 

Beriot  (ba-re-6'),  Charles  Auguste  de.  Born 
at  Louvain,  Belgium,  Feb.  20,  1802:  died  at 
Louvain,  April  20,  1870.  A distinguished  Bel- 
gian violinist  and  composer. 

Berislaff  (ba're-slaf ) . A town  in  the  government 
of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Dnieper  46 
miles  east  of  Kherson.  Population, about  12,000^ 
Beristain  y Souza  (ba-res-ta'en  e so'tha),  Jose 
Mariano.  Born  at  Puebla,  1756 : died  at  Mex- 
ico, March  23,  1817.  A Mexican  bibliographer, 
rector  of  the  College  of  San  Pedro.  His  best- 
known  work  is  the  “Biblioteca  hispano-americana  sep- 
tentrional,” a catalogue  of  Spanish  North  American  au- 
thors with  their  works. 

Berkeley  (berk'li  or  bark'li).  [ME.  Berkley, 
AS.  Bercled,  Beorclcd,  appar.  from  herce,  beorc, 
birch,  and  ledli,  lea,  field.  Hence  the  surname 
Berkeley,  in  other  forms  Berkley,  Barkley , Bar- 
clay.] A town  in  Gloucestershire,  England, 
situated  near  the  Severn  15  miles  southwest  of 
Gloucester.  See  Berkeley  Castle. 

Berkeley.  A town  in  Alameda  County,  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  California,  of 
the  State  Agricultural  College,  and  of  other  public  instl- 
tutions.  Population,  40,434,  (1910). 

Berkeley,  Elizabeth.  Born  in  1750:  died  at 
Naples,  Jan.  13,  1828.  An  English  writer,  she 
married  Lord  Craven  in  1767 ; was  separated  from  him  in 
1781 ; married  the  Margrave  of  Ansbach  in  1791.  Her  au- 
tobiography was  published  in  1825,  and  “Letters  to  the 
Margrave  of  Anspach  M in  1814. 

Berkeley,  George.  Born  1628 : died  1698.  An 
English  nobleman,  son  of  the  ninth  Baron 
Berkeley,  created  first  earl  of  Berkeley  in  1679. 


Berkeley,  George 

Berkeley,  George.  Born  at  Dysert  Castle, 
county  of  Kilkenny.  Ireland,  March  12,  1685: 
died  at  Oxford,  England,  Jan.  14,  1753.  An 
Irish  prelate  (of  English  descent)  of  the  es- 
tablished church,  celebrated  for  his  philosophi- 
cal writings.  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  held  various  offices,  1707-24 , traveled  in 
England  and  on  the  Continent  1713-20 ; became  dean  of 
Derry  in  1724 ; obtained  the  patent  for  a college  in  Ber- 
muda in  1725,  of  which  he  was  appointed  first  president, 
but  which  never  was  established  ; sailed  for  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  Sept.  4,  1728,  landing  there  in  January,  and 
remaining  in  America  until  the  end  of  1731;  became  bishop 
of  Cloyne  in  1734  ; and  retired  in  1752.  He  is  especially 
famous  for  his  theory  of  vision,  the  foundation  of  the  mod- 
ern psycho-physiological  investigation  of  that  subject, 
and  for  the  extreme  subjective  idealism  of  his  metaphysi- 
cal views.  His  works  include  ‘‘Essay  toward  a New  The- 
ory of  Vision"  (1709  : 3d  ed.  bound  with  “Alciphron”  in 
1732),  “ A Treatise  concerning  the  Principles  of  Human 
Knowledge"  (1710  and  1734),  “Three  Dialogues  between 
Hylas  and  Philonous”  (1713),  “Alciphron,  or  the  Minute 
Philosopher  ” (1732),  “Siris,  a Chain  of  Philosophical  Re- 
flections and  Inquiries  concerning  the  Virtues  of  Tar- 
water,  etc."  (1744.  the  title  “Siris”  was  first  used  in  the 
edition  of  1746),  etc.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of 
the  use  of  tar-water  as  an  almost  universal  remedy. 

Berkeley,  George  Charles  Grantley  Fitz- 
hardinge.  Born  Feb.  10,  1800:  died  at  Poole, 
Dorsetshire,  Feb.  23,  1881.  An  English  sports- 
man, sixth  son  of  the  fifth  Earl  of  Berkeley. 

He  was  a member  of  Parliament  from  1832-52.  He  wrote 
“Berkeley  Castle,"  a novel  (1836),  “Sandron  Hall,  or  the 
Days  of  Queen  Anne”  (1840),  “The  English  Sportsman  on 
the  Western  Prairies”  (1861),  “Anecdotes  of  the  Upper 
Ten  Thousand,”  etc.  (1867),  “Tales  of  Life  and  Death” 
(1870),  etc. 

Berkeley,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  or  near  Lon- 
don : died  in  England,  July,  1677.  A royal  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  1642-51, 1660-76.  He  crushed 
Bacon’s  rebellion  in  1676. 

Berkeley  Castle.  A celebrated  Norman  for- 
tress and  baronial  hall  between  Bristol  and 
Gloucester,  England.  It  was  founded  soon  after 
the  Conquest.  Edward  II.  was  murdered  there 
in  1327. 

Berkeley  Springs,  or  Bath.  A watering-place 
in  West  Virginia,  30  miles  east  of  Cumberland, 
Maryland,  noted  for  its  medicinal  springs. 

Berkhampstead  (bark'ham-sted),  Great.  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Hertford,  England,  27 
miles  northwest  of  London.  Population,  5, 140. 

Berkhey  (berk'hi),  Jan  Lefrancqvan.  Born 
at  Leyden,  Holland,  Jan.  23,  1729:  died  at  Ley- 
den, March  13,  1812.  A Dutch  naturalist  and 
poet.  His  chief  works  are  “Natuurlijkehistorie  van  Hol- 
land” (1769-79),  poem,  “Het  verheerlijkt”  (1774). 

Berks  (berks).  An  abbreviation  of  Berkshire. 

Berkshire  (bark'shir).  [ME.  BerJcschire,  AS. 
Bearrucscire,  Barrucscire,  BarrocscirJ]  Acounty 
of  England,  lying  between  Gloucester,  Oxford, 
and  Buckingham  on  the  north,  Surrey  on  the 
southeast,  Hampshire  on  the  south,  and  Wilt- 
shire on  the  west.  The  county-seat  is  Reading ; the 
chief  industry  is  agriculture.  Area  (ad.  county),  713  square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  256,509. 

Berkshire  Hills.  The  mountains  of  Berkshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  noted  as  a summer  and 
autumn  resort. 

Berlichingen  (ber'lich-ing-en),  Gotz  or  Gott- 
fried von.  Born  at  Jagsthausen,  Wiirtemberg, 
1480:  died  at  Hornberg  Castle  on  the  Neekar, 
July  23, 1562.  A German  feudal  knight.  His 
right  hand  having  been  lost  in  battle,  it  was  replaced  by 
an  artificial  hand  made  of  iron  (whence  he  is  sometimes 
called  “Gotz  with  the  Iron  Hand").  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  peasants  in  1525,  and  subsequently  served 
under  the  emperor  Charles  V.  against  the  sultan  Soliman 
and  against  Francis  I.  of  France.  The  literary  revolution 
of  the  18th  century  from  the  artificial  to  the  simple  style 
was  preluded  by  Goethe’s  “Gotz  von  Berlichingen,"  a 
drama  which  he  constructed  from  the  autobiography  of 
the  original  robber  knight  who  represented  himself  as  an 
honest  but  much  misunderstood  person.  See  Gotz  von 
Berlichingen. 

Berlin  (ber-lin'  or  b&r'lin;  G.  pron.  ber-len'). 
The  capital  of  the  German  Empire  and  of  Prus- 
sia, until  1881  in  Brandenburg,  situated  on 
the  Spree,  in  lat.  52°  30'  N.,  long.  13°  24'  E. 
It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  German  Empire,  and  has  an  im- 
portant commerce  and  extensive  manufactures  of  metals, 
machinery,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  confections,  musical 
instruments,  beer,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  the  1.3th  century, 
and  was  greatly  improved  by  the  Great  Elector,  Frederick 
I.,  by  Frederick  the  Great,  and  by  later  rulers.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Allies  in  1760,  and  by  Napoleon  in  1806.  The 
following  are  among  its  objects  of  interest : Arsenal,  now 
a Military  Museum  and  Hall  of  Fame,  so  called.  In  plan 
it  is  a rectangle  295  feet  square,  with  a large  central  court. 
It  was  finished  in  1706,  and  the  exterior  is  a good  exam- 
ple of  the  architecture  and  decorative  sculpture  of  the 
time.  The  mural  paintingsof  historical  and  military  sub- 
jects by  Geselschap  in  the  interior  are  the  finest  work  of 
the  kind  in  Berlin.  There  is  also  a collection  of  portrait 
and  mythological  sculpture,  in  addition  to  the  impressive 
exhibition  of  arms  and  battle-trophies.  Brandenburg 
Gate,  at  the  west  end  of  Unter  den  Linden,  a monumental 
gateway  begun  in  1789.  It  presents  on  each  face  6 lofty 
Doric  columns  and  a Roman  entablature,  surmounted  by 


149 

an  attic  upon  which  is  a bronze  quadriga  of  V ictory . There 
are  6 passages  for  vehicles,  the  central  one  of  which  is  the 
widest.  The  gate  is  flanked  by  two  Doric  colonnaded 
structures  in  the  form  of  temples.  Column  of  Peace,  in  the 
Belle  Alliance  Platz,  erected  in  1840  in  honor  of  the  peace 
of  1815.  The  shaft  is  of  granite  on  a high  basement,  and 
the  capital  of  marble,  surmounted  by  a figure  of  Victory. 
The  total  height  is  60  feet.  The  monument  is  flanked  by 
marble  groups  of  Prussia,  England,  the  Netherlands,  and 
Hanover,  the  powers  which  triumphed  at  Waterloo.  Mon- 
ument of  Victory,  dedicated  in  1873  in  honor  of  the  Ger- 
man triumphs  of  1864,  1866,  and  1870.  It  consists  of 
a monumental  column  of  yellow  sandstone,  supporting  a 
colossal  statue  of  Borussia,  the  total  height  being  200  feet. 
The  capital  of  the  column  is  formed  of  eagles,  and  the 
fluted  shaft  is  adorned  with  captured  cannon.  The  ped- 
estal bears  bronze  reliefs  of  the  Danish  war,  Koniggratz, 
Sedan,  and  the  triumphant  return  of  the  troops.  The 
base  of  the  monument  is  surrounded  by  a colonnade  with 
allegorical  mosaics  of  the  overthrow  of  France  and  the 
restoration  of  the  German  Empire.  National  Gallery  of 
sculpture  and  painting,  an  effective  building  finished  in 
1876,  in  the  form  of  a pseudoperipteral  Corinthian  temple, 
with  a large  semicircular  projection  at  the  northwest  end, 
and  an  octastyle  portico  surmounted  by  a pediment  filled 
with  sculpture  on  the  fagade,  which  faces  the  southeast. 
It  measures  105  by  200  feet,  and  is  raised  on  a basement  39 
feet  high.  Access  to  the  front  portico  is  afforded  by  an 
impressive  double  flight  of  steps.  The  interior  contains 
two  exhibition  floors,  and  is  richly  decorated.  Old  Museum, 
the  finest  building  in  Berlin.  The  fagade  has  the  form  of 
a Greek  Ionic  portico  284  feet  long,  with  18  columns  be- 
tween terminal  antse.  The  entablature  bears  eagles  as 
antefixes.  A portion  of  the  roof  is  raised  in  the  middle, 
corresponding  to  tire  interior  rotunda ; at  the  corners  are 
placed  four-  colossal  groups  in  bronze — in  front  copies  of 
the  Hox-se-Tamers  of  Monte  Cavallo  in  Rome,  and  behind 
Pegasus  attended  by  the  Hours.  The  piers  of  the  great 
central  flight  of  steps  bear  bronze  groups  of  equestrian 
combats  with  lions.  In  the  vestibule  stand  statues  of 
noted  archaeologists,  and  the  walls  are  painted  with  alle- 
gorical frescos  of  the  Formation  of  the  World  from  Chaos, 
and  the  Development  of  Human  Culture.  Schloss,  or  Royal 
Palace,  forming  a rectangle  650  by  380  feet,  with  a projec- 
tion at  one  end,  and  inclosing  two  main  courts.  It  has  four 
stories,  together  100  feet  high,  arid  the  dome  over  the 
chapel  attains  230  feet.  The  original  building,  which  sur- 
vives in  part  on  the  Spree,  was  a towered  castle  erected  by 
the  elector  Frederick  II.  in  1451.  About  a century  later 
a fine  German  Renaissance  wing  was  added  on  the  south, 
and  after  another  century  the  Great  Elector  and  King 
Frederick  I.  brought  the  palace  substantially  to  its  pres- 
ent form,  though  the  chapel  was  built  in  the  present  cen- 
tury. The  chief  room  is  the  White  Saloon,  105  by  50  feet. 
Population  (without  suburbs),  2,064,153,  (1910). 

Berlin  Conference.  1.  A conference  of  the 
European  powers,  held  at  Berlin  in  the  summer 
of  1880,  to  settle  the  boundary  dispute  between 
Turkey  and  Greece. — 2.  A congress  of  repre- 
sentatives from  all  the  European  nation s (except 
Switzerland),  and  from  theUnited  States,  which 
met  at  Berlin  Nov.  15,  1884, -Jan.  30,  1885.  it 
provided  for  a free-trade  zone  in  the  Kongo  Basin,  regu- 
lated the  navigation  of  the  Niger,  and  laid  down  rules 
regarding  the  partition  of  Africa.  It  also  sanctioned  the 
International  Kongo  Association  (the  later  Kongo  Free 
State). 

Berlin,  Congress  of.  A congress  consisting  of 
the  representatives  of  the  following  powers: 
the  German  Empire,  Austria,  France,  England, 
Italy,  Russia,  and  Turkey:  held  at  Berlin  June 
13, -July  13, 1878,  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the 
affairs  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  it  was  occasioned 
by  the  dissatisfaction  of  England  and  Austria  with  the 
peace  of  San  Stefano,  concluded  between  Russia  and 
Turkey  March  3,  1878,  and  convened  at  the  invitation  of 
Prince  Bismarck,  who  was  chosen  president.  Its  most 
influential  members  were  Prince  Gortchakoff,  Count  An- 
dr&ssy,  Lord  Beaconsfield,  Lord  Salisbury,  M.  Wadding- 
ton,  Count  Corti,  and  Carathdodori  Pasha.  See  Berlin, 
Treaty  of. 

Berlin  Decrees.  Decrees  issued  in  Nov.,  1806, 
by  Napoleon  I.  at  Berlin,  prohibiting  commerce 
and  correspondence  with  Great  Britain,  which 
was  declared  to  be  in  a state  of  blockade.  They 
also  declared  all  English  property  forfeited,  and  all  Eng- 
lishmen in  a state  occupied  by  French  troops  prisoners 
of  war. 

Berlin  Memorandum,  The.  A memorandum 
drawn  up  at  Berlin,  May  13,  1876,  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Ber- 
lin (which  had  united  in  presenting  to  the 
Porte,  Jan.  31,  1876,  the  Andrassy  Note),  it 
was  approved  by  France  and  Italy,  but  rejected  by  Eng- 
land. It  imposed  an  armistice  of  two  months  on  Russia 
and  Turkey,  provided  that  the  reforms  promised  by  the 
Porte  in  accordance  with  the  Andr&ssy  Note  should  be 
carried  out  under  the  superintendence  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  European  powers,  and  threatened  force  if 
before  the  end  of  the  armistice  the  Porte  should  not  have 
assented  to  these  terms. 

Berlin,  Royal  Library  of.  A library  founded 
by  the  Great  Elector,  Frederick  William,  and 
opened  in  1661.  The  number  of  volumes  is  estimated 
at  1,230,000,  and  the  number  of  manuscripts  at  30,000. 

Berlin,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded  July 
13,  1878,  between  the  powers  represented  at 
the  Congress  of  Berlin  (which  see).  “By  this 
treaty  (1)  Bulgaria,  north  of  the  Balkans,  was  constituted 
an  independent,  autonomous,  and  tributary  principality; 
(2)  Bulgaria,  south  of  the  Balkans  (Eastern  Roumelia), 
was  retained  under  the  direct  rule  of  the  Porte,  but 
was  granted  administrative  autonomy ; (3)  the  Porto 
retained  the  right  of  garrisoning  the  frontiers  of  East- 
ern Roumelia,  but  with  regular  troops  only;  (4)  the 


Bermudez,  Jos6  Manuel 

Porte  agreed  to  apply  to  Crete  the  organic  law  of  1808 ; 
(5)  Montenegro  was  declared  independent,  and  the  sea- 
port of  Antivari  was  allotted  to  it ; (6)  Servia  was  de- 
clared independent,  and  received  an  accession  of  territory ; 

(7)  Roumania  was  declared  independent,  and  received 
some  islands  on  the  Danube  in  exchange  for  Bessarabia ; 

(8)  Kars,  Batoum,  and  Ardahan  were  ceded  to  Russia ; 

(9)  the  Porte  undertook  to  carry  out  without  further 
delay  the  reforms  required  in  Armenia;  (10)  in  the  event 
of  the  Greeks  and  the  Porte  not  being  able  to  agree  upon 
a suggested  rectification  of  frontier,  the  Powers  re- 
served to  themselves  the  right  of  offering  their  medi- 
ation.” Acland  and  Ransome,  English  Political  History, 
p.  220. 

Berlin,  University  of.  A celebrated  univer- 
sity founded  in  1810.  The  total  number  of  students 
is  over  14,000;  of  professors  and  teachers,  about  500.  The 
number  of  volumes  in  its  library  is  about  230,000. 

Berlioz  (bar-le-oz'),  Hector.  Born  at  La 
Cote-Saint-Andre,  Is&re,  France,  Dec.  11,  1803: 
died  at  Paris,  March  9,  1869.  A French  com- 
poser of  great  originality,  noted  particularly 
for  that  species  of  descriptive  music  known  as 
1 ‘ program  music.”  Among  his  chief  works  are  “Epi- 
sode de  la  vie  d un  artiste,"  “Romdo  et  Juliette,"  a dra- 
matic symphony  (1839),  “L’Enfance  du  Christ,"  a trilogy 
(1855),  “Symphonie  fantastique,”  “Harold  en  Italie,"  a 
symphony  in  four  parts,  “The  Damnation  of  Faust,”  a dra- 
matic legend  in  four  parts,  the  overtures  to  “King 
Lear,”  “Le  carnaval  romain,"  “Le  corsaire,”  and  tjie 
operas  “Benvenuto  Cellini  "and  “Beatrice  et  Benedict,.” 
He  also  wrote  his  memoirs  (1870),  “Voyage  musical’’' 
(1844),  “Grotesques  de  la  musique”  (1859),  etc. 

Bermejo.  See  Fermejo.  m. 

Bermondsey  (ber'mond-zi).  [From  “Beor- 
rnond’s  eye,”  the  island  property  of  some  Saxon 
or  Danish  noble  in  the  marshes  of  the  Thames.] 
A borough  (metropolitan)  of  London,  situated 
south  of  the  Thames.  It  is  a crowded  district  chiefly 
occupied  by  tanners.  It  formerly  contained  aroyal  country 
palace,  which  was  occupied  by  Henry  II.,  and  a Cluniac 
abbey  founded  in  1082  by  Alwyn  Childe.  Portions  of  the 
abbey  were  still  standing  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century.  Before  the  Conquest  Bermondsey  belonged  to 
Harold,  and  was  a royal  domain  until  1094,  when  William 
Rufus  gave  it  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Mary.  The  Cluniac 
monkB  of  Bermondsey  were  subject  to  the  abbey  in  Nor- 
mandy from  which  Alwyn  Childe  had  brought  them  until 
the  reign  of  Richard  II.  Population,  125,960,  (1911). 

Bermondsey  Spa  Gardens.  A place  of  enter- 
tainment in  the  time  of  George  II.,  about  2 
miles  from  London  Bridge.  Besant. 

Bermoothes  (ber-mo'THes).  An  old  name  for 
the  Bermudas.  See  Shakspere’s  “Tempest,” 
act  i.,  scene  2. 

Bermuda  Hundred  (ber-mu'da  hun'dred).  A 
locality  on  a bend  of  the  James  River  in  Vir- 
ginia, near  City  Point.  The  peninsula  was  occupied 
by  part  of  the  Federal  army  under  Butler  in  the  summer 
of  1864  as  a base  of  operations.  For  part  of  the  time  the 
troops  were  hemmed  in  within  the  lines  (“bottled  at 
Bermuda  Hundred  ”). 

Bermudas  (ber-mu'dfiz),  or  Bermuda  Islands, 
or  Somers  Islands.  [Formerly  also  Bermoothes; 
from  Sp.  Bermudezi,  the  discoverer.  Bermudas 
came  to  be  regarded  as  a plural  form,  whence 
the  inferred  singular  Bermuda.  They  were 
called  by  the  English,  after  Sir  George  Somers 
or  Summers,  Somers  or  Summers  Islands,  some- 
times Summer  Islands,  as  if  in  allusion  to  the 
semi-tropical  climate.]  A group  of  islands,  a 
British  crown  colony,  in  the  North  Atlantic, 
about  600  miles  east-southeast  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras,  in  lat.  32°  15'  N.,  long.  64°  51'  W. : an 
important  naval  and  strategic  possession.  They 
are  much  visited  as  a health-resort,  and  produce  onions, 
tomatoes,  Easter  lilies,  etc.  The  chief  islands  are  Great 
Bermuda  and  St.  George.  The  capital  is  Hamilton.  The 
islands  were  discovered  by  Juan  Bermudez  about  1522,  and 
settled  by  the  English  in  1611.  They  comprise  about 
360  islets  and  rocks.  Area,  19  square  miles.  Population, 
20,961. 

Bermudas,  The.  A cant  name  given  to  a group 
of  alleys  and  courts  between  the  bottom  of  St. 
Martin’s  Lane,  Half  Moon,  and  Chandos  street, 
in  London,  a resort  and  refuge  of  thieves, 
fraudulent  debtors,  and  prostitutes  in  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries.  Also  called  (later)  the  Streights 
and  the  Caribbee  (corrupted  into  Cribbce)  Islands.  , 

Bermudez  (ber-mo'deth),  or  Bermudas  (ber- 
mo'des),  Geronimo.  Born  in  Galicia  about 
1530:  died  about  1589.  A Spanish  Dominican 
monk  (professor  of  theology  at  Salamanca), 
poet,  and  dramatist.  He  wrote  “Nise  Lastiraosa” 
(1577),  “Nise  Laureada”  (in  both  of  these  “Nise”  is  an 
anagram  of  “Ines”),  etc. 

Bermudez,  Jose  Francisco.  Born  at  San  Jose 
de  Areocoar  Curnand,  Jan.  23,  1782:  assassi- 
nated at  Cumand,  Dec.  15, 1831.  A Venezuelan 
general  in  the  war  for  independence.  He  de- 
fended  Cartagena  against  Morillo  in  1816,  until  forced  by 
famine  to  escape.  In  May,  1820,  be  took  Caracas,  and  on 
Oct.  1(5,  1821,  occupied  Cum  ami  after  a bloody  siege.  lie 
subsequently  commanded  in  Cumana  and  elsewhere. 

Bermudez,  Jose  Manuel.  Born  at  Tarma 
about  1760:  died  at  Lima,  1830.  A Peruvian 
ecclesiastic,  historian,  philologist,  and  orator. 
He  was  vicar  of  Huanuco,  and  after  1803  hold  various 


Bermudez,  Jose  Manuel 

offices  in  the  church  at  Lima:  from  1819  he  was  chancel- 
lor of  the  University  of  San  Marcos.  In  1821  he  was  a 
member  of  the  junta  de  pacification,  appointed  with  the 
hope  of  conciliating  the  revolutionists. 

Bermudez,  Pedro  Pablo.  Born  at  Tacna, 
1798:  died  at  Lima,  1852.  A Peruvian  general. 

In  1833  he  was  Gamarra’s  candidate  for  president,  and, 
Orbegoso  being  elected,  he  joined  Gamarra  in  a revolt 
(.Tan.  4,  1834',,  but  was  defeated  and  driven  into  Bolivia. 
He  then  joined  Santa  Cruz,  and  on  the  formation  of  the 
Peru-Bolivian  confederation  (1836)  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent of  North  Peru. 

Bermudez,  Remijio  Morales.  Born  at  Pica, 
Sept.  30,  1836:  died  at  Lima,  March  31,  1894. 
A Peruvian  soldier  and  statesman.  He  joined  the 
army  in  1864,  serving  under  Castilla  and  Pardo ; was 
commandant  at  Iquitos  on  the  Amazon  (1862),  and  after- 
ward prefect  of  Truxillo.  As  colonel  he  was  present  at 
most  of  the  battles  of  the  war  with  Chile,  1879  to  1881. 
After  the  Chileans  occupied  Lima  he  remained  faithful  to 
the  cause  of  Caceres,  and  when  that  officer  became  presi- 
dent (1886)  Bermudez  was  chosen  first  vice-president : at 
the  end  of  the  term  he  was  elected  president  of  Peru,  and 
inaugurated  Aug.  10,  1890. 

Bern  (hern),  F.  Berne  (bem).  A canton  of 
Switzerland,  capital  Bern,  bounded  by  France 
and  Alsace  on  the  north,  Basel,  Solothurn,  Aar- 
gau,  Lucerne,  Unterwalden,  and  Uri  on  the 
east,  Valais  on  the  south,  and  Vaud,  Fribourg, 
Neuchatel,  and  France  on  the  west.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Jura  and  Alps,  and  contains  the  Bernese 
Oberland  in  the  south.  It  is  the  largest  canton  in  point 
of  population,  and  sends  29  members  to  the  National 
Council.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant,  and  pre- 
vailing language  German.  It  entered  the  Swiss  Confed- 
eration as  the  eighth  canton  in  1353.  Area,  2,667  square 
miles.  Population,  642,215,  (1910). 

Bern,  F.  Berne.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Bern,  and  the  seat  of  government  of  the  Swiss 
Confederation,  situated  on  the  Aare  in  lat.  46° 
57'  N.,  long.  7°  25'  E.  It  has  a picturesque  situa- 
tion and  medieval  appearance.  It  was  made  a free  im- 
perial city  in  1218,  and  became  the  federal  capital  in  1848. 
The  cathedral  of  Bern  is  an  interesting  late-Pointed 
monument  founded  in  1421,  and  well  restored.  The  west 
front  possesses  a massive  tower  over  a large,  triple- 
vaulted  porch,  beneath  which  open  sculptured  portals. 
The  central  door  is  very  beautiful : it  has  two  entrances 
separated  by  a pier  with  statues ; its  large  tympanum 
is  tilled  with  sculptures  of  the  Last  Judgment;  and  it  is 
flanked  by  statues  beneath  rich  canopies.  The  organ  is 
celebrated.  The  Hall  of  the  Federal  Council  is  a large 
modern  building  in  the  style  of  the  Florentine  Renais- 
sance. The  Rathaus  or  town  hall  was  built  in  1406,  and 
has  lately  been  restored.  Its  most  characteristic  feature 
is  the  covered  double  stair  rising  from  each  side  of  the 
fa<;ade  to  an  arcaded  loggia  on  the  level  of  the  second 
story.  Population,  80,095,  (1910). 

Bernadotte  (ber'na-dot;  F.  pron.  ber-na-dot'). 

See  Charles  XIV.,  King  of  Sweden. 

Bernal  Osborne,  Ralph.  Born  March  26, 1808 : 
died  at  Bestwood  Lodge,  England,  June  21, 
1880.  An  English  politician  noted  for  his  wit. 
Bernal  (ber-nal' ),  Peak  of.  A steep  truncated 
cone  which  rises  above  the  outlet  of  the  upper 
Pecos  River  valley  in  central  New  Mexico,  it 
also  bears  the  name  of  “ Starvation  Peak,  ” from  a tradition 
that  several  Spanish  soldiers  were  starved  to  death  on  its 
summit  by  the  Apaches. 

Bernalda  (ber-nal'dal).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Potenza,  Italy,  33  miles  west-southwest 
of  Taranto.  Population,  6,776. 

Bernaldez  ( ber-nal' Deth),  or  Bernal  (ber-nal'), 
Andres.  Born  about  1450:  died,  probably  at 
Los  Palacios,  about  1513.  A Spanish  histo- 
rian. He  took  orders,  was  chaplain  of  the  Archbishop  of 
Seville,  and  from  U88  to  1513  curate  of  the  village  of  Los 
Palacios  near  Seville.  He  was  a friend  of  Columbus,  and 
in  1496  entertained  him  at  his  house.  It  appears  that  the 
admiral  gave  him  much  information,  orally  and  in  writ- 
ing, which  Bernaldez  used  in  his  “ Historia  de  los  Reyes 
Catolicos.”  His  work,  particularly  valuable  with  regard 
to  Columbus  and  his  voyages,  was  long  used  by  historians 
in  manuscript  copies.  It  was  first  printed  at  Granada, 
1856. 

Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo.  See  Diaz  del  Castillo. 
Bernalillo  (ber-na-lel'yo).  A town  situated  on 
the  Rio  Grande  in  central  New  Mexico,  18  miles 
north  of  Albuquerque.  It  is  thought  by  some  to  be  the 
site  of  the  “Tiguex”  of  Coronado’s  time  (1540),  and  there 
were  several  villages  of  the  Tigua  Indians  on  and  about 
the  site,  all  of  which  were  abandoned,  the  people  congre- 
gating, for  protection,  in  a few  larger  pueblos.  Pop.,  in- 
cluding part  of  Sandia  pueblo,  1,000,  (1910). 

Bernard  (ber'nard  or  ber-nard' ; F.  pron.  ber- 
nar'),  Saint.  [L.  Bernardus , F.  Bernard,  Ber- 
nardin,  It.  Bernardo,  Bernardino,  Sp.  Bernardo, 
Bernal,  G.  Bernhard .]  Born  at  Fontaines,  near 
Dijon,  Burgundy,  in  1090:  died  at  Clairvaux, 
Aug.  20, 1153.  A celebrated  French  ecclesiastic. 
He  entered  theCistercian  monastery  of  Citeaux  in  1113,  and 
in  1115  became  abbot  of  Clairvaux,  near  Langres,  which 
post  he  continued  to  fill  until  his  death.  Refusing  all  offers 
of  preferment,  he  nevertheless  exercised  a profound  influ- 
ence on  the  ecclesiastical  politics  of  Europe,  and  was  the 
chief  instrument  in  prevailing  upon  France  and  England  to 
recognize  Innocent  II.  as  pope  in  opposition  to  the  rival 
claimant,  Cardinal  Peter  of  Leon.  He  procured  the  con- 
demnation of  Abelard’s  writings  at  the  Council  of  Sens 
in  1140,  and  preached  the  second  Crusade  1146.  The  best 
edition  of  his  works  is  that  by  Mabillon,  Paris,  1667. 


150 

Bernard  of  Cluny,  or  of  Morlaix.  A French 
Benedictine  monk  of  the  12th  century,  author 
of  a Latin  poem,  “De  Contemptu  Mundi,” 
popularly  known  through  Neale’s  translations, 
“ The  world  is  very  evil,”  “Jerusalem  the  gold- 
en,” “ For  thee,  O dear,  dear  country,”  etc. 
Bernard  of  Treviso.  Born  at  Padua,  Italy, 
1406:  died  1490.  A noted  Italian  alchemist 
who  assumed  the  title  of  Count  of  the  March 
of  Treviso.  After  many  years  of  study  and  experiment, 
he  is  said  to  have  declared  that  the  secret  of  the  philoso- 
pher’s stone  lies  in  the  adage  “ To  make  gold  one  must 
have  gold.  ” He  was  the  author  of  many  alchemical  works. 
Bernard  (ber'nard).  The  sheep  in  “Reynard 
the  Fox.” 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  surnamed  “The  Poor 
Priest.”  Born  at  Dijon,  1588:  died  March  23, 
1640.  A French  monk  who  devoted  his  for- 
tune and  his  life  to  the  service  of  the  poor. 
Bernard  (ber-nar'),  Claude.  Born  at  St.  Ju- 
lien,  Rhone,  France,  July  12, 1813:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  10, 1878.  A distinguished  French  physiolo- 
gist. He  published  "Recherches  sur  les  usages  du  pan- 
creas,” “Reeherches  d’anatomie  et  de  physiologie  compa- 
res sur  les  glandes  salivaires,  etc.,”  “Recherches  sur  les 
fonctions  du  nerf  spinal,  etc.,”  “Mdmoire  sur  le  sue  gas- 
trique  et  son  role  dans  la  digestion,”  etc. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  Edward.  Born  at  Perry  St. 
Paul,  Northamptonshire,  May  2,  1638:  died  at 
Oxford,  Jan.  12, 1697.  An  English  scholar,  Savil- 
ian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford  1673-91. 
Bernard  (ber'nard),  SirFrancis.  Born  1711  (?) : 
died  at  Aylesbury,  England,  June  16,  1779.  A 
British  lawyer  and  politician,  colonial  gover- 
nor of  New  Jersey  1758-60,  and  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  1760-69. 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Nions, 
in  Dauphine,  Sept.  1, 1658 : died  April  27, 1718. 
A French  Protestant  clergyman  and  scholar. 
On  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  he  retired  to 
Holland,  and  founded  at  The  Hague  a school  of  belle- 
lettres,  philosophy,  and  mathematics.  He  continued  the 
publication  of  the  “ Bibliothtque  Universelle”  of  Jean 
Leclere,  and  succeeded  Bayle  as  editor  of  the  “ Rdpub- 
lique  des  Lettres.”  He  wrote  “Recueil  detraitds  de  paix, 
de  treves,  de  neutrality,  . . . et  d’autres  actes  publics 
fails  en  Europe"  (1700),  “Actes  et  m^moires  des  n6go- 
ciations  de  la  paix  de  Ryswick  ’’  (1725),  etc. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  John.  Born  at  Ports- 
mouth, England,  1756:  died  at  Loudon,  1828. 
An  English  actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in 
England  in  1773.  In  1797  he  came  to  America,  where  he 
remained  as  actor  and  manager  till  1819. 

Bernard,  Rosine.  See  Bernhardt,  Sarah. 
Bernard  (ber-nar'),  Simon.  Born  at  Dole, 
France,  April  28,  1779:  died  Nov.  5,  1839.  A 
French  general  and  engineer,  in  the  service  of 
Napoleon  I.,  and  (1816-31)  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  minister  of  war  under  Louis  Philippe  1836-39. 
The  chief  work  executed  by  him  in  the  United  States  is 
Fort  Monroe : he  had  a part  in  other  important  engineer- 
ing works,  notably  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  and  the 
Delaware  Breakwater. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  Mountague.  Born  at  Tib- 
berton  Court,  (Gloucestershire,  Jan.  28,  1820: 
died  at  Overross,  Sept.  2,  1882.  An  English 
lawyer,  professor  of  international  law  at  Ox- 
ford 1859—74.  He  was  one  of  the  high  commissioners 
who  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Washington,  and  was  one  of 
the  counsel  of  the  British  government  at  Geneva. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  William  Bayle.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  27,  1807 : died  at  Brighton, 
England,  Aug.  5,  1875.  An  English  dramatist, 
son  of  John  Bernard.  His  chief  plays  are  “Rip 
Van  Winkle”  (1832),  “The  Nervous  Man”  (1833),  “The 
Boarding  School  ” (1841),  “ The  Round  of  Wrong/’  etc. 

Bernard,  Saint  (Great  and  Little).  See  Saint 
Bernard. 

Bernardin  de  Saint  Pierre  (ber-nar-dan'  do 
san  piar'),  Jacques  Henri.  Born  at  Havre, 
France,  Jan.  19, 1737:  died  at  Eragny-sur-Oise, 
France,  Jan.  21,  1814.  A French  author.  He 
was  an  engineer  in  Russia,  and  in  the  Isle  of  France,  1767- 
1771,  and  settled  in  Paris  in  1771.  His  chief  works  are 
“Voyage  k l’ile  de  France,”  “Etudes  de  la  nature  ” (1784- 
1788),  “ Paul  et  Virginie  ” (1788),  “Lacliaumiere  indienne” 
(1791),  “ Harmonies  de  la  nature  ” (1815). 

Bernardino  (ber-nar-de'no),  Saint,  of  Siena. 
Born  at  Massa  di  Carrara,  Tuscany,  1380  : died 
1444.  AFranciscan  monk, famous  as  a preacher. 
Bernardo  (ber-nar'do).  An  officer  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “Hamlet.”  He,  with  Marcellus,  first 
sees  the  murdered  king’s  ghost. 

Bernardo  del  Carpio  (ber-nar'do  del  kar'pe-o). 
A semi-mythical  Spanish  hero  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury. He  was  a nephew  of  Alfonso  the  Chaste,  fought 
with  great  distinction  against  the  Moors,  and,  according 
to  tradition,  defeated  Roland  at  Roncesvalles.  His  ex- 
ploits are  celebrated  in  many  Spanish  ballads,  and  form 
the  subject  of  several  dramas  by  Lope  de  Vega. 

His  efforts  to  procure  the  release  of  his  father  when 
he  learns  who  his  father  really  is  ; the  false  word  of  the 
king,  who  promises  repeatedly  to  give  up  the  Count  de 
Saldafia,  and  as  often  breaks  his  word ; with  the  despair 
of  Bernardo  and  his  final  rebellion  after  the  count’s  death 


Bernini 

in  prison,  are  all  as  fully  represented  in  the  ballads  as  they 
are  in  the  chronicles,  and  constitute  some  of  the  most  ro- 
mantic and  interesting  portions  of  each. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  123. 

Bernauer  (ber 'nou-er),  Agnes.  Killed  at 
Straubing,  Bavaria,  Oct.  12,  1435.  Iu  German 
legend,  the  daughter  of  an  Augsburg  barber, 
secretly  married  by  Albert,  son  of  Duke  Ernest 
of  Bavaria.  She  was  drowned  as  a witch  by  order  of 
the  enraged  duke.  Her  story  forms  the  subj ect  of  tragedies 
and  poems  by  Ton  ing,  Korner,  Bottger,  Hebbel,  and  Meyr. 

Bernay  (ber-na').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  northern  France,  situated  on  the  Charen- 
tonne  35  miles  southwest  of  Rouen.  It  holds 
an  important  annual  horse-fair.  Population, 
commune,  8,115. 

Bernburg  (bem'boro).  A town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  44  miles  northwest  of  Leipsic,  for- 
merly the  capital  of  Anhalt.  It  has  a castle  and 
Gothic  church.  Population,  34,929. 

Berne,  See  Bern. 

Berne-Bellecour  (bern-bel-kor'),  Etienne 
Prosper.  Born  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France, 
June  29,  1838:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1910.  A 
French  painter,  especially  of  military  subjects. 

Berners,  Baron.  See  Bourehier,  John. 

Berners  (ber'nerz),  or  Bernes  (bernz),  or 
Barnes  (barnz),  Juliana.  Born  about  1388. 
An  English  lady,  said  to  have  been  a prioress 
of  Sopwell  Nunnery,  near  St.  Albans,  and  re- 
puted author  of  the  “Boke  of  St.  Albans” 
(printed  1486,  1496),  a rimed  treatise  on  hunt- 
ing. See  Book  of  St.  Albans. 

Bernese  Oberland  (ber-nes'  or  ber-nez'  o'ber- 
land),  G.  Berner  Oberland  (ber'ner  o'ber- 
land).  A mountainous  region  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  famous 
for  its  picturesque  scenery,  it  contains  such  tour- 
ist centers  as  Interlaken,  Grindelwald,  and  Meiringen,  and 
the  Jungfrau,  Finsteraarhorn,  etc. 

Bernetti  (ber-net'te),  Tommaso.  Bom  at 
Fermo,  Italy,  Dec.  29,  1779:  died  at  Fermo, 
March  21, 1852.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  papal 
statesman,  secretary  of  state  1828-36. 

Bernhard  (bern'hart),  Carl  (the  pseudonym 
of  Andreas  Nicolai  de  St.  Aubin).  Born 
Nov.  18,  1798:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Nov.  25, 
1865.  A Danish  novelist,  author  of  “A  Year 
in  Copenhagen”  (1835),  etc. 

Bernhard,  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar.  Bom  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Aug.  16,  1604:  died  at  Neu- 
enbui’g  on  the  Rhine,  July  18, 1639.  A German 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Liitzen  in  1632, 
commanded  a Swedish  army  in  1633,  was  defeated  at  Nord- 
iingen  in  1634,  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  Rheinfelden  in 

★1638,  and  captured  Breisach  in  1638. 

Bernhardt  (bern'hart),  Sarah  (Rosine  Ber- 
nard). Born  at  Paris^  Oct.  23,  1845.  A not- 
ed French  actress,  of  newish  descent  on  her 
mother’s  side.  She  is  celebrated  in  roles  requiring 
great  nervous  tension  and  bursts  of  passion,  as  “Fedora,” 
“Froufrou,"  “Theodora,”  “La  Tosea,”  etc.  “She  ap- 
peared at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  in  1862,  but  had  little  suc- 
cess. Afterward,  at  the  Od£on,  she  played  Zanetto  in  * Le 
Passant’  of  Copp^e,  and  the  queen  in  ‘Ruy  Bias,’  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Fran^ais,  where  she  had  a very  brilliant 
career,  leaving  the  company  some  fifteen  years  ago  for  a 
still  more  brilliant  one  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe.  She 
studied  sculpture  and  painting,  and  has  exhibited  works 
in  both  arts.”  ( F . Sarcey,  Recollections  of  Middle  Life.) 
In  1882  she  married  M.Damala,a  Greek,  an  actor  in  her  com- 
pany, from  whom  she  has  been  divorced  (he  is  since  dead). 

Berni  (ber'ne),  or  Berna  (ber'na),  or  Bernia 
(ber'ne-a),  Francesco.  BornatLamporecchio, 
in  Tuscany,  about  1498 : died  at  Florence,  May 
26,  1535.  An  Italian  poet,  author  of  “ Rime 
burlesche,”  and  a rifacimento  of  the  “ Orlando 
Innamorato”  by  Boiardo  (1541).  His  poetry  is 
marked  by  a “light  and  elegant  mockery,”  for  which  his 
name  has  furnished  a descriptive  adjective  — bemesque. 

Bernier  (bem-ya/),  Franpois.  Bom  in  Angers, 
France:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  22,  1688.  A 
French  physician,  philosophical  writer,  and 
traveler  in  the  East  (Syria,  Egypt,  India),  court 
physician  to  Aurung-Zebe.  He  was  the  author  of 
“ Voyages  de  Bernier  ” (1699),  “ AhrCge  de  la  philosopliie 
de  Gassendi  ” (1678  : enlarged  1684),  etc. 

Bernina  (ber-ne'na)  Mountains.  A group  of 
the  Alps  in  the  southern  part  of  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland. 

Bernina  Pass.  A carriage-road  over  the  Alps, 
leading  from  Samaden  in  the  Engadine  to  Ti- 
rano  in  the  Valtellina,  Italy.  Height,  7,658  feet. 

Bernina,  Piz.  The  central  peak  of  the  Ber- 
nina group  of  the  Alps,  south  of  Pontresina, 
near  the  Italian  frontier.  Height,  13,295  feet. 

Bernini  (ber-ne'ne),  Giovanni  Lorenzo.  Born 
at  Naples,  Dee.  7,  1598:  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  28, 
1680.  An  Italian  architect,  sculptor,  and 
painter,  patronized  particularly  by  Urban  VIII. 
and  Louis  XFV.  On  the  death  of  Carlo  Moderno,  he 
was  appointed  architect  of  St.  Peter’s,  with  Boromini  as 
his  assistant.  In  1665  he  visited  France  at  the  request  of 


Bernini 

Louie  XI V.  and  Colbert,  and  made  designs  for  the  east  front 
of  the  Louvre.  Construction  was  begun  but  abandoned. 
(See  Louvre  and  Perrault.)  He  made  the  V ersailles  bust  of 
Louis  XIV.  In  the  pontificate  of  Clement  IX  he  com- 
pleted the  southern  porch  of  the  cortile  of  St.  Peter's 
and  the  parapet  and  statues  of  the  bridge  of  St.  Angelo. 
Under  Clement  X.  he  was  made  architect  to  the  palace 
of  the  Quirinal. 

Bernis  (ber-nes'),  Francois  Joachim  de 

Pierre  de.  Born  at  St.  Marcel,  Ardeche, 
France,  May  22,  1715 : died  at  Borne,  Nov.  2, 
1794.  A French  cardinal,  statesman,  diplo- 
matist, and  poet.  He  was  foreign  minister 
1757-58,  and  was  exiled  1758-64. 

Bernoulli  (ber-no-lye'),  or  Bernouilli,  Chris- 
tophe.  Born  at  Basel,  May  15, 1782 : died  Feb. 
6,  1863.  A noted  technologist,  grandnephew 
of  Daniel  Bernoulli  (1700-82).  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history  in  the  University  of 
Basel  1817-61. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Daniel.  Born  at 
Groningen,  Jan.  29,  1700:  died  at  Basel,  March 
17, 1782.  A noted  mathematician  and  physicist, 
son  of  Jean  Bernoulli  (1667-1748).  He  became 
professor  of  anatomy  and  botany  in  the  University  of 
Basel  in  1733,  and  professor  of  physics  in  1750.  His  chief 
work  is  a treatise  on  hydrodynamics. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Jacques.  Born  at 
Basel,  Dec.  27,  1654:  died  there,  Aug.  16,  1705. 
A noted  mathematician,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  University  of  Basel  1687-1705. 
He  improved  the  differential  calculus  invented  by  Leib- 
nitz and  Newton,  solved  the  isoperimetrical  problem,  and 
discovered  the  properties  of  the  logarithmic  spiral. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Jean.  Born  at  Basel, 
July  27, 1667 : died  there,  Jan.  1, 1748.  A math- 
ematician and  physicist,  brother  of  Jacques 
Bernoulli.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Groningen  in  1695,  and  in  the  University  of  Basel  in  1705. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Jean.  Born  at  Basel, 
May  18,  1710:  died  there,  July  17,  1790.  A 
jurist  and  mathematician,  son  of  Jean  Ber- 
noulli. He  was  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Basel 
1743-48,  and  later  of  mathematics. 

Bernstorff  (berns'torf),  Count  Andreas  Pe- 
ter von.  Born  at  Gartow,  near  Liineburg, 
Germany,  Aug.  28,  1735:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
June  21,  1797.  A Danish  statesman,  nephew 
of  Johann  Hartwig  Ernst  von  Bernstorff,  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1772-80  and  1784—97. 
Bernstorff,  Count  Johann  Hartwig  Ernst 
von.  Bom  at  Hannover,  Germany,  May  13, 
1712:  died  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  18,  1772.  A Dan- 
ish statesman,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1751- 
1770 : called  by  Frederick  the  Great  “ the  Oracle 
of  Denmark.” 

Berodach  Baladan.  See  Merodach-bdladan. 
Berosus  (be-ro'sus).  Lived  in  the  first  part  of 
the  3d  century  B.  C.  A Babylonian  priest  and 
historian,  author  of  a history  of  Babylonia  (in 
Greek),  fragments  of  which  have  been  pre- 
served by  later  writers.  “ He  was  a priest  of  the 
temple  of  Bel  at  Babylon,  and  is  said  by  Eusebius  and  Ta- 
tian  to  have  been  a contemporary  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
and  to  have  lived  into  the  reign  of  Antiokhos  Sdtdr.  He 
had,  therefore,  special  opportunities  of  knowing  the  his- 
tory and  astronomy  of  his  country,  upon  which  he  wrote 
in  Greek.  Recent  discoveries  have  abundantly  established 
the  trustworthiness  of  this  Manetho  of  Babylonia,  whose 
works,  unfortunately,  are  known  to  us  only  through  quo- 
tations at  second  and  third  hand.  Since  a cylinder  of 
Antiokhos,  the  son  of  Seleukos,  has  been  found  inscribed 
in  Babylonian  cuneiform,  while  bilingual  fragments  in 
cuneiform  and  cursive  Greek  of  the  Seleukid  age  have  also 
been  discovered,  and  a contract  tablet  in  Babylonian 
cuneiform,  dated  in  the  fifth  year  of  the  Parthian  king 
Pakoros,  the  contemporary  of  Domitian,  exists  in  the 
museum  of  Zurich,  there  is  no  reason  why  Bt-rosos  should 
not  have  been  equally  well  acquainted  with  both  the 
Greek  language  and  the  old  literature  of  his  native  coun- 
try. And  in  spite  of  the  fragmentary  and  corrupt  state 
in  which  his  fragments  have  come  down  to  us,  we  now 
know  that  he  was  so.  His  account  of  the  Deluge,  for  in- 
stance, agrees  even  in  its  details  with  that  of  the  cunei- 
form texts.’’  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  101). 

Berquin  (ber-kan'),  Arnaud.  Born  at  Lan- 
goiran,  near  Bordeaux,  1749:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  21,  1791.  A French  man  of  letters,  es- 
pecially noted  as  a writer  of  juveniles  : sur- 
named  “the  Friend  of  Children.”  He  wrote 
“ L’Ami  des  enfants  " (24  vols.,  1 782-83),  “ Le  petit  Grandi- 
son  ” (1807),  etc. 

Berredo  e Castro  (ber-ra'do  e kash'tro),  Ber- 
nardo Pereira  de.  Born  at  Serpa,  Alemtejo, 
about  1688:  died  at  Lisbon,  March  13, 1748.  A 
Portuguese  soldier,  statesman,  and  historian. 
From  1718  to  1722  he  was  governor  of  Maranhao,  then 
embracing  all  of  northern  Brazil ; later  he  was  captain- 
general  of  Mazagao,  in  Africa.  His  “Annaes  historicos 
do  ' ’ado  de  Maranhao  ” (Lisbon,  1749  ; 2d  ed.  Maranhao, 
1349)  is  a principal  source  of  historical  information  for 
that  part  of  BrazD. 

Berri.  See  Berry. 

Berrien  (ber'i-en),  John  Macpheraon.  Born 
in  New  Jersey,  Aug.  23,  1781:  died  at  Savan- 


151 

nah,  Ga.,  Jan.  1,  1856.  An  American  lawyer 
and  politician,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States  1829-31,  and  United  States  senator  from 
Georgia  1825-29,  1841-52. 

Berro  (bar'ro),  Bernardo  Prudencio.  Born 
at  Montevideo  about  1800:  died  there,  April, 
1868.  An  Uruguayan  politician  and  journalist 
(editor  of  “ La  Fusion  ”).  In  1852  he  was  president 
of  the  Senate  and  vice-president;  minister  of  govern- 
ment under  Gird  until  the  revolution  of  Sept.,  1853; 
again  president  of  the  Senate  1858  ; and  president  of  Uru- 
guay 1860  to  1864.  The  revolution  of  Flores,  begun  dur- 
ing his  term,  was  successful  soon  after  its  end.  In  1868 
Berro  headed  a revolt  against  Flores,  was  imprisoned,  and 
during  the  disorders  that  followed  was  shot  through  the 
window  of  his  cell. 

Berry,  or  Berri  (ber'i ; F.  pron.  be-re').  An 
ancient  government  of  central  France : the  an- 
cient Biturica,  the  land  of  the  Gallic  Bituriges. 
It  was  bounded  by  Orldanais  on  the  north,  Nivernais  on  the 
east,  Bourbonnais  on  the  southeast,  Marche  on  the  south, 
Poitou  on  the  west,  and  Touraine  on  the  northwest,  and 
is  chiefly  included  in  the  departments  of  Indre  and  Cher. 
It  was  formerly  a county  and  duchy,  and  was  frequently 
an  appanage  of  the  king's  younger  son.  It  was  united  to 
the  crown  in  1465  and  again,  definitely,  in  1601. 

Berry,  Duchesse  de  (Princess  Caroline  Fer- 
dinande  Louise  of  Naples).  Born  Nov.  5, 1798: 
died  April  17, 1870.  Wife  of  Charles  Ferdinand, 
due  de  Berry,  and  mother  of  the  Comte  de  Cham- 
bord.  She  promoted  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
at  revolution  in  favor  of  her  son  in  1832. 
Berry,  Charles,  Due  de.  Born  Dec.  28,  1446: 
died  May  24  (28  ?),  1472.  The  second  son  of 
Charles  VII.  and  Marie  of  Anjou,  duke  of  Berry, 
Normandy,  and  Guienne. 

Berry,  Charles,  Due  de.  Bom  Aug.  31, 1686 : 
died  at  Marly,  May  4,  1714.  The  third  son  of 
Louis,  the  Grand  Dauphin,  selected  as  successor 
to  the  Spanish  throne  in  case  the  Duke  of  An- 
jou, named  his  successor  by  Charles  II.,  should 
become  king  of  France. 

Berry,  Charles  Ferdinand,  Due  de.  Born  at 
Versailles,  Jan.  24, 1778 : assassinated  at  Paris, 
Feb.  13,  1820.  The  second  son  of  the  Comte 
d’Artois  (later  Charles  X.  of  France),  a.  1 father 
of  the  Comte  de  Chambord.  He  emigrated  during 
the  Revolution,  and  served  in  the  army  of  Condd  and  later 
in  that  of  Russia.  He  went  to  England  in  1801,  and  there 
married  a wife  whom  he  afterward  repudiated,  again 
marrying  on  his  return  to  France.  His  second  wife  was 
the  Princess  Caroline  of  Naples. 

Berry  (ber'i),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Rnoweston, 
Devonshire,  1635 : died  at  Portsmouth,  England, 
about  1690.  An  English  naval  officer.  He  en- 
tered the  merchant  service,  passed  to  the  royal  navy  in 
1663,  and  attained  the  rank  of  vice-admiral.  In  1667  he  de- 
feated the  French  and  Dutch  fleet  off  Nevis,  West  Indies. 
In  1682  he  commanded  the  Gloucester,  which  was  wrecked 
with  the  Duke  of  York  and  train  on  board : the  duke  es- 
caped, and  Berry  was  relieved  from  aH  blame. 

Berry,  Marie  Louise  Elisabeth  d’Orleans, 
Duchesse  de.  Born  Aug.  20,  1695 : died  July 
21, 1719.  The  eldest  daughter  of  Philippe  d’Or- 
leans and  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Berry,  the  grand- 
son of  Louis  XIV. : notorious  for  her  profligacy. 
Berry  (ber'i),  Mary.  Bom  at  Kirkbridge, 
Yorkshire, March  16, 1763:  diedat  London,  Nov. 
20,  1852.  An  English  authoress.  She  and  her  sis- 
ter Agnes  (1764-1852)  were  the  friends,  and  she  was  lit- 
erary executor,  of  Horace  Walpole.  Her  chief  work  is 
“Eugland  and  France,  a Comparative  View  of  the  Social 
Condition  of  both  Countries  ” (1844),  originally  published 
in  two  volumes  : the  first  (1828)  entitled  “ A Comparative 
View  of  the  Social  Life  of  England  and  France,  etc.,"  and 
the  second  (1831)  entitled  “ Social  Life  in  England  and 
France,  etc.” 

Berry,  William.  Born  1774:  died  at  Brixton, 
July  2,  1851.  An  English  genealogist.  He  pub- 
lished “Introduction  to  Heraldry ’’  (1810),  “Genealogia 
Antiqua,  etc."(1816),  “ Encyclopedia Heraldica,  etc.”(1828- 
1840),  etc. 

Berryer  (ber-ya'),  Pierre  Antoine.  Bom  at 

Paris,  Jan.  4,  1790:  died  Nov.  29,  1868.  A 
French  advocate  and  political  orator,  a leader 
of  the  legitimist  party. 

Berseamite.  See  Montagnais. 

Bert  (bar),  Paul.  Born  at  Auxerre,  Yonne, 
France,  Oct.  17, 1833:  diedatKeteho,  Tonquin, 
Nov.  11,  1886.  A French  physiologist  and  poli- 
tician, minister  of  public  instruction  and  wor- 
ship in  Gambetta’s  cabinet  1881-82.  He  was  gov- 
ernor-resident of  Tonquin  in  1886.  He  wrote  “Revue 
des  travaux  d’anatomie  et  de  physiologie,  1864”  (1866), 
“Notes  d analomie  et  de  physiologie  compares,”  etc. 
Berta  (bar'ta).  An  African  tribe  inhabiting 
the  lowland  beneath  the  western  flank  of  the 
Abyssinian  plateau.  They  seem  to  be  neither  entirely 
Hamitic  nor  Nigritic.  Their  language  has  been  included, 
by  Dr.  Cust,  in  the  Nuba-Fulah  group. 

Bertaut  (ber-to'),  Jean.  Born  at  Caen,  1570: 
died  June  8,  1611.  A French  ecclesiastic  and 
poet,  secretary  to  the  king,  bishop  of  S6ez, 
and  almoner  to  Marie  de  Mddieis. 

Bertha  (bOr'tha),  or  Berthrada.  [It.  Sp.  Berta, 


Bertinoro 

F.  Berthe.']  The  daughter  of  Caribert,  count 
of  Laon:  called  “Bertha  with  the  large  foot” 
(F.  Berthe  aw  grand  pied),  from  the  fact  that 
one  of  her  feet  was  larger  than  the  other,  she 
was  the  wife  of  Pepin  the  Little  and  the  mother  of  Charles 
the  Great,  and  died  at  Choisy  in  783  at  a great  age.  She 
has  been  celebrated  by  poems  and  legends  during  many 
centuries.  Some  romances  have  made  her  the  daughter 
of  an  emperor  of  Constantinople;  others  make  her  de- 
scend from  Flore,  the  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  queen 
Blanche-Fleur.  One,  by  Adenfes  le  Roi,  is  rimed,  and  was 
written  in  the  second  half  of  the  13th  century  from  popu- 
lar legends  which  go  back  to  the  8th  century. 

Bertha  (known  as  Gertrude).  The  daughter 
of  the  Duke  of  Brabant  in  “The  Beggar’s 
★Bush,”  a comedy  by  Fletcher  and  others. 
Berthelot  (bert-lo ' ) , Pierre  Eugene  Mar  cellin. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  25, 1827:  died  there,  March 
18,  1907.  A noted  French  chemist. 

Berthier  (ber-tia'),  Alexandre,  Duke  of  Neu- 
chatel  and  Valangin  and  Prince  of  Wagram. 
Born  at  Versailles,  Nov.  20,  1753:  died  at  Bam- 
berg, Bavaria,  June  1,  1815.  A marshal  of  the 
French  empire,  and  confidential  friend  of  Na- 
poleon I.  His  “ Memoires  ” were  published  in 
1826. 

Berthold  (ber'told).  Died  1198.  “The  Apostle 
of  Livonia.”  While  abbot  of  the  Cistercian  monastery 
of  Loccum  he  was  (1196)  consecrated  bishop  of  the  Livoni- 
ans, to  succeed  Meinhard,  the  first  missionary  in  Livonia. 
He  raised  an  army  in  Lower  Germany  for  the  purpose  of 
converting  the  heathen  by  force  of  arms,  and  was  killed 
in  battle  near  the  mouth  of  the  Diina. 

Berthold  of  Ratisbon.  Born  at  Ratisbon  (?) 
about  1220:  died  at  Ratisbon,  Dec.  13, 1272.  A 
German  Franciscan  preacher  and  missionary 
in  Austria,  Moravia,  Thuringia,  and  elsewhere. 
Berthollet  (ber-to-la'),  Claude  Louis,  Comte. 
Born  at  Talloire,  in  Savoy,  Dec.  9,  1748:  died 
near  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1822.  A noted  French  chem- 
ist, professor  in  the  Normal  School  at  Paris.  He 
joined  Napoleon's  Egyptian  expedition,  returning  in  17,99. 
His  works  include  “Essai  de  statique  chimique,”  “ Ele- 
ments de  l’art  de  la  teinture,”  “ Methode  de  nomencla- 
ture chimique,"  etc. 

Berthoud  (ber-to'),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Neu- 
chatel,  March  19,  1725 : died  June  20, 1807.  A 
Swiss  mechanician,  famous  for  the  accuracy  of 
his  chronometers.  He  was  the  author  of  “Essai  sur 
l’horlogerie  ” (1765),  “Traitd  des  horloges  marines  ” (1773), 
“Longitudes  par  la  mesure  du  temps,  etc.”  (1775),  etc. 

Bertie  (ber'ti),  Peregrine,  Lord  Willoughby 
de  Eresby.  Bom  at  Lower  Wesel,  Cleves, 
Oct.  12,  1555:  died  June  25,  1601.  A noted 
English  soldier  and  statesman.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Low  Countries  1586-89,  was  appointed 
Sir  Philip  Sidney's  successor  as  governor  of  Bergen-op- 
Zoom  in  March,  1586,  and  succeeded  Leicester  as  eom- 
mander-in-chief  in  Nov.,  1587.  Later  he  served  under 
Henry  of  Navarre. 

Bertie,  Willoughby,  fourth  Earl  of  Abingdon. 
Born  Jan.  16,  1740:  died  Sept.  26,  1799.  An 
English  liberal  statesman  and  political  writer. 
He  opposed  the  war  with  America  1775-83,  and  the  policy 
which  led  to  it,  and  sympathized  with  the  French  Revo- 
lution. He  wrote  “Thoughts  on  Mr.  Burke's  Letter  to  the 
^.Sheriffs  of  Bristol  on  the  Affairs  of  America  ” (1777),  etc. 

Bertillon  (ber-te-yon')..  Alphonse.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  22,  1853.  An  anthropologist,  chief 
of  the  department  of  identification  in  the  Pre- 
fecture of  Police  of  the  Seine.  He  devised  a 
method  of  identifying  criminals  by  means  of  measure- 
ments. He  has  written  “ l’Anthropomttrie  judiciaire  ” 
(1890),  “Identification  anthropombtrique ” (1893),  etc. 

Bertin  (ber-tan'),  Edouard  Francois.  Born 
at  Paris,  1797 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  13,  1871. 
A French  journalist  and  artist.  He  succeeded  his 
brother,  Louis  Marie  Armand  Bertin,  in  the  editorship  of 
the  “Journal  des  Debats.” 

Bertin,  Louis  Francois.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
14, 1766 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  13, 1841.  A French 
journalist,  founder  in  1800,  with  his  brother, 
Louis  Francois  Bertin  de  Veaux  (1771-1842),  of 
the  “Journal  des  Ddbats,”  changed  by  Napo- 
leon I.  (1805-14)  into  the  “Journal  del’Empire.” 
Bertin,  Louis  Marie  Armand.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Aug.  22,  1801:  died  Jan.  11,  1854.  A French 
journalist,  successor  of  his  father,  Louis  Fran- 
cois Bertin,  in  the  editorship  of  the  “Journal 
des  Ddbats.” 

Bertin,  Louise  Angdlique.  Born  near  Bievres, 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Jan.  15,  1805:  died  at 
Paris,  April  26,  1877.  A French  singer  and 
composer,  daughter  of  Louis  Francois  Bertin. 
She  composed  the  operas  “Le  Loup  Garou”  (1827), 
“ Faust  ” (1831),  “ La  Esmeralda  " (1836). 

Bertini  (ber-te-ne'),  Henri.  Born  at  London, 
Oct.  28,  1798:  died  near  Grenoble,  France,  Oct. 
1,  1876.  A French  pianist  and  composer  for 
the  pianoforte. 

Bertinoro  (ber-te-no'ro).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Forli,  Emilia,  Italy,  situated  18 
miles  south  of  Ravonna:  famous  for  its  wines. 


Bertoldo 

Bertoldo  (ber-tol'do).  The  hero  of  an  Italian 
comic  romance  written  near  the  end  of  the 
16th  century  by  Julio  Cesare  Croce,  surnamed 
“Della  Lyra.”  Its  popularity  was  very  great 
and  long  continued. 

Bertonio  (ber-to'ne-o),  Ludovico.  Born  at 
Fermo,  1555 : died,  probably  at  Lima,  Peru, 
Aug.  3,  1628.  An  Italian  Jesuit  missionary. 
He  joined  the  order  in  1675,  was  sent  to  Peru  in  1581,  and 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  laboring  among  the  In- 
dians, principally  the  Collas  or  AymarAs  of  Upper  Peru. 
Bertonio  left  several  works  on  the  Aymari  language,  which 
he  first  reduced  to  writing. 

Bertram  (ber'tram).  [G.  Bertram.,  F.  Ber- 
trand, It.  Bcrtrando,  Sp.  Beltran,  Pg.  Bcrtrao.'] 
1.  The  Count  of  Rousillon  in  Shakspere’s 
“All ’s  Well  that  Ends  Well.”  See  Helena. — 2. 
The  aged  minstrel  who  is  the  companion  and 
protector  of  Lady  Augusta  de  Berkely  m Scott’s 
novel  “Castle  Dangerous.” — 3.  A tragedy  by 
the  Rev.  R.  C.  Maturin,  produced  in  1816.  The 
character  of  Bertram  is  the  incarnation  of  revenge,  wild 
love,  and  pathos.  Kean  created  the  part. 

Bertram,  Godfrey.  The  Laird  of  Ellangowan 
in  Scott’s  novel  “Guy  Mannering”:  a man  of 
weak  character,  anxious  for  political  prefer- 
ment, plundered  and  ruined  by  Glossin. 

Bertram,  Harry.  The  son  of  Godfrey  in  Scott’s 
novel  “Guy  Mannering”:  one  of  the  principal 
characters,  and  the  lover  of  Julia  Mannering. 

Bertram,  Lucy.  The  daughter  of  Godfrey  Ber- 
tram in  Scott’s  “Guy  Mannering.” 

Bertran.  See  Bertrand. 

Bertrand  (ber-troh'),  Count  Henri  Gratien. 
Born  at  Chateauroux,  Indre,  France,  March  28, 
1773:  died  at  Chateauroux,  Jan.  31,  1844.  A 
French  general,  a companion  of  Napoleon  I. 
at  Elba  and  St.  Helena.  He  served  with  distinction 
at  Austerlitz,  Spaudau,  Friedland,  in  the  campaign  of 
Wagram,  in  Russia,  at  Leipsic,  and  at  Waterloo.  He  suc- 
ceeded Duroc  as  grand  marshal  of  the  palace.  After  his 
death  his  sons  published  “Les  campagnes  d'Egypte  et  de 
Syrie,  mdmoires  pour  servir  h l’histoire  de  Napoleon, 
dictCs  par  lui-meme,  A Sainte-Hdkne,  au  gdnCral  Ber- 
trand " (1847). 

Bertrand,  Louis  Jacques  Napoleon  Aloisius. 

Born  at  Ceva,  in  Piedmont,  April  20,1807 : died 
at  Paris,  May,  1841.  A French  poet  and  jour- 
nalist, author  of  a posthumous  work,  “Fan- 
taisies  a la  manibre  de  Rembrandt  et  de  Cal- 
lot”  (1842). 

Louis  Bertrand,  a poet  possessed  of  the  rarest  faculty, 
but  unfortunately  doomed  to  misfortune  and  premature 
death.  Born  at  Cdva  in  Piedmont,  in  1807,  and  brought 
up  at  Dijon,  he  came  to  Paris,  found  there  but  scanty 
encouragement,  and  died  in  a hospital  in  1841.  His  only 
work  of  any  importance,  “Gaspard  de  la  Nuit,”  a series  of 
prose  ballads  arranged  in  verses  something  like  those  of 
the  English  translation  of  the  Bible,  and  testifying  to  the 
most  delicate  sense  of  rhythm  and  the  most  exquisite 
power  of  poetical  suggestion,  did  not  appear  until  after 
his  death.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  546. 

Bertrand  de  Born.  See  Born,  Bertrand  de. 

Bertrand  de  Goth  or  Got.  See  Clement  V. 

Bertrand  du  Guesclin.  See  Du  Guesclin. 

Bertuccio  (ber-to 'cho).  A deformed  court 
jester  in  Tom  Taylor’s  tragedy  “The  Fool’s 
Revenge.”  His  gratified  revenge  on  the  duke  culmi- 
nates in  the  terrible  conviction  that  through  a mistake  he 
has  compassed  the  abduction  and  dishonor  of  his  own 
child  instead  of  that  of  the  wife  of  his  enemy.  His  hys- 
terical efforts  to  play  the  fool,  when  maddened  with  agony, 
in  order  to  gain  admittance  to  the  banquet-room  into 
which  his  daughter  has  been  carried,  form  a powerfully 
dramatic  scene. 

Bertulphe.  A peasant  who  by  his  own  energy 
rose  to  be  the  Provost  of  Bruges,  in  G.  W.  Lov- 
ell’s play  of  that  name.  He  is  reduced  to  the  con- 
dition of  a serf  by  an  extraordinary  decree,  as  he  had  never 
been  actually  manumitted.  He  rises,  slays  the  earl,  the 
author  of  the  law,  and  kills  himself.  Macready  was  very 
successful  in  the  part, 

Berwick  (ber'ik),  or  Berwick-on-Tweed. 

[Formerly  Aberwick.J  A seaport  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  long  regarded  as  neutral 
between  Scotland  and  England,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tweed.  It  was  frequently  an  object  of  dispute 
between  the  countries.  It  has  remains  of  the  old  walls. 
Population,  13,437. 

Berwick,  Duke  of.  See  Fitz-James,  James. 

Berwick  (bbr'wik),  Miss  Mary.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Miss  Adelaide  Anne  Procter  in  “Le- 
gends and  Lyrics”  (1858). 

Berwickshire  (ber'ik -shir),  or  Berwick.  A 
county  in  southeastern  Scotland,  lying  between 
Haddington  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on 
the  northeast,  Berwick  Bounds  and  Northum- 
berland on  the  southeast,  Roxburgh  on  the 
south,  and  Edinburgh  on  the  west.  Its  divisions 
are  the  Merse,  Lammermuir,  and  Lauderdale.  Its  agricul- 
ture  is  important.  Area,  457  square  miles.  Population 
(civil  county),  30,816. 

Beryn,  History  of.  A Middle  English  poem 
formerly  ascribed(by  Urry)  to  Chauceras  “ The 


152 

Merchant’s  Second  Tale,”  but  now  rejected. 
The  author  is  unknown. 

Berytus.  See  Beirut. 

Berzelius  (ber-ze'li-us;  Sw.  pron.  ber-zil'e-os), 
Johan  Jacob,  Baron.  Born  at  Westerlosa, 
near  Linkoping,  Ostergotland,  Sweden,  Aug. 
29,  1779:  died  at  Stockholm,  Aug.  7, 1848.  A 
celebrated  Swedish  chemist.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  medicine  and  pharmacy  at  Stockholm  1807 ; 
became  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Stockholm  1818 ; was  created  a baron  1835 ; and  became 
a royal  councilor  1838.  He  introduced  a new  nomencla- 
ture of  chemistry;  discovered  selenium,  thorium,  and  ce- 
rium ; first  exhibited  calcium,  barium,  strontium,  colum- 
bium,  or  tantalum,  silicium,  and  zirconium  as  elements  ; 
was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  electro-chemical  theory  ; 
and  contributed  much  toward  the  perfection  of  the  atomic 
theory  after  Dalton.  His  most  important  work  is  “Lare- 
bok  i Kemien  " (1808-28),  which  has  been  translated  into 
every  European  language. 

Besangon  (be-zon-soh/).  [LL.  Besantio(n-), 
Besontio(n-),  L.  Vesontio(n-), from  a tribe  name 
Besontii.\  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Doubs,  France,  situated  on  a peninsula  nearly 
surrounded  by  the  Doubs,  in  lat.  47°  14'  N., 
long.  6°  1'  E.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and 
the  seat  of  au  artillery  school.  It  is  the  chief  place 
in  France  for  the  manufacture  of  watches.  It  contains 
the  cathedral,  archbishop's  palace,  Palais  Granvella,  li- 
brary, museum,  citadel,  the  triumphal  arch  Porte  de  Mars, 
and  other  Roman  antiquities.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
Granvella,  Pajol,  Moncey,  ISodier,  and  Victor  Hugo.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  Sequani,  and  under  the  Romans 
the  capital  of  Maxima  Sequanorum.  From  1184  to  1648  it 
was  a free  imperial  city,  and  later  the  capital  of  Franche- 
Comtd.  In  1648  it  was  ceded  to  Spain,  and  to  France  in 
1679.  It  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Austrians  in 
1814,  and  was  the  base  of  Bourbaki’s  operations  1870-71.. 
Population,  commune,  56,168. 

Besant  (be-zant'),  Sir  Walter.  Bom  Aug.  14, 
1836 : died  June  9,  1901.  An  English  novelist, 
knighted  in  1895.  He  was  appointed  professor  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Mauritius,  but  returned  to  England  on 
account  of  ill  health.  From  1871  to  1882  he  wrote  in 
collaboration  with  James  Rice.  Since  the  death  of  the 
latter  he  has  written  many  novels  and  short  stories.  It 
was  due  to  “All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men”  (1882) that 
the  People’s  Palace  in  the  East  End  of  London  was  built. 

Besborodko  (bes-bo-rod'ko),  Prince  Alexan- 
der Andreyevitch.  Born  at  Stolnoi,  Little 
Russia,  March  25, 1747 : died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Aug.  9,  1799.  A Russian  statesman,  made  sec- 
retary of  foreign  affairs  in  1780,  and  imperial 
chancellor  in  1796. 

Bescherelle  (bcsh-rel'),  Louis  Nicolas.  Born 

at  Paris,  June  10, 1802 : died  at  Auteuil,  Feb.  4, 
1883.  A French  grammarian,  lexicographer, 
and  librarian.  His  works  include  “Grammaire  na- 
tionale"  (1834-38),  “ Dictionnaire  national”  (1843-46), 
“Les  classiques  et  les  romantiques”  (1838:  with  Ch. 
Martin),  “La  grammaire  de  l’Acaddmie”  (1825 : with  La- 
motte),  etc. 

Besika  Bay  (bes'i-ka,  ba).  A small  bay  on  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  near  the 
entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles. 

Beskow  (bes'kov),  Bernhard  von.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  April  19,  1796  : died  at  Stockholm, 
Oct.  17,  1868.  A Swedish  dramatist  and  poet. 
His  chief  dramas  are  “Erik  den  Fjortonde”  (1827-28), 
“Torkel  Knutsson,”  “Birger  och  hans  Att,”  “Gustav 
Adolf  i Tyskland  ’’  (1838). 

Bess  (bes),  or  Bessee  (be-se'),  the  Blind  Beg- 
gar’s daughter  of  Bethnal  Green.  The  subject 
of  a favorite  popular  ballad,  and  introduced 
by  Chettle  and  Day,  and  Sheridan  Knowles,  in 
their  plays  “The  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green.” 
Bess,  Good  Queen.  A popular  epithet  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  of  England. 

Bessaraha  (bes-sa'ra-ba).  A family  of  Walla- 
chian  waywodes,  prominent  in  the  politics  of 
■ southeastern  Europe  from  the  13th  to  the  18th 
century,  which  has  given  the  name  of  Bessa- 
rabia to  the  region  comprised  between  the 
Pruth  and  the  Dniester. 

Bessaraba  (bes-sa'ra-ba),  Constantine  Bran- 
covan.  Died  Aug.  26,  1714.  A waywode  of 
Wallachia  1688-1714.  He  acted  asthe  secret  agent  of 
Leopold  of  Austria  in  the  war  which  terminated  with  the 
peace  of  Carlowitz  in  1099,  while  ostensibly  supporting 
his  suzerain  the  Sultan  of  Turkey ; and  served  as  the  ally  of 
Peter  the  Great  in  the  war  against  the  Turks  in  1711,  with 
the  result  that  he  was  put  to  death  with  his  four  sons  by 
order  of  the  sultan.  With  his  death  the  Bessaraba  dynasty 
was  extinguished. 

Bessarabia  (bes-a-ra'bi-a).  A government  of 
southwestern  Russia,  lying  east  and  northeast 
of  Rumania.  Capital,  Kishineff.  It  was  overrun 
by  nomadic  races  from  the  2d  to  the  13th  century;  was 
ceded  to  Russia  by  Turkey  in  1812;  was  ceded  in  part  to 
Moldavia  in  1856 ; and  was  restored  to  Russia  in  1878. 
Area,  17,143  square  miles.  Population,  2,344,800. 

Bessarion  (be-sa'ri-on).  Johannes  or  Basilius. 

[MGr.  Bi-ooaptuv.']  Born  at  Trebizond,  1395 
(1403?):  died  at  Ravenna,  Nov.  19,  1472.  A 
Greek  scholar  and  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic, 
notable  as  a patron  of  learning  and  a collector 
of  manuscripts.  He  entered  the  order  of  St.  Basil  in 


Bethany 

1423 ; studied  under  the  Platonic  scholar  George  Gemistus 
Pletho  ; became  archbishop  of  N icsea  in  1437 ; accompanied 
J ohn  Palseologus  to  Italy , in  1438,  to  assist  in  effecting  union 
between  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches;  supported  the 
Roman  Church  at  the  councils  of  Ferrara  and  Florence, 
whereby  he  gained  the  favor  of  PopeEugenius  IV.  by  whom 
he  was  made  cardinal  in  1439  and  successively  invested  with 
the  archbishopric  of  Siponto  and  the  bishoprics  of  Sabina 
and  Tusculum  ; and  received  the  title  of  Patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople 1463.  He  wrote  “Adversus  Calumniatorem 
Platonis,”etc. 

Bessfcges  (bes-azh').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Gard,  southern  France,  33  miles  northwest 
of  Nimes.  Near  it  are  important  coal-  and  iron- 
mines.  Population,  commune,  8,219. 

Bessel  (bes'sel),  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Minden,  Prussia,  July  22, 1784 : died  March  17, 
1846.  A noted  Prussian  astronomer,  director 
of  the  observatory  at  Konigsberg.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Fundamenta  Astronomies  deducta  ex  observationi- 
bus  .1.  Bradley  ”(1818),  “AstronomischeUntersuchungen” 
(1841-42),  “Populare  Vorlesungen  fiber  wissenschaft- 
liche  Gegenstande”  (1848),  “Messungen  der  Entfernung 
des  61  Sterns  im  Sternbilde  des  Schwans  ” (1839),  etc. 

Besselia  (bes-se'lia).  The  sweetheart  of  Captain 
Crowe,  in  Smollett’s  “Sir  Launcelot  Greaves.” 
Bessemer  (bes'e-mer),  Sir  Henry.  Born  at 
Charlton,  Hertfordshire,  England,  Jan.  19, 1813: 
died  at  London,  March  15.  1898.  An  English 
engineer,  inventor  of  the  Bessemer- steel  pro- 
cess (1856-58). 

Bessi^res  (bes-yar'),  Jean  Baptiste,  Duke  of 
Istria.  Born  at  Preissac,  Lot,  France,  Aug. 
5 (6?),  1768:  killed  nearLiitzen,  Germany,  May 

1,  1813.  A famous  marshal  of  the  French  em- 
pire. He  served  with  distinction  at  Acre,  Abukir,  Ma- 
rengo, Austerlitz,  Jena,  Eylau,  Friedland,  Essling,  etc.  ; 
and  commanded  at  the  victory  of  Medina  del  Rio-Seco,  in 
Spain,  July  14,  1808. 

Bessin  (be-san').  An  ancient  district  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Normandy,  France,  bor- 
dering on  the  English  Channel  east  of  the  Co- 
tentin.  Its  chief  town  is  Bayeux. 

Bessus  (bes'us).  [Gr.  B^crooc.]  1.  A satrap  of 
Bactria.  He  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Persian 
army  at  the  battle  of  Arbela,  331 B.  c.  He  murdered  Darius 
III.  in  330,  and  was  soon  after  captured  by  Alexander,  and 
delivered  to  Oxathres,  the  brother  of  Darius,  by  whom  he 
was  executed. 

2.  A blustering,  swaggering  coward  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  play  “ King  and  No 
King.” 

Bestuzkeff  (bes-to'zhef),  Alexander.  Born 
Nov.  3 (N.  S.),  1795:  killed  near  Yekaterino- 
dar,  in  the  Caucasus,  June,  1837.  A Russian 
soldier,  poet,  and  novelist. 
Bestuzheff-Puiumin  (bes -to 'zhef-re-o 'min). 
Count  Alexei  Petrovitch.  Born  at  Moscow, 
June,  1692  : died  April  21,  1766.  A Russian  di- 
plomatist and  statesman.  He  became  imperial  chan- 
cellor in  1744,  and  was  degraded  from  office,  on  a charge  of 
high  treason,  in  1758.  He  discovered,  in  1725,  a medicinal 
preparation  of  iron,  tinctura  tonico-nervina  Bestusewi. 

Betangos,  or  Betanzos  (ba-tan'thos),  Domingo 
de.  B orn  in  Leon : died  at  Valladolid,  Spain, 
1549.  A Spanish  missionary  in  Hispaniola, 
Mexico,  and  Guatemala.  His  representation  of  the 
cruelty  practised  by  the  Spaniards  on  the  natives  occa- 
sioned the  promulgation  of  the  bull  “Veritas  ipsa,”  1537, 
by  Pope  Paul  III.,  in  which  all  Christians  are  commanded 
to  treat  the  heathen  as  brothers. 

Betancourt  (be-ton-kor'),  Agustin  de.  Born 
in  Mexico  City,  1620 : died  1700.  A Franciscan 
monk  and  historian,  curate  of  the  parish  of 
San  Jos4.  His  principal  work,  “Teatro  Mejicano,"  is 
primarily  a history  of  his  order  in  Mexico,  but  contains 
much  of  general  interest. 

Betanzos.  See  Betanzos. 

Betanzos,  Jnan  Jos6  de.  A Spanish  soldier 
who  went  to  Peru,  probably  with  Pizarro  in 
1532.  He  settled  at  Cuzco,  and  married  a daughter  of 
the  Inca  Atahualpa.  He  became  an  adept  in  the  Quichua 
language,  and  wrote  in  it  a doctrina  and  two  vocabu- 
laries, now  lost.  By  order  of  the  viceroy  Mendoza  he 
wrote  an  account  of  the  Incas  and  of  the  conquest.  It 
was  finished  in  1551,  but  remained  in  manuscript  until 
1880,  when  it  was  printed  for  the  “Biblioteca  Hispano- 
Ultramarina,"  with  the  title  “Suma  y Narracion  de  los 
Incas.” 

Betchwa.  See  Beczwa. 

Betelgeuze,  or  Betelgeux  (bet-el-gerz').  [Ar. 
ibt-al-jausa,  the  giant’s  shoulder.]  The  bright, 
red,  slightly  variable  star  a Orionis,  in  the  right 
shoulder  of  the  constellation.  It  is  sometimes 
called  Mirzam,  from  al-mirzam,  the  roarer. 
Betham  (beth'am),  Sir  William.  Born  at 
Stradbrooke,  Suffolk,  England,  May  22,  1779 : 
died  Oct.  26,  1853.  An  English  antiquary, 
Ulster  king  at  arms.  His  works  include  “Irish 
Antiquarian  Researches  ” (1827),  “Origin  and  History  of 
the  Constitution  of  England,  and  of  the  early  Parliaments 
of  Ireland  "(1834  : a reissue,  with  a new  title,  of  an  earlier 
work),  “The  Gael  and  the  Cymbri,  etc."(1834),  etc. 
Betham-Edwards.  See  Edwards. 

Bethany  (beth'a-ni).  [Heb.,  ‘ house  of  pov- 
erty.’] A place  about  forty  minutes’  ride  from 


Bethany 

Jerusalem,  on  the  road  to  Jericho,  southeast  of 
the  Mount  of  Olives.  It  is  often  mentioned  in  the 
New  Testament  as  the  home  of  Lazarus,  Martha  and 
Mary,  and  of  Simon  the  Leper  (Matt.  xxi.  17,  xxvi.  6; 
Mark  xi.  1 ff. ; Luke  xix.  29;  .John  xi.  1:  A.  V.).  It  is  iden- 
tified with  the  modern  El-Azariyeh,  a village  with  forty 
huts,  inhabited  by  Mohammedans  exclusively. 
Beth-Arbel  (beth-ar'bel).  A place  mentioned 
in  Hos.  x.  14  as  the  scene  of  a sack  and  mas- 
sacre by  Shalman : probably  identical  with  the 
modem  Irbid,  east  of  the  Jordan  and  northeast 
of  Petta.  Shalman  may  be  either  Shalmaneser  III., 
king  of  Assyria  782-772  B.  c.,  who  made  a campaign  against 
Damascus,  or  Salaman,  king  of  Moab,  who  is  mentioned 
in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  as  having  paid  tribute  to  Tig- 
lath-Pileser  III.,  king  of  Assyria  (745-727  B.  c.). 

Bethel  (beth'el).  [LL.  Bethel,  Gr.  IiaiOff/,,  Heb. 
Beth-el,  house  of  God.]  In  scriptural  geog- 
raphy, a town  (originally  named  Luz)  in  Pales- 
tine, 12  miles  north  of  Jerusalem,  the  resting- 
place  of  the  ark,  and,  later,  a seat  of  idolatrous 
worship : the  modern  Beitin. 

Up  to  the  last,  customs  that  had  originated  in  a primi- 
tive period  of  Semitic  belief  survived  in  Phoenician  re- 
ligion. Stones,  more  especially  aerolites,  as  well  as  trees, 
were  accounted  sacred.  The  stones,  after  being  conse- 
crated by  a libation  of  oil,  were  called  ....  Beth  els, 
“habitations  of  God,’’  and  regarded  as  filled  with  the  in- 
dwelling presence  of  the  Deity.  The  Caaba  at  Mecca  is 
a curious  relic  of  this  old  Semitic  superstition,  which  is 
alluded  to  in  the  Gisdhubar  Epic  of  Chaldea,  and  may  have 
suggested  the  metaphor  of  a rock  applied  to  the  Deity  in 
Hebrewpoetry.  Prof.  Robertson  Smith,  again,  has  pointed 
out  that  numerous  traces  of  an  early  totemism  lasted 
down  into  the  historical  period  of  the  Semitic  race,  more 
especially  among  the  ruder  nomad  tribes  of  Arabia. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  200. 

Bethel,  Slingsby.  Born  1617 : died  Feb.,  1697. 
An  English  merchant  and  politician  of  repub- 
lican views.  He  was  tried  and  heavily  fined  in 
May,  1683,  for  an  assault  during  an  election  of 
sheriffs. 

Bethell  (beth'el),  Richard.  Born  at  Bradford- 
on-Avon,  England,  June  30, 1800:  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  20, 1873.  An  English  jurist  and  states- 
man, created  first  Lord  Westbury  in  1861.  He 
became  attorney-general  in  1856,  and  was  lord 
chancellor  1861-65. 

Bethencourt  (ba-ton-kor'),  Jean  de.  Died 
1425  (1).  A French  adventurer,  conqueror  of 
the  Canary  Islands.  He  organized  with  Gadifer  de 
la  Salle  an  expedition  which  sailed  from  La  Rochelle,  May 
1. 14  12,  in  quest  of  adventure.  Having  arrived  in  the  Ca- 
naries, he  built  a fort  on  Lanzarote,  which  he  left  in 
charge  of  Gadifer  while  he  returned  for  reinforcements. 
He  came  again  with  the  official  title  of  seigneur  of  the 
Canary  Islands  ; converted  the  king  of  the  islands  in  1404 
an  event  which  was  followed  by  the  baptism  of  most  of 
the  natives  ; and  returned  to  France  in  14u6,  after  deputing 
his  nephew  as  governor.  His  exploits  are  recorded  in  a 
“Histoire  de  la  preoli  re  descouverte  et  conqueste  des 
Canaries,  faite  d&s  I an  1402  par  messire  Jean  de  Bethen- 
court, escrite  du  temps  mesme  par  F.  Pierre  Bontier 
. . . et  Jean  le  Verrier,  etc."  (1630). 

Bethesda (be-thes'd5).  [Heb., ‘house  of  mercy, 
or  ‘ place  of  the  flowing  water.’]  In  scriptural 
history,  an  intermittent  spring  near  the  sheep- 
gate  in  Jerusalem,  Palestine:  commonly  iden- 
tified with  the  modern  Birket  Israil. 

Bethesda.  A town  in  Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  5 
miles  southeast  of  Bangor.  Near  it  are  the 
great  Penrhyn  slate-quarries.  Population, 
5,281. 

Beth-Gellert.  See  Gellert. 

Beth-horon  (beth-ho'rpn),  Upper  and  Nether. 
[Heb.,  ‘ place  of  the  hollow.’]  Two  villages  of 
Palestine,  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Jerusa- 
lem. At  the  pass  between  thorn  Joshua  defeated  the 
kings  of  the  Amorites.  It  is  also  the  scene  of  a victory 
of  J udas  Maccabaeus  in  the  2d  century  B.  c. 

Bethlehem  (beth'le-em).  [Heb.,  ‘house  of 
bread.’]  A town  in  Palestine,  6 miles  south 
of  Jerusalem:  the  modem  Beit-Lahra.  it  was 
the  birthplace  of  David  and  (according  to  Matthew,  Luke, 
and  John)  of  Christ.  The  Convent  of  the  Nativity  at 
Bethlehem  is  a complex  body  of  structures  distributed 
between  the  Greek  and  Latin  creeds,  and  grouped  around 
the  church,  a basilica  of  5 naves,  with  apse  and  apsidal 
transepts,  built  by  the  empress  Helena  and  Constantine. 
There  are  four  long  ranges  of  monolithic  Corinthian 
columns  19  feet  high,  above  which  rise  the  walls  of  the 
nave  with  round-arched  windows.  The  choir  is  richly 
ornamented  with  attributes  of  the  Greek  rite ; beneath 
it  is  the  tortuous  Grotto  of  the  Nativity.  The  apse  and 
parts  of  the  walls  bear  beautiful  Byzantine  mosaics.  The 
church  measures  80  by  130  feet.  Population,  about  8,000. 

Bethlehem.  A borough  in  Northampton  and 
Lehigh  counties,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lehigh 
River  50  miles  north  of  Philadelphia,  settled  by 
the  Moravians  in  1741.  It  has  manufactures  of 
iron  and  machinery.  Population,  12,837,  (1910). 
Bethlehem,  Synod  of.  An  important  synod 
of  the  Greek  Church  held  at  Bethlehem  in  1672. 
It  condemned  Calvinism  and  Lutheranism,  and  defended 
the  memory  of  Cyril  Lucar,  the  famous  patriarch  of  Alex- 
andria and  afterward  of  Constantinople,  who  had  died 
in  1638,  against  the  imputation  of  Calvinism.  The  acts  of 
this  synod  were  signed  by  the  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem  and 


153 

other  clergy,  but  have  never  been  formally  adopted  with- 
out modification  by  the  whole  Orthodox  Eastern  Church. 
Sometimes  called  Synod  of  Jerusalem, 

Bethlehem  Hospital.  See  Bedlam. 
Bethlehemites  (beth'le-em-its).  A religious 
order  founded  in  Guatemala  in  1653,  extended 
to  Mexico  a few  years  later,  and  ultimately  to 
other  parts  of  Spanish  America.  The  members 
lived  according  to  the  monastic  rules  of  the 
Augustinians. 

Bethnal  Green  (beth'nal  gren).  A borough 
(metropolitan)  of  London,  on  the  left  bank  of  th  e 
Thames',  east  of  Spitalfields,  formerly  occupied 
by  silk- weavers  partly  descended  from  the  Hu- 
guenot refugees.  It  is  noted  as  being  the  locality  men- 
tioned in  the  old  ballad  ‘ 1 The  Blind  Beggar’s  Daughter  of 
Bethnal  Green. ” Thebeggar’shouseisstillshovvn.  (Hare.) 
The  Bethnal  Green  Museum  is  a branch  of  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  and  was  opened  in  1872  in  Victoria 
Park  Square,  Cambridge  road,  for  the  poor  of  East  London. 
Bethphage  (beth'faj;  properly  beth'fa- je). 
[Heb.,  ‘house  of  unripe  figs.’]  In  scriptural 
geography,  a village  in  Palestine,  situated  on 
the  Mount  of  Olives  eastward  from  Jerusalem 
and  near  Bethany.  The  exact  site  is  in  dispute. 
“ The  traditional  site* is  above  Bethany,  halfway  between 
that  village  and  the  top  of  the  mount.”  Smith. 
Bethsaida  (beth-sa'i-da).  [Heb.,  ‘fishing- 
place.’]  In  scriptural  geography,  a place  in 
Palestine,  probably  situated  on  the  shore  of  the 
Sea  of  Galilee  between  Capernaum  and  Mag- 
dala. 

Beth-shean  (beth'she'an).  [Heb.,  ‘house  of 
rest’  or  ‘of  security.’]  See  Scytliopolis. 
B6thune  (ba-tfin').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situated  on  the 
Brette  in  lat.  50°  30'  N.,  long.  2°  35'  E. : the 
seat  of  an  ancient  barony.  It,  has  a noted  belfry 
and  church  (of  St.  Vaast).  It  was  taken  by  Marlborough 
and  Prince  Eugene  in  1710.  Population,  commune, 
13,607. 

Betrothed,  The.  A novel  by  Manzoni.  See 

Promessi  Sposi. 

Betrothed,  The.  One  of  Scott’s  “Tales  of  the 
Crusaders,”  published  in  1825. 

Betterton  (bet'er-ton),  Thomas.  Bom  in 
Tothill  street,  Westminster,  1635  (?) : died  in 
Russell  street,  Covent  Garden,  April  28,  1710. 
An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of  an 
under  cook  of  Charles  I.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a 
bookseller.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  liie.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  he  began  to  act  in  1659  or  1660.  He  joined 
Davenant’s  company  at  the  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre 
in  1661.  Pepys  at  the  beginning  of  his  career  and  Pope 
at  the  end  spoke  of  him  as  the  best  actor  they  had  ever 
seen.  He  was  intimate  with  Dryden  and  with  the  most 
intellectual  men  of  his  time. 

Of  Betterton’s  eight  plays,  I find  one  tragedy  borrowed 
from  Webster;  and  of  his  comedies,  one  was  taken  from 
Marston  ; a second  based  on  Moliere’s  George  Dandin  ; a 
third  was  never  printed ; his  “ Henry  the  Fourth  ’’  was 
one  of  those  unhallowed  outrages  on  Shakespeare,  of 
which  the  century  in  which  it  appeared  was  prolific  ; his 
“ Bondman  ” was  a poor  reconstruction  of  Massinger’s 
play,  in  which  Betterton  himself  was  marvellously  great ; 
and  his  “Prophetess ” was  a conversion  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher’s  tragedy  into  an  opera,  by  the  efficient  aid  of 
Henry  Purcell,  who  published  the  music  in  score,  in  1691. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  128. 

Bettina  (bet-te'na).  See  Arnim,  Elisabeth  von. 
Bettris  (bet'ris).  A country  girl  who  loves 
George-a-Greene,  in  Greene's  play  of  that 
name. 

Bettws-y-Coed  (bet//iis-e-ko'ed).  A town  in 
Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Llugwy  and  Conway  17  miles  southeast 
of  Bangor.  It  is  a tourist  center. 

Betty  (bet'i).  A diminutive  abbreviation  of 
Elizabeth. 

Betty,  William  Henry  West,  known  as 
“Master  Betty”  and  the  “Young  Roscius.” 
Bom  at  Shrewsbury,  Sept.  13,  1791:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  24,  1874.  An  English  actor,  es- 
pecially famous  for  his  precocity.  He  made  his 
first  appearance,  on  Aug.  19,  1803,  as  Oswyn  in  “Zara," 
and  played  Douglas,  Rolla,  Romeo,  Tancred,  and  Ham- 
let within  two  yearB  with  great  success.  lie  left  the 
stage  in  1808,  returned  to  it  in  1812,  and  finally  abandoned 
it  in  1824. 

Betty  Modish,  Lady.  See  Modish,  Lady  Betty. 
Betwa  (bet'wii).  A tributary  of  the  Jumna,  in 
British  India.  Lentrth,  240  miles. 

Beudant  (be-don'),  Francois  Sulpice.  Born  at 
Paris,  Sept.  5,  1787 : died  there,  Dec.  10,  1850. 
A French  mineralogist  and  physicist.  He  became 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Avignon  in  1811,  later  (1813) 
professor  of  physics  at  Marseilles,  and  later  (1818)  profes- 
sor of  mineralogy  in  the  faculty  of  sciences  at  Paris. 
Beulah  (buTii).  [neb.,  ‘she  who  is  married.’] 
1.  In  Isa.  lxii.  4,  the  name  of  the  land  Israel 
when  it  shall  be  “married.” — 2.  A land  of 
rest, “where  the  sun  shineth  night  and  day,” 
in  Bunyan’s  “ Pilgrim’s  Progress.”  The  Pilgrims 
stay  here  till  the  time  comes  for  them  to  go  across  the 
river  of  Death  to  the  Celestial  City. 


Bevis  of  Hampton 

Beule  (be-la'),  Charles  Ernest.  Born  at  Sau- 
mur,  Anjou,  France,  June  29,  1826:  died  April 
4, 1874.  A French  archaeologist  and  politician. 

Beurnonville  (ber-noh-vel'),  Pierre  de  Ruel, 
Marquis  de.  Born  at  Ohampignolle,  Aube, 
France,  May  10,  1752:  died  at  Paris,  April  23, 
1821.  A French  general  and  politician,  made 
a marshal  of  France  in  1816. 

Beust  (boist),  Count  Friedrich  Ferdinand  von. 
Bom  at  Dresden,  Jan.  13,  1809:  died  at  Alten- 
berg,  near  Vienna,  Oct.  24, 1886.  A Saxon  and 
Austrian  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  became 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  Saxony  in  1849,  and  during 
the  decade  preceding  the  Austro-Prussian  war  was  the 
chief  opponent  of  Bismarck  in  German  politics.  His  ob- 
ject was  to  form  a league  of  the  minor  German  states 
strong  enough  to  hold  the  balance  of  power  between 
Austria  and  Prussia.  He  caused  Saxony  to  side  with 
Austria  in  the  Austro-Prussian  war  of  1866.  Having  en- 
tered the  Austrian  service  as  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
in  Oct.,  1866,  he  succeeded  Belcredi  as  prime  minister  on 
Feb.  7, 1867,  and  on  J une  23, 1867,  was  created  chancellor  of 
the  Austrian  empire.  He  reorganized  the  empire,  in  1868, 
on  the  basis  of  the  existing  dualistic  union  between  Aus- 
tria and  Hungary.  He  was  dismissed  from  the  control 
of  the  government  Nov.  8, 1871,  and  was  ambassador  to 
London  1871-78,  and  to  Paris  1878-82. 

Beuthen  (boi'ten),  or  Niederbeuthen  (ne-der- 
boi'ten).  A town  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  in  lat.  51°  45'  N., 
long.  15°  47'  E. 

Beuthen,  or  Oberbeuthen  (o-ber-boi'ten).  A 
manufacturing  and  mining  city  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  in  lat.  50°  21'  N.,  long.  18° 
55'  E.  Population,  commune,  60,076. 

Beuzeval-Houlgate  (bez-val-61-gat').  A wa- 
tering-place in  the  department  of  Calvados, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  15 
miles  southwest  of  Le  Havre. 

Beveland  (D.  pron.  ba've-liint),  North.  An 
island  in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands, 
northeast  of  Walcheren.  Length,  13  miles. 

Beveland,  South.  An  island  in  the  province 
of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  east  of  Walcheren 
and  north  of  the  West  Schelde,  its  eastern  coast 
(the  Verdronken  Land)  was  inundated  in  1632.  Its  chief 
town  is  Goes.  Length,  23  miles. 

Beveren  (ba'ver-en).  A town  in  the  province 
of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  6 miles  west  oi  Ant- 
werp. It  has  manufactures  of  lace.  Popula- 
tion, 10,238. 

Beveridge  (bev'6r-ij),  William.  Born  at  Bar- 
row,  Leicestershire,  England,  1637 : died  at 
Westminster,  March  5,  1708.  An  English  prel- 
ate. He  became  archdeacon  of  Colchester  in  1681,  presi- 
dent of  Sion  College  in  1689,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  in 
1704. 

Beverley  (bev'er-li).  [ME.  Beverly,  Beverli, 
Beverlike,  AS.  Beferlic,  Beuerlic,  Beoferlic,  Beo- 
forlic,  from  befer,  beaver,  and  lie,  body  (by 
Bosworth  supposed  to  stand  for  led,  ledh , lea, 
field).]  A town  in  the  East  Riding  of  York- 
shire, England,  in  lat.  53°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  26'  W. 
It  contains  Beverley  Minster  and  St.  Mary’s  Church.  The 
former  is  a church  of  the  13th  and  14th  centuries,  with 
double  transepts,  and  a Perpendicular  faqade  flanked  by 
two  towers  resembling  that  of  York.  The  fine  nave  dates 
from  about  1350  ; the  choir  is  Early  English,  with  a mod- 
em sculptured  screen  and  handsome  old  stalls.  The 
minster  measures  334  by  64  feet.  Population,  13,183. 

Beverley  (bev'er-li ) . The  gamester  in  Edward 
Moore’s  tragedy  of  that  name.  Garrick  created 
the  part,  Mrs.  Beverley  was  a favorite  character  with 
the  actresses  of  the  time. 

Beverley.  The  jealous  lover  of  Belinda  in 
Murphy’s  play  “All  in  the  Wrong.” 

Beverley,  Constance  de.  The  perjured  nun  in 
Scott’s  poem  “Marmion.”  She  loves  Marmion,  and 
“bows  her  pride 
A horseboy  in  his  train  to  ride.” 

She  is  walled  in  alive  in  the  dungeons  of  a convent  as  a 
punishment  for  her  broken  vows. 

Beverley,  Ensign.  The  character  assumed  by 
Captain  Absolute  in  Sheridan’s  comedy  “ The 
Rivals”  to  win  the  love  of  the  romantic  Lydia, 
who  will  not  marry  any  one  so  suitable  as  the 
son  of  Sir  Anthony. 

Beverley,  John  of.  See  John  of  Beverley. 

BeVerly  (bev'br-li).  A city  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  17  miles  northeast  of 
Boston.  Population,  18,650,  (1910). 

Beverly  (bev'6r-li),  Robert.  Born  in  Virginia 
about  1675:  died  1716.  An  American  historian. 
He  became  clerk  of  the  Council  of  Virginia  about  1697,  an 
office  previously  held  by  his  father,  Major  Robert  Beverly, 
and  published  “A  History  of  the  Present  State  of  Virginia  ’’ 
(1705). 

Bevil  (bev'l).  1.  A man  of  wit  and  pleasure 
in  Shadwell’s  comedy  “Epsom  Wells.” — 2.  A 
model  of  everything  becoming  a gentleman,  in 
Steele’s  play  ‘‘The  Conscious  Lovers.” 

Bevis  (be'vis)  of  Hampton  or  Southhamp- 
ton, Sir.  A brave  knight  whose  adventures  are 
celebrated  in  Arthurian  romance  and  by  Dray- 


Bevis  of  Hampton 

ton  in  his  “Polyolbion.”  An  old  English  poem  on 
Bevis  was  in  the  15th  or  16th  century  turned  into  a prose 
romance  and  printed  about  1650.  He  was  originally  called 
Beuves  d'Antone,  from  the  Italian  Buovo  d’Antona,  a name 
corrupted  into  d'Hantone  in  French  and  Hampton  in 
English.  “ Beuves  d'Hantone  or  Bevis  of  Hampton  is  the 
subject  of  an  old  French  story  which  was  embodied  in  the 
‘Reali  di  Francia’  and  is  only  connected  with  Charle- 
magne by  the  mention  of  King  Pippin  and  the  hero's  kin- 
ship with  the  sons  of  Aymon(he  was  the  father  of  Maugis 
(Malagigi  in  Italian)  and  the  uncle  of  Renaud  (Rinaldo), 
one  of  the  four  sons  of  Aymon).  As  a French  prose  ro- 
mance it  was  printed  by  V^rard  about  1500.  It  has  been 
printed  separately  in  Italian  at  Bologna  in  1480."  Encyc. 
Brit.,  XX.  653  (9th  ed.j. 

Bevis.  The  horse  of  Lord  Marmion  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott’s  poem  “ Marmion.” 

Bevis  Marks.  A thoroughfare  in  St.  Mary  Axe, 
near  Houndsditck,  London.  It  is  referred  to  in 
Dickens’s  “Old  Curiosity  Shop.” 

Bewick  (bu'ik),  Thomas.  Born  at  Cherryburn, 
near  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Aug.,  1753:  died  at 
Gateshead,  near  Newcastle,  Nov.  8,  1828.  An 
English  wood-engraver.  He  was  apprenticed  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  to  Ralph  Bielby,  a copperplate  engraver 
at  Newcastle.  His  first  work  of  any  importance  was  the 
woodcuts  to  Hutton's  book  on  mensuration  (1770);  after 
this  he  did  most  of  Bielby's  wood-engraving  business. 
At  the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship  he  went  to  Lon- 
don, but  returned  shortly  to  Newcastle,  where  he  entered 
into  partnership  with  Bielby  and  occupied  his  old  shop  in 
St.  Nicholas  Churchyard  till  a short  time  before  his  death. 
Among  his  chief  works  are  the  illustrations  of  “Gay’s 
Fables"  (1779),  “Select  Fables"  (1784),  a “General  History 
of  Quadrupeds"  (1790),  and  his  most  famous  work,  “The 
History  of  British  Birds"  (1797),  in  which  he  showed  the 
knowledge  of  a naturalist  combined  with  the  skill  of  an 
artist.  His  last  work  was  the  illustrations  of  “HSsop’s 
Fables,”  upon  which  he  was  engaged  six  years.  He  was 
assisted  by  his  son  Robert  Elliot,  and  by  some  of  his 
pupils. 

Bex  (ba).  A email  town  in  flic  canton  of  Yaud, 
Switzerland,  near  the  Rhone  27  miles  southeast 
of  Lausanne. 

Bexar  (ba-Har'  or  ba-ar')  Territory  or  Dis- 
trict. The  former  name  of  a region  in  west- 
ern Texas  adjoining  New  Mexico,  and  bounded 
by  the  Rio  Pecos  on  the  southwest.  Area, 
about  25,000  square  miles. 

Bexley,  Baron.  See  Vansittart, 

Beyerland.  See  Beierland. 

Beylan.  See  Bella n. 

Beyle  (bal),  Marie  Henri.  Born  at  Grenoble, 
France,  Jan.  23, 1783:  died  at  Paris,  March  23, 
1842.  A French  writer  and  critic,  best  known 
by  his  pseudonym  “De  Stendhal.”  He  was  the 
author  of  lives  of  Napoleon,  Haydn,  Mozart,  Rossini,  and 
Metastasio,  “ Histoire  de  la  peinture  en  Italie”  (1817), 
“Racine  et  Shakespeare”  (1823-25),  novels  “Arraance” 
(1827),  “Le  rouge  et  le  noir  ” (1830),  “La  Chartreuse  de 
Par  me  ” (1830),  etc.  For  a time  he  called  himself  de  Beyle. 
Beylerbeg  Serai  (ba'ler-beg'  se-ri').  A sum- 
mer-palace in  Constantinople,  finished  in  1865 
by  Abdul-Aziz,  on  the  Bosporus.  The  water 
facade  displays  great  purity  and  harmony  of  design,  and 
the  grand  staircase  and  ceremonial  saloons,  decorated  in 
a Turkish  modification  of  the  Moorish  style,  are  master- 
pieces in  their  way. 

Beyrotlt.  See  Beirut. 

Beza.  See  Bcze,  Theodore  de. 

Bezaleel  (be-zal'e-el).  [Heb.,‘in  the  shadow 
of  God.’]  The  artificer  who  executed  the  works 
of  art  on  the  tabernacle. 

Bezaliel.  Ill  Dryden  and  Tate’s  satire  “Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,”  a character  meant  for  the 
Marquis  of  Worcester,  afterward  duke  of  Beau- 
fort. He  was  noted  for  his  devotion  to  learn- 
ing. 

B&ze,  or  Besze  (baz),  L.  Beza  (be'za),  Theo- 
dore de.  Born  at  Vezelay,  France,  June  24, 
1519:  died  at  Geneva,  Oct.  13,  1605.  A noted 
theologian,  the  successor  of  Calvin  as  leader 
of  the  Reformed  Church  at  Geneva.  He  studied 
the  classics  under  the  humanist  Melchior  Wolmar  at  Or- 
leans and  Bourges  1528-35 ; studied  law  in  the  University 
of  Orleans  1536-39 ; repaired  to  the  University  of  Paris  in 
1539,  where  he  eventually  devoted  himself  to  humanistic 
studies  ; published  a collection  of  poems,  “Juvenilia,”  in 
1548  ; fled  in  the  same  year  to  Geneva,  where  he  abjured 
Catholicism;  became  professor  of  Greek  in  the  academy 
at  Lausanne  in  1549  ; accepted  the  rectorship  of  the  acad- 
emy at  Geneva  and  a pastorate  in  Geneva  in  1559 ; partici- 
pated in  the  Colloquy  of  Poissy  in  1561,  and  St.  Germain 
in  1562  ; became  the  successor  of  Calvin  at  Geneva  on  the 
latter's  death  in  1564 ; presided  at  the  synods  of  the  French 
Reformers  at  La  Rochelle  in  1571,  and  Nimes  in  1572  ; and 
participated  in  the  Colloquy  at  Mompelgard  in  1586.  He 
wrote  “De  Htereticis  a Civili  Magistratu  Puniendis,”  in 
which  he  defends  the  execution  of  Servetus,  etc. 
Beziers  (ba-zia').  A city  in  the  department  of 
Hdrault,  France,  in  lat.  43°  21'  N.,  long.  3°  12' 
E. : the  Roman  Biterra  Septimanorum.  it  con- 
tains the  noted  Cathedral  of  St.  Nazaire.  Thousands  of  its 
citizens  were  massacred  in  1209,  in  the  Albigensian  war. 
Population,  commune,  52,268. 

Bezonian.  A beggar;  a mean,  low  person.  Ac- 
cording to  Florio  a bisogno  is  “ a new  levied  soldier,  such 
as  comes  needy  to  the  wars."  Cotgrave,  in  bisongne,  says, 
“ a fllthie  knave,  or  clowne,  a ra-kall,  a bisonian,  base- 


154 

humoured  scoundrel."  Its  original  sense  is  ‘a  raw  re- 
cruit’; hence,  as  a term  of  contempt,  ‘a beggar,  a needy  per- 
son.’ Used  by  Shakspere  in  “2  Henry  IV.,"  v.  3. 

Bhadrinath  (bha-dri-nath'),  or  Badrinath 
(ba-dri-nath').  Atempleon  Bhadrinath  moun- 
tain, Gurhwal  district,  British  India. 
Bhagalpur  (bhag-al-por ' ) . A division  in  Bengal, 
British  India.  Area,  19,776  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 8,091,405. 

Bhagalpur.  A district  in  the  Bhagalpur  divi- 
sion, Bengal,  British  India.  Area,  4,226  square 
miles.  Population,  2,088,953. 

Bhagalpur.  The  chief  town  of  Bhagalpur. 
Population,  75,760. 

Bhagavadgita  (bba/'ga-vad-ge'ta).  In  San- 
skrit literature,  ‘ the  song  of  Bhagavat,’  that  is, 
the  mystical  doctrines  sung  by  ‘ the  adorable 
one,’  a name  of  Krishna  when  identified  with 
the  Supreme  Being.  The  author  is  unknown.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  India  in  the  1st  or  2d  century 
of  our  era.  His  poem  was  at  an  early  date  dignified  by  a 
place  In  the  Mahabharata,  but  is  of  a much  later  date 
than  the  body  of  that  epic.  Its  philosophy  is  eclectic, 
combining  elements  of  the  Sankhya,  Yoga,  and  Vedanta 
systems  with  the  later  theory  of  Bhakti,  or  ‘faith.’  The 
whole  composition  is  skilfully  thrown  into  the  form  of  a 
dramatic  poem  or  dialogue,  characterized  by  great  lofti- 
ness of  thought  and  beauty  of  expression.  The  speakers 
are  the  two  most  important  personages  of  the  Mahabha- 
rata, Arjuna  and  Krishna.  In  the  great  war  Krishna  re- 
fused to  take  up  arms  on  either  side,  but  consented  to  act 
as  Arjuna’s  charioteer  and  to  aid  him  with  counsel.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  Bhagavadgita  the  two  armies 
are  in  battle  array,  when  Arjuna  is  struck  with  compunc- 
tion at  the  idea  of  fighting  his  way  to  a kingdom  through 
the  blood  of  his  kindred.  Krishna's  reply  is  made  the  oc- 
casion of  the  dialogue  which  in  fact  constitutes  the  Bha- 
gavadgita, the  maiu  design  of  which  is  to  exalt  the  duties 
of  caste  above  all  other  obligations,  including  the  ties  of 
friendship  and  affection,  hut  at  the  same  time  to  show 
that  the  practice  of  those  duties  is  compatible  with  the 
self-mortification  of  the  Yoga  philosophy  as  well  as  with 
the  deepest  devotion  to  the  Supreme  Being,  with  whom 
Krishna  claims  to  be  identified. 

Bhagavatapurana  (bha/gii  - va  - ta  - po  - ra'na). 
‘The  purana  of  Bkagavata’  or  Vishnu,  a work 
of  great  celebrity  in  India,  exercising  a more 
powerful  influence  upon  the  opinions  of  the 
people  than  any  of  the  other  puranas.  it  con- 
sists of  18,000  verses,  and  is  ascribed  by  Colebrooke  to  the 
grammarian  Vopadeva,  of  about  the  13th  century  A. D.  Its 
most  popular  part,  the  tenth  book,  which  narrates  the 
history  of  Krishna,  has  been  translated  into  many  of  the 
vernaculars  of  India. 

Bhairava  (bhi'ra-va)  (tnasc.),  Bhairavi  (-ve) 
(fern.).  [Skt.,  ‘the  terrible.’]  Names  of  Shiva 
and  his  wife  Devi.  The  Bhairavas  are  eight  in- 
ferior forms  or  manifestations  of  Shiva,  all  of 
them  terrible. 

Bnamo  (bha-rno').  A town  in  Upper  Burma, 
in  British  India,  situated  on  the  Ira  wadi  in  lat. 
24°  15'  N.,  long.  97°  15'  E. 

Bhandara  (bhun-da'ra).  A district  in  the 
Nagpur  division,  Central  Provinces,  British 
India,  in  lat.  20°-22°  N.,  long.  79°-81°  E. 
Area,  3,965  square  miles.  Population,  663,062. 
Bhara/ta  (bka'ra-ta).  In  Hindu  mythology  and 
legend:  (a)  A hero  and  king  from  whom  the 
people  called  Bharatas,  often  mentioned  in  the 
Rigveda,  are  represented  as  descended.  ( b ) 
Son  of  Dasharatha  by  Kaikeyi,  and  half-brother 
of  Ramachandra.  His  mother  brought  about  the  ex- 
ile of  Rama,  but.  Bharata  refused  to  supplant  him.  On 
his  father’s  death,  Bharata  went  to  bring  Rama  back  to 
Ayodhya  and  place  him  on  the  throne.  Rama  refused 
to  return  until  the  end  of  his  exile,  and  Bharata  declined  to 
reign,  but  at  last  consented  to  rule  in  Rama’s  name,  (e) 
A prince  of  the  Puru  branch  of  the  Lunar  race, 
son  of  Dushyanta  and  Shakuntala.  Through  their 
descent  from  Bharata  the  Kauravas  and  Pandavas,  but 
especially  the  Pandavas,  were  called  Bharatas,  1 descen- 
dants of  Bharata.’ 

Bhartrihari  (bhar//tri-ha'ri).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature, a brother  of  King  Vikramaditya,  to 
whom  are  ascribed  three  Shatakas,  or ‘ centuries 
of  verse’:  (a)  The  Sringarashataka,  or  ‘Century  of 

Verses  on  Love  ’;  (6)  Nitishataka,  ‘ Century  on  Politics  and 
Ethics’;  (c)  Vairagyashataka,  ‘Century  on  Austerity’;  a 
grammatical  work,  the  Vakyapadiya;  and  by  some  the 
Bhattikavya. 

Bhartpur.  See  Bhurtpore. 

Bhaskara  (bhas'ka-ra).  In  Sanskrit  literature, 
a celebrated  astronomer  and  mathematician 
of  the  12th  century.  He  wrote  the  Siddhanta- 
siromani,  which  contains  treatises  on  algebra, 
arithmetic,  and  geometry. 

Bhattikavya  (bhat-te-kav'ya).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature, ‘the  poem  of  Bhatti,’’  an  artificial  epic 
poem  by  Bhatti,  celebrating  the  exploits  of 
Rama,  and  illustrating  Sanskrit  grammar  by  the 
employment  of  all  possible  forms  and  construc- 
tions. By  some  it  is  ascribed  to  Bhartrihari. 
Bhavabhuti  (bha-va-bho'ti).  A Sanskrit  poet 
who  lived  in  the  8th  century  A.  D.,  author  of  the 
three  dramas  “ Malatimadhava,”  “Makavira- 
charita,”and  “ Uttararamacbarita.” 


Bianca 

Bhavishyapurana  (bha-vish'ya-po-ra'na).  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  ‘the  purana  of  the  future.’ 
It  is  one  of  the  eighteen  puranas,  supposed  to  have  been 
a revelation  of  future  events  by  Brahma  and  communicated 
by  Sumantu  to  Satanika,  a king  of  the  Panda  family.  The 
extant  purana  is  not  prophetic,  but  a manual  of  rites  and 
observances.  The  commencement,  treating  of  creation,  is 
scarcely  more  than  a transcript  of  Manu. 

Bhawalpur.  See  Bahawalpur. 

Bhil  (bhel)  States.  A group  of  native  states  in 
Central  British  India,  in  the  Vindhya  and  Sat- 
pura  Mountains. 

Bhima  (bhe'ma).  [Skt.  BMma,  the  terrible.]  In 
Hindu  mythology,  the  reputed  second  son  of 
Pandu,  but  in  reality  the  son  of  his  wife  Pritba 
or  Kuntiby  Vayu,  the  god  of  the  wind.  He  was 
remarkable  for  his  vast  size  and  strength  and  voracious 
appetite.  Also  called  Bhimasena  and  Vrikodara. 

Bhoja  (bho'ja).  A name  borne  by  a number  of 
Hindu  kings.  A king  Bhoja,  ruler  of  Malava,  who 
dwelt  at  Dhara  and  Ujjayini,  and  who,  according  to  an 
inscription,  lived  about  1040-1090  A.  D.,  is  said  by  tradition 
to  havebeen  the  Vikrama  at  whose  court  the  “ nine  gems  ” 
flourished. 

Bhopal  (bho-pal').  A political  agency  connected 
with  Central  India.  It  includes,  among  others,  the 
native  state  Bhopal,  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  77°  E.  Ar  ea  of  state, 
6,902  square  miles.  Population  of  state,  665,961. 

Bhopal.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Bhopal. 
Population,  77,023. 

Bhrigu  (bkri'go).  In  Vedic  mythology,  the 
name  of  a class  of  beings  who  discover  fire 
and  bring  it  to  men.  The  Bhrigus  have  shut  up  fire 
within  tlie  wood.  They  are  enumerated  with  other  divine 
beings,  especially  with  the  Angirases  and  the  Atharvans. 
One  of  the  chief  Brahmanical  tribes  hears  the  name,  and 
also  a rishi  as  representative  of  the  tribe. 

Bhurtpore  (bhert-por'),  or  Bhartpur  (bhart- 
por').  A feudatory  state  in  Rajputana,  British 
India.  Area,  1,982  square  miles.  Population, 
626,665.  Its  capital,  Bhurtpore,  has  a popula- 
tion of  43,601. 

Bhutan  (bho-tan'),  or  Bootan  (bo-tan').  A 
country  in  Asia,  lying  between  Tibet  on  the 
north,  Sikkim  on  the  west,  and  British  India,  oc- 
cupied largely  by  the  Himalayas.  The  capital  is 
Punakha.  Until  1907  power  was  held  by  the  Deb  Raja 
(secular  head),  and  the  Dharma  Raja  (spiritual  head).  Gov- 
ernment isnow  vested  in  a maharaja.  Religion,  Buddhism. 
Part  of  it  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1866.  Area, 
previous  to  the  British  annexation  of  the  Duars  in  1866, 
20,000  square  miles.  Population,  unknown ; probably 
over  100,000. 

Biard  (be-ar ' ) , Auguste  Frangois.  Bom  at  Ly- 
ons, France,  June  27, 1800 : died  near  Fontaine- 
bleau, July  8,  1882.  A French  genre  painter. 

Biafra  (be-a'fra).  A small  district  in  western 
Africa,  situated  on  the  Bight  of  Biafra  about 
lat.  3°  N. 

Biafra,  Bight  of.  The  eastern  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Guinea,  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa, 
between  capes  Formosa  and  Lopez. 

Biainia.  An  ancient  name  of  Van.  See  Ar- 
menia. 

Biala  (bya'la).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Biala,  opposite  Bielitz, 
42  miles  west-southwest  of  Cracow.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  8,651,  (1910). 

Bialowicza  (bya-16-ve'cha),  Forest  of.  A for- 
est in  Lithuania.  See  the  extract. 

“ The  Hercynian  Forest,"  in  Gibbon’s  words,  “ over- 
shadowed a great  part  of  Germany  and  Poland.”  It 
stretched  from  the  sources  of  the  Rhine  and  Danube  to 
regions  far  beyond  the  Vistula.  Its  relics  remain  in  the 
Black  Forest,  the  forests  of  the  Hartz,  and  the  woods  of 
Westphalia  and  Nassau.  Only  one  portion  remains  in 
its  primeval  state : the  Imperial  Forest  of  Bialowicza 
covers  350  square  miles  of  marsh  and  jungle  in  Lithuania, 
and  is  reserved  by  a benevolent  despotism  as  the  home  of 
the  aurochs  and  the  elk.  In  the  days  of  Pytheas  the 
natural  forests  stretched  eastwards  from  the  Rhine  “ for 
more  than  two  months’  journey  for  a man  making  the 
best  of  his  way  on  foot."  Elton,  Origins  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  6L 

Bialystok.  See  Bielostolc. 

Bianca  (bi-an'ka).  [It.,  feminine  of  bianco, 
from  ML.  blancus  (E.  blank),  white.]  1.  The 
sister  of  Katharine  in  Sbakspere’s  “Taming  of 
the  Shrew”:  a mild  and  well-bred  maiden,  a 
contrast  to  “Katharine  the  Curst.” — 2.  A 
woman  of  Cyprus  with  whom  Cassio  had  an 
amorous  intrigue,  in  Shakspere’s  tragedy 
“Othello.”  — 3.  A Venetian  beauty  in  Middle- 
ton’s play  “ Women  beware  Women,”  married 
to  Leontio  and  tempted  to  become  the  duke’s 
mistress  by  a shameless  woman. — 4.  The  Duch- 
ess of  Pavia  in  Ford’s  play  “Love’s  Sacrifice”: 
a gross  and  profligate  woman  who  has  the  art 
of  appearing  innocent  by  denyingtbe  favors  she 
means  to  grant. — 5.  Apathetic  and  beautiful 
character,  “the  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,”  in  Mas- 
singer, Rowley,  and  Fletcher's  play  of  that 
name. — 6.  The  wife  of  Fazio  in  Dean  Milman’s 
play  “Fazio.”  Out  of  jealousy  she  ruins  her  husband, 
but  repents,  and,  not  being  able  to  undo  her  work,  dies  of 
a broken  heart. 


Biancavilla 

Bianca  villa  (be-an-ka-  vel'la).  A town  in 
Sicily,  9 miles  west-northwest  of  Catania : the 
ancient  Inessa.  Population,  commune,  13.358. 
Bianchi  (be-an'ke),  The.  [It.,  ‘ the  Whites.’]  A 
political  faction  which  arose  in  Tuscany  about 
1300.  The  Guelph  family  of  the  Cancellieri  at  Pistoia 
having  banished  the  Gliibelline  family  of  the  Paneiatichi,  a 
feud  arose  between  two  distantly  related  branches  of  the 
former,  distinguished  by  the  names  of  Bianchi  and  Neri, 
which.  1298-1300,  became  so  violent  that  Florence,  in  order 
to  pacify  Pistoia,  engaged  that  city  to  banish  the  whole 
family  of  the  Cancellieri,  but  at  the  same  time  opened  its 
own  gates  to  them.  In  Florence  the  Neri  allied  them- 
selves with  Corso  Donati  and  the  violent  Guelphs,  and  the 
Bianchi  with  Veri  de  Cerchi  and  the  moderate  Guelphs, 
and  subsequently  with  the  Ghibellines  and  the  Paneiatichi. 
Boniface  VIII.  espoused  the  party  of  the  Neri,  and  sent, 
nominally  to  bring  about  a reconciliation,  Charles  de  Va- 
lois to  Florence  in  1301,  with  the  result  that  the  Bianchi, 
among  whom  was  Dante,  were  exiled. 

Bianchini  (t>e-an-ke'ne),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Verona,  Italy,  Dec.  13,  1662:  died  at  Rome, 
March  2,  1729.  A.  noted  Italian  astronomer 
and  antiquary. 

Bianco  (be-an'ko),  or  Biancho  (be-an'ko), 
Andrea.  A Venetian  chartograpker  who  lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  15th  century.  He  left  a 
collection  of  hydrographical  charts  anterior  to  the  discov- 
ery of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  of  America.  In  a chart 
dated  1436  he  shows  two  islands  west  of  the  Azores,  named 
“Antiilia  ” and  “De  laman  Satanaxio,”  which  some  claim 
indicate  a knowledge  of  the  two  Americas. 

Biarritz  (be-ar-rets').  A watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Basses-Pyrendes,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay  of  Biscay  5 miles  west-south- 
west of  Bayonne.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  bathing- 
places  in  France,  and  is  also  a noted  winter  resort.  It 
was  developed  during  the  second  empire.  Population, 
commune,  15,093. 

Bias(bi'as).  [Gr.  Bier.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  son  of  Amythaon,  and  brother  of  Melampus. 
He  obtained  a third  part  of  thekingdom  of  Argos. 
Bias.  Born  at  Priene,  in  Ionia : lived  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  6th  century  B.  c.  One  of  the  “ Seven 
Sages”  of  Greece,  noted  for  his  apothegms. 
Bias.  See  Beas. 

Bibbiena  (beb-be-a'na)  (Bernardo  Dovizio  or 

Devizio),  Cardinal.  Born  at  Bibbiena,  Arezzo, 
Italy,  Aug.  4,  1470:  died  Nov.  9, 1520.  An  Ital- 
ian poet.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Ra- 
phael. He  was  the  private  secretary  of  Cardinal  Giovanni 
de'  Medici  (Pope  Leo  X.),  and  was  made  cardinal  in  1513. 
He  wrote  the  comedy  “Calandria’  (1521),  etc.  Also  called 
Bernardo  di  Tarlatti. 

Bibbiena  (Fernando  Galli).  Bom  at  Bologna, 
Italy,  1653 : died  at  Bologna,  1743.  An  Italian 
painter  and  architect. 

Biberach  (be'ber-ach).  A town  in  the  circle 
of  the  Danube,  Wiirtemberg,  22  miles  south- 
west of  Ulm : formerly  a free  imperial  city. 
Here  the  French  defeated  the  Austrians,  Oct.  2,  1796,  and 
May  9,  1800.  Population,  conmmne,  9,096. 

Bibesco  (be-bes'kS),  George  Demetrius.  Born 
1804 : died  at  Paris,  June  1,  1873.  A Walla- 
chian  politician,  hospodar  of  W allachia  1 842-48. 
Bibesco,  Barbo  Demetrius  (adopted  name 
Stirbei).  Born  1801:  died  at  Nice,  France, 
April  13,  1869.  A Wallachian  politician, 
brother  of  George  Demetrius  Bibesco,  hospo- 
dar of  Wallachia  1849-56. 

Bibena.  See  Bibbiena. 

Bible  (bi'bl),  The.  See  Miles  Coverdale,  Wyclif, 
Thomas  Bentham,  Septuagint,  Mazarin  Bible, 

etc. 

Bible  of  Forty-two  Lines,  The.  An  edition  of 
the  Vulgate,  printed  between  1450  and  1455  by 
Gutenberg  and  his  companions.  The  book  proper 
consists  of  1/282  printed  pages,  2 columns  to  the  page,  and, 
for  the  most  part,  with  42  lines  to  the  column. 

Bible  of  the  Poor,  or  Biblia  Pauperum.  See 

the  extract. 

It  is  probable  that  the  illustrations  were  made  first,  and 
that,  in  the  beginning,  the  Bible  of  the  Poor  was  a book  of 
pictures  only.  Some  German  antiquarian;  say  that  the 
book  in  its  original  form,  was  designed  and  explained  by 
a monk  named  Wernher,  who  was  living  in  1180,  and  was 
famous  during  his  lifetime  both  as  a painter  and  a poet. 
Other  German  authorities  put  the  origin  of  the  first  manu- 
script as  far  back  as  the  ninth  century,  attributing  the 
work  to  Saint  Augustine,  first  bishop  of  Hamburg.  It 
seems  to  have  been  a popular  manuscript,  for  copies 
written  before  the  fifteenth  century  have  been  found  in 
many  old  monasteries.  These  copies  are  not  alike. 
Nearly  every  transcriber  has  made  more  or  less  alterations 
and  innovations  of  his  own  ; but  the  general  plan  of  the 
book  — the  contrasting  of  apostles  with  prophets,  and  of 
the  patriarchs  of  the  Old  Testament  with  the  saints  of  the 
Christian  church — has  been  preserved  in  all  the  copies. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  198. 

Bible  of  Thirty-six  Lines,  The.  A large  demy 
folio  of  1,764  pages,  made  up,  for  the  most 
part,  in  sections  of  10  leaves,  and  usually  bound 
in  3 volumes.  Each  page  has  2 columns  of  36  lines 
each.  A copy  was  given  to  a monastery  near  Mainz  by 
Gutenberg.  It  is  called  the  oldest  edition  of  the  Latin 
Bible. 


155 

Bibliander  (bib'li-an-der)  (originally  Buch- 
mann),  Theodore.  Born  at  Bischoffszell,  Thur- 
gau,  1504:  died  at  Zurich,  Nov.  26,  1564.  A 
Swiss  divine  and  Orientalist.  He  was  professor  of 
theology  and  Oriental  philology  in  the  University  of  Zu- 
rich 1532-60,  when,  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the 
Calvinistic  doctrine  of  predestination,  he  was  deposed. 
He  wrote  a Latin  translation  of  the  Koran,  and  made  many 
valuable  contributions  to  the  history  of  Mohammedanism. 

Bibliophile  Jacob,  Le.  A novel  by  Balzac, 
written  in  1830. 

Bibliotheque  de  Ste.  Genevieve.  Originally, 
the  library  of  the  Abbey  of  Ste.  Genevieve, 
founded  in  1624.  The  present  structure  and  organi- 
zation date  from  1850.  The  library  is  especially  rich  in 
incunabula,  fine  Aldines  and  Elzevirs,  and  other  impres- 
sions of  early  printers.  It  has  also  a fine  collection  of 
manuscripts. 

Bibliotheque  Mazarine.  A library  of  about  250,  - 
000  volumes  and  6,000  manuscripts,  founded  by 
Cardinal  Mazarin.  It  is  rich  in  bibliographic 
curiosities. 

Bibliotheque  Nationale.  The  great  French 
library,  the  largest  in  the  world,  it  has  been 
called  successively  La  Bibliotheque  du  Roi,  Royale,  Natio- 
nale, Impdriale,  and  Nationale.  The  Bibliotheque  du 
Roi  was  originally  in  the  Palais  de  la  Cit<5,  consisting  of 
the  library  of  King  John.  He  bequeathed  it  to  Charles 
V.,  who  removed  it  and  collected  a library  of  910  volumes 
in  the  Louvre.  This  was  sold  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 
Louis  XI.  partly  repaired  this  loss  and  added  the  first 
results  of  the  new  invention  of  printing.  Louis  XII. 
established  it  at  Blois,  incorporating  it  with  the  Orleans 
library.  The  Gruthuyse  collection  was  next  added  to  it. 
Francis  I.  transferred  the  library  to  Fontainebleau,  and 
placed  it  in  charge  of  Jean  Budie.  Henry  II.  made  obliga- 
tory the  deposit  of  one  copy  of  every  book  published  in 
the  kingdom.  Henry  IV.  brought  it  back  to  Paris,  where 
it  changed  in  location  frequently  before  rest  ing  in  its  pres- 
ent quarters  in  the  Palais  Mazarin,  Rue  Richelieu.  Na- 
poleon I.  increased  the  government  grant,  and  under  his 
care  the  library  was  much  enlarged.  It  contains  over  3,500, - 
000  volumes,  102,000  manuscripts,  and  collections  of  prints 
and  medals.  It  is  especially  rich  in  Oriental  manuscripts. 

Biblis  (bibTis).  A woman  of  Miletus  who  fell  in 
love  with  her  brother  Caunus  and  was  changed 
into  a fountain.  Ovid,  Met.,  ix.  662. 

Bibra  (be'bra),  Ernst  von.  Born  at  Sekweb- 
heini,  Bavaria,  June  9, 1806:  died  at  Nuremberg, 
June  5,  1878.  A German  chemist,  naturalist, 
traveler,  and  novelist.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are  “Reisen  in  Sudamerika”  (1854),  “Die  narkotischen 
Genussmittel  und  der  Mensch”  (1855),  “Erinnerungen 
aus  Sudamerika”  (1861),  “Aus  Chile,  Peru,  und  Brasilien’’ 
(1862),  “Reiseskizzen  und  Novellen”  (1864),  etc. 

Bibracte  (bi-brak'te).  In  ancient  geography, 
a town  in  central  Gaul,  the  capital  of  the  JEdui, 
on  the  site  of  Mont  Beuvray  8 miles  west  of 
Antun,  with  which  it  was  formerly  identified. 
Near  it  Ctesar  defeated  the  iEdui. 

Bibrax  (bl'braks).  [L.  Bibracte  or  Bibrax,  Gr. 
B ifSpa^,  according  to  Zeuss  ‘beaver  town,’  from 
OGaul.  *bebros  L.  fiber  = E.  beaver.  Cf. 
Beverley.']  In  ancient  geography,  a town  of  the 
Remi,  in  Gaul.  It  is  placed  by  d’Anville  at 
Bievres  on  the  Aisne. 

Bibulus  (bib'u-lus),  Lucius  Calpurnius.  Died 
near  Corcyra,  Greece,  48  b.  c.  A Roman  poli- 
tician. He  was  Julius  Caesar's  colleague  in  the  consul- 
ship 59  B.  c.,  having  been  elected  through  the  efforts  of 
the  aristocratic  party.  After  an  ineffectual  attempt  to 
oppose  Caesar's  agrarian  law,  he  shut  himself  up  in  his 
own  house,  whence  he  issued  edicts  against  Caesar's  mea- 
sures. He  was  appointed  by  Pompey  commander  of  the 
fleet  in  the  Ionian  Sea,  49  B.  c.,  to  prevent  Caesar  from 
crossing  over  into  Greece.  His  vigilance  was,  however, 
eluded  by  the  latter  in  January  of  the  following  year. 

Bicetre  (be-satr').  A village  H miles  south  of 
Paris,  containing  a celebrated  hospital,  founded 
by  Louis  XIII.  in  1632,  for  invalid  officers  and 
soldiers.  The  foundation  was  greatly  enlarged  by 
Louis  XIV.  and  turned  into  a general  hospital.  It  is  now 
devoted  to  the  aged  and  incurable  poor  and  the  insane. 

Bichat  (be-sha,'),  Marie  Francois  Xavier. 

Born  at  Thoirette,  Jura,  France,  Nov.  11,  1771: 
died  at  Paris,  July  22,  1802.  A celebrated 
French  physiologist  and  anatomist,  the  founder 
of  scientific  histology  and  pathological  anat- 
omy. His  chief  works  are  “ Traite  des  membranes” 
(1800),  “Recherches  sur  la  vie  et  la  mort  ” (1800),  “ Ana- 
tomie  gdndrale  ” (1801). 

Bickerstaff  (bik'er-staf),  Isaac,  Astrologer. 

The  name  which  Steele  adopted  as  editor  of 
the  “Tatler,”  when  ho  published  it  in  1709. 
He  took  it  from  the  name  assumed  by  Swift  in  a con- 
troversy with  Partridge,  an  almanac-maker,  which  had 
amused  the  town. 

Bickerstaff,  Isaac.  A pseudonym  used  by  Ben- 
jamin West  (the  mathematician)  in  his  Boston 
almanac. 

Bickerstaffe,  Isaac.  Born  in  Ireland  about 
1735:  died  in  1812  (?).  A British  dramatic 
writer.  Asa  boy  he  was  one  of  the  pages  to  Lord  Ches- 
terfield, lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  attained  an  honora- 
ble position  in  the  society  of  men  of  letters,  but  in  1772 
was  suspected  of  a capital  crime,  and  fled  to  St.  Malo, 
where  he  lived  for  some  time  under  an  assumed  name. 


Biddle,  Richard 

After  1812,  when  he  was  about  seventy-seven  years  old, 
nothing  is  known  of  him.  He  wrote  “Leucothoe,”  a 
tragic  opera  (1756),  “Love  in  a Village,"  a comic  opera, 
acted  with  great  success  in  1762  (printed  in  1763),  “ The 
Maid  of  the  Mill  ” (1765),  “The  Hypocrite,”  an  adaptation 
of  Cibber’s  “ Non-Juror”  (1768),  etc. 

Bickersteth  (bik'er-stetli),  Edward.  Born  at 
Kirkby  Lonsdale,  England,  March  19,  1786: 
died  at  Walton,  England,  Feb.  28,  1850.  An 
English  clergyman,  author  of  “Help  to  the 
Study  of  the  Scriptures  ” (1814),  etc. 
Bickerstetb,  Edward  Henry.  Born  Jan.  25, 
1825:  died  May  16,  1906.  An  English  bishop 
and  poet,  son  of  the  above:  author  of  “Yester- 
day, To-day,  and  For  Ever”  (1866),  etc. 
Bickerstetb,  Henry.  Born  at  Kirkby  Lons- 
dale, England,  June  18, 1783 : died  at  Tunbridge 
Wells,  April  18, 1851.  An  English  jurist,  created 
Baron  Langdale  Jan.  23,  1836.  He  became 
master  of  the  rolls  Jan.,  1836. 

Bicocca  (be-kok'ka).  A village  5 miles  north- 
east of  Milan,  Italy.  Here,  April  27,  1522,  the 
Imperialists  under  Colonna  defeated  the  F rench 
and  Swiss  under  Lautrec. 

Bicorned  Lord.  Alexander  the  Great : so  called 
on  account  of  the  two  horns  on  his  coins.  Poole, 
Story  of  Turkey,  p.  124. 

Bida  (be'da).  Capital  of  Nupe,  in  West  Africa, 
situaledin  lat.  9°  N.,  long.  6°  20'  E.  Pop.,  50,000. 
Bida  (be-da'),  Alexandre.  Born  1813:  died 
Jan.  2,  1895.  A French  designer  and  painter, 
noted  chiefly  for  treatment  of  scriptural  and 
Oriental  subjects.  His  chief  work  is  designs 
illustrating  the  Evangelists  (1873). 

Bidar  (be'dar).  A district  in  the  Gulbarga  di- 
vision, Hyderabad  state,  British  India.  Area, 
4,168  square  miles.  Population,  766,129. 
Bidassoa  (be-das-s5'a).  A river  in  northern 
Spain  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  at 
Fuenterrabia : length,  50  miles,  it  is  for  about  12 
miles  the  boundary  between  France  and  Spain.  Welling- 
ton passed  the  Bidassoa  Oct.  7, 1813,  defeating  the  French 
under  Soult. 

Biddeford  (bid'e-ford).  A city  in  York  County, 
Maine,  on  the  Saco  17  miles  southwest  of 
Portland.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  etc. 
Population,  17,079,  (1910). 

Bidden  den  (bid'en-den)  Maids.  Two  sisters 
joined  like  the  Siamese  twins,  born  at  Bidden- 
den,  Kent,  England  (1100-34).  They  were  the  re- 
puted donors  of  the  “Bread-and-Cheese-land,”  Bidden- 
den,  for  the  defrayal  of  the  cost  of  a yearly  distribution  of 
bread  and  cheese  at  Easter. 

Biddle  (bid'l),  Clement,  surnamed  “The  Qua- 
ker Soldier.”  [The  surname  Biddle  is  another 
form  of  Beadle,  from  beadle .]  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  10,  1740:  died  there,  July  14,  1814. 
An  American  Revolutionary  officer.  He  was  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  non-importation  resolutions  framed 
at  Philadelphia  1765,  and  although  a Quaker  joined  the 
Revolutionary  army  on  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  serving 
as  colonel  in  the  battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  Brandy- 
wine, and  Monmouth.  He  was  a personal  friend  and  cor- 
respondent of  Washington. 

Biddle,  Clement  Cornell.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Oct.  24,  1784:  died  Aug.  21,  1855.  An 
American  lawyer  and  political  economist,  son  of 
Clement  Biddle.  He  fought  in  the  War  of  1812. 
Biddle,  James.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  28, 
1783:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  1,  1848.  An 
American  naval  commander,  distinguished  in 
the  War  of  1812.  He  commanded  the  Hornet,  which 
fought  and  captured  the  British  brig  Penguin  off  the 
island  of  Tristan  d’Acunha,  March  23,  1815. 

Biddle,  John.  Born  at  Wotton-under-Edge, 
Gloucestershire,  England,  1615:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  22,  1662.  An  English  Unitarian 
divine,  called  “the  father  of  English  Unitari- 
anisrn.”  He  became  master  of  the  free  school  of  Glou- 
cester in  1641.  Suspected  of  heresy,  lie  was  called  before 
Parliament  in  1645  and  committed  to  custody,  in  which 
he  remained  several  years.  He  published  in  1647  “ Twelve 
Questions  or  Arguments  ” against  the  deity  of  the  Holy 
Spirit.  He  was  banished  to  the  Scilly  Islands  in  1655,  but 
was  recalled  three  years  later.  He  was  again  arrested 
under  Charles  II.,  and  died  in  prison.  He  also  wrote 
“Confession  of  Faith  touching  the  Iloly  Trinity,  etc.” 
(1648),  and  “A  Twofold  Catechism,  etc.”  (1054),  etc. 

Biddle,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Sept. 
10,  1750:  killed  at  sea,  March  7,  1778.  An 
American  naval  commander,  distinguished  in 
tho  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  blown  up  with  his 
ship,  the  Randolph,  in  action  with  the  British  ship  Yar- 
mouth. 

Biddle,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
8,  1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Fob.  27,  1844. 
An  American  financier,  president  of  the  United 
States  Bank  1823-36. 

Biddle,  Richard.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  March 
25,  1796:  died  at  Pittsburg,  July  7,  1847.  Ad 
American  lawyer  and  author,  brother  of  Nich- 
olas Biddle.  He  wrote  a “Memoir  of  Sebas- 
tian Cabot”  (1831),  etc. 


Biddy 

Biddy  (bid'i).  Mr.  Wopsle’s  “ great-aunt’s 
granddaughter”  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Great 
Expectations”:  an  orphan  who  falls  in  love 
with  Pip,  but  is  afterward  manned  to  Joe  Gar- 
gery. 

Biddy,  Miss.  1.  An  amusing  character  in  Gar- 
rick’s farce  “ Miss  in  her  Teens.” — 2.  See  Tip- 
lcin,  Miss  Biddy. 

Bideford  (bid'e-ford).  A seaport  and  fishing 
town  in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Torridge,  near  its  mouth,  8 miles  southwest  of 
Barnstable.  It  is  one  of  the  scenes  of  Kings- 
ley’s novel  “Westward  Ho.”  Population, 
8,754. 

Bidloo  (bid'16),  Godfried.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, March  12,  1649:  died  at  Leyden,  Holland, 
April,  1713.  A Dutch  surgeon  and  anatomist. 

He  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  The  Hague,  later  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  and  chemistry  at  Leyden,  and  physician  to 
William  III.  of  England.  His  chief  work  is  “ Anatomia 
corporis  humani  ” (1685). 

Bidpai,  or  Bidpay.  See  Pilpay. 

Biebrich  (be'brieh).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine 
3 miles  south  of  Wiesbaden : a former  resi- 
dence of  dukes  of  Nassau.  Near  by  is  said  to  have 
occurred  Cesar’s  second  passage  of  the  Rhine.  Popula- 
tion, 18,962. 

Bieda  (be-a'da).  A small  place  near  Viterbo  in 
Italy : the  ancient  Blera.  It  contains  an  extensive 
Etruscan  necropolis  of  rock-cut  tombs,  occupying  several 
terraces.  It  is  interesting  from  its  imitation  of  habitations 
in  much  architectural  variety.  The  tombs  have  molded 
doorways,  and  are  surmounted  by  low  pediments.  Within, 
the  ridge-beams  and  rafters  of  the  roof  are  cut  in  relief ; 
rock-benches  on  three  sides  were  designed  to  receive  the 
dead,  and  there  are  often  windows  beside  the  door. 

Biedermann  (be'der-man),  Friedrich  Karl. 
Born  Sept.  25,  1812:  died  March  5,  1901.  A 
German  publicist,  politician,  and  historian. 
He  was  (extraordinary)  professor  of  philology  at  Leipsic 
1838-54.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  imprisoned,  as  editor 
of  the  “Detitschen  Annalen,"  for  political  reasons,  and 
lost  his  professorship,  but  was  reinstated  in  1865.  He  was 
active  in  the  politics  of  Saxony  and  of  the  empire. 

Biefve  (byef),  Edouard  de.  Born  at  Brussels 
Dec.  4, 1809 : died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  7,  1882.  A 
Belgian  painter.  His  chief  work  is  “Compro- 
mise of  the  Nobles  at  Brussels,  Feb.  16,  1566.” 

Biel.  See  Bienne. 

Biel,  or  Byll  (bel),  Gabriel.  Born  at  Speyer, 
Germany : died  at  Tubingen,  Germany,  1495. 
A German  scholastic  philosopher  (nominalist), 
professor  of  theology  and  philosophy  at  the 
University  of  Tubingen : called  mistakenly 
“ the  last  of  the  schoolmen.”  His  chief  work 
is  “Collectorium  ex  Occamo”  (1508,  etc.). 

Biela  (be'la),  Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Rosslau, 
Germany,  March  19, 1782 : died  at  Venice,  Feb. 
18,  1856.  An  Austrian  military  officer,  noted 
for  the  discovery  of  a comet,  named  for  him, 
Feb.  27,  1826,  at  Josephstadt,  Bohemia. 

Bielau  (be'lou),  or  Langen-Bielau  (lang'en- 
be'lou).  A village  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  situated  33  miles  southwest  of  Bres- 
lau. It  is  noted  for  its  length,  which  is  about 
5 miles.  Population,  commune,  19,666. 

Bielaya-Tserkoff  (bya  ' la  - ya  - tser ' kof ),  or 
Bielatserkof  (bya  ' la -tser  ' kof).  [‘White 
Church.’]  A town  in  the  government  of  Kieff, 
Russia,  in  lat.  49°  45'  N.,  long.  30°  8'  E.  It 
has  an  extensive  commerce. 

Bielefeld  (be'le-feld).  A city  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  in  lat.  52°  1'  N.,  long. 
8°  28'  E.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Westphalian 
linen  manufacture.  Population,  71,796. 

Bielef  (bya'lef).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Tula,  Russia,  in  lat.  53°  50'  N.,  long.  36° 
10'  E.  Population,  10,700. 

Bielgorod  (byal-go-rod').  [‘White  City.’]  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Kursk,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Donetz  in  lat.  50°  36'  N.,  long. 
36°  37'  E.  Population,  28,100. 

Bielinski  (bya-len'ske),  or  Belinski.  Born 
1815 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  1848.  A Russian 
critic  and  journalist.  He  became  editor  of  the 
“ Observer,"  which  ceased  to  appear  in  1839,  and  was 
one  of  the  principal  contributors  to  the  “ Annales  de  la 
patrie.” 

Bielitz  (be'lits).  A town  in  Silesia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  in  lat.  49°  50'  N.,  long.  19°  3'  E. 
It  manufactures  engines,  woolens,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 16,597. 

Biella  (be-el'la).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  Italy,  39  miles  northeast  of  Turin.  It 
hasacatbedral.  Population,  commune,  19,514. 

Bielostok  (bya'16-stok),  Pol.  Bialystok  (bya'- 
lii-stok).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Grodno,  Russia,  in  lat.  53°  10'  N.,  long.  23°  10' 
E.  Population,  66,032. 

Bielshohle  (belz-h^'le).  A stalactite  tavern 


156 

in  the  Bielsteiu  Mountain,  Harz,  Brunswick, 
near  the  Bode,  discovered  in  1762.  Length, 
over  600  feet. 

Bielski  (byal'ski),  Marcin.  Born  at  Biala, 
near  Sieradz,  Poland,  about  1495 : died  at  Biala, 
1575.  A Polish  historian.  His  chief  works  are 
“ Kronika  swiata  ” (1550),  “ Kronika  polska  ’’  (a  history  of 
Poland  : continued  by  his  son  Joachim  Bielski  from  1676 
to  1597 : published  1597). 

Bienhoa  (be-en-ho'a).  A town  in  French 
Cochin-China,  20  miles  north  of  Saigon. 

Bienhoa,  or  Tale-Sab.  A lake  in  Cambodia 
and  Siam,  in  lat.  13°  N.,  long.  104°  E. 

Bienne  (byen),  G.  Biel  (bel).  A town  in 
the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  at 
the  northeastern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Bienne,  17 
miles  northwest  of  Bern.  Watch-making  is  the 
chief  industry.  It  contains  the  Museum  Schwab  (antiqui- 
ties of  lake-villages,  etc.).  Population,  28,800. 

Bienne,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  northwestern 
Switzerland,  3 miles  northeast  of  Lake  Neu- 
chatel.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Zihl  (Thiele). 
Length,  9|  miles;  breadth,  2-J  miles. 

Bienville  (byan-vel' ),  Jean  Baptiste  Lemoine, 
Sieur  de.  Born  at  Montreal,  Canada,  Feb.  23, 
1680 : died  in  France,  1768.  A French  governor 
of  Louisiana,  1701-13,  1718-26,  and  1733-  about 
1740.  He  founded  New  Orleans  in  1718. 
Bienewitz.  See  Apianus. 

Bierstadt(ber'stat),  Albert.  Bom  at  Solingen, 
near  Diisseldorf,  Germany,  Jan.  7,  1830  : died 
at  New  York,  Feb.  18,  1902.  A German-Ameri- 
can  landscape-painter.  Among  his  noted  paintings 
are  “Sunshine  and  Shadow”  (1857),  “Lander’s  Peak" 
(1863),  “Domes  of  the  Yosemite,”  “ Mount  Hood."  etc. 

Biesbosch  (bes'bosk).  A marshy  lake  in  the 
Netherlands,  on  the  border  of  South  Holland 
and  North  Brabant,  southeast  of  Dordrecht. 
Its  outlet  to  the  North  Sea  is  the  Hollandsch  Diep. 
It  was  formed  1421  by  an  inundation  of  the  Meuse. 

Biet  (bya),  Antoine.  A French  missionary 
who  accompanied  the  600  colonists  sent  to 
Cayenne  in  1652,  and  remained  there  eighteen 
months.  He  published  “Voyage  de  la  France  Equinox- 
iale  " (Paris,  1664),  with  a Galibi  dictionary  at  the  end. 

Bifrost  (be'frest).  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the 
rainbow,  the  bridge  of  the  gods  which  reached 
from  heaven  to  earth.  Every  day  the  gods  rode  over 
it  to  their  judgment-place  under  the  tree  Yggdrasil,  near 
the  sacred  well  of  the  Norns.  Also  called  As6r«(01d  Norse 
Asbrii). 

Big  Beggarman.  A nickname  of  O’Connell. 

Big  Ben.  The  name  given  to  the  hell  in  the 
clock-tower  of  the  new  houses  of  Parliament, 
London.  It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  bell  in  England. 
It  was  cast  in  1858.  It  is  the  second  of  the  name,  the 
first  being  defective.  Walford,  Old  and  New  London. 

Big  Bethel  (big  beth'el).  A village  in  eastern 
Virginia,  10  miles  northwest  of  Fortress  Monroe. 
Here,  June  10,  1861,  the  Federals  (2,500)  under  General 
Peirce  were  defeated  by  the  Confederates  (1,800)  under 
Magruder. 

Big  Black.  A river  of  western  Mississippi 
which  joins  the  Mississippi  at  Grand  Gulf,  its 
length  is  over  200  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  about  50  miles. 
It  was  noted  in  Grant's  campaign  before  Vicksburg,  May, 
1863. 

Big  Bone  Lick.  A salt  spring  in  Boone  County, 
Kentucky,  situated  about  20  miles  southwest 
of  Cincinnati : noted  for  its  fossil  deposits. 

Bigelow  (big'e-lo),  John.  Born  Nov.  25,  1817 : 
died  at  New  York  city,  Dec.  19, 1911.  An  Amer- 
ican author  and  diplomatist.  He  was  an  editor, 1849- 
61,  and  one  of  the  proprietors,  1848-61,  of  the  New  York 
“Evening  Post";  consul  at  Paris  1861-65  ; and  minister  to 
France  1865-66.  He  edited  Franklin’s  autobiography  1868, 
and  published  “Jamaica  in  1850,  etc.,”  “Life  of  Fremont  ” 
(1856),  “Les  fitats-TJnis  d’Am6riqne  en  1863,"  a mono- 
graph on  “Molinos  the  Quietist”  (1882),  “Life  of  Samuel 
J.  Tilden”  (1895),  “Retrospections  of  an  Active  Life” 
(1909-12),  etc. 

Big-endians  (big-en'di-anz),  The.  A religious 
sect  (intended  for  the  Catholic  party),  in  Swift’s 
‘ ‘ Lilliput,”  who  considered  it  a matter  of  duty  to 
break  egg-shells  at  the  big  end.  They  were  con- 
sidered heretics  by  the  Little-endians  (the  Protestants), 
who  broke  their  egg-shells  in  an  orthodox  manner  at  the 
little  end. 

Big  Horn.  A river  of  Wyoming  and  sotithern 
Montana  which  joins  the  Yellowstone  in  lat. 
46°  13'  N.,  long.  107°  26'  W.  Length,  about  450 
miles.  The  upper  part  is  called  Wind  River. 

Big  Horn  Mountains.  A range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  central  and  northern  Wyoming, 
extending  northward  into  Montana.  Highest 
points,  about  12,000  feet. 

Biglow  Papers,  The.  A series  of  humorous 
political  poems,  with  explanatory  introductions, 
written  by  James  Russell  Lowell  in  the  New 
England  dialect.  Many  of  them  were  signed  Hosea 
Biglow.  They  were  published  in  two  series  (1848,  relating 
chiefly  to  slavery  and  the  Mexican  war  : and  1867,  relating 
chiefly  to  the  Civil  War  and  reconstruction). 


Bilguer 

Bignon  (ben-yon'),  Jerome.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  24, 1589:  died  at  Paris,  April  7, 1656.  An 
eminent  French  jurist.  He  published  “Traits  de  la 
grandeur  de  nos  rois  et  de  leur  souveraine  puissance  ” 
(1615,  published  under  the  name  of  “ Theophile  du  Jay"), 
and  other  works. 

Bigod  (big'od),  Hugh.  Died  about  1176.  An 
English  nobleman,  created  first  earl  of  Norfolk 
in  1135. 

Bigod,  Hugh.  Died  1266.  The  younger  son  of 
the  third  Earl  of  Norfolk,  made  chief  justiciar 
in  1258. 

Bigod,  Roger.  Died  1221.  The  second  Earl 
of  Norfolk,  son  of  Hugh,  the  first  earl. 

Bigod,  Roger.  Died  1270.  The  fourth  Earl  of 
Norfolk,  appointed  earl  marshal  of  England  in 
1246. 

Bigod,  Roger.  Born  1245:  died  Dee.  11,  1306. 
The  fifth  Earl  of  Norfolk,  son  of  Hugh  Bigod,  the 
justiciar,  and  nephew  of  Roger  the  fourth  earl. 

Bigordi,  Domenico.  See  Ghirlandajo. 

Bigorre,  L’Abbe.  The  name  under  which  Vol- 
taire wrote  his  “History  of  the  Parlement  of 
Paris”  (Amsterdam,  1769). 

Bigot.  See  Bigod. 

Big  Sandy  Creek.  A river  in  eastern  Colo- 
rado which  joins  the  Arkansas  near  the  Kan- 
sas frontier.  Length,  nearly  200  miles. 

Bijapur  (be-ja-por').  A town  in  southern  India, 
in  lat.  16°  49'  N.,  long.  75°  43'  E.,  formerly 
of  great  importance,  and  capital  of  Bijapur 
district,  Bombay.  It  contains  the  Jumma  Musjid 
(which  see),  and  the  tomb  of  Mahmoud  Shah.  The  latter 
dates  from  about  1600.  It  is  135  feet  in  interior  diameter, 
somewhat  less  than  the  Roman  Pantheon,  but  being  square 
in  plan  its  area  i9  greater ; and,  like  the  Pantheon,  it  is 
covered  by  a great  dome,  which  here  is  124  feet  in  diameter, 
resting  on  an  ingeniously  combined  system  of  pendentives 
which  at  once  diminish  the  area  to  be  covered  by  the 
dome  and  by  their  weight  counteract  its  outward  thrust. 
At  each  corner  of  the  building  rises  an  octagonal  domed 
tower  of  eight  stages.  The  decoration,  inside  and  out,  is 
of  great  elegance. 

Bijnor  (bij-nor').  A district  in  the  Bareilly 
division,  United  Provinces,  British  India. 
Area,  1,791  square  miles.  Population,  779,- 
451. 

Bikanir  (bi-ka-ner').  A native  state  in  north- 
ern Rajputana,  under  the  supervision  of 
British  India.  Area,  23,311  square  miles. 
Population,  584,627. 

Bikanir.  The  capital  of  Bikanir.  Population, 
53,075. 

Bilaspur  (be-las-por').  A feudatory  state  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area,  448  square 
miles.  Population,  90,873. 

Bilaspur.  A district  in  the  Chattisgarh 
division,  Central  Provinces,  British  India. 
Area,  7,602  square  miles.  Population, 
912,240. 

Bilat.  See  Belit. 

Bilbao  (bil-ba'o),  Francisco.  Born  at  San- 
tiago, Chile,  Jan.  9,  1823:  died  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  Feb.  19,  1865.  A Spanish-American 
journalist  and  propagandist.  Banished  from  Chile 
in  1845,  he  went  to  Paris  where  he  took  part  in  the 
revolution  of  1848  ; returning,  he  was  a leader  in  the  dis- 
turbances of  1851,  and  fled  to  Peru  and  thence  to  Ecuador 
and  Buenos  Ayres.  His  death  was  due  to  exposure  in- 
curred while  saving  a drowning  woman. 

Bilbao.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Vizcaya,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Nervion  in 
lat.  43°  14'  N.,  long.  2°  56'  W.  It  has  a thriving 
trade,  and  was  formerly  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
rapiers  called  by  its  name.  It  was  held  by  the  French 
1808-13,  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Carlists 
1835-36  (twice)  and  1874.  Population,  83,306. 

Bilboa.  See  Bayes. 

Bildad  (bil'dad).  One  of  the  three  friends  of 
Job.  He  is  called  the  “ Shuhite,”  from  a territory  iden- 
tified by  some  with  the  Sakaia  of  Ptolemy,  to  the  east  of 
Batantea,  by  others  with  Suhu  of  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions, situated  on  the  Euphrates  south  of  Carchemish. 

Bilderdijk  (bil-der-dik'),  Willem.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  Sept.  7,  1756 : died  at  Haarlem, 
Holland,  Dec.  18,  1831.  A Dutch  poet,  gram- 
marian, and  critic.  His  works  include  “Buitenleven  ” 
1803),  “De  ziekte  der  geleerden”  (1807),  “ De  Mensch  " 
1808),  “ De  ondergang  der  eerste  wereld  ” (1820). 

Bilfinger  (bil'fmg-er),  or  Biilffinger  (hiil'fing- 
fer),  Georg  Bernhard.  Born  at  Kannstadt, 
Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  23,  1693:  died  at  Stuttgart, 
Feb.  18,  1750.  A German  philosopher  of  the 
Wolfian  school,  and  mathematician.  He  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Tubingen  and  privy  councilor  in 
Stuttgart.  Author  of  “Dilucidationes  de  Deo,  anima  liu- 
mana,  etc.”  (1725). 

Bilguer  (bil'gwer),  Paul  Rudolf  von.  Born 

at  Ludwigslust,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Sept. 
21, 1815:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  10, 1840.  A lieu- 
tenant in  the  Prussian  army,  noted  as  a chess- 
player. He  wrote  “Handbueh  des  Schach- 
spiels”  (1843),  etc. 


Bilin 

Bilin  (be'lin).  The  language  of  the  Bogos. 

Bilin  (bi-len').  A manufacturing  town  and 
watering-place  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
Biela  42  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  9,508,  (1910). 

Bilioso  (bil-i-6'so).  An  amusing  diplomatist 
in  Marston’s  play  “ The  Malcontent.” 

Billaud-Varenne  (be-yo'va-ren'),  Jean  Nico- 
las. Born  at  La  Rochelle,  France,  April  23, 
1756:  died  at  Port-au-Priuce,  Haiti,  June  3, 
1819.  A French  Revolutionist,  member  of  the 
Convention  and  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety.  He  was  deported  to  Guiana  in  1816,  came  to 
New  York,  and  then  went  to  Haiti. 

Billaut  (be-yo'),  Adam.  A French  poet,  1602- 
1662,  most  familiarly  known  as  Maitre  or  Mas- 
ter Adam. 

Bille  (bil'e),  Steen  Andersen.  Born  Aug.  22, 
1751:  died  at  Copenhagen,  April  15,  1833.  A 
Danish  admiral  and  minister  of  state,  distin- 
guished in  an  attack  on  Tripoli  in  1798,  and  iu 
the  battle  of  Copenhagen  in  1807. 

Bille,  Steen  Andersen.  Born  at  Copenhagen, 
Dee.  5,  1797 : died  there,  May  7, 1883.  A Dan- 
ish admiral  and  minister  of  marine,  son  of  Steen 
Andersen  Bille.  He  took  part  in  an  expedition  to 
South  America  in  1840,  and  commanded  a scientific  ex 
pedition  round  the  world  1845-47,  in  the  corvette  Galatea, 
of  which  he  has  given  an  account  in  "Beretning  om  Cor- 
vetten  Galatheas  Reise  omkrung  jorden  1845-46  og  47” 
(1849-51). 

Billickin  (bil'i-kin),  Mrs.  A keeper  of  lodg- 
ings in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood.”  Her  distinguishing  characteristics  are  “ per- 
sonal faintness  and  an  overpowering  personal  candor. ” 

Billings  (bil'ingz ),  Joseph.  [The  surname  Bik 
lings  is  a patronymic  genitive  of  Billing,  an  AS. 
name,  ‘son  of  Bill,’  Bill  meaning  ‘sword.’] 
Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  18th  century. 
An  English  navigator  in  the  Russian  service, 
engaged  in  Arctic  exploration  1785-91.  He  was 
also  a companion  of  Cook  on  his  last  voyage. 

Billings,  Josh.  The  pseudonym  of  Henry  W. 
Shaw. 

Billings,  William.  Bom  at  Boston,  Oct.  7, 
1746.  died  at  Boston,  Sept.  26,  1800.  An 
American  composer.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  American  musical  composer,  and  to  have  introduced 
into  New  England  the  spirited  style  of  church  music.  He 
published  “ The  Singing-Master’s  Assistant  ” (1778),  and 
“The  Psalm-Singer’s  Amusement”  (1781). 

Billingsgate  (bil'ingz-gat).  [ME.  Billingesgate, 
Bylyngesgate,  Belyngsgate,  AS.  * Billingesgaat 
(in  Latin  transcription  Billingesgate),  ‘Billing’s 
gate.’  See  Billings .]  A gate,  wharf,  and  fish- 
market  in  London,  on  the  north  hank  of  the 
Thames,  near  London  Bridge,  it  was  made  a 
free  market  in  1699.  There  may  have  been  a water-gate 
here  from  the  earliest  times.  The  present  market,  how- 
ever, was  established  in  1559,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  It 
was  at  first  a general  landing-place  for  merchandise  of  all 
kinds.  It  was  burned  down  in  1715  and  rebuilt.  In  1852 
new  buildings  were  erected,  and  again  in  1856.  The  pres- 
ent buildings  were  finished  in  1874.  The  foul  language 
used  by  the  fishwives  and  others  in  the  neighborhood  has 
made  its  name  a synonym  for  such  speech. 

Billington  (bil'ing- ton),  Elizabeth.  Bom  at 

London,  probably  about  1768:  died  at  Venice, 
Aug.  25, 1818  A noted  English  singer,  daughter 
of  a German  oboist,  Carl  Weichsel,  and  wife  of 
her  singing-master,  James  Billington.  Shebegan 
her  operatic  career  at  Dublin  in  “Orpheus  and  Eurydice,” 
and  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  Feb.  13, 1786,  as  Rosetta  in 
“Love  in  a Village  ” In  1799  she  married  M.  Felissent, 
from  whom  she  soon  separated,  but  with  whom  she  was 
later  (1817)  reconciled,  and  returned  to  England  in  1801. 
She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1811. 

Billiton  (bil-li-ton'),  D.  Blitoeng.  An  island 
east  of  Banea  and  southwest  of  Borneo,  inlat. 
3°  S.,  long.  108°  E.:  a colonial  possession  of 
Holland  since  1814.  Area,  1,863  square  miles. 
Population,  36,858. 

Billroth  (bil'rot),  Theodor.  Bom  at  Bergen 
on  the  island  of  Riigen,  April  26,  1829 : died 
at  Abbazia,  Istria,  Feb.  6,  1894.  A noted 
Austrian  surgeon. 

Biloxi  (bi-lok'si).  A division  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  probably  included,  besides 
the  Biloxi  proper,  the  Pascagoula  (or  Pasco- 
boula)  and  the  Moctoby  tribes  which  were  in 
three  villages  on  Biloxi  Bay,  Mississippi,  in  1699. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  the  Biloxi  and  Pas- 
cagoula were  in  Rapides  parish,  Louisiana.  A few  of  the 
Biloxi  proper  still  live  near  Lecompte,  Rapides  parish, 
Louisiana.  See  Simian. 

Bilqula  (bil-ko'la),  or  Bellacoola.  A Sali- 
shan  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  on  the 
coast  of  British  Columbia.  With  the  Haeltzuke  (of  the 
Wakashan  stock)  they  number  about  2,000.  See  Salishan. 

Bilson  (bil'son),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Winchester, 
England,  1546:  died  at  Westminster,  June  18, 
1616.  An  English  prelate  and  author,  conse- 


157 

crated  bishop  of  Worcester  in  1596,  and  trans- 
lated to  Winchester  in  1597. 

Bilston  (bil'ston)  A town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  24  miles  southeast  of  Wolverhampton, 
noted  for  its  iron  manufactures.  Population, 
24,034. 

Bima  (be'ma).  A seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Sumbawa,  Dutch  East  Indies,  in  lat. 
8°  30'  N.,  long.  118°  45'  E. 

Bimini  (be-me-ne'),  or  Bimani  (be-ma-ne'). 
The  name  formerly  given  by  West  Indian  na- 
tives to  an  island  or  region  north  of  them, 
where,  according  to  their  legends,  there  was  a 
fountain  whose  waters  conferred  perpetual 
youth.  Probably  the  island,  like  the  fountain,  was  a 
fable;  but  the  name  was  given  in  the  early  maps  to  the 
peninsula  of  Florida.  About  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury Bimini  was  sometimes  supposed  to  be  in  Mexico. 
Binche  (bahsh).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  11  miles  east-southeast  of 
Mons.  Population,  12,307. 

Bingen  (bing'en).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Rhine-Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Nahe  and  Rhine  16  miles  west  of  Mainz. 
It  contains  the  castle  of  Klopp.  In  1689  it  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  the  French.  Population,  commune,  9,953. 

Binger  (ban-zhar'),  Louis  Gustave.  Born  Oct. 
14, 1856.  A French  officer  and  African  explorer. 
For  the  French  government  he  connected  the  French  pos- 
sessions on  the  Upper  Niger  with  those  at  Grand  Bassam 
on  the  Ivory  Coast.  He  started  from  Bammakou  in  1887 ; 
explored  Sikaso  and  Kong,  where  he  found  no  chain  of 
mountains ; and  then  turned  to  the  north  (1888)  and  reached 
Baromo  and  Wagadugu.  From  here  he  turned  again  to 
the  south,  and  made  his  way  over  Salaga,  Bontuku,  and 
Kong  to  Grand  Bassam  (1889).  He  placed  Tieba,  Kong, 
and  Bontuku  under  a French  protectorate.  In  1892  he 
returned  to  W est  Africa  as  French  commissioner  for  the 
settlement  of  the  Ashanti  boundaries"  with  England.  He 
was  governor  of  the  Ivory  Coast  1893-96,  and  director  of 
African  affairs  in  the  Ministry  of  Colonies  1896-1907.  See 
Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Bingham  (bing'am),  George.  Born  at  Mel- 
combe,  Dorsetshire,  Nov.  7,  1715:  diedatPim- 
perne,  Dorsetshire,  Oct.  11,  1800.  An  English 
divine  and  antiquarian,  rector  of  Pimperne. 
Bingham,  Joseph.  Born  at  Wakefield,  Eng- 
land, Sept.,  1668:  died  at  Havant,  near  Ports- 
mouth, England,  Aug.  17,  1723.  An  English 
divine  and  writer  on  church  history.  His  chief 
work  is  “ Origines  Ecclesiastic®  ” (1708-22), *or  “ Antiqui- 
ties of  the  Christian  Church.” 

Binghamton  (bing'am-ton).  A city  and  the 
county-seat  of  Broome  County,  New  York,  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Chenango  and  Sus- 
quehanna rivers,  in  lat.  42°  8'  N.,  long.  75°  57' 
W.  It  is  an  important  railway  center.  It  was 
settled  in  1787.  Population,  48,443,  (1910). 
Bingley  (hing'li).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  5 
miles  northwest  of  Bradford.  Population, 
15,382. 

Bini  (be'ne).  See  Nupe. 

Binnenhof  (bin'nen-hof).  Originally,  the  pal- 
ace of  Count  William  of  Holland,  at  The 
Hague,  an  irregular  agglomeration  of  buildings, 
in  part  medieval,  inclosing  a court  in  which 
stands  the  Hall  of  the  Knights,  a brick,  chapel- 
like gabled  structure  with  turrets,  now  used  as 
a depository  for  archives.  In  the  north  wing  are 
the  quarters  of  the  States-General,  with  some  good  Re- 
naissance chimney-pieces  and  historical  paintings. 

Binney  (bin'i),  Arnos.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Oct.  18, 1803:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  18, 1847.  An 
American  naturalist  and  patron  of  science. 
He  wrote  “Terrestrial  and  Air-breathmg  Mol- 
lusks”  (1851),  etc. 

Binney,  Horace.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
4, 1780:  died  there,  Aug.  12, 1875.  An  eminent 
American  lawyer  and  legal  writer.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1797 ; was  admitted  to 
the  Philadelphia  bar  in  1800 ; was  Whig  member  of  Con- 
gress 1833-35 ; and  was  a director  and  defender  of  the 
United  States  Bank. 

Binney,  Thomas.  Born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
England,  April,  1798 : died  at  Clapton,  England, 
Feb.  24,  1874.  A noted  English  Congregational 
divine  and  controversialist. 

Bintang  (bin-tang').  An  island  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies,  situated  south  of  Singapore,  in  lat. 
1°  N.,  long.  104°  20'  E.  Area,  455  square  miles. 
Binue  (bin'we).  The  largest  affluent  of  the 
Niger  River, West  Africa,  it  springs  in  Adamawa, 
north  of  Ngaundere,  makes  a bend  to  the  north,  and  joins 
the  Niger  at  Lokoja.  It  is  navigable  for  1,000  kilometers, 
as  far  as  Riliago,  but  only  from  May  to  January.  From 
Yola  down  it  belonged  to  the  Royal  Niger  Company.  It 
was  explored  principally  by  Baikie  and  R.  Flegel. 
Bio-Bio  (be-6-be'o).  A province  in  central 
Chile.  Capital,  Los  Angeles.  Area,  5,245 
square  miles.  Population,  97,968. 

Bio-Bio.  A river  in  Chile  which  flows  into  the 
Pacific  at  Concepcidn.  Length,  about  300 
miles. 


Birh 

Bion(bl'on).  [Gr.  Bujn.]  Born  at  Phlossa,  near 
Smyrna,  Asia  Minor:  lived  about  280  b.  C.  A 
Greek  bucolic  poet.  His  chief  extant  poem 
is  the  “Epitaphios  Adonidos”  (“Lament  for 
Adonis”). 

Biondello  (be-on-del'lo).  A servant  to  Lu- 
centio  in  Shakspere’s  “ Taming  of  the  Shrew.” 
Biondi  (be-on'de),  Sir  Giovanni  Francesco. 

Born  on  the  island  of  Lesina,  Gulf  of  Venice, 
1572:  died  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  1644.  An 
Italian  novelist  and  historian,  long  resident  in 
England,  where  he  became  a gentleman  of  the 
king’s  privy  chamber.  He  published  three  romances 
of  chivalry,  in  Italian,  which  were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish as  “Eromena,  or  Love  and  Revenge”  (1631),  “Don- 
zella  desterrada,  or  The  Banish’d  Virgin  ” (1635).  “Coral- 
bo  ” (1655),  a sequel  to  the  preceding. 

Biot  (be-o').  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris. 
April  21,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  3,  1862.  A 
celebrated  French  physicist  and  chemist,  noted 
especially  for  his  discoveries  in  optics.  His 
chief  works  are  “Essai  de  g^ometrie  analytique’’  (1805). 
“ Traits  <514nientaire  d’astronomie  physique  ” (1805), 
“Traite  de  physique  exp^rimentale”  (1816),  ‘ ‘ 'finite  cle- 
mentaire  de  physique  experimen  tale”  (1818-21),  and  works 
on  ancient  Egyptian,  Indian,  and  Chinese  astronomy. 

Bir  (her).  [Turk.  Birejik,  Bithra.']  A town,  the 
ancient  Birtha  or  Bitlira,  in  the  vilayet  of  Alep- 
po, Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Euphrates 
in  lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long.  38°  3'  E.  Population 
(estimated),  8,000. 

Birch  (berch),  Harvey.  The  chief  character 
in  Cooper’s  novel  “The  Spy.” 

Birch,  Samuel.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  3, 1813: 
died  there,  Dec.  27, 1885.  An  English  archaeolo- 
gist. He  published  “Gallery  of  Antiquities”  (1842), 
“Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Egyptian  Hieroglyphs” 
(1857),  “History  of  Ancient  Pottery  ” (1858),  etc. 

Birch,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  23, 
1705 : died  near  London,  Jan.  9, 1766.  An  Eng- 
lish writer  on  history  and  biography.  He  wrote 
nearly  all  the  English  biographies  in  the  “General  Dic- 
tionary, Historical  and  Critical  ” (1734-41),  edited  “Thur- 
loe’s  State  Papers  ’’  (1742),  compiled  “ Memoirs  of  the 
Reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth”  (1754),  etc. 

Birch-Pfeiffer  (berch 'pfi'fer).  Charlotte.  Born 
at  Stuttgart,  June  23, 1800 : died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
24,  1868.  A German  actress  and  dramatist. 
Her  chief  dramas  are  “Dorf  und  Stadt”  (1848),  “Die 
Waise  von  Lowood  ” (1856),  “ Die  Grille  ” (1856),  etc. 
Bird,  Golding.  Born  in  Norfolk,  England,  Dec. 
9,  1814:  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Oct.  27, 1854. 
An  English  physician  and  medical  writer.  He 
was  appointed  lecturer  on  natural  philosophy  at  Guy’s 
Hospital  in  1836,  and  lecturer  on  materia  medica  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  in  1847.  His  chief  work  is  his  “ Ele- 
ments of  Natural  Philosophy  ” (1839). 

Bird,  Eobert  Montgomery.  Born  at  New- 
castle, Delaware,  1803:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Jan.  22, 1854.  An  American  physician  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  several  tragedies,  among  them’ 
“The  Gladiator,”  a favorite  with  Edwin  Forrest,  and  the 
novels  “Calavar”  (1S34),  “The  Infidel”  (1835),  etc. 

Bird,  or  Byrd,  or  Byrde,  William.  Born  about 
1538:  died  at  London,  July  4,  1623.  Am  Eng- 
lish organist,  and  composer  of  madrigals  and 
sacred  music.  He  is  said  to  have  composed 
the  well-known  canon  “Non  nobis  Domine,” 
but  it  is  not  in  his  works. 

Birdcage  Walk.  A walk  on  the  south  side  of 
St.  J ames’s  Park,  London.  It  is  so  named  from 
the  aviaries  which  were  ranged  along  its  side  as 
early  as  the  time  of  the  Stuarts. 

Bird  in  a Cage,  The.  A play  by  Shirley,  printed 
in  1633. 

Birds,  The.  A comedy  of  Aristophanes,  pro- 
duced in  414  B.  C.  It  obtained  the  second  prize.  It 
is  “profoundly  interesting  as  a piece  of  brilliant  imagi- 
nation, with  less  political  rancour  and  less  obscenity  than 
most  of  the  author’s  work,  and  justly  accounted  one  of 
the  best,  if  not  the  best,  of  his  extant  plays”  (Mahaffy). 
Birdlime  (berd'lim).  A disreputable  character 
in  Webster’s  “Westward  Ho.”  it  is  he  who  says 
“Is  not  old  wine  wholesomest,  old  pippins  toothsomest, 
old  wood  burn  brightest,  old  linen  wash  whitest?”  (ii.  2). 

Biren.  See  Biron. 

Bireno  (be-ra'no).  The  husband  of  the  de- 
serted Olimpia  in  Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso.” 
Birgitta  (bir-git'ta),  or  Brigitta  (bri-git'ta), 
Saint,  of  Sweden.  Born  at  Finstad,  in  Up- 
land, Sweden,  1302  (1303):  died  at  Rome,  July 
23,  1373.  A Swedish  nun.  She  was  related  to  the 
royal  family  of  Sweden.  On  the  death  of  her  husband, 
Ulf  Gudmarson,  in  1344,  she  decided  to  found  an  order, 
and  obtained  the  papal  confirmation  of  the  proposed  rule 
(regula  Sanctl  Salvatoris)  from  Urban  V.  in  1367,  the  order 
being  established  in  1370.  She  was  the  author  of  “Reve- 
lationes,"  claiming  divino  inspiration,  which  were  de- 
nounced by  Gerson,  but  which  were  confirmed  by  the 
Council  of  Basel.  She  was  canonized,  Oct.  7,  1391,  by 
Boniface  I.,  and  her  day  falls  on  Feb.  1. 

Birh  (berH),  or  Bhir.  A district  in  the  Auranga- 
bad division,  Hyderabad  state,  British  India. 
Area,  4,460  square  miles.  Population,  492,258. 


Birkbeck 

Birkbeck  (berk'bek),  George.  Born  at  Settle, 
Yorkshire,  England,  Jan.  10,  1776:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  1,  1841.  An  English  physician 
and  educational  reformer  who,  with  others, 
founded  the  Glasgow  Mechanics’  Institute  1823, 
and  in  1824  a similar  institution  in  London 
(latercalled  the  “Birkbeck  Institute ”),  and  the 
University  College,  London,  in  1827. 
Birkenfeld  (ber'ken-feld).  A principality  be- 
longing (since  1817)  to  Oldenburg,  Germany, 
situated  east  of  Treves,  surrounded  by  Rhe- 
nish Prussia.  Area,  194  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 46,484. 

Birkenfeld.  The  capital  of  Birkenfeld,  Olden- 
burg, Germany,  26  miles  east-southeast  of 
Treves. 

Birkenhead,  or  Berkenhead  (ber'ken-hed), 
Sir  John.  Born  near  Northwieh,  Cheshire, 
England,  March  24,  1616:  died  at  Whitehall, 
Dec.  4,  1679.  An  English  satirist  and  journal- 
ist, editor  of  the  “Mercurius  Aulicus”  (which 
see)  in  the  civil  war. 

Birkenhead.  A seaport  and  suburb  of  Liver- 
pool, in  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Mersey  opposite  Liverpool,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  tunnel  and  ferries.  It  has  ex- 
tensive docks,  ship-building,  and  commerce. 
Pojmlation,  130,832,  (1911). 

Birkenhead,  The.  An  English  troop  steamer 
which  was  wrecked  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Feb.  26,  1852.  The  troops  formed  at  the  word  of  com- 
mand and  went  down  at  their  posts,  having  put  the  wo- 
men and  children  in  the  boats.  More  than  400  men  were 
drowned. 

Birket  el-Kurun  (ber'ket  el-ko-ron').  [Ar., 
‘Lake  of  the  Horns.’]  A brackish  lake  in 
Fayum,  Egypt,  in  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  30°  40' 
E.,  fed  by  the  Nile.  It  was  formerly  erroneously 
supposed  to  be  Lake  Moeris.  Length,  34  miles. 
Greatest  breadth,  6]-  miles. 

Birmingham  (bm-'ming-am).  [ME.  Berming- 
ham,  AS.  prob.  * Beormingaham,  dwelliug  of  the 
Beormings,  or  sons  of  Beorm.  The  ME.  and  E. 
forms  of  the  name  are  numerous.  One  of  them, 
Brummagem,  has  become  appellative  of  cheap 
jewelry.]  A city  in  the  northwestern  extremity 
of  Warwickshire,  England,  in  lat.  52°  29'  N., 
long.  1°  54'  W.,  the  fourth  city  in  size  in  Eng- 
land and  the  second  manufacturing  center,  it 
is  one  of  the  principal  places  in  the  world  for  manufac- 
tures of  hardware.  It  is  (perhaps)  built  on  the  site  of  a 
Roman  station.  It  is  mentioned  in  Domesday  Book.  In 
1043  it  was  taken  by  -Prince  Rupert.  It  was  the  scene  of 
riots  against  Priestley  in  1791,  and  of  Chartist  riots  in  1839. 
Population,  525,900,  (1911). 

Birmingham  (ber'ming-ham).  A city,  the  cap- 
ital of  Jefferson  County,  Alabama,  situated  in 
Jones  Valley  in  lat.  33°  30'  N.,  long.  86°  53'  W.: 
founded  in  1871.  It  is  now  one  of  the  chief  iron- 
manufacturing  cities  in  the  United  States.  There  are 
large  supplies  of  coal  and  limestone  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  of  iron  (6  miles  distant).  It  is  also  an  important  rail- 
road center.  Population,  132,685,  (1910). 

Birmingham.  A suburb  within  the  munici- 
pality of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  situated 
south  of  the  Monongahela  River. 

Birmingham  Festival.  A musical  festival 
held  triennially  at  Birmingham,  England,  es- 
tablished in  1768.  Handels  music  originally  formed 
the  main  part  of  the  programs,  which  are  most  important. 
The  proceeds  of  the  festivals  are  given  to  the  funds  of 
the  General  Hospital. 

Birnam  (ber'nam).  A hill  in  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  ll  miles  northwest  of  Perth,  for- 
merly part  of  a royal  forest  which  is  referred 
to  in  “Macbeth”  as  Birnam  Wood.  Height, 
1,324  feet. 

Birnbaumer  Wald  (bern'boum-er  vald).  [G., 

‘ pear-tree  wood,’  translating  the  Latin  name 
Ad  Pirum,  ‘ at  the  pear-tree.’]  A plateau  in 
Carniola,  northeast  of  Trieste,  near  the  river 
Frigidus,  the  scene  of  the  victory  of  Theodo- 
sius in  394.  It  contains  the  Roman  station  Ad 
Pirum,  on  the  main  road  across  the  Alps  into 
Italy. 

Bimey  (ber'ni),  David  Bell.  Born  at  Hunts- 
ville, Ala.,  May  29, 1825:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Oct.  18, 1864.  An  American  brigadier-general, 
son  of  James  Gillespie  Birney.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1862-64,  especially 
at  Chancellorsville  and  at  Gettysburg. 

Birney,  James  Gillespie.  Born  at  Danville, 
Ky.,  Feb.  4,  1792 : died  at  Perth  Amboy, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  25, 1857.  An  American  politician, 
candidate  of  the  “Liberty”  party  for  Presi- 
dent 1840  and  1844. 

Birni  (ber'ne),  or  Old  Birni.  The  former  capi- 
tal of  Bornu,  in  Sudan,  in  lat.  13°  20'  N.,  long. 
13°  E. 

Biron  (F.  pron.  be-ron').  1.  A lord  attending 
on  the  King  of  Navarre,  in  Shakspere’s  “ Love’s 


158 


Bissagos 


Labour ’s  Lost.”  He  is  gay  and  eloquent,  and 
holds  nothing  sacred. — 2.  (bi'ron).  The  hus- 
band of  Isabella  in  Southern  e’s  play  “The  Fatal 
Marriage.”  He  is  supposed  to  be  killed  iu  battle,  but 
returns  after  seven  years  to  find  his  wife  married  to  an- 
other through  the  machinations  of  his  younger  brother 
Carlos.  He  is  killed  in  a fray  instigated  by  Carlos.  See 
Isabella. 

Biron  (be-roff'),  Armand  de  Gontaut,  Baron 
(later  Due)  de.  Born  1524:  killed  at  Eper- 
nay,  France,  July  26,  1592.  A marshal  of 
France.  He  fought  in  the  Catholic  army  in  the  battles 
of  Dreux,  St.  Denis,  and  Moncontour,  became  grand  mas- 
ter of  artillery  in  1569,  negotiated  the  peace  of  St.  Ger- 
main, became  marshal  of  France  in  1577,  was  one  of  the 
first  to  recognize  Henry  IV.,  contributed  to  the  victo- 
ries of  Arques  and  Ivry,  and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Epernay. 

Biron,  Armand  Louis  de  Gontaut,  Due  de 
Lauzun,  later  Due  de.  Born  at.  Paris,  April 
15,  1747 : died  there,  Dec.  31,  1793.  A French 
general  and  politician.  He  reduced  the  British  col- 
onies of  Senegal  and  Gambia,  in  Africa,  in  1779;  joined 
Lafayette  in  America  iu  1780 ; commanded  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  to  capture  New  York  from  the  British  in 
1781 ; became  general-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
in  1792,  and  of  the  army  of  the  coast  at  La  Rochelle  in 
1793 ; and,  in  spite  of  his  capture  of  Saumur  and  his  de- 
feat of  the  Vendeans,  was  executed  by  order  of  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal  of  Fouquier-Tinville,  whose  displeasure 
he  had  incurred. 

Biron,  Charles  de  Gontaut,  Due  de.  Born 
1562:  died  at  Paris,  July  31, 1602.  An  admiral 
and  marshal  of  France,  son  of  Armand  de 
Gontaut.  He  was  the  friend  and  a trusted  officer  of 
Henry  IV.,  by  whom  he  was  made  admiral  of  France  in 
1592,  marshal  in  1594,  governor  of  Burgundy  in  1595,  and 
duke  and  peer  in  1598.  He  was  executed  for  plotting  with 
Savoy  and  Spain  to  dismember  France. 

Biron,  Conspiracy  and  Tragedy  of  Charles, 
Duke  of.  Two  plays  by  Chapman  which  may 
be  regarded  as  a single  play.  They  were  produced 
in  1605.  printed  in  1608,  and  reprinted  in  1625  during 
Chapman’s  lifetime,  with  revisions. 

Birs  Nimrud  (bers  nem-rod').  [Ar.,  ‘ Nimrod’s 
tower.’]  A mound  of  ruins  on  the  site  of  Bor- 
sippa,  northeast  of  the  city  of  Babylon,  where 
stood  the  celebrated  temple  of  Nebo  Ezida  (de- 
scribed in  Herodotus  I.  178  as  that  of  Bel). 

To  this  temple,  constructed  in  the  shape  of.  a pyramid  of 
seven  stages,  it  is  supposed  the  narrative  of  the  tower  of 
Babel  in  Gen.  xi.  attached  itself.  See  Borsippa. 
Birstall  (ber'stal).  A manufacturing  town 
in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
seven  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  Population, 
6,559. 


Bischofszell  (bish'ofs-tsel).  A town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Thurgau,  Switzerland,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Sitter  and  Thur,  13  miles  south  of  Con- 
stance. Population,  2,618. 

Biserta  (be-zer'ta).  1.  See  Bizerta. — 2.  The 
capital  of  King  Agramant  in  Ariosto’s  “Or- 
lando Furioso.”  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by 
Orlando,  Astolfo,  and  Brandimart. 

Bisharin  (be-sha-ren').  A Hamitic  tribe  of 
northeast  Africa.  With  the  related  Hadendoa,  Hal- 
lenga,  Ababdi,  and  Ben  Amir  tribes,  it  is  said  to  constitute 
the  Bedja  nation  of  Arabic  literature,  the  Blemmyes  of 
the  Romans,  the  Kushites  of  the  Bible,  and  the  Ethiopians 
of  Herodotus.  The  habitat  of  these  tribes  is  between  the 
Red  Sea  and  the  Nile,  and  between  Egypt  and  Abyssinia. 
They  are  Mohammedans,  pastoral  and  nomadic.  By  the 
Mahdi  insurrection  they  have  been  tom  from  Egypt. 

Bishop  (bisk 'up),  Ann  Riviere.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1814:  died  at  New  York,  March  18,  1884. 
An  English  singer  in  oratorio  and  opera,  known 
as  Madame  Anna  Bishop.  She  married  Sir  Henry 
Rowley  Bishop  in  1831,  and,  after  his  death,  Mr.  Schultz 
in  1858.  She  appeared  first  on  the  concert  stage  in  1837, 
and  for  the  last  time  in  1883.  Her  voice  was  a high  so- 
prano. 

Bishop,  Sir  Henry  Rowley.  Born  at  London, 
Nov.  18,  1786:  died  at  Loudon,  April  30,  1855. 
An  English  musician,  composer  of  operas, 
songs,  cantatas,  etc.  His  numerous  works  include 
“The  Miller  and  his  Men”  (1813),  ‘The  Slave"  (1816), 
‘‘Maid  Marian”  (1823),  “Clari”  (containing  Payne's 
“ Home,  Sweet  Home,”  1822),  etc. 

Bishop  Blougram’s  Apology.  A poem  by 

Robert  Browning.  He  is  said  to  have  intended  Bishop 
Blougram  for  Cardinal  Wiseman,  but  the  description  is 
to  the  last  degree  untrue. 

Bishop-Auckland  (bish'up-ak'land).  A town 
in  Durham,  northern  England,  10  miles  south- 
west of  Durham.  It  contains  the  palace  of  the 
Bishop  of  Durham  , Population,  11,969. 

Bishopscote,  Bishopscott.  Old  corruptions  of 
Pejebscot,  a name  of  the  Androscoggin  River. 

Bishopsgate  (bish'ups-gat).  The  principal  en- 
trance through  the  northern  wall  of  old  London . 
The  only  entrance  in  the  northern  wall  in  Roman  times 
was  near  this  point.  Near  here  Ermyn  street  and  the 
Vic  inal  way  entered  the  city.  Bishopsgate  street  is  the 
street  which  goes  over  the  site  of  the  old  gate,  and  is  di- 
vided into  “Bishopsgate  within  "and  “Bishopsgate  with- 
out." The  gate  was  destroyed  in  the  reign  of  George  II. 
The  foundations  of  the  old  Roman  gate  have  been  found. 

Biskara  (bes'ka-ra),  or  Biskra  (bes'kra).  A 
city  in  the  department  of  Constantine,  Algeria  , 
in  lat.  35°  27'  N.,  long.  5°  22'  E.  It  was  taken  by 

the  French  in  1844.  Population,  9,933. 


Birth  of  Merlin,  The,  or  The  Child  has  lost 
a Father.  A tragicomedy  published  in  1662 
as  by  Shakspere  and  Rowley.  It  is  clearly  a re- 
fashioning by  Rowley  of  an  old  play.  The  present  title  is 
Rowley’s.  The  original  author  is  unknown. 

Biru  (be-ro').  All  Indian  chief  who,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  century,  ruled  a small 
region  in  the  extreme  northwest  corner  of 
South  America,  adjacent  to  the  isthmus  of 
Darieu.  The  Spanish  called  this  region  the  province 
of  Biru,  and  extended  the  appellation  to  a rich  region 
farther  south,  of  which  they  had  vague  reports ; hence, 
probably,  the  name  Peru  originated.  The  territory  proper 
of  Biru  was  traversed  by  Andagoya  in  1622. 

Bisa  (be'sa),  or  Wa-Bisa  (wa-be'sa).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  British  Zambesia  (Northeast  Rhodesia), 
Africa,  between  the  Zambesi  River  and  Lake 
Bangweolo.  They  are  great  traders.  It  was  at  Chi- 
tambo  in  the  northern  part  of  their  territory  that  Liv- 
ingstone died.  Their  language  seems  to  be  related  to 
Lunda  and  Yao. 

Bisbal,  Count.  See  O’Donnell. 

Biscay  (bis'ka).  [Sp.  Biscaya,  now  Vizcaya. ] 
One  of  the  Basque  Provinces  in  Spain,  bor- 
dering on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Capital,  Bilbao. 
Area,  836  square  miles.  Population,  311,361. 
Biscay,  Bay  of.  [F.  Golfe  de  Gascogne .]  An 
arm  of  the  Atlantic  west  of  France  aud  north 
of  Spain:  the  Roman  Sinus  Aquitanicus,  Sinus 
Cantabricus,  Cantaber  Oceanus,  etc.  Its  lim- 
its are  the  island  of  Ushant  and  Cape  Ortegal. 
It  is  noted  for  its  storms.  The  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Loire  and  Garonne. 

Biscay  Provinces.  The  provinces  of  Biscay, 
Alava,  and  Guipuzcoa  in  Spain. 

Bisceglie  (be-shel'ye).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Italy,  22  miles  northwest  of  Bari. 
Population,  commune,  30,885. 

Bischof  (bish'of),  Karl  Gustav.  Born  at 
Word,  near  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Jan.  18,  1792: 
died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  30,  1870.  A Ger- 
man chemist  and  geologist,  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  Bonn. 

Bischoff,  Theodor  Ludwig  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Hannover,  Germany,  Oct.  28,  1807 : died  at 
Munich,  Dee.  5,  1882.  A German  anatomist 
and  physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  and 
anatomy  at  Heidelberg. 


Bismarck  (biz'mark),  Otto  Eduard  Leopold, 
Prince  von.  Born  at  Schonhausen,  Prussia, 
April  1,  1815 : died  at  Friedrichsruh,  July  30, 
1898.  A famous  Prussian  statesman,  the  cre- 
ator of  German  unity.  He  studied  at  the  universi- 
ties of  Gottingen  and  Berlin  ; entered  the  united  Landtag 
of  Prussia  in  1847  ; aud  in  1849-50,  as  a member  of  the  sec- 
ond chamber  of  the  Prussian  diet,  became  known  as  an 
outspoken  advocate  of  reactionary  measures.  In  1851  he 
was  appointed  Prussian  ambassador  to  the  diet  of  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  at  Frankfort ; in  1859  he  became  am- 
bassador to  Russia ; and  in  1862  he  was  for  a few  months 
ambassador  to  France.  He  was  appointed  Prussian  pre- 
mier and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  Oct.  8,  1862,  and  en- 
gaged in  a long  struggle  with  the  Landtag  over  the  ques- 
tion of  the  army  increase  and  the  prerogatives  of  the 
crown.  After  the  Schleswig  Holstein  war  of  1864,  in 
which  he  secured  the  cooperation  of  Austria,  he  was 
made  a count,  Sept.,  1865.  On  the  renewal  of  the  Schles- 
wig-Holstein complications  Bismarck  concluded  an  al- 
liance with  Italy,  and  war  against  Austria  was  declared 
(1866).  Iu  1867  he  became  chancellor  of  the  North  Ger- 
man Confederation,  and  added  to  Prussian  prestige  by 
baffling  Napoleon’s  designs  on  Luxemburg.  His  concilia- 
tory attitude  toward  the  South  German  states  prepared 
the  way  for  the  triumphs  of  the  Franco-German  war  of 
1870-71.  In  1871  he  became  the  first  chancellor  of  the 
German  Empire,  and  was  made  a prince.  He  labored 
until  1878  in  harmony  with  the  National  Liberal  party, 
and  engaged  in  a protracted  struggle  with  the  Ultramou- 
tanes  — the  so-called  Kvlturkampf.  After  1878  he  inau- 
gurated a series  of  economic  reforms,  including  systems 
of  insurance  for  the  laboring  classes,  and  advocated  a 
vigorous  colonial  policy.  He  presided  at  the  Berlin  Con- 
gress of  1878,  and  concluded  the  Triple  Alliance  (1883). 
Having  incurred  the  displeasure  of  William  II.,  he  re- 
signed March,  1890,  the  title  of  Duke  of  Lauenburg  being 
conferred  upon  him  on  his  retirement.  His  eightieth 
birthday  (April  1,  1895)  was  made  the  occasion  for  extra- 
ordinary ovations  in  his  honor,  in  which  the  emperor 
joined. 

Bismarck.  The  capital  of  North  Dakota  and 
of  Burleigh  County,  situated  on  the  Missouri 
in  lat.  46°  50'  N.,  long.  100°  50'  W. : settled  in 
1873.  Population,  5,443,  (1910). 

Bismarck  Archipelago.  A group  of  islands  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  comprising  Neu-Pommern 
(New  Britain),  Neu-Mecklenburg  (New  Ire- 
land), aud  some  smaller  neighboring  islands, 
made  a Gorman  possession  in  1884.  The  pres- 
ent name  was  (in  honor  of  Prince  Bismarck) 
substituted  for  New  Britain  Island  in  1885. 
Bissagos  (bis-sa'gos),  or  Bidjago  (be-ja'go).  A 
heathen  tribe  of  Portuguese  Guinea,  West  Af- 


Bissagos 

rica,  inhabiting  the  islands  of  the  same  name. 
The  principal  town  is  Bolama,  where  the  Por- 
tuguese steamers  call. 

Bissagos.  A group  of  islands  west  of  Sene- 
gambia,  Africa,  in  lat.  11°-12°  N.,  long.  16°  W. 
All  the  islands  belong  to  Portuguese  Guinea. 
Bissen  (bis'sen),  Herman  Wilhelm.  Born 
near  Schleswig,  Oct.  13,  1798:  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, March  10,  1868.  A Danish  sculptor, 
director  of  the  academy  at  Copenhagen  after 
1850.  His  chief  works  are  at  Copenhagen. 
Bistritz  (bis'trits),  Hung.  Besztercze(bes'tert- 
sa).  A town  in  Transylvania,  situated  on  the 
Bistritz  in  lat.  47°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  28'  E.  It 
was  formerly  an  important  place.  Population, 
12,081. 

Bisntun.  See  Behistun. 

Bit  Humri  (bet  lidm'ri).  [‘The  house  of  Omri.’] 
The  name  of  the  country  of  Israel  in  the  As- 
syrian inscriptions:  after  Omri,  the  founder  of 
the  4th  dynasty  in  the  kingdom  of  Israel,  it  was 
the  Assyrian  fashion  to  name  countries  after  the  founders 
of  their  reigning  houses. 

Bithynia  (bi-thin'i-a).  [Gr.  Btdvvia.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a division  of  Asia  Minor,  lying  be- 
tween the  Propontis,  Bosporus,  and  Euxine  on 
the  north,  Mysia  on  the  west,  Phrygia  and  Gala- 
tia on  the  south,  and  Paphlagonia  on  the  east. 
Its  inhabitants  were  of  Thracian  origin.  Nicomedes  I. 
became  its  first  independent  king  about  278  B.  c.  ; and 
Nicomedes  III.  bequeathed  the  kingdom  to  Rome  74  b.  c. 
It  was  governed  by  Pliny  the  Younger.  It  contained  the 
cities  of  Chalcedon,  Heraclea,  Prusa,  Niciea,  and  Nico- 
media. 

Biton  (bi'ton)  and  Cleobis  (kle'o-bis).  [Gr. 
Btruv  and  K Aeoflii;.]  In  Greek  legend,  sons  of 
Cydippe,  priestess  of  Hera  at  Argos.  During  a 
festival  the  priestess  had  to  ride  to  the  temple  in  a chariot, 
and  as  the  oxen  were  not  at  hand,  Biton  and  Cleobis 
dragged  the  chariot  with  their  mother  forty-five  stadia  to 
the  temple,  in  which  they  fell  asleep,  and,  in  answer  to  a 
prayer  of  their  mother  to  Hera  to  reward  this  act  of  filial 
piety  with  the  greatest  boon  for  mortals,  never  awoke. 
Herodotus  makes  Solon  relate  this  story  to  Croesus. 
Bitonto  (be-ton'to).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  11  miles  west  of 
Bari:  the  Roman  Bituntum  (whence  the  name). 
Here,  May  25,  1734,  the  Spaniards  under  Montemar  de- 
feated the  Austrians,  thereby  gaining  the  kingdom  of 
Naples.  The  cathedral  is  a medieval  church  with  Sara- 
cenic elements,  remaining  almost  untampered  with.  It 
has  three  apses,  in  the  nave  alternate  coupled  and  clustered 
columns,  handsome  ambones,  and  a well-proportioned 
and  richly  ornamented  front.  The  crypt  is  of  the  char- 
acteristic Southern  type.  Population,  commune,  30,617. 

Bitsch  (bieh),  formerly  Kaltenhausen  (kal'- 
ten-hou-zen).  [G.  Bitsch,  F.  Bit  die.]  A town 
in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  the 
northern  slope  of  the  Vosges,  in  lat.  49°  4'  N., 
long.  7°  26'  E.  It  is  a noted  fortress,  supposed  to  be 
impregnable.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Germans  in  1870, 
and  surrendered  after  the  peace.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

Bitterfeld  (bit'er-feld).  A manufacturing  town 
in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Mulde  20  miles  north  of  Leipsic.  Popula- 
tion, 13,291. 

Bit  Yakin  (bet  ya-ken').  [‘House  of  Yakin.’] 
A principality  in  the  extreme  south  of  Baby- 
lonia, on  the  sea-coast,  named  for  its  ruling 
family,  from  which  Merodach-baladan,  king  of 
Babylonia  (722-702  b.  C.),  descended.  The  last 
king  of  this  powerful  family  was  subdued  by 
Asurbanipal,  king  of  Assyria  668-626  B.  c. 
Bitzer  (bit'zer).  A school-boy  under  Mr. 
M‘Choakum  brought  up  on  the  Gradgrind  sys- 
tem, in  Charles  Dickens’s  story  “ Hard  Times”: 
afterward  a porter  in  Bounderby’s  bank,  with  a 
heart  “accessible  to  reason  and  nothing  else.” 
He  is  a spy. 

Bitzius  (bet'se-os),  Albert:  pseudonym  Jere- 
mias  Gotthelf.  Born  at  Morat,  in  Fribourg, 
Switzerland,  Oct.  4,  1797 : died  at  Lutzelfliih, 
in  Bern,  Switzerland,  Oct.  22,  1854.  A Swiss 
pastor  and  author,  noted  chiefly  for  his  moral- 
izing novels  illustrating  the  home  life  of  the 
Bernese  peasantry. 

Bivar,  Rodrigo  de.  Soe  Cid. 

Bizerta,  or  Biserta  (be-zer'tii),  or  Benzert. 
A seaport  in  northern  Tunis,  in  lat.  37°  17'  N., 
long.  9°  50'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Hippo 
Zaritus. 

Bizet  (bi-za/),  Alexandre  C6sar  L4opold 
(called  Georges).  Born  atBougival,  near  Paris, 
Oct.  25,  1838  : died  at  Paris,  June  3,  1875.  A 
French  composer,  author  of  “ Carmen”  (1875), 
etc. 

Bjanne,  Brynjolf.  A pseudonym  of  Henrik 
Ibsen. 

Bjelgorod.  See  Bielgorod. 

Bjomeborg  ibyer'ne-bflrg).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Abo-Bjorneborg,  Finland,  situated 


159 

on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  in  lat.  61°  28'  N.,  long. 
21°  22'  E.  Population,  16,602. 

Bjornson  (byern'son),  Bjornstjerne.  Born  at 
Kvikne,  Osterdalen,  Norway,  Dec.  8,  1832 : died 
at  Paris,  April  26,  1910.  A Norwegian  poet, 
novelist,  and  dramatist.  His  father  was  a clergyman 
at  Osterdalen  and  later  held  the  living  at  Ntes  in  the 
Romsdal.  After  attending  the  grammar-school  at  Molde 
he  went  to  the  University  at  Christiania,  and  was  subse- 
quently in  Upsala  and  Copenhagen.  In  1857  he  returned 
from  abroad,  and  was  first  director  of  the  theater  in 
Bergen,  and  afterward  (1859)  for  a short  time  editor  of 
the  journal  “ Aftenbladet  ” in  Christiania.  In  1860  he  went 
abroad  ; upon  his  return,  in  1863,  the  Storthing  voted  him 
a yearly  stipend.  From  1865  to  1867  he  was  director  of 
the  Christiania  theater,  and  editor,  during  the  time,  of 
the  journal  “ Norske  Folkeblad.”  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  political  and  social  life  of  Scandinavia.  In  1880  he 
traveled  in  America,  later  he  lived  upon  hiB  estate  Ole- 
stad,  in  the  Gausdal.  His  first  novel,  “Synnove  Solbak- 
ken,"  appeared  in  1857.  It  was  followed  by  “ Arne  " (1858), 

“ En  Glad  Gut  ” (“  A Happy  Boy,"  1860),  and  later(1868)by 
“ Fiskerjenten ” (“The  Fisher  Maiden  ") — all  stories  of 
Norwegian  peasant  life,  to  which  were  to  be  added  at 
various  times,  in  the  same  vein,  a number  of  shorter 
tales.  “ Magnhild  ” (1877)  and  “ Captain  Manzana  ” fol- 
lowed—the  one  a tale  of  middle-class  life  in  Norway,  the 
other  an  Italian  story.  His  latest  novels,  “ Det  Flager  i 
Byen  og  paa  Havnen  " (“  Flags  are  Flying  in  the  Town  and 
Harbor”),  and  “Paa  Guds  Veie"  (“In  God’s  Way’’),  are 
novels  of  tendency.  He  was  the  author,  besides,  of 
numerous  dramas  whose  material  was  taken  from  the 
sagas,  from  recent  history,  and  from  modern  life.  They 
are  “Mellem  Slageue’’  (“Between  the  Battles”)  and 
“ Halte  Hulda”  (“Lame  Hulda,”  1858),  “Kong  Sverre  ” 
(“King  Sverre,”  1861),  the  trilogy  “ Sigurd  Slembe  ”(1862), 
“Maria  Stuart  i Skotland  " (“  Mary  Stuart  in  Scotland," 
1863),  “De  Nygifte  " (“The  Newly  Wedded  Pair,”  1865), 
“Sigurd  Jorsalfar"  (“Sigurd  the  Crusader,"  1873),  “En 
Fallit  " (“A  Bankruptcy")  and  “Redaktoren  ” (“The 
Editor,”  1875),  “Kongen  ” (“The  King,”  1877), “Leonardo" 
and  “Det  nye  System  "(“  The  New  System,”  1879).  There 
are  a number  of  less  important  dramas,  viz.:  “EnHanske," 
“Geografl  og  Kjaerlighed,”  “Over  Avne.”  The  earlier 
works,  like  “ Arne,"  contain  a number  of  lyrics.  An  epic 
poem,  “ Amljot  Gelline, ” appeared  in  1870. 

Biornstjerna  (byern'sher'na),  Count  Magnus 
Fredrik  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Dresden,  Oct. 
10,  1779:  died  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  6,  1847.  A 
Swedish  diplomatist,  lieutenant-general,  and 
political  writer.  He  was  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  Great  Britain  1828-46. 

Blacas  d’Aulps  (blii-kas'  dop').  Born  at  Aulps 
or  Aix  about  1160 : died  1229.  A French  trou- 
badour. 

Black  (blak),  Adam.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 
20,  1784:  died  there,  Jan.  24,  1874.  A Scotch 
publisher,  at  Edinburgh,  and  politician.  Hav- 
ing begun  a bookselling  business  in  his  own  name  in 
1808,  he  established  26  years  later,  by  taking  his  nephew 
into  partnership,  the  house  of  Adam’  and  Charles  Black. 
He  acquired  the  copyright  of  the  “Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica”  on  the  failure  of  Archibald  Constable  and  Co. 
in  1827.  He  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Edinburgh 

1856- 65. 

Black,  Ivory.  A pseudonym  of  Thomas  A.  Jan- 
vier. 

Black,  Jeremiah  Sullivan.  Born  at  the  Glades, 
Somerset  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  10,  1810 : died  at 
Brockie,  York,  Pa.,  Aug.  19,  1883.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist  and  statesman,  attorney-general 

1857- 60,  and  secretary  of  state  1860-61. 

Black,  Joseph.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  France, 

1728 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  6,  1799.  A cele- 
brated Scotch  chemist,  noted  for  his  discoveries 
in  regard  to  carbonic-acid  gas  and  latent  heat. 
He  became  professor  of  medicine  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow  in  1756,  and  of  medicine  and  chemistry  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1766. 

Black,  William.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.,  1841 : 
died  at  Brighton,  Dec.  10,  1898.  A British  nov- 
elist and  journalist.  In  1864  he  went  to  London, and 
was  attached  to  the  staff  of  the  London  “ Morning  Star  ’’  in 
1865.  He  was  also  for  some  years  assistant  editor  of  the 
London  “DailyNews.”  His  works  include  “In  Silk  Attire” 
(1869),  “A  Daughter  of  Heth  "(1871),“  The  Strange  Adven- 
tures of  a Phaeton  ” (1872),  “A  Princess  of  Thule  ” (1873), 
“The  Maid  of  Killeena,  and  other  Stories  ” (1874),  “ Three 
Feathers ” (1875),  “Madcap  Violet”  (1876),  “Lady  Silver- 
dale’s  Sweetheart,  and  other  Stories " (1876),  “Green  Pas- 
tures and  Piccadilly”  (1877),  “Macleod  of  Dare"  (1878), 
“White  Wings,  etc.”  (1880),  “Sunrise, etc.” (1880),  “ White 
Heather”  (1885),  “In  Far  Locliaber"  (1888),  etc. 

Blackacre  (blak'a-ker),  Jerry.  In  Wycherley’s 
“Plain  Dealer,”  a raw  booby,  not  of  age  and  still 
under  his  mother’s  government,  bred  by  her  to 
the  law,  or  at  least  to  a glib  use  of  its  terms. 
Blackacre,  Widow.  In  Wycherley’s  “Plain 
Dealer,”  a petulant,  litigious  woman,  always 
with  a law  case  on  hand.  She  is  one  ol  the  author’s 
best  and  most  amusing  characters,  and  is  taken  from  the 
countess  in  Racine’s  “Les  plaideurs.” 

Black  Act,  The.  An  English  statute  of  1722, 
so  called  because  designed  originally  to  sup- 
press associations  of  lawless  persons  who  called 
themselves  blacks.  It  made  felonies  certain  crimes 
against  game  laws,  the  sending  of  anonymous  letters  de- 
manding money,  etc. 

Black  Agnes.  See  Dunbar , Agnes,  Countess  of. 
Blackall  (blak'&l),  or  Blackball  (blak'hal), 


Blackfriars 

Offspring.  Born  at  London,  1654:  died  at 
Exeter,  England,  Nov.  29,  1716.  An  English 
prelate  and  controversialist,  made  bishop  of 
Exeter  in  1708.  He  engaged  in  controversies  with 
John  Toland,  whom  he  accused  of  having  denied  the  genu 
ineness  of  the  .Scriptures  in  his  “ Life  of  Milton,”  and  with 
Bishop  Hoadley,  against  whom  he  supported  the  cause  of 
Charles  I.  and  High-Church  principles. 

Black  Assize,  The.  A name  given  to  the  Ox- 
ford assize  of  1577,  in  which  year  Oxford  was 
ravaged  by  jail-fever. 

Black  Bateman  of  the  North.  A play  hy 
Thomas  Dekker,  with  Drayton,  Wilson,  and 
Chettle  (1598). 

Black  Bess.  The  famous  mare  of  Dick  Turpin, 
which  saved  his  life  by  her  speed  and  strength. 

Black  Book,  The.  A prose  satire  by  Thomas 
Middleton,  a coarse  but  humorous  attack  on 
the  vices  and  follies  of  the  time:  published  in 
1604.  It  was  suggested  by  Nash’s  “Pierce 
Pennilesse.” 

Black  Brunswickers,  or  Death’s-Head  Corps. 

A corps  of  2,000  horsemen  equipped  by  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick  to  operate  against  Napo- 
leon in  German}’.  It  vainly  attempted  to  co- 
operate with  the  Austrians  in  1809. 

Blackburn  (blak'bern).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  in  lat.  53°  44'  N.,  long.  2°  28'  W.  its 
chief  industry  is  cotton  manufacture  OBlackburn  checks, 
Blackburn  grays).  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Hargreaves. 
Population,  133,064,  (1911). 

Black  Code,  The.  The  system  of  law  regulat- 
ing the  treatment  of  the  colored  race  which 
prevailed  in  the  southern  United  States  before 
the  emancipation  of  the  slaves. 

Black  Country,  The.  The  mining  and  manu- 
facturing region  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bir- 
mingham, England. 

Black  Crom.  See  the  extract. 

St.  Patrick  found  the  Irish  worshipping  an  idol  called 
“Black  Crom,”  whose  festival,  about  the  beginning  of 
August,  is  even  now  called  “Cromduff  Sunday.”  “There 
were  twelve  idols  of  stone  around  him,  and  himself  of 
gold  ” : and  by  another  account  his  statue  was  covered 
with  gold  and  silver,  and  the  twelve  subordinate  deities 
were  ornamented  with  plates  of  bronze. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  271. 

Black  Dick.  A nickname  of  Richard  Howe, 
first  Earl  Howe  (1726-99). 

Black  Domino,  The.  A comic  opera  produced 
in  1841,  an  English  version  of  Scribe’s  “ Le 
domino  noir”  (1837). 

Black  Douglas,  The.  William  Douglas,  lord 
of  Nithsdale  (died  1390). 

Black  Dwarf,  The.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1816.  “ The  Black  Dwarf  ” was  a 
name  given  in  parts  of  Scotland  to  a most  malicious,  un- 
canny creature  considered  responsible  forall  mischief  done 
to  flocks  and  herds ; hence  the  name  was  given  to  Sir 
Edward  Mauley,  who  was  deformed  and  gnomish-looking. 

Black-eyed  Susan.  A ballad  (the  farewell  of 
Sweet  William  to  Black-eyed  Susan)  by  Gay, 
published  in  1720  in  a collection  of  his  poems. 
The  music  was  written  by  Richard  Leveridge 
(Grove). 

Black-eyed  Susan,  or  All  in  the  Downs.  A 

comedy  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  produced  June  8, 
1829.  It  was  played  four  hundred  times  in  that 
year  alone. 

Blackfeet.  See  Sihasapa. 

Black  Flags.  Bands  of  irregular  soldiers  infest- 
ing the  upper  valley  of  the  Red  River  in  Ton- 
quin.  They  were  originally  survivors  of  the  Taiping  re- 
bellion in  China.  Increased  by  the  accession  of  various 
adventurers,  they  fought  against  the  French  in  their  wars 
with  Annam. 

Black  Forest,  G.  Schwarzwald  (shv&yts'vald). 
A mountainous  region  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Baden  and  the  western  part  of  Wiirtemberg, 
between  the  valleys  of  the  Rhine  and  Neckar: 
famous  in  poetry  and  romance.  It  is  divided  by 
the  Kinzig  into  the  Lower  Black  Forest  in  the  north,  and 
the  Upper  Black  Forest  in  the  south.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  clocks,  hats,  wooden  wares,  etc.  The  highest 
summit  is  the  Feldberg  (4,900  feet).  Among  other  peaks 
are  the  Belchen  and  Hornisgrinde. 

Black  Forest  Circle.  All  administrative  divi- 
sion in  Wurtemberg.  Area,  1,844  square  miles. 
Population,  541,662. 

Blackfriars.  A name  given  to  the  locality  at  the 
southwestern  angle  of  old  London  city,  on  (lie 
Fleet.  The  Black  Friars,  or  mendicant  monks  of  the  Do- 
minican order,  made  their  appearance  in  London  in  1221 
under  the  patronage  of  Hubert  de  Burgh,  and  were  located 
in  Holborn.  In  1285  they  moved  to  the  site  of  the  old  Mont- 
flehett  tower,  which  had  been  given  them  for  a monastery. 
The  tower  itself  was  destroyed  and  the  material  used  in 
building  the  church.  From  Ludgate  to  the  river  the  city 
wall  was  pulled  down  and  moved  westward  to  the  Fleet, 
all  the  added  space  being  devoted  to  the  monastery.  The 
original  site  was  given  by  Gregory  Rokesley  “ in  a street 
of  Baynard  Castle.”  The  monastery  was  endowed  with  a 
privilege  of  asylum,  which  attached  itself  to  the  locality 
after  the  dissolution.  To  this  privilege  and  to  the  odor 


Blackfriars 

of  sanctity  attached  to  the  place  may  be  attributed  the  ex- 
istence of  the  Theatre  of  Blackfriars  (which  see).  Players 
had  been  expelled  from  the  city  limits,  but  the  sheriff  could 
not  touch  them  here.  W.  J.  Loftie,  History  of  London. 

Blackfriars  Bridge.  One  of  the  great  stone 
bridges  of  London,  the  third  bridge  from  the 
tower,  originally  called  Pitt  Bridge,  but  soon 
named  from  the  locality.  After  much  discussion 
its  construction  was  intrusted  to  Mr.  Mylne,  of  Edinburgh. 
The  first  pile  was  driven  June,  1760,  and  the  structure  com- 
pleted Nov.  19,  1769,  at  a cost  of  £300,000.  It  was  995  feet 
long,  42  feet  wide,  62  feet  high.  The  central  span  was  100 
feet  wide.  It  was  demolished  in  1864,  and  rebuilt  in  a few 
years,  from  the  designs  of  Cubitt,  at  a cost  of  £320,000. 

Blackfriars  Theatre.  A famous  London  the- 
ater, the  site  of  which  is  now  occupied  by  the 
“Times”  office  and  Playhouse  Yard.  Sometime 
in  1696  Sir  William  More  conveyed  to  James  Burbage,  the 
father  of  Richard  Burbage  the  actor,  part  of  a large  house 
in  Blackfriars,  consisting  of  “ seaven  greate  upper  romes.  ” 
This  he  converted  iuto  a theater.  The  first  tenants  were  the 
Children  of  the  Chapel,  afterward  called  the  Children  of 
Her  Majesty’s  Revels.  Shakspere  and  his  colleagues, 
Richard  Burbage,  Lowin,  and  Condell,  acted  in  Black- 
friars. They  were  first  known  as  the  Lord  Chamberlain’s 
Company,  but  in  1603  James  I.  allowed  them  to  take  the 
title  of  King’s  Servants.  The  actors  of  Blackfriars  were 
of  grave  and  Bober  behavior,  and  men  of  high  standing. 
The  theater  was  celebrated  for  its  music : the  musicians, 
however,  paid  for  the  privilege  of  playing  here.  The  stage 
was  covered  by  a silk  curtain.  There  were  three  tiers  of 
galleries,  and  beneath  them  rooms  or  boxes.  The  orches- 
tra was  seated  in  a balcony  at  the  side  of  the  stage,  and 
played  at  the  beginning  and  between  the  acts  as  now.  At  a 
triple  flourish  of  trumpets  the  curtain  opened  and  disclosed 
the  stage,  which  was  strewn  with  rushes  and,  if  a tragedy 
was  to  be  represented,  hung  with  black.  Shakspere  wrote 
exclusively  for  the  Globe  and  Blackfriars.  Almost  all  of 
the  great  dramas  of  the  time  were  performed  here.  It  was 
pulled  down  in  1655  (Doran). 

Black  Friday.  1.  Good  Friday:  so  called  be- 
cause on  that  day,  in  the  Western  Church,  the 
vestments  of  the  clergy  and  altar  are  black. — 
2.  Any  Friday  marked  by  a great  calamity: 
with  special  reference  in  England  to  Friday, 
Dec.  6,  1745,  the  day  on  which  news  reached 
London  that  the  Young  Pretender,  Charles 
Edward,  had  reached  Derby ; or  to  the  commer- 
cial panic  caused  by  the  failure  of  the  house  of 
Overend  and  Gurney,  May  11,  1866;  and  in  the 
Uni  tea  States  to  the  sudden  financial  panic  and 
mir  caused  by  reckless  speculation  in  gold  on 
the  exchange  in  the  city  of  New  York  on  Friday, 
Sept.  24, 1869 ; or  to  another  similar  panic  there, 
which  began  Sept.  18,  1873. 

Black  Hambleton.  One  of  the  oldest  race- 
courses in  England.  It  appears  in  an  early  docu- 
ment as  a place  enjoying  special  privileges  and  exemp- 
tions. 

Black  Hawk.  Born  at  Kaskaskia,  111.,  1767 : 
died  near  the  Des  Moines  River,  Iowa,  Oct.  3, 
1838.  An  American  Indian,  chosen  chief  of  the 
Sacs  about  1788.  He  was  the  leader  in  the  revolt  of 
the  Sacs  and  Foxes  in  1832  (“Black  Hawk’s  War”). 

Blackheath  (blak'heth).  [ME.  Blak  Heth.'] 
An  open  common  in  Kent,  England,  5 miles 
southeast  of  St.  Paul’s,  London.  The  Danes  were 
defeated  here  1011.  It  was  the  scene  of  Wat  Tyler’s  rising 
1381,  and  of  Jack  Cade's  rising  1450.  The  Cornish  rebels 
were  defeated  here  by  royalists,  June  22,  1497. 

Black  Hills.  A group  of  mountains  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  South  Dakota  and  the 
northeastern  part  of  Wyoming,  noted  for  their 
mineral  wealth.  The  chief  town  in  the  region  is 
Deadwood.  The  highest  point  is  Harney  Peak  (7,216  feet). 
Gold  was  discovered  here  in  1874. 

Black  Hole  Of  Calcutta.  The  garrison  strong- 
room or  black  hole  at  Calcutta,  measuring 
about  18  feet  square,  into  which  146  British 
prisoners  were  thrust  at  the  point  of  the  sword 
by  tbe  Nawab  Siraj-ud-Daula,  on  June  20, 1756. 
The  next  morning  all  but  23  were  dead. 

Blackie  (blak'i),  John  Stuart.  Born  at  Glas- 
gow, July,  1809:  died  at  Edinburgh,  March  2, 
1895.  A Scotch  philologist  and  poet,  professor 
of  Greek  at  Edinburgh  1852-82.  He  translated 
jEschylus  in  1860,  and  wrote  “Four  Phases  of  Morals” 
(1871),  “Lays  of  the  Highlands”  (1872),  “Horae  Helle- 
nic® ’’  (1874),  etc. 

Black  Isle,  The.  The  peninsula  in  northern 
Scotland  between  Cromarty  Firth  and  Beaulv 
Basin. 

Black  Knight,  The.  1.  The  son  of  Oriana 
and  Amadis  of  Gaul,  in  early  romances:  so 
called  from  his  black  armor.  See  Esplandian. 
— 2.  A disguise  under  which,  in  Scott’s  “Ivan- 
hoe,”  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  wanders  in  Sher- 
wood Forest,  performs  feats  of  valor,  and  feasts 
with  Friar  Tuck. 

Black  Knight,  Complaint  of  the.  A poem 
by  Lydgate,  attributed  to  Chaucer,  and  re- 
printed in  the  1561  edition  of  his  works.  It 
was  modernized  in  1718  by  John  Dart  the  an- 
tiquary. 

Blacklock  (blak'lok),  Thomas.  Born  at  An- 
nan, Scotland,  Nov.  10,  1721:  died  at  Edin- 


160 

burgh,  July  7,  1791.  A blind  poet  of  Scotland. 
He  was  of  humble  parentage  ; lost  hi3  sight  at  the  age  of 
six  months  by  an  attack  of  smallpox  ; was  given  an  edu- 
cation, including  a course  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
by  Dr.  Stevenson,  a physician  of  Edinburgh  ; was  licensed 
to  preach  in  1769;  became  minister  of  Kirkcudbright  about 
1762  ; resigned  in  1764  ; and  enjoyed  the  friendship  and  pa- 
tronage of  Hume  and  Joseph  Spence.  An  edition  of  his 
poems  appeared  in  1756,  with  an  introduction  by  Spence. 

Blacklock,  William  James.  Born  at  Cum- 
whitton,  near  Carlisle,  about  1815:  died  at 
Dumfries,  Scotland,  March  12,  1858.  A Scot- 
tish landscape-painter. 

Black  Mail, The.  A popular  epithet  of  the  devil. 
Black  Maria.  A popular  name  of  the  covered 
van,  commonly  painted  black,  in  which  crimi- 
nals are  conveyed  to  and  from  jail. 

Black  Monday.  Easter  Monday:  so  called 
from  a terrible  storm  on  Easter  Monday,  1360, 
from  which  the  English  army  before  Paris 
suffered  severely.  SiiaJc.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  5.  25. 
Blackmore  (blak'mor),  Sir  Richard.  Born  at 
Corsham,  Wiltshire,  England,  about  1650 : died 
at  Boxsted,  Essex,  Oct.  9,  1729.  An  English 
physician,  poet,  and  prose-writer,  physician  in 
ordinary  to  William  III.  His  best-known 
*work  is  “The  Creation”  (1712). 

Blackmore,  Richard  Doddridge.  Born  at 
Longworth,  Berkshire,  June  9,  1825:  died  at 
Teddington,  Jan.  20,  1900.  An  English  lawyer 
and  novelist.  He  was  graduated  from  Oxford  in  1847, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1862.  His  works  include  “Clara 
Vaughan"  (1864),  “Cradoek  Nowell,  etc."  (1866),  “Lorna 
Doone:  a Romance  of  Exmoor”  (1869),  “The  Maid  of  Sker” 
(1872), “Alice  Lorraine"  (1875),“  Cripps  the  Carrier”  (1876), 
“Erema”  (1877),  “Mary  Anerley’’  (1880),  “Cristowell ” 
(1882),  “Tommy  Upmore  ” (1884),  “Springhaveu  ” (1887), 
“Kit  and  Kitty”  (1869).  He  also  published  “The  Fate 
of  Franklin,”  a poem,  in  1860,  and  translations  of  Vergil’s 
Georgies  in  1862  and  1871. 

Black  Mountain.  See  Montenegro. 

Black  Mountains.  A group  of  mountains  in 
western  North  Carolina  (chiefly  in  Yancey 
County),  the  highest  in  the  Appalachian  sys- 
tem. The  chief  peak  is  Mount  Mitchell,  6,711 
feet  high. 

Black  Mountain  Tribes.  The  tribes  on  the 
northwestern  frontier  of  India,  west  of  the 
upper  Indus.  British  expeditions  against  them 
despatched  in  1868,  1888,  1891,  and  1892  have 
effectually  subdued  them. 

Blackpool  (blak ' pol).  A watering-place  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Irish  Sea 
15  miles  west-northwest  of  Preston.  Popula- 
tion, 58,376,  (1911). 

Blackpool,  Stephen.  In  Charles  Dickens’s 
“Hard  Times,”  a power-loom  weaver  of  up- 
right character  tied  to  a miserable  drunken 
wife.  He  cannot  see  the  propriety  of  living  with  her 
and  giving  up  a better  woman  whom  he  loves,  and  in  his 
own  words  “ ’t  is  a’  a muddle."  He  dies  a lingering  death 
from  a fall  into  an  abandoned  mine,  and  it  appears  that 
his  goodness  and  integrity  have  met  with  a poor  return 
in  this  world. 

Black  Prince,  The.  Edward,  prince  of  Wales, 
son  of  Edward  III.  of  England  : so  named  from 
the  color  of  his  armor.  See  Edward. 

Black  Prince,  The.  A tragedy  by  Lord  Orrery, 
acted  in  1667. 

Black  Republic.  A name  given  to  the  republic 
of  Haiti,  which  is  formed  mostly  of  negroes. 
Black  River.  A river  in  New  York  which  emp- 
ties into  Lake  Ontario.  Length,  about  120 
miles. 

Black  Rock.  A town  in  County  Dublin,  Ireland, 
on  Dublin  Bay : a resort  for  sea-batbing.  Pop- 
ulation, 8,719. 

Black  Rock.  A district  within  the  municipality 
of  Buffalo,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Niagara 
River:  the  scene  of  several  engagements  be- 
tween the  Americans  and  British  1812-14. 
Black  Rod.  The  title  of  a gentleman  usher, 
with  special  duties,  in  the  English  houses  of 
Lords  and  Commons.  He  carries  a black  rod 
of  office  surmounted  with  a gold  lion. 

Blacks,  The.  The  Neri,  an  Italian  faction. 
See  Neri. 

Black  Saturday.  In  Scotch  history,  Ang.  4, 
1621,  when  the  Parliament  at  Edinburgh  passed 
certain  acts  favoring  Episcopacy. 

Black  Sea.  [F.  Mer  Noire,  G.  Schwarzes  Meer, 
L.  Pontus  Ewxinus,  Gr.  U6vror  Ev^avor,  EvSjnvov 
ayog,  E v^eivog  dalanaa  (the  Euxine),  lit.  ‘the 
hospitable  sea,’  earlier  called  "A^avo^  ttSvtoq, 
the  inhospitable  sea.]  An  inland  sea  bounded 
by  Russia  on  the  north  and  east,  Asia  Minor  on 
the  south,  and  European  Turkey,  Bulgaria,  and 
Rumania  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  40°  45'-46° 
46'  N.,  and  long.  27°30'-ll°  50'  E.  It  communicates  with  the 
Mediterranean  by  the  Strait  of  Bosporus,  the  Sea  of  Mar- 
mora, and  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles.  Its  chief  arms  are  the 
Sea  of  Azov  and  the  Gulf  of  Perekop ; its  chief  tributaries, 


Blair,  Hugh 

the  Danube,  Dniester,  Bug,  Dnieper,  Don,  Kuban,  Tchoruk, 
Yeshil-Irmak,  Kizil-Irmak,  and  Sakaria.  On  it  are  situ- 
ated Burgas,  Varna,  Odessa,  Sebastopol,  Sukhum,  Kale, 
Poti,  Batum,  Trebizond,  Samsun,  Siuope.  The  Black  Sea 
was  neutralized  by  the  treaty  of  Paris  1856,  no  war-ships 
being  permitted  in  its  waters,  and  no  military  or  naval 
arsenals  on  its  coasts.  Russia  in  1870  abrogated  the  pro- 
visions relating  to  her  war-ships  and  arsenals.  Length, 
740  miles.  Greatest  width,  390  miles.  Estimated  area, 
168,500  square  miles. 

Blackstone  (blak'ston),  Sir  William.  Born 
at  London,  July  10, 1723:  died  at  London,  Feb. 
14, 1780.  A celebrated  English  jurist,  appointed 
Yinerian  professor  of  common  law  at  Oxford 
in  1758,  and  justice  in  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  in  1770.  His  chief  work  is  “Commentaries  on 
the  Laws  of  England  ’’  (1765-68).  Eight  editions  appeared 
in  the  author’s  lifetime,  and  for  sixty  years  after  his  death 
they  followed  in  quick  succession.  These  editions  were 
edited  and  annotated  by  Coleridge,  Chitty,  Christian,  and 
others.  An  American  edition  was  printed  in  1884,  but  the 
text  has  not  been  reprinted  in  England  since  1844.  There 
are  various  adaptations  of  it  for  modern  use. 

Blackstone,  William.  Died  near  Providence, 
R.  I.,  May  26,  1675.  An  English  colonist  in 
America,  the  first  white  settler  in  Boston 
(about  1623). 

Blackstone  River.  A river  which  rises  m 
Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  and  joins 
the  Providence  River  near  Providence.  Length, 
about  75  miles. 

Black  Warrior.  A river  in  Alabama  which 
joins  the  Tombigbee  in  lat.  32°  32'  N.,  long. 
87°  58'  W.  It  is  navigable  to  Tuscaloosa. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Black  Watch.  A body  of  Scotch  Highlanders 
employed  b“  the  English  government  to  watch 
the  Highlands  in  1725,  and  enrolled  as  a regi- 
ment in  the  regular  army  in  1739 : so  called 
from  their  dark  tartan  uniform. 

Blackwater  (blak'wa/'ter).  A river  in  Mun- 
ster, Ireland,  which  flows  into  Youghal  Bay 
26  miles  east  of  Cork.  Length,  over  100  miles. 
Blackwater.  A river  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  which 
flows  into  Lough  Neagh  11  miles  north-north- 
west  of  Armagh.  Near  here,  Aug.  14,  1598,  the  Irish 
under  the  Earl  of  Tyrone  defeated  the  English  under 
Bagnal. 

Blackwood  (hlak'wud),  Frederick  Temple 
Hamilton.  Born  June  21,  1826 : died  Feb.  12, 
1902.  An  English  statesman  and  diplomatist, 
created  marquis  of  Dufferin  and  Ava  in  1888. 
He  was  governor-general  of  Canada  1872-79 ; ambassador 
to  Russia  1879-81;  ambassador  to  Constantinople  1881- 
1884;  governor-general  of  India  1884-88;  ambassador  to 
Italy  1888-91;  and  ambassador  to  France  1891-96.  He 
published  “Letters  from  High  Latitudes”  (1857),  “Con- 
tributions to  an  Inquiry  into  the  State  of  Ireland  ” (1866), 
“Irish  Emigration  and  the  Tenure  of  Land  in  Ireland” 
(1867),  “Mill’s  Plan  for  the  Pacification  of  Ireland  Ex- 
amined’’ (1868),  “Speeches  and  Addresses”  (1882),  etc. 

Blackwood,  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Nov.  20,  1776:  died  there,  Sept.  16,  1834.  A 
Scotch  publisher  and  bookseller,  the  founder 
and  editor  of  “Blackwood’s  Edinburgh  Maga- 
zine ” (1817). 

Bladensburg  (bla'denz-berg).  A village  in 
Maryland,  6 miles  northeast  of  Washington. 
Here,  Aug.  24, 1814,  the  English  under  General 
Ross  defeated  the  Americans  under  General 
Winder. 

Bladlld  (bla'dud).  A mythical  British  king, 
reputed  founder  of  the  city  of  Bath,  England. 
Blaeu  (blou),  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Amsterdam, 
1571:  died  there,  Oct.  21, 1638.  A Dutch  geog- 
rapher and  chartographer,  a pupil  and  friend 
of  Tycho  Brahe. 

Blaine  (blan),  James  Gillespie.  Bom  at  West 
Brownsville, Pa., Jan.31, 1830:  diedatWashing- 
ington,D.C.,  Jan.  27, 1893.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  a Republican  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  1863-76;  speaker  1869-75;  United  States 
senator  from  Maine  1876-81;  secretary  of  state  March  4- 
Dec.  19,  1881,  and  1889-92;  and  unsuccessful  candidate 
of  the  Republican  party  for  President  in  1884.  He  wrote 
“Twenty  Years  of  Congress ” (1884-86). 

Blainville.  See  Ducrotay  de  Blainville. 

Blair  (War),  Francis  Preston.  Bora  at  Abing- 
don, Va.,  April  12,  1791 : died  at  Silver  Spring. 
Md.,  Oct.  18,  1876.  An  American  journalist  and 
politician,  editor  of  the  Washington  “ Globe  ” 
1830-45. 

Blair,  Francis  Preston.  Born  at  Lexington, 
Ky.,  Feb.  19,  1821:  died  at  St.  Louis,  July  9, 
1875.  An  American  politician,  son  of  Francis 
Preston  Blair.  He  was  Democratic  candidate 
for  Vice-President  in  1868,  and  United  States 
senator  from  Missouri  1871-73. 

Blair,  Hugh.  Born  at  Edinburgh.  April  7, 1718 : 
died  at  Edinburgh,  Dee.  27,  1800.  A Scotch 
divine  and  author,  lecturer  on  rhetoric  and 


Blair,  Hugh 

belles-lettres  at  Edinburgh  1762-83.  He  wrote 
“Sermons”  (1777),  “Lectures  on  Rhetoric” 
(1783),  etc. 

Blair,  Janies.  Born  in  Scotland,  1656 : died  in 
Virginia,  Aug.  1,  1743.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  educator.  He  was  instrumental  in  found- 
ing William  and  Mary  College,  chartered  1692,  whose  first 
president  he  became,  entering  formally  on  his  duties 
in  1729. 

Blair,  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh : died  June  24, 
1782.  A Scotch  chronologist.  He  published  a 
“ Chronological  History  of  the  World  ” (1754);  was  elected 
a fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  1755  ; became  mathematical 
tutor  to  the  Duke  of  York  1757  ; and  held  various  eccle- 
siastical appointments. 

Blair,  Montgomery.  Born  in  Franklin  County, 
Ky.,  May  10,  1813:  died  at  Silver  Spring,  Md., 
July  27, 1883.  An  American  politician  and  law- 
yer, son  of  Francis  Preston  Blair,  postmaster- 
general  1861-64. 

Blair,  Robert.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  1699 : died 
at  Athelstaneford,  East  Lothian,  Scotland, 
Feb.  4,  1746.  An  English  clergyman  and  poet. 
His  best-known  poem  is  “The  Grave”  (1743). 
It  was  illustrated  by  William  Blake. 

Blair  Athol.  An  English  race-horse,  bred  in 
1861,  by  Stockwell,  dam  Blink  Bonny.  He  won 
the  Derby  in  1864,  and  was  the  sire  of  Prince 
Charlie,  sire  of  Salvator  in  America. 

Blaise,  Saint.  See  Blasius,  Saint. 

Blaisois,  or  Blesois  (blaz-wa').  The  county  of 
Blois. 

Blake  (blak)  Robert.  Born  at  Bridgewater, 
Somersetshire,  England,  Aug.,  1598  (1599?): 
died  at  sea,  near  Plymouth,  England,  Aug.  17, 
1657.  A famous  English  admiral.  He  held  Taunton 
for  the  Parliament  1644-45 ; was  made  commander  of  the 
fleet  in  1649,  and  war  den  of  the  Cinque  Ports  in  1651 ; com- 
manded against  the  Dutch  1652-53,  in  the  Mediterranean 
1654-66;  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Santa  Cruz,  Teneriffe, 
April  20,  1657. 

Blake,  William.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  28, 
1757 : died  at  London,  Aug.  12, 1827.  A noted 
English  poet,  engraver,  and  painter.  His  chief 
works  are  “Songs  of  Innocence ’’(1789),  “Book  of  Thel” 
(1789),  “Marriage  of  Heaven  and  Hell ”(1790),  “Gates  of 
Paradise’’  (.1793),  “Songs  of  Experience’’  (1794),  illustra- 
tions to  Blair's  “ Grave  ”Vl805),  to  the  book  of  J ob  (1823),  etc. 

Blake,  William  Rufus.  Born  at.  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia,  1805:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  April 
22,  1863.  An  actor  and  manager.  He  went  on  the 
stage  about  1822,  and  first  appeared  in  New  York  in  1824. 
He  excelled  in  the  personation  of  old  men. 

Blakeley  (blak'li),  Johnston.  Bom  at.  Dublin, 
Ireland,  Oct.,  1781 : lost  at  sea,  1814.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  officer.  He  was  commander  of  the  Wasp 
which  captured  the  British  brigs  Keindeer  and  Avon 
June  28  and  Sept.  1,  1814,  respectively,  and  was  lost  at 
sea.  It  was  last  seen  Oct.  9,  1811. 

Blakeney  (blak'ni),  William,  Lord  Blakeney. 
Born  at  Mount  Blakeney,  County  Limerick, 
Ireland,  1672:  died  Sept.  20,1761.  A British  mili- 
tary  commander.  He  became,  1747,  lieutenant-gover- 
nor of  Minorca,  which  (failing  to  receive  reinforcements 
from  Admiral  Byng,  who  was  sent  to  his  relief)  he  was 
compelled  to  surrender  to  the  French  under  the  Due  de 
Richelieu  in  1756. 

Blakey  (bla'ki),  Robert.  Born  at  Morpeth, 
Northumberland,  England,  May  18,  1795:  died 
Oct.  26,  1878.  An  English  philosopher  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  professor  of  logic  and  meta- 
physics at  Queen’s  College,  Belfast.  He  wrote 
“History  of  the  Philosophy  of  Mind”  (1848), 
books  on  angling,  etc. 

Blanc  (bloh),  Anthony.  Born  near  Lyons, 
France,  Oct.  11,  1792:  died  June  20, 1860.  A 
Roman  Catholic  prelate,  bishop  of  New  Orleans 
1835-50,  and  archbishop  1850-60. 

Blanc,  Auguste  Alexandre  Philippe  Charles. 
Born  at  Castres,  Tarn,  France,  Nov.  15,  1813: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17, 1882.  A French  art  critic, 
brother  of  Jean  Joseph  Charles  Louis  Blanc. 
He  wrote  “ Grammairc  des  arts  du  dessin  ” (1867),  etc.,  and 
was  the  chief  contributor  to  “ Histoire  des  peintres  de 
toutes  lea  6coles  " (1849-75). 

Blanc,  Jean  Joseph  Charles  Louis.  Born  at 
Madrid,  Oct.  29, 1811:  died  at  Cannes,  France, 
Dec.  6,  1882.  A celebrated  French  politician, 
historian,  political  writer,  and  socialist,  promi- 
nent in  the  revolution  of  1848.  Hestudiedlaw  in 
Paris,  and  from  1832  to  1834  was  a private  tutor  at  Arras. 
On  his  return  to  Paris  he  wrote  for  the  “National,"  the 
“ P.evue  r^publicaine,”  the  “ Nouvelle  Minerve,”  and  the 
Bon  sens,"  and  was  made  editor  of  the  last-named  jour  - 
nal in  Jan.,  1837.  After  eighteen  months  he  founded  a 
new  organ,  “La  revue  du  progrfes,”  in  which  appeared 
his  review  of  the  “ Idles  napol£oniennes  ’’  of  Louis  Napo- 
leon, and  his  own  “Organisation  du  travail.''  He  also 
wrote  the  “ Histoire  de  dix  ans  ” (1830-40),  and  began 
his  “Histoire  de  la  revolution,”  the  first  two  volumes  of 
which  appeared  in  1847.  In  1848  he  became  a member  of 
the  provisional  government  of  the  French  Republic,  but 
was  forced  to  seek  refuge  in  England.  Thence  he  wrote 
an  “ Appel  auxhonnetes  gens ’’ (1849),  “ Pages  de  l’histoirc 
de  la  revolution  de  F6vrier  1848  ” (1850),  a couple  of  po- 
lemic pamphlets  entitled  “plus  de  Girondins"  (1851),  and 

a—  li 


161 

“ La  Rdputilique  une  et  indivisible  " (1851).  He  ended  his 
history  of  the  revolution  with  the  dissolution  of  the  Na- 
tional Convention,  and  issued  the  twelfth  and  final  volume 
of  the  work  in  1862.  His  ‘ • Historical  Revelations  ascribed 
to  Lord  Normanby  ” (1858)  were  written  originally  in  Eng- 
lish, but  immediately  translated  by  the  author  into  French 
under  the  title  “ Histoire  de  la  revolution  de  1848  ” (1870). 
From  1857  to  1870  Blanc  wrote  a weekly  letter,  at  first  to 
the  “Courtier  de  Paris,"  and  afterward  to  the  “Temps." 
These  articles  on  the  political  and  parliamentary  life  of 
Great  Britain  have  been  collected  in  ten  volumes  entitled 
“ Dix  amides  de  l’histoire  d’Angleterre  ” (1879-81).  In 
1870  he  returned  to  France  and  took  part  in  several  polit- 
ical assemblies.  In  1876  he  founded  and  directed  a daily 
sheet,  “ L’Homme  libre.”  His  articles  from  this  paper  and 
from  the  “ Rappel”  fill  five  volumes  entitled  “ Questions 
d’aujourdhui  et  de  demain  ” (1873-84). 

Blanc,  Le.  A town  in  the  department  of  Indre, 
central  F ranee,  situated  on  the  river  Creuse  35 
miles  east  of  Poitiers.  Population,  commune, 
6,520. 

Blanc,  Mont.  See  Mont  Blanc. 

Blanca,  Sierra.  See  Sierra  Blanca. 

Blanchard  (blon-shar'),  Alain.  Died  1418.  A 
citizen  of  Rouen,  France,  who  played  a promi- 
nent part  in  the  defense  of  that  cit)>r  during  the 
siege  by  Henry  V.  of  England,  1418,  and  who 
was  executed  by  the  orders  of  Henry  after  the 
capitulation  of  the  city. 

Blanchard,  Entile.  Born  at  Paris,  March  6, 
1819 : died  there,  Feb.  10, 1900.  A French  natu- 
ralist, especially  noted  as  an  entomologist.  He 
was  the  author  of  many  scientific  works,  including  “ Re- 
cherches  sur  l'organisation  des  vers”  (1837),  “Histoire 
naturelle  des  insectes  orthopthres,  nt-cropttres,  etc.” 
(1837-40),  “ Histoire  des  inscctes,  etc.”  (1843-45),  etc. 

Blanchard,  Francois.  Born  at  Andelys,  Eure, 
France,  1753:  died  at  Paris,  March  7,  1809.  A 
noted  French  aeronaut.  His  first  ascent  was  made 
in  17S4,  and  in  1785  he  crossed  the  Channel  from  Dover  to 
Calais.  Later  he  visited  the  United  States.  He  made  over 
50  ascents. 

Blanchard,  Henri  Pierre  L6on  Pharamond. 

Born  near  Lyons,  Feb.  27,  1805 : died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  19,  1874.  A French  painter. 

Blanchard(blan,chiird),  Samuel  Laman.  Born 
at  Great  Yarmouth,  England,  May  15, 1804:  died 
at  London,  Feb.  15,  1845.  An  English  litt6- 
rateur  and  journalist.  He  was  acting  editor  of  the 
“Monthly  Magazine”  (1831),  editor  of  “The  True  Sun” 
(1832),  ol  “The  Constitutional”  (1836),  “ The  Court  Jour- 
nal" (1837),  “ The  Courier’  (1837-39),  and  other  periodicals, 
and  author  of  “Lyric  Offerings,”  “Sonnets,”etc. 

Blanchard,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Sutton,  Mass., 
June  24,  1788 : died  at  Boston,  April  16,  1864. 
An  American  inventor.  He  invented  a machine  for 
cutting  and  heading  tacks  by  a single  operation,  and  a 
well-known  lathe  for  turning  irregular  forms. 

Blanche  (blonsh),  August  Theodor.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  Sept.  17,  1811 : died  at  Stockholm, 
Nov.  30,  1868.  A Swedish  poet  and  novelist. 

Blanche  (blanch;  F.  pron.  blonsh)  of  Bourbon. 
Born  in  France  about  1338 : died  at  Medina 
Sidonia,  Spain,  1361.  A French  princess,  daugh- 
ter of  Pierre,  due  de  Bourbon,  and  wife  of 
Pedro  “the  Cruel”  of  Castile,  by  whom  she 
was  abandoned  shortly  after  the  marriage  on 
a charge  of  infidelity  and  imprisoned.  Her  death 
was  ascribed  to  poisoning.  Her  tragical  fate  produced  a 
profound  impression,  and  has  frequently  been  celebrated 
in  verse. 

Blanche  of  Castile.  Born  1187 : died  Dec.  1, 
1252.  Queen  of  France,  daughter  of  Alfonso  IX. 
of  Castile  by  Eleanor  of  England,  and  wife  of 
Louis  VIII.  She  acted  as  regent,  1226-36,  during  the 
minority  of  her  son  Louis  IX.,  and  again,  1248-52,  during 
his  absence  on  a crusade  in  the  Holy  Land. 

Blanche  Of  Devan.  A crazy  lowland  bride  in 
Scott’s  poem  “Lady  of  the  Lake.” 

Blanchefleur,  or  Blancheflor.  See  Fleur  et 
Blanche fleur . 

Blanchelande  (blonsh-lohd'),  Philibert  Fran- 
cois Roussel  de.  Born  at  Dijon,  1735:  died 
at  Paris,  April  11,  1793.  A French  general. 
In  1779  he  went  as  lieutenant-colonel  to  the  West  Indies, 
and  commanded  at  St.  Vincent,  where  he  repulsed  an 
English  attack.  In  1790  he  became  acting  governor  of 
Haiti,  but  was  unsuccessful.  He  was  sent  to  France 
1792,  and  executed  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal. 

Blanco,  Antonio  Guzman.  See  Gusman  Blanco, 
Antonio. 

Blanco,  Cape.  A headland  of  western  Africa, 
in  lat.  20°  46'  N.,  long.  17°  6'  W. 

Blanco  (blan'ko)  Encalada,  Manuel.  Bom 
at  Buenos  Ayres,  Sept.  5,  1790:  died  at  San- 
tiago, Chile,  Sept.  5,  1876.  A Spanish-Ameri- 
can  general  and  naval  commander  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  Chilean  war  for 
independence.  In  July,  1826,  he  was  elected  president 
of  Chile,  but  resigned  soon  aiter.  Made  general  of  the 
army,  he  led  an  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Peru  in  1837, 
and  was  allowed  to  retire  only  after  signing  a treaty  of 
peace.  The  Chilean  government  annulled  this  treaty, 
and  Blanco  Encalada  was  court-martialed,  but  exoner- 
ated. lie  was  intendant  of  Valparaiso  in  1847,  and  min- 
ister to  France  1853-58.  He  held  the  military  title  of 
marshal  from  1820. 


Blankenburg 

Blanco,  Jos6  F61ix.  Born  in  Mariana  de  Cara- 
cas, Sept.  24,  1782:  died  at  Caracas,  Jan.  8, 
1872.  A Venezuelan  priest,  soldier,  statesman, 
and  historian.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  revo- 
lution at  Caracas,  April  19,  1810,  and  was  the  first  editor 
of  the  great  historical  work  “Documentos  para  la  histo- 
ria  de  la  vida  publica  del  Libertador,”  etc.,  which  was 
published  by  Azpurua  after  his  death  (Caracas,  1875-77, 
14  vols.). 

Blanco  y Arenas,  Ramon,  Marquis  de  Pena 
Plata.  Born  in  1832:  died  April  4,  1906.  A 
Spanish  general,  appointed  governor-general 
of  Cuba  in  October,  1897.  He  fought  in  the  Carlist 
war;  served  in  Cuba  during  the  rebellion  of  1868-78,  and 
was  captain-general  of  that  island  1880-81 ; was  captain- 
general  of  Catalonia  1877-79,  1882,  and  1887-93,  and  was 
captain-general  of  the  Philippines  in  1894. 

Blancos  (blan'kds),  or  Blanquillos  (blan-kel'- 
yos).  [Sp.,  ‘Whites.’]  The  name  given  in 
Uruguay  to  one  of  the  two  great  political  par- 
ties. It  had  its  origin  about  1835,  when  the  adherents  of 
Oribe  took  the  name  of  Blancos,  and  those  of  Fructuoso 
Rivera  that  of  Colorados.  Both  parties  have  had  various 
leaders,  and  have  diifered,  ostensibly  at  least,  on  many  im- 
portant questions.  From  1842  to  1851  the  Colorados  held 
Montevideo  (whence  they  were  also  known  as  the  Defensa 
party,  or  Partido  de  la  Defensa),  and  the  Blancos,  under 
Oribe,  kept  the  city  in  a state  of  continuous  siege. 

Bland  Silver  Bill.  A United  States  statute 
of  1878  (20  Stat.,  25) : so  called  from  its  author, 
Richard  P.  Bland,  a member  of  the  House  from 
Missouri.  It  reestablished  the  silver  dollar  containing 
4124  grains  troy  of  standard  silver  as  a legal  tender ; hut 
its  special  feature  was  a clause  requiring  the  treasury  to 
purchase  every  month  not  less  than  two  million  nor  more 
than  four  million  dollars’  worth  of  silver  bullion  and  to 
coin  it  into  dollars.  It  passed  over  President  Hayes’s  veto. 
See  Sherman  Bill. 

Bland  (bland),  Theodoric.  Born  in  Prince 
George  County,  Va.,  1742:  died  at  New  York, 
June  1, 1790.  An  American  patriot.  He  joined 
the  Continental  army  in  1777;  was  a delegate  from  Virginia 
to  the  Continental  Congress  1780-83  ; and  was  representa- 
tive from  Virginia  to  the  first  Congress  under  the  Fed 
eral  Constitution  1789-90.  He  left  memoirs  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary period,  which  were  published  under  the  title  of 
“ The  Bland  Papers  ” in  1840. 

Blandamour  (blan'da-mor),  Sir.  A fickle  and 
vainglorious  knight  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene.”  He  was  defeated  by  Britomart,  and 
won  the  false  Florimel  from  Paridel. 

Blandiman  (blan'di-man).  The  attendant  of 
Bellisantin  the  story  of  “Valentine  and  Orson.” 

Blandina  (blan-di'na),  Saint.  A female  slave 
who,  during  a persecution  of  the  Christians, 
was  put  to  death  at  Lyons  in  177.  She  is  com- 
memorated by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on 
June  2. 

Blandois.  See  Eigaud. 

Blandrata  (blan-dra'ta),  or  Biandrata  (be-an- 
dra'ta),  Giorgio.  Bom  at  Saluzzo,  Italy,  about 
1515:  died  in  Transylvania  about  1588.  An 
Italian  physician  and  propagator  (especially  in 
Poland  and  Transylvania)  of  Protestant  doc- 
trines, and  later  of  Socinianism  and  Arianism. 
He  was  thrown  into  prison  at  Pavia  by  the  Inquisition, 
but  escaped  to  Geneva,  where  he  was  forced  to  profess 
Calvinism.  From  Geneva  he  went  to  Poland,  where  he 
was  assassinated  by  a nephew  whom  he  had  threatened 
to  disinherit. 

Blane  (blan),  Sir  Gilbert.  Born  at  Blanefield, 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  8,  1749:  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  26,  1834.  A noted  Scotch  physician. 
He  had  the  medical  charge  of  the  NVestlndian  fleet  under 
Rodney  (1779-81),  and  was  later (1785) appointed  physician 
extraordinary  to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  He  wrote  “Ele- 
ments of  Medical  Logic”  (1819),  etc. 

Blane,  Niel.  The  popular  landlord  of  the  Howff 
in  Scott’s  novel  “Old  Mortality.”  He  is  also 
town  piper.  Jennie,  his  daughter,  is  the  bar- 
maid. 

Blanes  (blan'yes).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Gerona,  northeastern  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Mediterranean  40  miles  northeast  of  Barcelona. 
Population,  4,969. 

Blangini  (blan-je'ne),  Giuseppe  Marco  Maria 
Felice.  Born  at  Turin,  Nov.  18,  1781:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  18,  1841.  An  Italian  tenor  and 
operatic  composer.  Ho  wrote  “Chim&re  et 
r6alit6,”  “Encore  un  tour  de  Caliphe,”  “ Ro- 
mances,” in  34  numbers,  etc. 

Blankenberghe  (blan'ken-bereh-e,  F.  pron. 
blon-ken-berg').  A sea-bathing  place  and  fish- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders, 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  9 miles 
northwest  of  Bruges.  Population,  6,134. 

Blankenburg  (bltin'ken-borG).  A town  in 
Sckwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  21  miles 
south  of  Weimar,  in  the  Schwarzathal  of  the 
Thuringian  Forest. 

Blankenburg.  A town  in  Brunswick,  in  the 
Harz  9 miles  southwest  of  Halberstadt.  It  is 
a noted  summer  resort,  and  contains  a ducal 
castle  and  a Rathaus.  Population,  11,347. 


Blanketeers 

Blanketeers  (blang-ke-terz').  The  name  given 
to  a body  of  half-starved  Manchester  opera- 
tives who  met  at  St.  Peter’s  Field,  March  10, 
1817.  Each  man  was  provided  with  provisions  and  a 
blanket,  and  their  purpose  was  to  walk  to  London  to 
petition  for  some  legislative  remedy  against  capitalistic 
oppression,  and  especially  for  the  great  panacea  of  par- 
liamentary reform. 

The  project  of  these  poor  simple-minded  men,  instead 
of  exciting  compassion,  filled  the  minds  of  the  govern- 
ment and  the  upper  classes  with  alarm.  It  was  regarded 
as  an  attempt  to  overthrow  the  institutions  of  the  coun- 
try. The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  being  at  that  time  sus- 
pended, the  leaders  of  the  proposed  expedition  were 
seized  and  imprisoned.  The  greater  part  of  those  who 
had  intended  to  join  it  yielded  at  once  ; a few,  however, 
persisted  in  their  intentions ; but  troops  had  been  placed 
along  the  proposed  line  of  march,  and  they  were  inter- 
cepted, searched,  and  either  sent  back  or  imprisoned.  No- 
thing was  found  on  them  to  justify  these  proceedings, 
except  “two  unusually  long  knives."’ 

Molesworth , Hist.  Eng.,  I.  11. 

Blanqui  (blon-ke'),  Jerome  Adolphe.  Born  at 
Nice,  France,  Nov.  21, 1798 : died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
28,  1854.  A noted  French  political  economist. 
His  works  include  “L’Histoire  de  l’4conomie  politique 
en  Europe,  etc."  (1837-38),  “Voyage  en  Angleterre  1824,” 
etc. 

Blanqui,  Louis  Auguste.  Born  at  Pnget-Th<$- 
niers,  Alpes-Mari times,  France,  Feb.  7,  1805: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  1,  1881.  A French  social- 
ist and  political  agitator,  brother  of  Jerome 
Adolphe  Blanqui.  He  took  part  in  insurrec- 
tionary movements  in  1839,  1848,  and  1871. 
Blanzy  (blon-ze').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Sadne-et-Loire,  France,  19  miles  south  of 
Autun.  Population,  commune,  4,977. 

Blarney  (blar'ni).  A village  in  Cork,  Ireland,  5 
miles  northwest  of  Cork.  It  contains  a noted  castle 
built  in  1446  by  Cormack  MacCarthy,  and  now  forming  a 
picturesque  ivy-clad  ruin  centered  about  a high,  square, 
battlemented  and  machicolated  keep.  The  fame  of  the 
castle  is  due  to  its  possession  of  the  wonder-working 
Blarney  stone,  a block  bearing  the  name  of  the  founder 
and  the  date,  built  into  the  south  angle  of  the  keep  twenty 
feet  below  the  top.  Since  access  to  it  is  well  nigh  impos- 
sible, a substitute  has  been  provided  within  the  battle- 
ments to  receive  the  kisses  of  tourists. 

Blarney,  Lady.  One  of  the  town  ladies,  or 
rather  ladies  of  the  town,  in  Goldsmith’s  “Vicar 
of  Wakefield,”  who  make  the  acquaintance  of 
the  vicar’s  innocent  family  under  false  pre- 
tenses. The  other  is  Miss  Carolina  ^llhelmina 
Skeggs. 

Blasius  (bla'zi-us),  or  Blaize  (blaz),  Saint.  A 
bishop  of  Sebaste,  Armenia,  martyred  in  316. 
He  was  adopted  by  the  wool-combers  as  their  patron  saint, 
apparently  because  iron  combs  were  used  in  tearing  his 
ilesh  when  martyred.  His  festival  is  celebrated  on  Feb. 
3 by  the  Roman  and  Anglican  churches,  and  on  Feb.  11 
by  t lie  Greeks.  The  wool-combers"  procession  is  still  held 
on  Feb.  3 in  England. 

Blasius,  Docteur.  The  pseudonym  of  Paschal 
Grousset  in  “Figaro.” 

Blatant  Beast,  The.  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene,”  the  personification  of  slander.  He 
is  a foul  monster  with  a hundred  tongues. 
Blathers  (blaTH'erz).  A Bow-street  officer  in 
Dickens’s  “Oliver  Twist.” 

Blattergowl  (blat'er-goul).  A prosy  Scotch 
minister  in  Scott’s  novel  “ The  Antiquary.” 
Blaubeuren  (blou'boi-ren).  A small  town  in 
Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Blau  10  miles  west 
of  Ulm. 

Blauen  (blou'en).  One  of  the  chief  summits 
of  the  Black  Forest,  near  Mullhemr.  Height, 
3,830  feet. 

Blavatsky  (bla-vat'ski),  Madame  (Helena 
Petrovna  Hahn-Hahn).  Born  at  Yekaterino- 
slaff,  Russia,  in  1831 : died  at  London,  May  8, 
1891.  A Russian  theosophist  and  traveler  in 
the  East,  etc. : one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the 
“ Theosophieal  Society  ” in  1875.  She  wrote 
“Isis  Unveiled”  (1876),  “The  Secret  Doctrine” 
(1888),  “Key  to  Theosophy”  (1889),  etc. 

Blaye  (bla).  [L.  Blavia,  Blabia,  I Hava.]  A sea- 
port in  the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  21 
miles  northwest  of  Bordeaux:  the  Roman 
Blavia.  Population,  commune,  4,890. 

Blaze  (blaz),  Francois  Henri  Joseph,  called 
Castil-Blaze.  Born  at  Cavaillon,  Vaucluse, 
France,  Dee.  1,  1784:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  11, 
1857.  A French  writer  on  music,  musical  critic, 
and  operatic  composer.  From  1822  to  1832  he 
was  musical  critic  of  the  “Journal  des  Debats.” 
He  wrote  “De  l’op6ra  en  France”  (1820),  etc. 
Blaze  de  Bury  (blaz  de  bii-re')  (originally 
Ange Henri  Blaze).  Born  at  Avignon, France, 
May  19,  1813:  died  at  Paris,  March  15,  1888. 
A French  author,  son  of  Castil-Blaze.  He  wrote 
for  the  “Revue  des  Deux  Mondes”  under  the  pen-names 
“Hans  Werner,"  “F.  de Lagenevais,”  and  “Henri  Blaze, ’ 
and  lived  for  some  time  at  the  court  of  Weimar.  His 
works  include  “Ecrivains  et  poetes  de  l’AUemagne" 
(1843),  “ Les  poesies  de  Goethe  ” (1843),  etc. 


162 

Bleak  House.  A novel  by  Charles  Dickens, 
published  1852-53  in  twenty  monthty  num- 
bers. It  was  named  from  a dreary-looking  house  which 
was  his  summer  residence  at  Broadstairs.  It  was  aimed 
at  the  delays  of  the  Court  of  Chancery.  It  was  illustrated 
by  “Phiz." 

Bledow  (bla'do),  Ludwig.  Born  July  27, 1795: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  6,  1846.  A famous  German 
chess-player,  founder  of  the  so-called  Berlin 
chess  school  (1837-42).  His  collection  of  works 
on  chess  was  purchased  by  the  Royal  Library 
of  Berlin. 

Bleeding-heart  Yard.  A part  of  London  for- 
merly the  property  of  the  Hatton  family.  About 
the  origin  of  its  title  there  are  various  traditions.  The 
place  is  much  built  over  with  poor  houses.  It  is  intro- 
duced by  Dickens  in  “ Little  Dorrit  ” as  the  x’esidence  of 
the  Plornishes,  Daniel  Doyce,  and  others. 

Bleek  (blak),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Ahrensbock, 
Holstein,  July  4,  1793:  died  at  Bonn,  Germany, 
Feb.  27,  1859.  A German  biblical  critic,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Bonn  1829-59. 

Bleek,  Wilhelm  Heinrich  Immanuel.  Born 
at  Berlin,  March  8,  1827 : died  at  Cape  Town, 
Cape  Colony,  Aug.  17,  1875.  A noted  African 
linguist,  ne  went  to  Natal,  South  Africa,  in  1855,  and 
in  i856  to  Cape  Town,  where  lie  was  appointed  librarian 
of  Sir  George  Grey’s  library.  In  this  capacity  he  wrote 
his  “Catalogue  of  Sir  George  Grey’s  Library"  (3  vols., 
1S58-63),  “ Hottentot  Fables  ” (1864),  “ Comparative  Gram- 
mar of  South  African  Languages"  (1862-69).  He  died 
while  working  at  a dictionary  of  the  Bushman  language. 

Blefuscu  (ble-fus'kii).  An  island  described  in 
Swift’s  “Gulliver’s  Travels.”  it  was  separated 

from  Lilliput  by  a channel,  and  was  intended  to  satirize 
France.  The  inhabitants  were  pygmies.  Gulliver  wades 
across  the  channel  and  carries  off  its  entire  fleet. 
Bleibtreu  (blib'troi),  Georg.  Born  at  Xanten, 
Rhenish  Prussia,  March  27,  1828  : died  at  Ber- 
lin, Oct.  16,  1892.  A German  battle-painter. 
His  chief  paintings  are  “Battle  of  Katzbach” 
(1857),  “Battle  of  Waterloo”  (1858),  etc. 
Blemyes.or  Blemmyes  (blem'i-ez ) . [Gr. 
BAt'/;/zu£f.]  In  ancient  history,  a nomadic  Ethio- 
pian tribe,  infesting  Nubia  and  Upper  Egypt. 
See  Bisharin.  They  were  frequently  at  war  with  the 
Romans,  and  were  often  defeated  under  Aurelian,  Probus, 
and  Diocletian.  They  were  the  subjects  of  fabulous  ac- 
counts by  early  writers,  who  represent  them  as  headless 
and  as  having  their  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth  in  their  breasts. 

Bleneau  (bla-no'),  Battle  of.  A victory  gained 
at  Bleneau  (in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
France)  by  the  Spaniards  under  Condo  over 
Turenne  in  1652 : iu  another  battle  on  the  next 
day  Turenne  gained  the  advantage. 
Blenerhasset  (blen-er-has'et),  Thomas.  Born 
about  1550 : died  about  1625.  An  English  poet 
and  historian.  His  best-known  work  is  “The  Second 
Parte  of  the  Mirrour  for  Magistrates  ’’  (1578). 

Blenheim  (blen'im),  G.  Blindheim(blint'liim). 
A village  in  western  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Danube  in  lat.  48°  37'  N.,  long.  10°  36'  E. 
Near  here,  Aug.  13  (N.  8.),  1704,  the  allied  English,  Ger- 
mans, Dutch,  aud  Danes  (52,000),  under  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough and  Prince  Eugene,  defeated  the  French  and 
Bavarians  (55,000-60,000), under Tallard.  Thelossof  the  Al- 
lies was  11,000-12,000,  and  that  of  the  French  and  Bavarians, 
40,000  (').  The  battle  is  called  by  French  and  Germans  the 
battle  of  Hochstadt. 

Blenheim  Palace.  A mansion  at  Woodstock, 
Oxfordshire,  England,  built  by  Vanbrugh  at 
national  cost,  1705-16,  for  the  first  Duke  of 
Marlborough.  It  is  an  imposing  pile,  measuring  320 
feet  east  and  west,  and  190  feet  north  and  south.  The 
chief  facade  presents  a projecting  entrance-portico  be- 
tween two  prominent  wings  whose  inner  faces  sweep  in  a 
curve  toward  the  entrance.  The  ornamentation  is  poor, 
and  the  columns  are  so  large  as  to  dwarf  even  the  enor- 
mous building.  The  park  faijade  and  the  two  lesser  facades 
are  better : each  has  a large  bow-window  in  the  middle,  and 
is  flanked  by  end  pavilions.  The  interior  has  many  fine 
apartments. 

Blennerhasset  (blen-er-has'et),  Harman. 
Born  at  Hampshire,  England,  Oct.  8,  1765 
(1764?):  died  at  Guernsey,  Channel  Islands, 
Feb.  1,  1831.  An  Englishman  of  Irish  descent, 
noted  iu  connection  with  Burr’s  conspiracy. 

He  settled  about  1798  on  a small  island,  since  called  Blen- 
nerhasset’s  Island,  in  the  Ohio,  near  Marietta,  where  he 
erected  a mansion  which  he  surrounded  with  gardens 
and  conservatories,  and  furnished  with  a library  and  other 
facilities  for  the  gratification  of  intellectual  tastes.  He 
was  persuaded  in  1805  by  Burr  to  join  his  enterprise, 
probably  without  knowing  its  true  character,  and  was 
arrested  and  indicted  for  treason,  but  was  released  in 
1807  on  Burr’s  acquittal,  his  home  having  in  the  mean 
time  been  sold  to  satisfy  hiscreditors.  The  tradition  that 
his  last  years  were  spent  in  poverty  is  not  correct. 

Blennerhasset’s  Island.  A small  island  in 
the  Ohio,  2 miles  below  Parkersburg,  West  Vir- 
ginia : so  called  from  Harman  Blennerhasset, 
famous  in  connection  with  Burr’s  conspiracy. 
Blessing  of  Jacob.  One  of  the  finest  paintings 
of  Rembrandt  (1656),  in  the  museum  at  Cassel, 
Germany.  Jacob, on  his  death-bed,  supported  by  Joseph, 


Blodget 

gives  his  benediction  to  his  two  young  grandsons,  who 
kneel  beside  the  bed.  Their  mother,  with  folded  hands, 
stands  behind  them. 

Blessington,  Countess  of.  See  Power  (Far- 
mer), Marguerite. 

Blicher  (biich'er),  Steen  Steensen.  Born  at 
Vium,  Jutland,  Denmark,  Oct.  11,  1782:  died  at 
Spentrup,  March  26,  1848.  A Danish  lyric  poet 
and  noyelist.  His  works  include  the  novels  “Jydske 
Romanzer,"  “Nationalnoveller,”  etc.  (published  collec- 
tively 1833-36). 

Blida  (ble-dii').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Algiers,  Algeria,  25  miles  southwest  of  Al- 
giers. Population,  16,866;  commune,  31,193. 
Blifil  (bli'fil),  Captain  John.  A hypocritical 
eoxcombin  Fielding’s  “ Tom  Jones, ”of  “ pinch- 
beck professions  and  vamped  up  virtues.” 
Blifil,  Doctor.  The  elder  brother  of  Captain 
Blifil. 

Bligh  (bli),  William.  Born  at  Tyntan,  Com  wa  11 , 
1754  : died  at  London,  Dec.  7,  1817.  An  English 
admiral.  He  was  commander  of  his  Majesty’s  ship  Bounty 
in  1787  ; was  cast  adrift  near  the  Friendly  Islands  in  1789  ; 
and  reached  Timor  in  1789.  He  published  a “ Narrative  ” 
of  the  mutiny  in  1790.  See  Bounty. 

Blight  ( blit ) , Y oung.  Mr.  Mortimer  Light  wood’s 
office-boy  in  Dickens’s  novel  “Our  Mutual 
Friend.”  He  is  of  a peculiarly  depressing  as- 
pect. 

Blimber  (blim'er),  Cornelia.  The  daughter  of 
Doctor  Blimber  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Dombey 
and  Son.”  She  wore  short  hair  and  spectacles  and  was 
“dry  and  sandy  with  working  in  the  graves  of  deceased 
languages.” 

Blimber,  Doctor.  The  principal  of  the  board- 
ing-school, in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Dombey  and 
Son,” to  which  little  Paul  Dombey  is  sent:  an 
unimpassioned,  grave  man  with  an  appearance 
of  learning. 

Blind  (blind).  Karl.  Bom  at  Mannheim,  Ger- 
many, Sept.  4,  1820:  died  at  London,  May  31, 
1907.  A German  political  agitator  and  writer. 
Blind  Beggar  of  Alexandria,  The.  A comedy 
by  Chapman,  first  acted  about  1596  and  printed 
in  1598. 

Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  The,  with 
the  Merry  Humours  of  Tom  Stroud.  A play 
by  Chettle  and  Day,  written  before  May,  1600, 
blit  not  printed  till  1659.  It  was  based  on  the  pop- 
ular ballad  called  “ The  Blind  Beggar’s  Daughter  of  Beth- 
nal Green.” 

Blind  Beggar’s  Daughter  of  Bethnal  Green, 
The.  A very  popular  ballad  preserved  in 
Percy’s  “Reliques,”  “Ancient  Poems,”  and 
other  collections  of  old  ballads.  It  is  the  story 
of  “pretty  Bessee,”  the  daughter  of  “ the  Blind  Beggar." 
The  latter  is  in  reality  Henry,  the  son  of  Simon  de  Montfort, 
who  assumes  this  disguise  to  escape  the  spies  of  King 
Henry.  Bessee  is  wooed  by  a merchant,  an  innkeeper,  a 
gentleman,  and  a knight : all  but  the  knight,  however, 
say  farewell  to  heron  learning  that  her  father  is  a beggar. 
The  knight  marries  her,  and  her  father  reveals  his  true 
fortune  and  character  at  the  wedding.  See  Beggar  of 
Bethnal  Green. 

Blinder  (blin'der),  Mrs.  The  keeper  of  a chan- 
dler’s shop  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Bleak  House."’ 
She  has  “a  dropsy  or  an  asthma,  or  perhaps 
both.” 

Blind  Harry.  Died  about  1492.  A Scottish 
minstrel:  author  of  a poem  on  Sir  William 
Wallace.  The  only  known  manuscript  of  the 
poem  is  dated  1488. 

Blind  Preacher,  The.  William  Henry  Milburn. 
Blink  Bonny.  An  English  thoroughbred  mare 
bred  in  1854,  by  Melbourne,  dam  Queen  Mary 
by  Gladiator.  Like  Eleanor  she  won  both  the  Derby 
and  Oaks  (1857).  In  1861  she  threw  Blair  Athol  to  Stock- 
well.  .She  died  in  1862.  Melbourne  represented  the  Godol- 
phin  barb  line  of  stallions.  Queen  Mary  was  also  the 
dam  of  Bonnie  Scotland,  imported  into  America. 

Blister  (blis'tSr).  An  apothecary  in  Fielding’s 
“Old  Man  Taught  Wisdom,  or  The  Virgin  Un- 
masked.” 

Blithedale  (blith'dal)  Romance,  The.  A ro- 
mance by  Hawthorne,  published  in  1852.  It 

was  founded  on  the  Brook  Farm  experiment  (which  see), 
and  in  .Miles  Coverdale  Hawthorne  described  much  of  his 
own  character.  “ The  predominant  idea  of  the  ‘ Blithe- 
dale Romance  ’ is  to  delineate  the  deranging  effect  of  an 
absorbing  philanthropic  idea  on  a powerful  mind."  It.  U. 
Hutton,  Essays  in  I.it.  Crit. 

Block  (blok),  Ben.  A nickname  for  a sailor. 
Block,  Maurice.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  18,  1816: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  9,  1901.  A French  political 
economist  and  statistician.  His  works  include  “Des 
charges  de  l’agriculture  ” (1850),“  Puissance  comparde  des 
divers  6tats  do  l’Europe,  ’ etc.  He  edited  from  1856 
“L’Annuaire  do  l’dconomie  politique  etdelastatistique.” 
Block  Island,  Ind.  Manisees  (man'i-sez).  An 
island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  10  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Point  Judith  in  Rhode  Island. 
It  forms  the  township  of  New  Shoreham,  Rhode  Island. 
It  is  a noted  summer  resort.  Length,  8 miles. 

Blodget  (bloj'et),  Lorin.  Bom  May  25,  1823: 


Blodget 

died  March  24,  1901.  An  American  physicist 
and  statistician  : author  of  “ Climatology  of 
the  United  States”  (1857),  etc. 

Blodgett,  Samuel.  Born  at  Woburn,  Mass., 
April  1, 1724  : died  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  Sept.  1, 
1807.  An  American  inventor.  He  constructed  a 
machine  for  raising  sunken  vessels,  1783,  and  began  the 
canal  around  Amoskeag  Falls,  at  Manchester,  New  Hamp- 
shire, which  bears  his  name. 

Bloemaert  (blo'mart),  Abraham.  Born  at 
Gorkum,  Netherlands,  1564:  died  at  Utrecht, 
1651.  A Dutch  painter  of  landscapes  and  his- 
torical pieces,  noted  as  a colorist. 

Bloemen  (blo'men),  Jan  Frans  van.  Born 
at  Antwerp,  1662:  died  at  Rome,  1740  (?).  A 
Flemish  landscape-painter,  surnamed  “Oriz- 
zonte  ” from  the  horizons  of  his  landscapes. 
Bloemen,  Pieter  van,  surnamed  “ Standaert.” 
Born  1657 : died  1720.  A Flemish  battle-painter, 
brother  of  Jan  Frans  van  Bloemen. 
Bloemfontein  (blom'fon-tan).  The  capital  of 
Orange  Free  State,  South  Africa,  situated 
in  lat.  29°  8'  S.,  long.  26°  40'  E.  Population, 
33,883.  In  1910  it  became  the  seat  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  South  Africa. 

Blois  (blwa).  [LL.  Blesurn .]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loire  in  lat.  47°  35'  N.,  long.  1°  18'  E. : 
Medieval  Latin  Blesurn,  Blesis,  or  Bleza.  it  was 
the  capital  of  the  medieval  countship  of  Blois.  The  cha- 
teau (castle)  is  a historic  royal  palace,  of  great  extent.  It 
was  purchased  by  Louis  of  Orleans  (son  of  Charles  V.),  and 
was  the  residence  of  Louis  XII.  The  east  front,  of  red 
brick  and  stone,  was  built  by  Louis  XII. ; over  its  richly 
ornamented  portal  is  an  equestrian  statue  of  the  king,  in 
a canopied  niche.  The  court  within  has  a story  with 
square  mullioned  windows  over  graceful  arcades,  and 
topped  by  a high  roof  with  decorated  dormer-windows. 
Another  wing  was  built  by  Francois  I.,  in  an  excellent 
Renaissance  style.  Its  most  prominent  feature  is  an  open 
winding  staircase,  richly  adorned  with  sculpture,  forming 
a projecting  tower.  The  splendid  apartments  of  the  in- 
terior range  in  date  from  the  13th  century  down ; they  are 
decorated  with  carving,  color,  and  wall-hanging9.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  23,972. 

Blois,  County  of,  or  Blaisois,  or  Blesois.  A 

medieval  county  of  France,  included  in  the 
government  of  Orleanais,  and  comprised  in  the 
department  of  Loir-et-Cher.  Capital,  Blois.  It 
became  a possession  of  the  crown  in  1498. 
Blois,  Charles  of.  See  Charles  of  Blois. 

Blois,  Louis  of.  See  Louis  XII. 

Blois,  Stephen  of.  See  Stephen  of. 

Blome  (blom),  Richard.  Died  1705.  A Lon- 
don publisher  and  compiler.  His  name  is  appended 
to  many  books  which  are  said  to  have  been  written  by 
impecunious  authors  for  a pittance,  and  for  which  he  ob- 
tained subscriptions  from  wealthy  persons.  Among  these 
are  a large  work  on  heraldry,  and  two  books  relating  to  the 
British  colonies  in  America. 

Blomneld  (blum'feld),  Charles  James.  Born 
at  Bury-St. -Edmunds,  England,  May  29,  1786 : 
died  at  Fulham,  England,  Aug.  5,  1857.  An 
English  prelate,  bishop  of  London  1828-56.  He 
edited  various  plays  of  ASschylus,  etc. 
Blommaert  (blom'mart),  Philipp.  Born  at 
Ghent,  Belgium,  Aug.  27,  1808 : died  at  Ghent, 
Aug.  14,  1871.  A Flemish  historian  and  poet, 
reviver  of  old  Flemish  literature.  His  chief  work 
is  “Aloude  geschiedenis  der  Belgen  of  Nederduitschers  ” 
(1849). 

Blond,  Jacques  Christophe  le.  See  LeUond. 
Blondel  (blou-del';  F.  pron.  bldn-del').  Born 
at  Nesle,  Picardy,  France : flourished  in  the 
second  half  of  the  12th  century.  A French 
trouv&re,  attendant  and  friend  of  Richard  Cceur 
de  Lion . According  to  the  traditional  account  (probably 
a fable),  he  discovered  the  presence  of  the  imprisoned 
Richard  in  the  castle  of  Durrenstein  by  singing  under  the 
tower  in  which  the  king  was  confined  a song  which  the 
two  had  composed  and  to  which  the  king  responded. 

Blondin  (bloh-dah'),  Charles  (Emile  Gra- 

vele).  Born  at  St.  Omer,  France,  Feb.  28, 
1824:  died  at  Ealing,  London,  Feb.  19,  1897. 
A Frenchman,  famous  as  a tight-rope  walker. 
He  crossed  the  Niagara  River  1855,  1859,  1860. 
Blood,  Council  of.  The  popular  name  of  a 
tribunal  organized  in  the  Netherlands  by  the 
Duke  of  Alva  in  1567.  Its  object  was  the  punish- 
ment of  the  enemies  of  Spanish  rule  and  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion. 

Blood,  Thomas.  Born,  probably  in  Ireland, 
about  1618:  died  Aug.  24,  1680.  A famous 
Irish  adventurer,  called  “Colonel”  Blood.  He 
was  the  leader  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  seize  Dublin 
Castle  and  the  person  of  the  Duke  of  Ormonde,  the  lord 
lieutenant,  in  1663.  He  escaped  ; remained  for  a time  in 
Ireland  and  then  lied  to  Holland;  returned  to  England 
and  joined  the  Fifth  Monarchy  men  ; went  to  Scotland 
and  associated  himself  with  the  Covenanters,  remaining 
with  them  until  their  defeat  on  Pentland  Hills,  Nov.  27, 
1666;  and  then  revisited  England  and  Ireland.  In  1070 
he  led  another  assault  on  Ormonde,  and  in  1671  attempted 
to  steal  the  crown  jewels  from  the  Tower.  .Scott  intro- 
duces him  in  “Beveril  of  the  Peak." 


163 

Blood  Indians.  See  Siksika. 

Bloody  Angle.  A salient  at  Spotsylvania 
Court  House,  which  received  this  name  from 
the  severe  fighting  which  followed  the  capture 
there  by  General  Hancock  of  about  4,000  Con- 
federate soldiers  under  General  Edward  John- 
son, May  12,  1864. 

Bloody  Assizes.  The  popular  name  for  the 
trials  for  participation  in  Monmouth’s  rising  of 
1685,  held  in  the  western  counties  of  England 
and  presided  over  by  Lord  Jeffreys.  Over  300 
persons  were  supposed  to  have  been  executed. 
Bloody  Brook.  A brook  about  a mile  north- 
west of  Deerfield,  Massachusetts,  the  scene  of 
an  Indian  massacre  in  1675. 

Bloody  Brother,  The,  or  Rollo,  Duke  of 
Normandy.  A tragedy  by  Fletcher  and  others 
(probably  W.  Rowley  and  Massinger),  printed 
in  1639.  The  date  of  production  is  doubtful. 

Bloody  Mary.  An  epithet  given  to  Mary, 
queen  of  England  (1553-58),  on  account  of  the 
persecutions  which  she  sanctioned. 

Bloomer  (blo'mer),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Jenks).  Born 
May  27, 1818 : died  Dec.  30, 1894.  An  American 
reformer.  She  lectured  on  temperance  and  the  lights 
of  women,  but  was  principally  known  for  her  adoption  of 
a reformed  dress,  consisting  of  Turkish  trousers  and  a 
dress  with  short  skirts,  which  was  first  introduced  by 
Elizabeth  Smith  Miller. 

Bloomfield  (blom'feld),  Robert.  Bornat,  Hon- 
ington,  Suffolk,  England,  Dec.  3,  1766:  died 
at  Shefford,  Bedfordshire,  England,  Aug.  19, 
1823.  An  English  poet  and  shoemaker.  His 
best-known  work  is  “The  Farmer’s  Boy” 
(1800). 

Bloomfield,  Samuel  Thomas.  Born  1790: 
died  at  Wandsworth  Common,  England,  Sept. 
28,  1869.  An  English  scholar  and  biblical 
critic.  He  edited  the  Greek  Testament  (1832). 
Bloomington  (bliim'ing-ton).  A city,  the  capi- 
tal of  McLean  County,  Illinois,  in  lat.  40°  28' 
N.,  long.  89°  W.  It  is  a railroad  center,  and  has 
several  educational  institutions  and  some  manufactures. 
Population,  25,768,  (1910). 

Bloomsbury  (blomz'ber-i).  A district  lying 
north  of  New  Oxford  street,  London,  between 
Euston  Road,  Gray’s  Inn  Road,  and  Tottenham 
Court  Road. 

Bloomsbury  Gang.  A name  given  to  a politi- 
cal clique  influential  about  1790.  Its  leader 
was  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  and  its  headquarters 
Bloomsbury  House,  London. 

Bloomsbury  Square.  A noted  square  north  of 
New  Oxford  street,  London. 

Blore  Heath  (blor  heth).  A heath  situated 
near  Market  Drayton,  Shropshire,  England. 
Here,  Sept.  23,  1459,  the  Yorkists  under  the  Earl  of  Salis- 
bury defeated  the  Lancastrians  under  Lord  Audley. 

Blot  in  the  ’Scutcheon,  A.  A tragedy  by 
Robert  Browning,  brought  out  in  England  in 
1843.  It  was  afterward  produced  in  America 
by  Lawrence  Barrett. 

Blouet  (blo-a' ),  Paul : pseudonym  Max  O’Rell. 
Born  in  Brittany,  France,  March  2,  1848:  died 
at  Paris,  May  24,  1903.  A French  author  and 
lecturer.  He  published  “John  Bull  and  his 
Island,”  “Jonathan  and  his  Continent,”  etc. 
Blount  (blunt),  Charles.  Died  1545.  The 
fifth  Lord  Mountjoy,  noted  as  a patron  of 
learning. 

Blount,  Charles.  Born  1563 : died  at  London, 
April  3,  1606.  The  eighth  Lord  Mountjoy,  cre- 
ated earl  of  Devonshire  in  1603.  He  was  a favorite 
of  Elizabeth,  and  a friend  and  supporter  of  Essex  whom  he 
succeeded  in  Ireland.  He  defeated  Tyrone,  and,  with  Sir 
George  Carew,  obtained  military  possession  of  nearly  the 
whole  of  Ireland.  See  Stella. 

Blount,  Charles.  Born  at  Upper  Holloway, 
England,  April  27,  1654:  died  Aug.,  1693.  An 
English  deist  and  pamphleteer.  He  wrote  against 
the  censorship  of  the  press,  and,  having  fallen  in  love 
with  his  deceased  wife’s  sister,  published  a defense  of 
marriage  between  persons  so  connected.  He  committed 
suicide  in  despair  of  accomplishing  the  union.  He  wrote 
“ Anima mundi,  etc.”  (1679)  and  “The  Two  Books  of  Phi- 
lostratus,  or  the  Life  of  Apollonius  of  Tyanseus,  from  the 
Greek  ” (1680),  etc. 

Blount,  Sir  Frederick.  A poor  but  well-dressed 
fortune-hunter  in  Bulwer’s  play  ‘ ‘ Money.”  He 
is  quite  unable  to  pronounce  the  letter  “r,” 
considering  it  “wough  and  wasping.” 

Blount,  Harry.  Lord  Marmion’s  page  in 
Scott’s  poem  “Marmion.” 

Blount,  Martha.  Bom  near  Reading  (prob- 
ably), June  15,  1690 : died  in  Berkeley  Row, 
Hanover  Square,  London,  1762.  An  intimate 
friend  of  Pope.  He  left  her  by  his  will  £1,000,  many 
books,  all  bis  household  goods,  etc.,  and  made  her  resid- 
uary legatee. 

Blount,  Thomas.  Born  at  Bordesley,  Worces- 


Blue  Boy,  The 

tershire,  England,  1618 : died  at  Orleton,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  26, 1679.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  studied  law  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  ; but,  as  his  religion  (Roman  Catholic) 
interfered  with  the  practice  of  his  profession,  he  retired 
to  his  estate  at  Orleton,  in  Herefordshire,  and  continued 
his  study  of  the  law  as  an  amateur.  Among  his  numer 
ous  works  are  “ Glossographia,  etc.”  (1656),  and  “ A Law 
Dictionary  ” (1670). 

Blount,  William.  Born  in  North  Carolina, 
1744:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  March  21, 1800. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  Constitution,  was  appointed  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory south  of  the  Ohio  in  1790,  became  United  States  sena- 
tor from  Tennessee  in  1796,  and  was  expelled  in  1797  for 
having  instigated  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  to  aid  the 
British  in  conquering  the  Spanish  territory  of  West  Florida. 
Blow  (bio),  John.  Born  at  North  Collingham, 
Nottinghamshire,  England,  1648:  died  at  West- 
minster, Oct.  1,  1708.  A noted  English  musi- 
cal composer,  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  later  of  the  Chapel  Royal. 

Blowitz  (blo'vits),  Henry  Georges  Stephane 
Adolphe  Opper  de.  Born  at  Blowitz.  near 
Pilsen,  Bohemia,  Dee.  28,  1825 : died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  18,  1903.  A journalist,  the  Paris  rep- 
resentative of  the  London  “Times.”  His  pa- 
rents were  Austrians  of  Hebrew  descent,  but  he  adopted 
the  name  of  Ids  birthplace  and  was  naturalized  a French- 
man in  1870.  He  commenced  life  in  France  as  a teacher 
of  German  at  Tours,  Marseilles,  etc. ; became  a contrib- 
utor to  “La  Gazette  du  Midi”  and  other  papers;  and  in 
1871  became  connected  with  the  London  “ Times.”  He 
was  decorated  (1871)  with  the  badge  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  (officer  of  the  Legion  in  1878).  He  wrote 
“Feuilles  volantes”  (1858),  “Midi  h quatorze  heures  : 
l’Allemagne  et  la  Provence"  (1869),  “ Le  manage  royal 
d’Espagne  ” (1878),  “ Une  course  a Constantinople  " (1884), 
“ Memoirs"  (1903),  etc.  He  retired  in  1901. 

Blowzelinda  (blou-ze-lin'da),  or  Blowsalinda 

(blou-za-lin'da).  [From  hlmvze,  a coarse 
wench.]  A country  girl  in  Gay’s  pastoral  poem 
“The  Shepherd’s  Week.”  She  is  not  the  rustic 
maiden  of  the  poets,  but  a strong  realistic  milkmaid, 
feeding  the  hogs  and  doing  various  unromantic  things. 

Bliicher  (bliich'er),  Gebhard  Leberecht  von, 

Prince  of  Wahlstadt.  Born  at  Rostock,  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin,  Dec.  16,  1742 : died  at  Krie- 
blowitz,  in  Silesia,  Sept.  12,  1819.  A famous 
field-marshal  in  the  Prussian  service.  He  com- 
manded at  Auerstadt,  Oct.  14,  1806 ; served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Liitzen,  Bautzen,  Leipsic,  etc.,  1813 ; defeated  Na- 
poleon at  Laon,  March  9,  1814 ; was  defeated  at  Ligny, 
June  16,  1815;  and  commanded  the  Prussians  at  Water- 
loo, June  18,  1815. 

Bludenz  (blo'dents).  A town  in  Yorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  111  24  miles 
south  of  Bregenz.  Population,  5,867,  (1910). 
Bludoff  (blo'dof),  Count  Dmitri  Nikolaye- 
vitch.  Born  in  the  government  of  Vladimir, 
Russia,  April  16,  1785 : died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
March  2 (N.  S.),  1864.  A Russian  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed  minister  of  the 
interior  in  1837,  and  of  justice  in  1839,  and  president  of  the 
council  of  the  empire  and  council  of  the  ministry  in  1861. 

Bluebeard  (blo'berd),  F.  Barbe-bleue  (barb- 
ble'),  G.  Blaubart  (blou'bart).  The  nickname 
of  the  chevalier  Raoul  (an  imaginary  person- 
age), celebrated  for  his  cruelty.  The  historic  ori- 
ginal was,  perhaps,  Gilles  de  Laval,  Baron  de  Retz  (born 
1396 : died  1440).  He  is  the  subject  of  works  by  Perrault, 
G re  try,  Offenbach,  Tieck,  etc.  In  Perrault  he  is  a rich 
man  who,  in  spite  of  his  hideous  blue  beard,  has  had  six 
wives  and  marries  a seventh,  a young  girl  named  Fatima. 
He  leaves  the  keys  of  the  castle  with  her  while  he  goes  on 
a journey,  telling  her  that  she  may  enter  any  room  but 
one.  She  disobeys,  enters  the  forbidden  chamber,  and 
discovers  the  bodies  of  his  former  wives.  A blood-stain 
on  the  key  reveals  her  disobedience,  and  her  husband 
gives  her  five  minutes  to  prepare  for  death.  Her  sister 
Anne  mounts  to  the  top  of  the  castle  to  watch  for  aid, 
and  at  last  sees  their  brothers  coming.  They  arrive  and 
kill  Bluebeard  as  he  is  about  to  despatch  Fatima.  Per- 
rault’s  story  was  written  in  French  about  1697,  and  trans- 
lated into  English  in  the  18th  century.  Several  similar 
tales  are  to  be  found  in  Straparola’s  “Piacevoii  Notti,” 
published  in  1569,  and  in  the  “ Pentamerone ” by  “Gian 
Alesio  Abbatutis  ” (Gianbattista  Basile).  A series  of  fres- 
cos dating  from  the  13th  century  has  been  discovered  in  a 
chapel  at  Morbihan,  representing  the  legend  of  St.  Tro- 
phine,  which  is  that  of  the  too  curious  wife  of  Bluebeard. 
“La  Barbe  Bleue  has  a striking  resemblance  to  the  story 
in  the  Arabian  Nights  of  the  Third  Calendar,  who  has  all 
the  keys  of  a magnificent  castle  intrusted  to  him,  with  in- 
junctions not  to  open  a certain  apartment ; he  gratifies  his 
curiosity,  and  is  punished  for  his  disobedience.”  DuiUop. 
Blue  Beard.  A comic  opera  by  Sedaine  (music 
by  Guitry),  produced  in  1797. 

Blue  Beard  or  Female  Curiosity.  A musical 
play  by  Colman  the  Younger,  produced  in  1798. 
Blue  Bird,  The,  F.  L’Oiseau  Bleue  (lwa-zo' 
ble).  A fairy  tale  by  Madame  d’Aulnoy.  Flora 
and  Troutina,  daughters  of  a king,  are  rivals  for  the  hand 
of  Prince  Charming.  He  loves  Flora,  who  is  good  and 
beautiful  ; but  the  queen  insists  that  he  shall  marry  Trou- 
tina, who  is  ill-tempered  and  hideous.  In  consequence 
of  his  refusal,  he  is  condemned  to  wear  the  form  of  a blue- 
bird for  seven  years.  The  superior  power  of  a friendly 
enchantress  and  a fairy  enables  them  to  restore  him  to 
his  own  form  and  unite  him  to  the  lovely  Flora. 

Blue  Boy,  The.  A painting  by  Gainsborough 


Blue  Boy,  The 

(1779),  in  Grosvenor  House,  London,  it isa  full- 
length  portrait  of  a boy  wearing  a 16th-century  costume 
of  blue  satin,  in  a landscape  background. 

Blue-coat  School.  See  Christ’s  Hospital. 
Bluefields  (blo'feldz).  A town  in  the  Mosquito 
Reserve  (department  of  Zelaya),  Nicaragua, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Escondido  River. 
Blue-gOWIlS.  A name  given  to  certain  bedesmen 
who  received  alms  from  the  kings  of  Scotland. 
They  wore  a blue  gown  with  a pewter  badge,  and  were  al- 
lowed to  beg  in  any  part  of  Scotland. 

Blue-Grass  Region.  A popular  name  given  to 
that  part  of  central  Kentucky  which  abounds 
in  blue-grass  ( Poa  pratensis). 

Blue  Grotto.  A celebrated  cavern  on  the  shore 
of  Capri  in  Italy. 

Blue  Hen,  The.  A nickname  of  the  State  of 
Delaware.  The  regiment  furnished  by  Delaware  in  the 
American  War  for  Independence  was,  on  account  of  its 
fighting  qualities,  known  as  the  “ Game  Cock  Regiment." 
One  of  its  officers,  Captain  Caldwell,  who  was  noted  as  a 
. fancier  of  game-cocks,  maintained  that  a true  game-cock 
must  of  necessity  be  the  progeny  of  a blue  hen.  Hence 
arose  the  application  of  this  name  to  the  State. 

Blue  Hills.  A range  of  hills  iu  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  near  Milton,  south  of  Boston. 
The  height  of  Great  Blue  Hill  is  635  feet. 

Blue  Knight,  The.  In  medieval  romance,  Sir 
Persaunt  of  India,  overthrown  by  Sir  Gareth. 
He  is  described  in  Malory’s  “ Prince  Arthur” 
and  in  Tennyson’s  idyll  “Gareth  and  Lvnette.” 
Blue-mantle.  The  English  pursuivant-at-arms. 
★His  official  robe  is  of  that  color. 

Blue  Mountains.  1.  A range  of  mountains  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Jamaica.  Height  of  highest 
point,  Blue  Mountain  Peak,  7,300  feet. — 2.  A 
range  of  mountains  in  the  eastern  part  of  New 
South  Wales,  Australia,  north  of  the  Australian 
Alps,  and  west  of  Sydney.  Height,  about  4,600 
feet. — 3.  A range  of  mountains  in  northeast- 
ern Oregon.  Average  height,  about  7,000  feet. 
— 4.  In  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  the 
second  main  ridge  of  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tains: also  known  in  their  northeastern  parts 
as  the  Kittatinny  and  in  New  York  as  the  Sha- 
★wangunk  Mountains. 

Blue  Ridge.  The  easternmost  of  the  chains 
of  the  Appalachian  system  of  mountains,  in 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  it  is  a contin- 
uation of  the  South  Mouutain  of  Pennsylvania  and  Mary- 
land, which  is  also  often  called  the  Blue  Ridge.  It  is 
famous  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  In  Virginia  it  sepa- 
rates the  Piedmont  region  from  the  valley,  of  Virginia 
Highest  point,  in  North  Carolina,  the  Grandfather,  5,964 
feet. 

Blues  (bloz).  In  Canadian  politics,  the  Conser- 
vatives of  Quebec. 

Blue-stocking  Clubs.  A name  applied  to  as- 
semblies held  in  London  about  1750  at  the  houses 
of  Mrs.  Montague  and  other  ladies,  in  which 
literary  conversation  and  other  intellectual  en- 
joyments were  substituted  for  cards  and  gossip, 
and  which  were  characterized  bya  studied  plain- 
ness of  dress  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  guests. 
Among  these  was  Mr.  Benjamin  Stillingfleet,  who  always 
wore  blue  stockings,  and  in  reference  to  whom,  especially, 
the  coterie  was  called  in  derision  the  “Blue-stocking 
Society"  or  the  “Blue-stocking  Club,”  and  the  members, 
especially  the  ladies,  “blue-stockingers,"  “blue-stocking 
ladies,"  and  later  simply  “blue-stockings"  or  “blues." 

Bluestring  (blo'string),  Robin.  A nickname 
of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  referring  to  his  blue 
ribbon  as  a Knight  of  the  Garter. 

Bluet  d’Arberes  (blti-a'  dar-bar'),  Bernard 
de.  Born  about  1560 : died  at  Paris,  1606.  A 
French  professional  fool.  He  assumed  the  title  of 
Comte  de  Permission,  and  published  crack-brained  pro- 
phecies and  eulogies  on  his  patrons.  His  “tEuvres,"  con- 
sisting of  about  180  numbered  pieces,  are  extremely  rare, 
and  are  highly  prized  by  bibliophiles. 

Bluff  (bluf),  Colonel.  A character  in  Fielding’s 
“Intriguing  Chambermaid.” 

Bluff  City.  An  epithet  sometimes  given  to  Han- 
nibal, Missouri,  from  its  position. 

Blum  (blom),  Robert.  Born  at  Cologne,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  10,  1807 : executed  at  Vienna,  Nov.  9, 
1848.  A German  political  agitator  and  writer, 
leader  of  the  liberal  party  in  Saxony  in  1848. 
Blum,  Robert  Frederick.  Born  at  Cincinnati, 
O.,  July  9, 1857:  died  at  New  York,  June  8, 1903. 
An  American  painter,  illustrator,  and  etcher. 
Blumenau,  Battle  of.  An  action  between  the 
Prussians  and  Austrians  at  Blumenau  in  Hun- 
gary, July  22,  1866.  It  was  interrupted  by  news 
of  the  armistice. 

Blumenbach  (blo'men-bach),  Johann  Fried- 
rich. Born  at  Gotha,  Germany,  May  11, 1752 : 
died  at  Gottingen,  Germany,  Jan.  22,  1840.  A 
celebrated  German  naturalist  and  physiologist, 
the  founder  of  anthropology.  He  was  professor 
of  medicine  and  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Gottingen 
1776-1835,  and  editor  of  the  “ Medicinische  Bibliotek " 
1780-94.  He  was  the  first  to  teach  natural  history  on 


164 

the  basis  of  comparative  anatomy,  and  proposed  the  di- 
vision of  the  human  species  into  five  races : the  Cauca- 
sian, Mongolian,  Malay,  American,  and  African  or  Ethio- 
pian. His  works  include  “ Handbuch  der  vergleichendcn 
Anatomie  und  Physiologie  " (1804),  “tjber  den  Bildungs- 
trieb  und  das  Zeugungsgescnaft  (1781),  “ Institutiones 
physiological  ” (1787). 

Blumen-,  Frucht-  und  Dornenstiicke.  See 

Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces. 

Blumenthal  (blo'men-tal),  Leonhard,  Count 
von.  Born  July  30, 1810:  died  Dec.  22,  1900. 
A Prussian  general.  He  became  chief  of  the  gen- 
eral staff  of  the  army  in  Schleswig-Holstein  in  1849; 
served  with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Austria,  becom- 
ing a lieutenant-general  in  Oct.,  1866;  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  as  chief  of  staff  in  the 
army  of  the  Crown  Prince ; and  was  made  general  field- 
marshal  in  1888. 

Bliimlisalp  (bliim'lis-alp).  A mountain-group 
in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  west  of 
the  Jungfrau.  Height  of  the  Bliimlisalphorn, 
12,042  feet. 

Blunderbore  (blun'der-bor).  A giant  in  “ Jack 
the  Giant  Killer.”  Jack  scuttled  his  boat,  and 
he  was  drowned. 

Blunderstone  Rookery  (blun'der-ston  ruk'- 
er-i).  The  residence  of  David  Copperfield,  se- 
nior, in  Dickens’s  novel  “David  Copperfield.” 
Blundeville  (blun'de-vil),  Thomas.  An  Eng- 
lish author.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward  Blundeville,  on 
whose  death  in  1568  he  inherited  an  estate  at  Newton  Plot- 
man,  Norfolk.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  educated  at 
Cambridge.  Iu  1571  he  erected  in  the  church  of  Newton 
Flotman  a monument  under  which  he  lies  buried.  He 
wrote,  besides  a number  of  treatises  on  horsemanship  and 
other  subjects,  “A  Briefe  Description  of  universal  Mappes 
and  Cardes  and  of  their  use  ; and  also  the  use  of  Pthole- 
mey  his  Tables,”  etc.  (London,  1581),  “ M.  Blundeville  his 
Exercises  ” (six  treatises  on  cosmography,  astronomy,  ge- 
ography, and  the  art  of  navigation:  London,  1594),  “The 
Arte  of  Logike,  etc.”  (1599),  and  “ The  Theoriques  of  the 
Planets,  together  with  the  making  of  two  instruments  for 
seamen  to  tind  out  the  latitude  without  seeing  sun,  moon, 
or  stars,  invented  by  Dr.  Gilbert ’’(London,  1602). 

Blunt  (blunt),  Colonel.  A character  in  Sir  R. 
Howard’s  “ Committee.”  Like  Benedick,  when  he 
said  he  would  die  a bachelor  he  did  not  think  he  should 
live  to  be  married. 

Blunt,  Edmund.  Born  at  Newburyport,  Mass., 
Nov.  23, 1799 : died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  2, 
1866.  An  American  hydrographer,  son  of  Ed- 
mund March  Blunt. 

Blunt,  Edmund  March.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
N.H.,  June  20, 1770  : died  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  2,  1862.  An  American  hydrographer,  au- 
thor of  the  “American  Coast  Pilot  ” (1796),  etc. 
Blunt,  John  James.  Born  at  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme,  Staffordshire,  England,  1794:  died  at 
Cambridge,  England,  June  18, 1855.  An  English 
divine  and  ecclesiastical  writer. 

Blunt,  Major-General.  An  old  cavalier,  rough 
but  honest,  in  Shadwell’s  play  “ The  Volun- 
teers.” 

Bluntschli  (bluntsh'li),  Johann  Kaspar.  Born 
at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  March  7,  1808:  died  at 
Carlsruhe,  Baden,  Oct.  21, 1881.  A noted  polit  ical 
economist  and  statesman,  professor  at  Zurich 
1833-48,  at  Munich  1848-61,  and  at  Heidelberg 
1861.  His  numerous  works  include  “Allgemeines  Staats- 
recht  ’’  ( 852),  ‘ ‘ Deutsches  Privatrecht  ” (1853),  “ Das  mod- 
erne  Volkerrecht”  (1868),  etc. 

Blurt  (blert),  Master  Constable.  2V  play  by 
Middleton  and  Rowley,  produced  in  1602.  “ Blurt, 
Master  Constable,”  is  equivalent  to  “ A fig  for  Master  Con- 
stable,” an  I is  a proverbial  phrase.  Blurt  is  also  the  name 
of  the  constable  in  the  play  given  from  the  proverb  ; lie  is 
a sort  of  Dogberry  imbued  witha  tremendous  sense  of  his 
own  and  his  master  the  duke’s  importance. 

Boabdelin  (bo-ab'de-lin),  Mahomet.  The  last 
king  of  Granada,  one  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Dryden’s  play  “ The  Conquest  of  Granada.” 
Boabdil  fbo-ab-del'),  or  Abu  Abdullah  (a'bo 
ab-dol'lii).  The  last  Moorish  king  of  Granada. 
He  revolted  against  his  father  Muley  Hassan,  and  seized 
the  throne  in  1482.  In  1491-92  he  was  attacked  and  de- 
feated by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  made  prisoner.  He 
was  set  at  liberty  on  condition  of  being  a vassal  of  Spain. 

Boaden  (ho'den),  James.  Born  at  Whitehaven, 
Cumberland,  Eugland,  May  23,  1762 : died  Feb. 
16, 1839.  An  English  dramatist  and  biographer. 
His  works  include  “The  Secret  Tribunal  ” (1795),  “An 
Italian  Monk  ” (1797),  “ Aurelio  and  Miranda  ” (1799),  etc., 
and  lives  of  Kemble,  Mrs.  Siddons,  Mrs.  Jordan,  and  Mrs. 
Inchbald. 

Boadicea  (ho-a-di-se'a).  [L.  Boadicea,  Boadu- 
ca,  Bonduca,  Bouducca,  Voadicca,  corrupt  man- 
uscript forms  of  Boudicca,  a name  which  also 
appears,  applied  to  other  persons,  as  Bodicca, 
lit.  ‘victress,’  fern,  of  * Boudiccos,  *Bodiccus, 
Bodicus,  lit.  ‘ victor,’  from  Old  Celtic  boudi-, 
bodi-,  OIr.  buaid,W.  bud , victory.]  Died  62  a.  d. 
Thewifeof  Prasutagus,king  of  the  Iceni,atribe 
in  eastern  Britain.  Thinking  to  secure  hia  kingdom 
and  family  from  molestation, Prasutagus.whodied  about  60 
A.  P. , bequeathed  his  great  wealth  to  his  daughters  jointly 
with  the  Roman  emperor.  The  will  was  made  by  the  Ro- 
man officials  a pretext  for  appropriatingthewholeproperty. 


Boca  del  Drago 

Boadicea  was  flogged,  her  daughters  outraged,  and  other 
members  of  the  royal  family  treated  as  slaves,  with  the 
result  that  the  Iceni  joined  the  Trinobantes  in  a re- 
volt  under  Boadicea  against  the  Romans  62  A.  p. , which 
was  put  down  by  Suetonius  Paulinus.  Boadicea  has  been 
made  the  subject  of  a tragedy  by  Fletcher  (see  Bonduca), 
which  was  altered  in  separate  plays  by  Powell,  Column, 
and  Planchd.  Hopkins  wrote  a “ Boadicea,”  acted  in  1697, 
and  Glover  produced  a play  of  the  same  name  in  1735. 
Mason  wrote  a play  on  the  same  subject,  called  “Carac- 
tacus,”  in  1759.  Both  Cowper  and  Tennyson  have  made 
Boadicea  the  subject  of  poems. 

Boanerges  (bo-a-ner'jez).  [Gr.  B oavepyeg:  ety- 
mology doubtful : meaning,  perhaps,  ‘ sons  of 
tumult.’]  A surname,  explained  in  Mark  iii.  17 
as  meaning  ‘sons  of  thunder,’ given  to  James 
and  John,  the  sons  of  Zebedee. 

Boardman  (bord'man),  George  Dana.  Born 
at  Livermore,  Maine,  Feb.  1,  1801 : died  near 
Tavoy,  British  Burma,  Feb.  11, 1831.  An  Amer- 
ican Baptist  missionary  in  Burma. 

Boardman,  George  Dana.  Born  at  Tavoy, 
British  Burma,  Aug.  18,  1828 : died  at  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  April  28, 1903.  An  American  Baptist 
clergyman,  son  of  George  Dana  Boardman.  His 
works  include  “ Studies  in  the  Creative  Week  ” 
(1878),“  Epiphanies  of  the  Risen  Lord”  (1880). 
Boardman,  Henry  Augustus.  Born  at  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  19, 1808:  died  at  Philadelphia,  June 
15, 1880.  An  American  Presbyterian  divine  and 
religious  winter. 

Boar  of  Ardennes,  Wild.  See  Ardennes,  Wild 
Boar  of. 

Boar’s  Head,  The.  A tavern  in  Eastcheap,  Lon- 
don, celebrated  by  Sbakspere  as  the  scene  of 
FalstalT’s  carousals.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  Fire  of 
London,  afterward  rebuilt,  and  demolished  to  form  one 
of  the  approaches  to  London  Bridge.  A statue  of  William 
IV.  stands  on  the  spot. 

Boavista  (bo-a-vesh'ta),  or  Bonavista  (bo-na- 
vesh'ta).  [Pg.,  ‘fair view.’]  The  easternmost 
of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands. 

Boaz  (bo'az).  1.  A wealthy  Bethlehemite,  kins- 
man of  Elimelech  and  husband  of  Ruth.  See 
Jtuth. — 2.  The  name  of  one  of  the  brazen  pillars 
(see  Jackin)  erected  in  the  porch  of  Solomon’s 
temple. 

Bobadil  (bob'a-dil),  Captain.  In  Ben  Jonson’s 
“Every  Man  in  His  Humour,”  a Paul’s  man,  that 
is,  a man  who  lounged  in  the  middle  aisle  of  St. 
Paul’s  Cathedral,  the  resort  of  sharpers,  gulls, 
cast  captains,  and  loafers  of  every  kind.  His 
cowardice  and  bragging  are  made  amusing  by  his  intense 
gravity  and  the  serious  manner  in  which  he  regards  him- 
self. 

Bobadil  is  the  only  actually  striking  character  in  the 
play,  and  the  real  hero  of  the  piece.  His  well-known  pro- 
posal for  the  pacification  of  Europe,  by  killing,  some  twenty 
of  them,  each  his  man  a day,  is  as  good  as  any  other  that 
has  been  suggested  up  to  the  present  moment.  His  ex- 
travagant affectation,  his-blustering  and  cowardice,  are  an 
entertaining  medley  ; and  his  final  defeat  and  exposure, 
though  exceedingly  humorous,  are  the  most  affecting  part 
of  the  story.  Hazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  57. 

Bobadilla,  Count  of.  See  Andrada,  Gomes 
Freire  de. 

Bobadilla  (bo-ba-thel'ya),  Francisco  de.  Died 
at  sea,  probably  July  1,  1502.  A Spanish  offi- 
cer who,  in  1500,  was  sent  to  Hispaniola  to 
investigate  the  affairs  of  that  colony,  and  es- 
pecially to  inquire  into  charges  made  against 
Columbus.  On  his  arrival  at  Santo  Domingo  (Aug.  23, 
1500),  he  summoned  Columbus  before  him,  imprisoned  him 
and  his  brothers,  and  sent  them  to  Spain.  Bobadilla  re- 
mained as  governor  of  the  colony  until  the  arrival  of 
Ovando,  April  15,  1502. 

Bobbin  Boy,  The.  A nickname  of  Nathaniel 
P.  Banks.  It  was  given  him  because  he  worked  as  a 
boy  in  the  cotton-factory  of  which  his  father  was  superin- 
tendent. A book  for  boys,  with  this  title,  containing  his 
early  life,  has  been  published. 

Boboli  (bo'bo-le)  Gardens.  Gardens  in  the  rear 
of  and  adjacent  to  the  Pitti  Palace  in  Florence. 
They  are  open  to  the  public,  and  are  filled  with  fountains, 
grottoes,  and  statues:  some  of  the  latter  are  by  John  of 
Bologna.  Frqra  the  terrace  is  a magnificent  view  of  Flor- 
ence. The  land  was  bought  in  1649  by  Eleanora  of  Toledo, 
wife  of  Cosimo  I.,  duke  of  Tuscany.  The  laying  out  was 
commenced  by  the  sculptor  Tribolo  who  died  1550,  and 
finished  by  Buontalenti. 

Bobolina  (bo-bo-le'na).  Died  1825.  A Greek 
heroine,  the  widow  of  a Spetziot  ship-owner 
who  was  assassinated  by  order  of  the  sultan  in 
1812.  She  equipped  three  vessels  in  the  revolution  of 
1821,  one  of  which  she  commanded.  She  participated  in 
the  siege  of  Tripolitza,  Sept,,  1821. 

Bobruisk  (bo-bro-isk').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Minsk,  situated  on  the  Beresina  in 
lat.  53°  15'  N.,  long.  29°  10'  E.  It  contained  an 
important  fortress.  Population,  34,336. 

Bobs  (bobz),  or  Bobs  Bahadur.  [Bahadur, 
Hind.,  ‘hero,’  a title  of  respect.]  An  affection- 
ate nickname  given  to  General  Sir  Frederick 
Roberts  by  the  British  soldiers  in  India. 

Boca  del  Drago  (bo'kii,  del  dra'go).  [Sp., 
1 dragon’s  mouth.’]  The  strait  between  the  isl- 


Boca  del  Drago 

and  of  Trinidad,  West  Indies,  and  the  South 
American  mainland  of  Paria.  it  was  so  named  by 
Columbus,  who  first  passed  through  it,  Aug.  15, 1498.  The 
passage  is  obstructed  by  three  islands  in  it,  and  is  noted 
for  its  furious  currents,  caused  partly  by  the  equatorial 
ocean  current  and  partly  by  the  outflow  of  the  Orinoco. 

Boca  del  Sierpe  (bo'ka  del  se-er'pa).  [Sp., 
‘serpent’s  mouth.’]  The  strait  between  the 
southwestern  point  of  the  island  of  Trinidad 
and  the  lowlands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco. 
It  was  so  named  by  Columbus,  who  lirst  passed  through  it 
into  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  Aug.  3,  1408.  The  passage  is  sub- 
ject to  heavy  currents  and  eddies. 

Bocage  (bo-kazh' ),  Le.  1 . A district  in  Poitou, 
France. — 2.  A district  in  Normandy. 

Bocardo  (bo-kar'dd).  An  old  gate  (north  gate) 
of  Oxford,  by  the  Church  of  St.  Michael,  de- 
stroyed in  1771.  The  room  over  it  was  used  as 
a prison. 

Boca  Tigris  (bo'ka,  te'gris),  or  the  Bogue, 
Chin.  Hu  Mun  (ho  mun').  [‘The  tiger’s 
mouth.’]  A narrow  passage  in  the  Canton 
River,  40  miles  southeast  of  Canton,  China.  The 
Bogue  forts  were  stormed  by  the  British  in  1841 
and  1857. 

Boccaccio  (bok-ka'cho),  Giovanni.  Born  prob- 
ably at  Certaldo,  Italy,  1313:  died  at  Certaklo, 
Dec.  21,  1375.  A celebrated  Italian  novelist 
and  poet.  As  a youth  he  came  to  Florence  ; about  1330 
settled  at  Naples ; and  returned  to  Florence  about  1341. 
He  served  the  Florentine  state  several  times  as  ambassa- 
dor, and  lectured  at  Florence  on  the  “Divina  Commedia” 
from  1373  to  1374.  His  chief  work  was  the  “ Decamerone,” 
a collection  of  one  hundred  stories.  These  were  not  pub- 
lished together  until  1353,  though  most  of  them  were  writ- 
ten earlier.  (See  Decameron.)  Among  his  other  works 
are  “n  Filocopo,”  “II  Teseide,”  “Ameto,”  “L’Amorosa 
Visione”  and  “L'Amorosa  Fiammetta,”  the  latter  written 
about  1341,  and  “II  Filostrato,"  written  between  1314  and 
1350.  During  the  ten  years  following  1363  he  also  wrote 
four  important  Latin  works:  “De  Genealogia  Deorum, 
libri  XV."  (on  mythology),  “De  Montium,  Silvarum,  La- 
cuum  et  Marium  nominibus  liber"  (on  ancient  geogra- 
phy), and  two  historical  books,  “De  Casibus  Virorum  et 
Feminarum  IUustrium,  libri  IX.,”  and  “De  Claris  Ms- 
lieribus.”  His  death  was  hastened  by  that  of  his  friend 
Petrarch.  See  Fiammetta. 

Boccage,  or  Bocage  (bo-kazh'),  Manoel  Maria 

Barbosa  du.  Born  at-  Setubal,  Portugal,  Sept. 
15,  1765:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  21,  1805.  An 
eminent  Portuguese  poet.  A complete  col- 
lection of  his  poetical  works  was  published 
after  his  death. 

Boccanera  (bok-ka-na'ra),  or  Bocanegra  (bo- 
ka-na'gra),  Simone.  Born  about  1300:  poi- 
soned at  Genoa,  1363.  The  first  Doge  of  Genoa. 
He  was  elected  in  1339,  abdicated  in  1344,  and 
was  reelected  in  1356. 

Boccardo  (bok-kar'do),  Girolamo.  Born  at 
Genoa,  Italy,  March  16,  1829:  died  at  Rome, 
March  20, 1904.  An  Italian  political  economist, 
and  writer  on  history  and  geography,  long  pro- 
fessor of  political  economy  at  the  University 
of  Genoa.  He  became  senator  in  1877,  and  after  1888 
lived  in  Rome.  His  works  include  “Trattato  teoriro 
pratico  di  economia  politica”  (1853),  “I  prineipii  della 
scienza  e dell’  arte  della  linanze  ’’  (1887),  etc. 

Boccherini  (bok-ka-re'ne),  Luigi.  Born  at  Luc- 
ca, Italy,  Feb.  19,  1743 : died  at  Madrid,  May  28, 
1805.  An  Italian  composer  of  chamber  music. 

Bocchoris,  or  Bokkhoris.  An  Egyptian  king 
given  by  Manetho  as  the  sole  king  of  the  24th 
dynasty:  identified  as  KingNah-ka-ra  Bek-en- 
rau-ef  of  the  monuments. 

Boccone  (bok-ko'ne),  Paolo,  later  Sylvie. 
Born  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  April  24,  1633:  died 
near  Palermo,  Dec.  22,  1704.  A noted  Sicilian 
naturalist,  professor  of  botany  at  Padua,  and 
later  a Cistercian  monk. 

Bochart  (bo-shar'),  Samuel.  Born  at  Rouen, 
France,  May  30,  1599:  died  at  Caen,  France, 
May  16,  1667.  A noted  French  Orientalist  and 
biblical  scholar,  a Huguenot  pastor  at  Caen. 

Bochica  (bo'che-kii).  The  name  given  by  the 
Chibeha  Indians  to  their  conception  of  the 
Supreme  Being.  After  creating  the  earth  he  gave  it 
in  charge  of  Chibchacmn,  who  carried  it  on  his  shoulders ; 
if  Chibchacmn  changed  his  posture  from  fatigue,  an  earth- 
quake resulted.  Both  Bochica  and  Chibchacmn  were  ob- 
jects of  reverence,  hut  apparently  not  of  worship. 

Bochnia ( boch'ne-ii).  Atown inGalicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  25  miles  east  of  Cracow,  noted  for  its 
salt-mines.  Population,  10,917,  (1910). 

Bocholt  (boch'olt).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  near  the  Dutch  frontier. 
Population,  23,912. 

Bochsa  (bok-sa'),  Robert  Nicolas  Charles. 
Born  at  Montm6dy,  France,  Aug.,  1789:  died 
at  Sydney,  Australia,  1855.  A French  harpist 
and  operatic  composer. 

Bochum  (bodh'um).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  26  miles  northeast  of 
Diisseldorf.  It  has  large  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, 136,829,  (1910). 


165 

Bock  (bok),  Franz.  Born  at  Burtscheid,  Prus- 
sia, May  3,  1823  : died  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  April 
30,  1899.  A German  writer  on  ecclesiastical 
archseology.  He  became  an  honorary  canon 
of  the  cathedral  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1864. 

Bock,  Karl  Ernst.  Born  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  21, 
1809:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  Feb.  19,  1874.  A 
German  anatomist  and  medical  writer,  ap- 
pointed extraordinary  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Leipsic  in  1839. 

Bockenkeim  (bok'en-him).  A suburb  14  miles 
northwest  of  Frankfort-on-tbe-Main,  Prussia. 
In  1895  it  was  incorporated  with  Frankfort. 

Bockb  (bek),  August.  Born  at  Karlsruhe, 
Baden,  Nov.  24,  1785:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  3, 
1867.  A distinguished  German  archaeologist 
and  philologist.  He  was  appointed  professor 
at  Heidelberg  in  1807,  and  at  Berlin  in  1811. 
He  was  five  times  rector  of  the  university. 

Booking  (bek'ing),  Eduard.  Born  at  Trar- 
bacb,  Rhenish  Prussia,  May  20,  1802:  died  at 
Bonn,  Prussia,  May  3,  1870.  A noted  German 
jurist,  professor  of  Roman  law  at  Bonn  1829- 
1870. 

Bocklin  (bek'lin),  Arnold.  Born  at  Basel, 
Switzerland,  Oct.  16, 1827 : died  at  Fiesole,  Italy, 
Jan.  16,  1901.  A Swiss  landscape-painter. 

Bocksberger  (boks'berg-er),  or  Bocksperger 
(boks'perg-er),  Hans  or  Hieronymus.  Born 
at  Salzburg,  Austria,  1540:  died  about  1600. 
A German  painter,  noted  especially  for  hunt- 
ing-scenes and  battles. 

Bode  (bo'de),  Johann  Elert.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, Jau.  19,  1747:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  23, 
1826.  A celebrated  German  astronomer,  the 
founder  of  the  “ Astron.  Jahrbiicher”  (1776), 
and  astronomer  of  the  academy  at  Berlin 
(1772-1825). 

Bodenbach  (bo'den-bach).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
on  the  Elbe  48  miles  north  of  Prague.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  13,412,  (1910). 

Bodensee  (bo'den-za).  The  German  name  of 
the  Lake  of  Constance. 

Bodenstedt  (bo'den-stet),  Friedrich  Martin 

von.  Born  at  Peine,  Hannover,  April  22, 1819 : 
died  at  Wiesbaden,  April  19,  1892.  A German 
poet,  author,  and  journalist.  He  studied  atGottin- 
gen,  Munich,  and  Berlin,  and  went  to  Moscow  as  a tutor, 
then  to  Tiflis,  where  he  taught  at  the  gymnasium,  and, 
later,  traveled  extensively  through  the  Caucasus  and  the 
East.  He  was  subsequently  a newspaper  editor  in  Triest 
and  Bremen.  In  1854  he  was  made  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Munich,  a po.it ion  which  lie  renounced  in  1866 
to  undertake  the  direction  of  the  theater  at  Meiningen, 
where  he  remained  until  1870.  He  was  ennobled  in  1867. 
The  Berlin  journal  “Tagliche  Rundschau  ” appeared  un- 
der his  direction  1880-88.  Among  his  many  prose  works 
are  “Tausend  und  ein  Tag  im  Orient" (“Thousand  and 
One  Days  in  the  Orient,”  1849-50),  “Shakespeare’s  Zeit- 
genossen  und  ihre  Werke”(“Shakespere'sContemporaries, 
and  their  Works,"  3 vols.,  1858-60),  etc.  Ill  collabora- 
tion with  Paul  Heyse,  Kurz,  and  others  he  made  a new 
translation  of  Shakspere’s  dramatic  works  (9  vols.,  1868- 
1873),  and  he  himself  translated  the  sonnets.  A journey 
to  the  United  States  in  1881  is  described  in  “Vom  Atlan- 
tischen  zum  Stillen  Ocean  ” (“  From  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean,"  1882).  His  most  celebrated  poetic  work  is 
“Lieder  des  Mirza-Schaffy ’’  (“Songs  of  Mirza-Schaffy,” 
1S51),  which  are,  withafew  exceptionsonly,  original  poems. 
“Aus  dem  Nachlass  des  Mirza-Schaffy”  (“From  the  Pos- 
thumous Works  of  Mirza-Schaffy  ”)  appeared  in  1874. 

Bodhisattva  (bo-dhe-sat'va).  [Sanskrit;  in 
Pali  Bodhisatta.\  One  who  has  perfect  know- 
ledge as  his  essence.  He  is  one  who  is  oil  his  way 
to  the  attainment  of  perfect  knowledge  when  he  has  only 
one  birth  or  certain  births  to  undergo  before  reaching 
the  state  of  a supreme  Buddha;  a future  Buddha  or 
Buddiia  elect. 

Bodin  (bo-dan'),  Jean.  Born  at  Angers,  France, 
1530:  died  at  Laon,  France,  1596.  A celebrated 
French  publicist  and  political  economist.  His 
works  include  “De  la  repulilique”  (1576),  “Methodus  ad 
facilem  Historiarum  Cognitionem  " (1566),  “Repmise  aux 
paradoxes  de  Malestroit”  (1568),  etc.  The  first-named  is 
“the  only  work  of  great  excellence  on  the  science  of  poli- 
tics before  the  eighteenth  century  ” ( Saintsbury ). 

Bodleian  (bod-le'an  or  bod'le-an)  Library.  A 
library  of  OxfordUniversity,  England,  which  was 
originally  established  in  1445,  formally  opened 
in  1488,  and  reestablished  by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley 
in  1597-1602.  It  was  formally  opened  Nov.  8, 1603,  and  in 
1604  James  I.  granted  letters  pat  nt  styling  it  by  Bodley’s 
name.  The  library  has  lately  absorbed  the  quadrangle 
and  buildings  of  the  old  Examination  Schools,  whose  Jaco- 
bean entrance-tower,  with  columns  of  all  fivo  classical  or- 
ders, is  an  architectural  curiosity.  The  library  contains 
about  700,000  printed  volumes,  33,000  volumes  of  manu- 
scripts, and  60,000  coins;  also  many  portraits,  models  of 
ancient  buildings,  and  literary  antiquities. 

Bodley  (bod'li),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Exeter, 
England,  March  2,  1545:  died  at  London,  Jan. 
28, 1613.  An  English  diplomatist  and  scholar, 
founder  of  the  Bodleian  Library  (which  see) 
at  Oxford. 

Bodmer  (bod'mer),  Georg.  Bom  at  Zurich, 


Boer  War,  The 

Switzerland,  Dec.  6, 1786:  died  at  Zurich,  May 
29,1864.  A noted  Swiss  mechanic.  He  invented 
the  screw-  and  cross-wheels  (1803),  and  made  improve- 
ments in  firearms  and  industrial  machinery,  especially 
in  the  machinery  for  wool-spinning. 

Bodmer,  Johan  Jakob.  Born  at  Greifensee, 
near  Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  19,  1698:  died  at 
Zurich,  Jan.  2,  1783.  A Swiss  critic  and  poet. 
He  was  professor  of  Helvetic  history  in  the  University  of 
Zurich  (1725-75),  and  founded,  with  others,  the  “ Discours 
der  Mahlern  ”(1721),  which  opposed  the  French  school  of 
poetry  and  became  the  organ  of  a new  German  school  soon 
after  made  illustrious  by  Klopstock,  Goethe,  and  Schiller. 

Bodmer,  Karl.  Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland, 
1805  : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1893.  A Swiss 
landscape-artist  and  etcher. 

Bodmin  (bod'min).  A town  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, 28  miles  west  of  Plymouth. 

Bodd  (bo'de).  A seaport  in  western  Norway, 
about  lat.  67°  15'  N. : the  chief  place  in  Salten. 
Population,  5,031. 

Bodoni  (bo-do'ne),  Giambattista.  Born  at 
Saluzzo,  Italy,  Feb.  16,  1740:  died  at  Padua, 
Italy,  Nov.  29,  1813.  An  Italian  printer,  noted 
for  bis  editions  of  Homer,  Vergil,  and  other 
classic  authors.  His  “Manuale  Tipografico” 
was  published  in  1818. 

Bodtcher,  Ludwig  Adolph.  Born  in  Copen- 
hagen, 1793:  died  there,  1874.  A Danish  poet. 
Most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  Copenhagen.  In  1824  he 
went  to  Italy  and  lived  for  eleven  years  in  close  associa- 
tion with  Thorwaldsen  in  Rome.  A number  of  his  poems, 
which  are  wholly  lyric,  are  on  Italian  subjects. 

Boece  (bo-es'),  properly  Boyce,  L.  Boetius, 
Hector.  Born  at  Dundee,  Scotland,  about 
1465:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  1536.  A 
noted  Scotch  historian.  The  family  name  was  Boyce 
(Boys,  Bois,  Boyis),  Boyis  being  an  adaptation  of  Boetius 
(modern  Boice,  Boyce).  His  chief  work  is  a history  of 
Scotland,  “Scotorum  Historise,  etc.”  (1527),  translated  into 
Scotch  by  John  Bellenden  between  1530  and  1533. 

Boehm  (bem),  Sir  Joseph  Edgar.  Born  at 
Vienna,  1834:  died  Dec.  12,  1890.  A Hunga- 
rian-English  sculptor.  In  1859  he  went  to  Paris,  and 
to  London  in  1862,  where  he  exhibited  a bust  in  the  Royal 
Academy.  His  most  important  works  are  busts  of  Buskin, 
Gladstone,  Huxley,  Lord  VVolseley,  etc. ; figures : Carlyle  on 
the  Thames  Embankment;  Dean  Stanley  in  Westminster 
Abbey  ; Sir  Francis  Drake  at  Tynemouth ; equestrian 
statues:  Lord  Northbrook  at  Calcutta;  Prince  Consort  at 
Windsor,  etc.  Among  his  best  works  are  various  statues 
and  statuettes  of  unmounted  horses. 

Boeotia  (be-o'shia).  [Gr.  Boturia.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a district  in  central  Greece,  bounded 
by  the  country  of  Locri  Opuntii  on  the  north, 
the  Euripus  and  Attica  on  the  east,  Attica,  Me- 
garis,  and  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  on  the  south, 
and  Phocis  oir  the  west.  Its  surface  is  generally 
level,  forming  a basin  in  which  is  Lake  Copais.  The  in- 
habitants were  proverbial  for  their  dullness.  The  chief 
city  of  Bmotia  was  Thebes,  which  with  other  cities  formed 
the  Boeotian  League  (which  see). 

Boeotian  League  or  Confederacy,  The.  A 

league  of  independent  cities  in  Boeotia,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  originally  fourteen  in  num- 
ber, with  Thebes  at  the  head,  its  common  sanctu- 
aries were  the  temple  of  the  Itonian  Athene  near  Coronea, 
where  the  Pamboeotia  were  celebrated,  and  the  temple 
of  Poseidon  in  Onehestus.  Its  chief  magistrates  were  called 
bceotarchs,  and  were  elected  annually,  two  for  Thebes 
and  one  for  each  of  the  other  cities.  It  was  finally  dis- 
solved, 171  B.  C.  or  146  B.  C. 

Boerhaave  (bor'ha-ve),  Hermann.  Born  at 
Voorhout,  near  Leyden,  Holland,  Dec.  31, 1668: 
died  at  Leyden,  Sept.  23, 1738.  A famous  Dutch 
physician,  professor  of  botany,  medicine,  and 
chemistry  at  Leyden  1701-29. 

Boeroe,  or  Buru  (bo'ro),  or  Bouro  (bo'ro).  An 
island  in  the  East  Indies,  in  lat.  3°  S.,  long. 
127°  E.,  belonging  to  the  Netherlands.  Area, 
est.,  1,970  square  miles.  Pop.,  about  15,000. 

Boer  (bor).  [D.  boar,  farmer.]  One  of  the 
population  of  Dutch  descent  in  South  Africa. 
This  element  is  prominent  in  Cape  Colony  and  dominant 
in  the  Orange  Free  State  and  in  the  South  African  Repub- 
lic (Transvaal).  The  first  Boers  immigrated  from  Java 
in  1652,  and  were  reinforced  by  Huguenots  in  1687.  From 
1795  they  had  to  struggle  with  British  inliueuce  and  rule. 
See  Transvaal  and  Orange  Free  State. 

Boer  War,  The.  1 . The  war  which  followed  the 
proclamation  of  the  Transvaal  Republic,  Dec., 
1880,  between  that  country  and  Great  Britain. 
Its  chief  events  were  tile  defeat  of  the  British  at  Laing’s 
Neck  Jan.  28, 1881,  and  at  Majuba  Mountain  Feb.  27, 1881 
(the  British  commander  Colley  being  killed).  By  treaty 
of  March,  1881,  the  independence  of  the  republic  was  rec- 
ognized, but  the  Boers  acknowledged  the  suzerainty  of  the 
queen. 

2.  A war  waged  by  the  Transvaal  and  the 
Orange  Free  State  against  Great  Britain,  be- 
gun in  Oct.,  1899.  The  chief  events  were  the  sioge 
and  relief  of  Ladysmith  Oct,  20.  1890-Feb.  28,  1900;  the 
siege  ami  relief  of  Kimberley  Oct.  14,  1899-Feb.  15, 1900; 
the  siege  and  relief  of  Mafeking  Oct.  15,  1899-Mny 
lfi,  1900;  the  capture  of  Cronje’s  army  at  the  Modder 
River  Feb.  27,  1900;  and  the  capture  of  Pretoria  June  5, 
1900.  Peace  was  signed  May  31,  1902. 


Boethius 

Boethius  (bo-e'thi-us).  All  early  Provencal 
poem  of  258  decasyllabic  verses,  consisting 
mainly  of  moral  reflections  taken  from  the  ‘ ‘ De 
Consolatione  ” of  Boethius.  "It  dates  from  the 
eleventh  century,  or  at  latest  from  the  beginning  of  the 
twelfth,  but  is  thought  to  be  a rehandling  of  another  poem 
which  may  have  been  written  nearly  two  centuries  earlier. " 
Saintebury. 

Boethius  (bo-e'thi-us),  Anicius  Manlius  Seve: 

rinus  (less  correctly  Boetius).  Born  about  475 
A.  D. : died  about  524  a.  d.  A Roman  philoso- 
pher, probably  grandson  of  Flavius  Boethius 
who  was  put  to  death  by  Valentinian  III.  in 
45!  >,  jje  was  consul  in  510,  and  became  magister  officio* 
rum  in  the  court  of  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths. 
Having  incurred  suspicion  on  account  of  his  bold  defense 
of  Albinus  who  was  accused  of  treason,  he  was  put  to 
death  by  Theodoric  without  trial  on  the  charge  of  treason 
and  magic.  His  most  famous  work  is  the  ‘‘De  Consola- 
tione Philosophise,"  written  probably  during  his  imprison- 
ment at  Pavia.  Parts  of  this  were  translated  by  King 
Alfred  and  by  Chaucer.  His  translations  from  and  com- 
mentaries on  the  logic  of  Aristotle  were  very  influential 
during  the  middle  ages. 

Boethus(bo-e'thus).  [Gr.  BornatClial- 

cedon  (or  Carthage,  according  to  Pausanias). 
A sculptor  of  the  Alexandrian  school  (2d  cen- 
tury B.  c.),  famous  in  antiquity  for  genre  work 
of  a high  character.  Pliny  (N.  H.  54,  84)  mentions  a 
bronze,  a boy  strangling  a goose,  of  which  there  is  a beau- 
tiful replica  in  the  Louvre.  The  boy  extracting  a thorn, 
found  in  replicainmanymuseums.issupposedto represent 
his  famous  statue  of  the  same  subject.  The  beautiful 
little  girl  playing  with  dice,  now  in  Berlin  maybe  copied 
from  Boethus.  , 

Boetie  (bo-a-se'),  Etienne  de  la.  Born  at  Sar- 
lat,  Dordogne,  France,  Nov.  1,  1530:  died  at 
Germ inac,  near  Bordeaux,  France,  Aug.  18, 
1503.  A French  writer,  chiefly  known  as  a 
friend  of  Montaigne. 

Boffin  (bof'in),  Nicodemus  (otherwise  the 
Golden  Dustman  and  Noddy).  A disinter- 
ested old  man  left  in  charge  of  the  Harmon  prop- 
erty, in  Dickens’s  novel  “Our  Mutual  Friend.” 
See  Wegg,  Silas. 

Boffin’s  Bower.  The  residence  of  the  Bofflins, 
in  Dickens’s  “Our  Mutual  Friend.”  Mrs.  Boffin, 
not  liking  its  former  name,  Harmon’s  Jail,  given  it  from 
its  late  owner’s  habits  of  life,  gave  it  this  cheerful  appel- 
lation. Miss  Jennie  Collins  established  a successful  char- 
ity for  working-girls  in  Boston  in  1870  under  this  name. 

Bogardus  (bd-gar'dus),  Everard.  [NL.  Bogar- 
dus, from  D.  Bogaerd  (whence  E.  Bogart,  Bo- 
gert),  from  bogaerd,  contraction  of  boomgaerd 
(Kilian),  orchard,  from  boom,  tree,  and  gaerd, 
yard,  garden.  Cf.  G.  Baumgarten .]  Born  in 
Holland:  drowned  in  Bristol  Channel,  Sept.  27, 
1647.  A Dutch  clergyman  in  New  Amsterdam. 
He  owned  the  farm  “the*  Dominie’s  Bouwerie,”  now  the 
property  of  the  Trinity  Church  corporation  in  New  York 
city. 

Bogardus,  James.  Born  at  Catskill,  N.  Y., 
March  14,  1800 : died  April  13, 1874.  An  Amer- 
ican inventor.  His  numerous  inventions  include  a 
‘‘ring-spinner’’  for  cotton-spinning  (1828),  an  engraving- 
machine  (1831),  and  the  first  dry  gas-meter  (1832). 

Bogdanovitch  (bog-da-no'vieh),  Ippolit  Feo- 
dorovltch.  Born  at  Perevolotchna,  Little 
Russia,  Dee.  23,  1743 : died  near  Kursk,  Russia, 
Jan.  18, 1803.  A Russian  poet.  His  chief  work 
is  “Dushenka,”  a romantic  poem,  published  in 
1775. 

Boggs  (bogz),  Charles  Stuart.  Born  Jan.  28, 
1811:  died  April  22,  1888.  An  American  rear- 
admiral.  He  was  commander  of  the  gunboat  Varuna 
which,  in  Farragut’s  attack  on  the  defenses  of  New  Or- 
leans in  1862,  destroyed  six  Confederate  gunboats  before 
she  was  herself  disabled  and  sunk  by  two  rams. 

Bogh  (beg),  Erik.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Jan. 
17,  1822:  died  there,  Aug.  17,  1899.  A Danish 
dramatist,  poet,  and  general  writer. 
Boghaz-keui  (bo'gaz-ke'e),  or  Boghas-koi 
(bo'gas-ke'e).  A village  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
lat.  40°  1'  N.,  long.  34°  35'E.  Its  ruins  are  identified 
with  the  ancient  Pteria.  They  include  a Hittite  palace, 
placed  on  an  artificial  terrace,  and  otherwise  analogous 
to  Assyrian  monuments.  The  foundations  are  of  polyg- 
onal masonry,  and  measure  138  by  187  feet ; the  super- 
structure was  of  brick.  The  chief  gate  is  a great  tower  69 
feet  deep.  There  are  also  Hittite  sculptures  consisting  of  a 
long  frieze  on  the  walls  of  two  rock-hewn  chambers  and 
a corridor.  They  consist  of  processions  of  personages, 
men  and  women  in  semi-Assyrian  costume,  winged  and 
animal-headed  divinities,  animals,  and  two-headed  eagles. 
The  figures  range  in  height  from  3 to  11  feet. 

Bogomiles  (bog'o-mllz),  or  Bogomilians  (bog- 
o-mil'i-anz).  A heretical  sect  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury, founded  by  Basil,  a monk  of  Philippopolis, 
who  was  put  to  death  at  Constantinople  in 
1118.  They  were  Maniclisean  and  Docetist  in  doctrine, 
and  were  probably  an  offshoot  of  the  Paulician  sect. 
Bogos  (bo'goz).  A small  Hamitic  pastoral  tribe 
on  the  lower  plateau  of  Abyssinia,  west  of 
Massowa. 

Bogota  (bo-go-ta/),  or  Santa  F6  de  Bogota 

(siin'ta  fa  da  bo-go-ta').  The  capital  of  the 


166 

Republic  of  Colombia,  situated  on  a plateau 
8,678  feet  high,  in  lat.  4°  41'  N.,  long.  74°  20'  W. 
It  has  a cathedral,  university,  museums,  a rich  library, 
and  an  observatory.  It  was  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1538.  Population,  about  100,000. 

Bogra  (bog-ra').  A district  in  the  Rajshahye 
division,  Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam,  British 
India.  Area,  1,359  square  miles.  Pop.,  854,533. 
Boguslawski  (bo-go-slav'ske),  Adalbert. 
Born  at  Glinno,  near  Posen,  Nov.  4,  1760 : died 
at  Warsaw,  July  23,  1829.  A Polish  dramatist 
and  actor. 

Bohain  (bo-an').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  31  miles  north  by  west  of  Laon. 
Population,  commune,  6,788. 

Bohemia  (bo-ke'mi-a).  [F.  Boheme,  G.  Bbhmen, 
etc.;  ML.  Bohemia,  L.  Boihsemum,  Boioheemum, 
Gr.  ’Bovlatgov,  the  region,  Boliemi,  Boihemi,  Boi- 
emi,  the  tribe  so  named,  from  Boil  (see  Boil) 
and  OHG.  lieim,  OS.  hem,  etc.,  home,  dwelling- 
place.]  1.  A crownland,  capital  Prague,  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  and 
the  northernmost  portion  of  the  empire,  it  is 
bounded  by  thekiugdomof  Saxony  (separated  by  theErzge- 
birge)on  the  northwest  and  north,  Prussian  Silesia  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Riesengebirge  and  other  mountains)  on  the 
northeast,  Moravia  (partly  separated  by  the  Malirische 
Gebirge)  and  Lower  Austria  on  the  southeast,  LTpper  Aus- 
tria on  the  south,  and  Bavaria  (mainly  separated  by  the 
Bolimerwald)  on  the  southwest.  Its  surface  is  moun- 
tainous and  undulating,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Elbe  and 
its  tributaries,  the  Moldau,  Eger,  Iser,  etc.  It  produces 
wheat  and  other  cereals,  fruit,  flax,  and  hops,  has  exten- 
sive forests,  and  is  the  chief  region  of  the  empire  in  the 
production  of  coaL  It  has  also  mines  of  iron, silver,  lead, 
sulphur,  alum,  and  graphite.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen, 
glass,  calico,  woolens,  paper,  chemicals,  porcelain,  beer, 
sugar,  iron,  etc.  It  has  130  representatives  in  the  Austrian 
Reichsrat,  and  has  a landtag  of  242  members.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  majority  is  Czech ; but  about  35  per  cent, 
speak  German.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic The  early  inhabitants  of  this  district  were  the  Boii, 
and  after  them  the  Marcomanni.  It  was  colonized  by 
Czechs  in  the  early  part  of  the  6th  century  ; was  the  seat 
of  a temporary  realm  under  Samo  in  the  7th  century ; 
formed  part  of  Svatopluk’s  Moravian  realm  at  the  end  of 
the  9th  century,  and  became  a fief  of  Germany  in  929.  It 
was  a duchy  and  became  a kingdom  in  1198.  Moravia  was 
united  to  it  in  1029.  Under  Ottocar  II.  (1253-78)  it  acquired 
temporarily  Austria,  Carinthia,  and  Styria ; Lusatia  and 
Silesia  were  annexed  in  the  14th  century.  Bohemia  was 
one  of  the  electorates  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  After 
the  extinction  of  the  dynasty  of  Premysl  (1306)  the  king- 
dom was  ruled  by  the  house  of  Luxemburg,  1310-1437.  It 
was  united  with  Austria  in  1526.  It  suffered  in  the  Huss- 
ite wars,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Thirty 
Years' War  in  1618.  Frederick  (elector  palatine)  was  chosen 
king  of  Bohemiain  1619, and  overthrown  in  1620,  after  which 
Protestantism  was  extirpated  by  the  Hapsburg  ruler,  Fer- 
dinand II.  In  recent  times  a vigorous  agitation  in  favor 
of  national  autonomy  has  been  carried  on  by  the  Czechs. 
Area,  20,060  square  miles.  Population,  6,774,309,  (1910). 

2.  A name  for  any  place  where  people,  espe- 
cially artists  and  literary  people,  lead  an  un- 
conventional or  somewhat  irregular  life ; or  the 
people  collectively  who  lead  such  a life.  This 
usage,  with  that  of  the  adjective  Bohemian  in  corre- 
sponding senses,  was  introduced  from  the  French,  who  as- 
sociated Bohemia  (la  Bohime)\\ ith  gipsies,  by  Thackeray. 
Stanford  Dictionary. 

Bohemian  Brethren.  A religious  sect  in  Bohe- 
mia, 15th-17th  century,  a branch  of  the  Hussites. 
Bohemian  Girl,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe,  pro- 
ducedin  Londoninl843.  ThelibrettowasbyBunnfrom 
a ballet  by  St.  Georges,  which  was  taken  from  Cervantes.  It 
was  brought  out  again  in  London  in  1858  as  “ La  Zingara.” 
It  was  translated  into  French, Italian,  and  German,  and  had 
a great  success.  “Bohemian  ” here  means  “ gipsy.”  The 
opera  appeared  in  Hamburg  as  “LaGitana,”  in  Vienna  as 
“Die  Zigeunerin,"  and  in  Paris  as  “La  Boh^mienne.” 

Bohemond  (bo'he-mond),  or  Bohemund  (bo'- 
he-mund),  I.  Marc.  Born  1056  (1065?):  died 
at  Canossa,  Italy,  1111.  A Crusader,  son  of 
Robert  Guiscard.  He  became  prince  of  Tarentum  in 
1085,  joined  the  first  Crusade  in  1096,  and  captured  An- 
tioch  in  1008. 

Bohio  (bo-yo').  A name  given  by  the  Cuban 
Indians,  in  the  time  of  Columbus,  to  Haiti  or 
Hispaniola.  It  is  said  to  have  meant  ‘a  house,’ 
and  to  have  referred  to  the  populousness  of 
that  island. 

Bolil  von  Faber,  Cecilia.  See  Arrow. 

Boklen  (bo'len),  Peter  von.  Born  at  Wiip- 
pels,  Oldenburg,  Germany,  March  9, 1796:  died 
at  Halle,  Germany,  Feb.  6,  1840.  A German 
Orientalist,  professor  of  Oriental  languages  in 
Konigsberg. 

Bohler  (be'ler),  Peter.  Born  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Germany,  Dec.  31,  1712:  died  at 
London,  April  27,  1775.  A German  clergyman, 
bishop  of  the  Moravian  Church  in  America  and 
England. 

Bohm  (bem),  Theobald.  Born  at  Munich, 
April  9,  1794:  died  at  Munich,  Nov.  25,  1881. 
A German  flutist  and  composer.  He  was  the  in- 
ventor of  several  improvements  in  the  flute,  especially  of 
a new  system  of  fingering. 

Bohme  (be'me),  or  Bohm  (bem),  or  Behmen 


Boileau-Despreaux 

(ba'men),  Jakob.  Born  at  Altseidenberg, 
Silesia,  Prussia,  1575 : died  at  Gorlitz,  Prussia, 
Nov.,  1624.  A celebrated  German  mystic.  His 
works  include  “Aurora”  (1612),  “Der  Weg  zu 
Christo”  (1624),  etc. 

Bohmisch-Brod  (be'mish-brot).  A town  in 
Bohemia,  20  miles  east  of  Prague.  Near  here, 
May  SO,  1434,  the  Taborites  were  defeated  by  the  Calixtines 
and  Roman  Catholics  (also  called  “ the  battle  of  Lippau  "). 
Population,  4,589,  (1910). 

Bohmisch-Leipa  (be'mish-li'pa).  A manufac- 
turing town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Polzen 
42  miles  north  of  Prague.  Population,  com- 
mune, 12,277,  (1910). 

Bohn  (bon),  Henry  George.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  4, 1796:  died  at  Twickenham,  Aug.  22, 1884. 
An  English  publisher  and  bookseller.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  editions  of  standard  works  in 
various  “ libraries.” 

Bohol  (bo-hol').  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
in  lat.  10°  N.,  long.  124°  20'  E.  Length,  45 
miles. 

Bohorquez,  Francisco.  See  Enim. 

Bohtlingk  (bet'lingk),  Otto.  Born  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, June  11  (N.  S.),  1815 : died  at  Leipsic, 
April  1,  1904.  A noted  Russian  Orientalist. 
His  chief  work  is  the  San  skri t- Wort erbuch  ” 
(with  Rudolf  Roth;  published  1853-75). 
Bohun  (bo'hun),  Edmund.  Born  at  Ringsfield, 
Suffolk,  England,  March  12, 1645 : died  in  Caro- 
lina, Oct.  5,  1699.  An  English  publicist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  colony  of  Carolina  in  1698  (?).  His  chief 
work  is  a “Geographical  Dictionary”  (1688). 
Bohun,  Henry  de.  Born  1176:  died  on  a pil- 
grimage to  the  Holy  Land,  June  1,  1220.  The 
first  Earl  of  Hereford  (created  April,  1199), 
and  constable  of  England. 

Bohun,  Humphrey  de.  Died  Sept.  24,  1274. 
The  second  Earl  of  Hereford  and  the  first  Earl 
of  Essex,  the  fifth  of  the  name.  He  was  constable 
of  England.  In  1258  he  joined  the  barons  in  their  con- 
federation for  the  redress  of  grievances,  but  went  over  to 
the  king  in  1263,  and  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  battle  of 
Lewes,  May  14,  1264. 

Bohun,  Humphrey  de.  Died  1298.  The  third 
Earl  of  Hereford  and  the  second  Earl  of  Essex, 
and  constable  of  England:  the  seventh  of  the 
name.  He  was  associated  with  Roger  Bigod,  earl  of 
Norfolk,  and  other  barons  in  opposition  to  the  reforms 
of  Edward  I. 

Bohun,  Humphrey  de.  Born  1276:  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Boroughbridge,  March  16,  1322. 
The  fourth  Earl  of  Hereford  and  third  Earl  of 
Essex,  and  constable  of  England:  the  eighth 
of  the  name.  He  joined  the  barons  in  their  opposition 
to  Gaveston  (see  Gaveston ) and  the  Despensers.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Bannockburn,  June  24, 1314, 
but  was  exchanged  for  the  wife  of  Robert  Bruce. 

Boiardo,  or  Bojardo  (bo-yar'do),  Matteo 
Maria,  Count  of  Scandiano.  Born  at  Scan- 
diano,  near  Reggio  di  Modena,  Italy,  about 
1434  (?) : died  at  Reggio  di  Modena,  Dec.,  1494. 
A noted  Italian  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Orlando 
innamorato ” (1495),  “Sonetti icanzoni”(1499),  “nTlmone" 
(a  comedy),  etc.  See  Orlando  innamorato. 

Boieldieu  (bwol-dye' ),  Francois  Adrien.  Bom 

at  Rouen,  France,  Dec.  16  (Grove),  1775:  died 
near  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1834.  A celebrated  French 
composer  of  comic  operas.  His  works  include  “ La 
famille  Suisse  ” (1797),  “ Beniowski  ” (1800), “Le  calife  de 
Bagdad"  (1800),  “Ma  tante  Aurore ’’  (1803),  ‘‘Jean  de 
Paris”  (1812),  ‘‘La  dame  blanche"  (1825),  etc.  His  son 
Adrien  (born  1815,  died  1883)  composed  several  success- 
ful comic  operas. 

Boii  (bo'i-i).  1.  A Celtic  people  living  in  Cis- 

alpine Gaul,  prominent  in  Roman  annals  from 
the  4th  to  the  2d  century  B.  c.  They  later  mi- 
grated to  Bohemia,  to  which  and  to  Bavaria 
they  gave  their  name. — 2.  A Celtic  tribe  which 
joined  the  Helvetii  in  their  invasion  of  Gaul  in 
58  B.  c.  Ctesar  assigned  them  land  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  zEdui. 

Boileau-Despreaux  (bwa-lo'da-pra-o'),  Nich- 
olas. Bom  at  Paris,  Nov.  1,  1636 : died  at 
Paris,  March  13,  1711.  A famous  French  critic 
and  poet.  He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  Dec.,  1656.  His  first  satire  dates  from  1660  or  1661, 
and  was  the  forerunner  of  a series  of  seven,  composed 
between  1660  and  1665.  To  this  same  period  belong  his 
‘‘Dissertation  sur  Joconde,”  and  his  “Dialogue  des  h ti- 
ros de  roman."  His  satires  were  published  without  his 
sanction  by  a Dutch  bookseller,  who  issued  the  book  un- 
der the  title  “Recueil  contenant  plusieurs  discours  libres 
et  moraux,  en  vers  ” (1665).  Boileau  issued  his  own  cor- 
rected version  in  1666,  and  within  the  next  two  years 
there  appeared  some  twenty  editions,  both  authorized 
and  unauthorized.  These  models  of  elegant  writing 
served  as  the  foundation  of  literary  criticism  in  France. 
Boileau  was  attacked  from  many  quarters,  and  framed 
his  reply  in  two  satires,  published  in  1669.  Little  is 
known  of  bis  life  between  1660  and  1677.  During  that 
interval,  however,  he  wrote  his  second  and  third  “Epitres." 
translated  the  “Treatise  on  the  Sublime”  of  Longinus, 
published  fragments  of  the  “Lutrin”  in  1673,  and  finally 


Boileau-Despreaux 

gave  out  his  fourth  and  fifth  “6pltres,”the  first  four  books 
of  the  “Lutrin,"and  “L'Art  pobtique,"  in  the  first  edition 
of  the ‘‘CEuvresdu  sieur  D . . .”(1674).  This  publication 
raised  Boileau  to  the  first  rank  among  French  writers.  In 
1677  he  received  a pension  of  2,060  livres,  and  was  invited 
with  Kacine  to  compile  the  history  of  Louis  XIV.  In 
th,e  same  year  he  composed  his  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth 
"Epltres.”  In  1684,  despite  his  enemies'  opposition,  Boi- 
leau entered  the  French  Academy  on  the  expressed  desire 
of  the  king.  In  1693  he  published  his  "Reflexions  cri- 
tiques sur  Longin,”  in  answer  to  Perrault’s  “Dialogues 
sur  les  anciens  et  les  modernes."  The  first  five  editions 
of  Boileau’s  works  are  dated  1666,  1674,  1694,  1701,  and 
1713.  The  last  edition  revised  throughout  by  Boileau 
himself,  that  of  1701,  is  generally  taken  as  the  standard. 
In  addition  to  the  works  above  mentioned,  it  contains  the 
tenth  and  eleventh  satires,  and  the  last  three  ‘ ‘ Epltres.  ” A 
twelfth  satire  was  published  after  Boileau’s  death  in  the 
edition  of  1716.  To  Boileau's  works,  and  more  especially 
to  the  “ Art  pobtique,”  are  due  the  theories  on  which  the 
classical  literature  of  France  is  based. 

Boiotia.  See  Bceotia. 

Boisard  (bwa-zar'),  Jean  Jacques  Francois 

Marie.  Born  at  Caen,  France,  1743:  died  at 
Caen,  1831.  A French  fabulist.  He  was  the 
author  of  “Fables  nouvelles”  (1773),  ‘‘Fables  et  pobsies 
diverses  " (1804),  “ Mille  et  une  fables  ” (1806),  etc. 

Bois  Brules  (bwa  brii-la')-  [F.,‘ burnt  woods.’] 
See  Sitcanxu. 

Bois  de  Boulogne  (bwa  de  bs-lony').  [F., 

‘ Boulogne  wood,’  from  the  town  Boulogne-sur- 
Seine.]  A park  in  Paris  reached  by  the  Champs 
filysees,  the  avenue  of  the  Grande  Armde,  or 
the  avenue  of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  it  covers 
an  area  of  2,158  acres,  and  contains  the  Gardens  of  the 
Acclimatization  Society  and  the  race-courses  of  Long- 
champs  and  Auteuil,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  turf,  trees,  and 
ornamental  sheets  of  water.  The  present  park  was  ceded 
to  the  city  and  laid  out  in  1853. 

Bois  de  Vincennes  (bw;i  de  van-sen').  A pub- 
lic park  in  Paris,  somewhat  larger  than  the  Bois 
de  Boulogne.  It  contains  “La  Faisanderle"  (a  farm 
for  agricultural  experiments),  a drill-ground,  a race- 
course, etc. 

Boise  (boiz),  James  Robinson.  Born  at  Bland- 
ford,  Mass.,  Jan.  27,  1815:  died  at  Chicago,  111., 
Feb.  9,  1895.  An  American  educator.  He  was 
professor  of  Greek  at  Brown  University  1843-50,  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  1852-68,  and  after  1868  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.  He  wrote  “Greek  Syntax,”  etc. 
Bois6  City  (boi'ze  sit'i).  The  capital  of  Idaho, 
situated  on  the  Boisd  River  in  lat.  43°  36' 
N.,  long.  116°  15'  W.  It  is  the  chief  town  in  the 
State,  and  has  gold-  and  silver-mines.  Population, 
17,358,  (1910). 

Boisgobey  (bwa-go-ba'),  Fortune  Abraham 

du.  Born  at  Granville  (Manche),  France,  Sept. 
11,  1824 : died  Feb.,  1891.  A French  novelist. 
He  served  as  paymaster  in  the  army  in  Algiers  1844-48. 
His  works  include  “Les  gredins”  (1873),  “Le  chevalier 
Casse  Cou”  (1873),  “Le  demi-monde  sous  la  Terreur” 
(1877),  “La  main  coupbe ” (1880),  “La  revanche  de  Fer- 
nande  ” (1882),  “ La  bande  rouge  ” (1886),  etc. 

Bois-Guilbert  (F.  pron.  bwa'gel-bar'),  Brian 
de.  A Knight  Templar,  a preceptor  of  the 
order,  in  Scott’s  novel  “Ivanhoe.”  Having  fallen 
in  love  with  Rebecca  and  been  repulsed  by  her,  he  carries 
her  off  to  his  preceptory.  Being  compelled  to  accuse  her 
of  witchcraft,  he  meets  her  defender  Ivanhoe  in  the  lists, 
and  drops  dead  at  the  beginning  of  the  encounter. 

Bois-le-Duc.  See  Hertogenboscli. 

Boissieu  (bwa-sye'),  Jean  Jacques  de.  Born 
at  Lyons,  France,  1736 : died  at  Lyons,  1810.  A 
French  painter  and  engraver. 

Boissonade  (bwa-so-nad'),  Jean  Francois. 
Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1774:  died  at  Passy, 
France,  Sept.  8, 1857.  A noted  French  classical 
scholar,  professor  of  Greek  literature  in  the 
faculty  of  letters  of  the  Academy  of  Paris. 
Boissy  d’Anglas  (bwa-se'  don-gia'),  Comte 
Frangois  Antoine  de.  Born  at  St.  Jean- 
Chambre,  Arddche,  France,  Dec.  8,  1756:  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  20,  1826.  A French  statesman 
and  publicist.  He  became  a member  of  the  Constitu- 
ent Assembly  in  1789,  of  the  Convention  in  1792,  of  the 
Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  1794,  of  the  Council  of  500 
in  1795,  of  the  Senate  in  1805,  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers 
in  1814.  He  wrote  “ Essai  sur  la  vie,  les  bcrits,  et  les  opin- 
ions de  M.  de  Malesherbes  ” (1819),  etc. 

Boisterer  (bois'ter-dr).  One  of  Fortunio’s  ser- 
vants in  the  Countess  d’Aulnoy’s  fairy  tale 
“Fortunio.”  His  breath  had  the  power  of  a 
tremendous  wind. 

Boito  (bo-e'to),  Arrigo.  Bom  at  Padua,  Feb. 
24,  1842.  An  Italian  poet  and  musical  com- 
poser.  His  first  opera,  “ Mefistofele,”  was  produced  with 
Bis  own  libretto  in  Milan,  March  5, 1808.  It  has  been  played 
in  a revised  form  since  1875.  He  has  written  many  li- 
brettos, a volume  of  poems,  etc. 

Boker  (bo'ker),  George  Henry.  Born  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Oct.  6,  1823:  died  there,  Jan.  2,  1890. 
An  American  poet,  dramatist,  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1871-75,  and  to 
Russia  1875-79.  His  works  include  the  dramas  “Calaynos” 
(1848), “Anne  Boleyn  ” (1850),“  Leonov  de  Guzman,”  “Fran- 
cesca da  Rimini,”  “Betrothal,”  “Widow's  Marriage,"  and 
“Poems  of  the  War”  (1864),  “ Plays  and  Poems,"  “ Street 
Lyrics  ” (1865),  " The  Book  of  the  Dead  " (1882). 


167 

Bokerly  Dyke  (bo'ker-li  dlk),  The  ruins  of 
Roman  intrenchments  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Famham,  England,  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Vindogladia. 

Bokhara  (bo-kha'ra),  or  Bukhara  (bo-kha'ra). 
A khanate  of  central  Asia,  under  Russian  influ- 
ence, hounded  by  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  north, 
east,  and  west,  Khiva  on  the  northwest,  and 
Afghanistan  on  the  south.  It  corresponds  partly  to 
the  ancient  Sogdiana,  and  formed  part  of  the  dominions 
of  JenghizKhan  and  of  Timur.  It  occupies  in  part  the  lower 
basin  of  theZerafshan ; produces  grain,  hemp,  cotton,  rice, 
fruits,  tobacco,  live  stock  ; and  has  manufactures  of  silk, 
firearms,  jewelry,  and  cutlery.  Its  capital  is  Bokhara.  The 
government  is  a hereditary  despotism  (with  a Russian 
resident).  The  population  is  composed  of  Tadjiks,  Uzbegs, 
and  Turkomans.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedan- 
ism. Bokhara  was  taken  by  the  Uzbegs  about  1605.  It 
was  at  war  with  Russia  1865-68,  and  ceded  Samarkand  to 
Russia  in  1868.  Area,  83,000  square  miles.  Population, 

I, 250,000. 

Bokhara.  The  capital  of  Bokhara,  situated  in 
lat.  39°  48'  N. , long.  64°  25'  E.  It  is  sumamed  the 
“Noble,”  and  is  renowned  as  an  intellectual  center  of 
central  Asia.  It  contains  many  mosques  and  Mohamme- 
dan theological  schools.  It  is  now  reached  by  the  Russian 
Transcaspian  Railway.  Population,  about  75,000. 

Bolandshahr  (bo'land-shar').  A district  in 
the  Meerut  division  of  the  United  Provinces, 
British  India.  Area,  1,899  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,138,101. 

Bolan  Pass.  A gorge  in  the  mountains  of  north- 
eastern Baluchistan.  It  is  traversed,  since 
1885-86,  by  a British  military  railway  which 
connects  Quettah  with  Sind  in  India.  Height, 
5,800  feet. 

Bolbec  (bol-bek').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-Infdrieure,  France,  18  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Havre.  Population,  commune, 

II, 588. 

Bolbitinic  (bol-bi-tin'ik),  or  Bolbitine  (bol'bi- 
tin),  or  Bolbitic  (bol-bit'ik)  Mouth  of  the 
Nile.  [L.  Ostium  BolbiUnum  or  Bolbiticum  Nili, 
Gr.  B olpiTivov  oTof-ia  tov  N eilov  • from  Bolbitine, 
Gr.  B okfiiTtvri,  a town  in  the  Delta,  on  this 
branch  of  the  river.]  One  of  the  principal 
ancient  mouths  of  the  Nile,  partly  represented 
by  the  modern  Rosetta  Mouth. 

Bold  Stroke  for  a Husband,  A.  A comedy 
by  Mrs.  Cowley,  brought  out  in  1783. 

Bold  Stroke  for  a Wife,  A.  A comedy  by 
Mrs.  Centlivre  with  “ Mr.  Mottley,”  produced  in 
1718. 

Bolerium  (bo-le'ri-iim),  or  Belerium.  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  promontory  in  Britain  now 
called  Land’s  End. 

Boleyn  (bul'in),  or  Bullen  (bul'en),  Anne, 
Queen  of  England.  Bornl507:  beheaded  at  Lon- 
don, May  19,  1536.  The  second  wife  of  Henry 
Vin.  of  England,  whom  she  married  on  or 
about  Jan.  25, 1533,  and  mother  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth . She  was  the  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Boleyn,  later 
earl  of  Wiltshire  and  Ormond.  She  was  condemned  to 
death  on  a charge  of  adultery  and  incest,  and  decapitated. 
She  was  certainly  not  guilty  of  all  the  crimes  of  which  she 
was  accused,  but  her  entire  innocence  is  a matter  of  doubt. 
Bolgolam  (bol'go-lam).  Acharacter  in  Garrick’s 
play  “ Lilliput.” 

Bolgrad  (bol-grad'),  or  Bielgrad  (byal'grad). 
A town  in  the  government  of  Bessarabia,  Rus- 
sia, situated  at  the  head  of  Lake  Jalpuch,  in 
lat.  47°  45'  N.,  long.  28°  40'  E.  Population, 
over  12,000. 

Bolingbroke  (bol'ing-bruk).  A conjurer  in  the 
second  part  of  Shakspere’s  play  “ Henry  VI.” 
Bolingbroke,  Henry  of.  See  Henry  IF. 
Bolingbroke,  Viscount.  See  St.  John,  Henry. 
Bolintineanu  (bo-len-te-ne-an'),  Demeter. 
Born  at  Bolintina,  Rumania,  1826 : died  at 
Bukharest,  Sept.  1,  1872.  A Rumanian  poet 
and  politician.  He  published  a French  trans- 
lation of  his  poems,  “Brises  d’Orient”  (1866). 
Bolivar  (bol'i-var  :Sp.  pron.  ho-le'var),  Simon. 
Born  at  Caracas,  July  24, 1783:  died  at  San  Pe- 
dro, near  Santa  Marta,  Dec.  17, 1830.  A famous 
Venezuelan  general  and  statesman.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  revolution  at  Caracas  in  1810 ; served 
under  Miranda  in  1812 ; captured  Caracas  Aug.  4, 1813  ; was 
there  named  general  of  the  Venezuelan  forces  and  tempo- 
rary dictator,  and  received  the  title  of  “Liberator";  was 
forced  to  retire  to  Barcelona  and  thence  to  Jamaica  (May, 
1815)  ; made  an  unsuccessful  descent  upon  the  Venezuelan 
coast  in  May,  1816,  and  a second,  successful,  attempt  in  De- 
cember ; and  took  Angostura  in  J uly,  1817.  A patriot  con- 
gress there  confirmed  Bolivar  as  dictator.  In  1819  he 
marched  into  New  Granada,  and  formed  a junction  with 
Santander.  The  victory  of  Boyacd  (Aug.  7, 1819)  made  him 
master  of  Bogota  and  New  Granada.  A congress  at  Angos- 
turanowdecreedthe  union  of  Venezuela  and  NewGranada 
in  the  republic  of  Colombia,  and  Bolivar  was  elected  presi- 
dent Dec,  17,  1819.  Hecompletely  routed  the  Spanish  army 
in  Venezuela  in  the  battle  of  Carabobo  (June  24,  1821),  and 
entered  Quito  June  16,  1822,  adding  the  region  now  called 
Ecuador  to  Colombia.  Sept.  1, 1828,  he  went  to  Lima,  and 


Bolsover  Castle 

was  made  dictator  of  Peru.  He  defeated  Canterac  at  Ju- 
nin,  Aug.  6,  1824,  and  on  Dec.  9,  1824,  Sucre’s  great  victory 
at  Ayaoucho  ended  the  Spanish  power  in  South  America. 
In  June,  1825,  Bolivar  visited  upper  Peru;  a congress 
met  there  in  August,  decreed  the  formation  of  the  repub- 
lic of  Bolivia,  invited  Bolivar  to  frame  the  constitution, 
and  named  him  perpetual  protector.  But  Peru  declared 
against  him  in  1826 ; Bolivia  soon  followed ; and  though 
he  remained  president  of  the  three  countries  forming  Co- 
lombia until  his  death,  the  great  republic  created  by  him 
fell  to  pieces  soon  after. 

Bolivar.  A province  of  Ecuador,  capital  Gua- 
randa.  Area,  1,160  square  miles.  Population, 
43,000. 

Bolivar  (formerly  Guayana).  A state  of  Vene- 
zuela, in  the  southern  part.  Area,  88,701  square 
miles,  besides  the  territory  of  Yuruary,  now 
added  to  it,  of  uncertain  extent.  Population, 
about  130,000. 

Bolivar.  A northern  department  of  Colombia, 
capital  Cartagena. 

Bo  livar,  or  Ciudad  Bolivar  (formerly  Angos- 
tura). The  capital  of  the  state  of  Bolivar, 
Venezuela,  on  the  Orinoco  about  240  miles 
above  its  mouth.  It  has  a trade  in  cocoa,  sugar, 

★cotton,  hides,  etc.  Population,  over  10,000. 

Bolivia  (bo-liv'i-a;  Sp.  pron.  bo-le've-a). 
[Named  for  Bolivar .]  In  colonial  times,  Char- 
ms or  Upper  Peru.  A republic  of  South  Amer- 
ica, capital  La  Paz,  bounded  by  Brazil  on  the 
north  and  east,  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Paraguay  south,  and  Chile  and  Peru  on  the 
west.  The  western  part  is  a plateau  traversed  by  the 
Andes.  In  the  southeast  is  the  Gran  Chaco  (which  see), 
and  in  the  northeast  the  plains  of  the  Madeira.  It  pro- 
duces coca,  india-rubber,  cinchona,  coffee,  wheat,  maize, 
gold,  silver,  copper,  tin.  It  lias  8 departments,  and  is 
governed  by  a president  and  a congress  consisting  of  a 
senate  and  chamber  of  deputies.  It  became  independent 
in  1825,  was  united  to  Peru  1836-39,  and  has  undergone 
frequent  political  revolutions.  Attacked  by  Chile  1879-83, 
it  was  defeated,  and  was  forced  to  cede  its  seaboard  with 
the  niter  districts.  Area,  over  708,000  square  miles. 
Population,  2,207,935. 

Bolkhof  (bol-khov').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Orel,  Russia,  in  lat.  53°  25'  N.,  long. 
36°  5'  E.  Population,  23,300. 

Bolland  (bol'land),  L.  Bollandus  (bo-lan'dus), 
Johann.  Born  at  Tirlemont  (?),  in  Brabant, 
Aug.  13,  1598 : died  at  Antwerp,  Sept.  12,  1665. 
A celebrated  Jesuit  martyrologist.  He  edited  the 
early  volumes  of  the  “Acta  Sanctorum  ” (which  see),  a work 
which  was  continued  by  his  collaborators  and  successors, 
the  so-called  Bollandists. 

Bollandists  (bol'an-dists),  The.  The  name 
given  to  the  collaborators  and  successors  of 
Johann  Bolland,  the  first  editor  of  “Acta  San  i- 
torum.”  Among  them  may  he  mentioned  Georg  Hen- 
schen  (died  1681),  Daniel  Papebroeck  (died  1714),  Konrad 
Janning  (died  1723),  Peter  Booch  (died  1736),  Suyskens 
(died  1771),  Hubers  (died  1782),  Dom  Anselmo  Berthod 
(died  1788),  and  Joseph  Ghesquiere  (died  1802).  See  Acta 
Sanctorum. 

Bologna,  Giovanni  di.  See  John  of  Bologna. 

Bologna,  John  of.  See  John. 

Bologna  (bo-lon'yii).  A province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italy.  Area,  1,448  square 
miles.  Population,  544,665. 

Bologna.  [L.  Bononia.~\  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Bologna,  Italy,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
the  Apennines,  between  the  Savena,  Aposa, 
and  Reno,  in  lat.  44°  30'  N.,  long.  11°  20'  E. : 
the  Etruscan  Felsina,  and  the  Roman  Bononia 
(whence  its  name).  It  was  originally  an  Etruscan 
town,  and  later  a Roman  colony,  a place  of  great  impor- 
tance whose  prosperity  survived  the  fall  of  the  Romau 
Empire.  It  was  made  a free  town  by  Charles  the  Great, 
and  was  famous  in  the  middle  ages  for  its  university.  It 
sided  with  the  Guelphs,  and  was  incorporated  with  the 
States  of  tlie  Church  in  1506.  H was  the  center  of  a noted 
Italian  school  of  painting  In  the  16th  and  17th  centuries 
(the  Caracci,  Guido  Reni,  Domenichino,  etc.).  In  1860  it 
was  united  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Population,  com- 
mune, 165,000. 

Bolor-Tagh  (bd-lor'tiigh).  A range  of  moun- 
tains in  central  Asia,  on  the  border  of  the  Pamir 
plateau,  running  northwest  and  southeast. 

Bolotoo  (bol-6-to').  See  the  extract. 

All  men  [according  toTongans],  however,  have  not  souls 
capable  of  a separate  existence : only  the  Egl,  or  nobles, 
possess  a spiritual  part,  which  goes  to  Bolotoo,  the  land 
of  gods  and  ghosts,  after  death,  and  enjoys  "power  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  original  gods,  but  less." 

Lang,  Myth.,  etc.,  II.  25. 

Bolsena  (bol-sa'nii).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Rome,  Italy,  7 miles  southwest  of  Orvieto  : 
probably  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Volsinii. 

Bolsena,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  central  Italy,  52 
miles  northwest  of  Rome : the  Roman  Lacus 
Volsiniensis.  It  occupies  the  crater  of  an  ex- 
tinct volcano.  Length,  8 miles. 

Bolsover  (bol'so-ver  or  bou'zer)  Castle.  A 
castle  near  Bolsover,  in  Derbyshire,  England, 
23  miles  north-northeast  of  Derby.  It  was  taken 
from  the  barons  in  1216,  and  by  Parliamentary  forces  under 
Crawford  in  1644.  It  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Portland. 


Bolswert,  Boetius  van 

Bolswert  (bol-svert'),  Boetius  van.  Born  at 
Bolswert,  Friesland,  Holland,  1580:  died  at  Ant- 
werp, 1634.  A Dutch  engraver,  noted  for  his 
engravings  after  Rubens. 

Bolswert,  Schelte  van.  Born  at  Bolswert,  1586 : 
died  at  Antwerp,  Dee.,  1659.  A Dutch  engraver, 
brother  of  Boetius  van  Bolswert.  He  engraved 
after  Rubens  and  Vandyke. 

Bolt  Court.  A London  street  leading  off  Fleet 
street.  Dr.  Johuson  passed  the  last  years  of  his  life 
here,  dying  at  No.  8,  in  1784.  It  was  also  the  scene  of  Cob- 
bett's  labors. 

Bolton  (bol'ton),  or  Bolton-le-Moors  (bol'ton- 
le-morz').  A town  in  Lancashire,  England,  11 
miles  northwest  of  Manchester,  it  has  manufac- 
fcures  of  cotton,  woolens,  iron,  etc.  The  woolen  manufac- 
ture was  introduced  by  Flemings  about  1337.  Popula- 
tion, 180,885,  (1911). 

Bolton  Castle.  A castle  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  15  miles  north-northwest 
of  Bradford.  It  was  the  scene  of  Mary  Stuart’s 
imprisonment,  1568-69. 

Bolus  (bo'lus),  Dr.  The  Newcastle  apothecary 
of  Colman  the  Younger’s  poem  of  that  name, 
published  in  a volume  of  humorous  verse  en- 
titled “Broad  Grins.”  It  was  Dr.  Bolus’s  practice 
to  write  his  prescriptions  in  rime,  one  of  which  (“When 
taken,  To  be  well  shaken  ’’)  was  too  literally  applied  to  the 
patient  instead  of  to  the  dose. 

Boma  (bd'ma).  Capital  of  the  Belgian  Kongo. 
It  is  built  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river.  Until  1876  Boma 
was  the  extreme  inland  post  of  the  Dutch  and  Portuguese 
traders. 

Bomarsund  (bo'mar-sond).  Formerly  a Rus- 
sian fortress  on  the  island  of  Aland,  Baltic  Sea. 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  and  French,  Aug. 
16,  1854. 

Bomba  (born'ba),  King.  [It.  bomba , bomb.]  A 
nickname  given  in  Italy  to  Ferdinand  II.  of  the 
Two  Sicilies,  from  bis  bombardment  of  Mes- 
sina and  other  cities  during  the  revolutionary 
troubles  of  1849. 

Bombardinian  (bom-  or  bum-bar-din'i-an), 
General.  The  general  of  the  king’s  forces  in 
Carey’s  “Ckrononhotonthologos.”  He  has  be- 
come proverbial  for  burlesque  bombast.  After  killing  the 
king  he  calls  for  a coach. 

“Go,  call  a coach,  and  let  a coach  be  called, 

And  let  the  man  that  calls  it  be  the  caller; 

And  in  his  calling,  let  him  nothing  call, 

But  coach  ! coach ! coach  ! 

Oh  for  a coach,  ye  gods  ! ” 

Bombardinio  (bom-  or  bum-bar-din'i-o).  A 
pseudonym  used  by  William  Maginn. 
Bombastes  Furioso  (bom-bas'tez  fu-ri-6'so). 
A burlesque  opera  by  William  Barnes  Rhodes, 
produced  in  1790.  it  takes  its  name  from  the  princi- 
pal character,  a victorious  general,  who  returns  from  the 
wars  with  his  army,  which  consists  of  four  badly  assorted 
warriors.  He  discovers  his  king,  Artaxominous,  visiting 
Distaftina,  his  betrothed,  and  resolves  to  go  mad,  which  he 
doeB.  His  howling,  despairing,  bombastic  rant  has  caused 
his  name  to  become  proverbial.  He  fights  and  kills  his 
king  for  a pair  of  jackboots  which  he  had  hung  up  as  a 
challenge,  and  is  in  his  turn  killed  by  Fusbos,  the  minis- 
ter of  state.  The  farce  is  a burlesque  of  the  “Orlando 
Furioso.” 

Bombay  (botn-ba').  A governorship  and  presi- 
dency of  British  India,  lying  between  Baluchis- 
tan, the  Panjab,  and  Rajputana  on  the  north, 
Indur,  Central  Provinces,  Berar,  and  Nizam’s 
dominions  on  the  east,  Madras  and  Mysore 
on  the  south,  and  the  Arabian  Sea  on  the 
west.  Area  of  the  governorship  (excluding  Sind),  75,918 
square  miles  ; population,  15,304,677.  Area  of  Sind,  47,066 
square  miles  ; population,  3,210,910.  Total  area  of  gov- 
ernorship, 122,984  square  miles  ; total  population  of  Bom- 
bay, 18,515,587.  Area  of  tributary  states,  65,761  square 
miles ; population,  6,908,648. 

Bombay.  [In Hind.  Barnbai , Malay  Barnbe,  etc.; 
orig.  Pg.  Boa  bahia,  good  harbor  : boa,  fern,  of 
bom  (L.  bonus),  good  ; bahia,  bay,  harbor.]  A 
seaport,  and  the  capital  of  the  presidency  of 
Bombay,  situated  on  the  island  of  Bombay  in 
lat.  18°  54'  N.,  long.  72'  49'  E.  it  is  the  second 
city  of  India,  and  a leading  city  in  commerce.  It  is  con- 
nected with  Salsette  Island,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the 
Great  Indian  Peninsular  Railway.  Its  trade  is  largely  in 
the  hands  of  the  British  and  Parsees.  Bombay  was  ac- 
quired by  the  Portuguese  about  1530,  and  was  ceded  to 
England  in  1661,  and  to  the  East  India  Company  in  1668. 
The  city  constitutes  an  administrative  district,  with  an 
area  of  22  square  miles.  Population,  including  canton- 
ment, 979,445. 

Bomberg  (bom'berg),  Daniel.  Born  at  Ant- 
werp: died  at  Venice,  1549.  A Dutch  printer, 
noted  for  his  editions  of  the  Hebrew  Bible 
and  the  Talmud. 

Bomby  (bom'bi),  Hope-on-High.  A Puritan 
in  Fletcher’s  play  “Women  Pleased,”  intended 
to  ridicule  the  sect  to  which  he  belonged.  Ho 
denounces  worldly  pleasures,  but  joins  in  them. 
Bomford  (bum'ford),  George.  Born  in  New 
York  city,  1780:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  March 


168 

25, 1848.  An  American  military  officer,  colonel 
and  chief  of  ordnance  (1882),  and  the  inventor 
of  the  columbiad. 

Bomilcar  (bo-mil'kar).  A Carthaginian  gen- 
eral. He  commanded  the  Carthaginians  against  Agatho- 
cles,  310  B.  c.,  and  in  308  conspired  to  make  himself  tyrant 
of  Carthage  with  the  aid  of  500  citizens  and  a number  of 
mercenaries,  but  was  captured  and  crucified. 

Bommel  (bom'mel),  or  Zaltbommel  (zalt-bom' 
mel).  A town  in  the  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  Waal  20  miles  south-southeast  of  Utrecht. 
It  was  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1599,  and 
taken  by  Turenne  in  1672.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Bomokandi  (bo-mo-kan'di).  The  left  affluent 
of  the  Welle  River,  central  Africa,  in  the 
country  of  the  Nyam-Nyam  and  Monbutto. 
Bona  (bo'nii).  A sister  of  the  Queen  of  France 
in  Shakspere’s  “ Henry  VI.,”  part  3. 

Bona  (bo'na),  F.  Bone  (bon).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Bona  in  lat.  36°  58'  N.,  long.  7°  47' 
E.,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Hippo  Regius. 
It  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1832.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  42,934. 

Bonacca,  or  Bonaca  (bon-ak'ka),  or  Guanaja 
(gwa-na'na).  One  of  the  Bay  Islands  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  belonging  to  Honduras,  in  lat. 
16°  28'  N.,  long.  85°  55'  W.  Length,  9 miles. 
This  was  the  first  part  of  Central  America  dis- 
covered by  Columbus,  July  30,  1502. 
Bonacieux  (bo-nii-sye').  A sordid,  avaricious 
old  rascal  in  Dumas’s  “Three Musketeers,”  who 
even  sacrifices  his  young  wife  in  the  desire  to 
gain  favor  with  the  cardinal. 

Bonack.  See  Bannock. 

Bona  Dea  (bo'na  de'a).  [L.,  ‘the  good  god- 
dess.’] An  old  Italian  and  Roman  goddess  of 
fecundity,  worshiped  only  by  women : the  sister, 
wife,  or  daughter  of  Faunus. 

Bonald  (bo-nal'),  Vicomte  Louis  Gabriel 
Ambroise  de.  Born  at  Mouna,  near  Millau, 
France,  Oct.  2, 1754:  died  at  Mouna,  Nov.  23, 
1840.  A French  politician  and  publicist. 
Bonald,  Louis  Jacques  Maurice  de.  Born  at 
Millau,  France,  Oct.  30,  1787 : died  at  Lyons, 
Feb.  25, 1870.  A French  Ultramontane  ecclesi- 
astic, son  of  Louis  Gabriel  Ambroise  de  Bonald. 
He  became  bishop  of  Puy  in  1823,  archbishop 
of  Lyons  in  1839,  and  cardinal  in  1841. 
Bonaparte  (bo'na-part;  It.  pron.  bo-na-piir'te), 
or  Buonaparte  (bwo-na-piir'te).  A famous 
Corsican  family,  said  to  have  been  of  Italian 
origin.  Members  of  this  family  have  ruled  in  France 
(Napoleon  I.,  emperor  1804-14  ; Napoleon  III.,  emperor 
1852-70),  Spain  (Joseph  Bonaparte,  king  1808-13),  Holland 
(Louis  Bonaparte,  king  1806-10),  Naples  (Joseph  Bona- 
parte, king  1806-08),  and  Westphalia  (Jbrfime,  king  1807- 
1813).  A number  of  persons  bearing  this  name  figured  in 
the  history  of  Padua,  Florence,  San  Miniato,  and  other 
Italian  cities  in  the  middle  ages,  although  the  connection 
between  them  and  the  Corsican  family  cannot  with  cer- 
tainty be  established.  One  Gabriel  Bonaparte  rose  to  a 
position  of  some  eminence  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  about  1567. 
His  descendant  Carlo  Bonaparte  became  the  father  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  the  founder  of  the  dynastic  fortunes 
of  the  family. 

Bonaparte,  Carlo.  Born  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica, 
March  29,  1746:  died  at  Montpellier,  France, 
Feb.  24,  1785.  A Corsican  lawyer,  father  of  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte.  He  was  a partizan  of  Paoli,  with 
whom  he  fought  against  the  Genoese.  He  married  Maria 
Lsetitia  Ramolino  in  1765. 

Bonaparte,  Carlotta,  later  Marie  Pauline. 

Born  at  Ajaccio,  Oct.  20,  1780:  died  at  Flor- 
ence, June  9,  1825.  A sister  of  Napoleon  I. 
She  married  Prince  Camillo  Borghese,  Aug.  28, 
1803. 

Bonaparte,  Charles  Louis  Napoleon.  See 
Napoleon  III. 

Bonaparte,  Charles  Lucien  Jules  Laurent, 

Prince  of  Canino  and  of  Musignano.  Born  at 
Paris,  May  24,  1803:  died  at  Paris,  July  29, 
1857.  A noted  naturalist,  son  of  Lucien  Bona- 
parte by  his  second  wife.  His  chief  works  are 
“ American  Ornithology  ” (1825-33)  and  “Icon- 
ografia  della  fauna  Italiea  ” (1832-41). 
Bonaparte,  Jerome.  Bom  at  Ajaccio,  Nov. 
15,  1784:  died  near  Paris,  June  24,  1860.  A 
brother  of  Napoleon  I.,  made  king  of  West- 
phalia in  1807.  He  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Patterson 
of  Baltimore  in  1803,  and,  this  marriage  having  been  an- 
nulled, married  Princess  Catherine  of  Wiirtemberg  in 
1807. 

Bonaparte,  Joseph.  Born  at  Corte,  Corsica, 
Jan.  7,  1768 : died  at  Florence,  July  28,  1844. 
The  eldest  brother  of  Napoleon  I.  He  became 
a member  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1798,  a coun- 
cilor of  state  in  1799,  king  of  Naples  in  1806,  and  king  of 
Spain  in  1808.  He  lived  in  the  United  States,  under  the 
name  of  Comte  de  Survilliers,  1815-32. 

Bonaparte,  Louis.  Born  at  Ajaccio,  Sept.  2, 


Bonaventura,  Saint 

1778:  died  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  July  25, 1846.  A 
brother  of  Napoleon  I.  He  married  Hortense  Beau- 
haruais,  Jan.  4,  1802,  became  king  of  Holland  in  1806, 
and  abdicated  in  1810,  assuming  the  title  of  Comte  de  St. 
Leu.  He  wrote  “ Documents  historiques  et  reflexions  sur 
le  gouvernement  de  la  Hollande  ” (1820),  etc. 

Bonaparte,  Prince  Louis  Lucien.  Born  at 

Thorngrove,  near  Worcester,  England,  Jan.  4, 
1813 : died  at  Fano,  Italy,  No  v.  4, 1891.  A French 
philologist,  the  fourth  son  of  Lucien  Bonaparte, 
prince  of  Canino.  He  lived  chiefly  in  Italy  until  1848, 
when  he  went  to  France.  He  was  made  a senator  in  1855, 
and  received  from  his  cousin  Louis  Napoleon  the  title  of 
prince  in  1863.  After  1870  he  lived  chiefly  in  England.  His 
scientific  reputation  rests  chiefly  on  his  investigations  of 
the  Basqu  - language,  and  of  the  phonetic  character  of 
nearly  all  the  languages  and  dialects  of  Europe. 

Bonaparte,  Lucien.  Born  at  Ajaccio,  May 
21,  1775  : died  at  Viterbo,  Italy,  June  30,  1840. 
A brother  of  Napoleon  I.  He  became  a member  of 
the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1798,  and  its  president  in 
1799,  minister  of  the  interior  in  1799,  ambassador  to  Spain 
in  1800,  and  prince  of  Canino  (in  Italy)  in  1814.  He  was 
an  art  connoisseur  and  poet. 

Bonaparte,  Marie  Anna,  later  Elisa.  Born 

at  Ajaccio,  Jan.  3,  1777 : died  near  Triest, 
Austria,  Aug.  6,  1820.  A sister  of  Napoleon  I. 
She  married  in  1797  Felice  Pasquale  Bacciocchi;  and  was 
made  princess  of  Lucca  and  Piombino  in  1805,  and  grand 
duchess  of  Tuscany  in  1809. 

Bonaparte,  Maria  Annunciata,  later  Caro- 
lina. Born  at  Ajaccio,  March  25,  1782:  died 
at  Florence,  May  18,  1839.  A sister  of  Na- 
poleon I.  She  married  Murat  in  1800,  and  became  Queen 
of  Naples  in  1808.  She  was  known  as  the  Countess  Li- 
pona  after  1815. 

Bonaparte,  Maria  Lsetitia  (Ramolino).  Born 
at  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  Aug.  24, 1750:  died  at  Rome, 
Feb.  2,  1836.  The  mother  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte. She  married  Carlo  Bonaparte  in  1764,  joined  her 
son  in  Paris  in  1799,  and  on  the  elevation  of  Napoleon  as 
emperor  in  1804  received  the  title  of  Madame  MCre. 

Bonaparte,  Mathilde  Lsetitia  Wilhelmine. 

Born  at  Triest,  May  27, 1820:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
2, 1904.  A daughter  of  Jerome  Bonaparte  and 
Catherine,  princess  of  Wiirtemberg. 
Bonaparte,  Napoleon.  See  Napoleon  I. 
Bonaparte,  Napoleon  Eugene  Louis  Jean 
Joseph,  Prince  Imperial  of  France.  Born  at 
Paris,  March  16, 1856 : killed  in  Znluland,  South 
Africa,  June  1, 1879.  Son  of  Napoleon  III. 
Bonaparte,  Prince  Napoleon  Joseph  Charles 
Paul  (called  Prince  Napoleon).  Born  at 
Triest,  Austria,  Sept.  9,  1822:  died  at  Rome, 
March  17,  1891.  Son  of  Jerome  Bonaparte. 
He  was  made  prince  in  1852,  and  in  1879,  on  the  death  of 
the  Prince  Imperial  in  Zululand,  became  the  chief  of  the 
Bonapartist  party.  Also  known  as  Plon-Plon. 

Bonaparte,  Pierre  Napoleon.  Born  at  Rome, 
Oct.  11, 1815:  died  at  Versailles,  France,  April 
7, 1881.  Son  of  Lucien  Bonaparte,  made  prince 
after  1852.  He  shot  the  journalist  Victor 
Noir,  Jan.  10,  1870. 

Bonaparte-Patterson  (bo'na-part-pat'er-son), 
Elizabeth.  Born  at  Baltimore,  Feb.  6,  1785 : 
died  at  Baltimore,  April  4, 1879.  An  American 
lady  who  married  Jerome  Bonaparte  in  1803. 
See  Patterson,  Elizabeth. 
Bonaparte-Patterson,  Jerome  Napoleon. 
Born  at  Camberwell,  England,  July  7,  1805: 
died  at  Baltimore,  June  17,  1870.  The  eldest 
son  of  Jerome  Bonaparte. 
Bonaparte-Patterson,  Jerome  Napoleon. 
Born  at  Baltimore,  Nov.  5, 1832 : died  at  Pride’s 
Crossing,  Essex  County,  Mass.,  Sept.  4,  1893. 
Son  of  Jerome  Napoldon  Bonaparte-Patterson. 
He  entered  the  French  service  in  1854,  and  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Crimean  and  Italian  campaigns. 
Bonar  (bon'ar),  Horatius.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Dec.  19,  1808:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  31,  1889. 
A Scotch  clergyman,  lyric  poet,  and  writer. 
He  was  pastor  at  Kelso  1837-66 ; joined  with  his  congre- 
gation  in  the  Free-Church  movement  of  1843 ; and  became 
pastor  of  the  Grange  Free  Church,  Edinburgh,  in  1866. 
He  wrote  “Hymns  of  Faith  and  Hope  " (1857-66). 

Bonassus  (bo-nas'us).  A mythical  beast  with 
whom  Hogg,  the  Ettrick  Shepherd,  had  an  ad- 
venture. 

Bonaventura  (bo-na-ven-to'ra).  A friar  of  a 
kindly,  pliable  nature,  modeled  on  Shakspere’s 
Friar  Lawrence,  in  Ford’s  plav  “’Tis  Pity  She ’s 
a Whore.” 

Bonaventura,  or  Bonaventure,  Father.  The 

name  adopted  by  Charles  Edward  Stuart  when 
he  came  to  England  in  1753  to  see  his  adherents. 
Scott  introduces  him  under  this  name  in  “Red- 
gauntlet.” 

Bonaventura  (bo-na-ven-to'rii),  Saint  (Gio- 
vanni di  Fidenza).  Born  at  Bagnorea,  Italy, 
1221:  died  at  Lyons,  France,  July  15,  1274. 
A celebrated  scholastic  philosopher,  surname*! 
“Doctor  Seraphicus.”  He  became  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Paris  in  1253,  general  of  the  Franciscans  in 
1256,  bishop  of  Albano  in  1273,  and  cardinal  in  1274.  He 


Bonaventura,  Saint 

was  canonized  in  1482.  He  was  the  author  of  the  “ Brevi- 
loquium  ’’  and  “Centiloquium  ” (manuals  of  dogmatics), 
“Itinerarium  mentis  in  Deum,”  “Reductio  artium  in 
theologiam,”  “Biblia  Pauperum,”  etc. 

Bonchamp  (bon-skoh'),  Charles  Melchior 

Artus  de.  Born  at  Jouverdeil,  Anjou,  France, 
May  10,  1760 : died  near  Ckollet,  France,  Oct. 
18,  1793.  A French  general,  leader  of  the 
Vendeans. 

Bond  (bond),  George  Phillips.  Born  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  May  20,  1825:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Feb.  17,  1865.  An  American 
astronomer,  son  of  William  Cranch  Bond,  and 
director  of  the  observatory  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. He  wrote  “On  the  Construction  of 
the  Bings  of  Saturn,”  etc. 

Bond,  William  Cranch.  Born  at  Portland, 
Maine,  Sept.  9,  1789:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Jan.  29,  1859.  An  American  astronomer.  He 

superintended  the  erection  of  the  Harvard  observatory  in 
1839,  becoming  its  director  when  completed,  and  became 
noted  for  his  observations  on  Saturn  and  the  fixed  stars 
as  well  as  for  his  operations  in  celestial  photography. 

Bondei  (bon-da'i),  or  Wa-Bondei  (wa-bon- 
da'i).  A Bantu  tribe  of  German  East  Africa, 
living  between  the  sea-coast  and  the  Usam- 
bara  hills.  Wa-bondei,  ‘people  of  the  lowland,’  is  the 
name  given  them  by  their  western  highland  neighbors. 
By  the  coast  people  they  are  called  Wa-shenzi,  ‘bush  people.  ’ 
Bondi  (bon'de),  Clemente.  Born  at  Mezzana, 
near  Parma,  Italy,  June  27,  1742:  died  at 
Vienna,  June  20,  1821.  An  Italian  poet.  He 

was  a member  of  the  Jesuit  order,  professor  of  oratory  in 
the  Royal  Seminary  at  Parma,  and  later  instructor  of  his- 
tory and  literature  at  the  court  of  Vienna. 

Bondman  (bond'man),  The.  A tragedy  by 
Massinger,  licensed  in  1623,  and  first  acted  in 
1624. 

Bondman,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe,  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  in  1846. 

Bond  street.  The  main  thoroughfare  between 
Oxford  street  and  Piccadilly  in  London,  it  was 
formerly  a fashionable  promenade,  but  is  now  filled  with 
shops.  ’ It  contains  the  Grosvenor  and  Dorb  galleries. 
New  Bond  street  is  the  end  nearest  Oxford  street. 
Bondu  (bon-do').  A kingdom  in  Senegambia, 
West  Africa,  about  lat.  14°-15°  N.,  long.  12°- 
13°  W.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Fulahs;  its  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Mohammedanism.  It  was  first  visited 
by  Mungo  Park. 

Bonduca  (bon-du'ka ).  [See  Boadicea.']  A tra- 
gedy with  this  title,  by  Fletcher,  was  produced 
before  1619.  An  alteration  of  Fletcher’s  play  was 
brought  out  in  16B6  by  George  Powell,  an  actor,  and  an- 
other alteration  by  the  elder  Colman  was  acted  in  1778.  A 
third  alteration  was  made  by  J.  R.  Blanche  and  acted  in 
1837.  It  was  called  “Caractacus.” 

Boney  (bo'ni).  An  English  nickname  for  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte. 

Bon  Gaultier  (bon  gal'ti-er),  Ballads  of.  A 
volume  of  satirical  verse  by  Professor  William 
Edmonstoune  Aytoun  and  Theodore  Martin,  re- 
printed from  “ Blackwood’s  Magazine.” 

Bongo  (bong'go),  or  Obong  (o'bong).  A mixed 
negro  tribe  occupying  a wide  tract  of  land  in 
the  basin  of  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal,  eastern  Sudan. 
They  are  of  medium  size,  good  muscular  development, 
and  red-brown  complexion,  and  are  remarkable  iron-  and 
wood-workers.  In  their  ears,  noses,  and  under  lips  they 
wear  rings  and  pieces  of  wood.  A tuft  of  grass  is  the 
women’s  garment.  Since  1856  they  have  been  victimized 
by  the  Khartum  slave-traders.  Some  affinity  is  found  be- 
tween their  language  and  that  of  the  Bari  and  Bagrima. 
Also  called  JJor  and  Akuma  by  their  Dinka  and  Nyam- 
Nyam  neighbors. 

Bonheur  (bo-ner'),  Francois  Auguste.  Bom 

atBordeaux,  France,  Nov.  4, 1824:  died  atParis, 
Feb.  23, 1884.  A French  painter  of  landscapes 
and  animal  life,  brother  of  Rosa  Bonheur. 
Bonheur,  Jules  Isidore.  Born  at  Bordeaux, 
France,  May  15,  1827 : died  in  1901.  A French 
sculptor,  brother  of  Rosa  Bonheur. 

Bonheur,  Juliette  (Mme.  Peyrol).  Bom  July 
19, 1830:  died  July  19,  1891.  A French  painter, 
sister  of  Rosa  Bonheur. 

Bonheur,  Rosalie  (Rosa)  Marie.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  France,  March  16, 1822:  died  at  Fon- 
tainebleau, May  25,  1899.  A celebrated  French 
painter  of  animal  life  and  of  landscapes,  she  was 
a pupil  of  her  father  and  Lion  Cogniet.  She  received  med- 
als of  the  first  class  in  1848  and  1865.  At  the  Exposition 
Universelle  of  1855  she  exhibited  “La  Fenaison  en  Au- 
vergne,” which  established  her  reputation.  From  1849  she 
was  the  directress  of  the  Free  School  of  Design  for  Young 
Gills.  Among  h:r  noted  works  are  “Labourage  niver- 
naiB”  (Musiedu  Luxembourg),  “Etudes  danimaux  ” (Mu- 
sts de  Bordeaux).  “Paysage  et  animaux”  ( M usee  d’Or- 
ldans),  “The  Horse  Fair  ” (Metropolitan  Museum,  New 
York). 

Bonhomme  (bo-nom'),  Jacques.  [F.,  ‘James 
Goodman.’]  A contemptuous  sobriquet  which 
the  nobility  in  France  gave  to  the  people,  par- 
ticularly the  peasants.  See  Jacquerie. 
Bonhomme  Richard  (bo-nom'  re-shar').  [F., 
‘ good  man  Richard.”]  One  of  a fleet  of  five 
VI.  7 


169 

vessels  prepared  by  the  French  government, 
on  the  advice  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  placed 
under  the  command  of  John  Paul  Jones,  it  was 
a merchantman  changed  to  a man-of-war  and  named  Du- 
ras,  and  then  Bonhomme  Richard,  or  Poor  Richard,  at 
Jones’s  suggestion,  in  honor  of  Franklin.  The  fleet  sailed 
from  L’Orient,  Aug.  14,  1779,  passed  along  the  west  Irish 
coast  around  Scotland,  and,  Sept.  23, 1779,  reduced  to  three 
ships,  fell  in  with  the  North  Sea  merchant  fleet  under 
convoy  of  the  Serapis  (44  guns)  and  Countess  of  Scarbor- 
ough (20  guns)  off  Flamborough  Head.  The  Bonhomme 
Richard  engaged  the  Serapis,  Captain  Pearson,  at  7.30  p.  M. 
by  moonlight  in  the  presence  of  thousands  of  spectators. 
The  Serapis  struck  at  10.30.  On  the  25th  the  Bonhomme 
Richard  went  down. 

Boni  (bo'ne).  A state  in  the  southern  part  of 
Celebes,  East  Indies,  in  lat.  5°  S.,  long.  120°  E., 
a dependency  of  the  Netherlands.  Its  inhabi- 
tants are  Bugis.  Population  (estimated),  200,- 
000  (?). 

Boniface  (bon'i-fas)  I.,  L.  Bonifacius  (bon-i- 
fa'ski-us),  Saint.  Died  422.  Bishop  of  Rome 
418^122.  He  is  commemorated  on  Oct.  25. 

Boniface  II.  Pope  530-532. 

Boniface  III.  Pope  6077  (606?).  He  influenced 
the  emperor  Phocas  to  decree  that  the  title  Universal 
Bishop  should  be  given  only  to  the  Bishop  of  Rome. 

Boniface  I if.  Pope  608-615.  He  received  per- 
mission from  the  emperor  Phocas  to  convert  the  Pantheon 
erected  by  Agrippa,  at  Rome,  into  a Christian  church  un- 
der the  name  of  Sancta  Maria  Rotunda. 

Boniface  V.  Pope  619-625.  He  enacted  the  de- 
cree by  which  churches  became  places  of  refuge  for  crim- 
inals. 

Boniface  VI.  Pope  896.  He  was  of  an  abandoned 

character,  and  was  seated  in  the  papal  chair  by  a 
mob  after  the  death  of  Formosus.  He  died  fifteen  days 
later. 

Boniface  VII.  Died  985.  Pope.  He  attained 
the  papal  throne  in  a popular  tumult  in  974,  was  driven 
from  Rome  in  976,  and  returned  and  deposed  John 
XIV.  in  984.  By  some  he  is  not  regarded  as  a legiti- 
mate pope. 

Boniface  VIII.  (Benedict  Cajetan).  Born  at 
Anagni,  Italy,  about  1228 : died  at  Rome,  Oct. 
11,  1303.  Pope  from  Dec.  24,  1294,  to  Oct.  11, 
1303.  He  issued  Feb.  25,  1296,  the  bull  Clericis  laicos, 
which  was  directed  against  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  who 
had  imposed  taxes  on  the  French  clergy,  and  which  for- 
bade the  clergy  of  any  country  to  pay  tribute  to  the  secu- 
lar government  without  the  papal  permission  ; but  was 
forced  by  an  enactment  of  Philip  which  stopped  the  ex- 
portation of  money  from  France  to  concede  that  the  French 
clergy  might  render  voluntary  contributions.  He  opened 
at  Rome,  Oct.  30, 1302  (as  the  resultof  aquarrel  with  Philip 
over  the  imprisonment  of  an  insolent  papal  legate,  the 
Bishop  of  Pamiers),  a synod,  in  which  he  promulgated, 
Nov.  18,  1302,  the  bull  Unam  sanctam,  asserting  the  tem- 
poral as  well  as  spiritual  supremacy  of  the  Pope.  He  was 
made  prisoner  at  Anagni,  Sept.  7,  1303,  by  Nogaret,  vice- 
chancellor  to  Philip,  and  Sciarra  Colonna ; and  although 
shortly  released  by  the  populace,  died  at  Rome  of  a fever, 
said  to  have  been  brought  on  by  a rage. 

Boniface  IX.  (Pietro  Tomacelli).  Died  at 
Rome,  Oct.  1,  1404.  Pope  at  Rome  1389-1404. 
He  quarreled  with  Richard  of  England  on  the  subject  of 
the  collation  of  benefices,  established  the  perpetual  an- 
nates, and  spent  his  reign  in  intrigues  against  the  popes 
of  Avignon. 

Boniface.  A landlord  in  Farquhar’s  “Beaux’ 
Stratagem.”  He  was  in  league  with  the  highwaymen, 
and  prided  himseif  on  his  diet  of  ale.  From  him  the  name 
has  been  applied  to  innkeepers  in  general. 

Boniface,  Abbot.  The  bead  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Mary  in  Scott’s  novel  “The  Monastery.” 

Boniface,  Saint  (original  name  Winfrid  or 
Winfrith).  Born  at  Kirton,  or  Crediton,  Dev- 
onshire : died  near  Dokkum,  Friesland,  June  5, 
755.  A celebrated  Euglish  missionary,  called 
“the  Apostle  of  Germany.”  From  716  he  labored 
among  the  Friesian3  and  German  tribes.  He  was  made 
bishop  i n 723,  and  archbishop  in  732.  About  743  he  founded 
the  abbey  of  Fulda,  where  his  remains  were  laid.  From 
746  to  754  he  occupied  the  see  of  Mainz.  He  was  mur- 
dered in  755.  He  is  said  to  have  enforced  his  missionary 
teaching  by  cutting  down  with  his  own  hand  the  sacred 
oak  at  Geismar.  His  festival  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman 
and  Anglican  churches  on  June  5. 

Boniface  of  Savoy.  Died  1270.  A younger 
son  of  Thomas  I.,  count  of  Savoy,  nominated 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1241,  confirmed 
by  the  Pope  in  1243,  and  consecrated  in  1245. 

Bonifacio  (bo-ne-fa/cho),  Strait  of.  A strait 
in  the  Mediterranean  Sea  which  separates  Cor- 
sica from  Sardinia. 

Bonifacius  (bon-i-fa'shi-us),  or  Boniface, 
Count.  Born  in  Tbrace:  died  432  A.  D.  A 
Roman  general  in  the  time  of  Honorius  and 
Placidia : a rival  of  Aetius  and  a friend  of 
St.  Augustine.  He  served  with  distinction  against 
the  Goths  and  the  Vandals  in  France  (defending  Mar- 
seilles against  Ataulf,  king  of  the  Goths,  413)  and  Spain, 
and  in  Africa.  Through  the  plotting  of  Aetius  he  was 
led  to  revolt  against  Placidia  and  ally  himself  with  the 
Vandals  in  Africa  He  soon,  however,  returned  to  his  al- 
legiance, and  attacked  Genseric,  but  was  defeated  and  be- 
sieged for  fourteen  months  in  Hippo.  On  returning  to 
Italy  he  met  and  conquered  Aetius,  but  died  from  wounds 
received  in  the  battle. 

Bonin  (bo-nen'),  Adolf  von.  Born  Nov.  11, 


Bonneville 

1803 : died  at  Berlin,  April  16,  1872.  A Prus- 
sian infantry  general,  governor  of  Dresden 
1866-67,  and  of  Lorraine  1870-71. 

Bonin,  Eduard  von.  Born  at  Stolpe,  Prus- 
sia, March  7,  1793:  died  at  Coblentz,  Prussia, 
March  13,  1865.  A Prussian  infantry  general, 
distinguished  in  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war, 
1848-50. 

Bonin  (bo-nen')  Islands,  Jap.  Bu-nin-to, 

(ho-nen-to'),  or  Ogasawara  Sima  (o-ga-sa- 
wa/ra  se'ma).  A group  of  89  islands  and  rocks, 
of  volcanic  formation,  in  the  North  Pacific,  in 
lat.  26°  30'-27°  45'  N.,long.  141°-143°  E.  They 
were  discovered  by  the  Japanese  in  1593,  and  annexed  by 
Japan  in  1880.  Area,  72  square  miles. 

Bonington  (bon'ing-ton),  Richard  Parkes. 
Born  at  Arnold,  near  Nottingham,  England, 
Oct.  25,  1801:  died  at  London,  Sept.  23,  1828. 
An  English  painter  of  coast  and  street  scenes. 

Bonivard.  See  Bonnivard. 

Bonjour  (bdn-jor'),  The  Brothers.  Born  at 
Pont  d’Ain,  France:  lived  about  1775-90:  died 
in  exile  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland.  Two  French 
heretics  who  became  curd  and  vicar  of  tbe 
parish  of  Fareins.  They  founded  a sect  called 
“flagellants  Fareinistes.” 

Bonn  (bon).  A city  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Rhine 
15  miles  south-southeast  of  Cologne : the  Ro- 
man Bonna,  or  Castra  Bonnensia.  It  contains  a 
noted  university  and  minster.  It  was  originally  a Ro- 
man fortress,  and  was  for  many  centuries  the  capital  of 
the  electorate  of  Cologne.  The  French  held  it  1673-89, 
and  it  was  ceded  to  France  in  1801.  It  was  acquired  by 
Prussia  in  1815.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  example 
of  the  Rhenish  florid  Romanesque,  with  two  arcaded 
towers  at  each  end,  a high  octagonal  tower  and  timber 
spire  at  the  crossing,  and  two  choirs.  The  exterior  is 
characterized  by  flue  arcading,  particularly  on  the  apse 
and  the  transepts,  which  have  polygonal  terminations. 
The  interior  is  excellent  in  proportions,  and  possesses  some 
good  sculpture.  The  crypt  is  of  the  11th  century,  and  has 
various  medieval  wall-paintings.  Population,  commune, 
81,996. 

Bonnat(ho-na'),Leon  JosephFlorentin.  Born 

at  Bayonne,  France,  June  20,  1833.  A French 
painter  of  historical  pieces  and  portraits,  a 
pupil  of  Madrazo  and  Cogniet.  He  won  the  second 
prix  <1  i koine  in  1851 ; made  his  debut  at  the  Salon  of  1857 
with  three  portraits ; won  a medal  of  the  second  class  In 
1867,  and  a medal  of  honor  in  1869 ; and  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  in  1874. 

Bonner  (bon'er),  Edmund.  Born  at  Hanley, 
Worcestershire,  England,  about  1495:  died 
Sept.  5,  1569.  An  English  prelate,  made  bishop 
of  London  in  1539,  noted  for  persecution  of 
Protestants  in  the  reign  of  Mary,  1553-58.  on 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
supremacy,  and  was  committed  to  the  Marshalsea,  where 
he  died. 

Bonner,  Robert.  Born  near  Londonderry,  Ire- 
land, April  28, 1824  : died  at  New  York,  July  6, 
1899.  An  American  publisher,  founder  of  the 
“New  York  Ledger  ” (1851). 

Bonnet  (bo-na'),  Charles.  Born  at  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  March  13,  1720:  died  near  Lake 
Geneva,  May  20,  1793.  A Swiss  naturalist  and 
philosophical  writer.  His  works  include  “Traitd 
d’insectologie  ” (1745),  “ Traitd  de  l’usage  des  feuilles  ” 
(1754),  “ Essai  analytique  sur  les  faculty  de  l’ame  ” (1760), 
“Considerations  sur  les  corps  organises”  (1762),  “Con- 
templation de  la  nature  ” (1764),  “ Palingenesie  philoso- 
phique  ’’  (1769). 

Bonnetable  (bon-na-tabl').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarthe,  France,  16  miles  northeast 
of  Le  Mans.  Population,  commune,  4,284. 

Bonneval  (bon-val').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  situated  on  the 
Loir  18  miles  south  by  west  of  Chartres.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  4,011. 

Bonneval,  Claude  Alexandre,  Comte  de. 
Born  at  Coussac,  Limousin,  France,  July  14, 
1675:  died  at  Constantinople,  March  27,  1747. 
An  adventurer  in  the  French,  Austrian,  and 
Turkish  service : known  also  as  Achmet  Pasha. 

He  served  under  Prince  Eugene  in  Italy,  Provence,  and 
in  the  campaigns  of  1710-12.  In  1708  he  commanded  an 
army  corps  in  the  Papal  States,  and  served  against  the 
Turks  in  1715. 

Bonneville  (bon-vel').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hauto-Savoie,  France,  situated  on  the 
Arve  16  miles  southeast  of  Geneva.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  2,160. 

Bonneville  (bon'vil),  Benjamin  L.  E.  Bom  in 
France  about  1793:  died  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark., 
June  12, 1878.  An  American  soldier.  He  fought 
with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  commanded  the 
Gila  expedition,  1857,  and  in  the  Civil  War  was  comman- 
dant of  Benton  Barracks  at  St.  Louis,  1862-65.  He  became 
colonel  in  1855,  and  tirevet  major-general  in  1865.  While 
captain  he  engaged  in  explorations  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  California,  1831-36.  His  journal  was  amplified  by 
Washington  Irving,  and  published  under  the  title  “Ad- 
ventures of  Capt.  Bonneville,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  Rrtcky  Moun- 
tains of  the  Far  West  ” (1837). 


Bonnibel 

Bonnibel  (bon'i-bel).  [F.  bonne  et,  belle,  good 
and  pretty.]  A common  name  for  a young 
girl  in  old  pastoral  poetry. 

Bonnivardt  bo-ne-var'),or  Bonivard, Francois 
de.  Born  at  Seyssel,  1493:  died  at  Geneva, 
1570.  A Genevan  prelate  and  politician, 
tbe  hero  of  Byron’s  poem  “The  Prisoner  of 
Chillon.”  He  became  prior  of  St.  Victor  in  1514,  and 
was  a conspicuous  opponent  of  Charles,  duke  of  Savoy, 
who  endeavored  to  obtain  control  of  Geneva.  He  was 
largely  instrumental  in  bringing  about  an  alliance  between 
Geneva  and  Fribourg  in  1518,  and  in  1519  was  captured  by 
the  duke  and  imprisoned  twenty  months.  In  1530  he  ob- 
tained a safe-conduct  from  the  duke  to  visit  his  aged  pa- 
rents at  Seyssel,  but  was  arrested  at  Lausanne,  May  26,1530, 
and  confined  in  the  castle  of  Chillon,  where,  after  a visit 
from  the  duke  (1532),  he  was  placed  in  a subterranean 
dungeon  and,  according  to  the  local  tradition,  fastened  to 
a pillar.  He  was  liberated,  March  29, 1536,  at  the  capture 
of  Chillon  by  the  Bernese.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Les  chro- 
niques  de  Genfeve” (edited  by  Dunant,  Geneva,  1831),  which 
was  written  at  the  instance  of  the  magistracy  of  Geneva. 

Bonny.  See  Idzo. 

Bonny  (hon'i),  River.  All  arm  of  the  Niger 
delta  which  flows  into  the  Bight  of  Biafra  in 
lat.  4°  30'  N.,  long.  7°  E. 

Bonoxni  (bo-no'me),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Rome, 
Jan.  19,  1739:  died  at  London,  March  9,  1808. 
An  Italian  architect  residing  in  England,  a 
leader  in  the  revival  of  Grecian  styles.  His 
principal  work  is  “ Roseneath  Hall,  Dumbar- 
tonshire, Scotland.” 

Bonomi,  Joseph.  Born  at  Rome,  Oct.  9,  1796 : 
died  at  London,  March  3,  1878.  An  English 
sculptor  and  draftsman,  son  of  Giuseppe  Bono- 
mi. He  made  a large  number  of  drawings  of  Assyrian 
and  especially  Egyptian  remains,  for  the  works  of  various 
archaeologists,  anil  himself  published  “Nineveh  and  its 
Palaces  ” (1852),  etc. 

Bononcini  (bo-non-che'ne),  or  Buononcini 
(bwo-non-che'ne),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  Modena,  Italy,  about  1672 : died  probably 
at  Venice,  after  1752.  An  Italian  composer  of 
opera,  and  a rival  of  Handel. 

Bonorva  (bo-nor'va).  A town  in  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  25  miles  south-southeast  of  Sassari. 
Population,  commune,  6,731. 

Bonpland  (boix-plon'),  AimA  Bom  at  La 
Rochelle,  Aug.  22,  1773 : died  at  San  Borja, 
Uruguay,  May  4,  1858.  A French  naturalist 
and  traveler.  From  1799  to  1805  he  traveled  with  Hum- 
boldt in  America.  Un  his  return  he  published  “ Plantes 
equinoxiales,"  and  other  botanical  works.  In  1816  he  went 
to  Buenos  Ayres,  and  in  1821  attempted  a journey  from 
that  place  to  Bolivia.  Passing  by  the  frontiers  of  Paraguay, 
he  was  seized  by  order  of  the  dictator  Francia  (Dec.  3, 
1821),  and  was  not  allowed  to  leave  the  country  until  1830. 
After  his  release  he  resided  on  a small  plantation  near 
the  confines  of  Uniguay  and  Brazil. 

Bonstetten  (bon-stet'ten),  Charles  Victor  de. 

Born  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  Sept.  3,  1745:  died 
at  Geneva,  Feb.  3,  1832.  A celebrated  Swiss 
litterateur  and  philosophical  writer.  His  works 
include  “Recherches  sur  la  nature  et  les  lois  de  l’imagi- 
nation  ” (1807),  “Etudes  sur  l’liomme  ” (1821),  etc. 
Bontemps  (boxi-ton'),  Roger.  [F.  bon  temps, 
good  time.]  A pseudonym  of  Roger  de  Col- 
lerye,  a French  poet,  born  at  Paris  about  1470. 

He  was  of  a lively,  gay,  careless  temperament.  B^ranger 
has  popularized  this  type  in  one  of  his  famous  songs,  and 
the  name  is  proverbially  given  to  any  jovial  fellow. 
There  is  a very  much  older  French  song,  without  date  or 
author,  in  which  La  Mhre  Bontemps  gives  lively,  cheerful 
advice  to  young  girls. 

Bon  Ton  (bon  ton).  [F.,  ‘good  tone,’  i.  e.  high 
fashion.]  A comedy  by  Burgoyne,  produced  in 
1760.  Garrick  shortened  it,  and  produced  it  in  1775  as 
“ Bon  Ton,  or  High  Life  above  Stairs.” 

Bontuku  (bon-to'ko).  A town  of  Gyaman, 
north  of  the  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa,  now  in 
French  territory.  It  is  here  that  the  coast  traders 
meet  the  caravans  of  Mande-nga,  which  bring  the  produce 
from  the  Upper  Niger  basin. 

Bonvin  (bbn-van'),  Francois.  Born  at  Vaugi- 
rard, Seine, in  1817:  diedl887.  AFrench painter. 
He  produced  genre  pictures  recalling  the  best 
specimens  of  the  Flemish  school. 

Bonython  (bon'i-thon),  Richard.  Born  in 
England,  1580:  died  about  1650.  An  English 
soldier  who  received  a grant  of  a tract  of  land 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Saco  River,  in  Maine, 
and  settled  thei’e  in  1631.  He  was  commissioner 
for  the  government  of  Maine  under  Gorges  in  1636,  and 
later(1640-47)one  of  his  council.  Hisson.  John  Bonython, 
introduced  by  Whittier  in  “ Mogg  Megone,"  was  a turbu- 
lent character,  and  was  outlawed  for  contempt  of  court. 

Booby  (bo'bi),  Lady.  In  Fielding’s  novel 
“Joseph  Andrews,”  a vulgar  woman  who  tries 
to  seduce  Joseph  Andrews,  her  footman,  and 
dismisses  him  on  account  of  his  virtue. 

Book  of  Common  Order.  The  liturgy  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland.  In  1562  the  Book  of  Common 
Order,  commonly  termed  “ Knox's  Liturgy,”  was  partially 
introduced  in  place  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and 
in  1564  its  use  was  authoritatively  ordained  in  all  the 
churches  in  Scotland.  This  liturgy  was  taken  from  the 


170 

order  or  liturgy  used  by  the  English  church  at  Geneva. 
McClintock  and  Strong. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer.  The  service-book 
of  the  Church  of  England,  or  a similar  book 
authorized  by  one  of  the  other  branches  of  the 
Anglican  Church.  It  is  popularly  known  as  the 
Prayer-book.  The  first  Book  of  Common  Prayer  was  is- 
sued in  1549.  It  was  nearly  all  taken  from  medieval  li- 
turgical books.  English  was  substituted  for  Latin,  and  a 
uniform  use  was  established  for  the  whole  Church  of  Eng- 
land. Revisions  were  made  in  1552, 1559,  and  1062.  I he 
American  Prayer-book  was  authorized  in  1789;  a revision 
was  begun  in  1880  and  issued  in  1892. 

Book  of  Cupid,  God  of  Love,  Tbe.  See  Cuclcoo 
and  the  Nightingale,  The. 

Book  of  the  Bead,  Tbe.  See  the  extract. 

The  chief  monutnentof  the  religious  literature  of  Egypt 
is  the  “ Book  of  the  Dead,  ” in  106  chapters,  now  being  criti- 
cally edited  by  M.  Naville.  Portions  of  it  were  inscribed 
on  the  mummy-cases  and  tombs,  and  are  met  with  in  the 
latest  of  the  demotic  papyri.  It  was,  in  fact,  the  funeral 
ritual  of  the  Egyptians,  describing  in  mystical  language 
the  adventures  of  the  soul  after  death,  and  the  texts  it 
must  quote  in  order  to  escape  the  torments  and  trials  of 
the  lower  world.  It  is  the  literary  reflection  of  the  Osiris 
myth,  and  grew  along  with  the  latter.  A hieratic  text  of 
the  eleventh  dynasty  gives  two  varying  versions  of  the 
sixty-fourth  chapter,  ascribed  to  King  Men-ka-ra,  from 
which  we  may  infer  the  antiquity  of  the  latter.  But  only 
the  essence  of  the  work  went  back  to  the  Old  Empire. 
The  rest  consisted  of  additions  and  glosses,  and  glosses  of 
glosses,  which  cont  inued  to  be  made  up  to  the  time  of  the 
Persians.  The  oldest  portion  seems  to  have  been  of  a 
practically  moral  character,  contrasting  strikingly  with 
the  mystical  tone  of  the  later  accretions,  where  the  doc- 
trine of  justification  by  faith  in  Osiris  has  taken  the  place 
of  that  of  good  works.  Sayce,  Auc.  Empires,  p.  79. 

Book  of  the  Duchess.  A poem  by  Chaucer, 
known  also  as  “The  Death  of  Blanche  the 
Duchess.”  It  was  probably  written  near  the  end  of  1369, 
as  Blanche,  the  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Lancaster,  died  Sept.  12, 
1369.  The  poem  represents  the  inconsolable  nature  of  the 
grief  of  the  duke,  and  embodies  the  story  of  Ceyx  and  Alcy- 
one. The  duke,  John  of  Gaunt,  however  married  again  in 
1372.  The  broader  outlines  of  the  plot  come  from  Ma- 
chault’s“DitduLion”and“DitdelaFontaine  Amoureuse.” 

Book  of  Martyrs,  The.  A history  of  the  perse- 
cution of  Reformers  in  England,  by  John  Foxe. 

It  was  finished  in  1559,  and  was  in  Latin.  It  was  published 
March  20,  1563,  and  caUed  “ Actes  and  Monuments,”  but 
was  popularly  known  as  “The  Book  of  Martyrs.”  He 
translated  it  into  English  himself. 

Book  of  Mormon.  See  Mormon,  Book  of. 
Book  of  St.  Albans.  A x-irned  treatise  on  hawk- 
ing, hunting,  etc.,  printed  in  English  in  1486. 
It  was  reprinted  by  Wynkyn  de  Wordein  1496.  Ithasbeen 
attributed  to  Juliana  Berners  (Julyans  Bernes),  and  some 
of  it  was  certainly  written  by  her.  The  second  edition 
contains  the  popular  “Treatyseon  Fysshynge  with  an  An- 
gle." Ithasbeen  many  time3  reprinted.  The  original  edi- 
tion was  reprinted  in  facsimile  by  Eliot  Stock  in  1881. 

Book  of  Sentences.  See  the  extract. 

Of  this  kind  is  the  “ Book  of  Sentences”  of  Peter  the 
Lombard  (bishop  of  Paris),  who  is,  on  that  account,  usu- 
ally called  “ Magister  Sententiarura  ” : a work  which  was 
published  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  was  long  the  text 
and  standard  of  such  discussions.  The  questions  are  de- 
cided by  the  authority  of  Scripture  and  of  the  Fathers  of 
the  Church ; and  are  divided  into  four  books,  of  which 
the  first  contains  questions  concerning  God  and  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity  in  particular ; the  second  is  concern- 
ing the  creation ; the  third,  concerning  Christ  and  the 
Christian  religion  ; and  the  fourth  treats  of  religious  and 
moral  duties.  Whewell,  Ind.  Sciences,  I.  317. 

Book  of  Snobs,  The.  A sei-ies  of  sketches  by 
Thackeray  on  his  favorite  subject,  snobbei’y 
in  all  its  branches.  They  first  came  out  in 
“Punch”  as  “ The  Snob  Papers”  in  1843. 
Boolak.  See  Bulak. 

Boole  (bol),  George.  Born  at  Lincoln,  Eng- 
land, Nov.  2,  1815 : died  near  Cork,  Ireland, 
Dec.  8,  1864.  A celebi’ated  English  mathema- 
tician and  logician,  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Queen’s  College,  Cork.  His  chief  works  are  a “Trea- 
tise on  Diffei-ential  Equations”  (1859),  a “ Treatise  on  the 
Calculus  of  Finite  Dilferences”  (I860),  “Mathematical 
Analysis  of  Logic’  (1847),  “ Laws  of  Thought”  (1854). 

Boom  (bom).  A town  in  the  pi’ovince  of  Ant- 
werp,  Belgium,  situated  10  miles  south  of 
Antwerp.  Population,  17,169. 

Boonack.  See  Bannoclc. 

Boone  (bon),  Daniel.  Born  in  Bucks  County, 
Pa.,  Feb.  11,  1735:  died  at  Charette,  Mo., 
Sept.  26,  1820.  A famous  American  pioneer 
in  Kentucky.  About  1748  his  father  settled  at  Hol- 
man's Fox-d,  on  the  Yadkin,  North  Cai'olina.  He  began 
the  exploration  of  Kentucky  in  1769,  and  founded  Boones- 
borough  in  1775.  He  emigrated  to  Missouri,  then  a pos- 
session of  Spain,  about  1795. 

Boonton  (bon'toti).  A town  of  Morris  County, 
New  Jei’sey,  25  miles  noi'thwest  of  New  York. 
It  contains  important  iron-works  (among  the  largest  in 
the  United  States),  including  blast-furnaces,  rolling-mills, 
and  mills  for  the  manufacture  of  nuts,  plates,  nails,  etc. 
Population,  4,930,  (1910). 

Boonville,  or  Booneville  (bon'vil).  A city  in 
Missouri,  situated  on  the  Missouri  River  43 
miles  northwest  of  Jefferson  City.  Here,  June 
17,  1861,  the  Federate  under  Lyon  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates under  Marmaduke.  Population,  4,252,  (1910). 


Bopp 

Boorlos  (borTos),  Lake.  A large  lagoon  in 
the  delta  of  the  Nile,  near  the  Mediterranean. 

Bootan.  See  Bhutan. 

Bootes  (bo-6'tez).  [Gr.  Hocirgg,  the  ox-driver 
or  plowman.]  A northern  constellation  con- 
taining the  bi’ight  star  Areturus,  situated  be- 
hind the  Great  Bear,  it  is  supposed  to  represent  a 
man  holding  a crook  and  driving  the  Bear.  In  modern 
times  the  constellation  of  the  Hounds  has  been  interposed 
between  Routes  and  the  Bear. 

Booth  (both).  The  husband  of  Amelia,  a 
prominent  character  iu  Fielding’s  novel  “Ame- 
lia.” Fielding  intended  in  this  character  to  represent 
partly  his  own  follies,  improvidence,  and  weakness. 

Booth,  Barton.  Born  in  Lancashire,  England, 
in  1681:  died  at  London,  May  10,  1733.  An 
English  tragedian.  He  first  appeared  in  London  in 
17u0,  having  pi-eviously  played  in  Ireland.  He  played 
with  Betterton  and  with  Wilks.  In  17x9  lie  married 
Hester  Santlow  (his  second  wife),  a dancer  and  actress  of 
great  beauty  but  of  irregular  life. 

Booth,  Edwin  Thomas.  Born  at  Bel  Air, 

Md.,  Nov.  13,  1833:  died  in  New  York  city, 
June  7,  1893.  A noted  American  tragedian. 
He  was  the  son  of  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  and  his  first 
appearance  was  as  Tressel  to  his  father’s  Richard  III., 
on  Sept.  10,  1849.  In  1857  he  first  appeared  as  a “star” 
in  Boston  as  Sir  Giles  Overreach.  In  1861  he  went  to 
London  and  played  an  engagement  there.  The  assassina- 
tion of  Lincoln  by  his  biother  John  Wilkes  Booth  led  to 
his  temporary  retirement  from  the  stage : but  he  reap- 
peared as  Hamlet  on  Jan.  3, 1866,  in  New  York,  and  acted 
in  Shaksperian  plays  at  the  Winter  Garden  Theater  until 
its  destruction  by  fire  in  1867.  He  then  erected  a theater 
of  his  own  in  New  York,  which  was  opened  Feb.  3,  1869, 
but  was  financially  a failure.  In  1880  he  again  went  to 
London.  In  1883  he  acted  in  Germany.  In  1886  he  began 
his  engagement  to  play  under  the  management  of  Lawrence 
Barrett,  and  continued  to  play  with  him  until  Barrett’s 
death  in  1891.  His  last  appearance  was  in  Brooklyn,  April 
4, 1891,  in  the  part  of  Hamlet.  In  1888  he  founded  in  New 
York  “The  Players,”  a club  designed  to  promote  social  in- 
tercourse between  the  dramatic  and  kindred  professions, 
and  in  its  club-house  he  died. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes.  Born  at  Bel  Air,  Md., 
1839  (1838?):  shot  near  Bowling  Green,  Va., 
April  26, 1865.  An  American  actor,  the  brother 
of  Edwin  Booth.  He  assassinated  President 
Lincoln  at  Ford’s  Theater,  Washington,  April 
14,  1865. 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus.  Bom  at  London,  May 
1,  1796:  died  on  a Mississippi  steamboat  on 
Nov.  30,  1852.  An  Anglo-American  actor.  His 

first  professional  appearance  was  as  Campillo  in  “ The 
Honeymoon"  in  1813  at  Peckham,  England  ; his  last,  as  Sir 
Edward  Mortimer  in  “The  Iron  Chest,”  Nov.  19,  1852,  at 
New  Orleans.  His  career  was  brilliant  though  erratic. 
His  l-ivalry  with  Kean  (whom  he  somewhat  resembled)  and 
his  erratic  conduct  led  to  exciting  incidents  in  the  Covent 
Garden  Theater  in  1817,  resulting  in  his  departure  for 
America  in  1821.  On  Jan.  13  of  that  year  he  married  Mary 
Anne  Holmes.  He  played  in  America  with  great  success. 
In  1822  he  bought  a farm  in  Halford  County,  Maryland, 
where  his  family  lived  and  he  retired  when  not  acting. 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  1821:  died  at  Manchester,  Mass.,  1883. 
An  American  actor,  eldest  son  of  Junius  Brutus 
Booth  (1796-1852),  and  brother  of  Edwin  Booth. 
He  was  both  manager  and  actor. 

Booth,  William.  Born  at  Nottingham,  Eng- 
land, April  10, 1829:  died  near  London,  Aug.  20, 
1912.  The  founder  of  the  Salvation  Army. 
He  became  a minister  of  the  Methodist  New  Connection 
in  1850 ; organized  in  1865  the  Christian  Mission  which, 
when  it  had  become  a large  organization  formed  on  mil- 
itary lines,  was  called  tbe  Salvation  Army  (1878);  estab- 
lished the  “War  Cry”  (1880);  and  published  “In  Darkest 
England”  (1890).  He  was  commonly  styled  “general.’’ 

Boothauk.  See  Butkhak. 

Boothia  Felix  (bo'thi-a  fe'liks).  [NL.,  ‘ happy 
land  of  Booth’:  named  by  Ross  for  Sir  Felix 
Booth,  who  promoted  the  expedition.]  A pe- 
ninsula in  British  North  Amex-ica(  northern  ex- 
tremity situated  in  lat.  72°  N.,  long.  95°  W.), 
discovered  by  John  Ross  in  1829.  On  its  west 
coast  (lat.  70°  5'  17"  N.,  long.  96°  46' 45"  W.)  James  Clarke 
Ross  located  the  north  magnetic  pole. 

Boothia  Gulf.  A continuation  of  Prince  Re- 
gent Inlet,  north  of  British  North  America,  it 
lies  between  Cockburn  Island  on  tbe  east  and  Boothia 
Felix  on  the  west.  Length,  310  miles. 

Bootle  (bo'tl).  A subui’b  of  Liverpool,  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mersey.  Population,  69,881,  (1911). 

Bo-Peep  (bo-pep').  Little.  A small  shepherd 
maiden,  in  a popular  nursery  story,  who  lost 
her  sheep. 

The  term  bo-peep  appears  to  have  been  connected  at  a 
very  early  period  with  sheep.  Thus  in  an  old  ballad  of 
the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  a MS.  in  the  library  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,— 

Halfe  Englande  ys  nowght  now  but  shepe, 

In  everye  corner  they  playe  a boe-pepe. 

HalliweU,  Nursery  Rhymes,  p.  211. 

Bopp  (bop),  Franz.  Born  at  Mainz,  Germany, 
Sept.  14,  1791:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  23, 1867.  A 
celebrated  German  philologist,  noted  for  re- 


Bopp 

parches  in  Sanskrit,  and  especially  in  com- 
parative philology,  which  he  first  placed  upon  a 
scientific  basis.  He  became  professor  (“extraordi- 
nary") of  Oriental  literature  and  philology  at  Berlin  in 
1821  (“ordinary"  professor,  1825).  His  chief  work  is  a 
“Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Sanskrit,  Zend,  Armenian, 
Greek,  etc.”  (“  Vergleichende  Grammatik,  etc.," published 
1833-52). 

Boppard  (bop'part).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  9 miles 
south  of  Coblentz : the  Roman  Baudobrica  or 
Bodobriga.  It  has  a castle  and  the  remains  of  a Roman 
wall.  It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  and  Roman  town.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  about  6,000. 

Bora  (bo'ra),  Katharina  von.  Born  at  Loben, 
near  Merseburg,  Germany,  Jan . 29,  1499:  died 
at  Torgau,  Germany,  Dec.  20,  1552.  A Cister- 
cian nun  at  Nimptsehen,  Saxony,  1515-23,  and 
wife  of  Martin  Luther  whom  she  married  June 
13  1525. 

Borachia  (bo-ra'cha).  [Sp.,  f.  of  Borachio .]  A 
woman  given  to  drink,  a comic  and  unwhole- 
some character  in  Massinger’s  play  “AVery 
Woman.” 

Borachio  (bo-ra'cho).  A villain,  a follower  of 
Don  John,  in  Shakspere’s  “Much  Ado  about 

N othing.”  Borachio  is  the  Spanish  name  for  a leathern 
wine-bottle  (hence  the  name  is  frequently  given  in  old 
writers  either  as  a proper  name  or  a mark  of  opprobrium 
to  drunkards). 

Borandon,  Borondon.  See  Brandon,  Saint. 
Bor&S  (bo'ros).  A town  of  southern  Sweden, 
37  miles  east  of  Gothenburg. 

Borbeck  (bor'bek).  A commune  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  34  miles  northwest  of  Essen. 
Population,  59,553. 

Borda  (bor-da'),  Jean  Charles.  Born  at  Dax, 
in  Landes,  France,  May  4, 1733:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  20,  1799.  A French  mathematician  and 
naval  officer,  noted  for  investigations  in  nauti- 
cal astronomy  and  hydrodynamics. 

Bordeaux  (bor-do').  [ME.  Burdews,  OF.  Bor- 
deux  (F.  Bordeaux),  earlier  OF.  Bordele,  from 
L.  Burdigala,  Burdegala,  Gr.  BovpdiyaAa ; sup- 
posed to  be  an  Iberian  or  else  a Celtic  name.] 
The  capital  of  the  Gironde,  France,  situated  on 
the  Garonne  in  lat.  44°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  35'  W. : 
the  fourth  eitv  and  third  port  of  France,  it 
has  a large  and  fine  harbor,  with  extensive  quays  and  float- 
ing basin.  Its  commerce  is  with  the  Atlantic  and  Baltic 
ports,  America,  India,  and  Africa;  its  trade  is  in  wine, 
brandy,  metals,  timber,  coal,  grain,  etc.  It  contains  a cele- 
brated bridge,  Pont  de  Bordeaux  (which  see),  and  a ruined 
Roman  amphitheater,  and  is  the  seat  of  a university.  Bor- 
deaux was  a leading  Roman  city  in  Gaul,  the  capital  of 
Aquitania  Secunda,  and  passed  under  the  sway  of  the  V an- 
dals,  West  Goths,  Franks,  and  Normans,  becoming  a part 
of  the  duchy  of  Aquitaine,  whose  fortunes  it  followed. 
It  flourished  under  English  rule.  It  revolted  against 
the  salt  tax,  and  was  severely  punished  in  1548.  It  had  a 
Parliament.  It  revolted  against  the  Convention  in  the 
Girondist  period,  1793.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  provisional 
government  and  of  the  National  Assembly,  1870-71.  The 
cathedral  was  built  during  the  English  rule.  The  north 
transept  is  flanked  by  two  graceful  spires,  and  has  a good 
portal  and  rose-window.  The  choir  is  notable  for  the  great 
beauty  of  its  five  radiating  and  two  lateral  chapels.  The 
nave,  without  aisles,  has  round  arcades  below  and  two 
ranges  of  pointed  windows  above.  Population,  commune, 
251,947. 

Bordeaux,  Due  de.  See  Chambord,  Comte  de. 
Bordelais  (bord-la').  [L.  Burdigalensis,  adj. 
from  Burdigala,  Bordeaux.]  An  ancient  sub- 
division of  France,  now  comprised  in  the  de- 
partments of  Gironde  and  Landes. 

Bordelon  (bord-loh'),  Laurent.  Born  at 
Bourges,  1653 : died  at  Paris,  April  6, 1730.  A 
French  dramatist  and  theologian. 
Bordentown  (b6r'den-toun).  A city  in  Bur- 
lington County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  River  6 miles  souEieast  of  Trenton. 
Population,  4,250,  (1910).  * 

Border  States.  Formerly  the  slave  States  Del- 
aware, Maryland,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Mis- 
souri, situated  near  the  free  States:  in  a wider 
meaning  the  name  comprised  also  North  Caro- 
lina, Tennessee,  and  Arkansas. 

Bordighera  (bor-de-ga'ra).  A small  town  in 
northwestern  Italy,  on  the  Riviera  15  miles 
east  of  Monaco. 

Bor  done  (bor-do'ne),  Paride.  Bom  at  Treviso, 
Italy,  about  1500:  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  19, 1571. 
A painter  of  the  Venetian  school,  a pupil  of 
Titian.  His  most  noted  painting  is  the  “ Fisher 
extending  a Ring  to  the  Doge.” 

Boreas  (bo're-as).  [Gr.  B opiaq  or  Bopaf . ] In 
Greek  mythology,  the  personification  of  the 
north  wind.  According  to  Hesiod,  he  is  a son  of  As- 
trseua  and  Eos,  and  brother  of  Hesperus,  Zephyrus,  and 
Notus.  His  home  was  a cave  in  Mount  1' annus,  in  Thrace. 
Borel  (bo-rel'),  Petrus.  Born  at  Lyons,  June 
28, 1809 : died  at  Mostaganem,  July  14, 1859.  A 
French  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  See  the 
extract. 


171 

Petrus  Borel,  one  of  the  strangest  figures  in  the  history 
of  literature.  Very  little  is  known  of  his  life,  which  was 
spent  partly  at  Paris  and  partly  in  Algeria.  He  was  per- 
haps the  most  extravagant  of  all  the  Romantics,  surnam- 
ing  himself  “Le  Lycanthrope,"  and  identifying  himself 
with  the  extravagances  of  the  Bousingots,  a clique  of  polit- 
ical literary  men  who  for  a short  time  made  themselves 
conspicuous  after  1830.  Borel  wrote  partly  in  verse  and 
partly  in  prose.  His  most  considerable  exploit  in  the  former 
was  a strange  preface  in  verse  to  his  novel  of  “Madame 
Putiphar”;  his  best  work  in  prose,  a series  of  wild  but 
powerful  stories  entitled  “ Champavert.”  His  taleut  alto- 
gether lacked  measure  and  criticism,  but  it  is  undeniable. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  545. 

Borelli  (bo-rel'le),  Giovanni  Alfonso.  Bom 

at  Castelnuovo,  near  Naples,  Jan.  28, 1608:  died 
at  Rome,  Dec.  31,  1679.  An  Italian  astronomer, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Messina  and  later 
at  Pisa,  founder  of  the  iatromathematical 
school.  His  chief  work  is  “De  motu  anima- 
lium  ” (1680-81). 

Borg&  (bor'go).  A decayed  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Nyland,  Finland,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Finland  iu  lat.  60°  25'  N.,  long.  25°  45'  E. 
Population,  5,266. 

Borgerhout  (bor'ger-hout).  A manufacturing 
town  1-J-  miles  east  of  Antwerp,  Belgium. 
Population,  48,948. 

Borghese  (bor-ga'se),  Prince  Camillo  Filippo 

Lud  ovico.  Born  at  Rome,  July  19,  1775 : died 
at  Florence,  May  9,  1832.  An  Italian  noble, 
broth er-in-law  of  Napoleon  I. 

Borghese  Gladiator,  so  named,  in  reality  an 
athlete  or  perhaps  a warrior.  A notable  an- 
tique statue  by  Agasias  of  Ephesus,  it  is  in  the 

Louvre,  Paris.  It  dates  from  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era.  The  vigorous  figure,  undraped,  is  in  an  at- 
titude of  rapid  advance,  the  left  arm,  encircled  by  the 
shield-strap,  raised  above  the  head,  and  the  right  (re- 
stored) extended  downward  and  backward  in  the  line  of 
the  body,  grasping  the  sword.  Also  Fighting  Gladiator. 
Borghese  Mars.  An  antique  statue  of  Mars  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Borghese  Palace.  The  famous  palace  of  the 
Borghese  family  in  Rome,  noted  for  its  art  col- 
lections. It  was  built  toward  the  end  of  the 
16th  century  by  Martino  Lunghi  and  Flaminio 
Ponzio.  It  is  situated  in  the  Via  della  Fontanella,  and 
though  its  galleries  contained  originally  the  most  im- 
portant art  treasures  of  Rome,  save  those  of  the  Vati- 
can, many  of  them  have  now  been  removed  to  the 
private  apartments  of  the  Prince  Borghese.  See  Villa 
Borghese. 

Borghesi  (bor-ga'se),  Count  Bartolommeo. 
Born  at  Savignano,  near  Rimini,  Italy,  July  11, 
1781 : died  at  San  Marino,  Italy,  April  16,  I860. 
A distinguished  Italian  numismatist  and  epig- 
raphist.  He  wrote  “Nuovi  frammenti  dei  fasti 
consolari  eapitolini  ” (1818-20),  etc. 
Borghi-Mamo  (bor'ge-ma'mo),  Adelaide.  Born 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Ahg.  9,  1829  (1830?):  died 
there,  Oct.,  1901.  An  Italian  opera-singer. 
Borgia  (bor'ja),  Cesare,  Duke  of  Valentinois. 
Born  Sept.  18,  1478 : killed  before  the  castle 
of  Viana,  Spain,  March  12, 1507.  The  natural 
son  of  Rodrigo  Lenzuoli  Borgia(Pope  Alexander 
VI.).  He  was  created  cardinal  by  his  father  in  1492, 
procured  the  murder  of  his  brother  Giovanni,  duke  of 
Gandia,  in  1497,  resigned  the  cardinalate  in  1497,  was  in- 
vested with  the  duchy  of  Valentinois  by  Louis  XII.  in 
1498,  married  Charlotte  d'Albret,  daughter  of  Jean  d’Al- 
bret,  king  of  Navarre,  in  1499,  and  was  created  duke  of 
Romagna  by  his  father  in  1501.  He  reduced  by  force  and 
perfidy  the  cities  of  Romagna,  which  were  ruled  by  feu- 
datories of  the  Papal  See,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  his 
family,  endeavored  to  found  an  independent  hereditary 
power  in  central  Italy,  including  Ptomagna,  Umbria,  and 
the  Marches.  His  father  having  died  in  1503,  he  was  de- 
tained in  captivity  by  Pope  Julius  II.  1503-04,  and  by 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon  1504-06,  when  he  escaped  to  the 
court  of  Jean  d’Albret  of  Navarre,  in  whose  service  he  fell 
before  the  castle  of  Viana.  Handsome  in  person,  educated, 
eloquent,  a patron  of  learning,  and  an  adept  in  the  cruel 
and  perfidious  politics  in  vogue  in  his  day,  he  is  repre- 
sented as  a model  ruler  by  Macchiavelli  in  his  “ Principe." 

Borgia,  Saint  Francesco,  Duke  of  Gandia. 
Born  at  Gandia,  Spain,  about  1510:  died  at 
Rome,  1572.  General  of  the  Society  of  Jesus 
1565-72. 

Borgia,  Lucrezia.  Born  1480:  died  June  24, 
1519.  Duchess  of  Ferrara,  daughter  of  Pope 
Alexander  VI.,  and  sister  of  Cesare  Borgia. 
She  married  Giovanni  Sforza,  lord  of  Pesaro,  in  1493. 
This  marriage  was  annulled  by  Alexander,  who  (1498) 
found  a more  ambitious  match  for  her  in  Alfonso  of  Bis- 
ceglie,  a natural  son  of  Alfonso  II.  of  Naples.  Alfonso 
having  been  murdered  by  Cesare  Borgia  in  1500,  she  mar- 
ried (1501)  Alfonso  of  F.ste,  who  subsequently  succeeded 
to  the  duchy  of  Ferrara.  She  was  a woman  of  great 
beauty  and  ability,  a patron  of  learning  and  the  arts. 
She  was  long  accused  of  the  grossest  crimes,  but  recent 
writers  have  cleared  her  memory  of  the  worst  charges 
brought  against  her. 

Borgia,  Stefano.  Born  at  Velletri,  Italy,  Dec. 
3,  1731 : died  at  Lyons,  Nov  23,  1804.  An 
Italian  cardinal,  statesman,  historian,  and  pa- 
tron of  science,  secretary  of  the  propaganda 
1770-88. 


Borneo 

Borgne  (horny).  A lake  or  hay  in  southeast- 
ern Louisiana,  the  continuation  of  Mississippi 
Sound.  It  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on 
the  east,  and  with  Lake  Pontchartrain  by  the  Rigolets 
Pass  on  the  northwest.  Breadth,  25  miles. 

Borgo  (bor'go).  A town  in  Tyrol,  17  miles  east 
of  Trent.  Population,  5,020,  (1910). 

Borgo,  Pozzo  di.  See  Pozzo  di  Borgo. 

Borgo  San  Donnino  (bor'go  san  don-ne'no). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Parma,  Italy,  14  miles 
northwest  of  Parma : the  ancient  Fidentia.  its 
cathedral,  rebuilt  at  the  end  of  the  11th  century,  is  a rich 
Romanesque  structure,  with  an  unfinished  facade  flanked 
by  towers,  and  three  sculptured  lion-columned  portals. 
The  nave  is  round-arched,  with  Pointed  vaulting ; there 
are  twotriforia  and  much  curious  sculpture. 

Borgognone.  See  Fossano. 

Borie  (bo-re'),  Pierre  Rose  Ursule  Dmnouliii. 

Born  at  Beynat,  Corr5ze,  France,  Feb.  20, 1808 : 
beheaded  in  Tong-king,  Nov  24, 1838.  A noted 
French  missionary  in  Tong-king,  1832-38. 
Boris  Godonof.  A tragedy  by  Pushkin,  founded 
on  that  episode  in  Russian  history  known  as 
the  Interregnum.  Lope  de  Vega  wrote  a play 
on  this  subject,  called  “El  Gran  Duque  de  Mus- 
covia.”  See  Godunoff. 

Borissogliebsk  (bo-ris-so-glyebsk').  A town  in 
the  government  of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  river  Vorona  iu  lat.  51°  20'  N.,  long.  43° 
4'  E.  Population,  24,700. 

Borja  (bor'Ha),  Dona  Ana  de,  Vice-queen  of 
Peru.  Born  about  1640:  died  Sept.  23,  1706. 
A daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bejar,  and  the  third 
wife  of  the  Count  of  Lemos  whom  she  accom- 
panied to  Peru  in  1667.  During  the  absence  of  the 
viceroy  in  Charcas  she  was  left  in  charge  of  the  govern- 
ment (1668  and  1669).  This  is  almost  the  only  instance  of 
the  kind  in  Spanish  America.  See  Fernandez  de  Castro 
Andrade  y Portugal. 

Borja  y Arragon  (bor'Ha  e ar-ra-gon'),  Fran- 
cisco de.  Born  at  Madrid,  1582:  died  there, 
1658.  A Spanish  statesman.  By  his  marriage  he 
became  prince  of  Esquilache  or  Squillace  in  Calabria. 
From  Dec. , 1615,  to  Dec. , 1621,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru. 

Borjesson  (her 'yes-son),  Johan.  Born  at  Ta- 
num,  Bohuslan,  Sweden,  March  22,  1790:  died 
at  Upsal,  Sweden,  May,  1866.  A Swedish  dra- 
matic poet.  His  chief  drama  is  “Erik  XIV.” 
(1846). 

Borku  (bor'ko),  or  Borgu  (-go).  A group  of 
oases  in  the  Sahara,  between  Fezzan  and  Wa- 
dai,  important  as  the  meeting-place  of  com- 
mercial routes.  It  is  inhabited  by  a Berber 
tribe  of  mixed  blood. 

Borkum  (bor'kom).  One  of  the  western  islands 
of  the  East  Friesian  group,  belonging  to  Ger- 
many. It  is  frequented  for  sea-bathing. 
Length,  5 miles. 

Borlace  (bor'las),  or  Burlace,  Edmund.  Died 
at  Chester,  England,  about  1682.  An  English 
physician,  and  writer  upon  Irish  history. 
Boflase,  William.  Born  at  Pendeen,  Corn- 
wall, England,  Feb.  2, 1695:  died  Aug.  31, 1772. 
An  English  antiquary  and  naturalist.  His  chief 
works  are  “Antiquities  of  Cornwall  ” (1754)  and 
“Natural  History  of  Cornwall”  (1758). 

Bormio  (bor'me-o).  A small  town  in  northern 
Italy,  at  the  head  of  the  Valtelline,  near  the 
frontier  of  Switzerland. 

Bormio,  District  of.  The  territory  around  Bor- 
mio in  Italy,  whose  history  was  largely  con- 
nected with  that  of  the  Valtelline. 

Born  (born),  Bertran  or  Bertrand  de.  Born 
at  Born,  Perigord,  France,  about  1140 : died 
before  1215.  A noted  French  troubadour  and 
soldier. 

Born,  Ignaz  von.  Born  at  Karlsburg,  Transyl- 
vania, Dec.  26, 1742:  died  at  Vienna,  July  24, 
1791.  An  Austrian  mineralogist  and  metallur- 
gist- 

Borna  (bor'na).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  16  miles  south-southeast  of  Leip- 
sic.  Population,  8,879. 

Borne  (ber'ne),  Ludwig  (originally  Lob  Ba- 
ruch). Born  atFrankfort-on-the-Main,  May  6, 
1786:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  12, 1837.  A noted  Ger- 
man satirist  and  political  writer,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent. His  collected  writings  were  published 
1829-34. 

Borneil  (bor-nay'),  Guiraut  or  Giraud  de. 

Lived  in  the  latter  part  of  the  12th  century.  A 
French  troubadour,  many  of  whose  poems  have 
survived.  Dante  mentions  him  in  the  “ Divina 
Commedia.” 

Borneo  (bor'ne-o).  [Also  Brunai , Bruni,  B’rni, 
etc.,  Malay  Burnt,  Burnt.  The  native  name  is 
Pulo  K (daman  tin.)  The  largest  of  the  East  In- 
dia Islands.  It  lies  west  of  Celebes,  north  of  Java,  and 
east  of  Sumatra,  in  lat.  7”  N.-4°20'  S.,  long.  109°-119,>  E. 
A large  part  of  it  is  mountainous.  It  is  divided  into  the 


Borneo 

Dutch  possessions  and  British  North  Borneo,  Brunei,  and 
Sarawak.  The  inhabitants  are  Dyaks,  Malays,  Negritos, 
Bugis,  and  Chinese.  Borneo  was  fir  st  visited  by  Portu- 
guese about  1518.  Length,  830  miles.  Breadth,  600  miles. 
Area,  286,161  square  miles.  Population  of  Dutch  posses- 
sions, about  1,235,000 ; of  British  North  Borneo,  104,527 ; 
of  Sarawak,  500,000. 

Borneo,  British  North.  See  British  North 
Borneo. 

Bornheim  (born'hlm).  A quarter  in  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main. 

Bornholm  (born'holm).  All  island  in  the  Baltic 
Sea,  in  lat.  55°-55°  20'  N.,  long.  15°  E.,  forming 
an  amt  of  Denmark.  It  is  mountainous,  and  contains 
porcelain-clay.  Capital,  Bonne.  Length,  25  miles.  Area, 
228  square  miles.  Population,  41,031. 

Bornu  (bor-no').  A country  in  Sudan,  Africa, 
lat.  11°-16°  N.,  long.  10°-17°  E.  Native  capital 
(since  1908),  Maidugari.  Its  inhabitants  are  negroes, 
Tuaregs,  Arabs,  and  mixed  races ; the  prevailing  religion 
is  Mohammedanism.  Bornu  formed  part  of  the  Kanern 
monarchy  in  the  middle  ages,  and  became  a separate 
kingdom  in  the  15th  century.  It  was  conquered  by 
Fellatahs  in  the  beginning  of  the  19th  ceptury,  and  is  now 
in  large  part  within  the  British  protectorate  of  Northern 
Nigeria.  Area,  estimated,  50,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  over  5,000,000. 

Borodino  (bor-6-de'no).  A village  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  near  the 
river  Moskva  70  miles  west  of  Moscow.  Near 
here,  Sept.  7, 1812,  Napoleon’s  army  (about  140,000)  gained 
a victory  over  the  Russians  under  Kutusoif  (about  140,000). 
The  loss  of  Napoleon's  army  was  30,000;  that  of  the 
Russians,  nearly  60,000.  Also  called  the  “ battle  of  the 
Moskva.” 

Bororos  (bo-ro-ros').  An  Indian  tribe  of  west- 
ern Brazil,  living  about  the  head  waters  of  the 
river  Paraguay.  They  were  formerly  very  numerous 
and  powerful,  but  were  depleted,  partly  by  the  slave-mak- 
ing raids  of  the  Portuguese  in  the  18th  century,  and  partly 
by  disease  : a few  hundred  remain,  nearly  in  their  abori- 
ginal condition.  By  their  language  and  customs  they  are 
closely  allied  to  the  Tupls  and  Guaranis,  and  are  evidently 
an  offshoot  of  that  stock.  They  live  in  fixed  villages  of 
the  highland,  and  practise  agriculture,  and  their  chiefs 
have  only  a nominal  power. 

Borough,  The.  A poem  by  Crabbe,  published 
in  1810. 

Boroughbridge  (bur'6-brij).  A town  in  York- 
shire, England,  17  miles  northwest  of  York. 
Here,  March  16, 1322,  Edward  II.  defeated  the 
Earl  of  Lancaster. 

Borovitchi  (bor-6-ve'che).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Novgorod,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
river  Msta  in  lat.  58°  23'  N.,  long.  33°  E.  Popu- 
lation, 9,431. 

Borovsk  (bo-rovsk').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kaluga,  Russia,  in  lat.  55°  14'  N., 
long.  36°  30'  E.  Population,  8,414. 
Borowlaski  (bor-ov-las'ke),  or  Boruwlaski, 
Joseph.  Born  at  Halicz,  Galicia,  1739;  died 
near  Durham,  England,  Sept.  5,  1837.  A Po- 
lish dwarf,  erroneously  called  a “count,”  who 
traveled  from  place  to  place  exhibiting  himself 
and  giving  concerts.  His  height  was  a little 
under  39  inches.  He  published  an  autobiog- 
raphy (1788). 

Borre,  Sir.  A natural  son  of  King  Arthur,  in  the 
Arthurian  legends,  sometimes  called  Sir  Bors. 
Borrioboola-gha  (bor,/i-o-bo'la-ga').  Au  imagi- 
nary place  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Niger,  selected 
by  Mrs.  Jellyby  (in  Dickens’s  “ Bleak  House”) 
as  a field  for  her  missionary  philanthropic  ex- 
ertions, to  the  neglect  of  all  home  duties. 
Borrissoff  (bor-res'sof).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Minsk,  Russia,  50  miles  northeast  of 
Minsk.  Population,  18,705. 

Borromean  (bor-5-me'an)  Islands,  It.  Isole 
Borromee  (e'zo-le  bor-ro-ma'e).  A group  of 
islands  in  Lago  Maggiore,  province  of  Novara, 
Italy,  near  the  western  shore.  The  two  most  noted, 
Isola  Bella  and  Isola  Madre,  belong  to  the  Borromeo  fam- 
ily, and  were  converted  into  pleasure-gardens  by  Count 
Borromeo  in  the  17th  century.  Another  island  is  Isola 
dei  Pescatori. 

Borromeo  (bor-ro-ma'o),  Count  Carlo.  Born 
at  Arona,  on  Lago  Maggiore,  Italy,  Oct.  2, 
1538:  died  at  Milan,  Nov.  3, 1584.  An  Italian 
cardinal,  archbishop  of  Milan,  noted  as  an 
ecclesiastical  reformer,  and  philanthropist.  He 
was  canonized  in  1610.  His  death  is  commem- 
orated in  the  Roman  Church  on  Nov.  4. 
Borromeo,  Count  Federigo.  Born  at  Milan, 
1564.  died  1631.  An  Italian  cardinal,  and 
archbishop  of  Milan,  founder  of  the  Ambrosian 
Library  at  Milan  in  1609. 

Borromeo,  San  Carlo.  A colossal  statue  on  a 
hill  near  Arona  on  Lago  Maggiore,  Italy,  it 

stands  70  feet  high,  on  a pedestal  measuring  42  feet,  and 
was  finished  in  1697.  The  figure,  bareheaded,  is  in  the  act 
of  blessing  the  town,  and  has  some  artistic  merit.  The 
head,  hands,  and  feet  are  of  bronze,  the  remainder  of 
welded  sheets  of  beaten  copper,  braced  with  iron,  and  sup- 
ported on  a central  pier  of  slone. 

Borromeo,  San  Carlo,  Sisters  of.  A religious 


172 

order  founded  by  the  Abbe  d’Estival  in  1652. 
Its  chief  seat  is  at  Nancy,  France. 

Borrow  (bor'o),  George.  Born  at  East  Dere- 
ham, Norfolk,  England,  July,  1803 : died  at 
Oulton,  Suffolk,  England,  July,  1881.  An 
English  philologist,"  traveler,  and  romance- 
writer.  His  works  include  “ Targnm,  or  Metrical  Trans- 
lations from  thirty  Languages,  etc.”  (1835),  “ The  Bible  in 
Spain  ” (1843),  “ The  Zincali,  or  an  Account  of  the  Gypsies 
in  Spain  ” (1841),  “Lavengro,  the  Scholar,  the  Gypsy,  and 
the  Priest”  (1851),  “The  Romany  Rye,  a sequel  to  Laven- 
gro"(1857),  “ Wild  Wales,  etc.”(1862),  “Romano  Lavo-Lil, 
or  Word-book  of  the  Romany  ” (1874). 

Borrowdale  (bor'6-dal).  A vale  in  the  Lake 
District  of  England,  south  of  Derwentwater. 

Bors  (bors).  In  Arthurian  legends,  king  of 
Gaul,  brother  of  King  Ban  of  Benwieke  (Be- 
noic).  They  went  to  King  Arthur’s  assistance 
when  he  first  mounted  the  throne. 

Bors  (bors),  oi'Boliort(bd'h6rt),  or  Bort(bort), 
Sir.  A knight  of  the  Round  Table,  called  Sir 
Bors  de  Ganis,  nephew  of  Sir  Lancelot.  He 
was  one  of  the  few  who  were  pure  enough  to 
see  the  vision  of  the  Holy  Grail. 

Borsippa  (hdr-sip'a).  An  ancient  city  of  Baby- 
lonia, probably  a suburb  of  Babylon,  it  con- 
tained a temple  of  Nebo,  its  tutelar  deity,  called  Ezida 
( i . e.,  eternal  house),  which  was  constructed  in  the  form 
of  a pyramid  consisting  of  seven  stories,  which  are  termed 
in  the  inscriptions  “the  seven  spheres  of  heaven  and 
earth.”  The  imposing  ruins  of  the  mound  Birs  Nimrud 
to  the  northeast  of  Babylon  are  identified  as  the  site  of 
Borsippa  and  its  celebrated  temple.  See  Birs  Nimrud. 

Bory  de  Saint  Vincent  (bo-re'  de  san  van- 
son'),  Jean  Baptiste  Georges  Marie.  Born 
at  Agen,  France,  1780 : died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
22  (?),  1846.  A distinguished  French  natural- 
ist and  traveler.  He  wrote  an  “ Essai  sur  les  lies  for- 
tunes et  l’antique  Atlantide”  (1803),  “L’Homme,  essai 
zoologique  ” (1827),  etc. 

Borysthenes  (ho-ris'the-nez).  [Gr.  Hopvo6evri<;.'] 
The  ancient  name  of  the  river  Dnieper. 

Bos,  Hieronymus.  See  Bosch. 

Bosa  (bo'sa).  A seaport  in  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, province  of  Cagliari,  lat.  40°  17'  N.,long. 
8°  30'  E.  Population,  commune,  6,846. 

Bosboom  (bos'boin),  Johannes.  Born  Feb.  18, 
1817 : died  Sept.  14, 1891.  A Dutch  painter. 

Bosboom,  Mme.  (Anna  Luize  Geertruide 
Toussaint).  Born  at  Alkmaar,  Sept.  16,  1812: 
died  at  The  Hague,  April  13,  1886.  A Dutch 
historical  novelist.  She  married  the  painter  Bos- 
boom in  1851.  Her  works  include  “ Het  Huis  Lauer- 
nesse,”  “Leycester  in  Nederland,”  “De  Vrouwen  van  het 
Leycester  sche  Tijdperk,"  aud  “Gideon  Florenoz.” 

Bose  (bosk),  Louis  Augustin  Guillaume.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  29,  1759:  died  at  Paris,  July  10, 
1828.  A distinguished  French  naturalist.  He 
wrote  “ Histoire  naturelle  des  coquilles”  (1801), 
“Histoire  naturelle  des  Crustacea  ” (1802),  etc. 

Boscan  Almogaver  (bos-kan'  al-mo-ga-var'), 
Juan.  Bom  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  about  1493: 
died  near  Perpignan,  France,  about  1542.  A 
Spanish  poet,  founder  of  the  Italian  poetical 
school  in  Spain.  His  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1543. 

Boscawen  (bos  'ka- wen),  Edward.  Born  in 
Cornwall,  England,  Aug.  19,  1711:  died  near 
Guildford,  Surrey,  England,  Jan.  10.  1761.  A 
noted  English  admiral.  He  commanded  at  the  tak- 
ing of  Louisburg,  1758,  aud  defeated  the  French  at  La- 
gos Bay,  Aug.,  1759. 

Bosch  (bosk),  or  Bos  (bos),  or  Bosco  (bos'ko), 
Hieronymus,  surnamed  “The  Joyous.”  Born 
at  Bois-le-Duc,  Netherlands,  about  1460:  died 
at  Bois-le-Duc  about  1516.  A Dutch  painter. 
His  chief  works  are  at  Madrid,  Berlin,  and 
Vienna. 

Boscobel  (bos'ko-bel).  A farm-house  near 
Shiffnal,  in  Shropshire,  England,  noted  in  con- 
nection with  the  escape  of  Charles  II.,  Sept., 
1651.  The  “royal  oak”  was  in  the  vicinity. 

Boscovich  (bos'ko-vich),  Ruggiero  Giuseppe. 
Born  at  Ragusa,  Dalmatia,  May  18,  1711 : died 
at  Milan,  Feb.  12,  1787.  An  Italian  Jesuit, 
celebrated  as  a mathematician,  astronomer, 
and  physicist.  His  works  include  “ Theoria  philoso- 
phise naturalis  ” (17.98),  “ De  maculis  solaribus  ” (1736),  etc. 

Bosio  (ho'ze-o),  Angiolina.  Born  at  Turin, 
Aug.  22, 1829 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  April  12, 
1859.  An  Italian  opera-singer. 

Bosio,  Baron  Francois  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mo- 
naco, Marc-h  19,  1769:  died  at  Paris,  July  29. 
1845.  A French  sculptor.  His  best-known  works 
are  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  Column  Vendome  (Paris),  au 
equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV.  (Paris),  etc. 

Bosna-Serai  (bos-nfi-se-ri'),  or  Serajevo  (se- 
rii'ye-vo),  or  Sarajevo  (sa-ra'ye- vo).  The 
capital  of  Bosnia,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the 
Miljadka,  in  lat.  43°  54'  N.,  long.  18°  25'  E. 
It  contains  a bazaar,  castle,  and  several  mosques.  Most 


Boston 

of  the  inhabitants  are  Mohammedans.  It  was  founded  by 
Hungarians  about  1263.  Population,  41,543. 

Bosnia  (boz'ni-a).  [F.  Bosnie,  G.  Bosnien,  NL. 
Bosnia,  Pol.  Bosnia,  Turk.  Bosna,~]  A territory 
in  southeastern  Eui’ope,  capital  Bosna-Serai, 
hounded  by  Croatia-Slavonia  (separated  by  the 
Unna  and  Save)  on  the  north,  Servia  (separated 
partly  by  the  Drina)  on  the  east,  Montenegro 
and  Herzegovina  on  the  south,  Dalmatia  on 
the  we'st,  and  Novi-Bazar  on  the  southeast. 
Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous,  and  its  inhabitants 
are  occupied  mainly  with  agriculture.  With  Herzego- 
vina it  was  annexed  by  Austria-Hungary  in  October, 
1908.  The  language  is  Servo-Croatian.  Religions,  Greek, 
Mohammedan,  and  Roman  Catholic.  Bosnia  was  a part 
of  the  Roman  Empire,  was  governed  by  bans  in  the 
middle  ages,  under  the  kings  of  Hungary,  and  belonged  to 
the  kingdom  of  Stephen  of  Servia  in  the  14th  century. 
The  kingdom  of  Bosnia  originated  in  1376.  It  was  subju- 
gated by  the  Turks  in  1463.  Bosnia  has  been  the  theater 
of  many  conflicts  between  Austria  and  Turkey,  and  of 
revolts.  It  was  provided  in  the  treaty  of  Berlin  (1878) 
that  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  be  occupied  by  Austria- 
Hungary.  The  Mohammedans  could,  however,  be  sub- 
dued only  after  a bloody  conflict  (1878).  There  was  a 
popular  revolt  in  1881.  Area,  including  Herzegovina, 
19,702  square  miles.  Population,  1,568,092. 

Bosola  (bo-so'la).  A character  in  Webster’s 
tragedy  “The  Duchess  of  Malfi,”  gentleman 
of  the  horse  to  the  duchess.  He  is  a villain, 
a bloodthirsty  humorist  noted  for  his  cynical, 
savage  melancholy. 

Bosporus  (bos'po-rus),  or  Bosphorus  (bos'fo- 
rus).  [Gr.  Bdorropof,  ox-ford:  so  named  from  the 
legend  that  Io,  transformed  into  a cow,  swam 
across  it.]  A strait  which  connects  the  Black 
Sea  and  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  separates  Eu- 
rope from  Asia : the  ancient  Bosporus  Thracius, 
Thracian  Bosporus.  On  it  are  Constantino- 
ple and  Scutari.  Length,  18  miles;  greatest 
width,  2£  miles;  narrowest,  about  800  yards. 
Bosporus.  In  ancient  history,  a kingdom  in 
southern  Sarmatia,  near  the  Cimmerian  Bos- 
porus. It  was  founded  in  502  b.  C.,  and  extin- 
guished in  the  4th  century  A.  D. 

Bosporus  Cimmerius  (si-me'ri-us).  The  Cim- 
merian Bosporus:  the  ancient  name  of  the 
Strait  of  Yenikale.  See  Cimmerians. 
Bosporus  Thracius,  See  Bosporus. 

Bosquet  (bos-ka'),  Pierre  Franqois  Joseph. 
Born  at  Mont-de-Marsan,  Landes,  France, 
Nov.  8,  1810 : died  at  Toulouse,  France,  Feb. 
5,  1861.  A marshal  of  France.  He  served  with 
distinction  In  Algeria,  and  in  the  Crimea  at  Alma  and 
Inkerman  1854,  and  at  the  Malakoff  1855. 

Bossi  (bos'se),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Busto-Ar- 
sizio,  in  the  Milanese,  Italy,  Aug.,  1777:  died 
at  Milan,  Dec.  15, 1815.  An  Italian  painter  and 
writer  upon  art.  He  wrote  “Del  cenacolo  di  Leon- 
ardo da  Vinci  ” (1810),  etc. 

Bossi,  Giuseppe  Carlo  Aurelio,  Baron  de. 
Born  at  Turin,  Nov.  15,  1758:  died  at  Paris. 
Jan.  20,  1823.  An  Italian  lyric  poet  and  di- 
plomatist. His  chief  poems  include  “Independenza 
Americana”  (1785),  “Monaca”  (1787),  “Oromasia"  (1805), 
etc. 

Bossi,  Count  Luigi.  Born  at  Milan,  Feb.  28, 
1758 : died  at  Milan,  April  10, 1835.  An  Italian 
historian,  archfeologist,  and  writer  on  art. 
Bossu,  Le.  See  Le  Bossu. 

Bossuet  (bo-sii-a'  or  bo-swa'),  Jacques  B6- 
nigne.  Born  at  Dijon,  France,  Sept.  27,  1627 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  12,  1704.  A French  prel- 
ate and  celebrated  pulpit  orator,  historian, 
and  theological  writer.  He  was  preceptor  to  the 
Dauphin  in  1670-81,  and  became  bishop  of  Meaux  in  1681. 
His  chief  works  are  “ Exposition  de  la  doctrine  catho- 
lique  ” (1671),  “ Discours  sur  l bistoire  universelle  ” (1681), 
“Histoire  des  valuations  des  t-glises  protestantes ” (1688), 
and  funeral  orations  (“  Oraisons  funebres  ”). 

Bossut  (bo-sii')^Abb6.  A name  assumed  by 
Sir  Charles  Phillips  in  several  educational 
works  in  French. 

Bossut,  Charles.  Born  at  Tarare,  near  Lyons, 
France,  Aug.  11,  1730:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  14, 
1814.  A noted  French  mathematician.  His  chief 
work  is  an  “ Essai  sur  l’histoire  g6nerale  des  mathe- 
matiques  ” (1802). 

Boston  (hos'ton  or  bos'ton).  [ME.  Boston, 
contr.  of  * Botulfeston,  ‘Botolph’s  town,’  named 
from  AS.  Botnif,  Botuulf,  Botulf,  later  mis- 
spelled Botolpli .]  A seaport  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  situated  ou  the  Witham  in  lat.  52°  58' 
N.,  long.  0°  2'  IV.  It  was  an  important  trading  town 
in  the  middle  ages.  It  contains  the  parish  church  of  St. 
Botolph  s,  along,  low  Decorated  building,  with  a high  Per- 
pendicular tower  surmounted  by  an  octagonal  lantern, 
locally  known  as  “Boston  Stump.”  The  tower  is  300  feet 
high.  The  light  and  spacious  interior  has  very  lofty  arches 
resting  on  slender  pillars,  a small  clearstory,  and  a fine 
east  window.  Population,  15,667. 

Boston.  [Named  after  Boston  in  Lincolnshire, 
England.]  The  capital  of  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated in  Suffolk  Comity,  on  Massachusetts  Bay, 
at  the  mouths  of  the  Charles  and  Mystic,  in 


Boston 

lat.  42°  21^'  N.,  long.  71°  3^'  W.  it  is  the  largest 

city  in  New  England,  and  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
cities  and  literary  centers  in  the  country.  It  has  an  ex- 
tensive foreign  and  coasting  trade,  and  is  the  terminus 
of  many  railr  oad  lines,  and  of  steamship  lines  to  Liver- 
pool, etc.  The  city  now  contains  various  annexed  dis- 
tricts (Roxbury,  Dorchester,  N eponset,  Charlestow  n).  Bos- 
ton was  founded  by  English  colonists  (some  of  them  from 
Boston,  England)  under  Winthrop  in  1830.  It  was  first 
named  Trimountain,  from  the  three  summits  of  Beacon 
Hill,  and  later  received  its  present  name  in  honor  of  Rev. 
John  Cotton  who  had  been  settled  in  Boston  in  Lincoln- 
shire. It  expelled  Governor  Andros  in  1689 ; was  in- 
volved in  the  witchcraft  delusion  in  1692 ; was  the  scene 
of  the  “ Boston  massacre  ’’  in  1770,  and  of  the  “Boston  tea- 
party  ’’  in  1773 ; was  besieged  by  the  American  army  under 
Washington,  1775-76 ; and  was  evacuated  by  the  British, 
March  17,  1776.  It  was  incorporated  as  a city  in  1822.  It 
suffered  from  tires  in  1676,  1879,  1711, 1760,  and  especially 
Nov.  9-11,  1872  (loss  about  880,000,000).  It  annexed  Rox- 
bury in  1868,  Dorchester  1870,  and  Charlestown,  Brighton, 
and  West  Roxbury  1874.  Population,  670,585,  (1910). 

Boston.  An  American  race-horse,  foaled  in  1833. 
His  sire  was  Timoleon,  by  Sir  Arehy,  by  Diomed  ; his  dam 
was  by  Ball's  Florizel,  by  Diomed.  He  was  the  sire  of 
Lexington,  and  as  the  sire  of  Sallie  Russel],  dam  of  Miss 
Russell,  was  the  great-grandsire  of  Maud  S. 

Boston,  Thomas.  Born  at  Dunse,  Scotland, 
March  17, 1676 : died  at  Ettriek,  Scotland,  May 
20, 1732.  A noted  Scotch  Presbyterian  divine. 
He  wrote  “Human  Nature  in  its  Fourfold 
State”  (1720),  etc. 

Boston  Massacre.  A collision  in  Boston,  March 
5,  1770,  between  the  British  soldiers  stationed 
there  and  a crowd  of  citizens,  it  was  occasioned 
by  the  prejudices  excited  against  the  soldiers,  a guard  of 
whom,  provoked  by  words  and  blows,  fired  at  the  crowd, 
killing  three  and  wounding  five.  The  members  of  the 
guard  were  tried  (defended  by  John  Adams  and  Josiah 
Quincy)  and  acquitted,  except  two  who  were  convicted 
of  manslaughter  and  punished  lightly. 

Boston  Port  Bill.  A bill  introduced  by  Lord 
North,  and  passed  by  the  British  Parliament, 
March,  1774,  closing  the  port  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, after  June  1,  1774. 

Boston  Tea-party,  The.  A concourse  of  Amer- 
ican citizens  at  Boston,  Dec.  16, 1773,  designed 
as  a demonstration  against  the  attempted  im- 
portation of  tea  into  the  colonies.  A large  popular 
assembly  met  at  the  Old  South  Church  to  protest.  As  their 
protest  was  ineffectual,  the  Bame  evening  a body  of  about 
fifty  men,  disguised  as  Mohawks,  boarded  the  three  Brit- 
ish tea-ships  in  the  harbor,  and  threw  342  chests  of  tea 
(valued  at  £18,000)  into  the  water. 

Boston  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing, situated  at  Boston,  Mass.,  chartered  in 
1869.  it  comprises  departments  of  the  liberal  arts 
(organized  1873),  theology  (1871), law  (1872), medicine  (1873), 
arts  and  sciences  (1874),  and  agriculture  (1867). 

Boswell  (boz'wel),  James.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  29, 1740 : died  at  London,  May  19, 1795.  The 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson.  He  was  the  son  of 
Alexander  Boswell,  a judge  of  the  Scottish  Court  of  Ses- 
sion ; was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar  in  1766,  and  to  the 
English  bar  in  1786 ; was  appointed  to  the  recordership  of 
Carlisle  In  1788;  and  removed  to  London  in  1789.  In 
1766,  while  traveling  on  the  Continent,  he  paid  a visit  to 
Corsica,  where  he  was  entertained  by  Paoli.  The  fruit  of 
this  visit  appeared  in  1768  in  the  form  of  a volume  en- 
titled “An  Account  of  Corsica  : the  Journal  of  a Tour  to 
that  Island  ; and  Memoirs  of  Pascal  Paoli.”  In  1763  he 
made  the  acquaintance  at  London  of  Dr.  Johnson  whom  he 
accompanied  on  a journey  to  the  Hebrides  in  1773.  After 
the  death  of  Johnson  he  published  in  1786  an  account  of 
this  journey  under  the  title  “ The  Journal  of  a Tour  to 
the  Hebrides  with  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.  D.,’’  which  was 
followed  in  1791  by  his  famous  ‘‘Life  of  Samuel  Johnson.” 

Bosworth  (boz'werth),  or  Market  Bosworth. 
[ME.  Bosworth,  AS.  prob.  * Bosanworth  (found 
as  Bosworth  in  a spurious  Latin  charter,  a.  d. 
833),  from  Bosan,  gen.  of  Bosa,  a man’s  name 
(cf.  AS.  Bosariham,  now  Bosliam),  and  worth, 
farmstead.]  A market  town  in  Leicestershire, 
England,  12  miles  west  of  Leicester.  At  Bosworth 
Field,  Aug.  22,  1485,  Richard  III.  was  defeated  and  slain 
by  the  forces  of  the  Earl  of  Richmond,  who  became  Henry 
VII. 

Bosworth  (boz'werth),  Joseph.  Born  in  Derby- 
shire, England,  1789:  died  May  27,  1876.  An 
English  philologist,  appointed  Rawlinson  pro- 
fessor of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Oxford  in  1858.  His 

. chief  work  is  a “ Dictionary  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language,” 
published  in  1838.  In  1848  he  published  an  abridgment 
of  it  (“A  Compendious  Dictionary  of  Anglo-Saxon  ”).  The 
larger  work  was  edited  after  its  author’s  death  by  Pro- 
fessor Toller  (Part  I.,  1882  ; not  completed  in  1893). 

Botany  Bay  (bot'a-ni  ba).  An  inlet  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  New  South  Wales,  Australia, 
5 miles  south  of  Sydney,  it  was  first  visited  by 
Cook  in  1770,  and  was  named  by  the  naturalists  of  tiis  ex- 
pedition. A penal  colony  was  sent  there  from  England, 
1787-88,  but  was  transferred  to  Port  Jackson. 

Botein  (bo-te-in').  [Ar.  cl-hatin, signifying  'the 
little  belly/ as  forming  with  the  star  (>  the  sec- 
ond chamber  of  the  Lunar  Mansions.]  A name 
given  to  the  two  stars  <5  and  e Arietis. 
Botetourt  (bot'e-tfirt),  Norborne  Berkeley, 
Baron.  Born  in  England  about  1734  (?) : died 
at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  Oct.  15,  1770.  An  Eng- 


173 

lish  politician,  governor  of  Virginia  1768-70. 
He  dissolved  the  House  of  Burgesses  in  1769  for  passing 
resolutions  condemning  parliamentary  taxation  and  the 
trial  of  Americans  in  England.  He  attempted  to  influ- 
ence the  home  government  to  abandon  the  principle  of 
parliamentary  taxation,  failing  in  which,  he  resigned. 

Bothnia  (both'ni-a).  A former  province  of 
Sweden,  east  and  west  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

Bothnia,  Gulf  of.  The  northern  extension  or 
arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  between  Finland  on  the 
east  and  Sweden  on  the  west.  Length,  400 
miles.  Breadth,  about  100  miles. 

Bothwell  (hoth'wel).  A village  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  8]-  miles  southeast  of  Glasgow.  Both- 
well Castle  is  in  the  vicinity. 

Bothwell.  A tragedy  on  the  subject  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  by  Swinburne,  published  in 
1874. 

Bothwell,  Earls  of.  See  Hepburn. 

Bothwell  Bridge,  Battle  of.  A battle  fought, 
near  Bothwell,  Scotland,  in  which  the  Scotch 
Covenanters  were  defeated  by  the  Royalist 
forces  under  the  Duke  of  Monmouth,  June  22, 
1679. 

Botocudos  (bo-to-ko'dos).  [From  Pg.  botoque, 
a plug:  in  allusion  to  the  wooden  cylinders 
which  they  wear  in  orifices  of  the  lower  lip  and 
ears.]  An  Indian  tribe  of  eastern  Brazil,  for- 
merly called  Ayniores.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest 
they  were  very  numerous,  occupying  the  inland  regions 
between  latitudes  22“  and  15’  30'  S.,  with  portions  of  the 
coast.  A few  thousand  remain,  principally  in  Espirito 
Santo  and  Bahia.  They  are  very  degraded  savages,  having 
little  intercourse  with  the  whites.  They  are  apparently  a 
very  ancient  race,  and  skulls  found  in  caves  with  the  re- 
mains of  extinct  animals  have  been  ascribed  to  them. 

Botolph  (bo-tolf'),  or  Botolphus,  Saint.  An 
English  monk.  According  to  Anglo-Saxon  chronicles  he 
founded  a monastery  in  654  at  Ikanho  in  Lincolnshire,  now 
called  Boston  (Botolphstown).  He  instituted  the  rule  of 
St.  Benedict  there.  His  death  was  commemorated  June  17. 

Botoshan  (bo-to-shan'),  or  Botushani  (bo-to- 
slia/ne).  A city  in  northern  Moldavia,  Ru- 
mania, 60  miles  northwest  of  Jassy.  Popula- 
tion, 33,738. 

Botta  (bot'ta),  Carlo  Giuseppe  Guglielmo. 

Born  at  San  Giorgio  del  Canavese,  Piedmont, 
Italy,  Nov.  6, 1766 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  10,  1837. 
An  Italian  historian.  His  works  include  “Storia 
dltalia  dal  1789  al  1814  ” (1824),“  Storia  d'ltalia  continuata 
da  quelladel Guicciardini.  etc.”(1832),“Storiadellaguerra 
dell’  independenza  degli  Stati  Unit!  d’America”  (1809). 

Botta,  Paul  Emile.  Born  at  Turin,  Dec.  6, 1802 : 
died  at  Achferes,  near  Poissy,  France,  March 

29. 1870.  A French  archaeologist  and  traveler, 
son  of  Carlo  Giuseppe  Guglielmo  Botta : noted 
for  discoveries  in  Assyria. 

Bottari  (bot-ta're),  Giovanni  Gaetano.  Bom 
at  Florence,  Jan.  15,  1689:  died  at  Rome,  June 
3,  1775.  An  Italian  prelate  and  archaeologist. 

Bottesini  (bot-te-ze'ne ),  Giovanni.  Bom  Dec. 
24,  1823:  died  July  7,  1889.  A celebrated 
player  on  the  double  bass,  conductor,  and  com- 
poser. 

Bottger  (bet'cher),  Adolf.  Bom  at  Leipsic, 
May  21, 1815 : died  at  Goklis,  near  Leipsic,  Nov. 

16.1870.  A German  poet.  He  translated  poems  of 
Byron,  Goldsmith,  Pope,  Milton,  etc.;  and  wrote  “Ha- 
bafia”  (1853),  “Der  Fall  von  Babylon  ” (1855),  “ Till  Eulen- 
spiegel  ” (1850),  etc. 

Bottger,  or  Bottcher,  or  Bottiger,  Johann 

Friedrich.  Born  at  Schleiz,  Reuss,  Germany, 
Feb.  4,  1682 : died  at  Dresden,  March  13,  1719. 
A German  alchemist,  noted  as  the  discoverer  of 
Saxon  porcelain. 

Botticelli  (bot-te-chel'le),  Sandro  (originally 
Alessandro  Filipepi).  Born  at  Florence, 
1447 : died  there.  May  17,  1510.  An  Italian 
painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Filippo  Lippi,  and  was  in- 
fluenced by  Antonio  Pollajuolo  and  Castaguo.  Among  his 
earliest  works  are  the  “Fortitude”and  the  seriesof  circular 
pictures  in  the  Uffizi  at  Florence,  and  Madonnas  in  the 
Uffizi  and  at  London.  In  1478  he  painted  for  the  Villa  di 
Gastello  the  “ Allegory  of  Spring  ’’(now  in  the  Academy  of 
Florence),  and  the  “Birth  of  Venus”  in  theUffizi.  Among 
his  notable  pictures  is  a reconstruction  of  the  “Calumny  ” 
of  Apelles  from  the  description  of  Lucian.  For  Pier  Fran- 
cesco de’  Medici  he  made  a series  of  illustrations  to  the 
“ Divina  Commedia  ” of  Dante,  84  of  which  are  now  in  the 
Museum  of  Berlin  and  8 in  the  Vatican.  In  1482  lie  was 
invited  by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  to  assist  in  the  decoration 
of  the  Sistine  Chapel.  He  was  one  of  the  followers  of 
Savonarola. 

Bottiger  (bet'te-ger),  Karl  August.  Bom  at 
Reiehenbach,  Saxony,  June  8,  1760:  died  at 
Dresden,  Nov.  17,  1835.  A German  archaeolo- 
gist. director  of  the  gymnasium  at  Weimar 
1791-1804.  After  1804  he  lived  in  Dresden.  He  wrote 
“ Sabina  oder  Morgenscenen  im  Putzzimmer  einer  reichen 
Romerin”  (1803),  “ Griechische  Vasengemiilde  ” (1797- 
1800),  etc. 

Bottiger,  Karl  Vilhelm.  Bom  at  Wester&s, 
Sweden,  May  15, 1807 : died  at  Upsala,  Sweden, 
Dec.  22,  1878.  A Swedish  poet.  His  collected 
writings  were  published  in  1856. 


Boufarik 

Bottom  (bot'um),  Nick.  An  Athenian  weaver, 
in  Shakspere’s  “Midsummer  Night’s  Dream,” 
who  plays  the  part  of  Pyramus  in  the  interpo- 

. lated  play.  He  is  gifted  by  Puck  with  an  ass’s  head, 
and  the  dainty  Titania  is  obliged  by  magic  spell  for  a time 
to  love  him. 

Bottom  the  Weaver,  The  Merry  Conceited 
Humours  of.  A farce  made  from  the  comic 
scenes  of  “Midsummer  Night’s  Dream,”  pub- 
lished in  1672,  attributed  to  Robert  Cox,  a come- 
dian of  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

Botts  (bots),  John  Minor.  Bom  at  Dumfries, 
Va.,  Sept.  16,  1802:  died  in  Culpeper  County, 
Va.,  Jan.  7,  1869.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  Congress  1839-43,  1847-49.  He 
wrote  “The  Great  Rebellion,  its  Secret  His- 
tory” (1866),  etc. 

Boturini  Benaduci  (bo-to-re'ne  ba-na-do'che), 
Lorenzo.  Born  at  Milan  about  1680:  died  at 
Madrid,  1740.  A noted  antiquarian,  in  1735  he 
went  to  Mexico.  During  eight  years  he  traveled  and 
lived  among  the  Indians,  and  amassed  many  hundred 
specimens  of  their  hieroglyphic  records,  as  well  as  manu- 
scripts in  Spanish  of  great  value.  Some  of  the  manuscripts 
still  exist : but  the  greater  part  perished  through  neglect 
at  Mexico. 

Botushani.  See  Botoshan. 

Botzaris.  See  Bozzaris. 

Botzen.  See  Bozen. 

Bouchardon  (bo-shar-doh'),  Edme.  Bom  at 
Ckaumont,  France,  May  29, 1698:  died  at  Paris, 
July  27,  1762.  A French  sculptor. 

Boucher  (bo-sha'),  Frangois.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  29,  1703:  died  there,  May  30,  1770.  A 
noted  French  painter  of  historical  and  pastoral 
subjects  and  genre  pieces.  The  especial  strength 
of  Boucher  lay  in  the  grouping  and  decorative  treatment 
of  women  and  children,  especially  in  the  nude. 

Boucher  (bou'cher),  Jonathan.  Bora  at  Blen- 
cogo,  near  Wigton,  in  Cumberland,  England, 
March  12,  1738 : died  at  Epsom,  England,  April 
27,  1804.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer. 
He  collected  materials  for  a “Glossary  of  Archaic  and 
Provincial  Words,”  a part  of  which  (the  letter  A)  was 
published  in  1807,  and  another  part  (as  far  as  “Blade”) 
in  1832. 

Boucher  (bo-sha'),  Pierre.  Bom  in  Perche, 
France,  1622:  died  at  Boucherville,  Canada, 
April  20,  1717.  A French  pioneer  in  Canada. 
He  wrote  a “ Histoire  veritable  et  naturelle  des  moeurs  et 
des  productions  de  la  Nouvelle  France”  (1663). 

Boucher  de  Creveccfiur  de  Perthes  (bo-sha' 
dh  krav-ker'  de  part'),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Re- 
thel,  Ardennes,  France,  Sept.  10,  1788:  died  at 
Amiens,  France,  Aug.  5, 1868.  A French  are  1 1 ge- 
ologist and  litterateur.  His  works  include  “De  la 
creation”  (1839-41),  “Antiquitos  celtiques  et  antodilu- 
viennes"  (1847-65),  etc. 

Bouches-du-Rhone  (bosh'dii-ron').  [French, 

‘ mouths  of  the  Rhone.’]  A department  of 
France  (capital  Marseilles),  hounded  by  Vau- 
cluse  on  the  north,  Var  on  the  east,  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  south,  and  Gard  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  generally  low.  It  produces  grapes,  olives, 
figs,  etc.  It  was  a part  of  ancient  Provence.  Area,  ‘2,025 
square  miles.  Population,  765,918. 

Boucicault  (bo'se-ko),  Dion.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
Dec.  26, 1822:  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  18, 1890. 
An  Anglo-American  dramatist,  manager,  and 
actor.  He  married  Agnes  Robertson,  an  actress  of  note, 
but  separated  from  her  many  years  later,  declaring  that 
he  had  never  been  legally  married.  His  plays  include 
“London  Assurance”  (1841),  “Old  Heads  and  Young 
Hearts  ” (1843),  “Colleen  Bawn  ” (I860),  “Arrah-na- Pogue” 
(1865),  a version  of  “Rip  Van  Winkle"  (1865),  ‘The 
Shaughraun  ” (1874),  etc.  Brougham  claimed  a share  in 
“London  Assurance.” 

Boudet  (bo-da'),  Jean,  Count.  Born  at  Bor- 
deaux, Feb.  19,  1769:  died  at  Budweis,  Sept. 
14,1809.  A French  general.  He  was  sent,  in  1794, 
to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  recovered  Guadeloupe  from 
the  English  and  aided  in  the  attacks  on  St.  Vincent  and 
Grenada.  On  his  return  (1796)  he  was  made  general  of 
division ; fought  in  Holland  and  Italy ; and  in  1802  com- 
manded under  Leclerc  in  the  Santo  Domingo  expedition. 
He  subsequently  served  under  Napoleon  until  1809,  espe- 
cially distinguishing  himself  at  Essling  and  Aspern. 

Boudinot  (bo'di-not),  Elias.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  2, 1740:  died  at  Burlington,  N.  J., 
Oct.  24,  1821.  An  American  patriot  and  phi- 
lanthropist, president  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress 1782. 

Boitet-Willaumez  (bo-a've-yo-ma'),  Comte 
Louis  Edouard  de.  Born  near  Toulon,  France, 
April  24,  1808:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  9,  1871. 
A French  admiral.  He  published  “Description  nau- 
tique  des  cOtes  comprises  entre  le  Sdndgal  et  l’cquateur  ” 
(1849),  etc. 

Boufarik  (bo-fii-rek').  A town  and  military 
post  in  the  province  of  Algiers,  Algeria,  21 
miles  southwest  of  Algiers,  founded  by  the 
French  in  1835.  Population,  commune,  about 
10,000. 


Boufflers,  Louis  Francois  de 

Boufflers  (bo-flar'),  Louis  Francois,  Due  de. 

Born  Jan.  10,  1644:  died  at  Fontainebleau, 
France,  Aug.  20,  1711.  A marshal  of  France, 
called  Chevalier  de  Boufflers.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  campaigns  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. 

Boufflers,  Stanislas,  Marquis  de,  called  Abbe 
and  then  Chevalier  de  Boufflers.  Born  at 
Nancy,  France,  May  31,  1738:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  18,  1815.  A French  litterateur  and  cour- 
tier, author  of  “Voyage  en  Suisse”  (1770),  etc. 
Boufflers-Rouvrel  (bo-flar'rov-rel'),  Comtesse 
Marie  Charlotte  Hippolyte  de.  Born  at 
Paris,  1724:  died  about  1800.  A French  lady, 
leader  in  Parisian  literary  circles.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband,  the  Comte  de  Boufflers-Rouvrel, 
17G4,  she  became  the  reputed  mistress  of  the  Prince  de 
Conti,  over  whose  receptions  she  presided.  She  was  the 
friend  of  J.  J.  Rousseau,  Hume,  and  Grimm. 

Bougainville  (bo-gan-vel'),  Louis  Antoine  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  11,  1729:  died  there,  April 
31,  1811.  A French  navigator.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1754,  went  to  Canada  in  1760  as  an  aide-de-camp 
of  Montcalm,  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Quebec ; subse- 
quently he  fought  in  Holland.  In  1763  he  left  the  army 
for  the  navy,  and  three  years  after  was  given  command  of 
a fleet  destined  to  establish  a French  colony  on  the  Falk- 
land Islands,  and  thence  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 
After  leaving  his  colony  he  explored  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
gellan ; visited  a great  number  of  the  Pacific  islands, 
some  of  which  he  discovered;  coasted  New  Ireland  and 
New  Guinea;  touched  at  the  Moluccas;  and  returned  to 
France  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1769.  His  ‘‘Voyage 
autourdu  monde,”  a description  of  the  circumnavigation, 
was  published  in  1771.  In  1781  Bougainville  commanded 
under  the  Count  de  Grasse  in  the  expedition  to  America, 
and  had  a fight  with  Admiral  Hood  off  Martinique.  On 
his  return  he  left  the  navy,  with  the  title  of  chef  d’escadre, 
and  rejoined  the  army  as  a field -marshal.  He  retired  in 
1790. 

Boughton  (ba'ton),  George  Henry.  Born  near 
Norwich,  England,  1836;  died  at  London,  Jan. 
19,  1905.  A genre  and  landscape  painter.  His 
family  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1839,  and  settled 
at  Albany,  New  York.  He  went  to  London  in  1863  to  study 
art,  went  to  Paris  in  I860,  and  fixed  his  residence  near 
London  in  1862.  Royal  academician  1896. 

Bougie  (bo-zbe'),  Ar.  Bujayah.  A seaport  in 
the  province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Bougie  in  lat.  36°  45'  N.,  long. 
4°  55'  E. : the  Roman  Saidas.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant medieval  city.  Population,  10,419. 
Bouguer  (bo-ga'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Croisic, 
Brittany,  France,  Feb.  16, 1698  : died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  15,  1758.  A French  mathematician,  in- 
ventor of  the  heliometer. 

Bouguereau  (bdg-rd'),  Adolphe  William. 
Born  at  La  Rochelle,  France,  Nov.  30,  1825: 
died  there,  Aug.  20,  1905.  A distinguished 
French  painter,  a pupil  of  Picot  and  of  the 

Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts.  He  took  the  grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1850.  On  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  iutrusted 
with  important  decorative  works  in  public  buildings,  and 
in  1866  painted  “Apollo  and  the  Muses"  in  the  foyer  of 
the  Thdktre  de  P.ordeaux.  He  received  medals  of  the 
second  class  in  1856,  first  class  in  1857,  and  medals  of  honor 
1878-85.  He  became  a member  of  the  Institute  in  1876. 

Bouilhet  (bo-lya'),  Louis.  Born  at  Cany, 
Seiue-Inferieure,  France,  May  27, 1822 : died  at 
Rouen,  France,  July  18,  1869”.  A French  lyric 
and  dramatic  poet.  He  wrote  “Meloenis"  (1851), 
“Fossiles”  (1854),  “ Helene  Peyron  ” (1858),  “Festonset 
astragales”  (1859),  etc. 

Bouillabaisse,  The  Ballad  of.  A ballad  by 
Thackeray  celebrating  the  charms  of  a Marseil- 
laise chowder  of  that  name. 

Bouille  (bo-ya'),  Francois  Claude  Amour, 

Marquis  de.  Born  at  Cluzel,  in  Auvergne,  Nov. 
19,  1739:  died  at  London,  Nov.  14,  1800.  A 
French  general.  From  1768  to  1782  he  was  governor 
in  the  Antilles,  and  not  only  defended  himself  against  the 
English  but  took  several  islands  from  them.  Promoted  to 
lieutenant-general,  he  was  commander  at  Metz  when  the 
French  Revolution  broke  out.  In  1790  he  quelled  a mutiny 
of  his  soldiers,  and  soon  after  defeated  the  revolted  garri- 
son of  Nancy.  In  June,  1791,  he  had  secretly  arranged 
with  the  king  to  get  him  out  of  the  country  ; the  plan  fail- 
ing, Bouill£  fled  to  England.  He  published  an  account  of 
the  Revolution. 

Bouillon  (bo-lyon'  or  bo-yon').  [ML.  Bullo- 
nium.J  A former  duchy,  now  comprised  in  the 
province  of  Luxemburg,  Belgium,  it  became  a 
duchy  about  the  time  of  Godfrey  (of  Bouillon),  who  sold  it 
to  the  Bishop  of  Lifege  in  1095.  In  later  times  it  belonged 
to  the  houses  of  La  Marck  and  La  Tour  d'Auvergne,  and 
the  descendants  of  Turenne  (under  the  suzerainty  of 
France). 

Bouillon,  Due  de  (Frederic  Maurice  de  la 
Tour  d’Auvergne).  Born  at  Sedan,  France, 
Oct:.  22,  1605:  died  at  Pontoise,  France,  Aug. 
9,  1652.  A French  general,  son  of  Henri  de  la 
Tour  d’Auvergne,  and  brother  of  Turonne. 
Bouillon,  Godfrey  de.  See  Godfrey  de  Bouillon. 
Bouillon,  Due  de  (Henri  de  la  Tour  d’Au- 
vergne). Born  in  Auvergne,  France,  Sept.  28, 
1555:  died  March  25, 1623.  A marshal  of  France, 
and  diplomatist,  father  of  Turenne. 


174 

Bouilly  (bo-ye'),  Jean  Nicolas.  Born  at  Cou- 
draye,  near  Tours,  France,  Jan.  24, 1763 : died  at 
Paris,  April  14, 1842.  A French  dramatist  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  “Pierre  le  Grand,”  a comic  opera 
(1790),  “La  famille  amdricaine  ” (1796),  “Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau  a ses  derniers  moments"  (1791),  and  other  plays 
designed  to  glorify  French  celebrities,  "Contes  populaires” 
(1844),  etc. 

Boulainvilliers  (bo-lan-ve-ya/),  Comte  Henri 
de.  Born  at  St.  Saire,  Seine-In f4rieure,  France, 
Oct.  11,  1658:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23,  1722.  A 
French  historian.  He  wrote  a “Histoire  de  l’ancien 
gouvernement  de  la  France,  etc.”  (1727),  ‘ L’Etat  de  la 
France,  etc. ” (1727),  “Histoire  desArabes”  (1731),  “His- 
toire de  la  pairie  de  France  et  du  parlement  de  Paris" 
(1753),  etc. 

Boulak.  See  Bulak. 

Boulanger  (bo-lon-zha'), Georges  Ernest  Jean 
Marie.  Born  at  Rennes,  April  29, 1837 : died 
at  Brussels,  Belgium,  Sept.  30, 1891.  A French 
soldier  and  politician.  He  entered  the  army  in  1856, 
took  part  in  the  Kabyle  expedition  in  1857,  was  with  the 
expedition  to  Cochin  China  in  1861,  was  chief  of  battalion 
in  the  army  of  Paris  during  the  Franco-German  war,  and 
(1884)  was  placed  in  command  of  the  army  of  occupation 
in  Tunis,  with  the  rank  of  a general  of  division.  He  be- 
came minister  of  war  in  the  cabinet  formed  by  M.  de 
Freycinet,  Jan.  7,  1886,  which  post  he  retained  during  the 
ministry  of  M.  Goblet.  He  organized  democratic  reforms 
in  the  army,  and  posed  as  the  leader  of  the  party  of  re- 
venge against  Germany,  which  gave  him  great  popularity. 
Left  out  of  the  ministry  formed  by  M.  Rouvier,  May  30, 
1887,  lie  entered  into  secret  alliance  with  the  various  rev- 
olutionary groups — the  Intransigeants  of  M.  de  Roche- 
fort, the  League  of  Patriots  of  M.  Ddroulfede,  the  anar- 
chists, and  with  the  Comte  de  Paris  and  the  Orldanists. 
Hoping  by  means  of  this  alliance  to  make  himself  dicta- 
tor, he  adopted  the  cry  for  the  revision  of  the  constitu- 
tion, and  by  means  of  money  furnished  by  the  Duchesse 
d’Uzes  and  the  Comte  de  Paris  was  elected  by  a large 
majority  in  the  Department  of  the  Nord  in  April,  1888. 
In  July,  1888,  he  fought  a duel  with  the  then  premier  M. 
Floquet,  in  which  lie  was  severely  wounded.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1889,  he  was  elected  by  the  city  of  Paris,  and  later  by 
a number  of  departments.  The  Boulangist  movement  had 
now  grown  to  such  proportions  that  the  Tirard  cabinet  was 
formed  specially  with  a view  to  putting  it  down.  Fright- 
ened by  the  attitude  of  M.  Constans,  the  minister  of  the 
interior,  lie  fled  to  Brussels,  April  2,  1889.  Tried  by  the 
Senate  for  conspiracy,  he  was  sentenced  in  contuma- 
ciam to  deportation.  He  passed  his  exile  in  Belgium  and 
Jersey,  and  shot  himself  on  the  grave  of  his  mistress, 
Madame  Bonnemain,  in  Brussels. 

Boulanger,  Gustave  Rodolphe  Clarence. 

Born  at  Paris,  April  25,  1824:  died  there,  Sept. 
22,  1888.  A French  painter,  noted  especially 
for  his  paintings  of  Oriental  subjects.  Among  his 
works  are  “Les  Kabyles  en  ddroute " (1863),  “Cavaliers 
saharlens  ” (1864). 

Boulangists.  The  partizans  of  Boulanger. 

See  Boulanger,  Georges  Ernest  Jean  Marie. 

Boulder  (hol'der).  [From  boulder.]  A city  in 
northern  Colorado,  northwest  of  Denver:  a 
mining  center.  Population,  9,539,  (1910). 

Boulogne  (bo-lon' ; F.  pron.  bo-lony'),  or  Bou- 
logne-SUr-Mer  (bo-lony'sur-mar').  [For- 
merly B alien  ; OF.  Beulogne,  Bologne  (cf.  AS. 
Bune,  Bunne,  MD.  Bonen),  from  LL.  Bononia, 
earlier  called  Gesoriacum.  Cf.  Bologna .]  A 
seaport  in  the  department  of  Pas -de-Calais, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  in 
lat.  50°  44'  N.,  long.  1°  37'  E. : the  Roman  Bo- 
nonia Gessoriacum  and  the  medieval  Bolonia. 
It  is  the  fourth  seaport  in  France,  and  has  an  increas- 
ingly important  harbor  ; it  is  the  terminus  of  the  steam- 
packet  line  to  Folkestone,  England.  It  is  the  birthplace 
of  Sainte-Beuve  and  Mariette.  In  1544  it  was  taken  by 
Henry  VIII., and  restoredin  1550.  It  was  the  rendezvous 
of  Napoleon’s  projected  expedition  against  England.  The 
cathedral  of  Boulogne  is  a modem  Italian  Renaissance 
structure  of  some  note  for  the  impressive  effect  of  its 
spacious  interior,  and  for  the  size  of  its  dome  (300  feet 
high).  The  very  large  three-aisled  Romanesque  crypt  is  a 
remnant  of  the  cathedral  destroyed  in  the  Revolution. 
The  Column  of  the  Grand  Army  is  a marble  Doric  column, 
176  feet  high,  capped  by  a bronze  statue  of  Napoleon  I., 
commemorating  the  intended  invasion  of  England  in  1804- 
1805.  Population,  commune,  61,201 . 

Boulogne-sur-Seine  (bo-lony'siir-san').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  1 mile 
west  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris.  Population, 
commune,  49,969. 

Boult  (holt).  A servant  in  Shakspere’s  “Peri- 
cles.” 

Bounce  (bouns),  Benjamin.  The  pseudonym 
of  Henry  Carey,  under  which  he  wrote  “Chro- 
nonhotonthologos,”  a burlesque. 

Bouncer  (boun'ser),  Mr.  The  friend  of  Mr. 
Verdant  Green  in  Cutlibert  Bede’s  novel  “Ver- 
dant Green.”  Ho  is  a good-hearted  little  fel- 
low, whose  dogs  Huz  and  Bnz  are  a feature  of 
the  hook. 

Bounderby  (boun'der-bi),  Joseph.  A charac- 
ter in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Hard  Times”:  “a 
rich  man,  hanker,  merchant,  manufacturer, 
and  what  not  ...  a self-made  man  . . . the 
Bully  of  humility.”  He  marries  Mr.  Grad- 
grind’s  daughter  Louisa. 

Bountiful  (houn'ti-ful),  Lady.  In  Farquhar’s 


Bourbon 

comedy  “ The  Beaux’  Stratagem,”  a kind- 
hearted  country  gentlewoman.  Her  name  has 
become  a proverb  for  a charitable  woman. 

Bounty,  The.  An  English  ship  whose  crew, 
after  leaving  Tahiti,  mutinied  in  1789  under 
the  lead  of  Fletcher  Christian.  The  captain,  Bligh, 
and  18  of  the  crew  were  set  adrift  in  a smaU  boat,  and  ulti- 
mately reached  England.  The  mutineers,  under  the  lead 
of  John  Adams,  settled  on  Pitcairn  Island  in  the  Pacific, 
and  mirigling  with  the  natives  formed  eventually  a curi- 
ously isolated  but  civilized  community. 

Bourbaki  (bor-ba'ke),  Charles  Denis  Sauter. 

Born  at  Pan,  France,  April  22, 1816 : died  at  Bay- 
onne, France,  Sept.  22, 1897.  A French  general. 
He  fought  with  distinction  at  Alma  and  Inkerman  in  1864, 
Malakoff  in  1855,  and  Solferino  in  1859,  and  commanded 
the  Imperial  Guard  in  the  battles  of  the  16th  and  31st  of 
August,  1870,  at  Metz,  which  lie  left  Sept.  25  on  a secret 
mission  to  the  Empress  Eugenie  in  England.  Jan.  15-17, 
1871,  he  endeavored  to  break  through  the  Prussian  line 
under  General  Werder  at  Belfort,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  compelled  to  retreat  to  Switzerland;  and,  after  an  at- 
tempt at,  suicide,  Jan.  26,  was  relieved  of  his  command  by 
General  Clinchant.  In  July,  1871,  he  was  given  the  com- 
mand of  the  6th  army  corps,  and  in  1873  that  of  the  14th 
army  corps  and  the  government  of  Lyons.  Heretiredinl881. 

Bourbon  (bor-bon'),  Charles,  Cardinal  de. 
Born  Dec.  22,  1520 : died  May  9, 1590.  A French 
prince,  brother  of  Antoine  of  Navarre  and  un- 
cle of  Henry  IV.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Catholic  League,  by  which  he  was  proclaimed  king,  with 
the  title  of  Charles  X.,  1589,  in  opposition  to  Henry  IV. 

Bourbon,  Charles,  Due  de,  commonly  called 
Constable  Bourbon  (Conndtable  de  Bourbon). 
Born  Feb.  17,  1490;  died  at  Rome,  May  6,  1527. 
A celebrated  French  general.  He  was  descended 
from  a younger  branch  of  the  house  of  Bourbon,  being 
a son  of  Gilbert,  count  of  Montpensier,  and  married  Su- 
sanne,  heiress  of  Bourbon,  with  whom  he  obtained  the  title 
of  duke.  In  1515  he  was  created  constable  of  France.  He 
concluded  in  1522  (on  the  death  of  Susanne)  a private  al- 
liance with  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  Henry  VIII.  of 
England.  He  was  promised,  by  the  emperor,  the  em- 
peror’s sister,  Eleonora,  in  marriage,  with  Portugal  as  a 
jointure,  and  an  independent  kingdom  which  was  to  in- 
clude Provence,  Dauphind,  Bourbonnais,  and  Auvergne. 
He  fled  from  France  in  1523,  aided  in  expelling  the  French 
from  Italy  in  1524,  and  contributed  to  the  victory  of  Pavia 
in  1525,  in  spite  of  which  his  interests  were  neglected  in  the 
treaty  of  peace  between  Spain  and  France  in  1626.  He  com- 
manded with  George  of  Frundsberg  the  ar  my  of  Spanish 
and  German  mercenaries  which  stormed  Rome,  May  6, 
1527,  and  fell  in  the  assault. 

Bourbon,  Due  de  (Louis  Henri  de  Bourbon). 

Born  at  Versailles,  France,  1692:  died  at  Chan- 
tilly, France,  Jan.  27,  1740.  A French  politi- 
cian, prime  minister  1723-26. 

Bourbon  (hor'hon;  F.  pron.  bor-bon'),  House 
of.  [ME.  Burbon , OF.  Bourbon,  Borbon,  F.  Bour- 
bon, Sp.  Borbon,  It.  Borbone,  ML.  Borbo(n-), 
Burboin-),  in  ahl.  Burbone  caslro,  Burbune  castro, 
Bourbon  castle.  Cf.  Borbona,  now Bourbonne-les- 
Bains,  Borbone  'Vicaria,  now  Bourbon-lArchani- 
bault. ] A royal  house  of  France,  Spain,  and  Na- 
ples: so  called  from  a castle  in  the  quondam 
district  of  the  Bourbonnais  in  central  France. 
The  first  sire  of  Bourbon  was  Adhemar  or  Aimar,  who 
lived  about  920.  His  descendant  Beatrix,  heiress  of  Bour- 
bon, married  1272  Robert,  count  of  Clermont  (sixth  son  of 
Louis  IX.  of  France),  who  became  the  founder  of  the 
Bourbon  branch  of  the  Capetian  dynasty.  Antoine  de 
Bourbon  married  Jeanne  d’Albret,  heiress  of  Navarre, 
1548,  and  became  king  of  Navarre  1555.  Their  son  Henry 
became  king  of  France  as  Henry  IV.,  1589.  The  Spanish 
branch  of  the  house  of  Bourbon  was  founded  by  Philippe, 
duke  of  Anjou  (grandson  of  Louis  XIV.),  who  became 
king  of  Spain  1700.  His  second  son  Charles  became  king 
of  Naples  (and  Sicily)  as  Charles  IV.,  1735.  Charles  acceded 
to  the  Spanish  throne  1759,  whereupon  he  resigned  Naples 
(and  Sicily)  to  his  son  Ferdinand  IV.  who  became  the 
founder  of  the  Neapolitan  branch.  In  France  Henry  IV. 
was  succeeded  by  six  descendants  in  the  direct  line  : 
Louis  XIII.,  1610-43;  Louis  XIV.,  1643-1715;  Louis  XV., 
1715-74;  Louis  XVI.,  1774-93;  Louis  XVIH  , 1814-24; 
and  Charles  X.,  1824-30.  The  interval  between  Louis  XVI., 
who  was  deposed  and  executed  by  order  of  the  National 
Convention,  and  Louis  XVIII.  was  occupied  by  the 
French  Revolution  and  the  reign  of  Napoleon  I.  Charles 
X.  was  compelled  to  abdicate  by  the  July  revolution, 
1830,  which  placed  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne.  Louis 
Philippe  represented  a younger  branch  of  the  house  of 
Bourbon,  known  as  Bourbon-Orldans,  which  derived  its 
origin  from  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans,  brother  of  Louis 
XIV.  Louis  Philippe  was  deposed  by  the  revolution  of 
1848.  In  Spain,  Philip  V.  was  succeeded  by  Ferdinand 
VI.,  1746-69,  Charles  III.,  1759-S8;  Charles  IV.,  1788- 
1808;  Ferdinand  VII.,  1814-33;  Isabella  II.,  1833-68;  Al- 
fonso XII.,  1875-85;  and  Alfonso  XIII.,  the  present  oc-/ 
cupant  of  file  throne.  The  interval  between  1808  and 
1S14  was  occupied  by  the  reign  of  Joseph  Bonaparte ; 
that  between  1868  and  1875  by  a revolutionary  provisional 
government,  by  the  reign  of  Amadeo,  second  son  of  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel,  and  by  a republic.  From  Naples  Ferdi- 
nand IV.,  who  ascended  the  throne  in  1759,  was  expelled 
by  Napoleon  in  1805.  He  withdrew  to  Sicily,  where  he 
maintained  himself  during  the  domination  of  the  French 
under  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  Murat  at  Naples.  On  being 
restored  to  Naples  in  1815,he  assumed  the  title  of  Ferdinand 
I.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  He  died  in  1825,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Francis  I. , 1826-30 ; Ferdinand  II.,  1830-59 ; and 
by  Francis  II.,  1859-60.  Francis  II.  was  expelled  by  liis 
subjects,  with  the  assistance  of  Garibaldi,  and  his  domin- 
ions were  united  to  those  of  Victor  Emmanuel.  Impor- 
tant branchesof  the  royal  house  of  Bourbon  are  the  princely 
houses  of  Condi!  and  Conti  and  the  ducal  house  of  Parma. 


Bourbon,  Isle  of 

Bourbon,  Isle  of.  See  Reunion. 
Bourbon-Lancy  (bor-bon'lon-se').  A water- 
ing-place in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire, 
France,  22  miles  east  of  Moulins : the  Roman 
Aquae  Nisineii.  It  is  noted  for  its  mineral 
springs.  Population,  commune,  4,266. 
Bourbon-1’ Archambault  (bor  - bon'liir  - shon- 
bo').  Atowninthedepartmentof  Allier, France, 
14  miles  west  of  Moulins,  noted  for  its  mineral 
springs:  the  Roman  Aquae  Bormonis.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  3,574. 

Bourbonnais  (bor-bon-aa').  An  ancient  gov- 
ernment of  central  France.  It  was  bounded  by 
Berry  on  the  west  and  north,  Nivernais  on  the  north, 
Burgundy  on  the  east,  Lyonnais  on  the  southeast,  Au- 
vergne on  the  south,  and  Marche  on  the  west.  It  cap- 
ital was  Moulins.  It  corresponds  mainly  to  the  depart- 
ment  of  Allier  and  part  of  Cher.  The  duchy  of  Bourbon 
was  united  to  the  crown  in  1523. 

Bourbonne-les-Bains  (bor-bon'la-ban').  [ML. 
Borbona;  orig.  Aquse  Borvonis,  Baths  of  Borvo: 
so  called  from  Borvo(n-),  a Gallic  name  of 
Apollo.]  A town  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Mame,  France,  in  lat.  47°  57'  N.,  long,  5°  45' 
E.,  noted  for  its  hot  mineral  springs : the  Roman 
Vervona  Castrum.  Population,  commune, 
4,021. 

Bourboule  (bor-bol'),  La.  A watering-place 
and  health-resort  in  the  department  of  Au- 
vergne, France,  of  recent  development. 
Bourchier  (biir'chi-er;  F.  pron.bor-shya';  mod. 
Eng.  bou'cher),  John  (Baron  Berners).  Born 
1467 : died  at  Calais,  France,  March  16, 1533.  An 
English  statesman  and  author.  Chancellor  of  the 
exchequer  1515.  He  translated  Froissart's  “ Chronicle  ” 
(1523-25),  also  “Arthur  of  Lytell  Brytayne,”  “Huon  of 
Burdeux,"  “ The  Castell  of  Love,"  etc. 

Bourchier,  Thomas.  Born  about  1404-05 : died 
at  Knowle,  near  Sevenoaks,  England,  1486.  An 
English  cardinal,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
1454-86. 

Bourdaloue  (bor-da-lo'),  Louis.  Bom  at 

Bourges,  France,  Aug.  20, 1632 : died  at  Paris, 
May  13,  1704.  A noted  French  theologian. 
He  was  a member  of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  professor  of 
rhetoric,  philosophy,  and  theology  in  the  Jesuit  college  of 
Bourges,  court  preacher  (1670),  and  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious pulpit  orators  of  France.  His  sermons  have  been 
published  in  16  volumes  (1707-34),  in  17  volumes  (1822-26), 
etc. 

Bourdin,  Maurice.  See  Gregory  VIII.,  Anti- 
pope. 

Bourdon  (bor-doh'),  Louis  Pierre  Marie.  Born 
at  Alemjon,  France,  July  16, 1799 : died  at  Paris, 
March  15, 1854.  A French  mathematician,  au- 
thor of  “ El4ments  d’Algebre  ” and  other  math- 
ematical works. 

Bourg  (borg),  or  Bourg-en-Bresse  (bork'on- 
bres').  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Ain, 
France,  36  miles  northeast  of  Lyons:  the  me- 
dieval Tanum.  It  contains  the  noted  church  of  Notre 
Dame  de  Brou.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Bresse.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  20,045. 

Bourgade  (bor-gad'),  Francois.  Bom  at  Gan- 
jou,  France,  July  7, 1806 : died  1866.  A French 
missionary  in  Algiers,  and  Orientalist.  He  wrote 
“Toison  d’or  de  la  langue  phenicienne  " (1852),  “Soirees 
de  Carthage  ” (1852),  etc. 

Bourgas,  or  Burghas  (bor'gas).  A seaport  in 
eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the 
Black  Sea  iu  lat.  42°  28'  N.,  long.  27°  36'  E.  It 
is  a chief  port  in  the  country,  and  has  a large 
trade.  Population,  commune,  12,949. 
Bourgeois,  Anicet.  See  Anicet-Bourgeois. 
Bourgeois  (bor-zhwa'),  Dominique  Frangois. 
Bom  at  Pontarlier,  France,  1698 : died  at  Paris, 
June  18, 1781.  A French  inventor,  especially 
noted  for  his  inventions  in  regard  to  lanterns. 
Bourgeois  Gentilbomme  (bor-zhwa'  zhon-te- 
yom')  , Le.  A comedy  by  Moli&re,  with  music 
by  Lulli,  produced  in  1670. 

Bourges  (borzh).  [L.  Bituriges,  a Gallic  tribe, 
called  specifically  Bituriges  Cubi,  with  capital 
Avaricum.]  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Cher,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
YiSvre  and  Auron  in  lat.  47° 5'  N.,  long.  2°  22' 
E.:  the  Gallic  Avaricum,  and  later  Biturica. 
It  contains  a strong  arsenal,  and  foundry  of  cannon,  and 
a noted  cathedral  (see  below).  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
Bituriges,  and  was  sacked  by  Csesar  in  62  B.  o.  For  a time 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  VII.  it  was  the  capital  of  France, 
and  was  also  the  capital  of  Berry.  It  had  a noted  uni- 
versity (frequented  by  Beza,  Amyot,  and  Calvin).  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Louis  XI.,  Jacques  Coeur,  and 
Bourdaloue.  The  cathedral  of  Bourges  is  one  of  the  five 
greatest  in  France,  and  of  the  most  magnificent  existing. 
The  west  facade  has  5 splendid  canopied  portals,  admira- 
bly sculptured.  On  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  nave 
there  are  Romanesque  doorways,  with  vaulted  porches. 
There  are  no  transepts,  and  the  huge  interior  is  in  gen- 
eral soberly  ornamented,  but  beautiful  from  the  excellent 
proportions  of  its  subdivisions  and  the  graceful  arcades  of 
its  windows.  The  nave  is  117  feet  high  ; there  are  double 
aisles,  the  inner  of  which  has  triforium  and  clearstory.  The 


175 

length  is  405  feet.  The  display  of  medieval  glass  fills 
almost  all  the  windows,  and  is  unsurpassed.  There  is  a fine 
massive  13th-century  crypt  beneath  the  choir.  Maison  de 
Jacques  Coeur,  now  the  Palais  de  Justice,  a very  notable 
palace  built  in  the  15th  century  by  JacquesCoeur,  treasurer 
of  Charles  VII.  The  style  is  the  florid  Pointed,  with  beau- 
tiful doors,  windows,  and  balconies,  and  a most  pictu- 
resque court.  Several  apartments  of  the  interior  preserve 
their  original  character  ; the  chapel  is  beautifully  sculp- 
tured, and  its  walls  are  covered  with  delicate  Italian  fres- 
cos. In  the  walls  are  preserved  several  towers,  now  cone- 
roofed  like  their  medieval  fellows,  of  the  ramparts  of  the 
Roman  Avaricum.  Population,  commune,  44,133. 

Bourget  (bor-zha'),  Paul.  Bom  at  Amiens, 
Sept.  2,  1852.  A French  novelist  and  critic. 
He  studied  at  the  Lycoe  Louis-le-Grand  in  Paris,  and  at 
the  Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes,  with  the  intention  of  be- 
coming a specialists  Greek  philology.  He  became  inter- 
ested in  literary  work,  and  contributed  to  the  “Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes,”  the  “Renaissance,"  the  “Parlement,”  and 
the  “Nouvelle  Revue."  Later  he  undertook  novel-writ- 
ing, and  published  “ L’lrrtparable,”  “Deuxi&me  amour," 
“ Profils  perdus  " (1884),  “Cruelle  6nigme”  (1885),  “ Andrb 
Cornriis"  (1886).  “Mensonges”  (1887),  “Crime  d’amour,” 
“ Pastels  (Dix  portraits  de  femmes),”  “ Le  disciple  " (1889), 
“La  terre  promise,"  “Cosmopolis.”  Bourget's  works  on 
criticism  are  “ Essais  de  psychologie  contemporaine  ” 
(1883),^  “ Nouveaux  essais  " (1885),  and  “fitudes  et  por- 
traits ” (1888 ; 1906).  His  poems  include  “ La  vie  inquire" 
(1875),  “ Edel " (1878),  “ Les  aveux  ” (1882),  “Poesies  " (1872- 
76),  “ Au  bord  de  la  mer,"  “ Petits  poernes  ” (1885).  Bour- 
get also  wrote  the  prefatory  notices  to  Scarron's  “Roman 
comique  ” (1881),  and  to  Barbey  d’Aurevilly's  “ Memoran- 
da" (1883).  “Outre-Mer"  (1894),  “L'fitape"  (1902),  “Un 
Divorce"  (1904),  “ L'Emigre " (1907),  “Le  Tribun”  (1911). 

Bourget  (bor-zha'),  Lac  du.  A lake  in  the  de- 
partment o£  Savoie,  France. 

Bourguignon.  Bee  Courtois , Jacques. 

Bourignon  (bo-ren-yon'),  Antoinette.  Born 
at  Lille,  France,  Jan.  13,  1616:  died  at  Fran- 
eker,  Netherlands,  Oct.  30,  1680.  A Flemish 
religious  enthusiast.  She  assumed  the  Augustinian 
habit,  traveled  in  France,  Holland,  England,  and  Scot- 
land, and  became  the  founder  of  a sect,  the  Bourignonists, 
which  maintained  that  Christianity  does  not  consist  in 
faith  and  practice,  but  in  inward  feeling  and  supernatu- 
ral impulse.  Her  works  were  published  in  19  volumes 
by  her  disciple  Poiret:  “Toutes  les  oeuvres  de  Mile.  A. 
Bourignon  " (1679-84). 

Bourignonists  (bo-rin'yon-ists).  A sect  of 
Quietists  founded  in  the  17th  century  by  An- 
toinette Bourignon  (1616-80).  She  claimed  to 
be  inspired  by  God : her  doctrines  were  essen- 
tially pietistic. 

Bourmont  (bor-moh'),  Louis  Auguste  Victor, 
Comte  de  Ghaisne  de.  Born  at  Bourmont, 
Maine-et-Loire,  France,  Sept.  2,  1773:  died  at 
Bourmont,  Oct.  27,  1846.  A French  soldier 
and  politician,  minister  of  war  in  1829,  and  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Algerian  expedition  in 
1830. 

Bourne  (born),  Hugh.  Born  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  England,  April  3,  1772:  died  atBemers- 
ley,  Staffordshire,  Oct.  11,  1852.  An  English 
clergyman,  founder  of  the  first  society  of  Prim- 
itive Methodists  1810.  He  visited  the  United 
States  1844-46. 

Bourne,  Vincent.  Born  1695:  died  Dec.  2, 1747. 
An  English  writer  of  Latinverse,  author  of  “Poe- 
mata,  etc.”  (1734),  and  other  works. 

Bournemouth  (born'muth).  A watering-place 
and  winter  resort  in  Hampshire,  England, 
situated  on  the  English  Channel  22  miles  south- 
west of  Southampton.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1890.  Population,  78,677,  (1911). 

Bourrienne  ( bo-re-en' ) , Louis  Antoine  Fauve- 
let  de.  Born  at  Sens,  France,  July  9,  1769: 
died  at  Caen,  France,  Feb.  7,  1834.  A French 
diplomatist.  He  was  private  secretary  of  Napoleon  I. 
in  Egypt  and  during  the  consulate,  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary in  Hamburg  (1804),  and  minister  of  state  under 
Louis  XVIII.  He  wrote  “ M6moires  sur  Napoleon,  le 
directoire,  le  cousulat,  l’empire  et  la  restauration  ” (1829). 

Bourru  Bienfaisant  (bo-rii'  byan-fa-zon'),  Le. 
[F.,  ‘ The  Benevolent  Misanthrope.’]  A comedy 
by  Carlo  Goldoni,  written  in  French  at  Paris, 
first  played  Nov.  4,  1771. 

Boursault  (bor-so'),  Edme.  Born  at  Mussy- 
rEveque,  Burgundy,  Oct.,  1638:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  15,  1701.  A French  dramatic  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  His  works  include  “Le  Mer- 
cure  galant  ” (his  chief  play),  “ Esopt-  k la  ville,”  “lisope 
k la  cour,"  “ Phadton,”  etc.  His  dramatic  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1725,  erfiarged  edition  in  1746.  Several  of  hia 
plays  were  imitated  by  Vanbrugh. 

Bourse,  La.  [F.,‘  The  Purse.’]  Anovel  by  Bal- 
zac, written  in  1832. 

Boursoufie,  Le  Comte  de.  See  Comte  do  Bour- 
soufle. 

Boiiterwek  (bo'ter-vek),  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Oker,  near  Goslar,  Prussia,  April  15,  1766 : 
died  at  Gottingen,  Germany,  Aug.  9,  1828.  A 
German  writer  on  philosophy  and  the  history 
of  literature,  appointed  professor  at  Gottingen 
in  1797.  His  chief  work  is  a “Geschiclite  derneuern 
Pocsie  und  Beredsamkeit”  (1801-19). 


Bower,  Walter 

Boute ville  (bot-vel'),  Seigneur  de,  Comte  de 
Suxe  (Frangois  de  Montmorency).  Born 
1600:  died  at  Paris,  June  27,  1627.  A French 
soldier  celebrated  as  a duelist.  He  served  with 
distinction  at  the  taking  of  St.  Jean  d'Angely  and  the 
siege  of  Montauban,  but  was  condemned  to  death  and 
executed  for  his  dueling  escapades. 

Boutwell  (bout'wel),  George  Bewail.  Born 
at  Brookline,  Mass. , Jan.  28, 1818 : died  at  Groton , 
Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1905.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Democratic  governor  of  Massachusetts  1862-63,  com- 
missioner of  internal  revenue  1862-63,  Republican  member 
of  Cong-ess  1863-69,  secretary  of  the  treasury  1869-73,  and 
Republican  U.  S.  senator  from  Massachusetts  1873-77. 

Bouvart  (bo-var'),  Alexis.  Born  in  Haute 
Savoie,  France,  June  27,  1767 : died  June  7, 
1843.  A French  astronomer,  author  of  “Nou- 
velles  tables  des  plan5tes  Jupiter  et  Saturne” 
(1808),  etc. 

Bouvier(bo-ver';  F.  pron.  bo-vya'),  John.  Born 
at  Codognan,Gard,  France,  1787  : died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  18,  1851.  An  American  jurist, 
appointed  associate  judge  of  the  Court  of  Crim- 
inal Sessions  in  Philadelphia  in  1838.  He  com- 
piled a “Law  Dictionary,  etc.”  (1839),  “Institutes  of 
American  Law  " (1851),  etc. 

Bouvines  (bo-ven'),  or  Bovines  (bo-ven').  A 
village  7 miles  southeast  of  Lille,  France. 
Here,  July  27,  1214,  the  French  under  Philip  Augustus 
defeated  the  army  of  Otto  IV.  (100,000-160,000  Germans, 
Flemings,  English).  The  loss  of  Otto  was  about  30,000. 

Bovary,  Madame.  See  Madame  Bovary. 

Boves  (bo'ves),  Jos6  Tomas.  Born  at  Gijon, 
Asturias,  Spain,  about  1770 : killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Urica,  near  Maturin,  Venezuela,  Dec.  5, 
1814.  A partizan  chief.  In  1809  he  was  imprisoned 
at  Puerto  Cabello  as  a contrabandist.  Banished  to  Cala- 
bozo,  he  was  again  imprisoned  there.  On  his  release  in 
1812  he  declared  against  the  revolution,  drew  about  him 
an  irregular  guerrilla  band,  and  carried  on  a war  in  the  in- 
terior with  horrible  cruelties  until  his  death. 

Bovianum  (bo-vi-a'num).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a city  of  Samnium,  Italy,  in  lat.  41°  29' 
N.,  long.  14°  25'  E. 

Bovino  (bo-ve'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Foggia,  Apulia,  Italy,  17  miles  southwest  of 
Foggia.  Population,  commune,  7,613. 

Bow  Church.  See  Saint  Mary  de  Arcubus 
(Mary  le  Bow). 

Bowdich  (bou'dich),  Thomas  Edward.  Born 
at  Bristol,  England,  June  20,  1791:  died  at 
Bathurst,  Isle  of  St.  Mary,  West  Africa,  Jan. 
10,  1824.  A noted  English  traveler  in  Africa, 
and  scientific  writer.  He  went  to  Cape  Coast  Castle 
in  1814,  and  in  1815  went  on  a mission,  for  the  African 
Company,  to  Ashanti.  He  published  an  account  of  this 
expedition  ■("  A Mission  from  Cape  Coast  Castle  to  Ashan- 
tee  ’’)  in  1819. 

Bowditch  (bou'dich),  Nathaniel.  Born  at 
Salem,  Mass.,  March  26,  1773:  died  at  Boston, 
March  16, 1838.  An  American  mathematician. 
He  translated  Laplace’s  “MCcanique  celeste ” (1829-38), 
and  wrote  “The  New  American  Practical  Navigator” 
(1802). 

Bowdoin  (bo'dn),  James.  [The  surname  Bow- 
doin is  from  F.  Baudouin  = E.  Baldwin .]  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  8, 1727 : died  at  Boston, 
Nov.  6,  1790.  An  American  politician,  gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts  1785-87.  He  suppressed 
Shays’s  rebellion.  Bowdoin  College, Maine,  was 
named  in  his  honor. 

Bowdoin,  James.  Born  at  Boston,  Sept.  22, 
1752 : died  at  Naushon  Island,  Mass.,  Oct.  11, 
1811.  Son  of  James  Bowdoin,  minister  to  Spain 
1804-08.  He  was  a benefactor  of  Bowdoin 
College. 

Bowdoin  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Brunswick,  Maine,  opened  in  1802. 
It  is  undenominational  and  comprises  a collegiate  depart- 
ment and  medical  school.  It  was  the  alma  mater  of  Long- 
fellow and  Hawthorne. 

Bowen  (bo'en),  Francis.  Born  at  Charles- 
town, Mass.,  Sept.  8, 1811:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Jan.  21,  1890.  An  American  writer 
on  philosophy  and  political  economy.  He  was 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  “North  American  Review” 
(1843-54),  and  became  Alford  professorof  natural  religion, 
moral  philosophy,  and  civil  polity  in  Harvard  University 
in  1853.  He  wrote  “American  Political  Economy,"  etc. 
(1870),  and  “ Modern  Philosophy  ” (1877),  and  compiled  and 
edited  “ Documents  of  the  Constitutions  of  England  and 
America  from  Magna  Charta  to  the  Federal  Constitution 
of  1789,”  with  notes  (1854),  etc. 

Bower  (bou'er),  Archibald.  Born  at  or  near 
Dundee,  Scotland,  Jan.  17,  1686 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  3,  1766.  An  English  historian,  for 
a time  a member  of  the  order  of  Jesus,  and 
secretary  of  the  Court  of  the  Inquisition  at 
Macerata,  and  later  a Protestant.  Ho  pub- 
lished a “ History  of  the  Popes’’  (1748-66). 

Bower,  or  Bowmaker,  Walter.  Born  at  Had- 
dington, 1385:  died  1449.  A Scottish  writer, 
author  of  the  “Scotichronicon”  (which  see). 


Bower  of  Bliss,  The 

Bower  of  Bliss,  The.  1.  The  garden  of  the 
enchantress  Armida  in  Tasso’s  “Jerusalem 
Delivered.”  See  Armida. — 2.  The  enchanted 
home  of  Acrasia  in  Spenser’s  “ Faerie  Queene.” 
Bowers  (bou'erz),  Elizabeth  Crocker.  Born 
at  Stamford,  Conn.,  March  12, 1830 : died  Nov.  6, 
1895.  An  American  actress  and  manager. 
Bowery  (bou'er-i),  The.  [From  D.  bouwerij,  a 
farm,  prop,  farming,  husbandry,  from  bouwer, 
a farmer.]  A wide  thoroughfare  in  New  York, 
running  parallel  to  Broadway,  from  Chatham 
Square  to  about  7th  street  where  it  divides 
into  Third  and  Fourth  avenues.  It  received  its 
name  from  the  fact  that  it  ran  through  Peter  Stuyvesant’s 
farm  or  bouwerie.  It  was  at  one  time  notorious  as  a haunt 
of  ruffians  (“  Bowery  Boys  ”).  It  is  now  very  cosmopolitan 
in  character,  frequented  by  Chinese,  Russians, Oriental  and 
Polish  Jews,  and  many  other  nationalities,  and  abounds 
in  small  and  cheap  shops  of  all  kinds. 

Bowes  (boz),  Sir  Jerome.  Died  1616.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  appointed  ambassador  to  the 
Russian  court  by  Elizabeth  in  1583. 

Bowides.  See  Buyides. 

Bowie  (bo'i),  James.  Bom  in  Burke  County, 
Ga.,  about  1790 : killed  at  Alamo,  Texas,  March 
6,  1836.  An  American  soldier.  He  became  noto- 
rious in  1827  from  a duel  which  resulted  in  a general  mdlde, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  killed  Major  Norris  Wright  with 
a weapon  which  had  been  made  from  a large  file  or  rasp. 
After  the  tight  it  was  made  by  a cutler  into  the  kind  of 
knife  which  is  Btill  known  as  a bowie-knife.  He  took 
part  in  the  Texas  revolution,  and  was  made  colonel  in  1835. 

Bowles,  Caroline.  See  Southey. 

Bowles  (bolz),  Samuel.  Born  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  Feb.  9,  1826:  died  at  Springfield,  Jan. 
16,  1878.  An  American  journalist  and  author, 
editor  of  the  Springfield  “Republican”  (1844- 
1878).  He  wrote  “Across  the  Continent’’  (1865),  “The 
Switzerland  of  America’’  (1869),  "Our  New  West”  (1869), 
etc. 

Bowles,  William  Lisle.  Born  at  King’s  Sut- 
ton, Northamptonshire,  England,  Sept.  24, 1762: 
died  at  Salisbury,  England,  April  7,  1850. 
An  English  poet,  antiquary,  and  clergyman, 
vicar  of  Bremhill  in  Wiltshire.  He  became  canon 
residentiary  of  Salisbury  in  1828.  His  works  include 
“ Fourteen  Sonnets”  (1789),  “Coombe  Ellen ” (1798),  “St. 
Michaels  Mount”  (1798),  “Battle  of  the  Nile”  (1799), 
“Sorrows  of  Switzerland”  (1801),  “The  Picture ” (1803), 
“ The  Spirit  of  Discovery  ” (1804),  “ Ellen  Gray  ’’  (1823),  and 
various  prose  works,  including  “Hermes  Britannicus” 
(1828). 

Bowley  (bou'li),  Sir  Joseph.  A very  stately 
gentleman,  “the  poor  man’s  friend,”  with  a 
very  stately  wife,  in  Charles  Dickens’s  story 
“The  Chimes.” 

Bowling  (bo'ling),  Tom.  A sailor  in  “ Roderick 
Random,”  by  Smollett : also  the  hero  of  Dibdin’s 
song 

Here,  a sheer  hulk,  lies  poor  Tom  Bowling. 
Bowling  Green  (bo'ling  gren).  A small  open 
space  in  New  York,  at  the  foot  of  Broadway, 
in  the  old  governmental  and  aristocratic  cen- 
ter of  the  city. 

Bowling  Green.  A city,  the  capital  of  Warren 
County,  Kentucky,  in  lat.  37°  N.,  long.  86°  28' 
W.  It  was  an  important  strategic  point  in 
1861-62.  Population,  9,173,  (1910). 

Bowness  (bournes').  A town  and  tourist  cen- 
ter in  the  Lake  District,  Westmoreland,  Eng- 
land, on  Lake  Windermere. 

Bowring  (bou'ring),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Exeter, 
England,  Oct.  17,  1792:  died  at  Exeter,  Nov. 
23,  1872.  An  English  statesman,  traveler,  and 
linguist.  He  wa3  a member  of  Parliament  1836-37  and 
1841-47.  His  works  include  translations  from  the  poetry 
of  Russia,  Poland,  Servia,  Hungary,  Holland,  Spain,  etc. ; 
“Kingdom  of  Siam  and  its  People  ” (1857),  “Visit  to  the 
Philippine  Islands  ” (1859),  etc. 

Bows  (boz).  A little  old  humpbacked  violin- 
player,  the  family  friend  of  the  Costigans,  in 
Thackeray’s  “Pendennis.”  He  has  taught  “the 
Fotheringay  ” (Miss  Costigan)  all  she  knows,  and  is  her 
faithful  lover,  though  he  knows  she  has  no  heart. 

Bow  street.  A street  in  London,  by  Covent 
Garden,  forming  the  connecting-link  between 
Long  Acre  and  Russell  street,  in  which  is  lo- 
cated the  principal  police  court  of  the  city, 
established  there  in  1749.  In  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies it  was  a fashionable  quarter,  and  contained  “ Will’s” 
or  the  ‘ Wits’ Coffee  House ’’(which  see). 

Bowyer  (bo'yer),  Sir  George.  Born  at  Radley 
Park,  Berkshire,  England,  Oct.  8,  1811 : died  at 
London,  June  7, 1883.  An  English  jurist.  His 
works  include  “ Commentaries  on  the” Constitutional  Law 
of  England”  (1841),  “ Commentaries  on  Modem  Civil 
Law  ” (1848),  etc. 

Bowzybeus  ( bou-zi-be'us).  [Bowsy  = boozy  and 
beus,  as  in  Melibeus , Hclibans.']  A musical  Si- 
lenus  in  Gay’s  “Shepherd’s  Week.”  Some  of  tho 
best  songs  in  this  pastoral  arc  put  in  his  mouth. 
Box  and  Cox.  A play  by  John  M.  Morton. 
The  chief  characters  are  two  men  with  these  names  who 


176 

occupy  the  same  room,  though  neither  knows  it,  one  being 
employed  all  night,  the  other  all  day. 

Boxers  (boks'erz).  A Chinese  secret  society, 
the  members  of  which  took  a prominent  part  in 
the  attack  upon  foreigners  and  native  Chris- 
tians in  China  1899-1900.  The  Chinese  name  of  the 
society  is  I-ho-chuan  — League  of  United  Patriots;  but 
since  the  last  part  of  the  name  can  be  so  accented  as  to 
mean  “fists,”  and  since  athletic  exercises  are  much  prac- 
tised by  members  of  the  society,  the  name  “ Boxers  ” was 
given  to  them  by  foreigners. 

Boxtel  (boks'tel).  A small  place  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, south  of  s’Hertogenbosch.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a French  victory  over  the  Allies  under 
York,  Sept.  17,  1794. 

BoyaCci  (bo-ya-ka/).  A department  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Colombia,  bordering  on  Venezuela. 
Capital,  Tunja. 

Boyaca.  A village  12  miles  south  of  Tunja, 
Colombia.  Here,  on  Aug.  7,  1819,  Bolivar  de- 
feated the  superior  Spanish  force  of  Barreiro, 
taking  him  prisoner  with  more  than  half  of  his 
army.  This  victory  decided  the  independence 
of  Colombia. 

Boyce  (hois),  William.  Born  at  London,  1710 : 
died  at  Kensington,  Feb.  7, 1779.  A noted  Eng- 
lish composer  of  church  music. 

Boyd  (boid),  Belle.  The  maiden  name  of  Mrs. 
Belle  Boyd  Hardinge,  a Confederate  spy. 
Boyd,  Mark  Alexander.  Born  in  Galloway, 
Scotland,  Jan.  13, 1563:  died  at  Penkill  Castle, 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  April  10,  1601.  A Scotch 
writer  of  Latin  verse.  He  studied  civil  law  in 
France  and  Italy,  was  an  accomplished  classical  scholar, 
and,  though  a Protestant,  fought  with  the  Catholic  League 
in  France  1587-88.  He  was  the  author  of  “ M.  Alexandri 
Bodii  Epistolas  Heroides,  et  Hymni  ” (1592),  etc. 

Boydell  (boi'del),  John.  Born  at  Dorrington, 
Shropshire,  England,  Jan.  19, 1719 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  12,  1804.  An  English  engraver  and 
print-publisher,  founder  of  the  Shakspere  Gal- 
lery at  London.  He  was  elected  lord  mayor  of 
London  in  1790. 

Boyd’s  (boidz).  See  the  extract. 

“Boyd’s,”  at  which  Johnson  alighted  on  his  arrival  in 
Edinburgh,  was  the  White  Horse  Inn,  in  Boyd’s  Close,  St. 
Mary’s  Wynd,  Canongate ; but  tavern,  close,  and  wynd 
have  all  been  swept  away  by  the  besom  of  improvement. 
St.  Mary’s  Wynd  stood  where  now  stands  St.  Mary  Street, 
and  the  site  of  the  tavern,  on  the  northeast  comer  of 
Boyd’s  Entry  and  the  present  St.  Mary  Street,  is  marked 
with  a tablet  recording  its  association  with  Boswell  and 
Johnson.  Hutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  18. 
Boyer  (bwa-ya'),  Abel.  Born  at  Castres,  France, 
June  24, 1667:  died  at  Chelsea,  England,  Nov  16, 
1729.  An  English  lexicographer  and  historical 
writer,  compiler  of  a Freneh-English  dictionary 
(1702)  which  appeared  in  many  later  editions. 
Boyer,  Baron  Alexis  de.  Born  at  Uzerche, 
Limousin,  France,  March,  1757:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  25,  1833.  A celebrated  French  surgeon. 
He  was  the  son  of  a tailor,  and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
baron  of  the  empire  by  Napoleon  I.  who  also  made  him 
his  first  surgeon.  He  wrote  “Traite  compiet  d’anato- 
mie  ” (1797-99),  “ Traiie  des  maladies  chirurgicales  ” (1814- 
1822),  etc. 

Boyer,  Jean  Baptiste  Nicolas.  Born  at  Mar- 
seilles, Aug.  5, 1693 : died  April  2, 1768.  A French 
physician  and  philanthropist,  author  of  “Re- 
lation historique  de  la  peste  de  Marseille  ” (1721), 
etc. 

Boyer  (bwa-ya'),  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  Port 
au  Prince,  Feb.  28, 1776:  died  at  Paris,  July  9, 
1850.  President  of  Haiti.  He  was  a free  mulatto, 
but  with  others  of  his  race  joined  the  negro  slaves  in  the 
insurrection  of  1791-93.  After  the  accession  of  Toussaint 
Louverture,  Boyer  with  PcHion  and  others  retired  to  France, 
returning  in  1802  as  captain  in  the  French  army,  and  was 
made  general.  On  Pdtion’s  death  (1818)  Boyer  became  his 
successor.  By  the  death  of  Christoplie  (1820),  and  his  con- 
quest of  the  Spanish  territory  soon  after,  he  brought  the 
whole  island  under  his  rule,  practically  as  dictator.  He 
was  expelled  by  a revolution  in  1843,  and  took  refuge  in 
Jamaica. 

Boyesen  (boi'e-sen),  Hjalmar  Hjorth.  Born  at 
Frederiksvarn,  Norway,  Sept.  23,1848:  died  Oct. 
4, 1895.  A Norwegian- American  novelist,  poet, 
and  litterateur.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Christiania  in  1868,  removed  to  America  in  1869,  was 
professor  of  German  at  Cornell  University  1874-80,  and 
became  professor  at  Columbia  College'  in  1880.  His  works 
include  “Gunnar:  a Tale  of  Norse  Life”  (1874),  etc. 
Boyet  (F.  pron.  bwa-ya’).  A mocking,  mirth- 
ful lord  attending  on  the  Princess  of  France  in 
Shakspere’s  “ Love’s  Labour ’s  Lost.” 

Boyle  (boil).  A town  in  the  county  of  Roscom- 
mon, Ireland,  in  lat.  53°  58'  N.,  long.  8°  18'  W. 

It  contains  an  abbey,  a fine  ivy-clad  medieval  ruin.  The 
spacious  church  has  a well  proportioned  west  front  with 
a single  large  early-Pointed  window,  and  a square  chevet, 
also  with  a large  window.  The  north  side  of  the  nave 
is  early  Pointed ; the  south  side  Norman,  with  curiously 
sculptured  capitals.  The  crossing,  surmounted  by  a tower, 
is  very  fine,  and  the  transepts  mingle  Norman  and  Early- 
English  forms.  Much  remains  of  the  secular  buildings, 
especially  the  kitchen  and  the  guest-house. 


Bozrah 

Boyle,  Charles.  Born  at  Chelsea,  England, 
1676 : died  Aug.  28,  1731.  A British  nobleman, 
fourth  Earl  of  Orrery  in  Belaud,  and  first 
Baron  Marston.  His  dispute  with  Bentley  over  the 
“Epistles  of  Phalaris,”  which  Boyle  edited,  is  famous,  and 
led  to  Swift’s  “ Battle  of  the  Books.”  (See  Bentley.)  He 
was  imprisoned  in  1721  on  a charge  of  complicity  in  Lay- 
er’s plot,  but  was  released  on  bail. 

Boyle,  John.  Born  Jan.  2,  1707 : died  at  Mars- 
ton, Somerset,  England,  Nov.  16, 1762.  A Brit- 
ish nobleman,  fifth  Earl  of  Cork,  son  of  the 
fourth  Earl  of  Orrery.  He  published  “ Remarks 
on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Jonathan  Swift  ” 
(1751),  etc. 

Boyle,  Richard.  Born  at  Canterbury,  England, 
Oct.  13,  1566 ; died  Sept.  15,  1643.  An  English 
politician,  created  first  earl  of  Cork  in  1620: 
commonly  called  “ the  great  Earl  of  Cork.”  He 
became  lord  treasurer  of  Ireland  in  1631. 

Boyle,  Richard.  Born  April  25, 1695 : died  Dec., 
1753.  A British  nobleman,  third  Earl  of  Bur- 
lington and  fourth  Earl  of  Cork,  noted  as  an 
architect  and  as  a patron  of  the  arts. 

Boyle,  Robert.  Born  at  Lismore  Castle,  Ire- 
land, Jan.  25,  1627 : died  at  London,  Dec.  30, 
1691.  A celebrated  British  chemist  and  natu- 
ral philosopher.  He  was  the  seventh  son  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Cork,  studied  at  Eton  and  Geneva(which  he  left  in 
1641),  settled  at  Oxford  in  1654,  and  removed  to  London  in 
1668.  He  is  best  known  as  the  discoverer  of  Boyle’s  law  of 
the  elasticity  of  air,  and  as  the  founder  of  Boyle’s  Lec- 
tures for  the  defense  of  Christianity.  Author  of  " New 
Experiments,  etc.”  (1665,  1669,  and  1682),  “ Hydi  ostatical 
Paradoxes ” (1666),  “Discourse  of  Things  above  Reason” 
(1681),  etc. 

Boyle,  Roger.  Born  at  Lismore,  April  25, 1621 : 
died  Oct.  16,  1679.  A British  statesman,  sol- 
dier, and  dramatist,  third  son  of  Richard  Boyle, 
first  Earl  of  Cork : created  Baron  Broghiil  in 
1627,  and  first  Earl  of  Orrery  in  1660.  Though  a 
Royalist  he  served  under  Cromwell  in  the  conquest  of 
Ireland,  and  continued  to  support  him  and  his  son  Rich- 
ard. His  dramatic  works  include  “Henry  V.”  (acted  in 
1664,  published  in  1668),  “ Mustapha,  etc.”  (acted  1665), 
“ The  Black  Pr  ince  ” (acted  1667),  1 ‘ Tryplron  ’’  (acted  1668), 
“Guzman,”  a comedy,  and  “Mr.  Anthony,”  a comedy  (pub- 
lished 1690).  He  also  wrote  a number  of  poems  and  a ro- 
mance, “ i'artlienissa  ” (1664-77). 

To  Roger  Boyle,  Earl  of  Orrery  (1621-1679),  belongs  the 
doubtful  fame  of  having  been  the  first  to  “revive  ’ (not, 
as  Dryden  insisted,  to  introduce)  the  writing  of  plays  in 
rhymed  verse  lor  the  English  stage,  and  of  having  thus  be- 
come the  father  of  the  English  “heroic  ” drama.  Ward. 

Boyle  Lectures.  A course  of  eight  lectures  in 
defense  of  Christianity,  instituted  by  Robert 
Boyle,  commenced  in  1692,  and  delivered  an- 
nually at  St.-Mary-le-Bow  Church,  London. 
Boyne  (boin).  [Ir.  Boinn. ] A river  in  eastern 
Ireland,  flowing  into  the  Irish  Sea  4 miles  east 
of  Drogheda.  On  its  banks,  3 miles  west  of  Drogheda, 
Julyl,  1690,  the  army  of  William  III.  (36,000)  defeated  that 
of  j ames  II.  (26,000).  The  loss  of  William  was  500 ; that  of 
James,  1,500. 

Boyse,  or  Boys,  or  Bois  (bois),  John.  Bom  at 
Nettleshead,  Suffolk,  England,  Jan.  3,  1560: 
died  Jan.  14,  1643.  An  English  clergyman  and 
biblical  scholar,  one  of  the  translators  and  re- 
visers of  the  Bible  under  James  I. 

Boythorn  (boi'thorn),  Lawrence.  A boister- 
ously energetic  and  handsome  old  man  of  ster- 
ling qualities,  a friend  of  Mr.  Jarndyce,  in 
Charles  Dickens’s  “ Bleak  House.”  The  char- 
acter was  intended  as  a portrait  of  Walter 
Savage  Landor. 

Boz  (boz.  See  definition).  A pseudonym  as- 
sumed by  Charles  Dickens  in  his  “Sketches 
by  Boz,”  first  published  together  in  1836.  He 
first  used  the  name  in  the  second  part  of  “The  Boarding 
House,”  which  came  out  iu  “ The  Monthly  Magazine  ’’  for 
Aug.,  1834.  He  himself  says:  “ ‘Boz’  was  the  nickname  of 
a pet  child,  a younger  brother  (Augustus),  whom  i had 
dubbed  Moses  in  honour  of  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield  ; which 
being  facetiously  pronounced  through  the  nose  became 
Boses,  ami  being  shortened  became  Boz.”  Through  igno- 
rance of  the  derivation,  the  pronunciation  boz,  based  on 
the  nearest  analogy,  sprang  up,  and  is  now  universal. 

Bozen,  or  Botzen  (bot'sen),  It.  Bolzano.  A 

town  in  Tyrol,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Talfer  and  Eisak  32  miles 
northeast  of  Trent.  It  is  the  chief  commercial 
place  in  Tyrol.  Population,  24,362,  (1910). 
Bozman  (boz'man),  John  Leeds.  Born  at  Ox- 
ford, Maryland, 'Aug.  25, 1757 : died  there,  April 
23,  1823.  ' An  American  jurist  and  historian. 
He  wrote  a “History  of  Maryland,  1633-60” 
(1837),  etc. 

Bozrah  (boz'rii).  [Heb.,  ‘sheepfold,’  also  ‘for- 
tified place.’]”  In  ancient  history,  a city  of 
Bashan,  Syria,  in  lat.  32°  28'  N.,  long.  36°  36'  E.: 
the  Roman  Bostra  (?),  and  the  modem  Busra. 

Under  Trajan  it  became  the  capital  of  tlieRoman  province 
of  Arabia,  under  Alexander  Severus  (222-2.i5)  a Roman  mili- 
tary colony,  and  under  Thil ip  (244-249)  the  seat  of  a bishop 
(metropolitan).  Later  it  became  the  seat  of  an  arch- 
bishop. On  its  site  are  many  ruins,  including  the  follow- 
ing : Cathedral , built  in  612  A.  D.  It  is  square  without, 


Bozrah 

the  interior  a circle  91  feet  in  diameter,  with  an  apse  in 
every  angle.  The  circle  was  covered  with  a wooden  dome. 
On  the  east  side  projects  a choir  flanked  by  parabemata, 
outside  of  which  are  two  large  chapels.  Mosque  of  Omar 
el-Ketab,  an  example  ol  a very  early  type,  resembling  an 
open  cloister  having  on  two  sides  a vaulted  double  gal- 
lery with  fine  columns,  the  shafts  monolithic,  of  green 
cipollino  marble,  and  the  white  marble  capitals  antique, 
of  various  orders.  The  walls  bear  a rich  frieze  of  ara- 
besques The  handsome  square  minaret  is  150  feet  high. 
Roman  Triumphal  Arch , with  three  openings,  besides  a 
transverse  archway.  The  chief  opening  is  about  40  feet 
high.  The  arch  is  ornamented  with  pilasters.  Roman 
Theater,  in  great  part  covered  by  a strong,  square-towered 
Arabian  castle.  Several  tiers  of  seats  of  the  cavea  are  ex- 
posed in  the  castle  court.  The  cavea,  about  250  feet  in 
diameter,  is  supported  on  vaulted  substructions.  Flights 
of  steps  ascend  from  outside  to  the  precinction,  and  there 
was  a gallery  with  Doric  columns  above  the  cavea.  The 
stage-structure  is  unusually  perfect.  The  stage  is  about 
25  feet  deep. 

Bozzaris  or  Botzaris  (popularly  bo-zar  is, 
properly  bot'sa-res),  Markos.  Born  about 
1788:  died  near  Missolonghi,  Greece,  Aug.  20, 
1823.  A noted  Greek  patriot.  He  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  Hetseria  in  1813  ; joined  Ali  Pasha  against  the 
Porte  in  1820  ; was  made  a general  in  the  army  of  Western 
Hellas  iu  1823;  and  is  especially  noted  for  his  desperate 
defense  of  Missolonghi,  1822-23.  He  was  killed  in  a suc- 
cessful night  attack  on  a superior  Turkish  force  near  Car- 
penisi,  which  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a poem  by 
Pitz-Greene  Halleck. 

Bozzy  (boz'i).  A nickname  of  Janies  Boswell, 
the  biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson. 

Bra  (bra).  A town  in  the  province  of  Cuneo, 
Piedmont,  Italy,  28  miles  south  of  Turin.  It  has 
an  active  trade.  Population,  commune,  15,965. 
Brabantjonne  (bra-bon-son'),  La.  The  Belgian 
national  song,  with  words  by  Jenneval  and 
music  by  Van  Campenhout,  composed  in  the 
revolution  of  1830,  and  so  named  from  the 
province  of  Brabant.  In  1848  De  Lonlay  wrote  new 
words  for  it,  and  in  1852  Louis  Hymans  wrote  others,  all 
appropriate  to  the  political  situation. 

Brabant  (bra-bant'  or  bra' bant;  F.  pron.  bra- 
boh').  [F.  Brabant,  D.  Braband,  Brabant,  ML. 
Brabantia.']  A province  of  Belgium,  bounded 
by  Antwerp  on  the  north,  Limburg *on  the  east, 
Namur  and  Hainaut  on  the  south,  and  East 
Flanders  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  low.  Capi- 
tal, Brussels.  Area,  1,268  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,477,229. 

Brabant.  A former  county  and  duchy,  which 
corresponded  to  the  modern  North  Brabant 
(Netherlands)  and  Antwerp  and  Brabant  (Bel- 
gium). It  was  at  first  a county,  and  became  a duchy  in 
1190  (?).  Limburg  was  united  with  it  in  1288.  Philip 
the  Good  of  Burgundy  succeeded  to  Brabant  in  1430,  and 
it  followed  the  fortunes  of  Burgundy  and  of  the  House  of 
Hapsburg. 

Brabant,  North.  A province  of  the  Nether- 
lands, bounded  by  South  Holland  and  Gelder- 
land  on  the  north,  Limburg  on  the  east,  Bel- 
gium on  the  south,  and  Zealand  on  the  west. 
Capital,  s’Hertogenbosch.  Area,  1,980  square 
miles.  Population,  620,101. 

Brabantio  (bra-ban 'shio).  In  Shakspere’s 
“Othello, ” a Venetian  senator,  father  of  Des- 
demona.  He  violently  denounces  Othello  for 
his  marriage  with  the  latter. 

Brabine.  The  anagram  with  which  Thomas 
Barnibe  (Bamaby)  signed  his  complimentary 
verses  to  Greene’s  “ Menaphon.” 

Brabourne,  Lord.  See  Knn tchbull- Hugessen . 
Bracciano  (bra-cha'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Bracciano  21  miles  northwest  of  Rome.  It 
has  a medieval  castle. 

Bracciano,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  Italy,  20  miles 
northwest  of  Rome:  the  Roman  Lacus  Saba- 
tinus.  Length,  6 miles. 

Braccio  da  Montone  (bra/cko  da  mon-to'ne), 
Andrea.  Born  at  Perugia,  1368:  died  1424. 
A celebrated  Italian  condottiere.  He  took 
Rome  in  1417,  and  fought  in  the  service  of 
Naples  against  Sforza. 

Bracciolini.  See  Poggio  Bracciolini. 
Bracciolini  (bra-eho-ie'ne),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Pistoia,  Italy,  Nov.  26,  1566:  died  aj;  Florence, 
Aug.  31,  1645.  An  Italian  poet  and  ecclesiastic. 
HiB  works  include  “Lo  Seherno  degli  Dei"  (1618),  “La 
Croce  racquistata”  (1605),  "L’Elezione  di  papa  Urbano 
VIII.” (1628),  “La  Rocella  espugnato”  (1630),  and  the  tra- 
gedies “L’Evandro,”  “ L'Arpalice,”  and  “La Pente3ilea." 

Brace  (bras),  Charles  Loring.  Born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  June  19,  1826:  died  in  the  Tyrol, 
Aug.  11,  1890.  An  American  traveler,  author, 
and  philanthropist.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  re- 
demption of  the  criminal  and  pauper  classes  in  New  York 
city,  becoming  the  chief  founder  of  the  Children’s  Aid 
Society  in  1863.  Besides  books  of  travel  he  wrote  chiefly 
on  sociological  subjects. 

Brace,  Julia.  Born  at  Newington,  Conn.,  June 
13,  1806:  died  at  Bloomington,  Conn.,  Aug.  12, 
1884.  A blind  deaf-mute,  noted  in  the  history 
of  the  instruction  of  such  unfortunates, 
c.— 12 


177 

Bracebridge  Hall,  or  The  Humourists.  A 

collection  of  sketches  of  English  life  by  W ash- 
ington  Irving,  published  in  1822  under  the 
pseudonym  “Geoffrey  Crayon.”  The  “Sketch- 
Book  ” also  contained  some  sketches  the  scenes  of  which 
were  laid  at  Bracebridge  Hall.  The  original  is  said  to 
have  been  Brereton  Hall. 

Bracegirdle  (bras'ger/,'dl),  Anne.  Born  about 
1663:  died  at  London  in  1748.  A famous  Eng- 
lish actress.  It  is  said  that  she  played  the  page  in 
“The  Orphan ’’ before  she  was  six  years  old  but  “The 
Orphan  ’’  was  first  played  in  1680.  She  was  on  the  stage 
till  1707,  when  the  celebrated  trial  of  skill  with  Mrs.  Old- 
field took  place,  both  playing  Mrs.  Brittle  in  Betterton’s 
“ Amorous  Widow  ” on  alternate  nights.  The  preference 
was  given  to  Mrs.  Oldfield,  and  Mrs.Bracegirdle,  disgusted, 
left  the  stage.  She  played  once  more  in  1709  at  Better- 
ton’s benefit.  Both  Rowe  and  Congreve  were  devoted 
to  her,  and  she  was  suspected  of  being  married  to  the 
latter. 

Braehiaxio  (bra-che-a/no),  Duke  of.  In  Web- 
ster’s tragedy  “ The  White  Devil,”  the  husband 
of  Isabella  and  the  besotted  lover  of  Yittoria 
Corombona  (the  White  Devil). 

Brachylogus  (bra-kil'o-gus).  [Gr.  ppaxvMyoc;, 
brief.]  A name  given  in  the  16th  century  to  a 
manual  of  Roman  law,  “ Corpus  legum,”  com- 
posed, probably,  in  the  llth-12th  century  (pub- 
lished at  Berlin,  1829,  as  “Brachylogus  juris 
eivilis  ”). 

Bracidas.  See  Amidas. 

Bracton  (brak'ton),  or  Bratton  (brat'on),  or 
Bretton  (bret'on),  Henry  de.  Died  1268. 
An  English  ecclesiastic  (chancellor  of  the  ca- 
thedral of  Exeter)  and  jurist.  He  was  the  author 
of  a famous  work,  “ De  legibus  et  consuetudinibus  Anglia:  ’’ 
(printed  in  part  in  1567  and  entire  in  1569),  “the  first 
attempt  to  treat  the  whole  extent  of  the  [English  J law  in 
a manner  at  once  systematic  and  practical."  “For  the 
statement  that  he  discharged  the  duties  of  Chief  J ustice 
for  twenty  years  no  foundation  is  now  discoverable.  Dur- 
ing the  earlier  portion  of  his  official  life  (1246-58)  the 
office  was  in  abeyance,  and  if  Bracton  was  ever  Chief  J us- 
tice, it  must  have  been  either  before  1258  or  after  1265.” 
(Diet,  of  Nat.  Riog.)  With  regard  to  most  of  the  facts  of 
his  life  there  is  great  uncertainty. 

Bracy  (bra/ si),  Maurice  de.  A handsome  and 
not  ungenerous  mercenary,  a follower  of  Prince 
John,  in  Scott’s  novel  “Ivanhoe.”  He  carries 
off  Rowena,  but  she  is  speedily  rescued. 
Bradamant  (brad'a-mant).  The  sister  of  Ri- 
naldo  in  Boiardo’s  “Orlando  Innamorato”  and 
Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso.”  She  is  a Christian 
but  loves  Rogero,  and  after  incredible  adventures  in  which 
her  prowess,  assisted  by  her  enchanted  spear,  is  equal  to 
that  of  a knight,  she  marries  him  after  he  has  been  bap- 
tized. Robert  Gamier  wrote  a tragicomedy  with  this 
name.  It  was  produced  in  1580,  and  Thomas  Corneille 
produced  a tragedy  with  the  same  name  in  1695  (this  was 
his  last  play).  There  have  been  several  other  plays  on  the 
same  subject,  notably  one  by  La  Calprentde  written  in 
1637.  Also  written  Dradamante,  Brandamante. 

Braddock  (brad'ok),  Edward.  Born  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  1695 : died  July  13,  1755.  A 
British  general.  He  entered  the  Coldstream  Guards 
in  1710,  served  in  Holland  1746-48,  and  in  1753  became 
colonel  of  a regiment  stationed  at  Gibraltar.  He  was 
promoted  major-general  in  1754,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  to  the  command  in  America,  with  a view  to  ex- 
pelling the  French  from  their  recent  encroachments  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The  plan  of  a general  cam- 
paign against  the  French,  which  was  to  include  several 
independent  expeditions,  having  been  agreed  upon  with 
the  colonial  governors,  he  marched  from  a spot  known  as 
Little  Meadows  with  an  army  of  1,200  chosen  men,  regu- 
lars and  provincials,  against  Fort  Duquesne,  J line  18, 1755. 
He  crossed  the  Monongahela,  July  8,  and  on  the  following 
day,  when  about  ten  miles  from  the  fort,  fell  into  an  am- 
buscade of  French  and  Indians,  who  put  his  army  to  rout 
after  two  hours’  fighting.  He  was  mortally  wounded  while 
trying  to  reform  his  men,  and  died  at  a place  called  Great 
Meadows,  about  60  mile3  from  Fort  Duquesne,  the  present 
Pittsburg. 

Braddon  (brad'on),  Mary  Elizabeth.  Born 
at  London  in  1837.  An  English  novelist,  wife 
of  John  Maxwell:  author  of  “Lady  Audley’s 
Secret”  (1862),  “Aurora  Floyd”  (1862),  “Elea- 
nor’s Victory”  (1863),  etc.  She  also  conducted 
“Belgravia,”  to  which  she  contributed  many 
novels. 

Bradford  (brad'ford).  [ME .Bradford, AS.  Bra- 
danford,  dat.  of  brad  ford,  ‘broad  ford’:  the 
name  of  several  places.]  A town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  9 miles  west  of 
Leeds,  in  lat.  53°  49'  N.,  long.  1°  45'  W.  It  has 

manufactures  of  worsted,  cotton,  etc.  It  is  the  6eat  of 
the  United  Yorkshire  College.  Population,  288,505,  (1911). 
Bradford.  A city  in  McKean  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, lat.  41°  55' N.,  long.  78°  43'  W.,  noted  for 
oil  manufactures.  Population,  14,544,  (1910). 
Bradford,  Alden.  Born  at  Duxbury,  Mass., 
Nov.  19, 1765:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  26, 1843.  A 
historical  writer  and  journalist,  originally  a 
Congregational  clergyman.  He  was  secretary  of 
state  for  Massachusetts  1812-24,  and  edited  the  “Boston 
Gazette"  in  1826.  He  wrote  a “History  of  Massachusetts, 
1764-1820.” 

Bradford,  John.  Born  at  Manchester,  Eng- 


Bradstreet,  John 

land,  about  1510:  died  July  1,  1555.  An  Eng- 
lish Protestaut  preacher  and  martyr.  He  became 
chaplain  to  Edward  VI.  in  1552  ; was  arrested  in  1663, 
shortly  after  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary,  on  a charge  of 
sedition  and  heresy ; was  tried  before  a commission  con- 
sisting of  Bishops  Gardiner,  Bonner,  and  other  prelates; 
and,  with  a young  man  named  John  Leaf,  was  burned  at 
the  stake  at  Smithfield. 

Bradford,  William.  Born  at  Austerfield,  York- 
shire, England,  1590:  died  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
May  9,  1657.  An  American  pioneer  and  histo- 
rian, one  of  the  “Pilgrim  Fathers.”  He  was 
governor  of  the  Plymouth  colony  1621-57  (except  in  1633-34, 
1636,  1638,  1644),  and  wrote  a “History  of  the  Plymouth 
Plantation,  1602-47  ” (MS.  lost  1774,  found  at  Fulham  li- 
brary, England,  1855 ; printed  1856). 

Bradford,  William.  Born  in  Leicestershire, 
England,  May  20, 1663:  died  at  New  York,  May 
23,  1752.  An  American  printer,  the  founder, 
in  1725,  of  the  “New  York  Gazette,”  the  first 
newspaper  in  New  York.  He  sailed  with  Penn  for 
America, Sept.  I,16s2, returned  to  England,  and  again  sailed 
for  America  in  1685.  He  became  printer  for  Pennsylvania, 
Slew  York,  New  Jersey,  and  PJiode  Island,  and  (1702) 
Maryland.  The  first  book  issued  from  his  press  (1685)  was 
au  almanac,”  America’s  Messenger,”  for  1686. 

Bradford,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  14,  1755:  died  Aug.  23,  1795.  An  Amer- 
ican lawyer,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States  1794-95. 

Bradford,  William.  Born  at  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  1827:  died  at  New  York,  April  25, 1892. 
An  American  artist,  painter  of  coast  scenes, 
and  especially  of  the  scenery  of  the  Arctic 
regions.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Land  of  the  Mid- 
night Sun,“  “Chished  by  Icebergs,"  “Arctic  Wreckers,” 
“ Sunset  in  the  North,”  etc. 

Bradlaugh  (brad'la),  Charles.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  26,  1833:  died  Jan.  30,  1891.  An 
English  radical  politician  and  advocate  of  sec- 
ularism. He  served  with  the  7th  Dragoon  Guards  1850- 
1853,  when  he  became  a lawyer’s  clerk  in  London.  He 
founded  the  "National  Reformer"  in  1860.  Having  been 
elected  to  Parliament  from  Northampton  in  1880,  he  re- 
fused to  take  the  parliamentary  oath,  on  atheistic  grounds, 
and  was  not  allowed  to  sit  on  affirmation.  Though  several 
times  reelected,  and  though  he  expressed  his  willingness 
to  take  the  oath,  he  was  excluded  from  his  seat  till  1886, 
when  no  objection  was  offered  to  his  taking  the  oath.  He 
wrote  “A  Few  Words  about  the  Devil,  and  other  Bio- 
graphical Sketches  and  Essays”  (1873),  “The  True  Story 
of  my  Parliamentary  Struggle”  (1882),  etc. 

Bradley  (brad'li),  Edward:  pseudonym  Cuth- 
bert  Bede.  Born  at  Kidderminster,  1827 : died 
1889.  An  English  author.  He  was  rector  of  Den- 
ton, Huntingdonshire,  1859-71,  and  of  Stretton,  Rutland, 
1871-83,  when  he  became  vicar  of  Lenton.  He  wr  ote  “Ad- 
ventures of  Mr.  Verdant  Green”  (1853),  “The  Curate  of 
Cranston  ” (1861),  “ A Tour  in  Tartanlaud  ” (1863),  “ The 
Rook’s  Garden  ” (1865),  and  “ Matins  and  Muttons  ” (1866). 
Bradley,  James.  Born  at  Sherbourn,  Glouces- 
tershire, March,  1693 : died  at  Chalford,  Glou- 
cestershire, July  13, 1762.  A celebrated  English 
astronomer.  He  became  Savilian  professor  of  astron- 
omy at  Oxford  in  1721,  lecturer  on  experimental  philoso- 
phy at  Oxford  in  1729,  and  astronomer  royal  in  1742.  He 
is  especially  famous  for  his  discovery  of  the  aberration  ol 
light,  and  his  demonstration  of  the  nutation  of  the  earth’s 
axis.  His  observations  were  published  in  two  volumes, 
the  first  in  1798,  the  second  in  1805. 

Bradley  Headstone.  See  Headstone. 
Bradshaw  (brad'sha),  Henry.  Born  at.  Ches- 
ter, England,  about  1450 : died  1513.  An  Eng- 
lish Benedictine  monk  and  poet.  He  wrote  “De 
Antiquitate  et  Magniflcentia  Urbis  Cestrhe,”  and  a “Life 
of  St.  Werburgh,’’  in  English  verse,  mainly  a translation 
of  a Latin  work  by  an  unknown  author. 

Bradshaw,  John.  Born  at  Stockport,  in  Che- 
shire, England,  1602:  died  at  Westminster, 
Oct.  31,  1059.  An  English  judge  and  politi- 
cian, famous  as  a regicide,  ne  was  judge  of  the 
sheriff's  court  in  London  1643-49;  became  chief  justice 
of  Chester  1647 ; was  president  of  the  High  Court  of  Jus- 
tice which  tried  Charles  I.,  .Jan.,  1649;  was  president  of 
the  Council  of  State  1649-52 ; became  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster  and  attorney-general  of  Cheshire  and 
North  Wales,  1649  ; opposed  the  dissolution  of  the  Long 
Parliament  by  Cromwell,  1663 ; and  refused  to  sign  the 
“recognition’’  pledging  the  members  of  Parliament  to 
sustain  the  government,  1664.  His  memory  was  attainted 
by  Parliament,  May  16,  1660,  and  his  body  hanged  in  its 
coffin,  Jan.  30,  1661. 

Bradstreet  (brad'stret),  Anne.  Born  at  North- 
ampton, England,  1612 : died  at  Andover, 

Mass.,  Sept.  16,  1672.  An  Anglo-American 
poet,  daughter  of  Governor  Thomas  Dudley,  she 
was  married  in  1628  to  Simon  Bradstreet,  afterward  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  with  whom  she  emigrated  to  New 
England  in  1630.  A collection  of  her  poems  was  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1650,  under  the  title  “The  Tenth 
Muse,”  the  second  edition  of  whicli  (Boston,  1678)  con- 
tains the  bestof  her  poems,  “Contemplations.” 
Bradstreet,  John.  Born  1711:  died  at  New 
York,  Sept.  25,  1774.  An  English  soldier  in 
the  French  and  Indian  war.  He  served  ns  lieu- 
tenant-colonel  in  the  expedition  against  Louisburg  in 
1746;  became  lieutenant-governor  of  St.  John's,  New- 
foundland, in  1746  ; participated  in  the  attack  on  Ticou- 
deroga  in  1758  ; captured  Fort  Frontenac  in  1768 ; and  was 
made  major-general  in  1772. 


Bradstreet,  Simon 

Bradstreet,  Simon.  Born  at  Horbling,  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  March,  1603 : died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  March  27,  1697.  An  American  politi- 
cian, governor’s  assistant  1630-79,  and  gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts  1679-86  and  1689-92. 
Bradstreet,  Simon.  Born  at  New  London, 
Conn.,  March  7,  1671 : died  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Dec.  31,  1741.  An  American  clergy- 
man, grandson  of  Governor  Simon  Bradstreet. 
Bradwardine  (brad' war-din),  Baron.  An  old 
man,  the  master  of  ’fully  Veolan,  in  Scott’s 
“Waverley.”  He  was  a scholar,  and  of  very  ancient 
family,  of  which  he  was  inordinately  proud.  He  had 
been  bred  to  the  bar,  and  had  served  in  the  army.  He 
had  been  in  arms  for  the  Stuarts,  and  was  in  concealment 
after  the  rebellion  of  1745  till  released  by  pardon. 

Bradwardine,  Rose.  The  daughter  of  Baron 
Bradwardine  in  Scott’s  “Waverley”:  “the 
Rose  of  Tully  Veolan.”  She  saves  Waverley’s 
life,  and  he  marries  her. 

Bradwardin(e),  Thomas.  Born  at  Hartfield, 
Sussex,  England,  about  1290:  died  at  Lam- 
beth, England,  Aug.  26,  1349.  A celebrated 
English  prelate,  theologian,  and  mathematician, 
surnamed  “Doctor  Profundus.”  He  was  appointed 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1349.  His  works  include 
“De  causa  Dei,"  “De  quadrature  circuit”  “ Geometria 
speculativa,”  “Ars  memorativa,”  etc. 

Brady  (bra/di),  Nicholas.  Born  at  Bandon, 
County  Cork,  Ireland,  Oct.  28,  1659 : died  at 
Richmond,  England,  May  20,  1726.  An  Eng- 
lish divine  and  poet,  collaborator  with  Tate  in 
the  “New  Version  of  the  Psalms  of  David” 
(1695-1703).  • • 

Brady,  Widow.  See  Irish  Widow,  The. 

Brag,  Jack.  See  Jack  Brag. 

Brag,  Sir  Jack.  A nickname  given  to  General 
John  Burgoyne  (died  1792). 

Braga  (bra'ga).  [L.  Bracara,  Bracara  Augusta, 
Bracaraugusta,  from  Bracares  or  Bracari,  a tribe 
name.]  A city  in  the  district  of  Braga,  prov- 
ince of  Minho,  Portugal,  33  miles  northeast  of 
Oporto.  It  contains  a cathedral,  founded  in  the  12th 
century,  but  remodeled  almost  throughout  in  the  latest 
Pointed  style.  The  early  west  doorway  has  a graceful 
triple  porch  of  florid  work,  elaborately  carved.  There  is  a 
raised  choir  with  well-sculptured  Renaissance  stalls,  and 
a cloister,  connected  with  which  is  a maze  of  chapels  with 
some  historic  tombs.  There  is  also  a pilgrimage  church 
of  Bom  Jesus,  on  a high  hill,  the  ascent  to  which  is  bor- 
dered with  12  grated  chapels  containing  groups  of  large 
colored  wooden  figures  illustrating  the  stations  of  the 
cross,  etc.,  and  with  fountains  typifying  the  five  senses 
and  the  Christian  virtues.  The  great  church,  simple  in 
design  and  well  proportioned,  is  preceded  by  pyramids 
and  statues:  the  tine  wooden  retable  portrays  the  Cruci- 
fixion. The  combination  of  nature  and  art  is  both  curious 
and  beautiful.  Population,  24,202. 

Braga.  See  Bragi. 

Braganza  (bra-gan'sa),  or  Braganza  (bra-gan'- 
za).  A town  in  the  district  of  Braganza,  prov- 
ince of  Traz-os-Montes,  northern  Portugal,  in 
lat.  41°  50’  N.,  long.  6°  45’  W.  It  gives  name  to  the 
house  of  Bragamja.  It  contains  a castle,  a splendid  me- 
dieval fortress,  in  great  part  ruinous,  with  an  isolated  cen- 
tral keep  inaccessible  except  by  a dying-bridge. 

Braganca,  or  Braganza,  House  of.  The  reign- 
ing family  of  Portugal,  until  1910,  and,  until 
1889,  of  Brazil.  In  1385  the  Portuguese  crown  was 
seized  by  Joao,  bastard  of  Pedro  the  first,  and  his  illegiti- 
mate son  Alfonso  was  created  duke  of  Braganza  in  1442. 
In  1640  a duke  of  this  house  headed  the  revolution  by 
which  Portugal  was  separated  from  Spain  : he  assumed  the 
crown  as  Joao  IV.,  and  it  was  retained  by  the  family, 
with  some  changes  in  the  line,  until  1910,  when  the  republic 
was  founded.  Pedro  I.  of  Brazil  was  son  of  Joao  VI., 
and  heir  to  the  Portuguese  throne  ; Pedro  II.  of  Brazil  was 
his  son  ; and  a daughter  became  queen  of  Portugal  in  1834. 

Braganza.  See  Braganga. 

Bragelonne  (brazh'e-lon),  Le  Vi.comte  de,  ou 
Dix  ans  apr&S  (The  Vicomte  de  Bragelonne, 
or  Ten  Years  After).  A novel  by  Alexandre 
Dumas.  It  is  the  third  part  of  the  trilogy  of  which 
“Les  Trois  Mousquetaires  ” (“ The  Three  Musketeers") 
was  the  first,  and  “Vingt  ans  aprfcs”  (“  Twenty  Years 
After  ")  the  second. 

Bragg  (brag),  Braxton.  Born  in  Warren  Coun- 
ty, N.  C.,  1817:  died  at  Galveston,  Texas,  Sept. 
27,  1876.  An  American  officer,  distinguished 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  a general  in  the  Con- 
federate service,  ne  invaded  Kentucky  in  1S62;  com- 
manded at  Murfreesboro  1862-63,  and  at  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  in  1863. 

Braggadocchio  (brag-a-dot'sliio).  In  Spenser’s 
“Faerie  Queene,” a big  bragging  fool.  He  per- 
sonifies cowardice,  and  is  the  comic  element  in  the  book. 
He  was  taken  from  Martano,  a similar  character  in  Ari- 
osto’s “Orlando  Furioso." 

Bragi  (bra'ge).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, a son  of  Odin,  and  the  god  of  poetry.  He  is 
Odin’s  principal  scald  in  “Wallialla.”  His  wife  is  Idun. 
Bragi’s  prototype  was  probably  a historical  person,  the 
Norse  scald  Bragi,  who  lived  about  the  year  800. 
Bragmardo  (brag'mar-do;  F.  pron.  brag-mar'- 
do),  Janotus  de.  A character  in  Rabelais’s 
“ Gargantua  and  Pantagruel.”  He  was  sent  by  the 


178 

citizens  of  Paris  to  Gargantua  to  object  to  his  hanging 
the  bells  of  Notre  Dame  around  the  neck  of  his  horse. 

Braham  (bra'am),  John.  Born  at  London  about 
1774 : died  at  London,  Feb.  17, 1856.  An  Eng- 
lish tenor  singer,  and  composer  of  popular 
songs,  among  them  “ The  Death  of  Nelson.” 
Brahe  (bra;  Dan.  pron.  bra'e),  Tycho.  Born 
at  Knudstrup,  in  Scania,  Sweden,  Dec.  14 
(O.  S.),  1546:  died  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  Oct.  24 
(N.  S.),  1601.  A celebrated  Danish  astronomer. 
He  built,  under  the  patronage  of  Frederick  II.  of  Den- 
mark, an  observatory,  the  Uranienborg,  completed  1580, 
on  the  island  of  Hven ; and,  entering  the  service  of  the 
emperor  Rudolph  II.,  settled  at  Prague  in  1599.  He 
discovered  a new  star  in  Cassiopeia  in  1572,  discovered 
the  variation  of  the  moon  and  the  fourth  inequality  of 
the  motion  of  the  moon,  and  is  said  never  to  have  been 
surpassed  as  a practical  astronomer,  although  he  rejected 
the  Copernican  system. 

Brahma  (bra'ma),  Brahman  (bra'man).  [The 
Sanskrit  has  a neuter  word  brahman  (nom- 
inative brahma),  and  a masculine  brahman 
(nominative  brahma) ; from  the  root  brh,  ‘ be 
thick,  great,  strong,’  causative  'make  great, 
strengthen.’]  1.  The  neuter  word  brahman 
means:  (a)  Devotion,  (b)  A sacred  formula ; especially, 
a spell.  Hence  the  designation  Brahmaveda  for  the  col- 
lection usually  known  as  the  Atharvaveda.  (c)  The  Brah- 
man (neuter),  the  highest  object  of  theosophy,  God 
thought  of  as  impersonal,  the  Absolute,  (d)  The  class 
that  are  possessors  and  fosterers  of  sacred  knowledge 
theologians,  Brahmans. 

2.  The  masculine  word  brahman  (nominative 
brahma)  means:  {a)  A prayer,  worshiper,  and  then  a 
prayer  by  profession,  a priest,  a Brahman ; also  one  who 
knows  the  sacred  formulae  or  spells,  or  sacred  knowledge 
in  general.  ( b ) He  who  knows  sacred  science  in  the  nar- 
rower sense  ; the  chief  priest,  who  conducts  the  sacrifice 
and  is  obliged  to  know  the  three  Vedas,  (c)  A particular 
priest,  the  assistant  of  the  Brahman  in  the  soma  sacri- 
fice. (</)  Brahma,  i.  e.,  the  neuter  Brahman  conceived 
as  a person,  etc.  Brahma  is  a product  of  theological  ab- 
straction, not  a god  of  popular  origin.  He  is  not  known 
in  the  older  books.  In  many  passages  the  word  that  the 
native  commentators  regard  as  masculine  is  to  be  taken 
as  neuter.  Brahmanism  has  no  Creator  in  the  Christian 
sense.  The  personal  god  Brahma  (masculine),  who  is 
called  “the  Creator,"  is  himself  evolved  out  of  the  one 
impersonal,  self-existent  Being,  Brahma  (neuter).  The 
personal  Brahma  then  becomes  the  Evolver  of  the  Uni- 
verse, while  Vishnu  is  associated  with  him  as  its  main- 
tainer,  and  Shiva  as  its  destroyer.  These  three  gods  con- 
stitute the  well-known  Hindu  Triad  (TrimurtI).  There 
are  believed  to  be  only  two  temples  of  Brahma  in  India: 
one  at  Pushkara  (Pokliar),  the  other  about  15  miles  from 
Idar.  The  reason  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  functions  of 
Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Shiva  are  interchangeable,  and  that 
both  Vishnu  and  Shiva  maybe  identified  with  Brahma,  or 
be  worshiped  as  Brahma.  The  image  at  Pushkara  has 
four  black  faces,  each  of  which  is  supposed  to  be  directed 
toward  one  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  compass.  In  fact 
three  look  at  the  observers,  each  having  two  great  glass 
eyes.  The  four-faced  head  is  covered  by  a broad  red  tur- 
ban, and  over  that  hang  umbrella-shaped  ornaments.  The 
image  is  dressed  in  red  clothes. 

Brahmagupta  (brah-ma-gop'ta).  A Hindu  as- 
tronomer whose  date,  according  to  Albiruni, 
is  A.  D.  664.  Albiruni  gives  a notice  of  his  recast  of 
an  earlier  Brahmasiddhanta.  To  him  also  belongs,  ac- 
cording to  the  same  author,  a work  named  “Ahargana,” 
corrujrted  by  the  Arabs  into  Arkand.  This  Arkand,  the 
Sindhends  (i.  e.  the  five  Siddliantas),  and  the  system  of 
Arjabahr  (Aryabhata)  were  the  works  which  were  princi- 
pally studied  and  in  part  translated  by  the  Arabs  in  the  8th 
and  9th  centuries. 

Brahmana  (brah'ma-na).  [Skt.  brahmana,  ap- 
parently ‘relating  to  tlie  brahman  or  worship.’] 
Dicta  on  matters  of  faith  and  worship;  espe- 
cially “a  Brahmana,”  as  designation  of  one  of 
a class  of  Yedic  writings  which  contain  these 
dicta.  Their  object  is  to  connect  the  songs  and  sacrifi- 
cial formulse  of  the  Vedas  with  the  rites.  They  contain 
the  oldest  rituals,  linguistic  explanations,  traditional  nar- 
ratives, and  philosophical  speculations  we  have.  They 
originated  from  the  opinions  of  individual  sages,  imparted 
by  oral  tradition,  and  preserved  as  weU  as  supplemented 
in  their  families  and  by  their  disciples.  A comparatively 
large  number  of  Brahraanas  is  still  extant,  owing  to  their 
being  each  annexed  to  a particular  Veda,  as  well  as  to  a 
sort  of  jealousy  among  the  families  in  which  the  study  of 
the  different  Vedas  was  hereditarily  transmitted.  The 
Brahmanas  of  the  Rigveda  treat  especially  of  the  duties 
of  the  Hotri,  who  recites  the  verses;  those  of  the  Yajur- 
veda  to  the  sacrifices  by  the  Adhvaryu ; and  those  of  the 
Samaveda  to  the  chanting  by  the  Udgatri.  The  Brah- 
manas embrace  also  the  treatises  called  Aranyakas  and 
Upanishads. 

Brahmapurana  (brah//ma-po-ra'na).  In  San- 
skrit literature,  one  of  the  eighteen  Puranas:  so 
called  as  revealed  by  Brahma  to  Daksha.  This 
Purana  is  sometimes  placed  first,  and  therefore  called 
Adipurana.  Its  main  object  appears  to  be  the  promotion 
of  the  worship  of  Krishna.  It  describes  the  creation,  the 
Manvantaras  or  the  life  or  period  of  a Manu,  the  history 
of  the  solar  and  lunar  dynasties  to  the  time  of  Krishna, 
Orissa  with  its  temples  and  groves,  the  life  of  Krishna, 
and  the  mode  of  Yoga  or  contemplative  devotion.  It  was 
not  compiled  earlier  than  the  13th  or  14th  century. 

Brahmandapurana  (brah-manGla-po-ra'na). 
In  Sanskrit  literature,  one  of  the  eighteen  Pin-a- 
nas : so  called  as  revealed  by  Brahma,  and  con- 
taining an  account  of  “the  egg  of  Brahma,”  the 
mundane  egg,  and  the  future  Kalpas  or  days  of 


Bramah 

Brahma  It  is  extant  only  in  a number  of  un- 
★authentic  fragments. 

Brahmaputra  (brah//ma-po'tra).  A river  of 
Asia,  probably  the  ancient  Dyardanes  or 
CEdanes.  Ill  its  upper  course  in  Tibet  it  is  called  the 
Sanpo  ( Tsan-pu , etc.) ; in  Assam  Dihong.  It  rises  near 
Lake  Manasowar,  and  flows  east  and  south.  The  name 
(Brahmaputra)  is  sometimes  given  to  the  stream  formed  by 
the  main  river,  the  Dihong,  with  the  Dibong  and  Brahma- 
kunda.  It  sends  part  of  its  water  to  the  Ganges,  and 
forms  with  the  Ganges  a vast  delta  at  the  head  of  the 
bay  of  Bengal.  Length,  1,800  miles.  Navigable  to  Di- 
brugarli,  about  800  miles. 

Brahmaputra  Valley  Division.  A division 

of  the  former  province  of  Assam,  India. 
Brahmasabha  (brah/,ma-sa'bha),  or  Brahmi- 
yasamaj  (brah-me//ya-sa-maj').  “ The  society 
of  believers  in  God”:  the  theistic  church  found- 
ed by  the  Hindu  religious  and  social  reformer 
Rammohun  Roy  at  Calcutta  in  1830. 
Brahmasamaj  (brah-ma-sa-maj');  in  Bengal, 
Brahmosomaj  (brah^mo-so-maj').  “The  so- 
ciety of  believers  in  God” : the  later  name  of  the 
Brahmasabha  of  Rammohun  Roy.  it  was  joined 
in  1841  by  Debendranath  Tagore,  who  undertook  the  task 
of  organizing  it  with  properly  appointed  officers  and 
teachers,  a settled  form  of  worship,  and  a fixed  standard 
of  faith  and  practice.  This  was  completed  by  the  end  of 
1843.  The  year  1844  may  be  given  as  the  date  of  the  real 
commencement  of  the  first  organized  theistic  church  of 
India.  Its  history  has  been  marked  by  various  schisms, 
but  it  has  exercised  a powerful  influence  against  idolatry 
and  greatly  promoted  social  reform. 

Brahmins  (bra'minz),  also  Brahmans  (bra'- 
manz).  Hindus  of  the  highest  or  priestly  caste. 
See  Brahma. 

Brahms  (briimz),  Johannes.  Bom  at  Ham- 
burg, May  7, 1833:  died  at  Vienna,  April  3, 1897. 
A noted  German  composer  of  choral  and  cham- 
ber music,  and  pianist.  He  went  to  Vienna  in  1862, 
where  he  directed  the  famous  concerts  of  the  “Gesellschaft 
der  Musikfreunde,”  and  filled  other  similar  positions.  His 
numbered  works  in  1887  were  102 ; his  most  representative 
compositions  are  his  symphonies.  Among  his  other  works 
are  “Deutsches  Requiem"  (1868),  “Scliicksalslied,” “Tri- 
umphlied,"  etc. 

Braid  (brad),  James.  Born  in  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
land, about  1795:  died  at  Manchester,  England, 
March  25, 1860.  A British  medical  writer,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  investigation  of  hypnotism 
(named  by  him  originally  “neurohypnotism”). 
Bra'ila  (bra-e'la),  or  Brailov  (bra-e-lov’),  or 
Ibrail  (e-bra-el').  A city  in  Wallachia,  Ru- 
mania, situated  on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  17’ 
N.,  long.  27°  55'  E.  It  was  formerly  a fortress. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  i770  and  in 
1828.  Population,  59,964. 

Brainard  (bra'nard),  John  Gardiner  Calkins. 
Born  at  New  London,  Conn.,  Oct.  21,  1796:  died 
there,  Sept.  26,  1828.  An  American  poet  and 
journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the  “ Connecticut  Mir- 
ror” (1822-27).  He  published  a volume  of  poems  (1825), 
a second  enlarged  edition  of  which  appeared  (i832),  with  a 
sketch  of  the  author  by  John  G.  Whittier,  under  the  title 
of  “ Literary  Remains.  ’’ 

Braine-l’Alleud,  or  Braine-la-Leude  (bran- 
la-led'),  Flem.  Eigen-Brakel.  A manufac- 
turing town  in  the  province  of  Brabant,  Bel- 
gium, 12  miles  south  of  Brussels.  It  was  the 
scene  of  part  of  the  operations  of  the  battle  of 
Waterloo.  Population,  8,743. 
Braine-le-Comte  (bran-le-k6ht'),  Flem.  's  Gra- 
ven Brakel.  A town  in  the  province  of  Hai- 
naut,  Belgium,  14  miles  northeast  of  Mons.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,077. 

Brainerd  (bra' nerd),  David.  Born  at  Had- 
dam,  Conn.,  April  20,  1718:  died  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  Oet.  9,  1747.  An  American  mis- 
sionary among  the  Indians.  His  biography 
was  written  by  Jonathan  Edwards  (1749:  en- 
larged edition  1822). 

Braintree  (brau'tre).  A town  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, 11  miles  northeast  of  Chelmsford.  Popu- 
lation, 5,330. 

Braintree.  A town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 10  miles  south  of  Boston.  Population, 
8,066,  (1910). 

Brainworm  (bran'werm).  In  Ben  Jonson’s 
“Every  Man  in  his  Humour,”  a servant  of  old 
Knowell,  witty  and  shrewd,  whose  various  dis- 
guises contribute  to  the  perplexities  and  elabo- 
ration of  the  plot. 

Brake  (bra'ke).  A town  of  Oldenburg,  Ger- 
many, until  1888  a free  port,  situated  on  the 
Weser  22  miles  northwest  of  Bremen. 
Braklond  (brak'lond),  Long  and  Little.  Two 
ancient  streets  in  St.  Edmundsburv,  England. 
See  Jocelin  de  Brakelonde. 

Bramah  (bra'ma),  Joseph.  Born  at  Stainbor- 
ough,  Yorkshire,  England,  April  13.  1748:  died 
at  Pimlico,  Dec.  9, 1814.  An  English  mechani- 
cian and  engineer.  He  patented  the  Bramah 
lock  in  1784,  and  the  hydraulic  press  in  1796. 


Bramante 

Bramante  (bra-man'te),  Donato  d’Angnolo. 

Born  at  Monti  Asdruahio,  near  Urbino,  about 
1444 : died  March  11, 1514.  A celebrated  Ital- 
ian architect.  He  studied  painting  before  architec- 
ture. About  1472  he  established  himself  in  Milan,  and 
lived  in  northern  Italy  the  greater  part  of  his  life.  He 
abandoned  Milan  for  Home  in  1499,  and  became  the  great- 
est master  of  the  Roman  style  growing  up  about  the  an- 
tique ruins.  His  principal  works  in  Rome  are : (a)  The 
Chancelleriabuiltforthe  Cardinal  RaffaelloRiario,  nephew 
of  Pope  Sixtus  IV.,  his  fust  work  in  Rome.  The  columns 
in  the  famous  courtyard  were  taken  from  the  old  Basilica 
of  San  Lorenzo  in  Damaso,  and  were  originally  taken  from 
the  Portico  of  Pompey.  (6)  The  Tempietto  (1502).  (c) 
Palazzo  Giraud-Torlonia  (1503).  (d)  The  cloisters  of  Santa 
Maria  della  Pace  (1504).  He  was  employed  by  Popes  Alex- 
ander VI.  and  J ulius  II.  His  works  at  the  Vatican  were 
the  long  gaUery  connecting  the  old  palace  with  the  Belve- 
dere, the  court  of  the  Loggia  finished  by  Raphael,  contain- 
ing the  frescos  of  Raphael,  and  the  first  plan  of  St.  Peter's. 
(See  St.  Peter’s.)  Bramante's  design  has  been  considered 
by  Michelangelo  and  all  architectural  critics  as  the  best  of 
the  many  which  were  made  for  this  church.  It  was  a 
Greek  cross  with  a dome  and  two  spires,  and  instead  of 
the  single  great  order  of  the  interior  employed  two  orders 
superimposed  as  in  the  Ospidali  Maggiori.  The  first  stone 
was  laid  on  April  18,  1506.  As  a military  engineer  Bra- 
mante assisted  Julius  II.  in  the  sieges  of  Bologna  and 
Mirandola,  and  built  the  fine  old  fort  at  Civitk  Vecchia 
near  Rome. 

Brambanan  (brain -ba/ nan).  A village  in 
southern  Java,  10  miles  east  of  Djokjo-karta, 
noted  for  ruins  of  temples. 

Bramble  (bram'bl),  Frederick.  The  nephew 
of  Sir  Robert  in  Colman’s  play  “ The  Poor  Gen- 
tleman.” He  is  generous,  enthusiastic,  and  the  pre- 
server of  Emily.  He  insults  her  abductor  “with  all  the 
civility  imaginable.” 

Bramble,  Matthew.  In  Smollett’s  novel 
“Humphrey  Clinker,”  a hot-tempered,  kind- 
hearted,  gouty  squire,  whose  opinions  are  sup- 
posed to  represent  Smollett’s. 

Bramble,  Sir  Robert.  In  Colman’s  play  “The 
Poor  Gentleman,”  a character  of  the  same 
stamp  as  Matthew  Bramble. 

Bramble,  Tabitha.  The  sister  of  Matthew 
Bramble,  a prying  and  ugly  old  maid, “exceed- 
ingly starched,  vain  and  ridiculous,”  who  finally 
insnares  “the  immortal  Lismahago.” 
Bramhall  (bram'hal),  John.  Born  at  Ponte- 
fract, Yorkshire,  England,  1594:  died  in  Ire- 
land, June,  1663.  An  English  prelate  in  Ire- 
land, and  controversialist.  He  became  bishop  of 
Derry  in  1634 ; was  impeached  by  the  Irish  House  of  Com- 
mons, March  4, 1641,  and  arrested  on  the  charge  of  compli- 
city in  the  alleged  treason  of  Strafford ; was  liberated, 
without  acquittal,  through  the  exertions  of  Ussher  with 
the  king,  1641 ; retired  to  Hamburg  after  the  battle  of 
Marston  Moor,  1644 ; became  archbishop  of  Armagh  1661 ; 
and  in  the  same  year  became  speaker  of  the  Irish  House 
of  Lords.  He  induced  the  Church  of  Ireland  to  embrace 
the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  and  disputed  with  Hobbes  on 
liberty  and  necessity. 

Brampton  (bramp'ton),  Lady.  A character  in 
Steele’s  play  “The  Funeral.” 

Bran.  The  name  of  Fingal’s  dog. 

Bran,  surnamed  “The  Blessed.”  A knight 
whose  history  is  given  in  Taliesin’s  poem  “My- 
vyrian.”  He  discovered  a wonderful  and  mystic  vessel 
which  was  adorned  like  the  San  Graal  and  had  traditions 
resembling  it. 

Brancaleone  (bran-ka-la-6'ne),  Dandolo. 
Died  at  Rome,  1258.  An  Italian  statesman  of 
Bolognese  origin,  elected  by  the  people  podesta, 
or  senator,  of  Rome  in  1253,  with  the  power  of 
enforcing  justice,  and  the  command  of  the  mili- 
tary forces.  He  repressed  the  nobles  and  forced  the 
Pope  (Innocent  IV.)  to  recognize  the  power  of  the  people, 
but  he  exercised  his  power  with  such  severity  that  he 
was  driven  from  the  city.  Two  years  later,  however,  he 
was  recalled. 

Branchidse  (brang'ki-de).  [Gr.  B payx'^ai,  de- 
scendants of  Branchus  (Bpayxoc),  and  the  name 
of  their  seat  near  Miletus,  Asia  Minor.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a small  town  in  Sogdiana, 
said  to  have  been  built  by  the  priests  of  Apollo 
Didymmus  near  Miletus:  it  was  destroyed  by 
Alexander  the  Great.  Temple  of  Apollo  LHdymmus,  a 
very  ancient  sanctuary  rebuilt  at  a late  date  on  so  great  a 
scale  that  it  was  never  finished.  The  temple  was  in  plan  168 
by  362  feet,  Ionic,  decastyle,  dipteral,  with  twenty-one  col- 
umns on  each  flank,  and  four  between  antic  in  the  pronaos. 
The  columns  are  63  feet  high.  A sacred  way,  bordered 
with  archaic  seated  statues,  the  best  of  which  are  now  in 
the  British  Museum,  led  from  the  sea-shore  to  the  temple. 

The  name  Branchidfe,  as  the  name  of  a place,  is  curious. 
'Die  term  properly  applied  to  the  priestly  family  to  which 
was  committed  the  superintendence  of  the  oracle,  and 
may  be  compared  with  such  names  as  Eumolpidce,  Iami- 
dxc,  &c.  . . . According  to  the  local  tradition  they  were 
descended  from  Branchus,  a Thessalian,  or  according  to 
others  a Delphian,  the  original  founder  and  priest  of  the 
temple,  of  whom  a legend  was  told  similar  to  t hat  of  Ilya- 
cintlius.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  237,  note. 

Branco  (brang'ko),  Rio.  A river  in  norfh- 
ern  Brazil  which  joins  the  Rio  Negro  in  lat. 
1°  22'  S.,  long.  61°  57'  W.  Length,  about  350 
miles. 

Brand  (brand),  John.  Born  at  Washington, 


179 

Durham,  England,  Aug.  19,  1744:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  11,  1806.  An  English  antiquary 
and  topographer,  rector  of  the  parishes  St. 
Mary-at-Hill  and  St.  Andrew  Hubbard  in  the 
city  of  London . He  published  “ Observations  on  Popu- 
lar  Antiquities  : including  the  whole  of  Mr.  Bourne’s  ‘ An- 
tiquitates  Yulgares,’  etc.”  (1777),  and  other  works. 
Brandan.  See  Brendan. 

Brande  (brand),  William  Thomas.  Born  at 
London,  Feb.  11,  1788:  died  at  Tunbridge 
Wells,  England,  Feb.  11, 1866.  A distinguished 
English  chemist.  He  became  professor  of  chemistry 
to  the  Apothecaries’  Company  1812 ; professor  of  materia 
medica  1813 ; master  of  the  company  1851 ; was  professor 
of  chemistry  at  the  Royal  Institution  1813-54 ; became 
superintendent  of  the  die  department  of  the  mint  1825,  and 
of  the  coining  department  1854 ; and  edited  with  M.  Fara- 
day the  “ Quarterly  Journal  of  Science  and  Art  ” (1816-36). 
Brandenburg  (bran'den-bora).  A city  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Havel  35  miles  west-southwest  of  Berlin. 
It  contains  a cathedral  and  church  of  St.  Catherine.  It 
was  an  old  Slavic  stronghold  ; was  taken  by  Albert  the 
Bear  in  1153 ; and  was  long  the  principal  place  in  the  mark 
of  Brandenburg.  Population,  51,239. 

Brandenburg.  A former  margravate  and  elec- 
torate of  the  German  Empire,  the  nucleus  of 
the  kingdom  of  Prussia.  The  Nordmark  (see  Nord- 
mark)  was  granted  in  1134  to  Albert  the  Bear,  who  sub- 
dued the  Slavic  Wends,  Christianized  the  region  and  col- 
onized it  with  Germans,  and  took  the  title  of  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg,  making  the  town  of  Brandenburg  his  cap- 
ital. Brandenburg  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  seven 
electorates  in  the  Golden  Bull  of  1356.  It  was  united  with 
Bohemia  1373-1415.  In  1415  Frederick  of  Hohenzollern 
(Burgrave  of  Nuremberg)  received  the  mark  and  electo- 
rate of  Brandenburg,  and  was  formally  invested  with  it  in 
1417.  The  mark  consisted  then  mainly  of  the  Altmark, 
Priegnitz,  and  the  Mittelmark  ; the  Ukermark  was  added 
(mainly)  about  1415-10,  the  Neumark  (mainly)  about  1450. 
Brandenburg  early  embraced  the  Reformation.  It  ac- 
quired Cleves,  Mark,  and  Ravensburg  in  1614  (formally 
1666),  and  the  duchy  of  Prussia  was  united  with  it  in  1618. 
During  the  reign  of  Frederick  William,  the  Great  Elector 
(1610-88),  it  became  an  important  military  power.  In  1648 
it  acquired  eastern  (Further)  Pomerania,  and  the  bishop- 
rics of  Halberstadt,  Minden,  and  Kanrin,  and  in  1680  the 
archbishopric  of  Magdeburg.  It  became  the  kingdom  of 
Prussia  in  1701.  See  Prussia. 

Brandenburg.  A province  of  Prussia,  it  is 
bouuded  by  Mecklenburg  and  Pomerania  on  the  north. 
West  Prussia,  Posen,  and  Silesia  on  the  east,  Silesia  and 
the  province  of  Saxony  on  the  south,  and  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Anhalt,  and  Hannover  on  the  west.  It  contains 
the  government  districts  Potsdam  and  Frankfort.  Since 
1881  Berlin  has  been  separated  from  the  province.  It  is 
composed  of  the  Mittelmark,  Ukermark,  Priegnitz,  and 
most  of  the  Neumark,  and  is  the  nucleus  of  the  Prussian 
monarchy.  The  surface  is  generally  leveL  Area,  16,383 
square  miles.  Population,  3,531,906. 

Brandenburg,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  Count  of. 

Born  at  Berlin,  Jan.  24,  1792:  died  Nov.  6, 
1850.  A Prussian  general  and  statesman,  son 
of  Frederick  William  II  of  Prussia  by  his  mor- 
ganatic wife,  the  Countess  von Doenhoff.  He  be- 
came the  head  of  a strongly  reactionary  minority,  Nov.  2, 
1848,  and  represented  Prussia  at  Warsaw,  Oct.  29, 1850,  be- 
fore the  Czar  of  Russia,  who  acted  as  arbiter  between 
Prussia  and  Austria  in  the  difference  arising  out  of  Aus- 
tria’s interference  in  the  politics  of  Hesse- Cassel. 

Brandes  (bran'des),  Georg  Morris  Cohen. 

Born  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  4,  1842.  A Danish 
writer  on  esthetics  and  the  history  of  literature. 
Between  1865  and  1871  (time  spent  principally  in  France 
and  Germany)  he  published  “Asthetiske  Studier”  (“Es- 
thetic Studies"),  “Kritiker  og  Portraeter”  (“Criticisms 
and  Portraits”),  and  “Den  franske  Asthetik  i vore  Dage” 
(“French  Esthetics  in  Our  Day, ’’ 1870).  Returning  to  Den- 
mark, he  became  docent  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen. 
His  lectures  (which  afterward  appeared  under  the  title 
“Hovedstromninger  i det  19d»  Aarhundredes  Literatur,” 
“ Principal  Tendencies  in  the  Literature  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,”  1872-75)  brought  upon  him  the  charge  of  radi- 
calism and  free-thinking,  and  accordingly,  in  1877,  he  left 
Denmark  for  Germany,  and  settled  in  Berlin.  In  the  same 
year  fall  “Soren  Kjerkegaard”  and  “Danske  Diktere” 
(“Danish  Poets”),  in  Berlin  appeared  “Esaijas  TegnCr" 
and  “Benjamin  d’Israeli,”  both  in  1878. 

Brandi  mart  (bran'di-mart),  or  Brandimarte 
(bran-de-mar'te).  The  husband  of  Flordelis, 
and  the  King  of  the  Distant  Islands,  in  both 
Boiardo’s  and  Ariosto’s  “ Orlando.”  He  is  killed 
by  Gradasso.  See  Flordelis. 

Brandis  (bran'dis),  Christian  August.  Bom 
at  Hildesheim,  Germany,  Feb.  13,  1790:  died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  July  21,  1867.  A German 
philosophical  writer  and  historian,  professor  at 
Bonn  (1821).  He  wrote  a “Handbuch  der  Gesohichte 
der  grieehisch-romischen  Philosophie ’’  (1835-66),  “Ge- 
schichte  der  Entwickelungen  der  griechischen  Philoso- 
phie” (1862-64),  etc. 

Brandon  (bran ' don),  Saint.  See  Brendan, 
Saint. 

Brandon.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  “King 
Henry  VIII.” 

Brandon,  Charles.  Died  at  Guildford,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  24,  1545.  An  English  nobleman, 
son  of  William  Brandon,  Henry  VII.’s  standard- 
bearer  at  Bosworth  Field,  created  duke  of  Suf- 
folk Feb.,  1514.  He  was  a favorite  of  Henry  VIII., 
served  him  in  various  diplomatic  missions,  and  secretly 


Brass 

married  his  sister,  the  widow  of  Louis  XII.  of  France. 
He  commanded  the  armies  which  invaded  France  in  1623 
and  1544.  In  the  latter  year  he  captured  Boulogne. 

Brandt  (brant),  Marianne  (Marie  Bischof). 

Bom  at  Vienna,  Sept.  12,  1842.  A German 
singer.  She  has  been  particularly  successful 
as  Brangane  and  Fidelio. 

Brandywine  (bran'di-win)  Creek.  A river 
in  southeastern  Pennsylvania  which  joins  the 
Delaware  River  at  Wilmington,  Delaware.  Here, 
Sept.  11,  1777,  General  Howe  defeated  the  Americans 
under  Washington.  The  force  of  the  British  was  about 
18,000  ; that  of  the  Americans,  11,000.  Loss,  British,  over 
1,000 ; Americans,  about  1,000. 

Brangtons  (brang'tonz),  The.  A family  of 
the  middle  class  in  Miss  Burney’s  novel  “Eve- 
lina.” Their  name  is  proverbial  for  vulgar 
malicious  jealousy. 

Brangwaine,  or  Brangwayne,  or  Brengwain. 

The  confidante  of  Isolde  (Iseult)  in  the  romance 
of  “Tristram  and  Isolde”:  in  Wagner’s  opera 
called  Brangane. 

The  group  of  the  “ Children  of  Lir  ” included  several 
other  divinities  who  came  to  be  regarded  as  characters 
of  romance.  The  Lady  Braugwaine,  who  helps  and  hides 
the  loves  of  Tristram  and  Iseult,  is  no  other  than 
“Branwen  of  the  Fair  Bosom, ” the  Venus  of  the  North- 
ern Seas,  whose  miraculous  fountain  still  preserves  her 
name  in  an  islet  off  the  shore  of  Anglesea. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  280. 

Branicki  (bra-nyits'ke),  Jan  Klemens.  Born 
1688 : died  at  Bialystok,  Poland,  Oct.  9,  1771. 
A Polish  politician,  leader  of  the  republican 
party.  He  was  the  champion  of  the  nobility  against 
Augustus  II.,  and  after  the  death  of  Augustus  III.  put 
himself,  with  Karl  Radziwill,  at  the  head  of  the  republi- 
can party,  by  which  he  was  offered  the  crown  ; but  the 
monarchical  party,  under  Czai  toryiski,  triumphed  in  the 
diet  of  1764,  and  he  was  banished,  xemaining  in  exile  till 
the  accession  of  Poniatowski. 

Branicki  (originally  Branetzki),  Xavery. 
Died  1819.  A Polish  politician,  of  the  Russian 
party.  He  was  the  agent  of  Catherine  II.  in  her 
amours  with  Poniatowski,  and  in  1771  became  grand 
general  of  the  kingdom  of  Poland.  He  was  convicted 
of  treason  in  1794,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  the 
Ukraine. 

Brant  (brant),  Joseph  (Thayendanegea). 
Born  in  Ohio  about  1742 : died  near  Lake  On- 
tario, Canada,  Nov.  24, 1807.  A Mohawk  chief 
in  the  British  service  during  the  Revolutionary 
War. 

Brant  (brant),  Sebastian.  Bom  at  Strasburg, 
1457 : died  at  Strasburg,  May  10, 1521.  A Ger- 
man satiric  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Basel, 
and  was  made  doctor  of  laws  in  1489.  He  was  afterward 
town  clerk  in  Strasburg.  His  most  celebrated  work  is  the 
“Narreuschiif ” (“Ship  of  Fools"),  a satirical  didactic 
poem,  published  first  at  Basel,  1494.  A translation  into 
Latin  appeared  in  1497,  and  versions  were  made  in  French, 
Dutch,  and  English.  The  principal  edition  of  the  “Nar- 
renschiff  ” is  by  Zarncke,  Leipsic,  1854.  See  Ship  of  Fools. 
Brantford  (brant'ford).  A city  in  Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  the  Grand  River  23  miles 
southwest  of  Hamilton.  Pop.,  23,132,  (1911). 
Brantdme  (bron-tom').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Dronne  13  miles  north-northwest  of  P6rigueux. 
There  is  a remarkable  dolmen  in  its  vicinity. 
Population,  commune,  2,363. 

Brantdme,  Seigneur  de  (Pierre  de  Bour- 
deilles).  Bom  in  Plrigord,  France,  about 
1540 : died  July  15,  1614.  A French  chronicler. 
He  was  made  AbbC  de  Brantdme  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
without  taking  orders ; served  in  the  army  against  the 
Huguenots,  and  traveled  extensively.  His  "MCmoires” 
(1666-66)  are  valued  for  their  lively  description  of  the 
chief  historical  persons  and  events  of  his  time.  “ tEuvres  ’’ 
(1740). 

Branville  (bran'vil),  Sir  Anthony.  A pedan- 
tic and  solemn  lover  in  Mrs.  Sheridan’s  play 
“The  Discovery.”  He  talks  most  passionately,  with- 
out showing  a spark  of  meaning  in  his  action  or  features, 
and  has  made  love  in  this  manner  to  eight  women  in 
thirteen  years.  Garrick  created  the  character. 

Brasenose  (braz'noz)  College.  A college  of 
Oxford  University,  founded  by  Bishop  William 
Smith  of  Lincoln  and  Sir  Richard  Sutton,  about 
1509  (?),upon  the  site  of  an  old  academical  insti- 
tution named  Brasenose  Hall  (from  its  sign,  a 
brasen  nose).  The  foundation-stone  was  laid  June  1, 
1509,  and  the  charter  was  granted  in  1612.  The  quad- 
rangle is  very  picturesque ; the  Tudor  gate-tower  and 
hall  remain  unaltered.  The  library  and  chapel  are 
later,  and  architecturally  incongruous.  A new  quad- 
rangle has  lately  been  added. 

Brasidas  (bras'i-das).  [Gr.  B p&aidag.']  Killed 
at  Amphipolis,  Macedonia,  422  b.  c.  A Spar- 
tan general,  distinguished  in  the  Peloponne- 
sian war.  Ho  captured  Amphipolis  in  424, 
and  defeated  Cleon  there  in  422. 

Brasil.  See  Brazil. 

Brass.  See  ldzo. 

Brass  (bras).  In  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “ The 
Confederacy,”  the  knavish  companion  of  Dick 
Amlet,  passing  for  his  servant : a clever  valet. 


180 


Brass,  Sally 

Brass,  Sally,  The  sister  and  partner  of  Samp- 
son Brass  in  Dickens’s  “Old  Curiosity  Shop.” 
She  has  a very  red  nose  and  suspicions  of  a beard,  and 
devotes  herself  “ with  uncommon  ardor  to  the  study  of 
the  law." 

Brass,  Sampson.  A harsh-voiced  “attorney 
of  no  very  good  repute,”  in  Charles  Dickens’s 
“Old  Curiosity  Shop”:  the  legal  adviser  of 
Quilp. 

Brasseur  dg  Bourbourg  (bra-ser'  de  bor-bor'), 
Charles  Etienne.  Born  at  Bourbourg,  De- 
partement  du  Nord,  France,  Sept.  8, 1814 : died 
at  Nice,  Jan.  8,  1874.  A French  clergyman, 
ethnologist,  and  author.  He  was  a teacher  and 
priest  in  Canada  and  the  United  States  1845-48.  From  1848 
to  1851  he  was  almoner  of  the  French  legation  at  Mexico, 
and  from  1854  to  1853  he  traveled  extensively  in  Mexico 
and  Central  America,  studying  Indian  antiquities  and  an- 
cient manuscripts.  In  1861  lie  was  appointed  archaeolo- 
gist to  the  French  scientific  expedition  in  Mexico.  He 
published  “ Histoire  des  nations  civilis^es  du  M&dque  et 
de  l’Amdrique  Centrale  " (1  vols.  1857-58),  and  various  other 
works  on  the  ancient  history  of  Mexico,  and  its  monuments. 

Brassey  (bras'i),  Anne,  Lady.  Died  at  sea, 
Sept.  14,  1887.  An  English  traveler.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  J.  Allnutt,  of  London,  and  married 
Thomas  (later  Lord)  Brassey  in  1860.  She  accompanied 
her  husband  in  his  tours  in  the  yacht  Sunbeam,  of  which 
she  wrote  interesting  accounts.  Author  of  "A  Voyage  in 
the  Sunbeam,  our  Home  on  the  Ocean  for  Twelve  Months  ” 

S,  “Sunshine  and  Storm  in  the  East,  or  Cruises  to 
is  and  Constantinople"  (1879),  “In  the  Trades,  the 
Tropics,  and  the  Roaring  Forties"  (1884),  etc 
Brassey,  Thomas.  Born  at  Buerton,  Aldford, 
in  Cheshire,  England,  Nov.  7,  1805:  died  at 
Hastings,  England,  Dec.  8,  1870.  An  English 
railway  contractor.  He  constructed  the  Grand 
★Trunk  Railway  in  Canada. 

Brassey,  Thomas,  Lord.  Born  at  Stafford, 
England,  Feb.  11,  1836.  An  English  political 
economist,  and  naval  writer.  He  became  a lord  of 
the  admiralty  under  Gladstone  in  18S0,  secretary  of  the 
admiralty  1884,  and  was  created  a baron  in  1886,  and  an 
earl  in  1911.  His  works  include  “Work  and  Wages” 
(1872),  “Lectures on  the  Labor  Question  "(1878),  etc. 

Brattle  (brat'l),  Thomas.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Sept.  5,  1657:  died  there,  May  18,  1713. 
A merchant  and  writer  on  astronomical  topics. 
In  1692  lie  protested  (in  a private  letter  printed  in  the 
“Massachusetts  Historical  Collections  ”)  against  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  court  in  the  so-called  witchcraft  cases. 

Brattleboro  (brat'l-bur//o).  A town  in  Wind- 
ham County,  Vermont,  situated  on  the  Con- 
necticut River.  Population,  7,541,  (1910). 
Braun  (broun),  August  Emil.  Born  at  Gotha, 
Germany,  April  19,  1809 : died  at  Rome,  Sept. 
12,  1856.  A German  archaeologist  and  homeo- 
pathic physician. 

Braun,  Johann  Wilhelm  Joseph.  Bom  at 

Gronau,  near  Diiren,  Prussia,  April  27,  1801: 
died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Sept.  30,  1863.  A Ger- 
man Roman  Catholic  theologian,  professor  at 
Bonn  (1829).  He  was  the  author  of  “Die  Lehre  des 
sogenannten  Hermesianismus"  (1835),  etc.,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  “Zeitschrift  for  Philosophie  und  Katho- 
lische  Theologie.” 

Braunsberg  (brounz'bero).  A town  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  35  miles 
southwest  of  Konigsberg.  It  entered  the  Han- 
seatic League  in  1284.  Population,  12,999. 
Brauronia  (bra-ro'ni-a).  [Gr.  B pavpdivia,  from 
B pavpov,  Brauron.]  In  Greek  antiquity,  a festi- 
val held  at  the  shrine  of  Artemis  at  Brauron, 
in  Attica,  once  in  four  years.  At  this  festival  the 
Attic  “girls,  between  the  ages  of  five  and  ten,  went  in  pro- 
cession, dressed  in  crocus-coloured  garments,  to  the  sanc- 
tuary, and  there  performed  a rite  wherein  they  imitated 
bears.  No  Attic  woman  was  allowed  to  marry  till  she 
had  gone  through  this  ceremony  " ( Raidinson , Herod. , III. 
513,  note). 

Brauwer.  See  Brouwer. 

Brava’s  Knight.  Orlando  Furioso:  so  called 
because  he  was  the  Marquis  of  Brava. 

Bravest  of  the  Brave,  F.  Le  Brave  des 
Braves.  An  epithet  given  by  Henry  IV.  of 
France  to  Crillon  (1541-1615),  and  applied  by 
the  French  army  to  Marshal  Ney  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Friedland,  1807. 

Bravo  (bra' vo),  Nicolas.  BornatChilpancingo, 
Mexico,  about  1787 : died  there,  April  22,  1854. 
A Mexican  general.  He  joined  the  revolutionist 
Morelos  in  May,  1811,  and  kept  up  a determined  resis- 
tance to  the  Spaniards  until  he  was  captured  in  1817.  Re- 
leased by  the  amnesty  of  1820,  he  joined  Iturblde  in  1821 ; 
but  he  declared  against  Iturbide's  enthronement,  was  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  republicans  who  overthrew  him,  and 
a member  of  the  provisional  government  of  April,  1823. 
He  became  vice-president  Anril  1,  1824.  Notwithstanding 
his  office  he  led  a rebellion  against  the  president,  Victo- 
ria, in  1827,  was  defeated  and  captured  at  Tulancingo, 
Jan.  6, 1828,  and  banished  for  several  years.  Under  Santa 
Anna  he  was  president  of  the  council  and  twice  acting 
president  (July,  1839,  and  Oct.,  1842,  to  March,  1843).  In 
June,  1846,  be  became  vice-president  under  Paredes;  the 
latter  resigned  the  power  to  him,  July  28, 1846,  but  in  the 
universal  anarchy  which  prevailed  he  was  able  to  hold 
the  place  for  a few  days  only. 

Bravo,  Rio.  [Sp.,  ‘wild  or  turbulent  river.’] 


The  name  originally  given  to  the  Rio  Grande 
in  the  16th  century,  and  still  used  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  Mexico. 

Bravo,  The.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1831.  Buckstone  produced  a melodrama  in  1833 
with  the  same  title,  a dramatization  of  the  novel. 
Bravo  de  Saravia  Sotomayor  (bra'vo  da  sa- 
ra-ve'a  s6-to-ma-ybr'),Melchor.  Born  at  Soria 
about  1505:  died  there  about  1580.  A Spanish 
lawyer  and  administrator.  He  went  to  Peru  in 
1547  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the  audience  under  Gasca, 
and  later  was  dean  of  the  audience  during  the  rebellion 
of  Giron.  From  1567  to  1574  he  governed  Chile  as  presi- 
dent of  the  audience  at  Santiago. 

Bravo-Murillo  (bra'vo-mo-rel'yo),  Juan.  Born 
at  Frejenal  de  la  Sierra,  Badajoz,  Spain,  June, 
1803:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  11,  1873.  A Span- 
ish statesman  and  diplomatist,  prime  minister 
1851-52. 

Bray  (bra),  Mrs.  (Anna  Eliza  Kempe).  Born 
at  Newington,  Surrey,  Dec.  25,  1790:  died  at 
London,  Jan.  21, 1883.  An  English  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  She  was  first  married  to  Charles 
A.  Stothard  (died  1821),  and  about  1823  to  the  Rev.  Edward 
A.  Bray,  vicar  of  Tavistock.  She  wrote  “ De  Foix  ” (1826), 
“Trelawney  of  Trelawney  "(1837),  “ Courtenay  of  Walrea- 
don  ” (1844),  “ The  Borders  of  the  Tamar  and  the  Tavy  ” 
(1836),  etc. 

Bray,  Madeline.  A young  lady  of  singular 
beauty  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Nicholas  Nickle- 
by,”  the  slave  of  a profligate  father.  She  be- 
comes the  wife  of  Nicholas  Nickleby. 

Bray,  Sir  Reginald.  Born  in  the  parish  of 
St.  John  Bedwardine,  near  Worcester:  died 
1503.  An  English  architect  and  politician.  He 
was  steward  of  the  household  of  Sir  Henry  Stafford,  and 
later  a favorite  of  Henry  VII.,  who  appointed  him  privy 
councilor  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  and 
employed  liim  in  various  other  offices.  He  supervised  the 
construction  of,  and  probably  designed,  the  chapel  of 
Henry  VII.  at  Westminster;  he  also  founded  St.  George’s 
Chapel  at  W indsor. 

Bray,  Thomas.  Born  at  Marton,  Shropshire, 
England,  1656:  died  at  London,  Feb.  15,  1730. 
An  English  clergyman  and  philanthropist. 

Bray  (bra).  A parish  in  Berkshire,  England,  26 
miles  west  of  London.  A “Vicar  of  Bray,”  Simon 
Alleyn,  was  twice  a papist  and  twice  a Protestant  in  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth 
(according  to  Fuller),  but  always  Vicar  of  Bray  : hence 
the  modern  application  of  the  title. 

Bray.  A grazing  district  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  department  of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  fa- 
mous for  butter  and  cheese. 

Bray.  A watering-place  in  eastern  Ireland,  12 
miles  southeast  of  Dublin.  Population,  7,424. 

Brazen  (bra'zn),  Captain.  The  rival  recruit- 
ing officer  to  Gaptain  Plume,  an  impudent,  ig- 
norant braggart,  in  Farquhar’s  comedy  “ The 
Recruiting  Officer.” 

Brazen  Age,  The.  A play  by  Thomas  Hey- 
wood,  printed  in  1613,  founded  on  Ovid’s  “ Meta- 
morphoses.” 

Brazen  Nose  College.  See  Brasenose  College. 

Brazil  (bra-zil';  Pg.  pron.  bra -zel'),  United 

^States  of)  [F.  Bresil,  G.  Brasilien.']  A repub- 
lic in  South  America,  capital  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
bounded  by  Venezuela  and  British,  Dutch,  and 
French  Guiana  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on 
the  east,  Uruguay,  the  Argentine  Republic, 
Paraguay,  and  Bolivia  on  the  south,  and  Peru 
and  Colombia  on  the  west.  It  extends  lat.  5°  N.-33” 
45'  S.,  long.  35°-74°  W.  The  southeastern  portion  ismoun- 
tainous.  The  central,  northeastern,  and  western  parts 
are  occupied  by  a great  plateau,  with  the  low  plains  of 
the  Amazon  to  the  north,  and  those  of  the  Paraguay  to 
the  west.  North  of  the  Amazonian  plains  a portion  of 
the  Guiana  plateau  is  included  in  Brazil.  The  mountain 
region  and  a large  part  of  the  Amazonian  basin  are  cov- 
ered with  forest ; the  remainder  is  more  or  less  open  land. 
The  principal  rivers  are  ihe  Amazon  and  its  tributaries, 
Parana  and  Sao  Francisco,  with  the  Uruguay  and  Para- 
guay on  the  frontiers.  Brazil  is  very  rich  in  agricultural 
resources,  and  exports  coffee,  sugar,  hides,  rubber,  etc. 
It  contains  20  states,  1 national  territory,  and  the  federal 
district  of  Puo.  Its  government  is  a federal  republic 
with  a president  and  a congress  consisting  of  a senate  of 
63  members  and  a chamber  of  212  deputies.  The  prevail- 
ing religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  prevailing  lan- 
guage Portuguese.  The  inhabitants areBrazilians,  Indians, 
negros,  mixed  races,  and  colonists  from  Germany,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland.  Brazil  was  discovered  by  Vicente  Yafiez 
Pinzon  Jan.  26, 1500,  and  independently  by  the  Portuguese 
Cabral  in  the  same  year.  As  the  coast  was  in  the  hemi- 
sphere which,  by  the  Pope’s  dictum,  had  been  assigned  to 
Portugal,  it  was  claimed  and  colonized  by  the  Portuguese. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  exiled  Portuguese  royal  fam- 
ily in  the  Napoleonic  period.  Its  independence  was  pro- 
claimed in  1822.  An  empire  was  formed,  and  Dom  Pedro, 
son  of  the  Portuguese  king,  became  the  first  emperor. 
He  was  compelled  to  resign  in  1831  in  favor  of  his  son,  Pedro 
II.  Brazil  was  in  1865-70  allied  with  the  Argentine  Re- 
public and  Uruguay  against  the  dictator  Lopez  of  Para- 
guay, who  was  defeated.  She  abolished  slavery  1871-88. 
By  the  revolution  of  Nov.  15  and  16,  1889,  the  empire 
was  overthrown,  the  imperial  family  compelled  to  leave 
Brazil,  and  a provisional  government  under  Fonseca  was 
established.  A national  congress  was  summoned  in  1890, 


Breckenridge,  John  Cabell 

which  in  1891  proclaimed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States  of  Brazil.  Fonseca,  the  first  president,  assumed  the 
dictatorship  in  1891,  hut  wa3  obliged  to  resign  the  same 
year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Peixoto  as  president.  Revolts 
have  occurred  especially  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  and  Matto 
Grosso,  and  in  1893  a serious  rebellion  of  the  fleet  broke 
out  under  Mello.  Area,  3,218,130  square  miles.  Popular 
tion,  20,515,000. 

Brazil.  A mythical  island  which  appeared  on 
maps  of  the  Atlantic  as  early  as  the  14th  cen- 
tury, and  long  remained  on  them.  It  was 
placed  at  first  apparently  in  the  Azores,  and 
also  appeared  as  west  of  Ireland. 

Brazils,  The.  Same  as  Brasil. 

“The  Brazils  ” in  the  plural  used  to  be  a common  form, 
and  I have  a dim  notion  that  the  reason  has  to  be  sought 
for  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

Freeman , Hist.  Essays,  4th  ser.,  p.  200. 

Brazos  (bra'zos).  A river  in  Texas  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  40  miles  southwest  of 
Galveston.  Length,  over  900  miles : navigable 
(in  high  water)  250  miles. 

Brazos  de  Santiago  (bra'zos  da  san-te-a'go). 
A haven  in  southern  Texas,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  6 miles  north  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Rio  Grande. 

Brazza  (briit'sa),  Giacomo  de.  Died  at  Rome, 
March  1,  1888.  A younger  brother  of  Pierre 
Savorgnan  de  Brazza.  He  explored,  in  1885,  the 
countries  of  the  Umbete,  Osete,  Mboko,  Okota,  and  Djambi 
tribes,  in  French  Kongo. 

Brazza,  Count  Pierre  Savorgnan  de.  Born  at 
Rome,  1852:  died  at  Fort  Dakar,  Senegambia, 
Sept.  15,  1905.  An  Italian  count,  African  ex- 
plorer, and  French  officer.  He  went,  in  1875,  with 
Dr.  Ballay,  on  a commercial  exploration  of  the  Ogowe 
River,  West  Africa.  Ballay  by  the  river,  and  Brazza  over- 
land, explored  the  whole  Ogowe  basin,  discovered  the 
Alima  and  Likuala  rivers,  and  returned  to  Gabun  in  1878. 
In  1879  Brazza  was  sent  by  the  French  government  on  a 
political  expedition.  He  founded  Franceville  on  the  Up- 
per Ogowe ; opened  roads  between  the  coast  and  the  Kon- 
go; secured  the  kingdom  of  Makoko  to  France;  founded 
Brazzaville ; met  Stanley  on  the  Kongo ; and  explored  the 
Lalli  and  Niadi  rivers.  In  1880 he  made  more  explorations 
and  political  extension  in  the  Ogowe  basin  and  on  the 
coast.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  commissioner  (gover- 
nor) of  the  French  Kongo,  and  explored  the  Nkoni  River. 
In  1831  he  led  an  expedition  up  the  Sanga  River,  thUB 
opening  the  way  for  an  expedition  to  Lake  Chad.  He  es- 
tablished many  government  posts  in  the  French  Kongo. 

Brazza,  Slav.  Brae.  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  in  lat.  43J  18'  N.,  long.  16°  40'  E.,  in  the 
crownland  of  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary:  the 
ancient  Brattia  (Pliny).  Length,  25  miles. 
Area,  153  square  miles. 

Breadalbane  (bred-al'ban),  or  Albany  (al'ba- 
ni).  A former  district  in  the  western  part  of 
Perthshire,  Scotland. 

Bread  and  Cheese  Polk.  The  insurgent  party 
in  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  in  1492,  who  held  tem- 
porary possession  of  the  city. 
Breakfast-Table,  Autocrat  of  the.  Professor 
at  the,  Poet  at  the.  A series  of  works  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  See  Holmes. 

Breakspear  (brak'sper),  Nicholas.  See  Adrian 
IV. 

Brebeuf  (bra-bef'),  Jean  de.  Born  atBayeux, 
France,  March  25,  1593 : killed  in  the  Huron 
country,  March  16,  1649.  A noted  French 
Jesuit,  missionary  among  the  Huron  Indians 
in  Canada.  In  a combat  between  the  Hurons  and  Iro- 
quois, he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  latter  and  was  put  to 
death  by  them.  He  translated  the  catechism  into  the 
Huron  language. 

Brechin  (brech'n).  A town  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  South  Esk  23  miles 
northeast  of  Dundee.  It.  has  a cathedral,  an  ancient 
round  tower,  and  a castle.  Population,  8,941. 

Breckenridge  (brek'en-rij),  or  Breckinridge 

(brek'in-rij),  John.  Born  in  Augusta  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  2,  1760 : died  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  Dec. 
14, 1806.  An  American  politician.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1785  ; became  attorney-general  of 
Kentucky  in  1795 ; served  in  the  State  legislature  1797- 
1800;  drafted,  in  a meeting  with  Jefferson  and  Nicholas 
at  Monticello  in  1798,  the  Kentucky  Resolutions,  which 
were  adopted  on  his  motion  by  the  Kentucky  legislature, 
Nov.  10,  1798;  was  United  States  senator  from  Kentucky 
1801-05,  and  was  attorney-general  in  President  Jefferson’s 
cabinet  from  Aug.  7, 1805,  until  his  death. 

Breckenridge,  or  Breckinridge,  John  Cabell. 

Born  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  Jan.  21,  1821:  died 
at  Lexington,  Ky.,  May  17,  1875.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  general,  grandson  of  John 
Breckenridge.  He  was  a member  of  Congress  1851- 
1855;  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  1857-61 ; candi- 
date of  the  Southern  Democrats  for  President  in  U60 ; 
United  States  senator  from  Kentucky  1861;  joined  the 
Confederate  army ; was  promoted  major-general  Aug.  5, 
1862 ; commanded  the  reserve  at  Shiloh  April  6-7,  1862  ; 
made  an  unsuccessful  attack  ou  Baton  Rouge  in  Aug., 
1862  ; commanded  the  right  wing  of  Bragg’s  army  at  Mur- 
freesboro Dec.  31,  1862;  was  at  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20, 
1863,  and  at  Chattanooga  Nov.  23-25,  1863;  defeated  Gen- 
eral Sigel  near  Newmarket  May  16, 1864 ; was  with  General 
Lee  at  Cold  Harbor  June  3,  1864 ; was  defeated  by  Gen- 


Breckenridge,  John  Cabell 

eral  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  Sept.,  1864 ; 
defeated  General  Gillem  in  East  Tennessee  Nov.  12, 1864 ; 
was  in  the  battle  near  Nashville  Dec.  15,  1864 ; and  was 
Confederate  secretary  of  war  from  Jan.  until  April,  1865. 

Brecknock  (brek'nok)  Beacons.  The  high- 
est peaks  of  South  Wales,  5 miles  south  of 
Brecon.  Height,  2,910  feet. 

Brecon  (brek'on).  The  capital  of  Brecknock- 
shire, Wales,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Honddu  and  Usk  30  miles  west  by  south  of 
Hereford.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons.  Population,  5,741. 

Brecon,  or  Brecknock.  A county  in  South 
Wales,  lying  between  Radnor  on  the  north, 
Radnor  and  Hereford  on  the  east,  Monmouth 
and  Glamorgan  on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  and 
Caermarthen  on  the  west.  Area  (ad.  co.),  733 
square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  59,907. 
Breda  (bra-da/).  A fortified  town  in  the 
province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  26 
miles  southeast  of  Rotterdam.  It  wad  taken  by 
Maurice  of  Nassau  in  1590,  by  Spinola  in  1625,  by  Henry 
of  Orange  in  1637,  and  by  Duraouriez  in  1793.  The  French 
were  expelled  in  1813.  It  contains  a royal  military 
academy.  Population,  commune,  27,827. 

Breda,  Compromise  of.  In  the  history  of  the 
Netherlands,  a league  between  the  Protestants 
and  the  Catholics,  composed  chietly  of  the  lesser 
nobility,  organized  by  Philip  Marnix  of  St. 
Aldegonde  and  others  in  1566  for  the  purpose 
of  opposing  the  Inquisition  and  protecting  the 
political  liberties  of  the  country  against  the 
encroachments  of  Philip  II.  a deputation  of  three 
hundred  nobles,  headed  by  Count  Brederode,  presented 
to  the  duchess  regent,  Margaret  of  Parma,  April  5, 1566, 
at  Brussels,  a petition  which  requested  the  abolition  of 
the  royal  edicts  pertaining  to  the  Inquisition.  See  Ghieux. 

Breda.  Declaration  of.  Amanifesto  by  Charles 
II.  of  England,  issued  from  Breda,  April  4, 1660. 
He  proclaimed  a general  amnesty. 

Breda,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded  at  Breda 
July  31,  1667,  between  England  and  Holland, 
France,  and  Denmark.  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
were  confirmed  to  England,  Acadia  to  France,  Surinam  to 
Holland. 

Brederoo  (bra'de-ro),  Gerbrand  Adriaanzoon. 

Bom  at  Amsterdam  in  1585 : died  there,  1618.  An 
early  Dutch  dramatist.  His  work,  mostly  dramatic, 
includes  the  tragicomedies  “Rodderijk  ende  Alphonsus  " 
(1611)  and  “Griane”  (1612X  and  several  comedies,  among 
them  “Het  Moortje”  (1615),  after  the  “Eunuchus"  of 
Terence,  and  “Spaansche  Brabander  Jerolimo  ” (1618),  the 
last  considered  his  principal  work. 

Bredow  (bra'do).  Gabriel  Gottfried.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  14, 1773:  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
Sept.  5,  1814.  A German  historian,  professor 
of  history  in  Helmstedt  (1804).  He  wrote  “Merk- 
wiirdige  Begebenheiten  aus  der  allgemeinen  Weltge- 
schichte  ” (1810),  “Lehrbuch  der  Weltgeschichte  ” (1810), 
etc. 

Breed’s  Hill.  An  eminence  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  connected  with  Bunker  Hill,  and  forti- 
fied by  Prescott  on  the  occasion  of  the  battle 
of  June  17,  1775. 

Bregaglia  (bra-gal'ya),  Val.  A valley  in  north- 
ern Italy  and  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. It  is  traversed  by  the  upper  course  of 
the  Mera. 

Bregeuz  (bra-ghents').  [B.  Brigantium.]  The 
capital  of  Vorarlberg,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated at  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Constance, 
in  lat.  47°  30'  N.,  long.  9°  45'  E. : the  Roman 
Brigantium.  It  is  on  the  site  of  a Roman  camp. 
Population,  commune,  8,539,  (1910). 
Bregenzerwald  ibra-gen'tser-vald).  [G.,  ‘for- 
est of  Bregenz.’]  A mountainous  region  in 
northern  Vorarlberg,  belonging  to  the  group  of 
the  Vorarlberg  Algau  Alps. 

Brehm  (bram),  Alfred  Edmund.  Born  at  Ren- 
thendorf,  near  Neustadt-an-der-Orla,  Germany, 
Feb.  2,  1829:  died  there,  Nov.  11, 1884.  A Ger- 
man naturalist  and  traveler.  He  established,  after 
1867,  the  Berlin  Aquarium  (opened  1869).  Hisworks  include 
“ Reiseskizzen  aus  Nordostufrika  "(1855),  “Das  Leben  der 
Vogel”  (1860-61),  “ Thierleben  ” (1863-69),  etc. 
Breisach  (bri-zach'),  orBrisach  (bre-zach'),  or 
Alt-Breisach(alt'bri-zach').  Atownin  the  cir- 
cle of  Freiburg,  Baden,  on  the  Rhine,  situated 
at  the  foot  of  the  Kaiserstuhl  13  miles  west  of 
Freiburg:  the  Roman  Mons  Brisiacus,  Brisa- 
Cum.  It  was  long  an  important  Austrian  fortress,  and  has 
several  times  been  held  by  the  French. 

Breisgau  (bris'gou).  An  old  district  of  south- 
ern Germany,  corresponding  practically  to  the 
districts  of  Freiburg  and  Lorrach  in  southern 
Baden : a possession  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg 
since  the  later  middle  ages.  By  the  treaty  of  Lund- 
ville  it  was  ceded  to  the  Duke  of  Modena  (1801).  In  1805 
the  greater  part  was  ceded  to  Baden  and  a part  to  Wlir- 
temberg,  and  Baden  acquired  all  in  1810. 

Breislak  (bris'liik),  Scipione.  Bom  at  Rome, 
1748:  died  at  Milan,  Feb.  15,  1826.  An  Italian 
geologist.  He  was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 


181 

mathematics  at  Ragusa,  and  then  at  the  Collegio  Nazareno 
at  Rome,  and  later  was  one  of  the  consuls  of  the  Roman 
Republic.  His  chief  works  are  “Topografla  fisica  della 
Campania  ” (1798),  “Instituzioni  geologiche  ” (1818),  etc. 

Breitenfeld,  Battles  of,  or  Leipsic,  Battles 

of.  1.  A victory  gained  by  40,000  Swedes  and 
Saxons  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  over  40,000 
Imperialists  under  Tilly,  Sept.  17, 1631,  at  Brei- 
tenfeld, a small  place  nearLeipsic. — 2.  Avictory 
of  the  Swedes  under  Torstenson  over  the  Im- 
perialists under  Piecolomini,  Nov.  2 (N.  S.),  1642. 

Breithaupt  (brlt'houpt),  Joachim  Justus. 
Born  at  Nordheim,  Hannover,  Germany,  1658: 
died  at  Klosterberg,  near  Magdeburg,  Germany, 
March  16, 1732.  A German  pietistic  theologian. 
He  became  court  preacher  and  consistorial  councilor 
at  Meiningen,  1685  ; pastor  and  professor  of  theology  at 
Erfurt,  1687 ; and  professor  of  theology  at  Halle,  1691. 

Breithorn  (brit'horn).  A mountain  of  the  Va- 
lais AJps,  on  the  border  of  Italy,  south  of  Zer- 
matt. Height,  13,685  feet. 

Breitmann  (brit'inan),  Hans.  A pseudonym 
of  Charles  Godfrey  Leland. 

Bremen  (brem'en;  G.  pron.  bra/men),  F. 
Breme  (bram).  A state  of  the  German  Empire. 
It  comprises  the  city  of  Bremen,  with  a small  adjoin- 
ing territory,  and  the  outlying  districts  of  Vegesack  and 
Bremerhaven.  It  is  a republic,  with  a senate  of  16  mem- 
bers, and  a Convent  of  150  burgesses  (Btirgerschaft).  It 
has  1 member  in  the  Bundesrat,  and  1 in  the  Reichstag. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  Area,  99  square 
miles.  Population,  263,440. 

Bremen  (brem'en;  G.  pron.  bra/men).  A free 
city  of  Germany,  forming  with  its  territory 
a state  of  the  German  Empire : next  to  Ham- 
burg, the  chief  seaport  in  Germany,  it  is  sit- 
uated on  the  Weser,  46  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  63°  5' 
N.,  long.  8°  49'  E.  It  has  a large  trade  iu  grain,  tobacco, 
wool,  cotton,  oil,  etc.,  and  extensive  ship-building  and 
tobacco  manufactures.  Its  port,  Bremerhaven,  is  con- 
nected by  the  North  German  Lloyd  with  New  York,  South 
America,  etc.,  by  the  Hansa  Company  with  India,  and 
regularly  with  Hull,  Leith,  etc.  Bremen  was  founded  as 
early  as  788  by  Charles  the  Great.  It  became  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  about  804 ; freed  itself  from  the  episcopal  rule  in 
the  14th  century ; and  joined  the  Hanseatic  League,  but 
was  several  times  expelled  and  readmitted.  Its  position 
as  a free  imperial  city  was  finally  acknowledged  in  1648. 
In  1810  it  was  incorporated  with  France,  but  regained  its 
independence  in  1813,  and  became  successively  a member 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  the  North  German  Con- 
federation, and  the  German  Empire.  Its  constitution 
dates  from  1849.  It  joined  the  Zollverein  in  1888.  The 
Rathaus  is  for  the  most  part  of  the  15th  century,  though 
the  picturesque  southwest  facade  dates  from  1619.  This 
fa.ade  is  supported  on  12  Doric  columns,  and  is  character- 
ized hy  its  very  ornate  oriel  windows  and  gable.  The 
statues  of  the  emperor,  the  electors,  etc.,  between  the  win- 
dows, are  medieval.  There  is  a fine  great  hall,  with  paint- 
ings and  colored  glass.  On  the  west  side  is  the  Rats- 
keller,  or  municipal  wine-ceUar  (celebrated  in  literature), 
decorated  with  excellent  frescos.  Population  of  the  city, 
214,861. 

Bremen,  Duchy  of.  A former  duchy  of  Ger- 
many, which  lay  between  the  lower  Elbe  and 
lower  Weser.  It  consisted  largely  of  the  archbishop- 
ric of  Bremen  and  Verden.and  now  belongs  to  the  province 
of  Hannover,  Prussia.  It  was  acquired  by  Sweden  in  1648, 
and  by  Hannover  in  1719. 

Bremer  (bram'er),  Frederika.  Born  at  Tuorla, 
near  Abo,  in  Finland,  Aug.  17,  1801 : died  at 
Arsta,  near  Stockholm,  Dec.  31,  1865.  A noted 
Swedish  novelist.  A few  years  after  her  birth  the 
family  removed  to  Stockholm,  and  shortly  afterward  to  an 
estate  at  Arsta  near  by,  where,  with  the  exception  of  two 
years  spentin  the  United  States,  whither  she  went  in  1849, 
a short  time  in  England  on  her  return,  and  a subsequent 
sojourn  of  five  years  on  the  Continent  and  in  Palestine, 
she  subsequently  lived.  She  was  a prolific  writer.  Her 
first  novel,  “ Teckningar  ur  Hvardagslifvet  ’ (“  Sketches  of 
Every-day  Life,"  1828),  is  a description  of  middle-class  life 
in  Sweden.  It  was  followed  by  others  in  the  same  vein, 
notably  “FamiljenH.”(“TheH.  Family'),  “ Presidentens 
Ddttrar  ” (“The  President's  Daughters"),  “Grannarna” 
(“  The  Neighbors”),  “Axel  och  Anna  ’’(‘‘Axel  and  Anna”), 
“Hemmet’’(“ The  Home  ”),  “Nina.”  She  was  the  author, 
besides,  of  several  books  of  travel:  among  them  “Hem- 
men  i nya  Verlden”  (“Homes  in  the  New  World,”  1853), 
which  contains  her  impressions  of  America.  Her  later 
works,  like  “ Hertha”  and  “Syskonlif,”  embody  her  opin- 
ions on  philanthropy,  religion,  and  the  equal  rights  of 
women.  Several  of  her  works  appeared  simultaneously 
in  Swedish  and  English,  and  numerous  others  have  been 
translated. 

Bremerhaven  (brem'er-ha-ven),  or  Bremer- 
hafen  (bra'm6r-ha-fen).  A seaport  in  the  state 
of  Bremen,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Weser 
in  lat.  53°  33'  N.,  long.  8°  34'  E.  It  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  size.  It  contains  elaborate  docks  and  work- 
shops of  the  North  German  Lloyd  Steamship  Company. 
Population,  23,991. 

Brenda.  See  Troil,  Brenda. 

Brendan  (bren'dan),  or  Brenainn,  of  Birr, 
Saint.  Born  at  Birr,  now  Parsonstown,  King’s 
Pniinty,  Ireland,  490(?):  diedNov.  28,  573.  An 
Irish  monk.  He  was  a disciple  of  St.  Finnian  of  Clon- 
ard ; was  a friend  of  St.  Columba,  to  whom  he  is  said  to 
have  recommended  Hy  as  a place  of  exile ; and  founded  the 
monastery  of  Birr  about  563.  St.  Columba  is  represented 
to  have  seen  at  Brendan's  death  “ heaven  open  and  choirs 
of  angels  descending  ” to  meet  his  soul.  He  is  commemo- 
rated on  Nov.  29. 


Brescia 

Brendan,  or  Brenainn,  Saint.  Born  at  Tralee, 
County  Kerry,  in  484:  died  in  577.  An  Irish 
monk,  a contemporary  of  St.  Brendan  of  Birr, 
and  called  “Son  of  Finnloga”  or  St.  Brendan 
of  Clonfert  to  distinguish  him.  After  completing 
his  studies  at  Tuam  he  set  forth  on  the  expedition  known 
as  the  “Navigation  of  St.  Brendan.”  According  to  the 
legendary  account  of  his  travels,  he  set  sail  with  others 
to  seek  the  terrestrial  paradise  which  was  supposed  to 
exist  in  an  island  of  the  Atlantic.  Various  miracles  are 
related  of  the  voyage,  but  they  are  always  connected  with 
the  great  island  where  the  monks  are  said  to  have  landed. 
The  legend  was  current  in  the  time  of  Columbus  and  long 
after,  and  many  connected  St.  Brendan’s  island  with  the 
newly  discovered  America.  His  name  is  variously  spelled 
Brandon,  Borondon,  etc.  He  is  commemorated  on  May  16. 

Brendel  (bren'del),  Franz.  Born  at  Stolberg, 
in  the  Harz,  Prussia,  Nov.  26,  1811 : died  at 
Leipsic,  Nov.  25,  1868.  A German  musical 
critic.  He  wrote  “ Geschiclite  der  Musik  in  Italien, 
Frankreich  und  Deutschland  ’’  (1852),  “ Musik  der  Gegen- 
wart  ” (1864),  articles  in  the  “ Neue  Zeitschrift,"  etc. 

Brenets  (bre-na'),  Lac  des.  A small  lake  in 
the  Jura,  formed  by  the  Doubs  in  its  upper 
course,  near  Le  Locle,  Switzerland. 

Brenner  (bren'ner).  The  lowest  pass  over  the 
main  chain  of  the  Alps.  It  is  situated  in  Tyrol  about 
25  miles  south  of  Innsbruck  ; has  been  used  since  Roman 
times ; is  traversed  by  a railway  (since  1867)  ; and  is  the 
main  line  of  travel  between  Italy  and  Germany.  Height, 
4,485  feet. 

Brenneville  (bren-vel')  (Normandy),  Battle 
of.  A battle,  Aug.  20,  1119,  in  which  Henry  I. 
of  England  defeated  Louis  VI.  of  France. 
Brennoralt,  or  The  Discontented  Colonel. 
A tragedy  by  Sir  John  Suckling,  written  in  1639, 
printed  in  1646. 

Brennus  (bren'us).  [L.  Brennus,  Gr.  B phvog, 
repr.  an  Old  Celtic  name  which  has  been  iden- 
tified with  the  W.  Bran  (W.  and  Ir.  bran  = E. 
raven).]  In  legendary  history,  a leader  of  the 
Senonian  Gauls  who  overran  Italy  and  cap- 
tured Rome  390  (?)  B.  C.  With  an  army  of  about 
70,000  men  he  defeated  a Roman  army  of  about  40,000  in 
the  battle  of  the  Allia,  and  plundered  and  burnt  Rome, 
which  had  been  abandoned  by  its  inhabitants,  with  the 
exception  of  eighty  priests  and  old  patricians,  whom  the 
Gauls  massacred.  After  an  unsuccessful  night  attack, 
repulsed  by  the  valor  of  Manlius  Capitolinus,  who  was 
awakened  by  the  geese  of  Juno,  he  besieged  the  Capitol 
six  months,  till  bought  off  by  the  garrison  with  1,000 
pounds  of  gold  According  to  a late  legend,  when  the 
gold  was  being  weighed  a Roman  tribune  remonstrated 
against  the  use  of  false  weights  by  the  Gauls.  Brennus 
threw  his  sword  into  the  scale,  with  the  famous  exclama- 
tion, “ vae  vict is ! ’’  (“woe  to  the  conquered  ! ”).  His  real 
name  was  probably  Brenhin,  Cymrian  for  ‘king,’  or  Bran, 
a proper  name  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Welsh  history. 

Brennus.  A Gallic  leader  who  invaded  Greece, 
in  279  b.  c.,  with  an  army  of  150,000  foot 
and  61,000  horse.  Having  dislodged  20,000  Greeks 
from  the  pass  of  Thermopylse  by  the  secret  path  over 
the  mountains  followed  two  hundred  years  before  by  the 
Persians,  he  advanced  with  40,000  men  against  Delphi, 
where  he  was  repulsed  by  about  4,000  Delphians.  He  is 
said  to  have  put  himself  to  death,  unable  to  survive  his 
defeat. 

Brenta  (bren'ta).  A river  in  northeastern  Italy 
which  rises  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Tyrol, 
and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice : the  ancient 
Medoacus  Major.  Length,  108  miles. 

Brentano  (bren-ta'no),  Clemens.  Born  at 
Ehrenbreitstein,  Germany,  Sept.  8,  1778: 
died  at  Aschaffenburg,  Bavaria,  July  28,  1842. 
A German  romantic  poet  and  novelist,  brother 
of  Elizabeth  (Bettina)  von  Arnim.  From  1797  to 
1800  he  studied  at  Jena.  He  afterward  frequently  changed 
his  abode.  In  Berlin,  1815  to  1818,  he  became  a strict 
Catholic,  and  in  the  latter  year  entered  the  cloister  at  Diil- 
men.  Subsequently  he  lived  in  various  places,  but  led  the 
life  of  a recluse.  In  conjunction  with  his  brother-in-law, 
Achim  von  Arnim,  he  compiled  the  collection  of  folk- 
songs published,  1806-08,  under  the  title  “ Des  Knaben 
Wunderhorn  ” (“The  Boy’s  Wonder-Horn  ”)..  He  was  the 
author  of  a number  of  dramas,  lyrics,  and  tales.  Chief 
among  the  last  are  the  “Geschiclite  vom  braven  Kasperl 
und  schonen  Annerl  ” (“  History  of  the  Good  Kasperl  and 
the  Fair  Annerl  ” 1817),  and  “Gockel,  Hinkel  und  Gacke- 
leia”(1838).  His  collected  works,  “Gesammelte  Schrif- 
ten,”  appeared  in  9 volumes  (Frankfort,  1851-55). 

Brentano,  Elizabeth.  See  Arnim,  von. 

Brentford  (brent'ford).  A town  in  Middlesex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  9 miles  west 
of  London.  Here  Edmund  “Ironside”  defeated  the 
Danes,  May,  1016,  and  Prince  Rupert  defeated  the  Pallia- 
mentarians  under  Holies,  Nov.  12,  1G42.  Population, 
15,171. 

Brentford,  Two  Kings  of.  Two  characters 
which  always  appear  together  and  do  exactly 
the  same  tilings,  in  Buckingham’s  farce  “The 
Rehearsal.”  It  is  not  known  what  particular  play,  if 
any,  suggested  them,  but  they  have  passed  into  a byword. 

Brera  (bra'ra).  The  name  given  to  the  “Pal- 
ace of  Sciences  and  Arts”  at  Milan,  it  contains 
a noted  art  gallery,  and  the  Brera  Library,  founded  in 
1770,  witli  about  300,000  volumes. 

Brescia  (bro'shii).  A province  in  Lombardy, 
Italy.  Area,  1,806  square  miles.  Population, 
573,973. 


Brescia 

Brescia.  [L.  Bnxia.)  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Brescia,  Italy,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Alps,  in  lat.  45°  32'  N.,  long.  10°  13'  E. : the 
Gallic  Bnxia.  It  has  manufactures  of  lineu,  woolen,  silk, 
weapons,  etc.  It  was  originally  a Gallic  and  later  a Roman 
town,  and  was  wealthy  and  important  till  its  sack  by  Gaston 
deFoix  in  1512.  Till  1797  it  was  underVenetian  rule.  Ittook 
part  in  the  revolutionary  movements  of  1848^49,  and  was 
bombarded  and  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1849.  The  Duomo 
Vecchio,  or  old  cathedral,  is  a circular  church  with  arec 
tangular  porch,  perhaps  as  old  as  the  7th  century,  and  of 
much  architectural  interest  as  a more  probable  prototype 
than  San  Vitale  at  Ravenna  of  the  circular  churches  of 
northern  Europe.  The  diameter  is  125  feet;  that  of  the 
nave,  with  its  lofty  dome  resting  on  eight  plain  round 
arches,  65.  There  is  also  a Roman  temple,  which  now 
serves  as  the  Museo  Antico.  It  is  Corinthian,  on  a high 
basement,  with  a picturesque  portico  of  twelve  columns 
and  four  piers  in  front.  There  are  three  shallow  cellas,  side 
by  side  : that  in  the  middle  projects  beyond  the  others,  and 
is  preceded  by  a hexastyle  porch,  while  each  side  cella  has 
two  columns  between  square  piers.  This  temple  is  re- 
markable in  having  the  portico  on  one  of  its  long  sides. 
It  was  dedicated  by  Vespasian  in  a.  d.  72,  and  one  of  the 
cellas  was  sacred  to  Hercules.  Population,  commune, 
70,014. 

Bresil.  See  Brazil. 

Breslau  (bres'lou).  [Pol.  Wroclaw  or  Wracis- 
lawa,  L.  Wratislavia.']  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Ohlau  with  the  Oder,  in  lat.  51°  7'  N., 
long.  17°  3'  E.  It  is  the  second  city  of  Prussia,  and  is 
one  of  the  chief  commercial  centers  in  Germany,  having 
trade  in  grain,  wool,  timber,  metals,  cloth,  etc.,  and  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  spirits,  etc.  It  contains  a cathedral, 
university,  Rathaus,  Stadthaus  (with  library  and  collec- 
tions), etc.  It  was  a town  as  early  as  1000  A.  D.,  and  was 
the  capital  of  the  medieval  duchy  of  Silesia.  It  came 
under  Bohemian  rule  in  1335,  and  passed  with  Bohemia 
to  the  Hapsburgs.  In  1741  it  was  captured  by  Frederick 
the  Great,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  French 
1806-07.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  uprising  against  the 
French  in  1813.  The  cathedral  is  in  the  main  of  the  14th 
century,  with  earlier  choir  and  later  vestibule.  It  pos- 
sesses a great  number  of  chapels,  several  of  them  very 
richly  ornamented  with  sculpture  and  containing  fine 
tombs  with  statues  and  reliefs,  besides  brasses  and  paint- 
ings. Population,  510,929,  (1910). 

Breslau.  A governmental  district  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia.  Population, 
1,784,496. 

Breslau,  Peace  of.  Lord  Hyndford,  represent- 
ing the  Queen  of  Hungary,  Maria  Theresa, 
signed  June  11,  1742,  with  Podewilz,  the  Prus- 
sian minister,  the  preliminaries  of  a treaty 
concluded  at  Berlin,  July  28,  1742.  Austria 
ceded  Silesia  to  Prussia. 

Bressant  (hre-son'),  Jean  Baptiste  Prosper. 
Born  at  Chalons-sur-Saone,  France,  Oct.  24, 
1815:  died  at  Nemours,  Jan.  22, 1886.  A French 
comedian. 

Bresse  (bres).  A former  district  of  eastern 
France,  lying  east  of  the  Saone,  and  comprised 
in  the  department  of  Ain.  its  chief  city  was  Bourg. 
Bresse  formed  part  of  the  Burgundian  kingdom  ; passed 
to  the  house  of  Savoy  1272-1402  ; and  was  ceded  by  Savoy 
to  France  1601.  It  formed  part  of  the  general  government 
of  Burgundy. 

Bresson  (bre-son'),  Charles,  Comte.  Born  at 
Paris,  1798:  died  at  Naples,  Nov.  2,  1847.  A 
French  diplomatist.  He  was  first  secretary  of  lega- 
tion at  London  about  1829  ; charge  d’affaires  at  Berlin 
1833 ; minister  of  foreign  affairs  1834 ; and  ambassador  at 
Madrid  1841,  and  at  Naples  1847,  where  he  committed 
suicide.  He  negotiated  at  Madrid,  1846,  the  double  French- 
Spanish  marriage  of  Queen  Isabella  and  of  her  sister. 
Bressuire  (bre-swer').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux-Sbvres,  France,  45  miles  south  of 
Angers.  It  has  a medieval  castle  and  church. 
Population,  commune,  4,967. 

Brest  (brest).  A seaport  in  the  department 
of  Finist&re,  Frauce,  situated  ou  the  Roads  of 
Brest  in  lat.  48°  24'  N.,  long.  4°  29'  W.  it  is 
the  principal  naval  port  of  France,  and  a strong  fortress. 
It  has  a large  roadstead,  a commercial  harbor,  and  a mili- 
tary harbor  with  a famous  swing-bridge,  a castle  and  large 
quays  and  docks,  and  is  the  terminus  of  a transatlantic 
cable  (to  Duxbury,  Massachusetts).  It  figured  in  the 
Hundred  Years’  War,  resisted  an  English  attack  in  1513, 
was  developed  by  Richelieu,  and  was  fortified  by  Vauban. 
The  English  were  defeated  here  by  the  French  in  1694, 
and  the  French  were  defeated  by  the  Englisn  fleet  under 
Howe  in  1794.  Population,  commune,  85,294. 

Brest-Litovski  (brest-le-tov'slri),  Pol.  Brzesc 
Litewski.  A city  in  the  government  of 
Grodno,  situated  on  the  river  Bug  in  lat.  52°  8' 
N.,  long.  23°  40'  E.  Population,  50,755. 
Bretagne  (bre-tany').  The  French  name  of 
Brittany. 

Breteuil  (bre-tey').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  18  miles  south  of 
Amiens.  Population,  2,476. 

Bret  Harte.  See  Harte. 

Bretigny  (bre-ten-yi'),  Treaty  or  Peace  of. 

A treaty  concluded  at  Bretigny,  near  Chartres, 
France,  May  8,  1360,  between  England  and 
France.  England  renounced  its  claims  to  the  French 
crown,  Maine,  Anjou,  Normandy,  and  Touraine,  and  re- 


182 

leased  King  John  of  France.  Frauce  permitted  England 
to  retain  Gascony,  Guienne,  Poitou,  Ponthieu,  Calais,  etc., 
and  paid  3,000,000  gold  crowns. 

Breton  (bre-toh'),  Emile  Adeiard.  Born  at 

Courrieres,  Prance,  March  8,1831:  died  Nov.  26, 
1902.  A French  landscape-painter,  brother  and 
pupil  of  Jules  Breton.  He  left  the  army  to  pursue 
his  studies  in  art,  and  was  decorated  with  the  cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  in  1878.  His  favorite  subjects  were  Au- 
tumn, Winter,  Twilight,  and  Sunset. 

Breton,  Jules  Adolphe  Aime  Louis.  Bom 

May  1, 1827 : died  July  5, 1906.  A noted  French 
genre  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Drolling  and  of 
Devigne,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  representation  of  in- 
cidents taken  from  the  life  of  the  peasantry.  He  was  in 
1861  decorated  with  the  cress  and  in  1889  became  a com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  Among  his  best-known 
paintings  are  “Le  retour  des  moissonneurs  ” (1853),  “Les 
glaneuses"  (1855),  “La  benediction  des  bies”  (1857),  “La 
fin  de  la  joumee  ” (1865),  etc.  He  wrote  poems,  and  an 
autobiography  entitled  “ Vie  d’un  artiste,  art  et  nature" 
(1890). 

Breton  (brit'ou),  Nicholas.  Born  at  London 
about  1545 : died  about  1626.  An  English  poet 
and  prose-writer,  a stepson  of  George  Gas- 
coigne. He  was  a voluminous  writer. 

Breton  (bre-ton'),  Raymond.  Born  at  Aux- 
erre,  1609 : died  at  Caen,  1679.  A French  Do- 
minican missionary.  From  1635  to  1643  he  was  in  the 
French  West  Indies,  most  of  the  time  living  among  the 
Caribs.  He  published  several  works  on  their  language 
and  customs,  and  his  manuscripts  were  largely  used  by 
Rochefort  and  others. 

Breton  de  los  Herreros,  Manuel.  See  Her- 

reros. 

Bretons  (bret'onz).  The  natives  of  Brittany. 
Bretschneider  (bret'shni-der),  Karl  Gottlieb. 
Born  at  Gersdorf,  Saxony,  Feb.  11,  1776:  died 
at  Gotha,  Germany,  Jan.  22,  1848.  A German 
Protestant  theologian,  general  superintendent 
at  Gotha  (1816). 

Bretten  (bret'ten).  A small  town  in  Baden, 
15  miles  east  of  Karlsruhe:  the  birthplace  of 
Melauchthon. 

Breval  (brev'al),  John  Durant.  Born  at  West- 
minster (?)  about  1680:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1738. 
An  English  miscellaneous  writer.  He  wasof  French 
descent,  but  wrote  much  under  the  name  of  Joseph  Gay. 
He  attacked  Pope  under  this  pseudonym,  and  is  in  return 
held  up  to  ridicule  in  the  “ Dunciad.” 

Brevent  (bra-voh').  A summit  of  the  Alps  of 
Mout  Blanc,  northwest  of  Chamonix.  Height, 
8,285  feet. 

Breviarium  Alaricanum  (bre-vi-a'ri-um  a-lar- 
i-ka'num).  [L.,  ‘short  code  of  Alaric.’]  A 
code  of  Roman  law,  compiled  in  506  a.  d.  by 
direction  of  Alaric  II.,  king  of  the  Visigoths. 
Brewer,  Antony.  Lived  about  1655.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatic  writer.  He  wrote  “The  Love-sick 
King,  etc."  (1655),  which  was  reprinted  as  “ The  Perjured 
Nun."  He  is  better  known,  however,  from  the  fact  that 
“Lingua,  or  the  Combat  of  the  Five  Senses,  etc."  (1607), 
and  “The  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton  ” (1008),  were  formerly 
ascribed  to  him.  “The  Country  Girl”  (1647),  signed 
“ T.  B.,"  has  also  been  erroneously  identified  as  his. 

Brewer  of  Ghent.  See  Artevelde,  Jacob  van. 
Brewster  (bro'ster),  Sir  David.  Bom  at  Jed- 
burgh, Scotland,  Dec.  11,  1781:  died  at  Aller- 
by,  Montrose,  Scotland,  Feb.  10, 1868.  A cele- 
brated Scotch  physicist,  noted  especially  for 
discoveries  in  regard  to  the  polarization  of 
light.  He  invented  the  kaleidoscope  in  1816  ; perfected 
the  stereoscope  1849-50 ; and  improved  the  lighthouse 
system.  He  wrote  a “ Treatise  on  Optics”  (1831),  “ More 
Worlds  than  One”  (1854),  “Memoirs,  etc.,  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  ” (1855),  etc.  In  1838  he  became  principal  of  the 
united  college  of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  the  uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrews. 

Brewster,  William.  Born  at  Scrooby,  Not- 
tinghamshire, England,  about  1560  (1564?): 
died  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April  10,  1644.  One 
of  the  founders  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  in  New 
England.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  a short  time  at 
the  University  of  Cambridge;  was  employed,  1584-87,  in 
the  service  of  William  Davison,  ambassador  to  the  Low 
Countries,  whom  he  accompanied  abroad  ; was  keeper  of 
the  post-office  at  Scrooby  1594-1607 ; participated  in  the 
unsuccessful  attempt  of  the  Brownist  congregation  at 
Scrooby  to  escape  to  Holland,  1607 ; removed  with  the 
congregation  to  Leyden  in  1609 ; sailed  in  the  Mayflower 
in  1620 ; and  became  ruling  elder  in  the  church  at  New 
Plymouth,  as  he  had  been  in  Leyden. 

Brialmont(bre-al-moh'),  Henri  Alexis.  Born 
May  25,  1821 : died  July  21,  1903.  A noted 
Belgian  general  and  writer  on  military  affairs. 
His  works  include  “Considerations  politiques  et  mili- 
taires  sur  la  Belgique”  (1851-62),  “Precis  d’art  militaire” 
(1854),  “Histoire  du  due  de  Wellington”  (1856-57),  etc. 
Briana  (bri-a'na).  The  owner  of  a strong  cas- 
tle in  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  who  could 
not  obtain  the  love  of  Crudor  unless  she  made 
him  a mantle  of  “beards  of  knights  and  locks 
of  ladies.”  No  one  was  allowed  to  pass  with- 
out paying  this  toll. 

Brian  Borumha,  or  Boru  (bri'an  bo-ro'). 
[Ir.  Brian  na  loromi,  Brian  the  trib- 


Bridgeport 

ute.]  Born  926 : killed  at  Clontarf,  Ireland, 
Good  Friday,  1014.  A noted  Irish  king.  He 
became  sovereign  of  Munster  in  978  (?),  and 
principal  king  of  Ireland  in  1002. 

Brian  Boroimhe  (bor'i-ve)  (Brian  Boru),  or 
The  Maid  of  Erin.  A play  by  James  Sheri- 
dan Knowles,  1811,  adapted  from  an  earlier 
work  of  the  same  name. 

BrianQon  (bre-on-son').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Alpes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Durance  near  Mont  Genevre  and  the  Italian 
frontier,  in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  6°  35'  E.  : the 
Roman  Brigantium.  It  is  an  important  strate- 
gic point,  and  a fortress'of  the  first  class. 
Population,  commune,  7,524. 

Brianza  (bre-an'dza).  A district  in  northern 
Italy,  between  the  Lake  of  Como  and  the  Lake 
of  Lecco.  It  is  noted  for  its  fertility. 
Briareus  (bri-a're-us).  [Gr.  Bpidpcuc.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a son  of  Uranus  and  Ge,  a 
monster  with  a hundred  arms.  Also  called 
JEgseon. 

Brice,  Saint.  Born  at  Tours : died  there,  Nov. 
13,  444.  A French  prelate,  made  bishop  of 
Tours  on  the  death  of  St.  Martin.  He  is  com- 
memorated on  Nov.  13.  On  St.  Brice’s  day,  1002,  there 
was  a massacre  of  the  Danes  ia  England  by  order  of 
Ethelred. 

Briceno  (bre-tha'no),  Ramon.  Bom  1814: 
died  1882.  A Chilian  bibliophilist  and  author. 
In  1840  he  was  chosen  professor  of  philosophy  and  natural 
law  in  the  Chilian  University,  and  in  1864  director  of  the 
National  Library.  He  held  various  judicial  offices.  Be- 
sides books  on  law  and  philosophy  he  published  “Estad- 
i3tica  Bibliograficade  la  Literatura  Chilena."  His  private 
library  was  oue  of  the  largest  in  South  America. 

Brick  (brik),  Jefferson.  A correspondent  of 
a New  York  journal  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit.”  He  is  of  excessively  mild  and 
youthful  aspect,  but  bloodthirsty  in  the  ex- 
treme in  his  political  views. 

Bridal  of  Triermain,  The.  A poem  by  Scott, 
published  in  1813. 

Bridal  Veil  Fall.  A noted  fall  in  the  Yosemite 
Valley,  California.  The  height  of  the  main  fall  is 
630  feet,  and  that  of  the  cascades  about  300  feet.  The 
total  fall  (nearly  vertical)  is  about  900  feet. 

Bride,  Saint.  See  Bridget. 

Bride  of  Abydos,  The.  1.  A poem  by  Lord 
Byron,  a Turkish  tale,  published  in  1813. — 2. 
A melodrama  adapted  from  the  poem  by  Di- 
mond,  produced  about  1819. 

Bride  of  the  Sea.  A name  poetically  given  to 
Venice,  from  the  medieval  ceremony  by  which 
the  city  was  wedded  to  the  Adriatic. 

Bride  of  Lammermoor,  The.  A novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1819.  See  Ashton, 
Lucy.  Several  plays  have  been  written  on  the  subject, 
notably  one  by  J.  W.  Cole  under  the  name  of  “John  Wil- 
liam Calcraft,”  called  “ The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,”  and 
one  by  Merivale,  called  “Ravenswood.”  See  also  Lucia 
di  Lammermoor. 

Bridewell  (brld'wel).  [From  St.  Bride’s,  or 
Bridget’s,  well,  a spring  of  supposed  miracu- 
lous powers,  in  the  vicinity.]  A celebrated 
London  prison,  or  house  of  detention,  most  of 
which  was  demolished  in  1863.  It  was  founded 
upon  a favorite  palace  of  Henry  VIII.,  which  stood  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Fleet  between  Blackfriars  and  Whitefriars. 
There  was  a royal  residence  here  as  early  as  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.,  if  not  in  that  of  John.  Henry  VIII.  is  said  to 
have  rebuilt  the  palace,  and  he  and  Katharine  lived  there 
when  the  cardinals  sat  on  the  divorce  in  Blackfriars  op- 
posite. In  1553  Edward  VI.  gave  his  father’s  palace  of 
Bridewell  to  the  city  of  London  for  a workhouse,  and  for- 
mulated the  system  of  municipal  charity.  It  later  became  a 
temporary  prison  or  house  of  detention,  with  which  use  its 
name  is  especially  familiar.  In  old  views  and  maps  it 
appears  as  a castellated  building  of  some  architectural 
retensions.  The  name  has  become  a generic  term  for  a 
ouse  of  correction,  or  lockup. 

Bridgeman  (brij'man),  Lucinda.  A vulgar 
city  girl  in  Cumberland’s  “Fashionable  Lover.” 
Bridgenorth,  or  Bridgnorth  (brij'ndrth).  A 
parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  in  Shrop- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Severn  18  miles 
southeast  of  Shrewsbury,  its  castle  was  taken  by 
Henry  I.  in  1102,  by  Henry  II.  in  1157,  and  by  the  Parlia- 
mentarians in  1646.  Population,  6,052. 

Bridgenorth,  Alice.  The  principal  female 
character  in  Scott’s  “Peveril  of  the  Peak.” 
Bridge  of  Sighs.  1.  A bridge  in  Venice  which 
spans  the  Rio  della  Paglia,  and  connects  the 
ducal  palace  with  the  Careeri,  or  prisons.  The 
bridge  dates  from  1597;  it  is  an  elliptical  arch,  32  feet 
above  the  water,  inclosed  at  the  sides  and  arched  over- 
head. It  contains  two  separate  passages,  through  which 
prisoners  were  led  for  trial  or  judgment.  See  Tombs,  The. 
2.  A poem  by  Thomas  Hood,  composed  in  1844. 
Bridgeport  (brij'port).  A city,  the  capital  of 
Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  situated  ou  an 
inlet  of  Long  Island  Sound,  in  lat.  41°  11'  N., 
long.  73°  12'  W.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  manufacturing 
cities  in  the  State.  Formerly  called  Ncwfield.  Popula- 
tion, 102,054,  (1910). 


Bridget 

Bridget  (brij'et),  Brigit,  or  Bride  (brid),  Saint. 
[Ir.  Brigit,  Mid.  Ir.  Brighid  (ML.  Brigida, 
Brigitta),  from  an  OCelt.  *Briganti,  repr.  by 
LL.  Brigantia,  the  name  of  a Celtic  goddess.] 
Died  at  Kildare,  Ireland,  Feb.  1,  523.  A pa- 
tron saint  of  Ireland.  According  to  an  ancient  Irish 
account  of  her  life,  she  was  born  at  Focliart  (now  Faugher) 
in  463  A.  D.,  and  was  the  daughter  of  Dubhthach  by  his 
bondmaid  Brotseeh  or  Broiceseach.  She  obtained  her  free- 
dom through  the  intervention  of  the  King  of  Leinster,  who 
was  impressed  by  her  piety,  and  became  the  founder  of 
a nunnery,  in  the  shadow  of  which  the  present  town  of 
Kildare  sprang  up.  She  is  commemorated  on  Feb.  L 

A goddess  called  Brigit,  poetess  and  seeress,  worshipped 
by  the  poets  of  ancient  Erinn ; that  she  was  daughter 
of  the  Irish  god  known  as  Bagda  the  Great ; and  that  she 
had  two  sisters  who  were  also  called  Brigit,  the  one  the 
patroness  of  the  healing  art,  and  the  other  of  smith-work. 
This  means,  in  other  words,  that  the  Goidels  formerly 
worshipped  a Minerva  called  Brigit,  who  presided  over 
the  three  chief  professions  known  in  Erinn  : to  her  prov- 
ince in  fact  might  be  said  to  belong  just  what  Cresar 
terms  operum  atque  artificiorum  initia. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  74. 

Bridget,  Saint,  of  Sweden.  See  Birgitta. 
Bridgeton  (brij'ton).  The  capital  of  Cumber- 
land County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  Cokansey 
Creek  36  miles  south  of  Philadelphia.  It  has 
manufactures  of  iron,  woolens,  and  glass.  Pop- 
ulation, 14,209,  (1910J. 

Bridgetown  (brij'toun).  The  capital  of  Bar- 
bados, West  Indies,  situated  on  the  south- 
western coast  in  lat.  13°  6'  N.,  long.  59°  37' 
W.  Population,  about  30,000. 

Bridgewater,  Duke  of.  See  Egerton. 
Bridgewater  (brij'wa-ter).  A town  in  Plym- 
outh County,  Massachusetts,  26  miles  south 
of  Boston.  It  is  the  seat  of  a State  Normal 
School.  Population,  7,688,  (1910). 
Bridgewater,  Battle  of.  See  Lundy’s  Lane. 
Bridgewater  House.  The  town  residence  of 
the  Earl  of  Ellesmere,  London,  built  1847-49 
on  the  site  of  Cleveland  House.  Wheeler, 
Familiar  Allusions. 

Bridgewater  Madonna,  The.  The  small  paint- 
ing by  Raphael  (1512)  in  Bridgewater  House, 
London.  The  Child  lies  on  the  Virgin’s  knees 
and  clutches  her  veil. 

Bridgewater  Treatises.  A series  of  treatises 
written  in  compliance  with  the  terms  of  the  will 
of  the  Earl  of  Bridgewater,  who  died  in  1829.  He 
left  £8,000  to  be  paid  to  the  author  of  the  best  treatise  on 
“The  Power,  Wisdom,  and  Goodness  of  God,  as  manifested 
in  the  Creation.”  Those  with  whom  the  selection  of  the 
author  was  left  decided  to  give  the  subject  to  eight  per- 
sons for  separate  treatises.  These  were  “ The  Adaptation 
of  External  Nature  to  the  Moral  and  Intellectual  Consti- 
tution of  Man  "(Thomas  Chalmers,  1833),  •‘Chemistry,  Me- 
teorology, and  Digestion”  (William  Prout,  1834),  “ History, 
Habits,  and  Instincts  of  Animals  ” (Kirby,  1835),  “ Geology 
and  Mineralogy”  (Dean  Buckland,  1S36),  “The  Hand,  as 
evincing  Design  ” (Sir  Charles  Bell,  1833),  “ The  Adaptation 
of  External  Nature  to  the  Physical  Condition  of  Man " 
(J.  Kidd,  M.  D.,  18.13),  “Astronomy  and  General  Physics’' 
(Whewell,  m3),  “Animal  and  Vegetable  Physiology” 
(P.  M.  Roget,  M.  D.,  1834). 

Bridgman  (brij'man),  Frederick  Arthur. 

Born  at  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  1847.  An  American 
genre  painter,  a pupil  of  L.  Gerome,  resident  in 
Paris.  His  subjects  are  chiefly  Eastern. 
Bridgman,  Laura  Dewey.  Born  at  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  21,  1829 : died  at  South  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  24,  1889.  A blind  deaf-mute  noted 
in  connection  with  educational  methods  for 
unfortunates  of  her  class.  Having  lost  sight  and 
hearing  and  having  been  partially  deprived  of  the  senses  of 
taste  and  smell  by  scarlet  fever  at  2 years  of  age,  she  was 
placed  in  the  Blind  Asylum  at  South  Boston  at  the  age 
of  eight,  where  she  was  educated  by  meansof  a raised  alpha- 
bet devised  by  the  principal,  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe. 

Bridgwater  (brij'wa-ter),  or  Bridgewater.  A 
seaport  in  Somersetshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Parret,  near  its  mouth,  29  miles  southwest 
of  Bristol.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Blake.  Near  it  is 
Sedgemoor.  It  was  taken  by  the  Royalists  in  1643,  and  by 
the  Parliamentarians  in  1645.  It  declared  for  Monmouth 
in  1685.  Population,  15,209. 

Bridlington  (brid'ling-ton,  now  pron.  locally 
ber'ling-ton).  [Also  Brellmgton  and  Burling- 
ton, according  to  the  corrupted  pronunciation  ; 
ME.  Bridlington.']  A town  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 23  miles  north  of  Hull.  Bridlington 
Quay,  a watering-place,  lies  on  the  coast. 
Total  population,  12,482. 

Bridoie  (bre-dwa').  [‘Bridlegoose.’]  A naive 
and  placidly  ignorant  judge  in  Rabelais’s"  Gar- 
gantua  and  Pantagruel,”  who  decides  causes 
by  means  of  dice.  This  he  considers  the  most  natu- 
ral  method.  The  character  is  a trenchant  satire  on  judicial 
proceedings  of  the  day. 

Brid’oison(bre-dwa-z6h').  [‘Bridlegosling.’]  A 
pretentious  judge  in  ' ‘ Le  Mariage  de  Figaro,” 
by  Beaumarchais,  taken  from  the  Bridoie  of 
Rabelais. 


183 

Bridport  (brid'port).  A seaport  and  munici- 
pal and  parliamentary  borough  in  Dorsetshire, 
England,  situated  14  miles  west  of  Dorchester. 
Population,  5,710. 

Brie  (bre).  An  ancient  territory  of  northern 
France,  situated  east  of  Paris.  It  is  a level  re- 
gion, noted  for  its  corn,  dairy  products,  and  especially  for 
its  cheese.  It  was  divided  into  the  Brie  Fran?aise  (in  Ile- 
de-France),  whose  capital  was  Brie-Comte-Robert,  and  the 
Brie  Champenoise  (in  Champagne).  The  latter  was  sub- 
divided into  Haute-Brie,  capital  Meaux;  Basse-Brie,  cap- 
ital Provins ; and  Brie-Pouilleuse,  capital  ChSXeau-Thierry. 
It  was  a county  under  the  successors  of  Charlemague. 
Later  it  generally  followed  the  fortunes  of  Champagne. 
Brieg  (brea).  A city  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  26  miles  south- 
east of  Breslau.  It  has  a Renaissance  castle  of 
the  princes  of  Brieg.  Population,  27,486. 
Brieg.  A small  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Rhone  at  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  railway. 
Briel  (brel),  or  Brielle  (bre-el'),  or  Brill  (bril). 
A seaport  in  the  province  of  South  Holland, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Maas  14  miles 
west  of  Rotterdam.  It  was  taken  from  Spain  by  the 
“ Water-Beggars  ” underWilliam  de  la  Marck,  April  1, 1572. 

Brienne,  or  Brienne-le-Chateau  (bre-en'le- 
sha-to').  A town  in  the  department  of  Aube, 
France,  23  miles  northeast  of  Troyes.  It  con- 
tained, until  1790,  a military  school  which  was  attended 
by  Napoleon  1779-84.  Here,  Jan.  29,  1814,  Napoleon  de- 
feated the  Allies  under  Bliicher. 

Brienne,  John  de.  Titular  king  of  Jerusa- 
lem 1210-25. 

Brienne,  Lomenie  de.  See  Lomenie. 

Brienz  (bre-ents').  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  at  the  northeast- 
ern extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Brienz. 

Brienz,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  east  of  the  Lake  of  Thun. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Aare.  Length,  8f  miles. 
Breadth,  3 miles. 

Brier  Creek.  A river  in  eastern  Georgia  which 
joins  the  Savannah  River  57  miles  southeast  of 
Augusta.  Here,  March  3, 1779,  the  British  un- 
der General  Prevost  defeated  the  Americans 
under  General  Ashe. 

Brierly  (bri'er-li),  Bob.  The  Ticket-of-Leave 
Man  in  Tom  Taylor’s  play  of  that  name. 
Brigadore  (brig'a-dor).  The  horse  of  Sir  Guyon 
in  Spenser’s  “ Faerie  Queene,”  named  from  Bri- 
gliadoro,  the  horse  of  Orlando  in  Boiardo’s  “ Or- 
lando Innamorato.” 

Brigantes  (bri-gan'tez).  A tribe  of  Britain 
which  in  the  1st  century  A.  D.  occupied  the 
region  north  of  the  Humber.  See  Brigantia. 
Brigantia  (bri-gan'shi-a).  The  kingdom  of  the 
Brigantes.  See  the  extract. 

To  the  north  of  the  Coritavi  stretched  a confederacy  or 
collection  of  kingdoms  to  which  the  Romans  applied  the 
single  name  of  “Brigantia.”  We  first  hear  of  these 
confederated  states  about  the  year  A.  D.  50,  when  their 
combined  territories  extended  ou  one  coast  from  Flam- 
borough  Head  to  the  Firth  of  Forth,  and  on  the  other 
from  the  Dee  or  Mersey  to  the  valleys  on  the  upper  shore 
of  the  Solway.  “A  line,”  says  Mr.  Skene,  “drawn  from 
the  Solway  Firth  across  the  island  to  the  eastern  sea  ex- 
actly separates  the  great  nation  of  the  Brigantes  from  the 
tribes  on  the  north,  the  ‘ Gadeni  ’ and  the  ‘ Otadeni  ’ : but 
this  is  obviously  an  artificial  separation,  as  it  closely  fol- 
lows the  line  of  Hadrian’s  Wall:  otherwise  it  would  imply 
that  the  southern  boundary  of  these  barbarian  tribes  was 
precisely  on  a line  where  nature  presents  no  physical  de- 
marcation." Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  236. 

Brigantia.  The  ancient  name  of  Bregenz. 
Brigantinus  Lacus  (brig-an-tl'nus  la'kus). 

The  Roman  name  of  the  Lake  of  Constance. 
Brigantium.  The  Roman  name  of  Bregenz. 
Briggs  (brigz),  Charles  Augustus.  Born  at 
* New  Yotk,  Jan.  15,  1841.  An  American  theo- 
logian. He  studied  at  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
New  York  city,  i861-63,  and  at  the  University  of  Ber- 
lin, Germany,  1866-69 ; became  pastor  of  a Presbyterian 
church  at  Roselle,  New  Jersey,  in  1870,  and  in  1874  be- 
came professor  of  Hebrew  and  the  cognate  languages  in 
Union  Theological  Seminary.  In  1880  he  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  “Presbyterian  Review." 
His  works  include  “ Biblical  Study  ” (1883),  “American 
Presbyterianism”  (1885),  “Messianic  Prophecy”  (1886),  etc. 
His  advanced  views  in  biblical  criticism,  with  certain  doc- 
trinal views,  subjected  him  to  a trial  for  heresy  1892-93, 
which  resulted  in  his  condemnation  and  suspension  by 
the  General  Assembly.  He  was  ordained  a priest  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  J899. 

Briggs,  Charles  Frederick.  Bom  at  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  1804 : died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
June  20,  1877.  An  American  journalist  and 
author.  He  wrote  the  novels  “ Harry  Franco  : a Tale 
of  the  Great  Panic”  (1839),  “Trippings  of  Tom  Pepper” 
(1847),  etc. 

Briggs,  Henry.  Born  at  Worley  Wood,  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  Feb.,  1561:  died  at  Oxford, England, 
Jan.  26, 1631 . A noted  English  mathematician, 
the  inventor  of  tho  “ common”  system  of  loga- 
rithms. See  Napier.  He  was  professor  of  geom- 


Bril 

etry  at  Gresham  College,  London,  1596-1620,  and  Savillan 
professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford  1620-1631. 

Brighella.  In  old  Italian  comedy,  a Berga- 
mask  type. 

Bright  (brlt),  Jesse  D.  Born  at  Norwich,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  18, 1812:  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  20, 
1875.  An  American  politician,  Democratic 
United  States  senator  from  Indiana  1845-62. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  Senate  for  disloy- 
alty, Feb.  5 , 1862. 

Bright,  John.  Born  at  Greenbank,  near  Roch- 
dale, in  Lancashire,  England,  Nov.  16,  1811 : 
died  there,  March  27,  1889.  A distinguished 
English  Liberal  statesman  and  orator.  He  was 
an  agitator  for  the  Anti-Corn-Law  League  1838-46 ; first 
entered  Parliament  in  1843 ; was  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  1868-70 ; chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster 
1873-74  and  1880-82  ; and  became  lord  rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  in  1883.  Author  of  ‘ ‘ Speeches  on  Par- 
liamentary Reform  ” (1867),  “ Speeches  on  Questions  of 
Public  Poiicy"(1869),  “Speeches  on  Public  Ailairs  ’’(1869). 
Bright,  Richard.  Born  at  Bristol,  England, 
Sept.  28, 1789 : died  at  London,  Dec.  16, 1858.  A 
noted  English  physician.  In  1827  he  published  “Re- 
ports of  Medical  Cases,”  in  which  he  traced  to  its  source 
iu  the  kidneys  the  morbid  condition  named  for  him 
“Bright’s  disease.” 

Brighton  (bri'ton),  formerly  Brighthelmston. 

A city  and  watering-place  in  Sussex,  England, 
situated  on  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  50°  50' 
N.,  long.  0°  8'  W. : the  leading  seaside  resort 
in  Great  Britain.  Among  its  chief  features  are  the 
Royal  Pavilion  (founded  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George 
IV.)  1784),  the  Esplanade,  New  Pier,  Aquarium,  etc.  It 
was  developed  in  the  second  half  of  the  18th  century. 
Population,  131,250,  (1911). 

Brighton.  Formerly  a town  in  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts 4 miles  west  of  Boston,  since  1874 
the  25th  ward  of  Boston. 

Brigit.  See  Bridget. 

Brigliadoro  (brel-ya-do'ro).  ['  Golden  bridle.’] 
The  name  of  Orlando’s  horse  in  Boiardo’s 
‘‘Orlando  Innamorato.” 

Brignoles  (bren-yol').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yar,  in  Provence,  France,  23  miles 
north-northeast  of  Toulon.  Population,  4,374. 
Brignoli  (bren-yo'le),  Pasquale.  Born  in  Italy 
about  1823 : died  at  New  York,  Oct.  29,  1884. 
An  Italian  tenor  singer.  After  singing  with  marked 
success  in  the  principal  cities  of  Europe,  he  came  to  New 
York  in  1855,  where  he  achieved  his  highest  reputation. 

Brihaddevata  (bri-had-da'va-ta).  An  ancient 
Sanskrit  work  ascribed  to  Sliauuaka.  Its  object 
is  to  specify  the  deity  for  each  verse  of  the  Eigveda.  In 
so  doing  it  supports  its  views  with  many  legends. 
Brihaspati  (brUhas-pa'ti).  [‘Lord  of  devo- 
tion.’] In  Vedic  mythology,  a god  in  whom 
the  activity  of  the  pious  man  toward  the  gods 
is  personified.  Brihaspati  is  the  prayer,  sacriftcer, 
priest,  intercessor  for  men  with  the  gods,  and  their  protec- 
tor against  the  wicked.  He  appears  as  the  prototype  of  the 
priest,  and  is  called  the  purohita,  or  “house-priest,”  of 
the  gods.  The  Brahma  of  the  later  Triad  is  a develop- 
ment of  this  conception. 

Brihatkatha  (bri-hat'ka-tka).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature, the  “ Great  Narration,”  a collection 
of  tales  by  Gunadhya,  stated  by  Somadeva  to 
be  the  source  of  his  Kathasaritsagara  (which 
See).  The  Brihatkatha  is  believed  to  go  back  to  the  1st 
or  2d  century  of  the  Christian  era,  but  no  manuscript  of  it 
has  yet  been  published.  Important  evidence  of  its  char- 
acter is  afforded  by  the  two  works  founded  upon  it,  the 
Brihatkathamanjari  and  Kathasaritsagara. 

Brihatkathamanjari  (bri-hat-ka-tha-man' ju- 
re). In  Sanskrit  literature,  the  ‘‘Great  Blossom- 
cluster  of  Tales,”  a collection  of  tales  by  Kshe- 
mendra  Vyasadasa,  based  on  the  Brihatkatha. 
Its  date  is  not  far  from  1037  A.  Ii.  Part  of  it  has  been 
given  in  text  and  translation  by  Sylvain  Levi  in  the  “ Jour- 
nal Asiatique.” 

Brihatsanhita  (bri-hat-san'hi-ta).  In  San- 
skrit literature,  the  “Great  Collection,”  an  as- 
trological work  by  Varaba  Mihdra,  who  is  be- 
lieved to  have  flourished  about  the  beginning 
of  the  6th  century  a.  d. 

Brihtnoth  (bricht'noth).  Died  991.  An  eal- 
dorman  of  the  East  Saxons.  He  was  the  son-in-law 
of  the  ealdorman  jElfgar  whom  he  succeeded  about  953. 
He  made  lavish  grants  to  ecclesiastical  foundations,  espe- 
cially to  the  monasteries  of  Ely  and  Ramsey,  and  fell  in 
battle  against  the  Northmen  near  Maldon  in  991. 
Brihtwald  (bricht'wald).  Died  in  Jan.,  731. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  was  of  noble  paren- 
tage,  but  neither  the  place  nor  the  year  of  his  birth  is 
known.  He  was  elevated  to  the  see  of  Canterbury  in 
692.  In  705  he  presided  overa  council  near  the  river  Nidd, 
at  which  a compromise  was  effected  between  Wilfrith,  the 
exiled  Archbishop  of  York,  and  the  King  of  Northumbria. 
Brihuega  (bre-wa'ga).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Guadalajara,  New  Castile,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Tajuna  51  miles  northeast  of  Madrid. 

Here,  Doc.,  1710,  the  French  under  the  Due  de  Vendome 
defeated  the  Allies  under  Lord  Stanhope. 

Bril  (brel),  Paul.  Born  at  Antwerp  about  1554: 
died  at  Rome,  1626.  A Flemish  painter,  noted 
especially  for  landscapes. 


Briilat-Savarin 

Brillat-Sav&rin  (bre-ya'  sa-vii-ran'),  An- 
tiielme.  Bom  at  Belley,  Ain,  France,  April  1, 
1755:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  2,  1826.  A French 
writer,  an  authority  on  gastronomy,  author  of 
‘ ‘ Physiologie  du  gout”  ( ‘ ‘ Physiology  of  Taste,” 
1825),  etc. 

Brilon  (bre'lon).  An  ancient  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  22  miles  east  of 
Amsberg. 

Brilickman  (brink'miin),  Baron  Karl  Gustaf. 
Born  at  Brannkyrka,  near  Stockholm,  Swe- 
den, Feb.  24,  17*64 : died  at  Stockholm,  Dec. 
25, 1847  (Jan.  10,  1848  ?).  A Swedish  diploma- 
tist and  poet.  He  wrote  under  the  pseudonym  “ Sol- 
mar.  ” 

Brindisi  (bren'de-se).  [L.  Brundisium,  Brun- 
dusium,  Gr  B pevrioiov,  BpevTt/<nov.\  A seaport 
in  the  province  of  Lecce,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Adriatic  in  lat.  40°  39'  N.,  long.  18°  E. 
It  is  a station  ot  the  Peninsular  and  Orien  tal  Company,  and 
has  steamer  connection  also  with  Greece,  the  Levant,  and 
Adriatic  ports.  It  contains  a cathedral,  a castle  of  Fred- 
erick II.,  the  ruined  church  of  San  Giovanni,  and  a Roman 
column,  one  of  two  which  stood  on  a point  in  the  harbor. 
The  capital  ir  carved  with  figures  of  divinities.  These 
columns  may  have  marked  the  end  of  the  Appian  Way,  or 
have  served  to  hold  lights  for  the  guidance  of  shipping. 
Brundisium  was  colonized  by  Tarentum,  was  acquired  by 
Rome  about  267  B o.,  and  became  a Roman  naval  statiou. 
It  was  the  terminus  of  the  Appian  Way,  and  the  usual 
starting-point  for  Greece  and  the  East.  In  49  B.  c.  it  was 
besieged  by  Ccesar.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Pacuvius  and 
the  place  of  Vergil’s  death.  It  was  a frequent  rendezvous 
of  the  Crusaders.  In  1348  it  was  destroyed,  and  again  in 
1468,  by  an  earthquake.  Population,  25,317. 

Brink  (brink),  Bernhard  Egidius  Conrad 
ten.  Bom  at  Amsterdam,  Jan.  12, 1841 : died  at 
Strasburg,  Jan.  29,  1892.  A philologist,  noted 
especially  for  his  studies  in  English  literature 
and  language.  He  was  professor  of  modern  languages 
at  Marburg  1870-73,  and  of  English  at  Strasburg  1873-92. 
His  works  include  “Chaucer”  (Vol.  I.  1870),  “Gesehichte 
★ der  Englischen  Literatur  ” (1877-89),  etc. 

Brinton  (brin'ton),  Daniel  Garrison.  Born  in 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  May  13, 1837 : died  at  At- 
lantic City,  N.  J.,  July  31,  1899.  An  American 
surgeon  and  ethnologist.  He  was  professor  of  eth- 
nology andarchieology  in  thePhiladelphia  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  and  of  American  archajology  and  linguistics 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  His  works  include 
“ The  Myths  of  the  New  World,  etc."  (1868),  “ Aboriginal 
American  Authors  and  their  Prod  notions,  etc.  ”(1882-90),  etc. 

Brinvilliers  (bran-vil-ya'),  Marquise  de 
(Marie  d’Aubray).  Born  about  1630  (?) : ex- 
ecuted at  Paris,  July  16,  1676.  A noted  French 
criminal.  She  married  in  1651  the  Marquis  de  Brinvil- 
liers,  from  whom  she  obtained  a separation  after  he  had 
squan  dered  his  fortune.  She  was  instructed  in  the  use  of 
a subtle  poison,  supposed  to  have  been  aqua  tofana,  by 
her  lover  Jean  Baptiste  de  Gaudin,  Seigneur  de  Sainte 
Croix,  with  which  she  poisoned  her  father  and  other  mem- 
bers of  her  family,  in  order  to  obtain  possession  of  the 
inheritance.  The  crimes  were  discovered  in  consequence 
of  the  accidental  poisoning  of  Sainte  Croix  in  1672,  and 
she  was  executed  at  Paris. 

Brion  (bre-on'),  Pedro  Luis.  Borninthe  Dutch 
island  of  Curasao,  1783:  died  there,  Sept.  27, 
1821.  An  admiral  of  the  Colombian  navy.  He 
joined  Bolivar  in  1812,  and  commanded  the  patriot  fleet  in 
the  Venezuelan  and  Colombian  revolutions;  in  1815  and 
1816  he  furnished  the  vessels  and  arms  with  which  Bolivar 
recommenced  the  war.  He  was  president  of  the  council 
which  condemned  General  Piar  to  death  at  Angostura, 
Oct.,  1817. 

Brioude  (bre-od').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Loire,  France,  in  lat.  45°  17'  N.,  long.  3° 
23'  E. : the  ancient  Brivas.  There  is  a noted  bridge 
at  Vieille-Brioude.  Population,  commune,  4,865. 

Brisac  (bre-sak'),  Charles.  The  elder  brother 
in  Fletcher  and  Massinger’s  (?)  play  of  that 
name.  He  is  a bookworm  despised  by  his  father,  who 
proposes  io  make  his  younger  son  Eustace  his  heir  and 
marry  him  to  Angelina.  Charles,  however,  sees  her,  and, 
love  working  a total  change  in  him,  shows  himself  to  be 
a strong  and  manly  lover. 

Brisac,  Eustace.  The  younger  brother  in  Flet- 
cher and  Massinger’s  (?)  “ Elder  Brother.”  At 
first  a fop,  he  redeems  his  character. 

Brisack.  See  Breisach. 

Brisbane  (briz'ban).  The  capital  of  Queens- 
land, in  Australia,  situated  on  the  river  Bris- 
bane, 25  miles  from  More  ton  Bay,  about  lat.  27° 
20'  S.,  long.  153°  E.  It  exports  wool,  cotton,  gold, 
hides,  etc.  Until  1842  it  was  a penal  colony.  It  became 
the  capital  in  1859.  Population,  62,923. 

Brisbane  (briz'ban),  Sir  Thomas  Makdougall. 

Bom  at  Brisbane  House,  Largs  in  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  July  23,  1773:  died  there,  Jan.  27, 
1860.  A British  general  and  astronomer,  gov- 
ernor of  New  South  Wales  1821-25.  He  served 
in  Flanders  1793-95,  in  the  West  Indies  1795-98,  in  the 
Peninsula  in  1812,  and  in  Canada  in  1813. 

Briseis  (bri-se'is).  Hippodameia,  the  daughter 
of  Briseus,  the  cause  of  the  quarrel  between 
Achilles  and  Agamemnon. 

Brisk  (brisk),  Fastidious.  A pert,  petulant, 
and  lively  fop  in  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “ Every 


184 

Man  out  of  his  Humour.”  He  is  devoted  to  the 
court,  and  fantastically  fashionable, 

Brisson  (bre-son'),  Eugene  Henri.  Born  at 

Bourges,  July  31,  1835:  died  at  Paris,  April  14, 
1912.  A French  republican  statesman.  He 
was  president  of  the  chamber  1881-85  and  1894-99 ; and 
was  prime  minister  from  April  6,  1885,  to  Jan.  7,  1886,  and 
from  June  28,  1898,  to  Oct.  25,  1898.  He  was  elected  per- 
manent president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  June,  1906. 

Brisson  (bre-son'),  Mathurin  Jacques.  Bom 
April  30,  1723;  died  June  23,  1806.  A noted 
French  physicist^  and  ornithologist,  appointed 
professor  at  the  Ecoles  Centrales  in  Paris  in 
1796. 

Brissot  ( bre-so'),  Jean  Pierre,  sumamed  de 
Warville.  Born  at  Ouarville,  near  Chartres, 
France,  Jan.  14, 1754:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Oct. 
31, 1793.  A French  politician  and  writer.  He 
was  a member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  and  Conven- 
tion, and  a Girondist  leader. 

Brissotins  (F-  bre-so-tan').  See  Girondists. 
Brisked  (bris'ted),  Charles  Astor.  Born  at 
New  York,  Oct.  6,  1820:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Jan.  15, 1874.  An  American  author,  son 
of  John  Bristed.  He  published  “ Five  Years  in  an 
English  Lhiiversity  " (1852),  “The  Upper  Ten  Thousand  of 
New  York  ’’  (1852),  etc.  He  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 
“Carl  Benson.” 

Bristed,  John.  Born  in  Dorsetshire,  England, 
1778:  died  at  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  Feb.  23, 1855. 
An  Anglo-American  clergyman  and  author.  He 
came  to  New  York  in  1806,  and  married  (1820)  a daughter 
of  John  Jacob  Astor.  From  1829-43  he  was  rector  at  Bris- 
tol, Rhode  Island.  He  wrote  “Resources  of  the  United 
States  ” (1818),  etc. 

Bristol  (bris'tol)..  [Formerly  Bristow,  Bristowe; 
ME.  Bristow .]  A seaport,  city,  and  county-bor- 
ough in  Somerset  and  Gloucester,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Frome  and  Avon,  near  Bristol  Chan- 
nel, in  lat.  51°  27'  N.,  long. ’2°  36'  W.  it  has  a 
large  foreign  trade,  especially  with  America,  and  manu- 
factures of  sugar,  tobacco,  leather,  cotton,  boots,  glass, 
etc.  Bristol  Cathedral  is  of  the  14th  century,  with  rebuilt 
modern  nave.  It  is  small,  and  chiefly  notable  in  that  its 
aisles  are  of  the  same  height  as  the  nave,  which  thus  has 
no  clearstory,  and'for  its  superb  Norman  chapter-house. 
Bristol  became  important  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  the 
second  seaport  of  England  down  to  the  18th  century,  and 
one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  slave-trade.  In  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  it  was  made  a county.  It  was  taken  by  Frince 
Rupert  in  1643,  and  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1646.  It 
was  the  scene  of  great  riots  in  1831.  A noted  musical  fes- 
tival is  held  triennially  here,  lasting  four  days : the  first 
one  was  held  in  1873.  Its  university  (chartered  1909)  was 
formed  on  the  nucleus  of  University  t ollege  (1876);  its  art 
museum  was  opened  in  1905.  Population,  357,069,  (1911). 
Bristol.  A town  and  port  of  entry  in  Bristol 
County,  Rhode  Island,  situated  on  Narragan- 
sett  Bay  13  miles  south-southeast  of  Provi- 
dence. Population,  8,565,  (1910). 

Bristol.  A borough  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  Delaware  River  19  miles 
northeast  of  Philadelphia.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  carpets  and  iron  goods.  Population, 
9,256,  (1910). 

Bristol  Boy,  The.  Thomas  Chatterton. 

Bristol  Channel.  An  arm  of  the  ocean  lying 
between  Wales  and  Monmouthshire  on  the 
north,  and  southwestern  England  on  the  east 
and  South.  It  extends  from  the  estuary  of  the  Severn 
westward  to  the  southwestern  points  of  England  and  of 
W ales. 

Bristowe  (Bristol)  Merchant,  The.  A play 
by  Ford  and  Dekker,  licensed  in  1624 : probably 
an  alteration  of  Day’s  “ Bristol  Tragedy.” 
Bristowe  Tragedy,  The,  or  the  Death  of  Sir 
Charles  Bawdin.  One  of  the  Rowley  poems 
by  Chatterton,  the  first  one  separately  printed. 
It  was  written  in  1768  and  printed  in  1772.  See 
Chatterton. 

Britain  (brit'an  or  brit'n).  [ME.  Britaine, 
Bretayne , etc.”  OF.  Bretagne,  L.  Britannia .] 
The  English  equivalent  for  Britannia;  Great 
Britain.  In  Arthurian  romance  “ Britain  ” always  means 
Brittany  (Bretagne) : England  is  called  Logris  or  Logria. 

The  word  “Britain,"  in  the  mouth  of  an  Englishman,  is 
reserved  either  for  artificial  poetry,  for  the  dialect  of  for- 
eign politics,  or  for  the  conciliation  of  Scottish  hearers. 
Before  England  and  Scotland  were  united,  the  name 
“Briton,"  as  including  Englishmen,  was  altogether  un- 
heard of.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  165. 

Britain  (brit'an  or  brit'n),  Benjamin,  or  Lit- 
tle. In  Charles  Dickens’s  story  “ The  Battle 
of  Life,”  at  first  a servant,  afterward  landlord, 
of  the  Nutmeg  Grater  Inn.  He  is  very  small, 
and  announces  himself  as  knowing  and  caring 
for  absolutely  nothing. 

Britanni  (bri-tan'i).  [LL.  Britanni,  Britones.'] 
A Celtic  people  in  the  northwest  part  of  Gaul, 
first  mentioned  in  this  location  by  Sidonius 
Apollonius.  According  to  Jordanes  they  were  leagued 
with  the  Romans  against  the  West  Goths.  Gregory  of 
Tours  makes  them  subject  to  the  neighboring  Franks. 
They  were  called  by  the  Franks  Breton;  by  Latin  writers 
after  the  5th  century,  Britanni,  Britones , and  their  land 
Britannia  Cistnarina,  modern  Bretagne,  Brittany.  They 


British  India 

were,  in  all  probability,  the  descendants  of  theDumnonli 
whose  original  home  had  been  the  southwestern  part  of 
Britain,  whence  they  had  been  driven  out  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons. 

Britannia  (bri-tan'i-a).  [L.  Britannia,  more 
correctly  Brittania,  Gr.  B perravia,  from  Britan- 
ni, more  correctly  Brittam,  Gr.  B perravoi,  Bpr- 
ravoi.]  In  ancient  geography  (after  the  time 
of  Caesqr),  the  name  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain,  and  specifically  of  the  southern  part  of 
the  island : in  modern  times,  a poetical  name 
of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

However  they  were  first  constituted,  the  Roman  divi- 
sions of  Britain  are  the  great  territorial  landmarks  of  our 
history.  The  country,  before  its  conquest,  was  parcelled 
out  among  different  tribes,  who  had  come  in  on  every  side, 
and  were  struggling  in  tie  centre  for  supremacy.  The 
Romans  seem  to  have  disregarded  the  limits  of  the  exist- 
ing kingdoms  and  the  more  natural  features  of  mountain 
chains.  Apparently,  they  took  rivers  as  their  landmarks. 
Britannia  Prima,  the  first  province,  was  the  district 
south  of  the  Thames,  the  Saxon  Wessex  under  Egbert; 
Flavia  Caesariensis,  between  the  Severn  and  the  sea,  was 
the  Mercian  kingdom  of  Offa;  Britannia  Secunda,  west  of 
the  Severn,  comprised  Wales  and  the  Welsh  Marches; 
Maxima  Caesariensis,  between  the  Humber  and  the  Tyne, 
is  the  Northumbrian  province  of  Deira  ; and  Valentia, 
whose  northern  boundary  was  between  the  Frith  of  Forth 
and  the  Clyde,  embraced  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland  and 
Northumberland.  Beamon,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  40. 

Britannia  Prima.  See  Britannia. 

Britannia  Secunda.  ARoman  province  nearly 
corresponding  to  Wales.  See  Britannia. 
Britannia  Tubular  Bridge.  A famous  rail- 
way bridge  across  Menai  Strait,  Wales,  built 
by  Robert  Stephenson  between  1846  and  1850. 

It  consists  of  two  parallel  rectangular  tunnels  of  wrought 
iron,  supported  by  three  piers  between  the  two  shore  piers. 
The  central  tower  is  230  feet  high.  The  total  length  is 
1,840  feet ; that  of  each  of  the  central  spans,  460  feet. 

Brltannicas  Insula;  (bri-tan 'i-se  in'su-le). 
[L.]  In  ancient  geography  (before  the  time  of 
Caasar),  the  name  of  the  British  Islands  Albion 
(Great  Britain)  and  Ierne  (Ireland). 
Britannicus  (bri-tan'i-kus),  originally  Clau- 
dius Tiberius  Germanicus.  Bom  about  41 
a.  D. : died  at  Rome,  55  A.  D.  A son  of  the 
emperor  Claudius  and  Messalina.  He  was  heir 
apparent  to  the  throne  till  the  intrigues  of  his  stepmother, 
Agrippina,  and  her  paramour,  the  freedman  Pallas,  se- 
cured from  Claudius  the  precedence  for  Nero,  Agrippina’s 
son  by  a former  marriage.  He  was  poisoned  at  a banquet 
by  Nero,  whose  mother  had  sought  to  work  upon  the  fears 
of  her  rebellious  son  by  threatening  to  bring  the  claims 
of  Britannicus  before  the  soldiery. 

British  America.  That  part  of  North  America 
(with  the  exception  of  Alaska)  which  lies  north 
of  the  United  States.  It  comprises  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  and  Newfoundland.  In  a wider  sense  the  name 
includes  also  the  Bermudas,  British  West  Indies,  Balize, 
British  Guiana,  and  the  Falkland  Islands. 

British  Baluchistan.  A British  chief  commis- 
sionership  in  Asia,  formed  in  1887  out  of  dis- 
tricts in  southeastern  Afghanistan. 

British  Burma.  See  Burma. 

British  Central  Africa.  See  C.  A.,  British. 
British  Columbia.  A province  in  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  lying  between  Yukon  and  the 
Northwest  Territories  north,  Alberta  east, 
the  United  States  south,  and  Alaska  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  west,  in  lat.  49°-60°  N.  The  capi- 
tal  is  Victoria.  It  includes  Vancouver  and  Queen  Char- 
lotte islands.  It  has  a lieutenant-governor  and  legislative 
assembly,  and  sends  7 members  to  the  Dominion  House 
of  Commons,  and  3 members  to  the  Senate.  Area,  355,- 
855  square  miles.  Population,  392,480,  (1911). 

British  East  Africa.  See  East  Africa,  British. 
British  East  Africa  Company,  Imperial.  A 

British  commercial  company,  developed  from 
the  British  East  Africa  Association,  and  char- 
tered in  1888.  Its  head  was  Sir  William  Mackinnon. 
The  territory  of  the  company  (about  200,000  square  miles) 
lay  within  the  newly  acquired  British  “sphere  of  in- 
fluence” of  East  Africa,  northeast  of  Victoria  Nyanza. 
The  company  had  extended  its  operations  into  Uganda, 
but  in  1892  it  decided  to  abandon  that  region,  and  in  1896 
it  surrendered  its  charter  to  the  British  government. 
British  Empire.  A collective  term  for  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
with  its  colonies  and  dependencies.  Area  of 
United  Kingdom  and  islands,  121,391  square  miles  ; in  (he 
rest  of  Europe,  119  square  miles  ; in  Asia,  1,938,967  square 
miles ; in  Africa,  2,187,275  square  miles ; in  America,  4,010,- 
034  square  miles  : in  Australasia,  3,190,168  square  miles. 
Grand  total  of  British  Empire:  area,  11,447,964  square  miles; 
population,  419,401,371. 

British  Guiana.  See  Guiana. 

British  Honduras,  or  Balizo  (ba-lez').  A 
crown  colony  of  Great  Britain,  lying  between 
Yucatan  on  the  north,  the  Caribbean  Sea  on 
the  east,  and  Guatemala  on  the  south  and  we6t. 
Capital,  Balize.  It  exports  mahogany,  logwood,  etc. 
It  was  settled  by  wood-cutters  from  Jamaica  at  the  end  of 
the  17th  century,  and  since  1870  has  been  a crown  colony 
of  Great  Britain.  Area,  7,562  square  miles.  Pop.,  43,270. 

British  India.  See  India. 


British  Legion 

British  Legion.  A body  of  British  troops,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  Evans,  which  fought  for 
Queen  Isabella  of  Spain  against  the  Carlists, 
in  1830. 

British  Museum.  A celebrated  museum  at 
Great  Russell  street,  Bloomsbury,  London, 
founded  in  1753.  It  contains  collections  of  antiquities, 
drawings,  prints,  and  a library  of  2,600,000  volumes,  over 
50,000  volumes  of  MSS.,  and  75’ 000  charters  and  rolls.  The 
growth  of  the  Museum  has  been  very  rapid.  Montagu 
House  W'as  first  employed  in  1754  when  room  was  needed 
for  Sir  Hans  Sloane’s  library  and  collections,  which  were 
bought  for  the  nominal  price  of  £ 20,000,  being  part  of 
the  funds  raised  by  a lottery.  The  collection  was  opened 
to  the  public  Jan.  15,  1759.  The  Harleian  manuscripts, 
the  royal  library  presented  in  1757,  and  65,000  volumes 
transferred  by  George  IV.,  raised  the  library  to  a position 
of  great  importance.  The  new  building,  designed  by  Sir 
Robert  Smirke  and  completed  by  his  brother  Sydney 
Smirke,  was  begun  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  In  1816  the  Elgin  marbles  were  bought 
for  the  sum  of  ,£35,000.  The  first  great  Egyptian  acqui- 
sition consisted  of  the  objects  taken  w ith  the  French  army 
in  1801.  In  1802  the  Rosetta  Stone  was  deposited  in  the 
Museum.  Subsequently  the  collection  of  Sir  Gardiner 
Wilkinson  was  added.  The  Assyrian,  Babylonian,  coin, 
and  Greek  vase  collections  are  unquestionably  the  best 
in  any  contemporary  museum.  The  natural  history  col- 
lections have  been  removed  to  the  Museum  of  Natural 
History  at  South  Kensington.  The  main  building,  finished 
in  1847,  is  in  the  Classic  style.  The  annual  increase  of  the 
library  is  about  40,000  volumes.  Modern  English  publi- 
cations are  added  free  of  expense  by  a privilege,  shared 
with  three  universities,  of  receiving  gratis  a copy  of  every 
copyrighted  book. 

British  North  Borneo.  A British  colonial  pos- 
session in  the  island  of  Borneo.  It  is  a protec- 
torate under  the  British  North  Borneo  Company  (charter 
granted  1881).  It  produces  tobacco,  timber,  rice,  sago, 
coiiee,  gums,  etc.  The  chief  town  is  Sandakan.  Area, 
31,106  square  miles.  Population,  104,527. 

British  South  Africa  Company.  A British 
commercial  company  chartered  in  1889  for  the 
exploitation  of  Matabeleland  and  the  neighbor- 
ing regions.  The  leader  was  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes.  The 
company  built  Fort  Salisbury,  and  developed  Mashona- 
land.  Its  territory  was  extended  to  include  British  Cen- 
tral Africa  (north  of  the  Zambesi),  with  the  exception  of 
Nyasaland.  All  this  territory,  now  known  as  Rhodesia,  is 
administered  by  the  British  South  Africa  Company.  In 
1893  a Matabele  rising  under  Lobengula  w as  suppressed. 

Brito  Freire  (bre'to  fra/re),  Francisco  de. 
Born  at  Coruche,  Alemtejo,  about  1620 : died  at 
Lisbon,  Nov.  8,  1692.  A Portuguese  admiral, 
administrator,  and  historian.  He  was  captain- 
general  of  Pernambuco  from  1661  to  1664,  and  wrote  the 
“Nova  Lusitania,”  an  incomplete  history  of  the  wars  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  Portuguese  in  Brazil. 
BritomartiS  (brit-o-mar'tis).  [Gr.  VguTU/mprir, 
the  sweet  maiden  (?).]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 

ogy, a Cretan  divinity  of  hunters  and  fishermen. 
The  legends  concerning  her  are  various.  According  to 
one,  to  escape  from  the  pursuit  of  Minos  she  threw  her- 
seU  among  the  fishermen’s  nets  in  the  sea,  and  was  res- 
cued and  made  a deity  by  Artemis. 

2.  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  a female 
knight,  personifying  chastity. 

Britons  (brit'onz).  [ME.  Britun,  Brutun,  etc., 
OF.  Breton,  a Briton,  usually  a Breton  or  na- 
tive of  Brittany  in  France,  from  ML.  Brito(n-), 
pi.  Britones,  L.  Britanni,  Britons.]  The  natives 
of  Great  Britain ; especially,  the  original  Celtic 
inhabitants  of  the  island  of  Briton. 

So  lately  as  James  the  Second’s  time,  a BrUon  still 
meant  a Welshman  ; and  we  believe  that,  exactly  a cen- 
tury back,  the  famous  declaration  of  George  the  Third  that 
he  “gloried  in  tbe  name,”  not  of  Englishman,  but  “of 
Briton,”  was  looked  upon  by  many  of  his  subjects  as  a 
wicked  machination  of  the  Scotchman  Bute. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  165. 

Brittany,  or  Britanny  (brit'a-ni),  F.  Bretagne. 
[From  L.  Britanni.  See  Britanni,  Britain .]  A 
former  government  of  France,  capital  Rennes, 
the  Roman  Armorica.  It  is  hounded  by  the  English 
Channel  on  the  north,  Normandy,  Maine,  and  Anjou  on  the 
east,  Poitou  on  the  south,  and  the  ocean  on  the  southwest 
and  west.  It  is  traversed  by  hills  and  low  mountains  (the 
Montagnes  d’ArrCe,  Montagues  Noires,  etc.),  and  is  di- 
vided into  Basse-Bretagne  in  the  west,  aud  Haute-Bre- 
tagne  in  the  east.  It  comprises  five  departments: 
Finistbre,  Cdtes-du-Nord,  Morbihan,  Ille-et- Vilaine,  and 
Loire-Inffirieure.  The  vernacular  language  is  the  Breton. 
Brittany  is  noted  for  its  megalithic  monuments  (dolmens, 
menhirB,  and  cromlechs).  A large  part  of  the  people  are 
sailors  and  fishermen.  Brittany  was  inhabited  by  the  Ve- 
neti  and  other  Gallic  tribes,  and  formed  a part  of  Lugdu- 
nensis  under  the  Romans.  It  received  the  name  of  Lesser 
or  Little  Britain  or  Brittany  (Britannia  Minor;  also  Britan- 
nia Cismarina)  in  allusion  to  the  Greater  Britain  across 
the  Channel,  from  which  it  received  colonists  (from  Corn- 
wall) driven  out  by  the  Anglo  Saxons.  The  Frankish 
kings  failed  to  retain  a permanent  hold  on  the  country. 
In  the  9.h  century  it  became  independent,  and  was  ruled 
by  counts  and  dukes.  In  the  12th  century  it  passed  by 
marriage  to  Geoffrey,  sou  of  Henry  II.  of  England. 
In  1204  it  became  a fief  of  France,  and  soon  after  passed 
under  the  rule  of  dukes  of  the  Dreux  family.  It  was 
united  to  France  by  the  marriages  of  Anne  (heiress  of 
Brittany)  with  Charles  VIII.  of  France  in  1491,  and  with 
Louis  XII.  in  1409.  It  was  finally  incorporated  with 
France  in  1532.  During  the  Revolution  and  later  it  was 
a center  of  royalist  feeling.  Compare  Cheman. 


185 

Brittle  (brit'l),  Barnaby.  The  husband  of 
Mi-s.  Brittle  in  Betterton’s  play  “ The  Amorous 
Widow,”  a sort  of  George  Dandin:  played  by 
Charles  Macklin  at  Covent  Garden. 

Brittle,  Mrs.  A character  in  Betterton’s  play 
“The  Amorous  Widow.”  It  was  chosen  by  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle  and  Mrs.  Oldfield  as  a test  of  their  popularity 
with  the  public  and  superiority  of  method. 

Britton.  An  early  summary  of  English  law, 
written  in  French,  probably  in  the  13th  century. 
A MS.  is  in  existence.  It  was  first  printed  in  London  about 
1530.  Seldeu  and  others  thought  it  an  abridgment  of 
Bracton. 

Britton  (brit'n),  Colonel.  The  lover  of  Isa- 
bella in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy  “ The  Wonder, 
a Woman  keeps  a Secret.”  It  is  to  keep  the 
secret  of  Colonel  Britton  and  Isabella  that  Vio- 
lante  nearly  loses  her  own  lover. 

Britton,  John.  Born  at  Kingston-St. -Michael, 
Wiltshire,  England,  July  7,  1771:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  1,  1857.  An  English  antiquary.  His 
works  include  "The  Beauties  of  Wiltshire"  (1801-25), 
“Architectural  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain"  (1805-26), 
“Cathedral  Antiquities  of  England  ” (1814-35),  etc. 

Brive,  or  Brives  (brev),  or  Brives-la-Gail- 

larde  (brev'la-ga-yard').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Correze,  France,  situated  on  the 
Corr&ze  in  lat.  45°  9'  N.,  long.  1°  35'  E.  it  has 
an  important  trade  in  truffles.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
Cardinal  Dubois  and  Marshal  Brune.  Population,  com- 
mune, 20,636. 

Brixen  (briks'en),  It.  Bressanone  (bres-sa-no'- 
ne).  A town  in  Tyrol,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eisak  40  miles  south  of  Innsbruck. 
It  is  an  important  strategic  point,  and  was  the  capital  of 
an  ecclesiastical  principality  till  1803.  Population, 
6,551,  (1910). 

Brixham  (briks'am).  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Devonshire,  England,  23  miles  south 
of  Exeter,  on  the  English  Channel.  Popula- 
tion, 8,029. 

Brizeux  (bre-ze'),  Julien  Auguste  Felage. 

Born  at  Lorient,  Sept.  12,  1805:  died  at  Mont- 
pellier, May,  1858.  A French  idyllic  poet.  His 
works  include  “ Marie,”  “ La  fleur  d’or," 
“ Primel  et  Nola,”  “ Le  Tolen  Arvor,”  etc. 
Broach  (broch),  or  Bharuch  (bha-roch'j.  A 
district  in  the  northern  division,  Bombay, 
British  India.  Area,  1,467  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 291,763. 

Broach.  The  capital  of  Broach  district,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Nerbudda  30  miles 
from  its  mouth.  It  was  stormed  by  the  British 
in  1772  and  in  1803.  Population,  42,896. 
Broad  Bottom  Administration.  In  British 
history,  an  epithet  given  to  the  Pelham  admin- 
istration (1744-54),  because  it  wa3  formed  by  a 
coalition  of  parties. 

Broad  River.  A river  in  North  and  South  Car- 
olina which  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  uniting  at 
Columbia  with  the  Saluda  to  form  the  Conga- 
ree.  Length,  over  200  miles. 

Broadstairs  (brad'starz).  A watering-place  in 
Kent,  England,  16  miles  east-northeast  of  Can- 
terbury. Population,  6,466. 

Broadway  (brad-wa').  The  principal  business 
street  of  Naw  York,  extending  from  Bowling 
Green  northward  to  Spuyten  Duyvil  Creek. 
It  crosses,  diagonally,  Fifth  avenue  at  Twenty-third 
street,  Sixth  avenue  at  Thirty-fourth  street,  and  Seventh 
avenue  at  Forty-third  street.  From  the  Central  Park, 
Eighth  avenue  and  Fifty-ninth  street,  its  continuation 
to  One  Hundred  and  Fifty-fifth  street  follows  mostly  the 
old  Bloomingdale  road,  and  is  called  the  Boulevard.  From 
One  Hundred  and  Seventh  street  it  is  identical  with 
Eleventh  avenue. 

Brobdingnag  (brob'ding-nag),  or  Brobdignag 

( brob'dig-nag).  A country  described  in  Swift’s 
“Gulliver’s  Travels,”  famous  for  the  gigantic 
size  of  the  inhabitants  and  of  all  objects. 
Brock  (brok),  Sir  Isaac.  Born  in  Guernsey, 
Oct.  6, 1769:  killed  at  Queenstown,  Canada,  Oct. 
13,1812.  A British  major-general.  He  captured 
General  Hull's  army  at  Detroit,  Aug.  10,  1812.  For  this 
exploit  he  was  knighted. 

Brocken  ( brok'  en) , or  Blocksberg  (bloks'berG) . 
The  chief  summit  of  the  Harz  Mountains,  and 
the  highest  mountain  in  northern  Germany, 
situated  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  in 
lat.  51°  48'  N.,  long.  1(P  26'  E. : the  Roman  Mons 
Bructerus.  It  is  the  traditional  meeting-place  of  the 
witches  on  Walpurgis  Night,  and  is  famous  for  the  opti- 
cal phenomenon  called  the  “specter  of  the  Brocken." 
Height,  3,745  feet. 

Brockhaus  (brok'hous),  Friedrich  Arnold. 

Bom  at  Dortmund,  Germany,  May  4,  1772 : died 
at  Leipsic,  Aug.  20, 1823.  A German  publisher, 
the  founder  of  the  firm  of  F.  A.  Brockhaus 
at  Leipsie.  He  purchased  the  copyright  of  the 
“ Conversations-Lexikon  ” iu  1808. 

Brockhaus,  Hermann.  Bom  at  Amsterdam, 
Jan.  28,  1806:  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  5,  1877.  A 


Broglie,  Comte  Victor  Maurice  de 

German  Orientalist,  son  of  Friedrich  Arnold 
Brockhaus.  He  was  the  editor  of  Ersch  and  Gruber’s 
“ AUgemeine  Encyklopatlie”  after  1856,  aud  also  of  vari- 
ous Persian  and  Sanskrit  works. 

Brockton  (brok'ton).  A city  in  Plymouth 
County,  Massachusetts,  20  miles  south  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Formerly  called  North  Bridgewater.  Popula- 
tion, 56,878,  (1910). 

Brockville  (brok'vil).  A town  and  port  of 
entry  in  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  in  lat.  44°  34'  N.,  long.  75°  45'  W. 
Population,  9,374,  (1911). 

Broderip  (brod'rip),  William  John.  Born  at 
Bristol,  England,  Nov.  21, 1789:  died  at  London, 
Feb.  27, 1859.  An  English  lawyer  and  natural- 
ist, secretary  of  the  Geological  Society.  He  was 
the  author  of  numerous  scientific  books  and  papers,  in- 
cluding zoological  articles  in  the  “Penny  Cyclopiedia,” 
“English  Cyclopaedia,"  and  “Proceedings  and  Transac- 
tions of  the  Zoological  Society  " ; also  “ Zoological  Recre- 
ations ”(1847),  “Leaves  from  the  Note  Book  of  a Natu- 
ralist ” (1852),  etc. 

Brodhead  (brod'hed),  John  Romeyn.  Bom 

at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  2,  1814:  died  at  New 
York,  May  6,  1873.  An  American  historian. 
He  wrote  “History  of  the  State  of  New  York” 
(1853,  1871). 

Brodie  (bro'di),  Sir  Benjamin  Collins.  Born 
at  Winterslow,  Wilts,  England,  June  9,  1783 : 
died  at  Broome  Park,  Surrey,  England,  Oct.  21, 
1862.  An  eminent  English  surgeon,  surgeon 
to  St.  George’s  Hospital  (1822).  His  works  in- 
clude “ Pathological  and  Surgical  Observations  on  the 
Diseases  of  the  Joints"  (1818),  “Psychological  Inquiries  ” 
(1854-62),  etc. 

Brody  (bro'di).  A town  in  the  crownland  of 
Galicia,  Austria-Hungary,  in  lat.  50°  8'  N.,  long. 
25°  9'  E. : an  important  trading  center.  Its  in- 
habitants are  in  great  part  Hebrews  (hence  its  nick- 
name “ the  German  Jerusalem  ”).  It  was  a free  commer- 
cial city  1779-1879.  Population,  commune,  18,055,  (1910). 

Brodzinski  (brod-zins'ke);  Kazimierz.  Born 
at  Krolowka,  near  Bochnia,  Galicia,  March  8, 
1791 : died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  10, 1835.  A Polish 
soldier,  poet,  and  scholar,  professor  of  esthetics 
at  the  University  of  Warsaw.  He  served  in  the 
Russian  campaign  of  1812  and  in  the  campaign  of  1813, 
and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  1842-44. 

Broek  (brok).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  7 miles  north- 
east of  Amsterdam:  famous  for  its  neatness. 
Broekhuizen  (brok'hoi-zen),  Jan  van,  Latin- 
ized Broukhusius,  Janus.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, Nov.  20, 1649 : died  near  Amsterdam,  Dee. 
15, 1707.  A Dutch  poet  and  classical  scholar. 
He  edited  “Propertius”  (1702),  “Tibullus” 
(1707),  and  publishedLatin  poems  (“Carmina,” 
1684). 

Brofferio  (brof-fa're-o),  Angelo.  Bom  at  Cas- 
telnuovo,  near  Asti,  Italy,  Dec.  24, 1802 : died  at 
Verbanella,  near  Lago  Maggiore,  Italy,  May  26, 
1866.  An  Italian  poet  and  publicist.  His  works 
include  “ Canzoni  Piemontesi  - (6th  ed.  1858),  dramas,  a 
history  of  Piedmont  (1849-52),  etc. 

Broglie  (broly'),  Achille  diaries  Leonce 
Victor,  Due  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  28, 1785: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  25,  1870.  A French  states- 
man and  peer  of  Prance,  a son  of  Claude  Victor, 
Prince  de  Broglie.  He  was  minister  of  the  interior 
and  of  public  worship  and  instruction  1830,  and  minister 
of  foreign  affairs  Oct., 1832, -April,  1834, and  Nov., 1834, -Feb., 
1836.  He  married  (1816)  Albertine,  daughter  of  Madame 
de  Stael. 

Broglie,  Duchesse  de  (Albertine  Ida  Gusta- 
vine  de  Stael).  Bom  at  Paris,  1797 : died  Sept. 
22, 1838.  Daughter  of  Madame  de  Stael,  and 
wife  of  Achille  Charles  Leonce  Victor  de  Bro- 
glie. She  wrote  moral  and  religious  essays,  collected 
after  her  death  under  the  title  of  “ Fragments  sur  divers 
sujets  de  religion  et  de  morale  " (1840). 

Broglie,  Claude  Victor,  Prince  de.  Born  at 
Paris,  1757 : died  at  Paris,  June  27,  1794.  A 
French  politician,  son  of  Victor  Francois  do 
Broglie.  He  was  president  of  the  Constituent  Assembly 
in  1791,  and  afterward  became  adjutant-general  in  the  army 
of  the  Rhine.  Having  refused  to  recognize  the  decree  of 
Aug.  10,  1792,  he  was  sent  to  the  guillotine  by  the  revo- 
lutionary tribunal. 

Broglie,  Francois  Marie,  first  Due  de.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  II,  1671:  died  at  Broglie,  France, 
May  22,  1745.  A marshal  of  France,  son  of 
Comte  Victor  Maurice  de  Broglie. 

Broglie,  Jacques  Victor  Albert,  Due  de.  Born 
1821:  died  Jan.  19, 1901.  A French  statesman, 
publicist,  and  historian,  son  of  Achille  Charles 
L6once  Victor  de  Broglie.  He  was  ambassador  to 
London  in  1871,  and  premier  1873-74  and  1877.  Ilis  chief 
work  is  “L’Eglise  et  {’empire  romain  au  4°  sifecle  ” (1866). 

Broglie,  Comte  Victor  Maurice  de.  Born 
1639 : died  Aug.  4, 1727.  A marshal  of  France, 
distinguished  in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV. 


Broglie,  Victor  Francois,  Due  de 

Broglie,  Victor  Francois,  Due  de.  Born  Oct. 
19, 1718:  died  at  Munster,  Germany,  March  29, 
1804.  A marshal  of  France,  son  of  Francois 
Marie  de  Broglie.  He  fought  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War,  at  Hastenbeck  and  Rossbach,  commanded  at  the 
battle  of  Bergen,  1759,  and  was  appointed  minister  of  war 
by  Louis  XVI.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  1789, 
he  was  in  command  of  the  troops  stationed  at  Paris  for 
the  maintenance  of  order,  but  their  adoption  of  the  cause 
of  the  Revolution  led  him  to  emigrate  about  1790.  He 
commanded  a body  of  emigrants  in  the  campaign  of  1792, 
organized  a corps  of  emigrants  for  the  English  service  in 
1794,  and  on  the  dissolution  of  this  corps  joined  the  Rus- 
sian service  in  1797. 

Brogni  (brdn'ye),  Jean  Allarmet  de.  Born  at 
Brogni,  Savoy,  1342:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  16, 
1426.  An  eminent  French  cardinal.  He  was 
president  of  the  Council  of  Constance,  1415-17,  and  as  such 
pronounced  the  sentence  of  the  council  upon  John  Huss. 

Brohan(br5-on'),  Augustine  Suzanne.  Bom 

atParis,  Jan. 29, 1807 : died  Aug.  17, 1887.  Anoted 
French  actress,  known  on  the  stage  as  Suzanne. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  as  Dorine  in 
“ Tartufe.”  She  was  a soeidtaire  of  the  Oomtdie  Fran- 
Qaise,  and  was  an  extremely  graceful,  adroit,  and  original 
actress,  but  ill  health  compelled  her  to  retire  at  thirty-five. 

Brohan,  Emilie  Madeleine.  Born  at.  Paris, 
Oct.  21,  1833:  died  there,  Feb.  25,  1900.  A 
French  actress,  known  on  the  stage  as  Made- 
leine : the  younger  daughter  of  SuzanneBrohan. 
fthe  married  Mario  Uchard  in  1854,  from  whom  she  was 
divorced  in  1884.  She  was  a beautiful,  finished,  and  co- 
quettish actress.  She  retired  from  the  stage  iu  1886. 

Brolian,  Josephine  F61icit6  Augustine.  Born 
Dee.  2,  1824:  died  Feb.  16,  1893.  A French  ac- 
tress and  dramatic  writer,  known  on  the  stage 
as  Augustine.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Suzanne  Bro- 
han,  and  was  a remarkably  versatile  and  brilliant  actress. 
She  succeeded  Rachel  at  the  Conservatoire,  and  retired  in 
1866.  She  married  M.  Gheest,  Belgian  minister  to  France. 

Broke  (bruk),  Sir  Philip  Bowes  Vere.  Born 
at  Broke  Hall,  near  Ipswich,  England,  Sept.  9, 
1776:  died  at  London,  Jan.  2, 1841.  A British 
rear-admiral.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Naval 
Academy  in  Portsmouth  Dockyard  ; became  a commander 
in  1799,  and  a captain  in  1801 ; and  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand the  frigate  Shannon  in  1806.  While  cruising  off 
Boston,  he  sent  a challenge  to  Captain  Lawrence  of  the 
American  frigate  Chesapeake  to  fight  an  engagement. 
The  Chesapeake,  which  stood  out  to  sea  before  the  chal- 
lenge could  be  delivered,  was  captured  after  an  engage- 
ment of  fifteen  minutes,  June  1,  1813. 

Broken  Heart,  The.  A tragedy  by  Ford,  acted 
at  Blackfriars  in  1629,  printed  in  1633. 
Bromberg  (brom'bei-G),  Pol.  Bydgoszcz  (bid'- 
gosbeb).  A city  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Brahe,  and  on  the  canal 
between  the  Oder  and  Vistula,  in  lat.  53°  9'  N., 
long.  18°  E.  It  is  a commercially  important 
place.  Population,  commune,  54,231. 
Bromberg.  A governmental  district  in  the 
province  of  Posen,  Prussia.  Population, 
718,164. 

Brome  (brom),  Alexander.  Born  in  1620 : died 
June  30, 1666.  An  English  attorney  and  royal- 
ist poet.  He  wrote  “ Songs  and  Poems  " (1661 : second, 
enlarged  edition  1664),  and  a comedy,  “ The  Cunning 
Lovers  ” (1654).  He  edited  two  volumes  of  Prichard  Brome’s 
plays,  but  is  not  known  to  be  related  to  him. 

Brome,  Richard.  Died  1652  (?).  An  English 
dramatist,  in  his  early  years  the  servant  of  Ben 
Jonson.  Of  his  life  and  death  little  is  known.  Among 
his  numerous  plays  are  “The  City  Wit,  or  the  Woman 
Wears  the  Breeches,”  “ The  Northern  Lass  "(printed  1632), 
“The  Sparagus  Garden”  (acted  16.15,  printed  1640),  “The 
Antipodes”  (acted  1638,  printed  1640),  “A  Jovial  Crew, 
or  the  Merry  Beggars  ” (acted  1641,  printed  1652). 
Bromia  (bro'mi-a).  The  scolding,  ill-tempered 
wife  of  Sosia,  who  is  slave  of  Amphitryon,  in 
Dryden’s  “Amphitryon.” 

Bromley  (brumTi).  A town  in  Kent,  England, 
10  miles  southeast  of  London.  Near  it  are  Hayes 
Place  and  Chiselhurst.  Population,  27,354. 
Brompton  (bromp'ton).  A district  of  London, 
S.  W.  It  lies  between  Kensington  and  Pimlico, 
south  of  Hyde  Park.  The  South  Kensington 
Museum  is  in  Brompton. 

Bromsebro  (brem'se-bro).  A village  in  the  liin 
of  Kalmar,  Sweden.  Here,  Aug.,  1645,  a treaty  was 
concluded  between  Sweden  and  Denmark,  by  which  the 
latter  renounced  Jemtland,  the  island  of  Gothland,  etc. 
Bromsgrove  (bromz'grov).  A manufacturing 
town  in  Worcestershire,  England,  12  miles 
southwest  of  Birmingham.  Population, 
8,418, 

Brondsted  (bren'sted),  Peter  Olaf.  Born  at 
Fruering,  near  Horsens,  in  Jutland,  Nov.  17, 
1780:  died  at  Copenhagen,  June  26,  1842.  A 
noted  Danish  archteologist,  professor  in  the 
University  of  Copenhagen. 

Brongniaft  (broh-nyar'),  Adolphe  Theo- 
dore. Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  14,  1801 : died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  19, 1876.  A French  botanist,  son  of 
Alexandre  Brongniart,  professor  at  the  Jardin 


186 

des  Plantes.  He  wrote  “Essai  d'une  classification  na- 
turelle  des  champignons  ” (1825),  “ Histoire  des  veg(:taux 
fossiles"  (1828),  “Prodrome  d'une  histoire  des  vdgdtaux 
fossiles  " (1828),  “ Mfcmoire  sur  la  structure  etles  fonctions 
des  feuilles  ” (1871),  etc. 

Brongniart,  Alexandre.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb. 
5,  1770:  died  there,  Oct.  7,  1847.  A noted 
French  mineralogist,  chemist,  and  geologist, 
son  cf  Alexandre  Theodore  Brongniart.  He  be- 
came professor  of  natural  history  at  the  Ecole  Centrale  de 
Quatre  Nations  in  1797 ; professor  of  mineralogy  at  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History  at  Paris  in  1822 ; and  director 
of  the  porcelain  manufactory  at  Sfevres  in  1800.  He  wrote 
“Essai  d’une  classification  naturelle  des  reptiles”  (1805), 
“Traite  elementaire  de  mindralogie ’’ (1807),  “Traits  des 
arts  ceramiques,  etc.”  (1844^5),  etc. 

Bronte  (bron'te),  Anne:  pseudonym  Acton 
Bell.  Born  at  Thornton,  Yorkshire,  England, 
1820 : died  at  Scarborough,  England,  May  28, 
1849.  An  English  novelist  and  poet,  sister  of 
Charlotte  Bronte.  She  wrote  “Agnes  Grey”  (1847), 
“ The  Tenant  of  Wildf ell  Hall  ” (1848),  and  “ Poems " (1846, 
by  “Currer,  Ellis,  and  Acton  Bell”). 

Bronte,  Charlotte  (later  Mrs.  Nicholls):  pseu- 
donym Currer  Bell.  Bom  at  Thornton,  York- 
shire, England,  April  21, 1816 : died  at  Haworth, 
Yorkshire,  England,  March  31, 1855.  A famous 
English  novelist.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Patrick 
Bronte,  curate  of  Thornton  and  later  of  Haworth,  with 
whom  most  of  her  life  was  spent.  She  wrote  “Jane 
Eyre  "(1847),  “Shirley”  (1849),  “Villette”  (1853),  “The 
Prof essor " (1855),  and  published  poems  (1846)  conjointly 
with  “Ellis  ” and  “Acton  Bell.” 

Bronte,  Emily:  pseudonym  Ellis  Bell,  Born 
at  Thornton,  Yorkshire,  England,  1818:  died  at 
Haworth,  England,  Dec.  19,  1848.  An  English 
novelist  and  poet,  sister  of  Charlotte  Bronte. 
She  was  the  author  of  “Wuthering  Heights”  (1846),  and 
“ Poems  ” (with  her  sisters). 

Bronte  (bron'te).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  situated  at  the  western  base 
of  Mount  Etna  20  miles  northwest  of  Catania. 
Population,  20,366. 

Bronte,  Duke  of.  A title  of  Lord  Nelson. 

Brontes  (bron'tez).  [Gr.  Bpovrr/c.]  One  of  the 
Cyclopes  (which  see). 

Brooch  of  Vulcan,  The.  A name  given  to 
Chaucer’s  “Complaint  of  Mars.” 

Brook  (bruk),  Master.  The  name  assumed  by 
Ford,  in  Shakspere’s  “Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor,” for  the  purpose  of  fooling  Falstaff,  who  is 
in  love  with  Mrs.  Ford  and  reports  progress  to 
Master  Brook. 

Brooke,  or  Broke  (bruk),  Arthur.  Died  1563. 
An  Euglish  writer,  author  of  “ The  Tragical  His- 
tory of  Romeus  and  Juliett”  (published  1562), 
translated  from  a French  version  of  the  work 
of  Bandello.  From  this  book  the  plot  of  Shak- 
spere’s “Romeo  and  Juliet”  was  taken. 

Brooke,  Celia.  The  sister  of  Dorothea  in 
George  Eliot’s  novel  “Middlemarch.”  She  is  a 
pretty,  practical  girl  whose  common  sense  protests  against 
the  somewhat  ideal  philanthropy  of  Dorothea. 

Brooke,  Dorothea.  The  heroine  of  George 
Eliot’s  novel  “ Middlemarch.”  She  has  a passionate 
ideal  nature  which  demands  expression  in  work  which 
shall  be  of  permanent  benefit  to  others.  She  mistakenly 
marries  a dried-up  pedant,  Casaubon,  who  hinders  instead 
of  helps  her,  and  after  his  death  abandons  her  high  but 
vague  ideal  and  marries  a man  who  only  satisfies  the  com- 
mon yearning  of  womanhood.  She  sinks  into  a happy  ob- 
scurity with  all  her  rare  gifts  unused.  See  Casaubon  and 
Ladislaw. 

Brooke,  Mrs.  (Frances  Moore).  Born  1724 : 
died  at  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  Jan.  23  (26?), 
1789.  An  English  novelist,  poet,  and  dramatist. 
She  was  the  wife  of  Rev.  John  Brooke,  D.  D.,  rector  of 
Colney,  Norfolk,  and  chaplain  to  the  garrison  at  Quebec, 
where  they  for  a time  resided.  Her  works  include  “The 
History  of  Lady  Julia  Mandeville  ” (1763),  “History  of 
Emily  Montagu  ” (1769),  “ The  Excursion  ’’  (1777),  etc. 

Brooke,  Henry.  Died  Jan.  24,  1619.  The  tenth 
Lord  Cobham,  tried  and  convicted  (1603)  with 
Raleigh  and  others  on  the  charge  of  conspiring 
to  place  Arabella  Stuart  on  the  throne.  He  was 
led  to  the  scaffold,  but  was  reprieved  and  sent  to  the 
Tower,  where  he  remained  till  1617.  It  is  said  that  he 
died  in  poverty  at  the  house  of  his  laundress. 

Brooke,  Henry.  Born  at  Rantavan,  County 
Cavan,  Ireland,  about  1703:  died  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  10, 1783.  An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist,  and 
poet.  He  wrote  “The  Fool  of  Quality”  (a  novel, 
1766-68),  “Gustavus  Vasa”  (drama,  1739),  etc. 

Brooke,  Sir  James,  Rajah  of  Sarawak.  Born 
at  Benares,  April  29,  1803:  died  at  Burrator, 
Devonshire,  England,  June  11, 1868.  An  Eng- 
lish adventurer.  He  was  rajah  of  Sarawak,  Borneo, 
1841-63,  and  governor  of  Labuan  under  the  British  govern- 
ment 1848-52 ; and  suppressed  piracy  in  the  East  Indian 
archipelago. 

Brooke,  Stopford  Augustus.  Born  at  Letter- 
kenny,  County  Donegal,  Ireland,  Nov.  14, 
1832.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer.  He 
was  minister  of  St.  James’s  Chapel,  York  Street,  1866-75  ; 
minister  of  Bedford  Chapel,  Bloomsbury,  until  1894 ; and 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  queen  in  1872.  In  18S0  he  left 


Brooks,  William  Thomas  Harbaugh 

the  Church  of  England  in  order  to  join  the  Unitarians. 
He  has  written  “ Sermons  Preached  in  St.  James's  Chapel " 
(1868),  “Christ  in  Modern  Life”  (1872),  “Theology  in  the 
English  Poets, — Cowper,  Coleridge,  Wordsworth,  and 
Bums  ” (1874),  “ Sermons  Preached  in  St.  James’s  Chapel, 
Second  Series ” (1874),  “English  Literature”  (1876,  etc.), 
“Milton"  (1879),  “Poetry  of  Robert  Browning"  (1902), 
“Ten  Plays  of  Shakespeare”  (1905),  etc. 

Brook  Farm.  A farm  at  West  Roxbury,  near 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  the  scene  of  an  ex- 
periment in  agriculture  and  education  by  the 
“Brook  Farm  Association,”  of  which  the  chief 
founders  (1841)  were  Ripley,  Hawthorne,  C.  A. 
Dana,  and  Others.  Fourierism  was  introduced  in 

1844,  the  “Brook  Farm  Phalanx"  was  incorporated  in 

1845,  and  the  organization  dissolved  in  1847. 

Brookline  (bruk'lin).  A town  in  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  3 miles  southwest  of 
Boston.  Population,  27,792,  (1910). 

Brooklyn  (bruk'lin).  One  of  the  boroughs  of 
the  new  municipality  of  New  York,  situated  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Long  Island,  on  the 
East  River  and  New  York  Bay,  in  lat.  40°  42'  N., 
long.  73°  59'  W.  (See  New  York.)  its  business 
interests  have  always  been  largely  connected  with  those  of 
New  York.  It  is  called  the  “City  of  Churches”  (among 
them  are  St.  Ann’s,  Holy  Trinity,  St.  Paul’s,  Plymouth 
Church,  Church  of  the  Pilgrims,  St  Augustine).  It  has 
large  docks  and  basins  (Erie,  Atlantic  Dock,  etc.),  and  con- 
tains a United  States  navy-yard.  Brooklyn  was  settled 
about  1637,  and  was  at  first  called  Breukelen.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  battle  of  Long  Island  (1776).  It  was  incorpor- 
ated in  1834.  Williamsburg  and  Bushwick  were  annexed 
in  1855.  Population,  borough,  1,634,351,  (1910). 

Brooklyn  Bridge.  A large  suspension-bridge 
over  the  East  River,  uniting  the  boroughs  of 
Manhattan  and  Brooklyn  in  New  York  city. 
The  preliminary  work  was  begun  in  1867,  and  the  bridge 
was  completed  in  1884.  The  bridge  crosses  the  river  by  a 
single  span  1,596)  feet  long  and  135  feet  above  high  water 
in  the  middle,  suspended  from  two  massive  piers  on  the  op- 
posite sides.  The  piers  measure  59  by  140  feet  at  the  water- 
level,  and  40  by  120  feet  at  the  summit,  and  are  277  feet 
high.  Beyond  the  piers,  on  both  banks,  the  bridge  is  con- 
tinued on  an  easy  incline,  partly  suspended  and  partly  of 
masonry  arches  and  steel  trusses,  until  the  street-level  is 
reached.  Tlie  total  length  is  5,989  feet.  There  are  four  main 
cables  of  steel  wires,  each  151  inches  in  diameter.  The 
width  of  the  bridge  is  85  feet,  which  is  subdivided  into  two 
drivewaysand  two  railway-tracks,  between  which  is  a prom- 
enade for  pedestrians.  It  was  planned  and  constructed  by 
the  Roeblings. 

Brooks  (bruks),  Charles  William  Shirley. 

Born  at  London,  April  29,  1816:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  23,  1874.  An  English  novelist,  jour- 
nalist, and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  a contrib- 
utor to  “ Punch  ’’  after  1851,  and  its  editor  after  1870.  His 
chief  works  are  “The  Creole,  or  Love’s  Fetters”  (acted 
1847),  and  the  novels  “Aspen  Court  ” (1855).  “ The  Gordian 
Knot”(1860),  “ The  Silver  Cord  ” (1861),  “ Sooner  or  Later  ” 
(1868). 

Brooks,  Charles  Timothy.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  June  20,  1813:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
June  14, 1883.  An  American  Unitarian  clergy- 
man and  author,  noted  chiefly  as  a translator 
from  the  German. 

Brooks,  James  Gordon.  Born  at  Claverack, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  3,  1801:  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  20,  1841.  An  American  poet  and  journal- 
ist. He  married  Miss  Mary  Elizabeth  Aiken  (pseudo- 
nym “Norna")in  1828,  together  with  whom  he  published  a 
volume  of  poems  entitled  “ The  Rivals  of  Este,  and  other 
Poems  ” (1829). 

Brooks,  John.  Bom  at  Medford,  Mass.,  May 
31,  1752 : died  March  1,  1825.  An  American 
Revolutionary  officer  and  politician.  He  carried 
the  German  intrenchments  in  the  battle  of  Saratoga. 
From  1817-23  he  was  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

Brooks,  Mrs.  (Maria  Gowen).  Born  at  Med- 
ford, Mass.,  about  1795:  died  at  Matanzas, 
Cuba,  Nov.  11,  1845.  An  American  poet,  au- 
thor of  “Zophiel,  or  the  Bride  of  Seven” 
(1825),  etc.  She  was  known  as  Maria  del  Occi- 
dente,  a sobriquet  given  her  by  Southey. 
Brooks,  Phillips.  Born  at  Boston,  Dec.  13, 
1835 : died  there,  Jan.  23,  1893.  A bishop  of 
the  Episcopal  Church,  and  noted  pulpit  orator. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1855,  and  at  the 
Episcopal  Seminary  at  Alexandria,  Virginia,  in  1859;  became 
rectorof  theChurcli of  the  Advent,  Philadelphia,  in  1859, of 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  the  same  city  in  1861, 
and  of  Trinity  Church,  Boston,  in  1869 ; and  was  elected 
bishop  of  the  Episcopal  diocese  of  Massachusetts  in  1891. 

Brooks,  Preston  Smith.  Born  in  Edgefield 
County,  S.  C.,  Aug.  4,  1819:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Jan.  27, 1857.  An  American  poli- 
tician, notorious  from  his  assault  on  Charles 
Sumner  in  the  senate-chamber  at  Washington, 
May  22,  1856.  Ho  was  a member  of  Congress 
from  South  Carolina  1853-57. 

Brooks,  William  Thomas  Harbaugh.  Bom 
at  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  Jan.  28,  1821 : died  at 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  July  19,  1870.  An  American 
soldier.  He  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
the  Federal  army  in  1861,  was  commander  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Monongahela  1863-64,  and  led  the  10th  army 
corps  at  Swift’s  Creek,  Drury’s  Bluff,  Bermuda  Hundred, 
Cold  Harbor,  and  Petersburg. 


Brooks’s 

Brooks’s  (bruk'sez).  A London  club  (Con- 
servative) established  in  1764  by  the  Duke  of 
Roxborough,  the  Duke  of  Portland,  and  others. 
It  was  formerly  a gaming-house  kept  by  Almack,  and  af- 
terward by  “Brooks,  a wine  merchant  and  money-lender,” 
for  whom  it  was  named. 

Brooks  of  Sheffield.  The  imaginary  person 
named  by  Mr.  Murdstone  when  speaking  of 
David  Copperfield,  in  his  presence.  Hence  fre- 
quently used  for  some  person  spoken  of  whose  name  it 
is  not  convenient  to  mention. 

“Quinion,”  said  Mr.  Murdstone,  “take  care,  if  you 
please.  Somebody ’s  sharp.”  “Who  is?”  asked  the  gen- 
tleman, laughing.  X looked  up  quickly,  being  curious  to 
know.  “ Only  Brooks  of  Sheffield,”  said  Mr.  Murdstone. 
I was  quite  relieved  to  find  it  was  "only  Brooks  of  Shef- 
field ; for  at  first  I really  thought  it  was  I. 

Dickens,  David  Copperfield,  ii. 

Broome  (brom),  William.  Born  at  Hasling- 
ton,  Cheshire,  England,  May,  1689:  died  at 
Bath,  England,  Nov.  16, 1745.  An  English  poet 
and  divine.  He  assisted,  as  an  accomplished  Greek 
scholar,  in  Pope’s  translation  of  Homer.  Having  remained 
silent  in  respect  t<  the  indictment  of  Pope’s  originality 
implied  in  the  following  couplet  by  Henley, 

“Pope  came  off  clean  with  Homer ; but  they  say 
Broome  went  before,  and  kindly  swept  the  way,” 

he  was  given  a place  in  the  “ Dunciad,” 

“Hibernian  politics,  O Swift,  thy  doom, 

And  Pope's,  translating  four  whole  years  with  Broome,” 
which  was  altered,  after  a reconciliation  had  taken  place, 
to 

“ Thy  fate, 

And  Pope’s,  ten  years  to  comment  and  translate.” 

Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Broseley  (brdz'li).  A town  in  Shropshire, 
western  England,  situated  on  the  Severn  13 
miles  southeast  of  Shrewsbury.  Population, 
3,916. 

Brosses,  de.  See  Debrosses. 

Brothers  (bruTH'erz),  Richard.  Born  at  Pla- 
centia, Newfoundland,  Dec.  25,  1757 : died  at 
London,  Jan.  25,  1824.  An  English  religious 
enthusiast  and  prophet.  He  was  a naval  officer  (lieu- 
tenant), discharged  on  half  pay  in  1783.  He  prophesied, 
among  other  things,  that  the  destruction  of  the  world 
would  take  place  in  1795,  and  that  complete  restoration  of 
the  Jews  would  take  place  in  1798,  with  himself  as  ruler 
at  Jerusalem.  He  was  finally  placed  in  confinement  as  a 
lunatic.  He  wrote  “A  Revealed  Knowledge  of  the 
Prophecies  and  Times  ” (1794),  etc. 

Brothers,  The.  1.  S ee  Adelphi. — 2.  A play  by 
Shirley,  licensed  in  1626. — 3.  A tragedy  by  Ed- 
ward Young,  produced  in  1752. — 4.  A comedy 
by  Richard  Cumberland,  produced  in  1769. 
Brothers,  The.  A political  club  of  wits  and 
statesmen  established  in  London  in  1713.  Swift 
was  treasurer  of  this  club.  In  1714  it  was  merged  in  the 
Scriblerus  Club  (which  see). 

Brother  Sam.  A comedy  by  John  Oxenford 
from  a German  play  by  Gomer,  altered  by 
E.  A.  Sothem  and  J.  B.  Buckstone,  produced 
in  1874.  Brother  Sam  is  the  brother  of  Lord  Dundreary, 
and  the  part  was  written  for  Sothern.  The  play  is  a sort 
of  sequel  to  “Our  American  Cousin.” 

Brouckdre  (bro-kar'),  Charles  Marie  Joseph 
Ghislaill  de.  Born  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  Jan.  18, 
1796 : died  April  20,  1860.  A Belgian  politi- 
cian, minister  of  war  1831-32. 

Brouckfcre,  Henri  Marie  Joseph  Ghislain  de. 
Bom  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  1801 : died  at  Brus- 
sels, Jan.  25,  1891.  A Belgian  statesman,  bro- 
ther of  the  preceding,  premier  and  minister  of 
foreign  a’ffairs  1852-55. 

Brougham  (bro'am  or  brom;  orig.  Sc.,  broch'- 
am),  Henry  Peter  (Baron  Brougham  and 
Vaux).  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  19,  1778: 
died  at  Cannes,  France,  May  7,  1868.  A cele- 
brated British  statesman,  orator,  jurist,  and 
scientist.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  “Edin- 
burgh Review  ” in  1802 ; entered  Parliament  in  1810; 
was  counsel  for  Queen  Caroline  1820-21 ; and  was  lord 
chanceUor  of  England  1830-34. 

Brougham,  John.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Ireland, 
May  9,  1814  : died  at  New  York,  June  7,  1880. 
An  Irish-American  actor  and  playwright 
Broughton,  Baron.  See  ffobhouse. 
Broughton  (bra'ton),  Hugh.  Born  at  Owl- 
bury,  parish  of  Bishop’s  Castle,  Shropshire, 
England,  1549 : died  at  London,  Aug.  4,  1612. 
An  English  divine  and  rabbinical  scholar,  ne 
published  a Scripture  chronology  and  genealogy,  entitled 
“AConcentof  Scripture”  (1688),  and  an  “Explication  of 
the  Article  of  Christ’s  Descent  into  Hell  ’ (1599), in  which 
he  maintains  that  hades  never  means  a place  of  torment, 
but  the  state  of  departed  souls.  He  was  satirized  by  Ben 
Jonson  in  "Volpone  ’’  (1605)  and  the  “Alchemist"  (1610). 
Works  edited  by  high tfoot  (1662). 

Broughton,  Rhoda.  Born  at  Segrwyd  Hall, 
Denbighshire,  Wales,  Nov.  29, 1840.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist.  She  has  written  “Cometh  up  as 
a Flower”  (1867),  “Red  as  a Rose  is  She” 
(1870),  “Nancy”  (1873),  etc. 


187 

Broughton,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  July  5, 
1704:  died  at  Bedminster,  England,  Dec.  21, 
1774.  An  English  divine  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  wrote  the  lives  marked  “ T ” in  the  original 
edition  of  the  “Biographia  Britannica,”  was  the  author  of 
“ An  Historical  Dictionary  of  all  Religions  from  the  Crea- 
tion of  the  World  to  the  Present  Time”  (1742),  and  fur- 
nished the  words  to  the  musical  drama  “Hercules,”  by 
Handel. 

Broukhusius,  Janus.  See  Broekhuisen,  Jan 
van. 

Broussa.  See  Brusa. 

Brousson  (bro-son'),  Claude.  Born  atNimes, 
France,  1&47 : died  at  Montpellier,  France,  Nov. 
4,  1698.  A French  Protestant  theologian  and 
jurist,  put  to  death  ostensibly  for  political  rea- 
sons. He  wrote  “ L’15tat  des  r^formbs  de  France  ” (1684), 
“ Lettres  au  clergd  de  France  ” (1685),  “Lettres  aux  Cath- 
oliques  Romains  ” (1689),  etc. 

Broussonnet  (bro-so-na'),  Pierre  Marie  Au- 
guste. Born  at  Montpellier,  France,  Feb.  28, 
1761:  died  at  Montpellier,  July  27,  1807.  A 
French  physician  and  naturalist,  best  known 
as  a botanist. 

Brouwer,  or  Brauwer  (brou'er),  Adrian. 
Born  at  Oudenarde  about  1606  ('?):  died  at 
Antwerp,  Jan.,  1638.  A painter  of  the  Flemish 
school.  His  chief  works  are  at  Munich  and  Dresden. 
He  studied  in  France,  and  died  in  the  hospital  at  Ant- 
werp. The  subjects  of  Brouwer  are  similar  to  those  of 
Teniers,  whom  he  resembles,  although  a much  stronger 
and  more  skilful  master.  Next  to  Hals  he  was  the 
greatest  technician  of  his  time. 

Browdie  (brou'di),  John.  A big,  good-natured 
Yorkshireman  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Nicholas 
Nickleby.”  He  marries  Matilda  Price.  See 
Price,  Matilda. 

Brown  (broun),  Benjamin  Gratz.  Bom  at 

Lexington,  Ky.,  May  28, 1826 : died  at  St.  Louis, 
Dec.  13,  1885.  An  American  politician  and 
j ournalist.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Missouri 
1863-67 ; governor  of  Missouri  1871-72  ; and  unsuccessful 
candidate  of  the  Democrats  and  Liberal  Republicans  for 
Vice-President  in  1872. 

Brown.  Charles  Brockden.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  17,  1771:  died  Feb.  22,  1810.  An 
American  novelist.  His  works  include  “Wieland, 
or  The  Transformation”  (1798),  “Ormond,  etc.”  (1799), 
“Arthur  Mervyn  ” (1800),  “Edgar  Huntley,  etc.”  (1801), 
etc. 

Brown,  Ford  Madox.  Bom  at  Calais,  France, 
1821 : died  at  London,  Oct.  6,  1893.  An  Eng- 
lish painter.  His  works  include  “Wyclif,  etc.”  (1849), 
“King  Lear”  (1849),  “Chaucer  reciting  his  Poetry  at  the 
Court  of  Edward  III.”  (1851),  “Christ  washing  Peter’s 
Feet  ’’  (1852),  etc. 

Brown,  George.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  29, 
1818:  died  at  Toronto,  Canada,  May  9,  1880. 
A Canadian  politician  and  journalist.  He  founded 
the  Toronto  “Globe”  in  1844;  entered  the  Dominion 
House  of  Commons  in  1851 ; and  became  senator  in  1873. 

Brown,  George  Loring.  Born  Feb.  2, 1814 : died 
J une  25, 1889.  An  American  landscape-painter. 

Brown,  Goold.  Born  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
March  7, 1791:  died  at  Lynn,  Mass.,  March  31, 
1857.  An  American  grammarian.  He  conducted 
an  academy  in  New  York  city  for  many  years.  He  wrote 
“Institutes  of  English  Grammar”  (1823),  “First  Lines  of 
English  Grammar  ” (1823),  “ Grammar  of  English  Gram- 
mars ” (1850-51). 

Brown,  Henry  Kirke.  Bom  1814 : died  July  10, 
1886.  An  American  sculptor.  His  works  include 
an  equestrian  statue  of  Washington  at  New  York,  of 
General  Scott  at  Washington,  etc. 

Brown,  Jacob.  Born  in  Bucks  County,  Pa., 
May  9,  1775:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb. 
24,  1828.  An  American  general,  in  1813  he  re- 
ceived an  appointment  as  brigadier-general  in  the  regular 
army,  having  been  previously  in  the  militia.  He  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  army  of  the  Niagara,  with  the  rank 
of  major-general,  1814 ; defeated  General  Riall  at  Chip- 
pewa July  5,  and  Drummond  at  Lundy’s  Lane  July  25, 
and  at  Fort  Erie  Sept.  17,  1814 ; and  became  general-in- 
chief  of  the  United  States  army  1821. 

Brown,  John.  Born  at  Rothbury,  Northum- 
berland, England,  Nov.  5,  1715:  committed 
suicide,  Sept.  23,  1766.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer,  author  of  “An  Estimate  of 
the  Manners  and  Principles  of  the  Times” 
(1757-58),  etc. 

Brown,  John.  Bom  at  Carpow,  parish  of 
Abernethy,  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  1722 : died 
at  Haddington,  Scotland,  June  19,  1787.  A 
Scottish  biblical  scholar.  His  works  include  “A 
Dictionary  of  the  Bible”  (1769),  “The  Self-interpreting 
Bible  ” (1778),  “ A Compendious  History  of  the  British 
Churches  ” (1784  : new  edition  1823). 

Brown,  John.  Born  at  Buncle,  Berwickshire, 
Scotland,  1735 : died  at  London,  Oct.  17,  1788. 
The  founder  of  the  “ Brunonian  ” system  in 
medicine.  He  published  (1787)  “ Observations  on  the 
Present  System  of  Spasm  as  taught  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,”  directed  against  Dr.  Cullen,  and  (1780)  “ Ele- 
ments Medicinse,”  in  which  he  projected  a new  theory  of 
medicine.  He  divided  diseases  into  two  classes,  sthenic 
and  asthenic,  the  former  resulting  from  excess,  the  latter 


Brown  University 

from  deficiency  of  exciting  power,  and  contended  that 
the  great  majority  of  diseases  belonged  to  the  latter 
class.  He  removed  to  London  in  1786,  and  died  in  neglect, 
though  much  of  his  therapeutic  practice  has  since  been 
universally  adopted.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Brown,  John,  “of  Ossawatomie.”  Bom  at 
Toi’rington,  Conn.,  May  9,  1800:  executed  at 
Charlestown,  Va.,  Dee.  2,  1859.  A celebrated 
American  abolitionist,  an  antislavery  leader 
in  Kansas  1855-58.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Ohio  in  1805,  learned  the  trade  of  a tanner  and  currier, 
and  iu  1840  became  a dealer  in  wool.  Having  conceived 
the  idea  of  becoming  the  liberator  of  the  negro  slaves  in 
the  South,  he  emigrated  in  1855  to  Kansas,  where  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  contest  against  the  pro-slavery  party. 
He  gained  in  Aug.,  1856,  a victory  at  Ossawatomie  over 
a superior  number  of  Missourians  who  had  invaded  Kan- 
sas (whence  the  surname  “ Ossawatomie  ”).  On  the  night 
of  Oct.  16,  1859,  he  seized  the  arsenal  at  Harper’s  Ferry, 
Virginia,  at  the  head  of  a small  band  of  followers,  with 
a view  to  arming  the  negroes  and  inciting  a servile  in- 
surrection. He  was  captured  Oct.  18,  was  tried  by  the 
commonwealth  of  Virginia  Oct.  27-31,  and  was  executed 
at  Charlestown  Dec.  2,  1869. 

Brown,  John.  Born  at  Biggar,  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  Sept.,  1810:  died  May  11,  1882.  A 
Scottish  physician  and  author,  son  of  John 
Brown  (1784—1858).  His  chief  work  is  the  “Hoiffi 
Subsecivse  ” (1858, 1861,  1882,  containing  “ Our  Dogs,”  and 
“Rab  and  his  Friends”;  the  latter  was  first  published  in 
1859). 

Brown,  John  G.  Born  at  Durham,  England, 
Nov.  11,  1831.  An  American  figure  and  genre 
painter.  He  studied  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  in  1853  at  New  York.  Elected  national  acad- 
emician 1863.  He  is  noted  for  his  characteristic  pictures 
of  street  boys. 

Brown,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
April  4,  1769:  died  Oct.  27,  1841.  An  Ameri- 
can merchant.  He  was  a patron  of  Brown  University 
(formerly  Rhode  Island  College),  to  which  he  gave  In  the 
aggregate  §100,000. 

Brown,  Robert.  Bom  at  Montrose,  Scotland, 
Dee.  21,  1773:  died  at  London,  June  10,  1858. 
A British  botanist.  He  was  the  naturalist  of  Flinder’s 
Australian  expedition,  1801-05,  and  keeper  of  the  botani- 
cal department  of  the  British  Museum  after  1827.  He 
published  “ Prodromus  flora:  Novse  Hollandias  ” (1810 : sup- 
plement 1830),  “ General  Remarks  on  the  Botany  of 
Terra  Australis  ” (1814). 

Brown,  Tarleton.  Born  in  Barnwell  District, 
S.  C.,  1754:  died  1846.  An  American  Revolu- 
tionary soldier.  He  served  throughout  the  War  of 
Independence,  obtaining  the  rank  of  captain,  and  wrote 
“ Memoirs  ” pertaining  to  contemporary  events  in  the 
Carolinas  (privately  printed,  with  notes  by  Charles  J. 
Bushneli,  1862). 

Brown,  Thomas  or  Tom.  Born  at  Shifnal,  in 
Shropshire,  1663:  died  at  London,  June  16, 
1704.  An  English  satirical  poet  and  prose- 
writer.  A collected  edition  of  his  works  was 
published  in  1707-08. 

Brown,  Thomas.  Born  at  Kilmabreck,  Kirk- 
cudbrightshire, Scotland,  Jan.  9,  1778:  died 
at  Brompton,  near  London,  April  2,  1820.  A 
noted  Scottish  physician,  philosopher,  and 
poet,  colleague  of  Dugald  Stewart  from  1810. 
His  works  include  “An  inquiry  into  the  Relation  of 
Cause  and  Effect  ” (1818),  “Lectures  on  the  Physiology 
of  the  Human  Mind  ” (1820),  “Poems  ” (1804).  “ Paradise 
of  Coquettes”  (1814),  “The  War-fiend"  (1816),  “Agnes” 
(1818),  “ Emily  ’’  (1819),  etc.  He  is  chiefly  notable  from 
his  support  of  Hume’s  theory  of  causation. 

Brown,  Thomas,  the  Younger.  A pseudo- 
nym of  Thomas  Moore,  under  which  he  wrote 
the  ‘ ‘ Intercepted  Letters,  or  the  Twopenny  Post 
Bag,”  in  1813. 

Brown,  Tom.  See  under  Hughes,  Thomas. 

Brown,  Van  Beest.  See  Bertram,  Harry. 

Brown,  William.  Born  in  Ireland,  1777  : died 
near  Buenos  Ayres,  May  3, 1857.  An  admiral 
of  the  Argentine  navy.  He  emigrated  to  America 
with  his  family  when  a child,  and  in  1812  settled  at  Buenos 
Ayres.  In  the  war  with  Brazil,  1825-27,  he  did  efficient 
service,  but  was  finally  defeated.  In  tile  civil  war  of  1842- 
1845  he  commanded  the  fleet  of  Buenos  Ayres,  blockading 
Montevideo. 

Brown,  Mr.  A pseudonym  of  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray,  under  which  he  wrote  Mr. 
Brown’s  letters  to  a young  man  about  town  in 
“Punch”  in  1849. 

Brown  Bess.  A popular  name  of  the  English 
regulation  flint-lock  inusket  toward  the  end  of 
the  18th  century. 

Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson,  The  Adven- 
tures of.  A series  of  illustrated  articles  by 
Richard  Doyle,  begun  in  “Punch”  and  com- 
pleted for  his  publishers  in  1854.  It  is  a satire  on  the 
manners  of  the  middle-class  Englishman  abroad  or  on 
his  travels.  Anthony  Trollope  published  in  1862  “The 
Struggles  of  Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson,”  a story  illus- 
trated by  Millais. 

Brown  University.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  founded 
in  1764.  It  was  called  “Rhode  Island  College”  until 
1804.  (See  Brown , Nicholas.)  It  is  non-sectarian.  It 
has  about  1,000  students  and  100  instructors,  and  a library 
<.f  about  16J  000  d 1 :i  me 


Browne,  Charles  Farrar 


188 


Browne  (broun),  Charles  Farrar:  pseudonym 
Artemus  Ward.  Born  at  Waterford,  Maine, 
April  26,  1834:  died  at  Southampton,  England, 
March  6,  1867.  An  American  humorist.  His 
chief  work  is  “Artemus  Ward:  His  Book  " (1862).  He  also 
wrote  “Artemus  Ward:  His  Travels”  (1865),  “Artemus 
Ward  in  London  ” (1867),  etc. 

Browne,  Count  George  de.  Born  at  Camas, 
Limerick,  June  15, 1698:  died  at  Riga,  Russia, 
Feb.  18, 1792.  An  Irish  adventurer.  He  entered 
the  Russian  service  in  1730;  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Polish,  French,  and  Turkish  wars ; was  captur  ed  by  the 
Turks  and  three  times  sold  as  a slave.  On  gaining  his 
freedom  he  was  made  major-general  and  served  under 
Lacy  in  Finland,  and  in  the  Seven  Years’  War  (as  lieuten- 
ant-general). He  was  made  field-marshal  and  given  the 
chief  command  in  the  Danish  war,  by  Peter  III. 

Browne,  Hablot  Knight:  pseudonym  Phiz. 
BomatKennington,  Surrey,  June  15, 1815:  died 
at  West  Brighton,  England,  July  8, 1882.  An 
English  artist,  noted  especially  as  a caricatur- 
ist. He  is  best  known  from  his  illustrations  of  the  novels 
of  Dickens,  Lever,  and  Ainsworth. 

Browne,  Henriette,  the  pseudonym  of  Sophie 
de  Bouteiller  (later  Madame  de  Saux).  Born 
at  Paris,  1829 : died  1901.  A French  painter 
and  etcher.  Among  her  paintings  are  “ Consolation  ” 
(1861),  “ Int^rieur  de  harem  a Constantinople”  (1861), 
“Ecolierisra^lite  hTanger  " (1865),“  Danseusesen  Nubie” 
(1869),  “La  Perruche”  (1876),  etc. 

Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins.  Born  at  Burton-upon- 
Trent,  England,  Jan.  21, 1705 : died  at  London, 
Feb.  14, 1760.  An  English  poet.  His  chief  poetical 
work  was  a Latin  poem,  “ De  animi  immortalitate  ’’  (1754). 

Browne,  John  Ross.  Born  in  Ireland,  1817 : 
died  in  Oakland,  Cal.,  Dec.  8, 1875.  An  Irish- 
American  traveler  and  humorist.  He  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1868-69.  He  wrote  “Yusef,  or 
the  Journey  of  the  Fragi : a Crusade  in  the  East  ”(1853),  etc. 

Browne,  Junius  Henri.  Born  at  Seneca  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  in  1833 : died  at  New  York,  April  2, 1902. 
An  American  journalist  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  a correspondent  of  the  New  York 
“Tribune”  in  the  Civil  War. 

Browne,  Count  Maximilian  Ulysses  von.  Bom 
at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Oct.  23,  1705:  died  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  June  26,  1757.  An  Austrian 

field-marshal.  He  was  a commander  in  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession  and  the  Seven  Years’  War,  and  was 
defeated  by  Frederick  the  Great  at  Lobositz  in  1756,  and 


Browning  (brou'ning),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Bar- 
rett). Bom  at  Coxhoe  Hall,  Durham,  Eng- 
land, March  6,  1806:  died  at  Florence,  Italy, 
June  30,  1861.  A noted  English  poet,  she  was 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Edward  Moulton  (who  took  the 
name  of  Barrett  shortly  before  her  birth),  married  Robert 
Browning  in  1846,  and  resided  in  Italy,  chiefly  at  Florence, 
during  the  remainder  of  her  life.  Author  of  “Prome- 
theus Bound  and  Miscellaneous  Poems  ’’(1833),  “ Seraphim 
and  Other  Poems  ” (1838),  “Poems”  (1844),  “Casa  Guidi 
Windows  ” (1851),  “Aurora  Leigh  ” (1857),  “Poems  before 
Congress  ” (I860),  etc.  An  elaborate  edition  of  her  poetical 
works  was  published  at  New  York  in  1884. 

Browning,  Robert.  Bom  at  Camberwell,  near 
London,  May  7,  1812:  died  at  Venice,  Italy, 
Dec.  12,  1889.  A celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  educated  at  the  London  University.  In  1846  he 
married  Elizabeth  Barrett,  during  whose  lifetime  he  re- 
sided chiefly  at  Florence.  After  her  death  in  1861  he 
lived  mainly  at  London  and  Venice.  His  chief  works  are 
“ Paracelsus ” (1835-36),  “Strafford"  (1837),  “Sordello” 
(1840),  “Bells  and  Pomegranates”  (1841-46,  including 
“Pippa  Passes,”  “ King  Victor  and  King  Charles,”  “ A Blot 
in  the  ’Scutcheon,”  “The  Return  of  the  Druses,”  “Co- 
lombe’s  Birthday,”  “A  Soul’s  Tragedy,"  “ Luria”),  “Men 
and  Women”  (1855),  “Dramatis  Personae ” (1864),  “The 
Ring  and  the  Book”  (1868-69),  “Balaustion’s  Adventure” 
(1871),  “ Prince  Hohenstiel-Scliwangau  ” (1871),  “Fifine  at 
tneFair  ” (1872),  “ Red  Cotton  Night-Cap  Country ’’  (1873), 
“Aristophanes' Apology  ” (1875),  “The  Inn- Album  “(1875). 
“The  Agamemnon  of  jEschylus”  (1877),  “ Dramatic  Idyls  ” 
(1879),  “ Asolando  ” (1889). 

Brownists  (brou'nists).  The  followers  of  Rob- 
ert Browne  or  Brown  (about  1550-1633),  a 
Puritan,  who  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  Independents  or  Congregationalists. 

Brownlow  (broun'lo),  Mr.  A kind-hearted  and 
benevolent  old  gentleman,  the  protector  of 
Oliver  Twist,  in  Charles  Dickens’s  novel  “ Oli- 
ver Twist.” 

Brownlow,  William  Gannaway,  called  “Par- 
son Brownlow.”  Bom  in  Wythe  County,  Va., 
Aug.  29,  1805:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  April 
29,  1877.  An  American  journalist  and  politi- 
cian. Originally  an  itinerant  preacher  in  the  Methodist 
Church,  he  became  editor  of  the  Knoxville  “Whig "in 
1839,  in  which,  although  an  advocate  of  slavery,  he  op- 
posed secession,  with  the  result  that  his  paper  was  sup- 
pressed by  the  Confederate  government  in  1861.  He  was 
arrested  for  treason  Dec.  6,  1861,  but  was  released  and 
sent  inside  the  Union  lines  March  3,  1862;  was  elected 
governor  of  Tennessee  in  1865,  and  reelected  in  1867 ; and 
became  United  States  senator  in  1869. 


at  Pragne  in  1767. 

Browne,  Patrick.  Born  at  Woodstock,  County 
Mayo,  Ireland,  about  1720 : died  at  Rushbrook, 
same  county,  Aug.  29, 1790.  An  Irish  physician 
and  author.  He  was  twice  in  the  West  Indies,  residing 
several  years  at  Jamaica.  His  “ Civil  and  Natural  History 
of  Jamaica  ” was  published  in  1756  (2d  ed.  1769). 

Browne,  or  Brown,  Robert.  Born  at  Tolethoi p, 
Rutlandshire,  England,  about  1550:  died  at 
Northampton,  England,  about  1633.  The  founder 
of  the  Brownist  sect,  which  developed  into  the 
Independents  or  Congregationalists.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  subsequently  preached  at 
Cambridge  and  elsewhere.  About  1580  he  organized  at 
Norwich  a congregation  of  dissenters,  who  became  known 
as  Brownists,  and  who,  finding  themselves  persecuted  by 
the  ecclesiastical  authorities,  removed  in  a body  under 
his  leadership  to  Middleburg,  Holland,  in  1581.  He  left 
Holland  in  1583,  in  consequence  of  dissension  among  his 
followers,  became  master  of  Stamford  Grammar  School  in 
1586,  and  in  1591  became  rector  of  Achurch  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, where  he  remained  until  his  death. 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  19, 
1605 : died  at  Norwich,  England,  Oct.  19,  1682. 
A celebrated  English  physician  and  author.  He 
studied  at  Oxford  (at  Broadgate  Hall,  now  Pembroke  Col- 
lege), Montpellier,  Padua,  and  Leyden  (where  he  was  made 
doctor  of  medicine  about  1633),  and  settled  at  Norwich 
In  1637.  He  was  knighted  Sept.,  1671.  His  works  include 
“Religio  Medici  ” (1643 ; two  unauthorized  editions  by 
Andrew  Croke  appeared  1642),  “ Pseudodoxia  Epidemica, 
or  Inquiry  into  V ulgar  Errors  ” (1646),  and  “ Hydriotaphia, 
or  Urn  Burial  "and  “The  Garden  of  Cyrus;  or  the  Quin- 
cuncial  Lozenge,  etc.” (1658).  “Miscellany  Tracts”  and 
“Christian  Morals”  were  published  posthumously. 

Browne,  ’William.  Born  at  Tavistock,  Devon- 
shire, 1591 : died  about  1643.  An  English  poet, 
author  of  “Britannia’s  Pastorals”  (1613-16), 
“ Shepherd’s  Pipe”  (1614),  etc. 

Browne,  William  George.  Born  at  London, 
July  25,  1768 : killed  in  northern  Persia,  1813. 
An  English  traveler  in  Africa  and  the  Orient, 
author  of  “Travels”  in  Africa,  Egypt,  and 
Syria  (1800). 

Brownell  (brou'nel),  Henry  Howard.  Born 
at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Feb.  6,  1820  : died  at  East 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct.  31,  1872.  An  American 
poet.  His  works  include  “Poems”  (1847),  “Lyrics  of  a 
Day  "(1864),  “ War  Lyrics  and  Other  Poems  ” (1866),  etc. 

Brownell,  Thomas  Church.  Bom  at  West- 
port,  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1779:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  13,  1865.  A bishop  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Hartford,  1824-31.  He  wrote  “Religion  of  the 
Heart  and  Life’’  (1839-40),  etc. 


Brownrigg  (broun 'rig),  Elizabeth.  A notori- 
ous murderess  living  in  England  in  the  middle 
of  the  18th  century.  She  was  hung,  and  her 
skeleton  is  still  preserved. 

Brownrigg  Papers,  The.  A collection  of  es- 
says and  sketches  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  pub- 
lished in  1860. 

Brown-Sequard  (broun  'sa-kar'),  Charles  Ed- 
ouard. Born  at  Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  April 
8,  1817 : died  at  Paris,  April  1,  1894.  A noted 
French  physiologist.  He  studied  at  Paris,  was  placed 
in  charge  of  a hospital  for  the  paralyzed  and  epileptic  at 
London  in  1860,  was  professor  of  the  physiology  and  pa- 
thology of  the  nervous  system  in  Harvard  University  1864- 
1869,  and  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  experimental  physi- 
ology in  the  College  de  France  in  1878.  He  has  published 
numerous  works  and  papers  on  physiological  subjects. 

Brownson  (broun' son),  Orestes  Augustus. 

Born  at  Stockbridge,  Vt.,  Sept.  16,  1803: 
died  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  17,  1876.  An 
American  journalist  and  theologian.  At  first  a 
Presbyterian,  he  became  a Universalist  minister  in  1825, 
a Unitarian  preacher  in  1832,  and  a Roman  Catholic  in 
1344. 

Brownsville  (brounz'vil).  A city,  the  capital 
of  Cameron  County,  southern  Texas,  situated 
on  the  Rio  Grande  23  miles  from  its  mouth.  It 
was  bombarded  by  the  Mexicans,  May,  1846. 
Population,  10,517,  (1910). 

Broykarre.  The  horse  of  Maugis  or  Malagigi 
in  the  old  romances:  the  next  best  horse  in 
the  world  to  Bayard. 

Bruce  (bros),  David.  See  David  IT.,  King  of 
Scotland. 

Bruce,  Edward.  Killed  near  Dundalk,  Ireland, 
Oct.  5,  1318.  A Scottish  adventurer,  younger 
brother  of  Robert  Bruce  (1274-1329),  crowned 
king  of  Ireland  in  1316. 

Bruce,  James.  Born  at  Kinnaird,  Scotland, 
Dec.  14,  1730:  died  there,  April  27,  1794.  A 
celebrated  African  traveler.  He  successively  ex- 
plored Syria,  the  Nile  Valley,  and  Abyssinia  (1768-73).  His 
“Travels  to  Discover  the  Sources  of  the  Nile,”  5 vol- 
umes, appeared  in  1790.  He  reached  the  source  of  the 
Blue  Nile.  “ He  will  always  remain  the  poet,  and  his 
work  the  epic,  of  African  travel.”  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 
Bruce,  James.  Born  July  20,  1811 : died  at 
Dhurmsala,  India,  Nov.  20,  1863.  A British 
diplomatist  and  statesman,  eighth  Earl  of  Elgin 
and  twelfth  Earl  of  Kincardine.  He  was  governor- 
general  of  Canada  1846-64  ; special  envoy  to  China  and 
Japan  1857-59;  postmaster-general  1859-60;  and  gover- 
nor-general of  India  1862-63. 


Bruges 

Bruce,  Michael.  Born  at  Kinneswood,  Kin- 
ross-shire, Scotland,  March  27,  1746:  died  at 
Kinneswood,  July  6 (5?),  1767.  A Scottish 
poet  and  school-teacher.  His  “Poems”  were 
published  by  John  Logan,  1770. 

Bruce,  or  Brus,  Robert  de,  surnamed  “ The 
Competitor.”  Born  1210 : died  at  Lochmaben 
Castle,  Scotland,  1295.  A Scottish  noble,  Lord 
of  Annfindale,  and  the  grandfather  of  King 
Robert  Bruce.  He  was  one  of  the  fifteen  regents  of 
Scotland  during  the  minority  of  Alexander  III.,  and  the 
chief  rival  of  John  Baliol  for  the  Scottish  throne  in  the 
competition  at  Norham  1291-92,  where,  as  arbiter,  Edward 
I.  of  England  decided  in  favor  of  Baliol. 

Bruce,  Robert  de.  Born  1253:  died  1304.  A 
Scottish  noble,  father  of  King  Robert  Bruce. 
He  is  said  to  have  accompanied  Edward,  afterward  Ed- 
ward I.,  in  the  Crusade  of  1269,  and  married  Marjory, 
countess  of  Carrick,  becoming  by  the  courtesy  of  Scotland 
earl  of  Carrick.  He  was  appointed  constable  of  the  castle 
of  Carlisle  by  Edward  I.,  1295,  and  sided  with  the  English 
when  Baliol  attempted  to  assert  his  independence  of  Ed- 
ward I. 

Bruce,  Robert  de.  Born  July  11,  1274:  died 
at  Cardross,  June  7, 1329.  A famous  king  of 
Scotland.  See  Robert  I.  (of  Scotland). 

Bruce,  Thonms.  Born  July  20,  1766:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  14,  1841.  A British  noble,  seventh 
Earl  of  Elgin  and  eleventh  Earl  of  Kincardine. 
He  was  envoy  to  Constantinople  1799-1802,  and  removed 
from  Athens  to  England  the  “Elgin  marbles,”  purchased 
by  the  nation  in  1816,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum.  See 
Elgin  Marbles. 

Bruce,  or  Brus,  The.  A poem  by  John  Bar- 
bour, on  the  subject  of  King  Robert  I.  of  Scot- 
land (1375).  See  Robert  I.  (of  Scotland). 

Bruce  Pryce,  Henry  Austin.  Born  April  16, 
1815:  died  Feb.  25,  1895.  First  Baron  Aber- 
dare.  A British  politician.  He  was  home  secre- 
tary 1868-73,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1873,  and 

★became  lord  president  of  the  council. 

Bruch  (broch),  Max.  Born  at  Cologne,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  6,  1838.  An  eminent  German  com- 
poser. In  1880-83  he  was  director  of  the  Liverpool 
Philharmonic  Society.  His  works  include  the  operetta 
“Scherz,  List  und  Rache,"  the  opera  "Lorelei,  ’ “Scenen 
aus  der  Frithjofssaga,”  “ Odysseus,”  “ Armineus,"  “Lied 
von  der  Gloeke,”  “Kol  Nidrei”  (for  violoncello),  etc. 

Bruck  (hrok).  Karl  Ludwig,  Baron.  Born  at 
Elberfeld,  Rhenish  Prussia,  Oct.  8,  1798:  died 
April  23,  1860.  An  Austrian  statesman.  He  was 

ministerof  commerce  and  public  works  1848-61,  and  min- 
ister of  finance  1855-60,  when,  being  ungraciously  dis- 
missed, he  committed  suicide.  He  was  one  of  the  chief 
founders  of  the  Austrian  Lloyd’s  at  Triest. 

Briickenau  (bruk'e-nou).  A watering-place  in 
Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Sinn  in  lat.  50°  19'  N.,  long.  9°  47'  E. : noted 
for  mineral  springs. 

Brucker  (brok'er),  Johann  Jakob.  Bom  Jan. 
22,  1696:  died  Nov.  26,  1770.  A German  philo- 
sophical writer,  rector  of  the  school  in  Kauf- 
beuren,  and  later  pastor  in  Augsburg.  His 
chief  work  is  the  “ Hustoria  critica  philosophies, 
etc.”  (1742-44). 

Bructeri  (bruk'te-ri).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Bructeri, 
Gr.  (Strabo)  B povxrepoi.\  A German  tribe 
which  appears  to  have  occupied  the  territory 
about  the  upper  Eras  and  on  both  sides  of  the 
Lippe.  Strabo  divides  them  into  “greater  ” and  “lesser.” 
They  contributed  to  the  defeat  of  Varus  in  the  Teuto- 
burg  Forest,  and  took  part  in  the  rising  of  Civilis.  Their 
tribal  name  appears  as  late  as  the  8th  century.  They 
were  ultimately  merged  in  the  Franks. 

Brudenel  (brod'nel),  James  Thomas,  seventh 
Earl  of  Cardigan.  Born  at  Hambleton,  Hamp- 
shire, England,  Oct.  16,  1797:  died  at  Deene 
Park,  Northamptonshire,  England,  March  28, 
1868.  An  English  general,  commander  of  the 
“Light  Brigade”  in  the  charge  at  Balaklava, 
Oct.  25,  1854. 

Brueys  (brii-a'),  David  Auguste  de.  See  Pa- 

laprat. 

Bruges  (bro'jez ; F.  pron.  briizh).  [F.  Bruges, 
G.  Brugge,  I).  Flem.  Brugge,  ML.  Brugge,  OD. 
Brugge  or  Bruggen,  Bridges.]  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated 
8 miles  from  the  North  Sea  on  canals  (to  Ghent, 
the  North  Sea,  etc.),  in  lat,  51°  12'  N.,  long.  3° 
13' E.  It  is  noted  for  its  laces.  It  was  an  important  town 
as  early  as  the  7th  century,  was  subject  to  the  counts  of 
Flanders  and  later  to  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  and  was 
a leading  Hanseatic  city.  Its  most  brilliant  commercial 
period  was  from  the  13th  to  the  15th  century : at  one  time 
it  was  the  commercial  centerof  Europe.  The  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece  was  established  at  Bruges  in  1430.  Bruges 
surrendered  to  the  Spanish  in  1584,  and  was  bombarded 
by  the  Dutch  in  1704.  The  cathedral  of  Bruges  is  an  early- 
Pointed  structure  of  brick,  with  later  additions.  The  ex- 
terior, with  castellated  west  tower,  is  clumsy,  bnt  the 
interior  is  lofty  and  effective,  and  contains  many  fine 
paintings  (several  of  them  notable  examples  of  the  early 
Flemish  school),  good  16th-century  glass,  and  interesting 
brasses  and  other  monuments.  The  dimensions  are  330 
by  120  feet;  length  of  transepts,  174;  height  of  vaulting, 
90.  Population,  53,897. 


Brugg 

Brugg  (br<5g).  A small  town  in  the  canton  of 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Aare  in 
lat.  47°  29'  N.,  long.  8°  12'  E.  It  was  called  the 
“ Prophets’  Town  ” iu  the  Reformation  (as  being  the  birth- 
place of  many  theologians). 

Brugger  (brbg'er),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  13,  1815 : died  at  Munich,  April  9, 
1870.  A German  sculptor. 

Brugsch  (broksh),  Heinrich  Karl.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  18,  1827 : died  there,  Sept.  9,  1894. 
A distinguished  German  Egyptologist.  His  works 
include  “Hieroglyphisch-demotisches  Worterbueh  ’’(1867- 
1882);  also  “Reiseberichte  aus  Agypten"  (1855),  “Monu- 
ments de  l’figypte  "(1857),  “Recueil  de  monuments  dgyp- 
tieiis”  (1862-66),  “Geschichte  Agyptens  unter  den  Pha- 
raonen  " (1877),  “ Dictionnaire  g^ogiaphique  de  l’ancienne 
Egypte  ” (1879-80),  etc. 

Briihl  (briil).  A small  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  8 miles  south-southwest  of  Co- 
logne. Near  it  is  the  royal  palace  of  Briihl. 
Briihl,  Count  Heinrich  von.  Bom  at  Weissen- 
fels,  Prussia,  Aug.  13,  1700;  died  at  Dresden, 
Oct.  28, 1763.  A Saxon  politician  under  Augus- 
tus III.  He  became  prime  minister  in  1746,  and  induced 
the  elector  Augustus  III.  to  take  sides  against  Prussia 
in  the  Seven  Years’  War.  His  library  of  62,000  volumes 
forms  a considerable  part  of  the  Royal  Library  at  Dresdeu. 

Bruhns  (brons),  Karl  Christian.  Born  at 
Ploen,  in  Holstein,  Germany,  Nov.  22, 1830 : died 
at  Leipsie,  July  25, 1881.  A distinguished  Ger- 
man astronomer.  He  was  professor  of  astronomy  and 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Leipsie,  and  was  especially 
noted  for  his  observations  and  for  the  discovery  of  several 
comets.  He  wrote  “ Die  astronomische  Strahlenbrechung 
in  ihrer  historischen  Entwickelung  ” (1861),  etc. 

Bruin  (bro'in,  prop,  broin).  [D.  bruin  = E. 
brown.}  The  bear  in  “Reynard  the  Fox.” 
Bruin.  A rough,  overbearing  man  in  Foote’s 
play  “ The  Mayor  of  Garratt.”  He  is  a contrast 
to  the  henpecked  Jerry  Sneak.  Mrs.  Bruin  is  roughly 
treated  by  him. 

Brfiles.  See  Siicdnxu. 

Brulgruddery  (brul-grud'er-i),  Dennis.  In 
Colman  the  Younger’s  comedy  “ John  Bull,”  an 
eccentric,  whimsical  Irishman,  the  host  of  the 
Red  Cow.  He  has  married  “the  fat  widow  to  Mr. 
Skinnygauge,  ” who  is  described  as  “a  waddling  woman 
wi’  a mulberry  face.” 

Brumaire  (brii-mar').  [F.  (after  L.  *bruma- 
rius),  from  brume , fog,  from  L.  bruma,  winter.] 
The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Con- 
vention of  the  first  French  Republic  for  the  sec- 
ond month  of  the  year . In  the  years  1,  2, 3, 5, 6, 7 it  be- 
gan Oct.  23,  and  ended  Nov.  20 ; in  years  4,  8,  9,  10, 11,  13, 
14  it  began  on  Oct.  23,  and  ended  Nov.  21 ; and  in  year  12 
it  began  on  Oct.  24,  and  ended  Nov.  22. 

Brumaire,  The  18th.  In  French  history,  Nov. 
9,  1799,  when  the  coup  d’etat  by  which  the  Di- 
rectory was  overthrown  was  commenced.  It 
was  completed  on  the  19th  Brumaire. 

Brumath  (bro-mat'),  or  Brumpt  (brompt).  A 
town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situ- 
ated on  the  Zorn  11  miles  north  of  Strasburg: 
the  ancient  Brucomagus.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,655. 

Brum  melt  (brum'el),  George  Bryan,  called 
Beau  Brummell.  Bom  at  London,  June  7, 1778 : 
died  at  Caen,  France,  March  30.1840.  An  Eng- 
lish gentleman  famous  as  a leader  in  fashion- 
able society  in  London.  He  was  an  intimate  friend 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George  I V.),  “ who  it  is  said  on 
one  occasion  ‘began  to  blubber  when  told  that  Brummell 
did  not  like  the  cut  of  his  coat.’  . . . By  no  means  a 
fop,  Brummell  was  never  extravagant  in  his  dress,  which 
was  characterized  rather  by  a studied  moderation.  ” (Diet. 
Nat.  Bing.)  Losses  at  the  gaming-table  forced  him  to  re- 
tire to  Calais  in  1816.  In  1230  he  was  appointed  consul  at 
Caen ; was  imprisoned  for  debt  in  1S35  ; and  after  1E37 
sank  into  a condition  of  imbecility,  and  died  in  an  asylum. 

Brun  (bron),  Friederike  Sophie  Christiano. 
Bom  at  Grafentonna,  near  Gotha,  Germany, 
June  3,  1765:  died  at  Copenhagen,  March  25, 
1835.  A German  poet  and  writer  of  travels. 
Her  works  include  poems  (1795,  1812,  1820),  “Prosaische 
Schriften”  (1799-1801), “Episoden  " (1807-18),  “Romisches 
Leben”  (1833),  "Briefe  au3  Rom  "(1816),  etc. 
Brunanburh  (bro'nan-borch).  A place,  prob- 
ably in  Northumbria,  England,  where,  in  937, 
zEthelstan  defeated  Anlaf  of  Ireland  and  Con- 
stantine of  Scotland.  A ballad  of  the  battle  is 
inserted  in  the  “Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle.” 
Brunck  (bruhk),  Richard  Francois  Philippe. 
Bom  at  Strasburg,  Dec.  30,  1729;  died  June 

12,  1803.  A French  classical  scholar.  He  pub- 
lished “ Analecta  veterum  poetarum  CrEecorum  ”(1772-76), 
and  editionsof  Aristophanes,  Vergil,  Sophocles,  Plautus, etc. 

Brundisium  (brun-dish'i-um),  or  Brundusium 

(brun-du'zhi-um).  The  ancient  name  of  Brin- 
disi. 

Brune  (brim),  Guillaume  Marie  Anne.  Bom 

at  Brives-la-Gaillarde,  Correze,  France,  March 

13,  1763;  killed  at  Avignon,  France,  Aug.  2, 
1815.  A marshal  of  France.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  army  of  Italy  1796-97;  and  commanded 
in  Switzerland,  Holland,  the  Vendee,  and  Italy,  1798-1801. 


189 

Brunehaut  (briin-ho'),  or  Brunehilde  (briin- 
hild').  Died  613  a.  d.  A queen  of  Austrasia, 
daughter  of  Atlianagild,  king  of  the  Visigoths. 
She  married  Sigebert,  king  of  Austrasia,  561.  She  incited 
her  husband  to  make  war  on  his  brother  Chilpbrie,  king 
of  Neustria,  who  had  murdered  his  wife  Galsuinda  (Gale- 
swintha),  sister  of  Brunehaut,  in  order  to  espouse  his 
mistress  Fredegonda  (Fredegunde).  Sigebert  was  mur- 
dered in  575  by  Fredegonda,  and  Brunehaut  became  regent 
for  her  minor  son  Childebert.  She  was  captured,  after 
manyreverses  of  fortune,  at  the  age  of  eighty,  by  Clothaire 
II.,  who  suffered  her  to  be  dragged  to  death  by  a wild 
horse. 

Brunei  (bro-nl').  [See  Borneo.~\  A sultanate 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Borneo,  placed 
under  British  protection  in  1888.  Capital, 
Brunei.  Area,  about  3,000  square  miles. 
Brunei  (bra-nel' ),  Isambard  Kingdom.  Born 
at  Portsmouth,  England,  April  9,  1806 ; died 
at  Westminster,  England,  Sept.  15,  1859.  An 
English  civil  engineer  and  naval  architect,  son 
of  Sir  Marc  Isambard  Brunei.  He  was  engineer 
of  the  Great  Western  Railway.  He  designed  the  Great 
Western  (1838),  the  Great  Britain  (1845),  the  Great  East- 
ern (1858). 

Brunei,  Sir  Marc  Isambard.  Born  at  Hacque- 
ville,  Eure,  France,  April  25, 1769 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  12, 1849.  A civil  engineer.  He  emigrated 
from  France  to  the  United  States  in  1793  (where  he  de- 
signed and  built  the  Bowery  Theater,  New  York) ; was  ap- 
pointed chief  engineer  of  New  York ; settled  in  England 
in  1799;  completed  machinery  for  making  ships’  blocks  in 
1806 ; and  constructed  the  Thames  tunnel  1825-43. 

Brunelleschi  (bro-nel-les'ke),  Filippo.  Born 
at  Florence,  Italy,  1379 : died  there,  April  16, 
1446.  A noted  Italian  architect.  He  at  first 
studied  jewelry  and  goldsmiths’  work,  and  later  experi- 
mentedwithinechanies,  constructing  clocks  and  machines 
of  all  sorts.  He  also  attempted  sculpture.  In  1401  he  en- 
tered into  competition  with  Ghiberti  for  the  doors  of  the 
baptistery  at  Florence.  He  associated  himself  with  Don- 
atello, and  about  1403  the  two  made  a famous  visit  to 
Rome.  His  study  of  the  Roman  monuments  was  most 
exhaustive,  and  when  he  returned  to  Florence  he  had  re- 
constructed for  himself  the  entire  scheme  of  antique  archi- 
tecture. He  built  the  famous  dome  of  Santa  Maria  del 
Fiore,  which  was  begun  about  1417.  The  vault  was  started 
in  1425  and  finished  in  1436.  Between  1445  and  1461  the 
lantern  was  built  after  his  designs.  This  was  the  most 
important  structural  problem  of  the  15th  century.  Bru- 
nelleschi also  built  the  church  of  San  Lorenzo  at  Florence, 
the  Badia  at  Fiesole,  the  cloister  of  Santa  Croce,  that  of 
Santo  Spirito  (finished  from  his  designs  after  his  death), 
and  the  Capella  dei  Pazzi,  also  the  Spedale  degli  Inno- 
centi,  the  Pitti  Palace,  and  the  Pazzi  Palace. 

Brunello  (bro-nel'lo).  A thief  in  Boiardo’s 
“ Orlando  Innamorato”  and  Ariosto’s  “ Orlando 
Furioso.”  He  was  of  mean  extraction,  hut  was  made 
king  of  Tingitana  by  Agramont  for  his  services,  and  after 
a life  spent  in  theft  and  subtle  knavery  was  hanged. 

Brunet  (brii-na'),  Jacques  Charles.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  2,  1780:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16, 
1867.  A noted  French  bibliographer.  He  pub- 
lished a supplement  to  the  bibliographical  dictionary  of 
Duclos  (1790),  “Manuel  du  libraire  et  de  1’amateur  de 
livres  ” (1810  : 5tli  ed.  1865),  “Reclierehes  bibliographiques 
et  critiques  sur  les  Editions  originales  des  cinq  livres  du 
roman  satirique  de  Rabelais  " (1852),  etc. 

Brunetiere  (briin-^yar'),  Ferdinand.  Born 
at  Toulon,  July  19,  1849:  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
9,  1906.  A French  editor  and  critic.  He  began 
his  studies  at  the  Lycee  de  Marseilles,  and  was  graduated 
from  the  Lyede  Louis-le-Grand  in  Paris.  In  1875  he  joined 
the  statf  of  the  “ Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,”  of  which  he 
was  later  editor-in-chief.  In  1886  lie  was  appointed  lec- 
turer at  the  ficole  Normale  ; in  1887  became  a member  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor ; and  in  1893  was  elected  to  the 
French  Academy.  His  publications  include  “ Etudes  cri- 
tiques sur  l’histoire  de  la  litterature  framjaise  ” (6  series, 
1880-98),  “ Le  roman  naturaliste  ” (1883),  “ Histoire  et 
litterature"  (1884-86),  “Questions  de  critique"  (1889), 
“Nouvelles  questions  de  critique ’’ (1890) ; and  more  re- 
cently still,  “L’Evolution  des  genres  dans  l’histoire  de  la 
litterature  ” and  “ L’ Involution  de  la  poesie  lyrique  au  dix- 
neuvieme  sifecle.”  The  first  two  series  of  the  “ fitudes 
critiques  "and  “ Le  roman  naturaliste  ’’  have  been  crowned 
by  the  French  Academy.  In  addition  to  these  works, 
Brunetitre  edited  a number  of  books  for  French  colleges. 

Brunhild  (bron'hild).  [MHG.  Briinhilt,  Priin- 
hilt,  Ieel.  Brynhildr .]  1.  In  the  Nibelungen- 

liea,  a legendary  queen  of  Island  [i.e.,  Isala-land 
in  the  Low  Countries),  the  wife  of  King  Gunther 
for  whom  she  is  won  by  Siegfried,  in  the  Old 
Norse  version  of  the  Siegfried  legend,  Brunhild  is  a Val- 
kyr who  is  won  by  Sigurd  for  Gunnar. 

2.  See  Brunehaut. 

Bruni  (bro'ne),  Leonardo,  surnamed  Aretino 
(from  his  birthplace).  Born  at  Arezzo,  Italy, 
1369 : died  at  Florence,  March  9, 1444.  A noted 
Italian  man  of  letters  (a  pupil  of  Emanuel  Chry- 
soloras),  apostolic  secretary,  and  chancellor  of 
Florence  1427-44.  He  wrote  “Historiarum  Florenti- 
narum  libri  XII.  "(1415),  “ Debelloitallco  adversus  Gotlios 
gesto”  (1470),  “ EpistoUo  familiares,”  and  a novel,  “De 
amoro  Gulscardi." 

Briinig  (briin'io).  A pass  over  the  Alps,  con- 
necting Lucerne  with  Meirmgen.  The  highest 
point  is  3,295  feet.  It  is  traversed  (since  1888-89)  by  a rail- 
way. 

Brunkeberg  (bron'ke-bera).  A height  north  of 


Brunswick 

Stockholm.  Here,  Oct.,  1471,  the  Swedes  under 
Sten  Sture  defeated  Christian  I.  of  Denmark. 
Brunn  (bron),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Worlitz,  in 
Anhalt, Germany,  Jan.  23, 1822:  died  at  Munich, 
J uly  23, 1894.  A German  archaeologist,  professor 
of  archaeology  a t Munich.  His  works  include  “ Ge- 
schichte der  griechischen  Kiinstler”  (1853-69),  “ I rilievi 
delle  urne  etrusche  "(1870),  etc. 

Briinn  (briin),  Slav.  Brno  (ber'no).  The  capital 
of  Moravia,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  Spiel- 
berg between  the  Zwittawa  and  Schwarzawa, 
in  lat.  49°  12'  N.,  long.  16°  37'  E. : one  of  the 
principal  manufacturing  towns  in  Austria.  It 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Hussites  in  1428,  by 
King  George  of  Bohemia  in  1467,  by  the  Swedes  in  1646, 
and  by  the  Prussians  in  1742,  and  was  occupied  by  Napo- 
leon in  1805,  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1866.  Population, 
125,008,  (1910). 

Brunnen  (bron'nen).  [G.,  ‘springs.’]  A vil- 
lage in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne  15  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Lucerne.  Here,  in  1315,  the  three 
Forest  Cantons  renewed  their  confederation. 
Brunner  (bron'ner),  Johann  Conrad.  Bom 
near  Schaffhausen,  Switzerland,  Jan.  16,  1653: 
died  at  Mannheim,  Baden,  Oct.  2,  1727.  A 
German  anatomist,  noted  for  researches  in  re- 
gard to  the  pancreas  and  the  duodenum. 
Brunner,  Sebastian.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Dec. 
10,  1814:  died  atAVahring,  near  Vienna,  Nov. 
26, 1893.  An  Austrian  man  of  letters  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  theologian.  He  was  the  author  of  a sa- 
tirical poem,  “ Nebelj ungen  Lied”  (1845),  directed  against 
the  Hegelians,  and  other  poems,  several  tales,  “Clemens 
Maria  Hofbauer  und  seine  Zeit  ” (1858),  “Die  Kunstge- 
nossen  der  Klosterzelle  ” (1863),  etc. 

Brunnow  (bron'no),  Count  Philipp  von.  Born 
at  Dresden,  Aug.  31,  1797 : died  at  Darmstadt, 
Germany,  April  12,  1875.  A Russian  diploma- 
tist. He  was  ambassador  at  London  1840-54,  at  Frank- 
fort 1855,  at  Berlin  1856,  and  at  London  1868-74. 

Bruno  (bro'no),  surnamed  “ The  Great.”  Bom 
925  : died  at  Rheims,  France,  Oct.  11,  965.  The 
brother  of  Otto  I.  of  Germany,  made  arch- 
bishop of  Cologne  and  duke  of  Lorraine  in  953. 
Bruno,  Saint.  Born  at  Querfurt,  Prussian 
Saxony,  about  970  : killed  at  Braunsberg,  East 
Prussia,  Feb.  14,  1009.  A German  prelate, 
called  “the  apostle  to  the  Prussians.” 

Bruno,  Saint.  Born  at  Cologne  about  1030: 
died  at  Della  Torre,  Calabria,  Italy,  1101.  The 
founder  of  the  order  of  Carthusian  monks,  at 
Chartreuse,  near  Grenoble,  France,  about  1084. 
Bruno  (bro'no),  Giordano.  Bom  at  Nola, 
Italy,  about  1548:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  17, 
1600.  An  Italian  philosopher.  He  entered  the 
Dominican  order  at  Naples  in  1563,  left  Italy  in  1576  to 
avoid  the  consequences  of  his  disbelief  in  the  doctrines 
of  transubstantiation  and  of  the  immaculate  conception 
of  Mary,  was  at  Geneva  in  1577,  and  arrived  at  Paris  in 
1579.  In  1583  he  went  to  London,  where  some  of  his  most 
important  works  were  written,  and  where  he  remained 
two  years  under  the  protection  of  tire  French  ambassador. 
In  1586-88  he  lectured  at  the  University  of  Wittenberg, 
and  subsequently  visited  other  cities  in  Ger  many,  France, 
and  Switzerland,  returning  to  Italy  in  1592.  He  was  ar- 
rested at  Naples,  May  22, 1592,  by  order  of  the  Inquisition, 
and  was  burned  at  the  stake  as  a heretic  in  the  Campo  dei 
Fiori  at  Rome.  His  chief  works  are  “Spaccio  della  bestia 
trionfante”  (“Expulsion  of  the  Triumphant  Beast,"  1584), 
“ Della  causa, principia  et  uuo  " (1684), “Dell’  infinite,  uni- 
verso  emondi”(1584),“Demonadenumeroetfigurn”(1691). 
Bruno,  Leonardo.  See  Bruni. 

Brunswick  (brunz'wik),  G.  Braunschweig 
(broun'shviG).  A duchy  of  northern  Ger- 
many, and  state  of  the  German  Empire.  Capi- 
tal, Brunswick  (Braunschweig).  It  is  mainly  sur- 
rounded by  the  Prussian  provinces  of  Hannover,  Saxony, 
and  Westphalia,  and  comprises  3 main  detached  por- 
tions (the  Brunswick -Wolfenbuttel-Helmstedt  division, 
the  Blankenburg  division,  and  theGandersheim-Holzmin- 
den  division),  and  also  6 smaller  enclaves.  It  produces 
coal,  iron,  marble,  salt,  copper,  lead,  etc.,  and  has  flour- 
ishing agriculture.  The  government  is  a hereditary  con- 
stitutional monarchy  (Johann  Albrecht,  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg, is  regent),  with  a chamber  of  48  members.  It  has  2 
members  in  the  Bundesrat  and  3 in  the  Reichstag.  The 
population  is  Protestant.  Brunswick  formed  part  of  the 
realm  of  Charles  the  Great  and  part  of  the  duchy  of  Saxony. 
“They  [the  descendants  of  Henry  the  Lion]  held  their 
place  as  princes  of  the  Empire,  no  longer  as  dukes  of  Sax- 
ony, hut  as  dukes  of  Brunswick.  After  some  of  the 
usual  divisions,  two  Brunswick  principalities  finally  took 
their  place  on  the  map,  those  of  Liineburg  and  Wolfen- 
biittel.  . . . The  simple  ducal  title  remained  with  the 
Brunswick  princes  of  the  other  line.”  (Freeman,  Hist. 
Geog.,  p.  213.)  The  duchy  of  Brunswick  suffered  se- 
verely from  the  French  in  the  Seven  Years’  War,  was 
occupied  by  the  French  in  1806,  was  annexed  to  the 
kingdom  of  Westphalia  in  1807,  and  was  restored  to  its 
duke  in  1813.  It  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in 
1815.  Its  direct  line  of  rulers  became  extinct  in  1884.  A 
regent  \Vas  chosen  iu  1885.  Area,  1,418  square  miles. 
Population,  485,968. 

Brunswick,  G.  Braunschweig.  The  capital 
of  Brunswick,  situated  on  the  Ocker  in  lat. 
52°  16'  N.,  long.  10°  32'  E.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  tobacco,  sugar,  woolen  goods,  etc.  It  was  the 


Brunswick 

birthplace  of  Gauss  and  Spohr,  and  the  place  of  Lessing’s 
death.  It  was  founded  in  801  (?) ; was  the  residence 
of  Henry  the  Lion ; became  a leading  Hanseatic  town ; 
passed  to  the  Wolfenbiittel  line  in  1671 ; and  became  the 
capital  of  the  duchy  in  1753.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  in- 
surrection in  1830.  It  contains  a cathedral,  built  in  the  last 
quarter  of  the  12th  century.  The  double  aisles  on  the 
south  side  are  of  the  14th  century  ; those  of  the  north  side, 
with  twisted  columns,  of  the  16th.  The  walls  and  vaults  of 
the  choir  and  south  transept  are  adorned  with  scriptural 
mural  paintings  dating  from  1224.  There  are  many  inter- 
esting monuments,  including  sculptured  medieval  tombs 
of  emperors  and  princes.  The  columned  crypt  is  spacious 
and  triapsidal.  The  ducal  palace  is  a fine  modern  Re- 
naissance building  of  three  stories,  the  lowest  of  which 
is  rusticated  and  forms  a basement.  The  chief  facade, 
410  feet  long  and  110  high,  has  two  end  pavilions  with 
engaged  Corinthian  columns  ; and  in  the  middle,  over  the 
entrance,  a handsome  hexastyle  portico,  with  a sculp- 
tured pediment.  Behind  the  pediment  there  is  a square 
attic,  on  which  is  a quadriga  in  bronze.  Population, 
143,319,  (1910). 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Charles  Frederick 
William).  Born  at  Wolfenbiittel,  Germany, 
Oct.  9,  1735:  died  at  Ottensen,  near  Altona, 
Germany,  Nov.  10, 1806.  Son  of  Charles,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  He  reigned  1780-1806 ; commanded  the 
Prussian  and  Austrian  army  which  invaded  France  in 
1792,  and  the  Prussian  army  at  the  battle  of  Auerstadt 
Oct.  14,  1806,  where  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Charles  Frederick  Au- 
gustus William).  Born  at  Brunswick,  Oct. 
30,  1804:  died  at  Geneva,  Aug.  18,  1873.  The 
eldest  son  of  Frederick  William,  duke  of  Bruns- 
wick. He  was  deposed  from  the  government 
in  1830. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Ferdinand).  Born  at 
Brunswick,  Jan.  12,  1721:  died  July  3,  1792. 
The  fourth  son  of  Ferdinand  Albert,  duke  of 
Brunswick.  He  was  a field-marshal  in  the  Prussian 
service ; and  defeated  the  French  at  Crefeld  in  1758,  and 
at  Minden  Aug.  1,  1759. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Frederick  William). 

Born  at  Brunswick,  Oct.  9,  1771:  killed  at 
Quatre-Bras,  Belgium,  June  16,  1815.  The 
fourth  son  of  Charles  William  Ferdinand,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  He  reigned  1813-15.  He  commanded 
the  “Black  Brunswickers”  1809,  and  lived  in  England 
1809-13. 

Brunswick.  A town  in  Cumberland  County, 
Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscoggin  25  miles 
northeast  of  Portland.  It  is  the  seat  of  Bow- 
doin  College.  Population,  6,621,  (1910). 
Brunswick.  A seaport,  the  capital  of  Glynn 
County,  Georgia,  72  miles  south-southwest  of 
Savannah.  It  exports  lumber,  cotton,  and 
naval  stores.  Population,  10,182,  (1910). 
Brunswick-Liineburg  (branz  ' wik-lii'ne-boro). 
Line  Of.  A branch  of  the  house  of  Bruns- 
wick from  which  the  reigning  house  of  Great 
Britain  is  descended. 

Brunswick- W olfenbiittel  ( brunz ' wik-  vol ' f en- 
biit-tel),  Line  of.  A branch  of  the  house  of 
Brunswick  from  which  the  late  reigning  house 
of  Brunswick  was  descended. 

Brunton  (bmn'ton),  Mrs.  (Mary  Balfour). 
Born  at  Barra,  Orkneys,  Nov.  1,  1778:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  19, 1818.  An  English  novelist, 
wife  of  Rev.  Alexander  Brunton.  She  wrote 
“ Self-Control”  (1810),  “Discipline”  (1814),  etc. 
Brunton,  Louisa.  Born  1785  (?):  died  1860. 
An  English  actress.  She  became  countess  of  Craven 
in  1807,  when  she  left  the  stage.  She  was  remarkable  for 
her  beauty. 

Brusa,  or  Broussa  (bro'sa).  The  capital  of  the 
vilayet  of  Khodavendikyar,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  lat. 
40°  10'  N.,  long.  29°  E. : the  ancient  Prusa. 
It  produces  wine  and  fruits,  and  manufactures  tapestry 
and  carpels.  There  are  noted  hot  springs  in  its  vicinity. 
It  was  thelcapital  of  Bithynia  in  the  2d  and  1st  centuries 
B.  C.,  and  for  a time  the  capital  of  the  Ottoman  empire, 
after  its  capture  by  Orkhan  in  1326.  Pop.,  about  76,303. 

Brusasorci,  II.  See  Riccio. 

Brush,  Charles  Francis.  Born  at  Euclid, 
Ohio,  March  17, 1849.  An  American  electrician, 

He  is  the  inventor  of  the  Brush  dynamo-electric  machine 
and  the  Brush  electric-arc  lamp,  both  of  which  were  ex- 
tensively introduced  in  the  United  States  in  1876. 

Brush  (brush),  George  de  Forest.  Bom  at 

Shelbyville,  Tenn.,  1855.  An  American  painter. 
He  was  a student  of  the  Academy  of  Design,  New  York 
city,  from  1871-73,  and  from  1874-80  in  the  studio  of  G6- 
r^me  in  Paris.  His  best-known  works  are  paintings  of 
American  Indian  subjects  and  portrait-groups.  Elected 
National  Academician,  1906. 

Brussels  (brus'elz).  [F.  Bruxelles,  Sp.  Bruselas, 
G.  Brussel,  D.  Brussel .]  The  capital  of  Bel- 
gium and  of  the  province  of  Brabant,  situated 
on  the  Senne  in  lat.  50°  51'  N.,  long.  4° 
22'  E.  Besides  the  city  proper  it  comprises  teii  suburbs. 
It  has  important  manufactures  of  lace,  leather,  linen, 
woolen  and  cotton  goods,  furniture,  bronzes,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a university.  Brussels  appears  in  history  in 
the  8th  century,  and  became  important  in  the  middle 
ages.  It  had  a brilliant  period  under  Charles  V.  and 
Philip  II.,  who  made  it  the  capital  of  the  Low  Countries, 


190 

and  was  the  scene  of  the  earliest  rising  against  the  Spanish 
in  1566.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  French  department  of 
Dyle  1794-1814,  and  alternately  with  The  Hague  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Netherlands  1815-30.  In  the  latter  year  it 
was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Belgian  revolution. 
It  became  the  capital  of  Belgium  in  1831.  It  has  been 
noted  latterly  as  an  art  center.  It  contains  a cathedral, 
an  imposing  monument  of  the  13th  century,  with  later 
additions.  The  15th-century  west  front  is  flanked  by 
high  square  towers,  and  has  the  vertical  lines  strongly 
marked  by  buttresses  and  paneling  ; it  has  three  canopied 
portals,  a large  central  traceried  window,  and  an  arcaded 
gable.  The  design  is  somewhat  dry  and  mechanical. 
The  interior  is  characterized  by  lofty  arches  with  cylin- 
drical pillars,  and  much  superb  glass,  medieval,  Renais- 
sance, and  modern.  The  five  windows  in  the  Chapel  of 
the  Sacrament  were  given  about  1540  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  the  king3  of  France,  Portugal,  and  Hungary, 
and  the  Archduke  of  Austria.  The  noted  pulpit  by  Ver- 
bruggen (1699)  is  called  the  throne  of  St.  Gudule ; it  is  a 
mass  of  elaborate  carving  in  wood  representing  the  ex- 
pulsion from  paradise,  with  many  buds  and  animals  amid 
the  profuse  foliage,  and  a canopy  supported  by  angels  on 
which  stands  the  Virgin  destroying  the  serpent.  The 
dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  355  by  165  feet.  The 
Palais  de  la  Nation,  built  by  Maria  Theresa  for  the  Council 
of  Brabant,  was  used  by  the  States-General  between  1817 
and  1830,  and  is  now  the  seat  of  the  Senate  and  Chamber 
of  Deputies.  It  is  a handsome  building  with  a portico  in 
whose  pediment  are  sculptures  exhibiting  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice.  The  fine  vestibule  is  adorned  witli 
historical  statues,  and  the  halls  and  apartments  contain 
good  portraits  and  other  paintings.  The  Conservatoire  de 
Husique  et  de  Declamation  was  established  in  1832 ; it  was 
an  offshoot  of  the  Ecole  Royale  de  Musique  founded  in 
1823.  (Grove.)  Population,  with  suburbs,  637,807. 

Brussels  Conference.  A convention  of  repre- 
sentatives from  Great  Britain,  France,  Ger- 
many, Italy,  Austria-Hungary,  Belgium,  and 
Russia,  which  met  at  Brussels  in  Sept.,  1876 
(and  again  in  1877).  It  decided  to  establish  an  In- 
ternational African  Association  to  explore  and  civilize  cen- 
tral Africa,  and  provided  for  branch  national  committees. 
There  was  an  antislavery  conference  at  Brussels  in  1890. 

Brut  (brot).  [ME.  and  OF.,  orig.  same  as  AS. 
Bryt,  a Briton.  See  Brutus  the  Trojan .]  A 

poetical  version  of  the  legendary  history  of  Brit- 
ain, by  Layamon,  a semi-Saxon  paraphrase  of 
the  French  “Roman  de  Brut”  of  Wace.  See 
Wace.  Its  subject  is  the  deeds  and  wanderings  of  the 
legendary  Brutus,  grandson  of  Ascanius,  great-grandson 
of  -Eneas,  and  king  of  Britain.  It  is  about  twice  the 
length  of  Wace’s  “Brut,”  containing  32,250  lines.  The  lat- 
ter is  thought  to  be  a mere  versification  of  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth.  There  are  two  manuscripts  of  Layamon’s 
poem,  both  in  the  British  Museum. 

Brute.  See  Brutus  the  Trojan. 

Brute  (brot),  Sir  John.  A drunken,  roister- 
ing, rough  fellow  in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “The 
Provoked  Wife.”  He  passes  through  every  phase  of 
riot  and  debauchery,  and  is  unbearably  insolent  to  his 
“ provoked  wife,”  though  too  much  of  a coward  to  resent 
her  consequent  actions. 

Brute  (brii-ta'),  Simon  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Rennes,  France,  March  20,  1779:  died  June  26, 
1839.  A French- American  prelate  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  bishop  of  Vincennes,  Indiana, 
1834-39. 

Bruttium  (brut'i-um),  or  Bruttii  (brut'i-i).  In 
ancient  geography,  the  southernmost  division 
of  Italy,  corresponding  to  tyie  modern  provinces 
of  Reggio  and  Catanzaro : originally  Bruthius 
or  Bruttiorum  Ager.  Now  ailed  Calabria. 

Brutus  (bro'tus).  A tragedy  by  Voltaire,  pro- 
duced at  the  Comedie  Fran§aise  Dec.  11,  1730. 
Alfleri  wrote  two  tragedies  bearing  this  name  (“Marcus 
Brutus”  and  “Junius  Brutus"),  both  inspired  by  Voltaire 
(1783).  Catherine  Bernard  also  produced  a tragedy,  “Bru- 
tus," at  the  Comddie  Frangaise  Dec.  18,  1690. 

Brutus,  Decimus  Junius,  surnamed  Albinus. 
Executed  43  B.  c.  A Roman  general,  one  of  the 
assassins  of  Julius  Ctesar.  He  was  betrayed, 
and  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Mark  Antony. 

Brutus,  Lucius  Junius.  A Roman  consul  in 
509  B.  C.  According  to  the  (unliistorical)  legend,  he 
feigned  idiocy  (whence  the  name  Brutus,  stupid : prob- 
ably an  erroneous  etymology)  to  avoid  exciting  the  fear 
of  his  uncle  Tarquin  the  Proud,  who  had  put  to  death 
the  elder  brother  of  Brutus  to  possess  himself  of  their 
wealth.  Tarquin,  alarmed  at  the  prodigy  of  a serpent  ap- 
pearing in  the  royal  palace,  sent  his  sons  Titus  and  Aruns 
to  consult  the  oracle  at  Delphi.  They  took  with  them  for 
amusement  Brutus,  who  propitiated  the  priestess  with  a 
hollow  staff  filled  with  gold.  When  the  oracle,  in  response 
to  an  inquiry  of  Titus  and  Aruns  as  to  who  should  suc- 
ceed to  the  throne,  replied,  “ He  who  first  kisses  his 
mother,"  Brutus  stumbled  to  the  ground  and  kissed  mo- 
ther earth.  After  the  outrage  on  Lucretia,  Brutus  threw 
off  his  disguise,  expelled  the  Tarquins,  and  established  the 
republic  610(?).  While  consul  he  condemned  his  own  sons 
Titus  and  Tiberius  to  death  for  having  conspired  to  restore 
Tarquin.  He  led  in  507  (7)  an  army  against  Tarquin,  who 
was  returning  to  Rome.  Brutus  and  Aruns  fell  in  the  bat- 
tle, pierced  by  each  other’s  spears. 

Brutus,  Marcus  Junius  (adoptive  name  Quin- 
tus Csepio  Brutus).  Born  85  b.  c.  : died  near 
Philippi,  Macedonia,  42  B.  c.  A Roman  poli- 
tician and  scholar.  Originally  an  adherent  of  Pompey, 
he  went  over  to  Cfesar  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  in  48  ; 
was  governor  of  Cisalpine  Gaid  in  46,  and  prietor  urbanus 
in  44  ; joined,  induced  by  Cassius,  in  the  assassination  of 
Caesar,  March  15,  44  ; gathered  troops  in  Macedonia,  with 
which  he  joined  Cassius  in  Asia  Minor  in  42 ; and  defeated 


Brytbon 

Octavianus  in  the  first  battle  of  Philippi  in  42,  while  Cassius 
was  defeated  by  Antony  and  committed  suicide  ; but  was 
defeated  in  a second  battle  twenty  days  later,  and  fell 
upon  his  sword.  His  (second)  wife  Portia,  daughter  of 
Cato  Uticensis,  on  receiving  news  of  his  death,  committed 
suicide  by  swallowing  live  coals. 

Brutus  the  Trojan.  [ML.  Brutus.  OF.  Brut. 
really  representing  AS.  Bryt,  a Briton,  but 
confused  with  the  classical  name  Brutus.]  A 
fabulous  person,  according  to  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth the  grandson  of  iEneas  and  founder  of 
the  city  of  New  Troy  (London). 

Briix  (briiks),  or  Brix  (briks).  A town  in  Bohe- 
mia, situated  on  the  Biela  45  miles  northwest  of 
Prague.  Population,  commune,  25,752,  (1910). 
Bruyere,  Jean  de  la.  See  La  Bruyere. 

Bruyn  (broin),  Cornelius  de.  Bom  at  The 
Hague,  Holland,  1652:  died  at  Utrecht,  Hol- 
land, about  1 719.  A Dutch  traveler  and  painter. 
He  wrote  “Voyage  au  Levant,  etc.”  (1698),  “Voyage  par 
la  Moscovie,  en  Perse,  etc.”  (1711). 

Bruys,  or  Bruis  (bribe'),  Pierre  de.  Burned 
at  the  stake  at  St.  Gilles,  France,  about  1126. 
A French  religious  reformer.  His  followers 
were  called  Petrobrusians  (which  see). 

Bry,  or  Brie  (bre),  Theodore  de.  Born  at 
Ljege,  1528:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
1598.  A goldsmith,  engraver,  and  painter. 
About  1570  he  established  a printing-  and  engraving-house 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  his  two  sons  assisting  him. 
They  illustrated  many  books,  but  are  best  known  for 
their  great  collection  of  travels,  of  which  there  are  differ- 
ent editions  in  Latin  and  German.  The  first  was  entitled 
“Collectiones  peregrinationum  in  Indiam  orientalem  et 
occidentalem  ” (Frankfort,  1590).  The  volumes  are  illus- 
trated with  many  plates  from  De  Bry’s  hand. 

Bryan  (bri'an),  Sir  Francis.  Died  at  Clonmel, 
Ireland,  Feb.  2,  1550.  An  English  poet,  sol- 
dier, and  diplomatist. 

Bryan,  William  Jennings.  Born  at  Salem, 111., 
March  19,  1860.  An  American  statesman.  He 
served  two  terms  in  Congress  as  Democratic 
representative  from  Nebraska,  and  later  en- 
gaged in  journalism.  He  was  nominated  for  Presi- 
dent by  the  Democrats  and  Populists  in  1896  and  1900,  and 
by  the  Democrats  in  1908,  but  was  each  time  defeated. 

Bryanites  (bri 'an-its).  A Metnodist  body,  also 
called  “Bible  Christians,”  founded  by  a Cornish 
preacher,  William  Bryan  (O’Bryan),  about  1815. 
Bryant  (bri'ant),  Jacob.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
England,  1715  : died  at  Cypenham,  near  Wind- 
sor, England,  Nov.  14,  1804.  An  English  anti- 
quary, author  of  “A  New  System  or  an  Analy- 
sis of  Ancient  Mythology”  (1774-76),  etc. 
Bryant,  William  Cullen.  Born  at  Cumming- 
ton,  Mass.,  Nov.  3,  1794:  died  at  New  York, 
June  12,  1878.  A noted  American  poet  and 
journalist.  He  studied  at  Williams  College  1810-11 ; 
took  up  the  study  of  law  iu  1812 ; and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Bridgewater  in  1815.  He  published  “ Thanatopsis  " 
in  1817  ; printed  a volume  of  poetry  in  1821  ; gave  up  the 
practice  of  law  in  1825  ; was  appointed  to  a place  on  the 
New  York  “Evening  Post”  in  1826,  and  became  its  edi- 
tor-in-chief and  part  proprietor  in  1829.  He  published  a 
collection  of  his  poems  in  1832,  which  was  reprinted  by  an 
English  publisher,  under  Washington  Irving’s  auspices. 
(The  line  “The  British  soldier  trembles, "in  the  “Song  of 
Marion’s  Men,’’  was  changed  to  “The  foeman  trembles  in 
his  camp.’’)  As  editor  of  the  “Evening  Post”  he  opposed 
the  extension  of  slavery  and  supported  the  Union.  He 
published  translations  of  the  Iliad  (1870),  and  the  Odys- 
sey (1871).  “Poetical  Works,”  edited  by  Parke  Godwin, 
18S3 ; “Prose  Writings  "(including  letters  of  travel,  origi- 
nally contributed  to  the  “Evening  Post,”  and  orations 
*and  addresses),  edited  by  Parke  Godwin,  1884. 

Bryce  (bris),  James.  Born  at  Belfast,  Ireland, 
May  10,  1838.  A noted  English  historian  and 
Liberal  Statesman.  He  became  regius  professor  of 
civil  law  in  Oxford  University  iu  1870,  under  secretary  for 
foreign  affairs  in  1886,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancas- 
ter in  1892;  president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  1894,  and 
chief  secretary  for  I reland,  Dec.  1905.  Chief  works : “ The 
Holy  Roman  Empire”  (1864,  7th  ed.  1877),  “The  American 
Commonwealth  ’’  (1888,  3d  ed.  1894-95). 

Brydges  (brij'ez),  James.  Born  Jan.  6,  1673: 
died  Aug.  9,  1744.  An  English  nobleman,  cre- 
ated first  duke  of  Chandos  in  1719. 

Brydges,  Sir  Samuel  Egerton.  Born  at  Woo- 
ton  House,  Kent,  England,  Nov.  30,  1762:  died 
near  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Sept.  8,  1837.  An 
English  lawyer,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  gene- 
alogist, member  of  Parliament  1812-18.  He  was 
the  author  of  poems,  novels,  “Censura  Lit eraria  ” (1805- 
1809),  “British  Bibliographer  ” (1810-14),  “Res  Literarire  ” 
(1821-22),  “Autobiography  ”(1834),  etc. 

Bryn  Mawr  (Welsh,  brun  mour' ; locally,  brin 
mar',  or  mar')  College.  A non-sectarian  col- 
lege for  women , organized  at  Bryn  Mawr,  Penn- 
syl  vania,  in  1885.  It  has  about  60  instructors  and 425 
students,  and  a library  of  about  60,000  volumes  and  10,000 
pamphlets. 

Brytbon  (bri'tbon).  [L.  Britones,  Britlones , 
Gr.  (Procopius)  B piTTUveg,  AS.  Brctene,  Brettas, 
Bryttas .]  The  name  applied  to  themselves  by 
the  Celts  of  southern  Britain  who  successfully 


Brython 

resisted  the  Teutonic  invaders  in  the  moun- 
tainous regions  of  the  western  coast,  and  whose 
language  (Brythoneg)  is  subsequently  found  in 
Wales,  Cumbria,  and  parts  of  Devon  and  Corn- 
wall. The  name  is  used  interchangeably  with  Cymry 
( Cumbri ).  Giraldus  (12th  century)  in  his  “ Descriptio  Cam- 
brise  ” uses  indifferently  linyua  Britannica  and  Cambrica. 
Brzezany  (bzhe-zha/nii).  A town  in  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  49  miles  southeast  of  Lem- 
berg. Population,  commune,  12,626,  (1910). 
Bua  (bo'a).  An  island  off  the  coast  of  Dalma- 
tia, Austria-Hungary,  opposite  Trau,  in  lat.  43° 
30'  N.,  long.  16°  15'  E. : the  ancient  Bavo  or 
Bose.  It  was  a place  of  banishment  under  the 
Roman  emperors. 

Buache  (bii-ash' ) , Philippe.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb. 
7,  1700:  died  Jan.  27,  1773.  A French  geogra- 
pher. His  works  include  “ Considerations  g<$ographiques 
et  physiques  sur  les  nouvelles  d^couvertes  de  la  grande 
raer  ” (1753),  “ Atlas  physique  ” (1754) , etc. 

Buache  de  la  Neuville  (bii-ash'  de  la  ne-vel'), 
Jean  Nicolas.  Born  at  La  Neuville-au-Pont, 
Marne,  France,  Feb.  15,  1741:  died  at  Paris, 
No v.  21, 1825 . A French  geographer,  nephew  of 
Philippe  Buache.  He  wrote  “ Geographic  616- 
mentaire  ancienne  et  modeme”  (1769-72),  etc. 
Bubastus  (bu-bas'tus),  or  Bubastis  (bu-bas'- 
tis).  [Gr.  Bon/Jaorof,  liovfjaoTir,  Egypt.  Pa-Bast, 
the  abode  of  Bast.]  A city  of  ancient  Egypt, 
the  scriptural  Pi-Beseth  and  the  modern  Tel- 
Basta,  situated  on  the  Pelusiac  branch  of  the 
Nile,  in  lat.  30°  33'  N.,  long.  31°  30'  E.  it  was 
the  holy  city  of  the  Egyptian  goddess  Bast  or  Pasht  (Greek 
Bubastis),  whose  sacred  animal  was  the  cat. 

The  Twenty-second  Dynasty  (B.  c.  980)  chose  Bubastis 
for  its  capital.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  given  many 
conquerors  to  Egypt.  Its  first  king,  the  Shishak  of  the 
Bible,  the  Shashanq  of  the  monuments,  took  an  army  into 
Palestine  and  carried  away  the  treasures  of  the  Temple. 

Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  68. 

Bubble  (bub'l).  A servant  in  Cooke’s  comedy 
“Greene’s  Tu  Quoque.”  He  becomes  rich,  and  un- 
dertakes to  appear  like  a gentleman  by  using  the  affecta- 
tions of  society,  particularly  the  phrase  “Tu  Quoque,” 
which  is  ever  in  his  mouth.  The  character  was  played 
by  a favorite  actor  named  Greene  (hence  the  title  of  the 
play). 

Bubble,  Mississippi.  See  Mississippi  Bubble. 
Bubble,  South  Sea.  See  South  Sea  Bubble. 
Bubi,  or  Booby  (bo'bi).  See  Ediya. 

Bubona  (bu-bo'na).  [LL.,  from  bos  ( bov -),  ox.] 
In  Roman  mythology,  a female  divinity,  pro- 
tectress of  cows  and  oxen. 

Bucaneers  (buk-a-nerz').  [From  F.  boucanier, 
a curer  of  wild  meat,  a pirate,  from  boucaner, 
smoke  meat,  from  boucan,  a place  for  smoking 
meat.]  A gang  of  adventurers  and  pirates 
which,  in  the  17th  century,  attained  an  almost 
national  importance  in  the  West  Indies  and  on 
the  coasts  of  South  America,  it  had  its  nucleus  in 
the  English,  French,  and  Dutch  smugglers  who  canned  on 
a clandestine  trade  with  the  Spanish  island  of  Santo  Domin- 
go : they  hunted  the  wild  cattle  there,  drying  the  meat 
ever  fires ; and  gradually  they  formed  regular  settlements, 
not  only  on  Santo  Domingo  but  on  many  of  the  smaller  isl- 
ands. As  they  became  stronger  they  began  to  prey  on 
Spanish  commerce.  In  1630  they  seized  the  island  of  Tor- 
tuga and  made  it  their  headquarters.  In  1655  they  aided 
the  English  in  the  conquest  of  Jamaica,  and  this  became 
another  center ; and  in  1664  they  settled  the  Bahamas. 
Under  their  celebrated  leader  Morgan,  they  ravaged  the 
coasts  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and 
made  expeditions  inland  ; Porto  Bello  was  sacked ; in  1671 
Morgan  crossed  the  isthmus  and  burned  Panama ; and 
from  that  year  to  1685  the  Bucaneers  practically  com- 
manded the  West  Indian  seas.  Their  immense  spoils 
were  divided  equally,  only  the  captain  of  a ship  taking  a 
larger  share:  French,  Dutch,  English,  and  Germans  were 
banded  together,  their  only  bond  being  common  interest 
an  I hatred  of  the  Spaniards.  In  1680  they  again  crossed 
the  isthmus,  seized  some  Spanish  ships  in  the  Pacific,  and 
raided  the  western  coasts  of  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Chile  for 
several  years.  After  1690  the  war  between  France  and 
England  tended  to  separate  the  pirates  of  these  two  na- 
tions, and  the  impoverished  coasts  could  no  longer  sup- 
port their  excesses.  They  gradually  returned  to  the  West 
Indies  and  Europe,  and  were  drawn  into  the  armies  and 
navies  of  different  powers. 

Bucareli  y Urzua  (bo-ka-ra'le  e or-tho'a), 
Antonio  Maria.  Born  at  Seville,  Jan.  24, 1717: 
died  at  Mexico,  April  9,  1779.  A Spanish  gen- 
eral and  administrator.  From  1760  to  1771  he  was 
governor  of  Cuba,  and  from  1771  until  his  death  viceroy  of 
New  Spain  (Mexico). 

Buccaneer  (buk-a-ner'),  Tbe.  A poem  by 
Richard  Henry  Dana,  first  published  in  1827. 
The  scene  is  partly  laid  on  Block  Island. 
Buccari  (bok-ka're).  A free  haven  in  Flume, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in 
lat.  45°  18'  N.,  long.  14°  32'  E. 

Bucentaur  (bu-sen't&r).  [From  Gr.  fhvr,  ox, 
and  tdvTav(>or , centaur:  but  also  said  to  be  a 
corruption  of  L.  ducentorum,  of  two  hundred 
(oars),  or  of  Bvcintoro  (=  buzino  d’  oro),  golden 
bark.]  The  state  ship  of  the  Venetian  Repub- 
lic, used  in  the  ceremony  of  wedding  the  Adri- 


191 

atic,  which  was  enjoined  upon  the  Venetians  by 
Pope  Alexander  III.  to  commemorate  the  victory 
of  the  Venetians  under  Doge  Sebastiauo  Ziani 
over  the  fleet  of  Frederick  Barbarossa,  in  the 
12th  century.  On  Ascension  day  of  each  year  a ring  was 
dropped  from  the  Bucentaur  into  the  Adriatic,  with  the 
words  “We  espouse  thee,  Sea,  in  token  of  true  and  last- 
ing dominion.”  The  ceremony  was  attended  by  the  en- 
tire diplomatic  corps.  The  ship  perhaps  took  her  name 
from  the  figure  of  a bucentaur  (head  of  a man  and  body 
of  a bull)  in  her  bows.  Three  of  the  name  were  built. 
The  last  was  destroyed  by  the  French  in  1798. 

Bucephalus  (bu-sef'a-lus).  [Gr.  povidfaXoc,  ox- 
headed, Bovutyakoi;,  the  name  of  Alexander’s 
horse.]  The  favorite  horse  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  His  master  was  the  only  person  who 
could  ride  him.  He  accompanied  Alexander  through 
his  principal  campaigns,  and  was  buried  on  the  banks  of 
the  Hydaspes  with  great  pomp.  Bucephalus  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a name  applied  to  Thessalian  horses  which 
were  branded  with  a bull’s  head. 

Bucer  (bu'ser),  or  Butzer  (bot'ser),  Martin. 
[G.  Butzer,  NL.  Bucerus,  whence  Buccr.']  Born 
at  Schlettstadt  in  Alsace,  1491:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, England,  Feb.  28,  1551.  A German 
theologian,  a coadjutor  of  Luther.  He  became 
chaplain  to  the  elector  palatine  1'rederick  in  1520,  and 
pastor  at  Eandstulil  in  1522 ; married  the  former  nun  Eliza- 
beth Pallass  in  1522;  became  pastor  of  St.  Aurelia’s  in 
Strasburg  in  1524  ; refused  to  sign  the  Augsburg  Interim 
in  1548;  and  accepted,  at  the  invitation  of  Cranmer,  a pro- 
fessorate of  theology  in  Cambridge  in  1549.  He  is  chiefly 
noted  for, .is  efforts  to  unite  thedifferentProtestant  bodies, 
especially  the  Lutherans  and  Zwinglians,  in  which  he  was 
but  partially  successful. 

Bucli  (booh),  Christian  Leopold  von.  Born 
at  Stolpe,  Prussia,  April  26,  1774:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, March  4, 1853.  A celebrated  German  geol- 
ogist and  traveler.  His  works  include  “Geognos- 
tische  Beobachtungen  auf  Beisen  durch  Deutschland  und 
Italien  ’’  (1802-09).  “ Pliysikalische  Beschreibung  der  Cana- 
rischen  Inseln  ” (1825),  “Reise  durch  Norwegen  und  Lapp- 
land  ” (1810),  etc. 

Buchan  (buch'an),  David.  Born  1780 : died 
about  1839.  A British  naval  commander  and 
Arctic  explorer.  He  explored  the  Exploits  River, 
Newfoundland,  in  1811,  penetrating  160  miles  into  the  in- 
terior ; commanded  an  Arctic  expedition  in  1818,  reaching 
Spitzbergen  with  the  Dorothea  and  the  Trent;  became 
high  sheriff  of  Newfoundland,  and  was  subsequently  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  captain  ; and  was  lost  with  the  ship 
Upton  Castle.  His  name  was  struck  from  the  list  of  liv- 
ing captains  in  1839. 

Buchan,  or  Simpson  (simp'son),  Elspeth.  Born 
near  Banff,  Scotland,  1738 : died  near  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  1791.  A Scottish  religious  enthusi- 
ast. She  was  the  daughter  of  John  Simpson,  an  inn- 
keeper, and  married  Robert  Buchan,  a potter,  from  whom 
she  separated.  She  removed  to  Glasgow  in  1781,  where 
she  heard  Hugh  White,  of  the  Relief  Church  at  Irvine, 
preach  in  1783,  with  the  result  that  she  removed  to  Irvine 
and  converted  Mr.  White  to  the  belief  that  she  was  the 
woman  of  Revelation  xii.,  in  whom  the  light  of  God  was 
restored  to  men,  and  that  he  was  the  man  child  she  had 
brought  forth.  They  with  others  of  the  so-called  “Bu- 
chanites  ” were  banished  from  Irvine  in  1784,  and  settled 
at  New  Cample,  where  they  enjoyed  community  of  goods 
and  person.  The  sect  became  extinct  in  1848. 

Buchanan  (bu-kan'an),  Franklin.  Born  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  17,  1800:  died  May  11, 
1874.  An  American  naval  officer,  in  the  Con- 
federate service  1861—64.  He  commanded  the  Mer- 
rimac  in  Hampton  Roads,  March  8,  1862 ; and  was  de- 
feated by  Farragut  in  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5,  1864. 

Buchanan,  George.  Born  at  Killearn,  Stirling- 
shire, Scotland,  Feb.,  1506:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Sept.  29, 1582.  A Scottish  historian  and  scholar, 
tutor  of  James  VI.  (1570).  His  principal  works  are 
“De  jure  regni  apud  Scotos”(1579),  “Rerum  Scotiearum 
historia"  (1582),  “Detection,  etc.  ” (1571),  a version  of  tbe 
Psalms,  translations  of  the  “Medea”  and  “ Alcestis,”  and 
the  dramas  “ Baptistes,”  “ Jephthes,”  etc. 

Buchanan,  James.  Born  at  Stony  Batter, 
Franklin  County,  Pa.,  April  22,  1791;  died  at 
Wheatland,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  June  1, 1868.  The 
fifteenth  president  of  the  United  States.  He  was 
amember  of  Congress  1821-31 ; minister  to  Russia  1831-33; 
United  States  senator  1833-45  ; secretary  of  state  1845—19  ; 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1853-56  ; and  president  1857-61. 
He  published  a history  of  his  administration  (1866). 

Buchanan,  Robert  Williams.  Born  Aug.  18, 
1841:  died  June  10,  1901.  A Scottish  poet  and 
prose  writer.  His  poems  include  “Idyls  and  Legends 
of  Inverburn  ”(1865),  “ London  Poems  ” (1866),  “ Napoleon 
Fallen  (1871),  “The  City  of  Dreams”  (1888),  “The  Wan- 
dering Jew  ’’  (1893).  He  has  published  a number  of  plays, 
and  in  1876  he  wrote  his  first  novel,  “The  Shadow  of  the 
Sword,”  followed  by  “ A Child  of  Nature " (1879),  etc. 

Buchanites  (buk'an-its).  See  Buchan,  Elizabeth. 

Bucharest.  See  Bukharest. 

Buchez  (bii-sha'),  Philippe  Joseph  Benjamin. 
Born  at  Matagne-la-Petite,  Namur,  Belgium, 
March  31,  1796:  died  at  Rodez,  France,  Aug. 
12,  1865.  A French  man  of  letters  and  politi- 
eian.  He  wrote  an  “Introduction  h la  science  de  l’liia* 
toire  ”(1833),  “ Eseal  d'un  traits  complet  de  philosophic  ” 
(1839),  “Histoirede  la  formation  de  la  nationality  fran- 
<?aise”  (18f>9),  and  edited  “ Histoire  parlementairc  de  la 
revolution  framjaise”  (1833-38). 


Buckland,  Francis  Trevelyan 

Buchholz  (boch'holts).  A town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  in  the  Erzgebirge  18  miles  south  of 
Chemnitz.  Population,  9,603. 

Buchner  (biich ' ner),  Alexander.  Born  at 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  Oct.  25,  1827.  A Ger- 
man man  of  letters,  brother  of  Georg  Buchner. 
His  works  include  “Geschichte  der  englischen  Poesie  ' 
(1855),  “Franzosische  Literaturbilder  ” (1858),  etc. 

Buchner,  Friedrich  Karl  Christian  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Darmstadt,  March  28,  1824:  died  there, 
May  1, 1899.  A German  physician,  physiologist, 
and  materialistic  philosopher,  brother  of  Georg 
Buchner.  His  chief  works  are  “Kraft  und  Stuff”  (1856, 
English  translation  “Force  and  Matter”),  “Natur  und 
Geist ” (1857),“PhysiologischeBilder”  (1861), “Aus  Natur 
und  Wissenschaft  ” (1862),  etc. 

Buchner,  Georg.  Born  at  Goddelau,  near 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  Oct.  17,  1813:  died  at 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  Feb.  19,  1837.  A German 
poet,  author  of  “ Dantons  Tod  ” (1835),  brother 
of  the  preceding.  His  collected  works  were 
published  in  1879. 

Buchner,  Luise.  Born  June  12,  1821:  died  at 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  Nov.  28,  1877.  A German 
poet  and  novelist,  sister  of  Georg  Biichner, 
noted  as  a champion  of  the  rights  of  women. 
She  wrote  “Die  Frauen  und  ihr  Beruf  ” (1855). 
Buchner,  Max.  Born  in  Munich,  April  25, 
1846.  A noted  African  traveler.  He  made  a tour 
of  the  world  in  1875  as  ship’s  doctor.  In  1878  the  African 
Association  of  Berlin  sent  him  to  Muatyamvo,  the  king  of 
Lunda,  east  of  Angola,  with  instructions  to  explore  the 
country  to  the  east  and  north  of  Lunda.  He  reached  Mua- 
tyamvo, and  spent  six  months  at  his  capital ; but  all  his 
efforts  to  go  beyond  proved  vain,  and  he  returned.  At 
Malange  he  met  Pogge  and  Wissmann,  who  were  to  he 
more  fortunate  by  trying  the  northern  route  to  the  Bashi- 
lange.  In  1884  Buchner  accompanied  Nachtigal  to  West 
Africa,  and  was  active  in  the  annexation  of  Togoland  and 
Kamerun.  Ascuratorof  the  Ethnologic  Museum  of  Munich 
he  made  (1888-90)  a voyage  to  Australia  and  New  Guinea. 

Buchon  (bii-shon'),  Jean  Alexandre.  Born  at 
Menetou-Salon,  Cher,  France,  May  21,  1791: 
died  at  Paris,  April  29,  1846.  A French  histo- 
rian. He  edited  a “ Collection  des  chroniques  nationales 
frangaises  ”(1824-29),  and  was  the  author  of  works  on  Greek 
history  and  other  topics. 

Buck  (buk),  Dudley.  Born  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
March  10,  1839:  died  at  West  Orange,  N.  J., 
Oct.  6,  1909.  An  American  composer  and  or- 
ganist. He  wrote  cantatas,  church  music,  etc. 
Biickeburg  (bii'  ke- bora).  The  capital  of 
Schaumburg-Lippe,  Germany,  on  the  river  Aue 
20  miles  west-southwest  of  Hannover.  Popu- 
lation, 5,683. 

Buckeye  (buk'i).  A popular  name  for  an  in- 
habitant of  Ohio. 

Buckeye  State,  The.  A popular  name  of  Ohio, 
from  the  number  of  buckeyes  in  that  State. 
Buckhurst  (buk'herst),  Lord.  See  Sackville, 
Thomas. 

Buckingham  (buk'ing-am).  [ME.  Bukyngeham, 
Bokyngam,  AS.  Buccinga  ham,  dwelling  of  the 
Buccings  (descendants  of  Bucca).]  A town  in 
Buckinghamshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Ouse  in  lat.  52°  N.,  long.  0°58'  W.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  lace.  Population,  3,152. 

Buckingham,  Dukes  of.  See  Stafford,  Villiers, 
and  Grenville. 

Buckingham,  James  Silk.  Bom  at.  Flushing, 
near  Falmouth,  England,  Aug.  25, 1786:  died  at 
London,  June  30,  1855.  An  English  traveler 
and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  “ Travels  in  Palestine, 
etc.  ”(1822),  "Travels in  Mesopotamia,  etc.  "(1827),“  Travels 
in  Assyria,  Media,  and  Persia”  (1829),  etc. 
Buckingham  Palace.  The  London  residence 
of  the  sovereign,  situated  at  the  western  end  of 
St.  James’s  Park.  It  was  settled  by  act  of  Parliament 
in  1775  upon  Queen  Charlotte,  and  was  lienee  known  as 
the  “queen’s  house.”  It  was  remodeled  under  George 
IV. ; and  the  eastern  fagade,  ball  room,  and  some  other 
portions  were  added  by  Queen  Victoria,  who  began  to 
occupy  it  in  1837.  The  chief  fagade  is  360  feet  long,  but  is 
architecturally  uninteresting.  The  state  apartments  are 
magnificently  adorned  and  furnished,  the  grand  staircase, 
the  throne-room,  and  the  state  ball-room  being  especially 
notable.  There  is  a priceless  collection  of  French  buhl 
and  other  furniture,  and  the  picture-gallery  contains  a 
number  of  old  and  modern  masterpieces. 

Buckinghamshire  (buk'ing-am-shir),  Buck- 
ingham, or  Bucks.  [AS.  Buccingahamscir .] 
A county  of  England,  lying  between  North- 
ampton on  the  north,  Bedfordshire,  Hertford, 
and  Middlesex  on  the  east,  Berkshire  on  the 
south,  and  Oxfordshire  on  the  west.  It  is  an 
agricultural  county.  The  chief  town  is  Buck- 
ingham. Area  (ad.  co.),  749  square  mile  ;. 
Population  (pari,  co.),  195,764. 

Buckland  (buk'land),  Francis  Trevelyan. 
Born  at  Oxford,  Dec.  17,  1826:  died  at  London, 
Dec.  19, 1880.  An  English  naturalist,  son  of 
William  Buckland,  noted  for  researches  in  fish- 
culture.  He  wrote  “Curiosities  of  Natural  History” 
(1867),  “Natural  History  of  British  Fishes”  (1881),  etc. 


Buckland,  William 

Buckland,  William.  Born  at  Axminster,  Dev- 
onshire, England,  March  12, 1784:  died  at  Clap- 
ham,  near  London,  Aug.  15, 1856.  An  English 
geologist  and  clergyman,  appointed  dean  of 
Westminster  in  1845.  His  chief  works  are  “Reliquiae 
Diluvian®,  etc."  (1823),  and  the  Bridgewater  treatise  on 
“Geology  and  Mineralogy  ” (1836). 

Bucklaw  (buk'la.),  Laird  of.  Frank  Hay- 
ston,  the  dissipated  but  good-natured  suitor  of 
Lucy  Ashton  in  Scott’s  “ Bride  of  Lammer- 
moor.”  He  was  married  to  her  by  her  mother’s  machi- 
nations, and  was  thus  the  cause  of  the  tragedy  which  en- 
sued. See  Ashton , Lucy. 

Buckle  (buk'l),  Henry  Thomas.  Born  at  Lee, 
Kent,  England,  Nov.  24,  1821 : died  at  Damas- 
cus, Syria,  May  29,  1862.  An  English  his- 
torian. His  health  in  early  youth  was  delicate,  on  which 
account  he  was  educated  at  home,  chiefly  by  his  mother. 
In  1840,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  a wealthy  ship-owner  in 
London,  he  inherited  an  ample  fortune  which  enabled 
him  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  literary  pursuits.  In 
1857  he  published  the  first  volume  of  his  “ History  of 
Civilization  in  England."  The  appearance  of  this  volume, 
which  is  characterized  by  vigor  of  style  and  boldness  of 
thought,  produced  a sensation  in  Europe  and  America, 
and  raised  the  author  from  obscurity  to  fame.  The  spe- 
cial doctrine  which  it  sought  to  uphold  was  that  climate, 
soil,  food,  and  the  aspects  of  nature  are  the  determining 
factors  in  intellectual  progress.  A second  volume,  infe- 
rior in  execution  and  interest,  appeared  in  1861. 

Buckner  (buk'ner),  Simon  Bolivar.  Born  in 
Hart  County,  Ky.,  .April  1,  1823.  An  Ameri- 
can general,  in  the  Confederate  service  1861- 
1865.  He  surrendered  Fort  Donelson  to  Grant,  Feb.  16, 
1862,  after  the  escape  of  General  Floyd,  and  commanded  a 
corps  at  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19  and  20, 1863.  He  was  govcr- 
norof  Kentucky  1887-91,  and  was  nominated  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident by  the  National  (Sound-money)  Democrats  in  1896. 
Bucks  (buks).  Abbreviation  of  Buckinghamshire. 
Buckstone  (buk'ston),  John  Baldwin.  Bom 
at  Hoxton,  London,  Sept.  14,  1802:  died  at 
Sydenham,  near  London,  Oct.  31,  1879.  An 
English  comedian  and  dramatist,  author  of 
numerous  plays. 

Bucktails  (buk'talz).  A name  originally  given 
to  the  members  of  the  Tammany  Society  in 
New  York  city,  but  about  1817-26  extended  in 
its  application  to  members  of  that  faction  of 
the  Democratic-Republican  party  in  the  State 
which  opposed  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Bucolic  Mouth  of  theNile.  An  ancientmouth 
of  the  Nile,  in  the  middle  of  the  Delta. 
Buczacz  (bo'chiich).  A town  in  eastern  Gali- 
cia, Austria-Hungary,  in  lat.  49°  4'  N.,  long. 
25°  23'  E.  By  a treaty  concluded  here  In  1672,  Poland 
ceded  the  Ukraine  and  l’odolia  to  Turkey.  Population, 
commune,  14,241,  (1910). 

Budasus.  See  Bude,  Guillaume. 

Budapest  (bo' da -pest;  Hung.  pron.  bo'do- 
pesht'),  since  1872  the  official  name  of  the  unit- 
ed Buda  and  Pesth  or  Pest.  The  capital  of 
Hungary,  and  the  second  city  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  consisting  of  Buda  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Danube,  and  Pest  on  the  opposite  bank. 
The  Danube  is  crossed  here  by  a suspension-bridge  and 
other  bridges.  The  city  contains  ten  municipal  districts. 
Ith  as  a large  trade  in  grain,  wool,  hides,  etc.,  and  exten- 
sive manufactures.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  a university. 
Buda  was  the  Roman  Aquincum,  and  Pest  was  a Roman 
colony.  Buda  was  the  capital  of  Hungary  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  14th  century.  Itwas taken  by  theTurksin  1526, 
1629,  and  1541.  The  Turks  were  expelled  in  1686.  In  1784 
Buda  again  became  the  capital.  Budapest  was  occupied 
by  the  Austrians  Jan.,  1849.  The  Hungarians  reentered 
Pest  in  April  and  stormed  Buda  in  May,  1849.  The  Austri- 
ans reoccu  pie  1 both  places  Aug  , 1849.  The  German  name 
of  Buda  is  O/en.  Population,  925,000,  (1910). 

Budaun  (bo-da-on').  A district  in  the  Bareilly 
division,  United  Provinces,  British  India.  It 
was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1801.  Area,  1,987 
square  miles.  Population,  1,025,753. 

Buddeus  (bod-da'os),  Johann  Franz.  Born  at 
Anklam,  Prussia,  June  25,  1667:  died  at  Gotha, 
Germany,  Nov.  19,  1729.  A German  Lutheran 
divine  and  scholar.  He  wrote  “nistoria  juris  na- 
turse,  etc.”  (1695),  “Elementa  philosophic  instrumenta- 
lis ''  (1703),  “Historia  ecclesiastiea  veteris  testament!” 
(1709),  etc. 

Buddha  (bu'dii).  [Skt.,  ‘the  enlightened.’]  The 
title  of  Siddhartha  or  Gautama,  the  founder  of 
Buddhism.  From  three  newly  discovered  inscriptions 
of  the  emperor  Asoka  it  follows  that  the  37th  year  of  his 
reign  was  reckoned  as  the  257th  from  the  death  of  Buddha. 
Hence  it  is  inferred  that  Buddha  died  between  482  and 
472  B.  c.  It  being  agreed  that  he  lived  to  be  eighty,  he 
was  born  between  562  and  552  B.  c.  The  Buddhist  narra- 
tives of  his  life  are  overgrown  with  legend  and  myth. 
Senart  seeks  to  trace  in  them  the  history  of  the  sun-hero. 
Oldenberg  finds  in  the  most  ancient  traditions  — those  of 
Ceylon  — at  least  definite  historical  outlines.  Siddhar- 
tha, as  Buddha  was  called  before  entering  upon  his  great 
mission,  was  bom  in  the  country  and  tribe  of  the  Sakh- 
yas.  at  the  foot  of  the  Nepalese  Himalayas.  His  father, 
Suddhodana,  was  rather  a great  and  wealthy  landowner 
than  a king  He  passed  his  youth  in  opulence  at  Kapila- 
vastu,  the  Sakliya  capital.  He  was  married  and  had  a 
son  Rahula.  who  became  a member  of  his  order.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-nine  he  left  parents,  wife,  and  only  son  for 


192 

the  spiritual  struggle  of  a recluse.  After  seven  years  he 
believed  himself  possessed  of  perfect  truth,  and  assumed 
the  title  of  Buddha,  ‘ the  enlightened.  ’ He  is  represented 
as  having  received  a sudden  illumination  as  he  sat  under 
the  Bo-tree,  or  * tree  of  knowledge,  ’ at  Bodhgaya  or  Bud- 
dha-Gaya.  For  twenty-eight  or,  as  later  narratives  give 
it,  forty-nine  days  he  was  variously  tempted  by  Mara. 
One  of  his  doubts  was  whether  to  keep  for  himself  the 
knowledge  won,  or  to  share  it.  Love  triumphed,  and  he 
began  to  preach,  at  first  at  Benares.  For  forty-four  years 
he  preached  in  the  region  of  Benares  and  Behar.  Primi- 
tive Buddhism  is  only  to  he  gathered  by  inference  from 
the  literature  of  a later  time.  Buddha  did  not  array  him- 
self against  the  old  religion.  The  doctrines  were  rather 
the  outgrowth  of  those  of  certain  Brahmanical  schools. 
His  especial  concern  was  salvation  from  sorrow,  and  so 
from  existence.  There  are  “four  noble  truths”:  (1)  ex- 
istence is  suffering ; (2)  the  cause  of  pain  is  desire ; (3) 
cessation  of  pain  is  possible  through  the  suppression  of 
desire ; (4)  the  way  to  this  is  the  knowledge  and  obser- 
vance of  the  “good  law  ” of  Buddha.  The  end  is  Nirvana, 
the  cessation  of  existence.  Buddhism  was  preached  in 
the  vulgar  tongue,  and  had  a popular  literature  and  an 
elaborately  organized  monastic  and  missionary  system. 
It  made  its  way  into  Afghanistan,  Bactriana,  Tibet,  and 
China.  It  passed  away  in  India  not  from  Brahman  per- 
secution, but  rather  from  internal  causes,  such  as  its  too 
abstract  nature,  too  morbid  view  of  life,  relaxed  discipline, 
and  overgrowth  of  monasticism,  and  also  because  Shivaism 
and  Vishnuism  employed  many  of  its  own  weapons  more 
effectively.  The  system  has  been  variously  modified  in 
dogma  and  rites  in  the  many  countries  to  which  it  has 
spread.  It  is  supposed  to  number  about  350,000,000  of 
adherents,  who  are  principally  in  Ceylon,  Tibet,  China, 
and  Japan. 

Bucldiia-Gaya  (biV'dil-gl'a).  Au  ancient  center 
of  Buddhism,  now  in  ruins,  in  the  Gaya  district, 
Bengal.  The  temple  is  a celebrated  foundation  in  the 
Buddhist  faith.  It  is  a quadrangular  pyramidal  struc- 
ture on  a plain  raised  basement,  60  feet  square  and  160 
high.  The  exterior  faces  are  divided  into  piers,  and  orna- 
mented with  molded  bands  and  panels  forming  nine  stages 
or  stories,  and  surmounted  by  a conical  finial.  In  the 
interior  is  a cella  with  radiating  arches,  which  date  prob- 
ably from  a 14th-century  restoration. 

Buddhists  (bu'dists).  See  Buddha. 

Bude  (bii-da')  (L.  Budseus),  Guillaume.  Bom 
at  Paris,  1467  : died  Aug.  23,  1540.  A French 
Scholar.  He  was  a friend  of  Erasmus,  and  was  elevated 
by  Francis  I.  to  the  post  of  royal  librarian.  He  was  sus- 
pected of  favoring  Calvinism.  He  wrote  an  excellent 
work  on  ancient  coins,  entitled  “De  Asse,  etc  ” (1614). 

Budgell  (buj'el),  Eustace.  Bom  at  St.  Thom- 
as. near  Exeter,  England,  Aug.  19,  1686 : com- 
mitted suicide  in  the  Thames,  near  London, 
May  4, 1737.  An  English  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  his  association  with  his 
cousin  Joseph  Addison  induced  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  literature.  He  contributed  thirty-seven  papers  to  the 
“Spectator,"  in  Addison’s  style.  He  wrote  many  pam- 
phlets of  a political  nature,  and  in  1733  started  “The 
Bee,”  a weekly  periodical  which  ran  for  about  two  years. 
He  filled  a number  of  positions  after  the  accession  of 
George  I.,  when  Addison  became  secretary  to  the  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  being  at  various  times  chief  secre- 
tary to  the  lords  justices,  deputy  clerk  of  the  council, 
accountant-general,  and  member  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons.  He  fell  into  money  difficulties  which  affected 
his  brain,  and  after  a disgraceful  affair  connected  with 
the  disappearance  of  some  bonds  belonging  to  the  estate 
of  Matthew  Tindal,  he  to'dc  his  own  life.  He  left  a natu- 
ral daughter,  Anne  Eustace,  who  went  upon  the  stage. 

Budweis  (bod' vis),  Czech  Budejowice.  A city 
in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Moldau  in  lat.  48° 
58'  N.,  long.  14°  27'  E.  It  has  a cathedral. 
Population,  commune,  45,137,  (1910). 

Buell  (hu'cl),  Don  Carlos.  Born  near  Mari- 
etta, Ohio,  March  23,  1818:  died  Nov.  19,  1898. 
An  American  general.  He  was  graduated  from  West 
Point  1841;  served  in  the  Mexican  war;  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio  1861  ; b came 
major-general  of  volunteers  1862;  arrived  at  Pittsburg 
Landing,  April  6, 1862,  in  time  to  contribute  to  the  victoiy 
of  Grant  over  Beauregard  on  the  following  day ; drove 
General  Bragg  out  of  Kentucky  1862,  fighting  t lie  indeci- 
sive battle  of  Perryville  Oct.  8.  He  wa3  blamed  for  per- 
mitting General  Bragg  to  escape,  and  was  removed  from 
his  command,  Oct.  24,  1862. 

Buena.  Vista  (bwa'na  ves'ta).  [Sp.,  ‘good 
view.’]  A place  in  the  state  of  Coahuila, 
Mexico,  6 miles  south  of  Saltillo.  Here,  Feb.  22-23, 
1847,  5,000  Americans  under  General  Taylor  defeated  15,000 
Mexicans  under  Santa  Anna.  Loss  of  Americans,  746’;  of 
Mexicans,  about  2,000. 

Buen  Ayre  (bwan  i'ra),  or  Bonaire  (bo-nar). 
[Sp.  and  F.  respectively,  ‘ good  air.’]  An  island 
in  the  Dutch  West  Indies,  situated  north  of 
Venezuela,  in  lat.  12°  15'  N.,  long.  68°  27'  W. 
Area,  129  square  miles.  Population,  about 
5,000. 

Buende  (bwan'de),  or  Ba-Buende  (hit-hwan'- 
de).  See  Kongo  language. 

Bueno  da  Silva  (bwa'no  da  sel'va),  Bartliolo- 
meu,  called  Anhanguera.  Born  in  Sao  Paulo 
about  1635 ; died  there  about  1695.  A Brazilian 
explorer.  In  1682,  at  the  head  of  a party  in  search  of  In- 
dian slaves  and  mines,  he  penetrated  to  Goyaz,  and  prob- 
ably beyond  the  Araguaya,  bringing  the  first  definite 
account  of  these  regions. 

Bueno  da  Silva,  Bartholomew  Born  in  Sao 
Paulo,  1670:  died  in  Goyaz,  Sept.  19,  1740.  Son 
of  the  preceding.  He  was  with  his  father  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  1682,  and  in  1722  was  sent  by  the  governor  of 


Bugenhagen 

Sao  Paulo  to  seek  the  same  route.  He  was  absent  three 
years,  and  discovered  the  gold  mines  of  Goyaz.  In  1728 
he  was  made  captain  of  the  Goyaz  colony. 

Buenos  Aires  (bwa'nosi'rez;  Sp.  pron.  bwa'- 
nos  i'res).  [Sp.,  ‘good  airs.’]  A province  of 
the  Argentine  Republic, lyingbetween Cordoba, 
Santa  F<$,  Entre  Rios,  and  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  on 
the  north,  the  ocean  on  the  east  and  south,  and 
the  territories  of  Pampa  and  Rio  Negro  on  the 
west.  Capital,  since  1882,  La  Plata,  its  chief  in- 
(lustry  is  cattle-raising.  During  most  of  the  time  from  1827 
'to  1862,  Buenos  Aires  was  separated  from  the  other  prov- 
inces. Area,  117,777  square  miles.  Population,  about 
1,700,000. 

Buenos  Aires.  The  capital  of  the  Argentine 
Confederation,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  in  lat.  34°  36'  S.,  long.  58°  22' 
W . It  is  the  first  city  of  South  America  in  size,  and  has 
the  greater  share  of  the  export  trade  of  the  country,  and 
also  considerable  manufactures.  It  is  a railway  terminus 
of  importance.  It  contains  a cathedral,  university,  and 
military  school.  Buenos  Aires  was  settled  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1535 ; abandoned ; and  resettled  in  1580.  The 
revolution  which  led  to  the  independence  of  the  republic 
began  there  in  1810.  Population,  including  suburbs, 
1,319,747,  (1911). 

Buenos  Aires,  or  Colonies  of  the  Plata  (Colo- 
nias  de  la  Plata).  A viceroyalty  established 
in  1776,  and  continued  until  the  revolution  of 
1810.  It  included  Buenos  Aires  (colony),  Tucuman. 
Cuyo  (separated  from  Chile),  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and 
Charcas  or  Upper  Peru  : in  other  words,  all  now  included 
in  the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and  Bo- 
livia, with  the  former  Pacific  coast  of  Bolivia,  now  an- 
nexed to  Chile.  The  capital  was  Buenos  Aires. 

Buffalo  (buf'a-lo).  A city,  port  of  entry,  and 
chief  place  of  Erie  County,  New  York,  situ- 
ated on  Lake  Erie  in  lat.  42°  53'  N.,  long.  78° 
55'  W. : the  second  cityin  the  State.  Itliasagood 
harbor  protected  by  breakwaters,  and  is  the  terminus  of 
the  Erie  Canal  and  an  important  railway-center.  It  is 
connected  by  steamer  lines  with  ports  on  the  Great  Lakes. 
It  has  a large  trade  in  grain,  live  stock,  lumber,  coal,  ce- 
ment, and  salt,  and  manufactures  of  flour,  iron,  steel, 
beer,  oil,  leather,  etc.  Buffalo  was  founded  in  1801,  and 
incorporated  as  a city  in  1832.  It  was  the  scene  of  exten- 
sive railroad  strikes  in  1892.  Population,  423,715,  (1910). 

Buffalo  Bill.  See  Cody,  William  Frederick. 
Buffier  (biif-ya'),  Claude.  Born  in  Poland. 
May  25,  1661 : died  at  Paris,  May  17, 1737.  A 
French  grammarian,  philosopher,  and  littera- 
teur. 

Buffon  (bii-foh'),  Comte  de  (Georges  Louis 
Leclerc).  Born  at  Montbard,  Cote-d’Or,  France, 
Sept.  7,  1707 : died  at  Paris,  April  16, 1788.  A 
celebrated  French  naturalist.  He  was  the  son  of 
M.  Leclerc  de  Buffon,  a counselor  of  the  parliament  of 
Bourgogne,  fiom  whom  he  inherited  a competent  fortune. 
About  the  age  of  nineteen  he  traveled  in  Italy  in  company 
with  Lord  Kingston,  and  in  1740  published  a translation 
of  Newton’s  “Treatise  on  Fluxions.”  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris  in  1739,  and 
in  the  same  year  was  appointed  director  of  the  Jardin  du 
Roi,  the  present  Jardin  des  Plantes.  His  chief  work  is 
the  “Histoire  naturelle,  g^n^rale  et  particuli£re,  avec  la 
description  du  cabinet  du  roi.”  the  first  three  volumes 
of  which  were  published  in  1749.  The  first  volume  con- 
tained “La  thdorie  de  la  terre”  and  “Le  systeme  sur  la 
formation  des  plan£tes”;  the  second,  “L’Histoire  ge- 
nera!e  des  animaux”  and  “L’Histoire  paiticulicre  de 
lhomme”;  the  third,  a “Description  du  cabinet  du  roi” 
(by  Daubenton)  and  a chapter  on  “ Les  varidtSs  de  l’es- 
pkee  humaine.”  The  next  twelve  volumes  (1755-67)  dealt 
with  the  history  of  quadrupeds.  Subsequently  he  pub- 
lished in  ten  volumes  “L’Histoire  naturelle  des  oiseaux 
et  des  min^raux  ” (1771-86),  besides  seven  volumes  of  “ Sup- 
plements” (1774-89).  The  most  striking  of  these  is  the 
fifth  volume,  “Les  dpoques  de  la  nature”  (1779).  T ac(i- 
pfede  completed  Button's  work  from  his  notes  by  publish- 
ing a volume,  “ Les  serpents,”  in  1789.  The  credit  for  the 
six  volumes  on  “Les  poi  sons  et  les  effaces " (1799-1804) 
belongs  to  Lac^p&de  alone.  When  Buffon  was  admitted 
to  the  French  Academy  in  1753,  he  delivered  as  his  in- 
augural address  the  famous  “Discours  sur  le  style.” 
Buffone  (bof-fo'ne),  Carlo.  An  impudent  glut- 
tonous jester  in  Ben  Jonson’s  “Every  Man  out 
of  his  Humour.”  He  is  identified  with  Marston  by 
some  critics : others  think  he  is  meant  for  Dekker. 

Buffoon,  Sir  Hercules,  See  Sir  Hercules  Buf- 
foon, under  Lacy,  John. 

Bug  (bog),  or  Bog.  A river  in  the  governments 
of  Podolia  and  Kherson,  Russia,  which  joins 
the  liman  of  the  Dnieper  30  miles  west  of  Kher- 
son : the  ancient  Hypanis.  Length,  about  470 
miles.  Navigable  from  Voznesensk. 

Bug.  A river  which  rises  in  Galicia  and  joins 
the  Vistula  in  Russian  Poland,  17  miles  north- 
west of  Warsaw.  Length,  about  500  miles. 
Bugeaud  de  la  Piconnerie  (bii-zho'  de  la  pe- 
kon-re'),  Thomas  Robert,  Due  d’lsly.  Born 
at  Limoges,  France,  Oct.  15, 1784:  died  at  Paris, 
June  10, 1849.  A marshal  of  France,  and  mili- 
tary writer.  He  served  in  Africa  1836-47;  was  gov- 
ernor of  Algeria  1840 ; and  gained  the  victory  of  Isly, 
Morocco,  Aug.  14,  1844. 

Bugenhagen  (bo'gen-ba'gen),  Johann,  sur- 
named  Pomeranus,  or  Dr.  Pommer.  Bom  at 
Wollin,  Pomerania,  Germany,  June  24, 1485:  died 
at  Wittenberg,  Germany,  April  20, 1558.  AGer- 


Bugenhagen 

man  Reformer,  a coadjutor  of  Luther.  He  was 
preacher  and  (1525)  professor  of  biblical  exegesis  at  Wit- 
tenberg. He  organized  the  Protestant  Church  in  northern 
and  central  Germany,  and  Denmark ; translated  the  Bible 
into  Low  German  ; and  published  “ Interpretatio  in  li- 
brum  psalmorum  "(1524),  etc. 

Bugey  (bii-zha/).  An  ancient  district  of  eastern 
France,  lying  north  and  west  of  the  Rhone,  and 
south  of  Franehe-Comte : comprised  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ain.  It  formed  part  of  the  old  Burgun- 
dian kingdom,  was  ceded  to  Savoy  1137-1344,  was  ceded 
by  Savoy  to  France  in  1601,  and  was  made  part  of  the  gen- 
eral government  of  Burgundy. 

Bugge  (bog'ge),  Thomas.  Born  at  Copenhagen, 
Oct.  12,  1740:  died  June  15,  1815.  A Danish 
astronomer  and  geographer. 

Bugi  (bo'gi).  See  Kabail. 

Bug  jargal.  A novel  by  Victor  Hugo,  its  sub- 
ject is  the  revolt  of  the  Santo  Domingo  negroes.  The 
principal  character,  giving  his  name  to  the  book,  is  a 
negro  passionately  in  love  with  a white  woman. 

Bugres  (bo'grez).  A name  commonly  given  in 
Brazil  to  the  Botoeudos  and  other  savage  In- 
dians. It  is  also  applied  to  howling  monkeys,  and  is 
probably  corrupted  from  some  aboriginal  word. 

Buhle  (bo'le),  Johann  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  Sept.  29, 1763 : died  at  Bruns- 
wick, Aug.  11,  1821.  A German  historian  of 
philosophy.  He  wrote  “Lehrbuch  der  Geschichte  der 
Philosophic"  (1796-1804),  “Geschichte  der  neuern  Philos- 
ophie  ” (1800-05),  etc. 

Buil  (bo-el'). Bernardo.  Born inCatalonia  about 
1450:  died  at  the  Cuxa  convent  in  1520.  A 
Spanish  Benedictine  monk.  In  1493  he  was  chosen 
with  eleven  other  Benedictines  to  go  with  Columbus  to 
Hispaniola.  The  Pope  named  him  superior  and  apostol- 
ical vicar  of  the  New  World.  His  position  gave  him  much 
influence  at  Hispaniola,  where  he  acted  as  counselor ; but 
he  showed  an  unrelenting  disposition  toward  the  Indians, 
and  joined  the  malcontents  who  opposed  Columbus.  In 
1494  he  returned  to  Spain  to  prefer  charges  against  him, 
and  he  was  long  a most  dangerous  enemy  of  the  admiral. 
He  did  not  go  again  to  America,  but  was  made  abbot  of 
the  Cuxa  convent.  Also  written  Boyle,  Boyl,  Boil,  and  BueU.. 
Buitenzorg  (boi'ten-zorG).  The  capital  of  a 
residency  in  Java,  Dutch  East  Indies,  36  miles 
south  of  Batavia.  It  contains  the  palace  of 
the  governor-general,  and  important  botanical 
gardens. 

Bujalanee  (bo -Ha -Ian' the).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  25  miles  east  of 
Cordova. 

Bukharest,  or  Bucharest  (bo-ka-rest'),  Ru- 
manian Bucuresci,  or  Bukureshti.  [‘City  0f 
delight.’]  The  capital  of  Rumania,  situated  in 
a plain  on  the  Dimbovitza,  lat.  44°  25'  N.,  long. 
26°  6'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Europe, 
and  has  important  commerce  with  Austria  and  the  Balkan 
Peninsula.  It  contains  a university,  government  build- 
ings, and  cathedraL  Has  beer  often  besieged  and  taken 
Capital,  before  1861,  of  Wallachia.  Population,  288,565. 

Bukharest,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded 
May  28,  1812.  It  put  an  end  to  the  war  which  had 
been  carried  on  between  Russia  and  Turkey  since  1806, 
and  established  the  Pruth  and  the  Lower  Danube  as  the 
boundary  between  the  two  countries. 

Bukhtarma  (bokh-tar-ma').  A tributary  of  tbe 
Irtish,  in  southern  Siberia. 

Sukowina  (bo-ko-ve'na).  A duchy  and  crown- 
land  of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary. Capital,  Czernowitz.  It  is  hounded  by  Galicia 
on  the  north,  Moldavia  east  and  south,  and  Transylvania, 
Hungary  proper,  and  Galicia  west.  It  is  occupied  in 
great  part  by  the  Carpathians.  It  sends  14  members  to 
the  Reichsrat  and  has  a Diet  of  31  members.  The  lead- 
ing nationalities  are  Ruthenian  and  Rumanian  ; the  lead- 
ing religion  is  the  Greek  (not  united).  Its  early  history 
is  obscure.  It  was  acquired  from  Turkey  by  Austria  in 
1775,  and  became  a crownland  in  1849.  Area,  4,035  square 
miles.  Population,  801,364,  (1910). 

Bulacan  (bo-la-kan').  A town  in  Luz6n,  Phil- 
ippine Islands,  20  miles  northwest  of  Manila. 
Population,  11,589. 

Bulacq.  See  Bulak. 

Bulak  (bo-lak').  The  port  of  Cairo,  Egypt,  on 
the  Nile.  It  formerly  contained  the  National 
Museum  now  at  Gizeh. 

Bulala  (bo-la'la).  See  Kuka. 

Bulama  (bo-la'mil).  The  easternmost  of  the 
Bissagos  Islands,  west  of  Senegambia,  in  lat. 
11°  34'  N.,  long.  15°  33'  W. 

Bulawayo  (bo-la-wii'yo).  A town  in  Matabele- 
land,  South  Africa,  about  lat.  20°  15'  S.,  long. 
28°  30'  E.  It  contains  a government  office,  schools, 
♦hotels,  etc. 

Bulgaria  (bul-ga'ri-a).  [F.  Bulgarie,  G.  Bul- 
garien,  Russ.  Bulgdriya,  etc.,  ML.  Bulgaria, 
from  Bulgarus  (Eng.  Bulgar),  OBulg.  Blugurin,  a 
Bulgarian.]  A principality  of  Europe,  in  the  Bal- 
kan Peninsula.  It  is  bounded  by  Rumania  (chiefly 
separated  by  the  Danube)  on  the  north,  the  Black  Sea  on 
the  east,  Turkey  on  the  south,  and  Servia  on  the  west. 
It  Is  traversed  by  the  Balkans  from  west  to  east.  The 
surface  north  of  tbe  Balkans  is  chiefly  a plain.  The  prin- 
cipality is  composed  of  Bulgaria  (as  formed  in  1878)  and 
O.— 13 


193 


Bundelkhand  Agency 


Eastern  Rumelia,  with  Sofia  as  capital.  The  old  capital  Bulmer  (bul'mfer),  Valentine.  The  titular 
""  * *’*"*  1 Earl  of  Hetherington  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s 

novel  “ St.  Ronan’s  Well.”  He  substitutes  himself 
for  his  supposed  bastard  brother  Francis  Tyrrel,  the  real 
earl,  in  a clandestine  marriage  with  Clara  Mowbray,  and 
later  endeavors  to  rob  Tyrrel  of  the  proofs  of  the  latter’s 
right  to  his  title. 

Bulnes(bol'nes),  Manuel.  Born  at  Concepcion, 
Dec.  25,  1799 : died  at  Santiago,  Oct.  18, 1866.  A 
Chilian  general  and  statesman,  in  1831  he  became 
brigadier-general,  and  in  1838  commanded  6,000  men  sent 
against  Santa  Cruz  in  Peru.  His  victories  destroyed  the 
Peru-Bolivian  confederation.  He  was  elected  president  of 
Chile  in  1841,  and  reelected  in  1840,  serving  for  ten  years. 


was  Tirnova.  The  government  is  a constitutional  mon 
archy,  under  a king  (czar)  and  legislative  chamber  (So- 
branje).  The  inhabitants  ' are  Bulgarians,  Turks,  etc. 
Bulgaria  was  included  in  the  ancient  Moesia  and  Thracia, 
and  formed  part  of  the  Roman  Empire.  It  was  colonized 
about  the  6th  century  by  Bulgarians  (a  Slavicized  Finnish 
(?)  people).  There  were  three  Bulgarian  kingdoms  suc- 
cessively in  the  middle  ages,  and  about  the  10th  century, 
and  again  in  the  13th  century,  the  kingdom  had  a wide 
extent.  It  was  overthrown  by  the  Turks  about  the  end  of 
the  14th  century.  It  has  been  the  theater  of  many  strug- 
gles in  recent  Russo-Turkish  wars.  It,  was  constituted  a 
principality  by  the  treaty  of  San  Stefauo  and  the  Cbngress 
of  Berlin  (1878),  and  Prince  Alexander  of  Battenberg  was 
installed  in  1879.  A union  of  Eastern  Rumelia  (Southern 


Bulgaria)  with  Bulgaria  was  effected  in  1885.  A war  with  BiilOW  (bit  16),  Eri@drich  "W  ilhelm  YOU.  Born 

' at  Falkenberg,  Altmark,  Prussia,  Feb.  16, 1755: 
died  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  25, 1816.  A 
Prussian  general.  He  defeated  Oudinot  at  Luckau 
and  Grossbeeren  and  Ney  at  Dennewitz  in  1813;  served 
with  distinction  at  Leipsic  in  1813,  at  Laon  and  Mont- 
martre in  1814,  and  at  Waterloo  in  1815;  and  was  made 
count  of  Dennewitz  in  1814. 


Servia  occurred  in  1885,  which  resulted  in  favor  of  Bulgaria. 
It  was  formed  into  an  independent  kingdom  Oct.  6,  1908, 
and  declared  war  against  Turkey,  Oct.  18,  1912,  with  its 
allies,  Servia,  Montenegro,  and  Greece.  Area,  est.,  38,- 
080  square  miles.  Population,  4,329,108. 

Bulgaria,  Black.  Same  as  Bulgaria. 
Bulgaria,  Great  or  White.  A former  name 


of  the  region  between  the  Kama  and  Volga,  Billow,  Hans  Guido  von.  Born  at  Dresden, 

tttIi  -7  rt  K Turn  n An  mi  -v\  i /id  Ktt  Du  l/vnninna  Tnn  Q 1 OOA  . Ji  ^ J „ i.  L'  a L 1 O "1  Ofi  A 


which  was  occupied  by  Bulgarians. 

Bulgarin  (bol-ga/rin),  Thaddeus.  Born  in 
Lithuania,  1789 : "died  at  Dorpat,  Russia,  Sept. 

13,  1859.  A Russian  novelist,  journalist,  and 
general  writer.  His  chief  work  is  the  novel 
“The  Russian  Gil  Bias”  (1829). 

Bulgarus  (bul-ga'rus);  Born  at  Bologna  Italy,  i ^ ^ 

m the  11th  century:  died  1166.  An  Italian 
jurist,  one  of  the  “Four  Doctors”  of  Bologna. 

His  chief  work  is  a commentary,  “De  regulis 
juris.” 

Bull  (bul),  John.  Born  in  Somersetshire,  Eng- 


Jan.  8, 1830 : died  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  Feb.  12, 1894. 
A famous  pianist,  conductor,  and  composer.  He 
made  Lis  first  concert  tour  in  1853,  and  in  1864  was  made 
conductor  of  the  Royal  Opera  and  director  of  the  Conser- 
vatory at  Munich.  He  held  many  important  positions, 
including  that  of  royal  court  kapellmeister  at  Hannover 
(1878),  and  a similar  position  with  the  Duke  of  Meiningen. 
He  was  director  at  Hamburg  and  Berlin  from  1885. 

von.  Born 

near  Eilenburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  17,  1803 : died 
at  Otlishausen,  Thurgau,  Switzerland,  Sept. 
16,  1853.  A German  novelist  and  miscellane- 
ous writer.  He  wrote  “ Novellenbuch,  * a collection  of 
one  hundred  tales  from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  etc.,  pub- 
_ lished  1834-36. 

land,  about  1563:  died  at  Antwerp,  March  12  or  Buiti  (bul'te),  or  Bultistan  (bul-te-stan'),  or 
13,  1628.  An  English  composer  and  organist.  Baltistan  (bal-te-stan'),  or  Little  Tibet.  A 

The  song  “God  save  the  King ’’was  wrongly  former  state  in  central  Asia,  tributary  to 

attributed  to  him.  Kashmir,  situated  in  lat.  35°-35°  30'  N.,  long. 

Bull,  John.  See  John  Bull.  75°-76°  E.  Chief  town,  Iskardo.  Area,  esti- 

Bull  (bol),  Ole  Bornemann.  Born  at  Bergen,  mated,  12,000  square  miles. 

Norway,  Feb.  5,  1810 : died  near  Bergen,  Aug.  Bulwer,  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton,  first 
17,1880.  A Norwegian  violinist  and  composer.  Baron  Lytton.  See  Lytton. 

He  came  five  times  to  America  between  1843  and  1879.  Bulwer  (bul'wer),  John.  Lived  about  1654. 
Bull,  A Young.  A famous  painting  by  Paul  An  English  physician.  He  wrote  a treatise  on  dac- 
Potter,  ill  tile  Royal  Gallery  at  The  Hague,  tylology,  entitled  “Chirologia,  or  the  Naturall  Language 
Holland.  It  is  a large  canvas,  with  strong  light  effects  the  Sand  (1644),  and  ‘‘ Philocophus,  or  the  Deafe  and 
and  some  deficiency  in  half-tones.  The  bull  is  grouped  Dumbe  jriC*  G64S). 

under  a tree  with  a cow,  a ram,  a sheep,  a lamb,  and  a Bulwer,  W illlclIH  M8nry  Lytton  Earle, Baron 
herdsman,  with  animals  in  the  distant  landscape.  Balling  and  Bulwer,  usually  known  as  Sir 

Bull,  The.  See  Taurus.  Henry  Bulwer.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  13, 

Bullant  (bii-lon'),  Jean.  Bom  about  1515,  1801:  died  at  Naples,  May  23,  1872.  An  Eng- 
probably  at  Ecouen:  died  Oct.  10,  1578.  A ~ ‘ ' 


French  architect.  Of  his  early  career  nothin^ 
known.  After  1570  he  became  architect  of  the  Tuileries, 
# and  erected  the  pavilion  called  by  his  name.  In  the 
same  year  he  succeeded  Primaticcio  at  Fontainebleau. 
Bullcalf  (bul'kaf).  A recruit  in  Shakspere’s 
“Henry  IV.,”  part  2. 


lish  diplomatist,  politician,  and  writer,  brother 
of  Lord  Lytton.  He  was  minister  to  Spain  1843-48, 
and  to  the  United  States  1849-52  ; negotiated  the  Bulwer- 
Clayton  Treaty  in  1850 ; was  minister  to  Tuscany  1862- 
1856,  and  ambassador  to  Turkey  1858-65.  He  wrote 
“Historical  Characters  ’’  (1807),  etc. 

Bulwer-Clayton  Treaty.  _ A treaty  between 


Bulle  (biil).  A small  town  in  the  canton  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  eon- 
Fribourg,  Switzerland,  13  miles  south  by  west  eluded  at  Washington  April  19,  and  ratified 


July  4,  1850.  Both  parties  pledged  themselves  to  re- 
spect the  neutrality  of  the  proposed  ship-canal  across 
Central  America.  Great  Britain  was  represented  by  Sir 
Henry  Bulwer,  the  United  States  by  J.  M.  Clayton.  It 
was  abrogated  in  1901  by  the  Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty, 
signed  at  Washington  Nov.  18,  and  ratified  by  tbe  Senate 
Dec.  16. 


of  Fribourg:  the  chief  place  in  Gruyiiro. 

Buller  (bul'er),  Sir  Reivers  Henry.  Born  in 
Devonshire  in  1839:  died  June  2, 1908.  A Brit- 
ish general.  He  Berved  in  China  1860,  the  Red  River 
Expedition  1870,  the  Ashanti  war  1873-74,  the  Kaffir  war 
1878,  the  Zulu  war  1879,  the  Boer  war  1881,  the  Egyptian 
war  1882,  and  the  Sudan  campaigns  1884—85.  He  was  TlralxTrev  T.wttovs  T! I'-iI-ioi-i.  T.vIIati 

undersecretary  for  Ireland  1886-87,  and  quartermaster-  ,1  f : Robert  ^yt  °n’ 

general  1887-90,  and  was  appointed  adjutant-general  1890,  ri  01  Jayiuon.  »ee  uyiion.  . 

lieutenant-general  1891,  and  general  1896,  and  was  com-  BUHlbl0  (bum  bl).  A tat  and  officious  beadle 
man d e r-in-chief  i n South  Africa  1899.  Retired  1901.  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “ Oliver  Twist.”  From  his 
Bullet  (bii-la  ),  F ierro.  Born  1639:  died  1716.  arrogant  self-importance  and  magnifying  of  his  parochial 
A French  architect,  a pupil  of  Francois  Blondel.  office  the  word  “ bumbledom  " has  come  to  have  a place 
He  constructed,  after  the  plans  of  his  master,  the  Porte  _|!1  the  language. 

Saint  Denis,  and  built  on  his  own  designs  the  Porte  Saint  BuiupGr  (bum'pfer),  Sir  Harry.  A character 
Martin  (1674).  He  also  built  the  porcii  of  the  Church  of  jn  Sheridan’s  “School  for  Scandal” 

Saint  Thomas  d’Aquin,  and  made  the  decorations  of  two  Bllmp0)  or  BlimppO  (bum'po),  Natty.  See 

Leatherstocking 


chapels  at  Saint  Germain  des  Prd 

Buliinger  (bol'ing-er),  Heinricli 


Born  at 


Bremgarten, Aargau,  Switzerland,  July  18,1504:  (bTms)>  John. 

-------  - 1. 17,  1575.  A ‘‘T^  Pirate  ” 


Natty. 

A pirate  in  Scott’s  novel 


died  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Sept.  ^ T,  , ,,  _ . , 

Swiss  Reformer  and  historian,  successor  of  Bunch  ( bu nch),  Barnaby.  An  English  botcher 
Zwino-li  at  Zurich  or  mender  ot  old  clothes,  an  amusing  person, 

Bullom  (bo-lom').  A small  and  waning  tribe  ^Webster’s  play  “The  Weakest  goeth  to  the 

north  of  Sierra  Leone,  West  Africa.  Their  alv.  „ ..  ....  . , 

language  has  preserved  many  elements  of  Bantu  grammar.  BUUCI1,  Mother.  A derisive  name  given  by 
The  Mntnnna  riinieet.  of  Bniiom  snntpn  at,  shsi-hm  smith  Tucca  to  Mistress  Miniver,  an  alewife,  in  Dek- 


The  Mampua  dialect  of  Bullom,  spoken  at  Sherbro,  south 
of  Freetown,  forms  a link  with  the  stronger  Timne. 

Bull  Run  (bul  run).  A small  river  in  eastern 
Virginia,  which  joins  the  Occoquan  (a  tributary 


lteris  “ Satiro-mastix.”  The  name  was  used  for  the 
hypothetical  author  of  various  books  of  jests  in  1604  and 
1760,  and  “Mother  Bunch's  Fairy  Tales"  are  well  known. 


of  the  Potomac)  25  miles  southwest  of  Washing-  B uncle,  J ohn.  See  John  Buncle 
ton.  Near  it  occurred  two  battles  in  the  American  Civil  Bundahish  (bon  da-hesh). 


War.  (a)  The  Confederates  under  the  immediate  command 
of  Beauregard  (about  31,000)  defeated  the  Federals  under 
McDowell  (about  28,000),  July  21,  186L.  Loss  of  Federals, 
2,952  ; of  Confederates,  1,752.  Called  by  Confederates  the 
first  battle  of  Manassas,  (b)  The  Confederates  under 


[‘The  beginning  of 
the  creation.’]  A Pablavi  theological  work, 
treating  of  cosmogony,  the  government  of  the 
world,  and  eschatology,  as  understood  by  the 
Mazdayasnians. 


Lee  (about  40,000)  defeated  the  Federals  under  Pope  Bundelkhand  (bun-del-khund'),  or  Bundel- 
(about  35,000)  Aug.  29-30,  1862.  Loss  of  Federals,  about  cund  (bun-del-kund'),  Agency.  A collection 
15,000  (?);  of  Confederates,  8,400.  Called  by  the  Confeder-  _0+-r_  , . . / ’ , i 

ates  the  second  battle  of  Manassas.  The  battle  of  Aug.  ! ( I n!  11°  /'eI  w i?’ 

29  is  sometimes  styled  the  battle  of  Groveton.  lat.  23°  49  —26°  18  N.,  long.  78°  11  —81  E. 

Bulls  and  Bears.  A i 
in  1715. 


ne  Dauie  oi  uroveron.  iu  iuug.  • ^ •*— 

. farce  by  Cibber,  produced  Among  the  states  are  Orcha,  Panna,  Sainthar. 

Area,  9, 852  square  miles.  Population,  1,308,316. 


Bundi 

Bundi  (bon'de).  A native  state  in  Rajputana, 
British  India,  lat.  25°-26°  N.,  long.  76°  E. 
Bundschuh.  See  Peasants’  War. 

Bungay  (bung'ga),  Friar.  A famous  conjurer 
of  Edward  IV.’s  time,  who  appears  as  Friar 
Bacon’s  assistant  in  “The  Old  History  of  Friar 
Bacon”  and  in  Greene’s  “Friar  Bacon  and 
Friar  Bungay.”  Bulwer  introduces  Friar  Bungay,  a 
union  of  necromancer,  merry-andrew,  and  friar,  in  his 
novel  “ The  Last  of  the  Barons.” 

Bungen  (bong'en).  The  name  of  a street  in 
Hamelin  down  which  the  Pied  Piper  enticed 
the  children  with  his  music.  It  is  said  that  no 
music  is  allowed  to  he  played  in  the  street  to  this  day. 
See  Ha  m tin,  Pied  Piper  of. 

Bunhill  Fields  (bun'hilfeldz).  A burial-ground 
for  dissenters,  situated  near  Finsbury  Square, 
London,  opened  iu  1665,  closed  in  1850.  It  is 
now  a public  garden.  Bunyan  and  Defoe  are 
buried  there.  Dickens’s  Diet. 

Bunker  Hill  (bung'ker  hil).  An  elevation  iu 
Charlestown  (Boston),  Mass.,  about  110  feet  in 
height.  It  gives  name  to  the  famous  battle  fought 
June  17,  1775,  chiefly  at  Breed’s  Bill,  Charlestown,  be- 
tween 2,500  British  under  Howe  and  Pigott,  and  1,500 
Americans  under  Prescott,  assisted  by  Putnam  and  Stark. 
The  loss  of  the  British  was  about  1,050 ; that  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, about  450,  including  Warren. 

Bunker  Hill  Monument.  A monument  at 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  dedicated  June 
17,  1843,  the  sixty-eighth  anniversary  of  the 
famous  Revolutionary  battle.  It  is  a quadrangu- 
lar tapering  tower  of  granite,  221  feet  high,  built  in  the 
form  of  an  obelisk,  with  an  obtusely  pyramidal  apex. 

Bunner  (bun'6r),  Henry  Cuyler.  Born  at 
Oswego,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  3,  1855:  died  at  Nutley, 
N.  J.,  May  11, 1896.  An  American  writer,  editor 
of  “Puck”  1877-96.  He  published  “Airs  from 
Arcady"  (1884),  “Zadoc  Pine,  and  Other  Stories,”  “The 
Midge,”  two  series  of  “Short  Sixes,”  etc. 

Bunsen  (bon'zen),  Christian  Karl  Josias, 

Baron  von,  sometimes  styled  Chevalier  Bun- 
sen. Born  at  Corbaeh,  Waldeck,  Germany, 
Aug.  25,  1791 : died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  28, 
1860.  A distinguished  German  scholar  and  di- 
plomatist. He  was  secretary  of  legation,  charg6  d'af- 
faires, and  minister  at  Rome  1818-58,  and  minister  to 
Switzerland  1839-41,  and  to  England  1841-54.  He  wrote 
“ ASgyptens  Stelle  in  der  Weltgeschichte  ” (1845,“  Egypt’s 
Place  in  Universal  History  ”),  “ Die  Basiliken  des  christ- 
lichen  Rom  ” (1843),  “ Ignatius  von  Antiochien  ” (1847), 
“ Hippolytus  und  seine  Zeit”  (1852-53,  “Hippolytus  and 
his  Age,”  1851),  “Die  Zeichen  der  Zeit "(1855,  “Signs  of 
the  Times,”  1855-56),  “Gott  in  der  Geschichte”  (1857-58, 
“God  in  History  ”),  “Bibelwerk  fur  die  Gemeinde  ”(1858- 
1870),  “Die  Verfassung  der  Kirche  der  Zukunft”  (1845, 
“ The  Constitution  of  the  Church  of  the  Future  ”). 

Bunsen,  Robert  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Gottingen, 
Germany,  March  31,  1811 : died  at  Heidelberg, 
Aug.  16,  1899.  A noted  German  chemist,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  Heidelberg  since  1852. 
He  was  best  known  from  his  researches  in  spectrum  anal- 
ysis (with  Kirchhoff,  1860),  and  was  the  inventor  of  the 
“Bunsen  burner,”  “Bunsen  pump,”  “Bunsen  battery," 
etc.  He  discovered  the  metals  caesium  and  rubidium. 
Bunthorne  (bun'thorn).  An  extremely  com- 
monplace youth  in  Gilbert  and  Sullivan’s  opera 
“ Patience,”  who  adopts  the  most  extrava- 
gantly esthetic  and  lackadaisical  style  in  order 
to  please  the  ladies:  a satire  on  a folly  of  tho 
day. 

Bunting  (bun'ting).  The  name  of  the  Pied 
Piper  in  the  legend  of  that  name.  See  Harneln, 
Pied  Piiier  of. 

Bunting,  Jabez.  Born  at  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, May  13,  1779:  died  at  London,  June  16, 
1858.  An  eminent  clergyman  of  the  English 
Wesleyan  Church.  He  was  received  into  full  con- 
nection with  the  ministry  in  1803 ; became  senior  secre- 
tary of  the  Missionary  Society  in  1833  ; and  was  president 
of  the  Theological  Institute  1835-58.  He  established  the 
principle  of  associating  laymen  with  the  clergy  in  the 
management  of  the  Wesleyan  Church. 

Bunyan  (bun'yan),  John.  Born  at  Elstow, 
near  Bedford,  England : baptized  Nov.  30, 1628 : 
died  at  London,  Aug.  31,  1688.  A celebrated 
English  writer.  He  was  the  son  of  a tinker ; received 
a meager  education  ; adopted  his  father’s  trade ; served  as 
a soldier,  probably  in  the  Parliamentary  army,  from  1614 
to  1646  ; and  married  in  1G48  or  1649.  In  1653  he  joined  a 
nonconformist  body  atBedford,  whither  he  removed  prob- 
ably in  1655.  He  was  appointed  a preacher  by  his  core- 
ligionists in  1657,  and  as  such  traveled  throughout  all  the 
midland  counties.  He  was  arrested  in  1660  at  Lower  Sam- 
sell  by  Harlington,  near  Bedford, under  the  statutes  against 
nonconformists,  and,  with  a brief  interval  in  1666,  was  de- 
tained in  prison  at  Bedford  until  1672,  when  those  statutes 
were  suspended  by  Charles  II.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
by  the  crown  May  9,  1672,  and  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life  was  pastor  of  the  nonconformist  congregation  at 
Bedford.  During  his  imprisonment  he  wrote  part  of  his 
celebrated  allegory  “The  Pilgrim’s  Progress,”  which  ap- 
peared in  1678  (second  part  1684).  A complete  collection 
of  his  writings,  edited  by  Samuel  Wilson,  appeared  in  1736, 
and  contains,  besides  " The  Pilgrim’s  Progress,"  a number 
of  works,  including  "Grace  Abounding,  etc.,’’  “The  Holy 
War,”  and  “Life  and  Death  of  Mr.  Badman.” 


194 

Bunzlau  (bonts'lou).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Bober  25 
miles  west-northwest  of  Liegnitz  : noted  for  its 
brown  pottery.  Here  the  Silesians  defeated 
the  French  in  1813.  Pop.,  commune,  15,048. 
Buol-Schauenstein(bo'61-shou'en-stin),  Count 
Karl  Ferdinand  von.  Born  May  17,  1797: 
died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  28,  1865.  An  Austrian 
statesman  and  diplomatist,  premier  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1852-59. 

Buonaccorso.  See  Accorso. 

Buonafede  (bo-6-na-fa'de),  Appiano.  Born 
at  Comacchio,  in  Ferrara,  Italy,  Jan.  4,  1716: 
died  at  Rome,  Dec.  17,  1793.  An  Italian  his- 
torian of  philosophy,  professor  of  theology  at 
Naples. 

Buonaparte.  See  Bonaparte. 

Buonarroti  (bo-6-nar-ro'te),  Filippo.  Born  at 
Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  II,  1761:  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
15,  1837.  An  Italian  political  agitator,  impli- 
cated in  the  conspiracy  of  Babeuf  1796. 
Buonarroti,  Michelangelo.  See  Michelangelo. 
Buononcini.  See  Bononcini. 

Bura  (bu'ra).  [Gr.  l.otpn.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  of  Achaia,  Greece,  in  lat.  38°  10' 
N.,  long.  22°  10'  E.,  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake in  373  B.  C.  It  joined  the  Achtean 
League  275  B.  c. 

Burano  (bo-ra'no).  A town  on  an  island  in 
the  Venetian  lagoon,  5 miles  northeast  of 
Venice. 

Burbage  (ber'baj),  James.  Died  in  1597.  An 
English  actor,  and  the  first  builder  of  a theater 
in  England:  father  of  Richard  Burbage.  He 
was  originally  a joiner.  In  1576-77  he  erected  the  first 
building  specially  intended  for  plays.  It  was  “between 
Finsbury  Fields  and  the  public  road  from  Bisliopsgate  and 
Shoreditch."  It  was  of  wood,  and  was  called  “The  The- 
atre. ” The  material  was  removed  to  the  Bankside  in  1698 
and  was  rebuilt  as  the  Globe  Theatre.  The  Curtain  was 
put  up  near  The  Theatre  soon  after  the  latter  was  opened, 
and  Burbage  was  instrumental  in  the  conversion  of  a large 
house  at  Blackfriars  into  Blackfriars  Theatre  about  Nov., 
1596. 

Burbage,  Richard.  Born  in  1567  (?) : died  in 
1619.  A noted  English  actor,  son  of  James 
Burbage  (died  1597).  He  made  his  fame  at  the  Black- 
friars and  the  Globe  of  which,  with  his  brother  and  sister, 
he  was  proprietor,  and  played  the  greatest  parts  in  all  the 
best  plays  produced  at  the  time.  Shakspere  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Lord  Chamberlain’s  Company,  playing  at  Black- 
friars at  this  time,  and  had  some  part  in  the  profit  of  the 
house,  as  also  a little  later  in  the  Globe ; but  Burbage  ap- 
parently had  the  lion’s  share.  There  is  no  authentic  ac- 
count of  any  intimacy  with  Shakspere  till  after  1594. 
Burbage  seems  to  have  been  the  original  Hamlet,  Lear, 
and  Othello.  He  excelled  in  tragedy,  and  was  held  in  the 
very  highest  esteem  by  authors  and  public  : he  was  even 
sometimes  introduced  into  plays  in  his  own  proper  per- 
son. Many  poems  and  tributes  were  written  in  his  mem- 
ory. Besides  his  fame  as  an  actor  he  was  known  as  a 
painter.  In  1613  the  Globe  Theatre  burned  down,  and  he 
narrowly  escaped  with  his  life. 

Burbon  (ber'bon).  A knight,  intended  for  Henri 
IV.  of  France,  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene.” 
He  is  assailed  by  a mob,  but  escapes  and  also 
rescues  his  mistress. 

Burchard  (ber ' chard),  Samuel  Dickinson. 

Bornat  Steuben,  N.Y.,  Sept. 6,1812:  diedat Sar- 
atoga, N.  Y.,  Sept.  25, 1891.  An  American  Pres- 
byterian clergyman.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Thirteenth 
Street  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city,  1839-79,  and 
of  the  Murray  Hill  Presbyterian  Church  1880-85.  He 
gained  notoriety  in  the  presidential  canvass  of  1884  by  an 
alliterative  expression  used  in  a speech  on  Oct.  29,  when, 
with  a large  company  of  clergymen,  he  made  a call  on 
James  G.  Blaine,  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency, at  the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel.  It  occurs  in  the  sen- 
tence, “We  are  Republicans,  and  don’t  propose  to  leave 
our  party  and  identify  ourselves  with  the  party  whose  an- 
tecedents have  been  rum,  Romanism , and  rebellion,"  and 
was  made  the  most  of  in  Roman  Catholic  circles  by  the 
Democratic  managers. 

Burchell  (ber'ckel),  Mr.  The  name  underwhich 
Sir  William  Thornhill,  a character  in  Gold- 
smith’s novel  “The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,”  dis- 
penses joys  and  sorrows  as  a being  from  another 
sphere.  He  was  noted  for  his  habit  of  crying  out  “fudge  ” 
if  anything  displeased  him. 

Burckhardt  (bork'hart),  Jobann  Karl.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  April  30,  1773:  died  at  Paris,  June 
22,  1825.  A German  astronomer,  in  charge  of 
the  observatory  of  the  Ecole  Militaire  in  Paris 
1807-25.  He  published  lunar  tables  ( 1812),  etc. 
Burckhardt,  Johann  Ludwig.  Born  at  Lau- 
sanne, Switzerland,  Nov.  24,  1784:  died  at 
Cairo,  Egypt,  Oct.  17,  1817.  A noted  Swiss 
traveler.  He  visited  the  Orient,  Egypt,  and  Nubia,  1810- 
1817 ; and  wrote  “ Travels  in  Nubia  ” (1819),  an  account  of 
his  travels  in  Syria  and  the  Holy  Land  (18221,  in  Arabia 
(1829),  “Notes  on  the  Bedouins’  and  Wahabys”  (1830), 
“Arabic  Proverbs  ’’  (1831),  etc. 

Burdach  (bor'dach),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Leipsic,  June  12,  1776:  died  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  July  16, 1847.  A German  physiologist, 
professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology  at  Dorpat 


Burgh,  Hubert  de 

(1811),  and  later  (1814)  at  Konigsberg.  He  wrote 
“Vom  Bau  und  Leben  des  Gehirns  und  Riickenmarks  ” 
(1819-26),  “Die  Physiologie  als  Erfahrungswissenschaft ” 
(1826-40),  etc. 

Burdekin  (ber'de-kin).  Ariver  in  (Queensland, 
Australia,  which  flows  into  Upstart  Bay,  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  in  lat.  19°  40'  S.,  long.  147°  30'  E. 
Length,  about  350  miles. 

Burden  (ber'den),  Henry.  Born  at  Dunblane, 
Scotland,  April  20,  1791:  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  19,  1871.  A Scotch-American  inventor. 
His  inventions  include  a cultivator  (1820),  the  hook-headed 
railway-spike  (1840),  a machine  for  making  horseshoes 
(1857),  etc. 

Burder  (ber'der),  George.  Born  at  London, 
June  5,  1752:  died  at  London,  May  29,  1832. 
An  English  clergyman  of  the  Independent 
denomination,  author  of  “Village  Sermons” 
(1799-1812). 

Burdett  (ber-det'),  Sir  Francis.  Born  Jan.  25, 
1770:  died  at  London,  Jan.  23,  1844.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  member  of  Parliament  forWest- 
minster  1807-37.  He  published  (1810)  in  Cobbett’s 
“Register”  a speech  denying  the  right  of  the  Commons 
to  imprison  delinquents,  and,  his  arrest  being  ordered, 
barricaded  his  house,  and  was  taken  only  after  four  days’ 
resistance. 

Burdett-Coutts  (ber-det'kots'),  Angela  Geor- 
gina, Baroness.  Born  April  21,  1814  : died  at 
London,  Dec.  30,  1906.  An  English  philan- 
thropist. Daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Burdett,  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1871.  She  married  W.  L.  Ashmead-Bartlett,  an 
American,  in  1881.  Coutts  was  her  mother’s  name. 

Burdette  (ber-det'),  Robert  Jones.  Born  at 
Greensborough,  Pa.,  July  30,  1844.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  humorist,  formerly  editor 
of  the  Burlington,  Iowa,  “ Hawkeye.” 

Bur  digala  (ber-dig'a-la).  The  ancient  name  of 
Bordeaux. 

Burdwan  (burd-wan'),  or  Bardwan  (bard- 
wan').  1.  Adivisionof  Bengal,  British  India. 
Area,  13,949  square  miles.  Population,  8,240,- 
076. — 2.  A district  in  that  division.  Area, 
2,689  square  miles.  Population,  1,532,475. — 
3.  The  chief  town  of  that  district,  56  miles 
northwest  of  Calcutta.  Population,  about 
35,000. 

Burford  (ber'ford).  A town  in  Oxfordshire, 
England,  16  miles  west-northwest  of  Oxford. 
Near  by,  in  752,  Cuthred,  king  of  Wessex,  defeated  Aithel- 
bald,  king  of  Mercia. 

Burg  (boro).  A town  in  the  province  of  Sax- 
ony, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ihle  14  miles 
northeast  of  Magdeburg.  It  is  noted  for 
its  cloth  manufactures,  built  up  by  French 
Protestant  exiles.  Population,  commune,  23,- 
522. 

Burgdorf  (borg'dorf),  F.  Berthoud  (ber-to'). 
A town  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Emme  12  miles  northeast  of 
Bern.  It  was  the  seat  of  Pestalozzi’s  school 
1798-1804.  Population,  8,404. 

Burger  (burg'er),  Gottfried  August.  Born  at 
Molmerswende,  near  Harzgerode,  Jan.  1, 
1748:  died  at  Gottingen,  1794.  A German 
poet.  His  father  was  a clergyman  at  Molmerswende.  He 
studied  law  at  Gottingen.  Afterward  he  was  an  official  at 
Altgleichen,  later  docent  and  subsequently  professor  at  the 
University  of  Gottingen.  His  life,  in  part,  the  result  of  his 
own  indiscretions,  was  unhappy  and  at  times  even  miser- 
able. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  ballads,  songs,  and 
sonnets.  Foremost  among  his  poems  is  the  ballad  “ Le- 
nore,”  which  originally  appeared  in  the  Gottingen  “Mu- 
senaimanach"  (1774).  lie  also  wrote  the  ballads  “Das 
Lied  vom  braven  Mann  ” (“The  Song  of  the  Brave  Man,” 
1776),  “ Der  Kaiser  und  der  Abt”  (“The  Emperor  and  the 
Abbot,”  1785),  “Der  wilde  Jager”  (“The  Wild  Hunts- 
man,” 1786).  He  was  the  most  important  poet  of  the  so- 
called  Gottinger  Dichterbuud,  or  “ poetical  brotherhood." 
His  collected  works,  “Sammtliche  Sehriften,”  appeared 
in  4 volumes  (Gottingen,  1796-98). 

Burgess  (ber'jes),  Edward.  Born  at  West 
Sandwich,  Mass.,  June  30,  1848 : died  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  July  12,  1891.  A noted  American 
designer  of  yachts.  He  established  himself  as  a naval 
architect  and  yacht-broker  in  Boston  in  1883,  and  was  the 
designer  of  the  sloop  Puritan  which  defeated  the  English 
cutter  Genesta  in  the  races  for  the  America’s  cup  in  1885, 
of  the  Mayflower  which  defeated  the  English  Galatea  in 
1886,  and  of  the  Volunteer  which  defeated  the  English 
Thistle  in  1887. 

Burgess,  Thomas.  Born  at  Odiham,  Hamp- 
shire, England,  Nov.  18,  1756:  died  at  Salis- 
bury, England,  Feb.  19,  1837.  An  English 
clergyman,  bishop  of  St.  David’s  and  later  of 
Salisbury.  He  wrote  “ Considerations  on  the 
Abolition  of  Slavery”  (1788),  etc. 

Burgh  (borg  or  berg),  Hubert  de.  Died  at  Ban- 
stead,  Surrey,  England,  May  12, 1243.  An  Eng- 
lish st  atesman . He  was  appointed  chamberlain  to  the 
king  about  1201,  in  which  year  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
a body  of  knights  to  guard  the  Welsh  march.  On  the  au- 
thority of  Ralph  of  Coggeshall,  who  has  been  followed  by 
Shakspere  (King  John,  iv.  1,  2.),  he  was  castellan  of  Falaise 
when  Arthur  of  Brittany  was  captured  at  Mirabel  in  1202, 


Burgh,  Hubert  de 

was  intrusted  with  the  custody  of  the  prince’s  person, 
and  refused  to  obey  an  order  of  Arthur’s  uncle,  King 
John  of  England,  to  put  out  the  prince's  eyes.  He  was  a 
partizan  of  the  king  at  Runnyraede  in  1215,  in  which  year 
he  first  appears  as  justiciar,  and  is  mentioned  in  the  great 
charter  as  one  of  the  magnates  of  the  realm  by  whose  ad- 
vice it  was  granted.  He  gained  a decisive  naval  victory 
over  Eustace  the  Monk  in  1217,  which  forced  Louis  to  con- 
clude the  treaty  of  Lambeth  (Sept.  11,  1217)  and  evacuate 
England.  He  became  regent  for  Henry  III.  in  1219,  and 
remained  his  chief  minister  1228-32. 

Burgh  (bur'o),  James.  Born  at  Madderty, 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  1714:  died  Aug.  26, 1775. 
A Scottish  miscellaneous  writer.  He  wrote 
“Britain’s  Remembrancer”  (1745),  “Dignity  of 
Human  Nature”  (1754),  etc. 

Burghas.  See  Bourgas. 

Burghers  (ber'gerz).  A body  of  Presbyterians 
in  Scotland,  constituting  one  of  the  divisions 
of  the  early  Secession  Church.  This  church  be- 
came divided  in  1747  into  the  Associate  Synod,  or  Burghers, 
and  the  General  Associate  Synod,  or  Antiburghers,  on  the 
lawfulness  of  accepting  the  oath  then  required  to  be  taken 
by  the  burgesses  in  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Perth.  See 
Antiburgher. 

Burghley,  or  Burleigh,  Lord.  See  Cecil. 
Burgkmair  (bork'mlr),  Hans.  Born  at  Augs- 
burg, Germany,  1473 : died  about  1531.  A Ger- 
man painter  and  engraver,  probably  a pupil  of 
Albrecht  Diirer.  His  most  noted  work  is  a tri- 
umphal procession  of  Maximilian  I. 

Burgoa  (bor-go'ii),  Francisco  de.  Bom  in 
Oaxaca  about  1605 : died  1681.  A Mexican  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author.  He  took  the  Do- 
minican habit  in  1620,  was  twice  provincial,  represented 
the  order  at  Rome  in  1656,  acted  for  the  Inquisition,  and 
during  his  later  years  was  guardian  of  Huaxolotitlan  and 
other  convents.  His  “GeogrAflcadescripcion  . . . deesta 
Provincia  de  Predicadores  de  Antiquera"  is  a chronicle  of 
his  orderin  Oaxaca,  of  great  historical  value.  Like  his  other 
historical  and  biographical  works,  it  is  now  very  rare. 
BurgOS  (bor'gos).  A province  in  Old  Castile, 
Spain.  Area,  5,480  square  miles.  Population, 
338,828. 

BurgOS,  Iberian  Briga.  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Burgos,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Arlan- 
zon  in  lat.  42°  21'  N.,  long.  3°  42'  W.  its  chief 
building  is  the  cathedral;  it  also  contains  a ruined  castle, 
town  hall,  and  several  churches,  and  is  noted  as  the  birth- 
place of  the  Cid.  It  was  founded  at  the  end  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury, and  was  for  a long  time  the  capital  of  Castile,  and  the 
rival  of  Toledo.  Marshal  Soult  gained  a victory  here  over 
the  Spaniards,  Nov.  10,  1808,  and  it  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  Wellington  in  1812.  It  had  formerly  a uni- 
versity. The  cathedral,  in  the  main  of  middle-Pointed 
architecture,  is  notable  for  its  graceful  twin  western  spires 
of  openwork,  300  feet  high,  its  rich  octagonal  central 
lantern,  and  the  pinnacled  crown  of  the  Condestable 
Chapel,  behind  the  apse.  This  richly  sculptured  chapel 
contains  the  tombs  of  the  Constable  of  Castile,  Don  Pedro 
de  Velasco,  and  his  wife.  There  is  a large  cloister  of 
Pointed  work,  with  much  figure-  and  foliage-sculpture 
comparable  with  the  best  French.  Population,  over 
31,000. 

Burgos,  Laws  Of.  A system  of  laws  for  the 
regulation  of  Indian  labor  in  America,  promul- 
gated at  Burgos,  Spain,  Dec.  27,  1512.  The 
Dominicans  of  Hispaniola  had  represented  that  the  In- 
dians were  very  badly  treated  : the  colonists  opposed  the 
monks,  and  the  junta  appointed  to  consider  the  question 
framed  these  laws.  They  provided  that  the  Indian  labor- 
ers should  have  houses,  ground  for  culture,  and  religious 
instruction,  with  a peso  of  gold  annually  to  buy  clothes  : 
those  in  the  mines  to  work  only  five  consecutive  months, 
and  to  have  official  inspectors.  The  laws  caused  much 
dissatisfaction. 

Burgoyne  (ber-goin'),  John.  Born  about  1722: 
died  at  London,  June  4,  1792.  An  English 
lieutenant-general  and  dramatist.  He  commanded 
the  British  army  which  invaded  New  York  1777;  was  de- 
feated at  Stillwater,  Sept.  19  and  Oct.  7,  1777 ; and  sur- 
rendered with  5,791  troops  to  Gates  at  Saratoga,  Oct.  17, 
1777.  In  1782  he  was  made  commander-in-chief  in  Ire- 
land, and  in  1787  was  one  of  the  managers  of  the  impeach- 
ment of  Warren  Hastings.  He  wrote  satires  directed 
against  the  administration  of  Pitt  (the  greater  part  of  the 
“ Westminster  Guide ”),  "The  Lord  of  the  Manor’’ (1780, 
the  libretto  of  a comic  opera),  “The  Heiress”  (1786,  a com- 
edy which  was  very  successful),  etc. 

Burgoyne,  Sir  John  Fox.  Born  .July  24,  1782 : 
died  at  London,  Oct.  7, 1871.  An  English  en- 
gineer, the  illegitimate  son  of  General  John 
Burgoyne  (1722-92).  He  was  commanding  engineer 
of  the  expedition  to  New  Orleans  1814  ; chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Public  Works  in  Ireland  1831-15  ; and  inspector- 
general  of  fortifications  in  England  1845-68.  He  was  sent 
to  Constantinople  to  report  on  the  defense  of  Turkey 
1854;  conducted  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  Oct.,  1854, -Feb., 
1855 ; was  created  a baronet  1856 ; was  constable  of  the 
Tower  of  London  1865-71 ; and  became  a field-marshal 
1868.  Author  of  “Our  Defensive  Forces  ” (1868),  etc. 

Burgschmiet  (borg'shmet),  Jakob  Daniel. 
Born  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Oct.  11,  1796: 
died  at  Nuremberg,  March  7,  1858.  A noted 
German  sculptor.  Ilia  chief  works  are  statues  of  Al- 
brecht Diirer,  Melanchthon  (at  Nuremberg),  Beethoven 
(at  Bonn),  Charles  IV.  (at  Prague),  Luther  (at  Mohra),  etc. 
Burg-Steinfurt.  See  Steinj'urt. 

Burgundian  (ber-gun'di-an).  1 . One  of  the  Bur- 
gundii  or  Burgundiones,  a Germanic  (Gothic) 
tribe  which  settled  in  Gaul  and  founded  the 


195 

kingdom  of  Burgundy  in  the  5th  century. — 2. 
A native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burgundy,  succes- 
sively a kingdom  and  a duchy  of  western 
Europe,  varying  greatly  in  extent,  part  of  which 
finally  became  the  province  of  Burgundy  in 
eastern  France.  See  Burgundy. 

Burgundian  Dynasty  (1095-1383).  A reigning 
house  of  Portugal  which  referred  its  origin  to 
Henri,  grandson  of  Robert,  first  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. Henri  was  appointed  count  of  Portugal  by  Al- 
phonso  VI.,  king  of  Leon,  Castile,  and  Galicia,  in  1094,  and 
was  in  1112  succeeded  by  his  son,  Affonso  I.,  who  erected 
Portugal  into  an  independent  kingdom  in  1139.  The  le- 
gitimate line  of  the  house  of  Burgundy  became  extinct  in 
1383  with  the  death  of  Ferdinand  I.,  and  was  succeeded  in 
1385  by  an  illegitimate  branch,  the  house  of  Avis.  An  il- 
legitimate branch  of  the  latter  house,  the  house  of  Bra- 
ganza,  acceded  to  the  throne  in  1640,  and  was  followed  in 
1853  by  the  present  reigning  house,  the  houseof  Braganza- 
Coburg.  The  sovereigns  of  the  house  of  Burgundy  were  : 
Henri  of  Burgundy,  1094-1112;  Alfonso I., 1112-85;  Saticho 
I.,  1185-1211 ; Affonso II. , 1211-23 ; Sancho II. ,1223-48 ; A ff on- 
so  III.,  1248-79 ; Diniz,  1279-1325;  Affonso  IV.,  1325-57;  Pe- 
dro, 1357-67  ; Ferdinand  I.,  1367-83. 

Burgundy  (ber'gun-di).  [F.  Bourgogne,  It.  Bor- 
gogna,  Sp.  Borgofia,  G.  Burgund,  ML.  Burgun- 
dia,  from  LL.  Burgundii,  also  Burgundiones,  a 
Germanic  tribe.  See  Burgundian.']  A geo- 
graphical division  in  western  Europe,  whose 
limits  and  character  have  varied  greatly.  For 
the  principal  significations  of  the  name,  see  the 
extract. 

I.  The  kingdom  of  Burgundy  (regnum  Burgundionum), 
founded  A.  i>.  406,  occupying  the  whole  valley  of  the 
Sa6ne  and  lower  Rhone  from  Dijon  to  the  Mediterranean, 
and  including  also  the  western  half  of  Switzerland.  It 
was  destroyed  by  the  sons  of  Clovis  in  A.  n.  534. 

II.  The  kingdom  ofBurgundy  (regnum  Burgundise),  men- 
tioned occasionally  under  the  Merovingian  kings asa  sep- 
arate principality,  confined  within  boundaries  apparently 
somewhat  narrower  than  those  of  the  older  kingdom  last 
named. 

III.  The  kingdom  of  Provence  or  Burgundy  (regnum 
Provincia;  seu  Burgund ja?)  — also,  though  less  accurately, 
called  the  kingdomof  Cis-Jurane  Burgundy — was  founded 
by  Boso  in  A.  D.  879,  and  included  Provence,  Dauphin^, 
the  southern  part  of  Savoy,  and  the  country  between  the 
Saftne  and  the  Jura. 

TV.  The  kingdom  of  Trans-Jurane  Burgundy  (regnum 
Iurense,  Burgundia  Transiurensis),  founded  by  Rudolf  in 
A.  D.  888,  recognized  in  the  same  year  by  the  emperor 
Arnulf,  included  the  northern  part  of  Savoy,  and  all  Swit- 
zerland between  the  Reuss  and  the  Jura. 

V.  The  kingdom  of  Burgundy  or  Arles  (regnum  Burgun- 
diae,  regnum  Arelatense),  formed  by  the  union,  under 
Conrad  the  Pacific,  in  A.  I).  937,  of  the  kingdoms  de- 
scribed above  as  III.  and  IV.  On  the  death,  in  1032,  of 
the  last  independent  king,  Rudolf  III.,  it  came,  partly  by 
bequest,  partly  by  conquest,  into  the  hands  of  the  em- 
peror Conrad  II.  (th^e  Salic),  and  thenceforward  formed  a 
part  of  the  empire.  In  the  thirteenth  century,  France 
began  to  absorb  it,  bit  by  bit,  and  has  now  (since  the  an- 
nexation o'  Savoy  in  1861)  acquired  all  except  the  Swiss 
portion. 

VI.  The  Lesser  Duchy  (Burgundia  Minor)  (Klein  Bur- 
gund) corresponded  very  nearly  with  what  is  now  Swit- 
zerland west  of  tlie  Renss,  including  the  Valais.  It  was 
Trans-Jurane  Burgundy  (IV.)  minus  the  parts  of  Savoy 
which  had  belonged  to  that  kingdom.  It  disappeai'3 
from  history  after  the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Zalirin- 
gen  in  the  thirteenth  century.  Legally  it  was  part  of  the 
empire  till  A.  D.  1648,  though  practically  independent 
long  before  that  date. 

VII.  The  Free  County  or  Palatinate  of  Burgundy 
(Franche-Comte)  (Freigrafschaft)  (called  also  Upper  Bur- 
gundy), to  which  the  name  of  Cis-Jurane  Burgundy  origi- 
nally and  properly  belonged,  lay  between  the  Saone  and 
the  jura.  It  formed  a part  of  III.  and  V.,  and  was  there- 
fore a fief  of  the  empire.  The  French  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy were  invested  with  it  in  A.  I>.  1384.  Its  capital, 
the  imperial  city  of  Besanqon,  was  given  to  Spain  in  1651, 
and  by  the  treaties  of  Nimwegen,  167“ -79,  it  was  ceded 
to  the  crown  of  France. 

VIII.  The  landgraviate  of  Burgundy  (Landgrafschaft) 
was  in  [what  is  now]  western  Switzerland,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Aar,  between  Thun  and  Solothurn.  It  was  a part  of 
the  Lesser  Duchy  (VI.),  and,  like  it,  is  hardly  mentioned 
after  the  thirteenth  century. 

IX.  Thecircleof  Burgundy  (Kreis Burgund), an  adminis- 
trative division  of  the  empire,  was  established  by  Charles 
V.  in  1548,  and  included  the  Free  County  of  Burgundy 
(VII.)  and  the  seventeen  provinces  of  the  Netherlands, 
which  Charles  inherited  from  his  grandmother  Mary, 
daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold. 

James  Bryce,  Holy  Rom.  Emp.  Appendix,  p.  447. 

X.  The  Duchy  of  Burgundy  (lower  Burgundy),  a great 
Frencli  fief  held  by  various  Carlovingian  and  Capetian 
princes,  and  ceded  by  John  the  Good  to  his  son,  Philip  the 
Bold.  Its  capital  was  Dijon.  Flanders  and  the  County 
of  Burgundy  were  united  to  it  in  1384.  It  was  ruled  by 
Philip  the  Bold  1361-1404 ; by  John  the  Fearless  1404- 
1419 ; by  Philip  the  Good  1419-67 ; and  by  Charles  the  Bold 
1467-77.  Under  the  two  latter  it  was  greatly  extended 
in  Belgium  and  eastern  and  central  France,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  powerful  monarchies  of  Europe.  On  the 
death  of  Charles  the  Bold  (1477)  the  duchy  proper  passed 
(1479)  to  France.  The  other  possessions — Franche-Comtd 
and  Low  Countries  — passed  by  the  marriage  of  Mary 
(daughter  and  successor  of  Chari  es  t lie  Bold)  to  1 he  house  of 
Hapsburg.  (Compare  Maximilian,  Charles  the  Bold.)  The 
Duchy  of  Burgundy  proper  became  a province  and  great 
government  of  France.  It  lay  between  Champagne  on  the 
north,  Franche-Comtd  and  Savoy  on  the  east,  Dauphind 
and  Lyonnais  on  the  south,  and  Bourbonnais,  Nivernais, 
and  OrRanais  on  the  west,  and  corresponded  to  the  de- 
partments C6te  d 'Or,  Sa6ne-et-Loire,  Ain,  and  a part  of 
Yonne.  The  region  is  famous  for  its  wines. 


Burleigh,  William  Henry 

Burgundy,  Duchess  of.  See  Mary. 
Burgundy,  Dukes  of.  See  Charles  the  Bold, 
John  the  Fearless,  Philip  the  Bold , Philip  the 
Good,  etc. 

Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore.  A poem  by  Charles 
Wolfe,  published  in  a collection  of  his  works  in 
1825. 

Buriats  (bo'ri-ats).  A Mongolian  people  liv- 
ing chiefly  in  the  government  of  Irkutsk  and 
the  Trans-Baikal  territory,  Siberia.  They  are 
Buddhists.  They  number  about  208,000. 
Buridan  (bur'i-dan ; F.  pron.  bii-re-don'),  Jean. 
Died  after  1358.  A French  nominalistic  phi- 
losopher. He  was  a native  of  Bdthune,  Artois.  He 
studied  under  William  of  Occam,  and  lectured  on  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Paris,  of  which  he  became 
rector.  He  was  a noted  logician,  and  is  popularly  but 
incorrectly  regarded  as  (he  author  of  the  sophism  known 
as  ‘‘Buridan’s  Ass,”  which  was  used  by  the  schoolmen  to 
demonstrate  the  inability  of  the  will  to  act  between  two 
equally  powerful  motives.  According  to  this  sophism  an 
ass  placed  between  two  equidistant  and  equally  attractive 
bundles  of  hay  would  starve  to  death  for  want  of  a reason 
to  determine  its  choice  between  the  two  bundles. 
Burke  (berk),  ,/Edanus.  Born  at  Galway,  Ire- 
land, June  16,  1743  : died  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
March  30,  1802.  An  American  jurist  and  poli- 
tician. He  became  a judge  of  the  State  Supreme  Court 
in  1778,  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1789-91,  and  wrote  “ Considerations  upon  the 
Order  of  Cincinnati  ” (1783),  a pamphlet  denouncing  that 
order. 

Burke,  Charles.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  27,  1822:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  10, 
1854.  A comedian.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
Burke,  an  Irish  actor,  and  Cornelia  Thomas, 
who  afterward  married  Joseph  Jefferson. 
Burke,  Edmund.  Born  at  Dublin,  probably 
Jan.  12,  1729  (N.  S.):  died  at  Beaconsfield, 
England,  July  9,  1797.  A celebrated  British 
statesman,  orator,  and  writer.  He  was  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1748 ; became  a member  of 
Parliament  in  1766 ; delivered  his  speech  on  American 
taxation  in  1774 ; was  paymaster-general  and  privy  coun- 
cilor 1782-83;  and  conducted  the  impeachment  of  War- 
ren Hastings  1787-95,  when  he  resigned  his  seat  in  Par- 
liament. His  chief  works  are  “A  Vindication  of  Natural 
Society  * (1756),  “ A Philosophical  Enquiry  into  the  Origin 
ol  our  Ideas  of  the  Sublime  and  the  Beautiful  ” (1756), 
“Thoughts  on  the  Causes  of  the  Present  Discontents” 
(1770),  “Speech  on  Conciliation  with  America”  (1775), 
“Reflections  on  the  Revolution  in  France”  (1790),  and 
four  letters  on  the  subject  of  “'a  regicide  peace”  witli 
France,  which  appeared  in  1796  and  1797.  The  publica- 
tion of  a collection  of  his  works  was  begun,  with  his  ap- 
proval, in  1792,  and  was  concluded  in  1827. 

Burke,  Sir  John  Bernard.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  5,  1814:  died  at  Dublin,  Dee.  12,  1892. 
An  English  genealogist,  Ulster  king  at  arms. 
He  was  editor  of  “Burkevs  Peerage"  (established  by  his 
father,  John  Burke,  1826),  and  author  of  “ History  (later 
“ Dictionary  ’’)  of  the  Landed  Gentry  ” (1833-49),  etc. 

Burke,  John  Daly.  Died  near  Campbell’s 
Bridge,  Va.,  April  11, 1808.  An  Irish-American 
historian.  He  emigrated  from  Ireland  to  America  in 
1797,  and  eventually  settled  in  Petersburg,  Virginia,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  practice  of  law  and  to  litera- 
ture. He  was  killed  by  Felix  Coquebert  in  a duel  arising 
from  a political  dispute.  Author  of  “ History  of  Virginia 
from  its  First  Settlement  to  1804  " (1804). 

Burke,  Robert  O’Hara.  Born  at  St.  Clerans, 
Galway,  Ireland,  1820:  died  in  Australia,  June 
28, 1861.  An  Australian  explorer.  He  was  succes- 
sively a captain  in  the  Austrian  army,  member  of  the  Irish 
constabulary,  and  inspector  of  police  in  Victoria,  Austra- 
lia, whither  he  emigrated  in  1853.  He  traversed  with 
AVills  the  Australian  continent  1860-61,  and  died  of  star- 
vation on  the  return  journey. 

Biirkel  (biir'kel),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Pirma- 
sens,  Bavaria,  May  29,  1802:  died  at  Munich, 
June  10,  1869.  A German  painter  of  land- 
scapes and  genre  scenes. 

Burkersdorf  (bor'kers-d6rf).  A village  situ- 
ated 4 miles  southwest  of  Schweidnitz,  in  Sile- 
sia, Prussia.  Here,  July  21, 1762,  Frederickthe 
Great  of  Prussia  repulsed  the  Austrians  under 
Marshal  Daun. 

Burlamaqui  (biir-la-ma-ke'),  Jean  Jacques. 

Born  at  Geneva,  July  24, 1694:  died  at  Geneva, 
April  3,  1748.  A noted  Swiss  jurist,  professor 
of  law  at  Geneva.  He  wrote  “Prineipes  du 
droit  naturel”  (1747),  “ Prineipes  du  droit  poli- 
tique” (1751),  etc. 

Burleigh  (ber'li),  or  Burghley,  Baron.  Sec 

Cecil. 

Burleigh,  Lord.  A character  in  Mr.  Puff’s 
tragedy  “ The  Spanish  Armada,”  rehearsed  in 
Sheridan’s  “Critic.”  He  has  not  a word  to  say,  but 
confines  himself  to  the  memorable  nod  by  which  lie 
expresses  volumes  according  to  Mr.  Puff. 

Burleigh  (bfer'li),  Lord  of.  See  Lord  of  Bur- 
leigh. 

Burleigh,  William  Henry.  Born  at-  Wood- 
stock,  Conn.,  Feb.  2,  1812:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  March  18,  1871.  An  American  poet, 
journalist,  and  abolitionist. 


Burley,  John  Balfour  of 

Burley  (ber'li),  John  Balfour  of.  See  Balfour. 
Burley,  Walter.  Born  in  1274  or  1275:  died 
probably  in  1345.  An  English  schoolman,  sur- 
named  “The  Plain  Doctor.”  He  studied  first  at 
Oxford,  then  at  Palis,  where  he  became  a pupil  of  Duns 
Scotus.  lie  was  appointed  almoner  to  the  Princess  Phi- 
lippa of  Hainault  about  1327,  and  subsequently  became 
tutor  to  the  Black  Prince.  He  wrote  numerous  philo- 
sophical treatises  and  commentaries  on  the  classics,  most 
of  which  have  remained  in  manuscript.  His  printed 
works  include  “ De  vita  et  moribus  philosophorum  ” (prob- 
ably published  at  Cologne  in  1467),  and  “Tractatus  de 
materia  et  forma  ” (Oxford,  1500). 

Burlingame  (ber'ling-gain),  Anson.  Born  at 
New  Berlin,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1820:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  23,  1870.  An  American 
diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  representative 
to  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1855-61 ; ambassador  to 
China  1861-67 ; and  negotiated,  as  special  ambassador  from 
China,  treaties  with  the  United  States,  England,  Denmark, 
Sweden,  Holland,  and  Prussia. 

Burlington  (b6r'ling-ton).  See  Bridlington. 
Burlington.  A city  (capital  of  Des  Moines 
County,  Iowa)  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
in  lat.  40°  48'  N.,  long.  91°  10'  W.  It  is  an  im- 
portant railway  center,  and  has  large  and  varied 
manufactures.  Population,  24,324,  (1910). 
Burlington.  A city  and  port  of  entry  in  Ver- 
mont, situated  on  Lake  Champlain  iu  lat.  44° 
29'  N.,  long.  73°  14'  W.  It  has  a large  trade  in 
lumber,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
Vermont.  Population,  20,408,  (1910). 
Burlington.  A city  and  port  of  entry  in  Bur- 
lington County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  River  19  miles  northeast  of  Philadel- 
phia. It  was  bombarded  by  the  British  in 
1776.  Population,  8,336,  (1910). 

Burlington  Arcade.  A covered  pathway  be- 
tween Piccadilly  and  Burlington  Gardens.  It 
has  shops  on  each  side  for  all  kinds  of  small 
wares. 

Burlington  House,  Old.  A house  standing  be- 
tween Bond  street  and  Sackville  street,  Lon- 
don. It  was  built  by  Richard  Boyle,  Lord  Burlington, 
1695-1758.  It  was  purchased  for  the  nation,  1854,  from  the 
Cavendishes  for  £149,000,  including  the  Gardens,  upon 
which  three  new  edifices  have  been  erected,  effacing  all 
the  artistic  features  of  the  old  house.  Nearest  to  Picca- 
dilly, and  on  the  site  of  the  famous  gateway  and  curved 
colonnade,  pulled  down  in  1868,  rises  New  Burlington 
House  (1872),  containing  rooms  for  the  meetings  and  man- 
agement of  learned  societies — the  Royal,  Geological,  and 
Chemical  east  of  the  entrance;  the  Antiquarian,  Astro- 
nomical, and  Linnean  on  the  west  of  it.  Old  Burlington 
House  itself  was  in  1868  handed  over  to  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. Murray,  Handbook  of  London,  p.  58. 

Burma,  or  Burmall  (ber'ma).  A former  king- 
dom in  southeastern  Asia,  now  a part  of  the 
British  empire  and  a lieutenant-governorship. 
It  is  divided  into  Lower  Burma  (the  former  British  Bur- 
ma), Upper  Burma,  and  the  Shan  States.  It  is  bounded 
by  Assam  and  Tibet  on  the  north,  China,  French  Indo- 
China,  and  Siam  on  the  east,  the  Bay  of  Bengal  on  the 
west,  and  India  on  the  northwest.  It  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, and  is  rich  in  minerals.  Its  exports  are  rice, 
teak,  etc.  The  subdivisions  of  Lower  Burma  are  Arakan, 
Pegu,  Irawadi,  and  Tenasserim.  Buddhism  is  the  prevail- 
ing religion,  the  kingdom  having  been  a Buddhist  mon- 
archy from  the  middle  ages.  Lower  Burma  was  conquered 
by  the  British  1824-26  and  in  1852,  and  Upper  Burma  and 
the  Shan  States  were  annexed  in  1886,  in  consequence  of  the 
misgovemmentof  the  last  king,  Thebaw  (dethroned  1885). 
Total  area,  236,738  square  miles  : of  Upper  Burma,  87,435 
square  miles  ; of  Lower  Burma,  81,138  square  miles;  of  the 
Shan  States,  68,165  square  miles.  Total  population,  10,490,- 
624:  of  Upper  Burma,  3,846,908;  of  Lower  Burma, 
6,405,967 ; of  Shan  States,  1,237,749. 

Burma,  British.  See  Burma. 

Burma,  Lower.  See  Burma. 

Burma,  Upper.  See  Burma. 

Burmeister  (bor'mis-ter),  Hermann.  Born  at 
Stralsund,  Prussia,  Jan.  15,  1807 : died  at  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  May  1. 1892.  A Prussian  naturalist. 
He  was  professor  at  Berlin  and  subsequently  at  Halle, 
and  represented  the  latter  university  in  the  National 
Assembly  in  1848 ; subsequently  he  was  a member  of  the 
first  Prussian  chamber.  From  1850  to  1852  he  traveled  in 
Brazil,  and  in  1861  went  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  was 
director  of  the  National  Museum  until  his  death.  He 
published  several  well-known  handbooks  of  zoology  and 
entomology,  besides  the  “ Uebersicht  der  Thiere  Brasi- 
liens”  (2  vols.  1854-56),  and  numerous  scientific  papers, 
especially  on  the  Tertiary  and  Quaternary  mammalia  of 
Argentina. 

Burmese  Wars.  The  wars  (1)  of  1824-26,  (2)  of 
1852,  which  the  British  waged  with  Burma,  and 
which  resulted  in  the  cession  of  Lower  Burma. 
See  Burma. 

Burne-Jones  (bern'jonz'),  Sir  Edward.  Born 
at  Birmingham,  England,  Aug.  28,  1833 : died 
at  London,  June  17, 1898.  An  English  painter. 
He  was  a student  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  with  Wil- 
Ham  Morris  and  Swinburne,  the  latter  of  whom  dedi- 
cated to  him  his  first  volume  of  poems.  He  went  to 
London  in  1856,  and  became  a pupil  of  Dante  Gabriel 
Rossetti,  whose  manner  he  imitated  f<>r  several  years; 
but  he  soon  formed  a style  of  his  own,  inclining  more  to 
idealism  and  abstract  beauty  than  to  realism,  and  became 
one  of  the  chief  exponents  in  England  of  the  romantic 


196 

school.  From  1857  to  1858  he  was  associated  with  Rossetti, 
Morris,  and  others  in  painting  the  Arthurian  legends  at 
Oxford.  In  1861  he  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  house 
of  Morris  and  Company,  and  he  made  many  designs  for 
decorative  work.  He  was  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  1885-93.  In  1894  he  was  made  a baronet. 

Burnes  (bernz),  Sir  Alexander.  Born  at 
Montrose,  Scotland,  May  16,  1805:  killed  at 
Kabul,  Afghanistan,  Nov.  2,  1841.  A British 
geographer,  and  traveler  in  central  Asia. 
Burnet  (ber'net),  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  18,  1643:  died  at  London,  March 
17,  1715.  A British  prelate,  historian,  and 
theologian.  He  accompanied  William  III.  from  Hol- 
land to  England  in  1688  as  his  chaplain,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Salisbury  in  1689.  His  chief  works  are  a “His- 
tory of  the  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  England  ” (1679, 
1681,  1715),  “A  History  of  his  own  Time”  (edited  by  his 
son,  1723,  1734),  “Exposition  of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles” 
(1699). 

Burnet,  Thomas.  Born  at  Croft,  Yorkshire, 
England,  about  1635;  died  at  London,  Sept. 

27,  1715.  An  English  author.  He  became  fellow 
of  Christ’s  College  in  1657,  and  master  of  the  Charter- 
house  in  1685.  He  is  noted  chiefly  as  the  author  of  “ Tel- 
luris  Theoria  Sacra,”  etc.  (1681),  remarkable  for  its  vivid 
imagery  and  pure  Latinity,  in  which  he  attempts  to  prove 
that  the  earth  originally  resembled  an  egg,  that  at  the 
deluge  the  shell  was  crushed  and  the  waters  rushed  out, 
that  the  fragments  of  the  shell  formed  the  mountains 
and  that  the  equator  was  diverted  from  its  original  coin- 

★cidence  with  the  ecliptic.  Diet.  Ufat.  Biog. 

Burnett  (ber-net'),  Mrs.  (Frances  Hodgson  ). 
Born  at  Manchester,  England,  Nov.  24,  1849. 
An  English-American  novelist,  she  has  written 
“That  Lass  o’Lowrie’s”  (1877),“  Haworth’s  "(1878),  “ Lou- 
isiana” (1880),  “A  Fair  Barbarian”  (1881),  “ThroughOne 
Administration  ” (1883),  “ Little  Lord  Fauntleroy  ’’  (1886), 
“ The  One  I knew  best  of  All  ” (1893),  “ A Lady  of  Quality  ” 
(1896),  “ The  Dawn  of  a To-morrow  ” (1906),  etc.  She  mar- 
ried Stephen  Townesend  in  1900. 

Burnett  (ber'net),  James,  Lord  Monhoddo. 
Born  in  Oct.  or  Nov.,  1714:  died  May  26,  1799. 
A Scottish  judge.  He  became  sheriff  of  Kincardine- 
shire  in  1764,  and  in  1767  became  an  ordinary  lord  of  ses- 
sion, on  which  occasion  he  assumed  the  title  of  Lord 
Monboddo.  Author  of  “ Of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Lan- 
guage” (1773-92),  and  “Ancient  Metaphysics”  (1779-99). 
Burnett  Prizes.  Prizes  awarded  every  forty 
years,  in  accordance  with  the  will  of  Mr.  Bur- 
nett, a Scottish  gentleman  (1729-84),  for  the 
best  essays  on  the  Christian  evidences.  Lec- 
tureships now  take  the  place  of  the  essays. 
Burney  (ber'ni),  Charles.  Born  at  Shrews- 
bury, England,  April  12,  1726 : died  at  Chelsea, 
near  London,  April  12, 1814.  An  English  com- 
poser an  d historian  of  music.  He  was  the  father 
of  Madame  d’Arblay.  He  wrote  a “History  of 
Music”  (1776-89),  etc, 

Burney,  Charles.  Bom  at  Lynn,  Norfolk, 
England,  Dec.  4,  1757:  died  at  Deptford,  Dee. 

28,  1817.  An  English  classical  scholar,  son  of 
Charles  Burney.  He  is  noted  chiefly  as  the  collector 
of  the  Burney  Library,  which  was  purchased  by  Parlia- 
ment for  £13,500  and  deposited  in  the  British  Museum. 

Burney,  Frances.  See  Arblay,  Madame  d’. 
Burney,  James.  Born  1750:  died  Nov.  17, 
1821.  An  English  naval  officer  and  author. 
He  entered  tire  navy  in  1764,  attained  the  rank  of  captain, 
and  served  in  America  and  India.  He  was  with  Cook  on 
his  third  voyage.  1776-79.  After  1784  he  retired  on  half 
pay  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  principal 
works  are  “A  Chronological  History  of  the  Discoveries 
in  the  South  Sea  or  Pacific  Ocean”  (5  vols.  4to,  1801-17), 
“History  of  the  Buccaneers  of  America  ’ (1816),  and  “A 
Chronological  History  of  North  Eastern  Voyages  of  Dis- 
covery ” (1816). 

Burnley  (bern'le).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  river 
Burn  21  miles  north  of  Manchester.  Popula- 
tion, 106,337,  (1911).  „ 

Burnouf  (biir-ndf'),  Emile  Louis.  Bom  at 
Valognes,  Manche,  France,  Aug.  25,  1821.  A 
noted  French  philologist,  distinguished  as  an 
archaeologist  and  Orientalist.  He  was  collaborator 
with  Leupol  on  a Sanskrit- French  dictionary  (1863-65). 
Burnouf,  Eugene.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  12, 
1801 : died  at  Paris,  May  28,  1852.  A French 
Orientalist,  son  of  Jean  Louis  Burnouf,  cele- 
brated for  researches  in  the  Zend  language. 

His  chief  works  are  “ Commentaire  sur  le  Yaijna  ” (1833-36), 
“ Introduction  h l’histoire  du  Bouddliisme  indien  ” (1845), 
“ Le  lotus  de  la  bonne  loi,  traduit  du  Sanscrit " (1852). 

Burnouf,  Jean  Louis.  Born  at  Urville,  Manche, 
France,  Sept.  14,  1775 : died  at  Paris,  May  8, 
1844.  A noted  French  philologist.  He  wrote 
“Mrthode  pour  (Hudier  la  langue  grecque”  (1814),  “ M<5- 
thode  pour  Ctudier  la  langue  latine’’(1840),  translation  of 
Tacitus  (1827-33),  etc. 

Burns  (bernz),  Robert.  Bom  at  Alloway,  near 
Ayr,  Scotland,  Jan.  25,  1759 : died  at  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  July  21,  1796.  A famous  Scottish 
lyric  poet.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  William  Burness 
or  Burnes,  a nurseryman,  whose  ancestors  had  long  been 
farmers  in  Kincardineshire,  and  Agnes,  the  daughter  of  a 
Carrick  farmer.  He  received  a meager  education,  and  in 
1783,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother  Gilbert,  rented  a 
farm  at  Mossgiel,  whither  he  removed  in  the  following 


Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 

year.  He  published  a volume  of  poems  at  Kilmarnock 
in  1786,  on  which  occasion  he  changed  the  spelling  of  his 
family  name  to  Burns.  In  1786  he  paid  a visit  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  was  admitted  to  the  society  of  the  Duch- 
ess of  Gordon,  Lord  Monboddo,  Robertson,  Blair,  Gregory, 
Adam  Ferguson,  and  Fraser  Tytler,  and  where  a second 
edition  of  his  poems  was  published  by  Creecli  in  the  next 
year.  In  1788  he  married  Jane  Armour,  by  whom  he  had 
previously  had  several  children.  He  took  a farm  at  Ellis- 
land  in  the  same  year,  and  in  1789  became  an  officer  in  the 
excise.  In  1791  he  removed  to  Dumfries,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  literature  and  to  the  duties  of  his  office 
as  an  exciseman.  Here  also  appeared  in  1793  the  third 
edition  of  his  poems.  A collective  edition  of  his  works 
was  edited  by  Currie  in  1800,  and  another  by  Cunningham 
in  1834. 

Burnside  (bern'sld),  Ambrose  Everett.  Bom 

at  Liberty,  Indiana,  May  23, 1824:  died  at  Bris- 
tol, R.  I.,  Sept.  13, 1881.  An  American  general 
and  politician.  He  captured  Roanoke  Island  Feb.  8, 
and  Newbern  March  14, 1862 ; fought  at  Antietam  Sept. 
17 ; commanded  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Nov.  10, 1862,- 
Jan.  25, 1863;  was  defeated  at  Fredericksburg  Dec.  13, 1862; 
was  besieged  at  Knoxville  1863 ; served  under  Grant 
1864  ; was  governor  cf  Euode  Island  1867-69 ; and  was 
United  States  senator  1875-81. 

Burntisland  (bernt'i'land).  A seaport  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Fit’eshire,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  Firth  of  Forth  8 miles  north  of  Edinburgh. 
Population,  4,726. 

Burow  (bo'ro),  Julie.  Bom  at  Kydullen,  Prus- 
sia, Feb.  24,  1806:  died  at  Bromberg,  Prussia, 
Feb.  19, 1868.  A German  novelist.  She  wrote 
“ Aus  dem  Leben  eines  Gliieklichen  ” (1852),  “Johann  Kep- 
ler ” (1857-65),  etc. 

Burr  (ber),  Aaron.  Born  at  Fairfield,  Conn.. 
Jan.  4, 1716 : died  Sept.  24, 1757.  An  American 
clergyman,  president  of  the  College  of  New 
Jersey  1748-57. 

Burr,  Aaron.  Bom  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Feb.  6, 
1756:  died  at  Port  Richmond,  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  14, 1836.  An  American  politician, 
son  of  Aaron  Burr  (1716-57).  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Canada  expedition  in  1775,  at  Monmouth 
in  1778  ; began  the  practice  of  law  in  New  York  in  1783 ; 
was  United  States  senator  from  New  York  1791-97 ; and 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  1801-05.  He  killed 
Alexander  Hamilton  in  a duel  July,  3804,  an  event  which 
destroyed  his  political  prospects.  About  1805  he  conceived 
the  plan,  as  was  subsequently  charged  at  his  trial,  of  con- 
quering Texas,  perhaps  Mexico,  and  of  establishing  a re- 
public at  the  South,  with  New  Orleans  as  the  capital,  of 
which  he  should  be  the  president.  By  the  aid  of  Blen- 
nerhasset  and  others  he  was  enabled  to  purchase  a vast 
tract  of  land  on  the  Washita  River,  which  was  to  serve  as 
the  starting  point  of  an  expedition  to  be  led  by  him  in 
person.  He  was  arrested  in  Mississippi  Territory  Jan.  14, 
1807,  was  indicted  for  treason  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  May 
22,  and  was  acquitted  Sept.  1. 

Burrhus,  or  Burrus  (bur'us),  Afranius.  Killed 

62  (63?)  A.  D.  A Roman  officer.  He  was  ap- 
pointed sole  pretorian  prefect  by  Claudius  in  62,  and  was, 
together  with  Seneca,  intrusted  with  the  education  of 
Nero.  By  his  influence  with  the  pretorian  guards  he  se- 
cured the  undisputed  succession  of  his  pupil  in  54.  Hav- 
ing offended  the  latter  by  his  sternness  and  virtue, .he 
was  put  to  death  by  poison. 

Burritt  (hur'it),Elihu,  surnamed  “ The  Learned 
Blacksmith.”  Born  at  New  Britain,  Conn.,  Dec. 
8,  1810 : died  there,  March  7,  1879.  A social  re- 
former and  linguist,  a blacksmith  by  trade. 
He  was  an  advocate  of  the  abolition  of  war,  and  wrote 
“Sparks  from  the  Anvil  ”(1848),  “Olive  Leaves  ” (1853), 
“ Thoughts  and  Things  at  Home  and  Abroad  ” (1854),  etc. 

Burroughs  (bur'oz),  George.  Died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Aug.  19, 1692.  An  American  clergyman. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1670,  and  served 
as  pastor  at  Falmouth  (Portland),  Maine,  and  at  Salem 
He  was  accused  of  having  bewitched  one  Mary  Wolcott, 
and  was  condemned  on  the  evidence  of  confessed  witches, 
who  affirmed  that  he  had  attended  witch-meetings  with 
them.  He  moved  many  to  tears  by  his  last  words  at  hie 
execution,  but  Cotton  Mather,  who  was  sitting  on  horse- 
back in  the  crowd,  reminded  the  people  that  Satan  often 
assumes  the  appearance  of  an  angel  of  light. 

Burroughs,  John.  Bom  at  Roxbury,  N.  Y., 
April  3,  1837.  An  American  essayist.  He  has 
written  “Wake-Robin  ” (1871),  “Winter Sunshine”  (1875), 
“ Birds  and  Poets  ” (1877),  “ Pepacton  " (1881),  “ Freeh 
Fields  " (1884),  “Signs  and  Seasons"  (1886),  etc. 

Burrows  (bur'oz),  William.  Born  near  Phila- 
delphia, Oct.  6,1785:  died  near  Portland,  Maine, 
Sept.5,1813.  An  American  naval  officer,  in  com- 
mand of  the  Enterprise  he  captured  the  British  brig 
Boxer,  near  Portland,  Maine,  Sept.  5,  1813.  Both  com- 
manders fell  in  the  action. 

Burslem  (bers'lem).  A town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  17  miles  north  of  Stafford,  it  is  the 
chief  town  of  the  potteries  district,  and  contains  the 
Wedgwood  Institute.  Population,  38,766. 

Burton  (ber'ton),  John  Hill.  Boro  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  Aug.  22,  1809 : died  at  Morton 
House,  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  10, 1881.  A Scot- 
tish historian  and  jurist.  His  chief  works  are  “A 
History  of  Scotland  from  Agricola’s  Invasion  to  the  Re- 
bellion of  1745”  (1853-70),  “A  History  of  the  Reign  of 
Queen  Anne  ”(1880). 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis.  Born  at  Bar- 
ham House,  Hertfordshire,  England,  March  19, 
1821 : died  at  Triest,  Austria,  Oct.  20,  1890. 
A noted  explorer  and  prolific  writer  of  travels. 


Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 

After  serving  in  the  East  Indian  array  lie  went  in  1853  to 
Mecca.  His  “ First  Footsteps  in  Eastern  Africa  ” (1856) 
were  in  1854,  when  he  accompanied  Speke  to  Harrar.  In 
1858  he  was  again  in  East  Africa  with  Speke,  and  dis- 
covered Lake  Tanganyika,  while  Speke  discovered  Lake 
Victoria.  In  1861  he  was  in  West  Africa  as  British  con- 
sul at  Fernando  Po ; ascended  the  peak  of  Kamerun ; 
and  spent  three  months  at  the  court  of  Dahomey.  To 
the  end  of  his  life  he  continued  in  the  consular  service  : 
at  Santos,  Brazil  (1865-69)  ; at  Damascus  (1869-71) ; at 
Triest,  where  he  died  (1872-90).  Of  the  more  than  thirty 
volumes  published  by  him,  the  principal  are  “ Personal 
Narrative  of  a Pilgrimage  to  El  Medinah  and  Meccah " 
(1865),  “ Lake  Regions  of  Central  Africa  ” (1860),  “ A Mis- 
sion to  the  King  of  Dahomey ’’ (1864),  “ Explorations  of 
the  Highlands  of  Brazil,”  etc.  (1868),  and  a literal  version 
of  the  “ Arabian  Nights.”  See  Century  Atlas,  Hap  109. 

Burton,  Robert.  Born  at  Lindley,  Leicester- 
shire, Feb.  8,  1577  : died  at  Oxford  (?),  Jan.  25, 
1640.  A noted  English  writer.  He  entered  the 
University  of  Oxford  in  1593,  was  elected  student  of 
Christ  Church  in  1599,  and  became  rector  of  Segrave, 
Leicestershire,  in  1630.  He  was  the  author  of  the  famous 
“Anatomy  of  Melancholy  ” (which  see). 

Burton,  William  Evans.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  24,  1804:  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  9. 
1860.  An  English  comedian,  theatrical  man- 
ager, and  writer.  He  came  to  America  in  1834,  and 
made  his  first  professional  appearance  in  September  of 
that  year  at  the  Arch  Street  Theater,  Philadelphia,  in 
which  city  he  lived  fourteen  years.  In  1837  he  started 
“The  Gentleman's  Magazine."  In  1848  he  came  to  New 
York.  With  others  he  organized  the  American  Shakspe- 
rian  Club  in  1852. 

Burton  Junior.  A pseudonym  once  used  by 
Charles  Lamb  in  the  “Reflector,”  in  an  article 
•entitled  “On  the  Melancholy  of  Tailors.” 
Burton-on-Trent  (ber'ton-on-trent').  [ME. 
Burton, Burton  up  o Trent,  AS.  Byrtun.)  A town 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Trent 
11  miles  southwest  of  Derby.  It  is  noted  for  the 
brewing  of  pale  ale,  stout,  etc.,  in  the  establishments  of 
Base  and  Allsopp.  Population,  48,275,  (1911). 

Burtscheid  (bort'shid).  [L.  Torcetum,  F.  Bor- 
cette.']  A town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
1|  miles  southeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It  is  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  cloth  and  needles,  and  for  its  min- 
eral springs.  It  has  also  an  old  Benedictine  monastery. 
Population,  commune,  6,322. 

Burn.  See  Boeroe. 

Bury  (ber'i).  A town  and  parliamentary  bor- 
ough in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the 
river  Irwell  10  miles  north  of  Manchester. 

Its  chief  industries  are  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen 
(the  latter  introduced  under  Edward  III.).  Population, 
68,649,  (1911). 

Bury,  Ange  Henri  Blaze  de.  See  Blar.e  de 
Bury. 

Bury,  Richard  de.  Born  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds in  1281 : died  at  Auckland,  England, 
1345.  An  English  prelate  and  scholar.  He  was  the 
son  of  Sir  Richard  Aungerville,  and  received  his  name  from 
his  birthplace.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  became  a Ben- 
edictine monk  at  Durham.  He  was  tutor  to  Edward  of 
Windsor  (afterward  Edward  III.),  became  dean  of  Wells 
in  1333,  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Durham  in  the  same 
year,  and  was  appointed  high  chancellor  of  England  in 
1334.  He  founded  a library  at  Oxford  in  connection  with 
Durham  College,  and  wrote  a treatise  on  the  art  of  collect- 
ing and  preserving  books,  entitled  “Philobiblon,”  which 
was  first  printed  at  Cologne  in  1473. 

Bury  Fair.  A play  by  Thomas  Shadwell,  pro- 
duced about  1690.  It  is  an  imitation  of  Molibre’s 
“ Les  Pr^cieuses  Ridicules.  ” 

Bury  Saint  Edmunds  (ber'i  sant  ed'mundz). 
A town  in  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the 
Lark  in  lat.  52°  15'  N.,  long.  0°  43'  E.  it  con- 
tains the  ruins  of  a Benedictine  abbey  founded  by  Canute, 
the  abbey  gateway,  Norman  tower,  and  several  churches. 
The  Roman  Villa  Faustini  was  probably  here.  It  is  the 
capital  of  East  Anglia,  and  has  been  the  seat  of  several 
parliaments.  It  was  also  the  Beene  of  the  murder  of  St. 
Edmund.  Population,  16,255. 

Bus  (biis),  C6sar  ds.  Born  at  Cavaillon,  Vau- 
cluse,  France,  Feb.  3,  1544:  died  at  Avignon, 
France,  April  15,  1607.  A French  priest, 
founder  of  the  “Congregation  of  the  Chris- 
tian Doctrine.”  He  wrote  “Instructions  fa- 
mili&res”  (1666),  etc. 

Busaco  (bo-sa'ko).  A hamlet  in  Beira,  Portu- 
gal, 17  miles  northeast  of  Coimbra.  Here,  Sept. 
27,  1810,  the  British  and  Portuguese  under  Wellington 
defeated  the  French  under  Massbna.  The  loss  of  the 
French  was  about  4,500 ; of  the  Allies,  1,300. 

Busbec,  or  Busbecq  (biis-bek'),  or  Busbecque 
(Latinized  Busbequius),  Augier  Ghislain  de. 

Bom  at  Comines,  Flanders,  1522:  died  near 
Rouen,  France,  Oct.  28,  1592.  A Flemish  di- 
plomatist and  scholar,  ambassador  of  Ferdi- 
nand I.  at  Constantinople. 

Busby  (buz'bi),  Richard.  Born  at  Button  or 
Sutton,  Lincolnshire,  England,  Sept.  22, 1606: 
died  April  6,  1695.  A noted  English  teacher, 
head-master  of  Westminster  School  1640. 
Busca  (bos'ka).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Maira 
9 miles  northwest  of  Cuneo. 

Busch  (bosh),  Julius  Hermann  Moritz.  Born 


197 

at  Dresden,  Feb.  13,  1821 : died  Nov.  16,  1899. 
A German  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  He  was 
employed  by  Bismarck  in  the  department  of  state.  His 
works  include  “ Schleswig- Holsteinische  Briefe  " (1854), 
“ Graf  Bismarck  und  seine  Leute  ” (1878),  etc. 

Biisching  (biish'ing),  Anton  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Stadthagen,  in  Schaumburg-Lippe,  Germany, 
Sept.  27,  1724:  died  at  Berlin,  May  28,  1793. 
A noted  German  geographer.  His  chief  work  is 
“ Erdbeschreibung  ” (1754-92,  “Description  of  the  Globe 
translated  in  part  into  English,  1762). 

Buschmann  (bosh'man),  Karl  Eduard.  Born 
at  Magdeburg,  Feb.  14,  1805 : died  at  Berlin, 
April  21, 1880.  A Prussian  philologist.  He  spent 
a year  in  Mexico,  1827-28,  and  on  his  return  was  associ- 
ated with  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  in  philological  work. 
After  1832  he  was  employed  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library, 
eventually  becoming  librarian.  After  the  death  of  Wil- 
helm von  Humboldt,  Buschmann  was  engaged  by  Alex- 
ander von  Humboldt,  assisting  him  in  the  preparation  of 
“Kosmos  ” and  other  works.  His  principal,  independent 
writings  are  “ Ueber  die  aztekischen  Ortsnamen  ” (1853), 
“Die  Spuren  der  aztekischen  Sprache  im  nordlichen 
Mexico"  (1859,  2 vols.),  several  works  on  the  Apache  and 
Athapascan  languages,  and  "Grammatik  der  sotiorischen 
Sprachen  ” (1864-69).  He  edited  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt’s 
‘‘Ueber  die  Kawisprache,”  the  third  volume  being  his 
own  work. 

Bushire  (bo-sher'),  or  Abushehr  (a-bo-sher'), 
or  Bushahr  (bo-shar').  A seaport  iu  Farsis- 
tan,  southern  Persia,  situated  on  the  Persian 
Gulf  in  lat.  28°  59'  N.,  long.  50°  50'  E.  it  is  an 
important  commercial  center,  and  a station  of  the  British- 
Indian  Steam  Navigation  Company.  It  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  Dec.,  1856.  Population,  about  25,000. 

Bushiri  bin  Salim  (bd-she're  bin  sa-lem').  A 
mulatto  Arab  of  East  Africa,  head  of  the  Arab 
war  against  the  Germans  1888-89.  Bushiri  was 

born  about  1834,  and  owned  a plantation  at  Pangani  when 
the  Germans  annexed  that  region.  In  May,  1889,  he  was 
beaten  by  Captain  Wissmann ; in  June  he  captured 
Mpwapwaand  induced  the  Maflti  tribe  to  attack  the  Ger- 
mans ; in  Oct.  he  again  lost  a battle  with  the  Germans, 
and  fled  to  the  Nguru  mountains.  There  he  was  captured 
by  the  natives,  and  in  December  hanged  by  the  Germans 
at  Pangani. 

Bushman  Land  (bush'man  land),  Great.  A 
region  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Cape  Colony, 
South  Africa,  in  lat.  29°-30°  S.,  long.  19°-21°  E. 
It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Bushmen. 

Bushmen  (bush/men).  [Tr.  From  S.  African  D. 
Bosjesman.\  An  African  race.  See  Hottentot, 
Khoiklioin,  and  Pygmies.  The  Bushmen  are  also 
called  San,  and  Th.  Hahn  proposes  this  name  for  all  the 
Bushmen,  as  Khoikhoin  is  applied  to  the  Hottentots.  The 
Sanlanguage  is  evidently  a sister  branch  of  the  Khoikhoin, 
but  poorer  and  less  regular  in  grammatic  forms,  while 
richer  in  clicks.  The  dialects  diverge  considerably.  The 
Bushmen  are  known  by  different  names,  according  to  the 
Bantu  tribes  on  whose  skirts  they  live.  Thus  the  Ama-Xosa 
call  them  Aba-tua ; the  Ba-suto,  Ba-rua.  Ba-tua,  Bakua, 
Ba-tshua,  is  the  name  most  generally  given  to  the  Pyg- 
mies and  Bushmen  from  Galla-land  to  the  Cape,  and 
would,  it  seems,  be  the  best  name  for  the  whole  race. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Pygmies  and  Bushmen  also 
speak  the  dialects  of  their  Bantu  neighbors,  most  of  the 
Pygmy  vocabularies  given  by  travelers  are  Bantu.  The 
principal  Bushmen  tribes  are  the  Ba-Bumantsu  in  Ba- 
sutoland; the  Ba-Lala  in  Bechuanaland;  the  Ma-Denas- 
sana,  serfs  of  the  Ba-Mangwato,  of  Chuana  stock;  the 
Ma-Sarwa  in  the  Kalahari  desert ; the  Ba-Kankala  in  the 
Kunene  valley;  and  the  Ba-Kasekele  northeast  of  them. 
It  is  not  yet  settled  whether  the  Ba-Kuise,  Ba-Kuando, 
and  Ba-Koroka  near  Mossarnedes,  southern  Angola,  are 
Bushmen  or  degenerated  Bantu  negroes. 

Busimell  (bush'nel),  Horace.  Bom  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  April  14,  1802:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Feb.  17, 1876.  A distinguished  Congre- 
gational clergyman  and  theologian.  He  preached 
at  Hartford  1833-59.  His  works  include  “ God  in  Christ" 
(1819),  “Christ  in  Theology  ” (1851),  "Nature  and  the  Su- 
pernatural ” (1858),  “Vicarious  Sacrifice  ” (1865),  etc. 

Bushy  (bush'i),  Sir  John,  A follower  of  the 
king  in  SHakspere’s  “King  Richard  II.” 

Busirane  (bu-si-ran').  An  enchanter,  in  Spen- 
ser's “Faerie  Queene,”  who  imprisoned  Amo- 
retta,  whom  he  kept  in  most  grievous  torment : 
named  from  Busiris. 

Bnsiris (hu-si'ris).  [Gr.  B nvatpi^.']  1.  A mythical 
king  of  Egypt  who  sacrificed  each  year  to  the 
gods,  to  insure  the  cessation  of  a famine,  one 
stranger  who  had  set  foot  on  his  shores.  Hercules 
was  seized  by  him,  and  would  have  fallen  a victim  had  he 
not  broken  his  bonds  and  slain  Busiris  with  his  club.  Bu- 
siris in  Milton,  who  follows  other  writers,  is  the  name 
given  to  the  Pharaoh  who  was  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 
Paradise  Lost,  i.  306. 

2.  A tragedy  by  Dr.  Young,  author  of  “Night 
Thoughts.”  It  was  produced  in  1719. 

Busiris,  modern  Abu  sir  ( a-bo-ser ' ) . In  ancient 
geography,  a town  in  the  Delta,  Egypt,  near 
the  Damietta  branch  of  the  Nile. 

Bussa  (bos'sii).  A place  situated  on  the  Niger, 
in  West  Africa,  about  lat.  10°  N.  Mungo  Park 
lost  his  life  there. 

Bussahir,  Bassahir  (bus  -sa-  her'),  or  Bas- 
hahr.  One  of  the  Simla  Hill  States,  Panjab, 
British  India.  Area,  3,820  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 80,582. 


Bute,  Marquis  of 

Bussang  (bii-soh').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  27  miles  southeast  of  Fpina). 
It  is  noted  for  its  mineral  springs. 

Bussey  (bus'i),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Canton, 
Mass.,  March  1,  1757 : died  at  Roxbury,  near 
Boston,  Jan.  13, 1842.  An  American  merchant, 
founder  of  the  “Bussey  Institution,”  a college 
of  agriculture  and  horticulture  connected  with 
Harvard  University,  opened  near  Boston  1869- 
1870. 

Bussorah.  See  Basra. 

Bussy  (bii-se'),  Comte  de  (Roger  de  Rabutin), 
called  Bussy-Rabutin.  Born  at  Epiry,  Niver- 
nais,  France,  April  13,  1618:  died  at  Autun, 
Prance,  April  9,  1693.  A French  soldier  and 
man  of  letters,  author  of  “Histoire  amoureuse 
des  Gaules”  (1665),  “ Mernoircs  ” (1696),  “Let- 
tres”  (1697). 

Bussy d’ Ambois (bii-se'  doh-bwa').  Atragedy 
by  Chapman,  published  in  1607.  The  allusions  in 
it  to  the  knights  of  James  I.,  and  to  Elizabeth  as  an  “ old 
queen,"  forbid  a date  earlier  than  1603 ; and  the  statement 
in  i.  2,  “ ’T  is  Leap  Year,”  which  must  apply  to  the  date  of 
production,  fixes  the  first  representation  at  1604  ( Fleay ). 
D’Urfey  produced  a play,  adapted  from  Chapman’s,  with 
this  title  in  1691. 

Bussy  d’ Ambois,  The  Revenge  of.  A sequel 
to  “ Bussy  d’Ambois,”  by  Chapman,  published 
in  1613. 

Bustamante  (bos-ta-man'te),  Anastasio.  Born 
at  Tiquilpan,  Miehoacan,  July  27,  1780:  died 
at  San  Miguel  Allende,  in  Guanajuato,  Feb. 
6,  1853.  A Mexican  politician  and  soldier.  He 
entered  the  Spanish  army  in  1808,  and  served  against  the 
early  revolutionists.  Joining  Iturbide  in  1821,  he  com- 
manded a division  in  the  march  on  Mexico,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  provisional  junta.  The  fall  of  Iturbide 
(1823)  forced  him  into  retirement,  but  in  1828  he  was  elected 
vice-president  under  Guerrero,  commanding  the  army. 
Soon  after  he  revolted  against  Guerrero,  heading  the  Cen- 
tralist party,  and  its  success  made  him  acting  president 
of  Mexico.  Santa  Anna  declared  against  him  (1832),  and 
alter  a bloody  war  Bustamante  was  deposed  (Dec.)  and 
banished.  After  Santa  Anna  was  captured  by  the  Texans, 
Bustamante  was  called  back  and  elected  president  of 
Mexico  (1837).  There  was  a brief  war  with  France  in 
1838,  and  new  disorders  which  broke  out  in  1839  forced 
Bustamante  to  give  up  the  presidency  to  Santa  Anna 
(1841).  He  served  in  the  army  until  1848. 

Bustamante,  Carlos  Maria.  Born  in  Oajaca, 
Nov.  4,  1774:  died  at  Mexico,  Sept.  21,  1848. 
A Mexican  statesman  and  historian.  He  com- 
manded a regiment  under  Morelos  (1812),  was  captured 
and  imprisoned  at  Vera  Cruz,  but  was  released  by  Santa 
Anna  and  marched  with  him  to  the  capital  (1821).  There- 
after he  took  an  active  part  in  political  life.  His  histori- 
cal works  are  of  great  importance  for  the  revolutionary 
and  modern  period:  the  best-known  is  “Cuadro  histdrico 
de  la  revolucion  de  la  America  mejicana.’’ 

Bustamante  y Guerra  ( bos-ta-man ' te  e gar'  ra) . 
Jose.  Born  about  1750 : died  about  1822.  A 
Spanish  naval  officer  and  administrator,  from 
March,  1811,  to  March,  1818,  captain-general  of 
Guatemala. 

Bustan  (bos-tan').  [Pers.  (from  bit,  fragrance, 
and  stdn,  place ),  ‘ a flower-garden,  a place  in 
which  grow  fragrant  fruits,  an  orchard.’]  The 
name  of  several  Persian  works,  among  which 
the  “ Bustan”  (or  tree-garden)  of  Saoi  is  the 
most  famous. 

Busto  Arsizio  (bos'to  ar-set'se-o).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Milan,  Italy,  19  miles  north- 
west of  Milan.  Population,  19,673. 

Busy  (biz'i),  Zeal-01-the-Land,  known  as  Rab- 
bi Busy.  An  unctuous,  gormandizing  Puritan, 
of  gross  ignorance  and  a scorn  of  culture,  in 
Ben  Jonson’s  play  “Bartholomew  Fair.” 
Busybody  (biz'i-bodU),  The.  A pseudonym 
used  by  Benjamin  Franklin  in  a series  of  arti- 
cles written  in  1728. 

Busybody,  The.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre, 
produced  and  printed  in  1709.  In  this  play  Mar- 
plot is  first  introduced.  The  plot  is  partly  from  Jonson’s 
“ Devil  is  an  Ass.’’  A second  part,  called  “ Marplot,  or  the 
Second  Part  of  the  Busybody,”  was  produced  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre  in  1710.  Henry  Woodward  altered  it  and  called 
It  “ Marplot  in  Lisbon.” 

Butades.  See  Dibutadcs. 

Butcher  (bucb'er),  The  Bloody.  An  epithet 
applied  to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  from  his 
cruelty  in  suppressing  the  Jacobite  rising  after 
the  battle  of  Culloden,  1746. 

Bute  (but).  An  island  situated  in  the  Firth 
of  Clyde,  south  of  Argyll  and  west  of  Ayr- 
shire, in  the  county  of  Bute.  Its  chief  town  is 
Rothesay.  Length,  154  miles.  Area,  about 
48  square  miles. 

Bute,  or  Buteshire  (but'shir).  A county  in 

Scotland,  it  comprises  the  islands  of  Bute,  Arran,  Inch- 
marnock,  Great  Cumbrae,  Little  Cumbrae,  and  Uoly  Isle. 
Its  capital  is  Rothesay.  Area,  218  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (civil  county),  18,786. 

Bute,  Earl  of.  See  Stuart,  John. 

Bute,  Marquis  of.  See  Stuart,  John  Patrick 
Crichton. 


Bute,  Kyles  of 

Bute,  Kyles  of.  A strait  between  the  island  of 
Bute  and  Argyllshire,  Scotland. 

Buthrotum  (bu-thro'tum),  modern  Butrinto 
(bo-tren'td).  In  ancient  geography,  a seaport 
in  Epirus.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Helenus,  son  of  Priam. 

Butkhak  (bot'khak),  or  Bootkauk  (bot'hak). 
A pass  in  the  mountains  of  Afghanistan,  east 
of  Kabul. 

Butler  (but'ler ),  Alban.  Born  at  Appletree, 
Northampton,  England,  1710:  died  atSt.  Omer, 
France,  May  15, 1773.  An  Engbsh  Roman  Cath- 
olic hagiographer.  He  wrote  “Lives  of  the 
Fathers,  Martyrs,  and  other  principal  Saints” 
(1756-59),  etc. 

Butler,  Andrew  Pickens.  Bom  in  Edgefield 
District,  S.  C.,  Nov.  17,  1796:  died  near  Edge- 
field  Court  House,  S.  C.,  May  25,  1857.  An 
American  politician,  United  States  senator 
from  South  Carolina  1846-57. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born  at  Kinder- 
hook  Landing,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  17,  1795:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  8,  1858.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician,  attorney-general  of  the  United  States 
1833-38,  and  acting  secretary  of  war  1836-37. 
Butler,  Benjamin" Franklin.  Born  at  Deer- 
field, N.  H.,  Nov.  5,  1818:  died  at  Washington, 
Jan.  11, 1893.  An  American  lawyer,  politician, 
and  general.  He  commanded  the  Army  of  the  James; 
was  defeated  at  Big  Bethel,  June  10, 1801 ; captured  Forts 
Hatteras  and  Clark,  Aug.,  1861 ; and  was  military  governor 
of  New  Orleans  May-Dec.,  1802.  In  1864  he  was  “bottled 
up"  at  Bermuda  Hundred  by  the  enemy  (a  historic  phrase 
used  by  General  Barnard,  Grant’s  chief  of  engineers).  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1867-75  and 
1877-79  ; governor  of  Massachusetts  1883  ; and  candidate 
of  the  Anti-Monopoly,  National  Greenback- Labor,  and 
People’s  parties  for  President  in  1884.  In  1811  he  refused 
to  deliver  up  slaves  who  had  come  within  Iris  lines,  saying 
they  were  “contraband  of  war”;  hence  arose  the  desig- 
nation “contrabands”  for  slaves. 

Butler,  Charles.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  14, 
1750:  died  at  London,  June  2,  1832.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist,  Roman  Catholic  historian,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  nephew  of  Alban  Butler. 
His  works  include  “Horse  Biblicfe”  (1797-1807),  “Horse 
juridical  subsecivse  ’’  (1804),  “ Reminiscences  ’’  (1822-27), 
etc. 

Butler,  Lady  (Elizabeth  Southerden  Thomp- 
son). Bora  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  in  1844. 
An  English  artist,  chiefly  noted  as  a painter  of 
military  subjects.  Among  her  pictures  are  “Missing" 
(1873),  “ The  Roll  Call  "(1874),  “Balaklava"(1876),  “Inker- 
man  6 (1877),  “ Evicted  ” (1890),  etc. 

Butler,  James.  Born  at  Clerkenwell,  England, 
Oct.  19,  1610:  died  at  Kingston  Hall,  Dorset- 
shire, England,  July  21,  1688.  The  first  Duke 
of  Ormonde.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Butler,  Vis- 
count Thurles,  and  became  earl  of  Ormonde  on  the  death 
of  his  grandfather  in  1632.  He  was  the  friend  and  confi- 
dential adviser  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford ; was  appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  the  army  in  Ireland  in  1641 ; defeat  ed 
the  Irish  rebels  at  Killsalghen,  Kilrush,  and  Ross;  and 
became  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1644.  After  the  exe- 
cution of  Charles  I.  he  attached  himself  to  the  cause  of 
Charles  II.,  whom  he  accompanied  into  exile.  At  the  Res- 
toration he  was  created  duke  of  Ormonde  and  lord  high 
steward  of  England.  He  was  restored  in  1662  to  the  lord 
lieutenancy  of  Ireland,  a post  which  lie  retained,  with  an 
interruption  of  seven  years,  until  1685. 

Butler,  James,  Duke  of  Ormonde.  Born  in 
Dublin  Castle,  April  29,  1665:  died  Nov.  16, 
1745.  An  Irish  statesman.  He  was  the  son  of  the 
Earl  of  Ossory,  and  became  duke  of  Ormonde  on  the  death 
of  his  grandfather  James  Butler  (1610-48).  He  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  the  same  year,  and 
commanded  the  Life  Guards  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne 
in  1690.  In  1712  he  succeeded  Marlborough  in  the  con- 
duct of  the  campaign  in  Flanders.  In  accordance  with 
secret  instructions  from  the  ministry,  he  declined  to  co- 
operate with  the  Allies  against  the  French,  on  which 
account  he  was  impeached  by  the  Whigs  in  1715.  He  fled 
to  France,  was  attainted,  and  in  1719  commanded  an  ex- 
pedition fitted  out  by  Spain  against  England  in  behalf  of 
the  Pretender : the  expedition  was  dispersed  by  a storm. 

Butler,  James.  Born  in  Prince  William  Coun- 
ty, Ya. : died  at  Cloud’s  Creek,  S.  C.,  1781.  An 
American  patriot  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  partizan  warfare  with  the 
British,  and  was  killed  in  the  massacre  at  Cloud's  Creek. 
Butler,  John.  Born  in  Connecticut:  died  at 
Niagara,  1794.  An  American  Tory  commander 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  made  deputy 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  by  the  British  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  led  a force  of 
900  Indians  and  200  loyalists,  which  desolated  the  infant 
settlementof  Wyoming  in  1778,  in  the  so-called  “Wyoming 
massacre.”  After  the  war  he  tied  to  Canada,  and  his  es- 
tates were  confiscated ; but  lie  was  rewarded  by  the 
British  government  with  the  office  of  Indian  agent,  5,000 
acres  of  land,  and  a salary  and  pension  of  §3,500  a year. 
Butler,  Joseph.  Born  at  Wantage,  Berkshire, 
England,  May  18,  1692:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
June  16, 1752.  An  English  prelate  and  theolo- 
gian, made  bishop  of  Bristol  in  1738,  and  of 
Durham  in  1750.  His  most  noted  work  is  the  “Anal- 
ogy of  Religion,  Natural  and  Revealed,  to  the  Constitu- 
tion and  Course  of  Nat  ure  ” (1736). 


198 

Butler,  Reuben.  In  Scott’s  novel  “The Heart 
of  Mid-Lothian,”  a weak  and  sensitive  minister 
of  the  Scottish  Church,  who  marries  Jeanie 
Deans. 

Butler,  Samuel.  Born  at  Strensham,  Worces- 
tershire, England,  Feb.,  1612  : died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  25, 1680.  An  English  poet.  He  is  said 

to  have  studied  for  a short  time  at  Cambridge  about  1627 ; 
was  attendant  to  Elizabeth,  countess  of  Kent,  about  1628, 
in  whose  house  he  met  John  Selden;  and  served  as  clerk 
or  attendant  to  a succession  of  country  gentlemen,  in- 
cluding the  Presbyterian  Sir  Samuel  Luke,  who  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  original  of  Hudibras.  He  was  the  author 
of  “ Hudibras  ” (1663-78),  a heroic-comic  poem  satirizing 
Puritanism. 

Butler,  Samuel.  Born  at  Kenilworth,  War- 
wickshire, England,  Jan.  30,  1774:  died  at  Ec- 
cleshall  Castle,  Staffordshire,  England,  Dec.  4, 
1839.  An  English  prelate  and  classical  scholar, 
bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry. 

Butler,  Walter.  Died  near  Schorndorf,  Wiir- 
temberg,  1634.  An  Irish  adventurer,  in  the 
imperial  service  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War,  an 
accomplice  in  the  assassination  of  Wallenstein. 
Butler,  William  Allen.  Born  at  Albany,  N.Y., 
Feb.  20,  1825:  died  at  Youkers,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  9, 
1902.  An  American  lawyer  and  poet,  son  of 
Benjamin  Franklin  Butler  (1795-1858).  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in 
1843 , studied  law  with  his  father ; and  took  up  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  New  York  city.  He  was  the  author  of  “No- 
thing to  Wear:  an  Episode  in  City Life”(1857),  etc.,  “TwoMil- 
lions"  (1858),  “General  Average”  (1860),  and  other  poems. 

Butler,  William  Archer.  Born  at  Annerville, 
near  Clonmel,  Ireland,  about  1814 : died  July  5, 
1848.  An  Irish  clergyman  and  philosophical 
and  theological  writer,  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Dublin.  His  works 
include  “ Sermons  " (1849),  “ Letters  on  the  Development 
of  Christian  Doctrine  " (1850),  “Lectures  on  the  History 
of  Ancient  Philosophy  ’ (1856),  etc. 

Butler,  William  Orlando.  Born  in  Jessamine 
County,  Ky.,  1791:  died  at  Carrollton,  Ky., 
Aug.  6,  1880.  An  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812  ; commanded  the 
army  in  Mexico,  Feb.-May,  1848;  was  a member  of  Con- 
gress  1839—43 ; and  was  Democratic  candidate  for  Vice- 
President  in  1848. 

Buto  (bu'to).  An  Egyptian  divinity,  identified 
by  the  Greeks  with  Leto : the  eponymous  god- 
dess of  Buto  or  Butos,  a town  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Nile  delta. 

Buton.  (bo-ton'),  or  Boeton,  or  Bouton.  An 

island  in  the  East  Indies,  southeast  of  Celebes, 
in  lat.  5°  S.,  long.  123°  E.,  belonging  to  the 
Netherlands,  Area,  estimated,  1,700  square 
miles. 

Butt  (but),  Isaac.  Born  at  Glenfin,  Donegal, 
Ireland,  Sept.  6,  1813:  died  near  Dundrum, 
County  Dublin,  May  5,  1879.  An  Irish  lawyer 
and  politician.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1852,  and 
was  leader  of  the  Home  Rule  party  1871-77.  He  was  the 
author  of  a “ History  of  Italy  from  the  Abdication  of 
Napoleon  I."  (1860),  etc. 

Butte  (but),  or  Butte  City.  A city  in  Silver 
Bow  County,  Montana,  situated  in  the  heart 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  lat.  46°  3'  N.,  long. 
112°  27'  W.  It  contains  the  Anaconda  and  many  other 
mines,  and  produces  large  quantities  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper.  Population,  39,165,  (1910). 

Buttermere  (but'er-mer).  A small  lake  in  the 
Lake  District  of  England,  situated  6 miles 
southwest  of  Derwentwater. 

Buttes  (hut),  Les.  A tillage  in  fhe  canton  of 
Neuchatel,  Switzerland, situated  20miles  south- 
west of  Neuchatel.  It  is  noted  for  its  position, 
inclosed  by  mountains. 

Buttington  (but'ing-ton).  A place  in  Mont- 
gomery, Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn  8 miles 
north  of  Montgomery.  Here,  in  894,  the  Eng- 
lish under  the  ealdorman  iEthelred  defeated 
the  Danes. 

Biittisholz  (biit'tis-holts).  A village  in  the 
canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  11 
miles  northwest  of  Lucerne.  Here,  in  1375,  the 
Swiss  peasants  defeated  and  slew  3,000  English  under 
Ingelram  de  Coucy  : their  bodies  were  buried  in  the 
“ Englanderhubel  " (Englishman’s  mound). 

Buttmann  (bot'mau),  Philipp  Karl.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Maiu,  Germany,  Dec.  5, 1764: 
died  at  Berlin,  June  21,  1829.  A noted  German 
philologist.  His  works  include  “Griechische 
Grammatik”  (1792),  “ Schulgrammatik”  (1816), 
“Lexilogus”  (1818). 

Button  (but'n),  Sir  Thomas.  Died  1634.  An 

English  na  vigator.  He  commanded  an  expedition  to 
search  for  the  northwest  passage,  1612-13,  on  which  he 
explored  for  the  first  time  the  coasts  of  Hudson  Bay,  and 
named  Nelson  River,  New  Wales,  and  Button  s Bay. 

Butts  (huts),  Sir  William.  Died  Nov.  22, 
1545.  An  English  physician.  He  was  horn  in 
Norfolk,  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  being  admitted 
to  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1518.  He  subsequently  became 


Byng,  George 

physician  in  ordinary  to  Henry  VIII.  He  appears  as  one 
of  the  characters  in  Shakspere  s “ Henry  VIII.”  (v.  2). 

Buturlin  (bo-tor-len'),  Dmitri  Petrovitch. 

Bom  at  St.  Petersburg,  1790:  died  near  St. 
Petersburg,  Oct.  21,  1849.  A Russian  military 
writer.  His  works  include  “ Relation  de  la  campagne 
en  Italie  1799”  (1810),  “Tableau  de  la  campagnede  1813 
en  Allemagne  ’’  (ISlo),  etc. 

Buxar,  or  Baxar  (buk-sar').  A town  in  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  60  miles  east-northeast  of 
Benares.  Here,  Oct.  23,  1764,  the  British  force  (7,000) 
under  Hector  Munro  defeated  the  native  army  (40,000). 
The  loss  of  the  latter  was  over  6,000. 

Buxbowden  (boks-hev'den),  Count  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Magnusthal,  island 
of  Mohn,  Baltic  Sea,  Sept.  25  (N.  S.),  1750: 
died  at  Lohde,  Esthonia,  Russia,  Sept.  4 (N.  S.), 
1811.  A Russiau  general,  distinguished  in  the 
campaigns  in  Poland  and  Sweden.  He  com- 
manded the  Russian  left  wing  at  Austerlitz. 
Buxton  (buks'ton).  A town  and  watering-place 
in  Derbyshire,  England,  situated  20  miles  south- 
east of  Manchester.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  miueral 
springs.  Its  chief  structure  is  the  “Crescent,"  and  the 
objects  of  interest  in  the  vicinity  are  Poole’s  Hole  (stalac- 
tite cave),  Diamond  Hill,  and  the  cliff  Chee  Tor.  Popu- 
lation, 6,373. 

Buxton,  Charles.  Born  Nov.  18,  1823 : died 
Aug.  10,  1871.  An  English  politician  and  phi- 
lanthropist, son  of  Sir  Thomas  Fowell  Buxton. 
He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1843 ; be- 
came a partner  in  the  brewery  of  Truman,  Hanbury  and 
Co.,  London,  in  1845  ; was  member  of  Parliament  for  New- 
port, Isle  of  Wight,  1857-59,  for  Maidstone  1859-65,  and  for 
East  Surrey  18  5-71.  He  edited  “ Memoirs  of  Sir  Thomas 
Fowell  Buxton”  (1848),  “Slavery  and  Freedom  in  the 
British  West  Indies”  (1860),  etc. 

Buxton,  Jedediah.  Born  at  Elmton,  Derby- 
shire, England,  March  20,  1707 : died  there, 
1772.  An  English  mathematical  prodigy.  He 

was  the  son  of  a schoolmaster,  but  remained  throughout 
life  a farm  laborer,  because  of  incapacity  to  acquire  an 
education,  his  mind  being  occupied  by  an  absorbing  pas- 
sion for  mental  calculations. 

Buxton,  Sir  Thomas  Fowell.  Born  April  1, 
1786:  died  Feb.  19,  1845.  An  English  philan- 
thropist. He  was  an  advocate  of  the  abolition  of  sla- 
very,  and  was  parliamentary  leader  of  the  antislavery 
party  after  1824. 

Buxtorf,  or  Buxtorff  (boks'torf),  Johann,  the 

elder.  Born  at  Kamen,  Westphalia,  Germany, 
Dec.  25, 1564 : died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Sept. 
13,1629.  A German  Protestant  theologian,  noted 
as  a Hebraist.  He  was  professor  at  Basel  1591-1629. 
His  chief  works  are  “ Manuale  hebraicum  et  chaldaieum  ” 
(1602),  “Lexicon  hebraicum  et  chaldaieum  ” (1607),  “Bib- 
lia  hebraica  rabbinica  ” (1618-19). 

Buxtorf,  or  Buxtorff,  Johann,  the  younger. 
Born  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Aug.  13,  1599 : died 
at  Basel,  Aug.  16,  1664.  A German  Hebraist, 
son  of  Johann  Buxtorf. 

Buyides  (bu'yi-dez),  or  Bowides.  A Persian 
dynasty  of  the  10th  and  11th  centuries,  over- 
thrown about  1055. 

Buzfuz  (buz'fuz),  Sergeant.  In  Charles  Dick- 
ens’s “Pickwick  Papers,”  the  pompous  and 
brutal  counsel  for  Mrs.  Bardell  in  the  Bardell- 
Pickwiek  breaeh-of-promise  suit. 

Buzzard  (buz'ard),  Mr.  Justice.  A character 
in  Fielding’s  “ Amelia  ” whose  “ ignorance  of 
law  is  as  great  as  his  readiness  to  take  a 
bribe.” 

Buzzard’s  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
lying  southeast  of  Massachusetts,  it  is  separated 
from  Vineyard  Sound  by  the  Elizabeth  Islands.  Length, 
30  miles.  Bread  th,  5-10  miles. 

Byblis  (bib'lis).  In  classical  mythology,  the 
daughter  of  Miletus  and  sister  of  Caunus. 
From  her  tears  arose  the  fountain  of  Byblis. 
Byblos  (bih'los).  In  ancient  geography,  a city 
of  Phenicia.  It  was  tributary  to  Assyria.  See 
Gcbal. 

Byblos.  A town  in  the  Delta,  Egypt,  south  of 
Bubastis. 

Bycorne.  See  Chichevaclie. 

Bye  Plot  (bi  plot),  or  Surprise  Plot.  A con- 
spiracy in  1603  to  seize  the  person  of  James  I. 
of  England,  and  extort  certain  religious  con- 
cessions. Its  members  were  Markham,  Brooke, 
Lord  Grey  of  Wilton,  and  others. 

Byerly  Turk  (bi'er-li  terk),  The.  One  of  the 
three  Oriental  horses  from  which  all  names 
in  the  stud-hook  trace  descent.  See  Darley’s 
Arabian  and  Godolpliin  Barb.  He  was  ridden  by  a 
Captain  Byerly  in  the  first  Irish  campaign  of  King  Wil- 
liam III.  ,1689.  Nothing  more  seems  to  be  known  of  his 
origin.  From  him  springs  the  Herod  family  of  thorough- 
breds. 

Byles  (bllz),  Mather.  Born  at  Boston.  March 
26,  1706:  died  at  Boston,  July  5,  1788.  An 
American  clergyman  and  poet,  pastor  of  the 
Hollis  Street  Church  at  Boston  1733-76.  He 
was  imprisoned  as  a Tory  in  1777. 

Byng  (bing),  George.  See  Torrington,  Viscount. 


Byng,  John 

Byng,  John.  Born  1704:  executed  in  Ports- 
mouth harbor,  England,  March  14,  1757.  A 
British  admiral,  son  of  Viscount  Torrington. 
He  was  unsuccessful  in  an  expedition  to  relieve  Minorca, 
which  was  threatened  by  a French  fleet  under  the  Duke 
of  Richelieu  in  1756 ; and  at  the  instance  of  the  ministry, 
whose  ineffectual  war  policy  had  rendered  it  unpopular, 
was  tried  by  a court  martial,  and  found  guilty  of  neglect 
of  duty.  He  was  shot  in  spite  of  the  unanimous  recom- 
mendation to  mercy  by  the  court,  which  deplored  that 
the  article  of  war  under  which  he  was  condemned  ad- 
mitted of  no  mitigation  of  punishment,  even  if  the  crime 
were  committed  by  a mere  error  of  judgment. 

Byr  (bur),  Robert.  The  name  under  which  Karl 
Robert  Emmerich  Bayer  wrote,  and  by  which 
he  was  frequently  known. 

Byrd  (herd),  William.  Born  at  Westover, 
Va.,  March  28  (16?),  1674:  died  there,  Aug. 
26,  1744.  An  American  lawyer.  He  was  educated 
in  England ; was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  ; 
studied  in  the  Netherlands ; visited  the  court  of  France ; 
was  chosen  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  ; was  receiver-gen- 
eral of  the  revenue  in  Virginia ; was  three  times  colonial 
agent  in  England ; was  for  thirty-seven  years  member 
and  finally  president  of  the  council  of  the  colony ; and  in 
1728  was  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  fix  the 
boundary  between  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  an  ac- 
count of  which  is  contained  in  the  so-called  “ Westover 
Manuscripts  ” (Petersburg,  1841),  written  by  him. 

Byrgius  (b6r'ji-us),  Justus,  Latinized  from 
Jobst  Biirgi  (biir'gi).  Born  at  Liehtensteig, 
St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  Feb.  28,  1552:  died  at 
Cassel,  Germany,  Jan.  31,  1632.  A Swiss  in- 
ventor and  mathematician,  ne  published  loga- 
rithmic tables  (1620),  and  constructed  a celestial  globe, 
sector,  etc. 

Byrom  (bi'rom),  John.  Born  Feb.  29,  1692,  at 
Kersall  Cell,  Broughton,  near  Manchester : died 
Sept.  26,  1763.  An  English  poet  and  stenogra- 
her.  He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, of  which 
e became  a fellow  in  1714.  He  invented  a system  of 
shorthand  which  was  published  in  1767  under  the  title 
“ The  Universal  English  Shorthand.  ’’  A collective  edition 
of  his  poems,  the  most  notable  of  which  are  “Colin  to 
Phoebe, ” “Three  Black  Crows,”  and  “Figg  and  Sutton,” 
appeared  at  Manchester  in  1773. 


199 

Byron.  See  Biron. 

Byron  (bi'ron),  George  Noel  Gordon,  Lord. 

Born  at  Loudon,  Jan.  22,  1788:  died  at  Mis- 
solonghi,  Greece,  April  19,  1824.  A cele- 
brated English  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Byron, 
captain  in  the  Guards,  by  his  second  wife  Catherine  Gor- 
don. His  family  traced  its  origin  back  to  the  Norman 
conquest.  He  was  born  with  a malformation  of  both  feet. 
His  mother,  who  had  been  deserted  by  her  husband,  re- 
sided with  her  son  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  1791-98.  On 
the  death  of  his  granduncle  William,  fifth  Lord  Byron, 
in  the  latter  year,  he  inherited  his  titles  and  estate,  in- 
cluding Newstead  Abbey.  He  subsequently  studied  at 
Harrow  and  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.  A.  in  1808.  In  1807  he  published  “Hours  of  Idle- 
ness,” which  elicited  adverse  criticism  from  a writer  in  the 
“Edinburgh  Review,”  probably  Lord  Brougham.  Byron 
responded  with  the  satire  “English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers’  (1809),  which  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion. In  1809-11  he  traveled  in  Portugal,  Spain,  Turkey, 
and  Greece,  and  in  1812  published  the  first  two  cantos 
of  “Childe  Harold,”  the  others  appearing  in  1816  and  1818. 
In  1815  he  married  Miss  Anne  Isabella  Milbanke,  by  whom 
he  became,  in  1816,  the  father  of  Augusta  Ada  (afterward 
Countess  of  Lovelace),  and  who  left  him  for  some  unex- 
plained reason  in  1816.  He  abandoned  England  in  1816,  and 
in  this  year  met  at  Geneva  Miss  Clairmont,  who  bore  him, 
in  1817,  an  illegitimate  child,  Allegra,  who  was  placed  by 
him  in  a Roman  Catholic  convent  at  Bagna-Cavallo,  near 
Ravenna,  where  she  died  in  1822.  In  1819  he  met,at  Venice, 
Teresa,  Countess  Guiccioli,  with  whom  he  maintained  a 
liaison  during  the  remainder  of  his  residence  in  Italy.  He 
subsequently  lived  at  Ravenna,  Pisa,  and  Genoa,  taking  an 
active  interest  in  the  revolutionary  movement  of  the  Car- 
bonari. In  1823  he  joined  the  Greek  insurgents  at  Cepha- 
lonia,  and  in  the  following  year  became  the  commander- 
in-chief  at  Missolonghi,  where  he  died  of  a fever.  Besides 
the  titles  already  mentioned,  his  works  include  “The 
Giaour  ” (1813),  “ The  Bride  of  Abydos  ” (1813),  “ The  Cor- 
sair” (1814),  “Lara"  (1814),  “Hebrew  Melodies”  (1815), 
“Poems  by  Lord  Byron"  (1816),  “Prisoner  of  Chillon,  and 
other  Poems  ” (1816),  “Manfred  ” (1817),  “ Mazeppa’’(1819). 
“ Marino  Faliero ” (1820),  “The  Two Foscari ” and  “Cain" 
(one  volume,  1821),  “ The  Deformed  Transformed  ” (1824), 
“Don  Juan”  (1819-24),  etc.  “Life  and  Works”  pub- 
lished by  Murray  (1832-35).  See  Moore’s  “ Life  of  Byron  ’’ 
(1830),  Galt,  “ Life  of  Byron  ” (2d  ed.  1830),  Trelawney, 
“Recollections  of  the  Last  Days  of  Shelley  and  Byron” 
(1858),  and  Guiccioli,  Comtesse  de,  “Lord  Byron  juge  par- 
ies tOmoins  de  sa  vie  ” (1868). 


Byzantium 

Byron,  Harriet.  An  affected  orphan,  attached 
to  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  and  the  principal 
writer  of  the  letters,  in  Richardson’s  novel  of 
that  name. 

Byron,  John.  Born  Nov.  8,  1723:  died  April 
10,  1786.  A British  naval  officer,  second  son 
of  William,  fourth  Lord  Byron.  He  entered  the 
navy  when  a boy,  and  in  1740  was  midshipman  of  the 
Wager  in  Anson’s  squadron  which  was  wrecked  near  Cape 
Horn.  From  1764  to  1766  he  commanded  two  vessels  in 
a voyage  of  exploration  around  the  world ; but  beyond 
the  curious  observations  on  the  Indians  of  Patagonia  and 
the  discovery  of  some  small  islands  in  the  Pacific  he  ac- 
complished little.  He  was  governor  of  Newfoundland 
1769-72;  became  vice-admiral  in  1778;  and  on  July  6, 
1779,  had  an  engagement  with  the  French  fleet  of  D’Estaing 
off  Grenada,  West  Indies,  but  was  defeated. 

Byron’s  Conspiracy,  and  Byron’s  Tragedy. 

Two  plays  by  Chapman,  produced  in  1605, 
printed  in  1608:  they  may  be  regarded  as  one. 
They  were  reprinted  during  the  author’s  lifetime,  with 
revisions,  in  1625.  Charles,  duke  of  Biron  (who  was  ex- 
ecuted in  1602),  is  represented  in  these  plays  as  a self-con- 
fident braggart  of  “boundless  vainglory.” 

Byrsa  (ber'sa).  [Gr.  B vpaa.']  The  citadel  of 
Carthage. 

Bytown  (bi'toun).  The  former  name  of  Ottawa, 
Canada. 

Byzantine  Empire.  See  Eastern  Empire. 

Byzantine  Historians.  A collective  term  for 
tne  Greek  historians  of  the  Eastern  Empire. 
The  most  important  were  Zosimus,  Procopius,  Agathias, 
Constantine  Porphyrogeuitus,  Anna  Comnena,  Joannes 
Cinnamus,  Nicetas,  etc. 

Byzantium  (bi-zan'tium).  [Gr.  BaCarrtor.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a Greek  city  built  on  the 
eastern  part  of  the  site  of  Constantinople,  in 
which  it  was  merged  in  330  a.  d.  it  was  noted 

for  its  control  of  the  corn-trade  and  for  fisheries.  It  was 
founded  by  Megarians  in  the  7th  century  B.  o.,  and  was 
recolonized  after  the  battle  of  Platsea  (479  B.  c.),  Alci- 
biades  conquered  it  in  408  B.  C.,  and  Lysander  in  405  B.  0. 
In  339  B.  c.  it  was  besieged  by  Philip  of  Macedon  and 
relieved  by  Phocion,  and  again  besieged  and  taken  by  Seve- 
rus  194-196  A.  D.  See  Cowitantinople. 


aaba.  See  Kadba. 

Caaguas  (ka-a-gwas'),  or 
-ij— Caas  (ka-as ').  [‘Forest- 
men.’]  A horde  of  wild 
South  American  Indians  liv- 
ing on  the  river  Parana,  in 
northwestern  Paraguay  and 
the  adjacent  parts  of  Brazil. 
They  are  the  degraded  remains  of  Guarani  tribes.  Dur- 
ing the  18th  century  they  sometimes  took  refuge  in  the 
Jesuit  missions  of  Paraguay  from  the  oppressions  of  the 
slave  hunters  of  Sao  Paulo ; but  they  subsequently  renewed 
their  wild  life.  Very  little  is  known  of  them. 

Caamano  (ka-a-ma'nyo),  Jose  Maria  Placido. 
Born  at  Guayaquil,  Oct.  5, 1838 : died  at  Seville, 
Dec.  31,  1901.  An  Ecuadorian  statesman. 
In  1882  he  was  banished  for  conspiring  against  the 
dictator  Veintemilla.  From  Peru  he  led  an  expedition 
against  Guayaquil,  1883,  which  was  eventually  successful. 
The  downfall  of  Veintemilla  followed.  Caamano  was 
made  president  ad  interim  Oct.  11,  1883,  and  was  regu- 
larly elected  president  Feb.  17,  1884,  holding  the  office 
until  June  30,  1888.  Minister  to  Washington  1889  and  1890. 
Caas.  See  Caaguas. 

Cabades  (ka-ba/dez),  or  Cavades  (ka-va'dez), 
Pers.  Kobad  (ko-bad').  King  of  Persia.  See 
Sassanids. 

Cabal  (ka-bal'),  The.  An  unpopular  ministry 
of  Charles  II.,  consisting  of  Clifford,  Ashley, 
Buckingham,  Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  the 
initials  of  whose  names  happened  to  compose 
the  word.  It  held  office  1667  to  1673. 
Caballero  y de  la  Torre  (ka-bal-ya'ro  e da  la 
tor're),  Jose  Agustin.  Born  at  Havana,  Feb., 
1771:  died  there,  April  6,  1835.  A Cuban  edu- 
cator and  noted  pulpit  orator.  Ho  studied  at  the 
Seminary.of  San  C'arlos  and  the  Havana  University,  and 
was  long  the  director  of  the  former  institution  and  lec- 
turer ou  philosophy. 

Caballero  y Gongora  (ka-bal-ya'ro  e gon'gd- 
ra),  Antonio.  A Spanish  prelate  who  in  1780 
was  archbishop  of  Santa  F6  (New  Granada) 
and  made  an  attempt  to  conciliate  the  rebels 
in  the  south.  He  was  appointed  viceroy,  and  ruled  New 
Granada  from  1782  to  1789,  uniting  the  religious,  military, 
and  civil  powers. 

Cabanagem  (ka-ba-na'zham),  or  Cabanos 
(ka-ba ' nosh).  [Pg.,  ‘cottagers,’  from  ca- 
bana, a hut.]  The  name  given  in  Brazil  to 
the  rebels  who,  from  1833  to  1836,  overran  the 
Amazon  valley.  The  abdication  of  Pedro  X.  was  fol- 
lowed by  a rumor  that  the  regency  desired  to  turn  Brazil 
over  to  Portugal.  Certain  liberal  leaders  in  Pard  took  ad- 
vantage of  this  report,  called  to  their  aid  the  ignorant 
Indian  and  mulatto  population,  murdered  the  president, 
and  committed  many  atrocities.  Matters  went  from  bad 
to  worse  until  the  whole  province  was  in  a state  of  anarchy 
and  Para  was  abandoned  by  the  whites.  The  rebellion 
was  subdued  by  Andrea  in  1836. 

Cabanas  (ka-ban'yas),  Trinidad.  Bom  in  Hon- 
duras about  1802:  died  Jan.  8, 1871.  A Central 
American  general.  He  was  an  officer  with  Morazan, 
and  an  upholder  of  Central  American  unity.  In  1844  he 
aided  in  the  defense  of  Leon,  Nicaragua,  against  ilalespin, 
and  in  1845  he  led  the  Salvadorian  troops  which  attempted 
to  overthrow  Malespin.  He  was  made  president  of  Hon- 
duras March  1,  1852.  An  attempt  to  interfere  with  the 
affairs  of  Guatemala  led  to  his  deposition  by  Guatemalan 
troops  aided  by  revolutionists  of  Honduras,  July,  1855.  He 
fled  to  Salvador  and  remained  in  exile  several  years. 

Cabanel  (ka-ba-nel'),  Alexandre.  Born  at. 
Montpellier,  France,  Sept.  28,  1823:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  23,  1889.  A noted  French  histori- 
cal, genre,  and  portrait  painter,  a pupil  of  Picot. 

He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1845,  a medal  of  the 
second  class  in  1852,  a medal  of  the  first  class  in  1855,  and 
medals  of  honor  in  18(55, 1867,  and  1878.  He  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  in  1863,  and  was  professor  in  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts. 

Cabanis  (ka-ba-nes').  A historical  novel  re- 
lating to  the  times  of  Frederick  the  Great,  by 
Wilhelm  Haring  (pseudonym  “Wilibald  Alex- 
is ”),  1832. 

Cabanis  (ka-ba-nes'),  Pierre  Jean  George. 

Born  at  Cosnac,  Charente-Infericure,  France, 
June  5, 1757 : died  near  Meulan,  France,  May  5, 
1808.  A noted  French  physicist  and  philosopher. 
He  was  the  author  of  “Rapports  du  physique  et  du  moral 
de  Thomme  ’’  (1802).  In  this  work  he  discussed  systemat- 
ically the  relations  of  soul  and  body,  with  materialistic 
conclusions.  He  regarded  the  physical  and  the  psychical 
as  the  same  thing  looked  at  from  different  points  of  view, 
and  the  soul  not  as  a being,  but  as  a faculty. 


Cabarrus  (ka-ba-rii'),  Comte  Francois  de. 

Born  at  Bayonne,  France,  1752:  died  at  Seville, 
Spain,  April  27,  1810.  A Spanish  financier,  of 
French  origin.  He  was  minister  of  finance 
under  Joseph  Bonaparte  1808-10. 

Cabega  de  vaca.  See  Cabeza  de  Vaca. 

Gabel  (ka-bel')  (properly  Cabu),  Mme.  (Marie 
Jos&phe  Dreullette).  Born  at  Liege,  Bel- 
gium, Jan.  31,  1827 : died  at  Maisons-Laffitte, 
May  23,  1885.  A Belgian  opera-singer.  Meyer- 
beer wrote  for  her  the  part  of  Dinorah. 

Cabes  (ka'bes),  or  Gabes  (ga'bes),  Gulf  of. 
An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean,  south  of  Tunis, 
in  lat.  34°  N.,  long.  10°-11°  E. : the  ancient 
Syrtis  Minor.  There  is  a town  of  the  same 
name  situated  on  the  gulf,  with  about  8,000 
inhabitants. 

Cabestaing  (ka-bes-tah'),  or  Cabestan  (ka-bes- 
tou'),  Guillaume  de.  A Provencal  poet  ac- 
cording to  Papon,  Roussillonnais  according  to 
Millot.  He  lived  toward  the  end  of  the  12th  century, 
and  was  killed  from  jealousy  by  Raymond  of  Roussillon. 
According  to  the  legend,  Raymond  caused  his  wife  to  eat, 
unwittingly,  of  Cabestaing's  heart.  When  she  learned 
what  she  had  done  she  declared  that  her  lips,  which  had 
tasted  such  noble  food,  should  touch  no  other,  and  died  of 
starvation.  Seven  of  his  poems,  reflecting  a pure  and  in- 
tense passion,  have  been  preserved. 

Cabet  (ka-ba'),  Etienne.  Born  at  Dijon,  Jan. 
1,  1788:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Nov.  8, 1856.  A 
French  communist.  He  was  an  advocate  by  profes- 
sion ; was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1831 ; 
founded  “ Le  Populaire  ” in  1833  ; and  fled  to  England  in 
1834  in  order  to  escape  punishment  on  account  of  an  ar 
tide  which  he  had  published  in  that  journal.  He  re- 
turned to  France  in  consequence  of  the  amnesty  of  1839. 
He  wrote  “ilistoire  populaire  de  la  revolution  fran«;aise 
de  1789  a 1830,”  ‘‘Voyage  en  Icarie,  roman  philosophique 
et  social  "(1840).  He  established  a communistic  settle- 
ment, called  Icarie,  in  Texas  in  1848,  which  was  removed 
to  Nauvoo,  Illinois,  in  1850.  See  Jcaria. 

Cabeza  del  Buey  (ka-ba'tka  del  bo-a').  A small 
town  situated  in  the  province  of  Badajoz,  Spain, 
in  lat.  3S340'  N.,  long.  5°  17'  W. 

Cabeza  de  Vaca  (ka-ba'tka  da  va'ka),  Alvar 
Nunez.  Born  at  Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  Spain, 
probably  in  1490:  died  at  Seville  after  1560. 
A Spanish  soldier.  In  1528  he  was  comptroller  and 
royal  treasurer  with  the  expedition  of  Pamphilo  de  Nar- 
vaez to  Florida.  He  and  three  others  were  the  only  ones 
who  escaped  from  shipwreck  and  the  savages  ; after  liv- 
ing for  years  among  the  Indians,  they  reached  the  Span- 
ish settlements  in  northern  Mexico  in  April,  1536.  Cabeza 
de  Vaca  returned  to  Spain  in  1537,  and  in  1540  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Paraguay.  He  sailed  with  400  men, 
landed  on  the  coast  of  southern  Brazil,  and  marched  over- 
land to  Asuncion,  the  journey  occupying  nearly  a year.  In 
1543  he  explored  the  upper  Paraguay.  Gil  April  £5,  1544, 
he  was  deposed  and  imprisoned  by  the  colonists  for  alleged 
arbitrary  acts.  Sent  to  Spain  the  next  year,  he  was  tried 
by  the  Council  of  the  Indies  and  sentenced  to  be  banished 
to  Oran,  Africa;  but  lie  was  subsequently  recalled  by  the 
king,  received  a pension,  and  was  made  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Courtof  Seville.  While  his  case  was  pending  before 
the  Council  of  the  Indies  he  published  two  works:  one, 
“Naufragios,  peregrinaciones  y milagros,”  describing  his 
Florida  adventures,  and  the  other,  “Commentaries,”  relat- 
ing to  his  administration  in  Paraguay.  Both  were  written 
for  his  own  justification  ; but,  making  allowances  for  this, 
they  are  of  great  historical  value.  There  are  modern  edi- 
tions in  several  languages. 

Cabinda,  or  Kabinda  (ka-ben'da).  A town 
and  harbor  of  Portuguese  West  Africa,  situated 
a few  miles  north  of  the  Kongo  estuary,  in  lat. 
5°  30'  S.,  long.  12°  10'  E.  It  has  developed  rap- 

idly  since  1885,  and  especially  during  the  period  of  high 
tariff  in  the  Kongo  State  (Belgian  Kongo).  In  the  native 
language  the  country  and  people  are  called  Ngoyo.  They 
have  no  head  chief,  but  numerous  petty  chiefs,  called 
kings.  The  part  of  Portuguese  West  Africa  lying  north  of 
the  Kongo  is  also  known  as  Cabinda.  See  Kongo  and 
Angola. 

Cabiri,  or  Kabeiri  (ka-bi'ri).  [Gr.  K afiupot, 
the  mighty  ones.]  1.  The  seven  planets  wor- 
shiped by  the  Phenicians.  Their  father  was 
called  Syduk  (‘justice’). — 2.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, certain  beneficent  deities  of  whose  charac- 
teristics little  is  known,  worshiped  in  parts  of 
Greece  and  in  the  islands  of  Imbros,  Lemnos, 
and  Samothrace.  They  are  possibly  connected  with 
the  Cabiri  of  Phenicia.  To  both  were  ascribed  the  inven- 
tion of  arts,  especially  of  ship-building,  navigation,  and  the 
working  of  iron.  Their  rites  were  secret.  The  mysteries 
of  the  Cabiri  of  Samothrace  were  regarded  as  inferior  only 
200 


to  the  Eleusinian  in  sanctity.  The  initiated  were  supposed 
■A- to  receive  protection  against  mishaps,  especially  by  sea. 

Cable  (ka'bl),  George  Washington.  Born  at 
NewOrleans,  Oct.  12,1844.  An  American  novel- 
ist, noted  especially  for  descriptions  of  Creole 
life  in  Louisiana.  He  has  written  “ Old  Creole  Days” 
(1879),  “The  Grandissimes”  (1880),  “Madame  Delphine,” 
“Dr.  Sevier"  (1884),  “John  March,  Southerner"  (1894), 
“The  Cavalier”  (1901),  etc. 

Caboche  (ka-bosh'),  Simon.  The  leader  of 
a band  of  ruffians  in  the  service  of  the  Duke 
of  Burgundy  during  the  civil  war  between  the 
Armagnacs  and  the  Burgundians. 

Cabot  (kab'ot),  George.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Dec.  3,  1751:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  April  18, 
1823.  An  American  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1791-96,  and  president 
of  the  Hartford  Convention  in  1814. 

Cabot,  John,  It.  Giovanni  Caboto,  Sp.  Gaboto. 

An  Italian  navigator  in  the  English  service. 
He  was  probably  a native  of  Genoa  or  its  neighborhood, 
and  in  1476  became  a citizen  of  Venice  after  a residence 
of  fifteen  years.  He  subsequently  removed  to  Bristol, 
England.  Believing  that  a northwest  passage  would 
shorten  the  route  to  India,  he  determined  to  undertake  an 
expedition  in  search  of  such  a passage,  and  in  1496  ob- 
tained from  Henry  VII.  a patent  for  the  discovery,  at  his 
own  expense,  of  unknown  lands  in  the  eastern,  western, 
or  northern  seas.  He  set  sail  from  Bristol  in  May,  1497, 
in  company  with  his  sons,  and  returned  in  July  of  the  same 
year,  the  expedition  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  Cape 
Breton  Island  and  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  spring  of  1493  he 
made  a second  voyage  (north  to  Labrador  (Y),  south  to  30”), 
on  which  he  died  (.).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Cabot,  Sebastian.  Born  at  Bristol,  England,  (?) 
1474:  died  at  London  in  1557.  A celebrated 
explorer,  second  son  of  John  Cabot.  He  probably 
accompanied  his  father  in  the  voyage  of  1497,  when  the 
shore  of  North  America  was  discovered  (his  name  ap- 
pears with  his  father’s  in  the  petition  to  Henry  VII.);  and 
it  is  probable  that  he  was  with  him  also  in  the  voyage  of 
1498-  In  1517,  it  is  said  (probably  erroneously),  he  went 
in  search  of  a northwest  passage,  visiting  Hudson  Strait  and 
penetrating  as  far  north  as  lat.  67”  30;  and  later  was  on  the 
northeast  coast  of  South  America  and  in  the  West  Indies 
with  an  English  ship.  Invited  by  Charles  V.  to  Spain,  he 
was  made  grand  pilot  of  Castile  (1519),  and  commanded 
four  ships  which  left  San  Lucar  April  3,  1526.  The  in- 
tention was  to  sail  to  the  Moluccas  by  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan, but,  lacking  provisions,  he  landed  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  where  he  had  some  encounters  with  the  Portu- 
guese; thence  sailed  southward,  discovered  the  river 
Uruguay,  and  erected  a fort  there ; discovered  and  as- 
cended the  Parana ; and  explored  the  lower  Paraguay  to 
the  present  site  of  Asuncion.  Convinced  of  the  impor- 
tance of  this  region,  and  joined  by  Diego  Garcia,  he  re- 
linquished the  voyage  to  the  Moluccas  and  despatched  a 
ship  to  Spain  for  reinforcements ; meanwhile  he  estab- 
lished himself  at  the  fort  of  Espirito  Santo  on  the  ParanA 
(lat.  32°  5<y  S.).  Not  receiving  aid  from  Spain,  he  returned 
in  1630,  leaving  a garrison  at  Espirito  Santo.  Cabot  re- 
mained in  the  service  of  Spain  until  the  end  of  1546,  when 
he  returned  to  England.  He  was  interested  in  explora- 
tions in  the  Baltic,  and  in  1555  was  made  life  governor  of 
the  Company  of  Merchant  Adventurers  destined  to  trade 
with  Russia.  A map  of  the  world  published  in  1544  is 
ascribed  to  Cabot.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Cabourg  (ka-bor').  A watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Calvados,  France,  situated  on 
the  English  Channel  14  miles  northeast  of  Caen. 
Cabral  (ka-bral'),  Pedro  Alvares : early  wint- 
ers abbreviate  the  name  to  Pedralvarez  or 
Pedralvez.  Born  about  1460 : died  about  1526. 
A Portuguese  navigator.  After  Vasco  da  Gama  re- 
turned  from  India  (1499),  Cabral  was  put  in  command  of 
a fleet  destined  to  follow  up  Gama  s discoveries.  Leav- 
ing Lisbon  March  9.  1600,  he  followed  his  instructions 
and  -kept  far  out  in  the  Atlantic  : by  this  means  he  dis- 
covered the  coast  of  Brazil  near  lat.  16”  20’  S.  (April  22, 
1500).  This  was  two  months  after  Vicente  Yai.cz  Pinzou 
had  discovered  the  northeast  coast.  Cabral  took  posses- 
sion for  Portugal  of  the  new  land,  which  he  called  Santa 
Cruz.  Sending  back  a ship  with  the  tidings,  he  continued 
his  voyage  May  2.  On  May  6 he  lost  four  ships  in  a 
storm  ; with  the  rest  he  reached  Mozambique  and  finally 
Calicut,  where  he  erected  a fort;  this  was  destroyed  by 
Samorim,  and  Cabral  then  made  an  alliance  with  the  sover- 
eign of  Cochin.  Loading  his  vessels  with  spices,  he  re- 
turned, losing  one  ship  by  the  way,  and  arrived  at  Lisbon 
July  23,  1501.  Nothing  is  known  of  his  subsequent  life. 
Cabrera  (ka-bra'ra).  One  of  the  Balearic  Isl- 
ands, situated  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea  9 miles 
south  of  Majorca.  It  is  a penal  settlement. 
Cabrera,  Don  Ramon,  Count  of  Morelia,  Born 
at  Tortosa,  Catalonia,  Spain,  Aug.  31,  1810 ; 
died  at  Wentworth,  near  Haines,  England,  May 
24,  1877.  A Spanish  guerrilla  chief.  He  was  in- 
tended for  the  church,  and  had  received  the  minor  orders. 


Cabrera,  Don  Ramon 

when  in  1633  the  civil  war  broke  out  between  the  Christi- 
nos  and  the  CarlUts,  the  latter  of  whom  he  joined.  He 
took  Valencia  in  1837 ; surprised  Morelia  in  1839;  was 
created  count  of  Morelia  by  Don  Carlos  in  1839  ; was  driven 
across  the  French  frontier  in  1840 ; instigated  an  unsuc- 
cessful Carlist  rebellion  in  1848-49;  and  recognized  Al- 
fonso as  king  of  Spain  in  1875. 

Cabrera  Bobadilla  Cerda  y Mendoza  (kii-bra'- 
ra  bo-ba-Tnel'ya,  tber'da  e men-do'tha),  Luis 
Geronymo  de,  fourth  Count  of  Chinehon.  Bom 
in  Madrid  about  1590 : died  near  that  city,  Oct. 
28,1647.  A Spanish  administrator.  Prom  Jan., 
1629,  to  Dec.  18,  1639,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru. 
Cabrera  y Bobadilla,  Diego  Lopez  Pacheco. 
See  Lopez  Pacheco  Cabrera  y Bobadilla. 

Cabul.  See  Kabul. 

Cacafogo  (kak-a-fo'go).  In  Fletcher’s  play 
“Rule  a Wife  and  Have  a Wife,”  a cowardly, 
bullying,  and  rich  usurer.  He  has  been  said  to  be  a 
direct  copy  of  Falstaff,  but  his  lack  of  courage  is  the  only 
resemblance. 

Cacama  (ka'ka-ma),  or  Cacamatzin  (ka-ka- 
mat-sen'),  orCaminatzin  (ka-me-nat-sen'),  or 
Cacumazin  (ka-ko-ma-then').  An  Aztec  In- 
dian, nephew  of  Montezuma  H.  He  became  chief 
of  Tezcuco  in  1516.  Montezuma  sent  him  to  Cortes  (1519), 
inviting  the  latter  to  Mexico.  After  Montezuma's  seizure 
by  Cortes  (1519),  Cacama  planned  an  armed  resistance,  but 
was  arrested  by  emissaries  of  the  monarch  and  brought 
captive  to  the  Spaniards.  He  was  killed  on  the  noche 
triste,  June  30-July  1,  1520. 

Cacana.  See  Calchaquis. 

Caccamo  (kak-ka/mo).  A town  situated  on 
the  northern  coast  of  Sicily  23  miles  southeast 
of  Palermo.  Population,  11,274. 

Caccini  (ka-che'ne),  Giulio.  Born  at  Rome, 
1550  (?) : died  at  Florence,  1618.  An  Italian 
singer  and  composer,  known  as  Giulio  Romani. 
He  wrote,  with  Kinuccini  and  Peri,  the  musical  dramas 
“ Dafne  ” (1594)  and  “ Euridice  ” (1600).  These  first  at- 
tempts to  make  music  dramatic  led  directly  to  the  modem 
opera.  He  composed  a number  of  other  works,  among 
which  is  “Le  Nuove  Musiche,”  a collection  of  madrigals, 
etc.  See  Alterati  and  Daphne. 

Cetceres  (ka'tha-res).  A province  in  Estrema- 
dura,  western  Spain.  Area,  7,667  square  miles. 
Population,  362,164. 

CeLceres.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ca- 
ceres,  Spain,  situated  in  lat.  39°  27'  N.,  long. 
6°  24'  W. : the  ancient  Castra  Ctecilia  (whence 
the  modem  name).  It  contains  Roman  and  Moorish 
antiquities,  and  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  Allies 
(1706).  Population,  17,716. 

Caceres,  Andres  Avelino.  Born  at  Huanta, 
April  12, 1831.  A Peruvian  general  and  states- 
man. He  was  colonel  and  afterward  general  in  the 
Chilean  war  (1879-83),  and  after  the  taking  of  Lima  was 
second  vice-president  in  the  provisional  Calderon  govern- 
ment. Dr.  Calderon  being  seized  by  the  Chileans  and  the 
first  vice-president  driven  into  Bolivia,  General  Caceres 
became  the  constitutional  chief  of  Peru.  He  held  out 
against  the  Chileans,  and  refused  to  acknowledge  Iglesias 
whom  they  had  made  president  Attempting  to  take 
Lima  (Aug.,  1884),  CAceres  was  repulsed  after  a bloody 
street  fight.  Raising  a larger  force,  he  entered  the  city, 
Dec.  1,  1885,  and  persuaded  Iglesias  to  refer  the  presi- 
dential question  to  a general  election.  This  resulted  in 
favor  of  CAceres,  who  was  inaugurated  president  of  Peru 
June  3, 1886.  Succeeded  by  Bermudez,  Aug.  10, 1890,  Gen- 
eral CAceres  soon  after  went  to  Europe  as  Peruvian  minis- 
ter to  France  and  England.  Reelected  president  1894. 
Cacha  (ka'cha).  An  ancient  Peruvian  temple 
situated  in  the  Vilea-Maya  valley  south  of 
Cuzco.  It  is  believed  to  antedate  the  Inca  empire,  and 
is  connected  with  some  curious  legends ; though  now  in 
ruins,  it  shows  traces  of  having  been  built  in  two  stories. 
Cachar  (ka-char').  A district  in  Eastern  Ben- 
gal and  Assam,  British  India.  Area,  3,769 
square  miles.  Population,  455,593. 

Cacheo  (ka-sha/o).  A town  in  Portuguese 
Guinea,  West  Africa,  situated  near  the  coast 
in  lat.  12°  20'  N.,  long.  16°  30'  W. 

Cachibos,  or  Cashibos  (ka-she'bos).  An  In- 
dian tribe  or  horde  of  eastern  Peru,  on  the 
upper  Ucayale  River.  They  are  very  savage,  con- 
stant enemies  of  the  whites  and  of  neighboring  tribes, 
and  cannibals  : it  is  said  that  they  eat  their  own  relatives 
after  death,  and  that  they  make  war  to  procure  human 
food.  Probably  the  accounts  of  their  ferocity  are  exag- 
gerated, the  tribe  being  very  imperfectly  known.  They 
are  not  numerous. 

Cachoeira  (ka-sho-a'ra).  A town  in  the  state 
of  Bahia,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Para- 
guassu  50  miles  northwest  of  Bahia.  Popula- 
tion, about  15,000. 

Oacos  (ka'kos).  [Sp., ‘pickpockets.’]  The  nick- 
name given  to  a political  party  of  Guatemala 
which  originated  in  1820.  its  members  favored 
complete  separation  from  Spain,  and  a republican  form 
of  government  with  essential  equality  to  all.  This  was 
the  germ  of  the  Servile  party  of  later  years.  Their  oppo- 
nents, called  Bacos  or  Gazistas,  were  opposed  to  equality. 
Cocos  is  also  the  name  of  a political  party  in  Haiti. 

Cacus  (ka'kus).  In  Roman  mythology,  a giant 
and  son  of  Vulcan,  living  near  the  spot  on 
which  Rome  was  built.  He  stole  from  Hercules 
some  of  the  cattle  of  Geryon,  dragging  them  into  his 

VI.  8 


201 

cave  under  the  A ventine  backward,  so  that  their  footsteps 
would  not  show  the  direction  in  which  they  had  gone ; 
but  Hercules  found  them  by  their  lowing,  and  slew  the 
thief. 

Cadalso  (ka-dal'so),  or  Cadahalso  (ka-da-al'- 
so),  Jose  de.  Born  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  Oct.  8, 
1741 : died  at  Gibraltar-,  Spain,  Feb.  27, 1782.  A 
Spanish  poet,  killed  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar. 
His  works  include  a tragedy,  “ Sancho  Garcia  ” (1771),  a 
satire,  “ Los  eruditos  A la  violeta " (1772),  “ Poesias  ” 
(1773),  “ Las  cartas  marruecas  ” (1793),  etc. 

Cada  Mosto,  or  Ca  Da  Mosto  (ka  da  mos'to), 
Alois  or  Luigi  da.  Bom  at  Venice  about 
1432:  died  at  Venice  about  1480.  An  Italian 
navigator.  He  explored,  in  the  service  of  Prince  Henry 
of  Portugal,  the  coast  of  Africa  as  far  as  the  Gambia  from 
1455  to  1456,  in  which  latter  year  he  discovered  the  Cape 
Verd  islands.  Author  of  “El  libro  de  la  prima  naviga- 
zione  per  oceano  a leterre  de’  Nigri  de  la  Bassa  /Ethio- 
pia ” (1507). 

Oaddee  (kad-da').  A name  given  to  a league 
(“  Gotteshaus-Bund”)  formed  in  the  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  in  1396,  to  oppose  internal  misgov- 
ernment. 

Caddo  (ka'do).  [From  the  Caddo  Kdede, 
chief.]  A confederacy  of  the  Caddoan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians.  It  consisted  of  many 
tribes,  of  which  the  following  have  been  identified  : Kado 
hadacho,  Nadaaku,  Aienai,  Nabaidatu,  Nashidosh,Yatasi, 
Yowani,  Nakohodotse,  Aish,  and  Hadai.  Its  former  habi- 
tat was  northwestern  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas  ; now, 
the  Quapaw  reservation,  Oklahoma.  See  Caddoan. 
Caddoan  (ka'do-an).  A linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  named  after  its  lead- 
ing division,  Caddo.  Its  former  habitat  was  in  parts 
of  North  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  In- 
dian Territory,  the  northern  group  of  the  stock  having 
been  entirely  surrounded  by  Siouan  tribes,  and  the  mid- 
dle group  by  the  Siouan  and  Shoshonean.  Its  divisions, 
beginning  at  the  north,  are  as  follows : Arikara  (a  tribe), 
Pawnee  (the  middle  group,  a confederacy),  Kitcai  (a  tribe), 
Wichita  (a  confederacy),  and  Caddo  (a  confederacy).  Its 
tribes,  especially  the  Pawnee,  have  been  foes  to  the  Da- 
kota or  Sioux  for  many  generations ; consequently  their 
men  have  served  as  scouts  in  the  United  States  army 
during  wars  against  the  Dakota.  All  of  this  stock,  except 
the  Arikara,  are  now  in  the  State  of  Oklahoma.  They 
number  about  630. 

Caddoques.  See  Kado  hadacho. 

Cade  (kad),  John,  called  Jack  Cade.  Born 
in  Ireland:  killed  near  Heathfield,  in  Sussex, 
England,  July  12, 1450.  The  leader  in  “ Cade’s 
Rebellion,”  a rising  chiefly  of  Kentishmen,  in 
May  and  June,  1450.  The  rebels  defeated  the  royal 
forces  at  Seven  Oaks,  June  27,  and  entered  London  July 
2.  On  July  3 they  put  Lord  Say  to  death.  In  a few 
days  the  rebellion  was  suppressed.  Cade  is  said  to  have 
been  called  Mortimer  by  his  followers,  and  to  have  been 
regarded  by  them  as  a cousin  of  the  Duke  of  York.  He 
is  introduced  by  Shakspere  in  the  second  part  of  “Henry 
VI."  as  a reckless,  ferocious,  and  vulgarly  important  rebel. 
Cadell  (lta-del'),  Robert.  Born  at  Cockenzie, 
East  Lothian,  Dec.  16, 1788 : died  at  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  20,  1849.  A Scottish  publisher  and  book- 
seller. He  was  a partner  of  Constable  from  1811  until 
the  failure  of  the  firm,  and  a business  associate  and  friend 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  He  became  the  publisher  of  Scott’s 
works  in  1826. 

Cadenabbia  (ka-de-nab'be-a).  A small  town  in 
northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  western  bank  of 
Lake  Como  15  miles  northeast  of  Como.  It  is  a 
favorite  resort. 

Cadenus  (ka-de'nus).  The  name  by  which 
Dean  Swift  calls  himself  in  his  poem  “ Cade- 
nus and  Vanessa”  (1726).  The  name  is  an 
anagram  of  decanus  (dean). 

Cader  Idris  (kad'er  id'ris).  A mountain  in 
northwestern  Wales,  near  Dolgelly,  noted  for 
its  extensive  view.  Height,  2,914  feet. 
Caderousse  (kad-ros').  A noted  character  in 
Dumas’s  novel  “Le  Comte  de  Monte  Cristo.” 
Cadesia  (ka-de'zhia).  A place  situated  near 
Cufa,  in  Irak-Arabi,  Asiatic  Turkey.  Here,  in 
636  A.  D.,  the  Saracens  under  Sa’d  ibn  Abl  Wakkas  de- 
feated the  Persians  (120,000)  under  Rustem. 

Cadiiab.  See  Kadijah. 

Cadillac  (ka-de-yak'),  Antoine  de  la  Mothe. 
Died  about  1720.  A French  commander  and 
pioneer  in  New  France.  He  was  commander  of 
Michilimackinac  1694-97,  founded  Detroit  in  1701,  and  was 
governor  of  Louisiana  1711-17. 

Cadiueios  (ka-de-  wa'yoz),  or  Cadigues,  or  Cadi- 
hdos.  A branch  of  the  Guaycurus  Indians 
(which  see).  At  the  present  time  Brazilians 
commonly  use  this  name  for  the  whole  tribe, 
c&diz  (ka'diz;  Sp.  pron.  ka-deth').  [Pg.  Ca- 
dix .]  A province  in  Andalusia,  Spain.  Area, 
2,834  square  miles.  Population,  452,659. 
Cfl.diz,  former  Eng.  Cales.  A seaport,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  situated 
on  a narrow  neck  of  land,  on  the  Atlantic,  in 
lat.  36°  31'  N.,  long.  6°  17'  W. : the  Greek  Ga- 
deira  and  the  Roman  Gades.  it  is  an  important 
commercial  city,  and  is  noted  for  its  export  of  sherry. 
It  has  two  cathedrals,  a Capuchin  convent,  a hospital, 
etc.  (For  early  history,  see  Gades.)  It  was  destroyed 
by  the  Goths,  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1262,  and 


Caecilius 

was  sacked  by  the  English  under  the  Earl  of  Essex  in 
1596.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  English  in 
1625  and  1702,  was  invested  by  the  French  1810-12,  and 
was  held  by  the  French  1823-28.  The  revolution  of  1868 
commenced  here  in  September.  Population,  68,896. 

Gades,  or  Cadiz,  which  has  kept  its  name  and  its  un- 
broken position  as  a great  city  from  an  earlier  time  than 
any  other  city  in  Europe.  E.  A.  Freeman. 

Cadmeia(kad-me'ya).  [Gr.  Kad/isla.]  The  cita- 
del or  acropolis  of  Tbebes  in  Boeotia,  named 
from  its  mythical  founder,  the  hero  Cadmus. 
Two  Frankish  towers  of  some  importance  now  stand  on 
the  summit  of  the  low  hill.  The  only  remains  of  the  an- 
cient fortifications  consist  of  a stretch  of  ruinous  Cyclopean 
wall  on  the  north  side,  and  fragments  of  more  recent  walls 
on  the  southeastern  slope. 

Cadmeians  (kad-me'yanz).  See  the  extract. 

The  Cadmeians  were  the  Grjeco-Phcenician  race  (their 
name  merely  signifying  “ the  Easterns  ’’)  who  in  the  ante- 
Trojan  times  occupied  the  country  which  was  afterwards 
called  Boeotia.  Hence  the  Greek  tragedians,  in  plays  of 
which  ancient  Thebes  is  the  scene,  invariably  speak  of  the 
Thebans  as  Ka6/ueIot.  Rawlimon,  Herod.,  I.  i.  66,  note. 

Cadmus  (kad'mus).  [Gr.  Kaduor. ] in  Greek 
legend,  a son  of  Agenor,  king  of  Phenicia,  and 
Telephassa.  He  was  the  reputed  founder  of  Thebes 
in  Boeotia,  and  the  introducer  of  the  letters  of  the  Greek 
alphabet. 

These  “ Phoenician  letters  ” were  also  called  the  “ Cad- 
mean  letters,"  having  been  introduced,  according  to  a 
Greek  legend,  which  is  repeatedly  quoted  by  Herodotus, 
by  Cadmus  the  Tyrian  when  he  sailed  for  Greece  in  search 
of  Europa.  It  is  plain  that  Cadmus  and  Europa  are  merely 
eponymic  names,  Cadmus  meaning  in  Semitic  speech 
“the  man  of  the  East,”  while  Europa  is  the  damsel  who 
personifies  “the  West.”  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  H.  19. 

Cadodaquioux.  See  Kado  hadacho. 

Cadorna  (ka-dor'na),  Raffaele.  Born  at  Milan, 
1815:  died  at  Turin,  Feb.  6,  1897.  An  Italian 
general.  He  commanded  the  troops  of  Victor  Emman- 
uel in  the  occupation  of  the  States  of  the  Church  in  1870. 
He  occupied  Civitii  Vecchia  Sept,  16,  and  Rome  Sept.  20, 
1870.  In  1877  he  retired. 

Cadoudal  (ka-do-dal'),  Georges.  Born  near 
Auray,  Morbihan,  France,  Jan.  1,  1771:  guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  June  25,  1804.  A celebrated 
French  Chouan  partizan  and  royalist  conspir- 
ator, leader  of  the  rising  of  1799.  He  was  im- 
plicated with  Pichegru  in  1803. 

Cadsand,  or  Kadzand  (kad-zand').  A village 
in  Zealand,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Schelde,  14  miles  northeast  of  Bruges. 
Here  in  1337  the  English  defeated  the  Count  of 
Flanders. 

Cadwal.  See  Arviragus,  2. 

Cadwalader,  George,  Gent.  A pseudonym  of 
George  Bubb  Dodington. 

Cadwalader,  or  Cadwallader  (kad-wal'a-der), 
surnamed  “ The  Blessed.”  Died  probably  in 
664.  A British  king.  He  was  the  son  of  Cadwallon, 
king  of  Gwynedd,  whom  he  succeeded  in  634.  He  obtained 
great  fame  by  the  heroic  exploits  which  he  performed  in 
the  defense  of  Wales  against  the  Saxons,  and  holds  a high 
place  in  Welsh  tradition  and  poetry.  According  to  the 
prophecy  of  Merlin,  he  is  one  day  to  return  to  the  world 
to  expel  the  Saxon  from  the  land.  He  came  in  time  to  be 
regarded  as  a saint  (hence  his  surname  of  ‘ ‘ The  Blessed  ’’). 
Cadwallader  (kad-wol'a-der).  A character  in 
Foote’s  play  “The  Author.”  This  play  was  stopped 
by  the  lord  chamberlain  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Aprice,  a 
friend  of  Foote,  who  was  imitated  and  ridiculed  in  this 
part,  especially  in  a habit  he  had  of  sucking  his  wrist 
as  he  talked. 

Cadwallader,  Rev.  Mr.  The  rector  of  Mid- 
dlemareh  in  George  Eliot’s  novel  of  that  name. 
He  exasperates  his  wife,  a clever,  keen,  epigrammatic 
woman,  by  his  good  temper.  He  would  even  speak  well 
of  his  bishop,  “ though  unnatural  in  a beneficed  clergy- 
man." 

Cadwallader.  A misanthropic  character  in 
Smollett’s  ‘ ‘ Peregrine  Pickle.” 

Cadwallon  (kad-wal'on),or  Csedwalla,  or  Cad- 
walader. Died  634.  A British  king  of  Gwyn- 
edd, which  was  probably  coextensive  with 
North  Wales.  He  invaded  Northumbria  in  629,  but 
was  repulsed  by  Eadwine  near  Morpeth.  In  633,  in  alliance 
with  Penda,  king  of  the  Mercians,  he  totally  defeated  the 
Northumbrians  at  Heathfield,  near  Doncaster,  Eadwine  and 
his  son  Osfrid  being  among  the  slain.  He  was  defeated 
by  Oswald,  the  nephew  of  Eadwine,  at  the  battle  of  Heven- 
felth,  on  the  Deniseburn,  in  636,  and  was  killed  in  the 
flight. 

Cadwallon.  The  minstrel  of  Gwenwyn  in 
Scott’s  novel  “The  Betrothed.”  He  disguises 
himself  as  Renault  Vidal  to  prosecute  a revenge,  for  which 
he  is  executed. 

CeScilia  gens  (se-sil'i-ii  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names 
under  the  republic  were  Bassus,  Denter,  Metel- 
lus,  Niger,  Pinna,  and  Rufus. 

Caecilius  (se-sil'i-us),  surnamed  Calactinus 
(kal-ak-ti'nus)  and,  erroneously, Callantianus 
(ka-lan-ti-a'nus).  A Hellenistic  Jew  of  Ca- 
lacte  in  Sicily  (whence  his  surname),  named 
Archagathus,  naturalized  at  Rome,  where  lie 
took  the  name  of  his  patron,  one  of  the  Motelli. 


Csecilius 

He  enjoyed  a very  high  repute  at  Rome  in  the  time  of 
Cicero  and  Augustus,  but  his  numerous  works  are  all  lost, 
with  the  exception  of  a few  fragments. 

Cfficilius  Statius.  A Roman  comic  poet,  a 
member  by  birth  of  the  Celtic  tribe  of  the  In- 
subrians,  brought  as  a prisoner  to  Rome  about 
200  B.  C.  His  comedies  were  adaptations  of  Attic  origi- 
nals. Fragments  of  them  are  extant  (ed.  Ribbeck,  1873). 
Caedmon  (kad'mon),  or  (corruptly)  Cedmon, 
Saint.  Flourished  about  670.  An  Anglo-Saxon 
(Northumbrian)  poet,  the  reputed  author  of 
metrical  paraphrases  of  the  Old  Testament. 
He  became  late  in  life  an  inmate  of  the  monastery  at 
Whitby,  under  the  abbess  Hild.  According  to  the  ac- 
count given  by  Bede  (“Ecclesiastical  History  "),  he  was  an 
unlearned  man,  especially  lacking  in  poetical  talent  until 
he  was  commanded  in  a dream  to  sing  “ the  beginning  of 
created  things. ” The  miraculous  gift  thus  bestowed  upon 
him  was  fostered  by  Hild,  and  he  produced  metrical  para- 
phrases of  Genesis  and  other  parts  of  the  Bible.  He  was 
celebrated  as  a saint  on  Feb.  11  (10?  12?).  It  has  been 
doubted  whether  he  is  a real  personage. 

Caelia,  or  Ccelia,  gens  (se'li-a  jenz).  In  ancient 
Rome,  a plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family 
names  were  Caldus  and  Rufus.  The  first  member 
of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was  C.  Caelius 
Caldus,  94  n.  c. 

Caslian  (se'li-an),  The.  [L.  Caelius  mons.']  The 
southeastern  hill  of  the  group  of  Seven  Hills 
of  ancient  Rome,  adjoining  the  Palatine,  and 
between  the  Aventine  and  the  Esquiline.  The 
Lateran  lies  on  its  widely  extending  eastern 
slope. 

Caen  (kan).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Calvados,  France,  situated  on  the  Orne  in  lat. 
49°  11'  N.,  long.  0°  22'  W.  It  has  alarge  import  trade 
in  timber,  etc.,  and  exports  Caen  stone,  rape-oil,  daily  pro- 
ducts, etc.  It  has  important  manufactures.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a university.  Caen  was  developed  by  William  the  Con- 
queror. It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1346  and  1417,  and 
retaken  by  the  French  in  1450.  It  suffered  in  the  Hugue- 
not wars,  and  was  a Girondist  center  in  1793.  Abbaye  aux 
Dairies,  or  Trinity.  A great  Romanesque  church  founded 
by  Queen  Matilda  (1066),  with  3 large  recessed  portals, 
arcaded  facade,  and  square  flanking  towers,  and  later  cen- 
tral lantern.  The  solemn  interior,  with  its  superposed 
tiers  of  round  arches,  presents  one  of  the  most  uniform 
examples  of  Norman  architecture.  Abbaye  aux  Homines , 
or  St.  Tttienne,  dedicated  by  William  the  Conqueror  in 
1077,  but,  especially  in  its  exterior,  much  modified  later. 
The  six  spires  and  the  central  lantern  form  one  of  the 
most  effective  groups  of  this  nature  : they  and  the  choir 
show  the  Norman  lancets.  The  plain  and  massive  nave 
dates  from  the  Conqueror.  The  church  is  349  feet  long; 
the  vaulting  68£  feet  high.  Population,  44,442. 

Csepio  (se'pi-o),  Quintus  Servilius.  Lived 
about  100  b.  c.  A Roman  consul  (106).  As 
proconsul  in  Gaul  (105)  he  was  defeated  with 
Mallius  by  the  Cimbri. 

Caere  (se're),  earlier  Agylla  (a-jil'a).  [Gr. 
Kaipea,Kaip7i;  ’AyivWa.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  of  Etruria,  Italy,  situated  25  miles  north- 
west of  Rome.  Its  site  is  occupied  by  the  mod- 
ern village  of  Cervetere  noted  for  Etruscan 
ruius. 

The  primitive  name  of  Caere  was  Agylla,  the  “round 
town,”  which  indicates  that  it  was  originally  a Phoenician 
settlement.  An  ancient  tradition,  preserved  by  Dionysius 
of  Halicarnassus,  Strabo,  and  Pliny,  affirmed  that  Agylla 
was  a “ Pelasgian  ” city  prior  to  the  Etruscan  conquest. 

Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  74,  note. 
Caerleon  (kar-le'on).  A town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Usk  3 miles 
northeast  of  Newport : the  Roman  Isca  Silurum. 
It  was  important  in  the  Roman  period,  and  is 
the  traditional  seat  of  King  Arthur’s  court. 
Caermarthen.  See  Carmarthen. 

Caernarvon.  See  Carnarvon. 

Caesar  (se'zar),  Cams  Julius.  [ME.  Cesar, 
OF.  Cesar,  F.  Cesar,  It.  Cesar e,  G.  Cdsar,  etc., 
L.  Caesar.]  Born  July  12,  100  b.  c.  (according 
to  Mommsen,  102) : killed  at  Rome,  March  15, 
44  B.  c.  A famous  Roman  general,  statesman, 
orator,  and  writer.  He  served  at  Mytilene  in  80 ; 
was  captured  by  pirates  in  76  ; and  was  made  questor  in 
68,  curule  edile  in  65,  pcntifex  maximus  in  63,  pretor  in 
62,  and  propretor  in  Spain  in  61.  He  formed  the  “ first 
triumvirate  ” with  Pompey  and  Crassus  in  60 ; was  consul 
in  59,  and  proconsul  in  Gaul  and  Hlyricum  in  58  ; defeated 
the  Helvetii  and  Ariovistus  in  58,  and  the  Belgsein57;  in- 
vaded Britain  in  55  and  54  ; crossed  the  Rhine  in  55  and  53  ; 
defeated  Vercingetorix  in  52 ; and  crossed  the  Rubicon  and 
commenced  the  civil  war  in  49.  He  was  dictator  in  49,  48, 
47, 46,  45 ; defeated  Pompey  at  Pharsalia  in  48 ; ended  the 
Alexandrine  war  in  47;  and  defeated  Pharnaces  at  Zeia 
in  47,  and  the  Pompeians  at  Thapsus  in  46,  and  at  Munda 
in  45.  He  reformed  the  calendar  in  46.  Feb.  15,  44,  he 
refused  the  diadem.  He  was  assassinated  by  Brutus,  Cas- 
sius, and  others  in  the  senate-house  March  15.  The  “ Com- 
mentaries ” (or  Memoirs)  of  Ciesar,  the  only  one  of  his  lit- 
erary works  extant,  contain  the  history  of  the  first  seven 
years  of  the  Gallic  war,  in  seven  hooks,  and  three  books 
of  a history  of  the  civil  war.  The  name  Caesar  was  assumed 
by  all  male  members  of  the  Julian  dynasty,  and  after  them 
by  the  successive  emperors,  as  inseparable  from  the  impe- 
rial dignity.  It  thus  became  the  source  of  the  German 
Kaiser  and  the  Russian  Tsar  or  Czar.  After  the  death  of 
Hadrian  the  title  Caesar  was  specifically  assigned  to  those 
who  were  designated  by  the  emperors  as  their  successors 
and  associated  with  them  in  the  government.  Sec  A u- 
gustus. 


202 

Caesar,  Don.  The  father  of  Olivia  in  Mrs.  Cow- 
ley’s “ Bold  Stroke  for  a Husband.” 

CcBsar,  Sir  Julius.  Born  at  Tottenham,  Eng- 
land, 1558:  died  1636.  An  English  jurist  of 
Italian  extraction,  appointed  master  of  the 
rolls  in  1614. 

Caesarea  (sez-a-re'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
seaport  of  Palestine,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  lat.  32°  33'  N.,  long.  34°  54'  E. : the 
modern  Kaisariyeh.  It  was  erected  by  Herod  I.,  in 
the  first  decennium  B.  c.,  on  the  site  of  the  former  Tunis 
Stratonis,  on  the  line  of  the  great  road  from  Tyre  to  Egypt, 
between  Jaffa  and  Dora,  and  named  in  honor  of  Augustus. 
Its  full  name  was  Caesarea  Sebaste,  from  the  name  of  the 
harbor.  Herod  adorned  the  city  with  many  magnificent 
buildings.  It  became  the  residence  of  the  Roman  gover- 
nors iiCPalestine,  and  was  mostly  inhabited  by  a foreign 
population  hostile  to  the  Jews.  Here  broke  out  the  Jewish 
war  under  the  governor  Gessius  Florus.  Vespasian  gave 
it  the  name  of  Colonia  prima  Flaviana.  It  is  often  men- 
tioned in  the  New  Testament  (Acts  viii.  40,  ix.  30,  x.  1,  xxi. 
9,  xxiv.  17,  etc.).  About  200  A.  D.  it  became  the  residence 
of  a bishop,  and  possessed  a Christian  school  at  which  Ori- 
gen  taught.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  church  historian 
Eusebius  (died  342).  The  modern  Kaisariyeh  is  a desolate 
place  of  ruins. 

Caesarea.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Cap- 
padocia, Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  41'  N.,  long. 
35°  20'  E. : the  modern  Kaisariyeh.  It  was 
formerly  called  Mazaca.  Population  of  mod- 
ern town,  about  72,000. 

Caesarea  Philippi  (fi-lip'I).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a town  in  northern  Palestine,  situated  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Hermon.  The  modern  vil- 
lage is  called  Banias,  formerly  Paneas. 

Caesar  ill  Egypt.  A tragedy  by  Cibber,  pro- 
duced at  Drury  Lane  Dec.  9,  1724,  published 
1728.  it  was  taken  from  Massinger  and  Fletcher’s 
“The  False  One”  and  Corneille’s  “La  Mort  de  Pomp^e.” 
Caesarion  (se-za'ri-on).  A son  of  Cleopatra 
and  (probably)  Julius  Ciesar.  He  was  exe- 
cuted by  order  of  Augustus. 

C33sarodunum  (sez-a-ro-du'num).  [‘Caesar's 
fort.’]  The  Roman  name  of  Tours. 

Caesars,  City  of  the.  A mythical  South  Ameri- 
can city,  reputed  of  great  size  and  wealth, 
which  report  located  near  the  eastern  base  of 
the  Andes,  somewhere  south  of  lat.  37°.  By 

some  it  was  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by  a man 
named  Cesar  who  about  1530  left  Cabot  s fort  of  Espirito 
Santo  on  the  ParanA,  and  never  returned.  Others  con- 
nected it  with  the  crew  of  a Spanish  ship  which  was 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia.  In  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries  many  expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it,  and 
even  to  the  end  of  the  18th  century  the  legend  was  re- 
garded by  many  as  true. 

Caesars,  Era  of.  See  Spain,  Era  of. 

Caf.  See  Kaf. 

Cafe  Procope  (ka-fa/  pro-kop').  A coffee-house 
opposite  the  Come  die  Framjaise,  frequented  by 
the  wits  in  the  18th  century. 

CafFa,  or  Kaffa.  See  Feodosia. 

Caffarelli  (ka-fa-rel'le),  Francois  Marie  Au- 
guste. Born  at  Falga,  Haute-Garonne,  France, 
Oct.  7,  1766:  died  at  Lesehelles,  Aisne,  France, 
Jan.  23,  1849.  A French  general,  brother  of 
Caffarelli  du  Falga. 

Caffarelli  (kaf-fa-rel'le),  called  Gaetano  Ma- 
joraiio.  Born  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Italy, 
April  16, 1703:  died  at  Naples,  Nov.  30,  1783. 
A noted  Italian  singer. 

Caffarelli  du  Falga  (ka-fa-rel'le  dii  fal-ga'), 
Louis  Marie  Joseph  Maximilien.  Born  at 
Falga,  Haute-Garonne,  France,  Feb.  13,  1756: 
died  near  Acre,  Syria,  April  27, 1799.  A French 
general,  commander  of  the  engineer  corps  in 
the  Egyptian  campaign. 

Caffi  (kaf 'fe),  Ippolito.  Born  at  Belluno,  Italy, 
1814:  killed  in  the  battle  of  Lissa,  July  20, 
1866.  An  Italian  painter. 

Caffraria.  See  Kafr  aria. 

Caffristan.  See  Kafiristan. 

Cagliari,  or  Caliari,  Paolo.  See  Veronese. 
Cagliari  (kal-ya're).  A province  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  Italy.  Area, 
5,184  square  miles.  Population,  521,172. 
Cagliari.  A seaport,  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Sardinia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Ca- 
gliari in  lat.  39°  13'  N.,  long.  9°  7'  E. : the 
Roman  Caralis  or  Carales.  It  contains  a cathe- 
dral,  castle,  university,  museum,  Roman  amphitheater, 
and  other  antiquities.  Population,  commune,  53,- 
747. 

Cagliostro  (kal-yos'tro),  Count  Alessandro 
di : the  assumed  name  of  Giuseppe  Balsamo. 
Born  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  June  8,  1743 : died  at 
San  Leone,  in  Urbino,  Italy,  Aug.  26,  1795.  An 
Italian  adventurer,  notorious  for  his  imposi- 
tions in  Russia,  Paris,  the  East,  and  elsewhere. 
Among  other  adventures  he  was  involved  in  the  affair  of 
the  diamond  necklace  in  Paris,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Bastille,  but  escaped.  He  visited  England,  and  was  there 
imprisoned  in  the  Fleet.  On  emerging  he  went  to  Rome, 


9a  ira 

where  he  was  arrested  and  condemned  to  death,  but  his 
sentence  was  commuted  to  perpetual  imprisonment  in  the 
fortress  of  San  Leone,  where  he  died. 

Cagnola  (kan-yo'la),  Luigi.  Born  at  Milan, 
June  9,  1762:  died  at  Inverigo,  Italy,  Aug.  14, 
1833.  An  Italian  architect.  His  chief  works  are 
two  triumphal  arches  at  Milan,  “Arco  della 
pace”  and  “Porta  di  Marengo.” 

Cagots  ( ka-goz ' ) . Ape ople of  unc ertain origin , 
living  in  Gascony  and  Bearn  in  France,  and  in 
the  Basque  Provinces  in  Spain.  They  are  consid- 
ered a degraded  race,  and  before  1793  were  without  po- 
litical and  social  rights. 

Cahawba  (ka-ha'ba).  A river  of  Alabama  which 
joins  the  Alabama  River  8 miles  southwest  of 
Selma.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Cahen  (ka-ah'),  Samuel.  Born  at  Metz,  Lor- 
raine, Aug.  4,  1796:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1862. 
A French  Hebraist,  author  of  a translation  of 
the  Old  Testament  into  French  (1841-53). 
Cahensly  Agitation,  The.  An  agitation  car- 
ried on  in  1891  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
for  the  purpose  of  inducing  t he  Pope  to  appoint 
bishops  and  priests  of  their  own  nationality  for 
the  Roman  Catholic  immigrants  in  the  United 
States : so  called  from  a memorial  addressed 
by  Herr  Cahensly  and  other  Europeans  to  the 
Vatican. 

Cahita  (ka-he'ta).  A division  of  the  Piman 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  inhabiting  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Sonora  and  the  north- 
western coast  of  Sinaloa,  from  lat.  28°  to  25° 
30'  N.,  with  settlements  mainly  in  the  lower  val- 
leys of  the  Yaqui,  Fuerte,  and  Mayo  rivers. 
It  embraces  the  Yaki  (Sp.  Yaqui),  Mayo,  Tehueco,  and 
Vacoregue  tribes,  which  subsist  by  agriculture  and  fish- 
ing. The  Yaki  and  Mayo,  particularly  the  former,  were 
almost  continually  at  war  with  the  Mexican  government. 
Population,  Yaki,  about  20,000;  Mayo,  about  20,000;  that 
of  the  remaining  tribes  is  small.  See  Piman. 

Cahokia.  See  Illinois. 

Cahors  (ka-or').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Lot,  France,  situated  on  the  river  Lot  in  lat. 
44°  27'  N.,  long.  1°  24'  E. : the  ancient  Divona, 
or  Civitas  Cadurcorum.  It  contains  a cathedral, 
ruined  medieval  ramparts,  and  the  ruined  palace  of  John 
XXII.  The  bridge  over  the  Lot,  of  the  14th  century,  is  a 
strikingly  picturesque  monument  spanned  by  three  towers, 
the  two  outer  of  which  are  machicolated.  It  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Quercy,  and  had  formerly  a university. 
Population,  commune,  13,202. 

Oahroc.  See  Karak. 

Caiaphas  (ka'ya-fas).  [Possibly  from  Babylo- 
nian qepu,  watchman.]  The  surname  of  Jo- 
seph, Jewish  high  priest  27  (18?)-36  a.  d.,  noted 
in  New  Testa  ment  history : son-in-law  of  Annas. 
Caicos,  or  Caycos  (ki'kos).  Four  islands  in 
the  Bahama  group,  situated  about  lat.  21°  30'- 
22°  N.,  long.  71°  30'-72°  W.  They  are  under 
the  government  of  Jamaica.  Population, 
2,381. 

Caieta.  The  ancient  name  of  Gaeta  (which  see). 
Caifung-Fu.  See  Kaifung-Fu. 

Caille.  See  Lacaille. 

Caillet  (ka-ya/ ) , Guillaume.  A French  peasant 
who  assumed  the  name  of  Jacques  Bonhomme, 
and  was  leader  of  the  Jacquerie  in  1358. 
Cailliaud  (ka-yo'),  Frederic.  Born  at  Nantes, 
France,  June  9,  1787:  died  at  Nantes,  May  1, 
1869.  A French  traveler  in  Egypt  and  Nubia. 
Caillie,  or  Caille  (ka-ya'),  Rene.  Born  at 
Mauze,  Poitou,  France,  Sept.  19,  1799 : died  at 
Paris,  May  8,  1838.  A French  traveler  in  cen- 
tral Africa.  He  reached  Timbuktu  in  1828. 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Cain  (kan).  [Heb. ; of  uncertain  origin.]  The 
eldest  son  of  Adam  and  Eve,  and  the  murderer 
of  his  brother  Abel,  according  to  the  account  in 
Genesis.  He  was  condemned  to  he  a fugitive 
for  his  sin. 

Cain,  a Mystery.  A dramatic  poem  by  Lord 
Byron,  published  in  1821.  It  was  written  at 
*Ravenna. 

Caine  (kan),  Thomas  Henry  Hall.  Born  at 
Runcorn,  Cheshire,  England,  in  1853.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  known  as  Hall  Caine.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Sonnets  of  Three  Centuries  ”(1882),“  Recollec- 
tions of  Rossetti  ” (1882),  “ The  Shadow  of  a Crime  ” (1885), 
“The  Deemster”  (168i),  “The  Manxman  ” (1894),  “The 
Christian  ” (1897),  “ The  Eternal  City  " (1901).  “ The  Deem- 
ster" was  dramatized  (as  “Ben-ma’-Cliree”)  in  1889, 
“The  Manxman”  in  1895,  “The  Christian”  in  1898,  “The 
Eternal  City”  in  1902,  and  “The  Prodigal  Son"  in  1905. 

Cainites  (kan'itz).  A Gnostic  sect  of  the  2d 
century,  which  reverenced  Cain,  Esau,  Korah, 
and  Judas  Iscariot. 

9a  ira  (sa  e-ra').  [F.,  ‘ it  will  go.’]  The  first 

popular  song  which  was  the  offspring  of  the 
French  Revolution,  it  was  probably  first  sung  in 
1789  by  the  insurgents  as  they  marched  to  Versailles. 
(Grove.)  The  music  was  that  of  a contre-dance  which  was 
extremely  popular  under  the  name  “Carillon  national.” 


9a  Ira 

It  was  composed  by  a drummer  in  the  orchestra  of  the 
opera,  named  Becourt,  and  was  a great  favorite  with  Marie 
Antoinette.  The  words  were  suggested  by  Lafayette  to 
Ladr6,  a street-singer ; he  remembered  them  from  hearing 
Franklin  say  at  various  stagesof  the  American  Revolution, 
when  asked  for  news,  “ Qa  ira,  Qa  ira. " There  are  five  verses 
with  different  refrains,  becoming  more  ferocious  as  the 
Revolution  progressed,  one  of  which  was : 

“ Ah  I ?a  ira,  <;a  ira,  ?a  ira  ! 

Les  aristocrat'  h la  lanteme  ! 

Caird  (kard),  Edward.  Born  1835  : died  Nov. 
1,  1908.  A Scottish  metaphysician,  brother  of 
John  Caird.  He  was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  became  fellow  and  tutor  at  Merton  in  1864,  was 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow  University  1866- 
93,  and  master  of  Balliol,  Oxford,  1893-1907.  Among  his 
works  are  “ A Critical  Account  of  the  Philosophy  of  Kant  ” 
(1878),  “ Hegel  ” (1883),  “ Social  Philosopny  and  Religion 
of  Comte  ” (1885),  “The  Evolution  of  Religion”  (Gifford 
Lectures,  St.  Andrews.  1890-92),  “ The  Evolution  of  The- 
ology in  the  Greek  Philosophers”  (Gifford  Lectures  at 
Glasgow,  1901-02). 

Caird  (kard),  John.  Born  at  Greenock,  Scot- 
land, 1820  (1823?):  died  July  30,  1898.  A 
Scottish  clergyman  and  pulpit  orator.  He  became 
professor  of  divinity  in  the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1862, 
and  was  principal  of  the  university  1873-93.  He  wrote 
“ An  Introduction  to  the  Philosophy  of  Religion”  (1880), 
“ Religions  of  India  ” (1881),  “ Spinoza  ” (1880),  etc. 

Caimes  (karnz),  John  Elliott.  Born  at  Castle 
Bellingham, CountyLouth,  Ireland, Dec.  26, 1823: 
died  near  London,  July  8, 1875.  A noted  British 
political  economist.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
political  economy  in  University  College,  London,  in  1866. 
His  works  include  "Character  and  Logical  Method  of 
Political  Economy” (1857),  "Essays in  Political  Economy" 
(1873),  “Political  Essays  ” (1873),  “Some Leading  Principles 
of  Political  Economy  Newly  Explained”  (1874),  etc. 

Cairns  (karnz),  Hugh  MacCalmont,  first  Earl 
Cairns.  Born  at  Cnldra,  Down,  Ireland,  Dec., 
1819 : died  at  Bournemouth,  Hants,  England, 
April  2,  1885.  An  English  statesman.  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1852,  and  was  lord  chancellor  in  the 
Disraeli  administration,  1868  and  1874-80. 

Cairo  (kl'ro).  [Ar.  Magr-el-Qdhira,  F.  Le  Caire.] 
The  capital  of  Egypt,  situated  1 mile  east  of  the 
Nile  in  lat.  30°  3'  N.,  long.  31°  26'  E.  it  has  im- 
portant transit  trade,  and  is  the  starting-point  for  tours  to 
neighboring  pyramids,  the  sites  of  Memphis  and  Heliopolis 
(in  the  vicinity),  and  the  upper  Nile.  Its  chief  suburb  is 
Bulak.  It  was  founded  by  the  Fatimite  califs  about  970,  and 
made  the  capital.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1517,  was 
held  by  the  French  1798-1801,  and  was  occupied  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1882.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  massacre  of  the  Mame- 
lukes in  1811.  It  contains  a number  of  noted  mosques : 
Mosque  of  Akbar,  a square,  picturesquely  ornamented 
building  surmounted  by  a pointed  dome  covered  with  ara- 
besques, now  appropriated  to  the  dances  of  the  howling 
dervishes.  The  square  minaret  over  one  angle  rises  in  re- 
cessed stages,  and  the  entrance-porch  is  formed  by  a high 
trifoliate  arch.  The  whole  interior  is  colored  in  dark  and 
light  horizontal  bands.  Mosque  of  El-Azhar,  founded  in 
970,  but  for  the  most  part  rebuilt  at  various  subsequent 
times.  It  has  six  minarets.  It  is  remarkable  as  the  chief 
existing  Mohammedan  university.  The  divisions  of  the 
interior  surround  a large  central  court  encircled  by 
pointed  arcades.  The  siwan,  or  sanctuary,  used  for  in- 
struction, consists  of  nine  aisles  formed  by  380  columns 
of  ancient  anAChristian  provenience.  Several  subordinate 
mosques  or  chapels  are  included  in  the  main  foundation. 
Mosque  of  El-Gouri,  one  of  the  most  picturesque  monu- 
ments in  the  city.  It  was  built  about  1513.  Mosque  of 
Sultan  Hassan , ranking  as  one  of  the  chief  monuments  of 
Mohammedan  architecture.  It  was  completed  in  1360  A.  n. 
The  exterior,  built  of  stones  taken  from  the  Pyramids,  con- 
sists of  a massive  wall  about  113  feet  high,  inclosing  an  area 
of  irregular  form,  and  surmounted  by  two  lofty  minarets 
and  the  pointed  brick  dome  of  the  sultan's  mausoleum. 
The  top  of  the  wall  is  corbeled  out  about  6 feet  in  succes- 
sive ranges  of  dentils,  forming  a cornice,  and  its  face  is 
diversified  by  panels,  arches,  and  Ajimez  windows,  all 
used  sparingly.  The  great  minaret  is  280  feet  high.  The 
interior  court  measures  105  by  117  feet,  and  contains  two 
fountain-pavilions.  In  the  middle  of  each  side  of  the 
court  opens  a magnificent  pointed  arch.  That  on  the  east, 
90  feet  high  and  deep  and  69  in  span,  is  the  largest.  At  the 
back  of  this  recess  are  the  mimbar  (pulpit)  and  mihrab 
(place  of  direction  of  prayer),  and  from  it  opens  the  mau- 
soleum. The  entrance-porch  is  a large  archway  curiously 
covered  in  by  corbeling  out  the  sides  for  part  of  its  rise, 
and  then  throwing  a small  pointed  arch  over  the  opening; 
its  piers  are  ornamented  with  rich  vertical  bands  and 
angle-columns,  and  with  paneling.  Tomb-Mosque  of  Kait 
Bey,  built  about  1470,  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  architec- 
ture in  Cairo.  Tombs  of  the  Califs,  so  called,  properly  of 
the  Circassian  Mamelukes,  a number  of  comparatively 
small  mosque-tombs  of  the  15th  century,  grouped  together 
about  the  Tomb-Mosque  of  Kait  Bey.  They  are  important 
in  Arabic  architecture  for  their  angularly  pointed  stone 
domes  covered  with  geometric  ornament  in  relief,  with 
small  windows  in  the  low  drum;  for  their  windows,  consist- 
ing of  a group  of  two  or  three  slender  round-headed  arches 
surmounted  by  one  or  three  circular  openings  arranged 
pyramidally;  and  forthe  flue,  massive  pointed  arches  usual 
in  the  lowest  story.  Some  of  them  show  incrustations  of 
the  beautiful  colored  porcelain  tiles  for  which  the  older 
Arabic  monuments  of  Cairo  are  famous.  Tombs  of  the 
Mamelukes,  so  called,  an  extensive  group  of  mosque- 
tombs  on  the  southeast  side  of  the  city.  They  belong  to 
the  period  of  the  Baharite  sultans,  and  though  ruinous  are 
architecturally  notable  for  their  fine  masonry  and  beauti- 
ful fluted  or  chevroned  pointed  domes,  and  for  their  grace- 
ful polygonal  minarets,  which  rise  in  recessed  stages. 
Mosque  of  Amru,  the  oldest  mosque  in  Egypt  (founded  643 
A.  D. ),  and  a remarkable  Mohammedan  monument.  The 
inclosure  is  350  feet  square,  with  exterior  walls  of  brick. 
The  entrance  is  on  the  west : here  a single  range  of  arcades 


203 

borders  the  central  court,  while  on  the  north  there  are  three 
ranges,  on  the  south  four,  and  on  the  east  side,  which  is 
the  sanctuary,  six  ranges.  There  are  in  all  229  columns. 
The  arches  are  round  or  keel-shaped,  and  a few  are  pointed. 
Milometer,  a monument  for  measuring  the  rise  of  the  Nile, 
on  the  island  of  Roda.  The  present  Nilometer  dates  from 
about  860  A.  D. ; it  is  a chamber  about  18  feet  square,  origi- 
nally domed,  in  each  side  of  which  there  is  a niche  covered 
with  a pointed  arch,  an  important  example  of  the  early  use 
of  this  form.  In  the  middle  stands  a pillar  divided  into  17 
cubits  of  about  21^  inches.  Population,  654,476. 

Cairo  (ka/ro).  A city  in  Alexander  County,  111., 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  inun- 
dation in  1858.  The  Ohio  is  here  crossed  by  a railway 
bridge.  Population,  14,548,  (1910). 

Caites,  or  Caetes,  or  Cahet6s  (ka-e-taz'). 
[Probably  from  the  Tupi  Cad , forest,  and 
etc,  real,  true,  i.  e.  ‘true  forest-dwellers.’]  A 
tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians,  of  the  Tupi  race, 
which  in  the  16th  century  occupied  much  of 
the  eastern  coast  region  north  of  the  Sao  Fran- 
cisco, in  Pernambuco,  Bio  Grande  do  Norte, 
Parahyba,  and  Ceara.  They  were  very  powerful 
and  warlike,  and  were  cannibals.  They  dwelt  in  fixed 
villages,  practised  a little  agriculture,  and  were  skilful 
hunters.  In  1554  they  murdered  the  Bishop  of  Bahia 
and  his  companions,  who  were  shipwrecked  on  their 
coasts,  and  they  long  carried  on  war  with  the  colonists. 
As  a tribe  they  are  now  extinct. 

Caithness  (kath'nes).  A county  in  northern 
Scotland,  lying  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  Pentland  Firth  on  the  north,  the  North 
Sea  on  the  east  and  southeast,  and  Sutherland 
on  the  west  The  surface  is  chiefly  level.  The  chief 
towns  are  Thurso  and  Wick.  Area,  686  square  miles. 
Population  (civil  county),  33,859. 

Caius  (ka'yus),  or  Gaius  (ga'yus).  Lived  in 
the  first  part  of  the  3d  century  a.  d.  A Chris- 
tian controversialist. 

Caius  (ka'yus),  or  Gaius  (ga'yus),  Saint.  Bom 
in  Dalmatia:  died  April  22,  296.  Bishop  of 
Rome  283-296.  The  Roman  Church  commem- 
orates his  death  on  April  22. 

Caius.  The  assumed  name  of  Kent  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “King  Lear.” 

Caius,  Dr.  A French  doctor  in  Shakspere’s 
“Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.” 

Caius  (kez)  (probably  Latinized  from  Kay  or 
Keye),  John.  Born  at  Norwich,  England,  Oct. 
6,  1510:  died  at  London,  July  29,  1573.  An 
eminent  English  physician  and  scholar,  founder 
of  Caius  College  at  Cambridge  in  1558. 

Caius  Cestius  (ka'yus  ses'ti-us),  Pyramid  of. 
A massive  sepulchral  monument  of  brick  and 
stone,  at  Rome,  114  feet  high,  incrusted  with 
white  marble.  Each  side  of  the  base  measures  90  feet. 
The  small  burial-chamber  is  painted  with  arabesques.  The 
pyramid  is  of  the  time  of  Augustus. 

Caius  (kez)  College.  See  Gonville  and  Caius 
College. 

Caius  Gracchus  (ka'yus  grak'us).  A tragedy 
by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1815  at 
Belfast.  He  afterward  revised  it,  and  it  was  brought 
out  by  Macready  at  Covent  Garden  in  1823. 

Cajamarca,  or  Caxamarca  (ka-Ha-mar'ka).  A 
department  of  northern  Peru,  bordering  on 
Ecuador.  It  is  occupied  almost  wholly  by  the 
Cordilleras.  Area,  12,538  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, about  333,000. 

Cajamarca,  or  Caxamarca.  A city  of  Peru,  the 
capital  of  the  province  and  department  of  the 
same  name.  It  was  an  ancient  Indian  settlement, 
which  the  Incas  overran.  There  are  interesting  hot 
springs  near  by,  falsely  called  ‘ Inca  baths.’  Here  Ata- 
hualpa  had  his  headquarters  during  the  war  with  Huascar, 
1530-32  ; here  he  was  seized  by  Pizarro  Nov.  16,  1532,  and 
executed  Aug.  29,  1533.  See  Atahualpa.  Population, 
9,000. 

Cajetan  (kaj'e-tan),  or  Cajetanus  (kaj-e-ta'- 
nns)  (Tommaso  de  Vio).  Born  at  Gaeta,  Italy, 
Feb.  20, 1469:  died  at  Rome,  Aug.  9, 1534.  An 
Italian  cardinal  and  scholar,  a papal  legate  at 
Augsburg  in  1518.  He  summoned  Luther  be- 
fore his  tribunal.  He  became  bishop  of  Gaeta 
(Cajeta,  whence  his  surname)  in  1519. 

Cajigal  (ka-he-gal'  or  ka-He-gal'),  Juan  Man- 
uel. Born  at  Cadiz,  1757 : died  at  Guanabacoa, 
Cuba,  Nov.  26, 1823.  A Spanish  general,  nephew 
of  General  Cajigal  y Monserrate.  From  1799  he  was 
stationed  in  Venezuela,  where  he  acted  against  the  revo- 
lutionists, 1810-16,  and  was  acting  captain-general  from 

1813.  He  was  defeated  by  Bolivar  at  Carabobo,  May  28, 

1814,  bnt  contributed  to  the  successes  of  the  royalists  in 
1816.  Recalled  to  Spain  in  1816,  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
general.  From  Aug.,  1819,  to  March,  1821,  he  was  captain- 
general  of  Cuba  during  a period  of  great  disorder. 

Cajigal  de  la  Vega  (ka-He-gal'  da  la  va'ga), 
Francisco  Antonio,  Marquis  of  Casa-Cajigal. 
Bom  at  Santander,  Feb.  5,  1695:  died  there, 
April  30, 1777.  A Spanish  general  and  admin- 
istrator. He  was  military  commandant  of  Caracas,  gov- 
ernor  of  Santiago  deCuba  1738-64,  and  of  Havana  1747-60. 
For  his  defense  against  Lord  Vernon’s  English  Meet  (July 
1,  1741)  he  was  made  brigadier,  and  subsequently  Held- 


Calancha 

marshal.  For  about  six  months  in  1760  he  was  viceroy  ad, 
interim  of  Mexico. 

Cakchiquels,  or  Cackchiquels(kak-ohe-kels'). 
A tribe  of  Indians  of  the  Maya  stock,  inhabit- 
ing central  and  northern  Guatemala.  They  ap- 
pear to  have  been  an  offshoot  of  their  neighbors,  the 
Quiches,  whom  they  closely  resembled  in  manners  and 
customs.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  were  divided 
into  the  Cakchiquels  proper  and  a northern  and  weaker 
branch,  theZutugils.  The  former  had  their  capital  at  Pati- 
namit,  near  the  present  city  of  Guatemala ; the  latter  were 
at  Atitlan,  and  in  1524  they  were  at  war  with  Patinamit. 

Cakes,  Land  of.  A name  given  to  Scotland, 
which  is  famous  for  its  oatmeal  cakes. 
Calabar  (kal-a-bar'  or,  more  correctly,  ka-la- 
bar').  A region  situated  between  the  Old  Cal- 
abar (Cross)  and  Rio  del  Rey  rivers,  in  the 
former  British  Oil  Rivers  Protectorate,  West 
Africa,  now  incorporated  with  Southern  Ni- 
geria ; also,  a city  situated  near  the  head  of  the 
estuary  of  the  Old  Calabar  River:  formerly 
called  Old  Calabar.  The  importance  and  wealth  of 
this  district  are  due  to  the  palm-oil  which  is  produced  on 
the  banks  of  the  river.  The  Cross  River  is  navigable  for 
some  distance.  Duketown  is  the  native  quarter  of  Cal- 
abar. The  climate  is  very  insalubrious.  New  Calabar  is  a 
branch  of  the  Niger ; also  a town  near  its  mouth. 

Calabozo(ka-la-b6'tho).  Thecapitalof  the  state 
of  Guarico,  Venezuela,  situated  on  the  river 
Guurico.  It  was  founded  in  1730,  and  during  the  Vene- 
zuelan  revolution  was  a central  post  of  the  royalist  Boves. 
It  is  the  seat  of  a bishopric.  Population,  about  6,000. 

Calabria  (ka-la'bri-a).  The  name  given  until 
about  the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest  in  the 
11th  century  to  the  southeastern  part  of  Italy 
*(the  heel). 

Calabria.  The  name  given  in  the  later  middle 
ages  and  in  modern  times  to  the  southwestern 
part  of  Italy  (the  toe).  It  comprises  the  provinces  Co- 
senza,  Catanzaro,  and  Reggio.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 

Calactimis.  See  Ceecilius. 

Calab  (ka'lah).  In  Gen.  x.  10,  12,  a place 
mentioned  as  one  of  the  four  cities  founded  by 
Asur,  the  ancestor  of  the  Assyrians,  it  is  the 
Assyrian  city  called  in  the  inscriptions  Kalhu,  now  repre- 
sented by  the  ruins  of  Nimrud,  about  20  miles  north  of 
the  ruins  of  Nineveh  (Kuyunjik),  situated  on  an  irregular 
wedge  of  land  formed  by  the  Tigris  and  the  Upper  Zab. 
According  to  the  Assyrian  monuments  it  was  founded  by 
Shalmaneser  I.  about  1300  B.  c.  His  successors  abandoned 
it  for  Nineveh.  Asurnazirpal  (884-860)  rebuilt  it  and 
erected  a royal  palace  in  it,  known  as  the  northwest  pal- 
ace ; others  were  built  by  his  successors.  The  last  Assyr- 
ian king,  Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni,  also  built  a palace  there. 

Calahorra  (ka-la-or'ra),  Celtiberian  Calagur- 
ris  Nassica.  A town  in  the  province  of  Lo- 
grono,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Cidaco,  near  the 
Ebro,  in  lat.  42°  16'  N.,  long.  2°  4'  W.  it  is 
noted  for  its  resistance  in  the  Sertorian  war,  72  b.  c.,  and 
as  the  birthplace  of  Quintilian  and  (probably)  of  Pruden- 
tius.  It  has  a cathedral.  Population,  9,475. 

Calais  (kal'is;  F.  pron.  ka-la').  [Formerly 
spelled  Callis ; ME.  Caleys,  Kalays,  from  OF. 
Caleis,  Calais  (F.  Calais),  ML.  Calesium.]  A 
seaport  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
France,  situated  on  the  narrowest  part  of  the 
Strait  of  Dover,  in  lat.  50°  57'  N.,  long.  1°  51' 
E.  It  was  a strong  fortress,  and  a center  of  passenger 
traffic  between  England  and  the  Continent,  and  is  on  the 
great  railway  and  packet  route  between  London  and  Paris. 
It  has  a good  harbor,  and  trade  in  timber,  etc.  Its  com- 
mercial and  manufacturing  portion  (annexed  in  1885)  is 
St.-Pierre-lfes-Calais.  Calais  was  taken  by  Edward  III., 
after  a celebrated  siege,  in  1347,  and  retaken  by  the  Duke 
of  Guise  in  1558.  The  Spaniards  held  it  1696-98.  Louis 
XVIII.  landed  there  in  1814.  Population,  66,627. 

Calais  (kal'is).  A city  and  seaport  in  Wash- 
ington County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  St. 
Croix  River  in  lat.  45°  11'  N.,  long.  67°  17'  W. 
Its  chief  industry  is  the  lumber  trade.  Popu- 
lation, 6,116,  (1910). 

Calamatta  (ka-la-mat'ta),  Louis.  Bom  at 
Civita  Vecehia,  Italy,  July  12,  1802:  died  at 
Milan,  March  8,  1869.  A French  engraver. 
Calame  (ka-larn'),  Alexandre.  Born  at  Vevay, 
Switzerland,  May  28,  1810:  died  at  Mentone, 
France,  March  17,  1864.  A Swiss  landscape- 
painter,  noted  for  representations  of  Alpine 
scenery  and  of  the  ruins  of  PaBstum. 
Calamianes  (kii-la-me-a/nes).  A group  of  isl- 
ands in  the  Philippine  Archipelago,  about  lat. 
12°  N.,  long.  120°  E.  They  form  part  of  the 
province  of  Paragua,  Palawan.  Area,  677  sq.  m. 

Calamities  of  Authors.  A work  by  I.  D'lsraeli, 
published  in  1812. 

alamy  (kal'a-mi),  Edmund.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.,  1600:  died  at  London,  Oct.  29,  1666. 
An  English  Presbyterian  clergyman. 

Calamy,  Edmund.  Born  at  London,  April  5, 
1671:  died  June  3,  1732.  An  English  nonconfor- 
mist clergyman,  grandson  of  Edmund  Calamy. 
Calancha  (ka-lan'eha),  Antonio  de  la.  Born 
at  Chuquisaca,  1584:  died  at  Lima,  March  1, 
1654.  A Peruvian  Augustine  monk.  He  was  rec- 


Calancha 

tor  of  the  College  of  San  Ildefonso  at  Lima,  and  held 
various  olllces.  Ills  “Cronica  Moralizada  del  Olden  dc 
Sail  Agustin  en  el  l’eru"  (Barcelona,  1038;  gives  much  in- 
formation on  the  hifltory  and  ethnology  of  Soutli  America. 

Calandrino  (ka-lan-dre'no).  Tho  subject  of  a 
story  iu  Boccaccio’s  “Decameron.”  He  is  very 
unfortunate  and  very  amusing. 

Calantha  (ka-lan'thji).  In  Ford’s  tragedy  “ The 
Broken  lleart?”  the  daughter  of  Ainyclas,  the 
king  of  Laconia.  She  drops  dead  of  a broken  heart 
after  an  extraordinary  scene  in  a ball-room  during  which, 
with  apparent  calm  and  while  continuing  her  dance,  she 
listens  to  tho  announcement  of  the  deaths,  one  after  an- 
other, of  her  father,  lover,  and  brother. 

Calapooya  (kal-a-po'y&).  A division  of  the 
Kalapooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
embracing  a number  of  bands,  formerly  on  the 
watershed  between  the  Willamette  and  Ump- 
qua rivers,  in  Oregon.  Also  Calipoa,  Callah- 
jtoewah,  Callapipa,  Callapooha,  Cathlapooya, 
Collappoliyca,  Kalapooyah,  Kallapuya. 

Galas  (kit-las'  or  kii-lii'),  Jean.  Born  at  La- 
caparMo,  Languedoc,  France,  March  19,  1698: 
broken  on  the  wheel  at  Toulouse,  France, 
March  9, 1762.  A French  Protestant  merchant 
at  Toulouse,  a victim  of  religious  fanaticism. 

He  was  judicially  murdered  on  the  baseless  charge  of 
having  put  his  eldest  son  (a  suicide)  to  death  to  prevent 
him  from  becoming  a Roman  Catholic. 

Calatafimi  (ka-la-ta-fe'me).  A town  in  western 
Sicily,  situated  32  miles  southwest  of  Palermo. 
The  ruins  of  the  ancient  Segesta  are  in  the  vicinity.  Near 
here,  May  15,  18G0,  Garibaldi  with  about  2,000  men  de- 
feated 3,600  Neapolitans  under  Landi.  The  town  was 
taken,  April  22,  838,  by  the  Saracens  who  gave  it  its  name 
(Kalat-al-fimi).  Population,  11,426. 

Calatayud  (ka-la-ta-yoTH').  A town  in  the 
province  of  SaragossaJ  Spain,  situated  on  the 
river  Jalon  in  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  1°  41'  W. 

It  was  built  by  Moors  in  the  8th  century,  and  is  in  the 
center  of  a noted  hemp  district.  It  iB  near  the  ancient 
Bilbilis  (the  birthplace  of  Martial),  and  has  a castle. 
Population,  11,526. 

Calatrava  la  Vieja  (ka-la-tra'va  la  ve-a'Ha), 
or  Old  Calatrava.  A ruined  city  of  New 
Castile,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiana  north 
of  Ciudad  Real.  It  was  an  important  medieval  for- 
tress, and  seat  of  the  Calatrava  Order  of  Knights,  founded 
in  the  12th  century  for  the  defense  of  the  frontier  against 
the  Moors  (it  became  an  order  of  merit  in  1808). 

Calaveras  (kal-a-va'ras)  Grove.  The  northern- 
most grove  of  the  Californian  big  trees,  reached 
from  Stockton.  It  contains  about  one  hundred  large 
trees,  among  them  the  “ Mother  of  the  Forest,”  315  feet  in 
height  and  61  in  girth. 

Calaynos  (ka-li'nos).  A tragedy  by  George  H. 
Boker,  produced  in  England  in  1848,  and  revived 
in  America  by  Barrett  in  1883. 

Calaynos,  the  Moor.  One  of  the  oldest  Spanish 
ballads,  in  which  the  French  paladins  appear 
associated  with  various  fabulous  Spanish 
heroes. 

Calcasieu  (kal'ka-shu).  A river  in  western 
Louisiana  which  flows  through  Lake  Calcasieu 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  29°  46'  N.,  long. 
93°  20'  W.  Length,  about  200  miles. 
Calchaquis  (k&l-cha-kez').  A tribe  of  South 
American  Indians  which  formerly  occupied  a 
region  of  what  is  now  northwestern  Argentina, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Catamarca.  They  were  power- 
ful opponents  of  the  first  Spanish  colonists  who  entered 
this  district  from  Chile.  The  Jesuit  missionaries  called 
their  language  Catamareho  or  Cacana,  but  all  records  of 
this  tongue  appear  to  be  lost,  and  the  tribe  is  extinct. 
Calchas  (kal'kas).  [Gr.  KaX^af.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  wisest  soothsayer  who  accompanied 
the  expedition  against  Troy.  He  was  a son  of 
Thestor  of  Mycenae  or  Megara.  According  to  the  oracle 
he  must  die  when  he  met  a soothsayer  wiser  than  him- 
self : this  happened  when  he  met  Mopsus  at  Claros.  He 
is  introduced  in  Shakspere's  “Troilus  and  Cressida.” 

Calcraft  (kal'kraft),  John  William.  A pseu- 
donym of  John  William  Cole. 

Calcutta  (kal-kut'a).  [Hind.  Kalikata,  prob. 
orig.  Kdlighat,  referring  to  a shrine  of  the  god- 
dess Kali  in  the  vicinity.]  The  capital  of  Brit- 
ish India  (until  1912)  and  of  Bengal,  situated 
on  the  Hugli  in  lat.  22°  34'  N.,  long.  88°  22' E. 
It  is  the  chief  commercial  center  of  Asia.  Its  exports 
and  manufactures  are  opium,  tea,  jute,  grain,  indigo,  iron, 
oil-seeds,  cotton,  etc.  Among  the  principal  objects  of  in- 
terest are  Fort  William,  Government  House,  an  arsenal,  a 
university,  Botanical  Gardens,  the  Victoria  Memorial 
(national  gallery  for  India),  a Sanskrit  college,  etc.  It  was 
founded  as  an  East  India  Company  factory  about  1690,  was 
fortified  in  1696,  and  was  originally  called  Fort  William. 
It  was  attacked  by  Surajah  Dowlah  in  1756,  and  was  the 
scene  of  the  tragedy  of  the  Black  Hole  (which  see).  It 
was  retaken  by  Clive  in  1757,  and  became  the  capital  in 
1773.  It  was  announced  at  the  Durbar,  Dec.  12, 1911,  that 
the  seat  of  government  was  to  be  transferred  to  Delhi. 
Population,  with  suburbs,  1,222,313,  (1911). 

Caldani  (kal-da'ne),  Leopoldo  Marc- Antonio. 

Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Nov.  21,  1725 : died  at 
Padua,  Italy,  Dec.  24,  1813.  A noted  Italian 


204 

anatomist.  HIb  chief  works  are  “leones  anatomicae” 
(1801-14).  “Explicatio  iconum  anatomiearum  ”(1802-14). 

Caldara  (kal-da'rii),  Antonio.  Born  at  Venice, 
1678 : died  at  Venice,  Doc.  28, 1763.  An  Italian 
composer  of  operas  and  oratorios. 

Caldara,  Polidoro,  surnamed  da  Caravaggio. 
Born  at  Caravaggio,  near  Milan,  about  1495: 
killed  at  Messina,  1543.  An  Italian  painter,  a 
pupil  of  Raphael. 

Caldas  (kiU'diis),  Francisco  Jose  de.  Born  at 
Popayan,  Colombia,  1771:  died  at  Bogota,  Oct. 
29,1816.  A Colombian  naturalist.  He  made  impor- 
tant studies  in  botany  and  geography,  traveling  for  some 
time  with  Humboldt  and  Bonpland.  In  1805  he  was  made 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Bogota.  When  the  revolu- 
tion of  1810  broke  out  he  became  chief  of  engineers  in  the 
patriot  army,  but  was  not  actively  engaged  in  the  field. 
The  Spaniards  captured  him  iu  1816,  and  lie  was  shot. 

Caldas  Barboza  (kill 'das  biir-bo'za),  Do- 
mingos. Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  about  1740: 
died  near  Lisbon,  Portugal,  Nov.  9,  1800.  A 
Brazilian  poet.  He  was  a mulatto,  the  illegitimate 
child  of  a Portuguese  and  of  a slave  woman  from  Africa. 
Over  two  hundred  of  his  lyrics  are  extant. 

Caldeira  Brant  Pontes  (kal-da'rii  brant 
pon'tas),  Felisberto,  Marquis  of  Barbacena. 
Born  near  Marianna,  Minas  Geraes,  Sept.  19, 
1772 : died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  13, 1841.  A 
Brazilian  soldier  and  statesman,  in  1823  he  was  a 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly  ; in  1826  was  chosen 
senator;  in  Jan.,  1827,  assumed  command  of  the  Brazil- 
ian army  in  Uruguay,  but  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of 
Ituzaingd,  Feb.  20,  1827,  and  soon  after  relieved  ; in  1828 
accompanied  the  young  Queen  of  Portugal,  Maria  II.,  to 
Europe,  and  defended  her  rights  there  with  great  decision 
and  skill ; and  from  Dec.,  1829,  to  Oct.,  1830,  was  prime 
minister. 

Calder  (kal'dfer).  A river  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Aire  at 
Castleford,  9 miles  southeast  of  Leeds.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Calder,  Sir  Robert.  Born  at  Elgin,  Scotland, 
July  2,  1745  (O.  S.):  died  at  Holt,  Hampshire, 
England,  Aug.  31,  1818.  A British  admiral. 
He  served  with  distinction  as  captain  of  the  fleet  at  Cape 
St.  Vincent  in  1797,  and  commanded  against  Villeneuve 
in  the  summer  of  1805. 

Caldera  (kal-da'rii).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Atacama,  Chile,  the  distributing-point  of  a 
mineral  district.  Population,  about  2,800. 
Calderdn  (kal-da-ron'),  Francisco  Garcia. 

Lorn  at  Arequipa,  1834:  died  at  Lima,  Sept. 
21,  1905.  A Peruvian  lawyer  and  statesman. 
In  1867  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  in  1868  became 
minister  of  the  treasury.  After  the  Chilians  occupied 
Lima  (1881),  and  President  Pierola  had  fled,  the  citizens 
elected  Calderon  provisional  president  of  Peru,  a choice 
which  was  afterward  ratified  by  Congress.  He  attempted 
to  treat  with  the  Chilians  and  to  secure  the  interference 
of  the  United  States.  To  prevent  this  the  Chilians  seized 
him  and  sent  him  to  Valparaiso,  where  he  was  confined 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  returned  to  Lima  in  1886, 
and  was  made  president  of  the  senate.  He  was  influential 
in  arranging  the  Grace  contract  by  which  the  finances  of 
Peru  were  put  on  a better  footing.  He  published  a “ Dic- 
tionary of  Peruvian  Legislation.” 

Calderon,  Serafin  Estebanez.  Born  at  Mala- 
ga, Spain,  1801 : died  Feb.  7,  1867.  A Spanish 
poet  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  novel  “Cristianos 
y Moriscos”  (1838),  “Las  Poesias  del  Solitario”  (1833), 
“Escenas  Andaluzas  ” (1847),  etc. 

Calderon  (kal'de-ron),  Philip  Hermogenes. 
Bom  at  Poitiers,  France,  May  3, 1833 : died  April 
30,1898.  AnEnglishpainter,of  Spanish  descent. 
Calderon  the  Courtier.  A romance  from 
Spanish  history,  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published 
in  1838. 

Calderon  de  la  Barca  (kal'de-ron;  Sp.  pron. 
kal-da-ron'  da  la  bar'kii),  Madame  (Frances 
Inglis).  Born  in  Scotland  about  1810  (?).  A 
Scottisli-American  writer,  wife  of  Senor  Calde- 
ron de  la  Barca,  a Spanish  diplomatist : author 
of  “Life  in  Mexico”  (1843),  etc. 

Calderon  de  la  Barca,  Pedro.  Born  at.  Ma- 
drid, Jan.  17, 1600 : died  there,  May  25, 1681.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was 
educated  first  by  the  Jesuits  and  then  at  Salamanca,  be- 
ing graduated  from  the  latter  university  in  1619.  He  had 
already  some  reputation  as  a dramatic  writer.  In  1620 
and  1622  he  gained  the  praise  of  Lope  de  Vega  and  the 
only  prize  in  poetical  contests.  Until  1630  he  served  in 
the  army  at  various  times,  but  continued  writing.  In 
1636  he  was  patronized  by  Philip  IV.,  and  was  formally 
attached  to  the  court,  furnishing  dramas  for  the  royal 
theaters.  He  fought  through  the  campaign  of  1640. 
From  this  time  he  wrote  both  secular  and  religious  plays 
and  autos  for  the  church,  retaining  a controlling  influence 
over  whatever  related  to  the  drama.  In  1651  he  entered 
a religious  brotherhood.  In  1663  he  was  created  chap- 
lain of  honor  to  the  king,  and  also  became  a priest  of  the 
Congregation  of  Saint  Peter,  and  afterward  its  head,  an 
office  which  he  held  till  his  death.  Notwithstanding 
these  religious  duties,  he  did  not  cease  from  writing 
for  the  theater,  besides  which,  during  thirty-seven  years, 
he  composed  the  Corpus  Christi  plays  which  were  per- 
formed every  year  in  the  cathedrals  of  Toledo,  Seville, 
and  Granada.  His  extraordinary  popularity  continued  till 
his  death.  He  himself  made  a list  of  one  hundred  and 


Calhoun 

eleven  plays  and  seventy  (or  seventy-three)  sacramental 
autos  which  forms  the  basis  for  a proper  knowledge  of  his 
works.  One  hundred  and  fifteen  plays  printed  aB  his  by 
the  cupidity  of  booksellers  have  no  claim  whatever  to  his 
name.  His  “Comedias  de  Capa  y Espada”  (“Comedies  of 
the  Cloak  and  Sword”:  which  see)  are  peculiarly  charac- 
teristic, and  about  thirty  of  these  can  be  enumerated. 
Among  them  are  “ La  Dama  Duende  ”(“  The  Fairy  Lady  "), 
“Mejor  Esta  que  Estaba  " (“  T is  Better  than  it  Was  ”), 
“ Peor  Esta  que  Estaba  ” (“  'T  is  Worse  than  it  Was  ”),  and 
“Astiologo  Fingido  ” (“The  Mock  Astrologer”).  Dryden 
used  this  last  in  his  “An  Evening's  Love,  or  The  Mock 
Astrologer.”  Among hisplaysare " ElMagicoProdigioso ” 
(■‘The  Wonder-working  Magician”),  “La  Devocion  de  la 
Cruz  "(“  The  Devotion  of  the  Cross  "),  “El  Principe  Con- 
stante  ” (“The  Constant  Prince Vidaes  Suefio  ’’(“Life 
is  a Dream”),  “El  Mayor  Encanto  Amor”  (“No  Magic 
like  Love”),  “Las  Armas  de  la  Hermosuia”  (“The 
Weapons  of  Beauty  ”),  and  many  others. 

Calderon,  Bridge  of.  See  Puente  de  Calderdn. 
Calderwood  (kal'der-wud),  David.  Bom, 
probably  at  Dalkeith,  Scotland,  1575 : died  at 
Jedburgh,  Scotland,  Oct.  29,  1650.  A Scottish 
clergyman  and  church  historian.  His  chief  works 
are  “The  Altar  of  Damascus  ” (1621  : also  in  Latin,  1623), 
“ History  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland  ” (1678). 

Caldiero  (kal-de-a'ro).  A village  in  northern 
Italy,  8 miles  east  of  Verona.  Here,  Nov.  12, 1796, 
the  Austrians  under  Alvinczy  repulsed  Napoleon,  and 
Oct.  29-31,  1805,  the  archduke  Charles  of  Austria  re- 
pulsed Mass^na. 

Caldwell  (kald'wel),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Lam- 
ington,  N.  J.,  April  21,  1773:  died  at  Chapel 
Hill,  N.  C.,  Jan.  27, 1835.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  educator.  He  became  president  of 
the  University  of  North  Carolina  in  1804. 
Caldwell.  A town  and  summer  resort  in  east- 
ern New  York,  situated  at  the  southern  end  of 
Lake  George,  53  miles  north  of  Albany.  Forts 
George  and  William  Henry  were  situated  here 
in  the  18th  century. 

Caleb  (ka'leb).  [Heb. ; of  uncertain  meaning. 
See  the  extract  below.]  A Hebrew  leader  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest  of  Canaan.  He  was 
one  of  those  who  were  sent  as  spies  into  the 
land  of  Canaan. 

Often,  with  names  of  this  kind,  El  was  omitted,  Irham 
being  used  instead  of  Irhamel ; Caleb  instead  of  Calbel. 
This  last  name,  singular  as  it  is,  need  not  create  any  sur- 
prise, for  “Dog  of  El”  was  an  energetic  way  of  express- 
ing the  faithful  attachment  of  a tribe  to  the  God  to 
which  it  had  devoted  itself. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  89. 

Caleb.  The  witch  in  “ The  Seven  Champions 
of  Christendom.”  Caleb  had  killed  the  parents 
of  the  young  Saint  George  and  brought  him  up. 
Caleb.  * A character  in  Dryden’s  satire  “Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel.”  He  is  intended  for  Lord  Grey 
of  Wark,  one  of  the  adherents  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth. 
The  latter  had  a notorious  intrigue  with  Lord  Grey's  wife. 
Caleb  Quotem.  See  Quotem. 

Caleb  Williams.  A novel  by  William  Godwin, 
published  in  1794.  Caleb  Williams  is  the  secretary 
of  Falkland:  his  insatiable  curiosity  finds  out  the  secret 
of  his  master.  (See  Falkland.)  Colinan  the  Younger  based 
his  “Iron  Chest  ” on  this  novel. 

Caled.  See  Khalid. 

Caledonia  (kal-e-do'ni-ii).  [L.  Caledonia,  also 
Calidonia,  Calydonia,  Gr.  K a'Aydov'ta,  from  Cale- 
donii,  Calidonii,  Calydonii,  also  Caledones,  Cali- 
dones,  Gr.  KaXyddvioi,  the  name  of  the  inhabi- 
tants.] A name  given  by  the  Roman  writers 
to  the  northern  portion  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain : now  used  as  a poetical  designation  of 
Scotland. 

Caledonian  Canal.  A canal  in  Scotland  con- 
necting the  North  Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
It  extends  from  Inverness  through  a chain  of  lakes  to 
Corpach  on  Loch  Eil.  It  was  constructed  1803-22. 
Calenders  (kal'en-derz),  The  Three.  The 
three  princes  disguised  as  Calenders,  or  begging 
dervishes,  in  “ The  Arabian  Nights’  Entertain- 
ments.” They  have  but  one  eye  each. 
Calepine  (kal'e-pen),  Sir.  A knight  in  Spen- 
ser’s “Faerie  Queene”  who  saves  a child  from 
a bear  by  squeezing  the  latter  to  death. 
Calepino  (ka-la-pe'no),  Ambrogio.  Born  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  June  6,  1435:  died  at  Bergamo, 
Nov.  30,  1511.  An  Italian  lexicographer,  ne 

compiled  aLatin-Italian  dictionary  (published  1502),  which 
passed  through  many  editions,  and  became,  after  succes- 
sive enlargements,  in  1590  a polyglot  of  eleven  languages. 
Facciolati  reduced  this  number  to  seven  in  his  edition 
(1718). 

Caleti  (kal'e-ti),  or  Caletes  (kal'e-tez).  An 
ancient  Belgic  tribe  dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of 
Rouen.  They  opposed  Crosar  52-51  B.  c. 
Caleva,  or  Calleva  (kal'e-vii).  An  impor- 
tant town  in  ancient  Britain : the  modern  Sil- 
chester. 

Calgary  (kal'ga-ri).  A town  in  Alberta,  Canada. 
It  is  a trading  center  on  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway.  Population,  43,704,  (1911). 
Calhoun  (kal-hon'),  John  Caldwell.  Born  in 
Abboville  District,  S.  C.,  March  18,  1782:  died 


Calhoun 

at  Washington,  March  31,  18.r>0.  A noted  Amer- 
ican statesman.  lie  was  of  Irlah  extraction,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1801,  at  lulled  law  at  the  Litult- 
lleld  (Connecticut)  Law  School,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  In 
1807,  and  commenced  practice  at  Abbeville,  lie  was  a 
member  of  the  State  general  assembly  1808-00;  was 
elected  a representative  to  Congress  from  South  Carolina 
by  the  War  Democrats  in  1811,  nnd  retained  his  seat  un- 
til 1817,  when  ho  became  secretary  of  war  In  President 
Monroe’s  cabinet.  He  was  Vioe- President  of  the  United 
States  1816-32;  was  United  Statos  senator  1833-43;  nnd 
was  secretary  of  state  under  1’reBident  Tyler  1844-46, 
whoti  ho  was  reelected  to  the  Senate,  of  which  ho  remained 
a member  until  his  death.  The  tarilf  aatsof  1824  and  1828 
led  him  to  formulate  the  doctrine  of  nullilleation,  accord- 
ing to  which  each  State  lias  the  right  to  reject  any  act  of 
Congress  which  it  may  consider  unconstitutional.  This 
doctrine  was  declared  by  the  legislature  of  South  Caro- 
lina iu  1821),  in  a document,  mainly  drawn  up  by  him, 
known  os  the  “South  Carolina  Exposition."  Ho  was  one 
of  tile  chief  instruments  in  securing  the  annexation  of 
Texas.  His  works,  with  memoir,  wero  published  by 
Richard  K.  Crallo  (1853-54),  and  include  a treatise  “On 
the  Constitution  and  Government  of  the  United  States." 

Cali  (kii-le').  A town  in  tko  southwestern  part 
of  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Valle,  situated  north  of  Popa- 
yan.  Population,  12,743. 

Caliban  (kal'i-ban).  In  Shakspere’s  “Tem- 
pest,” a deformed  and  repulsive  slave.  He  is  a 
monster  generated  by  a devil  and  a witch,  with  a sensual 
and  malicious  nature,  educated  by  Prospero. 

If  the  depth  of  an  impression  made  by  an  imaginary 
character  may  be  gauged  by  the  literature  which  that 
character  calls  forth,  then  must  Hamlet  and  Falstaff  ad- 
mit Caliban  to  a place  between  them.  An  eminent  Pro- 
fessor (Wilson)  has  devoted  a stout  octavo  volume  to  the 
proof  that  iu  Caliban  we  find  the  exact  “link"  which,  in 
any  scheme  of  Evolution,  is  “missing”  between  Man  and 
the  Anthropoids;  the  late  and  honoured  Mr.  Robert 
Browning  has  given  utterance  to  the  theological  specula- 
tions which  he  imagined  might  have  visited  Caliban’s 
darkened  and  lonely  soul ; and  a brilliant  Member  of  the 
French  Institute,  of  world-wide  fame,  lias  written  a philo- 
sophical drama  bearing  the  name  of  “Caliban.”  No  other 
unreal  character,  except  the  two  I have  mentioned,  Ham- 
let and  Falstaff,  has  called  forth  such  noteworthy  or  such 
voluminous  tributes.  Furness,  Shak.  Var.,  Pref.,  viii. 

Caliban.  A philosophical  drama  by  Renan, 
published  in  1878  as  a continuation  of  “ The 
Tempest.”  Caliban,  a socialist  and  revolutionist,  over- 
throws Prospero  and  occupies  the  latter’s  place  and  palace. 
He  then  comes  to  sympathize  with  property-owners  and 
protects  Prospero.  The  drama  is  keenly  satirical. 

Caliban.  A pseudonym  of  Auguste  Emile  Ber- 
gerat. 

Caliban  upon  Setebos,  or  Natural  Theology 
in  the  Island.  A poem  by  Robert  Browning, 
published  in  “Dramatis  Person®”  (1864). 

Caliburn.  See  Excalibur. 

Calicut  (kal'i-kut),  or  Kolikod  (kol'i-kod). 
[Hind.  Kolikodu .]  A seaport  in  the  Malabar 
district.  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Indian  Ocean  in lat.  11°  15'  N.,  long.  75°  47'  E. 
It  was  the  first  Indian  port  visited  by  Vasco  da  Gama  in 
1498.  It  was  destroyed  by  Tippu  Saib  in  1789,  and  ceded 
to  the  British  in  1792.  Population,  76,981. 

Calidore  (kal'i-dor).  A knight  in  Spenser’s 
“Faerie  Queene,”  the  type  of  courtesy.  He  is 
modeled  upon  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

Calif  (ka'lif).  [From  Ar.  kalafa,  to  leave  be- 
hind.] The  title  given  to  the  successor  of 
Mohammed,  meaning  ‘ successor,’  ‘ lieutenant,’ 
‘vicegerent,’  or  ‘ deputy.’  He  is  vested  with  abso- 
lute authority  in  all  matters  of  state,  both  civil  and  reli- 
gious, as  long  as  he  rules  in  conformity  with  the  law  of  the 
Koran  and  the  tradition.  The  calif  must  be  a man,  an 
adult,  sane,  a free  man,  a learned  divine,  a powerful  ruler, 
a just  person,  and  one  of  the  Koreish  (the  tribe  to  which 
the  prophet  himself  belonged).  The  Shiites  (the  schis- 
matics of  Islam)  also  demand  that  he  should  be  a descen- 
dant from  the  prophet’s  family.  After  the  first  five  califs, 
who,  according  to  some  Mohammedan  au.horities,  were 
alone  entitled  to  the  title,  the  others  being  merely  Amirs, 
or  governors,  the  califate  passed  over  to  the  Ommiads, 
who,  14  in  number,  reigned  661-750  in  Damascus.  They 
were  succeeded  by  the  Abbassides,  with  37  califs,  reigning 
750-1258  in  Bagdad.  After  their  temporal  power  had  been 
overthrownby  HalakKhan,1258,descendantsofthe  Abbas- 
sides resided  for  three  centuries  in  Egypt,  and  asserted 
their  claim  to  the  spiritual  power.  In  1517  the  califate 
passed  over  through  one  descendant  of  the  Abbassides  to 
Selim  I.,  the  ninth  of  the  present  Ottoman  dynasty  of 
Turkish  sultans,  and  is  still  vested  in  the  sultan  of  the 
Ottoman  empire. 

Calife  de  Bagdad  (ka-lef'  de  bag-dad'),  Le.  An 
opera  by  Boieldieu,  words  by  St.  Just,  first 
produced  in  Paris  Sept.  16,  1800. 

California  (kal-i-for'ni-ii).  [Sp.  California  (16th 
century),  applied  first  "to  what  is  now  called 
Lower  California.  Origin  uncertain : said  to  be 
from  California,  a feigned  island  abounding  in 
gold  and  precious  stones,  described  in  a Span- 
ish romance,  “Las  Sergas  de  Esplandian,” 
published  in  1510.]  One  of  the  Pacific  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  it  extends  from  lat. 
32°  30  -42°  N.,long.  114°-124°  25'  W.,  and  is  bounded  by  Ore- 
gon on  the  north,  Nevada  and  Arizona  on  the  east,  Lower 
California  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  west.  The 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  ranges  traverse  it,  and  it  is  famous 


205 

for  picturesque  scenery  (Yosomite,  etc.).  Besides  gold, 
quicksilver,  copper,  and  sllvur,  it  produces  various  other 
minerals,  petroleum,  utc.  Among  its  other  important 
products  are  wheat,  barley,  wool,  grapes  and  other  fruit, 
wine,  brandy,  honey,  and  timber.  Its  capital  is  Sacra- 
mento, nnd  its  chief  city  Snn  Francisco.  It  lias  67  counties. 
Tlie  coast  was  explored  by  Cabrillo  in  1642,  nnd  by  Drake 
1578-79.  It  was  settled  by  Spanish  missionaries  in  the  18th 
century,  and  from  1822  was  part  of  the  Mexican  state. 
In  1846-47  it  was  occupied  by  American  troops,  and  was 
ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1848.  Gold  was  found  in 
El  Dorado  County  on  Jan.  24,  1818.  It  was  admitted  to 
tile  Union  in  1860.  Length,  776  miles.  Area,  168,360 
square  miles.  Population,  2,377,549,  (1910). 

California,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  tko  Pacific 
Ocean  lying  between  the  peninsula  of  Lower 
California  on  the  west  and  the  Mexican  states 
of  Sonoraand  Sinaloa  on  the  east.  Length, about 
700  miles ; breadth  at  the  entrance,  160  miles.  It  receives 
the  river  Colorado  at  its  head. 

California,  Lower,  or  Old.  [Sp.  Baja,  or  Vie- 
ja,  California.']  A peninsula  of  North  Amer- 
ica, projecting  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  forming 
a territory  of  Mexico.  It  was  discovered  by  Ximenes 
in  1534,  was  explored  by  Cortes  in  1635,  and  settled  by  the 
Spaniards  in  the  last  part  of  the  17th  century.  Ite  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  and  its  climate  dry.  Area,  68,328 
square  miles.  Length,  about  790  miles.  Population, 
62,244,  (1910). 

Caligula  (ka-lig'u-la)  (Caius  Caesar).  [ Ca- 
ligula is  a nickname  from  L.  caligse,  the  foot- 
dress  of  the  common  soldiers,  worn  by  him  when 
he  was  with  the  army  as  a boy.]  Born  at  An- 
tium,  Italy,  Aug.  31,  12  A.  D. : killed  at  Rome, 
Jan.  24,  41.  The  third  emperor  of  Rome,  37-41 
A.  D.,  youngest  son  of  Germanicus,  the  nephew 
of  Tiberius,  and  Agrippina.  He  succeeded  Tiberius, 
whose  death  he  had  caused  or  accelerated.  The  begin- 
ning of  his  reign  was  marked  by  great  moderation,  but 
his  savage  and  voluptuous  nature  soon  revealed  itself,  and 
the  rest  of  his  career  was  marked  by  cruelty  and  licen- 
tiousness little  short  of  madness.  He  is  said  to  have  ex- 
claimed in  a fit  of  vexation,  “ Would  that  the  Roman  peo- 
ple had  only  one  head  ! ’’  He  had  himself  worshiped  as  a 
god,  and  raised  his  horse  to  the  consulship.  He  invaded 
Gaul  in  40.  He  was  assassinated  by  Cassius  Chcerea,  Cor- 
nelius Sabinus,  and  others. 

Caligula.  A tragedy  by  Crowne,  printed  in 
1698. 

Calila  and  Dimna.  See  Ealilah. 

Calipoa.  See  Calapooya. 

Calipolis  (ka-lip'o-lis)-.  The  wife  of  Muly  Ma- 
hamet  in  Poole’s  play  “The  Battle  of  Alcazar.” 
During  a famine  her  husband  presents  her  with  a bit  of 
meat,  stolen  from  a lioness,  on  his  bloody  sword,  with 
these  words:  “Feed  then  and  faint  not,  fair  Calipolis.” 
Pistol  ridicules  this  line  in  “2  Henry  IV.,’’  ii.  4. 
Calippus.  See  Callippus. 

Calista  (ka-lis'tii).  1.  The  “Fair  Penitent” in 
Rowe’s  play  of  that  name.  She  is  the  proud,  fierce 
wife  of  a forgiving  husband,  Altamont,  and  loves  “that 
haughty  gallant,  gay  Lothario,"  who  has  seduced  her. 
After  the  latter’s  death  her  sense  of  guilt  induces  her  to 
kill  herself,  though  Doran  remarks  that  she  was  more 
angry  at  being  found  out  than  sorry  for  what  had  hap- 
pened. 

2.  The  faithful  wife  of  Oleander  in  Fletcher 
and  Massinger’s  play  “ The  Lover’s  Progress.” 
Her  struggle  with  her  unfortunate  passion  for 
Lysander  affords  a powerful  scene. — 3.  One  of 
the  principal  characters  in  Massinger’s  “ Guar- 
dian.”— 4.  The  queen’s  woman  in  Scott’s  novel 
“ The  Talisman.”  She  is  wily  and  intriguing. 
Calixtines  (ka-liks'tins).  [ML.  Calixtini,  a sect 
so  called:  referred  to  calix,  a cup,  the  cup  of 
the  eucharist;  in  form  as  if  from  Calixtus,  a 
proper  name.]  A sect  of  Hussites  in  Bohemia. 
They  published  their  confession  in  1421,  the  leading  arti- 
cle of  which  was  a demand  to  partake  of  the  cup  (calix) 
as  well  as  of  the  bread  in  the  Lord’s  Supper,  from  which 
they  were  also  called  Utraquists  (L.  uterque,  both). 

Calixtus  I.  (ka-liks'tus),  or  Callistus  (ka-lis'- 
tus).  Hilled  in  222.  Bishop  of  Rome.  lie  suc- 
ceeded Zephyrinus  as  bishop  in  217  a.  D.  He  is 
commemorated  in  the  Roman  Church  on  Oct.  14. 
Calixtus  II.  (Guido  of  Burgundy).  Died  at 
Rome,  Dec.  12,  1124.  Pope  1119-24.  He  con- 
cluded the  Concordat  of  Worms  with  Henry  V., 
1122. 

Calixtus  III.  (Alfonso  Borgia).  Born  in 
Spain  about  1378:  died  Aug.  6,  1458.  Pope 
1455-58.  He  attempted  fruitlessly  a crusade 
against  the  Turks. 

Caliyuga.  See  Kali-yuga. 

Callahpoewah.  See  Calapooya. 

Callander  (kal'au-dbr).  A small  town  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Teith  13 
miles  northwest  of  Stirling.  It  is  a tourist 
center.  Population,  1,458. 

Callao  (kal-la'o  or  kal-ya'o).  1.  A seaport  in 
Peru,  situated  in  lat.  12°  4'  S.,  long.  77°  8'  W., 
6 miles  west  of  Lima  on  the  Bay  of  Callao : the 
chief  port  of  Peru.  On  Oct.  28, 1746,  it  was  swept  away 
by  an  earthquake-wave,  the  result  of  the  shock  which 
destroyed  Lima  : 4,600  people  perished,  and  a frigate  and 
nineteen  other  vessels  were  stranded.  San  Felipe  Castle 


Callirrhoe 

was  planned  by  M.  Godin  and  completed  about  1766  ; It 
wan  the  lust  point  occupied  by  the  Spaniard!  in  South 
America,  being  finally  tuacnJan.  39,1826.  The  castle  V as 
important  in  all  later  Peruvian  want.  Callao  wan  bom- 
barded by  a Spanish  licet  May  2, 1866,  and  by  the  Chilean!) 
in  1880.  It  exports  wool,  guano,  bark,  etc.  Population, 
31,000. 

2.  A const  province  of  Peru,  capital  Callao. 
It  comprises  only  tho  city  and  suburbs. 

Callapipa.  See  Calapooya. 

Callapooha.  See  Calapooya. 

Callaway  (kal'a-wa),  Henry.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, Jan.  17,  lSl7:  died  March  27,  1890.  An 
English  missionary  in  Africa.  Ho  wan  a successful 
physician  until  1864,  when  he  went  to  South  Africa  to 
assist  Bishop  Colenso  in  his  work  among  the  Zulus.  In 
1868  he  founded  the  Spring  Vale  mission  station  ; in  1874 
he  became  bishop  of  Independent  Kalfraria,  and  founded 
the  settlement  of  Umtata.  He  is  noted  as  a folklorist. 
Principal  works,  “Nursery  Tales  of  the  Zulus”  and  “The 
Religious  System  of  the  Amazulu  ” (1868-71). 

Callcott  (kiil'kqt),  Sir  Augustus  Wall.  Born 
at  Kensington,  near  London,  Feb.  20,  1779 : 
died  at  Kensington,  Nov.  25,  1844.  An  English 
landscape-painter. 

Callcott,  John  Wall.  Bom  at  Kensington, 
near  London,  Nov.  20,  1766:  died  near  Bristol, 
May  15, 1821.  An  English  composer  of  glees, 
catches,  etc.,  brother  of  Sir  Augustus  Wall 
Callcott.  Pub.  a “ Musical  Grammar”  (1806). 
Callcott,  Lady  (Maria  Dundas,  later  Mrs. 
Graham).  Bom  at  Papcastle,  near  Cocker- 
mouth,  in  1785:  died  at  Kensington,  London, 
Nov.  21,  1842.  An  English  writer,  wife  of  Sir 
Augustus  Wall  Callcott.  She  wrote  “Little 
Arthur’s  History  of  Enlgand  ” (1835),  etc. 
Calleja  del  Hey  (kal-ya'Ha  del  ray'),  Felix 
Maria.  Born  at  Medina  del  Campo,  Old  Cas- 
tile, 1750:  died  at  Cadiz,  1820.  A Spanish  gen- 
eral. In  1789  he  was  sent  to  Mexico.  In  1810  he  was  a 
brigadier,  commanding  at  San  Luis  Potosi.  Soon  after 
Hidalgo  revolted  he  inarched  against  him,  defeated  him 
at  Aculco,  near  Querdtaro,  Nov.  7,  and  on  Jan.  17, 1811,  won 
a great  victory  over  him  at  the  bridge  of  Calderon,  near 
Guadalajara.  His  measures  for  repressing  the  revolution 
were  very  cruel,  scores  of  liis  prisoners  being  shot.  Called  to 
the  capital,  he  was  sent  against  Morelos,  whom  he  besieged 
in  Cuautla  from  Feb.  17  to  May  2,  finally  obtaining  a bar- 
ren victory,  as  Morelos  and  his  army  escaped.  On  Dec.  29, 
1812,  he  was  made  military  commandant  of  Mexico  City, 
and  from  March  4,  1813,  to  Sept.  19,  1816,  he  was  viceroy. 

Callernish  (ka-l6r'nish).  A region  in  the  island 
of  Lewis,  Hebrides,  Scotland.  It  is  noted  for  its 
ancient  stone  circles. 

Callias(kal'i-as),  Peace  of.  A peace,  concluded 
at  Sparta  in  June,  371  b.  c.,  between  Athens 
and  Sparta,  including  their  allies,  from  which, 
however,  Thebes  was  excluded,  it  took' its  name 
from  Callias,  one  of  the  Athenian  envoys,  prominent  in 
the  conferences. 

Calli&res  Bonnevue  (kal-yar'  bon-vii'),  Louis 
Hector.  Born  in  France,  1639 : died  at  Que- 
bec, May  26,  1703.  A French  colonial  politi- 
cian, governor  of  Montreal  1684,  and  of  Can- 
ada 1699. 

Calligrapher  (ka-lig'ra-fer),  The.  A surname 
of  Theodosius  II.,  given  to  him  on  account  of 
his  skill  in  illuminating  manuscripts. 
Callimachus  (ka-lim'a-kus).  [Gr.  Ka/Xiyaxor.] 
Lived  before  396  B.  c.  An  artist  of  antiquity, 
according  to  tradition  the  inventor  of  the  Co- 
rinthian column. 

Callimachus.  Born  at  Cyrene : died  about  240 
B.  c.  A famous  Alexandrian  critic,  gramma- 
rian, and  poet,  chief  librarian  of  the  Alexan- 
drian Library. 

Callinicus  (kal-i-nl'kus)  of  Heliopolis.  An 

Egyptian  architect  who  is  commonly  held  to  be 
the  inventor  of  the  Greek  fire,  the  secret  of 
whose  composition  has  been  lost.  He  is  said  to 
have  destroyed  by  this  fire  a Saracen  fleet  which  attacked 
Constantinople  about  670  A.  D. 

Gallinus  (ka-li'nus).  [Gr.  Ka/Xtvoc.]  A Greek 
poet  of  Ephesus,  of  uncertain  date  (lived  per- 
haps about  730-670  b.  c.),  probably  the  first 
known  writer  of  elegiacs,  the  invention  of 
which  was  anciently  attributed  to  Archilochus. 
Tlie  longest  fragment  assigned  to  him  has  by  some  been 
thought  to  be  the  work  of  Tyrtseus. 

Calliope  (ka-li'o-pe).  [Gr.  K aXkumrj.]  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  epic  poetry. 
She  is  represented  with  a tablet  and  stylus. 
See  Muses. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  22)  discovered 
by  Hind  at  London,  Nov.  16,  1852. 

Callippus, or  Calippus  (ka-lip'us).  [Gr.  KaAAnr- 
7 rof  or  Ivd/U7T7rof.]  Bom  at  Cyzicus,  Asia  Minor : 
lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A Greek  astron- 
omer. He  instituted  the  “Callippic”  cycle  of  76  years, 
formed  by  quadrupling  the  Metonic  cycle  (19  years)  and 
subtracting  one  day. 

Callirrlioe  (ka-lir'o-e).  [Gr.  K aAAippdr/.]  A 
historic  fountain  in  Athens,  architecturally 


Callirrhoe 

adorned  and  provided  with  conduits  by  Pisis- 
tratus,  the  use  of  whose  water  was  prescribed  for 
ceremonial  rites.  From  the  earliest  study  of  Athenian 
topography,  this  fountain  has  been  identified  with  the 
copious  spring  still  flowing  in  the  bed  of  the  Ilissus,  near 
the  temple  of  Olympian  Zeus.  Dorpfeld,  however,  has 
lately  demonstrated  the  probability  that  this  identifica- 
tion is  incorrect,  and  that  the  fountain  was  in  fact  situ- 
ated at  the  southwest  angle  of  the  Areopagus,  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  Agora.  While  the  evidence  is  still  incomplete, 
excavation  has  revealed  a water-conduit  of  the  Pisistratid 
epoch  ending  at  the  site  indicated,  which  accords  with 
literary  testimony. 

Callirrhoe.  In  Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Ale- 
na neon  . She  persuaded  her  husband  to  procure  for  her 
the  peplum  and  necklace  of  Harmonia,  and  thus  caused  his 
death,  which  was  avenged  by  his  sons.  See  Alcmseon  and 
Harmonia. 

Callisthenes  (ka-lis'the-nez).  [Gr. 

Born  at  Olynthus,  Macedonia : died  about  328 
B.  c.  A Greek  philosopher,  a cousin  and  pupil 
of  Aristotle,  and  a companion  of  Alexander 
the  Great  in  Asia.  He  incurred  Alexander’s  ill  will, 
and  was  probably  put  to  death  by  his  order. 

Callisto  (kadis' to).  [Gr.  Ka/l/Wr<j.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  an  Arcadian  huntress,  a companion 
of  Artemis,  beloved  of  Zeus  and  transformed  by 
him  into  a she  bear.  In  this  form  she  was  slain  by 
Artemis  in  the  chase.  She  was  placed  among  the  stars  as 
the  constellation  Arctos  (Bear). 

Callistratus  ( ka-lis ' tra-t us) . [Gr. K« XXiarpaTo^ . ] 
An  Athenian  orator.  He  commanded  with  Chabrias 
and  Timotheus  the  forces  which  were  despatched  to  the 
assistance  of  Thebes  against  Sparta  in  378,  and  executed 
a number  of  embassies.  In  366  he  delivered  a speech  on 
the  loss  of  Oropus,  which  is  said  to  have  determined  De- 
mosthenes to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  oratory.  He 
was  sentenced  to  death  for  political  reasons  in  361,  as  a 
result  of  which  he  went  into  exile.  He  subsequently 
returned,  and  was  put  to  death.  He  is  said  to  have 
founded  the  city  of  Datum,  afterward  Philippi,  during  his 
exile. 

Callistratus.  A Greek  grammarian  who  lived 
about  the  middle  of  the  2d  century  b.  c.  He  was 
the  author  of  commentaries  on  the  major  poets  of  Greece, 
which  were  held  in  considerable  repute  by  the  ancients, 
but  which  are  now  lost.  He  is  said  on  doubtful  authority 
to  have  been  the  first  to  acquaint  the  Samians  with  the 
alphabet  of  twenty-four  letters. 

Callistratus.  A Roman  jurist  who  lived  about 
the  beginning  of  the  3d  century  A.  D.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  a pupil  of  Papinian  and  to  have  been  a mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  Alexander  Severus.  He  is  known 
chiefly  on  account  of  the  numerous  extracts  from  his  works 
in  the  “Digest”  of  Justinian.  None  of  his  works  is  ex- 
tant. 

Callot(ka-lo'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Nancy,  France, 
1592 : died  at  Nancy,  March  28,  1635.  A French 
engraver. 

Call  to  the  Unconverted.  A religious  work 
by  Richard  Baxter,  published  in  1657,  known 
as  “ Baxter’s  Call.” 

Calmar.  See  Kalmar. 

Galmet  (kal-ma'),  Dom  Augustin.  Bom  at 
Mesnil-la-Horgne,  near  Toul,  France,  Feb.  26, 
1672 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  25,  1757.  A noted 
French  Benedictine  scholar  and  biblical  critic. 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  works,  including  “Com- 
mentaire  sur  tous  les  livres  de  l'Ancien  et  du  Nouveau 
Testament”  (1707-16),  a “ Dictionnaire  historique,  critique 
et  chronologique  de  la  Bible  ” (1722-28). 

Calmon  (kal-mon'),  Marc  Antoine.  Born  at 
Tamnies,  Dordogne,  France,  March  3,  1815: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  13,  1890.  A French  politi- 
cian and  political  economist.  He  was  chosen  life 
senator  in  1875.  He  published  “Histoire  parlementaire 
des  finances  de  la  restauration  ” (1868-70),  etc. 

Calmon  du  Pin  e Almeida  (kal-mon'  dii  pah' 
e al-ma'da),  Miguel.  Born  at  Santo  Amaro, 
Bahia,  Dec.  22,  1796 : died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Oct.  5,  1865.  A Brazilian  statesman.  He  was 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly  1822 ; several  times 
deputy ; senator  from  1840 ; minister  in  many  govern- 
ments, and  premier  in  1840  and  1843.  From  1844  to  1847  he 
was  special  envoy  in  Europe.  In  1849  he  was  created  vis- 
count, and  in  1854  marquis  of  Abrantes. 

Calmucks.  See  Kalmucks. 

Caine  (kan).  A town  in  Wiltshire,  England, 
16  miles  east-northeast  of  Bath.  Population, 
3,457. 

Calneh  (kal'ne).  One  of  the  four  cities  of 
Nimrod  in  Shinar,  or  Babylonia  (Gen.  x.  10), 
which  as  yet  has  not  been  identified,  it  is  to  be 
distinguished  from  Calneh  of  Amos  vi.  2,  and  the  Calno 
of  Isa  x.  9,  which  perhaps  refer  to  one  and  the  same  city, 
identified  by  some  with  the  Kullani  mentioned  in  the  As- 
syrian inscriptions  as  having  been  conquered  738  B.  0.  by 
Tiglath-Pileser  III.,  and  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of 
Kullanhu  about  six  miles  from  Arpad. 

Calo- Joannes  (kal-6-jo-an'ez),  or  Joannes  II. 
ComnenUS.  [Gr.  Ka/tj-luawi/c  6 Ii oyvr/v6$.\ 
Born  1088:  died  April  8,  1143.  Byzantine  em- 
peror from  Aug.  15,  1118,  to  April  8,  1143:  son 
of  Alexis  I.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  carried  on 
successful  wars  against  the  Turks  and  Servians,  and  in  1137 
added  Armenia  Minor  to  the  Greek  empire.  He  conceived 
the  project  of  conquering  the  Latin  kingdoms  of  Jerusa- 
lem and  Antioch,  and  entered  Cilicia  witli  an  army,  where 


206 

he  died  from  a wound  by  a poisoned  arrow  in  the  hand, 
accidentally  inflicted  while  boar-hunting. 

Calonne  (ka-lon'),  Charles  Alexandre  de. 

Born  at  Douai,  France,  Jan.  20,  1734 : died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  30,  1802.  A noted  French  courtier 
and  politician,  comptroller-general  of  finance 
1783-87. 

Calov  (ka'lof),  Latinized  Calovius  (ka-lo'- 
vi-us)  (originally  Kalau),  Abraham.  Born 
at  Mohrungen,  Prussia,  April  16,  1612 : died  at 
Wittenberg,  Germany,  Feb.  25,  1686.  A Ger- 
man Lutheran  theologian  and  polemic  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  “ Systema  locorum  theolo- 
gicorum”  (1655-77). 

Calpe  (kal'pe).  [Gr.  KaXnrj.~\  The  ancient 
name  of  the  rock  of  Gibraltar,  one  of  the  Pil- 
lars of  Hercules.  See  Abyla. 

Calpee.  See  Kalpi. 

Calpren&de.  See  La  Calprenede. 

Calpurnia  (kal-per'ni-a).  Daughter  of  L.  Cal- 
purnius  Piso  Caesoninus,  and  last  wife  of  Julius 
Caesar,  whom  she  married  59  B.  c.  She  ap- 
pears in  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “ Julius  Caesar.” 
Calpurnia  gens  (kal-per'ni-a,  jenz).  In  an- 
cient Rome,  a plebeian  clan  or  house  which 
claimed  to  be  descended  from  Calpus,  the 
third  son  of  Numa.  Its  family  names  under  the  re- 
public were  Bestia,  Bibuius,  Flamma,  and  Piso.  The  first 
member  of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was 
C.  Caipurnius  Piso  (180  B.  c.). 

Calpurnius  (kal-per'ni-us),  Titus  (or  Caius), 
surnamed  Siculus  (‘the  Sicilian’).  A Latin 
pastoral  poet  who  lived  about  the  time  of 
Nero.  Seven  eclogues,  a panegyric  (“De  laude  Pisonis”), 
and  two  fragments  of  bucolic  poems  are  attributed  to 
him.  Four  other  eclogues  formerly  regarded  as  his  are 
now  referred  to  Nemesianus,  a poet  once  thought  to  be 
identical  with  Calpurnius. 

Caltanissetta  (kal-ta-ne-set'ta).  A province 
in  Sicily.  Area,  1,263  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 341,444. 

Caltanissetta.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°  26' 
N.,  long.  14°  7'  E.  It  has  a cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 43,303. 

Calton  Hill  (kal'ton  hil).  A height  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Edinburgh. 

Calumet  (kal'u-met).  A town  in  Houghton 
County,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula  of  Michigan.  It  is  noted  for  its 
coppei'-mines. 

Calumet,  or  Calumick  (kal'u-mik).  A river 
in  northwestern  Indiana,  and  in  Cook  County, 
Illinois.  It  flows  into  Lake  Michigan  by  two  mouths, 
one  near  Chicago,  the  other  in  Lake  County,  Indiana. 
Calvados  (kal-va-dos' ).  A department  in  Nor- 
mandy, Prance,  lying  between  the  English 
Channel  on  the  north,  Eure  on  the  east,  Orne 
on  the  south,  and  Manche  on  the  west  and 
south.  Its  capital  is  Caen.  Area,  2,197  square 
miles.  Population,  403,431. 

Calvaert,  or  Calvart  (kal-vart' ; F.  pron.  kal- 
var'),  Denis,  called  Dionisio  Fiammingo. 
Born  at  Antwerp,  1540:  died  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
March  17,  1619.  A Flemish  painter  belonging 
to  the  Bolognese  school.  His  best  works  are 
at  Bologna. 

Calvary  (kal'vji-ri).  1.  A word  occurring  in 
the  New  Testament  (Luke  xxiii.  33),  adopting 
the  calvaria  by  which  the  Vulgate  translates 
the  Greek  kranion,  which  itself  is  the  render- 
ing of  the  Aramean  golgotha,  skull:  it  is  not  a 
proper  name.  The  popular  name  “Mount  Calvary” 
is  not  warranted  by  any  statement  in  the  gospels  as  being 
that  of  the  place  of  the  Crucifixion. 

2.  The  name  of  the  English  version  of  Spohr’s 
oratorio  “The  Saviour’s  Last  Hours”  (“Des 
Heiiandes  letzte  Stunden”),  first  given  in  1835, 
in  England  in  1839. 

Calv6  (kal-va'),  Madame  ('Emma  de  Roquer). 

Born  at  Decazeville,  Aveyron,  France,  in  1866.  A 
distinguished  soprano  opera-singer,  of  French 
and  Spanish  parentage.  She  studied  in  Paris  under 
Marchesi  and  others,  and  made  her  d^but  in  opera  at  the 
Th&itre  de  la  Monnaie,  Brussels,  in  1882,  as  Marguerite  in 
Gounod's  “Faust.”  She  played  in  Paris  in  1884 ; made  a tour 
in  Italy;  returned  to  Paris ; made  a European  tour  (Russia, 
Italy,  Belgium,  England,  Spain)  ; and  came  to  America 
in  1893-94,  18S5-9G,  1896-97,  1899-1900.  Among  her  pop- 
ular rOles  in  America  are  Carmen  and  Santuzza  in  “Caval- 
leria  Rusticana.”  Her  home  is  at  Cabrteres  in  Aveyron. 
Calverley  (kal' ver-li).  A ruined  gamester, 
brutally  cruel  to  his  wife  and  children,  in  “The 
Yorkshire  Tragedy,”  once  attributed  to  Shak- 
spere.  The  story  is  that  of  a real  person  of 
that  name. 

Calverley,  Charles  Stuart.  Born  at  Hartley, 
Worcestershire,  Dec.  22,  1831 : died  at  London, 
Feb.  17,  1884.  An  English  barrister  and  poet. 

In  1852  the  family  resumed  their  proper  name,  Calverley, 
which  had  been  changed  to  Blayds  in  1807.  He  wrote 


Calypso 

verse  and  translations  (1862,  1866,  1869),  and  a volume  of 
humorous  verse,  parodies,  etc.,  “Fly  Leaves,"  in  1872. 

Calvert  (kal'vert),  Cecilius  or  Cecil,  Lord 

Baltimore.  Born  about  1605 : died  at  London, 
Nov.  30,  1675.  The  first  proprietor  of  Mary- 
land. He  was  the  son  of  George  Calvert,  mentioned  be- 
low,  who,  having  applied  for  a grant  of  land  in  northern 
Virginia,  died  before  the  charter  had  passed  the  great 
seal,  in  consequence  of  which  it  was  issued  in  the  name 
of  his  heir  Cecil,  June  20,  1632.  In  Nov.,  1633,  he  sent  an 
expedition  of  colonists  under  his  brother  Leonard  to  the 
new  domain,  which  was  named  Maryland  by  Charles  I.  in 
honor  of  his  queen.  He  married  about  1623  Anne  Arundel, 
whose  name  is  borne  by  one  of  the  counties  of  Maryland. 
Calvert,  George,  Lord  Baltimore.  Born  at 
Kipling,  Yorkshire,  about  1580:  died  April  15, 
1632.  The  founder  of  Maryland.  He  entered  Par- 
liament in  1609,  and  became  secretary  of  state  in  1619,  a 
post  which  he  resigned  in  1625,  on  declaring  his  conver- 
sion to  the  Homan  Catholic  faith.  He  was  at  his  resig- 
nation raised  to  the  Irish  peerage  as  Baron  Baltimore. 
While  secretary  of  state  he  obtained  from  James  I.  a grant 
of  land,  called  the  province  of  Avalon,  in  Newfoundland, 
where  in  1621  he  established  the  settlement  of  Ferryland. 
He  paid  two  visits  to  the  colony  between  1627  and  1629, 
which  convinced  him  of  the  unsuitability  of  the  climate, 
whereupon  he  applied  for  a grant  of  land  (the  present 
Maryland)  in  northern  Virginia,  the  charter  of  which,  as 
he  died  before  it  had  passed  the  great  seal,  was  issued  in 
the  name  of  his  son  Cecil  in  1632. 

Calvert,  George  Henry.  Bom  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Jan.  2,  1803:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  May 
24,  1889.  An  American  journalist,  poet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer. 

Calvert,  Leonard.  Bom  about  1606  : died  June 
9,  1647.  The  first  governor  of  Maryland.  He 
was  the  brother  of  Cecil  Calvert,  second  Lord  Baltimore, 
by  whom  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  colonists  who 
set  sail  from  Cowes  Nov.  22,  1633,  and  founded  St.  Mary's 
March  27,  1634.  His  claim  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Kent 
Island  was  opposed  by  Claiborne  whom  he  reduced  to 
submission  in  1647. 

Calves’  Head  Club.  A club  said  to  have  been 
instituted  in  ridicule  of  the  memory  of  Charles 

I.  It  is  first  noticed  in  a tract  reprinted  in  the  “ Harleian 
Miscellany,"  called  “The  Secret  History  of  the  Calves’ 
Head  Club,”  etc.,  undertaking  to  show  how  this  club  met 
for  some  years,  1693-97,  on  the  anniversary  of  the  king's 
death.  An  ax  was  reverenced,  and  a dish  of  calves’  heads 
represented  the  king  and  his  friends.  It  seems  to  have 
met  in  secret  after  the  Restoration  and  till  1734,  when 
some  ill  will  was  excited  against  it,  and  riots  were  said  to 
have  ensued. 

Calvi  (kal've).  A fortified  port  on  the  western 
coast  of  Corsica,  in  lat.  42°  35'  N.,  long.  8°  46'  E. 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1794. 

Calvin  (kal'vin),  John,  originally,  in  French, 
Jean  Ghauvin,  or  Cauvin,  or  Caulvin.  [L. 
Johannes  Calvinus,  G.  Johann  Calvin,  It.  Gio- 
vanni Calvino ; L.  Calvinus,  from  calvus,  bald.] 
Born  at  Noyon,  Picardy,  France,  July  10,  1509 : 
died  at  Geneva,  May  27,  1564.  A celebrated 
Protestant  reformer  and  theologian.  He  studied 
at  Paris,  Orleans,  and  Bourges ; embraced  the  Reformation 
about  1528 ; was  driven  from  Paris  in  1533 ; published  his 
“ Institutes  ” (which  see)  at  Basel  in  1536 ; went  to  Geneva 
in  1536  ; and  was  banished  in  1538,  and  returned  in  1541. 
He  had  a controversy  with  Bolsec  in  1551,  and  with  Ser- 
vetus  in  1553  (see  Servetus),  and  founded  the  Academy  of 
Geneva  in  1559. 

Calvisius  (kal-vis'i-us),  Seth.  Born  at  Gors- 
leben,  Thuringia,  Feb.  21,  1556:  died  at  Leip- 
sic,  Nov.  24,  1615.  A German  astronomer  and 
musician.  He  published  “ Opus  Chronologicum  ” (1605); 
a proposal  for  the  reform  of  the  calendar,  “ Elenchus  Cal- 
endariiGregoriani"(1612);  and  several  treatises  on  music. 

Calvo  (kiil'vd),  Baldassarre.  One  of  the 
principal  characters  in  George  Eliot’s  novel 
“Romola.” 

Calvo,  Mariano  Enrique.  Born  at  Sucre  about 
1795:  died  at  Cochabamba,  1842.  A Bolivian 
politician.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  confederation 
of  Peru  and  Bolivia,  1836-39.  In  1840  he  attempted  a re- 
volt against  President  V elasco,  and  was  imprisoned. 

Calvus  (kal'vus),  Caius  Licinius  Macer. 

Born  May  28,  82  B.  c. : died  about  47  B.  c.  A 
Roman  poet  and  forensic  orator. 

Calydon  (kal'i-don).  [Gr.  Ka/lwldw.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  HUtolia,  Greece,  situated 
near  the  river  Evenus  in  lat.  38°  24'  N.,  long. 
21°  34'  E.  It  is  the  legendary  scene  of  the  hunt  of  the 
Calydonian  boar  (which  see). 

Calydon.  A great  forest  celebrated  in  the  Ar- 
thurian romances.  It  was  supposed  to  be  in 
the  north  of  England. 

Calydonian  Hunt.  In  Greek  legend , the  chase 
of  a savage  boar  which  the  goddess  Artemis,  in 
punishment  for  a neglect  of  sacrifice  by  (Eneus, 
king  of  Calydon  in  HUtolia,  sent  to  ravage  bis 
country.  The  boar  was  pursued  by  Meleager  and  a band 
of  heroes,  and  was  slain  by  him.  In  some  accounts  Ata- 
lante,  who  was  beloved  of  Meleager,  joined  the  hunt  and 
inflicted  the  first  wound. 

Calypso  (ka-lip'so).  [Gr.  Ka/tm/xi.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a nymph  living  in  the  island  of  Ogy- 
gia.  who  detained  Ulysses  for  seven  years,  she 
promised  him  perpetual  youth  and  immortality  if  he 
would  remain  with  her. 


207 


Cam 

Cam  (kail),  Sp.  Cano  (ka'no),  Diogo.  Lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  15th  century.  A Portu- 
guese navigator.  He  explored  the  West  Afri- 
can coast  to  the  Kongo  and  beyond,  1482-84. 

Cam  (kam),  or  Granta  (gran'ta).  A river  in 
Cambridgeshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Ouse 
3-J  miles  south  of  Ely.  Length,  about  40  miles. 
See  Cambridge. 

Camden,  writing  in  1586,  recognises  the  Cam  as  well  as 
the  Granta:  “By  what  name  writers  termed  this  River, 
it  is  a question  : some  call  it  Granta,  others  Camus.  ” On 
Speed's  map  of  Cambridgeshire  (1610)  the  name  Cam  oc- 
curs alone,  written  twice,  once  above,  and  once  below', 
Cambridge ; Milton  personifies  it  as  a river-god  in  “Lyei- 
das  ’ (1638) : 

“Next  Camus,  reverend  sire,  went  footing  slow, 

His  mantle  hairy  and  his  bonnet  sedge, 

Inwrought  with  figures  dim,  and  on  the  edge 
Like  to  that  sanguine  flower  inscribed  with  woe  ; ’’ 
and  on  Loggan’s  map  of  Cambridge  (1688)  the  words  The 
River  Cam  are  written  out  in  full,  without  any  other  des- 
ignation. On  the  other  hand,  so  late  as  1702,  an  Act  of 
Parliament  for  improving  the  navigation  speaks  of  the 
River  Cham,  alias  the  Grant.  Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  11. 

Camacho  (ka-ma'cho).  A rich  but  unfortunate 
man  in  one  of  the  episodes  in  “Don  Quixote.” 
He  is  cheated  out  of  his  bride,  Quiteria,  just  as  he  has 
provided  a great  feast  for  his  wedding  : hence  the  phrase 
Camacho’s  wedding  is  used  to  signify  great  but  useless 
show  and  expenditure. 

It  is  like  Camacho’s  wedding  in  Don  Quixote,  where 
Sancho  ladled  out  whole  pullets  and  fat  geese  from  the 
soup-kettles  at  a pulL  Ilazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  150. 

Camanche.  See  Comanche. 

Camaralzaman,  Prince.  See  Badoura. 
Camarao  (ka-ma-rah' ),  Antonio  Felippe. 

Born  in  Rio  Grande  do  Norte  about  1580 : died 
there  in  1648.  A Brazilian  Indian,  chief  of  the 
PotyguaiAs  tribe.  His  Indian  name  Poty  ('  shrimp’) 
was  translated  into  the  Portuguese  Camar&o  when  he  was 
baptized.  He  joined  the  Portuguese  in  the  wars  against 
the  Dutch  of  Pernambuco,  and  made  several  destructive 
raids  into  the  Dutch  territory.  His  wife,  Clara,  always 
accompanied  him  and  fought  by  his  side,  and  she  is  a 
favorite  heroine  of  Brazilian  history.  On  Aug.  23  and  24, 
1636,  Camarao  and  his  Indians  defeated  a regular  Dutch 
force  under  Artichofsky. 

Camarao,  Diogo  Pinheiro.  Dates  of  birth  and 
death  not  recorded.  A Brazilian  Indian, 
nephew  of  Antonio  Felippe  Camarao.  He  was 
one  of  the  Indian  allies  of  the  Portuguese  in  their  wars 
with  the  Dutch,  and  on  the  death  of  his  uncle  in  1648 
succeeded  him  in  command  of  the  Potyguares  tribe. 

Camargo  (ka-mar-go'),  (Marie  Anne  Cupis 
de).  Born  April  15,  1710:  died  April  20,  1770. 
A celebrated  French  dancer. 

Camargo  (ka-mar'go),  Diego  Munoz.  Born  at 
Tlascaia  about  1523 : date  of  death  not  recorded. 
A Mexican,  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  a Span- 
iard by  an  Indian  mother,  in  1585  he  finished  an 
account  of  Mexican  aboriginal  history  and  customs,  and 
of  the  conquest.  It  was  first  published,  in  a faulty  French 
translation,  in  the  “ Nouvelles  annales  des  voyages  ” (1845). 

Camargo,  Sergio.  Born  at  Tiravitoba,  1833. 
A statesman  of  Colombia.  He  studied  law,  but  en- 
tered the  army,  attained  the  highest  military  rank,  and  was 
commander-in-chief  and  secretary  of  war.  He  was  several 
times  representative  and  senator  in  the  Colombian  con- 
gress, secretary  of  state,  and  in  1877  president  ad  interim 
of  Colombia. 

Camargue  (ka-marg'),  La.  An  island  in  the 
department  of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France, 
formed  by  the  bifurcation  of  the  Rhone. 
Length,  28  miles.  Area,  about  300  square 
miles. 

Camarina  (kam-a-ri'na).  [Gr.Ka/rapmz.]  In  an- 
cient geography^’ a city  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Sicily,  45  miles  southwest  of  Syracuse.  It  was 

founded  as  a Syracusan  colony  599  B.  c. ; a Roman  fleet  was 
wrecked  near  here,  255  B.  c. 

The  first  destruction  of  Camarina  took  place  within  46 
years  of  its  foundation,  B.  c.  553.  It  had  revolted  from 
Syracuse,  and  on  being  reduced  was  razed  to  the  ground 
(Thucyd.  vi.  6).  On  the  cession  of  the  site  to  the  Geloans, 
Hippocrates  rebuilt  the  town,  which  was  a second  time 
destroyed  by  Gelo,  about  B.  c.  484.  The  date  and  circum- 
stances of  its  later  re-establishment  are  uncertain.  They 
fall, however, into  the  time  of  Pindar,  who  speaks  of  Cama- 
rina as  newly  founded.  Rauilinson,  Herod.,  IV.  127,  note. 

CambacerOs  (kon-ba-sa-ras'),  Jean  Jacques 

EAgis  de.  Born  at  Montpellier,  France,  Oct. 
18, 1753:  died  at  Paris,  March  8, 1824.  A French 
statesman  and  jurist.  He  became  a member  of  the 
Convention  in  1792  ; president  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety  in  1794,  and  of  the  Five  Hundred  in  1796;  minister 
of  justice  in  1799  ; 2d  consul  in  1799;  and  arch-chancellor 
of  the  empire  in  1804.  He  was  made  duke  of  Parma  in 
1808.  He  published  “Projet  du  code  civil  ’’  (1796). 

Camballo  (kam -bal'd).  The  second  son  of 
Cambuscan  in  Chaucer’s  “ Squire’s  Tale.”  He 
is  introduced  by  Spenser,  who  calls  him  Cam- 
bel,  in  the  “Faerie  Queene.” 

Cambaluc  (kam-faa-lok').  The  name  given  by 
Marco  Polo  to  Khambalu  or  Khan  baligh,  a 
Mongol  designation  of  the  city  of  Tatu,  now 
the  Tatar  portion  of  Peking  (which  see). 


Cambay  (kam-ba').  A state  in  the  agency  of 
Kaira,  Bombay,  India.  It  is  under  British 
protection.  Area,  350  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 75,225. 

Cambay,  or  Kambay  (kam-ba').  [Hind.  Kham- 
bhat.]  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Cambay, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Cambay  in  lat.  22°  18' 
N.,  long.  72°  40'  E.  It  was  the  reputed  Hindu  capital 
of  western  India  in  the  5th  century  a.  d.  Population,  31,780. 

Cambay,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  lying  west  of  British  India,  in  lat.  21°- 
22°  20'  N. 

Cambebas,  or  Carnpevas  (kiim-Ba'bas  or  kam- 
pa'vas).  A modern  name  for  the  Omaguas 
Indians  (which  see). 

Cambel.  See  Camballo. 

Cambert  (koh-bar'),  Robert.  Born  at  Paris 
in  1628 : died  at  London  in  1677.  The  earliest 
composer  of  French  opera.  He  was  associated  with 
the  Abbe  Perrin  in  the  production  of  French  opera  for  32 
years,  after  which,  Perrin  having  lost  the  Academic 
through  the  influence  of  Lully,  he  went  to  England  and 
became  “Master  of  the  Music  to  Charles  II."  Among 
his  operas  are  “ La  Pastorale,”  which  was  the  first  French 
opera,  “ Pomone”  (1671),  etc. 

Camberwell  (kam'ber-wel).  Aborough  (metro- 
politan) of  London,  situated  south  of  the 
Thames.  Population,  261,357,  (1911). 
Cambina  (kam-bi'na).  A daughter  of  the  fairy 
Agape  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene.”  She  has 
magic  powers,  and  in  the  end  marries  Camballo, 
or  Cambel. 

Cambini  (kam-be'ne),  Giovanni  Giuseppe. 

Born  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  Feb.  13,  1746 : died  at 
the  Bieetre,  near  Paris,  in  1825.  An  Italian 
violinist,  and  composer  of  symphonies,  quar- 
tets, etc. 

Cambodia  (kam-bd'di-a),  or  Camboja,  or  Kam- 
boja  (kam-bo'ja).  [Malay  Kamboja.]  A depen- 
dency of  France  in  southeastern  Asia,  bounded 
by  Siam  on  the  northwest  and  north,  Ann  am 
on  the  east,  French  Cochin-China  on  the  south- 
east, and  the  Gulf  of  Siam  on  the  southwest. 
Its  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it  is  traversed  by  the 
Mekong.  Pnom-Penh  is  its  capital,  and  its  seaport  is 
Kampot.  It  was  formerly  a kingdom  of  large  extent,  but 
became  a protectorate  under  French  rule  in  1863,  and  is 
now  united  with  other  French  dependencies  in  Indo- 
china. Area,  45,000  square  miles.  Population,  about 
1,800,000. 

Cambodia  River.  See  Mekong. 

Gambon  (kon-boh'),  Pierre  Joseph.  Born  at 
Montpellier,  France,  June  17,  1754:  died  near 
Brussels,  Feb.  15,  1820.  A French  revolu- 
tionist. He  was  a member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly 
in  1791,  of  the  Convention  in  1792,  and  of  the  Committee  of 
Public  Safety  in  1793. 

Camboricum  (kam-bor'i-kum),  or  Cambori- 

tum.  The  Roman  name  of  an  ancient  town 
which  occupied  the  site  of  the  modern  Cam- 
bridge, England.  See  Cambridge. 

Camboricum  was  without  doubt  a very  important  town, 
which  commanded  the  southern  fens.  It  had  three  forts 
or  citadels,  the  principal  of  which  occupied  the  district 
called  the  Castle-end  in  the  modern  town  of  Cambridge, 
and  appears  to  have  had  a bridge  over  the  Cam  or  Granta ; 
of  the  others,  one  stood  below  the  town,  at  Chesterton,  and 
the  other  above  it,  at  Granchester.  Wright,  Celt,  p.  136. 

Camborne  (kam 'bom).  A mining  town  in 
Cornwall,  England,  situated  12  miles  south- 
west of  Truro.  Population,  14,726. 

Cambrai,  or  Cambray  (kam-bra/;  F.  pron. 
kon-bra/).  [Rom.  Cameracum,  later  Camara- 
cus ; G.  Camerik  or  Kambryk,  LL.  Camaracum.'] 
A town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  on 
the  Schelde  in  lat.  50°  10'  N.,  long.  3°  14'  E. 
It  has  been  long  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  cambrics, 
which  derived  their  name  from  it.  It  was  a fortress,  and 
contains  a cathedral  and  citadel.  It  was  finally  acquired 
by  France  in  1678.  Fenelon  and  Dubois  were  archbishops 
of  Cambrai.  Population  of  commune,  27,832. 

Cambray,  League  of.  An  alliance  between 
Louis  XII.  of  France,  the  emperor  Maximilian 
I.,  Ferdinand  “the  Catholic”  of  Spain,  and 
Pope  Julius  II.,  formed  here,  Dec.  10,  1508,  the 
object  of  which  was  the  partition  of  the  Ve- 
netian territories. 

Cambray,  Peace  of.  A peace  negotiated  at 
Cambray,  Aug.  5,  1529,  between  Francis  I.  of 
France  and  Charles  V.  France  abandoned  Italy  to 
the  emperor  and  relinquished  her  claim  to  suzerainty  over 
Flanders  and  Artois;  her  title  to  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  was 
recognized.  Called  “ La  paix  des  dames  ” ( ‘ Ladies’  Peace  ’), 
because  the  preliminaries  were  conducted  by  Louise, mother 
of  Francis  I.,  and  Margaret,  aunt  of  Charles  V. 

Cambria  (kam'bri-a).  The  Latin  name  of 
Wales. 

Cambrian  Shakspere.  A name  given  to  Ed- 
ward Williams. 

Cambridge  (kam'brij).  [ME.  Cambrigge,  Cam- 
brig,  Cantebriggc ; earlier  Grantebrigge,  Graunte- 
brigge,  AS.  Grantabrycg,  Grdntanbrycg , 4 bridge 
of  (the  river)  Granta’;  L.  Cantabrigia.  See 


Cambyses  I. 

Cam .]  The  capital  of  Cambridgeshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Cam  in  lat.  52°  12'  N., 
long.  0°  6'  E.  it  is  the  seat  of  a famous  university 
(which  see).  Cambridge  is  probably  on  the  site  of  a British 
town  and  of  the  Roman  Camboritum.  It  had  a castle  (now 
destroyed),  founded  by  William  the  Conqueror.  Popula- 
tion, 38,379. 

Cambridge.  A city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  separated  from  Boston  by  the 
Charles  River,  and  practically  a suburb  of  Bos- 
ton. It  is  the  seat  of  Harvard  University.  It  has  in 
its  manufacturing  quarters  (East  Cambridge,  Cambridge- 
port)  manufactures  of  iron,  etc.  It  was  founded  by  Eng- 
lish colonists  under  Winthrop  in  1630,  and  called  at  fir  st 
Newtown ; its  name  was  changed  to  Cambridge  after  the 
founding  of  Harvard  College,  in  honor  of  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, where  some  of  the  early  colonists  were  graduated. 
It  was  occupied  by  the  American  army  1775-76.  Incorpo- 
rated as  a city  1846.  Population,  104,839,  (1910). 

Cambridge  (kam'brij)  (Adolphus  Frederick), 
Duke  of.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  24,  1774  : died 
July  8,  1850.  An  English  general,  youngest  son 
of  George  III.  He  was  viceroy  of  Hannover 
1816-37. 

Cambridge  (George  William  Frederick 
Charles),  Duke  of.  Born  March  26, 1819 : died 
March  17, 1904.  An  English  general,  son  of  the 
Duke  of  Cambridge.  Heserved  atAlmaand  Inkerman 
in  1854,  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  1856-95. 

Cambridge,  University  of.  A celebrated  uni- 
versity at  Cambridge,  England,  it  was  a center  of 
learning  in  the  12th  century,  and  in  1231  Henry  III.  issued 
writs  for  the  regulation  of  Cambridge  “ clerks."  It  con- 
tains seventeen  colleges  : St.  Peter’s  (Peterhouse),  founded 
as  a hospital  in  1257,  converted  into  a college  by  Hugh  de 
Balsham  (charter,  1284) ; Clare,  by  Richard  Badew  in  1326 
as  University  Hall,  refounded  by  the  Countess  of  Clare  in 
1359;  Pembroke,  by  the  Countess  of  Pembroke  in  1347; 
Gonville  and  Caius,  by  Gonvilie  in  1348  and  Caius  in  1558  ; 
Trinity  Hall,  by  Bateman  in  1350  ; Corpus  Christi,  or  Benet 
College,  by  Cambridge  gilds  in  1352  ; King’s,  by  Henry  VI. 
in  1441;  Queens’,  by  Margaret  of  Anjou  in  1448  and  Eliza- 
beth Woodville  in  1465;  St.  Catherine’s,  by  Woodlark  in 
1473;  Jesus,  by  Alcock  in  1496;  Christ’s,  by  William  Bing- 
ham as  a school  in  1439,  refounded  by  Margaret  Beaufort, 
mother  of  Henry  VII.,  in  1505  ; St.  John’s,  founded  as  a 
hospital  about  1210,  refounded  in  1511  by  Margaret  Beau- 
fort; Magdalene,  established  as  a hostel  for  students  in 
1428,  given  to  Lord  Audiey  who  founded  it  as  a college  in 
1519;  Trinity,  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1546  on  several  earlier 
foundations ; Emmanuel,  by  Miidmay  in  1584 ; Sidney  Sus- 
sex, by  the  will  of  the  Countess  of  Sussex  (died  1589)  in  1594 ; 
Downing,  by  Sir  George  Downing,  died  1749  (charter  in 
1800) ; Ayerst  Hall,  founded  in  1884,  “ to  provide  an  economi- 
cal education  for  theological  students  and  others,"  closed 
1896;  Cavendish  College,  in  1873,  by  an  association,  for 
younger  students,  closed  1891 ; Selwyn  College  (a  hostel), 
in  1882,  in  memory  of  George  Augustus  Selwyn.  (See  these 
names.)  The  university  library  contains  about  772,000 
volumes,  8,000  manuscripts;  the  library  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, 125,000  volumes.  It  has  about  3,700  undergraduate 
students. 

Cambridge  Platform.  A declaration  of  prin- 
ciples respecting  church  government  and  doc- 
trine adopted  by  a synod,  composed  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Congregational  churches  of 
New  England,  held  at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1648. 

Cambridgeport  (kam'brij-port).  A manufac- 
turing district  of  the  city  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, lying  on  the  Charles  River,  opposite 
Boston,  1-J  miles  west  of  the  state-house. 
Cambridgeshire  (kam'brij -shir),  or  Cam- 
bridge. An  eastern  county  of  England,  lying 
between  Lincoln  on  the  north,  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk  on  the  east,  Essex  and  Hertford  on  the 
south,  and  Northampton,  Huntingdon,  and  Bed- 
ford on  the  west.  It  is  divided  into  Cambridge  proper 
and  the  Isle  of  Ely  ; it  forms  part  of  the  fen  country  which 
was  largely  reclaimed  in  the  17tli  and  18th  centuries.  It 
formed  part  of  East  Anglia,  and  was  included  in  the  Dane- 
law. It  was  celebrated  for  its  resistance  to  William  the 
Conqueror,  and  sided  with  Parliament  in  the  17th  century. 
It  contains  Roman  remains.  Area  (ad.  co.),  863  square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  190,682. 

Cambronne  (kon-bron').  Count  Pierre  Jacques 

Etienne.  Born  at  St.  S <5 bastion,  near  Nantes, 
France,  Dec.  26,  1770:  died  at  Nantes,  Jan.  8, 
1842.  A celebrated  French  general.  He  fought 
against  the  Vendeans,  participated  as  colonel  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1812  and  1813,  accompanied  Napoleon  to  Elba, 
was  made  lieutenant-general  and  admitted  to  the  Chamber 
of  Peers  during  the  Hundred  Days,  and  commanded  a di- 
vision of  the  Imperial  Guard  at  Waterloo.  He  is  the  re- 
puted author  of  the  expression  “La  garde  meurt  et  ne  se 
rend  pas  " (“  The  guard  dies,  but  never  surrenders  ’’),  in- 
correctly said  to  have  been  used  by  him  at  Waterloo  when 
asked  to  surrender. 

Cambuscan  (kam-bus-kan'  or  kam-bus'kan). 
A Tatar  king  in  Chaucer’s  “ The  Squire’s 
Tale,”  who  had  most  wonderful  magical  pos- 
sessions— a ring,  a glass,  a sword,  and  a brazen 
horse.  He  is  the  father  of  Canace,  Camballo, 
and  Algarsife.  Chaucer  did  not  finish  the  story. 
Cambuskenneth  (kam-bus-ken'eth)  Abbey. 
An  abbey  situated  near  Stirling,  Scotland. 
Near  here,  1297,  took  place  the  battle  of  Stir- 
ling. See  Stirling,  Battle  of. 

Cambyses  (kam-bi'sez)  I.  [Old  Pers.  Kabyjiya, 
which  is  thought  to  be  derived  from  the  San- 


Cambyses  I. 

skrit  kab,  to  praise,  and  uji,  speaker.  The 
Greeks  inserted  the  euphonic  m before  the  h. 
An  Aryan  people  existed  iu  the  northwest  corner 
of  India  under  the  name  of  Eamboja,  which  has 
survived  as  the  name  of  a country  bordering 
on  Siam.]  A Persian  king  whose  historical 
character  is  doubtful.  In  the  genealogy  of  Xerxes,  as 
given  by  Herodotus,  both  he  and  his  son  Cyrus  are  omitted, 
and  Diodorus,  where  lie  gives  this  name,  seems  to  mean 
the  father  of  Cyrus  the  Great.  On  the  other  hand,  a Cam- 
byses is  mentioned  whose  sister  was  the  ancestress  in  the 
fourth  degree  of  one  of  the  seven  conspirators.  Possibly 
Cambyses  I.  was  one  of  the  sons  of  Theispes  (on  the  cu- 
neiform monuments  Chishpaish),  and  grandson  of  Achse- 
menes. 

Cambyses  II.  The  son  and  successor  of  Cyrus 
I.,  and  father  of  Cyrus  II.,  called  “ The  Great.” 
According  to  Herodotus  he  was  merely  a Persian  noble- 
man, but  Xenophon  states  that  he  was  king  of  the  coun- 
try, and  his  statement  is  confirmed  by  native  records. 
Cambyses  III.  The  son  and  successor  of  Cy- 
rus the  Great,  529-522  B.  C.  He  is  depicted  as 
despotic  and  tyrannical.  He  defeated  Psamraetichus  III. 
(called  by  the  Greeks  Psammenit),  king  of  Egypt,  in  the 
battle  of  Pelusium  (525  B.  c. ),  and  incorporated  that  country 
in  the  Persian  empire.  His  expeditions  against  Ammonand 
Ethiopia  were  unfortunate.  While  he  was  devastating 
Egypt,  an  impostor  assuming  the  name  of  his  brother 
Bardiya  (called  by  the  Greeks  Smerdis)  who  was  secretly 
assassinated  at  Cambyses's  instigation,  forced  him  to  return 
to  Persia,  but  he  died  on  the  way  from  a wound  inflicted 
by  himself. 

Cambyses,  King  of  Persia.  A play  by  Thomas 
Preston,  written  as  early  as  15(11.  «in  allusion  to 
a passage  in  it,  ‘ Cambyses  vein  ’ has,  in  consequence  of  its 
being  cited  by  Shakspere,  become  proverbial  for  rant, 
[but]  the  language  of  the  play  is  in  no  instance  specially 
obnoxious  to  this  charge.”  Ward. 

Camden  (kam'den).  Atown  in  Kershaw  County, 
South  Carolina,  near  the  Wateree  River  32  miles 
northeast  of  Columbia.  Here,  Aug.  16,  1780,  the 
British  under  Cornwallis  defeated  the  Americans  under 
Gates:  the  loss  of  the  Americans  was  about  2, 000,  including 
De  Kalb.  Near  here,  at  Hobkirk’s  Hill,  April  25, 1781,  the 
British  under  Rawdon  defeated  the  Americans  under 
Greene.  The  first  battle  is  also  called  the  battle  of  Sanders' 
Creek. 

Camden.  A city  and  port  of  entry,  capital  of 
Camden  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  River  opposite  Philadelphia.  It  is  a 
railway  center,  and  is  noted  for  its  manufactures 
and  ship-building.  Population,  94,538,  (1910). 
Camden,  Earl.  See  Pratt,  Charles. 

Camden  (kam'den),  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, May  2,  1551:  died  at  Chiselhurst,  Kent, 
Nov.  9,  1623.  A noted  English  historian  and 
antiquary.  His  chief  works  are  “Britannia”  (1586), 
“Annales  rerum  Anglicarum  et  Hlbernicarum  regnante 
Elizabetha  ” (1615). 

Camden  Society.  An  English  historical  soci- 
ety formed  in  1838  for  the  publication  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  English  history : named  from 
William  Camden. 

Camden  Town.  A northern  quarter  of  Lou- 
don, east  of  Regent’s  Park,  “[it]  takes  its  name 
from  the  first  Earl  of  Camden,  who  acquired  large  property 
here  by  his  marriage  with  Miss  Geffreys."  Hare , I.  221. 

Camel,  Battle  of  the.  Fought  at  Basra,  656. 
Calif  Ali  defeated  the  rebels  Talha,  Zobair, 
and  Ayesha  (the  latter  being  present  on  a 
camel). 

Camelford  (kam'el-ford).  A town  in  Cornwall. 
England,  situated  15  miles  west  of  Launceston. 
It  is  one  of  the  places  identified  as  the  Camelot  of  the  Ar- 
thurian cycle,  and  a traditional  scene  of  the  final  battle 
between  Arthur  and  Modred. 

Carnelon  (kam 'el-on),  in  Scotland.  See  the 
extract. 

At  Camelon,  on  the  Firth  of  Forth,  we  found  the  site  of 
the  battle  that  closed  the  career  of  the  historical  Arthur  in 
537.  Stuart  Glennie,  Arthurian  Localities,  iii.  2. 

Camelopardalis  (ka-mel-o-  or  kanFe-lo-par'da- 
lis).  The  Camelopard,  a northern  constellation 
formed  by  Bartsch  and  named  by  Hevelius. 
It  is  situated  between  Cepheus,  Perseus,  Ursa  Major  and 
Minor,  and  Draco.  As  given  by  Hevelius,  the  name  was 
Camelopardalus. 

Camelot  (kam'e-lot).  A legendary  spot  in  Eng- 
land where  Arthur  was  said  to  have  had  his 
palace  and  court,  and  where  the  Round  Table 
was.  Shakspere  alludes  to  it  in  “Lear,”  ii.  2,  79. 

“Goose,  if  I had  you  upon  Sarum  plain. 

I’d  drive  ye  cackling  home  to  Camelot." 

This  is  supposed  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  great 
quantities  of  geese  were  bred  on  the  moors  near  Camelot 
in  Somersetshire.  Capell  maintained  that  Camelot  was, 
or  was  near,  Winchester.  Oaxton  locates  it  in  Wales. 
Tennyson  alludes  to  it  in  “The  Lady  of  Shalott”  and  in 
the  “ Idylls." 

Camel’s  Hump.  One  of  the  chief  peaks  of  the 
Green  Mountains, Vermont.  It  is  west  of  Mont- 
pelier. Height,  4,088  feet, 
damenae  (ka-me'ne).  In  Italian  mythology,  four 
prophetic  divinities . by  Roman  poets  identi- 
fied with  the  Muses. 

Oamenz.  See  Kamenz. 


208 

Camerarius  (ka-ma-ra're-os)  (Liebhard),  Joa- 
chim. [L.,  ‘Chamberlain.’]  Born  at  Bamberg, 
Bavaria,,  April  12,  1500:  died  at  Leipsic,  April 
17, 1574.  A German  scholar,  author  of  a life  of 
Mel anehthou(  1556),  and  editor  of  Melanchthon’s 
letters  (1569). 

Camerarius,  Rudolf  Jakob.  Born  at  Tubin- 
gen, Wiirtemberg.  Feb.  12, 1665 : died  at  Tubin- 
gen, Sept.  11.  1721.  A German  physician  and 
botanist,  author  of  “De  sexu  plantarum  epis- 
tola”  (1694),  etc. 

Cameri.no  (ka-ma-re'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Macerata,  Italy,  in  lat.  43°  9'  N.,  long. 
13°  5'  E.  It  was  the  ancient  Camerinum.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  the  Papal  States  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. 

Cameron  (kam'e-ron),  James  Donald.  Born 
at  Middletown,  Dauphin  County,  Pa.,  May  14, 
1833.  An  American  politician.  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1852,  was  president  of  the  Northern  Central 
Railway  Company  of  Pennsylvania  1863-74,  and  was  secre- 
tary of  war  under  President  Grant  May  22,  1876, -March 
3,  1877,  when  he  was  elected  a United  States  senator  from 
Pennsylvania  as  a Republican,  serving  until  1897. 

Cameron,  John.  Born  at  Glasgow  about  1579: 
died  at  Montauban,  France,  1625.  A Scot- 
tish theologian,  an  advocate  of  “ passive  obedi- 
ence.” He  became  professor  of  divinity  at  Saumur,  and 
later  at  Montauban.  His  followers  in  France  were  called 
Cameronites  (which  see). 

Cameron,  Richard.  Born  at  Falkland,  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland:  killed  near  Aird’s  Moss,  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland,  July  20,  1680.  A noted  Scot- 
tish Presbyterian  minister,  and  leader  of  the 
Covenanters.  His  followers,  a sect  of  Scottish 
dissenters, were  called  Cameronians  (which  see). 

Cameron,  Simon.  Born  in  Lancaster  County, 
Pa.,  March  8,  1799:  died  there,  Juno  26,  1889. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  in  1845  elected 
United  States  senator  for  Pennsylvania  to  succeed  Bu- 
chanan, who  had  been  appointed  secretary  of  state  by  Pres- 
ident Polk.  His  term  expired  March  4, 1849.  During  his 
term  of  office  he  acted  with  the  Democratic  party ; but 
having  about  1855  identified  himself  with  the  People’s 
party,  he  was  in  1857  returned  to  the  Senate  as  a Repub- 
lican. He  was  secretary  of  war  in  the  cabinet  of  Lincoln, 
Mareh4, 1861,-Jan.  11,1862,  when  he  was  appointed  United 
States  minister  to  Russia,  a post  which  he  resigned  the 
following  year.  He  served  as  senator  from  Pennsylvania 
1866-77,  when  he  resigned  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
•Tames  Donald  Cameron. 

Cameron,  Verney  Lovett.  Born  July  1,  1844: 
died  March  27,  1894.  A noted  English  explorer. 
As  a naval  officer  lie  was  chosen  in  1872,  by  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  to  lead  an  expedition  in  search  of 
Livingstone.  In  March,  1873,  he  started  from  Bagamoyo. 
Tn  Fnyanyembe  he  met  Livingstone’s  body,  hut  proceeded 
to  Lake  Tanganyika.  His  two  European  assistants  re- 
turned with  the  body  and  one  (Dillon)  died.  He  explored 
the  southern  portion  of  Lake  Tanganyika,  discovered  the 
Lukuga,  and  made  his  way  through  Urua  and  southern 
Lund.)  to  Benguella  and  Katumbela,  where  he  arrived  Nov. 
28,  1875.  He  was  the  first  explorer  to  cross  Africa  from 
east  to  west.  Hi9  “ Across  Africa"  appeared  in  1876.  In 
1878  he  made  a railroad  survey  in  Asia  Minor  and  Persia. 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Cameronians  (kam-e-ro'ni-anz).  1.  The  fol- 
lowers of  Richard  Cameron  in  Scotland.  They 
refused  to  accept  the  indulgence  granted  to  the  Presby- 
terian clergy  in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest 
by  so  doing  they  should  be  understood  to  recognize  his 
ecclesiastical  authority.  They  were  known  at  first  as  The 
Societies,  but  were  afterward  organized  as  the  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  most  of  which  in  1876 
was  merged  in  the  Free  Church. 

2.  A name  given  to  the  26th  regiment  of  British 
infantry,  from  its  having  been  originally  com- 
posed of  the  Cameronians  who  flocked  to  Edin- 
burgh during  the  revolution  of  1688.  Their  nu- 
cleus consisted  of  the  men  who  fought  under  Richard 
Cameron  at  Aird’s  Moss  in  1680,  when  he  was  killed. 

Cameronites  (kam'e-ron -its).  A group  of 
French  Protestants,  professing  a modified  Cal- 
vinism, led  by  John  Cameron,  a native  of  Glas- 
gow, professor  of  theology  at  Saumur  and  else- 
where. They  were  condemned  by  the  Synod 
of  Dort. 

Cameroon  River.  See  Kamerun  River. 

Cameroons.  See  Kamerun. 

Cames  (kii-mes').  A wild  tribe  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 

They  arose  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  from  the  mix- 
ture of  Indian  hordes  with  fugitive  negro  and  mulatto 
slaves.  At  one  time  they  were  very  numerous,  and  dan- 
gerous enemies  of  the  whites.  A few  hundred  only  re- 
main, in  the  western  part  of  the  state. 

Camilla  (ka-mil'ii).  [L  .Camilla.']  1.  Avirgin 
warrior  queen  of  the  Volscians,  daughter  of 
King  Metabus  of  Privernum.  She  figures  in 
Vergil’s  -Etieid.  She  came  to  the  assistance  of 
Turnus,  and  was  treacherously  slain  by  Aruns. 

— 2.  A lady  in  Lyly’s  “Euphues”  with  whom 
Philautus  falls  in  love. — 3.  An  opera  by  Owen 
McSwiney,  translated  from  the  Italian  in  1706. 

— 4.  A novel  by  Madame  d’Arblay,  published 
in  1796. 


Campaign,  The 

Camille  (ka-mel').  The  sister  of  the  three 
Horatii  in  Corneille’s  tragedy  “Les  Horaces.” 
She  denounces  Rome  when  she  finds  that  her  lover  has 
been  killed  by  her  brothers. 

Camille.  An  English  version  of  the  French 
play  “La  dame  aux  camelias.”  The  Marguerite  of 
the  French  play  is  Camille  in  this.  See  Dame  aux  camelias. 
Camillo  (ka-mil'o).  1.  A Sicilian  noble  in 
Shakspere’s  “Winter’s  Tale.”  He  saves  Polix- 
enes  and  induces  Leontes  to  protect  Florizel 
and  Perdita. — 2.  The  husband  of  Vittoria  Co- 
rombona  in  Webster’s  tragedy  “The  White 
Devil.” — 3.  A character  in  Dryden’s play  “The 
Assignation.” 

Camillus  (ka-mil'us).  1.  A newspaper  pseu- 
donym of  Fisher  Ames. — 2.  A pseudonym  of 
Alexander  Hamilton. 

Camillus,  Marcus  Furius.  Died  365  b.  c.  A 

Roman  general.  He  was  several  times  dictator,  took 
Veii  in  396  (392),  and  after  the  sack  of  Rome  by  Brennus 
in  390  (388)  defeated  the  Gauls. 

Caminha  (ka-men'ya),  Pedro  Vaz  de.  A Portu- 
guese who  accompanied  Pedro  Alvares  Cabral 
in  1500  as  secretary  of  the  proposed  factory  at 
Calient.  He  wrote  a letter,  still  preserved  in  Lisbon, 
which  is  the  oldest  extant  description  of  the  discovery  of 
Brazil.  This  was  first  published  by  Munoz,  1790,  and 
there  are  subsequent  editions.  Caminha  probably  per- 
ished in  the  massacre  at  Calicut,  Dec.  16,  1500. 
Camisards  (kam'i-zardz).  A name  given  to 
the  French  Protestants  of  the  Revenues  who 
took  up  arms  in  defense  of  their  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberties  early  in  the  18th  century:  so 
called  from  the  white  blouses  worn  by  the  peas- 
ants who  were  the  chief  actors  in  the  insurrec- 
tion. 

Camlan,  Battle  of.  A battle  which  took  place 
in  Cornwall  about  537,  in  which  both  Arthur 
and  his  nephew  Modred  fell  in  single  combat. 
Cainmin.  See  Kammin. 

Camoens  (in  Portuguese  spelling,  Camoes) 
(kam'6-ens;  Pg.  pron.  ka-mon'esh),  Luiz  Vaz 
de.  Born  at  Lisbon  (?)  in  1524  (?) : died  at 
Lisbon,  June  10,  1580.  A celebrated  Portu- 
guese poet.  He  was  of  gentle  birth,  and  was  educated 
at  Coimbra.  On  leaving  college  he  returned  to  Lisbon,  and 
quickly  became  accustomed  to  court  life  and  manners. 
His  romantic  passion  for  Donna  Caterina  de  Ataide,  a high- 
born lady  in  attendance  on  the  queen,  with  the  jealousy  of 
another  lover  and  the  dislike  of  her  father,  was  one  of  the 
principal  reasons  for  his  banishment  from  Lisbon  about 
1646.  Before  1550  he,  having  joined  the  army  of  Africa, 
lost  the  sight  of  his  right  eye  in  a naval  engagement  at 
Ceuta.  After  a careless  and  somewhat  dissolute  period, 
he  was  cast  into  prison  in  1552  for  wounding  one  of  the 
king’s  equerries  in  a street  fracas.  He  was  pardoned  on 
condition  of  his  immediate  embarkation  for  India.  He 
reached  Goa  in  the  same  year.  He  joined  several  naval 
expeditions,  and  on  his  return  to  Goa  he  devoted  his  pen 
to  the  exposure  of  the  abuses  so  rife  in  the  East,  and  became 
very  unpopular  in  consequence.  After  seventeen  years  of 
adventure  and  suffering  from  persecution  and  imprison- 
ment in  Goa,  Macao,  Mozambique,  and  Sofa  la.  he  was  al- 
lowed to  return  to  Portugal  in  1570.  “He  lived  poor  and 
neglected,  and  so  died,"  is  said  to  have  been  placed  on  a 
marble  tablet  to  his  memory  on  the  wall  of  the  church  of 
the  convent  of  Santa  Anna ; both  church  and  tablet 
were  destroyed  in  1755.  His  great  epic,  “ Os  Lusiadas  ’ 
(“The  Lusiad  ” : which  see), written  during  liisbanishment, 
and  perfected  in  his  humble  home  in  Lisbon,  was  first 
published  in  1572.  Its  success  was  great,  and  a second 
edition  was  published  in  the  same  year ; but  this  only 
added  to  the  malice  with  which  he  was  regarded  at  court, 
and  when  in  1578  the  young  king  Dom  Sebastian  went 
to  Africa  on  his  fatal  expedition,  Bernardes,  a courtier 
and  poet,  was  selected  to  go  with  him  and  sing  his  tri- 
umphs. After  the  defeat  and  death  of  the  king  "Camo- 
ens went  as  one  dreaming.”  Thirty-eight  editions  of  the 
“ Lusiad  ” were  published  in  Lisbon  before  1700.  There 
are  translations  in  nearly  every  European  language.  The 
first  English  translation  was  by  Sir  Richard  Fanshawe, 
1655.  Mickle’s  translation  appeared  in  1776,  Musgrave’s 
in  1826,  Quillinan’s  (five  cantos)  in  1853,  Sir  Thomas 
Mitchell’s  in  1854.  Camoens’s  influence  and  efforts  pre- 
served the  Portuguese  language  from  destruction  during 
the  period  of  the  Spanish  occupation,  when  the  language 
of  the  court  was  Castilian.  His  minor  works,  or  "Rimas,” 
were  sonnets,  comedies,  eclogues,  ballads,  and  epigrams. 
Camonica  (ka-mon'e-ka),  Val.  The  valley  of 
the  Oglio  in  its  upper  course,  in  Lombardy, 
Italy,  north  of  the  Lago  d’Iseo. 

Camp,  The.  A play  by  Tickell,  attributed  to 
Sheridan,  produced  iu  1778.  Doran,  Annals, 
II.  137. 

Campagna  (kam-pan'yii).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Salerno,  situated  19  miles  east  of  Sa- 
lerno. Population,  commune,  8,927. 
Campagna  di  Roma  (kam-pan'va  de  ro'mii). 
A large  plain  in  Italy,  surrounding  Rome,  lying 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Sabine 
and  Alban  Mountains.  It  corresponds  in  great  part 
to  the  ancient  Latitnn.  It  is  of  volcanic  formation,  and 
has  been  for  centuries  noted  for  its  malarious  climate, 
though  in  antiquity  it  was  covered  with  villas  and  towns 
and  was  brought  to  a high  state  of  cultivation.  It  has 
been  reclaimed  in  part. 

Campaign,  The.  A poem  by  Addison  celebrat- 
ing the  battle  of  Blenheim,  published  in  1704. 


Campan 

Campan  (koh-pon').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Pyrdnees,  situated  on  the  river 
Adour  18  miles  southeast  of  Tarbes.  It  is 
noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

Campan,  Madame  (Jeanne  Louise  Henriette 
Genest).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  6,  1752:  died  at 
Mantes,  Prance,  March  16,  1822.  A French 

teacher.  She  was,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  appointed  reader 
to  the  three  daughters  of  Louis  XV. , was  for  nearly  twenty 
years  first  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Marie  Antoinette, 
and  narrowly  escaped  during  the  storming  of  the  Tuiler- 
ies  by  the  mob,  1792.  After  the  fall  of  Robespierre,  she 
opened  a boarding-school  for  young  ladies  at  Saint-Ger- 
main, and  in  1806  was  appointed  by  Napoleon  superinten- 
dent of  the  school  at  Ecouen  for  daughters,  sisteis,  and 
nieces  of  officers  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  a post  which  she 
held  till  the  abolition  of  the  school  by  the  Bourbons.  She 
wrote  “ Memoires  sur  la  vie  privee  de  Marie  Antoinette  ’’ 
(1823),  etc. 

Campanerthal,  or  Kampanerthal  (kam-pa'- 
ner-tal).  A work  on  the  immortality  of  the 
soul,  by  Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter,  published 
in  1797:  named  from  a picturesque  valley  of 
the  upper  Adour  in  the  Pyrenees. 

Campania  (kam-pa'ni-a).  [Gr.  K a/unavia.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a region  in  Italy,  lying  be- 
tween Latium  on  the  northwest,  Samnium  on 
the  north  and  east,  Lucania  on  the  southeast, 
and  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on  the  west.  Its  origi- 
nal inhabitants  were  probably  of  Oscan  or  Ausonian  race; 
it  was  settled  later  by  the  Greeks, and  submitted  to  Rome 
310  B.  C.  It  is  noted  for  its  fertility  and  products.  It 
contained  the  ancient  cities  Cumse,  Capua,  Raise,  Puteoli, 
Herculaneum,  Pompeii,  etc.  The  modern  compartimento 
of  Campania  comprises  the  provinces  Avellino,  Renevento, 
Caserta,  Napoli,  and  Salerno. 

Campanile  of  Giotto.  A famous  tower  at 
Florence,  Italy,  begun  by  Giotto  in  1334,  and 
after  his  death,  in  1337,  continued  by  Andrea 
Pisano.  It  is  square  in  plan,  371  feet  to  a side,  and  275-i 
feet  high,  and  is  divided  by  string-courses  into  five  stories, 
the  two  lowest  of  which  are  practically  solid ; the  two  mid- 
dle ones  have  each,  on  each  face,  two  canopied  and  tracer- 
ied  windows  ; and  the  highest,  about  twice  as  high  as  any 
of  those  below,  has  one  large  beautifully  decorated  and 
traceried  window  in  each  face,  and  a bold  cornice.  The 
whole  exterior  of  the  tower  is  incrusted  with  colored 
marbles  arranged  in  panels.  The  basement  is  surrounded 
by  two  ranges  of  reliefs,  the  lower  in  hexagonal,  the  upper 
in  diamond-shaped  panels,  by  Giotto,  Andrea  Pisano,  and 
Luca  della  Robbia.  The  subjects  include  the  Creation, 
the  Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Cardinal  V irtues,  and  the  W orks 
of  Mercy.  These  reliefs  are  famous  for  their  naive  but 
wonderfully  effective  presentation  of  their  story.  Above  is 
a range  of  large  statues  in  niches.  This  campanile  is  the 
finest  example  of  the  Italian  Pointed  style,  of  which  it  em- 

■i,  bodies  all  the  virtues,  while  possessing  some  of  its  defects. 

Campanile  of  St.  Mark’s.  A square  tower  in 
Venice,  measuring  42  feet  to  a side,  and  323 
feet  high  to  the  angel  at  the  apex  of  the  py- 
ramidal spire.  It  was  begun  about  900,  but  the  arcaded 
belfry,  with  the  square  die  and  pyramid  above,  dates  only 
from  the  16th  century.  Despite  its, celebrity,  it  was  ugly  : 
the  lower  part  was  a practically  plain  mass  of  brickwork, 
and  the  belfry  was  crushed  by  the  superstructure.  It  col- 
lapsed July  14,  1902,  and  was  restored  in  1912. 

Campanini  (kam-pa-ne'ne),  Italo.  Born  at 
Parma,  June  29,  1846:  died  near  there,  Nov. 
23,  1896.  A noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  He  first 
attracted  attention  in  1871  at  Bologna.  In  1872  he  first 
appeared  in  England,  and  was  subsequently  successful  in 
St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow,  and  in  America. 

Campas  (kam'pas).  A tribe  of  Indians  in  east- 
ern Peru,  a branch  of  the  Antis,  if  not  the  same 
as  that  tribe.  See  Antis. 

Campaspe  (kam-pas'pe).  The  favorite  concu- 
bine of  Alexander.  She  is  said  to  have  been 
the  model  of  the  famous  Venus  Anadyomene 
of  Apelles.  Also  Pancaste,  Pacate. 

Campbell  (kam'bel;  Sc.  pron.  kam'el),  Alex- 
ander. [The  name  Campbell,  more"  correctly 
spelled  Cambell,  is  from  Gael.  Caimbeul,  lit.  ‘ wry- 
mouth,’  from  cam,  wry,  and  beul,  mouth.]  Born 
near  Ballymena,  in  the  county  of  Antrim,  Ire- 
land, Sept.  12,  1788:  died  at  Bethany,  W.  Va., 
March  4,  1866.  A clergyman,  founder  (about 
1827)  of  the  “Disciples  of  Christ,”  nicknamed 
“Campbellites.”  He  came  to  America  in  1809.  He 
established  the  “Christian  Baptist”  in  1823,  which  wms 
merged  in  1830  in  the  “Millennial  Harbinger.” 

Campbell,  Archibald,  second  Earl  of  Argyll. 
Killed  at  Flodden,  1513.  Son  of  the  first  Earl 
of  Argyll.  He  became  master  of  the  royal  household 
in  1494,  and  shared  with  the  Ear  ! of  Lennox  the  command 
of  the  right  wing  of  the  Scottish  army  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden,  Sept.  9,  1513,  in  which  engagement  he  was 
killed. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  fourth  Earl  of  Argyll. 
Died  1558.  Grandson  of  the  second  Earl  of 
Argyll,  and  a leading  supporter  of  the  Refor- 
mation. He  commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  Scottish 
army  at  the  battle  of  Pinkie  iu  1547,  and  in  the  following 
year  rendered  important  service  at  the  siege  of  Hadding- 
ton. He  embraced  the  Reformation,  and  was  a warm 
supporter  of  Knox,  whom  he  entertained  at  Castle  Camp- 
bell in  1556. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  fifth  Earl  of  Argyll. 
Died  Sept.  12, 1573.  Son  of  the  fourth  Earl  of 

C.— 14 


209 

Argyll,  and  a supporter  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 
He  was  originally  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Lords  of  the 
Congregation,  but  afterward  became  a partizan  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  was  a party  to  the  murder  of  Darnley  and 
the  marriage  of  Bothwell,  and  commanded  the  queen’s 
forces  at  Langside,  May  13, 1568.  He  made  his  submission 
to  the  Earl  of  Moray  in  1569,  and  in  1572  was  appointed 
lord  high  chancellor. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  eighth  Earl  and  first 
Marquis  of  Argyll.  Beheaded  at  Edinburgh, 
May  27,  1661.  A Scottish  nobleman.  He  sided 
with  the  Covenanters  ; became  marquis  in  1641 ; and  was 
defeated  by  Montrose  in  1645.  He  sided  with  Charles  II. 
after  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  but  submitted  later  to  Crom- 
well. At  the  Restoration  he  was  executed  for  treason. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  ninth  Earl  of  Argyll. 
Beheaded  at  Edinburgh,  June  30,  1685.  Son 
of  the  eighth  Earl  of  Argyll.  He  supported  the 
Royalists  and  Charles  II.  after  the  Restoration.  He  was 
obliged  to  leave  Scotland  at  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.,  on  the  charge  of  treason.  He  landed  in  Scotland  in 
1685  to  take  part  in  Monmouth’s  rising,  and  was  executed 
for  treason. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  first  Duke  of  Argyll. 
Died  Sept.  20  (28?),  1703.  Son  of  the  ninth 
Earl  of  Argyll,  created  duke  1701.  He  favored 
the  Revolution,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
offered  the  Scottish  crown  to  William  and  Mary  at  Lon- 
don iu  1689. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  third  Duke  of  Argyll. 
Born  at  Petersham,  Surrey,  in  June,  1682 : died 
April  15,  1761.  A Scottish  statesman,  brother 
of  the  second  Duke  of  Argyll.  He  was  a firm  sup- 
porter of  Walpole,  by  whom  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
chief  management  of  Scotch  affairs.  He  was  appointed  lord 
keeper  of  ihe  privy  seal  in  1721,  and  keeper  of  the  gr  eat 
seal  in  1733,  which  latter  post  he  occupied  until  his  death 

Campbell,  Colin,  first  Earl  of  Argyll.  Died 
1493.  A Scottish  nobleman,  created  earl  in 
1457.  He  was  one  of  the  conspirators  against 
James  III.  in  1487. 

Campbell,  Colin,  Baron  Clyde.  Born  at  Glas- 
gow, Oct.  20,  1792:  died  at  Chatham,  England, 
Aug.  14,  1863.  A British  field-marshal.  He 
served  with  distinction  at  Chillianwalla  and  Gujerat,  1849, 
and  at  the  Alma  and  Balaklava,  1864  ; was  commander-in- 
chief in  Bengal  in  1857:  rescued  Havelock  and  Outran!  at 
Lucknow  and  then  relieved  <_  awnpore,aud  recaptured  Luck- 
now in  1858.  He  was  made  a K.  C.  B.  in  1849,  and  was  ele- 
vated to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Clyde  of  Clydesdale  iu  1858. 

Campbell,  George.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, Dee.  25,  1719:  died  there,  April  6,  1796. 
A Scottish  theologian  and  philosophical  writer. 
He  was  ordained  in  1748,  became  minister  at  Aberdeen  in 
1757,  and  in  1759  was  appointed  principal  of  Marischal 
College.  His  chief  works  are  “ Dissertation  on  Miracles  ’’ 
(1762),  “Philosophy  of  Rhetoric”  (1776),  and  “Translation 
of  the  Gospels  ’’  (1789). 

Campbell,  George  Douglas,  eighth  Duke  of 
Argyll.  Born  April  30, 1823:  died  April  24, 1900. 
A Scottish  statesman  and  writer.  He  was  lord 
privy  seal  1853-55;  postmaster-general  1855-58;  lord  privy 
Beal  1859-66;  secretary  for  India  1868-74  ; and  lord  privy 
seal  1880-81.  His  chief  works  include  “The  Rei  n of 
Law”  (1866),  “Scotland  as  It  Was  and  as  It  Is  ” (1887). 

Campbell,  John,  second  Duke  of  Argyll.  Bom 
1678 : died  1743.  A Scottish  general  and  states- 
man, son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Argyll.  He  took 
part  in  effecting  the  union ; commanded  at  Sheriffmnir 
in  1715  ; and  sided  at  different  times  with  the  Whigs  and 
Tories.  He  was  created  duke  of  Greenwich  in  1719. 

Campbell,  John,  Baron  Campbell.  Born  near 
Cupar,  Fife,  Scotland,  Sept.  15,  1779:  died  at 
London,  June  23,  1861.  A British  jurist,  poli- 
tician, and  author.  He  became  chief  justice  of  the 
Queen’s  Bench  in  1850,  and  was  lord  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land 1859-61.  He  wrote  “Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors  ” 
(1845-48),  “Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices”  (1849-57),  etc. 

Campbell,  Sir  Neil.  Born  May  1, 1776 : died  in 
Sierra  Leone,  Africa,  Aug.  14,  1827.  A British 
officer,  commissioner  during  Napoleon's  stay  at 
Elba,  1814-15. 

Campbell,  Thomas.  Born  at  Glasgow,  July  27, 
1777 : died  at  Boulogne,  France,  June  15,  1844. 
A British  poet,  critic,  and  miscellaneous  winter. 
He  was  lord  rector  of  the  University  of  Glasgow  1826-29. 
His  works  include  “Pleasures  of  Hope"  (1799),  “Gertrude 
of  Wyoming”  (1809),  “Specimens  of  the  British  Poets” 
(1819),  short  lyrics(“Lochiel’s  Warning, ’’“Hohenlinden,” 
“ Mariners  of  England,”  “ Battle  of  the  Baltic,”  etc.). 

Campbell,  Lord  William.  Died  Sept.  5,  1778. 
A younger  brother  of  the  fifth  Duke  of  Argyll, 
colonial  governor  of  South  Carolina  1775-76. 

Campbell  Island.  [Discovered  by  Captain  Ha- 
zelburgh  of  the  whaler  Perse  verance,  and  named 
by  him  for  the  business  house  in  Sydney  which 
he  represented.]  A small  island  in  the’  South- 
ern Ocean,  south  of  New  Zealand. 

Campbellites  (kam'bel-its).  1.  A nickname 
of  the  “Disciples  of  Christ,”  a denomination 
founded  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Campbell. 
The  Campbellites  were  also  called  New  Lights. 
— 2.  The  followers  of  the  Rev.  John  McLeod 
Campbell,  a minister  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land, who,  when  deposed  in  1831  for  teaching 
the  universality  of  the  atonement,  founded  a 
separate  congregation. 


Campion 

Campbell’s  station.  A village  in  Tennessee, 
situated  12  miles  southwest  of  Knoxville.  Here, 
Nov.  16,  1863,  the  Federals  under  Burnside  repulsed  the 
Confederates  under  Longstreet. 

Campe  (kam'pe),  Joachim  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Deensen,  in  Brunswick,  Germany,  June  29, 1746: 
died  near  Brunswick,  Oct.  22,  1818.  A German 
lexicographer  and  writer  of  juveniles.  His  works 
include  “ Robinson  der  Jiingere  ” (1779),  “ Die  Entdeckung 
von  Amerika  “ (1781),  a German  dictionary  (1807-11),  etc. 

Campeche  (kam-pa/cha),  or  Campeachy  (kam- 
pe'che).  A state  of  Mexico,  formingthe  south- 
western part  of  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan. 
Area,  18,087  square  miles.  Population,  85,795, 
(1910). 

Campeche.  [Native  name.]  A seaport,  the 
capital  of  the  state  of  Campeche,  situated  on 
the  Bay  of  Campeche  in  lat.  19°  51'  N.,  long. 
90°  33'  W.  Its  exports  are  logwood,  wax,  etc.  It  was 
an  old  Indian  town,  and  was  discovered  by  Francisco  Her- 
nandez de  Cordova  in  1517,  and  was  named  by  him  San 
Lazaro.  Population,  16,864,  (1910). 

Campeche,  or  Campeachy,  Gulf  or  Bay  of. 

A name  given  to  the  southern  part  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

Campeggio  (kam-pej'6),  Lorenzo.  Bom  at 
Bologna,  1472:  died  at  Rome,  July  19,  1539. 
An  Italian  cardinal,  legate  to  England  1519 
and  1528,  bishop  of  Salisbury  and  archbishop 
of  Bologna.  He  presided  at  the  Diet  of  Ratisbon.  In 
1528  he  was  associated  with  Wolsey  in  hearing  the  divorce 
suit  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England  against  Catherine  of  Ara- 
gon. 

Campenhout,  Francois  van.  Born  at  Brussels 
in  1(80:  died  there  in  1848.  A Belgian  musician. 
His  fame  chiefly  rests  on  the  “Brabangonne,"  the  Belgian 
national  ah’,  which  he  composed  hi  1830. 

Campenon  (kon-pe-non'),  Frangois  Nicolas 

Vincent.  Born  in  Guadeloupe,  French  West 
Indies,  March  29,  1772:  died  near  Paris,  Nov. 
24,  1843.  A French  poet  and  general  writer. 
He  wrote  “Voyagede  Grenoble  a Chambriy  ” (1795  : prose 
and  verse),  “ L’Enfant  prodigue  ” (1811),  etc. 

Camper  (kam'p6r),  Pieter.  Born  at  Leyden, 
Netherlands,  May  11, 1722 : died  at  The  Hague. 
Netherlands,  April  7, 1789.  A Dutch  physician 
and  anatomist,  noted  for  researches  in  compar- 
ative anatomy. 

Camperdown  (kam-per-doun'),D.  Camperduin 

(kam-per-doin').  A village  in  the  Netherlands, 
situated  27  miles  north-northwest  of  Amster- 
dam. Off  here,  Oct.  11, 1797,  the  English  fleet  under  Dun- 
can defeated  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Winter.  Loss  of 
the  English,  1,040 ; of  the  Dutch  1,160,  and  6,000  prisoners. 

Camperdown.  Wee  Victoria  (battle-ship). 
Campero  (kam-pa'ro),  Narciso.  Born  at  Tojo, 
now  in  Argentina,  in  1815.  A Bolivian  soldier 
and  statesman.  In  1872  he  was  minister  of  war  for  a 
short  time.  When  the  war  with  Chile  broke  out  (1879) 
he  raised  an  army  in  southern  Bolivia,  but  was  unable  to 
reach  Tarapaca  before  the  Chileans  conquered  that  prov- 
ince of  Peru.  After  the  fall  of  Daza  he  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  Bolivia  (April  9, 1880),  took  command  of  the  al- 
lied Bolivian  and  Peruvian  armies  at  Tacna,  Peru,  and 
was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Tacna  (May  26, 1880).  His 
term  ended  Aug.  1,  1884. 

Camphausen  (kamp'hou-zen),  Ludolf.  Born 
at  Hunshoven,  near  Aachen,  Prussia,  Jan.  3, 
1803:  died  at  Cologne,  Dec.  3,  1890.  A Prus- 
sian politician,  president  of  the  ministry  1848. 
Camphausen,  Otto.  Born  at  Hiinshoven,  near 
Aachen,  Prussia,  Oct.  21,  1812:  died  May  18, 
1896.  A Prussian  politician,  brother  of  Ludolf 
Camphausen.  He  was  Prussian  minister  of  finance  1869- 
1878,  and  vice-president  of  the  Prussian  ministry  1873-78. 

Camphausen,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Dusseldorf, 
Prussia,  Feb.  8,  1818  : died  there,  June  16,  1885. 
A German  historical  and  battle  painter  of  the 
Dusseldorf  school. 

Camphuysen  (kamp'hoi-zen),  Dirk  Rafalsz. 

Born  at  Gorkum,  Netherlands,  1586:  died  at 
Dokkum,  Friesland,  July  9,  1627.  A Dutch 
lainter,  religious  poet,  and  theologian, 
ampi  (kam'pe),  Bernardino.  Bom  at  Cre- 
mona, Italy,  1522  : died  after  1590.  An  Italian 
painter.  His  chief  work  is  the  cupola  in  the 
Church  of  San  Gismondo  at  Cremona. 

Campi,  Giulio.  Born  at  Cremona,  Italy,  about 
1500 : died  1572.  An  Italian  painter.  His  best 
works  are  at  Cremona  and  Mantua. 

Campinas  (kon-pe'nas).  A town  in  the  state 
of  Sao  Paulo,  southernjlrazil,  65  miles  north- 
west of  Sao  Paulo,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a railroad.  Population,  67,694. 

Campine  (koii-pen').  A region  in  the  provinces 
of  Antwerp  and  Limburg,  Belgium. 

Campion  (kam'pi-on),  Edmund.  Born  at  Lon 
don,  Jan.  25,  1540:  executed  at  Tyburn,  Dec. 
1,  1581.  An  English  Jesuit  and  scholar,  con- 
demned on  a charge  of  high  treason.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries  in 
England. 


Campistron 

Campistron  (kon-pes-tron'),  Jean  Galbert  de. 

Born  at  Toulouse,  1656:  died  May  11,  1723.  A 
French  dramatic  poet,  a follower  of  Racine. 
He  was  the  author  of  “Virginie”  (1683),  “Acis  et  Gala- 
tfie”  (1686:  an  opera),  “Andronic"  (1685),  “Tiridate” 
(1691),  etc. 

He  pushed  to  an  extreme  the  softness  and  almost  effemi- 
nacy of  subject  and  treatment  which  made  Corneille  con- 
temptuously speak  of  his  younger  rival  and  his  party  as 
“ Les  Doucereux.”  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  306. 

Campobasso  (kam-po-bas'so).  A province  in 
the  Abruzzi  and  Molise,  Italy.  It  was  formerly 
called  Molise.  Area,  1,691  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 371,951. 

Campobasso.  [It.,  ‘ low  field.’]  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Campobasso,  Italy,  situated  in 
lat.  41°  34'  N.,  long.  14°  40'  E.  It  is  noted  for 
its  manufactures  of  cutlery.  Population,  15,030. 
Campobasso,  Nicolo.  Lived  about  1477.  A 
Neapolitan  military  adventurer  in  the  service 
of  Charles  the  Bold. 

Campobello  di  Licata  (kam-po-bel'lo  de  le- 
ka'ta).  [It.  Campo  bello,  fair  field.]  A town  in 
the  province  of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situated  21 
miles  east-southeast  of  Girgenti.  It  is  noted 
for  sulphur-mines.  Pop.,  commune,  11,771. 
Campobello  di  Mazzara  (kam-po-bel'lo  de 
mat-sa'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of  Tra- 
pani, Sicily,  situated  42  miles  southwest  of 
Palermo.  There  are  famous  quarries  in  the 
vicinity.  Population,  commune,  9,101. 
Campo-Formio  (kam-po-for'me-o),  or  Campo- 
formido  (kam-po-for-me'do).  A village  in  the 
province  of  Udine,  in  northeastern  Italy,  6 miles 
southwest  of  Udine.  Here,  Oct.  IT,  1797,  a treaty 
was  concluded  between  France  and  Austria.  Austria 
ceded  the  Belgian  provinces,  recognized  the  Cisalpine 
Republic,  and  received  the  greater  part  of  the  Venetian 
territories;  France  retained  the  Ionian  Islands.  By  se- 
cret articles  France  was  to  receive  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine. 

Campomanes  (kam-po-ma'nes),  Conde  Pedro 
Rodriguez  de.  Born  in  Asturias,  Spain,  July 
1,  1723:  died  Feb.  3,  1802.  A Spanish  states- 
man and  political  economist,  president  of  the 
council  1788.  He  wrote  “Discurso  sobre  el  fomeuto  de 
la  industria  popular”  (1774),  “Discurso  sobre  la  educacion 
popular,  etc,”  (1775). 

Campos (kam'pos).  [Pg.,  ‘fields, ’‘pastures.’  See 
Campos  clos  Goitacases.]  A seaport  in  the  state 
ofRiode  Janeiro,  Brazil,  situatednearthemouth 
of  the  Parahyba.  Pop.,  municipio,  90,706. 
Campos  (kam'pos),  Martinez.  Born  at  Sego- 
via, Dec.  14,  1831:  died  at  Zarauz,  near  San 
Sebastian,  Sept.  23,  1900.  A Spanish  general. 
He  served  in  Morocco;  was  sent  to  Cuba  in  1869  as  colonel; 
and  in  1872  returned  to  Spain  to  help  to  suppress  the  Car- 
lists,  and  was  made  a brigadier-general.  On  the  abdication 
of  King  Amadeo  he  supported  the  republic,  was  put  on  the 
retired  list,  and  soon  after  was  arrested  on  a charge  of  con- 
spiracy. He  was  soon  released  and  placed  in  command  of 
the  3d  division  of  the  Army  of  the  North  against  the  Car- 
lists.  From  1877  to  1879  he  was  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Spanish  forces  in  Cuba.  He  was  sent  to  Cuba  in  April,  1895, 
as  governor-general ; but  was  recalled  in  January,  1896. 

Campo  Santo  (kam'po  san'to).  [It.,  ‘sacred 
field,’  i.  e.  cemetery.]  A cemetery.  That  of  Pisa, 
Italy,  is  notable.  The  present  structure  was  begun  in  1278 
by  Giovanni  Pisano. 

Campos  de  Vacaria  (kam'posh  de  va-ka-re'a). 
[Pg.,  ‘cattle-pastures.’]  An  elevated  open  re- 
gion in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  inland  from  the  moun- 
tains. It  forms  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Brazilian 
plateau,  and  as  yet  it  is  very  thinly  settled. 

Campos  dos  Goitacazes  (kam'posh  doshgoi-ta- 
ka'zesh).  An  open  region  on  the  banks  of  the 
Parahyba  River,  northeast  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil.  The  region  was  so  called  (‘  fields  of  the  Goitaca- 
zes ’)  on  account  of  the  Goyatacas  Indians  who  formerly 
occupied  it.  The  name  passed  to  a city  on  the  Parahyba, 
abbreviated  to  Campos. 

Campos  dos  Parecis  (kam'posh  dpsh  pa-re- 
sesh').  An  open  region  in  western  Brazil,  east  of 
the  Guapore  and  Madeira  rivers,  forming  a por- 
tion of  the  Brazilian  plateau,  about  3,000  feet 
above  sea-level.  It  was  so  called  on  account  of  the 
Parecis  Indians,  who  inhabit  a part  of  it,  and  were  formerly 
very  powerful.  The  Campos  dos  Parecis  were  visited  by 
the  Portuguese  as  early  as  1720,  but  the  region  is  still  very 
imperfectly  known. 

Campsie  Fells.  A region  near  Stirling  in 
Scotland. 

Campus  Martius  (kaxn'pus  miir'ti-us).  [L., 
‘field  of  Mats.’]  A historic  area  of  ancient 
Romo,  lying  between  the  Pincian,  Quirinal,  and 
Capitoline  hills  and  the  Tiber.  Throughout  the 
early  history  of  Rome  this  plain  remained  free  of  build- 
ings, and  was  used  for  popular  assemblies  and  military 
exercises.  During  the  reign  of  Augustus  it  had  become 
encroached  upon  from  the  south  by  the  building  up  of  the 
Flaminian  Meadows,  and  from  the  east  by  public  and  other 
buildings  on  the  Via  Cata,  corresponding  closely  to  the 
modern  Corso.  Under  Augustus,  however,  a great  extent 
of  the  plain  still  remained  free,  and  served  for  chariot-  and 


210 

horse-races,  ball-playing,  and  other  athletic  sports ; it  was 
surrounded  by  the  finest  monuments  of  the  city,  and  pre- 
sented an  imposing  spectacle.  It  is  now  occupied  by  the 
most  important  quarter  of  modern  Rome. 
Camulodunum.  See  Colchester. 

Camus  (ka-mii'),  Armand  Gaston.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  2,  1740 : died  Nov.  2,  1804.  A 
French  revolutionist.  He  was  deputy  to  the  States- 
General  in  1789,  and  to  the  Convention  in  1792 ; and  presi- 
dent of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1796.  He  wrote 
‘ ‘Lettres  sur  la  profession  d’avocat  ” (1772-77),  etc. 

Cana  (ka'na).  In  New  Testament  history,  a vil- 
lage of  Galilee,  Palestine,  the  scene  of  two  of 
Christ’s  miracles.  It  has  been  identified  with  Kefr- 
Kenna,  and  with  Kana-el-.Telil  (both  near  Nazareth). 
Cana,  Marriage  at.  See  Marriage  at  Cana. 
Canaan  (ka'nan).  1.  The  fourth  son  of  Ham 
(Gen.  ix.  25  ff.,  x.  6-15). — 2.  More  frequently, 
‘ Land  of  Canaan’  (Gen.  xi.  31,  xii.  5 ; Isa.  xxiii. 
11 ; Zeph.  ii.  5,  etc.,  interpreted  to  mean  ‘ low- 
land,’ from  Semitic  hand , to  humble,  subdue), 
generally  denoting  in  the  Old  Testament  the 
country  west  of  the  Jordan  and  the  Dead  Sea 
to  the  Mediterranean.  As  the  name  “lowland”  would 
indicate,  originally  it  comprised  only  the  strip  of  land, 
from  10  to  15  miles  in  breadth  and  150  in  length,  shut  in 
between  the  Lebanon  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  extend- 
ing from  the  Bay  of  Antioch  to  the  promon  tory  of  the  Car- 
mel, i.  e.  southern  Phenicia.  To  this  maritime  plain  of  the 
Phenicians  and  Philistines  passages  like  Isa.  xxiii.  11,  Zeph. 
ii.  6 refer.  Later  the  name  was  extended  to  the  whole 
west-Jordanic  territory.  Thus  also  in  the  Tel-el-Amarna 
tablets,  which  date  back  a century  before  the  exodus.  Ki- 
na kk,  or  Canaan,  denotes  the  district  between  the  cities  of 
Philistia  and  the  country  northward  of  Gebal  (Byblos). 
The  Egyptians  named  it  the  land  of  Kelt,  or  the  “palm,” 
of  which  the  Greek  <(>oiVi|  (see  Phenicia)  is  a translation. 
3.  The  non-Israelitish  inhabitants  of  Palestine 
(more  frequently  in  the  plural,  “ the  Canaan- 
ites”).  The  origin  and  affinities  of  the  various 
tribes  are  still  disputed. 

Canaanites  (ka'nan-its).  See  Canaan. 

Canace  (kan'a-se).  [Gr.  K avaicr;.]  1.  In  Greek 
legend,  a daughter  of  iEolus  and  Enarete,  put 
to  death  on  account  of  her  illicit  love  for  her 
brother  Macareus.  She  is  introduced  in  Gower’s 
“Confessio  Amantis  ” (book  iii.),  from  Ovid.  Chaucer  re- 
fers to  the  story  in  the  introduction  to  his  “ Man  of  Law’s 
Tale.  ” 

2.  The  daughter  of  Cambuscan  in  Chaucer’s 
“ Squire’s  Tale.” 

Canada  (kan'a-da),  Dominion  of.  A confed- 
eration of  provinces  in  British  North  America. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  on  the  north,  the  department 
of  Labrador  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  the  United 
States  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  and  Alaska  on  the 
west.  It  comprises  Quebec,  Ontario,  New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Manitoba,  British 
Columbia,  Alberta,  Saskatchewan,  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, and  Yukon  Territory.  The  American  Arctic  islands 
are  sometimes  included  with  the  Dominion.  Its  chief 
physical  features  are  the  St.  Lawrence  valley,  the  Sas- 
katchewan and  Mackenzie  river  systems  (with  their  nu- 
merous large  lakes,  Great  Bear,  Great  Slave,  Athabasca, 
Winnipeg,  etc.),  Hudson  Bay,  the  great  plains,  the 
“ Height  of  Land,”  Labrador  plateau,  and  the-  Rocky  and 
Cascade  mountains.  Mt.  Logan  in  lat.  60°  34'  N.,  26  mile3 
to  the  northeast  of  Mt.  St.  Elias,  is  said  to  have  an  ele- 
vation of  19,539  feet.  Its  capital  is  Ottawa,  and  its 
government  consists  of  a governor-general  and  Parliament 
(Senate  and  House  of  Commons).  It  exports  timber, 
cheese,  wheat,  coal,  cattle,  etc.  Canada  was  explored  by 
Cartier  1534-35.  It  was  permanently  settled  at  Quebec  ill 
1608  by  the  French,  and  called  New  France.  It  was  ceded 
to  Great  Britain  in  1763.  The  Americans  attacked  it  un- 
successfully in  the  Revolution  and  in  the  War  of  1812. 
Unsuccessful  rebellion  1837-38.  The  provinces  reunited 
in  1841,  and  the  confederation  was  formed  in  1867.  The 
Red  River  Rebellion,  under  Louis  Riel,  took  place  in  1869- 
1870,  and  the  second  Riel  rebellion  in  1S85.  In  1886  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  was  opened.  The  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  Railway,  an  all-Canadian  transcontinental  route, 
is  under  construction.  Area,  3,729,665  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,204,838,  (1911). 

Canadian  River.  A river  in  New  Mexico, 
northern  Texas,  and  Oklahoma,  which  rises 
in  New  Mexico  and  joins  the  Arkansas  25 
miles  south  of  Tahlequah.  Length  800-900  miles. 
Its  chief  affluent  is  the  North  Fork,  in  Oklahoma. 
Length,  about  600  miles. 

Canaletto  (ka-na-let'to),  or  Canale  (ka-na'le), 
Antonio.  Born  at  Venice,  Oct.  18,  1697 : died 
there,  Aug.  20,  1768.  An  Italian  painter,  noted 
chiefly  for  his  pictures  of  Venice.  He  was  a pupil 
of  his  father,  Rinaldo  Canale,  a 6cene-painter.  He  lived 
for  a time  in  England. 

Canalizo  (ka-na-le'thd),  Valentin.  Born  at 
Monterey  about  1797 : died  after  1847.  A Mexi- 
can soldier.  From  Dec.,  1843,  to  June,  1844,  he  was  act- 
ing president  during  the  absence  of  Santa  Anna.  Again 
made  acting  president  in  Sept.,  1844,  he  was  impeached 
for  arbitrary  proceedings,  and  banished  (May,  1845).  He 
was  allowed  to  return,  and  served  in  the  war  with  the 
United  States,  commanding  the  cavalry  at  Cerro  Gordo, 
April  17,  1847,  and  the  whole  army  in  the  subsequent 
retreat. 

Canandaigua  (kan-an-da'gwa).  A village  and 
town  in  western  New  York,  situated  at  the 
northern  end  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  25  miles 
southeast  of  Rochester.  Population,  village, 
7,217,  (1910). 


Candiac 

Canandaigua  Lake.  A lake  in  western  New 
York.  Length,  15  miles. 

Cananore,  or  Cannanore.  See  Kananur. 
Canara.  See  Kanara. 

Canaris  (kan-ya'rez),  Canares.  [Quichua.] 
A powerful  race  of  Indians  who,  for  several 
centuries  before  the  conquest,  occupied  part  of 
the  mountains  of  what  is  now  western  Ecuador. 
They  were  conquered  by  the  Inca  Tupac  Yupanqui  about 
1450.  During  the  conquest  they  sided  with  the  Spaniards. 

Canaris,  or  Kanaris  (ka-na'ris),  Constantine. 

Born  at  Ipsara,  Greek  Archipelago,  1790 : died 
Sept.  15, 1877.  A Greek  admiral  and  politician. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Greek  war  for  indepen- 
dence (1821-25),  represented  Ipsara  in  the  Greek  national 
convention  in  1827,  and  was  several  times  minister  of 
marine  and  president  of  the  cabinet. 

Canary  Islands,  or  Canaries  (ka-na'riz).  [Sp. 
Canarias : so  called  from  Gran  Canaria,  one  of 
the  principal  islands  of  the  group,  L.  Canaria 
insula,  dog  island,  so  named  with  reference 
to  the  dogs  found  there.]  A group  of  islands 
in  the  Atlantic,  lying  northwest  of  Africa,  in 
lat.  27°-30°  N„  long.  13°-18°  30'  \V.  They  be- 
long to  Spain  and  form  a separate  province.  The  islands 
are  Teneriffe,  Gran  Canaria,  Palma,  Fuerteventura,  Lan- 
zarote,  Gomera,  and  Hierro  (Ferro).  The  products  are 
fruits,  onions,  and  potatoes.  The  capital  is  Santa  Cruz  de 
Teneriffe,  the  language  Spanish,  and  the  religion  Roman 
Catholic.  They  are  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Fortunate 
Islands.  The  original  inhabitants,  the  Guanches,  are  now 
extinct.  The  Canary  Islands  were  acquired  by  Spain  in 
the  15th  century.  Area,  2,807  square  miles.  Population, 
358,564. 

Canby  (kan'bi),  Edward  Richard  Sprigg. 

Born  in  Kentucky,  1819:  died  at  the  ‘‘Lava 
Beds,”  northern  California,  April  11,  1873.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war 
1846-48;  commanded  the  forces  in  New  Mexico  1861-62; 
repelled  the  incursion  into  New  Mexico  of  the  Confeder- 
ate general  Henry  Sibley  in  February,  1862  ; commanded 
the  United  States  troops  in  New  York  city  and  harbor  dur- 
ing the  draft  riots  of  July,  1863 ; succeeded  General  Banks 
as  commander  of  the  army  in  Louisiana  and  of  the  depart- 
ments west  of  the  Mississippi  River  1864 ; captured  Mobile 
April  12,  1865;  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  the 
regular  army  July  28,  1866,  having  previously  obtained 
the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was  treacher- 
ously killed  by  Modoc  Indians  during  a conference. 
Cancale  (koh-kal').  A seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on  St. 
Michael’s  Bay  10  miles  east-northeast  of  St. 
Malo.  Population,  commune,  7,061. 

Cancao  (kan-kou'),  or  Kang-Kao  (kang-kou'). 
[Chin,  it  a Tian.\  A seaport  in  French  Cochin 
China,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Siam  in  lat.  10° 
15'  N.,  long.  104°  50'  E. 

Cancer  (kan'ser).  [L., ‘a crab.’]  A constella- 
tion and  also  a sign  of  the  zodiac,  represented 
by  the  form  of  a crab,  and  showing  the  limits 
of  the  sun’s  course  north  ward  in  summer;  hence, 
the  sign  of  the  summer  solstice.  Marked  SJ. 
Cancha-Rayada  (kan'cha-ra-ya'da).  A plain 
just  north  of  the  city  of  Talca,  Chile,  on  March 
28, 1814,  a division  of  the  patriot  army  was  defeated  there, 
and  on  March  19,  1818,  the  army  commanded  by  Generals 
San  Martin  and  O’Higgins  was  defeated  at  the  same  place 
by  a night  attack  of  the  Spanish  troops  under  General 
Osorio.  It  derived  its  name  from  a racing-track  for  horses. 

Cancrin  (kan-kren'),  Count  Georg.  Born  at 
Hanau,  Prussia,  Dec.  8, 1774:  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Sept.  22,  1845.  A Russian  general  of  in- 
fantry, and  politician,  minister  of  finance  1823- 
1844.  ne  wrote  a romance  “ Dagobert,  Geschichte  aus 
dem  jetzigen  Freiheitskrieg  ” (1796),  and  economic  works. 
Candace  (kan'da-se).  [Gr.  Kandd/o?.]  A he- 
reditary appellation  of  the  queens  of  Meroe,  in 
Upper  Nubia,  like  the  name  Pharaoh  applied 
to  the  older  Egyptian  kings.  Specifically  — (a)  Ac- 
cording to  an  old  tradition,  the  Queen  of  Sheba  who  visited 
Solomon.  ( b ) A queen  of  Meroe  who  invaded  Egypt  22 
B.  C.  and  captured  Elephantine,  Syene,  and  Philae.  She 
was  defeated  by  the  Roman  general  Petronius  near  Psel- 
cha,  renewed  the  attack,  and  was  again  defeated  by  him. 
(c)  The  Queen  of  Ethiopia  whose  high  treasurer  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity  by  Philip,  30  A.  I).  Acts  viii.  27. 

Candahar.  See  Kandahar. 

Candamo  (kan-da'mo),  Francisco  Banzes. 
Born  at  Sabugo,  Spain,  1662:  died  1709.  A 
Spanish  poet  and  dramatist.  His  “Poesias 
comicas”  were  published  in  1772. 

Candaules  (kan-da'lez),  or  Myrsilus  (mer-si'- 
lus).  [Gr.  KavdavAyi;  or  MvpatAof.]  The  last 
Heracleid  king  of  Lydia,  slain  by  Gyges  who 
succeeded  him.  See  Gyges. 

Candeish.  See  Khandesh. 

Candia  (kan'di-ad,  Gr.  Megalokastron  (meg'- 
a-lo-kas'tron).  A seaport,  the  capital  of  Crete, 
situated  ou  the  northern  coast  in  lat.  35°  21' 
N.,  long.  25°  7'  E.  It  was  founded  by  Saracens.  It 
was  taken  from  Venice  by  the  Turks  in  1669. 

Candia.  See  Crete. 

Candiac  (kon-de-ak'),  Jean  Louis  Philippe 
Elisabeth  Montcalm  de.  Born  at  Chateau 
de  Candiac,  Gard,  France,  Nov.  7,  1719 : died 


Candiac 

at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1726.  The  younger  brother 
of  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm.  He  was  noted  for 
his  remarkable  precocity,  based  upon  an  extraordinary 
memory. 

Candide  (koh-ded'),  ou  L’Optimisme  (6  lop- 
te-mezm').  A philosophical  novel  by  Voltaire, 
published  in  1759.  It  is  named  from  its  hero,  who 
bears  all  the  worst  ills  of  life  with  a cool,  philosophical 
indifference,  laughing  at  its  miseries.  (See  Pangloss.)  A 
second  part  followed,  with  the  same  name,  by  an  anony- 
mous writer. 

Written  ostensibly  to  ridicule  philosophical  optimism, 
and  on  the  spur  given  to  pessimist  theories  by  the  Lisbon 
earthquake,  Candide  is  really  as  comprehensive  as  it  is 
desultory.  Religion,  political  government,  national  pe- 
culiarities, human  weakness,  ambition,  love,  loyalty,  all 
come  in  for  the  unfailing  sneer.  The  moral,  wherever 
there  is  a moral,  is,  “be  tolerant,  and  cultivez  votre  jar- 
din,"  that  is  to  say,  do  whatsoever  work  you  have  to  do 
diligently.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  423. 

Candolle  (kon-dol'),  Alphonse  Louis  Pierre 

Pyramus  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  28, 1806 : died 
April  4, 1893.  A Swiss  botanist,  professor  at  the 
Academy  of  Geneva,  son  of  Augustin  de  Can- 
dolle. He  continued  his  father’s  “Prodromus”  (1858-83: 
assisted  by  his  son  Anne  Casimir  Pyramus,  horn  at  Ge- 
neva, Feb.  26,  1836),  and  wrote  “Geographic  botanique  rai- 
sonnbe  " (1856),“  Origine  des  plantescultivees  ” (1883;,  etc. 

Candolle,  Augustin  Pyramus  de.  Born  at  Ge- 
neva, Feb.  4,  1778 : died  at  Geneva,  Sept.  9, 
1841.  A celebrated  Swiss  botanist,  professor 
at  the  Academy  of  Montpellier  1810,  and  at 
Geneva  1816-41,  and  the  principal  founder  of 
the  natural  system  of  botany.  His  works  include 
‘•Regni  vegetabilis  systema  naturale”  (1818-21),  “Pro- 
dromus systematis  naturalis  regni  vegetabilis  ” (1824-73), 
“ Thtorie  Eldmentaire  de  la  botanique"  (1813),  etc. 

Candour  (kan'dor),  Mrs.  A slanderous  woman 
with  an  affectation  of  frank  amiability,  iu 
Sheridan’s  comedy  “The  School  for  Scandal.” 
Her  name  has  become  a byword. 

Candy.  See  Kandy. 

Cane.  See  Scala,  Della. 

Canea  (ka-ne'a),  or  Khania  (ka-ne'a).  A sea- 
port on  the  northern  coast  of  Crete,  in  lat.  35° 
30'  N.,  long.  24°  1'  E. : probably  the  ancient 
Cydonia.  It  is  the  chief  seaport  in  the  island. 
Canete  (kan-ya/te),  Marquis  of.  See  Hurtado 
de  Mendoza. 

Canga-Arguelles  (kang'gii  ar-gwel'yes),  Jose. 
Bom  in  Asturias,  Spain,  about  1770:  died  1843. 
A Spanish  statesman  and  writer  on  finance, 
minister  of  finance  1820-21. 

Cange,  Du.  See  Du  Cange. 

Canidia  (ka-nid'i-a).  A Neapolitan  heteera  be- 
loved by  Horace.  She  deserted  him,  and  he  reviled 
her  as  an  old  sorceress.  Her  real  name  was  Gratidia. 
Canidius  (ka-nid'i-us).  Lieutenant-general  to 
Antony  in  Shakspere’s  “Antony  and  Cleopa- 
tra.” 

CanigOU  (ka-ne-go').  A mountain  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Pyr6n6es-Orientales. 
Height,  9, 135  feet. 

Canina  (ka-ne'na),  Luigi.  Born  at  Casale, 
Piedmont,  Italy,  Oct.  23,  1795:  died  at  Flor- 
ence, Oct.  17,  1856.  An  Italian  archaeologist 
and  architect. 

Caninefates,  or  Canninefates  (ka-nin-e-fa/- 
tez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Canninefates,  (Pliny)  Canne- 
nefates.']  A German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by 
Tacitus,  on  the  North  Sea,  to  the  north  of  the 
Rhine  delta,  closely  related  to  the  Batavi,  their 
neighbors  on  the  south.  They  were  subjugated  to 
the  Romans  by  Tiberius,  but  took  part  in  the  rising  of 
Civilis.  With  the  Batavi  they  were  originally  a part  of  the 
Chatti.  They  were  ultimately  merged  in  the  Salic 
Franks. 

Cauino,  Prince  of.  See  Bonaparte,  Charles  Lu- 
cien. 

Canisius  (ka-ne'se-us),  Petrus  (Latinized  from 
De  Hond).  Born  at  Nimeguen,  Netherlands, 
May  8,  1524:  died  at  Fribourg,  Switzerland, 
Dec.  21, 1597.  A Jesuit  missionary  and  scholar, 
first  provincial  of  the  order  in  Germany  (1556). 
Canis  Major  (ka'nis  ma'jor).  [L.]  The  Great 
Dog,  a constellation  following  Orion,  and  con- 
taining the  great  white  star  Sirius,  thebi’ightest 
in  the  heavens. 

Canis  Minor  (ka'nis  ml'nor).  [L.]  The  Little 
Dog,  a small  ancient  constellation  following 
Arion  and  south  of  Gemini.  It  contains  the 
star  Procyon,  of  the  first  magnitude. 

Canitz  (ka'nits),  Friedrich  Rudolf  Ludwig 
von.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Nov.  27,  1654:  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  11,  1699.  A Prussian  poet  and 
lolitician. 

anna  (kan'a).  A small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  lying  southwest  of  Skye  and  north- 
west of  Rum. 

Cannae  (kan'e).  In  ancient  geography,  a town 
in  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  south  of  the  river 
Aufidus.  Near  here,  216  B.  c.  (and  north  of  the  river), 


211 

Hannibal  with  about  60,000  men  nearly  annihilated  the 
Roman  army  of  about  80,000-90,000  under  Varro  and  Aiim- 
lius  Paulus. 

Cannanore.  See  Kananur. 

Cannes  (kiln).  [ML.  Canna.~\  A seaport  in  the 
department  of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situ- 
ated 18  miles  southwest  of  Nice : one  of  the  chief 
health-resorts  on  the  Riviera,  on  account  of  its  mild  winter 
climate.  Its  reputation  was  built  up  by  Lord  Brougham, 
who  settled  there  in  1834  (and  died  there  in  1868).  Napoleon 
landed  near  there  from  Elba,  March  1,  1815.  Population, 
commune,  29,365. 

Canning  (kan'ing),  Charles  John,  Earl  Can- 
ning. Born  at  Brompton,  near  London,  Dec. 
14,  1812:  died  at  London,  June  17,  1862.  An 
English  statesman,  son  of  George  Canning.  He 
was  postmaster-general  1853-55,  and  governor-general  of 
India  1855-62. 

Canning,  George.  Born  at  London,  April  11, 
1770 : died  at  Chiswick,  near  London,  Aug.  8, 
1827.  A celebrated  English  statesman  and 
orator.  He  entered  Parliament  1794.  He  was  secretary 
for  foreign  affairs  1807-09,  president  of  the  Board  of  Con- 
trol 1816-20,  secretary  for  foreign  affairs  1822-27,  and  pre- 
mier 1827. 

Canning,  Stratford,  Viscount  Stratford  de 
Redcliffe.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1786:  died 
Aug.  14, 1880.  An  English  diplomatist,  cousin 
of  George  Canning.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge ; entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1807  ; be- 
came first  secretary  at  Constantinople  in  1808,  and  min- 
ister plenipotentiary  at  Constantinople  1810-12  ; negoti- 
ated the  treaty  of  Bukharest  in  1812;  was  minister  to 
Switzerland  1814-18;  satin  the  Congress  of  Vienna;  was 
minister  to  the  United  States  1820-24  ; was  sent  on  a pre- 
liminary mission  to  St.  Petersburg  1824-25;  was  ambassa- 
dor at  Constantinople  1825-29;  was  member  of  Parlia- 
ment 1828-41 ; was  sent  on  various  special  missions,  and 
was  ambassador  at  Constantinople  1841-58.  He  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  in  1852.  His  essays  and  a memoir  were  pub- 
lished by  Dean  Stanley  in  1881. 

Cannock  (kan'ok).  An  iron-manufacturing 
town  in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  near 
Walsall. 

Cannstatt.or  Canstadt  (kan'stat).  A town  in 
the  Neckar  circle, Wiirtemberg,  situated  ou  the 
Neckar  24  miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart,  it  is 
noted  for  trade  and  manufactures  and  its  warm  mineral 
springs.  Population,  commune,  32,777. 

Cano  (ka'no),  Alonso.  Born  atGranada,  Spain, 
March  19,  1601 : died  at  Granada,  Oct.  5,  1667. 
A noted  Spanish  painter,  sculptor,  and  archi- 
tect. His  best  works  are  at  Madrid. 

Cano,  Diego.  See  Cam,  Diogo. 

Cano,  Juan  Sebastian  del.  Born  at  Gueta- 
ria,  in  Guipuzcoa,  about  1460:  died  Aug.  4, 
1526.  A Spanish  navigator.  After  commanding  a 
ship  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  1519  he  was  made  captain 
of  the  Concepcion,  one  of  the  ships  in  the  fleet  of  Magel- 
lan (which  see).  After  the  death  of  Magellan,  Carabello  was 
put  in  command,  but  was  soon  deposed,  and  Cano  took 
his  place.  He  reached  the  Moluccas,  loaded  his  two  re- 
maining ships  with  spices,  and  finally  in  one  of  them  (the 
Victoria)  arrived  at  Spain  Sept.  6,  1522,  by  way  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  being  thus  the  first  circumnavigator 
of  the  globe.  He  was  second  in  command  in  the  expedi- 
tion of  Loaisa,  destined  to  follow  the  same  track.  Leaving 
Spain  July  24, 1525,  they  encountered  severe  storms  on 
the  South  American  coast  and  in  the  Pacific ; sickness 
appeared  in  the  vessels,  Loaisa  perished,  and  Cano  took 
command,  but  died  less  than  a week  after. 

Cano,  or  Canus  (ka'nus),  Melchior.  Born  at 
Tarramjon,  Spain,  1523:  died  at  Toledo,  Spain, 
Sept.  30,  1560.  A Spanish  Dominican  theolo- 
gian, a bitter  antagonist  of  the  Jesuits,  and  an 
influential  counselor  of  Philip  II.  He  was  pro- 
fessor  at  Alcala  and  Salamanca,  bishop  of  the  Canaries, 
and  provincial  of  Castile. 

Canobbio  (kii-nob'be-o).  A small  town  in 
northern  Italy,  on  the  western  shore  of  Lago 
Maggiore. 

Canoeiros  (ka-no-a/ros).  [Pg.,  ‘canoe-men.’] 
The  name  given  by  Brazilians  to  a horde  of  In- 
dians on  the  Upper  Tocantins.  They  are  very 
savage,  have  no  fixed  villages,  but  wander  about  the  riv- 
ers and  forests,  subsisting  on  fish  and  game,  and  on  the 
flesh  of  cattle  and  horses  stolen  from  the  whites. 

Canon  (kii'non),  Hans  (Johann  von  Straschi- 
ripka).  Born  at  Vienna,  March  13,  1829:  died 
there,  Sept.  12, 1885.  A genre,  historical,  and 
portrait  painter,  a pupil  of  Waldmiiller.  From 
1848-55  he  was  a cavalry  officer  in  the  Austrian  army. 
From  1860-69  he  lived  in  Karlsruhe,  then  in  Stuttgart,  and 
finally  settled  in  Vienna  where  he  became  professor  in 
the  Academy.  He  imitated  especially  Tintoretto  and  Ti- 
tian, and  was  one  of  the  best  portrait-painters  of  his 
time. 

Canonbury  Tower.  A building  in  London, 
formerly  the  resort  and  lodging-place  of  many 
literary  men. 

Canongate  (kan'on-gat).  The  principal  thor- 
oughfare in  the  Old  Town  of  Edinburgh.  The 
little  burgh  of  the  Canongate  grew  around  the  abbey  of 
Holyrood,  which  is  about  a mile  east  of  the  castle,  iu  the 
12th  century,  soon  after  the  founding  of  the  abbey.  The 
street  runs  from  that  point,  bearing  different  names  at 
various  parts  of  its  course.  Scott  laid  the  scene  of  his 
“Chronicles  of  the  Canongate”  there. 

Canonicus  (ka-non'i-kus).  Died  June  4,  1647. 


Cantabria 

A chief  of  the  Narragansett  Indians.  Alarmed 
by  the  alliance  of  the  colonists  at  Plymouth  with  his  en- 
emy Massasoit,  he  sent  Governor  Bradford  in  Jan.,  1622,a 
hostile  message  consisting  of  a bundle  of  arrows  wrapped 
in  a rattlesnake's  skin,  but  did  not  follow  up  the  threat 
implied  in  this  message  when  Bradford  promptly  returned 
the  rattlesnake  s skin  stuffed  with  powder  and  ball.  He 
gave  to  Roger  Williams  the  land  on  which  the  town  of 
Providence  was  founded  in  1636 ; and  acknowledged  the 
sovereignty  of  Britain  in  a treaty  concluded  April  19, 1644. 

Canon’s  Yeoman’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chau- 
cer’s “ Canterbury  Tales.”  It  exposes  the  tricks  of 
the  alchemists.  Ashmole  in  his  “Theatrum  Chemicum  ” 
quotes  the  whole  poem,  with  the  prologue,  under  the  im- 
pression, apparently,  that  Chaucer  was  an  adept  in  the 
ait,  and  wrote  in  its  favor.  The  canon  is  a ragged  alche- 
mist who  has  no  gold  but  what  he  gets  by  trickery,  and 
he  and  his  hungry  yeoman  join  the  Canterbury  pilgrims 
to  practise  their  thieving  arts  upon  them. 

Canopic  Mouth  of  the  Nile.  [From  Canopus .] 
An  ancient  branch  of  the  Nile,  the  western- 
most of  the  important  mouths. 

Canopus  (ka-no'pus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Karwrof,  a 
town  in  Lower  Egypt.]  The  brightest  star  but 
one  in  the  heavens,  one  magnitude  brighter 
th  an  Arcturus,  and  only  half  a magnitude  fainter 
than  Sirius ; a Argus  or  a Carinse.  It  is  situated  in 
one  of  the  steering-paddles  of  Argo,  about  35°  south  of 
Sirius  and  about  the  same  distance  eastof  Achemar.  It  is 
of  a white  or  yellowish  color,  and  is  conspicuous  in  Flor- 
ida in  winter. 

Canopus,  or  Canobus  (ka-no'bus).  [Gr.  K avu- 
7zog  or  K avo) floe.  ] In  ancient  geography,  a sea- 
port of  Egypt,  15  miles  northeast  of  Alexandria. 
It  had  considerable  trade  and  wealth. 

Canosa  (ka-no'sa).  A town  (the  ancient  Canu- 
sium)  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Italy,  in  lat.  41° 
13'  N.,  long.  16°  4'  E.  It  contains  relics  of  the  Ro- 
man town,  and  near  it  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Cannae. 
It  was  an  important  Apulian  city,  and  subject  to  Rome  318 
B.  C.  Population,  commune,  24,169. 

Canossa  (ka-nos'sa).  A ruined  castle  south- 
west of  Reggio  nell’  Emilia,  Italy,  it  is  celebrated 
as  the  scene  of  the  penance  of  the  emperor  Henry  IV.  be- 
fore Pope  Gregory  VII.,  Jan.,  1077. 

Canova  (ka-no'va),  Antonio.  Born  at  Possa- 
gno,  near  Treviso,  Nov.  1, 1757:  died  at  Venice, 
Oct.  13,  1822.  A celebrated  Italian  sculptor. 
At  seventeen  he  made  the  statue  of  Orpheus  and  Eurydice 
for  Falieri,  which  brought  him  commissions  for  Apollo 
and  Daphne  and  Daedalus  and  Icarus.  In  1779  he  obtained 
a pension  from  the  municipality  of  Venice,  and  went  to 
Rome.  His  first  work  of  importance  in  Rome  was  Theseus 
and  Miuotaur.  For  the  remainder  of  his  life  he  was  es- 
tablished in  Rome,  although  he  made  various  journeys  in 
Europe,  and  was  three  times  in  Paris — twice  to  execute 
commissions  for  Napoleon  I.  and  his  family,  and  once, 
after  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  on  a mission  from  the  Pope 
to  recover  the  works  of  art  taken  from  Italy  by  the  em- 
peror. At  this  time  he  was  called  to  London  to  pronounce 
upon  the  artistic  importance  of  the  Elgin  Marbles.  He 
was  very  successful  in  the  business  of  his  profession,  and 
organized  a system  of  reproducing  his  models  mechanically 
which  enabled  him  to  produce  a vast  amount  of  work. 
Among  his  most  celebrated  productions  are  the  Perseus 
of  the  Belvedere,  made  to  replace  the  Apollo  Belvedere 
while  the  latter  was  in  Palis ; the  two  boxers  Kreugas 
and  Damoxenus,  also  in  the  Belvedere;  the  Venus  which 
stood  on  the  pedestal  of  the  Medici  Venus  when  the 
latter  was  taken  to  Paris ; the  Cupid  and  Psyche  of  the 
Louvre  ; Paris  of  the  Glyptothek,  Munich ; Hercules  and 
Lichas,  formerly  in  Venice,  now  in  a special  building  in 
Rome ; and  the  great  group  of  Theseus  and  the  Centaur 
which  was  suggested  by  a metope  of  the  Parthenon  : it  is 
in  a specially  designed  temple  at  Vienna.  At  the  end  of 
his  life  Canova  projected  the  temple  of  Possagno,  in  which 
he  combined  the  characteristics  of  the  Pantheon  and 
Parthenon,  and  modeled  some  of  the  metopes. 

Canovai  (ka-no-va'e ),  Stanislao.  Born  at 
Florence,  March  27,  1740:  died  at  Florence, 
Nov.  17,  1811.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  mathe- 
matician, and  historian,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Parma. 

Canovas  del  Castillo  (kii'no-vas  del  kas-tel'- 
yo),  Antonio.  Born  at  Malaga,  Spain,  Feb.  8, 
1828:  assassinated  at  Santa  Agueda,  near  Vi- 
toria, Aug.  8,  1897.  A Spanish  Conservative 
statesman.  He  was  a number  of  times  premier. 

Canrobert  (koh-ro-bar'),  Francois  Certain. 
Born  atSt.Cere,  Lot, France,  June27, 1809:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1895.  A marshal  of  France. 
He  commanded  the  French  forces  in  the  Crimea  1854-66 ; 
served  at  Magenta  and  Solferino  in  1859;  commanded  the 
6th  army  corps  in  1870  ; and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Metz, 
Oct.  27,  1870.  He  became  senator  in  1876. 

Canso  (kan'so).  Cape.  The  headland  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Canso  Strait,  or  Gut  of  Canso.  The  sea  pas- 
sage which  separates  the  mainland  of  Nova 
Scotia  from  Cape  Breton.  Width,  about  24  miles. 

Canstadt,  or  Canstatt.  Seo  Cannstatt. 

Cantabria  (kan-ta/bri-ii).  [L.,  named  from  the 
Caniabri,  a tribe  which  inhabited  it.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a country  in  Hispania  Tar- 
raconensis,  corresponding  nearly  to  the  mod- 
ern provinces  Oviedo,  Santander,  Vizcaya,  and 
Guipuzcoa.  The  name  was  restricted  laterto  the  west, 
era  portion.  The  Cantabri  resisted  Rome  until  19  B.  0. 


Cantabrian  Mountains 

Cantabrian  (kan-ta/bri-an)  Mountains.  A 

range  of  mountains  in  northern  Spain,  extend- 
ing from  the  Pyrenees  westward  to  Cape  Fin- 
isterre.  Highest  peaks,  over  8,000  feet. 

Cantacuzenus  (kan//ta-ku-ze'nus),  or  Canta- 
cuzene  (kanHa-ku-zen'),  Joannes.  Born  at 
Constantinople  after  1300:  died  1383  (?).  A 
Byzantine  emperor  and  historian.  He  was  chief 
minister  under  Andronicus  III.  1328-41,  and  reigned 
1347-54.  He  wiote  a history  of  the  period  1320-57. 

Cantagallo  (kan-ta-gal'lp).  A small  town  in 
the  state  of  Bio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  situated 
80  miles  northeast  of  Bio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  a railroad. 

Cantal  (kon-tal').  A department  of  France, 
lying  between  Puy-de-Dome  on  the  north, 
Haute-Loire  on  the  east,  Loz^re  on  the  south- 
east, Aveyron  on  the  south,  and  Correze  and 
Lot  on  the  west.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  former 
Haute- Auvergne.  Its  surface  is  mountainous.  The  princi- 
pal exports  are  live-stock,  cheese,  butter,  and  coal.  Capital, 
Aurillac.  Area,  2,229  square  miles.  Population,  228,690. 

Cantarlnl  (kan-ta-re'ne),  Simone,  surnamed 
II  Pesarese  and  da  Pesaro.  Born  at  Oro- 
pezza,  near  Pesaro,  Italy,  1612:  died  at  Verona, 
Italy,  1648.  An  Italian  painter  and  etcher,  a 
pupil  of  Guido  Beni. 

Cantemir  (kan'te-mer),  Antiochus,  or  Con- 
stantine Demetrius.  Born  at  Constantinople, 
Sept.  21, 1709:  died  April  11, 1744.  A Bussian 
poet,  diplomatist,  and  author,  son  of  Demetrius 
Cantemir,  noted  for  his  satires  and  translations 
into  Bussian. 

Cantemir,  Demetrius.  Born  Oct.  26,  1673: 
died  Aug.  23,  1723.  A Moldavian  historian. 
He  was  appointed  hospodar  of  Moldavia  by  the  Porte  in 
1710 ; formed  a treaty  witli  Peter  theGreat  in  1711,  accord- 
ing to  which  Moldavia  was  declared  independent  of  the 
Porte  and  placed  under  the  protection  of  Russia ; and  was 
driven  from  Moldavia,  and  received  in  compensation  ex- 
tensive domains  in  the  Ukraine  from  Peter  the  Great.  He 
wrote  “Growth  and  Decline  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  ” (in 
Latin),  which  has  not  been  printed  in  the  original,  but 
has  been  published  in  several  translations. 

Canterac  (kan-te-rak'),  Jose.  Born  in  France 
about  1775:  died  at  Madrid,  1835.  A general 
in  the  Spanish  army.  He  was  sent  in  1815  (then  a 
brigadier-general)  with  Morillo  to  America ; went  to  Peru 
(1818),  and  fought  several  campaigns  witli  La  Serna  in 
Charcas  , led  the  military  cabal  which  deposed  the  vice- 
roy Pezuela  at  Lima  and  put  La  Serna  in  his  place  (Jan. 
29,  1821) ; in  1824  opposed  the  march  of  Bolivar  { was  de- 
feated in  the  cavalry  engagement  of  Junin  (Aug.  6) : and 
in  the  final  battle  of  Ayacucho  (Dec.  9,  1824)  commanded 
the  reserve.  He  was  shot  while  trying  to  suppress  a mu- 
tiny at  Madrid. 

Canterbury  (kan'ter-ber-i).  [ME.  Canterbury, 
Cauntirbyry,  etc.,  AS.  Cantwaraburh  (dat.  Cant- 
warabyng),  the  borough  of  the  Keutmen ; 
gen.  pi.  of  Cantware,  Kentmen,  and  bur  it,,  bor- 
ough, city.]  A city  in  Kent,  England,  situated 
on  the  Stour  in  lat.  51°  16'  N.,  long.  1°  5'  E.: 
the  Boman  Durovernum  and  Saxon  Cantwara- 
byrig.  Its  chief  objects  of  interest  are  the  cathedral,  St. 
Martin  s Church,  St.  Dunstan’s  Church,  remains  of  the  cas- 
tle, the  monastery  of  St.  Augustine,  and  many  old  houses. 
It  is  on  the  site  of  a British  village,  and  was  a Roman 
military  station  and  a Kentish  town.  Augustine  here  in 
600  became  the  first  archbishop.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
Danes  in  1011.  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  the  11th  cen- 
tury. The  existing  choir  was  built  by  William  of  Sens, 
France,  after  1174,  and  the  Perpendicular  nave,  transepts, 
and  great  central  tower  are  of  the  15  .h  century.  In  plan 
the  cathedral  is  long  and  narrow,  with  double  transepts. 
The  interior  is  light  and  impressive.  The  choir  is  raise  1 
several  feet,  and  separated  from  the  nave  by  a sculptured 
16th-century  screen.  The  columns,  arcades,  vaulting,  and 
chevet  are  very  similar  in  character  to  those  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Sens,  which  supplied  the  model.  Some  of  the  glass 
of  the  deambulatory  is  of  the  13th  century.  The  portion 
of  the  choir  behind  the  altar  contains  several  fine  altar- 
tombs  of  early  archbishops,  and  the  tombs  of  Henry  IV. 
and  the  Black  Prince.  At  the  extreme  east  end  is  a beauti- 
ful circular  chapel  called  the  Corona.  The  crypt  is  very 
large,  and  early  Norman  in  style.  The  Perpendicular 
cloisters  are  ornate  and  picturesque.  The  dimensions  of 
the  cathedral  are  514  by  71  feet ; the  height  of  the  nave- 
vaulting 80,  and  of  the  central  tower  235.  St.  Martin’s  is 
called  the  “Mother  Church  of  E igland.”  The  original 
foundation  was  no  doubt  pre-Saxon,  and  there  are  Roman 
bricks  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  walls.  The  upper  parts  of 
the  long,  low,  quaint,  ivy-clad  structure  are  much  later. 
Population,  24,628,  (rJU). 

Canterbury.  Until  1876,  a province  in  the 
South  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Canterbury,  Viscount.  See  Sutton. 

Canterbury  College.  An  ancient  college  of 
Oxford  University.  It  was  founded  by  Simon  Islip, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  1361  or  1362.  John  Wyclif 
was  the  second  warden.  It  was  disbanded  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  the  last  remains  of  its  buildings  were 
demolished  in  1775. 

Canterbury  Tales,  The.  A work  by  Chaucer 
(c.  1340-1400),  consisting  of  twenty-two  tales  in 
verse,  with  two  in  prose,  told  by  twenty-three 
pilgrims  out  of  the  twenty-nine  who  meet  at 
the  Tabard  Inn  in  Southwark,  on  their  way  to 
the  shrine  of  Thomas  a Beeket,  at  Canterbury. 
About  fifty  manuscripts  of  the  “Canterbury  Tales”  are 


212 

known  to  exist.  The  Chaucer  Society  (Furnivall)  has 
printed  six  of  the  best  of  them  iu  parallel  columns.  These 
are  the  Ellesmere,  belonging  to  Lord  Ellesmere ; the  Hen- 
gwrt,  belonging  to  Mr.  William  W.  E.  Wynne  of  Peni- 
arth ; the  Petworth,  belonging  to  Lord  Leconfield ; and 
one  from  each  of  the  Chaucer  collections  at  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  British  Museum.  The  Harleian  manu- 
script from  the  British  Museum,  first  edited  by  Wright 
for  the  Percy  Society,  was  afterward  reprinted.  Two 
editions  were  published  by  Caxton,  the  first  thought  to 
have  been  printed  iu  1475,  the  second  about  six  years 
later  from  a better  manuscript.  Wynken  de  Worde  pub- 
lished an  edition  in  1495  and  another  in  1498 ; Richard 
Pynson,  one  in  1493  and  again  in  1526.  In  1532  William 
Thynne  made  an  attempt  to  collect  all  Chaucer’s  works, 
both  prose  and  verse,  iu  one  volume.  It  was  printed  by 
Godfray,  and  for  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  was  the 
standard  text  of  the  “ Canterbury  Tales.  ” After  this  they 
were  included  in  all  the  editionsof  Chaucer.  (SeeChaucer.) 
Professor  Skeat  has  edited  some  of  the  separate  poems. 
The  “Canterbury  Tales’’  are:  The  General  Prologue, 
The  Knight’s  Tale,  The  Miller’s  Tale,  The  Reeve’s  Tale, 
The  Cook’s  Tale,  The  Man  of  Law’s  Tale,  The  Shipman's 
Tale,  The  Prioress’s  Tale,  Chaucer’s  Tale  of  Sir  Thopas, 
Chaucer’s  Tale  of  Melibeus,  The  Monk’s  Tale,  The  Nun’s 
Priest’s  Tale,  The  Doctor’s  Tale,  The  Pardoner’s  Tale, 
The  Wife  of  Bath’s  Tale,  The  Friar’s  Tale,  The  Sum- 
moner’s  Tale,  The  Clerk's  Tale,  The  Merchant’s  Tale, 
The  Squire's  Tale,  The  Franklin’s  Tale,  The  Second  Nun’s 
Tale,  The  Canon’s  Yeoman’s  Tale,  The  Manciple's  Tale, 
and  The  Parson's  Tale.  They  were  modernized  by  several 
hands  and  published  by  Tonsou  in  1741.  Much  of  the 
work  was  done  by  Ogle  (who  started  it),  also  by  Samuel 
Boyse,  Henry  Burke,  and  Jeremiah  Markland.  The  edi- 
tion was  not  completed  when  Ogle  died  in  1746.  It 
was  taken  up  by  Rev.  William  Lipscomb  in  1792.  He 
brought  out  a version  of  The  Pardoner’s  Tale,  the  rest 
following.  In  1795  the  whole  edition  was  published,  in- 
cluding Tonsou’s  edition.  The  General  prologue  was 
modernized  by  Betterton,  and  posthumously  published 
in  1712. 

Canticles  (kan'ti-klz).  See  Sony  of  Solomon. 

Cantii  (kan'ti-I).  [L.  Cantii,  Gr.  K avrcoi.]  A 
Celtic  people,  a branch  of  the  Belgro,  who  in- 
habited the  whole  southeastern  coast  region  of 
Britain  between  the  Thames  and  the  Channel, 
where  they  are  located  by  Csesar.  See  Kent. 

Cantillon  (kon-te-yoii' ),  Pierre  Joseph.  Born 
at  Wavre,  Belgium,  1788 : died  at  Brussels,  July 
13, 1869.  A French  soldier,  tried  and  acquitted 
for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington in  1815. 

Cantire.  See  Kintyre. 

Cantium  (kan'ti-um).  [From  the  Cantii.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a part  of  Britain  corre- 
sponding to  the  modern  Kent. 

Canton  (kan'ton),  John.  Bom  at  Stroud, 
Gloucestershire,  England,  July  31,  1718:  died 
March  22,  1772.  An  English  natural  philoso- 
pher, noted  for  investigations  in  regard  to  elec- 
tricity. 

Canton  (kan-ton'),  Chinese  Yang-Cliing,  or 
Kwang-Chow  Fu.  A seaport,  the  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kwang-tung,  China,  on  the 
Pearl  Biver,  situated  in  lat.  23°  6'  N.,  long.  113° 
17'  E.  it  is  one  of  the  principal  commercial  cities  of 
the  country  i its  leading  exports  are  tea,  silk,  sugar,  etc. 
It  contains  a large  population  in  river  craft.  Its  trade 
with  Portugal  began  as  early  as  1517.  It  was  sacked  by 
the  Tatars  about  1050.  The  English  factory  was  built 
in  1680.  Canton  was  one  of  the  five  treaty  ports  in  1842. 
In  1857  it  was  captured  by  the  Anglo-French  lorces  and 
held  until  1861.  Population,  about  900,000. 

Canton  (kan'ton).  The  capital  of  Stark  County, 
Ohio.  It  is  about  50  miles  south-southeast  of 
Cleveland,  and  has  extensive  manufactures. 
Population,  50,217,  (1910). 

Canton  (kan-ton')  River,  Chin.  CIm-Kiang 
(‘Pearl  Biver’).  The  name  given  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  river  Pih-Kiang,  in  southern  China. 
About  40  miles  below  Canton  it  becomes  the 
estuary  Boca  Tigris. 

Cantu  (kan-to'),  Cesare.  Born  Dec.  5,  1804: 
died  March  11,  1895.  An  Italian  historian, 
novelist,  and  poet.  His  works  include  “ Margherita 
Pusterla  ’’  (1837 : a historical  romance),  “ Storia  univer- 
sale ” (1837),  “ Storia  degli  Italiani”  (1854),  etc. 

Cantwell  (kant'wel),  Dr.  The  hypocrite  in 
BickerstafFs  “ Hypocrite.”  The  character  is 
taken  with  alterations  from  Cibber’s  “Non 
Juror,”  in  which  he  is  called  “Dr.  Wolf.” 

Canusium.  See  Canosa. 

Canute  (ka-nut'),  or  Cnut,  or  Knut  (knot), 
surnamed  “The  Great.”  [AS.  Cnut,  ML.  Ca- 
nutus .]  Born  about  994:  died  at  Shaftesbury, 
Nov.  12,  1035.  A famous  king  of  England, 
Denmark,  and  Norway,  younger  son  of  Sweyn, 
king  of  Denmark.  He  was  baptized  before  1013,  re- 
ceiving the  baptismal  name  of  Lambert;  invaded  England 
with  Sweyn  in  1013;  succeeded  his  father  (by  election  of 
the  Danish  peers)  as  king  in  England,  Feb.,  1014,  his  bro- 
ther Harold  ascending  the  Danish  throne  ; was  defeated 
by  /Ethelred,  who  was  recalled  by  the  English  “witan,” 
and  returned  to  Denmark  in  the  same  year ; again  invaded 
England  with  a large  force  in  1015 ; besieged  London,  May, 
1016;  defeated  the  English  under  Edmund  (who  had  suc- 
ceeded /Ethelred)  at  Assandun ; divided  the  kingdom  with 
Edmund,  at  a conference  held  on  the  isle  of  Olney  in  the 
Severn,  retaining  the  northern  part  of  the  kingdom  and 
leaving  Wessex  to  Edmund;  and  was  chosen  sole  king, 


Capel,  Arthur 

1017,  after  Edmund's  death.  He  married  Emma  (.Elfgifu), 
the  widow  of  /Ethel red  ; visited  Denmark  1019-20 ; made 
a pilgrimage  to  Rome  1026-27 ; and  conquered  Norway  in 
1028.  His  early  career  was  marked  by  great  barbarity,  but 
after  the  conquest  of  England  was  completed  his  reign  was 
that  of  a statesman  and  patriot,  and  he  became  one  of  the 
wisest  as  well  as  mightiest  rulers  of  his  age. 

Canzo  (kan'dzo).  A small  town  in  northern  Italy, 
situated  10  miles  east-northeast  of  Como. 
Caonabo  (kii-o-na-bo').  Died  1496.  A Carib. 
cacique  of  Maguana,  Haiti,  who  in  1493  mas- 
sacred the  Spaniards  who  had  been  left  by  Co- 
lumbus at  Fort  Navidad.  In  1494  he  headed  the 
general  league  against  the  whites,  which  was  opposed  by 
Columbus  at  the  battle  of  the  Vega  Real  (April  25,  1495). 
He  was  captured  and  sent  to  Spain,  but  died  on  the  voyage. 
Caora  (ka'6-ra).  A river  described  by  old  trav- 
elers (iu  Hakluyt),  near  which  lived  a people 
whose  heads  grew  in  their  breasts  below  their 
shoulders. 

Capa  y Espada  (ka'pa  e es-pa'da),  Comedias 
de.  [Sp.,‘ Comedies  of  Cloak  and  Sword.’]  A 
class  of  plays  written  by  Calderon  and  Lope  de 
V ega.  They  were  so  called  from  the  national  dress  of 
the  chief  personages,  which  was  that  of  the  better  class 
of  society,  excluding  royal  personages  and  the  humbler 
classes.  Their  main  principles  are  gallantry  and  intrigue. 

Capability  Brown.  A nickname  given  to  Lan- 
celot Brown,  an  English  landscape-gardener 
(1715-73). 

Capac  (ka'piik),  or  Ccapac  Yupanqui  (ka'pak 
yo-pan'ke).  [Quichua ccapac, great, rich.]  The 
fifth,  or  sixth,  war-chief  (lists  are  conflicting) 
of  the  Inca  line  of  Peru,  who  reigned  in  the 
second  quarter  of  the  14th  century. 

Capdenac  (kap-de-nak').  A small  town  in  the 
department  of  Lot,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lot  near  Figeac.  It  was  an  important  place 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  possibly  the  Boman 
Uxellodunum. 

Cape,  The.  The  Capo  of  Good  Hope;  also, 
Cape  Colony. 

Cape  Breton  (brit'on  or  bret'on).  An  island 
belonging  to  Nova  Scotia,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Canso  Strait,  it  exports  coal,  iron, 
etc.  Its  chief  town  is  Sydney.  It  was  settled  by  the 
French  and  called  He  Royale,  and  contained  the  fortress 
of  Louisburg.  It  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and 
united  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1820.  Length,  110  miles.  Area, 
3,120  square  miles. 

Capece-Latro  (kfi-pa'che-la'tro),  Giuseppe. 
Born  at  Naples,  Sept.  23,  1744.  died  Nov.  2, 
1836.  A Neapolitan  prelate,  archbishop  of  Ta- 
rentum,  and  state  minister  1806-15. 

Cape  Coast  Castle.  A British  fort  and  native 
town  of  the  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa.  The  fort 
was  taken  from  the  Portuguese  by  the  English  in  1664. 
Population,  about  29,000. 

Cape  Cod.  1.  A sandy  peninsula  in  south- 
eastern Massachusetts,  forming  Barnstable 
Comity.  It  was  discovered  by  Gosnold  in 
1602.  Length  about  65  miles. — 2.  The  termi- 
nating point  of  the  Cape  Cod  peninsula,  in  lat. 
42°  3'  N.,  long.  70°  15'  W. 

Cape  Cod  Bay.  A bay  lying  between  the  Cape 
Cod  peninsula  on  the  east  and  south,  and  Plym- 
*outh  County,  Massachusetts,  on  the  west. 
Cape  Colony:  now  Cape  of  Goci  Hope.  A 

British  colony  in  South  Africa.  It  is  bounded  by 
German  Southwest  Africa,  Bechuanaland,  Orange  Free 
State,  and  Basutoland  on  the  north,  Natal  on  the  east, 
and  the  ocean  on  the  south  and  west.  It  is  traversed  by 
the  Swartebergen,  Roggeveldt,  Nieuwveldt,  Sneeuwber- 
gen,  etc.,  mountains.  Its  chief  river  is  the  Orange. 
It  exports  wool,  ostrich  feathers,  hides,  diamonds,  etc., 
and  grazing  is  the  leading  industry.  It  contains  the 
provinces  North  Western,  Western,  South  Western,  Mid- 
land, South  Eastern,  Eastern,  North  Eastern,  and  Griqua- 
land  West  (annexed  1880).  Its  capital  is  Cape  Town,  and 
about  75  per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  are  native  (Kafir,  Hot- 
tentot, Malay) ; the  remainder  are  European,  of  English, 
Dutch,  and  French  descent.  The  leading  church  is  the 
Dutch  Reformed,  with  Church  of  England,  Wesleyan,  etc. 
English,  Cape  Dutch,  Kafir,  Hottentot,  and  Bushman  are 
spoken.  It  had  a governor  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  a 
Parliament  consisting  of  a legislative  council  and  legis- 
lative assembly  (abolished  by  the  act  of  1909).  It  was 
colonized  by  the  Dutch  in  1651,  and  received  a French 
immigration  in  1687.  The  Dutch  East  India  Company 
abandoned  it  in  1795,  and  it  was  occupied  by  the  British. 
It  was  restored  to  the  Dutch  in  1802,  but  regained  by 
the  Britisli  in  1806.  It  suffered  from  various  Kafir  wars 
and  troubles  with  the  Boers.  It  received  aconstitution  in 
1850,  but  had  no  responsible  government  till  1872.  The 
colony  was  at  war  with  the  Zulus  in  1879,  and  with  the 
Boers  of  the  Transvaal  in  1880-81.  In  1894  Pondoland  was 
annexed.  Area,  estimated,  276,995  square  miles  (including 
the  Transkei,  Tembulanil,  East  Griqualand,  etc.).  Popu- 
lation, 2,507,500 ; of  Cape  Colony  proper,  1,489,601. 

Cape  Fear,  etc.  See  Fear,  Cape,  etc. 
Capefigue  (kap-feg'),  Jean  Baptiste  Honor6 
Raymond.  Born  at  Marseilles,  1802:  died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1872.  A French  historian. 
His  works  include  “Histoire  de  Philippe  Auguste  "(1829), 
“ Histoire  dc  la  restauration  ” (1831-33),  etc. 

Cape  Haytien.  See  Cap  Haitien. 

Capel  (kap'el),  Arthur.  Born  about  1610: 
executed  March  9,  1649.  An  English  Eoyalist, 


Oapel,  Arthur 

made  Lord  Capel  of  I fadham  Aug.  6,  1641. 
He  served  Charles  I.  in  various  offices,  military  and  civil, 
during  the  struggle  with  Parliament  and  in  1649  was  ar- 
rested and  condemned  to  death. 

Capel,  Arthur.  Born  Jan.,  1631:  died  July, 
1683.  An  English  statesman,  the  eldest  son 
of  Arthur,  Lord  Capel,  made  Viscount  Malden 
and  Earl  of  Essex  April  20,  1661.  He  was  ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  Denmark  1670 ; became  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  Feb.,  1672  (recalled  April  28,  1677) ; 
and  was  made  head  of  the  treasury  commission  1679  (re- 
signed Nov.  19,  1679).  He  was  arrested  for  complicity  in 
the  Rye  House  Plot  and  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he 
probably  committed  suicide. 

Capell  (kap'el),  Edward.  Bom  at  Throston, 
Suffolk,  England,  1713:  died  at  London,  Feb. 
24,  1781.  An  English  Shaksperian  critic.  He 
was  appointed  deputy  inspector  of  plays  in  1737,  and  was 
the  author  of  “ Prolusions,  or  Select  Pieces  of  Ancient 
Poetry  ” (1760),  an  edition  of  Shakspere  (1768),  “Notes  and 
Various  Readings  of  Shakspere  ” (first  part  1774  : whole 
1783),  “ The  School  of  Shakspere  ” (1783),  etc. 

Capella  (ka-pel'a).  [L.,  ‘the  She-goat.’]  A 
star,  the  fifth  in  the  heavens  in  order  of  bright- 
ness. It  is  situated  in  the  left  shoulder  of  Auriga,  in 
front  of  the  Great  Bear,  nearly  on  a line  with  the  two 
northernmost  of  the  seven  stars  forming  Charles’s  Wain ; 
and  it  is  easily  recognized  by  the  proximity  of  “ the  Kids,  ” 
three  stars  of  the  fourth  magnitude  forming  an  isosceles 
triangle.  The  color  of  Capella  is  nearly  the  same  as  that 
of  the  sun. 

Capella,  Martianus  Mineus  Felix.  Lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  5th  century  (?)  A.  D.  A 
writer  of  northern  Africa  (Carthage).  His  chief 
work  is  an  allegorical  encyclopedia  of  the  liberal  arts 
(“Satyra  de  nuptiis  Philologies  et  Mercurii”),  in  nine 
books. 

Capello,  or  Cappello  (kap-pel'lo),  Bianca. 
Born  at  Venice  about  1548:  died  at  the  castle 
Poggio  di  Cajano,  Oct.  11,  1587  (?).  An  Italian 
adventuress  belonging  to  a noble  Venetian 
family.  She  eloped  with  Buonaventuri  in  1563 ; mar- 
ried Francesco,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany , in  1578 ; and  was 
recognized  as  grand  duchess  in  1579. 

Capello,  Hermenegildo  Augusto  de  Brito. 

Born  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  1839.  A naval 
officer  and  African  explorer.  He  was  sent  with 
Robert  Ivens  and  Major  Serpa  Pinto,  by  the  Portuguese 
government  in  1877,  to  explore  Angola.  They  separated 
from  Serpa  Pinto,  and  explored  the  Kuangu  basin  from 
its  head  waters  to  the  Yaka  country.  This  journey  is 
described  in  “From  Benguella  to  Yacca”  (1881).  In 
1884,  again  in  the  service  of  the  government,  they  crossed 
the  continent  from  Portuguese  West  Africa  to  Portuguese 
East  Africa.  Starting  from  Mossamedes,  they  succes- 
sively explored  Amboella,  the  Upper  Zambesi  valley  up 
to  its  watershed  with  the  Kongo-Lualaba ; traversed 
Msidi’s  kingdom;  joined  again  the  Zambesi  at  Zumbo, 
and  reached  the  east  coast  at  Quilimane  in  May,  1885. 
Their  “ De  Angola  i.  Contra-Costa  ” appeared  in  1886. 
Cape  May.  1.  The  southernmost  point  of  New 
Jersey,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware 
Bay,  in  lat.  38°  56'  N.,  long.  74°  57'  W. — 2. 
A city  and  watering-place  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  New  Jersey,  in  Cape  May  County. 
Also  called  Cape  City,  and  Cape  Island  City. 
Population,  2,471,  (1910). 

Cape  of  Storms,  Pg.  Cabo  Tormentoso.  The 
name  first  given  by  Dias,  in  1486,  to  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

Caper  (ka'per).  A “high  fantastical”  charac- 
ter in  Allingham’s  comedy  “Who  Wins,  or  The 
Widow’s  Choice,”  made  elaborately  nonsensi- 
cal by  Liston. 

Cape  River.  The  Segovia  or  Wanx  River,  on 
the  northern  boundary  of  Nicaragua. 
Capernaum  (ka-per'na-um).  [Aram.,  ‘village 
of  Nahum.’]  In  the  time  of  Christ,  an  impor- 
tant place  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Sea  of 
Galilee,  about  an  hour  distant  from  where  the 
Jordan  falls  into  the  sea.  It  was  the  scene  of  many 
incidents  and  acts  in  the  life  of  Christ,  and  is.sometimes 
called  ‘ his  own  city  "(Mat.  ix.  1).  It  had  a Roman  gar- 
rison (Mat.  viii.  5 If  ).  It  is  identified  by  most  archaeolo- 
gists with  the  modern  ruins  of  Tel  Hum,  by  some  with 
Khan  Minyeh. 

Capet  (ka'pet ; F.  pron.  ka-pa').  A surname  of 
the  kings  of  France,  commencing  with  Hugh 
Capet,  987. 

Capet,  Hugh.  See  Hugh  Capet. 

Capetians  (ka-pe'shianz).  [F.  Capttiens. ] A 
royal  family  reigning  over  France  as  the  3d 
dynasty,  987—1328.  Collateral  branches  were  the 
ducal  house  of  Burgundy,  an  1 the  houses  of  Anjou,  Bour- 
bon, and  Valois. 

Cape  Town  (kap  toun).  The  capital  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  nope  and  the  seat  of  the  legisla- 
ture of  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  situated  on 
Table  Bay  at  the  foot  of  Table  Mountain,  it 
was  founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1651.  Population,  77,668. 

Cape  Verd,  or  Verde  (kap  vferd).  [‘Green 
cape.’]  The  westernmost  point  of  Africa,  in 
Senegambia,  in  lat.  14°  43'  N.,  long.  17°  30'  W. 
Cape  Verd,  or  Verde,  Islands.  [Pg.  Ilhas  do 
Cabo  Verde.]  A group  of  islands  lying  in  the 
Atlantic,  west  of  Cape  Verd,  belonging  to  Por- 


213 

tugal.  The  chief  islands  are  Santiago,  Fogo,  Sao  Antao, 
Brava,  and  Sao  Nicolao.  They  are  mountainous  and  vol- 
canic. The  capital  of  the  islands  is  Porto  Praya.  They 
were  discovered  and  colonized  by  the  Portuguese  in  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  Area,  1,480  square  miles. 
Population,  mostly  negroes,  about  150,000. 

Capgrave  (kap'grav),  John.  Bom  at  Lynn, 
Norfolk,  England,  April  21,  1393:  died  at 
Lynn,  Aug.  12,  1464.  An  English  historian, 
provincial  of  the  Augustinian  order  in  Eng- 
land. He  wrote  a “Chronicle  of  England,”  from  the 
creation  to  A.  I>.  1417,  “Liber  de  Illustribus  Henricis” 
(‘Book  of  the  Illustrious  Henrys ’).  “A  Guide  to  the 
Antiquities  of  Rome,"  and  other  historical  and  theologi- 
cal works  in  Latin.  The  chronicle  and  the  lives  of  the 
Henrys  were  published  in  the  Rolls  Series  (ed.  F.  C. 
Hingeston,  1858). 

Caph  (kaf).  [Ar.,  ‘the  hand.’]  The  bright 
third-magnitude,  slightly  variable  and  spectro- 
scopically interesting  star  fi  Cassiopeite.  The 
Arabic  name  refers,  however,  to  a different  form  of  the  con- 
stellation from  that  represented  on  our  modern  star-maps, 
which  show  the  star  as  on  the  framework  of  the  lady’s 
chair. 

Cap  Haitien  (kap  a-e-te-an'),  or  Cape  Hay- 

tien  (kap  ha'ti-en).  A seaport  in  northern 
Haiti,  in  lat.  19°  46'  N.,  long.  72°  11'  W.  it 

was  bombarded  by  the  British  in  1865.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 30,000.  f ormerly  called  Guarico , Cap  Frangais, 
Le  Cap , etc. 

Oaphis  (ka'fis).  A servant  of  Timon’s  credi- 
tors, in  Shakspere’s  “ Timon  of  Athens.” 

Caphtor  (kaf-tor').  The  name  of  a country  in 
the  Old  Testament,  mentioned  as  the  starting- 
point  in  the  migrations  of  the  Philistines, 
whence  they  are  also  called  Caphtorim  (Deut. 
ii.  23,  Jer.  xlvii.  4,  Amos  ix.  7) : formerly  identi- 
fied with  Cappadocia  or  Cyprus,  but  considered 
by  most  modern  scholars  as  identical  with  Crete. 
This  view  is  favored  by  many  passages  in  which  the  Philis- 
tines are  called  Cretans  (Cherethites)(Ezek.  xxv.  16,  Zeph. 
ii.  5, 1 Sam.  xxx.  14),  and  it  is  supported  by  ancient  writers 
who  connected  the  Philistines  with  the  island  of  Crete. 
In  Gen.  x.  14  the  Caphtorim  are  enumerated  among  the 
descendants  of  Egypt  (Mizraim),  and  it  is  therefore  as- 
sumed that  a portion  of  the  Philistines  emigrated  from 
Crete  by  way  of  Egypt  to  Palestine. 

Capistrano  (ka-pes-tra'no),  or  Capistran  (ka- 
pis-tran'),  Giovanni  di  (L.  Johannes  Capis- 
tranus),  Saint.  Born  at  Capistrano,  in  the 
Abruzzi,  Italy,  June  24, 1386  : died  at  Illock,  in 
Slavonia,  Oct.  23,  1456.  An  Italian  monk  of 
the  order  of  St.  Francis.  He  distinguished  himself 
by  his  preachings  against  the  Hussite  heresy  in  Bohemia 
and  Moravia,  and  in  1456  led  an  army  of  crusaders  to  the 
relief  of  Belgrad  which  was  besieged  by  Mohammed  II. 
Author  of  “speculum  conscientiae.” 

Capitaine  Fracasse  (ka-pe-tan'  fra-kas'),  Le. 
A novel  by  Thdophile  Gautier.  The  title  of  the 
book  is  the  stage  name  adopted  by  De  Sigognac,  the  hero, 
on  joining  a company  of  strolling  players. 

Capitan  (Sp.  pron.  ka-pe-tan';  F.  pron.  ka-pe- 
ton').  [Sp.,  ‘captain.’]  A character  of  ridic- 
ulous bravado,  introduced  conventionally  in 
early  Italian  comedy,  probably  originating  in  the 
“Miles  Gloriosus”  of  Plautus,  and  introduced 
in  French  comedy  prior  to  Molifere.  He  came 
upon  the  stage  only  to  bluster,  and  talked  of  murder  and 
bloodshed,  but  submitted  with  great  meekness  to  punish- 
ment. When  Charles  V.  entered  Italy  a Spanish  capitan 
was  introduced  who  dealt  in  Spanish  bravado  and  kicked 
out  the  Italian  capitan ; when  the  Spanish  influence 
ceased  in  Italy,  the  capitan  was  turned  into  Scaramouch, 
who  was  still  a coward  ( I . D' Israeli)-,  hence  the  name 
was  given  to  a person  who  behaved  in  this  manner. 

Capitanasses.  See  Onondaga. 

Capitanata.  See  Foggia. 

Capito  (ka'pe-to)  (originally  Kopfel),  Wolf- 
gang Fabricius.  Born  at  Hagenau,  Alsace, 
1478 : died  at  Strasburg,  Nov.,  1541.  A German 
divine,  a coadjutor  of  Luther.  He  became  preacher 
in  1515  at  Bisel,  and  removed  in  151i)  to  Mainz,  where 
he  became  chancellor  to  Albert,  elector  and  archbishop 
of  Mayence.  In  1523  he  went  to  Strasburg,  where  he  be- 
c ime  the  local  leader  of  the  Reformation.  lie  was  the 
chief  author  of  the  “Confessio  Tetrapolitana,”  and  de- 
voted himself  to  the  conciliation  of  the  Lutherans  and  the 
Swiss  reformers. 

Capitol,  The.  [L.  capitolium,  from  caput, 
head.]  1.  In  ancient  Roman  history,  that 
part  of  the  Capitolino  Hill  which  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Optimus.  See 
Borne. — 2.  As  generally  apprehended,  the 
Piazza  del  Campidoglio  on  the  Capitolino 
Hill,  Rome,  with  the  palaces  which  face  it  on 
three  sides.  The  piazza  is  approached  on  the  north- 
west by  a wide,  monumental  flight  of  steps  from  the  Piazza 
Araceli  in  front,  opposite  the  Palace  of  the  Senator,  and 
flanked  by  the  Palazzo  dei  Conservatori  and  the  Capito- 
line  Museum.  This  area,  occupying  the  depression  be- 
tween the  citadel  and  the  site  of  the  Capitolino  temple,  is 
the  historic  center  of  Rome.  Hero  Romulus,  according 
to  tradition,  founded  his  asylum,  and  the  earliest  public 
assemblies  met.  In  the  11th  century,  upon  the  revival 
of  old  memories,  it  again  became  the  municipal  center, 
as  the  residence  of  the  prefect  and  the  seat  of  popular 
meetings;  and  here,  in  the  old  Palace  of  the  Senator,  Pe- 
trarch was  crowned  in  1341,  and  in  1347  Rienzi  was  estab- 
lished as  tribune  of  the  people.  The  present  Palace  of 


Capperonnier 

the  Senator  was  founded  at  the  end  of  the  14th  century 
by  Boniface  IX.  The  existing  facade,  with  its  Corinthian 
pilasters  and  double  flight  of  steps,  as  well  aB  those  of 
the  flanking  palaces,  is  based  on  designs  by  Michelan- 
gelo. In  the  center  of  the  Piazza  del  Campidoglio  stands 
the  noted  ancient  bronze  equestrian  statue  of  Marcus  Au- 
relius, which  originally  stood  in  the  Forum  Romanum, 
then  near  the  Lateran,  and  has  occupied  its  present  posi- 
tion since  1538. 

3.  The  seat  of  the  National  Congress,  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  founded  in  1793,  and  completed 
according  to  the  original  designs  in  1830,  but 
since  enlarged  to  over  double  its  original  area. 
It  consists  of  a central  cruciform  building  crowned  by  a 
great  dome,  and  connected  at  each  end  by  galleries  with 
a large  rectangular  wing,  one  of  which  contains  the  Sen- 
ate-chamber, and  the  other  the  Hall  of  Representatives. 
The  style  is  Renaissance,  based  on  English  models,  the 
dome  being  inspired  by  that  of  St.  Paul’s.  The  elevation 
exhibits  a single  main  story,  with  an  attic,  over  a high 
rusticated  basement.  The  great  feature  of  the  exterior 
is  the  porticos  of  the  central  building  and  of  the  two 
wings,  with  their  fine  flights  of  steps.  These  porticos 
comprise  148  Corinthian  columns  30  feet  high  exclusive 
of  their  high  square  pedestals.  The  dome  is  287,  feet 
high  to  the  top  of  the  statue  above  the  lantern,  and  94 
in  interior  diameter;  it  is  very  impressive  in  effect, 
though  unfortunately  built  of  cast-iron  in  imitation  of 
stone.  It  rises  from  a circular  drum,  and  is  encircled  by 
a fine  Corinthian  colonnade  supporting  a gallery.  Be- 
neath the  dome  is  a monumental  hall  called  the  Rotunda, 
adorned  with  works  of  art  relating  to  American  history. 
The  total  length  of  the  Capitol,  north  and  south,  is  751 
feet. 

Capitoline  Hill,  The.  One  of  the  seven  hills 
of -ancient  Rome,  northwest  of  the  Palatine,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  it  constituted  the 
citadel  of  the  city  after  the  construction  of  the  Servian 
wall.  Its  southwestern  summit  was  the  famed  T-irpeian 
Rock ; on  its  northeastern  summit  rose  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Capitolinus.  The  modern  Capitol  stands  between 
the  two  summits.  From  the  Capitoline  the  Forum  Ro- 
manum extends  its  long,  narrow  area  toward  the  south- 
east, skirting  the  northern  foot  of  the  Palatine. 

Capitoline  Museum.  One  of  the  chief  muse- 
ums of  antiquities  of  Rome,  it  was  founded  in 
1471  by  Sixtus  IV.,  who  presented  the  papal  collections 
to  the  Roman  people,  and  designated  the  Capitol  aa  the 
place  where  the  art- treasures  of  Rome  should  be  preserved. 
The  museum  was  greatly  enriched  by  Clement  XII.  and 
Benedict  XIV.  The  collections  now  occupy  the  palace 
on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  Piazza  del  Campidoglio,  which 
was  built  in  the  17th  century  from  modified  designs  of 
Michelangelo.  Among  the  most  noted  of  the  antiquities 
of  the  Capitoline  Museum  are  the  colossal  statue  of  Mars 
in  armor,  the  Dying  Gaul,  the  Satyr  of  Praxiteles,  the  Cen- 
taurs by  Aristeas  and  Papias,  and  the  Capitoline  Venus 
(after  Praxiteles). 

Capitolinus  (kap'T-to-li'nus),  Julius.  Lived 
perhaps  about  300  a.  d.  A Roman  historian, 
one  of  the  writers  of  the  Augustan  History 
(which  see). 

Capmany  (kap-ma'ne),  Montpalau  y Antonio 

de.  Born  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Nov.  24,  1742 : 
died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  Nov.  14, 1813.  A Spanish 
antiquarian,  historian,  philologist,  and  critic. 

Capodistria  (kii-po-des'tre-a).  A town  in  Kiis- 
tenland,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  an  island 
8 miles  south  of  Triest.  It  has  a cathedral  and 
salt-works.  Pep.,  commune,  11,762,  (1910). 
Capo  d’Istria(ka'po  des'tre-a),orCapodistrias 
(ka-po-des'tre-as),  Augustin.  Born  1778:  died 
in  Corfu,  May,  1857.  A brother  of  Giovanni 
Capo  d’Istria,  provisional  president  of  Greece 
1831-32. 

Capo  d’Istria,  or  Capodistrias,  Count  Gio- 
vanni Anton.  Born  at  Corfu,  Feb.  11,  1776: 
killed  at  Nauplia,  Greece,  Oct.  9, 1831.  Presi- 
dent of  Greece.  He  entered  the  Russian  service  in 
1803,  represented  Russia  in  the  Congress  of  Vienna  from 
1814  to  1815,  and  was  Russian  secretary  of  foreign  affairs 
from  1816  to  1822.  Dismissed  from  the  Russian  service, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  cause  of  Greek  independence  ; 
was  elected  president  of  Greece  through  the  influence  of 
the  Russian  party  in  1827  ; and  served  from  1828  to  1831, 
when  he  was  assassinated  by  the  brothers  Constantine  and 
George  Mavromichalis. 

Cappadocia  (kap-a-do'shia).  [Gr.  KaTnradoida.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a country  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  lying  west  of  the  Euphra- 
tes, north  of  Cilicia,  and  east  of  Lycaonia;  in 
a wider  sense,  the  territory  in  Asia  Minor  be- 
tween the  lower  Halys  and  Euphrates,  and 
the  Taurus  and  the  Euxine  : an  elevated  table- 
land intersected  by  mountain-chains.  It  con- 
stituted  under  the  Persians  two  satrapies,  afterward  two 
independent  monarchies  : Cappadocia  on  the  Pontus,  later 
called  Pontus ; and  Cappadocia  near  the  Taurus,  called 
Great  Cappadocki,  the  later  Cappadocia  in  a narrower 
sense.  In  17  A.  D.  Cappadocia  became  a Roman  province. 
It  had  then  only  four  cities : Mazaca,  near  Mount  Argteus, 
the  residence  of  the  Cappadocian  kings,  later  called  Eu- 
sebia,  and  by  the  Romans  Caesarea,  the  episcopal  see  of 
St.  Basil  (modern  Kaisariyeh) ; Tyana ; Garsaura,  the  later 
Archelais;  and  Ariaratlieia.  Of  its  other  cities  may  ho 
mentioned  Samosata,  Myssa,  and  Nazianzus,  the  birth- 
places or  seats  of  celebrated  ecclesiastics. 

Cappel  (kiip'pel).  A village  in  Switzerland. 
See  Kappcl. 

Capperonnier  (kiip-ron-ya'),  Claude.  Born  at 
Moutdidior,  France,  May  1, 1671:  diod  at  Paris, 


Capperonnier 

July  24,  1744.  A French  classical  scholar.  He 
wrote  “Traits  de  l'ancienne  prononciation  de  la  langue 
grecque"  (1703),  etc.;  and  edited  Quintilian  (1725). 
Capponi  (kap-po'ne),  Gino,  Marchese.  Born  at 
Florence,  Sept.  14,  1792:  died  at  Florence,  Feb. 
3,  1876.  A noted  Florentine  historian,  states- 
man, and  scholar,  prime  minister  of  Tuscany 
1848.  He  wrote  “ Storia  della  repubblica  di 
Firenze”  (1875),  etc. 

Capraja  (ka-pra'ya).  An  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Ge- 
noa, Italy,  situated  northeast  of  Corsica,  inlat. 
43°  2'  N.,  long.  9°  50'  E.  It  was  anciently  called 
Capraria. 

Caprara,  Giovanni  Battista.  Born  at  Bolo- 
gna, Italy,  May  29,  1733 : died  at  Paris,  June  21, 
1810.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  diplomatist, 
bishop  of  Milan.  He  negotiated  the  concordat 
at  Paris  in  1801. 

Caprarola  (ka-pra-ro'la).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  31  miles  north  of 
Rome.  It  contains  the  Farnese  palace.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  5,538. 

Caprera  (ka-pra'ra),  or  Cabrera  (ka-bra'ra). 
An  island  north  of  Sardinia,  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Sassari,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41° 
14'  N.,  long.  9°  28'  E.  It  was  the  usual  resi- 
dence of  Garibaldi  in  1854-82. 

Capri  (ka'pre).  A small  island  of  Italy,  oil  the 
coast  of  Campania,  19  miles  south  of  Naples: 
the  ancient  Capr<B.  It  is  a favorite  resort  for  tour- 
ists and  artists  on  account  of  its  picturesque  and  bold 
scenery.  Among  the  points  of  interest  are  the  towns  of 
Capri  and  Anacapri,  the  Blue  Grotto,  and  the  Villa  di 
Tiberio.  It  was  the  favorite  residence  of  Augustus,  and  is 
especially  famous  as  the  abode  of  Tiberius  in  the  last  half 
of  his  reign  and  the  scene  of  his  licentious  orgies.  High- 
est point,  Monte  Solaro  (1,920  feet).  Population,  6,224. 

Capricornus  (kap-ri-kor'nus).  [L.,  ‘goat- 
horned.’] An  ancient  zodiacal  constellation 
between  Sagittarius  and  Aquarius ; also,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter  sol- 
stice. It  is  represented  on  ancient  monuments  by  the 
figure  of  a goat,  or  a figure  having  the  fore  part  like  a 
goat  aud  the  hind  part  like  a fish.  Its  symbol  is 

Caprivi  (ka-pre've)  de  Caprara  de  Montecuc- 
coli,  Georg  Leo  von.  Born  at  Charlottenburg, 
Feb.  24, 1831 : died  Feb.  6, 1899.  A noted  German 
statesman,  chancellor  of  the  empire  1890-94.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Werdersche  Gymnasium  at  Berlin, and 
April  1,  1849,  entered  the  Kaiser-Franz-Grenadier  regi- 
ment, becoming  second  lieutenant  Sept.  19,  1860.  He  en- 
tered the  military  academy  and  became  first  lieutenant  in 
1859,  and  in  1861  captain  in  the  general  staff.  He  rose 
rapidly  in  rank,  and  in  1883  was  made  chief  of  the  ad- 
miralty, and  accomplished  important  results  in  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  German  navy.  For  his  efficiency  in  this 
service  he  was  promoted  by  Emperor  William  II.  (July  10, 
1888)  to  be  commanding  general  of  the  10th  army  corps  in 
Hannover,  and  later  was  made  general  of  infantry.  On 
the  fall  of  Bismarck  (March  20,  1890),  Caprivi  succeeded 
him  as  imperial  chancellor,  president  of  the  Prussian  min- 
istry, and  imperial  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  He  secured 
Heligoland  from  England  in  exchange  for  German  claims 
in  Zanzibar  and  Witu  July,  1890,  strengthened  the  colonial 
policy,  renewed  the  Triple  Alliance  June,  1891,  and  con- 
cluded important  commercial  treaties.  He  was  made  a 
count  Dec.  18.  1891.  He  resigned  the  presidency  of  the 
Prussian  ministry  in  March,  1892,  and  retired  from  the 
imperial  chancellorship  and  the  ministry  of  foreign  af- 
fairs Oct.  26,  1894. 

Captain.  1 . An  English  line-of-battle  ship  of  72 
guns.  She  served  in  the  Mediterranean  squadron  of  Lord 
Hood  before  Corsica  in  1794-95 ; was  flag-ship  of  Commo- 
dore Nelson  in  1796;  served  in  the  battle  off  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent, Feb.  14,  1797;  and  was  burned  March  22,  1813. 

2.  One  of  the  earliest  English  armored  turret- 
ships,  launched  March  29,  1869.  she  had  an  all- 
round water-line  belt  10  and  7 inches  thick,  low  free- 
board, and  two  turrets  on  the  upper  deck  120  feet  apart. 
Tonnage,  4,272.  She  foundered  off  Cape  Finisterre  with 
500  men,  Sept.  6,  1870. 

Captain,  The.  1.  A play  by  Fletcher  and  an- 
other, produced  about  16i3,  printed  in  the  folio 
of  1647.  Fleay  suggests  Jonson;  Bullen  thinks 
there  are  traces  of  Middleton’s  hand. — 2.  A 
bragging,  coarse  ruffian  in  Middleton’s  play 
“ The  Phoenix.” 

Captain,  The  Copper.  See  Peres , Michael. 
Captain  Jack.  See  Jack. 

Captain  Right.  See  Right. 

Captain  Rock.  See  Rock. 

Capua  (kap'u-a).  An  ancient  city  of  Campa- 
nia, Italy,  17  miles  north  of  Naples,  famous  for 
its  wealth  and  luxury,  it  was  founded  by  the  Etrus- 
cans, was  taken  by  the  Samnites  in  423  B.  c.,  and  came  un- 
der Roman  rule  about  340  B.  0.  It  opened  its  gates  to 
Hannibal  in  210  B.  C.  (whose  army  wintered  there  216-215). 
In  211  B.  0.  it  was  retaken  by  the  Romans,  and  severely 
punished.  It  afterward  flourished  until  sacked  by  Gen- 
seric  in  456  A.  n.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in 
840,  and  itB  inhabitants  colonized  modern  Capua.  Its  site 
is  occupied  by  the  village  of  Santa  Maria  di  Capua  Vetere. 
It  contains  the  ruins  of  a triumphal  arch  and  of  a Roman 
amphitheater  which  dates  from  the  early  empire.  In 
the  early  middle  ages  it  was  fortified  as  a citadel,  and 
has  suffered  from  sieges.  It  was  an  imposing  monument, 


214 

much  resembling  the  Roman  Colosseum,  and  nearly  as 
large.  The  axes  of  the  outer  eUipse  are  557  and  458  feet ; 
of  the  arena,  250  and  150  feet. 

Capua  (ka'po-a).  A town  in  Italy,  on  the  Vol- 
turno,  situated  2 miles  north  of  ancient  Capua, 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Casilinum.  it  was 
colonized  from  ancient  Capua  in  the  9th  century.  It  has 
a cathedral,  and  a museum  with  antiquities.  Caesar  Borgia 
attacked  it  in  1501.  Near  it  is  the  battle-field  of  the  Vol- 
turno,  1860.  It  was  taken  by  the  Piedmontese,  Nov., 
1860.  Population,  12,389  ; commune,  14,285. 

Capuchins  (kap'u-chinz).  A mendicant  order 
of  Franciscan  monks,  founded  in  Italy  in  1528 
by  Matteo  di  Bassi,  and  named  from  the  long 
pointed  capouch  or  cowl  which  is  the  distin- 
guishing mark  of  their  dress.  According  to  the 
statutes  of  the  order,  drawn  up  in  1529,  the  monk3  were 
to  live  by  begging ; they  were  not  to  use  gold  or  silver  or 
silk  in  the  decoration  of  their  altars,  and  the  chalices  were 
to  be  of  pewter.  The  Capuchins  are  most  numerous  in 
Austria.  In  the  United  States  they  have  convents  in  the 
dioceses  of  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Leavenworth,  and  New 
York.  See  Franciscans. 

Capuchin  (kap'u-chin),  The.  A play  by  Foote, 
produced  in  1776.  It  was  an  alteration  of  the  notori- 
ous “Trip  to  Calais,”  which  was  stopped  by  the  public 
censor. 

Capucius(ka-pu'shius).  In Shakspere’s  “Henry 
VIII.,”  an  ambassador  from  Charles  V. 
Capulet  (kap'u-let).  In  Shakspere’s  “Romeo 
and  Juliet,”  a coarse,  jovial  old  man  with  a 
passionate  temper,  the  father  of  Juliet.  The 
expression  “the  tomb  of  the  Capulets  ” is  not  in  Shak- 
spere ; it  occurs  in  Burke's  letter  to  Matthew  Smith  — 
and  as  “the  family  vault”  “of  all  the  Capulets”  in  his 
“Reflections  on  the  Revolution  in  France,”  III.  349. 

Capuletti  ed  i Montecchi  (ka-po-let'te  ed  e 
mon-tek'ke),  I.  [It.,1  The  Capulets  and  Monta- 
gues.’] An  opera  by  Bellini,  first  produced  in 
Venice  in  1830:  a musical  version  of  “Romeo 
and  Juliet.” 

Caquetios  (ka-ka-te'os),  or  Caquesios.  An  In- 
dian tribe  which,  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th 
century,  occupied  the  coast  of  Venezuela  from 
La  Guayra  to  Lake  Maracaybo,  together  with 
the  neighboring  islands.  They  received  the  first 
Spanish  explorers  as  friends,  but  were  soon  enslaved  and 
carried  away,  and  by  1545  none  was  left  on  the  coasts. 
There  were  other  Indians  of  the  same  name  and  probably 
of  the  same  race  in  the  highlands  south  of  Coro,  and  on 
the  llanos  to  the  rivers  Sarard  and  Apure. 

Carabas  (kar'a-bas),  Marquis  of.  The  master 
for  whom  “ Puss  in  Boots”  performs  such 
prodigies  in  Perrault’s  tale  “Le  Chat  Bottd” 
(“  Puss  in  Boots”).  The  name  is  used  proverbially 
for  a pretentious  aristocrat  who  refuses  to  march  with  his 
age.  The  Marquis  of  Carabas  in  Disraeli’s  “Vivian  Grey" 
is  intended  for  the  Marquis  of  Clanricarde. 

Carabaya.  See  Caravaya. 

Carabobo  (ka-ra-bo'bo).  A state  in  Venezuela, 
bordering  on  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Its  capital  is 
Valencia.  Area,  2,984  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 210,665. 

Carabobo.  A plain  south  of  Valencia,  Vene- 
zuela, in  the  same  valley.  Here,  on  May  28,  1814, 
Bolivar  with  6,000  men  defeated  the  Spanish  captain-gen- 
eral Cajigal  with  6,000  men.  On  June  24,  1821,  Bolivar 
won  a second  victory  on  the  same  plain  over  the  Spanish 
army  of  La  Torre.  This  was  the  last  Spanish  force  of  con- 
sequence in  Venezuela,  and  the  victory  secured  the  inde- 
pendence of  northwestern  South  America. 

Caracalla  (kar-a-kal'a),  or  Caracallus  (kar-a- 
kal'us)  (Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus,  origi- 
nally Bassianus).  [ Caracalla , a nickname 

given  him  on  account  of  the  long  Gaulish 
hooded  coat  or  tunic  which  he  introduced.] 
Born  at  Lyons,  April  4 or  6, 188  a.  d.  : died  near 
Edessa,  Mesopotamia,  April  8,  217  a.  d.  Em- 
peror of  Rome,  son  of  Septimius  Severus. 
Having  become  joint  emperor  of  Rome  with  his  brother 
Geta  in  211,  he  murdered  the  latter  with  many  of  his 
friends,  including  the  jurist  Papinian,  and  made  himself 
sole  emperor  in  212.  He  extended  by  the  Constitutio  An- 
toniana  the  full  citizenship  to  all  free  inhabitants  of  the 
empire,  in  order  to  increase  the  produce  of  the  succession 
duty  of  five  per  cent,  which  Augustus  had  imposed  on 
the  property  of  citizens.  He  was  murdered  on  a plunder- 
ing expedition  against  the  Parthians. 

It  had  hitherto  been  the  peculiar  felicity  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  in  the  worst  of  times  the  consolation,  that  the 
virtue  of  the  emperors  was  active,  and  their  vice  indo- 
lent. Augustus,  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Marcus  visited 
their  extensive  dominions  in  person,  and  their  progress 
was  marked  by  acts  of  wisdom  and  beneficence.  The 
tyranny  of  Tiberius,  Nero,  and  Doinitian,  who  resided 
almost  constantly  at  Rome,  or  in  the  adjacent  villas,  was 
confined  to  the  senatorial  and  equestrian  orders.  But 
Caracalla  was  the  common  enemy  of  mankind.  He  left 
the  capital  (and  he  never  returned  to  it)  about  a year  after 
the  murder  of  Geta.  The  rest  of  his  reign  was  spent 
in  the  several  provinces  of  the  empire,  particularly  those 
of  the  east,  and  every  province  was  by  turns  the  scene  of 
his  rapine  and  cruelty.  Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  I.  160. 

Caracalla,  Baths  of.  See  Baths  of  Caracalla. 
Caracaras  (ka-ra-ka-ras' ) . [Guarany, 1 hawks.’] 
A horde  of  South  American  Indians,  of  the 
Tupi-Guarany  race,  who,  in  the  16th  century, 
lived  on  the  western  side  of  the  river  Parand, 


Caravaggio 

about  lat.  32°  S.  Later  they  retreated  northward 
into  the  Chaco  region,  and  became  extinct,  or  were  amal- 
gamated with  other  tribes. 

Caracas  (ka-ra'kas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Vene- 
zuela, which  formerly  occupied  the  valleys 
about  the  present  city  of  Caracas.  They  had 
large  villages,  and  appear'  to  have  been  agriculturists, 
with  some  skill  in  weaving  hammocks,  making  gold  orna- 
ments, etc  They  kept  up  a long  and  brave  resistance 
to  the  whites.  As  a tribe  they  were  probably  destroyed 
before  the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

Caracas  (ka-ra'kas).  The  capital  of  Venezuela 
and  of  the  federal  district,  situated  in  lat.  10° 
32'  N.,  long.  67°  4'  W.,  near  the  coast.  It  is  an 

important  commercial  center,  and  contains  a cathedral 
and  university.  It  was  founded  in  1567,  and  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake  in  1812.  Its  seaport  is  La  Guayra.  Popu- 
lation, about  90,000. 

Caracas,  Province  of.  A colonial  province 
which  embraced  approximately  the  present 
states  of  Miranda,  Zamora,  V enezuela,  and  Cara- 
bobo. The  captain-generalcy  of  Venezuela,  formed  in 
1751,  was  commonly  called  Caracas,  from  the  capital,  just 
as  New  Spain  was  called  Mexico. 

Caracci.  See  Carracci. 

Caraccioli  (ka-ra'cho-le),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Naples  about  1748  (1732  ?) : hanged  near  Na- 
ples, 1799.  A Neapolitan  admiral,  commander 
of  the  navy  of  the  Parthenopean  Republic, 
1799,  condemned  to  death  by  order  of  the  junta. 
Caraetacus  (ka-rak'ta-kus),  or  Caradoc  (kar'- 
a-dok).  Flourished  about  50  A.  D.  A British 
king,  son  of  Cunobelin,  king  of  the  Trinobantes. 
His  capital  was  Camulodunum  (Colchester).  He  was  chief 
of  the  Catuvellauni  (which  see),  and  resisted  the  Romans 
(under  Aulus  Plautius,  Ostorius  Scapula,  and,  for  a short 
time,  the  emperor  Claudius)  for  about  nine  years.  Finally 
defeated,  he  took  refuge  among  the  Brigant.es,  but  was 
delivered  by  Cartismandua,  their  queen,  to  the  Romans, 
and  was  sent  to  Rome.  Claudius  granted  him  his  life  and 
his  family. 

Caraetacus.  1.  A tragedy  by  J.  R.  Planch^, 
an  alteration  of  Fletcher’s  “Bonduca.”  It  was 
produced  in  1837. — 2.  A tragedy  by  William 
Mason,  published  in  1759. 

Caracteres  de  Theophraste,  Les.  See  La 

Bruyere. 

Caraculiambo  (ka-ra-ko-le-am'bo).  A mythical 
giant  whom  Don  Quixote  proposes  to  conquer. 
Caradoc  (kar'a-dok).  See  Caraetacus. 
Caradoc,  or  Cradock.  A knight  of  the  Round 
Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance.  He 
had  the  only  chaste  wife  in  the  court.  The  story  of  the 
magic  mantle  which  she  alone  could  wear  is  told  in  “ The 
Boy  and  the  Mantle  ” (which  see). 

Carafa  (ka-ra'fa),  Michele.  Born  at  Naples, 
Nov.  28,  1785:  died  at  Paris,  July  26,  1872.  An 
Italian  composer  of  operas,  author  of  “Le  Soli- 
taire” (1822),  “Masaniello”  (1827),  etc. 
Carajas  (ka-ra-zhas').  A tribe  of  Indians 
dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river  Araguaya, 
in  the  states  of  Goyaz  and  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil. 
They  number  at  least  several  thousand,  are  uncivilized, 
but  friendly  to  the  whites.  They  speak  a language  very 
different  from  the  dialects  of  the  surrounding  tribes.  The 
CarajAs  live  in  villages,  and  are  agriculturists  and  fisher- 
men. The  Carajais,  Javahais,  and  Chimbioas  are  branch 
tribes  in  the  same  region. 

Caraman.  See  Karaman. 

Caramania.  See  Karamania. 

Caramuru.  See  Alvares,  Diogo. 

Caramuru  (ka-ra-mo-ro').  The  nickname  given 
to  a political  party  in  Brazil  which,  after  the 
abdication  of  the  emperor  Pedro  I.  in  1831, 
sought  to  secure  his  restoration.  The  name,  if 
not  virtually  adopted  by  the  party,  became  their  common 
designation,  and  is  used  by  historians.  After  the  death 
of  the  ex-emperor  most  of  the  members  of  the  Caramuru 
party  joined  the  conservatives. 

Caratbis  (kar'a-this).  The  mother  of  Vathek, 
in  Beckford’s  “Vathek,”  an  adept  in  judicial 
astrology. 

Carausius  (ka-ra'si-us),  Marcus  Aurelius  Va- 
lerius. Died  293~  a.  d.  A Roman  insurgent. 
He  was  a Meuapian  or  Belgo-German  by  birth,  and  in  his 
youth  is  said  to  have  been  a pilot.  In  286  he  distinguished 
himself  in  the  campaign  of  the  Augustus  Maximian  against 
the  revolted  Bagaudse  in  Gaul,  and  was  about  this  period 
intrusted  with  the  enterprise  of  suppressing  the  Frankish 
and  Saxon  pirates  who  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Britain  and 
Gaul.  Suspected  of  acting  in  collusion  with  the  pirates, 
orders  were  issued  for  his  execution,  whereupon  he  made 
himself  master  of  Britain  and  part  of  Gaul  in  287,  and  as- 
sumed the  title  of  Augustus.  He  was  recognized  as  a 
colleague  in  the  government  of  the  empire  by  the  Au- 
gusti  Maximian  and  Diocletian  in  290.  On  the  appoint- 
ment of  Galerius  and  Constantius  Chlorus  as  Csesars  in 
292,  the  latter  undertook  a campaign  against  Carausius, 
who  was  assassinated  in  the  following  year  by  his  chief 
minister,  Allectus. 

Caravaca  (ka-ra-va'ka).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia,  Spain,  situated  on  the  river 
Caravaca  in  lat.  38°  4'  N.,  long.  1°  53'  W. 
Population,  15,846. 

Caravaggio  (ka-ra-vad'jo).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Bergamo,  Italy,  situated  22  miles 
east  of  Milan.  Population,  commune,  8,786. 


Caravaggio,  da 

Caravaggio,  da.  See  Caldara,  Polidoro. 
Caravaggio,  da  (Michelangelo  Amerighi  or 
Merighi).  Born  at  Caravaggio,  near  Milan, 
1569 : died  near  Porto  Ereole,  Italy,  1609.  An 
Italian  painter  belonging  to  the  naturalistic 
school.  His  most  noted  work  is  the  “ Entombment  of 
Christ  ” (in  the  V atican).  After  painting  many  important 
pictures  in  Rome,  he  fled  to  Naples  to  escape  justice  for 
the  homicide  of  a companion. 

Caravaya  (ka-ra-va'ya),  or  Carabaya  (ka-ra- 
ba'ya).  [A  corruption  of  Collahuaya,  the  Qui- 
chua  name.]  A province  of  eastern  Peru,  in 
the  department  of  Puno.  Gold  was  discovered 
there  about  1543,  and  for  a century  the  mines  of  this  re- 
gion were  famous.  Its  towns,  especially  Sandia,  San  Ga- 
ban,  and  San  Juan  del  Oro,  were  important.  In  1767  they 
were  all  destroyed  by  the  Chuncho  Indians,  not  a Spaniard 
being  left  east  of  the  Andes.  The  region  is  now  almost 
unknown,  being  frequented  only  by  cinchona-collectors. 
Area,  12,000  square  miles. 

Caravellas  (ka-ra-va'las).  A seaport  in  the 
state  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  in  lat.  17°  43'  S.,  long. 
39°  14'  W.  Population,  6,227. 

Carbajal  (ka-Ba-Hal'),  or  Carvajal  (kar-va- 
Hal'),  Francisco.  Born  in  Aravalo,  1464:  died 
near  Cuzco,  Peru,  April  10,  1548.  A Spanish 
soldier  in  South  America,  in  1528  he  went  to 
Mexico,  and  in  1536  Cortes  sent  him  with  others  to  aid 
Pizarro  in  Peru.  As  field-marshal  under  Vaca  de  Castro, 
he  directed  the  battle  of  Chupas,  where  the  younger  Al- 
magro  was  overthrown.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
struggle  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  against  Gasca,  was  captured 
at  the  battle  of  Sacsahuana  April  9,  1548,  and  condemned 
to  death. 

Carberry  Hill  (kar'ber-i  hil).  A place  near 
Musselburgh,  Mid-Lothian,  Scotland.  Here,  in 
June,  1567,  Lord  Home  dispersed  BothweU’s  forces,  and 
took  prisoner  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

Carbonari  (kar-bo-na'ri).  [It.,  pi.  of  carbonaro, 
from  L.  carbonarius,  a charcoal-burner,  a col- 
lier.] A secret  society  formed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  during  the  reign  of  Murat  (1808-15) 
by  republicans  and  others  dissatisfied  with  the 
French  rule.  They  were  originally  refugees  among  the 
mountains  of  the  Abruzzi  provinces,  and  took  their  name 
from  the  mountain  charcoal-burners.  Their  aim  was  to 
free  their  country  from  foreign  domination.  After  having 
aided  the  Austrians  in  the  expulsion  of  the  French,  the 
organization  spread  over  all  Italy  as  the  champions  of  the 
National  Liberal  cause  against  the  reactionary  govern- 
ments. At  one  time  the  Carbonari  numbered  several  hun- 
dred thousand  adherents.  They  were  concerned  in  the 
various  revolutions  of  the  times  until  crushed  out  by  the 
Austrian  power  in  Italy.  About  1820  they  spread  into 
France,  and  played  an  important  part  in  French  politics 
until  the  revolution  of  1830. 

Carbondale  (kar'bon-dal).  A city  in  Lacka- 
wanna County,  northeastern  Pennsylvania,  sit- 
uated 15  miles  northeast  of  Scranton.  It  is 
the  center  of  rich  coal-fields.  Population, 
17,040,  (1910). 

Carcajente,  or  Carcagente  (kar-ka-Hen'te). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Valencia,  Spain, 
situated  on  the  river  Jucar  25  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Valencia.  It  has  linen,  woolen, 
and  silk  manufactures.  Population,  12,- 
262. 

Carcassonne  (kar-ka-son').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Aude,  France,  situated  on  the 
Aude  in  lat.  43°  13'  N.,  long.  2°  20'  E. : the 
ancient  Carcaso.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  the  Upper 
Town  (la  cite)  and  the  Lower  Town.  The  Upper  Town, 
now  practically  abandoned  for  the  more  convenient  site 
below,  is  in  its  entirety  one  of  the  most  remarkable  monu- 
ments of  the  middle  ages  existing.  In  plan  it  is  square, 
about  a mile  in  circuit,  inclosed  by  two  lines  of  walls  with 
fifty-four  towers,  all  of  admirable  masonry,  and  retaining 
in  their  approaches,  their  gates,  battlements,  etc.,  all  the 
defensive  devices  evolved  by  medieval  military  engineers. 
Part  of  the  inner  walls  and  towers  dates  from  the  Visi- 
gothic  rule  in  the  5th  century;  the  greater  portion  is  of 
the  12th  century,  and  the  remainder  of  the  reign  of  St. 
Louis.  On  one  side  rises  a powerful  castle  or  citadel. 
The  battlemented  Church  of  St.  Nazaire  has  a Romanesque 
nave,  and  a very  light  and  beautiful  Pointed  choir,  with 
splendid  glass.  This  unique  fortress  was  thoroughly  re- 
stored by  Napoleon  III.  It  was  a Roman  town,  and  was 
ruled  later  by  the  West  Goths.  It  was  an  Albigensian 
stronghold,  and  was  sacked  by  the  Black  Prince  in  1355. 
Population,  commune,  30,976. 

Car-cay.  The  most  northeasterly  ramification 
of  the  Sierra  Madre,  lying  due  west  from  Cor- 
ralitos  in  Chihuahua.  It  is  a rugged  and  wild 
chain,  difficult  of  access. 

Carchemish  (kar'kem-ish).  The  ancient  capi- 
tal of  the  Hittites.  It  was  formerly  identified  with 
Circessium  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a fortified  place 
near  where  the  Chaboras  empties  into  the  Euphrates. 
Later  excavations  brought  out  its  identity  with  the 
Gargamis  of  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  (Egyptian  Guarga- 
meiha),  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Euphrates  north- 
west of  the  river  Sajur,  and  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of 
JerablOs.  The  city  is  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I.,  1110  B.  c.  Shalmaneser  II.,  in  858,  and  Sargon, 
in  717,  subjected  this  capital  of  the  Hittites,  and  placed 
an  Assyrian  governor  in  it.  In  605  B.  C.  the  battle  be- 
tween Nebuchadnezzar  and  Necho  of  Egypt  took  place 
under  its  walls  (Jer.  xlvi.  2,  2 Chron.  xxxv.  20),  in  which 
Egypt  was  thoroughly  defeated  by  western  Asia. 


215 

To  Mr.  Skene,  for  many  years  the  English  consul  at 
Aleppo,  is  due  the  credit  of  first  discovering  the  true  site 
of  the  old  Hittite  capital  [Carchemish],  On  the  western 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  midway  between  Birejik  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Sajur,  rises  an  artificial  mound  of  earth, 
under  which  ruins  and  sculptured  blocks  of  stone  had 
been  found  from  time  to  time.  It  was  known  as  Jerablfis, 
or  Kalaat  JerablOs,  “ the  fortress  of  J erablfis,  ” sometimes 
wrongly  written  Jerabls;  and  in  the  name  of  JerablOs 
Mr.  Skene  had  no  difficulty  in  recognising  an  Arab  cor- 
ruption of  Hierapolis.  In  the  Roman  age  the  name  of 
Hierapolis  or  “Holy  City”  had  been  transferred  to  its 
neighbour  Membij,  which  inherited  the  traditions  and 
religious  fame  of  the  older  Carchemish  ; but  when  the 
triumph  of  Christianity  in  Syria  brought  with  it  the  fall 
of  the  great  temple  of  Membij,  the  name  disappeared 
from  the  later,  city,  and  was  remembered  only  in  connec- 
tion with  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Carchemish. 

Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  98. 

Cardale  (kar 'dal),  John  Bate.  Born  at  London, 
Nov.  7, 1802:  died  at  London,  July  18, 1877.  An 
English  lawyer,  first  apostle  of  the  Catholic 
Apostolic  Church  (Irvingites),  and  author  of  nu- 
merous (anonymous)  controversial  and  religious 
works. 

Cardan.  See  Cardano. 

Cardano  (kar-da'no),  or  Cardan  (kar'dan),  Gi- 
rolamo. Born  at  Pavia,  Italy,  Sept.  24,  1501: 
died  at  Rome,  Sept.  21, 1576.  A noted  Italian 
physician,  mathematician,  philosopher,  and  as- 
trologer, natural  son  of  Facio  Cardan,  a Milan- 
ese jurist. 

Cardanus.  See  Cardano. 

Cardenas  (kar'da-nas).  A seaport  in  northern 
Cuba,  situated  25  miles  east  of  Matanzas.  It 
exports  sugar.  An  engagement  occurred  here 
May  11,  1898,  between  the  Spanish  shore 
batteries  and  gunboats  and  several  United 
States  vessels.  Population,  about  25,000. 

Cardenio  (Sp.  pron.  kar-da/ne-o).  An  intel- 
lectual madman,  crazed  by  disappointed  love, 
with  lucid  intervals,  in  an  episode  of  Cervan- 
tes’s “Don  Quixote.”  He  is  introduced  in  Col- 
man’s  “Mountaineers”  as  Octavian,  and  also 
in  D’Urfe’s  “Don  Quixote.” 

Cardenio,  The  History  of.  A play  entered 
on  the  “Stationers’  Register”  in  1653  as  by 
“ Fletcher  and  Shakspere.  itis  said  to  be  identified 
with  the  lost  play  ‘Cardano*  or  ‘ Cardenia,* acted  at  court 
in  1613.'*  Late  seventeenth-century  entries  in  the  “Sta- 
tioners’ Register  ” cany  no  authority  as  far  as  Shakspere 
is  concerned.  Bullen,  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Cardiff  (kar'dif).  A seaport  in  Glamorganshire, 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Tail,  it  is  noted  for  its  ex- 
port of  coal  and  iron,  and  contains  large  docks  and  a 
castle.  It  was  the  place  of  imprisonment  of  Robert  of 
"Normandy,  1106-34.  It  iB  the  seat  of  the  University  Col- 
lege of  South  "Wales  and  of  a Baptist  theological  college. 
Population,  182,280,  (1911). 

Cardigan  (kar'di-gan).  A seaport  and  the 
chief  town  of  Cardiganshire,  Wales,  situated 
on  the  Teifi  in  lat.  52°  6'  N.,  long.  4°  39'  W. 
It  is  called  Aberteifi  by  the  Welsh.  Popula- 
tion, 3,510. 

Cardigan,  Earl  of.  S eeBrudenel,  James  Thomas. 

Cardigan  Bay.  An  arm  of  St.  George’s  Chan- 
nel, on  the  western  coast  of  Wales. 

Cardiganshire  (kar'di-gan-shir),  or  Cardigan. 
A county  in  South  Wales,  lying  between  Meri- 
oneth on  the  north,  Montgomery,  Radnor,  and 
Brecknock  on  the  east,  Carmarthen  and  Pem- 
broke on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  Bay  on  the 
west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous.  Area(ad.co.), 
693  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  60,240. 

Cardim  (kar-deng'),  Fernao.  Born  at  Vienna 
do  Alvito,  Alemtejo,  1540 : died  at  Bahia,  Bra- 
zil, Jan.  27,  1625.  A Portuguese  Jesuit,  pro- 
vincial of  Brazil  1604-08.  He  wrote  a narra- 
tive of  his  travels,  first  published  at  Lisbon  in 
1847. 

Cardinal  (kar-de-nal'),  Pierre.  Born  at  the 
beginning  of  the  13th  century:  died  about 
1305.  A French  troubadour,  especially  noted 
for  his  satirical  powers : “ the  Juvenal  of  the 
Provencals.”  Sismondi. 

Cardinal  College.  See  Christ  Church. 

Cardis,  or  Kardis  (kar'dis),  Treaty  of.  A 
treaty  of  peace  concluded  at  Cardis,  an  estate 
on  the  borders  of  Livonia  and  Esthonia,  be- 
tween Russia  and  Sweden,  in  1661.  Russia  re- 
stored Dorpat  and  other  places. 

Cardona  (kiir-dd'ua).  A fortified  town  in  the 
province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  in  lat.  41°  55'  N., 
long.  1°  38'  E.  There  is  a remarkable  hill  of 
rock-salt  in  the  vicinity. 

Cardonnel  (kar-don'el),  Adam  de.  Died  at 
Westminster,  Fob.  22,  1719.  The  secretary 
and  friend  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  ex- 
pelled from  the  House  of  Commons  for  corrup- 
tion, Feb.  19,  1712. 

Cardross  (kar'dros).  A town  in  Dumbarton, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Clyde  3 miles  north- 


Carey,  Henry 

west  of  Dumbarton.  Robert  Bruce  died  there. 
Carducci  (kar-do'chi),  GiosuA  Born  at  Valdi- 
castello,  Tuscany,  July  27,  1836 : died  at  Bo- 
logna, Feb.  16,  1907.  A noted  Italian  poet,  from  1861 
professor  of  Italian  literature  at  the  University  of  Bologna. 
In  1906  he  received  the  Nobel  prize  for  literature. 

Carducho  (kar-do'cho),  or  Carducci  (kar-do'- 
che),  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Florence,  1568(1560  ?) : 
died  at  Madrid,  Spain,  about  1638.  An  Italian 
painter,  patronized  by  Philip  III.  and  Philip 
IV.  of  Spain.  His  chief  works  are  in  Spain. 
He  wrote  “De  las  excelencias  de  la  pintura,” 
etc.  (1633). 

Carduel.  See  Cardoile. 

Cardwell  (kard'wel),  Edward.  Born  at  Black- 
burn, Lancashire,  1787 : died  at  Oxford,  Eng- 
land, May  23, 1861.  An  English  clergyman  and 
church  historian.  He  was  appointed  select  preacher 
to  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1823,  Camden  professor  of 
ancient  history  in  1826,  and  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall  in 
1831.  He  wrote  “Documentary  Annals  of  the  Reformed 
Church  of  England  ” (1839),  etc. 

Cardwell,  Edward,  Viscount  Cardwell.  Born 
at  Liverpool,  July  24,  1813:  died  at  Torquay, 
Feb.  15, 1886.  An  English  statesman,  nephew 
of  Edward  Cardwell.  He  was  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  1852-55,  secretary  for  Ireland  1859-61,  chan- 
cellor of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1861-64,  colonial  secre- 
tary 1864-66,  and  secretary  for  war  1868-74. 

Careless  (kar'les)  1.  The  friend  of  Mellefont 
in  Congreve’s  “Double  Dealer”:  a gay  gallant 
who  makes  love  to  Lady  Pliant. — 2.  A suitor 
of  Lady  Dainty  in  Cibber’s  “Double  Gallant.” 
“A  fellow  that ’s  wise  enough  to  be  but  half  in  love,  and 
makes  his  whole  life  a studied  idleness.” 

3.  The  friend  of  Charles  Surface  in  Sheridan’s 
“School  for  Scandal.”  It  is  he  who  says  of  the  por- 
trait of  Sir  Oliver  in  the  auction  scene  : “An  unforgiving 
eye,  and  a damned  disinheriting  countenance.” 
Careless,  Colonel.  The  gay,  light-headed  lover 
of  Ruth  in  Sir  R.  Howard’s  play  “The  Com- 
mittee.” The  play  was  slightly  altered  and  produced 
by  T.  Knight  as  “The  Honest  Thieves.”  Careless  is  the 
same  in  both  plays. 

Careless  Husband,  The.  A brilliant  comedy 
by  Cibber,  produced  in  1704,  printed  in  1705. 
See  Easy , Sir  Charles. 

Careless  Lovers,  The.  A comedy  by  Ravens- 
croft,  produced  in  1673. 

Carelia.  See  Karelia. 

Careme  (ka-ram'),  Marie  Antoine.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  8,  1784:  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1833. 
A celebrated  French  cook.  He  wrote  “ Le  pa- 
tissier  pittoresque”  (1815),  etc. 

Carew  (ka-ro'),  Bamfylde  Moore.  Bom  at 
Bickley,  near  Tiverton,  in  July,  1693:  died  per- 
haps in  1770.  A noted  English  vagabond.  He 
ran  away  from  school,  joined  a band  of  gipsies,  and  was 
eventually  chosen  king  or  chief  of  the  gipsies.  Con- 
victed of  vagrancy,  he  was  transported  to  Maryland, 
whence  he  escaped  and  returned  to  England.  He  is  said 
to  have  accompanied  the  Pretender  to  Carlisle  and  Derby. 

Carew,  George.  Born  in  England,  May  29, 
1555 : died  at  London,  March  27, 1629.  An  Eng- 
lish soldier  and  statesman,  son  of  George  Carew, 
dean  of  Windsor,  created  Baron  Carew  June  4, 
1605,  and  Earl  of  Totnes  Feb.  5,  1626.  He  served 
in  Ireland  from  1574  ; became  sheriff  of  Carlow  1583,  and 
master  of  ordnance  in  Ireland  1588  ; was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-general of  ordnance  in  England  1592;  and  played 
an  influential  part  in  Ireland  (in  various  offices)  from  1599 
until  1603,  especially  during  the  rebellion  of  the  Earl  of 
Tyrone.  He  left  a valuable  collection  of  letters  and  manu- 
scripts relating  to  such  affairs. 

Carew,  Richard.  Born  at  East  Antony,  Corn- 
wall, July  17,  1555:  died  there,  Nov.  6,  1620. 
An  English  poet  and  antiquarian,  high  sheriff 
of  Cornwall  1586,  and  member  of  Parliament : 
author  of  the  “ Survey  of  Cornwall”  (1602),  etc. 
Carew,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1598 : died,  prob- 
ably at  London,  about  1639  (after  1615  ?).  An 
English  poet,  son  of  Sir  Matthew  Carew  (died 
1618).  He  studied  (but  was  not  graduated)  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  and  afterward  led  an  idle  and 
wandering  life,  serving  for  a time  as  secretary  to  Sir  Dud- 
ley Carleton,  ambassador  at  Venice,  Turin,  and  the  States, 
and  later  about  the  court  of  Charles  I.  He  wrote  “Ccelum 
Britannicum,  a mask,  and  various  smaller  pieces. 

Carey  (ka'ri),  George  Saville:  pseudonym 
Paul  Tell-Truth.  Born  1743:  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1807.  An  English  poet,  son  of  Henry 
Carey.  He  was  a printer  by  trade,  and  for  a time  an 
actor,  no  wrote  “The  Inoculator,"  a comedy  (published 
1766),  “Liberty  Chastized,  or  Patriotism  in  Chains" 
(1768),  “The  Nut-Brown  Maid”  (1770),  “Shakespeare’s 
Jubilee,  a Masque”  (1769),  “The  Old  Women  Weather- 
wise,  an  Interlude"  (1770),  “Balnea,  or  History  of  all  the 
Popular  Watering-places  of  England  ” (1799),  etc. 

Carey,  Henry.  Bom  near  the  end  of  the  17th 
century:  died  at  London  (probably  by  his  own 
hand),  Oct.  4, 1743.  An  English  poet  and  com- 
poser of  musical  farces,  illegitimate  son  of 
George  Saville,  marquis  of  Halifax.  He  was  the 
reputed  author  of  “God  Save  the  King,"  and  author  of  the 


Carey,  Henry 

ballad  “Sally  in  our  Alley,”  “Namby-Pamby,”  “The  Con- 
trivances” (acted  1715),  “Hanging  and  Marriage,”  a farce 
(1722),  “Poems"  (1727),  “Chronouhotonthologos,”  a bur- 
lesque (acted  Feb.  22,  1734),  “A  Musical  Century,  or  a 
hundred  English  Ballads,”  etc. 

Carey,  Henry  Charles.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  15,  1793:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  13, 
1879.  An  American  political  economist,  son 
of  Matthew  Carey,  noted  as  an  advocate  of 
protection.  His  chief  works  are  “An  Essay  on  the 
Rate  of  Wages'  (1835),  expanded  in  “Principles  of  Politi- 
cal Economy  " (1837-40),  “ Credit  System  in  France,  Great 
Britain,  and  the  United  States”  (1838),  “The  Past,  the 
Present,  and  the  Future ' (1848),  “ Harmony  of  Interests  " 
(1852),  “The  Slave  Trade,”  etc.  (1853),  “ Principles  of  So- 
cial Science ”(1858-59),  “Unity  of  Law”  (1873). 

Carey,  James.  Born  at  Dublin,  1845:  assassi- 
nated July  29, 1883.  An  Irish  political  assassin. 
He  was  a bricklayer  and  builder  by  trade,  and  a town 
councilor  of  Dublin  (1882).  He  became  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Irish  “ Invincibles  " in  1881,  and  was  an  accomplice 
in  the  assassination  of  Mr.  T.  H.  Burke  and  Lord  Fred- 
erick Cavendish  in  Phcenix  Park.  He  was  arrested  Jan. 
13, 1883,  and  turned  Queen's  evidence.  In  order  to  escape 
the  vengeance  of  the  “ Invincibles”  he  was  secretly  shipped 
for  the  Cape  on  the  Kinfauns  Castle,  July  6,  1883,  under 
the  name  of  Power;  but  his  plan  of  escape  was  discovered, 
and  he  was  followed  on  board  the  ship  by  Patrick  O'Don- 
nell, who  shot  him  before  the  vessel  reached  its  destination. 

Carey,  Mathew.  Born  at  Dublin,  Jan.  28, 
1760:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  16, 1839.  An 
Irish-American  publicist  and  bookseller,  the 
son  of  a Dublin  baker.  He  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Franklin  in  1779,  established  “The  Volunteer's  Jour- 
nal " in  1783,  and  was  prosecuted  and  imprisoned,  as  the 
proprietor  of  that  paper,  in  1784.  In  the  same  year  he 
emigrated  to  Philadelphia,  and  with  the  financial  aid  of 
Lafayette  established  “The  Pennsylvania  Herald”  (first 
number  Jan.  25,  1785)  ; later  he  became  connected  with 
the  “Columbia  Magazine'  and  the  “American  Museum," 
and  conducted  an  extensive  publishing  business.  He 
wrote  “Essays  on  Political  Economy  ” (1822),  “ Letters  on 
the  Colonization  Society,"  “Female  Wages  and  Female 
Oppression  ” (1835),  etc. 

Carey,  William.  Born  at  Paulerspury,  North- 
amptonshire, Aug.  17,  1761 : died  at  Seram- 
pore,  India,  June  9, 1834.  An  English  Oriental- 
ist, and  missionary  in  British  India  from  1794. 
He  was  the  author  of  grammars  of  Mahratta  (1805),  San- 
skrit (1805),  Panjabi  (1812),  Telinga  (1814),  dictionaries  of 
Mahratta  (1810),  Bengali  (1818),  etc. 

Carfax  (kar'faks).  [From  ML.  quadrifurcus, 
having  four  forks.]  In  Oxford,  England,  the 
junction  of  Cornmarket  street,  Queen  street, 
St.  Aldgate’s,  and  High  street. 

Cargill  (kar-gil'),  Donald.  Born  at  Rattray, 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  about  1619  (1610  ?) : exe- 
cutedatEdinburgh,  July 27, 1681.  ACovenanting 
preacher,  condemned  to  death  for  high  treason. 

Carheil  (ksi-ray'),  Etienne  de.  Died  after  1721. 
A French  Jesuit,  missionary  among  the  Hurons 
and  Iroquois  in  Canada. 

Oaria  (ka'ri-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a divi- 
sion of  Asia  Minor,  lying  between  Lydia  on  the 
north,  Phrygia  and  Lyeia  on  the  east,  and 
the  iEgean  Sea  on  the  south  and  west.  The  Me- 
ander, a noted  river,  flows  through  it.  Its  chief  towns 
were  Miletus,  Halicarnassus,  and  Cnidus.  The  early  in- 
habitants were  Hamitic,  and  the  Greeks  formed  colonies 
on  the  coasts.  Its  princes  became  tributary  to  Persia. 

Caria  was  anciently  the  whole  country  from  Caunus  ou 
the  south  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mseanderon  the  west  coast. 
It  extended  inland  at  least  as  far  as  Carura,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Lycu3  with  the  Mseander.  The  chain  of  Cad- 
mus (Baba  Dagh)  formed,  apparently,  its  eastern  boun- 
dary. In  process  of  time  the  greater  part  of  the  coast  was 
occupied  by  the  Greeks.  The  peninsula  of  Cnidus,  with 
the  tract  above  it  known  as  the  Bybassian  Chersonese, 
was  colonised  by  Dorians,  as  was  the  southern  shore  of  the 
Ceramic  Gulf,  from  Myndus  to  Ceramus.  More  to  the 
north  the  coast  was  seized  upon  by  the  Ionian  Greeks, 
who  seem  to  have  possessed  themselves  of  the  entire  sea- 
board from  the  Bermus  to  the  furthest  recess  of  the  Sinus 
lassius.  Still  the  Carians  retained  some  portions  of  the 
coast,  and  were  able  to  furnish  to  the  navy  of  Xerxes  a 
fleet  of  seventy  ships.  Rawlinson , Herod.,  I.  383. 

Cariaco  (ka-re-a'ko).  A seaport  town  in  north- 
eastern Venezuela,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Cariaco,  in  lat.  10°  30'  N.,  long.  63° 
41'  W.  It  is  also  called  San  Felipe  de  Austria. 
Population,  about  7,000. 

Canbana  (ka-ri-ba'na).  The  name  given  on 
some  maps  of  the  16th  century  to  Guiana,  or  the 
region  between  the  Amazon  and  the  Orinoco, 
sometimes  including  a portion  of  Venezuela. 
It  was  evidently  derived  from  the  Carib  Indians  who  in- 
habited these  coasts. 

Caribbean  Sea  (kar-i-be'an  se).  An  arm  of  the 
Atlantic  lying  between  the  Greater  Antilles  on 
the  north,  Caribbee  islands  on  the  east,  South 
America  on  the  south,  and  Yucatan  and  Cen- 
tral America  on  the  west.  It  is  connected 
with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  Yucatan  channel. 
Garibbees  (kar'i-bez),  or  Caribbee  Islands. 
[From  the  Spanish  Caribe,  a Carib.]  A general 
name  for  the  chain  of  islands  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  forming  a portion 
of  the  West  Indies. 


216 

Caribs  (kar'ibz).  [From  Caribd  or  Carina,  the 
name  which  they  gave  to  themselves,  meaning 
‘people.’]  A powerful  and  warlike  tribe  of 
Indians  who,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  oc- 
cupied portions  of  Guiana  and  the  lower  Ori- 
noco and  had  conquered  the  Windward  or  Carib- 
bee islands  from  the  Arawaks.  There  was  little 
tribal  union,  and  the  authority  of  the  chiefs  was  nominal. 
At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  practised  agriculture. 
Columbus  first  encountered  these  Indians  at  Guadeloupe, 
and  had  a battle  with  them  at  Santa  Cruz  (1493).  The 
Spanish  courts  condemned  them  to  slavery,  hut  they  were 
little  molested,  probably  because  they  could  not  be  forced 
to  work.  The  French  and  English  occupations  of  the 
Caribbee  islands  led  to  long  wars  with  these  Indians : 
their  last  stronghold  was  in  St.  Vincent,  where  some  of 
them  became  mixed  with  fugitive  negro  slaves,  giving 
rise  to  the  race  called  “ black  Caribs.”  After  a bloody  war 
with  the  English,  the  surviving  Caribs,  to  the  number  of 
6,000,  were  transported  from  St.  Vincent,  to  the  island  of 
Ruatan,  near  the  coast  of  Honduras  (1796).  Thence  they 
passed  over  to  Honduras  and  Nicaragua,  where  their  de- 
scendants, mostly  “ black  Caribs,"  now  live.  A few  were 
allowed  to  return  to  St.  Vincent  where  they  have  a reser- 
vation, and  there  are  a few  more  in  other  islands.  Some 
thousands  remain  in  a semi-wild  state  in  Guiana  and  Ven- 
ezuela. In  French  Guiana  they  are  called  Galibis.  The 
name  Carib  was  applied  by  the  Spaniards  to  any  Indians 
whom  they  regarded  as  cannibals  or  very  savage.  The 
word  cannibal  or  canibal,  in  various  languages,  is  a corrup- 
tion of  Caribd. 

Carignan  (ka-ren-yoh').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  France,  12  miles  south- 
east of  Sedan.  The  French  were  repulsed  here  by  the 
Prussians,  Aug.  31,  1870. 

Oarignano  (ka-ren-ya'no).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po 
11  miles  south  of  Turin.  It  manufactures  silk. 

Carijos  (ka-re-zhos').  A tribe  of  Indians  of 
the  Tupi  race,  formerly  inhabiting  the  coast 
region  of  southern  Brazil,  in  what  is  now  the 
state  of  Santa  Catharina. 

Carilef  (kar'i-lef),  William  de,  Saint.  Died 
Jan.  2,  1096.  An  English  ecclesiastic  and 
statesman,  made  bishop  of  Durham  by  William 
the  Conqueror  in  1080.  He  was  influential  in  eccle- 
siastical and  civil  affairs  (especially  as  an  antagonist  of 
Lanfranc  and  Anselm)  during  the  reigns  of  William  I.  and 
William  II.,  and  took  an  important  part  in  the  building  of 
the  cathedral  of  Durham. 

Carillo  (ka-rel'yo),  Braulio.  Born  at  Cartago, 
1800:  murdered  at  San  Miguel,  Salvador,  1845. 
A Costa  Rican  statesman.  He  was  president  of 
Costa  Rica  1835-37,  and  again  1838-April,  1842,  when  he 
was  overthrown  and  banished  by  Morazan. 

Car  imata,  or  Karimata  ( ka-re-ma'  t a ),  Islands. 

A group  of  small  islands  lying  west  of  Borneo, 
in  lat.  1°  30'  S.,  long.  108°  50'  E.  They  are 
under  Dutch  rule. 

Oarimata,  or  Karimata,  Strait.  A strait  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Borneo  and  Billiton. 

Carino  (ka-re'no).  1.  In  Guarini’s  “Pastor 
Fido,”  a courtier.  He  contrasts  the  corruption  of  the 
town  with  the  Arcadian  simplicity  of  the  other  characters. 
2.  The  father  of  Zenocia  in  Fletcher  and  Mas- 
singer’s “Custom  of  the  Country.” 

Carrnola  (ka-re-no'lii).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  12' 
N„  long.  13°  58'  E. 

Carinthia  (ka-rin'thi-a).  [G.  Kdrnten;  from 
L.  Carni  (which  see).]  A crownland  of  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  it  is 
bounded  by  Salzburg  and  Styriaon  the  north,  Styfiaon  the 
east,  Carniola,  Kustenland,  and  Italy  on  the  south,  and  the 
Tyrol  on  the  west.  It  is  very  mountainous,  containing  the 
Carnic  and  Noric  Alps,  and  is  traversed  from  west  to  east 
by  the  Drave.  Its  capital  is  Elagenfurt.  It  has  10  repre- 
sentatives in  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  a Landtag  of  43 
members.  About  70  per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  are  Ger- 
mans, about  30  per  cent.  Slovenes  ; the  great  majority  are 
Roman  Catholic.  Carinthia  was  a part  of  the  ancient  Nori- 
cum.  It  was  colonized  by  Slavs,  aud  was  part  of  Charles 
the  Great’s  empire.  It  became  a mark  and  a duchy. 
Styria  was  separated  from  it  in  1180.  It  was  acquired  by 
Bohemia  in  1269,  united  with  Gorz  in  1286,  and  acquired 
by  Austria  in  1335.  In  1849  it  became  a crownland. 
Area,  4,005  square  miles.  Population,  394,735,  (1910). 

Carinus  (ka-rl'nus),  Marcus  Aurelius.  Died 
near  Margum,  in  Mcesia,  285  a.  d.  Roman 
emperor  283-285,  elder  son  of  Cams.  He  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  western  provinces,  with  the 
titles  of  Caisar  and  Imperator,  on  the  departure  of  his 
father  and  brother  (Numerianus)  in  282  on  an  expedition 
against  the  Persians,  in  the  course  of  which  Carus  died 
(283),  leaving  the  two  brothers  joint  emperors.  Nume- 
rianuB  died  soon  after,  and  the  army  of  Asia  proclaimed 
Diocletian  emperor.  A decisive  battle  was  fought  in  285 
on  the  Margus,  in  Mcesia,  in  which  Carinus  was  victorious. 
He  was,  however,  killed  in  the  moment  of  triumph  by  his 
own  officers. 

Caripunas  (kii-re-po'nas).  [In  Tupi,  ‘white 
men  of  the  water.’]  A horde  of  Brazilian  In- 
dians on  the  river  Madeira,  especially  about 
the  rapids.  They  are  hunters  and  fishermen,  wan- 
dering in  the  forests,  and  often  attacking  travelers.  In 
number  they  probably  do  not  exceed,  at  present,  one 
or  two  thousand.  The  Caripunas  are  exceptionally  light- 
colored  for  Indians,  hardly  darker  than  many  Europeans. 
Their  language  bears  little  relation  to  that  of  surround- 


Carlisle 

ing  tribes.  They  call  themselves  Manila.  The  name 
Caripuna  has  been  applied  to  other  wandering  hordes  In 
various  parts  of  the  Amazon  valley. 

Cariris.  See  Eiriris. 

Carisbrooke  (kar'is-bruk).  A village  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  1 mile  south  of  New- 
port. It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  castle. 

Carisbrooke  Castle.  An  ancient  castle  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  the  place  of  captivity 
of  Charles  I.,  1647^18.  It  is  of  Saxon  foundation; 
but  of  the  existing  remains  the  keep  is  Norman,  most  of 
the  towers  and  main  walls  are  of  the  13th  century,  and 
the  outworks  and  chief  residential  buildings  were  added 
or  remodeled  under  Queen  Elizabeth.  The  castle  is  now 
ruinous,  but  extensive  and  exceedingly  picturesque,  with 
ivy-clad  towers  and  ramparts. 

Carker  (kar'ker),  James.  The  manager  in  the 
offices  of  Dombey  and  Son,  in  Dickens’s  novel 
of  that  name.  He  is  “sly  of  manner,  sharp  of  tooth, 
soft  of  foot,  watchful  of  eye,  oily  of  tongue,  cruel  of 
heart,  nice  of  habit.”  He  induces  Edith,  the  second  wife 
of  Dombey,  to  elope  with  him,  to  revenge  herself  on  her 
husband.  He  is  killed  while  trying  to  escape  from  Dom- 
bey,  having  been  deceived  and  balked  by  Edith. 

Carl  (karl).  [G.  Carl,  Earl,  MHG.  Earl,  Earel, 
OHG.  Choral,  Chard,  ML.  Carolus,  Earolus, 
Earulus,  Earlus,  OF.  Charles,  whence  ME.  and 
E.  Charles;  from  OHG.  cliaral,  charel,  MHG. 
karl,  a man.]  See  Charles, 

Carlee.  See  Earli. 

Carlell  (kar-lel'),  Lodowick.  An  English  dram- 
atist of  the  first  half  of  the  17th  century.  He 
was  the  reputed  author  of  “ The  Deserving  Favourite,”  a 
tragicomedy  (1629),  “Arviragus  and  PhUicia,”  a tragi- 
comedy (1639),  “ The  Passionate  Lover  ” (1655),  “The  Fool 
would  be  a Favourite,  or  the  Discreet  Lover  ” (1657),  “ Os- 
mund, the  Great  Turk,”  a tragedy  (1657),  “Heraclius, 
Emperor  of  the  East"  (1664),  and  “The  Spartan  Ladies” 
(lost). 

Carlin  (kar-lan'),  Madame  (Emilia  Smith 
Flygare).  Born  at  Stromstad,  Sweden,  Aug. 
8,  1807:  died  at  Stockholm,  Eeb.  5,  1892.  A 
Swedish  novelist.  Her  works  include  “Waldemar 
Klein”  (1838),  “Gustav  Lindorm”  (1839),  “Rosen  p& 
Tistelon  ” (1842),  etc. 

Carlen,  J ohan  Gabriel.  Born  in  W estgotland, 
Sweden,  July  9, 1814:  died  at  Stockholm,  July 
6,  1875.  A Swedish  poet  and  author,  second 
husband  of  Madame  Carlen.  He  wrote  “ Romanser 
ur  Svenska  Volklifvet”  (1846,  “Romances  of  Swedish 
Life  ”),  etc. 

Carleton  (karl'ton),  George.  Lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  18th  century.  An  English 
officer,  a captain  of  artillery:  author  of  the 
“ Military  Memoirs,  1672-1713,”  often  regarded 
as  the  work  of  Defoe. 

Carleton,  Guy.  Born  at  Strabane,  Ireland, 
Sept.  3,  1724 : died  at  Stubbings,  near  Maiden- 
head, Nov.  10,  1808.  An  English  soldier  and 
administrator,  created  Baron  Dorchester  Aug. 
21,  1786.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  June  18, 
1757  ; took  part  in  the  siege  of  Louisburg;  was  wounded 
(then  colonel)  at  the  capture  of  Quebec;  served  at  the 
siege  of  Belleisle  1761,  and  at  the  siege  of  Havana  1762 ; 
was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Quebec  Sept.  24, 
1766,  and  governor  Jan.  10,  1777 ; took  command  of  the 
British  troops  in  Canada  ; defended  Quebec  successfully 
against  the  American  forces,  Dec.,  1776, -May,  1776;  cap- 
tured Crown  Point,  Oct.,  1776  ; was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral Aug.,  1777  ; succeeded  Sir  Henry  Clinton  as  com 
mander-in-chief  in  America,  Feb.  23,  1782,  arriving  in 
New  York  May  6,  and  evacuating  the  city  Nov.  25, 1783  ; 
and  was  again  appointed  governor  of  Quebec,  April  11, 
1786.  He  resigned  the  governorship  in  1796. 

Carleton,  William.  Born  at  Prillisk,  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  1794:  died  at  Dublin,  Jan.  30,  1869. 
An  Irish  novelist,  a delineator  of  Irish  charac- 
ter and  life.  He  wrote  “Traits  and  Stories  of  the 
Irish  Peasantry  ” (1830),  “Tales  of  Ireland”  (1834),  “Far- 
doroughga  the  Miser”  (1839),  “Valentine  M'Clutchy 
(1845),  etc. 

Carli  (kar'le),  or  Carli-Rubbi  (-rob'be),  Count 
Giovanni  Rinaldo.  Bom  at  Capodistria, 
near  Triest,  April  11,  1720:  died  at  Milan, 
Feb.  22,  1795.  An  Italian  political  economist 
and  antiquary.  His  chief  works  are  “Delle  monete 
e dell’  istituzione  delle  zeccl.e  d’ltalia  ” (1750-60),  “ Delle 
antichith  italiche  ” (1788-91),  “ Lettere  Americane  ” (1780- 
1781),  etc. 

Carlino  (kar-le'no),  Carlo  Antonio  Berti- 
nazzi.  Born  at  Turin,  1713 : died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  7,  1783.  An  Italian  pantomirnist  and  im- 
provisator. 

Carlisle,  Earls  of.  See  Howard. 

Carlisle  (kar-lil').  [Formerly  also  Carlile,  Car- 
lyle, Carleil,  ME.  Carlile,  Earlile,  British  Caer 
Lucl,  from  caer,  city,  and  Luel,  from  LL.  Lugti- 
vallum,  Luguvallium,  or  Luguballia,  the  Roman 
name.]  The  capital  of  Cumberland,  England, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Caldew,  Peteril, 
and  Eden,  in  lat.  54°  54'  N.,  long.  2°  55'  W. 
It  is  an  important  railway  center,  and  has  manufactures 
of  iron  and  cotton.  It  contains  a cathedral  and  castle, 
and  near  it  is  the  end  of  the  Roman  wall.  The  cathedral, 
as  it  now  stands,  is  almost  wholly  of  the  14th  century. 
The  Norman  nave  was  burned  in  the  13th  century,  except 
the  two  bays  nearest  the  transept,  which  have  since  con- 


Carlisle  217 


stituted  the  entire  nave.  The  fine  choir  is  in  the  Deco- 
rated style,  with  a remarkably  large  and  handsome  Per- 
pendicular east  window  (50  by  30  feet).  The  stalls  are 
of  the  15th  century,  with  contemporaneous  paintings  on 
their  backs.  It  was  an  important  Roman  town  ; was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Danes  about  875;  and  was  rebuilt  by  William 
II.  Bruce  besieged  it  unsuccessfully  in  1315,  and  it  was 
the  place  of  imprisonment  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  in  1568. 
It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in 
1645,  and  by  the  Young  Pretender  in  1745.  Population, 
45,480. 

Carlisle.  The  capital  of  Cumberland  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  17  miles  west-southwest 
of  Harrisburg.  It  is  the  seat  of  Dickinson  College, 
and  was  bombarded  by  the  Confederates  July  1,  1863. 
Population,  10,303,  (1910). 

Carlisle  (kar-lil'),  John  Griffin.  Born  in  Ken- 
ton County,  Ky.,  Sept.  5,  1835 : died  at  New 
York,  July  31, 1910.  An  American  statesman. 

His  family  came  from  near  Culpeper  in  Virginia.  In  1855 
he  went  to  Covington,  Kentucky,  to  study  law,  support- 
ing himself  as  a teacher  in  the  public  schools.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858,  and  in  1866  entered  the  State 
senate  of  Kentucky.  He  served  his  term,  and  was  re- 
elected, but  resigned.  In  1876  he  was  elected  to  the  45th 
Congress,  and  remained  in  the  House  of  Representatives 
until  his  promotion  to  the  Senate  in  1890  as  successor  to 
Senator  Beck.  He  was  speaker  of  the  House  1883-89. 
He  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury  March  4, 1893. 

Carlists  (kiir'lists),  The.  In  Spanish  history, 
the  partizans  of  the  pretender  Don  Carlos,  bro- 
ther of  Ferdinand  VII.,  and  subsequent  claim- 
ants under  his  title.  Ferdinand  repealed  in  1829  the 
Salic  law  of  succession,  introduced  by  Philip  V.  in  1713, 
in  accordance  with  which  females  could  inherit  the  throne 
only  in  case  of  the  total  extinction  of  the  male  line ; and 
by  a decree  of  March,  1830,  established  the  old  Castilian 
law,  in  accordance  with  which  the  daughters  and  grand- 
daughters of  the  king  take  precedence  of  his  brothers  and 
nephews.  Ferdinand  died  Sept.  29,  1833,  without  male 
issue,  and  the  throne  descended  to  his  minor  daughter 
Isabella  Maria  II.,  who  was  placed  under  the  regency  of 
her  mother  Donna  Maria  Christina.  Carlos,  who  was  heir 
presumptive  to  the  throne  under  the  Salic  law,  refused  to 
recognize  the  pragmatic  sanction,  and  inaugurated,  with 
the  aid  of  the  Clericals  or  Absolutists,  a civil  war  which 
lasted  from  1833  to  1840.  (See  Cristinas.)  He  resigned 
his  claim  in  1845  to  his  son  Don  Carlos,  Duke  of  Monte- 
molin,  who  entered  Spain  with  3,000  men  in  1860,  but  was 
defeated  at  Tortosa,  and  made  prisoner.  His  claim  de- 
scended to  his  nephew  Don  Carlos  (III.),  who,  after  sev- 
eral short-lived  risings  in  his  name,  headed  a formidable 
insurrection  from  1873  to  1876.  Don  Carlos  III.  left  a son. 

Carlo  Buffone.  See  Buffone. 

Carlo  Khan  (kar'lo  kan).  A nickname  given 
to  Charles  James  Fox,  occasioned  by  the  intro- 
duction of  his  India  bill  into  Parliament  in  1783. 
Carlos  (kar'los).  [See  Charles.]  1.  The  treach- 
erous younger  brother  of  Biron  in  Southeme’s 
play  “Isabella.” — 2.  An  apathetic  pedant  in 
Cibber’s  comedy  “Love  Makes  a Man.”  He  is 
transformed  by  love  into  an  enthusiastic  and 
manly  fellow. 

Carlos  (kar'los),  Don.  Born  at  Valladolid, 
Spain,  July  8,  1545;  died  at  Madrid,  July  24, 
1568.  Eldest  son  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain  and 
Maria  of  Portugal.  He  received  the  homage  of  the 
estates  of  Castile  as  crown  prince  in  1560.  In  1567, 
angered  by  the  appointment  of  the  Duke  of  Alva  to  the 
governorship  of  the  Netherlands,  he  struck  at  the  duke 
with  a poniard  in  the  presence  of  the  king.  Having 
laid  plans  to  escape  from  Spain,  he  was  apprehended  by 
his  father,  Jan.  18,  1568,  and  a commission  was  appointed 
to  investigate  his  conduct.  He  died  in  prison  a few 
mouths  after,  the  manner  of  his  death  being  involved 
in  mystery.  Tragedies  with  Don  Carlos  as  subject  have 
been  written  by  Otway  (1676),  De  Campistron  (168"),  De 
Chenier  (1789),  Schiller  (1787),  andothers.  See  Don  Carlos. 

Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Maria  Jose  Isidoro  de 
Bourbon).  Born  March  29,  1788:  died  at  Tri- 
est,  Austria-Hungary,  March  10,  1855.  A pre- 
tender to  the  throne  of  Spain,  second  son  of 
Charles  IV.,  and  brother  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
He  was  in  1808  compelled  by  Napoleon  to  renounce,  with 
his  brother,  the  right  to  the  Spanish  succession,  and  was 
detained  with  his  brother  at  Valemjay  till  1814.  He  be- 
came after  the  restoration  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne, 
but  was  deprived  of  this  position  by  the  abolition  of  the 
Salic  law  through  the  pragmatic  sanction  of  March  29, 
1830,  and  by  the  birth  of  the  infanta  Maria  Isabella,  Oct. 
10,  1830.  On  the  death  of  Ferdinand,  Sept.  29,  1833,  he 
was  proclaimed  king  by  the  clerical  party,  and  was  rec- 
ognized by  the  pretender  Dom  Miguel  of  Portugal.  Re- 
sistance being  made  hopeless  by  the  Quadruple  Treaty, 
concluded  at  London,  April  22, 1834,  between  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, England,  and  France,  for  the  purpose  of  expelling  the 
two  pretenders  from  the  Spanish  peninsula,  he  embarked 
for  England  June  1, 1834.  He  returned  to  Spain,  however, 
and  appeared  at  the  headquarters  of  the  Absolutist  or 
Oarlist  insurgents  in  Navarre,  July  10, 1834,  but  was  forced 
by  the  capture  of  his  army  by  General  Espartero  to  seek 
refuge  across  the  French  border,  Sept.  14,  1839.  He  re- 
signed his  claims  to  his  son  Don  Carlos,  May  18,  1845, 
and  assumed  the  title  of  Count  de  Molina. 

Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Luis  Fernando  de  Bour- 
bon). Born  at  Madrid,  Jan.  31,  1818:  died 
at  Triest,  Austria-Hungary,  Jan.  13,  1861.  El- 
dest son  of  Don  Carlos  (1788-1855),  called  Count 
of  Montemolin,  pretender  to  the  throne  1845- 
1861.  He  headed  an  unsuccessful  rising  in  1860. 
Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Maria  de  los  Dolores 
Juan  Isidoro  Jose  Francisco,  Duke  of  Ma- 


drid). Born  March  30,  1848:  died  at  Varese, 
Italy,  July  18,  1909.  A pretender  to  the  Span- 
ish throne,  nephew  of  Don  Carlos  (1818-1861), 
and  son  of  Don  Juan,  who  abdicated  in  his 
favor  Oct.  3,  1868.  His  standard  was  raised  in  the 
north  of  Spain,  April  21,  1872,  and  he  himself  entered 
Spain  July  15,  1873.  The  war  was  carried  on  with  some 
measure  of  success  till  after  the  fall  of  the  republic  and 
the  proclamation  of  Alfonso  XII.  Tolosa,  the  last  Car- 
list  stronghold,  fell  in  Jan.,  1876.  After  the  death  of  Al- 
fonso XII.  Don  Carlos  did  not  prosecute  his  claims  in  the 
field.  He  left  a son,  Jaime  Jean  Charles  Alphonse  Phi- 
lippe, born  1870. 

Carlos,  Don.  The  principal  character  in  Cor- 
neille’s comedy  “Don  Sanche  d’ Aragon.”  He 
is  really  Don  Sanche,  the  heir  to  the  throne. 
Carlos,  Don.  The  extravagant  and  profligate 
husband  of  Victoria  in  Mrs.  Cowley’s  comedy 
“A  Bold  Stroke  for  a Husband.” 

Carlota  (kar-16'ta).  See  Charlotte. 

Carlota  Joaquina  (kiir-lo'ta,  zho-a-ke'na)  of 
Bourbon.  Bom  at  Madrid,  April  25,  1775: 
died  near  Lisbon,  1830.  A queen  of  Portugal, 
daughter  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain,  she  married 
in  1790  Joao,  infante  of  Portugal,  afterward  Joao  VI.  In 
1807  she  fled  with  the  royal  family  of  Portugal  to  Brazil, 
and  remained  there  until  1821.  She  encouraged  the  in- 
trigues of  her  favorite  son,  Dom  Miguel,  who  in  1828 
usurped  the  crown. 

Carlovingian(kar-lo-vin'ji-an)  Cycle.  A group 
of  medieval  poems  dealing  with  the  exploits  of 
Charles  the  Great  and  his  nobles. 
Carlovingians.  See  CaroKngians. 

Carlovitz,  or  Carlowitz.  See  Karlowitz. 
Carlow  (kar'lo).  An  inland  comity  in  Leinster, 
Ireland.  It  is  an  important  dairy  country. 
Area,  349  square  miles.  Population,  37,748. 
Carlow,  Ir.  Catherlogh  (kath'er-loch).  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Carlow,  Ireland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Barrow  in  lat.  52°  51'  N.,  long.  6° 
56'  W.  it  was  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1650, 
and  was  the  scene  of  an  insurgent  defeat  in  1798.  Near 
the  river  are  the  ruins  of  a castle  supposed  to  have  been 
founded  by  Hugh  de  Lacy.  Population,  6,513. 

Carlowitz  (kar'lo-vits),  Peace  of.  A peace 
concluded  Jan.  26, 1699,  for  twenty-five  years, 
between  Austria,  Poland,  Russia,  Venice,  and 
Turkey,  by  the  mediation  of  England  and  the 
Netherlands.  Austria  received  the  portion  of  Hungary 
between  the  Danube  and  Theiss,  and  was  allowed  to  ap- 
propriate Transylvania  ; Russia  received  Azoif ; Poland  re- 
gained Podolia  and  the  Ukraine ; and  Venice  retained  the 
Morea. 

The  treaty  of  Carlowitz  is  memorable,  not  only  on  ac- 
count of  the  magnitude  of  the  territorial  change  which  it 
ratified  ; not  only  because  it  marks  the  period  when  men 
ceased  to  dread  the  Ottoman  Empire  as  an  aggressive 
power ; hut,  also,  because  it  was  then  that  the  Porte  and 
Russia  took  part,  for  the  first  time,  in  a general  European 
Congress ; and  because,  by  admitting  to  tiiat  congress  the 
representatives  of  England  and  Holland,  neitherof  which 
states  was  a party  to  the  war,  both  the  Sultan  and  the 
Czar  thus  admitted  the  principle  of  intervention  of  the 
European  powers,  one  with  another,  for  the  sake  of  the 
general  good.  Creasy,  Hist,  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,  p.  319. 

Carlsbad.  See  Karlsbad. 

Carlsburg.  See  Karlsburg. 

Carlscrona.  See  Karlskrona. 

Carlshamn.  See  Karlsliamn. 

Carlson  (karl'son),  Fredrik  Ferdinand.  Born 
in  Upland,  Sweden,  June  13,  1811:  died  at 
Stockholm,  March  18,  1887.  A Swedish  histo- 
rian and  politician.  He  was  minister  of  eccle- 
siastical affairs  1863-70  and  1875-78. 
Carlsruhe.  See  Karlsruhe. 

Carlstad.  See  Karlstad. 

Carlstadt.  See  Karlstadt. 

Carlton  (karl'ton),  The.  A London  club  es- 
tablished in  1832.  It  is  a political  club,  strictly  Con- 
servative, founded  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  It  held  its 
first  meeting  in  1831.  Its  present  house  is  at  94  Pall  Mall, 
S.  W. 

Carlton  House.  A house  formerly  standing  in 
what  is  now  Carlton  House  Terrace,  London. 
It  was  built  for  Henry  Boyle,  Lord  Carlton,  in  1709,  and  in 
1732  was  occupied  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  afterward 
by  the  prince  regent  (George  IV.).  It  was  removed  in 
1827  to  make  room  for  Waterloo  Place. 

Carluke  (kar'lok).  A mining  town  iu  Lanark- 
shire, Scotland,  southeast  of  Glasgow. 

Carlyle  (kar-lil'),  Alexander.  Born  at  Pres- 
tonpans,  Scotland,  Jan.  26,  1722 : died  at  In- 
veresk,  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  25,  1805.  A 
Scotch  clergyman,  minister  at  Inveresk  from 
1748  until  his  death.  He  wrote  an  “Autobiography” 
(edited  by  John  Hill  Burton,  1860),  some  political  and 
other  pamphlets,  etc.  He  was  a man  of  genial  character, 
and  the  intimate  friend  of  Hume,  Smollett,  and  other 
Scottish  men  of  letters.  His  patronage  of  the  theater  was 
a cause  of  scandal  in  the  Scottish  Church. 

Carlyle,  Jane  Baillie  Welsh.  Born  at  Had- 
dington, Scotland,  July  14,  1801 : died  while 
driving  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  April  21, 1866. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  John  Welsh,  a sur- 
geon of  Haddington,  and  was  noted  for  her 


Carmel 

wit  and  beauty.  She  married  Thomas  Carlyle,  at 
Templand,  Oct.  17,  1826.  Her  letters  and  memorials  were 
edited  by  J.  A.  Froude  in  1883. 

Carlyle,  John  Aitken.  Born  at  Ecclefeehan, 
Dumfriesshire,  July  7,  1801 : died  at  Dumfries, 
Dec.  15,  1879.  A Scottish  physician,  younger 
brother  of  Thomas  Carlyle.  From  1831  to  1843  he 
was  traveling  physician,  first  to  Lady  Clare,  and  then  to 
the  Duke  of  Buccleuch.  In  1852  he  married,  and  after 
the  death  of  his  wife  (1854)  resided  in  Edinburgh.  He 
published  a translation  of  Dante's  “Iuferno  ” (1849). 

Carlyle,  Joseph  Dacre.  Born  at  Carlisle, 
England,  1759 : died  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
England,  April  12, 1804.  An  English  Oriental- 
ist. He  was  a graduate  of  Cambridge  University,  pro- 
fessor of  Arabic  in  1795,  and  chancellor  of  Carlisle  in  1793. 
He  published  “ Specimens  of  Arabic  Poetry  ” (1796), 
“Poems,  suggested  chiefly  by  scenes  in  Asia  Minor, 
Syria,  and  Greece  ” (1805). 

Carlyle,  Thomas.  Born  at  Ecclefeehan,  Dum- 
friesshire, Dec.  4,  1795  : died  at  Chelsea,  Lon- 
don, Eeb.  4,  1881.  A celebrated  Scottish  es- 
sayist and  historian.  He  was  educated  at  Annan 
Grammar  School  and  Edinburgh  University  (which  he 
entered  in  the  fall  of  1809) ; became  mathematical  tutor 
at  Annan  in  1814,  and  schoolmaster  at  Kirkcaldy,  with  Ir- 
ving, in  1816  ; removed  to  Edinburgh,  Dec.,  1819,  to  study 
law,  supporting  himseU  by  giving  lessons  in  mathemat- 
ics and  by  writing  for  encyclopedias;  became  tutor  of 
Charles  and  Arthur  Duller  in  the  spring  of  1822 ; visited 
London  and  Paris  1824-25;  married  Jane  Baillie  Welsh, 
Oct.  17,  1826,  and  resided  at  Comely  Bank,  Edinburgh  ; 
removed  May,  1828,  to  Craigenputtoch,  where  he  remained 
until  1834  ; and  settled  at  6 (now  24)  Cheyne  Row,  Chelsea, 
June  10, 1834.  He  waselected  rectorof  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity, delivering  the  usual  address,  April  2,  1866 ; and  In 
1874  he  received  the  Prussian  Order  of  Merit.  He  pub- 
lished a large  number  of  essays  and  brief  articles,  a 
“Life  of  Schiller"  (in  the  “London  Magazine”  1823-24, 
and  separately  1825),  a translation  of  Goethe’s  “Wilhelm 
Meister  ” (1824),  a translation  of  Legendre's  “ Elements  of 
Geometry  and  Trigonometry  ” (1824),  “ Specimens  of  Ger- 
man Romance ” (1827),  “Sartor  Resartus"  (in  “Fraser's 
Magazine  " 1833-34,  and  separately,  Boston,  1835 ; English 
ed.  1838),  “The  French  Revolution  ” (1837),  “Chartism" 
(1839),  “Heroes  and  Hero-worship”  (1841),  “Past  and 
Present  ”(1843),“  Oliver  Cromwell’s  Letters  and  Speeches  " 
(1845),  “Latter-day  Pamphlets"  (1850),  “Life  of  John 
Sterling  ” (1851),  “ History  of  Frederick  the  Great  ” (1858- 
1865).  His  complete  works  were  published,  1872-74,  in 
thirty-seven  volumes ; “People's  Edition.”  1871.  “ Remi- 
niscences," edited  by  Froude  (1881).  Life  by  Froude. 
“ Thomas  Carlyle  : A History  of  the  First  Forty  Years  of 
his  Life  ” (1882). 

Carrnagnoia  (kar-man-yo'la).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mella 
15  miles  south-southeast  of  Turin.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Bussone,  associated  with  the  “Carmagnole" 
according  to  one  version  of  its  origin. 

Carrnagnoia,  originally  Francesco  Bussone. 

Born  at  Carrnagnoia,  Italy,  about  1390:  executed 
at  Venice,  May  5, 1432.  An  Italian  condottiere, 
in  the  service  of  Milan  and  Venice. 

Carmagnole  (kar-ma-nyol'),  La.  A song  and 
dance  popular  during  the  French  Revolution. 
It  rivaled  “Qa  ira."  The  tune  originated  in  Provence, 
and  was  probably  a country-dance  tune.  It  was  adapted 
to  a patriotic  song  written  in  Aug.  or  Sept.,  1792.  The 
original  song  was  military  only,  and  not  the  bloody  “Car- 
magnole des  Royalistes”  of  1793.  The  last  lines  of  the 
stanzas  in  all  the  versions,  however,  were 
“Dansons  la  Carmagnole, 

Vivele  son,  vive  le  son  ! 

Dansons  la  Carmagnole, 

Vive  le  son  du  canon  ! ” 

Carmauia  (kar-ma'ni-a).  The  ancient  name 
of  a region  in  southern  Persia,  now  called  Kir- 
man. 

Carmarthen, or  Caermarthen(kar-mfir'THen). 

The  capital  of  Carmarthenshire,  Wales,  situ- 
ated ou  the  Towy  in  lat.  51°  51'  N.,  long.  4° 
22'  W. : said  to  be  the  Roman  Maridunum. 
Population,  10,025. 

Carmarthenshire  (kar-mar'THen-shir).  A 
county  of  South  Wales,  bounded  by  Cardigan 
on  the  north,  Brecknock  and  Glamorgan  on 
the  east,  Carmarthen  Bay  on  the  south,  and 
Pembroke  on  the  west.  Area  (ad.  co.),  918.4 
square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  135,328. 

Carmel  (kar'mel).  [Heb.,  ‘park’  (?).]  1.  A 
mountain-ridge  in  Palestine  which  branches  off 
from  the  mountains  of  Samaria,  and  stretches 
in  a long  line  to  the  northwest  toward  the 
Mediterranean.  It  fell  within  the  lot  of  the  tribe  of 
Asher,  and  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament. 
It  was  the  scene  of  many  of  the  deeds  of  the  two  great 
prophets  Elijali  and  Elisha.  The  mountain  is  formed  of 
hard  gray  limestone  with  nodules  and  veins  of  flint, 
abounds  in  caves,  and  is  covered  with  a rich  vegetation. 
The  highest  part  of  the  mountain,  its  northwestern  end, 
rises  1,742  feet  above  the  sea.  Its  grottoes  were  the 
abodes  of  Christian  hermits  from  the  early  times  of  Chris- 
tianity. In  1207  they  were  organized  into  the  order  of 
Carmelites,  and  their  monastery  is  situated  480  feet  above 
the  sea,  where  the  mountain  slopes  down  to  a promontory 
in  the  direction  of  the  sea. 

2.  A city  in  the  mountains  of  Judah  (Josh.  xv. 
55).  The  modern  ruins  of  Kurmul  are  situated 
about  seven  miles  below  Hebron,  in  a slightly 
southeast  direction. 


Carmen 

Carmen  (kar'men).  1.  A story  by  Prosper 
M4rimee,  published  iu  1847.  — 2.  An  opera 
(words  by  Meilhac  and  Halevy)  founded  on 
Merimeo’s  story,  with  music  by  Bizet,  first  pro- 
duced at  the  Op6ra  Comique,  March  3, 1875. 
Carmen  Seculare  (kar'men  sek-u-la're).  [L., 

‘ secular  hymn.’]  A hymn  composed  by  Horace 
on  the  occasion  of  the  “ Secular  Games,”  17  B.  c. 
Carmen  Sylva  (kar'men  sil'vii).  The  pseu- 
donym of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Rumania. 
Carmontel,  or  Carmontelle  (kar-mon-tel') 
(Louis  Carrogis).  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  25, 1717 : 
died  there,  Dec.  26, 1806.  A French  dramatist, 
author  of  “Proverbes  dramatiques”  (1768- 
1811),  “Theatre  de  campagne”  (1775). 

Carnac  (kar-nak' ).  [ML.  Carnacus,  prob.  from 
* Camus,  sing,  of  Carni,  name  of  a Gallo-Ligu- 
rian  tribe.]  1.  A town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  situated  18  miles  southeast 
of  Lorient.  It  is  famous  for  its  ancient  remains,  in- 
cluding the  menhirs,  or  prehistoric  upright  stones,  com- 
posing three  groups  arranged  in  rows  or  avenues,  and 
numbering  in  all  about  1,000.  The  stones  are  unworked 
blocks  of  granite,  hoary  with  lichens,  set  in  the  ground 
at  their  smaller  euds,  and  some  of  them  16  feet  high. 
The  object  of  these  remarkable  monuments  is  unknown  : 
they  were  not  sepulchral.  Many  tumuli,  dolmens,  and 
other  similar  monuments  exist  in  the  neighborhood, 
abounding  in  remains  of  the  age  of  polished  stone.  Pop* 
ulation,  commune,  3,156. 

2.  See  Earnak. 

Carnarvon,  or  Caernarvon  (kar-nar'von).  The 
chief  towu  of  Carnarvonshire,  Wales:  a sea- 
port and  watering-place.  It  is  situated  on  the  Menai 
Strait,  in  lat.  53°  9'  N.,  long.  4°  17'  W.  It  is  near  the  Ro- 
man station  Segontium,  and  contains  a castle,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  surviving  medieval  strongholds.  It  was  found- 
ed by  Edward  I.  toward  the  end  of  the  13th  century.  Its 
battlemented  towers  are  polygonal,  each  surmounted  by 
a slender  turret  of  similar  form.  The  castle  has  been  in 
part  restored,  and  contains  some  public  offices.  Popula- 
tion, 9,760. 

Carnarvon,  Earl  of.  See  Dormer  and  Herbert. 
Carnarvonshire  (kar-niir' von-shir) . A county 
in  North  Wales,  lying  between  Beaumaris  Bay 
on  the  north,  Denbigh  on  the  east,  Merioneth 
and  Cardigan  Bay  on  the  south,  and  the  Menai 
Strait  and  Irish  Sea  on  the  west.  Its  surface  is 
mountainous,  as  it  contains  the  Snowdon  range.  It  has 
rich  mineral  deposits,  particularly  slate.  Area  (ad.  co.), 
572  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  126,883. 

Carnatic,  or  Karnatic  (kar-nat'ik),  The.  A 
name  formerly  given  to  a country  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  British  India,  extending  from  Cape 
Comorin  to  about  lat.  16°  N.  It  is  now  included 
In  the  governorship  of  Madras.  It  was  governed  in  the 
18th  century  by  the  nawab  at  Arcot,  who  was  vassal  to 
the  Nizam  of  Hyderabad.  It  passed  under  British  admin- 
istration about  1801 ; the  last  nawab  died  in  1853. 
Carnaval  de  Venise  (kar-na-val'  de  ve-nez'). 
[P.,  ‘ Carnival  of  Venice.’]  A popular  air 
heard  by  Paganini  in  Venice,  which  he  embroi- 
dered with  a series  of  burlesque  variations,  and 
which  became  a favorite  all  over  the  world. 
Ambroise  Thomas  introduced  the  air  in  the  overture  to 
his  opera  to  which  he  gave  the  same  name,  and  which  he 
produced  Dec.  9,  1853. 

Carne  (kar-na'),  Louis  Marcien,  Comte  de. 
Bora  1804:  died,  1876.  A French  publicist. 
II is  works  include  “Etudes  sur  1’histoire  du  gouverne- 
ment  repr^sentatif  en  France  de  1789  ii  1848  (1855),  etc. 

Carneades  (kar-ne'a-dez).  Born  at  Cyrene 
about  213  B.  C. : died  129  B.  c.  A Greek  skep- 
tical philosopher  and  rhetorician,  called  the 
* founder  of  the  third  or  New  Academy. 
Carnegie  (kar-na  'gi),  Andrew.  Born  at  Dun- 
fermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  25,  1835.  A Scotch- 
American  steel-manufacturer  and  philanthrop- 
ist. His  father  was  a weaver.  In  1848  he  emigrated  to 
the  United  States,  went  to  Pittsburgh,  acquired  wealth  by 
various  speculative  operations,  and  established  iron  and 
steel  works  which  have  become  the  largest  in  the  world. 
He  has  given  large  sums  for  the  founding  of  educational 
institutions,  libraries,  etc.  He  has  written  “Round  the 
World"  (1884),  “Triumphant  Democracy”  (1886),  etc. 

Carneia  (kar-ne'ya).  [Gr.  Kdpveta.]  A Spartan 
festival,  lasting  9 days,  in  the  month  of  August. 

The  Carneian  festival  fell  in  the  Spartan  month  Carneius, 
the  Athenian  Metageitnion,  corresponding  nearly  to  our 
August.  It  was  held  in  honour  of  Apollo  Carneius,  a deity 
worshipped  from  very  ancient  times  in  the  Peloponnese, 
especially  at  Amyclae.  Midler  (Orcliom.,  p.  327)  supposes 
this  worship  to  have  been  brought  to  Arayclse  from 
Thebes  by  the  iEgidae.  It  appears  certainly  to  have  been 
anterior  to  the  Dorian  conquest  (Dorians,  vol.  i.  pp.  373- 
375,  E.  T.).  The  Spartan  festival  is  said  to  have  been  in- 
stituted B.  0.  676  (Athen.  xiv.  p.  635,  E.;  Euseb.  Chron. 
Can.  pars  i.  c.  33).  It  was  of  a warlike  character,  like  the 
Athenian  Boedromia.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  167,  note. 

CJarneiro  de  Campos  (kar-na'ro  de  kam'pos), 
Jose  Joaquim,  Marquis  of  Caravellas.  Born 
March  4, 1768 : died  Sept.  8,  1836.  A Brazilian 
statesman.  He  was  one  of  three  regents  chosen  in 
April,  1831,  to  govern  during  the  minority  of  Pedro  II. 

Carneiro  Leao  (kiir-na'ro  la -an'),  Honorio 
Hermeto.  Born  at  Jaeahy,  Minas  Geraes,  Jan. 


218 

11,  1801:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Sept.  3,  1856. 
A Brazilian  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice 
Sept.,  1832, -March,  1833 ; prime  minister  from  Jan.  20, 
1843,  to  Feb.,  1844;  president  successively  of  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro and  Pernambuco ; envoy  to  the  Platine  States ; and 
again  prime  ministerfrom  Dec.  5, 1854,  until  his  death.  He 
was  marquis  of  Parani  from  Dec.,  1854. 

Carni  (kar'ni).  In  ancient  history,  an  Alpine 
tribe  (probably  Celtic)  inhabiting  the  moun- 
tainous region  between  Venetia  and  Noricum: 
conquered  by  the  Roman  Scaurus,  115  B.  C. 

Carnic  Alps  (kar'nik  alps).  [L.  Carnicus,  Gr. 
Kapvacdc;,  from  Carni.']  A division  of  the  Alps  in 
northeastern  Italy,  and  in  Carinthia  and  Tyrol. 

Carnicer  (kar-ne-thar'),  Ramon.  Born  at  Tar- 
rega,  in  Lerida,  Spain,  Oct.  24,  1789:  died  at 
Madrid,  March  17,  1855.  A Spanish  composer 
of  operas,  songs,  and  church  music.  His  best 
opera  is  “El  Colon”  (1831). 

Carnifex  Ferry  (kar'ni-feks  fer'i).  A place 
near  Gauley  River,  Nicholas  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia. Here,  Sept.  10,  1861,  the  Federals  under  Rose- 
crans  repulsed  the  Confederates  under  Floyd. 

Carniola  (kar-ni-o'la).  [G.  Erain.]  A crown- 
land  of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary. It  is  bounded  by  Carinthia  and  Styria  on  the 
north,  Croatia  on  the  east,  Croatia,  Fiume,  and  Kiisten- 
land  on  the  south,  and  Kiistenland  on  the  west.  Its  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  traversed  by  the  Julian  and  Carnic 
Alps,  and  the  Save  valley  lies  in  the  north.  It  has  mines 
of  coal,  quicksilver,  iron,  and  manganese.  It  has  12 
representatives  in  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  a Landtag 
of  50  members.  Its  capital  is  Laibach.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  The  vast  majority  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Slovenes,  with  some  thousands  of  Germans 
and  Croats.  It  was  comprised  in  the  ancient  Noricum 
and  Pannonia.  Colonized  by  Slovenes  and  conquered  by 
Charles  the  Great.  It  was  a medieval  mark  and  duchy, 
and  has  been  ruled  by  the  house  of  Hapsburg  since  1282. 
It  was  a part  of  the  Illyrian  provinces  under  Napoleon, 
and  was  restored  to  Austria  in  1814.  It  became  a crown- 
land  in  1849.  Area,  3,856  square  miles.  Population, 
525,083,  (1910). 

Carnot  (kar-no'),  Lazare  Hippolyte.  Bom 

at  St.  Omer,  France,  April  6,  1801 : died  at 
Paris,  March  16,  1888.  A French  politician 
and  publicist,  son  of  Lazare  Nicolas  Margue- 
rite Carnot.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction 
1848,  was  member  of  the  Corps  Legislatif  1863-69,  and  be- 
came life  senator  in  1875. 

Carnot,  Lazare  Nicolas  Marguerite.  Born 
at  Nolay,  Burgundy,  France,  May  13,  1753 : 
died  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Aug.  2,  1823.  A 
celebrated  French  statesman,  strategist,  and 
man  of  science.  He  was  a deputy  to  the  Legislative 
Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  1792,  and  served 
with  great  distinction  as  war  minister  1793-95,  his  suc- 
cessful labors  winning  him  the  popular  title  of  “organ- 
izer of  victory."  He  was  a member  of  the  Directory  1795- 
1797;  tribune  1802-07;  governor  of  Antwerp  1814;  and  min- 
ister of  the  interior  under  Napoleon,  1815.  He  wrote 
“ Sur  la  metaphysique  du  calcul  infinitesimal  ” (1797),  etc. 

Carnot,  Marie  Francois  Sadi.  Bom  at  Li- 
moges, Aug.  11,  1837 : died  at  Lyons,  June  24, 
1894.  A French  statesman,  son  of  Lazare 
Hippolyte  Carnot.  He  became  prefect  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine- Infbrieure  and  member  of  the  National  As- 
sembly in  1871  ; was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
in  1876 ; became  under  secretary  of  state  in  the  depart- 
ment of  public  works,  Aug.  26,  1878 ; and  minister  of  pub- 
lic works  under  Ferry  Sept.  23,  1880.  He  was  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Chamber  1883-84  ; minister  of  finance  1885-86 ; 
and  was  elected  president  of  the  republic  Dec.  3,  1887. 
He  was  assassinated  by  an  anarchist. 

Carnot,  Nicolas  Leonard  Sadi.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  1,  1796:  died  there,  Aug.  24,  1832. 
A noted  French  physicist.  His  most  noted  work  is 
“Reflexions  sur  la  puissance  motrice  du  feu  et  les  ma- 
chines propres  k ddvelopper  cette  puissance”  (1824),  fa- 
mous in  the  history  of  modern  physics. 

Carnutes  (kar-nu'tez),  or  Carnuti  (-ti).  An 
ancient  tribe  of  central  Gaul,  living  in  the 
vicinity  of  Orl6ans  and  Chartres.  They  were 
at  war  with  Caesar  52-51  b.  c. 

Car  of  Juggernaut.  See  Juggernaut. 

Carolan  (kar'o-lan),  Turlogh.  Born  at  New- 
town, near  Nobber,  Westmeath,  Ireland,  about 
1670:  died  March  25,  1738.  An  Dish  itinerant 
minstrel. 

Carolina  (kar-o-li'nii).  [Fern,  of  ML.  Carolus, 
Charles.  See  Caroline.]  See  North  Carolina 
and  South  Carolina. 

Carolina  Maria  (ka-ro-le'na,  ma-re'ii),  Queen 
of  Naples.  Born  at  Vienna,  Aug.  13,  1752: 
died  at  Schonbrunn,  near  Vienna,  Sept.  8, 
1814.  A daughter  of  Francis  I.,  emperor  of 
Germany,  and  wife  of  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Naples. 
She  caused  Acton’s  appointment  as  prime  min- 
ister in  1784. 

Caroline  (kar'6-lin),  Amelia  Elizabeth.  [NL. 

Carolina:  see  Carolina.]  Born  May  17,  1768: 
died  Aug.  7, 1821.  Queen  of  George  IV.  of  Eng- 
land, and  second  daughter  of  Charles  William 
Ferdinand,  duke  of  Brunswick,  and  Augusta, 
sister  of  George  HI.  She  married  George,  then 


Carpathus 

prince  of  Wales,  April  8,  1796  ; was  abandoned  by  the 
prince  in  1796  (a  formal  separation);  lived  iu  retirement 
until  1813;  traveled  abroad  1813-20 ; returned  to  England 
J une  5, 1820  ; and  was  accused  of  adultery  and  tried  before 
the  House  of  Lords,  Aug. , 1820.  The  trial  was  abandoned 
Nov.  10, 1820.  Her  domestic  troubles  and  trial  played  an 
important  part  in  English  politics.  Throughout  she  had 
strong  popular  support. 

Caroline  Matilda.  Born  at  London,  July  22, 
1751 : died  at  Celle,  Germany,  May  11,  1775. 
Queen  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  wife  of  Chris- 
tian VII.,  and  youngest  child  of  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales.  She  was  married  Nov.  8,  1766;  be- 
came involved  in  an  amour  with  Struensee,  court  physi- 
cian 6 ater  created,  through  her  influence  and  the  imbecility 
of  the  king,  a count  and  raised  to  the  most  influential  po- 
sition in  the  state),  and  in  various  political  complications ; 
and  was  arrested  with  Struensee  and  others  on  the  night 
of  Jan.  16-17,  1772,  and  banished. 

Caroline,  Wilhelmina.  Born  March  1,  1683: 
died  Nov.  20, 1737.  Queen  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  wife  of  George  H.,  and  daughter  of 
John  Frederick,  margrave  of  Brandenburg- 
Ansbach.  She  married  George,  then  electoral  prince 
of  Hanover,  Sept.  2, 1705;  went  to  England  on  the  acces- 
sion of  George  I. ; ascended  the  throne  June  11,  1727 ; 
took  an  active  part  in  politics,  and  was  a firm  supporter 
of  Walpole;  and  several  times  acted  as  regent  during  the 
absence  of  the  king.  Her  hitter  hostility  toward  her 
eldest  son,  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  was  notorious. 
She  is  introduced  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  “The  Heart  of 
Mid-Lothian,”  where  Jeanie  Deans  has  an  interview  with 
her  at  Richmond. 

Carolines  (kar'6-llnz),  or  Caroline  Islands. 

An  archipelago  in  the  Pacific,  in  lat.  3°-ll° 
N.,  long.  137°— 163°  E.  The  name  includes  usually  the 
Pelew  Islands.  The  chief  islands  are  Yap,  Ponape,  Strong 
Island,  Babel-thouap,  and  Rouk.  Its  inhabitants  are  Poly- 
nesians. The  dispute  between  Spain  and  Germany  in  1885 
regarding  Yap  was  settled  in  favor  of  Spain.  Purchased 
by  Germany  in  1899. 

Carolingia,  or  Karolingia  (kar-o-lin'ji-a).  A 
name  given  to  the  western  kingdom  of  the 
Franks,  the  nucleus  of  the  modern  France. 

Carolingians  (kar-5-lin'ji-anz),  or  Carlovin- 
gians  (kar-lo-vin'ji-anz).  [F.  Carlovingiens, 
G.  Earolinger.]  A royal  house  descended  from 
Frankish  lords  in  Austrasia  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. It  furnished  the  2d  dynasty  of  French  kings 
(751-987),  a dynasty  of  German  emperors  and  kings  (752- 
911),  and  a dynasty  of  Italian  sovereigns  (774-961). 

Carolus  Duran.  See  Duran. 

Caron,  or  Carron  (ka-ron'),  Franciscus.  Born 
in  Holland,  of  French  parents:  died  1674.  A 
navigator.  He  went  to  Japan  in  his  youth,  became 
a member  of  the  Dutch  Council  of  the  Indies,  was  ap- 
pointed director-general  of  the  French  commerce  in  India 
by  Colbert  in  1666,  and  was  drowned  near  Lisbon  in  1674 
as  he  was  returning  to  France  from  the  East.  Author  of 
a “Description  of  Japan”  (Dutch),  1636. 

Caron  (ka-ron'),  Rene  fidouard.  Born  in  Ste. 
Anne,  Cote  de  Beauprd,  Canada,  1800:  died  Dec. 
13, 1876.  A Canadian  politician  and  jurist.  He 
became  judge  of  the  Court  of  Queen’s  Bench  in  1853,  served 
as  commissioner  for  codifying  the  laws  of  Lower  Canada 
in  1857,  and  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
province  of  Quebec  in  February,  1873,  which  post  he  re- 
tained untE  his  death. 

Caroor.  See  Earur. 

Carouge  (kii-rozh').  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Arve  ad- 
joining Geneva.  Population,  7,437. 

Carpaccio  (kar-pa'cho),  Vittore.  Born  in  Is- 
tria,  1450  (?):  died  after  1522.  A Venetian 
painter.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  He  was  a pupil 
of  the  elder  Vivarini,  and  afterward  of  GentUe  Bellini. 
He  is  reported  to  have  accompanied  Bellini  to  Constanti- 
nople, to  which  experience  may  be  attributed  his  fondness 
for  Oriental  costumes  in  his  pictures.  The  great  series  of 
subjects  from  the  life  of  St.  Ursula,  in  the  academy  at 
Venice,  gives  the  best  as  well  as  the  most  favorable  con- 
ception of  his  work  executed  after  1490.  The  series  of 
pictures  in  San  Giorgio  degli  Schiavoni  which  Ruskin 
has  made  so  prominent  was  painted  by  the  order  of  the 
Hospice  of  St.  George,  1502-08. 

Carpani  (kiir-pa'ne),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Vil- 
lalbese,  near  Milan,  Jan.  28, 1752 : died  at  Vien- 
na, Jan.  22,  1825.  An  Italian  librettist  and  mu- 
sical writer.  He  published  “La  Haydine”  (a 
work  on  Haydn,  1812). 

Carpathian  (kar-pa'thi-an)  Mountains.  [G. 

Ear  paten,  L.  *Carpates,'  Gr.  Kap-amc  (Ptol- 
emy).] A mountain  system  in  central  Europe. 

It  extends  from  Presburg  in  Austria-Hungary  in  a semi- 
circle, separating  Hungary  and  Transylvania  on  one  side 
from  Moravia,  Silesia,  Galicia,  Bukowina,  and  Rumania  on 
the  other.  Its  chief  divisions  are  the  West  Carpathians 
(or  Beskiden),  the  Central  Carpathians  (containing  the 
T;itra  Mountains,  Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  — 8,737  feet),  East 
Carpathians  (Ostbeskiden),  and  Transylvanian  Alps  (Ne- 
goi,  8,320  feet).  It  is  noted  for  mineral  wealth. 

Carpathian  Sea,  L.  Carpathium  Mare  (kar- 

pa'thi-umma're).  The  ancient  name  for  a small 
lart  of  the  JEgean  Sea  lying  north  of  Carpathus. 
ar  pathus  ( kar  'pa-thus  ),  or  Kar  pathos  (-thos ) . 
[Gr.  Kapn-aiiof.]  An  island  in  the  iEgean  Sea 
southwest  of  Rhodes : the  modem  Skarpanto 
or  Karpathos.  It  belongs  to  Turkey.  In  ancient 
times  it  was  under  Rhodian  rule.  Length,  32  miles. 


Carpeanx 

Carpeaux  (kar-po'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at 

Valenciennes,  France,  May  11,  1827 : died  at 
the  Castle  of  Beeon,  near  Asnieres,  Oct.  11, 
1875.  A noted  French  sculptor.  He  studied  first 
at  the  foole  d’Architecture  of  Valenciennes,  and  later 
went  to  Paris  where  he  remained  until  1844.  He  was  as- 
sociated with  Chapu  and  Charles  Garnier,  and  was  a pupil 
of  Rude  and  Duret.  In  1853  he  made  the  bas-relief  of 
the  ‘ * Submission  of  Abd-el-Kadir  ” (which  secured  for  him 
the  interest  of  Napoleon  III.)  for  the  pavilion  de  Rohan 
du  Louvre ; Sept.  9, 1854,  he  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome 
with  “Hector  and  Astyanax.”  Most  of  his  works  are  in 
Paris. 

Carpentaria  (kar-pen-ta'ri-a),  Gulf  of.  A gulf 
which  indents  the  northern  coast  of  Australia, 
west  of  Cape  York  peninsula.  Width,  300-400 
miles.  Named  (1644)  for  Captain  Pieter  Car- 
penter. 

Carpenter  (kar'pen-ter),  Lant.  Born  at  Kid- 
derminster, Sept.  2, 1780 : drowned  off  the  Ital- 
ian coast  (probably  washed  overboard),  April 
5,  1840.  An  English  Unitarian  clergyman,  pas- 
tor at  Exeter  1805-17,  and  subsequently  at 
Bristol.  He  wrote  an  “ Introduction  to  the  Geography 
of  the  New  Testament"  (1806),  a “Harmony,  a synoptical 
arrangement  of  the  Gospels  ” (1835),  etc. 

Carpenter,  Mary.  Born  at  Exeter,  April  3, 
1807 : died  at  Bristol,  June  14,  1877.  Au  Eng- 
lish philanthropist  and  writer,  eldest  child  of 
Rev.  Lant  Carpenter,  and  sister  of  William 
Benjamin  Carpenter,  she  founded  a girls’  school  at 
Bristol  in  1829 ; established  various  societies  and  schools 
for  the  poor,  and  reformatories ; visited  India  1866-67,  to 
study  the  education  of  Indian  women  1868-69,  when  she 
took  charge  of  a female  normal  school  at  Bombay  1869-70, 
and  for  the  last  time  1875-76;  and  visited  the  United 
States  and  Canada  in  1873,  speaking  on  prison  reform. 

Carpenter,  Matthew  Hale.  Born  at  Moro- 
town,  Vt.,  Dec.  22,  1824:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Feb.  24,  1881.  An  American  politician 
and  lawyer,  United  States  senator  from  Wis- 
consin 1869-75  and  1879-81. 

Carpenter,  William  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Exe- 
ter, Oct.  29,  1813:  died  at  London,  Nov.  19, 
1885.  A noted  English  naturalist,  eldest  son 
of  Rev.  Lant  Carpenter.  He  studied  medicine  at 
University  College,  London,  and  at  the  Edinburgh  Medi- 
cal School,  graduating  at  the  latter  institution  ; became 
Fullerian  professor  of  physiology  at  the  Royal  Institution 
(1844),  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  (1844),  prof  essorof  foren- 
sic medicine  at  University  College,  lecturer  on  geology 
at  the  British  Museum,  Principal  of  University  Hall 
(1851-59),  and  registrar  of  the  University  of  London  (1856- 
1879).  He  took  part  as  naturalist  in  several  expeditions 
for  deep-sea  exploration  — in  the  Lightning  (1868),  between 
the  north  of  Ireland  and  the  Faroe  Islands  ; in  the  Porcu- 
pine (1869-70) ; in  the  Shearwater  (1871),  between  Great 
Britain  and  Portugal ; and  in  the  Challenger  (1872-76).  He 
published  numerous  papers  on  physiological  and  zoologi- 
cal topics,  including  “The  Principles  of  General  and  Com- 
parative Physiology"  (1839:  “Comparative  Physiology" 
separately  published  1854),  “A  Popular  Cyclopedia  of 
Science  ” (1843),  “Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Fora- 
minifera”  (1862),  “The  Microscope  and  its  Revelations  ” 
(1856),  “ The  Principles  of  Mental  Physiology  ” (1874),  etc. 

Carpentras  (kar-poh-tras').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vaueluse,  southeastern  France 
(the  ancient  Carpentoracte),  on  the  river  Au- 
zon  15  miles  northeast  of  Avignon.  It  contains 
many  antiquities.  Population,  10,721. 

Carpi  (kar'pe).  A town  in  the  province  of  Mo- 
dena, Italy,  situated  10  miles  north-northwest 
of  Modena.  Its  cathedral  was  built  by  Peruzzi  in  1520, 
and  is  interesting  as  based  on  Bramante's  design  for  St. 
Peter’s.  A fragment  in  the  sanctuary,  with  some  curious 
sculpture,  belongs  to  the  original  cathedral  of  the  11th 
century.  Population,  7,296 ; commune,  22,932. 

Carpi.  A village  in  the  province  of  Verona, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige  28  miles  southeast 
of  Verona.  It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of 
Prince  Eugene  over  the  French  under  Catinat 
in  1701. 

Carpini  (kar-pe'ne),  Giovanni  Piano.  Born 
near  Perugia,  about  1200.  An  Italian  Fran- 
ciscan, papal  legate  to  the  Khan  of  Tatary 
1245—47.  He  wrote  “Liber  Tartarorum”  (ed. 
by  d’Avezac  1838). 

Carpio,  Bernardo  del.  Seo  Bernardo  del  Carpio. 
Carpocrates  (kar-pok'ra-tez),  or  Carpocras 
(kar'po-kras).  Lived  probably  in  the  reign  of 
Hadrian  (117-138  A.  D.).  A celebrated  Alex- 
andrian Gnostic.  See  Carpocratians. 
Carpocratians  (kar-po-kra'shianz).  A sect  of 
Gnostics  of  the  2d  century,  followers  of  Car- 

Jiocrates  or  Carpocras  of  Alexandria, 
arpzov  (karp'tsof),  Benedict.  Bom  at  Bran- 
denburg, Germany,  Oct.  22, 1565:  died  at  Wit- 
tenberg, Germany,  Nov.  26,  1624.  A noted 
German  jurist. 

Carpzov,  Benedict.  Bom  at  Wittenberg,  Ger- 
many, May  27,  1595:  died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  30, 
1666.  A German  jurist,  son  of  Benedict  Carp- 
zov.  He  wrote  “ Definitiones  forenses”  (1638), 
“Praetica  novarerurn  criminalium”  (1635),  etc. 
Carpzov,  Johann  Gottlob.  Born  at  Dresden, 


219 

Sept.  20,  1679:  died  at  Liibeck,  Germany, 
April  7,  1767.  A German  theologian. 

Carqtlin  ( kar-ken' ) . A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  formerly  lived  south  of  Car- 
quinez  Straits,  California,  and  eastward  to  the 
mouth  of  San  Joaquin  River.  See  Costanoan. 
Carr  (kar),  or  Ker,  Robert.  Died  July,  1645. 
A British  politician,  of  Scotch  birth,  created 
Viscount  Rochester  March  25, 1611,  and  Earl  of 
Somerset  Nov.  3,  1613.  He  came  to  England  as  a 
page  of  James  I. ; became  a favorite  of  the  king ; was 
“ the  first  Scotchman  promoted  by  James  to  a seat  in  the 
English  House  of  Lords”;  fell  in  love  with  Lady  Essex 
who,  with  the  aid  of  the  king,  procured  a divorce  from 
her  husband  and  married  Carr  (then  Earl  of  Somerset),  Dec. 
26, 1613 ; was  implicated  in  the  poisoning  by  Lady  Essex 
of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  who  had  at  first  promoted  their 
intrigue,  but  later  opposed  their  marriage ; and  was  tried 
and  condemned  to  death  in  1615,  but  was  finally  pardoned. 
The  prosecution  was  conducted  by  Bacon  as  attorney- 
general. 

Carr,  Sir  Robert.  Born  in  Northumberland, 
England:  died  at  Bristol, England,  June  1, 1667. 
A British  commissioner  in  New  England  in 
1664.  With  Nicolls  he  took  New  Amsterdam 
from  the  Dutch  (1664),  and  named  it  New  York. 
Carracci  (kar-ra'che),  or  Caracci  (ka-ra'che), 
Agostino.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  16, 
1558 ; died  at  Parma,  Italy,  March  22,  1602. 
An  Italian  engraver  and  painter  of  the  Bo- 
lognese school,  brother  of  Annibale  Carracci. 
Carracci,  Annibale.  Born  at  Bologna,  Nov.  3, 
1560:  died  at  Rome,  July  15, 1609.  An  Italian 
painter  of  the  Bolognese  school,  a pupil  of  his 
cousin  Lodovico  Carracci.  In  1580  he  went  to  Par- 
ma to  study  the  works  of  Correggio,  and  in  1600  deco- 
rated the  ceiling  of  a gallery  in  the  Farnese  palace,  which 
was  declared  by  Poussin  to  excel  all  other  works  but 
those  of  Raphael.  He  was  associated  with  his  cousin 
Lodovico  in  conducting  the  academy  at  Bologna. 

Carracci,  Lodovico.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
April  21, 1555:  died  at  Bologna,  Nov.  13,  1619. 
An  Italian  painter,  founder  of  the  Bolognese 
school,  noted  as  a teacher.  The  best  pupils  of 
his  school  were  Domenichino  and  Guido.  His 
chief  works  are  at  Bologna. 

Carrara  (kar-ra/ra).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Massa-e-Carrara,  Italy,  in  lat.  44°  5'  N., 
long.  10°  6'  E.  It  is  famous  for  its  marble. 
Population,  21,104;  commune,  42,097. 
Carrasco  (ka-ras'ko;  Sp.  pron.  kar-ras'ko), 
Samson,  Sp.  Sanson.  A bachelor  or  licenti- 
ate in  Cervantes’s  “Don  Quixote,” who  played 
practical  jokes. 

Carratala  (kar-ra-ta-la'),  Jose.  Born  at  Ali- 
cante, Dec.  14,  1781:  died  at  Madrid,  1854.  A 
Spanish  general.  In  1815  he  went  with  Morillo  to 
Venezuela,  passed  thence  to  Peru,  and  fought  against  the 
revolutionists  there,  1819-24,  attaining  the  rank  of  field- 
marshal.  In  1833  he  commanded  the  forces  in  Tarragona 
against  the  Carlists,  and  shortly  after  he  fought  against 
them  in  Biscay.  In  March,  1835,  he  was  made  captain- 
general  of  Estremadura,  and  he  subsequently  held  the 
same  office  in  Valencia,  Murcia,  and  Old  Castile.  In  1840 
he  was  named  senator  and  minister  of  war,  and  his  rank 
was  raised  to  lieutenant-general. 

Carr6  (ka-ra'),  Michel.  Born  at  Paris,  1819: 
died  there,  June  27,  1872.  A French  drama- 
tist and  librettist  for  vaudevilles  and  comic 
operas.  Fie  collaborated  with  Jules  Barbier 
after  1849. 

Carrel  (ka-rel'),  Nicolas  Armand.  Born  at 
Rouen,  France,  May  8, 1800:  died  at  St.  Mandd, 
near  Paris,  July  24,  1836.  A French  journalist 
and  republican  leader.  He  was  editor  of  the  “ Na- 
tional ” at  Paris,  1830-36,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  a 
duel  July  22,  1836. 

Carreno  de  Miranda  (kar-ra'nyo  da  me-ran'- 

da),  Juan.  Bom  at  Avilas,  in  Asturias,  Spain, 
March  25, 1614:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept.,  1685.  A 
Spanish  painter,  chiefly  of  portraits  and  reli- 
gious compositions. 

Carrera  (kar-ra/ra),  Josd  Miguel  de.  Born  at 
Santiago,  Oct.  15,  1785:  died  at  Mendoza,  in 
the  Argentine,  Sept.  4,  1821.  A Chilean  revo- 
lutionist. In  1811,  with  his  brothers,  Juan  Jose  and 
Luis,  he  headed  the  revolt  against  the  Spaniards  which 
had  already  broken  out,  and  became  the  first  president  of 
Chile.  He  was  deposed  in  favor  of  O’Higgins  in  1813,  and 
thuugh  the  rivals  joined  forces  in  1814,  they  were  defeated 
by  the  Spaniards  at  the  battle  of  Rancagua  (Oct.  2, 1814), 
Carrera  fled  to  Buenos  Ayres,  and  in  1815  went  to  the 
United  States.  He  returned  in  1816,  but  was  forbidden  to 
proceed  to  Chile.  Driven  in  1821  to  take  refuge  among 
the  Indians,  he  was  betrayed  by  his  own  men  arid  shot  as 
a rebel. 

Carrera.  Rafael.  Born  in  Guatemala  City, 
1815:  died  there,  April  4, 1865.  A Guatemalan 
revolutionist  of  inixed  white  and  Indian  blood. 
He  joined  the  revolt  against  the  Federal  party  of  Central 
America  in  1887,  became  commander  of  the  Guatemalan 
insurgents,  and  1844-48  was  president  of  Guatemala.  In 
1852  he  was  reelected,  and  in  1854  he  was  made  president 
for  life,  and  practically  dictator. 

Carrey  (ka-ra'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Troyes, 
1646 : died  1726.  A French  painter,  a pupil  of 


Carron 

Lebrun . He  made  numerous  journeys  to  the  Orient,  dur- 
ing one  of  which  he  executed  a series  of  sketches  from  the 
Parthenon,  then  (Nov.,  1674)  in  a good  state  of  preserva- 
tion. These  drawings,  preserved  in  the  Bibliothfjque  Na- 
tionale  in  Paris,  have  been  invaluable  to  students  of  Greek 
art.  Carrey  also  assisted  Lebrun  in  his  great  compositions. 
Carrlise  (kar'e).  In  ancient  geography,  a town 
in  Mesopotamia,  in  lat.  36°  52'  N.,  long.  39°  2'  E. 
It  is  usually  identified  with  the  scriptural  Horen, or  Harran. 
Near  here,  63  B.  o.,  the  Roman  triumvir  Crassus  suffered 
a decisive  defeat  at  the  hands  of  the  Parthians,  by  whom 
he  was  shortly  after  killed  in  an  interview  with  one  of 
their  satraps. 

Garrick  (kar'ik).  The  southern  district  of  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland.  It  is  south  of  the  Doom 
Garrick,  Earl  of.  See  Bruce,  Robert  de. 
Carrickfergus  (kar-ik-f6r'gus).  A seaport  in 
Ulster,  Ireland,  situated  on  Belfast  Lough  9 
miles  northeast  of  Belfast.  It  forms  a county 
(with  the  adjacent  districts,  inclosed  by  Antrim).  The 
leading  industries  are  fisheries  and  cheese  manufacture. 
William  III.  landed  here  in  1690,  and  it  was  captured  by 
the  French  in  1760.  The  castle,  a splendid  Norman  for- 
tress, was  built  by  De  Courcy  in  1178,  and  is  now  occupied 
by  a royal  garrison.  It  stands  on  a rock,  with  water  on 
three  sides.  The  entrance  is  by  a gateway  flanked  by 
semicircular  towers  and  defended  by  portcullis  and  other 
medieval  devices.  The  donjon  is  an  enormous  square 
tower  of  five  stories.  Population,  4,208. 

Garrick’s  Ford.  A place  on  the  Cheat  River, 
in  Tucker  County,  West  Virginia.  Here,  July 
14,  1861,  the  Federals  under  Morris  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates under  Garnett. 

Carrier.  See  Takulli. 

Carrier  (kar-ya/),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Yo- 
let,  near  Aurillac,  France,  1756 : guillotined  at 
Paris,  Dec.  16,  1794.  A French  revolutionist, 
deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792,  notorious  for 
his  cruelty  in  the  revolutionary  tribunal  at 
Nantes  1793-94. 

Carrifere(kar-yar'), Moritz.  Born  March  5,1817 : 
died  Jan.  19,  1895.  A German  philosopher  and 
writer  on  esthetics,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Giessen. 

Carries  (kar-ias'),  Jean.  Born  about  1856 : died 
July  1, 1894.  A noted  French  sculptor.  He  first 
exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1892  : on  the  opening  day  he  re- 
ceived the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  a stoneware  in  which  many  of  his  best  effects 
were  produced. 

Carrillo  de  Mendoza  y Pimentel  (kiir-rel'yo 
da  men-do'tha  e pe-men-tel'),  Diego,  Count 
of  Priego  and  Marquis  of  Gelves.  Born  about 
1560:  died  after  1627.  A Spanish  general  and 
administrator,  the  second  son  of  the  Marquis 
of  Tavara.  He  was  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico)  from 
Sept.  21,  162L  In  1623  he  had  a quarrel  with  the  arch- 
bishop on  questions  of  jurisdiction  : this  resulted  in  the 
triumph  of  the  archbishop,  and  the  viceroy  was  deposed 
and  imprisoned  by  the  audience  Jan.,  1624.  He  returned 
to  Spain  in  1626. 

Carrington,  Lord.  See  Primrose,  Sir  Archibald 
(1617-97). 

Carrington  (kar'ing-ton),  Richard  Christo- 
pher. Bom  at  Chelsea,  England,  May  26, 1826 : 
died  at  Churt,  Surrey,  Nov.  27, 1875.  An  English 
astronomer.  He  was  noted  for  his  observations  of  the 
minor  planets,  fixed  stars,  and  the  sun,  made  chiefly  at  his 
private  observatory  at  Red  Hill,  near  Reigate,  Surrey. 

Carrion  (kar-re-on' ),  Jeronimo.  Born  May, 
1812:  died  May,  1879.  An  Ecuadorian  politi- 
cian, elected  president  Aug.  4,  1865.  In  Jan., 

1866,  he  joined  with  Chile  and  Peru  in  the  defensive  alli- 
ance against  Spain.  After  being  subjected  to  a vote  of 
censure  by  Congress,  he  resigned  Nov.,  1867. 

Carrizo  Indians.  See  Comecrudo. 

Carroll  (kar'ol),  Charles,  “of  Carrollton.”  Born 
at  Annapolis,  Md.,  Sept.  19,  1737:  died  at  Bal- 
timore, Nov.  14,  1832.  An  American  patriot, 
a signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Maryland 
1789-92. 

Carroll,  John.  Born  at  Upper  Marlborough, 
Md.,  Jan.  8,  1735:  died  at  Georgetown,  D.  C., 
Dec.  3,  1815.  An  American  archbishop  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  was  educated  in  Bel- 
gium ; was  ordained  priest  in  1769 ; and  was  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  in  St.  Omer  and  Liege  1759-71.  In  1771 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Society  of  Jesus;  and  on  the  sup- 
pression of  that  society  on  the  Continent  in  1773  he  went 
to  England,  and  came  to  America  in  1774.  With  Charles 
Carroll,  Samuel  Chase,  and  Benjamin  Franklin  he  was  sent 
by  the  Continental  Congress  on  a political  mission  to 
Canada  (1776).  In  1784,  at  the  request  of  Franklin,  he 
was  appointed  superior  of  clergy  in  the  United  States. 
In  1790  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Baltimore,  and  in 
1808  was  created  archbishop  of  Baltimore.  He  founded 
Georgetown  College  (1788-91).  Among  his  writings  are  “An 
Address  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  the  United  States  of 
America,”  “ A Concise  View  of  the  Principal  Points  of  Con- 
troversy between  theProtestant  and  Roman  Churches,”  etc. 

Oa.rroll,  Lewis.  A psoudonym  of  Charles  Lut- 
widge  Dodgson. 

Carrollton  (kar'ol-ton).  A former  town  in 
Louisiana.  It  is  now  a part  of  New  Orleans. 
Carron  (kar'on).  1.  A river  in  Stirlingshire, 
Scotland,  which  flows  into  the  Firth  of  Forth 


Oarron 

10  miles  southeast  of  Stirling.  At  one  time  it 
was  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire.— 2.  A village  on  the  river  Carron,  9 miles 
southeast  of  Stirling.  It  is  noted  for  its  iron-works : 
the  first  carronades  were  cast  here  in  1779. 

Carrousel,  Arc  du.  See  Arc  de  Triomphe  du 
Carrousel. 

Carrousel  (kar-o-zel'),  Place  du.  [F.  carrousel, 
a tilt  or  tilting-match,  It.  carosello,  from  garo- 
sello,  a festival  or  tournament.]  The  space 
extending  along  the  eastern  court  of  the  Tui- 
leries,  and  inclosed  by  the  buildings  of  the  Old 
and  New  Louvre.  It  was  originally  the  space  be- 
tween the  eastern  fagade  of  the  Tuileries  and  the  enceinte 
of  Charles  V.,  which  was  laid  out  about  1600  as  a garden 
called  the  “Parterre  de  Mademoiselle"  in  honor  of  Made- 
moiselle Montpensier,  who  then  lived  in  the  Tuileries. 
In  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  a great  carrousel  or  tilt,  which 
surpassed  all  previous  ones,  was  held  here  June  5 and  8, 
1662,  and  the  place  was  called  Place  du  Carrousel,  and 
has  since  kept  that  name.  All  sorts  of  knightly  games 
were  played  by  the  king,  his  guests,  and  courtiers,  in  cos- 
tumes of  all  n ations.  As  late  as  1850  the  space  between 
the  old  city  fosse  and  the  Louvre  was  still  occupied  by 
streets  and  houses.  When  the  northern  gallery  was  built 
between  the  two  palaces  (the  Old  and  New  Louvre?),  under 
Napoleon  III.,  the  entire  space  was  cleared,  and  is  now 
called  Place  du  Carrousel. 

Carruthers  (ka-ro'therz),  Robert.  Born  at 
Dumfries,  Nov.  5, 1799 : died  at  Inverness,  May 
26,  1878.  A Scottish  journalist  and  man  of  let- 
ters, editor  and  proprietor  of  the  “ Inverness 
Courier.”  He  was  the  biographer  and  editor  of  Pope, 
and  the  compiler,  with  Kobert  Chambers,  of  “ Chambers’s 
Cyclopedia  of  English  Literature,"  etc. 

Carse  of  Gowrie.  See  Gowrie. 

Carson  (kar'son),  Christopher,  usually  called 
*“  Kit.”  Carson.  Born  in  Madison  County,  Ky., 
Dec.  24, 1809:  died  at  Fort  Lyon,  Col.,  May  23, 
1868.  An  American  trapper,  guide,  soldier, 
and  Indian  agent  in  New  Mexico. 

Carson  City.  The  capital  of  Nevada,  situated 
in  lat.  39°  10'  N.,  long.  119°  46'  W.  There  are 
gold-  and  silver-mines  in  the  vicinity.  Popu- 
lation, 2,466,  (1910). 

Carstares(kar-Starz'), William.  BornatCath- 
cart,  near  Glasgow,  Feb.  11, 1649 : died  Dec.  28, 
1715.  A noted  Scottish  Presbyterian  divine. 
He  was  chaplain  to  William,  prince  of  Orange,  1686, 
royal  chaplain  1688-1715,  principal  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  1703,  and  four  times  moderator  of  the  as- 
sembly. 

Cartagena,  or  Carthagena  (kar-ta-  (tha)  je'na ; 
Sp.  pron.  kar-ta-Ha'na).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  lat.  37°  36'  N.,  long.  0°  56'  W. : the 
ancient  Carthago  Nova.  There  are  mines  of  copper, 
lead,  etc.,  in  the  neighborhood.  It  has  a cathedral,  and 
an  excellent  harbor.  It  exports  barilla.  Tt  was  colonized 
by  the  Carthaginians,  and  captured  by  Scipio  Africanus 
in  209  B.  C.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  and  retaken  by 
Berwick  in  1706.  It  was  held  by  the  Intransigentists 
1873-74.  Population,  99,871. 

Cartagena.  A seaport  city  of  Colombia,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Bolivar,  on  a low  island 
between  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Bay  of  Car- 
tagena. It  was  founded  in  1533  by  Pedro  de  Heredia,  and 
was  long  the  principal  port  and  stronghold  of  this  part  of 
Spanish  America.  Several  times  taken  and  sacked  by  cor- 
sairs, it  was  fortified  in  the  lSth  century  at  an  expense  of 
$59,0e0,000,  and  in  1741  resisted  the  attack  of  Vernon.  It 
was  the  first  New  Granadan  city  to  declare  for  indepen- 
dence, and  in  1815  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  after  a four 
months'  siege  in  which  nearly  all  the  garrison  and  inhabi- 
tants perished : for  this  it  received  the  title  of  the  “ Heroic 
City.”  Population,  about  11,000. 

Cartagena  de  las  Indias  (kar-ta-Ha'na  da  las 
en'de-as).  [Sp.t 1 Cartagena  of  the  Indies.’] 
The  name  used,  during  the  colonial  period, 
for  the  city  of  Cartagena  in  New  Granada, 
now  in  Colombia,  to  distinguish  it  from  Carta- 
gena in  Spain. 

CartagO  (kar-ta'go).  A town  in  the  Republic 
of  Colombia,  in  lat.  4°  50'  N.,  long.  76°  10'  W. 
Population,  7,696. 

CartagO.  A town,  capital  of  Cartago  province,  in 
Costa  Rica,  Central  America,  situated  13  miles 
east-southeast  of  San  Josd.  It  is  frequently 
visited  by  earthquakes.  Population,  6,018. 
Cartaphilus.  Bee  Wandering  Jew. 

Cartas  de  Indias  (kar'tas  da  en'de-as).  A col- 
lection of  letters  from  early  Spanish  explorers, 
published  by  the  Spanish  government  at  Ma- 
drid, 1877.  Some  of  those  from  Columbus,  Ves- 
iucci,  and  others  are  given  in  facsimile, 
arte  (kart),  Thomas.  Born  at  Clifton-upon- 
Dunsmore,  Warwickshire,  England,  April, 
1686:  died  near  Abingdon,  England,  April  2, 
1754.  An  English  scholar  and  historian.  He  was 
the  author  of  a “ Life  of  James,  Duke  of  Ormonde  ” (1736), 
an  important  history  of  England  to  1654  (1747-55),  etc. 
He  was  a strong  Jacobite. 

Cartel  (kar-tel')  Combination.  In  German 
politics,  the  temporary  union  in  the  Reichstag 
about  1887  of  the  members  of  the  German  Con- 


220 

servative,  National  Liberal,  and  Imperialist 
parties. 

Carter  (kar'ter),  Elizabeth.  Born  at  Deal,  Dec. 
16, 1717:  died  atLondon, Feb. 19, 1806.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  translator,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
She  is  best  known  for  her  friendship  for  Dr.  Johnson, 
which  lasted  for  fifty  years.  Her  letters  to  Mrs.  Vesey, 
Mrs.  Montagu,  and  Miss  Catharine  Talbot  were  collected 
and  printed  in  seven  volumes  1809-17. 

Carter,  Franklin.  Born  at  Waterbury,  Conn., 
Sept.  30,  1837.  An  American  educator.  He  was 
graduated  from  Williams  College  in  1862.  From  1865  to 
1868  he  was  professor  of  Latin  and  French  at  Williams, 
from  1868  to  1872  of  Latin  only.  From  1872  to  1881  he  was 
professor  of  German  at  Yale  College.  He  was  president 
of  Williams  College  1881-1901. 

Carter,  Henry.  The  original  name  of  Frank 
Leslie,  changed  by  act  of  the  legislature  in  1849. 
See  Leslie , Frank. 

Carteret  (kar'ter-et),  Sir  George.  Born  at  St. 
Ouen,  Jersey,  between  1609-17 : died  Jan.,  1680. 
An  English  sailor  and  royalist  politician,  a 
nephew  of  Sir  Philip  de  Carteret.  He  became  cap- 
tain in  the  navy  in  1633,  and  comptroller  of  the  navy  in  1639; 
supported  actively  the  royalist  cause,  and  was  appointed 
by  the  king  lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey  (from  which  he 
expelled  the  Parliamentary  governor)  and  vice-admiral 
(Dec.  13, 1644) ; was  granted  by  Charles  II.  “a certain  island 
and  adjacent  islets  in  America  in  perpetual  inheritance, 
to  be  called  New  Jersey  ” ; surrendered  Dec.  12, 1651,  and 
went  to  France  and  obtained  a command  in  the  French 
navy;  was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastille  Aug.- Dec.,  1657; 
returned  to  England  at  the  Restoration  ; was  treasurer  of 
the  navy  1661-67 ; and  was  suspended  from  the  House  of 
Commons  for  mismanagement  of  the  funds  of  the  navy, 
Dee.  10, 1669.  He  was  one  of  the  original  proprietors  of 
Carolina,  and,  with  Lord  Berkeley,  was  granted  the  land 
between  the  Hudson  and  the  Delaware,  named  in  his 
honor  New  Jersey. 

Carteret,  John,  Lord.  Born  April  22,  1690: 
died  at  Bath,  Jan.  2,  1763.  An  English  states- 
man, son  of  the  first  Baron  Carteret.  He  became 
Baron  Carteret  Sept.  22,  1695,  and  Earl  Granville  (through 
the  death  of  his  mother)  Oct.  18, 1744.  He  was  appointed 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Sweden  in  1719 ; mediated 
a peace  between  Sweden,  Prussia,  and  Hanover  in  1720 ; 
attended  as  ambassador  extraordinary  the  congresses  of 
Brunswick  audCambrayin  1720;  was  appointed  secretary 
of  state  for  the  southern  province  under  Walpole,  March 
6,  1721 ; became  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  April  3,  1724, 
retiring  1730  ; was  an  active  opponent  of  Walpole,  moving 
Feb.  13,  1741,  in  the  House  of  Lords,  that  the  king  be  re- 
quested to  remove  him  from  his  “presence  and  counsels 
for  ever  ’’ ; became  secretary  of  state  for  the  northern 
province  Feb.  12, 1742,  under  Lord  Wilmington;  resigned 
Nov.  24,  1744;  and  attempted  unsuccessfully  to  form  a 
ministry  Feb.,  1746. 

Carteret,  Philip.  Died  at  Southamptou,  Eng- 
land, July  21,  1796.  An  English  rear-admiral 
and  explorer  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  He  was 
lieutenant  of  the  Dolphin  in  Byron’s  expedition,  1764-66  ; 
commanded  the  Swallow  in  the  expedition  under  Wallis 
to  the  southern  hemisphere,  1766-69  ; and  discovered  Pit- 
cairn Island  (July  2,  1767),  Osnaburg,  Gower’s  Island, 
Simpson’s  Island,  Carteret's  Island,  Wallis's  Island,  and 
others.  His  “ Journal  ’’  was  published  in  Hawkesworth's 
“Voyages  ”(1773). 

Carteret,  Sir  Philip  de.  Born  on  the  island 
of  Jersey,  Feb.,  1584:  died  iu  Jersey,  Aug.  23, 
1643.  Au  English  royalist,  seigneur  of  St.  Ouen, 
Jersey,  and  of  Sark,  and  lieutenant-governor 
of  Jersey,  which  he  held  for  the  king  until 
his  death. 

Cartesius.  See  Descartes. 

Carthage  (kar'thaj).  [L.  Carthago,  Phen.  Kar- 
thadaslit,  New  Town,  as  opposed  to  the  mother 
city  Tyre,  or  to  the  older  colony  of  Utica  (from 
Phen.  atiq,  old)  which  was  situated  to  the  north- 
east, about  17  miles  from  Carthage.]  An  an- 
cient city  and  state  in  northern  Af  rica,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  36°  52'  N.,  long. 
10°  18'  E.,  a few  miles  northeast  of  modern 
Tunis,  and  not  far  from  Utica.  It  was  founded 
by  Phenicians  in  the  middle  of  the  9th  century  (:).  It  was 
a great  commercial  and  colonizing  center  as  early  as  the 
6th  century  B.  c.,  and  was  one  of  the  largest  cities  of  anti- 
quity. It  had  two  harbors,  a naval  and  a mercantile.  Its 
first  treaty  with  Borne  was  made  in  60J  B.  c.  It  was  de- 
feated at  Himera  in  Sicily  in  480,  and  overthrew  Selinus 
and  other  Sicilian  cities  about  400.  It  was  the  rival  of 
Syracuse  under  Dionysius,  Agathocles,  etc.  At  the  height 
of  its  power  it  had  possessions  in  Sicily,  Corsica,  Sardinia, 
northern  Africa,  and  Spain.  Its  wars  with  Koine  have  the 
following  dates  : First  Punic  War,  264-241 ; Second  Punic 
War,  218-201 ; Third  Punic  War,  149-146.  It  was  recolo- 
nized  as  a Roman  city  by  Caius  Gracchus  and  successfully 
by  Augustus  iu  29  (?)  B.  o. ; was  taken  by  the  Vandals  in 
439  A.  D. ; and  was  retaken  by  Belisarius  in  533.  It  was 
an  important  center  of  Latin  Christianity.  The  Saracens 
destroyed  it  about  697.  At  present  some  cisterns,  broken 
arches  of  an  aqueduct,  and  the  Roman  Catholic  monastery 
of  St.  Louis  mark  the  site  of  the  former  rival  of  Rome.  See 
Punic  Wars. 

Carthage.  Tho  capital  of  Jasper  County, 
southwestern  Missouri.  Near  here,  July  6,  1861, 
was  fought  the  battle  between  the  Federals  (1,600)  under 
Sigel  and  the  Confederates  (3,500-5,000)  under  Governor 
Jackson.  Population,  9,483,  (1910). 

Carthagena.  See  Cartagena. 

Carthago  (kiir-tha'go).  The  Roman  name  of 
Carthage. 


Carus,  Karl  Gustav 

Carthago  Nova  (no'va).  The  Roman  name  of 

Cartagena,  Spain.  " __ 

Cartier  (kar-tya'),  Sir  George  Etienne.  Bom 
at  St.  Antoine,  Lower  Canada,  Sept.  6,  1814: 
died  at  London,  May  20,  1873.  A French-Ca- 
nadian  lawyer  and  politician.  He  became  provin- 
cial  secretary  in  18^5  ; attorney -general  for  Lower  Canada 
in  1856  ; and  premier  in  1858.  He  was  the  author  of  “ O 
Canada,  mon  pays,  mes  amours  ” and  other  popular  songs. 

Cartier  (kar-tya'),  Jacques.  Born  at  St.  Malo, 
France,  1491:  died  at  St.  Malo,  Sept.  1, 1557.  A 
celebrated  Fren  c h navi  gator.  He  made  three  voyages 
to  Canada.  In  the  first  (1534)  he  explored  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence ; in  the  second  (1535)  he  sailed  up  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  Montreal ; and  in  the  third  (1541-42)  he  made 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  at  colonization  in  Canada. 

Cartismandua  (kar-tis-man'du-a).  A queen  of 
the  Brigantes  in  the  time  of  Claudius.  She  fa- 
vored the  Romans,  and  was  forced  to  seek  an 
asylum  in  their  camp. 

Cartoons  of  Raphael.  Drawings  executed  in 
1515-16,  for  Leo  X.,  to  be  reproduced  in 
Flemish  tapestry . They  were  long  in  Hampton  Court 
Palace,  and  are  now  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
London.  One  of  the  two  sets  of  tapestries  made  from 
them  is  in  the  Vatican,  the  other  in  the  Old  Museum, 
Berlin.  The  cartoons  are  seven  in  number : Christ’s 
Charge  to  Peter,  Death  of  Ananias,  Peter  and  John  Heal- 
ing the  Cripple,  Paul  and  Barnabas  at  Lystra,  Elymas 
Struck  Blind,  Paul  Preaching  at  Athens,  The  Draught 
of  Fishes.  In  composition  and  vigor  of  drawing  they  are 
among  Raphael’s  best  works. 

Cartouche  (kilr-tosh'),  Louis  Dominique. 

Born  at  Paris  about  1693:  broken  on  the 
wheel  at  Chatelet,  France,  Nov.  28,  1721.  A 
celebrated  Parisian  robber.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
wine  merchant,  and  was  stolen  by  gipsies,  from  whom  he 
learned  rascality.  He  established  himself  in  Paris,  and 
after  a short  period  of  service  in  the  army  formed  a 
famous  band  of  robbers.  His  history  was  extremely  pop- 
ular, and  was  the  foundation  of  various  plays. 

Cartwright  (kart ' rit),  Edmund.  Bom  at 
Marnham,  Nottingham,  England,  April  24, 1743: 
died  at  Hastings,  England,  Oct.  30,  1823.  An 
English  clergyman  and  mechanician,  the  re- 
puted inventor  of  the  power-loom.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  University  College,  Oxford,  and  became  a fellow 
of  Magdalen  College  in  1764,  curate  of  Brampton,  and 
rector  of  Goadby  Marwood,  Leicestershire,  in  1799.  In 
1784,  during  a visit  to  Arkwright’s  cotton-mills  at  Crom- 
ford,  the  idea  of  a weaving-machine,  according  to  the  ac- 
count given  by  him,  occurred  to  him.  His  first  patent 
was  taken  out  April  4,  1785,  and  this  waB  followed  by 
others,  on  improvements,  on  Oct.  30,  1786,  and  Aug.  18, 
1787.  He  also  patented  (1789)  a wool  carding  machine, 
and  (1797)  a steam-engine  in  which  alcohol  was  used,  and 
assisted  Robert  Fulton  in  his  experiments  with  steam- 
boats. He  was  the  brother  of  John  Cartwright. 

Cartwright,  John.  Born  at  Marnham,  Not- 
tingham, England,  Sept.  17,  1740 : died  at 
London,  Sept.  23,  1824.  An  English  radical 
politician  and  publicist,  surnamed  “the  Father 
of  Reform,”  an  advocate  of  parliamentary  re- 
form and  of  the  abolition  of  slavery:  brother 
of  Edmund  Cartwright.  He  was  the  author  of  “ A 
Le#ter  to  Edmund  Burke,  controverting  the  Principles  of 
American  Government  laid  down  in  his  lately  published 
Speech  on  American  Taxation  ’’(1775),  and  of  other  politi- 
cal pamphlets. 

Cartwright,  Peter.  Born  in  Amherst  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  1, 1785:  died  at  Pleasant  Plains,  111., 
Sept.  25,  1872.  An  American  circuit  preacher 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Cartwright,  Thomas.  Born  in  Hertfordshire, 
England,  1535:  died  at  Warwick,  Dec.  27, 1603. 
A celebrated  English  Puritan  clergyman,  con- 
troversialist, and  scholar. 

Cartwright,  Thomas.  Born  at  Northampton, 
Sept.  1,  1634:  died  at  Dublin,  April  15,  1689. 
An  English  prelate,  prebendary  of  Wells  and 
of  Durham,  dean  of  Ripon,  and  (1686)  bishop 
of  Chester. 

Cartwright,  William.  Born  at  North  way, 
near  Tewkesbury,  England,  Sept.,  1611:  died 
at  Oxford,  England,  Nov.  29,  1643.  An  Eng- 
lish divine  and  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of  an 
innkeeper  at  Cirencester,  a student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  a member  of  the  Council  of  War  in  1642,  and 
junior  proctor  of  the  university  in  1643.  He  wrote  “The 
Ordinary,”  “The  Royal  Slave,  a Tragi-Comedy,”  “The 
Lady- Errant,  a Tragi-Comedy,”  and  “The  Siege,  or  Love's 
Convert,  ” etc.  His  plays  and  poems  were  collected  iu  1651. 

Carupano  (ka-ro'pa-no).  A seaport  in  the 
state  of  Bermudez,  Venezuela,  in  lat.  10°  40' 
N.,  long.  63°  18'  W.  Population,  12,000. 

Carus  (ka'ros),  Julius  Viktor.  Born  at  Leip- 
sic,  Aug.  25,  1823 : died  there,  March  10,  1903. 
A noted  Gorman  zoologist.  He  was  custodian  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomy  at  Oxford  (1849-61), pro- 
fessor of  comparative  anatomy  at  Leipsic  (1853-1903),  anil 
Professor  Wyville  Thomsons  substitute  at  Edinburgh 
(1873-74).  His  works  include  “Zur  nahem  Kenntnis  des 
Generationswechsels  ” (1849),  “ System  der  tierischen 
Morphologie”  (1863),  “ leones  zootomicse”  (1857),  etc. 

Carus,  Karl  Gustav.  Born  at  Leipsic,  Jan. 
3,  1789:  died  at  Dresden,  July  28,  1869.  A 
German  physiologist  and  psychologist.  His 


Carus,  Karl  Gustav 

works  include  “ Lehrbuch  der  Zootomie  " (1818),  “Grund- 
ziige  der  vergleichenden  Anatomie  und  Physiologie” 
(1828),  “tiber  den  Blutkreislauf  der  Insekten"  (1827), 
“Vorlesungeu  iiber  Psycliologie”  (1831),  “Psyche,  etc." 
(1846). 

Carus  (ka'rus),  Marcus  Aurelius.  Bom  m 
Illyria,  about  222:  died  near  Ctesiphon, 
Mesopotamia,  283.  Emperor  of  Borne  282- 
283.  He  was  prefect  of  the  Pretorian  Guard  under  Pro- 
bus, and  was  elevated  to  the  throne  by  the  soldiers  on 
the  murder  of  Probus  at  Sirmium.  He  was  killed  (accord- 
ing to  one  account  by  lightning)  on  an  expedition  against 
the  Parthians,  as  he  was  about  to  push  his  conquests 
across  the  Tigris. 

Carvalho  (kar-val'yo)  Paes  de  Andrade  (piz 
de  an-dra'de),  Manuel  de.  Born  about  1795: 
died  in  Bio  de  Janeiro,  June  18, 1855.  A Bra- 
zilian politician.  He  was  elected  temporary  president 
of  Pernambuco  Dec.,  1823,  and  during  the  succeeding  year 
headed  a revolt  against  the  emperor  Pedro  I. , proclaiming 
(July  2,  1824)  a republic  with  the  name  of  the  Confedera- 
te do  Equador.  The  revolt  was  put  down  in  October, 
and  Carvalho  escaped  to  England.  He  returned  to  Brazil, 
and  was  a senator  from  1836. 

Carvell  (kar'vel),  Nicholas.  Died  1566.  An 
English  poet,  reputed  author  of  two  poems  in 
the  “Mirror  for  Magistrates.” 

Carver  (kar'ver),  John.  Born  in  England, 
about  1575:  died  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April, 
1621.  One  of  the  leaders  of  the  “Pilgrim 
Fathers,”  and  first  governor  of  Plymouth  Col- 
ony, 1620-21.  He  took  refuge  in  Holland  about  1608, 
was  deacon  in  Robinson's  church  at  Leyden,  and  was 
agent  for  the  Puritan  emigrants  to  New  England. 
Carver,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Stillwater,  Conn., 
1732  (?):  died  at  London,  Jan.  31,  1780.  An 
American  soldier  and  traveler,  explorer  of 
the  region  beyond  the  Mississippi.  To  find  a 
northern  passage  to  the  Pacific,  he  star  ted  from  Boston, 
June,  1766,  explored  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
proceeded  as  far  west  as  the  sources  of  the  St.  Pierre,  re- 
turning in  1768.  In  1769  he  went  to  England.  He  published 
“Travels  through  the  Interior  Parts  of  North  America,” 
including  an  account  of  the  manners,  customs,  languages, 
etc  , of  the  Indians  (1778),  “A  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation 
of  the  Tobacco-plant  ’’  (1779),  etc. 

Carvilius  (kar-vil'i-us),  Spurius.  A Boman 
freedman,  noted  as  one  of  the  first  to  open  a 
public  school  at  Borne,  and  as  the  arranger  of 
the  Boman  alphabet.  See  the  extract. 

K disappeared  from  use  at  a very  early  date,  being  rep- 
resented by  C instead.  Later,  when  the  need  appeared 
for  a distinction  between  the  smooth  (tenuis)  and  mid- 
dle (media)  gutturals,  the  freedman  of  Sp.  Carvilius,  cos. 
520  234  and  526/228,  invented  the  sign  G by  slightly  alter- 
ing the  C,  and  put  it  in  the  place  of  the  almost  unneces- 
sary and  little  used  Z,  which  was  only  restored  (together 
with  Y)in  the  time  of  Cicero,  and  was  then  placed  at  the 
end  of  the  alphabet.  Thus  the  alphabet  of  Car  vilius  like- 
wise consisted  of  twenty-one  letters. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.by  G.C.W.Warr), 

[I.  127. 

Carvin  (kar-van').  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situ- 
ated 11  miles  south-southwest  of  Lille.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  10,736. 

Cary  (ka'ri),  Alice.  Born  near  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  April  20,  1820:  died  at  New  York,  Feb. 
12,  1871.  An  American  author.  Her  works  in- 
clude poems,  novels,  sketches  of  Western  life,  “Clover- 
nook  Papers”  (1851-53),  “Clovernook  Children  ” (1854). 

Cary,  Sir  Henry.  Died  Sept.,  1633.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman,  son  of  Sir  Edward  Cary  of 
Berkhamstead  and  Aldenham,  Hertfordshire, 
created  Viscount  Falkland  in  the  Scottish 
peerage,  Nov.  10,  1620. 

Cary,  Henry  Francis.  Born  at  Gibraltar, 
Dec.  G,  1772:  died  at  London,  Aug.  14,  1844. 
An  English  poet  and  scholar,  chiefly  known 
as  the  translator  of  Dante.  He  studied  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ; became  vicar  of  Abbot’s  Bromley.  Staf- 
fordshire. in  1796  ; removed  to  the  living  of  Kingsbury, 
Warwickshire, in  1800;  became  reader  at  Berkeley  Chapel, 
London,  in  1807 ; and  was  appointed  assistant  keeper  of 
printed  book3  at  the  British  Museum  in  1826,  resigning  in 
1837.  His  translation  of  the  “Inferno”  of  Dante  was 
published  in  1805,  and  the  whole  was  completed  in  1812. 
Cary,  Lucius,  Viscount  Falkland.  Born  at 
Buirord,  Oxfordshire,  England,  about  1610 : 
killed  at  the  first  battle  of  Newbury,  Sept.  20, 
1643.  An  English  politician  and  litterateur. 
He  was  a member  of  Parliament  in  1640,  and  secretary  of 
state  in  1641.  He  sided  with  the  Royalists  in  1642. 

Cary,  Phoebe.  Born  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
Sept.  4, 1824:  died  at  Newport,  B.  I.,  July  31, 
1871.  An  American  author,  sister  of  Alice 
Cary.  She  wrote  “Poems  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Love” 
(1868),  etc.,  and  was  the  author  of  the  hymn  ‘ One  Sweetly 
Solemn  Thought.” 

Casa  (ka'sa),  Giovanni  della.  Born  at  Mti- 
gello,  near  Florence,  June  28,  1503:  died  at 
Borne,  Nov.  14,  1556.  An  Italian  poet  and 
ecclesiastic,  clerk  of  the  chamber  to  Pope 
Paul  III.,  and  charged  with  various  diplo- 
matic duties:  author  of  “Galateo”  (poem  on 
etiquette,  1558,  1752).  His  collected  works 
were  published  in  1707. 


221 

Casabianca  (ka-za-byan'ka),  Louis.  Born  at 
Bastia,  Corsica,  about  1752 : killed  off  Abukir, 
Egypt,  Aug.  1,  1798.  A French  naval  officer. 
In  company  with  his  son  (Giacomo  Jocante  Casabianca) 
he  perished  with  his  ship,  L Orient,  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile.  This  event  is  the  subject  of  a poem  by  Mrs.  Hemaus. 

Casa  de  Contratacion  de  las  Indias  (ka'sa 
da  kon-tra-ta-the-on'  da  las  en'de-az),  or  Coun- 
cil of  Seville.  [Sp.,  ‘house  of  commerce  with 
the  Indies,’  Consejo  de  Sevilla.']  An  office  es- 
tablished at  Seville  in  1503  for  the  regulation 
of  commerce  with  the  Indies.  It  maintained  the 
strict  Spanish  monopoly  of  American  commerce  which  was 
one  of  the  principal  causes  of  complaint  in  the  colonies. 

Casa  d’oro  (ka'sa  do'ro).  [It., ‘house  of  gold.’] 
A Venetian  medieval  (14th  century)  palace,  it 
has  been  marred  by  restoration.  It  has  three  stories,  di- 
vided vertically  into  two  divisions.  The  left-hand  divi- 
sion has  in  the  lowest  story  five  open  arches,  the  middle 
one  round,  and  in  the  two  upper  ones  most  rich  and 
graceful  foliated  arcades  set  between  larger  arches.  The 
right-hand  division  consists  of  ornamented  paneling,  also 
set  between  decorated  arches.  Above  there  is  a pictu- 
resque cresting  in  marble.  To  beauty  of  form  this  facade 
adds  great  and  diversified  charm  of  color  in  its  incrusted 
and  inlaid  marbles. 

Casa  Grande  (ka'sa,  griin'da).  [Sp.,  ‘great 
house.’]  The  principal  structure  of  a ruined 
pueblo  on  the  south  bank  of  tbe  Gila  Biver,  in 
Arizona,  80  miles  northwest  of  Tucson.  Its  abo- 
riginal name  is  Sivano-Ki  (‘house  of  Sivano’). 

Casa  Guidi  (kii'sa  gwe'de)  Windows.  A 
poem  by  Mrs.  Browning,  published  in  1851. 
Named  from  the  Casa  Guidi,  a house  in  Florence  where 
the  authoress  resided  during  the  composition  of  the  poem. 

Casale  (ka-za'le),  or  Casale  Monferrato 
(mon-fer-ra'to).  A town  in  tbe  province  of 
Alessandria,  Italy,  situated  on  tbe  Po  38  miles 
east  of  Turin.  It  was  the  old  capital  of  the  duchy  of 
Monferrato.  It  has  a cathedral,  founded  in  the  8th  century 
by  the  Lombards.  Population,  19,337 ; commune,  31,793. 

Casalmaggiore  (ka-zal'mad-jo're).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Cremona,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Po  22  miles  southeast  of  Cremona.  Here 
Francesco  Sforza  defeated  the  Venetians  in 
1448. 

Casamanza  (ka-za-man'za),  or  Casamance 
(ka-za-mons').  A river  in  Senegambia,  West 
Africa,  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  60 
miles  south  of  the  Gambia. 

Casas  (ka'sas),  Bartolome  de  las.  Born  at 
Seville,  1474:  died  at  Madrid,  July,  1566.  A 
Spanish  Dominican,  celebrated  as  a defender 
of  the  Indians  against  their  Spanish  conquer- 
ors. He  went  to  Hispaniola  in  1502,  accompanied  Velas- 
quez during  the  conquest  of  Cuba,  and  became  a curate 
there.  Iu  1514  he  began  to  preach  against  the  system  of 
Indian  slavery;  and  in  1515  went  to  Spain  to  intercede 
for  the  Indians  witli  Ferdinand.  By  Cardinal  Ximenes 
he  was  named  “Protector  of  the  Indians,"  with  consider- 
able powers,  and  returned  to  Hispaniola  in  1516.  He 
again  visited  Spain  to  urge  his  views  on  Charles  V.;  at- 
tempted to  plant  a colony  on  the  coast  of  Cumaiui,  which 
was  destroyed  by  the  Indians  (1521);  took  the  Domin- 
ican habit  at  Santo  Domingo  (1522),  and  remained  in  re- 
tirement for  eight  years  ; and  finally  returned  to  Spain. 
From  1544  to  1547  he  was  bishop  of  Chiapas  in  Mexico. 
He  published  “ Breuissima  relacion  de  ia  destruyoion  de 
las  Indias  ”(“  Destruction  of  the  Indias,”  Seville,  1552), 
“ Historiade  las  Indias  ” (published  1875,  but  well  known 
before  by  manuscript  copies),  etc. 

Casas  Grandes  (ka'sas  gran'des).  [Sp., ‘great 
houses.’]  An  extensive  ruin  in  northwestern 
Sonora,  about  120  miles  south  of  the  United 
States  boundary  line  in  New  Mexico.  The  set- 
tlement appears  to  have  been  considerable,  and  to  have 
contained  as  many  as  4,000  souls  at  least.  The  edifices 
were  of  large  adobe  with  very  thick  walls  and  as  many  as 
four  and  perhaps  five  stories.  Thepottery  accompanying 
the  ruins  and  all  the  artifacts  show  an  advance  in  culture 
beyond  the  Indians  of  New  Mexico.  Concerning  its  in- 
habitants nothing  is  known,  except  that  they  had  disap- 
peared long  previous  to  the  discovery  of  the  ruins  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1060.  At  that  time  the  site  was  occupied 
by  a tribe  called  Sumas,  which  has  since  disappeared 
also.  A mile  south  of  the  ruins  there  is  a village  of  Mex- 
ican inhabitants  numbering  about  1,000  souls.  The  name 
Casas  Grandes  is  also  given  to  various  similar  rums  in 
northern  Mexico. 

Casati  (ka-sa'te),  Gaetano.  Born  at  Lesrno, 
Italy,  1838  : died  at  Como,  March  7,  1902.  An 
Italian  soldier  and  African  explorer,  in  1879  the 
Italian  Society  for  Commercial  Exploration  sent  him  to 
the  basin  of  the  Balir-el  Gliazal,  wiiere  he  arrived  in  1880. 
After  exploring  the  country  of  the  Nyatn-Nyam  and  tile 
Monbntto,  he  joined  Emin  Pasha  and  Dr.  Junker  in  1883. 
In  1886Kabrega,  to  whom  Emin  had  sent  him  on  a mission, 
detained  him  in  semi-captivity.  Stanley’s  arrival,  in  1889, 
set  him  free.  His  reports  were  published  in  “Bolletino 
della  Societk  d’Esplorazione  ” (1883-88).  His  “ Dieci 
Arini  in  Equatoria”  appeared  in  1891. 

Casaubon  (ka-sa'bon),  Rev.  Edward.  In 

George  Eliot’s  “Middlemareh,”  the  husband  of 
Dorothea  Brooke.  Shemarrieshim  in  the  belief  that 
his  high  and  noble  ideals  will  raise  her  into  a broad 
and  generous  intellectual  life,  but  finds  him  to  be  only  a 
timid,  Belf  absorbed  pedant. 

Casaubon  (ka-sa'bon;  F.  pron.  kii-zo-bon'), 
Isaac.  Born  at  Geneva,  Feb.  18, 1559:  died  at 


Casiri 

London,  July  12,  1614.  A famous  classical 
scholar  and  Protestant  theologian,  of  French 
(Gascon)  origin.  He  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Ge- 
neva 1582-96,  and  of  languages  at  Montpellier  1596-1600; 
librarian  to  the  king,  in  Paris,  1601-10 ; and  from  that 
time  until  his  death  a prebendary  of  Canterbury  and  a 
pensioner  of  King  James.  He  published  commentaries 
on  Athenaeus,  Theophrastus  (with  a Latin  translation), 
Suetonius,  etc.,  and  “ Ephemerides,”  a journal  of  his 
studies. 

Casaubon,  Meric.  Born  at  Geneva,  Aug.  14, 
1599 : died  at  Oxford,  England,  July  14,  1671. 
A divine  and  classical  scholar,  son  of  Isaac 
Casaubon,  resident  in  England  after  1611.  He 
published  a large  number  of  works,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant is  an  edition  of  his  father’s  “Ephemerides.” 

Casbin.  See  Kashin. 

Casca  (kas'ka),  Publius  Servilius.  Died  after 
42  B.  c.  One  of  tbe  assassins  of  Julius  Caesar 
+(44  B.  c.),  and  tbe  first  of  them  to  strike  a blow. 
Cascade  Mountains.  A range  of  mountains  in 
California,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British 
Columbia,  nearly  parallel  to  the  Pacific.  It  is 
connected  with  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  south.  It  contains 
many  extinct  volcanoes.  Among  its  chief  peaks  are  Mounts 
Pitt,  Scott,  Three  Sisters,  Jefferson,  Hood,  Baker,  St. 
Helen’s,  and  Tacoma  (or  Rainier),  the  highest  (14,363  feet). 

Cascate  delle  Marmore,  or  Falls  of  tbe  Ve- 
lino.  See  Marmore. 

Casco  Bay  (kas'ko  ba).  A bay  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Maine,  extending  from  Cape  Eliz- 
abeth, near  Portland,  northeastward  for  about 
20  miles.  It  abounds  in  islands. 

Case  is  Altered,  The.  A comedy  of  intrigue, 
by  Ben  Jonson,  acted  by  1599,  based  on  two 
plays  by  Plautus,  the  “Aulularia”  and  the  “Cap- 
tivi.” 

Caserta  (ka-ser'ta).  The  capital  of  tbe  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italy,  17  miles  north-northeast 
of  Naples.  It  contains  a royal  palace,  begun  1752  iu 
emulation  of  Versailles  and  La  Granja,  aud  one  of  the 
finest  palaces  in  Europe.  The  plan  is  a rectangle ; the 
facade  is  780  feet  long  and  125  high,  with  two  stories  and 
an  attic  above  a basement.  Population,  commune, 
32,709. 

Caserta.  A province  in  Campania,  Italy : the 
former  Terra  di  Lavoro.  Area,  2,0. >3  square 
miles.  Population,  803,464. 

Cases,  Las.  See  Las  Cases. 

Cashan.  See  Kaslian. 

Cashel  (kash'el).  A town  in  the  county  of  Tip- 
perary, Ireland,  in  lat.  52°31'  N.,  long.  7°  53'  W. 
The  “rock  of  Cashel  ” is  a limestone  formation,  about  *00 
feet  in  height  On  its  summit  are  the  ruins  of  a Gothic 
cathedral  (12th century),  castle,  abbey,  chapel,  and  round 
tower.  Population,  2,938. 

Cashgar.  See  Kashgar. 

Cashibos.  Same  as  Cachibos. 

Cashmere.  See  Kashmir. 

Casilear  (kas'i-ler),  John  W.  Born  at  New 
York,  June  25, 1811:  died  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  18, 1893.  A landscape-painter.  He 
began  to  study  engraving  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  in  1831 
was  an  engraver  of  bank-notes.  Iu  1840  and  1857  he  went  to 
Europe  to  study  oil-painting.  He  was  elected  a member 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  iu  1861. 

Casilinum  (kas-i-li'num).  See  Capua. 
Casimir  (kas'i-mer)  I,  [G.  Kashmir , Pol.  Kazi- 
mierz.  ] Died  Nov.  28,  1058.  King  of  Poland 
1040-58,  surnamed  “The  Peaceful”  and  “Tbe 
Monk.”  He  was  the  son  of  Miecislas  II.  and  Rixa,  a 
German  princess.  On  the  death  of  his  father  (1034)  his 
mother  became  regent,  but  was  obliged  to  flee  from  an  out- 
break of  national  hatred,  aroused  by  the  favoritism  which 
she  displayed  toward  her  countrymen.  He  was  recalled 
1040,  from  Germany,  where  he  was  living  in  retirement  de- 
voted to  religious  exercises.  He  restored  Christianity, 
which  had  been  hotly  persecuted  during  his  absence,  and 
added  Masovia  and  Breslau  to  Poland.  He  is  called  “ the 
restorer  of  Poland.” 

Casimir  II.  Born  1138 : died  May  4, 1194.  King 
of  Poland  1177-94,  surnamed  “Tbe  Just.”  He 
organized  the  Polish  senate,  which  consisted  of  bishops, 
palatines,  and  castellans,  and  introduced  laws  protecting 
the  peasants  against  the  nobles. 

Casimir  III.  Born  1310:  died  Nov.  8,  1370. 
King  of  Poland  1333-70,  surnamed  “The 
Great,”  son  of  Vladislav  Lokietek.  He  promul- 
gated a double  code  of  laws  forGreat  and  Little  Poland  in 
1347,  projected  the  University  of  Cracow  in  1364,  and  made 
conquests  in  Silesia,  Russia,  and  Lithuania.  Among  his 
mistresses  was  a Jewess,  Esther,  who  is  supposed  to  have 
secured  the  humane  protection  which,  at  this  time,  was 
accorded  to  her  people  in  Poland. 

Casimir  IV.  Born  Nov. 29, 1427:  died  at  Grodno, 
Poland,  June  7, 1492.  King  of  Poland  1447-92, 
brother  of  Wladislaw  III.  He  carried  on  a war  of 
fourteen  years  against  the  Teutonic  knights,  which  was 
terminated  in  1466  by  the  peace  of  Thorn,  and  which  gave 
Poland  possession  of  West  Prussia,  with  suzerainty  over 
East  Prussia. 

Casimir-PSrier,  Jean,  See  Pfaier. 

Casiri  (kS-se're),  Michael.  Born  at  Tripoli, 
Syria,  1710:  died  at  Madrid,  March  12,  1791. 
A Maronite  Orientalist.  He  became  chief  librarian 
of  the  Escorial  in  Spain  in  1763.  His  chief  work  is  “ Biblio- 
theca arabico-hispana  cscurialensis  ” (1760-70). 


Casius 

Casius  (ka'si-us).  [L.  Casius  mons,  Gr.  Kamov 
opog;  now  El  lias.']  The  ancient  name  of  the 
mountainous  region  south  of  Antioch.  See  the 
extract. 

The  mountain  region  varied  in  its  elevation  from  about 

5.000  feet  in  the  north,  where  it  was  known  as  Casius  and 
Bargylus,  to  above  9,000  feet  in  the  south,  where  Lebanon 
culminates  in  the  snowy  peak  of  Makmel. 

Mawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  4. 

Caslon  (kas'lon),  William.  Born  at  Cradley, 
Worcestershire,  1692:  died  at  Bethnal  Green, 
Jan.  23,  1766.  A London  type-founder,  famous 
for  his  skill  as  a type-cutter.  He  established  an 
important  business  which  was  carried  on  in  partnership 
with  his  son  William,  and  after  his  death  by  the  latter 
alone. 

Caspar  (kas'par).  A huntsman  who  sells  him- 
self to  Zimeel,  the  hlack  huntsman,  in  Weber’s 
opera  “Der  Freiscbiitz.” 

Caspar  Hauser.  See  Hauser,  Kaspar. 

Caspe  (kas'pe).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  river  Guada- 
lupe in  lat.  41°  13'  N.,  long.  0°  5'  W.  Popu- 
lation, 7,735. 

Caspian  Sea  (kas'pi-an  se).  [L.  Mare  Caspium, 
or  Mare  Hyrcanium,  Gr.  K aorta  dci/iaaea,  Kao- 
mov  neTiayo^ ; from  L.  Caspii,  Gr.  K aomoi,  dwell- 
ers on  the  coast.]  A salt  inland  sea  on  the 
boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia,  bounded 
by  Russian  territory  on  the  west,  north,  and 
east,  and  by  Persia  on  the  south,  it  is  the  largest 
inland  sea  in  the  world.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Volga,  Ural,  Kurna,  Emba,  Terek,  Kur,  Atrek,  and  Sefld. 
It  has  no  outlet.  There  is  a Russian  fleet  upon  it,  and 
steamers  connecting  with  the  Transcaspian  Railway.  It 
.is  83  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Black  Sea.  Length,  760 
miles.  Greatest  width,  about  270  miles.  Area,  about 

169.000  square  miles. 

Casquets  (kas'kets).  A group  of  dangerous 
rocks  in  the  English  Channel,  8 miles  west  of 
Alderney.  They  are  the  traditional  scene  of 
the  shipwreck  of  Prince  William  in  1120. 

Cass  (kas),  Lewis.  Born  at  Exeter,  N.  II., 
Oct.  9,  1782:  died  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  June  17, 
1866.  An  American  statesman  and  soldier. 
He  served  in  the  war  of  1812-13.  He  was  governor  of 
Michigan  Territory  1813-31,  secretary  of  war  1831-36,  min- 
ister to  France  1836-42,  United  States  senator  1845—18, 
Democratic  candidate  for  President  1848,  United  States 
senator  1849-57,  and  secretary  of  state  1857-60.  He  wrote 
“Inquiry  respecting  the  History,  etc.,  of  the  Indians" 
0823). 

Cassaba.  See  Kassaba. 

Cassagmac.  See  Granier  de  Cassagnac. 
Cassander  (ka-san'der).  [Gr.  K aaaavdpo^.] 
Born  about  354  B.  c. : died  297.  The  son  of 
Antipater.  He  became  cliiliarch  in  321 ; waged  war 
with  Alexander's  successors  after  319 ; and  received  Mace- 
donia and  Greece  after  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  301. 
Cassandra  (ka-san'dra),  or  Alexandra  (al-eg- 
zan'dra).  [Gr.  Kaaadvopa,  F.  Cassandre .]  In 
Greek  legend,  a prophetess,  the  daughter  of 
Priam  and  Hecuba.  By  command  of  Apollo  (whose 
advances  she  had  repelled),  her  predictions,  though  true, 
were  always  discredited.  She  was  enslaved  by  Agamem- 
non after  the  fall  of  Troy. 

Cassandra.  The  westernmost  peninsula  of 
Chalcidice  : the  ancient  Pallene. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'dra),  Gulf  of.  The  modern 
name  of  the  Toronaie  Gulf. 

Cassandre  (ka-son'dr).  [F.,  ‘Cassandra.’]  A 
romance  by  La  Calprenede. 

Cassange,  or  Kasanji.  See  Mbangala. 
Cassano  (kas-sa'nd).  1.  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Italy,  18  miles  southwest  of  Bari. 
— 2.  A town  in  the  province  of  Milan,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Adda  16  miles  east-northeast 
of  Milan.  Here,  Aug.  16,  1705,  the  French  under  Ven- 
dOme  defeated  the  Imperialists  under  Prince  Eugene ; 
and  April  27, 1799,  the  Austrians  and  Russians  under  Suva- 
rolf  defeated  the  French  under  Moreau. 

3.  A town  in  the  province  of  Cosenza,  Italy,  in 
lat.  39°  47'  N.,  long.  16°  19'  E.  It  has  sulphur- 
baths.  Population,  6,759;  commune,  8,706. 
Cassel,  or  Kassel  (kas'sel).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Fulda  in  lat.  51°  18'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  E. : 
the  Roman  Castellum  Menapiorum,  Chasella. 

It  consists  of  the  Altstadt,  the  Ober-Neustadt,  and  the  Un- 
ter-Neustadt.  It  contains  a noted  picture-gallery  and  the 
electoral  palace.  Near  it  are  the  palace  and  park  of  Wil- 
helmshohe.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  electoral  Hesse, 
and  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia  1807-13. 
Population,  153,878,  (1910). 

Cassel  (ka-sel').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  20  miles  south  of  Dunkirk : the 
Roman  Castellum  Morinorum.  Population, 
commune,  3,091. 

Cassel,  Battles  of.  Victories  gained  at  Cassel, 
France : (a)  By  Robert  the  Friesian  over  Philip 
of  France  in  1071.  (b)  By  Philip  VI.  of  France 

over  the  Flemings  in  1328.  (c)  By  the  French 

over  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  1677. 

Cassia  gens  (kash'iii  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 


222 

a clan  or  house,  originally  patrician,  afterward 
plebeian.  Its  family  names  under  the  republic  were 
Longinus,  Hemina,  Parmensis,  Ravilla,  Sabaco,  Varus, 
and  Viscellinus. 

Cassianus  (kas-i-a'nus),  called  Johannes  Mas- 
siliensis  (“of  Massilia”),  or  Ereinita  (“the 
eremite”).  Born  about  360  a.  d.:  died  after 
433  (about  448  ?).  A recluse  and  Semi-Pelagian 
theologian.  He  founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Victor, 
near  Marseilles,  and  was  a diligent  promoter  of  monasti- 
cism. 

Cassibelaunus.  See  Cassivellaunus. 

Cassini  (It.  pron.  kas-se'ne;  F.pron.  ka-se-ne'), 
Giovanni  Domenico.  Born  at  Perinaldo,  near 
Nice,  June  8,  1625:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14,  1712. 
An  Italian  astronomer,  director  of  the  obser- 
vatory at  Paris.  He  discovered  four  satellites 
of  Saturn  1671,  1672,  1684  (two). 

Cassini,  Jacques.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  18, 1677 : 
died  at  Thury,  in  France,  April  16,  1756.  A 
French  astronomer,  son  of  Giovanni  Domenico 
Cassini  whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Paris  in  1712.  He  is  chiefly  known 
by  his  labors  in  relation  to  the  determination  of  the  figure 
of  the  earth. 

Cassini,  Jacques  Dominique,  Comte  de.  Born 
at  Paris,  June  30,  1748:  died  at  Paris  (’?),  Oct. 
18,  1845.  A French  astronomer,  son  of  Cassini 
de  Thury  whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Paris  in  1784.  He  resigned  in 
1793.  He  completed  his  father’s  map  of  France 
(1793). 

Cassini  de  Thury  (de  tii-re'),  Cesar  Frangois. 

Born  at  Paris,  June  17,  1714:  died  Sept.  4, 1784. 
A French  astronomer,  son  of  Jacques  Cassini 
whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Paris  in  1756.  He  commenced  a topo- 
graphical map  of  France,  which  was  completed 
by  his  son. 

Cassino  (kas-se'no),  formerly  San  Germano 
(san  jer-ma'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  about  45  miles  northwest  of  Na- 
ples, on  the  Rapido  near  the  site  of  the  Roman 
Casinum.  It  has  a ruined  amphitheater.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,574;  commune,  13,473. 

Cassino,  Monte.  See  Monte  Cassino. 

Cassio  (kash'io),  Michael.  The  lieutenant  of 
Othello  in  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “Othello”:  a 
somewhat  weak  but  honorable  man,  caused  by  the  device 
of  Iago  to  be  the  object  of  Othello's  jealousy.  See  Ia<jo. 

Cassiodorus  (kasi'i-o-d6'rus),  Magnus  Aure- 
lius. Born  at  Scyllaceum,  southern  Italy,  about 
468:  died  at  Viviers,  in  Calabria,  about  560. 
An  Italian  statesman  and  historian.  He  was  an 
administrative  officer  under  Odoacer  Tlieodoric  and  his 
successors,  and  became  a monk  at  Viviers  about  638.  His 
state  papers  and  works  were  published  by  Garet  (1679). 

Cassiopeia  (kasH-o-pe'ya),  or  Cassiepeia(kas//- 
i-e-pe'ya).  [Gr.  Kaooi6~Eia  or  Kaaad-eia.}  1. 
In  classical  mythology,  the  wife  of  Cepheus,  an 
Ethiopian  king,  and  mother  of  Andromeda. 
She  was  transferred  to  the  heavens  as  a con- 
stellation.— 2.  A beautiful  circumpolar  con- 
stellation, supposed  to  represent  the  wife  of 
Cepheus  seated  in  a chair  and  holding  up  both 
arms.  It  contains  thirty  stars  brighter  than  the  sixth 
magnitude,  and  is  always  found  opposite  the  Great  Bear 
on  the  other  side  of  tile  pole-star.  In  this  constellation 
appeared  in  1572  a temporary  star  brighter  than  Venus  at 
its  brightest. 

Cassiquiare  (kas-se-ke-a'ra),  or  Cassiquiari 
(-re),  or  Casiquiare.  A river  in  southern  Ven- 
ezuela. It  diverges  from  the  Orinoco  20  miles  west  of 
Esmeralda,  and  joins  the  Rio  Negro  in  lat.  2°  N.,  long. 
67“  40'  W.,  thus  connecting  the  Orinoco  system  with  that 
of  the  Amazon.  The  current  is  from  the  Orinoco  to  the 
Negro.  Length,  about  190  miles. 

Cassiterides  (kas-i-ter'i-dez).  [Gr.  Kaomrepi- 
(h?,  from  Kaoairtpoc,  tin.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  “tin  islands,”  generally  identified  with 
the  Scilly  Islands.  By  Elton  they  are  identified 
with  the  islands  near  Vigo  in  Spain. 

Cassius,  Dion.  See  Dion  Cassius. 

Cassius  Longinus  (kash'iuslon-jl'nus),  Caius. 
Died  near  Philippi,  Macedonia,  42  b.  c.  A 
Roman  general  and  politician.  He  was  distin- 
guished in  the  Parthian  war  53-51 ; was  the  leading  con- 
spirator  against  Julius  Caesar  in  44;  commanded  in  Syria 
and  Asia  44-42  ; and  was  defeated  by  Antony  at  Philippi 
in  42  and  killed  himself. 

Cassius  Parmensis  (kash'ius  par-men'sis), 
Titus.  Born  at  Parma,  Italy  (whence  his  sur- 
name) : executed  at  Athens,  by  order  of  Octa- 
vius, about  30  B.  c.  A Roman  poet,  one  of  the 
conspirators  against  Julius  Ctesar. 

Cassivellaunus  (kas"i-ve-la'nus).  Flourished 
about  50  B.  c.  A British  prince,  ruler  of  the 
Catuvellauni  (occupying,  approximately,  mod- 
ern Hertfordshire,  Buckinghamshire,  and  Berk- 
shire), a local  conqueror  and  opponent  of  the 
Romans,  conquered  by  Caesar. 


Castellamare  di  Stabia 

Castagnette  (kas-tan-yet'),  Captain.  In  Ernest 

L’Epine’s  novel  of  the  same  name  (1862),  a 
character  remarkable  for  having  an  artificial 
stomach. 

Castagno  (kas-tiin'yo),  Andrea  or  Andrino 

del.  Born  in  the  environs  of  Florence,  1390: 
died  of  the  plague  at  Florence,  Aug.  19,  1457. 
A Florentine  painter.  In  1454  he  was  called  to  Rome 
by  Pope  Nicholas  V.  to  take  part  in  the  decoration  of  the 
stanze  of  the  Vatican.  He  was  a draftsman  rather  than 
a painter,  and  his  work  is  characterized  by  a certain  bru- 
tality of  style. 

Castahana.  See  Comanche. 

Castaigne  (kas-tan' ) , AndrS.  A contemporary 
French  painter,  born  at  Angouleme.  He  is  es- 
pecially noted  as  an  illustrator. 

Castaldi  (kas-tal'de),  Pamfilo.  An  Italian 
printer  and  physician  of  the  middle  of  the  15th 
century,  supposed  by  some  Italians  to  have 
been  the  inventor  of  printing. 

Castalia  (kas-ta'li-a).  [Gr.  Kaara/ia.]  An  an- 
cient fountain  on  tHe  slope  of  Mount  Parnassus, 
Greece,  sacred  to  the  Muses  and  Apollo. 

TheCastalian  spring  maybe  distinctly  recognized,  from 
this  passage  and  the  description  of  Pausanius  (X.  viii. 
Sec.  5),  in  the  modern  fountain  of  Aio  JAnni.  It  lies  at 
the  base  of  the  precipices  of  Parnassus,  on  the  right  of 
the  road  by  which  alone  Delphi  can  be  approached  from 
the  east,  at  the  mouth  of  a ravine  which  separates  the  two 
great  Delphian  peaks.  Rawliuson,  Herod.,  IV.  291. 

Castalides  (kas-tal'i-dez).  [L., ‘Castalia.’]  A 
poetical  name  for  the  Muses. 

Castaly  (kas'ta-li).  An  English  form  of  Cas- 
talia. 

Castanheda  (kas-tan-ya'da),  Fernao  Lopes 
de.  Born  at  Santarem  about  1500:  died  at 
Coimbra,  March  23,  1559.  A Portuguese  his- 
torian. In  1528  he  went  with  his  father  to  India,  where 
he  resided  20  years.  His  “ Historia  do  descobrimento  e 
conquista  da  India  pelos  Portuguezes"  appeared  in  parts 
from  1551  to  1561  (incomplete).  * 

Castanos  (kas-tiin'yos),  Francisco  Xavier  de, 

Duke  of  Baylen.  Born  at  Madrid  (?),  April 
22,  1756:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept.  24,  1852.  A 
Spanish  general.  He  defeated  the  French  at  Baylen 
July,  1808,  was  defeated  by  them  at  Tudela  Nov.,  1808, 
and  served  with  distinction  under  Wellington  at  Vitto- 
ria  1813.  He  became  the  guardian  of  Queen  Isabella  in 
1843. 

Castara  (kas-ta'ra).  A collection  of  poems 
in  praise  of  Lucy  Herbert,  issued  anonymously 
by  William  Habington  in  1634.  He  had  mar- 
ried her  between  1630  and  1633. 

Caste.  A play  by  T.  W.  Robertson  (1867). 
Casteggio  (kas-ted'jo).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pavia,  northern  Italy,  12  miles  south  of 
Pavia.  Near  here  were  fought  the  two  battles  of  Mon- 
tebello (1800  and  1859),  which  see. 

Castelar  (kas-ta-lar'),  Emilio.  Born  at  Cadiz, 
Spain,  Sept.  8,  1832 : died  at  San  Pedro  de  Pi- 
natar,  Murcia,  May  25,  1899.  A noted  Spanish 
statesman,  orator,  and  author.  He  fled  from  Spain 
after  the  rising  of  1866;  became  a republican  leader  in  1868 ; 
and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1873,  and  president 
of  the  executive  Sept.,  1873, -Jan.,  1874.  Hisworks  include 
“ La  civilizacion  eu  los  cinco  primeros  siglos  del  cristian- 
ismo  " (1805),  “ Cuestiones  politicas,  etc.”  (1870),  “ Discur- 
sos  parlamentarios  ” (1871),  “ Historia  del  movimiento  re- 
publieano"  (1875),  etc. 

Castel  del  Monte  (kas-tel'  del  mon'te).  A 
town  in  Italy,  19  miles  east  of  Aquila.  It  con- 
tains a castle,  a hunting-seat  of  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  one  of  the  most  splendid  medieval  monuments  in 
Italy.  The  plan  is  octagonal,  with  8 hexagonal  towers 
of  fine  masonry.  The  windows  are  pointed  and  round- 
arched  ; the  ribs  of  the  vaulted  halls  are  received  by  triple 
vaulting-shafts  of  marble. 

Castelfidardo  (kas-tel/''fe-dar'do).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Ancona,  Italy,  10  miles  south  of 
Ancona.  Near  here,  Sept.  18, 1860,  the  Italians  under 
Cialdini  defeated  the  papal  troops  under  Lamoriciere. 
Castelfranco  (kas-tel  fran'ko).  Atowninthe 
province  of  Treviso,  Italy,  northwest  of  Venice. 
Here,  Nov.  23,  1805,  the  French  under  St.  Cyr  defeated  the 
Austrians  under  Prince  Rohan. 

Castell  (kas'tel),  Edmund.  Born  at  East  Hat- 
ley, Cambridgeshire,  England,  1606:  died  at 
Higham  Gobion,  in  Bedfordshire,  1685.  A noted 
English  Orientalist,  canon  of  Canterbury  and 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge.  His  chief 
work  is  a “ Lexicon  heptaglotton,  Hebraicum,  Chaldai- 
cum,  Syriacum,  Samaritanum,  JSthiopicum,  Arabicnm 
conjunctim  et  Persicum  separatim  ’’  (1669). 
Castellammare  del  Golfo  (kas-tel  "la-ma're  del 
gol'fo).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Trapani, 
Sicily,  on  the  Gulf  of  Castellammare  27  miles 
west-southwest  of  Palermo.  It  was  formerly 
the  seaport  of  Segesta.  Population,  19,957. 
Castellammare  di  Stabia  (kiis-tel  ia-ma'ro  de 
sta'be-a).  A city  in  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay 
of  Naples  15  miles  southeast  of  Naples,  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Stabise  (which  see),  it 

is  noted  as  a watering-place.  Near  here,  1799,  the  French 
under  General  Macdonald  defeated  the  Anglo-Neapolito^ 
army.  Population,  26,374 ; commune,  32,84L 


Castellanos 

Castellanos  (kas-tel-ya'nos),  Juan  de.  Born 
at  Seville  early  in  the  16th  century.  A Spanish 
curate  and  poet.  He  passed  most  of  his  life  at  Tunja, 
New  Granada.  He  wrote  “Elegias  de  varones  ilustres 
de  las  Indias,”  a versified  account  of  the  exploits  of 
early  Spanish  conquerors  in  America.  It  has  considerable 
poetical  and  historical  value.  (Part  I.,  Madrid,  1589;  re- 
printed with  parts  II.  and  III.  in  the  “ Biblioteca  de  Au- 
tores  Espafioles,"  Madrid,  1847  to  1850.) 

Castelli  (kas-tel'le),  or  Castello  (kas-tel'lo), 
Bernardo.  Bom  near  Genoa,  Italy,  1557 : died 
1629.  A Genoese  painter. 

Castelli,  Ignaz  Franz.  Bom  at  Vienna,  March 
6, 1781 : died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  5, 1862.  An  Aus- 
trian dramatist,  poet,  and  journalist. 

Castelli,  or  Castello,  Valerio.  Born  at  Genoa, 
Italy,  1625:  died  at  Genoa,  1659.  A Genoese 
painter,  particularly  of  battle-scenes : son  of 
Bernardo  Castelli. 

Castello  (kas-tel'lo),  Giovanni  Battista,  sur- 
named  II  Bergamasco.  Born  at  Bergamo, 
Italy,  about  1500:  died  at  Madrid  about  1570. 
An  Italian  historical  painter. 

Castelldn  (kas-tel-yon ' ).  A province  in  Va- 
lencia, eastern  Spain,  lying  between  Teruel  and 
Tarragona  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  east,  Valencia  on  the  south,  and  Teruel  on 
the  west.  Area,  2,495  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 310,828. 

Castellon,  Francisco.  Bom  about  1815 : died 
Sept.  2, 1855.  A Nicaraguan  revolutionist.  In 
1853  he  headed  a revolt  of  the  liberal  party  at  Leon,  was 
defeated,  and  fled  to  Honduras,  but  returned  iu  June,  1854, 
assumed  the  title  of  “provisional  director,"  and  for  a time 
reduced  the  government  of  President  Chamorro  to  the  city 
of  Granada.  It  was  by  his  invitation  that  Walker  came 
from  the  United  States  ostensibly  to  aid  the  liberals.  Iu 
the  midst  of  these  struggles  Castellon  died  of  cholera. 

Castelldn  de  la  Plana.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Castelldn,  situated  4 miles  from 
the  coast,  in  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  long.  0°  5'  W. 
It  is  in  a fertile  plain  (la  Plana).  Population, 
32,109. 

Castelnau  (kas-tel-no'),  Francis,  Count.  Bom 
at  London,  1812 : died  at  Melbourne,  Australia, 
Feb.  4,  1880.  A French  traveler.  He  visited  the 
Canadian  lakes,  the  United  States,  and  Mexico,  1837-41. 
In  1843  he  went  to  South  America  as  chief  of  a gov- 
ernment scientific  expedition  which  explored  central  and 
western  Brazil,  Bolivia,  Peru,  and  the  Amazon.  He  re- 
turned to  France  in  1847,  and  was  subsequently  consul 
at  Bahia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  Singapore,  and  consul- 
general  at  Melbourne.  He  published  “Expedition  dans 
les  parties  centrales  de  l’Amirique  du  sud  ’’ (Paris,  6 vols. 
8vo,  1850-51 : the  last  volume,  on  Bolivia,  by  his  assistant, 
M.  Weddell;  an  atlas  and  scientific  supplements  were 
published  later). 

Castelnau,  Michel  de,  Sieur  de  la  Mauvissiere. 
Bom  at  Mauvissiere,  Touraiue,  France,  about 
1520:  died  at  Joinville,  Haute-Marne,  France, 
1592.  A French  diplomatist.  He  was  ambassador 
to  England  1574-84 ; and  wrote  “Mdmoires"  for  the  per- 
iod 1559-70  (published  1621). 

Castelnaudary  (kas-tel-no-dii-re').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Aude,  France,  31  miles 
southeast  of  Toulouse,  an  important  trading 
center  on  the  canal  of  Languedoc,  it  suffered 
during  the  Albigensian  crusade  in  the  13th  century,  and 
was  burned  by  the  Black  Prince  in  1355.  Near  it,  on  Sept. 
1,  1632,  the  royalists  under  Schomberg  defeated  the  Duke 
of  Montmorency.  Population,  commune,  9,362. 

Castelnuovo  (kas"tel-n6-o'v6).  A seaport  in 
Dalmatia,  on  the  Bocche  di  Cattaro  13  miles 
northwest  of  Cattaro. 

Castel  Sarrasin  (kas-tel'  sar-ra-zan').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  France, 
13  miles  west  of  Montauban.  It  has  a noted 
church.  Population,  commune,  7,496. 
Castiglione  (kas-tel-yo'ne),  Count  Carlo  Ot- 
tavio. Bom  at  Milan,  1784:  died  at  Genoa, 
April  10,  1849.  An  Italian  philologist  and  an- 
tiquary. He  was  the  coadjutor  of  Mai  in  the 
editing  of  the  Gothic  version  of  the  Scriptures, 
1819-39. 

Castiglione,  Giovanni  Benedetto,  called  II 
Grechetto,  and  Benedetto.  Born  at  Genoa, 
Italy,  1616:  died  at  Mantua,  Italy,  1670.  An 
Italian  painter  (particularly  of  animal  life)  and 
etcher. 

Castiglione  delle  Stiviere  (kas-tel-yo'ne  del'- 
le  ste-ve-a're) . A town  in  the  province  of 
Mantua,  Italy,  22  miles  northwest  of  Mantua. 
Here,  Aug.  5,  1796,  the  French  under  Bonaparte  defeated 
the  Austrians  under  Wurmser;  Augereau  received  after- 
ward the  title  of  Due  de  Castiglione.  Population  of  com- 
mune, 5,967. 

Castiglione  Fiorentino  (kiis-tel-yo'ne  fe-o-ren- 
te'no).  A town  in  the  province  of  Arezzo, 
Italy,  10  miles  south  of  Arezzo:  noted  for  silk- 
culture. 

Castile  (kas-tel').  [Sp.  Castilla,  F.  Castille,  It. 
Castiglia,  G.  Caslilien : so  named  from  the 
number  of  its  frontier  castles.]  An  old  king- 
dom of  Spain,  in  the  northern  and  central  part 


223 

of  the  peninsula.  Castile  proper  comprised  Old  Cas- 
tile, containing  the  modern  provinces  of  Santander,  Bur- 
gos, Palencia,  Valladolid,  Logrofio,  Segovia,  Soria,  and 
Avila;  and  New  Castile,  south  of  Old  Castile,  containing 
the  modern  provinces  of  Madrid,  Toledo,  Guadalajara, 
Cuenca,  and  Ciudad  Beal.  It  fell  under  Moorish  rule; 
was  governed  by  counts  under  the  supremacy  of  Asturias 
and  Leon ; and  was  annexed  by  Sancho  of  Navarre  (1026- 
1035), who  gave  Castile  to  his  son  Ferdinand  I.  in  1033.  Leon 
was  united  to  Castile  in  1037,  separated  in  1065,  and  re- 
united under  Alfonso  VI.  in  1072,  who  also  annexed  Ga- 
licia. Afterward  Castile  and  Leon  were  separated,  but 
were  finally  reunited  under  Ferdinand  III.  in  1230,  who 
conquered  large  parts  (of  southern  Spain,  Seville,  Cor- 
dova, etc.,  from  the  Moors.  Other  noted  kings  were  Al- 
fonso X.  and  Pedro  the  Cruel.  Isabella  of  Castile  married 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon  in  1469,  and  became  queen  of  Cas- 
tile in  1474.  Ferdinand  became  king  of  Aragon  in  1479, 
and  thenceforth  Castile  and  Aragon  were  united.  See 
Spain. 

Castile,  New.  [Sp.  Castilla  la  Nueva .]  See 
Castile. 

Castile,  Old.  [Sp.  Castilla  la  Vieja.]  See 
Castile. 

Castilla  (kas-tel'ya),  Ramon.  Born  at  Tara- 
pacH,  Aug.  30, 1796:  died  near  that  place,  May  30, 
1867.  A Peruvian  general  and  statesman.  He 
joined  the  patriots  in  1821 ; was  exiled  in  1836,  but  re- 
turned in  1838;  and  was  president  of  Peru  1845-51.  In 
1854  he  headed  the  insurgents  in  southern  Peru ; took 
the  title  of  provisional  president,  June  1, 1854  ; decreed 
the  emancipation  of  slaves  and  the  abolition  of  Indian 
tribute  ; defeated  Echenique’s  army  at  La  Palma,  near 
Lima,  Jan.  5,  1855  ; and  was  regularly  reelected  president 
for  four  years,  July  14,  1855. 

Castilla  del  Oro  (kas-tel'ya  del  o'ro),  or  Cas- 
tilia  del  Oro.  [‘Golden  Castile.’]  A name 
first  applied  by  Columbus  to  the  northern  coast 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  which  he  visited  in 
1502.  In  1508  it  was  officially  made  the  name  of  a prov- 
ince ceded  to  Nicuesa,  extending  from  Cape  Gracias  a Dios, 
now  in  Honduras,  to  the  Gulf  of  Darien,  the  inland  extent 
being  unknown.  By  the  failure  of  Ojeda(1510),  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  America  from  the  Gulf  of  Darien  to 
Cape  de  la  Vela  was  added  to  it.  Early  maps  often  use 
the  name  Castilla  del  Oro  for  this  latter  region,  embracing 
what  is  now  northern  Colombia  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
isthmus ; and  this  mistake  has  been  adopted  by  Helps 
and  other  modern  authors,  who  distinguished  the 
original  Castilla  del  Oro  as  Castilla  Nueva,  or  New 
Castile. 

Castillejo  (kas-tel-ya/no),  Cristoval  de.  Born 
at  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  Spain,  about  1494:  died  at 
Vienna,  June  12,  1556.  A Spanish  poet.  He 
was  secretary  to  Don  Ferdinand,  brother  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  for  upward  of  thirty  years. 

Castillejos  (kas-tel-ya'nos).  A place  in  north- 
ern Morocco.  Near  here,  Jan.  1, 1860,  the  Moors  were 
defeated  by  General  Prim,  who  received  as  a reward  the 
title  of  Marquis  of  Castillejos. 

Castillo  (kas-tel'yo),  Bernal  Diaz  del.  See 

Diaz  del  Castillo,  Bernal. 

Castillo,  Diego  Enriquez  de.  Born  at  Segovia, 
Spain : lived  about  1475.  A Spanish  chronicler, 
author  of  “Annals  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  IV., 
1454-74”  (published  1787). 

Castillon-sur -Dordogne  (kas-te-yon'sur-dor- 
dony' ).  A town  in  the  department  of  Gironde, 
France,  situated  on  the  Dordogne  26  miles 
east  of  Bordeaux.  Here,  in  1453,  the  French  defeated 
the  English  under  Talbot  (the  last  battle  of  the  Hundred 
Years’  War). 

Castillos  (kas-tel'yos),  los  tres.  [Sp.,  ‘the 
three  castles.’]  A mountain  cluster  in  north- 
ern Chihuahua,  to  which  the  Apache  chief  Vie- 
torio  retreated  in  the  fall  of  1880,  and  where  he 
and  his  band  were  exterminated  by  the  Mexi- 
can troops  under  Colonel  Terrazas. 

Castine  (kas-ten').  A port  of  entry  and  water- 
ing-place in  Hancock  County,  Maine,  situated 
on  Penobscot  Bay  30  miles  south  of  Bangor. 
Population,  933,  (1910). 

Castine  (kas-ten'),  or  Castin  (kas-tan'),  Vin- 
cent, Baron  de.  Born  at  Oleron,  France,  in 
1650 : died  there  about  1722.  A French  soldier. 
He  went  to  Canada  in  1665,  and  established  a trading 
house  at  Penobscot  (Castine)  in  1687,  where  he  married 
the  daughter  of  the  Penobscot  chief.  He  captured  Pema- 
quid  at  the  head  of  200  Indians  in  1696.  In  1706  he  as- 
sisted in  defending  Port  Itoyal,  and  was  wounded  there  in 
1707.  His  son,  who  succeeded  him  as  commander  of  the 
Penobscots,  was  taken  as  a prisoner  to  Boston  in  1721. 

Castle  (kas'l),  The.  Specifically,  Dublin  Castle, 
especially  as  the  seat  of  government. 

Castle  of  Asia.  See  Dardanelles. 

Castlebar  (kas-l-biir').  The  capital  of  County 
Mayo,  Ireland,  in  lat.  53°  52'  N.,  long.  9°  18' 
W.  It  was  taken  by  the  Frencli  and  Irish  Aug.  27,  1798,  in 
the  battle  called  “the  Race  of  Castlebar,”  in  which  Gen- 
erals Lake  and  Hutchinson,  with  2,000  Irish  militia,  a large 
body  of  yeomanry,  and  Lord  Roden’s  fencibles,  were  routed, 
Aug.  26,  1798,  by  General  Humbert,  with  about  1,000  Irish 
insurgents  and  800  French  troops,  the  latter  of  whom  had 
landed  at  Killala,  Aug.  17.  Humbert  took  14  guns  and  200 
prisoners.  Low,  Diet.  Eng.  Hist.  Population,  3,585. 
Castle  Dangerous.  A tale  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
published  in  1831., 

astle  Douglas.  A town  in  Kirkcudbright, 


Castriota 

Scotland,  17  miles  southwest  of  Dumfries.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,018. 

Castleford  (kas'l-ford).  A town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Aire  9 miles  southeast  of  Leeds.  Population, 
17,386. 

Castle  Garden.  A circular  building  situated 
on  the  Battery,  New  York,  it  was  built  in  1807-11 
and  was  first  known  as  West  Battery,  later  as  Castle  Clin- 
ton. In  1823  it  was  granted  to  the  city.  It  was  for  some 
years  used  as  an  opera-house  (Jenny  Lind  first  sang  there), 
and  civic  receptions  were  held  there.  From  1855  till  1890 
it  was  used  as  a place  of  reception  for  immigrants,  but  the 
immigrant  station  was  transferred  to  the  Barge  Office,  and 
thence  to  Ellis  Island,  and  the  building  is  now  in  posses- 
sion of  the  city,  and  has  been  converted  into  an  aquarium 
under  the  control  of  the  N.  Y.  Zoological  Society. 

Castlemain,  Countess  of.  See  Villiers,  Bar- 
bara. 

Castlemain,  Earl  of.  See  Palmer,  Roger. 
Castlemaine  (kas'l-man).  A borough  in  the 
gold  region  of  Victoria,  Australia,  75  miles 
northwest  of  Melbourne.  Population,  8,500. 
Castle  of  Europe.  See  Dardanelles. 

Castle  of  Indolence,  The.  A poem  by  James 
Thomson,  published  in  1748. 

Castle  of  Otranto  (o-tran'to).  A romance  by 
Horace  Walpole,  published  in  1765. 

Castle  Rackrent.  A story  by  Miss  Edgeworth, 
published  in  1800.  In  it  the  trials  and  difficulties  of 
landlord  and  tenant  are  described  with  sympathy  and 
dramatic  force. 

Castlereagh  (k&s-l-ra/),  Viscount.  See  Stew- 
art, Robert. 

Castle  of  Sant’  Angelo.  See  Sant’  Angelo. 
Castle  of  the  Seven  Towers.  See  the  extract. 

As  the  eye  passes  St.  Stefano  an  imposing  block  of  gray 
walls  and  feudal-looking  battlements  comes  into  the  vi- 
sion. This  is  the  Castle  of  the  Seven  Towers,  where  it  was 
the  usual  custom  of  the  Porte  to  incarcerate  the  minister 
of  a foreign  power  upon  declaration  of  war. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  261. 

Castle  Spectre,  The.  A play  by  “Monk” 
Lewis,  produced  in  1797. 

Castleton  (kas'l-ton).  A town  in  the  Peak, 
Derbyshire,  England,  12  miles  west  of  Shef- 
field. It  is  the  site  of  Peveril  Castle. 
Castletown  (kas'l-toun).  A town  in  the  Isle  of 
Man,  on  the  southern  coast,  the  former  capital 
of  the  island.  It  contains  Castle  Rushen. 
Castlewood  (kas'l-wud),  Colonel  Francis  Es- 
mond, Lord.  The  second  Lord  Castlewood 
in  Thackeray’s  novel  “Henry  Esmond,”  the 
father  of  Beatrix  and  Francis.  He  is  a drunken 
sensualist  who  ill-treats  and  insults  his  wife,  spoils  his 
children,  gambles  away  his  property,  and  is  killed  in  a 
duel. 

Castlewood,  Lady.  The  mother  of  Beatrix 
Esmond,  and  wife  of  the  second  Lord  Castle- 
wood, in  Thackeray’s  “ Henry  Esmond.”  She 
afterward  marries  Henry  Esmond. 

Castor  (kas'tor).  [Gr.  Kaurcup.]  In  Greek  and 
Roman  mythology,  the  twin  brother  of  Pollux, 
regarded  as  the  son  of  Zeus  and  Leda,  wife  of 
Tyndareus,  king  of  Sparta,  or  of  Tyndareus 
and  Leda : notedfor  his  skill  in  the  management 
of  horses.  According  to  one  version  of  the  legend,  Zeus 
assumed  the  form  of  a swan.  Two  eggs  were  produced  by 
Leda  from  one  of  which  came  Castor  and  Clytaemnestra, 
from  the  other  Pollux  and  Helen.  The  Dioscuri  (Castor 
and  Pollux)  were  the  heroes  of  many  adventures,  and  were 
worshiped  as  divinities,  particularly  by  Dorians  and  at 
Rome.  They  were  placed  iu  the  heavens  as  a constella- 
tion. See  also  Dioscuri. 

Castor  (kas'tor).  [L.,  from  Gr.  « aarwp,  a 
beaver:  a word  of  Eastern  origin.]  Among 
French  Canadians,  one  of  the  party  which  called 
itself  the  National  party,  the  beaver  being  the 
national  emblem  of  Canada. 

Castor  and  Pollux  (kas'tor  and  pol'uks).  The 
constellation  of  the  Twins,  or  Gemini;  also, 
the  zodiacal  sign  named  from  that  constella- 
tion, although  the  latter  has  moved  completely 
out  of  the  former.  Castor,  a Geminorum,  is  a green- 
ish star  of  the  magnitude  1.6,  the  more  northerly  of  the 
two  that  lie  near  together  in  the  head  of  the  Twins.  Pol- 
lux, p Geminorum,  is  a very  yellow  star  of  the  magnitude 
1.2,  tlie  more  southerly  of  the  same  pair. 

Castor  and  Pollux,  House  of.  See  Pompeii. 
Castores.  See  Dioscuri. 

Castren  (kiis-tren'),  Matthias  Alexander. 

Born  at  Tervola,  near  Tornefi,  Finland,  Dec.  2, 
1813:  died  at  Helsingfors,  Finland,  May  7, 
1852.  A Finnish  philologist  and  traveler  in 
Lapland,  northern  Russia,  and  Siberia.  He 
published  a Swedish  translation  of  the  “Ka- 
levala”  (1841),  etc. 

Castres  (ktis'tr).  A city  in  the  department  of 
Tarn,  Franco,  on  the  river  Agout  39  miles  east 
of  Toulouse.  It  has  a cathedral,  a college,  and  impor- 
tant manufactures  of  textiles.  It  was  an  Albigensian  and 
later  a Huguenot  stronghold.  Population,  commune, 
28,272. 

Castriota,  or  Castriot, George.  See  Scandcrbeg. 


Castro,  Alfonso  y 

Castro  (kas'tro),  Alfonso  y.  Born  at  Zamora, 
Spain,  1495 : died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  11, 1558.  A 
celebrated  Franciscan  theologian  and  preacher. 
He  preached  at  Bruges  and  Salamanca;  represented  the 
Spanish  church  at  the  first  session  of  the  Council  of 
Trent ; was  one  of  the  chaplains  of  Charles  V. ; accom- 
panied Philip  II.  to  England  in  1554  as  counselor  and 
spiritual  director,  and  opposed  the  extreme  measures  of 
the  English  Catholics,  strenuously  condemning  the  burn- 
ing of  heretics ; and  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Compos- 
tella  1567.  His  most  noted  work  is  his  treatise  “Adversus 
Haereces  ” (Paris,  1634). 

Castro, Cristdval  Vaca  de.  See  Facade  Castro. 
Castro,  Guillen  de.  Born  at  Valencia,,  Spain, 
1569:  died  at  Madrid,  July  28, 1631.  A Spanish 
dramatist.  His  chief  play  is  “Las  Mocedades 
del  Cid.” 

Castro,  Ines  de.  Killed  at  Coimbra,  1355.  The 
favorite  of  Pedro,  son  of  Alfonso  IV.  of  Portu- 
gal. He  married  her  after  the  death  of  his  wife.  She 
was  murdered  by  order  of  Alfonso,  to  prevent  the  conse- 
quences  of  an  unequal  union.  Her  tragical  story  has 
been  celebrated  by  novelists  and  poets,  but  her  character 
has  been  much  softened. 

Castro,  Joao  de.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Feb.  7, 1500: 
died  at  Ormuz,  Persia,  June  6,  1548.  A Por- 
tuguese naval  commander,  governor  in  India 
in  1545. 

Castro,  Dr-  Jose  Maria.  Bom  Sept.  1, 1818:  died 
April  4,  1893.  A Costa  Rican  statesman,  vice- 
president  of  Costa  Rica  in  1846,  and  president 
1847-49.  He  was  again  president  from  1866toNov.,  1808, 
when  he  was  overturned  by  Jimenez. 

Castro,  Lope  Garcia  de.  Governor  and  cap- 
tain-general of  Peru  Sept.,  1564,- Nov.,  1569. 
Castro,  Manuel  Fernandez  de.  See  Fernan- 
dez de  Castro,  Manuel. 

Castro,  Paolo  de  (Latinized  Paulus  Oas- 
trensis).  Died  at  Padua,  Italy,  about  1441. 
An  Italian  student  of  civil  and  canon  law,  pro- 
fessor successively  in  Florence,  Bologna,  Fer- 
rara, and  Padua. 

Castro  del  Rio  (kas'tro  del  re'6).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
river  Guadajoz  22  miles  southeast  of  Cordova. 
Population,  11,821. 

Castrogiovanni  (kas//tr6-jo-van'ne).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  in  lat. 
37°  33'  N.,  long.  14°  17'  E. : the  ancient  Enna 
or  Henna.  It  is  situated  ou  a height  in  the  center  of 
the  island.  It  has  a cathedral,  castle,  and  ruined  citadel, 
and  was  anciently  a seat  of  the  worship  of  Demeter.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Saracens  in  the  9th  century,  and  by  the 
Normans  in  the  11th  century.  (See  Enna.)  Population, 
commune,  25,826. 

Castro  Marim  (kas'tro  ma-reh').  A town  in 
Algarve,  Portugal,  on  the  Guadiana  opposite 
the  Spanish  Ayamonte.  The  Castle  of  the  Templars 
is  a great  triple  medieval  stronghold  crowning  a mighty 
rock.  The  middle  fortress  has  a quadrangular  court,  with 
massive  walls  and  covered  way,  and  a huge  square  keep. 

Castroreale  (kasHro-ra-a'le).  A town  in  the 
pro vince  of  Messina,  Sicily,  22  miles  southwest 
of  Messina.  Population,  commune,  10,304. 
Castro  y Figueroa  Salazar  (kas'tro  e fe-ga- 
ro'a  sa-la-thar'),  Pedro  de.  Said  to  have  been 
a native  of  Spanish  America:  died  in  the  city 
of  Mexico,  Aug.  22,  1741.  A Spanish  soldier 
and  administrator,  Duke  of  La  Conquista  and 
Marquis  of  Gracia  Real.  From  Aug.  17,  1740, 
until  his  death  he  was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 
Caswell  (kaz'wel),  Richard.  Born  in  Mary- 
land, Aug.  3,  1729:  died  in  North  Carolina, 
Nov.,  1789.  An  American  Revolutionary  poli- 
tician and  soldier,  governor  of  North  Carolina 
1777-79  and  1784-87. 

Cat  (kat),  Christopher.  Flourished  1703-33. 
The  keeper  of  a tavern,  “ The  Cat  and  Fiddle,” 
in  Shire  Lane  near  Temple  Bar,  London.  He 
is  noted  as  the  entertainer  of  the  Kit-Cat  Club 
(which  see). 

Catacombs  of  Rome.  Catacombs  in  Rome 
lying  for  the  most  part  within  a circle  of  3 
miles  from  the  modern  walls.  The  length  of  the 
galleries  is  estimated  at  about  600  miles,  the  greater  part 
of  which  is  still  unexplored.  The  vast  network  of  subter- 
ranean passages  and  chambers  is  now  held  to  have  been 
formed,  chiefly  between  the  2d  and  the  6th  century,  ex- 
pressly for  the  burial  of  Christians.  Many  of  the  chambers 
were  later  used  as  chapels.  The  Catacombs  are  the  source 
of  many  sculptures,  paintings,  and  inscriptions  of  high 
importance  in  Christian  archaeology. 

Catalan  (kat'a-lan).  [Cat.  Catalan,  Sp.  Cata- 
lano : see  Catalonia.']  A Romance  language 
spoken  in  Catalonia,  and  closely  allied  to  Span- 
ish, from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  its  consonant 
combinations  and  terminations,  a result  of  the 
loss  of  vowels. 

Catalani  (ka-ta-la'ne),  Angelica.  Born  at 
Sinigaglia,  Italy,  in  Oct.,  1779:  died  of  cholera 
at  Paris,  June  12,  1849.  An  Italian  singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  1796,  at  Venice,  and  had 
a successful  career  of  thirty  years.  She  married  M.  Vala- 
bregue  of  the  French  embassy  when  in  Portugal  in  1806. 


224 

Catalauni  (kat-a-la'nl),  or  Catelauni  (kat-e- 
la'nl).  An  ancient  people  of  Belgica  Secunda. 
Their  name  survives  in  the  modern  Chalons. 
Catalaunian  Fields  (kat-a-la'ni-an  feldz).  [L. 
Campi  Catalaunici.]  A plain  near  Chalons-sur- 
Mame,  famous  for  the  victory  (451  a.  d.)  of 
Aetius  and  the  Gothic  king  Theodoric  I.  over 
Attila.  See  Chdlons. 

Catalaunian  Plain.  See  Catalaunian  Fields. 
Catalogue  of  Women.  See  Eoix. 

Catalonia  (kat-a-ld'ni-a).  [F.  Catalogue,  Sp. 
Cataluna,  Pg.  Catalunha,  ML.  Catalonia,  earlier 
* Gothalan.ia,  from  Gotlii, Goths, andAlani,  Alans, 
by  whom  it  was  occupied  in  the  5th  century.] 
A former  province  in  northeastern  Spain,  com- 
prising the  present  provinces  of  Lerida,Gerona, 
Barcelona,  and  Tarragona.  Its  surface  is  mountain- 
ous, and  it  is  the  leading  agricultural  and  manufacturing 
district  of  Spain.  The  language  is  Catalan.  It  is  the  an- 
cient HispaniaTarraeonensis.  It  was  overrun  by  the  Alani, 
Goths,  and  (the  southern  part)  by  the  Saracens.  It  formed 
part  of  the  Spanish  mark,  and  was  united  to  Aragon  in  1137. 
It  has  been  the  scene  in  modern  history  of  various  insur- 
rections. In  1714  it  was  conquered  after  a long  struggle  by 
Philip  V.,  and  deprived  of  its  constitution. 

Catamarca  (ka-ta-mar'ka).  1.  AnAndine prov- 
ince in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  lying  east  of  Chile  and  north  of 
Rioja.  It  produces  eoppei\  cotton,  etc.  Area, 
47,531  square  miles.  Population,  106,891. — 2. 
The  capital  of  this  province,  in  lat.  28°  28'  S., 
long.  66°  17'  W.  Population,  7,397. 
CatamareSo.  See  Calchaquis. 

Catania  (ka-ta'ne-a).  A province  of  Sicily, 
Italy.  It  includes  Mount  Etna.  Area,  1,917 
square  miles.  Population,  741,188. 

Catania.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Catania 
in  lat.  37°  28'  N.,  long.  15°  4'  E.:  the  ancient 
Catana.  It  is  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Etna,  in  the  fertile 
plain  of  Catania.  It  has  commerce  in  sulphur,  grain,  wine, 
cotton,  etc.,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  etc.  It  con- 
tains a cathedral,  university,  Benedictine  monastery,  and 
notable  antiquities.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Bellini.  It 
was  founded  by  Chalcidians  from  Naxos  about  730  B.  c.; 
submitted  to  Home  in  263  B.  c.,  becoming  an  important 
Homan  town  ; and  was  devastated  by  lava  streams  in  121 
B.  C.,  and  by  earthquakes  in  1169  and  1693.  It  contains  an 
ancient  theater,  with  Homan  superstructure  on  Greek 
foundations.  The  cavea  is  semicircular,  facing  south  ; it 
has  two  horizontal  dividing  passages,  and  an  arcade  at 
the  top.  The  lowest  range  of  seats  is  divided  by  radial 
stairways  into  9 cunei;  the  middle  range  has  12  tiers 
of  seats.  The  diameter  is  317  feet.  Population,  commune, 
163,000. 

Catanzaro  (ka-tiin-dza'ro).  1.  A province  in 
Calabria,  Italy:  formerly  called  Calabria  U1- 
teriore  II.  Area  of  the  province,  2,030  square 
miles.  Population,  498,748. — 2.  The  capital 
of  this  province,  situated  in  lat.  38°  55'  N., 
long.  16°  39'  E.  It  has  a castle,  cathedral,  and 
museum,  and  some  manufactures.  Population, 
commune,  31,824. 

Catarina  Cornaro  (ka-ta-re'na  lsor-na'ro).  An 
opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Naples  in 
1844.  This  was  his  last  opera. 

Catawba  (ka-ta'ba),  or  Great  Catawba.  A 
river  in  North  and  South  Carolina,  called  the 
Wateree  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  which 
unites  with  the  Congaree  to  form  the  Santee 
31  miles  southeast  of  Columbia.  Total  length, 
about  300  miles. 

Catawbas.  See  Kataba. 

Cateau-Cambresis  (ka-to'kon-bra-ze'),  Le.  A 
manufacturing  town  in  the  department  of  N ord, 
France,  18 miles  south  of  Valenciennes:  Latin, 
Castrum  Cameracense.  it  is  the  birthplace  of  Mor- 
tier.  Here,  April  17, 1794,  the  Austrians  under  the  Prince 
of  Coburg,  and,  April  26,  under  Schwartzenberg,  defeated 
the  French.  Population,  commune,  10,700. 

Cateau-Cambresis,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  be- 
tween France,  England,  and  Spain,  April  2-3, 
1559.  France  retained  Calais.  France  and  Spain  re- 
stored most  of  their  conquests. 

Catel  (ka-tel'),  Franz.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb. 
22,  1778:  died  at  Rome,  Dee.  19,  1856.  A Ger- 
man painter,  distinguished  especially  for  land- 
scapes. 

Catesby  (kats'bi),  Mark.  Born  in  London  (?) 
about  1679:  died  in  London,  Dec.  23, 1749.  An 
English  naturalist.  He  made  in  1712  avoyage  to  Vir- 
ginia, whence  he  returned  in  1719  with  a rich  collection 
of  plants.  He  made  a second  voyage  to  America  in  1722, 
explored  the  lower  part  of  South  Carolina,  lived  some 
time  among  the  Indians  at  Fort  Moore  on  the  Savannah 
River,  made  excursions  into  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  after 
a visit  to  the  Bahama  Islands  returned  to  England  in  1726. 
He  published  “The  Natural  History  of  Carolina,  Florida, 
and  the  Bahama  Islands”  (1731^43),  “ Hortus  Britanno- 
Americanus,  or  a Collection  of  85  Curious  Trees  and 
Shrubs,  the  Production  „f  North  America,  adapted  to  the 
Climate  and  Soil  of  Great  Britain  " (1737),  “ On  the  Mi- 
gration of  Birds  " (1747),  etc. 

Catha.  See  Comanche. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  Saint.  [Also  Katlm- 


Catharine  de’  Ricci 

rine,  Katherine;  ME.  Katherine,  Katerin,  F. 
Catherine;  Sp.  Catarina,  Pg.  Catharina,  It.  Cat- 
erina,  LL.  Catharina, LGr. Kadapivr/,  from  i cadapdc, 
clear,  pure.]  According  to  tradition,  a martyr 
of  the  primitive  church,  tortured  on  the  wheel 
and  beheaded  at  Alexandria  by  order  of  the  em- 
peror Maximian,  Nov.  25,  307.  According  to  some 
accounts  the  torture  was  prevented  by  a miracle.  The 
wheel  became  her  symbol.  She  is  commemorated  on 
Nov.  25. 

Catharine  (kath'a-rin)  I.,  or  Catherine 
(kath'e-rin).  Born  at  Jakobstadt,  Courland, 
Russia,  April  15,  1679  (?) : died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, May  17,  1727.  Empress  of  Russia,  she 
married  Peter  the  Great  in  1707  ; was  acknowledged  as  his 
wife  in  1712 ; was  crowned  as  his  empress  in  1724 ; and 
reigned  1725-27.  She  was  of  obscure  origin ; was  brought 
up  in  the  family  of  a Protestant  minister  at  Marienburg, 
named  Gliick ; married  a Swedish  dragoon;  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Russians  at  the  capture  of  Marienburg,  Aug. 
23,  1702 ; and  eventually  became  the  serf  of  Prince  Men- 
shikoff,  in  whose  house  she  attracted  the  attention  of 
Peter  the  Great,  who  made  her  his  mistress  in  1703.  She 
rescued  him,  by  bribing  the  Turkish  grand  vizir,  in  1711, 
from  a dangerous  position  on  the  Pruth,  when  with  an 
army  of  38,000  men  he  was  surrounded  by  200,000  Turks. 
During  her  reign  she  was  led  chiefly  by  the  influence  of 
Menshikoff.  She  founded  the  Russian  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, and  fitted  out  the  naval  exploring  expedition  un- 
der Bering. 

Catharine  II.,  or  Catherine.  Born  at  Stettin, 
Prussia,  May  2,  1729 : died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Nov.  17,  1796.  Empress  of  Russia  1762-96, 
daughter  of  the  Prince  of  Anhalt-Zerbst.  she 
married  in  1746  the  empress  Elizabeth's  nephew,  who  as- 
cended the  throne  Jan.  6,  1762,  as  Peter  III.  With  the 
assistance  of  her  paramour  Gregory  Orloif,  the  hetman 
Razumovski,  Count  Panin,  and  Princess  Dashkoff,  she 
brought  about  the  deposition  of  Peter  (who  was  put  to 
death  in  prison),  and  usurped  the  throne  in  July,  1762. 
She  participated  in  the  partitions  of  Poland  1772, 1793,  and 
1796  ; concluded  with  the  Turks  in  1774  the  peace  of  Kut- 
chuk-Kainardji,  by  which  Russia  acquired  Kinburn,  Azov, 
Yenikale,  Kertch,  and  both  Kabardas ; and  in  1792  signed 
the  peace  of  Jassy,  by  which  Russia  acquired  Otchakov  and 
the  country  between  the  Bug  and  Dniester ; and  incorpo- 
rated Courland  in  1795.  She  improved  the  administration 
of  the  empire,  introduced  a new  code  of  laws,  and  en- 
couraged art  and  literature.  She  has  been  called  “the 
Semiramisof  theNorth, "and  Voltaire  said,  with  reference 
to  her,  “ Light  now  comes  from  the  North.” 

No  sovereign  since  Ivan  the  Terrible  had  extended  the 
frontiers  of  the  Empire  by  such  vast  conquests.  She  had 
given  Russia  for  boundaries  the  Niemen,  the  Dniester, 
and  the  Black  Sea.  Rambaud,  History  of  Russia,  II.  127. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Aragon,  Queen  of 
England.  Born  at  Alcald  de  Henares,  Spain. 
Dec.  15  or  16,  1485:  died  at  Kimbolton,  Hunt- 
ingdon, England,  Jan.  7,  1536.  A queen  ot 
England.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  of  Spain ; married  Ar  thur,  prince  of  Wales,  in 
1501 ; married  Henry  VIII.  in  1509 ; and  became  the  mother 
of  Mary  (who  subsequently  ascended  the  throne  of  Eng- 
land) in  1516.  About  1527  Henry,  who  was  infatuated 
with  Anne  Boleyn,  began  to  take  measures  to  secure  a 
divorce ; and  in  1533,  application  having  been  made  in 
vain  to  the  Pope,  the  marriage  was  declared  void  by  Cran- 
mer,  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Bologna,  Saint. 
Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  8,  1413:  died  at 
Bologna,  March  9, 1463.  An  Italian  saint,  lady 
of  honor  to  Margaret  d’Este,  and  later  abbess 
of  the  Clarisses.  Canonized  in  1492. 
Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Braganza.  Born 
at  the  castle  of  Villa  Vi90sa,  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo,  Portugal,  Nov.  25,  1638:  died  in 
Portugal,  Dec.  31,  1705.  A daughter  of  John, 
duke  of  Braganza,  wife  of  Charles  II.  of  Eng- 
land, whom  she  married  May  20,  1662. 
Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Genoa,  Saint 
(Catharine  Fieschi).  Bom  at  Genoa,  Italy, 
1447 : died  at  Genoa,  Sept.  14, 1510.  An  Italian 
nun,  famous  for  her  charitable  deeds  during  a 
visitation  of  the  plague.  Canonized  1737. 
Catharine,  or  Catherine,  de)  Medici  (de  ma'- 
de-che).  Born  at  Florence,  1519 : died  at  Blois, 
France,  Jan.  5,  1589.  Queen  of  France,  regent 
during  the  minority  of  Charles  IX.,  1560-63. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Lorenzo  de’  Medici,  duke  of  Ur- 
biuo.  She  married  in  1533  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (Henry 
II.,  1547-59),  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Francis 
II.  (1559-60),  Charles  15.  (1560-74),  and  Henry  III.  (1574- 
1689).  During  her  regency,  by  the  policy  of  attempting 
to  hold  the  balance  of  power  between  the  Huguenots  and 
the  Catholic  party  of  the  Guises,  in  accordance  with  which 
she  intrigued  alternately  with  both  parties,  she  precipi- 
tated in  1562  the  so-called  Wars  of  the  Huguenots,  which, 
with  interruptions,  devastated  France  until  1596  ; and,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of  her  daughter  Marguerite 
of  Valois  with  Henry  of  Navarre,  prevailed  upon  Charles 
to  give  the  order  for  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
Aug.  24,  1572.  She  is  said  to  have  plunged  her  children 
into  licentiousness  and  dissipation,  in  order,  by  unfitting 
them  for  mental  exertion,  to  retain  her  ascendancy  over 
them  ; and  had  till  her  deatli  an  important  though  some- 
times concealed  share  in  the  intrigues  and  party  contests 
which  distracted  France. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  de’  Ricci  (dare'che), 
Saint.  Born  at  Florence,  1522:  died  Feb.  2, 
1589.  An  Italian  saint.  She  took  the  veil  among  the 


Catharine  de’  Ricci 

Dominican  nuns  at  Prato,  Tuscany,  in  1535,  and  was  made 
perpetual  prioress  at  the  age  of  twenty-five.  She  was 
canonized  in  1716  and  is  commemorated  on  the  13th  of 
February. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Siena,  Saint. 
Born  at  Siena,  Italy,  March  25,  1347 : died  at 
Rome,  April  29, 1380.  An  Italian  saint,  she  as- 
sumed the  habit  of  the  third  order  of  St.  Dominic  in  1365, 
and  obtained  so  great  a fame  for  sanctity  that  she  was 
enabled  to  mediate  a peace  between  the  Florentines  and 
Pope  Urban  VI.  in  1378.  She  was  canonized  in  1401,  and 
is  commemorated  on  April  30. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Sweden,  Saint. 
Born  1331:  died  in  Sweden,  March  24, 1381.  A 
Swedish  saint.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Saint 
Birgitta,  whom  she  succeeded  as  abbess  of 
Wadstena. 

Catharine  of  France,  or  of  Valois.  Born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  27, 1401 : died  at  Bermondsey,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  3, 1438.  A queen  of  England,  daugh- 
ter of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and  wife  of  Henry 
V.  of  England,  whom  she  married  in  1420.  She 
married  Owen  Tudor  about  1425  (?). 

Catharine  Archipelago.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

Catharine  Howard.  See  Howard,  Catharine. 

Catharine  Parr.  See  Parr,  Catharine. 

Cathay  (ka-tha/).  The  name  given  by  Marco 
Polo  to  a region  in  eastern  Asia,  supposed  to 
be  northern  China.  It  was  one  of  the  countries  which 
Columbus  expected  to  reach  by  sailing  westward,  and 
more  than  once  he  believed  that  he  was  near  it. 

The  Persian  name  Cathay,  and  its  Russian  form  of  Kitai, 
is  of  modern  origin;  it  is  altered  from  Ki-tah,  the  race 
which  ruled  northern  China  in  the  tenth  century,  and  is 
quite  unknown  to  the  people  it  designates. 

Williams,  Middle  Kingdom,  I.  4. 

Cathcart  (kath-kart/),  Sir  George.  Born  at 
London,  May  12,  1794:  killed  at  Inkerman, 
Crimea,  Nov.  5,  1854.  A British  general,  third 
son  of  the  first  Earl  Cathcart.  He  served  in  the 
campaigns  of  1813-15,  being  in  all  the  important  battles ; 
was  appointed  governor  and  commander-in-chief  at  the 
Cape,  Jan.,  1852;  ended  the  Kaffir  war  1852-53;  and  in 
1854  was  sent  as  commander  of  the  fourth  division  to  the 
Crimea,  with  a dormant  commission  to  supersede  Lord 
Raglan  in  case  of  accident  to  the  latter.  He  wrote  “ Com- 
mentaries : (1850)  on  the  war  in  Russia  and  Germany  in 
1812  and  1813. 

Cathcart,  William  Shaw.  Born  at  Peter- 
sham, Sept.  17,  1755:  died  at  Cartside,  near 
Glasgow,  June  16, 1843.  A British  general  and 
diplomatist,  tenth  Baron  Cathcart  in  the  Scot- 
tish peerage,  created  Viscount  (Nov.  3,  1807) 
and  Earl  (July  16,  1814)  Cathcart  in  the  peer- 
age of  the  United  Kingdom.  He  served  in  the 
P-e volutionary  War  1777-80,  and  at  the  bombardment  of 
Copenhagen  1807.  He  was  ambassador  to  Prussia  1812-14. 

Cathedral  (ka-the'dral),  The.  A poem  by 
James  Russel  i Lowell,  published  in  1869. 

Cathelineau  (kat-le-no'),  Jacques.  Bora  at 
Pin-en-Mauges,  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  Jan. 
5,  1759;  died  at  St.  Florent,  France,  July  11, 
1793.  A French  royalist,  leader  of  the  Ven- 
deans  in  1793. 

Catherine.  See  Catharine  and  Katharine. 

Cathlamet  (kath-la'met),  or  Katlamat.  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  Their  former 
habitat  was  Oregon  and  Washington  on  both  sides  of  the 
Columbia  River,  near  its  mouth.  See  Chinookan. 

Cathlapooya.  See  Calapooya. 

Catholicon  Anglicum.  An  English-Latin  dic- 
tionary, compiled  about  1483.  it  was  edited  by  Mr. 
Sidney  J.  H.  Herrtage  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
in  1881.  He  believes  it  to  have  been  compiled  in  the 
East  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  The  name  “Catholicon"  was 
first  used  for  such  a work  in  a Latin  grammar  and  dic- 
tionary written  by  Giovanni  dei  Balbi,  a Genoese  monk, 
frequently  caUed  Jannensis.  It  was  finished  in  1286,  and 
the  first  edition  was  printed  by  Gutenberg  in  1460. 

Catholic  Majesty.  A title  of  the  kings  of  Spain, 
assumed  at  times  after  the  Council  of  Toledo, 
and  permanently  since  the  time  of  Ferdinand 
“the  Catholic”  1474—1516. 

Cathos  (ka-tos')-  A female  character  in  Mo- 
liere’s  “ Les  Prdcieuses  Ridicules,”  who  assumes 
the  name  Aminte.  She  affects  the  fashionable  senti- 
mentality of  les  prCcieuses.  and  is  finally  taken  in  by  a 
valet  who  adopts  the  same  style  with  greater  success. 

Catilina  (kat-i-li'na),  E.  Catiline  (kat'i-lln), 
Lucius  Sergius.  Born  about  108  b.  c.  : killed 
at  FsBsnlse,  Italy,  62  b.  c.  A Roman  politician 
and  conspirator.  He  was  of  an  ancient  but  impov- 
erished patrician  family.  As  a partisan  of  Sulla  he  ren- 
dered himself  infamous  by  Ills  complicity  in  the  horrors 
of  the  proscription,  destroying  with  his  own  hand  his 
brother-in-law,  Q.  Csecilius.  He  was  pretor  in  68,  and 
governor  of  Africa  in  67.  After  an  abortive  attempt,  in 
conjunction  with  P.  Autronius,  to  murder  the  consuls 
elect  for  65,  with  a view  to  seizing  the  fasces,  and  after 
an  unsuccessful  candidacy  in  the  consular  elections  of  64, 
he  organized  a wide  spread  conspiracy  against  the  repub- 
lic, whose  object  is  said  to  have  been  the  cancellation  of 
debts,  the  proscription  of  the  wealthy,  and  the  distribu- 
tion among  the  conspirators  of  all  offices  of  honor  and 
emolument.  It  was  defeated  by  the  vigilance  and  elo- 
C.— 15 


225 

quence  of  Cicero,  who  was  then  consul.  The  rebellion 
having  broken  out  in  Etruria,  Oct.  27,  Cicero  pronounced 
in  the  senate,  Nov.  8,  his  first  oration  against  Catiline, 
which  caused  the  latter  to  leave  the  city.  On  Nov.  9 Cic- 
ero delivered  in  the  Forum  his  second  Catilinian  oration, 
in  which  he  acquainted  the  people  with  the  events  in  the 
senate  and  the  departure  of  Catiline  from  Rome.  On  Dec. 
3 documentary  evidence  of  the  conspiracy  was  obtained 
from  an  embassy  of  Allobroges,  which  had  been  tampered 
with  by  the  Catilinarians  ; and  in  the  evening  Cicero  de- 
livered in  the  Forum  his  third  oration,  in  which  he  ac- 
quainted the  people  with  the  events  of  the  day  and 
the  seizure  of  the  conspirators  left  in  Rome.  On  Dec.  5 
Cicero  delivered  in  the  senate  his  fourth  oration,  which 
was  followed  by  the  execution  in  prison  of  Lentulus, 
Cethegus,  Statilius,  and  Galinius.  Meanwhile  Catiline 
had  assumed  command  of  the  revolutionary  force,  which 
amounted  to  about  two  legions,  but  was  overtaken  by  the 
army  of  the  senate  as  he  was  attempting  to  escape  into 
Gaul,  and  was  defeated  and  slain  in  the  battle  which  en- 
sued. 

Catiline’s  Conspiracies.  1.  A play  by  Ste- 
phen Gosson,  written  before  1579.  It  was  acted, 
but  not  printed. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Robert  Wil- 
son and  Henry  Chettle,  perhaps  a revised  ver- 
sion of  Gosson’s  play  (1598,  Henslow). 

Catiline’s  Conspiracy.  A tragedy  by  Ben  Jon- 
son,  produced  in  1611.  Catiline  is  made  inhu- 
manly  ferocious  in  this  play. 

Cat  Island  (kat  l'land),or  San  Salvador  (san 
sal-va-dor').  An  island  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Bahama  group,  West  Indies,  long  iden- 
tified with  Guanahani,  Columbus’s  first  landfall. 

Catley  (kat'li),  Ann.  Born  near  Tower  Hill, 
London,  in  1745:  died  at  Ealing,  Dec.  14,  1789. 
An  English  singer,  she  was  the  daughterof  a hackuey- 
coachman.  In  1762sheappearedatVauxhall,andfromthis 
time  her  beauty  and  voice  made  her  not  oidy  successful 
but  notorious.  In  1784  she  made  her  last  appearance, 
having  then  become  the  wife  of  Major-General  Francis 
Lascelles.  The  ladies  eagerly  copied  her  dress,  and  to 
be  “Catleyfied”  was  to  be  dressed  becomingly. 

Catlin  (kat'lin),  George.  Bom  at  Wilkesbarre, 
Pa.,  June  26,  1796:  died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 
Dec.  23,  1872.  An  American  artist,  and  trav- 
eler among  the  North  American  Indians  and  in 
Europe.  His  chief  work  is  “Hlustrations  of  the  Man- 
ners, Customs,  and  Condition  of  the  North  American  In- 
dians ” (1841).  He  painted  more  than  500  portraits  of 
Indians  from  life,  a unique  and  valuable  collection,  now 
in  the  United  States  National  Museum  at  Washington. 

Catmandoo.  See  Khatmandu. 

Cat  Nation.  See  Erie. 

Cato  (ka'to).  A tragedy  by  Addison,  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London,  1713. 

Cato.  A pseudonym  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Cato  Major.  See  Be  Senectute. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius,  sumamed  Uticensis 
(from  Utica,  the  place  of  his  death).  Born  at 
Rome,  95  b.  c. : committed  suicide  at  Utica, 
North  Africa,  46  b.  c.  A Roman  patriot  and 
Stoic  philosopher,  great-grandson  of  Cato  the 
Censor.  He  fought  under  Gellius  Publicola  against 
Spartacus  in  72,  served  as  military  tribune  in  Macedonia 
in  67,  and  was  questor  in  C5,  tribune  of  the  people  in  62, 
and  pretor  in  54.  He  supported  Cicero  against  the  Cati- 
linarians, and  sided  with  Pompey  against  Csesar  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  49.  Alter  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia  he  retired  to  Utica,  where  he  put  himself  to  death 
on  receiving  intelligence  of  the  victory  of  Csesar  at  Tliap- 
sus. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius,  surnamed  “The  Cen- 
sor,” and  Priscus.  Born  at  Tusculum,  Italy, 
234  b.  c. : died  149  B.  c.  A Roman  statesman, 
general,  and  writer.  He  was  questor  under  Scipio 
in  204  ; consul  in  195  ; served  in  Spain  in  194,  and  against 
Antiochus  in  191 ; was  censor  in  184 ; and  was  ambassador 
to  Carthage  in  150.  He  sought  to  restore  the  integrity 
of  morals  and  the  simplicity  of  manners  prevalent  in  the 
early  days  of  the  republic,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  insti- 
gators of  the  third  Punic  war,  in  his  effort  to  incite  to 
which  he  for  years  closed  every  speech  in  the  senate  with 
the  words,  “Ceterum  censeoCarthaginem  esse  delendam.” 
He  wrote  “De  re  rustica”  (ed.  Keil,  1882),  and  “Origines” 
(extant  in  fragments). 

Cato  Street  Conspiracy, or  Thistlewood  Con- 
spiracy, In  British  history,  a-  conspiracy  un- 
der the  lead  of  Arthur  Thistlewood,  which  aimed 
to  assassinate  Castlereagh  and  other  ministers. 
The  plot  was  discovered  Feb.  23, 1820,  at  the  rendezvous, 
Cato  street,  near  Edgeware  road,  London. 

Cats  (kats),  Jakob.  Born  at,  Brouwershaven, 
Holland,  1577 : died  1660.  A Dutch  poet.  He 
studied  at  Leyden  and  Orleans,  where  he  received  a doc- 
tor’s degree,  and  was  subsequently  advocate  in  The  Hague 
and  in  Middelburg.  In  1636  he  was  made  pensionary  of 
Holland.  He  died  on  his  estate  near  Scheveningen. 
“Father  Cats,”  as  he  was  affectionately  called,  was  for 
generations  the  favorite  poet  of  the  people.  His  “Hou- 
welijck”  (“Fidelity”)  appeared  in  1625,  “Spieghel  van 
den  Ouden  en  Nieuwen  Tijdt  ’’  (“  Mirror  of  the  Old  and 
New  Time  ”)  in  1632,  “Trouringn ” (“  Wedding  Ring  ”)  in 
1637. 

Catskill  (kats'kil).  A town  in  Greene  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  30  miles  south  of  Albany.  Population, 
village,  5,296,  (1910). 

Catskill  Mountains.  A group  of  mountains 
in  southeastern  New  York,  westof  the  Hudson, 


Caucasians 

in  Greene,  Ulster,  and  Delaware  counties,  be- 
longing to  the  Appalachian  system.  They  are 
noted  for  picturesque  scenery,  and  contain  many  fre- 
quented summer  resorts.  Among  the  chief  summits  are 
Slide  Mountain  (the  highest  point,  4,205  feet),  Kaaterskill 
High  Peak  (Mount  Lincoln),  Overlook  Mountain,  Hunter 
Mountain.  Also  called  Katzbere/s,  etc. 

Catskin’s  Garland,  or  The  Wandering 
Young  Gentlewoman.  A ballad,  the  English 
fonn  in  which  the  story  of  “Cinderella”  is  pre- 
served. The  heroine  is  mad%  a scullery-maid 
and  reduced  to  dress  in  catskins. 

Cattack.  See  Cuttack. 

Cattako.  See  Comanche. 

Cattaro  (kat'ta-ro),  Slav.  Kotor  or  Kotur.  A 
seaport  in  Dalmatia,  situated  on  the  Boeche  di 
Cattaro  in  lat.  42°  25'  N.,  long.  18°  46'  E. : 
probably  the  Roman  Ascrivium.  It  is  famous  for 
its  picturesque  situation.  It  has  a cathedral,  and  is 
strongly  fortified.  It  was  ceded  finally  to  Austria,  1814. 
Population,  commune,  6,041,  (1910). 

Cattegat,  or  Kattegat  (kat'e-gat).  A sea  pas- 
sage which  separates  Sweden  from  Jutland, 
and  connects  the  Skager  Rack  with  the  Baltic 
through  the  Sound  and  the  Great  and  Little 
Belts.  Length,  about  150  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  85  miles. 

Cattermole  (kat'er-mol),  George.  Bom  at 

Dickleborough,  Norfolk,  England,  Aug.  8, 
1800 : died  at  Clapham,  near  London,  July  24, 
1868.  An  English  painter,  one  of  the  earliest 
English  water-colorists.  He  illustrated  the 
“Waverley  Novels.”  His  subjects  were  chiefly 
medieval. 

Catti.  See  Chatti. 

Cattywar,  or  Kattywar.  See  Kathiawar. 
Catullus  (ka-tul'us),  Caius  Valerius.  Bom 

at  Verona,  Italy,  87  (?)  B.  c. : died  about  54  b.  c. 
A celebrated  Roman  poet.  Concerning  his  personal 
history  little  is  known,  except  that  he  came  to  Rome  at  an 
early  age;  that  he  enjoyed  the  society  of  the  most  cele- 
brated men  of  his  day,  including  Cicero,  Ctesar,  and  Pollio, 
and  that  he  was  probably  possessed  of  a moderate  inde- 
pendence, although  vicious  and  expensive  habits  reduced 
him  to  pecuniary  difficulties.  He  is  remarkable  for  the 
versatility  of  his  genius,  for  the  liveliness  of  his  concep- 
tion, and  for  his  felicity  of  expression.  According  to  Apu- 
leius  the  real  name  of  Lesbia,  who  forms  the  theme  of 
most  of  his  amatory  poems,  was  Clodia  ; and  some  critics 
have,  though  apparently  erroneously,  identified  her  with 
the  sister  of  the  demagogue  Clodius  slain  by  Milo.  His 
extant  works  are  116  poems,  lyric,  epigrammatic,  elegiac, 
etc.  » 

Catulus  (kat'u-lus),  Caius  Lutatius.  A Roman 

general.  He  was  chosen  consul  for  the  year  242  B.  c. 
When  he  entered  office  the  first  Punic  war  had  been  waged 
since  264  ; and  the  senate,  discouraged  by  numerous  losses, 
had  abandoned  the  war  at  sea.  He  obtained  command  of 
a fleet  built  by  wealthy  patriots  at  Rome,  and  241  gained 
the  decisive  victory  at  the  .Egadian  Islands  which  resulted 
in  a favorable  treaty  of  peace. 

Catulus,  Quintus  Lutatius.  Born  about  152 
B.  C.:  died  87  b.  c.  A Roman  general.  He  was 
consul  with  Marius  102  B.  c.,  and  was  associated  with  him 
in  the  victory  over  the  Cimbri,  at  Vercell*.  in  101  B.  c. 
He  joined  Sulla  in  the  civil  war,  and,  having  in  conse- 
quence been  proscribed  by  Marius,  committed  suicide 
87  B.  0. 

Catulus,  Quintus  Lutatius.  Died  60  b.  c. 
A Roman  politician,  son  of  Quintus  Lutatius 
Catulus.  He  was  consul  78  B.  0.,  and  censor  65  B.  c. 
He  was  a strong  supporter  of  Cicero  against  the  Catili- 
narian  conspiracy,  63  B.  c. 

Caturiges  (ka-tu'ri-jez).  [L.  (Csesar)  Caturiges, 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  K ardvpryeg,  (Strabo)  K ardpiyeg) 
pi.  of  Caturix,  lit.  ‘ war-chief.’]  A Celtic  tribe 
which  dwelt  among  the  Cottian  Alps. 
Catuvellauni  (kat-u-vel-la/ni).  An  ancient 
British  people  who  lived  in  the  region  of 
Hereford  and  Bedford,  west  of  the  Trinoban- 
tes  and  Iceni.  The  Catuvellaunian  state  was  a cen- 
tral kingdom  formed,  or  greatly  extended,  by  the  con- 
quests of  Cassivellaunus.  There  are  various  forms  of 
the  name. 

Caub  (koub).  A town  in  the  province  of  Hesse- 
Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  above 
Oberwesel.  The  passage  of  the  Rhine  was 
effected  here  by  Bliicher,  Jan.  1,  1814. 

Cauca  (kou'ka).  A department  of  Colombia. 
Capital,  Popayan.  It  is  very  mountainous, 
being  traversed  by  the  Western  Cordillera, 
with  the  Central  Cordillera  on  its  eastern 
frontier ; and  is  rich  in  mines  and  forests. 
Cauca.  A river  in  Colombia,  between  the  cen- 
tral and  western  Cordilleras  of  the  Andes,  join- 
ing the  river  Magdalena  about  lat.  9°  N. 
Length,  over  600  miles. 

Caucasia  (lta-ka'gia).  A general  name  for  the 
Caucasus  region. 

Caucasians  (ka-ka/§ianz  or  ka-kash'ianz). 
[ML.  Caucasiani  (L.  Caucasii),  from  Gr.  K avna- 
<Tof.]  In  Blumenbach’s  ethnological  system, 
the  highest  type  of  the  human  family,  including 
nearly  all  Europeans,  the  Circassians,  Armeni- 


Caucasians 

ans,  Persians,  Hindus,  Jews,  etc.  He  gave  this 
name  to  the  race  because  he  regarded  a skull  he  had  ob- 
tained from  the  Caucasus  as  the  standard  of  the  human 
type. 

Caucasus  (ka'ka-sus).  A general  government 
of  the  Russian  empire,  lying  north  of  Persia 
and  Asiatic  Turkey,  east  of  the  Black  Sea,  and 
west  of  the  Caspian.  It. comprises  the  northern 
Caucasus,  including  the  governments  or  provinces  of  Stav- 
ropol, Kuban,  and  Terek ; and  Transcaucasia,  including 
Daghestan,  Kutais,  Tiflis,  Baku,  Yelissavetpol,  Kars,  Ba- 
tura, and  Erivan.  Its  chief  cities  are  Tiflis  and  Vladi- 
kavkaz. Old  divisions  were  Georgia,  Mingrelia,  Imeritia, 
Svanetia,  etc.  The  inhabitants  are  Russians,  Armenians, 
Tatars,  Georgians,  Mingrelians,  Imeritians,  Ossets,  many 
mountaineer  tribes,  etc.  The  chief  natural  features  of  the 
region  are  the  Caucasus  Mountains  and  the  rivers  Kur, 
Rion,  Kuban,  and  Terek.  Georgia  was  annexed  in  1801. 
The  Russian  war  of  subj  ugation  of  the  mountain  tribes 
continued  many  years.  Shamyl  was  subdued  in  1859.  The 
Tcherkesses  submitted  in  1864.  Russian  Armenia  was  an- 
nexed iu  1878.  Area,  180,603  sq.  m.  Population,  10,908,400. 

Caucasus.  [F.  Caucase,  G.  Ka  ukasus."]  A 
mountain  system  in  Russia,  between  the  Black 
and  Caspian  seas,  extending  southeast  and 
northwest,  often  taken  as  the  conventional 
boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia.  The  chief 
summits  are  Elbruz  (18,526  feet)  and  Kazbek.  There  are 
numerous  passes,  some  of  them  reaching  an  elevation  of 
10,000-11,000  feet.  The  glaciers  rival  those  of  the  Alps, 
but  lakes  are  almost  entirely  wanting.  Length  of  the  sys- 
tem, about  800  miles ; greatest  width,  about  120  miles.  It 
has  been  very  important  Historically  as  a barrier  to  migra- 
tions. “It  has  also  preserved  . . . fragments  of  the 
different  peoples  who  from  time  to  time  have  passed  by 
it,  or  who  have  been  driven  by  conquest  into  it  from  the 
lower  country.”  Bryce , Transcaucasia  and  Ararat,  p.  51. 

Cauchy  (ko-she'),  Augustin  Louis.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Aug.  21,  1789:  died  at  Sceaux,  May  23, 
1857.  A celebrated  French  mathematician  and 
poet.  His  workB  include  a memoir,  “Sur  la  thf-nrie  des 
ondes  " (1815),  “ Cours  d’analyBe  ” (1821),  “ Lepons  sur  le 
calcul  diffdrentiel  ” (1826),  “Sur  Tapplication  du  calcul  de 
residus,  etc.”  (1827),  etc. 

Caudebec  (kod-bek').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inf drieure,  France,  on  the  Seine 
20  miles  west-northwest  of  Rouen  : the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Pays  de  Caux.  It  contains  a 
noted  church  of  the  fifteenth  and  early 
sixteenth  centuries.  Population,  commune, 
2,180. 

Caudebec-l&s-Elbeuf  (kod-bek  Ta-zel-bef').  A 
manufacturingtownin  the  department  of  Seine- 
Infdrieure,  France,  near  Elbeuf  on  the  Seine, 
south  of  Rouen.  Population,  commune,  9,407. 
Caudi  (ka-6-de')-  [Origin  unknown.]  A deity 
of  the  Tehuas  or  Taos  of  New  Mexico,  whose 
worship  played  a part  in  the  incantations  that 
preceded  the  uprising  of  the  Pueblos  in  1680. 
Caudine  Forks  (ka'din  forks),  L.  Furculse 
Caudinse  (fer'ku-le  ka-dl'ne).  Two  passes  in 
the  mountains  of  ancient  Samnium,  Italy,  lead- 
ing to  an  inclosed  valley,  identified  with  the 
Val  d’Arpaja  (?),  or  probably  with  the  valley  of 
the  Isclero.  Here,  321  B.  o.,  the  Romans  under  the 
consuls  Sp.  P.  Albinus  and  T.  Veturius  were  forced  to 
surrender  to  the  Samuites  under  Pontius.  The  Romans 
were  forced  to  swear  to  a treaty  of  peace,  and  to  give  600 
Roman  equites  as  hostages,  while  the  whole  Roman  army 
was  sent  under  the  yoke.  The  Roman  senate  refused  to 
approve  the  treaty,  and  delivered  the  consuls  to  the  Sam- 
nites,  who  refused  to  accept  them. 

Caudle’s  Curtain  Lectures,  Mrs.  A series  of 
lectures  (by  Douglas  Jerrold)  inflicted  by  Mrs. 
Caudle  upon  Mr.  Caudle  after  they  had  gone  to 
bed  and  the  curtains  were  drawn  for  the  night. 
Caudry  (ko-dre').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  17  miles  south-southwest  of 
Valenciennes.  Population,  commune,  11,066, 
(1906). 

Caulaincourt  (ko-lan-kor'),  Armand  Augus- 
tin Louis  de,  Duke  of  Vicenza.  Born  at  Cau- 
laincourt, Somme,  France,  Dec.  9,  1772:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  19,  1827.  A French  diplomatist 
and  general.  He  was  ambassador  to  Russia  1807-11, 
and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1813-14  and  1815. 

Caulfeild  (kal'feld),  Janies.  Born  at  Dublin, 
Aug.  18,  1728:  died  Aug.  4,  1799.  An  Irish 
statesman,  fourth  Viscount  and  first  Earl  of 
Charlemont. 

Caulfield,  James.  Born  Feb.  11, 1764:  died  at  St. 
Bartholomew’s  Hospital,  London,  April 22, 1826. 
An  English  print-seller  and  writer,  especially 
noted  as  a collector  of  engraved  portraits. 
Caulier  (ko-lya'),  Madeleine.  Died  July  24, 
1712.  A French  peasant  girl  noted  for  bravery 
during  the  siege  of  Lille.  On  Sept.  8,  1708,  she  car- 
ried an  important  order  from  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  to 
Marshal  Boufflers,  commander  of  the  besieged  army.  She 
was  permitted,  as  a reward,  to  enlist  in  a regiment  of  dra- 
goons, and  fell  in  the  battle  of  Denain. 

Caulonia  (ka-16'ni-a).  [Gr.  Kav/^vot  KaivLiwa.] 
An  ancient  Achtean  town,  probably  on  the  site 
of  modern  Castelvetere,  Calabria,  Italy,  in  lat. 
38°  27'  N.,  long.  16°  25'  E. 


226 

Caumont  (ko-mon'),  Aldrick  Isidore  Ferdi- 
nand. Born  at  St.  Vincent-Cramesnil,  Seine- 
Inferieure,  France,  May  15,  1825.  A French 
jurist  and  political  economist.  His  chief  work 
is  “ Dietionnaire  universelde  droit  commercial 
maritime”  (1855-69). 

Caumont,  Arcisse  de.  Born  at  Bayeux,  France, 
Aug.  28,  1802 : died  at  Caen,  France,  April  15, 
1873.  A French  archaeologist. 

Caussade  (ko-sad').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  France,  13  miles  north- 
east of  Montauban.  It  was  a Huguenot  strong- 
hold. Population,  commune,  4,379. 

Gausses  (kos),  The.  [F.  chaw,  limestone.]  A 
group  of  limestone  plateaus  in  the  department 
of  Lozere  and  the  vicinity,  southern  France, 
near  the  head  waters  of  the  Tarn. 

Caussin  de  Perceval  (ko-san'  de  pers-val'), 
Armand  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  13,  1795 : 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  15,  1871.  A French  Orien- 
talist and  historian,  a traveler  in  Syria,  and 
professor  of  Arabic  at  the  College  of  France, 
He  was  a son  of  J.  J.  A.  Caussin  de  Perceval.  He  wrote 
“ Essais  sur  l’histoire  des  Arabes  " (1847),  etc. 

Caussin  de  Perceval,  Jean  Jacques  Antoine. 

Born  at  Montdidier,  France,  June  24,  1759 : 
died  July  29,  1835.  A French  Orientalist  and 
historian.  His  best-known  works  are  transla- 
tions from  Greek  and  Arabic. 

Caustic  (kas'tik),  Colonel.  A character  in  the 
“Lounger,”  a periodical  published  by  Henry 
Mackenzie  1785-86. 

Cauterets  (kot-ra').  A watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Hautes-Pyrenees,  France,  28 
miles  southwest  of  Tarbes.  Elevation,  3,055 
feet.  It  has  hot  sulphur  springs. 

Caution  (ka/shon),  Mrs.  A character  in  Wych- 
erley’s “Gentleman  Dancing-Master.” 
Cautionary  Towns.  A name  given  to  the  four 
towns  in  the  Netherlands — Briel,  Flushing,  W al- 
cheren,  Rammekens — held  1585-1616  by  Eng- 
land as  security  for  payment  due. 

Cautley  (kat'li),  Sir  Proby  Thomas.  Born  at 
Stratford  St.  Mary’s,  Suffolk,  1802:  died  at 
Sydenham,  near  London,  Jan.  25,  1871.  An 
English  colonel  of  engineers  in  India,  and  pa- 
leontologist. He  was  especially  noted  as  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  construction  of  the  Ganges  canal,  1843-54. 
He  explored  as  a geologist  the  Sivalik  range,  making 
large  collections  of  fossils  which  he  presented  to  the 
British  Museum.  He  published  numerous  papers  ou  scien- 
tific (chiefly  paleontological)  topics. 

Cauvery,  or  Cavery.  See  Edveri. 

Caux,  Marchioness  de.  See  Patti,  Adelina. 
Caux  (ko).  A territory  in  Normandy,  France, 
comprised  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inferi- 
eure,  and  situated  north  of  the  Seine,  bordering 
the  English  Channel.  Its  chief  town  is  Caude- 
bec. 

Cava  (ka/va),  La.  A town  in  the  province  of 
Salerno,  Italy,  26  miles  southeast  of  Naples. 
The  Benedictine  abbey  of  La  Trinita  contains  a remarka- 
ble collection  of  parchments,  paper  MSS.,  etc.  The  town 
is  a favorite  pleasure-resort  Pop.,  7,727  ; commune,  23,681. 

Cavaignac  (ka- van -yak'),  Eleonore  Louis 
Godefroy.  Bom  at  Paris,  1801 : died  at  Paris, 
May  5, 1845.  A French  journalist  and  republi- 
can politician,  son  of  J.  B.  Cavaignac.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  events  of  1830, 1832,  and  1834. 
Cavaignac,  Eugene  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
15,  1802:  died  at  Ournes,  near  Flee,  Sarthe, 
France,  Oct.  28,  1857.  A French  general,  son 
of  J.  B.  Cavaignac.  He  served  in  Algeria  1832-48 ; 
was  governor  of  Algeria  in  1848  ; became  minister  of  war, 
May,  1848;  suppressed  the  insurrection  at  Paris  as  mili- 
tary dictator,  June  23-26 ; was  chief  of  the  executive,  June- 
Dee.,  1848 ; and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  presi- 
dent, Dec.,  1848. 

Cavaignac,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Gourdon, 
Lot,  France,  1762:  died  at  Brussels,  March  24, 
1829.  A French  revolutionist,  deputy  to  the 
Convention  in  1792. 

Cavailloil  (ka-va-yon').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse,  France,  on  the  Durance  12 
miles  southeast  of  Avignon:  the  ancient  Ca- 
bellio.  It  .contains  a medieval  cathedral,  and  the  re- 
mains of  an  ancient  triumphal  arch.  Population,  com- 
mune, 9,952. 

Cavalcanti  (ka-val-kan'te),  Guido.  Born  at 
Florence  about  1240:  died  at  Florence,  Aug., 
1300.  A Florentine  poet  aud  philosopher,  a 
friend  of  Dante. 

Cavalese  (ka-va-la'se).  The  chief  place  in  the 
Fiemme  valley,  southern  Tyrol,  south-south- 
east of  Botzen. 

Cavalier  (kii-va-lya'),  Jean.  Born  at  Ribaute, 
near  Anduze,  Gard,  France,  Nov.  28,  1681 : 
died  at  Chelsea,  near  London,  May,  1740.  A 
French  general,  leader  of  the  Camisardsin  the 
Ceveimes  1702-04. 


Cavendish,  Thomas 

Cavalieri  (ka-va-le-a're),  or  Cavalleri,  Buena- 
ventura. Born  at  Milan,  1598:  died  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  Dec.  3,  1647.  An  Italian  mathe- 
matician, celebrated  as  the  inventor  of  the 
geometrical  “method  of  indivisibles.”  His  chief 
work  is  “ Geometria  indivisibilium  continuorum  nova 
quadam  ratione  promota.  ” 

Cavall  (ka-val').  _ King  Arthur’s  dog. 

Cavalleria  Rusticana  (ka-val-la-re'a  rus-te- 
ka'na).  [It., ‘rustic  gallantry.’]  An  opera  by 
Mascagni,  first  played  in  Rome  May  18,  1890. 
Cavalli  (ka-val'le),  Pietro  Francesco  (origi- 
nally Caletti-Bruni).  Born  at  Crema,  Italy, 
1599  or  1600:  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  14,  1676. 
An  Italian  composer,  organist,  and  chapel-mas- 
ter. He  began  to  compose  operas  in  1637,  and  continued  to 
produce  them  for  32  years.  Among  them  are  “Giasone” 
(1655),  “Serse”  (1660),  “ Ercole  amante  ” (1662).  He  is  now 
considered  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  the  “Da  Capo," 
which  was  long  attributed  to  Scarlatti. 

Cavan  (kav'an)  1.  A county  in  Ulster,  Ire- 
land, lying  between  Fermanagh  and  Mon- 
aghan on  the  north,  Monaghan  and  Meath  on 
the  east,  Meath,  Westmeath,  and  Longford  on 
the  south,  aud  Longford  and  Leitrim  on  the 
west.  Area,  746  square  miles.  Population, 
97,541. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Cavan, 
in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  7°  22'  W.  Population,  2,822. 

Cave  (kav),  Edward.  Bom  at  Newton,  War- 
wickshire, England,  Feb.  27, 1691:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  10,  1754.  A noted  English  printer 
and  bookseller.  In  1731  he  started  a printing-office  at 
London  under  file  name  of  “R.  Newton,”  and  founded  the 
“ Gentleman’s  Magazine,”  which  he  edited  under  the  pseu- 
donym “Sylvanus  Urban,  Gent.”  He  began  in  1732  the 
publication  of  regular  reports  of  parliamentary  debates, 
based  on  the  memory  of  reporters  who  had  listened  to  the 
speeches,  and  put  in  proper  literary  shape  by  William 
Guthrie  and,  after  him,  for  several  years,  by  Dr.  Johnson. 
This  publication  of  these  reports  brought  upon  him  the 
censure  of  Parliament. 

Cave,  The.  See  Adullam,  Cave  of. 

Cave,  William.  Born  at  Pickwell,  Leicester- 
shire, England,  1637 : died  at  Windsor,  Eng- 
land, July  4, 1713.  A noted  English  divine  and 
patristic  scholar. 

Oaveau  (ka-vo').  [F.,  ‘small  (wine)  cellar.’]  A 
Parisian  literary  and  convivial  club,  founded  in 
1729,  dissolved  in  1739,  and  refounded  in  1806 
and  1834:  named  from  a tavern  “Caveau.” 

Cavedoni  (ka-va-do'ne),  Celestino.  Bom  at? 
Levizzano  Rangone,  near  Modena,  Italy,  May 
18,  1795:  died  at  Modena,  Nov.  26,  1865.  An 
Italian  archmologist  and  numismatist, 

Cavelier  (ka-ve-lya'),  Pierre  Jules.  Bom  Aug. 
30, 1814 : died  Jan.  28, 1894.  A French  sculptor. 
His  chief  works  are  “Penelope”  (1849),  “Truth,”  “Abe- 
lard,” “Cornelia”  (all  at  Paris),  etc. 

Cavendish  (kav'n-dish  or  kan'dish).  The  name 
under  which  Henry  Jones  wrote  on  whist,  etc. 

Cavendish,  Lord  Frederick  Charles.  Born 
at  Eastbourne,  Nov.  30, 1836 : died  May  6, 1882. 
The  second  son  of  William  Cavendish,  seventh 
Duke  of  Devonshire.  He  was  private  secretary  to 
Lord  Granville  1859-64;  member  of  Parliament  1865-82; 
private  secretary  to  Mr.  Gladstone,  July,  1872,  to  Aug.,  1873; 
financial  secretary  of  the  treasury  1880-82  ; and  successor  to 
W.  G.  Forster,  as  chief  secretary  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, May,  1882.  He  was  assassinated  with  Under-Secretary 
Brake  while  they  were  walking  in  Plicenix  Park,  Dublin. 

Cavendish,  Georgiana.  Born  June  9,  1757: 
died  at  London,  March  30, 1806.  Eldest  daugh- 
ter of  the  first  Earl  Spencer,  and  wife  of  the 
fifthDuke  of  Devonshire,  famous  for  herbeauty, 
wit,  and  social  influence. 

Cavendish,  Henry.  Born  at  Nice,  Oct.  10, 1731 : 
died  at  London,  March  10  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.), 
1810.  A celebrated  English  chemist  and  physi- 
cist, eldest  son  of  Lord  Charles  Cavendish, 
third  son  of  the  second  Duke  of  Devonshire. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge  1750-53,  but  did  not  take  his 
degree.  He  discovered  nitric  acid,  and  was  the  first  who, 
by  inductive  experiments,  combined  oxygen  and  hydro- 
gen into  water.  He  published  numerous  scientific  papers, 
including  “Experiments  on  Air,  by  Henry  Cavendish,  Esq. , ” 
in  tiie  “ Philosophical  Transactions  ’’  of  the  Royal  Society, 
of  which  he  became  a member  in  1760. 

Cavendish,  Spencer  Compton.  Born  July  23, 
1833:  died  at  Cannes,  France,  March  24,  1908. 
Eighth  Duke  of  Devonshire:  known,  till  he 
succeeded  in  1891,  as  Marquis  of  Harrington. 

He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  en- 
tered Parliament  for  North  Lancashire  in  1857.  He  held 
various  offices  in  the  Liberal  ministries  of  his  time,  and 
from  1875  to  1880  was  leader  of  his  party  in  the  House 
of  Commons.  The  position  of  prime  minister  was  offered 
to  him  by  the  Queen  in  1880,  but  was  declined.  After  the 
secession  of  Liberals  caused  by  Mr.  Gladstone  s Home  Rule 
Bill  in  1886,  he  was  the  recognized  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Unionist  party.  Lord  presidentof  the  council  1896-1903. 

Cavendish,  Thomas.  Born  in  the  parish  of 
Trimlay  St.  Martin,  Suffolk,  England,  about 
1555 : died  at  sea  in  the  South  Atlantic,  June, 
1592.  A noted  English  navigator  and  free- 
booter. Iu  1585  he  commanded  a ship  in  the  fleet  of 


Cavendish,  Thomas 

Richard  Grenville,  sent  by  Raleigh  to  Virginia.  On  July 
21,  1686,  he  sailed  from  Plymouth  with  three  small  vessels, 
the  Desire,  the  Content,  and  the  Hugh  Gallant  (which 
was  sunk  in  the  Pacific) ; touched  at  Africa  and  Brazil ; 
passed  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  Jan.,  1587 ; ravaged  the 
shores  of  Spanish  South  America  and  Mexico,  taking  many 
vessels ; and  on  Nov.  14,  1587,  captured  a ship  from  the 
Philippines  with  an  immense  booty.  He  then  crossed  the 
Pacific,  and  returned  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
reaching  England  Sept.  10,  1588.  This  was  the  second 
circumnavigation  of  the  world.  Cavendish  undertook  a 
similar  voyage  in  1591  with  five  ships ; but,  after  enduring 
great  hardships,  he  was  unable  to  pass  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan. His  ships  were  scattered,  and  he  died  while  at- 
tempting to  return.  Only  a few  of  his  crew  ever  reached 
England. 

Cavendish,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Cavendish, 
Suffolk,  about  1505:  died  Oct.  25,  1557.  An 
English  politician,  treasurer  of  the  royal 
chamber  under  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  and 
Mary.  He  was  a younger  brother  of  George 
Cavendish,  biographer  of  Wolsey. 

Cavendish,  William.  Born  1592:  died  Dec. 
25,  1676.  An  English  statesman  and  writer, 
created  earl  of  Newcastle  March  7,  1628,  and 
duke  of  Newcastle  March  16, 1665.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  the  Prince  of  Wales  1638-41 ; rendered  important 
military  services  to  the  Royalist  cause  during  the  civil  war  ; 
fought  as  a volunteer  at  Marston  Moor;  and  left  England 
in  1644,  returning  at  the  Restoration.  He  wrote  poems, 
several  plays,  and  two  works  on  horsemanship  entitled 
“la  methode  et  invention  nouvelle  de  dresser  les  che- 
vaux  " (Antwerp,  1657),  and  “ A New  Method  and  Extraor- 
dinary invention  todress  Horses  and  work  them,  according 
to  Nature,  etc.”  (1667).  He  was  a skilful  horse- trainer. 

Cavendish,  William.  Died  March  3,  1626. 
Second  son  of  Sir  William  Cavendish  by  his 
third  wife  (afterward  Countess  of  Shrewsbury), 
created  first  earl  of  Devonshire  Aug.  2,  1618. 
Cavendish, William.  Bom  Jan.  25, 1640:  died 
at  London,  Aug.  18,  1707.  An  English  noble- 
man, eldest  son  of  the  third  Earl  of  Devon- 
shire (died  1684),  created  first  duke  of  Devon- 
shire and  marquis  of  Hartington  May  12, 1694. 
He  erected  Chatsworth  (1687-1706),  the  famous 
seat  of  the  dukes  of  Devonshire. 

Cavendish,  William.  Born  1720:  died  at  Spa, 
Oct.  3,  1764.  An  English  statesman,  fourth 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  lord  lieutenant  and  gov- 
ernor-general of  Ireland  1755  (as  Marquis  of 
Hartington  until  Dee.  5,  when  he  succeeded 
to  the  dukedom),  and  prime  minister  Nov., 
1756, -May,  1757. 

Cavendish  College.  A college  of  Cambridge 
University,  founded  in  1873,  opened  in  1876, 
and  reconstituted  in  1888.  • 

Cave  of  Adullam.  See  Adullam. 

Cave  of  Machpelah.  See  Machpelah. 

Cave  of  Mammon.  The  dwelling-place  of 
Mammon,  described  in  the  second  book  of 
Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene.” 

Cave  of  Trophonius.  See  Trophonius. 

Cave  of  the  winds.  A recess  behind  the  falls 
of  Niagara,  between  them  and  the  wall  of  rock : 
often  visited  by  tourists. 

Caverne  de  l’Homme  Mort.  [F.,  ‘ cave  of  the 
dead  man.’]  See  the  extract. 

For  the  determination  of  the  characteristics  of  this  Ibe- 
rian or  Aquitanian  race  no  more  typical  sepulchre  can  be 
selected  than  the  celebrated  Caverne  de  1'  Homme  Mort  in 
the  Department  of  the  Lozfere.  ...  In  this  cave  some  fifty 
persons  must  have  been  interred,  and  in  fifteen  cases  the 
skeletons  have  been  so  well  preserved  as  to  admit  of  ac- 
curate measurement,  and  even  of  the  determination  of 
the  sex.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  94. 

Cavery,  or  Cauvery.  See  Kdveri. 

Caviana  (ka-ve-a'na),  or  Cavianna  (ka-ve- 
a'na).  An  uninhabited  delta  island  in  Brazil, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  under  the 
equator,  in  long.  50°  W.  Length,  50  miles. 
Caviedes  (ka-ve-a'THas),  Eloi  Temistocles. 
Bom  at  Raneagua,  1849.  A Chilian  journalist 
and  author.  Among  his  works  are  “ Viva  San  Juan  ! ” 
a novel,  and  “ Las  Islasde  Juan  Fernandez,  "the  result  of  a 
voyage  made  in  1883. 

Cavite  (ka-ve'ta).  A fortified  town  of  the 
island  of  Luzdn,  in  the  Philippines,  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Manila  about  10  miles  southwest, 
of  the  city  of  Manila.  Near  it  a Spanish  fleet 
was  defeated  by  a United  States  squadron  un- 
der Commodore  (Admiral)  Dewey,  May  1,  1898. 
Cavour  (ka-vor'),  Count  di  (Camillo  Benso). 
Born  at  Turin,  Aug.  10,  1810 : died  at  Turin, 
June  6, 1861.  A noted  Italian  statesman.  He  en- 
tered the  Sardinian  Parliament  in  1848  ; was  a member  of 
D’Azeglio’s  cabinet  1850-52 ; became  prime  minister  in 
1852 ; joined  the  alliance  of  the  western  powers  and  Tur- 
key against  Russia  in  1855  ; sent  in  the  same  year  a con- 
tingent of  15,000  Sardinian  troops  under  La  Marmora  to 
the  Crimea;  represented  Sardinia  at  the  Congress  of 
Paris  in  1856 ; formed  an  alliance  with  Napoleon  III. 
against  Austria  at  Plombitres  in  1858;  carried  on,  with 
the  assistance  of  the  French,  a successful  war  against 
Austria  in  1859,  and  in  the  same  year  resigned  the  pre- 
miership, dissatisfied  with  the  terms  of  peace  imposed 
by  Napoleon  at  Villafranca.  He  resumed  the  premier- 


227 

ship  in  1860 ; secretly  supported  the  expedition  of  Gari- 
baldi against  Sicily  in  the  same  year ; and  achieved  the 
unification  of  Italy,  except  Venice  and  the  Patrimonium 
Petri,  under  the  scepter  of  Victor  Emmanuel  in  1861. 
Cawdor  (ka'dor),  or  C alder  (kal'der).  A par- 
ish in  Nairn  and  Inverness,  Scotland,  5 miles 
southwest  of  Nairn.  Cawdor  Castle  is  the  tra- 
ditional scene  of  the  murder  of  Duncan  by 
Macbeth,  1040. 

Cawdor,  Thane  of.  In  Shakspere’s  “Mac- 
beth,” “a  prosperous  gentleman ” whose  rank 
was  promised  to  Macbeth  by  the  witches.  He 
was  executed  by  or.der  of  Duncan  for  treason.  He  died 
nobly  : “nothing  in  his  life  became  him  like  the  leaving 
it.”  Steevens  remarks  that  his  behavior  corresponds  in 
almost  every  circumstance  with  that  of  the  unfortunate 
Earl  of  Essex  beheaded  by  Elizabeth.  “Such  an  allusion 
could  not  fail  of  having  the  desired  effect  on  an  audience 
many  of  whom  were  eye-witnesses  to  the  severity  of  that 
justice.”  The  Thane  of  Cawdor  does  not  appear  upon  the 
stage  at  all,  but  Macbeth  succeeds  to  his  office. 

Cawnpore  (kan-por'),  or  Cawnpur  (kan-por'). 
A district  in  the  Allahabad  division,  United 
Provinces,  British  India.  Area,  2,384  square 
miles.  Population,  1,258,868. 

Cawnpore,  or  Cawnpur.  A city  in  the  United 
Provinces,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Ganges  in  lat.  26°  28'  N.,  long.  80°  21'  E. 
It  is  an  important  military  station.  Here,  in  the  Sepoy 
mutiny  (June  and  July,  1857),  the  Europeans  (many  of 
them  being  women  and  children)  were  massacred  by  the 
mutineers  under  Nana  Sahib.  Population,  including  can- 
tonment, 197,170. 

Caxamarca.  See  Cajamarca. 

Caxton  (kaks'ton),  Pisistratus.  The  princi- 
pal character  in  “The  Caxtons,”  by  Bulwer. 
Under  this  name  Bulwer  Lytton  wrote  “My 
Novel”  (the  sequel  to  “ The  Caxtons”)  and  other 
works. 

Caxton,  William.  Born  in  Kent  about  1422 : 
died  at  Westminster,  1491.  The  first  English 
printer.  He  was  first  apprenticed  to  a London  mercer, 
Robert  Large  (Lord  Mayor  of  London  1439-40),  and  after 
his  master's  death  (1441)  went  to  Bruges,  where  he  served 
out  the  remainder  of  his  apprenticeship  (1446),  and  then 
established  himself  as  a mercer,  becoming  about  1465  gov- 
ernor of  the  English  Association  of  Merchant  Adventurers 
in  that  city.  In  1469  he  began  to  translate  into  English 
the  “Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troye”  (completed  in  1471 
in  Ghent  and  Cologne),  and  to  supply  the  great  demand  for 
copies  of  the  book  set  himself  to  learn  the  art  of  printing. 
The  “Recueil,  ” the  first  printed  English  book,  probably  ap- 
peared in  1474,  and  may  have  been  printed  either  at  Cologne 
or  at  the  press  of  Colard  Mansion  in  Bruges.  In  1475  he 
completed  and  had  printed  (by  Mansion  ? ) a translation  of 
a French  version  of  the  “ Ludus  Scacchorum  ” of  J.  de  Ces- 
solis,  under  the  title  “The  Game  and  Playeof  the  Chesse" 
— the  second  printed  English  book.  He  left  Bruges  in  1476, 
and  set  up  his  press  in  Westminster  (the  exact  site  is  un- 
certain), from  that  time  until  his  death  being  constantly 
engaged  in  translating  and  printing  with  several  assis- 
tants, among  whom  was  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  his  successor. 
Caxtons  (kaks'tonz),  The.  A novel  by  Bulwer 
Lytton,  first  published  anonymously  in  ‘ ‘ Black- 
wood’s Magazine”  in  1848,  in  book  form  in 
1850. 

Cayambe  (ka-yam-ba').  A volcano  in  Ecuador. 
Height,  19,187  feet  (Whymper). 

Cayapds  (ka-ya-pos').  A tribe  of  Indians  of 
central  Brazil,  living  about  the  head  waters 
of  the  river  Araguaya,  westward  in  Matto 
Grosso  and  southward  in  Sao  Paulo.  During  the 
18th  century  they  often  attacked  travelers  on  the  way  to 
Cuyaba.  A few  thousand  at  most  remain  in  a wild  state. 
By  their  language  they  are  classed,  doubtfully,  with  the 
Botocudos. 

Caycos.  See  Caicos. 

Cayenne  (ka-yen'  or  kl-en').  A seaport  and 
the  capital  of  French  Guiana,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Cayenne  in  lat.  4°  56'  N.,  long.  52° 
20'  W.  Political  prisoners  have  been  banished  there  at 
several  periods  in  French  history,  but  at  present  only  col- 
ored convicts  are  sent.  Population,  about  12,600. 

Cayenne.  A name  often  given  to  French 
Guiana. 

Cayes  (ka),  or  Aux  Cayes  (6  ka),  orLesCayes 
(la  ka).  A seaport  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Haiti,  in  lat.  18°  25'  N.,  long.  73°  30'  W.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  12,000. 

Cayla  (ka-la'),  Comtesse  du  (Zo4  Victoire 
Talon).  Born  at  Boullay-Thierry,  near  Dreux, 
France,  Aug.  5,  1785:  died  at  St.  Ouen,  near 
Paris,  March  19,  1852.  A favorite  of  Louis 
XVIII.  of  France.  After  his  death  (1824)  she 
became  a patroness  of  agriculture  and  industry. 
Cayley  (ka'li),  Arthur.  Born  Aug.  16,  1821 : 
died  Jan.  26, 1895.  A noted  English  mathemati- 
cian. He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1842,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1849,  and  became  Sadle- 
rian  professor  of  pure  mathematics  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge  in  1803. 

Cayley,  Charles  Bagot.  Born  near  St.  Peters- 
burg, July  9,  1823:  died  at  London,  Dec.  6, 
1883.  An  English  poet,  brother  of  Arthur  Cay- 
ley the  mathematician,  known  chiefly  as  a 
translator  of  Dante. 

Caylus  (ka-liis').  A town  in  the  department 


Ceballos  Cortes  y Calderon 

of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  southern  France,  24  miles 
northeast  of  Montauban.  Population,  com- 
mune, 3,770. 

Caylus,  Marquise  de  (Marthe  Marguerite  de 
Villette).  Born  in  Poitou,  France,  1673 : died 
April  15. 1729.  A French  court  lady  and  author. 
She  was  the  niece  of  Madame  de  Maintenon,  under  whose 
protection  she  was  educated  at  the  court  of  Louis  XIV., 
and  married,  1686,  the  Marquis  de  Caylus,  who  died  1704. 
She  left  a work,  much  admired  for  its  naxvetd  and  beauty 
of  style,  which  was  edited  by  Voltaire,  1770,  under  the 
title  “Souvenirs  de  Madame  de  Caylus." 

Caylus,  Comte  de  (Anne  Claude  Philippe  de 
Tubieres).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1692:  died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  5,  1765.  A French  archeolo- 
gist, son  of  the  Marquise  de  Caylus. 

Caymans  (kI-manzA).  [From  cayman,  alliga- 
tor : ‘ Alligator  Islands.’]  Three  islands  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  northwest  of  Jamaica,  to  which 
they  belong.  Grand  Ca  yman,  the  largest,  is  situated  in 
lat.  19°  20'  N.,  long.  81°  20'  W.  Area  of  group,  225  square 
miles.  Population,  about  6,500. 

Cayster  (ka-is'ter),  or  Caystrus  (ka-is'trus). 
In  ancient  geography,  a river  in  Lydia,  Asia 
Minor,  which  flows  into  the  Aegean  Sea  35  miles 
south-southeast  of  Smyrna:  now  called  Kut- 
shuk  Mendere  (Little  Meander).  Length,  over 
100  mile's. 

Cayuga  (ka-yo'ga).  [PL,  also  Cayugas.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  The  name  is 
derived  from  that  which  they  gave  themselves,  “Kwenio- 
gwe,  ” ‘the  place  where  thelocusts  were  taken  out’  (Hewitt). 
The  French  name  was  Goiogouen  and  the  Huron  Ouiouen- 
ronnon,  both  corrupted  from  the  true  tribal  name.  This 
tribe  was  the  smallest  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy.  They 
are  now  distributed  between  Oklahoma,  Wisconsin,  and 
Ontario,  Canada,  and  their  total  number  is  about  1,000. 
See  Iroquois. 

Cayuga  Lake  (ka-yo'ga  lak).  A lake  in  central 
New  York,  lat.  42°  25'-42°  55'  N.,  long.  76°  45' 
W . Its  outlet  is  through  the  Cayuga,  Seneca,  and  Oswego 
rivers  into  Lake  Ontario.  Length,  38  miles.  Average 
width,  2 miles.  The  chief  town  on  it  is  Ithaca. 

Cayuse  (ka-yos'),  or  Cailloux  (ka-lyo'  or  ka- 
yo'), or  Willetpoo  (wil-et-po').  [PL,  also  Ca- 
yuses .]  The  leading  tribe  of  the  Waiilatpuan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians.  Their  former 
habitat  was  the  region  between  the  Des  Chutes  River  and 
the  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon,  and  also  parts  of  Klikitat 
and  Yakima  counties,  Washington,  south  of  the  Yakima 
River.  About  400  individuals  were  officially  reported  in 
1904. 

Cazal&s  (ka-za-las'),  Jacques  Antoine  Marie 

de.  Born  at  Grenade,  Haute-Garonne,  France, 
Feb.  1,  1758:  died  at  Engalin,  Gers,  France, 
Nov.  24, 1805.  A French  politician  and  orator, 
royalist  advocate  in  the  National  Assembly  of 
1789. 

Cazembe  (ka-zem'be).  A country  in  central 
Africa,  north  of  Lake  Bangweolo : so  called 
from  the  title  of  the  ruler.  It  has  been  divided 
between  the  Belgian  Kongo  and  Rhodesia. 

Cazenovia  (kaz-e-no'vi-a).  A town  and  village 
in  Madison  County,  New  York,  it  is  the  seat  of 
a Methodist  seminary.  Population,  village,  1,861,  (1910) ; 
town,  3,687,  (1910). 

Cazin  (ka-zaii'),  Jean  Charles.  Born  at 
Samer,  Pas-de-Calais,  May  25,  1841:  died  at 
Lavandon,  near  Toulon,  March  27,  1901.  A 
French  painter.  He  studied  with  Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran, 
and  afterward  in  England.  Among  his  pictures  are  “La 
fuite  en  Egypte  ” (1877),  “ Le  voyage  de  Tobie  ” (1878),  etc. 

Cazotte  (ka-zot'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Dijon, 
France,  Oct.  17,  1719:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  25, 
1792.  A French  man  of  letters.  His  works  include 
“Olivier"  (1763),  “Le  diable  amoureux"  (1771),  “Le  lord 
impromptu  " (1772),  etc.  He  was  arrested  by  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal  and  guillotined. 

Ccapac  Yupanqui.  See  Capac  Yupanqui. 
Ceadda,  Saint.  See  Chad. 

Ceara  (se-a-ra').  A state  in  eastern  Brazil, 
lying  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north, 
Rio  Grande  do  Norte  and  Parahyba  on  the  east, 
Pernambuco  on  the  south,  and  Piauhy  on  the 
west.  Area,  40,247  square  miles.  Population, 
849,127. 

Ceawlin  (ke-ou'lin).  Died  593.  A king  of  the 
West  Saxons,  son  of  Cynric  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  560.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Beran- 
byig  (Barbury  Hill,  near  Marlborough)  in  666;  fought 
and  defeated  ASthelberht,  king  of  Kent,  at  Wimbledon  in 
568 ; defeated  three  British  kings  at  Deorham  in  677  ; was 
defeated  in  583  by  the  Britons ; and  in  691  was  driven 
from  his  throne  by  a popular  revolt. 

Ceballos  (tha-bfil'yds),  Juan  Bautista.  Born 
in  Durango,  1811 : died  after  1854.  A Mexican 
jurist.  He  was  a member  of  Congress,  and  in  1852  was 
made  president  of  the  Supreme  Court.  On  the  resigna- 
tion of  Arista  he  was  chosen  president  »>  interim  of 
Mexico,  Jan.  6,  1853,  and  was  given  extraoi  ...nary  powers 
for  three  months,  but  resigned  on  Feo.  7. 

Ceballos  Cortds  y Calderon  (tha-bal'yos  kor- 
tas'  e kal-da-ron'),  Pedro  de:  often  written 
Zevallos.  Born  at  Cadiz,  June  29,  1715  : died 
at  Cordova,  Dec.  26, 1778.  A Spanish  general. 


Ceballos  Cort6s  y Calderon 

In  1766  he  was  made  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres  ; forced 
the  surrender  of  the  Portuguese  fort  at  Colonia  de 
Sacramento,  taking  26  English  vessels,  Nov.  2,  1762;  re- 
turned to  Spain  in  1767 ; was  appointed  first  viceroy  of 
Buenos  Ayres  in  1776 ; took  Santa  Catharina  from  the 
Portuguese,  Feb.,  1777;  retook  and  destroyed  the  Colonia 
de  Sacramento,  which  had  reverted  to  the  Portuguese  by 
the  peace  of  1763 ; and  returned  to  Spain  in  1778. 

Cebalrai  (se-bal'ra-e).  [Ar.  kalb  al-rd'i,  the 
shepherd’s  dog.]  The  fourth-magnitude  star 
ft  Serpentis,  iu  the  head  of  the  creature. 

Cebes  (se'bez).  [Gr.  Kefir/g.']  Lived  at  Thebes, 
Boeotia,  5th  century  b.  c.  A Greek  philoso- 
pher, a friend  and  pupil  of  Socrates.  He  is  one 
of  the  interlocutors  in  Plato's  “Phaedo.”  Three  works 
were  ascribed  to  him,  one  of  which,  IlcvaJ  (“The  Pic- 
ture"), is  a philosophical  explanation  of  a table  symboli- 
cally representing  the  dangers  and  vicissitudes  of  life. 

Cebola.  See  Zuiii. 

Cebolleta (tha-bol-ya'ta).  [Sp.,  ‘little  onion.’] 
A ranch  in  central  New  Mexico,  south  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
Some  of  the  most  interesting  ancient  ruins  in  the  South- 
west are  found  in  the  valley  in  which  the  ranch  is  situated. 

Cebri^n  y Agustin  (sa-bre-an'  e a-gos-ten'), 
Pedro  de,  Count  of  Fuenclara,  Grandee  of 
Spain,  etc.  A Spanish  administrator  of  the  18th 
century.  From  Nov.  3,  1742,  to  July  9,  1746,  he  was 
viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico).  Subsequently  he  was 
Spanish  ambassador  to  Vienna. 

Cebu  (se-bo'),  or  Zebu  (ze-bo';  Sp.  pron.,  in 
both  spellings,  tha-bo').  An  island  in  the  Phil- 
ippines, in  lat.  9°  30'-ll°  N.,  long.  123°-124° 
E.  Length,  139  miles.  Area  of  province  (in- 
cluding adjacent  islands),  1,782  square  miles. 

Cecil  (ses'il  or  sis'il),  Robert.  Born  at 
Westminster  (?)  about  1563:  died  at  Marl- 
borough, May  24,  1612.  An  English  states- 
man, son  of  William  Cecil,  Lord  Burghley,  by 
his  second  wife  (Mildred,  daughter  of  Sir  An- 
thony Cooke),  created  earl  of  Salisbury  May  4, 
1605. 

Cecil,  Lord  Robert.  See  Salisbury , Marquis  of. 

Cecil,  Thomas.  Born  May  5,  1542 : died  Feb. 
7,  1622.  An  English  nobleman,  eldest  son  of 
William  Cecil,  Lord  Burghley,  by  his  first  wife, 
created  first  earl  of  Exeter  May  4,  1605. 

Cecil,  William.  Bom  at  Bourn,  Lincolnshire, 
Sept.  13,  1520 : died  at  London,  Aug.  4,  1598. 
A celebrated  English  statesman,  son  of  Richard 
Cecil  of  Burleigh,  Northamptonshire,  created 
baron  of  Burghley  Feb.  25,  1571.  He  studied 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1535-41,  but  did  not  take 
a degree ; was  entered  as  a student  at  Gray's  Inn,  May, 
1541;  married  Mary  Cheke  (died  Feb.  22,  1644),  sister  of 
John  Cheke,  the  celebrated  scholar,  May  6, 1542  ; and  took 
as  his  second  wife  Mildred,  daughter  of  Sir  Anthony 
Cooke,  Dec.  21,  1545.  In  Nov.,  1547,  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment, and  in  the  same  year  became  secretary  to  Somerset, 
who  was  then  protector ; and  when  his  patron  fell  (1548) 
was  committed  to  the  Tower,  where  lie  remained  for  two 
months.  He  was  appointed  a secretary  of  state,  Sept.  6, 
1650,  and  for  the  rest  of  his  life  occupied  a position  of 
great  influence  successively  under  Edward  VI.,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth.  It  was  as  chief  minister  to  Elizabeth  for 
forty  years  that  he  won  his  great  fame. 

Cecilia  (se-sil'i-a).  A novel  by  Madame  d’Ar- 
blay,  published  in  1782. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  Died  at  Rome,  230.  A Christian 
martyr.  According  to  the  legend,  she  was  compelled, 
in  spite  of  a vow  of  celibacy,  to  marry  a young  nobleman. 
Valerian.  She  succeeded  in  converting  him  to  her  views 
and  also  to  Christianity,  for  which  they  suffered  death. 
She  has  generally  been  considered  the  patron  saint  of 
music,  particularly  church  music,  and  is  represented  in 
art  as  singing  and  playing  on  some  musical  instrument, 
or  as  listening  to  the  music  of  an  angel  who  has  been 
drawn  from  heaven  by  her  harmony.  Dryden  alludes  to 
this  in  his  “Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day."  Her  story  is  also 
told  by  Chaucer  in  the  Second  Nun's  Tale,  one  of  the  “Can- 
terbury Tales."  In  the  Roman  and  Anglican  calendars 
her  feast  is  celebrated  on  Nov.  22. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  One  of  the  finest  paintings  of 
Raphael,  in  the  Accademia  at  Bologna,  Italy. 
The  beautiful  figure  of  the  saint,  richly  clad,  occupies  the 
middle  of  the  picture  ; she  listens  entranced  to  the  heav- 
enly choir  of  angels  above  her,  while  discarded  earthly 
musical  instruments  lie  at  her  feet. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  A painting  by  Rubens,  in  the 
Old  Museum  at  Berlin.  The  saint  is  playing  on  a 
harpsichord  and  singing,  attended  by  four  angels.  It  is 
in  reality  a portrait  of  the  painter’s  second  wife,  Hdlene 
Fourment. 

Cecilia,  Story  of  Saint.  Five  celebrated  fres- 
cos by  Domenichino,  in  San  Luigi  dei  Fran- 
cesi,  Rome.  The  subjects  are  the  saint  distributing 
her  clothes  among  the  poor,  her  contempt  for  idols,  her 
martyrdom,  her  reception  of  the  martyr's  crown,  and  her 
assumption.  There  are  no  better  examples  of  Domeni- 
chino's  somewhat  cold  and  academical  style. 

Cecropia  ’““-kro'pi-a).  The  widow  of  the 
younger  u.  ther  of  King  Basilius  in  Sidney’s 
romance  “Arcadia.” 

Cecrops  (se'krops).  [Gr.  Kficpoi/).]  In  Athe- 
nian tradition,  the  first  king  of  Athens,  and  the 
introducer  of  civilization  into  Greece.  He  was 
at  first  regarded  as  autochthonous,  and  as  a being  whose 


228 

upper  half  was  human  and  the  lower  half  a dragon ; later 
he  was  represented  to  be  of  Egyptian  origin. 

Cedar  Creek  (se'dar  krek).  A stream  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley’,'  Virginia,  which  joins  the 
Shenandoah  4 miles  from  Strasburg.  Here,  Oct. 
19, 1864,  the  Confederates  under  Early  surprised  the  Fed- 
erals  under  Wright.  Later  in  the  day  the  Confederates 
were  defeated  by  Sheridan.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  5,995  ; of 
the  Confederates,  4,200.  See  Sheridan  and  Sheridan's  Ride. 

Cedar  Falls  (se'dar  falz).  A city  in  Black 
Hawk  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Cedar 
River  99  miles  west  of  Dubuque.  Population, 
5,012,  (1910). 

Cedar  Keys  (se'diir  kez).  A'  seaport  in  Levy 
County,  Florida,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  lat. 
29°  V N.,  long.  83°  2'  W.  it  is  on  Way  Key  and 
Atsena  Otil  Key.  It  has  a trade  in  sponges,  fish,  turtles, 
etc. 

Cedar  Mountain  (se'dar  moun'tan).  A hill 
2 miles  west  of  Mitchell’s  Station,  Culpeper 
County,  Virginia.  Here,  Aug.  9,  1862,  the  Confeder- 
ates (20,000-25,000)  under  “Stonewall”  Jackson  defeated 
part  of  Pope’s  army  (7,500)  under  Banks.  Loss  of  the 
Confederates,  1,307  ; of  the  Federals,  1,400. 

Cedar  Rapids  (se'diir  rap'idz).  A city  in  Linn 
County,  eastern  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Red  Ce- 
dar River  in  lat.  41°  58'  N.,  long.  91°  43'  W. 
It  is  a railway, trading,  and  manufacturing  cen- 
ter. Population,  32,811,  (1910). 

Cedd  (ked),  or  Gedda  (ked'da),  Saint.  Born 
in  Northumbrir,  died  Oct.  26,  664.  An  Eng- 
lish missionary  saint,  bishop  of  the  East  Sax- 
ons. 

Cedmon.  See  Csedmon. 

Cedric  of  Rotherwood  (ked'rik  ov  roTH'er- 
wud  , or  Cedric  the  Saxon.  The  .guardian  of 
Rowena  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel  “Ivan- 
lioe.” 

Cedron.  See  Eedron. 

Cefalu  (cha-fa-lo').  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Palermo,  Sicily,  in  lat.  38°  1'  N.,  long.  14°  4' 
E. : the  ancient  Cephaloedium  or  Cephaloedis. 
It  has  a cathedral  and  a ruined  castle.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Arabs  in  the  9th  century.  The  cathedral,  founded 
in  1131  by  King  Roger,  is  one  of  the  finest  of  Sicilian  monu- 
ments. The  front,  of  Norman  character,  has  a triple  porch 
between  two  four-tiered  towers,  a beautiful  sculptured 
portal,  and  pointed  arcades  with  tooth-molding.  The 
nave  has  cylindrical  columns  and  wooden  roof  ; the  aisles 
are  vaulted.  Choir  and  apse  are  lined  with  magnificent 
mosaics  on  gold  ground ; the  semidome  of  the  apse  is  oc- 
cupied by  a colossal  half-figure  of  the  Saviour.  On  the 
north  side  of  the  cathedral  there  is  a beautiful  cloister  of 
the  type  of  that  at  Monreale.  Population,  12,000. 

Celadon  (sel'a-don).  1.  A witty,  inconstant 
gallant  iu  Dryden’s  play  “ Secret  Love,  or  The 
Maiden  Queen.”  He  marries  the  flirt  Florimel,  with 
the  understanding  that  they  may  each  have  their  own  way 
after  marriage. 

2.  The  lover  of  the  beautiful  Astree  (Astrea) 
in  D’Urfe’s  romance  “ Astree.”  His  is  one  of 
the  stock  names  for  a lover  in  the  French  dra- 
ma.— 3.  A sort  of  generic  name  in  pastoral 
poetry  for  a rustic  lover,  as  Ch  toe  is  for  his  mis- 
tress.— 4.  A character  in  Thomson’s  ‘ ‘ Seasons.” 

Celaense  (se-le'ne).  [Gr.  lie’AaivaL]  An  ancient 
city  of  Phrygia,  once  of  great  size  and  impor- 
tance. It  became  a royal  residence  in  the 
time  of  Xerxes. 

The  site  of  Celsense,  unknown  until  within  these  few 
years,  has  been  determinately  fixed  by  Mr.  Hamilton 
(Asia  Minor,  vol.  i.,  pp.  498-  500).  It  is  the  modern  Dee- 
nair  (lat,  38“  3 , long.  30”  20’).  This  town,  which  abounds 
in  remains  of  high  antiquity,  is  situated  near  the  source 
of  the  southern  or  main  stream  of  the  Marauder,  and  in 
all  respects  corresponds  to  the  accounts  left  of  the  an- 
cient Celsense.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  28,  note. 

Celseno  (se-le'no).  [Gr.  Ke/latrA]  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  one  of  the  Harpies  (see  Har- 
pies) ; also,  a Pleiad,  a daughter  of  Atlas  and 
Pleione. 

Celseno.  [L.  Celseno,  Gr.  KeHuv£>,  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  Pleione.]  The  (^-mag- 
nitude star  16  Pleiadum,  barely  visible  with 
the  naked  eye. 

Celakovsky.  See  Czelakowsky. 

Celano,  Lake  of.  See  Fucino. 

Celebes  (se-la'bes).  [From  the  name  of  a na- 
tive people.]  The  third  in  size  of  the  East 
India  Islands,  situated  east  of  Borneo,  about 
lat.  1°  45'- 5°  45'  S.,  long.  118°  45'-125°  E. : a 
Dutch  possession.  It  is  very  irregular  in  shape,  with 
four  large  peninsulas.  Its  chief  export  is  coffee.  The 
principal  tribes  are  the  Bugis,  Macassars,  and  Alfuras. 
Menado  is  the  seat  of  the  Dutch  resident.  Celebes  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  the  16th  century  ; they 
were  expelled  by  the  Dutch  in  1660.  Area,  71,470'  square 
miles.  Population,  estimated,  851,905. 

Celeste  (sa-lest')  (Celeste-Elliott),  Madame. 
Born  at  Paris,  1814  (?) : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  12, 
1882.  An  actress  and  noted  dancer,  she  began 
her  professional  career,  in  the  latter  capacity,  at  the  Bow- 
ery Theater,  New  York,  Oct.,  1827,  and  afterward  danced 
and  acted  chiefly  in  London,  visiting  America  a second 
time  1834-37. 


Cellini 

Celestial  Empire,  The.  In  western  countries, 
a popular  name  for  the  Chinese  empire,  translat- 
ing the  Chinese  “Tien  Chao”  (‘Heavenly  Dy- 
nasty ’). 

Celestials  (se-les'tialz),  The.  The  Chinese: 
from  “the  Celestial  Empire”  (which  see). 

Gelestma  (Sp.  tha-les-te'na).  A Spanish  prose 
drama  in  twenty-one  acts,  or  parts,  originally 
called  “ The  Tragicomedy  of  Calisto  and  Meli- 
boea.  ’ Though,  from  its  length  and  structure,  it  can 
never  have  been  represented,  its  dramatic  spirit  and 
movement  have  left  traces  that  are  not  to  be  mistaken  of 
their  influence  on  the  national  drama  ever  since. 

The  first  act,  which  is  much  the  longest,  was  probably 
written  by  Rodrigo  Cota,  of  Toledo,  and  in  that  case  we 
may  safely  assume  that  it  was  produced  about  1480. 

Ticknor , Span.  Lit.,  I.  235. 

Celestine  (sel'es-tm)  I.,  or  Ccelestine  (sel'es- 
tin),  Saint.  Died  at  Rome,  432.  Bishop  of 
Rome  422—432.  He  sent  legates  to  the  Council  of 
Ephesus,  which  in  431  condemned  the  heresy  of  Nestorius, 
and  is  said  by  some  to  have  sent  St.  Patrick  to  Ireland  and 
Palladius  to  Scotland,  although  it  is  not  clear  that  either 
of  these  missionaries  had  any  connection  with  Rome.  He 
is  commemorated  on  April  6. 

Celestine  II.,  or  Coelestine  (Guido  di  Gas- 
tello). Died  at  Rome,  March,  1144.  Pope  1143- 
1144.  He  absolved  Louis  VII.  of  France. 
Celestine  III.,  or  Ooelestine  (Giacinto  Or- 

sini).  Born  about  1106  : died  at  Rome,  Jan.  8, 
1198.  Pope  1191-98.  lie  crowned  Henry  VI.  of 
Germany  in  1191,  and  confirmed  the  Teutonic  Order  in 
1192. 

Celestine  IV.  ( Gofer e do  Castiglione).  Died 

Nov.  19,  1241.  Pope,  elected  Oct.  25,  1241.  He 
reigned  only  15  days. 

Celestine  V.,  Saint  (Pietro  di  Murrhone). 

Born  in  central  Italy  about  1215 : died  at  the 
castle  Fumone,  in  the  Campagna,  Italy,  May 
19,  1296.  He  founded  the  order  of  the  Celestines  about 
1254,  and  was  elected  pope,  at  the  age  of  eighty,  July, 
1294.  Being  unfitted  for  this  exalted  station  by  his  pre- 
vious life  as  a hermit  and  consequent  ignorance  of  the 
world,  he  abdicated,  Dec.,  1294,  and  was  imprisoned  at 
Fumone  by  Boniface  VIII.,  who  feared  that,  if  left  at 
liberty,  he  might  become  the  occasion  of  schism. 

Celia  (se'li-a).  [Fern,  of  L.  Celius.']  1.  A char- 
acter in  Spenser’s  “ Faerie  Queene,”  mother  of 
Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity.  She  lived  in  the 
hospice  called  Holiness. — 2.  In  Shakspere’s 
comedy  “As  you  Like  it,” the  cousin  and  de- 
voted friend  of  Rosalind,  and  daughter  of  the 
usurping  Duke  Frederick.  She  masquerades  with 
Rosalind  in  the  forest  of  Arden,  in  the  disguise  of  Aliena, 
a shepherdess. 

3.  A straightforward,  affectionate  English  girl, 
with  no  squeamishness,  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher’s  play  “The  Humorous  Lieutenant,” 
made  love  to  by  both  Antigonus  and  his  son 
Demetrius.  She  disguises  as  Enanthe. — 4.  The 
wife  of  Corvinoin  Jonson’s  “Volpone.” — 5.  A 
very  young  girl  in  Whitehead's  “School  for 
Lovers.”  The  part  was  written  for  Mrs.  Cibber, 
then  over  fifty  years  old. 

Celimene  (sa-le-man').  1.  An  artificial,  coquet- 
tish, but  charming  and  sparkling  fine  lady  in 
Molidre’s  comedy  “Le  Misanthrope.”  She  makes 
Acaste  and  Clitandre  both  believe  she  loves  them,  but 
finally  consents  to  marry  the  “Misanthrope,”  Alceste, 
though  declining  to  seclude  herself  from  the  world  with 
him,  whereupon  he  rejects  her.  Her  name  is  applied  pro- 
verbially to  a coquette. 

2.  A character  in  Moliere’s  “Les  Prficieuses 
Ridicules,”  who  has  nothing  to  say. 

Cellamare  (chel-la-ma're),  Prince  of  (Antonio 
Giudice,Duke  of  Giovenazza).  Born  at  Naples, 
1657 : died  at  Seville,  Spain,  May  16,  1733.  A 
Spanish  general  and  diplomatist,  ambassador 
to  France  1715-18. 

Celle  (tsel'le).  A city  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Aller  22  miles 
northeast  of  Hannover.  It  has  an  ancient  ducal 
castle.  Population,  commune,  21,390. 

Cellini  (chel-le'ne),  Benvenuto.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  Nov.  10,  1500:  died  Feb.  13,  1571. 
A famous  Italian  sculptor  and  worker  in  gold 
and  silver.  He  studied  with  Michelangelo  Bandinelli, 
father  of  the  sculptor  Bandinelli,  and  Marcone  the  gold- 
smith. From  1516-17  he  worked  in  Pisa.  In  1517  he  re- 
turned to  Florence,  where  he  met  Torregiano  (see  Torre- 
piano),  who  tried  to  secure  him  for  his  work  in  England. 
Benvenuto's  loyalty  to  Michelangelo,  however,  prevented 
the  engagement.  From  1523—10  he  was  in  Rome,  occupied 
entirely  with  his  work  as  goldsmith.  In  May,  1627,  oc- 
curred the  siege  and  sack  of  Rome  by  the  troops  of  the 
Constable  de  Bourbon,  in  which  Cellini  assisted  in  the  de- 
fense of  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  claimed  to  have  killed 
Bourbon  and  wounded  the  Prince  of  Orange.  At  the  in- 
stigation of  Bier  Luigi  Farnese,  bastard  of  Paul  III.,  he 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  Oct.,  1538. 
The  account  of  his  escape,  Dec.,  1539,  is  the  greatest  mar- 
vel of  his  marvelous  autobiography.  From  1540-44  he 
sojourned  in  France  at  the  court  of  Francis  I.  He  had 
his  atelier  in  the  Petit  Nesle.  (See  Petit  Hcslc.)  At  this 
time  his  first  attempts  at  sculpture  were  made,  the  chief 
being  the  Nymph  of  Fontainebleau.  From  1544  to  his 


Cellini 

death  in  1571  he  served  Cosimo  I.  and  the  Medici  family 
in  Florence.  His  story  of  the  casting  of  the  Perseus  of 
the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi  at  this  time  has  played  a great  role 
in  literature.  His  autobiography,  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  Italian  classics,  circulated  in  MS.  until  it  was  printed 
in  1730.  It  was  translated  into  German  by  Goethe.  The 
best  English  translation  is  by  J.  A.  Symonds. 

Celman,  Miguel  Juarez.  See  Juarez  Celman. 

Celsius  (sel'si-us  or  sel'shius),  Anders.  Born 
at  Upsala,  Sweden,  Nov.  27,  1701:  died  at  Up- 
sala,  April  25,  1744.  A Swedish  astronomer, 
nephew  of  Olaf  Celsius,  professor  of  astronomy 
at  Upsala.  He  introduced,  about  1742,  the 
centigrade  or  Celsius  thermometer. 

Celsius,  Olaf.  Born  July  19,  1070:  died  at 
Upsala,  Sweden,  June  24,  1756.  A Swedish 
botanist,  uncle  of  Anders  Celsius.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  and  Oriental  language  in  the  University 
of  Upsala,  and  rendered  himself  famous  by  his  researches 
in  regard  to  the  plants  mentioned  in  the  Scriptures.  He 
was  the  instructor  and  patron  of  Linnaeus. 

Celsius,  Olaf.  Born  at  Upsala,  Sweden,  Dec. 
15,  1716:  died,  at  Lund,  Sweden,  Feb.  15,  1794. 
A Swedish  historian,  son  of  Olaf  Celsius  (1670- 
1756).  He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  University 
of  Upsala  in  1747,  and  bishop  of  Lund  in  1777.  He  wrote 
a history  of  Gustavus  I.  (1746-53),  and  a history  of  Eric 
XIV.  (1774).  He  was  ennobled  in  1756. 

Celsus  (sel'sus).  Lived  in  the  2d  (?)  century 
A.  D.  A Platonist  philosopher.  He  was  the 
author  of  a famous  treatise  against  Christianity,  'AMjflijs 
Aoyos  (“  True  Discourse  ”),  the  substance  of  which  is  pre- 
served in  the  “Contra  Celsum  ” by  Origen. 

Celsus,  Aulus  (or  Aurelius)  Cornelius.  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century  A.  d.  A 
Roman  writer,  author  of  a comprehensive  en- 
cyclopedia treating  of  farming,  medicine,  mil- 
itary art,  oratory,  jurisprudence,  and  philos- 
ophy. “Of  this  only  the  eight  books  de  medicina  have 
come  down  to  us,  being  b.  6-13  of  the  complete  work,  the 
only  one  of  this  kind  in  the  good  age  of  Koman  literature. 
In  those  Celsus  gives  an  account  of  the  whole  medical 
system  of  the  time,  writing  as  a layman  and  following 
chieny  Hippokrates  and  Asklepiades,  with  sound  judg- 
ment and  in  simple,  pare  diction.  The  parts  dealing  with 
surgery  are  especially  valuable ; next  to  these  the  diag- 
nosis of  internal  maladies.”  Teuffel  and  Sckwabe,  Hist,  of 
Bom.  Lit  (tr.  by  Warr),  II.  22. 

Celsus,  or  Cellach  (kel'lach),  Saint.  Born 
1079:  died  at  Ardpatrick,  Munster,  Ireland, 
April  1, 1129.  An  Irish  ecclesiastic,  archbishop 
of  Armagh  after  1104. 

Celtiberi.  See  Celtiberia. 

Celtiberia  (sel-ti-be'ri-a).  [From  the  Celtiberi. 
See  the  def.]  In  ancient  geography,  a region 
in  Spain  corresponding  to  the  modern  south- 
western Aragon  and  the  greater  part  of  Soria, 
Cuenca,  and  Burgos : in  an  extended  application 
nearly  identical  with  Hispania  Citerior.  TheCel- 
tiberi  (Celtiberians)  were  thought  to  be  a mixture  of  the 
indigenous  Iberians  and  invading  Celts  from  Gaul  (whence 
their  name).  They  offered  a vigorous  resistance  to  Borne, 
and  were  finally  subdued  after  72  B.  c.  Among  their  chief 
towns  were  N umantia  and  Segobriga. 

Celtica  (sel'ti-ka).  The  central  division  of 
Transalpine  Gaul,  according  to  the  threefold 
division  of  the  Gauls  by  Julius  Ctesar  (Gauls 
or  Celts,  Aquitanians,  Belgians).  It  coincided 
with  the  province  of  Lugdunensis,  except  that  it  ex- 
tended southwestward  to  the  Garonne. 

Celts,  or  Kelts  (selts,  kelts).  [L.  Celtse,  from 
Gr.  KD.tcu,  a name  at  first  vaguely  applied  to  a 
Western  people,  afterward  the  regular  desig- 
nation of  the  Celtic  race.  Origin  unknown.] 
The  peoples  which  speak  languages  akin  to 
those  of  Wales,  Ireland,  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, and  Brittany,  and  constitute  a branch  or 
principal  division  of  the  Indo-European  fami- 
lies. Formerly  these  peoples  occupied,  partly  or  wholly, 
France,  Spain,  northern  Italy,  the  western  parts  of  Ger- 
many, and  the  British  islands.  Of  the  remaining  Celtic 
languages  and  peoples  there  are  two  chief  divisions,  viz., 
the  Gadhelic,  comprising  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland, 
the  Irish,  and  the  Manx,  and  the  Cymric,  comprising  the 
Welsh  and  Bretons ; the  Cornish,  of  Cornwall,  related  to 
the  latter,  is  only  recently  extinct. 

Amalgamation  of  race  has  since  been  effected  to  a cer- 
tain extent;  but  still  in  many  parts  of  Wales,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland  the  mass  of  the  population  is  mainly  or  en- 
tirely Celtic.  Four  Celtic  dialects  — the  Manx,  the  Gaelic, 
the  Erse,  and  the  Welsh — are  spoken  in  our  country  ; and 
the  pure  Celtic  type  survives  alike  in  the  Bretons,  the 
Welsh,  the  native  Irish,  the  people  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
and  the  Scottish  Highlanders,  of  whom  the  two  former 
represent  the  Cimbric,  and  the  three  latter  the  non-Cim- 
bric  branch  of  the  nation.  Bawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  186. 

The  Celts  appear  to  have  crossed  to  Britain  from  Belgic 
Gaul.  In  the  neolithic  age  a race  indistinguishable  from 
that  of  the  British  round  barrows  occupied  Belgium. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  81. 

Cemetery  Ridge.  A low  ridge  near  Gettys- 
burg, celebrated  in  the  battle  of  that  name. 
Cempoala  (tham-po-aTa).  An  ancient  town  of 
the  Totonac  Indians  of  Mexico,  not  far  from 
the  present  site  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  a little  back 
from  the  coast.  It  is  described  as  a city  of  23  000  in- 
habitants, with  many  palaces  and  temples;  but  these  ac- 


229 

counts  are  probably  exaggerated.  In  1619  the  Cempoalans 
gave  Cortbs  a friendly  reception,  and  some  of  their  chiefs 
marched  with  him  to  Mexico.  The  inhabitants  were  re- 
moved to  a mission  village  near  Jalapa  about  1600,  and 
the  original  site  of  Cempoala  is  now  uncertain,  though 
there  is  a village  with  the  same  name.  Also  written  Cem- 
poalla,  Cempoal,  CempohuaX,  or  Zumpual. 

Cenci  (chen'che),  Beatrice.  Born  at  Rome, 
Feb.  12, 1577 : executed  at  Rome,  Sept.  11, 1599. 
The  daughter  of  Francesco  Cenci,  a Roman 
nobleman,  and  Ersilia  Santa-Croce.  Her  father, 
a dissipated  and  passionate  man,  treated  his  family  with 
such  severity  that  his  second  wife  Lucrezia  Petroni,  his 
eldest  son  Giacomo,  Beatrice,  and  the  two  younger  sons 
Bernardo  and  Paolo,  procured  his  murder  at  the  palace 
of  Petrella  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  Sept.  9,  1598.  For 
this  crime  Lucrezia,  Giacomo,  and  Beatrice  were  hanged 
at  Borne,  Sept.  11, 1599,  and  Bernardo  was  condemned  to 
the  galleys  for  life,  being,  however,  pardoned  March  20, 
1606.  Paolo  died  shortly  after  the  murder.  At  the  trial 
Beatrice's  counsel,  in  order  to  justify  the  murder,  accused 
Francesco,  apparently  without  foundation,  of  having  at- 
tempted the  commission  of  incest  upon  his  client,  which 
has  placed  her  in  the  light  of  a martyr.  Her  tragic  end 
and  her  patrician  birth  have  made  her  a favorite  theme 
in  poetry  and  art.  She  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  by  Shelley,  “ The  Cenci  ” (1819),  and  of  a painting 
by  Guido  Beni,  in  the  Barberini  palace,  Borne. 

Ceneda.  See  Vittorio. 

Cenimagni  (sen-i-mag'nl).  [L.  (Cassar).]  A 
Celtic  people  located  by  Ctesar  in  the  eastern 
coast  region  of  Britain,  north  of  the  Thames. 
Cenis,  Mont.  See  Mont  Cents. 

Oenomani  (sen-o-ma'm).  [L.  (Ctesar)  Ceno- 
mani,  Gr.  (Polybius)  Kevofiavoi.']  A Celtic  peo- 
ple, a part  of  the  army  of  Bellovesus,  who  with 
his  sanction  crossed  the  Alps  under  a legendary 
leader,  Etitovius,  and  settled  north  of  the  Po 
about,  Brescia  and  Verona  according  to  the  de- 
tailed account  of  Livy.  They  were  a branch  of  the 
Aulerci.  Their  original  seat  iu  Gaul,  where  they  are 
called  Aulerci  Cenomani,  was  on  the  Sarthe  near  Le 
Mans.  The  Aulerci  were  included  among  the  tribes  con- 
stituting the  Armorici. 

Centaur.  See  Centaurus. 

Centaurus  (sen-ta'rus).  [L.,  ‘the  Centaur.’] 
An  ancient  southern  constellation,  situated  be- 
tween Argo  and  Scorpio,  pictured  to  represent 
a centaur  holding  a Bacchic  wand,  its  brightest 
star,  a Centauri,  is  the  third  brightest  in  the  heavens, 
being  a quarter  of  a magnitude  brighter  than  Arcturus. 
It  is  of  a reddish  color.  Its  second  star,  p,  a white  star, 
is  about  as  bright  as  Betelgeuze,  and  is  reckoned  the 
eleventh  in  the  heavens  in  order  of  brightness.  The  two 
stars  are  situated  near  each  other  on  the  parallel  of  68” 
south,  a little  east  of  the  Southern  Cross.  Centaurus  has, 
besides,  two  stars  of  the  second  magnitude  and  seven  of 
the  third,  and  is  a splendid  constellation. 

Centla  (sant'la).  An  ancient  town  situated 
near  the  present  Frontera,  in  Tabasco,  south- 
ern Mexico  : scene  of  the  first  victory  of  Cortes, 
1519. 

Centlivre  (sent-liv'er  or  sent-le'ver),  Susan- 
nah,. Bom  in  Ireland  (?),  of  English  parents, 
about  1667 : died  at  London,  Dec.  1,  1723.  An 
English  actress  and  dramatist.  She  is  said  to  have 
been  the  daughter  of  a Mr.  Freeman,  of  Lincolnshire, 
who  removed  to  Ireland  shortly  before  her  birth.  About 
1706  she  married  Joseph  Cenilivre,  chief  cook  to  Queen 
Anne  and  George  I.  Among  her  numerous  plays  are 
“The  Platonic  Lady”  (acted  1706),  “The  Busybody” 
(acted  1709),  “A  Gotham  Election”  (published  1715:  2d 
ed.,  1737,  entitled  “Humours  of  Elections"),  “A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a Wife”  (acted  1718). 

Cent  Nouvelles  Nouvelles  (son  no-vel'  no- 
vel'). [F.,  ‘ one  hundred  new  tales.’]  An  old 
French  collection  of  tales,  first  printed  in  folio, 
by  Verard,  without  date,  from  a manuscript  of 
the  year  1456.  Dunlop. 

The  Cent  Nouvelles  Nouvelles  are  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  prose  fabliaux.  They  have  the  full  licence  of 
that  class  of  composition,  its  sparkling  fun,  its  truth  to 
the  conditions  of  ordinary  human  life.  Many  of  them  are 
taken  from  the  work  of  the  Italian  novelists,  but  all  are 
handled  in  a thoroughly  original  manner.  The  style  is 
perhaps  the  best  of  ail  the  late  mediaeval  prose  works, 
being  clear,  precise,  and  definite  without  the  least  ap- 
pearance of  baldness  or  dryness. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  148. 

Cento  (chen'to).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Ferrara,  near  the  Reno  17  miles  north  of  Bo- 
logna. Pop.,  commune,  19,118;  town,  4,366. 
Centoatl  (then-to-atl').  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl) 
mythology,  the  goddess  (according  to  some  au- 
thorities a god)  of  maize,  and  consequently  of 
agriculture.  Her  principal  feast  was  in  the  fourth 
Mexican  month  (April-May),  and  she  was  also  honored  iu 
the  eleventh  month  (Sept.).  She  was  one  of  the  patrons 
of  childbirth.  The  offerings  made  to  her  were  generally 
grain  and  fruits.  Some  authorities  identify  this  goddess 
with  Cihuatcoatl,  Tiazoltcotl,  etc.  Also  written  Cintcotl, 
Centeutl,  Tzintcutl. 

Centones  Homerici  (sen-to'nez  ho-mer'i-si). 
See  the  extract. 

Even  the  life  of  Christ  was  put  together  in  Homeric 
hexameters,  called  Centones  Homerici,  which  were  at- 
tributed to  the  Empress  Eudocia,  and  thought  worthy  of 
being  printed  by  Aldus  (1501),  and  Stephens  (1668),  but 
apparently  as  Christian  literature. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  168. 


Cephalus 

Cento  Novelle  Antiche  (chen'to  no-vel'le  an- 
te'ke).  [It.,  ‘ one  hundred  old  tales.’]  A col- 
lection of  tales  from  ancient  and  medieval 
history,  the  romances  of  chivalry,  and  the  fabli- 
aux of  the  trouveres,  made  in  Italy  about  the 
end  of  the  13th  century. 

Central  Africa,  Britisii.  The  British  sphere 
of  influence  north  of  the  Zambesi.  In  1907  the 
territory  was  included  in  the  Nyasaland  Pro- 
tectorate. Population,  about  1,000,000. 
Central  America.  A name  applied  collectively 
to  the  six  republics  of  Guatemala,  Honduras, 
Salvador,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and  Panama. 
Central  India  Agency.  The  official  name  for 
a collection  of  native  states  in  India,  under  the 
control  of  Great  Britain,  situated  between 
’Rajputana  and  the  United  Provinces  on  the 
north,  and  the  Central  Provinces  on  the  south. 
Chief  states,  Gwalior,  Indur,  Bhopal,  Rewa. 
Area,  77,395  square  miles.  Population,  8,51 0,- 
317. 

Centralists  (sen'tral-ists).  [Sp.  Centralistas.  ] 
A political  party  in  Mexico  which  began  in 
1823,  was  reorganized  in  1837,  and  has  ever 
since  been  prominent.  The  Centralists  favor  a 
single  centralized  republican  government,  and  are  op- 
posed by  the  Federalists,  who  desire  autonomy  of  the 
states.  The  struggles  for  ascendancy  of  these  two  parties 
have  caused  most  of  the  civil  wars  which  have  desolated 
Mexico.  Temporarily  each  of  the  parties  or  branches  of 
them  have  been  known  by  other  names.  Santa  Anna 
was  long  the  leading  spirit  of  the  Centralists.  Centralist 
and  Federalist  parties  have  been  prominent  in  the  affairs 
of  other  Spanish-American  countries,  notably  Argentina, 
Venezuela,  and  Central  America,  but  they  are  commonly 
distinguished  by  other  names. 

Central  Park.  The  principal  park  in  New 
York,  extending  from  59th  street  to  110th  street, 
and  from  Fifth  avenue  to  Eighth  avenue.  It  was 
designed  by  Olmsted  and  Vaux,  and  contains,  besides  nu- 
merous drives,  the  Mall,  the  Croton  Beservoirs,  Cleopatra’E 
Needle  (the  Obelisk-),  the  Metropolitan  Art  Museum,  etc. 
Length,  2J  miles.  Area,  840  acres. 

Central  Provinces.  A chief-commissionership 
of  British  India,  lat.  18°-24°  N.,  long.  77°-84°  E. 
It  contains  four  divisions  : Nagpur,  Jabalpur,  Nerbudda, 
and  Chatisgarh.  Its  chief  town  is  Nagpur.  Area,  82,093 
square  miles.  Population,  9,216,185.  Connected  with  the 
Central  Provinces  are  15  vassal  states : Bastar,  Bamra, 
Patna,  etc.  Area,  31,188  square  miles.  Population,  1,631,- 
140.  ‘ 

Centuripe  (chen-to're-pe),  or  Centorbi  (chen- 
tor'be).  A town  in  the  province  of  Catania, 
Sicily,  20  miles  northwest  of  Catania : the  an- 
cient Centuripse.  It  has  Roman  antiquities.  It  was 
destroyed  by  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  in  1233.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  11,187. 

Century  White.  A nickname  given  to  John 
White  (1590-1645),  from  his  work  “First 
Century  of  Scandalous  Malignant  Priests, 
etc.” 

Cenu  (sa-no').  The  name  given  about  1515  to 
a region  on  the  northern  coast  of  South  Amer- 
ica, about  midway  between  Darien  and  Carta- 
gena. Enciso,  sent  from  Darien  to  conquer  it  (1516), 
tried  to  treat  with  the  Indians,  but  afterward  ravaged 
their  country.  A second  expedition,  sent  soon  after,  under 
Becerra,  was  entirely  destroyed  by  the  natives. 

Ceos  (se'os),  or  Eea  (ka'a).  [Gr.  K tax;  or  Kmz.] 
An  island  of  the  Cyclades,  situated  in  the 
ZEgean  Sea  13  miles  southeast  of  Attica:  the 
modern  Zea,  or  Tzia.  It  formerly  contained 
four  cities,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Simon- 
ides and  Bacchylides.  It  belongs  to  Greece. 
Ceos.  The  capital  of  the  island  of  Ceos. 
Cenwalh  (kan'walch).  Lived  about  643-672. 
Son  of  Cynegils,  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of 
the  West  Saxons  in  643. 

Cepeda  (tha-pa/THa),  Diego.  Born  at  Torde- 
siilas  about  1495:  died  at  Valladolid,  1549  or 
1550.  A Spanish  judge.  He  wasoidor  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  and  subsequently  one  of  the  royal  audience  which 
accompanied  the  viceroy  Blasco  Nuiiez  Vela  to  Peru 
(1544).  There  he  led  the  judges  in  their  opposition  to 
Vela,  imprisoned  him,  joined  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  and  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Anaquito,  where  the  viceroy  was  killed 
(Jan.  18,  1646).  Foreseeing  Pizarro’s  defeat,  he  deserted 
him  on  the  battle-field  of  Sacsaliuana  (April  8,  1548),  was 
sent  to  be  tried  in  Spain,  and,  it  is  said,  poisoned  himself 
in  prison. 

Cephalonia  (sef-a-lo'ni-a),  ancient  Cephalle- 
nia  (sef-a-le'ni-fij,  modern  Gr.  Kephallenia. 
[Gr.  Kttpa/.Arjviaor  Kt.fiaAr/vta.]  One  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  west  of  Greece,  forming  a nomarchy  of 
Greece.  Its  surface  is  mountainous.  Its  capital  is  Ar- 
gostoli.  The  island  was  called  by  Homer  Same  or  Samos. 
It  became  subject  to  Borne  in  189  n.  c.,  and  later  came 
under  Byzantine,  Venetian,  and  Turkish  rule,  and  a Brit- 
ish protectorate.  Area,  about  300  square  miles.  Length, 
30  miles.  Population,  71,235. 

Cephalus  (sef'a-lus).  [Gr.  Kaj>a'A,or.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  son  of  Deion  and  Diomede,  and 
the  husband  of  Procris  or  Procno  whom  he  ac- 
cidentally slew  while  hunting. 


Cephas 

Cephas  (se'fas).  [Aram.,  ‘ a rock’ ; Gr.  K t?0af.] 
A surname  given  by  Christ  to  Simon  : rendered 
in  Greek  Ih'rpof  ( ‘ a rock  ’),  in  Latin  Petrus,  and 
in  English  Peter. 

Cepheus  (se'fus).  [Gr.  Kr/<pevg.]  1.  A king  of 
Ethiopia,  son  of  Belus,  husband  of  Cassiopeia, 
and  father  of  Andromeda. — 2.  One  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts. 

Cepheus.  One  of  the  ancient  northern  constel- 
lations, preceding  Cassiopeia.  It  is  figured  to  rep- 
resent the  Ethiopian  king  Cepheus  wearing  a tiara  and 
having  his  arms  somewhat  extended.  Its  brightest  stars 
are  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Cephissus  (se-fis'us).  [Gr.  Kr/fl/eeoc.J  In  an- 
cient geography:  (a)  A river  in  Phocis  and 
Boeotia,  Greece,  flowing  into  Lake  Copais  (To- 
polias).  (6)  A river  in  Attica,  Greece,  flowing 
through  the  plain  of  Athens  into  the  Saronic 
Gulf,  (c)  A river  of  Attica,  Greece,  flowing 
through  the  plain  of  Eleusis  into  the  Gulf  of 
Eleusis. 

Ceracchi  (clia-rak'ke),  Giuseppe.  Born  in  Cor- 
sica about  1760:  executed  at  Paris,  Jan.  30  (?), 
1801.  An  Italian  sculptor,  conspirator  against 
the  life  of  Napoleon  1800. 

Ceram  (se-ram';  Pg.  pron.  se-ran'),  or  Zeram, 
or  Serang,  or  Ceiram  (Pg.  pron.  sa-rah'). 
An  island  of  the  Moluccas,  East  Indies,  lat.  3°~ 
3°  30'  S.,  long.  128°-131°  E.  Its  inhabitants  are 

Malays  and  Alfuras.  It  is  under  Dutch  sovereignty. 
Area,  (5,605  square  miles.  Population,  about  100,000. 

Ceramicus  (ser-a-ml'kus).  [Gr.  Kepapeucoc;.'] 
A large  area  on  the  northwest  side  of  ancient 
Athens : so  named  from  the  early  gathering  in 
it  of  the  potters,  who  still  affect  it,  attracted 
by  the  presence  of  water  and  excellent  clay. 
It  was  divided  into  two  parts : the  Inner  Ceramicus,  within 
the  walls,  traversed  by  the  Dromos  street  from  the  Dipylon 
Gate,  and  including  the  Agora ; and  the  Outer  Ceramicus, 
continuing  the  first  division  outside  of  the  walls.  The 
Outer  Ceramicus  became  a favorite  place  of  burial  for  the 
Athenians,  and  here  were  interred  those  honored  with  a 
public  funeral.  The  tombs  were  ranged  beside  and  near 
the  various  roads  which  radiated  from  the  Dipylon  Gate. 
Little  trace  of  them  remains,  except  of  the  unique  group 
upon  and  near  the  inception  of  the  Sacred  Way  to  Eleusis  : 
a group  which  was  preserved  by  being  buried  in  86  B.  c. 
in  the  siege-agger  of  Sulla,  and  contains  historical  and 
plastic  memorials  of  very  high  value,  among  them  the 
sculptured  monument  of  Dexileos,  who  fell  before  Corinth 
in  393  B.  C.,  and  tombs  of  Euphrosyne,  Hegeso,  Aristion, 
Demetria,  and  Pamphile. 

CeraiinianMountains(se-ra'ni-anmoun'tanz). 
[Gr.  ra  K epavvia  opt],  L.  Ceraunii  montes.\  In 
ancient  geography : (a)  a range  of  mountains 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Caucasus  system : 
exact  position  undetermined.  ( b ) A chain  of 
mountains  in  northwestern  Epirus,  terminating 
in  the  promontory  Acroceraunia  (which  see). 

Cerberus  (ser  'be-rus).  [Gr.  K epBepog.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  watch-dog  at  the  entrance 
to  the  infernal  regions,  offspring  of  Typhaon 
and  Echidna:  usually  represented  with  three 
heads,  a serpent’s  tail,  and  a mane  of  serpents’ 
heads. 

Cercinitis  (ser-si-ni'tis).  [Gr.  Keputvlnc  Mfmj.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  lake  or  enlargement 
of  the  river  Strymon  (in  Macedonia),  near  its 
mouth : the  modern  Takinos. 

Cercops  (ser'kops).  [Gr.  K epuioip.']  1.  An  an- 
cient Greek  Orphic  poet,  said  to  have  been  the 
author  of  a poem,  “The  Descent  into  Hades,” 
also  attributed  to  Prodicus  of  Samos  and  others. 
— 2.  A Greek  poet  of  Miletus,  a contemporary 
of  Hesiod.  To  him  a poem  on  the  war  of  iEgimius,  king 
of  the  Dorians,  against  the  Lapitlue  (also  attributed  to 
Hesiod),  is  by  some  assigned. 

Cerda  (ther'da),  Tomas  Antonio  Manrique 

de  la,  Count  of  Paredes  and  Marquis  of  La 
Laguna.  Born  about  1620:  died  1688.  A Span- 
ish administrator.  lie  was  a member  of  the  royal 
council,  and  from  1680  to  1686  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mex- 
ico). During  his  term  the  bucaneers  sacked  Vera  Cruz 
(May,  1683),  and  committed  other  ravages. 

Cerda  Sandoval  Silva  y Mendoza,  Gaspar 

de  la.  Born  about  1630:  died  1697.  A Span- 
ish administrator.  In  1688  he  was  created  count  of 
Galve  and  made  viceroy  of  Mexico,  holding  the  office  from 
Nov.,  1688,  to  July,  1695.  He  sent  expeditions  against  the 
French  of  Santo  Domingo  and  Louisiana,  1690-91,  and  in 
1694  Pensacola,  Florida,  was  founded  by  his  orders.  He 
returned  to  Spain  in  May,  1696. 

Cerdagne  (ser-dany'),  Sp.  La  Cerdana  (ther- 
dan'yii).  An  ancient  countship  on  both  sides 
of  the  eastern  Pyrenees.  Part  of  it  is  now  in  the 
department  of  Pyrchu'es-Orientales  in  France,  and  part  is 
in  Spain.  It  followed  in  the  later  middle  ages  the  for- 
tunes of  Catalonia,  and  then  of  Aragon.  It  was  released 
from  homage  to  France  in  1258,  was  acquired  by  France 
in  1462,  and  was  restored  to  Aragon  in  1493.  The  part  to 
the  north  of  the  Pyrenees  was  ceded  to  France  in  1659. 

Cerdic  (ker'dik).  Died  534.  A Saxon  ealdor- 
man  who  founded  a settlement  on  the  coast 
of  Hampshire,  England,  in  495  A.  D.,  assumed 


230 

the  title  of  King  of  the  West  Saxons  in  519, 
and  became  ancestor  of  the  English  royal  line. 
He  defeated  the  Britons  at  Charford  in  519  ; was  himself 
defeated  at  Mount  Badon,  or  Badbury,  in  Dorsetshire,  in 
520;  and  conquered  the  Isle  of  Wight  in  530. 

Cerdicsford  (ker'diks-ford).  The  scene  of  the 
victory  of  Cerdic  and  Cymric  over  the  Britons 
in  519 : usually  identified  with  Charford  (which 
see). 

Cerdo  (ser'do).  Born  in  Syria:  lived  about 
137  a.  d.  A Gnostic  teacher,  founder  of  a sect 
named  from  him  Cerdonians  (which  see). 

Cerdonians  (ser-dd'ni-anz).  A Gnostic  sect 
of  the  2d  century,  named  from  its  founder 
Cerdo.  They  held  that  there  were  two  first  causes,  one 
good  (the  unknown  father  of  Jesus  Christ)  and  one  evil 
(the  Creator  revealed  in  the  law  and  the  prophets),  and 
that  one  was  not  subject  or  inferior  to  the  other. 

Ceres  (se'rez).  1.  In  old  Italian  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  grain  and  harvest,  later  identi- 
fied by  the  Romans  with  the  Greek  Demeter. 
See  Demeter. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  1)  discov- 
ered by  Piazzi  at  Palermo  Jan.  1,  1801. 

Ceres.  An  antique  statue  in  black  and  white 
marble,  in  the  Glyptothek  at  Munich.  The  head, 
arms,  and  feet  are  white ; the  very  thin  draperies  are  in 
polished  black  marble. 

Ceret  (sa-ra').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Pyren^es-Oi’ientales,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Tech  17  miles  southwest  of  Perpignan,  it  was 
the  scene  of  a Spanish  victory  over  the  French  April  20, 

1793,  and  of  a French  victory  over  the  Spanish  April  30; 

1794.  Population,  commune,  3,841. 

Ceridwen.  In  Welsh  fairy  lore,  a deity,  de- 
graded into  a sorceress,  who  presides  over  a 
mystical  caldron,  and  has  a fight  in  which 
she  and  her  foe  assume  different  shapes  at 
pleasure. 

Cerignola  (cha-ren-yo'la).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Poggia,  Italy,  in  lat.  41°  16'  N.,  long. 
15°  53'  E.  Here,  April  28, 1503,  the  Spanish  army  (about 
6,300)  under  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  defeated  the  French 
(6,000)  under  the  Due  de  NemourB.  Lobs  of  French,  3,000- 

4.000.  Population,  commune,  34,195. 

Cerigo  (cher-e'go),  modern  Gr.  Kytherion. 
One  of  the  Ionian  Islands,  situated  8-10  miles 
south  of  Laconia,  Greece  : the  ancient  Cythera. 
It  contained  a shrine  of  Aphrodite.  Area, 
about  110  square  miles. 

Cerimon  (ser'i-mon).  A physician  of  Ephesus 
who  saves  the  life  of  Thaisa,  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Pericles.” 

Cerinthians  (se-rin'thi-anz).  A sect  of  early 
heretics,  followers  of  Cerinthus. 

Cerinthus  (se-rin'thus).  Born  in  Egypt:  lived 
probably  in  the  latter  part  of  the  1st  century 
a.  d.  A Gnostic  teacher,  founder  of  the  hereti- 
cal sect  of  the  Cerinthians  or  Merinthians. 

Cerinthus  was  the  first,  of  whose  tenets  we  have  any 
distinct  statement,  who,  admitting  the  truth  of  Chris- 
tianity, attempted  to  incorporate  with  it  foreign  and  Ori- 
ental tenets.  Cerinthus  was  of  Jewish  descent,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  Judsco- Platonic  school  of  Alexandria.  Hi3 
system  was  a singular  and  apparently  incongruous  fusion 
of  Jewish,  Christian,  and  Oriental  notions.  He  did  not, 
like  Simon  or  Menander,  invest  himself  in  a sacred  and 
mysterious  character,  though  he  pretended  to  angelic 
revelations.  Like  all  the  Orientals,  his  imagination  was 
haunted  with  the  notion  of  the  malignity  of  matter ; and 
his  object  seems  to  have  been  to  keep  both  the  primal 
Being  and  the  Christ  uninfected  with  its  contagion.  The 
Creator  of  the  material  world,  therefore,  was  a secondary 
being, — an  angel  or  angels;  as  Cerinthus  seems  to  have 
adhered  to  the  Jewish,  and  did  not  adopt  the  Oriental 
language.  MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  59. 

Cerisoles  (sa-re-zol'),  It.  Ceresole  (cher-e-zo'- 
le).  A village  in  Piedmont,  Italy,  13  miles 
northwest  of  Alba.  Here,  April  14,  1544,  the  French 
under  the  Due  d’Enghien  defeated  the  Imperialists  and 
Spaniards  under  the  Marquis  of  Guasto.  Loss  of  the  Im- 
perialist army,  about  12,000. 

Cerna  (ther'na),  Vicente.  A Guatemalan  gen- 
eral. He  was  elected  president  of  Guatemala,  assuming 
the  office  May  24,  1865  ; was  reelected  in  1869,  and  held 
the  office  until  June  29,  1871,  when  he  was  defeated  and 
overthrown  by  Barrios. 

Cerne  (ser'ne).  In  ancient,  geography,  an  isl- 
and west  of  Africa,  discovered  and  colonized 
by  the  Carthaginian  Hanno : perhaps  the  mod- 
ern Arguin. 

Cerqueira  e Silva,  Ignacio  Accioli  de.  See 

Accioli. 

Cerro  de  Pasco  (ther'ro  da  pas'ko),  or  Pasco. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Junin,  Peru, 
in  lat.  10°  55'  S.,  long.  76°  W. : 14,280  feet 
above  the  sea..  It  owes  its  existence  to  the  celebrated 
silver-mines  of  the  vicinity,  long  among  the  most  produc- 
tive in  the  world,  and  still  very  rich.  Population,  about 

14.000. 

Cerro  Gordo  (ser'ro  gor'do;  Sp.  pron.  ther'ro 
gor'do).  [Sp.,  ‘big  mountain.’]  A pass  by 
the  side  of  the  Rio  del  Plan,  between  Vera  Cruz 
and  Jalapa,  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  through 
which  passes  the  principal  road  from  the  coast 


Cesnola 

to  Mexico  by  Jalapa.  The  pass  was  carried  by 
the  American  forces,  after  a severe  battle,  April 
17-18,  1847. 

Cerro  Largo  (ther'ro  lar'gd).  [Sp.,  ‘ wide  moun- 
tain.’] A department  in  northeastern  Uruguay. 
Capital,  Melo.  Area,  5,753  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 44,806. 

Certaldo  (cher-tal'do).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Florence,  Italy,  17  miles  southwest  of 
Florence.  It  is  the  place  of  the  birth  and 
death  of  Boccaccio. 

Certosa  (cher-to'sa).  [It.,  ‘Carthusian  Monas- 
tery.’] A former  Carthusian  monastery  at 
Pavia,  Italy,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  splen- 
did existing.  The  church,  founded  in  1396,  contains 
the  tomb  of  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti. 

Cervantes  Saavedra  (ser-van'tez;  Sp.  pron. 
ther-viin'tes  sa-a-va'dra),  Miguel  de.  Born  at 
Alcala  de  Henares,  about  20  miles  from  Madrid, 
Oct.  9(?),1547:  died  at  Madrid,  April  23,1616.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  poet  and  novelist.  His  pa- 
rents were  poor,  but  of  a noble  family.  It  is  conjectured 
that  he  was  educated  at  AlcalA  and  at  the  University  of 
Salamanca : little  is  known  of  his  early  year  however,  ex- 
cept that  he  wrote  verses  when  very  young.  In  1670  he 
served  as  chamberlain  in  the  household  of  Monsieur  Aqua- 
viva  (who  was  afterward  cardinal)  in  Borne.  He  soon  left 
Borne  and  volunteered  as  a common  soldier  in  the  expe- 
dition commanded  by  Don  John  of  Austria  and  organized 
by  the  Pope  and  the  state  of  Venice  against  the  Turks. 
In  1571  he  was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Lepanto, 
losing  the  use  of  his  left  hand  and  arm  for  life.  He  was 
honorably  discharged  in  1575.  He  was  captured  in  re- 
turning to  Spain  and  passed  five  years  in  slavery  in  Algiers, 
but  was  finally  ransomed  by  his  family  and  by  “religious 
charity  ” in  1580.  Being  depressed  by  adversity  and  with- 
out means  or  friends,  he  reenlisted  and  served  in  Portugal 
and  the  Azores.  In  1584  he  had  returned  and  was  mar- 
ried. After  this  he  lived  much  at  Madrid,  where  he  began 
to  earn  his  living  by  authorship,  at  first  by  writing  plays. 
In  1583  he  went  to  Seville,  where  he  lived,  with  some  inter- 
ruptions, until  about  1598.  Here  he  was  extremely  poor, 
and  was  even  imprisoned  as  being  indebted  to  the  govern- 
ment. After  this  there  is  a tradition  that  he  was  sent  by 
the  grand  prior  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  in  La  Mancha  to 
collect  rents  due  the  monastery  in  Argamasilla.  The  debt- 
ors persecuted  and  imprisoned  him,  and  it  is  said  that 
here,  in  indignation  and  in  prison,  he  began  to  write  “Don 
Quixote.”  In  1603  he  went  to  Valladolid,  where  he  lived 
poorly  as  a sort  of  general  agent  and  amanuensis.  Here 
he  prepared  the  first  part  of  “ Don  Quixote”  for  the  press, 
and  printed  it  at  Madrid  in  1605  ; here  he  returned  in 
1606.  In  1615  lie  published  the  second  part  of  “ Don 
Quixote."  There  was  then  a difference  between  the  Eng- 
lish calendar  and  the  Spanish  of  ten  days ; hence  he  did 
not,  as  has  been  asserted,  die  on  the  same  day  with  Sbak- 
spere  (though  on  the  same  date).  His  chief  work  is  “ Don 
Quixote  ” (1605  and  1615).  Among  his  other  works  are 
“Galatea,  an  Eclogue”  (1584),  “ Novel  as  Exemplares” 
(“  Twelve  Instructive  or  Moral  Tales,”  1613),  and  “ Viage 
del  Parnaso  Journey  to  Parnassus,"  1614).  “ Persiles 
and  Sigismunda,  a Northern  Bomance,”  was  published 
by  his  widow  in  1617.  He  wrote  “ twenty  or  thirty  plays  ” 
according  to  his  own  account,  some  of  which  are  pre- 
served ; but  his  genius  did  not  lie  in  that  direction.  See 
Don  Quixote. 

Cervera  Y Topete  (thar-va'ra  e to-pa'ta), 
Pascual,  Count  de  Jerez  and  Marquis  de 
Santa  Ava.  Born  Feb.  18,  1839 : died  at  Puerto 
Real,  Spain,  April  3,  1909.  A Spanish  admiral. 

He  entered  the  naval  academy  at  San  Fernando  in  1851, 
and  served  in  Morocco,  and  in  the  Cuban  rebellion  1868- 
1873.  He  held  the  office  of  minister  of  marine  in  1892.  On 
theoutbreak  of  the  war  with  the  United  Stateshe  sailed  from 
the  Cape  Verde  Islands  with  four  cruiserB  and  three  tor- 
pedo-boat destroyers  April  29,  1898,  entered  the  harbor  of 
Santiago  de  Cuba  May  19,  and  lost  his  entire  fleet  off  that 
port  .1  uly  3,  in  an  attempt  to  force  his  way  through  Admiral 
Sampson’s  blockading  squadron. 

Cervin,  Mont.  See  Matterhorn. 

Cesari  (cha'sa-re),  Antonio.  Born  at  Verona, 
Italy,  Jan.  16,  1760 : died  at  Ravenna,  Italy, 
Oct.  1,  1828.  An  Italian  philologist.  He  was 
the  author  of  a new  edition  of  “ Vooabolario  della  Crus- 
ca  ” (1806-09),  “ Bellezze  di  Dante  " (l«24-26),  translations 
of  Terence  (1816)  and  of  Cicero’s  Epistles  (1826-31),  etc. 

Cesari,  Giuseppe : called  II  Cavaliere  d’ Arpi- 
no,  and  II  Giuseppino.  Born  at  Rome  about 
1570:  died  at  Rome  about  1640.  An  Italian 
painter.  His  chief  works  are  frescos  at  the 
Capitol,  Rome. 

Cesarotti  (che-sa-rot'te),  Melchiore.  Born  at 
Padua,  Italy,  May  15,  1730 : died  Nov.  4,  1808. 
An  Italian  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

His  works  include  a translation  of  Ossian  (1763),  11  Saggio 
sulla  filosofla  delle  lingue”  (1785),  etc. 

Cesena  (ehe-sa'na).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Forli,  Italy,  20  miles  south  of  Ravenna : the  an- 
cient C £esena.  It  has  a cathedral,  an  interesting  brick 
structure  of  the  14th  century,  following  the  type  of  the 
cathedral  of  Florence.  It  contains  sculptures  of  unusual 
excellence,  of  the  school  of  Donatello,  especially  a St.  John 
and  a St.  Leonard.  Population,  7,623 ; commune,  42,240. 

Cesnola  (ches-no'la),  Count  Luigi  Palma  di. 
Born  at  Rivarolo,  near  Turin,  July29. 1832;  died 
at  New  York,  Nov.  20,  1904.  An  Italian-Ameri- 
can  archaeologist.  Appointed  United  States  consul  at 
Cyprus,  he  undertook  a series  of  excavations,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  discovery  of  a large  number  of  antiquities. 
The  collection  was  purchased  in  1873  by  the  Metropolitan 


Cesnola 

Museum  (New  York),  of  which  he  became  director  in  1879. 
Author  of  “Cyprus  : its  Ancient  Cities,  Tombs,  and  Tem- 
ples'' (1877),  and  “The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art" 
(1882).  See  Cyprus. 

Cespedes  (thas'pe-THas  or  sas'pe-THas),  Carlos 
Manuel  de.  Born  at  Bayamo,  April  18,  1819 : 
died  March  22,  1874.  A Cuban  revolutionist. 
In  1868  he  headed  an  armed  revolt  which  spread  until 
nearly  the  whole  island,  except  the  coast  towns,  had  de- 
clared against  the  Spaniards.  A congress  of  the  revolu- 
tionists declared  Cuba  independent,  and  elected  C6spe- 
des  president  (1869).  Driven  at  last  to  the  mountains, 
Cespedes  was  shot  while  resisting  capture. 

Cespedes,  Pablo  de.  Born  at  Cordova,  Spain, 
1538:  died  at  Cordova,  July  26, 1608.  A Span- 
ish painter,  poet,  sculptor,  and  architect,  noted 
as  a colorist.  Fragments  of  his  poem  ‘ ‘ Arte  de 
la  pintura”  were  published  in  1649. 

Cetewayo.  See  Cettiwayo. 

Cethegus  (se-the'gus),  Marcus  Cornelius. 
Died  196  b.  c.  A Roman  general.  He  was  curuie 
edile  213,  pretor  211,  censor  209,  and  consul  204.  In 
the  next  year  he  commanded  as  proconsul  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  where,  with  the  aid  of  the  pretor  Quintilius  Varus, 
he  defeated  the  Carthaginian  general  Mago,  brother  of 
Hannibal. 

Cetinje,  or  Cetigne.  See  Cettinje. 

Cette  (set).  A seaport  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  France,  situated  on  a tongue,  of  land 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Etang  de 
Thau,  in  lat.43°  25'  N.,  long.  3°  41'  E.  it  is  an 
important  commercial  center.  It  exports  wines,  brandies, 
and  salt.  Its  port  was  founded  in  the  17th  century.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  33,892. 

Cettinje  (ehet-ten'ya),  or  Cetinje,  or  Cettigno 
(chet-ten'yo),  or  Cetigne  (che-ten'  ya),  or 
Cettin  (tset-ten'),  or  Zetinje.  The  capital  of 
Montenegro,  lat.  42°  26'  N.,  long.  18°  59'  E.  It 
contains  the  palace  and  some  institutions. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

Cettiwayo  (set-i-wa'yo),  or  Ketshwayo  (ka- 
ehwa'yo).  A Zulu  chief,  elected  at  Uiundi  in 
1873.  In  1878  he  rebelled  against  British  suzerainty.  In 
the  war  which  followed  a British  regiment  was  annihi- 
lated by  the  Zulus  at  Isandula,  1879;  but  General  Wolse- 
ley  defeated  and  captured  Cettiwayo  the  same  year.  Until 
1882  Cettiwayo  was  held  captive  in  Cape  Colony.  Owing 
to  the  efforts  of  a party  which  had  formed  in  his  favor 
among  friends  of  the  Zulus  in  South  Africa  and  in  Great 
Britain,  he  was  transferred  to  England,  where  he  was 
lionized.  England  tried  to  reinstate  him  as  king  of  the 
Zulus,  but  he  had  lost  his  prestige.  Beset  on  all  sides  by 
hostile  chiefs,  he  had  to  seek  refuge  in  British  territory. 
More  captive  than  free,  he  was  kept  at  Ekove  until  1884, 
when  he  died. 

Cetus  (se'tus).  [L.,‘ whale.’]  A southern  con- 
stellation, the  Whale,  in  advance  of  Orion. 
It  was  anciently  pictured  as  some  kind  of  marine  animal, 
possibly  a seal. 

Ceuta  (su'  ta ; Sp.  pron.  tha'6-ta),  Moorish 
Sebta.  [From  Ar.  septa , seven:  from  its  Ro- 
man name  ad  Septem  Fratres.']  A fortified 
town  belonging  to  Spain,  situated  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Morocco,  opposite  Gibraltar,  in 
lat.  35°  54'  N.,  long.  5°  17'  W.  It  is  amilitaryand 
penal  station,  and  is  built  on  the  ancient  Abyla,  one  of  the 
range  “Septem  Fratres."  It  was  taken  by  Belisarius  in 
534,  by  the  West  Goths  in  618,  by  the  Arabs  about  709, 
and  from  the  Moors  by  Portugal  in  1415.  It  passed  to 
Spain  in  1580. 

Cevallos  (tha-val'yos),  Pedro  Fermin.  Born 
July  7?  1812:  died  May  21,  1893.  An  Ecuado- 
rian historian.  He  was  a lawyer,  held  high  judicial 
posts,  and  was  senator  in  1867.  Ha  wrote  “ Resumen  de 
la  historia  del  Ecuador,"  etc. 

Cevedale  (ehe-ve-da'le),  Monte,  or  Zufall 
(tso'fal),  or  Fiirkelen  (fiir'ke-len).  A peak  of 
the  Ortler  Alps,  on  the  borders  of  Tyrol  and 
Italy.  Height,  12,378  feet. 

Cevennes  (sa-ven').  A former  province  of 
France,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Languedoc. 
Cevennes,  Les.  [Gr.  rd  K eyfievov  opog  (Strabo), 
L.  Cebenna  mons:  a Celtic  name.]  A moun- 
tain-chain in  southern  France.  The  Cdvennes 
proper  extend  from  the  Canal-du-Midi  northward,  includ- 
ing the  mountains  of  Vivarais,  or  northern  CCvennes,  to 
the  Canal-du-Centre,  department  of  Saone-et-Loire.  They 
separate  the  basins  of  the  Loire  and  Garonne  from  those 
of  the  Rhone  and  Sa6ne,  and  are  continued  northward  by 
the  mountains  of  Lyonnais  and  Charolais  to  the  plateau  of 
Langres.  They  are  celebrated  as  a stronghold  of  the  Prot- 
estants and  Caraisards.  The  highest  peak  is  Mezenc  (5,750 
feet).  Mont  Pilat,  northern  CCvennes,  is  4,705  feet  high. 
Ceylon  (se-lon'  or  si-lon').  [F.  Ceylan,  aucieut 
Taprobane : from  the  Pali  Silam  for  Sihalam,  the 
laud  of  the  Sinhalas  (the  Aryan  inhabitants  of 
Ceylon).]  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  a 
crown  colony  of  Great  Britain,  south  of  Hindu- 
stan, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Gulf  of 
Manaar  and  Palk  Strait,  it  is  mountainous  in  the 
south,  and  produces  coffee,  cinchona  bark,  tea,  cinna- 
mon, cacao,  etc.  It  is  celebrated  for  precious  stones. 
The  chief  towns  are  Colombo,  Galle,  Trincomalee,  Kandy, 
and  Jaffna.  The  leading  races  are  Singhalese,  Kandy- 
ans, Tamils,  Moormen,  and  Veddahs.  It  is  ruled  by  a 
governor  and  executive  and  legislative  councils.  In  an- 
cient times  it  was  governed  by  different  native  dynasties. 
The  Portuguese  took  possession  of  it  in  the  16th  century. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Dutch  about  1658,  and  by  the 


231 

British  1795-96,  and  was  formally  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
in  1802.  The  last  king  of  Kandy  was  deposed  in  1815. 
Area,  25,332  square  miies.  Population,  3,988,064. 

Ceyx  (se'iks).  [Gr.  K^.]  The  son  of  Heospho- 
ros,  or  the  Morning  Star,  and  the  nymph  Phi- 
lonis  : the  husband  of  Alcyone  or  Halkyone, 
daughter  of  the  Thessalian  iEolus.  The  pair 
were  arrogant  enough  to  style  themselves  Zeus  and  Hera, 
and  were  accordingly  changed  respectively  by  Zeus  into 
birds  of  the  same  name,  a diver  and  a kingfisher.  Another 
story  confused  Ceyx  with  a king  of  Trachis,  and  dwelt  on 
the  tender  love  of  the  pair  for  each  other.  Ceyx  is 
drowned  at  sea,  and  Alcyone  finds  his  body  cast  upon 
his  native  shore.  The  gods  take  pity  on  her  grief,  and 
change  the  husband  and  wife  into  kingfishers  (alcyones), 
whose  affection  for  each  other  in  the  pairing  season  was 
proverbial.  ( Seyfferl , Diet,  of  Classical  Antiquities,  p.  127.) 
Their  story  is  told  in  Chaucer’s  “Death  of  Blanche.”  It  is 
conjectured  that  it  was  an  independent  production  af- 
terward abridged  and  inserted  as  an  episode  in  “ The 
Death  of  Blanche.”  Of  the  original  nothing  is  in  exis- 
tence. 

Chablais  (sha-bla').  A former  province  of 
Savoy,  since  1860  the  arrondissement  of  Tho- 
non,  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France. 
Chablis  (sha-ble').  A town  iu  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  11  miles  east  of  Auxerre, 
noted  for  the  wines  produced  in  its  vicinity. 
Chabot  (sha-bo'),  Admiral  of  France.  A 
tragedy  by  Chapman  and  Shirley,  licensed  in 
1635,  printed  in  1639. 

Chabot,  Francois.  Born  at  St.-Geniez,  Avey- 
ron,  France,  1759 : guillotined  at  Paris,  April 
5, 1794.  A French  revolutionist,  a member  of 
the  Convention  in  1792. 

Chabot,  Philippe  de,  Comte  de  Charny  et  de 
Busan§ois.  Bom  about  1480:  died  June  1, 
1543.  A French  general,  admiral  of  France. 
He  successfully  defended  Marseilles  against  the  Imperi- 
alists in  1524,  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Pavia  in 
1525,  and  on  his  release  was  appointed  admiral  to  succeed 
Bonnivet,  who  was  killed  in  the  action.  He  was  sent  to 
Italy  in  1529  to  negotiate  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  of 
Cambrai  by  Charles  V.  In  1535  he  had  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  war  against  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  conquered  parts  of  Savoy  and  Piedmont,  but 
incurred  censure  for  not  having  properly  followed  up  his 
victories.  He  was  in  1541  convicted  of  fraud  against  the 
national  treasury,  on  charges  preferred  by  the  constable 
Montmorency,  but  was  pardoned  by  the  king.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  to  suggest  the  colonization  of  Can- 
ada. Also  called  Admiral  de  Brion. 

Chabrias  (ka'bri-as).  [Gr.  Xa/3p«zf.]  Killed 
near  Chios,  357  b.  c.  An  Athenian  general. 
Being  in  388  sent  to  the  assistance  of  Evagoras  of  Cyprus 
against  the  Persians,  he  landed  on  the  way  in  JEgina, 
and  gained  by  an  ambuscade  a decisive  victory  over  the 
Spartan  general  Gorgopas,  who  fell  in  battle.  In  378,  in 
a campaign  against  Agesilaus,  he  acquired  great  celebrity 
by  the  adoption  of  a new  manceuver,  which  consisted  in 
receiving  the  enemy’s  attack  with  spears  presented  and 
shields  resting  on  one  knee.  In  376  he  gained  a decisive 
naval  victory  over  the  Lacedaemonians  at  Naxos.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Social  War,  357,  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Athenian  fleet,  which  cooperated  with  the 
army  under  Chares.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Chios 
iu  the  same  year. 

Chabrillan  (sha-bre-yon'),  Comtesse  de  More- 
ton  de  (Celeste  Venard),  surnamed  Moga- 
dor.  Boru  at  Paris,  Deo.  27,  1824:  died  there, 
Feb.  19,  1909.  A French  actress  and  writer 
of  novels,  operettas,  vaudevilles,  etc. 
Cbacabuco  (cha-ka-bo'ko).  A pass  in  the  trans- 
verse spur  of  the  Andes,  on  the  northern  side 
of  the  plain  of  Santiago,  Chile.  During  the  war 
for  independence,  General  San  Martin’s  army,  which  had 
marched  over  the  Andes,  found  this  pass  strongly  defended 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Maroto.  It  was  carried  by  a bay- 
onet charge  led  by  General  O’Higgins,  Feb.  12,  1817,  thus 
opening  the  way  for  the  patriots  to  Santiago. 

Cfiacatos.  See  Choctaw. 

Chachapoyas  (cha-cha-po'yas).  1.  A region 
of  ancient  Peru,  within  the  present  depart- 
ment of  Amazonas.  The  inhabitants  were  noted  for 
their  warlike  spirit ; they  were  conquered  by  the  Incas 
after  a long  war.  Alonso  de  Alvarado  was  sent  by  Pi- 
zarro  to  reduce  this  district  in  1535,  and  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  it. 

2.  A province  of  Peru,  in  the  department  of 
Amazonas.  Capital,  Chachapoyas.  Previous  to 

1832  it  was  much  larger.  Chachapoyas  borders  on  the 
gorge  of  the  Upper  Maranon,  and  the  surface  is  much 
broken.  Area,  about  4,300  square  miles.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

3.  A city  of  northern  Peru,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name,  and  of  the  department 
of  Amazonas,  and  episcopal  city  of  the  diocese 
of  Chachapoyas.  It  was  founded  in  1538,  under  the 
name  of  tSan  Juan  de  las  Fronferas  de  Levanto,  by  Alonso 
de  Alvarado.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Chac-Mool,  Cbaak-Mool,  orChackmool(shiik- 

mol').  A traditional  chief  or  “king”  of  the 
Maya  Indians  of  Yucatan.  The  name  was  given  by 
Le  Plongeon  to  a statue  discovered  by  him  in  1876  at  the 
ruined  city  of  Chichen-Itza  in  eastern  Yucatan,  and  sup- 
posed to  represent  this  chief ; but  archaeologists  are  not 
in  accord  as  to  this  identity,  and  the  statue  is  of  Mexican 
rather  than  of  Yucatecan  type.  It  was  appropriated  by 
the  Mexican  government,  and  is  now  in  the  National 
Museum  at  Mexico. 

Chaco  (cha'ko),  Canon  de.  A long  gorge  or 


Chagres 

valley  in  western  New  Mexico,  now  deserted, 
but  containing  large  and  well-preserved  an- 
cient ruins.  The  Pueblo  Bonito,  Pueblo  del  Arroyo, 
etc.,  are  among  the  most  interesting  specimens  of  ancient 
Indian  architecture  known  in  the  Southwest. 

Chaco  (cha'ko),  or  Chacu  (cha'ko),  Gran. 
[From  the  Quichua  chacu,  the  animals  driven 
together  by  a cordon  of  hunters  : in  allusion  to 
the  numerous  Indian  tribes  of  this  region.] 
A vast  tract  of  land  in  South  America,  extend- 
ing from  the  Paraguay  to  the  Bolivian  high- 
lands, between  lat.  20°  and  29°  S.  It  is  a low 

plain,  generally  open,  with  a few  isolated  hills,  and  por- 
tions are  flooded  every  year ; the  great  rivers  Pilcomayo 
and  Bermejo  pass  through  it  to  the  Paraguay.  The  Chaco 
region  is  divided  between  Argentina,  Paraguay,  and  Bo- 
livia ; the  greater  part  is  very  imperfectly  known,  and  in- 
habited only  by  savage  tribes  of  Indians.  Since  1870 
considerable  settlements  have  been  made  in  the  Argentine 
Chaco.  In  the  17th  century  the  name  Chaco  included  the 
plains  as  far  north  as  lat.  16“  S. 

Chacon  y Castellon  (cha-kon'  e kas-tel-yon'), 
Luis.  Born  at  Havana,  Cuba,  about  1670 : died 
there  in  1716.  A Cuban  soldier.  From  1699  until 
his  death  he  was  governor  of  the  Morro  Castle  at  Havana, 
and  during  this  time  he  was  thrice  ad  interim  captain- 
general  of  the  island  (Dec.,  1702,  to  May  13,  1706 ; July  8, 
1707,  to  Jan.  18,  1708;  and' Feb.  18,  1711,  to  Feb.  4,  1713). 
In  1707  he  led  an  expedition  against  the  English  colonies 
in  Carolina. 

Chaco  Stock.  See  Guaycuru  Stock. 

Chactaws.  See  Clioctaios. 

Chad  (chad),  or  Ceadda  (kead'da),  Saint. 
Died  March  2,  672.  An  English  ecclesiastic, 
a Northumbrian  by  birth,  educated  at  Lindis- 
farne  under  St.  Aidan.  He  was  made  abbot  of 
Lastingham  in  Deira  (664),  bishop  of  York,  and  later  of 
Mercia.  He  established  the  latter  see  at  Lichfield. 
Chad  (chad).  [F.  Tchad,  G.  Tschad .]  A lake 
in  the  Sudan,  central  Africa,  about  lat.  12° 
30'-14°  30'  N.  It  has  no  outlet.  Its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  Shari.  Length,  about  140  miles.  It  has 
been  explored  by  Nachtigal,  Barth,  and  others.  Also 
written  Tsad. 

Chadband  (chad'band),  Rev.  Mr.  A fat  and 
hypocritical  minister,  much  given  to  platitudes, 
in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Bleak  House.”  He  is  “in 
the  ministry,"  but  is  “ attached  to  no  particular  denomi- 
nation.” He  has  “ a general  appearance  of  having  a good 
deal  of  train-oil  in  his  system.” 

Chadbourne  (chad' bern),  Paul  Ansel.  Born 
at  North  Berwick,  Maine,  Oct.  21,  1823:  died 
at  New  York,  Feb.  23, 1883.  An  American  edu- 
cator. He  was  the  first  president  of  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College  at  Amherst  in  1867 ; president  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  1867-70;  president  of  Williams 
College  1872-81 ; and  again  president  of  the  Agricultural 
College  in  1882.  He  wrote  “ Natural  Theology  ” (1867),  etc. 

Chaderton  (ehad'er-ton),  Laurence.  Born  at 
Lees  Hall,  Oldham,  Lancashire,  about  1536 : 
died  at  Cambridge,  Nov.  13, 1640.  An  English 
Puritan  divine,  a graduate  of  Christ’s  College, 
Cambridge,  and  first  master  of  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, 1584-1622.  He  served  on  the  Cambridge 
committee  for  drawing  up  the  authorized  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible. 

Chad’s  Ford  (chadz  ford).  See  Brandywine. 
Chasreas  and  Callirrhoe  (ke're-as  and  ka-lir'- 
o-e).  An  old  Greek  romance  by  Chariton 
Aphrodisiensis,  only  a part  of  which  is  extant. 

Chariton  of  Aphrodisias  is  the  feigned  name  of  the 
erotic  novelist  to  whom  we  owe  the  romance  of  Chsereas 
and  Callirrhoe.  He  pretends  to  have  been  the  secretary 
of  Athenagoras,  who  is  mentioned  by  Thucydides  as  a 
Syracusan  orator,  the  opponent  of  Hermocrates ; and  the 
daughter  of  the  latter  is  the  heroine  of  the  piece.  The 
romance  is  less  known  by  its  merits  than  by  the  very 
elaborate  commentary  of  which  D’Orville  made  it  the 
vehicle  and  excuse.  The  age  of  the  author  is  not  ascer- 
tained, but  it  seems  to  us,  from  internal  evidence,  that  it 
belongs  to  the  same  school  as  the  romance  of  Achilles 
Tatius,  and  was  perhaps  suggested  by  it.  We  have  a re- 
vival in  the  tomb,  with  happier  results  than  that  of  Juliet, 
and  the  usual  intervention  of  robbers. 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  360. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Chseronea  (ker-o-ne'a),  or  Chaeroneia  (ker-o- 
ne'ya).  [Gr.  Xaipovua.']  In  ancient  geography, 
a town  in  western  Boeotia,  Greece,  in  lat.  38° 
29'  N.,  long.  22°  50'  E.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Plutarch.  Here,  338  B.  0.,  Philip  of  Macedon  defeated 
the  Boeotians  and  Athenians;  and  in  86  b.  c.  Sulla,  with 
30,000-40,000  men,  defeated  the  army  of  Mithridates  (about 
110,000)  under  Archelaus. 

Chaffee  (chaf 'e ),  Adna  Romanza.  Born  at  Or- 
well, O.,  April  14,  1842.  An  American  general. 
He  entered  the  army  as  a private  July  22, 1861 ; served  in 
the  Civil  and  Spanish-American  wars;  was  assigned  to 
the  command  of  the  United  States  forces  for  the  relief  of 
the  United  States  legation  at  Peking,  June  24,  1900,  and 
entered  the  city  Aug.  14.  He  was  nominated  major-gen- 
eral Feb.  6,  1901.  Retired  as  lieutenant-general  in  1906. 

Chagres  (cha'gres).  1.  A river  in  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  which  flows  into  the  Caribbean 
Sea  at  the  town  of  Chagres.  It  is  now  prac- 
tically absorbed  by  the  Panama  Canal. — 2.  A 
seaport  in  the  Republic  of  Panama,  8 miles 
southwest  of  Colon. 


Ckahta 

Chahta.  See  Choctaw. 

Chaille-Long  (ska-ya'lon),  Charles.  Bom  at 
Princess  Anne,  Somerset  County,  Md.,  July  2, 
1842.  An  American  soldier.  He  served  as  a volunteer 
in  the  American  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  captain  ; 
and  in  1869  received  an  appointment  as  lieutenant-colonel 
in  the  Egyptian  army.  He  was  made  chief  of  staff  toGeneral 
Gordon  in  1874,  and  in  the  same  year  was  employed  on  a 


232 

Chalcondyles,  Laonicus  or  Nicolas.  Born  at 

Athens : died  about  1464.  A Byzantine  histo- 
rian, ambassador  of  John  VII.  Palseologus  to 
the  Sultan  Murad  II.  during  the  siege  of  Con- 
stantinople in  1446.  He  wrote  a history  of  the 
Byzantine  empire  1297-1462  (ed.  by  Bekker 
1843). 


diplomatic  and  geographical  mission  to  the  interior  of  Af-  Chaldea  (kal-de'a).  [In  the  Old  Testament 

Kasdirn,  in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  Kaldu  for 
Kaslidu  (by  the  phonetic  law  of  the  change  of 
a sibilant  before  a dental  to  l).  The  etymol- 
ogy of  the  name  is  still  uncertain:  some  sug- 
gest the  Assyrian  stem  lca&ddu , to  conquer,  so 
that  it  would  mean  ‘ the  country  of  the  con- 
querors.’] In  the  older  inscriptions,  middle 
Babylonia,  the  tract  south  of  the  city  of  Baby- 
lon in  the  direction  toward  the  Persian  Gulf: 
other  portions  of  the  country  were  designated 
Akkad,  Sumir,  etc.  Later  the  name  Kaldu  (like 
“Land  of  Kasdirn"  in  Jer.  xxiv.  5,  Ezelc.  xii.  13)  was  ex- 
tended to  the  whole  country  of  Babylonia,  i.  e.  the  terri- 
tory hounded  on  the  north  by  Assyria,  on  the  south  by  the 
Syrian  desert  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  the  east  by  Elam, 
and  on  the  west  by  Syria.  It  is  not  certain  to  which  family 
of  men  the  Chaldeans  belonged,  but  some  have  supposed 
that  they  were  a mixed  race  composed  of  Babylonians  and 
Kassites  orCossseans.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  VIII. 


rica.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  the  Egyptian  service 
in  1877,  and  in  1887  was  appointed  United  States  consul- 
general  and  secretary  of  legation  in  Corea.  He  has  pub- 
lished “Central  Africa  ’’  (1876)  and  “The  Three  Prophets 
— Chinese  Gordon,  the  Mahdi.  and  Arabi  Pasha"  (1884). 

Chaimas,  or  Chaymas  (chl'maz).  An  Indian 
tribe  of  eastern  Venezuela,  between  the  Cu- 
niana  coast  and  the  Orinoco.  They  are  of  the  Carib 
stock,  and  were  formerly  numerous  and  powerful,  resisting 
the  Spanish  invaders  with  great  bravery.  In  thel6thand 
17th  centuries  most  of  the  survivors  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages,  and  their  descendants  are  now  mingled 
with  other  tribes. 

Chaitanya  (chi-tan'ya).  Born  at  Nadiya,  in 
Bengal,  1485:  died  1527.  The  founder  of  a sect 
of  V aishna  vas  f ound  in  Bengal.  His  first  principle 
was  that  all  the  faithful  worshipers  of  Krishna  (Vishnu) 
were  to  be  treated  as  equals.  Caste  was  to  be  subordi- 
nated to  faith  in  Krishna.  “The  mercy  of  God,"  said 


Chaitanya,  “ regards  neither  tribe  nor  family.  ” While  the 

Vedic  hymns  and  Brahmanas  rely  on  works  (karma),  and  , . — 

the  Upanishads  on  abstract  meditation  and  divine  know-  Chaldean  Empire.  ihe  .Babylonian  Bmp  ire. 
ledge,  as  the  path  to  blessedness,  Chaitanya  found  it  in  ChaleurS  (sha-lorz'),  or  ChaleUT  (sha-ler'), 
intense  devotion,  displayed  by  complete  union  of  the  gay  0f  rj.\  clialeur,  heat:  named  by  J.  Car- 

spirit  with  Krishna.  He  disappeared  mysteriously  in  1527,  tier  (1534)  from  its  warmth  1 An  inlet  of  the 
at  the  age  of  forty-two.  His  followers  came  to  regard  ^ler  (10.S4)  irom  its  waimtn  J An  inlet  01  tne 
— • - ’ Gulf  of  ©t.  .Lawrence,  lying  between  (Quebec  on 


him  as  Krishna  incarnate,  and  his  disciples  Advaita  and 
Nityananda  as  manifestations  of  portions  of  the  same 
deity.  These  three  leaders  are  therefore  called  the  three 


the  north  and  New  Brunswick  on  the  south. 
Length,  90  miles.  Greatest  width,  20  miles. 


great  lords  (Prabhus).  They  form  the  triad  of  this  phase  ife  ’ , , i,"  - , . r\c  i 

of  Vaishnavism.  Chalgrove  (chal'grov).  A village  in  Oxford- 


Chaka  (cha'ka).  See  Zulu. 

Chalcedon  (kal-se'don).  [Gr.  Xahcr/Suv.]  In 


shire,  England,  7 miles  southeast  of  Oxford. 
Here,  June  18,  1643,  Prince  Rupert  defeated  the  Parlia- 
mentarians.  Hampden  was  mortally  wounded. 


ancient geography,  a town  in  Bithynia,  situated  «.  ...  A chains 

on  the  Bosporus  opposite  Byzantium,  it.  was  mV  t>  . +t  a 

founded  by  Megarian  colonists  about  685  b.  c.  The  fourth  Chalkley  (chak  li),  ThOHias.  Born  at  London, 


March  3,  1675:  died  in  Tortola,  West  Indies, 
Sept.  4, 1741 . An  itinerant  preacher  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends.  He  visited  the  American  colonies 
in  1698,  1700,  1710,  and  a few  years  before  his  death  es- 

,,  , ...  . 0 . -.  ,,  . . j.  tablished  a residence  near  Philadelphia. 

nally  at  Nieaea  in  Sept.,  451,  but  was  on  account  of  its  , , - , T . . , . 

turbulence  transferred  to  Chalcedon  in  order  that  the  im-  ChalkstOHe  (chak  ston),  Lord.  A character 
penal  court  and  senate  might  attend  in  person.  It  con-  in  Garricks  play  “Lethe”  which  he  himself 


ecumenical  council,  at  which  Eutychianism  was  con- 
demned, was  held  there  in  451  A.  D.  It  was  convoked  by 
the  emperor  Marcianus,  and  was  attended  by  630  bishops 
(mostly  from  the  Orient),  the  legates  of  Pope  Leo  I.,  and 
the  commissioners  of  the  emperor.  It  assembled  origi- 


rnade  famous. 

Challcuchima  (chal-ko-ehe'mii),  or  Chalicu- 

chima  (eha-le-ko-che'ma).  A Peruvian  Indian, 
said  to  have  been  a native  of  Quito  and  uncle 
of  Atahualpa.  He  was  one  of  that  Inca's  generals  in 
the  war  with  Huascav,  and  after  Atahualpa  had  been  im- 
prisoned by  the  Spaniards,  Challcuchima  was  induced  to 
visit  him  at  Cajamarca.  He  was  seized,  kept  a captive 
during  the  subsequent,  march  of  the  Spaniards,  and  finally 
burned  alive  near  Cuzco  on  the  charge  that  he  was  incit- 
ing an  Indian  insurrection  (Nov.,  1533). 


perial  court  and  senate  might  attend  in  pen 
demned  the  Robber  Council  (Eutychian)of  Ephesus  (449), 
and  adopted  an  orthodox  confession  of  faith. 

Chalkedon  was  called  the  city  of  the  blind,  because  its 
founders  passed  by  the  then  unoccupied  site  of  Byzan- 
tium. Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  277. 

Chalchihuitlieue (cbal//che-we-tle'kwe).  [‘Pet- 
ticoat of  blue-stones.’]  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl) 
mythology,  the  goddess  of  water,  and  the  wife 
or  companion  of  Tlaloc.  [She  had  many  other 
names. 

Ohalcidice  (kal-sid'i-se).  [Gr.  Xa^KidUt].']  In  _ . , ...  ......  . ..  . 

ancient  geography,  the  chief  peninsula  of  Challemel-Lacour  (shal-mel  la-kor  ),  Paul 
Macedonia,  terminating  in  the  three  smaller  fm_and-  Bom  at  Ayranches,  France  May  19 
peninsulas  of  Pallene,  Sithonia,  and  Acte,  pro-  ( ; died  at  Pans,  Oct.  -6,  1896.  A Irench 
iecting  into  the  HDgean  Sea.  It  was  settled  by  publicist  and  politician.  He  was  a deputy  1872, 

Fnhmnne  nhmri  thp  7th  oemturv  It  f Its  chief  senator  1876,  ambassador  to  England  1880-82,  and  mints- 
Luboeans  aoout  tne  ztn  century  B.  O.  Its  cniei  ter  o{  foreig„  affairs  1883 ; was  reelected  senator  in  1885 ; 

town  was  Olyntkus.  -a-  an(j  became  president  of  the  Senate  in  1893. 

Ohalcidius  (kal-sid'i-us).  Lived  in  the  6th  (or  Challenger  Expedition.  A British  scientific 
4th?)  century  a.  D.  A Platonic  philosopher,  expedition,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Wyville 
author  of  a Latin  translation  of  and  common-  Thomson,  for  the  exploration  of  the  deep  sea, 
tary  on  the  first  part  of  Plato’s  “ Timteus.”  undertaken  on  board  her  Majesty’s  ship  Chal- 

Chaicis  (kal'sis).  [Gr.  Xa/./ar.]  The  chief  town  longer,  1872-76. 

of  Eubcea,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Euripus  34  Challis  (chal'is),  James.  Born  at  Braintree, 
miles  north  of  Athens:  the  modern  Egripo,  or  Essex,  Dec.  12,  1803:  died  at  Cambridge,  Dec. 


Negropont.  It  was  subdued  by  Athens  in  506  B.  c., 
and  was  an  important  trading  and  colonizing  center. 
Population,  commune,  16,950. 

Chalcis  had  been  one  of  the  most  important  cities  in 


3, 1882.  An  English  astronomer  and  physicist, 
Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  (1836),  and  di- 
rector of  the  observatory  (imtil  1861)  at  Cam- 
bridge University. 


Greece.  It  was  said  to  have  been  originally  a colony  from  J'  ; . . n r.  j t> 

Athens  (Strab.  x.  p.  651),  but  shortly  acquired  complete  CiltlllOIlcr  (chal  on-er),  Richard,  Horn  at 
independence.  In  a war  which  it  had  maintained  with  Lewes,  Sussex,  Sept.  29,  1691 : died  at  London, 


Eretria,  some  considerable  time  before  this,  all  Greece 
had  been  concerned  on  the  one  side  or  the  other  (Thucyd. 
i.  15,  and  infra,  ch.  9.9).  Few  cities  sent  out  so  many  or 
such  distant  colonies.  The  whole  peninsula  situated  be- 
tween the  Thermaic  and  Strymonic  gulfs  acquired  the 
name  of  Chalcidicd,  from  the  number  of  Chalcidean  set- 
tlements (Thucyd.  passim).  Seriphus,  Peparethus,  and 
others  of  the  Cyclades,  were  Chalcidean  (Seym.  Chius,  1. 
585).  Iu  Italy  and  Sicily,  the  colonies  of  Chalcis  exceeded 
in  number  those  of  any  other  state.  Naxos,  Leontini, 
Catana,  ZancR,  Rhegium,  and  Cuma  were  among  them. 

Rawlimon,  Herod.,  III.  275,  note. 


Jan.  12,  1781.  An  English  Roman  Catholic 
divine,  made  bishop  of  Debra  in  1740,  and 
vicar  apostolic  of  London  in  1758.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  English  College  at  Douai,  and  was  professor 
of  philosophy  there  1713-20,  and  vice-president  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  1720-30,  returning  to  London  in  the 
latter  year.  He  published  alarge  number  of  polemical  and 
theological  works,  including  “The  Rheims  New  Testa- 
ment and  the  Douay  Bible,  with  Annotations  ” (1749-50). 
His  version  of  the  Douay  Bible  is  substantially  that  since 
used  by  English-speaking  Catholics. 


Chaleo  (chal'ko).  A village  of  Mexico,  on  the  Chalmers  (cha  merz)  Alexander.  Born  at 
east  side  of  Lake  Chaleo,  about  20  miles  south-  Aberdeen  Scotland,  March  29,  1759:  died  at 
east  of  Mexico  City.  Before  the  Spanish  conquest  London,  Dec.  10,1834.  A Scottish  biographer, 
Chaleo  was  one  of  the  most  important  pueblos  of  the  editor,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  is  best  known 
Mexican  valley.  as  the  editor  of  the  “General  Biographical  Dictionary” 

Chalcondyles  (kal-kou'di-lez),  or  Chalcocon-  Biographical 


Greek  grammarian,  teacher  of 
gia,  Rome,  and  elsewhere  in  Italy 
ence.  He  wrote  a Greek  grammar  entitled 


viiLc.  ne  wrore  a urees  grammar  enuueu  Hirotemaid  mi_  . t)  j i a kn„ 

(1493?),  and  edited  Homer  (1488),  Isocrates  (1493),  and  Chalmers,  Thomas.  Born  at  Last  Anstruther 
Suidas  (1499).  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  March  17,  1780:  died  ai 


Chamberlain,  Joseph 

Morningside,  near  Edinburgh,  May  31, 1847.  A 
celebrated  Scottish  divine  and  author.  Hewa3 
minister  at  Glasgow  1815-23 ; professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy at  St.  Andrews  1823-28,  and  of  divinity  at  Edinburgh 
1828-43;  and  leader  in  the  secession  of  1843  from  the 
Church  of  Scotland.  He  wrote  “Discourses  on  Astron- 
omy "(1817),  “Political  Economy  ” (1832),  “Natural  The- 
ology ” (1823),  “ Institutes  of  Theology  ” (1847-49),  etc. 

Chalone  (cha-16'na).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Iudians.  They  formerly  resided  at  and  near  San 
Antonio  and  San  Miguel  missions,  California,  where  they 
numbered  about  2,600  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century, 
but  only  12  families  were  identified  in  1889.  From  these 
and  from  the  Rumsen  were  taken  one  half  of  the  neophytes 
of  Soledad  mission,  about  which  the  Chalone  had  been 
settled  in  seven  villages.  See  Salinan. 

Chaloner  (chal'on-er),  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at. 
London,  1521:  died  there,  Oct.  14,  1565.  An 
English  statesman  and  writer.  He  wasambassador 
to  the  court  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand,  1558 ; later  to  Philip 
IT.  at  Brussels ; and  to  Spain,  1561.  He  translated  into 
English  the  homilies  of  St.  John  Chrysostom  (1544),  Eras- 
mus's “ Praise  of  Folie  ” (1549),  etc. 

Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  1561 : died  No,y. 
17, 1615.  An  English  naturalist,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding. He  wrote  “A  Short  Discourse  of  the  most  rare 
Vertue  of  Nitre  ” (1684).  He  opened  the  first  alum-mine) 
in  England,  at  Belman  Bank,  Guisborough,  about  1600.  Q 

Chaloner,  Thomas.  Born  at  Steeple  ClaydoU, 
Buckinghamshire,  1595:  died  at  Middelburg, 
Zeeland,  1661.  A regicide,  third  son  of  the 
younger  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner.  He  acted  as  me 
of  the  judges  of  Charles  I„  1648,  and  was  prominent  4n 
Parliament  until  the  Restoration,  when  he  fled  to  tile 
Low  Countries.  sO 

Chalons-sur-Marne  (sha-lon'siir-inarn').  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Marne,  Frandfe, 
situated  on  the  Marne  in  lat.  48°  58'  N.,  long. 
4°  21'  E. : the  ancient  Catalaunum  (whence  the 
modern  name)  or  Durocatalaunum.  it  is  the  sent 
of  a bishopric.  It  exports  champagne,  and  was  formerly) 
famous  for  its  woolen  cloth.  According  to  tradition  the 
great  battle  in  451,  in  which  Aetius  defeated  Attila  and  Jjjs 
Huns,  took  place  near  Chalons  : “but  there  is  good  reason 
to  think  that  it  was  fought  fifty  miles  distant  from  ChS- 
lons-sur-Marne,  and  that  it  would  be  more  correctly  nau#4d 
the  battle  of  Troyes,  or,  to  speak  with  complete  accuritgfc, 
the  battle  of  M^ry-sur-Seine”  (Hodgkin).  The  camp-  l>f 
Chalons  was  established  in  the  neighborhood  by  NapoloJn 
III.  in  1857,  and  is  now  used  for  manoeuvers.  The  to#n 
was  taken  by  the  Allies  in  1814  and  1815,  and  by  the  G«- 
mans  in  1870.  The  cathedral  of  Cbdlons  is  an  interesting 
monument,  chiefly  of  the  13th  century,  with  effective  add 
lofty  interior.  The  west  front  is  of  the  17th  century.  Tlje 
facade  of  the  north  transept,  w ith  its  sculptured  and  cano- 
pied portal,  has  much  beauty,  and  the  tracery  and  but- 
tresses are  admirable.  Population,  commune,  27,808.  .,0 

Chalon-sur-Sadne  (sha-lon'siir-sdn').  A city 
in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  Franc-8, 
situated  on  the  Saone  in  lat.  46°  48'  N.,  long.  4U 

52'  E. : the  ancient  Cabillonum  or  Caballinuifi" 

It  is  an  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  cent©#, 
and  has  an  ancient  cathedral  (of  St.  Vincent).  It  was  tltfc 
seat  of  important  church  councils  in  the  early  mid^£ 
ages.  Later  it  was  the  capital  of  the  county  of  Chalonn^js. 
Population,  29,951.  Also  Chdlons-sur-Saone. 

Challis  (sha-liis'),  or  Chaluz.  A village  in  ttye 
department  of  Haute-Vienne,  France,  20  miles 
southwest  of  Limoges.  Richard  I.  of  England 
was  mortally  wounded  at  the  siege  of  its  ca$0b 
in  1199. 

Chalybaus  (cha-le-ba'os),  Heinrich  Moritz! 

Born  at  Pfaffroda,  Saxony,  July  3,  1796:  died 
at  Dresden,  Sept.  22,  1862.  A German  pfijlo- 
sophical  writer,  professor  at  Kiel  (1839).  f 

Chalybes  (kal'i-bez).  [Gr.  Xa^u/Jef.]  In  an- 
cient history : (a)  A people  in  Pontus,  near  the 
Black  Sea,  noted  as  workers  in  iron.  ( b ) A 
people  living  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Eu- 
phrates. 

Cham  (kam),  pseudonym  of  Comte  Amedee 
de  Noe  (a-ma-da' de  nd-a').  [F.  for  ‘Ham.’] 

Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  26,  1819 : died  at  Paris. 
Sept.  5,  1879.  A French  caricaturist,  noted 
for  his  illustrations  in  “Charivari,”  etc. 

Chamavi  (ka-ma'vi).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Chamavi , 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Ka/zouoL]  A German  tribe,  ac- 
cording to  Tacitus  originally  in  the  Rhine  re- 
gion north  of  the  Lippe,  but  later  further  east- 
ward, adjoining  the  Bmcteri.  Julian,  in  the  4th 
century,  found  them  again  on  the  lower  Rhine,  and  drove 
them  back  from  the  western  side  to  the  territory  after- 
ward called  Hamaland.  They  were  ultimately  merged  in 
the  Franks. 

Chamba  (chum'ba).  A feudatory  state  in 
British  India,  in  lat.  32°  10'-33°  13'  N.,  long. 
75°45'-77°  3'  E.,  under  the  control  of  the  Pan- 
jab  government.  Population,  127,834. 

Chamhal  (chum-bul').  A river  in  central  In- 
dia which  rises  in  the  Vindhya  Mountains,  and 
flows  northeast  into  the  Jumna  below  Etawah. 
Length,  650  miles. 

Chamberlain  ( cham'ber-lan ),  Joseph.  Born  at 
London,  July,  1836.  An  English  statesman, since 
1886  a leader  of  the  Liberal  Unionists.  He  was 
mayor  of  Birmingham  1873-7(5 ; was  returned  (as  a Radical) 


Chamberlain,  Joseph 

to  Parliament  from  Birmingham  in  1870  and  has  sat  for 
Birmingham,  West,  since  1885 ; was  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  1880-85 ; was  president  of  the  Local  Government 
Board  1886,  and  colonial  secretary  1895-1903. 

Chamberlain,  Joshua  Lawrence.  Born  at 
Brewer,  Maine,  Sept.  8,  1828.  An  American 
soldier  and  educator.  He  served  in  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  1862-65;  was  governor  of  Maine  1867-70;  and 
president  of  Bowdoin  College  1871-83. 

Chamberlayne  (cham'ber-lan),  Edward.  Born 
at  Odington,  Gloucestershire,  Dec.  13,  1616: 
died  at  Chelsea,  May,  1703.  An  English  writer. 
.He  was  a graduate  of  Oxford  (B.  A.  1638,  M.  A.  1641), 
tutor  of  Henry  Fitzroy,  illegitimate  son  of  Charles  II., 
and  also  to  Prince  George  of  Denmark,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  the  author  of 
“Angliae  Notitise,  or  the  Present  State  of  England"  (1669, 
anonymous : the  21st  ed.,  1708,  bears  the  title  “ Magna: 
Britannia;  notitia,  or,  etc.”),  a handbook  of  English  so- 
ciety and  politics,  “England’s  Wants”  (1667),  etc. 

Chamber layne,  John.  Born  about  1666:  died 
1723.  A younger  son  of  Edward  Chamberlayne. 
He  continued  his  father’s  “Magna:  Britannise  notitia,” 
translated  Brandt’s  “History  of  the  Reformation  in  the 
Low  Countries,"  etc. 

Chamberlen  (cham'ber-len),  Hugh.  Born  at 
London  about  1630 : died  after  Nov.,  1720.  An 
English  physician  (physician  in  ordinary  to 
the  king,  1673),  celebrated  as  the  projector  of 
a financial  scheme  designed  “ to  make  Eng- 
land rich  and  happy,”  based  on  the  issue  of  a 
large  quantity  of  bank-notes  on  the  security  of 
landed  property. 

Chambers  (cham'berz),  Ephraim.  Born  at 
Kendal,  England,  about  1680  (?) : died  at  Lon- 
don, May  15,  1740.  An  English  writer,  com- 
piler of  a “ Cyclopaedia,  an  Universal  Dictionary 
of  Arts  and  Sciences”  (1728),  the  first  of  its 
kind  in  English. 

Chambers,  Robert.  Born  at  Peebles,  Scotland, 
July  10,  1802:  died  at  St.  Andrews,  March  17, 
1871.  A Scottish  publisher  (at  Edinburgh) 
and  writer.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Illustrations  of 
the  Author  of  Waverley"  (1822),  “ Traditions  of  Edin- 
burgh ’’  (1823),  “ Walks  in  Edinburgh  ” (1825),  “History  of 
the  Rebellion  of  1745”  (1828),  “Biographical  Dictionaiy 
of  Eminent  Scotsmen”  (1832-34),  “Book  of  Days "(1862- 
1864),  “Vestiges  of  the  Natural  History  of  Creation” 
1844:  anonymous),  etc.  The  last-named  work,  the  au- 
horship  of  which  was  not  discovered  until  1884,  was  an 
exposition  of  a theory  of  development,  and  quickly  be- 
came famous  through  both  the  criticism  and  the  praise 
which  its  heterodox  views  aroused.  He  was  joint  editor 
of  “Chambers’s  Journal,”  and  a member  of  the  publishing 
firm  of  W.  and  R.  Chambers. 

Chambers,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Stockholm, 
1726:  died  at  London,  March  8, 1796.  A British 
architect.  He  rebuilt  Somerset  House  in  London,  1776. 
He  wrote  “A  Treatise  of  Civil  Architecture"  (1759). 

Chambers,  William.  Born  at  Peebles,  Scot- 
land, April  16,  1800:  died  at  Edinburgh,  May 
20,  1883.  A Scottish  publisher  (head  of  the 
firm  of  W.  and  R.  Chambers)  and  writer,  brother 
of  Robert  Chambers.  He  wrote  “ Things  as  they 
are  in  America”  (1854),  “History  of  Peebles”  (1864),  etc. 
Chambersburg  (eham'berz-berg).  A borough, 
capital  pf  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  49 
miles  southwest  of  Harrisburg,  it  was  burned  by 
the  Confederates  July  30,  1864.  Population,  11,800,  (1910). 

Chambertin  (shon-ber-tan').  A vineyard  in 
the  commune  of  Gevrey,  8 miles  south-south- 
west of  Dijon,  France.  It  gives  its  name  to 
a noted  red  Burgundy  wine. 

Chambery  (shon-ba-re').  [If-  Ciambcri.]  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Savoie,  France, 
in  lat.  45°  34'  N , long.  5°  53'  E.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Mont  Blanc  1792-1815,  and  passed 
with  Savoy  from  Sardinia  to  France  in  1860.  Population, 
commune,  23,027. 

Chamhezi  (cham-be'zi).  A river  in  central 
Africa, rising  as  the  Chasi,  and  continuin  g (south 
and  west  otTjake  Bangweolo)  as  the  Luapula  — 
the  head  waters  of  the  Kongo. 

Chambord  (shoh-bor').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  11  miles  east 
of  Blois.  It  contains  a famous  chateau,  built  by  Fran- 
cois I.,  a large  structure  illustrating  the  application  of 
Renaissance  principles  to  a French  medieval  type.  The 
most  striking  feature  is  the  six  hugo  cylindrical,  cone- 
roofed  towers,  60  feet  in  diameter,  with  decorated  dor- 
mer-windows and  high  chimneys.  The  central  tower 
contains  a remarkable  double  spiral  stair,  so  devised  that 
two  sets  of  persons  may  ascend  and  descend  at  the  same 
time  Without  meeting;  this  tower  is  surmounted  by  an 
openwork  lantern.  The  chateau  contains  440  rooms,  and 
the  stables  can  receive  1,200  horses. 

ChamDord,  Comte  de  (Henri  Charles  Fer- 
dinand Marie  Dieudonnd  d'Artois,  Due  do 

Bordeaux).  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  29, 1820:  died 
at  Frohsdorf,  near  Vienna,  Aug.  24,  1883.  A 
French  Legitimist  prince,  son  of  the  Due  de 
Berry,  and  grandson  of  Charles  X.,  styled  Due 
de  Bordeaux  before  1830,  and  sometimes  called 
“Henri  V.” 

Chambre  Introuvable  (shon'br  an-tro-vil'bl). 
[F.,  ‘ Undiscoverable  Chamber.’]  A nickname 
VI.  9 


233 

given  to  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
1815-16,  noted  for  its  reactionary  measures. 
Chambres  Ardentes  (shon'br  zar-dont').  [F., 

‘ Fiery  Chambers.’]  Extraordinary  French  tri- 
bunals sometimes  convened  under  the  old  mon- 
archy for  the  trial  of  cases  of  malversation,  etc. 
Chambure  (shon-bfir'),  Auguste  Lepelletier 
de.  Born  at  Vitteaux,  Burgundy,  France, 
March  31, 1789  • died  at  Paris,  July  12, 1832.  A 
French  officer,  surnamed  “Le  Diable”  on  ac- 
count of  his  audacious  bravery. 

Chameleon  (ka-me'ie-on),  The.  A constella- 
tion invented  by  Bayer,  situated  beneath  the 
feet  of  the  Centaur. 

Chamfort  (shon-for'),  or  Champfort,  S6bas- 
tien  Roch  Nicolas.  Bom  in  Auvergne,  France, 
about  1741:  died  at  Paris,  April  13,  1794.  A 
French  litterateur,  author  of  “Eloge  de  Mo- 
li^re”  (1769),  the  plays  “Le  marchand  de 
Smyme”  (1770),“Mustapha  et  Z6angir”  (1776), 
etc. 

Chamisso  (sha-mes'so),  Adelbert  von.  Born 
at  the  castle  of  Boncourt,  in  Champagne,  Jan. 
30  (27?),  1781:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  21,  1838. 
A German  author  and  poet.  He  was  of  an  old 
French  family.  In  1796  his  parents,  who  had  left  France 
in  1790,  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  became  a page  of  the 
queen.  In  1798  he  entered  the  Prussian  army,  from 
which  he,  however,  retired  in  1808.  In  1815  he  accom- 
panied as  naturalist  the  exploring  expedition  of  Count 
Romantsoff  in  a journey  around  the  world.  He  was  subse- 
quently custodian  of  the  botanical  collections  in  Berlin. 
His  most  celebrated  prose  work,  “Peter  Sehlemihls  wun- 
derbare  Geschiehte”  (“The  Wonderful  History  of  Peter 
Schlemihl”),  appeared  in  1814.  His  poetry  comprises 
popular  songs,  ballads,  and  romances.  In  the  last  class 
are  included  the  long  poems  “Salas  y Gomez,”  “Matteo 
Falcone,”  “Die  Retraite  ” (“  The  Retreat  ”).  His  collected 
works  appeared  first  at  Leipsic,  1830-49,  in  six  volumes. 

Chamonix  (ska-mo-ne'),  or  Chamouni  (ska- 
mo-ne'), or  Chamouny.  A valley  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  at  the  foot  of 
Mont  Blanc,  watered  by  the  Arve.  it  is  a cele- 
brated resort  for  tourists,  and  the  starting-point  for  ex- 
cursions to  Mont  Blanc,  the  Mer-de-Glace,  Montanvert, 
Fl^gere,  Martigny,  etc.  Its  center  is  the  village  of  Cha- 
monix. Length  of  valley,  12  miles.  Elevation,  3,445  feet. 
It  was  explored  by  Pococke  and  Wyndham  in  1743,  and 
later  by  Saussure  and  others. 

Chamont.  A rough  and  extremely  fiery  young 
soldier  of  fortune,  the  brother  of  Monimia, 
“the  orphan,”  in  Otway’s  tragedy  of  that  name. 
Chamorro  (clia-mor'ro),  Fruto.  Born  in  Gua- 
temala about  1810 : died  near  Granada,  March 
12, 1855.  A Nicaraguan  statesman.  From  April, 
1853,  until  his  death  lie  was  president  of  Nicaragua. 
During  a part  of  tills  time  his  rule  was  limited  to  Granada, 
where  he  was  besieged  by  revolutionists. 

Champa  (ckam'pa).  A city  in  Anga,  the  pres- 
ent Bhagalpur  or  near  it.  it  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Champa,  a descendant  of  Yayati ; but  was 
named  rather  from  its  abundant  champa  or  champaka 
trees  ( Miclielia  Champaka),  whence  it  was  also  called 
McUini,  ‘garlanded,  ’ from  its  being  surrounded  with  cham- 
paka trees  as  with  a garland  (mala). 

Champagne  (shon-pany'),  or  Champaigne 

(shon-pany'),  Philippe  de.  Born  at  Brussels, 
May  26,  1602:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1674.  A 
painter  of  the  Flemish  school.  His  best,  works 
are  at  Paris,  Vincennes,  and  Vienna. 
Champagne  (sham-pan' ; F.  pron.  shon-pany'). 
An  ancient  government  of  France,  it  was 
hounded  by  Belgium  on  the  north,  Lorraine  on  the  east, 
Franche-Comtd  on  the  southeast,  Burgundy  on  the  south, 
and  Orleanais,  Ile-de-France,  and  Picardy  on  the  west. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  wines.  Its  chief  city  is  Troyes.  It 
formed  the  modern  departments  of  Marne,  Haute-Marne, 
Aube,  Ardennes,  parts  of  Aisne,  Yonne,  Seine-et- Marne, 
and  Meuse.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a countship  and 
one  of  the  great  fiefs  of  France.  Some  of  its  counts  were 
noted  as  poets.  Its  heiress  married  Philip  the  Fair  in 
1284.  It  was  annexed  to  France  in  1335,  and  incorporated 
with  France  in  1361. 

Champagny  (shon-pan-ye'),  Francois  Joseph 

Nomp&re  de.  Born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  10,  1804: 
died  May  4,  1882.  A French  publicist,  son  of 
the  first  Due  de  Cadore.  His  chief  work  is 
“ L’Histoire  des  Cesars”  (1841-43). 
Champagny,  Jean  Baptiste  Nompbrc  de,  first 
Due  de  Cadore.  Born  at  Roanne,  Loire,  France, 
Aug.  4,  1756:  died  at  Paris,  July  3,  1834.  A 
French  politician  and  diplomat.  He  was  ambassa- 
dor at  Vienna  1801-04,  minister  of  the  interior  1804-07, 
and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1807-11. 

Champagny,  Louis  Alix  Nompbre  de,  second 
Due  de  Cadore.  Born  Jan.  12,  1796:  died  at 
Boulogne,  France,  Jan.  27,  1870.  A French 
politician,  son  of  the  first  Due  de  Cadore.  Ho 
was  ambassador  at  Rome  in  1861. 

Champaran  (chum-pa-run').  A district  in  the 
Patna  division,  Behar,  British  India.  Area, 
3,531  square  miles.  Population,  1,790,463. 
Champ-de-Mars  (shon'db-m&rs').  [F.,‘  field  of 
Mars  , L.  Campus  Martins .]  A large  square  in 
the  quarter  Grenelle  of  Paris,  on  the  left  bank 


Ohampollion  Figeac,  Jean  Jacques 

of  the  Seine,  now  used  for  military  exercises. 
It  has  been  the  scene  of  battles  and  historical  episodes 
from  the  9th  century,  and  of  festivals,  pageants,  exhibitions 
(of  1867,  1878),  etc.  Here  occurred,  July  14, 1790,  the  “ fete 
de  lafgd&ation  " ; July  17, 1791,  an  attempt  at  insurrection 
(“massacres  du  Champ-de-Mars  ”) ; and  June  8,  1794,  the 
“ fete  it  l’Etre  supreme.” 

Champ  de  Mars.  [F., ‘field  of  March.’]  In 
early  French  institutional  history,  an  annual 
political  and  military  assembly,  held  in  March. 
The  time  of  meeting  was  changed  to  May  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury, and  thereafterthese assemblies  were  called  “ Champs 
de  Mai.” 

Champeaux  (skon-po'),  Guillaume  de,  Latin- 
ized Campellensis.  Born  at  Champeaux, 
near  Melun,  France,  toward  the  end  of  the  11th 
century:  died  1121.  A noted  French  scholas- 
tic philosopher,  an  opponent  of  Abelard,  who 
was  his  pupil. 

Champfleury  (shon-fle-re'),pseudonyjn  of  Jules 
Fleury-Husson.  Born  at  Laon,  France,  Sept. 
10, 1821 : died  at  Sb  vres,  Dec.  5, 1889.  A French 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Chien-Callou  ” (1847),  “Les  bourgeois  de  Molin- 
chart  ” (1854),  ‘ 1 Histoire  de  la  caricature  ” (1865),  etc. 
Champigny  (skon-pen-ye').  A village  situated 
on  the  Marne  5 miles  east-southeast  of  Paris. 
Here,  Nov.  30  and  Dec.  2,  1870,  occurred  battles  between 
the  Germans  and  the  French  under  Ducrot.  Loss  of  the 
Germans,  over  6,000  ; of  the  French,  10,000  to  12,000. 
Champion  (cham'pi-on),  The.  A journal  which 
first  appeared  in  1739,  edited  by  Henry  Fielding 
and  a man  named  Ralph,  it  is  based  on  the  model 
of  the  “Spectator”  and  “Tatler.”  Two  volumes  of  the 
paper  were  republished  in  1741.  It  ridiculed  the  Jacobite 
party. 

Champion’s  Hill  (ckam'pi-onz  hil).  A locality 
in  Hinds  County,  Mississippi,  west  of  Jackson. 
Here,  May  16,  1863,  the  Federals  (32,000)  under  Grant  de- 
feated the  Confederates  (about  25,000)  under  Pemberton. 
Loss  of  Federals,  2,457 ; of  Confederates,  4,300.  Also  called 
battle  of  Baker’s  Creek. 

Champion  of  the  Virgin.  An  epithet  bestowed 
on  St.  Cyril,  bishop  of  Alexandria  (5th  cen- 
tury), noted  as  an  opponent  of  Nestorianism. 
Champlain  (sham-plan' ; F.  pron.  shon-plah'), 
Samuel  de.  Born  at  Brouage,  Saintonge, 
France,  1567 : died  at  Quebec,  Dec.  25,  1635. 
A French  navigator  and  explorer.  He  made  ex- 
plorations in  Canada  and  New  England  1603-07,  founded 
Quebec  1608,  and  discovered  Lake  Champlain  1609.  He 
wrote  “ Des  sauvages  "(1603),  “Voyages  ’(1613, 1619, 1632). 
Complete  works  published  1870.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Samuel  de  Champlain  has  been  fitly  called  the  Father 
of  New  France.  In  him  were  embodied  her  religious  zeal 
and  romantic  spirit  of  adventure.  Before  the  close  of  his 
career,  purged  of  heresy,  she  took  the  posture  which  she 
held  to  the  day  of  her  death  — in  one  hand  the  crucifix,  in 
the  other  the  sword.  His  life,  full  of  significance,  is  the 
true  beginning  of  her  eventful  history. 

Parkman,  Pioneers  of  France,  p.  165. 

Champlain  (sham-plan'),  Lake.  [Named  for 
Samuel  de  Champlain.]  A lake  between  Ver- 
mont and  New  York,  extending  from  White- 
hall, New  York,  to  St.  John’s,  Canada,  its  outlet 
is  the  Richelieu  or  Sorel  River  (into  the  St.  Lawrence),  and 
it  is  connected  with  the  Hudson  by  a canal.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Samuel  de  Champlain  in  1609.  On  Oct.  11, 1776, 
a British  flotilla  defeated  the  Americans  under  Arnold. 
Sept.  11,  1814,  an  American  squadron  consisting  of  14  ves- 
sels of  all  classes,  carrying  86  guns  and  about  860  men, 
under  the  command  of  Captain  Macdonough,  defeated  a 
British  force  consisting  of  16  vessels  of  all  classes,  carry- 
ing 95  guns  and  about  1,000  men,  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Downie,  which  supported  an  invasion  of  New  York 
by  Sir  George  Prevost.  A precipitate  retreat  of  the  land 
force  succeeded  the  battle.  Length,  about  110  miles. 
Width,  in  the  northern  part,  10  to  12  miles.  Elevation 
above  sea-level,  96  feet. 

Champlin  (champ'lin),  James  Tift.  Born  J une 
9,  1811 : died  March  15,  1882.  An  American 
clergyman  and  teacher,  president  of  Colby 
University  (Waterville,  Maine)  1857-72. 
Champmesle  (shon-ma-la'),  Charles  Chevil- 
let,  Sieur  de.  Born  at  Paris,  1645:  died  there, 
April  22,  1701.  A French  dramatic  author  and 
comedian. 

Champmesle,  Marie  Desmares  de.  Born  at 
Rouen  in  1641  (1644?):  died  at  Auteuil,  May 
15, 1698.  A French  actress,  the  wife  of  Charles 
Champmesle. 

This  French  lady  was  the  original  Hermione,  Berenice, 
Monimia,  and  Phtdre.  These  were  written  expressly  for 
her  by  Racine,  who  trained  her  exactly  as  Rochester  did 
Elizabeth  Barry, — to  some  glory  on  the  stage,  and  to  some 
infamy  off  it.  Duran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  111. 

Champneys  (champ'niz),  William  Weldon. 

Born  at  London,  April  6,  1807 : died  at  Lich- 
field, Feb.  4,  1875.  An  English  clergyman  and 
writer,  a graduate  of  Oxford  (Brasenose  Col- 
lege), appointed  dean  of  Lichfield  Nov.,  1868. 
Champollion  (sham-nol'i-on;  F.  pron.  shoii- 
pol-yon')  Figeac,  Jean  Jacques.  Born  at 
Figeac,  Lot,  France,  Oct.  5,  1778 : died  at  Fon- 
tainebleau, France,  May  9,  1867.  A noted 
French  archaeologist,  brother  of  J.  F.  Champol- 


Champollion  Figeac,  Jean  Jacques 

lion.  He  wrote  “Antiquity  de  Grenoble ’’ (1807),  “An- 
nales  des  Lagides " (1819)  “ Paldographie  universelie,  etc." 
(1830-41),  “Le  palais  de  Fontainebleau"  (1867),  etc. 

Champollion,  Jean  Francois.  Born  at  Fi- 
geac, Lot,  France,  Dec.  23,  1790  : died  at  Paris, 
March  4,  1832.  A celebrated  French  Oriental- 
ist, the  discoverer  of  the  key  to  the  Egyptian 
hieroglyphic  inscriptions  (1822).  His  chief  works 
are“Prdcisdusysttmehidroglyphique”(1824),“Urammaire 
dgyptienne"  (1836-41),  “Dictionnaire  dgyptien  ” (1841-44), 
“Monuments  de  l’Egypte  et  de  la  Nubie  ” (1835-45). 

Champs-Elysees  ( shon'  za-le-za' ).  [F. , 1 Elysian 
Fields.’]  An  avenue,  and  the  gardens  surround- 
ing it,  in  Paris,  extending  from  the  Place  de 
la  Concorde  1J  miles  to  the  Place  de  l’Etoile, 
celebrated  as  a place  of  public  resort.  It  was 
acquired  by  the  crown  in  1616,  and  ceded  to 
the  city  in  1828. 

Chamunda  (cha-mon'da).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, an  emanation  of  the  goddess  Durga,  said 
to  have  been  so  named  by  Durga  on  account  of 
her  destruction  of  the  two  demons  Chanda  and 
Munda. 

Chanak  Kalessi  (cha-nak'  ka-les-se').  A town 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Dardanelles.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,000  (?). 

Chanakya  (cha'na-kya).  A celebrated  Brah- 
man (the  Machiavelli  of  India)  who  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Nanda  dy- 
nasty of  Magadha,  and  the  elevation  of  Chan- 
dragupta  to  their  throne,  in  315  B.  c.  A work  upon 
morals  and  politics  called  “Chanakyasutra”is  ascribed  to 
him.  He  is  the  chief  character  in  the  drama  “ Mudrarak- 
shasa  ’ (which  see).  Other  names  of  Chanakya  are  V ish- 
nugupta  and  Kautilya. 

Chanca  (chan'ka),  Dr.  (believed  to  have  been 
Diego  Alvarez  Chanca).  A Spanish  physi- 
cian, native  of  Seville,  who  accompanied  Co- 
lumbus on  his  second  voyage  in  1493.  He  wrote 
a letter  to  the  cathedral  chapter  of  Seville,  giving  an 
account  of  what  he  saw,  and  this  is  one  of  the  main  his- 
torical authorities  for  the  voyage.  Nothing  is  known  of 
bis  previous  or  subsequent  life. 

Chancas  (ckiin'kaz).  An  ancient  Indian  tribe 
of  Peru,  probably  of  Quichua  stock,  who  occu- 
pied the  valleys  of  the  Andesbetweenthe  Apuri- 
mac  and  the  Mantaro.  About  the  year  1400 
they  were  defeated  by  the  Incas,  but  details  are 
very  contradictory  and  nothing  certain  is  as  yet 
known,  even  the  names  of  the  Inca  war-chiefs 
who  alternately  lost  and  won  against  the 
Chancas  being  variously  stated. 

Chancellor  (ehan'sel-or),  Richard,  Died  Nov. 
10,  1556.  An  English  navigator.  He  accompanied 
Roger  Bodenham  on  a journey  to  Candia  and  Ohio  in  1550. 
In  1553  be  became  captain  of  the  Edward  Bonaventure  and 
pilot-general  of  the  expedition  which  set  out  in  that  year 
uuder  the  command  of  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby  in  search  of 
a northeast  passage  to  India.  Becoming  separated  from 
the  other  ships  of  the  expedition  in  a gale  off  the  Lofoden 
Islands,  he  pushed  on  alone  into  the  White  Sea,  whence 
he  made  his  way  overland  to  Moscow.  He  obtained  valu- 
able trade  concessions  from  the  Russian  court  in  behalf  of 
the  English,  which  led  to  the  organization  of  the  Muscovy 
Company  on  his  return  to  England  in  1554.  He  made  a sec- 
ond visit  to  Moscow  in  1555,  and  was  shipwrecked  off  Pits- 
ligo,  on  the  coast  of  Aberdeenshire,  on  the  return  voyage. 
A narrative  of  his  first  visit  to  Moscow,  written  by  Clement 
Adams,  was  published  in  Hakluyt’s  “Navigations,"  and 
is  the  first  considerable  account  of  the  Russian  people  in 
the  English  language. 

Chancellorsvjlle  (chan'sel-orz-vil).  A post- 
office  in  Spotsylvania  County,  Va.,  55  miles 
northwest  of  Richmond.  Here,  May  2—4,  1863,  the 
Confederates  (about  65,000)  under  Lee  defeated  the  Fed- 
erals  (132,000)  under  Hooker.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  16,030 ; 
of  the  Confederates,  12,281  (including  “ Stonewall " Jack- 
son). 

Chancery  Lane  (chan'se-ri  liin).  A street  in 
London  leading  from  Fleet  street  to  Holborn, 
and  passing  by  the  Inns  of  Court. 

Chances  (chan'sez),  The.  A comedy  by  John 
Fletcher.  It  was  published  in  1647,  but  had  been  played 
before  1625.  The  plot  is  from  “La  Senora  Cornelia,”  a 
novel  by  Cervantes.  The  Duke  of  Buckingham  produced 
an  alteration  of  it  in  1682,  and  Garrick  brought  out  a sec- 
ond alteration  in  1773.  In  1821  a musical  drama  founded 
ou  it,  called  “Don  John,  or  the  Two  Violettas,"  was  pro- 
duced. The  original  play  had  two  Constantias. 

Chanda  (chan'da).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
name  of  the  goddess  Durga,  applied  especially 
to  her  incarnation  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing the  demon  Mahisha.  This  exploit,  which  is 
treated  in  a section  of  the  Markandeyapurana,  is  particu- 
larly celebrated  in  Bengal  at  the  Durgapuja,  or  festival 
held  in  honor  of  the  goddess  toward  the  close  of  the  year 
(about  Oct.  to  Nov.). 

Chanda  (chan'da).  1.  A district  in  the  Nagpur 
division  of  the  Central  Provinces,  British  India, 
lat.  20°  N.,  long.  79°-80°E.  Area,  10, 156  square 
miles.  Pop.,  601,533. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
Chanda  district,  in  lat.  19°  57'  N.,  long,  78°  58'  E. 
Chandernagor  (chan-der-na-gor').  A town  and 
territory  in  Hindustan,  situated  on  the  Hugli 
20  mil9S  north  of  Calcutta.  It  was  a possession  of 
the  French,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Pondicherry ; was 


234 

taken  by  the  English  in  1757,  1793,  etc.  ; and  was  ceded 
finally  to  France  in  1816.  Area,  31  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, about  25,000. 

Chandipatha  (ekan-de-pat'lia).  [Skt.,  ‘read- 
ing or  text  regarding  Oliandi.’]  A poem  of 
seven  hundred  verses,  forming  an  episode  of 
the  Markandeyapurana.  It  celebrates  Durga’s 
victories  over  the  Asuras,  and  is  read  daily  in 
the  temple  of  that  goddess. 

Chandler  (chand'ler),  Zachariah.  Born  at 
Bedford,  N.  H.,  Dec.  10, 1813:  died  at  Chicago, 
Nov.  1, 1879.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  Michigan  1857-75 
and  1879,  and  secretary  of  the  interior  1875-77. 
Chandos  (ehan'dos),  Sir  John.  Died  at  Mor- 
temer,  France,  Jan.  1,  1370.  An  English  sol- 
dier. He  served  at  the  siege  of  Cambrai,  at  Crdcy,  and 
at  Poitiers  (where  he  saved  ihe  life  of  the  Black  Prince)', 
was  appointed  regent  and  lieutenant  of  the  King  of  Eng- 
land in  France  about  1361,  and  constable  of  Guienne  in 
1362 ; commanded  the  English  forces  at  the  battle  of  Au- 
ray  (Oct.  6,  1364),  and,  with  John  of  Gaunt,  the  English 
advance-guard  at  Navarette  (April  3,  1367);  was  made 
seneschal  of  Poitiers  1369 ; and  died  from  the  effects  of  a 
wound  received  in  an  engagement  at  Lussac,  Dec.  31, 1369. 
Chandra  (ehan'dra).  [Skt.]  The  moon,  either 
as  a planet  or  as  a deity ; hence,  any  eminent  or 
illustrious  person  (the  moon  being  regarded  as 
the  most  beautiful  of  planets). 

Chandragupta  (chan-dra-gop'ta).  [Skt.,  ‘the 
moon-protected.’]  A name  identified  by  Sir 
William  Jones  with  the  “ Saudrokottos ” or 
“ Sandrokyptos  ” of  the  Greek  historians  of 
Alexander.  See  Sundrocottos. 

Chandrakanta  (chau-dra-kan'ta).  [Skt., 
‘lovely  as  the  moon.’]  A fabulous  gem,  the 
moon-stone,  supposed  to  be  formed  from  the 
congelation  of  the  rays  of  the  moon,  and  to  dis- 
solve under  the  influence  of  its  light. 

Chandur  (chan-dor'),  or  Chandor  (chan-dor'). 
A fortified  town  in  Bombay,  British  India,  in 
lat.  20°  20'  N.,  long.  74°  15'  E.  It  was  ceded 
to  the  British  in  1818. 

Chanes  (cha-nas').  A South  American  Indian 
tribe  which  formerly  occupied  the  western  side 
of  the  river  Paraguay,  about  lat.  17°  S.  They 
were  probably  the  same  as  the  modern  Guan&s  (which 
see).  There  was  another  tribe  of  this  name  in  Uruguay. 

Changarnier  (shon-gar-nya/),  Nicolas  Anne 
Theudole.  Born  at  Autun,  France,  April  26, 
1793 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1877.  A French 
general.  He  was  distinguished  in  Algeria  1839-48 ; was 
in  command  in  Paris  1848-51 ; was  banished  for  his  opposi- 
tion to  Louis  Napoleon  in  1852 ; aud  was  with  Bazaine  in 
Metz,  Oct.,  1870.  He  became  a deputy  in  1871,  and  a life 
senator  in  1875. 

Chang-Chau  (ehang'ekou').  A city  in  the 
province  of  Fukien,  China,  35  miles  west  of 
Amoy.  It  is  an  important  center  of  the  silk 
trade. 

Chang-Chau.  A city  in  the  province  of  Ki- 
angsu,  China,  60  miles  southeast  of  Nanking. 
Change  Alley  (ckanj  al'i).  An  alley  in 
Cornhill,  London,  formerly  Exchange  Alley, 
leading  into  Lombard  street.  “ It  was  the  chief 
centre  of  the  money  transactions  of  the  last  centur  y,  when 
the  Stock  Exchange  was  held  here  at  ‘Jonathan’s  Coffee 
House.’  It  was  the  great  scene  of  action  in  the  South 
Sea  Bubble  of  1720,  by  which  so  many  thousands  of  credu- 
lous persons  were  ruined.  Another  coffee  house  in  this 
alley  which  played  a great  part  in  the  same  time  of  excite- 
ment was  1 Garraway ’s,’  so  called  from  Garway,  its  original 
proprietor.  It  was  here  that  tea  was  first  sold  in  Lon- 
don.” llare,  London,  I.  362. 

Changeling  (chan j ' ling),  The.  A play  by 
Middleton  and  William  Rowley,  acted  as  early 
as  1623. 

Changos  (chan'gos).  A tribe  of  Indians  which, 
it  is  believed,  once  occupied  most  of  the  valleys 
of  the  Peruvian  coast.  According  to  tradition  they 
were  driven  southward  by  the  invasion  of  the  Chimus,  and 
subsequently  of  the  Incas,  and  took  refuge  on  the  desert 
coasts  between  lat.  22’  aud  23"  S.  There  some  of  their 
descendants  remain,  but  their  language  is  lost.  They 
are  a dwarf  race,  seldom  exceeding  five  feet  in  height,  and 
they  now  live  entirely  on  fish,  crustaceans,  and  seals. 
They  are  hospitable,  and  have  never  resisted  the  whites. 
Changsha  (chang-ska').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Hunan,  Chiiia,  on  the  river  Siang. 
It  was  opened  toforeign  commerce  inl903.  Pop., est.,  230,000. 
Channel,  The.  See  English  Channel. 

Channel  Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  7-30 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Normandy,  France,  near 
the  Bay  of  St.  Malo.  They  comprise  Jersey,  Guernsey, 
Alderney,  Sark,  and  a number  of  islets.  They  are  noted 
for  their  picturesque  scenery  and  mild  climate,  and  for 
their  breeds  of  cattle.  The  prevailing  language  is  old 
Norman  French.  They  came  under  Norman  rule  early  in 
the  10th  century,  and  were  Norman  and  English  after  1066. 
They  are  the  only  part  of  Normandy  which  remained  to  the 
English  after  1204.  Area,  75  square  miles.  Pop.,  95,618. 

Channing  (chan'ing),  Edward  Tyrrel.  Born 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Dec.  12,  1790:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Feb.  8,  1856.  An  American 


Chapeau  de  Paille 

scholar,  brother  of  William  Ellery  Channing. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  “North 
American  Review  ” in  1815. 

Channing,  William  Ellery.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  April  7,  1780:  died  at  Bennington,  Vt., 
Oct.  2,  1842.  An  American  clergyman,  writer, 
and  philanthropist,  one  of  the  chief  founders 
of  American  Unitarianism.  He  became  pastor  of 
the  Federal  Street  Church,  Boston,  in  1803.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  1848. 

Channing,  William  Ellery.  Born  Nov.  29, 
1818  : died  Dec.  23,  1901.  An  American  poet, 
journalist,  and  general  writer,  nephew  of  Wil- 
liam Ellery  Channing  (1780-1842). 

Chanson  de  Geste  (shon-son'  de  zhest').  [F., 

‘ song  of  heroic  deeds.’]  The  name  given  to 
epic  or  narrative  poems  which  first  appeared 
in  France  about  the  beginning  of  the  11th  cen- 
tury. Nearly  all  the  best  date  from  the  12th  century. 
The  technical  definition  of  a chanson  de  geste  is  “a  nar- 
rative poem,  dealing  with  a subject  connected  with  French 
history,  written  in  verses  of  ten  or  twelve  syllables,  which 
verses  are  arranged  in  stanzas  of  arbitrary  length,  each 
stanza  possessing  a distinguishing  assonance  or  rhyme  in 
the  last  syllable  of  each  line.”  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  ii. 
Chanson  de  Roland  (shon-son'  de  ro-lon'),  or 
de  Roncevaux  (de  rons-vo').  [F.,  ‘song  of 
Roland,  or  of  Roncevaux.’]  A French  epic 
poem,  or  chanson  de  geste,  ascribed  to  Tke- 
roulde  or  Turoldus,  a Norman  trouvere  (11th 
century  ?).  It  was  first  published  as  a whole  by  JL  P. 
Michel  in  1837.  TheOxford  MS.  gives  its  earliestform.  The 
text  of  this  MS.  is  probably  that  of  the  end  of  the  11th 
century ; the  date  of  the  MS.  probably  the  middle  of  the 
12th.  It  contains  about  4,000  lines,  and  is  the  story  of  the 
death  of  Roland  with  the  peers  of  Charlemagne  at  Ronce- 
vaux  or  Roncesvalles,  and  Charlemagne’s  vengeance. 
Chant  du  Depart  (shon  diida-par').  [F.,  ‘song 
of  departure.’]  A popular  French  military  song 
by  Marie  Joseph  Chenier. 

Chantahon  (shan-ta-bun').  A city  in  Siam, 
situated  near  the  Gulf  of  Siam  150  miles  south- 
east of  Bangkok.  Population  (estimated), 
5,000. 

Chantal  (shon-tal'),  Jeanne  Franqoise  Fre- 
miot,  Baronne  de.  Born  at  Dijon,  France,  Jan. 
23, 1572:  died  at  Moulins,  France,  Dec.  13, 1641. 
A French  devotee,  founder  of  the  Order  of  the 
★ Visitation  at  Annecy  in  1610. 

Chanticleer  (ckan'ti-kler).  [Also  accom.  chant - 
it-clear  (B.  Jonson),  ME.  chanteclere,  chaunte- 
cleer,  OF.  Chantecler,  the  name  of  the  cock  in 
the  epic  of  Renart  (Reynard  the  Fox) ; from 
chanter,  sing,  and  cler,  clear : so  called  from  the 
clearness  or  loudness  of  his  voice  in  crowing.] 
1.  The  cock  in“Reinecke  Fuchs.” — 2.  The 
cock  who  is  the  hero  of  the  Nun’s  Priest’s  Tale 
in  Chaucer’s  “Canterbury  Tales.” 

Chantilly  (shon-te-ye').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  Prance,  23  miles  north-northeast 
of  Paris.  It  has  noted  lace  manufactures,  is  the  place 
of  the  races  of  the  French  Jockey  Club,  and  contains  a 
castle,  formerly  the  property  of  the  family  Montmorency, 
later  of  the  family  Conde,  of  the  Due  d’Aumale,  and 
now  (by  gift  of  the  Due  d’Aumale)  of  the  French  Insti- 
tute. It  was  rebuilt  by  Anne  de  Montmorency  in  the 
16th  century ; embellished  by  the  Great  Condd  in  the  17th  ; 
demolished  during  the  revolution ; and  rebuilt  1876-82. 
Population,  commune,  5,083. 

Chantilly  (shan- til ' i).  A village  in  Fairfax 
County,  Virginia,  20  miles  west  of  Washington. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a battle,  Sept.  1, 1862,  bet  ween  the  Con- 
federates under  Jackson,  and  a part  of  Pope’s  army  under 
Reno,  Stevens,  and  Kearny  (the  two  latter  were  killed). 
Loss  of  the  Federals,  1,300 ; of  the  Confederates,  800. 

Chantrey  (chan'tri),  SirFrancisLegatt.  Born 
near  Norton,  Derbyshire,  April  7,  1781:  died 
Nov.  25,  1842.  A noted  English  sculptor  and 
portrait-painter.  He  is  known  chiefly  for  his  portrait 
sculpture,  his  sitters  including  many  of  the  most  distin- 
guished men  of  his  time.  The  greater  part  of  his  property 
was  left  to  the  Royal  Academy  to  make  provision  for  its 
president  and  to  establish  a fund  for  the  purchase  of  the 
most  valuable  work  in  sculpture  and  painting  executed  in 
Great  Britain  by  artists  of  any  nation. 

Chanzy  (shon-ze'),  Antoine  Eugene  Alfred. 

Born  at  Nouart,  Ardennes,  France,  March  18, 
1823:  died  at  Chalons-sur-Marne,  France,  Jan. 
4,  1883.  A French  general.  He  became  comman- 
der of  division  in  Oct.,  1870,  and  of  the  2d  Army  of  the 
Loire  in  Dec.,  1870 ; was  distinguished  in  the  battles  near 
Orleans,  Dec.,  1870  ; was  defeated  at  Le  Mans,  Jan.  10-12, 
1871 ; and  became  governor-general  of  Algeria  in  1873. 
Chaos  (slia'os)  or  Bird  Islands  (herd  i'landz). 
A group  of  small  islands  in  Algoa  Bay,  Cape 
Colon}',  South  Africa. 

Chapala  (cha-pii'la).  A lake  situated  chiefly 
in  the  state  of  Jalisco,  Mexico,  in  lat.  20°  30' 
N..  long,  about  102°-103°  W.  Area,  over  1,300 
square  miles. 

Chapeau  de  Paille  (sha-po'  do  pay').  [F., 
‘ straw  hat.’]  A noted  painting  by  Rubens,  in 
the  National  Gallery,  London,  it  is  a half-length 
portrait  of  a young  girl' robed  in  black  velvet  and  crim- 


Chapeau  de  Paille 

son,  and  wearing  a broad-brimmed  plumed  hat  which 
shades  the  face  completely,  yet  without  obscuring  its 
brilliant  color. 

Chapelain  (shap-lan'),  Jean.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.  4,  1595:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  22,  1674.  A 
French  poet  and  litterateur,  one  of  the  first 
members  of  the  French  Academy,  and  influen- 
tial in  determining  the  character  of  its  labors : 
author  of  “La  Pucelle”  (1656). 

-Chapel  Hill  (chap'el  hil).  A town  in  Orange 
County,  North  Carolina,  25  miles  west-north- 
west  of  Raleigh.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University 
of  North  Carolina  (founded  1789).  Popula- 
tion, 1,149,  (1910). 

Chaplin  (chap'lin),  Charles.  Born  at  Les  An- 
delys,  Eure,  France,  June  8, 1825:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  30,  1891.  A painter  and.  engraver,  of  Eng- 
lish parentage,  naturalized  in  France.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Drolling.  He  obtained  a medal  of  the  second 
class  in  1852,  and  a medal  in  1865. 

Chaplin,  Jeremiah.  Born  at  Rowley,  Mass., 
Jan.  2,  1776:  died  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  May  7, 
1841.  An  American  Baptist  clergyman  and 
educator,  first  president  of  Waterville  College 
(Maine),  1821-33. 

Chapman  (chap' man),  George.  Born  near 
Hitchin,  Hertfordshire,  about  1559:  buried  at 
London,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields, 
May  12, 1634.  An  English  poet  and  dramatist, 
chiefly  celebrated  for  his  translation  of  Homer. 
He  is  said  to  have  studied  at  Oxford  and  afterward  at 
Cambridge.  He  lived  in  straitened  circumstances,  but 
was  intimate  with  Jonson,  Fletcher,  and  other  great  men 
of  the  time.  Among  his  dramatic  works  are  “The  Blind 
Beggar  of  Alexandria"  (printed  in  1598),  “All  Fools" 
(produced  in  1598,  printed  in  1605),  “Eastward  Ho” 
with  Jonson  and  Marston  (printed  1605),  “The  Gentleman 
Usher”  (1606),  “Monsieur  d’Olive”  (1606),  “Bussy  d’Am- 
bois  " (1607),  “ The  Revenge  of  Bussy  d’Ambois  ” (1613), 
“ The  Conspiracy  and  Tragedy  of  Charles,  Duke  of  Byron  ” 
(1608),  “May  Day*  (1611),  “The  Widow's  Tears”  (1612), 
"Caesar  and  Pompey”  (1631),  “Alphonsus,  Emperor  of 
Germany  ” (published  in  1654,  after  his  death),  “The  Ball  ” 
with  Shirley  (1639),  “Tragedy  of  Chabot,  Admiral  of 
France”  with  Shirley  (1639).  He  completed  Marlowe’s 
fragment  of  “ Hero  and  Leander”  in  1598.  The  iirst  part 
of  his  translation  of  the  Iliad  was  published  in  1598;  the 
whole  was  not  issued  before  1609  (entered  on  the  “ Sta- 
tioners’ Register  ’’  in  1611).  The  translation  of  the  Odys- 
sey was  entered  on  the  “Stationers’  Register”  in  1614. 
Finally,  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  were  issued  together  with 
the  date  1616  on  Chapman's  portrait  prefixed.  About  1624 
he  issued  his  translation  of  the  “Batrachomyomacliia  ” 
(“Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice”). 

Chapman,  John  Gadsby.  Bom  at  Alexandria, 
Va.,  in  1808:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July  6, 
1890.  An  American  painter,  etcher,  and  wood- 
engraver.  He  was  elected  national  academi- 
cian in  1836,  and  lived  in  Rome  1848-90. 
Chappe  d’Auteroche  (shap  dot-rosh'),  Jean. 
Born  at  Mauriac,  Cantal,  France,  March  2, 
1722:  died  at  San  Lucar,  California,  Aug.  1, 
1769.  A French  astronomer.  He  observed  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus  at  Tobolsk  in  1761  (“Voyage  en  SibOrie,” 
1768),  and  went  to  California  in  1769  to  observe  another 
transit  (“Voyage  de  la  Californie,”  1772),  but  died  soon 
after  his  arrival. 

Chaptal  (shap-tal'),  Jean  Antoine,  Comte  de 
Chanteloup.  Born  at  Nogaret,  Lozere,  France, 
June  5,  1756:  died  at  Paris,  July  30, 1832.  A 
noted  French  chemist  and  politician,  minis- 
ter of  the  interior  1800-04.  He  wrote  “ Be  per- 
fectionnement  des  arts  chimiques  en  France"  (1800), 
“ Chimie  appliqude  aux  arts  ’’  (1806),  etc. 

Chapter  Coffee  House.  A London  coffee-house 
situated  at  the  corner  of  Chapter-house  Court, 
on  the  south  side  of  Paternoster  Row,  noted  in 
the  18th  century  as  the  resort  of  men  of  letters. 

It  was  famous  for  its  punch,  pamphlets,  and  good  supply 
of  newspapers.  It  was  closed  as  a coffee-house  in  1854, 
and  then  altered  to  a tavern.  Tinibs. 

Ohapu  (eha-po'  or  shii-po').  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Che-Kiang,  China,  situated  on  the 
estuary  of  the  Tsien-tang  55  miles  northwest 
of  Ningpo:  the  port  of  Hang-chow.  It  has  an 
important  trade,  especially  with  Japan.  The  heights 
were  stormed  by  the  British,  May  18, 1842. 
Chapultepec  (cha-pol-te-pek').  [Nahuatl, 

‘ bill  of  the  grasshoppers.’]  A rocky  eminence 
about  3 miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
About  1245,  when  it  was  surrounded  by  swamps,  it  was 
occupied  by  the  Aztecs,  and  subsequently  an  aqueduct 
from  the  hill  furnished  water  to  Mexico.  It  is  said  by 
some  historians  that  the  Aztec  monarchs  had  a summer 
residence  at  Chapultepec,  but  this  has  been  denied  by 
recent  investigators.  Like  all  places  strong  in  position 
and  in  natural  resources,  it  was  the  site  of  some  kind  of 
worship,  but  no  buildings  of  any  kind  were  erected  there 
previous  to  the  16th  century  At  the  foot  of  the  hill  and 
in  the  park  there  are  some  interesting  vestiges  of  rock- 
carvings,  which  date  from  the  first  decennium  of  the  16th 
century.  About  1785  the  viceroy  of  Mexico,  Galvez,  began 
the  erection  of  a palace  on  the  Chapultepec  hill.  This 
was  made  in  the  form  of  a fort  or  castle,  and  was,  in  fact, 
intended  for  a stronghold  as  well  as  a summer  residence. 
The  building  remained  unfinished  until  after  the  revolu- 
tion. Under  the  republic  a portion  was  used  for  a mili- 
tary school,  and  the  National  Astronomical  Observatory 
was  erected  on  the  hill.  During  the  war  with  the  United 


235 

States  the  castle  was  stormed  by  General  Pillow,  Sept. 
13, 1847.  The  emperor  Maximilian  made  Chapultepec  his 
principal  palace,  and  it  is  now  occupied  as  a summer  resi- 
dence of  the  president,  portions  being  still  reserved  for 
the  military  school  and  observatory.  The  hill  is  sur- 
rounded by  a beautiful  park,  a favorite  resort  of  the 
Mexicans. 

Chara  (ka'ra).  [L.]  Properly,  the  name  of  the 
southern  of  the  two  dogs  in  the  constellation 
of  Canes  Venatici,  but  also  used  as  the  name 
of  the  fourth-magnitude  star  8 Canum. 
Cliaraes  (cha-ra'es),  or  Xaraes,  or  Jaraes 
(Ha-ra'es).  [From  the  name  of  an  Indian  tribe, 
possibly  the  modern  Guatos  (which  see).]  The 
name  given  in  maps  of  the  16th  and  17th  cen- 
turies to  a great  lake  near  the  center  of  South 
America,  represented  as  the  source  of  the  Para- 
guay. The  Upper  Paraguay  is  bordered  by  vast  plains 
which  are  flooded  every  year,  and  are  still  known  as  the 
Charaes  marshes  or  flood-plains.  Probably  the  story  of  the 
lake  originated  with  them,  but  some  suppose  that  it  re- 
ferred to  one  of  the  small  lakes  which  communicate  with 
the  Paraguay  on  the  western  side, between  lat.170  and  19°30'. 
The  Charaes  marshes  cover  80,609  square  miles,  and  are 
now  uninhabited. 

Charalois  (eha-ra-lwa').  Iu  Massinger  and 
Field’s  “Fatal  Dowry,”  a character  of  dignity 
and  noble  daring. 

Gharasiab  (cha-ra-se-ab').  A place  in  Afghan- 
istan, 10-12  miles  south  of  Kabul.  Here,  Oct. 
6,  1879,  the  British  under  General  (Sir)  Thomas 
Durand  Baker  defeated  the  Afghans. 

Charbar.  See  Chubar. 

Chareas  (char'kas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  south- 
ern Bolivia,  principally  in  the  highlands  of 
Ckuquisaca.  They  are  a branch  of  the  Aymara  or 
Colla  stock,  and  like  other  tribes  of  the  family  are  now 
partially  civilized  and  Christianized. 

Chareas  (char'kas).  A portion  of  the  old  vice- 
royalty  of  Peru,  nearly  corresponding  to  the 
modern  Bolivia.  It  was  formed  into  an  audiencia  in 
1559,  with  four  auditors  or  judges,  who  resided  at  Chu- 
quisaca  and  were  responsible  to  the  viceroy  at  Lima. 
The  desert  of  Atacama,  with  its  ports,  was  included  in 
Chareas,  and  it  extended  eastward  to  Paraguay  and  south- 
ward to  Tucuman.  Iu  1776  it  was  annexed  as  a province 
to  the  new  viceroyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Chareas  was 
also  called  LTpper  Peru. 

Charcot  (shar-ko'),  Jean  Martin.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  29.  1825 : died  Aug.  16,  1893.  A 
noted  French  physician . He  was  particularly  noted 
for  his  treatment  of  nervous  and  mental  diseases  and  for 
his  experiments  in  hypnotism  and  mental  suggestion  at 
the  Salpetritre,  where  he  founded  a clinic  for  nervous 
diseases  in  1880.  He  published  a number  of  works  on  the 
diseases  of  old  age,  insanity,  hysteria,  etc. 

Chardin,  Jean  Baptiste  Simeon.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  2,  1699:  died  there,  Dec.  6,  1779. 
A French  painter,  famous  for  his  work  in  still 
life.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Academy  in  1728. 
Charente  (sha-ront').  1.  A river  in  western 
France  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  14 
miles  south  of  La  Rochelle.  Length,  over  200 
miles. — 2.  A department  of  western  France, 
lying  between  Deux-Sbvres  and  Vienne  on  the 
north,  Haute-Vienne  on  the  east,  Dordogne  on 
the  east  and  south,  and  Ckarente-Inferieure 
on  the  south  and  west.  It  is  formed  chiefly  from 
the  ancient  Angoumois.  It  exports  brandy  (cognac),  etc. 
Capital,  Angouleme.  Area,  2,305  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 351,733. 

Charente-Inferieure  (sha-ront'  au-fa-re-er'). 
A department  in  western  France,  lying  be- 
tween Vendde  and  Deux-S6vres  on  the  north, 
Charente  and  Dordogne  on  the  east,  Gironde 
on  the  south,  and  the  river  Gironde  and  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west.  It  is  nearly  identical  with 
the  ancient  Saintonge  and  Aunis.  Capital,  La  Rochelle. 
Area,  2,791  square  miles.  Population,  453,793. 

Charenton-le-Pont  (sha-ron-ton'le-pon').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Marne  li  miles  southeast  of 
Paris.  Population,  commune,  18,372. 

Chares  (ka'rez).  [Gr.Xdp^f.]  DiedatSigeum  (?), 
in  Troas,  before  324  B.  c.  An  Athenian  gen- 
eral, prominent  in  the  wars  from  367-338  B.  c. 
Chares.  Born  at  Lindus,  Rhodes : lived  about 
290-280  B.  c.  A Rhodian  sculptor,  a pupil  of 
Lysippus  (see  Lysippus),  and  sculptor  of  the 
Colossus  of  Rhodes : the  founder  of  the  Rhodian 
school.  The  Colossus  of  Rhodes  was  made  to  com- 
memorate the  successful  defense  of  that  place  against 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes  in  304  B.  C.  Tt  required  12  years 
for  its  completion,  and  cost  $-170,000.  It  was  probably 
finished  before  280  B.  c.  It  represented  the  Rhodian  sun- 
god,  Helios;  was  over  105  feet  high  ; and  was  considered 
one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  Old  World.  Its  artistic 
qualities  are  unknown.  It  is  said  to  have  been  made 
from  the  engines  of  war  which  Demetrius  was  obliged 
to  abandon. 

Charette  de  la  Contrie  (shii-ret'  d6  lii  koh- 
tre'),  Frangois  Athanase.  Born  at  Couffd, 
Loire-Infdrieure,  France,  April  21,  1763  : died 
at  Nantes,  France,  March  29,  1796.  A leader 
of  the  Vendean  insurgents  against  the  French 


Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Romances 

republic.  He  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a force  of 
insurgents  in  1793 ; gained  a number  of  victories  over  the 
republicans  1793-94  ; signed  a treaty  of  peace,  Feb.  15, 
1795,  which  lie  soon  violated ; suffered  a decisive  defeat 
at  St.  Cyr,  March  25,  1796;  and,  being  taken  prisoner 
shortly  after,  was  executed  at  Nantes. 

Charford  (char 'ford).  A place  in  Hampshire, 
England,  on  the  Lower  Avon,  where  Cerdic  de- 
feated the  Britons  in  519:  identified  with  the 
ancient  Cerdicsford. 

Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade.  A poem  by 
Tennyson,  written  in  the  meter  of  Drayton’s 
“Battle  of  Agineourt.”  It  commemorates  the 
heroic  charge  at  Balaklava.  See  Light  Brigade. 
Chariclea  (kar-i-kle'a).  The  heroine  of  Helio- 
dorus’s  novel  “iEthiopica.”  See  Theagenes  and 
Chariclea. 

Charing  Cross  (char'ing  kros).  A cross  in 
memory  of  Queen  Eleanor,  erected  by  Edward  I., 
miles  west-southwest  of  St.  Paul’s,  London. 
It  was  demolished  by  the  Long  Parliament  in  1647.  A copy 
was  erected  by  the  South  Eastern  Railway  Company  in 
1865.  In  traveling  northward  to  join  her  husband  in 
Scotland,  Eleanor  was  Beized  with  a fever  at  Hardeby, 
near  Grantham  in  Lincolnshire,  and  died  there  Nov.  29, 
1290.  Edward  I.  followed  her  corpse  in  person  during  a 
thirteen  days’  progress  from  Grantham  to  Westminster 
Abbey ; and  wherever  the  royal  bier  rested,  at  the  end  of 
each  stage,  a memorial  cross  was  erected.  Thirteen  of 
these  monuments  once  existed ; those  of  Northampton 
and  Waltham  still  remain. 

Charioteer  or  Wagoner,  The.  See  Auriga. 
Charis  (ka ' ris).  [Gr.  Xaptg,  L.  Gratia , E. 
Grace.)  In  Greek  mythology,  the  personifica- 
tion of  grace  and  beauty:  also  regarded  as  a 
triad,  the  three  Charites.  See  Graces. 

In  the  Iliad  Charis  is  the  name  given  to  the  spouse  of 
Hephaestus  (383) : in  the  Odyssey,  according  to  a certain 
portion  of  it,  it  is  Aphrodite.  Moreover  Charis  seems  in 
the  latter  poem  to  have  multiplied  into  Charites  (known 
also  to  the  Hiad,  267),  and  these  have  further  subsided 
into  handmaids  to  Aphrodite  (Od.  504  and  194).  It  would 
therefore  appear  that  Hephaestus  in  the  Iliad  had  mar- 
ried one  who  was  the  handmaid  to  hisOdyssean  wife,  and 
the  Chorizontes  thought  the  relation  was  an  awkward 
one.  Geddes,  Problems  of  the  Homeric  Poems,  p.  54. 

Charisi  (cha-re'ze),  Judah  ben  Solomon.  A 

Jewish  poet  who  lived  in  the  13th  century  in 
Spain.  Among  his  works  most  known  are  his  50  Maka- 
mat  under  the  title  of  “ Tachkemoni  ” (“Wisdom  Town  ”), 
a Hebrew  counterpart  to  the  Arabic  poems  of  Hariri. 
Charite  (sha-re-ta'),  La.  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre,  France,  situated  on  the 
Loire  15  miles  north-northwest  of  Nevers. 
Population,  commune,  5,246. 

Charites  (kar'i-tez).  See  Charis  and  Graces. 
Charlton  (cliar'i-ton).  A river  in  southern 
Iowa  and  northern  Missouri,  which  joins  the 
Missouri  60  miles  northwest  of  Jefferson  City. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Chariton  of  Aphrodisias  (kar'i-ton  ov  af-ro- 
dis'i-as).  [Gr.  Xap'nuv .]  Probably  the  as- 
sumed name  of  the  Greek  author  of  the  romance 
“Chsereas  and  Callirrhoe”  (which  see).  Called 
Aphrodisiensis  (of  Aphrodisias). 

Charlatan  (shar-la-ton'),  Le.  A novel  by  Bal- 
zac, written  in  1830. 

Charlemagne  (char'le-man;  F.  pron.  sharl- 
many'),  or  Charles  the  Great.  [G.  Karl  der 
Grosse,  It.  Carlo  Magno,  ML.  Carolus  Magnus .] 
Born  at  Liege  (Ingelheim,  Aachen  (?),  Salzburg 
(Bavaria)?),  April  2,  742  or  747 : died  at  Aachen, 
Germany,  Jan.  28,  814.  A great  king  of  the 
Franks  and  emperor  of  the  Romans.  He  was  the 
son  of  Pepin  the  Short,  king  of  the  Franks,  on  whose 
death  in  768  he  acceded  to  the  throne  conjointly  with  a 
brother  Karlman.  He  usurped  the  entire  government  on 
the  death  of  the  latter  in  771.  In  772  he  began  a war 
against  the  Saxons,  the  most  notable  events  of  which 
were  the  storming  of  Eresburg,  the  destruction  of  the 
Irminsul,  the  May-field  at  Paderborn  (777),  and  the  sub- 
mission of  the  Saxon  leader  Wittekind  (785),  and  which  re- 
sulted in  804  in  the  complete  subjugation  and  Christian- 
ization of  Saxony.  In  773,  at  the  instance  of  the  Pope,  he 
made  war  upon  Desiderius,  king  ol  the  Lombards,  who 
had  occupied  the  Pentapolis  and  was  threatening  Rome. 
He  captured  the  Lombard  capital,  Pavia,  in  774,  and  the 
same  year  incorporated  the  kingdom  ol  the  Lombards 
with  that  of  the  Franks.  In  778  he  made  an  expedition 
against  the  Arabs  in  Spain,  which  terminated  in  the  de- 
struction of  the  Frankish  rear-guard  under  Roland  at 
Roncevaux.  He  subdued  Bavaria  in  788  ; conquered  the 
Avars  791-796  ; was  crowned  emperor  at  St.  Peter's,  Dec. 
. 25,  800 ; and  in  808-810  defeated  the  Danes,  whom  he  com- 
pelled to  retire  behind  the  Eider.  His  kingdom,  for  the 
protection  of  which  he  erected  in  the  border  districts  the 
so-called  marks  or  margravates,  extended  at  the  close  of 
his  reign  from  the  Ebro  to  the  Raab,  and  from  the  Eider 
to  the  Garigliano.  He  resided  chiefly  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
and  by  his  patronage  of  letters  attracted  to  his  court 
the  scholars  Eginhard,  Paul  Warnefried,  and  Alenin,  the 
last-mentioned  of  whom  wrote  an  account  of  his  life  en- 
titled “Vita Carol!  Magni.”  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  XIV. 

Charlemagne.  A tragedy  in  five  aets  by  Le- 
mercier,  first  played  at  the  Theatre  Frangais, 
June  27,  1816. 

Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Romances.  A series 
of  medieval  romances  having  Charlemagne  or 


Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Romances 

some  one  of  his  twelve  peers  or  paladins  as  a 
center.  The  Frankish  heroic  ballads  were  reduced  to 
writing  by  the  order  of  Charlemagne,  and  from  these  simi- 
lar ballads  were  written  about  himself  and  his  warriors. 
These  chansons  de  geste  were  arranged  as  cyclic  poems 
in  the  13th  century,  and  maybe  divided  into  three  groups  : 
the  “Geste  of  the  King"  (Charlemagne),  the  “Geste  of 
Provence  or  of  Garin  de  Moutglane,”  and  the  “Geste  of 
Doon  or  Doolin  of  Mayence.”  These  are  all  composed  of 
many  parts,  but  may  be  described,  as  a whole,  as  a mythi- 
cal history  of  Charlemagne,  his  peers,  and  the  wars  they 
undertook.  The  names  and  number  of  the  peers  vary, 
but  Roland  and  Oliver  are  included  in  each  of  the  series. 
About  890  a monk  of  St.  Gall  wrote  a chronicle  called  ‘ ‘ De 
Gestis  Karoli  Magni,"  and  another  was  written  by  Bene- 
dict, a monk  of  St.  Andre,  in  968.  “ The  Pseudo-Chronicle 
of  Turpin " was  constructed  from  the  chansons : it  was 
written  in  Latin  by  various  hands  from  1000  to  1150,  and 
was  believed  to  be  a genuine  history.  The  first  prose  ver- 
sion of  Carolingian  romance  was  the  “Reali  di  Francia  ” 
(“  Princes  of  France  ”),  written  in  Tuscan,  early  in  the  14th 
century.  The  first  printed  French  prose  version  of  the 
cycle  was  that  of  Bagnyon,  1478.  It  became  very  popular. 
The  chronicle  of  Turpin,  however,  was  reduced  to  prose 
early  in  the  13th  century.  Among  these  romances  are 
“Fierabras,”  “Garin  de  liontglane”  (“Guerin  de  Mont- 
glave "),  “Galien  le Rhetord,”  “ Milles  et  Amys  ” (“Amiles 
et  Amys”),  “Ogier  le  Danois,”  “Doon  or  Doolin  of  May- 
ence,” “ Quatre  Filz  Aymon  ” (‘Four  Sons  of  Aymon ’), 
“Maugis  d’  Aigremont,"  ' iiuon  of  Bordeaux,"  and  others 
of  widely  diifering  dates. 

Charlemont  (sharl-mon/)-  A fortress  on  tlie 
Belgian  frontier,  near  Givet,  Ardennes,  France. 
See  Givet. 

Charlemont,  Viscount  and  Earl  of.  See 

Caulfield. 

Charleroi  (shar-le-rwa').  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Sam- 
bre  31  miles  south  of  Brussels,  it  is  the  center 
of  a coal-  and  iron-mining  district,  and  has  manufactures 
of  iron,  glass,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important  indus- 
trial towns  in  Belgium.  It  was  fortified  by  Vauban.  In 
l<y4  it  was  captured  by  the  French.  Population, 
27.396. 

Charles  (eharlz)  I.  [L.  Carolus,  F.  Charles,  It. 
Carlo,  Sp.  Pg.  Carlos,  G.  Karl.  Seo  Carl.']  Born 
at  Dunfermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  19,  1600 : died 
at  London,  Jan.  30,  1649.  A king  of  England, 
second  son  of  James  I.  He  became  prince  of 
Wales  in  1616,  and  in  1623,  accompanied  by  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham,  presented  in  person  an  ineffectual  suit  at 
the  court  of  Madrid  for  the  hand  of  the  infanta  Maria. 
He  acceded  to  the  tluone  on  the  death  of  his  father  in 
1625,  and  in  the  same  year  married  Henrietta  Maria  of 
France.  He  retained  in  office  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
his  father’s  unpopular  minister,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  became  involved  in  a dispute  with  Parliamentamount- 
ing  in  substance  to  a question  of  sovereignty.  He  granted 
the  Petition  of  Right,  June  7, 1628.  On  the  assassination 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  in  August  following,  he 
made  Laud  and  Wentworth  his  chief  advisers.  He  gov- 
erned without  Parliament  from  1629  to  1040,  meeting  the 
expenses  of  government  by  forced  loans,  poundage  and 
tonnage,  ship-money,  and  other  extraordinary  means  of 
revenue.  His  ecclesiastical  policy,  which  looked,  among 
other  things,  to  the  introduction  of  the  Episcopal  liturgy 
in  Scotland,  provoked  the  adoption  by  the  Scots  of  the 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  Feb.  28, 1638,  and  the  out- 
break of  a civil  war,  which  terminated  without  a battle 
in  the  Pacification  of  Dunse  or  Berwick,  June  18,  1639. 
The  war  having  broken  out  anew  in  1610,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  summon  Parliament,  which  met  Nov.  3,  1640. 
This  Parliament,  the  so-called  Long  Parliament,  impeached 
Laud  and  Wentworth  (who  had  been  created  Earl  of 
Strafford),  and  proceeded  to  the  redress  of  grievances. 
The  House  of  Commons  having  ordered  the  publication 
of  the  Grand  Remonstrance,  Dec.  14,  1611,  he  replied  by 
impeaching  and  attempting  to  arrest  (Jan.  4, 1642)  five  of 
the  Parliamentary  leaders,  failing  in  which  he  left  Lon- 
don, Jan.  10,  1642.  He  raised  the  royal  standard  at  Not- 
tingham, Aug.  22, 1642;  suffered  a decisive  defeat  at  the 
hands  of  the  Parliamentary  forces  under  Fairfax  at  Nase- 
by,  June  14,  1615  ; delivered  himself  to  the  Scottish  army 
at  Newark,  May  5, 1646 ; was  surrendered  to  Parliament, 
Jan.  30,  1647  ; was  tried  for  treason,  Jan.  20-27,  1649,  and 
was  executed  at  Whitehall.  See  Stuart. 

Charles  II.  Born  at  St.  James’s  Palace,  Lon- 
don, May  29, 1630 : died  at  St.  James’s,  Feb.  6, 
1685.  A king  of  England,  son  of  Charles  I. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Royalist  forces 
in  the  western  counties  of  England  in  the  civil  war,  and 
after  the  decisive  victory  of  the  Parliamentary  army  at 
Naseby  left  England  March  2, 1646,  living  during  his  exile 
chiefly  in  France  and  Holland.  He  was  proclaimed  king 
at  Edinburgh  Feb.  5, 1649 ; arrived  in  the  Firth  of  Cro- 
marty June  16,  1650 ; was  crowned  at  Scone  Jan.  1, 1651 ; 
was  totally  defeated  by  Cromwell  at  Worcester  Sept.  3, 
1651;  and  escaped,  after  numerous  adventures,  to F6camp, 
Normandy,  Oct.  16, 1651.  Owing  to  the  influence  of  Gen- 
eral Monk,  he  was  proclaimed  king  at  Westminster  May 
8, 1660 ; entered  London  May  29, 1660 ; and  was  crowned 
April  23, 166L  He  married  Catherine  bf  Braganza  May 
20, 1662.  He  assented  at  his  restoration  to  the  abolition 
of  the  feudal  rights  of  knight  service,  wardship,  and  pur- 
veyance, in  consideration  of  a yearly  income  to  the  crown 
of  £1,200,000,  and  to  an  act  of  indemnity  for  all  political 
offenses  committed  between  Jan.  1,  1637,  and  June  24, 
1660,  from  the  operation  of  which  act,  however,  the  regi- 
cides were  excluded. 

Charles  I.,  surnamed  “The  Great.”  See  Charle- 
magne. 

Charles  (eharlz;  F.  pron.  sharl)  II.,  surnamed 
“ The  Bald  ” (F.  le  Chauve,  G.  derKahle).  Born 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  June  13,  823 : died 
near  Mont  Cenis,  Alps,  Oct.  6,  877.  King  of 
France  and  emperor  of  the  Romans,  younger 


236 

son  of  Louis  le  Debonnaire : as  king  of  France, 
reckoned  as  Charles  I.  Louis  died  in  840,  after  di- 
viding his  empire  among  his  sons  Lothaire,  Louis,  and 
Charles,  the  last  of  whom  received  all  of  France  lying 
west  of  the  Rhone.  Lothaire  having  claimed  the  preemi- 
nence, his  brothers  united  against  him,  defeated  him  at 
FontenayJune  25, 841,  and  compelled  him  to  accept  the 
treaty  of  Verdun,  concluded  in  Aug.,  843.  In  875,  on 
the  death  of  Louis  II.  of  Italy  without  issue,  Charles  in- 
vaded Italy,  and  after  defeating  the  army  of  his  brother 
Louis,  the  rightful  heir  of  Louis  II.,  was  crowned  emperor 
by  Pope  John  VIII.  at  Rome  Dec.  25,  875.  During  his 
reign  France  was  ravaged  by  the  Normans,  who  sacked 
Bordeaux,  Tours,  Rouen,  Orleans,  and  other  cities,  includ- 
ing some  quarters  of  Paris. 

Charles  III.,  surnamed  “ The  Fat”  (F.  le 
Gros,  G.  der  Dicke).  Boru  839:  died  at  Nei- 
dingen,  Swabia,  Jan.  13,  888.  King  of  France 
and  emperor  of  the  Romans,  son  of  Louis  the 
German : as  king  of  France,  reckoned  as  Charles 
n.  Louis  died  876,  after  dividing  his  kingdom  among 
his  sons  Carloman,  Louis,  and  Charles.  His  brothers  dy- 
ing without  lawful  issue,  Charles  inherited  their  portions. 
He  was  crowned  emperor  in  881,  and  in  885  became  king 
or  regent  of  France,  whose  heir,  Charles  the  Simple,  was  a 
minor.  In  Sept.,  886,  he  concluded  a humiliating  treaty 
with  the  Northmen  at  Paris.  He  was  deposed  by  Arnuif 
of  Carinthia  in  887. 

Charles  III.,  surnamed  “ The  Simple”  (F.  le 
Simple,  or  le  Sot).  Born  Sept.  17,  879:  died  at 
Peronne,  France,  Oct.  7, 929.  A king  of  France, 
son  of  Louis  “the  Stammerer.”  He  was  crowned 
in  893  by  his  partizans  in  opposition  to  Eudes,  who  had 
been  elected  king  by  the  nobles  in  888  during  his  minority ; 
and  on  the  death  of  the  latter  in  898  became  sole  king. 
In  911  he  ceded  Normandy  to  Rollo. 

Charle3  IV.,  surnamed  “ The  Fair”  (F.  le 
Bel).  Bora  1294:  died  at  Vincennes,  near 
Paris,  1328.  A king  of  France,  youngest  son 
of  Philip  “the  Fair.”  He  reigned  1322-28.  His  sister 
Isabella  was  married  to  Edward  II.  of  England,  with  whom 
he  was  at  war  concerning  the  homage  for  the  duchy  of 
Guienne.  Isabella  having  been  sent  to  France  to  nego- 
tiate the  question,  he  permitted  her  to  perfect  prepara- 
tions for  the  dethronement  of  Edward. 

Charles  V.,  surnamed  “The  Wise”  (F.  le 
Sage).  Bom  at  Vincennes,  near  Paris,  Jan.  21, 
1337 : died  at  Vincennes,  Sept.  16,  1380.  King 
of  France,  son  of  Johu  II.  He  reigned  1364-80.  He 
was  lieutenant-general  or  regent  of  France,  1356-60,  dur- 
ing the  captivity  of  his  father  in  England.  During  his 
reign  France  recovered  nearly  all  the  territory  that  had 
been  conquered  by  Edward  III.,  except  Calais  and  Bor- 
deaux. He  was  a patron  of  learning,  and  founded  the 
Royal  Library  of  Paris. 

Charles  VI.,  surnamed  “The  Well-Beloved” 
(F .le  Bien-Aime).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec. 3,  1368: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  21, 1422.  King  of  France, 
son  of  Charles  V.  He  reigned  1380-1422.  Being  a 
minor  at  his  accession,  the  regency  was  conducted  by  his 
uncles  the  dukes  of  Anjou,  Burgundy,  and  Berry.  He  de- 
feated the  Flemings  under  Philip  van  Artevelde  at  Rose- 
becque  Nov.  27,  1382.  In  1388  he  assumed  the  govern- 
ment. Becoming  deranged  in  1392,  a dispute  for  power 
arose  between  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  and  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans, the  king’s  brother.  The  ascendancy  was  gained  by 
the  former,  who  died  1404.  His  son  Jean  procured  the 
murder  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (1407),  which  provoked  civil 
war,  the  so-called  war  of  the  Burgundians  and  Armagnacs. 
Henry  V.  of  England  invaded  the  country,  and  Oct.  25, 
1415,  defeated  the  French  at  Agincourt.  Supported  by 
Queen  Isabella,  the  Burgundians  concluded  at  Troye3 
May  21, 1420,  atreaty  withHenry  V.,  according  to  which  he 
was  to  be  king  of  France  on  the  death  of  Charles. 

Charles  VII.,  surnamed.  “The  Victorious”  (F. 
le  Victorieux).  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  22,  1403: 
died  at  Mehun-sur-Yevre,  near  Bourges,  France, 
July  22, 1481.  King  of  France,  sou  of  Charles 
VI.  He  reigned  1422-61.  At  his  accession  he  found  a 
rival  in  Henry  VI.  of  England,  who  claimed  the  throne  by 
virtue  of  the  treaty  of  Troyes  (see  the  preceding  article). 
The  English  were  masters  of  the  country  north  of  the 
Loire,  including  the  capital,  and  in  1428  invested  Orleans, 
which  was  delivered  by  Joan  of  Arc  in  1429.  He  was 
crowned  atRheims  in  1429,  and  entered  Paris  in  1437.  He 
effected  a reconciliation  between  the  Armagnac  and  Bur- 
gundian factions,  and  regained  all  of  France  from  the 
English,  except  Calais. 

Charles  VIII.  Bom  at  Amboise,  France,  June 
30,  1470 : died  at  Amboise,  April  7, 1498.  King 
of  France,  son  of  Lonis  XI.  He  reigned  1483-98. 
He  invaded  Italy  in  1494  with  a view  to  conquering  Na- 
ples, which  he  entered  1495.  Ferdinand  of  Aragon, 
Maximilian,  and  the  Italian  powers  having  united  against 
him,  he  left  the  Duke  of  Montpensier  with  a strong  force 
in  Naples  and  returned  to  France  with  the  remainder  of 
his  army,  defeating  on  the  way  the  numerically  superior 
allies  at  Fornuovo,  July  6,  1495.  The  French  were  soon 
after  expelled  from  Naples  by  the  Spaniards. 

Charles  IX.  Born  at  St.  Germain-en-Laye, 
near  Paris,  June  27,  1550:  died  at  Vincennes, 
near  Paris,  May  30,  1574.  King  of  France,  the 
second  son  of  Henry  II.  He  reigned  1560-74.  Being 
a minor  at  his  accession,  he  was  placed  under  the  regency 
of  his  mother,  Catharine  de’  Medici.  He  was  declared 
of  age  in  1563,  but  the  policy  of  the  government  contin- 
ued to  be  dictated  by  his  mother,  under  whose  influence 
he  consented  to  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Aug.  24, 
1572. 

Charles  X.  Born  at  Versailles,  France,  Oct.  9, 
1757 : died  at  Gorz,  Austria,  Nov.  6, 1836.  King 
of  France  1824-30,  younger  brother  of  Louis 


Charles  I.  or  VII. 

XVHI.  He  received  at  birth  the  name  of  Charles  Philippe 
and  the  title  of  Comte  d’Artois.  He  joined  the  royalist 
emigration  of  1789.  In  1795,  having  obtained  ships  and 
men  from  England,  he  commanded  an  expedition  which 
was  to  land  on  the  coast  of  Brittany  and  join  the  Vendean 
chief  Charette,  but  which  resulted  in  failure  through  the 
cowardice  of  its  leader,  who  did  not  venture  to  attempt  a 
landing.  He  entered  Paris  with  the  Allies  in  April,  1814, 
and  Sept.  16,  1824,  succeeded  his  brother  Louis  XVIII. 
His  government,  whose  policy  was  dictated  by  the  eccle- 
siastical party,  became  extremely  unpopular.  After  the 
defeat  of  the  ministries  of  Villele  and  Martignac  the  king 
formed  an  extreme  royalist  ministry  under  the  Prince 
de  Polignac,  Aug.  8,  1829.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies 
voted  in  March,  1830,  an  address  hostile  to  the  ministers, 
who,  appealing  to  the  country,  were  defeated.  Resolving 
on  a coup  d’etat,  the  king  and  ministry  issued,  July  26, 
1830,  a body  of  ordinances  which  restricted  the  freedom 
of  the  press,  established  a new  mode  of  election,  and  de- 
clared the  recent  elections  illegal.  As  a consequence  the 
so-called  July  revolution,  which  lasted  from  July  27-29, 
broke  out,  in  the  course  of  which  Charles  was  expelled 
from  the  throne. 

Charles  IV.  Born  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  May  14, 
1316:  died  at  Prague,  Nov.  29, 1378.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  John  of 
Luxemburg,  king  of  Bohemia.  He  reigned 
1347-78,  and  published  the  Golden  Bull  (which 
see)  in  1356. 

Charles  V.  Born  at  Ghent,  Flanders,  Feb.  24, 
1500:  died  at  Yuste,  near  Placencia,  Estrema- 
dura,  Spain,  Sept.  21, 1558.  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.  He  was  the  son  of  Philip  of  Bur- 
gundy by  Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and 
was  the  grandson  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  He  be- 
came king  of  Spain  (as  Charles  I.)  in  1516,  was  elected 
emperor  in  1519,  and  was  crowned  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  in 
1520.  He  attended  the  diet  at  Worms  1521,  defeated 
Francis  I.  at  Pavia  15  5.  concluded  (with  him)  the  peace 
of  Cambray  152  ),  held  the  diet  at  Augsburg  1533,  conquered 
Tunis  1535,  made  a fruitless  invasion  of  Provence  in  1536- 
1537,  conducted  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Al- 
giers in  1541,  concluded  with  Francis  I.  of  France  the 
peace  of  Crespy  in  1.544,  defeated  the  forces  of  the  Smal- 
kaldie  League  at  Muhlberg  in  1547,  was  attacked  by  Mau- 
rice of  Saxony  1551,  and  forced  to  conclude  the  convention 
of  Passau  in  1552,  and  concluded  with  the  Protestants  the 
peace  of  Augsburg  in  1555.  He  abdicated  the  government 
of  the  Netherlands  (1555)  and  of  Spain  (1556)  in  favor  of 
his  son,  Philip  II.,  and  that  of  Germany  (1556)  in  favor  of 
his  brother,  Ferdinand  I.,  to  whom  at  the  beginning  of  his 
reign  he  had  relinquished  the  sole  sovereignty  over  the 
hereditary  Austrian  dominions,  and  who  had  inaugurated 
Hapsburg  rule  in  Bohemia  and  Hungary.  In  the  reign  of 
Charles  V.  the  Spaniards  conquered  Mexico  and  Peru. 
He  subsequently  lived  in  the  monastery  of  Yuste  in 
Spain.  The  portraits  of  this  emperor  are : (a)  A portrait 
by  Titian  (15,8),  in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  (6) 
A famous  portrait  by  Titian  (1533),  in  the  Royal  Museum 
at  Madrid,  (c)  An  equestrian  portrait  by  Titian,  in  the 
Royal  Museum  at  Madrid.  This  is  held  by  many  to  be 
the  finest  portrait  ever  painted.  ( d ) A portrait  by  Titian, 
in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Madrid.  The  emperor  is  por- 
trayed in  his  privacy,  with  the  marks  of  illness  and  care 
on  his  face. 

Charles  VI.  Bom  Oct.  1, 1685:  died  at  Vienna, 
Oct.  20,  1740.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire,  son  of  Leopold  I.  He  reigned  1711-40.  He 
issued  his  pragmatic  sanction  (which  see)  in  1713,  and 
was  pretender  to  the  throne  of  Spain  (as  Charles  III. : see 
Spanish  Succession,  War  of)  1700-14. 

Charles  VII.  (Karl  Albrecht).  Born  at  Brus- 
sels, Aug.  6,  1697:  died  at  Munich,  Jan.  20, 
1745.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son 
of  Maximilian  Emmanuel,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1726.  a claimant  of  the 
Austrian  inheritance,  he  participated  in  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession,  which  broke  out  in  1740,  was  pro- 
claimed king  of  Bohemia  in  1741,  and  was  crowned  em- 
peror in  1742.  He  died  during  the  war. 

Charles  I.  Born  April  20,  1839.  King  of  Ru- 
mania, son  of  the  Prince  of  Hohenzollern.  He 
was  elected  prince  of  Rumania  in  1866,  and 
proclaimed  king  in  1881. 

Charles  I.,  king  of  Spain.  See  Charles  V.,  em- 
peror. 

Charles  II.  Born  Nov.  6,  1661:  died  Nov.  1, 
1700.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip  IV.  He 
reigned  1665-1700.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Hapsburg  line 
in  Spain,  and  his  death  was  the  signal  forthe  outbreak  of 
the  so-called  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  See  Spanish 
Sxtccession,  War  of. 

Charles  III.  Bom  Jan.  20,  1716:  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Dec.  14, 1788.  King  of  Spain,  second  son  of 
Philip  V.  He  was  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies  1735-59,  and 
king  of  Spain  1759-88.  He  sided  with  France  in  the 
Seven  Years’ War  and  in  the  American  war  of  indepen- 
dence. In  1767  he  expelled  the  Jesuits  from  Spain  and 
all  its  dependencies. 

Charles  IV.  Born  at  Naples,  Nov.  12,  1748: 
died  in  Italy,  Jan.  19, 1819.  King  of  Spain,  son 
of  Charles  III.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1788. 

He  was  completely  under  the  influence  of  his  wife,  Maria 
Louisa  Theresa  of  Parma,  who  in  1792  elevated  her  favor- 
ite Godoy  to  t lie  post  of  prime  minister.  A revolution 
having  been  provoked  by  the  incompetence  of  the  minis- 
ter, Napoleon  embraced  the  opportunity  to  expel  in  1808 
the  house  of  Bourbon  from  Spain. 

Charles  I.  or  VII.  (Swerkerson).  Died  1167 
(1168?).  King  of  Sweden.  He  succeeded  his  father, 
Swerker  I.,  asking  of  Gothland  in  1155,  and  in  1161  assumed 
the  government  of  Sweden  also.  The  primacy  of  I psahi 


Charles  I.  or  VII. 

was  established  in  his  reign  (1164).  Although  the  first 
historical  Swedish  king  of  the  name  of  Charles,  he  is  com- 
monly styled  the  seventh,  in  accordance  with  the  Swedish 
chronicler  Johan  Magnus,  who  inserts  six  mythical  kings 
of  that  name  before  him. 

Charles  VIII.  (Knutsson).  Born  1409:  died 
1470.  King  of  Sweden,  elected  in  1448.  He  was 

occupied  in  almost  continuous  warfare  against  the  Danes, 
by  whom  he  was  twice  expelled  from  the  government. 

Charles  IX.  Born  Oct.  4,  1550 : died  at  Nyko- 
ping,  Sweden,  Oct.  30, 1611.  King  of  Sweden, 
fourth  son  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  He  reigned 
1604-11. 

Charles  X.  Gustavus.  Born  at  Nykoping, 
Sweden,  Nov.  8,  1622:  died  at  Gothenburg, 
Sweden,  Feb.  13,  1660.  King  of  Sweden,  a 
cousin  of  Queen  Christina.  He  reigned  1654-60; 
defeated  the  Poles  near  Warsaw  in  1656;  invaded  Den- 
mark in  1658 ; and  unsuccessfully  besieged  Copenhagen 
1658-50. 

Charles  XI.  Born  Nov.  24,  1655:  died  at 
Stockholm,  April  5,  1697.  King  of  Sweden,  son 
of  Charles  X. : reigned  1660-97. 

Charles  XII.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  June  27, 
1682:  killed  at  Frederikshald,  Norway,  Dec. 
11,  1718.  A celebrated  king  of  Sweden,  son  of 
Charles  XL  He  reigned  1697-1718 ; invaded  Denmark 
in  1700 ; defeated  the  Russians  at  Narva,  Nov.  30, 1700 ; de- 
feated the  Saxons  and  Poles  1701-06;  was  defeated  by 
Peter  the  Great  at  Pultowa,  July  8,  1709  ; escaped  into 
Turkey,  1709  ; and  returned  to  Sweden  in  1714. 

Charles  XIII.  Bom  Oct.  7, 1748 : died  Feb.  5, 
1818.  King  of  Sweden  (1809-18)  and  Norway, 
second  son  of  Adolphus  Frederick.  He  took  part 
in  the  revolution  of  1772  ; was  regent  1792-96;  and  became 
king  of  Norway  in  1814. 

Charles  XIV.  John  (originally  Jean  Baptiste 
Jules  Bernadotte).  Born  at  Pau,  France, 
Jan.  26, 1763:  died  at  Stockholm,  March  8, 1844. 
King  of  Sweden  and  Norway  1818-44.  He  was  a 
French  general  1794-1809  ; was  French  minister  of  war  in 
1799 ; became  a marshal  of  France  in  1804 ; served  with 
distinction  at  Austerlitz  in  1805 ; was  elected  crown 
prince  of  Sweden  in  1810 ; and  commanded  the  “ army  of 
the  North  ” against  Napoleon  in  1813. 

Charles  XV.  Born  at  Stockholm,  May  3, 1826: 
died  at  Mahno,  Sweden,  Sept.  18,  1872.  King 
of  Sweden  and  Norway,  son  of  Oscar  I.  He 
reigned  1859-72. 

Charles  I.  Frederick  Alexander.  Born  at 
Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  March  6,  1823 : died 
Oct.  6,  1891.  King  of  Wiirtemberg.  He  succeeded 
his  father  (William  I.)  in  1864.  He  sided  with  Austria  in 
1866,  and  with  Prussia  1870-71.  He  joined  the  new  Ger- 
man Empire  in  1871. 

Charles  I.  (of  Anjou).  Born  1220 : died  at  Fog- 
gia,  Italy,  1285.  King  of  Naples  and  Sicily, 
brother  of  Louis  IX.  of  France.  At  the  invitation 
of  the  Pope  he  attacked  Manfred,  king  of  Naples,  who  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  the  battle  of  Benevento,  Feb.  26, 
1266,  and  ascended  his  throne.  He  defeated  and  captured 
on  Lago  di  Gelano,  between  Scurcola  and  Tagliacozzo,  Aug. 
23,  1268,  Conradin,  who  claimed  Naples  as  the  son  and 
heir  of  Conrad  IV.  His  tyranny  and  extortion  provoked 
a rebellion  in  Sicily  (see  Sicilian  Vespers ) in  1282,  which 
cost  him  that  island. 

Charles  III.  (of  Durazzo).  Born  1345:  died 
at  iiuda,  Hungary,  1386,  A king  of  Naples. 
Instigated  by  Pope  Urban  VI.,  he  attacked  Joanna  I., 
queen  of  Naples,  whom  he  put  to  death,  and  whose  throne 
he  ascended  1382.  He  was  chosen  king  of  Hungary  1385, 
and  was  killed  at  Buda  in  the  following  year. 

Charles  II.,  sumamed  “ The  Bad”  (F.  le  Mau- 
vais).  Born  1332 : died  1387.  King  of  Navarre 
1349-87. 

Charles,  Archduke  of  Austria.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Sept.  5,  1771:  died  April  30,  1847.  Au 
Austrian  general,  third  son  of  the  German  em- 
peror Leopold  H.  He  was  distinguished  as  com- 
manderof  the  Rhine  armies,  1796  and  1799;  defeated  Mas- 
sbna  at  Caldiero  in  18J5 ; defeated  Napoleon  at  Aspern, 
May,  1809 ; and  was  defeated  by  him  at  Wagram,  July  5-6, 
1809. 

Charles,  G.  Karl  Theodor  Maximilian  Au- 
gust, Prince  of  Bavaria.  Born  at  Munich, 
July  7,  1795:  died  near  Tegernsee,  Bavaria, 
Aug.  16, 1875.  A Bavarian  general,  son  of  King 
Maximilian  I.  He  was  commander  of  the  Ba- 
varian contingent  in  1866. 

Charles, surnamed  “The  Bold ” (F.  Ic  Tcmeraire). 
Born  at  Dijon,  France,  Nov.  10,  1433 : killed  at 
Nancy,  France,  Jan.  5,  1477.  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy 1467-77,  son  of  Philip  the  Good.  He  was 
called  at  first  Comte  de  Charolais.  He  conquered  Lor- 
raine in  1475  • and  was  defeated  by  the  Swiss  at  Grandson 
March  2,  1476,  at  Morat  Juno  22,  1476,  and  at  Nancy  Jan. 
5,  1477. 

Charles  V.,  Leopold.  Born  at  Vienna,  April 
3,  1643 : died  at  Weis,  Austria,  April  18,  1690. 
An  Austrian  general,  titular  duke  of  Lorraine. 
He  was  distinguished  at  the  relief  of  Vienna  in  1683,  and 
defeated  the  Turks  at  llars&ny  (or  Mollies)  in  1687. 

Charles,  Mrs.  Andrew  (Elizabeth  Bundle). 

Born  about.  1826 : died  March  29, 1896.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  general  writer.  Her  works  include 
“Chronicles  of  the  Scnilnberg-Cotta  Family"  (1863),  “Diary 


237 

of  Mrs.  Kitty  Trevylyan  ” (1864),  “ Draytons  and  Dave- 
nants"  (1866),  “Winifred  Bertram"  (1866),  “Against  the 
Stream  ’’  (1873),  “ Lapsed  but  not  Lost  ’’  (1881),  etc. 

Charles.  A wrestler  in  Shakspere’s  “As  you 
Like  it.” 

Charles.  A river  in  Worcester,  Middlesex,  and 
Norfolk  counties,  Massachusetts,  which  flows 
into  Boston  Harbor  at  Boston  (separating  Cam- 
bridge). Length,  about  75  miles. 

Charles  Albert.  Born  Oct.,  1798:  died  at 
Oporto,  Portugal,  July  28,  1849.  King  of  Sar- 
dinia 1831^9.  He  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
movement  for  Italian  independence  in  1848,  was  defeated 
by  the  Austrians  at  Custozza  in  the  same  year,  and  abdi- 
cated after  his  decisive  defeat  at  Novara,  March  23,  1849. 

Charles  Augustus.  Born  Sept.  3,  1757 : died 
at  Graditz,  near  Torgau,  Prussia,  June  14, 
1828.  Grand  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 
He  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  in  1775 ; belonged  to  the 
confederacy  of  the  Rhine  1806-13  ; and  was  created  grand 
duke  in  1815.  He  formed  the  friendship  of  Goethe  in  1775. 

Charles  de  Blois  (sbarl  de  blwa),  or  de  Cha- 

tillon  (de  sha-te-yon').  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Auray,  1364.  Duke  of  Brittany,  nephew  of 
Philip  VI.  of  France,  and  claimant  to  the 
duchy  of  Brittany. 

Charles  Edward  Louis  Philip  Casimir, 

surnamed  “The  Young  Pretender.”  Born  at 
Rome,  Dec.  31,  1720 : died  at  Rome,  Jan.  31, 
1788.  The  eldest  son  of  the  Chevalier  de  St. 
George  (called  James  IH.  by  his  Jacobite  par- 
tizans)  and  Princess  Clementine,  daughter  of 
Prince  James  Sobieski.  He  sailed  for  Scotland 
July  13,  1745,  to  head  an  insurrection  fur  the  recovery 
of  the  British  crown  for  his  father,  and  landed  in  the 
Hebrides  Aug.  2.  The  Highlanders  flocked  to  his  stan- 
dard, and  lie  marched  to  Edinburgh,  defeated  the  forces 
sent  against  him  at  Prestonpans,  captured  Carlisle,  and 
marched  upon  London ; but  after  reaching  Derby  he  was 
forced  to  retreat,  and  was  utterly  routed  at  Culloden, 
April  16,  1746. 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.,  surnamed  “ The  Great.” 
Born  at  Rivoli,  Italy,  Jan.  12,  1562 : died  at 
Savigliano,  Piedmont,  July  26,  1630.  Duke  of 
Savoy  1580-1630.  He  acquired  Saluzzo  in  1601. 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.  (Charles  Emmanuel  III., 
Duke  of  Savoy).  Born  at  Turin,  April  27, 1701 : 
died  Feb.  19,  1773.  King  of  Sardinia  1730-73 : 
as  Duke  of  Savoy,  Charles  Emmanuel  III.  He 
defeated  the  Austrians  at  Guastalla,  1734. 

Charles  Emmanuel  II.  Born  May  24, 1751 : 
died  at  Rome,  Oct.  6,  1819.  King  of  Sardinia. 
He  ascended  the  throne  Oct.  16, 1796,  and  abdi- 
cated June  4, 1802. 

Charles  Grandison  (charlz  gran'di-son),  Sir. 
A novel  by  Samuel  Richardson,  published  in 
1753.  See  Grandison,  Sir  Charles. 

Charles  Martel  (mar-tel')  (“The  Hammer”). 
Born  about  690 : died  at  Quierzy-sur-Oise, 
France,  Oct.  22,  741.  Duke  of  Australia,  son 
of  Pdpin  d’Hdristal.  He  became  mayor  of  the  pal- 
ace  in  719,  and  defeated  the  Saracens  between  Poitiers  and 
Tours  in  732. 

Charles  Robert.  King  of  Hungary  from  about 
1309  till  1342.  He  belonged  to  the  house  of 
Anjou. 

Charles  City  Cross  Roads.  See  Fray  set’s  Farm. 

Charleston  (chariz'ton).  A seaport,  capital 
of  Charleston  County,  South  Carolina,  situated 
on  a peninsula  between  the  Ashley  and  Cooper 
rivers,  in  lat.  32°  46'  N.,  long.  79°  56'  W. 
It  has  a large  harbor  (defendei  by  Forts  Sumter,  Moul- 
trie, and  Castle  Pinckney),  and  is  one  of  the  chief  com- 
mercial cities  of  the  South.  It  exports  cotton,  rice, 
lumber,  naval  stores,  fertilizers,  etc.  It  was  founded 
in  1680.  A British  attack  on  Sullivan's  Island  was  re- 
pulsed by  Moultrie  June  28,  1776.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
attacked  in  1779,  and  was  besieged  by  Clinton  and  taken 
in  May,  1780.  Charleston  was  the  center  of  the  nullifica- 
tion movement  of  1832-33.  It  was  the  place  of  meeting  of 
the  Democratic  National  Convention  of  1860.  The  Seces- 
sion Ordinance  was  passed  here  Dec.  20,  1S60,  and  the 
bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter,  April  12,  1861,  by  tile  Con- 
federates began  the  Civil  War.  (See  Fort  Sumter.)  The 
town  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates  Feb.  17,  1865. 
It  was  visited  by  an  earthquake  Aug.  31,  1886.  Popula- 
tion, 58,833,  (1910). 

Charleston,  sometimes  called  Kanawha  (ka- 
na'wa).  The  capital  of  West  Virginia  and 
of  Kanawha  County,  situated  on  the  Great 
Kanawha  River  44  miles  from  its  mouth.  It 
has  extensive  salt-works  and  coal-mines. 
Population,  22,996,  (1910). 

Charlestown  (charlz' toun).  A former  city, 
now  the  Charlestown  district  of  Boston,  sepa- 
rated from  Boston  by  the  Charles  River,  it 
contains  the  State  prison,  a United  States  navy-yard,  and 
BunkerHill  monument.  Itwasscttledin  1629, was  burned 
by  the  British  June  17,  1775,  and  was  incorporated  with 
Boston  in  1874. 

Charles  Town.  The  capital  of  Jefferson  Coun- 
ty, West  Virginia,  8 miles  southwest  of  Har- 
per’s Ferry,  and  53  miles  northwest  of  Wash- 
ington. .John  Brown  was  executed  here,  Dec. 
2,  1859.  Population,  2,662,  (1910). 


Charlottesville 

Charleville  (shar-le-vel').  A manufacturing 
town  in  the  department  of  Ardennes,  France, 
situated  on  the  Meuse  1 mile  north  of  M6- 
zieres,  and  practically  a part  of  that  town. 
Population,  commune,  20,702. 

Charlevoix  (shar-le-vwa/),  Pierre  Francois 
Xavier  de.  Bom  at  Saint  Quentin,  France, 
Oct.  29,  1682:  died  at  La  Fleche,  France,  Feb. 
1, 1761.  A French  Jesuit  missionary  and  his- 
torian. In  1720  he  visited  the  missions  of  Canada, 
where  he  traveled  extensively.  Descending  the  Missis- 
sippi in  1721,  he  went  from  Louisiana  to  Santo  Domingo, 
returning  to  France  in  Dec.,  1722.  He  subsequently  trav- 
eled in  Italy.  His  “ Histoire  de  laNouvelle  France"  con- 
tains the  account  of  his  voyages  and  a history  of  the  Cana- 
dian and  Louisiana  missions.  He  also  wrote  well-known 
historical  works  on  Santo  Domingo,  Paraguay,  and  Japan. 
Charlies  (ehar'liz).  A nickname  given  to  the 
night-watchmen  of  London  about  1640,  from 
King  Charles  I., who  improved  the  police  system. 
Charlieu  (shar-lye').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire,  France,  41  miles  northwest  of 
Lyons.  Population,  commune,  5,008. 
Charlotte  (shar'lot).  [F.  Charlotte,  It.  Carlotta, 
Sp.  Pg.  Carlota,  G.  Charlotte;  from  Charles.'] 
1.  In  Fielding’s  “Mock  Doctor,”  the  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Jasper,  who  pretends  to  be  dumb  to 
avoid  a marriage  with  Dapper.  Her  prototype 
in  Moliere’s  “ Medecin  Malgre  Lui”is  called 
Lucinde. — 2.  In  Bickerstafte’s  “Hypocrite,”  a 
lively,  giddy  girl  who  finally  marries  Darnley, 
though  she  has  been  promised  to  Cantwell 
the  Hypocrite.  In  Moliere’s  “ Tartufe,”  from 
which  the  play  is  taken,  she  is  called  Mari- 
anne.— 3.  The  domestic  and  simple  wife  of 
Albert,  and  the  object  of  the  affections  of  Wer- 
ther,  in  Goethe’s  “ Sorrows  of  Werther.”  She 
is  the  portrait  of  a person  named  Lotte  Buff, 
and  is  also  called  Lotte  in  the  novel. — 4.  In 
Cibber’s  comedy  “The  Refusal,  or  The  La- 
dies’ Philosophy,”  the  daughter  of  Sir  Gilbert 
Wrangle  and  sister  of  Sophronia,  courted  by 
Frankly,  with  whom  she  is  in  love. 

Charlotte  (Marie  Charlotte  Amelie  Auguste 
Victoire  Clementine  Leopoidine).  Bom  at 
Laeken,  near  Brussels,  June  7,  1840.  Empress 
of  Mexico.  She  is  the  only  daughter  of  Leopold  I. 
of  Belgium,  and  Louise,  princess  of  Orleans ; and  married, 
July  27,  1857,  Maximilian,  archduke  of  Austria,  whom,  on 
his  acceptance  of  the  imperial  crown  (1864),  she  accom- 
panied to  Mexico.  She  was  sent  by  Maximilian  in  1866 
to  Napoleon  III.  and  Pius  IX.  to  secure  assistance  against 
the  republicans.  Failing  in  her  mission,  and  foreseeing 
the  fall  of  her  husband,  she  became  hopelessly  insane,  and 
has  been  confined  since  1879  in  the  care  of  her  family  near 
Brussels. 

Charlotte.  The  capital  of  Mecklenburg  Coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  in  lat.  35°  12'  N.,  long.  80° 
52'  W.  The  “Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence” (which  see)  was  passed  here, 
May,  1775.  Population,  34,014,  (1910). 
Charlotte  Amalie  (shar-lot'  a-ma'lye).  The 
seaport  of  the  island  of  St.  Thomas,  in  the 
West  Indies.  Population,  about  10,000. 
Charlotte,  Aunt.  A pseudonym  of  Mary  Char- 
lotte Yonge. 

Charlotte  Augusta,  Princess.  Born  at  Carl- 
ton House,  London,  Jan.  7,  1796:  died  at 
Claremont,  Surrey,  England,  Nov.  5,  1817. 
Only  daughter  of  George  IV.  and  Caroline  of 
Brunswick,  wife  of  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe- 
Coburg  (later  King  of  the  Belgians),  whom 
she  married  May  2,  1816. 

Charlotte  Elizabeth.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Charlotte  Elizabeth  (Brown  Phelan)  Tonna. 
Charlotte  Sophia.  Born  1744:  died  at  Kew, 
Nov.  17,  1818.  Ybungest  daughter  of  Charles 
Lewis,  brother  of  Frederic,  duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Strelitz,  and  wife  of  George  III.  of  England. 
Charlottenburg  (shar-lot'  ten-boro).  [Named 
from  Sophia  Charlotte,  wife  of  Frederick  I.] 
A city  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Spree  3 miles  west  of  Berlin. 
It  is  a municipality,  but  is  practically  a part  of  Berlin. 
It  contains  a royal  palace,  the  mausoleum  of  the  recent 
Hohenzolierns,  a technical  high  school,  and  a royal  porce- 
lain factory.  The  royal  palace  is  an  extensive  group  of 
buildings  built  in  1699  and  later.  The  total  frontage 
reaches  1,650  feet.  The  central  part  is  surmounted  by 
an  impressive  dome,  and  the  interior  is  decorated  in  the 
Louis  XV.  style.  The  apartments  of  Queen  Louise  are  in 
the  Louis  XVI.  style.  Connected  with  the  palace  is  the 
mausoleum,  witli  Doric  interior, in  which  are  buried  Fred- 
erick William  III.  and  Queen  Louise,  and  the  emperor 
William  I.  and  empress  Augusta.  The  altar-tombs  of  the 
first  two,  with  recumbent  figures  by  Rauch,  are  justly  ad- 
mired. The  city  is  on  the  site  of  the  earlier  Lietzow. 
Population,  304,280,  (1910). 

Charlottesville  (shiir'lots-vil).  An  indepen- 
dent city  of  Virginia,  formerly  in  Albemarle 
County,  65  miles  northwest  of  Richmond:  the 
seat  of  the  University  of  Virginia.  (See  Vir- 
ginia, University  of .)  Population,  6,765,  (1910). 


Charlottetown 

Charlottetown  (skar'lot-toun).  A seaport 
and  the  capital  of  Prince  Edward  Island, 
Canada^,  in  lat.  46°  14'  N.,  long.  63°  7'  W. 
Population,  11,198,  (1911). 

Charmian  (char'mi-an).  Cleopatra’s  favorite 
waiting-woman  in  Shakspere’s  “ Antony  and 
Cleopatra.”  She  kills  herself  after  Cleopatra’s 
death. 

Charmides  (kar'ini-dez).  [Gr.  Xappidr/c-]  A 
dialogue  of  Plato,  the  narration  by  Socrates 
of  a conversation  on  the  subject  of  temper- 
ance (moderation  or  practical  wisdom)  be- 
tween himself,  Charmides  (a  beautiful  youth 
renowned  for  his  moderation),  Critias,  and 
Chierephon,  which  took  place  in  Athens  at  the 
Palaestra  of  Ta  ureas,  near  the  porch  of  the 
King  Arehon,  immediately  after  the  battle  of 
Potidaea,  from  which  Socrates  had  just  re- 
turned. Charmides  was  an  Athenian,  son  of  Glaucon, 
cousin  of  Critias,  and  uncle  of  Plato. 

Channoilth  (char'mouth).  A village  on  the 
coast  of  Dorsetshire,  England,  2 miles  north- 
east of  Lyme  Regis.  It  is  usually  identified  with 
Carrum,  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  Danes  over  Egbert  in 
835.  /Kthelwuii  was  defeated  here  by  the  Danes  in  810  or 
842  (?). 

Charnock  (char'nok),  Stephen.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1628 : died  at  London,  J uly  27,  1680.  An 
English  nonconformist  clergy  plan,  a graduate 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge : author  of 
“A  Treatise  on  the  Excellence  and  Attributes 
of  God,”  etc. 

Charnwood  Forest  (charn'wud  for'est).  An 
upland  tract  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Leicestershire,  England. 

Charolais,  or  Charollais  (sha-ro-la').  A for- 
mer county  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire. 

Charolais,  Comte  de.  See  Charles  the  Bold. 
Charolles  (sha-rol').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  in  lat.  46° 
26'  N.,  long.  4°  18'  E.  It  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  Charolais.  Population,  commune, 
3,808. 

Charon  (ka'ron).  [Gr.  Xapov.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  ferryman,  a son  of  Erebus,  who 
transported  the  souls  of  the  dead  (whose  bod- 
ies had  been  buried)  over  the  rivers  of  the 
lower  world.  His  fee  was  an  obolus  or  danace,  and 
this  coin  was  placed  for  him  in  the  mouth  of  the  dead 
previous  to  burial. 

Charondas  (ka-ron'das).  [Gr.  Xapdmtfof.]  Born 
at  Catana,  Sicily : lived  about  500  B.  c.  A 
Sicilian  lawgiver  who  legislated  for  the  cities 
of  Chalcidian  origin  in  Sicily  and  Italy. 
Charon’s  staircase.  See  the  extract. 

At  the  middle  point  of  the  [Greek]  stage,  some  steps  — 
known  as  “Charon's  staircase,”  because  the  ghost  some- 
times comes  up  by  them  — lead  down  into  what  we  should 
call  the  pit.  The  Greeks  call  it  the  orchestra  or  dancing- 
place.  Jebb,  Gr.  Lit.,  p.  76. 

Charras  (sha-ra/),  Jean  Baptiste  Adolphe. 

Born  at  Pfalzburg,  Lorraine,  Jan.  7, 1810:  died 
at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Jan.  23,  1865.  A noted 
French  military  writer.  His  chief  work  is  a 
“Histoire  de  la  campagne  de  1815”  (1857). 
Charriere  (sha-ryar'),  Madame  de  Saint-Hya- 
cinthe  de  (Isabelle  Agnes  Van  Tuyll).  Born 
at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  1740 : died  near  Neu- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  Dec.  27,  1805.  A French 
authoress  who  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 
Abbe  de  la  Tour.  Her  chief  works  are  “Let- 
tres  neufchateloises”  (1784),  “Caliste,  ou  let- 
tres  ecrites  de  Lausanne”  (1786). 

Charron  (sha-roh.'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris, 
1541 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16,  1603.  A noted 
French  philosopher  and  Roman  Catholic  theo- 
logian. His  works  include  ‘ ‘ Traite  des  trois 
veritds”  (1594),  “ Traits  de  la  sagesse”  (1601), 
etc. 

Charruas  (chii-ro'as).  The  name  usually  given 
to  a numerous  race  of  Indians  who,  In  the  16th 
century,  occupied  the  region  on  both  sides  of 
the  river  Uruguay,  ranging  to  the  Parana  and 
the  southern  coast.  The  Bohanes,  Minuanes,  Yaros, 
and  Guenoas  were  subtribes : but  all  these  names  are 
sometimes  applied  to  the  whole  group.  The  Charruas 
were  a dark  race,  apparently  allied  to  the  Chaco  tribes. 
They  were  wandering  hunters  and  robbers,  very  savage 
and  treacherous,  and  waged  a destructive  war  on  the 
Spaniards.  Solis,  the  discoverer  of  the  Plata,  was  killed 
by  them.  They  fought  principally  with  the  bolas  or 
weighted  lasso;  later  they  became  skilful  horsemen. 
About  1750  they  were  partly  subdued  and  formed  into 
villages.  The  modern  Gauchos  of  Uruguay  have  much 
Charrua  blood,  and  portions  of  the  race  remain  in  a nearly 
pure  state.  They  are  much  employed  as  soldiers  and 
herdsmen. 

Charter,  The  Great.  See  Magna  Charta. 
Charterhouse  (char't&r-hous).  [A  corruption 
of  Chartreuse ; orig.  the  name  of  a village  in 


238 

France  (ML.  Cartusia),  near  the  seat  of  the  orig. 
monastery  of  the  order,  called  distinctively  La 
Grande  Chartreuse.']  A Carthusian  monastery 
(later  a hospital,  and  a school  for  boys)  in  Lon- 
don, founded  in  1371  by  Sir  Walter  Manny  and 
the  Bishop  of  Northburgh.  At  the  dissolution  the 
Charter  House  was  given  by  Henry  VIII.  to  Sir  Thomas 
Audley,  and  passed  through  various  hands  to  Sir  Thomas 
Sutton,  who  in  1611  endow  edit  as  a charity  under  the  name 
of  the  Hospital  of  King  James.  This  foundation  long  ex- 
isted as  a hospital  for  decayed  gentlemen  and  a school  for 
boys.  The  school  was  transferred  to  Godaiming,  Surrey, 
in  1872,  and  the  premises  are  now  occupied  by  the  school 
of  the  Merchant  Taylors’  Company.  The  buildings  are  for 
the  most  part  of  the  early  16th  century,  and  the  great  hall 
is  one  of  the  finest  architectural  interiors  of  that  time.  The 
great  staircase,  great  chamber,  chapel,  and  cloister  are 
also  of  much  interest. 

Charter  Oak,  The.  A tree  celebrated  in  Amer- 
ican (legendary)  history,  which  formerly  stood 
in  Hartford,  Connecticut.  According  to  tradition, 
when  Governor  Andros  came  to  Hartford  in  1687  to  demand 
of  the  Assembly  the  surrender  of  the  colonial  charter, 
the  debate  in  that  body  over  the  governor’s  demand  was 
prolonged  beyond  daylight,  when  suddenly  the  lights 
were  extinguished,  and  in  the  darkness  a patriot,  Captain 
Wadsworth,  escaped  with  the  charter  and  hid  it  in  a hol- 
low oak.  There  is,  however,  no  contemporary  record  of 
this  event.  The  Charter  Oak  was  overthrown  by  a storm 
in  1856. 

Chartier  (shiir-tya'),  Alain.  Born  at  Bayeux, 
France,  about  1392:  died  about  1430  or  1433 
(Gaston  Paris).  A famous  French  poet  and 
man  of  letters.  He  wrote  “Le  quadrilogue  invec- 
tif,"  “L’Esp^rance,”  ‘‘La  belle  dame  sans  mercy,”  and 
numerous  other  works.  His  poetry  consists  mainly  of  al- 
legorical and  controversial  love-poems  and  moral  verse. 
He  is  best  known  by  the  story  that  Margaret  of  Scotland 
stooped  and  kissed  his  lips  while  he  lay  asleep,  to  the 
astonishment  of  the  attendants,  for  the  poetry  and  virtu- 
ous sentiments  that  had  issued  from  them. 

Chartists  (char'tists).  A body  of  political  re- 
formers (chiefly  working-men)  that  sprang  up 
in  England  about  the  year  1838.  The  Chartists  ad- 
vocated as  their  leading  principles  manhood  suffrage,  the 
abolition  of  the  property  qualification  for  a seat  in  Parlia- 
ment, annual  parliaments,  equal  representation,  payment 
of  members  of  Parliament,  and  vote  by  ballot,  all  of  which 
they  demanded  as  constituting  the  ‘‘people’s  charter." 
The  members  of  the  extreme  section  of  the  party,  which 
favored  an  appeal  to  arms  or  popular  risings  if  the  charter 
could  not  be  obtained  by  legitimate  means,  were  called 
“physical-force  men.”  The  Chartists  disappeared  as  a 
party  after  1849.  Also  Charterists. 

Charton  (shar-toii'),  Edouard  Thomas.  Born 
at  Sens,  Yonne,  France,  May  11,  1807 : died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  28, 1890.  A French  author.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  in  1848,  and  to  the 
National  Assembly  at  Bordeaux  and  Versailles  in  1871, 
and  became  a senator  in  1878.  He  founded  the  “Magasin 
Pittoresque”  (1833),  the  "Illustration”  (1853),  and  “Le 
Tourdu  Monde  ” (1860).  Author  of  “Les  voyageurs  an- 
ciens  et  modernes  ” (1855-57),  etc. 

Chartres  (shartr).  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  on  the  Eure 
48  miles  southwest  of  Paris : the  ancient  Au- 
tricum,  later  Carnutum.  It  has  a large  trade  in 
grain,  and  is  famous  for  its  cathedral,  one  of  the  great 
churches  of  the  world,  built  in  the  12th  and  13th  centu- 
ries, and  notable  for  both  beauty  and  solidity.  The  old- 
est part  is  the  west  front,  with  three  admirably  sculp- 
tured portals,  and  south  tower  and  spire  considered  the 
finest  of  their  type.  The  elegant  and  ornate  north  spire 
is  much  later.  The  great  triple  porches  of  the  transepts, 
covered  with  sculpture,  are  matchless.  The  interior  is 
simple,  but  of  most  impressive  dignity.  Over  160  of  the 
great  windows  retain  their  13th-century  glass,  forming  a 
display  of  jeweled  color  unequaled  elsewhere.  Other 
remarkable  features  are  the  rose  of  the  west  front,  and 
the  series  of  sculptures  of  the  life  of  Christ  and  of  the 
Virgin,  framed  in  the  richest  Flamboyant  tracery,  which 
adorns  the  exterior  of  the  choir-screen.  Chartres  was  the 
capital  of  the  Carnutes,  and  a center  of  Druid  worship.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  county  and  later  duchy  of  Chartres 
and  capital  of  Beauce.  Henry  IV.  was  crowned  here  king 
of  France  in  1594.  It  was  taken  by  the  Germans,  Oct., 
1870.  Population,  commune,  23,219. 

Chartres,  County  of.  An  ancient  district  in 
northern  France,  comprised  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Orica  imis,  and  partly  corresponding 
to  the  department  of  Eure-et-Loir.  Capital, 
Chartres.  It  was  united  to  Champagne  1125-52,  and 
was  purchased  by  St.  Louis  in  1234.  It  was  afterward  a 
duchy  and  a royal  appanage. 

Chartres  (shartr),  Due  de  (Robert  Philippe 
Louis  Eugene  Ferdinand  d’Orleans).  Born 
at  Paris,  Nov.  9,  1840 : died  Dec.  5,  1910.  A 
French  prince,  younger  brother  of  the  Comte 
de  Paris,  and  grandson  of  Louis  Philippe. 
He  served  in  the  Italian  army  1859,  and  on  General 
McClellan’s  staff  1861-62.  After  the  revolution  of  Sept. 
4,  1870,  he  returned  incognito  to  France,  served  under  an 
assumed  name  in  General  Chanzy’s  army,  and  in  1871, 
when  the  National  Assembly  revoked  the  law  banishing 
the  Orleans  family,  was  appointed  major.  He  became 
colonel  in  1878,  and  was  in  command  of  the  12th  Chas- 
seurs, stationed  at  Rouen,  when  by  the  decree  of  Feb.  24, 
1883,  he  was  suspended  from  the  active  list:  by  the  law 
of  June  23,  1886,  he  was  expelled  from  the  army.  He 
married  Franchise  Marie  Amalie  of  Orleans,  June  11, 1863, 
and  had  issue  two  daughters  and  two  sons,  Prince  Henri 
Philippe  Marie  (1867-1901)  and  Prince  Jean  Pierre  Clement 
Marie  (born  at  Paris,  Sept.  4, 1874). 


Chasse 

Chartreuse  (shar-trfez'),  La  Grande.  The 

leading  Carthusian  monastery,  situated  13 
miles  northeast  of  Grenoble,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isere,  France.  It  was  founded  by  St. 
Bruno  about  1084.  It  gives  name  to  the  li- 
queur Chartreuse,  manufactured  there. 

Chartreuse  de  Parme  (shar-trez'  de  parm), 
La.  A novel  by  Stendhal  (Beyle),  published 
in  1839. 

Charudes.  See  Harudes. 

Charybdis  (ka-rib'dis).  [Gr.  Xapvfidis.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a sea-monster  which  three 
times  a day  sucks  in  the  sea  and  discharges  it 
again  in  a terrible  whirlpool : depicted  as  a 
maiden  above,  but  ending  below  in  the  body  of 
a fish  begirt  with  hideous  dogs.  Opposite  her  was  the 
other  monster  Scylla.  In  later  times  they  were  placed 
in  the  Straits  of  Messina,  Scylla  being  identified  with  a 
projecting  rock  on  the  Italian  side.  The  name  of  Charyb- 
dis is  derived  by  some  from  Semitic  hurobed,  ‘hole  of  per- 
dition, abyss.’ 

Charyllis  (ka-ril'is).  In  Spenser’s  “Colin 
Clout  ’s  Come  Home  Again,”  a character  in- 
tended for  Lady  Anne  Compton,  one  of  the  six 
daughters  of  Sir  John  Spenser  of  Althorpe. 
Chasdai  ben  Isaac  ben  Shaphrut  (dhas-di' 
ben  i'zak  ben  shap-rot').  A Jewish  statesman 
and  physician  in  Cordova,  Spain,  915-970,  body 
physician  and  minister  of  finance  under  the 
calif  s Abd-er-Rahman  III.  and  Al-Hakim.  He  was 
appointed  by  them  Nasi  (prince,  head)  over  the  Jews  in 
tlie  califate.  He  was  a generous  promoter  of  literature, 
and  translated  the  botanical  work  of  Dioscorides  from 
Latin  into  Arabic.  His  correspondence  with  Joseph,  the 
Jewish  king  of  the  Khazar  kingdom,  near  the  Caspian 
Sea,  is  extant. 

Chase  (chits),  Philander.  Born  at  Cornish, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  14, 1775:  died  at  Robin’s  Nest,  111., 
Sept.  20, 1852.  An  American  missionary  bishop 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  and  Jubilee  College, 
Illinois. 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland.  Born  at  Cornish, 
N.  H.,  Jan.  13,  1808:  died  at  New  York,  May 
7,  18715.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist, 
nephew  of  Philander  Chase.  He  was  United  Statea 
senator  from  Ohio  1849-55;  governor  of  Ohio  1856-60; 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1801-64;  and  chief  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  1864-73. 

Chase,  Samuel.  Born  in  Somerset  County, 
Maryland,  April  17,  1741:  died  June  19,  1811. 
An  American  jurist,  a signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  He  was  appointed  associate 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1796 ; was  impeached  for 
misdemeanor  1804  ; and  was  acquitted  1805. 

Chase,  William  Merritt.  Born  at  Franklin, 
Ind.,  Nov.  1,  1849.  An  American  painter  of 
portraits,  still  life,  and  landscapes.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  the  schools  of  the  National  Academy  of  New 
York.  In  1871  he  went  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  had  some 
success  as  a portrait-painter,  and  in  1872  to  Germany, 
where  he  studied  under  Biloty  at  Munich,  returning  to 
New  York  in  1878.  He  is  a member  of  the  National 
Academy,  has  been  president  of  the  Society  of  American 
Artists,  and  the  recipient  of  many  honors  at  home  and 
abroad. 

Chasidim  (cka-se'dim),  or  Assideans.  [Heb., 
‘pious  ones,  pietists.’]  A party  which  arose 
among  the  Jews  during  the  period  of  the  Macca- 
bean  struggles.  Its  object  was  the  defense  and  main- 
tenance of  the  Jewish  law  in  all  its  particulars  against  the 
encroachments  of  Greek  customs  (Hellenism).  It  is  not 
improbable  that  they  were  the  forerunners  of  the  Essenes. 
In  modern  times  a similar  sect  has  spread  among  the 
Jews  of  eastern  Europe  and  the  Orient,  which  is  supposed 
to  have  originated  with  a certain  Israel  Baal  Shem  in  the 
18th  century.  They  strive  after  a closer  communion  with 
God  by  means  of  the  Kabbalah  (‘  mysticism  ’)  and  the 
mediation  of  a rabbi  or  zaddik  (‘just  man’)  whom  they 
believe  to  be  a special  favorite  of  God,  and  to  be  endowed 
with  the  power  of  performing  miracles  by  prayer. 

Chasles  (skal),  Michel.  Born  at  Epernon, 
Eure-et-Loir,  France,  Nov.  15,  1793:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  19, 1880.  A celebratedFrench geom- 
eter, professor  at  the  Eeole  Polytechnique,  and 
later  at  the  Sorbonne.  He  was  the  author  of  “Aper^u 
historique  sur  l’origine  et  le  d^veloppement  des  mdthodes 
en  g^omdtrie,  etc.”  (1837),  “ Traitii  de  geombtrie  sup6- 
rieure  ” (1852),  “ Traitd  des  sections  coniques  ” (1865), 
“Rapport  sur  les  progrfes  de  la  geom6trie  ”(1870),  etc.  He 
was  the  victim  of  a literary  forgery  (by  Irene  Lucas)  in 
1867,  being  persuaded  of  the  genuineness  of  a large  num- 
ber of  forged  letters  of  Pascal,  Dante,  Shakspere,  and 
others.  On  those  of  Pascal  he  made  a report  to  the 
Academy. 

Chasles,  Victor  Euphemion  Philar&te.  Born 

at  Mainvilliers,  near  Chartres,  France,  Oct.  8, 
1798:  died  at  Venice,  July  18,  1873.  A French 
literary  critic,  novelist,  and  general  writer. 
His  essays  have  been  collected  in  eleven  vol- 
umes, under  the  title  “Etudes  de  literature 
compare.” 

Chasse  (shiis-sa'),  David  Hendrik,  Baron. 
Born  at  Thiel,  Netherlands,  March  18,  1765: 
died  at  Breda,  Netherlands,  May  2,  1849.  A 
Dutch  general.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  French 


Chasse 

service  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and  in  the  Dutch  ser- 
vice at  Waterloo  in  1816,  and  at  Antwerp  1830-32.  From 
his  predilection  for  attacking  with  the  bayonet,  he  was 
nicknamed  by  the  soldiers  “General  Bayonet." 

Chasseloup-Laubat  (shfls-lo'  lo-ba'),  Fran- 
gois,  Marquis  de.  Born  at  St.  Sernin,  Cha- 
rente-Inffirieure,  France,  Aug.  18, 1754:  died,  at 
Paris,  Oct.  10,  1833.  A French  military  engi- 
neer, distinguished  in  the  campaigns  from 
1792-1812. 

Chasseloup-Laubat,  Justin  Prudent,  Mar- 
quis de.  Born  at  Paris,  1802:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  17, 1863.  A French  general  and  politician, 
son  of  Frangois  de  Chasseloup-Laubat. 
Chasseloup-Laubat,  Justin  Napoleon  Sam- 
uel Prosper,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Alessandria, 
Italy,  March  29, 1805 : died  at  Versailles,  March, 
1873.  A French  politician,  son  of  Francois  de 
Chasseloup-Laubat,  minister  of  marine  and  the 
colonies  1859-67. 

Chassepot  (shas-po'),  Antoine  Alphonse. 

Bom  May  4, 1833 : died  Feb.  13, 1905.  A French 
mechanic,  inventor  of  the  Chassepot  rifle, 
adopted  for  the  French  army  in  1866. 

Chasta  Costa  (clia'sta  kos'ta).  A tribe  of  the 
Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  They  formerly  lived  in 
about  36  villages  along  the  upper  Rogue  River,  Oregon, 
and  are  now  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  Their 
dialect  differs  but  slightly  from  that  of  the  Tutu  and 
other  tribes  on  the  lower  Rogue  River.  See  Athapascan. 

Chaste  Maid  in  Cheapside,  A.  A play  by 
Middleton,  acted  about  Dec.  25,  1612  (Fleay), 
printed  in  1630. 

Chastel,  Jean.  See  Chdtel,  Jean. 

Chastelain  (shat -lan'),  or  Chastellain, 

Georges.  Born  near  Alost,  Flanders,  about 
1405:  died  at  Valenciennes  (?),  Feb.  or  March, 
1475.  A Flemish  chronicler  and  poet,  author 
of  “Chronique  des  dues  de  Burgoyne,”  etc. 
His  collected  works  were  edited  by  Kervyn  de 
Lettenhove,  1863-66. 

Chastelard  (shat-lar'),  Pierre  deBoscosel  de. 

Bom  in  Dauphind,  France,  about  1540:  exe- 
cuted at  the  Tolbooth,  Edinburgh,  1563.  A 
French  poet  at  the  court  of  Francis  H.  and 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  a descendant  of  the 
Chevalier  Bayard.  He  was  a page  in  the  household 
of  the  constable  Montmorency,  and  afterward  in  that  of 
Marshal  Damville.  When  Mary  went  to  Scotland  after 
the  death  of  her  husband,  in  1561,  Chastelard  followed 
her  in  the  train  of  Damville  who  escorted  her.  He  was 
violently  in  love  with  her,  and  she  amused  herself  with 
him  and  his  amorous  verses.  He  went  back  to  France, 
but  returned  in  1563.  His  love  for  her  was  not  without 
encouragement.  He  was  twice  discovered  in  her  bed- 
chamber ; she  pardoned  him  the  first  offense,  but  for  the 
second  sacrificed  him  mercilessly  to  public  opinion,  and 
he  was  taken  to  the  Tolbooth  and  hung. 

Chastelard.  Atragedyby  Swinburne, published 
in  1865. 

Chasteler  (shat-la'),  Jean  Gabriel  Joseph 
Albert,  Marquis  du.  Bom  at  Malbais,  near 
Mons,  Belgium,  Jan.  22,  1763:  died  at  Venice, 
May  7,  1825.  An  Austrian  general,  distin- 
guished at  Wattignies  1793,  in  Italy  1799,  and 
in  the  Tyrol  1800,  1805,  and  1809. 

Chastellain.  See  Chastelain. 

Chasteilux  (shat-lfi'),  Francois  Jean,  Mar- 
quis de.  Bom  at  Paris,  1734:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  28,  1788.  A French  general  and  author. 
He  served  in  the  Seven  Years’and  American  Revolutionary 
wars.  His  chief  works  are  “ De  la  feiicitC  publique” 
(1772),  “Voyages  dans  l’Amdrique  Septentrionale  ” (1786). 

Chat,  Nation  du.  See  Erie. 

Chateaubriand  (sha-to-bre-on'),  Frangois 
Ren6,  Vicomte  de.  Born  at  St.  Malo, 
France,  Sept.  4,  1768:  died  at  Paris,  July  4, 
1848.  A celebrated  French  author  and  states- 
man. He  entered  the  army  in  1786 ; traveled  in  America 
1791-92 ; served  in  the  royalist  army  at  Thionville  in  Sep- 
tember, 1792  ; and  subsequently  emigrated  to  England, 
where  in  1797  he  published  “ Essai  historique,  politique 
et  moral  sur  les  revolutions  anciennes  et  modernes,  etc." 
He  returned  to  France  in  1800,  and,  having  been  converted 
by  the  death  of  his  mother  from  infidelity  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith,  published  in  1802  a brilliant  eulogy  of 
Christianity,  entitled  “Le  genic  du  christianisme."  In 
1803  he  was  appointed  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte  secretary 
of  legation  at  Rome,  and  in  Nov.  of  the  same  year 
minister  to  the  republic  of  Valais,  a post  which  he  re- 
signed on  the  execution  of  the  Duke  of  Enghien  in  1804.  In 
1814  he  supported  the  Bourbons  in  a pamphlet  entitled  “De 
Buonaparte  et  des  Bourbons."  He  was  created  a peer  of 
France  in  1815,  was  ambassador  at  London  in  1822,  and 
was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1823-24.  Besides  those 
already  mentioned,  his  chief  works  are  "Atala”  (1801), 
“Rend  ” (1802),  “Les  martyrs"  (1809),  “Itindraire  de  Paris 
h Jerusalem "(1811),  “Les Natchez"  (1826),  “ T.es aventures 
du  dernier  des  Abencerages”  (1826),  and  “Mdmoires 
d’outre-tombe  " (1849-50). 

Chateaubriant  (sha-to-bre-on').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Loire-Infdrieure,  France,  on 
the  Chdre  35  miles  north-northeast  of  Nantes. 
It  has  a castle.  An  edict  against  the  Protestants,  by 


239 

Henry  II.,  was  issued  here  in  1551.  Population,  com- 
mune, 7,169. 

Chateaubriant,  Comtesse  de  (Frangoise  de 
Foix).  Born  about  1490 : died  at  Chateaubri- 
ant, France,  Oct.  16, 1537.  A mistress  of  Fran- 
cis I.,  king  of  France. 

Chateau-Chinon  (sha-to'she-non').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Niesvre,  France,  20  miles 
west-northwest  of  Autun. 

Chateau  de  Meillant  (sha-to'  do  ma-yon').  A 
castle  at  St.  Aniand  Montrond,  France,  now  a 
seat  of  the  Due  de  Mortemart.  It  is  of  very  ancient 
foundation,  but  received  its  present  great  development  in 
the  florid  Pointed  style  at  the  end  of  the  15th  and  the  be- 
ginning of  the  16th  century.  It  resembles  the  Maison  de 
Jacques  Coeur  at  Bourges  in  its  many  towers,  its  high 
roofs  and  dormers,  and  its  most  picturesque  and  ornate 
court.  The  interior  is  richly  fitted  out  and  decorated  in 
the  style  of  the  architecture. 

Chateaudun  (sha-to-dun').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loir  30  miles  west-northwest  of  Orleans: 
the  Roman  Castrodunum.  Itcontainsacastleofthe 
former  counts  of  Dunois.  It  was  stormed  and  burned  by 
the  Germans  in  1870.  Population,  commune,  7,147. 

Chateau  Gaillard  (shii-td'  ga-yar').  A cele- 
brated ruin  near  Les  Andelys,  Eure,  France, 
on  a cliff  300  feet  above  the  Seine,  it  was  built 
in  1197  by  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  and  was  taken  by  Philip 
Augustus  of  France  in  1204.  The  castle  proper  represents 
in  plan  a circle  of  waved  outline,  of  very  massive  masonry. 
Outside  rise  flanking  towers,  and  on  the  river  side  of  the 
circle  stands  the  huge  cylindrical  donjon,  with  walls  16 
feet  thick. 

Chateau-Gontier  (sha-to'g6n-tya').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Mayenne,  France,  situated 
on  the  Mayenne  in  lat.  47°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  42' 
W.  It  was  the  scene  of  a Vendean  victory,  Oct. 
27,  1793.  Population,  commune,  6,975. 
Chateauguay  (sha-to-ga'),  Sieur  de.  See  Le- 
moyne,  Antoine. 

Chateaulin  (sha-to-lan').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finistfire,  France,  14  miles  north 
of  Quimper,  on  the  Aune.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,237. 

Chateaurenault  (shii-to-re-no').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  19 
miles  northeast  of  Tours.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,299. 

Chateauroux  (sha-to-ro').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Indre,  France,  situated  on  the 
Indre  in  lat.  46°  50'  N.,  long.  1°  42'  E.  it  has 
manufactures  of  coarse  cloth,  woolen  goods,  etc.  It  con- 
tains the  Church  of  St.  Andrew.  Population,  commune, 
25,437. 

Chateauroux,  Buchesse  de  (Marie  Anne  de 
Mailly,  Marquise  de  la  Tournelle).  Born  Oct., 
1717 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1744.  A mistress 
of  Louis  XV.,  1742-44. 

Chateau-Thierry  (sha-to'tyar-re').  [L.  Cas- 
trum  Theodor tci.\  A town  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Marne  50 
miles  east  by  north  of  Paris,  in  1566  it  was  raised 
to  a duchy  by  Charles  IX.  It  contains  a ruined  castle, 
built  by  Charles  Martel  (?).  It  was  the  birthplace  of  La 
Fontaine.  Here,  Feb.  12, 1814,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Rus- 
sians and  Prussians.  Population,  commune,  7,347. 

Chatel  (aha-tel'),  Ferdinand  Toussaint  Fran- 
gois. Born  at  Gannat,  Allier,  France,  Jan.  9, 
1795 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  13,  1857.  A French 
religious  reformer.  He  wrote  “Profession  de 
foi  de  l'dglise  catholique  frangaise”  (1831),  etc. 
Chatel,  or  Chastel  (sha-tel'),  Jean.  Born 
about  1575:  executed  at  Paris,  Dec.  29,  1594. 
A French  fanatic  who  attempted  to  assassinate 
* Henry  IV.,  Dec.  27,  1594. 

Chatelain  (shat-lah/),  Heli.  Born  at  Morat, 
Switzerland,  1859 : died  at  Lausanne,  July  22, 
1908.  A Swiss-American  Africanist.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1883,  and  went  to  Angola  in  1884  as 
missionary  linguist.  He  became  philologist  of  a United 
States  scientific  expedition  to  West  Africa  in  1889,  and 
United  States  commercial  agent  in  1891.  He  published 
“Grammatica  do  Kimbundu”  (1889),  “Grundzilge  des 
Kimbundu"  (1890),  “ Folk-tales  of  Angola”  (1894),  etc. 

Chatelain  de  Coucy  et  de  la  dame  de  Fayel, 
Histoire  du.  A French  romance,  of  which  the 
personages  were  real,  written  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  13th  century.  It  was  published  with 
a modern  version  in  1829  by  M.  Crapelet.  See 
Coucy. 

Chatelet  (shat-la'),  Le  Grand.  [F.,  ‘the  great 
fort.']  An  ancient  fortress  in  Paris,  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine,  on  the  present 
Place  du  Chatelet,  used  for  a prison  and  for 
courts  of  justice  until  1802,  when  it  was  de- 
stroyed. Its  origin  is  very  obscure.  It  was  at  first 
simply  a tower  commanding  the  northern  approach  to  the 
city.  There  was  probably  a wooden  tower  here  as  early  as 
885.  The  earliest  mention  is  in  a charter  of  Louis  le 
Jeune  in  1147.  The  Chatelet  was  the  city  prison  of  Paris 
in  the  medieval  and  Renaissance  periods,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  terrible  prisons  of  the  Old  World.  The  prisoners 
were  generally  of  the  more  or  less  helpless  class  of  city 


Chaucer,  Geoffrey 

malefactors,  but  occasionally  persons  of  a better  class  were 
confined  in  it. 

Chatelet,  Le  Petit,  [F.,‘ the  little  fort.’]  An 
ancient  fortress  in  Paris,  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Seine,  near  the  Hotel-Bieu,  used 
for  a prison.  It  was  destroyed  in  1782. 
Chatelet,  Marquise  du.  See  I)u  Chdtelet. 
Chatellerault  (sha-tel-ro').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Vienne  19  miles  northeast  of  Poitiers : the 
medieval  Castrum  Heraldi.  it  is  noted  for  its 
manufactures  of  cutlery  and  firearms.  Population,  com- 
mune,  18,180. 

Chatham  (chat 'am).  A town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land,  adjoining  Rochester  on  the  Medway,  25 
miles  east-southeast  of  London,  it  is  one  of  the 
chief  military  stations  and  naval  arsenals  in  England,  and 
is  strongly  fortified  (by  the  “ Chatham  Lines  ”).  Its  royal 
dockyard  (founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth)  contains  exten- 
sive docks,  wharves,  mills,  etc.  It  contains  also  extensive 
barracks  for  infantry,  artillery,  and  engineers.  It  was 
attacked  by  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Ruyter  in  1667. 
Population,  37,057. 

Chatham.  A town  in  Kent  County,  Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames  45  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Detroit.  Pop.,  10,770,  (1911). 
Chatham,  Earl  of.  See  Pitt. 

Chatham  Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  about  lat.  44°  S.,  long.  176°  W., 
connected  politically  with  New  Zealand.  The 
chief  islands  are  Chatham,  or  Wairikaori,  and  Pitt.  They 
were  discovered  by  Lieutenant  Broughton  in  the  English 
ship  Chatham  in  1791.  Area,  375  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  4U0. 

Chatillon  (sha-te-yon').  In  Shakspere’s  “King 
John,”  an  ambassador  from  France. 
Chatillon-sur-Seine  (sha-te-yon'sih'-san').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Cote-d’Or,  France, 
situated  on  the  Seine  44  miles  northwest  of 
Dijon.  It  was  an  important  town  in  the  middle  ages. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Marmont.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,812. 

Chatillon-sur-Seine,  Congress  or  Conference 

of.  An  unsuccessful  conference  of  the  Allies, 
Feb.  5-March,  1814.  The  Allies  offered  Napoleon, 
through  his  envoy,  CaulaincoUrt,  the  possession  of  France 
with  the_  boundaries  of  1791.  The  negotiations  came  to 
nothing  in  consequence  of  the  attitude  of  Napoleon. 
Chatimacha.  See  Chitimachan. 

Chat  Moss  (chat  m6s).  A peat  bog  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  between  Manchester  and  Liver- 
pool. A railway  was  built  across  it  by  George  Stephen- 
son, 1828-30.  Area,  about  6,000  acres. 

Chatrian  (sha-tre-yon'),  Alexandre.  S eeErck- 
mann-  Cha  tria  n. 

Chatsworth  (chats'werth).  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  situated  on  the  Derwent 
about  3 1-  miles  northeast  of  Bakewell,  Derby- 
shire, England.  This  imposing  Renaissance  palace, 
500  feet  long,  was  begun  in  1688.  The  interior  is  lavishly 
adorned  with  painting  and  sculpture,  and  contains  a splen- 
did collection  of  drawings  by  the  old  masters,  some  fine 
old  and  modern  paintings,  a Venus  by  Thorwaidsen,  and 
Canova's Napoleon,  Madame Letitia,  and  Endymion.  The 
formal  gardens  are  famous.  They  contain  elaborate  foun- 
tains and  fine  conservatories. 

Chattahoochee  (ehat-a-lio'ehe).  A river  in 
Georgia  which  forms  part  of  its  western  boun- 
dary, and  unites  with  the  Flint  to  form  the 
Appalachicola  at  the  southwestern  extremity 
of  the  State.  Length,  over  500  miles.  It  is 
navigable  to  Columbus  (over  200  miles). 
Chattanooga  (chat-a-no'ga).  The  capital  of 
Hamilton  County,  Tennessee,  situated  on  the 
Tennessee  River  in  lat.  35°  4'  N.,  long.  85° 
19'  W.  it  is  an  important  railway  and  commercial 
center,  with  trade  in  lumber  and  grain,  and  manufactures 
of  iron,  steel,  machinery,  cotton,  etc.  It  was  a strategic 
point  in  the  Civil  War.  Population,  44,604,  (1910). 

Chattanooga,  Battle  of.  A series  of  engage- 
ments near  Chattanooga,  Nov.  23-25,  1863.  The 
Federals  (about  60,000)  under  Grant  defeated  the  Con- 
federates (40,000-50,000)  under  Bragg.  Loss  of  Federals, 
5,616 ; of  Confederates,  8,684  (6,142  prisoners).  See  further 
under  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  Ridge. 
Chatterton  (chat'er-ton),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Bristol,  England,  Nov.  20,  1752 : committed 
suicide  at  London,  Aug.  25,  1770.  An  English 
poet,  famous  for  his  precocity  and  for  his  liter- 
ary impostures.  See  Rowley  Poems. 

Chatti  (kat'I),  or  Catti  (kat'I).  [L.  (Tacitus) 
Chatti,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Xarron]  A German  tribe,  a 
branch  of  the  Suevi,  first  mentioned  by  Strabo. 
They  originally  occupied  the  Taunus  legion  north  of  the 
Main,  but  were  assigned  l>y  Drusus  to  the  old  territory  of 
the  Sugambri  further  northward,  back  from  the  Rhine,  in 
the  region  about  the  Fulda  and  the  middle  Weser.  They 
took  part  in  the  rising  under  Civilis,  and  were  afterward, 
down  into  the  3d  century,  in  frequent  conflict  with  the 
Romans.  They  were  one  of  tho  most  powerful  of  the 
German  inland  tribes.  Two  minor  tribes  of  the  Chatti, 
the  Batavi  and  the  Canninefates,  were  ultimately  merged 
in  the  Salic  Franks.  Those  left  behind  in  the  old  territory 
became,  finally,  the  Hessians,  a name  which  appears  early 
in  the  8th  century. 

Chaucer  (cha'sdr),  Geoffrey.  [ME.  Chaucer,  lit. 

‘ Shoemaker,'  from  OF.  chancier,  ML.  calcearius, 


Chaucer,  Geoffrey 

calciurius,  a shoemaker,  from  L.  calceus , calcius , 
a shoe.]  Bom  at  London  about  1340:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  25,  1400.  A celebrated  English 
poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a well-to-do  London  vintner,  John 
Chaucer.  He  was  liberally  educated,  but  there  is  no  cer- 
tain evidence  that  he  was  a student  at  either  Oxford  or 
Cambridge.  In  the  year  1357  he  is  twice  mentioned  as 
being  in  the  service  of  Prince  Lionel,  the  second  son  of 
Edward  III.  In  1359  he  was  with  the  king's  army  in  Brit- 
tany, where  he  was  taken  prisoner.  According  to  his  own 
statement,  in  1386,  he  bore  arms  for  twenty-seven  years. 
In  1367  he  is  described  as  a valet  of  the  king's  household 
(‘  ‘ dilectus  valettus  noster  ").  About  this  time  it  is  thought 
that  he  married  Philippa  Roet,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Sir 
Payne  Roet,  the  king  at  arms  for  Guienne,  and  a native  of 
Hainault,  who  came  to  England  in  the  train  of  Queen  Phi- 
lippa probably  in  1328.  ( Morley .)  By  1374  Chaucer  had  been 
raised  to  a higher  rank,  sent  on  royal  embassies  to  Italy, 
etc.,  and  called  “Esquire”  inofficial  records.  He  was  also 
made  comptroller  of  the  customs  of  wools,  skins,  and  tanned 
hides  in  London,  and  received  other  grants,  missions,  and 
pensions.  John  of  Gaunt,  the  younger  brother  of  Prince 
Lionel,  became  the  patron  of  Chaucer:  in  1396  married 
for  his  third  wife  Catherine  Swinford,  a widow,  who  had 
been  his  mistress,  and  who  was  the  sister  of  Chaucer’s  wife. 
Erom  1374  to  1386  Chaucer  lived  in  the  Gate-house  of  Aid- 
gate.  In  1378  he  was  sent  again  to  Italy,  after  which  he  was 
apparently  closely  confined  by  his  business  to  London  till 
1385,  when  he  was  allowed  to  have  a deputy  in  the  office  of 
comptroller  of  customs  of  wool,  etc.  In  1386  he  was  elected 
knight  of  the  shire  for  Kent,  but  was  dismissed  from  all 
his  various  offices  and  became  poor  before  the  end  of  the 
year.  By  1399,  however,  he  had,  through  the  patronage  of 
Henry  IV.,  the  recently  crowned  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  a 
sufficient  income,  and  took  a fifty-three  years'  lease  of 
a house  on  the  spot  in  Westminster  where  Henry  Vil.’s 
chapel  now  stands:  here,  however,  he  lived  less  than  a 
year.  Among  his  works  are  — Genuine  works  before 
1380:  “Troilus  and  Cressida,”  “The  Translation  of  Boe- 
thius on  the  Consolation  of  Philosophy,”  “The  Dream  of 
Chaucer"  (about  1369),  “The  Assembly  of  Fowls,”  “Of 
Queen  Anelida  and  False  Arcite,”  “The  House  of  Fame,” 
“Chaucer’s  A.  B.  C.,  called  La  Pricre  de  nostre  Dame.” — 
Genuine  works  after  1380:  “The  Canterbury  Tales,"  “The 
Legend  of  Good  Women,”  "The  Conclusions  of  the  Astro- 
labe,” “The  Complaint  of  Mars,”  “Good Counsel  of  Chau- 
cer,” “Lenvoye  to  Scogan,”  “Chaucer  unto  his  Empty 
Purse,"  “Chaucer’s  Words  unto  his  own  Scrivener."— 
Genuine  works, dates  unknown:  “The Complaint  of  Mars,” 
“The  Complaint  of  Venus” (a  translation  — Skeat),  “The 
Former  Age,"  “ How  Pity  is  Dead  and  Buried  in  a Gentle 
Heart."— Doubtful  works:  “The  Romaunt  of  the  Rose,” 
“Orison  to  the  Holy  Virgin,”  “An  Amorous  Complaint.” 
— Spurious  works : “A  Goodly  Ballade  of  Chaucer,”  “The 
Flower  of  Courtesy,  with  a Ballade,"  “La  Belle  Dame  sans 
Mercy,”  “ The  Assemblyof  Ladies,”  “A  Praise  of  Women,” 
“The  Testament  of  Love,”  “The  Lamentation  of  Mary 
Magdalen,”  “The  Remedy  of  Love,”  “A  Ballade  in  Com- 
mendation of  our  Lady,"  “The  Plowman’s  Tale,'  “Balade 
de  bon  Consail,”  “Against  Women  Unconstant,”  “The 
Craft  of  Lovers,  a Ballade,”  “The  Ten  Commandments 
of  Love,”  “The  Nine  Ladies  Worthy,"  “Alone  Walking,” 
“Jacke  Upland,”  “The  Tale  of  Gamelin,”  “The  Prologue, 
or  the  Meriy  Adventures  of  the  Pardoner  and  Tapster  at 
the  Inn  at  Canterbury,”  “The  Merchant's  Second  Tale,  or 
the  History  of  Beryn,”  “The  Testament  and  Complaint  of 
Cressida  ’’  (by  Robert  Henryson,  about  1490),  “ The  Com- 
plaint of  the  Black  Knight”  (by  Lydgate,  first  half  of  the 
16th  century),  “The  Cuckoo  and  the  Nightingale”  (about 
1400,  perhaps,  but  uncertain),  “The  Letter  of  Cupid”  (by 
Occleve,  1402),  “The  Court  of  Love  ” (about  1500),  “Chau- 
cer's Dream,”  “The  Isle  of  Ladies’’  (about  1450),  and 
“The  Flower  and  the  Leaf”  (about  1420).  Lounsbury. 

Chaucer,  Thomas.  Born  about 1367:  diedMarcli 
14,  1434.  An  English  statesman,  probably  eld- 
est son  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer.  He  was  chief  butler 
of  Richard  II.,  constable  of  Wallingford  Castle,  steward 
of  the  honors  of  Wallingford  and  St,  Valery  and  of  the 
Chiltern  Hundreds,  successor  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer  as  for- 
ester of  North  Petherton  Park,  Somersetshire,  and  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  1400-31.  He  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  1407,  1410,  1411,  and  1414.  He  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt. 

Chaucer  of  France,  The.  A name  given  to 
Clement  Marot. 

Chaucer’s  Dream.  1.  A name  once  given  to 
“ The  Book  of  the  Duchess,”  in  which  the  poet 
relates  his  dream. — 2.  The  title  of  an  inde- 
pendent poem,  first  printed  by  Thomas  Speght 
in  the  1597  edition  of  the  works  of  Chaucer. 
He  prefixed  to  it  a note  saying : “ That  which  heretofore 
hath  gone  under  the  name  of  his  Dreame,  is  the  Book  of 
the  Duchesse  : on  the  death  of  Blanche,  Ducliesse  of  Lan- 
caster.” 

There  is  no  extant  MS.  of  ibis  poem  earlier  than  one  at 
Longleat  of  about  1550.  If  the  poem  be  Chaucer's,  it  is  in 
a late  copy,  with  corruptions  of  the  text,  and  was  an  early 
work  of  his.  I leave  its  authenticity  in  question. 

Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  V.  166. 

Chaucer  Society,  The.  A society  founded  by 
P.  J.  Furnivall  in  1868  for  the  purpose  of  fur- 
nishing to  scholars  material  (manuscripts, 
early  texts,  etc.)  relating  to  Chaucer  which 
was  not  accessible  to  the  public,  and  of  facili- 
tating collation. 

Chauci  (ka/si).  [L.  (Pliny)  Chauci,  Gr.  (Strabo) 
Xaincoi.]  A Gorman  tribe,  first  mentioned  by 
Strabo,  in  the  region  along  the  North  Sea,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Weser  from  the  Ems  to  the 
Elbe.  Pliny  divides  them  into  “greater  ’’  and  “lesser.” 
They  were  brought  by  Drusus  and  Tiberius  into  subjec- 
tion to  the  Romans.  The  name  disappears  early  in  the  6th 
century.  They  were  ultimately  merged  in  the  Saxons. 
Chaudes-Aigues  (shod-zag').  A watering- 


240 

place  in  the  department  of  Cantal,  France,  lat. 
44°  50'  N.,  long.  3°  E. : the  Boman  Calentes 
Aqua).  It  is  noted  for  its  hot  springs. 
Chaudiere(sho-dyar').  [F.,‘ caldron.’]  A river 
in  Quebec,  Canada,  which  joins  the  St.  Lawrence 
7 miles  above  Quebec.  Length,  about  120  miles. 
Chaudi&re  Falls.  1.  A cataract  in  the  Chau- 
diere  Kiver,  near  its  mouth.  Height,  about  100 
feet. — 2.  A cataract  in  the  Ottawa  Biver,  near 
Ottawa.  Height,  about  40  feet. 

Chaudi&re  Lake.  An  expanson  of  the  Ottawa 
Biver,  on  which  Ottawa  is  situated. 
Chauffeurs  (sho-fer'),  or  Garrotteurs  (ga-ro- 
ter').  [F.,  ‘burners’  or  ‘ garroters.’]  A band 
of  French  brigands,  organized  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Johann  Buckler,  sumamed  “ Schinder- 
hannes,”  which  during  the  Beign  of  Terror  in- 
fested the  forests  of  Argeres,  near  Chartres,  and 
which  was  dispersed  by  the  consulate  in  1803 : 
so  called  from  the  practice  of  garroting  their 
victims,  or  of  burning  ( chauffer ) their  feet  to 
make  them  reveal  their  treasures. 

Chauliac  (sho-lyak'),  or  Cauliac  (ko-lyak'), 
or  Chaulieu  (sho-lye'),  Gui  de.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  14th  century.  A French 
surgeon,  physician  at  Lyons  and  later  at  Avi- 
gnon. He  wrote  a noted  treatise  on  surgery,  long  an 
authority,  “Inventorium,  sive  collectorium  partis  chirur- 
gicalis  medici.ise  " (published  1489  or  1490).  He  has  left 
a description  of  the  great  plague  of  1348. 

Chaulieu  (sho-lye'),  Guillaume  Amfrye  de. 

Born  at  Fontenay,  Eure,  France,  1639 : died 
at  Paris,  June  27,  1720.  A French  poet  and 
ecclesiastic,  a member  of  the  libertine  society 
of  the  Temple  (and  called  the  “Anacreon  of 
the  Temple’).  He  was  the  author  of  light  verses  of  an 
occasional  character.  His  work  is  closely  associated  with 
that  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Fare. 

Chaumette(sho-met'),  Pierre  Gaspard.  Born 
at  Nevers,  France,  May  24,  1763:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  April  13,  1794.  A French  revolu- 
tionist, appointed  attorney  of  the  commune 
of  Paris  in  1792. 

Chaumi&re  (sho-myar')  Indienne,  La.  [F., 

‘ The  Indian  Cottage.’]  A philosophical  tale 
by  Bernardin  de  St.  Pierre  (1791). 

Chaumonot  (shd-mo-no'),  Pierre  Marie  Jo- 
seph. Born  near  Chatillon-sur-Seine,  France, 
1611:  died  at  Lorette,  near  Quebec,  Canada, 
Feb.  21,  1693.  A French  Jesuit  missionary 
among  the  Indians  of  Canada.  He  arrived  at  Que- 
bec 1639,  and  resided  among  the  Hurons  until  they  were 
dispersed  by  the  Iroquois  about  1650.  He  left  a grammar 
of  ihe  Huron  language,  which  was  published  by  the  Lit- 
erary and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec  in  1835. 
Chaumont  (sho-moh').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  be- 
tween the  Marne  and  Suize  in  lat.  48°  7'  N., 
long.  5°  7'  E.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Bassigny. 
A treaty  was  made  here  between  the  Allies,  March  9, 1814. 
Population,  commune,  14,872. 

Chaumont,  Treaty  of.  An  offensive  and  de- 
fensive alliance  against  Napoleon  I.,  concluded 
here  between  Austria,  Great  Britain,  Prussia, 
and  Bussia,  March  9,  1814. 

Chauncy,  or  Chauncey  (chan'si  or  chan'si), 
Charles.  Born  in  Hertfordshire,  England, 
1592:  died  Feb.  19,  1672.  The  second  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  College.  After  having  held  a pro- 
fessorate first  of  Hebrew,  then  of  Greek,  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  he  became  vicar  of  Ware  in  1627.  He 
emigrated  to  New  England  in  1C38,  became  a pastor  in 
Scituate,  Massachusetts,  about  1641,  and  president  of 
Harvard  College  in  1654. 

Chauncey,  Isaac.  Born  at  Black  Bock,  Conn., 
Feb.  20,  1772:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan. 
27,  1840.  An  American  naval  officer.  He  served 
under  Commodores  Preble  and  Rodgers  in  the  war  with 
Tripoli  1804-05,  became  captain  in  1806,  and  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  naval  forces  on  the  northern  lakes  (ex- 
cept Champlain)  in  1812.  He  carried  General  Dearborn's 
army  to  York  (Toronto)  in  April,  1813,  and  in  October  de- 
feated an  English  fleet  of  seven  vessels,  capturing  five, 
on  Lake  Ontario. 

Chauny  (sbo-ne').  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  situated  ou 
the  Oise  18  miles  west  of  Laon.  There  are  noted 
glass  manufactures  at  St.  Gobain,  in  the  neighborhood. 
Population,  commune,  10,496. 

Chaussard  (sho-sar'),  Pierre  Jean  Baptiste. 

Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1766:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
9,  1823.  A French  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  French  Revolu- 
tion,  whose  theories  he  advocated  in  the  public  prints 
under  the  pen-name  of  Publicola. 

Chautauqua  (sha-ta'kwji).  A village  and  sum- 
mer resort  situated  on  Chautauqua  Lake,  in 
western  New  York:  noted  as  the  seat,  since 
1874,  of  the  Chautauqua  Assembly.  Popula- 
tion, town,  3,515,  (1910). 

Chautauqua  Lake.  A lake  in  western  New 
York,  8 miles  from  Lake  Erie.  Its  outlet,  Cone- 


Cheapside 

wango  Creek,  empties  into  Alleghany  River.  Length,  18 
miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  1,290  feet. 

Chautauqua  Literary  and  Scientific  Circle. 

An  association  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
home  reading  and  study,  founded  in  1878  by 
Bishop  John  H.  Vincent  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.  It  was  an  outgrowth  of  the  Chau- 
tauqua summer  assemblies.  Its  organ  is  “The 
Chautauquan.” 

Ghauveau  (sho-vo'),  Pierre  Joseph  Olivier. 

Born  at  Quebec,  May  30, 1820 : died  there,  April 
4,  1890.  A Canadian  politician  and  man  of 
letters,  premier  of  Quebec  1867-73.  He  is  the 
author  of  a novel,  “Charles  Guerin”  (1853),  etc. 
Chauveau-Lagarde  (sho-vo'la-gard'),  Claude 
Francois  de.  Born  at  Chartres,  France,  Jan. 
21, 1756 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1841.  A French 
advocate,  noted  as  the  defender  of  Miranda, 
Marie  Antoinette,  Charlotte  Corday,  and  Bris- 
sot. 

Chauvenet  (sho-ve-na'),  William.  Born  at 
Milford,  Pa.,  May  24,  1819:  died  at  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  Dec.  13, 1870.  An  American  mathema- 
tician, professor  in  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  1845-59. 

Chaux-de-Fonds  (sho-de-fon'),  La.  A town  in 
the  canton  of  Neuehatel,  Switzerland,  situated 
in  a valley  of  the  Jura  10  miles  northwest  of 
Neuehatel.  It  has  manufactures  of  watches 
and  clocks.  Population,  38,028. 

Chavantes  (sha-van'tes).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Brazil,  occupying  most  of  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  of  Goyaz,  between  the  rivers  Tocan- 
tins and  Araguaya.  They  were  formerly  very  pow- 
erful, and  are  still  numerous,  having  several  large  vil- 
lages. V ery  savage  and  warlike,  they  have  only  recently 
admitted  some  intercourse  with  the  whites : for  years 
they  were  tire  terror  of  the  neighboring  settlements  and 
of  travelers.  These  Indians  are  generally  classed  with 
the  Crens  or  Botocudo  stock,  believed  to  be  the  most  an- 
cient in  Brazil. 

Chaves  (sha'ves).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Traz-os-Montes,  Portugal,  in  lat.  41°  45'  N., 
long.  7°  33'  W. : the  Boman  Aqua)  Flavise.  It 
contains  hot  saline  springs.  The  Tamega  is 
spanned  by  a Boman  bridge.  Population,  6,388. 
Chaves  (cha'ves),  Francisco  de.  A Spanish 
knight  who  went  to  America  and  was  with  Pi- 
zarro  in  the  conquest  of  Peru  (1532-33).  He  was 
one  of  those  who  protested  against  the  death  of  Atahualpa. 
Subsequently  he  became  one  of  Pizarro’s  most  trusted 
captains,  and  about  1539  was  sent  to  settle  Conchucas. 
He  was  assassinated  with  Pizarro  at  Lima,  June  26, 154L 

Chaves  (sha'ves).  Marquis  de  (Manoel  de 
Silveira  Pinto  de  Fonseca,  Count  of  Ama- 
rante).  Bom  at  Villareal  in  Portugal : died  at 
Lisbon,  March  7, 1830.  A Portuguese  general 
and  absolutist  politician  (1823-28). 

Ohaves  (cha'ves),  Nuflo  de.  Born  at  Truxillo, 
Estremadura,  about  1510:  died  in  the  Gran 
Chaco,  1568.  A Spanish  soldier.  He  went  with 
Cabeza  de  Vaca  to  Paraguay,  marching  overland  from  the 
Brazilian  coast  to  Asuncion,  1541—12 ; took  part  in  the 
deposition  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca ; and  thereafter  was  a lead- 
ing and  very  turbulent  spirit  in  the  affairs  of  Paraguay. 

Chazars  (cha'zarz),  or  Khazars,  Kingdom  of 

the.  A Turanian  power  in  southern  Bussia  in 
the  first  half  of  the  middle  ages.  It  extended  as 
its  greatest  expansion  from  the  Caspian  and  lower  Volga 
westward  to  the  Dnieper.  It  was  at  its  height  in  the  9th 
century.  For  a time  the  kings  of  this  people  professed 
Judaism,  their  subjects  following  them.  It  is  thought  by 
some  that  the  modern  Jews  of  southern  Russia  are  their 
descendants. 

Chazelles  (sha-zel'),  Jean  Mathieu  de.  Born 

at  Lyons,  France,  July  24, 1657 : died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  16, 1710.  A French  mathematician,  astron- 
omer, and  chartographer,  professor  of  hydrog- 
raphy at  Marseilles. 

Cheadle  (che'dl).  A town  in  Cheshire,  Eugland, 
5 miles  south  of  Manchester,  of  which  it  is  a 
residential  suburb.  Population,  9.044. 
Cheapside  (chep'sld).  [ME.  cliepe,  market.] 
The  central,  east-and-west  thoroughfare  of  the 
City  of  London,  originally  a large  open  com- 
mon in  the  course  of  Watling  street  where  the 
markets  and  public  assemblies  were  held.  Dif- 
ferent kinds  of  wares  were  sold  separately,  and  the  names 
were  perpetuated  in  the  streets  which  were  built  up 
where  the  old  booths  had  stood.  In  the  middle  ages 
Chepe  was  the  great  street  of  the  retail  trade.  It  was 
built  with  the  finest  houses  in  the  city,  and  well  supplied 
with  churches,  the  principal  one  being  St.  Mary  le  Bow, 
so  called  from  its  great  vault  or  bow,  on  the  south  side. 
On  the  south  side  also  was  the  stone  gallery  from  which 
royalty  reviewed  the  tournaments  which  were  held  here. 
There  were  two  crosses  in  Chepe  : the  principal  one  was 
erected  by  Edward  I.  to  mark  the  resting  place  of  his 
queen,  Eleanor  of  Castile.  (See  Charing  Cross.)  The  high- 
way ran  through  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  market- 
place, and  became  known  as  Cheapside.  Before  the  fire 
in  1660  it  was  twice  as  wide  as  the  present  street,  and  was 
lined  with  houses  five  stories  high,  each  story  projecting 
over  the  one  below,  and  with  high  gables.  Cheapside  is 
69  leet  above  tide-water. 


Cheatham 

Cheatham  (che'tam),  Benjamin  Franklin. 

Born  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Oct.  20,  1820 : died 
there,  Sept.  4,  1886.  A Confederate  major- 
general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war ; entered  the 
Confederate  army  in  1861,  and  fought  at  Belmont,  Shiloh, 

’ Chickamauga,  Chattanooga,  and  elsewhere. 

Cheat  River  (chet  riv'er).  A river  in  West 
Virginia  which  joins  the  Monongahela  52  miles 
south  of  Pittsburg.  Total  length,  about  150 
miles. 

Cheats  (chets),  The.  A comedy  by  John  Wil- 
son, written  in  1662.  This  play  was  temporarily  sup- 
pressed, it  is  thought  on  account  of  its  ridicule  of  some 
prominent  nonconformist  in  the  part  of  Scruple. 

Cheats  of  Scapin  (chets  ov  ska-pah'},  The.  A 
farce  by  Otway,  acted  in  1677.  It  was  taken 
from  Moliere’s  “Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin.” 
Chebar  (ke'bar).  Mentioned  in  Ezek.  i.  3 as 
a river  in  the  “ land  of  the  Chaldeans,”  on  the 
banks  of  which  the  Jewish  exiles  lived.  The 
river  or  canal  is  as  yet  not  identified  with  any  of  the  nu- 
merous canals  of  Babylonia  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform 
inscriptions.  The  view,  held  formerly,  that  it  was  the 
same  as  Habor,  a river  which  joins  the  Euphrates  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Circessium,  is  now,  for  philological 
and  geographical  reasons,  generally  abandoned. 
Cheddar  Cliffs  (ched'iir  klifz).  A picturesque 
group  of  limestone  cliffs  in  the  Mendip  Hills, 
Somersetshire,  England,  near  Wells.  Height, 
500  feet. 

Chedorlaomer  (ke-dor-la-6'mer).  A king  of 
Elam  who;  according  to  Gen.  xiv.,  in  the  time 
of  Abraham,  with  his  three  tributary  kings 
Amraphel  of  Shinar  (Shurnir  of  the  inscrip- 
tions), Arioch  of  Ellasar  (Larsa),  and  Tidal  of 
Goyim,  invaded  Palestine  and  subdued  the 
five  kings  of  Siddim  (around  the  Dead  Sea). 
For  twelve  years  they  remained  jn  subjection  ; in  the 
thirteenth  year  they  rebelled,  whereupon  Chedorlaomer 
came  again  with  his  three  allies  and  defeated  the  five 
kings,  pillaging  the  whole  country  and  carrying  away 
with  him  Lot,  the  nephew  of  Abraham.  According  to 
the  Assyrian  monuments,  Elamite  kings  conquered  Baby- 
lonia and  reigned  over  it  during  the  period  between 
2300  and  2076  B.  C.  Among  the  Elamite  kings  mentioned 
are  Kudur-Mabuk  and  Kudur-Nahundu.  The  first  calls 
himself  “conqueror  of  the  Westland.”  Chedorlaomer, 
or,  as  the  name  would  have  been  read  in  the  ancient  Ela- 
mite language,  Kudur-Lagamar,  may  be  put  about  2000 
B.  0.  Lagamar  is,  as  ascertained  by  the  Assyrian  inscrip- 
tions, the  name  of  an  Elamite  deity,  and  Kudur  probably 
means  ‘servant.’  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  Till. 
Ch4dotel  (sha-do-tel').  Lived  about  1600. 
A French  navigatoi  and  explorer  in  Canada. 
Having  been  selected  to  guide  the  expedition  of  the 
Marquis  de  la  Roche  to  New  France,  he  landed,  in  1598, 
fifty  men  on  Sable  Island,  whom  on  his  return  from  an 
exploring  expedition  along  the  coast  of  Acadia  he  was 
compelled  by  stress  of  weather  to  abandon.  He  was 
sent  to  their  rescue  by  the  Parliament  of  Rouen  in  1605, 
but  recovered  only  twelve  men,  all  that  survived. 
Cheduba  (ched'uba).  An  island  in  the  Bay 
of  Bengal,  west  of  Arakan,  British  India,  in 
lat.  18°  50'  N.,  long.  93°  40'  E.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Burmese  in  1824.  Area,  220  square 
miles.  Population,  26,899. 

Cheeryble  (cher'i-bl),  Frank.  The  nephew  of 
Charles  and  Edwin  Cheeryble  in  Charles  Dick- 
ens’s novel  “ Nicholas  Nickleby.”  He  marries 
Kate  Nickleby. 

Cheeryble  Brothers,  The  (Charles  and  Ed- 
win). Twin  brothers,  merchants,  in  Charles 
Dickens’s  story  “Nicholas  Nickleby.”  They  are 
liberal,  simple-minded,  and  noble-hearted,  and  are  friends 
and  patrons  of  Nicholas  Nickleby.  Theoriginalsof  these 
characters  are  said  to  have  been  the  Grant  brothers,  cot- 
ton-spinners, near  Manchester. 

Chefoo.  See  Chifu. 

Chefren.  See  Khafra. 

Cheggs  (chegz),  Mr.  A market-gardener  in 
Charles  Dickens’s  “ Old  Curiosity  Shop,”  the 
successful  rival  of  Dick  Swiveller  in  the  affec- 
tions of  Sophy  Wackles. 

Chehalis  (che-ha'liz),  or  Tsihalis.  A collec- 
tive name  applied  to  several  tribes  of  the 
Salishan  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
living  on  Chehalis  River  and  Shoalwater  Bay, 
Washington.  In  1904  there  were  147  Chehalis 
on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  Washington.  See 
Salishan. 

Cheke  (ehek),  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
England,  June  16,  1514:  died  at  London,  Sept. 
13, 1557.  A noted  English  Greek  scholar,  tutor 
to  Edward  VI.  He  studied  at  Cambridge  (St.  John’s 
College);  was  professor  of  Greek  there  1540-51  ; was 
appointed  tutor  to  Prince  Edward  1544  ; was  knighted 
1552  ; and  became  a chamberlain  of  the  exchequer  Aug., 
1552,  and  a secretary  of  state  June,  1553.  He  was  a zeal- 
ous Protestant  and  partizan  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  on 
Mary’s  accession  was  accused  of  treason  and  committed 
to  the  Tower,  July  27,  1553;  but  was  pardoned  Sept.  13, 
1654,  and  permitted  to  travel  abroad.  In  1556  he  was 
arrested  near  Antwerp,  brought  to  England,  and  again 
thrown  into  the  Tower,  where  he  was  induced  to  renounce 
his  Protestant  beliefs.  He  wrote  numerous  works  in 
Latin  and  English. 

C.— 16 


241 

Che-kiang  (che'kyang').  A maritime  prov- 
ince of  China,  lying  between  Kiang-su  on  the 
north,  the  China  Sea  on  the  east,  Fu-kien  on 
the  south,  and  Ngan-hui  and  Kiang-si  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Ilang-chau  ; treaty  port,  Ning-po.  The 
chief  foreign  export  is  silk.  Area,  about  30,670  square 
miles.  Population,  11,580,692. 

Chelamela  (chel-a-me'la).  A former  division  or 
band  of  the  Kalapooian  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  probably  on  Long  Tom  creek, 
Oregon.  Also  La-malle , and  Long  Tom  Indians. 
See  Kalapooian. 

Chelard  (she-lar'),  Hippolyte  Andre  Jean 
Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  1,  1789:  died 
at  Weimar,  Germany,  Feb.  12, 1861.  A French 
composer,  author  of  the  operas  “Macbeth” 
(1827 : text  by  Rouget  de  Lisle),  “ Hermanns- 
schlacht”  (1835),  etc. 

Cheliff,  or  Chelif.  See  Sheliff. 

Chelius  (cha'le-os),  Maximilian  Joseph  von. 
Born  at  Mannheim,  Baden,  Jan.  16,  1794:  died 
at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  Aug.  17,  1876.  A noted 
German  surgeon.  He  wrote  “Handbuch  der 
Chirurgie”  (1822),  etc. 

Chelles  (shel),  Jean  de.  A French  architect 
and  sculptor.  He  constructed  in  1257  the  south- 
ern portal  of  Notre  Dame  de  Paris  as  it  exists 
to-day. 

Chelmsford  (chemz'ford).  The  capital  of  Es- 
sex, England,  situated  on  the  Chelmer  28  miles 
northeast  of  London.  Population,  12,580. 
Chelmsford,  Baron.  See  Thesiger. 

Chelouels.  See  Naehi. 

Chelsea  (chel'si).  [Formerly  Chelseg,  Chelchith, 
ME.  Chelcliitli,  AS.  Celchyth,  also,  as  the  name 
of  another  place,  Cealchytli,  lit.  ‘ Chalkport.’] 
A borough  (metropolitan)  of  London,  situated 
north  of  the  Thames,  3 miles  southwest  of  St. 
Paul’s.  It  has  been  the  residence  of  many  celebrated 
people,  including  More,  Elizabeth,  Steele,  Swift,  Walpole, 
Rossetti,  George  Eliot,  and  Carlyle,  it  contains  the 
Chelsea  Hospital  for  invalid  soldiers,  designed  by  Wren, 
built  1682-90.  Population,  “66,404,  (1911). 

Chelsea.  A city  in  Suffolk  County,  Massachu- 
setts, 3 miles  northeast  of  Boston,  separated 
from  Charlestown  by  the  Mystic  River,  it  has 
manufactures  of  tiles,  pottery,  etc.  It  was  settled  as  Win- 
nisimmet  in  1630,  was  separated  from  Boston  in  1738,  and 
was  incorporated  as  a city  in  1857.  Population,  32,452, 
(1910). 

Chelsea  Village.  A part  of  New  York:  a sec- 
tion, originally  the  farm  of  Clement  C.  Moore, 
lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  city.  Chelsea  Square, 
lying  between  Ninth  and  Tenth  avenues  and  20th  and 
21st  streets,  still  marks  part  of  its  site.  The  General 
Theological  Seminary  occupies  the  square. 
Cheltenham  (chelt'n-am).  A watering-place 
in  Gloucestershire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Chelt  8 miles  northeast  of  Gloucester,  it  con- 
tains Cheltenham  College  and  other  educational  institu- 
tions. Mineral  springs  were  discovered  there  in  1716.  It 
has  been  a fashionable  resort  since  the  visit  of  George  III. 
in  1788.  Population,  49,439. 

Chelukamanche.  See  Lakmiut. 

Chelyuskin,  Cape.  See  Severo. 

Chemakum.  See  Chimakum. 

Chemawawa.  See  Chemehuevi. 

Chemehuevi  (shem-a-hwa've).  The  southern- 
most of  the  Piute  tribes  of  North  American 
Indians.  Its  habitat  formerly  was  west  of  the  great 
bend  of  the  Rio  Colorado  in  Nevada  and  California,  and 
on  the  east  bank  of  that  river  in  Arizona,  between  Bill 
Williams  Fork  and  the  Needles.  In  1903  there  were  300 
in  the  Colorado  River  Indian  reservation,  Arizona.  (See 
Piute.)  Their  own  name  is  Tantawas.  Also  Chemawawa, 
Chimihuah.ua,  Qeniguch,  Jeniguich,  Simojueve,  Teni- 
quech. 

Chemill6  (she-me-ya').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  20  miles  south- 
west of  Angers.  Population,  commune,  4,171. 
Chemnitz  (chem'nits).  A city  in  the  district 
of  Zwickau,  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on 
the  Chemnitz  in  lat.  50°  50'  N.,  long.  12°  55'  E. 
It  is  the  chief  manufacturing  city  in  Saxony, 
and  one  of  the  most  important  in  Germany. 
It  exports  its  manufactured  goods  largely  to  the 
United  States.  Its  manufactures  include  gloves,  stock- 
ings,  machinery,  cottons,  and  woolens.  It  was  a free  impe- 
rial city  13th-17th  centuries.  Population,  286,455,  (1910). 

Chemnitz,  Bogislav  Philipp  von.  Born  at 
Stettin,  Germany,  May  9,  1605:  died  at  Hall- 
stad,  Sweden,  May  17,  1678.  A German  histo- 
rian, councilor  and  historiographer  of  Christina 
of  Sweden.  He  was  a grandson  of  Martin  Chemnitz. 
He  wrote  “De  ratione  status  in  imperio  nostro  Romano- 
Germanico,  etc.”  (1640),  “Der  kcinigliche  schwedische  in 
Deutschland  gefiihrte  Krieg  ’’  (1648). 

Chemnitz,  or  Kemnitz,  Martin.  Born  at  Treu- 
enbriet.zen,  Brandenburg,  Germany,  Nov.  9, 
1522 : died  at  Brunswick,  Germany,  April  8, 1 586. 
A noted  German  Lutheran  theologian,  super- 
intendent at  Brunswick  after  1567,  He  wrote 


Chenonceaux 

“ Theologice  Jesuitarum  pnecipua  capita  ” (1662),  “ Examen 
concilii  Tridentini  ” (1565-73),  “ Loci  Theologici  "(1691),  etc. 

Chemnitzer  (chem'nit-ser),  Ivan  Ivanovitch. 

Born  in  Archangel,  Jan.  16  (N.  S.),  1745:  died 
at  Smyrna,  March  20, 1784.  A Russian  fabulist: 
fables  published  1778-81  (ed.  by  Grot  1873). 
Chexnosh  (ke'mosh).  The  principal  deity,  or 
Baal,  of  the  Moabites,  in  judges  xi.  24  Chemosh  also 
appears  as  the  national  god  of  Ammon.  Under  Solomon 
his  worship  was  introduced  in  Judah,  but  was  abolished 
by  Josiah  (1  Ki.  xi.  7,  2 Ki.  xxiii.  13). 

Chemsian.  See  Tsimsliian. 

Chemulpo  (she-mul-po').  A treaty  port  of  Ko- 
rea, near  Seoul.  It  is  the  most  important  of  the 
treaty  ports. 

Chenab,  or  Ohinab  (ohe-nab').  The  central 
river  of  the  Panjab,  British  India,  which  unites 
with  the  Sutlej  to  form  the  Panjnad  (an  eastern 
affluent  of  the  Indus),  in  lat.  29°  25'  N.,  long. 
71°  5'  E.  Length,  about  750  miles. 

Chenango  (she-nang'go).  A tributary  of  the 
Susquehanna,  which  it  joins  at  Binghamton, 
New  York.  Length,  about  100  miles. 
Clienavard  (she-na-var'),  Paul  Joseph.  Born 
Dec.  9,  1808 : died  April  12,  1895.  A French  his- 
torical painter,  a pupil  of  Delacroix  and  Ingres. 
He  executed  a series  of  cartoons  for  the  Pan- 
theon in  Paris. 

Chenedolle  (shan-do-la'),  Charles  Julien 
Lioult  de.  Born  at  Yire  in  1769:  died  1833. 
A French  poet. 

Chf-nedolld  was  in  production,  if  not  in  publication,  for 
he  published  late  in  life,  a precursor  of  Lamartine,  much 
of  whose  style  and  manner  may  be  found  in  him. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  403. 

Chen6e  (sha-na/).  A manufacturing  suburb  of 
Liege,  Belgium,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Vesdro  and  Ourthe.  Population,  9,906. 
Chenevix  (chen'e-viks),  Richard.  Born  in  Ire- 
land (of  French  parentage),  1774:  died  April 
5,  1830.  A chemist,  mineralogist,  and  man  of 
letters,  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  1801,  and 
Copley  medalist  1803.  Besides  numerous  scientific 
papers,  he  wrote  “Mantuan  Revels  "(a  comedy),  “Henry 
the  Seventh  ” (a  tragedy),  and  poems. 

Chenier  (sha-nya/),  Andre  Marie  de.  Bom  at 

Constantinople,  Oct.  30,  1762 : guillotined  at 
Paris,  July  25, 1794.  A celebrated  French  poet, 
son  of  Louis  Chenier.  According  to  Sainte-Beuve 
he  is  the  greatest  writer  in  French  classic  verse  since  the 
days  of  Racine  and  Boileau.  He  went  to  the  College  de  Na- 
varre in  France;  was  in  the  army  in  1782  ; in  Switzerland 
and  Italy  1783-84 ; in  Paris  1784-87;  secretary  to  the  French 
embassy  in  London  till  1790  ; and  finally  reverted  to  liter- 
ary occupations  and  studies  in  Paris.  Only  two  poetical 
compositions  of  Chdnier  were  published  during  his  life- 
time, “Le  jeu  de  pan  me  h David  peintre  ” (suggested  by 
the  great  painter’s  “Serment  du  jeu  de  paume”),  and 
“Hyrnne  aux  sohlats  de  Chateauvieux.”  His  pamphlet 
directed  against  the  Jacobin  club,  “ Avis  au  peuple  fran- 
gais  sur  ses  vdritables  ennemis,”  brought  him  a medal  of 
recognition  from  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland.  CliCnier's 
plain  words  in  political  matters  led  to  his  inscription  on 
the  exile  list,  but  he  seems  to  have  been  of  assistance  to 
Malesherbes  in  preparing  the  defense  of  Louis  XVI.,  and 
to  the  king  himseH  in  preparing  the  latter's  appeal  to  the 
people.  March  7,  1794,  he  was  accused  of  sheltering  a 
political  criminal,  and  was  sent  to  prison.  On  the  7tli  Ther- 
midor  he  was  one  of  twenty-four  guillotined  on  a charge 
of  prison  conspiracy.  “La  jeune  captive’’  was  published 
Jan.  9,  1795,  in  the  “Ddcade  philosophique,”with  reprints 
in  “ L’Almanach  des  muses  ” and  “ Le  magasin  encyclopd- 
dique.”  “La  jeune  Tarentine”  came  out  in  the  “Mer- 
cure”  of  March  22,  1801.  In  a note  to  Chateaubriand’s 
“Gdnie  du  christianisme”  several  passages  were  quoted 
from  the  “Eldgies.”  Other  fragments  were  inserted  by 
Fayolle  in  his  “Melanges  littdraires”  (1816).  The  first 
complete  edition  of  Chenier's  works  was  made  by  Latouche 
in  1819,  the  second  by  D.  C.  Robert,  the  third  and  fourth 
again  by  Latouche  in  1833  and  1839  respectively.  Becq 
de  Fouquiferes  published  the  first  critical  edition  in  1862, 
and  the  second  in  1872.  An  indifferent  edition  was  given 
by  Gabriel  de  Chdnier  in  1874.  Becq  de  Fouquiferes  pointed 
out  its  shortcomings  in  his  “Documents  nouveaux  sur 
Andrd  Chdnier”  (1876).  He  also  published  in  1881  a re- 
vised and  enlarged  edition  of  Chdnier's  “ (Kuvres  en 
prose,”  based  on  the  version  of  Hugo  and  Lacroix  in  1840 ; 
and  finally  gave  the  results  of  his  latest  research  in  his 
“Lettres  critiques  d’Andrd  Chdnier”  (1881). 

Chenier,  Louis  de.  Born  at  Montfort,  France, 
1723 : died  at  Paris,  May  25,  1796.  A French 
historian.  He  resided  at  Constantinople  for  many  years, 
and  was  consul-general  there  until  1764.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Reclierches  historiques  surlesMaures  et  l’histoire 
de  l’empire  de  Maroc  ” (1787),  “Revolutions  de  l’empire 
Ottoman,  etc.”  (1789),  etc. 

Chenier,  Marie  Joseph  de.  Bom  at  Constan- 
tinople, Feb.  11,  1764:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1811.  A French  poet,  son  of  Louis  Chenier, 
lie  wrote  the  tragedy  “Charles  IX.”  (1789),  the  song 
“Chant  du  depart,”  “Tibkre,”  etc.  Ilis  complete  works 
were  published  1824-26. 

Chenonceaux  (she-non- so').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated 
on  the  Cher  19  miles  southeast  of  Tours.  It  is 
famous  for  the  castle  built  under  Francois  I.  in  a grace- 
ful Renaissance  style,  to  which  picturesqueness  is  added 
by  the  introduction  of  medieval  round,  cone-roofed  tow- 
ers. The  beautiful  chapel  has  fine  glass,  and  the  old  fur- 


Chenonceaux 

niture  and  ornament  of  the  Interior  remain  in  great  part. 
A unique  feature  is  the  bridge  over  the  Cher,  covered 
with  a range  of  buildings. 

Ckenooks.  See  Chinooks. 

Cheops  (ke'ops).  [Gr.  Xeoip.~]  See  Khufu. 

Chepenafa  (che-pe'na-fa).  [PL]  The  Mary 
River  Indians,  or  Marysville  Indians,  a hand  of 
the  Lakmiut  division  of  the  Kalapooian  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  They  formerly  lived  on 
the  forks  of  St.  Mary  creek,  near  Corvallis,  Oregon,  and 
are  now  on  Grande  Ronde  reservation.  They  number 
about  25.  See  Lakmiut. 

Chephren.  See  Khafra. 

Chepman  (chep'man),  Waiter.  Born  about 
1473:  died  about  1538.  A printer  and  mer- 
chant of  Edinburgh,  the  earliest  Scottish  printer 
with  the  exception  of  Andrew  Myllar. 

Chepstow  (chep'sto).  A town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Wye  13  miles 
northwest  of  Bristol.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  Chep- 
stow Castle,  a fortress  of  the  13th  and  11th  centuries,  with 
high  walls  and  massive  cylindrical  towers.  There  are 
four  interior  cour  ts.  Population,  3,067. 

Cher  (sbar).  A river  of  France  which  joins 
the  Loire  near  Tours.  Length,  215  miles;  navi- 
gable 74  miles. 

Cher.  A department  of  France,  lying  between 
Loiret  on  the  north,  Nievre  on  the  east,  Allier 
and  Creuse  on  the  south,  and  Indre  and  Loir- 
et-Cher  on  the  west.  Capital,  Bourges.  It  is  a 
leading  industrial  department,  and  is  formed  from  parts 
of  Berry  and  Bourbonnais.  Area,  2,819  square  miles. 
Population,  343,484. 

Cherasco  (ka-ras'ko).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Cuneo,  Italy,  near  the  junction  of  the  Stura 
and  Tanaro,  30  miles  south  of  Turin. 

Cherasco,  Armistice  of.  An  armistice  con- 
cluded between  Napoleon  and  Victor  Amadeus 
III.  of  Sardinia,  April  29,  1796.  A definite 
peace  followed,  May  15,  1796,  making  great 
concessions  to  France. 

Cherasco,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  of  peace,  signed 
April  6,  1631,  which  confirmed  the  treaty  of 
Ratisbon,  concluded  between  Richelieu  and 
Ferdinand  II.  in  1630.  The  latter  invested  the  Duke 
of  Nevers  with  Mantua  and  Montferrat.  Savoy  received 
concessions.  The  treaty  ended  the  war  of  the  Mantuan 
Succession. 

Cherbourg  (sher'berg;  F.  pron.  shar-bor').  A 
seaport  in  the  department  of  Manelie,  France, 
situated  on  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  49°  39' 
N. , long.  1°  38'  W . It  is  the  third  naval  port  of  France, 
and  is  a strong  fortress.  It  has  a roadstead  protected  by  a 
long  dike,  a commercial  harbor  and  a naval  harbor, and  con- 
tains extensive  docks,  an  arsenal,  and  naval  establishments. 
It  is  the  Roman  Coriallum,  Csesaris  burgum.  After  various 
English  occupations  it  was  permanently  held  by  France 
from  1450.  It  was  planned  as  a naval  station  by  Vauban,  and 
the  works  were  encouraged  by  Napoleon  I.  and  completed 
by  Napoleon  III.  The  fortifications  were  destroyed  by  the 
English  in  1758.  Population,  commune,  43,837. 

Cherbuliez  (shar-bii-Iya/),  Antoine  Elisee. 

Born  at  Geneva,  July  29,  1797 : died  at  Zurich, 
Switzerland,  March  14,  1869.  A Swiss  politi- 
cal economist,  author  of  “L’Utilitaire,”  etc. 
Cherbuliez  (shar-bii-Iya,').  Charles  Victor. 
Born  at  Geneva,  July  19,  1829:  died  at  Combs, 
near  Melun,  July  1,  1899.  A French  novelist 
and  critic.  He  began  life  as  a teacher,  but  resigned  his 
professorship  and  traveled  extensively  in  the  East.  On  his 
return  he  published  in  the  form  of  a novel  the  result  of  his 
studies  in  archaeology.  The  first  edition  was  called  “A 
propos  d’un  cheval’’  (1860),  and  the  second  “Un  cheval 
de  Phidias  " (1864).  Two  other  works  of  a similar  character, 
“Le  prince  Vitale"  (1864)  and  “Be  grand  ceuvre”  (1867), 
embody  his  views  on  the  origin,  transformation,  and  des- 
tiny of  this  globe.  In  the  “Revue  des  Deux  Mondes” 
he  published  a long  series  of  novels,  including  “ Le  comte 
Kostia " (1863),  ‘‘Paule  M6rd” (1864), “Le roman  d’uuehon- 
nOte  femme ” (1864),  “Prosper  Ran doce  ”(1868),  “L’A ven- 
ture de  Ladislas  Bolski"  (1869),  “La  revanche  de  Joseph 
Noirel”  (1872),  “Meta  Holdenis  ” (1873),  “Le  fiancd  de 
Mile.  Saint-Maur"  (1876),  “Samuel  Brohl  et  Cie  ” (1877), 
“ L’ld^e  de  Jean  Tcterol  ” (1878), “Amours  fragiles  ”(1880), 
“ Noirs  et  rouges”  (1881),  “La  ferme  du  Choquart ” (1883), 
“ Olivier  Maugant  ” (1885),  “ La  bete  ” (1887),  “ La  vocation 
du  Comte  Ghislain  ”(1888),  “Uue  gageure  "(1890).  Among 
his  productions  in  most  recent  years  are  “ L’Art  et  la  na- 
ture’’(“  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,”  1891)  and  "Le  secret 
du  prtcepteur  ” (ibid.,  1892-93).  Both  over  his  own  name 
and  under  the  nom  de  plume  of  G.  Valbert,  Cherbuliez 
also  contributed  to  the  same  review  several  papers  on 
foreign  politics  and  historical  literature.  These  articles 
have  been  collected  in  part  and  published  as  “ L’Alle- 
magne  politique  depuis  la  paix  de  Prague"  (1870),  “ L’Es- 
pagne  politique  ’’  (1874),  “ Homines  et  choses  d’Allemagne  ” 
(1877),  “ Hommes  et  choses  du  temps  present  ” (1883),  and 
“Profils  strangers”  (1889).  His  art  criticisms  in  the 
“Temps”  give  an  account  of  the  annual  art  exhibit  in 
Paris,  the  Salon  of  1872.  Jliey  have  been  published  sep- 
arately under  the  title  “Etudes  de  literature  et  d’art" 
(1873).  Two  novels  of  Cherbuliez  have  been  dramatized, 
“Samuel  Brohl”  (1879)  and  “L’Aventure  de  Ladislas 
Bolski  ” (1879),  but  neither  scored  as  a play  the  success 
attained  in  the  original  form.  Cherbuliez  was  a distant 
relative  of  J.  J.  Rousseau.  He  took  out  papers  as  a 
Frenchman  after  1870.  He  was  elected  into  the  French 
Academy  Dec.  8,  1881. 

Cherchel,  or  Cherchell  (sher-skel').  A seaport 
in  the  department  of  Algiers,  Algeria,  situated 


242 

on  the  Mediterranean  54  miles  west  by  south 
of  Algiers.  Population,  commune,  11,088. 

Cherentes,  or  Xerentes  (sha-ren'taz).  An  In- 
dian tribe  of  Brazil,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
river  Tocantins,  in  Goyaz,  southern  Maranhao, 
and  portions  of  Piauby  and  Bahia.  They  are 
closely  allied  to  the  Chavantes  (which  see),  and  are  evi- 
dently an  offspring  of  that  tribe.  Like  them,  they  are 
very  savage  and  warlike.  Their  numbers  are  now  greatly 
reduced. 

Cheri  (sha-re'),  Rose  (Rose  Marie  Cizos). 

Born  at  Etampes,  France,  Oct.  27, 1824:  died  at 
Passy,  near  Paris,  Sept.  22,  1861.  A celebrated 
French  comedian.  She  first  appeared  at  the  Gymnase 
March  30,  1842.  In  1840  the  role  of  Clarisse  Harlowe 
placed  her  in  the  first  rank  of  her  profession.  In  May, 
1847,  she  married  M.  Lemoine  Montigny,  but  continued 
to  play  under  the  name  of  Hose  Clithi. 

Cheribon,  or  Sheribon  (sher'i-bon).  A sea- 
port on  the  northern  coast  of  Java,  Dutch  East 
Indies,  lat.  6°  45'  S.,  long.  108°  35'  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated  at  11,000. 

Cherokee  (cher-6-ke'),  native  Tsalagi.  [P1-, 
also  Cherokees.']  An  important  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.  The  name  ( Tsalagi , Tsaragi ) is 
said  to  he  derived  from  Choctaw  chiluk-ki,  ‘cave  people.’ 
They  are  probably  the  people  known  traditionally  to  the 
Delawares  as  Talligewi,  a powerful  body  which  once  oc- 
cupied tiie  valleys  of  the  Ohio  aud  Allegheny  rivers,  and 
afterward  was  driven  south  by  the  Delawares  and  Iroquois. 
When  first  known  to  Europeans  their  center  was  in  the 
southern  Alleghauies,  and  they  occupied  the  mountains  of 
southern  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  and  Tennessee.  Their  chief  settlements  were 
on  the  head  waters  of  the  Savannah  and  Tennessee  rivers, 
and  were  respectively  called  Elati  Tsalagi,  or  Lower 
Cherokee,  and  Atali  Tsalagi,  or  Upper  Cherokee,  speaking 
two  different  dialects.  As  the  white  settlements  pressed 
upon  them  they  retreated  westward,  until  by  the  treaty  of 
1835  they  sold  all  their  remaining  country,  and  the  main 
body  removed  to  a tract  assigned  to  them  west  of  the 
Mississippi.  A considerable  number  remained  behind, 
and,  gradually  concentrating  in  western  North  Carolina, 
are  now  known  as  the  eastern  band  of  Cherokees,  number- 
ing several  thousands.  Those  in  Oklahoma  number  over 
20,000.  Both  divisions  have  a large  admixture  of  foreign 
blood.  See  Iroquoicm. 

Cherry  (cher'i).  [A  nickname  of  Charily.]  1. 
The  daughter  of  the  landlord  Boniface  in  Far- 
quhar’s  ‘‘Beaux’  Stratagem.” — 2.  The  nick- 
name of  Charity  Peeksniif  in  Dickens’s  ‘ ‘ Martin 
Chuzzlewit.” 

Ghersiphron  (ker'si-fron).  [Gr.  Xepci<j>puv.] 
Born  at  Cnossus,  Crete:  flourished  about  576 
B.  c.  The  first  architect  of  the  Artemision  at 
Ephesus.  He  was  associated  with  his  son  Metagenes, 
and  with  Theodorus.  The  Artemision  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty  years  in  building,  and  was  finished  about  456 
B.  o.  This  building  was  later  destroyed  by  fire,  and  rebuilt 
about  the  time  of  Alexander  by  Dinocrates. 

Cherso  (ker'so).  1.  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belongingto  Kustenland,  Austria-Hungary, 
inlat.  44°40'-45°  10' N., long.  14° 30'  E.  Length, 
40  miles. — 2.  The  chief  town  on  the  Island  of 
Cherso.  Population,  commune,  8,135,  (1910). 

Cherson.  See  Kherson. 

Chersonesus  (ker-so-ne'sus),  or  Chersonese 
(ker'so-nes  or  -nez).  [Gr.  xepcovr/ooc,  a penin- 
sula.] The  Greek  name  for  a peninsula,  it  was 
specifically  applied  to  the  following : (a)  Chersonesus 
Aurea,  the  modern  peninsula  of  Malacca,  (b)  Chersone- 
sus Cimbrica,  the  modern  peninsula  of  Jutland  (Den- 
mark). (c)  Chersonesus  Taurica  or  Scythica,  the  modern 
Crimea  (Russia).  ( d ) Ciiersonesus  Tliracica,  the  modern 
peninsula  of  Gallipoli,  between  the  Hellespont  and  the 
Gulf  of  Melas. 

Chertsey  (ches'i  or  chert'si).  [AS.  Certes  eg, 
Ceortes  ig  or  eg,  Ceort’s  island.]  A town  in  Sur- 
rey, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  22  miles 
southwest  of  London.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  South  Saxons.  It  contained  a Beuedictine  monastery 
founded  in  the  7th  century. 

Cherub;  The.  See  Wilfer,  Bella. 

Cherubm  de  la  Ronda  (sha-ril-ban'  de  la  ron'- 
da),  Don.  The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca  (which 
see)  in  Le  Sage’s  novel  of  that  name. 

In  this  work  [Le  Sage’s  “The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca”], 
Don  Cherubim,  the  Bachelor  of  Salamanca,  is  placed  iD  all 
different  situations  of  life  — a plan  which  gives  scope  to 
the  author  for  satire  as  various  as  the  classes  of  men 
with  whom  his  hero  at  different  times  associates.  The 
first  part,  in  which  he  appears  as  a tutor,  is  by  much  the 
most  novel  and  entertaining. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  478. 

Cherubin  (sha-ru-ban').  A page  in  “ Le  Mari- 
age  de  Figaro,”  by  Beaumarchais.  Timid  before 
the  Countess  Almaviva,  he  is  extremely  forward  with  Su- 
zanne. In  “La  Mfere  Coupable”  he  has  overcome  this 
weakness,  and  is  proved  to  be  the  rival  of  Almaviva,  the 
father  of  his  supposed  son  Leon,  and  the  cause  of  the 
“guilty  mother’s”  tears. 

Cherubini  (ka-ro-be'ne),  Maria  Luigi  Carlo 
Zenobio  Salvatore.  Born  at  Florence,  Sept. 
14,  1760:  died  at  Paris,  March  15,  1842.  A 
celebrated  Italian  composer.  He  studied  under 
Sarti  at  Bologna,  and  finally  established  himself  in  Paris 
in  1788.  His  works  include  the  operas  “ Armida  ” (1782), 


Chester 

“LaFintaPrincipessa”(1785),  “Ifigenia  in  Aulide”(1787), 
“Demophon”  (1788),  “Lodoiska”  (1791),  “Medde "(1797), 
“Les  deux  jounces”  (“  Der  Wassertrager,”  1800),  “Fa- 
niska”(1806),  “ Ali  Baba ” (originally  “ Koukourgi  ” (1793), 
produced  in  1833),  “ R equiem  in  6”  (1817),  “ Requiem  in 
D ” (1836).  He  also  wrote  many  motets,  masses,  string- 
quartets,  one-act  operas,  etc. 

Cherusci  (ke-rus'i).  [L.  (Csesar)  Cherusci,  Gr. 
(Strabo)  Xijpovcnoi. ] A German  tribe,  in  the 
time  of  Ctesar  dwelling  about  the  middle  Weser 
in  territory  extending  as  far  east  as  the  Elbe. 
They  were  subjugated  to  the  Romans  by  Drusus  and  Ti- 
berius, but  rose  against  Varus  under  the  leadership  of 
their  own  countryman,  Arminius.  In  the  time  of  Taci- 
tus they  had  sunk  into  comparative  unimportance.  The 
name  disappears  early  in  the  5 th  century.  They  ultimately 
became  a constituent  part  of  the  Saxons. 

Chervin  (sher-vah'),  Nicolas.  Born  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone,  France,  Oct.  6,  1783 : died 
at  Bourbonne-les-Bains,  Haute-Marne,  France, 
1843.  A French  physician.  He  is  noted  for  re- 
searches in  regard  to  yellow  fever,  on  which  he  published 
several  monographs.  He  also  wrote  “ Recherclies  mt-dico- 
pbilosophiques  sur  les  causes  de  la  polygamie  dans  les 
pays  chauds”  (1812). 

Cherwell  (cher'wel).  A small  river  in  Eng- 
land, which  joins  the  Thames  at  Oxford. 

Chesapeake  (clies'a-pek),  The.  An  American 
frigate  of  38  guns,  built  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  in 
1799.  During  the  campaign  of  1812  she  cruised  in  South 
American  waters.  In  May,  1813,  she  returned  to  Boston, 
and  was  placed  under  the  command  of  Captain  James 
Lawrence.  The  ship  was  repaired  and  remanned  under 
his  direction,  but  he  was  obliged  to  make  up  his  crew  of 
very  unsatisfactory  material.  The  British  frigate  Shan- 
non, thirty-eight  guns  rating,  commanded  by  Captain 
Philip  Vere  Broke,  was  at  this  time  cruising  off  Boston 
harbor.  Broke  had  brought  his  ship  to  a high  state  of 
efficiency.  On  June  1,  1813,  the  Chesapeake  sailed  out  of 
Boston  harbor,  the  Shannon  being  in  sight  in  the  offing. 
The  battle  occurred  six  leagues  east  of  Boston  light.  Im- 
mediately after  opening  fire  both  ships  fell  aboard,  and 
Captain  Lawrence  was  mortally  wounded.  He  was  car- 
ried below  exclaiming  “Don’t  give  up  the  ship  ! ” Cap- 
tain Broke  boarded  the  Chesapeake,  and  at  6.05  P.  M., 
fifteen  minutes  after  the  first  gun  was  fired,  her  flag  was 
struck. 

Chesapeake  Bay  (ches'a-pek  ba).  An  inlet  of 
tbe  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  Virginia  and  Maryland. 
It  enters  the  Atlantic  between  capes  Charles  and  Henry. 
Its  chief  affluents  are  the  Susquehanna,  Patapsco,  Poto- 
mac, York,  Rappahannock,  and  James.  It  was  first  ex- 
plored by  Captain  John  Smith  in  1608.  Length,  about  200 
miles.  Breadth,  4-40  miles. 

Chesebro  (chez'bro),  Caroline.  Born  at  Can- 
andaigua, N.  Y.,  March  30,  1825:  died  at  Pier- 
rnont,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  16,  1873.  An  American 
novelist,  author  of  “Dreamland  by  Daylight” 
(1851),  etc. 

Cheselden  (ches'el-den),  William.  Born  at 
Somei-by,  Leicestershire,  Oct.  19,  1688:  died 
at  Bath,  April  10,  1752.  A noted  English  sur- 
geon. He  was  celebrated  for  his  “lateral  operation  for 
the  stone”  and  for  operations  upon  the  eye.  He  wrote 
“ The  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body  ’’  (1713),  ‘ ‘ Treatise  on 
the  High  Operation  for  the  Stone”  (1723),  “Osteographia, 
or  the  Anatomy  of  the  Bones”  (1733).  A short  paper 
(Phil.  Trans.,  XXXV.  447)  upon  the  case  of  a boy  who  was 
born  blind  and  was  couched  at  about  thirteen  years  of 
age  has  been  much  quoted  by  psychologists. 

Chesham  (ckesh'am).  A town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, England,  28  miles  northwest  of  London. 
Population,  7,245. 

Cheshire  (chesh'ir),  or  Chester  (ches'ter).  A 
maritime  county  in  western  England,  lying 
between  Lancashire  on  the  north,  Yorkshire 
on  the  northeast,  Derby  and  Stafford  on  the 
east,  Stafford  and  Shropshire  on  the  south, 
and  Wales  and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west,  its 
surface  is  generally  level,  and  its  leading  pursuit  is  dairy- 
farmiug.  The  chief  city  is  Chester.  It  was  made  a county 
palatine  by  William  the  Conqueror.  The  palatinate  court 
was  abolished  in  1830.  Area  (ad.  co.),  1,009  square  miles. 
Population  (pari,  co.),  815,099. 

Chesil  Bank  (ches'il  bangk).  A long  bar  on 
the  English  coast  between  Portland  and  Brid- 
port. 

Cheskaya,  Gulf  of.  See  Tclieskaya. 

Chesne,  Andre  du.  See  Duchesne,  Andre. 

Chesney  (ches'ni),  Francis  Rawdon.  Born 
at  Annalong,  County  Down,  Ireland,  March  16, 
1789:  died  at  Mourne,  County  Down,  Jan.  30, 
1872.  A British  general  and  engineer.  He  ex- 
amined the  isthmus  of  Suez  in  1830,  and  demonstrated 
the  feasibility  of  a canal  across  it  (his  report  serving  later 
as  the  starting-point  of  De  Lesseps),  explored  the  valley 
of  the  Euphrates  in  1831 ; and  later  (1835-36)  established 
an  overland  route  to  India.  He  commanded  the  artillery 
at  the  station  at  Hongkong.  China,  1843-47.  He  published 
an  account  of  the  “Expedition  for  the  Survey  of  the  Rivers 
Euphrates  and  Tigris  ’’  (1850),  etc. 

Chester  (ches'ter).  [From  L.  castra,  camp. 
It  was  the  camp  of  the  20th  legion.]  The  cap- 
ital of  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Dee 
15  miles  south-southeast  of  Liverpool : the  Ro- 
man Deva  and  Castra,  and  the  Celtic  Caer- 
leon.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  cheese,  etc.  It  con- 
tains many  Roman  antiquities,  and  is  notably  medieval 
in  appearance.  It  has  a cathedral  which  presents  every 
variety  of  English  medieval  architecture,  from  the  Nor- 


Chester 

man  to  the  last  Perpendicular.  It  has  recently  been  well 
restored.  The  exterior  is  marked  by  its  fine  ranges  of 
windows  and  its  square  central  tower.  The  interior  is 
very  effective,  the  various  architectural  styles  grouping  in 
• such  manner  as  to  contrast  agreeably.  The  nave  has  mod- 
ern fan-vaulting  in  oak.  The  south  transept  is  as  large 
as  the  chon-,  while  the  Norman  north  transept  is  very 
small.  The  choir  is  of  the  13th  century ; its  15th-century 
stalls  are  elaborately  canopied  and  pinnacled.  The  Lady 
chapel  is  an  excellent  example  of  Early  English.  The 
dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  355  by  75  feet;  length  of 
transepts,  200 ; height  of  vaulting,  78.  The  cloister  is  Per- 
pendicular ; the  rectangular  chapter-house  and  the  refec- 
tory are  Early  English.  Chester  was  an  important  Roman 
military  station,  was  destroyed  by  iEthelfrith  of  Northum- 
bria in  607,  and  was  rebuilt  by  dSthelflaed.  It  surren- 
dered to  William  the  Conqueror  in  1070,  was  long  be- 
sieged by  the  Parliamentarians,  and  was  taken  by  them  in 
1646.  Population,  39,038,  (1911). 

The  name  of  Chester  alone  proves  its  Roman  antiquity  ; 
it  also  proves  its  importance,  as  having  conje  to  be  known 
as  the  city  or  the  camp  emphatically.  Still  the  name  is 
historically  a contraction.  The  Roman  Deva  became  in 
later  times  the  Civitas  Legionum , the  Caerlleon  ol  the 
Welsh,  the  Legeceaster  (in  several  different  spellings)  of 
the  English.  Both  names,  it  will  be  seen,  Welsh  and 
English,  translate  Civitas  Legionum,  the  two  tongues, 
according  to  their  several  habits,  placing  the  qualifying 
word  first  in  the  English  name  and  last  in  the  Welsh. 
And  here  we  have  to  distinguish  our  Caerlleon,  our  Lege- 
ceaster, from  other  places  which  might  easily  be  con- 
founded with  them.  The  name  of  Caerlleon  on  the  Dee 
is  simply  the  same  as  Caerlleon  on  the  Usk,  and  Welsh 
writers  naturally  speak  of  Chester  as  Caerlleon. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns  and  Districts,  p.  231. 

Ghester.  A city  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  Delaware  12  miles  south- 
west of  Philadelphia.  It  has  important  manufac- 
tures of  cottons  and  woolens,  and  is  especially  noted  for 
its  shipyards.  It  was  settled  by  Swedes  in  1643.  Popu- 
lation, 38,537,  (1910). 

Chester,  Battle  of.  A battle  in  which  ASthel- 
frith  of  Northumbria  defeated  (613  [607?])  the 
Cymry  of  Strathclyde  under  Brocmael,  prince 
of  Powys.  As  a result  he  annexed  Chester  and  the 
surrounding  district,  thus  sundering  the  Cymry  of  Strath- 
clyde from  those  of  Wales.  A thousand  Cymric  monks, 
who  prayed  on  the  field  of  battle  for  their  countrymen, 
were  killed  by  the  order  of  iEthelfrith. 

Chester,  Joseph  Lemuel.  Born  at  Norwich, 
Conn.,  April  30,  1821:  died  at  London,  May  26, 
1882.  A noted  American  genealogist,  resident 
in  England  after  1858.  He  engaged  in  various  occu- 
pations (teacher,  clerk,  commissioner  of  deeds,  journal- 
ist), and  was  aide-de-camp  with  the  rank  of  colonel  to 
the  governor  of  Pennsylvania  (1855-58).  His  genealogi- 
cal work  was  begun  in  England,  “yet  when  he  died  he 
had  no  superior  as  a genealogist  among  English-speaking 
people”  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.).  He  compiled  the  “Matricu- 
lations at  the  University  of  Oxford,”  “The  Marriage,  Bap- 
tismal, and  Burial  Registers  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Peter, 
Westminster”  (1876),  etc. 

Chesterfield  (ches'ter-f eld) . A manufacturing 
town  in  Derbyshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
rivers  Bother  and  Hipper  11  miles  south  of 
Sheffield.  Population,  27,185. 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of.  See  Stanhope. 
Chesterfield  Inlet.  An  arm  of  Hudson  Bay 
in  British  America,  about  lat.  64°  N.,  long.  91°- 
97°  W.  Length,  200  miles.  Greatest  breadth, 
about  25  miles. 

Chester-le-Street  (ches'ter-le-stret).  A town 
in  Durham,  England,  6 miles  north  of  Durham : 
the  Boman  Condereum,  and  later  Cuneceastre. 
Chester  Plays,  The.  A “collection  of  mys- 
teries” founded  upon  “scriptural  subjects,” 
formerly  represented  by  the  gilds  of  Chester 
at  Whitsuntide.  They  were  twenty-four  in  number, 
and  were  played  during  three  days. 

According  to  the  proclamation  for  the  holding  of  these 
plays  made  in  the  year  1533,  they  were  devised  “ of  old 
time  by  one  Sir  Henry  Erancis,  some  time  monk  of  this 
monastery  dissolved,”  . . . “which  plays  were  (in  the 
14th  century)  devised  to  the  honor  of  God  by  John  Arn- 
way  ...  to  be  brought  forth,  declared  and  played,”  etc. 
...  A note,  written  in  a later  hand,  adds  to  the  MS.  copy 
of  this  proclamation  written  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  that  Sir  John  Arnway  was  mayor  of  Chester  in 
1327-8,  at  which  time  these  plays  were  written  by  Randal 
Higgenet,  a monk  of  Chester  Abbey,  and  played  openly 
in  Whitsun  week.  Randal  Higgenet  is  one  of  the  cor- 
ruptions of  the  name  of  Randulph  or  Ralph  Higden,  au- 
thor of  the  “Polychron  icon.”  . . . There  are  several  MSS. 
of  the  Chester  Mysteries,  none  early.  A MS.  belonging 
to  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  is  dated  1581.  A MS.  once 
possessed  by  Mr.  Heber  was  dated  1592.  The  two  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum  are  dated  1600  and  1607 ; that  at 
Oxford  is  dated  1604.  A specimen  of  these  Chester  Mys- 
teries was  printed  in  1818  by  Mr.  Markland  for  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Roxburghe  Club,  and  in  1831.  these  and  other 
Mysteries,  then  unpublished,  were  described  by  Mr.  Col- 
lier in  his  “ History  of  Dramatic  Literature  ” ; but  the  only 
complete  publication  of  them  has  been  that  made  for  the 
Shakespeare  Society  in  1843,  when  they  were  edited  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Wright. 

Morley,  English  WTriters,  IV.  79-86. 
Chestes.  See  Sastean. 

Chetco  (chet'ko).  A tribe  of  the  Pacific  divi- 
sion of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  formerly  lived  in  nine  villages 
along  Chetco  River  and  a tributary  in  Oregon,  and  are  now 
on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  See  Athapascan. 

Chetemacha.  See  Chitimachan. 


243 

Chetlessentun.  See  Tcetlestcan. 

Chettle  (chet'l),  Henry.  Died  about  1607. 
An  English  dramatist  and  pamphleteer,  son  of 
a dyer  of  London,  and  a stationer  by  trade. 
He  was  the  author  or  joint  author  of  a large 
number  of  plays. 

Chetwood  (chet'wud),  William  Rufus.  Died 
March  3,  1766.  An  English  dramatist,  book- 
seller, and  prompter  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre. 
He  was  the  author  of  a “ General  History  of  the  Stage  ” 
(1749),  several  dramatic  pieces,  etc. 

Chevalier  (she-va-lya'),  Michel.  Born  at  Li- 
moges, France,  Jan.  13, 1806:  died  at  Montpel- 
lier, France,  Nov.  28,  1879.  A noted  French 
political  economist.  His  works  include  “Lettres 
sur  l’Amdrique  du  Nord”(1836),  “Des  interets  materiels 
en  France”  (1838),  “Cours  d’6conomie  politique”  (1842- 
1850),  “Essais  de politique  industrielle  ”(1843),  “La  liberty 
aux  Etats-Unis,”  several  works  on  Mexico,  etc. 

Chevalier  k 1’fipee  (she-va-lya/  a la-pa'),  Le. 
A French  romance  of  the  12th  century,  erro- 
neously ascribed  to  Chrestien  de  Troyes. 
Chevalier  au  Cygne  (she-va-lya'  6 seny'),  Le. 
[F.,  ‘The  Knight  of  the  Swan/]  The  title  of  a 
group  of  chansons  the  members  of  which  bear 
the  separate  headings  “Antioche,”  “Les  Ch6- 
tifs,”  “LesEnfances  de  Godefroy,”  etc.  “Antio- 
che,’’the  first  of  these,  which  describesthe  exploits  of  the 
Christian  host,  first,  in  attacking  and  then  in  defending 
that  city,  is  one  of  the  finest  of  the  chansons,  and  is  prob- 
ably in  its  original  form  not  much  later  than  the  events  it 
describes,  being  written  by  an  eye-witness.  Saintsbury, 
French  Lit.,  p.  20. 

Chevalier  de  Maison-Rouge  (she-va-lya'  de 
ma-zoh'rozh  '),  Le.  [F.,  ‘ The  Knight  of  the 
Red  House/]  A historical  novel  by  Alexandre 
Dumas,  published  in  1846. 

Chevalier  de  Saint  George  (she-va-lya'  de 
sah  zhorzh).  A title  assumed  by  James  Stuart, 
the  Old  Pi’etender. 

Chevalier  d’Harmental  (she-va'lya  dar-mon- 
tal'),  Le.  A romance  by  Alexandre  Dumas, 
published  in  1843.  He  wrote  in  collaboration  with 
Auguste  Maquet,  and  these  two  authors  produced  a play 
in  1849  with  the  same  title.  D’Harmental  is  the  type  of 
exaggerated  honor. 

Cheverel  (shev'e-rel),  Sir  Christopher  and 

Lady.  Two  of  the  principal  characters  in 
George  Eliot’s  novel  “ Mr.  Gilfil’s  Love-Story.” 
Cheverus (shev'e-rus ; F.  pron.  she-vriis'),  Jean 
Louis  Anne  Madeleine  Lefebvre  de.  Born 
at  Mayenne,  France,  Jan.  28,  1768 : died  at 
Bordeaux,  France,  July  19,  1836.  A French 
prelate,  first  Boman  Catholic  bishop  of  Boston, 
Mass.,  1808,  archbishop  of  Bordeaux  1827,  and 
cardinal  1836. 

Cheves(chevz),Langdon.  Born  at  Rocky  River, 
S.  C.,  Sept.  17,  1776:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C., 
June  25,  1857.  An  American  politician.  He  en- 
tered  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1811,  was  speaker 
1814-15,  and  was  president  of  the  National  Bank  1819-22. 

Cheveux  Releves.  See  Ottawa. 

Cheviot  Hills  (chev'i-ot,  or  chiv'i-ot,  hilz).  A 
mountain-range  in  Northumberland,  England, 
and  in  Roxburghshire,  Scotland.  The  highest 
peak  is  Cheviot  Hill  (2, 676  feet).  Length,  35  miles.  These 
hills  are  celebrated  in  history  and  romance. 

Chevreul  (she-vrel'),  Michel  Eugene.  Born 
at  Angers,  France,  Aug.  31, 1786:  died  at  Paris, 
April  9,  1889.  A celebrated  French  chemist. 
He  was  chemist  at  the  Gobelins  factory  1824-89,  and  pro- 
fessor at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  1830-83.  His 
scientific  works  are  numerous  and  important. 

Chevreuse  (she-vriiz'),  Duchesse  de  (Marie 
de  Rohan).  Born  Dec.,  1600:  died  at  Gagny, 
near  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1679.  A French  political 
intriguer.  She  was  the  daughterof  Hereule  de  Rohan, 
due  de  Montbazon,  and  was  the  wife  first  of  Charles 
d’ Albert,  due  de  Luynes,  and,  after  his  death,  of  the  Due 
de  Chevreuse.  She  was  one  of  the  most  formidable  ene- 
mies at  court  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  by  whom  she  was, 
however,  eventually  forced  to  leave  France.  On  the  death 
of  Louis  XIII.  she  returned,  but  was  coldly  received  by 
the  queen  regent,  Anne  of  Austria.  Having  acted  in 
concert  with  Cardinal  de  Retz  against  Mazarin,  she  was  a 
second  time  sent  into  exile. 

Chevy  Chase  (ehev'i  chas).  A famous  old 
English  ballad  which  recounts  the  incidents  of 
the  battle  of  Otterburn,  though  not  with  the 
exactness  of  the  Scotch  ballad  “The  Battle  of 
Otterburn,”  which  is  historical.  The  name  is 
variously  explained. 

In  the  warfare  against  English  settlements  in  France 
such  a raid  was  called  by  the  Frencli  allies  of  Scotland  a 
cheva uch.'e,  and,  by  a common  process,  that  name  was 
corrupted  into  Chevy  Chase.  It  lives  yet  among  school- 
boys as  a “ chivy.”  Now,  since  there  are  in  Northumber- 
land Cheviot  Hills  as  well  as  an  Otterburn,  Chevy  Chase 
was  interpreted  into  the  Hunting  of  the  Cheviot.  The 
old  ballad  of  tlio  “Battle  of  Otterburn,”  or  “Chevy 
Chase”-  - the  battle  of  the  chevauchAe  which  was  its  cause 
— was  therefore  recast  as,  “The  Hunting  of  the  Cheviot,” 
always  with  some  confused  sense  of  identity  between  one 
incident  and  the  other.  [In  the  oldest  extant  version  of 
“Chevy  Chase,’’  the  name  means  “the  Cheviot  hunting- 


Cliiapas 

ground.  ” This  version  is  in  a manuscript  in  the  Ashmo- 
lean  Collection  at  Oxford.  It  was  printed  by  Thomas 
Heaxne,  in  the  year  1719,  in  his  preface  to  an  edition  of 
William  of  Newbury's  “Chronicle.”  Its  date  seems  to  be 
about  1500,  and  if  not  the  original,  it  is  much  nearer  to 
the  original  than  the  version  given  in  Percy’s  “Reliques." 
— Note.  ) The  battle  of  Otterburn  is  an  incident  minutely 
described  by  Froissart,  but  there  is  no  record  whatever  of 
any  similar  battle  that  arose  out  of  a Hunting  on  the 
Cheviots.  Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  233. 

Cheyenne (shi-en').  [PL,  also  Cheyennes',  from 
Sioux  shahiyena,  people  of  alien  speech.]  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  that  claim 
lands  watered  by  the  north  and  south  forks  of 
the  Platte  River.  About  1800  they  lived  in  the  Black 
Hills  and  on  the  Cheyenne  River  of  Dakota.  They  are 
divided  into  Northern  or  Upper  Cheyennes,  now  on  the 
Tongue  River  reservation  in  eastern  Montana,  and  South- 
ern Cheyennes,  in  Oklahoma.  The  latter  own  their  lands 
in  severalty  (1901-02)  and  are  American  citizens.  In  1904 
they  numbered  altogether  3,312.  See  Algonquian. 

Cheyenne,  or  Sheyenne,  or  Shyenne.  A river 
in  North  Dakota  which  joins  the  Red  River  of 
the  North  12  miles  north  of  Fargo.  Length, 
about  350  miles. 

Cheyenne.  The  capital  of  Wyoming,  situated 
in  lat.  41°  7'  N.,  long.  104°  50'  W.  It  is  an  im- 

portant  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  and  other  railroads, 
and  the  headquarters  of  large  cattle  companies.  Its  ele- 
vation above  sea-level  is  over  6,000  feet.  Population, 
11,320,  (1910). 

Cheyne  (cha'ne),  George.  Bora  at  Methlick, 

Aberdeenshire,  1671 : died  at  Bath,  April  13, 
1743.  A noted  British  physician.  He  wrote  “A 
New  Theory  of  Fevers  ” (1702),  “ Observations  on  the  Gout  ” 
(1720),  “The  English  Malady,  Hypochondria”  (1733),  etc. 
He  began  and  carried  on  the  practice  of  Ills  profession  in 
London. 

Chezy  (sha-ze'),  Antoine  Leonard  de.  Born 
at  Neuilly,  France,  Jan.  15, 1773 : died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  31,  1832.  A noted  French  Orientalist, 
author  of  various  translations  from  Persian 
and  Sanskrit,  etc. 

Chezy,  Mme.  de  (Wilhelmine  Christiane  von 
Klencke).  Bom  at  Berlin,  Jan.  26,  1783:  died 
near  Geneva,  1856.  A German  poet  and  nov- 
elist, wife  of  A.  L.  de  Ch6zy,  and  granddaugh- 
ter of  Karsehin. 

Chezy,  Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
21,  1806:  died  at  Vienna,  March  14,  1865.  A 
German  novelist  and  general  writer,  son  of 
A.  L.  de  Chezy. 

Chhandogya  (chan-do'gya).  In  Sanskrit  litera- 
ture, an  Upanishad(whick  see)  of  the  Samaveda. 
The  name  means  literally  ‘ relating  to  the  cbhandogas  ’ 
(meter-singers),  chanters  of  the  Samaveda,  and  so  (as  noun) 
their  doctrine.  Its  object  is  to  explain  the  various  mean- 
ings which  the  sacred  syllable  Om  (which  see)  may  as- 
sume in  the  mind  of  the  devotee  till  at  last  the  highest  is 
reached,  viz.,  Brahman  the  Absolute. 

Chhatisgarh  (chut-es-gur').  A division  of 
the  Central  Provinces,  British  India,  situated 
about  lat.  20°-23°  N.,  long.  81°-83°  E.  Much 
of  the  soil  is  arid.  Area,  21,240  square  miles. 
Population,  2,642,983. 

Chiabrera  (ke-a-bra'ra),  Gabriello.  Born  at 
Savona,  Italy,  June  8,  1552:  died  at  Savona, 
Oct.  14,  1637.  An  Italian  lyric  poet. 

Chiaja  (ke-a'ya),  La.  [It.  chiaja,  a dial.  form,= 
Sicilian  chiazza  for  piazza,  place,  plaza.]  A 
fashionable  drive  in  modem  Naples,  extending 
about  a mile  along  the  coast  between  the  open 
Villa  Nazionale  (a  public  park)  and  hotels  and 
other  handsome  buildings  on  the  other  side.  It 
begins  at  the  Largo  Vittoria.  Its  full  name  is 
the  “ Riviera  di  Chiaja.” 

Cliiana  (ke-a'na).  A river  in  Tuscany,  Italy. 
It  is  conducted  by  engineering  works  partly 
into  the  Amo,  partly  into  the  Tiber. 

Cliiana,  Val  di.  The  level  and  fruitful  valley 
of  the  Chiana,  near  Chiusi. 

Chianti  (ke-an'te).  A mountain  group  near 
Siena,  Italy.  It  gives  name  to  celebrated 
wines. 

Chiapa,  Bishop  of.  The  title  of  Bartolomd  de 
las  Casas,  1544—17.  It  is  often  used  in  speaking 
of  him. 

Chiapanecs  (ehe-a-pa-neks'),  or  Chapanecs 
(cha-pa-neks'),  or  Chapas  (cha'pas).  A race 
of  Indians  formerly  powerful  in  that  part  of 
southern  Mexico  which  now  forms  the  state  of 
Chiapas.  They  had  considerable  and  well-built 
towns,  practised  agriculture,  had  made  some 
advances  in  mechanic  arts,  and  understood 
picture-writing.  The  Chiapanecs  were  never 
conquered  by  the  Aztecs,  but  were  easily  re- 
duced by  the  Spaniards.  Remains  of  the  tribe  exist 
in  central  Chiapas,  and  still  speak  their  own  language.  The 
Manguesof  Nicaragua  and  theGuetaresof  Costa  Rica  seem 
to  be  ancient  offshoots  of  this  race. 

Chiapas  (che-it'pas).  The  sou'cheasternmosfc 
state  of  Mexico,  lying  between  Tabasco  on  the 
north,  Guatemala  on  the  east,  tho  Gulf  of  Te- 


Chiapas 

huantepec  on  the  south,  and  Vera  Cruz  and 
Oaxaca  On  the  west.  The  limits  with  Guatemala  are 
disputed.  Chiapas  contains  antiquities  (at  Palenque,  etc.). 
Capital,  Tuxtla  Gutierrez.  Area,  27,222  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 436,817,  (1910). 

Chiaramonte  (ke-a-ra-mon'te).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Syracuse,  Sicily,  30  miles  west  of 
Syracuse.  Population,  commune,  10,460. 
Chiari  (ke-a're).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brescia,  northern  Italy,  14  miles  west  of  Bres- 
cia. Here,  Sept.  1, 1701,  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  defeated 
the  French  and  Spaniards  under  Villeroi.  Population, 
10,810. 

Chlavari  (ke-a'va-re).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  21  miles  southeast  of 
Genoa.  It  has  varied  manufactures. 
Chiavenna  (ke-a-ven'na).  [L.  Clavenna,  G. 
Cldven  or  Clefen.~\  A town  in  the  province  of 
Sondrio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mera  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  Val  Bregaglia,  in  lat.  46°  19'  N., 
long.  9°  24'  E.  It  is  at  the  junction  of  the 
routes  over  the  Spliigen  and  Maloya. 
Chibchacum.  See  Bochica. 
Chibchas(cheb'chas),  orMuyscas(mo-es'kas). 
A tribe  of  South  American  Indians  which,  pre- 
vious to  the  conquest,  occupied  the  highlands 
east  of  the  Magdalena,  from  the  head  waters 
of  that  river  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  de  Merida. 
They  were  powerful  and  had  attained  some  degree  of  civ- 
ilization, living  in  large  towns  and  obeying  Used  though 
unwritten  laws.  They  were  skilful  weavers,  potters,  and 
goldsmiths,  and  practised  agriculture,  planting  maize, 
quinoa,  potatoes,  and  cotton.  Their  chiefs  were  heredi- 
tary in  the  female  line,  had  absolute  power,  and  were 
treated  with  great  ceremony.  The  Chibelias  worshiped 
the  sun,  stars,  and  other  natural  objects.  In  1537,  while 
they  were  engaged  in  a civil  war,  the  Spaniards  under 
Quesada  reached  their  country.  They  were  quickly  con- 
quered, and  adopted  the  Spanish  language  and  customs. 
Their  descendants,  mixed  with  European  blood,  form  a 
large  part  of  the  present  population  of  Colombia.  The 
word  Chibcha,  applied  to  this  tribe,  is  properly  the  name 
of  their  language.  They  called  themselves  Muysca,  i.  e. 

‘ men.' 

Chibokwe,  or  Ba-Chibokwe  (ba-che-bo'kwe). 
See  Kioko. 

Chicaca.  See  Chicasa. 

Chicacole.  See  Cicacole. 

Chicago  (shi-ka'go).  A city  of  Cook  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan  in  lat.  41° 
50'  N.,  long.  87°  37'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
State,  and  the  second  city  in  the  United  States.  Its  chief 
quarters  are  the  North,  South,  and  West  Sides.  It  has  a 
vast  commerce  by  many  railroads  and  by  the  lake,  and 
exports  wheat,  meat,  manufactured  goods,  etc.  It  has 
manufactures  of  lumber,  iron,  steel,  furniture,  clothing, 
tobacco,  liquors,  agricultural  implements,  leather,  etc. 
Among  its  largest  industries  are  beef-packing  and  pork- 
packing. It  is  the  seat  of  Chicago  University,  and  of  sev- 
eral theological  seminaries  and  other  institutions,  and  has 
important  libraries  and  art  collections.  The  site  was  vis- 
ited by  Marquette  in  1673.  Fort  Dearborn  was  built  in 
1804,  evacuated  in  1812,  and  rebuilt  in  1816.  Chicago  was 
incorporated  as  a city  in  1837.  Two  thousand  one  hun- 
dred acres  were  burned,  with  alossof  over  $190,000,000  (?),  in 
the  great  fire  of  Oct.  8-10, 1871.  Owing  to  its  position  it  has 
been  the  place  of  meeting  of  many  national  political  con- 
ventions. It  was  the  scene  of  an  anarchist  riot  (Old  Hay- 
market)  May  4,  1886.  The  most  important  recent  event 
in  its  history  was  the  World’s  Columbian  Exposition  in 
1893,  lasting  from  May  1 to  Oct.  30.  Population,  2,185,- 
283,  (1910). 

Chicago,  University  cf.  An  institution  of 
learning  in  Chicago,  situated  between  56th  and 
59th  streets.  It  has  an  endowment  of  about 
$35,000,000  (contributed  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Rocke- 
feller and  others).  It  has  about  6,000  students, 
about  380  instructors,  and  a library  of  about 
490,000  volumes. 

Chicaneau  (she-ka-no').  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  the  comedy  “ Les  Plaideurs,” 
by  Racine,  ne  is  a tradesman  with  a mania  for  going 
to  law,  and  is  the  type  of  the  captious,  litigious  plaintiff, 
as  his  name  implies. 

Chicasa  (chik'a-sa),  or  Chickasaw  (chik'a-sa). 
[PI.,  also  Chickasaws .]  A large  tribe  or  sub- 
division of  North  American  Indians,  chiefly  of 
Mississippi.  In  the  18th  century  their  villages  were 
about  Pontotoc  County,  and  their  main  landing-place  on 
the  Mississippi  River  was  at  the  present  site  of  Memphis, 
Tennessee,  from  which  there  was  a trail  160  miles  long 
to  their  villages.  They  now  number  about  5,000,  and  are 
in  Oklahoma.  Also  Chicaca,  Chicaho,  Chickesaw. 
Chichele  (chich'e-le),  or  Chicheley  (chich'e-li), 
Henry.  Born  at  Higham  Ferrers,  Northamp- 
ton, England,  about  1362 : died  at  Canterbury, 
England,  April  12,  1443.  An  English  prelate, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury  Feb.  19, 
1414.  He  was  a graduate  of  Oxford, and  founded 
All  Souls’  College,  Oxford,  1437. 

Chichen-Itza  (che-chan'et'za),  or  Chichen. 
A ruined  city  of  northern  Yucatan,  18  miles 
southwest  of  Valladolid.  Some  of  the  remains  in- 
dicate large  buildings  with  elaborate  sculptures,  wall- 
paintings,  and  hieroglyphics.  There  is  a pyramid  550  feet 
square  and  still  70  feet  high.  The  Chichen-Itza  ruins  are 
connected  with  ancient  Maya  traditions.  They  have  been 


244 

known  since  the  conquest,  and  have  been  studied  in  mod- 
ern times  by  Charnay,  Ee  Plongeon,  and  other  archeolo- 
gists. Ee  Plongeon  discovered  there  the  statue  which  he 
called  Chac-mool  (which  see). 

Chichester  (chich'es-ter).  [L.  Oissse  Castrum., 
AS.  Cissanceaster : the  Roman  Regnum,  de- 
stroyed in  the  5th  century  by  Ella,  and  restored 
by  his  son,  Cissa,  king  of  Sussex,  from  whom 
it  was  named.]  A city  in  Sussex,  England,  14 
miles  northeast  of  Portsmouth,  it  contains  a noted 
cathedral,  for  the  most  part  a Norman  building  of  the  12(h 
and  13th  centuries,  showing  many  details,  as  the  paired 
lancets  surmounted  by  quatrefoils  of  the  central  tower, 
which  might  have  been  transported  bodily  from  Normandy. 
The  tall,  slender  spire  awkwardly  placed  on  this  tower  is 
later.  The  interior  has  double  aisles  and  narrow  nave, 
and  very  beautiful  carved  choir-stalls.  There  are  Perpen- 
dicular cloisters,  and  a late,  detached  bell-tower.  The 
dimensions  are  410  by  91  feet ; width  of  transepts,  131 ; 
height  of  nave,  62.  The  town  was  refounded  by  Cissa  in 
the  6th  century.  Population,  12,244. 

Chichester,  Arthur.  Born  at  Rawleigh,  near 
Barnstable,  England,  May,  1563.  died  Feb.  19, 
1625.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  sec- 
ond son  of  Sir  John  Chichester  of  Rawleigh, 
made  Lord  Chichester  of  Belfast,  in  the  Irish 
peerage,  Feb.  23,  1613.  Hewas  appointed  governor  of 
Carrickiergus  and  sergeant-major  general  of  the  English 
army  in  Ireland,  and  was  lord  deputy  of  Ireland  from 
Feb.  3,  1605,  to  Nov.  29,  1614.  After  his  recall  he  was  ap- 
pointed lord  treasurer  of  Ireland. 

Chichevache  (ME.  chech -e-vach';  mod.  F. 
shesh-vash').  [ME.,  as  if  from  an  OF.  * chiche- 
vache, lean  cow  (from  chiche,  poor,  lean,  and 
vache  (L.  vacca),  a cow);  but  this  is  a per- 
version of  the  OF.  form  chicheface,  chinche- 
face  (also  chinchefache,  simulating  vaclie,  a 
cow),  lit.  ‘ ugly  face.’]  A fabled  beast  which  de- 
voured patient  and  submissive  wives.  The  fable, 
of  Old  French  origin,  became  a favorite  with  Middle  Eng- 
lish  writers,  who  made  the  beast  a lean  cow  (see  etymolo- 
gy), and  ascribed  her  leanness  to  the  scarcity  of  her  pecu- 
liar diet.  They  added  another  beast  named  Bicorne  (/In- 
come) (literally,  *two-horned’),  who  lived  only  on  patient 
and  submissive  husbands,  and  was  in  consequence  always 
fat.  Eydgate  wrote  a poem  called  “Bycorne  and  Chiche- 
vache." 

Chichiltieale  (che-chel-te-ka'le).  [A corruption 
of  the  Nahuatl  chichiltic-calli,  red  house.]  A 
name  given  by  the  Mexican  Indians  who  fol- 
lowed Fray  Marcos  of  Nizza  to  New  Mexico  in 
1539  and  Coronado  in  1540,  to  a ruined  structure 
built  of  red  earth  or  clay,  near  the  hanks  of  the 
Gila.  It  has  been  supposed  that  it  was  the  Casa  Grande, 
but  in  all  probability  it  was  some  ancient  ruin  near  the 
site  of  new  Fort  Grant,  in  Arizona,  along  the  slopes  of 
Mount  Graham. 

Chichimecs  (che-che-maks'),  or  Chichimecas, 
or  Ohichimecos.  [Nahuatl  of  Mexico : deriva- 
tion doubtful,  but  possibly  from  chichiltic,  red, 
and  mecayotl,  generation.]  An  ancient  term 
used  to  designate  indiscriminately  wild  and  dan- 
gerous tribes  of  Indians.  It  was  also  an  honorific 
title,  any  warrior  who  distinguished  himself  by  particular 
ferocity  being  termed  a chichimecatl.  Misunderstood  folk- 
lore has  given  rise  to  the  belief  in  the  immigration  into 
Mexico  of  a numerous  tribe  of  barbarians  under  this  name 
at  some  very  ancient  time. 

Chick  (chik),  Mrs.  Louisa.  Mr.  Dombey’s  sis- 
ter in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Dombeyand  Son,” 
a weak  and  self-satisfied  woman  who  urged 
the  fading  Mrs.  Dombey  to  “make  an  effort.” 
Chickahominy  (chik-a-hom'i-ni).  A river  in 
Virginia  which  joins  the  James  about  40  miles 
southeast  of  Richmond.  Length,  about  75  miles. 
Near  it  were  fought  the  battles  of  Fair  Oaks,  Mechanics- 
vilie,  Gaines's  Mill,  Savage’s  Station,  and  Frayser's  Farm, 
1862 ; and  Cold  Harbor,  1864.  See  Fair  Oaks,  Seven  Days 
Battles,  Cold  Harbor. 

Chickahominy,  Battles  of  the.  See  Sever 
Days’  Battles,  Fair  Oaks. 

Chickamauga  (chik-a-ma/ga).  A small  river 
which  joins  the  Tennessee  about  7 miles  above 
Chattanooga.  Near  it,  Sept.  19,  20,  1863,  the  Confeder- 
ates (about  60,000)  under  Bragg  defeated  the  Federals 
(55,000-60,000)  under  Rosecrans.  Eoss  of  the  Federals, 
15,851 ; of  the  Confederates,  17,804. 

Chickamauga,  Rock  of.  A name  given  to  Gen- 
eral Thomas,  commander  of  the  Federal  left 
wing  at  Chickamauga,  for  his  stubborn  defense 
of  ins  position  in  that  battle. 

Chickasaws.  See  Chicasa. 

Chickasaw  Bluffs  (chik'a-sa  blufs),  or  Bayou 
(bl'o).  A place  near  Vicksburg,  Mississippi. 
Here,  Dec.  29, 1862,  the  Federals  under  Sherman  were  re- 
pulsed by  the  Confederates.  Eoss  of  the  Federals,  1,929; 
of  the  Confederates,  207. 

Chickenstalker  (chik'en-sta-ker),  Mrs.  An 
old  shopkeeper  in  Dickens’s  story  “ The 
Chimes.” 

Chickesaw.  See  Chicasa. 

Chicksaw.  See  Chicasa. 

Chiokweed.  See  Smallweed,  Bartholomew. 
Chiclana  (che-kla'nii).  A town  in  the  province 


Childebert 

of  Cadiz,  Spain,  12  miles  southeast  of  Cadiz. 
Population,  10,868. 

Chicomecoatl  (che-ko-me-ko-atl' ).  [‘  Seven  ser- 
pents.’] In  Mexican  (Nahuatl)  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  abundance  and  provisions.  By  some 
she  has  been  identified  with  Centoatl,  the  goddess  of 
maize  : both  were  worshiped  at  the  period  of  sowing,  and 
offerings  of  fruits  and  seeds  were  made  to  them. 

Chicomoztoc  (che-ko-moth-tok').  [Nahuatl, 
lit.  ‘ seven  caves.’]  A place  where  the  various 
branches  of  the  Nahuatl  tribe  are  said  to  have 
come  out  of  the  center  of  the  earth,  or  to  have 
separated.  The  traditions  in  regard  to  the  real  mytho- 
logical significance  of  the  spot  are  very  indefinite,  and  its 
location  is  doubtful. 

Chicopee  (chik'o-pe).  A city  of  Hampden 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Chicopee  River  with  the  Connecticut, 
4 miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton  goods,  arms,  cutlery,  etc.  Population,  25,401, 
(1910). 

Ckiemsee  (chem'za).  The  largest  lake  in  Ba- 
varia, 40  miles  southeast  of  Munich,  noted  for 
its  fish.  Its  outlet  is  the  Alz  (into  the  Inn,  thence  to 
the  Danube).  Length,  7J  miles. 

Chieri  (ke-a're).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Turin,  Italy,  8 miles  southeast  of  Turin : the 
ancient  Carea.  It  has  a noted  Gothic  church. 
It  was  a medieval  republic.  Population,  11,929. 
Chieti  (ke-a'te).  1.  A province  of  eastern 
Italy,  formerly  called  Abruzzo  Citeriore.  Area, 
1,138  square  miles.  Population,  382,911. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Chieti,  Italy,  in 
lat.  42°  20'  N.,  long.  14°  10'  E. : the  ancient 
Teate  Marrucinorum.  The  order  of  the  Tea- 
tines  was  founded  here  in  the  16th  century. 
Population,  commune,  26,368. 

Chimnch  (chif'finch),  Master  Thomas.  A 
drinking  and  intriguing  minister  to  the  plea- 
sures of  King  Charles  II.,  in  Scott’s  novel 
“ Peveril  of  the  Peak.” 

Chi-fu,  or  Chefoo  (che-fo'),  native  Yen-tai.  A 
seaport  town  in  the  province  of  Shan-tung, 
China,  in  lat.  37°  32'  N.,  long.  121°  22'  E.  it 
is  a distributing  center  of  foreign  manufactured  goods, 
and  exports  straw  braid,  pulse,  and  silk.  A convention 
between  China  and  Great  Britain  was  signed  here  in  1876. 
Population,  about  100,000. 

Chigi,  Fabio.  See  Alexander  VII.,  Pope. 
Chignecto  Bay  (shig-nek'to  ba).  An  arm  at 
the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Chigwell  (chig'wel).  A parish  in  the  county 
of  Essex,  England,  northeast  of  London. 
Chihuahua  (che-wa'wa).  1.  A state  of  north- 
ern Mexico,  lying  between  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  on  the  north,  Coahuila  on  the  east,  Du- 
rango on  the  south,  and  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  cu 
the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  is 
rich  in  mineral  wealth,  especially  silver.  Area,  87,802 
square  miles.  Population,  405,265,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Chihuah  ua,  in  lat. 
28°  40  N.,  long.  106°  30' W.  It  was  founded  in  1706. 
It  contains  a cathedral.  Population,  39,061,  (1910). 
Chikishliar  (che-kesh-lyar').  A port  in  the 
Transcaspian  Territory  of  Russia,  situated  on 
the  southeastern  shore  of  the  Caspian  near  the 
Persian  frontier. 

Chilan  Baldm  (che-lan'  ba-lam'),  or  Childm 
Balam.  A class  of  priests  among  the  Maya 
Indians.  The  “books  of  Chilan  Balam  ’’  were  written  bv 
these  priestB  in  the  language  of  the  Mayas,  but  in  Spanish 
script.  The  records  contained  in  them  often  antedate  the 
conquest.  Almost  every  village  had  a book,  distinguished 
by  the  name  of  the  village.  A number  of  these  volumes 
are  preserved,  one  written  not  later  than  1595. 

Chilcat  (chil'kat),  or  Chilcats  (-katz) . A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  Their  habitat  is  on 
Chilcat  River  and  Bay  and  Chilcoot  River,  in  Alaska,  ex- 
tending into  British  Columbia.  They  number  about,  800. 

Child  (child),  Francis  James.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, 1825 : died  Sept.  11,  1896.  An  American 
scholar.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard  College,  and  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  oratory  there  from  1851  till  1876, 
when  lie  became  professor  of  English  literature.  His 
most  important  work  is  an  edition  of  “ English  and  Scot- 
tish Ballads  ” which  he  first  brought  out  in  1857-59  in  8 
volumes. 

Child,  Mrs.  (Lydia  Maria  Francis).  Born  at 
Medford,  Mass.,  Feb.  11,  1802:  died  at  Way- 
land,  Mass.,  Oct.  20, 1880.  An  American  writer, 
noted  as  a supporter  of  the  abolition  move- 
ment. She  was  editor  of  the  “National  Anti-Slavery 
Standard  ’’  1840-43,  and  assistant  editor  till  1844.  Her 
works  include  “ The  Rebels  ’’  (1822),  “ The  American  Fru 
gal  Housewife"  (1829,  a 33d  ed.  in  1855),  “Flowers  for 
Children’’  (1844-46),  “ Looking  toward  Sunset"  (1864), 
“Miria,  a Romance  of  the  Republic"  (1867),  etc.,  besides 
her  “ Appeal  for  that  Class  of  Americans  called  Africans  ” 
(1833),  which  created  much  comment. 

Childebert  (chil'de-bert;  F.  pron.  shel-de-bar') 
I.  Born  about  495 : died  558.  Son  of  Cloths, 
king  of  the  Franks,  whom  he  succeeded  (as 
king  of  Paris)  in  511.  He  inherited  (624)  part  of  the 
dominions  of  his  brother  Chlodomir  of  Orleans,  and  in 


Childebert 

conjunction  with  his  brother  Clothaire  I.  of  Soissons  and 
his  nephew  Theudebert  I.  of  Austrasia  conquered  part  of 
Burgundy  in  534  and  part  of  Provence  in  536. 
•Childebert  II.  Born  570:  died  596.  Son  of 
Sigebert  I.  of  Austrasia  by  the  West-Gothic 
princess  Brunehilde.  Having  remained  under  the 
regency  of  his  mother,  575-585,  he  attempted,  on  reach- 
ing his  majority,  to  deprive  the  young  son  of  lfredegunde 
of  Neustria,  Clothaire  II.,  of  his  kingdom,  but  was  himself 
signally  defeated  by  Fredegunde. 

Cbilde  Harold’s  Pilgrimage  (child  har'oldz 
pil'gri-maj).  A poem  by  Lord  Byron,  of  which 
the  first  and  second  cantos  were  published  in 
1811,  the  third  in  1816,  and  the  fourth  in  1817. 
Childeric  (ehil'de-rik ; F.  pron.  shel-de-rek')  I. 
Died  481.  Father  of  Clovis,  and  Frankish  king 
from  about  458.  He  sustained  friendly  relations  with 
the  Romans,  who  assisted  him  against  the  West  Goths, 
the  Alamanni,  and  the  Saxons.  His  tomb  was  discovered 
at  Tournai  in  1653,  and  contained,  among  other  things, 
his  seal-ring  and  a number  of  gold  bees,  which  latter  had 
presumably  served  to  ornament  his  mantle,  and  which 
suggested  to  Napoleon  L the  adoption  of  the  bee  as  an 
imperial  emblem. 

Cbilde  Roland.  See  Boland. 

Childers,  Flying.  See  Flying  Childers. 

Childers,  Hugh  Culling  Eardley.  Born  at 
London,  June  25, 1827 : died  Jan.  29, 1896.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
1868-71,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1S72-73,  sec- 
retary for  war  1880-82,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1882- 
1885,  and  home  secretary  in  1886. 

Childers  (ehil'derz), Robert  Csesar.  Born  1838: 
died  July  25, 1876.  An  English  Orientalist,  au- 
thor of  “ Pali-Engli sh  Dictionary”  (1875),  etc. 
Child  of  Nature,  The.  A play  by  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald,  produced  at  Covent  Garden  Nov.  28, 1788. 
It  is  taken  from  Madame  de  Genlis. 

Child  of  the  Sea.  The  legendary  Amadis  de 
Gaul,  who,  being  illegitimate,  was  set  adrift 
upon  the  sea  in  his  cradle  by  his  mother  to 
hide  her  shame. 

Children  (ehil'dren),  John  George.  Born  at 
Tunbridge,  England,  May  18, 1777 : died  at  Hal- 
stead Place,  Kent,  Jan.  1,  1852.  An  English 
physicist  and  naturalist,  best  known  for  his 
experiments  in  electricity.  He  was  a secretary  of 
the  Royal  Society  1826-27  and  1830-37,  and  was  librarian 
in  the  department  of  antiquities  in  the  British  Museum 
1816—40. 

Children  in  the  Wood,  or  Babes  in  the  Wood. 

An  old  English  ballad,  of  unknown  authorship, 
preserved  in  Ritson’s,  Percy’s,  and  other  col- 
lections. The  ballad  was  entered  in  the  “ Stationers’ 
Register  ” in  1595.  In  1601  a play  was  published  “ of  a 
young  child  murthered  in  a wood  by  two  ruffins  with  the 
consent  of  his  unkle.”  The  plot  of  this  play  was  undoubt- 
edly derived  from  the  Italian,  and  the  ballad  may  have 
been  produced  from  the  same  source.  Child. 

Children  of  the  Mist.  A band  of  Highland 
outlaws  in  Scott’s  “Legend  of  Montrose.” 
There  is  a famous  picture  with  this  title  by 
Landseer. 

Childs  (childz),  George  William.  Born  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  May  12,  1829:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  3, 1894.  Am  American  publisher 
and  philanthropist.  Publisher  of  the  “ Public 
Ledger  ” in  Philadelphia  1864-94. 

Chile  (ehil'e ; Sp.  pron.  che'le),  or  Chili  (chil'i). 
[Probably  from  the  Quiehua  chin,  cold.]  A 
republic  of  South  America,  capital  Santiago, 
lying  between  Peru  on  the  north,  Bolivia  and 
the  Argentine  Republic  on  the  east,  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south  and  west,  it  haB 
23  provinces : Aconcagua,  Antofagasta,  Arauco,  Atacamd, 
Bio- Bio,  Cautin,  Chiloe,  Colchagua,  Concepcibn,  Coquimbo, 
Curicb,  Linares,  llanquihub,  Malleco,  Maule,  Nuble, 
OHiggius,  Santiago,  Tacna,  Talca,  Tarapaea,  Valdivia, 
and  Valparaiso,  and  one  territory,  Magallanes.  It  lies 
between  the  crest  of  the  Andes  on  the  east  and  the  Paci- 
fic on  the  west;  in  the  northern  part  portions  east  of 
the  western  Andes  are  included.  The  mountains  ram- 
ify, connecting  with  a lower  coast-chain,  and  includ- 
ing extensive  plains  and  valleys.  It  exports  niter,  copper, 
silver,  wool,  wheat,  etc.  The  government  is  a republic 
under  a president  and  Congress  (Senate  and  Chamber  of 
Deputies).  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 
The  language  is  Spanish,  and  the  inhabitants  are  chietly 
of  Spanish  descent.  The  name  Chile  was  applied  by  the 
natives  only  to  the  valley  of  Aconcagua,  including  Qui- 
lota ; it  was  extended  by  the  Spaniards  to  all  their  con- 
quests south  of  the  Atacama  desert.  During  the  17th 
century  the  government  of  Chile  included  considerable 
tracts  east  of  the  Andes.  After  the  revolution  conquests 
were  extended  south  into  Patagonia,  and  by  treaty  with 
Argentina  the  region  was  divided  between  the  two  coun- 
tries, the  boundary  being  the  Andes.  Chile  acquired 
Atacama  and  a portion  of  southern  Peru  by  the  war  of 
1879-83,  waged  against  Peru  and  Bolivia.  It  was  invaded 
by  Almagro  in  1535;  and  was  first  settled  by  Valdivia 
in  1541.  Long  wars  with  the  Araueanians  followed. 
Independence  was  finally  declared  Feb.  12,  1818.  Area, 
292,580  square  miles.  Population,  3,249,279. 

Chi-li  (che-le).  A province  of  northern  China, 
lying  between  Mongolia  on  the  north,  the  Gulf 
of  Chi-li  and  Shan-tung  on  the  east,  Shan-tung 
and  Ho-nan  on  the  south,  and  Shan-si  on  the 
west.  Chief  cities,  Peking,  Tientsin.  Area, 


245 

about  115,800  square  miles.  Population,  about 
20,937,000. 

Chi-li,  Gulf  of.  See  Pe-chi-li. 

Chilianwalla.  See  Chillianwalla. 

Chilka  (chil'ka),  Lake.  A lagoon  of  India,  in 
Orissa,  near  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Chilian  ^(chel-v  a n ' ) . The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Nuble,  Chile,  about  lat.  36°  35'  S.,  long. 
72°  10'  W.  There  are  mineral  springs  in  the 
vicinity.  Population,  34,269. 

Chillianwalla,  or  Chilianwalla  (chiFi-an- 
wal'a).  A town  in  the  Panjab,  British  India, 
near  the  river  Jhelum,  in  lat.  32°  45'  N.,  long. 
73°  35'  E.  Here,  Jan.,  1849,  a battle  occurred  between 
the  British  army  (about  15,000)  under  Lord  Gough,  and  the 
Sikhs  (about  23,000).  It  was  technically  a British  victory. 
Loss  of  the  British  force,  2,400. 

Chillicothe  (chil-i-koth'e).  A city  and  the 
county-seat  of  Ross  County,  southern  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  Scioto  45  miles  south  of  Co- 
lumbus. It  was  the  State  capital  until  1810. 
Population,  14,508,  (1910). 

Chillingham  (chil'ing-am).  A village  in  the 
northern  part  of  Northumberland,  England, 
11  miles  northwest  of  Alnwick. 

Chillingworth  (chil'ing-werth),  Roger.  The 
injured  and  malicious  husband  of  Hester 
Prynne  in  Hawthorne’s  romance  “The  Scar- 
let Letter.” 

Chillingworth,  William.  Born  at  Oxford, 
England,  Oct.,  1602:  died  at  Chichester,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  30, 1644.  A noted  English  divine  and 
controversialist.  He  was  graduated  at  Oxford  (B.  A. 
1620),  became  a fellow  of  Trinity  College  1628,  was  con- 
verted to  Romanism  about  1630,  returned  to  Protestant- 
ism 1634,  was  made  a chancellor  of  Salisbury  1638,  and 
became  a member  of  the  P,oyalist  army.  He  was  captured 
by  Waller  at  Arundel  Castle,  Dec.  9,  1643.  The  most  fa- 
mous of  his  works  is  “The  Religion  of  Protestants,  a Safe 
Way  to  Salvation,  etc.”  (1637). 

Chillip  (chil'ip),  Mr.  A mild  and  gentle  little 
doctor  who  attended  Mrs.  Copperfield,  in  Charles 
Dickens’s  “David  Copperfield.” 

Chillon  (she-yon').  A castle  in  Vaud,  Switzer- 
land, at  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Geneva,  itcov- 
ers  an  isolated  rock  on  the  edge  of  the  lake,  and  is  a 
very  picturesque  combination  of  semicircular  and  square 
towers  and  machicolated  curtains  grouped  about  a higher 
central  tower.  It  is  famous  in  literature  and  song  (Byron), 
especially  as  the  prison  of  Bonnivard  (1630-36),  a defender 
of  Swiss  liberties  against  the  Duke  of  Savoy  in  the  16th 
century.  The  castle  is  of  very  early  foundation,  though, 
as  it  now  stands,  essentially  of  the  13th  century.  Some  of 
the  rooms  preserve  curious  wooden  ceilings,  and  the  mas- 
sive ribbed  vaulting  of  the  two-aisled  dungeon-crypt  is 
impressive.  It  was  taken  by  the  Bernese  in  1536,  and  was 
used  for  a state  prison  in  the  18th  century,  and  later  as  an 
arsenal. 

Chilmari  (chil-ina're),  Hindustani  Chalamari 
(chal-a-ma're).  A town  in  the  district  of  Rung- 
pur,  Bengal,  British  India,  in  lat.  25°  25'  N., 
long.  89°  40'  E.,  on  the  Brahmaputra.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a religious  and  commercial  festival. 
Ghilo6  (ehe-16-a').  1.  A southern  province 

of  Chile,  including  the  island  of  Chilod  and 
the  islands  to  lat.  47°  S.  Area,  8,580  square 
miles.  Population,  88,619. — 2.  An  is- 
land in  the  province  of  Chiloe,  west  of  the 
mainland,  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1558. 
Length,  120  miles.  Greatest  width,  40  miles. 
The  chief  town  of  island  and  province  is  An- 
cud,  or  San  Carlos. 

Chilon  (ki'lon),  or  Chilo  (ki'lo).  [Gr.  Xtiluv, 
Xi'aojv.]  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury b.  c.  A Spartan,  one  of  the  “ Seven 
Sages”  of  Greece.  He  was  ephor  eponymos  at  Sparta 
556  B.  c.,  and  is  said  to  have  died  of  joy  caused  by  the  vic- 
tory of  his  son  in  boxing  at  the  Olympic  games. 

Chilperic  (chil'pe-rik)  I.  Died  584.  King  of 
Neustria  561—584.  He  murdered  his  second  wife,  the 
West-Gothic  princess  Galeswintha,  sister  of  Brunehilde 
of  Austrasia,  in  order  to  marry  his  mistress  Fredegunde, 
thereby  bringing  on  a war  with  the  husband  of  Brunehilde, 
his  brother  Sigebert  1.  of  Austrasia. 

Chiltem  Hills  (chil'tSrn  hilz).  A range  of  low 
chalk  hills  in  Oxfordshire,  Bucks,  Hertfordshire, 
and  Bedfordshire,  England. 

Chiltern  Hundreds  (chil'tern hun'dredz).  The 
three  hundreds  of  Stoke,  Desborougli,  and  Bo- 
denharn,  in  Buckinghamshire.  The  stewardship  of 
the  Chiltern  Hundreds  (originally  an  office  charged  with 
the  suppression  of  the  robbers  who  infested  the  Chiltern 
Hills)  is  a nominal  office,  conferred  upon  a member  of 
Parliament  who  wishes  to  resign  his  seat,  such  resignation 
being  impossible  unless  the  member  is  disqualified  by  the 
acceptance  of  a place  of  honor  and  profit  under  the  crown, 
or  by  some  other  cause.  The  place  is  in  the  gift  of  the 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

Chilula  (chil'6-lii).  A division  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  formerly  lived  in  Humboldt 
County,  California,  but  were  removed  to  the  Hupa  reser- 
vation and  absorbed.  See  Weitspekan. 

Chimaera  (ki-me'rii).  [Gr.  Xlpaipa.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a fire-breathing  monster  of  divine 


Chimihuahua 

origin  (according  to  Hesiod,  a daughter  of  Ty- 
phaon  and  Echidna),  having  the  fore  part  that 
of  a lion,  the  middle  that  of  a goat,  and  the  hind 
part  that  of  a dragon : also  represented  as  having 
three  heads  — a lion’s,  a goat’s,  and  a dragon's. 
It  was  often  shown  in  art  as  having  a goat's  head  in  the 
middle  of  the  back  and  a dragon's  head  at  the  end  of  the 
tail.  It  dwelt  in  Lycia,  and  was  slain  by  Bellerophon. 

Chimakuan  (chim-a-ko'an),  A linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  embracing  the 
Chimakum  (from  which  it  is  named)  and  Qui- 
leute  tribes.  It  formerly  occupied  the  western 
coast  of  Puget  Sound,  from  Port  Townsend  to 
Port  Ludlow,  and  a small  area  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  Washington,  thirty  miles  below  Cape 
Flattery,  about  CJuileute  River.  They  are  the 
remnant  of  a once  powerful  body  which  occu- 
pied the  entire  coast  region  from  Port  Town- 
send to  the  Quileute  country  on  the  Pacific. 

Chimakum  (chim'a-kum),  more  correctly 
Tsemakum  (tsem'a-kum).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  formerly  occupied 
the  coast  of  Puget  Sound,  Washington,  from 
Port  Townsend  to  Port  Ludlow.  Their  wars  with 
their  Salishan  neighbors  early  reduced  their  number,  and 
in  1853  they  amounted  to  only  90  souls,  living  in  about 
15  lodges : subsequently  placed  on  the  Skokomish  reser- 
vation, Washington.  They  are  now  practically  extinct. 
See  Chimakuan. 

Chimalakwe  (chi-mal'a-kwa).  A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians  formerly  living  on  New 
River,  a tributary  of  the  Trinity,  California. 
It  was  once  a comparatively  populous  tribe,  but  chiefly 
through  constant  aggression  by  the  Hupa,  who  exacted  an 
annual  tribute,  was  overpowered  and  as  a tribe  became 
extinct.  See  Chimarikan. 

Chimalpain  Quautlehuanitzln  (che-mal-pin' 
kwa-6-tle-wa-ne-tsen'),  Juan  Bautista  de 
San  Anton  Munon.  Lived  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  16th  century.  A Mexican  Indian,  a de- 
scendant of  the  chiefs  of  Amecameca.  He  was 
educated  by  the  Franciscans,  and  taught  in  their  college 
of  Santiago  Tlatelolco.  He  wrote  several  works  on  ancient 
Aztec  history,  and  is  said  to  have  written  one  on  the  con- 
quest : these  are  known  only  in  manuscript.  The  “His- 
toria  delas  Conquistas  de  Hernando  Cortes,"  attributed  to 
him,  is  merely  a translation  of  Gomara. 

Chimalpopoca  (ehe-mal-po-po'ka).  The  third 
ruler  of  ancient  Mexico,  from  1417  to  1428,  or 
according  to  other  chronologies  from  1410  to 
1422.  He  was  the  brother  of  his  predecessor,  Huitziii- 
huitl.  He  interfered  in  a quarrel  of  rival  Tepanec  chiefs, 
was  seized  by  one  of  them,  Maxtla,  and  committed  suicide 
while  in  confinement. 

Chimanos.  See  Jumanas. 

Chimarikan  (chim-a-re'kan).  A linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  comprising 
the  Chimariko  and  Chimalakwe  tribes,  former- 
ly living  on  Trinity  and  New  rivers,  Trinity 
County,  California.  They  were  once  comparatively 
numerous,  but  constant  oppression  by  the  Hupa  Indians, 
as  well  as  by  the  early  white  settlers,  has  resulted  in  their 
extinction  as  tribes. 

Chimariko  (chim-a-re'ko).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  formerly  inhabited 
the  hanks  of  Trinity  River,  California,  from 
Burnt  Ranch  northward  to  the  junction  of  the 
north  and  south  forks.  It  was  reduced  to  about  six 
individuals  in  1876,  and  is  now  probably  extinct.  See 
Chimarikan. 

Chimay  (she-ma').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  32  miles  southeast  of  Mons. 
It  was  the  place  of  Froissart’s  death.  Popula- 
tion, 3,291. 

Chimay,  Princesse  de  (Jeanne  Marie  Ignace 
Ther^se  de  Cabarrus).  Born  at  Saragossa, 
Spain,  July  31,  1773:  died  at  Brussels,  Belgium, 
Jan.  15,  1835.  The  daughter  of  the  Comte  de 
Cabarrus,  married  at  an  early  age  to  the  Marquis 
de  Fontenay,  who  obtained  a divorce  from  her 
in  1793.  In  the  same  year  she  made  the  acquaintance 
at  Bordeaux  of  Tallien,  whom  she  married,  and  on  whose 
career  in  the  Convention  she  exercised  a profound  influ- 
ence. Having  procured  a divorce  from  Tallien  in  1»02,  she 
married  in  1805  the  Comte  de  Caraman,  who  subsequently 
became  prince  of  Chimay. 

Chimay,  Principality  of.  A small  principal- 
ity in  Hainault.  It  passed  in  1804  to  the 
resent  possessors  (French  family  De  Riquet 
e Caraman). 

Chimborazo  (chim-bo-ra'zo ; Sp.  pron.  chern- 
bo-ra'tho).  A province  of  western  Ecuador. 
Capital,  Riobamba.  Population,  122,000. 

Chimborazo.  One  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
the  Andes,  situated  in  Ecuador  in  lat.  1°  30' 
S. , long.  79°  W.  It  was  nearly  ascended  by  Humboldt 
in  1802,  and  was  ascended  by  Wliymper  in  1880.  Height 
(Whymper),  20,498  feet;  height  above  the  plain  of  Quito, 
about  12,000  feet. 

Chimbne  (she-man').  The  faithful  daughter  of 
Don  Gomes  in  Corneille’s  tragedy  “ The  Cid.” 

Chimes,  The.  Dickens’s  Christmas  story  for 
1844. 

Chimihuahua.  See  Chemehuevi. 


Chimu 


246 


Chimu  (che'mo).  [From  the  language  of  Moeh,  Chinantecs  (che-nan-teks'),  or  Chinantlas 
one  of  the  four  Indian  idioms  spoken  on  the  (che-nant'las).  An  ancient  tribe  of  Mexican 


Peruvian  coast.]  A name  sometimes  said  to 
have  been  the  title  of  the  chief  of  the  numer- 
ous Indian  tribe  that  inhabited  the  place  called 
“Chan-Chan”  a short  distance  north  of  Trux- 
illo;  also  applied  to  the  whole  tribe  and  to 
ruins  of  the  settlement  occupied  by  the  tribe. 

The  Chimu  people  formed  the  most  numerous  of  all  the 
local  groups  to  which  the  Quichuas  had  given  the  name  of 
Yuucas.  The  ruins  show  that  the  tribe  (which  dwelt  in 
one  large  cluster)  possibly  had  a maximum  of  40,000 


Indians  who  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  occu- 
pied the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains,  about  200 
miles  southeast  of  Mexico  City.  They  had  little 
civilization,  but  were  bold  warriors,  using  long  lances 
tipped  with  obsidian  or  copper.  They  had  been  con- 
quered by  the  Aztecs,  and,  anxious  to  avenge  their  wrongs, 
they  sent  two  thousand  warriors  to  aid  Cortes  in  the  siege 
of  Mexico.  The  Chinantecs  are  now  amalgamated  with 
other  tribes.  Their  language,  which  was  very  harsh  and 
guttural,  has  been  preserved  only  in  the  “ Doctrina  " of  the 
missionary  Barreda,  published  in  1730. 


souls.  The  rums  consist  of  a number  of  large  courts  with  Chmantila  (che-nantla).  The  ancient  name 
walla  as  high  as  35  feet,  made  of  very  large  adobes  and  „ mountainous  reo-inn  in  the  northern 

correspondingly  thick.  Inside  of  these  walls  there  are  i01  mountainous  region  in  the  nortnern 

clusters  of  small  houses  of  mud  and  usually  a more  or  less  part  ot  the  present  State  ot  Oajaca,  Mexico, 

central  mound  of  earth  with  traces  of  buildings.  Three  occupied  by  the  Chinantec  Indians, 

very  tall  mounds  of  adobe,  covered  by  gravel,  stand  out-  Qjjjna  gea  ( ehpna  ge).  That  part  of  the  Pacific 
side  of  the  courts  among  the  iums.  1 here  are  also  gar-  i, / 


den  beds,  inside  of  the  courts  as  well  as  outside.  It  ap- 
pears as  if  each  court  with  houses  had  been  the  abode  of  a 
localized  clan.  A huge  wall  surrounds  the  entire  cluster. 
The  water  had  been  carried  to  this  otherwise  waterless 
site  by  a canal  from  the  Moche  stream  a few  miles  dis- 
tant. Several  buildings  that  have  been  exposed  through 


Ocean  which  is  included  between  China,  Indo- 
China,  Borneo,  the  Philippines,  and  Formosa. 
Its  chief  indentations  are  the  gulfs  of  Siam  and  Tongking. 
It  is  noted  for  its  typhoons,  and  notorious  lor  piracy. 
Sometimes  the  name  is  used  to  include  also  the  Yellow 
Sea. 


desultory  excavations  show  walls  decorated  with  stucco.  . . T . 

J ■ - - ht  to  Chmcha  Islands  (chm'cha,  or,  as  Sp.,  chen'cha 


A large  number  of  artefacts  are  constantly  broug 
light  in  and  about  these  ruins.  These  objects  show  skill 
and  quaint  artistic  development  in  cotton  textiles  and 
pottery.  Some  of  the  latter  is  black  ; but  this  pottery  is 
also  found  on  the  coast  of  Peru  in  many  other  places. 

*The  early  past  of  the  Chimu  tribe  is  unknown. 

China  (chl'na).  [F.  Chine,  Sp.  Pg.  China,  It.  Cina, 
ML.  China,  Sma,  At.  Sin;  in  Gr. , asthe  nameof  tho 
people,  Xivai,  Qivat  (Ptolemy),  a name  of  uniden- 
tified Eastern  origin.  Another  name  known  to 
the  ancients  was  L.  Serica,  Gr.  liipcr//  (Ptolemy), 
from  L.  Seres,  Gr.  c,  the  people.  In  later 
times  Cathay  ( Kitai ).  Chinese  designations, 
Chung  Ewoh  (‘Middle  Kingdom’)?  Chung  Hw a 
Kwoh  (‘Middle  Flowery  Kingdom’),  etc.]  The 


i'landz).  Three  small  islands  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lima,  Peru,  in  lat.  13°  40'  S.,  long. 
76°  20'  W.,  12  miles  from  Pisco,  long  noted  for 
their  guano  deposits,  now  exhausted. 

Chinchas  (chen'chilz).  An  ancient  people  of 
Peru  who  occupied  the  coast  valleys  south  of 
the  Chimu  people,  and  of  the  present  site  of 
Lima.  They  had  attained  a considerable  de- 
gree of  civilization  before  they  were  conquered 
by  the  Inca  Tupac  Yupanqui,  about  1450.  The 
cemeteries  of  the  Chinchas  were  of  vast  ex- 
tent, the  dead  being  buried  in  a sitting  position 
in  baskets  or  sacks.  Owing  to  the  dryness  of  the 
climate  these  bodies  were  naturally  desiccated : many 


most  important  division  oftheChineserepublic,  have  been  exhumed,  and  are  the  so-called  “Peruvian 
extending  from  about  lat.  18°  N.  to  Mongolia  mummies ’’ of  the  museums. 

and  Manchuria  on  the  north,  it  comprises  18  Chinehaycocha  (chen-chi-ko'eha),  or  Laguna 
provinces  : Chihli,  Shantung,  Shansi,  Shensi,  Kansu,  Ho-  \ i„i.„ 

nan,  Anhwei,  Kiangsu,  Chekiang,  Fuhkien,  Kiangsi,  Hu-  de  Jun„mr  or  Re,ye3-  A lake  in  the  depart- 
peh,  Hunan,  Sz’chuen,  Kweichow,  Yunnau,  Kwangsi,  ment  of  Junin,  Peru,  in  lat.  10  oO  8.,  long. 
Kwangtung.  The  capital  is  Peking.  The  surface,  except  75°40'W. 

in  part  in  the  northeast,  is  largely  mountainous,  with  . , , , - , - ..,  ...  

many  of  the  summits  attaining  an  elevation  of  10,000-  ChinCilfiy-SUyil  (chen-chl-so  yo),  or  Chincha- 
11,000  feet.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Peiho,  Hwangho,  SUyu  (chen-cha-so'yo).  A Quiehua  term  used 
Yangtsz’  Kiang,  Min,  and  Pearl.  The  leading  products  to  designate  the  regions  north  of  Cuzco,  in  gen- 
are  rice,  tea,  silk,  cotton,  sugar,  pulse,  cereals,  tobacco,  era]_  Jt  was  not  a circumscribed  province, 
coal,  iron,  copper,  etc.  The  chief  exports  are  tea,  silk,  straw  - - - 


goods,  porcelain,  etc.  The  government  is  administ  ered  by 
a president  elected  by  a parliament,  the  members  of  which 


only  a vague  designation  of  regions  visited  by 
the  Incas,  and  lying  in  the  north. 


Sm:\hrn\XsLh1ca!°sTstem  Chinchero  (chen-cha'ro).  A village  about  15 


are  elected  by  the  voters. 

Sinism,  Buddhism,  and  Taoism : the  philosophical  system  , , _ - . ,, 

known  as  Confucianism  is  sometimes  erroneously  classed  miles  north  of  Cuzco,  Pern.  1 he  ruins  there 
with  them.  The  Chinese  assign  a fabulously  early  origin  are  possibly  Incan. 

to  their  nation.  Among  the  semi-mythical  kings  is  Fuhi  Qhi  t w Chinchu,  or  ChmcheU  (chin- 
le  era  of  Confucius  (in  the  6th  century  B.  c.)  v . * . . ’ ' 

me  more  trustworthy.  In  the  3d  century  B.C.  c'lu  )•  -L  A name  givei 


From  about  the  i 
the  dates  become  i 


was  the  Tsin  dynasty  which  built  the  Great  Wall.  To  it 
succeeded  the  Han  dynasty  when  the  empire  was  consoli- 
dated. Buddhism  was  introduced  in  the  1st  century  A.  D. 
Soon  after  the  empire  became  disorganized,  but  was  again 
consolidated  about  600.  There  followed  a brilliant  period, 
especially  in  literature,  interrupted  by  Tatar  attacks. 
Jenghiz  Khan  occupied  the  northern  portion  of  the  em- 


given  to  the  city  of  Chang- 
chau,  in  Fu-kien,  China,  50  miles  northeast  of 
Amoy : formerly  an  important  port,  and  prob- 
ably identical  with  the  medieval  Zaitun  or  Zay- 
ton. — 2.  A name  given  by  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  (and  formerly  by  the  English)  to 

- -•  Chang-chau  (which  see),  southwest  of  Amoy. 

pire  in  1215,  and  the  Mongol  dynasty  was  fully  established  /«_ . „€{n„  /A  - „i,r;i'..n\  A * 

by  Kublai  Khan  in  1280.  The  Ming  dynasty  followed  in  Chinchilla  (chen-chel  ya).  Atown  mthe  prov- 
1368.  In  the  16th  century  Portugal  obtained  a foothold  at  ince  ot  Albacete,  Spam,  lat.  38  54  JN.,  long. 
Macao.  The  recent  Manchu  dynasty  of  Tsing  acceded  in  1°  43'  W. 

1644.  The  empire  attained  a westward  extension  in  tin-  OhinchoD  (chen-chon').  A small  town  in  Spain, 
18th  century.  The  Opium  War  with  Great  Britain  began  Hmlti1(an£.i-  Madrid 
m 1840,  and  ended  in  1842  with  the  cession  of  Hong-Kong  souuieast.  oi  mauiiu. 

and  the  opening  of  certain  treaty  ports:  ports  were  opened  Chinchon,  Count  01.  Viceroy  of  Peru,  bee 

to  France  and  the  United  States  in  1844.  The  Taiping  Cabrera  ISobadilla  Cerda  y Mendoza. 

rebellion  (which  see)  broke  ou  t in  1850,  and  was  su  ppressed  ChinchoTl  (chen-chon'),  Ana,  CoUnteSS  Of. 

in  1864.  Meanwhile  Anglo-lrench  wars  in  1856-58  and  , , . , \ , An . , • , , „ 

1869-60  resulted  in  the  victory  of  the  allies.  China  ceded  Lorn  at  Astorga,  Castile,  m 15  to . died  at  Car- 

■ ' ~ * — ■ tagena,  Dec.,  1639.  A Spamsh  lady,  daughter 

of  the  eighth  Marquis  of  Astorga.  She  married 
Don  Luis  de  Velasco,  marquis  of  Salinas,  twice  viceroy  of 
Mexico  and  once  of  Peru  ; arid,  after  his  death,  Don  Luis 
Geronymo  de  Cabrera,  count  of  Chinchon,  who  was  ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  Peru  in  1629.  During  her  second  resi- 
dence in  Lima  she  was  attacked  with  a tertian  ague,  and 
was  cured  by  some  powdered  Peruvian  bark  which  had 
been  sent  to  her  physician  by  the  corregidor  of  Loxa,  Don 
Juan  Lopez  de  Canizares.  When  the  countess  embarked 
for  Spain  she  carried  a quantity  of  the  bark  with  her. 
She  died  on  the  voyage,  at  Cartagena,  Dec.,  1639,  but  it 
was  through  her  cure  that  the  cinchona  bark  was  first  in- 
troduced into  Europe.  In  honor  of  her  Linnaeus  named  the 
genus  of  quinine-bearing  plants  Cinchona,  or,  as  it  should 
have  been  written,  Chinchona. 


the  Amur  country  to  Russia  in  1858.  In  1881  she  recov- 
ered Kuldja  from  Russia.  War  with  France  1884-85  ter- 
minated in  favor  of  the  French.  In  1894  disturbances  in 
Korea,  whither  Chinese  and  Japanese  troops  were  de- 
spatched, led  to  the  seizure  of  the  Korean  government  by 
Japan  and  a war  (declared  July  31)  between  that  country 
and  China  in  which  the  latter  was  completely  defeated 
on  land  and  sea.  A treaty  of  peace,  which  included  the 
payment  of  a heavy  indemnity  by  China,  the  cession  of 
Formosa,  the  independence  of  Korea,  and  other  conces- 
sions, was  signed  April  16,  1895.  Toward  the  end  of  1899 
an  uprising  headed  by  the  Boxers  (which  see)  against  na- 
tive Christians  and  foreigners  began,  which  resulted,  in 
June,  1900,  in  an  attack  upon  the  foreign  legations  in 
Peking,  and  the  murder  of  the  Japanese  secretary  of  le- 
gation and  the  German  minister,  Baron  von  Ketteler. 


The  legations  were  besieged  and  cut  ofi  fron,  communi-  Chindwara  (chind  - wa  ' ra).  1.  A district  in 
cation  with  the  outside  world.  Their  relief  was  at  once  , , , .i  , • ■ • ~ , , T, 


- once 

undertaken  by  their  governments.  The  first  Expedition 
under  Admiral  Seymour  (June  10-26)  from  Tientsin  was 
unsuccessful,  and  a second  one  w as  organized.  TheTaku 
forts  were  taken  June  17 ; Tientsin  w as  recaptured  July 
14 ; and  Peking  was  captured  Aug.  14.  A revolution  in 
1912  resulted  in  the  abdication  of  the  Manchu  dynasty  and 


the  Nerbudda  division  of  the  Central  Provinces, 
British  India,  situated  about  lat.  22°  N. , long. 
79°  E.  Area,  4,631  square  miles.  Population, 
407,927. — 2.  The  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
Chindwara. 


the  establishment  (February  12)  of  the  “Great  Republic  Chinese  (chi-nes'  or  -nez').  [From  China  and 
of  China.”  Area  of  China  proper,  estimated,  1,500,000  _ese  ■ _ chinoiS  = Sp.  Chino  = 

Hflliurfx  milpa  * with  tho  torritnrv  nf  ^in.Tcionrr  eorttotimon  ^ I 


square  miles  ; with  the  territory  of  Sin-Tsiang,  sometimes 
recognized  as  a 19th  province,  about  2,100,000  square  miles ; 
population,  407,000,000.  Area  of  the  republic,  4,277,170 
square  miles  ; population,  estimated,  438,214,000. 

Chinandega  (che-nan-da'ga).  A town  in 
Nicaragua,  Central  America,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Chinandega,  about  20  miles  north- 
west of  Le6n.  Population,  10,542. 


Pg.  cliinez  = G. 
chinesiscli,  etc.]  1.  sing,  and  pi.  (plural  also 
formerly  Chineses).  A native  or  natives  of 
China ; specifically,  a member  or  members  of 
the  principal  indigenous  race  of  China  proper, 
as  distinguished  from  other  Mongoloids,  such 
as  the  Manchus,  the  recent  ruling  race  in  the 
Chinese  empire. — 2.  The  language  of  China. 


Chinsura 

It  is  a monosyllabic  tongue,  and  on  this  ground  is  gener- 
ally classed  with  the  other  languages  of  the  same  character 
in  southeastern  Asia,  iu  Further  India  and  the  Himalayas, 
as  constituting  the  monosyllabic  family.  It  exists  in  many 
dialects,  of  which  the  so-called  Mandarin  is  the  leading 
and  official  one.  It  is  composed  of  only  about  500  words, 
as  we  should  distinguish  them  iu  writing,  all  of  them 
ending  in  a vowel-sound  or  in  a nasal,  although  some  of  the 
dialects  still  retain  final  mutes,  lost  in  Mandarin.  This 
small  body  of  words,  however,  is  raised  to  1,500  by  differ- 
ences of  the  tone  of  utterance,  as  rising,  falling,  even, 
abrupt,  and  so  on.  The  language  is  without  inflection,  and 
even  without  distinction  of  parts  of  speech  ; but  words  are 
classed  as  “full”  or  “empty,"  according  as  they  are  used 
with  their  full  meaning  or  as  auxiliaries  in  forming 
phrases : like  our  will  and  have  in  “I  will  it,”  “ they  have 
it,”  on  the  one  hand,  and  in  “they  will  have  seen  it,” on 
the  other.  Chinese  records  go  back  to  about  2000  B.  c.,  and 
the  literature  is  immense  and  varied.  The  mode  of 
writing  is  by  signs  that  represent  each  a single  word  iu 
one  of  its  senses  or  in  a certain  set  of  senses.  The  signs 
are  of  ideographic  or  hieroglyphic  origin  ; but  the  greater 
part  of  them  at  present  are  compound,  and  many  contain 
a phonetic  element  along  with  an  ideographic.  They  num- 
ber in  the  dictionaries  about  40,000 ; but  only  the  smaller 
part  of  these  are  in  current  and  familiar  use.  They  are 
written  iu  perpendicular  columns,  and  the  columns  follow 
one  another  from  right  to  left.  The  language  and  mode 
of  writing  havebeen  carried  to  the  neighboring  nations  that 
have  received  their  culture  from  China,  especially  Japan, 
Corea,  and  Annam,  and  have  been  more  or  less  borrowed 
or  adopted  by  such  nations. 

Chinese  Empire.  A former  empire  of  Asia, 
bounded  by  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  north,  the 
Pacific  on  the  east,  Tongking  and  India  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pamirs  and  Asiatic  Russia  on 
the  west.  It  includes  China  proper,  or  the  eighteen 
provinces,  and  its  dependencies,  Manchuria,  Mongolia, 
Tibet,  Eastern  Turkestan,  and  Dzungaria-  A republican 
form  of  government  was  adopted  Feb.  12, 1912.  See  China. 

Chinese  Gordon.  See  Gordon. 

Chinese  Tatary.  A name  given  vaguely  to  a 
vast  region  in  the  northern  and  northwestern 
parts  of  the  Chinese  republic,  including  Mongo- 
lia, Dzungaria,  Eastern  Turkestan:  sometimes 
restricted  to  Eastern  Turkestan. 

Chinese  Turkestan.  A dependency  of  China, 
sometimes  called  Little  Bokhara,  or  East  Tur- 
kestan (which  see). 

Ching-hai  (ching-hi'),  or  Chin-hae  (chin-hl'). 
A seaport  in  the  province  of  Chekiang,  China, 
12  miles  northeast  of  Ningpo.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1841. 

Chingiz  Khan.  See  Jenghiz  Khan. 

Chingleput  (ching-gle-put'),  or  Chengalpatt. 
1.  A district  of  India,  in  Madras.  Area,  3,079 
square  miles.  Pop.,  1,312,122. — 2.  The  chief 
town  of  the  district,  situated  36  miles  south- 
west of  Madras.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1751, 
by  Clive  in  1752,  and  was  besieged  by  Hyder  Ali  1780-8L 

Chingu  River.  See  Xingu. 

Chin-kiang  (chin'kyang').  A cityin  the  prov- 
ince of  Kiangsu,  China,  in  lat.  32°  10'  N.,  long. 
119°  28'  E.,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Grand  Canal  with  the  Yangtsz’.  It  is  a treaty 
port.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  July  21, 
1842.  Population,  about  182,000. 

Chingtu  (cning-to').  Thecapitalof  the  province 
of  Szechuen,  China,  situated  on  the  river  Min- 
Kiaug. 

Chin-India.  See  Indo-China. 

Chinon  (she-non').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Vi- 
enne 26  miles  southwest  of  Tours.  It  contains  a 
ruined  castle,  a royal  residence  from  the  12th  century  to 
the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  The  remains  occupy  a large  rock- 
platform.  The  exterior  walls  are  ruinous,  except  the  high 
towers.  The  royal  apartments  are  chiefly  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury, and  include  armory,  kitchen  and  other  commons, 
the  king’s  room,  the  great  hall,  where  Charles  VII.  first 
saw  Jeanne  d’Arc,  etc.  The  great  keep  is  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury. Chinon  has  a considerable  trade.  Population 
commune,  6,813. 

Chinook  (chi-nuk'),  or  Tchinuk,  or  Tsinuk. 

[PI.,  also  Chinooks.']  The  principal  tribe  of 
the  Lower  Chinook  division  of  North  American 
Indians.  Its  former  habitat  was  from  Gray’s  Bay,  Wash- 
ington, on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  River  to  its  mouth, 
and  the  strip  of  coast  northward  as  far  as  and  including 
Shoalwater  Bay.  There  were  100  left  in  1857.  There  still 
remain  three  or  four  families  about  six  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.  See  Chinookan. 

Cnmookan  (chi-nuk' an).  [From  Chinook  and 
-an.]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  named  after  the  Chinook,  the  leading 
tribe.  Their  former  habitat  was  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton, on  both  sides  of  the  Columbia  River  from  the  Dalles, 
about  200  miles  from  its  mouth,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
along  the  coast  in  both  directions,  northward  nearly  to 
the  northern  extremity  of  Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington, 
and  southward  to  about  Tillamook  Head,  Oregon,  20  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River.  The  stock  is  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower  Chinook.  The  principal 
tribes  remaining  are  the  Artsmilsh,  Chinook,  and  Clatsop 
of  the  Lower  Chinook ; and  the  Cathlamet,  Clackama, 
Wasco,  and  Watlala  of  the  Upper  Chinook.  They  number 
about  300,  and  are  now  chiefly  on  reservations  in  Oregon 
and  Washington. 

Chinsura  (chin-so'ra).  A town  in  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  24  miles  north 


Chinsura 

of  Calcutta : the  seat  of  Hugli  College,  it  was 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1656,  and  ceded  to  the  English  in 
1824.  It  is  now  included  in  Hugli  (which  see). 
Chintamani  (chin-ta'ma-ni).  In  Sanskrit  folk- 
lore, a “thought  jewel”:  a jewel  that  possesses 
the  magic  power  of  securing  that  to  which  the 
possessor  has  directed  his  thoughts ; the  philoso- 
pher’s stone.  The  word  appears  in  the  names 
of  a number  of  manuals  and  commentaries. 
See  Abhidhana-chintamani. 

Chioggia  (ke-od'jit),  or  Chiozza  (ke-ot'sa).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  island  of  Chioggia,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,  15  miles  south  of  Venice.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Genoese  in  1379.  They  were  de- 
feated in  1380  by  the  Venetians.  Population, 
commune,  30,563. 

Chios  (M'os),  or  Scio  (sl'o  or  she'o).  [Turk. 
Salci-Adassii]  An  island  in  the  zEgean  Sea, 
west  of  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  20'  N.,  long. 
26°  E.,  formerly  celebrated  for  its  wines  and 

figs.  It  forma  part  of  the  vilayet  Jesairi-Bahri-Sefid, 
Turkey.  It  was  settled  by  Ionians ; joined  the  Athenian 
Confederation  about  477  B.  c. ; revolted  412  ; came  under 
Roman  dominion  in  the  2d  century  B.  C. ; and  was  con- 
quered by  the  Genoese  in  the  14th  century,  and  by  the 
Turks  in  the  16th  century.  It  was  the  scene  of  massacres 
by  the  Turks  in  1822,  and  was  visited  by  earthquakes  in 
1881  and  1882.  Length,  32  miles.  Breadth,  8-18  miles. 
Population,  about  64,000. 

duos,  or  Kastro.  The  chief  town  of  the  island 
of  Chios,  situated  on  the  east  coast.  It  is  one  of 
the  places  which  claimed  to  be  the  birthplace  of  Homer. 
It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  earthquakes  in  1881. 
Chippawa  (chip'a-wa),  or  Chippewa  (chip'e- 
wa).  A manufacturing  village  in  Welland 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  21  miles  northwest 
of  Buffalo.  Here,  July  5,  1814,  the  Americans  (1,900) 
under  the  immediate  command  of  Scott  defeated  the 
British  (2,100)  under  Riall.  Loss  of  the  Americans,  335  ; 
of  the  British,  603. 

Chippendale  (chip'en-dal),  Thomas.  Flour- 
ished about  1760.  A noted  English  furniture- 
maker.  His  business  was  carried  on  in  London. 
His  work  is  heavier  in  design  and  less  tasteful 
than  that  of  Sheraton  and  other  later  cabinet- 
makers. 

Chippenham  (chip'n-am).  Atown  in  Wiltshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Avon  12  miles  north- 
east of  Bath.  It  has  trade  in  grain  and  cheese, 
and  manufactures  cloth,  etc.  Population, 
5,074. 

Chippewa.  See  Ojibwa. 

Chippewa  (chip'e-wa),  or  Ojibway  (o-jib'wa). 
A river  of  Wisconsin  which  joins  the  Missis- 
sippi 64  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Length, 
over  200  miles. 

ChippewaFalls  (ehip'e-wafalz).  A lumber  city 
in  Chippewa  County,  western  Wisconsin,  situ- 
ated on  Chippewa  River.  Pop.,  8,893,  (1910). 
Chippeways.  See  Ojibwa. 

Chipping  Wycombe.  See  Wycombe. 
Chiquimula  (che-ke-mo'la).  The  capital  of  a 
department  of  the  same  name  in  Guatemala, 
Central  America,  situated  62  miles  northeast 
of  Guatemala.  Population,  est.,  12,562. 
Chiquimula  Isthmus.  The  narrow  portion  of 
Central  America,  between  the  Bay  of  Honduras 
and  the  Pacific. 

ChiquinQUird  (che-ken-ke-ra').  A town  in 
Colombia,  about  85  miles  north  of  Bogota. 
It  is  noted  for  a shrine  of  the  Virgin  which  has  been 
visited  by  80,000  pilgrims  in  one  year.  Population,  muni- 
cipio,  13,116. 

Chi<juitos  (che-ke'tos;.  (Sp./ little.’  The  first 
whites  who  visited  their  country  observed  that 
the  houses  had  very  low  doors,  and  erroneously 
supposed  that  these  Indians  were  below  the 
medium  size  (hence  the  name).]  A numerous 
race  of  Indians  in  northeastern  Bolivia,  on 
the  lowlands  bordering  the  affluents  of  the 
Madeira  and  the  Paraguay.  They  were  gathered 
into  mission  villages  in  the  17th  century,  and  were  readily 
civilized.  The  Chiquitos  spoke  a peculiar  language,  and 
were  a gentle  race,  practising  agriculture.  They  were 
divided  into  a great  number  of  subtribes,  and  had  no 
general  chief.  Other  tribes  were  joined  to  them  in  the 
mission  villages,  and  adopted  their  language.  The  de- 
scendants of  all  these  are  the  modern  Chiquitos  of  the 
same  region,  numbering  about  20,000.  Most  of  them 
still  speak  their  own  language. 

Chiricahui  (che-re-kii'we).  [Opata,  properly 
Chihui-cahui,  t urkey-mountain ; from chihui,  tur- 
key, and  cahui,  mountain.]  A mountain-range 
of  southeastern  Arizona,  south  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad.  During  the  wars  with  the  Apaches, 
and  earlier,  the  Chiricahui  were  the  refuge  and  strong- 
hold of  some  of  the  wildest  bands,  and  they  gave  their 
name  to  that  band  of  the  tribe  which  has  become  famous 
in  the  outbreaks  since  1880.  See  Apaches. 

Chiriguanos  (she-re-gwa'nos),  or  Xiriguanos, 
or  Siriguanos,  or  Chirihuanos  (sbe-re-wa- 
nos').  An  Indian  tribe  of  Bolivia,  of  the  Tupi 


247 

stock.  They  inhabited  the  lowlands  and  valleys  south 
and  east  of  the  present  site  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,  and 
were  partially  conquered  by  the  Incas  of  Peru  about  1450. 
In  1572  they  repulsed  an  invasion  of  the  Spaniards  under 
the  viceroy  Toledo.  They  were  Christianized  in  the  18th 
century,  and  their  descendants,  to  the  number  of  15,000 
or  more,  inhabit  the  eastern  highlands  of  Bolivia,  in  the 
provinces  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  and  Chuquisaca. 

Chiriqui  (che-re-ke').  A lagoon  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  west  of 
Aspinwall. 

Chiron,  or  Cheiron  (kl'ron).  [Gr.  Xetpov.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  a centaur,  son  of  Kronos 
and  Philyra.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Apollo  and  Artemis, 
the  friend  and  protector  of  Peleus,  and  the  instructor  of 
Achilles.  He  was  renowned  for  his  wisdom  and  skill  in 
medicine,  hunting,  music,  and  prophecy.  He  dwelt  on 
Mount  Pelion,  and  on  his  death  was  placed  by  Zeus  among 
the  stars. 

Chiron.  A son  of  Tamora,  queen  of  the  Goths, 
in  Shakspere’s  (?)  “ Titus  Andronicus.” 
Chisedec.  See  Montagnais. 

Chislehursfc  (chiz'l-herst).  A village  in  Kent, 
England,  9 miles  south  of  London.  It  was 
the  residence  of  Napoleon  III.  1871-73,  and  of 
Eugenie  until  1880. 

Chisleu  (kis-lu/).  The  ninth  month  of  the  He- 
brew year,  corresponding  to  No  vember-Decem- 
ber,  mentioned  in  Zach.  vii.  1 ; Neh.  i.  1 ; 1 Mac. 
i.  54  and  iv.  59;  2 Mae.  i.  9, 18,  x.  5.  in  Assyro- 
Babylonian,  from  which  the  Hebrew  names  of  the  months 
are  derived,  it  is  Kislimu  or  Chislev  (R.  V.).  The  name  is 
explained  by  Haupt  to  mean  ‘month  of  wrath,’  by  Fried. 
Delitzsch  ‘month  of  clouds.’ 

Chiswick  (chiz'ik).  A suburb  of  London,  in 
Middlesex,  situated  on  the  Thames  6 miles  west 
of  Charing  Cross.  Population,  29,809. 
Chiswick  House.  A villa  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  situated  at  Chiswick. 
Fox  died  here  in  1806,  and  Canning  in  1827. 
Chitimachan  (shet-i-mash'an).  [Choctaw, 
‘they  possess  cooking-vessels.’]  A linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  represented 
by  the  Shetimasha,  a once  populous  and  pow- 
erful tribe  which  inhabited  the  shores  of  Grand 
or  Chetimashes  Lake,  and  bayous  Plaquemine 
and  Lafourche,  Louisiana.  In  1718,  after  a treaty 
with  the  French,  by  whom  they  were  overcome,  they  re- 
moved to  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Lafourche  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, near  the  present  Donaldsonville,  where  their  vil- 
lage still  existed  in  1784.  The  remnants  of  the  tribe, 
about  50  half-breeds,  are  now  on  Bayou  Plaquemine  and 
at  Charenton,  St.  Mary's  parish,  on  the  southern  shore  of 
Bayou  Tfiche. 

Chitradurg  (chit-ra-dorg'),  or  Chitteldrug 

(chit-tel-drog').  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Chitradurg,  in  Mysore,  British  India,  in  lat. 
14°  13'  N.,  long.  76°  24'  E.  It  contains  a re- 
markable rock-fortress.  It  was  besieged  by 
Hyder  Ali  in  1776,  and  taken  by  him  in  1779. 
Chitrakuta  (chit-ra-ko'ta).  [‘Bright  peak.’] 
A hill  and  place  of  pilgrimage  in  Banda  dis- 
trict, United  Provinces,  British  India,  in  lat. 
25°  13'  N.,  long.  80°  46'  E.  It  was  the  first  habita- 
tion of  Rama  and  Lakshmana  in  their  exile  after  leaving 
Ayodhya,  and,  as  the  holiest  spot  of  the  worshipers  of 
Rama,  was  crowded  with  temples  and  shrines. 

Chitral  (chit-ral').  1.  A small  state  in  the 
North-West  Frontier  Province,  British  India, 
about  lat.  36°  N.,  long.  72°  E. — 2.  A town  in 
the  state,  on  the  Chitral  River. 

Chittagong  (chit-ta-gong').  1.  A division  in 
Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam,  British  India. 
Area,  11,773  square  miles.  Population,  4, 737, 731. 
— 2.  A district  in  the  Chittagong  division,  in 
lat.  21°-23°  N.,  long.  91°  30 '-92°  E.  Area, 
2,492  square  miles.  Population,  1,353,250. — 
3.  A seaport  and  chief  town  of  the  Chittagong 
district,  situated  on  the  Karnafuli  in  lat.  22° 
21'  N.,  long.  91°  50'  E.  It  has  considerable 
trade.  Also  called  Islamabad.  Population, 
22,140. 

Chittagong  Hill  Tracts.  A district  in  the 
Chittagong  division,  British  India,  east  of  the 
Chittagong  district.  Area,  5,138  square  miles. 
Population,  124,762. 

Chittenden  (chit'en-den),  Martin.  Bom  at 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  March  12,  1766:  died  at  Wil- 
liston,  Vt.,  Sept.  5,  1840.  An  American  poli- 
tician, governor  of  Vermont  1813-15.  He  was 
a son  of  Thomas  Chittenden. 

Chittenden,  Thomas.  Born  at  East  Guilford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  6,  1730:  died  at  Williston,  Vt., 
Aug.  25,  1797.  An  American  politician,  gov- 
ernor of  Vermont  1790-97. 

Chittim  (kit'im).  See  KitUm. 

Chitty  (chit'i),  Joseph.  Born  1776:  diod  at 
London,  Feb.  17,  1841.  A noted  English  legal 
writer  and  special  pleader.  His  works  include 
“ A Treatise  on  Bills  of  Exchange ” (1799),  “A  Treatise  on 
the  Law  of  N ations  ” (1812),  “ A Treatise  on  Criminal  Law  ” 
(1816),  “ A Treatise  on  Commercial  Law  ’’  (1818),  “Reports 


Chocos 

of  Cases  on  Practice  and  Pleading,  with  Motes  ” (1820  23), 
“ On  Commercial  Contracts  ” (1823),  “ A Treatise  on  Medi 
cal  Jurisprudence”  (1834),  etc. 

Chiusa  San  Michele  (ke-6'sa  san  me-ka'le). 
A village  11  miles  northeast  of  Turin,  Italy, 
formerly  called  the  “Gates  of  Lombardy.”  It 
has  a noted  Benedictine  abbey. 

Chiusi  (ke-6'se).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Siena,  Italy,  in  lat.  43°  2'  N.,  long.  11°  57'  E. : 
the  ancient  Clusium  (whence  the  modern  name), 
originally  Camars.  It  has  a cathedral  and  a museum 
of  Etruscan  antiquities.  It  contains  an  Etruscan  necrop- 
olis, of  great  extent  and  variety,  remarkable  especially 
for  its  architectural  monuments,  which  are  cut  from  the 
rock,  tier  over  tier,  in  the  form  of  houses  with  beams  and 
rafters.  One  tomb  has  a circular  chamber  25  feet  iu  di- 
ameter, with  a massive  column  in  the  middle.  Many 
tombs  consist  of  several  chambers,  and  some  are  painted 
with  curious  friezes  representing  games,  dancing,  a feast, 
etc.  Many  painted  vases,  mirrors,  bronzes,  etc.,  have  been 
found.  The  town  was  one  of  the  twelve  confederated 
Etruscan  cities,  and  the  residence  of  Lais  Porsenna. 
Chivasso  (ke-vas'so).  ,A  town  in  the  province 
of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po  15  miles 
northeast  of  Turin.  Its  fortifications  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  French  in  1804. 

Chivery  (chiv'e-ri),  John.  “ The  sentimental 
son  of  a turnkey  ” in  Charles  Dickens’s  “ Little 
Dorrit.”  He  passed  his  time  in  composing  heartbreak- 
ing epitaphs.  He  was  very  weak  and  small,  hut  “ great 
of  soul,  poetical,  expansive,  faithful,”  and  in  love  with 
Little  Dorrit. 

Chladni  (ehlad'ne),  Ernst  Florens  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Wittenberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  30,  1756 : 
died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  April  4, 1827.  A Ger- 
man physicist,  noted  for  his  discoveries  in 
acoustics.  His  works  include  ‘‘Entdeckungen  fiber 
die  Theorie  des  Klanges"  (1802),  “DieAkustik”  (1802), 
“ fiber  Feuermeteore  ” (1819),  etc. 

Chloe  (klo'e).  [Gr.  Xkdr/,  the  verdant  or 
blooming.]  1.  A country  maiden  in  love 
with  Daphnis,  in  the  Greek  romance  “Daphnis 
and  Chloe,”  written  in  the  4th  or  5th  century. 
— 2.  Ashepherdess  in  Sidney’s  “Arcadia.” — 3. 
The  ambitious  wife  of  an  honest,  commonplace 
citizen  in  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “The  Poet- 
aster.”— 4.  A wanton  shepherdess  in  Fletcher's 
“ Faithful  Shepherdess,”  intended  as  a con- 
trast to  the  chaste  Clorin. 

Chlopicki  (chlo-pits'ke),  Jozef.  Born  in  Ga- 
licia, March  24, 1771 : died  at  Cracow,  Sept.  30, 
1854.  A Polish  general.  He  fought  on  the  side  of 
the  French  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  joined  the  Russian 
service  in  1815,  but  resigned  in  1818.  He  acted  as  dicta- 
tor Dec.  5,  1830, -Jan.  23,  1831,  in  the  revolution  which 
broke  out  at  Warsaw  Nov.  29,  1830.  Having  resigned  in 
deference  to  the  opposition  aroused  by  his  policy,  which 
sought  to  attain  the  objects  of  the  revolution  by  diplo- 
macy rather  than  by  war,  he  fought  with  distinction 
against  the  Russians  until  wounded  in  Feb.,  1831. 
Chloris  (klo'ris).  [Gr.  X/.upir : pale, 

pallid.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess 
of  flowers,  wife  of  Zephyrus : identified  with 
the  Roman  Flora. — 2.  In  Greek  legend,  a daugh- 
ter of  Amphion  and  Niobe,  who  with  her  bro- 
ther Amyclas  escaped  when  tho  other  children 
of  Niobe  were  slain  by  Apollo  and  Artemis. 
In  her  terror  she  turned  perfectly  white  (whence  her 
name).  Another  name  for  her  was  Meliboea. 

Ghlothar.  See  Clotaire. 

Chmielnicki  (chmyel-nits'ke),  Bogdan.  Born 
1593 : died  Aug.  25,  1657.  A Cossack  hetman 
of  Polish  descent,  leader  of  the  Cossack  revolt 
about  1648. 

Choate  (chot),  Rufus.  Born  at  Essex,  Mass., 
Oct.  1, 1799 : died  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  July 
13, 1859.  A distinguished  American  lawyer,  ora- 
tor, and  statesman.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1819,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823,  was  elected  a 
representative  to  Congress  from  Massachusetts  in  1830, 
and  was  reelected  in  1832,  hut  resigned  his  seat  in  1834. 
In  1841  he  became  the  successor  in  the  Senate  of  Dauiel 
Webster,  who  accepted  the  office  of  secretary  of  state 
under  President  Harrison.  He  remained  in  the  Senate 
until  1845,  when  Webster  was  reelected. 

Chochocois.  See  Shosholco. 

Chochone.  See  Shoshoni. 

Choc6  (cho-ko').  A province  of  the  Spanish 
viceroyalty  of  New  Granada,  embracing  the 
Atrato  valley  and  the  region  westward  to  the 
Pacific.  It  forms  a portion  of  the  present  de- 
partment of  Canca. 

Chocolate.  Paso  de.  See  Paso  de  Chocolate. 
Chocolatiere,  La  Belle.  The  portrait  by  Jean 
Etienne  Liotard  of  Annette  Beldauf,  a servant 
in  a Vienna  caf6.  She  married  the  Prince  of 
Dietrichstein.  The  picture  is  in  the  Dresden 
gallery. 

Chocorua  (cho-kor'u-ii).  One  of  the  principal 
outlying  peaks  of  the  White  Mountains  in  New 
Hampshire,  north  of  Lake  Winnepesaukee. 
Height,  3,508  feet. 

Chocos  (cho-kos').  A race  of  South  American 
Indians  in  western  Colombia.  They  were  formerly 


Chocos 

scattered  over  the  region  from  the  isthmus  of  Panama 
southward  probably  to  lat.  4°  N.,  occupying  the  Pacific 
coast,  the  Atrato  valley,  and  extending  eastward  in  some 
places  to  the  Cauca.  It  is  probable  that  other  and  more 
warlike  tribes  were  interspersed  over  the  same  region. 
They  were  divided  into  many  small  tribes,  and  their  houses, 
instead  of  being  gathered  into  villages,  were  often  scat- 
tered singly  through  the  forests.  It  is  said  that  in  the 
marshy  Atrato  valley  they  lived  in  trees.  The  descendants 
of  the  Chocos  are  either  civilized  or  lead  a miserable  ex- 
istence in  the  marshy  forests. 

Choctaw  (chok'ta),  or  Chacatos,  or  Chactaws, 
or  Chahta.  A large  tribe  or  division  of  Nortli 
American  Indians,  whose  chief  habitat  in  his- 
toric times  was  the  middle  and  north  of  Missis- 
sippi. They  were  engaged  on  both  sides  in  the  French 
and  English  contests  ending  with  1763.  They  compressed 
the  heads  of  raaleinfants,  whence  the  term  “Flatheads"  or 
“Tfites  plates,”  used  for  them  by  early  writers  (not  to  be 
confounded  with  the  Flatheads  of  the  Salishan  stock). 
Their  present  lands  are  in  the  southeast  part  of  Okla- 
homa. They  number  about  18,000:  about  9,000  of  them 
are  stated  to  be  of  pure  blood.  See  Muskhogean. 

Choczin.  See  Cliotin. 

Chodzko  (ehodz'ko),  Alexander.  Born  July 
11,  1804:  died  Dec.  20,  1891.  A Polish  poet, 
Orientalist,  and  Slavic  scholar.  His  works  in- 
clude ‘ ‘Grammaire  persane  ” ( 1852),  translations 
from  the  Persian  and  Old  Slavic,  etc. 

Chodzko,  Leonard  Jacob.  Born  at  Oborek, 
near  Wilna,  Russia,  Nov.  6, 1800:  died  at  Poi- 
tiers, France,  March  12,  1871.  A Polish  his- 
torian, author  of  “ La  Pologne  historique,  lit- 
tdraire,  etc.”  (1835-37),  etc. 

Choephori  (kd-ef'o-ri),  The.  [Gr.  Xori<j>6poi,  per- 
sons offering  xoah  or  libations,  to  the  dead.]  A 
tragedy  of  zEschylus:  so  named  from  the  cho- 
rus bearing  vessels  with  offerings  to  the  tomb 
of  Agamemnon.  In  it  Orestes  returns  to  Argos  to 
avenge  the  murder  of  his  father  Agamemnon,  and  slays 
his  mother  Clytemnestra  and  her  paramour  iEgisthus. 

Chcerilus  (ker'i-lus).  [Gr.  Xoipihoc  or  XoipiX- 
Jof.]  1.  An  Athenian  tragic  poet,  a contem- 
porary of  iEscliylus. — 2.  A Samian  poet  of  the 
5th  century  b.  c. 

Chcerilus  (of  Samos  also),  a younger  contemporary  of 
Herodotus,  and  said  by  Plutarch  to  have  been  intimate 
with  Lysander,  is  remarkable  for  having  attempted  a great 
novelty  — to  relate  in  the  epic  form  the  very  subject  with 
which  Herodotus  founded  Greek  history.  His  Perseis  sang 
the  struggle  of  Hellenedom  with  Persia. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  147. 

Choi.  See  Khoi. 

Choiseul  (shwa-zel'),  Cesar,  Due  de,  Sieur  du 
Plessis-Praslin.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1598: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  23, 1675.  A French  general. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  La  Rochelle  1628, 
served  in  Piedmont  1636—15,  became  marshal  1645,  and 
gained  the  decisive  victory  of  Trancheron  over  the  Span- 
iards 1648.  He  commanded  the  royal  forces  in  the  war 
of  the  Fronde,  and  defeated  Turenne  at  Rethel  in  1650. 
He  was  created  duke  1663.  Also  known  as  Marshal  du 
Plessis.  „ 

Choiseul,  or  Choiseul-Amboise,  Etienne 
FranQOis,  Due  de.  Born  June  28,  1719:  died 
at  Paris,  May  7,  1785.  A French  statesman. 
He  entered  the  army  in  his  youth,  aud  in  1759  obtained 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  Through  the  influence  of 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  mistress  of  Louis  XV.,  he  was  ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  Rome  in  1756.  Some  months  after 
this  appointment  he  succeeded  the  Abbe  Bernis  as  ambas- 
sador to  Vienna.  In  Nov.,  1758,  he  was  appointed  min- 
ister and  created  Due  de  Choiseul  (having  hitherto  been 
known  as  Comte  de  Stainville).  0:i  his  accession  to  office 
he  continued  the  alliance  of  France  with  Maria  Theresa 
of  Austria  in  the  Seven  Years'  War.  He  sought  to  prose- 
cute hostilities  against  England  with  vigor  in  Europe,  to 
the  neglect  of  the  proper  defense  of  the  colonies:  a policy 
which  resulted  in  the  loss  of  Canada  and  Cape  Breton 
Island  to  England,  and  of  Louisiana  to  Spain,  at  the  peace 
of  Paris  in  1763.  He  negotiated  the  “ Family  Compact  ” 
between  the  Bourbon  sovereigns  of  France,  Spain,  and  the 
Two  Sicilies  in  1761,  and  in  1764  expelled  the  Jesuits  from 
France.  He  was  dismissed  from  office  in  1770  through  the 
influence  of  the  king’s  new  mistress,  Madame  du  Barry. 

Choiseul-Gouiner,  Comte  de  (Marie  Gabriel 
Florent  Auguste  de  Choiseul-Gouf&er). 

Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  27,  1752:  died  at  Aachen, 
Germany,  June  20, 1817.  A French  diplomatist 
and  archaeologist.  His  chief  work  is  “Voyage 
pittoresque  de  la  Grece”  (1782,  new  ed.  1841). 
Choiseul-Praslin  (-pra-lan'),  Comte  Horace 
Eugene  Antoine  de.  Born  Feb.  23,  1837.  A 
French  statesman.  He  was  elected  representative 
of  Seine-et-Marne  to  the  National  Assembly  Feb.,  1871 ; 
the  same  year,  in  March,  he  was  sent  to  Italy  as  minister 
plenipotentiary,  where  he  remained  till  November.  He  is 
a republican,  and  supported  Thiers.  In  1880  he  was  sec- 
retary of  state  in  the  ministry  of  foreign  affairs.  He  has 
been  several  times  reelected  to  the  legislature,  and  in  1887 
was  sent  on  a botanical  mission  to  Ceylon  and  the  United 
States. 

Choisy  (shwa-ze'),  Francois  Timoleon  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  16, 1644:  died  Oct.  2,  1724. 
A French  ecclesiastic  and  litterateur.  His  works 
include  “ Histoire  de  France  sous  les  rfegnes  de  Saint  Louis, 
de  Philippe  de  Valois,  etc.”  (1750),  “Histoire  de  madame 
la  comtesse  des  Barres”  (1735),  “Mdmoires  pour  servir  a 
i'hlstoire  de  Louis  XIV.”  (1727),  etc. 


24S 

Choisy-le-Roi  (shwa-ze'le-rwa/).  A suburb  of 
Paris,  situated  on  the  Seine  71  miles  south  of 
the  city.  Population,  commune,  13,067. 

Choke  (chok),  General  Cyrus.  In  Dickens’s 
“Martin  Chuzzlewit,”  an  American,  “one  of 
the  most  remarkable  men  in  the  country,”  en- 
countered by  Martin  Chuzzlewit. 

Choleric  Man,  The.  A play  by  Richard  Cum- 
berland, produced  in  1774. 

Choles  (clio'les).  A tribe  of  American  Indians 
of  the  Maya  stock,  formerly  very  numerous 
in  southeastern  Guatemala.  After  the  Spanish  con- 
quest they  abandoned  their  homes,  and  led  a wandering 
life  in  the  mountains  and  forests.  In  the  17th  century 
some  of  them  were  induced  to  live  in  mission  villages,  and 
they  gradually  became  amalgamated  with  the  Spanish- 
speaking population.  Some  Indians  called  Choles,  proba- 
bly of  the  same  stock,  now  live  in  Chiapas,  Mexico. 
Cholet  (sho-la/).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  France,  33  miles  southwest  of 
Angers.  It  lias  considerable  trade  in  cattle,  and  manu- 
factures of  cotton  and  linen.  It  was  the  scene  of  various 
conflicts  in  the  V endean  wars,  including  a Vendean  defeat, 
Oct,  17,  1793.  Population,  commune,  20,427. 

Chollup  (chol'up),  Major  Hannibal.  In  Dick- 
ens’s “ Martin  Chuzzlewit,’5  an  American,  a 
worshiper  of  freedom,  lynch-law,  and  slavery. 
Cbolmondeley  (chum'li),  George.  Died  May 
7,  1733.  The  second  Earl  of  Cholmondeley,  an 
English  general  and  poet. 

Cholovone  (eho-lo-vo'ne),  or  Tcholovone,  The 
northern  division  of  the  Mariposan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  on  lower 
San  Joaquin  River,  California.  See  Mariposan. 
Cholula  (cho-16'la).  [Nahuatlof  central  Mexi- 
co, probably.]  A considerable  Indian  town  of 
Mexico,  inhabited,  at  the  time  of  tho  conquest, 
by  an  independent  ti'ibe  of  Nahuatl  Indians. 
It  lies  about  60  miles  southeast  of  thecity  of  Mexico,  about 
15  miles  from  the  foot  of  the  great  volcano  on  the  east, 
and,  in  a direct  line,  5 or  6 miles  west  of  the  city  of  Pue- 
bla. The  town  of  Cholula  had,  iu  1834,  6,765  inhabi- 
tants, and  the  surrounding  villages  contain  nearly  five 
tim  s that  number.  All  those  villages  except  two  are 
modern.  Previous  to  the  16th  century  Cholula  had  a 
population  of  not  over  25,000  souls,  and  these  were  con- 
gregated in  the  central  settlement.  The  tall  mound,  er- 
roneously called  the  “Pyramid  of  Cholula,"  was  probably 
a very  ancient  settlement  erected  on  an  artificial  basis  of 
sun-dried  brick,  with  a second  platform  of  lesser  extent 
and  greater  elevation,  and  a central  mound,  the  average 
elevation  of  which  is  now  170  feet.  Of  the  fate  of  this 
prehistoric  settlement  there  are  not  even  definite  tradi- 
tions. There  are,  besides  the  great  mound,  several  other 
sites  of  ruins  in  and  around  Cholula.  The  average  eleva- 
tion of  the  district  above  the  sea-level  is  7,000  feet. 

Chonos  Archipelago  (chd'nos  ar-ki-pel'a-go). 
A group  of  about  120  islands  on  the  coast  of 
Chile,  between  lats.  44°  and  47°  S. 

Chons.  See  Khons. 

Choiltales  (chon-ta'les).  A department  of 
Nicaragua,  Central  America,  east  of  Lake  Ni- 
caragua, noted  for  its  mineral  wealth. 
Chontals  (chon-talz'),  or  Chontallis(eh6n-tal'- 
yes),  or  Chontales  (chon-ta'les).  [Nahuatl, 
‘strangers,’ ‘foreigners.’]  The  name  given  in 
southern  Mexico,  Guatemala,  and  Nicaragua 
to  various  Indian  tribes  which  are  not  ethni- 
cally related,  but  were  originally  distinguished 
by  the  Nahuatls  as  different  from  themselves. 
Most  of  them  are  now  known  to  ethnologists  by 
other  names. 

Chopin  (sho-pan'),  Frederic  Francois.  Born 
at  Zelazowa-Wola,  near  Warsaw,  Poland,  Feb. 
22,  1810:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17,  1849.  A cele- 
brated Polish  composer  and  pianist.  His  father 
was  French,  his  mother  a Pole.  His  earliest  compositions 
were  dances,  mazurkas,  polonaises,  etc.  At  nineteen  he 
was  a finished  virtuoso.  His  masters  were  a Bohemian, 
Zwyny,  and  Eisner,  the  director  of  the  School  of  Music  at 
Warsaw.  He  began  at  this  age,  with  his  two  concertos 
and  some  smaller  works,  to  give  concerts  in  Vienna,  Mu- 
nich, and  Paris.  In  the  latter  place  he  settled.  In  1837 
beganhis  romantic  connection  with  George  Sand.  In  1838 
she  took  him  to  Majorca  for  his  health,  and  nursed  him 
there.  She  depicted  him  as  “Prince  Karol  ” in  her  novel 
“Lucrezia  Floriani,”  as  a “high-flown,  consumptive,  and 
exasperating  nuisance. " She  left  him  after  a friendship  of 
eight  years,  and  he  lived  in  retirement,  giving  lessons  and 
• composing.  His  works  include  two  concertos  for  piano 
and  orchestra,  and  27  etudes,  62  mazurkas,  and  many  pre- 
ludes, nocturnes,  rondos,  etc.,  and  IS  Polish  songs.  Grove. 
Choptank  (chop'tangk).  A river  and  estuary 
in  eastern  Maryland  which  flows  into  Chesa- 
peake Bay  about  25  miles  southeast  of  Annap- 
olis. Length,  about  100  miles.  It  is  navigable 
for  45  miles. 

Chopunnish  (cho-pun'ish),  or  Nimapu  (nim'- 
a-po),or  Nez  Perce  !na  per-sa'),orShaliaptan 
(sha-hap'tan),  or  Sahaptin  (sa-liap'tin).  The 
leading  tribe  of  the  Shahaptian  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  Their  former  habitat  (in  1804) 
was  western  Idaho,  northeastern  Oregon,  and  southeast- 
ern Washington,  on  the  lower  Snake  River  and  its  tributa- 
ries. They  crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  thehead  waters 
of  the  Missouri.  Of  late  years  the  Nez  Perce  (‘pierced 
noseT  have  not  pierced  the  nose  for  ornamental  purposes. 


Chowanoc 

These  are  the  people  of  Chief  Joseph,  who,  during  the  Nez 
Percd  war,  ordered  his  men  not  to  molest  any  white  non- 
combatants,  including  women  and  children  as  well  as 
men.  They  number  about  1,500.  Most  of  them  are  in 
Idaho.  See  Shahaptian  and  Tushepaw. 

Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicrates.  See  Ly- 

sicrates. 

Chorazin  (ko-ra'zin).  In  New  Testament  ge- 
ography, a city  of  Palestine,  situated  near  the 
northwestern  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  21 
miles  north  of  Tel  Hum : the  modern  Kerazeh. 
Choris  (cho'ris),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Yekaterino- 
slaff,  Russia,  March  22,  1795:  murdered  near 
Jalapa,  Mexico,  March  22,  1828.  A Russian 
traveier  and  painter.  He  illustrated  the  works  “Voy- 
age pittoresque  autour  du  monde  ” (1821-23),  “ Vues  et 
paysages  des  regions  dquinoxiales  ” (1826). 

Chorizontes  (ko-ri-zon'tez).  [Gr.  XopiC,ovTcq, 
the  separators.]  The  separatists,  a party  among 
the  older  critics  who  maintained  that  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey  were  by  different  authors  and  be- 
longed to  different  ages. 

Chorley  (ehor'li).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  8 miles  southeast  of  Pres- 
ton. Population,  26,852. 

Chorley  (ehor'li),  Henry  Fothergill.  Born  at 
Blackley  Hurst,  near  Billinge,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  15,  1808:  died  at  London,  Feb.  16, 
1872.  An  English  journalist,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, and  poet,  musical  critic  and  reviewer  for 
the  London  “Athenaeum.”  His  works  include 
“Modern  German  Music”  (1864),  and  “Thirty  Years' 
Musical  Recollections  "(1862) ; also  a number  of  unsuccess- 
ful novels,  including  “Roccabella,”  which  was  published 
under  the  pseudonym  “Paul  Bell,”  and  several  dramas, 
among  them  “Old  Love  and  New  Fortune.” 

Choron  (sho-roh' ),  Alexandre  Etienne.  Born 
at  Caen,  France,  Oct.  21,  1771 : died  at  Paris, 
June  29,  1834.  A French  musical  writer, 
teacher,  and  composer.  He  wrote  “ Prineipes 
de  composition  des  dcoles  d’ltalie”  (1808),  etc. 
Chorrillos  (chor-rel'yos).  A coast  city  and 
noted  watering-place  of  Peru,  30  miles  south- 
east of  Lima.  Here  the  Peruvians  under  Iglesias  and 
Caceres  were  defeated  by  the  Chilians  Jan.  13, 1881,  Iglesias 
surrendering  with  6,000  men.  Population,  about  3,000. 
Chort  (chort).  [At.]  The  third-magnitude  star 
6 Centauri. 

Chosroes.  See  Khusrau. 

Chota  (cho'ta),  or  Chutia,  Nagpur  (cho'te-a 
nag-por').  A former  division  in  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India..  In  December,  1911,  Chota  Nagpur,  Orissa, 
and  Behar  were  united  into  a lieutenant-governorship. 

Chota,  or  Chutia,  Nagpur  Tributary  States. 

A former  name  of  certain  Indian  states.  They 
are  the  seven  tributary  states  of  Chang  Bak&r,  Koria,  Sir- 
guja,  Udaipur,  Jashpur  (all  transferred  in  1905  to  the 
Central  Provinces),  Gangpur,  and  i'.onui  (now  attached  to 
Orissa),  and  the  two  feudatory  states  of  Kharsawan  and 
Saraikela  (area,  602  square  miles). 

Chotin  (cho-ten'),  or  Chocim  (cho'chim),  or 
Khotin  (cho-ten').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  in  lat.  48°  33'  N.,  long.  26°  28'  E. 
The  Turks  were  defeated  here  by  the  Poles  in  1621  and 
1673,  aud  by  the  Russians  in  1739  and  1769.  Population, 
20,070. 

Chotusitz  (cho'to-zits),  Czech.  Chotusice.  A 

village  near  Czaslau,  Bohemia,  45  miles  south- 
east of  Prague.  Here,  May  17,  1742,  the  Prussians 
under  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Charles  of  Lorraine.  Also  called  battle  of  Czaslau. 

Chotzim.  See  Chotin. 

Chouans  (sho'anz ; F.  pron.  sho-on').  [Per- 
haps from  Jean  Cottereau,  called  Chouan,  one 
of  their  leaders : Chouan  being  a corruption  of 
chat-huant,  a screech-owl.]  During  the  French 
Revolution,  a name  given  to  the  royalist  insur- 
gents of  Brittany. 

Chouans,  Les.  A novel  by  Balzac,  published  in 
1829:  properly  “ Le  dernier  Chouan.”  It  has 
been  dramatized. 

Chouman.  See  Comanche. 

Chouteau  (sho-to'),  Auguste.  Born  at  New 
Orleans,  1739:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb. 
24,  1829.  One  of  the  founders  of  St.  Louis. 
With  his  brother  Pierre,  he  joined  in  August,  1763,  the 
expedition  of  Lacltde  to  establish  the  fur-trade  iu  the 
region  watered  by  the  Missouri  and  its  tributaries ; and 
was  in  command  of  a party  which,  Feb.  15,  1764,  began 
the  establishment  of  a trading-post  called  St.  Louis  on 
the  site  of  the  present  city  of  that  name  in  Missouri. 

Chouteau,  Pierre.  Born  at  New  Orleans,  1 749  : 
died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  9, 1849.  An  Ameri- 
can  pioneer.  He  was  associated  with  his  brother,  Au- 
guste Chouteau,  in  the  founding  of  St.  Louis  in  17£L 

Chouteau,  Pierre.  Born  at  St.  Louis,  Jan. 
19,  1789 : died  at  St.  Louis,  Sept.  8,  1865.  An 
American  fur-trader,  son  of  Pierre  Chouteau. 
Chowanoc  (cho-wan'ok).  [Algonquian,  ‘ South- 
landers.’]  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
formerly  on  the  Chowan  River  in  northeast- 
ern North  Carolina.  When  first  known,  15S4-S5,  they 


Chowanoc 

were  the  leading  tribe  in  that  region.  They  joined  in  the 
. Tuscarora  outbreak  in  1711,  and  afterward  the  survivors, 
about  240  in  number,  were  settled  on  a small  reservation 
on  Bennett’s  creek.  Also  Chowanock.  See  Iroquman. 

Chrestien  (kra-te-ah'),  Fiorent.  Born  at  Or- 
leans, France,  1541:  died  at  Vendome,  France, 
1596.  A French  satirist,  composer  of  Latin 
verse,  and  one  of  the  authors  of  the  “Satyre 
Menippee  ” (which  see). 

Chrestien,  or  Chretien,  de  Troyes  (de  trwa). 
Born  at  Troyes  ('?),  France,  about  1140-50: 
died  before  1191  (?).  A noted  French  poet 
(trouvere)  attached  to  the  courts  of  Hainault 
and  Champagne  and  of  Philip  of  Alsace,  count 
of  Flanders.  Little  is  known  of  his  life  beyond  the 
fact  that  he  was  under  the  patroflage  of  Mary,  daughter 
of  King  Louis  VII.,  who  was  married  in  1164  to  Henry  I., 
count  of  Champagne.  He  was  among  the  first  trouvries 
to  write  after  the  model  set  by  the  troubadours  in  southern 
France,  and  in  his  Arthurian  legends  he  set  forth  t he  theo- 
ries of  love  as  accepted  by  the  noble  ladies  of  his  day.  His 
extant  Arthurian  works  are  “ Le  Chevalier  a la  Charrette," 
taken  from  a prose  “ Lancelot  du  Lac  ” (concluded  by  Geof- 
frey de  Ligny,  or  Godefroy  de  Lagny),  “Le  Chevalier  au 
Lyon,”  (attributed  by  the  Abbb  de  la  Hue  to  Wace),  “Erec 
and  Emde  " (the  same  legend  that  Tennyson  used  in  the 
“Idylls  of  the  King"),  “Le  roman  de  Cligfes  or  Cliget," 
“Percevale  ” (a  work  continued  by  successive  versifiers  to 
the  extent  of  some  fifty  thousand  lines,  and  probably  repre- 
senting in  part  a work  of  Robert deBorron).  Healsotrans- 
lated  Ovid,  and  wrote  a poem  on  “ William  the  Conqueror.” 

Chriemhild.  See  Kriemhild. 

Christ  (krist).  [L.  Christus,  Gr.  Xpioror  (6  Xpia- 
rdf,  the  Anointed).]  The  Anointed  One,  the 
Greek  translation  of  Messiah  (Hebrew  nid$iah) : 
a title  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth. 

Christabel  (kris'ta-bel).  1.  The  daughter  of 
the  king  who  secretly  betrothed  herself  to  Sir 
Cauline,  in  the  old  ballad  of  that  name.  The  king 
discovered  it,  and  Sir  Cauline  performed  prodigies  of  valor 
to  win  her.  He  was  at  length  killed  while  freeing  her 
from  the  soldan,  and  she  “burste  her  gentle  hearte  in 
twayne." 

2.  The  heroine  of  Coleridge’s  poem  of  that 
name,  published  in  1816.  The  gentle  and  pious 
daughter  of  Sir  Leoline,  she  is  induced  by  a powerful 
spell  to  bring  into  her  father's  castle  the  enchantress  who 
calls  herself  the  Lady  Geraldine. 

Christ  a la  Paille.  [F.,  ‘of  the  straw.’]  A 
painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Museum  of  Ant- 
werp, Belgium.  It  represents  the  dead  Christ  lying 
on  a stone  bench  covered  with  straw,  supported  by  Joseph 
of  Arimathea,  with  the  Virgin,  St.  John,  and  the  Magda- 
len grieving.  On  the  side  panels  are  St.  John  the  Apostle 
and  a Virgin  and  Child. 

Christ  among  the  Doctors.  A highly  esteemed 
painting  by  Ingres,  in  the  Musde  Municipal  at 
Montauban,  France. 

Christ  bearing  the  Cross.  A celebrated  statue 
by  Michelangelo,  in  Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva, 
Rome. 

Christchurch  (krist ' cherck).  A seaport  in 
Hampshire,  England,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Avon  and  Stour,  20  miles  southeast  of 
Southampton.  It  contains  a priory  church. 
Population,  4,204. 

Christchurch.  A city  in  New  Zealand,  situ- 
ated in  the  county  of  Selwyn,  South  Island,  in 
lat.  43°  35'  S.,  long.  172°  35'  E.  Its  haven  is 
Port  Lyttelton.  Population,  with  suburbs, 
67,878. 

Christ  Church.'  One  of  the  largest  and  most  fash- 
ionable colleges  of  Oxford  University,  founded 
in  1525  by  Cardinal  Wolsey  as  Cardinal  College, 
remodeled  as  King  Henry  YIH.’s  College  in 
1532,  and  refounded  as  Christ  Church  by  Henry 
VIII.  in  1546.  The  fine  Perpendicular  gateway  to  the 
great  quadrangle  (“Tom  Quad”),  which  is  the  largest  in 
Oxford,  opens  beneath  the  Tom  Tower,  whose  upper  stage 
was  built  by  Wren  in  1682.  On  the  south  side  of  the  quad- 
rangle is  the  beautiful  Perpendicular  hall,  115  by  40  feet, 
and  60  high  to  the  carved  oak  ceiling.  It  possesses  many 
fine  old  and  modem  portraits. 

Christ  Crucified  between  the  Two  Thieves. 

A famous  fresco  by  Fra  Angelico,  in  the  Con- 
vent of  San  Marco,  Florenca.  The  mourning  spec- 
tators include  the  most  prominent  figures  of  the  church, 
and  particularly  of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic. 

Christ,  Entombment  of.  A noted  painting  by 
Titian,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Christian  (kris'tian).  [L.  Christianas,  Gr.  Xp/a- 
Tiavdq,  F.  Chrestien,  Chretien,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Cris- 
tiano,  G.  Dan.  Christian.']  Tho  hero  of  Bun- 
yan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress”  (which  see). 
Christian  (kris'tian)  I.  Born  1426:  died  at 
Copenhagen,  May  21, 1481.  King  of  Denmark, 
the  founder  of  the  house  of  Oldenburg  in  Den- 
mark. He  was  a son  of  Theodoric,  count  of  Oldenburg, 
and  Hedwig,  heiress  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein.  He  was 
elected  in  1448  to  succeed  Christopher  lit.,  who  had  died 
the  same  year  without  issue,  and  was  crowned  king  of 
Norway  in  1450.  He  took  possession  of  the  government 
of  Sweden  in  1457,  but  was  expelled  from  the  country  by 
Sten  Sture  in  1470.  He  was  elected  duke  of  Schleswig 
and  count  of  Holstein  1400,  and  founded  the  University  of 
Copenhagen  June  1,  1479. 


249 

Christian  II.  Born  at  Nyborg,  Denmark,  July 
2,  1481 : died  at  Kallundborg,  Denmark,  Jan. 
25, 1559.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1513-23, 
surnamed  “ The  Cruel,”  son  of  John  whom  he 
succeeded.  He  married  Isabella,  sister  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  in  1515.  He  conquered  Sweden  in  1520 ; but 
by  his  massacre  of  the  Swedish  nobility  at  Stockholm  the 
same  year  provoked  an  uprising  under  Gustavus  Vasa, 
which  resulted  in  the  liberation  of  Sweden.  He  was  de- 
posed in  1623,  and  driven  out  of  Denmark.  He  made  a 
descent  on  Norway  in  1531,  but  was  captured  in  1532  and 
detained  in  prison  till  his  death. 

Christian  III.  Born  1502:  died  at  Kolding, 
Denmark,  Jan.  1,  1559.  King  of  Denmark  and 
Norway  1534—59.  He  introduced  the  Reformation  into 
Denmark  and  Norway, destroyed  the  influence  of  thellanse 
towns  in  his  dominions,  and  reduced  Norway  to  a province. 
Christian  iV.  Born  at  Frederiksborg,  Den- 
mark, April  12,  1577 : died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb. 
28,  1648.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1588- 
1648,  son  of  Frederick  II.  He  carried  on  a success- 
ful war  against  Sweden  1611-13.  As  duke  of  Holstein  he 
was  invited  in  1625,  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War,  to  take  the 
lead  in  the  rising  of  the  Protestants  in  northern  Germany. 
He  was  defeated  by  Tilly  at  Lutter  am  Barenberge,  in 
Brunswick,  Aug..  1626,  and  forced  to  accept  the  peace  of 
Ltibeck  May,  1629.  In  a second  war  with  Sweden,  begun 
1643,  and  concluded  Aug.,  1645,  by  the  peace  of  Bromse- 
bro,  he  lost  the  Norwegian  districts  of  Jemtlandand  Her- 
jeland,  and  the  islands  of  Gothland  and  Osel,  and  was 
forced  to  make  other  important  concessions.  He  pro- 
moted commerce  and  enterprise,  founded  the  Danish  set- 
tlement at  Tranquebar  in  the  East  Indies,  and  by  his 
courage  and  magnanimity  acquired  in  a high  degree  the 
favor  of  his  subjects.  The  well-known  ballad  “King  Kris- 
tian stood  by  the  lofty  Mast”  commemorates  his  heroism 
in  the  sea-fight  with  the  Swedes  before  Kiel,  July,  1644. 
Christian  V.  Born  April  15,  1646:  died  at 
Copenhagen,  Aug.  25, 1699.  King  of  Denmark 
and  Norway  1670-99,  son  of  Frederick  III.  He 
carried  on  an  unsuccessful  war  against  Sweden  1675-79, 
and  published  in  1683  a code  which  bears  his  name. 

Christian  VI.  Born  Nov.  30, 1699  : died  Aug. 
6,  1746.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1730- 
1746,  son  of  Frederick  IV.  He  was  completely  under 
the  influence  of  his  wife,  Sophie  Magdalene  of  Branden- 
burg-Kulmbach,  who  squandered  his  revenue  in  magnifi- 
cent building  operations,  including  the  palace  of  Chris- 
tiansborg. 

Christian  VII.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  29, 
1749:  died  at  Rendsburg,  Holstein,  March  13, 
1808.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1766- 
1808,  and  Duke  of  Schleswig-Holstein : son  of 
Frederick  V.  by  Louisa,  daughter  of  George  II. 
of  England.  Christian’s  reason  having  become  im- 
paired as  a consequence  of  dissipation,  the  royal  physi- 
cian in  ordinary,  Struensee,  supported  by  tiie  queen, 
Caroline  Matilda,  sister  of  George  III.  of  England,  ob- 
tained, through  his  appointment  in  1770  as  prime  minis- 
ter, the  paramount  influence  in  the  government.  Stru- 
ensee was  deprived  of  power  Jan.  17,  1772,  and  put  to 
death  (while  the  queen  was  banished)  by  the  queen-dow- 
ager and  the  minister  Ove  Hoegh-Guldberg.  The  crown 
prince  Frederick  assumed  the  government  April  14,  1784, 
and  had  himself  declared  regent. 

Christian  VIII.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Sept. 
18,  1786  : died  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  20,  1848. 
King  of  Denmark  1839-48,  and  Duke  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein and  Lauenburg  : eldest  son  of 
Frederick,  stepbrother  of  Christian  VII.  He 
was  governor  of  Norway  when  the  peace  of  Kiel,  con- 
cluded Jan.  14,  1814,  which  ceded  Norway  to  Sweden,  was 
repudiated  by  the  Norwegians,  Jan.  28,  1814.  He  came 
forward  as  the  champion  of  the  national  independence, 
collected  an  army  of  12,000  men,  convened  a diet  at  Eids- 
wold  April  10,  which  adopted  a constitution  May  17,  and 
was  proclaimed  king  of  Norway  under  the  title  of  Chr  is- 
tian I.  May  19,  1814.  Unable,  however,  to  maintain  his 
position  against  the  Swedes,  supported  by  the  allied 
power  s,  he  concluded  a truce  at  Moss  Aug.  14,  and  relin- 
quished the  crown  Oct.  10,  1814.  lie  issued  a proclama- 
tion July  8,  1846,  in  which  he  declared  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  to  be  indissolubly  united  to  Denmark. 
Christian  IX.  Bom  near  Schleswig,  April  8, 
1818:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  21, 1906.  King 
of  Denmark  1863-1906:  fourth  son  of  Freder- 
ick, duke  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- 
Gliicksburg.  He  succeeded  Frederick  VII.  Nov.  15, 
1863.  He  proclaimed  himself  sovereign  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein,  the  succession  to  which  duchies  was  claimed  by- 
Prince  Frederick  of  Sonderburg-Augustenburg,  who  was 
supported  by  the  inhabitants,  and  on  Nov.  18,  1863,  he  rati- 
fied a constitution  incorporating  Schleswig  witli  Denmark. 
The  Schleswig-Holstein  dispute  finally  involved  him  in  a 
war  with  Prussia  and  Austria,  whose  forces  invaded  Schles- 
wig Feb.  1,  1864,  and  after  an  obstinate  resistance  occupied 
Jutland.  By  the  treaty  of  Oct.  SO,  1864,  Christian  formally 
renounced  all  claims  to  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and  Lauen- 
burg. He  had  issue  Frederick  VIII.  (bom  June  3,  1843); 
Alexandra,  queen  of  England  (born  Dec.  1,  1S44);  George 
I.,  king  of  Greece  (born  Dec.  24,  1845);  Dagmar,  dowager 
empress  of  Russia  (bom  Nov.  26,  1847);  Thyra,  duchess  of 
Cumberland  (born  Sept.  29, 1853);  Prince  Waldemar  (born 
Oct.  27,  1858). 

Christian.  Died  at  Tusculum,  Italy,  Aug.  25, 
1183.  A German  prelate,  made  archbishop  of 
Mainz  Sept.,  1165,  general  of  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa  in  Italy  1167-83. 

Christian,  Edward.  Died  at  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, March  29,  1823.  An  English  jurist,  pro- 
fessor of  laws  at  Downing  College,  Cambridge. 


Christison 

Christian,  Fletcher.  Lived  in  the  last  half  of 

the  18th  century.  Master’s  mate  and  leader 
of  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty,  younger  bro- 
ther of  Edward  Christian.  See  Bounty.  After  the 
ship  reached  Tahiti,  what  became  of  Christian  is  not 
known : according  to  Adams,  the  surviving  mutineer 
found  on  Pitcairn  Island,  he  was  murdered  by  the  Tahi- 
tians. It  is  jjossible  that  he  escaped  and  returned  to 
England. 

Christiana  (kris-ti-an'ji).  [Fern,  of  Christian.] 
The  wife  of  Christian,  and  the  chief  female 
character  in  the  second  part  of  Bunyan’s  “Pil- 
grim’s Progress.”  She  also  left  the  City  of  De- 
struction after  Christian’s  flight. 

Christian  Cicero.  An  epithet  given  to  Lactan- 
tius. 

Christian  Hero,  The.  A work  by  Richard 
Steele^,  published  in  1701. 

Christiania  (kris -te-a'ne-a).  [Named  from 
Christian  IV.  of  Denmark.]  The  capital  of 
Norway,  and  the  chief  seaport  and  city  of  the 
country,  situated  on  Christiania  Fjord  in  lat. 
59°  55'  N.,  long.  10°  44'  E.  It  has  a large  foreign 
and  coasting  trade,  and  exports  lumber,  fish,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a university,  it  takes  the  place  of  the  old 
medieval  and  commercial  town  Oslo,  and  was  founded 
by  Christian  IV.  in  1624.  Population  (1900),  227,626. 
Christiania.  A diocese  (shift)  in  southeastern 
Norway. 

Christiania  Fjord  (kris-te-a'ne-a  fyord).  An 
arm  of  the  sea  on  the  southern  coast  of  Nor- 
way, south  of  Christiania.  It  is  very  pictu- 
resque. Length,  about  50  miles. 

Christian  of  Troyes.  See  Chrestien  de  Troyes. 
Christiansand  (kris 'te- an -sand).  A diocese 
(stift)  in  southern  Norway. 

Christiansand.  [Named  from  Christian  IV.  of 
Denmark.]  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
diocese  of  Christiansand,  situated  on  Chris- 
tiansand Fjord  in  lat.  58°  10'  N.,  long.  7°  58'  E. 
It  has  a good  harbor  and  a large  trade,  and  contains  a 
cathedral.  It  was  founded  by  Christian  IV.  Population, 
14,666. 

Christian  Seneca.  An  epithet  given  to  Joseph 
Hall  (1574-1656). 

Christianstad  (kris'te-an-etad).  A km  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Sweden.  Area,  2,486 
square. miles.  Population,  224,596. 
Christianstad.  [Named  from  Christian  IV.  of 
Denmark.]  The  capital  of  the  lten  of  Chris- 
tianstad, Sweden,  situated  near  the  Baltic  in 
lat.  56°  N.,  long.  14°  12'  E.  Its  seaport  is  Ahus. 
It  was  founded  by  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark.  Popula- 
tion, 11,388. 

Christiansted  (kris'te-an-sted),  or  Bassin 
(bas'sin)..  A seaport  of  the  island  of  Santa 
Cruz,  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  17°  45'  N., 
long.  64°  41'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Danish 
governor-general.  Population,  about  5,000. 
Christiansund  (kris'te-an-sond).  A seaport  in 
the  amt  of  Romsdal,  Norway,  built  on  four 
islands  in  lat.  63°  10'  N.,  long.  7°  45'  E.  It 
exports  fish.  Population,  12,050. 

Christian  Vergil.  An  epithet  given  to  Marco 
Girolamo  Vida  (1490J-1566). 

Christias  (kris'ti-as).  An  epic  poem  on  the 
life  of  Christ,  written  in  Latin  (1535)  by  Marco 
Girolamo  Vida. 

Christie  (kris'ti),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1807 : died  May  5,  1860.  A Scottish 
painter,  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Scot- 
tish Academy  in  1848. 

Christina  (kris-te'na).  Born  at  Stockholm,  Dec. 
18,  1626:  died  at  Rome,  April  19,  1689.  Queen 
of  Sweden,  daughter  of  Gustavus  II.  Adolphus, 
whom  she  succeeded  in  1632  under  a regency 
composed  of  the  five  chief  officers  of  the  crown. 
She  assumed  the  government  in  1644,  terminated  by  the 
treaty  of  Bromsebro  in  1645  the  war  which  had  been 
waged  against  Denmark  since  1643,  and  contrary  to  the 
advice  of  Oxenstierna  hastened  the  conclusion  of  peace  in 
Germany.  Having  in  1649  secured  the  election  of  her 
cousin  Charles  Gustavus  as  her  successor,  she  abdicated 
the  throne  iu  1664,  and  shortly  after  embraced  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith.  She  eventually  settled  in  Rome,  where 
she  patronized  men  of  letters  and  science,  and  collected 
a library  which  was  purchased  after  her  death  by  Pope 
Alexander  VIII. 

Christina,  Maria.  See  Maria  Christina. 
Christine  de  Pisan  (kres-ten'  de  pe-zon'). 
Born  at  Venice  about  1363:  died  after  1431. 
A writer  of  Italian  parentage  (daughter  of 
Thomas  de  Pisan,  councilor  of  the  Venetian 
republic  and  astrologer  of  Charles  V.),  edu- 
cated in  Paris.  She  wrote  “Le  livre  des  faicts  et 
bonnes  moeurs  de  Charles  V.,"  and  many  poems. 

Christines.  See  Cristinos. 

Christison  (kris'ti-son),  Sir  Robert.  Born  July 
18, 1797 : died  Jan.  23,  1882.  A noted  Scottish 
physician.  lie  was  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence 
at  Edinburgh  1822-32,  and  of  materia  medica  and  thera- 
peutics 1832-77.  He  received  a baronetcy  in  187L 


Christmas  Carol,  The 

Christmas  Carol,  The.  A Christmas  tale  by 
Charles  Dickens,  which  appeared  in  1843. 
Christmas  Island  (kris'mas  i'land).  1.  A 
small  island  in  the  Pacific, in  lat.  1°  57'N.,long. 
157°  28' W.  It  is  a British  possession. — 2.  A 
small  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about  lat.  10° 
31' S.,  long.  105°  33' E.  Itis  a British  possession. 
Christophe,  or  Cristophe  (kres-tof'),  Henri. 
Bom  Oct.  6,  1767 : died  Oct.  8,  1820.  A negro 
of  Haiti.  He  took  part  in  the  revolution  of  1790,  and 
became  the  most  trusted  general  of  ToussaintLouverture, 
serving  against  the  French.  Subsequently  he  commanded 
under  Dessalines  in  the  black  republic  of  northern  Haiti, 
and  succeeded  him  in  1806.  War  with  Potion  followed 
during  several  years.  In  1811  Christophe  was  proclaimed 
king  of  Haiti,  and  was  crowned  June  2 as  Henri  I.  His 
wars  with  the  republic  of  the  south,  and  rebellions  caused 
by  his  tyranny,  brought  about  his  downfall.  Attacked  by 
the  rebels,  he  shot  himself  at  Port  au  Prince. 
Christopher  (kris'to-fer),  Saint.  [L.  Christo- 
phorus,  Or.  Xpiaroipdpoe,  Christ-bearer ; It.  Cris- 
toforo,  F.  Christophe,  Sp.  Cristoval,  Pg.  Chris- 
tovao,  G.  Christoph.  ] A martyr  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury. He  is  said  to  have  lived  in  Syria,  and  to  have 
been  of  prodigious  height  and  strength.  As  a penance 
for  having  been  a servant  of  the  devil,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  task  of  carrying  pilgrims  across  a river  where 
there  was  no  bridge.  Christ  came  to  the  river  one  day  in 
the  form  of  a child  and  asked  to  be  earned  over,  but  his 
weight  grew  heavier  and  heavier  till  his  bearer  was  nearly 
broken  down  in  the  midst  of  the  stream.  When  they 
reached  the  shore,  “Marvel  not,”  said  the  child,  “for  with 
me  thou  hast  borne  the  sins  of  all  the  world.”  Christo- 
pher is  usually  represented  as  bearing  the  infant  Christ 
and  leaning  upon  a great  staff.  The  Roman  and  Angli- 
can churches  celebrate  his  festival  on  July  25;  the  Greek 
Church  on  May  9. 

Christopulos  (kris-top'  o-los),  Athanasios. 

Born  at  Kastoria,  European  Turkey,  1772:  died 
in  Wallacbia,  Jan.  29, 1847.  A Greek  iyric  poet. 
His  lyrics  were  published  in  Paris  1833  and  1841. 
Christ’s  College  (krists  kol'ej).  A college  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  England,  founded 
in  1505  by  Margaret,  countess  of  Richmond. 
The  Tudor  arms  remain  over  the  gateway,  but  the  build- 
ings were  renovated  in  the  18th  century.  The  gardens 
are  celebrated  for  their  beauty. 

Christ’s  Hospital.  Acelebrated  school,  former- 
ly in  Newgate  street, London, known  as  theBlue 
Coat  School  from  the  ancient  dress  of  the  schol- 
ars, which  is  still  retained.  It  was  founded  by  Ed- 
ward Vl.on  the  site  of  the  monastery  of  Gray  Friars,  given 
by  Henry  VIII.  to  the  city  near  the  end  of  his  reign  for  the 
relief  of  the  poor.  The  school  was  moved  to  Horsham, 
Sussex,  in  1902. 

Christy  (kris'ti),  Henry.  Born  at  Kingston  on 
the  Thames,  July  26,  1810:  died  at  La  Palisse, 
France,  May  4,  1865.  An  English  ethnologist, 
noted  especially  for  his  exploration  of  the 
caves  in  the  valley  of  the  Vezere,  in  southern 
France.  He  began  the  preparation  of  a work  containing 
the  results  of  his  investigations,  which  was  completed, 
after  his  death,  by  M.  Lartet  and  Professor  Rupert- Jones, 
nnder  the  title  “Reliquife  Aquitanicse : being  Contribu- 
tions to  the  Archaeology  and  Palaeontology  of  Pdrigord  and 
the  adjacent  Provinces  of  Southern  France.” 

Chrodegang  (kro'de-gang),  or  Godegrand 
(go'de-grand),  Saint.  Died  at  Metz,  March  6, 
766.  A bishop  of  Metz.  He  was  a native  of  Hasba- 
nia  (Belgian  Limburg),  and  was  descended  from  a distin- 
guished family  among  the  Ripuarian  Franks.  He  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Metz  by  Pepin  the  Short  in  742,  con- 
ducted the  Pope  on  a journey  from  Piome  to  Gaul  in  753, 
and  in  764  brought  from  Rome  the  relics  which  had  been 
presented  by  the  Pope  to  the  churches  and  monasteries  of 
Gaul.  He  is  the  author  of  the  “Vita  Canonica,”a  rule 
borrowed  in  part  from  that  of  St.  Benedict,  and  of  which 
there  are  two  versions — an  older  one  intended  for  the 
cathedral  of  Metz,  and  a more  recent  one,  intended  for  the 
church  in  general. 

Chronicle  of  Paros.  An  important  Greek  his- 
torical inscription  found  in  the  island  of  Paros, 
and  now  preserved  among  the  Arundelian  mar- 
bles at  Oxford.  It  extended  originally  from  the  mythi- 
cal reign  of  Cecrops,  king  of  Athens,  taken  as  B.  c.  1582, 
to  the  archonship  of  Diogenetus,  B.  c.  264 ; but  the  end  is 
now  lost,  and  the  surviving  part  extends  only  to  B.  C.  355. 
The  chronicle  embraces  an  outline  of  Greek  history,  with 
especial  attention  to  festivals,  poetry,  and  music.  Politi- 
cal and  military  events  are  less  carefully  recorded,  many 
of  importance  being  omitted  entirely. 

Chronicle  of  the  Cid.  See  Cid, 

Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  England  from  the 
Time  of  the  Romans’  Government  unto  the 
Death  of  King  James.  The  principal  work  of 
Sir  Richard  Baker.  It  was  published  in  1643,  and  its 
popularity  is  attested  by  its  many  editions,  a ninth  ap- 
pearing in  1696.  It  was  continued  by  another  to  the  time 
of  George  I.,  and  issued  in  1730. 

Chronicles  (kron'i-klz).  Two  books  of  the 
Old  Testament,  supplementary  to  the  books  of 
Kings.  They  formed  originally  one  book,  the  division 
into  two  having  been  made  for  convenience  in  the  LXX. 
The  name  Chronica  (Eng.  Chronicles),  which  is  given  in 
some  copies  of  the  Vulgate,  appears  to  date  from  Jerome. 
In  the  LXX  they  are  called  TropaAein-owei'a  (‘omitted 
things’),  and  in  the  Hebrew  “Journals ” or  diaries.  They 
probably  consist  of  materials  which  may  have  been  in  part 
collected  by  Ezra,  and  were  revised  about  the  second  half 
of  the  4th  century  B.  o.  by  another,  probably  a Levite. 


250 

Chronicles  of  the  Canongate.  [See  Canon- 
gate .]  A collection  of  stories  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  The  first  series,  published  in  1827,  includes  “The 
Highland  Widow,”  “Two  Drovers,"  and  “The  Surgeon's 
Daughter.  ” The  second  series  (“  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  ”) 
wa3  published  in  1828.  The  tales  are  supposed  to  be  nar- 
rated by  Mr.  Ghrystal  Crof  tangry,  to  whom  they  are  told  by 
Mrs.  Baliol. 

Chronicles  of  the  Schonberg-Cotta  Family 

(shen'berg-kot'ta  fam'i-li).  A historical  novel 
by  Mrs.  Charles,  published  in  1863. 

Chrononhotonthologos  (kr6-non//ho-ton-thol'- 
o-gos).  A burlesque  by  Henry  Carey,  “the 
most  tragical  tragedy  ever  yet  tragedized,”  first 
performed  in  1734.  It  was  imitated  to  some  degree 
from  Fielding’s  play  “Tom  Thumb.”  Chrononhotonthol- 
ogos is  the  King  of  Queerummania.  His  name  is  occa- 
sionally used  as  a nickname  for  any  particularly  bombastic 
and  inflated  talker.  See  Aldiborontephoscophornio. 

Chrudim  (chro'dim).  A town  in  Bohemia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Chrudinka  in  lat.  49°  57'  N.,  long. 
15°  47'  E.  Population,  14,385,  (1910). 
Chrysal  (kris'al),  or  the  Adventures  of  a 
Guinea.  A novel  by  Charles  Johnstone,  pub- 
lished in  1760.  Chrysal  is  an  elementary  spirit  whose 
abode  is  in  a piece  of  gold  converted  into  a guinea.  In 
that  form  the  spirit  passes  from  man  to  man,  and  takes 
accurate  note  of  the  different  scenes  of  which  it  becomes 
a witness.  Tucker-man,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  Fict.,  p.  240. 

Chrysalde  (kre-zald').  A character  in  Moliere’s 
comedy  “L’Ecole  des  femmes.” 

Chrysale  (kre-zal').  A good,  stupid  citizen  of 
the  middle  class,  the  husband  of  Philaminte, 
in  Moliere’s  comedy  “Les  femmes  savantes.” 
See  Philaminte. 

Chrysaor  (krl-sa'6r  or  kris'a-or).  [Gr.  Xpv- 
caup.1  1.  In  classical  mythology,  a son  of 
Poseidon  and  Medusa,  and  father  (by  Callir- 
rhoe)  of  the  three-headed  Geryones  and  Echid- 
na. He  sprang  forth  from  the  head  of  Medusa 
when  Perseus  cut  it  off. — 2.  The  sword  of 
Artegal,  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene.” 

Chryseis  (kri-se'is).  [Gr.  Xpv<j7/ig.~]  In  Ho- 
meric legend,  Astynome,  the  daughter  of  Chry- 
ses,  seized  as  a slave  by  Agamemnon.  When 
the  king  refused  to  give  her  up,  Chryses  prayed  to  Apollo 
for  vengeance,  "and  the  god  sent  a plague  upon  the  camp 
of  the  Greeks,  which  was  not  stayed  until  the  maiden  was 
taken  back  to  her  father  by  Odysseus. 

Chryses  (kri'sez).  [Gr.  Xpvcr/g.']  In  Homeric 
legend,  a priest  of  Apollo  at  Chrysa. 

Chrysippus(kri-sip'us).  [Gr.  Xpvoimras.]  Born 
at  Soli,  Cilicia,  280  B.  c. . died  at  Athens,  207 
b.  c.  A Greek  Stoic  philosopher,  a disciple  of 
Cleanthes.  He  invented  the  logical  argument  called 
sorites,  and  was,  next  to  Zeno,  the  most  eminent  philoso- 
pher of  his  sect.  lie  is  said  to  have  died  from  an  im- 
moderate fit  of  laughter  on  seeing  an  ass  eating  some  figs 
destined  for  his  own  supper.  “‘Give  him  a bumper  of 
wine,’  he  cried  to  the  old  woman  who  attended  him,  and 
was  so  amused  by  the  incident  that  he  sank  under  the  ex- 
haustion of  his  own  merriment.”  K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of 
the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  27.  ( Donaldson .) 

Chrysoloras  (kris-o-15'ras),  Manuel.  [Gr. 

Mavovgh  6 Xpvaolupag.']  Born  at  Constantino- 
ple (!)  about  1355:  died  at  Constance,  Ger- 
many, April  15,  1415.  A celebrated  Greek 
scholar,  teacher  of  Greek  in  Italy.  Many  distin- 
guished scholars  were  his  pupils.  He  wrote  “Erotemata 
sive  Qu*stioues,”  one  of  the  first  Greek  grammars  used  in 
Italy. 

Chrysopolis  (kri-sop'o-lis).  [Gr.  XpvohKofas, 
golden  city.]  An  ancient  town  on  the  site  of 
the  modern  Scutari,  in  Asia  Minor. 

Chrysostom  (kris'os-tom  or  kris-os'tom),  Saint 
John.  [Gr.  xPVG°CT0ll0^>  golden-mouthed.] 
Born  at  Antioch,  Syria,  probably  in  347  A.  D. : 
died  near  Comana,  Cappadocia,  Sept.  4,  407. 
A celebrated  father  of  the  Greek  Church.  He 
was  preacher  and  prelate  at  Antioch,  was  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople 398^404,  and  was  exiled  to  Cappadocia  404- 
407.  The  chief  editions  of  his  works  are  the  “Benedic- 
tine” (13  vols.  fol.  1718),  and  that  of  the  Abb6  Migne  (13 
vols.  1863).  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Greek  Church  on 
Jan.  27  and  Nov.  13,  in  the  Roman  Church  on  Jan.  27. 

The  last  of  the  great  Christian  sophists  who  came  forth 
from  the  schools  of  heathen  rhetoric  was  John,  the  son  of 
Secundus,  a general  in  the  imperial  army,  who  is  gener- 
ally known  by  the  surname  Chrysostomus,  given  to  him, 
as  to  the  eminent  sophist  Dio  Cocceianus,  on  account  of 
his  golden  eloquence.  He  was  born  at  Antioch,  about 
A.  D.  347,  and  was  taught  rhetoric  in  his  native  city  by 
Libanius,  who  would  gladly  have  established  him  in  his 
school  as  his  assistant  and  successor,  if  Chrysostom  had 
not  been  drawn  away  from  secular  pursuits  by  his  reli- 
gious convictions. 

E.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  341. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Chrysostome  (kris'os-tom).  A character  in 
Cervantes’s  “Don  Quixote,”  a learned  man 
who  died  for  love. 

Chrzanowski(chzba-nov'ske) , Adalbert.  Born 
in  the  waywodeship  of  Cracow,  1788:  died  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1861.  A Polish  general  in  the 
revolution  of  1830-31.  He  was  commander  of 


Chupas 

the  Sardinian  armv  in  the  Novara  campaign, 
1849. 

Chuana  (chwa'na).  A Bantu  nation  of  South 
Africa,  embracing  many  tribes,  and  occupying 
not  only  British  Bechuanaland,  but  part  of 
the  Transvaal.  The  language  is  caUed  Se-chuana,  and 
differs  but  dialectally  from  Se-Suto.  The  Bechuana  are 
darker,  less  tall  and  brave,  but  more  progressive  than  the 
Zulus.  They  build  round  houses  with  verandas,  and  wear 
a kaross.  The  western  Bechuana  are  rather  pastoral 
than  agricultural.  The  principal  eastern  tribes  are  the 
Basuto,  Ba-tlaka,  Ba-Mapela,  Ba-Pedi ; the  western  are 
the  Ba  Hlapi,  Ba-Tlaro  (Kuruman),  Ba-Rolong(Maf eking), 
Ba-Ngwaketsi  and  Ba-Kuena  (Molopolole),  Ba-Mangwato, 
between  Ngami  and  Limpopo  (Khama’s  people). 

Chuapa  (cho-a'pa),  or  Choapa  (cho-a'pa).  A 
river  in  Chile  which  separates  Coquimbo  from 
Aconcagua,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  100 
miles  north  of  Valparaiso.  Length,  120  miles. 

Cimbar  (cho-bar'),  or  Charbar  (char-bar'). 

1 . A bay  on  the  southern  coast  of  Persia,  in 
lat.  25°  20'  N.,  long.  60°  30'  E. — 2.  A port  on 
the  Bay  of  Chubar. 

Chubb  (chub),  Thomas.  Born  at  East  Harn- 
ham,  near  Salisbury,  England,  Sept.  29,  1679 : 
died  at  Salisbury,  Feb.  8,  1747.  A mechanic 
apprenticed  to  a glove-maker,  and  later  assis- 
tant to  a tallow-chandler  of  Salisbury,  noted 
as  a deistical  writer.  Of  his  various  controversial 
tracts  the  best-known  is  that  entitled  “ The  True  Gospel 
of  Jesus  Christ  Asserted  ” (1738). 

Ohuchacas.  See  Keresan. 

Chucuito,  or  Chucuyto.or  Chuq.uito(cho-kwe'- 

to).  A town  in  southern  Peru,  situated  on  Lake 
Titicaca  15  miles  southeast  of  Puno.  Under  the 
Incas  this  was  the  most  important  town  of  theCollao,  and 
ancient  ruins  still  exist  near  it.  Population,  estimated  at 
5,000. 

Chudleigh  (chud'le).  A town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  8 miles  southwest  of  Exeter. 

Chudleigh,  Cape.  A cape  at  the  enti’ance  of 
Hudson  Strait,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Labra- 
dor. 

Chuffey  (ckuf'i).  The  superannuated  clerk  who 
saves  the  life  of  old  Anthony  Chuzzlewit  in 
Dickens’s  “Martin  Chuzzlewit.” 

Chukiang  (eho'  kyang').  Same  as  Pearl 
River,  in  China. 

Chumaia  (eho-mi'a).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  living  in  Eden  valley  and  on  the 
Middle  Eel  River,  California.  See  Yukian. 

Chumanas.  See  Jumanas. 

Chumashan  (cho'mash-an).  A linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians.  It  embraces  a num- 
ber of  coast  tribes  formerly  residing  at  and  about  the 
seats  of  the  missions  of  San  Buenaventura,  Santa  Bar- 
bara, Santa  Inez,  Purissima,  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  Cali- 
fornia, and  also  upon  the  islands  of  Santa  Rosa  and  Santa 
Cruz,  and  such  other  of  the  Santa  Barbara  islands  as  were 
permanently  inhabited.  Only  about  40  individuals  of  the 
once  populous  stock  survived  in  1884  : the  number  now  is 
probably  less  than  20.  Chumash,  from  which  the  stock 
name  is  derived,  is  the  native  name  of  the  Santa  Rosa 
islanders. 

Chumawa  (cho-ma'wa).  An  almost  extinct 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  See  Palaih- 
nihan. 

Chumhaba.  See  Khumbaba. 

Chumbul  (chtrm-bul').  See  Chambal. 

Chun  (tchon),  Karl.  Born  Oct.  1,  1852.  A 
German  zoologist. 

Chunar  (chun-ar'),  or  Chunarghur  (chun- 
ar'ger).  A fortified  town  in  the  district  of  Mir- 
zapur,  United  Provinces,  British  India,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ganges  19  miles  southwest  of 
Benares.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1764.  The 
treaty  of  Chunar  between  Hastings  and  the  Nabob  of 
Oudh  was  concluded  in  1781. 

Chunchos  (chon'chos).  1.  A tribe  of  Indians 
in  eastern  Peru  and  northern  Bolivia,  about 
the  head-waters  of  the  Madre  de  Dios  and  Hual- 
laga.  They  have  retained  their  independence, 
and  are  implacable  enemies  of  the  whites. 
Their  language  >is  Arawak,  and  they  call 
themselves  Campas. 

2.  The  name  given  by  Tschudi  to  one  of  the 
three  great  aboriginal  races  which  he  supposed 
to  have  inhabited  Pent  from  very  ancient  times. 
The  others  were  the  Quichuas  and  Aymaras.  By  this 
classification  the  name  would  include  not  only  the  Chun- 
chos proper,  but  a great  number  of  savage  tribes,  princi- 
pally east  of  the  Andes. 

Chungking  (ckung-keng').  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Szechuen,  China,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Kialing  with  the  Yangtsz’. 

Chungu  (ch6n'go),orBa-Chungu  (bii-chon'go). 
A Bantu  tribe  settled  on  the  highland  between 
Lakes  Nyassa  and  Tanganyika,  central  Africa. 

Chupas  (cho'pas).  An  elevated  plain  west  of 
Guamanga  (now  Ayaeucho),  Peru,  about  mid- 
way between  Cuzco  and  Lima.  Here  the  younger 
Almagro  was  finally  beaten  by  the  royalist  forces  under 
Vaca  de  Castro,  Sept.  16,  1542.  See  Almagro,  Diego  de. 


Chupra 

Chupra  (ehup'ra).  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Saran,  Behar,  British  India,  situated  near 
the  junction  of  the  Gogra  and  Ganges  in  lat. 
25°  47'  N.,  long.  84°  44'  E.  Population, 
45,901. 

Chuquisaca  (cho-ke-sa'ka).  A southeastern 
department  of  Bolivia.  Area,  26,400  square 
miles.  Population,  237,143. 

Chuquisaca  (city).  See  Sucre. 

Chuquito.  See  Chucuito. 

Chur  (ehor).  See  Coire. 

Church  (cherch),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Duxbury, 
Mass.,  1639 : died  at  Little  Compton,  R.  I.,  Jan. 
17, 1718.  An  American  soldier.  He  took  part  in 
King  Philip’s  war,  including  the  swamp  tight  with  the  Nar- 
ragansetts,  Dec.  19, 1675,  and  was  in  command  of  the  party 
which  hunted  King  Philip todeath  Aug.  12, 1676.  Under  his 
direction  and  from  his  notes  his  son  Thomas  compiled 
“ Enteitaining  Passages  relating  to  Philip’s  War”  (1716). 

Church,  Frederick  Edwin.  Born  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  May  4,  1826:  died  at  New  York,  April 
7,  1900.  A noted  American  landscape-painter, 
a pupil  of  Thomas  Cole.  His  best-known  works  are 
“Niagara  Falls  from  the  Canadian  Shore”  (1857  : in  tho 
Corcoran  Gallery,  Washington),  “The  Heart  of  the  An- 
des” (1859),  “ Cotopaxi  ” (1802),  etc. 

Church,  Frederick  Stuart.  Born  at  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.,  1841.  An  American  painter. 
Church,  Sir  Richard.  Born  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland,  1784:  died  at  Athens,  Greece, 
March  30,  1873.  A British  soldier,  long  a 
military  commander  and  official  in  the  Greek 
service.  He  served  as  ensign  in  the  Egyptian  campaign 
of  1801 ; became  captain  in  the  Corsican  Hangers  1806 ; 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Maida,  and  took  part  in  the 
defense  of  Capri  and  (as  assistant  quartermaster-general) 
in  various  actions  in  the  Ionian  Islands ; and  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-colonel  of  a Greek  infantry  regiment 
in  1812.  When  the  Greek  revolution  began,  he  joined  the 
insurgents  (March  7,  1827),  aixd  possessed  great  influence 
as  a leader  of  the  movement  and  as  a military  commander. 
He  also  took  part  in  the  revolution  of  1843.  In  that  year 
he  was  appointed  senator,  and  in  1854  general  in  the 
Greek  army. 

Church,  Sanford  Elias.  Bom  at  Milford,  N.  Y., 
April  18, 1815:  died  at  Albion,  N.  Y.,  May  14, 
1880.  Ait  American  jurist  and  politician.  He 

was  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  1851-54,  and  chief 
justice  of  the  State  Court  of  Appeals  1871-80. 

Churchill  (cherch'il),  Arabella.  Born  1648: 
died  1730.  Eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Winston 
Churchill  of  Wootton  Bassett,  Wiltshire,  and 
elder  sister  of  John  Churchill,  duke  of  Marl- 
borough : a mistress  of  James  II. 

Churchill,  Charles.  Born  at  Westminster, 
Feb.,  1731 : died  on  a visit  to  Boulogne,  Nov. 
4.  1764.  An  English  poet,  son  of  Charles 
Churchill,  rector  ot  Rainham,  Essex.  He  was  or- 
dained a priest  in  1766,  and  became  curate  at  Raiuliam,  and 
in  1758  of  St.  John's,  Westminster ; wasfor  a time  a teacher 
in  various  schools ; was  separated  from  his  wife  (Eeb., 
1761),  with  whom  he  had  contracted  a Fleet  marriage  at 
the  age  of  seventeen  ; and  thereafter  devoted  himself  to 
literature,  becoming  famous  as  a satirist  through  his  “ Ros- 
ciad  ’’  (1761)  .which  see).  He  also  published  “The  Apology: 
addressed  to  the  Critical  Reviewers  ” (1761),  “Night:  an 
Epistle  to  Robert  Lloyd”  (1762),  “The  Ghost,"  in  which 
Johnson  is  ridiculed  iu  connection  with  the  Cock  Lane 
ghost  (1762-63),  “The  Prophecy  of  Famine:  a Scots  Pas- 
toral" (1763),  “The  Duellist,"  an  assault  on  the  enemies 
of  Wilkes  (1763),  “The  Author  ” (1763),  “Gotham,” a poet- 
ical statement  of  his  political  opinions  (1764),  “ The  Candi- 
date ” (1764),  etc.  He  was  a friend  of  Wilkes,  and  a co- 
laborer with  him  on  the  “North  Briton.” 

Churchill,  John,  first  Duke  of  Marlborough. 
Bom  at  Ashe,  Musbury,  Devonshire,  probably 
June  24, 1650 : died  near  Windsor,  June  16,  1722. 
A famous  English  general  and  statesman.  He 
served  for  a time  as  page  of  honor  to  the  Duke  of  York 
(afterward  James  II.),  and  iu  1667  obtained  a commission 
as  ensign  in  the  Foot  Guards.  He  served  under  Monmouth 
in  the  French  army  in  Flanders  in  1672  and  subsequently, 
and  commanded  under  Feversham  at  Sedgemoor  in  1685. 
He  joined  William  of  Orange  in  Nov.,  1688,  was  made  earl  of 
Marlborough  in  1689,  served  on  the  Continent  and  in  Ire- 
land 1689-91,  and  in  1692  was  removed  from  his  offices  and 
imprisoned  for  complicity  in  Jacobite  intrigues.  He  was 
restored  to  favor  by  William  III.  in  1698,  and  wa3  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  in  Holland  in  1701,  and  cap- 
tain-general of  all  the  British  forces  in  1702.  During  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  which  broke  out  in  1701,  he 
was,  with  Eugene  of  Savoy  and  Heinsius,  pensionaxy  of 
Holland,  a leading  spirit  of  the  grand  alliance  of  the 
naval  powers  and  the  emperor  against  France.  He  con- 
ducted a successful  campaign  against  the  French  in  1702, 
was  created  duke  of  Marlborough  in  1702,  shared  witlx 
Eugene  the  victory  of  Blenheim  in  1704,  defeated  Villeroi 
at  Ramillies  in  1706,  and  in  conjunction  with  Eugene 
gained  the  victories  of  Oudenarde  in  1708  and  Malplaquet 
in  1709.  He  was  deprived  of  his  command  in  1711,  in  con- 
seqxxence  of  the  fall  of  the  Whig  ministry  and  the  acces- 
sion to  power  of  the  Tories.  See  life  by  Coxe  (3  vols. 
1818-19). 

Churchill,  Randolph  Henry  Spencer  (called 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill).  Bom  Feb.  13, 
1849 : died  at  London,  Jan.  24,  1895.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  second  son  of  the  sixth  Duke 
of  Marlborough.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1874.  He 


251 

was  Conservative  member  of  Paxliament  for  Woodstock 
1874-85,  when  he  was  returned  for  South  Paddington.  He 
was  reelected  for  South  Paddington  in  1886  and  in  1892, 
was  secretary  for  India  in  Lord  Salisbury’s  first  ministry 
(June,  1886, -January,  1886),  and  in  Salisbury’s  second  min- 
istry was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the 
House  of  Commons  from  July  to  December,  1886.  He 
married  Miss  Jerome  of  New  York  in  1874. 

Churchill.  A river  in  British  America  which 
flows  through  various  lakes  into  Hudson  Bay, 
about  lat.  58°  40'  N.,  long.  95°  W.  Length, 
about  700  miles.  Also  called  Missinmppi,  Eng- 
lish, and  Beaver. 

Church  Island  (Utah).  See  Antelope  Island. 

Churchyard  (cherch'yard),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Shrewsbury,  England,  about  1520  : died  April, 
1604.  An  English  poet  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, and  soldier.  He  was  the  author  of  mxmerous 
tracts  and  broadsides,  “ The  Worthines  of  Wales,"  a poem 
(1587),  “ The  Legend  of  Shore’s  Wife  ” (in  the  1563  edition 
of  Baldwin’s  “Mirror  for  Magisti-ates ’’),  his  best-known 
poem,  “Churchyard’s  Challenge,”  a collection  of  prose  and 
verse  (1593),  etc.  As  a soldier  he  served  in  Scotland,  Ire- 
land, the  Low  Countries,  France,  and  elsewhere. 

Thomas  Churchyard  was  an  inferior  sort  of  Gascoigne, 
who  led  a much  longer  if  less  eventful  life.  He  was 
about  the  Court  for  the  greater  part  of  the  century,  and 
had  a habit  of  calling  his  little  books,  which  were  numer- 
ous, and  written  both  in  verse  and  prose,  by  alliterative 
titles  playing  on  his  own  name  such  as  “Churchyard’s 
Chips,”  “Churchyard’s  Choice,”  and  so  forth.  He  was  a per- 
son of  no  great  literary  [lower,  and  chiefly  notewoithy  be- 
cause of  his  long  life-after  contributing  to  Tottel’s  “ Mis- 
cellany,’’which  makes  him  a link  between  the  old  literature 
and  the  new.  Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  18. 

Churruas.  Same  as  Charruas. 

Ohurubusco  (ch6-r6-bos'k6).  A village  about 
5 miles  south  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  During  the 
Mexican  war,  Aug.  20,  1847  (after  the  battle  of  Contreras, 
which  see),  about  8,000  United  States  troops  under  Scott 
defeated  there  a force  of  20,000-25,000  Mexicans  under 
Santa  Anna.  An  old  convent  in  the  village,  garrisoned  by 
about  800  Mexican  troops  under  General  Pedro  Maria 
Anaya,  was  attacked  by  about  6,000  United  States  soldiers 
under  Generals  Twiggs,  Smith,  and  Worth.  The  strong 
convent  walls  served  as  a fortress,  and  it  was  only  carried 
after  a severe  battle,  the  aixxmunition  of  the  defenders 
being  exhausted.  The  losses  were  : United  States,  1,053 ; 
Mexico,  about  7,000  (including  the  battle  of  Contreras). 

Cburwalden  (ehor'val-den).  A town,  noted  as 
a health-resort,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, 5 miles  south  of  Coire. 

Chusan  (cho-san').  The  largest  island  of  the 
Chusan  group,  situated  in  the  China  Sea  in 
lat.  30°  10'  N.,  long.  122°  10'  E.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1840  and  1860.  Capital, 
Ting-hai. 

Chusan  Archipelago.  The  group  of  islands  of 
which  Chusan  is  the  chief. 

Chutia  Nagpur.  See  Chota  Nagpur. 

Chutterpur  (chut  - ter  -por'),  or  Chattrpur 
(chat-tr-por').  A city  in  Bundelkhand,  British 
India,  in  lat.  24°  55'  N.,  long.  79°  36'  E. 

Chuuichupa  (cho-we-cho'pa).  [Opata.]  The 
region  of  the  sources  of  the  Yaqui  River  in 
the  Sierra  Madre,  near  the  confines  of  Sonora 
and  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Chuzzlewit  (chuz'l-wit),  Anthony.  The  shrewd 
and  cunning  father  of  Jonas,  in  Charles  Dick- 
ens’s “Martin  Chuzzlewit.” 

Chuzzlewit,  Jonas.  An  unscrupulous,  selfish, 
and  overreaching  fellow,  the  cousin  of  Martin 
and  son  of  Anthony  Chuzzlewit,  in  Charles 
Dickens’s  “ Martin  Chuzzlewit.”  His  slyness, 
selfish  ignorance,  and  brutality  finally  culmi- 
nate in  murder. 

Chuzzlewit,  Martin.  The  grandfather  of  Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit,  in  Charles  Dickens’s  novel  of 
that  name. 

Chuzzlewit,  Martin.  A young  architect,  the 
principal  character  in  Charles  Dickens’s  novel 
of  that  name.  At  first  dissipated,  by  dint  of  many 
hard  knocks  from  fortune,  especially  in  his  dreary  Ameri- 
can adventures  witlx  Mark  Tapley  in  search  of  wealth,  he 
reforms  and  becomes  the  heir  of  his  rich  grandfather. 

Chuzzlewit,  Mrs.  J onas.  See  Pecksniff. 

Chyavana  (chya-va/na).  In  Sanskrit  mythol- 
ogy, a Rishi  whom,  when  old,  the  Ashvins  made 
again  a youth.  This  germ,  all  that  is  found  in  the 
Rigveda,  is  variously  developed  in  stories  of  Chyavana 
(the  later  form  for  the  earlier  Chyavana)  in  the  Slxata- 
patha  Brahmana  and  the  Mahabharata,  a motive  of  which 
is  to  explain  how  the  Ashvins  came  to  share  libations  of 
soma. 

Cialdini  (cliiil-de'ne),  Enrico.  Duke  of  Gaeta. 
Born  at  Castelvetro,  Modena,  Italy,  Aug.  10, 
1811 : died  at  Leghorn,  Sept.  8, 1892.  An  Ital- 
ian general,  politician,  and  diplomatist.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  tho  campaigns  of 
1860-61,  and  was  ambassador  to  France  1876- 
1879  and  1880-81. 

Cianga  (the-an'tha),  Andresde.  A Spanish  law- 
yer, a native  of  Penafiel  in  the  diocese  of  Pa- 
leneia.  He  went  with  Gasca  to  Peru  in  1546,  was 
made  a member  of  the  audience  there,  and  was  one  of  the 


Cicacole 

judges  who  condemned  Gonzalo  Pizairo  and  Can  ajal  to 
death.  From  Jan.,  1650,  to  Sept.,  1551,  he  governed  Peru 
as  president  of  the  audience. 

Cibalffi  (sib'a-le),  or  Cibalis  (-lis).  In  ancient 
geography,  a town  in  Pannonia,  near  the  mod- 
ern Esseg  in  Slavonia.  Here,  in  314,  Constan- 
tine defeated  Licinius. 

Cibao  (se-bii'o).  [Probably  from  the  Indian 
word  ciba,  a stone  or  rock.]  A mountainous 
region  in  the  central  part  of  the  island  of  Santo 
Domingo.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  it  was  included 
in  the  province  of  Maguana,  governed  by  Caonabo.  The 
Indians  told  Columbus  that  gold  was  found  there,  and  he 
supposed  it  to  be  the  Cipango  (Japan)  of  Marco  Polo. 
Ojeda  entered  this  region  in  March,  1494,  and  a consider- 
able amount  of  gold  was  obtained  there. 

Cibber  (sib'er),  or  Ciberfc  (se'bert),  Caius  Ga- 
briel. Born  at  Flensborg,  in  Holstein,  1630: 
died  at  London,  1700.  A Danish  sculptor,  resi- 
dent in  England,  the  father  of  Colley  Cibber. 
Cibber,  Colley.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  6, 1671 : 
died  there,  Dec.  12,  1757.  An  English  actor 
and  dramatist,  son  of  the  sculptor  C.  G.  Cibber 
by  his  second  wife,  Jane  Colley.  He  began  his 
career  as  an  actor  about  1690,  his  first  recorded  appearance 
being  in  1691  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  and  subsequently 
played  a large  number  of  parts,  of  many  of  which  he  was 
the  original.  Among  his  plays  are  “Love’s  Last  Shift” 

S,  “She  Would  and  She  Would  Not”  (1702),  “The 
2ss  Husband”  (acted  1704),  “The  Double  Gallant" 
(1707),  “The Provoked  Husband  ”(1728),  “The  Non-Juror” 
(acted  1717),  etc.  He  altered  and  adapted  “Richard  III." 
and  “ King  Lear,”  and  other  plays,  the  former  keeping  the 
stage  for  a century.  In  1730  he  was  appointed  poet 
laureate.  Pope  attacked  him  under  the  name  of  “Dul- 
ness”  iu  the  “Dunciad"  (1741).  His  “Apology  lor  his 
Life  ” was  published  in  1740. 

Cibber,  Mrs.  (Susannah  Maria  Arne).  Bom 

at  London,  Feb.,  1714:  died  at  Westminster, 
Jan.  30,  1766.  A noted  English  actress  and 
singer,  wife  of  Theophilus  Cibber  and  sister  of 
Thomas  Arne.  Her  first  appearance  was  at  the  Hay- 
market  in  1732,  in  the  opera  “Amelia ’’by  Lump4,  and  her 
reputation  was  for  several  years  chiefly  founded  upon  her 
singing.  Iu  173(5  she  made  her  d£but  as  a tragic  actress  in 
the  part  of  Zarah,  in  Hill’s  version  of  Voltaire’s  “Zaire,” 
and  rapidly  became  famous. 

Cibber,  Theophilus.  Born  Nov.  26,  1703:  per- 
ished in  a shipwreck  in  the  Irish  Channel,  Oct., 
1758.  An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of 
Colley  Cibber.  He  wrote  “The  Lover  ” (1730),  “ Patie 
and  Peggy,  or  the  Fair  Foundling  ” (1730),  “ The  Harlot’s 
Progress,  or  the  Ridotto  al  Fresco”  (1733),  “The  Auction  " 
(1757),  etc.  He  published  an  alteration  of  “ Henry  VL  ” In 
April,  1734,  he  married  Susannah  Maria  Arne,  afterward 
famous  as  an  actress.  She  abandoned  him  a few  years 
later.  Cibber  was  a man  of  unsavory  reputation. 
Cibobe  (se-bo-ba/).  [Tehua  of  northern  New 
Mexico.]  A mythical  place,  probably  some 
spring  or  lagoon  in  southern  Colorado,  where, 
according  to  the  traditions  of  the  Tehuas,  their 
ancestors  issued  from  the  interior  of  the  earth 
to  begin  their  wanderings  over  its  surface.  It 
is  the  mythical  cradle  of  the  tribe. 

Cibola  (se' bo-la).  [Origin  unknown.]  The 
name  given  by  Fray  Marcos  of  Nizza  to  the 
cluster  of  villages  occupied  by  the  Zuni  tribe  in 
1539.  He  heard  the  word  in  Sonora,  and  it  may 
have  been  a corruption  of  Shiuona,  the  Zuni 
name  for  the  range  held  by  that  tribe. 

Cibot  (se-bo'),  Francois  Barth61emy  Michel 
Edouard.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  11,  1799 : died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  10,  1877.  A French  painter, 
noted  especially  for  historical  subjects  and  land- 
scapes. 

Cibot,  Pierre  Martial.  Born  at  Limoges, 
France,  1727 : died  at  Peking,  China,  Aug.  8, 
1780.  A French  Jesuit,  missionary  in  China. 

He  was  the  author  of  many  dissertations  and  treatises, 
comprised  iu  the  “ Memoiies  concemant  l’lxistoire  deslet- 
tres,  sciences  et  arts  de  la  Chine.” 

Cibrario  (che-bra're-6),  Count  Giovanni  An- 
tonio Luigi.  Born  at  Turin,  Feb.  23,  1802: 
died  at  Salo,  Brescia,  Italy,  Oct.  1,  1870.  An 
Italian  jurist,  historian,  and  politician,  cabinet 
minister  1852—56.  He  wrote  “ Storia  della  monarchia  di 
Savoia”  (1840-47),  “Origini  e progressi  delle  instituzioni 
della  monarchia  di  Savoia”  (1854-65),  “Della  economia 
politica  del  Medio  Evo  ” (1842),  etc. 

Cibyra  (sib'i-rii).  [Gr.  K Ifivpa.']  An  ancient 
town  of  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  tho  modern  Khor- 
zum:  called  Cibyra  Magna,  to  distinguish  it 
from  a smaller  town  of  the  same  name  in 
Pamphylia.  Its  ruins  comprise  an  odeum,  175  feet  in 
diameter,  with  thirteen  tiers  of  seats  visible  aboveground. 
The  front  wall  is  noteworthy,  and  is  practically  complete: 
it  has  five  arched  doorways  between  two  square  ones. 
There  is  also  an  ancient  theater  of  some  size  and  consid- 
erable interest,  and  a stadium,  in  part  excavated  from  a 
hillside.  There  are  twenty-one  tiers  of  seats  in  marble, 
which  remain  in  place  around  the  cuived  end.  There  was 
a monumental  entrance,  consisting  of  three  lofty  arches. 
Cicacole  ( sik-a-kol  '),or  Chicacole  (chik-a-kol' ). 
A town  in  the  district  of  Ganjam,  Madras, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  Langulya  in  lat. 
18°  17'  N.,  long.  83°  55'  E. 


Cicely  Homespun 

Cicely  Homespun.  See  Homespun. 

Cicero.  A surname  given  to  Johann,  elector 
of  Brandenburg  1486-99,  on  account  of  his  elo- 
quence. 

Cicero  (sis'e-ro),  Marcus  Tullius.  Born  at  Ar- 
pinurn,  Italy,  Jan.  3,  106  B.  c. : assassinated 
near  Formise,  Italy,  Dec.  7,  43  b.  c.  A cele- 
brated Roman  orator,  philosopher,  and  states- 
man. He  served  in  the  Social  War  in  89 ; traveled  in 
Greece  and  Asia  79-77 ; was  questor  in  Sicily  in  75 ; ac- 
cused Verres  in  70;  was  edile  in  69;  pretor  66;  and  as 
consul  suppressed  Catiline’s  conspiracy  in  63.  He  was 
banished  in  58,  living  in  Thessalonica,  and  was  recalled 
in  67.  He  was  proconsul  of  Cilicia  51-50;  joined  the 
Pompeians  in  49 ; lived  at  Brundisium,  Sept.,  48, -Sept., 
47 ; pronounced  the  Philippics  against  Antony  44-43 ; 
and  was  proscribed  by  the  Second  Triumvirate  and  slain 
in  43.  Of  his  orations  67  are  extant  (with  fragments 
of  20  more),  including  “Against  Verres”  (six  speeches,  70 
B.  c.  : five  of  these  were  never  delivered),  “Against  Cati- 
line ” (four  speeches,  63  B.  C.  : see  Catiline),  “ For  Archias  ” 
(62  B.  C.),  “Against  Piso  ” (55  B.  C.),  “ For  Milo  ” (52  B.  C. ), 
“For  Marcellus"  (46  B.  C.),  and  “Philippics"  (which  see). 
His  other  works  include  “ Bhetorica,”  “De  oratore,”  “De 
republica,”  “De  legibus,”  “De  flnibus  bonorum  et  malo- 
ram,"  “Tusculanse  disputationes,”  “De  natura  deorura,” 
“Cato  major,"  ‘ De  divinatione,"  “Lariius,”  “De  officiis  " 
(see  these  titles),  etc.  There  are,  besides,  four  collections 
of  his  correspondence.  He  also  wrote  poetry,  including 
an  epic  on  M arius. 

Cicero,  Quintus  Tullius.  Born  about  102  b.  c.  : 

killed  43  b.  c.  A Roman  commander,  younger 
brother  of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  distinguished 
in  Gaul  in  54. 

Cicero’s  younger  brother,  Quintus  (a.  652/102-711  43), 
took  much  interest  in  literature,  especially  in  poetry, 
and  seems  to  have  resembled  his  brother  in  facility  of 
composition,  but  he  never  attained  any  distinction.  He 
undertook  an  annalistic  work,  and  translated  tragedies  of 
Sophokles  and  the  like.  We  possess  by  him  the  Com- 
mentariolura  petitionis,  a missive  addressed  to  his  brother 
Marcus,  composed  early  in  691/64,  and  a few  lette'  s. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Horn.  Lit.  (tr.  by  G.  C.  W. 

[Warr),  I.  324. 

Gicogna  (che-kon'ya),  Emmanuele  Antonio. 

Bom  at  Venice,  Jan.  17,  1789:  died  at  Venice, 
Feb.  22, 1868.  An  Italian  historian  and  archte- 
ologist.  He  wrote  “Delle  inscrizioni  Vene- 
ziane”  (1824-53),  etc. 

Cicognara  (cke-kon-ya'ra),  Count  Leopoldo. 
Born  at  Ferrara,  Italy,  Nov.  17,  1767:  died  at 
Venice,  March  5, 1834.  An  Italian  antiquarian 
and  diplomatist,  author  of  “Storia  della  scul- 
t-ura”  (1813-18),  etc. 

Old  (sid;  Sp.  pron.  theTH),  The:  called  also  El 
Campeador  (kam-pe-a-dor')  (Ruy  or  Rodrigo 
Diaz  de  Bivar).  [ Cid , Sp.,  representing  Ar. 
Seyyid,  master:  el  Campeador,  Sp.,  the  cham- 
pion or  challenger.]  Born  at  the  castle  of 
Bivar,  near  Burgos,  Spain,  about  1040:  died 
at  Valencia,  Spain,  July,  1099.  The  principal 
national  hero  of  Spain,  famous  for  his  exploits 
in  the  wars  with  the  Moors. 

The  title  of  Cid,  by  which  he  is  almost  always  known, 
Is  often  said  to  have  come  to  him  from  the  remarkable 
circumstance  that  five  Moorish  kings  or  chiefs  acknow- 
ledged him  in  one  battle  as  their  Seid,  or  their  lord  and 
conqueror ; and  the  title  of  Campeador,  or  Champion, 
by  which  he  is  hardly  less  known,  though  it  is  commonly 
assumed  to  have  been  given  to  him  as  a leader  of  the 
armies  of  Sancho  the  Second,  has  long  since  been  used 
almost  exclusively  as  a mere  popular  expression  of  the 
admiration  of  his  countrymen  for  his  exploits  against  the 
Moors.  At  any  rate,  from  a very  early  period  he  has  been 
called  El  Cid  Campeador,  or  The  Lord  Champion. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  12. 

In  this  critical  age  we  are  frequently  obliged  to  aban- 
don with  regret  the  most  charming  traditions  of  our 
childhood’s  histories;  and  the  Cid  has  not  been  spared. 
A special  book  has  been  written  by  an  eminent  Orientalist 
to  prove  that  the  redoubtable  Challenger  was  by  no 
means  the  hero  he  was  supposed  to  be:  that  he  was 
treacherous  arid  cruel,  a violator  of  altars,  and  a breaker 
of  his  own  good  faith.  Professor  Dozy  maintains  that  the 
romantic  history  of  the  Cid  is  a tissue  of  inventions,  and 
he  has  written  an  account  of  “the  real  Cid”  to  counteract 
these  misleading  narratives.  He  founds  his  criticisms 
mainly  on  the  Arabic  historians,  in  whom,  despite  their 
national  and  religious  bias,  he  places  as  blind  a reliance 
as  less  learned  people  have  placed  in  the  Chronicle  of  the 
Cid.  Yet  it  is  surprising  how  trifling  are  the  differences 
that  can  be  detected  between  his  “real  Cid"  and  that  ro- 
mantic Chronicle  of  the  Cid,  the  substance  of  which  was 
compiled  by  Alfonso  the  Learned  only  half  a century 
after  the  Cid’s  death,  and  which  Robert  Southey  trans- 
lated into  English  in  1805  with  such  skill  and  charm  of 
style  that  bis  version  has  ever  since  been  almost  as  much 
a classic  as  the  original.  Every  one  can  separate  for  him- 
self the  obviously  legendary  incidents  in  the  delightful 
old  Chronicle  without  any  assistance  from  the  Arabic 
historians,  who  deal  chiefly  with  one  period  alone  of  the 
Cid’s  career;  and  the  best  popular  account  of  the  hero,  in 
discriminating  hands  and  with  due  allowances,  is  still 
Southey’s  fascinating  Chronicle.  The  Cid  of  the  Chron- 
icle is  not  at  all  the  same  as  the  Cid  of  the  Romances; 
and  while  we  cheerfully  abandon  the  latter  immaculate 
personage,  we  may  still  believe  in  the  former. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  192. 

Cid,  Romances  of  the.  1.  A Spanish  poem 
(“Poema  del  Cid”)  composed  by  an  unknown 
author  about  1200.  It  consists  of  more  than  3,000 


252 

lines,  and  is  a bold  and  spirited  exhibition  of  national 
peculiarities  in  the  chivalrous  times  of  Spain.  It  was 
printed  first  by  Sanchez  in  the  first  volume  of  his  “ Pot  si  as 
Caste-lianas  Anteriores  al  Siglo  XV.”  (Madrid,  1779-90). 
Ticknor. 

2.  An  old  poetical  Spanish  chronicle  (“Cronica 
Rimada  de  las  Cosas  de  Espana  ”),  nearly  the 
whole  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  history  of  the 
Cid.  It  is  later  than  the  “Poema  del  Cid,"  and  was  first 
published  by  Michel  in  the  “Jahrbiicher  der  Literatur,” 
Vol.  CXV.,  at  Vienna  in  1846.  Both  these  poems  seem 
built  up  from  older  ballads. 

3.  The  “Chronicle  of  the  Cid,” date  unknown, 
printed  in  1512,  the  same  in  substance  with  the 
history  of  the  Cid  in  the  “General  Chronicle  of 
the  History  of  Spain”  composed  and  compiled 
by  Alfonso"  the  Wise  about  1260. — 4.  A Spanish 
tragedy  (“Las  mocedades  del  Cid  Campeador”) 
by  Guillen  de  Castro.  It  appeared  in  1618. — 5. 
A French  tragedy  (“Le  Cid”)  by  Pierre  Cor- 
neille, represented  in  1636. 

Cid  Hamet  Benengeli.  See  Benengeli,  Cid 
Hamet. 

Cieneguilla  (the-a-na-gel'ya).  [Sp.,  ‘little 
marsh.’]  A place  12  miles  west  or  west-south- 
west of  Santa  F6,  in  New  Mexico.  Near  it  are 
the  ruins  of  an  important  ancient  pueblo  of  the 
Tanos. 

Cienfuegos  (tlie-en-fwa'gos).  A seaport  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Cuba,  in  lat.  22°  12'  N., 
long.  80°  35'  W.  It  exports  molasses,  sugar,  etc.  Ou 
May  11,  1898,  a fight  occurred  here  between  American 
vessels  and  Spanish  troops  while  men  of  the  former  were 
cutting  cables.  Population,  30,100. 

Cienfuegos,  TJicasio  Alvarez  de.  Born  at 
Madrid,  Doc.  14,  1764:  died  at  Orthez,  France, 
July,  1809.  A Spanish  poet  and  dramatist. 
His  poems  were  published  in  1798. 

Cienfuegos  y Jovellanos  (the-en-fwa'gos  e 
Ho-vel-ya'nos),  Jose.  Born  at  Gigon,  Asturias, 
Spain,  1763:  died  at  Madrid,  1825.  A Spanish 
general.  He  was  a cadet  in  1777,  served  in  the  French 
wars,  and  from  April,  1816,  to  the  end  of  1819  was  cap- 
tain-general  of  Cuba.  In  1822  he  was  minister  of  war,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  councilor  of  war  and  lieutenant- 
general  and  director-general  of  artillery. 

Cieza  (the-a'tha).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia,  Spain,  near  the  Segura  north- 
west of  Murcia. 

Cieza  de  Leon  (the-a'tha  da  la-on'),  Pedro  de. 
Born  at  Llerena,  Spain,  1518  : died  at  Seville, 
1560.  A Spanish  soldier,  author  of  the  “Co- 
ronica  del  Peru.”  From  about  1534  to  1552  he  was 
with  the  Spanish  armies  in  America,  serving  in  New 
Granada  and  Peru  and  traveling  extensively.  His  “Co- 
rdnica,”  or  history,  of  Peru  was  commenced  in  1541,  and 
consisted  of  four  parts.  Part  1,  a general  description  of 
the  country,  was  published  in  1553 ; and  part  2,  with  a por- 
tion of  part  3,  in  modern  times  ; other  portions  are  known 
in  MS.,  but  several  books  are  lost.  Cieza  de  Leon  is  one 
of  the  best  authorities  on  the  early  history  of  Peru  and  the 
customs  of  the  Incas. 

Cignani  (chen-ya'ne),  Count  Carlo.  Borti  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  May  15,  1628:  died  at  Forli, 
Italy,  Sept.  6,  1719.  An  Italian  painter  of  the 
Bolognese  school.  His  chief  work  is  an  “As- 
sumption of  the  Virgin,”  painted  in  the  cupola 
of  the  cathedral  at  Forli. 

Cignaroli  (chen-ya-ro'le),  Giovanni  Bettino. 
Born  at  Salo,  near  Verona,  Italy,  1706:  died  at 
Verona,  Dec.  1,  1770.  An  Italian  painter  of 
the  Venetian  school.  In  1769  he  became  di- 
rector of  the  Academy  at  Verona. 

Ciguay  (se-gwi'),  orHiguey  (e-gway').  The  In- 
dian name  for  a portion  of  the  eastern  part  of 
the  island  of  Santo  Domingo,  bordering  on  Sa- 
ntana Bay.  It  was  first  visited  by  Columbus  in  1493. 
The  natives  were  warlike,  and  resisted  the  Spaniards  for 
some  years. 

Cihuacohuatl  (se-wa/ko-wa/tl).  [Nahuatl, 
‘snake-woman.’]  1.  Hi  Mexican  (Nahuatl) 
mythology,  Tonantzin  (‘our  mother’),  the  first 
mother  of  mankind,  who  begat  twins,  male  and 
female,  from  which  sprang  the  human  race. 
According  to  Sahagun  she  was  the  goddess  of  adverse 
things — poverty,  toil,  sickness,  etc. — and  the  patroness  of 
medicine  and  abortion.  Also  written  Cihuatcoatl,  Cioa- 
coatl,  Civacoatl,  etc. 

2.  The  title  of  the  Mexican  civil  head  chief.  It 
lias  lately  been  suggested  that  his  title  may  have  been 
Cihua-eoatl,  which  would  signify  ‘ twin  woman.’  The  civil 
head  of  the  Mexican  tribe  was  elective  as  well  as  the  war 
chief,  and  had,  like  the  latter,  religious  functions  con- 
nected with  his  administrative  duties. 

Cilicia  (si-lish'iii,).  [Gr.  K t/Wa.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a province  in  southeastern  Asia 
Slinor,  separated  by  the  Taurus  from  Lycaonia 
and  Cappadocia  on  the  north,  and  by  the  Ama- 
nus  from  Syria  on  the  east,  and  extending  to- 
ward the  sea.  During  the  Syrian  period  many  Greeks 
and  Jews  settled  in  Cilicia.  It  was  repeatedly  invaded  by 
the  Assyrian  kings,  and  was  successively  under  Persian, 
Macedonian,  Syrian,  and  Roman  dominion.  The  dreaded 
Cilician  pirates  were  subdued  by  Pompey  67  B,  c.  The 
capital  was  Tarsus. 


Cimmerian  Bosporus 

Cilli  (tsil'le),  Slovenian  Celje.  A town  in 
Styria,  Austria-Hungary,  on  the  Sann  in  lat. 
46°  14'  N.,  long.  15°  15'  E. : the  Roman  Claudia 
Celeja,  founded  by  Claudius.  It  is  a summer  re- 
sort. It  was  governed  by  counts  in  the  later 
middle  ages.  Population,  6,993,  (1910). 
Cimabue  (che-ma-bo'a),  Giovanni.  Bom  at 
Florence,  1240:  died  there,  about  1302.  A noted 
Italian  painter,  called  “ The  Father  of  Modern 
Painting.”  He  is  mentioned  as  a forerunner  of  Giotto 
by  Dante,  who  thereby  gives  occasion  to  his  own  anony- 
mous commentator,  writing  in  1334,  to  make  some  re- 
marks upon  Cimabue’s  fame  and  ambition,  quoted  by 
Vasari.  Cimabue  practised  painting  on  wall-panels  and 
mosaics.  The  works  accredited  to  him  are  simply  as- 
sumed by  Vasari  without  corroborating  testimony.  They 
consist  of ; (a)  Several  large  Madonnas  on  panels  with  gold 
grounds.  The  most  celebrated  is  that  in  the  chapel  of 
the  Rucellai  family  in  Santa  Maria  Novella  in  Florence. 
There  is  another  in  the  Louvre,  and  another  in  the  Ac- 
cademia  at  Florence.  They  are  effective  from  their  mild 
solemnity  and  simple  color,  which  is  lively  and  clear  in 
the  flesh-tints.  (6)  Frescos  in  the  Church  of  San  Fran- 
cisco d’Assisi,  quite  similar  to  the  panels,  but  slighterand 
more  decorative,  (c)  Mosaics  in  the  apse  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Pisa,  the  only  work  well  authenticated  as  his  by 
original  documents,  and  probably  his  last. 

Cima  di  Jazzi  (che'mfi  de  yat'se).  A moun- 
tain of  the  Valais  Alps,  ou  the  border  of  Italy, 
east  of  Zermatt.  Height,  12,526  feet. 

Cimarosa  (che-ma-ro'sa),  Domenico.  Born  at 
Aversa,  near  Naples,  Dec.  17,  1749:  died  at 
Venice,  Jan.  11,  1801.  An  Italian  composer  of 
opera.  His  chief  opera  is  “II  matrimonio  se- 
greto  ” (“  The  Secret  Marriage,”  1792). 

Cimarron  (se-ma-ron').  [Sp.,  ‘wild.’]  A name 
given  to  the  Canadian  River  in  northern  New 
Mexico  (Rio  Cimarron ). 

Cimarrones  (the-ma-ro'nes).  [Sp.  dmarron, 
untamed;  whence  ultimately  E.  maroon,  ma- 
rooner .]  A name  given  iu  the  Spanish  colonies 
of  America  to  fugitive  slaves;  iu  particular, 
the  bands  of  fugitive  negroes  who  collected  on 
the  isthmus  of  Panama  about  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century.  They  numbered  many  hundred,  built 
walled  towns,  attacked  the  Spanish  settlements,  robbed 
treasure-trains,  and  made  their  name  a terror  in  all  parts 
of  the  isthmus.  Under  their  chief  or  “king,"  Bayano, 
they  resisted  the  forces  of  Pedro  de  Ursua  for  two  years, 
but  were  at  length  obliged  to  submit.  They  soou  revolt, 
ed.  In  1572  they  joined  forces  with  the  English  adventurer 
Drake,  and  for  many  years  they  aided  the  bucaneers  in 
their  descents  on  the  isthmus.  Finally  they  became  amal- 
gamated with  the  Indian  tribes. 

Cimbebasie.  See  Ndonga. 

Cimbri(sim'bri).  [L.,  Gr.  Kq//3pot.]  An  ancient 
people  of  central  Europe,  of  uncertain  local 
habitation  and  ethnographical  position.  They 
pushed  into  the  Roman  provinces  in  113  B.  c.,  and  in  com- 
pany with  the  Teutons  and  Gauls  engaged  with  and  de- 
feated Roman  armies  in  southern  Gaul  and  elsewhere  (the 
most  notable  defeat  being  that  of  Csepio  and  Mallius  in 
105  B.  C.)  until  101  B.  c.,  when  they  were  defeated  and 
vir  tually  exterminated  by  Marius  on  the  Raudian  fields  in 
northern  Italy.  The  peninsula  of  Jutland  was  named  from 
them  the  Cimbric  Chersonese. 

Cimmarians.  See  Cimmerians. 

Cimmeria  (si-me'ri-a).  [Gr.  K lypepia.']  The 

country  of  the  Cimmerians  (which  see),  fabled 
to  be  a place  of  perpetual  darkness. 

.Eschylus  places  Cimmeria  in  close  proximity  to  the 
Palus  Mieotis  and  the  Bosphorus;  and  here  in  the  time 
of  Herodotus  were  still  existing  a number  of  names  re- 
calling tiie  fact  of  the  former  settlement  in  these  regions 
of  the  Cimmerian  nation.  Eawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  179. 

Cimmerian  Bosporus  (si-me'ri-an  bos'po-rus). 
The  strait  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea 
of  Azoff.  The  Crimean  side  was  colonized  by  a Greek 
expedition  from  Miletus  in  438  B.  C.  It  flourished  until 
absorbed  in  the  dominions  of  Mitliridates,  and  for  some 
centuries  afterward  experienced  vicissitudes  of  hardship 
and  prosperity.  Relations  which  became  intimate  were 
early  established  with  Athens,  which  sent  her  oil,  jewelry, 
and  works  of  industrial  art  in  return  for  Crimean  wheat. 
’l  he  chief  city  was  Panticapseum,  the  modern  Kertch,  the 
center  of  the  highly  important  archaiological  discoveries 
which  have  been  yielded  by  this  region  as  well  as  by  the 
territory  around  it.  The  first  systematic  excavations  were 
made  in  1816.  Since  1832  explorations  have  been  regularly 
conducted  by  the  imperial  government,  and  their  results, 
rich  in  Greek  industrial  antiquities,  are  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum  in  St.  Petersburg.  The  architectural  remains 
are  scanty,  perhaps  the  chief  of  them  being  the  fine  revet- 
ment, in  quarry-faced  ashler  with  margin-draft,  of  the  so- 
called  Tumulus  of  the  Czar  at  Kertch.  The  sculpture 
found,  too,  is  scanty  in  quantity,  late  in  date,  and  poor  in 
style.  The  great  archaeological  wealth  of  the  region  lies 
in  its  abundant  burial  tumuli  and  catacombs.  It  was  the 
practice  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  to  bury  with  their  dead 
a large  part  of  their  possessions ; hence  the  remarkable 
harvest  of  jewelry,  vases,  implements,  and  even  textile 
fabrics  and  a pair  of  woman’s  leather  boots,  found  in  these 
graves.  Littleor  nothing  discovered  isolderthan  the4th 
century  B.  C. ; the  finest  specimens  of  jewelry  and  pottery 
are  Athenian,  and  include  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
work  known  in  their  classes.  Many  of  the  vases  are  dec- 
orated in  brilliant  polychrome ; others  have  gilded  orna- 
ment, and  others  bear  figures  in  relief.  The  work  of  local 
manufacture  is  inferior  in  style,  though  much  of  it  is 
very  beautiful,  and  with  the  advance  of  time  Scythian  in- 
fluence increases.  Some  of  the  tomb-chambers  bear  inter- 
esting mural  paintings. 


Cimmerians 

Cimmerians  (si-me'ri-anz),  or  Cimmarians  (si- 

ma'ri-anz).  [Gr.  Kifijitpioi.']  A people  dwell- 
ing north  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Azoff 
(modern  South  Russia),  known  already  to  Ho- 
mer. Herodotus  speaks  of  “ Cimmerian  cities,  ” and  says 
that  the  strait  which  unites  the  Azoif  Sea  to  the  Black  Sea 
was  called  Cimmerian  Bosporus.  In  the  7th  century, 
pressed  by  the  Scythians,  the  Cimmerians  invaded  the 
kingdom  of  Lydia  in  Asia  Minor,  and  were  merged,  as  it 
seems,  in  other  nations.  Their  invasion  of  Lydia  under 
King  Gyges  is  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  Esarhaddon 
(680-668  B.  c.)  and  Asurbanipal  (668-626),  where  they  are 
called  Oimir.  The  Armenians  call  Cappadocia  Gamir, 
which  is  probably  a reminiscence  of  the  Cimmerian  inva- 
sion in  Lydia  and  Asia  Minor.  Their  name  has  also  sur- 
vived in  the  modern  Crimea.  In  the  Old  Testament  they 
are  mentioned  by  the  name  of  Gomer  (Gen.  x.  2).  Also 
Kimmerians. 

Cimmerii  (si-me'ri-I).  See  Cimmerians. 

Cimon  (sl'mon).  [Gr.  Kipcov.]  Died  at  Citium, 
Cyprus,  449  B.  c.  A celebrated  Athenian  com- 
mander, son  of  Miltiades.  He  defeated  the  Persians 
on  sea  and  land  by  the  Euryinedon  in  460,  reduced  Thasos 
in  463,  and  was  ostracized  about  459-454  (?). 

Cimon.  Born  at  Cleonse,  in  Ckalcidice.  A Greek 
painter,  famous  in  antiquity.  He  is  mentioned 
in  two  epigrams  of  Simonides. 

Cinaloa.  See  Sinaloa. 

Cincinnati  (sin-si-na'ti).  [Originally  called 
Losantiville  (said  to  be  from  L(ieking)  os 
(‘mouth')  anti  (‘opposite’)  ville,  ‘town  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Licking’);  later  named 
from  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati.  ] The  capital 
of  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  in  lat. 
39°  6'  N.,  long.  84°  27'  W. : the  second  city  of 
Ohio  and  largest  of  the  Ohio  valley,  surnamed 
“ The  Queen  City.”  It  has  an  extensive  trade  by 
railroad  and  river.  ’Among  its  leading  industries  are 
pork-packing,  manufactures  of  iron,  furniture,  malt 
liquors  and  distilled  liquors.  It  has  a large  trade  in  grain 
and  tobacco.  Its  suburbs  are  Covington  and  Newport  (in 
Kentucky).  It  was  founded  in  1788,  and  incorporated  as 
a city  in  1814.  Population,  363,691,  (1910). 

Cincinnati,  Society  of  the.  Au  association 
founded  by  the  regular  officers  of  the  Conti- 
nental army  at  the  quarters  of  Baron  Steuben 
on  the  Hudson  River,  in  1783.  its  name,  derived 
from  the  Homan  dictator  L.  Quinctius  Cincinnatus,  was 
adopted  in  allusion  to  the  approaching  change  from  mili- 
tary to  civil  pursuits.  Its  chief  immediate  objects  were 
to  raise  a fund  for  the  relief  of  the  widows  and  orphans  of 
those  who  fell  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  to  promote  a 
closer  political  union  between  the  States.  Its  members 
were  to  consist  of  the  officers  of  the  Continental  army  and 
of  their  eldest  male  descendants,  in  failure  of  which  col- 
lateral descendants  were  to  be  eligible  for  membership.  It 
was  divided  into  State  societies,  including  a branch  so- 
ciety in  France.  It  met  with  considerable  opposition  on 
account  of  its  alleged  aristocratic  tendencies.  Its  first 
president  was  George  Washington,  who  was  succeeded  by 
Hamilton  and  the  Pinckneys.  It  is  divided  into  13  State 
societies.  The  branch  society  in  France,  which  was  organ- 
ized under  the  most  favorable  auspices,  was  dispersed  by 
the  revolution  of  1792. 

Cincinnatus  (sin-si-na'tus),  Lucius  Quinctius. 
Bom  about  519  B.  c.  A Roman  legendary  hero. 
He  was  consul  suffectus  460,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
an  opponent  of  the  plebeians  in  the  struggle  between  them 
and  the  patricians,  462-464.  In  458  a Roman  army  under 
L.  Minucius  having  been  surrounded  by  the  ASquians  in 
a defile  of  Mount  Algidus,  he  was  named  dictator  by  the 
senate,  whose  deputies,  despatched  to  inform  him  of  his 
appointment,  found  him  digging  in  the  field  on  his  farm 
beyond  the  Tiber.  He  gained  a complete  victory  over 
the  JEquians,  and  laid  down  the  dictatorship  after  the 
lapse  of  only  sixteen  days.  In  439,  at  the  age  of  eighty, 
he  was  appointed  dictator  to  oppose  the  traitor  Spurius 
Melius,  who  was  defeated  and  slain.  The  details  of  his 
story  vary. 

Cinco  de  Mayo  (then'ko  da  ma'yo),  Battle  of 
the.  [Sp.,  ‘fifth  of  May.’]  The  name  given 
by  Mexicans  to  an  action  fought  May  5,  1862, 
before  Puebla,  in  which  the  French  under 
General  Lorencez  were  defeated  by  the  Mexi- 
cans. This  battle  did  not  prevent  the  establishment 
of  an  empire  two  years  later,  but  it  was  regarded  as  a 
great  national  triumph,  and  the  anniversary  is  still  cele- 
brated. 

Cinderella  (sin-de-rel'a).  [F.  Cendrillon,  G. 
Aschenbrodel  or  Aschenpiittel. ] In  a noted  fairy 
tale,  abeautif ul  girl  who  acts  as  ho  useholddrudge 
to  her  stepmother  and  sisters.  The  prince  of  the 
country  falls  in  love  with  her  at  a ball  which  she  attends 
dressed  by  her  fairy  godmother  in  magic  finery  which  will 
vanish  at  midnight.  Fleeing  from  the  palace  as  the  clock 
strikes,  she  loses  one  tiny  glass  slipper,  by  means  of  which, 
as  it  would  fit  no  one  else,  the  prince  finds  and  marries 
her.  In  the  German  version,  instead  of  the  fairy  god- 
mother two  white  doves  befriend  her,  and  her  golden 
slipper  is  caught,  as  she  runs  from  the  palace,  by  pitch 
spread,  by  order  of  the  prince,  on  the  staircase.  The  story 
is  of  very  ancient,  probably  Eastern,  origin.  It  is  men- 
tioned in  German  literature  in  the  16th  century,  and  a 
similar  legend  is  told  in  Egypt  of  Rhodopis  and  Psammeti- 
chus.  In  F rance,  Perrault  and  Madame  d’Aunoy  include 
it  in  their  “Fairy  Tales"  as  “Cendrillon”  and  “Finette 
Cendroi,"  and  Grimm  also  gives  it  in  his  “Household 
Tales."  There  are  many  English  versions,  and  it  is  found 
in  various  forms  in  almost  every  language  in  Europe.  The 
glass  slipper  of  the  English  version  should  be  a fur  slipper, 
the  mistake  arising  in  the  translation  of  tair  (‘fur’)  as  if 
verre  (‘  glass '). 


253 

Cineas  (sin'e-as).  [Gr.  Kiveag.]  Died,  probably 
in  Sicily,  about  277  b.  c.  A Thessalian  politi- 
cian in  the  service  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus : 
ambassador  to  Rome  alter  the  battle  of  Hera- 
clea,  280. 

Cinna  (sin'a),  or  La  Clemence  d’Auguste  (la 

kla-mons'  do-giist').  A tragedy  by  P.  Corneille, 
produced  in  1640.  An  anonymous  tragedy  called 
“Cinna’s  Conspiracy”  was  taken  from  this  and  played  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1713.  Defoe  attributed  it  to  Cibber. 

Cinna,  Lucius  Cornelius.  1.  Slain  in  a mutiny 
at  Brundisium,  Italy,  84  B.  0.  A Roman  gen- 
eral and  statesman,  celebrated  as  a leader  of 
the  popular  party  and  an  opponent  of  Sulla. 
He  was  consul  with  Octavius  in  87,  with  Marius  in  86, 
and  with  Carbo  85-84. 

2.  A son  of  the  preceding,  pretor  in  44  B.  c., 
and  brother-in-law  of  Ctesar.  Though  he  did 
not  join  the  conspirators  against  Caesar,  he  ap- 
proved of  their  act. 

Cinna,  Gains  Helvius.  A Roman  poet,  a friend 
of  Catullus.  On  the  occasion  of  the  funeral  of  Julius 
Caesar  he  was  slain  by  the  populace,  who  mistook  him  for 
Lucius  Cornelius  Cinna. 

Cinnamon  (sin'a-mon),  Land  of.  [Sp.  Tierra 
de  Canelo .]  A name  given  by  the  early  Span- 
ish conquerors  of  Peru  to  a region  east  of  the 
Andes,  in  the  forest-covered  plains  about  the 
Napo,  where  there  were  trees  with  aromatic 
bark.  GonzaloPizarro  led  an  expedition  into  it  in  1541,  and 
returned  after  two  years  of  terrible  suffering.  Orellana, 
deserting  him  there,  became  the  discoverer  of  the  Ama- 
zon. The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1552,  but  the  re- 
gion is  still  a wilderness. 

Cinnamus,  or  Cinamus,  or  Sinnamus  (sin'a- 
mus),  Joannes.  [Gr.  K ivvapo^,  or  K iva/jog.] 
Lived  in  the  12th  century.  A distinguished 
Byzantine  historian,  a notary  of  the  emperor 
Manuel  Comnenus.  He  was  the  author  of  a history 
of  the  period  1118-76,  covering  the  reign  of  Manuel  (to  the 
end  of  the  siege  of  Iconium)  and  that  of  his  father  Calo- 
Johannes. 

Cino  da  Pistoja  (che'no  da  pes-to'ya),  origi- 
nally Guittoncino  Sinibaldi.  Born  at  Pis- 
toja, Italy,  1270:  died  at  Pistoja,  Dec.  24, 1336. 
An  Italian  jurist  and  poet,  author  of  a com- 
mentary on  the  Justinian  Code,  “Rime” 
(published  1864),  etc. 

Cinq-Mars,  ou  une  Conjuration  sous  Louis 

XIII.  1.  A historical  novel  by  De  Vigny  (pub- 
lished 1826),  founded  on  the  life  of  Cinq- 
Mars. — 2.  An  opera  by  Gounod,  first  produced 
at  Paris,  April  5,  1877. 

Cinq-Mars  (san-mar'),  Marquis  de  (Henri 
Coiffier  de  Ruze).  Born  1620:  died  at  Lyons, 
France,  Sept.  12,  1642.  A French  courtier. 
He  was  at  the  age  of  eighteen  introduced  to  the  court 
by  Richelieu,  and,  gaining  the  favor  of  Louis  XIII.,  rose 
quickly  to  the  posts  of  grand  master  of  the  wardrobe  and 
grand  master  of  the  horse.  Richelieu  having  refused  to 
countenance  his  claim  to  a seat  in  the  royal  council  and 
his  aspiration  to  the  hand  of  Maria  de  Gonzaga,  princess 
of  Mantua,  Cinq-Mars  formed  a conspiracy  against  the 
cardinal,  in  the  course  of  which  he  entered  into  treason- 
able communication  with  Spain ; and  with  his  fellow- 
conspirator,  the  youthful  De  Thou,  was  beheaded  at  Lyons. 
Cinque  Ports  (single  ports).  [F.,‘  Five  Ports.’] 
A collective  name  for  the  five  English  channel 
ports : Hastings,  Romney,  Hythe,  Dover,  Sand- 
wich. Winchelsea  and  Rye  were  added  later.  They 
furnished  the  chief  naval  contingent  until  the  time  of 
Henry  VII.  Most  of  their  especial  privileges  have  been 
abolished.  They  are  governed  by  a lord  warden. 
Cinthia.  See  Cynthia. 

Cinthio.  See  Giraldi,  Giovanni. 

Cintra  (seii'tra).  A town  in  the  district  of 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  15  miles  northwest  of  Lis- 
bon. It  contains  : ( a ) The  Cork  Convent,  founded  by  the 
viceroy  of  India,  Dom  Joao  de  Castro.  It  consists  of  about 
twenty  cells,  each  about  five  feet  square,  which  as  well  as 
the  refectory  are  in  part  excavated  from  the  rock,  and  are 
lined  with  cork  to  exclude  dampness.  (6)  A Moorish 
Castle,  an  extensive  fortification  on  the  hill  above  the 
town,  inclosing  a ruined  mosque  with  traces  of  ornament 
in  color,  and  a so-called  bath,  a curious  vaulted  reservoir' 
60  feet  long.  The  inclosed  space  is  now  a royal  park  and 
garden,  (c)  The  Palace  of  the  Pena,  on  the  summit  of  the 
high,  steep  hill,  originally  a convent,  but  given  the  as- 
pect of  a medieval  castle  when  remodeled  as  a royal  resi- 
dence. The  interesting  monastic  cloister  and  chapel  re- 
main; the  carved  reredos  in  alabaster  is  beautiful.  Id) 
The  Royal  Palace.,  founded  by  the  Moors,  altered  and 
added  to  later,  and  finished  about  1500.  The  exterior  pre- 
sents a picturesque  combination  of  Moorish  and  Pointed 
features,  and  is  especially  characterized  by  the  two  enor- 
mous conical  chimneys  of  the  kitchens.  There  are  some 
interesting  rooms,  in  which  historic  scenes  have  been  en- 
acted. 

Cintra,  Convention  of.  A convention  con- 
cluded Aug.  30,  1808,  between  the  French  un- 
der Junot  and  the  English.  By  its  provisions 
the  French  evacuated  Portugal,  and  were  con- 
veyed to  France  in  English  vessels. 

Cinyumuh.  See  Tusayan. 

Cione.  Andrea  di.  See  Orcagna. 

Ciotai  (se-o-tii/),  La.  A seaport  in  the  depart- 


Cirencester 

ment  of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situated  on 
the  Mediterranean  15  miles  southeast  of  Mar- 
seilles. Population,  commune,  12,370. 
Cipango  (si-pang'go),  or  Zumpango  (zum- 
pang'go).  The  name  given  in  Marco  Polo’s 
narrative  to  an  island  or  islands  east  of  Asia, 
supposed  to  he  the  modern  Japan.  Columbus 
imagined  that  the  West  Indies  were  outlying 
portions  of  it. 

Cipas,  Kingdom  of.  New  Granada.  See  Zipas. 
Cipias  (tse'pe-as).  A former  Indian  tribe  of 
eastern  Arizona.  Its  exact  location  is  unknown  as 
yet,  but  the  name  is  mentioned  by  Spanish  authors  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries.  The  Zufiis  also  have  traditions 
concerning  the  Cipias,  and  call  them  Tzipiakwe.  The 
tribe  is  doubtless  extinct. 

Circars  (ser-karz'),  Northern.  A non-official 
designation  for  five  ancient  circars  (districts) 
in  the  northern  part  of  Madras,  British  India, 
in  lat.  16°-20°  N. 

Circassia  (ser-kash'ia).  [F.  Circassie,  NL.  Cir- 
cassia, G.  Tscherkessien;  Russ.  Zemlya  Cherke- 
sov,  Circassian  land ; Cherkes,  a Circassian.]  A 
region  in  the  Caucasus,  Russia,  lying  between 
the  river  Kuban  on  the  north,  the  land  of  the 
Lesghians  on  the  east,  Mingrelia  on  the  south, 
and  the  Black  Sea  on  the  west,  it  includes  Great 
and  Little  Kabarda,  the  countries  of  the  Abkhasians  and 
Tsherkessians  (Circassians).  It  was  incorporated  with 
Russia  in  1829.  The  Circassians  emigrated  in  large  num- 
bers about  1864. 

Circe  (ser'se).  [Gr.  K ipny.']  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, an  enchantress,  daughter  of  Helios  by 
Perse,  living  in  the  island  of  iEtea.  odyBseus  in 
his  wanderings  came  to  her  home,  and  was  induced  to  re- 
main a year  with  her.  she  metamorphosed  some  of  his 
companions  into  swine.  Before  she  would  let  him  depart 
she  sent  him  to  the  lower  world  to  consult  the  seer  Teire- 
sias. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  34)  discovered  by  Chacor- 
nac  at  Paris  April  6,  1855. 

Circeii  (ser-se'yi).  [Gr.  K ip/caiov.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a town  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated 
near  the  sea  57  miles  southeast  of  Rome.  It 
belonged  to  the  Latin  League  340  B.  c. 

Circeio  (clier-cha'yo).  A promontory  or  iso- 
lated rock  on  the  western  coast  of  Italy,  near 
Terracina:  the  ancient  Circeius  Mons,  or  Cir- 
casum  Promon  torium.  It  was  a frequented  resort  in 
ancient  times.  It  has  some  antiquities  of  the  Kornau 
town  Circeii,  and  abounds  in  grottoes. 

Circleville  (ser'kl-vil).  A city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Pickaway  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the 
Scioto  26  miles  south  of  Columbus,  it  is  on  tho 
site  of  an  aboriginal  circular  fortification  (whence  the 
name).  Population,  0,744,  (1910). 

Circumcellions  (s&r-kum-sel'ionz).  [From  L. 
circum,  around,  and  cella,  ceii.J  A party  of 
Donatists  in  northern  Africa,  chiefly  peasants, 
in  the  4th  and  5th  centuries:  so  called  because 
they  wandered  about  in  bands  from  place  to 
place.  They  persistently  courted  death,  wantonly  in- 
sulting pagans,  and  challenging  all  they  met  to  kill  them, 
looking  upon  such  a death  as  martyrdom.  They  supported 
themselves  by  plunder,  and  committed  so  many  acts  of 
violence,  aggravated  by  their  religious  differences  from 
the  orthodox,  that  soldiery  often  had  to  be  employed 
against  them.  They  were  not  entirely  extinct  till  about 
the  close  of  the  5th  century. 

Circumlocution  Office.  The  name  by  which 
Dickens  in  “Little  Dorrit”  satirizes  the  red 
tape  of  the  public-office  system  in  England. 
Circus  Maximus  (ser'kus  mak'si-mus).  The 
great  Roman  circus  which  occupied  the  hol- 
low between  the  Palatine  and  the  Aventine 
hills.  According  to  tradition,  the  site  was  already  used 
for  athletic  exhibitions  and  provided  with  wooden  seats 
under  Tarquinius-l'riscus.  L nder  Csesar  and  Augustus  it 
was  first  largely  built  of  stone,  and  splendidly  adorned. 
The  present  obelisks  of  the  Piazza  del  Popolo  and  of  the 
Lateran  ornamented  its  spina.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Nero, 
and  again  by  Domitiau  and  Trajan,  and  in  its  final  form  is 
said  to  have  accommodated  385,000  spectators.  The  site 
is  for  the  most  part  covered  with  modern  structures,  and 
the  remains  are  scanty.  Some  of  the  vaulted  substructions 
which  upheld  the  seats  survive,  and  there  are  considera- 
ble ruins  about  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin  of  the  carceres, 
or  pens,  from  whicli  the  racers  were  started.  The  length 
of  the  arena  was  2,200  feet. 

Circus  of  Romulus  or  Maxentius.  A Roman 
circus  built  in  311  A.  D.,  the  most  perfect  an- 
cient circus  surviving,  it  is  1,5S0  feet  long  and  260 
wide.  The  outer  wall  remains  almost  complete,  and  the 
central  spina,  892  feet  long,  can  be  traced  throughout 
At  the  west  end,  between  two  towers,  are  the  chief  en- 
trance and  twelve  pens  ( carcercs ) for  competing  chariots; 
the  east  end  is  semicircular. 

Cirencester  (sis'o-ter),  or  Cicester.  [ME.  Cire- 
cestre,  Circestre,  Cicctcr,  etc.,  AS.  Cirenceastcr, 
Cyrenceaster,  Cyrnceastcr,  from  * Cyrcn,  L.  Cori- 
neum,  and  ceaster,  city.]  A town  in  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  situated  on  the  river  Churn 
16  miles  southeast  of  Gloucester:  the  Roman 
Corineum  or  Durocornovium.  It  has  a large 
trade  in  wool.  Population,  7,536. 


254 


Cirey 

Cirey  (se-ra').  A chateau  on  the  borders  of 
Champagne  and  Lorraine,  which  Voltaire  fitted 
up  iu  1734,  and  where  he  lived  with  Madame 
dn  Chatelet  and,  occasionally,  her  husband. 
Cirrha  (sir'a).  In  ancient  geography,  the  sea- 
port of  Crissa  (with  which  it  is  often  con- 
founded), in  Phocis,  Greece.  It  was  destroyed 
on  account  of  sacrilege  in  the  Sacred  War  about 
585  b.  c. 

Cirta  (ser'ta).  [Gr.  Kipra;  Phen.,  ‘the  city.’] 
An  ancient  city  of  the  Massylii,  in  Numidia, 
Africa,  in  lat.  36°  21'  N.,long.  6°  35'  E.,  noted 
as  a fortress:  the  modern  Constantine  (which 
see).  It  was  restored  by  Constantine  the  Great. 
Cisalpine  Republic.  [L.  Cisalpinus,  from  cis, 
on  this  side,  and  Alpes,  Alps,  ad.j.  Alpinus, 
Alpine.]  The  state  formed  by  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte in  northern  Italy  in  1797,  including  the 
previously  formed  Cispadane  and  Transpadane 
republics,  south  and  north  of  the  Po,  with  Milan 
for  its  capital.  It  was  abolished  in  1799,  restored  in 
1800,  and  in  1802  was  reconstituted  as  the  Italian  Repub- 
lic. 

Cisleithania  (sis-li-tka'ni-a  or  sis-li-ta'ne-a), 
or  the  Cisleithan  Division.  A name  given 
popularly  (not  officially)  to  those  crownlands 
of  Austria-Hungary  which  are  represented  in 
the  Austrian  Reichsrat:  so  named  from  the 
river  Leitha,  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Austria  and  Hungary.  It  comprises  Lower  Austria, 
Upper  Austria,  Salzburg,  Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  Kiis- 
tenland,  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Sile- 
sia, Galicia,  Bukowina,  Dalmatia.  Population,  28,507,898, 
(1910). 

Cisneros  (tfies-na'ros),  Diego.  A Spanish 
Geronymite  friar  who  went  to  Lima,  Peru, 
about  1785,  and  resided  there  until  his  death  in 
1812.  He  had  been  confessor  of  the  princess  Maria  Luisa 
(afterward  queen),  and  her  influence  gave  him  the  pro- 
tection of  the  viceroys.  While  attending  to  the  business 
of  his  order  he  opened  a kind  of  bookstore,  a small  circle 
of  advanced  thinkers  gathered  about  him,  and  after  en- 
countering great  opposition  they  succeeded  in  introducing 
marked  reforms  in  the  universities  and  schools,  and  in 
giving  greater  liberty  to  the  press.  They  constantly  op- 
posed the  Inquisition.  Fray  Diego’s  library,  bequeathed 
to  the  university,  became  the  nucleus  of  the  magnificent 
public  library  of  Lima. 

Cisneros  y Latorre,  Baltasar  Hidalgo  de. 

See  Hidalgo  de  Cisneros  y Latorre. 

Cispadane  (sis-pa'dan)  Republic.  [FromL. 
cis,  on  this  side,  and  Padus,  the  river  Po,  adj. 
Padanus .]  A republic  formed  in  1796  by  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  out  of  the  dominions  of  Bolo- 
gna, Ferrara,  Modena,  and  Reggio,  andmodeled 
on  that  of  France.  In  1797  it  was  merged  with 
the  Transpadane  Republic  in  the  new  Cisal- 
pine Republic. 

Cisplatine  (sis-pla'tin)  Province.  [Sp.Pg.Pro- 
vincia  Cisplatina .]  The  official  name  of  Uru- 
guay during  the  last  five  years  of  its  union 
with  Brazil  (1823  to  1828).  Before  and  after  this 
time  it  was  sometimes  called  the  Cisplatine  State  (Estado 
Cisplatino).  See  Estado  Oriental. 

Cissey  (se-sa/h  Ernest  Louis  Octave  Courtot 

de.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  23, 1810  : died  at  Paris, 
June  15,  1882.  A French  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  served  with  distinction  in  Algeria,  in  the  Cri- 
mea, in  the  Franco-German  war,  and  in  the  war  against 
the  Commune,  1871.  He  was  minister  of  war  1871-73  and 
1874-76. 

Cis-Sutlej  (sis-sut'lej)  States.  A name  former- 
ly given  to  a territorial  division  of  British  India, 
south  of  the  Sutlej.  The  states  are  now  incor- 
porated in  the  Panjab. 

Citania  (se-ta'ne-a).  A prehistoric  village  near 
Braga,  in  the  province  of  Douro,  Portugal.  It 

is  probably  Celtic,  and  has  recently  been  excavated.  There 
are  a number  of  circular  buildings,  with  granite  walls, 
about  20  feet  in  diameter,  and  some  of  rectangular  plan. 
Streets  and  buildings  are  paved,  and  roofing  tiles  abound. 
The  circular  structures  had  conical  roofs.  Two  buildings 
have  been  restored  as  specimens. 

Citeaux  (se-to').  A village  in  the  department 
of  Cote-d’Or,  France,  12  miles  south  of  Dijon. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  abbey,  founded  1098, 
the  headquarters  formerly  of  the  Cistercian 
order. 

Cithseron  (si-the'ron).  [Gr.  K iflatpoiv.]  Iu  an- 
cient geography,  a range  of  mountains  separat- 
ing Bceotia  from  Megaris  and  Attica.  It  was  cel- 
ebrated in  Greek  legend,  and  was  sacred  to  Zeus  and  to 
Dionysus.  It  is  now  called  Elatea. 

Citizen,  The.  A farce  by  Arthur  Murphy 
(1763). 

Citizen  King.  [F.  Roi  citoycn.\  A name  of 
Louis  Philippe,  king  of  the  French,  who  affected 
popularity. 

Citizen  of  Geneva.  An  occasional  epithet  of 
J.  J.  Rousseau. 

Citizen  of  the  World,  The.  The  signature  of 
Oliver  Goldsmith  in  “ Letters  from  a Chinese 


philosopher  residing  in  London  to  his  friends 
in  the  East,”  published  in  1762. 

Citlahua,  or  Citlahnatzin.  See  Cuitlahua. 
Cittadella  (cket-ta-del'la).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Padua,  northern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Brentalla  16  miles  north-northwest  of  Pa- 
dua. It  has  a cathedral. 

Citta  della  Pieve  (chet-ta'  del'la  pe-a've). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  in 
lat.  42°  57'  N.,  long.  12°  E. : the  birthplace  of 
Perugino.  It  has  a cathedral. 

Citta  di  Gastello  (chet-ta'  de  kas-tel'ld).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tiber  26  miles  north  of  Perugia.  It  is 
on  the  site  oi  the  ancient  Tifernum  Tiberinum,  destroyed 
by  Totila  in  the  6th  century  A.  D.  It  has  a cathedral,  com- 
munal palace,  and  picture-gallery.  Population,  6,061. 

Cittaducale  (cbet-ta-do-kaTe).  A small  town 
in  the  province  of  Aquila,  Italy,  in  lat.  42°  24' 
N.,  long.  12°  58'  E. 

Citta  Vecchia  (chet-ta'  vek'ke-a),  or  Citta 
Notabile  (no-ta'be-le).  A city  in  the  central 
part  of  Malta,  6 miles  west  of  Valetta.  It  was 
formerly  the  capital. 

City  Gallant,  The.  See  Green's  Tu  Quoque. 
City  Heiress,  The.  A play  by  Mrs.  Aphra 
Behn,  copied  from  Middleton’s  “A  MadWorld, 
My  Masters,”  produced  in  1682. 

City  Madam,  The.  A comedy  by  Massinger, 
licensed  in  1632,  printed  in  1658.  it  still  keeps 
the  stage  In  a model n version  entitled  “Riches.”  Fleay 
thinks  that  Jonson  wrote  it.  Gifford  mentions  an  old 
comedy  known  as  “The  Cure  of  Pride." 

City  Match,  The.  A comedy  by  Jasper  Mayne, 
produced  in  1639. 

City  Night-Cap,  The.  A play  by  Robert  Dav- 
enport, printed  in  1661.  It  was  adapted  by 
Mrs.  Behn  as  “ The  Amorous  Priuce  ” in  1671. 
City  of  a Hundred  Towers.  Pavia,  Italy. 
City  of  Brotherly  Love.  A nickname  of  Phil- 
adelphia, Pennsylvania  (named  from  Philadel- 
phia in  Asia  Minor;  Gr.  ‘biTiafil'kfyna,  city  of 
Philadelphus,  but  taken  as  tyi\a5ck<j>la,  brotherly 
love). 

City  of  Churches.  Brooklyn,  New  York : so 
called  on  account  of  the  large  number  of  its 
churches. 

City  of  Destruction.  In  Bunyan’s  “ Pilgrim’s 
Progress,”  the  starting-point  of  Christian  in 
his  journey. 

City  of  Dreadful  Night,  The.  A poem  by 
James  Thomson,  published  first  in  the  “Na- 
tional Reformer”  in  1874.  The  title  was  given  also 
to  a volume  of  stories  by  Rudyard  Kipling,  one  of  which 
gives  its  name  to  the  book. 

City  of  Elms.  New  Haven,  Connecticut:  so 
named  from  the  numerous  elms  which  shade 
its  streets. 

City  of  God,  Of  the,  L.  De  Civitate  Dei.  A 

celebrated  work  by  St.  Augustine,  written  413- 
426,  and  treating  of  the  Christian  church. 

City  of  Magnificent  Distances.  A name  some- 
times given  to  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, on  account  of  its  wide  avenues  and  fine 
vistas. 

City  of  Oaks.  Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 

City  of  Palaces,  The.  Calcutta. 

City  of  the  Blind.  See  the  extract. 

Chalkedon  was  called  the  city  of  the  blind,  because  its 
founders  passed  by  the  then  unoccupied  site  of  Byzan- 
tium. Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  277. 

City  of  the  Plague.  A poem  by  John  Wilson, 
published  in  1816. 

City  of  the  Prophet.  Medina,  Arabia,  to  which 
Mohammed  fled  from  Mecca  in  622. 

City  of  the  Straits.  Detroit,  Michigan:  so 
named  from  its  geographical  situation. 

City  of  the  Sun.  Baalbee  (which  see). 

City  of  the  Violated  Treaty.  Limerick,  Ire- 
land: so  named  on  account  of  the  frequent  in- 
fringements of  the  “ Pacification  of  Limerick,” 
concluded  at,  Limerick  in  1691. 

City  of  the  Violet  Crown.  An  epithet  applied 
to  Athens,  the  violet  being  the  symbol  of  that 
city. 

City  of  Victory.  Cairo,  Egypt. 

City  Point  (sit'i  point).  A village  in  Virginia, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Appomattox 
with  the  James,  22  miles  southeast  of  Rich- 
mond. It  was  a base  of  supplies  and  opera- 
tions in  the  Civil  War. 

City  Politiques  (sit'i  pol-i-teks').  A comedy 
by  Crowne  (1683)  in  which  the  Whigs  are  ridi- 
culed, and  Shaftesbury,  Oates,  and  Sir  William 
Jones  are  exhibited,  the  last  in  the  character 
of  Bartoline.  Geneste  gives  the  first  edition 
as  1688. 

City  Ramble,  The.  A play  adapted  from  Beau- 


Civil  War,  American 

mont  and  Fletcher’s  “Knight  of  the  Burning 
Pestle”  by  Elkanah  Settle. 

City  Wit,  The,  or  the  Woman  wears  the 
Breeches.  A comedy  by  R.  Brome,  played 
about  1632,  published  in  1653  by  A.  Brome. 
Ciudad  Bolivar.  The  official  name  of  Angos- 
tura (vvhich  see). 

Ciudad  de  la  Frontera  (the-o-daTH'  da  la 
fron-ta'ra).  [Sp.,  ‘city  of  the  frontier.’]  The 
ancient  name  of  the  city  of  Chachapoyas,  Peru. 
Ciudad  de  los  Reyes  (the-o-daTH'  da  los  ra'- 
yes).  [Sp.,  ‘city  of  the  kings.’]  The  name 
given  by  Pizarro  to  the  capital  of  Peru,  founded 
by  him  in  1535.  It  was  long  the  official  appellation, 
hut  was  gradually  supplanted  by  the  name  Lima,  and  was 
seldom  used  after  the  17th  century. 

Ciudadela  (the-6-dii-da'la).  A town  in  Mi- 
norca, Balearic  Islands,  Spain:  the  former  capi- 
tal. It  contains  a cathedral,  of  the  14th  century,  consist- 
ing  of  a single  Pointed  nave,  lofty  and  spacious  though 
dark,  with  a square  tower  crowned  by  an  octagonal  spire. 

Ciudad  Guzman  (the-o-daTH'  goth-man'),  or 
Zapotlan  el  Grande  (tha-po-tlan'el  gran'de). 
A city  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  of  Ja- 
lisco, Mexico.  Population,  about  18,000. 
Ciudad  Real  (the-o-daTH'  ra-al').  [Sp.,  ‘royal 
city.’]  1.  A province  in  southern  Spain,  lying 
between  Toledo  on  the  north,  Cuenca  and  Alba- 
cete  on  the  east,  Jafin  and  Cordova  on  the  south, 
and  Badajoz  on  the  west.  It  corresponds  nearly  to 
the  ancient  La  Mancha.  It  is  rich  in  metals.  Area,  7,620 
square  miles.  Population,  321,580. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ciudad  Real, 
in  lat.  38°  58'  N.,  long.  3°  58'  W.  Here,  March 

27, 1809,  the  French  under  Sebastiani  defeated  the  Span- 
iards under  Urbino.  Population,  16,353. 

Ciudad  Real.  A city  in  Mexico.  See  San 
Cristobal. 

Ciudad  Rodrigo  (the-o-daTH'  rod-re'go).  A 
town  and  fortress  in  the  province  of  Salaman- 
ca, western  Spain,  situated  on  the  Agueda  48 
miles  southwest  of  Salamanca.  It  has  a cathe- 
dral, founded  in  1190,  which  retains  much  excellent  early 
Pointed  work  with  Romanesque  decorative  sculpture. 
The  vaulting  is  in  part  domical,  with  ogives.  The  pic- 
turesque cloister  is  of  13th-century  architecture  on  one 
side,  and  Flamboyant  on  the  others.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1706,  by  the  French  in  1707,  and  by  the  French 
(under  Masse  n a)  July,  1810.  It  was  invested  by  Welling- 
ton Jan.  8,  1812,  and  stormed  Jan.  19,  1812.  (Wellington 
was  created  by  Spain  duke  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo.)  Popula- 
tion, 8,930. 

Civiale  (se-vyal'),  Jean.  Born  at  Thiezac,  Can- 
tal,  France,  July,  1792 : died  at  Paris,  June  13, 
1867.  A French  surgeon,  the  discoverer  of  the 
operation  of  lithotrity.  He  wrote  “ De  la  litho- 
tritie”  (1827),  etc. 

Civilis  (si-viTis),  Claudius.  A leader  of  the 
Batavian  revolt  against  Rome  69-70  a.  d.  He 
was  defeated  by  Cerealis  in  70. 

Civilistas  (the-ve-les'tas).  The  name  given  in 
Peru  to  those  who  oppose  the  union  of  military 
and  civil  power  in  the  chief  magistrate  and 
generally  object  to  the  election  of  army  officers 
to  the  presidency.  Since  I860  the  Civilistas  have  be- 
come a well-defined  political  party.  They  call  them  oppo- 
nents Militaristas  or  Militares. 

Civil  War,  The.  The  war  between  Charles  I. 
of  England  and  the  party  of  Parliament. 

Civil  War,  American,  or  The  War  of  Seces- 
sion. A civil  war  in  the  United  States,  1861-65. 
Its  chief  causes  were  the  antlslavery  agitation  and  the 
development  of  the  doctrine  of  State  sovereignty.  The 
former  had  been  gaining  force  since  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise, and  especially  since  the  Wilmot  proviso,  the  Mexican 
war,  the  Omnibus  Bill,  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska  trouble 
(see  these  titles).  The  latter  found  expression  in  the  Ken- 
tucky resolutions,  nullification,  and  especially  in  the  teach- 
ings of  Calhoun.  The  immediate  occasion  of  the  war  was 
the  election  of  Lincoln  in  1860,  which  was  followed  by 
the  secession  of  11  States  (see  Confederate  States).  Lead- 
ing events— In  1861:  Fort  Sumter  fired  on  (April  12); 
surrender  of  Fort  Sumter  (April  13);  President  Lincoln’s 
call  for  volunteers  (April  16) ; battles  of  Bull  Run  (July  21) 
and  Wilson's  Creek  (Aug.  10);  seizure  of  Mason  and  Sli- 
dell—“the  Trent  affair”  (Nov.  S). — In  1862:  Battle  of 
Mill  Spring  (Jan.  19) ; capture  of  Fort  Henry  (Feb.  6) ; 
battle  and  capture  of  Fort  Donelson  (Feb.  13-16)  ; battle 
of  the  Monitor  and  Merrimac  (March  9) ; captur  e of  New- 
bern  (March  14) ; battle  of  Shiloh  (April  6,  7) , siege  of 
Yorktown  (April-May)  ; passage  of  the  New  Orleans  forts 
(April  24)  ; battles  of  Williamsburg  (May  6)  and  Fair  Oaks 
(May  31,  June  1)  ; Seven  Days’  Battles  — Meclianicsville, 
Gaines’s  Mill,  Frayser’s  Farm,  Malvern  (June26-July  1) ; 
battles  of  Cedar  Mountain  ( Aug.  9),  (2d)  Bull  Run  (Aug. 
30),  Chantilly  (Sept.  1),  South  Mountain  (Sept.  14),  Antie- 
tam  (Sept.  17),  Iuka(Sept.  19),  Corinth  (Oct.  4),  Fredericks- 
burg (Dec.  13),  and  Murfreesboro  (Dec.  31-Jail.  2, 1863). — 
In  1863:  Emancipation  Proclamation  (Jan.  1);  battle  of 
Chancellorsville  (May  1-4) ; Vicksburg  campaign  — battles 
of  Grand  Gulf  (April  29,  May  3),  Raymond  (May  12),  Jack- 
son  (May  14),  and  Champion's  Hill  (May  16),  and  the  fall 
of  Vicksburg  (July  4);  battles  of  Gettysburg  (July  1-3), 
Chiekamauga(Sept.  19,  20),  and  Chattanooga  (Nov.  23-26). 
—In  1864 : Battles  ol  the  Wilderness  and  Spotsylvania 
(May  5-7,  etc.) ; battles  of  Sherman's  advance  in  northern 
Georgia  (May  and  June) ; battle  of  Cold  Harbor  (June  1-3) ; 
defeat  of  the  Alabama  by  the  Kearsarge  (June  19) ; battles 
of  Atlanta  (July  20,  22)  ; naval  victory  at  Mobile  (Aug.  5); 


Civil  War,  American 

oattles  of  Winchester  (Sept.  19)  and  Cedar  Creek  (Oct.  19) ; 
reelection  of  Lincoln  (Nov.  8) ; march  through  Georgia 
to  the  sea  (Nov. -Dec.)  ; battle  of  Nashville  (Dec.  15, 16). — 
In  1865 : Surrender  of  Fort  Fisher  (Jan.  15) ; battles  of 
Averysboro  (March  16),  Bentonville  (March  19-21),  and 
Five  Forks  (April  1) ; surrender  of  Richmond  (April  3) ; 
surrender  of  Lee's  army  at  Appomattox  (April  9) ; surren- 
der of  Johnston’s  army  (April  26);  and  the  surrender  of 
Kirby  Smith  (May  26).  The  tneater  of  the  war  was  mainly 
in  the  Southern  and  border  States.  The  Federal  army 
numbered  about  1,000,000  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and 
the  number  of  Confederates  enrolled  during  the  war  was 
probably  about  the  same.  The  Federal  losses  amounted 
to  about  360,000;  those  of  the  Confederates  to  about 
300,000. 

Civil  Wars  in  France.  A play  by  Dekker  and 
Drayton  (1598). 

Civis  (siv'is).  [L.,  ‘a  citizen.’]  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Sir  Henry  Bussell  in  the  London 
“Times ” (1842-49). 

Civitci  Castellana  (che-ve-ta'  kas-tel-la/na). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Borne,  Italy,  27  miles 
north  of  Borne,  on  the  site  of  the  Etruscan  city 
Falerii. 

Civita  di  Penne.  See  Penne. 

Civitavecchia,  or  Civita  Vecchia  (che-ve-ta/ 
vek'ke-a).  [It., ' old  town.’]  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Borne,  Italy,  on  the  Mediterranean 
in  lat.  42°  9'  N.,  long.  11°  48'  E. : the  ancient 
Centum  Cel  he,  or  Portus  Trajani.  its  port  was 
constructed  by  Trajan.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens 
in  the  9th  century.  Population,  13,427. 

Civitella  del  Tronto  (che-ve-tel'la  del  tron'to). 
A small  town  in  the  province  of  Teramo,  Italy, 
8 miles  northwest  of  Teramo.  It  was  the  last 
lace  to  surrender  to  the  Italians  in  1861. 
ackama  (klak'a-ma).  A large  tribe  of  the 
Upper  Chinook  division  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  formerly  resided  in  eleven  villages  on 
and  about  a river  of  the  same  name,  an  eastern  branch  of 
the  Willamette,  in  Clackamas  County,  Oregon.  There  are 
about  60  of  this  tribe  at  Grande  Ronde  agency,  Oregon. 
See  Chinookan. 

Clackmannan  (klak-man'an).  1.  The  smallest 
county  of  Scotland,  situated  north  of  the  Forth 
and  south  of  Perthshire.  Area,  55  sq.  m.  Pop. 
(civil  county),  32,019. — 2.  The  county-seat  of 
the  county  of  Clackmannan,  situated  7 miles 
east  of  Stirling. 

Claes  (klaz*),  Balthazar.  A philosopher  in 
Balzac’s  novel  “La  recherche  de  l’absolu.” 
He  gives  up  his  life  to  a search  for  the  philosopher’s 
stone,  and  is  the  victim  of  his  devotion  to  science. 

Clahoquaht.  See  Tlaoikmaht. 

Claiborne  (kla'born),  or  Clayborne,  William. 

Bom  in  Westmoreland,  England,  1589  (?) : died 
in  Virginia,  1676  (?).  An  American  colonial 
politician.  He  emigrated  to  Virginia  in  1621,  and  in 
1625  became  secretary  of  state  for  the  colony.  As  the 
agent  of  Cloberry  and  Company  of  London,  he  established 
a trading -post  in  Kent  Island  in  1831.  The  trading-post 
became  the  nucleus  of  a flourishing  settlement,  which  in 
1632  sent  a burgess  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia. 
It  was  later  (1634)  claimed  by  Leonard  Calvert,  governor 
of  Maryland,  as  a part  of  that  colony,  and  was  long  a sub- 
ject of  disputes  resulting  in  some  bloodshed.  On  the  exe- 
cution of  Charles  I.,  Maryland  and  Virginia  proclaimed 
Charles  II.,  whereupon  Claiborne,  at  his  own  request,  was 
in  1651  appointed  by  Parliament  member  of  a commission 
to  reduce  those  colonies.  The  commissioners  reached 
Virginia  at  the  head  of  an  English  expedition  in  March, 
1652,  overthrew  the  Cavalier  government,  and  established 
a Roundhead  government  with  Richard  Bennet  as  gov- 
ernor and  Claiborne  as  secretary  of  state.  In  1658,  how- 
ever, the  province  was  restored  to  Lord  Baltimore  by  the 
commonwealth. 

Claiborne,  William  Charles  Cole.  Born  in 
Sussex  County,  Virginia,  1775:  died  at  New 
Orleans,  Nov.  23, 1817.  AnAmerican politician. 
He  was  governor  of  Mississippi  Terr  itory  1802-04,  of  the 
territory  of  Orleans  1804-12,  and  of  the  State  of  Louisiana 
1812-16.  He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in 
1816,  but  died  before  taking  his  seat. 

Clairac  (kla-rak').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lot  56  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.  Population, 
commune,  2,850. 

Clairaut, or  Clairault(kla-ro'), Alexis  Claude. 
Born  at  Paris,  May  13,  1713:  died  at  Paris, 
May  17,  1765.  A celebrated  French  mathe- 
matician. He  was  famous  both  for  the  strength  and 
the  extraordinary  precocity  of  his  genius.  At  six  years 
of  age  he  is  said  to  have  understood  L’Hbpital’s  treatise 
on  infinitesimals ; at  twelve  he  read  before  the  Academy 
of  Sciences  a paper  on  certain  curves  which  he  had  dis- 
covered; and  at  eighteen  he  became  a member  of  the 
Academy.  Among  his  best-known  works  is  his  analytical 
study  of  the  problem  “of  the  three  bodies,”  and  the  ap- 
plication of  its  results  to  the  study  of  the  moon  and  of 
Halley’s  comet.  He  also  wrote  “Recherches  sur  lea 
courbes  a double  courtmre  ” (1731),  “ Theorie  de  la  figure 
de  la  terre  " (1743),  “Thoorie  de  la  lune,”  etc.  (1752),  “ Re- 
cherches sur  lea  cometes  des  anm-es  1531,  1007,  1682  et 
1759”  (1760),  etc. 

Clairfait.  See  Clerfayt. 

Clairon  (kla-r&n'),  Claire  Hippolyte  Josfephe 
Legris  de  Latude,  called  Mile.  Born  near 
Condfe,  in  Hainault,  1723;  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
18,  1803.  A celebrated  French  actress.  origi- 


255 

nally  a comedienne,  she  became  a tragedienne  and  enjoyed 
extraordinary  popularity.  She  died  in  old  age,  poor  and 
forgotten.  Her  “Memoires  ” were  published  in  1799. 
Clairvaux  (klar-vo').  A village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the  river 
Aube  32  miles  southeast  of  Troyes,  it  is  cele- 
brated for  its  Cistercian  abbey,  whose  first  abbot  was  St. 
Bernard,  1115.  The  abbey  buildings  are  now  used  for  a 
prison. 

Clallam  (klal'am).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians  formerly  living  on  the  south  side  of 
Puget  Sound,  Washington,  and  on  the  southern 
end  of  V ancouverlsland.  They  now  number  about  300 
souls,  and  are  on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  Washington. 
See  Salishan. 

Clamcoefc.  See  KaranJcawan. 

Ciamecy  (klam-se').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Nifevre,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Beuvron  with  the  Yonne,  in  lat.  47°  28'  N.,  long. 
3°  31'  E.  Population,  commune,  5,154. 
Clamet.  See  Klamath. 

Clandestine  Marriage,  The.  A play  by  Gar- 
rick and  Colman,  produced  Feb.  20,  1766.  it 
was  largely  taken  from  an  unprinted  farce,  “The  False 
Concord,”  by  the  Rev.  James  Townley  (1764). 

Clap  (klap),  Thomas.  Born  at  Scituate,  Mass., 
June  26,  1703:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Jan. 
7, 1767.  An  American  clergyman  and  educator, 
president  (rector)  of  Yale  College  1740-66.  He 
was  pastor  at  Windham,  Connecticut,  1726-40. 
Claparede  Jkla-pa-rad'),  Jean  Louis  Bene 
Antoine  Edouard.  Born  at  Geneva,  April 
24,  1832:  died  at  Siena,  Italy,  May  31,  1870. 
A noted  Swiss  naturalist. 

Clapham  (klap'am).  A southwestern  suburb 
of  London,  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Thames  about  4miles fromWestminster  Bridge. 
Its  houses  surround  a common  about  220  acres  in  extent, 
once  a favorite  location  for  fairs  which  were  abolished  in 
1873.  Watford. 

Clapisson  (kla-pe-soh'),  Antoine  Louis.  Bom 

at  Naples,’  Sept.  15,  1808 : died  at  Paris,  March 
19,  1866.  A French  composer  of  operas,  songs, 
and  romances.  His  works  include  the  operas  “La  Pro- 
mise ”(1854),  “La  Fanchonnette ” (1856),  “Madame  G re- 
go  ire”  (1861),  etc. 

Clapperton  (klap'er-ton),  Hugh.  Born  at  An- 
nan, Scotland,  1788:  died  at  Sakkatu,  Africa, 
April  13,  1827.  An  African  traveler.  He  was  a 
lieutenant  in  the  navy  when  Dr.  Oudney  and  Denham 
started,  in  1822,  on  their  exploration  of  the  Sudan.  He 
accompanied  them,  and  returned  with  Denham  in  1824. 
In  the  same  year,  as  commander,  he  proceeded,  with  Lan- 
der and  three  other  assistants,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Niger, 
and  explored  its  course  up  to  Sakkatu.  The  “Journal  ’’ 
of  this  expedition  was  published  in  1829. 

Clara  (klar'a).  [L.  clara,  bright,  illustrious; 
It.  Cldara,  Sp.  Pg.  Clara , F.  Claire.  ] 1.  The 

Hyacinthe  of  Moli fere’s  “Fourberiesde  Scapin” 
in  Otway’s  “Cheats  of  Scapin.” — 2.  The  lover 
of  Ferdinand  in  Sheridan’s  “Duenna.” 

Clara,  Saint.  The  founder  of  the  order  of  Cla- 
risses  (which  see). 

Clarac  (kla-rak'),  Charles  Othon  Frederic 
Jean  Baptiste,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  16, 1777:  died  1847.  A French  antiquary 
and  artist,  author  of  “Musfee  de  sculpture  an- 
tique et  moderne  ” (1826-55),  etc. 

Clarchen  (klar'chen).  [G.,  dim.  of  Clara.]  A 
simple  cottage  girl  in  Goethe’s  tragedy  “Eg- 
mont,”  in  love  with  that  hero.  She  takes  poison 
when  he  dies. 

Clare  (klar).  A maritime  county  of  Munster, 
Ireland,  lying  between  Galway  on  the  north, 
Tipperary  on  the  east,  Limerick  on  the  south, 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  west.  The  county 
town  is  Ennis.  Area,  1,332  square  miles.  Population, 
112,334. 

Clare,  Earls  of.  See  Fitz gibbon  and  Holies. 
Clare,  Ada.  Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  1836: 
died  at  New  York,  March  4,  1874.  The  pseu- 
donym and  stage  name  of  Jane  McElhenney, 
an  actress  and  writer. 

Clare,  Ada.  The  friend  and  charge  of  Esther 
Summerson  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Bleak 
House.”  She  marries  Bichard  Carstone. 

Clare,  Lady  Clare  de.  An  English  heiress  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott’s  poem  “Marmion,”  to  obtain 
whose  hand  Marmion  ruins  her  lover,  Balph 
de  Wilton. 

Clare,  Elizabeth  de.  Died  Nov.  4, 1360.  The 
third  daughter  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  ninth  Earl 
of  Clare.  She  was  married  three  times  — first  to  John  de 
Burgh,  son  of  the  second  F.arl  of  Ulster,  and  after  his 
death  to  Theobald,  Lord  Verdon,  and  again  to  Robert 
Damory,  baron  of  Armoy.  She  was  tiro  founder  of  Clare 
College,  Cambridge  (originally  University  Hall). 

Clare,  John.  Bom  at  Helpstone,  near  Pe- 
terborough, England,  July  13,  1793:  died  at 
Northampton,  England,  May  20,  1864.  An 
English  poet,  son  of  a poor  laborer:  surnamed 
“The  Northamptonshire  Peasant  Poet.”  He 


Claretie 

wrote  “Poems  descriptive  of  Rural  Life  and  Scenery” 
(1820),  “The  Village  Minstrel  ”(1821),  “Shepherd’s  Calen- 
dar ” (1827),  and  “ The  Rural  Muse  ” (1835). 

Clare,  Richard  de,  or  Richard  Strongbow. 

Died  1176.  The  second  Earl  of  Pembroke  and 
strigul.  In  May,  1170,  he  went  to  Ireland  with  a strong 
force  to  aid  Dermot,  king  of  Leinster,  who  had  been 
driven  from  his  kingdom,  and  captured  Waterford  and 
Dublin.  He  married  Eva,  daughter  of  Dermot,  and  be- 
came governor  of  Ireland  in  1173. 

Clare,  Richard  de.  Born  Aug.  4,  1222:  died 
near  Canterbury,  July  15,  1262.  A powerful 
English  noble,  eighth  Earl  of  Clare,  also  Earl 
of  Hertford  and  Earl  of  Gloucester. 

Clare  College.  A college  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  founded  as  University  Hall  in  1326, 
and  refounded  (as  Clare  Hall)  in  1359  by  Eliza- 
beth de  Clare  (or  de  Burgh).  The  college 
buildings  were  begun  in  1638. 

Clare  Island.  A small  island  on  the  west  coast 
of  Ireland.  It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  Clew  Bay,  and 
forms  part  of  the  county  of  Mayo. 

Claremont  (klar'mont).  A manufacturing 
town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Connecticut  Biver  45  miles  north- 
west of  Concord.  Population,  7,529,  (1910). 
Claremont.  A palace  at  Esher,  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, about  14  miles  southwest  of  London,  built 
by  Lord  Clive  in  1768.  It  was  the  residence  of  Prince 
Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  (later  king  of  the  Belgians)  and 
Princess  Charlotte,  and  of  Louis  Philippe  1848-50. 

Clarence  (klar'ens),  Dukes  of.  [ME.  Clarence, 
from  OF.  Clarence  ; said  to  be  from  the  MGr. 
K/l apevr^a  (It.  Cliiarenza,  a once  important  port 
in  Peloponnesus,  which  gave  his  ducal  title  to 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Prince  of  Aehaia),  and  to 
have  come  into  England  through  Philippa,  wife 
of  Edward  III.  It  was  first  given  to  Lionel, 
third  son  of  Edward  III.  ( Chambers .)]  See 
Plantagenet,  and  William  IV. 

Clarence,  Fitzroy.  One  of  the  pseudonyms  of 
William  Makepeace  Thackeray. 

Clarence  Strait.  A channel  between  Alaska 
and  Prince  of  Wales  Island.  Length,  100  miles. 
Clarendon  (klar'en-don),  Earls  Of.  See  Hyde 
and  Villiers. 

Clarendon.  A hunting-lodge  near  Salisbury. 
England,  which  gave  its  name  to  the  Constitu- 
tions of  Clarendon.  See  Clarendon,  Constitu- 
tions of. 

Clarendon,  Assize  of.  An  English  ordinance 
issued  in  1166  (12  Hen.  n.),  which  introduced 
changes  in  the  administration  of  justice. 
Clarendon,  Constitutions  of.  Ordinances 
adopted  at  the  Council  of  Clarendon  in  1164,  with 
a view  to  fixing  the  limits  between  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  courts,  and  to 
abolishing  abuses  due  to  the  encroachments  of 
the  Vatican.  They  provide  that  “disputes  about  ad- 
vowsons  and  presentations  shall  be  tried  by  the  King's 
Court ; that  criminous  clerks  shall  be  tried  by  the  king's 
courts,  unless  the  justice  sends  the  case  to  the  ecclesi- 
astical courts,  and  clerks  thus  convicted  shall  be  punished 
as  laymen  ; that  no  clergyman  shall  quit  the  realm  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  king ; that  appeals  from  ecclesias- 
tical courts  shall  go  to  the  king,  and,  unless  he  consents 
that  they  shall  go  further,  the  disputes  are  to  be  termi- 
nated by  his  order  in  the  court  of  the  archbishop ; that 
no  tenant-in-chief  or  minister  of  the  king  shall  he  excom- 
municated without  the  consent  of  the  king ; that  clergy 
shall  hold  their  lands  as  tenants-in-ehief,  and  perform  all 
duties  and  attend  the  King’s  Court  with  the  other  tenants- 
in-chief  ; thatelections  of  archbishops,  bishops,  and  abbots 
shall  take  place  by  order  of  the  king  in  the  King’s  Chapel, 
and  that  the  man  elected  shall  do  homage  for  his  lands 
before  he  is  consecrated  ; and  that  sons  of  villeins  shall 
not  be  consecrated  without  the  consent  of  their  lords  ” 
( Acland  and  Pansome,  Eng.  Folit.  History,  p.  24). 

Clarendon,  Council  of.  A council  held  in  1164. 

It  was  occasioned  by  the  opposition  of  Thomas  Becket  to 
the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  Henry  II.,  and  comprised  the 
king,  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York,  eleven 
bishops,  forty  of  the  higher  nobility,  and  numerous  barons. 
It  enacted  the  so-called  Constitutions  of  Clarendon,  “a 
sort  of  code  or  concordat,  in  sixteen  chapters,  which  in- 
cluded not  merely  a system  of  definite  rules  to  regulate 
the  disposal  of  the  criminal  clergy  " (the  principal  point 
at  issue),  “but  a method  of  proceeding  by  which  all  quar- 
rels that  arose  between  the  clergy  and  laity  might  be  sat- 
isfactorily heard  and  determined  ” (Stubbs,  Early  Planta- 
genets). 

Clarendon  Press.  A printing  establishment 
in  Oxford,  England?  in  which  the  university 
has  the  preponderating  influence,  it  was  founded 
partly  with  profits  from  the  copyright  of  Clarendon’s 
“History  of  the  Rebellion.” 

Clarens  (kla-roh').  A village  in  the  canton  of 
Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  on  Lake  Geneva 
near  its  eastern  extremity,  northwest  of  Mon- 
treux.  It  is  famous  as  the  scene  of  Rousseau’s 
“ Nouvelle  Hfeloise.” 

Claretie  (klar-te'),  Arsfeue  Arnaud,  called 
Jules.  Born  at  Limoges,  France,  Dec.  3, 1840. 
A French  novelist  and  journalist.  Ho  was  in  turn 
war  correspondent  and  dramatic  critic,  and  was  appointed 
director  of  the  Th<55tre  Franfais  on  tho  death  of  M. 


Claretie 

Perrin.  He  was  war  correspondent  of  the  “Rappel  ” and 
the  “Opinion  Nationale  ” in  1870-71,  and  wrote  several 
books  on  the  war.  He  became  a member  of  the  Academy 
in  1889.  His  works  include  “Un  assassin,”  or  “Robert 
Burat”  (I860),  “ Monsieur  le  Ministre"  (1882),  “Le  Prince 
Zilah  " (1884),  “Puyjoli  ” (1890),  and  other  volumes. 

Clari  (kla're),  Giovanni  Carlo  Maria.  Born 

at  Pisa,  Italy,  1669:  died  probably  about  1745. 
An  Italian  composer.  His  chief  work  is  a col- 
lection of  vocal  duets  and  trios  (1720). 

Clari.  Am  opera  by  Halevy,  first  produced  at 
Paris,  Dec.  9, 1828. 

Clari,  the  Maid  of  Milan.  An  opera  by  Sir 
Henry  Bishop,  brought  out  May  8,  1823.  in  it 
“Home,  Sweet  Home"  (words  by  John  Howard  Payne) 
was  first  introduced. 

Claribel  (klar'i-bel).  [L.  clarus,  bright,  and  bel- 
lus,  fair.]  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  the 
chosen  bride  of  Phaon.  She  is  traduced  by  Philemon. 
Phaon  slays  her,  and,  finding  how  he  has  been  deceived, 
poisons  Philemon,  ii.  4. 

Claribel,  Sir.  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,” 
one  of  four  knights  who  had  a fray  about  the 
false  Florimel.  Britomart  fights  with  them,  and 
the  combat  is  “stinted”  by  Prince  Arthur, 
iv.  9. 

Clarice  (klar'is ; F.  pron.  kla-res' ; It.  pron.  kla- 
re'che).  [F.  for  Clarissa.  ] The  sister  of  Huon 
of  Bordeaux  in  the  early  French  and  Italian  ro- 
mances. She  marries  Rinaldo. 

Claridea  (kla-re'den),  or  Glariden  (gla-),  Pass. 
A glacier  pass  in  the  Swiss  Alps,  leading  from 
the  Maderaner  Thai  to  Staehelberg  in  Glarus. 
Elevation,  9,843  feet. 

Claridiana  (kla-rid-i-an'a).  1.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  ‘ ‘ The  Mirror  of  Knight- 
hood.” After  much  turmoil  and  fighting  she  marries  the 
Knight  of  the  Sun  who  was  also  loved  by  “the  fair  Linda- 
brides.  ” 

2.  The  enchanted  queen  in  Mendoza’s  Spanish 
play  “ Querer  Por  Solo  Querer”  (“To  Love  lor 
Love’s  Sake  ”),  translated  by  Sir  Richard  Fan- 
shawe. 

Claridoro  (klar-i-do'ro).  The  rival  of  Felisbravo 
in  Mendoza’s  Spanish  play  “Querer  Por  Solo 
Querer”  (“ To  Love  for  Love’s  Sake”),  trans- 
lated by  Sir  Richard  Fanshawe. 

Clarin  (klar'in),  or  Clarinda  (kla-rin'da).  The 
trusted  handmaid  of  Queen  Radigund  in  Spen- 
ser’s “Faerie  Queene,”  v.  5.  She  betrays  her 
mistress,  seeking  to  divide  her  from  Artegal. 
Clarinda  (kla-rin'da).  1.  Waiting- woman  to 
Carniola  in  Massinger’s  play  “The  Maid  of 
Honour.” — 2.  In  Fletcher's  “Lover’s  Pro- 
gress,” the  adroit  and  unscrupulous  waiting- 
woman  of  Calista. — 3.  In  Thomas  Shadwell’s 
comedy  “ The  Virtuoso,”  a niece  of  the  Virtu- 
oso, in  love  with  Longvil. — 4.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  play  “ The 
Beau’s  Duel,”  in  love  with  Colonel  Manly. — 
5.  The  niece  of  Sir  Solomon  Sadlife  in  Cibber’s 
comedy  “The  Double  Gallant.”  She  “blows 
cold  and  hot  ” upon  the  passion  of  Clerimont. 
Clarington  (klar'ing-ton),  Sir  Arthur.  Aprof- 
ligate,  heartless,  and  avaricious  wretch  iu 
“The  Witch  of  Edmonton,”  by  Dekker,  Ford, 
and  others. 

Clarissa  (kla-ris'a).  The  wife  of  Gripe  the 
money-scrivener  in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “The 
Confederacy.”  She  is  a sparkling,  luxurious 
woman  with  a great  admiration  for  the  nobility 
and  gentry. 

Clarissa  Harlowe  (kla-ris'a  har'lo).  A novel 
by  Samuel  Richardson  (published  1748) : so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  heroine. 

Clarisses  (kla-res'),  Les.  A religious  sister- 
hood of  the  order  of  Sainte-Claire,  founded  in 
1212. 

Clark  (kliirk),  Abraham.  [The  surnames  Clark, 
Clarice,  Clerk , Clerke  are  from  dark,  clerk,  a 
learned  man,  a writer,  a reader.]  Born  at 
Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  Feb.  15,  1726:  died  at 
Rahway,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1794.  An  American 
patriot,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

Clark,  Alvan.  Born  at  Ashfield.  Mass.,  March 
8, 1808:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Aug.  19, 1887. 
Am  American  optician,  famous  as  a manufac- 
turer of  telescopes  (at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts). He  was  originally  an  engraver  and  portrait-paint- 
er. The  firm  of  Alvan  Clark  and  Sons  was  founded  in 
1846.  He  made  telescopes  for  the  U Diversity  of  Mississippi 
(object-glass  18',  inches:  finally  purchased  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago),  the  University  of  Virginia  (26  inches), 
the  United  States  Naval  Observatory  at  Washington  (26 
inches),  the  observatory  at  Pulkowa  (30  inches),  the  Lick 
Observatory  (36  inches),  and  others. 

Clark,  Sir  Andrew.  Born  Oct.  28,  1826 : died 
Nov.  6,  1893.  An  eminent  Scotch  physician. 
He  resided  in  London. 

Clark,  or  Clarke,  George  Rogers.  Born  in 


256 

Albemarle  County,  Va.,  Nov.  19,  1752:  died  at 
Locust  Grove,  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  Feb.  13, 
1818.  An  American  general  in  the  wars  against 
the  Indians  1777-82. 

Clark,  Sir  James.  Born  at  Cullen,  Banffshire, 
Scotland,  Dee.  14,  1788:  died  at  BagshotPark, 
England,  June  29,  18r,0.  A British  physician. 
He  was  physician  iu  ordinary  to  the  queen  from  1837.  He 
wrote  “The  Influence  of  Climate  in  the  Prevention  and 
Cure  of  Chronic  Diseases  ” (1829),  “ Treatise  on  Pulmonary 
Consumption  ” (1835),  etc. 

Clark,  Lewis  Gaylord.  Born  at  Otisco,  N.  Y., 
1810:  died  at  Piermont,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  3, 1873.  An 
American  journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the 
“Knickerbocker  Magazine  ” 1834-59. 

Clark,  Rev.  T.  The  pseudonym  of  John  Galt. 
Clark  University.  A non-sectarian  institu- 
tion opened  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in 
1887.  It  was  named  for  Jonas  Clark,  its  founder,  and  is 
intended  rather  for  the  promotion  of  research  than  for 
ordinary  collegiate  education. 

Clark,  or  Clarke,  William.  Born  in  Virginia, 
Aug.  1,  1770:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.  1, 
1838.  An  American  commander  and  explorer, 
brother  of  G.  R.  Clark.  He  was  associated  with 
Lewis  in  the  command  of  an  exploring  expedition  from  St. 
Louis  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  1804-06.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Missouri  Territory  1813-21,  and  waB  superinten- 
dent of  Indian  affairs  in  St.  Louis  till  his  death. 

Clark,  William  George.  Born  March,  1821: 
died  at  York,  England,  Nov.  6, 1878.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar,  a graduate  of  Cambridge,  and  fel- 
low and  tutor  of  Trinity  College.  He  was  the  edi- 
tor, with  Mr.  Glover  (Vol.  I.')  and  Mi-.  Aldis  Wright,  of  the 
“Cambridge"  Shakspere  (1863-66),  and,  with  Mr.  Wright, 
of  the  “Globe”  Shakspere,  and  author  of  works  of  travel 
(“Gazpacho,"  “The  Peloponnesus,"  etc.)  and  of  poems, 
“A  Scale  of  Lyrics,”  etc. 

Clark,  William  Tierney.  Born  at  Bristol, 
England,  Aug.  23,  1783:  died  Sept.  22,  1852. 
A noted  English  civil  engineer.  He  was  the 
builder  of  the  old  Hammersmith  suspension-bridge  (taken 
down  1885),  and  of  the  suspension-bridge  over  the  Danube, 
uniting  Pest  and  Buda  (ouilt  1839-49). 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord.  Born  at  Otisco,  N.  Y., 
1810:  died  Juno  12,  1841.  An  American  poet 
and  journalist,  twin  brother  of  L.  G.  Clark.  He 
wrote  ‘ ‘ Ollapodiana  ” for  the  ‘ ‘ Knickerbocker  ” 
(published  1844). 

Clarke  (kliirk),  Adam.  Born  at  Moybeg,  Lon- 
donderry County,  Ireland,  about  1762:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  26,  1832.  An  eminent  British 
Wesleyan  clergyman  and  biblical  scholar.  He 
wrote  “Commentary  on  the  Holy  Bible”  (1810-26),  etc. 
From  1808  to  1818  he  was  occupied  in  editing  Rymer's 
“Foedera." 

Clarke,  Sir  Alured.  Born  about  1745:  died  at 
Llangollen,  Wales,  Sept.  16,  1832.  An  English 
soldier,  appointed  field-marshal  on  the  acces- 
sion of  William  IV.  He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel 
under  Howe  in  New  York  1776;  succeeded  John  Bur- 
goyne  as  master-general  of  the  Hessian  troops  ; was  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Jamaica  1782-90;  was  stationed  at 
Quebec  1791-93 ; went  to  India  in  1795  ; took  part  iu  the 
capture  of  Cape  Colony  in  Sept,  of  the  same  year;  and 
succeeded  Sir  Robert  Abercromby  as  commander-in  chief 
in  India  May  17,  1798. 

Clarke,  Charles  Cowden.  Born  at  Enfield, 
near  London,  Dec.  15,  1787 : died  at  Genoa, 
Italy,  March  13,  1877.  An  English  man  of  let- 
ters, publisher  (a  partner  of  Alfred  Novello) 
and  lecturer  on  Shakspere  and  other  dramatic 
poets.  He  married  Mary  Victoria,  daughter  of  Vincent 
Novello,  J uly  5, 1828.  He  began  to  lecture  on  Shakspere, 
Chaucer,  and  other  poets  and  dramatists  in  1834,  and  con- 
tinued this  career  until  1856.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Tales 
from  Chaucer ”(1833),  “Riches of  Chaucer  ”(1836),  “Shak- 
speare  Characters  ” (1863),  “ Moliere  Characters  ” (1865), 
etc.,  and  joint  author  with  his  wife  of  the  “ Shakspeare 
Key  : unlocking  the  treasures  of  his  style,”  etc.  (1879),  edi- 
tions of  Shakspere,  “ Recollections  of  Writers  ” (1878),  etc. 

Clarke,  Mrs.  (Mary  Victoria  Novello,  usually 
known  as  Mrs.  Cowden  Clarke).  Born  at 
London,  June  22,  1809:  died  at  Genoa,  Jan. 
12,  1898.  An  English  Shaksperian  scholar  and 
author,  wife  of  0.  C.  Clarke.  She  published  “The 
Complete  Concordance  to  Shakspere"  (1846),  which  was 
compiled  during  the  assiduous  labor  of  sixteen  years  (it 
does  not  contain  the  words  of  the  sonnets  and  poems), 
“The  Girlhood  of  Shakspere’s  Heroines”  (1850),  “The 
Iron  Cousin,”  a novel  (1854),  “ Memorial  Sonnets”  (1888), 
and  other  works. 

Clarke,  Edward  Daniel.  Born  at  Willingdon, 
Sussex,  England,  June  5,  1769:  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1822.  An  English  traveler  and 
mineralogist,  appointed  professor  of  mineral- 
ogy at  Cambridge  in  1808,  and  librarian  in 
1817.  His  works  include  “Travels  in  Various  Countries 
of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa”  (1810-23),  and  numerous 
scientific  papers.  He  made  important  collections  of  min- 
erals (purchased  by  the  University  of  Cambridge),  manu- 
scripts, coins,  etc.  He  brought  to  England  the  so-called 
“Ceres,”  a colossal  statue  (a  eistophorus),  found  at  Eleu- 
sis  by  Whelerin  1676,  and  now  in  the  Fitzwilliara  Museum. 

Clarke,  Henri  Jacques  Guillaume,  Comte 
d’Hunebourg,  Due  de  Foltro.  Born  at  Landre- 


Classis 

cies,  Nord,  France,  Oct.  17,  1765:  died  at  Neu- 
vilier,  France,  Oct.  28,  1818.  A marshal  of 
France,  minister  of  war  1815-17. 

Clarke,  Hyde.  Born  at  London,  Dec.  14, 1815 : 
died  there,  March  1,  1895.  An  English  engineer 
and  philologist.  His  works  include  “A  New  and  Com- 
prehensive Dictionary  of  the  English  Language”  (1853),  and 
numerous  philological  and  ethnological  treatises. 

Clarke,  James  Freeman.  Bom  at  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  April  4,  1810:  died  at  Jamaica  Plain, 
Mass.,  June  8,  1888.  An  American  Unitarian 
clergyman,  theologian,  and  miscellaneous  au- 
thor. He  was  graduated  at  Har  vard  in  1829,  preached  at 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  1833-40,  and  founded  at  Boston  in 
1841  the  Church  of  the  Disciples,  of  which  he  was  pastor 
until  his  death.  His  works  include  “Christian  Doctrine 
of  Forgiveness  ” (1852),  “Christian  Doctrine  of  Prayer" 
(1854),  “Orthodoxy,  its  Truths  and  Errors”  (1866),  “Ten 
Great  Religions  ” (1871),  etc. 

Clarke,  John.  Born  in  Bedfordshire,  England, 
Oct.  8,  1609:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  April  20, 
1676.  An  English  physician,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  Rhode  Island.  He  was  driven  from  Massa- 
chusetts in  1638,  and  was  one  of  the  purchasers  of  Aquid- 
neck  (Rhode  Island)  from  the  Indians.  In  1639  he  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Newport,  where  he  became  pastor 
of  the  Baptist  church  founded  in  1644. 

Clarke,  John  Sleeper  (real  name  John  Clarke 
Sleeper).  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  3, 
1833  : died  at  Surbiton-on-Thames,  England, 
Sept.  25,  1899.  An  American  comedian.  He 
made  his  first  appearance  in  Boston  in  1851.  He  married 
Asia,  daughter  of  Junius  Booth,  in  1859.  In  1864  he  un- 
dertook tlie  management  of  the  Winter  Garden  Theater 
with  William  Stuart  and  Edwin  Booth  : this  he  gave  up 
in  1867.  In  1833,  with  Edwin  Booth,  he  bought  the  Walnut 
Street  Theater  in  Philadelphia.  In  1866  they  obtained 
the  lease  of  the  Boston  Theater.  In  Oct.,  1867,  he  ap- 
peared in  London,  where,  with  brief  interruptions,  lie 
remained.  In  1872  he  became  proprietor  of  the  Charing 
Cross  Theater,  afterward  managing  the  Haymarket.  His 
Doctor  Pangloss,  Ollapod,  Major  Wellington  de  Boots,  and 
Salem  Scudder  were  successful. 

Clarke,  MacDonald.  Born  at  New  London, 
Conn.,  June  18, 1798:  died  at  New  York,  March 
5,  1842.  An  American  poet,  called,  on  account 
of  his  eccentricities,  “The  Mad  Poet.”  A num- 
ber of  collections  of  his  poems  have  been  published,  in- 
cluding “A  Review  of  the  Eve  of  Eternity,  and  other 
Poems”(1820),  “TheElixirofMoonshine.bytheMad  Poet" 
(1822),  “The  Gossip”  (1825),  “Poetic  Sketches”  (1826), 
“The  Belles  of  Broadway”  (1833),  and  “Poems”  (1836). 

Clarke,  Marcus  Andrew  Hyslop.  Born  at 
Kensington,  London,  April  24,  1846:  died  at 
Melbourne,  Australia,  Aug.  2, 1881.  An  Austra- 
lian journalist  and  novelist.  He  went  to  Victoria 
in  1863.  His  principal  work,  a novel,  “For  the  Term  of 
his  Natural  Life,”  was  published  in  1874. 

Clarke,  Mary  Anne.  Born  at  London  in  1776 : 
died  at  Boulogne,  June  21,  1852.  An  English 
woman  of  obscure  origin,  mistress  of  the  Duke 
of  Y ork.  She  became  notorious  from  the  public  scandals 
which  grew  out  of  her  connection  with  the  duke.  She 
wrote  “ The  Rival  Princes  ” (the  dukes  of  York  and  Kent). 
She  was  condemned  to  nine  months’  imprisonment  for 
libel  in  1813.  After  1815  she  lived  in  Paris. 

Clarke,  Samuel.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
Oct.  11,  1675:  died  at  London,  May  17,  1729. 
A celebrated  English  divine  and  metaphysical 
writer,  son  of  an  alderman  of  Norwich.  He  was 
a graduate  of  Cambridge  (Caius  College),  and  was  succes- 
sively rector  of  Drayton,  near  Norwich ; of  St.  Bennet’s, 
London,  in  1706 ; and  of  St.  James’s,  Westminster,  in  1709. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  chaplains  of  Queen  Anne.  His  most 
celebrated  work  is  his  “Boyle  Lectures”  (1704-05),  pub- 
lished as  “ A Discourse  concerning  the  Being  and  Attri- 
butes of  God,  the  Obligations  of  Natural  Religion,  and  the 
Truth  and  Certainty  of  the  Christian  Revelation,  in  answer 
to  Mr.  Hobbes,  Spinoza,  etc.”  His  metaphysical  argu- 
ment for  the  existence  of  God  is  especially  famous,  and  he 
also  holds  a nigh  place  in  the  history  of  the  science  of 
ethics. 

Clarke,  William.  See  Clark. 

Clarke’s  River,  or  Clarke’s  Fork  of  the  Colum- 
bia River.  [Named  for  Captain  William  Clarke.] 
A river  iu  Montana,  Idaho,  and  Washington, 
formed  by  the  Bitter  Root  and  Flathead  rivers 
near  the  Horse  Plain,  Montana.  It  joins  the 
Columbia  in  lat.  49°  3'  N.  Total  length,  in- 
cluding head  stream,  about  700  miles. 
Clarke-Whitfield.  See  Whitfield. 

Clarkson  (klark'son),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Wis- 
beaeh,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  March  28, 
1760:  died  at  Playford  Hall,  near  Ipswich, 
England,  Sept.  26, 1846.  An  English  abolition- 
ist, occupied  as  pamphleteer  and  agitator  1786- 
1794.  He  wrote  a “ History  of  the  Abolition  of 
the  Slave  Trade”  (1808),  etc. 

Classis  (klas'is).  [L.]  See  the  quotation. 

The  town  of  Ravenna  was  already  three  miles  distant 
from  the  sea  (no  doubt  owing  to  a previous  alteration  of 
the  coast  line),  but  he  [Augustus]  improved  the  then  exist- 
ing harbour,  to  which  he  gave  the  appropriate  name  of 
Classis,  and  connected  it  with  the  old  town  by  a causeway, 
about  which  clustered  another  intermediate  town  called 
Ceesarca.  Classis,  then,  in  the  days  of  the  Roman  em- 
perors, was  a busy  port  and  arsenal  — Wapping  and  Chat- 


Classis 

Ham  combined  — capable  of  affording  anchorage  to  260 
vessels,  resounding  with  all  the  noises  of  men  “whose  cry 
is  in  their  ships.”  Go  to  it  now,  and  you  find  one  of  the 
loneliest  of  all  lonely  moors,  not  a house,  scarcely  a cot- 
tage in  sight : only  the  glorious  church  of  San  Apollinare 
in  Classe,  which,  reared  in  the  sixth  century  by  command 
of  Justinian,  still  stands,  though  the  bases  of  its  columns 
are  green  with  damp,  yet  rich  in  the  unfaded  beauty  of 
Its  mosaics.  Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  435. 

Clatsop  (klat'sop).  A tribe  of  the  Lower  Chi- 
nook division  of  North  American  Indians. 
They  formerly  lived  at  Cape  Adams,  on  the  south  side  of 
Columbia  River,  Oregon,  up  that  river  to  Tongue  Point, 
and  southward,  along  the  Pacific  coast,  nearly  to  Tillamook 
Head,  Oregon.  There  are  still  a few  survivors  residing 
about  six  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River 
in  Oregon,  and  also  a few  on  the  Grande  Roude  reserva- 
tion in  the  same  State.  See  Chinookan. 

Claude  (Mad;  F.  pron.  klod),  Jean.  [F.  Claude, 
from  L.  Claudius .]  Born  at  La  Sauvetat,  near 
Agen,  France,  1619 : died  at  The  Hague,  Nether- 
lands, Jan.  13, 1687.  A celebrated  French  Prot- 
estant clergyman  and  controversialist.  He  was 
pastor  of  La  Treyne,  then  at  Saint- Affrique,  and  then  at 
N lines  where  he  was  also  professor  of  theology,  and  in  1661 
was  prohibited  from  exercising  his  ecclesiastical  functions. 
In  1662  he  was  appointed  pastor  and  professor  of  theology 
at  Montauban,  but  was  suspended  in  1666.  He  retired  to 
Holland  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  His 
chief  work  is  a “Defense  de  la  reformation  ” (1673). 

Claude  d’ Abbeville  (klod  dab-vel').  Died  at 
Rouen,  1616.  A French  Capuchin,  a native  of 
Abbeville.  From  1612  to  1614  hewasa  missionary  in  the 
French  colony  of  Maranhao,  in  Brazil.  His  Histoire  de 
la  mission  des  peres  Capucins  en  lisle  de  Maragnan” 


lation  (Maranhao,  1874). 

Claude  Lorrain  (klad  lo-ran':  F.  pron.  klod  lo- 
rah')  (real  name,  Claude  Gelee  or  Gellee). 
Born  at  Chamagne,  Vosges,  France,  1600 : died 
at  Rome,  Nov.  21,  1682.  A celebrated  French 
landscape-painter.  Taken  in  1613  to  Rome  by  a rela- 
tive, he  went  thence  to  Naples,  where  he  spent  two  years  as 
a pupil  of  Godfrey  Wals,  a painter  from  Cologne.  From 
1619  to  1625  he  lived  in  Rome,  working  as  an  apprentice 
and  valet  to  Agosiino  Tassi,  who  was  employed  by  the 
Cardinal  di  Montalto  to  decorate  his  palace.  After  this 
he  returned  to  Lorraine  by  Venice  and  the  Tyrol.  At 
Nancy  he  found  employment  in  decorating  the  Chapelle 
des  Cannes,  for  Duke  Charles  III.,  with  figures  and  archi- 
tectural ornaments,  until  the  middle  of  the  year  1627, 
when  he  returned  to  Rome  to  remain  for  the  rest  of  his 
life.  By  1634  Claude  had  become  a celebrity  in  Rome,  and 
had  painted  many  pictures.  The  “ Liber  Veritatis,"  a col- 
lection of  two  hundred  outline  drawings  of  his  paintings 
(later  engraved  and  published)  was  begun  about  1634  and 
finished  March  25,  1675.  The  “Claude  Lorrain  mirror”  is 
so  called  from  the  fancied  similarity  of  its  effects  to  his 
pictures. 

Ciaudet  (Mo -da'),  Antoine  Francois  Jean. 

Born  at  Lyons,  France.  Aug.  12,  1797 : died  at 
London, Dec.  27, 1867.  A French  photographer, 
resident  in  London  after  1829 : noted  for  his 
improvements  and  inventions  in  photographic 
apparatus  and  processes. 

Claudia  (kla'di-a).  [L.,  fern,  of  Claudius.']  A 
common  Roman  female  name. 

Claudia  gens  (kla'di-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a plebeian  and  patrician  clan  or  house.  The 
patrician  Claudii  were  of  Sabine  origin,  and  came  to 
Rome  504  B.  c.  Their  surnames  were  Csecus,  Caudex, 
Centho,  Crassus,  Pulcher,  Regillensis,  and  Sabiuus.  The 
surnames  of  the  plebeian  Claudii  were  Asellus,  Canina, 
Centumalus,  Cicero,  Flamen,  and  Marcellus. 

Claudian  (Ma'di-an).  See  Claudianus. 

Claudianus  (Ma-di-a'nus),  Claudius.  Bom  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  probably  about  365  a.  d.  : 
died  about  408  (?).  A noted  Latin  poet.  He  was 
the  panegyrist  of  Stilicho,  Theodosius,  Honorius,  and 
others.  He  wrote  panegyrics,  epithalamia,  “De  raptu 
Proserpina;,”  etc. 

Claudia  Quinta  (kla'di-a  kwin'ta).  In  Roman 
legend,  a woman,  probably  the  sister  of  Appius 
Claudius  Pulcher.  In  206  b.  c.,  when  the  ship  con- 
veying the  image  of  Cybele  stuck  fast  in  a shallow  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tiber  and  the  soothsayers  announced  that 
only  a chaste  woman  could  move  it,  she  cleared  herself 
from  an  accusation  of  incontinency  by  stepping  forward 
from  among  the  matrons  who  had  accompanied  Scipio  to 
receive  the  image,  and  towing  the  vessel  to  Rome. 

Claudio  (kla'di-d).  1.  A young  Florentine  in 
love  with  Hero,  in  Shakspere’s  “Much  Ado 
about  Nothing.”  He  falls  too  easily  into  belief 
in  Hero’s  dishonor. — 2.  Tho  lover  of  Juliet  in 
Shakspere’s  ‘ ‘ Measure  for  Measure.”  According 
to  an  old  law,  newly  pat  in  force,  he  is  about  to  be  exe- 
cuted for  his  intercourse  with  her,  though  he  considers 
himself  her  husband.  He  is  saved  by  his  sister  Isabella. 

Claudius  (kl&' di-us)  I.  (Tiberius  Claudius 
Drusus  Nero  Germanicus).  [L.,  Game’;  It. 
Sp.  Claudio,  F.  Claude.]  Born  at  Lugdunum, 
Gaul,  Aug.  1,  10  B.  c. : died  54  a.  d.  Emperor 
of  Romo  41-54.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Tiberius 
Claudius  Nero  and  Livia,  who  afterward  married  Augustus, 
and  son  of  Drusus  and  Antonia,  the  daughter  of  Marc  An- 
tony. Being  feeble  in  mind  and  body,  he  was  excluded 
from  public  affairs  by  his  predecessor,  although  the  empty 
honor  of  a consulship  was  bestowed  on  him  in  37  by  his 
nephew  Cal  igula,  on  whose  murder  in  41  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  pretorian  guards.  Naturally  of  a mild  and 
C— 17 


267 

amiable  disposition,  his  accession  was  signalized  by  acts  of 
clemency  and  justice,  which,  however,  under  the  influence 
of  his  third  wife,  the  infamous  Valeria  Messalina,  and  his 
favorites,  thefreedmen  Narcissus,  Pallas,  and  others,  were 
subsequently  obscured  by  cruelty  and  bloodshed.  He  vis- 
ited Britain  in  43.  In  49,  after  the  execution  of  Messalina, 
who,  during  his  absence  at  Ostia,  had  contracted  a public 
marriage  with  Caius  Silus,  he  married  his  niece  Agrip- 
pina the  younger.  She  persuaded  him  to  set  aside  his  own 
son  Britannicus,  and  to  adopt  her  son  by  a former  mar- 
riage, L.  Domitius,  as  his  successor.  Repenting  of  this 
step  soon  after,  he  was  poisoned  by  Agrippina,  and  L. 
Domitius  ascended  the  throne  under  the  name  of  Nero. 
The  famous  Claudian  aqueduct  in  Rome  is  named  for 
him. 

Claudius  II.  (Marcus  Aurelius  Claudius, 
surnamed  Gothicus).  Born  in  Dardania  or 
Illyria,  214:  died  at  Sirmium,  Pannonia,  270 
A.  D.  Emperor  of  Rome  268-270.  He  defeated 
the  Alamanni  in  northern  Italy  in  268,  and  de- 
feated the  Goths  near  Naissus,  Moesia,  in  269. 

Claudius.  1.  The  King  of  Denmark  and  uncle 
of  Hamlet  in  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “ Hamlet.” — 
2.  A servant  of  Brutus  in  Shakspere’s  “Julius 
Caesar.” 

Claudius,  Appius,  surnamed  Cascus  (‘the 
Blind’).  Died,  after  280  B.  C.  A Roman  states- 
man. He  was  censor  312-308,  and  consul  307  and  296. 
He  commenced  the  Appian  Way  and  completed  the  Ap- 
pian  aqueduct.  From  him  Roman  jurisprudence,  oratory, 
grammar,  and  Latin  prose  date  their  beginning.  He 
abolished  the  limitation  of  the  full  right  of  citizenship  to 
landed  proprietors. 

Claudius  (klou'de-os),  Matthias.  Born  in 
Reinfeld,  in  Holstein,  Aug.  15,  1740:  died  at 
Hamburg,  Jan.  21,  1815.  A German  poet. 
He  studied  at  Jena,  and  settled  afterward  in  Wandsbeclc, 
near  Altona,  where,  under  the  name  of  Asmus,  he  pub- 
lished a weekly  periodical,  “Der  WandsbeckerBote.”  He 
was  the  author  of  numerous  lyrics,  some  of  which  have 
become  genuine  folk-songs.  A collection  of  his  works 
with  the  title  “Asmus  omnia  sua  secum  portans,  Oder 
Sammtliche  Werke  des  Wandsbecker  Boten  ” appeared  at 
Hamburg  1775-1812. 

Claudius  Crassus  (Ma'di-us  kras'us),  Appius. 
A Roman  consul,  decemvir  451-449  b.  c. 

Claudius  Nero.  See  Nero. 

Claudius  of  Turin.  Died  839.  A bishop  of 
Turin.  He  was  a Spaniard  by  birth,  was  a pupil  of 
Felix  of  Urgel,  and  was  appointed  bishop  of  Turin  by 
Louis  le  Diibonnaire  in  820.  He  denied  that  the  monastic 
vow  possessed  any  peculiar  merit,  that  Rome  was  the 
special  seat  of  penitence  and  absolution,  and  that  any 
special  power  of  loosing  and  binding  had  been  given  to 
Peter,  and  rejected  the  worship  of  images  and  relic3. 
Author  of  “ Apologeticum  atque  Rescriptum  adversus 
Theutmirum  Abbatem,"  no  copy  of  which  is  now  known 
to  exist. 

Claudius  Pulcher  (kla'di-us  pul'ker),  Appius. 
Died  in  Euboea,  46  b.  c.  A Roman  politician, 
brother  of  the  demagogue  Clodius. 

Claus  (klaz),  Santa.  See  Nicholas,  Saint. 

Clausel  (klo-zel'),  Bertrand,  Comte.  Born  at 
Mirepoix,  Allege,  France,  Dec.  12,  1772  : died 
at  Secourieu,  near  Toulouse,  France,  April  21, 
1842.  A marshal  of  France.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  especially  in  Spain  1810- 
1813,  aud  was  governor-general  of  Algeria  1835-37. 

Clausen  (klou'zen),  Henrik  Nikolai.  Bom 

at  Maribo,  Denmark,  April  22,  1793:  died  at 
Copenhagen,  March  28,  1877.  A Danish  theo- 
logian. He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Copenhagen 
1822-76,  and  state  councilor  1848-51.  His  works  include 
“Katholicismens  og  Protestantismens  Kirkeforfatnitig 
Lareog  Ritus”(1825,  “Church  Organization,  Doctrine,  and 
Ritual  of  Catholicism  and  Protestantism”),  etc. 

Clausenburg.  See  Elausenburg. 

Clausewitz  (klou'ze-vits),  Karl  von.  Born  at 
Burg,  Prussia,  June  1,  1780:  died  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Nov.  16,  1831.  A Prussian  officer  and 
military  writer.  He  wrote  “tibersicht  desFeldzugs 
von  1813,”  etc.  (1814),  “ Hinterlassene  Werke  ”(1832-37,  in- 
cluding “ Vom  Kriege,”  “Der  Feldzug  von  1796  in  ltal- 
ien,”  etc.). 

Clausius  (klou'ze-os), Rudolf  Julius  Emanuel. 

Born  at  Koslin,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  J an.  2, 1822: 
died  at  Bonn,  Aug.  24, 1888.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man physicist.  He  became  professor  of  physics  in  the 
University  of  Bonn  in  1869,  a post  which  he  retained  until 
his  death.  Author  of  “ Die  mechanische  Warmetheorie” 
(2d  ed.  1876-91),  “ Uber  das  Wesen  der  Warme  ” (1857),  and 
“ Die  Potentialfunktion  und  das  Potential  ” (1859). 

Clausthal,  or  Klausthal  (klous'tal).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated 
in  the  Harz  Mountains  44  miles  southeast  of 
Hannover.  It  is  noted  for  its  silver-  and  lead-mines, 
and  is  the  seat  of  the  mining  authorities  of  the  region. 
Population,  commune,  8,631. 

Claveret  (lclav-ra'),  Jean.  Born  at  Orleans, 
1590 : died  1666.  A French  poet,  chiefly  notable 
as  an  adversary  and  would-be  rival  of  Corneille. 
He  wrote  a “Lottre  contre  le  siour  Corneille, 
soi-disant  auteur  du  Cid,”  etc. 

Claverhouse,  John  Graham  of.  See  Graham, 
John. 

Clavifere  (klii-vyar'),  Etienne.  Born  at  Gene- 
va, Jan.  27,  1735:  died  Dec.  8,  1793.  A Revo- 


Clazomense 

lutionary  politician  and  financier,  French  min- 
ister of  finance  in  1792.  He  was  identified  with  the 
Girondins,  and  on  their  fall  was  accused  and  arrested  and 
brought  before  the  Revolutionary  tribunal.  He  commit- 
ted suicide  in  prison. 

Clavigero  (kla-ve-Ha'ro),  Francisco  Xavier 
( Saverio).  Born  at  V era  Cm  z,  1731 : died  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  1787.  A Mexican  Jesuit  historian. 
He  taught  rhetoric  and  philosophy  in  the  principal  Jesuit 
colleges  of  Mexico,  and  after  the  expulsion  of  his  order 
(1767)  founded  an  academy  at  Bologna.  His  “Storia  An- 
tica  del  Messico”  (Cesena,  1780)  includes  the  Aztec  period 
of  Mexican  history  and  the  conquest,  and  had  an  immediate 
and  wide  success.  It  was  translated  into  various  lan- 
guages. His  “ Storia  della  California  ” was  published  after 
his  death  (Venice,  1789). 

Clavigo  (kla-ve'gb).  A tragedy  by  Goethe,  pub- 
lished June  1, 1774.  See  Clavijo  y Fajardo,  Jose. 
Clavijo,  Don.  An  accomplished  cavalier  in 
“Don  Quixote,”  who  was  metamorphosed  into  a 
crocodile  and  was  disench anted  by  Don  Quixote . 
Clavijo,  Ruy  Gonzalez  de.  Bom  at  Madrid: 
died  at  Madrid,  1412.  A Spanish  diplomat 
and  traveler  in  the  Orient,  ambassador  of 
Henry  IH.  of  Castile  to  Tamerlane  1403-06. 
He  wrote  “Historia  del  gran  Tamerlan  6 Itin- 
erario,”  etc.  (printed  1582). 

Clavijo  y Fajardo  (kla-ve'Ho  e fa-nar'do), 
Jose.  Born  in  the  Canary  Islands  about 
1730 : died  at  Madrid,  1806.  A Spanish  offi- 
cial (curator  of  the  royal  archives),  journalist, 
and  translator  of  Buffon.  He  is  known  chiefly 
from  his  quarrel  (1764)  with  Beaumarchais  on  account 
of  the  latter’s  sister.  He  was  forced  to  sign  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  wrong-doing  which  cost  him  his  honor  and 
his  official  position.  He  was  made  the  subject  of  a tra- 
gedy by  Goethe.  See  Beaumarchais. 

Clavileno  (Ma-ve-lan'yo),  El  Allgero.  [Sp., 
‘ the  winged  pin-  (or  peg-)  timber.’]  The  wooden 
horse  used  by  Don  Quixote.  It  was  managed 
by  a wooden  pin  in  its  forehead. 

Clay  (kla),  Cassius  Marcellus.  Bom  at  White- 
hall, Madison  Co.,  Ky.,  Oct.  19, 1810:  died  there, 
July  22,  1903.  An  American  politician,  son  of 
General  Green  Clay.  He  was  an  antislavery  advocate, 
and  United  States  minister  to  Russia  1861-62  and  1863-69. 

Clay,  Clement  Claiborne.  Born  in  Madison 
County,  Ala.,  1819:  died  near  Huntsville,  Ala., 
Jan.  3, 1882.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  Alabama  1854-61, 
and  a Confederate  senator  and  secret  agent. 
Clay,  Green.  Born  in  Powhatan  County,  Va., 
Aug.  14,  1757 : died  Oct.  31,  1826.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  defended  Fort  Meigs  against 
a British  force  in  1813. 

Clay,  Henry.  Bom  in  Hanover  County,  near 
Richmond,  Va.,  April  12,  1777:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  June  29,  1852.  A celebrated 
American  statesman  and  orator.  He  was  United 
States  senator  from  Kentucky  1806-07  and  1810-11;  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1811-21  and  1823-25 
(serving  as  speaker  1811-14,  1815-20,  and  1823-25) ; was 
peace  commissioner  at  Ghent  in  1814  ; was  candidate  for 
the  Pi  esidency  in  1824 ; was  secretary  of  state  1825-29 ; was 
United  States  senator  1831-42  and  1849-52  ; was  Whig  can- 
didate for  the  Pr  esidency  in  1832  and  1844 ; was  the  chief  de- 
signer of  the  “ Missouri  Compromise  ” of  1820,  and  of  the 
compromise  of  1850;  and  was  the  author  of  (he  compro- 
mise tariff  of  1833.  Complete  works,  with  biography, 
edited  by  Colton  (1857). 

Clay,  James.  Born  at  London,  1805:  died  at 
Brighton,  England,  1873.  An  English  author- 
ity on  whist,  author  of  “A  Treatise  on  the 
Game  of  Whist  by  J.  C.,”  affixed  to  Baldwin’s 
“Laws  of  Short  Whist”  (1864).  He  was  a 
member  of  Parliament  from  1847  until  1873. 
Clayborne,  William.  See  Claiborne. 

Clay  Cross  (kla  kros).  A coal-  and  iron-min- 
ing center  in  Derbyshire,  England,  about  4 
miles  south  of  Chesterfield. 

Claypole  (kla/pol),  Noah.  Ml-.  Sowerberry’s 
apprentice,  a charity  hoy  and  afterward  a thief, 
a character  in  Charles  Dickens’s  ‘ ‘ Oliver  Twist.” 
He  marries  Charlotte,  Mrs.  Sowerberry’s  ser- 
vant. 

Clays  (Mas),  Paul  Jean.  Born  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium, Nov.  27,  1819:  died  at  Brussels,  Feb. 
9,  1900.  A Belgian  marine-painter,  pupil  of 
Gudin. 

Clayton  (kla 'ton),  John.  Born  at  Fulham, 
England,  1693:  died  in  Virginia,  Dec.  15,  1773. 
An  English-American  botanist.  The  genus 
Claytonia  was  named  in  his  honor. 

Clayton,  John  Middleton.  Born  at  Dagsbor- 
ough,  Sussex  County,  Del.,  July  24,  1796:  died 
at  Dover,  Del.,  Nov.  9,  1856.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Dela- 
ware  1829-37, 1846-49,  and  1851-66.  As  secretary  of  state, 
1849-50,  he  negotiated  the  liulwer-CTlayton  treaty. 
Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty.  See  Bulwer-Clayton 
Treaty. 

Clazomenae  (kla-zom'e-ne).  [Gr.  K hi^ofievaL] 
An  ancient  Ionian  city  of  Asia  Minor,  situated 


Clazomense 

about  20  miles  southwest  of  Smyrna,  near  the 
modern  Vnrla.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Anax- 
agoras. 

Cleante  (kla-ont').  [F.]  1.  The  lover  of  An- 

gfdique  in  Moliere’s  “Malade  Imaginaire.” — 2. 
The  brother-in-law  of  Orgon,  and  brother  of 
Elmire,  in  Moliere’s  “ Tartufe.”  He  is  as  genu- 
inely good  as  Tartufe  is  hypocritical. — 3.  The 
son  of  Harpagon  in  Moliere’s  “L’Avare.”  He 
is  in  love  with  Mariane. 

Cleanthe  (kle-an'the).  The  sister  of  Siphax 
in  Fletcher’s  “Mad  Lover.” 
Cleanthes(kle-an'thez).  [Gr.  K Xeavdr/g.]  Bom 
at  Assos,  Asia  Minor,  about  300  B.c. : died  at 
Athens  about  220.  A Greek  Stoic  philosopher, 
a disciple  and  the  successor  of  Zeno. 
Cleanthes.  1.  The  friend  of  Cleomenes,  and 
captain  of  Ptolemy’s  guard,  in  Dryden’s  tragedy 
“Cleomenes.” — 2.  The  son  of  Leonides  in 
‘ ‘ The  Old  Law,”  a play  by  Massinger,  Middle- 
ton,  and  Rowley:  a model  of  filial  piety  and 
tenderness. 

Cleanthis  (kle-an'this).  A waiting-woman  to 
Alcmena,  and  wife  of  Sosia,  in  Moliere’s  “ Am- 
hitryon.” 

ear  (kler),  Cape.  The  southernmost  point 
of  Ireland,  situated  on  the  island  of  Clear  in 
lat.  51°  26'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  W. 

Clearchus  (kle-ar'kus).  [Gr.  K/Ja/t^or.]  Born 
at  Sparta:  executed  by  Artaxerxes,  401  b.  c. 
A Lacedaemonian  general.  He  fought  under  Min- 
darus  at  the  battle  of  Cyzicus  410.  In  40s  his  tyrannous 
conduct  as  harmost  during  the  siege  of  Byzantium  by  the 
Athenians  led  to  the  surrender  of  the  city  by  the  inhabi- 
tants during  his  absence  in  Asia,  whither  he  had  gone  to 
collect  a force  to  raise  the  siege.  In  406  he  fought  under 
Callicratidas  at  the  battle  of  Arginus®.  After  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian war  he  persuaded  the  ephor  to  send  him  as 
general  to  Thrace  to  protect  the  Greeks  against  the  na- 
tives ; and,  having  proceeded  thither  in  spite  of  an  order 
for  his  recall  which  overtook  him  on  the  way,  was  con- 
demned to  death.  Defeated  by  a force  sent  against  him 
under  Panthoides,  he  fled  to  Cyrus  the  Younger,  under 
whom  he  commanded  a body  of  Greek  mercenaries  in  the 
expedition  against  Artaxerxes,  401.  After  the  battle  of 
Cunaxa,  in  which  Cyrus  was  killed,  he  was  treacherously 
seized,  with  four  other  Grecian  generals,  by  Tissaphernes 
at  a conference,  and  sent  to  Artaxerxes,  who  ordered  them 
to  be  put  to  death.  The  surviving  Greeks,  however,  hav- 
ing chosen  new  generals,  accomplished  the  famous  retreat 
known  as  the  “ltetreatof  the  Ten  Thousand.”  S eeXeno- 
plum,  Anabasis. 

Cleaveland.  See  Cleveland. 

Cleaveland  (klev'land),  Parker.  Born  at 
Rowley,  Mass.,  Jan.  15,  1780:  died  at  Bruns- 
wick, Maine,  Oct.  15,  1858.  An  American 
mineralogist.  He  was  professor  in  Bowdoin  College 
(Maine)  1805-58.  He  wrote  “Mineralogy  and  Geology” 
(1816),  etc. 

Cleaver  (lde'ver),  Fanny.  A deformed  little 
dolls’  dressmaker,  called  “Jenny  Wren,”  in 
Charles  Dickens’s  “Our  Mutual  Friend.”  “My 
back ’s  bad  and  my  legs  are  queer,”  is  her  frequent  excuse, 
and  she  always  describes  herself  with  dignity  as  “the 
person  of  the  house." 

Cleef  (klaf),  Jan  van.  Born  at  Venlo,  Nether- 
lands, 1646:  died  at  Ghent,  Belgium,  Dec.  18, 
1716.  A Flemish  painter. 

Cleef  (klaf),  or  Cleve,  Joostor  Joas  van.  Born 
at  Antwerp  about  1479:  died  about  1550.  A 
Flemish  portrait-painter,  surnamed  “Zotte” 
(‘crazy’).  He  died  insane. 

Cleishbotham  (klesh'boTH-am),  Jedediah. 
The  assumed  compiler  of  the  “Tales  of  My 
Landlord,”  by  Walter  Scott.  A “Peter  Pat- 
tieson”  is  credited  with  the  authorship. 
Cleisthenes(klIs'the-nez),or  Clisthenes(klis'- 
the-nez).  [Gr.  KXeiadevtic. ] An  Athenian  poli- 
tician, son  of  Megacles,  and  grandson  of  Cleis- 
thenes  of  Sicyon.  He  developed  in  a democratic 
spirit  the  constitution  of  Solon  (adopted  594  B.  c.)  by  sub- 
stituting ten  new  for  four  old  tribes,  with  a view  to  break- 
ing up  the  influence  of  the  land-owning  aristocracy,  the 
new  tribes  being  composed  not  of  contiguous  demes  or 
local  communities,  but  of  demes  scattered  about  the 
country  and  interspersed  with  those  of  other  tribes.  He 
was  expelled  in  507  by  Isagoras,  leader  of  the  aristocratic 
party,  aided  by  a Spartan  army  under  Cleomenes;  but 
was  recalled  in  the  same  year  by  the  populace,  which 
compelled  the  Spartans  to  withdraw  and  sent  Isagoras 
into  exile.  He  is  said  to  have  established  the  ostracism, 
or  power  of  the  sovereign  popular  assembly  to  decree, 
without  process  of  law,  by  means  of  a secret  ballot,  the 
banishment  of  any  citizen  who  endangered  the  public 
liberty. 

cieland  (kle'land),  John.  Born  1709:  died 
Jan.  23,  1789.  An  English  writer.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  notorious  novel  “Fanny  Hill,  or  the 
Memoirs  of  a Woman  of  Pleasure”  (1748-50),  and  “Me- 
moirs of  a Coxcomb”  (1751).  He  was  consul  at  Smyrna, 
and  in  1736  was  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company 
at  Bombay.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  wrote  for 
the  stage  and  also  dabbled  in  philology, 
cielia  (kle'li-a),  or  Cldlie  (kla-le').  A romance 
by  Mademoiselle  de  Scud6ry,  published  in  1656, 
named  from  its  heroine. 


258 

C16menceau  (kla-moh-so'),  Georges  Eugene 
Benjamin.  Born  Sept.  28,  1841.  A French 
radical  politician.  He  entered  the  National  Assem- 
bly in  1871,  and  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
in  1876.  In  1S87  he  declined  an  invitation  to  form  a min- 
istry. In  1902  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate,  and  in  1906 
he  was  appointed  to  the  ministry  of  the  interior,  and  he 
was  premier  Oct.,  1906-July,  1909.  He  has  published 
“South  America  of  To-day  ” (1911). 

Clemens  (klem'enz),  Samuel  Langhorne: 
pseudonym  Mark  Twain.  Born  at  Florida, 
Mo.,  Nov.  30,  1835:  died  at  Redding,  Conn., 
April  21,  1910.  A noted  American  humorist. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  a printer  at  the  age  of  thirteen  ; 
became  a pilot  on  the  Mississippi  in  1857 ; went  to  Ne- 
vada in  1861,  and  became  city  editor  of  the  “ Enterprise  ” 
in  Virginia  City  in  1862  ; removed  to  San  Francisco  in 
1865  ; visited  the  Sandwich  Islands  in  1866 ; and  traveled 
in  Europe  and  the  East  in  1867.  In  1884  he  established  at 
New  York  the  publishing-house  of  C.  L.  Webster  and  Co. 
His  works  include  “The  Innocents  Abroad"  (1869), 
“Roughing  it”(1872),  “ A Tramp  Abroad  " (1880),  “Jump- 
ing Frog,  etc.  ” (1867),  “The  Gilded  Age,” conjointly  with 
C.  D.  Warner  (1873 : this  has  been  successfully  drama- 
tized), “ Adventures  of  Tom  Sawyer  " (1876),  “ Adventures 
of  Huckleberry  Finn  ” (1884),  “ A Yankee  at  the  Court  of 
King  Arthur  ’ (1889),  “Pudd’nhead  Wilson"  (1893-94 
(serially)  and  1895),  “Personal  Recollections  of  Joan  of 
Arc "(1896),  “Following  the  Equator"  (1897),  “The  Man 
that  Corrupted  Hadleyburg  ” (1900),  “ The  Jumping  Frog  ” 
(1903),  “Extracts  from  Adam’s  Diary"  (1904),  “A  Dog’s 
Tale ”(1904),  “Editorial  Wild  Oats”  (1905),  “Eve’s  Diary” 
(1906),  “The  $30,000  Bequest”  (1906),  “A  Horse’s  Tale" 
(1907),  “Christian  Science”  (1907),  “Is  Shakespeare 
Dead  ? ” (1909),  etc. 

Clement  (klem  ' ent)  I.,  Saint : also  called 
Clemens  Romaiius  (kle  ' menz  ro  -ma ' nus) 
(‘the  Roman’).  Lived  in  the  1st  century 
A.  D. : died  probably  about  100.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  the  third  bishop  of  Rome 
after  St.  Peter.  Nothing  is  known  with  certainty 
concerning  his  personal  history,  except  that  he  was  a 
prominent  presbyter  of  the  Christian  congregation  at 
Rome  immediately  after  the  apostolical  age.  He  is  by 
some  identified  with  the  Clement  mentioned  by  Paul  in 
Phil.  iv.  3 as  his  fellow-laborer,  by  others  with  the  con- 
sul Flavius  Clemens  who  was  put  to  death  by  Domitian 
on  a charge  of  atheism.  Tradition  has  reckoned  him 
among  the  martyrs;  but  according  to  Eusebius  and 
Jerome,  he  died  a natural  death  in  the  third  year  of  the 
reign  of  Trajan.  Numerous  writings,  most  of  which  are 
evidently  spurious,  have  been  attributed  to  him.  The 
most  celebrated  among  these  are  two  “Epistles  to  the 
Corinthians,”  which  were  held  in  the  greatest  esteem  by 
the  early  Christians.  They  disappeared  from  the  Western 
Church  after  the  5th  century,  and  were  rediscovered  in  the 
Codex  Alexandrinus  (a  present  from  Cyrillus  Lucaris  to 
Charles  I.)  by  Patricius  Junius  (Patrick  Young),  who 
published  them  at  Oxford  in  1633.  Another  MS.  was  dis- 
covered by  Philotheos  Bryennios  in  the  convent  library 
of  the  patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  and  published  in  1S75. 

Clement  II.  (Suidger).  Died  at  Pesaro,  Italy, 
Oct.  9,  1047.  Pope  1046-47. 

Clement  III.(Guibert).  Died  at  Ravenna, Italy, 
1100.  An  archbishop  of  Ravenna,  elected  pope 
(antipope),  through  the  influence  of  the  emperor 
Henry  IV.,  in  1080.  After  having  been  expelled  from 
Rome,  he  made  his  submission  to  Paschal  II.  in  1099. 

Clement  III.  (Paolo  Scolari).  Born  at  Rome. 
Died  March,  1191.  Pope  1187-91.  He  preached 
the  third  Crusade  against  the  Saracens,  who  under  Saladin 
had  retaken  Jerusalem,  Oct.  3,  1187. 

Clement  IV.  (Guy  Foulques).  Bom  at  St.Gilles 
on  the  Rhone,  France:  died  at  Viterbo,  Italy, 
Nov.  29,  1268.  Pope  1265-68.  He  held  a high  po- 
sition at  the  court  of  Louis  IX.,  when  the  death  of  his  wife 
led  him  to  enter  the  church.  He  became  bishop  of  Puy 
1256,  archbishop  of  Narbonne,  1259,  cardinal  1261,  and  was 
on  a journey  to  England  as  papal  legate  when  he  was  ele- 
vated to  the  see  of  Rome,  1265.  He  favored  Charles  of 
Anjou  in  his  conquest  of  Naples,  which  had  been  granted 
to  Charles  by  the  preceding  pontiff,  Urban  IV. 

Clement  V.  (Bertrand  d’Agoust).  Born  near 
Bordeaux,  France,  about  1264 : died  at  Roque- 
maure,  in  Languedoc,  France,  April  20,  1314. 

, Pope  1305—14.  He  was  elected  through  the  influence 
of  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  to  please  whom  he  removed 
the  papal  residence  to  Avignon  in  1309,  and  dissolved  the 
order  of  Templars  in  1312. 

Clement  VI.  (Pierre  Roger).  Born  at  Mau- 
mont,  France,  1291 : died  at  Villeneuve  d’ Avi- 
gnon, France,  Dec.  6, 1352.  Pope  1342-52.  He 

established  thejubilee  for  every  fifty  years,  and  purchased 
Avignon  in  1348.  During  his  pontificate  Cola  di  Rienzl 
attempted  to  reestablish  the  republic  at  Rome. 

Clement  VII.  (Count  Robert  of Geneva).  Born 
about  1342 : died  at  Avignon,  Sept.,  1394.  An 
antipope  elected  1378  in  opposition  to  Urban 
VI. 

Clement  VII.  (Giulio  de’  Medici).  Born  at 
Florence  about  1475 : died  at  Rome,  Sept.,  1534. 
Pope  1523-34.  He  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Giuliano 
de’  Medici,  and  cousin  of  Leo  X He  entered  into  a league 
witli  France,  Venetia,  and  Milan  against  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  and  in  1527  Rome  was  stormed  and  sacked  by 
the  troops  of  the  constable  de  Bourbon  and  Clement  made 
prisoner.  He  was  released  and  fled  to  Oryieto  Dec.  9, 
1527,  but  concluded  a peace  with  Charles  in  1629,  and 
crowned  him  emperor  at  Bologna  in  1630.  He  forbade 
(1634)  the  divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England  from  Catha- 
rine of  Aragon. 


Clement’s  Inn 

Clement  VIII.  (Algidius  Nunos).  Antipope 
1424-29.  He  resigned  in  1429,  thus  terminat- 
ing the  great  Western  schism. 

Clement  VIII.  (Ippolito  Aldobrandini).  Born 
at  Fano,  Italy,  1536 : died  March  5, 1605.  Pope 
1592-1605.  He  absolved  Henry  IV.  of  France  in 
1595,  and  ordered  a revised  edition  (the  “ Clem- 
entine”) of  the  Vulgate  in  1592. 

Clement  IX.  (Giulio  Rospigliosi).  Bom  at 
Pistoja,  Italy,  1600 : died  Dec.  9,  1669.  Pope 
1667-69.  He  mediated  in  1668  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle  between  Louis  XIV.  and  Spain,  and  the  “Pax  Cle- 
mentina,”  which  brought  the  Jansenist  controversy  to  a 
temporary  conclusion. 

Clement  X.  (Emilio  Altieri).  Bom  at  Rome, 
July  13,  1590 : died  July  22,  1676.  Pope  1670-76. 
He  was  eighty  years  old  at  his  election,  and  was  completely 
under  the  inliuence  of  his  relative  Cardinal  Paluzzi.  Dur- 
ing his  pontificate  commenced  the  controversy  with  Louis 
XIV.  concerning  the  enjoyment,  during  vacancy,  of  epis 
copal  revenues  and  benefices,  and  the  right  of  appoint- 
ment to  such  vacancies. 

Clement  XI.  (Giovanni  Francesco  Albani). 

Born  at  Pesaro,  Italy,  July  22, 1649:  died  March 
19,  1721.  Pope  1700-21.  He  was  at  war  with  the 
emperor  Joseph  I.  1708-09,  and  published  bulls  directed 
against  the  Jansenists : “ V ineam  Domini  ”(1705)  and  “ Uni- 
genitus  ” (1713). 

Clement  XII.  (Lorenzo  Corsini).  Born  1652 : 
died  Feb.  6,  1740.  Pope  1730-40.  He  con- 
demned the  Freemasons  in  1738. 

Clement  XIII.  (Carlo  della  Torre  di  Rezzoni- 

co).  Born  at  Venice,  March,  1693:  died  Feb., 
1769.  Pope  1758-69.  He  was  elected  through  the 
influence  of  the  Jesuits,  in  whose  favor  he  issued  a bull  on 
their  expulsion  from  Portugal  and  France.  In  1768  the 
French  seized  Avignon,  and  the  Neapolitans  Benevento. 

Clement  XIV.  (Giovanni  Vincenzo  Antonio 
Ganganelli).  Born  at  St.  Arcangelo,  near 
Rimini,  Italy,  Oct.  31,  1705:  died  Sept.  22, 1774. 
Pope  1769-74.  He  suppressed  the  order  of  Jesuits  by 
the  brief  “Dominus  ac  Redemptor  noster”  (1773),  and 
founded  the  Clementine  Museum  at  the  Vatican. 

Clement  (kla-mon'),  Francois.  Born  at  Beze, 
near  Dijon,  France,  1714:  died  March,  1793.  A 
French  historian,  a Benedictine  of  Saint-Maur. 
He  compiled  from  the  tables  of  Maurice  d’ Antine  the  im- 
portant chronological  work  “ L’Art  de  verifier  les  dates 
des  faits  historiques  depuis  la  naissance  de  Jesus-Christ  ” 
(new  revised  and  improved  edition  1784-87). 

Clement,  Jacques,  called  Clemens  non  Papa 

to  distinguish  him  from  Pope  Clement  VH. 
Died  before  1558.  A once  celebrated  Flemish 
composer,  principally  of  sacred  music:  ehief 
chapel-master  to  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
Clement,  Jacques.  Born  at  Sorbon,  Ardennes, 
France,  about  1565 : killed  at  St.  Cloud,  France, 
July31,1589.  A fanatical  monk  whoassassinated 
Henry  in.,  with  the  consent  and  aid  of  his  re- 
ligious superior  and  other  members  of  the 
“League,”  Aug.  1,  1589.  He  was  slain  on  the 
spot,  and  was  honored  as  a martyr  by  the 
church. 

C16ment,  Jean  Pierre.  Bom  at  Draguignan, 
Var,  France,  June  2,  1809:  died  at  Paris,  Nov. 
8,  1870.  A French  political  economist  and  his- 
torian, member  of  the  French  Institute.  His 
works  include  “Histoire  de  la  vie  et  de  l’administration 
de  Colbert”  (1846),  “Le  gouvernement  de  Louis  XIV.” 
(1848),  “Jacques  Cceur  et  Charles  VII."  (1853),  etc. 

Clement,  Justice.  A city  magistrate  in  Ben 
Jonson’s  “Every  Man  in  his  Humour.” 
Clement  (kla'ment),  Knut  Jungbohn.  Bora 
in  Amrum,  Schleswig,  Dec.  4, 1803 : died  at  Ber- 
gen, N.  J.,  Oct.  7,  1873.  A Danish  historian, 
resident  in  the  United  States  after  1866.  He 
wrote  “Die  nordgermanische  Welt”  (1840), 
“Die  Lebens-  und Leidensgeschichte  der  Frie- 
sen”  (1845),  etc. 

Clement  (klem'ent)  of  Alexandria  (Titus 
Flavius  Clemens).  Born,  probably  at  Athens, 
about  150  a.  d.  : died  in  Palestine  about  220. 
A father  of  the  primitive  church,  head  of  the 
catechetical  school  at  Alexandria  190-203,  and 
one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  founders  of  the 
Alexandrian  school  of  theology. 

Clement  of  Rome.  See  Clement  I.,  Bishop  of 
Rome. 

Clementi  (kla-men'te),  Muzio.  Bom  at  Rome, 
1752 : died  at  Evesham,  March  9,  1832.  An 
Italian  pianist  and  composer,  resident  in 
England  after  about  1766.  His  principal  work 
is  a series  of  piano  studies,  “ Gradus  ad  Par- 
nassum”  (1817). 

Clementina  (klem-en-te'na),  Lady.  An  Italian 
lady  passionately  in  love  with  Sir  Charles  Gran- 
dison,  in  Richardson’s  novel  of  that  name.  When 

she  fears  that  her  relatives  will  separate  her  from  him, 
she  takes  the  decided  step  of  going  mad.  Sir  Charles,  how- 
ever, marries  Miss  Byron. 

Clement’s  Inn.  An  inn  of  court  in  London, 
situated  at  the  entrance  of  Wych  street,  at  the 


. Clement’s  Inn 

west  of  the  New  Law  Courts.  It  was  formerly  in- 
tended for  the  use  of  patients  who  came  to  use  the  wa- 
ters of  St.  Clement’s  Well,  which  was  near.  Dugdale 
speaks  of  it  as  being  in  existence  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
II,  as  an  inn  of  chancery.  Shakspere  speaks  of  it  as  the 
home  of  “Master  Shallow.”  It  has  recently  been  rebuilt 
and  is  the  home  of  the  Fabian  Society,  the  Playgoers' 
Club,  and  other  non-legal  societies. 

Clennell  (klen'el),  Luke.  Bom  at  Ulgham, 
near  Morpeth,  Northumberland,  England, 
April  8,  1781 : died  Feb.  9,  1840.  An  English 
painter  and  wood-engraver,  an  apprentice  and 
pupil  of  Thomas  Bewick. 

Cleobis  (kle'o-bis).  [Gr.  Kteo&ig.]  See  Biton. 
Cleobulus(kle-o-buTus).  [Gr.  K/led/loUiOf.]  Born 
at  Lindus,  Rhodes : died  probably  after  560  b.  c. 
One  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece,  the  reputed 
author  of  various  riddles  and  songs. 

Cleofas  (kle'6-fas),  Don.  A high-spirited  Span- 
ish student  in  lie  Sage’s  novel  “ Le  cliable  boi- 
teux.”  Asmodeus  exhibits  to  him  the  fortunes  of  the 
inmates  of  the  houses  of  Madrid  by  unroofing  them.  See 
Asmodeus  and  Diable  boiteux,  Le. 

Cleomades  (kla-6-ma-das'),  Adventures  of. 

An  early  French  poem  (about  the  end  of  the 
13th  century),  also  known  as  “ Le  cheval  de 
fust”  (‘the  Wooden  Horse’),  by Aden^s  le  Roi. 
Its  central  incident  is  the  introduction  of  a wooden  horse, 
like  thatin the  “Arabian  Nights, "which transportsits rider 
whithersoever  he  wishes  to  go.  The  poem,  notwithstand- 
ing its  length  (20,000  lines),  enjoyed  very  great  popularity. 

GieombrotUS  (kle-om'bro-tus)  I.  [Gr.  K Xed/ifipo- 
rof.]  Killed  at  Leuctra,  371  B.C.  A king  of 
Sparta  380-371.  He  waged  war  with  the  The- 
bans, and  was  defeated  by  them  at  Leuctra. 
Cleomedes  (kle-o-me'dez).  [Gr.  A 

Greek  astronomer  whose  birthplace,  residence, 
and  era  are  unknown.  He  wrote  a treatise  on  astron- 
omy and  cosmography,  entitled  “ The  Circular  Theory  of 
the  Heavenly  Bodies,”  in  which  he  maintains  that  the 
earth  is  spherical,  that  the  number  of  the  fixed  stars  is 
infinite,  and  that  the  moon’s  rotation  on  its  axis  is  per- 
formed in  the  same  time  as  its  synodical  revolution  about 
the  earth.  His  treatise  contains  also  the  first  notice  of 
the  theory  of  atmospherical  refraction. 

Cleomenes  (kle-om'e-nez)  I.  [Gr.  K teo/ievyc.] 
King  of  Sparta  from  about  519-491  b.  c.  He  ex- 
pelled Hippias  from  Athens  in  510. 

Cleomenes  III.  King  of  Sparta  236-220  B.  C. 

He  abolished  the  ephorate225,  waged  war  with  the  Achsean 
League  and  Macedonia  225-221,  and  was  defeated  at  Sel- 
lasia  221. 

Cleomenes.  A Sicilian  noble  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Winter's  Tale.” 

Cleomenes,  or  The  Spartan  Hero.  A play  by 
Dryden.  Part  of  the  fifth  act  is  by  Southerne. 
It  was  acted  in  1692. 

Cleon  (kle'on).  [Gr.  KMuv.]  Killed  at  Am- 
phipolis,  Maeedon,  422  b.  c.  An  Athenian  dem- 
agogue. Coming  forward  shortly  after  the  death  of 
Pericles  as  leader  of  the  democratic  party,  he  violently  op- 
posed Nicias,  the  head  of  the  aristocratic  party,  who  ad- 
vocated peace  with  Sparta  and  the  conclusion  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian war.  Having  conducted  a successful  expedition 
against  the  Spartans  at  Pylos  in  425,  he  was  in  422  intrusted 
with  the  command  of  an  expedition  destined  to  act  against 
Brasidas  in  Chalcidice.  He  was  defeated  by  the  latter  at 
Amphipolis,  and  fell  in  the  flight.  He  was  satirized  by 
Aristophanes  in  the  “Knights”  (425),  and  in  other  plays. 
Cleon.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Pericles,”  the  governor 
of  Tharsus,  burned  to  death  to  revenge  the 
supposed  murder  of  Marina, 
cieonte  (kla-ont').  The  lover  of  Lucille  in 
MoliSre’s  comedy  “ Le  bourgeois  gent.ilhomme.” 
Cleopatra  (kle-o-pa'tra).  [Gr.K/Uo7rarpa.]  Born 
at  Alexandria,  Egypt, ’69  b.  o.  : died  at  Alexan- 
dria, 30  b.  C.  The  last  queen  of  Egypt,  daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy  Auletes.  She  was  joint  ruler  with 
her  brother  Ptolemy  from  62  to  49,  when  she  was  ex- 
pelled by  him.  Her  reinstatement  in  48  by  Csesar  gave 
rise  to  war  between  Csesar  and  Ptolemy.  The  latter  was 
defeated  and  killed,  and  his  younger  brother  was  elevated 
to  the  throne  in  his  stead.  Cleopatra  lived  with  Csesar 
at  Rome  from  46  to  44,  and  had  by  him  a son,  Csesarion, 
who  was  afterward  put  to  death  by  Octavianii3.  She  re- 
turned to  Egypt  on  the  murder  of  Csesar,  and  in  the  civil 
war  which  ensued  sided  with  the  Triumvirate.  Antony 
having  been  appointed  ruler  of  Asia  and  the  East,  she 
visited  him  at  Tarsus  in  41,  making  a voyage  of  extraordi- 
nary splendor  and  magnificence  up  the  Cydnus.  She 
gained  by  her  charms  a complete  ascendancy  over  him. 
On  her  account  he  divorced  his  wife  Octavia,  the  sister  of 
Octavianus,  in  32.  Octavianus  declared  war  against  her 
in  3L  The  fleet  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra  was  defeated  in 
the  same  year  at  the  battle  of  Actions,  which  was  decided 
by  the  flight  of  Cleopatra,  who  was  followed  by  Antony. 
After  the  death  of  Antony,  who  killed  himself  on  hearing 
a false  report  of  her  death,  she  poisoned  herself  to  avoid 
being  exhibited  in  Rome  at  the  triumph  of  Octavianus. 
According  to  the  popular  belief,  she  applied  to  her  bosom 
an  ?.sp  that  had  been  secretly  conveyed  to  her  in  a basket 
of  figs.  She  had  three  children  by  Antony.  Besides  ex- 
traordinary charms  of  person,  she  possessed  an  active  and 
cultivated  mind,  and  is  said  to  have  been  able  to  converse 
in  seven  languages.  Shakspere’s  portrait  of  her  in  his 
“Antony  and  Cleopatra”  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
of  his  creations. 

If  Cleopatra’s  death  had  been  caused  by  any  serpent,  the 
small  viper  would  rather  have  been  chosen  than  the  large 
asp ; but  the  story  is  disproved  by  her  having  decked  her- 


259 

self  in  “the  royal  ornaments,"  and  being  found  dead 
“without  any  mark  of  suspicion  of  poison  on  her  body.” 
Death  from  a serpent’s  bite  could  not  have  been  mistaken  ; 
and  her  vanity  would  not  have  allowed  her  to  choose  one 
which  would  have  disfigured  her  in  so  frightful  a manner. 
Other  poisons  were  well  understood  and  easy  of  access, 
and  no  boy  would  have  ventured  to  carry  an  asp  in  a bas- 
ket of  figs,  some  of  which  he  even  offered  to  the  guards 
as  he  passed  ; and  Plutarch  (Vit.  Anton.)  shows  that  the 
story  of  the  asp  was  doubted.  Nor  is  the  statue  carried 
in  Augustus’  triumph  which  had  an  asp  upon  it  any  proof 
of  his  belief  in  it,  since  that  snake  was  the  emblem  of 
Egyptian  royalty ; the  statue  (or  the  crown)  of  Cleopatra 
could  not  have  been  without  one,  and  this  was  probably 
the  origin  of  the  whole  story.  [G.  W.] 

Jlawlinson,  Herod.,  II.  123,  note. 

Cleopatra’s  Needles.  A pair  of  Egyptian  obe- 
lisks of  pink  granite  which  were  transported' 
from  Heliopolis  to  Alexandria  in  the  eighteenth 
year  of  Augustus.  One  of  them  was  taken  to  London 
and  set  up  on  the  Thames  embankment  in  1878,  and  the 
other  was  soon  after  brought  to  New  York  aDd  erected  in 
Central  Park.  The  latter  is  67  feet  high  to  its  sharp  apex, 
and  7 feet  7 inches  in  diameter  at  the  base.  It  stands  on 
a massive  cube  of  granite,  on  which  it  is  supported  by  four 
great  bronze  crabs,  imitating  the  ancient  originals.  It 
is  covered  on  all  its  faces  with  deeply  incised  hieroglyphs, 
which  present  the  names  of  Thothmes  III.,  P.ameses  II., 
and  Seti  II.  (16th-14th  centuries  B.  C.). 

CMopatre  (kla-d-pa'tr).  A play  by  Sardou 
(with  Moreau).  It  was  written  for  Sarah  Bern- 
hardt, and  produced  in  1890. 

Cieophon  (kle'o-fon).  [Gr.  K Xeoijtojv.]  Died  405 
B.  c.  An  Athenian  demagogue,  said  to  have 
been  of  Thracian  origin . He  opposed  the  oligarchical 
party,  and  successfully  used  his  iufluence  to  prevent  peace 
with  Sparta  after  the  battles  of  Cyzicus  (410),  Arginusse 
(406),  and  Aigospotami  (405).  He  was  put  to  death  in 
405  by  the  Athenian  council. 

Cleopolis  (kle-op'o-lis).  A name  given  by 
Spenser  in  his  “Faerie  Queene”  to  the  city  of 

London. 

Clerc,  Jean  Le.  See  Le  Clerc,  Jean. 

Clerc  (klar),  Laurent.  Bom  at  La.  Balme, 
Isere,  France,  Dec.  26, 1785  : died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  July  18,  1869.  A deaf-mute,  one  of  the 
founders,  with  Gallaudet,  of  the  asylum  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartford  in  1817. 

Clerfayt  (kler-fa/),  or  Clairfait,  Comte  de 
(Francois  Sebastien  Charles  Joseph  de 
Crois).  Born  at  Bruille,  Hainaut,  Low  Coun- 
tries, Oct.  14,  1733:  died  at  Vienna,  July  19, 
1798.  An  Austrian  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Turkish  war  1788-91,  and  at  Aldenhoven  and 
Neerwinden  1793,  and  defeated  Jourdan  at  Hochst  Oct. 
11,  1795. 

Clericis  Laicos  (kler'i-sis  la'i-kos).  The  open- 
ing words  of  a bull  published  by  Pope  Boniface 
VHI.  F eb.  25,  1296.  It  forbade  the  clergy  to  pay  taxes 
on  church  property  without  the  consent  of  the  Holy  See. 
It  was  abrogated  by  Clement  V.  in  1311. 

Clerigo  (kla're-go).  [Sp.,  ‘clergyman.’]  The 
name  by  which  Bartolomd  de  las  Casas  speaks 
of  himself  in  his  writings.  The  term  is  often 
applied  to  him  by  Spanish  and  English  histo- 
rians. 

Clerimond  (kler'i-mond).  The  sister  of  Fer- 
ragus  the  giant  in  “Valentine  and  Orson.”  She 
marries  Valentine. 

Clerimont  (kler'i-mont).  1.  A gay  friend  of 
Sir  Dauphine  in  Ben  Jonson’s  “Epiecene,  or  the 
Silent  Woman.” — 2.  The  lover  of  Clarinda  in 
Cibber’s  comedy  “ The  Double  Gallant.”  He 
assists  Atall  and  Careless  in  their  schemes. 

Clerk  (klark),  John.  [For  the  surname  Cleric, 
see  Clark.']  Born  at  Penicuik,  Scotland,  Dec. 
10,  1728 : died  at  Eldin,  near  Edinburgh,  May 
10,  1812.  A Scottish  merchant  of  Edinburgh. 
He  was  the  author  of  an  “Essay  on  Naval  Tactics  ” (1790  : 
second  and  third  parts  1797)  which  gave  rise  to  a heated 
controversy,  due  to  the  claim  of  the  author,  supported  by 
Professor  Playfair  and  others,  that  his  plans  (which  were 
circulated  in  manuscript  before  publication)  had  been 
adopted  by  Admiral  Rodney  at  Dominica,  April  12,  1782. 

Clerke  (klark),  Charles.  Born  1741 : died  in 
Kamchatka,  Aug.  22,  1779.  A British  navi- 
gator. Fie  served  with  Cook,  and  commanded 
the  squadron  after  Cook’s  death  in  1779. 

Clerkeirwell  (kler'ken-wel).  [‘Clerks’  well’; 
L . fons  clericorum : so  called  because  it  was  a 
place  of  assembly  of  the  parish  clerks  of  Lon- 
don.] A district  in  London  lying  north  of  the 
city  proper.  It  formerly  bore  an  evil  reputation.  Clerk- 
enwell  Green  was  in  the  17th  century  surrounded  by  fine 
mansions,  and,  among  many  other  noted  men,  Isaac  Wal- 
ton lived  there.  Population  of  civil  parish,  63,704. 

Clerk-Maxwell  (kliirk-maks'wel),  James. 
Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  13,  1831:  died  Nov.  5, 
1879.  A celebrated  Scotch  physicist.  He  was 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  Marisclial  College, 
Aberdeen,  1856-60 ; was  professor  of  physics  and  astron- 
omy in  King’s  College,  London,  1860-65 ; and  became  pro- 
fessor of  experimental  physics  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1871.  His  works  include  “Essay  on  the  Stability 
of  Motion  of  Saturn’s  Rings”  (1857),  “Theory  of  Heat” 
(1871),  “Electricity  and  Magnetism ’’  (1873),  “ Matter  and 
Motion  ’’  (1876),  etc. 


Cleveland,  John 

Clerk’s  Tale,  The.  A tale  told  by  the  Oxford 
student  in  Chaucer's  “Canterbury  Tales.”  It 
is  founded  upon  Boccaccio’s  story  of  Griselda 
(which  see). 

Clermont  (kler-moh').  A former  county  in 
France,  in  the  government  of  Ile-de-France.  It 
was  situated  north  of  Paris.  Capital,  Cler- 
mont-en-Beauvoisis. 

Clermont,  Council  of.  A council  (1095)  con- 
vened by  Pope  Urban  II.  at  Clermont-Ferrand. 
It  was  attended  by  4 archbishops,  225  bishops,  and  an  im- 
mense number  of  lower  clergy  and  laity.  It  proclaimed 
the  first  Crusade,  forbade  the  investiture  of  bishops  by 
the  laity  and  the  assumption  of  feudal  obligations  to  lay- 
men by  the  clergy,  and  excommunicated  Philip  I.  of 
France,  who  had  repudiated  his  queen  Bertha,  daughter 
of  Robert  the  Friesian,  and  espoused  Bertrada,  the  wife  of 
Fulk  of  Anjou. 

Clermont,  The.  The  steamboat  used  by  Rob- 
ert Fulton  on  bis  first  trip  from  New  York  to 
Albany  in  1807,  in  the  beginning  of  steam  navi- 
gation. 

Clermont  d’Ambois.  See  Ambois,  d’. 
Clermont-de-1’ Oise  (kler-moh  'de-lwaz'),  or 
Clermont-en-Beauvaisis  (-oh-bo-vwa-ze').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Oise,  France,  35 
miles  north  of  Paris.  It  is  noted  for  its  ancient 
hotel  de  ville,  also  for  its  castle,  and  Church  of  St.  Sam- 
son. Population,  commune,  5,488. 

Clermont-Ferrand  (kler  - mbn ' fe  - ron '),  or 
Clermont.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Puy-de-D0me,  France,  in  lat.  45°  46'  N.,  long. 
3°  6'  E. : the  Gallic  Augnstonemetum  (later 
Averni),  the  chief  town  of  the  region  after 
the  overthrow  of  Gergovia.  The  first  Crusade  was 
preached  here  at  the  council  in  1095.  The  town  was  the 
birthplace  of  Gregory  of  Tours  (?),  Pascal,  and  Delille.  It 
contains  a museum,  a university,  the  Church  of  N6tre- 
Dame-du-Port  (Romanesque),  and  a Gothic  cathedral  of 
the  13th  century,  built  in  a pure  Northern  style.  The 
north  portal  bears  excellent  sculptures,  and  both  tran- 
septs possess  fine  roses.  The  vaulting  of  the  nave  is  over 
100  feet  high,  and  the  glass  is  of  great  beauty.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  58,363. 

Clermont-L’Herault  (kler-mon'la-ro'),  or 
Ciermont-de-Lodeve  (-de-lo-dav').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Herault,  in  southern 
France,  23  miles  west  of  Montpellier.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  5,140. 

Clery  (kla-re'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Jardy, 
near  Versailles,  France,  May  11, 1759:  died  at 
Hietzing,  near  Vienna,  May  27,  1809.  An  at- 
tendant of  Louis  XVI.  in  his  captivity,  1792- 
1793.  He  published  a “ Journal  ” (1798). 
Clesinger  (kla-zah-zha'),  Jean  Baptiste  Au- 
guste. Born  at  Besan§on,  France,  Oct.  22, 
1814:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1883.  A French 
sculptor.  His  works  include  “Girl  Bitten  by 
a Serpent”  (1847),  “Cleopatra  before  Csesar” 
(1869),  etc. 

Clevedon  (klev'don).  A watering-place  in 
Somersetshire,  England,  west  of  Bristol  on  the 
Bristol  Channel.  Population,  5,900. 
Cleveland  (klev'land).  A mountainous  district 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, noted  principally  for  its  iron-mines  and 
foundries. 

Cleveland.  A lake  port,  capital  of  Cuyahoga 
County,  Ohio,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Cuyahoga  River  and  on  Lake  Erie  in  lat.  41° 
31'  N.,  long.  81°  42'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
State,  a great  railroad  and  steamboat  center,  and  the 
seat  of  Adelbert  College  and  of  the  Case  School.  Its  chief 
export  is  coal,  and  it  has  large  iron  and  steel  manufactures 
and  oil-refineries.  It  was  settled  in  1796,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  a city  in  1835.  Population,  500,663,  (1910). 

Cleveland,  Captain  Clement.  The  pirate  in 

Scott’s  novel  of  that  name. 

Cleveland,  Charles  Dexter.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Dec.  3,  1802 : died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  18, 1869.  An  American  author  and  edu- 
cator. He  published  a “Compendium  of  Eng- 
lish Literature”  (1850),  a “Compendium  of 
American  Literature  ” (1858),  etc. 

Cleveland,  Duchess  of.  See  Villiers,  Barbara. 
Cleveland,  (Stephen)  Grover.  Born  at  Cald- 
*well,  N.  J.,  March  18, 1837 : died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  June  24,  1908.  An  American  states- 
man, President  of  the  United  States  1885-89 
ana  1893-97 . ne  was  assistant  districtattorney  of  Erie 
County  (N.  Y.)  1863-66  ; was  sheriff  of  Erie  County  1871-74  ; 
was  Democratic  mayor  of  Buffalo  in  1882  ; was  elected  as 
Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  New  York  in  1882  ; 
served  as  governor  188:1-84  ; was  elected  President  of  the 
United  States  in  1884  ; served  as  President  1885-89 ; ad- 
vocated a reduction  of  the  tariff  in  his  message  to  Con- 
gress in  Dec.,  1887  ; was  defeated  as  Democratic  candidate 
for  the  presidency  in  1888  ; was  reelected  President  in 
1892  ; and  in  1893  convened  an  extra  session  of  Congress, 
which  repealed  the  purchasing  clause  of  the  so-callea 
Sherman  Silver  Bill. 

Cleveland,  John.  Born  at  Loughborough,  Lei- 
cestershire, June,  1613  : died  April  29,  1658. 
An  English  poet,  an  active  Royalist  during  the 


Cleveland,  John 

civil  war,  and  a satirist  of  tlie  Parliamentary 
party.  lie  was  graduated  (B.  A.)  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1631,  and  was  elected  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College  in  1634.  He  joined  the  Royalist  army  at  Oxford, 
and  was  made  judge-advocate,  remaining  with  the  garri- 
son of  Newark  until  its  surrender.  In  1655  he  was  arrested 
and  imprisoned  at  Yarmouth,  but  was  soon  released  by 
order  of  Cromwell.  His  poems  were  collected  in  1661. 

Clevenger  (klev'en-jer),  Skobal  Vail.  Born  at 
Middletown,  Ohio,  1812:  died  at  sea,  Sept.  23, 
1843.  An  American  sculptor. 

Cleves  (klevz).  [F.  CUves,  D.  Kleef,  G.  Kleve .] 
An  ancient  duchy  of  Germany,  lying  along  the 
lower  Rhine  below  Cologne,  it  was  united  with 
Mark  about  1400,  and  soon  after  raised  to  a duchy.  Cleves, 
Julich,  and  Berg  were  united  in  1521.  The  extinction  of 
the  Cleves  line  in  1609,  and  the  outbreak  of  the  “Contest 
of  the  Julich  Succession,”  resulted  in  1666  in  the  cession 
of  Cleves,  with  Mark,  to  Brandenburg.  In  1801  the  part 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  in  1803  and  1805  the 
other  portions,  were  ceded  to  France  by  Prussia.  After  the 
downfall  of  Napoleon,  the  duchy,  with  the  exception  of 
lands  bordering  on  the  Maas  and  some  districts  toward  the 
north,  was  restored  to  Prussia,  and  now  forms  part  of  the 
circle  of  Dusseldorf. 

Cleves.  [G.  Kleve,  D.  Kleef,  F.  Cleves. \ A town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  in  lat.  51°  47'  N., 
long.  6°  9'  E.,  near  the  Dutch  frontier,  it  has  a 
chalybeate  spring,  and  contains  the  former  palace  of 
Schwanenburg  and  a collegiate  church.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  ancient  duchy  of  Cleves.  Population 
10,4t>5. 

Cleves.  Princesse  de.  See  Princesse  de  Cleves. 
Clew  Bay  (klo  ba).  A small  inlet  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  Ireland, 
in  County  Mayo. 

Clichy-la-Garenne  (kle-she'la-ga-ren').  A 
manufacturing  suburb  of  Paris,  situated  on 
the  Seine  1 mile  north  of  the  fortifications. 
Population,  commune,  41,787. 

Clifford  (klif'ord),  George.  Born  at  Brougham 
Castle,  Westmoreland,  Aug.  8,  1558:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  30,  1605.  An  English  naval  com- 
mander, third  Earl  of  Cumberland.  He  fitted 
out  and  commanded  a number  of  bucaneering  expeditions 
against  the  Spaniards  in  South  America,  the  largest  of 
which  consisted  of  twenty  ships  and  was  undertaken  in 
1598.  This  expedition  plundered  San  Juan  de  Puerto  Rico 
in  J une,  but  failed  to  intercept  the  annual  Spanish  treasure 
fleet,  and  returned  to  England  in  Oct.,  1593. 

Clifford,  Paul.  See  Paul  Clifford. 

Clifford,  Rosamond,  surnamed  “The  Fair.” 
Died  about  1176.  A daughter  of  Walter  de 
Clifford  (son  of  Richard  Fitz  Ponce,  ancestor 
of  the  great  Clifford  family),  and  mistress  of 
Henry  II.  of  England.  She  appears  to  have  been 
publicly  acknowledged  by  Henry  as  his  mistress  about 
1175,  and  on  her  death  was  interred  in  Godstow  nunnery. 
It  is  said  that  Hugh,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  visited 
Godstow  in  1191,  was  offended  at  the  sight  of  her  richly 
adorned  tomb  in  the  middle  of  the  church  choir  before 
the  altar,  and  caused  its  removal,  probably  to  the  chapter- 
house.  According  to  a popular  legend,  which  has  no 
foundation  in  fact,  Henry  built  a labyrinth  or  maze  to 
conceal  her  from  Queen  Eleanor,  who  discovered  her  by 
means  of  a silken  clue  and  put  her  to  death.  She  is  com- 
monly, though  erroneously,  stated  to  have  been  the 
mother  of  William  Longsword  and  Geoffrey,  archbishop 
of  York. 

Clifford,  Thomas.  Born  at  Ugbrooke,  near  Exe- 
ter, England,  Aug.  1,  1630:  died  Sept.,  1673. 
An  English  politician,  created  first  Lord  Clifford 
of  Chudleigh  April  22,  1672.  He  was  a member 
of  the  “Cabal”  1667-73.  See  Cabal. 

Clifford,  Sir  Thomas.  The  lover  of  Julia  in 
Sheridan  Knowles’s  play  “The  Hunchback.” 
Clifford,  William  Kingdom  Born  at  Exeter, 
England,  May  4,  1845 : died  at  Madeira,  March 
3,  1879.  A noted  English  mathematician  and 
philosophical  writer.  He  was  a graduate  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ; fellow  of  Trinity  1868-71 ; and  pro- 
fessor of  applied  mathematics  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, 1871.  His  works  include  “ Lectures  and  Essays  ’’  (1879 : 
ed.  by  F.  Pollock  and  L.  Stephen),  “ Mathematical  Frag- 
ments” (1881),  “Mathematical  Papers"  (1882:  ed.  by  R. 
Tucker),  “Common  Sense  of  the  Exact  Sciences”  (1885: 
ed.  and  in  part  written  by  K.  Pearson),  and  “ Elements  of 
Dynamics.” 

Clifford  Pyncheom  See  Puncheon,  Clifford. 
Clifford’s  Inn.  One  of  the  inns  of  chancery 
in  London,  named  from  Robert  de  Clifford  of 
the  time  of  Edward  II.,  whose  town  residence 
it  was.  It  was  first  used  as  a law  school  in  the  18th 
year  of  Edward  III. 

Clifton  (klif'ton).  A watering-place  and  suburb 
of  Bristol,  Gloucestershire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Avon  1 mile  west  of  Bristol.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  hot  mineral  springs. 

Clifton  Springs  (klif'ton  springz).  A village 
and  health-resort  in  Ontario  County,  New  York, 
29  miles  west  of  Auburn.  It  contains  medicinal 
springs  and  a water-cure  establishment. 

Clim,  or  Clym  (klim),  of  the  Clough.  A cele- 
brated archer  often  mentioned  in  the  legends 
of  Robin  Hood. 

Clinch  (clinch).  A river  of  southwestern  Vir- 
ginia and  eastern  Tennessee,  it  unites  with  the 


260 

Holston  to  form  the  Tennessee  at  Kingston,  Tennessee. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Clincher  (klin'cher).  A character  in  Farquhar’s 
comedy  “The  Constant  Couple,”  also  in  “Sir 
Harry  Wildair,”  its  sequel:  a pert  London  pren- 
tice turned  beau,  and  affecting  travel. 

Clinias  (klin'i-as).  [Gr.  KJrm'af.]  1.  Killed 
at  the  battle  of  Coronea  447  b.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian commander,  father  of  Alcibiades,  distin- 
guished at  Artemisium  480. — 2.  Lived  about 
400  b.  c.  A Tarentine  noted  as  a Pythagorean 
philosopher  and  friend  of  Plato. 

Clink  (klingk),  The.  A prison  which  was  sit- 
uated at  one  end  of  Bankside,  London,  it  be- 
longed to  the  “Liberty  of  the  Clink,"  a part  of  the  manor 
of  Southwark  not  included  in  the  grant  to  the  city  of  Lon- 
don and  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Winches- 
ter. The  prison  was  for  the  delinquents  of  this  manor.  It 
was  burned  down  in  the  riots  of  1780. 

Clinker  (kling'ker),  Humphrey.  A workhouse 
boy  in  Smollett’s  “ Humphrey  Clinker.”  He 
turns  out  to  be  a natural  son  of  Mr.  Bramble,  into  whose 
service  he  has  entered. 

Clint  (klint),  Alfred.  Born  at  London,  March 
22,  1807 : died  at  London,  March  22,  1883.  An 
English  marine-painter,  son  of  George  Clint. 
Clint,  George.  Born  at  London,  April  12, 
1770  : died  at  London,  May  10, 1854.  An  Eng- 
lish portrait-painter  and  engraver,  son  of  a 
London  hair-dresser.  He  was  elected  an  asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1821,  and  re- 
signed in  1836. 

Clinton.  A city  in  Clinton  County,  Iowa,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mississippi  River  29  miles  north- 
east of  Davenport.  It  has  an  extensive  lum- 
ber trade.  Population,  25,577,  (1910). 

Clinton.  A manufacturing  town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Nashua 
River  33  miles  west  of  Boston.  Population, 
13,075,  (1910). 

Clinton.  A village  in  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  8 miles  southwest  of  Utica:  the  seat  of 
Hamilton  College.  Population,  1,236,  (1910). 
Clinton  (klin'ton),  De  Witt.  Born  at  Little 
Britain,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  March  2,  1769: 
died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  11, 1828.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  statesman,  son  of  James  Clin- 
ton (1736—1812).  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
New  York  1802  ; mayor  of  New  York  1803-07,  1809-10, 
and  1811-15,  and  lieutenant-governor  1811-13 ; candidate 
for  President  1812 ; and  governor  1817-23  and  1825-28. 
He  was  the  chief  promoter  of  the  Erie  Canal  (constructed 
1817-25). 

Clinton,  Edward  Fiennes  de.  Bom  1512: 
died  Jan.  16,  1585.  The  ninth  Lord  Clinton 
and  Saye,  created  earl  of  Lincoln  May  4, 1572. 
As  a royal  ward  he  was  married,  about  1530,  to  Elizabeth 
Blount,  widow  of  Gilbert,  Lord  Talboys,  and  mistress  of 
Henry  VIII.  He  served  in  the  naval  expedition  to  Scot- 
land in  1544 ; commanded  the  fleet  sent  to  Scotland  in 
1547  ; was  appointed  governor  of  Boulogne  ; and  became 
lord  high  admiral  May  14,  1550,  an  office  which  he  held, 
with  an  interruption  at  the  beginning  of  Mary’s  reign, 
until  his  death.  In  1557  he  commanded,  with  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke,  the  English  contingent  sent  to  the  support 
of  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Quentin. 

Clinton,  George.  Died  July  10,  1761.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral  and  colonial  governor,  second  son 
of  the  sixth  Earl  of  Lincoln.  He  was  governor 
of  Newfoundland  1732-41,  and  of  New  York 
1741-51. 

Clinton,  George.  Born  at  Little  Britain,  Ulster 
County,  N.  Y.,  July  26,  1739:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  April  20,  1812.  An  American 
statesman  and  general,  son  of  Charles  Clinton 
(1690-1773).  He  was  governor  of  New  York 
1777-95  and  1801-04,  and  Vice-President  1805-12. 
Clinton,  Sir  Henry.  Born  about  1738:  died  at 
Gibraltar,  Dec.  23,  1795.  An  English  general. 
He  entered  the  British  army  in  1751 ; arrived  with  Gener- 
als Howe  and  Burgoyne  at  Boston  in  May,  1775  ; fought  at 
the  batt  e of  Bunker  Hill  in  June,  1775  ; participated  in 
the  battle  of  Long  Island  in  Aug.,  1776;  stormed  Forts 
Clinton  and  Montgomery  in  Oct.,  1777 ; succeeded  Howe 
as  commander-in-chief  in  1778 ; captured  Charleston  in 
May,  1780 ; and  resigned  his  command  to  sir  Guy  Carleton 
in  1782. 

Clinton,  Henry Fynes.  Born  at  Gamston,  Not- 
tinghamshire, Jan.  14,  1781:  died  at  Welwyn, 
Oct.  24, 1852.  An  English  classical  scholar  and 
chronologist.  He  was  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  1803,  and  was  a member  of  Parliament  1806-26. 
He  wrote  “Fasti  Hellenici  ” and  “Fasti  Romani,"  standard 
works  on  the  civil  and  literary  chronology  of  Greece  and 
of  Rome  and  Constantinople.  He  also  prepared  an  epit- 
ome of  the  chronology  of  Greece,  and  one  of  that  of  Rome 
(published  posthumously). 

Clinton,  James.  Born  in  Ulster  County,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  9,  1736 : died  at  Little  Britain,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
22,  1812.  An  American  general,  son  of  Charles 
Clinton  (1690-1773).  He  defended  Fort  Clinton  un- 
successfully in  Oct.,  1777,  against  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and 
took  part  in  Sullivan’s  expedition  against  the  Indians  in 
1779. 

Clio  (kli'o).  [Gr.  K/.e/u,  from  iMieiv,  kMuv,  cele- 


Clive,  Robert 

brate.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  his- 
tory : usually  represented  in  a sitting  attitude, 
holding  an  open  roll  of  papyrus. 

Clio.  A pseudonym  of  Addison,  formed  from 
his  signatures  “ C.,”  “ L.,”  “I.,”  and  “0.”in 
the  “ Spectator” : perhaps  the  initials  of  Chel- 
sea, Lpndon,  Islington,  and  the  “ Office.” 
Clissa,  or  Klissa  (klis'sa).  A fortified  village 
and  strategic  point  in  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, 8 miles  northeast  of  Spalato.  Popula- 
tion, 5,008,  (1910). 

Clissau.  See  Klissow. 

Clissold  (klis ' old),  Augustus.  Bom  near 
Stroud,  Gloucestershire,  about  1797 : died  at 
Tunbridge  Wells,  England,  Oct.  30,  1882.  A 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  identified 
after  1840  (when  he  withdrew  from  the  minis- 
try) with  Swedenborgianism.  He  translated  Swe- 
denborg’s “Principia  P„erum  Naturalium,”  and  published 
numerous  works  in  support  of  his  doctrines. 

Clisson  (kles-son' ).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Loire-Inferieure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Sfevre  16  miles  southeast  of  Nantes.  It  has 
a ruined  castle.  Population,  commune, 
2,790. 

Clisson,  Olivier  de.  Born  in  Bretagne  about. 
133G:  died  at  Josselin,  in  Bretagne,  April  24, 
1407.  A constable  of  France.  He  became  com- 
panion in  arms  of  Du  Guesclin  in  1370,  and  constable  in  1380, 
and  commanded  the  vanguard  at  the  battle  of  Rosbecq. 
He  was  eventually  deprived  of  his  honors,  but  left  a repu- 
tation for  great  military  ability. 

Clitandre  ou  l’innocence  delivree  (kle-ton'dr 
6 le-no-sons ' da-le-vra ' ).  A tragicomedy  by 
P.  Corneille,  produced  in  1630.  The  name  Cli- 
tandre (who  is  the  lover  in  this  play)  is  frequently  given 
to  the  lover  in  old  French  comedy. 

Clitandre  (kle-ton'dr).  1.  A man  of  sense  and 
spirit  who  makes  fun  of  the  “pedants ” in  Mo- 
liere’s “Les  femmes  savantes,”  and  loves  Hen- 
riette.  — 2.  The  lover  of  Angelique  in  Moliere’s 
comedy  “George  Dandin.” — 3.  In  Moliere’s 
play  “Le  misanthrope,”  a delightful  marquis,  a 
lover  of  Celimene. — 4.  The  lover  of  Lucinde 
in  Moliere’s  “ L’ Amour  mddecin.”  He  pretends 
to  be  a doctor  to  cure  her. 

Clitheroe  (klith'e-ro).  A municipal  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  Lancashire,  England, 
situated  on  the  Ribble  28  miles  north  of  Man- 
chester. It  has  cotton  manufactures,  print- 
works, etc.  Population,  11,414. 

Clitomachus  (kli-tom'a-kus),  originally  Has- 
drubal  (has'dro-bal).  [Gr.  KJerro/m^of.]  Born 
before  186  b.  c.  : died  after  111  b.  c.  A Cartha- 
ginian philosopher.  He  settled  at  Athens  before  146, 
and  succeeded  Carneades  as  leader  of  the  New  Academy 
in  129. 

Clitoil  (kle-ton').  The  valet  of  Dorante  in  Cor- 
neille’s “Le  menteur”  and  its  sequel:  a witty, 
intelligent  rascal. 

Clitophon.  See  Leucippe. 

Clitor  (kli'tor).  [Gr.  K'/rirop.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a city  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  in  lat.  37° 
54'  N.,  long.  22°  7'  E. 

Clitumnus  (kli-tum'nus).  A river  of  Umbria, 
Italy,  affluent  of  the  Tinia:  the  modern  Cli- 
tumno.  It  is  celebrated  (especially  through  the 
descriptions  of  the  younger  Pliny)  for  its  sanc- 
tity and  beauty. 

Clitus,  or  Cieitus  (kli'tus)  (Gr.  IUetrof),  sur- 
named Melas  (Gr.  Mi/.ar)  (‘the  Black  ’).  Died 
at  Maracanda,  Sogdiana,  328  B.  c.  A Macedo- 
nian general,  a friend  of  Alexander,  whose  life 
he  saved  at  Granicus  in  334,  and  by  whom  he 
was  slain  in  a drunken  brawl  at  a banquet. 
Clitus.  In  Shakspere’s  “Julius  Caesar,”  a ser- 
vant of  Brutus. 

Clive  (kliv),  Mrs.  (Caroline  Meysey-Wigley). 

Born  at  London,  June  24,  1801 : died  (from  ac- 
cidental burning)  at  Whitfield  iu  Hereford- 
shire, July  13,  1873.  An  English  writer,  au- 
thor of  “Paul  Ferroll,”  a sensational  novel, 
and  other  stories  ami  poems. 

Clive,  Catherine  or  Kitty  (Catherine  Raftor). 
Born  in  1711 : died  at  London,  Dec.  6, 1785.  An 
actress,  the  daughter  of  an  Irish  gentleman, 
William  Raftor.  After  a youth  of  obscurity  and  pov- 
erty she  came  to  the  notice  of  Colley  Cibber,  who  was 
manager  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  He  gave  her  a position 
in  1727,  and  by  1731  she  had  established  a reputat  ion  as  a 
comic  actress.  She  retired  from  the  stage  on  April  24, 
1769.  She  was  in  Garrick’s  company  from  1746.  She  early 
married  George  Clive,  a barrister,  but  they  separated  by 
mutual  consent.  Her  forte  was  rattling  comedy  and  op- 
eratic farce.  After  her  retirement  from  the  stage  she 
lived  for  many  years  in  a house  which  Walpole  gave  her, 
near  Strawberry  Hill,  and  which  he  called  Cliveden.  She 
wrote  some  small  dramatic  sketches,  only  one  of  which) 
“The  Rehearsal,  or  Boys  in  Petticoats,”  was  printed  (1763). 
Clive,  Robert,  Baron  Clive  of  Plassey.  Born 
at  Styche,  Shropshire,  England,  Sept.  29, 1725: 


. Clive,  Robert 

committed  suicide  at  London,  Nov.  22,  1774. 
An  English  general  and  statesman.  He  was  the 
son  of  an  impoverished  country  squire,  and  in  1743  was 
appointed  a writer  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany at  Madras.  War  having  broken  out  between  the 
French  and  the  British  in  India  in  1744,  he  applied  for 
and  obtained  an  ensign's  commission  in  the  company’s 
service  in  1747,  and  in  1748  (the  closing  year  of  the 
war)  served  under  Admiral  Boscawen  at  the  unsuccess- 
ful siege  of  Pondicherry.  During  a second  war  with 
the  French  (1751-64)  he  captured  Arcot,  and  success- 
fully defended  it  against  a largely  superior  force  of 
French  and  natives  under  Raja  Sahib.  He  visited  Eng- 
land 1753-55,  when  he  returned  to  India  as  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Fort  St.  David.  In  1756  he  commanded  an 
expedition  against  Suraj  ud  Dowlah,  nawab  of  Bengal,  to 
avenge  the  tragedy  of  the  Black  Hole  at  Calcutta.  He 
defeated  the  nawab  near  Calcutta  (1757),  and,  after  a 
short  interval  of  peace,  inflicted  upon  him  a decisive  de- 
feat at  Plassey  June  23,  1757,  whereupon  he  deposed  the 
nawab  and  elevated  Mir  Jaflier  to  the  throne.  He  was 
appointed  governor  of  Bengal  in  1758 ; defeated  the  Dutch 
near  Chinsura  in  1769 ; and,  owing  to  ill  health,  returned 
to  England  in  1760,  in  which  year  he  was  raised  to  the 
Irish  peerage  as  Baron  Clive  of  Plassey.  He  was  governor 
of  Bengal  a second  time  1765-67,  when  he  resigned  on 
account  of  the  broken-down  condition  of  his  health.  His 
official  conduct  subsequently  became  the  subject  of  par- 
liamentary inquiry,  which  resulted  practically  in  his  favor 
in  1773. 

Cloaca  Maxima  (klo-a/ka  mak'si-mii).  [L., 

‘ the  largest  drain.’]  The  chief  drain  of  ancient 
Rome,  built  by  Tarquinius  Priscus  about  600 
B.  c.,  and  still  serving  its  purpose.  The  outlet  on 
the  Tiber  is  an  arch  12  feet  high  with  three  concentric 
tiers  of  massive  voussoirs,  admirably  fitted  without  ce- 
ment. 

Clodion  (klo-dyon'),  Claude  Michel.  Born 
at  Nancy,  France,  Dec.  20,  1738:  died  March 
29,  1814.  A French  sculptor. 

Clodius  (klo'di-us).  Another  form  of  Claudius 
(which  see). 

Clodpate  (klod'pat),  Justice.  A coarse  rustic 
justice  in  Shadwell’s  comedy  “Epsom  Wells.” 
He  is  public-spirited,  but  a hater  of  London. 
Cloe.  See  Chloe. 

Closlia  (kle'li-a).  In  Roman  legend,  a maiden 
of  Rome,  delivered  as  a hostage  to  Porsena 
508  (?)  b.  c.  She  escaped  by  swimming  across 
the  Tiber. 

Closlia  (kle'li-a),  or  Cluilia,  gens  (klo-il'i-a, 
jenz).  In  ancient  Rome,  a patrician  clan  or 
house  of  Alban  origin,  said  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  Clolius,  a companion  of  Aeneas. 
According  to  tradition,  the  last  king  of  Alba  was  C. 
Cluilius  or  Cloelius,  who  led  an  army  against  Rome  in  the 
reign  of  Xullus  Hostilius. 

Clofesho.  [AS.  Clofes  ho  or  hoo,  appar.  ‘ Clof ’s 
Point.’]  In  early  English  history,  the  meeting- 
place  of  several  ecclesiastical  councils  in  the 
8th  and  9th  centuries : identical  perhaps  with 
Cliff,  in  Kent. 

Clogher  (kloch'er).  A village  in  Tyrone,  Ire- 
land, 52  miles  southwest  of  Belfast,  it  has  a 
cathedral,  and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest 
Irish  bishoprics. 

Cloister  and  the  Hearth,  The.  A historical 
novel  by  Charles  Reade,  published  in  1861.  The 
hero  is  the  supposed  father  of  Erasmus,  and 
the  scenes  are  mainly  in  Holland  and  Italy. 
Clonfert  (klon-fert').  A town  in  County  Gal- 
way, Ireland,  42  miles  east  of  Galway,  formerly 
the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest  Irish  bishoprics. 
Clonmel  (klon-mel').  [Ir.,‘  vale  of  honey.’]  A 
municipal  and  parliamentary  borough  in  Coun- 
ties Waterford  and  Tipperary,  Ireland,  situated 
on  the  Suir  25  miles  northwest  of  Waterford. 
It  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Sterne  and  Lady  Blessing- 
ton.  Population,  10,167. 

Clontarf  (klon-tarf').  A small  eastern  Suburb 
of  Dublin,  Ireland.  Here,  April  23,  1014,  Brian  Bo- 
rohma,  king  of  Ireland,  defeated  the  Danes  and  the  rebels 
of  Leinster. 

Clootz,  or  Cloots  (klots),  Jean  Baptiste,  Baron. 
Born  at  Val-de-Grace,  near  Cleves,  Prussia, 
June  24,  1755:  guillotined  at  Paris,  March  24, 
1794.  A French  revolutionary  enthusiast  who 
assumed  the  name  “ Anacharsis”  and  the  title 
“ orator  of  the  human  race.”  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Convention  in  1792.  See  Anacharsis. 
Cloridano  (klo-re-dii/no).  The  friend  of  Medoro 
in  Ariosto’s  ‘ ‘ Orlando  Furioso.”  They  venture  into 
the  field  of  battle  to  find  among  the  heaps  of  slain  the 
body  of  their  lord. 

Clorinda  (klo-rin'da).  An  Amazonian  leader 
in  the  “Jerusalem  ^Delivered”  of  Tasso,  she  is 
of  acknowledged  prowess  in  the  infidel  army,  and  is  be- 
loved by  Tancred,  but  cares  only  for  the  glories  of  war. 
Tancred  kills  her  unwittingly  in  a night  attack,  and  gives 
her  Christian  baptism  before  she  expires. 

Cloris  (klo'ris).  A character  in  Buckingham’s 
farce  “The  Rehearsal.”  She  drowns  herself 
because  Prince  Prettyman  marries  old  Joan. 
Closse  (klos),  Raphael  Lambert.  Born  near 
Tours,  France,  about  1620 : died  at  Montreal, 
Canada,  Feb.  6, 1662.  A French  soldier  in  the 


261 

Indian  wars  in  Canada.  He  came  out  with  Maison- 
neuve,  governor  of  Montreal,  in  1642,  and  became  sergeant- 
major  of  the  garrison  and  notary  public.  He  was  acting 
governor  of  Montreal  during  the  absence  of  Maisonneuve 
in  1666,  and  was  invested  with  the  fief  of  St.  Lambeth  in 
1658.  He  was  killed  in  a skirmish  with  the  Iroquois. 

Closterman  (klos'ter-miin),  John  (G.  Johann 
Klostermann).  Born  at  Osnabriick, Hannover, 
1656 : died  at  London,  1713.  A German  portrait- 
painter,  resident  in  England  after  1681. 
Closter-Seven  (klos' ter -sev'n),  or  Kloster- 
Zeven  (klos'ter-tsa'ven),  Convention  of.  A 
compact  concluded  at  Zeven  (a  village  in  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  24  miles  northeast  of  Bremen), 
Sept.  8,  1757,  between  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land and  the  Due  de  Richelieu,  the  French 
commander.  By  its  terms  the  Hanoverian 
army  was  dispersed. 

Clot  (klo),  Antoine  Barth^lemy,  known  as 
Clot  Bey.  Born  at  Grenoble,  France,  Nov. 
7,  1793 : died  at  Marseilles,  Aug.  28,  1868.  A 
French  physician,  chief  physician  to  Mehemet 
Ali  in  Egypt  1822-49.  He  wrote  “De  la  peste 
observee  en  Egypte”  (1840),  etc. 

Clotaire  (klo-tar')  I G.  Chlothar  (chlo'tar). 
Bom  497 : died  561.  King  of  the  Franks,  fourth 
son  of  Clovis  I.  On  the  death  of  Clovis  in  511,  his  em- 
pire was  divided  among  his  sons,  Theodoric  receiving 
Australia,  Clodomir  Orleans,  Childebert  Paris,  and  Clotaire 
Soissons.  Clotaire  succeeded,  partly  by  violence,  partly 
by  inheritance,  in  reuniting  the  dominions  of  his  father, 
over  which  ho  ruled  658-561.  Also  Clothaire. 

Clotaire  II.,  G.  Chlothar.  Born  584:  died  at 
Paris,  629.  King  of  the  Franks,  son  of  Chil- 
peric  I.,  of  Soissons,  and  Fredegonda.  He  was 
four  months  old  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  584.  The 
regency  was  conducted  by  his  mother,  who  became  in- 
volved in  a protracted  war  with  Brunehilde  of  Anstrasia 
and  Burgundy.  The  latter  was,  in  613,  betrayed  by  the 
nobles  of  Burgundy  into  the  hands  of  Clotaire,  who  put 
her  to  death,  and  possessed  himself  of  her  dominions, 
thus  reuniting  under  his  sway  the  empire  of  Clovis. 

Cloten  (klo'ten).  In  Shakspere’s  “Cymbe- 
line,”  the  queen’s  son  by  a former  husband. 
He  is  rejected  by  Imogen.  In  the  earlier  part  of  the  play 
(written  later)  he  is  a foolish  and  malicious  braggart;  but 
in  the  fourth  act,  which  belongs  to  an  earlier  version,  he 
is  not  deficient  in  manliness. 

Clotho  (klo'tho).  [Gr.  K7u06,  the  spinner, 

from  ulalleiv,  spin.]  In  Greek  mythology,  that 
one  of  the  three  Moirai  or  Fates  who  spins  the 
thread  of  life.  See  Fates. 

Clotilda  (klo  - til ' da),  Saint,  G.  Chlothilde 
(ehlo-tel'de).  Born  about  475 : died  at  Tours, 
France,  545.  Queen  of  the  Franks,  daughter 
of  Chilperic,  king  of  the  Burgundians.  Her 
father,  mother,  and  two  brothers  were  murdered  by  her 
uncle  Gundebald,  joint  king  of  the  Burgundians,  by 
whom  she  was  educated  in  the  Christian  faith.  She  mar- 
ried, 493,  Clovis  I.,  king  of  the  Franks,  whose  conversion 
from  paganism  is  said  to  have  been  accomplished  chiefly 
through  her  instrumentality.  The  Roman  Church  com- 
memorates her  on  June  3. 

Clotilda.  Died  531.  Daughter  of  St.  Clotilda. 
She  married  Amalarie,  king  of  the  Visigoths. 
Clotilde,  Sainte.  A church  in  Paris,  in  the 
Pointed  style  of  the  14th  century,  begun  in  1846. 
It  has  lofty  pierced  spires.  The  facade  has  three  large 
sculptured  doorways,  and  the  interior  is  effective,  and 
possesses  good  sculptures  and  paintings.  The  church 
measures  330  by  105  feet,  and  85  from  vault  to  pavement. 
Cloud  (klo),  Saint.  Clodvald  or  Chlodvald, 
youngest  son  of  Clodomir,  the  son  of  Clovis. 
He  became  a monk.  See  Saint  Cloud. 
Cloudeslie,  William  of.  See  William. 

Clouds  (kloudz),  The.  [L.  Nubes,  Gr.  ai 
A famous  comedy  by  Aristophanes,  strepsiades 
(‘Turncoat1)  sends  his  spendthrift  son  Pheidippidesto  the 
phrontistery  (‘thinking-shop’)  of  Socrates,  who  appears 
as  a sophist,  to  be  reformed  by  training  in  rhetoric. 
Pheidippides  refuses  to  go ; so  Strepsiades  goes  himself, 
and  finds  Socrates  swinging  in  a basket  observing  the  sun 
and  ether.  Socrates  summons  the  Clouds,  his  new  deities, 
and  undertakes  to  make  a sophist  of  him  and  free  him 
from  the  religion  of  his  fathers.  Unfortunate  results  of 
his  new  knowledge  show  Strepsiades  his  error,  and  he 
abandons  Socrates  and  sets  the  phrontistery  on  fire. 

Clouet  (klo -a/),  Francois,  commonly  called 
Janet.  Born  at  Tours  about  1500 : died  1571  (?). 
A French  painter,  son  and  pupil  of  Jean  Clouet 
( 1485  ? - 1542  ?) . He  received  letters  of  naturaliza- 

tion from  Francis  T.  in  1541  when  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  painter  to  the  king,  and  he  held  the  same  office  under 
Henry  II.  and  Charles  IX.  His  works  include  a portrait 
of  the  dauphin  Francois  at  Antwerp  (1524),  a full  length 
portrait  of  Henry  It.  in  the  Louvre  (about  1558),  and  a por- 
trait of  Elizabeth  of  Austria  in  the  Louvre  (about  1570). 

Clough  (kluf),  Arthur  Hugh.  Born  at  Liver- 
pool, Jan.  1,  1819:  died  at  Florence,  Nov.  13, 
1861.  An  English  poet  and  author,  no  went  to 
Rugby  in  1829,  and  was  much  influenced  by  Arnold,  with 
whom  he  was  a favorite.  In  1837  he  went  to  Oxford; 
accepted  the  headship  of  University  Hall,  London,  in  1849 ; 
in  1852  came  to  America;  and  in  1864  was  married  in 
England  to  the  daughter  of  Samuel  Smith  of  Combe 
House,  Surrey.  In  1859  his  health  began  to  fail.  Among 
his  works  are  “The  Bothie  of  Tober-na-Vuolich’’  (origi- 


Clwyd 

nally  Toper-na-Fuosich,  1848),  “ Ambarvalia,"  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Thomas  Burbidge  (1849),  with  other  poems,  etc. 

Clout,  Colin.  See  Colin  Clout. 

Clove  and  Orange.  An  inseparable  pair  of 
coxcombs  in  Jonson’s  “Every  Man  out  of  his 
Humour.”  Orange  is  the  more  humorous  of  the  two  ; 
his  small  portion  of  j u ice  being  squeezed  out,  Clove  serves 
to  stick  him  with  commendations. 

Clovelly  (klo-vel'i).  A village  in  Devonshire, 
England,  on  Barnstable  Bay  16  miles  south- 
west of  Barnstable.  It  is  noted  for  its  pictu- 
resque appearance  and  the  beauty  of  its  en- 
virons. 

Cloveshoo.  See  Clofesho. 
ciovio  (kto've-b),  Giulio,  surnamed  Macedo. 
Born  at  Grizana,  in  Croatia,  1498:  died  at 
Rome,  1578.  An  Italian  miniaturist. 

Clovis  (klo'vis)  I,,  G.  Chlodwig  (chlod'vio). 
[LL.  Clovis,  a reduced  form  (Ludovicus  being 
a fuller  form)  of  OHG.  Chlodowig,  Chlodwig, 
Hlodivig,  G.  Ludwig  (whence  also  F.  Louis,  E. 
Lewis).]  Born  about  465:  died  at  Paris,  511. 
The  founder  of  the  Merovingian  line  of  Frank- 
ish kings.  He  succeeded  his  father  Childeric  as  king  of 
the  Salic  Franks  in  481 ; defeated  Syagrius  near  Soissons 
in  486 ; married  the  Christian  princess  Clotilda  in  493 ; 
defeated  tlie  Alamanni  (not,  as  is  wrongly  stated,  at  Tolbi- 
acum  or  Zulpich)  in  496 ; was  baptized  by  Itemigius  the 
same  year,  in  fulfilment,  it  is  said,  of  a vow  made  at  this 
battle  ; defeated  the  Burgundians  in  600 ; fixed  his  court 
at  Paris  607;  and  defeated  the  West  Goths  at  Voulon  near 
Poitiers,  in  607. 

Clowes  (klouz),  John.  Born  at  Manchester, 
England,  Oct.  31,  1743:  died  at  Leamington, 
England,  May  29,  1831.  A clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  rector  of  St.  John’s  Church, 
Manchester,  and  an  influential  supporter  of 
Swedenborgianism.  He  translated  Sweden- 
borg’s treatise  “On  the  Worship  and  Love  of 
God”  (1816). 

Clcyne  (kloin).  A small  town  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland,  15  miles  east  of  Cork.  It  was 
formerly  an  episcopal  see,  of  which  Bishop 
Berkeley  was  one  of  the  incumbents. 

Club,  The.  A body  of  malcontents  in  the  Scot- 
tish Parliament  1689-90.  Its  chief  members 
were  Montgomery,  Ross,  and  Annandale. 
Clugny.  See  Cluny. 

Clumsy  (klum'zi),  Sir  Tunbelly.  A country 
gentleman  in  Vanbrugh’s  play  “ The  Relapse  ” : 
a coarse,  unwieldy  boor,  the  father  of  Miss 
Hoyden.  He  is  retained  in  Sheridan’s  “ Trip  to 
Scarborough,”  an  adaptation  of  ‘ ‘ The  Relapse.” 
Clunch  (klunch).  The  husband  of  Old  Madge 
in  Peele’s  “Old  Wives’  Tale.”  He  leads  home 
three  lost  travelers,  and  she  tells  them  a tale. 
Cluny,  or  Clugny  (klii-ne').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  11 
miles  northwest  of  Macon.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
Benedictine  abbey,  founded  in  the  10th  century,  and 
from  which  the  monks  were  expelled  in  1789.  The  abbey 
church,  now  in  ruins,  was  once  the  greatest  in  Europe, 
and  was  surpassed  among  cathedrals  only  by  the  old  St. 
Peter’s,  which  was  larger  by  a few  feet.  It  was  of  mas- 
sive and  imposing  Romanesque,  with  seven  towers,  double 
aisles,  and  double  transepts.  It  was  wrecked  in  the 
Revolution,  and  now  only  one  south  transept,  with  its 
great  tower,  remains,  with  two  rich  chapels.  Some  of 
the  other  abbey  buildings  have  been  remodeled  and 
used  for  other  purposes.  A normal  school  was  founded 
here  in  1865.  Population,  commune,  4,244. 

Cluny,  Hotel  de.  A former  palace  of  the  ab- 
bots of  Cluny,  situated  on  the  Boulevard  St.- 
Michel,  Paris.  It  was  built  in  the  15th  century  on  a 
part  of  the  Palais  des  Thermes,  and  became  the  property 
of  the  state  in  1843:  a museum  of  medieval  antiquities 
was  placed  on  exhibition  in  1844. 

Cluseret  (klii-ze-ra'),  Gustave  Paul.  Bom 
June  13,  1823:  died  at  Toulon,  Aug.  21,  1900. 
A French  officer  and  communist.  He  served  on 
General  McClellan's  staff  in  1862,  becoming  a brigadier- 
general  ; edited  the  “ New  Nation  " in  New  York  1864  ; was 
war  minister  of  the  Commune  in  Paris  April  4-30,  1871 ; 
fled  to  England  and  Mexico ; was  condemned  to  death  by  a 
military  tribunal  in  1872  ; and  was  amnestied  and  returned 
to  Paris  in  1884. 

Cluses  (kliiz).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Savoio,  France,  situated  on  the  Arve 
24  miles  southeast  of  Geneva.  Population, 
commune,  2,141. 

Clusium  (klo'shium).  The  Roman  name  of 
Chiusi. 

Clutterbuck  (klut'er-buk),  Captain  Cuthbert. 

The  name  under  which  Scott  assumed  to  edit 
“The  Monastery,”  “The  Abbot,”  and  “The 
Fortunes  of  Nigel.” 

Cluver  (klo'ver),  or  Cluverius  (klo-ve'ri-us), 
Philipp.  Born  at  Dantzie, Germany,  1580:  died 
at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  1 623.  A noted  German 
geographer,  ne  wrote  “Introduotio  in  universam  geo- 
graphiam,”  etc.  (1629),  and  other  workB. 

Clwyd  (klo'id).  A small  river  in  North  Wales 
which  flows  into  the  Irish  Sea  at  Rhyl,  north 
of  St.  Asaph. 


Clyde 

Clyde  (klid).  A river  in  Scotland  which  is 
merged  in  the  Firth  of  Clyde  near  Greenock. 
It  forms  four  falls  near  Lanark.  Length,  96 
miles  ; navigable  to  Glasgow. 

Clyde,  Baron.  See  Campbell,  Colin. 

Clyde,  Firth,  of.  The  estuary  formed  by  the 
river  Clyde  below  Greenock  (below  Glasgow 
according  to  some)  and  by  Loch  Long,  it  enters 
the  Irish  Sea  between  the  Mull  of  Kintyre  and  Kirkcolm 
Point.  It  has  many  watering-places  and  ship  building 


262 

na-kat-sen').  Born  about  1495 : died  after  1521. 
An  Aztec  chief,  son  of  Nezahualpilli,  lord  of 
Tezcuco,  and  brother  of  Cacama,  who  was 
seized  by  Cortes  in  1520.  CortAs  put  another  bro- 
ther, Cuicuitzcatl,  in  Cacama’s  place,  but  Coanaco  claimed 
the  chieftainship  of  Tezcuco,  and  after  the  noche  triste 
he  was  upheld  by  the  Mexican  sovereigns.  He  seized 
and  massacred  a body  of  Spaniards  who  were  passing 
through  Tez mean  territory,  buton  the  approach  of  Corths 
(Dec.,  1520)  he  fled  to  Mexico,  where  he  assisted  in  the  de- 
fense. He  was  captured  with  Guatemotzin,  Aug.  13, 1521. 


yards  on  its  banks,  and  contains  the  islands  of  Bute,  Coanza  (ko-an'za),  orKuanza  (kwan'za).  A 
Arran,  etc.  Its  greatest  width  is  37  miles.  river  in  western  Africa  which  flows  into  the 

Clymene  (klim  e-ne).  [Gr.  Kto/ievy.]  1.  In  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  9°  15'  S.  Length,  about 
Greek  mythology,  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  goo  miles. 

Tethys,  wife  of  lapetus,  and  mother  of  Atlas  Coarf,  or  Coary  (ko-a-re').  A river  of  Brazil 
and  Prometheus.  2.  Planetoid  104.  which  joins  the  Amazon  from  the  south  in 

Clymer  (kll'mer),  George.  Born  at  Philadel-  about  long.  63°  30'  W. 
phia,  1739:  died  at  Morrisville,  Bucks  County, * . 

Pa.,  Jan.  23,  1813.  An  American  politician.  Coast  Range  (host  ranj),  or  Coast  Mountains 
He  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen-  (kost  moun'tanz).  1.  A series  of  mountain- 


dence,  and  a member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
1787. 

Ciym  of  the  Clough.  See  Clim. 
Glytemnestra,  or  Clytssmnestra  (klit-em- 

nes'tra).  [Gr.  K/t vracyv/'/OTpa.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Tyndareus  and  Leda,  and  wife 
of  Agamemnon.  She  was  seduced  by  zEgisthus  dur- 
ing the  absence  of  her  husband  as  leader  of  the  expedi- 
tion against  Troy.  According  to  the  version  of  the  legend 


chains  extending  nearly  through  the  western 
part  of  California,  nearly  parallel  with  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  Width,  30-40  miles.  The  highest 
peak  is  Mount  San  Bernardino  (10,630  feet: 
U.  S.  G.  S.). — 2.  A range  of  low  mountains  in 
northwestern  Oregon,  parallel  with  the  coast. 
— 3.  The  mountains  of  southeastern  Brazil, 
bordering  on  the  Atlantic  (Pg.  Serra,  do  Mar). 


most  commonly  adopted  by  the  tragic  poets,  she  slew  her  C OcitbricigG  (kot'brij).  A town  in  Lanarkshire, 
husband  in  the  bath  on  his  return  from  Troy,  partly  to  Scotland,  9 miles  east  of  Glasgow.  Its  lead- 
avoid  the  consequences  of  her  adultery  and  partly  from  jng  industry  is  iron  manufacture.  Population, 
jealousy  of  Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam,  whom  at  the  qc  qqi  ’ 

taking  of  Troy  Agamemnon  had  received  as  his  prize,  and  dO,Joi. 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons.  She  and  her  paramour  were  CO-Ttlcin.  See  Coatlicue. 

in  turn  put  to  death  by  her  son  Orestes.  Coatlicue  (ko-a-tle'kwe),  Cohuatliciie,  or  Co- 

Clytie  (kli'te),  or  Clytia  (klish'i-ii).  [Gr.  atlantona.  [‘Serpent petticoat.’]  InMexican 


KAvru/.]  In  classical  mythology,  a nymph  be- 
loved by  Apollo,  and  metamorphosed  into  a 
heliotrope. 

Cnidus  (ni'dus).  [Gr.  Kvitiof.]  An  ancient  city 
of  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the  coast  in 
lat.  36°  40'  N.,  long.  27°  20'  E.  It  was  settled  by 
the  Lacedaemonians,  and  was  a seat  of  worship  of  Aphro- 
dite. On  its  site  are,  among  other  ruins,  those  of  an  ancient 
theater.  The  cavea  is  400  feet  in  diameter,  with  36  tiers 


(Nahuatl)  mythology,  the  mother  of  Huitzilo- 
pochtli.  She  was  a woman  of  Tullawho,  seeing  a feathery 
white  baU  float  down  from  the  sky,  hid  it  in  her  bosom  ; 
shortly  after  she  gave  birth  to  the  war-god,  fully  grown 
and  armed,  who  attacked  the  enemies  of  hi3  mother. 
According  to  another  legend,  Coatlicue  was  the  wife  of 
Mixcoatl.  The  flower-dealers  of  Mexico  annually  made 
offerings  of  the  early  spring  flowers  to  this  goddess,  or  to 
another  of  the  same  name.  Also  written  Coallycue,  Coat- 
lyace,  Coatlan,  Coatlantonan,  etc. 


perfect  “ Ooateacoalcos i (kp -at-sa^o-al'kos),  or  Gpatza- 

structure.  Near  here,  in  394  B.  c.,  the  Athenians  under  CO&iCOS  (go-at-sa-ko-al  kos).  A river  m the 
Conon  defeated  the  Lacediemonians.  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  Mexico,  which  flows 

Cnosus,  or  Gnosus  (no'sus),  later  Cnossus,  or  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  lat.  18°  8'  N.,  long. 
GllOSSUS  (nos'us).  [Gr,  K vucoc,  Tvoeot;,  Tvua-  94°  20'  W.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
o<5c.]  The  ancient  capital  of  Crete,  in  lat.  35°  Cob  (kob),  Oliver.  An  illiterate  water-carrier 
20' N.,  long.  25° 9'  E.,  celebrated  in  the  legends  in  Ben  Jonson’s  play  “Every  Man  in  his  Hu- 
of  Zeus,  Minos,  Daedalus,  and  others : the  mod- 
ern Makro  Teikho,  excavated  by  Evans. 

Gnut  (knot).  See  Canute. 

Coahuila  (ko-a-we'la),  or  Coahuila  de  Sara- 
goza  (da  sa-ra-go'tha).  A state  in  northern 


mour."  Before  water  from  the  New  River  was  brought 
into  London  the  city  was  chiefly  supplied  from  conduits, 
generally  erected  by  rich  citizens.  Water  was  carried 
from  these  by  men  called  “tankard-bearers,”  and  sold. 
Cob  was  one  of  these,  and  gave  a sort  of  notoriety  to  his 
class  from  his  positionin  Jonson’splay. 


Mexico,  lying  between  Texas  on  the  north,  Coban  (ko-ban').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
Texas,  Tamaulipas,  and  Nuevo  Leon  on  the  ment  of  Alta  Verapaz,  Guatemala,  in  lat.  15°  45' 
east,  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Zacatecas  on  the  N.,  long.  90°  15'  W.  Population,  30,770. 
south,  and  Chihuahua  and  Durango  on  the  west.  Cobb  (kob),  Howell.  Born  at  Cherry  Hill,  Ga., 
Capital,  Saltillo.  Area,  63,569  square  miles.  Sept.  7,  1815 : died  at  New  York,  Oct.  9,  1868. 
Population,  367,652,  (1910) ._  _ An  American  politician.  He  was  member  of  Con- 

Coahuiltecan  (ko-a-wel'ta-kan),  or  Tejano  gress  from  Georgia  1843-51  and  1855-57  (speaker  1849-51), 
(ta-Ha'no).  A linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer-  governor  of  Georgia  1851-53,  secretary  of  the  treasury 
iean  Indians.  It  occupied  the  valley  of  the  lower  1857-60,  and  president  of  the  Confederate  Congress  1861-62. 
Rio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  in  Coahuila  (from  which  it  Cobb,  James.  Bom  in  1756:  died  in  1818.  An 
was  named),  Nuevo  Leon  and  Tamaulipas  in  Mexico.  It  English  playwright,  author  of  numerous  come- 
formerly  comprised  about  2a  tribes,  but  all  are  extinct  & 1 J , ° ’ 

save  the  Comecrudo,  Cotoname,  and  Pakawa.  These  are  cues,  operas,  etc. 

represented  by  a score  or  more  individuals,  mainly  Come-  Cobb,  Sylvanus.  Born  at  Norway,  Maine,  July, 
crudo.  only  a few  of  whom  speak  their  native  tongue.  1799:  died  at  East  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  31, 
Coalbrookdale  (kol'bruk-dal).  A coal-  and  1866.  An  American  Universalist  clergyman 
iron-producing  region  in  Shropshire,  England,  and  writer.  He  became  in  1838  editor  of  the  “ Christian 


near  the  Severn. 

Coalitions  against  France,  during  the  Napo- 
leonic period.  They  were  the  following : The 
first  (1793-97)  consisted  of  England  and  all  the  Continental 
powers  except  Russia,  Swedeu,  and  Denmark.  Bonaparte 
won  the  battles  of  Millesimo,  Mondovi,  Lodi,  Arcole,  etc., 
and  dictated  the  peace  of  Campo-Fonnio,  Oct.  17,  1797. 
The  second  (1799-1801)  consisted  of  Russia,  Austria,  Eng- 
land, Portugal,  Naples,  and  Turkey.  Bonaparte  won  the 
battles  of  Montebello  and  Marengo ; and  Moreau,  those  of 
Hbchstadt,  Hohenlindeu,  and  Traun.  Peace  was  con- 
cluded at  Lun6ville  Feb.  9,  1801.  The  third  (1805)  con- 
sisted of  England,  Austria,  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Naples 
against  France.  Napoleon  won  the  battle  of  Auster- 
litz,  and  dictated  the  peace  of  Presburg  Dec.  26,  1805. 
The  fourth  (1806-1807)  consisted  of  Prussia,  Russia,  Eng- 
land, and  Sweden.  Napoleon  won  the  battles  of  Jena  and 
Auerstadt,  Eylau,  and  Friedland,  and  dictated  the  peace 
of  Tilsit,  July, 
and  England, 
of  100,000,000 

of  Aspern  and  Essling,  gained  the  victory  of  Wagram, 
and  dictated  the  peace  of  Vienna,  Oct.  il,  1809.  The 
sixth  (1813-15)  consisted  of  Russia,  Sweden,  Austria,  Eng- 
land, and  Prussia.  Napoleon  lost  the  decisive  battles  of 
Leipsic  and  W aterloo. 

Goan  (ko'an),  Titus.  Bom  at  Killingworth, 
Conn.,  Feb.  1,  1801:  died  at  Hilo,  Hawaii, 
Dec.  1.  1882.  An  American  missionary  in  Ha- 
waii 1835-82. 

Coanaco  (ko-a-nii'ko),  or  Coanacatzin  (ko-a- 


Freeman,”  which  position  he  occupied  upward  of  twenty 
years.  Author  of  “The  New  Testament,  with  Explana- 
tory Notes  ’’  (1864),  etc. 

Cobb,  Sylvanus,  Jr.  Born  at  Waterville, 
Maine,  1823:  died  at  Hyde  Park,  Mass.,  July 
20,  1887.  An  American  miscellaneous  writer, 
son  of  Sylvanus  Cobb.  He  wrote  “The  King's 
Talisman”  (1851),  “The  Patriot  Cruiser”  (1859),  “Ben 
llamed  ” (1864),  etc. 

Cobbe  (kob),  Frances  Power.  Born  at  Dublin, 
Dec.  4, 1822 : died  April  5, 1904.  An  English  au- 
thor and  philanthropist.  She  wrote  “ An  Essay  on 
Intuitive  Morals "(1855-57), “Broken  Lights’’ (1864),  “Dar- 
winism in  Morals,  and  Other  Essays"  (1872),  “The  Hopes  of 
the  Human  Race’’  (1874),  “The  Moral  Aspects  of  Vivisec- 
tion” (1875),  “The  Dutiesof  Women’’  (1880),  “TheScientific 
Spirit  of  the  Age"  (1888),  “Autobiography”  (1894),  etc. 


',  1807.  The  fifth  (1809)  consisted  of  Austria  , , . will).™ 

, which  latter  country  furnished  a subsidy  Cobbett (hob  et),  William.  Born  at  1 ainham, 
francs.  Napoleon  was  defeated  at  the  battle  Surrey,  England,  March  9,  1766:  died  near  r arn- 


ham,  June  16,  1835.  A noted  English  political 
writer.  He  was  the  son  of  a peasant,  obtained  a meager 
education,  enlisted  in  the  army  about  1783,  obtained  his 
discharge  about  1791,  and  in  1792  emigrated  to  America. 
From  1797  to  1799  he  published  at  Philadelphia  “ Porcu- 
pine’sGazette,”  a Federalist  daily  newspaper.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1800.  In  January,  1802,  he  began  at  London 
the  publication  of  “Cobbett’s  Weekly  Political  Register,” 
which,  with  trifling  interruptions,  was  continued  until  his 
death  ; and  in  1803  began  to  publish  the  “ Parliamentary 
Debates,"  which  in  1812  passed  into  the  hands  of  T.  C. 


Cocadrille 

Hansard.  He  at  first  supported  the  government,  bat 
about  1804  joined  the  opposition,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  several  times  fined  for  libel,  and  in  1810  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  for  two  years.  He  was  elected  to  Parlia- 
ment as  member  for  Oldham  in  1832,  and  again  in  1834. 
Author  of  “Porcupine’sWorks”(1801-02),  “A  Grammarof 
the  English  Language  ” (1818),  a grammar  and  a diction- 
ary of  the  French  language,  “Cottage  Economy”  (1821), 

“ The  Emigrant's  Guide  ’’  (1828),  “Advice  to  Young  Men 
and,  incidentally,  to  Young  Women  ” (1830),  etc. 

Cobbler  of  Preston,  The.  A musical  farce  by 
Charles  Johnson,  founded  on  the  adventures  of 
Christopher  Sly  in  Shakspere’s  “Taming  of  the 
Shrew.”  It  was  first  acted  in  1716,  and  altered  and  pro- 
duced with  music  in  1817.  Another  was  produced  by 
Christopher  Bullock  at  about  the  same  time. 

Cobbold  (kob'old),  Thomas  Spencer.  Bom 

at  Ipswich,  England,  in  1828 : died  at  London, 
March  20,  1886.  An  English  naturalist,  noted 
especially  for  his  studies  of  worms  parasitic  on 
man  aud  animals.  He  was  appointed  lecturer  on 
botany  at  St.  Mary’s  Hospital,  London,  1857 ; on  zohlogy  at 
the  Middlesex  Hospital,  1861 ; and  on  geology  at  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  1868.  In  1873  he  became  professor  of  bot- 
any, and  later  of  helminthology,  at  the  Royal  Veterinary 
College. 

Cobden  (kob'den),  Richard.  Born  at  Hey- 
shott,  near  Midhurst,  Sussex,  England,  June 
3,  1804:  died  at  London,  April  2,  1865.  An 
English  statesman  and  political  economist,  es- 
pecially noted  as  an  advocate  of  free  trade  and 
of  peace,  and  as  the  chief  supporter  of  the 
Anti-Corn-Law  League  1839-46.  He  began,  in  part- 
nership with  others,  the  business  of  calico-printing  in 
1831 ; entered  Parliament  in  1841 ; visited  the  United 
States  in  1854  ; and  negotiated  an  important  commercial 
treaty  between  England  and  France  1859-60.  During  the 
Civil  War  in  the  United  States  he  was  a supporter  of  the 
cause  of  the  North.  His  “Political  Writings  ’’  were  pub- 
lished in  1867;  his  “Speeches  on  Questions  of  Public 
Policy  ” (ed.  Bright  and  Rogers)  in  1870. 

Cohden  Club.  An  association  for  the  promul- 
gation of  free-trade  doctrines,  founded  in  Lon- 
don in  1866. 

Cobham  (kob'am),  Eleanor.  Died  1443  (?). 
The  second  wife  of  Humphrey,  duke  of  Glou- 
cester. She  had  dealings  with  Roger  Bolingbroke,  who 
professed  the  black  art,  aud  was  tried  for  a conspiracy  to 
kill  the  king  by  magic,  that  her  husband  might  have  the 
crown.  She  was  imprisoned  and  sentenced  to  perambu- 
late the  streets  for  three  days  bareheaded  with  a burning 
taper  in  her  hand.  She  was  afterward  imprisoned  in 
Chester  Castle,  Kenilworth,  and  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  is 
said  to  have  remained  in  Peel  Castle  till  her  death.  She 
is  referred  to  in  Shakspere’s  2 Henry  VI.  it  3. 

Cobham,  Lord.  See  Brooke,  Henry,  and  Old- 
castle,  Sir  John. 

Gobi  (ko'be).  See  Gobi. 

Cobija  (ko-be'Ha),  or  Puerto  Lamar  (pwer'to 
la-mar').  A seaport  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in 
lat.  22°  34'  S.,  long.  70°  17'  W.  It  was  formerly 

the  capital  of  the  Bolivian  province  of  Atacama,  but  has 
been  held  by  Chile  since  1879. 

Coblenz,  or  Koblenz,  or  Coblentz  (ko'blents). 
[L.Jd  Confluentes, referring  to  the  junction  here 
of  the  Rhine  and  Moselle.]  The  capital  of  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  west 
hank  of  the  Rhine,  at  its  junction  with  the  Mo- 
selle, in  lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  7°  35'  E.  It  has  an 
important  trade  in  wine,  manufactures,  aud  champagne. 
It  is  a strong  fortress,  and  contains  the  Church  of  St. 
Castor,  a palace,  aud  several  fine  promenades  and  bridges. 
It  was  a Roman  station,  and  later  a fort,  and  suffered  in 
the  Thirty  Years’  War  and  in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV.  For 
a few  years  it  was  the  residence  of  the  Elector  of  Treves, 
before  its  occupation  by  the  French  in  1794.  It  became  a 
rendezvous  of  the  French  emigres  in  1792,  and  was  granted 
to  Prussia  in  1815.  Population,  commune,  53,897. 
Cobourg  or  Coburg  (ko'berg).  A lake  port  in 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Lake  Ontario  65 
miles  east-northeast  of  Toronto.  Victoria  Col- 
lege, formerly  situated  here,  was  removed  to 
Toronto  in  1890.  Population,  5,074,  (1911). 
Coburg  (ko'borg),  G.  Koburg  (ko'boro).  [P. 
Cobourg.]  1.  A duchy  of  Germany,  now  form- 
ing with  Gotha  the  state  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 
— 2.  A city  in  the  duchy,  and  alternately  with 
Gotha  its  capital,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the 
Itz,  in  lat.  50°  15'  N.,  long.  10°  58'  E.  It  is  noted 

for  its  old  castle  (atone  time  the  residence  of  Lather),  and 
the  palace  of  Ehrenburg.  Population,  commune,  22,488. 

Coburg,  or  Sase-Coburg(zaks-ko'borG), Prince 
of  (Friedrich  Josias).  Born  1737:  diedFeb., 
1815.  An  Austrian  general.  He  commanded  against 
the  Turks  in  1789,  and  against  the  French  1793-94,  was 
victorious  at  Neerwinden  in  1793,  and  was  defeated  at 
Fleurus  1794. 

Coburg  Peninsula.  A peninsula  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Australia,  west  of  the  Gulf  of  Car- 
pentaria. 

Cobweb  (kob'web).  A fairy  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Midsummer  Night’s  Dream.” 

Cocadrille  (ko'ka-dril).  [One  of  the  early 
forms  of  crocodile.]  A fabulous  monster  found 
in  the  island  of  Silha,  according  to  Sir  John 
Mandeville.  He  describes  it  as  having  four 
feet  and  short  thighs,  and  great  nails  like  talons. 


Cocaigne,  The  Land  of 

Cocaigne,  The  Land  of.  See  Cockaigne. 
Cocamas  (ko-ka'mas).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
eastern  Peru.  They  live  mainly  on  the  southern 
side  of  the  Amazon,  near  the  frontiers  of  Brazil.  By  lan- 
guage and  customs  they  appear  to  be  of  the  great  Tupi 
race,  probably  with  some  admixture  of  other  tribes.  They 
are  agricultural,  have  long  been  on  friendly  terms  with 
the  whites,  and  are  rapidly  becoming  amalgamated  with 
the  semi-civilized  country  population. 

Cocanada  (ko-ka-na'da).  A seaport  in  the  Go- 
davery  district,  Madras,  British  India,  in  lat. 
16°  57'  N.,  long.  82°  14'  E. 

Cocceians  (kok-se'anz).  The  followers  of  John 
Cocceius  or  Koch  (1603-69),  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Leyden,  Holland,  who  founded  the 
so-called  “ Federal”  school  of  theology.  He  be- 
lieved that  the  whole  history  of  the  Christian  church  to 
all  time  was  prefigured  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  so  op- 
posed the  Voetians. 

Cocceius  (kok-tsa'yos),  Johannes  (originally 
Koch  or  Koken).  Bom  at  Bremen,  Aug.  9, 
1603 : died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  N ov.  5, 1669. 
A Dutch  Hebraist  and  theologian.  He  became 
professor  of  biblical  philology  at  the  Academy  of  Bremen 
in  1630,  professor  at  the  University  of  Franeker  in  1636, 
and  professor  of  dogmatics  at  Leyden  in  1650.  He  wrote 
"Lexicon  et  commentaries  sermonis  Heb.  et  Chald.  Vet. 
Test.”  (1669),  “Summa  doctrinse"  (1648),  etc. 

With  all  its  defects,  the  Federal  theology  of  Cocceius  is 
the  most  important  attempt,  in  the  older  Protestant  the- 
ology, to  do  justice  to  the  historical  development  of  reve- 
lation. IF.  R.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  375. 

Coccia  (kot'cha),  Carlo.  Born  at  Naples, 
April  14,  1789  : died  at  Novara,  Italy,  April 
13,  1873.  An  Italian  composer  of  operas,  can- 
tatas, and  masses.  He  visited  London  in  1820,  where 
he  was  an  operatic  conductor  and  also  professor  of  com- 
position at  the  Royal  Academy,  returning  to  Italy  in 
1828.  He  again  visited  England  in  1835. 

Cochabamba  (ko-cha-bam'ba).  1.  A central 
department  of  Bolivia.  Area,  23,300  square 
miles.  Population,  380,669. — 2.  The  capital 
of  this  department,  in  lat.  17°  25'  S.,  long.  66° 
10'  W.  Population,  about  24,512. 

Cochem  (ko'chem).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Moselle  25 
miles  southwest  of  Coblenz.  It  has  a castle. 
Cocherel  (kosh-rel').  A hamlet  12  miles  east 
of  Evreux,  France.  Here  in  1364  the  French 
under  Bertrand  du  Guesclin  defeated  the  forces 
of  England  and  Navarre. 

Cochet  (ko-sha'),  Jean  Benoit  Desire.  Born 
at  Sanvic,  near  Havre,  France,  March  7,  1812 : 
died  at  Rouen,  France,  June  1, 1875.  A French 
archaeologist,  best  known  from  his  explorations 
in  Normandy. 

Cochimi  (ko-che-me').  Atribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  inhabited  a region  in 
Lower  California  from  26°  to  about  31°  N.  lat. 
See  Yuman. 

Cochin  (ko-shan'),  Charles  Nicolas.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.  22,  1715:  died  at  Paris,  April  29, 
1790.  A French  engraver  and  art  critic.  He 
wrote  “Voyage  d’ltalie”  (1758),  etc. 

Cochin,  Pierre  Suzanne  Augustin.  Born  at 
Paris,  Dec.  12, 1823:  died  at  Versailles,  France, 
March  15,  1872.  A French  publicist  and  econ- 
omist. 

Cochin  (ko-ehen'  or  ko'chin).  1.  A feudatory 
state  under  the  protection  of  Madras,  British 
India,  situated  about  lat.  10°  30'  N.,  long.  76° 
30'  E.  Area,  1,361  square  miles.  Population, 
812,025. — 2.  A seaport  in  the  Malabar 
district,  Madras,  British  India,  in  lat.  9°  58'  N., 
long.  76°  14'  E.  It  was  settled  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1503,  and  was  held  by  the  Dutch  from  1663  to  1796. 
Cochin  China  (ko'chin  chl'na).  A name  some- 
times used  vaguely  as  nearly  identical  with 
Annam,  properly  restricted  to  the  eastern  or 
★ maritime  part  of  Annam. 

Cochin  China,  French  or  Lower.  A French 
colony  lying  between  Cambodia  and  Annam 
on  the  north,  the  China  Sea  on  the  southeast, 
and  the  Gulf  of  Siam  on  the  west.  It  includes  the 
delta  of  the  Mekong.  It  was  ceded  to  France  in  1862 
(province  of  Vinh-Long  1883).  Its  chief  product  is  rice. 
Capital,  Saigon.  Area,  20,000  square  miles.  Population, 
2,968,529. 

Cochitemi.  See  Cochiti. 

Cochiti  (ko-che-te').  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  inhabiting  a pueblo  of  the  same 
name  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
27  miles  southwest  of  Sante  F6,  New  Mexico. 
The  inhabitants  formerly  successively  occupied  the  Po- 
trero  de  las  Vacas,  the  Potrero  San  M ignel,  the  now  ruined 
pueblo  of  Cuapa,  and  the  Potrero  Viejo.  Number,  300. 
Cochiti  is  the  aboriginal  name  of  the  pueblo.  The  tribe 
has  also  been  called  Cochitemi,  Cochilino.  See  Keresan. 

Cochitino.  See  Cochiti. 

Cochituate  (ko-chit'u-at),  Lake.  A small  lake 
in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  17  miles 
west  of  Boston.  It  is  one  of  the  sources  of  Bos- 
ton’s water-supply. 


263 

Cochlaeus  (ko-kle'us),  Johannes  (Dobenek). 

Born  at  Wendelstein,  near  Nuremberg,  1479 : 
died  at  Breslau,  Jan.  10,  1552.  A German  Ro- 
man Catholic  theologian  and  controversialist. 
He  became  secretary  to  Duke  George  of  Saxony  in  1528, 
and  canon  at  Breslau  iu  1539.  He  was  associated  at  the 
diet  of  Augsburg  (1530)  with  Eck,  Faber,  and  Wimpina  in 
the  composition  of  the  Refutation  of  the  Augsburg  Con- 
fession ; and,  on  the  death  of  Eck,  was  regarded  as  the 
leading  opponent  of  the  Reformation. 

Cochrane  (kok'ran),  John  Dundas.  Born 
1780:  died  at  Valencia,  Venezuela,  Aug.  12, 
1825.  A British  traveler  in  Russia  and  Siberia 
1820-23.  He  wrote  a “Narrative  of  a Pedes- 
trian Journey  through  Russia  and  Siberian 
Tartary”  (1824). 

Cochrane,  Thomas.  Born  at  Annsfield,  in 
Lanarkshire,  Dec.  14,  1775 : died  at  Kensing- 
ton, England,  Oct.  31,  1860.  A Scottish  noble 
(tenth  Earl  of  Dundonald)  and  British  naval 
commander.  He  was  appointed  vice-admiral  Nov.  23, 
1841,  admiral  March  21,  1851,  and  rear-admiral  of  the 
United  Kingdom  Oct.  23,  1854.  On  May  6,  1801,  in  the 
Speedy,  a small  and  poorly  armed  vessel  with  54  men,  he 
captured  the  Spanish  frigate  Elgamo  of  600  tons  and  319 
men.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1800.  On  April  11, 1809, 
he  attacked  a French  fleet  in  Aix  roads,  and  destroyed 
four  of  the  enemy’s  vessels.  In  Feb.,  1814,  Cochrane  was 
accused  of  complicity  in  originating  a fraudulent  report 
of  Napoleon’s  death  for  speculative  purposes,  and,  though 
he  claimed  to  be  entirely  innocent,  was  imprisoned  for 
a year,  fined,  and  expelled  from  the  navy  and  from  the 
House  of  Commons.  His  constituents  stood  by  him,  and 
at  once  returned  him  again  to  Parliament.  Accepting  an 
invitation  to  organize  the  infant  navy  of  Chile,  he  reached 
Valparaiso  Nov.,  1818.  During  the  subsequent  campaigns, 
with  only  one  frigate  and  a few  old  vessels,  he  managed  to 
neutralize  the  powerful  Spanish  squadron;  took  Valdi- 
via in  Feb.,  1820 ; transported  San  Martin's  army  to  Peru  ; 
blockaded  Callao,  and  performed  the  feat  of  cutting  out  a 
Spanish  frigate  from  under  the  guns  of  the  castle  (Nov. 
6,  1820),  and  contributed  greatly  to  the  capture  of  Lima. 
Owing  to  quarrels  with  San  Martin  and  the  Chilian  au- 
thorities, he  left  their  service,  and  from  March,  1823,  to 
1825  commanded  the  Brazilian  navy  : during  this  time  he 
recovered  Bahia  anil  Maranhao  from  the  Portuguese.  Ac- 
cused of  insubordination,  he  resigned.  In  1827  and  1828 
he  commanded  the  Greek  navy,  but  accomplished  nothing. 
In  1832  he  was  virtually  exonerated  from  the  charges  on 
which  he  had  been  imprisoned  in  1814,  and  was  restored 
to  the  Order  of  the  Bath  and  to  his  rank  in  the  British 
navy. 

Cochut  (ko-slni'),  AndrA  Born  at  Paris,  1812 : 
died  there,  Jan.  18,  1890.  A French  publicist. 

Cock,  The.  A famous  tavern  in  Fleet  street, 
London,  opposite  the  Temple.  It  still  retains  dec- 
orations of  the  period  of  the  early  part  of  the  17th  century. 
Tennyson  has  immortalized  it  iu  his  “Will  Waterproof’s 
Lyrical  Monologue.” 

Cock  and  the  Fox,  The.  A version  of  Chau- 
cer’s “Nun’s  Priest’s  Tale,”  by  Dryden. 

Cockaigne,  Cocagne  (ko-kan').  [Also  Cock- 
ayne, etc.,  in  various  archaic  forms,  after  ME. 
cockaigne,  cokaygne,  cochagne,  cokayne,  cocaigne, 
etc.,  from  OP.  cocaigne,  cokaigne,  coquaigne,  co- 
caingne,  quoquaingne,  F.  cocagne  (=  Sp.  cucana, 
= Pg.  cucanha  = It.  cocagna,  cucagna,  now 
cuccagna),  profit,  advantage,  abundance,  a time 
of  abundance;  pays  de  cocagne,  Land  of  Co- 
eagne(It.  “ Cocagna,  as  we  say,  Luhberland”; 
“ Cucagna,  the  epicures  or  gluttons  home,  the 
land  of  all  delights : so  taken  in  mockerie  ” — 
Florio);  ML.  Cocania,  an  imaginary  country  of 
luxury  and  idleness;  prob.  lit.  ‘Cake-land.’ 
Usually  associated  with  cockney,  hut  there  is 
no  original  connection.]  A fabled  land  of 
perfect  happiness  and  luxury,  intended  to  rid- 
icule the  stories  of  the  mythical  Avalon,  an 
isle  in  the  west,  prevalent  in  medieval  times. 
Its  houses  were  built  of  good  things  to  eat ; roast  geese 
went  slowly  down  the  streets,  turning  themselves  and  in- 
viting the  passers-by  to  eat  them  ; buttered  larks  fell  in 
profusion  ; the  shingles  of  the  houses  even  were  of  cake ; 
and  the  rivers  ran  wine.  The  English  poets  of  the  16th 
century  called  it  Luhberland. 

Cockburn  (ko'bem),  Sir  Alexander  James 

Edmund.  Bom  Dec.  24, 1802:  died  at  London, 
Nov.  21,  1880.  A noted  British  jurist  of  Scotch 
descent,  lord  chief  justice  of  England.  He  was 
graduated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  became  a 
fellow  in  1829  ; entered  Parliament  as  a Liberal  in  1847  ; 
wasattorney-gcnerall851-Fel).,  1852,  and  again  Dec.,  1852,- 
Nov.,  1856  ; and  became  chief  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas 
in  1856,  and  lord  chief  justice  of  England  June  24,  1859. 
As  the  representative  of  the  British  government  at  the 
Alabama  arbitration  at  Geneva,  he  dissented  from  the 
award,  holding  that  in  the  case  of  the  Florida  and  that  of 
the  Shenandoah  the  responsibility  of  his  government  had 
not  been  proved. 

Cockburn,  Mrs.  (Alicia,  or  Alison,  Ruther- 
ford). Born  at  Fairnalee,  Selkirkshire,  about 
1712:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  22,  1794.  A 
Scottish  lyric  poet,  author  of  “The  Flowers  of 
the  Forest”  (“I’ve  Seen  the  Smiling  of  Fortune 
Beguiling”),  and  other  songs. 

Cockburn,  Mrs.  (Catherine  Trotter).  Born 
at  London,  Aug.  16,  1679:  died  May  11,  1749. 
An  English  dramatist  and  philosophical  writer, 


Cocoa-tree  Club 

wife  (1708)  of  Patrick  Cockburn,  a clergyman. 
She  wrote  “Agnes  de  Castro  ” (acted  1696),  “Fatal  Friend- 
ship " (acted  1698),  “ Love  at  a Loss,’’  a comedy  (1700),  and 
“Revolutions  of  Sweden  ” (acted  1706).  In  1702  she  pub- 
lished an  anonymous  defense  of  Locke's  philosophizing 
against  the  charge  of  materialism,  and  later  advocated  the 
ethical  views  of  Clarke. 

Cockburn,  Sir  George.  Bom  at  London,  April 
22,  1772:  died  at  Leamington,  England,  Aug 
19,  1853.  An  English  admiral.  He  served  at 
the  reduction  of  Martinique  in  1809,  and  assisted 
at  the  capture  of  Washington  in  1814. 
Cockburn,  Henry  Thomas,  Lord.  Bom  at 
Edinburgh  (?),  Oct.  26,  1779:  died  at  Bonaly, 
near  Edinburgh,  April  26,  1854.  A Scottish 
jurist,  appointed  a judge  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion in  1834,  and  a lord  of  judiciary  in  1837. 
His  autobiography  (“Memorials  of  his  Time”) 
was  published  in  1856. 

Cocker  (kok'er),  Edward.  Born  probably  in 
Northamptonshire,  England,  1631:  died  1675. 
An  English  engraver  and  teacher  of  writing  and 
arithmetic,  and  collector  of  manuscripts.  He 
was  the  author  of  various  works  on  calligraphy,  arithme- 
tic (“  Tutor  to  Arithmetic  ” (1664),  “Compleat  Arithme- 
tician ’’  (before  1669),  “ Arithmetic,  "edited  by  John  Hawk- 
ins (1678),  etc.),  etc.  It  has  been  asserted  that  the  famous 
arithmetic  is  a forgery  by  Hawkins. 

Cockeram  (kok'ram),  Henry.  Flourished  about 
the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  An  English 
scholar  (of  whose  life  nothing  is  known),  au- 
thor of  the  first  published  dictionary  of  the  Eng- 
lish language.  The  book  is  entitled  “The  English 
Dictionarie,  or  a New  Interpreter  of  Hard  English  Words” 
(1623  ?;  2d  ed.  1626 ; 12th  ed.,  revised  and  enlarged  by  an- 
other’s hand,  1670). 

Cockerell  (kok'er-el),  Charles  Robert.  Bom 

at  London,  April  28, 1788 : died  at  London,  Sept. 
17, 1863.  A noted  English  architect.  He  became 
architect  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  1833,  and  was  professor 
of  architecture  in  the  Royal  Academy  1840-57.  He  com- 
pleted the  Hanover  Chaptl  in  Regent  street  in  1825,  built 
the  Taylor  Buildings  at  Oxford  1841  12,  and  designed  nu- 
merous other  public  and  private  buildings.  Author  of 
“Ancient  Sculptures  in  Lincoln  Cathedral'  (1848),  “Ico- 
nography of  the  West  Front  of  Wells  Cathedral  "’(1851),  “A 
Descriptive  Account  of  the  Sculptures  of  the  West  Front 
of  Wells  Cathedral  ” (1862),  etc. 

Cockermouth  (kok'er-mouth).  A town  and 
parliamentary  borough  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Cocker 
and  Derwent,  25  miles  southwest  of  Carlisle. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Wordsworth.  Popu- 
lation, 5,355. 

Cock  Lane  Ghost.  A noted  imposture  perpe- 
trated in  1762  in  Cock  Lane,  Smithfield,  Lon- 
don, by  a man  named  Parsons  and  his  daughter 
(eleven  years  old).  Knockings  and  other  strange  noises 
were  heard,  and  a “luminous  lady,’'  supposed  to  be  the 
ghost  of  a Mrs.  Kent,  was  seen.  Dr.  Johnson,  among 
others,  visited  the  house,  and  was  maliciously  attacked 
for  his  credulity  by  Churchill  in  his  long  poem  “The 
Ghost.  ” Parsons  was  pilloried. 

Cockledemoy  (kok'l-de-moi).  An  adroit  and 
amusing  trickster  in  Marston’s  play  “The 
Dutch  Courtezan.” 

Cockloft  (kok'loft),  Pindar.  The  pseudonym 
of  William  Irving  in  “ Salmagundi.” 

Cockney  School,  The.  A name  derisively 
given  by  some  English  critics  to  a set  of  writers 
including  Hazlitt,  Shelley,  Keats,  Leigh  Hunt, 
and  others.  Leigh  Hunt  was  the  shining  light 
of  this  coterie. 

Cockpit  (kok'pit),  The.  1.  A London  theater 
which  stood  in  a narrow  court,  called  Pitt  Place, 
formerly  Cockpit  alley,  running  out  of  Drury 
Lane.  It  was  erected  about  1615,  hut  pulled  down  by 
a mob  in  1017.  A second  theater  was  built  here,  called 
the  Phoenix.  This  again  gave  place  to  the  Drury  Lane 
Theatre. 

2.  See  the  extract. 

The  Master  of  the  Rolls  was  at  that  time  the  presiding 
Judge  of  Appeal  at  the  Privy  Council,  which  was  com- 
monly spoken  of  as  “ the  Cockpit,"  because  it  sat  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Cockpit  at  W hitehall. 

Greville,  Memoirs,  II.  70,  note. 

Cockwood  (kok'wud),  Lady.  In  Etherege’s 
comedy  “She  Would  if  She  Could,”  a female 
Tartufe  who  hides  a disgraceful  intrigue  under 
a great  pretense  of  religious  devotion. 

Codes  (ko'klez),  Horatius.  A Roman  legen- 
dary hero  who  with  Spurius  Lartius  and  Titus 
Herminius  defended  the  Sublician  bridge  at 
Rome  against  the  entire  Etruscan  army  under 
Lars  Porsena  (508?  B.  c.). 

Coco  (ko'ko).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians. See  Attacapan. 

Cocoa-tree  Club.  A noted  London  club  which 
was  the  Tory  Cocoa-tree  Chocolate-house  of 
Queen  Anne’s  reign,  at  64  St.  James  street. 
It  was  converted  into  a gaming-house  and  a club,  proba- 
bly before  1746,  when  the  bouse  was  the  headquarters  of 
the  Jacobite  party,  and  the  resort  of  the  wits  of  the  time. 
Timbs. 


Coco-Maricopas 

Coco-Maricopas.  See  Maricopas. 

Cocopa  (ko'ko-pa).  [PL,  also  Cocopas.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  They  live  in 
lower  California  from  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  River  to 
near  the  Gila.  See  Yuman. 

Cocos.  See  Keeling  Islands. 

Cocospera  (ko-ko-spa'ra).  [From  the  Pima: 

‘ place  of  the  dogs.’]  A peak  in  Sonora,  Mexico, 
forming  a part  of  one  of  the  western  ramifica- 
tions of  the  Sierra  Madre. 

Cocu  Xmaginaire,  Le.  See  Sganarelle. 
CocytllS  (ko-sl'tus).  [Gr.  KuKvrdg,  from  sukvto^, 
wailing.]  1.  A river  in  Epirus,  a tributary  of 
the  Acheron:  the  modern  Vuvos. — 2.  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a river  of  Hades,  a tributary 
of  the  Acheron. 

Codazzi  (ko-dat'se),  Agustin.  Born  at  Lugo, 
near  Ferrara,  Italy,  1792 : died  in  Colombia,  1859. 
An  engineer  and  geographer  in  the  northern 
part  of  South  America.  He  published  at  Paris 
in  1841  “Resumen  de  la  Geografia  de  Vene- 
zuela.” 

Coddington  (kod'ing-ton),  William.  Born  in 
Lincolnshire,  England,  1601 : died  in  Rhode 
Island,  Nov.  1,  1678.  An  English  colonist  in 
America,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  colony  of 
Rhode  Island  in  1638,  and  its  governor  1640-47, 
1648-49,  and  1674—76. 

Code  Frederic  (kod  fra-da-rek' ).  A codification 
of  the  laws  of  Prussia  made  by  Frederick  the 
Great  in  1751. 

Code  Napoleon  (kdd  na-po-la-on').  A compi- 
lation of  the  laws  of  France  made  under  the 
auspices  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  first  consul 
and  emperor,  promulgated  1804—10.  it  is  founded 
on  the  civil  law,  and  has  been  largely  copied  in  other 
countries  where  the  civil  law  prevails. 

Code  Noir  (kod  nwar).  [F., ‘black  code.’]  An 
edict  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France  in  1685,  regu- 
lating the  West  Indian  colonies  and  the  con- 
dition and  treatment  of  negro  slaves  and  freed 
negroes. 

Code  of  1650.  A code  of  laws  compiled  for  the 
colony  of  Connecticut  by  Roger  Ludlow : some- 
times called  Ludlow's  Code. 

Code  of  Justinian,  Theodosius.  See  Justinian, 
Theodosius. 

Codlin  (kod'lin),  Tom.  A cynical  exhibitor  of 
a Punch-and-Judy  show,  in  Charles  Dickens’s 
“ Old  Curiosity  Shop.” 

Codogno  (ko-do'nyo).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Milan,  Italy,  32  miles  southeast  of  Milan. 
It  is  the  chief  market  for  Parmesan  cheese. 
Population,  commune,  11,594;  town,  10,033. 
Codrington  (kod'ring-ton),  Sir  Edward.  Born 
April  27,  1770:  died  at  London,  April  28,  1851. 
A noted  English  admiral.  He  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,  ls05,  as  commander  of  the  Orion ; 
was  with  Cochrane  in  Chesapeake  Bay  anil  at  New  Orleans 
in  1814 ; became  vice-admiral  1821,  and  admiral  of  the 
blue  1837 ; and  commanded  the  allied  fleet  at  Navarino 
Oct.  20,  1827. 

Codrington,  Sir  Henry  John.  Born  1808:  died 
Aug.  4,  1877.  A British  admiral,  third  son  of 
Admiral  Sir  Edward  Codrington.  He  took  part, 
as  commander  of  the  Talbot,  in  the  bombardment  of  Acre, 
Nov.  4,  1840 ; became  a rear-admiral  in  1887  ; was  admiral 
superintendent  at  Malta  1858-63;  and  was  appointed  ad- 
miral in  1867,  and  admiral  of  the  fleet  1877. 

Codrington,  Sir  William  John.  Born  Nov.  26, 
1804:  died  at  Heckfield,  Hampshire,  Aug.  4, 
1884.  A British  general,  second  son  of  Admiral 
Sir  Edward  Codrington.  He  served  in  the  Crimean 
war,  commanding  a brigade  at  the  battle  of  the  Alma, 
and  a division  at  Inkerman,  and  succeeded  Sir  James 
Simpson  as  commander-in-chief  in  the  Crimea,  Nov.  11, 
1855,  returning  to  England  in  1856,  when  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-general  and  general  in  1863.  He  entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1857,  and  was  governor  of  Gibraltar  1859-65. 
Codrus  (ko'drus).  [Gr.  Kodpor.]  The  last  king 
of  Athens:  reigned  (according  to  tradition) 
about  1068  B.  c. 

Cody  (ko'di),  William  Frederick.  Born  in 
Scott  County,  Iowa,  Feb. 26, 1846.  Agovernment 
SCOlit.  He  became  known  as  “ buffalo  Bill  ” from  the  fact 
that  he  contracted  with  the  Kansas  Pacific  Railway  to 
supply  its  laborers  with  buffalo  meat : in  eighteen  months 
he  killed  4,280  bulfaloes.  In  1872  he  was  elected  a mem- 
ber of  the  Nebraska  legislature.  In  1883  he  organized  the 
“ Wild  West,”  an  exhibition  of  life  on  the  frontier. 
Coehoorn  (ko'horn),  or  Cohorn  (ko'horn), 
Menno  van.  Born  near  Leeuwarden,  Fries- 
land, 1641:  died  at  The  Hague,  Netherlands, 
March  17,  1704.  A Dutch  military  engineer, 
called  the  Dutch  Vanhorn,  inventor  of  the 
eoehorn  1674.  He  wrote  “Nieuwe  Vesting- 
bouw  ” (“New  Fortification,”  1685). 

Coel.  See  Cole,  King. 

Coelebs  (se'lebz)  in  Search  of  a Wife.  A 

novel  by  Hannah  More,  published  in  1809. 
The  name  is  often  applied  to  any  bachelor  de- 
sirous of  marrying. 


264 

Ccelestin.  See  Celestine. 

Ccelestius  (se-les'tius).  A collaborator  of  Pela- 
gius:  a native  of  Ireland  (Bretagne?).  He  was 
condemned  as  a heretic  by  a council  at  Carthage  in  412, 
but  was  acquitted  by  Pope  Zosimus  in  417.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  ordained  presbyter  at  Ephesus  some  time  be- 
tween 412  and  417. 

Coele-Syria,  or  Cele-Syria  (se'le-sir'i-a).  [Gr. 
KotArj  Zvpia,  Hollow  Syria.]  A valley  in  Syria, 
lying  between  the  Libanus  and  the  Anti-Li- 
banus,  and  watered  by  the  Leontes  and  the 
Orontes. 

Coelho  (ko-el'yo),  Duarte  de  Albuquerque, 

Count  of  Pernambuco  and  Marquis  of  Basto. 
Born  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  22,  1591 : died  at  Madrid, 
Sept.  24,  1658.  The  eldest  son  of  Jorge  de 
Albuquerque  Coelho.  In  1627  he  was  made  gover- 
nor of  Pernambuco,  a position  which  lie  had,  by  feudal 
law,  inherited  from  his  father.  He  was  driven  out  by  the 
Dutch  invasion  of  1630,  and  in  1639  went  to  Spain,  resid- 
ing at  Madrid,  where  he  published  his  “ Memorias  diarias 
de  la  guerra  del  Brazil ” in  1654. 

Coelho,  Gonqalo.  A Portuguese  navigator 
who,  in  1488,  commanded  a ship  on  the  coast 
of  Senegambia.  It  has  been  supposed  that  he  had 
charge  of  the  expedition  of  1501  to  explore  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  but  of  this  there  is  no  proof.  It  seems  certain, 
however,  that  he  commanded  the  six  caravels  which  left 
Lisbon  June  10,  1503,  to  seek  a route  to  the  Moluccas 
around  the  southern  end  of  Brazil,  then  supposed  to  be 
an  island.  One  of  his  ships  was  wrecked ; two  others, 
one  of  them  having  Amerigo  Vespucci  for  commander  or 
pilot,  separated  from  Coelho  and  returned  to  Lisbon  in 
June,  15J4.  Coelho  himself  explored  as  far,  at  least,  as 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  only  returned  in  1506.  Nothing  fur- 
ther is  known  of  him. 

Coelho,  J orge  de  Albuquerque.  Bom  at  Olin- 
da,  Pernambuco,  April  23, 1539:  died,  probably 
at  Lisbon,  some  time  after  1596.  A Portuguese 
soldier,  second  son  of  Duarte  Coelho  Pereira. 
From  1560  to  1565  he  was  commander  of  the  Portuguese 
forces  in  Pernambuco,  under  his  brother,  the  second  dona- 
tario ; he  was  captured  by  French  corsairs  in  1565 ; was 
captured  by  the  Moors  in  Africa  at  the  disastrous  battle 
of  Alcacer-Quivir  (Aug.  4,  1578);  and  on  the  death  of  his 
brother  inherited  the  captaincy  of  Pernambuco. 

Coelho  de  Albuquerque  (ko-el'yo  de  al-bo- 
ker'ke),  Duarte.  Born  at  Olinda,  Pernam- 
buco, 1537:  died  in  Fez,  Africa,  about  1579. 
The  eldest  son  of  Duarte  Coelho  Pereira.  He 
inherited  the  captaincy  of  Pernambuco  in  1554,  and  gov- 
erned it  personally  from  1560  to  1572.  Returning  to  Por- 
tugal, he  followed  Dom  Sebastiao  to  Africa,  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Moors,  and  died  in  captivity. 

Coelho  Pereira,  Duarte.  Born  about  1485: 
died  at  Olinda,  Pernambuco,  Aug.  7,  1554.  A 
Portuguese  soldier.  He  was  the  first  to  reach  Cochin 
China,  and  was  sent  as  an  ambassador  to  Siam  and  China. 
In  1530  he  was  sent  to  the  coast  of  Brazil,  where  he  de- 
stroyed a French  trading  establishment.  In  April,  1534, 
the  new  captaincy  of  Pernambuco  was  granted  to  him 
and  his  heirs  in  perpetuity,  and  he  speedily  made  it  the 
most  flourishing  colony  in  Brazil.  Olinda,  his  capital, 
was  founded  in  1635. 

Ccelica  (se'li-ka).  A collection  of  short  poems 
of  different  lengths,  by  Fulke  Greville  (Lord 
Brooko).  It  appeared  in  a folio  volume  con- 
taining other  poems  in  1633. 

Coello  (ko-el'yo),  Alonso  Sanchez.  Born  at 
Benifayro,  near  Valencia,  Spain,  about  1520(?) : 
died  at  Madrid,  1590.  A Spanish  painter,  es- 
pecially noted  for  his  portraits. 

Coello,  Claudio.  Born  at  Madrid,  1621:  died 
at  Madrid,  April  20,  1693.  A Spanish  histori- 
cal painter. 

Coen  (kon),  Jan  Pieterszoon.  Born  at  Hoorn, 
Netherlands,  Jan.  8,  1587:  died  at  Batavia, 
Java,  Sept.  20,  1629.  A Dutch  official,  gover- 
nor-general of  the  Dutch  East  Indies  1618-23. 
He  founded  Batavia  in  1619. 

Cceur  (ker),  Jacques.  Born  at  Bourges,  France, 
about  1400:  died  in  Chios,  Nov.  25,  1456.  A 
noted  French  financier,  and  merchant  in  the 
Levant.  He  had  charge  of  the  coinage  and  financial 
affairs  of  the  state  from  about  1430,  and  effected  important 
reforms.  He  was  imprisoned  1451-55  on  the  false  charge 
of  having  poisoned  Agn6s  Sorel. 

Coeur  d’Alfine  (ker  da-lan').  [F.,‘ awl-heart.’] 
An  Indian  tribe  living  chiefly  in  northern  Idaho. 
They  give  name  to  a lake,  river,  and  range  of  mountains 
in  northern  Idaho.  See  Salishan.  Their  name  for  them- 
selves is  Skitsicish. 

Coeur  de  Lion  (ker  de  le-on').  [F.,  ‘lion’s 
heart,’  ‘lion-hearted.’]  A surname  given  on 
account  of  their  valor  to  Richard  I.  of  England 
and  Louis  VIII.  of  France. 

Coffee-House  Politician,  The.  A comedy  by 
Henry  Fielding,  published  in  1730. 

Coffin  (kof'in),  Sir  Isaac.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  16,  1759:  died  in  England,  July  23, 
1839.  A British  sailor,  appointed  vice-admiral 
in  1808,  and  admiral  June  4,  1814.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  1773,  and  became  commander  in  1781.  In 
1788  he  was  accused  of  signing  a false  muster,  tried  by 
court-martial,  found  guilty,  and  dismissed  from  the  navy, 
but  was  reinstated. 


Coimbatore 

Coffin,  James  Henry.  Born  at  Northampton, 

Mass.,  Sept.  6,  1806:  died  at  Easton,  Pa.,  Feb. 
6, 1873.  An  American  mathematician  and  me- 
teorologist, professor  of  mathematics  and  as- 
tronomy at  Lafayette  College,  Easton.  He  wrote 
“ Winds  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  ” (1853),  and  other 
meteorological  works,  “ Elements  of  Conic  Sections  ” and 
“Analytical  Geometry”  (1849),  etc. 

Coffin,  Long  Tom.  A sailor  in  Cooper’s  novel 
“The  Pilot,” 

Cogalniceanu  (ko-gul-nich-an'),  Michael. 
Born  Sept.  6, 1817 : died  at  Paris,  July  1,  1891. 
A Rumanian  statesman  and  historian.  He  was 
president  of  the  cabinet  1863-65,  minister  of  the  interior 
1868-70,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1877-78,  minister  of  the 
interior  1879-80,  and  Rumanian  ambassador  at  Paris  1880- 
1881.  He  wrote  “Histoire  de  la  Valachie  et  de  la  Mol- 
davie  ” (1837),  etc. 

Coghetti  (ko-get'te),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  Oct.  4,  1804:  died  at  Rome, 
April  21,  1875.  An  Italian  painter.  His  best- 
known  works  are  the  frescos  in  the  basilica  in 
Savona. 

Cogia  Hassan  Alhabbal  (ko'gya  has'san  al- 
hab'bal).  A story,  in  “ The  Arabian  Nights’ 
Entertainments,”  of  a poor  rope-maker  who 
finds  a diamond  in  a large  fish,  and  becomes 
rich. 

Cogia  Houssam  (hos'sam).  The  captain  of  the 
thieves  in  ‘‘Ali  Baba  and  the  Forty  Thieves,” 
in  “The  Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments,” 
who,  under  this  name,  wins  the  confidence  of 
Ali  Baba’s  son. 

Cognac  (kon-yak').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Charente,  France,  situated  on  the  Charente 
23  miles  west  of  Angouleme:  the  ancient  Con- 
date  (in  the  middle  ages  Coniacus,  later  Coi- 
gnac).  It  is  the  center  of  the  brandy  trade  of  the  region. 
Population,  commune,  19,409. 

Cognac,  Holy  League  of.  A league  concluded 
May  22, 1526,  between  Pope  Clement  VII., Fran- 
cis I.  of  France,  Milan,  and  Venice,  against  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  Henry  VIII.  was  in  sympathy 
with  the  league,  which  is  also  styled  the  Clementine 
League. 

Cogniard  (kon-yar'),  Hippolyte.  Born  Nov. 
20,  1807 : died  Feb.  6, 1882.  A French  theatri- 
cal director  and  writer  of  vaudevilles. 
Cogniard,  Theodore.  Born  April  30, 1806 : died 
May  14,  1872.  A French  theatrical  director 
and.  writer  of  vaudevilles  in  -conjunction  with 
his  brother  Hippolyte. 

Cogoleto  (ko-go-la'to).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  coast  15  miles 
west  of  Genoa.  It  is  sometimes  claimed  as  the 
birthplace  of  Columbus. 

Cogolludo  (ko-gol-yo'Do),  Diego  Lopez  de. 

A Spanish  Franciscan  who  lived  in  Yucatan 
in  the  second  quarter  of  the  17th  century.  His 
“ Historia  de  Yucathan"  (fol.,  Madrid,  1688)  is  a chief  au- 
thority on  the  history  of  that  country  down  to  1656.  A 
second  edition  bears  the  title  “Los  tres  siglos  de  la  domi- 
nacion  espafiola  en  Yucatan”  (2  vols.,  Campeche  and 
Merida,  1842-45). 

Cogswell  (kogz'wel),  Joseph  Green.  Born  at 
Ipswich,  Mass.,  Sept.  27,  1786:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Nov.  26,  1871.  An  American 
scholar.  He  was  professor  of  mineralogy  and  geology 
at  Harvard  1820-23 ; founded,  with  George  Bancroft,  the 
Round  Hill  School  at  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  in 
1823;  edited  the  “New  York  Review”;  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  Astor  Library,  New  York,  in  1848; 
and  resigned  as  superintendent  in  1861,  and  as  trustee  in 
1864. 

Cohasset  (ko-bas'et).  A town  and  summer 
resort  iu  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated on  Massachusetts  Bay  15  miles  southeast 
of  Boston.  Minot’s  Ledge  lighthouse  lies  1 mile  off 
the  coast  at  this  point.  Population,  2,585,  (1910). 

Cohn  (kon),  Ferdinand  Julius.  Born  Jan.  24, 
1828:  died  June  25,  1898.  A noted  German 
botanist,  professor  of  botany  at  Breslau. 
Cohnheim  (kon'him),  Julius  Friedrich.  Born 

at  Demmin,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  July  20,  1839: 
died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  14,  1884.  A German  pa- 
thologist, noted  especially  for  discoveries  in 
regard  to  pus-corpuscles.  He  became  professor  of 
pathology  and  pathological  anatomy  at  Kiel  in  1868,  at 
Breslau  iu  1872,  and  at  Leipsic  iu  1878. 

Cohoes  (ko-hoz').  A city  in  Albany  County, 
New  York,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Mohawk  with  the  Hudson,  8 miles  north  of 
Albany.  It  has  rolling-mills  and  manufactures  of  ho- 
siery and  underwear.  Its  water-power  is  derived  from 
the  Cohoes  tails,  .0  feet  in  height.  Population,  24,709, 
(1910). 

Coila  (koi'lji)  : Latinized  from  Kyle.  A region 
in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  celebrated  in  Burns’s 
poems. 

Coimbatore  (ko  - im  - ba  - tor '),  or  Koimbatur 

(-tor').  1.  A district  in  Madras,  British  India, 
situated  lat.  10°  15'-11°  18'  N.,  long.  76°  39'- 


Coimbatore 

78°  14'  E.  Area,  7,860  square  miles. Popula- 
tion, 2,201,752. — 2.  The  capital  of  this  dis- 
trict, situated  on  the  river  Noyel  in  lat.  11° 
N.,  long.  76°  58'  E.  Population,  53,080. 
Coimbra  (ko-em'brii).  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Coimbra,  in  Beira,  Portugal,  situated 
(near  the  ancient  Conimbrica)  on  the  Mon- 
dego  in  lat.  40°  12'  N.,  long.  8°  25'  W.  it  is 

ths  seat  of  the  only  university  in  Portugal,  transferred 
here  in  1308  from  Lisbon  (where  it  was  founded  in  1290), 
and  was  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Ines  de  Castro  in 
1355.  It  contains  the  Convent  of  Santa  Cruz,  with  the 
tombs  of  Alfonso  Henriques  and  Sancho  I.,  an  old  and  a 
new  cathedral,  and  a fine  library  building  connected  with 
the  university.  Population,  18,144. 

Coimbra.  A Brazilian  frontier  fort  and  settle- 
ment on  the  river  Paraguay  in  lat.  19°  55'  S. 
It  was  founded  in  1775,  repulsed  an  attack  of  the  Span- 
iards in  1801,  and  was  taken  by  the  Paraguayans  in  Lee., 
1864. 

Coin  (ko-en').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Malaga,  Spain,  20  miles  west  of  Malaga. 
Population,  12,326. 

Coire  (kwar),  G.  Chur  (chor).  [It.  Coira,  Ro- 
mansh  Cuera .]  The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Plessur, 
near  the  Rhine,  in  lat.  46°  51'  N.,long.  9°  31'  E. : 
the  Roman  Curia  Rhsetorum.  it  is  a very  old  town, 
and  contains  a cathedral,  an  episcopal  palace,  and  some 
Roman  antiquities.  The  cathedral  is  a venerable  struc- 
ture, in  parts  as  old  as  the  8th  century,  with  a still  older 
crypt.  Population,  11,532. 

Gojutepec  (ko-no-te-pek'),  or  Cojutepeque 
(ko-Ho-te-pa  ka).  A town  in  San  Salvador, 
Central  America,  10  miles  northeast  of  San 
Salvador.  Population,  10,350. 

Cokayne  (ko-kan'),  Thomas.  Born  at  Maple- 
ton,  Derbyshire,  Jan.  21,  1587 : died  at  Lon- 
don, 1638.  An  English  lexicographer,  author 
of  an  English-Greek  lexicon  containing  deriva- 
tions and  definitions  of  “ all  the  words  in  the 
New  Testament”  (1658).  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford (Corpus  Christi  College),  but  did  not  take  a degree. 
Luring  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  lived  in  Loudon 
under  the  name  of  Browne. 

Coke  (kok,  originally  kuk),  Si’-  Edward.  [The 
surname  Coke  is  another  form  (archaic  spell- 
ing) of  Cook,  orig.  designating  a cook.]  Born 
at  Mileham,  Norfolk,  England,  Feb.  1,  1552 : 
died  at  Stoke  Pogis,  Sept.  3,  1634.  A noted 
English  jurist.  He  was  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons 1592-93,  attorney-general  1593-94,  chief  justice  of 
the  Common  Pleas  1606,  and  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  1613.  He  came  into  conflict  with  the  king  and 
Bacon  on  matters  touching  the  royal  prerogative,  espe- 
cially the  right  of  granting  commendams,  and  was  re- 
moved from  the  bench  Nov.  15,  1616.  Among  the  noted 
cases  which  he  conducted  as  prosecutor  are  those  of  Es- 
sex and  Southampton  in  1601,  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in 
1603  (in  which  he  disgraced  himself  by  the  brutality  of 
his  language),  and  of  the  gunpowder  plotters  in  1605.  In 
the  later  part  of  his  life  he  rendered  notable  service,  in 
Parliament,  to  the  cause  of  English  freedom,  his  last 
important  speech  being  a direct  attack  on  Buckingham. 
His  chief  works  are  his  “Reports”  (1600-15)  and  his 
“Institutes,”  which  consist  of  a reprint  and  translation 
of  Littleton’s  “ Tenures”  with  a commentary  (popularly 
known  as  “Coke  upon  Littleton”);  the  text  of  various 
statutes  from  Magna  Charta  to  the  time  of  James  I.,  with 
a commentary;  a treatise  on  criminal  law  ; and  a treatise 
on  the  jurisdiction  of  the  different  law-courts. 

Coke,  Thomas.  Born  at  Brecon,  South  Wales, 
Sept.  9,  1747 : died  at  sea,  May  2,  1814.  A 
British  preacher  and  missionary,  first  bishop 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (1784).  He 
wrote  a “ Commentary  on  the  Holy  Scriptures” 
(1807),  “History  of  the  West  Indies”  (1808), 
etc. 

Coke,  Thomas  William.  Born  May  4,  1752 : 
died  at  Longford  Hall,  Derbyshire,  June  30, 
1842.  An  English  nobleman  and  Whig  poli- 
tician, created  earl  of  Leicester  of  Holkham 
and  Viscount  Coke  Aug.  12,  1837.  He  was  the 
son  of  Thomas  Wenman,  and  assumed  the  name  Coke 
on  succeeding  to  the  estate  of  his  maternal  uncle, 
Thomas  Coke,  earl  of  Leicester.  He  is  beet  known  for 
his  improvements  in  agriculture  on  his  estates  about 
Holkham,  Norfolk,  especially  in  the  breeds  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  pigs. 

Cokes  (koks),  Bartholomew.  A foolish  young 
squire  in  Jonson’s  comedy  “Bartholomew  Fair.” 

Cokes  is  unquestionably  the  most  finished  picture  of  a 
simpleton  that  the  mimetic  art  ever  produced.  With  suf- 
ficient natural  powers  to  take  from  us  all  sense  of  uneasi- 
ness at  his  exposure,  he  is  forever  wantoning  on  the 
verge  of  imbecility.  His  childish  but  insatiable  curios- 
ity, his  eagerness  to  posse  s every  object  within  his 
reach,  his  total  abandonment  of  himself  to  every  amuse- 
ment that  offers,  his  incapacity  of  receiving  more  than 
one  of  two  events  at  a time,  with  his  anxious  fears  that 
the  other  will  escape  him,  joined  to  the  usual  concom- 
itants of  folly,  selfishness,  cunning,  and  occasional  fits 
of  obstinacy. 

Gifford,  Notes  to  Jonson  (Bartholomew  Fair),  II.  210. 

Colada  (ko-lii'THa).  [Sp.]  The  second  sword 
of  the  Cid. 

Colapur.  See  Kolhapur. 

VI.  10 


265 

Colban  (kol'biin),  Madame  (Adolfine  Marie 
Schmidt).  Born  Dec.  18, 1814 : died  at  Rome, 
March  27,  1884.  A Norwegian  novelist.  Her 

works  include  “ Tre  Noveller  ” (1873),  “Tre  nye  Noveller" 
(1875),  “Jeg  lever ” (1877),  “Cleopatra"  (1880),  etc. 

Colberg.  See  Eolberg. 

Colbert  (kol-bar'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Rheims,  France,  Aug.  29,  1619 : died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  6,  1683.  A noted  French  statesman.  He 
was  the  son  of  a merchant  of  Rheims,  entered  the  service 
of  Cardinal  Mazarin  in  1648,  and  in  1661,  on  the  death  of 
Mazarin,  was  appointed  by  Louis  XIV.  minister  of  finance, 
a post  which  he  held  until  his  death.  He  introduced  ex- 
tensive fiscal  reforms,  as  a result  of  which  the  income 
of  the  government  was  nearly  trebled;  and  encouraged 
commerce  and  the  industries  by  imposing  a protective 
tariff,  by  the  building  of  canals,  and  by  the  planting  of 
colonies.  He  founded  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions (1663), 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  (1666),  and  other  institutions  for 
the  promotion  of  art  and  science. 

Colbert,  Jean  Baptiste,  Marquis  de  Seignelay. 
Born  at  Paris,  1651:  died  Nov.  3,  1690.  A 
French  official,  minister  of  marine:  son  of  J. 
B.  Colbert. 

Colborne  (kol'born),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Lynd- 
hurst,  Hampshire,  Feb.  16,  1778:  died  at  Tor- 
quay, Devonshire,  April  17,  1863.  An  English 
general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1794 ; served  under 
Wellington  in  Portugal,  France,  and  Spain  1809-14  ; fought 
with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo  in  1815 ; was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-governor  of  Guernsey  in  1825 ; and  in 
1830  became  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada,  a post 
which  he  resigned  on  being  promoted  to  lieutenant-general 
in  1838.  He  returned  to  England  in  1839,  after  having  in 
the  mean  time  quelled  the  Canadian  rebellion,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Seaton  of 
Seaton  in  Devonshire.  He  was  promoted  general  in  1854, 
was  commander  of  the  forces  in  Ireland  1855-60,  and  was 
created  field-marshal  in  1860. 

Colbrand  (kol'brand),  or  Coldbrand  (kold'- 
brand).  A Danish  giant,  slain  by  Guy  of  War- 
wick. There  is  some  slight  foundation  of  fact 
in  this  legend.  See  Guy  of  Warwick. 

Colburn  (kol'bem),  Warren.  Born  at  Ded- 
ham, Mass.,  March  1,  1793:  died  at  Lowell, 
Mass.,  Sept.  15,  1833.  An  American  mathe- 
matician, best  known  as  a writer  on  arithmetic. 
Colburn,  Zerah.  Born  at  Cabot,  Vt.,  Sept.  1, 
1804:  died  at  Norwich,  Vt.,  March  2, 1840.  An 
American,  celebrated  during  his  boyhood  as  an 
arithmetical  prodigy. 

Colburn,  Zerah.  Born  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  1832:  died  April  26,  1870.  An  American 
mechanical  engineer,  founder  (1866)  of  the 
journal  “Engineering.” 

Colby  (kol'bi)  University.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  at  Waterville,  Maine.  It 
was  organized  in  1820,  and  previous  to  1867 
was  called  Waterville  College.  In  1899  the 
name  was  changed  to  Colby  College. 
Colcampata  (kol-kam-pa'ta).  [Quichua,  ‘ter- 
race of  the  granaries.’]  A series  of  artificial  ter- 
races at  the  foot  of  the  Sacsahuaman  hill,  north 
of  and  overlooking  the  city  of  Cuzco,  Peru. 
Colchester  (kol'ches-ter).  A town  in  Essex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Colne  in  lat.  51°  54' 
N.,  long.  0°  54'  E. : the  Roman  Camulodunum, 
and  the  Anglo-Saxon  Colneceaster.  it  has  long 
been  famous  for  its  oyster-fishery,  and  contains  many 
Roman  antiquities,  including  Roman  walls.  It  has  a 
castle  and  the  ruins  of  St.  Botolph’s  Priory  and  of  a Bene- 
dictine monastery.  The  castle  is  the  most  powerful  Nor- 
man military  structure  in  England.  The  dimensions  of 
the  keep  are  168  by  126  feet,  and  its  walls  vary  in  thickness 
from  11  to  30  feet.  In  one  portion  of  the  walls  appears 
Roman  herring-bone  work  in  brick.  The  chapel  is  now  a 
museum  of  Roman  antiquities.  Camulodunum  was  the  ear- 
liest  Roman  colony  in  Britain,  and  was  destroyed  by  the 
Iceni,  but  rebuilt.  Later  it  became  a stronghold,  and  was 
taken  by  Fairfax  in  1648.  Population,  38,373. 

The  grand  city  of  Camulodunum,  or,  as  it  is  called  in 
the  Itinerary,  Camalodunum,  the  capital  of  the  British 
princes  after  they  had  submitted  to  the  Romans,  and  the 
first  Roman  city  in  the  island  which  was  honoured  with 
the  rank  of  a colonia.  History  speaks  of  its  temples  and 
public  buildings;  and  if,  at  an  early  period  of  its  history, 
it  was  exposed  to  attack  without  walls  of  defence,  that 
want  was  so  well  supplied  at  a subsequent  period,  that 
the  ponderous  masonry  of  its  walls  has  endured  to  the 
present  day,  and  ought  never  to  have  allowed  anybody  to 
hesitate  in  placing  the  site  of  this  ancient  city  at  Col- 
chester. Wright,  Celt,  p.  134. 

Colchester,  Baron.  See  Abbot,  Charles. 
Colchis  (kol'kis).  [Gr.  K ohxfc.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a country  in  Asia,  lying  between 
the  Caucasus  on  the  north,  Iberia  on  the  east, 
Armenia  on  the  south,  Pontus  on  the  south- 
west, and  the  Buxine  on  the  west : the  modern 
Mingrelia.  It  was  the  legendary  land  of  Medea  and 
the  Golden  Fleece,  and  its  inhabitants  were  famous  for 
the  manufacture  of  linen. 

Colour  (kol'kor).  Born  in  Araueania  about 
1555:  died  at  Santa  Cruz  de  Coya,  1598.  An 
Araucatiian  Indian  of  Chile,  grandson  of  the 
celebrated  chief  Caupolican.  He  was  cacique  of 
Angol,  and  one  of  the  most  determined  foes  of  the  Span- 


Cole,  John  William 

iards.  In  1592  he  was  elected  toqui  or  war-chief  of  the 
nation.  He  was  killed  in  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Coya. 

Coldbath  Fields  (kold'bath.  feldz).  A part 
of  Middlesex  from  which  the  great  Coldbath 
Fields  prison  took  its  name.  The  original  house  of 
correction  here  was  built  in  the  reign  of  James  I It 
was  overcrowded  and  was  closed  in  1886. 

Col  de  Balme  (kol  do  balm).  A notably  pic- 
turesque Alpine  pass  on  the  route  between 
Chamonix  in  France  and  Martigny  in  Switzer- 
land. Elevation,  7,225  feet. 

Colden  (kol 'den),  Cadwallader.  Born  at 
Dunse,  Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1688:  died  on  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  28,  1776.  A Scotch-Ameri- 
can  physician,  botanist,  mathematician,  and 
politician,  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York 
1761-76.  He  introduced  the  Linnean  system  into  Amer- 
ica, and  furnishedLinnaeusfwho  named  the  genus  Culdenia 
for  him)  with  descriptions  of  several  hundred  American 
plants.  He  wrote  a “History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations 
of  Canada”  (1727),  and  several  medical  works. 

Colden,  Cadwallader  David.  Born  near 
Flushing;  Long  Island,  April  4,  1769:  died  at 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Feb.  7,  1834.  An  American 
lawyer  and  politician,  grandson  of  C.  Colden. 

Col  de  Tenda  (kol  de  ten'da).  A pass  in  the 
mountains  of  northwestern  Italy,  near  France, 
30  miles  northeast  of  Monaco,  it  is  often  taken  as 
the  boundary  between  the  Maritime  Alps  and  the  Apen- 
nines. Elevation,  6,195  feet. 

Cold  Harbour  (kold  har'bor).  [Also  Cole-Har- 
bour; corrupted  Coal  Harbour.']  Avery  ancient 
building  in  the  parish  of  AlLhallows  the  Less, 
near  tile  Thames.  Stow  gives  a long  account  of  the 
various  merchant  princes  and  great  men  through  whose 
hands  it  passed  till  it  came  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  who 
in  1553  changed  its  name  to  Shrewsbury  House ; the  next 
earl  “ took  it  down,  and  in  place  thereof  builded  a number 
of  small  tenements,  nowlettenout  for  great  rents  to  peo- 
ple of  all  sorts.”  It  was  at  this  time  a sanctuary  for 
debtors,  gamesters,  etc. ; lienee  the  phrase  “To  take  sanc- 
tuary in  Cold  Harbour.” 

Cold  Harbor.  A place  in  Hanover  County, 
Virginia,  9 miles  east-northeast  of  Richmond, 
situated  near  the  Chickahominy.  It  was  the  scene 
of  two  battles  during  the  Civil  War : the  first,  fought .)  une 
27,  1862,  is  better  known  as  the  battle  of  Gaines’s  Mill 
(which  see) ; the  second  was  fought  June  3,  1864,  and  the 
Confederates  (50,000-69,000)  under  Lee  defeated  the  Fed- 
eral (150,000)  under  Grant.  Losses  (June  1-12):  of  Fed- 
erals,  14,931 ; of  Confederates,  1,700. 

Coldingharn  (kol'ding-am).  A village  of  Ber- 
wickshire, Scotland,  10  miles  northwest  of  Be  r- 
wick.  It  contained  a famous  priory,  burned  by 
the  Danes  about  870. 

Coldstream  (kold'strem).  A small  town  in 
Berwickshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tweed 
12  miles  southwest  of  Berwick.  Pop.,  1,482. 

Coldstream  Guards.  A regiment  of  British 
foot-guards,  first  enrolled  by  General  Monk  at 
Coldstream  1659-60. 

Coldstream  (kold'strem),  Lady  Catharine. 

A Scottish  woman  of  quality  in  Foote’s  play 
“ The  Maid  of  Bath” : a shrewd  old  woman  who 
tries  her  hand  at  match-making. 

Coldstream,  Sir  Charles.  A languid  man  of 
fashion  in  Mathews’s  farce  “ Used  Up.” 

Col  du  Bonhomme  (koldiibo-nom').  [F., ‘good- 
man’s  neck.’]  1.  One  of  the  chief  passes  over 
the  Vosges  Mountains  on  the  frontier  of  France 
and  Alsace  southwest  of  Markirch.  Elevation, 
3,084  feet. — 2.  A pass  in  the  Alps,  south  of 
Mont  Blanc,  on  the  route  between  Chamonix  and 
Courmayeur  (in  Italy).  Elevation,  7,680  feet. 

Col  du  Mont-Iseran  (kol  dii  mont-ez-ron'). 
A pass  in  the  southeastern  Alps,  between  the 
upper  valley  of  the  Isere  and  that  of  the  Arc. 
Elevation,  9,085  feet. 

Coldwater  (kold'wa/ter).  The  capital  of  Branch 
County,  in  southern  Michigan,  situated  on  Cold- 
water  River  in  lat.  41°  57'  N.,  long.  85°  W. 
Population,  5,945,  (1910). 

Cole  (kol),  George.  Born  at  Portsmouth,  Eng- 
land, 1810  : died  at  London,  Sept.  7,  1883.  An 
English  landscape-painter. 

Cole,  Sir  Henry.  Born  at  Bath,  July  15,  1808: 
died  at  London,  April  18,  1882.  An  English 
official.  He  was  a senior  assistant  keeper  of  the  rec- 
ords 1838,  became  secretary  of  the  committee  on  penny 
postage  in  1838,  edited  the  “Journal  of  Design"  1849-52, 
was  a member  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  great 
exhibition  of  1851,  was  the  chief  manager  of  the  exhibi- 
tions of  1871-74,  became  secretary  of  the  School  of  Design 
in  1851,  and  was  secretary  of  the  department  of  practical 
art  1852  73.  He  published,  under  the  pseudonym  of  “Felix 
Summerly,"  “The  Home  Treasury”  (1843-44),  “Pleasure 
Excursions  to  Croydon”  (1846),  “Westminster  Abbey" 
(1842) , “Canterbury  ” ( 1843),  “ Hampton  Court  ” (1843) , etc. 

Cole,  John  William:  pseudonym  John  Wil- 
liam Calcraft.  Ail  English  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  lias  written  u Russia  and  the  Russians” 
(1854),  “ Life  and  Theatrical  l imes  of  Charles  Kean  ”(1800), 
and  “ The  Bride  of  Laminermoor,”  a drama. 


266 


Cole,  King 

Cole,  King.  See  King  Cole. 

Cole,  Mrs.  A character  played  by  Foote  in  his 
comedy  “The  Mirror,”  a procuress  whose  pre- 
tended reformation  was  intended  as  a slur  on 
the  Methodists.  She  refers  to  her  friend  Dr.  Squintum, 
which  gave  great  offense,  as  he  was  at  once  identified  with 
George  Whitefield.  She  was  a real  person,  a “Mother 
Douglass." 

Cole,  Thomas.  Born  at  Bolton-le-Moors,  Lan- 
cashire, England,  Feb.  1,  1801 : died  at  Catskill, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  11, 1848.  A noted  American  land- 
scape-painter. He  came  with  his  father  to  the  United 
States  in  1819,  settled  in  Ohio,  and  in  1825  removed  to  N ew 
York.  He  aspired  to  be  a painter  of  large  historical,  or  ra- 
ther allegorical,  landscapes ; and  some  of  his  productions  in 
this  line  (as,  for  instance,  those  in  the  New  York  Histori- 
cal Society's  rooms)  will  always  secure  him  a respectable 
place  among  the  followers  of  the  old  school.  He  was  a 

*great  lover  of  the  Catskills  and  White  Mountains. 

Cole,  Timothy.  Born  at  London,  April  6, 1852. 
A noted  American  wood-engraver,  and  leader  of 
the  new  school  of  wood -engraving.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  “Old  Italian  Masters, “begun  in  1883,  pub- 
lished in  1892  (text  by  W.  J.  Stillman). 

Cole,  Vicat.  Born  1833  : died  April  6, 1893.  An 
English  landscape-painter. 

Cole,  William.  Born  at  Little  Abington,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, Aug.  3,  1714:  died  at  Milton,  near 
Cambridge,  Dec.  16, 1782.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  antiquary,  an  authority  on  the  anti- 
quities of  Cambridge  and  Cambridgeshire.  His 
manuscripts  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

Colebrooke  (kol'bruk),  Henry  Thomas.  Born 
at  London,  June  15,  1765:  died  at  London, 
March  10,  1837.  An  English  Orientalist,  cele- 
brated as  the  pioneer  of  the  modern  study  of 
Sanskrit. 

Coleman  (kol'man),  Lyman.  Born  at  Middle- 
field,  Mass. , June  14,  1796 : died  at  Easton,  Pa. , 
March  16, 1882.  An  American  educator  and  theo- 
logical writer,  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  at 
Lafayette  College  1861-68,  and  of  Latin  1868-82. 

Colenso  (ko-len'so),  John  William.  Born  at 
St.  Austell,  Cornwall,  Jan.  24,  1814:  died  at 
Durban,  Natal,  June  20,  1883.  An  English  di- 
vine, appointed  bishop  of  Natal  in  1853.  He,  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  aud  was  tutor  in  St.  John’s  Col- 
lege 1842^6.  From  that  date  until  1853  he  was  vicar 
of  Forncett  St.  Mary  in  Norfolk.  He  published  elemen- 
tary treatises  on  arithmetic  and  algebra,  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, works  on  the  Zulu  language,  a “Commentary  ou 
St.  Paul’s  Epistle  to  the  Romans’’  (1861),  “The  Penta- 
teuch and  Book  of  Joshua  Critically  Examined  "(1862-79), 
etc.  His  writings  on  the  Old  Testament,  in  which  he  took 
very  advanced  critical  ground,  awakened  great  and  bitter 
opposition  ; he  was  excommunicated  by  Bishop  Gray,  met- 
ropolitan of  Cape  Town  (a  proceeding  afterward  declared 
to  be  null  and  void),  and  was  subjected  to  attacks  from 
many  quarters. 

Coleone,  Bartolommeo.  See  Colleoni. 

Colepeper  (kol'pep//er),  John.  Died'  in  Eng- 
land, J une  11,  1660.  An  English  royalist  poli- 
tician, first  Lord  Colepeper,  son  of  Sir  John 
Colepeper  of  Wigsell,  Sussex.  He  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  Long  Parliament  in  1640 ; took  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings against  Strafford  ; supported  the  episcopacy  and 
opposed  the  Scottish  demand  for  religious  union  ; became 
a privy  councilor  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  Jan. 
2,  1642  ; and  was  thenceforth  an  influential  adviser  of  the 
king.  He  followed  Charles  to  York  ; fought  at  the  battle 
of  Edgehill ; became  master  of  the  rolls  Jan.  28, 1643 ; and 
accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales  (Charles  II.)  to  France 
in  1646.  He  remained  until  his  death  a councilor  and 
active  supporter  of  the  prince. 

Colepepper,  Captain  John.  A bully  and  mur- 
derer in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  “ Fortunes  of  Nigel.” 
He  is  sometimes  known  as  Peppercul. 

Coleraine  (k51-ran').  A municipal  borough  in 
County  Londonderry,  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
Bann  in  lat.  55°  8'  N.,  long.  6°  41'  W.  It  is 
noted  for  its  linen  manufactures.  Population, 
6,958. 

Coleridge  (kol'rij),  Derwent.  Born  at  Kes- 
wick, England,  Sept.  14,  1800:  died  at  Torquay, 
April  2, 1883.  An  English  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, son  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  He  was 
master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Helston,  Cornwall,  1825- 
1840;  principal  of  St.  Mark's  College,  Chelsea,  1841-64; 
and  rector  of  Hanwell  1864-80. 

Coleridge,  Hartley.  Born  at  Clevedon,  Somer- 
setshire, Sept.  19,  1796 : died  at  Rydal,  West- 
moreland, Jan.  6,  1849.  An  English  poet  and 
man  of  letters,  son  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 
Hepublished  “Biographia  borealis ” (1833), republished  as 
“Worthies  of  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire”  (1836),  and  an 
edition  of  Massinger  and  Ford  (1840),  etc.  Uis  poetical 
and  prose  remains  were  edited  by  his  brother  Derwent 
Coleridge  in  1851.  His  life  was  one  of  misfortune,  due  to 
an  exceptionally  sensitive,  shy,  and  ineffectual  character. 

Coleridge,  Henry  Nelson.  Born  at  Ottery  St. 
Mary,  England,  Oct.  25,  1798:  died  Jan.  26, 
1843.  An  English  lawyer  and  man  of  letters, 
nephew  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  and  hus- 
band of  Sara  Coleridge.  He  became  his  uncle’s  lit- 
erary executor,  and  edited  several  of  his  works,  besides 
publishing  his  “Table  Talk.” 


Coleridge,  Herbert.  Born  at  Hampstead,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  7,  1830:  died  at  London,  April  23, 
1861.  An  English  lawyer  and  philologist,  son 
of  Henry  Nelson  Coleridge,  and  grandson  of 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  He  was  one  of  the  origi- 
nal promoters  and  practically  the  first  general  editor  of 
the  dictionary  at  first  designed  by  the  Philological  Society 
to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  Johnson’s  and  Richardson’s, 
but  which  in  the  hands  of  later  editors  has  developed  into 
the  “ New  English  Dictionary,  on  Historical  Principles,” 
in  process  of  publication  since  1884. 

Coleridge,  John  Duke,  Baron  Coleridge.  Born 
Dec.  3,  1820:  died  June  14,  1894.  An  English 
jurist,  son  of  Sir  John  Taylor  Coleridge.  He 
became  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in 
1873,  and  lord  chief  justice  of  England  in  1880. 

Coleridge,  Sir  John  Taylor.  Born  at  Tiverton, 
England,  1790 : died  at  Ottery  St.  Mary,  Feb. 
11, 1876.  An  English  jurist,  nephew  of  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge,  justice  of  the  King’s  Bench 
1835-58.  He  edited  Blackstone’s  “Commen- 
taries” (1825). 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor.  Born  at  Ottery  St. 
Mary,  Devonshire,  England,  Oct.  21,  1772 : died 
at  Highgate,  London,  July  25,  1834.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  philosopher,  and  literary  critic.  He 
studied,  with  a short  interruption,  at  Cambridge  1791-94, 
when  he  left  without  a degree.  Soon  after  this  he  formed, 
with  Southey,  George  Burnett,  aud  others,  the  project  of 
establishing  a communistic  society  on  the  Susquehanna 
River,  a scheme  which  was  never  executed  owing  to  want 
of  funds.  He  married  Sara  Fricker,  the  sister  of  Southey’s 
wife,  in  1795 ; and  in  the  same  year  settled  at  Bristol, 
where  the  first  volume  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1796. 
He  began  in  1796  the  publication  of  a weekly  periodical, 
entitled  “The  Watchman,”  of  which  only  ten  numbers 
appeared.  In  1798  he  published,  in  conjunction  with 
Wordsworth,  the  “Lyrical  Ballads,  "contributing  the  “An- 
cient Mariner,”  the  “ Nightingale,”  and  two  scenes  from 
“Osorio  ” (afterward  “Remorse”).  In  1798  he  accepted  an 
annuity  of  £150  from  the  brothers  Josiah  and  Thomas 
Wedgwood,  and  in  the  same  year  went  to  Germany,  where 
he  studied  physiology  and  philosophy  some  months  at  the 
University  of  Gottingen.  He  returned  to  England  in  1799, 
and  in  1800  settled  at  Keswick,  the  home  of  Southey  and 
Wordsworth.  He  was  secretary  to  the  governor  of  Malta 
1804-05.  Subsequently,  owing  to  domestic  difficulties, 
aggravated  by  his  habit  of  taking  opium,  he  separated 
from  his  wife  and  went  to  London,  where  he  lectured  to 
fashionable  audiences  on  Shakspere,  the  fine  arts,  and 
cognate  subjects.  In  1816  he  became  the  guest  of  Mr. 
Gillman,  a physician  of  London,  in  whose  house  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life.  Among  his  works  are  “Remorse,  a 
Tragedy”  (1813),  “Christabel”  (1816),  “Biographia  Lite- 
raria ” (1817),  “Aids  to  Reflection  in  the  Formation  of  a 
Manly  Character  ” (1825),  etc.  “Literary  Remains  ” edited 
by  H.  N.  Coleridge  (1836-39),  complete  works  edited  by 
Shedd  (1853-54). 

Coleridge,  Sara.  Born  at  Greta  Hall,  near 
Keswick,  England,  Dec.  22,  1802 : died  at  Lon- 
don, May  3, 1852.  An  English  writer,  daughter 
of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  and  wife  (1829)  of 
Henry  Nelson  Coleridge.  She  is  best  known 
as  the  editor,  after  her  husband’s  death,  of  her 
father’s  writings. 

Coles  (kolz),  Cowper  Phipps.  Born  1819 : lost 
at  sea,  Sept.  7,  1870.  An  English  naval  officer 
who  served  with  distinction  at  Sebastopol  in 
1854.  He  gave  much  attention  to  the  construction  of 
turreted  ships,  and  claimed  to  be  the  originator  (a  claim 
disproved  in  favor  of  Ericsson  and  others)  of  the  monitor 
type  of  iron-clad  ships.  He  lost  his  life  by  the  capsizing 
of  the  Captain  (a  ship  of  this  class  constructed  under  his 
own  supervision)  in  a gale  off  Cape  Finisterre,  in  which 
623  persons  were  drowned. 

Coles,  Edward.  Born  in  Albemarle  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  15,  1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July 
7,  1868.  An  American  politician,  governor  of 
Illinois  1823—26.  He  prevented,  after  a bitter  and  pro- 
tracted struggle,  the  pro-slavery  party  from  obtaining 
control  of  the  State. 

Coles,  Elisha.  Born  at  Wolverhampton,  Eng- 
land, about  1640 : died  at  Galway,  Ireland,  Dec. 
20,  1680.  An  English  school-teacher,  stenog- 
rapher, and  lexicographer.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
work  on  shorthand  (1674),  “An  English  Dictionary,  ex- 
plaining the  difficult  terms  that  are  used  in  divinity,  etc.’’ 
(1676:  and  several  subsequent  editions),  “A  Dictionary, 
English-Latin  and  Latin-Enghsh  " (1677  : and  several  later 
editions),  etc. 

Golet  (kol'et),  John.  Born  at  London,  1466: 
died  at  London,  Sept.  16,  1519.  A noted  Eng- 
lish theologian  and  classical  scholar,  dean  of 
St.  Paul’s  (1505),  and  founder  of  St.  Paul’s 
School  (1512).  h e was  the  intimate  friend  of  Erasmus 
and  More,  and  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  “new 
learning”  and  indirectly  of  the  Reformation. 

Colet  (ko-la'),  Madame  (Louise  Revoil).  Borg 
at  Aix,  France,  Sept.  15,  1810 : died  at  Paris, 
March  8,  1876.  A French  poet,  novelist,  and 
general  writer.  Her  works  include  “Les  fleurs  du 
midi”  '(1837),  “Lui,  roman  contemporain  " (1859),  “Les 
devotes  du  grand  monde  ” (1873),  etc. 

Colfax  (kol'faks),  Schuyler.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  23,  1823:  died  at  Mankato,  Minn., 
Jan.  13,  1885.  An  American  statesman,  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States  1869-73.  He  was 
member  (Republican)  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1855-69, 


Colle,  Charles 

and  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  1863-69.  He 
was  implicated  in  the  Credit  Mobilier  scandal  in  1873, 
but  denied  the  truth  of  the  charges  brought  against  him. 

Colico  (kol'e-ko).  A town  in  northern  Italy, 
on  Lake  Como,  situated  near  its  northern  ex- 
tremity 27  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Coligny,  or  Coligni  (ko-len-ye'  or  ko-len'ye), 
Gaspard  de.  Born  at  Chatillon-sur-Loing. 
France.  Feb.  16,  1519:  killed  at  Paris,  Aug.  24, 
1572.  A celebrated  French  general  and  Hugue- 
not leader,  son  of  Gaspard  de  Coligny,  marshal 
of  France.  He  was  presented  at  the  court  of  Francis  I. 
by  his  uncle  the  constable  Anne  de  Montmorency  in  1537, 
was  knighted  by  Cond6  on  the  field  of  Cdrisolles  in  1544, 
became  admiral  of  France  in  1562,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
of  war  by  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Quentin  in  1557.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France  he  openly  embraced  Calvinism,  and,  taking 
advantage  of  his  official  position,  made  several  attempts 
to  establish  colonies  in  America  as  places  of  refuge  for 
the  Huguenots,  including  the  expedition  of  Jean  Ribault 
in  1562  and  that  of  Laudonnicre  in  1564.  Civil  war  having 
broken  out  in  1562,  he  was  chosen  second  in  command  of 
the  Huguenot  forces.  The  murder  of  the  Prince  of  Condd 
after  the  battle  of  Jarnac  (1569)  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
the  Huguenot  party  until  superseded  by  Henry  of  Navarre, 
in  whose  name  he  fought  the  disastrous  battle  of  Mon- 
contour  the  same  year.  His  victory  over  the  Catholics  at 
Arnay-le-Duc  J une  27,  1570,  however,  resulted  in  the  peace 
of  St.  Germain,  concluded  Aug.  8, 1570.  On  the  occasion  of 
the  marriage  of  Henry  of  Navarre  with  Margaret  of  Valois, 
sister  of  Charles  IX,  he  visited  Paris,  where,  although 
treated  with  apparent  cordiality  by  the  king , he  was  mur- 
dered in  his  chamber  in  the  presence  of  the  Duke  of  Guise, 
falling  as  the  first  victim  of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew. 

Colima  (k5-le'ma).  1 . A state  in  Mexico,  lying 
between  Jalisco  on  the  north,  Michoacan  on 
the  east,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 
Area,  2,272  square  miles.  Population,  77,704, 
(1910). — 2.  The  capital  of  this  state,  in  lat. 
19°  12'  N.,  long.  103°  40'  W.  Population, 
25,148. — 3.  A volcano  in  the  state  of  Jalisco, 
Mexico,  situated  about  40  miles  northeast  of 
the  city  of  Colima.  It  was  in  eruption  in  1869,  in 
1881,  and  since  1890.  Height,  about  12,750  feet. 
— 4.  A nevado,  or  snowy  mountain,  on  the  boun- 
dary of  Colima  and  Jalisco.  Height,  14,364  feet. 

Colimas  (ko-le'maz).  [PL]  An  Indian  tribe 
of  New  Granada,  which  lived  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Magdalena  River  and  in  the  valley  of  the 
Rio  Negro  northwest  of  the  present  site  of 
Bogota.  They  had  little  civilization,  hut  built  fixed 
villages.  The  Colimas,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  were 
in  alliance  with  the  MuSos,  Paniquitas,  and  other  tribes 
against  their  common  enemies,  the  Chibchas:  probably 
these  tribes  were  ethnologically  related.  They  resisted 
the  Spaniards  fiercely,  and  were  soon  destroyed. 

Colin  Clout  (kol'in  klout).  A poem  by  Skel- 
ton: a satire  against  the  clergy  of  his  time. 
Colin  Clout ’s  Come  Home  Again.  A poem  by 
Edmund  Spenser,  published  1595.  Spenser  took 
the  name  from  Skelton,  and  called  himself  Colin  Clout  in 
all  his  poems.  Colin  Clout  is  also  a character  in  Gay’s 
pastoral  “ The  Shepherd’s  Week.” 

Colins  (ko-lan'),  Alexander.  Born  at  Mechlin, 
Belgium,  1526 : died  at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Aug. 
17,  1612.  A Flemish  sculptor.  His  best  works 
are  at  Innsbruck  (mausoleum  of  Maximilian 
I.,  etc.).  His  works  in  wood  and  in  ivory  are 
also  noted. 

Coll  (kol).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  lying  west  of  Mull. 
Length,  13  miles. 

Colla  (kol'ya).  [From  the  Indian  tribe  of  the 
same  name.]  A name  given  to  the  Aymard 
Indians  by  the  Quichuas.  Hence  the  name 
‘ Collao  ’ given  to  the  region  surrounding  Lake 
Titicaca. 

Collarner  (kol'a-mer),  Jacob.  Born  at  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  1792:  died  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  Nov.  9, 
1865.  An  American  politician,  postmaster- 
general  1849-50,  and  United  States  senator 
from  Vermont  1855-65. 

Collao  (kol-ya'o).  A region  in  southern  Peru, 
embracing  the  Titicaca  basin.  The  name  is 
also  extended  to  adjacent  parts  of  Bolivia. 

The  Collao  consists  of  elevated  plains  and  hilly  lands, 
nowhere  less  than  12,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is 
limited  on  the  east  and  west  by  two  great  chains  of 
the  Andean  system,  and  northward  the  Vilcanota  cross- 
range separates  it  from  the  basin  of  Cuzco.  The  greater 
part  of  the  Peruvian  department  of  Puno  is  included  in 
the  Collao. 

Collappohyea.  See  Calapooya. 

Collas  (kol'yaz).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Bolivia, 
now  known  as  Aymariis  (which  see). 

Colla-suyu  (kol'ya-so'yS).  [‘Region  of  the 
Colla.’]  A name  given  by  the  Incas  to  the 
southern  quarter  of  their  empire,  embracing  the 
highlands  of  Bolivia,  and  Peru  south  of  Cuzco. 

Colle  (kol'le).  A small  town  in  Tuscany,  Italy, 
situated  northwest  of  Siena. 

Colle  (ko-la'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  1709: 
died  there,  Nov.  3,  1783.  A French  song-writer 
and  dramatist. 


Colle,  Rafaello  dal 

Colle  (kol'le),  Rafaello  dal,  or  Rafaellino 

dal.  Born  at  or  near  San  Sepolcro,  Tuscany, 
about  1490:  died  about  1540(f).  An  Italian 
painter,  pupil  of  Raphael  (whence  his  surname 
Rafaellino). 

Colleen  Bawn(kol'enban),The,or  The  Brides 
of  Garry-Owen.  A play  by  Dion  Boucicault, 
founded  on  Gerald  Griffin’s  novel  “The  Col- 
legians.” It  was  first  played  on  Sept.  10,  1860.  A novel 
with  this  title  was  published  in  1861.  See  Collegians,  The. 

College  de  France  (ko-lazh'  de  frons),  or  Col- 
lege Royal.  An  institution  of  learning  founded 
by  Francis  I.  in  1529.  it  was  designed  to  promote 
the  more  advanced  tendencies  of  the  time,  and  to  coun- 
teract the  scholasticism  of  the  university.  It  at  first  con- 
sisted of  four  chairs  for  instruction  in  Greek  and  Hebrew. 
Later  were  added  medicine,  mathematics,  philosophy  (in 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.),  eloquence,  botany,  Arabic  (Henry 
III.),  and  Syriac  (Louis  XIII.).  In  1789  there  were  18 
chairs  ; in  1835  there  were  24  chairs.  There  are  about  40 
at  the  present  time.  The  College  Royal,  or  CoUege  de 
France,  was  at  first  dependent  upon  the  university  for 
lecture-rooms.  In  1610  a new  building  was  commenced, 
which  has  been  finished  in  the  present  century. 

College  Mazarin  (ko-lazh'  ma-za-ran').  A col- 
lege iu  Paris,  founded  by  Mazarin,  March  C, 
1661.  He  endowed  it,  and  gave  it  his  library  of  40,000 
volumes.  The  building  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the 
Tour  de  Nesle  by  the  architect  Le  Vau,  and  was  finished 
in  1672.  In  1674  the  new  college  was  incorporated  in  the 
university.  Its  object  was  the  gratuitous  instruction  and 
sustenance  of  sixty  sons  of  gentlemen  living  in  the  four 
newly  acquired  provinces,  Piguerol,  Alsace,  La  Flandre, 
and  Roussillon ; hence  its  name  “College  des  Quatre  Na- 
tions ” (‘CoUege  of  the  Four  Nations’). 

College  of  the  Four  Nations.  See  College 
Mazarin. 

College  of  William  and  Mary.  See  William 
and  Mary  College. 

Collegians  (ko-le'ji-anz),  The.  A novel  by 
Gerald  Griffin,  issued  anonymously  in  1829. 
In  1861  an  edition  was  produced,  illustrated  by  Phiz,  and 
called  “ The  Colleen  Bawn,  or  The  Collegian’s  Wife.”  See 
Colleen  Bawn. 

Collegiants  (ko-le'ji-ants).  A sect  founded  near 
Leyden,  Holland,  in  1619,  the  societies  of  which 
are  called  colleges.  The  sect  spread  rapidly  in  the 
Netherlands,  and  is  stiU  maintained  there  and  in  Hanover. 

Colleoni  (kol-la-6'ne),  or  Coleone  (ko-la-o'ne), 
Bartolommeo.  Born  at  Solza,  near  Bergamo, 
1400:  died  Nov.  4,  1475.  A noted  Italian  mer- 
cenary commander,  the  foremost  tactician  and 
disciplinarian  of  the  15th  century.  He  was  of  an 
ancient  and  noble  family  which  exercised  a minor  sover- 
eignty over  the  province  of  Bergamo.  He  served  in  his 
youth  under  the  principal  condottieri,  or  mercenary  gen- 
erals, of  the  time ; and  in  wars  between  Milan  and  Venice 
followed  his  advantage  by  serving  either  side  at  discre- 
tion. The  Visconti  of  Milan  cast  him  into  prison,  and 
the  Council  of  Ten  at  Venice  conspired  for  his  assassina- 
tion. In  1454  he  finally  became  generalissimo  of  the  land 
forces  of  Venice,  and  retained  this  post  until  his  death. 
He  was  a patron  of  the  arts.  The  most  notable  works 
which  celebrate  his  greatness  are  the  statue  by  Verrocchio 
and  Leopardi  in  Venice,  the  best  equestrian  statue  iu  ex- 
istence (see  Verrocchio  and  Leopardi ) ; the  castle  of  Mal- 
paga,  near  Bergamo,  with  its  frescos ; and  the  CoUeoni 
chapel  in  the  Alta  Citta  at  Bergamo,  with  the  tombs  of 
Bartolommeo  and  his  daughter  Medea.  The  statue  by  Ver- 
rocchio stands  before  Santi  Giovanni  e Paolo  in  Venice.  It 
was  cast  in  1496,  and  is  the  second  equestrian  statue  of  the 
Italian  Renaissance.  It  characterizes  with  striking  nat- 
uralism the  haughty  and  formidable  mercenary  soldier. 
The  rich  marble  pedestal  has  Corinthian  columns  and  en- 
tablature. 

Collet  (kol'et),  John.  Bom  at  London  about 
1725:  died  at  Chelsea,  Aug.  6,  1780.  An  Eng- 
lish painter,  chiefly  of  humorous  scenes  from 
low  life. 

Colleton  (kol'e-ton),  James.  Governor  of 
South  Carolina  1686-90.  He  received  with  his  ap- 
pointment the  dignity  of  landgrave  and  48,000  acres  of 
land.  He  attempted  in  vain  to  enforce  the  recognition 
of  Locke’s  constitution  by  the  colonial  parliament.  He 
was  deposed  and  banished  by  the  colonists  on  the  procla- 
mation of  William  and  Mary,  1690. 

Colletta  (kol-let'ta),  Pietro.  Born  at  Naples, 
Jan.  23,  1775:  died  at  Florence,  Nov.  11,  1833. 
A Neapolitan  general.  He  was  made  intendant  of 
Calabria  by  Murat  in  1808,  obtained  the  rank  of  general 
in  1812,  wa3  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  constitutional  party 
under  the  Bourbons,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  revolu- 
tion of  1820  was  sent  as  viceroy  to  Sicily.  He  was  named 
minister  of  war  in  Feb.,  1821,  but  was  banished  through 
Austrian  intervention  and  retired  to  Florence,  He  wrote 
“Storia  del  reame  di  Napoli  1734-1825”  (1834). 

Colliberts  (kol-e-bar').  A despised  race  for- 
merly existing  in  several  parts  of  France,  after- 
ward chiefly  found  in  Poitou,  where  they  lived 
in  boats  on  the  rivers,  but  now  nearly  extinct. 
Collier  (kol'ybr),  Arthur.  Born  at  Langford 
Magna,  Wiltshire,  Oct.  12,  1680:  died  there, 
1732.  An  English  clergyman  and  metaphysi- 
cal writer,  rector  of  Langford  after  1704.  His 
chief  work  is  his  “Clavis  Universalis,  or  a New  Inquiry 
into  Truth,  being  a Demonstration  of  the  Non-existence 
or  Impossibility  of  an  External  World  ’’  (1713),  in  which 
he  propounds  a subjective  idealism  closely  resembling 
that  of  Berkeley. 


267 

Collier,  Jeremy.  Born  at  Stow-cum-Qui,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, Sept.  23,  1650:  died  at  London, 
April  26,  1726.  An  English  nonjuring  cler- 
gyman, celebrated  as  a controversialist.  He 
was  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1673,  was  rector  of  Amp- 
ton  in  Suffolk  1679-85,  and  removed  to  London  in  the  lat- 
ter year,  where  he  was  for  some  time  lecturer  at  Gray’s 
Inn.  A political  pamphlet  in  which  he  maintained  that  tiie 
withdrawal  of  the  king  was  not  an  abdication,  and  that 
the  throne  was  not  vacant,  caused  his  imprisonment  for  a 
short  time  in  Newgate  in  1688,  and  in  1692  he  was  again 
imprisoned,  for  political  reasons.  In  1696  he,  with  two 
other  nonjuring  clergymen,  attended  Sir  John  F’riend 
and  Sir  William  Parkyns  (who  were  condemned  to  death 
as  conspirators  against  the  life  of  William)  to  the  scaffold 
and  absolved  them,  and,  having  concealed  himself  to  avoid 
arrest,  was  outlawed  (July  2).  He  wrote  a large  number 
of  controversial  pamphlets,  a “Historical,  Geographical, 
Genealogical,  and  Poetical  Dictionary  ” (1701-21),  a learned 
“Ecclesiastical  History  of  Great  Britain  . . . to  the  End 
of  the  Reign  of  Charles  II.”  (1708-14),  and  the  famous 
“Short  View  of  the  Immorality  and  Profaneness  of  the 
English  Stage  " (1698).  The  last  work  was  a vigorous  at- 
tack upon  the  coarseness  of  the  contemporary  theater, 
and  produced  a great  impression,  forcing  from  Dryden  a 
confession  of  fault  and  a declaration  of  repentance,  and 
unwilling  recognition  from  other  dramatists,  and  initiating 
a reformation. 

Collier,  John  Payne.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
11,  1789:  died  at  Maidenhead,  Sept.  17,  1883. 
An  English  journalist,  lawyer,  and  Sliakspe- 
rian  critic.  He  was  a reporter  for  the  “Times”  1809- 
1821,  and  parliamentary  reporter,  dramatic  and  literary 
critic,  and  editorial  writer  for  the  "Morning  Chronicle” 
1821-47.  In  1847  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  royal 
commission  on  the  British  Museum,  and  continued  iu 
that  office  until  1850,  when  he  returned  to  Maidenhead. 
He  published  a new  edition  of  Dodsley’s  “Uld  Plays” 
(1825-27),  a “ History  of  English  Dramatic  Poetry  and 
Annals  of  the  Stage  ” (1831),  an  edition  of  Shakspere  (1842- 
1844),  “Shakespeare’s  Library ’’ (1844),  “ABookeof  Rox- 
burghe  Ballads ” (1847),  “Extracts  from  the  Registers  of 
the  Stationers’  Company  ” (1848-49),  “ The  Dramatic 
Works  of  Thomas  Hey  wood”  (1850-51),  “The  Works  of 
Edmund  Spenser ’’ (1862),  a “Biographical  and  Critical 
Account  of  the  Rarest  Books  in  the  English  Language  ” 
(1865),  “An  Old  Man’s  Diary— Forty  Years  Ago”  (1871-72), 
an  edition  of  Shakspere  (1875-78).  His  able  and  useful 
work  on  the  older  English  literature  is  marred  and  brought 
under  general  suspicion  by  a series  of  literary  frauds 
which  he  committed,  of  which  the  most  notable  is  his  use 
and  defense  of  spurious  annotations  “ by  a seventeenth 
century  hand  ” which  he  professed  to  have  found  on  the 
margin  of  a copy  of  the  second  folio  Shakspere  originally 
belonging  to  one  “ Thomas  Perkins,”  and  since  known  as 
the  “Perkins  F’olio.” 

Colline  Gate  (kol'in  gat).  [L.  porta  collina.] 
A gate  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  ancient 
Rome.  Near  here,  Nov.,  82  b.  c.,  Sulla  defeated 
the  Samnites  under  Pontius. 

Collingwood  (kol'ing-wud),  Cuthbert.  Born 
at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Sept.  26,  1750 : died  at 
sea  near  Port  Mahon,  Balearic  Islands,  March 
7,  1810.  A noted  English  admiral,  created 
Lord  Collingwood  in  1805.  He  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant for  his  services,  with  a party  of  seamen,  at  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill ; was  promoted  to  commander  (suc- 
ceeding Nelson)  iu  1779  ; served  with  distinction  in  com- 
mand of  the  Excellent  in  the  battle  off  Cape  St.  Vincent 
Feb.  14,  1797 ; became  rear-admiral  in  1799,  with  a com- 
mand in  the  Channel  fleet,  and  vice-admiral  in  1804;  was 
second  in  command  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar;  and  on 
Nelson’s  death,  in  that  action,  succeeded  to  the  chief 
command. 

Collingwood.  A lake  port  in  Simcoe  County, 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Georgian  Bay, 
Lake  Huron,  72  miles  northwest  of  Toronto. 
Population,  7,090,  (1911). 

Collingwood.  A northeastern  suburb  of  Mel- 
bourne, Australia. 

Collins  (kol'inz),  Anthony.  Born  at  Heston  or 
Isleworth,  neap  London,  June  21,  1676:  died 
at  Loudon,  Dec.  13,  1729.  A noted  English 
deist,  a disciple  and  friend  of  John  Locke. 
He  published  “An  Essay  Concerning  the  Use  of  Rea- 
son ” (1707),  “ Priestcraft  in  Perfection  ” (1709),  a “ Dis- 
course on  Freethinking ’’  (1713),  “A  Philosophical  En- 
quiry Concerning  Human  Liberty  ” (1715),  “ A Discourse 
on  the  Grounds  and  Reasons  of  the  Christian  Religion  ’’ 
(1724),  etc. 

Collins,  Charles  Allston.  Born  at  Hamp- 
stead, near  London,  Jan.  25,  1828:  died  at 
London,  April  9,  1873.  An  English  painter  (of 
the  Preraphaelite  school)  and  writer,  brother 
of  William  Wilkie  Collins.  He  married  the 
younger  daughter  of  Charles  Dickens. 

Collins,  John.  Born  at  Bath,  England,  about 
1742 : died  at  Birmingham,  England,  May  2, 
1808.  An  English  actor  and  poet. 

Collins,  Mortimer.  Born  at  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land, June  29,  1827 : died  at  Knowl  Hill,  Berk- 
shire, July  28, 1876.  An  English  novelist,  poet, 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  mathematical 
master  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  College,  Guernsey,  1850  (?)-'.(!, 
and  after  1862  was  occupied  with  literary  work  at  his 
residence  at  Knowl  Hill.  He  published  “Idyls  and 
Rhymes ’’  (1865),  “Sweet  Anne  Page”  (1868),  “The  Inn 
of  Strange  Meetings,  and  Other  Poems’1  (1871),  “The  Se- 
cret of  Long  Life  ” (1871),  etc. 

Collins,  Rev.  Mr.  A character  in  Jane  Aus- 


Collyer,  Robert 

ten’s  novel  “ Pride  and  Prejudice.”  He  is  a 
self-conceited  toady. 

Collins,  William.  Born  at  Chichester,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  25,  1721 : died  there,  June  12,  1759. 
An  English  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a hatter  who 
was  twice  mayor  of  Chichester ; studied  at  Winchester 
and  at  Oxford,  where  he  was  graduated  B.  A.  Nov.  18, 
1743 ; and  about  1745  went  to  London  to  follow  literature 
as  a profession.  The  later  years  of  his  life  were  ob- 
scured by  insanity.  He  published  “Persian  Eclogues” 
(1742  : republished  as  “ Oriental  Eclogues  ” 1757),  “ Odes" 
(1746),  etc.  His  works  have  been  edited  by  J.  Langhorne 
(1765),  Mrs.  Barbauld  (1797),  A.  Dyce  (1827),  and  others. 

Collins,  William.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  8, 
1788  : died  at  London,  Feb.  17,  1847.  A noted 
English  landscape  and  figure  painter,  father  of 
William  Wilkie  Collins. 

Collins,  William  Wilkie.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  8,  1824:  died  there,  Sept.  23,  1889.  An 
English  novelist,  son  of  William  Collins  (1788- 
1847):  author  of  “ The  Dead  Secret  ” (1857), 
“ The  Woman  in  White”  (1860),  “No  Name” 
t 1 862),  “ Armadale”  (1866),  “ The  Moonstone  ” 
(1868),  “The  New  Magdalen  ”(1873),  “Man  and 
Wife”  (1870),  etc.  “No  Thoroughfare,”  in 
collaboration  with  Charles  Dickens,  appeared 
as  a Christmas  story  in  1867. 

Collinson  (kol'in-son),  James.  Born  at  Mans- 
field, Nottinghamshire,  about  1825  : died  April, 
1881.  An  English  painter,  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood, 
which  he  abandoned  about  1850.  His  work 
was  unimportant. 

Collinson,  Peter.  Born  in  Westmoreland  (?), 
England,  Jan.  14,  1694:  died  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  11,  1768.  An  English  botanist  and 
natural  philosopher. 

Collioure  (ko-lyor').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pyrenees-Orientales,  France,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  15  miles  southeast  of  Per- 
pignan. It  has  a castle  and  considerable  trade 
in  cork.  Population,  commune,  2,971. 

Colin  (keln),  Georg  Friedrich  Wilibald  Fer- 
dinand von.  Born  at  Orlinghausen,  Lippe, 
Germany,  1766 : died  at  Berlin,  May  31,  1820. 
A German  publicist.  His  works  include  “ Ver- 
traute  Briefe,”  etc.  (1807-09),  “ Neue  Feuer- 
briinde  ” (1807-08),  etc. 

Collombet(ko-16n-ba'),  Francois  Zenon.  Born 
at  Sieges,  J ura,  France,  March  28, 1808 : died  at 
Lyons,  Oct.  16,  1853.  A French  Roman  Catho- 
lic historian  and  litterateur.  He  wrote  “Histoire 
de  St.  Jerome  ” (1844),  and  many  other  historical  and 
critical  works. 

Collop  Monday  (kol'op  mun'da).  The  day 
before  Shrove  Tuesday:  named  from  the  cus- 
tom of  eating  collops  of  salted  meat  and  eggs 
on  that  day. 

Colloredo  (kol-15-ra'do),  Rudolf  von.  Born 
Nov.  2,  1585  : died  Jan.  24, 1657.  An  Austrian 
general  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War.  As  field-mar- 
shal of  the  imperial  army  he  successfully  defended  Prague 
against  the  Swedes  in  1648. 

Colloredo-Mansfeld  (kol-lo-ra'do-mans'feld), 
Hieronymus,  Count  von.  Born  at  Wetzlar, 
Germany,  March  30,  1775 : died  at  Vienna, 
July  23,  1822.  An  Austrian  general,  distin- 
guished in  the  campaign  of  1813. 
Colloredo-Mels  (mels)  und  Wallsee  (val'sa), 
Count  Joseph  Maria  von.  Born  at  Regens- 
burg, Bavaria,  Sept.  11,  1735:  died  Nov.  26, 
1818.  An  Austrian  general.  He  fought  with  dis- 
tinction  in  the  Seven  Years’  War,  and  was  minister  of 
state  and  conference,  and  director  of  the  council  of  war 
1805-09. 

Collot-d’Herbois  (ko-16'der-bwa'),  Jean  Ma- 
rie. Born  at  Paris  about  1750:  died  in  Cay- 
enne, South  America,  Jan.  8,  1796.  A French 
actor  and  revolutionist,  notorious  for  his  bru- 
tality. He  was  deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792,  and  a 
memberof  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  1793.  In  Nov., 

1793,  he  was  sent  with  l ouche  as  judge  to  Lyons,  by  Robes- 
pierre, and  executed  his  commission  with  great  cruelty. 
An  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  his  life  was  made  May  23, 

1794.  Having  become  hostile  to  Robespierre,  he  joined  the 
successful  conspiracy  against  him  (9  l’hermidor),  but  was 
nevertheless  expelled  from  the  Convention  (April,  1795) 
and  transported.  He  published  “ Almanach  du  pire  G C- 
rard"  (1792). 

Collyer  (kol'yer),  Joseph.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  14,  1748 : died  Dec.  24,  1827.  A noted 
English  engraver,  member  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy, and  engraver  to  Queen  Charlotte. 
Collyer,  Robert.  Born  at  Keighley,  Yorkshire, 
England,  Dec.  8,  1823:  died  at  New  York  city, 
Nov.  30,  1912.  An  American  Unitarian  min- 
ister. He  was  apprenticed  to  a blacksmith  about  1837; 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1850,  where  he  followed 
the  trade  of  a hammer-maker ; joined  the  Unitarian  Church 
in  1859;  became  a missionary  to  Chicago,  where  in  1860  he 
founded  the  Unity  Church  ; and  in  1879  became  pastor  of 
the  Church  of  the  Messiah  in  New  York  city.  He  wrote  “Na- 
ture and  Life  ” (1866),  “The  Life  that  Now  is"  (1871),  etc. 


Coiman,  George 

Golman  (kol'man),  George,  the  elder.  Born 
at  Florence,  Italy,  1732:  died  at  Paddington, 
London,  Aug.  14,  1794.  An  English  dramatist. 
His  father,  who  was  envoy  at  the  court  of  Tuscany,  died  in 
1733,  and  his  mother  then  brought  him  to  London.  Wil- 
liam Pul  teney, afterward  Earl  of  Bath,  undertook  the  charge 
of  him  and  sent  him  to  Westminster  School.  He  went  to 
Oxford,  where  he  was  graduated  from  Christ  Church  in  1755, 
and,  having  been  previously  entered  at  Lincoln’s  Inn, 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  the  same  year.  An  intimacy  with 
Garrick  and  a natural  taste  for  literature  interfered  with 
his  legal  work,  and  he  produced  a number  of  plays  (at  first 
anonymously)  with  the  assistance  of  Garrick,  who  played 
in  them.  In  connection  with  the  latter  he  wrote  “The 
Clandestine  Marriage, "and  a coolness  arose  between  them 
as  to  Garrick's  part  in  the  cast.  In  1767,  having  received 
two  accessions  of  fortune,  he  bought  a fourth  share  in  the 
Covent  Garden  Theatre.  This  completely  alienated  Gar- 
rick, and  annoyed  his  friends,  who  wished  him  to  continue 
in  the  law.  He  became  acting  manager.  In  1774  he  re- 
signed the  management,  and  in  1776,  having  been  recon- 
ciled to  Garrick,  he  bought  the  Haymarket  Theatre  from 
Foote.  In  1785  he  had  a stroke  of  paralysis,  and  Anally  grew 
so  feeble  in  mind  that  he  was  put  under  restraint  at  Pad- 
dington, where  he  died.  He  brought  out  alterations  of 
many  old  plays,  most  of  which  were  successful.  Among 
his  own  plays  are  “ Polly  Honeycomb  ’’  (1760),  “ The  Jeal- 
ous Wife"  (1761),  “The  Clandestine  Marriage  ” (with  Gar- 
rick, in  1776).  In  1778  he  brought  out  an  edition  of 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  His  dramatic  and  miscellaneous 
works  have  never  been  completely  collected. 

Coiman,  George,  the  younger.  Born  Oct.  21, 
1762:  died  at  London,  Oct.  17,  1836.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  son  of  G.  Coiman  the  elder.  He 
took  charge  of  the  Haymarket  when  his  father’s  health 
failed,  but  he  became  involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties 
and  was  obliged  to  live  within  the  rules  of  the  King’s 
Bench.  He  was  released  by  George  IV.,  who  appointed  him 
lieutenant  of  the  Yeomen  of  the  Guard,  a dignity  which  he 
sold.  The  lord  chamberlain  made  him  examiner  of  plays, 
in  which  position  he  was  extremely  illiberal.  Among  his 
best-known  plays  are  “The  Poor  Gentleman  ” (1802),  “John 
Bull ”(1805),  “The  Heir-at-Law ’’ (1808).  He  also  wrote  a 
good  deal  of  popular  humorous  poetry,  including  “My 
Nightgown  and  Slippers "(1797),  “Broad  Grins ” (1802),  and 
“Poetical  Vagaries”  (1812).  He  frequently  wrote  under 
the  name  of  “Arthur  Grilfinhoof e. ” 

Coiman,  Samuel.  Born  at  Portland,  Maine, 
1832.  An  American  landscape-painter,  a pupil 
of  A.  B.  Durand. 

Colmar  (kol-mar'),  or  Kolmar  (kol'mar).  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  situated  on  the  Laueh  39  miles  south- 
west of  Strasburg.  It  contains  a museum  (formerly  a 
Dominican  monastery),  and  has  large  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton. It  was  formerly  a free  imperial  city ; was  taken  by  the 
1'rench  in  1673;  was  ceded  to  them  in  1678;  and  in  the 
Revolution  was  made  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
Haut-Rhin.  In  1871  it  again  became  a German  city.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  41,971. 

Colne  (koln).  A town  in  Lancashire,  England, 
26  miles  north  of  Manchester.  It  formerly  manu- 
factured woolen  goods,  an  industry  which  has  given  place 
to  cotton  manufacture.  It  is  a market-town  and  muni- 
cipal borough.  Population,  23,000. 

Colney  Hatch  (kol'ni  hach).  A village  in  Mid- 
dlesex, about  6 miles  north  of  London,  in  which 
is  the  Colney  Hatch  Lunatic  Asylum,  founded 
in  1851. 

Colocolo  (ko-lo-ko'lo).  Born  about  1490 : killed 
in  the  battle  of  Quiapo,  1560  (according  to 
some  authorities,  he  died  about  1570).  Au 
Araucanian  chief  of  southern  Chile,  celebrated 
in  the  “Araucana  ” of  Ercilla.  Probably  Ercil- 
la’s  verses  gave  him  undue  prominence. 
Colocotronis.  See  Kololcotronis. 
Cologna-Veneta  (ko-lon'yii-va-na'ta).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  20  miles  south- 
east of  Verona. 

Cologne  (ko-lon'),  G.  Koln  (keln).  1.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  government  district  of  Cologne,  situ- 
ated on  the  west  bank  of  the  Rhine  in  lat.  50° 
57'  N.,  long.  6°  57'  E.:  the  Roman  Colonia 
Agrippina.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  the  Rhine  Province,  ' 
a fortress  of  the  first  class,  the  center  of  the  Rhine  trade, 
and  one  of  the  principal  commercial  places  in  Germany. 
It  has  manufactures  of  eau  de  Cologne,  sugar,  tobacco, 
etc.  The  principal  objects  of  interest  are,  besides  the 
cathedral  (see  below),  the  Ringstrasse,  the  Iron  Bridge, 
the  Municipal  and  Archiepiscopal  Museums,  the  Museum 
of  Industrial  Art,  the  Rathaus  (Hansa-Saal:  see  below), 
the  monument  of  Frederick  William  III.,  and  the  churches 
of  the  Minorites,  Gross  St.  Martin,  St.  Maria  im  Capitol,  St. 
George,  St.  Severin,  St.  Peter,  St.  Cecilia,  Apostles,  St. 
Pantaleon,  St.  Gereon,  St.  Ursula  (see  below),  St.  An- 
dreas, Jesuits,  and  St.  Cunibert.  The  cathedral,  one  of 
the  great  buildings  of  the  world,  was  begun  in  1248  on 
the  site  of  an  earlier  church,  and  was  completed  only 
in  1880,  after  being  wholly  neglected  from  the  15th  cen- 
tury until  1823.  Its  design  was  inspired  by  the  cathe- 
dral of  Amiens,  and  all  that  is  best  in  its  architecture  is 
French,  while  the  less  admirable  features  are  indige- 
nous. The  cathedral  has  double  aisles,  with  polygonal 
chevet,  projecting  transepts,  and  two  enormous  towers 
and  spires  at  the  west  end.  These,  with  the  facade,  have 
been  completed  according  to  the  original  design  of  the 
14th  century,  which  still  exists.  The  towers  and  spires 
are  so  huge  as  to  dwarf  the  vast  cathedral.  The  facade 
has  three  great  gabled  portals  filled  with  sculpture,  and 
two  tiers  of  huge  canopied  and  traceried  windows,  to 
which  the  towers  add  two  more  stages  beneath  the 
springing  of  the  spires.  The  effect  is  somewhat  mechan- 
ical, and  inferior  to  the  best  French  facades.  The  tran- 


268 

sept-fagades  are  of  modern  design,  with  rich  tracery  and 
arcading,  and  triple  portals,  sculptured  and  canopied. 
The  upper  part  is  too  narrow,  and  its  elaborate  tracery 
does  not  fill  the  place  of  the  great  roses  of  French  churches. 
The  interior  is  exceedingly  impressive : it  is  notable  for  its 
splendid  glass,  much  of  it  modern,  but  much  of  the  13th, 
14th,  15th,  and  16th  centuries.  The  fine  choir-stalls  are 
of  the  15th  century.  The  canopied  statues  supported  on 
consoles  on  the  pillars  of  the  nave  are  architecturally  a 
defect.  The  choir-chapels  are  of  great  beauty,  and  con- 
tain some  admirable  paintings  and  sculptures.  The  ca- 
thedral is  468  feet  long ; its  area,  91,464  square  feet.  The 
nave  is  48  feet  wide  and  145  high.  The  western  spires 
measure  612  feet,  and  were,  until  the  completion  of  the 
cathedral  of  Ulm,  the  loftiest  existing.  The  Rathaus, 
or  town  hall,  is  an  interesting  monument  built  between 
the  14th  and  16th  centuries  on  Roman  foundations. 
The  main  structure  is  of  the  14th  century,  battlemented, 
with  high  roof  and  traceried  windows ; the  picturesque 
tower  and  low  spire  are  of  the  15th.  The  Renaissance 
portico,  in  two  arcaded  stages  with  engaged  Corinthian 
columns,  is  an  admirable  example  of  the  local  architectural 
development.  The  great  Hansa-Saal  is  adorned  with  good 
statues  of  medieval  heroes,  and  with  the  emblazoned  arms 
of  patricians,  burgomasters,  and  gilds.  The  Church  of 
St.  Ursula  is  a very  early  foundation  in  honor  of  the  11,000 
martyred  virgins,  but  often  remodeled.  The  simple  Pointed 
choir  has  recently  been  restored  to  its  original  f<  >rm.  There 
are  curious  old  paintings  of  the  legend  of  the  virgins;  and 
in  the  treasury,  whose  walls  are  covered  with  elaborate 
patterns  formed  of  the  bones  of  the  virgins,  are  preserved 
the  beautiful  Romanesque  shrine  of  St.  Ursula,  and  a great 
number  of  other  reliquaries  in  the  form  of  female  heads  and 
busts.  Cologne  was  an  ancient  town  of  the  Ubii,  Oppidum 
Ubiorum,  and  a Roman  colony  founded  by  Agrippina  in  61 
or  60  A.  D.  Later  it  belonged  to  the  Frankish  empire, 
and  in  the  13th  century  became  a Hanseatic  town,  and  one 
of  the  principal  commercial  centers  in  Germany.  It  was 
a free  imperial  city,  and  is  noted  in  the  development  of 
German  architecture  and  painting.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794,  and  was  granted  to  Prussia  in  1816.  Pop- 
ulation, 511,042,  (1910). 

2.  A government  district  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia.  Population,  1.170,708. 

Cologne,  Electorate  of.  A former  archbishop- 
ric and  electorate  of  the  German  Empire,  it  ex- 
tended mainly  along  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  north 
and  south  of  Cologne.  It  was  made  an  archbishopric  by 
Charles  the  Great  in  785,  acquired  the  duchy  of  Westphalia 
in  1180,  was  confirmed  one  of  the  seven  electorates  in  1356, 
and  was  secularized  in  1801.  In  1801  the  portion  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine  became  French  territory  ; that  on 
tlie  right  baDk  passed  in  1803  to  Besse-Darmstadt,  etc. 
The  larger  part  was  granted  to  Prussia  1814-15. 

Cologne,  Three  Kings  of.  In  medieval  legend, 
the  three  magi  who  followed  the  Star  of  Bethle- 
hem from  the  East  to  lay  gifts  before  the  infant 
J esus.  Their  names  were  Caspar,  Melchior, and  Balthazar. 
It  is  claimed  that  their  bones  are  deposited  in  Cologne 
Cathedral.  <fThe  three  days  after  New  Year’s  day  bear 
their  names  in  the  calendar,  and  their  memory  is  pre- 
served in  the  feast  of  the  three  holy  Kings — the  Epi- 
phany. ” Chambers. 

Colomb  (ko-loh'),  or  Columb,  Michel.  Born 
at  Saint-Paul-de-Ltion,  in  Bretagne,  about  1440: 
died  1512.  The  first  great  sculptor  of  the  French 
Renaissance.  At  a very  early  age  he  went  to  Dijon.  He 
settled  at  Tours  1460-61.  In  1472  he  received  from  Louis 
XI.  an  order  for  a bas-relief  destined  for  the  Abbaye  of 
Saint-Michel-en -l’Herme,  destroyed  in  1569.  His  most 
important  work  is  the  tomb  of  Francis  II.,  due  de  Bre- 
tagne, and  his  wife,  Marguerite  de  Foix,  begun  about  1502 
by  the  order  of  Anne,  queen  of  Louis  XII.,  and  finished 
in  1507.  It  is  now  in  the  cathedral  of  Nantes. 

Colomba  (ko-lon'  ba).  A story  by  Prosper  M6- 
rimde,  published  in  1830. 

Colombey  (ko-loh-ba').  A place  in  Lorraine  Pa- 
ntiles east  of  Metz.  Near  it  occurred  the  battle  of 
Colombey-Nouilly,  Aug.  14,  1870,  in  which  the  Germans 
under  Steinmetz  checked  the  French  under  Bazaiue.  The 
German  loss  was  4,906 ; that  of  the  French,  3,608.  Also 
called  battle  of  Courcelles,  and  of  Borny. 

Colombia  (ko-lom'be-a).  The  name  was  first 
given  in  1811  to  what  is  now  Venezuela,  it  was 
proposed  by  General  Francisco  Miranda.  It  was  afterward 
extended  to  the  confederation  of  Venezuela,  New  Granada, 
and  Quito,  and  was  dropped  when  the  union  was  dissolved. 

^ Later  the  old  region  of  New  Granada  renewed  the  name. 

Colombia,  Republic  of.  [Formerly  United 
States  of  Colombia , Sp.  Estados  Unidos  de  Co- 
lombia; named  after  Columbus  (It.  Colombo).'] 
A republic  of  South  America,  lying  between 
Panama  and  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  north, 
Venezuela  and  Brazil  on  the  east,  Peru  and 
Ecuador  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Andes,  and  is  rich 
in  agricultural  and  mineral  products,  among  them  cold, 
silver,  and  coffee.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Magdalena  and 
the  affluents  of  the  Amazon  and  Orinoco.  The  prevailing 
language  is  Spanish,  and  the  prevailing  religion  Roman 
Catholic.  It  is  divided  into  thirteen  departments,  includ- 
ing Panama,  according  to  the  decree  issued  on  April  16, 
1910.  Its  capital  is  Bogota.  The  government  is  repub- 
lican, the  executive  power  being  vested  in  a president, 
and  the  legislative  in  a senate  and  chamber  of  represen- 
tatives. The  Spanish  power  was  established  here  in  the 
first  half  of  the  16th  century,  and  independence  was 
proclaimed  in  1811.  In  1819  this  territory,  with  Venezuela 
and  Ecuador,  formed  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  from 
which  Venezuela  and  Ecuador  withdrew  in  1830.  In  1831 
the  republic  of  New  Granada  was  founded,  in  1863  the 
name  “United  States  of  Colombia”  was  adopted,  and  in 
1886  the  present  constitution  was  formed.  Area,  438,436 
square  miles.  Population,  about  4,320,000. 

Colombo  (ko-lom'bo).  A seaport,  and  the  capi- 


Colorado 

tal  of  Ceylon,  situated  on  the  western  coast  in 
lat.  6°  55'  N.,  long.  79°  55'  E.  It  was  fortified  by 
the  Portuguese  in  1517,  was  taken  from  them  by  the 
Dutch  in  1656,  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1796,  and  is  now 
an  important  coaling-station.  Population,  154,691. 

Coldn  (ko-lon').  See  Aspinwall. 

Colonel  Chabert  (ko-lo-nel'  sha-bar'),  Le.  A 
story  by  Balzac,  written  in  1832. 

Colonel  Jack,  History  of.  A tale  by  Defoe, 
published  in  1722.  The  hero  is  a pickpocket 
who  winds  up  his  checkered  career  as  a virtu- 
ous Virginia  planter. 

Colonia,  or  Colonia  del  Sacramento  (ko-lo'- 
ne-a  del  sak-ra-men'to).  A seaport  in  Uruguay, 
situated  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  opposite  Buenos 
Ayres. 

Colonia  Agrippina  (kd-16'ni-a  ag-ri-pi'na).  See 

Cologne. 

Colonization  Society.  See  American  Coloni- 
zation Society. 

Colonna  (ko-lon'na).  A promontory  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Attica,  Greece ; the 
ancient  Sunium. 

Colonna  (ko-lon'na),  Fabio,  L.  Fabius  Co- 

lumna.  Bom  at.  Naples,  1567:  died  at  Na- 
ples about  1640-50.  A Neapolitan  scholar  and 
botanist,  author  of  various  botanical  works. 
He  is  considered  tbe  creator  of  genera  in  botany. 
Colonna,  Fabrizio.  Died  at  Naples,  1520.  An 
Italian  military  leader,  lord  high  constable  of 
Naples. 

Colonna,  Marco  Antonio.  Born  1535:  died 
Aug.  1,  1584.  An  Italian  commander,  duke  of 
Paliano.  He  commanded  the  papal  contingent  in  1571 
at  the  battle  of  Lepanto,  in  which  the  allied  Spanish,  Ve- 
netian, and  papal  fleets  under  Don  John  of  Austria  gained 
a decisive  victory  over  the  Turks.  He  was  viceroy  of 
Sicily  when  he  died. 

Cololma,  Prospero.  Born  1452  : died  1523.  An 
Italian  general.  He  commanded  the  united  imperial 
and  papal  forces  in  Lombardy  against  Francis  I.  of  France 
1521,  and  in  conjunction  with  Georg  von  Freundsberg  de- 
feated Marshal  Lautrec  at  Bicoque  1522. 

Colonna,  Vittoxia.  Born  at  Marino,  near 
Rome,  1490:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  25,  1547.  A 
celebrated  Italian  poet,  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Fabrizio  Colonna,  grand  constable  of  Naples,  by  his  mar- 
riage with  Agnesina  di  Montefeltro,  daughter  of  Federi- 
go,  duke  of  Urbino.  She  was  betrothed  when  four-  years 
old  to  a boy  of  the  same  age,  the  only  son  of  the  Marchese 
di  Pescara.  In  their  nineteenth  year  they  were  married 
at  Ischia.  Pescara  died  in  Nov.,  1525.  His  wife  survived 
him  twenty-two  years,  spent  partly  at  Ischia,  in  convents 
at  Orvieto  and  Viterbo,  and,  finally,  in  semi-monastic  se- 
clusion at  Home.  She  was  the  center  of  a group  of  cele- 
brated men  of  letters  and  artists,  of  whom  the  foremost 
was  Michelangelo.  Her  poems  consisted  mainly  of  sonnets 
to  the  memory  of  her  husband,  or  on  sacred  and  moral 
subjects.  Michelangelo  preserved  a large  number  of 
them,  and  composed  several  madrigals  and  sonnets  under 
her  influence.  Vittoria  is  the  only  woman  who  is  known 
to  have  touched  the  heart  of  the  great  sculptor. 
Golonsay  (kol'on-sa).  An  island  of  the  Inner 
Hebrides,  in  the  county  of  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  west  of  Jura  and  north  of  Islay. 
It  is  noted  for  its  ecclesiastical  antiquities. 
Length,  8 miles. 

Colonus  (ko-16'nus),  The  White  Hill  of,  or 
Kolonos  Hippios  (ko-16'nos  hip'i-os).  A site 
about  1-)  miles  northwest  of  Athens,  north  of 
the  Academy  on  the  banks  of  the  Cepbissus.  It 
is  the  birthplace  of  Sophocles,  and  is  immortalized  by  his 
description  in  the  “Gidipus  at  Colonus.”  Upon  thehillnow 
stand  the  tombs  of  two  noted  archaeologists,  Ottfried 
Muller  and  Charles  Lenormant. 

Colorado  (kol-o-ra'do).  [Named  from  the  Col- 
orado River.]  One  of  the  United  States  of 
North  America,  lying  between  Wyoming  and 
Nebraska  on  the  north,  Nebraska  and  Kan- 
sas on  the  east.  Oklahoma  and  New  Mexico  on 
the  south,  and  Utah  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  center  and  west,  the  foot- 
hills of  which  descend  to  the  eastern  “Great  Plains." 
Many  of  the  highest  and  best-known  summits  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  (Pike’s  Peak,  Long’s  Peak,  Sierra  Blanca, 
Mountain  of  the  Holy  Cross)  are  in  this  State,  which  is 
also  rifted  by  deep  cafions  (Arkansas,  Gunnison,  Mancos). 
Its  leading  industries  are  mining  (gold,  silver,  lead,  etc  ), 
agriculture,  and  stock-raising,  and  it  is  noted  as  a liealth- 
lesort.  In  the  production  of  silver  it  ranks  as  the  fourth 
and  in  gold  as  the  second  State  of  the  Union.  It  has  . 9 
counties,  sends  2 senators  and  4 representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  6 electoral  votes.  Capital,  Denver.  Its 
territory  formed  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase  and  part 
of  the  country  acquired  from  Mexico.  Gold  was  discovered 
in  1858  ; the  Territory  was  organized  in  1861,  and  was  ad- 
mitted as  a State  in  1876.  Called  the  Centennial  State. 
Area,  103,658  square  miles.  Population,  799,024,  (1910). 

Colorado,  Sp.  Rio  Colorado.  [Sp.,  ‘colored’ 
(i.  e.  red)  ‘river.’]  1.  A river  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Grand  and  Green  rivers  in  south- 
eastern Utah.  It  flows  through  Utah  and  Arizona, 
and  separates  Arizona  from  Nevada  and  California.  It 
empties  into  the  Gulf  of  California,  in  Lower  Califor- 
nia, about  lat.  32’  N.  It  is  famous  for  its  cafions,  of 
which  the  most  celebrated,  the  Grand  Cafion,  situated 
in  the  middle  course  of  the  river,  and  explored  by  the 


Colorado 

Powell  survey  expedition  in  1869,  has  wallB  from  4,000  to 
6,600  feet  in  height.  Length  (from  source  of  Green  River), 
about  2,000  miles  ; navigable  to  Callville,  612  miles.  Also 
called  Colorado  of  the  YVest. 

2.  A river  in  Texas  which  flows  into  Mata- 
gorda Bay  near  Matagorda.  Length,  about  900 
miles ; navigable,  except  in  summer,  to  Austin. 
Called  the  Eastern  Colorado. — 3.  A river  in  the 
Argentine  Republic  which  flows  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  about  lat.  39°  50'  S.,  long.  62°  10' 
W.  Length,  about  620  miles. 

Colorado  Springs  (kol-o-ra'do  springz).  The 
capital  of  El  Paso  County,  Colorado,  situated 
64  miles  south  of  Denver.  It  is  a place  of  summer 
resort,  near  the  foot  of  Pike's  Peak.  Population,  29,078, 
(1910). 

Colorados  (ko-lo-ra'dos).  [Sp., ‘the  Reds.’] 
A political  party  of  Uruguay.  See  Blancos. 
Colossse  (ko-ios'e).  [Gr.  Ko'ooaaat.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  southwestern  Phrygia, 
Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the  Lycus.  It  was  the 
seat  of  a primitive  Christian  church. 
Colosseum  (kol-o-se'um),  or  Flavian  Amphl 
theater.  [L.  Colosseum:  said  to  be  named  from 
the  colossal  statue  of  Nero  which  stood  near  it 
in  the  Via  Sacra.]  An  amphitheater  in  Rome, 
begun  by  Vespasian  (T.  Flavius  Sabinus)  in  72 
A.  d.,  and  for  400  years  the  seat  of  gladiatorial 
shows.  The  axes  of  this  chief  of  amphitheaters  are  617 
and  612  feet ; of  the  arena,  282  and  177  feet.  The  exterior 
was  ornamented  with  four  tiers  of  engaged  columns  with 
their  entablatures,  the  lowest  three  inclosing  arches,  and 
the  highest  walled  up,  with  square  windows  in  every  sec- 
ond intercolumuiation.  The  material  of  the  interior  is 
stone,  of  the  inner  passages  and  vaults  largely  brick  and 
concrete.  The  interior  was  faced  with  marble.  In  the 
substructions  there  is  a most  elaborate  system  of  chambers, 
passages,  dens,  and  drains.  Despite  the  enormous  mass 
of  the  existing  ruin,  it  is  estimated  that  two  thirds  have 
been  carried  away  in  the  middle  ages  and  later  as  build- 
ing-material. 

Colossus  of  Rhodes.  See  Chares  of  Lindus. 
Colot  (ko-1o'),  Laurent.  Born  near  Troyes, 
France:  lived  about  1550.  A French  court 
surgeon  in  the  reign  of  Henry  H.  (1547-59), 
noted  as  a lithotomist. 

Colquhoun  (ko-hon'),  Patrick.  Born  at  Dum- 
barton, Scotland,  March  14, 1745 : died  at  Lon- 
don, April  25,  1820.  A London  police  magis- 
trate and  writer  on  economic  subjects.  From 
about  1760  to  1766  he  lived  in  Virginia,  was  lord  provost 
of  Glasgow  1782-83,  and  from  1789  resided  in  London, 
where  he  became  (1792)  a police  magistrate.  He  pub- 
lished a “Treatise  on  the  Police  of  the  Metropolis,”  etc. 
(1795),  a “ Treatise  on  the  Population,  Wealth,  Power, 
and  Resources  of  the  British  Empire  in  every  Quarter  of 
the  World"  (1814),  and  other  works  treating  especially 
of  the  condition  and  relief  of  the  poor. 

Colt  (kolt),  Samuel.  Born  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
July  19, 1814:  died  at  Hartford,  Jan.  10,  1862. 
An  American  inventor.  He  patented  the  revolver 
in  1835,  and  established  a noted  manufactory  of  arms  at 
Hartford  in  1852. 

Colton  (kol'ton),  Charles  Caleb.  Born  at 
Salisbury,  England,  about  1780 : died  at  Fon- 
tainebleau, April  28,  1832.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer.  He  was  a graduate  of  Cambridge 
(King’s  CoUege),  and  rector  of  Kew  and  Petersham.  He 
led  an  eccentric  life;  and  committed  suicide  in  preference 
to  undergoing  a surgical  operation.  He  published  “ Lacon, 
or  many  things  in  few  words,  addressed  to  those  who 
think  ” (182J-22),  etc. 

Colton,  Walter.  Born  at  Rutland,  Vt.,  May  9, 
1797  : died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  22, 1851.  An 
American  clergyman  and  writer  of  voyages, 
author  of  “ Ship  and  Shore”  (1835),  etc. 
Columba  (ko-lum'ba),  Saint.  Born  at  Gartan, 
Donegal,  Ireland,  l)ee.  7,  521 : died  at  Iona, 
Scotland,  June  9,  597.  A Celtic  missionary  in 
Scotland,  surnamed  “the  Apostle  of  Caledo- 
nia,” the  founder  of  the  monastery  of  Iona 
(about  565). 

Columbanus  (kol-um-ba'nus),  or  Columban 

(ko-lum'ban),  Saint.  Bom  in  Leinster,  Ire- 
land, about  543:  died  at  Bobbio,  Italy,  Nov. 
21,  615.  An  Irish  missionary  in  Franco,  Swit- 
zerland, and  Italy.  He  founded  the  monas’ery  of 
Luxcuil  (Vosges)  about  590-595,  and  that  of  Bobbio  (Italy). 
Columbia  (ko-lum'bi-a).  [NL.,  from  Colum- 
bus.]  1.  A poetical  name  of  the  United  States, 
or  of  the  New  World. — 2.  See  Colombia. 
Columbia,  or  Oregon  (or'e-gon).  A river  in 
North  America,  the  second  in  size  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  It  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  British  Colum- 
bia, traverses  Washington,  flows  between  Washington  and 
Oregon,  and  empties  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  lat.  46°  15' 
N„  long.  124°  W.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  Clarke’s  Fork 
and  Snake  River.  It  has  very  important  salmon-fisheries. 
Length,  about  1,000  miles.  It  is  navieable  to  the  Cascades 
(165  miles),  from  the  Cascades  to  the  Dalles  (about  50 
miles),  and  above  the  Dalles  for  small  vessels.  It  was  dis- 
covered in  1792  by  Captain  Robert  Gray,  and  was  explored 
by  Lewis  and  Clark  1804-05. 

Columbia.  1.  A city  in  Boone  County,  Mis- 
souri, 27  miles  northwest  of  Jefferson  City.  It 


269 

is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 
Population,  9,662,  (1910). 

2.  A borough  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  Susquehanna  River  24 
miles  southeast  of  Harrisburg.  It  is  an  important 
lumber-market  and  seat  of  manufactures.  Population, 
11,454,  (1910). 

3.  The  capital  of  South  Carolina,  in  Richland 


Columbus,  Diego 

and  viceroy  in  countries  acquired  by  him  for  Spain,  with 
full  powers  and  a generous  share  of  the  revenues.  Partly 
with  royal  aid,  partly  with  the  help  of  the  Pinzons,  mer- 
chants of  Palos,  three  small  vessels  were  fitted  out,  the 
Santa  Maria  as  flagship,  and  the  Nina  and  Piuta,  com- 
manded respectively  by  Vicente  Yaftez  Pinzon  and  Martin 
Alonzo  Pinzon.  With  these  and  120  (or  90V)  men  Co- 
lumbus left  Palos  Aug.  3,  1492.  He  touched  at  the 

Canaries,  thence  steered  west,  and  on  Oct.  12  (O.  S.),  1492, 

County,  situated  on  the  Congaree'River  in  lat.  °r  s->.  discovered  the  island  of  Guanahani  or 

J - — ” San  Salvador,  one  of  the  Bahamas,  but  which  one  is  un- 
certain. He  landed  and  took  possession  for  Castile,  had 
some  intercourse  with  the  natives,  and  sailed  on,  discov- 
ering various  islands  and  coasting  part  of  the  northern 
side  of  Cuba  (Oct.  26-Dec.  22),  and  Haiti  or  Hispaniola, 
everywhere  treating  amicably  with  the  natives,  and  ob- 
taining small  quantities  of  gold  and  island  products.  All 
these  lands,  he  supposed,  were  outlying  parts  of  Asia. 
The  Santa  Maria  was  wrecked  on  the  Haitian  coast,  and 
he  left  there  a colony  of  40  men,  building  a fort  called 
La  Navidad  in  the  land  of  a friendly  chief.  On  Jan.  4, 
1493,  he  started  to  return  in  the  Niua.  He  narrowly  es- 
caped wreck  in  severe  storms,  parted  company  with  the 
Pinta,  touched  at  the  Azores  and  in  Portugal,  where  he 
was  called  to  see  the  king;  and  finally  reached  Palos, 
March  15  (O.  S.),  1493.  Called  to  court,  he  was  received 
with  great  honor,  his  privileges  confirmed,  and  ample 
means  given  for  a new  expedition. 


34°  N.,  long.  81°  2'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  South  Carolina  (founded  in  1804),  became  the  State 
capital  in  1790,  and  was  burned  about  the  time  of  its  occu- 
pation by  the  Federals,  Feb.  17,  1865.  Population,  26,319, 
(1910). 

4.  The  capital  of  Maury  County,  Tennessee, 
situated  on  the  Duck  River  42  miles  southwest 
of  Nashville.  Population,  5,754,  (1910). 

Columbia.  An  American  sloop  yacht,  the  suc- 
cessful defender  of  the  America’s  cup  in  1899 
against  the  Shamrock,  and  again  in  1901  against 
Shamrock  II.  Her  dimensions  are  : length  on 
water-line,  89  feet  7£  inches;  length  over  all, 
131  feet  4 inches ; beam,  24  feet  2 inches. 

Columbia,  British.  See  British  Columbia. 
Columbia,  District  of. 
bia. 


He  again  embarked 
at  Palos,  Sept.  25,  1493,  with  17  vessels  and  1,600  men ; 
See  District  of  Colvm-  discovered  Dominica  Nov.  3;  landed  on  several  of  the 

oeo  jj.su  <o<.  VJ  c num  Caribbee  islands  and  had  eneounters  wjth  the  Caribs  ; 

coasted  Porto  Rico;  and  on  Nov.  27  reached  the  harbor 
Columbian  University.  A university  ill  Wash-  Of  La  Navidad.  He  found  that  liis  colony  had  all  been 
ington,  D.  C.,  organized  in  1821.  It  has  college,  'ly  Indians.  On  a new  site,  farther  east,  he 

7 i-4i  a ^ ^ i7  founded  Isabella  (Dec.),  the  first  European  town  in  the 

law,  medical,  dental,  and  graduate  depart-  New  World.  After  some  explorations  in  the  interior  he 

meats,  the  National  College  of  Pharmacy,  and  made  an  expedition  westward  (April,  149i),  in  which  he 

a college  of  veterinary  medicine.  Now  George  coasted  the  south  side  of  Cuba  (supposed  by  him  to  be  a 
Wnshimrton  TTnivorsitv  peninsula  of  Asia),  and  after  discovering  Jamaica  re- 

wasmngton  university.  _ turned  to  Isabella,  Sept.  29,  1494.  Ill  treatment  by  the 

Columbia  University.  An  institution  Ot  Spaniards  caused  an  insurrection  of  the  Indians,  but  Co- 
learning in  the  City  of  New  York.  It  was  founded  himbus  defeated  them  in  a great  battle  on  the  Vega 
as  King’s  College  in  1754,  took  the  name  Columbia  College  Real,  April  25,  1495.  Shortly  before  he  had  proposed  a 
‘ - - - plan  for  enslaving  hostile  Indians,  for  which  he  has  been 

much  blamed.  There  wasmueh  suffering  and  discontent 
among  the  colonists,  and  some  of  them  went  to  Spain  to 
make  complaints ; they  were  supported  by  Bishop  Fon- 
seca, an  enemy  of  Columbus,  who  was  at  the  head  of  co- 
lonial affairs;  and  in  1495  Juan  Aguado  was  sent  as  a 
royal  commissioner  to  EspaSola.  He  collected  complaints 
against  the  admiral,  who,  fearing  the  effect  of  the  report, 
returned  to  Spain  at  the  same  time  with  Agnado  (March, 
1496),  leaving  his  brothers  in  charge.  He  was  well  re- 
ceived by  the  sovereigns,  and  the  charges  dismissed. 


after  the  Revolution,  and  that  of  Columbia  University  in 
1896.  Barnard  CoUege,  Teachers  College,  and  the  College 
of  Pharmacy,  while  independent  corporations,  financially, 
are  educationally  integral  parts  of  the  University.  The 
institution  comprises  undergraduate  colleges  for  men  and 
women,  three  graduate  non-professional  faculties,  a school 
ot  fine  arts,  and  professional  schools  of  law,  medicine, 
mines,  engineering,  chemistry,  education,  pharmacy,  and 
journalism,  and  also  a summer  session  and  a system  of 
extension  teaching.  The  value  of  the  material  equipment, 
including  a library  of  450,000  volumes,  is  about  $37,000,000, 


and  there  are  about  870  officers  and  6,000  students  (exclu-  After  much  delay  he  started  on  a third  voyage  (May  30, 
sive  of  summer  session).  1498),  in  which  he  kept  farther  south,  discovered  Trinidad 

Columbine  (kol'um-bin).  A conventional  char- 


acter in  old  Italian  comedy,  first  appearing  about 
1560 : the  daughter  of  Pantaloon,  or  sometimes 
her  coquettish  maid-servant.  She  was  the  ob- 
ject of  Harlequin’s  adoration,  and  so  appears  in 
English  pantomime. 

Oolumbretes  (kd-lom-bra'tes).  A group  of  small 
volcanic  rocks  in  the  Mediterranean,  east  of 
Spain,  in  lat.  39°  54'  N.,  long.  0°  43'  E. 

Columbus  (ko-lum'bus),  Bartholomew,  Sp. 


(July  31),  and  the  lowlands  at  tiie  mouth  of  the  Orinoco 
(Aug.  1),  this  being,  in  all  probability,  the  first  discovery 
of  the  continent  of  South  America:  the  Cabots  had  al- 
ready seen  North  America.  With  much  difficulty  he  passed 
the  two  straits  between  Trinidad  and  the  mainland,  and 
was  convinced  that  the  turbid  water  came  from  a con- 
tinental (Asiatic)  river.  In  a report  at  this  time  he  argues 
that  the  earth  is  pear-shaped  and  the  highest  land  at)  the 
head  of  this  river,  where  also  is  the  terrestrial  paradise : 
this,  and  some  other  later  reports,  have  been  supposed  to 
indicate  temporary  aberration  of  mind,  caused  by  sick- 
ness. On  Aug.  30  he  reached  Santo  Domingo,  which  had 
been  founded  during  his  absence.  Some  of  the  colonists, 


Bartolomeo  Colon.  Born  probably  in  Genoa  under  Roldan,  had  rebelled,  and  Columbus  was  forced  to 


about  1445  : died  at  Santo  Domingo,  May,  1515. 
A brother  of  Christopher  Columbus.  He  was 
with  Bartolomeu  Diaz  on  the  West  African  coast  1486-87, 
and  went  to  England  in  1488  to  interest  Henry  VII.  in  his 
brother’s  proj ect.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1493,  after  the 
admiral  bad  sailed  on  his  second  voyage,  but  followed 
him  in  command  of  a supply  fleet,  arriving  at  Isabella 
in  June, 1493.  Theadmiral  madehim  adelantado,andfrom 
1496  to  1498  he  governed  the  island  during  his  brother's 
absence;  founded  Santo  Domingo  1496;  subdued  an  Indian 
revolt;  marched  to  Xaragud  in  1497 ; and  in  1498  had  the 
first  trouble  with  Roldan.  In  1509  Bobadilla  sent  him  a 
prisoner  to  Spain,  where  he  was  released  with  the  ad- 
miral. He  was  with  his  brother  on  the  fourth  voyage, 
1502-04,  and  was  the  leader  where  active  work  was  re- 
quired. In  the  struggle  with  Porras  at  Jamaica  he  was 
wounded.  After  tire  admiral’s  death  ho  seems  to  have 
been  in  Rome,  and  in  1509  he  accompanied  Diego  Colum- 
bus to  Hispaniola,  where  he  held  important  and  lucrative 
offices. 


make  a disgraceful  peace  with  them.  Disorders  con- 
tinued, and  on  Aug.  24,  1500,  Francisco  de  Bobadilla  ar- 
rived as  royal  commissioner.  He  deposed  Columbus  and 
his  brothers  and  sent  them  in  chains  to  Spain  (Oct.,  1500) : 
they  were  at  once  released,  but  Columbus  could  not  ob- 
tain a reinstatement  in  bis  dignities;  and  only  after 
much  delay  he  obtained  four  caravels  for  a final  explora- 
tion, in  which,  it  appears,  he  intended  to  circumnavi- 
gate the  globe.  Leaving  Spain  May,  1502,  he  touched  at 
Santo  Domingo,  thence  sailed  to  Central  America,  discov- 
ering Honduras  July  30,  and  coasting  to  the  lslhmus  of 
Panama,  seeking  for  a passage  westward.  After  en- 
counters with  the  Indians  and  a vain  attempt  to  plant  a 
colony  (Feb.,  1503),  he  returned  to  Jamaica.  There  his 
ships,  worm-eaten  and  storm-beaten,  gave  out,  and  he  and 
his  men  remained  on  the  island,  enduring  great  suffer- 
ings : some  rebelled,  and  were  subdued  after  a hard  fight. 
A canoe  sent  out  reached  Espaiiola,  and  at  length  (June, 
1504)  ships  were  sent  to  take  them  off.  Columbus 
reached  Spain  Nov.  7,  1504.  Queen  Isabella,  who  had  al- 


ways befriended  him,  died  soon  after.  His  repeated  peti- 
Columbus,  Christopher.  [It.  Cristoforo  Co-  dons  for  reinstatement  had  no  effect,  and  he  passed  his 

Inmho  Sn  (WUt.oral  Colon  F Christonhp  Co-  remammS  day»  in  poverty  and  neglect.  Re  always  sup- 
lomuo,  op.  vnswvai  w on,  r . cnnsiopne  Co-  poSed  that  the  regions  discovered  by  him  were  portions  of 
lomb,  L.  Chnstophorus  Columbus.]  Born  at  or  Asia.  See  Century  Atlas , Map  67. 

v3n2Sld^S®%  a^SUUM* OotambmUleg#,  It.  Giacomo  Colombo:  by 
VaiiaaoHa,  tepaiu,  May oi  M (.  - • b.),  lotfii.  Latin  writers  called  Jacobus.  Probably  born 

VS^3^£S^SSaXSSgl  at  Genoa  about  1450;  dot.  aod  plac, io/deatb 
to  follow  the  sea.  In  1473  (V)  he  went  to  Portugal,  where  unknown.  A brother  of  Chi  istopher  Columbus, 
he  married  and  had  a son,  Diego ; he  also  lived  in  the  who  accompanied  him  in  the  second  voyage 


i land  of  Porto  Santo,  near  Madeira.  It  is  probable  that 
ho  joined  in  some  of  the  Portuguese  explorations  on  the 
African  coast;  and  there  is  Borne  doubtful  evidence  of 
a voyage  made  to  Iceland.  Impressed  with  the  idea, 
founded  on  the  known  rotundity  of  the  earth,  that  Asia 
might  be  reached  by  sailing  westward,  he  proposed  to 


(1493),  and  was  at  times  left  in  command  at 
Isabella  or  Santo  Domingo.  He  was  sent  to  Spain 
with  his  brothers  in  1500,  and  about  that  time  became 
a priest.  In  1509  he  accompanied  bis  nephew  to  Santo 
Domingo,  and  probably  died  soon  after. 


the  Portuguese  king  to  make  an  expedition  in  that  direc-  ColumbllS,  Sp.  Colon,  DiogO.  Bom  probably 

firm  Tt'nilincr  ho  wpnt.  fn  Snnin  ( I Aftd.  rt\  a n H nfFpi-pH  flip  „ u T AAlCi.  A'.  , 1 i 


tion.  Failing,  he  went  to  Spain  (1484  \)  and  offered  the 
enterprise  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  He  was  repeatedly 
put  off  with  promises  or  rebuffed  by  adverse  reports  of 
those  set  to  inquire  into  the  scheme,  and  lived  in  poverty. 
His  brother  was  sent  to  ask  aid  of  Henry  VII.  of  England 
(1488),  and  Columbus  himself  was  about  passing  to  France 
when  he  obtained  a personal  interview  with  the  sovereigns 
at  Granada.  The  excessive  grants  and  honors  which  ho 
demanded  in  case  of  success  led  to  a refusal ; but  as  he  was 
about  leaving  Granada  his  friends  made  a last  effort  with 
the  queen,  he  was  recalled,  and  on  April  17,  1492,  the  king 
and  queen  signed  a paper  in  which  all  the  demands  of 
Columbus  were  agreed  to.  He  was  made,  for  himself  and 
heirs,  admiral  in  all  the  regions  which  he  might  discover, 


at  Lisbon  about  1476:  died  at  Montalvan,  near 
Toledo,  Feb.  23,  1526.  A son  of  Christopher 
Columbus.  In  1492  Queen  Isabella  made  him  a page 
at  the  Spanish  court,  where  lie  remained  until  alter  his 
father’s  death.  He  was  confirmed  in  1509  as  admiral  of 
the  Indies  and  governor  of  Hispaniola,  but  without  the 
title  of  viceroy.  He  arrived  at  Santo  Domingo,  July  10, 
1509  ; but  the  conflicting  claims  of  jurisdiction,  and  dis- 
satisfaction with  his  rule,  soon  made  the  position  an  un- 
easy one.  Velasquez,  whom  he  sent  to  conquer  Cuba  in 
1511,  virtually  threw  off  his  authority  ; the  establishment 
of  a royal  audience  at  Santo  Domingo  restricted  his  pow- 
er ; and  though,  in  a visit  to  Spain,  he  obtained  new  favors 


Columbus,  Diego 

(1520),  he  was  finally  called  back  by  the  Council  of  the 
indies  in  1523  to  answer  charges  against  him.  His  wife 
was  left  in  charge  of  the  government ; but  Diego  followed 
the  court,  vainly  seeking  redress,  until  his  death. 

Columbus,  Ferdinand,  Sp.  Ferdinando  Co- 
16n.  Born  in  Cordova,  Aug.  15,  1488:  died 
at  Seville,  July  12,  1539.  An  illegitimate  son 
of  Christopher  Columbus  and  Dona  Beatrix 
Henriquez,  a lady  of  Cordova.  He  was  made  page 
of  Queen  Isabella  in  1498 ; was  with  his  father  on  the 
fourth  voyage,  1502-04 ; and  by  the  admiral’s  will  received 
an  ample  income,  afterward  increased  by  royal  grants. 
He  amassed  a library  of  over  20,000  volumes,  which 
passed  by  will  to  the  cathedral  chapter  of  Seville,  where 
it  was  known  as  the  “Colombina  only  about  4,000  vol- 
umes remain.  A history  of  the  Indies  by  him  is  lost,  as 
is  the  original  Spanish  of  his  biography  of  his  father,  which 
was  used  by  Las  Casas. 

Columbus,  Sp.  Coldn  (ko-lon'),  Luis.  Born  at 
Santo  Domingo,  1521  or  1522 : died  in  Oran, 
Africa,  Feb.  3, 1572.  A son  of  Diego  and  grand- 
son of  Christopher  Columbus.  In  1536  he  gave  up 
all  claims  to  the  title  of  viceroy,  receiving  in  return  the 
island  of  J amaica  in  fief,  a large  pension,  lands  in  V eragua, 
and  the  titles  of  Duke  of  Veragua  and  Marquis  of  Jamaica. 
He  was  captain-general  of  Hispaniola  1540-51.  He  was 
imprisoned  in  1559  for  having  three  wives,  and  in  1565 
banished  to  Oran.  For  descent  of  the  titles,  see  Vera- 
gua, Dukes  of. 

Columbus.  1.  The  capital  of  Ohio,  and  of 
Franklin  County,  situated  on  the  Scioto  River 
in  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  long.  83°  3'  W.  It  is  an  impor- 
tant railway  center  and  manufacturing  place,  and  is  re- 
markable for  its  State  capitol  and  other  public  buildings. 
It  was  made  the  State  capital  in  1816.  Population, 
181,511,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  Muscogee  County,  Georgia, 
situated  on  the  Chattahoochee  River  in  lat.  32° 
28'  N.,  long.  85°  5'  W.  It  has  manufactures  of 
iron  and  steel.  Population,  20,554,(1910). — 3. 
The  capital  of  Bartholomew  County  in  southern 
central  Indiana.  Population,  8,813,  (1910). — 
4.  A city  in  western  Kentucky,  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  River  16  miles  south  of  Cairo. 
It  was  a strategic  point  of  the  Confederates  in 
1861-62.  Pop.,  970,  (1910). — 5.  The  county- 
seat  of  Lowndes  County,  eastern  Mississippi, 
situated  on  the  Tombigbee  River  in  lat.  33°  31' 
N.,  long.  88°  28'  W.  Population,  8,988,  (1910). 
Columella  (kol-u-mel'ia),  Lucius  Junius  Mo- 
deratus.  Born  at  Cadiz,  Spain:  lived  about 
40  A.  D.  A Roman  writer  on  agriculture.  He 
wrote  “De  re  rustica,”  in  twelve  books  (edited  by  Schnei- 
der in  the  “Scriptores  rei  rusticse,”  1794),  and  an  earlier 
work  on  the  same  subject,  of  which  one  book,  “De  Arbo- 
ribus,”  is  extant. 

Column  of  July,  F.  Colonne  de  Juillet  (ko- 
lon'  de  zhiie-ya').  A monument  in  Paris, 
France,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  Bastille  in 
1840,  in  honor  of  the  citizens  killed  in  the  at- 
tacks on  the  royal  government  in  1830.  it  is  a 
Corinthian  column  of  bronze,  13  feet  in  diameter,  rising 
from  a square  base  and  marble  substructure,  and  capped 
by  a gilded  statue  of  the  winged  Genius  of  Liberty.  Its 
total  height  is  154  feet. 

Column  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  or  Antonine 
Column.  A monument  in  the  Piazza  Colonna, 
Rome,  erected  in  174  a.  d.  in  honor  of  the  cam- 
paigns against  the  Marcomanni.  it  reproduces 
the  type  of  the  Column  of  Trajan,  and  consists  of  a Homan 
Doric  column  of  marble  raised  on  a square  pedestal,  the 
total  height,  without  the  statue  of  St.  Paul  of  Sixtus  V., 
being  123  feet.  The  shaft  is  sculptured  in  a spiral  of  20 
turns,  with  reliefs  of  the  wars  it  commemorates. 

Column  of  the  Congress,  F.  Colonne  du  Con- 
gres  (ko-lon'  dii  kon-gra').  A monument 
erected  in  Brussels,  Belgium,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  Belgian  constitutional  congress  of 
1831.  It  is  a Roman  Doric  column  147  feet  high,  on  the 
summit  of  which  stands  a statue  of  Leopold  I.  P^eliefs 
on  the  pedestal  represent  the  Belgian  provinces.  At  the 
angles  stand  four  female  figures  in  bronze,  personifying 
types  of  liberty. 

Column  of  Trajan.  A monument  in  Rome, 
dedicated  in  114  A.  d.  in  honor  of  the  emperor. 
It  is  a Roman  Doric  column  of  marble,  on  a square  base- 
ment, the  total  height,  exclusive  of  the  present  statue  of 
St.  Peter,  being  1271  feet.  The  base  bears  reliefs  of  war- 
like trophies  and  an  inscription ; the  entire  shaft  is  occu- 
pied by  vigorous  and  lifelike  reliefs  ascending  in  a spiral, 
representing  Trajan's  campaigns.  The  reliefs  contain 
about  2,500  human  figures,  besides  those  of  animals  and 
inanimate  objects. 

Column  of  Vendome  (von-dom'),  F.  Colonne 
Venddme.  A monument  in  the  Place  Ven- 
dome, Paris,  France.  It  is  a Roman  Doric  column 
of  masonry  incased  in  bronze,  in  design  imitating  the 
Column  of  Trajan  at  Rome,  and  was  erected  by  Napoleon  I. 
in  honor  of  his  victories  over  the  Russians  and  Austrians 
in  1805.  The  shaft  is  encircled  with  reliefs  referring  to 
the  campaigns  in  question,  ascending  in  a spiral,  the 
height  of  the  figures  being  3 feet.  The  column  is  sur- 
mounted by  a figure  of  the  emperor.  Its  height  is  142  feet, 
and  its  diameter  13  feet.  It  was  overthrown  by  the  Com- 
mune in  1871,  but  was  restored  in  1875. 

Columns  of  Hercules.  See  Pillars  of  Hercules. 
Columns  of  St.  Mark  and  St.  Theodore.  Two 

columns  in  Venice,  situated  at  the  end  of  the 


270 

Piazzetta  toward  the  Grand  Canal.  The  massive 
plain  cylindrical  shafts  are  of  granite,  the  western  pink, 
the  eastern  gray,  resting  on  spreading,  stepped  bases. 
The  capitals  are  ascribed  to  a Lombard  architect.  The1 
figure  of  St.  Theodore,  with  his  crocodile,  was  erected  on 
the  western  column  in  1329.  The  eastern  column  bears 
the  famous  winged  lion  of  St.  Mark,  in  bronze,  with  eyes 
inlaid  in  precious  stones.  The  existing  lion  is  of  the  15th 
century. 

Colville  (kol'vil).  A name,  of  European  ori- 
gin, applied  to  a Salishan  tribe  formerly  dwell- 
ing near  Kettle  Falls  on  the  upper  Columbia 
River,  near  the  Canadian  boundary.  The  tribe 
numbers  (1904  ) 321  persons,  dwelling  on  the  Puyallup 
reservation,  Washington.  See  Salishan. 

Colwell  (kol'wel),  Stephen.  Born  in  Brooke 
County,  West  Va.,  March  25,  1800:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  15,  1871.  An  American 
merchant,  economist,  and  general  writer.  He 
wrote  “Ways  and  Means  of  Payment”  (1859), 
etc. 

Coma  Berenices  (ko'ma  ber-e-ni'sez).  [L., 
‘hair  of  Berenice  J See  Berenice.}  An  ancient 
asterism  (though  not  one  of  the  48  constella- 
tions of  Hipparchus)  situated  north  of  Virgo 
and  between  Bootes  and  Leo,  and  supposed  to 
represent  the  famous  amber  hair  of  Berenice, 
the  wife  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes. 

Comacchio  (ko-mak'ke-6).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Ferrara,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Adriatic  29  miles  southeast  of  Ferrara.  Popu- 
lation, 7,672. 

Comana  (ko-ma'na).  [Gr.  ra  K dfiava.]  1.  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  of  Cappadocia,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  on  the  river  Sarus.  it  was  noted 
for  its  temple  to  Ma,  the  moon-goddess.  Also  called 
Chryse  (‘the  Golden’). 

2.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  Pontus,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  about  lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  36° 
50'  E.  It  was  perhaps  a colony  of  the  Cappadocian  city, 
and  it  was  sacred  to  the  same  goddess.  The  modern  Gu- 
menek  is  on  its  site. 

Comanche  (ko-man'che),  or  Camanche  (ka- 
man'che).  [PI.,  also  Comanches .]  A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  well  known  for  their 
martial  character.  According  to  tradition  and  lin- 
guistic evidence  they  were  formerly  neighbors  of  the 
Shoslioni  in  Wyoming.  In  1724  they  were  on  upper  Kan- 
sas River,  and  later  were  south  of  Red  River,  Texas,  this 
southward  extension  doubtless  being  due  to  pressure  by 
Siouan  tribes.  Their  later  territory  was  the  extensive 
plains  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  into  Indian 
Territory  and  Texas  as  far  as  long.  97%  although  they 
raided  the  country  from  Kansas  southward  as  far  as  Du- 
rango, Mexico  (a  distance  of  800  miles).  They  agreed  to 
go  upon  a reservation  in  1867,  when  they  numbered  about 
2,500.  The  Comanche  who  are  now  on  the  Kiowa,  Co- 
manche, and  Wichita  reservation,  Oklahoma,  number 
about  1,400.  Their  own  name  is  Niim,  ‘people.’  Co- 
manche, a name  of  unknown  signification,  was  first  ap- 
plied by  the  Spanish  Mexicans,  while  the  French  form, 
Padouea,  is  adapted  from  their  Sioux  name.  They  also 
have  been  known  as  Chouman,  Comande,  Kaumains, 
Neum,  Padouea,  and  Paduca.  See  Shoshonean. 

Comande.  See  Comanche. 
Comayagua(ko-ma-ya'gwa).  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Cotnayagua,  Honduras,  situated 
on  the  river  Hurnaya  if!  lat.  14°  28'  N.,  long. 
87°  39'  W.  It  was  the  capital  of  Honduras  until  1880. 
Population,  about  5,000.  In  colonial  times  it  had  18,000 
inhabitants,  but  it  was  burned  in  1827,  and  has  never  fully 
recovered. 

Combaconum.  See  Kumblidkonam. 

Combe  (kom),  Andrew.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  27,  1797 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  9,  1847. 
A Scottish  physician  and  writer  on  physiology 
and  phrenology.  He  founded,  with  his  brother  George 
Combe  and  others,  the  “Phrenological  Magazine"  (1823), 
of  which  he  remained  proprietor  until  1837. 

Combe,  George.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  21, 
1788:  died  at  Moor  Park,  Farnham,  England, 
Aug.  14,  1858.  A Scottish  phrenologist : chief 
work  “An  Essay  ou  the  Constitution  of  Man” 
(1828). 

Combe,  William.  Born  at  Bristol,  England, 
1741:  died  at  Lambeth,  June  19,  1823.  An 
English  writer,  author  of  “Dr.  Syntax.”  He 

was  the  godson  (or  natural  son)  of  a London  alderman; 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford  (where,  however,  he  did 
not  take  a degree);  entered  the  law ; led  for  some  time 
the  life  of  an  adventurer,  being  successively  a soldier,  a 
waiter,  a lieutenant,  and  a cook  ; and  for  the  last  43  years 
of  his  life  resided  within  the  rules  of  the  King’s  Bench 
debtors’  prison.  He  published  a large  number  of  works, 
including  “ The  Diaboliad,  a poem  dedicated  to  the  worst 
man  (Simon,  Lord  Irnham)  in  His  Majesty’s  Dominions  ” 
(1776),  “The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks  in  England  ” (1790), 
“The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  in  search  of  the  Picturesque" 
(a  poem  first  published  in  the  “Poetical  Magazine," and 
republished  1812),  etc. 

Comberback,  Silas  Tomkyns.  The  name 
under  which  Coleridge  enlisted  in  the  15th  Dra- 
goons. 

Combermere,  Viscount.  See  Cotton. 
Comecyudo  (ko-ma-kro'do).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  live  on  the  lower  Rio 
Grande  at  Las  Prietas,  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 


Comines 

Of  the  25  survivors  in  1886  but  seven  spoke  their  native 
tongue.  The  name  is  said  to  signify  ‘raw  eaters’  (Sp. 
come-crudo),  in  allusion  to  their  practice  of  cannibalism. 
Also  called  Carrizos.  See  Coahuiltecan. 

Comedie  Frantjaise  (ko-ma-de'  fron-saz'),  La, 
The  official  name  of  the  Theatre  Fran§ais.  The 
Comedie  Franpaise  practically  had  its  beginning  in  the 
Tilda tre  de  1 Hotel  Bourgogne,  established  in  1552  and 
made  tlriatre  royal  under  Henry  III.  in  1588;  it  was  fol- 
lowed by  tile  Thdatre  du  Marais  in  1600.  A few  years  after- 
ward the  company  of  Moliere  was  established  in  the  great 
hall  of  the  Hotel  Bourbon.  In  1660  the  Hotel  Bourbon  was 
torn  down,  and  in  1661  Moliere  was  transferred  to  the 
theater  of  the  Palais  Royal.  In  1673  Moliere  died ; his 
company  was  disbanded  and  went  to  the  Thd&tre  Gudnd- 
gaud.  In  1680  there  were  three  companies  in  Paris  — that 
of  the  Hotel  Bourgogne,  that  of  the  Marais,  and  the  com- 
pany of  Molidre  in  the  Thdatre  Gudndgaud  : the  two  latter 
were  amalgamated  Oct.  21,  1680,  and  the  Comedie  Fran- 
ijaise  organized  by  lettre  de  cachet  of  Louis  XIV.  as 
“L’Hdtel  des  Comddiens  du  Roi  entretenus  par  Sa  Ma- 
jesty.” The  Comedie  Fran^aise  migrated  frequently.  In 
1689  it  had  its  home  in  the  Rue  des  Fosses  St.  Germain 
des  Prds  (Rue  de  l’Ancienne  Comedie);  it  was  here  and  in 
this  year  that  it  first  took  the  title  of  Comedie  Fran^aise. 
In  1770  it  removed  to  the  Tuileries,  and  in  1782  the  com- 
pany played  in  what  is  now  the  Oddon.  It  was  suppressed 
in  the  Revolution  in  1793,  and  reconstituted  by  Napoleon, 
then  first  consul,  and  established  in  the  Theatre  Franpais. 
See  Thtdtre  Francois. 

Comedie  Humaine  (ko-ma-de'  fi-man'),  La. 
A collection  of  Balzac’s  novels,  arranged  and 
connected  with  laborious  classification  by  him- 
self to  form  what  be  called  a “complete  soci- 
ety,” the  same  persons  and  their  relatives  ap- 
pearing and  reappearing.  “Each  novel  is  in  fact 
a page  of  the  great  work,  which  would  be  incomplete  with- 
out it.”  It  is  a picture  of  the  manners  and  morals  of 
his  own  time. 

Comedy  of  Errors,  The.  A play  by  Shak- 
spere,  acted  at  Gray’s  Inn,  Dee.  28,  1594.  its 

real  title  Is  “ Errors."  It  is  thought  that  another  version 
not  entirely  by  Shakspere  was  acted  about  1590.  The  origi- 
nal plot  was  probably  suggested  by  Plautus’s  “Menrechmi” 
and  “Amphitryon,”  and  more  directly  by  the  “ History  of 
Error  ’’  acted  by  the  chapel  children  in  1576.  ( Fleay .) 

The  plot  consists  in  the  extraordinary  series  of  mistakes 
arising  from  the  likeness  between  twin  brothers,  both 
named  Antipholus,  and  the  likeness  between  their  two 
servants,  named  Dromio. 

Comely  Bank  (kum'li  bangk).  See  the  extract. 

The  Carlyles,  at  the  period  of  Thomas’s  famous  visit  to 
Jeffrey  in  George  Street,  were  living  at  Comely  Bank,  in 
one  of  a row  of  two-storied,  uninteresting  houses,  calling 
themselves  “ villa  residences,”  at  the  northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh, quite  out  of  town  even  now,  and  facing  a green 
called  Stockbridge  Public  Park.  Carlyle’s  cottage  is 
numbered  21. 

Hutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  65. 

Comenius  (ko-me'ni-us)  (originally  Komen- 
sky),  Johann  Amos.  Born  at  Nivnitz  or, 
more  probably,  at  Ungarisch-Brod,  Moravia, 
March  28,  1592 : died  in  Holland,  Nov.  15, 1670. 
A noted  Czechic  theologian  and  educational 
reformer.  He  studied  theology  at  Herborn  and  Heidel- 
berg, and  in  1618  became  pastor  of  a congregation  of 
Moravian  Brethren  at  Fulnek.  Expelled  by  an  imperial 
mandate  of  1621,  which  banished  all  Protestant  pastors 
from  Bohemia,  he  eventually  settled  at  Lissa,  Poland, 
where  he  supported  himself  by  teaching.  In  1642  he 
went  to  Sweden,  where,  at  the  invitation  of  the  chancel- 
lor Axel  Oxenstjerna,  he  prepared  a plan  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  educational  system  of  the  country.  He  was 
in  1648  elected  bishop  of  the  Moravian  Church  at  Lissa, 
where,  with  an  interruption  of  four  years  spent  at  Stiros- 
Patak,  Hungary,  he  remained  until  1657,  when  Lissa  was 
pillaged  and  burned  by  the  Poles.  He  subsequently  set- 
tled at  Amsterdam.  Among  his  works  are  “Janua  lin- 
guarum  reserata,”  “Orbis  pictus,”  and  “Didactica  magna 
seu  omues  omnia  docendi  artificium." 

Comical  Gallant,  The,  or  the  Amours  of  Sir 
John  Falstaff.  An  alteration  of  “ The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor”  by  John  Dennis, played  in 
1702. 

Comical  Lovers,  The,  or  Marriage  a la 
Mode.  A comedy  by  Cibber,  produced  and 
printed  in  1707.  It  is  made  from  the  comic  scenes  of 
Dryden’s  “ Secret  Love  ” and  “ Marriage  h la  Mode." 

Comical  Revenge,  The,  or  Love  in  a Tub. 

A comedy  by  Sir  George  Etkeredge,  produced  in 
1664.  It  was  published  in  the  same  year. 

Comines,  or  Commines  (ko-men').  A town  on 
the  Lys  10  miles  north  of  Lille,  situated  partly 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  and  partly 
in  West  Flanders,  Belgium.  Population, 
commune,  8,431. 

Comines,  or  Commines,  or  Comynes,  Philippe 

de.  Born  at  Comines,  near  Lille,  France  (or  at 
Renescure,  near  Hazebrouck),  about  1445 : died 
at  Argenton,  Deux-Sevres,  France,  Oct.  18, 
15H.  A noted  French  statesman  and  historian. 
He  entered  the  service  of  Charles  the  Bold,  and  then  went 
over  to  Louis  XI.,  in  whose  household  he  rose  to  the  dig- 
nity of  confidant  and  counselor.  In  1486  he  was  arrested 
for  political  reasons  and  imprisoned  for  over  two  years. 
At  the  command  of  Charles  VIII.  he  was  arrested  again 
iater  on,  and  exiled  for  ten  years.  After  serving  his  time, 
he  returned  to  court  only  to  fall  into  disgrace.  Finally  he 
retired  into  private  life  and  wrote  his  “ Mdmoires.’’  The 
“Cronique  et  liystoire  faicte  et  composite  par  messire 
Philippe  de  Comines ” (Paris,  1524)  was  written  from  1488 
to  1493.  It  deals  with  the  history  of  France  between  1464, 


Coniines 

when  Comines  came  to  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bold, 
and  148:t,  the  date  of  the  death  of  Louis  XI.  The  sequel, 
“Croniques  du  roy  Charles  huytiesme”  (Paris,  1528),  was 
written  later  than  1497,  and  contains  notes  on  the  wars 
waged  by  Charles  VIII.  between  1494  and  1498.  Complete 
editions  have  been  made  by  Denis  Sauvage  (1552),  Gode- 
froy  (1649),  Lenglet-Dufresnoy  (1747),  Mademoiselle  Du- 
pont (1840-47),  and  R.  Chantelauze  (1881) 

Comitdn  (ko-me-tan'),  or  Comitlan  (ko-met- 
lan').  A town  in  the  state  of  Chiapas,  south- 
ern Mexico,  in  lat.  16°  5'  N.,  long.  92°  25'  W. 
Population,  7,000. 

Comite  des  Etudes  du  Haut  Congo.  See  In- 
ternational African  Association. 

Comitiuxa  (ko-mish'ium).  [L., ‘place  of  assem- 
bly.’] A paved  area  in  ancient  Borne,  between 
the  northeastern  side  of  the  Forum  Romanum 
and  the  Curia,  where  the  Comitia  Curiata,  or 
assembly  of  the  patricians,  met,  and  where  the 
most  important  legal  cases  were  tried,  it  was 
surrounded  with  a barrier  by  Tullus  Hostilius.  On  the 
Comitium  stood  the  original  rostra,  or  official  speakers’ 
platform,  and  close  to  it  was  the  grsecostasis,  the  platform 
provided  for  foreign  envoys. 

Commagene  (kom-a-je'ne).  [Gr.K o/ipaygvi/.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a district  in  northern  Syria, 
between  the  Euphrates  on  the  east  and  Cilicia 
on  the  west.  It  was  at  one  time  tributary  to  the  As- 
syrian empire,  and  was  an  independent  kingdom  from 
65  B.  C.-17  A.  D.  It  is  called  Kummuh  in  the  Assyrian 
cuneiform  inscriptions. 

Commander  of  the  Faithful.  [Ar.  Emir-al- 
mu’minin .]  A title  of  the  califs,  first  assumed 
by  Omar  634-644. 

Commemoration  Ode.  An  ode  by  James  Rus- 
sell Lowell  in  memory  of  the  members  of  Har- 
vard College  who  had  served  in  the  Civil  W ar, 
read  at  the  memorial  exercises  at  Cambridge 
in  1865. 

Commendation  of  Our  Lady.  A ballade  once 
attributed  to  Chaucer,  but  erroneously,  it  is  not 
written  in  ballade  form.  Tyrwhitt  thinks  there  is  evidence 
that  Lydgate  may  have  written  it. 

Commentaries,  Csesar’s.  See  Ceesar,  Julius. 
Commercy  (ko-mer-se').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  20  miles  east  of  Bar-le-Duc.  It  has  a 
castle.  Population,  commune,  7,836. 
Commissary  (kom'i-sa-ri),  The.  A comedy  by 
Foote,  produced  in  1765. 

Committee  (ko-mit'e),  The.  A comedy  by  Sir 
R.  Howard,  printed  in  1665.  Evelyn  saw  it  played 
in  1662.  It  was  revised  by  T,  Knight  and  produced  as 
“The  Honest  Thieves  ” in  1797. 

Commode  (ko-mod').  A play  by  Thomas  Cor- 
neille, played  for  Louis  XIY.  at  the  Louvre  in 
1659. 

Commodian.  See  Commodianus. 
Commodianus  (ko-mo-di-a'nus).  A Christian 
poet  of  the  first  half  of  the  3d  century.  Two 
poems  by  him  are  extant,  “ Instructiones  LXXX  adversus 
gentium  deos,’’  and  “Carmen  Apologeticum,”  a defense 
of  Christianity. 

Commodus  (kom'5-dus),  Lucius  JSlius  Au- 
relius (also  Marcus  Antoninus).  Born  at 
Lanuvium,  Italy,  Aug.  31,  161  A.  D. : killed 
at  Rome,  Dec.  31, 192.  Emperor  of  Rome  ISO- 
192,  son  of  Marcus  Aurelius  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. He  bought  peace  of  the  Germans  at  the  price 
of  a tribute,  and,  intrusting  the  direction  of  the  govern- 
ment to  favorites  (Perennis,  Cleander,  Lsetus,  and  Delec- 
tus), abandoned  himself  to  dissipation  and  cruelty.  He 
put  to  death  his  wife  Crispina  and  nearly  all  the  public 
men  who  had  risen  to  eminence  under  his  father,  is  said 
to  have  appeared  as  a gladiator  in  the  amphitheater  over 
seven  hundred  times  against  defenseless  opponents,  and 
to  have  claimed  divine  honors,  appearing  in  public  as 
Hercules  and  demanding  to  be  worshiped  as  such.  He 
was  strangled  by  the  athlete  Narcissus,  who  was  intro- 
duced into  his  sleeping-apartment  by  conspirators,  chief 
of  whom  was  the  emperor's  mistress,  Marcia. 

Common  (kom'on),  Dol.  Iu  Ben  Jonson’s  com- 
edy “The  Alchemist,”  the  mistress  of  Subtle. 
Common  Sense.  A pamphlet  by  Thomas  Paine, 
published  in  Philadelphia  Jan.  1,  1776.  It  advo- 
cated entire  separation  from  England,  and  its  arguments 
fell  in  with  the  prevailing  current  of  feeling,  and  Bwept 
waverere  along  with  it.  It  is  described  by  Washington  as 
“working  a powerful  change  in  the  minds  of  many  men  " 
(Works,  IH.  276). 

Commonwealth  of  England,  The.  The  des- 
ignation applied  officially  to  the  form  of  gov- 
ernment existing  in  England  from  the  abolition 
of  the  monarchy  in  Feb.,  1649,  after  the  execu- 
tion of  Charles  I.,  till  the  establishment  of  the 
protectorate  under  Cromwell  in  Dec.,  1653,  but 
often  loosely  used  of  the  whole  interval  from 
the  death  of  Charles  I.  to  the  restoration  of 
Charles  H.  in  May,  1660.  During  the  former  period, 
or  that  of  the  real  commonwealth,  the  government  was 
vested  in  a Council  of  State,  composed  of  members  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  the  House  of  Lords  was  abolished. 

Communes,  Seven.  See  Sette  Comuni. 

Communes,  Thirteen.  See  Tredici  Comum. 


271 

Comnena,  Anna.  See  Anna  Comnena. 
Comnenus  (kom-ne'nus),  House  of  (The  Com- 

neni).  [MGr.  Kbgryvot;.]  An  illustrious  By- 
zantine family,  probably  of  Italian  origin,  which 
acquired  historical  importance  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury, and  from  which  descended  six  emperors 
of  the  East,  all  the  emperors  of  Trebizond,  and 
many  statesmen,  generals,  and  authors.  See 
Alexius  I.,  Alexius  II.,  Andronicus  I.,  Isaac  I., 
Manuel  I.,  and  Anna  Comnena. 

Como  (ko'mo).  [F.  Come,  It.  Como,  L.  Comum. ~\ 

1.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Como,  Italy, 
situated  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Lake 
of  Como,  25  miles  north-northwest  of  Milan,  it 
is  picturesquely  situated,  has  a noted  cathedral,  and  man- 
ufactures silk.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  in  northern 
Italy,  was  begun  in  1696  in  an  exceUent  Pointed  style,  con- 
tinued in  that  of  the  early  Renaissance,  and  completed  in 
the  more  ornate  Renaissance  of  the  16th  century.  The 
front  has  round-arched  doors,  a fine  rose,  delicate  sculp- 
ture, and  rich  pinnacles.  The  Renaissance  north  doorway 
is  notable.  The  nave  is  Pointed,  with  good  vaulting  ; the 
circular  choir  is  classical.  There  are  many  beautiful  fres- 
cos, by  Quini  and  Ferrari.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
elder  Pliny,  the  younger  Pliny,  and  Volta.  Population, 
commune,  38,895. 

2.  A province  in  Lombardy,  Italy,  bordering 
on  Switzerland.  Area,  1,104  square  miles. 
Population,  628,106. 

Como,  Lake  of,  It.  Lago  di  Como  (la'go  de 
ko'mo),  F.  Lac  de  Come  (lak  de  kom),  G.  Co- 
mersee  (ko'mer-za).  A lake  of  northern  Italy, 
near  the  Swiss  border:  the  Roman  Lacus  Larius. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  river  Adda,  and  is  famous  for  its 
beauty.  It  is  surrounded  by  mountains,  and  its  shores 
are  bordered  with  villas.  At  Bellaggio  it  is  divided  into 
the  Lake  of  Como  (proper)  and  the  Lake  of  Lecco.  Length, 
30  miles.  Greatest  width,  2^  miles.  Depth,  1,330  feet. 

Comoiifort  (ko-mon-fort'),  Ignacio.  Born  at 
Puebla,  March  12, 1812 : died  near  Guanajuato, 
Nov.  13, 1863.  A Mexican  soldier  and  states- 
man. He  joined  the  revolt  against  Santa  Anna,  April, 
1854  ; was  secretary  of  war  under  Alvarez,  Oct.,  1855, 
and  on  the  retirement  of  that  leader  became  acting  presi- 
dent; under  the  constitution  of  Feb.,  1857,  was  elected, 
constitutional  president,  assuming  office  Dec.  1, 1857.  As 
acting  president  he  crushed  a series  of  revolts  led  by  the 
church  and  conservative  parties.  Soon  after  his  regular 
election  he  tacitly  encouraged  the  project  of  a dictator- 
ship ; was  deposed  after  hard  fighting,  and  fled  the  coun- 
try in  Feb.,  1858.  He  returned  in  1862,  took  a prominent 
part  against  the  French  invasion,  and  was  killed  by  irreg- 
ular troops  or  bandits. 

Comorin  (korn'o-rin),  Cape.  The  southern  ex- 
tremity of  peninsular  India,  situated  in  lat. 
8°  5'  N.,  long.  77°  33'  E. 

Comorn.  See  Eomorn. 

Comoro  (kom'o-ro)  Islands,  or  Comores.  A 
group  of  small  islands  in  the  Mozambique  Chan- 
nel, in  lat.  11°-13°  S.,  long.  43°-45°  E.  The  chief 
islands  are  Great  Comoro,  Anjuan  (Johanna),  Mohilla, 
and  Mayotte.  All  the  islands  were  taken  under  French 
protection  in  1886.  They  form  a colony  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Madagascar.  Area,  about  760  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, about  98,000. 

Compagnia  della  Calza  (kom-pan-ye'a  del 'lii 
kal'tsa).  [It.,  ‘Company  of  the  Stocking’:  so 
named  from  a particular  stocking  which  the 
members  wore.]  A society  which  existed  in 
Italy  during  the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  for 
the  production  of  public  and  private  entertain- 
ments, as  games,  feasts,  and  theatrical  repre- 
sentations. In  the  course  of  time  this  society  be- 
came divided  into  different  fraternities,  as  the  Compagnia 
dei  Floridi,  Sempiterni,  etc.,  each  of  which  was  governed 
by  particular  laws  and  officers,  and  the  members  distin- 
guished by  a certain  habit.  Dunlop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction, 
II.  229. 

Company  (kum'pa-ni),  John.  A nickname  for 
the  East  India  Company,  originating  in  India. 
Compass  (kum'pas).  A soldier  and  scholar  in 
Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “The  Magnetic  Lady,” 
“one  well  read  in  Men  and  Manners.” 
Compiegne  (kon-pyan').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise 
45  miles  northeast  of  Paris:  the  ancient  Com- 
pendium. It  was  noted  as  a favorite  royal  residence,  and 
its  chief  building  is  the  royal  palace,  a large  structure 
founded  in  Merovingian  times  and  rebuilt  in  the  reign 
of  Louis  XV.  and  later.  The  interior  is  especially  note- 
worthy for  the  furniture  and  decoration  of  the  apartments 
fitted  out  under  Napoleon  I.,  and  contains  a collection  of 
modern  paintings.  At  Compifegne,  in  1430,  Joan  of  Arc 
was  taken  prisoner.  The  town  has  been  the  seat  of  sev- 
eral councils.  Population,  commune,  16,868. 
Complaint  of  Mars.  A poem  by  Chaucer,  writ- 
ten probably  after  1380.  it  is  full  of  astronomical 
allusions,  and  contains  the  story  of  “the  broche”  which 
V ulcan  wrought  at  Thebes.  It  is  supposed  to  be  sung  on 
St.  Valentine’s  daybya  bird.  A “Complaintof  Venus”  has 
been  appended  to  it.  The  latter  is  of  a totally  different 
character,  and  is  a translation  from  the  French  of  Sir  Otes 
de  Graunson  (Shirley).  It  is  probable  that  the  Venus  in 
both  poems  refers  to  the  princess  Isabel  of  Spain. 

Complaint  of  Philomene,  The.  A poem  by 
George  Gascoigne,  begun  in  1562,  but  not  com- 
pleted until  1576. 


Comus 

Complaint  of  Venus,  The.  A poem  by  Chaucer, 
translated  by  him  late  in  life  from  the  French 
of  Graunson.  It  is  made  up  of  three  independent  bal- 
lades : the  title  was  given  by  the  copyists  as  a counterpart 
to  the  “Complaint  of  Mars,”  to  which  it  is  appended. 
Complaint  to  his  Purse.  A poem  by  ( 'haucer, 
attributed  to  Occleve.  It  was  printed  before 
the  1532  edition. 

Complaint  to  Pity.  A poem  by  Chaucer,  printed 
before  1532,  and  probably  written  about  1367. 
Skeat. 

Complete  Angler,  The.  A_  celebrated  work 
by  Izaak  Walton,  published  in  1653. 
Compostela.  See  Santiago  de  Compos tella. 
Compostela  (kom-pos-ta/la),  Diego  Evelino 
de.  * Born  at  Santiago  de  Compostela,  1635 : 
died  at  Havana,  Cuba,  Aug.  27, 1704.  A Span- 
ish prelate.  He  taught  theology  in  the  University  of 
Valladolid,  and  was  vicar  of  various  parishes  in  Spain. 
In  1685  he  was  named  bishop  of  Cuba  and  Florida,  a posi- 
tion which  he  held  until  his  death. 

Compromise  of  1850.  See  Omnibus  Bill. 
Compton  (komp'ton),  Henry.  Born  at  Comp- 
ton Wynyates,  Warwickshire,  1632 : died  at 
Fulham,  near  London,  July  7,  1713.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  London,  and  youngest 
son  of  Spencer  Compton,  second  earl  of  North- 
ampton. He  studied  at  Oxford  (Queen’s  College)  and 
at  Cambridge ; was  installed  canon  of  Christ  Church  in 
1669 ; became  bishop  of  Oxford  in  1674,  and  bishop  of 
London  in  1675  ; and  was  charged  with  the  education  of 
Mary  and  Anne  (later  queens),  daughters  of  James,  duke 
of  York  (James  II.).  After  the  accession  of  James  he  was 
tried  before  Lord  Chancellor  Jeffreys,  as  head  of  the  high 
court  of  ecclesiastical  commission,  for  disobeying  the 
king  (in  refusing  to  suspend  John  Sharp,  dean  of  Nor- 
wich), and  suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his  episcopal 
functions ; but  was  reinstated  in  1688.  He  was  a vigorous 
opponent  of  Catholicism  and  an  influential  supporter  of 
William  III. 

Compton,  Spencer.  Born  May,  1601 : killed 
in  the  battle  of  Hopton  Heath,  March  19, 1643. 
The  second  Earl  of  Northampton,  a partizan 
of  Charles  I.  in  his  struggle  with  Parliament. 

He  served  actively  in  the  king's  army,  commanding  the  roy- 
alist forces  at  Hopton  Heath,  where  he  was  slain. 

Compton,  Spencer.  Born  about  1673 : died 
July  2, 1743.  An  English  politician,  third  son 
of  the  third  Earl  of  Northampton,  created  Vis- 
count Pevensey  and  earl  of  Wilmington  in 
1730.  He  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons 
March  17, 1715,  and  reelected  Oct.  9,  1722.  Iu  Feb.,  1742, 
he  was  appointed  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 

Comtat  d’ Avignon  (kon-ta'  da-ven-yoh')  and 
Gomtat- V enaissin  (-ve-na-san').  Two  ancient 
territories  of  southern  France,  lying  between 
Daupliine  on  the  north,  Provence  on  the  east, 
the  Durance  on  the  south,  and  the  Rhone  on  the 
west.  They  were  ceded  to  the  popes  in  the  13th  century, 
and  were  united  to  France  in  1791.  They  correspond  nearly 
to  the  department  of  Vaucluse. 

Comte  (koht),  Isidore  Auguste  Marie  Fran- 
cois Xavier.  Born  at  Montpellier,  France, 
Jan.  19, 1798 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  5, 1857.  A cele- 
brated French  philosopher,  founder  of  positiv- 
ism. He  studied  two  years  at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique 
in  Paris  (having  been  admitted  in  1814),  and  about  1818 
became  the  friend  and  disciple  of  Saint-Simon,  whose 
doctrines  he  undertook  to  expound  in  a work  entitled 
“Systeme  de  politique  positive”  in  1822.  This  friend- 
ship terminated  in  ,a  complete  estrangement  in  1824.  He 
was  tutor  at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  1832-51.  His  chief 
works  are  “ Cours  de  philosophie  positive  ” (1830-42),  and 
“Catechisme  positiviste”  (1852). 

Comte  de  Boursoufle  (koht  de  bor-so'fl),  Le. 
A comedy  by  Voltaire,  first  produced  as  “ Quand 
est-ce  qu’on  me  marie?”  It  was  privately  played  for 
the  first  time  under  that  title  at  the  Chateau  de  Cirey  in 
1734,  and  again  in  1747  at  the  Chateau  d’Anet.  It  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Oddon  as  “Le  Comte  de  Boursoufle”  in  1862 
as  a posthumous  play  of  Voltaire.  It  was  really  made  from 
the  broader  parts  of  Vanbrugh’s  “ Relapse.”  The  Comte 
de  Boursoufle  is  a Gallicized  Lord  Foppingtou. 

Comte  de  Monte-Cristo  (kont  de  moh'te- 
kres'to),  Le.  A novel  by  Alexandre  Dumas, 
published  in  1844  : so  named  from  its  hero. 
Comte  Ory  (koht  o-re'),  Le.  An  opera  by  Ros- 
sini (words  by  Scribe  and  Delestre-Poirson), 
produced  in  French  at  Paris  Aug.  20,  1828,  and 
in  Italian  at  London  Feb.  28, 1829,  and  in  French 
June  20,  1849.  Both  words  and  music  were  adapta- 
tions of  works  by  the  same  authors  written  some  years 
before. 

Comtesse  d’Escarbagnas  (kon-tes'  des-kar- 
biin-yas'),La.  A comedy  by  Moliere,  firstplayed 
for  the  king  at  Saint-Germain  in  1691.  The  next 
year  it  was  played  in  Paris  on  Feb.  2.  It  is  a study  of 
provincial  manners. 

Comtesse  de  Kudolstadt  (kon-tes'  d&  rii-dol- 
stat'),  La.  A novel  by  George  Sand,  a sequel 
to  “Consuelo,”  published  in  1844. 

Comus  (ko'mus).  [Gr.  Ko/iof.]  In  later  clas- 
sical mythology,  the  god  of  mirth,  represented 
as  a winged  youth. 


Comus 

Comus.  A mask  by  Milton,  presented  at  Ludlow 
Castle  Sept.  29, 1634,  before  the  Earl  of  Bridge- 
water.  It  was  printed  in  1637,  and  in  his  works  in  1645. 
Milton  is  said  to  be  indebted  to  Fletcher's  “Faithful 
Shepherdess  " for  the  lyrical  portions,  and  for  its  central 
situation  to  Peele's  “Old  Wives'  Tale.”  George  Colrnan 
the  elder  produced  an  alteration  of  it  at  Covent  Garden 
in  1773. 

Comyn  (kum'in),  Alexander.  Died  in  1289. 
The  second  Earl  of  Buchan,  constable  of  Scot- 
land. 

Comyn,  John,  the  elder.  Died  about  1300.  A 
Scottish  noble,  lord  of  Badenoch,  and  claimant 
to  the  Scottish  throne. 

Comyn,  John.  Died  1306.  A Scottish  noble 
and  claimant  to  the  throne,  son  of  John  Comyn 
the  elder:  surnamed  “The  Red.”  He  was  mur- 
dered by  Robert  Bruce. 

Conachar  (kon'a-char).  The  son  of  the  chief 
of  Clan  Quhele  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  “Fair  Maid 
of  Perth.”  After  becoming  the  chief  himself 
he  realized  that  he  was  a coward,  and  killed 
himself  in  despair. 

Conaire  (ko'ne-ri).  See  the  extract. 

A description  of  Cormac’s  person,  on  the  occasion  of  his 
entering  a great  assembly  in  state,  tells  us  that  the  equal 
of  his  form  had  never  been  seen,  except  that  of  Conaire 
the  Great,  of  Conchobar  son  of  Nessa,  or  of  Aengus  son 
of  the  Dagda.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  ancient  writer 
should  mention  these  tliree,  as  they  are  adumbrations 
of  the  same  god  as  Cormac.  Thus  I may  here  say,  with- 
out anticipating  the  remarks  to  be  presently  made  on  the 
Aengus  to  whom  I have  alluded,  that  he  was  the  constant 
aider  and  protector  of  the  sun-hero  Diarmait,  while  Co- 
naire was  the  subject  of  one  of  the  most  famous  epic  sto- 
ries in  Irish  literature.  The  plot  centers  in  Conaire's 
tragic  death,  which  is  brought  about  by  the  fairies  of 
Eriun,  through  the  instrumentality  of  outlaws  coming 
from  the  sea  and  following  the  lead  of  a sort  of  cyclops 
called  I u gee],  said  to  have  been  a big,  rough,  horrid  mon- 
ster with  only  one  eye,  which  was,  however,  wider  than  an 
ox-hide,  blacker  than  the  back  of  a beetle,  and  provided 
with  no  less  than  tliree  pupils.  The  death  of  Conaire  at 
his  hands  is  one  of  the  Celtic  renderings  of  the  story  which 
in  its  Greek  form  describes  the  treatment  of  Zeus  by  Ty- 
pho.  Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  135. 

Conant  (ko'nant),  Mrs.  (Hannah  Chaplin). 

Born  at  Danvers,  Mass.,  in  1809:  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Feb.  18, 1865.  An  American  writer, 
wife  of  T.  J.  Conant.  Her  chief  work  is  a 
“History  of  the  English  Bible”  (1856). 

Conant,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born  at  Brandon, 
Yt.,  Dec.  13,  1802:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
April  30,  1891.  An  American  Baptist  clergy- 
man and  biblical  critic.  He  translated  Gesenius’s 
Hebrew  grammar  (1839),  and  published  annotated  versions 
of  “Job  (1857),  “Matthew”  (I860),  “Genesis ’’(1868, 1873), 
“ New  Testament,  Common  Version  revised  " (1871),  “His- 
torical Books  of  the  Old  Testament  "(1884),  etc. 

Concan,  or  Konkan  (kon'kan),  North  and 
South.  A maritime  region  of  Bombay,  Brit- 
ish India.  It  extends  from  Goa  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Daman,  along  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  covers  Bombay, 
Thana,  Kolaba,  Ratnagiri,  the  coast  of  North  Kanara,  Jau- 
jira,  Savantvadi,  and  Goa. 

Concarneau  (kon-kar-no').  A seaport  in  the 
department  of  Finistere,  France,  12  miles 
southeast  of  Quimper.  Population,  commune, 
8,007. 

Concepci6n  (kon-thep-the-on').  1.  A province 
of  Chile,  situated  about  lat.  37°  S.  Its  principal 
product  is  wheat.  Area,  3,560  square  miles. 
Population,  217,393.  — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
above  province,  situated  on  the  river  Bio-Bio 
in  lat.  36°  50'  S.,  long.  73°  6'  W.  It  has  been 
several  times  destroyed  by  earthquakes.  Pop- 
ulation, 55,330. 

3.  A town  in  Paraguay.  Population,  10,000. 
Concepcidn  del  Uruguay  (del  o-ro-gwi').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine 
Republic.  Population,  10,000. 

Conceptistas  (hdn-thep-tes'tas).  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

At  that  time,  and  very  much  under  the  leading  influ- 
ence of  Ledesma,  there  was  a well-known  party  in  Spanish 
literature  called  the  “Conceptistas”;  — a sect  composed, 
in  a consideralde  degree,  of  mystics,  who  expressed 
themselves  in  metaphors  and  puns,  alike  in  the  pulpit 
and  in  poetry,  and  whose  influence  was  so  extensive  that 
traces  of  it  may  be  found  in  many  of  the  principal  writers 
of  the  time,  including  Quevedo  and  Lope  de  Vega.  Of 
this  school  of  the  Conceptistas,  though  Quevedo  was  the 
more  brilliant  master,  Ledesma  was  the  original  head. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  15. 

Concha  (kon'cha),  Jose  Gutierrez  de  la.  Born 
at  Cdrdoba,  Argentina,  June  4,  1809 : died  at 
Madrid,  Spain,  Nov.  5,  1895.  A Spanish  gen- 
eral and  statesman.  He  went  to  Spain  while  still 
a child,  entered  the  army,  and  attained  the  grade  of  mar- 
shal. He  was  captain-general  of  the  Basque  Provinces 
1843-46,  three  times  captain-general  of  Cuba  (1849-52, 
1854-59,  and  1874-76),  was  made  senator  in  1860,  minister 
to  France  1862,  minister  of  war  1863,  and  was  president 
of  the  senate  1864-68.  In  Sept.,  1868,  Queen  Isabella,  then 
in  France,  appointed  him  president  of  the  council,  with 
full  powers,  but  he  was  immediately  forced  to  resign  by 
the  revolution  which  overthrew  the  monarchy. 


272 

Concha,  Manuel  de  la,  Marques  de  Duero. 
Born  at  Cordoba,  Argentina,  April  25,  1808: 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Muro,  Spain,  June  28, 
1874.  A Spanish  general,  brother  of  Jos6  de  la 
Concha, 

Conchagua,  Gulf  of.  Same  as  Fonseca,  Gulf  of. 

Conchobar  (kon-cho'bar).  See  the  extract. 

In  another  cycle  of  stories,  which  may  be  called  Ulto- 
nian,  the  Celtic  Zeus  finds  his  representative  in  Concho- 
bar mac  Nessa,  or  Conor  son  of  Nessa,  king  of  Ulster. 
...  As  in  Cormac’s  case,  a highly  coloured  picture  is 
drawn  of  his  reign,  which  the  Euhemerists  synchronize 
with  the  time  of  Christ,  boldly  fixing  the  Ultonian  king’s 
death  on  the  day  of  the  crucifixion. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  136. 

Conchos  (kon'chos).  [Sp.,  ‘Shell  river ’(?); 
from  concha,  shell  (?).]  A river  which  rises  in 
southern  Chihuahua  and  empties  into  the  Rio 
Grande  from  the  south,  opposite  Presidio  del 
Norte  in  Texas.  The  name  was  given  to  the  river  on 
account  of  the  many  shells  found  on  its  shores.  The  tribe 
of  Conchos  afterward  derived  its  name  from  the  stream. 

Conchos  (kon'chos).  [So  called  from  the  Rio 
Conchos.']  A roving  Indian  tribe  of  southern 
Chihuahua  and  in  part  of  Coahuila,  Mexico,  of 
a low  degree  of  culture.  As  a tribe  it  has  disappeared, 
as  has  also  the  language,  almost  totally.  The  Conchos 
were  converted,  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  by 
Fray  Alonzo  de  la  Oliva.  They  were  first  met  with  about 
1564  by  Francisco  de  Ibarra.  They  were  always  of  a mild 
and  tractable  disposition. 

Conciergerie  (koh-syerzh-re'),  La.  The  old 
prison  of  the  Palais  de  Justice  in  Paris,  when 
the  palace,  which  was  originally  fortified,  was  inhabited 
by  the  kings  of  France,  the  part  of  the  building  contain- 
ing the  home  of  the  concierge  of  the  palace  received  this 
name.  Distinguished  personages  occupied  this  office, 
which,  in  1348,  was  called  the  “concierge  bailli.”  It  ex- 
isted till  the  Revolution,  and  was  one  of  great  responsibil- 
ity. Among  other  things,  the  concierge  had  charge  of  all 
royal  prisoners.  The  Conciergerie  became  widely  known 
during  the  Reign  of  Terror.  Three  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  prisoners  were  butchered  there  in  one  week.  The 
cell  occupied  by  Marie  Antoinette  was  destroyed  by  the 
Communists  in  1871,  but  the  prison  still  exists. 

Ooncini,  Concino.  See  Ancre,  Marquis  <V. 

Concord,  (kong'kord).  1.  The  capital  of  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Merrimac  in  lat. 
43°  13'  N.,  long.  71°  30'  W.  It  has  manufactures 
of  wagons,  harnesses,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  granite, 
leather,  etc.  From  1733  to  1765  it  was  called  Rumford.  It 
became  a city  in  1853.  Population,  21,497,  (1910). 

2.  A town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  the  Concord  River  17  miles 
northwest  of  Boston.  It  was  the  residence  of  Emer- 
son, Hawthorne,  Thoreau,  and  other  men  of  letters.  • The 
bridge  over  Concord  River  was  the  scene,  April  19,  1775, 
of  an  engagement  between  British  and  Provincial  troops 
in  the  War  of  Independence.  (See  Concord,  Battle  of,  and 
Lexington.')  Concord  was  the  center  of  the  “Tran- 
scendental ’’  movement  about  1835-40,  and  later  the  seat 
of  the  “ Concord  School  of  Philosophy. ” Pop.,  6,421,  (1910). 

Concord  (Mass.),  Battle  of.  One  of  the  open- 
ing skirmishes  of  the  American  War  of  Inde- 
pendence. A body  of  800  British  soldiers  under  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Smith  and  Major  Pitcairn,  detailed  to 
destroy  military  stores  at  Concord,  met  here,  on  April 
19,  1775,  after  a slight  engagement  at  Lexington  (which 
see),  an  armed  force  of  300  Provincial  troops  under 
Colonel  Barrett  and  Major  Buttrick.  After  a brisk  fusil- 
lade, in  which  several  on  both  sides  were  killed  and 
wounded,  the  British  retreated  toward  Boston  by  way  of 
Lexington,  being  harassed  by  the  Provincials  on  the  road 
till  the  retreat  became  a rout. 

Concord,  Temple  of.  See  Girgenti. 

Concordat  of  1801,  The.  An  agreement  con- 
cluded July  15,  1801,  between  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte (then  first  consul)  and  Pius  VII.  it  rees- 
tablished the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  France,  and 
granted  to  the  government  the  right  of  appointing  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  who  were  to  be  confirmed  by  the 
Pope.  It  went  into  operation  on  April  8,  1802,  and  was 
abrogated  by  the  passing  of  Briand  bill,  Dec.  6,  1905. 

Concordat  of  1855,  The.  An  agreement  con- 
cluded at  Vienna,  Aug.  18, 1855,  between  Fran- 
cis Joseph  of  Austria  and  Pius  IX.  it  gave  the 
clergy  control  of  public  instruction,  and  placed  cases  of  the 
canon  law,  especially  marriage  affairs,  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  ecclesiastical  courts.  It  was  abrogated  in  July,  1870. 

Concordat  of  Francis  I.,  The.  A convention 
concluded  in  1516  between  Francis  I.  of  France 
and  Leo  X.  It  replaced  the  pragmatic  sanction  of 
Bourges,  a modification  of  the  reformatory  decrees  of  the 
Council  of  Basel,  which  had  been  adopted  at  the  Assembly 
of  Bourges  in  1438,  but  which  had  never  been  recognized 
by  the  Pope.  It  reestablished  the  annats,  referred  the 
causae  majores  to  Rome,  and  gave  to  the  king  the  right  of 
nominating  bishops. 

Concordat  of  Worms,  The.  A convention 
concluded  in  1122  between  the  emperor  Henry 
V.  and  Calixtus  II.  The  main  point  at  issue  between 
the  emperors  and  the  popes,  the  matter  of  the  election  of 
bishops  and  abbots,  was  settled  in  favor  of  the  spiritual 
power,  the  concordat  providing  that  the  investiture  should 
be  conferred,  not  with  the  ring  and  staff,  but  with  the 
scepter.  It  was  provided  that  the  election  should  take 
place  in  the  presence  of  the  emperor  or  his  representa- 
tives; that  investiture  by  the  emperor  should  precede 
consecration  ; and  that  ecclesiastics  holding  secular  bene- 
fices should  perform  feudal  services.  This  instrument 


CondS,  Princesse  de 

put  an  end  to  the  contest  regarding  investiture  between 
the  emperor  and  the  Pope,  and  became  a fundamental 
ordinance  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Concordia  (kon-kor'di-a).  In  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, the  goddess  of  concord.  There  were  sev- 
eral temples  to  her  in  Rome. 

Concordia,  Marquis  de  la.  See  Abascal. 

Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la.  See  La 
Condamine. 

Conde  (kdii-da'),  or  Conde-sur-Noireau  (koh- 
da'siir-nwa-ro').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  Normandy,  France,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Noireau  and  Drouance  25 
miles  southwest  of  Caen.  Population,  com- 
mune, 6,247. 

Oond6,  or  Conde-sur-l’Escaut  (kon-da'siir-les- 
ko').  A town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Hayne 
and  Schelde  8 miles  north  of  Valenciennes.  It 
gave  name  to  the  princes  of  Conde,  and  was  noted  for  its 
many  sieges.  Population,  commune,  5,310. 

Conde,  Prince  de  (Henri  I.  de  Bourbon). 

Born  at  Ferte-sous-Jouarre,  Dec.  7,  1552: 
poisoned  at  St.-Jean-d’Angdly,  France,  March 
5,  1588.  A French  Protestant  leader,  son  of 
the  first  Prince  de  Conde. 

Conde,  Prince  de  (Henri  II.  de  Bourbon). 
Born  at  St.-Jean-d’Ang61y,  France,  Sept.  1, 
1588:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.,  1646.  Son  of  Henri 

I. ,  prince  de  Condd,  and  father  of  “The  Great 
Conde.”  He  headed  a revolt  against  the  regency  dux- 
ing  the  minority  of  Louis  XIII.,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  was  imprisoned  three  years  at  Vincennes.  He  subse- 
quently became  a partizan  of  Richelieu. 

Conde,  Prince  de  (Henri  Jules  de  Bourbon). 

Born  at  Paris,  July  29,  1643:  died  at  Paris, 
April  1, 1709.  Only  son  of  “The  Great  Condd.” 
He  served  wi'h  distinction  at  the  siege  of  Tournay  in  1667, 
and  in  1674  participated  in  the  battle  of  Seneffe,  on  which 
occasion  he  is  said  to  have  saved  his  father’s  life. 

Conde  (kon'da),  Jose  Antonio.  Born  at  Para- 
leja,  Cuenca,  about  1765 : died  at  Madrid,  Oct. 
20,  1820.  A Spanish  Orientalist  and  historian. 
He  studied  at  the  University  of  Alcali,  and  obtained  a 
subordinate  position  in  the  Royal  Library.  Having  in 
1808  identified  himself  with  the  French  party,  he  was 
soon  after  promoted  to  librarian  in  chief  by  Joseph  Bona- 
parte. He  was  exiled  on  the  departure  of  the  French, 
hut  returned  in  1818  or  1819.  His  chief  work  is  “ Historia 
de  la  dominacion  de  los  Arabes  en  Espana  ” (1820-21). 

Conde  (koh-da'),  first  Prince  de  (Louis  I.  de 

Bourbon).  Born  at  Vendome,  May  7,  1530: 
died  March  13, 1569.  A French  general,  youn  ger 
brother  of  Antoine  de  Bourbon,  king  of  Na- 
varre. He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  conspiracy 
of  Amboise,  the  object  of  which  was  to  remove  Francis 
II  from  the  influence  of  the  Guises.  At  the  accession  of 
Ch  i rles  IX.  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Picardy  by 
Catherine  de’  Medici.  On  the  massacre  of  the  Huguenots 
at  Vassy  by  the  Duke  of  Guise  iu  1562,  he  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  a Huguenot  army,  with  the  result  that  he 
was,  after  some  preliminary  successes,  captured  at  the 
battle  of  Dreux,  being,  however,  liberated  in  1563  by  the 
treaty  of  Amboise.  He  was  captured  at  the  battle  of 
Jarnac,  when,  after  having  surrendered  his  sword,  he  was 
treacherously  shot  by  a Catholic  officer. 

Conde,  Prince  de  (Louis  II.  de  Bourbon), 

called  “The  Great  Conde.”  Born  at  Paris,  Sept. 
8,  1621 : died  at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Dee. 

II,  1686.  A celebrated  French  general,  called 
during  the  lifetime  of  his  father  (Henri  II.)  the 
Due  d’Enghien.  He  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Rocroi 
May  19,  1643,  the  Imperialists  at  Nordlingen  Aug.  3, 1645, 
and  the  Spaniards  at  Lens  Aug.  20, 1648.  In  the  war  of  the 
Fronde  he  was  at  first  loyal  to  the  regency,  but  subse- 
quently joined  the  Fronde.  He  defeated  the  army  of  the 
court  at  Blhueau  April  7, 1652,  obtained  in  the  same  year  the 
chief  command  of  the  Spanish  army  in  the  war  against 
France,  was  condemned  as  a traitor  by  the  Parliament  of 
Paris,  but  was  pardoned  and  restored  to  his  dignities  by 
the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees  in  1659.  He  conquered  Franche- 
Oomtd  in  1668,  fought  a drawn  battle  with  the  Prince  of 
Orange  at  Seneffe  in  1674,  and  succeeded  Turenne  as  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  iu  1675. 

Conde,  Prince  de  (Louis  Joseph  de  Bour- 
bon). Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  9,  1736:  died  at 
Paris,  May  13,  1818.  A French  general,  son 
of  Louis  Henri,  duke  of  Bourbon.  He  entered 
the  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Seven  Years’  War,  be- 
came lieutenant-general  in  1758,  and  won  a victory  at 
Johannisberg  in  1762.  During  the  popular  agitation 
which  preceded  the  French  Revolution  he  strenuously 
opposed  all  measures  designed  to  limit  the  privileges  of 
the  nobility  and  the  clergy.  He  emigrated  in  1789,  and 
organized  a corps  of  emigrants,  with  which  lie  joined  the 
Austrian  army  in  1792.  After  the  peace  of  Campo-For- 
mioin  1797  he  served  with  his  corps  in  the  Russian  army 
until  tlie  withdrawal  of  Paul  I.  from  the  coalition  against 
France  in  1800,  when  he  reentered  the  Austrian  service. 
Compelled  by  the  peace  of  Lundville  to  disband  his  corps, 
he  retired  to  England,  whence  he  returned  to  France  on 
the  restoration  in  1814.  Author  of  “Essai  sur  la  vie  du 
grand  Conde  ” (1806). 

Conde,  Princesse  de  (Louise  Adelaide  de 
Bourbon).  Born  at  Chantilly,  France,  Oct. 
5,  1757  : died  at  Paris,  March  10, 1824.  Daugh- 
ter of  Louis  Joseph  de  Bourbon  (1736-1818). 


Cond6,  Princesse  de 

She  became  abbess  of  Remiremont  in  1786,  emigrated  at 
the  beginning  of  the  French  Revolution,  and  in  1816  re- 
turned to  Paris,  where  she  subsequently  founded  the  re- 
ligious order  of  “ l'adoration  perpctuelle." 

Conde  Alarcos  (kon'da  a-lar'kos).  An  old 
Spanish  ballad  of  unknown  authorship.  Bowring 
and  Lockhart  translated  it,  and  Disraeli  wrote  a tragedy 
with  this  subject  and  title  in  1839. 

Condell  (kun'del),  Henry.  Died  at  Fulham, 
England,  Dee.,  1627.  An  English  actor,  and 
one  of  the  two  editors  of  the  first  folio  edition 
of  Shakspere’s  plays.  He  was  a member  of  the  lord 
chamberlain's  company  of  players,  to  which  Shakspere 
and  Burbage  also  belonged,  and  became  a partner  with 
the  Burbages  in  the  Globe  Theatre  in  1599.  He  is  men- 
tioned in  Shakspere's  will. 

Condell,  Henry.  Born  in  1757 : died  at  Bat- 
tersea, June  24,  1824.  An  English  violinist 
and  composer.  He  wrote  overtures,  glees,  incidental 
music  for  plays,  and  set  various  musical  farces.  His  glee 
“ Loud  Blowe  the  Wynds  ” took  the  prize  at  the  Catch 
Club  in  1811. 

Conder  (kon'der),  Josiah.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  17,  1789 : died  at  London,  Dec.  27,  1855. 
An  English  bookseller  and  writer.  He  edited 
“ The  Modern  Traveler”  (1825-29),  etc. 

Condillac  (kon-de-yak'),  Etienne  Bonnot  de. 

Born  at  Grenoble,  France,  Sept.  30, 1715 : died 
near  Beaugency,  France,  Aug.  3, 1780.  A noted 
French  philosopher,  a leading  advocate  of 
sensualism.  His  works  include  “Essai  sur  I’origine 
des  connaissances  humaines”  (1746),  “Traits  des  sys- 
t&mes”  (1749),  “Traitd  des  sensations”  (1754),  “Cours 
d’fStudes  ” (1769),  “Le  commerce  et  le  gouvernement” 
(1776),  “La  logique  ” (1781),  “ Langue  des  calculs  ” (1798). 
Condom  (kon-don').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gers,  France,  situated  on  the  Baise 
in  lat.  43°  57'  N.,  long.  0°  22'  E.  It  has 
a Gothic  cathedral.  Population,  commune, 
6,435. 

Condorcanqui,  JosdGabriel.  S eeTupacA/naru. 
Condorcet  (kon-dor-sa'),  Marquis  de  (Marie 
Jean  Antoine  Nicolas  Caritat).  Born  at 
Ribemonc,  near  St.  Quentin,  France,  Sept.  17, 
1743:  died  at  Bourg-la-Reine,  near  Paris,  April 
7,  1794.  A celebrated  French  philosopher 
and  mathematician.  He  was  a deputy  to  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  in  1791,  and  its  president  1792,  and  a 
deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792,  where  he  sided  with  the 
Girondists.  After  the  fall  of  the  latter  he  was  accused 
Oct.  3,  1793)  with  Brissot,  and  went  into  hiding  in  Paris 
or  eight  months  to  save  his  life.  He  found  shelter  with 
a Madame  Vernet.  He  then  left  the  city,  but  was  arrest- 
ed at  Clamart,  near  Bourg-la-Reine,  and  imprisoned.  The 
next  morning  he  was  found  dead,  probably  from  poison. 
He  contributed  to  the  “ Encyclopedic,”  and  wrote  “ Es- 
quisse  d un  tableau  historique  des  progrts  de  1’esprit 
humain  "(1794),  and  various  mathematical  works. 

Conduitt  (kun'dit),  John.  Born  at  London, 
1688:  died  there,  May  23,  1737.  An  English 
financier  and  economist,  the  successor  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  as  master  of  the  mint  (1727),  and 
his  nephew  by  marriage. 

Conecte,  or  Connecte  (ko-nekt'),  Thomas. 
Burned  at  Rome,  1434.  A French  Carmelite 
monk,  famous  as  a preacher  of  moral  reforms 
among  the  clergy  and  laity.  He  was  put  to 
death  on  a charge  of  heresy. 

Conestoga  (kon-es-to'ga).  [PL,  also  Conesto- 
gas; ‘at  the  place  of  the  immersed  pole.’]  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  formerly  liv- 
ing in  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  on  the  lower 
Susquehanna  River  and  at  the  head  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  In  1675  they  held  land  on  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  Potomac  River  in  Maryland.  They  were  close  allies 
of  the  Dutch  and  Swedes,  but  less  constant  to  the  English 
of  Maryland.  The  Iroquois,  warring  continuously  with 
them,  pressed  them  about  1675  against  the  tribes  to  the 
south  and  west,  and  involved  them  in  war  with  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  when  a portion  abandoned  their  country  and 
fled  to  the  Roanoke,  but  were  forced  to  submit  to  the  Iro- 
quois and  return  to  the  Susquehanna.  See  Iroquoian. 

Conewango  Creek  (kon-o-wong'go  krek).  A 
stream  in  western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 
It  is  the  outlet  of  Chautauqua  Lake,  and  joins  the  Alle- 
gheny River  at  Warren,  Pennsylvania. 

Coney  Island  (ko'ni  l'land).  A seaside  resort 
at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  Long  Island, 
10  miles  south  of  New  York.  It  comprises  the 
Manhattan,  Brighton,  and  West  End  beaches,  and  has 
been  developed  since  1874. 

Confederagao  do  Equador  (kon-fe-de-ra-san' 
doa-kwa  dor').  [Pg.,‘ League  of  the  Equator.’] 
The  name  given  to  a political  league  formed 
at  Pernambuco,  Brazil,  in  1824,  with  the  object 
of  throwing  off  allegiance  to  the  emperor,  and 
establishing  a republic.  The  revolt  was  proclaimed 
by  Manuel  de  Carvalho  Paes  de  Andrade  and  his  associ- 
ates  on  July  2,  1824.  Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  Ceard,  and 
Parahyba  adhered  to  it,  and  Carvalho  was  made  acting 
president.  The  revolutionists  were  conquered  after  some 
fighting  in  Oct.,  1824. 

Confederation  Centro- Americana  (kon-fa- 
THa-ra-the-on'  then'tro-a-ma-re-ka'na).  [Sp., 
‘ Central- American  Confederation.’]  A political 
o.— 18 


273 

league  formed  at  Chinandega,  Nicaragua,  July 
27,  1842,  by  the  delegates  of  Nicaragua,  Hon- 
duras, and  Salvador.  It  was  the  result  of  an  attempt 
to  reunite  the  states  of  the  Central  American  Republic, 
which  had  lately  been  dissolved.  The  scheme  was  to  form 
a confederation  of  the  states,  with  an  executive  officer 
called  a supreme  delegate,  assisted  by  a delegate  from 
each  state.  The  plan  was  rejected  by  Guatemala;  and 
though  the  confederacy  installed  a government,  it  was  so 
little  regarded  by  the  states  that  it  never  had  any  political 
effect.  After  a year  or  two  it  was  discontinued.  This 
abortive  attempt  is  often  called  the  “Pacto  de  Chiuan- 
dega.” 

Confederacy,  The.  A comedy  by  Sir  John 
Vanbrugh,  produced  Oct.  30, 1705.  it  is  a play  of 
contrivance  and  intrigue,  and  is  said  to  be  adapted  from 
Banco urt’s  “ Modish  Citizens  ” Bourgeois  ii  la  mode  ”). 

Confederate  States  of  America.  A confed- 
eracy of  eleven  States  which  seceded  from  the 
United  States  in  1860  and  1861  and  formed  a 
government.  The  legislative  power  was  vested  in  a 
senate  of  26  members,  2 from  each  State  (Kentucky  and 
Missouri  being  represented),  and  a representative  house 
of  106  members.  Among  the  leading  events  in  its  history 
were  the  passage  of  ordinances  of  secession  by  South 
Carolina,  Dec.  20,  1860  ; Mississippi,  Jan.  9, 1861;  Florida, 
Jan.  10;  Alabama,  Jan.  11;  Georgia,  Jan.  19;  Louisiana, 
Jan.  26;  Texas,  Feb.  1;  meeting  of  provisional  congress, 
Montgomery,  Alabama,  Feb.  4 ; adoption  of  provisional 
constitution,  Feb.  8;  inauguration  of  provisional  Presi- 
dent Jefferson  Davis  and  Vice-President  Alexander  H. 
Stephens,  Feb.  18,  1861 ; adoption  of  a permanent  consti- 
tution, March  11 ; bombardment  and  occupation  of  Fort 
Sumter,  April  12-14  ; passage  of  secession  ordinances  by 
Virginia,  April  17 ; Arkansas,  May  7 ; Tennessee,  May  6 ; 
passage  of  secession  ordinances  by  North  Carolina,  May 
21 ; removal  of  the  capital  to  Richmond,  J uly  20 ; election 
of  Davis  and  Stephens  as  president  and  vice-president  for 
six  years,  Nov.  6,  1861,  and  their  inauguration  Feb.  22, 
1862  ; final  adjournment  of  congress,  March  18, 1865  ; oc- 
cupation of  Richmond  by  the  Federals,  April  3 ; surrender 
of  Lee’s  army,  April  9, 1865  ; surrender  of  J olinston’s  army, 
April  26,  1865.  The  eleven  seceding  States  were  readmit- 
ted to  the  Union  from  1866  to  1870.  Compare  Civil  War. 

Confederation,  Articles  of.  In  United  States 
history,  the  compact  or  constitution  adopted  by 
the  Continental  Congress  in  1777,  and  ratified 
by  the  separate  colonies  within  the  next  four 
years.  The  government  formed  under  this  compact, 
which  went  into  effect  on  March  1,  1781,  was  without  an 
executive  and  judiciary,  consisting  simply  of  a congress 
of  one  house,  in  which  each  State  had  one  vote.  It  was 
empowered  to  declare  war  and  peace,  make  treaties  with 
foreign  powers,  direct  the  land  and  naval  forces  in  time 
of  war,  make  requisitions  upon  the  separate  States  for  their 
quota  of  the  money  necessary  for  national  expenses,  regu- 
late the  value  of  coin,  control  the  postal  service,  etc.  As 
it  had  no  power  to  enforce  its  laws  upon  the  States,  it  soon 
fell  into  contempt,  and  on  March  4,  1789,  expired  by  limi- 
tation under  the  provisions  of  the  present  Constitution. 

Confession  d’un  Enfant  du  Si^cle,  La.  [F., 

‘ The  Confession  of  a Child  of  the  Century.’] 
A prose  work  by  Alfred  de  Musset,  published 
in  1836.  In  it  he  says  he  endeavors  to  show  how  he 
suffered  for  three  years  from  the  malady  of  the  age  — 
doubt,  disillusion,  skepticism,  and  debauchery — and  to 
point  out  to  others  a way  of  escape. 

Confessions  of  an  English  Opium-Eater.  A 

partly  autobiographical  work  by  De  Quincey, 
published  in  1821. 

Confessions  of  Saint  Augustine,  The.  The 

memoirs  of  Saint  Augustine,  written  by  him- 
self.  They  are  divided  into  13  books ; the  first  10  treat 
of  the  bad  actions  of  his  life,  of  his  conversion,  of  the 
love  of  pleasure,  of  glory,  and  of  science.  The  last  3 are 
an  interpretation  of  the  beginning  of  the  book  of  Genesis. 

Confessions,  Les.  An  autobiographical  work 
by  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  it  is  in  12  volumes, 
6 of  which  were  written  at  Wootton,  England,  1766-67, 
and  6 at  Dauphind  and  at  Trye,  France,  1768-70.  It  was 
his  intention  that  they  should  not  be  published  till  1800, 
as  the  persons  alluded  to  in  them  were  living ; but  those  in 
charge  of  the  MS.  published  the  first  6 volumes  in  1781- 
1782.  In  1788  a new  edition  appeared, containing  the  whole. 

Confines,  Audience  of  the.  [Sp.  J udiencia  de  los 
Confines .]  The  supreme  Spanish  court  of  Cen- 
tral America.  It  was  established  in  1542,  and  held  its  first 
sitting  at  Gracias  X Dios  in  1545 ; the  seat  was  changed 
to  Guatemala  in  1549,  transferred  to  Panama  in  1564,  and 
returned  in  1670  to  Guatemala,  where  it  remained  until  the 
revolution.  Its  jurisdiction  at  first  embraced  Chiapas, 
Yucatan,  all  of  Central  America,  and  the  isthmus;  at 
the  end  of  the  16th  century  the  isthmal  portion  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  new  audience  of  Panama.  The  Audience  of 
the  Confines  frequently  appointed  temporary  governors. 
It  is  often  spoken  of  as  the  “Audience  of  Guatemala.” 

Conflans-l’Archeveqiie  (kon-floh'larsk-vak'). 
A village  situated  3 miles  southeast  of  Paris. 

Here,  in  1465,  Louis  XI.  signed  a treaty  making  certain  con- 
cessions to  the  leaders  of  the  “League  of  the  Public  Good.” 

Conflans  (koh-floh'),  Treaty  of.  A treaty  con- 
cluded in  Oct.,  1465,  between  Louis  XI.  of 
France  and  the  dukes  of  Bourbon,  Brittany, 
and  Burgundy,  according  to  which  Normandy 
was  ceded  to  the  Duke  of  Berry,  and  the  “War 
of  the  Public  Good  ” ended.  It  was  confirmed 
by  the  treaty  of  Peronne,  1468. 

Confucius  (kon-fu' shuts).  [Latinized  form  of 
Chin.  K'ung-fu-tzu  (last  syllable  is  also  written 
-fee,  -tee,  etc.),  ‘ Kung  the  philosopher.’]  Born 
in  the  principality  of  Lu  (now  included  in 


Conkling 

Shantung),  China,  550  or  551  b.  c.  : died  478 
B.  c.  A celebrated  Chinese  philosopher.  He 
was  descended  from  anillustriousbut  impoverished  family, 
and  in  his  youth  was  successively  keeper  of  stores  and 
superintendent  of  parks  and  herds  to  the  chief  of  the  dis- 
trict in  which  he  lived.  In  his  twenty-second  year  he  be- 
came a teacher,  and  in  his  fifty-second  was  made  chief 
magistrate  of  the  city  of  Chung-tu.  He  was  subsequently 
appointed  minister  of  crime  by  the  Marquis  of  Lu,  but  in 
his  fifty-sixth  year  retired  from  office  in  consequence  of 
the  intrigues  of  a neighboring  prince.  After  thirteen 
years  of  travel  he  returned  in  483  to  Lu,  where  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  completing  his  literary  undertak- 
ings and  in  teaching.  Apart  from  his  maxims,  which 
were  recorded  by  his  disciples,  he  wrote  “ Ch’un-chiu  " 
(“Spring  and  Autumn  ’)  and  the  “Four  Books.” 

Congaree  (kong-ga-re').  A river  in  South 
Carolina,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Broad 
and  Saluda  rivers  at  Columbia.  It  unites  with 
the  Wateree  to  form  the  Santee. 

Conger  (kon'ger),  Edwin  Hurd.  Born  in  Knox 
Co.,  111.,  March  7,  1843:  died  at  Pasadena,  Cal., 
May  18,  1907.  An  American  politician  and 
diplomat.  He  was  a Republican  member  of  Congress 
1885-91,  and  minister  to  Brazil  1891-93,  and  was  again  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Brazil  1897,  but  was  transferred  to 
China  1898.  He  was  in  Peking  during  the  siege  of  the 
legations,  and  conducted  the  negotiations  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States  after  the  capture  of  the  city  by  the  allies. 

Congleton  (kong'gl-ton).  A municipal  borough 
in  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the  river 
Dane  21  miles  south  of  Manchester.  Its  lead- 
ing industry  is  the  manufacture  of  silk.  Popu- 
lation, 10,707. 

Congleton,  Baron.  See  Parnell,  Henry  Brooke. 
Congo.  See  Kongo,  and  Kongo  State. 

Congo,  or  Congo  Grande.  See  Sao  Salvador. 
Congo  Frangais  (k6h-go'  fron-sa').  See  Kongo, 
French. 

Congreve  (kong'grev),  Richard.  Born  at 
Leamington,  England,  Sept.  4,  1818 : died  at 
Hampstead,  England,  July  5,  1899.  An  Eng- 
lish essayist  and  philosophical  writer. 
Congreve,  William.  Born  at  Bardsey,  near 
Leeds,  England,  1670  (baptized  Feb.  10) : died 
at  London,  Jan.  19,  1729.  An  English  drama- 
tist, one  of  the  greatest  writers  of  comedy. 
Soon  after  his  birth  his  parents  removed  to  Ireland,  where 
his  father  became  commander  of  the  garrison  at  Youghal 
and  also  agent  of  the  Earl  of  Cork.  He  was  educated  at  a 
school  in  Kilkenny  (where  Swift  was  one  of  his  school- 
fellows) and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  After  a brief 
period  devoted  to  the  study  of  law,  he  applied  himself 
chiefly  to  literature  until  about  1700,  but  after  this  year 
wrote  little  or  nothing.  He  filled  several  unimportant  of- 
fices — that  of  com  missioner  for  licensing  hackney-coaches, 
from  July,  1695,  to  Oct.,  1707 ; that  of  commissioner  of 
wine  licenses  from  Dec.,  1705,  to  Dec.,  1714 ; and  that  of 
secretary  for  Jamaica  from  1714.  His  plays  include  “ The 
Old  Bachelor”  (acted  Jan.,  1693),  “The  Double  Dealer" 
(Nov.,  1693),  “Love  for  Love ’’(April,  1695),  “The  Mourn- 
ing Bride ” (1697),  and  “The  Way  of  the  World  "(1700).  Be- 
• sides  his  plays  he  wrote  a novel  (his  first  literary  work) 
entitled  “Incognita,  or  Love  and  Duty  reconciled";  a 
reply  to  Jeremy  Collier’s  attack  upon  him  in  his  work  on 
the  immorality  of  the  stage,  called  “ Amendments  of  Mr. 
Collier’s  False  and  Imperfect  Citations"  ; and  a few  pro- 
logues aDd  unimportant  operas.  The  first  collected  edition 
of  his  works  was  published  by  him  in  1710.  He  is  celebrated 
especially  for  the  brilliancy  of  his  style  and  the  wit  and 
vigor  of  his  dialogues.  His  work  is  marred  by  the  almost 
total  absence  of  fine  moral  feeling,  as  well  as  by  the 
coarseness  common  in  his  day. 

Congreve,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Woolwich, 
England,  May  20,  1772:  died  at  Toulouse, 
France,  May  16,  1828.  An  English  engineer, 
best  known  as  the  inventor  of  the  Congreve 
rocket.  He  was  appointed,  April,  1814,  comptroUer  of 
the  royal  laboratory  at  Woolwich,  in  which  office  he  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Lieutenant-General  Sir  William  Con- 
greve. He  published  a number  of  works  on  economical 
and  technological  topics. 

Coni.  See  Cuneo. 

Conibos  (ko-ne'bos).  A tribe  of  Indians  in 
eastern  Peru,  inhabiting  a region  on  the  mid- 
dle course  of  the  river  Ucayaie. 
Coningsburgh,  Thane  of.  See  Athclstane. 
Coningsby  (kon'ingz-bi).  A political  novel  by 
Benjamin  Disraeli,  published  in  1844. 
Conington  (ko'ning-ton),  John.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, England,  Aug.  10,  1825:  died  there,  Oct. 
23, 1869.  An  English  classical  scholar,  a gradu- 
ate of  Oxford,  where  he  became,  in  1854,  pro- 
fessor of  the  Latin  language  and  literature. 
He  published  an  edition  and  translation  of  the  "Agamem- 
non ’’  of  -35schylus(1848),  an  edition  of  the  “ Clioephori”  of 
ASschylus  (1857),  a translation,  in  verse,  of  the  “Odes  of 
Horace ’’ (1863),  a translation  in  ballad  meter  of  Vergil’s 
“iEneid  ” (1866),  an  edition  of  Vergil,  etc. 

Coniston  (kon'is-ton)  Lake.  A lake  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  one  of  the  system  of  the  Eng- 
lish lake  district,  6 miles  southwest  of  Amble- 
side.  Length,  5-J  miles. 

Coniston  Old  Man.  A mountain  near  the  head 
of  Coniston  Lake.  Height,  2,575  feet. 
Conkling  (kongk'ling),  Roscoe.  Born  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  Oct.  30,  1829:  died  at  New  York, 
April  18,  1888.  An  American  politician.  He 


Conkling 

was  member  of  Congress  (Republican)  from  New  York 
1859-63  and  1865-67,  and  was  United  States  senator  from 
New  York  1807-81,  when  he  resigned  in  consequence  of  a 
dispute  with  President  Garfield  concerning  the  Federal 
patronage  in  the  State  of  New  York,  which  he  and  his  col- 
league, Thomas  C.  Platt,  claimed  the  right  to  control.  The 
President  having  appointed  William  H.  Robertson,  an  op- 
ponent of  Conkling,  to  the  collectorship  of  the  port  of  New 
York,  the  latter  opposed  the  confirmation  of  the  appoint- 
ment. by  the  Senate,  on  the  ground  that  he  and  his  col- 
league had  not  been  consulted  by  the  President  as  to  the 
disposition  of  the  collectorship.  On  the  confirmation  of 
the  appointment,  both  lie  and  his  colleague  resigned  their 
seats  with  a view  to  administering  a rebuke  to  the  Presi- 
dent by  securing  a prompt  reelection,  but  were  defeated 
by  Warner  Miller  and  Elbridge  G.  Lapham. 

Conn,  The  Shaughraun  in  Dion  Boueieault’s 
play  of  that  name:  a gay,  careless  good-for- 
nothing. 

Conn  (kon),  Lough.  A lake  in  County  Mayo, 
Ireland. 

Connaught  (kon'at).  [Ir.  Connacht.]  The  west- 
ernmost province  of  Ireland,  lying  between  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north  and  west,  Ulster 
and  Leinster  on  the  east,  and  Munster  on  the 
south.  It  comprises  the  counties  Galway,  Mayo,  Sligo, 
Roscommon,  and  Leitrim.  It  ceased  to  be  a kingdom  and 
was  divided  into  counties  or  shires  about  15b0.  Popula- 
tion, 646,932. 

Connecticut  (ko-net'i-kut).  A State  in  New 
England,  and  one  of  the  13  original  States  of  the 
American  Union,  lying  between  Massachusetts 
on  the  north,  Rhode  Island  on  the  east,  Long 
Island  Sound  on  the  south,  and  New  York  on 
the  west.  It  is  divided  into  8 counties,  and  has  5 
representatives,  2 senators,  and  7 electoral  votes.  Its  sur- 
face is  hilly.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Thames,  Connecti- 
cut, and  Housatonic,  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  being 
its  most  fertile  region.  Its  chief  agricultural  products  are 
cereals  and  tobacco,  and  its  leading  manufactures  are  hard- 
ware, firearms,  silks,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  and  clocks. 
The  capital  is  Harlford.  It  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  at 
Hartford  in  1633,  and  by  Massachusetts  colonists  in  the 
Connecticut  valley  in  1633-36.  Separate  English  colonies 
were  formed  at  Saybrook  between  1636  and  1614,  and  at 
New  Haven  in  1638.  Charles  II.  granted  a charter  to  the 
Connecticut  and  New  Haven  colonies  in  IC62,  and  their 
union  was  soon  after  completed.  The  present  constitu- 
tion was  adopted  in  1818.  The  Pequot  war  occurred  in 
1637.  The  State  is  often  nicknamed  the  “Nutmeg  State,” 
from  an  alleged  custom  of  its  merchants  of  manufacturing 
nutmegs  out  of  wood;  also  called  the  “Land  of  Steady 
Habits,"  from  the  stringency  of  the  so-called  “ Blue  Laws,” 
which  enjoined  a rigid  code  of  morals  on  its  inhabitants. 
Area,  4,820  square  miles.  Population,  1,114,756,  (1910). 

Connecticut  River.  [Ind.  QuoneJctacat,  long 
river.]  A river  of  New  England,  which  rises 
in  northern  New  Hampshire,  separates  Ver- 
mont from  New  Hampshire,  flows  through  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Connecticut,  and  empties  into 
Long  Island  Sound  at  Saybrook,  in  lat.  41°  16' 
N. , long.  72°  21'  W.  On  it  are  situated  Northampton, 
Holyoke,  Springfield,  Hartford,  and  Middletown.  Length, 
about  345  miles  ; navigable  for  small  vessels  to  Hartford, 
Connellsville  (kon'elz-vil).  A borough  of  Fay- 
ette County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Youghiogheny  River  58  miles  southeast  of 
Pittsburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  coke  manufac- 
ture. Population,  12,845,  (1910). 

Connemara  (kon-e-ma'ra).  A district  in  the 
western  part  of  Galway,  Ireland,  noted  for  its 
picturesque  scenery. 

Conner  (kon'er),  David.  Born  at  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  about  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  20,  1856.  An  American  naval  com- 
mander. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812  and  in 
the  Mexican  war. 

Connoisseur  (kon-i-sur'  or  -ser'),  The.  A peri- 
odical begun  on  Jan.  31,  1754,  by  George  Col- 
man  the  elder  and  Bonuell  Thornton,  and 
continued  weekly  for  three  years.  In  this  peri- 
odical in  1756  appeared  the  first  publications  of  William 
Cowper.  His  first  paper  was  on  “ Keeping  a Secret.” 

Connor  (kon'or),  or  O’Connor  (6-kon'or),  Ber- 
nard. Born  in  the  county  of  Kerry,  Ireland, 
about  1666:  died  at  London,  Oct.,  1698.  Au 
Irish  physician  and  historian.  He  was  the  author 
of  “ Dissertationes  Medico- Physic®  ”(1695),  “Evangeliura 
Medici,”  etc.  (1697)  (written  to  prove  that  the  miracles  of 
Christ  and  his  apostles  can  be  explained  on  natural 
grounds),  a “ History  of  Poland  ”(1698),  etc.  He  received 
his  technical  education  in  France,  was  appointed  physi- 
cian to  King  John  Sobieski,  lectured  on  contemporary 
medical  discoveries  at  Oxford,  and  acquired  a high  repu- 
tation as  a practitioner. 

Connubio  (kon-no'he-o).  [It., ‘marriage.’]  In 
Sardinian  politics,  the  union  of  the  left-center 
faction  ( under  Rattazzi),  in  the  chamber,  with 
the  right-center  (under  Cavour),  about  1852. 
Conolly(kon'ol-i),  John.  Born  at  Market  Raseu, 
Lincolnshire,  England,  May  27,  1794:  died  at 
Hanwell,  near  London,  March  5, 1866.  An  Eng- 
lish physician.  He  was  professor  of  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  University  College,  London,  1828-30,  and  di- 
rector of  the  insane  asylum  at  Hanwell  1839-44,  where  he 
introduced  the  principle  of  “ non-restraint  ” (i.  e.,  the  aban- 
donment of  restraint  by  strait-waistcoats  and  the  like) 
in  the  care  of  the  patients.  His  humanitarian  labors  were 
widely  influential. 


274 

Conoil  (ko'non).  [Gr.  K6vuv.]  Died,  probably 
in  Cyprus,  after  392  b.  c.  An  Athenian  com- 
mander. He  served  in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  defeated 
the  Spartan  fleet  off  Cnidus  in  394,  and  restored  the  forti- 
fications of  Athens  and  the  Piraeus  in  393. 

Conoy  (ko'noi).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  as  Piscataway,  living  in 
1634  on  the  Piscataway  River  in  Maryland.  Its 
name  is  possibly  a form  of  Kanawha.  See 
Alyonquian. 

Conqueror  (kong'ker-or),  The.  A popular  sur- 
name of  William  I.  of  England. 

Conquest  (kong'kwest),  Mrs.  A character  in 
Cibber’s  comedy  “Love’s  Last  Stake.” 

Conquest  of  Granada,  The.  1.  The  second 
title  of  “Almanzor  and  Almahyde”  by  Dryden, 
by  which  it  is  usually  known. — 2.  A chronicle 
by  Washington  Irving,  published  in  1829. 

Conquista,  La,  Duke  of.  See  Castro  y Figueroa 
Salazar,  Pedro  de. 

Conrad  (kon'rad)  I.  [ML.  Conradus,  from 
OHG.  Kuonrat,  Chuonrat,  It.  Conrado,  Corrado, 
Sp.  Conrado,  G.  Konrad,  AS.  Cenred : ‘hold  in 
counsel.’]  Died  Dec.  23,  918.  King  of  Germany 
911-918.  On  the  extinction  of  the  Carolingian  house  in 
Germany  with  the  death  of  Louis  the  Child  in  911,  the 
election  fell  upon  Conrad,  duke  of  Franconia.  During  his 
reign  the  country  was  invaded  by  the  Danes,  Slav^  and 
Magyars,  and  he  was  constantly  at  war  with  his  own  sub- 
jects in  a vain  endeavor  to  enforce  the  recognition  of  his 
sovereignty,  especially  from  Henry,  duke  of  Saxony,  son 
of  Otto  the  Illustrious. 

Conrad  II.  Died  at  Utrecht,  June  4,  1039. 
King  of  Germany  1024-39,  and  Roman  emperor, 
called  “The  Saiian”:  founder  of  the  Franco- 
nian or  Saiian  dynasty.  He  marched  into  Italy 
1026,  brought  the  rebellious  cities  of  Pavia  and  Ravenna 
to  submission,  and  was  crowned  emperor  at  Rome  1027. 
He  put  down  a rebellion  of  his  stepson  Ernst,  duke  of 
Swabia,  1025-30,  made  an  inroad  into  Hungary  1030,  re- 
gained Lusatia  from  the  Poles  1031,  and  made  himself 
master  of  Burgundy  (i.  e.,  the  kingdom  of  Arles)  1033-34. 
He  marched  into  Italy  a second  time  1030,  but  was  com- 
pelled  by  the  successful  opposition  of  Milan  to  acknow- 
ledge by  the  constitution  of  May  28,  1037,  the  hereditary 
character  of  all  Italian  fiefs,  whether  held  immediately 
of  the  crown  or  not. 

Conrad  III.  Born  1093:  died  at  Bamberg, 
Germany,  Feb.  15,  1152.  King  of  Germany 
1138-52,  founder  of  the  Hohenstaufen  dynasty. 
He  was  elected  in  an  irregular  manner  by  the  party  op- 
posed to  the  house  of  Saxony,  which  gave  rise  to  a war 
with  the  rival  candidate  Henry  the  Proud,  duke  of  Saxony 
and  Bavaria.  The  war  was  continued  after  Henry’s  death 
(1139)  by  his  brother  Welf  VI.,  whence  arose  the  party 
names  of  the  Ghibellines  (Italian  corruption  of  the  name 
of  the  Hohenstaufen  castle  Waibllngen)  and  the  Well's  or 
Guelphs.  Conrad  defeated  Welf  at  Weinsherg  in  1140,  and 
took  part  (1 147-f 9)  in  the  second  Crusade. 

Conrad  IV.  Born  at  Andria,  Italy,  April  25  (or 
27),  1228 : died  at  Lavello,  Italy,  May  21,  1254. 
King  of  Germany,  second  son  of  Frederick  II. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1250.  The  imperial  crown 
was  contested  by  William,  count  of  Holland,  who  main- 
tained  himself  by  the  aid  of  the  Guelphs.  In  1251  Conrad 
undertook  an  expedition  into  Italy  to  enforce  his  right  of 
succession  to  the  crown  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  He  is  said  to 
have  died  of  poison,  leaving  his  infant  son  Conradin  as  the 
last  heir  of  his  race.  The  throne  was  occupied  as  regent 
by  his  illegitimate  brother  Manfred.  See  Manfred. 

Conrad  (kon'rad),  Karl  Emanuel.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  March  30,  1810 : died  at  Cologne,  July 
12,  1873.  A German  architectural  painter  and 
aquarellist.  His  chief  work  is  the  “ Cathedral 
of  Cologne”  (in  the  Vatican). 

Conrad,  Marquis  of  (Tyre  and  ?)  Montferrat. 
Died  at  Tyre,  April  28,  1192.  A famous  Cru- 
sader. He  successfully  defended  Tyre  against  Saladin 
in  11S7 ; married  Isabella,  a younger  daughter  of  Amalric 
I.  of  Jerusalem,  in  1190;  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  by 
the  hand  of  an  assassin  had  just  been  elected  king  of 
Jerusalem. 

Conrad  (kon'rad),  Robert  Taylor.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  June  10,  1810  : died  at  Philadel- 
phia, June  27,  1858.  An  American  jurist  and 
dramatist.  He  published  the  tragedy  of  ‘ ‘ Ayl- 
mere  ” in  1852. 

Conrad,  Timothy  Abbott.  Born  in  New  Jer- 
sey, 1803 : died  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Aug.  8,  1877. 
An  American  paleontologist.  He  was  paleontolo- 
gist of  the  New  York  Geological  Survey  1838—41.  His  works 
include  “ Fossil  Shells  of  the  Tertiary  Formations  of 
North  America"  (1832),  “Paleontology  of  the  State  of 
New  York”  (1838-40). 

Conrade  (kon'rad).  A follower  of  Don  John 
in  Shakspere’s  “Much  Ado  about  Nothing”: 
the  bastard  brother  of  Don  Pedro. 

Conradin  (kon'ra-den)  (Conrad  V.).  Bornnear 
Landshut,  Germany,  March  25, 1252 : beheaded 
at  Naples,  Oct.  29,  1268.  Duke  of  Suabia,  son 
of  Conrad  IV..  and  last  of  the  Hohenstaufen. 
In  1268  he  failed  in  an  attempt  to  recover  the  Two  Sici- 
lies from  the  usurper  Charles  of  Anjou  ; was  captured  at 
Tagliacozzo ; and  was  executed. 

Conrart  (kon-rar'),  Valentin.  Born  at  Paris, 
1603:  died  Sept.  23,  1675.  A French  litterateur, 


Constable,  Henry 

one  of  the  founders  of  the  French  Academy,  of 
which  he  was  secretary  1634-75. 

Conring  ("kon'ring),  Hermann.  Born  at  Nor- 
den,  East  Friesland,  Nov.  9,  1606:  died  at 
Helmstedt,  Brunswick,  Dec.  12, 1681.  AGerman 
physician,  scholar,  writer  on  jurisprudence, 
and  miscellaneous  author.  He  became  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  at  Helmstedt  1632,  of  medicine  1636, 
and  later  of  politics.  In  1660  he  became  privy  councilor 
of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick.  He  was  (1658)  private  physi- 
cian of  Charles  X.  Gustavus  of  Sweden.  He  wrote  “De 
origine  juris  Germanici  ” (1643),  “ Exercitationes  derepub- 
lica  Germanica  ” (1675),  etc. 

Consalvi  (kon-siil've),  Ereole.  Boru  at  Rome, 
June  8,  1757 : died  at  Rome,  Jan.  24,  1824.  A 
Roman  cardinal  and  statesman.  He  was  secretary 
of  state  to  Pius  VII.  1800-06  and  1814-23,  and  concluded  a 
concordat  with  Napoleon  in  1801. 

Conscience  (koh-syohs'),  Hendrik.  Born  at 
Antwerp,  Dec.  3,  1812 : died  at  Brussels,  Sept. 
10,1883.  A Flemish  novelist.  He  was  first  a teacher, 
then  entered  the  army  as  a volunteer.  In  1845  he  became 
professor  at  the  University  of  Ghent,  and  in  1868  custodian 
of  the  Wiertz  Museum  in  Brussels.  In  1837  appeared  his 
first  novel  (the  first,  also,  in  modern  Flemish),  “In’t  Won- 
derjaer  1566”  (“In  the  Year  of  Marvels  1566”).  It  was 
followed,  the  same  year,  by  “Phantazy,”  a volume  of 
short  stories,  and  in  1838  by  the  novel  “ De  leeuw  van 
Vlaanderen”  (“The  Lion  of  Flanders”).  In  1841  he  was 
made  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Arts  at  Antwerp,  which 
position  he  held  until  1854.  In  1857  he  became  a civil 
official  in  Courtray.  His  most  celebrated  works  are  sto- 
ries of  Flemish  life.  Among  them  are  “Hoe  men  schilder 
wordt”  (“How  One  becomes  a Painter,”  1843),  “ De  arme 
edelman  ” (“  The  Poor  Nobleman,”  1851),  “Het  geluk  van 
ryk  te  zyn ” (“  The  Good  Fortune  to  be  Rich,”  1855).  More 
recent  are,  among  others,  “De  burgemeester  van  Luik- 
(“  The  Burgomaster  of  Liege  "),  "De  junge  Dokter”  (“The 
Young  Doctor"),  “Benjamin  van  Vlaanderen,"  the  last 
from  1880. 

Conscience  Whigs.  A faction  of  the  Whig 
party  in  Massachusetts  who  were  opposed  to 
the  Cotton  Whigs  on  the  slavery  question, 
about  1850. 

Conscious  Lovers,  The.  A comedy  by  Steele, 

Sroduced  in  1722.  It  was  taken  from  Terence’s  “An- 
ria.”  In  this  play  Steele  attempted  to  free  the  stage 
from  its  indecencies. 

Consensus  Genevensis  (kon-sen'sus  jen-e- 
ven'sis).  A confession  of  faith,  drawn  up  by 
Calvin,  which  was  dedicated  by  the  pastors  of 
Geneva  to  the  syndics  and  council  of  the  city, 
Jan.  1,  1552.  It  was  occasioned  by  Galvin's  dispute 
with  Bolsec,  who  denied  the  doctrine  of  reprobation,  and 
was  designed  to  unite  the  Swiss  churches  on  the  subject 
of  predestination,  but  failed  to  acquire  symbolical  author- 
ity  outside  Geneva. 

Consensus  Tigurinus  (kon-sen'sus  tig-u-ri'- 
nus).  A confession  of  faith  drawn  up  in  1549 
at  Zurich  (L.  Tigurium)  by  Calvin,  in  concert 
with  Bullinger  and  the  pastors  of  Zurich,  for 
the  purpose  of  uniting  the  Swiss  churches  on 
the  doctrine  of  the  Lord’s  Supper.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1551,  and  was  adopted  by  all  the  Re- 
formed cantons  except  Bern. 

Conservative  Club,  The.  A London  political 
club  established  in  1840.  The  number  of  mem- 
bers is  1,300. 

Conservative  Party,  The.  See  Tories. 
Considerant  (kon-se-da-roh'),  Victor.  Born 
Oct.  12,  1808:  died  Dec.  27,  1893.  A French 
socialist,  a disciple  of  Fourier.  He  was  accused 
of  high  treason  in  1849,  and  fled  to  Belgium  ; from  there  he 
went  to  Texas,  where  (after  returning  once  to  Brussels) 
he  sought  to  establish  a socialistic  society  near  San  An  to- 
nio.  He  returned  to  France  in  1869.  His  works  include 
“La  destinbe  sociale"  (1834-38),  etc. 

Consolato  del  Mare  (kon-so-la'to  del  ma're). 
[It. , lit.  ‘ consulate  of  the  sea.’]  A code  of  mar- 
itime law,  supposed  to  be  a compilation  of  the 
law  and  trading  customs  of  various  Italian 
cities,  as  Venice,  Genoa,  Pisa,  and  Amalfi, 
together  with  those  of  the  cities  with  which 
they  traded,  as  Barcelona,  Marseilles,  etc.  its 
precise  date  is  unknown,  but  a Spanish  edition  of  it  was 
published  at  Barcelona  at  the  end  of  the  13th  or  the  be- 
ginning  of  the  14th  century.  It  has  formed  the  basis  of 
most  of  the  subsequent  compilations  of  maritime  law. 

Constable  (kun'sta-bl),  Archibald.  Born  at 
Carnbee,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Feb.  24,  1774 : 
died  at  Edinburgh,  July  21,  1827.  A noted 
Scottish  publisher,  founder  of  the  “Edinburgh 
Review”  (1802),  and  publisher  of  most  of  the 
works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  from  1805  until  he 
became  bankrupt  in  1826.  The  failure  of  Constable 
and  Co.,  with  that  of  James  Ballantyne  and  Co.,  printers, 
involved  Scott  in  a loss  of  £120,000.  He  edited  the  “Chron- 
icle of  Fife,  being  the  Diary  of  John  Lamont  of  Newton  from 
1649  to  1672  "(IS  10),  and  wrote  a“  Memoir  of  George  Heriot. " 
Constable,  Henry.  Born  at  Newark,  England, 
1562 : died  at  Liege,  Belgium,  Oct.  9, 1613.  An 
English  poet,  son  of  Sir  Robert  Constable  of 
Newark.  He  was  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St,  John’s 
College)  in  1580;  became  a Roman  Catholic;  and  for  th 
greater  part  of  his  later  life  resided  in  Paris  occupied  with 
political  affairs,  and  especially  with  schemes  for  promot- 
ing the  interests  of  Catholicism.  In  1603  he  came  to  Lon- 


Constable,  Henry 

don,  and  was  for  a short  time  confined  in  the  Tower.  He 
published  in  1692  a collection  of  23  sonnets  entitled  “Di- 
ana : the  Praises  of  his  Mistress  in  certaine  sweete  Son- 
nets by  H.  C." 

Constable,  John.  Born  at  East  Bergholt,  in 
Suffolk,  England,  June  11, 1776:  died  at  London, 
March  30,  1837.  A noted  English  landscape- 
painter.  His  father  was  a miller.  In  1799  he  became 
a student  at  the  Royal  Academy  ; in  1802  exhibited  his 
first  picture;  in  1819  became  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy;  and  in  1829  became  a royal  academician.  He 
was  thoroughly  English : no  foreign  master  influenced 
him,  and  rustic  life  furnished  his  inspiration  and  material. 
He  obtained  little  recognition  in  his  own  country  during 
his  lifetime,  but  was  highly  appreciated  in  France,  where 
his  work  produced  a notable  effect. 

Constance  (kon'stans).  [ME.  Custance,  OF. 
Custance,  F.  Constance,  Sp.  Costenza,  Costanza, 
Pg.  Constancia,  It.  Costanza,  G.  Constanze,  L. 
Constantia,  lit.  ‘ constancy.’]  1 . In  Chaucer’s 
“Man  of  Law’s  Tale,”  the  unjustly  accused 
daughter  of  the  Roman  emperor.  She  is  cleared 
and  married  to  King  Alla. — 2.  In  Shakspere’s 
“King  John,”  the  mother  of  Arthur,  duke  of 
Bretagne. — 3.  The  Northern  Lass,  in  Brome’s 
play  of  that  name. — 4.  The  daughter  of  None- 
such, in  love  with  Loveby,  in  Uryden’s  play 
“The  Wild  Gallant.” — 5.  The  daughter  of 
Fondlove  in  Sheridan  Knowles’s  comedy  “The 
Love  Chase.”  Her  love-affair  with  Wildrake  is 
not  unlike  that  of  Benedick  and  Beatrice. — 6. 
The  daughter  of  the  Provost  of  Bruges,  in  G. 
W.  Lovell’s  play  of  that  name.  She  goes  mad 
and  dies  when  legally  proved  to  be  a serf. 
Constance,  or  Custance,  Dame  Christian.  A 
rich  and  beautiful  widow  in  Udall’s  play  ‘ ‘ Ralph 
Roister  Doister.” 

Constance  de  Beverley.  See  Beverley. 
Constance.  The  southeasternmost  district  of 
Baden.  Area,  1,610  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 311,318. 

Constance,  G.  Konstanz  (kon'stants),  some- 
times Kostnitz  (kost'nits).  A city  of  Baden, 
situated  on  Lake  Constance,  at  its  outlet  into 
the  Untersee  arm,  in  lat.  47°  38'  N.,  long  9° 
11'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  its  merchants’ 
hall  (Kaufhaus).  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  the  11th, 
but  rebuilt  early  in  the  16th  century.  The  conspicuous 
tower  and  spire  are  modern.  The  doors  of  the  chief  en- 
trance bear  remarkable  carvings  of  the  life  of  Christ  in  20 
oaken  panels  dating  from  1470.  The  richly  sculptured 
stalls  are  of  the  same  date.  There  are  other  interesting 
sculptures,  and  a handsome  fragment  of  the  cloister.  In 
the  6th  century  Constance  became  the  seat  of  a bishopric, 
which  was  secularized  in  1803.  It  was  an  imperial  city  in 
the  middle  ages,  but  was  annexed  to  Austria  about  1548, 
and  was  ceded  to  Baden  in  1805.  Here  Huss  (1415)  and 
Jerome  of  Prague  (1416)  died  at  the  stake.  Population, 
24,807. 

Constance,  Council  of.  An  important  council 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  held  1414—18. 
Its  objects  were  the  healing  of  the  papal  schism,  the  sup- 
pression ot  the  Bohemian  heresy,  and  the  reformation  of 
the  church.  It  condemned  to  death  Huss  in  1416,  and 
Jerome  of  Prague  in  1416,  and  elected  Martin  V.  as  pope  in 
1417. 

Constance,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  of  peace  con- 
cluded between  Frederick  Barbarossa  and  the 
Lombard  League  in  1183,  at  the  expiration  of 
the  truce  established  after  the  defeat  of  the  em- 
peror at  Legnano  in  1176.  Frederick  renounced  all 
the  regalian  rights  which  he  claimed  in  the  cities  of  the 
League,  including  those  of  levying  war,  erecting  fortifica- 
tions, and  administering  civil  and  criminal  justice.  The 
cities  acknowledged  the  overlordship  of  the  emperor, 
which  carried  with  it  the  obligation  to  furnish  the  cus- 
tomary tributes  of  provision  during  his  residence  in  Italy, 
to  suffer  the  chief  magistrates  in  every  city  to  receive  the 
investiture  of  office  from  an  imperial  legate,  and  to  ac- 
cept in  every  city  an  imperial  judge  of  appeal  in  civil 
causes. 

Constance,  Lake  of,  G.  Bodensee  (bo'den-za). 
A lake  lying  between  Switzerland,  Baden, 
Wiirtemberg,  Bavaria,  and  Vorarlberg:  the 
Latin  Brigantinus  Lacus.  The  northwestern  nar- 
rowed arm  is  frequently  known  as  the  Uberlingersee  ; the 
western  arm  is  called  the  Untersee  or  Zellersee.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  Rhine.  Length,  40  miles ; greatest 
breadth,  6-8  miles.  Area,  208  square  miles.  Elevation 
above  sea-level,  1,306  feet.  Depth,  960  feet. 

Constancio  (kon-ston'se-o),  Francisco  Solano. 

Born  at  Lisbon,  1777 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21, 
1846.  A Portuguese  physician  and  author. 
He  traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  North  America; 
was  diplomatic  agent  of  Portugal  in  Paris  1820  ; and  was 
minister  to  Washington  1822-29.  Subsequently  he  resided 
in  Paris.  Constancio’s  works  are  now  little  esteemed. 
The  best-known  are  his  “Novo  diccionario  critico  e ety- 
mologico  da  lingua  Portugueza"  (1830  and  1844)  and 
“Historia  do  Brasil”  (2  vols.  1839). 

Constans  (kon'stanz)  I.,  Flavius  Julius. 

Born  about  320:  died  near  Illiberis  (Helena), 
Gaul,  350.  Roman  emperor,  youngest  of  the 
three  sons  of  Constantine  the  Great  and 
Fausta.  He  received,  in  the  division  of  the  empire  in 
337,  Italy,  Africa,  and  western  Illyricum.  In  340,  hav- 
ing successfully  resisted  the  invasion  of  his  brother  Con- 


275 

stantine,  who  fell  in  battle,  he  made  himself  master  of  the 
whole  West.  In  350  Magnentius  usurped  the  throne,  and 
Constans  was  slain  by  his  emissaries. 

Constans  II.,  Flavius  Heraclius  (originally 
Heraclius).  Born  Nov.  7,  630:  killed  at  Syra- 
cuse, July  15,  668.  Emperor  of  the  East  641- 
668,  son  of  Constantine  III.  In  his  reign  the  Sara- 
cens  conquered  Rhodes,  and  the  Lombards  most  of  the 
Byzantine  dominions  in  northern  Italy.  He  favored  the 
Monothelites,  and,  in  order  to  put  an  end  to  the  contro- 
versy between  them  and  the  orthodox,  issued  an  edict 
which  forbade  all  religious  discussion. 

Constans.  The  grandfather  of  King  Arthur, 
celebrated  in  the  Arthurian  romances. 

Constant  (kon'stant).  The  lover  of  Lady  Brute 
in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “ The  Provoked  Wife.” 
Constant  (koh-ston'),  Jean  Joseph  Benjamin. 
Born  at  Paris,  June  10, 1845:  died  there,  May  26, 
1902.  AFrenchpainter.  He  studied underCabanel  at 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  and  in  1869  exhibited  his  first  pic- 
ture, “Hamlet  et  leRoi,”  at  the  Salon.  He  exhibited  “Trop 
tard"(1870),  “Samson  et  Delilah"  (1872),  “Bouchersmaures 
h Tanger"(1873),  “Carrefour  h Tanger”  (1874),  “Mohamed 

11.,  le  29  Mai,  1453”  (1878),  “Favorite  de  T£mir"  (1879), 
“La  vengeance  du  ch^rif  ” (1885),  “ Victrix"  (1890),  etc. 

Constant  de  Eebecque,  Henri  Benjamin. 

Bom  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Oct.  25, 1767 : 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8, 1830.  A French  political 
writer,  orator,  and  politician.  He  settled  in  1795 
at  Paris  as  the  prot^gd  of  Madame  de  Stael,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Tribunate  1799-1802,  when  he  was  banished 
by  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  He  returned  in  1814,  but  accepted 
office  under  Napoleon  during  the  Hundred  Days,  with  the 
result  that  on  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  he  was  again 
compelled  to  go  into  exile,  whence  he  returned  in  1816. 
He  was  a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1819-30. 
His  chief  works  are  “Cours  de  politique  constitution- 
nelle”  (1818-20)  and  “De  la  religion  considdrde  dans  sa 
source,  sa  forme  et  son  developpemeut  ” (1823-25). 

Constantina  (kon-stan-te'na).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Seville,  Spain.  Population,  about 

10.000. 

Constantine  (kon'stan-tin)  I.  (Flavius  Vale- 
rius Aurelius  Constantinus),  surnamed 
“The  Great.”  Born  at  Naissus  (Nissa),  Upper 
Moesia,  in  Feb.,  274  (288?)  a.  d.  : died  at  Nico- 
media,  Bithynia,  May  22, 337.  Roman  emperor. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  Augustus  Constantius  Clilorus 
by  his  first  wife  Helena,  and  was  appointed  Caesar  at  the 
death  of  his  father  in  306.  About  308  he  was  recognized 
as  Augustus  by  the  Augustus  Maximian,  whose  daughter 
Fausta  he  married  (his  first  wife  having  died).  In  310 
(309?)  he  putto  death  Maximian,  who  was  implicated  in  a 
plot  to  excite  a rebellion  among  his  subjects.  He  de- 
feated in  312,  near  Rome,  the  Augustus  Maxentius,  who 
was  killed  in  the  pursuit.  Before  this  battle,  according  to 
tradition,  the  sign  of  a cross  appeared  in  the  heavens,  with 
the  inscription,  “In  hoc  signo  vinces,”  which  induced  him 
to  adopt  the  labarum  as  his  standard.  In  323  he  became 
sole  Augustus  by  a decisive  victory  at  Chrysopolis  (Scu- 
tari) over  his  colleague  Licinius,  who  subsequently  sur- 
rendered and  was  treacherously  murdered.  He  caused 
Christianity  to  he  recognized  by  the  state,  convened  the 
Council  of  Nice  in  325,  and  in  330  inaugurated  Constanti- 
nople as  the  capital  of  the  Roman  Empire.  In  324  he  put 
to  death  his  eldest  son  Crispus  for  high  treason.  According 
to  a tradition,  which  appears  to  be  without  historical  foun- 
dation, Crispus  was  the  victim  of  an  intrigue  on  the  part 
of  his  stepmother  Fausta,  who  was  suffocated  in  a bath  as 
soon  as  Constantine  discovered  the  innocence  of  Crispus. 

Constantine  II.  (Flavius  Claudius  Constan- 
tinus). Born  at  Arles,  Gaul,  Feb.,  317 : killed 
near  Aquileia,  Italy,  340.  Emperor  of  Rome, 
second  son  of  Constantine  the  Great.  He  received, 
in  the  division  of  the  empire  in  337  between  the  three  sons 
of  Constantine,  Gaul,  Britain,  Spain,  and  part  of  Africa. 
Being  dissatisfied  with  his  share,  he  invaded  the  domin- 
ions of  his  brother  Constans,  but  was  defeated  and  killed 
at  Aquileia  in  340. 

Constantine  IV.  (Flavius  Constantinus), 
surnamed  Pogonatus  (‘ the  Bearded’).  Died 
685.  Emperor  of  the  East  668-685,  son  of  Con- 
stans II.  He  repulsed  (by  means  of  the  recently  invented 
Greek  fire)  the  Saracens  before  Constantinople  672-679,  and 
assembled  in  680  the  sixth  general  council  at  Constanti- 
nople, by  which  the  Monothelites  were  condemned  and 
peace  restored  to  ttie  church. 

Constantine  V.,  surnamed  Copronymus  (ko- 
pron'i-mus).  Born  at  Constantinople,  719: 
died  off  Selymbria,  Thrace,  Sept.  14,  775. 
Emperor  of  the  East  741-775,  son  of  Leo  III. 
He  defeated  in  743  Artavasdes,  who  had  usurped  the  gov- 
ernment, and  assembled  a council  in  754  which  condemned 
the  worship  of  images. 

Constantine  VI.  (Flavius  Constantinus). 

Born  771:  killed  at  Constantinople  about  797. 
Byzantine  emperor  780-797,  the  last  of  the  Isau- 
rian  emperors.  He  was  the  son  of  Leo  IV.,  whom  he 
succeeded  under  the  regency  of  his  mother  Irene.  During 
his  reign  a council  held  at  Nicsea  in  787  restored  the  wor- 
ship of  images.  He  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  his  mother, 
who  usurped  the  government. 

Constantine  VII.,  surnamed  Porphyrogenitus 

(p6r//fi-ro-jen'i-tus)  (‘born  in  the  purple’). 
Born  905:  poisoned  Nov.  15,  959.  Byzantine 
emperor,  son  of  Leo  VI.  whom  he  succeeded 
911.  The  government  was  usurped  in  919  by  Romanus 
Lecaperius, who  administered  it — Constantine  being  nomi- 
nally his  colleague  — till  944,  when  he  was  deposed  by  his 
own  son,  and  Constantine  became  sole  ruler.  He  was 
noted  for  humanity  and  for  his  success  in  arms,  chiefly 


Constantinople 

against  the  Arabs  in  Syria.  He  was  poisoned  by  his  son 
and  successor,  Romanus  II.  He  was  a liberal  patron  of 
learning,  and  himself  holds  a high  rank  in  literature  as 
the  author  of  a treatise  on  the  government  and  one  on 
the  themes  or  provinces  of  the  empire  (“De  adminis- 
trando  imperio”  and  “ De  thematibus  ”),  and  other  works. 

Constantine  XIII.  Palseologus.  [Gr.  6 Wa'/,ai6- 
X oyof.]  Born  1394:  died  May  29,  1453.  By- 
zantine emperor  1448-53,  the  last  emperor  of 
Constantinople.  He  was  killed  at  the  taking 
of  the  city  by  Mohammed  II. 

Constantine  I.  Died  879.  A king  of  Scotland 
(north  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde),  reigning  at 
Scone  after  863. 

Constantine  II.  Died  952.  A king  of  Scot- 
land (north  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde)  from  900 
to  943,  when  he  resigned  the  throne  to  Malcolm, 
grandson  of  Constantine  I. 

Constantine  Nikolayevitch  (son  of  Nicholas). 
Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  21,  1827:  died 
Jan.  24,  1892.  Grand  Duke  of  Russia,  younger 
brother  of  the  czar  Alexander  H.  He  com- 
manded the  fleet  in  the  Baltic  1854-55,  and 
was  governor  of  Poland  1862-63. 

Constantine  Pavlovitch  (son  of  Paul).  Boru 
at  St.  Petersburg,  May  8, 1779:  died  at  Vitebsk, 
Russia,  June  27,  1831.  A grand  duke  of  Rus- 
sia, younger  brother  of  the  czar  Alexander  I. 
He  served  with  distinction  under  Suvaroff  in  Italy  in 
1799,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Austerlitz  1805,  accom- 
panied Alexander  I.  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-14,  and  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Poland  in  1815.  He 
married  in  1820  a Polish  lady,  the  Countess  Johanna 
Grudzinska,  having  obtained  a divorce  from  his  first  wife, 
the  Princess  Juliana  of  Saxe-Coburg;  and  renounced  his 
right  of  succession  to  the  Russian  throne  Jan.  26,  1822. 
His  strict  military  rule  provoked  an  insurrection  in  Poland 
(Nov.  29,  1830).  In  the  war  which  followed  he  played  a 
subordinate  part,  and  retired  to  Vitebsk,  where  be  died 
of  cholera. 

Constantine  (kon-ston-ten').  The  eastern- 
most department  of  Algeria,  lyiDg  between  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  north,  Tunis  on  the  east, 
and  Algiers  on  the  west.  Area,  73,929  square 
miles.  Population,  2,025,044. 

Constantine.  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Constantine,  Algeria,  situated  in  lat.  36°  21' 
N.,  long.  6°  35'  E. : the  ancient  Cirta.  The  sea- 
port for  its  foreign  trade  is  Philippeville.  Constantine  is 
a great  trading  center,  especially  for  grain.  It  was  re- 
built by  Constantine,  and  was  captured  by  the  French 
1837.  Population,  commune,  58,435. 

Constantinople  (kon-stan-ti-no'pl),  Turk. 
Stambul  (stam-bol'),  or  Istambul  (is-tam- 
bol').  [Gr.  Kuvaravrlvov  noAir,  city  of  Constan- 
tine ; Turk.  Constantinieh  ; the  ordinary  Turkish 
name  is  Stambul  or  Istambul,  a corruption  of 
the  Greek  elg  rf/v  ndXtv,  ‘ into  the  city.’]  The 
capital  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  situated  in  Eu- 
ropean Turkey  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  28°  59'  E., 
on  the  Bosporus,  the  Golden  Horn,  and  the 
Sea  of  Marmora.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  center 
of  the  Levant,  and  since  188S  has  had  railroad  connection 
with  the  rest  of  Europe.  It  contains  the  sultan’s  palace 
(seraglio),  and  is  noted  for  its  mosques  (see  below).  Its 
chief  sections  are  Pera,  Galata,  Stambul  (or  Constantino- 
ple proper),  and  Scutari  (the  latter  celebrated  in  history 
for  its  military  hospitals  during  the  Crimean  war).  In  330 
A.  D.  Constantine  the  Great  made  Byzantium  (see  Byzan- 
tium) the  capital  of  the  Roman  Empire,  and  the  city  was 
henceforth  called  Constantinople.  F'rom  395  Constanti- 
nople was  the  capital  of  the  Byzantine  (Eastern)  Empire. 
It  was  repeatedly  besieged  by  the  Saracens  ; and  was  taken 
by  the  Latins  in  1203  and  1204,  by  Michael  Palseologus  in 
1261,  and  by  the  llurks  May  29,  1453.  Tcheragan  Serai, 
the  chief  of  the  imperial  palaces,  finished  in  1867  by  Ab- 
dul-Aziz  in  the  style  of  the  new  Turkish  Renaissance.  It 
is  a building  of  great  size,  of  marble,  of  a luxury  and  mag- 
nificence in  its  interior  decoration  and  arrangement 
which  are  unexcelled  in  Europe,  and  almost  surpass  be- 
lief. Its  chief  facade,  about  2,400  feet  long,  is  mirrored  in 
the  Bosporus.  See  also  Bajazet,  Mosque  of;  Irene,  Church 
of  St.;  Reservoir  of  the  1,001  Columns;  Sophia,  Church  of 
Santa Suleiman,  M osque  of.  Population,  with  suburbs, 
about  1,106,000. 

The  dominion  of  the  Old  Rome  had  come  of  itseU ; its 
dominion  was  the  effect,  not  of  any  settled  plan,  but  of  the 
silent  working  of  historical  causes.  The  first  chief  who 
fenced  in  the  Palatine  with  a wall  did  not  dream  that  his 
hill-fortress  would  become  the  head  of  the  world.  He  did 
not  dream  that  it  would  become  the  head  of  Italy,  or  even 
the  head  of  Latium.  But  theprince  who  fenced  in  the  New 
Rome,  the  prince  who  bade  Byzantium  grow  into  Constan- 
tinople, did  design  that  his  younger  Rome  should  ful  fil  the 
mission  that  had  passed  away  from  the  elder  Rome.  He  de- 
signed that  it  should  fulfil  it  more  thoroughly  than  Milan, 
or  Trier,  or  Nikomedeia  could  fulfil  it.  And  his  will  has 
been  carried  out.  He  called  into  being  a city  which,  while 
other  cities  have  risen  and  fallen,  has  for  fifteen  hundred 
years,  in  whatever  hands,  remained  the  seat  of  Imperial 
rule  ; a city  which,  as  long  as  Europe  and  Asia,  as  long  as 
land  and  sea,  keep  their  places,  must  remain  the  seat  of 
Imperial  rule.  The  other  capitals  of  Europe  seem  by  her 
side  things  of  yesterday,  creations  of  accident.  Some 
chance  a few  centuries  back  made  them  seats  of  govern- 
ment till  some  other  chance  may  cease  to  make  them  seats 
of  government.  But  the  city  of  Constantine  abides,  and 
must  abide.  Over  and  over  again  has  the  possession  of 
that  city  prolonged  the  duration  of  powers  which  must 
otherwise  have  crumbled  away.  In  the  hands  of  Roman, 


Constantinople 

Frank,  Greek,  and  Turk,  her  Imperial  mission  has  never 
left  her.  The  eternity  of  the  elder  Rome  is  the  eternity 
of  a moral  influence ; the  eternity  of  the  younger  Rome  is 
the  eternity  of  a city  and  fortress  fixed  on  a spot  which 
nature  itself  had  destined  to  be  the  seat  of  the  empire  of 
two  worlds.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  261. 

Constantinople,  Conference  of.  A conference 
of  the  six  great  powers  and  Turkey  for  the 
purpose  of  preventing  war  between  Turkey  and 
Russia,  which  was  championing  the  cause  of 
the  Christian  insurgents  in  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula. The  conference  was  formally  opened  Dec.  23, 1876, 
after  a preliminary  conference  between  the  great  powers 
(Dec.  11-21).  The  powers  demanded  of  the  Porte  admin- 
istrative autonomy  under  Christian  governors  for  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  and  Bulgaria ; and  proposed  the  erection  of 
an  international  commission  with  power  to  enforce  by 
arms  the  decisions  of  the  conference.  These  demands 
were  rejected  by  the  Turks  Jan.  18, 1877,  whereupon  the 
conference  dissolved,  Jan.  20. 

Constantinople,  Councils  of.  These  councils 

include:  (<t)The  second  ecumenical  council,  convened 
hereby  the  emperor  Theodosius  381  A.  D.  Its  chief  object 
was  the  settlement  of  the  Arian  difficulties.  ( b ) The  fifth 
ecumenical  council,  convened  by  Justinian  553.  Its  object 
was  the  condemnation  of  the  “three  chapters.”  (c)  The 
sixth  ecumenical  council,  held  680-681.  Its  object  was 
the  condemnation  of  the  Monothelites,  (d)  The  eighth 
ecumenical  council,  held  869.  Its  object  was  the  condem- 
nation of  Photius. 

Constantius  (kon-stan'shius)  I.,  Flavius  Va- 
lerius, surnamed  CMorus  (‘  the  Pale’)-  Born 
probably  250  A.  D. : died  at  York,  England,  July 
25,  306.  Emperor  of  Rome,  father  of  Constan- 
tine the  Great.  March  1,  293,  the  joint  emperors,  or 
Augusti,  Diocletian  and  Maximian  associated  with  them- 
selves Constantius  Chlorus  and  Galerius  as  junior  part- 
ners under  the  title  of  Csesars.  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain 
were  allotted  to  the  former,  who  was  required  to  repu- 
diate his  wife  Helena  and  marry  Theodora,  the  daughter 
of  Maximian.  After  the  abdication  of  Diocletian  and 
Maximian  in  305,  he  ruled  as  Augustus,  or  joint  emperor, 
with  Galerius  until  his  death  in  Britain  while  on  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Piets. 

Constantius  II.,  Flavius  Julius.  Born  at 
Sirmium,  Pannonia,  Aug.  6,  317 : died  at  Mop- 
socrene,  Cilicia,  Nov.  3,  361.  Romau  emperor, 
third  son  of  Constantine  the  Great  (second  son 
by  his  second  wife  Fausta).  The  will  of  Constan- 
tine the  Great  divided  the  empire  among  his  three  sons 
Constantine,  Constantius,  and  Constans  under  the  title  of 
Augusti,  and  his  nephews  Dalmatius  and  Hanmbalianus 
under  the  titles  of  Caesar  and  Nobilissimus,  respectively. 
On  the  death  of  Constantine  in  337  Constantius  ordered,  or 
permitted,  the  murder  of  Dalmatius  and  Hannibalianus, 
and  the  empire  was  redivided  between  himself  and  his 
brothers.  Constantine  received  Gaul,  Spain,  Britain,  and 
part  of  Africa ; Constantius  Thrace,  Macedonia,  Greece, 
the  Asiatic  provinces,  and  Egypt;  and  Constans  Italy, 
western  Ulyricum,  and  the  rest  of  Africa.  In  340  Con- 
stans repelled  an  invasion  of  Constantine,  who  fell  in 
battle,  and  made  himself  master  of  the  West;  but  was 
himself  deposed  and  slain  in  350  by  the  usurper  Magnen- 
tius.  Constantius  made  war  in  351  ou  the  latter,  whom 
he  defeated  at  Mursa,  on  the  Drave,  in  351,  and  in  Gaul  iu 
353,  after  which  he  was  master  of  the  whole  empire.  He  ap- 
pointed his  cousin  Julian  Caesar  and  commander  in  Gaul 
355,  and  visited  Rome  357.  He  favored  the  Ariaus,  and 
banished  the  orthodox  bishops.  He  died  while  marching 
to  attack  Julian,  who  had  been  proclaimed  emperor  by 
his  soldiers. 

Constant  Maid, The.  A play  by  Shirley,  printed 
in  1640  (reprinted  in  1667  with  the  second  title 
“Love  will  find  out  the  Way”). 

Constanza  (kon-stan'za).  A gay  and  sportive 
girl,  in  Middleton’s  “Spanish  Gipsy,”  who  fol- 
lows her  father  into  exile  disguised  as  a gipsy, 
Pretiosa : a sort  of  Rosalind. 

Constellation.  A vessel  of  thp  United  States 

navy.  She  was  built  in  1708,  and  under  command  of  Com- 
modore Truxton  in  1799  captured  the  French  Insurgente. 

Constituent  Assembly.  See  National  Assembly. 
Constitution  (kon-sti-tu'shon)  (Old  Iron- 
sides). An  American  frigate  of  1,576  tons  and 
44  guns  rating  (actual  armament  32  long  24- 
pounders  and  20  32-pounder  carronades),  built 
at  Boston  in  1797.  The  United  States  and  President 
were  sister  ships  of  the  same  rating.  Her  first  commander 
was  Captain  Isaac  Hull.  At  the  declaration  of  war,  June 
18, 1812,  the  Constitution  was  at  Annapolis.  July  17  she 
fell  in  with  a squadron  composed  of  Shannon  (38  guns), 
Africa  (64),  iEolus  (32),  Belvidera  (36),  and  Guerrifere  (38), 
commanded  by  Commodore  Philip  Vere  Broke.  Her  es- 
cape from  this  fleet,  in  a chase  which  lasted  three  days  in 
an  almost  dead  calm,  is  considered  one  of  the  greatest 
feats  of  seamanship  of  the  war.  Aug.  19,  1812,  in  lat.  41 
41'  N.,  long.  55°  48'  W.,  she  fought  the  Guerrifere.  The 
battle  lasted  from  5 to  7 P.  M.,  when  the  Guerrifere  surren- 
dered and  was  burned.  The  Constitution  returned  to 
Boston ; Captain  Hull  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Captain  Baiubridge  of  the  Constellation.  She  sailed  from 
Boston  Oct.  26,  1812,  and  Dec.  29  fell  in  with  the  frigate 
Java  (38  guns),  Captain  Lambert,  off  the  coast  of  Brazil  in 
lat.  13°  6'  S.,  long.  31°  W.  The  battle  lasted  from  2 to 
5 P.  M.,  when  the  Java  surrendered.  Feb.  20,  1815,  she 
fought  and  captured  the  Cyaneand  Levant  (20  and  18guns). 
Sept.,  1830,  it  was  proposed  by  the  secretary  of  the  navy  to 
dismantle  the  ship  and  sell  her.  This  excited  much  public 
indignation, which  found  expression  in  the  poem  “Old  Iron- 
sides,”hy  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Sept.  15,  1830.  She 
was  afterward  used  as  a school-ship,  later  for  a receiving- 
ship  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,and  in  1897  was  taken  to  Boston. 
Constitution  Hill,  An  elevation  near  Buck- 


276 

ingham  Palace,  London.  Three  attempts  upon  the 
life  of  Queen  Victoria  were  made  here  by  insane  or  idiotic 
persons  in  1840,  1842,  and  1849.  Hare. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States.  Bee  Fed- 
eral Constitution. 

Consuelo  (kon-so-a'lo ; F.  pron.  kon-su-a'lo). 
A novel  by  George  Sand,  published  in  1842. 
Consulate,  The.  In  French  history,  the  gov- 
ernment which  existed  Nov.  9,  1799, -May  18, 
1804.  Napoleon  was  First  Consul,  and  his  associates 
were  Cambacerfes  and  Lebrun.  See  Napoleon. 

Contarini,  Gasparo.  Born  at  Venice  Oct.  16, 
1483 : died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  24, 1542.  An 
Italian  cardinal  (1535),  bishop  of  Bologna,  and 
diplomatist.  He  was  papal  legate  at  the  Diet  of  Ratis- 
bon,  where  he  endeavored  to  effect  a reconciliation  be- 
tween the  Protestants  and  Catholics. 

Contarini,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Venice,  1549: 
died  there,  1605.  A Venetian  painter.  He 
went  to  Vienna  in  1580,  where  he  practised  por- 
trait-painting. 

Contarini  Fleming.  A psychological  romance 
by  Benjamin  Disraeli,  published  in  1832. 

Contention  between  the  two  Famous  Houses 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  See  Henry  VI.,  sec- 
ond and  third  parts. 

Conte  Ory  (kon'te  o're),  II.  See  Comte  Ory. 
Contes  Drolatiques  (koht  dro-la-tek').  [F., 
‘ Humorous  Tales.’]  A collection  of  stories  by 
Balzac,  written  in  the  manner  and  orthography 
of  the  16th  century.  They  are  extremely  broad,  in 
the  style  of  Rabelais,  being  “written  for  the  diversion 
of  the  Pantagruelists  and  no  others."  They  came  out  in 
three  parts,  in  1832,  1833,  and  1837. 

Conti  (kon-te),  Prince  de  (Armand  de  Bour- 
bon). Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  11,  1629:  died  at 
Pezenas,  France,  Feb.  21,  1666.  Younger 
brother  of  “The  Great  Conde,”  and  founder  of 
the  house  of  Conti.  He  took  part  in  the  wars  of  the 
Fronde,  at  first  with  the  “old  Fronde”  against  his  brother, 
and  later  with  the  “ young  Fronde  ” in  company  with  his 
brother,  with  whom  he  was  arrested  in  1650.  He  was 
finally  reconciled  to  the  court,  and  married  a niece  of 
Cardinal  Mazarin.  In  the  Spanish  war  (1654)  he  captured 
Villafranca  andPuycerda,  and  in  1657  commanded  unsuc- 
cessfully in  Italy.  He  was  a man  of  weak  character,  en- 
tirely under  the  control  of  his  sister,  the  Duchesse  de 
LonguevUle. 

Conti,  Prince  de  (Francois  Louis  de  Bour- 
bon). Born  at  Paris,  April  30, 1664:  died  Feb. 
22, 1709.  A distinguished  French  general,  son 
of  the  Prince  de  Conti  (1629-66). 

Continental  Congress.  A legislative  body 
representing  the  colonies  of  North  America. 
What  is  known  as  the  first  Continental  Congress,  with 
delegates  from  all  the  colonies  but  Georgia,  met  in  Phila- 
delphia Sept.  6,  1774,  and  lasted  until  Oct.  26,  1774;  the 
second,  in  which  all  were  represented,  met  in  Philadelphia 
May  10, 1775,  and  adjourned  Dec.  12,  1776;  the  third  met 
in  Baltimore  Dec.  20, 1776,  and  lasted  until  the  Articles  of 
Confederation  went  into  operation  March  1,  1781.  The 
Congress  declared  independence,  carried  on  the  war,  and 
in  many  respects  governed  the  country. 

Continental  Divide.  See  Divide. 

Contrat  Social  (kon-tra'  so-se-al').  [F., ‘Social 
Contract.’]  A political  work  by  J.  J.  Rous- 
seau, published  in  1762.  The  influence  of  this  book 
on  the  literature  and  life  of  the  period  was  remarkable. 
Its  theories  were  at  the  foundation  of  Jacobin  politics. 

Contreras  (kon-tra'ras).  A hamlet  of  Mexico, 
about  8 miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Here,  Aug.  19-20,  1847,  the  Americans  under 
Scott  defeated  the  Mexicans.  See,  further, 
Churubusco. 

Contreras,  Pedro  Moya  de.  See  Moya  y Con- 
treras. 

Contreras,  Rodrigo  de.  Born  at  Segovia  about 
1495:  died,  probably  in  Peru,  after  1557.  A 
Spanish  cavalier  who  married  the  daughter  of 
Pedrarias,  and  in  1531  was  appointed  governor 
of  Nicaragua.  He  sent  an  expedition  which  explored 
Lake  Nicaragua  and  its  outlet,  and  reached  Nombre  de 
Dios  by  that  route.  There  the  men  were  seized  by  the 
governor,  Robles,  who  tried  to  appropriate  the  region  dis- 
covered, but  was  driven  out.  Subsequently  Contreras  got 
into  disputes  with  the  bishop  and  with  the  Audience  of 
the  Confines.  Charges  were  made  against  him,  and  his 
encomiendas  were  confiscated  (1549).  After  vainly  seek- 
ing redress  in  Spain,  he  went  to  Peru. 

Contrexeville  (kon-treg-za-vel').  A watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Vosges,  France,  26 
miles  west  of  Epinal. 

Convention,  The.  See  National  Convention, 
The. 

Conway  (kon'wa),  or  Aberconway  (ab'er-kon- 
wa).  A town  in  Carnarvonshire,  North  Wales, 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Conway,  37  miles 
southwest  of  Liverpool.  It  is  noted  for  its  wail  and 
castle,  a highly  picturesque  fortress  witli  an  admirable 
group  of  8 cylindrical  towers,  built  in  1284  by  Edward  I. 
The  towers  were  originally  surmounted  by  cylindrical  tur- 
rets, four  of  which  survive.  The  banqueting-hall  was  a 
fine  room  130  feet  long.  Queen  Eleanor’s  oratory  possesses 
a graceful  oriel-window.  Population,  4,681. 


Cook,  Edward  Dutton 

Conway.  1.  A small  river  in  North  Wales 
which  flows  into  Beaumaris  Bay.  It  is  noted 
for  its  scenery. — 2.  A township  in  Carroll 
County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Saco 
56  miles  northeast  of  Concord.  It  contains  the 
summer  resort  of  North  Conway.  Population 
3,413,  (1910). 

Conway,  Frederick  B.  Born  at  Clifton,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  10, 1819 : died  at  Manchester,  Mass., 
Sept.  7, 1874.  An  English  actor.  He  first  appeared 
on  the  American  stage  as  Charles  Surface  in  1850.  In  1852 
he  married  Miss  Crocker,  a sister  of  Mrs.  D.  P.  Bowers. 

Conway,  Henry  Seymour.  Born  1721:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  12,  1795.  An  English  soldier  and 
Whig  politician,  second  son  of  the  first  Lord 
Conway,  brother  of  Francis  Seymour  Conway, 
marquis  of  Hertford,  and  cousin  of  Horace 
Walpole.  He  early  entered  the  army ; was  a member  of 
Parliament  1741-84 ; took  part  in  the  battle  of  Fontenoy 
as  aide-de-camp  to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  and  in  the 
battle  of  Culloden ; became  secretary  to  the  lord  lieuten- 
ant of  Ireland  (Lord  Hartington)  1754  ; was  promoted  ma- 
jor-general 1756  ; commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition 
against  Rochefort  1757  ; became  secretary  of  state  under 
Rockingham  1765;  moved  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act 
Feb.,  1766;  retained  his  office  under  the  Bail  of  Chatham  ; 
resigned  Jan.,  1768,  and  was  appointed  field-marshal  Oct. 
12, 1793.  He  was  a vigorous  opponent  of  the  policy  of  the 
British  government  toward  the  American  colonies. 
Conway,  Hugh.  The  pseudonym  of  Frederick 
John  Fargus. 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel.  Born  in  Stafford 
County,  Va.,  March  17,  1832:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  15,  1907.  A clergyman  and  writer. 

At  first  a Methodist  minister,  he  subsequently  became  a 
Unitarian,  and  was  for  a time  pastor  of  a Unitarian  church 
at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  was  minister  of 
the  South  Place  Religious  Society  in  London  1863-84.  Au- 
thor of  “ The  Rejected  Stone"  (1861),  “ Testimonies  con- 
cerning Slavery"  (1864),  “The  Earthward  Pilgrimage" 
(1870),  “Christianity"  (1876),  “Idols  and  Ideals”  (1877), 
“ Demonology  and  Devil-Lore  ” (1878),  “ Thomas  Carlyle  ” 
(1881),  etc. 

Conway,  Thomas.  Born  in  Ireland,  Feb.  27, 
1733 : died  about  1800.  A general  in  the  Ameri- 
can service  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  in- 
trigued with  members  of  the  board  of  war  and  other  influ- 
ential persons  1777-78  to  have  Washington  superseded  by 
Gates  —the  so-caUed  “ Conway  Cabal.”  He  was  afterward 
made  govemorof  Pondicherry  and  the  French  settlements 
in  Hindustan. 

Conway  Cabal.  See  under  Conway,  Thomas. 
Conybeare  (kun'i-bar),  John.  Born  at  Pinhoe, 
near  Exeter,  England,  Jan.  31,  1692:  died  at 
Bath,  England,  July  31,  1755.  An  English  di- 
vine, bishop  of  Bristol.  He  wrote  a noted  polemical 
work,  “A  Defence  of  Revealed  Religion  ” (1732),  directed 
against  Tindal. 

Conybeare,  John  Josias.  Born  at  London,  June, 
1779 : died  at  Blackheath,  near  London,  June 
10, 1824.  An  English  divine,  scholar,  and  scien- 
tific writer.  He  was  a graduate  of  Oxford,  where  he  be- 
came professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  iu  1807,  and  professor  of 
poetry  in  1812.  He  was  also  vicar  of  Batheaston  in  Somer- 
setshire. His  works  include  papers  on  chemistry  and 
geology,  and  “ Illustrations  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry,”  edited 
after  his  death  by  his  brother  William. 

Conybeare,  William  Daniel.  Born  at  London, 
June  7,  1787:  died  at  Itchenstoke,  near  Ports- 
mouth, Aug.  12,  1857.  An  English  geologist  and 
divine,  younger  brother  of  J.  J.  Conybeare,  ap- 
pointed dean  of  Llandaff  in  1844.  He  published 
notable  papers  on  various  geological  and  pale- 
ontological topics. 

Cony-Catcher  (ko'ni-  or  kun'i-kach'er),  Cuth- 
bert.  The  pseudonym  under  which  was  written, 
in  1592,  “The  Defence  of  Conny-Catching,” 
an  attack  on  Robert  Greene  and  his  several 
books  on  “Conny-catching,”  etc.  It  is  thought 
that  Greene  himself  wrote  it. 

Conyngton  (kon'ing-tdn),  Richard.  Died  1330. 
An  English  schoolman,  a graduate  of  Oxford, 
chosen  in  1310  provincial  of  the  Franciscan 
order  in  England.  His  best-known  work  is  a 
commentary  on  the  “ Sentences”  of  Peter  Lom- 
bard. 

Gooch  Behar.  See  Kuch  Behar. 

Cook  (kuk),  Charles.  Born  at  London,  May 
31,  1787:  died  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Feb. 
21, 1858.  AnEnglishclergyman,oneof  the  foun- 
ders of  Methodism  in  France  and  Switzerland. 
Cook,  Clarence  Chatham.  Born  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  Sept.  8,  1828 : died  at  Fishkill  Landing, 
N.  V.,  June  2,  1900.  An  American  journal- 
ist and  writer  on  art.  He  also  wrote  “ The  Central 
Park  ” (1868),  the  text  of  a heliotype  reproduction  of 
Durer’s  “Life  of  the  Virgin  ” (1874),  “The  House  Beau- 
tiful” (1878),  and  edited)  with  notes,  the  translation  of 
Lubke’s  “History  of  Art,”  7th  German  edition  (1878). 
Cook,  Edward  Dutton.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
30,  1829:  died  there,  Sept.  11,  1883.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  general  writer,  dramatic 
critic  for  the  “Pall  Mall  Gazette”  and  the 
“World,’  and  contributor  to  the  first  two  vol- 


Cook,  Edward  Dutton 


277 


Coote,  Sir  Eyre 


umes  of  the  “Dictionary  of  National  Biogra- 
phy.” He  published  “Paul  Poster’s  Daughter ” (1861), 
‘ The  Trials  of  the  Tredgolds  ” (1864),  and  various  other 
novels  and  works  on  the  stage. 

Cook,  Eliza.  Born  at  London  about  1818 : died 
at  Thornton  Hill,  Wimbledon,  Sept.  23,  1880. 
An  English  poet.  She  wrote  for  various  English 
periodicals,  and  in  1840  published  “Melaia,  and  other 
Poems.”  In  1849  she  began  to  publish  “Eliza  Cook's 
Journal,”  intended  to  advance  mental  culture.  Among 
her  books  are  “Jottings  from  my  Journal"  (1860)  and 
“New  Echoes”  (1864) ; and  among  her  single  poems  are 
“ The  Old  Arm-Chair,”  “ O why  does  the  white  man  follow 
my  path  ? ” “ The  Old  Farm  Gate,  ” “ Old  Songs, “ etc. 
Cook,  James.  Born  at  Marton,  Yorkshire,  Oct. 
27,  1728:  killed  in  Hawaii,  Peb.  14,  1779.  A 
celebrated  English  navigator,  the  son  of  a 
Yorkshire  farm-laborer.  He  entered  the  navy  as 
able  seaman  in  1755 ; was  appointed  master  of  the  Mer- 
cury in  1759,  and  sailed  for  America,  where  he  was  oc- 
cupied in  surveying  the  channel  of  the  St.  Lawrence; 
and  became  marine  surveyor  of  the  coast  of  Newfound- 
land and  Labrador  in  1763.  In  May,  1768,  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  and  placed  in  command  of  the  En- 
deavour which  carried  a party  of  scientists  to  Tahiti  to 
observe  the  transit  of  Venus.  During  this  voyage,  which 
lasted  from  Aug.  25,  1768,  to  June  12,  1771,  New  Zealand 
was  explored,  and  the  east  coast  of  Australia.  Cook  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  commander  Aug.,  1771,  and  on  July 
13,  1772,  started  with  two  ships,  the  Resolution  (which  he 
commanded)  and  the  Adventure,  on  another  voyage  of  ex- 
ploration in  the  Pacific,  which  lasted  (for  the  Resolution) 
until  July  29,  1775,  and  during  which  an  attempt  was 
made  to  discover  the  reported  great  southern  continent, 
and  New  Caledonia  was  discovered.  On  Aug.  9,  1775,  he 
became  captain,  and  on  July  12,  1776,  began  his  last  voy- 
age with  the  Resolution  (which  he  again  commanded), 
and  the  Discovery  under  Captain  Charles  Clerke.  The 
object  of  the  expedition  was  to  discover  a passage  from 
the  Pacific  round  the  north  of  America.  During  his 
northward  voyage  the  Sandwich  Islands  were  rediscovered 
(1778),  and  shortly  after  his  return  to  them  (Jan.,  1779) he 
was  murdered  by  the  natives.  See  The  Century  Atlas, 
Map  3£. 

Cook,  Mount.  The  highest  peak  in  New  Zea- 
land, situated  on  the  western  side  of  South 
Island.  It  was  first  ascended  in  1882.  Height, 
12,300  feet. 

Cooke,  George  Frederick.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, England,  April  17,  1756:  died  at  New 
York,  Sept.  26,  1811.  An  English  actor.  He 
first  appeared  on  the  stage  in  1776  at  Brentford.  His 
principal  parts  were  Richard  III.,  Iago,  and  Shylock,  Sir 
Giles  Overreach,  Sir  Archy  McSarcasm,  and  Sir  Pertinax 
McSycophaut. 

Cooke,  Hesiod.  A nickname  of  Thomas  Cooke. 
Cooke,  Jay.  Bom  at  Sandusky,  Ohio,  Aug. 
10,  1821:  died  at  Ogontz,  Pa., 'Feb.  16,  1905. 
An  American  banker  and  financier.  He  opened 
in  Philadelphia,  Jan.  1,  1861,  the  banking-house  of  Jay 
Cooke  & Company  and  became  the  principal  financial 
agent  of  the  Federal  Government  during  the  Civil  War. 
In  this  capacity  he  negotiated  loans  to  a value  of  about 
$2,000,000,000.  His  house  failed  in  1873  through  the  build- 
ing of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Cooke,  John  Esten.  Born  at  Winchester,  Va., 
Nov.  3, 1830 : died  in  Clarke  County,  Va.,  Sept. 
27,1886.  An  American  novelist.  He  wrote  stories 
of  Virginia  life,  among  which  are  “ Leather  Stocking  and 
Silk”  (1854),  “The  Virginia  Comedians”  (1854),  “Henry 
St.  John,  Gentleman”  (1859),  “Surrey  of  Eagle’s  Nest” 
(1866),  “Fairfax"  (1868),  “Virginia  Bohemians”  (1879), 
“ Virginia : a History  of  the  People  ” (1883).  He  also  wrote 
the  life  of  Stonewall  Jackson  (1863)  and  of  General  R.  E. 
Lee  (1871),  besides  a number  of  stories,  sketches,  and 
verses. 

Cooke,  Josiah  Parsons.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Oct.  12,  1827:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.  3, 
1894.  A distinguished  American  chemist,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  Harvard  from  1850.  He 
published  “ Elements  of  Chemical  Physics  ” (1860),  “ First 
Principles  of  Chemical  Philosophy”  (1868),  “The  New 
Chemistry  ” (1872 : revised  1884),  “Chemical  and  Physical 
Researches  ’’  (1881),  etc. 

Cooke,  Rose  Terry.  Born  at  West  Hartford, 
Feb.  17,  1827:  died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  July 
18,  1892.  An  American  author,  she  married 
Rollin  H.  Cooke  in  1873.  Among  her  works  are  “Poems 
by  Rose  Terry  ’’  (1860),  “ Somebody’s  Neighbors  ” (1881), 
“Steadfast,"  a novel  (1889),  “Poems  by  Rose  TerryCooke, 
complete”  (1888).  Her  most  characteristic  short  stories 
were  those  of  New  England  rural  life. 

Cooke,  Thomas.  Born  at  Braintree,  Essex, 
Dec.  16,  1703:  died  at  Lambeth,  Dec.  20,  1756. 
An  English  writer,  best  known  as  the  author 
of  a translation  of  Hesiod  (from  which  he  ob- 
tained the  nickname  of  “Hesiod  Cooke”).  He 
also  published  translations  of  Terence  and  other  Latin 
and  Greek  authors,  a poem  entitled  “The  Battle  of  the 
Poets”  (which,  with  some  criticisms  of  Pope’s  Greek, 
brought  down  upon  him  the  wrath  of  that  poet,  who  ridi- 
culed him  in  the  “Dunciad”),  and  various  dramatic 
works.  He  succeeded  Amhurst  in  the  editorship  of  “ The 
Craftsman.” 

Cooke,  Thomas  Simpson.  Born  at  Dublin, 
1782 : died  at  London,  Feb.  26,  1848.  A musi- 
cal Composer  and  singer.  He  was  the  principal 
tenor  at  the  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  and  took  entire  charge 
of  the  music  there  in  1821.  Among  the  many  works  he 
composed  or  adapted,  “Love’s  Ritornella,”  a song  from 
“The  Brigand,”  is  his  best-known  composition. 


Cooke,  Sir  William  Fothergill.  Born  at  Eal- 
ing, Middlesex^  1806:  died  June  25,  1879.  An 
English  electrician,  the  associate  of  Wheat- 
stone from  1837  till  1843  in  perfecting  the  elec- 
*trie  telegraph. 

Cook  Islands  (kuk  i'landz),  or  Hervey  Isl- 
ands (her'vi  i'landz).  An  archipelago  in  the 
South  Pacific,  in  lat.  18°-22°  S.,  long.  157°- 
163°  W.  The  group,  consisting  of  6 principal  islands, 
was  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1773,  and  was  annexed 
by  Great  Britain  in  1888.  The  natives  have  been  con- 
verted to  Christianity  since  1823.  The  chief  island  is 
Raratonga,  with  a population  of  about  2,500. 

Cookkoo-oose.  See  Kusan. 

Cook’s  Peak  (kuks  pek).  A prominent  peak, 
8,300  feet  high,  in  Grant  County,  New  Mexico, 
north  of  Deming. 

Cook’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Canter- 
bui’y  Tales.”  It  is  an  unfinished  poem,  and  a spurious 
ending  was  added  to  it  in  the  folio  of  1687.  This  ending 
consisted  of  only  12  lines,  and  was  rejected  by  Urry  or  his 
successors.  He  added,  however,  “ The  Tale  of  Gamelin,” 
which  followed  “The  Cook's  Tale,”  and  has  been  generally 
asserted  to  be  also  told  by  the  cook : this  is  not  now  con- 
sidered to  he  by  Chaucer.  (See  Gamelyn.)  The  cook  was 
Roger  or  Hodge  of  Ware,  who  went  with  the  pilgrims  and 
was  the  only  man  save  the  miller  who  became  drunk  on 
the  way.  The  story  of  “The  Cook’s  Tale  ” is  that  of  Perkin 
Revelour,  an  idle,  riotous  London  prentice. 

Cook  Strait  (kuk  strat).  A sea  passage  sepa- 
rating the  North  Island  from  the  South  Island, 
New  Zealand.  It  was  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook  in  1769.  Greatest  width,  80  miles. 

Cool  as  a Cucumber.  A farce  by  William 
Blanchard  Jerrold,  first  played  in  1851. 

Cooley  (ko'li),  Thomas  McIntyre.  Born  at 
Attica,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  6, 1824:  died  Sept.  12, 1898. 
A noted  jurist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846; 
became  professor  of  law  in  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1859;  was  in  1864  elected  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State  to  fill  a vacancy ; was  chief  justice  1868-69  ; was 
reelected  for  a full  term  of  eight  years  in  1869 ; retired 
from  the  bench  in  1885 ; became  professor  of  constitutional 
and  administrative  law  in  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1881,  and  subsequently  became  professor  of  American  his- 
tory, lectureron  constitutional  law,  and  dean  of  the  School 
of  Political  Science.  He  was  chairman  of  the  United  States 
Commissioners  of  Interstate  Commerce.  His  chief  works 
are  “A  Treatise  on  the  Constitutional  Limitations  which 
rest  upon  the  Legislative  Power  of  the  States  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union  ’’  (1868),  “A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Taxation  ” 
(1876),  “A  Treatise  upon  Wrongs  and  their  Remedies” 
(Vol.  I.,  1878),  and  “The  General  Principles  of  Constitu- 
tional Law  in  the  United  States  ” (1880). 

Cooley,  William  Desborough.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, March  1,  1883.  An  English  geographer, 
author  of  various  works  on  the  history  of  geo- 
graphical discovery,  especially  in  Africa. 
Coolidge  (ko'lij),  Susan.  A pseudonym  of  Sa- 
rah Chauncey  Woolsey. 

Coomassie.  See  Kumassi. 

Cooper  (ko'per  or  kup'er),  Anthony  Ashley. 
Born  at  Wimborne  St.  Giles,  Dorsetshire,  July 
22, 1621:  died  at  Amsterdam,  Jan.  21,  1683.  A 
noted  English  statesman,  son  of  Sir  John  Cooper 
of  Rockborne,  Hampshire,  created  Baron  Ash- 
ley in  1661,  and  first  earl  of  Shaftesbury  and 
Baron  Cooper  of  Pawlet  in  1672.  At  first  he  sup- 
ported the  cause  of  Charles  I.,  but  in  1644  went  over  to 
the  Parliamentary  side,  was  appointed  field-marshal  with 
the  command  of  a brigade  of  horse  and  foot  Aug.  3,  1644, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  struggle,  capturing  Corfe 
Castle  April,  1646.  He  was  an  adherent  of  Cromwell  in 
the  parliaments  of  1653  and  1654,  but  soon  broke  with  him 
and  remained  an  active  supporter  of  the  Parliamentary 
cause,  opposing  Lambert  and  Fleetwood  and  aiding  Monk. 
After  the  Restoration  he  continued  to  take  a prominent 
part  in  political  affairs.  He  was  a member  of  the  “Cabal,” 
and  became  lord  chancellor  Nov.  17,  1672,  but  was  dis- 
missed from  office  Nov.  9,  1673.  From  that  time  he  was 
the  leader  of  the  Parliamentary  opposition  to  the  court 
party,  and  a prominent  supporter  of  the  anti-Catholic 
agitation.  He  was  arrested  on  a charge  of  high  treason, 
and  acquitted.  Later  he  joined  the  Monmouth  conspiracy, 
and  fled  the  country.  He  was  active  in  colonial  affairs, 
and  was  one  of  the  nine  to  whom  Carolina  was  granted, 
March  24,  1663.  It  was  at  his  suggestion  that  Locke 
drew  up  a constitution  for  that  colony  (1669). 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley.  Bom  at  London, 
Feb.  26,  1671:  died  at  Naples,  Feb.  15,  1713. 
An  English  moralist,  third  earl  of  Shaftesbury: 
author  of  “Characteristics  of  Men,  Manners, 
Opinions,  and  Times”  (1711).  rn  this  are  included 
a “Letter  concerning  Enthusiasm,”  “Sensus  Communis  : 
an  Essay  concerning  Wit  and  Humour,  ’’  “An  Enquiry  con- 
cerning Virtue,”  ete. 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley.  Born  at  London, 
April  28,  1801 : died  at  Folkestone,  Kent,  Oct. 
1, 1885.  A noted  English  philanthropist,  seventh 
earl  of  Shaftesbury.  He  entered  Parliament  as  Lord 
Ashley  in  1826,  and  succeeded  to  the  earldom  on  the  death 
of  his  father  in  1861.  He  was  a promoter  of  many  philan- 
thropic projects,  and  was  president  of  (he  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society,  the  Evangelical  Alliance,  etc. 

Cooper,  Charles  Henry.  Bora  at  Great  Mar- 
low, Bucks,  England,  March  20,  1808:  died 
March  21,  1866.  An  English  biographer  and 
antiquary,  a lawyer  by  profession,  resident  in 
Cambridge.  His  chief  work  is  “ Athenae  Cantabrigi- 


enses  " (1858-61),  consisting  of  biographies  of  noted  per- 
sons who  were  educated  or  incorporated  at  Cambridge 
University. 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore.  Born  at  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1789:  died  at  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  14,  1851.  An  American  novelist. 
He  was  the  son  of  William  Cooper,  who  in  1788  founded 
the  settlement  of  Cooperstown  on  Otsego  Lake,  removing 
thither  with  his  family  in  1790.  In  1803  he  entered  Yale 
College,  where  he  remained  three  years.  He  became  a 
midshipman  in  the  navy  in  1808,  married  Susan  De  Lancey 
in  1811,  and  in  the  same  year  resigned  his  commission  in 
the  navy.  In  1820  he  published  anonymously  a novel,  en- 
titled “Precaution,"  which  attracted  some  attention.  In 
1821  he  published  “The  Spy,”  which  met  with  a success 
unprecedented  in  American  literature.  His  chief  novels 
are “ The  Spy  ” (1821),  “ The  Pioneers ” (1823),  “ The  Pilot" 
(1824),  “ The  Last  of  the  Mohicans  ” (1826),  “The  Prairie  " 
(1827),  “The  Pathfinder”  (1840),  and  “The  Deerslayer” 
(1841). 

Cooper,  John.  Born  at  Bath  before  1810:  died 
at  Tunbridge  Wells,  July  13, 1870.  An  English 
actor. 

Cooper,  Peter.  Born  at  New  York,  Feb.  12, 1791: 
died  at  New  York,  April  4, 1883.  An  American 
inventor,  manufacturer,  and  philanthropist. 
He  was  the  son  of  a hatter,  obtained  a meager  education, 
and  learned  the  trade  of  a carriage-maker.  He  conducted 
witli  success  various  commercial  and  industrial  enter- 
prises, including  the  establishment  of  the  Canton  Iron 
Works  at  Canton,  Maryland,  in  1830,  whicli  resulted  in 
the  accumulation  of  a fortune.  In  1876  he  was  Greenback 
candidate  for  President.  He  is,  however,  chiefly  known 
as  the  founderof  the  Cooper  Union  (which  see),  the  corner- 
stone of  which  was  laid  in  1854,  and  which  was  completed 
five  years  later. 

Cooper,  Samuel.  Born  at  London,  1609:  died 
there,  May  5,  1672.  A noted  English  miniatu- 
rist, called  by  Walpole  “ Yandyck  in  little.” 
He  was  a pupil  of  his  uncle  John  Hoskins. 
Cooper,  Susan  Fenimore.  Born  1813:  died 
Dec.  31,  1894.  An  American  writer,  daughter 
of  J.  F.  Cooper. 

Cooper,  Thomas.  Born  at  Leicester,  England, 
March  20, 1805 : died  at  Lincoln,  July  15, 1892. 
An  English  chartist,  skeptic,  poet,  and  author. 
He  lectured  on  political  and  historical  subjects,  and  in 
1859  he  became  a Baptist  preacher.  He  wrote  “ The  Pur- 
gatory of  Suicides”  (1845),  his  autobiography  in  1882,  etc. 

Cooper,  Thomas  Sidney.  Born  at  Canterbury, 
England,  Sept.  26, 1803:  died  there,  Feb.  7, 1902. 
An  English  painter  of  animals  and  landscapes. 
Cooper,  Thomas  Thorn ville.  Born  at  Bish- 
opwearmouth,  England,  Sept.  13,  1839:  died 
at  Bamo,  Burma,  April  24,  1878.  An  English 
traveler  in  Australia,  India,  China,  and  Tibet. 
He  was  murdered  by  a Sepoy  of  his  guard. 
Cooper.  A river  in  South  Carolina,  uniting 
with  the  Ashley  at  Charleston  to  form  Charles- 
ton harbor.  Length,  about  40  miles. 

Cooper’s  Hill.  A poem  by  Sir  John  Denham, 
first  published  in  1642,  and  published  in  its 
final  form  in  1665.  Pope,  who  imitated  Denham, 
also  wto to  in  praise  of  “ Cooper’s  Hill  ” in  his  poem 
“ Windsor  Forest. 

Cooperstown  (ko'perz-toun  or  kiip'erz-toun). 
A village  and  summer  resort  in  Otsego  County, 
central  New  York,  situated  on  Otsego  Lake  62 
miles  west  of  Albany.  It  was  founded  by  the 
father  of  J.  F.  Cooper.  Population,  2,484,  (1910). 
Cooper  Union.  An  institution  in  New  York 
city,  founded  by  Peter  Cooper  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  working-classes  of  New  York, 
opened  in  1859.  The  plan  of  education  provides  for 
free  schools,  reading-rooms,  lecture-courses,  art  galleries 
and  collections.  Also  called  Cooper  Institute. 

Coorg.  See  Eurg. 

Coornhert  (kdrn'hert),  Dirk  Volkerszoon. 

Born  at  Amsterdam,  1522:  died  at  Gouda,  1590. 
A Dutch  author  and  poet.  After  1540  he  lived  in 
Haarlem  as  an  engraver  and  etcher,  and  became  (1561) 
there  notary  and  (1562)  secretary  to  the  city.  Against 
religious  freedom,  the  great  question  of  the  day,  he  wrote  a 
vast  number  of  tracts  and  pamphlets,  many  of  which  have, 
besides,  a political  character.  In  this  connection  he  was 
in  1567  imprisoned  and  then  banished:  several  times 
afterward  he  was  forced  to  flee.  He  finally  settled  in 
Gouda.  His  principal  prose  work,  “Zedekunst,  dat  is  Wel- 
levens  Kunst  ” (“  Ethics,  that  is  the  Art  ol  W ell  Living  ”), 
appeared  in  1586.  Among  his  poetical  works  are  “Abra- 
hams Uytgang  ” (“  The  Death  of  Abraham  ”),  “ Comedie 
van  de  Bfinde  van  Jericho ’’(“Comedy  of  the  Blind  Man 
of  Jericho  ”).  In  his  prose  writings,  particularly,  he  may 
be  said  to  have  established,  with  Marnix  de  St.  Aldegonde, 
the  literary  language  of  Holland. 

COOS.  See  Kusan. 

Coosa.  See  Creelc. 

Coosa  (ko'sa).  A river  in  Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama, formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Ooste- 
naula  and  Etowah  at  Rome,  Georgia,  it  unites 
with  the  Tallapoosa  to  form  the  Alabama  8 miieB  north 
of  Montgomery.  Length,  about  350  miles. 

Coosadi.  See  Koasati. 

Coosliatties.  See  Koasati. 

Cootanie.  See  Kitunahan. 

Coote  (kot),  Sir  Eyre.  Bom  at  Ash  Hill,  County 
Limerick,  Ireland,  1726:  died  at  Madras,  April 


Coote,  Sir  Eyre 


278 


26,  1783.  A British  general,  distinguished  for  Copenhagen,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  near 
his  services  in  India.  He  went  to  India  in  1754 ; Copenhagen  by  the  British  fleet  under  Nelson 
was  present  at  the  capture  of  Calcutta  in  1756,  and  (as  a over  the  Danish  fleet,  April  2,  1801. 

Copernicus  (ko-per'ni-kus).  [A  Latinized  form 
ot  Koppernigk,  Kopernik .]  Born  at  Thom,  Prus- 


tenant-colonel  in  Jan.,  1759.  In  this  year  hetook  command 
of  the  troops  in  the  Madras  Presidency,  defeated  the 
French  under  Lally  at  Wandewash  Jan.  22,  1760,  and  cap- 
tured Pondicherry  Jan.,  1761,  putting  an  end  to  the  French 
power  in  India.  From  1762  till  1769  he  resided  in  Eng- 
land, returning  to  India  in  the  latter  year  as  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Madras  Presidency,  an  office  which  he  re- 
signed in  1770,  again  returning  to  England.  He  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  India  in  April,  and  pro- 
moted lieutenant-general  in  Aug.,  1777.  In  March,  1779, 
he  assumed  command  in  Calcutta,  and  on  July  1,  1781, 
at  Porto  Novo,  with  a force  consisting  of  2,000  Europeans 
and  6,000  Sepoys,  defeated  Hyder  Ali  with  an  army  of 
40,000  men. 

Coote,  Sir  Eyre.  Born  1762 : died  about  1824. 

A British  soldier,  nephew  of  Sir  Eyre  Coote 
the  noted  general  in  India.  He  served  as  ensign  Cophetua  (ko-fet'u-a) 
in  the  battle  of  Brooklyn  and  in  other  campaigns  of  the  1 1 ‘ ' ’’  ’’ 

Revolutionary  War  until  the  surrender  of  Yorktown  ; be- 
came major-general  and  commander  of  Dover  in  1798 ; 
led  an  expedition  to  cut  the  sluices  at  Ostend,  and  was 
captured  by  the  French,  in  1798 ; served  in  the  battle  of 
Bergen  in  1799,  and  in  the  Egyptian  campaign  in  1800 ; and 


sia,  Feb.  19,  1473:  died  at  Frauenburg,  Prus 
sia,  May  24,  1543.  The  founder  of  modern 
astronomy.  He  was  probably  of  German  descent.  He 
entered  the  University  of  Cracow  in  1491,  studied  law 
at  Bologna  1495-1500,  was  appointed  canon  of  the  chap- 
ter of  Frauenburg  in  1497,  lectured  on  astronomy  at 
Rome  in  1500,  studied  medicine  at  Padua  about  1501, 
and  became  doctor  decretorum  at  Ferrara  in  1503.  The 
rest  of  his  life  was  spent  chiefly  at  Frauenburg  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  duties  as  canon  and  in  the  practice  of 
medicine.  He  published  in  1543  an  exposition  of  his 
system  of  astronomy,  which  has  since  received  the  name 
of  the  Copernican,  in  a treatise  entitled  “ De  orbium  coe- 
lestium  revolutionibus." 

In  ballad  poetry,  a 
legendary  African  king  who  wooed  and  mar- 
ried Penelophon,  a beggar  maid.  The  ballad  is 
preserved  in  Percy's  “Reliques.”  It  has  various  titles. 
Cophetua  is  alluded  to  by  Shakspere  (who  calls  the  girl 
Zenelophon)  and  Ben  Jonson.  Tennyson  has  also  writ- 


was~appointed lieutenant-general  and  lieutenant-governor  _ten  .a  short  poem  on  the  subject, 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  island  of  Jamaica  in  1805.  vOpiapO  (ko-pe-a-po  ).  the  capital  of  the 
He  was  dismissed  from  the  army  on  a charge  of  indecent  province  of  Atacama,  Chile,  in  lat.  27°  22'  S., 
conduct.  long.  70°  22'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  a mining 

Coote,  Richard.  Born  1636:  died  at  New  York,  regi0n.  Population  10  287 
March  5, 1701.  An  English  official,  created  first  Copleston  (kop'lz-ton),’  Edward.  Born  at 
earl  of  Bellamont,  m the  peerage  of  Ireland,  oflwell,  Devonshire','  England,  Feb.  2,  1776: 
Nov.  2,  1689.  He  was  appointed  colonial  governor  of  died  near  Chepstow,  England,  Oct.  14,  1849. 

*•  prelate  «„d  antho,  appointed  pro- 

fessor  or  poetry  at  Oxtord  m 1802,  and  bishop 


piracy.  He,  with  others,  fitted  out  the  Adventure  for  Cap- 
tain Kidd,  who  was  given  special  powers  to  arrest  pirates. 
Kidd's  own  piratical  acts  led  Bellamont  to  arrest  him  at 
Boston,  where  he  had  come  under  a promise  of  safety,  and 
send  him  to  England  for  trial.  See  Kidd. 

Copacabana  (kd-pa-ka-Ba'na).  A peninsula 
in  the  southern  part  of  Lake  Titicaca,  crossed 
by  the  boundary  line  between  Peru  and  Bolivia. 


of  Llandaff  and  dean  of  St.  Paul’s  in  1828.  He 
wrote  “ Praalectiones”  (1813),  “ Enquiry  into 
the  Doctrines  of  Necessity  and  Predestina- 
tion ” (1821),  etc. 

Copley  (kop'li),  Sir  Godfrey.  Died  at  London 
If  is  trapezoidal  in  form,  high  and  rocky,  and  j.n  ^aronet,  donator  of  a 

joined  to  the  mainland  by  a very  narrow  isth-  f,“Td  ot/ld0  .ln  tru?t  for  he  ?°yal  Society 
mils  Tfs  area  mav  qo  „ ot  London  for  improving  natural  knowledge.” 

‘s-  »e  f)b  square  miles.  Copaca-  The  flrst  award  was  mad(J  in  1731  the  second  in  173i6  In 

m f thfe  1 T’  and.contaln8  J.ulnB  1736  the  bequest  was  converted  into  a gold  medal  to  be 
mostly  obliterated  on  the  surface.  Known  m modern  times  awarded  annually 
for  its  chapel  with  a supposed  miraculous  painting  of  the 

Vii gin,  visited  yearly  by  thousands  of  pilgrims.  OoplGy,  JOllIl  oingiGtOIl.  Horn  at  Boston, 

Copdn  (ko-pan').  An  ancient  ruin  of  ^ss.,  July  3 1737 : died  at  London,  Sept.  9 
northwestern  Honduras,  on  the  Copdn  River  181f‘  A noted  Anglo-American  painter  ot 

The  remains  are  of  unknown  antiquity  and  very  extern  Plaits  and  historical  pieces.  His  parents  (Rich 


antiquity  and  very  exten- 
sive,  stretching  for  about  two  miles  along  the  river.  The 
buildings  are  of  stone,  embracing  a temple  over  600  feet 
long,  with  many  sculptured  figures.  The  Copiln  ruins 
take  their  name  from  a modern  town  to  the  east  of  them. 
This  was  an  Indian  stronghold,  and  was  taken  after  a fierce 
struggle  by  the  Spaniards  under  Hernando  de  Chaves  in 
1530. 


ard  Copley  and  Mary  Singleton)  were  natives  of  Ireland 
of  English  origin.  His  birth  took  place  immediately 
after  the  arrival  of  his  parents  in  America.  He  began, 
with  very  little  instruction,  to  paint  portraits.  While 
still  in  Boston  he  sent  works  (among  them  the  “Boy 
with  Squirrel ")  to  the  exhibition  of  the  Society  of  Arts 
in  London,  and  in  1767  was  made  a member  of  that 


Cope.  Edward  Drinkpr  Born  at  PVn’WlolrA,;.-,  society  at  the  suggestion  of  Benjamin  West.  In  1774 
Jul  V -s  i 84(1-  i L , he  went  to  Eur°Pe-  passing  through  London  to  Rome, 

lSQV  a’  . Philadelphia,  April  12,  and  visited  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  and  Paris,  return- 

1897.  A noted  American  biologist  and  paleon-  ins  t0  London  at  the  end  of  the  year  1775,  where  he  estab- 
tologist,  professor  of  eeolos’V  in  the  TTn-iwv^+v  fished  himself.  In  1776  he  exhibited  a conversation  or  por- 
of  Pennsylvania  , bJ . , e miy  trait  group.  In  1777  he  was  made  associate  of  the  Royal 

ences  in  Haverfnrd*  rwuJT*! o^°^SSOr  ,of  natural  sci-  Academy,  and  in  1779  a full  member.  One  of  his  most 
became  rnlenntnWiot^i6'??  1 8(4-67,  and  subsequently  important  works  is  the  “Death  of  Lord  Chatham,”  for 
legist  to  the  Dinted  States  Geological  which  he  refused  1,500  guineas,  and  exhibited  it  privately. 

Born  at  Boston, 
in  England,  Oct. 
English  jurist  and 
statesman,  son  of  J.  S.  Copley  (1737-1815), 
created  Baron  Lyndhurst  in  1827.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Cambridge  University  (Trinity  College),  became 
a “ traveling  fellow  ” of  the  university,  and  visited  the 
United  States  in  1795-96.  He  rose  rapidly  at  the  bar,  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1818,  became  solicitor-general  June, 
1819,  was  attorney-general  1824-26,  and  was  lord  chan- 
cellor 1827-30,  1834,  and  1841-15. 


i,  , „ , , 1 America  " (1869-70),  “ Relation 

of  Man  to  Tertiary  Mammalia”  (1876),  “Origin  of  the  Fit- 
test, etc.  besides  numerous  elaborate  memoirs  on  the 
extinct  vertebrates  of  North  America,  principally  of  the 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  deposits. 

Copehan  (ko-pa/han).  [From  kapeti,  stream  or 
river.]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  American 

Indians,  embracingthe  Patwin  and  Wintu  tribes  , 

(which  see),  with  their  numerous  branches,  in  Copmanhursfc,  The  Clerk  of.  Friar  Tuck,  in 
California.  Its  habitat  extended  from  Mount  Shasta-*- the  Robin  Hood  stories. 

to  Suisun  and  San  Pablo  bays,  being  bounded  on  the  east  Connpp  (ko-na'l  Franonis  F.dmiard  Tnaphim 

by  the  Sacramento  and  lower  Pitt  river-vallevs.  and  on  A i r ° •’  f 1gnV01S  JbClOUarCl  doacnim 

(called  FranQOis).  Born  at  Pans,  Jan.  12, 1842 : 
died  there,  May  23,  1908.  A French  writer. 
He  made  his  reputation  first  as  a poet.  He  was  made  in 
1878  archiviste  of  the  Comedie  Francaise,  and  was  elected 
to  the  Academy  in  1884.  He  was  made  officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  in  1888.  He  published  a number  of  volumes  of 
poems,  prose  sketches,  and  romances.  Among  his  plays 
are“Le  passant”  (1869),  “Faisce  que  dois " (1871),  “ Le 
luthier  de  Cremone  ” (1877),  “ La  guerre  de  cent  ans  ' (with 
M.  d’Artois,  1878),  “ Madame  de  Maintenon  ’’  (1881),  “ Lea 
Jacobites " (1885),  “Pour  la  couronne”  (1895).  His  col- 
lected  plays  were  published  1873-86. 


,,  . . . , — valleys,  and  on 

the  west  by  an  irregular  line  extending  from  San  Pablo 
Bay  to  Clear  Creek,  John’s  Peak,  the  coast-range,  and  the 
head  waters  of  the  Trinity  and  Klamath  rivers. 

Copeland  (kop'land),  Ralph.  Born  Sept.  3, 
1837 : died  Oct.  27,  1905.  A British  astronomer, 
professor  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  and 
astronomer  royal  to  Scotland. 

Copenhagen  (ko-pen-ha'gen).  [Dan.  Ejoben- 
havn,  G.  Kopenhagen,  F.  Copenhague:  ‘cheap- 
haven,’  L_e.  ‘ trade-harbor.’  Sir  George  Stephens 


uses  the  Eng.  form  Cheapinghayen.’]  The  capital  Coppee,  Henry.  Born  Oct.,  1821 : died  March 
ot  Denmark,  situated  on  the  island  of  Zealand  22,  1895.  An  educator  and  author.  He  was 
and  the  adjoining  island  of  Amager,  on  the  strait  assistant  professor  of  geography,  history,  and  ethics  at 
ot  the  Sound  and  the  Kn  Ivebodstrand,  in  la  t.  55°  West  Point  1850-55 ; professor  of  English  literature  in  the 
41'  N.,  long.  12°  35'  E.:  the  Roman  Hafllia  University  of  Pennsylvania  1855-66;  president  of  Lehigh 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  Denmark  It  has  a lame  University  1866-76,  when  he  exchanged  this  position  for 
trade  in  grain,  wool,  butter,  leather,  etc.,  and  some  manu-  He  was  made  a regent  of  the  Smith- 

factures  of  machinery,  porcelain,  etc.  It  contains  the  |om.ar>  InsbtnHon  in  1874,  and  published  Elements  of 
Royal  Picture-gallery,  Christianborg  Palace  (Royal  Libra-  Ulenients  of  Rhetoric  (1859)  “ Lectures 

ry),  the  National  Theater,  the  Thorwaldsen  Museum  the  ?n  ' Literature  , l187?).  He  also  published  a “ His- 
Prinsens  Palais  (with  the  Museum  of  Northern  A dinub  the  Pon<lues‘  of  U>am>.v  the  Arab-Moors"  11881), 

ties,  Ethnographical  Museum,  etc.),  the  Vor  Fruekirke  _be8ldea  various  works  on  military  drill,  etc. 
and  the  University.  The  city  was  founded  in  the  12tli  Copper  Captain,  The.  See  Perez,  Michael. 


with  Frederiksberg,  514,134. 


British 

America  which  flows  into  an  inlet  of  the  Arctic 


Coquimbo 

Ocean  in  lat.  67°  40'  N.,  long.  115°  30'  W. 
Length,  about  400  miles. 

Copper  River  (Alaska).  See  Atna  River. 
Coppet  (ko-pa').  A village  in  the  canton  of 
Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  on  Lake  Geneva 
9 miles  north  of  Geneva.  It  was  the  residence 
of  Neeker  and  of  Madame  de  Stael. 

Coptic  (kop'tik).  [NL.  Copticus,  ML.  Cophti, 
Copts.]  The  language  of  the  Copts,  descended 
from  the  ancient  Egyptian  (of  the  Hamitic 
family  of  languages),  and  used  in  Egypt  till 
within  the  last  two  centuries,  but  now  super- 
seded as  a living  language  by  Arabic.  The  two 
chief  dialects  are  the  Memphitic  and  Thebaic.  It  is  still 
the  liturgical  language  of  the  Coptic  (Egyptian  Monophy- 
site)  Church,  but  the  lections  are  read  in  Arabic  as  well  as 
Coptic. 

The  ancient  Egyptian  language  was  nothing  but  Coptic 
written  in  hieroglyphs,  or  rather  Coptic  was  but  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Pharaohs  transcribed  in  Greek  characters. 

Marietta,  Outlines,  p.  167. 

CoptOS  (kop'tos).  [Gr.  Kottt6c  or  Ko7tt<j.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  of  Egypt,  situated  on 
the  Nile  in  lat.  26°  N. : the  modern  Kobt  or 
Keft. 

Copts  (kopts).  [Also  written  Copht  (ML.  Cophti, 
pi.);  vernacular  Kubt,  Ktibti,  Ar.  Qobt,  Kibti. 
Origin  uncertain:  variously  referred  to  Gr. 
AiyvTTToc,  Egypt ; or  to  Gr.  Ko-rbf,  Korrrcj,  mod. 
Kobt  or  Keft,  an  ancient  town  of  Egypt,  near 
Thebes;  or  to  Gr.  TaKo/?m/f,  Jacobite.]  The 
native  Egyptians ; the  Egyptian  Christians,  es- 
pecially those  of  the  sect  of  Monophysites.  The 
Copts  are  descendants  of  the  ancient  Egyptians,  and  for- 
merly spoke  the  Coptic  language.  After  the  Council  of 
Chalcedon  (A,  D.  451)  the  majority  of  Egyptian  Christians 
separated  from  the  orthodox  church,  and  have  ever  since 
had  their  own  succession  of  patriarchs.  Their  number  is 
now  very  small.  The  Abyssinian  or  Ethiopia  Church  is  a 
part  of  the  Coptic  communion,  and  its  abuna  or  metran  is 
always  chosen  and  consecrated  by  the  Coptic  patriarch. 

Coquelin  (kok-lan'),  Benoit  Constant.  Born 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Jan.  23,  1841:  died  at 
Pont  aux  Dames,  Seine-et-Marne,  Jan.  27, 1909. 
A noted  French  actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
at  the  Theatre  Framjais  in  1860,  and  became  societaire 
in  1864.  His  greatest  success  was  in  French  classic  com- 
edy. He  was  also  celebrated  as  a reciter  of  poetry.  He 
published  various  works  in  relation  to  poetry  and  the 
dramatic  art : “ L’Art  et  le  comedien  ” (1880),  “ Moliere  et 
le  misanthrope  ” (1881),  “ Les  comediens  par  un  comedien  ” 
(1882),  “Tartufe"  (1884),  “L’Art  de  dire  le  monologue" 
(1884  : with  his  brother),  etc. 

Coquelin,  Ernest  Alexandre  Honore.  Born 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  May  16,  1848 : died  at 
Suresnes,  Feb.  8,  1909.  A French  actor, 
brother  of  Benoit  Constant  Coquelin.  He  made 
his  debut  at  the  Od6on,  but  in  1868  joined  his  brother 
at  the  Framjais,  and  was  made  societaire  in  1879.  He 
played  nearly  all  the  comic  parts  in  the  older  plays,  and 
in  modern  comedy  such  parts  as  Frederic  in  “L’Ami 
Fritz,”  and  Ulrich  in  “Le  sphinx.”  He  wrote,  under  the 
name  of  Pirouette  as  well  as  his  own,  various  monologues 
or  books  on  the  subject  of  monologues,  as  “ Le  monologue 
moderne ” (l881),  “La  vie  humoristique " (1883),  “Pirou- 
ette ” (1888),  etc. 

Coquelin,  Jean.  Born  Dec.  1, 1865.  A French 

actor,  son  of  Bonoit  Constant  Coquelin. 
Coquerel  (kok-rel'),  Athanase  Josud.  Born 
at  Amsterdam,  June  16,  1820:  died  at  Fismes, 
Marne,  France,  July  24, 1875.  A French  Prot- 
estant clergyman,  and  theological  and  histori- 
cal writer,  son  of  A.  L.  C.  Coquerel.  He  wrote 
“Jean  Calas  et  sa  famille”  (1858),  “Libres 
etudes”  (1867),  etc. 

Coquerel,  Athanase  Laurent  Charles.  Born 

at  Paris,  Aug.  25,  1795  : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1868.  A French  Protestant  clergyman  (in  Jer- 
sey, Amsterdam,  Leyden,  Utrecht,  and  Paris) 
and  theological  writer.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Constituent  and  Legislative  assemblies  (1848-49).  He 
wrote  “ Biographie  sacr6e,”  etc.  (1825-26),  “ Orthodoxie 
moderne  ” (1842),  “ Christologie  ” (1858),  etc. 

Coquerel,  Charles  Augustin.  Born  at  Paris, 
April  17,  1797 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  1,  1851.  A 
French  theological  writer,  brother  of  A.  L.  C. 
Coquerel.  He  wrote  “L’Histoire  des  bglises 
du  desert,  etc.”  (1841),  etc. 

Coques,  or  Cocx  (kok),  Gonzales.  Born  at 
Antwerp,  1614 : died  at  Antwerp,  April  18, 1684. 
A Flemish  portrait-painter,  noted  for  his  family 
groups. 

Coquillart  (ko-ke-yar'),  Guillaume.  Born  in 

Champagne,  France:  died  about  1490.  AFrench 
poet,  author  of  ‘ ‘ Les  droits  nouveaux,”  in  octo- 
syllabic verse,  and  other  poems.  Complete 
works  published  1847. 

Coquimbo  (ko-kem'bo).  1.  A province  of 
northern  Chile,  lying  between  Atacama  on  the 
north,  Argentine  Confederation  on  the  east, 
Aconcagua  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  west.  Its  chief  product  is  copper. 
Area,  13,457  square  miles.  Population, 


• Coquimbo 

175,021. — 2.  The  seaport  of  La  Serena  (capital 
of  the  province  of  Coquimbo),  in  lat.  29°  54'  S., 
long.  71°  15'  W.  Population,  15,996. 

Cor  Caroli  (kor  kar'o-li).  [NL.,  ‘the  heart 
of  Charles/]  A yellowish  star  of  the  third  mag- 
nitude, below  and  behind  the  tail  of  the  Great 
Bear,  designated  by  Flamsteed  as  12  Canum 
Venaticorum,  but  treated  as  a constellation  on 
the  globe  of  Senex  (London,  1740),  and  by  some 
other  English  astronomers. 

Cor  Hydrse  (kor  M'dre).  [L.,‘tke  heart  of 
Hydra.’]  A star  of  the  second  magnitude,  in 
the  southern  constellation  Hydra. 

Cor  Leonis  (kor  le-6'nis).  [L.,  ‘ the  heart  of  the 
lion.’]  Another  name  for  Regulus,  a star  of 
the  first  magnitude  iu  the  constellation  Leo. 
Cor  Scorpionis  (kor  skor-pi-6'nis).  [L.,  ‘the 
heart  of  the  scorpion.’]  Another  name  for  An- 
tares,  a star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  zodi- 
acal constellation  Scorpio. 

Cora  (ko'ra).  In  Sheridan’s  “Pizarro,”  the  wife 
of  Alonzo,’  the  commander  of  Ataliba’s  troops. 
Cora.  See  Cori. 

Cora  (ko'ra).  [PL,  also  Coras.]  A division 
of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
embracing  the  Cora  proper  and  a number  of 
lesser  tribes.  They  inhabit  the  territory  contiguous  to 
the  Rio  de  San  Pedro,  extending  from  the  Rio  Grande  de 
Santiago  to  lat.  23°,  and  long.  104°  to  100°  \V.  (except  a 
small  area  occupied  by  the  Huichola),  in  the  Sierra  de 
Nayarit,  Jalisco,  Mexico.  Although  hostile,  they  are  agri- 
culturists. See  Piman. 

Coral  Sea  (kor'al  se).  That  part  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  extending  from  Australia  to  the  New 
Hebrides. 

Coram  (ko'ram),  Thomas.  Born  at  Lyme 
Regis,  England,  about  1668 : died  at  London, 
March  29,  1751.  An  English  philanthropist. 
He  established  the  hospital  for  foundlings  in 
London  in  1740. 

Corambis  (ko-ram'bis).  The  name  of  Polonius 
in  the  first  quarto  Hamlet  (1603).  in  the  German 
play  (“  Fratricide  Punished  ”)  supposed  to  be  the  ground- 
work of  the  1603  quarto,  it  is  spelled  Corambus. 

Coranine.  See  Coree. 

Coray  (ko-ra'),  Adamantios.  Born  at  Smyrna, 
April  7,  1748 : died  at  Paris,  April  6,  1833.  A 
noted  Greek  scholar.  He  endeavored  to  bring  about 
the  political  regeneration  of  Greece  by  means  of  educa- 
tion ; and  with  this  object  in  view  published  excellent 
editions  of  the  Greek  authors,  which  have  been  collected 
in  the  “BibliothCque  helRnique,”  1805-26. 
Coraz6n(ko-ra-thon').  [Sp., ‘heart.’]  Amoun- 
taiu  in  the  Andes  of  Ecuador,  15,871  feet  high 
(Whymper). 

The  mountain  Corazon  has  received  its  name  from  a re- 
semblance it  is  supposed  to  have  to  a heart.  It  is  a prom- 
inent object  from  Machachi,  placed  almost  exactly  mid- 
way between  Atacazo  and  illiniza. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 

[Equator,  p.  108. 

Corbeil  (kor-bay').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Essonne  and  Seine  17  miles  south 
of  Paris.  It  has  a large  trade.  Population, 
commune,  9,902. 

Corbenic.  In  the  “ Romance  of  the  Graal,”  the 
castle  built  as  a shrine  for  the  Holy  Graal  by 
the  leper  king  Galafres  after  he  has  been  con- 
verted and  christened  Alphasan. 

Corbet  (kor'bet),  Richard.  Bom  at  Elwell, 
Surrey,  1582:  died  at  Norwich,  England,  July 
28,  1635.  An  English  prelate  and  poet,  elected 
bishop  of  Oxford  in  1624,  and  translated  to  the 
see  of  Norwich  in  1632.  He  was  an  intimate  friend 
of  Ben  Jonson,  and  was  noted  for  his  convivial  habits.  The 
first  collected  edition  of  His  poems  was  published  in  1647 ; 
some  of  them  were  published  separately  in  1648,  under 
the  title  “Poetica  Stromata.” 

Corbett  (kor'bet),  Boston.  Born  at  London, 
1832.  The  slayer 'of  the  assassin  of  Abraham 
Lincoln.  He  came  to  the  United  States,  and  took  the 
name  of  “ Boston"  from  the  city  in  which  he  was  baptized. 
He  enlisted  in  the  12th  regiment  of  New  York  State  militia, 
and  later  was  a sergeant  in  the  16th  New  York  cavalry. 
He  fired  upon  John  Wilkes  Booth  at  the  time  of  his  cap- 
ture (April  26,  1865),  and  killed  him.  He  afterward  be- 
came insane,  and  was  confined  in  an  asylum  in  Kansas. 
He  escaped  from  the  asylum,  May  26,  1888,  and  has  not 
been  heard  from  since  that  month. 

Corbie  (kor-be').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the  Somme  10 
miles  east  of  Amiens.  Population,  commune, 
4,424. 

Corbould  (kor'bold),  Henry.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  11,  1787:  died  at  Robertsbridge,  Sussex, 
Dec.  9,  1844.  An  English  landscape-  and  min- 
iature-painter and  book-illustrator,  son  of  Rich- 
ard Corbould. 

Corbould,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  April 
18,  1757 : died  at  London,  July  26,  1831.  An 
English  painter  and  book-illustrator. 


279 

Corcoran  Art  Gallery.  An  art  gallery  at 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  established 
and  endowed  by  William  Wilson  Corcoran,  it 
was  conveyed  to  a board  of  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public  in  1869,  and  contains  a collection  of  bronzes,  casts, 
and  statues,  and  a gallery  of  paintings. 

Corcyra  (kor-si'ra).  [Gr.  Kepuvpa  (Herod. 
Thuc.),  or  lidpKvpa  (Strabo).]  The  ancient 
name  for  Corfu. 

Cordara  (kor-da'ra),  Giulio  Cesare.  Born  at 
Alessandria,  Italy,  Dec.  17,  1704:  died  at  Ales- 
sandria, May  6,  1785.  An  Italian  poet,  and 
historiographer  of  the  Jesuits. 

Cordatus  (kor-da'tus).  A character  in  Jon- 
son’s  comedy  “Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour” 
who  with  Mitis  performs  the  part  of  a critic  with 
explanation  and  comment,  always  present  on 
the  scene,  but  standing  aside. 

Corday  d’Armont  (ct  Armans)  (kor-da/  dar- 
mon'),  Marie  Anne  Charlotte  (Charlotte 
Corday).  Born  at  St.  Saturnin,  Orne,  France, 
July  27,  1768:  died  at  Paris,  July  17,  1793.  A 
French  heroine.  She  was  of  noble  birth ; was  edu- 
cated iu  a convent  at  Caen ; and,  influenced  by  the  writ- 
ings of  th e philosophes,  especially  Voltaire  and  the  Abbd 
Raynai,  embraced  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. Filled  with  horror  at  the  excesses  of  the  Reign  of 
Terror,  she  repaired  to  Paris  July  1,  1793;  and  July  13, 
1793,  having  gained  admission  to  the  chamber  of  Marat, 
the  most  bloodthirsty  of  the  Terrorists,  stabbed  him  to 
death  while  in  his  bath.  She  was  tried  by  the  Revolu- 
tionary tribunal,  and  was  sent  to  the  guillotine. 
Cordelia  (kor-de'lia).  [F.  CordeUe .]  The 

youngest  daughter  of  King  Lear  in  Shakspere’s 
tragedy  of  that  name.  She  offends  him  by  the  lack 
of  violence  in  her  protestations  of  love  for  him,  and  he 
disinherits  her.  When,  however,  he  is  ill-treated,  mad- 
dened, and  turned  out  by  his  elder  daughters,  to  whom 
he  had  given  everything,  she  comes  with  an  army  to 
dethrone  them,  but  is  taken  captive,  and  is  killed  in 
prison.  Lear  in  a last  outburst  kills  the  slave  who  hung 
her,  and  dies  upon  her  body. 

Cordes  (kord).  A small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  France,  15  miles  northwest  of 
Albi.  It  has  interesting  medieval  ramparts 
and  buildings. 

Cordi&re  (kor-dyar'),  La  Belle.  [F.,  ‘ The  Beau- 
tiful Rope-maker.’]  A surname  of  Louise  Labe 
(see  Labe),  wife  of  one  Perrin,  a rope-maker. 
Cordilleras  (kor-dil-ya'riiz).  [Sp.  Cordillera, 
a chain  or  ridge  of  mountains,  formerly  also  a 
long,  straight,  elevated  tract  of  land.]  A name 
applied  to  various  portions  of  the  central 
mountain  systems  of  America,  as  the  Cordil- 
leras of  Mexico,  of  Central  America,  of  the 
United  States  (Rocky  Mountains),  and  of  South 
America  (Andes).  It  was  first  given  to  the  ranges  of 
the  Andes  (“las  Cordilleras  de  los  Andes,”  the  chains  of 
the  Andes),  then  to  the  continuation  of  these  ranges  into 
Mexico  and  further  north.  For  convenience,  it  is  now 
agreed  among  physical  geographers  to  call  the  complex 
of  ranges  embraced  between  and  including  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  their  extension 
north  into  British  Columbia,  the  Cordilleras ; those  ranges 
occupying  a similar  continental  position  in  South  America 
are  called  simply  the  Andes.  The  entire  western  moun- 
tain side  of  the  continent  of  North  America  is  called  the 
CordiUeran  region.  In  its  broadest  part  it  has  a develop- 
ment of  a thousand  miles  east  and  west,  and  embraces, 
besides  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra,  a large  num- 
ber of  subordinate  mountain-chains,  some  of  which  are 
little,  If  at  all,  inferior  to  such  chains  as  the  Pyrenees  in 
length  and  elevation. 

In  course  of  time  it  became  apparent  that  the  two 
“parallel  Cordilleras,”  which  according  to  geographers 
are  the  great  feature  of  the  country,  do  not  exist.  The 
axis  of  the  Andes  of  Ecuador,  part  of  the  backbone  of 
South  America,  runs  nearly  north  and  south ; and  towards 
the  western  edge  of  the  main  chain  there  is  a sequence 
of  peaks  more  or  less  in  a line  with  each  other.  On  the 
east  of  these  summits  there  is  a succession  of  basins,  of 
different  dimensions  and  at  various  elevations,  and  the 
nearest  mountains  on  the  eastern  side  occur  at  irregular 
distances.  There  is  no  such  thing  as  one  great  valley  In 
the  interior  of  Ecuador.  The  mountains  Pasochoa  and 
Ruminaliui  are  the  only  two  whichli  q parallel  to  the  others 
on  the  western  side.  The  main  chain  of  the  Andes  was 
created  by  upheaval  at  some  remote  date,  but  no  one  can  say 
when  this  movement  occurred,  or  whether  it  was  an  affair 
of  a year  or  was  spread  over  thousands  of  years.  All  of 
the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator  rise  out  of,  or  upon  and 
above,  the  main  chain. 

Whymper,  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator,  p.  335. 

Cordoba  (kor'do-Bii,).  1.  A province  in  the 
Argentine  Republic,  situated  about  lat.  29° 
30  -35°  S.,  long.  62°-66°  W.  Area,  62,160  square 
miles..  Population,  546,844. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  above  province,  situated  on  the  Primero 
in  lat.  31°  24'  S.,  long.  64°  13'  26//  W.  (obser- 
vatory). It  is  an  important  commercial  center,  and 
the  seat  of  a university  and  national  observatory.  Popu- 
lation,  61,947. 

3.  A town  in  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico, 
55  miles  west  of  Vera  Cruz.  Population,  8,136. 
Cdrdoba,  or  Cordova,  Francisco  Hernandez 
(or  Fernandez)  de.  Date  of  birth  unknown : 
died  at  Santo  Espiritu,  Cuba,  May  or  June, 
1517.  A Spanish  soldier  and  explorer.  He  went 


Coree 

to  Cuba  with  Velasquez  in  1511,  acquired  wealth  there, 
and  in  Feb.,  1517,  commanded  an  expedition  of  3 ves- 
sels with  110  men,  fitted  out  as  a private  speculation. 
Sailing  westward,  he  discovered  Yucatan,  followed  the 
coast  around  to  beyond  Campeche,  and  noticed  many  signs 
of  a higher  civilization  than  had  before  been  found  in 
America.  AtChampotan  C<5rdoba  was  severely  wounded 
in  a fight  with  the  Indians.  He  crossed  over  to  Florida, 
thence  returned  to  Cuba,  and  died  of  his  wounds  shortly 
after.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Cordova  (kor'do-va),  officially  Cordoba  (kor'- 
do-Ba). [F.  Cordoue .]  1.  The  capital  of  the 

province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Guadalquivir  in  lat.  37°  52'  N.,  long.  4°  50' 
W. : the  Punic  Karta-tuba,  and  the  Roman 
Corduba  or  Patricia.  It  is  famous  for  its  manufac- 
tures of  leather  and  of  silverware.  It  contains  many 
Moorish  antiquities,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  cathedral. 
(See  below.)  It  was  rebuilt  after  its  partial  destruction 
by  Caesar,  and  colonized.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Seneca, 
Lucan,  and  Averroes,  and  from  756  to  1031  was  the  capital 
of  the  western  califate.  It  was  the  most  famous  center 
of  learning  and  literature  in  western  Europe  in  the  middle 
ages,  and  had  about  1,000,000  inhabitants.  It  was  taken 
by  Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile  in  1236,  and  was  stormed  by 
the  French  under  Dupont  in  1808.  The  cathedral,  the  old 
mosque  of  Abd-er-Rahman  I.,  was  begun  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury, and  finished  in  1001.  In  plan  it  is  nearly  square, 
with  18  ranges  of  columns,  many  of  them  antique,  sup- 
porting low  horseshoe-arcades,  above  which  a second  tier 
of  arches  carries  the  modernized  vaulting.  The  original 
Moorish  mihrab  and  its  successor  remain,  and  present 
wonderful  examples  of  decoration  in  sculpture  and  mosaic. 
In  the  middle  of  the  mosque  a rich  Renaissance  choir  was 
built  iu  1526,  but  the  interpolation  is  lost  in  the  vastness 
of  the  structure.  There  are  many  admirable  Moorish 
doors,  and  other  features,  all  together  making  this  remark- 
able building  one  of  the  finest  existing  specimens  of  Mo- 
hammedan architecture.  The  beautiful  Court  of  Oranges, 
on  the  north,  forms  the  cloister  of  the  cathedral.  Popula- 
tion, 58,275. 

2.  A province  in  Andalusia,  Spain.  Area, 
5,299  square  miles.  Population,  455,859. — 3. 
See  Cordoba. 

Cordova,  Diego  Fernandez  de.  See  Fernan- 
dez de  Cordova. 

Cordova,  Francisco  Hernandez  de.  Born 
about  1475:  died  at  Leon,  Nicaragua,  March, 
1526.  A Spanish  soldier  and  explorer,  in  1514 
he  went  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  with  Pedrarias,  and 
in  1524  was  sent  by  him  to  take  possession  of  Nicaragua  in 
defiance  of  the  rights  of  the  discoverer,  Gil  Gonzalez  de 
Avila.  Cordova  founded  Granada,  Leon,  and  other  towns, 
explored  the  lake,  and  found  its  outlet.  He  sent  his  lieu- 
tenant, Hernando  de  Soto,  against  Gil  Gonzalez  in  Hon- 
duras ; but  on  the  arrival  of  Cortbs  in  Honduras  sought 
to  transfer  his  allegiance  to  him,  and  subsequently  tried 
to  set  up  an  independent  government.  Pedrarias,  bear- 
ing of  the  defection,  came  to  Nicaragua,  seized  Cordova, 
and  had  him  beheaded. 

Cordova,  Gonsalvo  Hernandez  de.  Bom  at 

Montilla,  near  Cordova,  Spain,  March  16,  1453 : 
died  at  Granada,  Spain,  Dec.  2,  1515.  A cele- 
brated Spanish  general,  surnamed  “The  Great 
Captain.”  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  wars  against 
Portugal  and  the  Moors,  and  conducted  the  negotia- 
tions which  finally  resulted  in  the  union  of  Granada  with 
Castile.  In  1495  he  expelled  the  French  from  Naples,  for 
which  service  he  was  created  duke  of  Sant’  Angelo  by 
Ferdinand  II.  He  conquered  Ostia  for  the  Pope  in  1497, 
and  1502-03  defended  Barietta  against  the  French,  whom 
he  defeated  at  Cerignola  and  on  the  Garigliano  in  1503. 

Cordova,  Jorge.  Born  at  La  Paz,  1822:  died 
there,  Oc-t.  23,  1861.  A Bolivian  revolutionist. 
He  was  an  ignorant  soldier  who  acquired  some  importance 
by  his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  President  Belzii. 
The  revolutionists  who  drove  out  Belzu  in  1855  proclaimed 
Cordova  in  his  place,  and  he  held  the  position  until  1858, 
when  he  was  deposed  by  another  outbreak.  His  rule  was 
humane,  but  he  showed  little  energy.  He  was  shot  dur- 
ing the  disorders  of  1861. 

Cordova,  Pedro  de.  Born  in  1483 : died  at 
Santo  Domingo,  June  28, 1525.  A Spanish  Do- 
minican, vicar  of  the  first  colony  of  his  order  in 
Hispaniola  in  1510.  He  and  his  companions  preached 
against  Indian  slavery  in  1511,  and  in  1512  Cordova  went 
to  Spain  to  meet  the  junta  which  was  employed  in  fram- 
ing new  laws  with  relation  to  the  services  of  the  Indians. 
In  1513  he  sent  a missionary  colony  to  the  coast  of  Vene- 
zuela, and  when  the  missionaries  were  killed  in  1515,  Cor- 
dova went  himself  to  establish  another  colony.  He  was 
a friend  of  Las  Casas. 

Cordova  y Figueroa  (kor'do-va  e fe-ga-ro'a), 
Pedro  de.  Born  at  Concepcion,  1692:  died 
there,  probably  after  1770.  AChilean  historian. 
He  was  a soldier,  served  in  Araucania,  and  was  alcalde  of 
Concepcion  about  1740.  His  “ Historiade Chile  "includes 
the  conquest  and  settlement  to  1717,  and  was  the  most 
complete  history  of  the  country  up  to  its  date.  The 
manuscript  was  preserved  at  Madrid,  and  it  was  first  pub- 
lished from  a copy  in  the  “Coleccion  de  Historiadores  de 
Chile.” 

Corea.  See  Korea. 

Coreal  (ko-ra-al'),  Francisco.  The  name  ap- 
pended to  the  “Voyage  aux  Indes  Occidentales,” 
published  in  Paris  1727.  The  author  claimed  to 
have  been  born  in  Cartagena  in  1648,  and  to  have  traveled 
over  nearly  all  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese  America.  The 
work  is  generally  believed  to  be  fictitious. 

Coree  (k5're).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians formerly  occupying  the  peninsula  south 
of  the  Neuse  River,  North  Carolina.  The  name 


Coree 

probably  means  ‘they  are  separate.'  They  joined  in  the 
outbreak  of  1711,  and  the  survivors  were  settled  in  Hyde 
County,  North  Carolina,  until  they  became  extinct.  Also 
★called  Coranine.  See  Iroquoian. 

Corelli  (ko-rel'i),  Marie.  Born  in  England  in 
1864.  A British  novelist.  She  is  of  Italian  and 
Scotch  parentage,  and'  was  adopted  in  her  infancy  by 
Charles  Mackay,  the  poet.  She  has  written  “A  Romance 
of  Two  Worlds"  (1886),  “Thelma"  (1887),  “Ardath” 
(1889),  “Barabbas"  (1893),  “The  Mighty  Atom"  (1896). 
“The  Master  Christian"  (1900),  “Temporal  Power”  (1902), 
“God’s  Good  Man”  (1904),  etc. 

Corentyn  (ko-ren-tin').  [ Corantijn  of  the  Dutch 
colonists.]  A river  of  South  America  which 
separates  British  and  Dutch  Guiana,  it  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  6°  N.,  long.  57°  W.  Length, 
400  miles ; navigable  150  miles. 

Corfe  Castle  (korf  kas'l).  A town  in  Dorset, 
England,  18  miles  east  of  Dorchester,  it  was 
the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Edward  the  Martyr  in  978. 
Corfinium(k6r-fln/i-um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a town  in  central  Italy,  near  the  modern  Sol- 
mona.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  Peligni,  and  of  the  con- 
federates in  the  Social  War  (90-88  B.  c.). 

Corfu  (kor-fo').  1.  A nomarchy  of  Greece, 
comprising  Corfu,  Paxo,  etc.  Area,  288 
square  miles.  Population,  99,571.  — 2. 
The  northernmost  and  largest  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  situated  west  of  Albania:  the  ancient 
Corcyra  or  Kerkyra.  Its  surface  is  mountainous, 
and  its  principal  exports  are  olives  and  wine.  Length, 
40  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  20  miles. 

3.  A seaport,  capital  of  Corfu,  on  the  eastern 
coast  in  lat.  39°  37'  N.,  long.  19°  56'  E. : the 
ancient  Corcyra  or  Kerkyra.  It  has  steam  commu- 
nication with  Mediterranean  ports.  Corfu  was  colonized 
by  Corinth  in  734  B.  C.  It  defeated  Corinth,  in  the  first 
recorded  naval  battle,  in  665  B.  c.  ; was  an  ally  of  Athens 
in  the  Peloponnesian  war;  was  conquered  by  Rome  in 
229  B.  C.,  and  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  1386.  The 
island  formed  part  of  the  Ionian  Republic  from  1815  to 
1864.  The  town  was  defended  by  the  Venetians  against 
the  Turks  in  1716.  Population,  commune,  29,032. 

Cori  (ko're).  A town  in  the  province  of  Rome, 
Italy,  situated  30  miles  southeast  of  Rome : the 
ancient  Cora.  It  contains  many  Roman  antiquities, 
including  Corinthian  columns,  fragments  of  walls,  and  a 
temple  of  Hercules,  so  called,  a Roman-Doric  structure 
of  the  time  of  Sulla,  of  unusual  grace  and  artistic  feeling. 
The  entire  prostyle  portico  (prostasis)  of  4 by  3 columns 
remains,  with  its  entablature  and  low  pediment.  The 
shafts,  with  20  flutes,  have  a height  of  7 diameters  with- 
out base  or  capital ; triglyphs  occupy  the  angles  of  the 
frieze,  in  Greek  fashion.  The  doorway  of  the  cella  is 
richly  framed  and  ornamented. 

Corin  (ko'rin).  A shepherd  in  Shakspere’s 
comedy  “As  you  Like  it.” 

Corineu3.  See  Gogmagog. 

Corinium  (ko-rin'i-um).  An  important  town 
in  ancient  Britain : the  modern  Cirencester. 
Corinna  (ko-rin'a).  [Gr.  Kdptwa .]  Born  at 
Tanagra,  Bceotia,  Greece : lived  in  the  first  part 
of  the  5th  century  B.  C.  A Greek  lyric  poet, 
sometimes  called  a Theban  from  her  long  resi- 
dence in  Thebes.  She  was  a contemporary  and  in- 
structor of  Pindar,  from  whom  she  is  said  to  have  won 
the  prize  five  times  at  the  public  games.  A few  frag- 
ments of  her  poems  have  been  preserved.  “There  were 
three  of  the  name  of  Corinna,  all  skilled  in  letters.  One 
was  of  Thebes,  one  of  Thespis,  and  the  third  of  Corinth. 
The  last  lived  at  the  time,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  favourite,  of  Ovid ; but  the  most  famous  was  she  who, 
in  a trial  of  poetry,  conquered  the  great  poet  Pindar.  Her 
glory  seems  to  have  been  fully  established  by  the  public 
memorial  of  her  picture  exhibited  in  her  native  city,  and 
adorned  with  a symbol  of  her  victory.  Pausanias,  who 
saw  it,  supposes  her  to  have  been  one  of  the  handsomest 
women  of  her  age.  Time  has  left  us  only  a few  scraps 
of  Corinna's  poetry."  Orlando  Furioso,  bk.  xx.,  note. 
Corinna.  A name  given  by  Dryden  to  Mrs. 
Thomas  with  whom  he  had  a correspondence. 
She  fell  into  distress  and  became  one  of  Curll’s 
authors,  furnishing  him  with  a fictitious  ac- 
count of  Dryden’s  funeral. 

Corinne  OU  i’ltalie  (ko-ren'  6 le-ta-le').  [F., 

‘ Corinne  or  Italy.’]  A novel  by  Madame  de 
Stael,  published  in  1807. 

Corinth  (kor'inth).  [Gr.  K dpivdoq,  L.  Corin- 
thus. ] A city  of  Greece,  situated  near  the 
Isthmus  and  Gulf  of  Corinth  in  lat.  37°  54'  N., 
long.  22°  52'  E. : the  modern  Gortho.  it  was 

originally  called  Ephyre  (E^iipij),  and  was  noted  in  ancient 
times  as  a center  of  commerce,  literature,  and  art.  It 
was  founded  about  1350  B.  C. ; was  conquered  by  the  Dori- 
ans in  the  11th  century  ; colonized  Corcyra  anil  Syracuse 
in  731 ; prospered  under  the  tyrant  Periander  about  600 ; 
sided  with  Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesian  war  against 
Athens,  and  later  (395-387)  engaged  in  the  “Corinthian 
war”  against  Sparta ; was  defeated  by  Sparta  in  394  ; was 
held  by  the  Macedonians  until  243,  when  it  joined  the 
Achaean  League,  of  which  it  was  the  capital;  was  captured, 
sacked,  and  burned  by  the  Romans,  under  Mummius,  in 
146 ; and  was  rebuilt  by  Julius  Caesar  in  46  B.  c.  In  modern 
times  it  has  been  taken  and  retaken  by  Turks  and  Vene- 
tians, was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1858,  and  was 
rebuilt  on  a site  3 miles  distant  (New  Corinth).  Popula- 
tion, commune,  14,867. 

Corinth.  A city  in  northeastern  Mississip- 
pi, 90  miles  east  by  south  of  Memphis,  it  was 


280 

an  important  strategic  point  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Federals  under  Halleck  May,  1862,  and 
evacuated  by  the  Confederates  under  Beauregard  May  29. 
Here,  Oct.  3,  4,  the  Federals  (over  20,000)  under  Rosecrans 
defeated  the  Confederates  (28.000)  under  Van  Dorn  and 
Price.  Reported  loss  of  the  Federals,  2,520 ; of  the  Con- 
federates, 4,838.  Population,  5,020,  (1910). 

Corinth,  Gulf  of.  See  Lepanto,  Gulf  of. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  of.  An  isthmus  which 
connects  the  Morea  with  central  Greece. 
It  is  now  pierced  by  a canal.  Width,  4-8 
miles. 

Corinthia  (ko-rin'thi-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a division  of  Greece,  lying  between  the 
Gulf  of  Corinth  on  the  north,  Megaris  on  the 
northeast,  the  Saronic  Gulf  on  the  east,  Argo- 
lis  on  the  south,  and  Argolis  and  Sieyonia  on 
the  west. 

Corinthians  (ko-rin'thi-anz),  First  and  Second 
Epistles  to  the.  Epistles  of  Paul,  of  which 
the  first  was  composed  at  Ephesus  in  the  spring 
of  57,  and  the  second  at  some  place  in  Mace- 
donia in  the  summer  or  autumn  of  the  same 
year. 

Coriolanus  (ko//ri-o-la'nus),  the  surname  of 
Cnaeus  (less  correctly  Caius)  Marcius.  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  B.  C.  A 
Roman  legendary  hero,  represented  as  the 
champion  of  the  patricians,  and  afterward  as 
leader  of  the  V olscians  against  Rome.  He  was 
the  conqueror  of  the  Yolscian  Corioli  (whence 
his  surname). 

Coriolanus.  1 . A tragedy  by  Shakspere,  pro- 
duced probably  in  1608,  and  founded  on  North’s 
“Plutarch.”  In  the  play  the  mother  of  Caius  (Cnaeus) 
Marcius  Coriolanus  is  Volumnia,  not  Veturia,  and  his  wife 
is  Virgilia,  not  Volumnia  as  in  the  original.  John  Dennis 
produced  a play  in  1705  founded  on  “Coriolanus,”  which 
he  called  “The  Invader  of  his  Country,  or  the  Fatal  Re- 
sentment. ” 

2.  A tragedy  by  James  Thomson,  left  in  man- 
uscript by  him,  brought  upon  the  stage  by  Sir 
George  Littleton.  It  was  published  in  1748  or 
1749. 

Corioli  (ko-ri'o-11).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Latium,  Italy.  It  gave  name  to  Coriolanus, 
by  whom  it  was  conquered  493  (?)  B.  C.  Its  exact  site  is 
unknown,  but  is  probably  at  Monte-Giove,  near  Ariccia. 

Corisca.  In  Guarini’s  “ Pastor  Fido,”  a woman 
ruined  by  town  life,  contrasted  with  the  Arca- 
dian maidens. 

Ooritavi  (ko-ri-ta'vi),  or  Coritani  (ko-ri-ta'- 
ni).  An  ancient  British  tribe  which  occupied 
territory  that  included  the  modern  Lincoln 
and  Leicester. 

Strabo  also,  speaking  of  the  Coritavi,  a British  tribe  in 
Lincolnshire,  after  mentioning  their  yellow  hair,  says, 
“to  show  how  tall  they  are,  I saw  myself  some  of  their 
young  men  at  Rome,  and  they  were  taller  by  six  inches 
than  any  one  else  in  the  city.”  I.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  76. 

Cork  (kork).  1.  The  southernmost  county  of 
Munster,  Ireland.  It  lies  between  Limerick  on  the 
north,  Tipperary  on  the  northeast,  Waterford  on  the  east, 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  south,  and  Kerry  on  the  west. 
It  is  the  largest  county  of  Ireland,  having  an  area  of  2,890 
square  miles.  Population  (incl.  co.  borough),  404,611. 

2.  A city,  capital  of  the  above  county,  situated 
on  the  Lee,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  51°  54'  N., 
long.  8°  28'  W.  Its  lower  port  is  Queenstown.  It  is 
the  third  city  in  Ireland,  exports  butter,  live  stock,  provi- 
sions, leather,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  Queen’s  (now  Uni- 
versity) College.  It  was  founded  about  600;  was  fortified 
by  the  Danes  ; was  surrendered  by  its  king  to  Henry  II.  in 
1172;  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Cromwell  in  1649, 
and  by  Marlborough  in  1690.  Population,  76,122. 

Cork,  Earls  of.  See  Boyle. 

Corleone  (kor-la-6'ne).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Palermo,  Sicily,  21  miles  south  of  Pa- 
lermo. Population,  commune,  14,803. 

Corliss  (kor'lis),  George  Henry.  Bom  at  Eas- 
ton, N.  Y.,  July  2,  1817 : died  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  21, 1888.  An  American  inventor  and 
manufacturer,  noted  as  a designer  of  steam- 
engines.  He  first  patented  improvements  in 
engines  in  1849. 

Cormac  (kor'mak).  Born  836 : died  908.  A 
king  of  Cashel,  Ireland,  who  reigned  900-908. 

He  perished  in  a battle  on  the  site  of  the  present  Bally- 
moon,  in  the  latter  year.  A glossary  of  Irish  words  called 
“ Sanas  Chormaic,”  “ the  most  venerable  monument  of  the 
literature  of  Munster  and  the  earliest  Irish  dictionary," 
is  attributed  to  him. 

The  oldest  extant  fragment  of  the  glossary  is  in  the 
“Book  of  Leinster,”  a manuscript  of  about  A.  D.  1200,  and 
the  oldest  complete  manuscript  (Royal  Irish  Academy, 
H.  and  S.  No.  224,  s.  3167)  is  of  the  15th  century.  Some 
Irish  writers  state  that  the  glossary  was  part  of  a large 
work  known  as  “Saltair  Chaisil.”  This  has  been  gener- 
ally attributed  to  Cormac,  but  there  are  no  safe  grounds 
for  believing  it  to  be  his,  or  indeed  for  regarding  it  as 
anything  but  an  ancient  collection  of  transcripts  such  as 
the  existing  “ Lebor  na  Huidri. ” The  “Sanas  Chormaic  ” 
was  first  printed  by  Whitley  Stokes  in  1862. 

Die.  Nat.  Biog.,  XII.  221. 

Cormac  Mac  Art.  Died  260.  A kiug  of  Ire- 


Cornelius 

land  218-254,  grandson  of  Conn  of  the  Hun- 
dred Battles. 

Cormenin  (kor-me-nan'),  Vicomte  de  (Louis 
Marie  de  la  Haye).  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  6, 
1788:  died  at  Paris,  May  6, 1868.  A noted  French 
jurist  and  political  writer.  He  was  the  author  of 
numerous  books  and  pamphlets,  including  “ Questions  de 
droit  administratif  ” (1822),  “Etudes  sur  les  orateurs  par- 
lementaires  ” (1838),  etc. 

Cormontaigne  (kor-mon-tahy),  Louis  de.  Born 
1695 : died  in  Lorraine,  Oct.  20, 1752.  A French 
military  engineer.  His  works  were  published 
1806-09. 

Cornaro(kor-na'ro),  Caterina.  Born  at  Venice, 
1454:  died  at  Venice,  July  5,1510.  Queen  of 
Cyprus.  She  married  in  1472  James  of  Lusignan,  king 
of  Cyprus,  on  whose  death  in  1473  she  succeeded  to  the 
throne.  She  abdicated  in  favor  of  the  Republic  of  Venice 
in  1489. 

Cornaro,  Caterina,  at  Venice.  A sumptuous 
painting  by  Hans  Makart,  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery at  Berlin.  The  Queen  of  Cyprus,  enthroned,  re- 
ceives the  homage  of  Venetian  patricians.  There  is  evi- 
dent aim  to  reproduce  Titian’s  grouping  and  splendor  of 
color. 

Cornbury,  Viscount.  See  Hyde. 

Corneille  (kor-nay'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Rouen, 
June  6, 1606:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  30, 1684.  Acele- 
bratedFrenchdramatist.  Hewasgraduatedwithhigh 
honors  from  the  Jesuit  College  of  his  native  city,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  June  18, 1624.  His  first 
comedy,  “ Mfclite,"  was  intrusted  to  a comedian  who  put  it 
on  the  stage  between  1628  and  1630,  and  scored  a marked 
success.  Corneille  immediately  wrote  a second  play,  “ Cli- 
tandre,”  this  time  a tragicomedy  of  most  extravagant  and 
absurd  nature,  produced  about  1631  or  1632.  Thereupon  he 
made  a return  to  pure  comedy  with  “La  veuve"  (1633),  “La 
galerie  du  palais"  (1633),  “La  suivante”  (1634),  “ La  place 
royale  ” (1634),  and  “L'Hlusion  comique”  (1636).  This 
series  was  interrupted  by  the  tragedy  ‘ ‘ llddde  ” (1635),  bar- 
ring which  Corneille  passes  at  once  from  simple  comedy 
to  sublime  tragedy.  “Le  Cid,”  appearing  toward  the  close 
of  1636  or  the  beginning  of  1637,  marks  a new  era  in  the 
history  of  the  French  stage.  This  masteipiece  failed,  nev- 
ertheless, to  secure  universal  recognition,  and  was  the 
cause  of  the  famous  “ querelle  du  Cid  ” raised  by  the  French 
Academy.  The  year  1640  witnessed  the  production  of  two 
new  tragedies,  “Hprace”and  “Cinna.”  “ Poly eucte,” fre- 
quently looked  upon  as  Corneille’s  greatest  work,  was 
produced  in  1642.  “La  mort  de  Pompee  ” and  Corneille's 
finest  comedy,  “Le  menteur,  ’’  appeared  in  1642,“  Theodore  ” 
and  “La  suite  du  menteur”  in  1645,  and  “Rodogune"  in 
1646.  Corneille  issued  “ H6raclius  ’’  in  1647,  “ Andromtde  " 
and  “Don  Sanche  d’Aragon  ” in  1650,  “ Nicomide  ” in  1651, 
and  “ Pertharite  ” in  1653.  This  last  play  was  not  a success, 
and  Corneille  ceased  to  write  for  the  stage  for  six  or  seven 
years,  concentrating  his  energies  on  rendering  “L’lmi- 
tation  de  Jesus-Christ  ” into  verse  (1661-66).  In  1659  he 
was  induced  to  return  to  the  old  work,  and  brought  out 
“(Edipe,”  “ La  toison  d’or,”  and  “Sertorius”  (1662),  “So- 
phonisbe  ” (1663),  and  “ Othon  ” (1664).  His  works  during 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  deserve  mention  simply  for  the 
name  of  their  author:  they  are  “Agdsilas”  (1666),  “At- 
tila  " (1667),  “ Tite  et  Berenice  ” (1670),  “ Pulcherie  ’'(1672), 
and  “Surdna”  (1674).  Corneille  ranks  with  Descartes  as 
the  first  to  free  the  French  language  and  thought  from  the 
restrictions  due  to  Greek  and  Latin  influences. 
Corneille,  Thomas.  Born  at  Rouen,  Aug.  20, 
1625:  iliedatLes  Andelys,Dec.8,1709.  AFrench 
dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  younger 
brother  of  Pierre  Corneille.  His  plays  (which  num- 
ber over40)  include  “Ariane” (1672),  “Lefestinde  Pierre" 
(1673),  “Le  comte  d’Essex"  (1678),  etc. 

Cornelia  (kor-ne'lia).  [L.,  fem.  of  Cornelius; 
It.  Cornelia,  F.  Cornelie,  G.  Cornelia .]  Lived 
in  the  2d  century  B.  C.  A Roman  matron, 
daughter  of  the  elder  Scipio  Africanus,  wife 
of  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus,  and  mother 
of  the  tribunes  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus: 
celebrated  for  her  accomplishments  and  vir- 
tues. 

Cornelia  gens  (kor-ne'li-ji,  jenz).  A celebrated 
patrician  and  plebeian  clan  or  house  in  an- 
cient Rome.  The  patrician  family  names  previous 
to  the  empire  were  Arvina,  Blasio,  Cethegus,  Cinna,  Cos- 
sus,  Dolabella,  Lentulus,  Maluginensis,  Mammilla,  Meren- 
da,  Merula,  Rufinus,  Scapula,  Scipio,  Sisenna,  and  Sulla. 
The  plebeian  family  names  were  Balbus  and  Gall  us. 

Cornelian  Laws,  L.  Leges  Cornelia  (le'jez 
kor-ne'li-e).  The  body  of  laws  introduced  at 
Rome  by  the  dictator  L.  Cornelius  Sulla  about 
80  b.  c.,’  with  a view  to  restoring  the  aristo- 
cratic form  of  government,  whose  integrity  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  democratic  legislation 
of  the  Gracchi  and  of  Marius. 

Cornelius  (kor-ne'lius).  [L. ; It. Sp.I’g. CorneUo, 
F.  Cornelius,  G.  Cornelius .]  A Roman  centurion, 
stationed  at  Cmsarea,  whom  Peter,  in  conse- 
quence of  a special  revelation,  received  into 
the  communion  of  the  Christian  church  direct- 
ly by  baptism,  without  circumcision  (Acts  x.). 
Cornelius.  Born  at  Rome : died  at  Civita 
Vecehia,  253.  Elected  bishop  in  March,  251,  to 
succeed  Fabianus.  The  Novatians  having  refused  to 
recognize  his  election,  and  having  chosen  their  leader  No- 
vatianus  in  his  stead,  Cornelius  convened  a councU  at 
Rome  in  25],  which  confirmed  his  election.  He  was  ban- 
ished by  the  emperor  Callus  to  Civith  Vecchia,  where, 
according  to  some  (late)  accounts,  he  suffered  martyrdom. 


Cornelius 

Cornelius.  1.  A courtier  in  Shakspere’s  tra- 
gedy “Hamlet.” — 2.  A physician  in  Shak- 
spere’s play  “ Cymbeline.” — 3.  The  friend  of 
Faustus  in  Marlowe’s  play  “Dr.  Faustus.” 
Cornelius  (kor-na'le-os),  Karl  Adolf.  Born  at 
Wurzburg,  Bavaria,  March  12,  1819:  died  at 
Munich,  Feb.  10,  1903.  A German  historian. 

He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  University  of  Bonn 
in  1854,  and  in  the  University  of  Munich  in  1850.  His 
works  include  “ Geschichte  des  miinsterischen  Aufruhrs  " 
(1855-60),  “Kurfurst  Moritz  von  Sachsen  gegeniiber  der 
Fiirstenverschworung  im  Jahre  1550-51 " (1807),  etc. 

Cornelius  Nepos.  See  Nepos. 

Cornelius,  Peter  von.  Born  at  Diisseldorf, 
Prussia,  Sept.  23,  1783  : died  at  Berlin,  March 

6,  1867.  A German  painter,  leader  of  the  new 
school  of  German  art.  He  worked  in  Rome  1811-19, 
and  In  the  latter  year  took  charge  of  the  academy  at 
Diisseldorf.  From  1825—41  he  labored  chiefly  at  Munich, 
and  after  1841  at  Berlin.  His  chief  works  are  frescos  in  the 
Glyptothek  and  Ludwigs  irche  in  Munich,  and  cartoons 
for  the  Campo  Santo  in  Berlin. 

Cornell  (k6r-nel');  Ezra.  Born  at  Westchester 
Landing,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  11,  1807  : died  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  9,  1874.  An  American  philanthro- 
pist. He  followed  the  occupation  of  mechanic  and 
miller  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  1S28-41,  and  subsequently  amassed 
a fortune,  chiefly  as  a contractor  for  the  erection  of  tele- 
graph lines.  He  was  a member  of  the  State  Assembly  in 
1862  and  1863,  and  was  a member  of  the  State  Senate  18G4- 

1867.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  founder  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity (which  see). 

Cornell  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  Its  curriculum  com- 
prises courses  in  arts,  literature,  philosophy,  science,  agri- 
culture, civil  and  mechanical  engineering,  history,  political 
science,  etc.,  and  extended  graduate  courses.  It  was 
founded  by  Ezra  ComeU  (see  above),  and  was  opened  in 

1868.  Its  library  contains  about  380,000  volumes. 

Cornelys  (kor-na'lis),  Theresa.  Born  at  Venice 
in  1723  : died  in  the  Fleet  Prison,  Aug.  19, 1797. 
A noted  manager  of  public  assemblies  in  Car- 
lisle House,  London.  At  one  time  she  had  the  di- 
rection of  all  the  theaters  in  the  Austrian  Netherlands. 
Besides  the  management  of  balls,  concerts,  and  masquer- 
ades, she  also  sang.  She  fell  into  obscurity  after  a noto- 
rious life,  and  under  the  name  of  Mrs.  Smith  sold  ass's 
milk  at  Knightsbridge  for  some  time  before  her  death. 
Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Corneto  (kor-na'to),  or  Corneto-Tarquinia. 

A town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  44 
miles  northwest  of  Rome.  It  contains  a castle, 
palace,  and  many  Etruscan  and  Roman  antiquities.  Re- 
markable Etruscan  tombs  and  the  site  of  the  old  city  of 
Tarquinii  are  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  the  seat  of  a bishop. 
Population,  town,  5,440 ; commune,  7,219. 

Cornhert,  Dirk.  See  Coornhert. 

Cornhill  (korn'hil).  One  of  the  principal  Lon- 
don streets,  once  a corn-market.  “ The  two  great 
ornaments  of  mediaeval  Cornhill  were  the  Tun,  a round- 
house or  temporary  prison,  and  the  Standard,  a water 
conduit,  and  point  of  measurement"  (the  latter  was  in 
use  in  the  second  year  of  Henry  V.). 

Comiani  (kor-ne-a'ne),  Count  Giovanni  Bat- 
tista. Born  at  Orzi-Nuovi,  near  Brescia, 
Italy,  Feb.  28,  1742:  died  at  Orzi-Nuovi,  Nov. 

7,  1813.  An  Italian  literary  historian  and 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  “ I secoli  della  lettera- 
tura  italiana”  (1804—13). 

Corniche  (kor-nesh'),  La,  It.  Cornice  (kor- 
ne'che).  [‘The  cornice.’]  A celebrated  coast- 
road  along  the  Riviera  of  France  and  Italy  from 
Nice  to  Genoa. 

Cornimont  (kor-ne-moh').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  France,  22  miles  south- 
east of  Epinal.  Population,  commune, 
5,463. 

Corning  (kor'ning).  A city  in  Steuben  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Chemung  River 
13  miles  west  of  Elmira.  Population,  13,730, 
(1910). 

Corn-Law  Rhymer.  Ebenezer  Elliott,  author 
of  “ Corn-Law  Rhymes.” 

Corn-Laws,  The.  In  English  history,  a series 
of  laws,  extending  from  1436  to  1842,  regulating 
the  home  and  foreign  grain-trade  of  England. 
Until  the  repeal  of  the  corn-laws,  the  grain-trade,  both 
export  and  import,  was  the  subject  of  elaborate  and 
varying  legislation,  which  consisted  in  levying  protective 
or  prohibitory  duties,  or  in  imposing  restrictive  conditions, 
or  in  granting  government  bounties  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  exportation.  After  a prolonged  agitation  for  the 
repeal  of  the  corn-laws  by  the  Anti-Corn-Law  League  (or- 
ganized in  1839),  Parliament  in  1846,  under  the  ministry 
of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  passed  an  act  for  a large  immediate 
reduction  of  the  duty  on  imported  grain,  and  providing 
for  a merely  nominal  duty  after  1849,  which  was  subse- 
quently entirely  removed. 

Corno,  Monte.  See  Gran  Sasso  d’ltalia. 
Oornouaille  (kor-no-ay').  A part  of  Brittany, 
France,  in  the  vicinity  of  Quimper. 

Cornu  (kor-nii'),  Sebastien  Melchior.  Bom 
at  Lyons,  France,  1804:  died  at  Longpont, 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Oct.,  1870.  A French 

diainter,  a pupil  of  Ingres, 
omutus  (kor-nu'tus),  or  Phurnutus,  Lucius 


281 

Annseus.  Born  at  Leptis,  Libya : died  after  68 
A.  d.  A Roman  Stoic  philosopher,  and  com- 
mentator on  Aristotle. 

Cornwall  (korn'wal).  [ME.  Cornwale,  Corn- 
wayle,  AS.  Cornwealas,  Cornwall,  prop,  the 
name  of  its  inhabitants,  from  Corn-,  repr.  a 
Celtic  name,  and  wealas,  foreigners,  i.  e.  Celts 
(hence  Wales).]  1.  The  southwestern  county 
of  England,  lying  between  Devonshire  on  the 
east  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  north,  west,  and 
south.  Its  chief  industries  are  mining  (tin,  copper, 
china-clay)  and  fishing  (principally  for  pilchards).  It  con- 
tains many  antiquities.  It  was  conquered  from  the  Brit- 
ons by  the  West  Saxons  from  the  8th  to  the  10th  century, 
and  was  made  a duchy  and  appanage  of  the  princes  of  W ales 
in  1337.  In  early  times  it  was  called  West  Wales.  Area, 
including  the  Scilly  Islands  (ad.  co.),  1,357  square  miles. 
Population  (parL  co.),  322,334. 

2.  A port  of  entry  in  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  frontier  of 
New  York,  about  lat.  45°  N.  Pop.,  6,598,  (1911). 

Cornwall.  The  husband  of  Regan  in  Shak- 
spere’s tragedy  “King  Lear”:  a “gloomy,  la- 
conic, and  powerful  ” man,  inflexible  in  his  de- 
cisions. 

Cornwall,  Barry.  See  Procter,  Bryan  Waller. 

Cornwall,  Earl  of.  See  Plantagenet. 
Cornwallis  (korn-wol'is),  Caroline  Frances. 

Born  in  1786:  died  at  Lidwells,  in  Kent,  Jan. 
8,  1858.  An  English  writer,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Cornwallis,  rector  of  Wittersham  and  El- 
ham  in  Kent.  She  wrote  “Philosophical  Theories  and 
Philosophical  Experience,  by  a Pariah"  (1842),  and  other 
works  in  the  series  entitled  “Small  Books  on  Great  Sub- 
jects.” Her  “Letters”  were  published  in  1804. 

Cornwallis,  Charles.  Born  at  London,  Dec. 
31,  1738 : died  at  Ghazipfur,  British  India,  Oct. 
5, 1805.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  the 
second  Earl  Cornwallis,  created  Marquis  Corn- 
wallis Aug.  15,  1792.  He  entered  the  army  in  1756  ; 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  Minden,  Vellinghausen,  Wil- 
helmstadt,  and  others  (1758-62) ; was  elected  member  of 
Parliament  in  Jan.,  1760,  and  entered  the  House  of  Lords  in 
June,  1763,  where  he  acted  with  the  Whigs ; and  was  chief 
justice  in  eyre  south  of  the  Trent  1766-69.  In  1775  he  was 
promoted  major-general,  and  in  Feb.,  1776,  was  sent  with 
seven  regiments  to  reinforce  the  English  army  in  America. 
He  joined  Sir  William  Howe  at  Halifax,  and  served  under 
him  in  the  campaign  on  Long  Island  and  about  New  York. 
In  Sept.,  1777,  he  gained  the  battle  of  Brandywine  and 
occupied  Philadelphia,  and  in  April,  1778,  was  promoted 
lieutenant-general  and  appointed  second  in  command  to 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  then  commander-in-chief  in  America. 
At  Camden,  Aug.  16, 1780,  he  defeated  General  Gates ; won 
the  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House  March  15,  1781;  and 
surrendered  to  Washington  at  Yorktown  Oct.  19, 1781.  He 
was  appointed  governor-general  of  India  and  Commander- 
in-chief  in  Feb.,  1786;  waged  successful  war  with  Tippu 
Saib  1791-92 ; and  resigned  his  offices  in  1793  and  returned 
to  England.  In  1795  he  was  appointed  master-general  of 
the  ordnance,  with  a seat  in  the  cabinet ; and  was  viceroy 
and  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland  from  May,  1798,  till  his 
resignation,  Feb.,  1801,  suppressing  the  rebellion  of  the 
former  year.  The  treaty  of  Amiens  was  negotiated  by  him 
in  1802,  and  in  1805  he  again  went  to  India  as  governor- 
general  and  commander-in-chief. 

Cornwall-on-the-Hudson  (korn'wal -on- tiio- 
kud'son).  A town  and  summer  resort  in  Or- 
ange County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hud- 
son north  of  West  Point. 

Coro,  or  Santa  Ana  de  Coro  (san'ta  an'ya  da 
ko'ro).  The  capital  of  tho  state  of  Falcon, 
Venezuela,  situated  near  the  Bay  of  Coro  in 
lat.  11°  27'  N.,  long.  69°  48'  W.  It  was  founded 
in  1527,  and  until  1578  was  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Venezuela.  Population,  about 
9,000. 

Coroados  (ko-ro-a'dijs).  The  name  given  to  sev- 
eral different  Indian  hordes  in  Brazil.  ( a ) A wan- 
dering tribe  in  western  Sao  Paulo,  Paranh,  and  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul.  They  were  formerly  numerous  and  powerful,  but 
are  now  reduced  to  a few  thousands.  Until  very  recently 
they  have  kept  up  a predatory  war  with  the  whites.  The 
name  in  this  case  is  Portuguese,  meaning  ‘tonsured,’ and 
refers  to  their  custom  of  removing  the  hair  from  the  top 
of  the  head,  leaving  a ring  around  the  crown.  (6)  A tribe 
of  Matto  Grosso,  living  mainly  on  the  Upper  Sao  Louren^o 
River.  They  are  probably  the  remains  of  the  powerful 
tribe  known  in  the  18th  century  as  Corods  or  Acrods,  the 
name  having  been  corrupted  to  its  present  form.  These 
Indians,  now  reduced  to  a few  hundreds,  have  fixed  vil- 
lages and  practise  agriculture.  They  have  frequently 
raided  the  settlements  of  Matto  Grosso,  but  in  1887  made 
peace  with  the  whites,  (c)  A horde  on  the  Parahyba 
River,  allied  to  the  Puris. 

Coromandel  Coast  (kor-o-man'del  kost).  A 
name  formerly  applied  to  that  part  of  the 
eastern  seaboard  of  the  Indian  peninsula  which 
lies  between  Calimere  Point  (lat.  10°  17'  N.) 
and  the  mouths  of  the  Krishna  (15°  45'  N.). 
Corombona  (ko-rom-bo'na),  Vittoria.  The 
“white  devil”  in  Webster’s  tragedy  of  that 
name.  Having  fascinated  the  Duke  of  Bracchiano,  she 
renounces  everything  for  pleasure.  At  her  instigation  he 
procures  the  deaths  of  her  husband  and  the  duchess. 
She  is  brought  before  the  Tribunal  and  arraigned  for  these 
murders,  but  her  guilt  is  not  proved,  ahd  she  retires  to 
a house  of  Convertites  from  which  Bracchiano  secretly 


Corpus  Christi  College 

takes  her  and  marries  her.  He  is  shortly  poisoned  by  the 
emissaries  of  the  Great  Duke,  and  she  is  stabbed  by  her 
brother  Flamineo  in  revenge  for  Bracchiano  s failure  to 
advance  him,  he  having  instigated  his  sister  to  her  course 
of  conduct  to  that  end.  The  trial  scene  is  one  of  great 
power.  “Step  by  step,  like  a soldier  brought  to  bay  with 
his  back  against  a wall,  she  defends  herself,  refuting  and 
defying  advocates  and  judges,  incapable  of  blenching  or 
quailing,  clear  in  mind,  ready  in  word,  amid  insults  and 
proofs,  even  menaced  with  death  on  the  scaffold.”  Taine, 
English  Literature,  I.  286. 

Corona  (ko-ro'na),  De.  [L.,  ‘on  the  crown’; 
Gr.  irepl  2.Tf<pavov.]  An  oration  by  Demosthe- 
nes, delivered  330  B.  C.  See  Demosthenes. 
Corona  Australis  (ko-ro'na  as-tra'lis).  [L., 
‘the  southern  crown.’]  An  ancient  southern 
constellation,  about  the  knee  of  Sagittarius, 
represented  by  a garland. 

Corona  Borealis  (ko-ro'na  bo-re-a'lis).  [L., 

‘ the  northern  crown.’]  An  ancient  northern 
constellation,  between  Hercules  and  Bootes, 
represented  by  a garland  and  two  streamers. 
Coronado  (ko-ro-na/THo),  Carolina.  Born  at 
Almendralejo,  Badajoz,  Spain,  1823.  A Span- 
ish poet  and  novelist.  She  married  Horatio 
J.  Perry,  an  American,  about  1840. 

Coronado,  Francisco  Vasquez  de.  Bom  at 
Salamanca  about  1500:  died  in  Mexico  after 
1542.  A Spanish  soldier.  Probably  he  went  to 
Mexico  in  1535  with  the  viceroy  Mendoza,  who  in  1539  ap- 
pointed him  governor  of  Nueva  Galicia.  In  1540  he  headed 
an  expedition  to  the  north  in  search  of  Cibola  and  the 
Seven  Cities,  crossing  what  is  now  New  Mexico  and  part 
of  Texas,  and  almost  reaching  the  Missouri.  He  returned 
with  a remnant  of  his  force.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Coronado,  Juan  Vasquez  de.  Bom  at  Sala- 
manca about  1525:  drowned  at  sea,  Oct.,  1565. 
A Spanish  administrator.  He  went  to  Guatemala 
in  1550 ; was  made  alcalde  mayor  of  San  Salvador  and 
Honduras  and,  later,  of  Nicaragua,  aDd  in  1562  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  same  office  in  Costa  Rica.  He  explored 
the  whole  country,  and  founded  Cartago  in  1563.  In  1564 
he  went  to  Spain,  where,  in  recognition  of  his  work,  he 
was  named  hereditary  captain-general  of  Costa  Rica.  He 
was  shipwrecked  and  drowned  while  returning. 

Coronation  (kor-6-na'shon),  The.  A play,  li- 
censed 1635  as  by  Shirley,  and  claimed  by  him 
as  his  own  in  a list  of  his  plays  published  by 
him  in  1652.  On  the  title-page  of  its  first  edition, 
printed  1640,  it  was  attributed  to  Fletcher,  and  is  included 
in  the  earlier  editions  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  works. 
(Ward.)  There  is  no  reason  for  supposing  that  Fletcher 
had  any  hand  in  it.  Bullen. 

Coronation  Gulf.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
in  British  America,  south  of  Wollaston  Land 
and  west  of  Kent  Peninsula. 

Coronea  (kor-o-ne'a).  [Gr.  Kop6veia.~\  In  an- 
cient geography,  a small  town  in  Boeotia, 
Greece,  situated  west  of  Lake  Copais.  It  was 
famous  for  two  battles,  in  one  of  which  (447  B.  c.)  the 
Boeotians  defeated  the  Athenians,  and  in  the  other  (394 
B.  o.)  the  Spartans  under  Agesilaus  defeated  the  Thebans 
and  other  allied  Greeks. 

Coronelli  (kd-ro-nel'le),  Marco  Vincenzo. 

Bom  at  Ravenna,  Aug.  10,  1650:  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Dec.,  1718.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and 
geographer,  cosmographer  of  the  Venetian  Re- 
public, professor  of  geography  at  Venice,  and 
general  of  the  Minorite  order.  He  published  a 
large  numberof  mapsandgeographical  works,  andfounded 
the  Accademia  degii  Argonauti. 

Corot  (ko-ro'),  Jean  Baptiste  Camille.  Born 
at  Paris,  July  28  (?),  1796:  died  there,  Feb.  22, 
1875.  A celebrated  French  landscape-painter. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Michallon  and  Bertin.  He  first  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  of  1827  (“Vue  prise  h Narni,”  “La 
Campagne  de  Rome  ”).  Among  his  most  remarkable  pic- 
tures are  “Vue d’ludie ” (1834),  “Souvenirdcsenvironsde 
Florence”  (1839),  “La  danse  des  nymphes”  (1S51),  “Le 
Christ  au  Jardin  des  Oliviers  ” (1849),  “ Soleil  couchant 
dans  le  Tyrol”  (1850),  “Matin,”  “Soirde”  (lb55),  “Soleil 
couchant”  (1857),  “Dante  et  Virgil ” (1850),  “Orph£e," 
“Le  repos”  (1861),  “La  solitude”  (1866),  “Pastorale” 
(1873),  “ Biblis  ” and  “ Plaisirs  du  soir”  (1875),  etc. 

Corporal,  The  Little.  [F.  Le  Petit  Caporal.'] 
A nickname  of  Napoleon  I. 

Corporal  Trim.  See  Trim. 

Corporal  Violet.  [P.  Caporal  la  Violette .]  A 
nickname  of  Napoleon  I.  The  name  was  given  by 
his  friends  in  France  while  he  was  in  exile,  signifying 
their  hope  that  he  would  return  with  the  violets  in  the 
spring.  He  was  also  called  “Papa  la  Violette”  (“Papa 
Violet”). 

Corpus  Christi (kor'pus  kris'te).  [L.,  ‘body  of 
Christ.’]  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  Nueces 
County,  Texas,  situated  on  Corpus  Christi  Bay 
in  lat.  27°  49'  N.,  long.  97°  21'  W.  Population, 
8,222,  (1910). 

Corpus  Christi  College.  1.  A college  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  founded  in  1352  by  a com- 
bination of  the  gilds  of  Corpus  Christi  and  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  A part  of  the  original 
buildings  remains.  Also  called  Benet  College. 
— 2.  A college  of  Oxford  University,  founded 
in  1516  by  Richard  Fox,  bishop  of  Winchester. 
Its  statutes  were  issued  in  1517. 


Corpus  Christi  Day 

Corpus  Christi  Day.  A festival  of  the  Roman 
Church  in  honor  of  the  Consecrated  Host, 
founded  by  Pope  Urban  IV.  in  1264.  it  is  held 
on  the  Thursday  after  Trinity  Sunday.  It  is  still  in  the 
English  calendar.  Religious  plays  were  formerly  per- 
formed in  the  streets  by  crafts  or  trade  companies  on 
Corpus  Christi  Day  in  England  and  also  on  the  Continent. 
Lope  de  Vega  raised  them  to  a high  level  in  Spain.  A 
Corpus  Christi  gild  was  formed  in  1408  in  York  to  cele- 
brate the  day  with  a procession,  but  this  had  nothing  to 
do  with  the  performance  of  the  plays.  See  Coventry  Plays 
and  York  Plays. 

Corpus  juris  (kor'pus  jo'ris).  [L.,  ‘the  body 
of  the  law.’]  See  the  extract. 

In  the  East  Justinian  created  the  so-called  Corpus  iuris. 
This  consists  of  two  principal,  parts,  the  law  of  the  Jurists 
(ius  vetus)  and  the  Imperial  law  (ius  principale),  the 
latter  of  which  was  first  executed  (a.  528  sq.  ; revised  and 
remodelled  version  a.  534).  A commission  was  appointed 
for  this  purpose,  the  chief  member  being  Tribonianus 
(546).  The  constitutions  of  the  Emperors  were  again 
sifted  from  the  extant  collections  and  from  the  addi- 
tions thereto,  abridged  and  united  in  the  twelve  books 
of  the  Codex  Iustinianus.  The  extracts  from  the  ius  vetus 
were  arranged  in  50  books  called  Digesta,  a.  530-533.  On 
the  basis  of  the  new  legislation  a new  manual  was  like- 
wise elaborated  by  Tribonian,  Theophilos  and  Dorotheos, 
the  four  books  of  Institutiones,  chiefly  after  Gaius.  To 
these  collections  of  Justinian  were  added  subsequent  or- 
dinances, Novell®,  in  several  private  collections,  from  a. 
533  to  about  the  end  of  the  century,  mostly  in  Greek. 
Though  Justinian,  in  causing  these  collections  to  be  made, 
besides  the  craving  to  immortalise  his  name,  was  gov- 
erned by  the  autocratic  idea  of  establishing  mechanical 
uniformity,  foreclosing  controversies  among  the  lawyers 
and  debarring  the  judge  from  the  exercise  of  his  individ- 
ual opinion,  still  it  was  he  who  rescued  the  treasures  of 
ancient  jurisprudence,  otherwise  doomed  to  destruction, 
rendered  possible  an  historical  treatment  of  Roman  law 
by  his  Digest,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  all  further  de- 
velopment of  that  law. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  542. 

Corral  (kor-ral'),  Poinciano.  Born  in  Costa 
Rica  about  1810 : died  at  Granada,  Nicaragua, 
Nov.  8,  1855.  A Central  American  general.  He 
defeated  Castellon  early  in  1855,  and  Walker  in  June  of 
that  year.  In  October  he  gave  in  his  adherence  to  Walker 
and  Rivas,  and  was  made  minister  of  war ; but  he  was  de- 
tected in  a correspondence  with  the  legitimist  leaders, 
accused  by  Walker,  tried,  and  shot. 

Correa  da  Serra  (kor-ra'a  da  ser'ra),  Jose 
Francisco.  Born  at  Serpa,  Portugal,  June  6, 
1750 : died  at  Caldas  da  Rainha,  Portugal,  Sept. 
11,  1823.  A Portuguese  naturalist,  historian, 
and  politician.  He  edited  the  first  three  vol- 
umes of  the  “Collec§ao  de  livros  ineditos  da 
historia  Portugueza”  (1790-1816). 

Correggio  (kor-red'jo),  Antonio  Allegri  da. 
Born  at  Correggio,  near  Modena,  Italy,  1494: 
died  there,  March  5,  1534.  A famous  Italian 
painter  of  the  Lombard  school,  probably  a pu- 
pil of  Francesco  Bianchi  at  Modena.  His  life  was 

passed  within  the  confines  of  Lombardy,  in  Correggio, 
Modena,  and  Parma.  It  is  more  than  doubtful  whether 
he  ever  visited  Rome.  “In  facility  of  handling,  in  abso- 
lute mastery  of  the  difficulties  of  foreshortening,  in  the 
management  of  light  and  shade  as  distributed  over  vast 
spaces  and  affecting  multitudes  of  figures,  this  great  mas- 
ter has  no  rival.”  Perkins. 

Correze  (kor-raz').  A department  of  France, 
lying  between  Haute-Vienne  and  Creuse  on  the 
north,  Puy-de-Dome  and  Cantal  on  the  east, 
Lot  on  the  south,  and  Dordogne  on  the  west. 
It  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Limousin.  Cap- 
ital, Tulle.  Area,  2,272  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 317,430. 

Corrib  (kor'rib),  Lough.  The  second  largest 
lake  in  Ireland,  situated  in  the  counties  of 
Galway  and  Mayo.  It  receives  the  waters  of 
Lough  Mask,  and  has  its  outlet  in  the  Corrib 
River. 

Corriehie  (kor-rich'i).  A moor  situated  west 
of  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  It  was  the  scene  of  a 
victory  of  the  Earl  of  Moray  over  the  Earl  of 
Huntly  in  1562. 

Corrientes  (kor-re-en'tes).  1.  A province  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  lying  south  of  Para- 
guay and  west  of  Brazil  and  Uruguay.  Area, 
32,580  square  miles.  Population,  319,386. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  above  province,  situated  on 
the  Parand  in  lat.  27°  29'  8.,  long.  58°  49'  W. 
It  has  some  river  trade.  Founded  in  1588. 
Population,  18,000. 

Corrievrekin  (kor-i-vrek'in),  or  Coryvreckan 

(-an).  A dangerous  whirlpool  or  sound  be- 
tween Jura  and  Searba,  off  the  coast  of  Argyll- 
shire, Scotland. 

Corril  (kor'il),  Daniel.  Bom  1777 : died  at 
Madras,  India,  Feb.  5,  1837.  An  English  mis- 
sionary in  India,  appointed  archdeacon  of  Cal- 
cutta in  1823,  and  first  bishop  of  Madras  in 
1835.  He  went  to  India  as  an  army  chaplain  in  1806, 
and  from  the  first  added  the  labors  of  a missionary  to  his 
official  duties.  He  founded  several  missions. 

Cony  (kor'i).  A city  of  Erie  County,  Pennsyl- 


282 

vania,  situated  28  miles  southeast  of  Erie.  It 
has  been  developed  since  1861  by  the  discovery 
of  petroleum.  Population,  5,991,  (1910). 
Corsair  (kor'sar),  The.  A poem  by  Byron,  pub- 
lished in  1814. 

Corsairs.  [FromPg.  corsa,  a course  or  cruise.] 
Sea-robbers,  chiefly  from  the  Barbary  coast, 
who  infested  the  Mediterranean  for  many  cen- 
turies. 

From  the  days  when  Barbarossa  defied  the  whole 
strength  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  to  the  early  part  of 
the  present  centuiy,  when  prizes  were  taken  by  Algerine 
rovers  under  the  guns,  so  to  say,  of  all  the  fleets  of  Europe, 
the  Corsairs  were  masters  of  the  narrow  seas,  and  dictated 
their  own  terms  to  all  comers.  Nothing  but  the  creation 
of  the  large  standing  navies  of  the  present  age  crippled 
them ; nothing  less  than  the  conquest  of  their  too  con- 
venient coasts  could  have  thoroughly  suppressed  them. 
During  these  three  centuries  they  levied  blackmail  upon 
all  who  had  any  trading  interest  in  the  Mediterranean. 
The  Venetians,  Genoese,  Pisans  in  older  days,  the  Eng- 
lish, French,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  and  American  Gov- 
ernments in  modern  times,  purchased  security  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a regular  tribute,  or  by  the  periodical  presenta- 
tion of  costly  gifts.  The  penalty  of  resistance  was  too  well 
known  to  need  exemplification.  Thousands  of  Christian 
slaves  in  the  bagnios  at  Algiers  bore  witness  to  the  conse- 
quences of  an  independent  policy.  So  long  as  the  nations 
of  Europe  continued  to  quarrel  among  themselves,  instead 
of  presenting  a united  line  of  battle  to  the  enemy,  such 
humiliations  had  to  be  endured  ; so  long  as  a Corsair  raid 
upon  Spain  suited  the  policy  of  France;  so  long  as  the 
Dutch,  in  their  jealousy  of  other  states,  could  declare  that 
Algiers  was  necessary  to  them,  there  was  no  chance  of  the 
plague  subsiding ; and  it  was  not  till  the  close  of  the  great 
Napoleonic  wars  that  the  Powers  agreed,  at  the  Congress 
of  Aix  la  Chapelle  in  1818,  to  act  together,  and  do  away 
with  the  scourge  of  Christendom.  And  even  then  little 
was  accomplished  till  France  combined  territorial  ag- 
grandizement with  the  r61e  of  a civilizing  influence. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  3. 

Corse  (kors),  John  Murray.  Born  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  April  25,  1835:  died  at  Winchester, 
April  27,  1893.  An  American  general.  He 
entered  West  Point  in  1853,  but  left  before  graduating, 
and  studied  law.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
entered  the  Union  army  as  a major  of  volunteers.  He 
commanded  a division  at  Memphis:  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  in  1163  ; served  in  the  Chattanooga  cam- 
paign ; participated  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and 
Missionary  Ridge ; “held  the  fort”  at  Allatoona,  against 
a largely  superior  force  of  the  enemy,  Oct.  5,  1864 ; was 
made  brevet  major-general  in  1864 ; and  commanded  a 
division  in  Sherman’s  march  to  the  sea.  He  was  collector 
of  internal  revenue  at  Chicago  1867-69,  and  was  subse- 
quently postmaster  of  Boston. 

Cor  Serpentis  (kor  ser-pen'tis).  [L.  (NL.), 
‘the  heart  of  the  serpent’:  cor  = E.  heart .] 
The  second-magnitude  star  a Serpentis,  more 
often  called  Unukalhai. 

Corsica  (kor'si-ka).  [F.  Corse.']  An  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  forming  a department  of 
France : the  Greek  Cyrous  (Kvpvoc;).  it  is  sepa- 
rated from  Sardinia  to  the  south  by  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio, 
and  lies  about  50  miles  S.W.  of  Tuscany.  Its  surface  is 
mountainous,  its  highest  summit  being  Monte  Cinto. 
It  exports  wine,  olive-oil,  timber,  etc.  The  capital  is 
Ajaccio,  and  the  chief  town  Bastia.  The  language  is 
Italian.  It  was  acquired  by  the  Romans  at  the  end  of  the 
first  Punic  war,  and  was  held  successively  by  the  Vandals, 
Goths,  Franks,  Saracens,  and  PisanB,  and  from  the  14t.h 
century  by  the  Genoese.  It  was  acquired  by  France  in 
1768.  The  revolt  of  the  Corsican  Paoli  in  1793  placed  Cor- 
sica under  British  rule ; but  it  was  regained  by  France 
in  1796.  It  is  noted  for  its  vendettas.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Napoleon  I.  Length,  114  miles.  Width,  62  miles. 
Area,  3,367  square  miles.  Population,  291,160. 

Corsican  Brothers,  The.  A translation  by 
Boucicault  of  a popular  French  play,  “Les 
fr&res  corses.”  The  plot  turns  on  the  mys- 
terious sympathy  between  Louis  and  Fabian 
dei  Franchi,  who  are  twin  brothers. 

Corso  (kor'so).  One  of  the  principal  streets  of 
Rome.  It  extends  for  nearly  a mile  from  the  Piazza  del 
Popolo,  and  is  the  chief  scene  of  the  annual  carnival. 

Corssen  (kors'sen),  Wilhelm  Paul.  Bom  at 
Bremen,  Germany,  Jan.  20,  1820 : died  at  Lich- 
terfelde,  near  Berlin,  June  18,  1875.  A Ger- 
man philologist.  His  works  include  “Uber  Aussprache, 
Vokalismus,  und  Betonung  der  lateinischen  Sprache  ” 
(1S58-59),  “Kritische  Beitrage  zur  lateinischen  Formen- 
lehre  ” (1863),  etc. 

Cort  (kort),  Cornells.  Born  at  Hoorn,  Nether- 
lands, after  1530 : died  at  Rome,  1578.  A 
Dutch  engraver.  His  works  include  noted  en- 
gravings after  Titian,  Raphael,  and  other 
masters. 

Cort  (kort),  Henry.  Born  at  Lancaster,  Eng- 
land, 1740:  died  1800.  An  English  iron-master, 
called  the  “father  of  the  iron-trade.”  He  was 
the  inventor  of  the  process  of  “puddling,"  and  of  the 
“ puddle-rolls  ” used  to  draw  out  the  puddled  ball  of  iron 
into  bars. 

Corte  (kor'te).  A town  in  Corsica,  35  miles 
northeast  of  Ajaccio.  It  was  the  headquarters 
of  Paoli’s  government  in  the  18th  century. 
Population,  commune,  5,188. 
Cortenuova-(kor-te-no-6'va).  A village  in  the 
province  of  Bergamo,  Italy,  about  32  miles 


Cortes,  Sea  of 

east  of  Milan.  Here,  in  1237,  the  emperor 
Frederick  II.  defeated  the  Lombards. 
Cortereal  (kor-ta-ra-al'),  Gaspar.  Born  about 
1450.  A Portuguese  navigator.  He  explored 
Labrador  and  Newfoundland  in  1500,  and  in  1501  under- 
took a second  voyage  to  the  same  regions,  in  the  course  of 
which  he  died. 

Cortes  (kor'tes).  [Sp.,  ‘courts.’]  1.  The  na- 
tional assembly  or  legislature  of  Spain,  con- 
sisting of  a senate  and  chamber  of  deputies. 
The  Senate  is  composed  of  not  over  360  members,  one  half 
princes  of  the  blood,  grandees,  and  certain  ex-qtficio  and 
nominated  members,  and  one  half  elected.  The  Chamber 
of  Deputies  is  composed  of  members  in  the  proportion  of 
one  for  every  50,000  inhabitants,  elected  for  five  years. 

2.  The  former  parliament  of  Portugal.  It  con- 
sisted of  an  upper  house  of  hereditary  and  nominated 
princes,  peers,  and  bishops,  and  a lower  house  elected  by 
the  people.  The  constitution  of  1911  substituted  2 elected 
chambers. 

Cortes  (kor-tas'),  or  Cortez  (kor'tez),  Her- 
nando, or  Hernan,  or  Fernando.  Born  at 
Medellin,  Estremadura,  Spain,  1485:  died  at 
Castillejo  de  la  Cuesta,  near  Seville,  Dec.  2, 
1547.  A famous  Spanish  soldier,  the  conqueror 
of  Mexico.  In  1504  he  went  to  Espanola,  and  in  1511  to 
Cuba  where  he  married.  In  1518  Velasquez  gave  him 
command  of  12  vessels  and  508  soldiers,  destined  to  follow 
up  Grijalva's  Mexican  discoveries.  Suspecting  disloyalty, 
V elasquez  wished  to  recall  him  at  the  last  moment,  but 
Cortes  evaded  him  and  finally  left  Cuba  Feb.  18,  1519. 
Rounding  Yucatan,  he  had  conflicts  with  the  Indians  of 
Tabasco;  landed  and  founded  Vera  Cruz  in  April ; and  in 
Aug.  began  his  march  to  Mexico  City,  notwithstanding  the 
remonstrances  of  the  messengers  of  Montezuma,  the  chief 
or  “emperor"  of  that  city.  Montezuma  did  not  directly 
resist  him,  but  he  had  to  fight  several  severe  battles  (Sept.) 
with  the  independent  Tlascalans,  who  eventually  joined 
him  with  a large  force.  At  Cholula  (Oct.)  he  massacred  a 
great  number  of  natives  as  a punishment  for  a real  or  sup- 
posed conspiracy,  and  on  Nov.  8 marched  over  the  lake 
causeways  into  Mexico,  Montezuma  coming  out  to  meet 
him.  The  Spaniards  were  hospitably  lodged,  and  received 
rich  presents;  but  on  the  rumor  of  an  uprising  Cortdsseized 
and  held  Montezuma  as  a hostage.  Velasquez  having  sent 
Fanfilo  de  Narvaez  in  pursuit  of  Cortes,  the  latter  left  150 
men  under  Alvarado,  made  a rapid  march,  defeated  and 
captured  Narvaez  at  Cempoala  May  28,  1520,  and  enlisted 
most  of  his  men.  On  his  return  he  found  the  Spaniards 
closely  besieged  by  the  Mexicans,  who  had  at  last  risen  in 
arms.  Cortes  and  his  men  were  allowed  to  march  in,  but 
the  fight  was  at  once  resumed.  The  captive  Montezuma 
was  killed  by  a shower  of  stones  while  attempting  to  par- 
ley; and  on  the  night  of  June  30  the  Spaniards  tried  to  leave 
the  city  secretly.  They  were  discovered,  and  lost  half  their 
force,  and  most  of  the  treasure  they  had  collected,  in  a 
fierce  battle  on  one  of  the  causeways  ; still  hotly  pursued, 
they  fought  another  great  battle  at  Otumba  July  7,  finally 
escaping  into  Tlascala.  Here  Cortes  reorganized  his  army, 
receiving  many  Indian  allies  ; and,  aided  by  ships  which 
he  built  on  the  lakes,  began  the  siege  of  Mexico  in  May, 
1521.  Under  Guatemotzin  the  city  was  desperately  de- 
fended, and  most  of  it  was  leveled  with  the  ground  before 
it  was  taken : Guatemotzin  was  captured  Aug.  13,  1521. 
After  this  success,  Cortds  was  empowered  by  the  emperor 
to  conquer  all  of  New  Spain,  and  in  1623  he  was  made 
governor.  Mexico  was  rebuilt.  Expeditions  were  sent  in 
various  directions,  and  navigation  of  the  Pacific  com- 
menced. To  settle  disorders  in  Honduras,  Cortds  marched 
overland  to  that  region  (Oct.,  1524,  to  April,  1526),  enduring 
terrible  sufferings.  During  this  long  absence  his  enemies 
gained  power:  he  was  deposed  from  the  governorship 
J uly,  1526,  and  in  1528  went  to  Spain  to  seek  redress.  Charles 
V.  received  him  with  high  honor : he  was  made  marquis 
of  the  Valley  of  Oaxaca  (Mexico)  and  military  captain-gen- 
eral of  New  Spain,  but  was  not  restored  to  the  governor- 
ship. His  first  wife  having  died,  hemarried  aladyof  noble 
birth,  and  in  1530  returned  to  Mexico,  where  he  lived  in 
great  splendor  on  the  vast  estates  granted  to  him.  But 
the  machinations  of  his  enemies  continued ; his  explora- 
tions of  the  west  coast  (1533-39)  were  greatly  hampered ; 
and  in  1540  he  again  went  to  Spain  to  seek  redress.  In  1541 
he  was  with  the  emperor  in  the  Algerine  campaign. 
Charles  refused  or  put  off  his  demands,  and,  despairing  of 
redress,  Cortds  was  about  going  back  to  Mexico,  when  he 
died.  His  honors,  by  failure  of  the  direct  line  with  his 
great-grandson,  have  "passed  to  the  dukes  of  Terranova  and 
Monteleone,  in  Sicily ; his  Mexican  estates  have  several 
times  been  sequestrated,  but  portions  are  now  held  by  the 
heirs.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Cortes,  Jose  Domingo.  Born  about  1830 : died 
1884.  A Chilean  author.  He  was  long  a journalist, 
subsequently  attache  at  Brussels,  and  finally  government 
director  of  libraries  in  Bolivia.  Among  his  numerous 
biographical  and  historical  works  are  the  “Diccionario 
biogrdfico  Americano,"  “Poetas  Americanos,”  “Historia 
de  Bolivia,”  and  “ Estadistica  bibliografica  de  Bolivia.” 

Cortes,  Martin.  Born  in  Mexico,  1532:  died 
in  Spain,  Aug.  13,  1589.  The  legitimate  son 
of  Hernando  Cortes.  He  went  to  Spain  in  1540.  was 
liberally  educated,  followed  the  court  of  Philip  II.  to 
Flanders  and  England,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the 
army.  He  inherited  the  title  of  Marques  del  Valle,  and 
most  of  the  Mexican  estates  were  restored  to  him.  In 
1562  he  went  to  Mexico,  where  he  lived  in  great  splendor 
until  July,  1566,  when  he  was  accused  of  conspiring  with 
the  brothers  Avila  to  make  himself  king.  (See  Avila, 
Alonzo  de.)  He  was  sent  to  Spain,  but  was  exonerated 
after  several  years.  His  illegitimate  brother,  of  the  same 
name,  was  involved  in  the  accusation  and  horribly  tor- 
tured. 

Cortes,  Sea  of.  A name  given,  in  maps  and 
books  of  the  16th  century,  to  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, in  honor  of  Hernando  Cortds,  one  of  its 
first  explorers. 


Corteze,  II 

Corteze  (kor-ta'ze),  II.  [It.,  ‘ The  Courteous.’] 
A famous  Italian  book  of  manners,  written  by 
Baldassare  Castiglione.  It  was  translated  into 
English  in  1561  by  Sir  Thomas  Hoby. 

Cortina  (kor-te'nii).  The  chief  place  in  the 
Val  Ampezzo,  southern  Tyrol,  near  the  Italian 
frontier. 

Cortland  (kort'land).  The  capital  of  Cortland 
County,  New  York,  32  miles  south  of  Syracuse. 
Population,  11,504,  (1910). 

Cortona  (kor-to'nii).  [L.;  Gr.  K opr  ova.]  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Arezzo,  Italy,  50 
miles  southeast  of  Florence.  It  ia  noted  for  its 
Etruscan  and  other  antiquities,  and  its  ancient  walls.  It 
has  a cathedral,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Luca  Signo- 
relli. It  was  one  of  the  twelve  confederate  Etruscan 
cities. 

Coruna,  Conde  de  la.  See  Mendoza,  Lorenzo 
Suarez  de. 

Corunna  (ko-run'a),  Sp.  La  Coruna  (la  k5- 
rdn'ya).  [P.  La  Co  rogue.]  A province  in 
Galicia,  Spain,  lying  between  the  Atlantic  on 
the  north  and  west,  Lugo  on  the  east,  and 
Pontevedra  on  the  south.  Area,  3,051  square 
miles.  Population,  653,556. 

Corunna,  or  Coruna,  La,  OE.  “ The  Groyne.” 
A seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Corunna, 
situated  in  lat.  43°  23'  N.,  long.  8°  25'  W.: 
the  Roman  Brigantium  (in  the  middle  ages 
Coronium).  It  exports  cattle,  peat,  sardines,  etc.  It  was 
the  sailing-port  of  the  Armada  in  1588 ; was  taken  by 
Drake  in  1589  ; and  was  the  scene,  Jan.  16,  1809,  of  the 
battle  of  Corunna,  in  which  14,000  British  troops  under 
Sir  John  Moore,  on  their  retreat  before  the  french,  de- 
feated 20,000  of  the  enemy  under  Soult.  The  British 
commander  was  killed,  but  the  defeat  of  the  French 
army  secured  the  retreat  of  his  army.  Population,  47,- 
085. 

Oorvei,  or  Corvey  (kor'vi).  An  old  and  cele- 
brated German  Benedictine  abbey  about  1 ) 
miles  from  Hoxter  on  the  Weser.  it  was  founded 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  the  Pious,  813,  by  his  uncles  Adelhard 
and  Wala.  Its  first  occupants  were  monks  from  Corbie 
(whence  the  name  Corbeia  Nova)  in  Picardy. 

Corvin-Wiersbitzki  (kor ' ven -vers  - bit  'ske), 
Otto  Julius  Bernhard.  Born  at  Gumbinnen, 
Prussia,  Oct.  12,  1812:  died  at  Wiesbaden, 
March  2, 1886.  A German  politician,  journal- 
ist, and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  published 
“Illustrirte  Weltgeschichte”  (1844-51),  etc. 
Corvino  (kor-ve'no).  A merchant,  the  hus- 
band of  Celia,  in  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “ Vol- 
pone” : a mixture  “of  wittol,  fool,  andknave.” 
Out  of  pure  covetousness  he  falls  into  Mosca’s 
plot  to  give  his  wife  up  to  Yolpone. 

Corvinus,  Matthias.  See  Matthias  L.  Corvinus. 
Corvisart-Desmarets  (kor-ve-zar'da-ma-ra'), 
Baron  Jean  Nicolas  de.  Born  at  Dr6court, 
Ardennes,  France,  Feb.  15, 1755 : died  at  Cour- 
bevoie,  near  Paris,  Sept.  18,  1821.  A noted 
French  physician.  He  wrote  “ Essai  sur  les 
maladies  du  coeur,  etc.”  (1808),  etc. 

Corvus  (kdr'vus).  [L., ‘a  raven.’]  An  ancient 
southern  constellation,  the  Raven.  It  presents 
a characteristic  configuration  of  four  stars  of  the 
second  or  third  magnitude. 

Corvus,  Marcus  Valerius.  See  Valerius. 
Corwin  (kor'win),  Thomas.  Born  in  Bourbon 
County,  Ky.,  July  29, 1794:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Dec.  18, 1865.  An  American  statesman 
and  orator.  He  entered  Congress  in  1831.  He  was 
governor  of  Ohio  1840—12,  United  States  senator  from 
Ohio  1845-50,  secretary  of  the  treasury  1850-53,  member 
of  Congress  1859-61,  and  United  States  minister  to  Mexico 
1861-64. 

Coryate,  or  Coryat  (kor'yat),  Thomas.  Born 
at  Odeombe,  Somerset,  about  1577:  died  at 
Surat,  India,  Dec.,  1617.  An  English  traveler. 
He  made  a journey  through  France,  Savoy,  Italy,  Swit- 
zerland, and  other  countries  of  the  Continent  in  1608,  an 
account  of  which  was  published  in  1611  under  the  title 
"Coryat’s  Crudities."  In  1612  he  started  on  a tour  of  the 
East,  and  visited  Palestine,  Persia,  and  India,  in  which 
last-named  country  he  fell  a victim  to  disease. 
Corybantes  (kor-i-ban'tez).  The  priests  of  the 
goddess  Rhea  in  Phrygia,  whose  worship  they 
celebrated  by  orgiastic  dances. 

Corydon  (kor'i-don).  1.  A shepherd  in  Ver- 
gil’s seventh  eclogue,  and  in  Theocritus;  hence, 
a conventional  name  in  pastoral  poetry  for  a 
shepherd  or  a rustic  swain. — 2.  A shepherd  in 
Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  in  love  with  Pas- 
torella. — 3.  A shoemaker  of  Constantinople,  in 
Scott’s  “Count  Robert  of  Paris.” — 4.  A shep- 
herd in  Spenser’s  “Colin  Clout.” 

Corygaum,  or  Koregaon.  A place  south  of 
Poona,  India,  the  scene  of  a British  victory 
over  the  Mahrattas  in  1818. 

Coryvreckan.  See  Corrievrelcin. 

Cos,  or  Kos  (kos).  [Gr.  K£>c,  K6ug,  mod.  Gr. 
KCrr/r ; It . Stanko,  Stanchio.]  An  island  in  the 
Algean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  west 


283 

of  Asia  Minor  in  lat.  36°  50'  N.,  long.  27°  5'  E. 
It  is  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  Apelles,  Ptolemy 
PhiladelphuB,  and  Hippocrates,  and  also  for  its  vineyards. 
Area,  about  95  square  miles.  Population,  about  10,000. 

Cosa  (ko'sa),  Juan  de  la.  Date  of  birth  un- 
known: died  near  the  Bay  of  Cartagena,  Nov., 
1509.  A Spanish  navigator,  one  of  the  most 
skilful  of  his  time.  He  was  with  Columbus  in  the 
voyage  of  1492  and  during  the  exploration  of  Cuba,  and 
he  made  at  least  five  voyages  to  the  northern  coast  of 
South  America:  viz.,  with  Ojeda,  May,  1499,  to  June, 
1600;  with  Bastidas,  Oct.,  1500,  to  Sept.,  1502;  in  com- 
mand of  successful  expeditions  in  search  of  gold,  etc., 
1504  to  1606,  and  1507  to  1508 ; and  finally  with  Ojeda  in 
1509,  when  he  was  killed  by  the  Indians.  Of  La  Cosa’s 
charts  two  or  three  have  come  down  to  us.  His  map  of 
the  New  World,  made  in  1500,  is  the  oldest  known.  It  is 
now  the  property  of  the  Spanish  government. 

Cosigiiina  (ko-se-gwe'na).  A volcano  at  the 
extreme  western  end  of  Nicaragua,  situated  on 
a peninsula  between  the  Gulf  of  Fonseca  and 
the  Pacific.  It  is  less  than  4,000  feet  high,  but  is  re- 
markable for  one  of  the  most  violent  eruptions  ever  re- 
corded. This  began  on  Jan.  20,  1835,  and  lasted  three 
days:  the  cloud  of  ashes  darkened  the  country  for  a dis- 
tance of  from  50  to  100  miles  from  the  crater;  near  the 
base  they  lay  several  feet  thick,  and  were  carried  by  the 
wind  to  Jamaica,  Oajaca  in  Mexico,  and  Bogota  in  Co- 
lombia. The  explosions  are  said  to  have  been  heard  in 
Mexico  City. 

Cosenza  (ko-sen'dzii).  1.  A province  in  Ca- 
labria, Italy.  Also  called  Calabria  Citeriore. 
Area,  2,568  square  miles.  Population,  488,637. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Cosenza, 
Italy,  situated  in  lat.  39°  19'  N.,  long.  16°  18' 
E.:  the  ancient  Consentia.  It  contains  a cathedral, 
castle,  court-house,  many  old  palaces,  etc.  The  city  suf- 
fers severely  from  earthquakes.  Alaric  died  near  here  in 
410.  Population,  commune,  21,545. 

Cosette  (ko-set').  In  Victor  Hugo’s  “Les  Mi- 
serables,”  the  daughter  of  Fantine,  adopted  by 
Jean  Valjean.  Her  name  is  given  to  the  sec- 
ond part  of  the  story. 

Cosin  (kuz'in),  John.  Born  at  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, Nov.  30,  1594:  died  at  London,  Jan.  15, 
1672.  A noted  English  divine  and  writer.  He 

was  appointed  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  in  1635, 
vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University  in  1639,  dean  of 
Peterborough  in  1640,  and  bishop  of  Durham  in  1660.  He 
was  a churchman  of  the  school  of  Laud,  and  an  active 
Koyalist  during  the  civil  war;  and  in  1644  was  obliged  to 
retire  to  Paris,  where  he  became  chaplain  to  the  house- 
hold of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.  After  the  Restoration  he 
returned  to  England,  and  rose  to  a position  of  great  influ- 
ence in  the  church. 

Cosmas  (kos'mas)  and  Damian  (da'mi-an), 
Saints.  Two  martyrs  famous  in  the  Eastern 
Church.  They  worked  as  physicians  and  missionaries. 
They  were  martyred  in  Cilicia  under  Diocletian.  A basil- 
ica was  built  in  their  honor  at  Constantinople  by  Justin- 
ian, and  one  at  Home  by  Felix  II. 

Cosmas,  surnamed  Indicopleustes.  [Gr.  Ko<r- 
pag  IvOiKOTrTievorrjg  (‘the  Indian  voyager’).] 
Lived  in  the  6th  century  a.  d.  An  Egyp- 
tian monk  and  traveler,  author  of  a work  on 
geography  and  theology,  “Topographia  Chris- 
tiana.” 

Cosmati  (kos-ma'te).  A family  or  school  of 
sculptors  in  Rome  who  originated  the  scheme 
of  decorated  architecture  called  “Cosma- 
tesque”  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century. 
It  flourished  for  more  than  150  years.  The  beauty  of 
the  work  depends  mainly  upon  the  skdful  combination  of 
mosaics,  disks  of  porphyry,  and  many-colored  marbles 
found  among  the  ruins  of  Rome.  The  principal  members 
of  the  family  were  Piero,  Odericus,  Giovanni,  Adeodatus, 
and  Pasquale.  Examples  of  their  work  are  the  Duomo  of 
Civita  Castellana,  the  cloisters  of  San  Paolo,  and  the  por- 
tico and  pulpit  of  San  Lorenzo. 

Cosmo.  See  Medici. 

Cosmos  (koz'mos).  [Gr.  uicpog,  order.]  A 
“physical  description  of  the  universe”  by 
Alexander  von  Humboldt,  published  1845-58. 

Cosmos  Club.  A club  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
composed  chiefly  of  scientific  men,  organized 
in  1878.  The  club  is  located  at  the  southeast  corner  of 
Lafayette  Place  and  II  street,  in  the  house  formerly  occu- 
pied by  Dolly  Madison. 

Cossa  (kos'sa),  Luigi.  Born  at  Milan,  May  27, 
1831 : died  at  Pavia,  May  10, 1896.  An  Italian  po- 
litical economist,  professor  at  Pavia  from  1858. 

Cossacks  (kos'aks).  [Said  to  be  of  Tatar  ori- 
gin. ] A military  people  inhabiting  the  steppes 
of  Russia  along  the  lower  Don  and  about  the 
Dnieper,  and  in  lesser  numbers  in  eastern  Rus- 
sia, Caucasia,  Siberia,  and  elsewhere.  Their 
origin  is  uncertain,  but  their  nucleus  is  supposed  to  have 
consisted  of  refugees  from  the  ancient  limits  of  Russia, 
forced  by  hostile  invasion  to  the  adoption  of  a military 
organization  or  order,  which  grew  into  a more  or  less  free 
tribal  existence.  Their  independent  spirit  has  led  to 
numerous  unsuccessful  revolts,  ending  in  their  subjec- 
tion, although  they  retain  various  privileges.  As  light 
cavalry  they  form  an  element  in  the  Russian  army  very 
valuable  in  skirmishing  operations  and  in  the  protection 
of  the  frontiers  of  the  empire. 

Cossacks,  The.  A novel  by  L.  Tolstoi,  published 
1852.  It  was  translated  into  English  in  1878. 


Costello,  Dudley 

Cossacks,  Province  of  the  Don.  See  Don 

Cossacks,  Province  of  the.  , 

Cosse  (ko-sa'),  Charles  de  (Comte  de  Brissac). 

Born  in  Anjou,  France,  about  1505 : died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  31,  1563.  A marshal  of  France. 
He  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Naples  in  1528,  served 
against  the  English  and  Imperialists  in  Champagne  and 
Flanders  1544-16,  and  became  grand  master  of  the  artil- 
lery in  1547,  and  marshal  of  France  in  1550. 

Cosseans  (ko-se'anz).  A wild  and  warlike 
people  formerly  inhabiting  the  Zagros  Moun- 
tains northeast  of  Babylon.  They  are  mentioned 
by  Polybius,  Diodorus  Siculus,  Strabo,  and  others,  and 
are  probably  identical  with  the  Nairn  or  Kahishi  of  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions.  About  the  year  1500  B.  c.  they 
invaded  Babylonia,  ruling  the  country  for  several  centu- 
ries ; and  as  late  as  the  time  of  Sennacherib  (705-681) 
an  expedition  against  them  is  recorded.  Possibly  they, 
and  not  the  Ethiopians,  are  meant  by  Cush  (to  be  read 
Cash)  in  many  passages  of  the  Old  Testament : e.  g.,  Gen. 
x.  7,  8,  where,  among  the  descendants  of  “Cush,  ’ Nim- 
rod and  the  founders  of  other  Semitic  tribes  appear. 
Cossimbazar  (kos//sim-ba-zar').  A former  im- 
portant city  of  India,  near  Murshidabad. 
Cossovo.  See  Kosovo. 

Cossutius  (ko-su'shius).  A Roman  architect 
who,  under  Antiochus  Epiphanes  (175  to  164), 
built  a large  part  of  the  temple  of  .Zeus  at 
Athens,  begun  in  the  time  of  Pisistratus  and 
finished  in  that  of  Hadrian. 

Costa  (kos'ta),  Claudio  Manuel  da.  Born 
at  Carmo,  Minas  Geraes,  June  6,  1729:  died  at 
Villa  Rica  (now  Ouro  Preto),  1789.  A Brazil- 
ian poet.  He  was  a lawyer  in  Villa  Rica.  In  1789  he 
was  arrested  for  taking  part  in  the  conspiracy  of  Ti- 
radentes,  and  a few  days  after  he  committed  suicide  in 
prison.  His  name  was  declared  infamous  and  his  goods 
were  confiscated,  but  his  sonnets  and  songs,  published 
long  after  his  death,  have  placed  him  in  the  first  rank 
among  Portuguese  poets. 

Costa,  Sir  Michael.  Bom  at  Naples,  Feb.  4, 
1810:  died  at  West  Brighton,  England,  April 
29,  1884.  A noted  musician,  composer  of 
operas,  oratorios,  ballets,  etc.,  and  musical 
director.  He  wrote  the  oratorios  “ Eli  ” (1855),  “ Naa- 
man  ’’  (1864),  etc.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent 
in  England. 

Costa  Cabral  (kos'ta  ka-bral'),  Antonio  Ber- 
nardo da,  Duke  of  Tbomar.  Born  at  Fornos 
de  Algodres,  Beira,  Portugal,  May  9, 1803 : died 
at  San  Juan  de  Flor,  Sept.  1,  1889.  A Portu- 
guese statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice  and  ec- 
clesiastical affairs  1839-42,  and  of  the  interior  1842-46  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  overthrown  by  a popular  uprising 
against  his  tyranny  and  misgovemment.  He  was  prime 
minister  again  1849-51. 

Costa  Carvalho  (kos'ta  kiir-val'yo),  Jos6  da. 
Born  at  Penha,  Bahia,  Feb.  7,  1796 : died  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Sept.  18,  I860.  A Brazilian 
statesman.  He  was  a member  of  the  constituent  as- 
sembly of  1822,  and  deputy  in  several  successive  parlia- 
ments. At  first  an  ardent  liberal,  lie  went  over  to  the 
conservatives  in  1838.  He  was  senator  from  1839.  and  or- 
ganized the  conservative  cabinet  of  1848.  This  ministry 
is  remarkable  in  South  American  history  as  having  directed 
the  war  which  ended  in  the  downfall  of  Rosas.  Costa  Car- 
valho was  successively  named  baron,  viscount,  and  mar- 
quis of  Monte  Alegre. 

Costanoan  (kos-ta'no-an).  [From  Sp.  costano, 
coastman.]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  whose  territory  extended  from 
the  Golden  Gate,  California,  to  a point  below 
Monterey  Bay,  and  thence  to  the  mountains 
in  the  vicinity  of  Soledad  Mission,  its  eastern 
boundary  followed  an  irregular  line  from  the  southern 
end  of  Salinas  Valley  to  Gilroy  Hot  Springs  and  the  upper 
waters  of  Conestimba  Creek  ; thence  along  the  San  Joa- 
quin to  its  mouth.  The  northern  boundary  was  formed 
by  Suisun  Bay,  Carquinez  Straits,  San  Pablo  and  San 
Francisco  bays,  and  the  Golden  Gate.  Prior  to  the  Span- 
ish mission  period  the  stock  was  numerous,  consisting  of 
the  Ahwaste,  Altahmo,  Aulintac,  Carquin,  Mutsun,  Ol- 
hone,  Romonan,  Rumsen,  Thamien,  and  Tulomo  tribes. 
There  were  about  30  survivors  at  Santa  Cruz  and  Mon- 
terey in  1888. 

Costard  (kos'tard).  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Love’s  Labour ’s  Lost,”  a clownish  peasant. 
Costa  Rica  (kos'ta  re'ka).  [Sp./  the  rich  coast.’] 
One  of  the  republics  of  Central  America, bound- 
ed by  Nicaragua  on  the  north,  the  Caribbean 
Sea  and  Panama  on  the  east  and  southeast, 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west  and  south- 
west. Capital,  San  Josd.  The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous,  ana  the  chief  exports  are  bananas  and  coffee. 
The  production  of  cacao  is  steadily  increasing.  The  lan- 
guage is  Spanish ; the  religion  is  Roman  Catholic ; and 
the  government  is  republican,  the  executive  being  a 
president  and  congress  consisting  of  a single  house.  Costa 
Rica  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1502.  Diego  de  Nicuesa 
failed  in  an  attempt  to  colonize  it  in  1509.  The  first  set- 
tlement was  made  by  Francisco  Hernandez  in  1523,  and 
the  country  was  conquered  1526-05.  Independence  was 
declared  in  1821,  and  the  territory  formed  part  of  the 
federal  republic  of  Central  America  from  1823  to  1839. 
Area,  about  23,000  square  miles.  Population,  388,266. 

Costello  (kos-tel'o),  Dudley.  Born  in  Sussex, 
England,  1803:  died  at  London,  Sept.  30,  1865. 
A British  soldier,  novelist,  journalist,  and  mis- 


Costello,  Dudley 

cellaneous  writer.  He  wrote  “A  Tour  through  the 
Valley  of  the  Meuse,  with  the  Legends  of  the  Walloou 
Country  and  (the  Ardennes”  (1845),  “ Piedmont  and  Italy, 
from  the  Alps  to  the  Tiber”  (1859-61),  etc.  He  served  as 
ensign  in  the  West  Indies,  retiring  on  half  pay  in  1828; 
later  he  was  foreign  correspondent  of  the  “ Morning  Her- 
ald ” and  the  “Daily  News. 

Costello,  Louise  Stuart.  Born  in  Ireland,  1799 : 
died  at  Boulogne,  April  24,  1870.  A British 
writer  and  miniature-painter,  sister  of  Dudley 
Costello.  She  wrote  “Songs  of  a Stranger”  (1825),  “A 
Summer  among  the  Bocages  and  Vines”  (1840),  “Gabri- 
elle,  or  Pictures  of  a Reign  " (1843),  “ The  Hose  Garden  of 
Persia  " (1845),  etc. 

Coster, or  Koster  (kos'ter), Laurens  Janszoon. 

[ Laurens  son  of  Jan,  surnamed  (D.)  Koster, 
the  sexton.]  A citizen  of  Haarlem  who,  ac- 
cording to  Hadrianus  Junius  in  his  “Batavia” 
(1588),  invented  the  art  of  printing  with  mov- 
able types  about  1440  (?).  The  claims  of  Coster 
(whose  identity  is  uncertain)  to  the  discovery  have  been 
maintained  with  great  confidence  by  the  Dutch  and  in 
other  quarters,  but  are  probably  invalid.  See  Ovtenberg. 

There  is  no  mention  of  Coster  as  a printer  earlier  than 
the  year  1550,  when  it  was  placed  on  a pedigree  then  made 
for  Gerrit  Thomaszoon,  one  of  Coster’s  descendants,  who 
had  kept  an  inn  in  the  house  declared  to  be  the  birthplace 
of  the  art  of  printing.  Here  it  is  said  of  an  ancestor  who 
was  Coster's  son-in-law,  Thomas  Pieterzoon,  that  “his 
second  wife  was  Lourens  Janszoon  Coster's  daughter,  who 
brought  the  first  print  into  the  world  in  the  year  1146.” 
The  figure  6 in  that  entry  has  been  partially  rubbed  out 
and  transformed  into  0.  Observation  of  this  fact  caused 
Dr.  V an  der  Linde  to  make  particular  search  in  the  archives 
of  the  town  and  church  of  Haarlem,  and  he  found,  extend- 
ing over  the  years  from  1441,  entries  of  payments  to  Lou- 
rens Janszoon  Coster  (son  of  a Jan  Coster  who  died  in 
1436),  for  oil  and  soap,  and  for  the  tallow  candles  burnt 
during  each  year  in  the  Town  Hall.  After  1447,  Lourens 
Janszoon  Coster,  having  given  up  his  business  as  a tallow 
chandler  to  his  sister,  Ghertruit,  Jan  Coster’s  daughter, 
turned  tavern-keeper.  He  was  paid  in  1451  for  wine  sent 
to  the  burgomaster ; in  1454  he  was  credited  with  seven- 
teen guilders  for  “ a dinner  offered  to  the  Count  of  Ooster- 
vant,  on  the  8th  day  of  October,  1453,  at  Lou  Coster’s”;  in 
1475  Lourens  Janszoon  Coster  paid  a fine  for  buyten  drinck- 
en  (drink  off  the  premises) ; and  the  last  entry  is  that  in 
1 483  he  paid  ferry-toll  for  his  goods  when  he  left  the  town. 
The  books  of  an  old  Haarlem  dining  association,  the  Holy 
Christmas  Corporation,  represent  Lourens,  the  son  of  Jan 
Coster,  inheriting  a chair  in  the  Corporation  from  his 
father  in  1436,  and  having  given  up  the  chair  in  1484,  with 
due  appearance  in  1497  of  Gerrit  Thomaszoon,  who  re- 
tained also  the  inn,  as  a successor  to  this  festive  inheri- 
tance. Lourens  Janszoon  Coster,  the  man  first  credited  in 
Gerrit  Thomaszoon's  pedigree  with  the  invention  of  print- 
ing, was,  therefore,  first  a chandler,  then  a prosperous 
tavern-keeper ; the  wine  vessels  cast  out  of  his  types  were 
the  old  pewter  flagons  proper  to  the  tavern  ; and  this  man 
lias  been  wrongly  confounded  with  Lourens  Janszoon, 
whose  name  was  not  Coster,  but  who  was  a rich  wine 
merchant  and  innkeeper,  town  councillor,  sheriff,  trea- 
surer and  governor  of  the  Hospital,  who  died  in  1439. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  279. 
Costigan  (kos'ti-gan),  Captain.  In  Thacke- 
ray’s “Pendennis,”  a rakish,  shabby-genteel  old 
ex-army  officer. 

Costigan,  Emily  or  Milly.  In  Thackeray’s 
novel  “ Pendennis,”  a commonplace  but  beau- 
tiful and  industrious  actress  in  the  provincial 
theater,  with  whom  Arthur  Pendennis  falls  in 
love.  She  is  twenty-six,  he  eighteen.  Her 
stage  name  is  Fotheringay. 

Cosway  (kos'wa),  Richard.  Born  at  Tiverton, 
Devonshire,  1740 : died  at  London,  July  4, 1821. 
An  English  artist,  especially  noted  as  a minia- 
ture-painter. He  resided  during  the  greater  part  of 
his  life  in  London,  where  he  was  very  successful  in  the 
practice  of  his  art,  gaining  especially  the  patronage  of 
people  of  fashion. 

Cota  (ko'ta),  Rodrigo  Cola  de  (Maquaque). 

Bom  at  Toledo,  Spain:  lived  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury. A Spanish  poet.  He  was  the  reputed  author 
of  the  first  act  of  the  romantic  drama  “Celestina”(1480), 
of  the  satire  “ Coplas  de  Mingo  Revulgo,”  and  of  a “ Dia- 
logo  eutre  el  Amor  y un  viejo.” 

Cotabanama(ko-ta-ba-na'ma),orCotubanama 

(ko-to-ba-na'ma).  Died  at  Santo  Domingo, 
1504.  An  Indian  cacique  of  Higuey,  the  east- 
ern province  of  Haiti.  He  rose  against  the  Span- 
iards in  1502,  and  again  in  1504.  Finally  defeated,  he  took 
refuge  in  a cave  in  the  island  of  Saona,  was  discovered, 
taken  to  Santo  Domingo,  and  hanged. 

Cote-d’Or  (kot'dor').  A department  in  Bur- 
gundy, Prance,  lying  between  Aube  on  the 
north,  Haute-Marne  on  the  northeast,  Haute- 
Saone  and  Jura  on  the  east,  Sa6ne-et-Loire  on 
the  south,  and  Yonne  and  Nievre  on  the  west. 
It  is  especially  noted  for  its  wines,  the  vineyards  producing 
which  are  largely  situated  in  the  COte-d’Or  Mountains,  a 
range  (height,  about  2,000  feet)  which  forms  a link  in  the 
chain  of  elevations  connecting  the  CMvennes  with  the 
Vosges.  Capital,  Dijon.  Area,  3,391  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 357,959. 

Cotelier  (kot-lya'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Niraes,  1629:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1686.  An 
eminent  French  Hellenist.  He  was  professor  of 
Greek  in  the  Royal  College  of  Paris  1676-86,  and  was  the 
author  of  “ Monuments  Ecclesia  Graecae”  (1677-86). 
Cotentin  (ko-ton-tan').  An  ancient  territory 
in  Normandy,  France,  forming  the  larger  part 


284 

of  the  department  of  Manche.  its  capital  was  Cou- 
tances.  It  was  settled  by  the  Normans  and  annexed  to 
Normandy  apparently  in  the  reign  of  the  second  Duke  of 
Normandy  (William  Longsword). 

Cotes  (kots),  Roger.  Born  at  Burbage,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  July  10,  1682:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, England,  June  5, 1716.  A noted  English 
mathematician.  He  was  a graduate  of  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College),  and  Plumian  professor  (1706)  of  astron- 
omy and  natural  philosophy  at  that  university.  He  was  a 
friend  of  Newton,  and  aided  him  in  preparing  the  edition 
of  the  “ Principia”  which  appeared  in  1713,  for  which  he 
also  wrote  the  preface.  Their  correspondence  was  pub- 
lished in  1850.  He  published  only  one  scientific  treatise 
(“Logometria”)  during  his  life;  his  papers  were  edited 
by  Robert  Smith  and  published  in  1722. 

Cotes-du-N ord  (kot'dii-nor').  A department 
in  Brittany,  France,  lying  between  the  English 
Channel  on  the  north,  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the 
east,  Morbihan  on  the  south,  and  Finistere  on 
the  west.  Its  leading  industries  are  the  raising  of 
horses  and  cattle,  fishing,  and  the  production  of  hemp  and 
flax.  Capital,  St.  Brleuc.  Area,  2,786  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 611,506. 

Coteswold.  See  Cotswold. 

Cotgrave  (kot'grav),  Randle.  Born  in  Che- 
shire, England : died  about  1634.  An  English 
lexicographer,  author  of  a French-English  dic- 
tionary, still  important  in  the  study  of  English 
and  French  philology,  first  published  in  1611 
(second  edition  in  1632,  with  an  English-French 
dictionary  by  Robert  Sherwood;  other  editions, 
revised  and  enlarged  by  James  Howell,  in  1650, 
1660,  and  1673).  He  studied  at  Cambridge  (St.  John’s 
College),  and  later  became  secretary  to  William  Cecil, 
Lord  Burghley. 

Cotben.  See  Kothen. 

Cotin  (ko-tan'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 1604; 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1682.  A French  preacher 
and  author.  He  was  councilor  and  almoner  to  the 
king,  and  became  a member  of  the  French  Academy  May 
3,  1055.  Having  incurred  the  enmity  of  Boileau  by  criti- 
cizing with  great  asperity,  at  the  Hotel  de  Rambouillet, 
some  of  his  early  productions,  he  was  exposed  to  ridicule 
by  the  latter  and  by  Molifere,  who  satirized  him  in  “Les 
femmes  savantes”  under  the  character  of  Trissotin.  Au- 
thor of  “ Poesies  chrOtiennes”  (1657). 

Cotman  (kot'man),  Jobn  Sell.  Born  at  Nor- 
wich, England,  May  16,  1782:  died  at  London, 
July  24,  1842.  An  English  landscape-painter 
and  etcher,  best  known  from  his  architectural 
drawings.  He  published  “Specimens  of  Norman  and 
Gothic  Architecture  in  the  County  of  Norfolk"  (1817 ; 50 
plates),  “A  Series  of  Etchings  illustrative  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Norfolk”  (1S18:  60  plates),  etc. 
He  also  executed  the  plates  for  Dawson  Turner's  “ Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Normandy”  (1822). 

Cotonam  (ko'to-nam).  A former  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  living  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  on  both  sides  of  the 
present  Texas-Mexico  border.  A few  survivors  re- 
sided at  La  Noria  Rancheria,  Hidalgo  County,  Texas,  in 
1888,  and  at  Las  Prietas  in  Tamaulipas,  Mexico.  See 
Coahuiltecan. 

Cotopaxi  (ko-to-paks'  i ; Sp.  pron.  ko-to-pa'- 
He).  A volcano  in  the  Andes,  situated  45  miles 
southeast  of  Quito,  Ecuador.  It  is  the  highest 
active  volcano  known,  and  was  first  ascended  by  Reiss  in 
1S72,  and  later  by  Stubel  in  1873,  and  Whymper  in  1880. 
Noted  eruptions  occurred  in  1533,  1698,  1738,  1744,  1768, 
1855,  1877,  and  later.  Height  (Whymper),  19,613  feet. 

Cotrone  (ko-tro'na).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Catanzaro,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ionian  Sea 
in  lat.  39°  8'  N.,  long.  17°  9'  E. : the  ancient 
Croton  or  Crotona.  It  contains  an  old  castle.  It  was 
colonized  by  Achseans  about  710  B.  0.,  and  became  one  of 
the  most  important  cities  of  Magna  Grsecia,  noted  for  its 
devotion  to  athletic  sports,  and  at  one  time  the  seat  of  the 
Pythagorean  school.  The  Crotoniats  destroyed  the  city 
of  Sybaris  in  510  B.  C.,  but  were  defeated  by  the  Locrians 
at  the  river  Sagras  about  480  B.  c.,  and  later  fell  to  Syra- 
cuse. Crotona  was  colonized  by  the  Romans  194  B.  c. 

Cotswold  (kots'wold),  or  Coteswold  (kots'- 
wold),  Hills.  A range  of  hills  in  the  northern 
part  of  Gloucestershire,  England,  extending 
southwest  and  northeast.  Highest  point, 
Cleeve  Hill,  1,134  feet. 

Cotswold  lion.  A sheep. 

Cotta  (kot'ta),  Bernbard  von.  Born  at  Klein- 
Zillbach,  Germany,  Oct.  24,  1808 : died  at 
Freiberg,  Saxony,  Sept.  14,  1879.  A German 
geologist,  professor  at  the  School  of  Mines  in 
Freiberg  1842—74.  His  works  include  “ Geognostische 
Wanderungen " (1836-38),  “ Geologie  der  Gegenwart” 
(1866),  “ Der  Altai  ’L1871),  etc. 

Cotta,  Jobann  Friedrich.  Born  at  Tiibingen, 
Wtirtemberg,  May  12,  1701:  died  at  Tiibingen, 
Dec.  31, 1779.  A German  theologian,  professor 
of  theology  and  history  at  Tiibingen  1739-79. 
His  chief  work  is  “ Entwurf  einer  ausfiihrlichen  Kirchen- 
historie  des  Neuen  Testaments”  (1768-73). 

Cotta,  Jobann  Friedrich,  Baron  Cottendorf. 
Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wtirtemberg,  April  27, 1764 : 
died  at  Stuttgart,  Dec.  29,  1832.  A German 
publisher,  the  friend  and  publisher  of  Goe- 
the, Schiller,  and  other  celebrated  writers.  He 


Cottonian  Library 

founded  the  “Horen”  (1795),  and  the  “ Allgemeine  Zei» 
tung  ” (1798.  Stuttgart). 

Cottar's  Saturday  Night.  A poem  by  Robert 
Burns,  first  published  in  a volume  of  poems  in 
1786. 

Cottbus.  See  Kottbus. 

Cottenbam,  Earl  of.  See  Pepys,  Charles  Chris- 
topher. 

Cottereau  (kot-ro'),  Jean,  called  Jean  Chouan. 

Born  at  St.  Berthevin,  Mayenne,  France,  Oct. 
30,  1757 : killed  near  Laval,  France,  July  29, 
1794.  Leader  of  the  insurgent  royalists  (Chou- 
aus)  in  Brittany  and  the  neighboring  regions 
in  1793-94. 

Cottin  (ko-tan'),  Madame  (Sophie  Risteau). 
Born  March  22,  1770:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  25, 
1807.  A French  novelist.  Her  best-known  work  ia 
“ Elisabeth,  ou  les  Exiles  de  Siberie  ’’  (1806). 

Cottin,  Alaric.  A nickname  given  to  Frederick 
the  Great  by  Voltaire. 

Cottle  (kot'l),  Amos  Simon.  Born  in  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  about  1768 : died  at  London, 
Sept.  28, 1800.  An  English  writer,  elder  brother 
of  Joseph  Cottle.  He  wrote  “ Icelandic  Poetry,  or  the 
Edda  of  Saemund  translated  into  English  Verse  ” (1797), 
and  other  poems. 

Cottle,  Joseph.  Bornl770:  died  at  Bristol,  June 
7,  1853.  An  English  bookseller  and  poet,  a 
friend  of  Coleridge,  Southey,  and  Wordsworth, 
and  the  publisher  of  several  of  their  works. 
His  poetry  (“Malvern  Hills”  (1798),  “John  the  Baptist” 
(1801),  “ Alfred  ” (1801),  “ The  Pali  of  Cambria  ” (1809), 
“Messiah  ” (1815)),  which  was  of  inferior  quality,  is  now 
known  chiefly  as  an  object  of  Byron’s  sarcasm.  He  also 
wrote  “Early  Recollections,  chiefly  relating  to  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge  ” (1837). 

Cotton  (kot'n),  Bartholomew  de.  An  English 
historian,  a monk  of  Norwich.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  “ Historia  Anglicana  ” in  three  books,  of  which  the 
first  is  taken  literally  from  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  the  sec- 
ond (taken  in  part  from  Henry  of  Huntingdon)  comprises 
the  history  of  England  from  449  to  1298,  while  the  third 
is  an  abstract  and  continuation  of  the  “De  gestis  pontifl- 
cum  ” of  William  of  Malmesbury.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Cotton,  Charles.  Born  at  Beresford,  Stafford- 
shire, England,  April  28, 1630 : died  at  Westmin- 
ster, Feb.,  1687.  An  English  poet,  best  known  as 
the  translator  of  Montaigne’s  “Essays”  (1685). 
He  published  anonymously  “ Scarronides,  or  the  First 
Book  of  Virgil  Travestie  ” (1664 : reprinted  with  the  fourth 
book  in  1670),  a translation  of  Corneille’s  “Horace”  (1671), 
“A  Voyage  to  Ireland  in  Burlesque,”  a poem  (1670),  a 
translation  of  Gerard’s  “ Life  of  the  Duke  of  Espernon  ’’ 
(1670)  and  of  the  “Commentaries  of  De  Montluc,  Marshal 
of  France  ’’  (1074),  a “second  part”  (ou  fly-fishing)  to  the 
fifth  edition  of  Walton’s  “Complete  Angler”  (1676),  etc. 
A collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1689. 

Cotton,  George  Edward  Lynch.  Born  at  Ches- 
ter, England,  Oct.  29, 1813:  drowned  at  Koosh- 
tea,  India,  Oct.  6,  1866.  An  English  educator 
and  prelate,  bishop  of  Calcutta  1858-66.  He  was 
appointed  in  1837  assistant  master  at  Rugby,  and  as  such 
figures  in  “Tom  Brown’s  School-days.” 

Cotton,  John.  Bom  at  Derby,  England,  Dec.  4, 
1585:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  23, 1652.  A 
Puritan  clergyman  who  emigrated  from  Eng- 
land and  settled  in  Boston  in  1633,  sometimes 
called  “the  Patriarch  of -New  England.”  He 
drew  up,  at  the  request  of  the  General  Court,  an  abstract 
of  the  laws  of  Moses,  entitled  “Moses,  his  Judicials,” 
which  he  handed  to  the  court  in  October,  1636 ; and  is  said 
to  have  introduced  in  New  England  the  practice  of  keep- 
ing the  Sabbath  from  Saturday  evening  to  that  of  Sunday. 

Cotton,  Sir  Robert  Bruce.  Born  at  Denton, 
Huntington,  England,  Jan.  22,  1571:  died  May 
6, 1631.  A noted  English  antiquary,  a gradu- 
ate of  Cambridge  (Jesus  College) in  1585, famous 
as  the  fouuder  of  the  Cottonian  Library,  now  in 
the  British  Museum.  He  was  an  ardent  collector  of 
manuscripts  in  many  languages,  coins,  and  antiquities 
of  all  kinds,  and  ids  library  was  consulted  and  his  aid  ob- 
tained by  Bacon,  Jonson,  Speed,  Camden,  and  many  other 
men  of  learning  of  that  day.  His  collection  of  original 
documents  became  so  great  as  to  be  regarded  as  a source  of 
danger  to  the  government,  and  after  he  had  fallen  into 
disfavor  at  court,  on  political  grounds,  an  opportunity 
was  found  of  placing  liis  library  under  seal  (1629),  and  he 
never  regained  possession  of  it.  His  son.  Sir  Thomas 
Cotton,  succeeded  in  obtaining  it,  and  it  remained  in  the 
family  (though  open  to  the  use  of  scholars  and,  in  1700, 
of  the  public)  until  1707,  when  it  was  purchased  by  the 
nation.  It  was  kept  at  various  places,  suffering  consider- 
able damage  by  fire  Oct.  23,  1731,  until  the  founding  of 
the  British  Museum  (1753),  when  it  was  transferred  to  that 
institution.  Cotton  was  knighted  in  1603,  and  created  a 
baronet  in  1611. 

Cotton,  Sir  Stapleton,  first  Viscount  Comber- 
mere.  Bom  in  Denbighshire,  Wales,  Nov.,  1773 : 
died  at  Clifton,  England,  Feb.  21,  1865.  A 
British  general,  distinguished  in  India,  and  in 
the  Peninsular  war,  especially  at  Salamanca 
1812.  He  was  governor  of  Barbados,  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Leeward  Islands  1817-20,  commander-in- 
thief in  Ireland  1822-25,  and  commander-in-chief  in  India 
1825-30.  He  captured  Bhartpur  in  1826. 

Cottonian  Library.  See  Cotton,  Sir  Robert 

Bruce. 


Cotys 

Cotys  (ko'tis),  or  Cotytto  (ko-tit'o).  [Gr.  ICo- 
tvi;,  K otvttu.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a Thracian 
goddess.  Her  festival,  the  Cotyttia,  was  riotous 
and,  later,  licentious.  It  was  celebrated  on  hills. 
Cotys.  [Gr.  Korur.]  King  of  Thrace  382-358 
B.  c.  He  was  an  enemy  of  the  Athenians. 
Couch  (koueh),  Richard  Quillar.  Born  at  Pol- 
perro,  Cornwall,  England,  March  14, 1816:  died 
at  Penzance,  England,  May  8,  1863.  An  Eng- 
lish naturalist. 

Coucy  fko-se'),  Raoul  or  Renaud  de,  known 
as  the  Chatelain  de  Coucy  (see  Coucy-le-Chd- 
teau).  A chevalier  and  French  poet  who  is 
said  to  have  perished  about  1200  in  a combat 
with  the  Saracens.  He  is  the  hero  of  a popular  le- 
gend to  the  effect  that  when  dying  he  ordered  hia  heart 
to  be  sent  to  his  mistress,  the  Lady  of  Fayel,  whose  hus- 
band intercepted  it  and  forced  her  to  eat  it.  She  made  a 
vow  never  to  eat  again,  and  died  of  starvation.  See  Chdte- 
lain  de  Coney. 

Coucy-le-Chateau  (ko-se'le-sha-to').  A vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Aisne,  Franee,  15 
miles  southwest  of  Laon.  It  is  noted  for  the 
ruins  of  its  feudal  castle. 

Coues  (kouz),  Elliott.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Sept.  9,  1842 : died  Dec.  25,  1899.  A 
noted  American  ornithologist  and  biologist. 
His  works  include  “Key  to  North  American  Birds’’  (1st 
ed.  1872),  “Field  Ornithology”  (1874),  “Check-List  of 
North  American  Birds”  (1882),  etc.  He  contributed  the 
definitions  of  biological  and  zoological  terms  to  “The  Cen- 
tury Dictionary  ” (1S89-91),  and  edited  Lewis  and  Clark's 
travels,  with  extended  notes  (1893). 

Coulanges  (ko-lonzh'),  Numa  Denis  Fustel  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  March  18,  1830:  died  in  1889. 
A French  historical  writer.  His  works  include 
“ La  cit6  antique”  (1864),  “Histoire  des  institutions  poli- 
tiques  de  l’ancienne  France  ” (1875). 

Coulin  (ko'lin).  A giant  in  Spenser’s  ‘‘Faerie 
Queene.” 

Coillmiers  (kol-mya').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  France,  13  miles  north- 
west of  Orleans.  Here,  Nov.  9,  1870,  the  French 
(80,000)  under  Aurelle  de  Paladines  defeated  the  first 
Bavarian  army  corps  (16,000)  under  General  Von  der  Tann. 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  1,500 ; that  of  the  Bavarians 
about  1,300. 

Coulomb  (ko-lon'),  Charles  Augustin  de. 

Born  at  Angouleme,  France,  June  14,  1736: 
died  at  Paris,  Aug.  23,  1806.  A French  physi- 
cist, noted  for  experiments  on  friction  and  re- 
searches in  electricity  and  magnetism.  He 
invented  the  torsion  balance. 

Coulommiers  (ko-lom-mya').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Grand  Morin  33  miles  east  of  Paris. 
Population,  commune,  6,891. 

Council  Bluffs  (koun'sil  blufs).  The  county- 
seat  of  Pottawattamie  County,  Iowa,  situated 
on  the  Missouri  River  opposite  Omaha.  It  is  an 
important  railway  and  trading  center.  Popu- 
lation, 29,292,  (1910). 

Council  Of  Ancients.  In  French  history,  the 
upper  chamber  of  the  French  legislature 
(Corps  L6gislatif)  under  the  constitution  of 
1795,  consisting  of  250  members,  each  at  least 
forty  years  old. 

Council  of  Basel.  See  Basel , Council  of. 
Council  of  Blood,  The.  In  the  history  of  the 
Netherlands,  a court  established  by  the  Duke 
of  Alva  to  suppress  the  popular  agitation 
against  the  religious  and  political  tyranny  of 
Philip  II.  It  held  its  first  session  Sept.  20,  1567,  and 
put  to  death  1,800  persons  in  less  than  three  months,  the 
counts  of  Egmont  and  of  Hoorn  being  among  its  victims 
(1568). 

Yet,  strange  to  say,  this  tremendous  court . . . had  not 
been  provided  with  even  a nominal  authority  from  any 
source  whatever.  The  King  had  granted  it  no  letters 
patent  or  charter,  nor  had  even  the  Duke  of  Alva  thought 
it  worth  while  to  grant  any  commissions,  either  in  his  own 
name  or  as  Captain-General,  to  any  of  the  members  com- 
posing the  board.  The  Blood-Council  was  merely  an  in- 
formal club,  of  which  the  Duke  was  perpetual  president, 
while  the  other  members  were  all  appointed  by  himself. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic. 

Council  of  Carthage,  Chalcedon,  etc.  See 
Carthage , Clialcedon,  etc. 

Council  of  Five  Hundred.  In  French  his- 
tory, during  the  government  of  the  Directory 
(1795-99),  an  assembly  of  500  members,  form- 
ing the  second  branch  of  the  legislative  body, 
the  first  branch  being  the  Council  of  Ancients. 
Council  of  Seville.  See  Casa  de  Contratacion. 
Council  of  State.  [F.  Conseil  d’fltat.]  In 
France,  an  advisory  body  existing  from  early 
times,  but  developed  especially  under  Philip 
IV.  (1285—1314)  and  his  sons.  It  was  often  modi- 
fied, particularly  in  1497,  and  in  1630  under  Richelieu,  and 
played  an  important  part  during  the  first  empire.  Under 
the  present  republican  government  it  comprises  the  min- 
isters and  about  90  other  members,  part  of  whom  are 
nominated  by  the  president,  and  the  remainder  are 
elected  by  the  Legislative  Assembly.  Its  chief  duties  are 


285 

to  give  advice  upon  various  administrative  matters  and 
legislative  measures. 

Council  of  Ten.  In  the  ancient  republic  of 
Venice,  a secret  tribunal  instituted  in  1310  and 
continuing  down  to  the  overthrow  of  the  re- 
public in  1797.  it  was  composed  at  first  of  10  and 
later  of  17  members,  and  exercised  unlimited  power  in 
the  supervision  of  internal  and  external  affairs,  often 
with  great  rigor  and  oppressiveness. 

Council  of  the  Indies.  A body  created  in 
1511,  by  King  Ferdinand,  for  the  regulation 
of  Spanish  colonial  affairs.  Its  powers  were  con- 
firmed and  enlarged  by  Charles  V.  and  his  successors 
until  they  covered  every  branch  of  administration.  It 
nominated  and  removed  viceroys  and  governors,  bishops 
and  archbishops;  made  or  approved  all  laws  relating  to 
the  colonies,  appointed  the  audiences,  which  were  the 
supreme  courts  in  all  criminal  affairs,  and  was  itself  the 
last  court  of  appeal  in  civil  cases ; regulated  the  condition 
of  the  Indians ; and,  in  fact,  represented  the  crown  in  all 
matters  relating  to  America  and  the  East  Indies.  Its  seat, 
after  the  first  few  years,  was  in  Madrid. 

Counter,  The.  The  name  anciently  given  to 
two  prisons  under  the  rule  of  the  sheriffs  of 
London,  one  in  the  Poultry  and  one  in  Wood 
Street.  There  was  another  in  Southwark  which  had 
the  same  name.  This  name  was  formerly  a frequent  sub- 
ject of  jokes  and  puns.  Baret,  in  the  “Alvearie”  (1573), 
speaks  of  one  who  had  been  imprisoned  as  singing  “ his 
counter-tenor,”  and  there  are  various  similar  allusions  in 
the  17th-century  dramatists. 

Count  Fathom.  See  Ferdinand. 

Count  Julian.  A tragedy  by  Walter  Savage 
Landor,  published  in  1812. 

His  [Landor’s]  first  dramatic  effort,  made  after  a stormy 
and  ill-regulated  experience  of  fifteen  years,  was  the 
gloomy  but  magnificent  tragedy  of  “ Count  Julian  ” [1812]. 
Like  Shelley’s  “Cenci,” Byron’s  “Manfred, ’’and Coleridge’s 
adaptation  of  “ Wallenstein,”  it  is  a dramatic  poem  rather 
than  a stage  drama  of  the  available  kind.  Compared  with 
kindred  productions  of  the  time,  however,  it  stands  like 
the  “Prometheus"  among  classic  plays;  and  as  an  expo- 
sition of  dramatic  force,  a conception  of  the  highest  man- 
hood in  the  most  heroic  and  mournful  attitude, — as  a 
presentment  of  impassioned  language,  pathetic  sentiment, 
and  stern  resolve, — it  is  an  impressive  and  undying  poem. 

Stedman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  41. 

Count  Robert  of  Paris.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1831.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the 
11th  century,  when  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  was  before  Con- 
stantinople at  the  head  of  the  Crusaders.  Count  Robert 
was  a French  Crusader,  one  of  the  most  famous  and  reck- 
less of  the  period. 

Country  Girl,  The.  1.  A comedy  attributed 
to  Antony  Brewer,  produced  iu  1647.  John 
Leanerd  reprinted  it  in  1677,  under  the  title  of 
“ Country  Innocence,”  as  his  own. — 2.  An  al- 
teration of  Wycherley’s  comedy  “The  Country 
Wife”  by  Garrick,  who  produced  it  in  1766. 

Country  House,  The.  A comedy  by  Vanbrugh, 
produced  in  1705.  It  was  translated  from  the 
French  of  Dancourt. 

Country  Lasses,  or  The  Custom  of  the  Manor. 

A play  by  Charles  Johnson,  produced  in  1715. 
It  was  partly  taken  from  Fletcher  and  Massinger’s  “ Cus- 
tom of  the  Country,”  and  Middleton’s  “A  Mad  World,  my 
Masters.”  John  Philip  Kemble  used  it  in  his  “Farm 
House  ” (1789),  and  Kendrick  in  “ The  Lady  of  the  Manor.  ” 

Country  Party.  In  English  history,  a politi- 
cal party,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  which  op- 
posed the  court  and  sympathized  with  the 
nonconformists.  It  developed  into  the  Peti- 
tioners, and  later  into  the  Whig  party. 

Country  Wife,  The.  A comedy  by  Wycherley, 
produced  in  1673.  It,  was  taken  from  Moliere’s 
“L’Ecole  des  maris  ” and  “ L’Ecole  des  femmes”  (“  School 
for  Husbands,”  “School  for  Wives”). 

Country  Wit,  The.  A comedy  by  Crowne,  pro- 
duced in  1675.  The  plot  was  partly  from  Mo- 
liere’s  “ Le  Sicilien.” 

Coupar-Angus  (ko'par-ang'gus).  A town  in 
Perthshire  and  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  situated 
northeast  of  Perth. 

Coupler  (kup'ler),  Mrs.  A match-maker  or  go- 
between  in  Vanbrugh’s  play  “The  Relapse,” 
and  in  Sheridan’s  “ Trip  to  Scarborough.” 

Courbet  (kor-ba/),  Gustave.  Born  at  Ornans, 
Doubs,  France,  June  10,  1819:  died  at  La  Tour 
de  Peilz,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  Dec.  31,  1877.  A 
celebrated  French  painter,  chief  of  the  realists. 
He  studied  theology  at  Besanpon,  but  abandoned  it  for  the 
study  of  art,  which  he  pursued  at  Paris  under  Steuben 
and  Hesse.  He  was  especially  influenced  by  the  Flemish 
and  Venetian  masters.  He  became  a member  of  the  Com- 
mune in  1871,  and  directed  the  destruction  of  the  column  in 
the  Place  Venddme.  On  the  fall  of  the  Commune  he  was 
imprisoned,  and  later  was  condemned  to  pay  the  cost  of 
reerecting  the  column.  He  escaped  to  Switzerland. 

Courbevoie  (kor-be-vwa').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  i { miles  northwest  of  the  fortifications 
of  Paris.  Population,  commune,  31,191. 

Courcelles  (kor-sel').  A village  of  Lorraine, 
situated  near  Metz.  For  battle  of  Courcelles, 
see  Colombey. 

Courier  de  Mere  (ko-rya'  de  ma-ra'),  Paul 
Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  4, 1772 : assassinated 


Court  Mantel 

near  Vdretz,  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  Aug.  18, 
1825.  A French  Hellenist  and  political  writer. 
He  studied  at  the  Artillery  School  iu  Chalons,  and  served 
in  the  army  1792-1809.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to  Italy, 
and  in  1812  returned  to  France  and  lived  upon  his  estate 
at  Veretz.  He  edited  Longus  in  1810,  and  published 
“Pamphlets  des  Pamphlets’’  (1824),  etc.  His  collected 
works  were  published  in  1834. 

Courland  (kor'land),  G.  Kurland  (kor'land). 
[F.  Courlande.']  A government  of  Russia,  the 
southernmost  of  the  Baltic  provinces.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Riga  and  I.ivonia  (separated  by  the 
Diina)  on  the  north,  Vitebsk  (separated  by  the  Diina)  on 
the  east,  Kovno  on  the  south,  and  the  Baltic  on  the  west. 
Its  surface  is  mostly  level,  and  abounds  in  lakes,  but  in 
parts  is  hilly.  Three  fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Letts, 
but  the  land  proprietors  are  mainly  German.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Protestant.  Courland  came  under  the 
control  of  the  Teutonic  Order  in  the  middle  of  the  13th 
century ; became  a hereditary  duchy  and  fief  of  Poland 
in  1561  or  1562;  and  passed  to  Russia  in  1796.  It  is 
being  Russified  like  the  other  Baltic  provinces.  Cap- 
ital, Mitau.  Area,  10,535  square  miles.  Population,  727,  • 
300. 

On  the  western  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Riga  and  on  the 
Baltic,  the  Korses,  who  give  their  name  to  Courland,  are 
to  be  found.  Rambaud,  Russia,  L 28. 

Courmayeur  (kor-ma-yer'),  or  Ccrmajeur. 

[It.  Cormaggiore .]  A village  in  northwestern 
Italy,  near  the  foot  of  Mont  Blanc. 

Cours  (kor).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Rhone,  France,  33  miles  northwest  of  Lyons. 
It  manufactures  cloth.  Population,  commune, 
5,718. 

Course  of  Time,  The.  A religious  poem  by 
Robert  Pollok,  published  in  1827. 

Court  (kort).  In  Shakspere’s  “Henry  V.,”  a 
soldier  in  the  king’s  army. 

Court  (kor),  Antoine.  Born  at  Villeneuve-de- 
Berg,  Vivarais,  France,  May  17,  1696:  died  at 
Lausanne,  Switzerland,  June  15,1760.  A French 
Protestant  clergyman,  the  chief  restorer  of  the 
Reformed  Church  in  France. 

Courtall  (kort'al).  A man  of  gallantry  in  Mrs. 
Cowley’s  comedy  “ The  Belle’s  Stratagem.” 
Court  and  City.  A comedy  adapted  from 
Steele’s  “Tender  Husband”  and  Mrs.  Frances 
Sheridan’s  “ Discovery,”  produced  by  Richard 
Brinsley  Peake. 

Court  Beggar,  The.  A play  by  Richard  Brome, 
produced  in  1632,  printed  in  1653. 

Court  de  Gebelin  (korde  zhab-lah'),  Antoine. 
Born  at  Nunes,  Prance,  1725:  died  at  Paris, 
May  10,  1784.  A noted  French  scholar,  son  of 
Antoine  Court.  His  works  include  “Le  monde  primi- 
tif  analyst  et  compard  avec  le  monde  moderne  "(1776-84), 
“Affaires  de  l’Angleterre  et  de  l’Am^rique  ” (1776),  “ Let- 
tre  sur  le  magn^tisme  animal  ” (1783),  “ Histoire  natu- 
relle  de  la  parole,  ou  grammaire  universelle,”  etc. 

Courtenay  (kert'na),  Edward.  Born  about 
1526:  died  at  Padua,  Sept.,  1556.  An  English 
noble,  the  Earl  of  Devonshire,  son  of  Henry 
Courtenay,  marquis  of  Exeter  and  earl  of 
Devonshire.  He  was  committed  to  the  Tower  with  his 
father  (see  Henry  Courtenay)  in  1538,  attainted  in  1539, 
and  released  and  restored  in  blood  in  1553.  Later  he  be- 
came an  aspirant  for  the  hand  of  Queen  Mary,  and  on 
her  choosing  Philip  II.  turned  his  attention  to  the  Prin- 
cess Elizabeth.  He  was  suspected  of  complicity  in 
Wyatt’s  rebellion,  and  was  again  sent  to  the  Tower 
(1554),  but  was  released  on  parole  and  exiled. 

Courtenay,  Henry.  Born  about  1496 : beheaded 
on  Tower  Hill,  Dec.  9, 1538.  An  English  noble, 
earl  of  Devonshire  and  marquis  of  Exeter.  He 
was  arrested  on  a charge  of  treason  in  Nov.,  1538,  tried, 
condemned,  and  executed. 

Courtenay,  William.  Born  at  Exeter,  Eng- 
land, about  1342:  died  at  Maidstone,  Kent, 
July  31,  1396.  An  English  prelate,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury  1381-96,  fourth  son  of  Hugh 
Courtenay,  earl  of  Devon,  and  Margaret  Bohun, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Hereford.  He  studied  at 
Oxford,  became  chancellor  of  the  university  in  1367,  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1370,  and  was  translated 
to  the  see  of  London  in  1376.  He  was  an  opponent  of 
Lollardism  and  the  prosecutor  of  Wyclif.  See  Wyclif. 

Courtes  Oreilles.  [F.,  ‘ short  ears.’]  See  Ot- 
tawa. 

Courtly  (kort 'li).  Charles.  In  Dion  Bouci- 
cault’s  comedy  “London  Assurance,”  a fash- 
ionable young  man  about  town.  He  is  the  son  of 
Sir  Harcourt  Courtly,  who  persists  in  believing  him  a 
studious,  retiring  boy.  Charles  succeeds  in  securing  the 
heart  and  hand  of  the  heiress  who  has  been  promised  to 
his  father. 

Courtly,  Sir  Harcourt.  In  Dion  Boucicault’s 
comedy  “ London  Assurance,”  an  elderly  fop 
devoted  to  fashion,  and  betrothed  to  a young 
heiress,  Grace  Harkaway,  who  finally  rejects 
him  and  marries  his  son  Charles. 

Courtly,  Sir  James.  In  Mrs.  Cent.livre’s  com- 
edy “The  Basset-Table,”  a gay,  airy,  witty,  and 
inconstant  gentleman,  devoted  to  gaming. 
Courtly  Nice,  Sir.  See  Sir  Courtly  Nice. 
Court  Mantel.  See  Boy  and  the  Mantle. 


Courtney  Melmoth 

Courtney  Melmoth.  See  Melmotli,  Courtney. 
Court  of  Lions.  A celebrated  court  in  the  Al- 
hambra. See  the  extract. 

Perhaps  the  most  celebrated  portion  of  the  entire  palace 
[Alhambra]  is  the  Court  of  the  Lions,  which  occupies  a 
space  somewhat  smaller  than  that  of  the  Court  of  the 
Myrtles.  One  hundred  and  twenty-eight  white  marble 
columns,  arranged  by  threes  and  fours  in  symmetrical 
fashion,  support  galleries  which  rise  to  no  very  lofty 
height;  but  the  extreme  gracefulness  and  elegance  of 
their  varied  capitals,  the  delicate  traceries,  the  remnants 
of  gold  and  colour,  the  raised  orange-shaped  cupolas,  the 
graceful  minarets,  the  innumerable  arches,  beautiful  in 
their  labyrinthine  design,  the  empty  basin  into  which  the 
twelve  stiff  and  unnatural  “lions  ” once  poured  their  con- 
stant streams  of  cooling  waters,  the  alabaster  reservoir, 
constitute  a whole  that  poetry  and  romance  have  lauded 
even  to  extravagance.  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  227.. 

Court  of  Love,  The.  A poem  attributed  to 
Chaucer  by  Stowe,  and  inserted  in  the  1561  edi- 
tion, but  believed  to  be  of  later  origin. 
Courtois  (kor-twa/),  Jacques,  It.  Jacopo  Cor- 
tese:  called  le  Bourguignon,  It.  II  Borgo- 
gnone.  Born  at  St.  Hippolyte,  Doubs,  Trance, 
1621:  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  14,  1676.  A French 
battle-painter.  In  1655  he  became  a lay  bro- 
ther of  the  Jesuit  order,  and  thereafter  painted 
sacred  subjects. 

Courtois,  Gustave  Claude  Etienne.  Born  at 
Pusey,  Haute-Saone,  France,  March  18,  1852. 
A French  painter,  especially  of  portraits:  a 
pupil  of  G6r6me.  He  obtained  the  second  grand  prix 
de  Rome  in  1877,  and  a gold  medal  and  the  decoration  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  at  the  exposition  of  1889. 

Court  Party.  In  English  history,  a political 
party,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  which  sup- 
ported. the  policy  of  the  court.  Its  successor 
was  the  party  of  the  Abhorrers,  and  later  the 
Tories. 

Courtrai,  or  Courtray  (kor-tra'),  Flem.  Kort- 
ryk  (kort/rik).  A city  in  the  province  of  West 
Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Lys  in  lat. 
50°  49'  N.,  long.  3°  15'  E. : the  ancient  Corto- 
riacum.  It  manufactures  linen,  lace,  etc.,  and  contains 
a noted  town  hall  (finished  in  1528)  and  the  Church  of 
Notre  Dame.  Here,  July  11,  1302,  20,000  Flemings  de- 
feated 47,000  French  under  Robert  of  Artois  in  the  “Bat- 
tle of  the  Spurs."  It  has  several  times  been  taken  by  the 
French.  Population,  35,200. 

Court  Secret,  The.  A play  by  Shirley,  printed 
in  1653,  not  acted  till  after  the  Restoration. 
Courtship  of  Miles  Standish.  A poem  by 
Longfellow,  published  in  1858.  See  Standish, 
Miles. 

Court  Theatre,  The.  A theater  in  Sloane 
Square,  London.  It  was  opened  in  Jan.,  1871,  for  the 
lighter  order  of  dramas.  The  building,  which  was  origi- 
nally erected  in  1818  as  a chapel,  replaced  an  older  theater. 

Cousin  (ko-zan'),  Jean.  Born  at  Soucy,  near 
Sens,  1501 : died  at  Sens  about  1590.  A French 
painter,  engraver,  and  sculptor,  noted  espe- 
cially for  his  paintings  on  glass  and  minia- 
tures. 

Cousin,  Victor.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  28,  1792: 
died  at  Cannes,  France,  Jan.  13,  1867.  A noted 
French  philosopher  and  statesman.  He  began 
lecturing  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1815 ; traveled  in  Germany 
in  1817 ; was  deprived  of  his  position  at  the  Sorbonne  for 
political  reasons  in  1820 ; traveled  again  in  Germany  in 
1824,  and  was  arrested  at  Dresden  and  imprisoned  for  a 
short  time  at  Berlin;  regained  his  position  in  1828;  and 
became  a member  of  the  Council  of  Public  Instruction  in 
1830,  and  minister  of  public  instruction  in  1840.  As  a 
philosopher  he  was  at  first  a follower  of  the  Scottish  psy- 
chological school,  but  later  under  German  influences  de- 
veloped a kind  of  eclecticism.  His  works  include  “Frag- 
ments philosopliiques”  (1826-28),  “Cours  d'histoire  de  la 
philosophie  ” (1827-40),  “Corn  s d’histoire  de  la  philosophie 
moderne”  (1841),  “Cours  d’histoire  de  la  philosophie  mo- 
rale au  XVIIIs  sifecle"  (1840-41),  “Du  vrai,  du  beau,  et  du 
bien”  (1854),“  Des  penseesde  Pascal  ” (1842),  “ Madame  de 
Longueville”  (1853),  “Histoire  gdndrale  de  la  philoso- 
phie ” (1864),  etc. 

Cousine  Bette,  La.  A novel  by  Balzac.  See 
Balzac. 

Cousin  Michael  (kuz'n  mi'kel)  or  Michel.  A 
nickname  for  the  German  people. 
Cousin-Montauban  (ko-zan'mont-o-bon').  See 
Palikao,  Comte  de. 

Cousin  Pons  (ko-zah'  pons),  Le.  A novel  by 
Balzac.  See  Balzac. 

Cousins  (kuz'nz),  Samuel.  Born  at  Exeter, 
England,  May  9,  1801:  died  at  London,  May  7, 
1887.  An  English  mezzotint  engraver. 
Coussemaker  (kos-ma-kar'),  Charles  Edmond 
Henri  de.  Born  at  Bailleul,  Nord,  France, 
April  19,  1805:  died  at  Lille,  France,  Jan.  11, 
1876.  A French  magistrate,  and  writer  on  the 
history  of  music.  His  works  include  “Histoire  de 
l’harmonie  au  moyen  Age  ” (1852),  “Chants  populaires  des 
Flamands  de  France  ” (1856),  “L’Art  harmonique  au  XIIs 
et  XIIIe  sieclrs  ” (1865),  etc. 

Coustou  (kos-to'),  Guillaume.  Born  at  Lyons, 
April  25,  1677 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  20,  1746.  A 
French  sculptor,  younger  brother  of  Nicholas 


286 

Coustou.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  sculpture  in  1697, 
and  was  sent  to  Rome.  He  became  celebrated  for  his  bold 
and  independent  style.  Among  his  works  are  the  alle- 
gorical figures  of  the  Ocean  and  the  Mediterranean  at 
Marly,  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Rhone  at  Lyons,  those 
of  Bacchus,  Minerva,  Hercules,  and  Pallas,  and  agreat  num- 
ber of  bas-reliefs.  His  son  Guillaume  Coustou  (born  1716  : 
died  July  13, 1777)  was  also  a sculptor  of  note. 

Coustou,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Lyons,  Jan.  9, 
1658:  died  at  Paris,  May  1,  1733.  A French 
Sculptor.  He  learned  the  rudiments  of  his  art  from  his 
father,  a wood-carver,  and  at  eighteen  entered  the  atelier 
of  Coyzevox,  then  president  of  the  Academy  of  Painting 
and  Sculpture  in  Paris.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  sculp- 
ture in  1682,  and  went  to  Rome.  Among  his  works  are  a 
Descent  from  the  Cross,  at  Notre  Dame ; the  colossal  Seine 
and  Marne,  in  the  Tuileries  Gardens;  and  many  statues  in 
the  Tuileries  and  Versailles.  He  became  a member  of 
the  Academy  in  1693.  „ 

Coutances  (ko-tons').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  40  miles  south  of  Cher- 
bourg: the  Roman  Constantia  (whence  the 
name  ) . It  has  a noted  cathedral,  one  of  the  chief  churches 
of  Normandy.  The  front  is  fine,  with  large  recessed 
portal,  great  traceried  window  opening  on  the  nave, 
graceful  arcades  and  rosettes,  and  the  tall  spires  charac- 
teristic of  Normandy.  There  is  a high  central  tower  and 
lantern.  The  interior  is  beautifully  proportioned,  and 
the  vistas  formed  by  the  openings  of  the  choir-chapels 
are  highly  picturesque.  The  vaulting  and  decorative  ar- 
cading  are  notably  good.  Coutances  was  the  ancient  cap- 
ital of  Cotentin,  and  suffered  in  the  Norman,  English,  and 
religious  wars.  Population,  commune,  6,824, 

Couthon  (ko-ton'),  Georges.  Born  at  Orcet, 
near  Clermont,  France,  1756 : guillotined  at 
Paris,  July  28,  1794.  A French  revolutionist. 
He  was  deputy  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  and 
to  the  Convention  in  1792,  and  was  one  of  the  Triumvi- 
rate with  Robespierre  and  Saint-Just.  The  three  were 
executed  at  the  same  time. 

Coutras  (ko-tra/).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  on  the  Dronne  25  miles 
east  of  Bordeaux.  Here,  Oct.  20, 1587,  a victory  was 
gained  by  Henry  of  Navarre  over  the  Leaguers.  It  con- 
tained a noted  castle,  now  destroyed.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,406. 

Coutts  (kots),  Thomas.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Sept.  7,  1753 : died  at  London,  Feb.  24,  1822. 
An  English  banker,  the  founder,  with  his 
brother  James,  of  the  London  banking-house  of 
Coutts  and  Co.  He  was  the  son  of  Lord  Provost  John 
Coutts  of  Edinburgh.  His  third  daughter,  Sophia,  mar- 
ried Sir  Francis  Burdett. 

Couture  (ko-tiir'),  Thomas.  Born  at  Senlis, 
France,  Dec.  21,  1815:  died  near  Paris,  March 
30,  1879.  A noted  French  painter,  a pupil  of 
Gros  and  Delaroehe.  He  won  the  second  grand  prix 
de  Rome  in  1837.  He  first  exhibited  in  the  Salon  in  1S40 
(“  Jeune  VenCtien  apres  une  orgie  ”).  Among  his  works 
are  “L’Enfant  prodigue,”  “ line  veuve,”  “ Le  retour  des 
champs”  (1843),  “ Le  trouvere ” (1844),  “ Joconde  ” (1847), 
etc.  His  chief  work  is  “ Les  Romains  de  la  decadence  ” 
(1847). 

Covent  Garden  (kuv'ent  gar'den).  [For  Con- 
vent Garden.~\  A space  in  London,  between 
the  Strand  and  Longaere,  which  as  early  as 
1222  was  the  convent  garden  belonging  to  the 
monks  of  St.  Peter,  Westminster,  it  was  origi- 
nally called  Fr  re  Pye  Garden.  (Hare.)  At  the  Dissolu- 
tion it  was  granted  with  neighboring  properties,  by  Ed- 
ward VI.,  to  Edward,  duke  of  Somerset.  After  his  at- 
tainder in  1552  it  went  to  John,  earl  of  Bedford.  The 
square  was  laid  out  for  Francis,  earl  of  Bedford,  and 
partly  built  by  Inigo  Jones,  whose  church,  St.  Paul’s,  Cov- 
ent Garden,  still  remains.  The  holdings  of  the  Bedfords 
in  this  neighborhood  were  enormous.  At  one  time  its 
coffee-houses  and  taverns  became  tire  fashionable  loung- 
ing-places  for  the  authors,  wits,  and  noted  men  of  the 
kingdom.  Dryden,  Otway,  Steele,  Fielding,  Peg  Woffing- 
ton, Kitty  Clive,  Samuel  Foote,  Booth,  Garrick,  and  others 
were  among  its  frequenters.  See  Covent  Garden  Market. 

Covent  Garden  Journal.  A biweekly  peri- 
odical issued  in  Jan.,  1752,  by  Henry  Fielding, 
under  the  name  of  “ Sir  Alexander  Draweansir, 
Knight,  Censor  of  Great  Britain.”  It  was  dis- 
continued before  the  end  of  the  year. 

Covent  Garden  Market.  A vegetable,  fruit, 
and  flower  market  held  in  Covent  Garden. 
The  space  began  to  be  used  for  this  purpose  early  in  the 
17th  century  by  the  venders  from  the  villages  near  by. 
The  market  finally  grew  into  a recognized  institution, 
but  till  1828  it  was  an  unsightly  assemblage  of  sheds  and 
stalls.  About  that  time  the  Duke  of  Bediord  erected  the 
present  buildings.  In  1859  a flower-market  covered  with 
glass  was  built  on  the  south  side  of  the  opera-house. 

Covent  Garden  Theatre.  A theater  in  Bow 
street,  Covent  Garden,  built  by  John  Rich,  the 
famous  harlequin  of  Lincoln’s  Inn  Theatre,  in 
1731.  It  was  opened,  under  the  dormant  patent  granted 
by  Charles  II.  to  Sir  William  Davenant,  with  Congreve’s 
comedy  “ The  Way  of  the  World,  ” Dec.  7, 1732.  There  was 
no  first  appearance  at  this  house  of  any  importance  until 
that  of  Peg  Woffington  in  “The  Recruiting  Officer,”  Nov. 
8,1740.  In  1746  Garrick  played  here.  During  Rich’s  man- 
agement pantomime  reigned  supreme.  Rich  died  in  1761, 
leaving  the  theater  to  his  son-in-law  John  Beard  the  vo- 
calist. In  1767  it  was  sold  to  George  Colman  the  elder, 
Harris,  Rutherford,  and  Powell  for  £60,000.  On  March  15, 
1773,  Goldsmith's  play  “She  Stoops  to  Conquer”  was 
brought  out  here.  In  1774  Harris  undertook  the  manage- 
ment alone.  In  1803  John  Kemble  bought  a one-sixth 
share  in  the  patent-right  from  Harris  for  £22,000,  and 


Coviello 

became  manager.  In  Sept.,  1808,  the  house  was  burned. 
Eight  months  later  it  was  rebuilt,  according  to  the  design 
of  Smirke  the  ar  chitect,  in  imitation  of  the  Par  thenon  (the 
pediment  by  Flaxman),  at  a cost  of  £300,000.  John  Philip 
Kemble  was  still  manager.  On  account  of  the  great  expense 
of  the  undertakingKemble  raised  the  price  of  admission  and 
built  an  extra  row  of  boxes  which  he  leased  for  £12,000  (?). 
This  brought  about  the  famousO.  P.  (old  price)  riots,  which 
lasted  sixt  y -one  days  and  resulted  in  a general  reduction. 
On  June  29,  1817,  John  Kemble  was  followed  by  Charles 
Kemble.  In  1822  the  theater  was  thrown  into  chancery. 
In  1847  it  commenced  a new  career  as  “The Royal  Italian 
Opera  House,”  but  on  March  4, 1856,  it  was  burned  down. 
It  was  rebuilt  and  the  present  house  opened  May  15, 
1858. 

Coventry  (kuv'en-tri).  A city  in  Warwickshire, 
England,  17  miles  southeast  of  Birmingham. 
It  has  manufactures  of  motor  cars,  bicycles,  watches,  and 
ribbons,  and  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  woolens  (“  Cov- 
entry true  blues  ").  Its  chief  buildings  are  the  churches  of 
St.  Michael,  the  Trinity,  and  St.  John,  Christchurch,  and 
St.  Mary's  Guildhall.  According  to  legend  it  obtained  its 
municipal  rights  from  Leofric  about  1044  by  the  ride  of 
Godiva.  (See  Godiva.)  It  was  formerly  celebrated  for 
the  Coventry  mystery  plays.  Population,  106,377,  (1911). 
Coventry,  John.  Pseudonym  of  John  William- 
son Palmer. 

Coventry  Plays.  A series  of  forty-two  religious 
plays  acted  at  Coventry  from  an  early  date  till 
about  1591.  The  first  mention  of  them  is  in  1416.  These 
plays  were  some  of  them  written  in  1468,  but  the  title  is 
thought  to  be  of  later  date.  This  title  terms  the  plays 
“Ludus  Coventrise  s.  Ludus  Corpus  Christi,”  and  Corpus 
Christi  plays  were  performed  at  Coventry  in  the  15th  and 
16th  centuries.  Clerical  authorship  is  suspected  in  many 
ofthem,  from  the  style  of  writing  employed.  (Ward.)  They 
are  far  more  regular  in  form  than  the  Chester  plays  (doubt- 
less written  for  tradesmen  by  tradesmen),  and  their  versi- 
fication and  diction  much  better.  They  are  to  be  classed 
among  the  mysteries,  although  they  contain  one  element 
of  the  moralities. 

Sir  William  Dugdale,  in  his  “History  of  Warwickshire," 
printed  in  1656,  speaks  of  the  Coventry  plays  as  “being 
acted  with  mighty  state  and  reverence  by  the  friars  of  this 
house,  who  had  theatres  for  the  several  scenes,  very  large 
and  high,  placed  upon  wheels  and  drawn  to  all  the  emi- 
nent parts  of  the  city,”  and  he  referred  to  the  Cotton  MS. 
for  authority  as  to  the  nature  of  their  plays.  The  series 
known  as  the  “ Coventry  Mysteries  ” may  possibly  have  be- 
longed to  the  Coventry  Grey  Friars,  and  the  Grey  Friars 
may  have  acted  in  the  streets  one  set  of  Mysteries,  the 
Guilds  another, though  the  practical  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  believing  that  they  did  so  are  considerable.  Certain  it 
is  that  the  plays  now  called  ‘ ‘ Coventry  Mysteries  ” are  not 
those  which  were  acted  by  the  Guilds  of  Coventry. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  IV.  114. 

Coverdale  (kuv'er-dal),  Miles.  Born  in  the 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshire  in  1488 : died  in  Feb. , 
1568.  The  first  translator  of  the  whole  Bible 
into  English.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  was  ordained 
priest  in  1514  at  Norwich,  and  joined  the  Austin  friars  at 
Cambridge.  About  1526  he.  assumed  the  habit  of  a secular 
priest,  and,  leaving  the  convent,  devoted  himself  to  evan- 
gelical preaching.  In  1531  he  took  his  degree  as  bachelor 
of  canon  law  at  Cambridge.  He  was  probably  on  the 
Continent  the  greater  part  of  the  time  until  1535.  In  this 
year  his  translation  of  the  Bible  from  Dutch  and  Latin  ap- 
peared with  a dedication  to  Henry  VIII.  In  1538  he  was  sent 
by  Cromwell  to  Paris  to  superintend  a new  English  edition 
of  the  Bible.  This  was  known  as  “The  Great  Bible.”  A 
second  “Great  Bible,”  known  as  “Cranmer’s  Bible”  (1540), 
was  also  edited  by  him.  He  returned  from  Paris  in  1539, 
but  in  1540,  on  the  execution  of  Cromwell,  he  was  obliged 
to  leave  England,  and  shortly  after  married  Elizabeth 
Macheson.  This  repudiation  of  the  celibacy  of  the  priest- 
hood identified  him  with  the  Reformers.  He  lived  at  Tu- 
bingen for  a short  time,  and  was  made  doctor  of  divinity. 
From  1543  to  1547  he  lived  at  Bergzabern  (Beux-Ponts)  as 
Lutheran  minister  and  schoolmaster.  In  154S  he  returned 
to  England, and  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king  through 
Cranmer’s  influence.  In  1551  he  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Exeter,  of  which  office  he  was  deprived  in  1553  and  went 
again  to  Bergzabern.  It  has  been  said  that  he  assisted  in 
preparing  the  Geneva  Bible.  In  1559  we  find  him  again  in 
England.  In  1563  he  received  from  Cambridge  the  degree 
of  doctorof  divinity,  and  obtained  the  living  of  St.  Magnus, 
near  London  Bridge.  In  1566  he  resigned  this  office  on  ac- 
count of  his  objection  to  the  enforced  strict  observance  of 
the  liturgy.  He  continued  preaching,  however,  and  was 
followed  by  crowds. 

Coverdale,  Miles.  The  relater  of  events  in 
Hawthorne’s  “Blithedale  Romance”:  a charac- 
ter which  has  many  points  of  intellectual  af- 
finity with  Hawthorne  himself. 

Coverley  (kuv'er-li),  Sir  Roger  de.  The  chief 
character  in  the  club  professing  to  write  the 
“Spectator”:  an  English  country  gentleman. 
He  was  sketched  by  Steele  and  developed  by 
Addison. 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  is  not  to  be  described  by  any  pen 
but  that  of  Addison.  He  exhibits,  joined  to  a perfect 
simplicity,  the  qualities  of  a just,  honest,  useful  man, 
and  delightful  companion.  . . . Addison  dwelt  with  ten- 
derness on  every  detail  regarding  him,  and  finally  described 
Sir  Roger’s  death  to  prevent  any  less  reverential  pen  from 
trifling  with  his  hero. 

Tuekerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  182. 

Covielle  (ko-ve-el').  The  valet  of  C16onte  in 
Moliere’s  comedy  “Le  bourgeois  gentil- 
homme.”  His  subtle  inventions  win  the  hand 
of  Lucille  for  his  master. 

Coviello  (ko-ve-el'lo).  The  conventional  clown 
in  old  Italian  comedy. 


Covilham 

Coviiham,  or  Covilhao  (ko-vel-yan'),  Pedro 
de.  Born  at  Covilhao,  Portugal,  about  1450 : 
died  in  Abyssinia  about  1540  (?).  A Portu- 
guese navigator.  He  was  sent  by  John  II.  of  Portu- 
gal to  Asia,  in  1487,  in  search  of  the  legendary  Prester 
John.  Having  visited  the  principal  towns  of  Abyssinia 
and  Malabar,  and  sent  home  a report  of  his  journey,  he 
presented  himself  in  1490  at  the  court  of  Alexander, 
prince  of  Abyssinia,  who  treated  him  with  great  kindness, 
but  constrained  him  to  remain  in  the  country.  His  re- 
port is  said  to  have  been  of  use  to  Vasco  da  Gama  in  the 
discovery  of  the  route  to  India  round  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

Covilhao  (ko-vel-yan')-  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Beira,  Portugal,  in  lat.  40°  19'  N.,  long. 
7°  31'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its  cloth  manufactures. 
Population,  15,439. 

Covington  (kuv'iug-ton).  A city  in  Kenton 
County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio  River, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking,  opposite  Cincin- 
nati. It  has  manufactures  of  iron,  tobacco,  etc.,  and 
is  connected  by  a suspension- bridge  with  Cincinnati. 
Population,  53,270,  (1910). 

Cowell  (kou'el),  Edward  Byles.  Born  Jan.  23, 
1826  : died  Feb.  9,  1903.  An  English  Sanskrit 
scholar,  appointed  professor  at  the  Presidency 
College,  Calcutta,  in  1864,  and  Sanskrit  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge,  England,  in  1867. 

Cowell,  John.  Bom  at  Ernsborough.  Devon- 
shire, England,  1554 : died  at  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  11,  1611.  An  English  jurist.  He  was 
regius  professor  of  civil  law  at  Cambridge  1594-1611, 
master  of  Trinity  Hall  in  1598,  and  vice-chancellor  of  the 
university  in  1603  and  1604.  He  was  the  author  of  a legal 
dictionary  entitled  “The  Interpreter,  a booke  containing 
the  signification  of  words  . . . mentioned  in  th  3 Law- 

writers  or  statutes,  etc.”  (1607).  Certain  passages  in  the 
book  offended  both  the  Commons  and  the  king ; the 
author  was  summoned  before  the  council  in  1610,  and  his 
dictionary  was  burned  by  the  common  hangman. 

Under  the  heading  “King”  Cowell  wrote:  “He  is 
above  the  law  by  his  absolute  power,  and  though  for  the 
better  and  equal  course  in  making  laws,  he  do  admit  the 
Three  Estates  unto  Council,  yet  this  in  divers  learned 
men’s  opinions  is  not  of  constraint,  but  of  his  own  benig- 
nity, or  by  reason  of  the  promise  made  upon  oath  at  the 
time  of  his  coronation.” 

Acland  and  Ransom?,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  84. 

Cowell,  Joseph  Leathley.  Born  near  Tor- 
quay, Aug.  7,  1792 : died  near  London,  Nov. 
13,1863.  An  English  actor.  His  real  name  was  Wit- 
chett.  He  painted  portraits,  and  was  a clever  and  popular 
actor.  He  published  an  amusing  autobiography  in  1844. 
His  daughter  Sidney  Frances  (Mrs.  H.  L.  Bateman)  was 
the  mother  of  Kate  Bateman. 

Cowes,  East  and  West.  See  East  Cowes  and 
West  Cowes. 

Cowgate  (kou'gat),  The.  A noted  and  once 
fashionable  street  in  Edinburgh  Old  Town. 
The  suburb  with  this  name,  situated  on  the  southern  side 
of  the  city  in  a valley,  through  which  the  street  runs,  was 
first  inclosed  within  the  walls  in  1513. 

Cowichan  (kou' we-ehan).  A name  given  col- 
lectively to  those  Salishan  tribes  which  for- 
merly occupied  the  southeastern  side  of  Van- 
couver Island,  the  opposite  mainland,  and  the 
intervening  islands,  all  speaking  nearly  related 
dialects.  They  are  now  on  the  Cowichan  res- 
ervation, under  the  Fraser  River  agency,  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  See  Salislian. 

Cowley  (kou'li,  formerly  ko'li),  Abraham. 
Born  at  London,  1618:  died  at  Chertsey,  Sur- 
rey, July  28,  1667.  An  English  poet,  seventh 
and  posthumous  child  of  Thomas  Cowley,  a sta- 
tipner.  He  studied  at  Westminster  and  at  Cambridge 
(B.  A.  1639,  M.  A.  1642);  retired  to  Oxford  (St.  John's  Col- 
lege) in  1643 ; identified  himself  with  the  Royalists,  and 
followed  the  queen  to  France  in  1646,  where  he  remained 
in  the  service  of  the  exiled  court  until  1656 ; returned  to 
England  in  the  latter  year;  and  finally  settled  (1665)  at 
Chertsey.  He  enjoyed  during  his  lifetime  a high  reputa- 
tion as  a poet,  which  rapidly  declined  after  his  death. 
The  first  collected  edition  of  his  works  appeared  in  1668. 
Cowley,  Richard.  See  Wellesley,  Marquis  of 
(second  Earl  of  Mornington). 

Cowley,  Mrs.  (Hannah  Parkhouse).  Bom  at 
Tiverton,  Devonshire,  1743:  died  there,  March 
11,  1809.  An  English  poet  and  dramatist, 
daughter  of  a bookseller  of  Tiverton,  and  wife 
of  a .captain  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.  She  was  the  author  of  “The  Runaway” 
(acted  Feb.,  1776),  “The  Belle’s  Stratagem ’’ (acted  Feb., 
1780),  “A  Bold  Stroke  for  a Husband  ” (acted  Feb.,  1783), 
etc.  Under  the  pseudonym  “Anna  Matilda,”  which  has 
become  a synonym  for  sentimentality,  she  carried  on  a 
poetical  correspondence  in  the  “World”  witli  Robert 
Merry,  who  adopted  the  signature  “Della  Crusca. ’’ 
Cowlitz  (kou'lits).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  Cowlitz  River, 
at  its  mouth,  and  on  the  Columbia  River,  Wash- 
ington. They  were  confederated  in  1853  with  the  Up- 
per Chehalis,  their  total  number  then  being  about  160. 
See  Salishan. 

Cowpens  (kou'penz).  A village  in  Spartan- 
burg County,  northwestern  South  Carolina,  8 
miles  northeast  of  Spartanburg.  Here,  Jan.  17, 
1781,  the  Americans  (about  1,000)  under  Morgan  defeated 


287 

1,100  British  under  Tarleton.  The  loss  of  the  Americans 
was  72  ; that  of  the  British,  800-900. 

Cowper  (ko'per  or  kou'per),  Edward.  Born  in 
1790:  died  at  Kensington,  Oct.  17,  1852.  An 
English  inventor  of  various  important  improve- 
ments in  printing  processes,  including  the  sys- 
tem of  inking-rollers  and  (with  Applegath)  the 
four-cylinder  printing-machine.  He  became 
professor  of  mechanics  at  King’s  College,  Lon- 
don. 

Cowper,  William.  Died  Oct.  10, 1723.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  jurist,  created  Baron  Cowper 
of  Wingham,  Kent,  Nov.  9,  1706,  and  Viscount 
Fordwiehe  and  Earl  Cowper  March  18,  1718. 

He  entered  Parliament  in  1695 ; became  lord  keeper  and 
privy  councilor  in  1705;  served  on  the  commission  which 
drew  up  the  Act  of  Union  in  1706;  became  the  first  lord 
high  chancellor  of  Great  Britain  May  4,  1707 ; presided  at 
the  trial  of  Dr.  Sacheverell  in  1710  ; resigned  his  office  in 
Sept.,  1710 ; was  reappointed  in  Sept.,  1714  ; and  again  re- 
signed in  1718.  He  was  a member  of  the  Royal  Society. 
Cowper,  William.  Born  at  Great  Berkhamp- 
stead,  Hertfordshire,  Nov.  15,  1731:  died  at 
East  Dereham,  Norfolk,  April  25, 1800.  A cele- 
brated English  poet,  son  of  John  Cowper,  D.  D., 
rector  of  Great  Berkhampstead.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  School,  where  he  remained  from  his  tenth 
to  his  eighteenth  year,  was  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple 
in  April,  1748,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  June,  1754. 
In  1759  he  was  appointed  a commissioner  of  bankrupts. 
He  early  showed  symptoms  of  melancholia,  and  in  1763 
anxiety  with  regard  to  his  fitness  to  fill  an  office  which 
had  been  offered  him  brought  on  an  attack  of  suicidal 
mania  which  necessitated  a temporary  confinement  in  a 
private  asylum  at  St.  Albans.  In  June,  1765,  he  removed 
to  Huntingdon,  remaining  there,  in  the  family  of  the  Rev. 
Morley  Unwin,  until  1767,  when,  Unwin  having  died,  he 
removed  with  Mrs.  Unwin  to  Olney  in  Buckinghamshire, 
where  he  lived  until  Nov.,  1786,  removing  then  toWeston, 
a neighboring  village.  He  was  subject  to  repeated  attacks 
of  mental  disease,  which  showed  itself,  as  at  first,  in  a 
tendency  to  suicide  and  religious  melancholy,  and  in  his 
later  years  became  a permanent  condition  of  insanity. 
He  published  “ Anti-Thelyphthora,”  a reply  to  a defense 
of  polygamy  so  named  (1781),  “Poems”  (1782),  “The 
Task,”  with  “Tirocinium,”  “John  Gilpin,”  and  an  “Epis- 
tle to  Joseph  Hill”  (1785),  “Homer’s  Iliad  and  Odyssey” 
(1791),  “The  Power  of  Grace  Illustrated,"  a translation  of 
six  letters  from  Van  Lierto  John  Newton  (1792),  “Poems" 
(1798),  and  sixty-seven  of  the  “Olney  Hymns”  (1779). 
After  his  death  appeared  “Poems,”  chiefly  from  the 
French  of  Madame  Guyon  (1801),  a translation  of  the 
Latin  and  Italian  poems  of  Milton  (1808),  an  edition  of 
Milton  (1810),  and  some  early  poems  (1825). 

Cox  (koks),  David.  [The  surname  Cox  or  Coxe 
is  another  spelling  of  Codes,  a patronymic  (gen- 
itive) form  of  Cod;.  ] Born  near  Birmingham, 
England,  April  29,1783:  diedatHarborneHeatli, 
near  Birmingham,  June  7,1859.  A noted  English 
landscape-painter,  son  of  a Birmingham  black- 
smith. Among  his  best-known  pictures  are  “Washing 
Day ” (1843), “The Vale  of  Clwyd” (1846),  “Peace  and  War” 
(1846),  “Going  to  the  Hay-field,”  “The  Challenge”  (1853), 
“The  Summit  of  the  Mountain  ” (1853),  etc. 

Cox,  Sir  Georg&  William.  Born  at  Benares  in 
1827  : died  at  Walmer,  Kent,  Feb.  9, 1902.  An 
English  clergyman  and  historian.  His  works  in- 
clude “Life  of  St.  Bouiface”  (1853),  “Tales  from  Greek  My- 
thology” (1861),  “A  Manual  of  Mythology,  etc."  (1867), 
“The  Mythology  of  the  Aryan  Nations  ” (1870), “A  History 
of  Greece”  (1874),  “A  General  History  of  Greece  from  the 
Earliest  Period  to  the  Death  of  AlexandertheGreat”(1876), 
“ History  of  the  Establishment  of  British  Rule  in  India  ” 
(1881),  “ Introduction  to  the  Science  of  Comparative  My- 
thology and  Folk  Lore”  (1881),  “Life  of  Bishop  Colenso  ” 
(1888).  With  Brande  he  published  “A  Dictionary  of 
Science  and  Literature  ” (1862-72). 

Cox,  Jacob  Dolson.  Born  at  Montreal,  Canada, 
Oct.  27,  1828:  died  at  Magnolia,  Mass.,  Aug. 
4,  1900.  An  American  general  and  politician. 
He  served  in  West  Virginia  1861-62,  at  Antietam  in  1862, 
and  in  Georgia  and  Tennessee  in  1864.  He  was  governor 
of  Ohio  1866-68,  and  secretary  of  the  interior  1869-70. 

Cox,  Kenyon.  Born  at  Warren,  Ohio,  Oct.  27, 
1856.  An  American  painter,  son  of  General 
J acob  D.  Cox.  He  studied  three  years  at  the  McMicken 
Art  School  in  Cincinnati.  In  1876  he  went  to  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1877  to  Paris,  where 
he  studied  first  under  Carolus  Duran,  and  later  under  Ca- 
banel  and  Gdrdrne,  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  where  he 
remained  about  three  years.  In  1883  he  established  himself 
in  New  York. 

Cox,  Richard.  Born  at  Whaddon,  Buckingham- 
shire, England,  1500:  died  July  22,  1581.  An 
English  prelate,  appointed  bishop  of  Ely  in 
1559.  He  was  translator  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  and 
of  Paul’s  Epistle  to  the  Romans  for  the  “ Bishops’  Bible.” 

Cox,  Samuel  Hanson.  Born  at  Rahway,  N.  J., 
Aug.  25,  1793:  died  at  Bronxville,  Westchester 
County,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  2,  1880.  An  American  Pres- 
byterian clergyman.  He  was  ordained  in  1817  ; be- 
came pastor  of  the  Spring  Street  Church  in  New  York  in 
1821,  and  of  the  Laight  Street  Church  in  1825 ; and  professor 
of  pastoral  theology  at  Auburn  in  1834.  In  1837  he  became 
pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
He  was  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  for  many  years 
in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary.  In  1862  he  retired 
from  active  service  in  the  church,  but  frequently  preached 
and  lectured.  He  favored  the  antislavery  movement, 
though  not  its  extreme  measures,  and  took  a strong  con- 
servative position  with  regard  to  the  Southern  question. 
He  was  a fine  and  powerful  orator. 


Cozumel 

Cox,  Samuel  Sullivan.  Bom  at  Zanesville, 
Ohio,  Bept.  30, 1824:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 
10,  1889.  An  American  politician  and  diplo- 
matist. He  became  editor  of  the  Columbus,  Ohio, 
“Statesman  "in  1853,  and  gained  the  sobriquet  of  “Sunset  ’’ 
Cox  by  an  extremely  rhetorical  description  of  a sunset 
which  he  printed  in  that  journal.  He  was  a Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1857-65 ; from  New  York 
city  1869-73  and  1875-85  ; was  United  States  minister  to 
Turkey  1885-86;  was,  on  his  return  to  New  York,  elected 
to  Congress  to  fill  a vacancy ; and  was  reelected  in  1888. 
Author  of  “A  Buckeye  Abroad  ” (1852),  “Eight  Years  in 
Congress  ” (1865),  “ Three  Decades  of  Federal  Legislation  ” 
(1886),  etc. 

Coxcie,  or  Cocxie  (kok'se),  or  Coxis,  Michael. 

Bom  at  Mechlin,  Low  Countries,  1499 : died  at 
Mechlin,  March  5,  1592.  A Flemish  painter. 
His  best-known  work  is  a copy  of  the  “Adoration  of  the 
Lamb”  by  the  brothers  Van  Eyck. 

Coxcomb  (koks'kom),  The.  A play  by  Beau- 
mont, Fletcher,  and  Rowley  {"!),  produced  in 
1612  and  published  in  1647. 

Coxcox.  See  the  extract. 

The  Noah  of  the  Mexican  tribes  was  Coxcox,  who,  with 
his  wife  Xochiquetzal,  alone  escaped  the  deluge.  They 
took  refuge  in  the  hollow  trunk  of  a cypress  (aliuehuete), 
which  floated  upon  the  water,  and  stopped  at  last  on  top 
of  a mountain  of  Culhuacau.  They  had  many  children, 
but  all  of  them  were  dumb.  The  Great  Spirit  took  pity 
on  them,  and  sent  a dove,  who  hastened  to  teach  them  to 
speak.  Fifteen  of  the  children  succeeded  in  grasping  the 
power  of  speech,  and  from  these  the  Toltecs  and  Aztecs 
are  descended.  Hale , Story  of  Mexico,  p.  22. 

Coxe  (koks),  Arthur  Cleveland.  Born  at  Mend- 
ham,  N.  J.,  May  10, 1818 : died  July  20, 1896.  An 
American  clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church.  He  became  assistant  bishop  of  western 
New  York  in  1863,  bishop  iu  1865.  Author  of  “Saul,  a Mys- 
tery, and  Other  Poems”  (1845),  “Halloween,  a Romaunt, 
with  Lays  Meditative  and  Devotional  ”(1869),  “The  Ladye 
Cliaco”(1878),  “Institutes  of  Christian  History  ” (1887),  etc. 
Coxe  (koks),  Tench.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
May  22,  1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  17, 
1824.  An  American  political  economist.  He 
wrote  “View  of  the  United  States”  (1794),  etc. 
Coxe,  William.  Born  at  London,  March  7, 
1747 : died  at  Bemerton,  Wiltshire,  England, 
June  8, 1828.  An  English  clergyman,  historian, 
and  biographer.  He  was  appointed  rector  of  Bemer- 
ton in  1788,  of  Stourton  in  1800,  and  of  Fovant,  Wiltshire, 
in  1811,  and  archdeacon  of  Wiltshire  in  1804.  He  wrote 
“ A History  of  the  House  of  Austria  ” (1807),  “ Memoirs  of 
Sir  Robert  Walpole  ” (1798),  etc. 

Coyne  (koin),  Joseph  Stirling.  Born  at  Birr, 
King’s  County,  Ireland,  1803 : died  at  London, 
July  18,  1868.  An  Irish  humorist  and  play- 
wright, author  of  a number  of  successful  farces 
and  other  works. 

Coyotero  (ko-yo-te'rd).  [So  called  from  their 
eating  the  prairie  wolf (?).]  1.  The  Pinal 

Coyotero,  or  Tonto  Apache. — 2.  One  of  the 
four  subtribes  of  the  Gileno,  or  Gila  Apache : 
also  called  Sierra  Blanca  Apache,  or  White 
Mountain  Apache,  from  their  habitat.  These 
Coyotero  are  a mountain  tribe,  dwelling  southeast  of  the 
Pinal  Coyotero,  and  beyond  the  Gila  River.  See  Gilefio. 

Coypel  (kwii-pel'),  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris, 
April  11,  1661:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  1,  1722.  A 
French  painter,  son  of  Noel  Coypel. 

Coypel,  Charles  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  11,  1694:  died  June  14,  1752.  A French 
painter,  son  of  Antoine  Coypel. 

Coypel,  Noel.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  25,  1628: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21, 1707.  A French  painter, 
an  imitator  of  Poussin.  His  best-known  work  is  the 
“Martyrdom  of  St.  James,”  in  Notre  Dame,  Paris. 

Coypel,  Noel  Nicolas.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  18, 
1692:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  14,  1734.  A French 
painter,  stepbrother  of  Antoine  Coypel. 
Coysevox  (kwas-voks'),  Antoine.  Born  at 
Lyons,  Sept.  29,  1640:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10, 
1720.  A French  sculptor  of  Spanish  origin. 
He  went  to  Paris  and  entered  the  atelier  ol  Lerambert, 
the  celebrated  sculptor,  painter,  and  poet.  He  copied 
many  antiques  in  marble,  among  them  the  Venus  di 
Medici  and  the  Castor  and  Pollux.  In  1667  he  was  called 
to  Strasburg  to  execute  the  decorations  of  the  palace 
of  the  Cardinal  Prince  de  Fiirstenberg.  He  returned  to 
Paris  in  1671,  where  he  enjoyed  the  personal  friendship 
of  Louis  XIV.,  who  gave  him  large  commissions  at  Ver- 
sailles, then  in  process  of  construction.  In  1687  he  made 
the  statue  of  Louis  XIV.  at  the  Hdtel  de  Ville;  also  an 
equestrian  statue  of  the  king  for  the  city  of  Rennes  in 
Bretagne.  In  1701  he  made  the  two  winged  horses  for 
the  entrance  to  the  Tuileries  gardens.  Among  his  works 
are  portrait-statues  (Condo  at  Chantilly,  the  Dauphine 
Adelaide  of  Savoie  as  Diane  Chasseresse,  the  kneeling 
statue  of  Louis  XIV.  at  Notre  Dame),  the  tomb  of  Maz- 
arin  in  the  Eglise  des  Quatre  Nations,  and  the  monument 
to  Colbert  at  Saint-Eustache. 

Cozeners  (kuz'n-6rz),  The.  A comedy  by 
Samuel  Foote,  produced  in  1774.  See  Aircastle. 
Cozumel  (ko-tho-mal').  An  island  9 miles  east 
of  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  it  is  24  miles  long  by  7 
wide,  low  and  flat,  and  bordered  by  reefs.  When  discov 
ered  by  Grijalva  (1518)  and  visited  by  Cortes  (1519),  it  was 


Cozumel 

inhabited  by  Maya  Indians,  and  remains  of  their  temples 
and  houses  stiU  exist.  At  present  the  island  has  no  per- 
manent inhabitants. 

Cozzens  (kuz'nz),  Frederick  Swartwout. 

Born  at  New  York,  March  5,  1818 : died  at 
Brooklyn,  Dec.  23,  1869.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  was  for  many  years  a wine- 
merchant  in  New  York  city,  and  published  in  connection 
with  his  business  a trade  paper  called  “ The  Wine  Press." 
He  wrote  the  “ Sparrowgrass  Papers  ” (1856). 

Crab  (krab).  The  crusty  guardian  of  the  for- 
tune of  Buck  in  Foote’s  comedy  “The  Eng- 
lishman returned  from  Paris.” 

Crab.  The  dog  of  Launce  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona.” 

Crabb  (krab),  George.  Born  at  Palgrave,  Suf- 
folk, Dec.  8, 1778:  died  at  Hammersmith,  near 
London,  Dec.  4, 1851.  An  English  lawyer  and 
legal  and  miscellaneous  writer,  best  known  as 
the  author  of  a “ Dictionary  of  English  Syno- 
nymes  ” (1816). 

Crabbe  (krab),  George.  Born  at  Aldeburgh, 
Suffolk,  Dec.  24,  1754 : died  at  Trowbridge, 
England,  Feb.  3, 1832.  An  English  poet.  After 
having  failed  as  a surgeon  in  his  native  town,  he  re- 
moved in  1780  to  London,  where,  through  the  patronage  of 
Burke,  he  was  rescued  from  extreme  poverty  and  enabled 
to  publish  “The  Library"  and  other  works,  which  gave 
him  an  established  position  in  literature.  He  was  for  a 
number  of  years  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Rutland,  and  in 
1789  became  rector  of  Muston  and  Allington.  His  chief 
works  are  “The  Library”  (1781),  “The  Village”  (1783), 
“The  Newspaper"  (1785),  “The  Parish  Register"  (1807), 
and  “ Tales  of  the  Hall  ’’  (1819). 

Crabeth  (kra'bet),  Dirk.  Born  at  Gouda,  Ne- 
therlands : died  about  1601.  A Dutch  painter 
on  glass. 

Crabeth,  Wouter.  Born  at  Gouda,  Nether- 
lands : uied  about  1581.  A Dutch  painter  on 
glass,  brother  of  Dirk  Crabeth. 

Crabshaw  (krab'sha),  Timothy.  In  Smollett’s 
“ Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,”  a whipper-in,  plow- 
man, and  carter,  selected  as  a sqtiire  by  Sir 
Launcelot  when  on  his  knight-errant  expedi- 
tion. He  rode  a vicious  cart-horse  named 
Gilbert. 

Crabtree  (krab'tre).  A mischief-maker  in  Sheri- 
dan’s comedy  “The  School  for  Scandal.” 

Crabtree,  Cadwallader.  A cynical  deaf  old 
man,  a friend  of  Peregrine  Pickle,  in  Smollett’s 
novel  of  that  name. 

Cracow  (kra/ko).  [Pol.  Krakow , G.  Krakau, 
F.  Cracovie,  ML.  Cracovia ; from  Krakus  (?) : 
see  below.]  The  second  city  of  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Eudowa  and  Vistula  in  lat.  50°  4'  N.,  long.  19° 
56'  E.,  at  the  head  of  navigation  of  the  Vistula. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  center  and  a fortress  of  the 
first  class.  It  contains  a noted  castle,  cathedral  (see 
below),  university,  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  Franciscan 
and  Dominican  churches,  the  Tuchhaus  (cloth-hall),  and 
the  Czartoryski  Museum.  Near  here  is  the  Kosciuszko 
Hill.  The  city  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  mythi- 
cal Krakus.  It  was  the  capital  of  Poland  from  1320  to 
about  1609,  and  the  place  of  coronation  of  her  kings  till 
the  18th  century.  It  was  captured  by  the  Bohemians  in 
1039,  by  the  Mongols  in  1241,  by  the  Swedes  in  1658  and 
1702,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1768.  It  came  to  Austria  in 
the  last  partition  of  Poland  in  1795.  It  was  a part  of  the 
duchy  of  Wars  iw.  By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  it  was 
made  the  capital  of  the  Republic  of  Cracow.  On  the  in- 
surrection of  1846  it  was  annexed  to  Austria.  The  cathe- 
dral, consecrated  in  1359,  is  the  burial-place  of  the  kings 
and  national  heroes  of  Poland.  The  chapels  contain  a 
number  of  magnificent  monuments  and  notable  sculp- 
tures, among  them  a Christ  Blessing,  by  Thorwaldsen. 
In  the  middle  of  the  church  is  the  silver  shrine  of  St. 
Stanislaus,  supported  by  angels.  There  is  a Romanesque 
crypt.  Population,  150,318,  (1910). 

Craddock  (krad'ok),  Charles  Egbert.  The 

pseudonym  of  Miss  Mary  N.  Murfree. 

Cradle  of  Liberty.  See  Faneuil  Hall. 
Cradock  (krad'ok),  Sir.  A knight  in  the  Ar- 
thurian legends : the  only  one  in  the  whole 
court  whose  wife  was  chaste.  See  Boy  and  the 
Mantle. 

Craft  of  Lovers,  The.  A poem  attributed  to 
Chaucer  by  Stowe,  but  now  denied  to  be  his. 
Crafts  (krafts),  Samuel  Chandler.  Born  at 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  Oct.  6,  1768:  died  at  Crafts- 
bury,  Vt.,  Nov.  19,  1853.  An  American  politi- 
cian, governor  of  Vermont  1828-31. 

Crafts,  William.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
Jan.  24, 1787 : died  at  Lebanon  Springs,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  23,  1826.  An  American  lawyer  and  poet. 
Craftsman  (krafts'man),  The.  A political 
periodical,  originated  in  1726  by  Nicholas  Am- 
burst  under  the  signature  of  “Caleb  D’ Anvers 
of  Gray’s  Inn.”  Bolingbroke  and  Puiteney  joined 
their  forces  to  his,  and  it  gained  a high  reputation  and 
proved  a very  powerful  organ  of  the  opposition  to  Sir 
Robert  Walpole. 

Craig,  Isa.  See  Knox,  Isa  C. 

Craig  (krag),  John.  Born  about  1512 : died 
1600.  A Scottish  reformer,  friend  and  succes- 


288 

sor  of  Knox.  He  at  first  refused  to  publish  the  banns 
between  Queen  Mary  and  Bothwell,  but  finally  consented. 

Craig,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  1538 : died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  26,  1608.  A Scottish  jurist  and 
Latin  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  a treatise  on  feudal 
law,  “Jus  feudale”  (1603),  still  a standard  authority  in 
Scotland. 

Craigengelt  (kra-gen-gelt'),  Captain.  An  ad- 
venturer in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel  “ The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor.”  He  is  the  friend  of 
Frank  Hayston,  and  the  enemy  of  the  Master 
of  Ravenswood. 

Craigenputtock  (kra-gen-put'och).  A farm 
about  15  miles  from  Dumfries,  Scotland,  which 
for  some  years  was  the  home  of  Thomas  Car- 
lyle. It  belonged  to  Mrs.  Carlyle  before  her  marriage, 
and  in  May,  1828,  they  first  went  there  to  live,  leaving  it 
and  returning  from  time  to  time.  Here  much  of  Carlyle’s 
most  brilliant  work  was  done. 

Craik  (krak),  George  Lillie.  Bom  at  Kenno- 
way,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  in  1798:  died  at  Bel- 
fast, June  25,  1866.  A Scottish  historian  and 
general  writer,  appointed  professor  of  English 
literature  and  history  at  Queen’s  College,  Bel- 
fast, inl849.  Author  of  a “Compendious  History  of  Eng- 
lish Literature  and  of  the  English  Language  ’’  (1861),  etc. 

Craik,  Georgiana  Marian  (Mrs.  A.  W.  May). 

Born  at  London,  April,  1831:  died  at  St. 
Leonard’s,  Nov.  1,  1895.  An  English  novelist, 
daughter  of  the  above.  Her  works  include  “River- 
stone” (1867),  “Lost  and  Won”  (1859),  “Winifred’s  Woo- 
ing” (1862),  “Mildred”  (1868),  “Sylvia’s  Choice”  (1874), 
“ Hilary’s  Love-Story  ” (1880),  “Godfrey  Helstone”  (1884), 
“Patience  Holt  ” (1891),  etc. 

Craik,  James.  Bom  in  Scotland,  1731 : died  in 
Fairfax  County,  Va.,  Feb.  6, 1814.  A Scottish- 
American  physician.  He  accompanied  Washington 
in  the  expedition  against  the  French  and  Indians  in  1754; 
served  as  physician  under  General  Braddock  in  1755  ; en- 
tered the  medical  service  of  the  Continental  army  1775  ; 
and  became  the  family  physician  of  Washington,  whom 
he  attended  in  his  last  illness.  On  his  authority  rests  the 
anecdote  of  the  Indian  chief  who,  at  Braddock’s  defeat, 
discharged  his  rifle  fifteen  times  at  Washington  without 
effect,  and  who  years  after  made  a long  journey  to  see  the 
man  whom  he  supposed  to  enjoy  a charmed  existence. 

Craik,  Mrs.  (Dinah  Maria  Mulock),  usually 
known  as  Miss  Mulock.  Born  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  England,  1826:  died  at  Shortlands,  Kent, 
Oct.  12,  1887.  An  English  novelist  and  poet. 
She  was  the  author  of  “The  Ogilvies  ” (1849),  “The  Head 
of  the  Family  "(1861),  “ Agatha's  Husband  "(1853),  “ John 
Halifax,  Gentleman " (1867),  “A  Life  for  a Life ’’  (1859), 
“A  Noble  Life”  (1866),  “A  Brave  Lady"  (1870),  “Han- 
nah " (1871),  etc.  She  published  a volume  of  poems  in 
1859,  and  “Thirty  Years'  Poems  "in  1881,  besides  many 
children’s  books,  fairy  tales,  etc.  She  married  George 
Lillie  Craik,  Jr.,  in  1864. 

Crail  (krai).  A seaport  of  Fifeshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  North  Sea  31  miles  northeast 
of  Edinburgh.  In  medieval -times  it  was  a 
royal  residence.  Population,  1,068. 

Crailsheim  (krils'him).  A town  in  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Jagst  48  miles  northeast 
of  Stuttgart. 

Cramer  (kra'mer),  Johann  Andreas.  Born  at 
Johstadt,  Saxony,  Jan.  27,  1723:  died  at  Kiel, 
Holsteiu,  June  12,  1788.  A German  religious 
poet  and  pulpit  orator.  His  collected  poems 
were  published  1782-83,  and  his  posthumous 
poems  1791. 

Cramer,  John  Baptist.  Born  at  Mannheim, 
Baden,  Feb.  24,  1771:  died  at  London,  April 
16,  1858.  A composer  and  distinguished  pian- 
ist, son  of  Wilhelm  Cramer:  author  of  studies 
for  the  piano,  etc. 

Cramer,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Quedlin- 
burg,  Prussia,  March  7,  1752:  died  at  Kiel, 
Holstein,  Dec.  8,  1807.  A German  writer,  son 
of  Johann  Andreas  Cramer. 

Cramer,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Mannheim,  1745 : 
died  at  London,  Oct.  5,  1799.  A distinguished 
German  violinist,  resident  in  London  after 
1772. 

Crampel  (kron-pel'),  Paul.  Bom  in  France, 
1863 : died  April,  1891.  An  African  explorer. 
He  began  his  African  career  in  18S6,  under  S.  de  Brazza. 
In  1888-89  he  made  a successful  journey  from  MadiviUe, 
on  the  Ogowe  River,  through  the  Fan  country  to  Corisco 
Bay.  In  1890  the  Comity  de  l’Afrique  Francaise  sent  him 
to  Lake  Chad  in  order  to  connect  the  French  Sahara  with 
the  French  Kongo.  At  the  head  of  30  Senegalese  soldiers 
and  250  carriers,  and  assisted  by  3 Europeans,  he  left  Stan- 
ley Pool  on  Aug.  15, 1890.  From  Bangi,  the  last  European 
post  on  the  Mobangi  River,  he  marched  northward  as  far 
as  El  Kuti,  between  lat.  9“  and  10“  N.  Here  he  was  aban- 
doned by  most  of  his  carriers,  and  while  attempting  to 
force  his  way  to  the  north  fell  a victim  to  the  fanaticism 
of  the  Senoussi  Moslems.  Of  his  white  companions,  one 
died,  one  was  killed,  and  only  one,  Mi-bout,  escaped  to  the 
coast. 

Crampton’s  Gap  (kramp'tonz  gap).  A pass 
in  the  South  Mountain,  Maryland.  See  South 
Mountain. 

Cranach,  or  Kranach  (kran'ak  or  krii'niich), 


Cranstoun 

or  Kronach  (kron'ak  or  kro'nach),  Lucas. 
Born  at  Kronach,  near  Bamberg,  Germany, 
1472:  died  at  Weimar,  Germany,  Oct.  16,  1553. 
A noted  German  painter  and  engraver.  He  be- 
came  in  1504  court  painter  to  the  elector  Frederick  the 
Wise,  of  Saxony.  He  was  elected  burgomaster  of  Witten- 
berg in  1537  and  in  1540.  His  best-known  works  are  altar- 
pieces  in  Weimar,  Wittenberg,  and  elsewhere. 

Cranach,  Lucas,  the  younger.  Born  at  Witten- 
berg, Germany,  Oct.  4,  1515:  died  at  Weimar, 
Jan.  25,  1586.  A German  painter,  son  of  Lucas 
Cranach  (1472-1553). 

Cranbrook  (kran'bruk).  A town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land. 

Cranbrook,  Earl  of.  See  Hardy,  Gathorne. 
Cranch  (kranch),  Christopher  Pearse.  Born 
at  Alexandria,  Va.,  March  8,  1813:  died  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  20, 1892.  An  American 
landscape-painter,  poet,  and  translator,  son  of 
William  Cranch.  He  entered  the  ministry,  but  re- 
tired in  1842  to  devote  himself  to  art.  Among  his  more 
noted  pictures  are  “ October  Afternoon  ” (1867),  “Venice" 
(1870),  “Venetian  Fishing-boats"  (1871).  He  published 
“Poems"  (1844),  “The  Bird  and  the  Bell,  etc.”  (1875), 
“Ariel  and  Caliban”  (1887),  etc.,  and  prose  tales  for 
children,  which  he  illustrated. 

Cranch,  William.  Born  at  Weymouth,  Mass., 
July  17,  1769:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Sept. 
1,  1855.  An  American  jurist,  chief  justice  of 
the  Circuit  Court  for  the  District  of  Columbia 
1805-55. 

Crane  (kran),  Ichabod.  A country  schoolmas- 
ter in  Irving’s  ‘ ‘ Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow.”  He 
is  the  lover  of  Caterina  Van  Tassel,  and  is  frightened  out  of 
the  country-side  and  the  way  of  his  rival  by  his  adventure 
with  the  latter  disguised  as  the  Headless  Horseman. 
“The  cognomen  of  Crane  was  not  inapplicable  to  his  per- 
son. He  was  tall,  but  exceedingly  lank,  with  narrow 
shoulders,  long  arms  and  legs,  hands  that  dangled  a mile 
out  of  his  sleeves,  feet  that  might  have  served  for  shovels, 
and  his  whole  frame  most  loosely  hung  together.  His 
head  was  small,  and  flat  at  top,  with  huge  ears,  large  green 
glassy  eyes,  and  a large  snipe  nose,  so  that  it  looked  like 
a weathercock,  perched  upon  his  spindle  neck,  to  tell 
which  way  the  wind  blew.  To  see  him  striding  along  the 
profile  of  a hill  on  a windy  day,  with  his  clothes  bagging 
and  fluttering  about  him,  one  might  have  mistaken  him 
for  the  genius  of  famine  descending  upon  the  earth,  or 
some  scarecrow  eloped  from  a corn-field.”  Washington 
Irving,  The  Sketch-Book  (Sleepy  Hollow). 

Crane,  Walter.  Born  at  Liverpool,  1845.  An 
English  painter,  known  by  his  illustrations  for 
children’s  books,  and  decorative  designs. 

Cranganore  (kran -ga- nor').  A port  on  the 
Malabar  coast,  British  India,  in  lat.  10°  14'  N., 
long.  76°  10'  E.  It  was  early  held  by  the  Portuguese, 
and  later  by  the  Dutch  (16th-18th  centuries).  It  is  the 
traditional  scene  of  the  labors  of  St.  Thomas. 

Cranmer  (kran'mer),  Thomas.  Born  at  As- 
lacton,  Nottinghamshire,  July  2,  1489 : died  at 
Oxford,  March  21, 1556.  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.  A.  in  1512  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1515.  In  1529 
he  obtained  the  favor  of  Henry  VIII.  by  proposing  that,  in 
order  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  an  appeal  to  Rome,  the 
question  of  the  king’s  marriage  with  Catharine  of  Aragon 
should  be  referred  to  the  universities.  He  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  king,  and  in  1530  accompanied  the  Earl  of 
Wiltshire  on  a mission  to  the  Pope  in  reference  to  the  di- 
vorce. In  1532  he  was  sent  on  a mission  to  the  emperor  in 
Germany,  and  in  the  same  year  infringed  the  rule  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  by  marrying  a niece  of  Osiander. 
He  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1533,  and 
in  the  same  year  pronounced  the  marriage  of  Henry  with 
Catharine  of  Aragon  invalid.  He  abjured  his  allegiance 
to  Rome  in  1535,  became  a member  of  the  regency  for 
Edward  VI.  in  1547,  and  in  1548  was  head  of  the  commis- 
sion which  composed  the  first  Eng]  ish  prayer-book.  1 He 
invited  a number  of  distinguished  foreign  Protestants  to 
settle  in  England,  including  Peter  Martyr,  Ochino,  Bucer, 
and  Alasco  the  Pole.  He  was  induced  by  Edward  AH.  in 
1553  to  sign  the  patent  which  settled  the  crown  on  Lady 
Jane  Grey  to  the  exclusion  of  Mary  and  Elizabeth,  and 
was  in  consequence  committed  to  the  Tower  for  treason 
on  the  accession  of  Mary.  He  was  subsequently  tried  for 
heresy,  and  in  spite  of  numerous  recantations  (which  he 
repudiated  at  his  execution)  was  sentenced  to  the  stake. 

Crannon,  or  Cranon  (kran'dn).  [Gr.  Kpayv&v, 
Kptrnin.]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Thes- 
saly, Greece,  about  10  miles  southwest  of  La- 
rissa (exact  site  not  known).  Here,  322  B.  c., 
Antipater  defeated  the  confederated  Greeks. 

Cranon  (called  also  Ephyra)  was  a city  in  the  part  of 
Thessaly  known  as  Pelasgiotis  (Hecat.  Fr.  112 ; Steph. 
Byz.  ad  voc.).  It  stood  in  a fertile  plain,  remarkable  alike 
for  its  cereal  crops  (Liv.  xlii.  61,  65)  and  for  its  pasturage 
(Theocr.  xvi.  38).  Its  exact  site  cannot  well  be  fixed  ; but 
the  plain  in  which  it  stood  is  undoubtedly  that  which  lies 
south  of  the  low  ridge  bet  ween  Larissa  and  Fersala  (Phar- 
salia),  watered  by  the  Enipeus,  or  Apidanus  (Fersaliti). 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  504,  note. 

Crans.  See  Ges. 

Cranston  (kranz'ton),  John.  Died  March  12, 
1680.  Governor  of  Rhode  Island  1678-80. 

Cranston,  Samuel.  Died  1727.  Governor  of 
Rhode  Island  1698-1727 : son  of  John  Cranston. 

Cranstoun  (kranz'ton),  Henry.  A character 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  poem  “The  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel.”  He  personates  William  of  Deloraine 


Cranstoun 


289 


Credit  Mobilier 


In  the  trial  by  combat,  and,  winning,  reconciles  the  Lady 
of  Branksome,  his  hereditary  foe,  to  his  marriage  with  her 
daughter  Margaret. 

Grantor  (kran'tor).  [Gr.  Kpavrop.]  Born  at 
Soli,  Cilicia : lived  about  325  b.c.  A philoso- 
pher of  the  Old  Academy,  the  first  commenta- 
tor on  Plato.  He  wrote  a treatise  “On  Grief,"  from 
which  Cicero  borrowed  extensively  in  his  “Tusculan  Dis- 

djutations.” 

ranworth,  Baron.  See  RolJe._ 

Cranz,  or  Krantz  (krants),  David.  Born  1723: 
died  at  Gnadenfrei,  Silesia,  June  6,  1777.  A 
German  Moravian  historian.  He  became  secretary 
to  Count  Zinzendorf  in  1747,  was  afterward  sent  on  a 
mission  to  Greenland,  whence  he  returned  1762,  and  in 
1766  was  appointed  pastor  at  Rixdorf,  near  Berlin.  He 
wrote  “Histone  von  Gronland  ” (1765),  and  “Alte  und 
neue  Briider-Historie  Oder  kurze  Geschichte  der  evan- 
gelischen  Briider-Uuitat ’’  (1771). 

Craon  (kron).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne,  Prance,  18  miles  southwest  of  Laval. 
Population,  commune,  3,977. 

Craonne  (kra-on').  A village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  France,  13  miles  southeast  of 
Laon.  Here,  March  7, 1814,  Napoleon  checked 
the  allied  army  under  Blucher  and  Wintzin- 
gerode. 

Crapaud  (kra-po'),  Jean  or  Johnny.  [P.  cra- 
paud,  toad.]  A nickname  for  a Frenchman. 
Crashaw  (krash'a),  Richard.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1616  (1612,  Grosart) : died  1649  (1650  ?). 
An  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Charter  House 
and  at  Cambridge,  where  in  1637  he  became  a fellow  of 
Peterhouse.  He  was,  however,  deprived  of  his  fellowship 
for  not  taking  the  covenant  in  1644,  and  was  driven  out  of 
the  country.  He  went  to  Rome,  having  joined  the  Ro- 
man Church.  A canonry  at  Loretto  was  procured  for  him 
in  1649  (1650  ?).  There  were  suspicions  that  he  was  poi- 
soned. He  belonged  to  the  anti-Puritan  school  which  in- 
cluded Herrick,  Carew,  and  Herbert.  His  secular  and 
religious  poems  were  collected  and  published  as  “ Steps 
to  the  Temple  ” and  “ The  Delights  of  the  Muses  ” in 
1646.  His  latest  religious  poems  were  published  in  1652 
and  called  “Carmen  Deo  Nostro.” 

Orassus  (kras'us),  Lucius  Licinius.  Born  140 
B.  c. : died  91  b.c.  A Boman  orator  and  states- 
man. He  was  consul  in  95,  and  censor  in  92. 
He  is  one  of  the  chief  speakers  in  Cicero’s 
“De  Oratore.” 

Crassus  Dives  (dl'vez),  Marcus  Licinius. 
Bora  probably  about  114  B.  c. : died  53  B.  c. 
A Roman  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
under  Sulla  in  the  civil  war  with  Marius,  and  profited  by 
the  liberality  of  his  chief,  and  by  the  opportunities  which 
the  war  offered  for  speculations  in  confiscated  property, 
to  amass  a colossal  fortune,  which  he  utilized  to  further 
his  political  ambition.  He  suppressed  the  servile  insur- 
rection under  Spartacus  in  71,  was  elected  consul  with 
Pompsy  in  70,  was  censor  in  65,  formed  with  Caesar  and 
Pompey  the  First  Triumvirate  in  60,  was  elected  consul 
with  Pompey  in  55,  obtained  (for  five  years!  the  province 
of  Syria  in  54,  and  in  53  undertook  an  expedition  against 
the  Parthians,  in  the  course  of  which  he  suffered  a terrible 
defeat  at  Carrhse  in  Mesopotamia.  He  was  treacherously 
killed  in  an  interview  with  a Persian  satrap. 

Cratchit  (krach'it),  Bob.  Scrooge’s  poor  clerk 
in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Christmas  Carol”:  a 
cheerful,  unselfish  fellow,  the  father  of  “ Tiny 
Tim.” 

Cratchit,  Tim:  known  as  “ Tiny  Tim.”  A lit 
tie  cripple  in  Dickens’s  “Christmas  Carol.” 
Crater  (kra'ter).  [L.,‘avase’;  from  Gr.  Kparr/p.] 
An  ancient  southern  constellation,  south  of  Leo 
and  Virgo.  It  is  supposed  to  represent  a vase 
with  two  handles  and  a base. 

Crater,  The.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1847. 

Crater  Lake.  A small  lake  in  Oregon,  situated 
in  the  midst  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  it  is 
remarkable  for  its  wall  of  perpendicular  rock  (1,000-2,000 
feet  high).  With  the  adjoining  district  it  is  included  in 
the  Crater  Lake  National  Park. 

Craterus  (krat'e-rus).  [Gr.  KparepSr.]  Killed 
in  Cappadocia,  321  B.  c.  A Macedonian  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  under  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  was  co-ruler  with  Antipater  in  the  government 
of  Macedonia,  Greece,  etc.,  323-321. 

Crates  (kra/tez).  [Gr.  Kparr/f.]  1.  An  Athe- 
nian comic  poet  who  flourished  about  440  b.  c. 
He  was  said  to  have  first  been  an  actor  in  the 
plays  of  Cratinus. — 2.  An  Athenian  (flourished 
about  270  b.  c.),  the  pupil  and  successor  of 
Polemo  in  the  Academy.  The  friendship  of  the  two 
was  famous  in  antiquity,  and  they  were  said  to  have  been 
buried  in  the  same  tomb. 

3.  Born  at  Mallus  in  Cilicia : lived  about  150 
b.  c.  A Greek  grammarian,  founder  of  the 
Pergamene  school  of  grammar.  His  chief 
work  is  a commentary  on  Homer,  of  which  a 
few  fragments  remain. — 4.  Bora  in  Thebes: 
lived  about  320  b.  C.  A Greek  Cynic  philoso- 
pher, a disciple  of  Diogenes. 

Cratinus  (kra-tl'nus).  [Gr.  Kparivor.]  A fa- 
mous Athenian  comic  poet  (about  520-423  b.  c.). 

He  exhibited  twenty-one  plays,  and  was  victor  nine  times, 
triumphing  once  over  Aristophanes.  He  was  “ the  real 
C.— 19 


originator — the  .ffischylus — of  political  comedy”  (Ma- 
haffy).  The  titles  and  many  fragments  of  his  plays  have 
survived. 

Cratippus  (kra-tip'us).  [Gr.  Kparnriror.]  1. 
Lived  about  400  b.  c.  A Greek  historian,  the 
continuator  of  the  history  of  Thucydides. — 
2.  Lived  about  45  b.  c.  A Peripatetic  philoso- 
pher of  Mytilene.  He  was  the  friend  and  instructor 
of  Cicero,  who  accounted  him  one  of  the  first  philosophers 
of  the  Peripatetic  school.  He  accompanied  Pompey  in  hi3 
flight  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  and  endeavored  to 
comfort  and  rouse  him  by  engaging  him  in  philosophical 
discourse.  He  opened  a school  at  Athens  about  48  B.  o., 
which  was  attended  by  many  eminent  Romans,  including 
Brutus  during  his  stay  in  Athens  after  the  murder  of 
Csesar.  He  is  thought  to  have  written  a work  on  divina- 
tion. 

Cratylus  (krat'i-lus).  [Gr.  K parvlog.']  A Greek 
philosopher,  an  elder  contemporary  of  Plato.  He 
was  a disciple  of  Heracleitus.  Plato  introduces  him  as  the 
principal  speaker  in  one  of  his  dialogues  (the  “ Cratylus  ’’). 

Craufurd  (kra'ferd),  Quintin.  Bom  at  Kil- 
winnock,  Scotland,  Sept.  22,  1743:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23, 1819.  A Scottish  essayist,  long 
in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company,  and 
after  1780  (except  1791-1802)  resident  in  Paris. 
In  the  early  days  of  the  Revolution  he  was  a friend  of  the 
French  royal  family,  and  took  a prominent  part  in  their 
attempt  to  escape  from  Paris.  He  wrote  “Sketches re- 
lating chiefly  to  the  History,  Religion,  Learning,  and  Man- 
ners of  the  Hindoos”  (1790),  “Secret  History  of  the  King 
of  France,  and  his  Escape  from  Paris  in  June,  1791”  (first 
published  in  1885),  “Essais  sur  la  littorature  franfaise, 
etc.”  (1803),  etc. 

Craufurd,  Robert.  Bom  May  5, 1764:  died  at 

Ciudad  Rodrigo,  Jan.  24, 1812.  A noted  Eng- 
lish general.  He  served  in  India  1790-92,  on  the  Con- 
tinent with  the  Austrians  until  1797,  with  Suvaroff  in 
Switzerland  in  1799,  in  South  America  in  1807,  and  in  the 
siege  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo  during  the  Peninsular  campaign. 

Cravant  (krfi-von'),  or  Crevant  (kre-von'). 
A village  in  the  department  of  Yonne,  France, 
10  miles  southeast  of  Auxerre.  Here,  D23,  the 
allied  English  and  Burgundians  under  the  Earl  of  Salis- 
bury defeat  ju  the  allied  French  and  Scotch. 

Craven,  Countess  of.  See  Berkeley,  Elisabeth. 

Craven.  A district  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire. 

Crawford  (kra/ford),  Edmund  Thornton. 
Born  atCowden,  near  Dalkeith,  Scotland,  1806: 
died  at  Lasswade,  Scotland,  Sept.  27, 1885.  A 
noted  Scotch  painter  of  landscapes  and  marines. 

Crawford,  Francis  Marion.  Born  at  Lucca, 
Italy,  Aug.  2,  1854:  died  at  Sorrento,  Italy, 
April  9,  1909.  An  American  novelist,  son  of 
Thomas  Crawford  the  sculptor.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge,  England,  and  later  at  Heidelberg  and  Rome. 
In  1879  he  went  to  India  and  edited  the  Allahabad  “ In- 
dian Herald."  He  returned  to  America  in  1880,  and  after 
that  lived  chiefly  in  Italy.  His  novels  include  “ Mr. 
Isaacs "(1882),  “ Dr.  Claudius "(1883),  “To Leeward  "(1884), 
“ A Roman  Singer  ” (‘  384),  “ An  American  Politician  ” 
(1384),  “ Zoroaster  ” (1835),  “ A Tale  of  a Lonely  Parish  ” 
(1886),  “ Saracinesca  ” (1887),  “Marzio’s  Crucifix ’’ (1887), 
“PaulPatoff  "(1887),  “With  the  Immortals"  (1888),  “Grei- 
fonstein  ” (1889),  “ Sant’  Ilario  ” (1889),  “ A Cigarette- 
Maker’s  Romance ” (1890),  “The  Witch  of  Prague  ” (1891), 
“Khaled”  (1891),  “The  Three  Fates  ” (1892),  “The  Ral- 
stons ” (1S95),  “ Casa  Braccio ” (1895),  “Via  Crucis ” (1899), 
“Marietta”  (1901),  “ Soprano ” (1905),  etc. 

Crawford,  Nathaniel  Macon.  Born  near  Lex- 
ington, Ga.,  March  22, 1811:  died  near  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  Get.  27,  1871.  An  American  Baptist  cler- 
gyman and  educator. 

Crawford,  Thomas.  Bom  at  New  York,  March 
22, 1814 : died  at  London,  Oct.  10,  1857.  An 
American  sculptor.  His  works  include  “Armed  Lib- 
erty," bronze  doors  (all  in  Washington);  Beethoven,  bust 
of  Josiah  Quincy,  “Orpheus”  (all  in  Boston);  Washington 
(in  Richmond),  etc. 

Crawford,  William  Harris.  Born  in  Amherst 
County,  Va.,  Feb.  24,  1772 : died  at  Ellerton, 
Ga.,  Sept.  15,  1834.  An  American  states- 
man.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Georgia  1807- 
1813,  minister  to  France  1813-15,  secretary  of  war  1815-16, 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1816-25,  and  candidate  for  the 
presidency  1824. 

Crawford  Notch.  A pass  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains, southwest  of  the  Presidential  Range. 

Crawfordsville  (kra'fordz-vil).  A city  and 
the  county-seat  of  Montgomery  County,  Indi- 
ana, 44  miles  northwest  of  Indianapolis : the 
seat  of  Wabash  College  (non-sectarian).  Pop- 
ulation, 9,371,  (1910). 

Crawfurd  (kra'ferd),  John.  Bom  in  Islay; 
Scotland,  Aug.  13,  1783 : died  at  London,  May 
11, 1868.  A British  Orientalist  and  ethnologist. 
His  chief  work  is  a “History  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago”  (1820). 

Crawley  (kra/li).  The  name  of  a well-known 
family  in  Thackeray’s  novel  “Vanity  Fair.” 
Sir  Pitt  Crawley,  the  head  of  the  family,  is  a rich  but  sor- 
did old  man,  fond  of  low  society : to  his  house  Becky 
Sharp  goes  as  governess.  She  makes  herself  so  attractive 
that  he  offers  to  marry  her,  when  she  is  obliged  to  ac- 
knowledge her  secret  marriage  with  Rawdon  Crawley, 
his  youngest  son.  The  latter  is  a blackleg  and  a gambler, 


but  is  fond  of  his  wife  and  has  a certain  honor  of  his  own. 
Mr.  Pitt  Crawley  is  a prig  with  “hay-colored  whiskers 
and  straw-colored  hah.”  “He  was  called  Miss  Crawley 
at  Eton,  where  his  younger  brother  Rawdon  used  to  lick 
him  violently.”  The  second  Lady  Crawley,  a pale  and 
apathetic  woman,  is  a contrast  to  her  sister-in-law,  the 
little,  eager,  active,  black-eyed  Mrs.  Bute  Crawley.  The 
Rev.  Bute  Crawley  is  a “tall,  stately,  jolly,  shovel-hatted 
man,  ” a horse-racing  parson  whose  wife  writes  his  sermons 
for  him.  Miss  Crawley,  the  sister  of  Sir  Pitt  and  the  Rev. 
Bute,  is  a kind  and  selfish,  worldly  and  generous  old 
woman,  “who  had  a balance  at  her  banker's  which  would 
have  made  her  beloved  anywhere.” 

Grayer  (kri'yer),  Gaspar  de.  Bora  at  Ant- 
werp, Nov.  18,  1584:  died  at  Ghent,  Jan.  27, 
1669.  A Flemish  painter.  His  best-known 
works  are  “St.  Catharine”  in  Ghent,  and  Ma- 
donnas in  Munich,  Vienna,  etc. 

Crayford  (kra/ford).  A village  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, about  13  miles  southeast  of  London.  It 
is  usually  identified  with  Creccanford,  where 
in  457  (!)  Hengist  defeated  the  Britons. 

Crayon  (kra'on),  Geoffrey,  Gent.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Washington  Irving  in  his  “ Sketch- 
Book,”  etc. 

Crazy  Castle.  The  nickname  of  Skelton  Castle, 
the  house  in  Yorkshire  of  John  Hall  Stevenson, 
who  wrote  a series  of  broad  stories  which  he 
called  “Crazy  Tales.”  Stevenson  was  the  kinsman 
of  Sterne,  and  the  Eugenius  of  “Tristram  Shandy.”  “ One 
part  of  Crazy  Castle  has  had  effects  which  will  last  as  long 
as  English  literature.  It  had  a library  richly  stored  in  old 
folio  learning,  and  also  in  the  amatory  reading  of  other 
days.  Every  page  of  ‘Tristram  Shandy’  bears  traces  of 
both  elements.”  Bagehot,  Lit.  Studies,  II.  117. 

Creakle  (kre'kl),  Mr.  In  Charles  Dickens’s 
‘ ‘ David  Copperfield,”  the  principal  of  the  school 
at  Salem  House  where  David  Copperfield  was 
sent : a man  of  fiery  temper  who  could  speak 
only  in  a whisper. 

Creasy  (kre'si),  Sir  Edward  Shepherd.  Bom 

at  Bexley,  Kent,  England,  Sept.  12,  1812:  died 
at  London,  Jan.  27,  1878.  An  English  histo- 
rian. His  works  include  “Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of 
the  World  ” (1852),  “Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 
Constitution”  (1856),  “History  of  the  Ottoman  Turks” 
(1856),  etc. 

Creation  (kre-a'shon),  The.  1.  A poem  by 
Blaekmore,  published  in  1712. — 2.  An  oratorio 
by  Haydn,  produced  at  Vienna  1798. 

Crebillon  (kra-be-von'),  Claude  Prosper  Jo- 
lyot  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  14, 1707 : died  at 
Paris,  April  12,  1777.  A French  novelist,  son 
of  P.  J.  de  Crebillon. 

Crebillon,  Prosper  Jolyot  de.  Born  at  Dijon, 
France,  Jan.  13,  1674:  died  at  Paris,  June  17, 
1762.  A noted  French  tragic  poet.  He  lived  long 
in  neglect  and  want,  was  appointed  censor  in  1735,  and  re- 
ceived a place  in  the  Royal  Library  in  1745.  In  1731  he 
became  a member  of  the  Academy.  His  plays  include 
“La  mort  des  enfants  de  Brutus,”  “Idomenfie”  (1705), 
“Atrde  et  Thyeste”  (1707),  “Rhadamiste  et  ZSnobie” 
(1711),  “Electre”  (1709),  “Xerxfes”  (1714),  “S^miramis” 
(1717),  “Pyrrhus”  (1726),  “Catilina”  (1748),  and  “Le  Tri' 
umvirat  ” (1754).  Another  play,  “ Cromwell,"  was  not 
completed. 

Crecy  (kra-se),  or  Cressy  (kres'i).  A village 
in  the  department  of  Somme,  northern  France, 
30  miles  northwest  of  Amiens.  Here,  Aug.  26, 1346, 
the  English  under  Edward  III.  (about  30,000-40,000)  de- 
feated the  French  army  under  Philip  VI.  (about  70,000). 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  about  30,000. 

Credi  (kra/de),  Lorenzo  di.  Born  at  Florence, 
Italy,  1459:  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  12,  1537. 
A Florentine  painter.  He  was  originally  a gold- 
smith, but  turned  to  painting,  which  he  studied  under  A. 
Verrocchio.  His  most  noted  painting  is  a Nativity,  in  the 
academy  at  Florence. 

Crediton  (kre'di-ton).  A town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Creedy  8 miles  north- 
west of  Exeter.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  St. 
Boniface.  Population,  3,974. 

Credit  Mobilier  (kred'it  mo-be'lier;  F.  pron. 
kra-de'  mo-be-lya').  [F.,  lit.  ‘personal  credit ’: 
credit,  credit;  mobilier,  personal  (of  property), 
from  mobile,  movable.]  1.  In  French  history,  a 
banking  corporation  formed  in  1852,  under  the 
name  of  the  “ Societc  Gene  rale  du  Credit  Mo- 
bilier,” with  a capital  of  60,000,000  francs,  for 
the  placing  of  loans,  handling  the  stocks  of 
all  other  companies,  and  the  transaction  of  a 
general  banking  business.  It  engaged  in  very  ex- 
tensive transactions,  buying,  selling,  and  loaning  in  such 
a manner  as  to  bring  into  one  organized  whole  all  the 
stocks  and  credit  of  France,  and  was  apparently  in  a most 
prosperous  condition  until  it  proposed  to  issue  bonds  to 
the  amount  of  240,000,000  francs.  This  amount  of  paper 
currency  frightened  financiers,  and  the  government  for- 
bade its  issue.  From  this  time  the  company  rapidly  de- 
clided,  and  closed  its  affairs  in  1867,  with  great  loss  to  all 
hut  its  proprietors. 

2.  In  United  States  history,  a similar  corpora- 
tion chartered  in  Pennsylvania  in  1863  with  a 
capital  of  $2,500,000.  In  1867,  after  passing  into  new 
hands,  and  increasing  its  stock  to  $3, 750, 000,  it  became  a new 
company  for  the  building  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 


Credit  Mobilier 

For  a few  years  it  paid  large  dividends,  and  its  stock  rose 
In  value.  In  a trial  in  Pennsylvania  in  1872  as  to  the 
ownership  of  some  stock,  it  was  shown  that  certain  con- 
gressmen secretly  possessed  stock,  and  both  houses  of 
the  Congress  that  met  in  December  of  that  year  ap- 
pointed committees  of  investigation.  The  Senate  com- 
mittee recommended  the  expulsion  of  one  member,  hut 
the  Senate  did  nothing.  The  House  committee  recom- 
mended the  expulsion  of  two  of  its  members,  but  the 
House,  instead,  passed  resolutions  of  censure. 

Credner  (krad'ner),  Hermann.  Born  at  Gotha, 
Oct.  1,  1841.  A noted  German  geologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Leipsic  from  1870.  He  traveled  in  North 
America  1864-68.  Among  his  scientific  publications  the 
most  notable  are  those  relating  to  glacial  problems. 

Credulous  (kred'u-lus),  Justice,  and  Mrs. 

Bridget  (brij'et).  An  ignorant,  good-natured 
pair  in  Sheridan’s  farce  “ St.  Patrick’s  Day.” 
They  are  fooled  by  the  scheming  lieutenant  who  marries 
their  daughter  Lauretta.  Mrs.  Bridget  is  a kind  of  Mi’s. 
Malaprop.  She  speaks  of  a soldier  “ like  a colossus,  with 
one  leg  at  New  York  and  the  other  at  Chelsea  Hospital  ” 
(St.  Patrick's  Day,  i.  2). 

Cree  (kre),  or  Cristineaux,  or  Knistineaux. 

An  important  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
who  live  principally  in  Manitoba,  Saskatche- 
wan, Alberta,  etc.  They  number  about  15,000. 
See  Algonquian. 

Creech  (krecli),  Thomas.  Born  at  Blandford, 
Dorsetshire,  England,  1659:  committed  suicide, 
June,  1700.  An  English  writer,  translator  of 
“Lucretius”  (1682). 

Creed,  Nicene.  See  Nicene  Creed. 

Creed,  The  Apostles’.  See  Apostles’  Creed. 
Creedmoor  (kred'mor).  A village  in  Queen’s 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Long  Island  13 
miles  east  of  New  York  city.  It  contains  the 
rifle-range  of  the  National  Itifle  Association. 
Creek,  or  Kreek  (krek).  [PL,  also  Creeks.] 
A powerful  confederacy  of  North  American 
Indians  which  in  historic  times  occupied  the 
greater  part  of  Alabama  and  Georgia.  The  con- 
federacy seems  to  have  existed  in  1640,  and  to  have  then 
embraced  at  least  the  following  named  tribes  : Abika 
(or  Coosa),  Okfiiski,  Kasi'hta,  and  Kawita;  afterward  the 
Alibamu,  Hitchiti,  Koasdti,  Taskigi,  Yuchi,  and  Y&masi. 
During  the  18th  century  the  only  important  conflict  be- 
tween the  settlers  and  these  tribes  was  with  the  Y&masi, 
which  was  instigated  by  the  Spaniards ; but  the  Creek 
war  in  1813-14  was  serious,  and  resulted  in  the  cession  to 
the  United  States  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Creek  land. 
Between  1835  and  1843  occurred  the  Seminole  war,  which 
was  very  costly  in  life  and  money  to  the  United  States 
government.  The  Creek  “ Nation  ” now  holds  lands  in 
Oklahoma,  and  is  well  organized.  The  population,  which 
contains  many  of  mixed  blood,  is  about  11,000.  Also  called 
Maskoki,  Muskoki,  Mascogee,  Mobilian.  See  Muskho - 
gean. 

Crefeld,  or  Krefeld  (kra'feld).  A city  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Dusseldorf.  It  has  a royal  textile  academy,  is  the 
chief  seat  of  the  velvet  and  silk  manufacture  of  Germany, 
and  exports  its  fabrics  largely  to  Great  Britain,  the  United 
States,  etc.  It  was  acquired  by  Prussia  from  the  house 
of  Nassau  in  1702.  Here,  on  June  23,  1758,  Ferdinand  of 
Brunswick  defeated  the  French  under  the  Count  of  Cler- 
mont. Population,  129,219,  (1910). 

Creil  (kray).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise  30  miles 
north  of  Paris.  Population,  commune, 
9,272. 

Crelle  (krel'le),  August  Leopold.  Born  at 
Eiehwerder,  near  Wriezen,  Prussia,  March  11, 
1780 : died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  6,  1855.  A German 
mathematician  and  engineer. 

Crema  (kra'ma).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Cremona,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Serio  24  miles 
southeast  of  Milan.  It  has  a cathedral  and  an  ancient 
castle.  It  was  besieged  and  destroyed  by  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa  in  1160.  Population,  8,000. 

Cremera  (krem'e-ra).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  of  Etruria  which  joins  the  Tiber 
a few  miles  north  of  Rome.  It  is  the  traditional 
scene  of  the  defeat  of  the  Fabii  in  477  (?)  B.  C. 
Cremieux  (kra-mye'),  Isaac  Adolphe.  Born 
at  Nimes,  France,  April  30,  1796 : died  at 
Passy,  Paris,  Feb.  10,  1880.  A French  jui-ist 
and  politician,  of  Hebrew  descent,  minister  of 
justice  1848  and  1870-71.  He  was  appointed 
life  senator  in  1875. 

Cremnitz.  See  Eremnitz. 

Cremona  (kre-mo'na;  It.  pron.  kra-mo'na). 
1.  A province  of  Lombardy,  Italy,  bordering 
on  the  Po.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk. 
Area,  678  square  miles.  Population,  333,164. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  above  province,  situ- 
ated on  the  Po  in  lat.  45°  8'  N.,  long.  10°  1'  E. 
It  contains  a cathedral  (see  below),  the  Palazzo  Puliblico, 
and  the  Torrazzo,  the  highest  tower  in  northern  Italy  (396 
feet).  It  has  important  silk  manufactures,  and  has  long 
been  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  violins  and  vio- 
las, in  which  the  Amati  family,  Stradivarius,  and  others, 
from  the  16th  to  the  18th  century,  achieved  repu- 
tation. In  the  16th  century  it  had  a school  of  art.  It 
is  an  ancient  Gallic  town;  was  colonized  by  the  Ho- 
mans about  219  a 0. ; was  destroyed  by  Vespasian’s  troops 


290 

69  A.  D. ; and  flourished  in  the  middle  ages.  The  cathedral 
was  begun  in  1107.  The  front,  in  alternate  courses  of 
red  and  white  marble,  has  a tine  doorway,  with  columns 
resting  on  lions ; the  north  transept  has  a similar  porch. 
The  interior  is  rich  in  good  frescos.  The  Lombard  bap- 
tistery is  octagonal,  with  arcaded  interior  and  an  octagonal 
font  of  red  marble.  Population,  commune,  37,693. 
Cremorne  Gardens.  A former  place  of  amuse- 
ment in  London,  situated  near  Battersea  Bridge 
north  of  the  Thames.  They  were  closed  in  1877. 
Crens  (kranz),  or  Guerens  (gwa-ranz').  [Boto- 
eudo,  ‘ old  ones,’  ‘ ancients.’]  The  name  given 
by  Von  Martius  to  the  extensive  group  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians  to  which  the  Botocudos  belong. 
See  Botocudos.  Some  ethnologists  call  them  Tapu- 
yos,  a name  given  to  them  by  the  Tupis.  All  the  tribes 
of  the  Crens  stock  are  savages  of  a low  grade.  Among 
the  more  important  ones,  besides  the  Botocudos,  are  the 
Carahds,  Cayapds,  Chavantes,  Cherentes,  and  Ges.  The 
stock  is  believed  to  be  the  most  ancient  in  Brazil,  and  it 
has  been  connected  with  the  human  remains  found  in 
caverns  with  the  bones  of  extinct  animals. 

Creole  State.  The  State  of  Louisiana. 

Creoii  (kre'on).  [Gr.  K piuv.]  1.  In  Greek 

legend,  a king  of  Corinth,  father  of  Glauce 
or  Creusa,  the  wife  of  Jason. — 2.  A king  of 
Thebes,  contemporary  with  (Edipus. 
Crepy-en-Laonnais  (kra-pe ' on-la-o-na'),  or 
Crespy.  A village  in  the  department  of  Aisne, 
France,  6 miles  northwest  of  Laon.  Here  was 
signed,  Sept.  18,  1544,  a treaty  of  peace  between  Francis 
I.  of  France  and  the  emperor  Charles  V.  The  former 
renounced  claims  to  Lombardy,  Naples,  and  the  suzerainty 
of  Flanders  and  Artois;  the  latter  renounced  claims  to 
Burgundy. 

Crescent  City.  New  Orleans:  so  named  from 
its  position  on  a bend  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Crescentini  (kre-shen-te'ne),  Girolamo.  Born 
atUrbania,nearUrbino,  Italy,  Feb.  2, 1766:  died 
at  Naples,  April  24,  1846.  A celebrated  Italian 
singer  (mezzo-soprano)  and  composer,  profes- 
sor at  the  Royal  College  of  Music  at  Naples 
from  1816. 

Crescentius  (kres-sen'shius),  or  Cencius  (sen'- 
shius).  Died  998.  A leader  of  the  popular  fac- 
tion at  Rome.  Having  obtained  the  dignity  of  consul 
980,  he  usurped  the  government,  and  announced  his  in- 
tention of  restoring  the  ancient  republic.  He  opposed 
Pope  Gregory  V.,  who  was  elected  through  the  influence 
of  the  emperor  Otto  III.,  and,  supported  by  the  Byzan- 
tine court,  put  forward  John  XVI.  as  antipope.  He  was 
defeated  by  Otto  at  St.  Angelo,  April  29,  998,  and  put  to 
death.  According  to  the  legend  Crescentius  was  revenged 
by  his  widow  Stephania  or  Theodora,  who,  having  suc- 
ceeded in  gaining  the  confidence  and  the  love  of  the  em- 
peror, put  him  to  death  by  poison. 

There  he  (the  emperor)  put  the  rebel  Crescentius,  in 
whom  modern  enthusiasm  lias  seen  a patriotic  republi- 
can who,  reviving  the  institutions  of  Alberic,  had  ruled  as 
consul  or  senator,  sometimes  entitling  himself  Emperor. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Crescenzi  (kre-shen'dze),  Pietro.  Born  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  1230  : died  at  Bologna,  1307  (?). 
An  Italian  writer  on  agriculture,  author  of 
“Opus  ruralium  commodorum”  (1471),  one  of 
the  first  of  printed  books,  etc. 

Crescimbeni  (kre  - shem- ba ' ne),  Giovanni 
Mario.  Born  at  Macerata,  Italy,  Oct.  9,  1663: 
died  March  8,  1728.  An  Italian  poet  and  liter- 
ary historian,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  “ Ar- 
cadian Academy  ” (1690) : author  of  “ L’Istoria 
della  volgar  poesia  ” (1698),  etc, 

Crespi  (kres'pe),  Giovanni  Battista,  called 
II  Cerano  (from  his  birthplace).  Born  at 
Cerano,  Piedmont,  Italy,  1557 : died  at  Milan, 
1633.  An  Italian  painter.  His  best  works  are 
in  Milan. 

Crespi,  Giuseppe  Maria,  surnamed  Lo  Spa- 
gnuolo  (‘the  Spaniard’).  Born  at  Bologna, 
Italy,  1665:  died  at  Bologna,  July  16,  1747.  An 
Italian  painter. 

Crespo  (kres'po),  Joaquin.  Boi-n  in  Miranda 
about  1845:  died  April  17, 1898.  A Venezuelan 
politician.  He  succeeded  Guzman  Blanco  as  president 
(beingelected  ashis candidate)  Feb.  20, 1882,  to  Feb.  20, 1886. 
In  1892  he  headed  a revolt  against  Palacio,  occupied  Cara- 
cas Oct,  7, 1892, and  soon  after  was  elected  president.  A new 
constitution  was  adopted  June,  1893,  and  under  it  Crespo 
was  inaugurated  president  for  four  years,  March  14, 1894. 

Crespy  (kra-pe').  See  CrSpy-en-Laonuais. 
Cressid  (kres'id),  or  Cressida  (kres'i-da). 
The  mythical  daughter  of  a Trojan  priest  Cal- 
chas,  whose  infidelities  make  her  name  a by- 
word for  faithlessness.  See  Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida. 

As  far  as  can  be  made  out,  the  invention  of  Cressid 
(called  by  him,  and  for  some  time  afterwards,  Briseida, 
and  so  identified  with  Homer’s  Briseis)  belongs  to  Benoist 
de  Ste.  More,  a trouvfere  of  the  twelfth  century,  who  wrote 
a Roman  de  Troieof  great  length,  as  well  as  averse  chroni- 
cle of  Normandy.  The  story  is  told  by  Benoist  in  no  small 
detail,  and  the  character  of  Briseida  (which  Dryden  has 
entirely  spoilt  by  making  her  faithful)  is  well  indicated. 
After  Benoist,  Guido  delle  Colonne  reproduced  the  story 
in  a very  popular  Latin  work,  the  HistoriaTrojana.  Cressid 


Creuznach 

is  here  still  Briseida,  or  rather  Briseis.  From  Guido  the 
story  passed  to  Boccaccio,  who  seems  himself  to  be  re- 
sponsible for  the  character  of  Pandarus,  and  from  Boccac- 
cio to  Chaucer.  “Lollius,”  alluded  to  by  Chaucer,  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a misnomer. 

Saintsbury,  note  in  Dryden’s  Troilus  and  Cressida  (Scott’s 

[ed.,  revised  1884). 

Cressid,  or  Creseide,  Testament  of,  and  its  con- 
tinuation The  Complaint  of  Creseide.  Poems 
by  Robert  Henryson,  attributed  by  Stowe  (1561) 
to  Chaucer. 

Cressingham  (kres'ing-am),  Lady.  In  Mid- 
dleton’s play  “Anything  for  a Quiet  Life,”  a 
whimsical  and  attractive  woman  whose  caprices 
are  accounted  for  by  her  desire  to  reconcile  her 
husband  and  stepson  and  to  benefit  them  both. 
Cresswell  (kres'wel),  Sir  Cresswell.  Born  at 
Newcastle,  England,  1794:  died  at  London, 
July  29,  1863.  An  English  jurist,  first  judge  of 
the  English  Divorce  Court  (1858). 

Cressy.  See  Crecy. 

Crest  (krest).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Drome,  southeastern  France,  situated  on  the 
Drome  15  miles  southeast  of  Valence.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  5,660. 

Creston  (kres'ton).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Union  County,  Iowa.  Population,  6,924,  (1910). 
Creswick  (kres'wik),  Thomas.  Born  at  Shef- 
field, England,  Feb.  5,  1811 : died  at  Bayswater, 
London,  Dec.  28,  1869.  An  English  landscape- 
painter.  His  subjects  were  chiefly  English  ru- 
*ral  scenery. 

Crete  (kret),  It.  Candia  (kan'di-a ; It.  pron. 
kan'de-a).  [Gr.  Kpyry,  'L.  Creta,  F.  Candia; 
mod.  Gr.  Kriti,  Turk.  Kirit.]  An  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  situated  southeast  of  Greece 
and  southwest  of  Asia  Minor,  it  is  a part  of  the 
Turkish  empire,  but  since  December,  1898,  has  been  ad- 
ministered by  a High  Commissioner  for  the  four  powers 
France,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  and  Russia.  Its  surface  is 
mostly  mountainous,  and  it  produces  wheat,  fruit,  wool, 
and  wine.  The  chief  towns  are  Khania  and  Megalo  Kas- 
tron.  Its  inhabitants  are  mainly  of  Greek  descent.  Crete 
was  connected  with  legends  of  Zeus  and  Minos,  and  was 
celebrated  in  antiquity  for  its  laws.  It  was  subdued  by 
the  Romans  under  Metellus  in  67  B.  C. ; conquered  by 
Saracens  823;  and  later  was  a part  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire. It  was  ceded  to  Venice  in  1204.  Its  conquest  by 
the  Turks  was  completed  in  1669.  Its  people  took  part  in 
the  Greek  war  of  independence.  The  government  was  ad- 
ministered by  Egypt  from  1830  to  1840.  The  island  has 
been  the  scene  of  many  revolts.  In  1896-97  an  effort  was 
made  by  a part  of  the  population,  aided  by  Greek  troops, 
to  free  the  island  from  Turkish  rule  and  annex  it  to  Greece. 
This  was  opposed  by  the  great  powers,  who  established  a 
pacific  blockade  of  the  island.  As  a result  of  defeat  in 
the  Greco-Turkish  war,  the  Greeks  were  obliged  to  with- 
draw’. Length,  160  miles.  Greatest  width,  35  miles. 
Area,  3,365  square  miles.  Population,  330,000. 

Cretin  (kra-tan'),  Guillaume.  A French  poet 
who  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  VHL,  Louis 
XH.,  and  Francis  I. 

But  the  leader  of  the  whole  was  Guillaume  Crdtin  (birth 
and  death  dates  uncertain),  whom  his  contemporaries  ex- 
tolled in  the  most  extravagant  fashion,  and  whom  a single 
satirical  stroke  of  Rabelais  has  made  a laughing-stock  for 
some  three  hundred  and  fifty  years.  The  rondeau  ascribed 
to  Raminagrobis,  the  “ vieux  poete  fram;ais  ” of  Pan  tagruel, 
is  Cretin’s,  and  the  name  and  character  have  stuck.  Cre- 
tin was  not  worse  than  his  fellows ; but  when  even  such 
a man  as  Marot  could  call  him  a pobte  sov.verain,  Rabelais 
no  doubt  felt  it  time  to  protest  in  his  own  way. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  165. 

Creusa  (kre-u'sa).  In  classical  legend,  the 
daughter  of  Priam,  and  wife  of  gEneas. 

Creuse  (krez).  1.  A department  of  central 
France,  lying  between  Indre  and  Cher  on  the 
north,  Allier  and  Puy-de-Dome  on  the  east, 
Correze  on  the  south,  and  Haute-Vienne  on  the 
west.  It  was  formed  from  the  ancient  Haute-Marche 
and  small  portions  of  Limousin,  Bourbonnais,  Poitou,  and 
Berri.  Capital,  Gueret.  Area,  2,163  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 274,094. 

2.  A river  in  central  France  which  joins  the 
Vienne. 

Creusot,  or  Creuzot  (kre-zo'),  Le.  A town  in 
the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  13 
miles  southeast  of  Autun.  It  is  the  seat  of  Schnei- 
der and  Co.’s  iron-works,  and  has  other  extensive  manufac- 
tures of  cast-iron,  steel,  manufactured  iron,  locomotives, 
etc.  Population,  commune,  33,437. 

Creutz, Count  Gustaf  Philip.  Born  in  Finland, 
1731:  died  Oct.  30, 1785.  A Swedish  politician 
and  poet.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  to  Madrid  in 
1763,  and  three  years  later  was  transferred  to  I’aris.  where 
he  became  intimate  with  Franklin,  with  whom  he  con- 
cluded a treaty  of  commerce  between  Sweden  and  the 
United  States  April  3,  1783. 

Creuzer  (kroit'zer),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Marburg,  Prussia,  March  10,  1771 : died  at  Hei- 
delberg, Baden,  Feb.  16, 1858.  A Germau  philol- 
ogist and  archaeologist,  appointed  professor  of 
philologyat  Marburg  in  1802,  and  at  Heidelberg 
in  1807.  He  founded  the  Philological  Seminary  at  Heidel- 
berg in  1807.  His  chief  work  is  “ Symbolik  und  Mytholo- 
gie  der  alien  Volker,  besonders  der  Griechen  ” (1810-12). 

Creuznach.  See  Ereuznach. 


Creuzot,  Le 

Creuzot,  Le.  See  Creusot. 
Crevant-sur-Yonne  (kra-von'siir-yon' ),  Battle 
of.  See  Cravant. 

Crevaux  (kre-vo'),  Jules  Nicolas.  Born  at 
Lorquin,  Lorraine,  April  1,  1847 : died  in  the 
Gran  Chaco,  Bolivia,  April  24, 1882.  A French 
surgeon  and  traveler,  in  1876,  being  stationed  in 
French  Guiana,  he  began  explorations  in  the  interior,  twice 
crossing  to  the  Amazon;  later  he  explored  the  Japuri 
branch  of  the  Amazon,  and  traveled  on  the  Orinoco.  In 
1881  he  left  Buenos  Ayres  with  a number  of  companions, 
having  planned  an  extended  trip  through  the  center  of 
South  America ; but  while  ascending  the  river  Pilcomayo 
all  the  company  but  two  were  killed  by  the  Indians.  The 
results  of  his  explorations  have  been  published  in  the 
“ Tour  du  monde,”and  in  the  “proceedings  ” of  various  sci- 
entific societies. 

Cr&vecceur  (krav-ker').  A former  fort  near 
Herzogenbuscli,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the 

d unction  of  the  Dieze  and  Meuse, 
revecceur,  Hector  Saint-John  de.  Born 
at  Caen,  France,  1731:  died  near  Paris,  1813. 
A French  agriculturist.  He  emigrated  to  America 
in  1764,  and  settled  on  a farm  near  New  York.  In  1780, 
while  about  to  sail  for  Europe,  he  was  arrested  at  New 
York  by  the  British  on  the  suspicion  of  being  a spy,  and 
was  detained  several  months.  Returning  from  Europe 
in  1783,  he  was  for  many  years  French  consul  at  New  York, 
and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Washington  and  Franklin. 
He  wrote  “Lettres  d’un  cultivateur  am^ricain  ’’  (1784), 
and  “ Voyage  dans  la  haute  Pennsylvania  et  dans  l’dtat  de 
New  York  ” (1801). 

Crevecceur,  Philippe  de.  Died  at  La  Bresle, 
near  Lyons,  France,  1494.  A French  general. 
He  commanded  the  French  at  the  battle  of  Guinegate 
(1479),  in  which  he  was  defeated  by  Maximilian  of  Austria 
with  a large  force  of  Flemings ; and  became  marshal  of 
France  in  1492. 

Crevier  (kra-vya/),  Jean  Baptiste  Louis. 

Bom  at  Paris,  1693 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  1, 1765. 
A French  historian  and  man  of  letters.  He  con- 
tinued  Rollin's  “Histoire  romaine,”  and  wrote  “ Histoire 
des  empereurs  Jusqu’a  Constantin”  (1750-56),  “ llh£to- 
riqne  frangaise  " (1765),  etc. 

Crevillente  (kra-vel-yen'ta).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Alicante,  Spain,  18  miles  south- 
west of  Alicante.  Population,  10,726. 

Crewe  (kro).  A town  in  Cheshire,  England,  31 
miles  southeast  of  Liverpool.  It  is  an  important 
railway  center,  and  the  seat  of  manufactures  of  railway 
rolling-stock,  etc.  Population,  42,074. 

Crewler  (kro'ler).  The  name  of  a family  in 
Dickens’s  “David  Copperfield.”  The  Rev.  Hor- 
ace Crewler  is  a poor  clergyman  with  a large  family,  and 
a wife  who  has  lost  the  use  of  her  legs  — when  anything 
annoys  or  excites  her  it  goes  to  her  legs  directly.  Sophy, 
the  fourth  daughter,  is  an  unselfish  girl  who  finally  mar- 
ries Tommy  Traddles. 

Creyton  (kra'ton),  Paul.  A pseudonym  of 
J.  T.  Trowbridge. 

Cribb  (krib),  Tom.  Born  at  Hanham,  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  July  8, 1781 : died  at  Wool- 
wich, May  11,  1848.  An  English  champion 
pugilist,  known  as  “the  Black  Diamond”  (from 
his  occupation  as  a coal-porter). 

Cricca  (krek'ka).  In  Tomkis’s  comedy  “Al- 
bumazar,”  the  honest  servant  of  Pandolfo. 
Crichanas  (kre-sha-nas').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
the  state  of  Amazonas,  Brazil,  north  of  the 
Amazon,  near  the  Rio  Branco.  They  are  of  Carib 
stock.  As  a result  of  their  struggles  with  the  Brazil- 
ian frontier  settlements,  they  have  been  almost  exter- 
minated. 

Crichton  (kri'ton),  James  (styled  “The  Ad- 
mirable Crichton”).  Born  in  Scotland,  Aug. 
19, 1560 : killed  at  Mantua,  Italy,  J uly  3, 1583  (? ). 
A Scottish  scholar  and  adventurer,  celebrated 
for  his  extraordinary  accomplishments,  and 
attainments  in  the  languages,  sciences,  and 
arts.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  started  upon  his  travels 
on  the  Continent.  He  was  then  the  reputed  master  of 
twelve  languages.  He  enlisted  in  the  French  army  about 
1577.  In  1579  he  resigned  and  went  to  Italy.  Here  many 
debates  both  public  and  private  were  arranged  for  him, 
in  all  of  which  he  was  victorious  except  with  Mazzoni. 
He  wrote  Latin  odes  and  verses  with  ease,  and  his  skill  as 
a swordsman  was  highly  lauded.  Iu  1581  he  disputed 
with  the  professors  of  the  university  at  Padua  on  their 
interpretation  of  Aristotle.  A misadventure  led  to  his 
being  denounced  as  a charlatan,  whereupon  be  challenged 
the  university,  offering  to  confute  their  Aristotelian  in- 
terpretations and  to  expose  their  errors  in  mathematics. 
The  disputation  lasted  four  dajjp,  and  Crichton  was  com- 
pletely successful.  He  won  his  first  laurels  in  Mantua  by 
killing  in  a duel  a far-famed  swordsman.  His  death  took 
place  there  in  a midnight  street  attack.  Crichton  is  said 
to  have  recognized  the  leader  of  the  brawlers  as  his  pupil, 
the  son  of  the  Duke  of  Mantua,  and  having  drawn  his 
sword  upon  him  to  have  offered  it  to  him  by  the  handle ; 
whereupon  the  prince  seized  it  and  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Crichton,  The.  A London  artistic,  scientific, 
and  literary  club,  established  in  1872. 

Crichton,  The  Admirable.  See  Crichton, 
James. 

Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  The.  A tale  by  Charles 
Dickens,  published  in  1845.  The  singing-match 
between  a tea-kettle  and  a cricket  on  a carrier's  hearth- 


291 

stone,  in  which  the  latter  comes  out  ahead,  gives  its  name 
to  the  book.  “To  have  a cricket  on  the  hearth  is  the 
luckiest  thing  jn  the  world.” 

Crieff  (kref).  A town  in  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
16  miles  west  of  Perth.  Population, 
5,208. 

Crillon  (kre-y&n/),  Louis  des  Balbes  de  Ber- 

ton  de.  Born  at  Murs,  Provence,  France,  1541 : 
died  at  Avignon,  France,  Dec.  2, 1615.  A cele- 
brated French  general,  called  “L’Homme  sans 
pent'”  (‘the  fearless’).  He  fought  against  the  Hu- 
guenots in  the  civil  wars,  taking  part  in  the  battles  of 
Rouen,  Dreux,  St.  Denis,  Jarnac,  Moncontour,  and  St. 
Jean  d’Angely ; served  as  a Knight  of  Malta  under  Don 
John  of  Austria  at  Lepanto  in  1571 ; and  held  a high  com- 
mand in  the  army  of  Henry  III.  during  the  war  of  the 
League  1580-89.  After  the  death  of  Henry  III.  he  entered 
the  service  of  Henry  IV.,  under  whom  he  fought  at  the 
battle  of  Ivry  in  1590,  and  from  whom  he  received  the 
title  “ le  brave  des  braves.” 

Crillon-Mahon  (kre-yon'ma-on'),  Louis  des 
Balbes  de  Berton,  Due  de.  Born  1718 : died  at 
Madrid,  1796.  A French  general.  He  served  with 
distinction  at  Fontenoy  1745,  and  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War.  Later  he  passed  into  the  Spanish  service,  conquered 
Minorca  1782,  and  was  made  captain  of  the  Spanish  armies 
and  duke  of  Mahon.  His  “ Mbmoires  ” were  published  iu 
1791. 

Crimea  (kri-me'a).  [Russ.  Kryrn  or  Krvm,  F. 
Crimee.]  A peninsula  in  the  government  of 
Taurida,  southern  Russia,  nearly  surrounded 
by  the  Black  Sea  and  Sea  of  Azoff : the  ancient 
Taurica  Chersonesus.  In  the  northern  portion  its 
surface  is  a plain,  but  south  of  the  river  Salghir  it  is 
mountainous.  Its  inhabitants  are  principally  Russians 
and  Tatars.  Capital,  Simferopol.  Its  ancient  inhabitants 
were  the  Cimmerians,  afterward  called  Taurians.  It  was 
the  seat  of  the  kingdom  of  Bosporus  (which  see),  and 
was  frequently  overrun  in  the  middle  ages.  It  became  a 
dependency  of  Turkey  in  1475,  was  annexed  to  Russia  in 
1783,  and  in  1854-55  was  the  scene  of  the  Crimean  war 
(which  see).  Area,  9,700  square  miles. 

Crime  and  Punishment.  A novel  by  Dostoyev- 
sky, published  in  1866. 

Crimean  War.  A war  waged  1853-56  between 
Russia  and  the  allied  forces  of  Turkey,  France, 
Great  Britain,  and  Sardinia.  It  arose  through  the 
demand  on  the  part  of  Russia  for  a protectorate  over  the 
Greek  subjects  of  the  sultan.  Among  its  leading  events 
are : battle  of  Sinope  1853 ; Russian  occupation  of  the 
Danubian  principalities  1854;  battle  of  the  Alma  Sept.  20, 
1854 ; beginning  of  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  Oct.,  1854 ; 
battle  of  Balaklava  Oct.  25 ; battle  of  Inkerman  Nov.  5 ; 
attacks  on  Sebastopol  June,  1855 ; battle  of  Tchernaya 
Aug.  16  ; storming  the  Malakoff  Sept.  8 ; fall  of  Sebastopol 
Sept.  11 ; and  the  capture  of  Kars  by  the  Russians  Nov. 
28,  1855.  The  war  was  closed,  and  its  issues  decided,  by 
the  treaty  of  Paris  (which  see),  March  30,  1856. 

Crimisus  (kri-mi'sus),  or  Crimissus  (kri-mis'- 
us).  In  ancient  geography,  a river  in  western 
Sicily,  probably  near  Segesta.  Here,  339  b.  c.,  Ti- 
moleon  with  11,000  men  defeated  70,000  Carthaginians. 

Crimmitschau,  or  Crimmitzschau  (krim'mit- 
shou).  A manufacturing  town  in  Saxony,  sit- 
uated on  the  Pleisse  36  miles  south  of  Leipsic. 
Its  leading  industries  are  spinning  and  weav- 
ing. Population,  commune,  23,419. 

Crinan  (kre'nan)  Canal.  A canal  through  the 
peninsula  of  Argyllshire,  connecting  Loch 
Fyne  with  the  Sound  of  Jura.  Length,  9 miles. 
Cringle,  Tom.  See  Scott,  Michael. 

Cringle  (kring'gl);  Tom.  The  pseudonym  of 
William  Walker,  in  his  works  on  Australia. 
Cripple  Creek  (krip'l  krek).  A mining  town, 
capital  of  Teller  County,  Colorado,  about  30 
miles  southwest  of  Colorado  Springs,  at  the 
base  of  Pike’s  Peak.  Population,  6,206,  (1910). 
Cripple  of  Fenchurcli.  See  Fair  Maid  of  the 
Exchange. 

Cripplegate  (krip'l-gat),  or  Crepel-gate.  An 

old  London  gate.  It  was  the  fourth  from  the  western 
end  of  the  wall.  The  original  gate  was  probably  built  by 
King  Alfred  when  he  restored  the  walls,  886  A.  D.  Stow 
says  that  in  1010,  when  the  body  of  Edmund  the  Martyr, 
king  of  the  East  Angles,  was  borne  through  this  gate,  many 
lame  persons  who  were  congregated  there  to  beg  rose  up- 
right and  were  cured  by  its  miraculous  influence.  The 
postern  was  afterward  a prison  for  debtors  and  common 
trespassers.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1244  and  in  1491,  and  in  the 
fifteenth  year  of  Charles  II.  it  was  repaired  and  a foot-pos- 
tern  made.  The  rooms  over  the  gate  were  used  by  the 
city  water-bailiff.  Cripplegate  was  pulled  down  in  1760. 

Crish.  Kringle.  See  Criss  Ki/ngle. 

Crisp  (krisp),  Charles  Frederick.  Born  at  Shef- 
field, England,  Jan.  29,  1845:  died  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 
Oct.  23, 1896.  An  American  politician.  He  served 
as  a lieutenant  in  the  Confederate  army  in  the  Civil  War ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1866 ; was  appointed  solicitor- 
general  of  the  southwestern  judicial  district  in  1872;  was 
reappointed  for  a term  of  four  years  in  1873 ; was  appointed 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  same  district  in  1877  ; 
was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  the  same  office  in 
1878 ; was  reelected  judge  for  a term  of  four  years  in  1880 ; 
resigned  in  1882 ; was  a Democratic  representative  from 
Georgia  from  the  Forty-eighth  through  the  Fifty-third  Con- 
gress; and  was  speaker  of  the  House  in  the  Fifty-second 
and  Fifty-third  Congresses. 

Crispi  (kris'pe),  Francesco.  Born  at  Ribera, 
Sicily,  Oct.  4,  1819:  died  at  Palermo,  Aug.  11, 


Critias 

1901.  An  Italian  statesman.  He  studied  law,  and 
in  1846  settled  at  Naples.  He  served  as  a major  under 
Garibaldi  atCalataflini  in  1860  ; was  returned  by  Palermo 
to  the  first  Italian  Parliament  in  1861 ; became  president 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876  ; was  minister  of  the 
interior  1877-78;  and  was  prime  minister  1887-91,  and 
again  1893-96. 

Crispin  (kris'pin),  Saint.  [L.  Crispinus,  Cris- 
pianus,  having  curly  hair ; F.  Crispin,  Crepin, 
It.  Crispino,  Crispo,  Sp.  Crispo.\  A Christian 
martyr,  a member  of  a noble  Roman  family, 
who  with  his  brother  Crispinianus  fled  to  Sois- 
sons  and  took  up  the  trade  of  a shoemaker.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  so  desirous  of  helping  the  poor  that  he 
stole  leather  to  make  shoes  for  them.  He  was  put  to  death 
about  287  by  being  beheaded.  He  is  the  patron  saint 
of  shoemakers.  His  day  in  the  Roman  and  Anglican 
churches  is  Oct.  25. 

Crispin  (kris'pin;  F.  pron.  kres-pan').  An  im- 
pudent, boasting,  and  witty  valet,  a ready  assis- 
tant in  the  love-affairs  of  his  master : a conven- 
tional character  in  French  comedy,  introduced 
apparently  from  the  Italian  comedy  by  Poirsou 
about  1654.  If  Poirson  was  not  creator  of  the  charac- 
ter,  he  played  it  remarkably,  and  his  costume  has  come 
down  to  this  time. 

Crispin,  Gilbert.  Died  about  1117.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar  and  prelate,  abbot,  of  Westminster. 
Two  of  his  works  have  survived,  “Vita  Herluini,”  the 
chief  authority  for  the  early  history  of  Bee,  and  “ Dispu- 
tatio  Judsei  cum  Christiano,”  a dialogue  between  a Jew 
and  the  author. 

Crispin,  Rival  de  son  Maitre.  A comedy  by 
Le  Sage,  produced  in  1707. 

Crispinella  (kris-pi-nel'a).  In  Marston’s  play 
“ The  Dutch  Courtezan,”  a sparkling,  lively 
girl,  the  opposite  of  her  sister  Beatrice. 

Little  Crispinella  (though  even  less  choice  in  her  lan- 
guage than  Shakspere’s  Beatrice)  is  one  of  the  most 
sparkling  figures  of  Elisabetlian  comedy,  and  in  adequate 
hands  would  prove  a source  of  genuine  delight  to  any 
audience.  Ward. 

Crispino  e la  Comare  (kres-pe'no  a la  ko- 
ma're).  [It., ‘The  Shoemaker  and  the  Fairy 
Godmother.’]  A comic  opera  by  Luigi  Ricci, 
first  produced  at  Venice  in  1850.  Federico  Ricci 
assisted  his  brother  in  its  composition.  The  words  are  by 
Piave. 

Crispinus  (kris-pi'nus).  In  Ben  Jonson’s 
“Poetaster,”  a bad  poet  wbo  gives  its  title  to 
the  play.  He  is  intended  for  Marston,  with  whom  Jon- 
son  had  a quarrel  at  the  time.  “ He  is  represented  as  a 
coarse-minded,  ill-conditioned  fellow,  albeit  of  gentle  pa- 
rentage, who,  like  the  bore  encountered  by  Horace  in  the 
Via  Sacra,  is  prepared  to  adopt  the  meanest  stratagems 
in  order  to  gain  admittance  to  the  society  of  courtiers 
and  wits."  Bullen. 

Crispus  (kris'pus),  Flavius  Julius.  Died  326 
A.  d.  Eldest  son  of  Constantine  the  Great  and 
Minervina.  He  was  made  Csesar  in  317,  and  consul  in 
318.  He  distinguished  himself  in  a campaign  against 
the  Franks  and  in  the  war  against  Licinius,  over  whom 
he  gained  a great  naval  victory  in  the  Hellespont  in  323. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  his  father  on  a charge  of  high 
treason. 

Crissa  (kris'a),  or  Crisa  (kri'saj,  or  Cirrha 
(sir'a).  [Gr.  K plena,  K pica,  Kip  pa.-]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  of  Phocis,  Greece,  sit- 
uated southwest  of  Delphi.  It  was  styled  by  Ho- 
mer “the  divine.”  It  is  often  confounded  with  its  port, 
Cirrha. 

Criss  Kingle  (kris'  king'gl).  [Also  Kriss  Kin- 
gle,  Kriss  Kringle;  corrupt  forms  of  *Christ- 
Icindel  (cf.  criss-cross  for  Christ-cross),  from  the 
G.  * Christ-kindel  or  * Christ-kindlein  or  Christ- 
kindchen,  the  little  Christ-child,  dim.  of  Christ- 
kind,  the  Christ-child.]  The  Christ-child. 

Cristineaux  (kres-ti-no').  See  Cree. 

Cristinos  (kres-te'nos).  In  Spanish  history, 
the  partizans  of  Donna  Maria  Christina  (Sp. 
Cristina),  regent  for  her  daughter  Isabella  Ma- 
ria II.  1833-40.  Ferdinand  VII.,  who  married  Chris- 
tina in  1829,  repealed  the  Salic  law  of  succession,  intro- 
duced by  Philip  V.  1713,  in  accordance  with  which  females 
could  inherit  the  throne  only  in  case  of  the  total  extinction 
of  the  male  line ; and  by  a decree  of  March,  1830,  called 
the  pragmatic  sanction,  established  the  old  Castilian  law 
in  accordance  with  which  the  daughters  and  granddaugh- 
ters of  the  king  take  precedence  of  his  brothers  and  neph- 
ews. The  pragmatic  sanction  was  not  recognized  by  the 
king’s  brother,  Don  Carlos,  who,  supported  by  the  clericals 
or  absolutists,  began  a civil  war  on  the  death  of  Ferdinand, 
1833.  See  Carlists. 

Cristobal  Colon  (kris-to'bal  ko-lon').  A Span- 
ish armored  cruiser,  bought  from  the  Italian 
government,  of  6,840  tons  displacement  and  a 
trial  speed  of  20  knots.  In  the  battle  of  Santiago, 
July  3, 1898,  under  Captain  Emilio  Diaz  Moreu,  it  was  the 
last  Spanish  ship  to  surrender,  being  forced  ashore  by  the 
Brooklyn  and  the  Oregon  at  Rio  Tarquino. 

Crites  (kri'tez).  [Gr.  spiri/c,  a judge.]  A man 
of  “straight  judgment  and  a strong  mind,”  in 
Jonson’s  play  “Cynthia’s  Revels.”  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  designed  by  Jonson  as  a picture  of  himself. 

Critias  (krit'i-as).  [Gr.  Kpm'af.]  An  Athe- 
nian orator  and  politician,  a pupil  of  Socrates, 


Critias 

and  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  (404  B.  c.) : noted 
for  his  dissolute  life,  rapacity,  and  cruelty.  He 
perished  in  the  battle  of  Munychia.  Plato  introduces 
him  in  a dialogue  (a  fragment)  which  bears  his  name. 

Critic  (krit'ik),  The.  A farce  by  Richard 
Brinsley  Sheridan,  produced  Oct.  30,  1779.  It 
is  an  imitation  of  Buckingham’s  “Rehearsal.” 

Criticon  (krit'i-kon).  See  the  extract. 

The  most  remarkable  work  of  Gracian,  however,  is  his 
“ Criticon,"  published  in  three  parts,  between  1650  and 
1653.  It  is  an  allegory  on  human  life,  and  gives  us  the 
adventures  of  Critilus,  a noble  Spaniard,  wrecked  on  the 
desert  island  of  Saint  Helena,  where  he  finds  a solitary 
savage,  who  knows  nothing  about  himself,  except  that  he 
has  been  nursed  by  a wild  beast.  After  much  communi- 
cation in  dumb  show,  they  are  able  to  understand  each 
other  in  Spanish,  and,  being  taken  from  the  island,  travel 
together  through  the  world,  talking  often  of  the  leading 
men  of  their  time  in  Spain,  but  holding  intercourse  more 
with  allegorical  personages  than  with  one  another. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  222. 

Criticus.  See  Crites. 

Critique  de  L’Ecole  des  femmes  (kre-tek'  de 
la-kol'  da  fam).  A brilliant  short  play  by  Mo- 
lihre,  acted  in  1663.  It  introduces  contempo- 
rary society  criticizing  his  ‘ ‘ Ecole  des  femmes.” 

Critique  of  Pure  Reason.  [G.  Eritik  der  reinen 
Vernunft .]  A famous  philosophical  work  by 
Kant,  published  in  1781.  a second  and  revised  edi- 
tion appeared  in  1787:  the  later  editions  are  reprints  of  this. 
The  changes  introduced  in  the  second  edition  have  been 
the  occasion  of  much  discussion  among  German  philoso- 
phers, many  maintaining  that  they  showan  essential  altera- 
tion of  Kant’s  doctrines.  Kant  himself,  however,  declared 
that  they  were  made  solely  to  secure  greater  clearness. 

Crito  (kri'to).  [Gr.  Kpirui\]  Lived  about  400 
B.  c.  An  Athenian,  a friend  and  follower  of 
Socrates.  He  is  a prominent  character  in  the 
dialogue  by  Plato  named  for  him. 

Critolaus  (krit-6-la'us).  [Gr.  K ptroAaof.]  1. 
Died  146  B.  C.  An  Achtean  demagogue,  last 
strategus  of  the  Achaean  League,  defeated  by 
Metellus  at  Scarphea  in  146. — 2.  A Greek 
Peripatetic  philosopher  of  the  2d  century  B.  c. 

Crittenden  (krit'n-den),  George  Bibb.  Bom 
at  Russellville,  Ky.,  March  20,  1812:  died  at 
Danville,  Ky.,  Nov.  27,  1880.  An  American 
major-general,  son  of  J.  J.  Crittenden.  He  served 
throughout  the  Mexican  war.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  joined  the  Confederate  service  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general,  and  was  shortly  promoted  major- 
general.  He  was  placed  in  command  of  southeastern 
Kentucky  and  a part  of  eastern  Tennessee  in  Nov.,  1861. 
He  was  defeated  at  Mill  Springs,  Jan.  19, 1862. 

Crittenden,  John  Jordan.  Born  in  Woodford 
County,  Ky.,  Sept.  10,  1787 : died  near  Frank- 
fort, Ky.,  July  26,  1863.  An  American  politi- 
cian. He  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  College  in 
1807,  and  was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
served  in  the  War  of  1812;  was  a member  of  the  State 
House  of  Representatives  in  1816 ; was  United  States 
senator  from  Kentucky  1817-19,  1835-41 ; was  attorney- 
general  under  Harrison  and  Tyler  March  6-Sept.  13, 1841 ; 
was  United  States  senator  1842-48  ; was  governor  of  Ken- 
tucky 1848-50;  was  attorney  general  under  President  Fill- 
more 1850-53;  was  United  States  senator  1855-61;  r.nd  wao 
member  of  Congress  (Unionist)  1861-63. 

Crittenden,  Thomas  Leonidas.  Born  at  Rus- 
sellville, Ky.,  May,  1819:  died  at  Annandale, 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,Oct.  23,  1893.  An  Ameri- 
can general,  son  of  J.  J.  Crittenden.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war ; became  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  the  Union  army  Oct.  27,  1861 ; commanded  a di- 
vision at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  April  6 and  7, 1862  ; was  pro- 
moted major-general  July  17,  1862  ; commanded  a corps 
at  the  battles  of  Stone  River  Dec.  31,  lS62,-Jan.  3,  1863, 
and  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20,  1863;  and  was  brevetted 
brigadier-general  March  2,  1867. 

Crittenden  Compromise.  A measure  urged 
in  the  United  States  Senate  by  John  J.  Crit- 
tenden 1860-61,  providing  for  the  reestablish- 
ment of  the  slave-lino  of  36°  30'  N.,  and  for  the 
enforcing  of  the  fugitive-slave  laws. 

Croagh  Patrick  (kro'ach  pat'rik),  or  Reek. 
A mountain  near  Westport,  County  Mayo,  Ire- 
land, noted  in  the  story  of  St.  Patrick. 

Croaker  (kro'ker),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A strongly 
contrasted  pair  in  Goldsmith’s  “The  Good-Na- 
tured Man.”  He  Is  gifted  in  saying  sadly  the  most 
cutting  things ; she  is  both  merry  and  spiteful 

Croaker  and  Co.  The  pseudonym  under  which 
Joseph  Rodman  Drake  and  Fitz-Greene  Hal- 
leck  wrote  the  “Croaker  Pieces”  in  the  New 
York  “Evening  Post,”  1819. 

Croatia  (kro-a'shia).  [F.  Croatie,  G.  Eroatien, 
Russ.  Eroatsiya,  etc. ; from  Croat,  F.  Croate, 
G.  Eroate.']  A titular  kingdom  in  Austria-Hun- 
gary, which  with  Slavonia  forms  a separate  divi- 
sion in  the  Hungarian  part  of  the  monarchy,  it 
is  bounded  by  Carniola,  Styria,  and  Hungary  (separated  by 
the  Drave)  on  the  north,  by  Slavonia  and  Bosnia  on  the  east, 
by  Bosnia  and  Dalmatia  on  the  south,  and  by  the  Adriatic, 
Fiume,  and  Carniola  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Save  and  by  prolongations  of  the  Alps.  Its  soil  is  produc- 
tive. Capital,  Agram.  The  inhabitants  are  principally 


292 

Croats.  Croatia  belonged  in  great  part  to  the  Roman  prov- 
ince of  Pannonia.  It  was  overrun  by  the  East  Goths ; was 
conquered  by  Justinian  ; was  overrun  by  the  Avars ; and 
was  settled  by  the  Croats  in  the  7th  century.  The  region 
was  at  first  called  Chrobatia.  The  dukes  rose  to  consid- 
erable power  in  the  10th  century,  and  about  the  middle 
of  the  11th  century  the  ruler  figures  as  king  of  Croatia 
and  Dalmatia.  The  country  was  annexed  by  Hungary  in 
1091.  The  Hapsburgs,  as  kings  of  Hungary,  began  to  rule 
in  1527,  but  their  dominion  was  long  contested  by  the 
Turks.  The  ban  of  Croatia,  Count  Jellachich,  was  in  re- 
bellion against  Hungary  1843^9.  (See  Croatia  and  Sla- 
vonia, below,  and  Jellachich.) 

Croatia,  Turkish.  The  northwestern  division 
of  Bosnia  (which  see). 

Croatia  and  Slavonia  (sla-vo'ni-a).  A land 
of  the  Hungarian  division  of  the  Austro-Hun- 
garian monarchy.  It  comprises  Croatia  and  Slavonia, 
and  in  it  is  incorporated  the  chief  part  of  the  former  mili- 
tary frontier.  Capital,  Agram.  Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Slavs  of  the  Serbo-Croatian  race.  Their  religion  is  mainly 
Roman  Catholic  and  Greek.  It  sends  3 delegates  to  the 
upper  house  and  40  delegates  to  the  lower  house  of 
the  Hungarian  Reichstag,  and  has  a Diet  (Landtag)  of  90 
members.  It  was  separated  from  Hungary  and  made  a 
crownland  in  1849,  but  was  reunited  to  Hungary  in  1868. 
Area,  16,423  square  miles.  Population,  2,416,304. 

Croats  (kro'atz).  [See  Croatia.)  The  Slavonic 
race  which  inhabits  Croatia,  and  from  which  it 
takes  its  name. 

Crockett  (krok'et),  David.  Born  at  Lime- 
stone, Tenn.,  Aug.  17,  1786:  killed  at  Fort 
Alamo,  San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  Texas,  March  6, 
1836.  An  American  pioneer,  hunter,  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee 
1827-31,  1833-35,  and  served  in  the  Texan  war.  He  pub- 
lished his  autobiography  in  1834.  He  was  a fine  shot  and 
an  eccentric  humorist,  and  the  story  is  told  of  his  having 
treed  a coon  which,  when  he  recognized  Crockett,  called  out 
to  him  : 1 ‘ Don’t  shoot,  colonel ; I’ll  come  down,  as  I know 
I’m  a gone  coon.”  This  story  was  originally  told  of  a 
Captain  Scott  who  was  a famous  shot  ( Scheie  de  Fere). 
Hotten  in  his  Slang  Dictionary  says  that  the  phrase  ori- 
ginated in  the  fact  that  “in  the  American  war”  a spy 
dressed  in  racoon-skins  took  refuge  in  a tree  and  ad- 
4tdressed  an  English  rifleman  in  the  same  words. 

Crockett,  Samuel  Rutherford.  Bom  at  Little 
Duchrae,  near  New  Galloway,  Scotland,  Sept. 
24, 1860.  A Presbyterian  minister  and  novelist. 
He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  and  at  the  New 
Theological  College,  Edinburgh ; and  was  minister  of  the 
Free  Church  at  Penicuick  from  1886  until  he  resigned  his 
charge  to  devote  himself  to  authorship.  His  principal 
works  are  “The  Stickit  Minister”  (1893),  “The  Raiders" 
(1894),  “The  Lilac  Sunboimet”  (1894),  “Mad  Sir  Uchtred 
of  the  Hills  ”(1894),  “ Play- Actress  ” (1894),  “The  Men  of  the 
Moss-Hags”  (1895),  “Bog-Myrtle  and  Peat”  (1895),  “The 
Gray  Mail”  (1896),  “Sweetheart  Travellers”  (1896),  “Cleg 
Kelly  ” (1896),  “A  Galloway  Herd”  (1896),  “Lad’s  Love” 
(1897).  His  first  book  was  published  as  “Dulce  Cor:  the 
Poems  of  Ford  Bereton." 

Crockford’s  (krok'fordz).  A famous  gaming 
club-house  at  No.  50  on  the  west  side  of  St. 
James  street,  London,  opposite  White's,  it 
was  built  by  William  Crockford,  originally  a fishmonger, 
in  1827.  He  is  said  to  have  made  a large  fortune  by  gam- 
bling. He  died  May  24, 1844,  but  the  house  was  reopened 
in  1849  for  the  Military,  Naval,  and  Country  Service 
Club.  It  was  closed  again  in  1851.  It  was  for  several 
years  a dining-house,  “The  Wellington,"  and  is  now  the 
Devonshire  Club. 

Crocodile  (krok'5-dil),  Lady  Kitty.  In  Foote’s 
“Trip  to  Calais,”  a hypocritical,  intriguing 
woman  of  quality,  intended  to  satirize  the  no- 
torious Duchess  of  Kingston,  whose  trial  for 
bigamy  was  just  coming  on.  The  influence  of  the 
duchess  was  sufficient  to  stop  the  production  of  the  play. 
See  Trip  to  Calais. 

Crocodilopolis  (krok//o-di-lcp ' o-lis).  [Gr. 
K poKoSeiTaov  trdfac,  city  of  crocodiles,]  1.  Ar- 
sinoe. — 2.  Athribis,  in  ancient  Egypt. 

Crossuc (kre'sus).  [Gr.Kpofew;.]  Akingof Lydia, 
son  of  Alyattes  whom  he  succeeded  in  560  B.  c. 
He  subjugated  the  Ionian,  gEolian,  and  other  neighboring 
peoples,  and  at  the  close  of  his  reign  ruled  over  the  region 
extending  from  the  northern  ahd  western  coasts  of  Asia 
Minor  to  the  Halys  on  the  east  and  the  Taurus  on  the 
south.  According  to  Herodotus,  he  was  visited  at  the 
height  of  his  power  by  Solon,  to  whom  he  exhibited  his 
innumerable  treasures,  and  who,  when  pressed  to  ac- 
knowledge him  as  the  happiest  of  mortals,  answered, 
“Account  no  man  happy  before  his  death.”  Deceived  by 
a response  of  the  oracle  at  Delphi  to  the  effect  that,  if  he 
marched  against  the  Persians  lie  would  overthrow  a great 
empire,  he  made  war  in  546  upon  Cyrus,  by  whom  he  was 
defeated  in  the  same  year  near  Sardis  and  taken  prisoner. 
He  was,  according  to  Herodotus,  doomed  to  he  burned 
alive,  but  as  he  stood  upon  the  pyre  he  recalled  the  words 
of  Solon,  and  exclaimed  “Solon!  Solon!  Solon!"  De- 
sired by  Cyrus  to  state  upon  whom  he  was  calling,  he  re- 
lated the  story  of  Solon,  which  moved  Cyrus  to  counter- 
mand the  order  for  his  execution,  and  to  bestow  upon  him 
distinguished  marks  of  favor. 

Croft  (kroft),  Herbert.  Born  at  Great  Thame, 
Oxfordshire,  Oet.  18,1603:  died  at  Hereford, 
May  18, 1691.  Bishop  of  Hereford.  He  was  origi- 
nally intended  for  the  Roman  Catholic  priesthood,  but 
eventually  took  holy  orders  in  the  Churcli  of  England, 
having  obtained  the  degree  of  B.  D.  at  Oxford  in  1636.  He 
became  chaplain  to  Charles  I,  about  1640,  canon  of  Windsor 
in  1641,  and  dean  of  Hereford  in  1644 ; was  deprived  of  his 
preferments  during  the  Rebellion  (which  were  restored  to 
him  on  the  accession  of  Charles  II.),  became  bishop  of 


Cromarty 

Hereford  in  1662,  and  was  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
1668-70.  His  chief  work  is  “ The  Naked  Truth,  or  the 
True  State  of  the  Primitive  Church  ” (1675). 

Croft,  William.  Born  at  Nether  Eatington, 
Warwickshire,  England,  1678:  died  at  London, 
Aug.  14, 1727.  An  English  composer  of  sacred 
music.  His  collection  of  anthems,  “Musica 
Sacra,”  was  published  1724. 

Croftangry  (krof  'tang-gri),  Chrystal.  The 
imaginary  author  of  Scott’s  “Chronicles  of  the 
Canongate.”  He  gives  his  autobiography  in 
some  of  the  introductory  chapters. 

Croghan  (kro'gan),  George.  Bom  near  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  Nov.  15,  1791:  died  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  8,  1849.  An  American  officer,  distin- 
guished at  the  defense  of  Forts  Meigs  and 
Stephenson,  1813. 

Croisic  (krwa-zek'),  Le.  A seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  the  department  of  Loire-Inferieure, 
France,  16  miles  west  of  St.  Nazaire.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  2,462. 

Croix  (krwa),  Carlos  Francisco  de,  Marques  de 
Croix.  Bom  at  Lille,  in  Flanders,  1699:  died  at 
V alencia,  1786.  A Spanish  gen  eral  and  adminis- 
trator. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  army ; was 
commandant  at  Ceuta  and  Puerto  de  Santa  Maria,  captain- 
general  of  Galicia,  and  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico) 
from  Aug.,  1766,  to  Sept.,  1771.  His  administration  was 
able  and  prosperous.  In  1770  he  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  captain-general  in  the  army.  After  his  return 
from  Mexico  he  was  made  viceroy  of  Valencia,  an  office 
which  he  held  until  his  death. 

Croix,  Teodoro  de.  Born  at  Lille,  Flanders, 
about  1730:  died  at  Madrid,  April  8,  1791.  A 
Spanish  soldier.  From  1766  to  1771  he  served  in 
Mexico  under  his  brother,  the  Viceroy  de  Croix,  as  com- 
mandant of  the  interior  provinces  and  of  Sonora.  From 
April,  1784,  to  March,  1790,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru,  and  is 
known  as  an  upright,  kind-hearted,  and  religious  ruler. 
He  instituted  various  reforms  in  the  laws  affecting  the 
Indians. 

Croizette  (krwa-zet'),  Sophie  Alexandrine 
Oroisette,  called.  Born  March  19,  1847 : died 
March  19,  1901.  A noted  French  actress,  she 
was  admitted  to  the  Conservatoire  in  1867,  and  made  her 
debut  in  1869.  In  1873  she  was  made  an  associate  of  the 
( 'omedie  Frangaise,  of  which  she  was  the  jeune  premiere. 
In  1881  she  retired  from  the  stage,  and  in  1885  married 
an  American  banker  named  Stern. 

Croke  (kruk),  or  Crocus  (kro'kus),  Richard. 
Born  at  London,  probably  in  1489 : died  there, 
Aug.,  1558.  An  English  scholar  and  diplo- 
matist. He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Cambridge  in 
1510;  studied  Greek  under  Grocyn  at  Oxford,  and  under 
Hieronymus  Aleauder  at  Paris  (about  1513) ; lectured  on 
Greek  at  Louvain,  Cologne  (about  1515),  and  Leipsic(1515- 
1617) ; began  to  lecture  on  Greek  at  Cambridge  in  1518 ; was 
ordained  priest  in  1519 ; was  fellow  of  St.  John  s College  in 
1523 ; was  sent  in  1529  by  Cranmer  to  Italy  to  collect  the 
opinion  of  Italian  canonists  in  reference  to  the  king's 
divorce ; became  lector  of  Long  Buckby,  Northampton- 
shire, in  1531;  and  was  subdean  of  King’s  College,  Oxford, 
1532-45.  His  most  notable  publications  are  an  edition  of 
Ausonius  (1515),  and  a translation  of  the  fourth  book  of 
Theodore  Gaza’s  Greek  grammar  (1516). 

Croker  (kro'ker),  John  Wilson.  Born  in  Gal- 
way, Ireland,  Dec.  20,  1780:  died  at  Hampton, 
near  London,  Aug.  10,  1857.  A British  poli- 
tician and  general  writer,  leading  contributor 
to  the  “Quarterly  Review”  after  1809:  editor 
of  Boswell’s  “Life  of  Johnson”  (1831). 
Croker,  Thomas  Crofton.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, Jan.  15,  1798:  died  at  London,  Aug.  8, 
1854.  An  Irish  antiquary.  He  wrote  “Researches 
in  the  South  of  Ireland  ” (1824),  “The  Fairy  Legends  and 
Traditions  of  the  South  of  Ireland  ” (1825),  “The  Adven- 
tures of  Barney  Mahoney  ’’  (1852),  etc. 

Croly  (kro'li),  David  Goodman.  Born  at  New 
York,  Nov.  3,  1829 : died  there,  April  29,  1889. 
A journalist.  He  wrote  a “History  of  Recon- 
struction” (1868),  a “Primer  of  Positivism” 
(1876),  etc. 

Croly,  George.  Born  at  Dublin,  Aug.  17, 
1780  : died  at  London,  Nov.  24, 1860.  An  Irish 
divine,  poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
His  chief  novel  is  “ Salathiel  ’’  (1829),  principal  poem, 
“Paris  in  1815”  (1817),  “Catiline,”  a tragedy  (1822),  “Mars- 
ton,"  a romance  (1846),  “Life  and  Times  of  George  IV.” 
(1830). 

Croly,  Jane  Cunningham.  Born  at  Market. 
Harborough,  England,  Dec.  19,  1831:  died  at 
New  York,  Dec.  23,  1901.  A writer  under  the 
name  of  “ Jennie  June,”  well  known  for  her  ef- 
forts for  the  advancement  of  women,  she  called 
together  the  Woman’s  Congress  in  New  York  in  1856,  and 
in  1868  founded  “Sorosis,”  and  was  its  president  1868-70 
and  1876-86.  She  married  David  Goodman  Croly  in  1857. 
Cromarty  (krom'iir-ti).  1.  A county  of  north- 
ern Scotland,  comprising  Cromarty  proper, 
situated  south  of  Cromarty  Firth,  and  10  de- 
tached portions  in  Ross-shire,  with  which  it  is 
united  for  most  purposes.  Area,  estimated, 
370  square  miles. — 2.  Chief  town  of  the  above 
county,  situated  on  Cromarty  Firth  16  miles 
northeast  of  Inverness.  Population,  1,233. 


Cromarty  Firth 

Cromarty  Firth  (ferth).  An  inlet  of  the  North 
Sea,  connecting  with  Moray  Firth,  and  nearly 
surrounded  by  Cromarty  and  Ross. 

Crome  (krom),  John.  Born  at  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  22,  1768:  died  there,  April  22,  1821. 
A noted  English  landscape-painter.  He  was  the 
son  of  a poor  weaver,  and  began  life  as  a doctor’s  assis- 
tant, and  apprentice  to  a coach-  and  sign-painter.  He 
early  began  to  study  painting  directly  from  nature  in  the 
environs  of  his  native  town  ; later  found  an  opportunity 
to  study  drawing ; and  obtained  entrance  to  a neigh- 
boring collection  of  paintings,  where  he  found  some  good 
Flemish  pictures.  In  1803  he  created  the  Norwich  Society 
of  Arts.  At  the  annual  exhibitions  of  this  society  he  ex- 
hibited many  of  his  works,  rarely  sending  them  to  the 
Royal  Academy  at  London.  His  pupils  and  associates, 
among  whom  were  Stark  and  Cotman,  acquired  distinction, 
and  formed  with  him  the  “school  of  Norwich." 
Cromer,  Lord.  See  Baring,  Evelyn. 
Crompton  (kromp'ton),  Samuel.  Born  at  Fir- 
wood,  near  Bolton,  England,  Dec.  3, 1753 : died 
at  Hall-in-the-Wood,  near  Bolton,  June  26, 1827. 
An  English  mechanic,  inventor  of  the  spinning- 
mule  in  1779. 

Cromwell  (krum'wel  or  krom'wel).  A drama  by 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1827.  This  was  his 
first  dramatic  venture,  and  was  not  intended 
to  be  acted. 

Cromwell,  Henry.  Born  at  Huntingdon,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  20, 1628:  died  at  Soham,  Cambridge- 
shire, England,  March  23, 1674.  A younger  son 
of  Oliver  Cromwell,  lord  deputy  in  Ireland  1655- 
1657,  and  lord  lieutenant  1657-59. 

Cromwell,  Oliver.  Born  at  Huntingdon,  Eng- 
land, April  25, 1599 : died  at  Whitehall,  Lon- 
don, Sept.  3, 1658.  Lord  Protector  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
He  studied  at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1616-17, 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Huntingdon  in 
1628,  and  in  1640  was  returned  by  Cambridge  to  the  Short 
and  Long  Parliaments.  He  was  appointed  captain  of 
Parliamentary  horse  in  1642,  and  colonel  in  1643.  In 

1643,  by  enlisting  only  men  of  religion,  chiefly  Indepen- 
dents, he  organized  a model  regiment  which,  on  account 
of  its  invincible  courage,  came  to  be  known  as  the  Iron- 
sides. He  fought  with  distinction  at  Marston  Moor  July 
2,  1644,  and  at  the  second  battle  of  Newbury  Oct.  27, 

1644 , was  promoted  to  lieutenant-general,  on  the  reorgani- 
zation (after  plans  furnished  by  him)  of  the  army,  in  June, 
1645 ; commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  Parliamentary 
army  at  Naseby  June  14,  1645,  and  took  Basing  House 
Oct.  14,  1645.  On  the  rupture  in  1647  between  the  army, 
which  was  controlled  by  the  Independents,  and  Parlia- 
ment, which  was  controlled  by  the  Presbyterians,  he  sided 
with  the  army,  and  supported  the  measures  by  which 
the  Independents  obtained  control  of  Parliament.  He 
suppressed  an  insurrection  in  Wales  in  1648,  defeated  the 
Scotch  royalists  at  Preston  Aug.  17-19,  1648,  and,  as  a 
member  of  the  High  Court,  signed  the  death-warrant 
of  Charles  I.  in  Jan.,  1649.  On  the  establishment  of  the 
Commonwealth  in  1649  he  obtained,  by  virtue  of  his  posi- 
tion as  leader  of  the  Independents  and  ruling  spirit  in  the 
army,  the  actual  control  of  the  government.  He  under- 
took an  expedition  against  Ireland  Aug.  15, 1649;  stormed 
Drogheda  Sept.  10,  1649;  was  appointed  captain-general 
and  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  of  the  Common- 
wealth June  26,  1650;  defeated  the  Scotch  royalists  at 
Dunbar  Sept.  3,  1650,  and  at  Worcester  Sept.  3,  1651 ; 
expelled  the  Rump  Parliament  April  20,  1653  ; and  was 
appointed  by  the  council  of  officers  Lord  Protector  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
His  protectorate  was  marked  by  religious  toleration,  by 
advantageous  commercial  treaties  with  foreign  nations, 
and  by  successful  wars  with  the  Dutch,  with  Algiers, 
Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  and  the  Spaniards.  See  Carlyle's 
“Letters  and  Speeches  of  Oliver  Cromwell,”  Foster's 
“Life  of  Cromwell,"  and  Guizot’s  “History  of  the  Revo- 
lution ” and  “History  of  England  under  Cromwell.” 

Cromwell,  Richard.  Born  at  Huntingdon, 
England,  Oct.  4,  1626  : died  at  Cheshunt,  near 
London,  July  12,  1712.  Sou  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, whom  he  succeeded  as  Lord  Protector 
Sept.,  1658.  He  resigned  May,  1659. 
Cromwell,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Essex.  Born  prob- 
ably about  1485:  died  at  London,  July  28, 1540. 
An  English  statesman,  the  son  of  a blacksmith. 
He  served  in  his  youth  in  the  French  army  in  Italy,  and 
after  his  return  to  England  became  a lawyer.  He  was 
appointed  collector  of  the  revenues  of  the  see  of  York  by 
Wolsey  in  1514  ; became  a member  of  Parliament  in  1523 ; 
was  appointed  privy  councilor  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1531 ; 
and  was  made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1533.  In 
1535  he  was  appointed  vicar-general  of  the  king  to  carry 
into  effect  the  Act  of  Supremacy,  in  which  capacity  he 
began  in  1536  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries  and  the 
confiscation  of  their  property.  He  became  lord  privy 
seal  in  1536,  and  lord  high  chamberlain  of  England  in 
1539,  and  was  created  earl  of  Essex  in  1540.  In  1539  he 
negotiated  the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  with  Anne  of 
Cleves,  which  took  place  in  Jan.,  1540.  Having  fallen 
under  the  king's  displeasure,  partly  on  account  of  his 
advocacy  of  this  marriage,  he  was  attainted  by  Parlia- 
ment and  beheaded  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Cromwell,  The  Life  and  Death  of  Thomas, 

Lord.  An  anonymous  play,  printed  in  1613, 
at  one  time  attributed  to  Shakspere.  It  was 
entered  on  the  Stationers’  Register  in  1602. 

Cromwell  Surveying  the  Body  of  Charles 
I.  in  its  Coffin.  A masterpiece  of  Paul  Dela- 
roche,  in  the  Mus6e  at  Nimes,  France. 

Cronaca  (kron'a-ka),  Simone  Pollajuolo. 


293 

Born  at  Florence,  1457:  died  1508.  An  Italian 
architect,  surnamed “II Cronaca”  (‘the chroni- 
cler ’)  from  his  habit  of  story-telling,  on  account 
of  some  misdemeanor  he  was  obliged  to  flee  from  Flor- 
ence to  Rome,  where  he  busied  himself  with  the  antique 
monuments.  Returning  to  Florence,  he  completed  the 
Strozzi  Palace,  begun  by  Benedetto  da  Majano.  His  mas- 
terpiece (1504)  is  the  Church  of  San  Bartolommeo  in  San 
Miniato,  which  was  much  admired  by  Michelangelo.  He 
also  built  the  great  hall  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio.  He  be- 
came a disciple  of  Savonarola. 

Cronholm(kron'holm),  Abraham  Peter.  Bom 

at  Landskrona,  Sweden,  Oct.  22,  1809.  died  at 
Stockholm,  May  27, 1879.  A Swedish  historian. 
His  chief  work  is  “Sveriges  Historia  under 
Gustaf  H.  Adolfs  regering”  (1857-72). 

Cronstadt.  See  Kronstadt. 

Cronus  (kro'nus),  or  Cronos  (-nos).  [Gr. 
Kpdvog.']  In  Greek  mythology,  a Titan,  son  of 
Uranus  and  Ge.  At  the  instigation  of  his  mother, 
he  emasculated  his  father  for  having  thrown  the  Cy- 
clopes (who  were  likewise  the  children  of  Uranus  and 
Ge)  into  Tartarus.  He  thereupon  usurped  the  govern- 
ment of  the  world,  which  had  hitherto  belonged  to  his 
father,  but  was  in  turn  dethroned  by  Zeus.  He  was  the 
husband  of  Rhea,  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of  Hestia, 
Demeter,  Hera,  Hades,  Poseidon,  and  Zeus.  He  was  iden- 
tified with  Saturnus  by  the  Romans. 

Croo-boys  or  Croo-men.  See  Kru. 

Crook  (kruk),  George.  Born  near  Dayton,  Ohio, 
Sept.  8,  1828 : died  at  Chicago,  111.,  March  21, 
1890.  An  American  soldier.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1852,  and  entered  the  regular  army,  in  which  he 
attained  the  rank  of  major-general  April  6,  1888.  Sept. 
13, 1861,  he  was  appointed  to  a colonelcy  in  the  volunteer 
service,  in  which  he  rose  to  the  brevet  rank  of  major- 
general  July  18,  1864  ; he  was  mustered  out  Jan.  15,  1866. 
He  commanded  the  national  forces  in  W est  Virginia  in 
July  and  Aug.,  1864;  was  in  the  engagements  at  Snicker’s 
Ferry  July  19,  and  Kernstowu  July  24;  cooperated  with 
General  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  valley  from  Aug. 
till  Dec.  of  the  same  year ; was  in  the  battles  at  Ber- 
ryville,  Opequan,  Fisher’s  Hill,  Strasburg,  and  Cedar 
Creek ; and  commanded  the  cavalry  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  March  26-April  9,  1865.  After  the  war  he  did 
duty  among  the  hostile  Indians  in  Idaho  and  Arizona. 
After  the  massacre  of  General  Custer’s  command  he  pur- 
sued the  Sioux  to  Slim  Buttes,  Dakota,  where  he  defeated 
them.  In  18s6  lie  conducted  the  campaign  against  the 
Apaches  under  Geronimo,  whom  he  brought  to  a stand 
near  San  Bernardino,  Mexico,  but  resigned  his  command 
before  the  conclusion  of  hostilities. 

Crooked  Island  (kruk'ed  i'land).  An  island 

*of  the  Bahamas,  south  of  Watling  Island. 

Crookes  (kriiks),  Sir  William.  Born  at  London, 
June  17,  1832.  A noted  English  chemist  and 
physicist.  He  discovered  thallium  in  1861,  and  in- 
vented the  radiometer  in  1874.  He  founded  tne  “Chemi- 
cal News”  in  1859,  lias  edited  the  “Quarterly  Journal  of 
Science”  since  1864,  and  has  published  “Select  Methods 
of  Chemical  Analysis  ’ (1880),  etc.  Knighted  June,  1897. 

Crooks  (kriiks),  George  Richard.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Feb.  3,  1822:  died  at  Madison, 
N.  J.,  Feb.  20,  1897.  An  American  journalist 
and  Methodist  clergyman.  He  published  with 
Schem  a “ Latin-English  Lexicon”  (1858). 

Croppies  (krop'iz).  A name  given  to  the  re- 
publican party  in  Ireland  in  1798,  who  wore 
their  hair  cropped  in  imitation  of  the  French 
revolutionists.  ( LecJcy .)  The  name  was  ap- 
plied to  the  Roundheads  in  1642. 

Cropredy  Bridge.  A locality  near  Banbury, 
England,  the  scene  of  a Royalist  defeat  of  the 
Parliamentarians  under  Waller,  June  29,  1644. 

Cropsey  (krop'si),  Jasper  Francis.  Born  Feb. 
18,  1823:  died  June  22,  1900.  An  American 
landscape-painter,  a pupil  of  Edward  Maury. 
He  entered  the  National  Academy  in  1851. 

Croquemitaine  (krok-me-tan' ).  [From  croquer, 
to  eat,  crunch.]  A French  legendary  monster 
with  which  nurses  frighten  children.  L’Epine  in 
1863  published  a “L^gende  de  Croquemitaine,"  a romance 
relating  to  the  adventures  of  a certain  Mitaine,  a god- 
daughter of  Charlemagne. 

Crosby  Hall  or  Place.  An  ancient  house  in 
Bishopsgate  street,  London.  The  site  was  leased 
from  Alice  Ashfield,  prioress  of  St.  Helen’s,  in  1466  by  Sir 
John  Crosby,  a grocer  and  lord  mayor.  He  built  the 
beautiful  Gothic  palace  of  which  the  banqueting-hall,  the 
throne-room  and  council-room  still  remain  in  Bishopsgate 
within.  The  hall  is  now  used  as  an  eating-house,  and 
is  famous  for  its  beautiful  wooden  roof.  The  mansion 
covered  a large  part  of  what  is  now  Crosby  Place  or 
Square.  Richard  of  Gloucester  lived  here  at  the  death 
of  Edward  IV.,  and  here  held  his  levees  before  his  usurpa- 
tion of  the  crown.  It  was  afterward  bought  by  Sir  Thomas 
More,  who  wrote  here  the  “Utopia”  and  the  “Life  of 
Puchard  III.”  Crosby  Hall  is  the  central  feature  of  Shak- 
spere’s  London.  Shakspere  himself  had  a residence  in  the 
neighborhood.  It  is  one  of  the  very  few  medieval  dwell- 
ing-houses still  existing  in  London.  It  was  restored  in  1836, 
after  having  been  used  for  various  purposes. 

Crosby  (kroz'bi),  Howard.  Born  at  New 
York,  Feb.  27, 1826 : died  there,  March  29, 1891. 
An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  New  York  in  1844;  be- 
came professor  of  Greek  there  about  1851 ; was  professor 
of  Greek  in  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey, 
1859-63 ; was  pastor  of  the  Fourth  Avenue  Presbyterian 
Church  at  New  York  from  1863  until  his  death ; was  eban- 


Crowe,  Captain 

cellor  of  the  University  of  New  York  1870-81 ; was  a 
member  of  the  American  committee  for  the  revision  of 
the  New  Testament  ; and  was  one  of  the  chief  instru- 
ments in  effecting  the  organization  (1877)  of  the  Society 
for  the  Prevention  of  Crime,  of  which  he  became  presi- 
dent. 

Crosland  ( kros'land),  Mrs.  (Camilla  Toulmin). 

Born  at  London,  June  9, 1812:  died  at  Dulwich, 
Feb.  16,  1895.  An  English  poet  and  writer. 
Cross  (kros),  Mrs.  (Mary  Ann,  or  Marian, 
Evans) : pseudonym  George  Eliot.  Born  at 
Arbury  Farm  (Chilvers  Coton),  Warwickshire, 
England,  Nov.  22,  1819:  died  at  4 Cheyne 
Walk,  Chelsea,  London,  Dec.  22, 1880.  A cele- 
brated English  novelist.  She  was  educated  at  Nun- 
eaton and  Coventry.  In  1841  she  moved  with  her  father 
(Robert  Evans,  agent  for  Mr.  Francis  Newdigate  of  Arbury 
Hall)  to  Coventry.  In  1851  she  became  assistant  editor  of 
“ The  Westminster  Review,”  and  retained  that  position  till 
1853.  She  lived  with  George  Henry  Lewes  from  1854  until 
his  death  in  1878,  a connection  which  they  regarded  as  a 
marriage.  On  May  6, 1880,  she  married  John  Walter  Cross 
under  the  name  of  Mary  Ann  Evans  Lewes.  She  died 
within  the  year,  and  was  buried  by  the  side  of  George 
Henry  Lewes  in  Highgate  Cemetery.  She  published 
(anonymously  at  first,  afterward  uuder  her  real  name) 
a translation  of  Strauss’s  “Life  of  Jesus  ” (1846),  “The  Es- 
sence of  Christianity”  (translated  from  Feuerbach  “by 
Marian  Evans”  in  1854),  and,  under  the  pseudonym  of 
George  Eliot,  “Scenes  of  Clerical  Life"  (1858),  “Adam 
Bede"  (1859),  “The  Mill  on  the  Floss”  (1860),  “Silas 
Marner,  the  Weaver  of  Raveloe”  (1861),  “Romola” 
(1862-63),  “Felix  Holt  the  Radical ” (1866),  “The  Spanish 
Gypsy”  (a  poem,  1868),  “Agatha"  (a  poem,  1869),  “Mid- 
dlemarch,  a study  of  Provincial  Life  ’ (1871-72),  “ The 
Legend  of  Jubal,  and  Other  Poems"  (1874),  “Daniel 
Deronda”  (1876),  “Impressions  of  Theophrastus  Such’’ 
(1879).  After  her  death  in  1883,  a poem,  “ How  Lisa  loved 
the  King,"  was  published,  and  “Essays  and  Leaves  from 
a Note-book  ” in  1884.  Her  life  was  written  by  her  hus- 
band, John  Walter  Cross,  and  published  in  1884. 

Cross,  Sir  Richard  Assheton.  Born  at  Red  Scar, 
Lancashire,  England,  May  30,  1823.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  home  secretary  1874-80  and  1885- 
1886,  secretary  of  state  for  India  1886-92  and 
lord  privy  seal  1895-1900.  He  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  as  Viscount  Cross  in  1886. 

Crosse  (kros),  Andrew.  Born  at  Broomfield, 
Somerset,  England,  June  17,  1784:  died  there. 
July  6, 1855.  An  English  electrician,  noted  for 
his  experiments  in  electro-crystallization. 
Cross  Keys  (kros  kez).  A place  in  Rocking- 
ham County,  Virginia,  20  miles  northeast  of 
Staunton.  Here,  June  8,  1862,  a battle  took  place  be- 
tween  Jackson's  army  (about  8,000)  under  Ewell,  and  the 
Eederals  (about  18,000)  under  Fremont.  The  lo&3  of  the 
Federals  was  625;  that  of  the  Confederates,  287. 

Croswell  (kroz'wel),  Edwin.  Born  at  Cats- 
kiil,  N.  Y.,  May  29,  1797 : died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  June  13,  1S71.  An  American  journalist 
and  politician.  He  was  editor  of  the  “Albany  Argus" 
1823-54,  and  a member  of  the  “Albany  Regency.” 

Croswell,  Harry.  Born  at  West  Hartford, 
Conn.,  June  16,  1778:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  March  13,  1858.  An  American  Feder- 
alist, journalist,  and  clergyman,  uncle  of  Edwin 
Croswell. 

Crotch  (kroch),  William.  Born  at  Norwich, 
England,  July  5,  1775:  died  at  Taunton,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  29,  1847.  An  English  composer,  or- 
ganist of  St  John’s  College,  Oxford,  and  pro- 
fessor of  music  in  the  university,  and  later 
(1822)  principal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
Crotchet  Castle  (kroch'et  kas'l).  A novel  by 
Thomas  Love  Peacock,  published  in  1831. 
Croton  (kro'ton),  or  Crotona  (kro-to'na).  [Gr. 
KpdraiJ.]  The  ancient  name  of  Cotrone  (which 
see).  There  is  a Greek  temple  of  Hera  Lakinia  (Juno  of 
the  Lakinian  promontory)  at  the  extremity  of  Capo  della 
Colonna.  This  famous  shrine  has  been  greatly  damaged  by 
vandalism  and  earthquakes,  but  its  platform  of  masonry 
and  theresultsof  excavations  supply  datafor  a partial  res- 
toration. It  was  of  the  5th  century  b.  c.,  Doric,  hexastyle, 
with  14  columns  on  the  flanks,  and  an  interior  range  of 
4 columns  before  the  pronaos.  Some  of  the  marble  pedi- 
ment-sculptures have  been  found. 

Croton.  A river  of  southeastern  New  York 
which  joins  the  Hudson  32  miles  north  of  New 
York  city,  which  it  supplies  with  water  through 
the  Croton  aqueduct  (the  old  one  was  opened 
for  use  in  1842:  the  new  (and  chief)  one  was 
completed  in  1890). 

Crousaz  (kro-za'),  Jean  Pierre  de.  Born,  at 
Lausanne,  Switzerland,  April  13,  1663:  died 
March  22, 1748.  A Swiss  philosopher  and  math- 
ematician. His  chief  work  is  a treatise  on  logic  (1712 : 
several  later  editions).  He  was  a voluminous  but  not  an 
important  writer. 

Crow,  or  Raven,  The.  See  Corvus. 

Crowdero  (krou-de'ro).  [A  humorous  name, 
from  crowd,  a fiddle.]  A character  in  Butlers 
“Hudibras”:  a fiddler,  and  the  leader  of  the  mob. 
Crowe  (kro),  Captain.  A whimsical,  impatient 
merchant  captain  in  Smollett’s  “ Sir  Launcelot 
Greaves.”  He  insists  upon  being  a knight  er- 
rant with  the  latter. 


Crowe,  Eyre  Evans 

Crowe,  Eyre  Evans.  Born  at  Redbridge,  South- 
ampton, March  20,  1799 : died  at  London,  Feb. 
25,  1868.  An  English  journalist,  historian,  and 
novelist.  His  chief  work  is  a “History  of 
France”  (5  vols.  1858-68). 

Crowe,  Mrs.  ( Catharine  Ann  Stevens).  Born 
at  Borough  Green,  Kent,  England,  about  1800  : 
died  in  1876.  An  English  writer,  principally 
known  by  her  writings  on  the  supernatural : 
author  of  “Night  Side  of  Nature”  (1848), 
“ Spiritualism  and  the  Age  we  Live  in”  (1859), 
and  several  novels. 

Crowe,  Mrs.  See  Bateman,  Kate  Josephine. 
Crowe,  William.  Born  at  Midgelram,  Berk- 
shire, England,  in  1745:  died  at  Bath,  Feb.  9, 
1829.  An  English  clergyman  and  poet.  He  was 
eccentric,  but  a popular  preacher.  He  wrote  “ Lewes- 
don  Hill”  (1788),  “A  Treatise  on  English  Versification” 
(1827),  and  published  several  volumes  of  sermons  and  ora- 
tions, etc. 

Crowfield  (krd'feld),  Christopher.  An  occa- 
sional pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe. 

Crowley  (kro'li),  or  Crole,  or  Croleus,  Robert. 

Born  in  Gloucestershire,  1518  (?) : died  at  Lon- 
don, June  18, 1588.  An  English  author,  printer, 
and  divine.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  embraced  the 
doctrines  of  the  Reformation,  and  about  1549  set  up  a 
printing-press  at  Ely  Rents,  Holborn,  which  he  conducted 
three  years.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Hereford  1559-67,  and 
vicar  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  London,  1576-78.  His  typo- 
graphical fame  rests  chiefly  on  three  impressions  which 
he  made  in  1550  of  the  “ Vision  of  Piers  Plowman.”  His 
most  notable  works  are  “ An  Informacion  and  Peticion 
agaynst  the  Oppressours  of  the  Pore  Commons  of  this 
Realme  ” (1548),  “The  Voyce  of  the  Laste  Trumpet,  etc." 
(1549),  "The  Way  to  Wealth,  etc."  (1550),  “Pleasure  and 
Payne,  Heaven  and  Hell ; Remember  these  Foure,  and  all 
shall  be  W ell  ” (1551),  and  “ One  and  Thyrtye  Epigrammes  ” 
(1550). 

Crown,  Oration  on  the.  [Gr.  irepl  oretpavov ; L. 
de  corona .]  The  most  celebrated  oration  of 
Demosthenes, delivered  in  330  B.  C.  Ctesiphonhad 
proposed  that  Demosthenes  should  be  publicly  crowned 
with  a golden  crown,  as  a reward  for  public  services  ren- 
dered after  the  battle  of  Chaeronea,  and  for  this  was  in- 
dicted by  JSschines  as  the  proposer  of  an  illegal  act.  In 
the  oration  Demosthenes  defended  his  own  acts  and  char- 
acter, and  attacked  HSschines,  who  was  defeated. 

Crown  Diamonds.  The  English  version  of 
Auber’s  “Les  Diamants  de  la  Couronne”  (1844). 
Crown  Point  (kroun  point).  A town  in  Essex 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain 90  miles  north  of  Albany.  It  was  strongly 
fortified  iu  the  last  century,  was  abandoned  by  the  French 
in  1759,  and  was  taken  from  the  British  by  the  Americans 
under  Warner,  May,  1775,  Population,  1,690,  (1910). 
Crowne  (kroun),  John.  Died  in  1703  (?).  A 
British  dramatist.  Among  other  plays  he  wrote 
“The  Country  Wit  ” (1675),  “City  Politiques”  (played  about 
1683),  “Sir  Courtly  Nice,  or  It  Cannot  be”  (1685),  “The 
Married  Beau,  etc."  (1694),  etc.  Some  of  his  plays  held 
the  stage  for  a century. 

Crowquill  (kro'kwil),  Alfred.  The  pseudonym 
of  Alfred  Henry  Forrester,  an  English  humor- 
ist and  artist.  Charles  Robert  Forrester,  his 
brother,  also  used  it  1826-44.  See  Forrester. 
Crows.  See  Absarolca. 

Crowther  (kro'THer),  Samuel  Adjai.  Born 
in  Yoruba : died  in  1891.  The  first  negro  bishop 
of  the  Church  of  England.  He  was  carried  off  and 
sold  into  slavery  in  1821.  With  many  others  he  was  freed 
by  a British  man-of-war  in  1822,  and  landed  at  Sierra 
Leone,  where  he  attended  school  and  soon  distinguished 
himself.  His  higher  education  he  received  in  England. 
He  accompanied  the  first  and  second  Niger  expeditions, 
and  published  an  account  of  the  latter.  In  1864  he  was  or- 
dained “ Bishop  of  the  Niger,”  and  proved  himself  worthy 
of  the  office.  Ills  hooks  in  and  on  the  Niger  languages 
give  him  a prominent  place  among  African  linguists. 
Croydon  (kroi'dpn).  [In  Doomsday  Croindene, 
chalk  hill.]  A suburb  of  London,  in  Surrey, 
England,  10  miles  south  of  London.  It  has  a 
ruined  palace  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury, 
used  by  them  from  the  Conquest  until  1757. 
Population,  169,559,  (1911). 

Croyland  (kroi'land),  or  Growiand  (kro'land). 
A town  in  the  southern  part  of  Lincolnshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Welland  8 miles  north- 
east of  Peterborough.  It  contains  the  ruins  of 
a famous  abbey  founded  byH3tbelbaldof  Mercia 
in  the  8th  century. 

Croysado  (kroi-sa'do),  The  Great.  In  Butler’s 
“ Hudibras,”  a character  intended  for  Lord 
Fairfax. 

Crucifixion,  The.  Of  the  paintings  of  this  sub- 
ject the  following  are  among  the  most  notable: 
(a)  A large  painting  by  Lucas  Cranach  in  the  Stadtkirehe 
at  Weimar,  Germany.  It  contains  portraits  of  the  artist 
and  of  Luther  and  Melanchthon  on  the  right,  and  on  the 
left  Christ  overcomes  Satan  in  the  form  of  a Protean  mon- 
ster. (6)  A small  painting  by  A 1 bel  t D irer  (1506),  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden,  (c)  An  impressive  painting  by  Man- 
tegna, in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  Christ  is  between  the  two 
thieves ; St.  John  and  the  holy  women  wait  in  grief  on 
the  left,  and  a body  of  soldiers  cast  lots  for  the  garment 
on  the  right.  This  picture  is  part  of  the  predella  of  the 


294 

altarpiece  of  San  Zenone,  Verona;  two  other  parts  are  in 
the  Mus^e  at  Tours,  (d)  A noted  painting  by  Van  Dyck, 
in  St.  Michael’s,  at  Ghent,  Belgium,  A mounted  soldier 
holds  out  the  sponge  to  Christ  with  his  spear ; St.  Johii 
and  the  Marys  are  grouped  below,  and  angels  appear 
above,  (e)  A painting  called  “Lecoupdelance,  "by  Rubens, 
in  the  museum  at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  time  is  even- 
ing ; the  three  crosses  stand  side  by  side  on  Mount  Cal- 
vary. Christ  is  already  dead,  and  a mounted  soldier  is 
piercing  his  side  with  a spear.  The  three  Marys  and  St. 
John  are  grouped  at  the  foot  of  the  cross.  This  is  said  to 
be  the  most  carefully  finished  painting  executed  by  Ru- 
bens. (/)  A fresco  of  Perugino,  in  the  chapter-house  of 
Santa  Maria  Maddalena  dei  Pazzi,  Florence.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts  by  architectural  framework.  In  the  cen- 
tral part,  beneath  the  crucified  Christ,  are  the  two  Marys; 
on  the  right  are  Sts.  John  and  Bernard  ; on  the  left  is  an 
impressive  figure  of  the  Virgin,  with  St.  Benedict.  (<7)  A 
painting  by  Tintoret,  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Rocco,  at  Ven- 
ice. It  is  this  painter’s  masterpiece. 

Cruciger  (krot'sio-er),  or  Creuziger  (kroit'sio- 
er),  or  Creutzinger  (kroit'sing-er),  Easpar. 
Born  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  1,  1504:  died  at  Witten- 
berg, Germany,  Nov.  16, 1548.  A German  Prot- 
estant theologian,  a co-worker  with  Luther  in 
the  translation  of  the  Bible.  He  became  a preacher 
at  Wittenberg  in  1528,  and  professor  of  philosophy  (later 
of  theology)  in  the  university. 

Cruden  (kro'den),  Alexander.  Born  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  May  31,  1701:  died  at  London, 
Nov.  1,  1770.  A London  bookseller,  author  of  a 
famous  “Concordance  of  the  Holy  Scriptures ” 
(1/37).  He  was  eccentric  to  the  verge  of  insanity.  He 
believed  himself  to  have  been  specially  appointed  by  God 
to  correct  the  morals  of  the  British  nation,  and  accord- 
ingly assumed  the  title  of  “Alexander  the  Corrector” 
(probably  suggested  to  him  by  his  work  as  corrector  of  the 
press). 

Crudor  (kro'dor),  Sir.  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene,”  a knight  who  insists  that  Briana  shall 
supply  him  with  enough  hair,  consisting  of  la- 
dies’ curls  and  knights’  beards,  to  purfle  his 
cloak  before  he  will  marry  her.  Sir  Calidore 
overthrows  him,  and  her  raid  on  the  passers-by 
is  stopped. 

Oruel  Brother,  The.  A tragedy  by  Sir  William 
Davenant,  printed  in  1630. 

Cruel  Gift,  The.  A tragedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre, 
produced  in  1716. 

Cruikshank  (kruk'shank),  George.  Born  at 
London,  Sept.  27,  1792:  died  Feb.  1,  1878.  A 
noted  English  artist  and  caricaturist.  He  was 
the  son  of  Isaac  Cruikshank,  who  was  also  a caricaturist. 
He  began  his  career  as  an  illustrator  of  children’s  books, 
and  his  satirical  genius  first  found  expression  in  “The 
Scourge,”  a periodical  published  between  1811-10.  At  this 
time  his  caricatures  were  in  the  style  of  Gillray,  but 
about  1819  he  began  to  illustrate  books  and  developed  a 
style  of  his  own.  Among  his  caricatures  those  of  Napoleon, 
the  impostures  of  Joanna  Southcott,  the  corn-laws,  the 
domestic  infelicities  of  the  regent  and  his  wife,  etc.,  are 
noted.  InlS27  William  Hone  issued  a collection  of  Cruik- 
shank’s  caricatures  in  connection  with  the  latter  scandal, 
which  he  called  “Facetiae  and  Miscellanies.”  Some  of 
his  best  illustrations  were  for  Scott  and  for  a translation 
of  German  fairy  tales.  In  1823  he  issued  his  designs  for 
Chamisso’s  “Peter  Schlemihl.”  His  arrangement  with 
Dickens  began  with  “Sketches  by  Boz”  iu  1836.  He  de- 
signed also  for  Richard  Bentley  (1837^43)  and  Harrison 
Ainsworth  (1836-44).  “TheBottle”(eight  plates,  1847)  and 
“The  Drunkard’s  Children  ’’  (eight  plates,  IS  .8)  were  the 
first  products  of  his  satirical  crusade  against  drunkenness. 
He  continued  to  produce  etchings,  etc.,  in  rapid  and  bril- 
liant succession  till  his  eighty-third  year:  three  years 
after  this  he  died.  He  wrote  variouspamphlets  and  squibs 
and  started  several  magazines  of  his  own,  and  in  his  later 
years  undertook  to  paint  in  oils.  His  most  celebrated 
effort  in  this  line  is  a large  picture  called  “The  Wor- 
ship of  Bacchus,  or  the  Drinking  Customs  of  Society  ” 
(1862).  The  painting  is  in  the  National  GaUery. 

Cruikshank,  (Isaac)  Robert.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  27,  1789:  died  March  13,  1856.  An 
English  caricaturist  and  miniature-painter, 
elder  brother  of  George  Cruikshank. 

Cruikshank, William  Cumberland.  Bom  at 
Edinburgh  in  1745:  died  at  London,  June  27, 
1800.  A Scottish  anatomist.  He  wrote  “ Anat- 
omy of  the  Absorbent  Vessels”  (1786),  etc. 

Cruillas,  Marquis  of.  See  Monserrat,  Joaquin. 

Crummies  (krum'lz),  Vincent.  Iu  Charles 
Dickens’s  “Nicholas  Nickleby,”  an  eccentric 
actor  and  manager  in  a cheap  theatrical  com- 
pany. He  is  the  father  of  two  boys  and  a girl,  also  in 
the  profession  : the  last  is  the  “ infant  phenomenon.” 

Cruncher  (krun'eker),  Jerry.  Man  of  all  work 
at  Tellson’s  banking-house,  who  spent  his 
nights  as  a “resurrection  man”  : a character  in 
Charles  Dickens’s  “Tale  of  Two  Cities.” 

Crupp  (krup),  Mrs.  In  Charles  Dickens’s  “Da- 
vid Copperfield,”  David’s  landlady.  She  is  af- 
flicted with  “spazzums.” 

Crusades,  The.  In  medieval  history,  a number 
of  expeditions  undertaken  by  the  Christians  of 
Europe  for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy  Land  from 
the  M ohammedans.  The  crusading  spirit  was  aroused 
throughout  Europe  in  1095  by  the  preaching  of  the  monk 
Peter  the  Hermit,  who  with  Walter  the  Penniless  set  out 
in  1096  with  an  immense  rabble,  which  was  for  the  most 
part  destroyed  on  the  way.  The  first  Crusade,  properly 


Cruz  y Goyeneche 

so  called,  under  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  1096-99,  resulted  in 
the  capture  of  Jerusalem  and  the  establishment  of  a 
Christian  kingdom  in  Palestine  ; the  second,  1147^9, 
preached  by  St.  Bernard,  was  unsuccessful ; the  third, 
1189-92,  led  by  the  princes  Frederick  Barbarossa  of  Ger- 
many, Richard  the  Lion-hearted  of  England,  and  Philip 
Augustus  of  France,  failed  to  recover  Jerusalem,  which 
the  Mussulmans  had  taken  in  1187;  the  fourth,  1202-04, 
ended  in  the  establishment  of  a Latin  empire  at  Constan- 
tinople, under  Count  Baldwin  of  Flanders ; the  fifth,  1228- 
1229,  under  the  emperor  Frederick  II.,  the  sixth,  1248-50, 
under  St.  Louis  (Louis  IX.  of  France),  and  the  seventh 
and  last,  1270-72,  also  under  St.  Louis,  were  all  unsuccess- 
ful. There  were  other  expeditions  called  crusades,  in- 
cluding, in  1212,  “ the  children’s  crusade,”  in  which  many 
thousands  perished  by  shipwreck  or  were  enslaved. 

Cruse  (kru-sa'),  Christian  Frederic.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  1794:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  5, 
1865.  An  American  Episcopalian  clergyman 
and  scholar.  He  translated  Eusebius’s  “Ec- 
clesiastical History”  (1833). 

Crusenstolpe  (kro'zen-stol-pe),  Magnus  Ja- 
kob. Born  at  Jonkoping,  Sweden,  March  11, 
1795:  died  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  18,  1865.  A 
Swedish  publicist,  historical  writer,  and  nov- 
elist. His  works  include  the  historical  novel 
“Morianen”  (1840-44),  etc. 

Crusius  (kro'ze-os),  Christian  August.  Born 
at  Leuna,  near  Merseburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  10, 
1715 : died  at  Leipsic,  Oct.  18, 1775.  A German 
philosopher  and  theologian,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Leipsic.  He  was  noted  as  an  oppo- 
nent of  the  Wolfian  school. 

Crusoe,  Robinson.  See  Botnnson  Crusoe. 

Crustumerium  (krus-tu-me'ri-um).  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  a 
few  miles  northeast  of  Rome. 

Cruveilhier  (krii-va-ya/),  Jean.  Born  at 
Limoges,  France,  Feb.  9,  1791:  died  at  Jus- 
sac,  Haute-Vienne,  France,  March  6,  1874.  A 
French  physician  and  anatomist.  His  chief 
work  is  “Anatomie  patliologique  du  corps  hu- 
main”  (1828-42). 

Cruvelli  (kro-vel'le)  (Criiwell),  Sophie.  Born 
at  Bielefeld,  Prussia,  March  12,  1826 : died  at 
Nice,  France,  Nov.  6,  1907.  A German  singer. 
Her  family  wae  originally  Italian.  She  was  successful  in 
Vienna,  and  later  in  Paris  and  London.  In  1854  she  ap- 
peared at  the  Grand  Opera  iu  Paris,  in  Verdi’s  “Sicilian 
Vespers,”  which  was  written  for  her.  In  1856  she  married 
Baron  Vigier,  and  left  the  stage. 

Crux  (kruks).  [L.,  ‘a  cross.’]  The  Southern 
Cross,  the  most  celebrated  constellation  of 
the  southern  heavens.  It  was  erected  into  a con- 
stellation by  Royer  in  1679,  hut  was  often  spoken  of  as  a 
cross  before  ; there  even  seems  to  be  an  obscure  allusion 
to  it  iu  Dante.  It  is  situated  south  of  the  western  part 
of  Centaurus,  east  of  the  keel  of  Argo.  It  is  a small 
constellation  of  four  chief  stars  arranged  in  the  form  of 
a cross.  Its  brightest  star,  the  southernmost,  is  of  about 
the  first  magnitude ; the  eastern,  half  a magnitude  fainter ; 
the  northern,  of  about  the  second  magnitude ; and  the 
western,  of  the  third  magnitude  and  faint.  The  constel- 
lation owes  its  striking  effect  to  its  compression : for  it 
subtends  only  about  6°  from  north  to  south,  and  still  less 
from  east  to  west.  It  looks  more  like  a kite  than  across. 
All  four  stars  are  white  except  the  northernmost,  which 
is  of  a clear  orange-color.  It  contains  a fifth  star  of  the 
fourth  magnitude,  which  is  very  red. 

Cruz  (kroth),  Jose  Maria  de  la.  Bom  at  Con- 
cepcion, April  21,  1801 : died  near  the  same 
place,  Nov.  23,  1875.  A Chilian  general.  As  a 
hoy  he  was  a cadet  in  the  revolutionary  army,  serving  in 
most  of  the  campaigns.  He  rapidly  rose  in  rank  ; became 
general  of  division  in  1839 ; was  twice  minister  of  war  and 
marine;  was  chief  of  staff  in  the  Peruvian  campaign  of 
1838,  and  held  various  other  important  positions.  In 
1851  he  was  the  liberal  candidate  for  president,  but  his 
opponent,  General  Montt,  was  elected.  General  Cruz  then 
headed  a revolt  in  the  southern  provinces,  but  was  finally 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Loncomilla,  Dec.  8,  1851.  He 
was  pardoned,  and  thereafter  lived  in  retirement  on  his 
estate. 

Cruz,  Juana  Ines  de  la.  Born  at  Mexico,  Nov. 
12,  1651:  died  at  Mexico,  April  17,  1695.  A 
Mexican  poet,  a nun  of  the  Convent  of  San  G4- 
ronimo : sometimes  called  “ The  Tenth  Muse.” 

Cruz,  Ramdn  de  la.  Bom  at  Madrid,  1731: 
died  after  1791.  A Spanish  dramatist.  His 
chief  works  are  farces. 

Cruz,  San  Juan  de  la.  Born  at  Fontiveros, 
Old  Castile,  Spain,  1542 : died  at  Ubeda,  Spain, 
Dec.  14,  1591.  A Spanish  mystical  poet  and 
prose-writer.  He  belonged  to  the  Carmelite  order. 
He  became  prior  at  Granada,  and  later  vicar-provincial 
for  Andalusia. 

Cruz  y Goyeneche  (kroth  e go-ya-na'che), 
Luis  de  la.  Born  at  Concepcion,  Aug.  25, 
1768:  died  Oct.  14.  1828.  A Chilian  general. 
During  the  colonial  period  he  held  important  civil  offices, 
and  in  1806  made,  at  his  own  expense,  an  exploration  of 
the  Andes.  His  report  of  this  journey  was  published  in 
the  Angelis  collection  at  Buenos  Ayres  in  1835.  He  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolution  of  1810,  and  com- 
manded a division  of  the  patriot  army,  but  was  captured 
and  imprisoned  until  released  by  the  victories  of  1817. 
Subsequently  he  was  commandant  at  Talca,  and,  during 
the  absence  of  O’Higgins,  acting  president  of  Chile  ; took 
part  in  the  Peruvian  campaign,  and  received  the  title  of 


Cruz  y Goyeneche 

grand  marshal  from  Peru  ; was  a member  of  the  constit- 
uent congress  of  Chile  in  1826,  and  was  minister  of  marine 
at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Cry  of  the  Children,  The.  A poem  by  Mrs. 
Browning. 

Crystal  Palace.  A building  of  iron  and  glass, 
erected  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  for  the  great 
exhibition  of  1851,  and  reerected  at  Syden- 
ham, near  London,  1852-53,  opened  1854.  It  was 
designed  by  Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  and  is  used  for  popular 
concerts  and  other  entertainments,  as  well  as  a perma- 
nent exhibition  of  the  art  and  culture  of  various  nations. 
The  nave  is  1,608  feet  long,  the  central  transept  390  by 
120  feet,  and  175  high,  and  the  south  transept  312  feet 
long.  A corresponding  north  transept  was  burned  in 
1866.  The  great  nave,  adorned  with  plants  and  statues, 
presents  a unique  vista.  On  either  side  are  ranged 
courts,  in  which  are  reproduced  the  architecture  and 
sculpture  of  different  civilizations.  In  1853  a similar 
but  much  smaller  building  called  the  Crystal  Palace  was 
erected  for  the  World's  Fair  in  New  York,  on  Sixth  Ave- 
nue between  40th  and  42d  streets.  The  ground  is  now  a 
public  park. 

Csaba  (chob'o),  Hung.  B§k6s-Csaba  (ba'kash- 
chob'o).  A town  in  the  county  of  Bekes,  Hun- 
gary, in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  21°  8'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, 37,547. 

Csokonai  (cho'ko-noi),  Vit6z  Mili&ly.  Born 
at.  Debreczin,  Hungary,  Nov.  17,  1773:  died 
there,  Jan.  28,  1805.  A Hungarian  poet.  His 
works  include  “ Magyar-Musa  ” (1797),  “ i)orottya,"a  mock- 
heroic  poem  (1804),  “ Anacreontic  Poems  ” (1803),  comedies, 
etc. 

Csoma.  (cho'mo),  Alexander,  Hung.  Csoma, 
Sandor.  Born  at  Koros,  Transylvania,  1798  (?) : 
died  at  Darjiling,  in  the  Himalayas,  April  11, 
1842.  A Hungarian  traveler  and  philologist. 

He  began  his  travels  in  central  Asia  in  1820 ; and  resided 
in  Kan  am,  Tibet,  1827-30.  In  1831  he  went  to  Calcutta. 
He  published  a “ Tibetan-English  Dictionary  ”(1835),  a 
“ Grammar  of  the  Tibetan  Language  ” (1834),  etc. 

Ctesias  (te'shias).  [Gr.  KrZ/ctar.]  Born  at 
Cnidus,  Caria,  Asia  Minor:  died  after  398  b.  c. 
A Greek  historian,  physician  at  the  court  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon.  He  wrote  a history  of  Persia 
(nepcrucd)  in  24  books,  fragments  of  which  are  extant,  and 
a treatise  on  India  ('IrSisa),  parts  of  which  also  survive. 
There  are  meager  abridgments  of  both  works  by  Photius. 

Ctesias,  an  abstract  of  whose  works  is  preserved  by 
Photius,  is  very  frequently  quoted  by  ancient  authors. 
He  was  a Greek  physician  who  accompanied  the  expedi- 
tion led  against  Artaxerxes  by  his  brother,  the  younger 
Cyrus.  Though  a few  years  younger,  he  was  contempo- 
rary with  Herodotus : his  testimony  therefore  brings  the 
series  of  evidences  up  to  the  very  time  of  our  author. 
Ctesias,  having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Persians  at 
the  battle  of  Cunaxa,  was  detained  at  the  court  of  Arta- 
xerxes, as  physician,  during  seventeen  years;  and  it  seems 
that,  with  the  hope  of  recommending  himself  to  the  favour 
of  “ the  great  king,"  and  of  obtaining  his  own  freedom,  he 
undertook  to  compose  a history  of  Persia,  with  the  ex- 
press and  avowed  design  of  impeaching  the  authority  of 
Herodotus,  whom,  in  no  very  courteous  terms,  he  accuses 
of  many  falsifications.  The  jealousy  and  malice  of  a lit- 
tle mind  are  apparent  in  these  accusations.  Nothing  can 
be  much  more  inane  than  the  fragments  that  are  pre- 
served of  this  author’s  two  works  — his  History  of  Persia 
and  his  Indian  History ; yet,  though  possessing  little  in- 
trinsic value,  they  serve  an  important  purpose  in  furnish- 
ing very  explicit  evidence  of  the  genuineness  and  gen- 
eral authenticity  of  the  work  which  Ctesias  laboured  to 
depreciate.  If  the  account  given  by  Herodotus  of  Per- 
sian affairs  had  been  altogether  untrue,  his  rival  wanted 
neither  the  will  nor  the  means  to  expose  the  imposition. 
But  while,  like  Plutarch,  he  cavils  at  minor  points,  he 
leaves  the  substance  of  the  narrative  uncontradicted. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  287. 

Ctesibius  (te-sib'i-us).  [Gr.  K Ttjaifttos.']  Born 
at  Alexandria : lived  probably  about  250  b.  c. 
An  Alexandrian  physicist  noted  for  his  me- 
chanical inventions.  He  is  said  to  have  invented  a 
clepsydra,  a hydraulic  organ,  and  other  mechanical  con- 
trivances, and  to  have  first  applied  the  expansive  force 
of  air  as  a motive  power. 

Ctesiphon  (tes'i-fon).  [Gr.  Kn/otQ&v.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  of  Mesopotamia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tigris,  opposite  Seleucia,  20  miles 
southeast  of  Bagdad . It  was  one  of  the  chief  cit  ies  of 
the  Parthian  and  later  Persian  kingdoms.  Its  site  is  now 
occupied  by  ruins. 

What  encouragement  the  arts  found  from  his  [Chos- 
roes  I.]  patronage  we  may  learn  from  the  remains  of  the 
great  palace  he  erected  at  Ctesiphon.  . . . The  central 
arch  of  this  wonderful  structure  is  85  feet  high,  72  feet 
wide,  and  115  feet  deep.  Although  nothing  now  exists  of 
this  palace  but  the  facade,  we  may  judge  from  this  what 
must  have  been  the  size  and  beauty  of  the  structure  be- 
fore it  had  been  destroyed  by  time  and  war. 

Benjamin,  Story  of  Persia,  p.  231. 
Ctesiphon.  [Gr.  Kt ij<n<pZjv.']  Lived  in  the  4th 
century  b.  c.  An  Athenian  who  proposed  that 
Demosthenes  should  be  honored  with  a crown, 
and  for  this  was  prosecuted  by  Aeschines  and 
defended  by  Demosthenes.'  See  Crown,  Oration 
on  the. 

Cuaray  (kwa-ri').  [Tigua  name  of  central  New 
Mexico.]  A village  (pueblo)  of  Tigua  Indians, 
situated  in  Valencia  County,  New  Mexico,  on 
the  southern  edge  of  the  salt-basin  of  the  Man- 
Zano.  It  was  abandoned  in  1672  on  account  of  the  hos- 


295 

tility  of  the  Apaches.  The  ruins  of  a large  church  of  stone 
stand  by  the  side  of  those  of  the  village.  The  Mission  of 
Cuaray  was  founded  about  1640. 

Cuauhtemoc.  See  Guateniotzin. 

Cuba  (ku'ba;  Sp.  pron.  ko'ba).  [Of  native 

★origin.  See  Cubanacan.']  An  island  (the  lar- 
gest in  the  West  Indies)  situated  in  lat.  19° 
40'-23°  33'  N.,  long.  74°-85°  W.,  north  of  the 
Caribbean  Sea  and  southeast  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  It  is  separated  from  Florida  on  the  north 
by  the  Strait  of  Florida,  from  Haiti  on  the  east  by  the 
Windward  Passage,  and  from  Yucatan  on  the  west  by  the 
Channel  of  Y ucatan.  It  is  traversed  from  east  to  west  by 
mountains.  Its  leading  industries  are  the  raising  of  sugar 
and  tobacco.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  Spanish  and 
African  descent ; the  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic, and  the  prevailing  language  is  Spanish.  From  its  dis- 
covery until  1898  it  belonged  to  Spain,  forming  with  its 
dependencies  a captaincy-general,  and  sending,  after  1878, 
deputies  to  the  Spanish  Cortes.  Capital,  Havana.  It  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  October,  1492  (and  named  by 
him  Juana) ; was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1511 ; was 
held  by  the  English  1762-63 ; was  the  object  of  various 
filibustering  expeditions  from  1849 ; and  was  the  scene  of 
rebellions  1868-78  and  1895-98.  In  1898  it  was  freed  from 
Spanish  domination  by  the  act  of  the  United  States.  See 
Spanish- American  War.  It  was  proclaimed  a republic 
May  20,  1902.  Slavery  was  abolished  in  1880.  Length, 
730  miles.  Average  width,  50  miles.  Area,  45,883  square 
miles.  Population,  2,048,980,  including  the  Isle  of  Pines, 
and  other  smaller  islands. 

Cubanacan  (ko-bii-na-kan').  A region,  or  pos- 
sibly a village,  in  the  interior  of  Cuba : so  called 
by  the  Lucayan  Indians  who  were  with  Colum- 
bus when  he  discovered  the  island.  From  the  simi- 
larity of  sounds,  Columbus,  supposing  himself  to  be  on  the 
coast  of  Asia,  imagined  that  this  must  be  the  city  of  Ku- 
blai  Khan,  the  Tatar  sovereign  spoken  of  by  Marco  Polo. 

Cubango  (ko-bang'go),  or  Tonke  (ton'ke).  A 
river  in  Africa  which  flows  into  Lake  Ngami. 

Cubas,  Antonio  Garcia.  See  Garcia  Cubas. 

Cubillo  (ko-Bel'yo),  Alvaro  de  Aragon.  A 

Spanish  dramatic  poet,  born  in  Grenada  toward 
the  end  of  the  16th  century.  He  was  a volumi- 
nous writer  and  successful  dramatist. 

Cuchan  (ko-chan').  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  in  California  near  and  above  the 
junction  of  the  Gila  River  with  the  Colorado. 
They  are  attached  to  the  Yuma  agency  in  California, 
and  to  the  San  Carlos  agency  in  Arizona.  Also  called 
Yuma  or  Umah.  See  Yuman. 

Cuckoo  and  the  Nightingale,  The.  A poem 
which  appeared  in  the  printed  editions  of  Chau- 
cer of  the  16th  century.  When  first  printed  it 
had  following  it  a ballade  with  an  envoy.  There  is  no- 
thing to  indicate  that  they  are  by  the  same  person.  Tyr- 
whitt,  who  considered  the  poem  Chaucer's,  could  not 
accept  the  ballade.  The  weight  of  evidence  is  against 
Chaucer's  authorship  of  the  poem.  In  the  Bodleian  MS. 
it  is  called  “The  Boke  of  Cupide  God  of  Love";  another 
MS.  is  headed  “Liber  Cupidinis.”  It  is  based  on  a pop- 
ular superstition  that  he  will  be  happy  in  love  during 
the  year  who  hears  the  nightingale  before  he  hears  the 
cuckoo. 

Cucuta  (ko'ko-ta),  San  Jose  de.  A town  in 
Santander,  Colombia,  situated  about  lat.  7°  30' 
N.,  near  the  frontier  of  Venezuela-  Popula- 
tion, about  10,000. 

Cuddalore  (kud-da-lor'),  or  Gudalur.  A sea- 
port in  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pennar,  in 
lat.  11°  46'  N.,  long.  79°  46'  E.  it  was  taken  by 

the  French  in  1758,  by  the  English  in  1760,  and  retaken 
by  the  French  in  1782  ; was  the  scene  of  a repulse  of  the 
English  in  1783  ; and  was  finally  acquired  by  the  English 
in  1785. 

Cuddapah.  See  Eadapa. 

Cuddy  (kud'i).  1.  A shepherd  with  whom 
Colin  Clout  conducts  his  arguments  in  Spen- 
ser’s “Shepherd’s  Calendar.” — 2.  A shepherd 
in  love  with  Buxorna  in  Gay’s  “ Shepherd’s 
Week.” — 3.  The  name  given  to  an  ass  or  a 
donkey. 

Cudlip  (kud'lip)  Mrs.  (Annie  Thomas).  Born 
at  Aldborough,  Suffolk,  England,  Oct.  25, 1838. 
An  English  novelist,  she  married,  1867,  the  Rev. 
Pender  Hodge  Cudlip,  then  curate  of  Yealmpton,  later 
vicar  of  Sparkwell,  Devonshire.  Her  first  novel,  “The 
Cross  of  Honour,”  appeared  in  1863. 

Cudworth  (kud'werth),  Ralph.  Born  at  Alter, 
Somerset,  England,  1617 : died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  J une  26,  1688.  An  English  philoso- 
pher and  divine,  ne  became  in  1645  regius  professor 
of  Hebrew  at  Cambridge,  a position  which  he  retained 
until  his  death.  His  chief  works  are  “ True  Intellectual 
System  of  the  Universe”  (1678),  “Treatise  concerning 
Eternal  and  Immutable  Morality”  (1731). 

Cuenca  (kwan'ka).  1.  A province  in  New 
Castile,  Spain,  lying  between  Guadalajara  on 
the  north,  Teruel  and  Valencia  on  the  east, 
Albacete  on  the  south,  Ciudad  Real  and  To- 
ledo on  the  west,  and  Madrid  on  the  north- 
west. Area,  6,636  square  miles.  Population, 
249,696. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  above  province, 
situated  on  the  Jucar  in  lat.  40°  4'  N.,  long. 
2°  14'  W.  it  has  a celebrated  cathedral,  and  was  for- 
merly the  seat  of  silver  manufactures,  and  noted  in  lit- 


Culenborg 

erature.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Carlists  in  1874.  Most  of 
the  interior  of  the  cathedral  is  of  early-Pointed  architec- 
ture, with  finely  sculptured  capitals,  two  rose-windows 
in  the  transepts,  and  much  good  glass.  The  Chapels  and 
furniture  are  of  Renaissance  work.  Jasper  of  great  beauty 
and  variety  is  profusely  used  for  ornament.  Population, 
11,424. 

3.  The  capital  of  Azuay,  Ecuador,  situated  in 
lat.  2°  50'  S.,  long.  79°  10'  W.  It  contains  a 
cathedral.  Properly  Santa  Ana  de  Cuenca. 
Population,  about  30,000. 

Cuernavaca  (kwer-na-va'ka).  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Morelos,  Mexico,  47  miles  south  of 
the  city  Of  Mexico.  It  was  an  ancient  Indian  town, 
was  captured  by  Cortes  before  the  siege  of  Mexico,  and 
became  his  favorite  residence.  The  emperor  Maximilian 
had  a country-seat  here.  Population,  12,668,  (1910). 

Cueva,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la.  See  Fer- 
nandez de  la  Cueva. 

Cueva  Henriquez  Arias  de  Saavedra  (kwa'va 
en-re'keth  a're-as  da  sa-a-va'Dra),  Baltazar 
de  la,  Count  of  Castellar  and  Marquis  of  Mala- 
gon.  Born  at  Madrid,  1626 : died  there,  April  3, 
1686.  A younger  son  of  the  seventh  Duke  of 
Albuquerque.  His  titles  came  to  him  by  marriage. 
He  held  various  important  posts,  was  ambassador  to  Ger- 
many, councilor  of  state  and  afterward  of  the  Indies,  and 
from  Aug.,  1674,  to  July,  1678,  viceroy  of  Peru,  Chile,  and 
Tierra  Firme.  His  rule  was  prosperous,  and  he  remitted 
large  surplus  revenues  to  Spain  ; but  an  attempt  to  relax 
the  commercial  monopolies  caused  an  outcry  against  him. 
He  was  ordered  to  turn  over  the  government  to  the  Bishop 
of  Lima,  and  was  held  in  light  captivity  during  nearly  two 
years  while  the  charges  against  him  were  tried.  In  the 
end  he  was  exonerated,  returned  to  Spain,  and  resumed 
his  seat  in  the  Indian  council  untU  his  death. 

Cueva  (kwa'va),  Juan  de  la.  Born  at  Seville, 
Spain,  about  1550:  died  about  1608.  A Spanish 
poet.  His  works  include  “Primera  parte  de  las  come- 
dias  y tragedias  ” (1583-88),  “ La  conquista  de  la  B(-tica  ” 
(1603),  “Ejemplar  poetico (1605). 

Cuevas  de  Vera  (kwa'vas  da  va'ra).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Almeria,  Spain.  Popula- 
tion, 20,562. 

Cufa  (ko'fa).  In  medieval  history,  a city  on 
the  Euphrates,  near  Ctesiphon : a leading  city 
of  the  califate  in  the  7th  and  8th  centuries. 
Cuffey.  A name  given  to  negroes. 

Cugerni.  See  Gugerni. 

Cuicatlcin  (kwe-kat-lan').  A river  in  south- 
ern Mexico,  in  the  state  of  Oajaca;  the  Rfb 
Grande  de  Cuicatlan. 

Cuicatecos  (kwe-ka-ta'kos).  [From  Nahuatl 
Cuicatl,  a song.]  A native  tribe  of  the  pres- 
ent state  of  Oaxaca  in  Mexico.  They  speak  a 
language  distinct  from  the  Nahuatl. 
Cuitlahuatzin  (kwet-la-wat-zen'),  or  Citla- 
huatzin.  Born  about  1470 : died  at  Mexico, 
Sept,  or  Oct.,  1520.  A brother  of  Montezuma. 
After  Montezuma  had  been  seized  by  the  Spaniards  (1520), 
Cuitlahuatzin  was  for  a time  in  their  power.  He  was 
elected  war-chief  before  the  death  of  Montezuma,  and  im- 
mediately organized  an  attack  on  the  Spanish  quarters,  in 
which  Montezuma  himself  was  killed.  Cuitlahuatzin 
directed  the  Aztec  forces  during  the  Spanish  retreat,  and 
soon  after  was  elected  in  Montezuma's  place.  He  died  of 
a pestilence  a few  weeks  after. 

Cujacius  (ku-ja'shius)  (Jacques  de  Cujas). 
Born  at  Toulouse,  France,  1522:  died  at  Bour- 
ges, France,  Oct.  4, 1590.  A celebrated  French 
jurist.  He  studied  under  Arnaud  Ferrier  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Toulouse,  where  in  1547  he  began  a course  of 
instruction  on  the  Institutes  of  Justinian.  In  1555  he 
was  caUed  to  the  University  of  Bourges,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Valence  in  1557.  After  several  changes  he 
returned  in  1577  to  Bourges,  where  he  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the  Institutes  of 
Justinian,  the  Pandects  and  Decretals,  including  emen- 
dations of  the  text  of  legal  and  other  manuscripts,  under 
the  title  of  “ Observationes  et  emendationes.”  An  incom- 
plete collection  of  his  writings,  edited  by  himself,  was 
published  in  1577.  The  first  complete  edition  was  pub- 
lished by  Fabrot  in  1658. 

Cujas  (kii-zhas'),  Jacques  de.  See  Cujacius. 
Cujavia  (ku-ja/vi-a).  A division  of  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Poland,  situated  north  and  east  of 
Great  Poland  and  west  of  Masovia.  It  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  Vistula,  south  and  west  of  Thorn.  It 
belongs  partly  to  Prussia  and  partly  to  Russian  Poland. 
It  was  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Poland  early  in  the 
14th  century. 

Culdee  (kul'de).  [From  ML.  Culdei,  pi.,  also  in 
accom.  form  Colidei,  as  if  ‘ worshipers  of  God  ’ 
(from  L.  colere,  worship,  and  deus,  a god) ; also, 
more  exactly,  Keldei,  Keledei,  from  Ir.  ceilede 
(=  Gael,  cuilteach),  a Culdee,  appar.  from  ceile, 
servant,  and  De,  of  God,  gen.  of  Dia,  God.]  A 
member  of  a fraternity  of  priests,  constituting 
an  irregular  monastic  order,  existing  in  Scot- 
land, and  in  smaller  numbers  in  Ireland  and 
Wales,  from  the  9th  or  10th  to  the  14th  or  15th 
century. 

Culebra  (ko-la'bra).  [Sp./ snake.’]  A valley 
in  northern  New  Mexico,  near  the  confines  of 
Colorado ; also,  the  surrounding  mountains. 
Culenborg.  See  Kuilenburg. 


Culiacan 

Ouliacan  (ko-le-a-kan').  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  river 
of  the  same  name,  in  lat.  24°  50'  N.,  long.  107° 
20'  W.,  on  the  site  of  the  Aztec  city  Hucieol- 
huacan.  Population,  13,578,  (1910). 

Cullen  (kul'en).  A town  in  Banffshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  Moray  Firth. 

Cullen,  Paul.  Born  in  County  Kildare,  Ireland, 
April  27,  1803  : died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  24,  1878. 
An  Irish  prelate,  appointed  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh in  1849,  of  Dublin  in  1852,  and  cardinal 
priest  in  1866. 

Cullen,  William.  Born  at  Hamilton,  Scotland, 
April  15,  1710 : died  near  Edinburgh,  Feb.  5, 
1790.  A Scottish  physician  and  chemist. 
Cullera  (kol-ya'ra).  A port  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Jucar  23 
miles  south-southeast  of  Valencia.  Popula- 
tion, 11,947. 

Culloden  (ku-16'den),  or  Drummossie  (drurn- 
mos'i),  Moor.  A moor  about  5 miles  east  of 
Inverness,  Scotland.  Here,  April  ie  (O.  s.),  27  (N.  s.), 
1746,theRoyalists  (about  10,000)  under  the Duke  of  Cumber- 
land  defeated  the  Highlanders  (about  (5,000)  under  Charles 
Edward,  the  Young  Pretender. 

Cullum  (kul'um),  George  Washington.  Born 
at  New  York,  Feb.  25,  1809 : died  there,  Feb, 
28,  1892.  An  American  soldier  and  military 
writer.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  in  1833,  and  entered  the  engineer  corps; 
was  employed  in  a number  of  engineering  operations  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  including  the  fortification  of  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  in  1864 ; and  was  superintendent  of  the 
United  States  Military  Academy  Sept.  8,  1864,  to  Aug.  28, 
1866.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  March  13,  1865. 
He  published  “ Biographical  Register  of  the  Officers  and 
Graduates  of  theUnited  States  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point " (1868). 

Cully  (kul'i),  Sir  Nicholas.  A foolish,  gulli- 
ble knight  in  Etherege’s  comedy  “The  Comi- 
cal Revenge,  or  Love  in  a Tub.” 

Culm.  See  Kulm. 

Culpeper  (kul'pep-er),  John.  A colonial  poli- 
tician. He  headed  an  insurrection  in  North  Carolina  in 
1678,  which  deposed  the  president  and  deputies  of  the  pro- 
prietaries, and  established  a new  government. 

Culpeper,  or  Colepeper.  Lord  Thomas.  Died 
in  England  in  1719.  A colonial  governor  of 
Virginia.  In  conjunction  with  Lord  Arlington  he  re- 
ceived in  1673  from  Charles  II.  a grant  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  of  which  he  acted  as  governor  1680-83. 

Culpeper,  or  Fairfax.  The  capital  of  Culpeper 
County,  Virginia,  62  miles  west-southwest  of 
Washington.  Population,  1,795,  (1910). 
Culprit  Fay,  The.  A poem  by  Joseph  Rodman 
Drake,  written  in  1810.  It  relates  the  adven- 
tures of  a fairy  who  expiates  his  sin  in  loving  a 
mortal  maid. 

Culross  (kul-ros').  A village  in  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  near 
Dunfermline. 

Cumae  (ku'me).  [Gr.  Kv/ar/,  Kov/icu.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  on  the  coast  of  Campania, 
Italy,  10  miles  west  of  Naples.  It  was  founded  by 
a Greek  colony  from  Cyme,  in  Euboea,  about  1000  B.  c., 
was  one  of  the  chief  Greek  cities  of  Italy  until  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c.,  and  became  a Roman  municipium  in  338  B.  c.  It 
contained  the  cavern  of  the  “Cumseau  Sibyl,"  and  has 
some  remnants  of  antiquity,  including  a Roman  amphi- 
theater, imperfectly  excavated,  but  displaying  21  tiers  of 
seats.  The  axes  of  the  greater  ellipse  are  315  and  255  feet, 
of  the  arena  240  and  180  feet.  Its  inhabitants  founded 
Naples  and  Pozzuoli. 

The  very  precise  statement  of  Eusebius,  who  assigns  the 
foundation  of  Cumae  to  the  year  1050  B.  c.,  cannot  perhaps 
be  accepted  as  historical,  hut  there  is  no  reason  for  dis- 
trusting the  tradition  recorded  by  Strabo  that  Cumae  was 
the  earliest  Greek  settlement  in  either  Sicily  or  Italy. 

I.  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  133. 

Cumana  (ko-ma-na'),  or  Santa  lues  de  Cu- 
mana (san'ta,  e-nes'  da  ko-ma-na').  A seaport 
in  Sucre,  Venezuela,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Manzanares,  in  lat.  10°  27'  N.,  long. 
64°  11'  W . Cumana  was  founded  by  missionaries  in  1512, 
abandoned  and  refounded  in  1523  (as  Toledo  laNueva), 
and  is  the  oldest  European  city  in  South  America.  It 
has  suffered  greatly  from  earthquakes.  Population,  12,- 
057. 

Cumanas  (kd-ina-nas'),  Cumanagotos  (ko-ma- 
na-go'toz),  or  Cumanacotos.  An  Indian  tribe 
of  northern  Venezuela,  dwelling  to  the  west  of 
CumaniL  They  formerly  occupied  several  hundred 
miles  of  the  coast,  including  Ctimand,  and  extended  inland 
among  the  mountains.  Much  of  the  earlier  history  of 
Venezuela  consists  of  the  efforts  of  the  missionaries  to 
civilize  these  Indians,  and  their  struggles  with  the  Spanish 
slave-hunters.  The  Cumanas  were  related  by  language  to 
the  Carib  stock,  had  fixed  villages,  practised  agriculture, 
and  were  bold  and  skilful  warriors.  Most  of  them  are 
now  civilized,  and  have  been  merged  in  the  country  popu- 
lation of  Venezuela. 

Cumania  (ku-ma'ni-a),  or  Rumania  (ko-ma'- 
ni-a),  Great.  A district  in  Hungary,  beyond 
the  Theiss,now  included  in  the  county  Jazygien- 
Gross-Kumanien-Szolnok. 


296 

Cumania,  Little.  A district  of  Hungary,  this 
side  the  Theiss,  comprising  several  detached 
divisions,  now  included  in  the  county  Pest- 
Pilis-S61t-Klein-Kumanien. 

Cumans  (ku'manz).  A Ugric  tribe  which  in- 
vaded Hungary  in  the  11th  (?)  century,  it  was 
subdued  and  Christianized  by  the  Hungarians  in  the  I3th 
century,  and  is  now  Magyarized. 

Cumberland  (kum'ber-land).  1.  A county  in 
northwestern  England,  lying  between  Solway 
Firth  and  Scotland  on  the  north,  Northumber- 
land and  Durham  on  the  east,  Westmoreland 
and  Lancashire  on  the  southeast  and  south, 
and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west,  its  surface  is  moun- 
famous  in  the  southwest  and  east,  and  low  in  the  north. 
The  southwestern  district  is  celebrated  for  its  picturesque 
scenery  (Lakes  Ullswater,  Bassenthwaite,  Derwentwater, 
Thirlmere,  etc.).  It  has  mines  of  lead,  iron,  coal,  plumbago, 
and  other  minerals.  Capital,  Carlisle.  Area  (ad.  co.), 
1,520  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  2(50,933. 

2.  The  capital  of  Alleghany  County,  Maryland, 
situated  on  the  Potomac  in  lat.  39°  39'  N., 
long.  78°  47'  W.  The  Cumberland  coal  region  lies  to 
the  west.  The  city  has  some  trade,  and  manufactures  of 
iron  and  glass.  Population,  21,839,  (1910). 

3.  A southern  tributary  ot  the  Ohio,  it  rises  in 
the  Cumberland  Mountains,  in  eastern  Kentucky,  flows 
through  Kentucky  and  Middle  Tennessee,  reenters  Ken- 
tucky, and  joins  the  Ohio  at  Smithland,  43  miles  east  of 
Cairo.  Length,  about  650  miles ; navigable  to  Nashville, 
(nearly  200  miles). 

Cumberland,  Army  of  tbe.  A Union  army  in 
the  American  Civil  War.  it  was  organized  in  1861 
by  Don  Carlos  Buell,  commander  of  the  department  of  the 
Ohio,  and  was  originally  known  as  the  Army  of  the  Ohio. 
On  the  erection  of  the  department  of  the  Cumberland,  Oct. 
24,  1862,  under  the  command  of  W.  S.  Rosecrans,  it  was 
transferred  to  that  department,  and  was  renamed  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland.  Rosecrans  relieved  Buell  of  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  Oct.  30,  1862; 
took  up  his  headquarters  in  Nashville,  Tennessee,  in  Nov., 
1862 ; defeated  Bragg  at  Stone  Paver,  Dee.  31-Jan.  3, 1862- 
1863  (which  gave  him  possession  of  Murfre  sboro) ; drove 
Bragg  from  Middle  Tennessee  in  a nine  days’  campaign 
around  Tullahoma,  June 24- July  3, 1863  ; and  was  defeated 
by  Bragg  at  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19-20, 1863.  The  depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland  was  made  part  of  the  military 
division  of  the  Mississippi,  under  command  of  General 
Grant,  in  Oct.,  1863,  when  Rosecrans  was  relieved  of  com- 
fnand  by  George  H.  Thomas,  and  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland ceased  to  be  an  independent  command. 

Cumberland,  Duke  of.  See  Ernst  August,  King 
of  Hannover. 

Cumberland,  Duke  of,  William  Augustus. 

Born  at  London,  April  15,  1721 ; died  at  Wind- 
sor, England,  Oct.  31,  1765.  An  English  gen- 
eral, younger  son  of  George  II.  He  fought  at  Det- 
tingen  in  1743 ; commanded  at  Fontenoy  in  1746,  uud  at 
Culloden  in  1746 ; was  defeated  at  Lawfeld  in  3747,  and  at 
Hastenbeck  in  1757  ; and  concluded  the  Couvention  of 
Closter-Seven  in  17  7. 

Cumberland,  Prince  of.  The  title  formerly 
bestowed  on  the  successor  to  the  crown  of  Scot- 
land when  declared  in  the  king’s  lifetime.  The 
crown  was  originally  not  hereditary.  The  title  is  given  to 
Malcolm  in  “ Macbeth  ” by  his  father  Duncan. 

Cumberland,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  July 
15,  1631:  died  at  Peterborough,  England,  Oct. 
9,  1718.  An  English  divine  and  moral  philoso- 
pher. His  chief  work  is  “ De  legibus  naturae,” 
etc.  (1672). 

Cumberland,  Richard.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
England,  Feb.  19,  1732:  died  at  Tunbridge 
Wells,  May  7,  1811.  An  English  dramatist, 
great-grandson  of  Richard  Cumberland.  His 
plays  include  “ The  Brothers  " (1769),  “ The  West-Indian  ” 
(1771),  “The  Fashionable  Lover”  (1772),  “The  Wheel  of 
Fortune  ” (1795),  etc. 

Cumberland,  The.  A United  States  sloop  of  30 

guns.  She  was  sunk  by  the  Confederate  iron-clad  ram 
Merrimac  (Virginia)  on  March  8,  1862,  off  Newport  News, 
Hampton  Roads,  Virginia.  She  went  down  with  all  on 
board  and  her  colors  flying,  and  most  of  her  crew  perished. 
Her  commander  was  Lieutenant  George  U.  Morris. 

Cumberland  Gap.  A pass  in  the  Cumberland 
Mountains,  situated  on  the  border  between 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  45  miles  northeast  of 
Knoxville.  It  was  an  important  strategic  point 
in  theCivilWar.  El.,  1,315 feet  (L.&N.R.R.). 

Cumberland  Mountains.  A range  in  the  Ap- 
palachian system,  separating  Kentucky  from 
Virginia,  and  extending  southwesterly  through 
eastern  Tennessee.  Width,  about  50  miles. 
The  region  is  rich  in  minerals. 

Cumberland  Peninsula.  The  eastern  part  of 
Baffin  Land,  in  the  Arctic  regions,  bordering 
on  Davis  Strait. 

Gumbrae,  or  Cumbray  (kum-bra'),  Great  and 
Little.  Two  islands  belonging  to  Buteshire, 
Scotland,  situated  in  tbe  Firth  of  Clyde  south- 
east of  Bute. 

Cumbre  Pass.  See  TJspallata  Pass. 

Cumbria  (kum'bri-a).  In  early  British  history, 
the  Cymric  lands  between  the  Clyde  and  the 
Ribble,  in  the  west  of  the  island ; or,  the  south- 
ern portion  of  that  region. 


Cunningham 

Gumming  (kum'ing),  John.  Born  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland,  Nov.  10, 1807 : died  at  London, 
July  5, 1881.  A Scottish  clergyman  and  writer. 
His  works  include  “Apocalyptic  Sketches”  (1849),  “The 
Great  Tribulation  ”(1869), “Destiny  of  Nations  ”(1864), etc. 

Cumming,  Roualeyn  George  Gordon-.  Born 
March  15,  1820 : died  at  Fort  Augustus,  Inver- 
ness, Scotland,  March  24,  1866.  A Scottish 
traveler  and  sportsman,  surnamed  “the  Lion- 
hunter.”  He  lived  in  South  Africa  1843-48,  and  wrote 
"Five  Years  of  a Hunter's  Life  in  the  Far  Interior  of  South 
Africa  ” (1850). 

Cummins  (kum'inz), George  David.  Born  near 
Smyrna,  Del.,  Dec.  11,  1822:  died  at  Luther- 
ville, Md.,  June  26, 1876.  An  American  clergy- 
man. He  left  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  1873, 
and  became  the  first  bishop  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal 
Church. 

Cummins,  Maria  Susanna.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  April  9,  1827 : died  at  Dorchester,  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  1,  1866.  An  American  novelist.  She 
wrote  “The  Lamplighter”  (1853),  etc. 
Cumnock  (kum'uok ; local  pron.  kum'nok),  Old. 
A town  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland. 

Cumnor  Hall  (kmn'nqr  hal).  An  old  manor- 
house  in  the  environs  of  Oxford,  now  destroyed. 
Scott  made  it  famous  as  Cumnor  Place  in  “Kenilworth." 
W.  J.  Meickle  wrote  a ballad  called  “Cumnor  Hall,’' which 
is  a lament  for  Amy  Robsart. 

Cunard  (ku-nard'),  Sir  Samuel.  Born  at  Hali- 
fax, Nova  Scotia,  1787 : died  at  London,  April 
28,  1865.  A civil  engineer  and  merchant, 
founder  of  the  Cunard  line  of  steamships.  The 
first  voyage  was  made  by  the  Britannia  from  Liverpool 
to  Boston,  July  4-19,  1840.  Cunard  was  made  a baronet 
in  1859. 

Cunaxa  (ku-nak'sa).  [Gr.  K ovva^a.\  In  ancient 
geography,  a place  near  the  Euphrates,  prob- 
ably about  75  miles  northwest  of  Babylon. 
Here,  401  B.  c.,  a battle  took  place  between  Artaxerxes, 
king  of  Persia  (with  400,000-1,000,000  men),  and  Cyrus 
the  younger  (with  100,000  Asiatics  aided  by  l:',000  Greeks). 
Cyrus  was  defeated  and  slain  ; the  Greek  contingent  was 
successful.  See  Anabasis. 

Cunctator  (kungk-ta'tor).  [L.,  ‘the  delayer.’] 
A surname  of  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus,  given 
him  on  account  of  his  cautious  military  tactics 
against  Hannibal. 

Cundinamarca  (kon-de-na-mar'ka).  A depart- 
ment in  the  eastern  central  part  of  Colombia. 
Capital,  Bogot4.  It  is  in  part  an  elevated  plateau 
with  a temperate  climate. 

Cundwali.  idee  Khandwa. 

Cun  ego  (ko-na'g5),  Domenico.  Bom  at  Verona, 
Italy,  1727 : died  at  Rome  in  1794.  An  Italian 
engraver.  His  most  noted  work  is  an  engraving  of 
Michelangelo’s  “Last  Judgment.” 

Cunegond  (G.  Kunigunde),  Saint.  Died  March 
3, 1038.  Wife  of  the  emperor  Henry  II.  According 
to  the  legend  she  disproved  a charge  of  conjugal  infidelity 
by  passing  unhurt  through  an  ordeal  of  fire.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband  in  1024  she  retired  to  the  cloister  of 
Kaufungen,  nearCassel. 

Cunegonde  (kii-na-gond').  In  Voltaire’s  novel 
“Candide,”  the  priestess  of  Candide. 

Cunene  (ko-na'ne).  A river  in  western  Africa 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  of  Cape 
Frio.  Length,  about  600  miles  (?). 

Cuneo  (ko-na/o).  A province  in  Piedmont, 
Italy.  Area,  2,868  square  miles.  Population, 
660,868. 

Cuneo,  or  Coni  (ko'ne).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Gesso  and  Stura  in  lat.  44°  24'  N., 
long.  7°  32'  E.  It  was  founded  about  1120. 
Population,  commune,  27,065. 

Cimha  Barbosa  (kon'ya  bar-bo'za),  Januario. 
Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  July  10, 1780:  died  there, 
Feb.  22,  1846.  A Brazilian  priest,  author,  and 
politician.  He  was  a renowned  pulpit  orator,  and  taught 
philosophy  w’th  success.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest 
advocates  of  Brazilian  independence ; was  several  times 
chosen  deputy;  edited  the  government  journal;  wasdirec- 
tor  of  the  national  library,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Instituto  Historico  e Geographico ; and  was  widely  known 
as  a journalist  and  a poet,  generally  in  the  satirical  vein.  His 
best-known  poems  are  “Nicteroy  ” and  “ Garimpeiros.” 

Cunha  Mattos  (kon'ya  mat'tos),  Raymundo 
Jose  da.  Born  at  Faro,  Algarve,  Portugal, 
Nov.  2,  1776:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  March  2, 
1839.  A Portuguese-Brazilian  soldier  and  au- 
thor. He  joined  an  artillery  regiment  in  1790 ; served 
under  General  Forbes  in  the  Roussillon  campaign ; was 
stationed  on  the  island  of  Sao  Thomd,  near  the  African 
coast,  1798-1816 ; and  wrent  to  Brazil  in  1817.  He  became 
field-marshal  in  1834.  He  published  accounts  of  his  travels 
in  Brazil ; historical  works  on  Sao  Thomd,  Minas  Geraes, 
and  Goyaz ; a digest  of  military  law ; an  account  of  the 
attack  and  defense  of  the  city  of  Porto;  and  many  papers 
and  maps,  all  of  great  value.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Brazilian  instituto  Historico  e Geographico. 

Cunningham  (kun'ing-am),  or  Cunninghame. 

The  northern  division  of  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
north  of  the  Irvine. 


Cunningham,  Sir  Alexander 

Cunningham  (kun'ing-am),  Sir  Alexander. 

Born  Jan.  23,  1814:  died  Nov.  28,  1893.  An 
English  military  engineer  and  archaeologist, 
son  of  Allan  Cunningham.  He  served  in  India 
1834-85.  His  works  include  “ An  Essay  on  the  Arian  Or- 
der of  Architecture  ’’  (1846),  “ Ladali,  Physical,  Statistical, 
and  Historical”  (1846),  “Book  of  Indian  Eras"  (1883),  etc. 

Cunningham,  Allan.  Born  at  Keir,  Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  Dec.  7,  1784 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  30,  1842.  A Scottish  poet  and  gen- 
eral writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a stone-mason  ; 
went  to  London  in  1810,  and  became  a reporter  and  a writer 
on  the  “ Literary  Gazette”;  and  in  1814  became  secretary 
to  the  sculptor  Chantrey,  a position  which  he  retained 
until  his  death.  He  wrote  “ Traditional  Tales  of  the 
Peasantry  ” (1822),  “The  Songs  of  Scotland,  Ancient  and 
Modern " (1825),  “ Lives  of  the  Most  Eminent  British 
Painters,  Sculptors,  and  Architects”  (1829-33),  several 
romances,  etc. 

Cunningham,  Peter.  Born  at  London,  April 
1,  1816:  died  at  St.  Albans,  England,  May  18, 
1869.  An  English  antiquary  and  litterateur, 
son  of  Allan  Cunningham.  Hewrote  a “Handbook 
of  London”  (1849),  and  edited  the  works  of  Drummond, 
Goldsmith,  etc. 

Cunningham,  William.  Born  at  Hamilton, 
Scotland,  Oct.  2,  1805 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
14, 1861.  A Scottish  clergyman  and  theologian, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Free  Church.  He  be- 
came professor  of  theology  in  the  Free  Church  College  in 
1843,  professor  of  church  history  in  1845,  and  principal  in 
1847.  He  wrote  “Historic  Theology  ”(1862),  etc. 

Cunobeline  (ku'no-be-lin),  or  Cunobelijxus 

(-li'nus).  A semi-mythical  king  of  the  Silures, 
the  father  of  Caractacus.  He  is  often  confused  with 
Cymbeline,  whose  adventures  are  related  by  Shakspere, 
who  borrowed  the  name  from  Holinshed. 

Cuntisuyu  (kon'te-so'yo),  or  Conde-suyu 
(kon'de-so'yo).  The  western  quarter  of  the 
regions  controlled  by  the  Incas,  extending  from 
Cuzco  west  and  southwest  to  the  coast,  it  de- 

rived  its  name  from  Cunti,  a small  region  just  west  of 
Cuzco,  which  was  early  conquered  by  the  Incas. 

Cup  (kup),  The.  A poetical  drama  by  Lord 
Tennyson,  brought  out  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre, 
London,  in  1881. 

Cupar  (ko'par),  or  Cupar-Fife  (-fif ).  A town, 
the  capital  of  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  Eden  27  miles  north  of  Edinburgh.  Popu- 
lation, 4,483. 

Cupid  (kfi'pid).  [L.  Cupido,  a personification 
of  cupido  ( cupidin -),  desire,  passion,  from  cu- 
pere,  desire.]  In  Roman  mythology,  the  god 
of  love,  identified  with  the  Greek  Eros,  the  son 
of  Hermes  (Mercury)  and  Aphrodite  (Venus). 
He  is  generally  represented  as  a beautiful  boy  with  wings, 
carrying  a bow  and  a quiver  of  arrows,  and  is  often  spoken 
of  as  blind  or  blindfolded.  The  name  is  often  given  in 
art.  to  figures  of  children,  with  or  without  wings,  intro- 
duced, sometimes  in  considerable  number,  as  a motive  of 
decoration,  and  with  little  or  no  mythological  allusion. 

Cupid,  The  Letter  of.  A poem  by  Hoceleve 
(Occleve)  dated  1402,  two  years  after  Chaucer's 
death:  attributed  in  the  1532  edition  to  Chau- 
cer. 

Cupid  and  Psyche  (sl'ke).  An  episode  in  the 
‘ ‘ Golden  Ass  ” of  Apuleius.  The  beauty  of  Psyche, 
the  youngest  of  three  daughters  of  a certain  king,  and  the 
homage  paid  to  it,  arouse  the  wrath  of  Venus,  who  com- 
mands Cupid  to  avenge  her.  In  the  attempt  he  falls  in 
love  with  Psyche  : she  is  borne  to  a lovely  valley  where 
every  night  Cupid,  always  invisible,  visits  her  and  com- 
mands her  not  to  attempt  to  see  him.  Urged  by  her  sis- 
ters and  by  her  own  curiosity,  she  violates  this  command, 
and  is  abandoned  by  the  god.  After  toilsome  wanderings 
in  search  of  her  lover,  and  many  sufferings,  she  is  endowed 
with  immortality  by  Jupiter  and  united  to  Cupid  forever. 

Whatever  may  be  the  concealed  meaning  of  the  alle- 
gory, the  story  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  is  certainly  a beautiful 
fiction.  Of  this,  the  number  of  translations  and  imita- 
tions may  be  considered  as  a proof.  Mr.  Rose,  in  the 
notes  to  his  version  of  Partenopex  de  Blois,  has  pointed 
out  its  striking  resemblance  to  that  romance,  as  also 
to  the  Three  Calendars,  and  to  one  of  the  Persian  Tales. 
The  prohibition  of  Cupid,  and  the  transgression  of  Psyche, 
has  suggested  the  Serpentin  Vert  of  Mad.  d’Aulnoy ; in- 
deed the  labours  to  which  Psyche  is  subjected  seem  to 
be  the  origin  of  all  fairy  tales,  particularly  Gracieuse  et 
Percinet.  The  whole  story  has  also  been  beautifully  versi- 
fied by  Marino  in  his  poem  l'Adone.  Cupid  is  introduced 
in  the  fourth  book  relating  it  for  the  amusem  ent  of  Adonis, 
and  he  tells  it  in  such  a manner  as  to  form  the  most  pleas- 
ing episode  of  that  delightful  poem.  I need  not  mention 
the  well-known  imitation  by  Fontaine,  nor  the  drama  of 
Psyche,  which  was  performed  with  the  utmost  magnifi- 
cence at  Paris  in  1670,  and  is  usually  published  in  the 
works  of  Moli&re,  but  was  in  fact  the  effort  of  the  united 
genius  of  that  author,  Corneille,  Quinault,  and  Lulli.  Nor 
have  the  fine  arts  less  contributed  to  the  embellishment 
of  this  fable : the  marriage  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  has  fur- 
nished Raphael  with  a series  of  paintings  which  are 
among  the  finest  of  his  works,  and  which  adorn  the  walls 
of  the  Famese  Palace  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  110. 

Cupid  and  Psyche.  An  antique  copy  in  mar- 
ble, in  the  Capitol,  Rome,  of  a Greek  original 
of  Hellenistic  date,  representing  a boy  and  a 
girl  embracing.  Cupid  is  nude,  Psyche  draped 
from  the  hips  down. 

VI.  11 


297 

Cupid  in  Waiting.  A comedy  by  William 
Blanchard  Jerrold,  produced  July  17,  1871. 

Cupid’s  Revenge.  A play  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher.  It  was  acted  in  1612,  and  published  in  1615. 
It  was  attributed,  but  wrongly,  to  Fletcher  alone.  Fleay 
thinks  that  N.  Field  also  assisted  in  it.  It  resembles  Sid- 
ney’s “Arcadia”  in  some  respects. 

Cura  (ko'ra),  Ciudad  de  or  Villa  de.  A town 
in  northern  Venezuela,  southwest  of  Caracas. 

Curasao  (ko-ra-sa/o),  or  Curazao,  or  Curaqoa 

(ko-ra-so'a).  1.  An  island  of  the  Dutch  West 
Indies,  situated  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  north  of 
Venezuela,  in  lat.  12°  20'  N.,  long.  69°  W.  it 
exports  salt,  and  gives  its  name  to  a liqueur.  It  was 
settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1527,  and  was  taken  by  the 
Dutch  in  1634.  Area,  212  square  miles.  Population,  30,- 
883. 

2.  A Dutch  colony,  comprising  all  the  Dutch 
Antilles.  Capital, Willemstad.  Area, 403  square 
miles.  Population,  52,088. 

Curan  (kur'an).  In  Shakspere’s  “King Lear,” 
a courtier. 

Curate  of  Los  Palacios  (los  pa-la'the-os).  The 
Spanish  historian  Andres  Bernaldez. 

Curci  (kor'che),  Carlo  Maria.  Born  at  Na- 
ples, Sept.  4,  1809:  died  at  Villa  Careggi,  near 
Florence,  June  8,  1891.  A Roman  Catholic 
theologian  and  writer  on  church  politics.  He 
entered  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  in  1826,  and  wa3  editor  of 
the  “Civiltk  cattolica”  1850-53.  He  was  in  1877  expelled 
from  his  order  on  account  of  liis  opposition  to  the  policy 
of  the  Pope  toward  the  Italian  government.  He  subse- 
quently recanted,  however,  and  was  restored  to  member- 
ship in  the  order.  He  published  “ Lezioni  esegetiche  e 
morali  sopra  i quattro  evangeli " (1874-76),  “ II  moderno 
dissidio  tra  la  Chiesa  e l’ltalia  ” (1877),  “La  nuova  Italia 
ed  i vecchi  zelanti  ” (1881),  etc. 

Cure  de  Meudon  (kii-ra/  de  me-ddh'),  Le.  A 
name  often  given  to  Rabelais.  He  had  a charge 
at  Meudon  in  his  later  years. 

Cure  for  a Cuckold.  A play  by  Webster,  as- 
sisted by  Rowley,  published  in  1661.  {Ward.) 
Fleay  thinks  it  was  probably  by  Middleton  and 
Rowley. 

Cures  (ku'rez).  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of 
the  Sabines,  24  miles  northeast  of  Rome,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  modern  Correse : a legendary 
city  of  Numa  and  Tatius. 

Curetes  (ku-re'tez).  In  Greek  mythology,  at- 
tendants of  Zeus,  properly  in  Crete:  often 
wrongly  identified  with  the  Corybantes,  the  Ca- 
biri,  etc. 

Cureton  (kur'ton),  William.  Born  at  West- 
bury,  Shropshire,  England,  1808:  died  June 
17,  1864.  An  English  Orientalist.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  a position  in  the  Bodleian  Library  in  1$34  ; un- 
dertook the  cataloguing  of  Arabic  books  and  MSS.  in  the 
British  Museum  in  1837  (the  .first  part  of  the  catalogue 
appeared  in  1846) ; and  became  chaplain  to  the  queen  in 
1847,  and  canon  of  W estminster  and  pastor  of  St.  Marga- 
ret’s in  1849.  He  is  best  known  from  his  work  in  classify- 
ing and,  in  part,  editing  the  important  collection  of  Syriac 
MSS.  obtained  by  the  British  Museum  from  the  monas- 
teries of  Nitria  1841-43.  His  most  important  discovery 
was  a MS.  of  the  “Epistles  of  Ignatius  to  Polycarp,” 
which  he  edited  in  1845.  He  also  discovered  parts  of  a 
Syriac  version  of  the  gospels,  differing  from  the  Peshito 
version,  and  now  known  as  the  “ Curetonian  Gospels.” 

Curiatii  (ku-ri-a'shi-i).  In  Roman  legend, 
three  brothers  from  Alba  Longa,  who  fought 
against  the  three  Horatii.  See  Horatii. 

Curicaneha  (ko-re-kan  'eha) , or  Coricancha  ( ko- 
re-kan'cha).  [Quichua,  ‘court  of  gold.’]  The 
great  temple  called  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at 
Cuzco,  Peru.  According  to  tradition  it  was  founded 
by  Manco  Capac.  It  was  probably  used  as  a palace  by 
the  earlier  Incas,  and  was  later  turned  into  a temple. 
The  great  Inca  chief  Yupanqui  adorned  the  interior  with 
gold.  The  temple  opened  on  a large  square : It  was 
290  feet  long  by  62  feet  broad,  and  included  the  principal 
temple,  various  minor  rooms,  and  the  garden  of  golden 
flowers.  The  interior  was  partly  lined  with  thin  gold. 
An  elliptical  gold  plate  on  the  wall  was  an  emblem  of 
the  deity,  and  it  was  flanked  by  gold  and  silver  plates 
representing  the  sun  and  moon,  The  roof  was  an  elab- 
orate thatch.  The  temple  was  partly  despoiled  by  order 
of  Atahualpa  to  satisfy  the  Spanish  demand  for  gold ; the 
Spaniards  completed  its  destruction,  and  the  church  and 
convent  of  Santo  Domingo  were  built  on  the  site.  Por- 
tions of  the  original  walls  are  still  visible,  forming  part 
of  the  convent  structure. 

Curico  (ko-re-ko').  1-  A province  of  Chile, 
south  of  Colehagua.  Area,  2,978  square  miles. 
It  is  mountainous  in  the  east  and  west.  Pop- 
ulation, 107,217. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  above 

d province.  Population,  17,573. 
urio  (ku'ri-o),  Cains  Scribonius.  1.  Died 
53  B.  c.  A Roman  general  and  politician. 
He  was  the  first  Roman  general  to  reach  the  Danube  in 
Mcesia,  about  73  B.  C. 

2.  Killed  at  Utica,  Africa,  49  B.  C.  Son  of 
Caius  Scribonius  Curio:  a partizan  of  Csesar  in 
the  civil  war. 

Curio.  A gentleman  in  attendance  on  the 
Duke  of  Illyria,  in  Shakspere’s  “Twelfth 
Night.” 


Curtana 

Curiosities  of  Literature,  The.  A work  by 

Isaac  D’Israeli.  It  was  issued  anonymously,  the  first 
volume  in  1791,  a second  in  1793,  a third  in  1817,  a fourth 
and  fifth  in  1823,  and  a sixth  and  last  in  1824. 

Curious  Impertinent,  The.  An  episode  in 
Cervantes’s  “ Don  Quixote.”  Crowne  wrote  a play, 
“ The  Married  Beau,  or  The  Curious  Impertinent,"  the 
plot  of  which  is  taken  from  this. 

Curium,  (ku'ri-um).  [Gr.  K ovpiov.)  An  ancient 
city  of  Cyprus,  west  of  the  river  Lycus,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Argives.  its  ruins  con- 
tain a Phenician  temple,  remarkable  especially  for  its 
crypt  of  four  rock-hewn  chambers,  about  23  feet  in  diam- 
eter, connected  by  doors  and  a gallery.  The  objects  in 
gold  and  silver  constituting  the  “ Treasure  of  Curium," 
in  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York,  were  found  in 
these  chambers. 

Curius  Dentatus,  Manius.  See  Dentdtus. 

Curll  (kerl),  Edmund.  Born  in  1675:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  11,  1747.  A notorious  London 
bookseller.  He  lived  by  piratical  publishing,  and  he 
achieved  a reputation  for  issuing  obscene  literature  which 

. was  the  origin  of  the  word  Curllicism.  In  1716  he  had  a 
quarrel  witli  Pope,  who  pilloried  him  in  the  “Dunciad." 
He  published  a number  of  standard  works,  however ; but 
of  his  biographies  Arbuthnot  said  they  had  added  a new 
terror  to  death. 

Curragh  (kur'raeh  or  kur'ra),  or  The  Curragh 
Of  Kildare  (kil-dar').  A plain  in  County  Kil- 
dare, Ireland,  27  miles  southwest  of  Dublin,  it 

is  the  property  of  the  crown,  and  is  the  seat  of  a military 
camp  and  of  a celebrated  race-course. 

Curran  (kur ' an),  John  Philpot.  Born  at 
Newmarket,  County  Cork,  Ireland,  July  24, 
1750  : died  at  Brompton,  near  London,  Oct.  14, 
1817.  A noted  Irish  orator.  He  studied  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  and  at  the  Middle  Temple,  London, 
and  in  1775  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar.  In  1783  he 
entered  the  Irish  Parliament,  where  he  joined  the  oppo- 
sition, of  which  Grattan  was  the  leader.  When  the  gov- 
ernment instituted  its  bloody  series  of  prosecutions 
against  the  leaders  of  the  Irish  insurrection  of  1798,  he 
appeared  for  the  prisoners  in  nearly  every  case,  and  con- 
ducted the  defense  with  extraordinary  boldness  and  abil- 
ity. He  was  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland  1806-14,  when 
he  retired  to  private  life.  See  “ Life  of  Curran,”  by  his 
son,  W.  H.  Curran  (1819);  “Curran  and  his  Contempora- 
ries,” by  Charles  Phillips  (1818) ; and  “ Curran’s  Speeches  ” 
(1806). 

Current  River  (kur'ent  riv'er).  A river  in 
southeastern  Missouri  which  joins  the  Black 
River  near  Pocahontas,  Randolph  County, 
northeastern  Arkansas.  Length,  over  200 
miles. 

Currer  Bell.  See  Bell,  Currer. 

Currie  (kur'i),  James.  Born  at  Kirkpatrick- 
Fleming,  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  May  31, 1756 : 
died  at  Sidmouth,  England,  Aug.  31,  1805.  A 
Scottish  physician.  He  wrote  “ Medical  Reports  on 
the  Effects  of  Water,”  etc.  (1797-1805),  and  edited  Burns's 
works  (1800). 

Cursa  (ker'sa).  [Ar.  al-kursa , the  chair  or 
throne.]  The  third -magnitude  star  /3  Eridani, 
situated  at  the  beginning  of  the  river,  very 
near  Orion. 

Curse  of  Kehama,  The.  A poem  by  Southey, 
first  published  in  1810. 

Curse  of  Scotland,  The.  The  name  given  to 
the  nine  of  diamonds  in  playing-cards.  There 
are  various  explanations  of  the  name : a probable  one  traces 
It  to  the  groups  of  nine  lozenges  in  the  coat  of  arms  of  the 
Dalrymple  family,  one  of  the  members  of  which,  the  Mas- 
ter (afterward  Earl)  of  Stair,  played  an  important  part  in 
the  massacre  of  Glencoe. 

Cursor,  Papirius.  See  Papirius  Cursor. 

Cursor  Mundi  (ker'sor  mun'dl).  [L.,  ‘the 
runner  or  courier  of  the  world’;  translated  in 
one  ME.  MS.  ‘the  Cursur  o the  world,’ in  another 
‘the  Cours  of  the  werlde.’  The  last  expresses 
the  real  intention  of  the  title.]  A poem 
written  about  1320,  and  founded  on  Ctedmon’s 
paraphrase  of  Genesis.  It  ran  through  the  course 
of  the  world  from  the  creation  to  doomsday.  The  whole 
poem  has  been  printed  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
(ed.  by  Dr.  Richard  Morris). 

Curtain  (ker'tan),  The.  A London  playhouse 
established  in  Shoreditch  in  1576.  it  is  thought 
that  Shakspere  acted  here  in  his  own  plays.  It  remained 
open  until  the  accession  of  Charles  I.,  after  which  the 
drama  gave  way  to  exhibitions  of  athletic  feats.  It  is 
said  that  it  was  called  The  Curtain  because  here  the  green 
curtain  was  first  used;  in  1678  Aubrey  calls  it  “The 
Green  Curtain.”  The  name  is  still  maintained  in  “Cur- 
tain Road.”  The  Church  of  St.  James  stands  near  the 
site,  and  a stained-glass  window  was  placed  at  its  west 
end  in  1886  to  commemorate  the  association  with  Shak- 
spere. 

Curtain  Lectures.  See  Caudle. 

Curtana  (ker-ta'na),  Courtain  (kor-tan  ),  or 
Curtein  (ker-tan').  [L.  curtus,  broken,  short- 
ened.] The  name  originally  given  to  the  sword 
of  Roland,  of  which,  aecordingto  the  tradition, 
the  point  was  broken  off  in  testing  it.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  the  pointless  sword  carried  before  the 
kings  of  England  at  their  coronation,  and  emblematically 
considered  as  the  sword  of  mercy.  It  is  also  called  the 
sword  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 


Curtatone 


298 


Curtatone  (kor-tii-to'ne).  A village  in  the  lat.  42°  56'  N.,  long.  17°  10'  E.  It  contains  a 
province  of  Mantua,  Italy,  4 miles  west  of  ^cathedral.  Population,  commune,  over  6,000. 
Mantua.  Here,  Hay  29,  1848,  about  19,000  Austrians  Curzon  (ker'zon),  George  Nathaniel.  Bom 
under  Radetzky  defeated  5, 000-<j,000  Italians.  at  Kedleston,  England,  Jan.  11,  1859.  An 

Curtin  (ker'tin),  Andrew  Gregg.  BornatBelle-  English  statesman  and  publicist.  Hewasunder- 
fonte,  Pa.,  April  22,  1817:  died  Oct.  7,  1894.  secretary  of  state  for  India  1891-92;  under-secretary  for 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  Pennsyl-  foreign  affairs  1895-98;  was  Viceroy  of  India  1898- 
vnnin  ISfil  07  Minister  tnlliiwia  1800-7°  mem  ' 1904'  and  again  1904-05,  was  created  Baron  Curzon  of 
vama  l»bi-t>/,  minister  10  Itussia  imv  14,  mem  Kedleston  in  1898,  and  an  earl  in  1911.  He  has  written 
Der  of  Congress  from  .Pennsylvania  lool— o7.  “Russia  in  Central  Asia,”  “ Persia  and  the  Persian  Ques- 
Curtis  (ker'tis).  [The  name  Curtis,  also  Cur-  tion,”  and  “Problems  of  the  Far  East." 
tiss,  Curtice,  represents  ME.  curteis,  courteis,  @usai  See  Alexander  John,  Prince  of  Rumania, 
now  courteous .]  A character  m bhakspere  s 0uga  (ku'za),  or  Cusanus  (ku-za'nus),  Niko- 
coniedy"  The  Taming  of^  This  part  laus  (originally  Nikolas  ChrypfFs  or  Krebs). 


was  originally  described  in  the  dramatis  personae  as  a 
serving-man,  but  it  is  now  played  as  an  old  woman,  the 
housekeeper  of  Petruchio. 

Curtis,  Benjamin  Robbins.  Born  at  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  Nov.  4,  1809:  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Sept.  15,  1874.  An  American  jurist,  as- 


Born  at  Rues,  near  Trier,  Germany,  1401 : died 
at  Todi,  near  Spoleto,  Aug.  11,  1464.  A noted 
ecclesiastic  and  philosophical  writer,  appointed 
cardinal  in  1448.  His  chief  philosophical  work 
is  “De  docta  ignorantia.” 


sociate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Cush  (kush).  [Gr.  Xoiif.]  In  the  Old  Testa- 
Court  1851-57 : brother  of  G.  T.  Curtis.  He  pub-  A 

lished  “Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Circuit  Courts  of  the  U.  S.” 

(1854),  “Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court,”  “Digest  of  the 
Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court”  (to  1854),  etc. 

Curtis,  George  Ticknor.  Born  at  Watertown, 

Mass.,  Nov.  28,  1812 : died  at  New  York,  March 
28,  1894.  An  American  lawyer  and  legal  wri- 
ter. His  works  include  “The  law  of  Copyright  ” (1847), 

“The  Law  of  Patents”  (1849,  4th  ed.  1873), “life  of  Daniel 
Webster"  (1870),  “last  Years  of  Daniel  Webster ” (1878), 

“ A History  of  the  Origin,  Formation,  and  Adoption  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States"  (1855-68),  “Constitu- 
tional History  of  the  United  States,”  etc.  (1889,  1896). 

Curtis,  George  William.  Born  at  Providence, 

R.  I.,  Feb.  24,  1824:  died  on  Staten  Island, 

N.  Y.,  Aug.  31,  1892.  A noted  American  jour- 
nalist, orator,  publicist,  and  author.  He  lived  In 
the  community  at  Brook  Farm,  remaining  there  18  months ; 
traveled  abroad  1846-50  ; on  his  return  in  the  latter  year 
became  connected  with  the  New  York  “Tribune";  was 
connected  with  “Putnam's  Monthly"  1852-57;  and  be- 
came editor  of  the  “Easy  Chair”  (“Harper’s  Magazine") 
in  1864,  and  in  1863  of  “ Harper's  Weekly  "(founded  1857). 

He  was  an  influential  advocate  of  civil-service  reform.  In 
1871  he  was  appointed  by  Grant  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  draw  up  rules  for  the  regulation  of  the  civil  service, 
but  resigned  on  account  of  differences  with  the  President. 

He  was  president  of  the  New  York  State  Civil  Service 
League  in  1880,  and  of  the  National  Civil  Service  Reform 


ment : (a)  The  eldest  son  of  Ham.  (6)  A geographical 

and  ethnographical  term  usually  rendered  Ethiopia  in  the 
Vulgate  and  Septuagint.  Cush  corresponded  probably 
to  Upper  Egypt  and  northern  Nubia,  including,  perhaps, 
part  of  Abyssinia  and  southern  Arabia.  Also  Kush. 

The  southern  zone  is  described  before  the  middle. 
“The  sons  of  Ham,”  it  is  said,  “were  Cush,  and  Mizraim, 
and  Phut,  and  Canaan.”  Cush  embraces  not  only  the 
Ethiopia  of  the  classical  geographers,  but  also  the  south- 
western coast  of  Arabia  and  the  opposite  coast  of  Africa 
as  well.  It  thus  corresponds  to  the  land  of  Pun  of  the 
Egyptian  monuments,  as  well  as  to  Kesli  or  Ethiopia.  It 
was  inhabited  for  the  most  part  by  a white  race  whose 
physical  characteristics  connect  them  with  the  Egyptians 
[p.  51].  . . . The  name  Cush  was  of  Egyptian  origin. 
Kash  vaguely  denoted  the  country  which  lay  between  the 
First  Cataract  and  the  mountains  of  Abyssinia,  and  from 
the  reign  of  Thothmes  I.  to  the  fall  of  the  Twentieth 
Egyptian  Dynasty  t he  eldest  son  of  the  Egyptian  monarch 
bore  the  title  of  “Royal  Son”  or  Prince  of  Kash.  In  the 
reign  of  Meneptah,  the  Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus,  one  of 
these  Princes  of  Kash  had  the  name  of  Mes,  and  may  thus 
have  originated  the  Jewish  legend  reported  by  Josephus, 
according  to  which  Moses,  the  adopted  son  of  an  Egyp- 
tian princess,  conquered  the  land  of  Cush  [p.  143].  . . . 
Kas  or  Cush  was  thus,  properly  speaking,  the  region 
known  as  Ethiopia  to  the  geographers  of  Greece  and 
Rome.  But  it  was  only  by  degrees  that  the  name  came  to 
cover  so  wide  an  extent  of  country.  At  the  outset  it  de- 
noted only  a small  district  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
Second  Cataract.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  144. 


League  from  its  foundation  until  his  death.  He  wrote 
“Nile  Notes  of  a Howadji”  (1851),  “ Howadji  in  Syria"  rjnohimr  (kiish'incr)  finish  P.m-r, 

(1852),  “Lotus-Eating”  (1852),  “Potiphar  Papers”  (1853),  ,USlllnG  „ k*  t..  , v V^To. 


at  Salis- 


“Prue  and  I "(1856),  “Trumps"  (1862),  “From  the  Easy 
Chair"  (1891),  “Washington  Irving”  (1891). 

Curtise  (kor-tes').  The  little  bound  in  the  tale 
of  “Reinecke  Fuchs.” 

Curtius  (kor'tse-os),  Ernst.  Born  at  Liibeck, 
Germany,  Sept.  2,  1814:  died  July  11,  1896.  A 
noted  German  archaeologist  and  historian,  pro- 


bury,  Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1800:  died  at  Newbury- 
port,  Mass.,  Jan.  2,  1879.  An  American  jurist, 
politician,  and  diplomatist.  He  was  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1835-43,  United  States  com- 
missioner to  China  1843-44,  colonel  and  brigadier-general 
in  the  Mexican  war  1847,  attorney-general  1853-57,  counsel 
before  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  in  Geneva  1871-72,  and 
minister  to  Spain  1874-77. 


fessor  in  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1863.  Cushing,  Luther  Steams.  Born  at  Lunen- 
His  works  include  “Peloponnesos  (1851-52),  “Gnechische  i. Tyr„„„  June  22  1S0T-  died  at  Rnstori 
Geschichte”  (1857-67,  English  translation  by  Ward  1868-  »urg,  mass.,  dune  laud  . cnea  at  Boston, 
1873),  “Die  Ionier  vor  der  ionisclien  Wanderung”  (1855),  June  22,  185b.  An  American  lawyer.  His  best- 
« Attische  Studien  ” (1863-64),  etc.  known  works  are  “ Rules  of  Proceeding  and  Debate  in 

Curtius,  Georg.  Born  at  Liibeck,  Germany,  Deliberative  Assemblies " (1844 : known  as  “Cushing’s 
i “i  it  j.  i , tt  , j ’ Manual  ),  and  “Law  and  Practice  of  Legislative  Assem- 

April  16,  1820:  died  at  Hermsdorf,  Germany,  blies”(i855). 

Aug.  12,  1885.  A German  philologist,  brother  „ ,.  , T>  . nr 

of  Ernst  Curtius,  professor  of  classical  philol-  °“'  Mass., 

ogy  at  Leipsic  from  1862.  He  wrote  “Griechische  Mareh  24-.1725:  died  Feb  28  1788.  An  Amer- 
Scliulgrammatik  ” (1852),  “Grundziige  der  griechischen  lean  politician,  speaker  of  the  Massachusetts 
Etymologie”  (1858-62),  etc.  House  of  Representatives  1763,  and  lieutenant- 

Curtius  (ker'shi-us),  Marcus.  A Roman  legen-  governor  of  Massachusetts  1779-88. 
dary  hero.  In  362  b.  c.,  a chasm  having  been  formed  Cushing,  William.  Born  at  Scituate,  Mass., 
in  the  Forum  by  an  earthquake,  the  soothsayers  announced  March  1,  1732:  died  at  Scituate,  Sept.  13,  1810. 

a’1  American  jurist,  appointed  associate  jus- 
the  oracle  when  Marcus  Curtius,  a noble  youth,  stepped  tice  of  the  1 1 lilted  States  Supreme  Couit  m 1(89. 
forward  and,  declaring  that  the  state  possessed  no  greater  flushing,  William  Barker.  Born  in  Wiscon- 


treasure  than  a brave  citizen  in  arms,  leaped,  mounted  on 
his  steed  and  in  full  armor,  into  the  chasm,  which  closed 
after  him. 

Curtius  Rufus,  Quintus.  A Roman  historian, 
of  the  time  of  Claudius,  author  of  a history  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Curupira  (ko-ro-pe'ra).  The  name 
Brazilian  Indians  of  the  Tupi  race  to  a mythi- 
cal being,  generally  described  as  a dwarfish 
man  having  his  feet  turned  backward.  He  is 
said  to  wander  in  the  woods,  where  he  kills  and  devours 
persons  who  are  lost.  The  hunter  who  finds  his  tracks 
and  tries  to  run  away  from  him  is  deceived  by  the  direc- 
tion of  the  footprints,  and  hastens  to  his  own  destruction. 

The  Curupira  myth  is  found  in  all  parts  of  Brazil,  is  very 
ancient,  and  is  connected  with  many  goblin  tales,  some 
of  which  have  been  published. 

Curvetto  (ker-vet'o).  An  old  libertine,  affecting 
youth,  in  Middleton’s  play  “Blurt,  Master  Con- 
stable.” He  is  the  butt  of  many  practical  jokes. 

Curwen  (ker'  wen),  John.  Born  at  Heckmond- 
wike,  Yorkshire,  England,  Nov.  14,  1816:  died 
at  Heaton  Mersey,  near  Manchester,  England, 

May  26,  1880.  An  English  teacher  of  singing 
by  the  tonic  sol-fa  system.  Cushman 

Ourzola  (kor'dzo-la).  1.  An  island  of  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  belonging  to  Dalmatia,  situated 
near  lat.  43°  N.  Length,  about  25  miles. — 2. 

The  chief  town  of  the  above  island,  situated  in 


sin,  Nov.,  1842:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Dec.  17,  1874.  An  American  naval  officer, 
noted  on  account  of  his  exploit  in  blowing  up 
the  Confederate  iron-clad  ram  Albemarle  at 
Plymouth,  North  Carolina,  on  the  night  of  Oct. 

o-iven  bv  27>  1864’  See  Alhemarle- 
'a  mvthn-  Cushites  (kush'Its).  The  descendants  of  Cush; 

the  inhabitants  of  Cush.  In  Gen.  x.  6,  Cush  appears 
as  the  first  son  of  Ham,  while  in  verse  7 Dedan  and  Seba, 
Arabic  tribes,  are  enumerated  among  the  descendants  of 
Cush,  and  in  verse  8 Nimrod,  who  is  represented  as  the 
founder  of  the  Babylonian  kingdom,  appears  as  the  son  of 
Cush.  There  are  evidently  two  kinds  of  Cushites  in  the 
Old  Testament,  either  two  different  races,  or  at  least  differ- 
ent settlements.  The  first  are  identical  with  the  Kash, 
Kish,  or  Kesh  of  the  Egyptian  monuments,  a name  desig- 
nating a reddish  or  reddish- brownish  people  living  be- 
tween Egypt  and  Abyssinia,  and  between  (he  Nile  and  the 
sea  : in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  called  Kusu  or  Miluchu. 
The  Greek  name  Ethiopia  comprised  originally  the  dark- 
colored  peoples  of  the  southern  countries  of  Africa  and  Asia 
at  large ; later  it  was  confined  to  the  Nile  territory  south  of 
Egypt.  The  other  division  of  the  Cushites  is  to  be  looked 
for  in  the  East,  and  is  perhaps  identical  with  the  Kashi  or 
Kash  of  the  inscriptions.  See  Cosseans. 

(kush'man),  Charlotte  Saunders. 

Born  in  Boston,  July  23,  1816 : died  in  Boston, 
Feb.  18, 1876.  An  American  actress.  She  first  ap- 
peared at  New  Orleans,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  as  Lady  Mac- 
beth. She  acted  with  Macready  in  New  York  1842-43,  and 
In  Boston  in  1844.  She  played  at  the  Princess’s  Theatre  in 


Cuthah 

London  in  the  autumn  of  1844,  and  in  1845  was  very  suc- 
cessful as  Bianca.  In  December,  1846,  she  appeared  as 
Romeo  at  the  Haymarket,  her  sister  Susan  playing  Juliet. 
She  reappeared  in  America,  Oct.  8, 1849,  at  the  old  Broad- 
way Theater,  New  York,  as  Mrs.  Haller.  Her  principal 
characters  were  Romeo,  Wolsey.  Hamlet,  and  Claude 
Melnotte.  In  1852  she  announced  her  intention  of  retir- 
ing from  the  stage,  but  occasionally  acted  until  her  last 
illness.  Meg  Merrilies  and  Nancy  Sykes  were  her  strong- 
est melodramatic  parts. 

Cushman,  Robert.  Born  in  England  about 
1580 : died  in  England,  1625.  An  English 
merchant,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Plymouth 
colony. 

Cusis  (ku'sis).  A fabulous  country  in  Sir  John 
Mandeville’s  “ Voiage  and  Travaile.”  The  peo- 
ple of  this  country  have  but  one  foot,  so  large  that  it  casts 
a shadow  over  the  whole  body,  and  with  this  one  foot  they 
make  wonderful  Bpeed. 

Oust  (kust),  Robert  Needham.  Born  at  Cock- 
ayne-Hatley,  Bedfordshire,  England,  1821 : died 
at  London,  Oct.  28,  1909.  A noted  Orientalist 
and  Africanist.  He  entered  the  civil  service  of  India 
in  1843,  and  retired  in  1869.  After  that  date  he  resided  in 
London.  His  principal  works  are  “ Sketch  of  the  Modem 
Languages  of  the  East  Indies”  (1878),  “Linguistic  and 
Oriental  Essays  ” (1880-91),  “ Sketch  of  the  Modern  Lan- 
guages of  Africa”  (1883),  “Notes  on  Missionary  Subjects” 
(1887),  “ Africa  Rediviva”  (1891). 

Custance.  See  Constance. 

Custer  (kus'ter),  George  Armstrong.  Born  at 
New  Rumley,  Ohio,  Dec.  5, 1839:  died  in  Mon- 
tana, June  25, 1876.  An  American  soldier.  He 
was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1861,  and  was  assigned  to 
duty  as  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  cavalry.  He  led 
a brigade  of  volunteers  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  July 
1-3,  1863 ; was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a division  of 
cavalry  in  the  volunteer  service  Sept.  30,  1864,  and  took 
part  in  the  Richmond  campaign  in  1864,  in  the  Shenan- 
doah campaign  from  1864-65,  and  in  the  pursuit  of  Lee’s 
army  after  the  evacuation  of  Richmond  in  1865.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service,  with  the  rank  of 
major-general,  in  1866,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
lieutenant-colonel,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major-general, 
in  the  regular  army.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expe- 
dition to  the  Black  Hills  in  1874.  He  led  with  his  regi- 
ment General  Terry's  column  in  the  expedition  against 
the  Sioux  Indians  in  1876.  Coming  upon  a large  Indian 
encampment  on  the  Little  Big  Horn  River,  Montana,  he 
divided  his  regiment  into  several  detachments,  one  of 
which  under  Major  Reno  was  ordered  to  attack  the  enemy 
in  the  rear,  while  he  himself  advanced  with  five  compa- 
nies in  front.  Major  Reno  was  driven  back,  and  the  In- 
dians concentrated  upon  Custer,  who  was  killed  together 
with  his  whole  force. 

Custine  (kiis-ten'),  Adam  Philippe  de,  Count. 
Born  at  Metz,  Feb.  4, 1740 : guillotined  at  Paris, 
Aug.  28,  1793.  A noted  French  soldier.  He 
fought  under  Soubise  in  the  Seven  Years’ War,  and  was 
quartermaster-general  of  the  French  forces  in  America 
1778-83,  being  present  at  the  surrender  of  Yorktown,  Vir- 
ginia, 1781.  He  was  deputed  to  the  States-General  in  1789, 
and  in  1792  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  army. 
He  took  Spires  Sept.  29,  and  Mainz  Oct.  21,  1792 ; but 
failing  in  the  campaign  of  1793  to  relieve  Mainz,  which 
had  been  recaptured  by  the  Allies,  he  was  executed  on  the 
charge  of  conspiring  to  effect  a counter-revolution. 

Custine,  Marquis  Astolphe  de.  Born  at  Nieder- 
willer  (Meurthe),  France,  Mareh  18, 1790:  died 
near  Pau,  France,  Sept.  29,  1857.  A French 
writer  and  traveler,  grandson  of  Adam  P.  de 
Custine.  He  wrote  “ M ('moires  et  voyages,” 
etc.  (1830),  “La  Russie  en  1839”  (1843),  etc. 
Custis  (kus'tis),  George  Washington  Parke. 
Born  at  Mount  Airy,  Md.,  April  30,  1781:  died 
at  Arlington  House,  Fairfax  County,  Virginia, 
Oct.  10,  1857.  An  American  writer,  adopted 
son  of  George  Washington. 

Custom  of  the  Country,  The.  A play  by 
Fletcher  and  Massinger,  produced  before  1628 
and  printed  in  1647.  It  is  partly  from  a story  of  Cer- 
vantes and  partly  from  a story  in  Cintliio’s  “Hecatom- 
mithi. ” “Love  makes  a Man,”  by  Cibber,  and  “Country 
Lasses,”  by  Charles  Johnson,  were  partly  taken  from  it. 

Custom  of  the  Country,  The.  A play  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre,  produced  in  1715.  It  was  originally  a 
farce  called  “A  Bickerstaff’s  Burial,”  said,  doubtfully,  to 
be  founded  on  one  of  Sinbad’s  voyages. 

Custozza  (kos-tod'za),  or  Custoza  (kos-tot'sii). 
A village  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  11 
miles  southwest  of  Verona.  It  was  the  scene  of 
two  battles:  (1)  On  July  25,  1848,  the  Austrians  (about 

33.000)  under  Radetzky’  defeated  the  Sardinians  (about 

25.000)  under  King  Charles  Albert.  (2)  On  June  24,  1866, 
the  Austrians  (75,000?)  under  the  archduke  Albert  de- 
feated the  Italians  (130,000?)  under  Victor  Emmanuel. 

Ciistrin.  See  Kiistrin. 

Cutch.  See  Kachh. 

Cutch  Gundava.  See  Kachh  Gundava. 

Cuthah  (ku'tha).  A city  in  Babylonia  whence 
Shalmaneser  Iv.  (727-722  B.  c.)  brought  colo- 
nists into  Samaria  (2  Ki.  xvii.  24).  These  Cutheans, 
mingling  with  other  peoples,  became  the  progenitors  of 
the  Samaritans.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  the  city  is 
often  mentioned  under  the  name  of  Kutu.  It  was  situated 
a little  to  the  east  of  Babylon,  and  is  now  represented  by 
the  ruins  of  Tel  Ibrahim.  The  statement  (2  Ki.  xvii  30) 
that  the  principal  god  of  the  Cutheans  was  Nergal  (the 
god  of  war)  is  confirmed  by  the  inscriptions.  Nebuchad- 
nezzar (604-561)  records  that  he  restored  the  temple  of 
Nergal  in  the  city  of  Cuthah. 


Cuthbert 

Cutbbert  (kuth'bert),  Saint.  Died  at  Fame, 
Northumbria,  March  20,  687.  A noted  English 
monk.  He  was  prior  of  Melrose  661-664,  and 
in  664  of  Lindisfarne,  and  bishop  of  Lindis- 
farne  685-687. 

Cutler  (kut'ler),  Manasseh.  Born  at  Kill- 
ingly,  Conn.,  May  13,  1742  : died  at  Hamilton 
Mass.,  July  28,  1823.  An  American  botanist 
and  Congregational  clergyman,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  in  1788. 

Cutler,  Timothy.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
about  1684 : died  at  Boston,  Aug.  17,  1765.  An 
American  clergyman,  president  of  Yale  Col- 
lege 1719-22. 

Cutpurse  (kut'pers),  Moll.  The  nickname  of 
a notorious  woman  (real  name  Mary  Frith) 
who  was  born  in  London  in  1589  according  to 
her  life  published  anonymously  in  London 
1662,  but  according  to  Malone  in  1584.  She  was 
a riotous  “ thief,  pickpocket,  bully,  prostitute,  procuress, 
fortune-teller,  receiver  of  stolen  goods,  and  forger  of 
writings,"  and  nearly  always  wore  a man’s  dress.  She  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  woman  who  used  tobacco.  She 
was  introduced  by  Middleton  and  Dekker  as  the  chief 
personage  (but  in  reformed  character)  in  their  play  “ The 
Roaring  Girl.”  Field  also  introduces  her  in  his  play 
“Amends  for  Ladies." 

Cuttack  (kut-tak'),  or  Cattack,  or  Katak.  1. 

A district  in  the  Orissa  division,  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  bounded  on  the  east  and  southeast 
by  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  Area,  3,654  square  miles. 
Population,  2,062,758. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
above  district,  situated  on  the  river  Mahanadi 
in  lat.  20°  29'  N.,  long.  85°  52'  E.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Mahrattas  by  the  British  in  1803. 
Population,  51,364. 

Cutter  of  Coleman  Street,  Tbe.  A play 
by  Abraham  Cowley,  performed  in  1661  and 
printed  in  1663.  This  comedy  was  originally  called 
“The  Guardian,"  and  was  written  for  the  entertainment 
of  Prince  Charles  as  he  passed  through  Cambridge  in  1641. 

Cuttle  (kut'l),  Captain  Edward.  In  Dick- 
ens's “Dombey  and  Son,”  “a  kind-hearted, 
salt-looking  ” old  retired  sailor  with  a hook  in 
place  of  his  right  hand.  He  is  a friend  of  Sol  Gills, 
the  ships’  instrument-maker.  One  of  his  favorite  expres- 
sions is  “ When  found,  make  a note  on.” 

Cuvier  (kii-vya'),  Frederic.  Born  at  Mont- 
b61iard,  Doubs,  France,  June  27,  1773:  died 
at  Strasburg,  July  25,  1838.  a French  naturalist, 
brother  of  Georges.  He  became  director  of  the  menage- 
rie of  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  in  1804,  and  in  1827  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes.  He  wrote  “Des  dents  des  mammiferes,  consid- 
ering comrae  caracteres  zoologiques  ” (1825),  and  (in  co- 
operation with  Geoff roy  St.  Hilaire)  “Hi3toire  naturelle 
des  mammif&res  ” (1819-39). 

Cuvier,  Baron  Georges  Leopold  Chretien 
Frederic  Dagobert.  Born  at  Montb&liard, 
Doubs,  France,  Aug.  23,  1769 : died  at  Paris, 
May  13,  1832.  A celebrated  French  natural- 
ist, the  founder  of  the  science  of  comparative 
anatomy.  He  was  educated  at  the  gymnasium  at  Mont- 
beliard and  the  Academia  Carolina  at  Stuttgart ; was  tu- 
tor in  the  family  of  the  Comte  d’Hericy  1788-94  ; became 
assistant  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Mus§e 
d’Histoire  Naturelle  in  1795,  member  of  the  National  In- 
stitute in  1795,  professor  of  natural  history  in  the  College 
de  France  in  1800,  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  1803,  and  councilor  of  the  Imperial  University 
in  1808;  was  appointed  councilor  of  state  by  Napoleon  in 
1814;  was  admitted  to  the  French  Academy  in  1818  ; was 
president  of  the  Committee  of  the  Interior  1819-32;  received 
the  title  of  baron  in  1820 ; was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  Faculty  of  Protestant  Theology  in  1822;  was  made 
grand  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1826;  and  was  cre- 
ated a peer  of  France  in  1831.  His  chief  works  are  “ Le 
rtgne  animal”  (“TheAnimal Kingdom,”  1817),  “Anatomie 
comparte  ” (1800-05),  “ Recherches  sur  les  ossements  fos- 
siles  ” (1812),  “ Histoire  naturelle  des  poissons,”  conjointly 
with  Valenciennes  (1828-49).  Cuvier  was  a persistent 
opponent  of  the  evolutionary  doctrines  advanced  by 
Lamarck  and  Geoffroy  Saint-Hilaire. 

Cuxhaven.or  Kuxhaven  (kuks-ha'vn  ; G.  pron. 
koks'ha-fen).  A seaport  in  the  state  of  Ham- 
burg, Germany,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Elbe  57  miles  northwest  of  Hamburg,  it  is  now 
united  with  Ritzebiittel.  It  is  a sea-bathing  resort,  and 
contains  a castle.  Population,  11,145. 

Cuyab4  (kwe-ya-ba'),  or  Cuiabd.  1.  A river 
in  western  Brazil  which  joins  the  Paraguay, 
through  the  Sao  Louren^o,  about  lat.  18°  S. 
It  is  navigable  to  the  town  of  Cuyabd. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Matto  Grosso,  Bra- 
zil, situated  on  the  river  Cuyaba.  Population, 
34,393. 

Cuyahoga  (ki-a-ho'ga).  A river  in  northern 
Ohio  which  flows  into  Lake  Erie  at  Cleveland. 
Length,  80-90  miles. 

Cuyatnunque  (kwe-ya-mon'ka).  [Tehua  of 
northern  New  Mexico,  signifying  ‘the  village 
of  the  rolling  stone.’]  An  Indian  pueblo  of  the 
Tehuas,  15  miles  northwest  of  Santa  F6,  on  the 
banks  of  the  stream  of  Tezuque.  it  was  aban- 
doned in  1696,  and  is  now  a ruin.  A severe  engagement 


299 

was  fought  near  the  place,  in  1694,  between  the  Span- 
iards and  the  Tehua  Indians  who  had  risen  against  Diego 
de  Vargas. 

Cuyo  (ko'yo).  A region  of  Spanish  South 
America,  situated  east  of  the  Andes,  and  ex- 
tending from  about  lat.  23°  to  35°  3'  S.,  and 
eastward,  in  parts,  to  long.  63°  W.  it  was  originally 
settled  from  Chile,  and  remained  a province  of  that  cap- 
tain-generalcy  until  1776,  when  it  was  united  to  the  new 
viceroyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres.  The  limits  were  never  defi- 
nitely fixed,  and  the  name  is  now  obsolete. 

Cuyp,  or  Kuyp  (koip),  Albert.  Born  at  Dort, 
Netherlands,  1605 : died  at  Dort,  1691.  A Dutch 
landscape-painter. 

Cuyp,  Jakob  Gerrits.  Born  1575:  died  1651. 
A Dutch  painter,  father  of  Albert  Cuyp. 

Cuza.  See  Alexander  John,  Prince  of  Rumania. 
Cuzco  (koz'ko).  [Quichua,  ‘navel’  or  ‘center,’ 
a name  first  given  to  the  city.]  1 . A department 
of  Peru.  Area,  156,270  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 328,980. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  above 
department,  situated  in  lat.  13°  31'  S.,  long. 
72°  5'  W.,  about  11,380  feet  above  sea-level. 
It  contains  a cathedral,  several  convents,  etc.  It  was 
founded,  according  to  tradition,  by  Manco  Capac  in  the 
11th  century ; was  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  the  Incas ; 
and  was  noted  for  its  Temple  of  the  Sun  (see  Curican- 
cha ) and  the  so-called  fortress  of  the  Incas  (see  Sac- 
sahuana).  It  was  entered  by  Pizarro  Nov.  15,  1533,  and 
was  besieged  and  partly  burned  by  Manco  Inca  in  1536. 
Population,  est.,  10,000-15,000. 

Cyaxares  (si-aks'a-rez).  King  of  the  Modes 
625—584  B.  C.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  his  name 
is  Uvakshatara.  He  may  be  considered  as  the  founder  of 
Media’s  power  and  greatness.  After  repelling  the  hordes 
of  the  Scythian  invasion,  he  captured  (608  B.  c.),  in  alliance 
with  Nabopolassar,  viceroy  of  Babylonia,  Nineveh,  and 
destroyed  the  Assyrian  empire.  Toward  the  west  Cyaxa- 
res conquered  Armenia,  and  thus  extended  his  dominion 
as  far  as  the  river  Halys  in  Asia  Minor.  He  even  at- 
tempted the  conquest  of  Lydia  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Halys,  but  had  to  desist  on  account  of  an  eclipse  which 
took  place  during  the  battle  (585). 

Cybele  (sib'e-le),  or  Rhea  (re'ii).  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  wife  of  Cronos  (Saturnus),  and 
mother  of  the  Olympian  gods : hence  called 
the  “Great  Mother  of  the  Gods.”  The  original 
home  of  her  worship  was  Phrygia  (Asia  Minor).  Her  priests 
were  called  Corybantes,  and  her  festivals  were  celebrated 
with  wild  dances  and  orgiastic  excesses  amid  the  resound- 
ing music  of  drums  and  cymbals.  She  was  conceived  as 
traversing  the  mountains  in  a chariot  drawn  by  lions. 
From  Asia  her  worship  came  to  Greece,  and  during  the 
second  Punic  war  in  264  B.  c.  it  was  introduced  into  Rome, 
where  the  Megalesia,  later  also  the  Taurobolia  and  Crio- 
bolia,  were  celebrated  in  her  honor.  The  oak,  pine,  and 
lion  were  sacred  to  her.  She  is  usually  represented  en- 
throned between  lions,  with  a diadem  on  her  head  and  a 
small  drum  or  cymbal,  the  instrument  used  in  her  rites,  in 
her  hand.  See  also  Atys. 

Cyclades  (sik'la-dez).  [Gr.  Kvk?i aSeg,  from  nv- 
K/lof,  a circle.]  A group  of  islands  belonging  to 
Greece,  situated  in  the  iEgean  Sea : so  called 
from  the  belief  that  they  formed  a ring  about 
Delos.  Among  the  better  known  islands  are  Andros, 
Tenos,  Ceos,  Syros,  Naxos,  Paros,  etc.  They  now  form, 
with  neighboring  islands,  the  nomarchy  of  Cyclades. 
Capital,  Hermopolis.  Area,  923  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 130,378. 

Cyclic  poets,  The.  The  authors  of  Greek  epic 
poems,  composed  between  800  B.  c.  and  550  B.  C., 
relating  to  the  Trojan  war  and  the  war  against 
Thebes.  See  Epic  cycle.  Among  these  poems  are 
“Cypria”  (“The  Cyprian  Lays"),  “ /Ethiopia  " (“The  Lay 
of  /Ethiopia "),  “The  Sack  of  Troy,”  “The  Little  Iliad," 
“Nostoi”  (“The  Homeward  Voyages”),  “Telegonia” 
(“The  Lay  of  Telegonus”)  (all  belonging  to  the  Trojan 
cycle),  and  the  “Thebais”  and  the  “Epigoni”  (belonging 
to  the  Theban  cycle).  A few  fragments  of  these  poems 
are  extant. 

Cyclops  (si'klops),  or  Cyclopes  (si-klo'pez). 
[Gr.  pi.  Kl>/c/L)7ref,the  round-eyed.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a race  of  one-eyed  giants,  represented 
in  the  Homeric  cycle  of  legends  as  Sicilian 
shepherds.  See  Polyphemus. 

Cydippe.  See  Acontius. 

Cydnus  (sid'nus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
river  of  Cilicia,  Asia  Minor,  which  flows  into 
the  Mediterranean  Sea  about  12  miles  south 
of  Tarsus : now  called  Tersus. 

Cydonia  (si-do'ni-a).  [Gr.  Kvduvla  or  Ktriaxwf.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a city  on  the  northwest- 
ern coast  of  Crete,  near  the  site  of  the  modern 
Canea  (which  see). 

Cygnus  (sig'nus).  [L.,‘  the  Swan.’]  An  ancient 
northern  constellation  representing  a bird 
called  a swan  by  Ovid  and  others,  and  now 
always  so  considered. 

Cymbeline  (sim'be-lin).  A drama  by  Shak- 
spere,  produced  probably  about  1609  or  1610 : so 
called  from  one  of  the  chief  characters,  a semi- 
mythical  king  (Cunobeline)  in  Britain.  Part  of 
the  play  was  no  doubt  derived  from  Holinshed  ; the  part 
relating  to  Iacliimo  is  in  Boccaccio’s  “Decameron.”  It 
was  first  published  in  the  folio  of  1623.  Garrick  pro- 
duced his  alteration  in  1762. 

Cymocles.  See  Pyrocles. 


Cynthus 

Oymry,  or  Kymry  (kim'ri).  [W.  Cymry,  pi.  of 
Cymro,  a Welshman;  cf.  Cymru,  ML.  Cambria, 
Wales.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  unknown: 
some  connect  it  with  W.  cymmer,  a confluence 
of  waters;  cf.  aber,  invcr-. J The  name  given 
to  themselves  by  the  Welsh.  in  it  h wider  applica- 
tion the  term  is  often  applied  to  that  division  of  the  Celtic 
race  which  is  more  near  ly  akin  with  the  Welsh,  including 
also  the  Cornishmen  and  the  Bretons  or  Armoricans,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Gadhelic  division.  Also  written 
Cyrnri,  Cwinry. 

Cynsegirus  (sin-e-ji'rus).  [Gr.  Kvvaiyupoc.~\  An 
Athenian  soldier,  brother  of  Aeschylus.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Marathon  490  B.  c.,  in 
which,  according  to  Homer,  he  pursued  the  Persians  to 
the  sea,  and,  having  seized  one  of  their  triremes  to  pre- 
vent its  putting  otf,  fell  with  his  right  hand  severed. 
Later  writers  add  that,  having  lost  both  his  hands,  he 
seized  the  vessel  with  his  teeth. 

Cynewulf  (kin'e-wulf).  Lived  probably  in 
the  8th  century  A.  D.  A Northumbrian  (?)  poet. 
He  was  a scop  or  bard,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  he 
was  a priest.  He  was  the  author  of  “Elene,”  “Juliana,” 
“Crist1’ (?),  “Riddles”  (?),  perhaps  of  “PhceDix,”  “Guth- 
lac";  and  the  reputed  author  of  the  “Wanderer,”  etc.  Even 
“Beowolf  ” has  been  credited  to  him. 

Cynewulf  the  poet  was  unknown  until  the  runes  were 
read  by  which  he  had  worked  his  name  into  his  poem  of 
“ Elene.”  Those  runes  were  first  read  in  the  year  1840  by 
two  independent  workers  — by  Jacob  Grimm  in  his  edition 
of  “Andreas  "and  “ Elene,”  and  by  John  Mitchell  Kemble 
in  his  essay  upon  Anglo-Saxon  Runes,  published  that  year 
in  the  " Ai-chseologia.  ” Each  discoverer  of  the  name  en- 
deavored to  find  who  Cynewulf  was,  and  when  he  lived. 
Grimm  placed  him  in  the  8th  century.  Kemble'  placed 
him  in  the  end  of  the  10th  century  and  the  beginning  of 
the  11th,  by  suggesting  that  he  was  the  Cynewulf  who  was 
Abbot  of  Peterborough  between  the  years  992  and  1006, 
who  succeeded  Aelfeage  as  Bishop  of  Winchester  in  the 
year  1006.  Harley,  English  Writers,  II.  206. 

Cynics  (sin'iks).  [See  Cynosarges.']  A sect  of 
Greek  philosophers  founded  by  Antisthenes 
of  Athens  (born  about  444  B.  c.),  who  sought 
to  develop  the  ethical  teachings  of  Socrates, 
whose  pupil  he  was.  The  chief  doctrines  of  the  Cynics 
were  that  virtue  is  the  only  good,  that  the  essence  of  vir- 
tue is  self-control,  and  that  pleasure  is  an  evil  if  sought 
for  its  own  sake.  They  were  accordingly  characterized 
by  an  ostentatious  contempt  of  riches,  art,  science,  and 
amusements.  The  most  famous  Cynic  was  Diogenes  of 
Sinope,  a pupil  of  Antisthenes,  who  carried  the  doctrines 
of  the  school  to  an  extreme  and  ridiculous  asceticism,  and 
is  improbably  said  to  have  slept  in  a tub  which  he  carried 
about  with  him. 

Cynosarges  (si-no-siir'jez).  A gymnasium  of 
very  early  foundation  in  ancient  Athens,  com- 
bined with  a sanctuary  of  Hercules,  and  pos- 
sessing a grove.  The  philosopher  Antisthenes  taught 
here,  and  his  school  was  hence  called  the  Cynic.  The 
Cynosarges  lay  somewhat  high  up  on  the  southern  slope 
of  Lycabettus  ; its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  Monastery 
of  the  AsomatOn  and  the  British  and  American  schools  of 
archaeology. 

Cynoscephalse  (sin-os-sef 'a-le).  [Gr.  Kwoc 
K&jiaAai,  dog’s  heads.]  Heights  in  Thessaly, 
Greece,  10-20  miles  southeast  of  Larissa.  Here, 

364  B.  C.,  the  Thebans  under  Pelopidas  defeated  Alexander 
of  Phene  ; and  in  197  B.  C.  the  Romans  under  Flamininus 
defeated  Philip  V.  of  Macedon. 

Cynosura  (si-no-su'rii).  [Gr.  Kvvoaovpa,  dog’s 
tail.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  a nymph  of 
Ida,  and  nurse  of  Zeus,  metamorphosed  into 
the  constellation  Ursa  Minor. — 2.  The  con- 
stellation of  the  Little  Bear,  containing  the 
star  which  is  now,  but  was  not  then,  the  pole- 
star  (which  forms  the  tip  of  the  tail),  and  thus 
often  the  object  to  which  the  eyes  of  mariners 
were  directed. 

Cynthia  (sin'thi-ii).  1.  One  of  the  names  of 
Artemis  or  Diana,  the  moon-goddess,  derived 
from  Mount  Cynthus  in  Delos,  her  birthplace. 
The  name  is  given  in  Spenser’s  “Colin  Clout ’s  Come  Home 
Again  " and  in  Fletcher  s “ Purple  Island  ” to  a sort  of 
personification  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Raleigh  also  sang 
her  praises  as  Cynthia  in  his  poem  of  that  name,  of  which 
we  have  only  a few  books.  Ben  Jonson,  under  the  same 
name,  flatters  her  in  “Cynthia’s  Revels.” 

2.  In  Congreve’s  “Double  Dealer,”  a flippant 
fine  lady,  the  daughter  of  Lord  and  Lady  Pli- 
ant, in  love  with  Mellefont. 

Cynthiana  (sin-thi-a'na).  The  county-seat  of 
Harrison  County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the 
South  Licking  River  48  miles  south  of  Cincin- 
nati. It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  in  Morgan’s  raids 
in  1862  and  1864.  Population,  3,603,  (1910). 

Cynthia’s  Revels,  or  The  Fountain  of  Self- 
Love.  A “comicall  satyre”  by  Ben  Jonson, 
acted  by  the  Children  of  the  Queen’s  Chapel  in 
1600.  It  was  printed  in  quarto  in  1601  (Bullen), 
in  folio  in  1616,  the  latter  with  large  additions. 
Cynthius  (sin'thi-us).  An  epithet  of  Apollo, 
the  sun-god,  as  the  moon-goddess  is  called 
Cynthia. 

Cynthus  (sin'thus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain  in  Delos,  from  which  are  derived 
Cynthia  and  Cynthius,  the  surnames,  respec- 
tively, of  Artemis  and  Apollo. 


Cynuria 

Cynuria  (sl-nu'ri-a).  [Gr.  Kvvovpca.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a district  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Argolis. 
It  probably  corresponded  to  the  region  near  the 
modern  Astros. 

Cynuria,  or  Cynosuria,  as  it  is  called  by  Thucydides  (iv. 
66  and  v.  41),  was  the  border  territory  between  Sparta  and 
Argos  upon  the  coast.  It  was  a small  tract  consisting  of 
a single  valley  (that  of  Luka)  and  of  the  adjoining  hills ; 
but  it  was  of  great  importance,  as  commanding  the  passes 
which  formed  the  natural  communication  between  the 
two  countries.  Hence  it  was  for  so  long  a time  an  object 
of  contention  between  them.  Rome  finally  adjudged  it  to 
Argolis.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  313,  note. 

Cyparissus  (sip-a-ris'us).  [Gr.  Vv-apioaoc.^  In 
Greek  mythology,  a youth,  a son  of  Telephus. 
He  accidentally  killed  his  favorite  stag,  and  was  so  over- 
come with  gr  ief  that  Apollo  metamorphosed  him  into  a 
cypress. 

Cypria  (sip'ri-a),  or  Cyprian  Lays  (sip'ri-an 
laz).  One  of  the  poems  of  the  Trojan  cycle, 
anciently  attributed  to  Homer,  and  later  to 
Stasinus,  or  Hegesias,  or  Hegesinus : so  named 
either  from  the  home  of  the  author  (Cyprus),  or 
because  it  celebrated  the  Cyprian  Aphrodite. 
It  served  as  an  introduction  to  the  Iliad,  relating  the 
first  nine  years  of  the  siege  of  Troy. 

Cyprian  (sip'ri-an),  Saint  (Thascius  Cascilius 
Cyprianus).  [L.  Cyprianus,  of  Cyprus.]  Be- 
headed at  Carthage,  Sept.  14,  258.  An  ecclesi- 
astic and  martyr  of  the  African  Church,  elected 
bishop  of  Carthage  in  248.  He  was  converted  to 
Christianity  at  an  advanced  age.  His  festival  was  origi- 
nally kept  on  Holy  Cross  Day,  and  was  transferred  to  Sept. 
16.  The  present  English  calendar  gives  him  Sept.  20, 
which  was  at  one  time  also  given  to  another  Saint  Cyprian 
of  Antioch,  the  magician. 

Cyprus  (si'prus).  [Gr.  K virpos,  F.  Chypre,  G. 
Cypern,  It.  Cipro,  Turk.  Kibris.~\  One  of  the 
largest  islands  of  the  Mediterranean,  situated 
in  its  eastern  corner,  south  of  Cilicia,  with  the 
range  of  the  Lebanon  on  the  east  and  that  of 
Taurus  on  the  north.  Its  name  is  supposed  to  be  de- 
rived from  its  rich  mines  of  copper  (Gr.  xvnpos).  It  was 
celebrated  in  antiquity  as  the  birthplace  and  favorite 
abode  of  Aphrodite,  and  was  famous  for  its  beauty  and 
wealth,  but  also  for  its  licentiousness.  It  was  early  settled 
by  Phenicians,  who  were  followed  by  Greeks.  Its  princi- 
pal cities  were  Paphos  on  the  western  coast  (a  center  of  the 
cult  of  Aphrodite),  Salamis  on  the  eastern,  Cition  on  the 
southeastern,  and  Amathus  on  the  southern.  In  the  center 
of  the  island  were  the  Phenician  mining  cities  Tamassus 
and  Idalium,  with  the  celebrated  grove  of  Aphrodite.  For 
a time  Cyprus  was  tributary  to  Assyria.  Its  name  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions  is  Yatnan,  and  Sargon  (722-705  B.  c.) 
relates  that  seven  kings  from  this  island  (probably  the 
chiefs  of  the  Phenician  colonies)  brought  him  costly  gifts 
and  “kissed  his  feet,"  i.  e.  acknowledged  his  sovereignty. 
He  in  turn  presented  them  with  a marble  stele  containing 
a full-length  sculptured  portrait  of  himself,  and  an  inscrip- 
tion commemorating  his  principal  deeds.  This  monument 
was  found  in  1846,  well  preserved,  near  T.arnaka  (the  an- 
cient Cition),  and  is  at  present  in  the  Royal  Museum  of 
Berlin.  Cyprus  was  in  succession  subject  to  Persia,  Mace- 
don,  and  Egypt,  and  in  67  B.  c.  became  a Roman  province. 
In  the  middle  ages  it  belonged  alternately  to  the  Byzantine 
empire  and  the  Saracens,  and  from  1192  formed  a kingdom 
ruled  by  the  house  of  Lusignan.  In  1489  Caterina Cornaro 
transferred  the  sovereignty  to  Venice.  In  1571  it  was  taken 
by  the  Turks.  Cyprusisadministered  by  England, according 
to  ? convention  between  Turkey  and  England  in  1878.  Its 
chief  officer  is  a high  commissioner,  and  there  is  partial 
self-government.  Capital,  Nicosia.  Area,  3,584  square 
miles.  Population,  237,022.  In  1869  Lang  discovered  a bilin- 
gual inscription,  in  Cypriote  and  Phenician  writing,  which 
supplied  thekey  to  the  ancientCypriote  alphabet.  Opinions 
on  the  source  and  origin  of  this  ancient  alphabet,  which  is 
syllabic,  are  divided.  Dr.  Deeke,  for  instance,  derives  it 
from  the  Assyro-Babylonian  cuneiform  alphabet,  which  is 
also  syllabic;  while  ProfessorSayce,  followed  by  \V. Wright, 
would  see  its  ultimate  source  in  the  supposed  Hittite  hie- 
roglyphic inscriptions  found  throughout  Asia  Minor.  (See 
Hitiites.)  Cyprus  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  New 
Testament  (Acts  iv.  36,  xiii.  4),  and  is  often  referred  to  in 
the  Old  Testament  by  the  name  of  Chittim  (which  see).  A 
large  number  of  antiquities  were  unearthed  there  by  Gen- 
eral di  Cesnola,  which  are  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Mu- 
seum, New  York.  His  explorations  have  been  the  subject 
of  much  discussion  and  skepticism. 

Cypselus  (sip'se-lus).  [Gr.  Khpe/.or.^  A tyrant 
of  Corinth  about  655-625  b.  c. 

Cyrenaica  (sir-e-na'i-kfi),  or  Pentapolis  (pen- 
tap'o-lis).  In  ancient  geography,  a country  in 
northern  Africa,  lying  between  the  Mediterra- 
nean on  the  north,  Marmarica  on  the  east, 
the  desert  on  the  south,  and  Syrtis  Major  on  the 
west.  It  corresponded  nearly  to  the  modern  Barca,  and 
was  noted  for  its  fertility.  It  was  settled  by  Therians 
about  631 B.  0. ; was  subject  to  Egypt  from  321 B.  C. ; formed 
with  Crete  a Roman  province  in  67  B.  c. ; and  was  ruined  by 
invasions  of  Persians  and  Saracens  in  the  7th  century  A.  p. 

Cyrenaics  (si-re-na'iks).  [From  K vpgpy,  Cy- 
rene.]  A school  of  Greek  hedonistic  philoso- 
phers, founded  by  Aristippus  of  Cvrene,  a dis- 
ciple of  Socrates. 

Cyrene  (si-re'ne).  [Gr.  Kr/w/iv?.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a nymph,  mother  of  Aristreus. 

Cyrene.  [Gr.  K vpyvr).']  In  ancient  geography, 
the  principal  city  of  Cyrenaica,  situated  about 
10  miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  32°  45' 


300 

N.,  long.  21°  50'  E.  It  was  founded  by  Therians, 
under  Battus,  about  631  B.  c.  (see  Cyrenaica),  and  was  a 
seat  of  Greek  learning  and  culture.  The  modern  Ghrennah, 
on  its  site,  contains  many  antiquities.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Aristippus,  Eratosthenes,  and  other  celebrated 
men. 

Cyril  (sir'il),  Saint,  of  Alexandria.  [L.  Cyril- 
lus,  Gr.  K hpiA/Mc,  lordly.]  Born  at  Alexandria : 
died  at  Alexandria,  J une,  444.  An  ecclesiastic 
and  theologian.  He  succeeded  his  uncle  Theophilus 
as  archbishop  of  Alexandria  in  412.  Animated  by  an  in- 
temperate zeal  for  the  cause  of  orthodoxy,  he  despoiled 
the  Novatians  of  their  church  property,  and  expelled  the 
Jews  from  the  city.  He  is  said  to  have  instigated  his 
monks  to  murder  the  pagan  philosopher  Hypatia  (415  ?). 
He  began  in  428  to  oppose  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius,  and 
in  431  presided  over  the  Council  of  Ephesus,  at  which 
Nestorius  was  condemned  as  a heretic.  His  works,  chiefly 
controversial,  were  edited  by  Aubert  in  1638.  He  is  com- 
memorated as  a saint  in  the  Greek,  Roman,  and  Anglican 
churches  on  Jan.  28. 

Cyril,  Saint,  of  Jerusalem.  Born  at  or  near  Jeru- 
salem about  315 : died  about  386.  An  ecclesiastic 
and  orthodox  controversialist  . He  succeeded  Maxi- 
mus as  bishop  of  Jerusalem  in  360.  He  carried  on  a contro- 
versy with  Acacius,  an  Arian  bishop  of  Caesarea,  who  pro- 
cured his  deposition  in  367.  After  various  changes  of 
fortune,  he  was  finally  restored  in  381.  His  works,  which 
consist  chiefly  of  catechetical  lectures,  were  edited  by 
Touttde  in  1720. 

Cyril,  Saint  (or  Constantine).  Born  at  Thes- 
salonica  about  820 : died  Feb.  14,  869  (?).  A 
scholar  and  prelate,  surnamed  “the  Apostle 
of  the  Slavs.”  He  engaged  with  his  brother  Methodius 
in  missionary  labors  among  the  Moravians,  Bulgarians, 
and  other  Slavic  nations.  He  introduced  the  “ Cyrillic  ” 
alphabet  into  the  Old  Slavic  language. 

Cyril  Lucar  (Cyrillus  Lucaris).  Born  in 
Crete,  1572 : strangled  at  Constantinople,  1638. 
A reforming  prelate  of  the  Greek  Church.  He 
became  patriarch  of  Constantinople  in  1621,  and  sent  the 
“Codex  Alexandrinus  ” to  England  in  1628. 

Cyropaedia  (sUro-pe-di'a),  The.  [Gr.  K vpov 
■jraideia,  the  education  of  Cyrus.]  A work  of 
Xenophon,  in  eight  books,  describing  the  edu- 
cation of  Cyrus,  the  founder  of  the  Persian 
empire,  his  great  deeds,  and  his  dying  advice  to 
his  sons  and  ministers. 

Education  of  Cyrus  [Cyropsedia],  a very  diffuse  polit- 
ical novel,  in  which  he  sets  forth  his  ideal  picture  as  a 
biography  of  the  older  and  greater  Cyrus,  in  opposition  to 
the  dreams  of  Plato  and  other  theoretical  politicians  of 
the  day.  This  work,  which  is  the  longest  and  most  am- 
bitious of  Xenophon’s  writings,  but  consequently  the  most 
tedious  and  the  least  read,  seems  to  be  our  earliest  speci- 
men of  a romance  in  Greek  prose  literature. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  280. 

Cyrrhestica  (si-res'ti-ka).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a region  in  northern  Syria,  west  of  the 
Euphrates  and  south  of  Commagene. 

Cyrus  (sl'rus).  [Gr.  Kvpor ; in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment Korcsit ; in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions 
Kurash,  Kurshu;  OPers.  Euros.']  Died  529  B.  c. 
The  founder  of  the  Persian  empire,  called 
“The  Great.”  His  birth  and  early  youth  are  sur- 
rounded by  myths  and  legends  (see  Mandane ).  The  in- 
formation obtained  from  the  inscriptions,  among  them  a 
cylinder  of  Cyrus  himself  discovered  in  the  ruins  of  Baby- 
lon and  Sepharvaim  (Sippara),  combined  with  the  accounl  s 
of  the  Greek  historians  (Herodotus,  Xenophon,  and  Ctesi- 
phon),  may  be  summarized  as  follows  : He  calls  himself 
on  his  cylinder  son  of  Cambyses,  grandson  of  Cyrus  and 
great-grandson  of  Shishpish  (Theispes),  “Kings  of  An- 
shan.”  Aushan  is  evidently  identical  with  Anzan,  the  plain 
of  Susa,  and  stands  for  Elam,  which  was  conquered  by 
Theispes,  the  son  of  Achsemenes,  founder  of  the  dynasty. 
In  54 J Cyrus,  after  conquering  Ecbatana,  dethroned  Asty- 
ages,  king  of  Media,  and  united  Media  with  Persia.  He 
then  directed  his  arms  against  the  Lydian  kingdom  of 
Croesus  (who  made  an  offensive  and  defensive  alliance 
with  Nabonidus,  king  of  Babylonia,  and  Amasis,  king  of 
Egypt),  defeated  him,  and  captured  the  capital  Sardis. 
The  ensuing  years  Cyrus  used  for  consolidating  his  power 
in  the  conquered  countries.  In  638  he  marched  with  a 
great  army  into  Babylonia.  Sepharvaim  (Sippara)  was 
captured  without  fighting;  Nabonidus,  who  defended  it, 
fled;  and  two  days  afterward  Babylon  itself,  which  was 
held  by  Nabonidus’s  son  Belshazzar,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  conqueror,  likewise  “without  battle  and  tight,"  as  he 
records.  According  to  Eusebius,  Nabonidus  after  the  fall 
of  Babylon  fortified  himself  in  Borsippa;  the  city  was  be- 
sieged by  Cyrus;  and  after  it  had  capitulated  he  treated  it 
and  Nabonidus  himself  with  mercy,  allowing  the  latter  to 
make  his  residence  in  Carmania.  It  is  certain  that  he 
showed  great  generosity  and  consideration  to  the  con- 
quered capital  (Babylon),  sparing  its  inhabitants  and  their 
religious  feelings  : he  even  represented  himself  as  having 
been  called  by  Merodach  (Marduk),  the  god  of  the  city,  to 
avenge  his  neglect  at  the  hands  of  the  preceding  kings. 
Cyrus’s  attitude  to  the  Jewish  exiles  in  Babylonia  is  known 
from  the  Old  Testament  (Ezra  i.).  He  permitted  them  to 
return  to  their  own  country,  rebuild  Jerusalem,  and  re- 
store the  temple,  and  even  returned  to  them  the  vessels 
of  the  temple  which  were  carried  away  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar. His  death,  like  his  birth,  is  somewhat  shrouded  in 
legend.  The  most  common  view  is  that  he  fell  in  battle 
with  the  Messagetes  on  the  river  Jaxartes. 

There  is  much  reason  to  believe  that  the  tomb  of  Cyrus 
still  exists  at  Murg-Aub,  the  ancient  Pasargadae.  On  a 
square  base,  composed  of  immense  blocks  of  beautiful 
white  marble,  rising  in  steps,  stands  a structure  so  closely 
resembling  the  description  of  Arrian,  that  it  seems  scarcely 


Czechs 

possible  to  doubt  its  being  the  tomb  which  in  Alexander’s 
time  contained  the  body  of  Cyrus.  It  is  a quadrangular 
house,  or  rather  chamber,  built  of  huge  blocks  of  marble, 
5 feet  thick,  which  are  shaped  at  the  top  into  a sloping 
roof.  Internally  the  chamber  is  10  feet  long,  7 wide,  and 
8 high.  There  are  holes  in  the  marble  floor,  which  seem 
to  have  admitted  the  fastenings  of  a sarcophagus.  The 
tomb  stands  in  an  area  marked  out  by  pillars,  whereon 
occurs  repeatedly  the  inscription  (written  both  in  Persian 
and  in  the  so-called  Median),  “I  am  Cyrus  the  king,  the 
Achsemenian.”  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  I.  333,  note. 

Cyrus,  surnamed  “ The  Younger.”  Died40lB.  c. 
Son  of  Darius  Notkus,  king  of  Persia,  and  Pa- 
rysatis.  He  sought  to  overthrow  his  brother  Artaxerxes, 
attacked  him  with  the  aid  of  the  ten  thousand  Greeks  (see 
Anabasis),  and  perished  on  the  battle-field  of  Cunaxa. 

Cyrus,  Le  Repos  de.  See  Repos. 

Cyrus,  Les  Voyages  de.  See  Voyages. 
Cytherea  (sitli-e-re'a),  or  Cythera  (si-the'ra). 
[Gr.  Kvdepeia,  KvOr/pr/,  from  Kvdypa,  Cythera.] 
In  classical  mythology,  surnames  of  Aphrodite, 
from  the  island  of  Cythera,  or  from  Cythera  in 
Crete. 

Cythna  (sitk'na).  A character  in  Shelley’s 

dioem  “The  Revolt  of  Islam.” 
yzicus  (siz'i-kus),  or  Cyzicum  (-kum).  [Gr. 
K£)f«of.]  In  ancient  geography,  the  peninsula 
projecting  from  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  into  the 
Sea  of  Marmora ; also,  the  Greek  town  on  its 
isthmus.  Among  its  ruins  are : (a)  A Roman  amphi- 
theater of  the  2d  century  A.  V.  The  ruins  still  rise  to  a 
height  of  65  feet,  built  of  rubble  faced  with  rusticated 
masonry  in  granite.  There  are  32  arched  entrances  in  the 
lower  story)  The  longer  axis  of  the  ellipse  is  325  feet. 
( b ) A temple  of  Hadrian,  dedicated  A.  D.  167,  and  greatly 
admired  in  antiquity.  It  was  a Corinthian  peripteros  of 
6 by  15  columns,  of  white  marble.  The  cella  was  small, 
without  pronaos  or  opisthodomos ; there  were  4 interior 
rows  of  columns  in  front,  and  2 behind.  The  temple 
measured  112  by  301  feet;  the  cella  70  by  140.  The  col- 
umns were  7 feet  in  base-diameter  and  70  high  (the  high- 
est of  any  classical  temple).  The  pediments  and  the  cella 
were  richly  adorned,  (c)  An  ancient  theater,  apparently 
contemporaneous  with  the  amphitheater,  in  part  built  up 
of  rough  masonry  and  faced  with  marble.  The  diameter 
is  328  feet. 

Czacki  (chats'ke),  Tadeusz.  Born  at  Poryck, 
Volkynia,  Poland,  Aug.  28, 1765:  died  at  Dubno, 
Volkynia,  Feb.  8,  1813.  A Polish  writer,  and 
promoter  of  education  in  Poland.  His  chief 
work  is  one  on  the  laws  of  Lithuania  and  Po- 
land (1800). 

Czajkowski  (ehl-kov'ske),  Michal.  Born 
1808 : died  1886.  A Polish  novelist,  and  gen- 
eral in  the  Turkish  service.  His  works  include 
“Wernyhora”  (1838),  and  other  novels  of 
Ukranian  and  Cossack  life. 

Czarniecki  (charn-yets'ke),  or  Czarneeki, 
Stefan.  Born  in  Poland,  1599  : died  at  Soko- 
lowka,  Volkynia,  Poland,  1665.  A Polish  gen- 
eral, distinguished  in  the  war  against  the 
Swedes  1655-58,  and  in  that  against  the  Rus- 
sians and  Cossacks  1660-65. 

Czars  of  Russia,  The.  The  first  independent 
Russian  prince  to  assume  the  title  of  czar  was 
Ivan  IV.,  “the  Terrible,”  who  was  crowned 
Czar  of  Moscow  in  1547.  The  following  rulers  of 
Russia  have  borne  the  title  czar  or  czarina:  Ivan  IV., 
1533-84 ; Feodor  I.,  1584-98 ; Boris,  1598-1605 ; Basil,  1606- 
1613 ; Michael  (Romanoff),  1613-45 ; Alexis,  1645-76 ; Feo- 
dor, 1676-82  ; Ivan  V.  and  Peter  I.,  1682-89 ; Peter  I.,  1689- 
1725;  Catharine  I.,  1725-27;  Peter  II.,  1727-30;  Anne, 
1730-40;  Ivan  VI.,  1740-41;  Elizabeth,  1741-62;  Peter 
III.,  Catharine  II..  1762-96;  Paul  I.,  1796-1801;  Alexan- 
der I.,  1801-25;  Nicholas  I.,  1825-56;  Alexander  II.,  1855- 
1881 ; Alexander  III.,  1881-94 ; Nicholas  II.,  1894-. 
Czartoryski  (cliar-to-ris'ke),  Prince  Adam 
Casimir.  Born  about  1734 : died  at  Sieniawa, 
Galicia,  Austria,  March  19,  1823.  A Polish 
politician  and  general,  a candidate  for  the 
Polish  throne  in  1763. 

Czartoryski,  Prince  Adam  George.  Born  at 
Warsaw,  Jan.  14,  1770:  died  at  Montfermeil, 
near  Paris,  July  15,  1861.  A Polish  general 
and  politician,  son  of  A.  C.  Czartoryski.  He  was 
in  the  Russian  ministry  of  foreign  affairs  1802-05,  and  was 
president  of  the  Polish  provisional  government  in  1830, 
and  of  the  national  government  in  1831. 

Czartoryski,  Princess  Isabella  (Countess  of 
Flemming).  Born  at  Warsaw  about  1746: 
died  at  Wysoek,  Galicia,  Austria,  June  17, 
1835.  A Polish  writer  and  patriot,  wife  of  A. 
C.  Czartoryski. 

Czaslau  (chas'lou).  A town  in  Bohemia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  44  miles  southeast  of 
Prague.  For  battle  of  Czaslau,  see  Cliotusitz. 
Czechs  (checks  or  cheks).  [Also  written  Csech, 
Tsech,  Tschech  (prop.,  according  to  the  orig., 
*Chekh),  from  Boliem.  (Czech)  Chekh  (the  first 
letter  being  ch  (also  written  6),  pron.  ch,  and  the 
last  kh,  pron.  ch)  = Russ.  Chckhu  = Slov.  Cheh 
= Upper  Sorbian  Chekli,  Lower  Serbian  Tsekli 
(whence  Hung.  Cseli),  a Czech.]  The  members 
of  the  most  westerly  branch  of  the  great  Slavic 
family  of  races,  the  term  including  the  Bohe- 


Czechs 

mians,  or  Czechs  proper,  the  Moravians,  and  the 
Slovaks.  They  number  nearly  7,000,000,  and 
live  chiefly  in  Bohemia,  Moravia,  and  northern 
Hungary. 

Czegled  (tse'glad).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Pest,  Hungary,  43  miles  southeast  of  Buda- 
pest. Population,  30,106. 

Czelakowski,  or  Celakovsky  ( che-la-kov'ske), 
Frantisek  Ladislav.  Born  at  St.rakonitz,  Bo- 
hemia, March  7,  1799  : died  at  Prague,  Aug.  5, 
1852.  A Bohemian  poet  and  philologist.  He 
published  “Centifolia”  (1840),  collection  of 
Slavic  folk-songs  (1822-27),  etc. 
Czenstochowa  (chens  - to  - cho  'va).  [Russ. 

Tschenstochoiv,  G.  Czenstocliau.']  A town  in 
the  government  of  Piotrkow,  Poland,  situated 
on  the  Warta  in  lat.  50°  50'  N.,  long.  19°  5'  E. 

It  has  a noted  monastery.  It  was  successfully  defended 
against  the  Swedes  in  1655.  Population,  55,400. 


301 

Czermak  (cher'mak),  Jaroslaw.  Born  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  Aug.  1, 1831 : died  at  Paris, 
April  23,  1878.  A Bohemian  historical  painter, 
brother  of  J.  N.  Czermak.  His  best-known 
works  are  paintings  of  life  in  Montenegro  and 
Herzegovina. 

Czermak,  J ohann  Nepomuk.  Born  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  June  17,  1828:  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept. 
16,  1873.  A noted  Bohemian  physiologist.  He 
introduced  the  use  of  the  laryngoscope. 
Czernowitz  (cher ' no  - vits),  or  Czernowice 
(cher-no-vit'se).  The  capital  of  Bukowina, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Pruth,  in  lat. 
48°  17'  N.,  long.  25°  57'  E.  It  has  considerable 
trade  and  manufactures,  and  contains  a university,  archi- 
episcopal  palace,  and  Greek  cathedral.  Population,  86,870, 
(1910). 

Czerny  (cher'ne),  George,  or  Kara  George 
(“Black  George”),  originally  George  Petro- 


Czuczor 

vitch.  Born  in  Servia  about  1776 : murdered 
near  Semendria,  Servia,  July,  1817.  The  Ser- 
vian leader  in  the  rising  against  the  Turks 
1804  : driven  from  Servia  in  1813. 

Czerny,  Karl.  Born  at  Vienna,  Feb.  21, 1791 : 
died  at  Vienna,  July  15,  1857.  An  Austrian 
pianist  and  composer. 

CzolgOSZ  (chul'gosh),  Leon  F.  Born  at  Detroit 
in  1873:  executed  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  29, 
1901.  An  American  assassin,  of  Polish  origin. 
Influenced  by  anarchistic  teaching,  he  shot  President 
McKinley  in  the  Temple  of  Music  of  the  Pan-American 
Exposition  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  6,  1901. 

Czuczor  (tso'tsor),  Gergely.  Born  at  And6d, 
Neutra,  Hungary,  Dec.  17,  1800:  died  at  Pest, 
Sept.  9,  1866.  A Hungarian  poet  and  lexicog- 
rapher. His  best-known  poems  are  “Battle 
of  Augsburg”  (1824),  and  “Diet  of  Arad” 
(1828). 


abaiba  (da-bi'ba),  or  Dabay- 
be  (da-bi'ba),  or  Davaive 
(dii-vi'va),  or  Abibe  (a-be'- 
be).  A name  given  in  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  century 
to  a region  south  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama,  somewhere 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Atrato 
River.  It  was  probably  the  appel- 
lation of  a chief,  or  his  title,  transferred  by  the  Spaniards 
to  the  territory  over  which  he  ruled.  According  to  re- 
ports Dabaiba  contained  a temple  lined  with  gold,  where 
human  sacrifices  were  made.  Balboa  vainly  searched  for 
this  temple  in  1512  and  1515,  and  it  was  long  an  object 
of  the  Spanish  expeditions. 

Dabbat  (dab'bat).  [Ar.  ddbbatu  ’l-ard,  the  rep- 
tile of  the  earth.]  In  Mohammedan  belief,  “a 
monster  who  shall  arise  in  the  last  day,  and 
shall  cry  unto  the  people  of  the  earth  that  man- 
kind have  not  believed  in  the  revelations  of 
God.”  According  to  the  traditions  he  will  be  the  third 
sign  of  the  coming  resurrection,  and  will  come  forth  from 
the  mountain  of  Sufah.  Hughes,  Diet,  of  Islam. 

Dabih  ( da/be).  [Ar.  sa' d-al-ddbih,  the  slayer’s 
lucky  star:  “Fortuna  mactantis”  of  Ulugh 
Beigh.]  The  third-magnitude  star  fi  Capri- 
corni.  Originally  the  Arabs  applied  the  name 
to  the  two  stars  a and  /?. 

Dablon  (da-bloh'),  Claude.  Born  at  Dieppe, 
France,  1618:  died  at  Quebec,  Sept.  20,  1697. 
A French  Jesuit  missionary.  He  arrived  in  New 
France  in  1655,  accompanied  Druillettes  in  1661,  was  with 
Marquette  on  Lake  Superior  in  1668,  and  was  appointed 
superior  of  the  missions  of  the  Upper  Lakes  in  1670.  He 
edited  the  “ Relation  ” of  1671-72,  and  compiled  an  ac- 
count of  Marquette’s  journey  (published  in  the  “Discov- 
ery and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,”  by  John 
Gilmary  Shea,  1853). 

Dacca  (dak'a),  or  Dhaka  (dha'ka).  1.  A divi- 
sion in  Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam,  British 
India.  Area,  15,937  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 10,793,988. — 2.  A district  in  the  above 
division.  Area,  2,782  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 2,649,522. — 3.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Dacca,  situated  on  the  river  Buriganga  in 
lat.  23°  43'  N.,  long.  90°  24 ' E.  It  was  formerly 
of  great  importance,  being  for  many  years  the  chief  city  of 
Bengal.  It  was  noted  for  its  muslin.  Population,  90,542. 

Dachstein  (dach'stin).  One  of  the  chief  peaks 
of  the  North  Limestone  Alps,  in  the  Salzkam- 
mergut,  Austria-Hungary,  about  18  miles  south 
of  Ischl.  Height,  9,830  feet.  It  is  one  of  the 
highest  peaks  of  this  group. 

Dacia  (da'shi-a).  [L.  Dacia,  Gr.  Aania;  from 
Dad,  Gr.  A anoi,  Aanoi,  Adoc,  the  inhabitants.] 

1.  A province  of  the  Roman  Empire,  lying 
between  the  Carpathian  Mountains  on  the 
north,  the  Theiss  on  the  west,  the  Danube 
on  the  south,  and  the  Dniester  on  the  east. 
It  corresponded  to  modern  Rumania,  Transylvania,  part 
of  Hungary,  and  perhaps  also  Bukowina.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  the  Geta;  or  Daci.  It  was  invaded  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  335  B.  C. , by  Lysimachus  about  292 
B.  c.,  and  its  people  defeated  the  generals  of  Domitian 
81-96  A.  D.  It  was  conquered  by  Trajan  in  101  and  suc- 
ceeding years,  and  made  a Roman  province.  It  was  aban- 
doned by  the  B,omans  in  the  reign  of  Aurelian,  270-275. 

Trajan  now  formed  the  lands  between  the  Theiss  and  the 
Danube,  the  Dniester  and  the  Carpathian  Mountains,  into 
the  Roman  province  of  Dacia.  The  last  province  to  be 
won  was  the  first  to  be  given  up ; for  Aurelian  withdrew 
from  it,  and  transferred  its  name  to  the  Moesian  land  im- 
mediately south  of  the  Danube. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  70. 

Cut  off,  as  it  has  been  for  so  many  ages,  from  all  Roman 
influences,  forming,  as  it  has  done,  one  of  the  great  high- 
ways of  barbarian  migration,  a large  part  of  Dacia,  namely 
the  modern  Rouman  principality,  still  keeps  its  Roman 
language  no  less  than  Spain  and  Gaul.  In  one  way  the 
land  is  to  this  day  more  Roman  than  Spain  or  Gaul,  as  its 
people  still  call  themselves  by  the  Roman  name. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  71. 

2.  A diocese  in  the  northern  part  of  the  later 
Roman  prefecture  of  Ulyrieum  (Servia  and 
western  Bulgaria). 

Dacier  (dii-sya'),  Andre.  Born  at  Castres, 
France,  April  6,  1651:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  18, 
1722  A French  classical  scholar  and  acade- 
mician. He  translated  (for  the  use  of  the 
Dauphin)  Valerius  Flaccus,  Horace,  Epicte- 
tus, Aristotle’s  “Poetics,”  etc. 


Dacier,  Madame  (Anne  Tanneguy-Lefevre). 

Born  at  Saumur,  France,  March,  1654 : died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  17, 1720.  A French  classical  scholar, 
wife  of  Andre  Dacier.  She  translated  the  Iliad. 
(1699),  the  Odyssey  (1708),  and  other  Greek 
and  Latin  classics. 

Da  Costa  (da  kos'ta),  Izaak.  Born  at  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  14,  1798:  died  at  Leyden,  Neth- 
erlands, April  28,  1860.  A Dutch  poet  and 
Protestant  theologian.  His  works  include  “ Prome- 
theus ” (1820),  “ Poezii  ” (1821-22),  “ Feestliederen  ” (1828), 
“Bagar”  (1840),  and  various  historical  and  theological 
treatises. 

Dacota.  See  Dakota. 

Dacre,  Lord.  See  Fiennes. 

Dacres  (da'kerz),  Sir  Richard  James.  Born 
1799 : died  at  Brighton,  England,  Dec.  6, 1886. 
A British  field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  Crimean 
war,  commanding  the  royal  horse-artillery  at  the  battle 
of  the  Alma,  and  the  artillery  at  the  battle  of  Balaklava. 

Dacres,  Sir  Sidney  Colpoys.  Born  at  Totnes, 
Devon,  Jan.  9,  1805:  died  at  Brighton,  March 
8,  1884.  A British  admiral.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1817 ; became  a captain  in  1840 ; commanded  the  Sans 
Pared  in  the  operations  before  Sebastopol,  including  the 
bombardment  of  Oct.  17,  1854;  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  port  of  Balaklava  Oct.  27,  1854;  and  was  appointed 
captain  of  the  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1859,  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  Channel  in  1863,  first  sea  lord  in 
1868,  and  admiral  in  1870. 

Dactyls  (dak'tilz),  or  Dactyli  (dak'ti-li),  or 
Daktyloi  (-loi).  [Gr.  Ad/cnAot.]  In  classical 
mythology,  supernatural  and  magical  beings 
living  on  Mount  Ida  in  Phrygia,  the  discover- 
ers of  iron  and  copper  and  of  the  art  of  work- 
ing them.  They  were  transferred,  in  the  legends,  to 
Mount  Ida  in  Crete,  and  were  there  identified  with  the 
Curetes,  Corybantes,  etc.  Their  number,  originally  three, 
was  increased,  in  various  accounts  of  them,  to  ten,  and 
even  to  one  hundred. 

Dadu.  See  Ramman. 

D8edalus(de'da-lus  or  ded'a-lus).  [Gr.  A aiSa/iog.] 
In  Greek  legend,  an  Athenian,  son  of  Metion  and 
grandson  of  Erechtheus.  He  was  regarded  as  the  per- 
sonification of  all  handicrafts  and  of  art,  and  as  such  was 
worshiped  by  artists'  gilds  in  various  places,  especially  in 
Attica,  and  was  a central  figure  in  various  myths.  He 
was  said  to  have  made  various  improvements  in  the  fine 
arts,  including  architecture,  and  to  have  invented  many 
mechanical  appliances,  as  the  ax,  the  awl,  and  the  bevel. 
For  the  murder  of  his  nephew  Talos,  of  whose  inventive 
skill  he  was  jealous,  he  was  driven  to  Crete,  where  he  con- 
structed the  famous  labyrinth,  in  which  he,  with  his  son 
Icarus,  was  confined  for  furnishing  the  clue  of  it  to  Ari- 
adne. (In  another  legend  a different  account  of  his  im- 
prisonment is  given.)  Escaping,  he  and  Icarus  fled  over 
sea  on  wings  of  wax  which  he  had  made.  Icarus  soared 
too  near  the  sun,  his  wings  melted,  and  he  fell  into  the 
sea,  which  was  called  for  him  the  Icarian.  Many  archaic 
wooden  images  were,  in  historic  times,  believed  to  be  the 
work  of  Daedalus. 

Daegsastan,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  in 
603  by  the  Northumbrian  king  zEtnelfrith  over 
the  Scots  under  Aidan,  near  the  river  Tees  (?). 
Daendels  (dan'dels),  Herman  Willem.  Bom 
at  Hattem,  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  Oct.  21, 
1762:  died  on  the  Gold  Coast,  Africa,  May  2, 

1818.  A Dutch  general,  and  governor-general 
of  the  Dutch  East  Indies  1808-11.  He  took  part 
in  the  revolutionary  agitation  in  the  Netherlands  in  1787, 
and  was  obliged  to  seek  refuge  in  France.  In  1793  he 
aided  Dumouriez  in  the  expedition  against  Holland,  as 
colonel  of  a body  of  foreign  volunteers;  and  in  1794  served 
with  Pichegru  as  general  of  brigade.  After  this  campaign 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  Batavian  Republic  as  lieu- 
tenant-general, and  in  1799  commanded  a division  in  the 
successful  resistance  to  the  Anglo-Russian  invasion.  In 
1806  he  entered  the  service  of  the  King  of  Holland,  and 
was  made  marshal  in  1807.  He  served  also  in  the  Russian 
campaign  in  1812,  and  in  1814  was  made  governor  of  the 
Dutch  colonies  on  the  Gold  Coast. 

Dafirah  (da-fe'rii).  [Ar.  al-dafirah,  the  tuft  of 
hair  at  the  end  of  an  animal’s  tail.]  A rarely 
used  name  for  the  star/3  Leonis,  usually  known 
as  Dcnebola. 

Da  Gama,  Vasco.  See  Gama,  Vasco  da. 
Daggerwood,  Sylvester.  See  Sylvester  Dag- 
gerioood. 

Daggett  (dag'et),  David.  Born  at  Attlebor- 
ough, Mass.,  Dec.  31, 1764:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  April  12,  1851.  An  American  jurist, 
United  States  senator  from  Connecticut  1813- 

1819. 


Daggett,  Naphtali.  Born  at  Attleborough, 
Mass.,  Sept.  8,  1727 : died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Nov.  25, 1780.  An  American  clergyman,  presi- 
dent pro  tempore  of  Yale  College  1766-67. 

Daghestan  (da-ges-tan').  [Turk.,  ‘mountain- 
land.’]  A province  of  the  Caucasus,  Russia, 
bordering  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  chief  town  is 
Derbent.  It  submitted  to  Russia  in  1859,  and  was  the 
scene  of  an  insurrection  1877-78.  Area,  11,471  square  miles. 
Population,  626,500. 

Dagnan-Bouveret  (dan-yoh'bov-ra'),  Pas- 
cale  Adolphe  Jean.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  7, 
1852.  A French  painter,  a pupil  of  Gerome. 
He  obtained  the  second  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1876.  His 
pictures  first  appeared  in  the  Salon  in  1877.  He  has  ob- 
tained several  medals,  one  of  the  first  class  in  1880. 

Dago  (da'go).  [Said  to  be  a corruption  by 
American  and  English  sailors  of  the  frequent 
Sp.  name  Diego  (==  E.  Jack,  James,  ult.  LL. 
Jacobus):  applied  from  its  frequency  to  the 
whole  class  of  Spaniards.]  Originally,  one 
born  of  Spanish  parents,  especially  in  Loui- 
siana: used  as  a proper  name,  and  now  ex- 
tended to  Spaniards,  Portuguese,  and  Italians 
in  general.  [U.  S.] 

Dago  (da'go).  An  island  in  the  Baltic,  near  the 
southern  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  be- 
longing to  Esthonia,  Russia. 

Dagobert  (dag'o-bert;  F.  pron.  da-go-bar') 
I,  Born  about  602:  died  638.  King  of  the 
Franks,  son  of  Clotaire  II.,  by  whom  he  was 
appointed  king  of  Austrasia  in  622,  and  whom 
he  succeeded  as  king  of  the  Franks  in  628. 
He  founded  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis,  and  reduced  to  writ- 
ing the  customary  laws  of  the  barbarian  tribes  in  his 
kingdom.  During  his  reign  the  empire  of  the  Franks 
attained  a wide  extent,  namely,  from  the  Weser  to  the 
Pyrenees,  and  from  the  Western  Ocean  to  the  frontiers  of 
Bohemia. 

Dagobert,  Chanson  du  roi.  [F.,  ‘ Song  of  King 
Dagobert.’]  A popular  French  song  concern- 
ing King  Dagobert  I.  and  his  favorite  counsel- 
or, Saint  Eloi.  It  was  in  existence  before  the  revolu- 
tion of  1789.  It  is  a satirical  series  of  couplets  sung  to  a 
hunting  chorus,  and  has  been  modified  to  suit  various 
political  epochs.  In  1814  it  became  immensely  popular 
on  account  of  the  verses  against  Napoleon  and  the  Rus- 
sian campaign.  It  was  forbidden  by  the  police,  but  was 
revived  on  the  return  of  the  Bourbons.  Every  other 
stanza  begins  “Le  bon  roi  Dagobert.” 

Dagon  (da'gon).  A deity  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament  as  the  national  god  of  the 
Philistines,  and  as  worshiped  especially  in  Gaza 
and  Ashdod  (Judges  xvi.  23,  and  1 Sam.  v.). 
The  name  is  usually  derived  from  Hebrew  dag  (fish),  and 
it  is  assumed  that  Dagon  was  depicted  as  half  man  and 
half  fish,  and  had  his  female  counterpart  in  Derketo,  who 
was  worshiped  in  Ashkelon  (Ascalon).  1 Sam.  v.  4 would 
seem  to  favor  this  view.  On  the  other  hand,  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  mythology  also  knows  a divinity  Dagan  ; but  there 
he  is,  etymologically  at  least,  not  connected  with  the 
fish,  as  the  Assyrian  word  for  fish  is  not  dag  but  nun  : 
the  meaning  of  the  name  Dagan  has  not  as  yet  been  de- 
termined. At  the  same  time  the  Babylonian  historian 
Berosus  gives  an  account  of  such  a being,  half  man  and 
half  fish,  under  the  name  Oannes,  who  in  the  beginning  of 
history  emerged  at  intervals  from  the  sea  and  taught  the 
Babylonians  civilization.  This  Oannes  of  Berosus  is  iden- 
tified by  some  scholars  with  Ea  of  the  Assyro-Babylonian 
pantheon,  the  god  of  the  ocean ; and  is  conceived  as  a 
human  figure  with  the  skin  of  a fish  on  his  shoulders  as 
a garment,  a representation  of  which  is  often  met  on  the 
early  monuments.  In  Phenicia  the  name  of  the  god 
was  connected  with  dagan,  corn,  and  is  accordingly  ren- 
dered into  Greek  in  the  fragments  of  Philo  Byhlius  by 
<rtTos.  Dagon  was  then  considered  as  the  god  of  agricul- 
ture, a function  which  is  also  emphasized  in  the  Oannes 
of  Berosus. 

Dagonet  (dag'o-net),  or  Daguenet  (dag'e-net), 
Sir.  In  Arthurian  romances,  the  fool  of  King 
Arthur,  who  “loved  him  passing  well  and 
made  him  knight  with  his  own  hands.”  He  was 
buffeted  and  knocked  about  a good  deal,  and  is  frequently 
alluded  to  by  the  dramatists  of  Shakspere’s  time  ana 
later. 

Daguerre  (dii-gar'),  Louis  Jacques  MandA 

Born  at  Cormeilles,  Seine-et-Oise,  Nov.  18, 
1789:  died  at  Petit-Brie-sur-Mame,  July  12, 
1851.  A French  painter,  and  inventor  (with 
Nifepce)  of  the  daguerreotype  process.  He  was 
at  first  in  the  internal  revenue  service,  then  devoted  him- 
self to  scene-painting,  in  which  he  attained  celebrity, 
and  in  1822,  with  Bouton,  opened  the  Diorama  in  Paris 


302 


Daguerre 

(burned  1839).  In  the  successful  study  of  the  problem  of 
obtaining  permanent  pictures  by  the  action  of  sunlight 
he  was  anticipated  by  Nicdphore  Niepce,  who  began  his 
investigations  in  1814,  and  communicated  some  of  his  re- 
sults to  Daguerre,  who  was  then  occupied  with  the  sub- 
ject, in  1820:  the  tw'o  worked  together  from  1829  until 
Niepce’s  death  in  1833.  Daguerre's  perfected  process  was 
communicated  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  by  Arago,  Jan. 
9,  1839. 

D’Aguesseau.  See  Aguesseau. 

Dahak.  See  Azhi  Dahaka. 

Dahl  (dal),  Conrad.  Bom  near  Trondhjetn, 
Norway,  June  24,  1843.  A Norwegian  poet 
and  novelist,  chaplain  of  the  jail  at  Akerslius 
since  1885.  He  is  best  known  for  his  repre- 
sentation of  Norwegian  peasant  life. 

Dahl,  Johann  Kristen  Clausen.  Born  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  Feb.  24,  1788  : died  at  Dres- 
den, Oct.  14,  1857.  A Norwegian  landscape- 
painter. 

Dahl,  Michael.  Born  at  Stockholm,  Sweden, 
in  1656 : died  at  London,  Oct.  20,  1743.  A 
Swedish  portrait-painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  the 
Danish  painter  Klocker,  and  in  1688  settled  at  London, 
where  he  acquired  an  extensive  patronage  among  the  no- 
bility and  at  court.  He  painted  the  portraits  of  the  prin- 
cess (afterward  queen)  Anne  and  Prince  George,  the  por- 
trait of  Charles  XI.  of  Sweden  at  Windsor,  and  the  series 
of  portraits  of  admirals  at  Hampton  Court. 

Dahl,  Vladimir  Ivanovitch:  pseudonym  Ko- 
sak  Luganski.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1801 : 
died  at  Moscow,  Nov.  3, 1872.  A Russian  nov- 
elist, philologist,  and  litterateur.  He  published 
a "Dictionary  of  the  Living  Russian  Tongue” 
(1861-66),  etc. 

Dahlak,  or  Dahlac  (da-lak'),  or  Dahalak 

(da-ha-lak').  [Ar.  Salej. ] A group  of  islands 
in  the  Red  Sea,  off  the  seaport  of  Massowa, 
now  belonging  to  Italy. 

Dahlbom  (diil'bom),  Anders  Gustaf.  Born  at 
Forssa,  East  Gothland,  Sweden,  March  3, 1806  : 
died  at  Lund,  Sweden,  May  3, 1859.  A Swedish 
entomologist.  His  chief  work  is  “ Hymenop- 
tera  europma  prsecipue  borealia”  (1845). 

Dahlgren  (dal'gren),  John  Adolf.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  13,  1809:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  July  12,  1870.  A noted  American 
rear-admiral.  He  became  lieutenant  in  1837,  and  was 
assigned  to  ordnance  duty  at  Washington  in  1847.  While 
there  he  introduced  important  improvements  in  the  naval 
armament,  including  a gun  of  his  own  invention,  which 
bears  his  name.  He  became  commander  in  1855 ; made 
in  1857  an  experimental  cruise  with  the  sloop  of  war 
Plymouth,  to  test  the  practicability  of  employing  his 
eleven-inch  gun  at  sea ; resumed  command  of  the  ord- 
nance department  at  Washington  in  1858  ; was  made  chief 
of  the  bureau  of  ordnance  July  18,  1862;  became  rear- 
admiral  Feb.  7,  1863 ; and  in  July  following  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron. 
He  conducted  the  naval  operations  in  Charleston  harbor 
which  began  July  10,  1863,  and  ended  Sept.  7, 1863,  in  the 
course  of  which,  in  cooperation  with  the  land  forces  un- 
der General  Gillmore,  he  took  Morris  Island  and  Fort 
Wagner,  and  silenced  Fort  Sumter,  but  failed  to  capture 
Charleston.  He  led  a successful  expedition  up  the  St. 
John’s  River  in  Feb.,  1864,  to  aid  in  throwing  a military 
force  into  Florida,  cooperated  with  Sherman  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Savannah  Dec.  21,  and  entered  Charleston  with 
General  Schimmelpfennig  on  its  evacuation  in  Feb.,  1865. 
He  published  various  technical  works. 

Dahlgren  (dal'gren),  Karl  Fredrik.  Bom  at 
Stens-Bruk,  near  Norrkoping,  Sweden,  June 
20,  1791 : died  at  Stockholm,  May  2,  1844.  A 
Swedish  poet,  novelist,  and  humorist.  His 
complete  works  were  published  1847-52. 
Dahlmann  (dal'man),  Friedrich  Christoph. 
Bom  at  Wismar,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  May 
13,  1785 : died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Dec.  5,  1860. 
A noted  German  historian  and  statesman,  ap- 
pointed professor  at  Kiel  in  1812,  at  Gottingen 
in  1829,  and  at  Bonn  in  1842.  He  was  » member  of 
the  National  Assembly  at  Frankfort  1848-49.  His  works 
include  “Quellenkundederdeutschen  Geschichte  "(1830), 
“Geschichte  von  Dan emark ’’  (1840-43),  “Geschichte  der 
englischen  Revolution  ’’  (1844),  “ Geschichte  der  franzo- 
sischen  Revolution  ” (1845),  etc. 

Dahlstjerna  (dal-sher'na),  Gunno  Eurelius. 

Born  at  Ohr,  Dalsland,  Sweden,  Sept.  7,  1661: 
died  in  Pomerania,  Sept.  7,  1709.  A Swedish 
poet.  He  wrote  “Kungaskald”  (1697),  an 
elegy  on  the  death  of  Charles  XL,  and  a poem 
on  Charles  XII.  and  Peter  the  Great. 

Dahn  (dan),  Felix.  Born  at  Hamburg,  Feb. 
9,  1834:  died  at  Breslau,  Jan.  3,  1912.  A Ger- 
man historian  and  poet.  He  studied  history  and 
jurisprudence  at  Munich  and  Berlin.  In  1857  he  became 
docent  in  the  faculty  of  law  at  the  University  of  Munich, 
and  in  1862  was  made  professor.  The  succeeding  year  he 
went  in  the  same  capacity  to  Wiirzburg.  In  1872  he  be- 
came professor  of  law  at  the  University  of  Konigsberg, 
and  in  1888  at  Breslau.  His  most  important  works  are, 
in  history,  “Die  Kttnige  der  Germanen"  (“The  Kings  of 
the  Germans,"  1861-92),  “ Urgeschichte  der  germanischen 
und  romanischen  Volker  ’(“  Primitive  History  of  the  Ger- 
manic and  Romance  Peoples,"  1881-90);  in  law,  “Die 
Vernunftim  Recht ’’(“Reason  in  Law,”  1879).  A volume 
of  poems,  “Gediclite,"  appeared  in  1857,  and  a second 
collection  in  1873;  “Balladen  und  Lieder"  (“Ballads  and 


303 

Songs  ’’)  in  1878.  He  was  the  author  of  several  romances : 
the  principal  one,  “Ein  Kampf  um  Rom  ” (“  A Struggle 
for  Rome”),  appeared  in  1876,  in  four  volumes;  “Odhins 
Trost”  (“Odin’s  Consolation”)  in  1880.  He  wrote,  also, 
a number  of  dramas,  among  them  “ Markgraf  Riideger  von 
Bechelaren  ’’  (1875). 

Dahlia  (daH'na),  or  Dehna  (daH'na).  A large 
unexplored  desert  in  southern  central  Arabia, 
extending  from  Nejd  to  Hadramaut. 

Dahomey  (da-ho'mi).  A French  dependency 
in  West  Africa,  capital  Porto  Novo,  extending 
from  the  Slave  Coast  inland  to  the  French  mili- 
tary territories.  On  the  west  it  borders  on  the  Togo; 
on  the  east,  on  Lagos  and  northern  Nigeria.  The  French 
occupied  the  coast  in  1851,  and  in  1894  annexed  the  whole 
kingdom  of  Dahomey.  Until  1900  the  kingdom  of  Abomey 
was  allowed  to  exist,  but  in  that  year  the  king  was  seized 
and  exiled  to  the  Kongo.  The  colony  is  administered  by 
a lieutenant-governor,  subject  to  the  governor-general  of 
French  West  Africa.  The  land  is  low  and  unhealthy.  The 
chief  export  is  palm-oil.  The  Dahomeyans  are  intelligent, 
active,  and  polite.  The  hecatombs  of  human  victims  for 
which  they  are  (notorious  are  due  to  their  superstition 
rather  than  to  their  cruelty.  The  Dahomeyans  are  also 
called  Fon.  Their  language  is  closely  allied  to  Ewe. 
Area,  about  40,000  square  miles.  Population,  about  655,000. 
Dahra  ( da'ra) . A mountainous  region  in  north- 
ern Algeria,  situated  about  lat.  36°  15'  N.,  long. 
0°-l°  E.  In  its  caverns  about  600-600  Kabyles  were 
suffocated  by  order  of  the  French  commander  Colonel 
P^lissier  in  1845. 

Daidalos.  See  Dsedalws. 

Daille  (da-ya'),  Latinized  Dallseus  (da-le'us), 
Jean.  Bom  at  Chatellerault,  France,  Jan.  6, 
1594:  died  at  Charenton,  near  Paris,  April 
15,  1670.  A French  Protestant  divine  and  con- 
troversialist, a voluminous  writer.  His  chief  work 
is  “ Traite  de  l’emploi  des  saints  pores  pour  le  jugement 
des  dilferends  qui  sont  aujourd’hui  en  la  religion  " (1632  : 
Latin  trans.  1656). 

Daily  Courant,  The.  The  first  British  daily 
paper.  It  was  begun  March  11,  1702. 
Daimbert  (dan-bar'  ),or  Dagobert(da-go-bar'). 
Died  in  Sicily,  1107.  First  Latin  patriarch  of 
Jerusalem.  He  became  archbishop  of  Pisa  in  1092,  and 
commanded  the  Pisan  and  Genoese  army  in  the  first  Cru- 
sade. He  was  elected  patriarch  of  Jerusalem  in  1099. 
Daimiel  (di-me-el').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  situated  20  miles  north- 
east o?  Ciudad  Real.  Population,  11,825. 
Daimio  (dl'myo).  [Chino-Jap.,  ‘ great  name.’] 
The  title  of  the  chief  feudal  barons  or  territo- 
rial nobles  of  Japan,  vassals  of  the  mikado: 
distinguished  from  sliomio  (‘little  name’)) 
the  title  given  to  the  hatamoto,  or  vassals  of 
the  shogun.  Though  exercising  independent  author- 
ity in  their  own  domains,  the  daimios  acknowledged  the 
mikado  as  the  legitimate  ruler  of  the  whole  country. 
During  the  Tokugawa  shogunate  (1603-1868)  the  daimios 
gradually  became  subject  to  the  shoguns,  who  compelled 
them  to  live  in  Yedo,  with  their  families  and  a certain 
number  of  their  retainers,  for  six  months  of  every  year, 
and  on  their  departure  for  their  own  provinces  to  leave 
their  families  as  hostages.  The  number  of  daimios  dif- 
fered at  different  times,  according  to  the  fortunes  of  war 
and  the  caprice  of  the  shoguns.  Just  before  the  abolition 
of  the  shogunate  there  were  255,  arranged  in  five  classes, 
with  incomes  ranging  from  10,000  to  1,027,000  koku  of  rice 
per  annum.  In  1871  the  daimios  surrendered  their  lands 
and  privileges  to  the  mikado,  who  granted  pensions  pro- 
portioned to  their  respective  revenues,  and  relieved  them 
of  the  support  of  the  samurai,  their  military  retainers. 
These  pensions  have  since  been  commuted  into  active 
bonds,  redeemable  by  government  within  thirty  years  from 
date  of  issue.  The  title  has  been  abolished,  and  that  of 
kuicazotm  bestowed  upon  court  and  territorial  nobles 
alike. 

Dainty  (dan'ti),  Lady.  A fashionable,  frivo- 
lous fine  lady  in  Cibber’s  comedy  “ The  Double 
Gallant.”  “Dogs,  doctors,  and  monkeys  are 
her  favorites.”  She  is  courted  by  Careless. 

Daircell,  or  Taircell,  or  Moiling.  Died  696.  An 

Irish  saint.  According  to  an  Irish  account  of  his  life, 
he  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Faelan,  a farmer  at  Luachair 
(now  Slieve  Lougher),  near  Castle  Island,  Kerry.  His 
mother,  when  she  found  herself  about  to  give  birth  to  a 
child,  fled  to  the  wilderness,  where  she  was  prevented 
from  strangling  her  new-born  babe  only  by  a dove  sent 
from  heaven,  which  flapped  its  wings  in  her  face.  He 
was  educated  by  St.  Brendan  of  Clonfert,  who  gave  him 
the  name  of  Daircell  (‘  gathering  ’),.in  allusion  to  the  man- 
ner in  whicli  the  dove  “gathered  ” him  to  her  with  her 
wings.  Once,  when  collecting  alms  for  St.  Brendan’s 
Church,  he  was  attacked  by  a band  of  robbers,  who  threat- 
ened to  kill  him.  He  made  his  escape  by  making  three 
leaps,  in  which  he  passed  over  the  whole  of  Lougher  and 
landed  in  the  third  inclosure  of  the  church,  whereupon 
he  received  the  name  of  Moiling  (from  tinge,  leaps)  of 
Lougher.  He  founded  the  church  of  Tech  Moiling,  or  St. 
Mullens,  at  Ross  Broc  (?),  and  is  the  reputed  author  of  a 
Latin  manuscript  of  the  four  gospels,  preserved  in  Trinity 
College,  Dublin. 

Daisy  (da'zi),  Solomon.  The  bell-ringer  of 
Chigwell,  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “ Barnabv 
Rudge”:  a rusty  little  fellow  who  seems  all 
eyes. 

Daisy  Miller  (da'zi  mil'er).  A novel  by 
Henry  James,  published  in  1878. 

Daitya  (dit'ya).  [‘Son  of  Diti.’]  In  Hindu 
mythology,  a race  of  demons  and  giants  who 


Dalecarlia 

warred  with  the  gods  and  interfered  with  sacri- 
fices; Titans. 

Dajo  (da-jo').  [PL]  A Nigritic  tribe  of  the 
eastern  Sudan,  southeast  of  the  Kuka,  with 
whom  they  have  some  remote  affinity. 

Dakiki,  Abu  Mansur  Muhammad.  Lived 
about  1000  a.  d.  A Persian  poet,  from  Tus 
or  Bokhara,  author  of  many  odes  and  sonnets. 
Dakiki  had  completed  a thousand  distichs  of  the  Book  of 
Kings  when  he  was  murdered.  Firdusi  represents  him  as 
appearing  to  him  in  a dream,  and  asking  him  to  incorpo- 
rate in  his  work  the  fragment.  To  Dakiki  Firdusi  ascribed 
the  portion  of  the  Shahnamah  relating  to  Gushtasp  and 
Zartusht  (Zoroaster). 

Dakota  (da-ko'ta).  [From  the  Dakota  Indians.] 
A former  territory  of  the  United  States.  See 
North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota. 

Dakota  (da-ko'ta).  [PL,  also  Dakotas:  ‘con- 
federated.’] A division  of  the  Siouan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  composed  of  the 
Dakota  proper  and  the  Assiniboin.  Their  former 
habitat  was  in  Montana  and  the  adjacent  part  of  the 
Northwest  Territory  of  British  North  America,  as  well  as 
in  North  and  South  Dakota  and  Minnesota.  The  Dakota 
proper,  or  Sioux,  were  originally  in  seven  gentes,  whence 
the  name  by  which  they  sometimes  call  themselves,  Otceti 
Cakowin  (‘  The  Seven  Council  fires’).  These  seven  gen- 
tes have  become  the  primary  divisions  of  the  Dakota,  and 
areasfollows:  M dewakantonwan,  Waqpekute, Sisitonwan, 
Waqpetonwan,  Ihaiiktonwan,  Ihanktonwanna,  and  Titon- 
wan.  The  Mdewakantonwan  were  the  original  Isanyati 
or  Santee,  but  at  present  the  Waqpekute  also  are  called  by 
that  name.  These  original  divisions  have  developed  into 
at  least  126,  excluding  those  of  the  Waqpekute,  which  have 
not  been  acquired.  The  present  number  of  the  Dakota  is 
about  26,000,  and  the  Assiniboin  number  about  3,000. 
(See  Siouan.)  Also  Dakota h. 

Dalayrac  (da-la-riik'),  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Muret, 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  June  13,  1753:  died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  27,  1809.  A noted  French  com- 
poser of  comic  operas.  His  works  include  “ Le 
petit  souper"  (1781),  “Le  corsaire”(l783),  “Nina  ’’  (1786), 
“ Le  poete  et  le  musicien  ” (1809),  etc. 

Dalbeattie  (dal-be'te).  A town  in  Kirkcud- 
bright, Scotland,  situated  13  miles  southwest 
of  Dumfries.  Population,  3,462. 

Dalberg  (dal'berG),  Emmerich  Joseph.  Born 
at  Mainz,  Hesse,  May  30,  1773  : died  at  Herrns- 
heim,  near  Worms,  April  27,  1833.  A peer  of 
France,  son  of  Baron  Wolfgang  Heribert  Dal- 
berg. He  was  created  duke  of  Dalberg  by  Na- 
poleon in  1810,  and  peer  by  Louis  XVIII.  in  1815. 
Dalberg,  Karl  Theodor  Anton  Maria  von. 
Born  at  Hernsheim,  near  Worms,  Hesse,  Feb. 
8,  1744:  died  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  Feb.  10, 
1817.  A German  prince,  prelate,  and  littera- 
teur, last  archbishop-elector  of  Mainz.  He  was 
prince-primate  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  1806-13. 

Dalby  (dal 'hi),  Isaac.  Born  in  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  1744:  died  at  Farnham,  Surrey, 
England,  Feb.  3,  1824.  An  English  mathema- 
tician, employed  in  the  survey  of  England  after 
1791. 

Dale  (dal), David.  Bornat  Stewarton, Ayrshire, 
Jan.  6,  1739:  died  at  Glasgow,  March  17,  1806. 
A Scottish  philanthropist.  He  was  the  founder 
and  first  proprietor  of  the  Lanark  mills,  since  made 
famous  by  their  connection  with  his  son-in-law,  the 
socialist  Robert  Owen.  About  1770  he  retired  from  the 
established  church  of  Scotland,  and  founded  a new  com- 
munion on  congregational  principles,  known  as  the  Old 
Independents,  of  which  he  was  chief  pastor.  He  was 
noted  as  a munificent  benefactor  of  the  poor. 

Dale  (dal),  Richard.  Born  near  Norfolk,  Va., 
Nov.  6,  1756:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.,  1826. 
An  American  commodore.’  He  served  as  first  lieu- 
tenant under  Paul  Jones  on  the  Bon  Homme  Richard 
in  the  battle  with  the  Serapis,  Sept.  23,  1779,  and  com- 
manded a squadron  in  the  Mediterranean  1801-02,  during 
the  hostilities  with  Tripoli. 

Dale,  Robert  William.  Born  Dec.  1, 1829 : died 
March  13,  1895.  An  English  Congregational 
clergyman  and  author.  He  became  associate  pastor 
of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Carr’s  Lane,  Birmingham, 
in  1853,  and  sole  pastor  in  1859.  He  was  for  a number  of 
years  editor  of  the  “Congregationalist,”  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  Congregational  Union  of  England  and  Wales 
1868-69.  In  1877  he  delivered  at  Yale  College  a series  of 
lectures  on  preaching  (the  first  Englishman  appointed  to 
the  Lyman  Beecher  Lectureship).  He  has  written  “ The 
Jewish  Temple  and  the  Christian  Church  ” (1863),  “Ser- 
mons on  the  Ten  Commandments”  (1871),  and  “The 
Atonement  ” (1874),  etc. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  at  Masulipatam,  Brit- 
ish India,  1619.  A colonial  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. He  became  marshal  of  Virginia  in  1609,  and  in 
1611  succeeded  De  la  Warr  as  governor,  being  relieved  by 
Sir  Thomas  Gates  in  the  same  year.  He  was  governor 
a second  time  1614-16,  when  he  returned  to  England, 
taking  with  him  Thomas  Rolfe  and  Rolfe’s  wife  Poca- 
hontas. His  administrations,  which  were  characterized 
by  great  severity,  were  attended  by  order  and  prosperity. 

Dalecarlia  (da-le-kiirTe-a),  Sw.  Dalarna  (da'- 
liir-na).  A former  province  of  Sweden,  corre- 
sponding to  the  laen  of  Kopparberg  or  Fahlun. 
Its  surface  is  mountainous.  Its  people  took  the  leading 
part  in  the  independence  movement  under  Gustavus  Vasa. 


Dal-Elf 

Dal-Elf  (dal'elf').  A river  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  Oster  and  Wester  Dal-Elf,  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  58  miles  north  of  Up- 
sala.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

D’Alembert.  See  Alembert. 

Dalgarno  (dal-gar'no),  George.  Born  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  about  1627 : died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Aug.  28,  1687.  A British  scholar  and 
writer,  inventor  of  a deaf-mute  alphabet.  He 
wrote  “Deaf  and  Dumb  Man’s  Tutor”  (1680), 
etc. 

Dalgarno,  Lord.  A malevolent  young  man  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott’s  “Fortunes  of  Nigel.”  He  is 
the  secret  enemy  of  Nigel  and  the  favorite  of  Prince 
Charles.  Having  heartlessly  betrayed  the  Lady  Hermione, 
he  is  compelled  by  the  king  to  do  her  justice.  After 
leaving  court  in  disguise,  he  is  murdered. 

Dalgetty  (dal'get-i),  Captain  Dugald.  A sol- 
dier of  fortune  in  Scott’s  “Legend  of  Mon- 
trose.” He  has  been  a divinity  student  in  his  youth, 
and  is  now  a mercenary.  He  is  courageous,  and  not  un- 
trustworthy if  well  paid.  The  original  is  said  to  have 
been  a man  named  Munro  who  belonged  to  a band  of 
Scotch  and  English  auxiliaries  in  Swinemiinde  (1630). 

Dalhousie  (dal-hou'zi),  Earls  of.  See  Ramsay. 
Dallas  (da-le'as).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Aimerfa,  southern  Spain,  situated  west  of  Al- 
meria.  Population,  7, 136. 

Dalida  (dal'i-da).  See  the  extract. 

The  Dalila  of  the  Book  of  Judges  is  throughout  “ Halil  a ” 
in  the  Vulgate,  but  is  “Dalida”  in  Chaucer,  and  “Dalida”  is 
the  form  used  iu  Wyclifs  Bible.  Chaucer  uses  the  form 
“Dalida”  in  the  “Monk’s  Tale”  and  in  “The  Book  of  the 
Duchess.”  It  is  not,  perhaps,  without  significance  that 
“ Dalida”  was  the  form  used  in  “ The  Court  of  Love.” 

Harley,  Eng.  Writers,  V.  305. 

Dalin  (da'lin),  Olof  von.  Born  at  Vinberga,  in 
Halland,  Sweden,  Aug.  29, 1708:  died  at  Drott- 
ningholm,  Aug.  12,  1763.  A Swedish  histo- 
rian and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a clergyman.  He 
studied  at  Lund,  and  subsequently  entered  one  of  the 
public  offices  in  Stockholm.  He  began  his  literary  career 
by  the  publication  of  a weekly  journal,  “Den  Svenska 
Argus  ” (“  The  Swedish  Argus  ”),  modeled  after  the  “Spec- 
tator,” which  he  issued  anonymously  1733-34.  This  was 
followed  by  “Tankar  om  Kritiker”  (“Thoughts  about 
Critics  "),  and,  after  his  return  from  a tour  through  Ger- 
many and  France,  by  the  satiric  prose  allegory  “Sagan 
om  Hasten”(“Tlie  Stoij  of  the  Horse”),  and  the  satiric 
poem  “Aprilverk  om  var  herrliga  t id ” (“April-work  of 
Our  Glorious  Time  ’’).  A didactic  epos,  “ Svenska  Friheten,” 
appeared  in  1742.  In  1751  he  was  made  tutor  to  the 
crown  prince,  and  ennobled.  In  1753  he  was  made  privy 
councilor.  In  1756,  suspected  of  being  concerned  in  the 
revolution  of  that  year,  he  was  banished  the  court,  but 
returned  in  1761.  During  this  period  he  was  engaged 
upon  his  principal  work,  “Svea  Rikes  Historia  ” (“  History 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Sweden  ”),  which  extends  down  to  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Charles  IS.  His  collected  literary 
works,  “Samlade  Vitterhetsarbeten,”  appeared  in  1767,  in 
6 vols.;  “Svea  Rikes  Historia,”  in  4 vols.,  1747-62. 
Dalkeith  (dal-keth').  A town  in  the  county 
of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  situated  between  the 
north  and  south  Esk,  64  miles  southeast  of 
Edinburgh.  Dalkeith  Palace  (the  residence  of  the 
Duke  of  Buccleuch)  is  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  a municipal 
and  police  borough.  Population,  6,753. 

Dali  (dal),  William  Healey.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  21,  1845.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  took  part  in  the  international  telegraph  expedition  in 
1865;  was  assistant  to  the  United  States  Coast  Survey 
1871-84;  and  was  paleontologist  to  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  1884-1909.  His  works  include  “Alaska  and 
its  Resources”  (1870),  “Scientific  Results  of  the  Explora- 
tion of  Alaska  by  the  Parties  under  the  Charge  of  W.  H. 
Dali  ” (1876),  etc. 

Dallseus.  See  Daille,  Jean. 

Dallas  (dal'as).  1.  AvillageinPauldingCounty, 
northwestern  Georgia,  situated  30  miles  north- 
west of  Atlanta.  Near  here,  at  New  Hope  Church, 
Pickett’s  Mill,  Pumpkin  Vine  Creek,  etc.,  there  was  con- 
tinued fighting  between  the  Federals  under  Sherman  and 
the  Confederates  under  Johnston,  May  25-29,  1864. 

2.  The  capital  of  Dallas  County,  in  northern 
Texas,  situated  on  the  Trinity  River.  It  has 
increased  very  rapidly,  and  is  a railroad  center,  with 
important  trade  and  manufactures.  Population,  92,104, 
(1910). 

Dallas  (dal'as),  Alexander  James.  Born  in 
Jamaica,  June  21, 1759:  died  at  Trenton,  N.  J., 
Jan.  16, 1817.  An  American  statesman,  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  1814-16.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
Scottish  physician  resident  in  Jamaica.  Having  studied 
law  in  England,  he  emigrated  from  Jamaica  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1783 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1785  ; served  for 
a number  of  years  as  secretary  of  the  commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania ; was  attorney  for  the  eastern  district  of 
Pennsylvania  1801-14;  and  was  secretary  of  the  United 
States  treasury  1814-16,  discharging  (1815-16)  also  the  func- 
tions of  secretary  of  war.  During  his  administration  of 
the  treasury  department  a new  national  bank  was  incor- 
porated (April  3,  1816),  consistent  with  recommendations 
submitted  by  him  to  Congress.  He  published  “Reports 
of  Cases  ruled  and  adjudged  by  the  Courts  of  the  United 
States  and  of  Pennsylvania,  before  and  since  the  Revolu- 
tion” (1790-1807),  “Features  of  Jay’s  Treaty”  (1796),  and 
“ Exposition  of  the  Causes  and  Character  of  the  War  of 
1812-15." 

Dallas,  George  Mifflin.  Born  at.  Philadelphia, 
July  10,  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  31, 


304 

1864.  An  American  statesman,  son  of  Alex- 
ander James  Dallas.  He  was  United  States  senator 
from  Pennsylvania  1831-33,  minister  to  Russia  1837-39, 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  1845-49,  and  minister 
to  England  1856-61. 

Dallas,  Robert  Charles.  Born  at  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  1754:  died  at  Ste.-Adresse,  Nor- 
mandy, Nov.  20,  1824.  A British  author.  He 
was  educated  in  England ; returned,  on  coming  of  age,  to 
Jamaica  to  take  possession  of  the  estates  left  him  by  his 
father ; and  eventually  settled  in  England.  He  is  noted 
chiefly  for  his  intimacy  with  Byron,  to  whom  he  gave  lit- 
erary advice,  and  for  whom  he  acted  as  agent  in  dealings 
with  publishers.  He  wrote  “Recollections  of  the  Life  of 
Lord  Byron  from  the  year  1808  to  the  end  of  1814,”  which 
was  edited  by  his  son  A.  R.  C.  Dallas  in  1824  (?). 

Dalles  (dalz).  [F.  dial.  (Canadian)  dalle,  a 
gutter,  drain;  ult.  connected  with  E.  dale 
and  dell.']  A succession  of  rapids  in  the 
Columbia  River,  near  the  city  of  The  Dalles : 
also  the  neighboring  heights  (see  the  quota- 
tion). “The  Dalles  . . . [have]  an  elevation  of  only 
about  100  feet.  At  the  Dalles  ...  is  the  beginning,  in 
this  direction,  of  the  volcanic  plateau  of  the  Columbia.” 
(j.  D.  Whitney,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  9th  ed.,  XXIII.  800.) 
Dalles  is  also  the  name  for  cascades  in  the  Wisconsin 
River  and  in  the  St.  Louis  River  in  Minnesota. 

Dalles,  The.  A city,  capital  of  Wasco  County, 
Oregon,  situated  near  the  Dalles  or  cataract 
of  the  Columbia,  72  miles  east  of  Portland. 
Population,  4,880,  (1910). 

Balling  and  Bulwer,  Baron.  See  Bultoer. 
Ballmeyer  ( dal ' mi-er ) , J ohann  Heinrich.  Born 
atLoxten,  near  Versmold,  Westphalia,  Sept.  6, 
1830:  died  Dec.  30,  1883.  A German  optician. 
He  came  to  England  in  1851;  became  a manufacturer  of 
telescopes  at  London  in  1859 ; was  elected  a fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  1861;  and  patented  a single 
wide-angle  photographic  lens  in  1864.  Author  of  “On 
the  Choice  and  Use  of  Photographic  Lenses.” 

Dali’  Ongaro  (dal ong'ga-ro),  Francesco.  Born 
at  Mansue,  Treviso,  Italy,  1808 : died  at  Naples, 
Jan.  10,  1873.  An  Italian  poet,  novelist,  and 
political  agitator.  His  “ Novelle  vecchie  e 
nuove”  were  published  in  1869. 

Dalmatia  (dal-ma'shi-a).  [G.  Dalmatien,  F.  Dal- 
matie.]  A crownland  and  titular  kingdom  in 
the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  it 
is  bounded  by  Croatia  on  the  north,  Bosnia,  Herzegovina, 
and  Montenegro  on  the  east,  and  by  the  Adriatic  on  the 
south  and  west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  many 
islands  lie  along  the  coast.  The  leading  occupations  c f its 
inhabitants  are  fishing,  seafaring,  ship-building,  raising 
live  stock,  and  the  production  of  wine  and  olives.  Capital, 
Zara.  It  sendsllmembers  to  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and 
has  a Diet  of  43  members.  The  prevailing  religion  is 
Roman  Catholic.  A large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are 
Serbo-Croatians,  and  there  are  many  Italians  on  the  coast. 
Dalmatia  formed  part  of  the  Roman  diocese  of  Illyricum. 
It  was  overrun  by  the  Goths  and  Avars,  and  in  the  7th 
century  by  the  Slavs.  A Croatian  kingdom  of  Dalmatia 
existed  in  the  11th  century.  From  the  11th  century  Dal- 
matia fluctuated  between  Hungary  and  Venice  until  finally 
the  greater  part  became  Venetian.  By  the  treaty  of 
Campo-Formio  in  1797  it  was  given  to  Austria ; in  1805  it 
was  ceded  to  France,  and  was  retroceded  to  Austria  in  1814. 
It  was  the  scene  of  insurrections  1869-70,  and  In  1881. 
Area,  4,940  square  miles.  Population,  646,062,  (1910). 

The  earlier  Hlyrian  war  is  recorded  in  the  second  book 
of  Polybios.  Appian  has  a special  book  on  the  Illyrian 
wars.  In  him  (chap,  xi.)  we  get  our  first  notice  of  Dalma- 
tia as  such;  the  name  is  not  to  be  found  in  Polybios. 
There  is  also  a shorter  notice  in  Strabo. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  30,  note. 

Dalou  (da-lo'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  31, 
1838:  died  there,  April  15, 1902.  AFrench  sculp- 
tor. He  studied  under Duret  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts, 
and  assisted  Carpeaux.  He  sent  his  first  work  to  the  Salon 
in  1867.  On  account  of  complicity  with  the  Commune  in 
1871  he  was  obliged  to  leave  Paris,  and  went  to  London, 
where  he  was  appointed  professor  of  sculpture  at  South 
Kensington.  He  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  associated  with 
Aub6  (see  AuM ) in  competition  for  the  monument  to  the 
Constitutional  Assembly.  Their  scheme  was  unsuccess- 
ful,but  Dalou’s  sketch  for  a relief  upon  thedesign  attracted 
theattention  of  Gambetta  and  Turquet,  and  was  developed 
into  the  great  bas-relief  of  Mirabeau  and  De  Dreux-Brez5 
in  the  National  Assembly,  which  won  the  medal  of  honor 
in  the  Salon  of  1883.  It  was  accompanied  by  another  bas- 
relief  called  “ Le  triomphe  de  la  rdpublique,”  now  in  the 
Hdtel  de  Ville.  His  project  of  the  monument  to  the  re- 
public in  the  Place  de  la  Republique  won  the  second  prize, 
and  was  ordered  by  the  state  for  La  Place  des  Nations. 
Dalriada.  1.  A former  name  for  a district  in 
the  northern  part  of  Antrim,  Ireland,  now  called 
“The  Route.” — 2.  A former  name  for  that 
part  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  settled  by  Dalriad 
Scots  from  Ireland  in  498.  The  Dalriad  Scots  and 
Piets  were  united  in  one  kingdom  by  Kenneth  MacAlpin 
about  846. 

Dairy  (dal-ri').  A small  town  in  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Garnock  21  miles 
southwest  of  Glasgow. 

Dalrymple  (dal-rim'pl),  Alexander.  Born  at 

New  Hailes,  near  Edinburgh,  July  24,  1737: 
died  June  19,  1808.  A Scottish  hydrographer. 
He  became  a writer  in  the  East  India  Company’s  ser- 
vice in  1752,  and  in  1762  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  London,  with  instructions  to  open  the  trade  with 
Sulu.  He  returned  to  England  in  1765,  and  was  appointed 
hydrographer  to  the  East  India  Company  in  1779,  and 


Dalyell 

hydrographer  to  the  admiralty  in  1795.  Author  of  “Ac- 
count of  Discoveries  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  before 
1764  ” (1767),  “ Historical  Collection  of  South  Sea  Voy- 
ages” (1770-71),  etc. 

Dalrymple,  Sir  David,  Lord  Hailes.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  Oct.  28,  1726:  died  Nov.  29,  1792. 
An  eminent  Scottish  judge  and  author.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Utrecht ; was  admitted  to  the 
Scottish  bar  in  1748 ; was  raised  to  the  bench  of  the  Court 
of  Session  with  the  title  of  Lord  Hailes  in  1766;  and  in 
1776  became  a judge  of  the  justiciary  or  criminal  court. 
His  most  notable  works  are  “ An  Inquiry  into  the  Secon- 
dary Causes  which  Mr.  Gibbon  has  assigned  to  the  Rapid 
Growth  of  Christianity  ” (1786),  and  “ Annals  of  Scotland  ” 
(from  Malcolm  Canmore  to  Robert  I.,  1776  : continued  to 
the  accession  of  the  house  of  Stuart,  1779). 

Dalrymple,  Sir  James,  first  Viscount  Stair. 
Bom  in  Garrick,  in  May,  1619 : died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  25,  1695.  A Scottish  lawyer  and 
statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Edin- 
burgh ; became  professor  of  logic,  morals,  and  politics  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1641;  was  admitted  to  the 
Scottish  bar  in  1648 ; was  appointed  a judge  of  the  Court 
of  Sessions  by  Cromwell  in  1657;  was  reappointed  by 
Charles  II.  in  1661 ; became  president  of  the  court  in  1670 ; 
was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  Parliament  in  1672  ; fled  in 
1682  to  Holland  to  avoid  the  consequences  of  refusing  to 
take  the  test  oath ; supported  William  of  Orange  in  1688 ; 
was  created  Viscount  Stair,  Lord  Glenluce  and  Stranraer,  in 
1690.  His  chief  work  is  “Institutions  of  the  Law  of  Scot- 
land ” (1681). 

Dalrymple,  Sir  John,  first  Earl  of  Stair.  Born 
in  1648  : died  Jan.  8,  1707.  A Scottish  lawyer 
and  statesman,  son  of  Sir  James  Dalrymple. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar  in  1672 ; was  appoint- 
ed king’s  advocate  by  James  II.  in  1685 ; supported  in 
1688  the  cause  of  Wiliiam  of  Orange,  whose  chief  adviser 
in  Scottish  affairs  he  became  ; was  sworn  privy  councilor 
under  Queen  Anne  in  1702  ; and  was  created  earl  of  Stair 
in  1703.  He  is  noted  chiefly  for  his  connection  with  the 
massacre  of  the  Macdonalds  of  Glencoe,  which  was  under- 
taken by  his  advice  in  1692. 

Dalrymple,  John,  second  Earl  of  Stair.  Bom 
at  Edinburgh,  July  20, 1673 : died  there,  May  9, 
1747.  A Scottish  general  and  diplomatist.  He 
was  educated  at  Leyden  ; is  said  to  have  served  in  various 
subordinate  grades  throughout  the  wars  of  William  III. 
in  Flanders ; became  aide-de-camp  to  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough in  1703 ; commanded  a brigade  at  the  siege  of 
Lille  and  at  the  battle  of  Malplaquet ; was  commissioned 
general  in  1712;  was  appointed  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  Paris  in  1715 ; was  raised  to  the  rank  of  ambassador  in 
1719 ; was  recalled  in  1720 ; was  created  field-marshal  in 
1742;  and  was  made  general  of  the  marines  in  1746.  He 
is  noted  chiefly  for  the  princely  style  in  which  he  sup- 
ported his  mission  at  Paris,  and  for  the  comprehensive 
and  invaluable  information  which  he  remitted  in  his  de- 
spatches concerning  the  secret  intrigues  of  the  French 
court  and  of  the  friends  of  the  Pretender. 

Dalsland  (dals'land).  A district  in  the  laen  of 
Elfsborg,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Norwegian 
frontier. 

Dalton  (dal'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Whit- 
field County,  northwestern  Georgia,  situated 
28  miles  southeast  of  Chattanooga.  Near  here, 
May  9,  1864,  an  engagement  took  place  between  part  of 
Sherman's  army  and  the  Confederates.  Population,  5,324, 
(1910). 

Dalton,  John.  Born  at  Dean  (?),  Cumberland, 
in  1709:  died  at  Worcester,  July  22,  1763.  An 
English  poet  and  divine.  He  took  the  degree  of 
B.  A.  at  Oxford  in  1730,  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1734;  was 
appointed  a canon  of  Worcester  cathedral  in  1748,  and 
about  the  same  time  obtained  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary-at- 
Hill,  London.  His  most  notable  work  is  an  adaptation  of 
Milton’s  “Comus”  for  the  stage,  which  was  published  hi 
1738,  under  the  title  “Comus,  a Mask,  now  adapted  to  the 
Stage,  as  altered  from  Milton's  Mask.” 

Dalton,  John.  Born  at  Eaglesfield,  Cumber- 
land, Sept.  6,  1766:  died  July  27,  1844.  An 
English  chemist  and  natural  philosopher.  He 
was  the  son  of  a poor  weaver;  acquired  an  education 
chiefly  by  private  study  ; began  to  teach  in  1778 ; was  in 
1793  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy  in  New  College,  Manchester  (which  was  re- 
moved to  York  in  1799) ; became  a member  of  the  Liter- 
ary and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester  in  1794 ; was 
elected  a fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  iu  1822 ; and  was 
chosen  corresponding  member  of  the  Paris  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  1816,  and  foreign  associate  in  1830.  He  per- 
fected about  1804  the  atomic  theory,  which  he  propounded 
in  1810  in  a work  entitled  “A  New  System  of  Chemical 
Philosophy.”  He  suffered  from  color-blindness,  and  on 
Oct.  31,  1794,  read  a paper  before  the  Manchester  Literary- 
and  Philosophical  Society,  in  which  he  gives  the  earliest 
account  of  that  peculiarity,  which  is  known  from  him  as 
Daltonism. 

Dalton,  J ohn  Call.  Born  at  Chelmsford,  Mass. , 
Feb.  2,  1825:  died  at  New  York  city,  Feb.  12, 
1889.  An  American  physiologist.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  New  York  city  1855-83,  and  was  emeritus  pro- 
fessor and  president  of  the  college  from  1883  until  his 
death.  He  wrote  a “Treatise  on  Human  Physiology" 
(1859),  a “ Treatise  on  Physiology  and  Hygiene  ’’(1868),  etc. 

Dalyell(dal-yel' ),  orDalzell(dal-zel' ) , Thomas. 
Born  about  1599 : died  Aug.  23, 1685.  A British 
general.  He  participated  in  the  Royalist  rebellion  in  the 
highlands  of  Scotland  in  1654  ; entered  the  Russian  service 
about  1655;  returned  toEngland  on  the  invitation  of  Charles 
II.  in  1665 ; was  appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Scotland 
in  1666;  was  sworn  a privy  councilor  in  1667;  entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1678 ; and  in  1681  was  commissioned  to  enroll  the 
celebrated  regiment  of  the  Scots  Greys. 


Dalzel 

Dalzel  (dal-zel' ),  Andrew.  Born  at  Kirkliston, 
Linlithgowshire,  Oct.  6,  1742:  died  Dec.  8, 
1806.  A Scottish  classical  scholar.  He  studied 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh ; was  for  some  years  tutor 
in  the  Lauderdale  family;  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek 
in  Edinburgh  University  in  1772;  assisted  in  the  founding 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1783 ; and  became 
principal  clerk  to  the  General  Assembly  in  1789.  Author 
of  “ 'AraAe/cra ' EAAip-tKd  ijcrorora  sive  Collectanea  Graeca  Mi- 
nora ” (1789),  “ ’AraAeKTa  'EAA^rtKa  pei^ora  sive  Collectanea 
Gneca  Majora”  (1805),  etc. 

Daman  (da-man'),  Pg.  Damao  (da'man).  A 
seaport  and  settlement  belonging  to  Portugal, 
situated  on  the  western  coast  of  India  100  miles 
north  of  Bombay.  It  was  acquired  by  Portugal  in 
1558.  Population  of  settlement,  41,671. 

Daman.  A region  on  the  border  of  British 
India  and  Afghanistan,  situated  between  the 
Indus  and  the  Suliman  Mountains. 

Damara  (da-mii'ra).  [Fern,  dual  of  Hottentot 
daman  (a  term  of  abuse).]  The  name  of  two 
tribes  of  German  Southwest  Africa.  The  Cattle- 
Damara  are  the  same  as  the  Herero  (which  see).  The 
Hill-Damara,  who  are  subject  to  the  Hottentots  and  have 
adopted  their  language,  differ  from  them  in  race.  Some 
say  they  are  Bushmen,  but  they  seem  to  be  Bantu,  and 
related  to  the  Ovambo.  See  Khoilchoin,  and  German 
Southwest  Africa. 

Damaraland  (da-ma'ra-land).  A region  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  German  dependency 
of  German  Southwest  Africa  (which  see),  its 
recent  name  is  German  (Deutsch)  Damaraland.  The  Brit- 
ish officials  withdrew  from  the  territory  in  1880,  except 
from  Walfisch  Bay,  and  it  was  annexed  by  Germany  in 
1884. 

Damascenus,  Joannes.  See  John  of  Damascus. 
Damascenus,  Nicolaus.  See  Nicholas  of  Da- 
mascus. 

Damascius  (da-mash'i-us).  [Gr.  Aa/rho/c/or.]  A 
Neoplatonist  of  the  6th  century  a.  d.  when 
the  school  of  philosophy  at  Athens  was  closed  by  the  em- 
peror Justinian  in  529,  he,  with  other  Neoplatonists,  emi- 
grated to  Persia. 

Damascus  (da-mas'kus).  [Ileb.  Dameseq,  Assvr. 
Dimasqu,  Ar.  DimiSq  or  Esh  Shdm,  F.  Damas.~\ 
Formerly  the  capital  and  most  important  city 
of  Syria,  situated  in  the  fertile  valley  of  Ccele- 
Syria,  east  of  the  Anti-Lebanon,  on  the  edge 
of  the  desert.  On  account  of  its  beautiful  fertile  sur- 
roundings, its  lofty  position,  and  its  richness  in  fresh 
water,  Damascus  has  been  praised  in  antiquity  and  in 
modern  times  as  the  “paradise  of  the  earth,”  “the  eye 
of  the  desert,”  and  “ the  pearl  of  the  Orient.”  Originally 
a Hittite  city,  it  became  the  capital  of  Syria,  and  a great 
part  of  the  country  was  called  by  its  name.  (For  its  his- 
tory, see  Aram.)  In  modern  times  it  became  prominent 
by  the  massacre  of  Christ  ians  in  1860.  It  retained  a certain 
importance  through  all  the  periods  of  history,  and  is  even 
now  the  seat  of  the  Turkish  wali  (governor),  and  has  a 
population  of  about  260,000.  In  the  Old  Testament  the 
name  of  Damascus  occurs  as  early  as  the  history  of  Abra- 
ham (Gen.  xiv.  15,  xv.  2).  After  the  time  of  David,  Damas- 
cus often  came  into  sharp  collision  with  Israel.  In  the 
New  Testament  Damascus  is  known  especially  from  the 
history  of  Paul  (Acts  ix.). 

Damaskios.  See  Damascius. 

Damasus  (dam'a-sus)  I.,  Saint.  Born  prob- 
ably about  .306"  (304?) : died  384.  Bishop  of 
Borne  366-384.  His  election  was  contested  by  the 
deacon  Ursinus,  who  was  expelled  by  force  of  arms.  He 
opposed  Arianism,  which  was  condemned  in  two  synods 
at  Rome,  one  in  368  and  another  in  370.  He  is  commemo- 
rated as  a saint  on  Dec.  11. 

Damaun.  See  Daman. 

Damayanti.  [Skt.]  The  wife  of  Nala,  and  the 
heroine  of  the  tale  of  Nala  and  Damayanti,  an 
episode  of  the  Mahabharata.  See  Nala. 
Dambach  (dam 'bach).  A small  town  in 
Alsace,  situated  25  miles  southwest  of  Stras- 
burg. 

D’Amboise.  See  Amboise. 

Dambolo  (dam-bo'lo),  or  Dambul  (dam-bol'). 
A village  in  Ceylon,  situated  about  40  miles 
northwest  of  Kandy.  It  is  noted  for  Buddhistic 
cave-temples. 

Dame  aux  Camelias  (dam  6 ka-ma-lya'),  La. 
[F.,  ‘Lady  of  the  Camellias.’]  A novel  by 
Alexandre  Dumas  the  younger,  published  in 
1848,  and  dramatized  by  him  in  1852.  The  Eng- 
lish version  of  the  play  is  called  "Camille,”  and  that  is 
the  name  of  the  heroine.  The  original  French  character 
is  Marguerite  Gautier. 

Dame  Blanche  (dam  blohsh),  La.  [F.,  ‘The 
White  Lady.’]  A comic  opera  by  Boieldieu 
(libretto  by  Scribe),  first  produced  at  Paris 
Dec.  10,  1825.  It  was  played  in  English  as 
“The  White  Maid,”  Jan.  2,  1827. 

Dame  Durden.  See  Durden. 

Darner  (da'mer),  Anne  Seymour.  Born  in 
1749 : died  May  28, 1828.  An  English  sculptor, 
daughter  of  Henry  Seymour  Conway,  she  mar- 
ried John  Damer  in  1767.  She  executed  in  1785  two  heads, 
one  of  the  river  Thames  and  the  other  of  the  river  Isis,  for 
a bridge  at  Henley,  near  her  father’s  house  at  Park  Place, 
which  have  been  much  admired.  She  also  produced  a 
statue  of  George  III.  and  a bust  of  Nelson. 

Dametas.  See  Damcctas. 

C.  — 20 


305 

Damian.  See  Cosmas. 

Damian  (da'mi-an).  1.  A youth  in  Chaucer’s 
“Merchant’s  Tale”  in  the  “Canterbury  Tales.” 
He  languishes  for  and  obtains  the  love  of  May, 
the  young  wife  of  old  January. — 2.  A young 
squire  in  Scott’s  “Ivanhoe,”  an  aspirant  for 
the  holy  Order  of  Templars. 

Damiarius  (da-mi-a'nus),  Peter  (Pietro  Dami- 
ani  or  Damiano).  Born  at  Ravenna,  Italy, 
1007 : died  at  Faenza,  Italy,  Feb.  22,  1072.  A 
Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic,  in  1035  he  became 
a hermit  at  Fonte  Avellano,  near  Gubbio,  in  Umbria,  and 
was  soon  head  of  all  the  surrounding  hermits  and  monks. 
He  was  noted  for  his  asceticism,  and  established  a system 
of  self-flagellation  which  was  later  extended  among  the 
monastic  orders  and  the  Flagellants.  He  was  also  influ- 
ential as  a reformer,  condemning  simony  and  marriage  of 
the  clergy.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Ostia  and  cardinal  in 
1058,  and  was  the  adviser  and  censor  of  a number  of  popes. 
His  works  include  epistles,  sermons,  lives  of  saints,  ascetic 
tracts,  and  poems. 

Damien  (da-myan'),  Father:  Joseph  de  Veu- 
ster.  Born  in  Belgium,  Jan.  3,  1840:  died 
April  15,  1889.  A Roman  Ca  tholic  missionary 
who  devoted  bis  life  (from  1873)  to  the  welfare 
of  the  lepers  on  the  island  of  Molokai,  Hawaii. 
He  became  a leper  in  1885. 

Damiens  (da-myan'),  Robert  Francois.  Born 
near  Arras,  France,  1715:  executed  at  Paris, 
March  28,  1757.  A man  of  low  character,  who 
had  been  both  a soldier  and  a domestic  servant, 
who  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  the  life 
of  Louis  XV.,  Jan.  5,  1757.  Damiens  approached 
the  king  at  Versailles,  as  he  was  entering  his  carriage,  and 
succeeded  in  stabbing  him.  The  punishment  inflicted 
upon  him  was  most  brutal.  His  right  hand  was  burned  in 
a slow  fire ; his  flesh  was  torn  with  pincers  and  burned 
with  melted  lead ; resin,  wax,  and  oil  were  poured  upon 
the  wounds ; and  he  was  torn  to  pieces  by  four  horses. 

Damietta  (dam-i-et'ta).  [Ar.  Damidt.]  A city 
of  Lower  Egypt,  situated  between  the  Damietta 
branch  of  the  Nile  and  Lake  Menzaleh,  7 miles 
from  its  mouth,  near  the  ancient  Tamiathis.  it 

was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1218-19,  and 
in  1249.  .Population,  29,354. 

Damietta  branch.  The  chief  eastern  mouth 
of  the  Nile. 

Damiotti  (It.  pron.  da-me-ot'te),  Dr.  An  Ital- 
ian charlatan  who  exhibits  the  magic  mirror 
in  Scott’s  ‘ ‘ Aunt  Margaret’s  Mirror.” 

Damiri  (da-me're),  or  Demiri  (de-me're),  Ke- 
mal  al-din  Mohammed  ibn  Isa.  Born  at 
Cairo,  about  1345:  died  at  Cairo,  1405.  An 
Arabian  jurist  and  naturalist,  author  of  a “Life 
of  Animals.” 

Damiron  (da-me-ron'),  Jean  Philibert.  Born 
at  Belleville,  Rhone,  France,  May  10, 1794:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  11, 1862.  A French  writer  on  phi- 
losophy, professor  of  the  history  of  philosophy 
in  the  Faculty  des  Lettres,  Paris.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  “ Essal  sur  1’histoire  de  la  philosophie  en  France  au 
XIX®  sifecle  ” (1828),  “ Cours  de  philosophie  ” (1831),  “ Essai 
sur  l’histoire  de  la  philosophie  en  France  au  XVII®  sii> 
cle  ” (1846),  etc. 

Damis  (da-mes').  An  impetuous  youth  in  Mo- 
liere’s  play  “ Tartufe,”  the  son  of  Orgon. 

Damkina  (dam-ki'na).  [Akkad.,  ‘lady  of  the 
earth.’]  In  Assyro-Babylonian  mythology,  wife 
of  Ea,  the  god  of  the  ocean,  whose  center  of  wor- 
ship was  in  Eridu  (modern  Abu  Shah-rein),  in 
Damascius  Dauke. 

Damnation  de  Faust  (dam-na-syon'  de  foust), 
La.  An  opera  or.  dramatic  story  in  four  parts 
by  Berlioz,  first  produced  at  Paris  in  1846. 

Damocles  (dam'o-klez).  [Gr.  Aa/ro/db/f.]  1. 
Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  4th  century  b.  c. 
A Syracusan,  a courtier  of  Dionysius  the  elder. 
Cicero  relates  that  Damocles,  having  extolled  the  good 
fortune  of  Dionysius,  was  invited  by  the  tyrant  to  taste 
this  royal  felicity,  and  that,  in  the  midst  of  a splendid 
banquet  and  all  the  luxury  of  the  court,  on  looking  up  he 
beheld  above  his  head  a sword  suspended  by  a single 
horse-hair. 

2.  The  king  of  Arcadia  in  Greene’s  “Arcadia.” 
See  Sephestia. 

Bamodar  (da-mo'dar),  or  Damudar  (da-mo'- 
dar). A river  of  Bengal,  India,  which  joins  the 
Hugli  below  Calcutta.  Length,  about  368  miles. 

Damcetas  (da-me'tas).  [Gr.  A a/romzf.]  A 
herdsman  in  Theocritus  and  Vergil;  hence,  in 
pastoral  poetry,  a rustic.  Sir  Philip  Sidney  intro- 
duces in  his  “Arcadia”  a foolish  country  clown  by  that 
name,  which  afterward  seems  to  have  become  proverbial 
for  folly. 

Damon  (da'mqn).  [Gr.  Aa/mw.]  1.  Lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  4th  century  b.  c.  A Pythago- 
rean of  Syracuse,  celebrated  for  his  friendship 
with  Pythias  (or  Phintias),  a member  of  the 
same  sect.  Pythias  plotted  against  the  life  of  Diony- 
sius I.  of  Syracuse,  and  was  condemned  to  die.  As  Pythias 
wished  to  arrange  his  affairs,  Damon  offered  to  place  him- 
self in  the  tyrant's  hands  as  his  substitute,  and  to  die 
in  his  stead  should  he  not  return  on  the  appointed  day. 
At  the  last  moment  Pythias  came  back,  and  Dionysius 


Dan 

was  so  struck  by  the  fidelity  of  the  friends  that  he  par- 
doned the  offender,  and  begged  to  be  admitted  into  their 
fellowship. 

2.  A goatherd  in  Vergil’s  Eclogues;  hence,  in 
pastoral  poetry,  a rustic. 

Damon  and  Phillida  (fil'i-da).  A pastoral 
farce  by  Cibber,  produced  in  1729,  and  pub- 
lished anonymously  the  same  year. 

Damon  and  Pithias  (pith'i-as).  A play  by 
Richard  Edwards,  printed  in'  1571.  Its  main 
subject  is  tragic,  but  it  calls  itself  a comedy. 
Ward. 

Damon  and  Pythias  (pith'i-as).  A tragedy 
by  John  Banim  and  Richard  Lalor  Sheil,  pro- 
duced in  1821. 

Damoreau  (da-mo-ro'),  Madame  (Laure  Cin- 
thie  Montalant:  also  known  as  Mademoiselle 
Ginti,  and  Cinti-Damoreau).  Born  at  Paris, 
Feb.  6,  1801:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  25,  1863. 
A noted  French  singer.  Iu  1819  she  made  her  first 
appearance  as  Cherubino  in  “LeNozze  di  Figaro”  in  Paris. 
In  1822  she  appeared  in  London,  and  in  1826  at  the  Grand 
Opera,  Paris.  From  this  time  she  sang  both  in  Europe 
and  the  United  States  with  assured  success  until  1856, 
when  she  retired  from  the  stage.  In  1834  she  was  made 
professor  of  singing  at  the  Conservatoire,  Paris. 

Damour.  See  Tamyras. 

Dampier  (dam'per),  William.  Born  at  East 
Coker,  Somerset,  England,  June.  1652 : died  at 
London,  March,  1715.  An  English  freebooter, 
explorer,  and  author.  His  seafaring  life  began  in 
1668,  and  until  1691  he  led  a life  of  the  wildest  adventure, 
generally  as  a sailor  on  various  piratical  cruises  on  the 
western  coast  of  America  and  elsewhere.  During  this 
time  he  circumnavigated  the  globe.  In  1697  hepublished 
his  “Voyage  round  the  World,”  and  this  was  supplement- 
ed by  a second  volume  of  travels  in  1699.  In  1699  he  was 
given  command  of  a ship  in  which  he  again  went  round 
the  world,  exploring  the  coasts  of  Australia  and  New 
Guinea.  He  started  again  on  a privateering  cruise  with 
two  ships  in  1703,  but  accomplished  little,  and  his  com- 
pany was  broken  up ; he  reached  England,  after  a third 
circumnavigation,  1707.  Subsequently  he  was  pilot  of 
the  privateer  Duke,  and  again  went  round  the  world. 
Besides  his  travels  he  published  a well-known  “ Discourse 
on  the  Winds.”  The  following  were  named  for  him  ; 

Dampier  Archipelago.  A group  of  small  isl- 
ands situated  northwest  of  Australia,  about  lat. 
20°  30'  S.,  long.  116°-117°  E. 

Dampier  Island.  A small  island  off  the  north- 
east coast  of  Papua. 

Dampier  Land.  A maritime  district  in  west 
Australia,  in  lat.  17°-18°  S. 

Dampier  strait.  1.  A strait  on  the  northwest 
of  Papua,  separating  that  island  from  Wai- 
giu. — 2.  A strait  on  the  northeast  of  Papua, 
separating  Papua  from  New  Britain. 

Bampierre  (don-pyar'),  Auguste  Henri  Marie 
Picot,  Marquis  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  19, 
1756:  died  near  Vicogne,  Nord,  France,  May 
9, 1793.  A French  revolutionary  general,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  campaigns  of  1792-93. 

Damply  (dam'pli),  Widow.  A character  in 
Garrick’s  play  “ The  Male  Coquette.” 

Damrosch  (dam'rosh),  Leopold.  Born  at  Po- 
sen, Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1832:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  15,  1885.  A noted  conductor,  solo  violin- 
ist, and  composer.  He  settled  in  New  York  in  1871, 
and  was  instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  German 
opera  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York.  He 
was  its  director,  as  well  as  of  the  Oratorio  and  Symphony 
societies  and  the  Arion,  until  his  death. 

Damrosch,  Walter.  Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
Jan.  30,  1862.  Musician,  son  of  the  above, 
He  has  been  director  of  the  Oratorio  Society  and  conduc- 
tor of  the  New  York  Symphony  Society. 

Damsel  of  Brittany.  A surname  of  Eleanor 
of  Brittany,  niece  of  King  John  of  England,  and 
sister  of  Arthur,  count  of  Brittany.  She  was 
imprisoned  by  John,  and  died  1241. 

D’Amville  (dam'vil).  The  Atheist  in  Cyril 
Tourneur’s ’play  “ The  Atheist’s  Tragedy.” 

Dan  (dan).  [Heb.,  ‘judge.’]  1.  A son  of  Jacob 
by  Bilhah.  Gen.  xxx.  6. — 2.  A Hebrew  tribe. 
The  portion  allotted  to  the  Danites,  as  described  in  Josh, 
xix.,  was  the  small  but  fertile  hilly  tract  west  of  Benja- 
min and  northwest  of  Judah  to  the  sea,  including  the 
cities  of  Japho,  Ekron,  Gathrimmon,  etc.  But  though  the 
tribe  of  Dan  was  originally  one  of  the  strongest  numeri- 
cally, counting  62,000  to  64,000,  it  was  not  equal  to  the 
task  of  expelling  the  Ammonites,  and  later  the  Philistines, 
from  that  territory,  and  only  for  a time  prevailed  with  the 
help  of  Ephraim  and  Judah.  In  consequence  of  this,  part 
of  the  tribe  migrated  to  the  extreme  north  of  the  coun- 
try, and  conquered  the  city  of  Laish,  henceforth  called  Dan 
(see  below).  That  part  which  remained  in  the  south, 
from  which  thehero  Samson  descended,  disappeared  from 
history,  and  seems  to  have  been  absorbed,  by  the  tribe  of 
Judah. 

3.  The  city  formerly  called  Laish,  and  named 
Dan  after  its  Capture  by  the  Danites.  it  is  sit- 
uated on  the  slopes  of  Hermon,  not  far  from  the  modern 
Banias  (still  called  Tel-el-Kadi,  ‘hill  of  the  Judge’),  and 
is  often  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  as  the  most 
northern  landmark  of  Palestine,  in  the  formula  “from 
Dan  to  Beersheba.”  It  contained  a sanctuary  with  an 
image  the  exact  nature  of  which  is  not  known.  At  the 


Dan 

division  of  the  kingdom  Jeroboam  put  up  there  one  of  the 
“calves.”  It  is  first  mentioned  in  Gen.  xiv.  14  as  the 
place  at  which  Chedorlaomer,  king  of  Elam,  and  his  four 
allies  were  overthrown  and  defeated  by  Abraham.  The 
occurrence  in  this  account  of  the  name  which  was  given  to 
the  place  many  centuries  later  is  variously  explained.  If 
the  Dan  of  Gen.  xiv.  is  identical  with  that  of  Judges  xviii. , 
and  if  the  account  of  Gen.  xiv.  is  authentic,  the  name  Dan 
may  have  been  later  inserted  in  the  MS.  for  Laish,  when 
the  latter  was  superseded  by  the  former. 

Dan.  A river  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina 
which  unites  with  the  Staunton  at  Clarksville, 
Va.,  to  form  the  Roanoke.  Length,  about  200  miles. 
Dana  (da'na),  Charles  Anderson.  Born  at 
Hinsdale,  N.  H.,  Aug.  8,  1819:  died  at  West  Is- 
land, near  Glen  Cove,  L.  I.,  Oct.  17, 1897.  An 
American  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  He  was 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  Brook  Farm  Association  in  1842 ; 
was  connected  with  the  New  York  “Tribune  ” 1847-62 ; was 
assistant  secretary  of  war  1864-65 ; and  became  editor  of 
the  New  York  “ Sun  ” in  1868.  He  published  “ Household 
Book  of  Poetry”  (1857),  etc.,  and  edited,  with  Ripley,  the 
“American  Cyclopaedia.” 

Dana,  Edward  Salisbury.  Born  at  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  Nov.  16,  1849.  An  American  min- 
eralogist and  physicist,  son  of  J.  D.  Dana.  He 
was  assistant  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity until  1890,  when  he  became  professor  of  physics. 

Dana,  Francis.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
June  13,  1743:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  April 
25, 1811.  An  American  jurist,  diplomatist,  and 
politician,  son  of  Richard  Dana.  He  was  min- 
ister to  Russia  1781-83,  and  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts  1791-1806. 

Dana,  Janies  Dwight.  Born  at  Utica,  N.Y.,  Feb. 
12,1813:  died atNewHaven, Conn.,  April 14, 1895. 
A noted  geologist  and  mineralogist,  professor  at 
Yale  from  1850.  IiewasgraduatedatYaleinl833;trav- 
eled  in  the  Mediterranean  as  mathematical  instructor  of 
midshipmen  in  theUnited  States  navy 1833-35;was  assistant 
to  Professor  Silliman  at  Yale  1835-38 ; and  took  part  in  the 
Wilkes  exploring  expedition  1838-42.  His  important  “Re- 
ports " of  the  expedition  (on  geology,  corals,  and  crusta- 
ceans) were  published  1846-54.  His  works  include  “Sys- 
tem of  Mineralogy"  (1837),  “Manual  of  Geology ” (1862), 

“ Text  Book  of  Geology  for  Schools  and  Academies  ”(1864), 
“Corals  and  Coral  Islands”  (1872),  “Characteristics  of 
Volcanoes”  (1890),  etc. 

Dana,  Richard.  Born  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
July  7, 1700:  died  May  17,  1772.  An  American 
lawyer  and  patriot.  He  was  a prominent  memberof 
the  Boston  bar,  and,  as  a supporter  of  the  popular  cause, 
frequently  presided  over  the  Boston  town  meetings  be- 
tween 1763  and  1772,  and  otherwise  took  a prominent  part 
in  the  movements  which  preceded  the  Revolution. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1787 : died  at  Boston,  Feb.  2, 
1879.  An  American  poet  and  essayist,  son  of 
Francis  Dana.  He  studied  at  Harvard  1804-07  (ex- 
pelled in  the  latter  year);  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1811;  was  associate  editor  of  the  “North  American  Re- 
view ” 1818-20 ; and  conducted  the  serial  “ The  Idle  Man  ’’ 
1821-22.  He  published  “ Buccaneer,  and  Other  Poems  ” 
(1827),  etc.,  and  wrote  ten  lectures  on  the  characters  of 
Shakspere  and  delivered  them  in  1839-40.  He  published 
his  collected  works  in  prose  and  verse  in  1850. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Aug.  1,  1815:  died  at  Rome,  Italy,  Jan. 
6,  1882.  An  American  jurist,  politician,  and 
author,  son  of  R.  H.  Dana  (1787-1879).  in  1834 
he  shipped  before  the  mast  for  a voyage  on  the  Pacific  to 
restore  his  health.  From  this  voyage  came  “Two  Years 
Before  the  Mast”  (1840).  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Free-Soil  party  1848.  Among  his  other  works  are 
“ The  Seamen’s  Friend  ” (1841),  and  an  edition  of  Wheat- 
on's “Elements  of  International  Law  ” (1866). 

Dana,  Samuel  Luther.  Born  at  Amherst, 
N.  H.,  July  11,  1795:  died  at  Lowell,  Mass., 
March  11,  1868.  An  American  chemist  and 
agricultural  writer.  He  was  employed  as  chemist  to 
the  Merrimac  Print  Works  at  Lowell  upward  of  thirty 
years,  and  invented  a new  method  of  bleaching  cotton, 
which  was  generally  adopted. 

Danae  (dan'a-e).  [Gr.  A avdy.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  daughter  of  Acrisius  of  Argos,  and 
mother  of  Perseus  by  Zeus,  who  visited  her, 
while  she  was  shut  up  in  a brazen  tower  by  her 
father,  in  the  form  of  a shower  of  gold.  She  was 
shut  up  with  her  child  in  a chest,  thrown  into  the  sea, 
and  carried  by  the  waves  to  the  island  of  Seriphos.  From 
various  difficulties  she  was  in  the  end  rescued  by  Perseus 
and  brought  back  to  Greece.  Many  of  the  representa- 
tions of  her  in  art  are  famous.  Among  them  are  : (a)  A 
painting  by  Rembrandt,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St. 
Petersburg.  Danae  lies,  undraped,  on  a bed  covered  with 
green  silk ; her  unloosed  girdle  has  fallen  to  the  floor. 
An  old  woman  is  in  attendance  behind  the  curtains,  (ft) 
A painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 
She  reclines  smiling  on  her  couch,  while  Cupid  before  her 
holds  out  a fold  of  the  drapery  over  her  knees  to  catch 
the  golden  shower,  (c)  A masterpiece  of  Titian  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  Danae  reclines  on  a couch 
while  the  golden  shower  falls  upon  her.  (cl)  A painting 
by  Titian,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at  Vienna.  Danae  lies, 
nude,  on  a cushioned  conch ; the  golden  rain  falls  from 
a cloud  over  her,  in  which  the  face  and  hand  of  Jupiter 
appear.  An  old  woman  seeks  to  catch  some  of  the  shower 
in  a dish. 

Danai  (dan'a-i),  or  Danaoi  (-oi).  [Gr.  A avaoL] 
In  ancient  Greek  history,  the  Argives : used  by 


306 

Homer  to  denote  the  Greeks  generally.  See 
Danaus. 

Danaides  (da-na'i-dez).  [Gr.  AaroMsf.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  fifty  daughters  of  Danaus, 
by  whose  command  they  slew  their  husbands. 
According  to  later  writers,  they  were  con- 
demned in  Hades  to  pour  water  into  sieves. 
See  Danaus. 

Danakil  (d;i-na-kel').  A Hamitic  tribe  of  the 
Ethiopian  branch,  settled  in  the  arid  region  be- 
tween Abyssinia,  Massowa,  and  Oboek.  They 
claim  to  be  Arabs  and  Mohammedans,  hut  are  really  pa- 
gan. Their  native  name  is  Afar.  Also  called  Dankali. 

Danakil,  Country  of  the.  A region  in  east- 
ern Africa,  lying  between  the  Red  Sea  on  the 
east  and  Abyssinia  on  the  west:  also  called 
Afar  country. 

Danaus  (dan'a-us).  [Gr.  Aavaor.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a son  of  Belus  and  grandson  of  Posei- 
don, the  founder  of  Argos,  and  ancestor  of  the 
Danai.  He  was  the  brother  of  iEgyptus. 
Danbury  ( dan  'bu-ri ) . A city  in  Fairfield  County, 
Connecticut,  52  miles  northeast  of  New  York. 
It  is  noted  for  its  hat  manufactures.  It  was  burned  by 
the  British  in  1777.  Population,  20,234,  (1910). 

Danby  (dan'bi),  Francis.  Born  at  Wexford  (?), 
Ireland,  Nov.  16,  1793:  died  at  Exmouth,  Eng- 
land, Feb.,  1861.  An  English  historical  and 
landscape  painter. 

Dance  (dans),  George.  1700-68.  An  English 
architect,  designer  of  the  Mansion  House,  Lon- 
don, in  1739. 

Dance,  George.  Born  about  1740:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  14,  1825.  An  English  architect  and 
artist,  son  of  George  Dance.  He  designed  New- 
gate Prison,  London,  in  1770. 

Dance,  Nathaniel.  Bom  1734:  died  at  Carn- 
borougli  House,  near  Winchester,  England,  Oct. 
15,  1811.  An  English  painter,  son  of  George 
Dance  (died  1768). 

Dance  of  Death,  Dance  of  Macaber  (ma-ka'- 

ber).  [F.  Danse  Macabre,  L.  Chorea  Macha- 
heeorum.]  Originally,  a kind  of  morality  or  al- 
legorical representation  intended  to  remind  the 
living  of  the  power  of  death,  it  originated  in  the 
14th  century  in  Germany,  and  consisted  of  dialogues  be- 
tween Death  and  a number  of  typical  followers,  which 
were  acted  in  or  near  churches  by  the  religious  orders. 
Soon  after  it  was  repeated  in  France.  It  became  extraor- 
dinarily popular,  and  was  treated  in  every  possible  way, 
in  pictures,  bas-reliefs,  tapestry,  etc.  Death  is  made 
grotesque  and  a sort  of  “horrid  Harlequin,”  a skeleton 
dancer  or  musician  playing  for  dancing,  leading  all  man- 
kind. A dramatic  poem  which  grew  out  of  this  was 
imitated  in  Spain  in  1400  as  “La  Danza  General  de  los 
Muertos.”  In  1425  the  French,  having  illustrated  each 
verse,  had  the  whole  series  painted  on  the  wall  of  the 
churchyard  of  the  Monastery  of  the  Innocents,  where  they 
acted  the  drama.  In  1430  the  poem  and  pictures  were 
produced  in  London,  and  not  long  after  at  Salisbury  (1460), 
Wortley  Hall  in  Gloucestershire,  and  other  places.  In 
Germany  it  attained  its  greatest  popularity.  The  drama 
was  acted  until  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century, 
when  the  pictures  became  the  main  point  of  interest. 
There  is  a picture  of  this  kind  in  the  Marienkirche  at 
Liibeck,  and  one  was  on  the  cloister  wall  of  Klingenthal, 
a convent  at  Basel,  both  of  the  14th  century : the  latter 
disappeared  in  1805.  One  in  the  Campo  Santo  at  Pisa  is 
ascribed  to  Orcagna.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  a pro- 
cessional Dance  of  Death  was  painted  around  the  cloisters 
of  old  St.  Paul’s  in  London.  Holbein  has  left  fifty-three 
sketches  for  engraving,  the  originals  of  which  are  in  St. 
Petersburg:  these  he  called  “Imagines  Mortis”;  they 
are,  however,  independent,  and  do  not  represent  a dance. 
Lydgate  wrote  a metrical  translation  of  the  poem  for  the 
chapter  of  St.  Paul’s,  to  be  placed  under  the  pictures  in 
the  cloister.  Various  explanations  of  the  name  Macaber 
or  Macabre  have  been  given. 

The  name  “ Macabre  ” probably  arose  from  the  associa- 
tion of  this  subject  with  a painting  that  illustrated  a 
thirteenth-century  legend  of  the  lesson  given  by  certain 
hideous  spectres  of  Death  to  three  noble  youths  when 
hunting  in  a forest.  They  afterwards  arrived  at  the  cell 
of  St.  Macarius,  an  Egyptian  anchorite,  who  was  shown 
in  a painting  by  Andrew  Orgagna  presenting  them  with 
one  hand  a label  of  admonition  on  the  vainglory  of  life, 
and  with  the  other  hand  pointing  to  three  open  coffins. 
In  one  coffin  is  a skeleton,  in  one  a king. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  109. 

Dancourt  (don-kor'),  (Florent  Carton).  Bom 

at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Nov.  1. 1661 : died  at 
Courcelles-le-Roi,  Berry,  France,  Dec.  7,  1725. 
A French  comedian  and  playwright.  His  plays 
deal  almost  exclusively  with  the  middle  class.  Among 
them  are  “Le  chevalier  a la  mode”  (1687),  “Les  bour- 
geoises de  quality  ” (1700),  “ Les  trois  cousins  ” (1700). 

Dandie  Dinmont.  See  Dinmont,  Dandle. 
Dandin,  George.  See  George  Dandin. 

Dandin  (don-dan'),  Perrin.  A name  given  to 
an  ignorant  and  preposterous  judge  in  Racine’s 
“Les  plaideurs”  and  in  La  Fontaine’s  “Fa- 
bles,” taken  from  Rabelais’s  “Perrin  Dendin.” 
Dandolo  (dan'do-lo),  Andrea.  Bornl310:  died 
Oct.  7, 1354.  Doge  of  Venice  1343-54.  He  joined 

in  1343  the  Crusade  proclaimed  by  Clement  VI.  against  the 
Turks,  which  ended  in  a peace  advantageous  to  Venice  in 


Daniel 

1346.  He  waged  almost  continuous  war  with  Genoa  1348- 
1354.  He  wrote  “Chronicon  Venetum,”  a Latin  chronicle 
of  Venice,  which  terminates  with  the  year  1339. 

Dandolo,  Enrico.  Born  at  Venice  about  1108 : 
died  at  Constantinople,  June  14, 1205.  Doge  of 
Venice  1192-1205.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  Vene- 
tians and  Crusaders  in  the  capture  of  Constantinople 
1203  and  1204.  He  went  as  ambassador  to  the  Byzantine 
court  in  1173,  and  was  blinded  by  order  of  the  emperor 
Manuel. 

Dandolo,  Count  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Venice, 
Oct.  26,  1758:  died  there,  Dec.  13,  1819.  An 
Italian  chemist  and  economist.  He  wrote  “ Fonda- 
menti  della  fisico-chimica”  (1796),  “Discorsi  sulla  pasto- 
rizia,  etc.”  (18u6),  etc. 

Dane  (dan),  Nathan.  Born  at  Ipswich,  Mass., 
Dec.  27,  1752:  died  at  Beverley,  Mass.,  Feb.  15, 
1835.  An  American  jurist.  He  drafted  the  ordi- 
nance relating  to  the  government  of  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  Ohio  1786-87,  and  published  “Abridgment  and 
Digest  of  American  Law  ” (1823-29). 

Danelagh,  or  Danelaw  (dan'la).  [Also  Dane- 
lagh, Danelage.  etc.,  after  ME.  or  ML.  transcrip- 
tions of  the  AS. ; AS.  Dena  lagu,  law  of  the 
Danes:  Dena,  gen.  of  Dene,  the  Danes;  lagu, 
law.]  That  part  of  England  where  the  Danish 
influence  was  paramount  during  the  9th  and 
10th  centuries.  It  corresponded  to  the  modern  shires 
York,  Lincoln,  Nottingham,  Derby,  Leicester,  Rutland, 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Essex,  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  North- 
ampton, Buckingham,  Bedford,  and  Herts. 

Danes  (danz).  [From  ME.  Dane  (after  ML. 
Dani,  etc.),  Dene,  from  AS.  Dene , pi.,  =D. 
Deen  — Gr.  Dane,  etc.,=Icel.  Danir,  pi.,  = Dan. 
Dane,  pi.  Daner,  also  Dan-sk  — Sw.  Dan-sk ; first 
in  LL.  Dani,  pi.;  ult.  origin  unknown.]  The 
natives  of  Denmark.  They  were  first  described 
early  in  the  6th  century  as  on  the  western  coast  of  the  Cim- 
brian  peninsula,  in  territory  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Heruli,  whither,  according  to  Jordanes,  they  had  come 
from  Scandinavia.  The  Old  Danish  language  is  preserved 
in  numerous  runic  inscriptions,  the  oldest  of  which  date 
from  the  Viking  age  (700-1050),  and  in  literature  from  the 
13th  century.  Three  principal  dialectic  groups  are  dis- 
tinguished, which  are  typically  represented  by  the  dialects 
of  Scania  in  southern  Sweden,  Zealand,  and  Jutland.  The 
Zealand  dialect  became  the  literary  form  at  about  the  time 
of  the  Reformation,  from  which  period  modern  Danish 
dates. 

Danewerk  (dan'e-verk),  Dan.  Dannevirke. 

[‘Danes’ work.’]  An  ancient  intrencliment  or 
wall  erected  by  King  Gottrik  in  the  9th  cen- 
tury as  a protection  of  Denmark  against  inva- 
sion from  the  south.  It  extended  from  the  Schlei 
to  the  Treene.  It  was  strengthened  in  the  10th  century 
and  later,  and  was  captured  from  the  Danes  by  the  Prus- 
sians April  23,  1848. 

Dangeau  (don-zho'),  Philippe  de  Courcillon, 

Marquis  de.  A French  soldier,  aide-de-camp 
to  Louis  XIV.  whom  he  attended  in  all  his 
campaigns.  He  wrote  a voluminous  journal,  covering 
'the  period  from  1684  to  1720,  and  giving  in  minute  detail 
the  occurrences  and  the  etiquette  of  the  court  of  Louis. 
Dangle  (dang'gl).  An  amateur  critic,  in  Sheri- 
dan’s farce  “ The  Critic,”  whose  peculiarities 
are  agreeably  described  by  his  wife  in  the  first 
scene ; supposed  to  he  a satire  on  Thomas 
Vaughan,  a playwright. 

And  what  have  you  to  do  with  the  theatre,  Mr.  Dangle? 
Why  should  you  affect  the  character  of  a critic?  I have 
no  patience  with  you ! Haven’t  you  made  yourself  the 
jest  of  all  your  acquaintance  by  your  interference  in  mat- 
ters where  you  have  no  business?  Are  not  you  called  a 
theatrical  quidnunc,  and  a moek  Msecenas  to  second-hand 
authors?  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i. 

Danican  (da-ne-kon'),  Francois  Andre,  usual- 
ly known  as  Philidor.  Born  at  Dreux,  France, 
Sept.  7,  1726:  died  at  London,  Aug.  31,  1795. 
A noted  French  chess-player  and  musical  com- 
poser, author  of  “Analyse  du  jeu  des  dchecs” 
(1777). 

Daniel  (dan'yel).  [Heb.,  ‘my  judge  is  God.’] 
One  of  the  prophets  of  the  Old  Testament. 

According  to  the  book  which  bears  his  name,  he  (prob- 
ably being  of  royal  or  noble  descent)  was  carried  off  cap- 
tive to  Babylon  in  the  third  year  of  Jehoiakim  (605  B.  e.), 
and  with  three  other  Israelitish  youths  of  noble  blood, 
Hauaniah,  Mishael,  and  Azariah,  was  instructed  in  the  lan- 
guage and  learning  of  the  Babylonians  and  educated  for 
the  king’s  service.  They  refrained  from  defiling  them- 
selves by  partaking  of  the  food  of  the  king.  Daniel  was 
especially  gifted  with  “understanding  in  all  visions  and 
dreams,”  and  successfully  exercised  this  gift  by  interpret- 
ing disquieting  dreams  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  the  mys- 
terious writing  on  the  wall  which  disturbed  the  revelry 
of  Belshazzar  (Dan.  v.  5).  At  the  accession  of  Darius  he 
was  made  “one  of  the  three  presidents”  of  the  empire. 
He  was  divinely  delivered  from  the  lions’  den  into  which 
he  was  thrown  for  refusing  to  obey  a decree  of  the  king 
forbidding  any  one  to  ask  a petition  of  God  or  man  for 
thirty  days  except  the  king.  He  was  still  prosperous  un- 
der Cyrus.  In  the  third  year  of  Cyrus  he  saw  the  vision 
on  the  bank  of  the  Tigris,  and  this  is  the  last  notice  about 
him  in  the  Old  Testament.  He  is  referred  to  by  Ezekiel 
as  a patt  ern  of  righteousness  and  wisdom.  In  addition  to 
his  Hebrew  name,  a Babylonian  one,  Beltesliazzar  (which 
see),  was  given  him.  Legends  about  him  grew  up,  as  in 
the  apocryphal  additions  to  the  biblical  book  which  bears 
his  name,  “Bel  and  the  Dragon,”  the  story  of  Susanna  and 


Daniel 

Daniel,  etc.  According  to  Mohammedan  tradition,  Daniel 
returned  to  Palestine,  where  he  held  the  government  of 
.Syria,  and  finally  died  at  Susa,  where  his  tomb  is  still 
shown,  and  is  visited  by  crowds  of  pilgrims. 

Daniel,  Book  of.  A book  which  in  the  English 
Bible,  as  in  all  other  translations,  follows  Eze- 
kiel as  the  fourth  of  the  greater  prophets,  while  in 
the  original  Hebrew  Bible  it  has  its  place  in  the 
third  division  of  the  Canon,  the  Hagiographa. 
It  is  generally  divided  into  two  parts.  The  first,  chapters 
i.-vi.,  contains  historical  incidents  ; the  second,  chapters 
vii.-xii.,  visions.  Chapters  ii.  4-vii.,  inclusive,  are  written 
in  Aramaic : the  rest  in  Hebrew.  The  authenticity  and 
historical  character  of  the  book  were  early  called  in  ques- 
tion. Porphyry,  in  his  discourses  against  the  Christians, 
and  most  modern  critics  relegate  the  book  in  its  present 
shape,  on  historical  and  linguistic  grounds,  to  the  period 
of  the  persecutions  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes  (about  167 
B.  c.).  The  writer  exhibits  a familiarity  with  the  history 
of  that  period,  while  his  historical  references  to  the  time 
in  which  Daniel  is  supposed  to  have  lived  are  vague  and 
in  many  instances  incorrect:  as,  for  instance,  that  Nebu- 
chadnezzar was  the  father  of  Belshazzar,  that  the  latter  was 
the  last  Babylonian  king,  and  that  Darius,  and  not  Cyrus, 
was  the  successor  of  N abonidus  in  the  rule  over  Babylonia, 
The  language  of  the  book  contains  numerous  Persian  and 
Greek  words  which  point  to  a time  when  these  empires 
had  long  been  established.  The  object  of  the  author  may 
have  been  to  encourage  his  people  to  constancy  and  faith- 
fulness in  the  desperate  struggle  for  their  country  and 
faith,  showing  them  how  the  constancy  and  fidelity  of 
Daniel  and  his  three  companions  were  rewarded,  and  re- 
vealing to  them  the  glorious  future  which  is  to  follow 
their  present  sufferings.  This,  however,  does  not  exclude 
a historical  basis  of  the  narratives  contained  in  the  book ; 
and  it  is  not  impossible  that  a Daniel  similar  to  the  one 
described  in  the  book  not  only  existed  during  the  exile, 
but  that  also  some  written  materials  were  extant  from  him, 
which  the  author  of  the  2d  century  cast,  together  with  the 
traditions,  into  a literary  form,  with  a special  view  to  the 
circumstances  of  his  own  time. 

Daniel  (dan-yel'),  Arnaud.  See  the  extract. 

Of  the  troubadours  themselves  none  is  mentioned  with 
higher  praise  than  Arnaut  Daniel.  Petrarch  calls  him 
gran  maestro  d'aniore,  the  “great  master  of  love,  whose 
novel  and  beautiful  style  still  (i.  e.  about  the  middle  of 
the  fourteenth  century)  does  honor  to  his  country  " ; and 
Dante,  in  his  philological  and  metrical  treatise  “ De  vul- 
gari  eloquio,”  declares  himself  indebted  to  Arnaut  for  the 
structure  of  several  of  his  stanzas.  The  “sestina,”  for  in- 
stance, a poem  of  six  verses  in  which  the  final  words  of 
the  first  stanza  appear  in  inverted  order  in  all  the  others, 
is  an  invention  of  this  troubadour  adopted  by  Dante  and 
Petrarch,  and,  most  likely  through  the  medium  of  French 
models,  by  Mr.  Swinburne.  Hueffer,  Troubadours,  p.  45, 

Daniel,  Gabriel.  Born  at  Rouen,  France,  Feb. 
8,  1649 : died  at  Paris,  June  23, 1728.  A French 
Jesuit  historian  and  theologian,  author  of  a 
famous  “Histoire  de  France  ”(1713),  etc. 
Daniel  (da'ne-el),  Hermann  Adalbert.  Bom 
at  Kothen,  Germany,  Nov.  18,  1812:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Sept.  13,  1871.  A German  geographer 
and  theologian.  He  wrote  “Thesaurus  hym- 
nologieus”  (1841-56),  “Lehrbuch  der  Geogra- 
phic” (1845),  etc. 

Daniel  (dan'yel),  Samuel.  Born  probably 
near  Taunton,  Somerset,  England,  1562:  died 
at  Beckington,  Somerset,  Oct.  14,  1619.  An 
English  poet  and  historian,  author  of  “Books 
of  the  Civil  Wars”  (1595-1609),  “Musophilus  ” 
(1599),  etc.;  in  prose,  “History  of  England” 
(1612).  Called  by  William  Browne  “ The  Well- 
languaged  D.” 

Daniel  Deronda  (dan'yel  de-ron'da).  A novel 
by  George  Eliot.  It  appeared  in  eight  monthly  parts, 
beginning  in  February,  1876,  and  as  a whole  in  1877.  The 
book  unfolds  the  author’s  conceptions  of  social  growth, 
the  strength  of  tradition,  and  the  impelling  force  of  na- 
tionality. See  Deronda. 

Daniell  (dan'yel),  John  Frederick.  Born  at 
London,  March  12,  1790:  died  at  London, 
March  13,  1845.  An  English  physicist  and 
chemist,  inventor  of  a hygrometer  (about  1820). 
His  works  include  “Meteorological  Essays"  (1823),  “In- 
troduction to  Chemical  Philosophy”  (1839),  etc. 

Daniell,  Samuel.  Born  at  London  in  1775 
(1777?):  died  in  Ceylon,  Dec.,  1811.  An  Eng- 
lish artist  and  traveler,  brother  of  William 
Daniell. 

Daniell,  Thomas.  Bom  1749 : died  at  London, 
March  19,  1840.  An  English  landscape-painter 
and  engraver,  best  known  by  his  illustrations 
of  works  on  Eastern  subjects. 

Danish  War,  The.  See  Schleswig-Holstein  War, 
The. 

Danites  (dan 'its).  1.  The  members  of  the  He- 
brew tribe  of  Dan.  See  Dan. — 2.  The  members 
of  a secret  organization  in  the  Mormon  Church, 
who  are  sworn  to  support  the  heads  of  the 
church  in  everything  that  they  say  or  do,  whe- 
ther right  or  wrong. 

Dannat  (dan'at),  William  T.  Bom  at  New 
York  in  1853.  An  American  figure-painter. 
He  studied  at  Munich  and  Florence,  and  with  Munkacsy 
at  Paris,  and  received  the  third-class  medal  at  Paris  in 
1883.  Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  1900. 

Dannecker  (dan'nek-er),  Johann  Heinrich 

von.  Bom  at  Waldenbuch,  near  Stuttgart, 


307 

Oct.  15,  1758:  died  there,  Dec.  8,  1841.  A Ger- 
man sculptor.  In  1771  he  entered  the  Karlsschule  at 
Stuttgart,  where  he  was  associated  with  Schiller.  He  de- 
signed at  an  early  age  some  statues  of  children  and  cary- 
atides which  still  adorn  the  chateau  of  Stuttgart  and 
Hohenheim.  Appointed  court  sculptor  (1780)  to  Duke 
Charles  of  Wiirtemberg,  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
studied  with  Pajou.  In  1785  he  went  to  Home,  where  he 
met  Canova,  Goethe,  and  Herder.  His  statue  of  Ceres 
and  Bacchus  procured  him  admission  to  the  academies  of 
Milan  and  Bologna.  On  his  return  to  Stuttgart  (1790),  he 
was  appointed  professor  at  the  academy.  His  most  fa- 
mous work  is  a statue  of  Ariadne  on  a panther.  Among 
his  other  works  are  a statue  of  Sappho,  a bust  of  Schiller, 
a bust  of  Gluck  (1809),  etc. 

Dannemora,  or  Danemora  (da-ne-mo'ra).  A 
small  parish  in  the  laen  of  Upsala,  Sweden, 
situated  28  miles  northeast  of  Upsala.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  iron-mines  (the  best  in  Swe- 
den). 

Dannemora  (dan-e-mo'ra).  A town  in  Clinton 
County,  northeastern  New  York,  situated  12 
miles  west  of  Plattsburg.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Clinton  State  prison.  Population,  4,203,  (1910). 
Dannevirke,  Dannewerk.  See  Danewerk. 

Dansville  (danz'vil).  A village  in  Livingston 
County,  western  New  York,  situated  63  miles 
southeast  of  Buffalo.  It  is  the  seat  of  a water- 
cure  establishment.  Population,  3,938,  (1910). 
Dantan  (don-ton'),  Antoine  Laurent.  Bom  at 
St.  Cloud,  Dec.  8, 1798 : died  there,  May  31, 1878. 
A French  sculptor,  a pupil  of  Bosio. 

Dantan,  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec., 
1800':  died  at  Baden-Baden,  Sept.,  1869.  A 
French  sculptor,  brother  of  A.  L.  Dantan,  noted 
especially  for  grotesque  busts. 

Dantas  (dan'tas),  Manuel  Pinto  de  Souza. 
Born  in  Bahia  about  1825:  died  Jan.  15,  1894. 
A Brazilian  politician  of  the  liberal  party. 
He  was  senator  from  1879,  minister  of  j ustice  in  1880,  and 
of  the  interior  in  1882,  and  prime  minister  from  June  6, 
1884,  to  May  7, 1885.  He  brought  forward  a bill  for  email- 
, cipation,  which,  though  lost  at  the  time,  led  to  complete 
abolition  of  slavery  three  years  later. 

Dante  (dan'te;  It.  pron.  dan'te)  (originally  Du- 
rante) Alighieri  (a-Ie-gi-a'ri).  Born  at  Flor- 
ence in  May,  1265:  died  at  Ravenna,  Italy, 
Sept.  14,  1321.  A celebrated  Italian  poet.  His 
father,  Alighiero  degli  Alighieri,  was  of  an  ancient  family. 
(The  name  is  also  spelled  Aldigeri,  Alaghieri,  Aligeri.) 
He  was  a jurisconsult,  and  a member  of  the  Guelph 
party.  After  its  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Montaperti,  he 
went  into  exile.  Dante,  as  he  was  called  after  the  Floren- 
tine fashion  of  abbreviation,  was,  however,  born  in  Flor- 
ence. In  the  ninth  year  of  his  age  he  first  saw  Beatrice 
Portinari,  then  only  eight  years  old,  who  inspired  him 
with  that  romantic  passion,  or  as  some  think  impersonal 
and  platonic  love,  which  he  narrates  in  the  “ Vita  Nuova  ” 
and  the  “Divina  Commedia."  Beatrice  was  married  in 
1287  to  Messer  Simone  de’  Bardi,  and  died  shortly  after,  at 
the  age  of  twenty-four.  Dante  expresses  no  disappoint- 
ment at  her  marriage,  and  seems  to  have  had  no  desire  for 
any  intimate  relation  with  her.  About  two  years  after 
her  death  he  married  Gemma  Donati.  He  became  pas- 
sionately absorbed  in  the  love  of  country,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty-four  fought  on  the  side  of  the  Guelpbs  at  the 
battle  of  Cainpaldino.  He  was  intrusted  with  several 
foreign  missions,  and  became  an  important  factor  in  the 
Florentine  government.  His  political  ideas  changed  grad- 
ually, and  from  being  an  ardent  Guelph  and  Florentine 
he  became  “ the  first  Italian,”  as  has  been  said ; conceived 
a plan  of  general  organization  for  the  advancement  of 
Italy;  and  endeavored  to  reconcile  theGuelphsandGliibel- 
llnes.  On  the  15th  of  June,  1300,  Dante  was  elected  one 
of  the  priors  of  Florence.  The  struggles  and  riots  of  the 
Bianchi  and  Neri  resulted  in  the  destruction  of  half  of 
Florence,  Dante’s  house  being  pillaged  and  destroyed  in 
his  absence  at  Rome,  to  which  city  the  Bianchi  had  sent 
him  on  an  embassy.  The  Neri  succeeded  in  establishing 
a government  of  their  own,  and  passed  a sentence  of  tem- 
porary banishment  against  him  in  1302.  He  succeeded 
in  obtaining  aid  from  various  courts,  especially  from  Della 
Scala,  lord  of  Verona,  his  friend,  who  was  the  chief  of 
the  Gliibellines.  In  1303  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was 
made  to  take  possession  of  Florence,  and,  humiliated  by 
his  exile  and  failures,  Dante  withdrew  from  a public  ca- 
reer, and  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  wandering  from  one 
city  to  another,  watching,  and  endeavoring  to  guide,  the 
course  of  events  from  various  retreats.  About  1320  he 
went  to  Ravenna,  and  on  his  return  from  a mission  to 
Venice  fell  ill,  and,  being  worn  out  by  failure  and  dis- 
appointment, died  at  the  age  of  fifty-six  years.  He  spent 
the  years  from  1304  to  1306  in  study,  and  all  his  works 
except  the  “Vita  Nuova  ” were  written  in  solitary  exile 
His  chief  work  is  the  “ Divina  Commedia  " (which  see) 
The  “Vita  Nuova"  is  practically  the  history  of  his  love 
for  Beatrice.  It  was  probably  finished  about  1300.  The 
‘ Convito,”  or  Banquet,  is  almost  a continuation  of  (he 
“Vita  Nuova.”  It  gives  much  information  about  his  life, 
and  throws  light  on  the  “Divina  Commedia.”  These 
were  written  in  Italian.  “De  vulgari  eloquio  sive  idio- 
mate  ” is  a Latin  treatise  on  the  Italian  language  or  vul- 
gar idiom.  It  was  begun  in  1304,  and  is  alluded  to  in  the 
“Convito.”  “ De  mouarchia,”a  treatise  containing  Dante’s 
creed  as  a Ghibelline,  was  written  between  1310  and  1314. 
There  is  a famous  portrait  of  the  poet  as  a young  man, 
by  Giotto,  on  the  wall  of  the  Bargello  in  Florence.  It  was 
injured  by  time  and  vandalism,  and  has  been  too  much 
restored  ; fortunately,  a tracing  of  it  was  made  before  this 
by  an  Englishman,  and  this  tracing  has  been  published  by 
the  Arundel  Society.  It  and  a death-mask  are  the  only 
authentic  likenesses  of  Dante. 

There  are  fair  grounds  for  believing  that  he  [Dante] 
himself  visited  Oxford.  Villani  states  that  Dante,  who 


Danville 

was  one  of  his  contemporaries  and  neighbors  at  Florence, 
“went  to  the  University  (stvdio)  at  Bologna  and  then  at 
Paris,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  world.”  Boccaccio,  a little 
later  in  point  of  time,  mentions  incidentally  that  Dante 
visited  England  as  well  as  France  ; and  Giovanni  da  Se- 
ravalle,  Bishop  of  Fermo,  writing  in  1416,  states  posi- 
tively that  Dante  studied  the  liberal  arts  at  Padua  and 
Bologna,  and  theology  at  Oxford  and  Paris.  Some  indi- 
rect evidence  in  support  of  this  may  be  found  in  the  “ Di- 
vina  Commedia,”  which  contains  a description  of  the  coast 
of  Flanders,  an  allusion  to  Westminster  Abbey,  and  sev- 
eral scattered  notices  of  English  affairs.  A close  resem- 
blance has  also  been  traced  between  some  of  Dante’s 
opinions  and  those  of  Roger  Bacon,  the  great  English 
philosopher.  The  date  of  Dante’s  undoubted  sojourn  at 
Paris  must  be  placed  either  between  the  years  1287  and 
1289,  or  between  1308  and  1314.  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  89. 

Dantes  (don-tas'),  Edmond.  The  Count  of 
Monte  Cristo,  in  Dumas’s  novel  of  that  name. 
He  appears,  for  the  furtherance  of  his  re- 
venge, as  Lord  Wilmore  and  the  Abbe  Busoni. 

Danti  (dan'te),  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Perugia: 
died  May  24, 1576.  An  Italian  goldsmith,  sculp- 
tor, military  architect,  and  poet.  He  made  the 
"Decapitation  of  St.  John  ’*  over  the  door  of  the  baptis- 
tery at  Florence,  and  the  statue  of  Pope  Julius  III.  at  Pe- 
rugia. 

Danton  (don-ton'),  Georges  Jacques.  Bom  at 
Arcis-sur-Aube,  France,  Oct.  28,  1759 : guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  April  5,  1794.  A celebrated 
French  revolutionist.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
attack  on  the  'Pufferies,  Aug.  10,  1792 ; was  minister 
of  justice  in  Aug.  ■ was  implicated  in  the  “September 
massacres";  moved  the  formation  of  the  Revolutionary 
tribunal  March,  1793 ; and  was  a member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Public  Safety  April-Sept.,  1793.  He  overthrew 
Hebert  and  his  party  with  the  aid  of  Robespierre,  and  was 
in  turn  overthrown  by  the  latter.  He  was  an  orator  of 
great  power. 

Dan  Tucker  (dan  tuk'er).  A negro  song  with 
the  refrain  “ Out  o’  de  way,  ole  Dan  Tucker” : 
said  to  refer  to  Captain  Daniel  Tucker  of  Vir- 
ginia, second  governor  of  Bermuda. 

Dantzic,  or  Dantsic  (dant'sik).  [G.  Danzig, 
Pol.  Gdansk,  L.  Gedanum.~\  A seaport,  capital 
of  the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Vistula  3 miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
on  the  Mottlau  and  Radaune,  in  lat.  54°  21'  N., 
long.  18°  39'  E.  It  contains  the  Altstadt,  Rechtstadt, 
Vorstadt,  Niederstadt,  Langgarten,  and  the  Speicher  Isl- 
and, and  is  a strong  fortress.  It  is  one  of  the  principal 
ports  of  Germany,  andnext  to  Odessa  had  the  largest  grain- 
trade  in  Europe.  Its  chief  buildings  are  the  Rathaus, 
the  Exchange  (Artushof  or  Junkerhof),  the  Church  of  St. 
Mary,  and  a Franciscan  monastery  (with  a museum).  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Pommerellen.  The  town 
is  mentioned  as  early  as  997.  It  passed  to  the  Teutonic 
Order  about  1309,  and  for  a time  was  a Hanseatic  city. 
It  came  under  the  supremacy  of  Poland  in  1454,  but  re- 
tained a large  amount  of  independence.  By  the  second 
partition  of  Poland  it  passed  to  Prussia  in  1793.  It  was 
besieged  and  taken  by  the  French  under  Lefebvre  in  1807  • 
was  made  a commonwealth  in  1807  ; was  besieged  by  the 
Allies  in  1813,  and  taken  (1814)  after  an  eleven  months' 
siege.  It  was  restored  to  Prussia  in  1814.  Population 
commune,  169,305,  (1910). 

Danube  (dan'  ub).  [G.  Donau,  Hung.  Duna, 
L.  Danuvius,  later  Danubius,  Gr.  A avov/Stog.2 
The  largest  river  of  Europe  next  to  the  Volga, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Breg  and  Brigach 
near  Donaueschingen  in  southern  Baden:  the 
Roman  Danubius,  or  (in  its  lower  course)  Ister. 
It  flows  through  'Wiirtemberg,  Bavaria,  and  Austria-Hun- 
gary; separates  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  on  the 
north  from  Serviaand  Bulgaria  on  the  south ; and  empties 
into  the  Black  Sea  by  three  principal  mouths,  about  lat. 
44°  50'-45’  25'  N.  Navigable  to  Ulm.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are,  on  theright  bank,  the  Iller,  Lech,  Isar,  Inn,  Enns,  Raab, 
Drave,  Save,  Morava,  and  Timok ; on  the  left  bank,  the 
Altmtfffl,  Naab,  Regen,  March,  Waag,  Gran,  Theiss,  Teraes, 
Schyl,  Aluta,  Arjish,  Yalomitza,  Sereth,  and  Prutli.  Area 
of  basin,  about  300,000  square  miles.  Length,  1,770  miles. 

Danube  Navigation  Commission,  Interna- 
tional. A commission  appointed  by  the  treaty 
of  Paris  in  1856,  and  several  times  continued. 
It  has  great  authority  over  the  Danube  mouths,  in  con- 
structing engineering  works,  making  local  regulations, 
etc.,  and  to  a less  extentover  the  Danube  as  far  up  as  the 
Iron  Gates. 

Danubian  (da-nu'bi-an)  Principalities.  The 
former  principalities'  of  Moldavia  and  Walla- 
chia,  now  forming  the  kingdom  of  Rumania. 

D’ Anvers  (dan'verz),  Caleb.  The  name  as- 
sumed by  Nicholas  Amhurst  as  editor  of  “The 
Craftsman  ” ( 1726)  in  connection  with  Pulteney 
and  Bolingbroke. 

Danvers  (dan'verz).  A town  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  17  miles  northeast  of 
Boston.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  insane  asy- 
lum. Population,  9,407,  (1910). 

D’Anville.  See  Anville. 

Danville  (dan'vil).  The  name  of  several  towns 
in  the  United  States,  (a)  A city  and  the  county-seat 
of  Vermilion  County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Vermilion 
River  in  lat.  40°  7’  N.,  long.  87°  38'  W.  It  is  a railway  and 
coal-mining  center.  Population,  27,871,  (1910).  (b)  The 

county-seat  of  Boyle  County,  central  Kentucky,  39  miles 
south  of  Frankfort.  Population,  5,420,  (1910).  (e)  A bor- 
ough  and  the  county-seat  of  Montour  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  north  branch  of  the  Susquehanna 


Danville 

61  miles  north  ol  Harrisburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  iron 
manufactures.  Population,  7,517,  (1910).  ( d ) An  indepen- 

dent city  of  Virginia,  formerly  in  Pittsylvania  County,  sit- 
uated on  the  Dan  in  lat.  36°  34'  N.,  long.  79°  20 ' W.  : the  cen- 
ter of  a tobacco-growing  district.  Population,  19,020,  (1910). 

Danzig.  See  Dantsic. 

Daphnae  (daf'ne)  (town).  See  Daphne,  2. 

Daphne  (daf'ne).  [Gr.  Adcpvr/,  the  laurel.]  1. 
In  Greek  mythology,  a nymph,  daughter  of  the 
river-god  Peneius,  or,  in  other  accounts,  of  La- 
don,  an  Arcadian.  Her  lover  Leucippus  pursued 
her  in  woman’s  clothing,  and  was  killed  by  the  nymphs 
at  the  instigation  of  Apollo.  When  the  god  in  turn  pur- 
sued her,  she  entreated  that  she  might  be  transformed 
into  the  bay-tree,  and  he  granted  her  petition. 

2.  The  first  Italian  opera,  as  distinguished 
from  a musical  drama.  It  was  produced  by  the  So- 
ciety of  the  Alterati  in  Florence,  in  a private  house,  in 
1596.  The  music  was  by  Giulio  Caccini  and  Jacopo  Peri 
(who  both  invented  recitative),  the  words  by  Ottavio  Ri- 
nuccini.  Opitz  made  a German  translation  of  the  text, 
and  Heinrich  Schtitz  wrote  new  music  for  it.  This  was 
the  first  German  opera,  and  was  produced  April  13,  1627, 
at  Torgau,  at  the  court  of  the  elector  John  George  I. 

3.  An  asteroid  (No.  41)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt at  Paris,  May  22,  1856. 

Daphne.  1.  In  ancient  geography,  a famous 
grove  and  sanctuary  of  Apollo,  situated  about 
5 miles  southwest  of  Antioch,  Syria.  It  was 
established  by  Seleueus  Nicator. — 2.  A town 
in  ancient  Egypt,  about  25  miles  from  Pelu- 
sium : the  Talipenes  of  the  Bible,  and  the 
modern  Tel  Defenneh.  Its  site  has  been  ex- 
plored. Also  Daphnae. 

Dapkni,  Convent  of.  See  Athens  (Greece). 

Daphnis  (daf'nis).  [Gr.  AafAg.']  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  a shepherd,  son  of  Mercury  and  a 
Sicilian  nymph.  He  was  protected  by  Diana,  and  loved 
the  chase.  Pan  gave  him  lessons  in  singing  and  on  the 
flute,  and  the  Muses  endowed  him  with  a love  of  poetry, 
and  he  is  said  to  have  originated  bucolic  poetry.  He  was 
turned  into  a stone  according  to  one  legend;  according  to 
another  his  eyes  were  torn  out  by  a nymph  for  his  infi- 
delity to  her,  and  he  threw  himself  in  despair  into  the 
sea.  In  ancient  pastoral  poetry  his  name  was  frequently 
given  to  shepherds. 

2.  A gentle  shepherd  in  Beaumont  and  Fletch- 
er’s play  “The  Faithful  Shepherdess.” — 3. 
An  idyl  by  Gesner  (1756). 

Dapliriis  and  Chloe  (klo'e).  A Greek  pastoral 
romance  attributed  to  Longus  (4th  or  5th  cen- 
tury A.  D.),  a Greek  sophist.  It  recounts  the  loves 
and  pastoral  life  of  Daphnis,  foster-son  of  Lamon,  a goat- 
herd, and  Chloe,  foster-daughter  of  Dryas,  a shepherd. 
The  manuscript  of  Mont-Oassin,  taken  to  Florence,  does 
not  name  the  author.  It  is  known  principally  through 
the  French  version  of  Amyot  (1559),  revised  by  Courier. 
It  has  been  translated  and  imitated  in  all  European 
languages.  Tasso’s  “Aminta,"  Montemayor’s  “Diana,” 
d’Urfd’s  “Sireine,"  St.  Pierre’s  “Paul  and  Virginia,”  and 
Allan  Ramsay’s  “ Gentle  Shepherd’’  are  founded  on  it. 

Da  Ponte  (da  pon'te),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Ce- 
neda,  near  Venice,  March  10, 1749:  died  at  New 
York,  Aug.  17, 1838.  An  Italian  librettist  and 
author.  He  wrote  the  words  to  Mozart’s  “ Fi- 
garo ” and  “Don  Giovanni.” 

Dapper  (dap'er).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “The 
Alchemist,”  a greedy  and  credulous  lawyer’s 
clerk  who  desires  a “fly”  (a  spirit  or  familiar) 
of  the  Alchemist  to  enable  him  to  cheat  at 
horse-races  by  giving  him  prior  information. 

Dapperwit.  A vain,  foolish,  and  boastful  rake 
in  Wycherley’s  “Love  in  a Wood.” 

Dappes  (dap),  Vallee  des.  A small  valley  in 
the  Jura,  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland.  It  was 
a subject  of  dispute  between  France  and  Swit- 
zerland 1815-62. 

Dapple  (dap'l).  The  name  of  Sancho  Panza’s 
ass  m Cervantes’s  romance  “Don  Quixote.” 
Darab  ( da-r  ab ' ) , orDar  abgher  d (da-riib-gerd ' ) , 
or  Darabjird  (da-rab-jerd').  A city  in  the 
province  of  Farsistan,  Persia,  in  lat.  28°  55'  N., 
long.  54°  25'  E.  It  is  sometimes  identified  with 
the  ancient  Pasargadae. 

Daras  (da'ras).  An  ancient  town  of  Mesopo- 
tamia, situated  near  Nisibis.  It  was  a frontier 
post  of  the  Eastern  Empire  against  Persia  in 
the  6th  century  A.  D. 

Darbhangah  (da-ban'ga),  or  Durbunga  (dur- 
bun'ga).  1.  A district  in  Bengal,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  86°  E. 
Area, 3,348  square  miles.  Population,  2,912,611. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  above  district.  Popu- 
lation, 66,244. 

D’Arblay,  Madame.  See  Arhlay. 

Darboy  (diir-bwa'),  Georges.  Born  at  Fayl- 
Billot,  Haute-Marne,  France,  Jan.  16,  1813: 
shot  at  Paris,  May  24, 1871.  A French  prelate, 
archbishop  of  Paris  1863-71.  He  was  arrested 
and  assassinated  by  the  Communists. 

Darby  (dar'bi),  John  Nelson.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  18,1800:  died  at  Bournemouth,  Hants, 
England,  April  28,  1882.  An  English  theologi- 


308 

cal  writer,  for  a time  a minister  of  the  Church 
of  England:  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  or  Darbyites.  See  Plymouth 
Brethren. 

Darby  and  Joan.  A married  pair  who  are  said 
to  have  lived  in  the  18th  century  in  the  West 
Biding  of  Yorkshire,  noted  traditionally  for 
their  long  and  happy  married  life.  There  is  a 
ballad  on  the  subject  called  “The  Happy  Old  Couple," 
supposed  to  have  been  written  by  Henry  Woodfall,  though 
it  has  been  attributed  to  Prior.  A poem  “Dobson  and 
Joan,”  by  “Mr.  B.,’’  is  published  with  Prior’s  poems. 

Dare,  Jeanne.  See  Joan  of  Are. 

Darcet  (dar-sa'),  Jean.  Born  Sept.  7,  1725: 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  13,  1801.  A French  chem- 
ist, director  of  the  manufactory  at  Sevres. 
Darcet,  Jean  Pierre  Joseph.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  31,  1777 : died  Aug.  2,  1844.  A French 
chemist,  son  of  the  preceding.  He  effected 
improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  powder. 

Darcy  (dar'si),  Mr.  The  lover  of  Elizabeth 
Bennet,  in  Miss  Austen’s  “Pride  and  Preju- 
dice.” See  Bennet. 

Dardanelles  (dar-da-nelz').  A strait  connect- 
ing the  Sea  of  Marmora  with  the  iEgean  Sea, 
and  separating  the  peninsula  of  Gallipoli  from 
Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Hellespont.  It  is  de- 
fended by  castles  at  Tchanak-Ivalessi  (known  as  the  Castle 
of  Asia : see  extract  below),  Kilid-Bahr(known  as  the  Cas- 
tle of  Europe),  and  at  the  Jigean  entrance.  It  was  crossed 
by  Xerxes  in  480  B.  c.,  and  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  334  B.  o. 
The  passage  was  forced  by  the  British  fleet  under  Admiral 
Duckworth  in  1807.  It  was  closed  against  foreign  men-of- 
war  by  stipulations  of  1841,  1866,  1871,  and  1878,  but  was 
passed  by  a British  fleet  in  Feb., 1878, to  protect  Constanti- 
nople from  the  Russians.  In  1891  an  agreement  between 
Kussia  and  the  Porte  was  reached,  by  which  the  ships  of  the 
so-called  volunteer  fleet  of  Russia,  bearing  the  flag  of  the 
merchant  marine,  are  allowed  free  passage  of  the  Darda- 
nelles; but  when  they  carry  convictsorsoldiers,noticeof  this 
fact  must  he  given  to  the  Porte.  Length,  about  45  miles. 
Average  width,  3to  4 miles ; narrowest  point, about  1|  miles. 

About  H m.  below  the  western  point  of  that  bay  [Maito 
(Madytus)j  are  the  famous  Castles  of  the  Dardanelles.  The 
castles,  Chanatc-kalesi,  the  earthenware  castle,  from  a cel- 
ebrated manufacture,  or  Sidtantih-kalesi,  on  the  Asiatic 
side  (known  as  the  Castle  of  Asia],  and  Khilid-bahri,  or 
Khiluli-bahar  (the  lock  of  the  sea),  on  the  European  shore 
[known  as  the  Castle  of  Europe],  are  called  by  the  Turks 
Boghaz-hissarlari , and  by  the  Franks  the  Old  Castles  of 
Anatolia  and  Roumelia.  Chanatc-kalesi,  commonly  called 
Dardanelles,  is  a town  of  2,000  houses,  on  a flat  point  op- 
posite the  European  fort.  Khilid-bahri  is  built  on  the 
side  of  a projecting  hill,  and  its  castle  is  of  less  importance 
than  that  of  Chanatc-kalesi.  The  equipment  of  the  forts 
both  on  the  European  and  Asiatic  sides  has  recently  been 
entirely  reorganized.  On  the  Asiatic  side  the  fort  of  Sul- 
tanieli  has  been  armed  with  Krupp  guns,  which  will  com- 
mand a large  section  of  the  Straits  both  above  and  below 
the  town.  Some  distance  below  the  town  a40-tou  Krupp 
gun  has  been  mounted  behind  earthworks.  Above  the 
town  are  also  batteries,  one  of  which  on  the  Najara  Bour- 
nou  point  has  a heavy  Krupp  gun.  On  the  European  side 
the  fort  of  Khilid-bahri,  situated  at  the  foot  of  a steep 
hill,  has  15  large  Krupp  guns,  and  both  above  and  below 
it  are  newly-constructed  earthworks  heavily  armed.  The 
barrow  of  Hecuba,  or  Cynossema,  where  the  Athenians 
erected  atrophy  after  their  victory  towards  the  end  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war  (Thucydides,  viii. ),  is,  or  was,  close  to 
the  European  castle. 

Murray,  Handbook  for  Turkey,  etc.,  p.  128  (ed.  187S). 

Dardani  (dar'da-ni).  [Gr.  Aap6avoi.~\  1.  An  an- 
cient Illyrian  people  of  the  southern  highland 
of  Mossia.  They  became  subject  to  the  Mace- 
donians under  the  Antigoni,  and  later  to  the 
Romans. — 2.  The  inhabitants  of  Dardania  (1), 
mentioned  in  the  Iliad. 

Dardania  (dar-da'ni-a),  or  Dardanice.  [Gr. 

A apSavia,  from  the  Dardani.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  a territory  in  Mysia,  with  uncertain 
boundaries.  It  is  mentioned,  indefinitely,  in 
the  Iliad. — 2.  A district  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Mcesia.  It  was  made  a province  by  Dio- 
cletian. 

Dardanius  (dar-da'ni-us).  Servant  to  Brutus 
in  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “Julius  Caisar.” 

Dardanus  (dar'da-nus).  [Gr.  Adpdavoc.']  In 
Greek  legends,  a son  of  Zeus  and  Electra,  and 
mythical  ancestor  of  the  Trojans. 

Dardanus,  or  Dardanum  (-num).  [Gr.  A dpSavos 
or  Adp6ai>ov.~]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of 
Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the  Hellespont 
about  9 miles  southwest  of  Abydos. 

Darden  (dar'den),  Miles.  Born  in  North  Caro- 
lina, 1798:  died  in  Henderson  County,  Tenn., 
Jan.  23,  1857.  An  American  noted  for  his  size. 
His  height  was  7 feet  6 inches,  and  his  weight 
(at  death)  about  1,000  pounds. 

Dardistan  (dar-dis-tan' ).  [’Land  of  the  Dardu,’ 
an  Aryan  race.]  A region  in  central  Asia.  (See 
the  quotation.)  Also  Jahistan  (‘land  of  the  reb- 
els’). 

Dardistan  appears  to  be  simply  a convenient  but  some- 
what misleading  name  employed  by  our  geographers  to 
express  a large  tract  inhabited  by  different  Aryan  races 
of  somewhat  similar  type.  It  includes  the  districts  of 
Astor  and  Gilgit,  . . . the  little  kingdoms  of  Hunza  and 


Darius  I. 

Nagar,  Yasin,  the  independent  republics  of  the  Indus  val- 
ley, and  other  countries  south  of  the  Hindu  Koosh. 

E.  F.  Knight,  Where  Three  Empires  Meet,  p.  268. 

Daredevil  (dar'dev'T).  The  Atheist  in  Otway’s 
comedy  of  that  name . He  is  a cowardly,  boasting  fel- 
low, who  when  in  danger  forgets  his  principles  and  says 
“two  dozen  paternosters  within  a half  hour.” 

Dares  (da/rez).  [Gr.  Adp^f.]  A priest  of  He- 
phtestus  in  Troy,  mentioned  in  the  Iliad.  The 
authorship  of  a lost  work  on  the  fall  of  Troy,  a pretended 
Latin  translation  of  which  was  written  about  the  6th  (?) 
century  A.  D.  was  attributed  to  him  in  antiquity. 

Dar-es-Salaam  (dar-es-sa-lam').  The  capital 
of  German  East  Africa.  It  has  an  excellent  har- 
bor, but  is  unhealthy.  It  rivals  Bagamoyo  as  a meeting- 
place  of  the  caravans  from  the  lake  region.  It  was  ceded 
by  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  to  the  German  East  African  Com- 
pany in  1885. 

Dareste  de  la  Chavanne  (da-rest'  de  la  Sha- 
vian ' ) , Antoine  Elisabeth  Cleophas.  Born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  28,  1820 : died  at  Lucenay-les-Aix, 
France,  Aug.  6,  1882.  A French  historian,  au- 
thor of  “ Histoire  de  France”  (1865-73),  etc. 

Dar-fertit  (dar-fer-tet').  A region  in  central 
Africa,  south  of  Darfur. 

Darfur  (dar'for),  or  Darfor  (dar'for).  A coun- 
try in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Sudan,  Africa, 
situated  about  lat.  10°-16°  N.,  long.  21°-28°  E. 
It  is  inhabited  by  negroes  and  Arabs,  and  the  religion 
is  Mohammedan.  Its  chief  towns  are  El-Fasher  and 
Kobeh.  It  was  conquered  and  annexed  to  Egypt  in  1874, 
but  revolted  in  1882.  Area,  estimated,  150,000  square 
miles.  Population,  estimated,  750,000. 

Darfur,  to  the  west  of  Kordofan,  is  within  the  limits  of 
the  Anglo- Egyptian  Sudan  and  pays  tribute,  but  the  man- 
agement of  its  internal  affairs  is  left  almost  entirely  to 
its  hereditary  Sultan. 

Statesman's  Year-Book,  1910,  p.  1304. 

Dargaud  (dar-go'),  Jean  Marie.  Born  at  Pa- 
ray  le-Monial,  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  Fet*.  22, 
1800 : died  Jan.  5,  1866.  A French  historian 
and  litterateur.  His  chief  work  is  a “Histoire 
de  la  liberty  religieuse  en  France”  (1859). 

Dariel  Pass  (da-re-el'  pas).  The  chief  pass  in 
the  Caucasus  Mountains,  situated  in  the  central 
part  of  the  chain.  It  is  traversed  by  a military  road, 
the  route  between  Tiflis  and  Vladikavkaz.  It  is  probably 
the  ancient  Caucasian  or  Iberian  Gates.  Elevation,  about 
6,000  feet. 

Darien  (da'ri-en).  A seaport  in  McIntosh 
County,  Georgia,  situated  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Altamaha  Biver  in  lat.  31°  22'  N.,  long.  81° 
26'  W.  It  exports  lumber.  Population,  1,391, 
(1910). 

Darien,  Colony  of.  An  unsuccessful  Scottish 
settlement  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  founded 
by  William  Paterson.  It  was  chartered  by  the  Scot- 
tish Parliament  in  1695 ; the  enterprise  was  begun  in  1698 ; 
and  the  settlement  was  abandoned  in  1700. 

Darien  (da'ri-en;  Sp.  pron.  da-re-en'),  Gulf  of. 
A branch  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  lying  north  of 
the  republic  of  Colombia  and  east  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama.  See  Urabd. 

Darien,  Isthmus  of.  See  Panama,  Isthmus  of. 

The  name  is  also  used,  in  a restricted  sense,  for  that  por- 
tion of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  (or  Darien)  which  forms  a 
narrow  neck  between  the  Gulf  of  Darien  and  the  Gulf  of 
San  Miguel. 

Darinel  (dar'i-nel).  A comic  shepherd,  a char- 
acter introduced  into  “ Florisel  de  Niquea,”  the 
tenth  book  of  “Amadis  de  Gaul.”  He  strongly 
excited  the  rage  of  Cervantes. 

Darius  (da-ri'us)  I.  [Gr.  A apejoc",  in  the  Old 
Testament  Daryavesli;  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions Daryavush  or  Daryamush ; OPers.  Da- 
rayavush.\  Son  of  Hystaspes,  and  fifth  in  the 
descent  from  Achsemenes.  He  succeeded  Camhyses 
on  the  Persian  throne  521-486,  after  defeating  the  Magian 
Gaumata,  who  claimed  to  be  Bardiya  (the  Greek  Smerdis), 
brother  of  Camhyses.  A record  of  his  reign  is  given  by 
himself  in  the  long  trilingual  inscriptions  of  Behistun 
(which  see).  Besides  the  revolt  in  Persia  itself,  caused 
by  the  impostor  Gaumata,  be  had  to  suppress  two  upris- 
ings in  Babylonia,  led  by  Nidintu-Bel  and  Arachu,  who 
gave  themselves  out  for  Nebuchadnezzar,  son  of  Naboni- 
dus : in  consequence  of  these  uprisings  he  caused  the 
fortifications  of  Babylon  to  be  torn  down.  The  other 
countries  also  fell  away  in  turn,  but  at  last  were  brought 
to  submission.  After  restoring  order  in  the  empire  he 
turned  his  attention  to  reorganization  and  reforms  of  the 
administration.  He  divided  the  whole  land  into  twenty 
satrapies,  introduced  regular  taxation  and  uniformity  of 
coinage,  constructed  roads,  and  founded  a kind  of  postal 
system  by  placing  stations  and  relays  with  saddled  horses 
at  regular  intervals  on  the  road  between  Susa  and  Sardis. 
To  the  capitals  Susa  in  Elam,  Ecbatana  in  Media,  and 
Babylon,  he  added  Persepolis  in  Persia  proper,  which  was 
destroyed  by  Alexander  the  Great,  but  of  which  imposing 
ruins  have  survived.  On  account  of  his  attention  to  trade 
and  industry  he  was  called  “the  Huckster."  His  expedi- 
tion over  the  Bosporus  and  Danube  into  Scythia  was  un- 
successful. Toward  the  East  he  extended  bis  supremacy 
to  the  Indus,  and  compelled  North  Africa  to  pay  him  trib- 
ute. Under  him  began  also  the  great  struggle  between 
Persia  and  Greece  (battle  of  Marathon  in  490).  Histomb 
is  hewn  in  the  rock  at  a place  called  Nakkshi-Rnstem,  near 
Persepolis,  and  is  adorned  with  sculptures  and  inscrip- 
tions complementing  those  of  Behistun.  Darius  I.  is  re- 


Darius  I. 

ferred  to  in  the  Old  Testament  in  connection  with  the 
building  of  the  temple  of  Zerubbabel.  In  the  second  year 
of  his  reign  he  allowed  the  resumption  of  the  building, 
and  in  the  sixth  it  was  completed  (Ezra.  vi.  15). 

Darius  II.,  surnamed  Nothus.  [Gr.  vuthc,  a 
bastard.]  Persian  king  425  (424)-405  (404)  B.  c. 
Darius  III.,  surnamed  Codomannus.  The  last 
king  of  Persia,  336-330  B.  C.,  when  he  was  de- 
throned by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Darjiling,  or  Darjeeling  (dar-jel'ing).  1.  A. dis- 
trict in  the  Bhagalpur  division,  Bengal,  British 
India,  situated  about  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  87°  59'- 
88°  53'  E.  Area,  1,164  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 249,117. — 2.  A town  and  sanatorium  in 
the  above  district,  situated  in  lat.  27°  3'  N., 
long.  88°  19'  E.  It  is  the  chief  health-station 
in  Bengal.  Elevation,  about  7,000  feet. 

Dark  and  Bloody  Ground,  The.  An  alleged 
translation  of  the  Indian  word  Kentucky,  and  a 
name  given  to  that  State  in  allusion  to  its  early 
associations  with'Indian  warfare. 

Dark  Continent,  The.  Africa. 

Dark  Lady,  The.  A woman,  mentioned  in 
Shakspere’s  later  sonnets,  who  has  been 
thought  to  be  Mary  Fitton,  a maid  of  honor  (in 
1595)  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  She  was  the  mistress 
of  William  Herbert,  earl  of  Pembroke,  who  is  celebrated 
in  the  earlier  sonnets.  Others  have  suggested  Penelope, 
lady  Rich. 

Darlaston  (dar'las-ton).  A town  in  Stafford- 
shire, England,  4 miles  southeast  of  Wolver- 
hampton. It  is  noted  for  its  iron  manufac- 
tures. Population,  15,395. 

Darley  (dar'li),  Felix  Octavius  Carr.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  June  23,  1822:  died  at  Claymont, 
Del.,  March  27,  1888.  An  American  artist, 
noted  as  an  illustrator.  He  illustrated  Judd’s 
novel  “Margaret”  (1856),  and  the  works  of 
Dickens,  Cooper,  Irving,  etc. 

Darley  Arabian,  The.  One  of  the  three  East- 
ern stallions  from  which  all  horses  in  the  stud- 
book trace  descent.  See  Byerly  Turk  and  Go- 
dolphin  Barb.  He  was  imported  about  1700  by  a Mr. 
Darley,  of  Yorkshire,  through  his  brother,  an  English 
agent  in  the  Levant.  He  was  brought  from  Aleppo, 
which  has  always  been  the  point  of  export  for  full- 
blooded  Arab  horses,  and  was  probably  Keheilen  (the 
Arab  equivalent  of  “thoroughbred,"  applied  to  all  horses 
bred  in  A1  Khamish,  or  the  five  great  strains).  He  was 
the  sire  of  Flying  Childers  and  Bartlett’s  Childers,  the 
sire  of  Squirt,  the  sire  of  Marske,  the  sire  of  Eclipse,  the 
founder  of  the  chief  male  line  of  thoroughbreds. 

Darling  (dar'ling),  Grace.  Born  at  Bambor- 
ough,  Northumberland,  England,  Nov.  24, 1815: 
died  Oct.  20,  1842.  An  English  heroine  who 
aided  in  rescuing  five  persons  from  the  wreck 
of  the  “Forfarshire”  steamer  near  Lougstone 
lighthouse,  Fame  Islands,  Sept.  7,  1838. 
Darling.  1.  A river  in  Australia  which  rises 
in  southeastern  Queensland,  flows  through  New 
South  Wales,  and  joins  the  Murray  in  lat.  34°  5' 
S.,  long.  141°  53'  E.  Also  called  Calewatta  and 
Barman.  Length,  about  1,100  miles  ; naviga- 
ble about  400  (?)  miles. — 2.  A range  of  low 
mountains  in  western  Australia,  running  paral- 
lel to  the  coast. 

Darlington  (dar'ling-ton),  William.  Born  at 
Birmingham,  Pa.,  April  28,  1782:  died  at  West 
Chester,  Pa.,  April  23,  1863.  An  American 
botanist  and  politician.  He  was  elected  to  Congress 
as  a Democrat  in  1815,  and  again  in  1819  and  in  1821.  He 
wrote  “ Flora  Cestrica  ” (1837),  etc. 

Darlington.  A town  in  Durham,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Skerne  18  miles  south  of  Durham. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woolens  and  carpets,  and  was  the 
terminus  of  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway,  the 
oldest  railway  in  the  world  (opened  in  1825).  Population, 
44,511. 

Darmesteter  (dar-me-ste-tar'),  James.  Bom 
March  28,  1849:  died  Oct.  19,  1894.  A noted 
French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Iranian  lan- 
guages and  literature  at  the  College  de  France 
from  1885.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous 
works  on  Oriental  subjects. 

Darmstadt  (darm'stat).  The  capital  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  Hesse,  Germany,  situated  in 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  16  miles  south  of 
Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It  has  some  trade  and  man- 
ufactures,  and  contains  a castle  (with  a large  library,  pic- 
ture-gallery, and  collections),  and  a statue  and  column 
of  Louis  I.  It  passed  to  Hesse  in  1479,  became  the  capi- 
tal in  1567,  and  greatly  developed  under  the  grand  duke 
Louis  I.  Population,  commune,  83,123. 

Darnetal  (dar-na-tai').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  Aubette  2£  miles  east  of  Rouen.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  6,920. 

Darnley  (darn'li),  Lord  (Henry  Stuart).  Born 
in  England,  Dec.  7, 1545 : killed  near  Edinburgh, 
Feb.  9-10,  1567.  The  second  husband  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  He  was  the  son  of  the  Earl  of  Lennox, 
and  was  cousin-german  to  Mary,  whom  he  married  J uly  29, 
1565.  He  was  treated  at  first  with  much  kindness  by  the 


309 

queen,  who  promised  to  induce  the  Scottish  Parliament 
to  grant  him  a crown  matrimonial ; but  eventually  alien- 
ated her  affections  by  his  stupidity,  insolence,  and  profli- 
gacy, and  especially  by  his  participation  in  the  murder 
of  her  favorite,  the  Italian  secretary  Rizzio  (March  9, 1566). 
While  convalescent  from  an  attack  of  the  smallpox  he 
was  removed  to  a solitary  house  called  the  Kirk  of  Field, 
near  Edinburgh,  which  was  blown  up  with  gunpowder  by 
the  Earl  of  Bothwell,  apparently  with  the  queen’s  know- 
ledge, on  the  night  of  Feb.  9-10,  1567. 

Daroca  (da-ro'ka).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saragossa,  Spain. 

Dar  Runga  (dar  ron'ga).  A negro  kingdom  and 
vassal  state  of  Wadai,  in  central  Africa,  situ- 
ated south  of  Wadai,  about  lat.  10°  N. 
Darshana  (dar'sha-na).  In  Hindu  philosophy, 
“demonstration .”  The  Shaddarshanas,  or  six  demon- 
strations, are  the  six  schools  of  Hindu  philosophy.  These 
are  the  Nyaya,  Vaisheshika,  Sankhya,  Yoga,  Purvamima- 
risa,  Uttaramimarisa. 

Dart  (dart).  A river  of  Devonshire,  England, 
about  35  miles  long,  rising  in  Dartmoor  and  flow- 
ing into  the  English  Channel.  Dartmouth  is  on 
its  estuary. 

Dartford  (dart'ford).  A manufacturing  town 
in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Darent  15 
miles  southeast  of  London.  Wat  Tyler’s  re- 
bellion commenced  here  in  1381.  Population, 
18,614. 

Dartle  (dar'tl),  Rosa.  In  Charles  Dickens’s 
“David  Copperfield,”  Mrs.  Steerforth’s  excit- 
able companion,  in  love  with  Steerforth.  She 
has  a scar  on  her  face,  caused  by  Steerforth  in 
his  youth. 

Dartmoor  (dart'mor).  A granitic  moorland  re- 
gion in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  north  of 
Plymouth.  It  abounds  in  British  antiquities,  and  is  the 
seat  of  a military  prison  (opened  in  1809)  where  American 
seamen  were  detained  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  where  French 
prisoners  of  war  were  confined  during  the  wars  with  Napo- 
leon. Elevation,  about  1,500 feet  above  sea-level.  Length, 
25  miles.  Breadth,  15  miles. 

Dartmouth  (dart'muth),  A seaport  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Dart  into  the  English  Channel,  26  miles  south  of 
Exeter.  It  was  an  important  seaport  in  the 
middle  ages.  Population,  6,579. 

Dartmouth  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  Hanover,  New  Hampshire, 
founded  by  Eleazer  Wheelock.  it  was  chartered 
1769,  and  opened  1770.  It  has  about  1,200  students  and  120 
instructors,  and  a library  of  108,000  volumes  and  22,000 
pamphlets.  It  is  non-sectarian.  See  Legge,  William. 

Dartmouth  College,  Case  of.  In  the  history 
of  American  jurisprudence,  a ease  which  de- 
rives great  importance  from  its  hearing  on 
the  law  of  corporations.  It  originated  in  a dispute 
between  the  president  and  trustees  of  Dartmouth  College. 
The  former,  having  been  removed  from  office  by  the  lat- 
ter, appealed  to  the  legislature  of  New  Hampshire,  which 
passed  a bill  amending  the  charter  of  the  college,  where- 
by a new  corporation  was  created  under  the  title  of 
Dartmouth  University,  the  property  of  the  college  being 
vested  in  the  new  corporation.  The  college  trustees 
brought  action  in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  1817  to 
recover  the  property.  The  case  came  by  appeal  before 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  which  in  1819 
rendered  a decision  in  favor  of  the  trustees.  The  deci- 
sion held  that  a charter  is  a contract  between  the  State 
and  the  corporation  created  by  the  charter,  and  that,  as 
the  States  are  prohibited  by  the  Constitution  from  pass- 
ing any  laws  impairing  the  obligations  of  contracts,  char- 
ters are  unalterable  except  by  consent  of  the  corpora- 
tions created  by  them.  The  plaintiffs  were  represent  ed  by 
Daniel  Webster. 

Daru  (da-rfl'),  Comte  Napoleon.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  11,  1807 : died  there,  Feb.  19,  1890.  A 
French  politician,  son  of  P.  A.  Daru.  He  was 
vice-president  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  1850-51,  and 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1870. 

Daru,  Comte  Pierre  Antoine  Noel  Bruno. 

Born  at  Montpellier,  France,  Jan.  12,  1767: 
died  at  Becheville,  near  Meulan,  France,  Sept. 
5,  1829.  A French  statesman  and  historian. 
He  was,  although  an  adherent  of  the  principles  of  the 
French  Revolution,  detained  in  prison  1793-94 ; became 
intendant-general  of  the  army  of  the  Danube  about  1795  ; 
became  councilor  of  state  about  1805  ; became  minister  of 
state  in  1811 ; and  became  a member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Peers  in  1819.  His  chief  work  is  “Histoire  de  la  rdpub- 
lique  de  Venise”  (1819-21). 

Darwar.  See  Dharwar. 

Darwen.  See  Over  Barmen. 

Darwin  (dar'win),  Charles  Robert.  Born  at 
Shrewsbury,  England,  Feb.  12,  1809:  died  at 
Down,  Kent,  April  19, 1882.  A celebrated  Eng- 
lish naturalist,  founder  of  the  “Darwinian” 
theory  of  evolution.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Eras- 
mus Darwin  ; studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Cambridge ; was 
naturalist  to  H.  M.  S.  Beagle,  Captain  Fitz  Roy,  on  a voy- 
age of  exploration  around  the  world  1831-36 ; married  his 
cousin  Emma  Wedgwood  in  1839 ; and  in  1842  took  up  his 
residence  in  the  secluded  village  of  Down,  in  Kent,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  a life  of  study  and  scientific  re- 
search. He  published  in  1859  his  chief  work,  “On  the 
Origin  of  Species  by  Means  of  Natural  Selection,  or  the 
Preservation  of  Favored  Races  in  the  Struggle  for  Life,”  in 
which  he  propounded  his  theory  of  biological  evolution, 
called  the  “Darwinian  theory.”  He  also  wrote  “ Narrative 


Daubeny 

of  the  Surveying  Voyages  of  H.  M.  S.  Adventure  and  Bea- 
gle ” (published  as  Vol.  III.  of  the  reports  of  Captains  Fitz 
Roy  and  King,  1839;  second  edition,  “Journal  of  Re- 
searches into  the  Natural  History  and  Geology  of  the  Coun- 
tries visited  during  the  Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Beagle,”  1846 ; 
third,  “A  Naturalist’s  Voyage,”  1860),  “Zoology  of  the 
Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Beagle”  (1840—43,  edited  by  Darwin), 
“The  Structure  and  Distribution  of  Coral  Reefs  ’’(first  part 
of  “The  Geology  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Beagle,”  1842), 
“Geological  Observations  on  the  Volcanic  Islands  visited, 
etc.”  (second  part  of  the  “ Geology,  etc.,”  1844),  “ Geological 
Observations  on  South  America”  (third  part  of  the  “Ge- 
ology, etc.,”  1846),  “ On  the  Various  Contrivances  by  which 
Orchids  are  fertilized  by  Insects,  etc.”  (1862),  “ The  Move- 
ments and  Habits  of  Climbing  Plants”  (1865),  “The  Vari- 
ation of  Animals  and  Plants  under  Domestication  ” (1868), 
“The  Descent  of  Man,  and  Selection  in  Relation  to  Sex  ’’ 
(1871),  “The  Expression  of  the  Emotions  in  Man  and  Ani- 
mals ” (1872),  “Insectivorous  Plants  ” (1875),  “The  Effects 
of  Cross  and  Self  Fertilization  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom  ’’ 
(1876),  “Different  Forms  of  Flowers”  (1877),  “The  Power 
of  Movement  in  Plants  ” (1880),  “ The  Formation  of  Vege- 
table Mould  through  the  Action  of  Worms,  with  Observa- 
tions on  their  Habits  ” (1881),  and  a number  of  monographs, 
etc. 

Darwin,  Erasmus.  Born  at  Elston,  Notting- 
ham, England,  Dec.  12,  1731:  died  at  Derby, 
England,  April  18,  1802.  An  English  natu- 
ralist, and  poet,  grandfather  of  Charles  Dar- 
win. He  wrote  the  poem  “ The  Botanic  Garden  ” in  1781 ; 
the  second  part,  “Loves  of  the  Plants,”  appeared  in  1789 ; 
the  first  part,  “The  Economy  of  Vegetation,”  appeared  in 
1792.  This  was  satirized  in  the  “Anti- Jacobin,”  by  Canning, 
in  the  “ Loves  of  the  Triangles.”  In  1794-96  he  published 
“ Zoonomia,  or  the  Laws  of  Organic  Life,”  and  in  1799  “ Phy- 
tologia,  or  the  Philosophy  of  Agriculture  and  Gardening.” 

Darwin,  Mount.  One  of  the  chief  peaks  in 
Tierra  del  Fuego,  in  King  Charles’s  South 
Land.  Height,  6,800  feet. 

Dasent  (da'sent),  Sir  George  Webbe.  Born 
in  St.  Vincent,  W.  I.,  May  22,  1817 : died  near 
Ascot,  Berks,  June  11,  1896.  A lawyer  and 
author,  best  known  as  a student  of  Scandinavian 
literature:  from  1845-70  he  was  one  of  the  as- 
sistant editors  of  the  London  “Times.”  He 
published  a translation  of  “The  Prose  or  Younger  Edda” 
(1842),  “Popular  Tales  from  the  Norse ” (1859),  “Saga  of 
Burnt  Njal”  (1861),  “ The  Vikings  of  the  Baltic”  (1875). 

Dash  (dash),  La  Comtesse.  The  pseudonym  of 
Gabrielle  Anne  de  Cistemes  de  Coutiras,  Mar- 
quise de  Saint-Mars.  See  Saint-Mars. 
Dashakumaracharita.  [Skt.,  ‘the  adventures 
of  the  ten  princes.’]  A hook  of  stories  by 
Dandin. 

Dasharatha  (da-sha-ra'-tha).  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a prince  of  the  Solar  race,  son  of  Aja, 
a descendant  of  Ikshwaku  and  king  of  Ayo- 
dhya.  Of  his  three  wives,  Kaushalya  bore  Rama,  Kaikeyi 
Bharata,  and  Sumitra  Lakshmana  and  Shatrughna.  Rama 
partook  of  half  the  nature  of  Vishnu,  Bharata  of  a quarter, 
and  the  other  two  shared  the  remaining  fourth. 

Dasbur  (da-skor ' ) . A locality  in  Egypt,  situated 
west  of  the  Nile  and  directly  south  of  the  Great 
Pyramids.  It  is  noted  for  its  pyramids,  two  of  stone 
and  two  of  unbumed  brick.  The  northernmost,  of  stone, 
is  of  remarkable  size,  measuring  about  700  feet  square, 
originally  720,  and  342^  feet  high,  now  326.  There  is  a 
series  of  three  chambers  beneath  it.  The  sides  of  the  other 
stone  pyramid  are  built  in  two  angles,  like  a curb-roof. 
Most  of  the  exterior  casing  of  this  pyramid  remains,  and 
the  interior  chamber  beneath  it  is  80  feet  high. 

Dasbwood  (dash'wud),  Elinor  and  Marianne. 

Two  sisters  in  Miss  Austen’s  novel  “Sense 
and  Sensibility.”  Elinor  represents  “Sense,” 
as  opposed  to  Marianne’s  “ Sensibility,”  or  ex- 
aggerated sentiment. 

D’Asumar  (da-su-mar'),  Count.  A character 
in  Le  Sage’s  “Gil  Bias.” 

Datcbery  (dach'er-i),  Dick.  A mysterious  per- 
son with  white  hair  and  a military  air  who  ap- 
pears inexplicably  in  Cloisterham,  in  Charles 
Dickens’s  “Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood.” 

Datban  (da'than).  In  Old  Testament  history, 
a Reubenite  chieftain,  son  of  Eliab,  who  joined 
the  conspiracy  of  Korah. 

Datis  (da'tis).  [Gr.  Ad-nf.]  A Median  general 
who,  with  Artaphernes,  commanded  the  army 
of  Darius  which  was  defeated  at  Marathon. 
Datiya  (da'te-ya),  or  Datia  (da'te-a).  A town 
in  the  Bun delkh and,  British  India,  in  lat.  25°40' 
N.,  long.  78°  28'  E.  Population,  24,071. 

Daub  (doup),  Karl.  Born  at  Cassel,  Germany, 
March  20,  1765:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Baden, 
Nov.  22,  1836.  A German  Protestant  theolo- 
gian, professor  of  theology  at  Heidelberg  from 
1795.  His  works  include  “Lehrbuch  der  Katechetik” 
(1801),  “Theologumena”  (1806),  “Diedogmatisclie  Theolo- 
gie  jetziger  Zeit  ” (1833),  etc. 

Daubenton  (do-bon-toii'),  Louis  Jean  Marie. 

Born  at  Montbard,  Cote-d’Or,  France,  May  29, 
1716:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  31, 1799(Jan.  1, 1800?). 
A noted  French  naturalist.  He  was  the  eoliabora- 
tor  of  Buffon  in  the  first  part  of  his  “ Histoire  naturelle,” 
and  author  of  numerous  scientific  treatises  and  mono- 
graphs. 

Daubeny  (dob'ne  or  da'be-ni),  Charles  Giles 
Bridle.  Born  at  Stratton,  Gloucestershire, 


Daubeny 

England,  Feb.  11.  1795:  died  Dec.  13, 1867.  An 
English  geologist  and  chemist : chief  work,  “De- 
scription of  Volcanoes”  (1826). 

D’Aubigne.  See  Merle  d’Aubigne. 

D’Aubigne,  Theodore  Agrippa.  See  Aubigne. 
Daubigny  (do-ben-yi'),  Charles  Francois. 
Born  at  Paris,  Feh.  15,  1817 : died  there,  Feb. 
19, 1878.  A celebrated  French  landscape-paint- 
er, a pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche.  In  1838  he  made 
his  ddbut  at  the  Salon  with  a view  of  Notre  Dame  and  the 
Isle  St.  Louis,  and  was  continuously  represented  in  the 
Salons,  except  those  of  1812-46.  At  the  Salon  of  1850-51 
he  exhibited  "The  Washerwomen  of  the  River  Oullins," 
“ The  Vintage,"  and  other  works,  which  created  a sensa- 
tion among  artists  and  connoisseurs.  He  also  painted 
“The  Harvest”  (1851-57),  “The  Lake  of  Gylieu”  (1852-53), 
"The  Lock  of  Optevoz”  (1855),  “The  Graves  of  Viller- 
ville  ” (1859),  “ The  Banks  of  the  Oise  ’’  (1859),  etc.  J uly  15, 
1859,  he  was  made  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 
D’Aubusson.  See  Aubusson. 

Daudet  (do-da'),  Alphonse.  Bom  at  Nimes, 
May  13,  1840  : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  16,  1897.  A 
French  humorist  and  novelist.  He  went  to  school 
at  Lyons,  and  then  served  a tutorship  for  two  years.  In 
1857  he  settled  in  Paris,  and  published  shortly  afterward 
a collection  of  poems,  “Les  anioureuses.”  The  “ Figaro  ” 
published  his  account  of  a tutor's  hardships,  “ Les  gueux 
de  province.’’  A series  of  papers  contributed  to  the  same 
journal  came  out  in  book  form  as  “ Le  chaperon  rouge  ” 
(1861).  A second  collection  of  poems,  “ La  double  conver- 
sion,” was  published  in  1859.  Daudet  wrote  his  “Lettres 
sur  Paris”  to  “Le  Petit  Moniteur  ” under  the  nom  de 
plume  of  Jehan  de  l isle  in  1865.  His  “Lettres  de  nion 
moulin,”  signed  with  the  name  Gaston-Marie,  were  ad- 
dressed to  “ LEvdnement  ’’  in  1866.  Daudet’s  publications 
include  “Le  petit  chose"  (1868),  “Lettres  ii  un  absent” 
(1871),  “ Les  aventures  prodigieuses  de  Tartarin  de  Taras- 
con  ” (1872),  “Les  petits  Robinsons  des  caves"  (1872), 
“ Contes  du  lundi  "(1873),  “Contes  etr^cits  ”(1873),  “Robert 
Helmont  ” (1874),  “Les  femmes  d’artistes  ” (1874),“Fromont 
jeune  et  Risler  aliri  ” (1874),  “Jack”  (1876),  “Le  nabab" 
(1877), “Les  rois  en  exil”(1879),  “Contes  choisis,  la  fantai- 
sie  et l’histoire ” (1879L  “Numa  Roumestan ” (1881),  “Les 
cigognes"  (1883),  “L  EvangCliste”  (1883),  “ Sapho”  (1884), 
“Tartarin  sur  les  Alpes ” (1885),  “ La  belle  Nivernaise” 
(1886),  “Trente  aus  de  Paris  ”(1887),  “LTmmortel”  (1888),. 
“ Port  Tarascon  ” (1890).  Either  unassisted  or  in  collabo- 
ration with  others  he  dramatized  a number  of  his  works, 
leaving  to  them  their  original  title.  In  like  manner  he 
brought  out  “La  derni^re  idole"  (1862),  “Les  absents" 
(1863),  “LTEillet  blanc  ” (1864),  “Le  frere  aim) ” (1868), 
“ L'Arlesienne  ” (1872),  “ Lise  Tavernier  ” (1872),  and  finally 
“ La  lutte  pour  la  vie,”  based  on  his  novel  “ LTmmortel.” 

Daudet,  Louis  Marie  Ernest.  Born  at  Nimes, 
France,  May  31,  1837.  A French  journalist, 
historian,  and  novelist,  brother  of  Alphonse 
Daudet.  He  wrote  “Histoire  des  conspirations  royal- 
istes  du  Midi,”  etc.  (1881),  “ Histoire  de  la  restauration  ” 
(1882),  “ Histoire  de  l'dmigration”  (1886-89),  etc.  Among 
his  numerous  novels  are  “ThTfese”  (1859),  “Fleur  de 
pfelid  ” (1872),  “Daniel  de  Kerfons”  (1878),  “Dolores” 
(1879),  “ DCfroqu4  ”(1882),  “ Gisble  Rubens  ” (1887),  etc. 

Daudin  (do-dan'),  Frangois  Marie.  Born  at 
Paris,  March  25,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  1804.  A 
noted  French  naturalist,  author  of  numerous 
works  on  the  various  branches  of  zoology. 
Daughter  (da'ter),  The.  A play  in  verse  by 
J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1836. 
Daughter  of  the  Regiment,  The.  See  Fille  du 
Regiment. 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution.  A 

patriotic  society  organized  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Oct.  11,  1890.  Any  woman  is  eligible  fur  mem- 
bership  who  is  descended  from  a man  or  woman,  of  rec- 
ognized patriotism,  who  rendered  material  aid  to  the 
cause  of  independence. 

Daughters  of  the  Revolution.  A patriotic 
society  organized  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  20, 
1891.  Membership  is  restricted  to  women  who  are  lineal 
descendants  of  an  ancestor  who  was  in  actual  military  or 
naval  service  under  any  of  the  thirteen  colonies  or  States, 
or  of  the  Continental  Congress ; or  are  descendants  of  one 
who  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  or  of  an  of- 
ficial who  actually  assisted  in  establishing  American  in- 
dependence and  became  liable  to  conviction  of  treason 
against  the  government  of  Great  Britain. 

Daulatabad.  See  Dowletabad. 

Daulatshah  (dou-lat-sha').  A Persian  writer 
of  the  15th  century,  author  of  the  biography  of 
the  celebrated  poets  of  Persia. 

Daulis  (da'lis).  [Gr.  AariUf.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a city  of  Phoeis,  Greece,  situated  12  miles 
east  of  Delphi.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  myth  of  Tereus, 
Philomela,  and  Procue. 

Daumas  (do-mas'),  Melchior  Joseph  Eugene. 

Born  Sept.  4, 1803 : died  near  Bordeaux,  France, 
May  6,  1871.  A French  general  and  diplomat, 
and  writer  on  Algeria.  He  was  consul  in  Algeria 
1837-39,  and  was  occupied  with  important  administrative 
duties  daring  the  struggle  with  Abd-el-Kadir.  He  wrote 
“Le  Sahara  algerien,”  etc.  (1845),  “ Les  chevaux  du  Sahara 
et  les  mceurs  du  desert  ” (5th  ed.  1858),  etc. 

Daumer  (dou'mer),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  March  5,  1800:  died  at 
Wurzburg,  Bavaria,  Dec.  13,  1875.  A German 
poet  and  philosophical  writer. 

Daumier  (do-mya'),  Honors.  Born  at  Mar- 
seilles, Feb.  20,  1808:  died  Feb.  11,  1879.  A 
French  caricaturist.  His  father  was  a glazier  who 


310 

published  a small  volume  of  verses  in  1823.  In  1832 
Honors  was  condemned  to  six  months  imprisonment  (or 
a lithograph  disrespectful  to  Louis  Philippe.  He  subse- 
quently joined  “Charivari,”  founded  by  Philipon.  He  be- 
came completely  blind  between  1850  and  I860. 

Daun  (doun),  Count  Leopold  Joseph  Maria 
von.  Born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  24,  1705 : died  at 
Vienna,  Feb.  5,  1766.  A noted  Austrian  field- 
marshal.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  Turkish  war 
1737-39.  and  in  the  Silesian  wars  1741-42, 1744-45;  defeated 
Frederick  the  Great  at  Kolin  in  1757,  and  at  Hochkirch  in 
1758  ; captured  Fink’s  army  atMaxen  in  1759  ; and  was  de- 
feated by  Frederick  at  Torgau  in  1760. 

Daunou  (do-no'),  Pierre  Claude  Frangois. 

Born  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France,  Aug.  18, 1761: 
died  at  Paris,  June  20, 1840.  A French  historian 
and  politician.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Convention  1792- 
1795  first  president  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1795, 
and  a member  of  the  Tribunate  1800-02.  His  chief  work 
is  “Cours  d etudes  historiques”  (1842-49). 

Dauphine  (da'fin),  Sir  Eugene.  In  Ben  Jon- 

sonrs  comedy  “ Epiccene,  or  the  Silent  Woman,” 
the  lively  and  ingenious  nephew  of  Morose.  He 
concocts  the  plot  by  which  a portion  of  his  uncle's  money 
is  given  to  him  and  his  debts  are  paid.  See  Epiccene. 

Dauphine  (do-fe-na/),  E.  Dauphiny  (da'fl-ni). 
[ML.  Delphinatus ; from  dauphin,  Pr.  dalfin,  a 
dolphin.  The  lords  of  the  province  bore  three 
dolphins  on  their  crest.]  An  ancient  prov- 
ince of  France,  bounded  by  the  Rhone  on  the 
west  and  north,  by  Savoy  on  the  north,  Piedmont 
on  the  east,  Provence  on  the  south,  and  Comtat- 
V enaissin  on  t he  southw  est.  Its  territory  form  ed  the 
departments  Isfere,  Drome,  and  Hautes- Alpes.  Its  capital 
wa$  Grenoble.  Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  In 
the  middle  ages  it  belonged  to  the  kingdom  of  Arles. 
Later  the  counts  of  Vienne  became  prominent,  and  in  1349 
it  was  sold  to  France,  hut  guarded  some  of  its  liberties  for 
many  years.  From  it  is  derived  the  title  of  the  dauphin. 
Daura  (dou'rii).  See  Hama. 

Daurat.  See  Dorat. 

Dauria  (da-6're-a),  or  Daur  (da-or').  A region 
in  Trans-Baikal,  Siberia,  situated  southeast  of 
Lake  Baikal  on  the  Chinese  frontier. 

Davalos  (da-va'los),  Gil  Ramirez.  Born  at 
Baeza,  Castile,  about  1505  : died  at  Riobamba, 
near  Quito,  after  1561.  A Spanish  soldier.  Hewent 
to  Peru  with  the  viceroy  Mendoza  in  1551,  was  corregidor 
of  Cuzco  in  1553,  and  was  expelled  from  the  city  by  Giron 
and  his  followers.  He  took  part  in  the  campaign  against  Gi- 
ron, and  in  1556  was  made  justicia  mayor  of  Quito,  subdued 
the  Canaris  Indians  in  1557,  and  from  1558  to  1561  wasgover- 
nor  of  Quijds,  or  the  Land  of  Cinnamon,  on  the  river  Nalio. 
He  founded  there  Baeza,  Archidona,  and  other  towns. 
Davenant  (dav'e-nant),  Charles.  Born  1656: 
died  Nov.  6,  1714.  An  English  writer  on  po- 
litical economy,  son  of  Sir  William  Davenant. 
Davenant,  or  D’ Avenant,  Sir  William.  Born 
at  Oxford,  England,  Feb.,  1606:  died  at  Lon- 
don. April  7, 1668.  An  English  poet  and  dram- 
atist. Oldys  is  chiefly  responsible  for  the  story  that 
Davenant  was  the  son  of  Shakspere,  which  seems  to  rest 
mainly  on  the  fact  that  the  latter  used  the  inn  of  John 
Davenant  (the  father  of  William)  at  Oxford  on  his  jour- 
neys to  and  from  Warwickshire.  About  1620  Davenant 
became  page  to  the  Duchess  of  Richmond,  and  then  to 
Fulke  Greville,  Lord  Brooke.  In  1628,  after  the  murder  of 
Greville,  he  began  to  write  plays,  etc.  In  1638  he  was  made 
poet  laureate.  About  this  time  he  had  a severe  illness 
which  resulted  in  the  loss  of  his  nose,  a fact  frequently 
adverted  toby  the  witty  writers  of  the  time.  He  was  man- 
ager of  Drury  Lane  Theatre  for  a time,  but,  becoming  im- 
plicated in  the  various  intrigues  of  the  civil  war,  he  fled 
to  France.  Returning  in  1643,  he  was  knighted  at  the 
siege  of  Gloucester.  He  was  imprisoned  for  two  years  in 
the  Tower  for  political  offenses,  and  expected  to  be  hanged. 
While  there  he  published  “Gondibert  ” (1651).  This  epic 
poem  consisted  of  fifteen  hundred  four-line  stanzas.  After 
the  Restoration  he  was  in  favor  at  court,  and  continued  to 
write  till  his  death.  Among  his  plays  are  “Albovine,” 
published  in  1629,  “The  Cruel  Brother ” (1030),  “The  Just 
Italian”  (1630),  “The  Wits”  (1636),  “The  Unfortunate 
Lovers  ” (1643),  “ The  Siege  of  Rhodes  ” (1656),  “ Love  and 
Honor  ” (1649),  “Law  against  Lovers”  (played  in  1662), 
“The  Rivals”  (played  in  1664),  etc.  He  produced  altera- 
tions of  “The  Tempest"  (with  Dryden,  1667)  and  of  “Mac- 
beth” (printed  1674)  and  “Julius  Caesar.” 

Davenport  (dav'en-port).  A city  and  the 
county-seat  of  Scott  County,  Iowa,  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  in  lat.  41°  30'  N.,  long.  90°  38' 
W.,  opposite  Rock  Island.  It  is  an  important 
distributing  center.  Population,  43,028,  (1910). 
Davenport,  John.  Born  at  Coventry,  England, 
about  1598:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  March  13, 
1670.  A Puritan  clergyman  who  emigrated  to 
Boston  in  1637.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  New  naven  colony  in  1638. 

Daventry  (dav'en-tri;  commonly  dan'tri).  A 
town  in  Northamptonshire,  England,  12  miles 
west  of  Northampton.  Population,  3,780. 
D’Avezac.  See  Avezac. 

David  (da'vid).  [Heb.,  ‘ beloved  one.’]  The  sec- 
ond king  of  Israel,  1033-993  B.  C. : horn  at  Bethle- 
hem, as  the  seventh  and  youngest  son  of  J esse  of 
the  tribe  of  J udah.  About  t he  age  of  18,  while  still  shep- 
herd of  his  father’s  flocks,  he  was  secretly  anointed  king  of 
Israel  by  the  prophet  Samuel.  Later  he  came  into  close  per- 
sonal relation  with  Saul  the  king, but  incurred  his  bitter  en- 
mity. The  Philistine  giant  Goliath  was  slain  by  David  in 


David  II. 

single  combat.  His  successes  and  the  praises  accorded 
to  him  by  the  people  aroused  the  suspicion  and  the  jeal- 
ousy of  Saul  (whose  daughter  Michal  he  married),  which 
subsequently  turned  into  deadly  hatred,  so  that  he  was 
often  in  jeopardy  of  his  life.  He  first  sought  refuge  with 
Samuel,  then  with  the  priests  in  Nob,  which  resulted  in 
their  massacre  by  Saul,  and  was  finally  driven  to  seek 
safety  with  the  enemies  of  his  people,  the  Philistines. 
There  rallied  around  him  “men  who  were  in  distress,  in 
debt,  and  discontented.”  At  the  head  of  these  freebooters 
or  outlaws  he  undertook  many  expeditions  and  fought 
many  skirmishes,  which  made  him  increasingly  popular 
with  the  people.  All  this  time  he  was  pursued  by  Saul, 
whose  mind  became  more  and  more  darkened : twice  the 
king  came  into  his  power,  but  because  of  his  awe  of  the 
“ anointed  of  the  Lord  ” he  did  not  avail  himself  of  these 
opportunities  (1  Sam.  xxiv.  4 if.,  xxvi.  7 ff.).  He  was  com- 
pelled to  become  the  vassal  of  the  Philistine  king  Achish 
of  Gath,  who  gave  him  for  his  support  Ziklag  on  the  fron- 
tier of  Philistia.  From  here  he  undertook  expeditions 
against  the  nomadic  tribes  of  the  border,  while  Achish 
believed  that  they  were  directed  against  Israel  (1  Sam. 
xxvii.).  The  Philistines  gathered  a large  army  against 
Israel.  In  the  battle  of  Gilboa  (which  see)  Saul  and  his 
host  lost  their  lives.  To  David,  who  was  then  about  thirty 
years  old,  the  crown  now  fell.  For  seven  and  a half  years 
his  reign  was  limited  to  Judah,  with  his  seat  at  Hebron, 
while  the  other  tribes  were  under  the  scepter  of  Ishbo- 
sheth,  son  of  Saul,  residing  in  Mahanaim,  east  of  the  Jor- 
dan. Ishbosheth,  however,  was  murdered,  and  all  the 
tribes  recognized  David  asking  : overthewholeof  Israelite 
reigned  for  thirty-three  years.  He  removed  his  residence 
from  Hebron  to  Jerusalem,  which  he  took  from  the  Jehu- 
sites,  and  there  established  himself  in  the  “city  of  David,” 
the  oldest  quarter  of  Jerusalem,  on  Mount  Zion.  Here  also 
the  temporary  sanctuary  was  put  up  (2  Sam.  vi.),  which 
made  the  city  the  political  and  religious  center  of  the  na- 
tion, and  gave  to  David's  reign  a genuine  royal  character. 
Through  a series  of  successful  wars  against  the  Philis- 
tines, Ammonites,  Moabites,  Edomites,  Syrians,  Amale- 
kites,  etc.,  and  by  the  introduction  of  a regular  adminis- 
tration and  organization  of  court  and  army,  he  became  the 
real  founder  of  the  monarchical  government  of  Israel.  The 
constitution  of  the  tribes  remained  intact,  but  the  military 
organization  was  a national  one.  Each  tribe  sent  a con- 
tingent of  men  (over  twenty  years  of  age)  to  the  national 
army,  which  stood  under  one  commander-in-chief,  Joab, 
David’s  nephew.  The  body-guard  was  formed,  it  seems, 
of  foreigners,  the  Cherethites  and  Pelethites  (supposed  to 
be  Philistines).  The  nucleus  of  the  army  consisted  of  the 
band  of  heroes  ( gibborim >)  who  rallied  about  David  while 
he  was  still  an  exile.  The  king  presided  over  judicial 
cases,  and  was  surrounded  by  a regular  staff  of  military 
and  administrative  counselors  and  officers.  David  was  also 
the  actual  founder  of  a sanctifying,  divine  worship,  refining 
and  enriching  it  by  the  influence  of  music  and  psalmody. 
The  last  period  of  his  reign  was  much  darkened  by  national 
misfortunes  and  domestic  rebellions — the  rebellion  of  his 
son  Absalom,  the  uprising  of  Sheba  ben  Bishri,  a drought 
and  famine  lasting  three  years,  and  a pestilence  induced 
by  the  counting  of  the  people.  Even  in  his  last  days, 
when  he  was  prostrated  with  the  infirmities  of  age,  his 
son  Adonijah  attempted  to  secure  the  succession  to  which 
David  had  appointed  Solomon.  This  rebellion,  however, 
like  all  the  others,  was  successfully  repressed,  and  David 
died  peacefully  at  the  age  of  seventy.  He  became  the  ideal 
king  of  Israel,  the  pattern  and  standard  by  which  all  suc- 
ceeding rulers  were  measured,  the  prototype  of  the  last 
perfect  ruler,  the  Messiah,  who  is  sometimes  simply  called 
David.  As  regards  the  Psalms,  modern  criticism  denies 
him  the  authorship  of  many  psalms  bearing  in  the  bibli- 
cal Book  of  Psalms  the  superscription  “of  David.”  But 
there  is  no  reason  for  entirely  disconnecting  David  from 
this  kind  of  Hebrew  poetry.  The  probability  is  that  not 
only  did  the  psalm-poetry  develop  and  flourish  under  his 
favor,  but  also  that  he  himself  composed  many  hymns. 
David,  or  Dewi,  Saint.  Died  in  601.  The  pa- 
tron saint  of  W ales.  He  was  bishop  of  Menevia  (after- 
ward called  St.  David  s),  where  he  founded  a monastery. 
According  to  an  account  which  has  no  historical  founda- 
tion, he  was  appointed  metropolitan  archbishop  of  Wales 
at  a synod  held  at  Brefi.  He  is  commemorated  as  a saint 
on  the  1st  of  March. 

David.  1 . A colossal  statue  by  Michelangelo,  in 
the  Accademia,  Florence.  The  youthful  hero  stands 
in  a position  of  repose,  holding  his  sling  in  his  left  hand 
and  a pebble  in  the  right.  The  form  is  still  undeveloped 
and  boyish,  but  full  of  power. 

2.  A statue  by  Donatello,  in  the  Bargello, 
Florence.  David  stands  resting,  nude,  with  his  shep- 
herd’s hat  on  his  head,  and  his  left  foot  resting  on  the 
helmeted  head  of  Goliath,  whose  sword  he  still  holds. 

David.  The  name  given  to  Charlemagne  by 
Alcuin  in  the  learned  academy  established  at 
the  former’s  court.  See  Flaccus. 

David  I.  Died  at  Carlisle. England, May  24, 1153. 
King  of  Scotland,  son  of  Malcolm  Canmore.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Edgar  as  earl  or  prince  of  Cumbria 
in  1107,  and  ascended  the  throne  of  Scotland  on  the  death 
of  Alexander  I.  in  1124.  He  refused  to  recognize  Stephen 
as  king  of  England,  and  invaded  that  country  in  support 
of  the  claim  of  Mathilda  who  was  his  niece,  but  was  sig- 
nally defeated  at  the  Battle  of  the  Standard  at  Cutton  Moor, 
near  Northallerton,  Aug.  22,  1138. 

David  II.  Born  at  Dunfermline,  Scotland, 
Marc-h  5,  1324:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  22, 1371. 
King  of  Scotland,  son  of  Robert  Bruce  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1329  under  the  regency  of  the 
Earl  of  Moray.  The  incompetent  Earl  of  Mar  having 
succeeded  to  the  regency  on  the  death  of  Moray  in  1332, 
the  kingdom  was  invaded  by  Edward  Baliol,  who  seized 
the  throne  with  the  assistance  of  Edward  111.  of  England. 
David  took  refuge  in  France  1334— tl,  when  he  was  restored 
by  the  successes  of  his  adherents  Sir  Alexander  Murray  of 
Bothwell,  Robert  the  steward  of  Scotland,  and  Sir  William 
the  knight  of  Liddesdale.  He  invaded  England  in  1346, 
was  defeated  and  captured  at  Neville's  Cross,  Oct.  17  of  that 
year,  and  was  detained  in  captivity  until  1367. 


David 


311 


Davout 


David  (da-veth').  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Chiriqui,  Panama,  situated  on  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  near  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  fron- 
tier of  Costa  Rica. 

David  (dii-ved'),  F61icien  Cesar.  Born  at  Ca- 
denet,  Vaucluse,  France,  April  13,  1810:  died 
at  St.  Germain,  near  Paris,  Aug.  29,  1876.  A 
French  composer.  He  early  became  a disciple  of  St. 
Simon  and  of  Enfantin.  In  1833  he  went  to  the  East.  He 
remained  in  obscurity  till  1844,  when  tie  brought  out  his 
chief  work,  a choral  symphony,  “ Le  desert.  ” 

David  (da'ved),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Jan.  19, 1810:  died  near  Klosters,  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, July  18,  1873.  A noted  German  violin- 
ist, teacher,  and  composer,  leader  of  the  band  at 
the  Gewandhaus,  Leipsic,  1836-73.  Among  his 
pupils  were  Joachim  and  Wilhelmj. 

David  (da-ved'),  Jacques  Louis.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.  30,  1748:  died  at  Brussels,  Dec. 
29,  1825.  A historical  painter,  pupil  of  Bou- 
cher and  Yien,  and  founder  of  the  French  clas- 
sical school.  He  was  educated  at  the  College  des 
Quatre  Nations.  In  1775  he  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome 
after  three  unsuccessful  attempts,  and  remained  in  Rome 
until  1780,  when  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  elected 
associate  member  of  the  Academy  (full  member  in  1783). 
The  first  picture  composed  under  the  influence  of  his  clas- 
sical ideas  was  “Belisarius.”  He  was  made  court  painter 
to  Louis  XVI.,  and  in  1784  painted  for  him  the  “Horatii.” 
He  entered  heartily  into  the  Revolution  ; was  associated 
with  Robespierre ; and  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king. 
After  Robespierre’s  downfall  he  was  imprisoned  for  seven 
months.  On  his  release  he  painted  the  “ Rape  of  the 
Sabines.”  Napoleon  made  him  court  painter. 

David,  Pierre  Jean,  called  David  d’ Angers. 

Born  at  Angers,  France,  March  12,  1789 : died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  5, 1856.  A French  sculptor.  He 
executed  works  for  the  Pantheon  (Paris). 

David,  Toussaint  Bernard,  or'Emeric-David. 

Born  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  Aug.  20,  1755:  died 
at  Paris,  April  2,  1839.  A noted  French  ar- 
chaeologist. He  became  ‘'docteur  en  droit”  at  Aix  in 
1775,  and  went  to  Paris  to  complete  his  studies  in  juris- 
prudence. A prolonged  visit  to  Italy  developed  a taste 
for  the  arts.  He  occupied  himself  with  law,  business, 
and  archeological  studies  until  the  Revolution,  when  he 
escaped  death  by  flight  (1793).  After  the  9th  Thermidor 
he  returned  to  Paris,  and  in  1800  won  the  first  prize  of  the 
Institute  with  his  essay  on  the  causes  of  the  perfection  of 
sculpture  in  antiquity.  On  April  11,  1816,  he  was  elected 
member  of  the  Institute.  On  Oct.  14,  1825,  he  was  called 
to  take  part  in  the  continuation  of  “L’Histoire  littdraire 
de  France.”  His  principal  works  are  “Recherche  sur 
Part  statuaire,  considerd  chez  les  auciens  et  les  mo- 
dernes”  (Memoirs  of  1800),  “Discours  historique  sur  la 
peinture  moderne,”  “Discours  historique  sur  la  gravure 
en  bois,”  “Discours  historique  sur  la  sculpture  frangaise,” 
“ Histoire  de  la  peinture  au  moyen  Age,”  etc. 

David  Copperfield  (da'vid  kop'er-feld).  A 
novel  by  Charles  Dickens,  it  came  out  in  twenty 
monthly  parts,  the  first  of  which  appeared  in  May,  1849. 
It  was  Dickens’s  favorite  work : in  it  he  portrayed  in 
many  important  scenes  his  own  history.  The  character 
from  whom  the  book  takes  its  name  is  a timid  boy  re- 
duced to  stupidity  and  finally  to  desperation  by  a cruel 
stepfather,  Mr.  Murdstone,  by  whom  also  his  mother,  a 
weak,  affectionate  woman,  is  crushed.  He  is  sent  at  ten 
years  of  age  to  a warehouse  in  London,  and  employed  in 
rough  work  at  a trifling  salary.  Unable  to  bear  this  life, 
he  ruirs  away  to  his  father’s  aunt,  Miss  Betsey  Trotwood, 
an  eccentric  but  kind-hearted  woman,  who  adopts  him. 
He  becomes  an  author,  and  marries  a childish,  ■affection- 
ate little  woman,  Dora  Spenlow,  whom  he  calls  his  “child 
wife.”  After  her  death  he  marries  Agnes  Wickfield. 
Davideis  (da-vid'e-is).  An  epic  poem  by  Cow- 
ley, on  the  subject  of  David,  king  of  the  He- 
brews, published  in  1656. 

David  Elginbrod.  A novel  by  George  Mac- 
donald, published  in  1863. 

David  Garrick  (gar'ik).  A play  translated  by 
T.  W.  Robertson  from  a French  play,  “Sulli- 
van,” in  1864. 

Davids(da'vidz),  Thomas  William  Rhys.  Bom 

at  Colchester,  England,  May  12, 1843.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  Orientalist.  He  studied  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau ; was  appointed  writer  in  the  Ceylon  civil 
service  in  1866;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1877  ; and  be- 
came editor  of  the  journal  of  the  Pali  Text  Society  (1883), 
professor  of  Pali  and  Buddhist  literature  in  University 
College,  London,  in  1882,  and  professor  of  comparative  re- 
ligion at  Manchester  in  1904.  Author  of  “ On  the  Ancient 
Coins  and  Measures  of  Ceylon  ” (1874),  “ Buddhism  : being 
a Sketch  of  the  Life  and  Teachings  of  Gautama  the  Bud- 
dha ” (1877),  etc. 

Davidson,  Harry.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  25,  1858.  An  American  wood-engraver. 

Among  his  works  are  “ Israel”  (after  Kenyon  Cox),  “ Can- 
terbury Cathedral”  (Pennell),  “An Old  Mill” (Castaigne). 

Davidson(da'vid-sqn),LucretiaMaria.  Bornat 
Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  27,  1808 : died  at  Platts- 
burg,  Aug.  27, 1825.  An  American  poet.  “ Amir 
Khan  and  other  poems  ” was  published  in  1829. 
Davidson,  Margaret  Miller.  Born  at  Platts- 
burg, N.  Y.,  March  26,  1823 : died  at  Saratoga, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  25,  1838.  An  American  poet,  sis- 
ter of  Lucretia  Maria  Davidson.  The  works  of 
the  two  sisters  were  published  in  1850. 
Davidson,  Samuel.  Born  near  Ballymena,  Ire- 


land, 1807 : died  April  1,  1898.  An  English 
biblical  scholar,  author  of  “Introduction  to 
the  New  Testament”  (1848-51). 

Davidson,  William.  Born  in  Lancaster  Coun- 
ty, Pa.,  1746:  killed  at  Cowan’s  Ford,  Mecklen- 
burg County,  N.  C.,  Feb.  1, 1781.  An  American 
brigadier-general  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  de- 
tached by  General  Greene  to  interrupt  the  passage  of  Corn- 
wallis across  the  Catawba,  Jan.  31,  1781,  and  fell  in  the 
engagement  on  the  following  day. 

Davies  (da'viz),  Charles.  Born  at  Washing- 
ton, Litchfield  County,  Conn.,  Jan.  22,  1798: 
died  at  Fishkill  Landing,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  18,  1876. 
An  American  mathematician,  author  of  a series 
of  mathematical  text-books.  Professor  at  Co- 
lumbia College  1857-65. 

Davies,  John.  Born  at  Hereford,  1565  (?) : died 
at  London,  1618  (buried  July  6).  An  English 
writing-master  and  poet.  He  was  said  to  be  a skil- 
ful penman,  and  some  specimens  of  his  work  are  pre- 
served. Among  his  works  are  “Mirum  in  Modum,”etc. 
(1602),  “ Microcosmos,”  etc.  (1603),  “ The  Wittes  Pilgrim- 
age ’’  and  “ The  Scourge  of  Folly”  (1610  or  1611),  “ Wit’s 
Bedlam  ” (1617). 

Davies,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Tisbury,  Wiltshire, 
1569  (baptized  April  16) : died  Dec.  8, 1626.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1595,  dis- 
barred in  1598,  and  readmitted  in  1601.  In  that  year  he 
was  returned  to  Parliament  for  Corfe  Castle.  In  1603  he 
was  made  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  and  in  1606  suc- 
ceeded to  the  position  of  attorney-general  for  Ireland.  In 
1614,  and  again  in  1621,  he  was  member  of  Parliament  for 
Newcastle-under-Lyme.  For  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life 
he  was  a sergeant-at-law  in  England.  He  waB  made  chief 
justice  in  1626,  but  died  before  taking  possession  of  the 
office.  Among  his  works  are  “Orchestra”  (on  dancing, 
1596),  “Nosce  Teipsum”  (1599),  “Hymns to  Astrsea”  (1599), 
acrostics  to  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Davies,  Samuel.  Born  in  New  Castle  County, 
Del.,  Nov.  3,  1724:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
Feb.  4,  1761.  An  American  Presbyterian  cler- 
gyman, president  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
(Princeton)  1759-61. 

Davies,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1712:  died  at 
London,  May  5, 1785.  An  English  bookseller. 
He  tried  acting  from  time  to  time,  but  without  success. 
He  introduced  Boswell  to  Johnson  in  1763 : the  latter  was 
particularly  kind  to  him.  He  republished  a number  of 
old  authors,  including  William  Brownie,  Sir  John  Davies, 
Lillo,  and  Massinger.  In  1785  he  published  his  “ Dramatic 
Miscellanies.  * 

Daviess  (da'vis),  Joseph  Hamilton.  Born  in 
Bedford  County,  Va.,  March  4, 1774:  died  near 
Tippecanoe,  Ind.,  Nov.  8, 1811.  An  American 
lawyer,  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Tip- 
pecanoe, Nov.  7,  1811. 

Davila  (dfi've-la),  Enrico  Caterino.  Born 
near  Padua,  Italy,  Oct.  30,  1576:  killed  near 
Verona,  Italy,  Aug.  8, 1631.  An  Italian  soldier 
and  historian.  His  ancestors,  from  1464,  bore  the  title 
of  Constable  of  Cyprus ; and  from  this  island  his  father 
was  driven  when  it  was  captured  by  the  Turks.  Davila, 
when  seven  years  of  age,  was  taken  to  France,  became  a 
page  of  Catharine  de’  Medici,  and  later  fought  in  the  civil 
wars  until  the  peace  of  1598.  He  was  appointed  governor 
of  Crema  in  1598,  and  on  his  way  to  that  place  in  1631  was 
assassinated  by  a man  with  whom  he  had  had  a dispute 
about  post-horses.  His  chief  work  is  “ Storia  delle  guerre 
civili  di  Francia  ” (1630). 

Davila  y Padilla  (da  ' ve  - la  e pa  - del ' ya), 
Agustin.  Born  at  Mexico,  1562 : died  at  Santo 
Domingo,  1604.  A Mexican  prelate  and  histo- 
rian. He  was  prior  of  the  Dominican  convent  at  Puebla 
de  los  Angeles,  and  a celebrated  lecturer  on  theology. 
From  1599  until  his  death  lie  was  bishop  of  Santo  Domingo. 
His  principal  work,  “ Historia  de  la  provincia  de  Santiago 
de  Mejico,”  is  a history  of  his  order  in  Mexico  and  Florida, 
with  much  of  general  interest.  First  published  at  Madrid 
1596,  it  was  republished  at  Valladolid  1634,  with  the  title 
“ Varia  historia  de  la  Nueva  Espana  y Florida.” 

Davin  (da-van'),  Felix.  A pseudonym  used  by 
Balzac  in  the  introduction  to  the  “Etudes 
philosophiques.” 

Da  Vinci,  Leonardo.  See  Vinci,  Leonardo  da. 

Davis  (da'vis),  Charles  Henry.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1807 : died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Feb.  18,  1877.  An  American  naval  offi- 
cer. He  entered  the  navy  in  1823,  obtained  the  rank  of 
commander  in  1854,  and  served  as  chief  of  staff  and  cap- 
tain of  the  fleet  in  the  expedition  under  Dupont  which 
captured  Port  Royal,  South  Carolina,  in  1861.  Having  in 
the  mean  time  been  placed  in  command  of  the  Mississippi 
gunboat  flotilla,  he  gained  a victory  over  a Confederate 
fleet  off  Fort  Pillow,  May  10,  1862,  and  another,  June  6, 
1862,  before  Memphis,  whose  surrender  he  received  on 
the  same  day.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear-ad- 
miral Feb.  7,  1863.  He  wrote  “ The  Coast  Survey  of  the 
United  States  ” (1849),  and  “Narrative  of  the  North  Polar 
Expedition  of  the  U.  S.  S.  Polaris  ” (1876). 

Davis,  David.  Born  in  Cecil  County,  Md., 
March  9, 1815  : died  at  Bloomington,  111.,  June 
26,  1886.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist. 

He  was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  1862-77,  United  States  senator  from  Illinois  1877- 
1883,  and  acting  Vice-President  1881-83. 

Davis,  Edwin  Hamilton.  Born  in  Ross  Coun- 
ty, Ohio,  Jan.  22,  1811 : died  at  New  York,  May 
15,  1888.  An  American  physician  and  archae- 


ologist. His  works  include  “ Monuments  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley”  (in  “Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Know, 
ledge,”  1848),  etc. 

Davis,  Garret.  Born  at  Mount  Stirling,  Ky., 
Sept.  10,  1801:  died  at  Paris,  Ky.,  Sept.  22, 
1872.  Au  American  politician,  United  States 
senator  from  Kentucky  1861-72. 

Davis,  Henry.  Born  at  East  Hampton,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  15,  1771:  died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  March 
8,  1852.  An  American  clergyman  and  educa- 
tor, president  of  Middlebury  College  1809-17, 
and  of  Hamilton  College  1817-33. 

Davis,  Henry  Winter.  Born  at  Annapolis, 
Md.,  Aug.  16,  1817 : died  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
Dec.  30,  1865.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
a Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland  1855- 
1861  and  1863-65.  Author  of  “The  War  of  Ormuzd  and 
Ahriman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century”  (1853). 

Davis,  Jefferson.  Born  in  Christian  County, 
Ky.,  June  3,  1808:  died  at  New  Orleans,  La., 
Dec.  6,  1889.  An  American  statesman.  He 
graduated  at  W est  Point  in  1828 ; was  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Mississippi  1845-46 ; served  in  the  Mex- 
ican war  1846-47 ; was  United  States  senator  from  Mis- 
sissippi 1847-51 ; was  secretary  of  war  1853-57  ; was  United 
States  senator  1857-61 ; resigned  his  seat  Jan.  21,  1861 ; 
was  inaugurated  provisional  president  of  the  Confederacy 
Feb.  18,  1861,  and  president  Feb.  22,  1862  ; was  arrested 
near  Irwinsville,  Georgia,  May  10, 1865 ; was  imprisoned  in 
Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia,  1865-67  ; and  was  amnestied 
1868.  He  wrote  “ Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment ” (1881). 

Davis,  Jefferson  C.  Bom  in  Clarke  County, 
Ind.,  March  2,  1828:  died  Nov.  30,  1879.  A 
Union  general  in  the  American  Civil  War.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  war  1846-47 ; was  stationed  at  Fort 
Sumter  when  it  was  bombarded  by  the  Confederates  April 
12-13,  1861 ; commanded  a division  at  Pea  Ridge  March 
7-8,  1862,  at  Stone  River  Dec.  31,  1862, -Jan.  3,  1863,  and 
at  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20,  1863;  and  led  a corps  in 
Sherman’s  march  to  the  sea  in  1864. 

Davis,  or  Davys,  John.  Born  at  Sandridge, 
Devonshire,  England,  about  1550 ; killed  in  the 
Strait  of  Malacca,  Dec.  29,  1605.  An  English 
navigator.  He  commanded  expeditions  in  search  of  the 
northwest  passage  in  1685,  1586,  and  1587,  on  the  first  of 
which  he  discovered  Davis  Strait.  He  discovered  the  Falk- 
land Islands  in  1592.  He  took  service  in  1604  as  pilot  in  the 
Tiger,  Captain  Sir  Edward  Michelbome,  destined  for  a voy- 
age to  the  East  Indies,  on  which  he  was  killed  by  Japa- 
nese pirates.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Davis,  John.  Born  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  Jan. 
25,  1761:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  14,  1847.  An 
American  jurist.  He  was  appointed  comptroller  of 
the  United  States  treasury  in  1795,  and  in  1801  became 
judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court  in  Massachu- 
setts. He  was  the  youngest  member  in  the  convention 
of  1789  which  adopted  the  Federal  constitution,  and  sur- 
vived all  the  other  members. 

Davis,  John  Chandler  Bancroft.  Born  at 
Worcester,  Mass.,  Dec.  29,  1822:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Dec.  27, 1907.  A jurist  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  agent  of  the  United  States  at  the  Ge- 
neva tribunal  1871-72,  and  minister  to  Germany  1874-77. 

Davis,  Sir  John  Francis.  Born  at  London, 
1795 : died  near  Bristol,  Nov.  13,  1890.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  and  writer  on  China,  author 

*of  “The  Chinese”  (1836),  etc. 

Davis,  Richard  Harding.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, April  18,  1864.  An  American  journalist 
and  author.  He  has  written  “Gallegher,  and  Other 
Stories”  (1891),  “Van  Bibber  and  Others”  (1892),  “The 
West  from  a Car  Window”  (1892),  “Exiles,  and  Other 
Stories”  (1894),  “Our  English  Cousins”  (1894),  “Rulers 
of  the  Mediterranean  ” (1894),  “ Princess  Aline  ” (1896), 
“Cinderella,  and  Other  Stories”  (1896),  “Three  Gringos 
in  Venezuela  and  Central  America”  (1896),  “ Soldiers  of 
Fortune”  (1897),  etc. 

Davis,  Thomas  Osborne.  Born  at  Mallow, 
Oct.  14,  1814:  died  at  Dublin,  Sept.  16,  1845. 
An  Irish  poet  and  politician.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College  in  1836 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1838 ; 
became  joint  editor  with  John  Dillon  of  the  “Dublin 
Morning  Register  ’’  in  1841 ; and  founded,  with  Duffy  and 
Dillon,  the  “ Nation  ” in  1842.  He  joined  in  1839  the  Re- 
peal Association,  within  which  organization  he  founded 
the  party  of  Young  Ireland  in  opposition  to  O’Connell’s 
leadership.  His  poems,  collected  after  his  death,  form  a 
volume  of  Duty’s  “Library  of  Ireland”  for  1846. 

Davison  (da'vi-son),  William.  Died  Dec., 
1608.  A British  diplomatist.  As  a secretary  of  state 
he  procured  Elizabeth’s  signature  to  the  death-warrant  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  in  1587. 

Davis  Strait  (da'vis  strat).  An  arm  of  the  At- 
lantic, separating  Greenland  from  Cumberland 
Peninsula,  and  connecting  Baffin  Bay  with  the 
Atlantic.  Width  in  the  narrowest  part,  about 
200  miles.  Named  for  its  discoverer,  John  Davis. 

D’Avolos  (dav'o-los).  In  Ford’s  “Love’s  Sacri- 
fice,” the  duke’s  secretary  (modeled  on  Shak- 
spere’s  Iago),  a spy  and  “ pander  to  the  bad 
passions  of  others.” 

Davos  (da'vos).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  can- 
ton of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Coire.  Its  chief  place  is  Davos-Platz, 
a noted  health-resort  having  an  elevation  of 
5,000  feet. 

Davout  (da-vo')  (often  erroneously  written 


Davout 

Davoust),  Louis  Nicolas,  Due  d’Auerstadt 
and  Prince  d’Eckmiihl.  Born  at  Annoux, 
Yonne,  France,  May  10,  1770:  died  at  Paris, 
June  1,  1823.  A noted  French  marshal.  He 

was  a lieutenant  in  a cavalry  regiment  in  1788 ; served 
as  chief  of  battalion  under  Dumouriez  1792-93 ; was  brig- 
adier-general in  the  army  of  the  Moselle ; fought  under 
Pichegru  and  Moreau  in  the  army  of  the  Rhine  ; went  to 
Egypt  and  fought  with  distinction,  especially  at  Abukir ; 
was  made  general  of  division  in  1804 ; and  fought  at  Aus- 
terlitz  (1805),  Auerstadt  (1806),  Eckmuhl,  Wagram  (1809), 
and  in  the  Russian  campaign  (1812).  He  was  minister  of 
war  during  the  “ Hundred  Days  ” in  1815.  He  became 
duke  of  Auerstadt  in  1808,  and  prince  of  Eckmiilil  in  1809. 
Davus  (da'vus).  A conventional  name  for  a 
slave  in  Latin  comedies. 

Davy  (da'vi),  Sir  Humphry.  Born  __at  Pen- 
zance, Cornwall,  England,  Dec.  17,  1778:  died 
at  Geneva,  May  29, 1829.  A celebrated  English 
chemist.  He  was  the  son  of  a wood-carver  at  Penzance, 
studied  at  the  Penzance  grammar-school,  and  finished  his 
education  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cardew  at  Truro.  In  1795  he 
was  apprenticed  to  John  Bingham  Borlase,  a prominent 
surgeon  at  Penzance.  He  was  appointed  an  assistant  in 
the  laboratory  of  Beddoes’s  Pneumatic  Institution  at  Bris- 
tol in  1798  ; became  assistant  lecturer  in  chemistry  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  London,  in  1801;  was  promoted  profes- 
sor in  1802  ; was  made  director  of  the  laboratory  in  1805 ; 
discovered  the  decomposition  of  the  fixed  alkalis  in  1807 ; 
was  knighted  in  1812 ; resigned  his  professorship  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1813;  invented  the  safety-lamp  in 
1815 ; was  created  a baronet  in  1818 ; and  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society  in  1820.  His  chief  works  are 
“ Elements  of  Chemical  Philosophy  ” (1812),  and  “ Ele- 
ments of  Agricultural  Chemistry  “ (1813). 

Davy  Jones.  See  Jones,  Davy. 

Daw  (da),  Sir  David.  A foolish  baronet  in 
Cumberland’s  “Wheel  of  Fortune.” 

Daw,  Sir  Joim.  In  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy 
“Epicoene,  or  The  Silent  Woman,”  a cowardly, 
foolish  coxcomb. 

Dawes  (daz),  Henry  Laurens.  Born  at  Cum- 
mington,  Mass.,  Oct.  30, 1816:  died  at  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  Feb.  5,  1903.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1857- 
1875,  and  Republican  U.  S.  senator  1875-93. 
Dawes,  William  Rutter.  Born  at  London, 
March  19,  1799:  died  at  Haddenham,  Bucks, 
Feb.  15,  1868.  An  English  astronomer.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Charter  House  school  1811-13 ; settled  as  a 
surgeon  at  Liverpool  in  1826 ; was  for  a time  pastor  of  an 
independent  congregation  at  Ormskirk,  Lancashire ; had 
charge  (1839-44)  of  the  observatory  at  South  Villa,  Regent’s 
Park,  London,  belonging  to  George  Bishop ; fitted  up  an 
observatory  at  Camden  Lodge,  near  Cranbrook,  Kent,  in 
1845  ; and  discovered  fifteen  new  double  stars  1840-59. 
Bawison  (da've-son),  Bogumil.  Born  at  War- 
saw, May  15,  1818 : died  near  Dresden,  Feb.  1, 
1872.  A Polish  actor,  of  Hebrew  descent.  He 
first  appeared  in  America  in  7866.  ne  at  one  time  played 
Othello  to  Edwin  Booth's  Iago.  He  played  both  tragic 
and  comic  parts. 

Dawkins  (da/kinz),  John.  A young  pickpocket 
in  the  employ  of  Fagin,  in  Charles  Dickens’s 
“Oliver  Twist”:  called  “the  Artful  Dodger” 
from  his  expertness. 

Dawkins,  William  Boyd.  Born  at  Butting- 
ton,  Welshpool,  Montgomeryshire,  Wales,  Dec. 
26, 1838.  An  English  geologist  and  paleontolo- 
gist, author  of  “Cave-Hunting”  (1871),  “Early 
Man  in  Britain”  (1880),  etc. 

Dawlish  (da'lish).  A watering-place  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  English  Channel 
10  miles  south  of  Exeter.  Population,  4,003. 
Dawson  (da'son).  A mining  city  of  Yukon, 
Canada,  situated  on  the  Yukon  River,  near  the 
Klondike  gold-fields.  Population,  3,013,(1911). 
Dawson  (da'son),  Bully.  A notorious  London 
sharper,  a contemporary  of  Etherege,  living 
in  the  17th  century. 

Dawson,  Captain  Janies.  A young  volunteer 
officer,  of  good  family,  in  the  service  of  the 
Young  Pretender.  Ho  was  hanged,  drawn,  and  quar- 
tered,  and  his  heart  burned,  July  30,  1746,  for  treason. 
His  betrothed  wife  was  present,  and,  when  all  was  over, 
died  in  the  arms  of  a friend.  Shenstone  made  this  the 
subject  of  a ballad,  “Jemmy  Dawson.” 

Dawson,  Sir  John  William,  Born  at  Pictou, 
Nova  Scotia,  Oct.,  1820 : died  at  Montreal,  Nov. 
19, 1899.  A Canadian  geologist  and  naturalist. 
He  was  principal  of  McGill  College  and  Uni- 
versity 1855-93.  His  works  include  “Acadian 
Geology”  (1855),  etc. 

Dax  (daks).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Landes  France,  situated  on  the  Adour  in  lat. 
43°  44'  N.,  long.  1°  3'  W. : the  Roman  Aqu® 
Tarbellic®,  or  AqufO.  It  is  a noted  watering-place 
and  winter  resort,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  hot  baths.  It 
was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Tarbelli ; was  conquered  by 
tne  Goths,  Franks,  Vasoons,  Charlemagne,  the  Normans,  and 
the  Saracens,  and  in  the  later  middle  ages  was  held  by  the 
English.  Population,  commune,  11,210. 

Day  (da),  Henry  Noble.  Bom  at  Washington, 
Conn.,  Aug.  4,  1808:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Jan.  12,  1890.  An  American  educator 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  became  professor  of 


312 

sacred  rhetoric  in  Western  Reserve  College  in  1840,  and 
president  of  the  Ohio  Female  College  in  1854,  and  Re- 
moved to  New  Haven  in  1864.  He  was  a nephew  of  Jere- 
miah Day.  His  works  include  “ Logic " (1867),  “Ethics” 
(1876),  “Ontology  ” (1878),  etc. 

Day,  Jeremiah.  Bom  at  New  Preston,  Conn., 
Aug.  3, 1773 : died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Aug. 
22,  1867.  An  American  mathematician,  presi- 
dent of  Yale  College  1817-46.  He  published 
an  '‘Algebra”  (1814),  “Navigation  and  Sur- 
veying” (1817),  etc. 

Day,  John.  Lived  about  1600.  An  English 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
and  from  1598  collaborated  with  Haughton,  Chettle, 
Dekker,  and  others  in  numerous  plays,  all  of  which  re- 
mained unprinted  except  “ The  Blind  Beggar  of  Bednal 
Green.  ” His  chief  work  is  “ The  Parliament  of  Bees  ” (1607). 

Day,  Mr.  In  Sir  R.  Howard’s  play  “ The  Com- 
mittee,” the  chairman  of  the  committee,  a kind 
of  Tartufe,  under  the  thumb  of  his  wife. 

Day,  or  Daye,  Stephen.  Born  at  London  about 
1610 : died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  22,  1668. 
A pioneer  of  printing  in  New  England.  He  was 
one  of  three  pressmen  engaged  in  1638  by  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Glover  to  operate  a printing  press  which  he  was  about  to 
introduce  into  the  colony  of  Massachusetts.  Glover  died 
on  the  voyage.  The  press  was  set  up  in  the  house  of  Rev. 
Henry  Dunster,  first  president  of  Harvard  College.  The 
first  book  printed  in  the  British-American  colonies  was 
issued  from  it  in  1640:  “The  whole  Booke  of  Psalmes,  faith- 
fully translated  into  English  metre.”  See  Bay  Psalm  Book. 
Day,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  June  22, 1748 : 
died  Sept.  28,  1789.  An  English  author.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford  and  the  Middle  Temple,  and  in  1775 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Having  inherited  a competent 
fortune,  he  did  not  seek  practice,  but  devoted  himself  to 
literature  and  to  the  study  of  philosophy.  He  married 
Miss  Esther  Milnes  in  1778,  and  in  1781  settled  on  a farm  at 
Anningsley,  Surrey,  where  he  wrote  his  chief  work,  “His- 
tory of  Sandford  and  Merton  ” (1783-89). 

Dayr-el-Bahari.  See  Der-el-Baliri. 

Dayton  (da'ton).  1.  A city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Montgomery  County,  Ohio,  situated  on 
the  Great  Miami  River  48  miles  northeast  of 
Cincinnati.  It  has  manufactures  of  railway- 
cars,  paper,  stoves,  etc.  Population,  116,577, 
(1910). — 2.  A city  in  Rhea  County,  East  Ten- 
nessee. Population,  1,991,  (1910). 

Dayton,  Elias.  Born  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
July,  1737 : died  at  Elizabethtown,  July  17, 
1807.  An  American  revolutionary  officer.  He 
served  throughout  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Springfield,  Monmouth,  Brandy- 
wine, and  Yorktown.  After  the  war  he  was  made  major- 
general  of  militia  in  New  Jersey,  and  was  a member  of 
the  Continental  Congress  1787-88. 

Dayton,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  16,  1760:  died  at  Elizabethtown, 
Oct.  9,  1824.  An  American  politician,  son  of 
Elias  Dayton.  He  was  speaker  of  the  national  House 
of  Representatives  1795-99,  and  United  States  senator  from 
New  Jersey  1799-1805. 

Dayton,  William  Lewis.  Born  at  Basking- 
ridge,  N.  J.,  Feb.  17, 1807 : died  at  Paris,  France, 
Dec.  1,  1864.  An  American  jurist  and  states- 
man, nephew  of  Jonathan  Dayton.  He  was  asso- 
ciate judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Jersey  1838-42, 
United  States  senator  from  New  Jersey  1842-51,  Republican 
candidate  for  Vice-President  1856,  and  minister  to  France 
1861-64. 

Daza  (da'za).  A tribe  of  the  Sahara. 

Daza  (da'tha),  Hilarion.  Bom  at  Sucre  about 
1838.  A Bolivian  general  and  politician.  His 
father's  name,  which  he  dropped,  was  Grossoli.  From  185S  he 
took  part  in  various  revolutionary  disturbances  until  May, 
1876,  when  he  was  proclaimed  president  of  Bolivia.  Owing 
to  the  seizure  of  Atacamahe  declared  war  on  Chile,  March  1, 
1879,  and  in  April  joined  the  Peruvian  forces  at  Tacna ; but 
.his  incompetence  and  cowardice  led  to  a mutiny  of  the 
troops  (Dec.  27,  1879),  and  this  was  quickly  followed  by  a 
revolution  at  La  Paz,  by  which  Campero  was  declared  presi- 
dent. He  was  killed  by  a Bolivian  mob  March  1, 1894. 
Dazzle  (daz'l).  In  Dion  Boucicault’s  comedy 
“ London  Assurance,”  a man  who  lives  by  his 
wits,  and  cleverly  contrives  to  be  an  invited 
guest  at  Oak  Hall,  the  home  of  Squire  Harkaway. 
Deacon  (de'kn),  Thomas.  Born  in  1697 : died 
at  Manchester,  Feb.  10, 1753.  An  English  phy- 
sician and  nonjuring  bishop.  He  became  a priest 
in  1716,  settled  at  Manchester  as  a physician  in  1719  or 
1720,  and  about  1733  was  consecrated  a nonjuring  bishop  by 
Bishop  Archibald  Campbell.  He  published  “ The  Doctrine 
of  the  Church  of  Rome  concerning  Purgatory  proved  to  be 
contrary  to  Catholic  Tradition  ” (1718),  “ A Full,  True,  and 
Comprehensive  View  of  Christianity  ” (1747),  etc. 

Dead  Heart,  The.  A play  by  Watts  Phillips, 
produced  in  1859.  It  was  revised  by  Walter 
Herries  Pollock  for  Henry  Irving  in  1889. 
Dead  Sea  (ded  se).  [LL.  Mare  Mortuum,  Ar. 
Balir-Lut,  F.  Mer  Morte,  G.  Todtes-Meer.)  A 
salt  lake  in  Palestine,  situated  16  miles  south- 
east of  Jerusalem  in  the  ancient  “Vale  of  Sid- 
dim”  : the  Lacus  Asphaltites  of  the  ancients, 
and  the  Sea  of  the  Plain  or  of  the  Arabah,  Salt 
Sea,  or  East  Sea  of  the  Scriptures,  its  waters 
are  intensely  salt,  and  of  great  specific  gravity.  Its  prin- 
cipal tributary  is  the  Jordan,  but  it  has  no  outlet,  and  its 


Deane,  Charles 

surface  is  1,292  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Mediterrauecu. 
Length,  47  miles.  Width,  6 to  9£  miles.  Depth  varies  from 
1,300  feet  to  3 or  4 feet  in  the  shallowest  section. 

Dead  Souls.  A novel  by  Gogol,  which  appeared 
in  1842.  He  began  to  write  it  in  1837,  and  left  it  unfln- 
ished,  destroying  the  concluding  portions  in  a fit  of  reli- 
gious mania.  A certain  Dr.  Zahartchenko,  of  Kieff,  pub- 
lished in  1857  a continuation  of  it.  An  English  transla- 
tion, entitled  “ Tchitchikoff’s  Journeys,  or  Dead  Souls,”  by 
Isabel  F.  Hapgood,  was  published  in  New  York  in  1886. 

At  the  time  of  serfdom  a Russian  proprietor’s  fortune 
was  not  valued  according  to  the  extent  of  his  lands,  but 
according  to  the  number  of  male  serfs  which  were  held 
upon  them.  These  serfs  were  called  “souls.”  . . . The 
proprietor  paid  the  capitation  tax  for  all  the  souls  on  his 
domain ; but  as  the  census  was  rarely  taken  it  happened 
that  he  had  long  to  pay  for  dead  serfs,  until  a new  official 
revision  struck  them  out  from  among  the  number  of  the 
living.  It  is  easy  to  see  what  these  dead  souls  must  have 
cost  a proprietor  whose  lands  had  been  visited  by  famine, 
. . . and  his  interest  in  getting  rid  of  them  wiLl  be  expli- 
cable. What  seems  more  surprising  is  that  there  were 
people  ready  to  purchase  them. 

Dupuy,  Great  Mastersof  Russian  Literature(trans.),p.84 
Tchitchikoff,  the  hero  of  the  book,  an  ambitious  and  evil- 
minded  rascal,  made  this  proposition  to  himself  : “I  will 
visit  the  most  remote  corners  of  Russia,  and  ask  the  good 
people  to  deduct  from  the  number  on  their  lists  every  serf 
who  has  died  since  the  las.t  census  was  taken.  They  will  be 
only  too  glad,  as  it  will  he  to  their  interest  to  yield  up  to  me 
a fictitious  property,  and  get  rid  of  paying  the  tax  upon  it. 
I shall  have  my  purchase  registered  in  due  form,  and  no 
tribunal  wUl  imagine  that  I require  it  to  legalize  a sale  of 
dead  men.  When  I have  obtained  the  names  of  some  thou- 
sands of  serfs,  I shall  carry  my  deeds  to  some  hank  in  St. 
Petersburg  or  Moscow,  and  raise  a large  sum  on  them. 
Then  I shall  be  a rich  man,  and  in  condition  to  buy  real 
peasants  in  flesh  and  blood.” 

I)e  Vogiii,  Russian  Novelists  (trans  ),  p.  75. 

Deadwood  (ded'wud).  A city,  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Lawrence  County,  South  Dakota,  sit- 
uated in  the  Black  Hills  in  lat.  44°  21'  N., 
long.  103°  43'  W.  It  is  an  important  trading  center 
and  mining  town,  gold  and  silver  having  been  discovered 
in  the  vicinity  in  1874.  Population,  3,6o3,  (1910). 

Dese  Matres  (de'e  ma'trez).  [L.,  lit.  ‘god- 
desses mothers.’]  See  the  extract. 

We  now  come  to  a class  of  divinities  which  have  a pecu- 
liar interest  in  connection  with  the  early  history  of  our 
island,  the  deities  of  the  auxiliary  races  who  formed  so 
important  an  element  of  its  population.  Among  these 
we  must  place,  first,  a class  of  deities  commonly  known  by 
the  title  of  the  dese  matres.  Altars  and  inscriptions  to 
these  deities  are  very  numerous  in  Belgic  Gaul  and  Ger- 
many, and  more  especially  along  the  banks  of  the  Rhine, 
where  they  are  often  called  matronee  instead  of  matres, 
and  they  seem  to  have  belonged  to  the  Teutonic  race. 
Not  more  than  one  altar  to  these  deities  has,  I believe, 
been  found  in  Italy,  and  we  do  not  trace  them  in  the 
classic  writers.  AVhen  the  doe  matres  are  figured  on  the 
altars  or  other  monuments,  they  are  always  represented 
as  three  females,  seated,  with  baskets  or  bowls  of  fruit 
on  their  knees,  which  were  probably  emblematical  of  the 
plenty  which  they  were  believed  to  distribute  to  mankind. 

Wright,  Celt,  p.  28L 

Deak  (da'ak),  Ferencz.  Born  at  Sojtor,  Zala, 
Hungary,  Oct.  17,  1803 : died  at  Budapest,  Jan. 
29,  1876.  A Himgarian  statesman.  He  entered 
the  Reichstag  in  1832 ; was  minister  of  justice  in  1848 ; and 
was  the  chief  instrument  in  the  construction  of  the  Aus- 
tro-Hungarian monarchy  on  the  dualistic  basis  in  1867. 

Deal  (del).  A seaport  and  sea-bathing  resort 
in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Downs  8 
miles  northeast  of  Dover.  It  was  formerly  one  of 
the  Cinque  Ports,  and  contains  Deal  Castle.  Near  here 
Julius  Csesar  is  supposed  to  have  made  his  first  landing 

+in  56  B.  C.  Population,  10,581. 

De  Amicis  (de  a-me'ches),  Edmondo.  Born 
at  Oneglia,  Italjq  Oct.  21,  1846:  died  at  Bor- 
dighera,  Italy,  March  11,  1908.  An  Italian 
writer  of  travels.  He  was  in  the  Italian  army  1865-70, 
and  fought  at  the  battle  of  Custozza  in  1866.  His  works 
include  “ Ricordi  di  Londra”  (1874),  "L'Olanda”  (1874), 
“Marocco"  (1875),  “Constantinople”  (1877),  “Pagine 
sparse”  (1877),  “Ricordi  di  Parigi,"  “Cuore " (1886),  etc. 

De  Amicitia  (de  am-i-sish'ia),  or  Lselius  (le'li- 
us).  [L.,  ‘on  friendship.’]  A treatise  by  Cicero, 
in  the  form  of  a conversation  between  Ltelius 
and  his  sons-in-law,  C.  Fannius  and  Q.  Mucius 
Scaovola,  devoted  to  the  praise  of  friendship. 

Dean  (den),  Amos.  Born  at  Barnard,  Vt..,  Jan. 
16,  1803:  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  26,  1868. 
An  American  jurist.  He  became  chancellor  and  pro- 
fessor of  history  in  the  University  of  Iowa  in  1855.  He 
has  published  “Medical  Jurisprudence”  (1854),  “Bryant 
and  Stratton’s  Commercial  Law  ” (1851),  etc. 

Dean,  Forest  of.  A forest  in  Gloucestershire, 
England,  situated  between  the  lower  Wye  and 
the  Severn,  southwest  of  Gloucester.  It  is  in  part 
a crownland,  and  is  noted  for  its  production  of  coal  and 
iron.  Its  chief  trees  are  oaks  and  beeches. 

Dean,  Julia.  Born  July  22,  1830:  died  at  New 
York,  March  6, 1868.  An  American  actress.  She 
first  appeared  at  the  Bowery  Theater  as  Julia  in  “The 
Hunchback.”  She  was  the  original  Norma  in  Epes  Sar- 
gent’s “ Priestess,”  and  also  the  original  Leonor  in  Boker’s 
tragedy  “Leonor  de  Guzman."  She  married  Dr.  Hayne  in 
1855,  from  whom  she  was  divorced. 

Deane  (don),  Charles.  Born  at  Biddeford, 
Maine,  Nov.  10, 1813 : died  at  Cambridge.  Mass., 
Nov.  13, 1889.  An  American  historical  student. 


Deane,  Charles 

After  having  been  a merchant  in  Boston  for  many  years, 
he  retired  from  business  in  1864,  and  settled  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.  He  collected  a valuable  library  of  books  relating 
to  early  New  England  history,  and  edited  “Bradford’s  His- 
tory of  Plymouth  Plantation”  (1856),  “Wingfield’s  Dis- 
course of  Virginia  ” (1860),  and  other  historical  documents. 
Deane,  Henry.  Died  at  Lambeth,  Feb.  15,  1503. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  was  chief  of  the  Eng- 
lish commissioners  who  concluded  the  marriage  treaty  be- 
tween Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  England,  and 
James  IV.  of  Scotland,  in  1502. 

Deane,  Lucy.  In  George  Eliot’s  novel  “ The 
Mill  on  the  Floss,”  a pretty,  amiable  girl,  the 
cousin  and  rival  of  Maggie  Tulliver. 

Deane,  Richard.  Bom  in  1610:  died  June  3, 
1653.  An  English  admiral,  and  one  of  the  regi- 
cides. 

Deane,  Silas.  Born  at  Groton,  Conn.,  Dec.  24, 
1737 : died  at  Deal,  England,  Sept.  23,  1789.  An 
American  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was 
a delegate  from  Connecticut  to  the  Continental  Congress 
1774-76,  and  was  sent  to  France  as  a secret  financial  and 
political  agent  in  1776.  Having  been  charged  (unjustly) 
with  using  his  position  to  advance  his  own  interests,  he 
was  recalled  by  Congress  in  1777. 

Dean  of  St.  Patrick’s  (Dublin).  Specifically, 
Jonathan  Swift.  See  Swift. 

Deans  (denz),  Douce  Davie.  A cow-feeder  in 
Scott’s  novel  “ The  Heart  of  Midlothian.”  He 
is  the  father  of  Jeanie  and  Effle,  and  is  distracted  between 
his  religious  principles  as  an  ardent  Cameraman  and  his 
desire  to  save  his  daughter  Effie’s  life. 

Deans,  Effie  or  Euphemia.  In  Scott’s  “ Heart 
of  Midlothian,”  a beautiful  and  erring  girl,  the 
half-sister  of  Jeanie  Deans.  She  is  tried  for  the 
murder  of  her  illegitimate  child,  which  had  disappeared. 
She  will  make  no  confession,  and  is  sentenced  to  be 
hanged.  Through  the  elforts  of  her  sister  she  is  pardoned 
and  banished  for  fourteen  years.  She  flees  from  her  angry 
father,  and  her  lover,  Staunton,  marries  her.  She  is  edu- 
cated and  becomes  a court  beauty,  and  finally,  after  ten 
years  of  social  success,  retires  from  the  world  on  account 
of  the  death  of  her  husband. 

Deans,  Jeanie.  The  heroine  of  Scott’s  novel 
“The  Heart  of  Midlothian, ” the  half-sister  of 
Effie  Deans.  In  her  devotion  to  her  sister  she  walks  all 
the  way  to  London  to  obtain  pardon  for  Effie  from  the 
queen.  Her  good  sense,  calm  heroism,  and  disinterested- 
ness move  the  Duke  of  Argyll  to  procure  her  the  desired 
interview,  which  is  successful. 

Dearborn  (der'bom),  Henry.  Born  at  Hamp- 
ton, N.H.,  Feb.  23,  1751:  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass., 
June  6,  1829.  An  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  through  the  Revolution ; was  secre- 
tary of  war  1801-09;  captured  York  (Toronto)  in  1813;  and 
was  minister  to  Portugal  in  1822-24. 

Dearborn,  Henry  Alexander  Scammell.  Born 
at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  March  3,  1783 : died  at  Rox- 
bury, Mass.,  July  29,  1851.  An  American  poli- 
tician, son  of  Henry  Dearborn.  He  was  collector 
of  the  port  of  Boston  1812-29 ; was  elected  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature  in  1829 ; became  a State  senator  in 
1830 ; was  in  1831  elected  to  Congress,  where  he  served  one 
term ; and  was  made  adjutant-general  of  Massachusetts  in 
1835,  from  which  post  he  was  removed  in  1843  for  having 
furnished  arms  to  Rhode  Island  during  Dorr’s  rebellion. 
He  was  mayor  of  Roxbury  from  1847  until  his  death.  He 
wrote  “ Internal  Improvements  and  Commerce  of  the 
West”  (1809). 

Death  of  Blanche.  See  Book  of  the  Duchess. 
Death  of  Caesar.  A painting  by  Gdrome  (1867), 
in  the  gallery  of  J.  J.  Astor,  New  York.  Caesar’s 
body  lies  at  the  foot  of  Pompey’s  statue ; the  conspirators, 
still  holding  their  daggers,  are  grouped  in  the  background, 
and  all  the  senators  but  one  have  fled  from  their  seats. 

Death  of  General  Wolfe,  The.  A painting  by 
Sir  Benjamin  West  (1771),  in  Grosvenor  House, 
London.  The  general  lies  on  the  ground  supported  and 
surrounded  by  soldiers,  one  of  whom  holds  the  union  jack. 
In  the  distance  a soldier  runs  toward  the  group,  bearing  a 
captured  French  flag. 

Death  of  Marlowe,  The.  A tragedy  by  R.  H. 
Horne,  published  in  1837. 

Death’s  Jest  Book,  or  The  Fool’s  Tragedy. 

A tragedy  by  T.  L.  Beddoes,  published  in  1850. 
It  is  the  true  story  of  the  stabbing  of  a duke  in  the  13th 
century  by  his  court  fool. 

Death  Valley  (deth  val'i),  or  Amargosa  Des- 
ert (a-mar'go-sa  dez'ert).  A desert  region  in 
Inyo  County,  eastern  California,  near  the  Ne- 
vada frontier,  lying,  at  its  lowest  part,  427 
(Merriam)  feet  below  the  sea-level. 

Deauville  (do-vel').  A watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Calvados,  France,  adjoining 
Trouville. 

Debatable  Land.  A region  on  the  border  of 
England  and  Scotland,  between  the  Esk  and 
Sark,  formerly  claimed  by  both  kingdoms. 
Debbitch  (deb'ich),  Deborah.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  novel  “Peveril  of  the  Peak,”  the  gov- 
ernante  of  Alice  Bridgenorth.  She  was  co- 
quettish and  deceitful. 

Debit  and  Credit.  See  Soil  und  Haben. 
Deborah  (deb'o-ra).  [Heb./abee.’]  A prophet- 
ess and  judge  of  Israel.  She  lived  on  Mount  Ephraim, 
between  Ramah  and  Bethel.  She  aummoned  Barak  to  de- 
liver the  tribes  under  her  jurisdiction  from  the  tyranny 


313 

of  Jabin,  prophesied  for  him  success,  and  sang  a famous 
song  of  triumph  after  the  victory  (Judges  v.).  This  song  is 
considered  by  critics  to  be  one  of  the  most  ancient  pieces 
in  the  Old  Testament. 

But  the  priestess  of  Artemis  still  continued  to  be  called 
“a  bee,”  reminding  us  that  Deborah  or  “Bee”  was  the 
name  of  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  prophetesses  of  ancient 
Israel;  and  the  goddess  herself  continued  to  be  depicted 
under  the  same  form  as  that  which  had  belonged  to  her 
in  Hittite  days.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  79. 

Deborah.  A German  drama  by  S.  H.  Mosen- 
tlial,  the  original  of  “Leah.” 

De  Bow  (de  bo),  James  Dunwoody  Brown- 
son.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  July  10, 1820  : 
died  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Feb.  27,  1867.  An 
American  journalist  and  statistician.  He  es- 
tablished “De  Bow’s  Commercial  Review”  in 
New  Orleans  in  1846. 

Debreczin  (de'bret-sin),  Magyar  Debreczen. 
A royal  free  city  situated  in  the  county  of 
Hajduken,  Hungary,  in  lat.  47°  32'  N.,  long. 
21°  37'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  places  in  Hungary, 
and  an  important  commercial  center,  having  four  annual 
fairs  and  a noted  horse-market.  It  contains  a Protestant 
college,  and  in  1849  was  the  seat  of  the  Hungarian  revolu- 
tionary government.  Population,  92,000,  (1910). 

Debrosses  (de-bros'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Dijon, 
France,  Feb.  17,  1709 : died  at  Paris,  May  17, 
1777.  A French  man  of  letters.  He  wrote 
“ Lettres  sur  Herculaneum  ” (1750),  “ Lettres 
sur  l’ltalie,”  etc. 

De  Bry,  Theodore.  See  Bry. 

Decameron  (de-kam'e-ron).  [It.  II  Decame- 
rone ; from  Gr.  desa,  ten,  and  yyepa,  day.]  A 
famous  collection  of  100  tales,  by  Boccaccio, 
published  in  1353.  Of  these  tales  ten  are  represented 
as  told  each  day  for  ten  days,  near  Florence,  during  the 
plague  of  1348.  They  were  written  from  1344  to  1350,  and 
are  preceded  by  a masterly  description  of  the  plague  at 
Florence.  They  range  from  the  pathetic  to  the  grossly 
licentious.  “ There  are  few  works  which  have  had  an  equal 
influence  on  literature  with  the  Decameron  of  Boccaccio. 
Even  in  England  its  effects  were  powerful.  From  it 
Chaucer  adopted  the  notion  of  the  frame  in  which  he  has 
inclosed  his  tales,  and  the  general  manner  of  his  stories, 
while  in  some  instances,  as  we  have  seen,  he  has  merely 
versified  the  novels  of  the  Italian.  In  1566,  William  Payn- 
ter  printed  many  of  Boccaccio’s  stories  in  English,  in  his 
work  called  the  ‘ Palace  of  Pleasure.’  This  first  translation 
contained  sixty  novels,  and  it  was  soon  followed  by  an- 
other volume,  comprehending  thirty-four  additional  tales. 
These  are  the  pages  of  which  Shakspere  made  so  much 
use.  From  Burton’s  ‘Anatomy  of  Melancholy  ’ we  learn 
that  one  of  the  great  amusements  of  our  ancestors  was 
reading  Boccaccio  aloud,  an  entertainment  of  which  the  ef- 
fects were  speedily  visible  in  the  literature  of  the  country.” 
Dunlop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction,  II.  148. 

The  seven  imaginary  ladies  and  three  gentlemen  whom 
Boccaccio  supposed  to  shut  out  the  horrors  of  the  great 
plague  of  Florence,  in  1348,  by  enjoying  themselves  in  a 
garden  with  a ten-day  feast  of  story-telling,  presented — 
in  the  best  and  easiest,  though  nearly  the  first,  Italian 
prose — among  their  hundred  tales  the  choice  tales  of  the 
day  from  the  French  fabliaux,  from  incidents  of  actual 
life,  or  from  whatever  source  was  open  to  the  author. 
Even  the  machinery  in  which  the  tales  are  set  came 
from  the  East,  and  had  existed  in  a Latin  form  two  centu- 
ries before.  The  number  of  the  stories  also  was  per- 
haps determined  by  the  previous  existence  of  the  “Cento 
Novella  Antiche.  ” Motley,  English  Writers,  I.  22. 

Decamps  (Je-kon'),  Alexandre  Gabriel.  Born 
at  Pans,  March  3,1803:  died  (as  the  result  of 
an  accident)  at  Fontainebleau,  Aug.  22,  1860. 
A noted  French  painter,  a pupil  of  Abel  de 
Pujol.  He  visited  Greece  and  the  coast  of  Asia  in  1827, 
and  all  his  later  wbrk  exhibits  his  preference  for  Oriental 
subjects. 

De  Candolle.  See  Candolle. 

DecapoliS  (de-kap'o-lis).  [Gr.  AenaTrdXic,  the 
ten  cities.]  The  name  of  an  ancient  confed- 
eration of  cities  west  and  east  of  the  Jordan, 
inhabited  for  the  most  part  by  a non-Jew- 
ish  population  which  probably  enjoyed  certain 
privileges  and  franchises.  Pompey  put  them  un- 
der the  immediate  jurisdiction  of  the  governor  of  Syria. 
Among  the  cities  belonging  to  this  confederacy  are 
enumerated  Scythopolis  (Beth-Shean),  on  the  west  of  the 
Jordan ; on  the  east,  Hippos  on  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  Pella, 
Gadara,  Philadelphia  (Rabboth-Ammon),  Canatha,  and 
Uerasa  (Galasa).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  XI. 

Decatur  (de-ka'ter).  The  name  of  several  towns 
and  cities  in  the  United  States,  the  principal  of 
which  are : (a)  A town  in  Morgan  County,  northern 
Alabama,  situated  on  the  Tennessee  River.  Population, 
4,228,  (1910).  (b)  The  county-seat  of  De  Kalb  County, 

Georgia,  situated  8 miles  northeast  of  Atlanta.  (For  battle 
of  July  20,  1864,  see  Peachtree  Creek.)  Population,  2,466, 
(1910).  (c)  A city  and  the  county-seat  of  Macon  County, 

Illinois,  situated  on  the  Sangamon  River  38  miles  east  of 
Springfield.  Population,  31,140,  (1910). 

Decatur,  Stephen.  Born  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
1751:  died  at  Frankford,  near  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  14,  1808.  An  American  naval  officer.  He 

was  placed  in  command  of  the  Delaware  in  1798,  and 
afterward  commanded  a squadron  on  the  Guadeloupe 
station.  He  was  discharged  in  1801. 

Decatur,  Stephen.  Born  at  Sinnepuxent,  Md., 
Jan.  5, 1779 : died  nearBladenshurg,  Md.,  March 


Decius 

22,  1820.  An  American  naval  officer,  son  of 
Stephen  Decatur.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a midship- 
man in  1798,  and  became  a lieutenant  in  1799.  He  gained 
distinction  in  the  Tripolitan  war  by  surprising  and  burning 
in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli,  Feb.  16,  1804,  the  frigate  Phila- 
delphia, which  had  been  captured  by  the  enemy.  For  this 
exploit  he  was  promoted  captain,  his  commission  being 
made  to  date  from  Feb.  16,  1804.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
war  of  1812  he  commanded  the  frigate  United  States,  which 
captured  the  British  frigate  Macedonian  Oct.  25,  1812. 
Attempting,  Jan.  15,  1815,  to  leave  the  port  of  New  York, 
which  was  blockaded  by  the  British,  his  vessel,  the  Presi- 
dent, was  pursued  by  four  British  vessels,  and  after  a sharp 
engagement  with  the  Endymion  compelled  to  surrender. 
He  commanded  in  1815  the  expedition  against  the  Dey  of 
Algiers,  who  was  forced  to  renounce  all  claims  to  tribute 
from  the  United  States.  He  was  killed  in  a duel  with 
James  Barron. 

Decazes  (de-kaz'),  Elie,  Due.  Born  at  St.  Mar- 
tin-de-Laye,  Gironde,  France,  Sept.  28,  1780: 
died  at  Decazeville,  France,  Oct.  24,  1860.  A 
French  jurist  and  statesman.  He  became  minister 
of  police  Sept.  24,  1815,  and  premier  and  minister  of  the 
interior  in  1818.  He  resigned  in  1820,  and  became  ambassa- 
dor at  London.  He  was  raised  to  a hereditary  dukedom 
in  the  same  year,  and  founded  Decazeville  about  1827. 

Decazes,  Louis  Charles  Elie  Amanieu,  Due. 
Born  at  Paris,  May  9, 1819:  died  at  his  Chateau 
La  Grave,  Gironde,  SepL  16,  1886.  A French 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  Elie  Decazes.  He  was 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1873-77. 
Decazeville  (de-kaz-vel' ).  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  France,  in  lat.  44°  33' 
N.,  long.  2°  13'  E.  It  is  noted  for  iron  manu- 
factures, and  is  the  center  of  the  Aveyron 
coal-fields.  Population,  commune,  12,961. 
Deccan(dek'kan),orDekhan(dek'han).  [Hind. 
dalcshin , the  south.]  A non-official  designa- 
tion for  the  peninsular  portion  of  India  lying 
60uth  of  the  river  Nerbudda,  between  the  Bay 
of  Bengal  on  the  east  and  the  Arabian  Sea  on 
the  west ; in  a restricted  sense,  the  country 
between  the  Nerbudda  on  the  north  and  the 
Kistna  on  the  south. 

Decebalus  (de-seb'a-lus).  [Gr.  AescpaXoc,  chief 
or  king : a title  of  honor  among  the  Dacians, 
borne  by  several  of  their  kings.]  Died  about 
106  A.  D.  A Dacian  king,  at  war  with  the  Ro- 
mans in  the  reigns  of  Domitian  and  Trajan. 
Deceleia  (des-e-le'ya).  [Gr.  A e/ceilrM.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  and  strategic  point  in 
Attica,  Greece,  situated  14  miles  northeast  of 
Athens.  It  was  occupied  by  theLacedfemonians 
from  413  to  404  B.  c. 

Decelea  was  situated  on  the  mountain-range  north  of 
Athens  (Parnes),  within  sight  of  the  city,  from  which  it 
was  distant  120  stades,  or  about  14  miles.  The  road  from 
Athens  to  Oropus  and  Tanagra  passed  through  it. 

Jtawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  471,  note. 
Deceleian  War  (des-e-le'yan  war).  A name 
frequently  given  to  the  third  or  final  stage  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war,  on  account  of  the  oc- 
cupation of  Deceleia. 

December  ( de-sem'ber).  [L.,‘  the  tenth  month.’] 
That  month  of  the  year  in  which  the  sun  touches 
the  tropic  of  Capricorn  at  the  winter  solstice, 
being  then  at  its  greatest  distance  south  of 
the  equator;  the  twelfth  and  last  month  ac- 
cording to  the  modern  mode  of  reckoning  time, 
having  thirty-one  days.  In  the  Roman  cal- 
endar it  was  the  tenth  month,  reckoning  from 
March.  Abbreviated  Dec. 

Decem virate  (de-sem'vi-rat).  In  Roman  his- 
tory, the  commission  of  ten,  presided  over  by 
Appius  Claudius,  sent  about  450  B.  c.  to  Greece 
to  study  Greek  law  and  codify  the  Roman  law. 
It  was  renewed  the  next  year,  and  drew  up  the  Twelve 
Tables  (which  see).  During  its  existence  it  superseded 
provisionally  the  regular  machinery  of  government,  and 
was  overthrown  on  account  of  its  tyranny  by  a-  popular 
insurrection.  See  Virginia. 

Deception  Island  (de-sep'shon  i'land).  A vol- 
canic island  in  the  South  Shetland  group,  south 
of  Cape  Horn. 

Decbamps  (de-shon'),  Adolpbe.  Born  at 
Melle,  Belgium,  June  17,  1807:  died  near  Ma- 
nage (near  Brussels),  July  19,  1875.  A Belgian 
Catholic  statesman.  He  became  a member  of  the 
second  chamber  1834,  governor  of  the  province  of  Luxem- 
burg 1841,  and  minister  of  public  works  1843,  and  was 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1845-46. 

Decbamps,  Victor  Auguste.  Born  at  Melle, 
Belgium,  Dec.  6,  1810 : died  at  Mechlin,  Sept. 
28,  1883.  A Belgian  Redemptorist  and  Ultra- 
montane leader,  brother  of  Adolphe  Decbamps. 
He  became  bishop  of  Namur  in  1805,  archbishop  of  Mechlin 
in  1867,  and  cardinal  in  1875. 

De  Charms, or  De  Charmes  (de  shiirmz),  Rich- 
ard. Born  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  17, 1796:  died 
at  Philadelphia,  March  20, 1864.  An  American 
Swedenborgian  clergyman  and  author. 

Decius  (de'shi-us),  Caius  Messius  Quintus 
Trajanus.  Born  at  Budalia,  Pannonia  : killed 
in  battle  with  the  Goths,  near  the  Danube, 


Decius 

251a.  D.  Emperor  of  Rome  249-251.  Having  been 
sent  by  the  emperor  Philippusto  restore  subordination  in 
the  revolted  army  of  Mcesia,  he  was  compelled  by  the 
army  to  assume  the  purple  and  march  against  Philippus, 
who  fell  in  battle  near  Verona  in  249.  He  was  defeated 
and  slain  in  251,  near  Abricium,  by  the  Goths,  who  had  in- 
vaded his  dominions.  During  his  reign  a bloody  persecu- 
tion of  the  Christians  took  place. 

Decius  Mus  (mis),  Publius.  1.  Killed  at  tbe 
battle  of  Vesuvius,  340  b.  c.  A Roman  plebeian 
consul,  distinguished  in  the  first  Samnite  and 
Latin  wars. — 2.  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Senti- 
num,  295  B.  C.  A Roman  consul,  son  of  Decius 
(died  340). — 3.  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Aseu- 
lum  (?),  279  B.  C.  A Roman  consul,  son  of 
Decius  (died  295). 

De  civitate  Dei  (de  siv-i-ta'te  de'I).  [L.,‘on 
the  city  of  God.’]  A celebrated  treatise  by 
Augustine.  Its  theme  is  the  permanence  of  the  City  of 
God.  “ which  abideth  forever  ” : a thought  made  doubly 
impressive  by  the  overthrow  of  Home,  the  “eternal  city,’’ 
by  Alaric. 

Decize  (de-sez').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  France,  situated  on  an  island  in  the 
Loire  18  miles  southeast  of  Nevers : the  an- 
cient Decetia.  It  has  a ruined  chateau.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  5,080. 

Decken  (dek'ken),  Karl  Klaus  von  der.  Bom 
at  Kotzen,  Brandenburg,  Germany,  Aug.  8, 
1833:  died  1865.  An  African  explorer.  Until 
I860  he  was  in  the  military  service.  In  that  year  he  sailed 
from  Hamburg  to  East  Africa,  and  gave  the  rest  of  his 
life  and  means  to  the  exploration  of  what  is  now  British 
East  Africa.  His  first  attempt  was  fruitless.  On  his  sec- 
ond expedition,  1861-62,  he  explored  Lake  Jipe  and  Kili- 
manjaro. In  1864  he  led  a great  expedition  to  the  explo- 
ration of  the  Sabaki,  Tana,  and  Jub  rivers.  On  the  lat- 
ter; he  and  almost  all  his  companions  were  killed  by  the 
Somalis.  His  material  was  published  in  “K.  K.  v.  der 
Decken’s  Reisen  in  Ost-Afrika”  (1869-79).  His  collections 
were  given  to  the  National  Museum  of  Berlin. 

Decker,  Jeremias  de.  See  DeJcker. 

Decker,  Thomas.  See  Dekker. 

Declaration  of  Independence.  The  public 
act  by  which  the  Continental  Congress  on 
July  4,  1776,  declared  the  American  colonies 
to  be  free  and  independent  of  Great  Britain. 
A resolution  of  independence  was  offered  by  R.  H.  Lee, 
June  7,  1776.  The  committee  appointed  to  draft  the  dec- 
laration consisted  of  Jefferson,  Eranklin,  John  Adams, 
Roger  Sherman,  and  R.  R.  Livingston,  and  the  document 
was  written  for  the  most  part  by  Jefferson.  It  was  signed 
by  56  members. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  Mecklenburg. 

See  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Declaration  of  Right.  An  affirmation  of  the 
ancient  constitutional  rights  of  the  English 
nation,  prepared  by  the  convention  of  the 
Commons,  assented  to  by  the  Lords,  and  by 
William  and  Mary  (who  thereupon  were  de- 
clared king  and  queen,  Feb.  13),  in  Feb.,  1689. 
It  was  confirmed  by  Parliament  as  the  Bill  of 
Rights  in  Dec.,  1689. 

Ddcle  (dakl),  Lionel.  Born  in  May,  1859 : died 
March  1,  1907.  A French  traveler  and  ethno- 
logical collector.  Accompanied  by  Ph.  de  Lalaing,  he 
started  in  July,  1891,  from  Mafeking,  Bechuanaland,  and 
visited  Palapye,  Shesheke,  failed  to  enter  the  Ba-rotse 
country,  returned  to  Matebeleland  and  Mashonaland, 
where  he  explored  the  subterranean  lakes  of  Sinoya,  and 
again  reached  the  Zambesi  on  his  way  to  Nyassa,  1892. 
Thence  he  proceeded  up  the  shire  to  Lakes  Nyassa  and 
Tanganyika  (1893),  and  came  out  by  Zanzibar  (1894). 

Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.  A 

celebrated  history  by  Edward  Gibbon,  pub- 
lished 1776-88. 

De  consolatione  philosophise  (de  kon-so-la- 
shi-6'ne  fil-o-so'fi-e).  [L.,  ‘ on  the  consola- 
tion of  philosophy.’]  A celebrated  Latin  work 
in  prose  and  verse,  written  by  Boethius  about 
525  A.  D.  It  was  translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by  Alfred 
the  Great.  Chaucer  translated  it  into  English  prose  be- 
fore 1382.  Caxton  published  it  in  1480.  See  Boethius. 

Boethius  was  not  put  to  death  at  once,  but  was  kept 
nearly  a year  in  prison.  After  his  condemnation  he  wrote 
that  famous  book,  “ The  Consolation  of  Philosophy,"  which 
is  the  only  one  of  all  his  works  that  still  finds  readers. 
It  is  not  exactly  a literary  masterpiece,  but  as  a book 
written  from  the  heart,  as  the  record  of  the  meditations 
by  which  a brave  and  high-minded  man  consoled  him- 
self when,  fallen  suddenly  from  the  height  of  wealth  and 
power  to  the  lowest  abyss  of  misery,  he  was  looking  for- 
ward to  an  ignominious  death,  it  has  a deep  interest,  and 
will  always  be  counted  among  the  worlds  classics.  It 
has  been  translated  into  every  language  in  Europe ; and 
amongst  the  English  translators  have  been  King  Alfred, 
Chaucer,  and,  we  are  told,  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  183. 

Decumates  Agri  (dek-fi-ma/tez  ag'ri).  [L., 
from  decuma,  tithe:  tithe  lands.]  The  name 
given  by  the  Romans  to  the  lands  east  of  the 
Rhine  and  north  of  the  Danube.  About  the 
beginning  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.  they  were  in- 
corporated in  the  Roman  Empire  as  a part  of 
Rhsetia. 

We  have  seen  that  the  history  of  Rome  in  her  western 
provinces  was,  from  an  early  stage  of  the  Empire,  a 
struggle  with  the  Teutonic  nations  on  the  Rhine  and  the 


314 

Danube.  We  have  seen  that  all  attempts  at  serious  con- 
quest beyond  those  boundaries  came  to  nothing.  The 
Roman  possessions  beyond  the  two  great  rivers  were  mere 
outposts  for  the  better  security  of  the  land  within  the 
rivers.  The  district  beyond  them,  fenced  in  by  a wall  and 
known  as  the  Agri  Decumates,  was  hardly  more  than 
such  an  outlying  post  on  a great  scale. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  84. 

Dedan  (de'dan).  [Heb.,  perhaps  ‘beloved,’ 
‘darling.’]  1.  A son  of  Raamak,  son  of  Cush, 
son  of  Ham  (Gen.  x.  7),  and  his  descendants. 
— 2.  A son  of  Jokshan,  grandson  of  Abraham 
and  Keturah  (Gen.  xxv.  3).  In  the  prophets  the 
Dedanites  are  referred  to  as  being  settled  now  in  Edom 
(Idumea),  now  on  the  Persian  Gulf.  Some  scholars  (Gesen- 
ius,  Winer)  infer  that  the  Cushite  Dedanites  anil  those 
from  Keturah  were  in  some  way  amalgamated  by  in- 
termarriage, and  formed  a widely  spread  trading  tribe. 
There  are  still  ruins  of  a city  in  the  northern  Hedjas  (see 
Arabia)  bearing  the  name  of  Dedan. 

Dedham  (ded'am).  The  capital  of  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  10  miles  south- 
west of  Boston.  Population,  9,284,  (1910). 

Dedlock  (ded'lok),  Lady.  The  wife  of  Sir 
Leicester  Dedlock  in  Dickens’s  novel  “Bleak 
House  ”:  a haughty  woman  of  fashion,  secretly 
consumed  with  terror,  shame,  and  remorse,  she 
has  an  illegitimate  child,  Esther  Summerson,  but  marries 
Sir  Leicester,  who  is  ignorant  of  her  history.  Her  secret 
becomes  known  to  Mr.  Tulkinghorn,  her  husband’s  legal 
adviser,  who  tells  her  of  his  design  to  reveal  it  to  him. 
She  leaves  home  and  dies  from  exposure  and  remorse  at 
the  gate  of  the  graveyard  where  Captaiu  Hawdon,  the 
father  of  her  child,  is  buried. 

Dedlock,  Sir  Leicester.  An  extremely  cere- 
monious and  stately  old  baronet  in  Dickens’s 
novel  “ Bleak  House.”  He  is  perfectly  honorable, 
but  prejudiced  to  the  most  unreasonable  degree,  with  a 
genuine  affection  and  admiration  for  Lady  Dedlock. 

Dee  (de).  [L.  Deva  (which  see).]  1.  A river 

in  North  Wales  and  Cheshire,  flowing  past  Ches- 
ter into  the  Irish  Sea  northwest  of  Chester. 
Length,  70  miles. — 2.  A river  in  Kincardine- 
shire and  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  flowing 
into  the  North  Sea  at  Aberdeen.  Length,  87 
miles. — 3.  A river  in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Scot- 
land, which  flows  into  the  Solway  Firth  at 
Kirkcudbright  Bay.  Length,  48  miles. 

Dee,  John.  Born  at  London,  July  13, 1527 : died 
in  Dec.,  1608.  An  English  mathematician  and 
astrologer.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Cambridge 
in  1545 ; was  appointed  one  of  the  foundation  fellows  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1546  ; lectured  on  the  Ele- 
ments of  Euclid  at  Paris  about  1550 ; returned  to  England 
in  1551 ; was  prosecuted  on  the  charge  of  magic  about  1555; 
gave  exhibitions  of  magic  at  the  courts  of  various  princes 
in  Poland  and  Bohemia  1583-88  ; and  was  appointed  warden 
of  Manchester  College  in  1595.  He  was  patronized  by 
Queen  Elizabeth,  who  received  instruction  from  him  in  as- 
trology in  1564.  According  to  the  “Athense  Cantabrigien- 
ses  ” he  wrote  79  works,  most  of  which  have  never  been 
printed.  His  mostnotable  work  is  “ Monas  Hieroglyphica” 
(1564). 

Deeg,  or  Dig  (deg).  A fortified  place  in  British 
India,  in  lat.  27°  25’  N.,  long.  77°  15'  E.  it  was 
captured  by  the  British  in  1804.  It  contains  a palace 
built  by  Suraj  Mull  toward  the  middle  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. The  portion  completed  is  about  700  feet  square, 
and  is  traversed  by  a garden  with  beautiful  architectural 
adornment.  The  north  pavilion  contains  a fine  audience 
hall,  77  by  54)  feet,  divided  by  a central  range  of  arches. 
An  adjoining"side  of  the  court  is  occupied  by  a great  hall 
108  by  87  feet,  open  on  two  sides  and  including  four  ranges 
of  columns  with  arcades  edged  with  sharply  cut  cusps. 
The  cornices  are  particularly  noteworthy  : they  are  wide- 
spreading,  often  double,  and  supported  by  very  richly 
sculptured  brackets. 

Deems  (demz),  Charles  Force.  Born  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Dec.  4,  1820:  died  at  New  York 
city,  Nov.  18,  1893.  An  American  clergyman 
and  writer,  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Stran- 
gers in  New  York  city.  He  founded  the  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Christian  Philosophy  in  1881. 

Deep  River  (dep  riv'er).  A river  of  North 
Carolina  which  unites  with  the  Haw  to  form 
the  Cape  Fear  River  26  miles  southwest  of 
Raleigh.  Length,  over  100  miles. 

Deer  (der),  Old.  A village  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  about  30  miles  north  of  Aberdeen. 
It  is  noted  for  an  ancient  manuscript  (“  Book  of  Deer  ”) 
containing  St.  John’s  gospel  and  parts  of  the  other  three, 
belonging  formerly  to  the  old  abbey,  and  now  in  the 
Cambridge  University  library. 

Deerfield  (der'feld).  A town  in  Franklin  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Deerfield  River  with  the  Connecticut,  32 
miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  was  sacked  and 
burned  by  French  and  Indians  in  1704  ; and  South  Deer- 
field was  the  scene  of  the  “ Bloody  Brook  massacre  " in 
1675.  Population,  2,209,  (1910). 

Deerfield  River.  A small  western  tributary  of 
the  Connecticut  in  Massachusetts. 

Deerslayer  (der'sla//6r),  The.  A novel  by 
Cooper,  published  in  1841.  (See  Leatherstock- 
ing.) It  is  the  first  of  the  “Leatherstocking 
Tales,”  though  published  last. 

D6es,  or  D6s  (da'asli  or  dash).  The  capital  of 
the  county  of  Szolnok-Doboka,  in  Transylvania, 


De  Forest 

Hungary,  situated  on  the  Szamos  32  miles  north- 
east of  Klausenburg.  Population,  9,646. 

Defarge  (de-farzh'),  Ther^se.  In  Dickens's 
“Tale  of  Two  Cities,”  the  wife  of  Ernest  De- 
farge, the  keeper  of  a wine-shop : a type  of  the 
remorseless  women  of  the  St.  Antoine  quarter 
during  the  French  Revolution. 

Defence  of  Poesie,  The.  The  title  given  to  Sir 
Philip  Sidney’s  “Apologie  for  Poetrie”  when 
printed  for  the  second  time  in  the  third  edition 
of  the  “Arcadia”  in  1598. 

Defence  of  P oetry.  A volume  in  verse  by  Isaac 
D’Israeli,  published  in  1790 : his  first  work. 

Defender  (de-fen'der).  A sloop-yacht  built  at 
Bristol,  R.  I.,  by  the  Herreshoifs,  and  owned 
by  C.  Oliver  Iselin  and  others.  Her  length  on 
load  water-line  is  88.45  feet.  She  defeated 
Valkyrie  III.  in  competition  for  the  America’s 
cup,  Sept.,  1895.  See  Valkyrie  III. 

Defender  of  the  Faith.  [L.  Fidei  Defensor .] 
A title  conferred  in  1521  by  Pope  Leo  X.  upon 
Henry  VIII.  of  England,  in  recognition  of  the 
latter’s  treatise  “Assertio  septem  sacramento- 
rum”  (1521),  retained  by  succeeding  English 
sovereigns. 

Defender  of  the  Faith  of  God.  A title  as- 
sumed by  Abd-er-Rahman  in  929. 

Defenneh.  See  Tel  Defenneh. 

Defensa,  Partido  de  la.  See  Blancos. 

Deffand,  or  Defiant  (def-fon'),  Marquise  du 
(Marie  de  Vichy-Chamrond).  Born  at  the 
Chateau  de  Chamrond,  France,  in  1697:  died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1780.  A witty  and  cynical 
Frenchwoman,  a leader  in  Parisian  literary  and 
philosophical  circles.  She  was  married  to  the  Marquis 
du  Deffand  in  1718,  but  soon  separated  from  him  and  lived 
somewhat  notoriously.  In  1763  she  became  blind.  She 
is  noted  for  her  correspondence  with  Voltaire,  Hinault, 
Montesquieu,  Horace  Walpole,  and  other  great  men  of 
her  time. 

Defiance  (de-fl'ans).  A city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Defiance  County,  northwestern  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  Maumee  50  miles  southwest  of 
Toledo.  Population,  7,327,  (1910). 

De  finihus  (bonorum  et  malorum)  (de  fin'i-bus). 
[L.,  ‘of  the  boundaries  (of  good  and  evil).’] 
A treatise  in  five  books  by  Cicero,  in  the  form 
of  a dialogue,  consisting  in  a presentation  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  Greek  schools  concerning 
good  and  evil.  It  was  written  45  B.  c. 

De  Flores  (de  flo'rez).  In  Middleton’s  play 
“ The  Changeling,”  an  ill-favored,  broken  gen- 
tleman in  the  service  of  Vermandero,  the  fa- 
ther of  Beatrice- Joanna.  He  loves  Beatrice,  who 
loathes  him.  Trusting  in  his  devotion  and  poverty,  she 
induces  him  to  murder  Alonzo  de  Pivacquo,  to  whom  her 
father  has  betrothed  her  though  she  loves  Alsemero.  In 
a powerful  scene  he  declares  to  her  that  she  shall  never 
marry  Alsemero  unless  she  first  yields  tc  him.  He  never 
relents,  and  after  killing  Beatrice  dies  triumphant,  by  his 
own  hand,  when  the  double  discovery  of  the  liaison  and 
murder  is  made.  “He  is  a study  worthy  to  be  classed 
with  Iago,  and  inferior  only  to  Iago  in  their  class.” 
Saintsbury. 

Defoe  (sometimes  written  De  Foe)  (de-fo'), 
Daniel.  Born  at  London,  probably  in  1661: 
died  at  London,  April  26,  1731.  A celebrated 
English  novelist  and  political  writer.  His  father, 
whose  name  originally  was  Foe,  was  a butcher  in  St. 
Giles,  Cripplegate.  Daniel  changed  it  to  De  Foe,  or  Defoe, 
about  1703.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life.  He  aban- 
doned the  idea  of  being  a dissenting  minister,  went  into 
business  in  1685,  and  in  16S8  was  with  King  William’s 
army.  He  traveled  a good  deal  on  the  Continent.  In 
1692  be  became  bankrupt,  but  afterward  paid  his  debts. 
He  then  secured  a position  as  secretary  to  a pantile  fac- 
tory, and  was  accountant  to  the  commissioners  on  glass 
duties.  From  1698  he  distinguished  himself  as  a pam- 
phleteer in  favor  of  William  in.’s  policy.  His  ironical 
treatise  “The  Shortest  Way  with  the  Dissenters ” in  1703 
occasioned  his  arrest,  and  he  was  sentenced  to  be  fined,  to 
stand  three  times  in  the  pillory,  and  to  be  “imprisoned 
during  the  Queen’s  pleasure.”  During  this  imprisonment 
he  wrote  constantly,  and  began  his  “Review,"  a newspaper 
issued  at  first  once,  afterward  twice,  and  ultimately  thrice, 
a week.  It  was  published  from  Feb.  19,  1704,  to  June  11, 
1713.  During  this  time  he  also  wrote  about  eighty  other 
works.  In  1704  he  was  released  and  went  to  St.  Edmund's 
Bury  and  then  back  to  London,  where  he  took  a prominent 
part  in  political  intrigue.  Finding  himself  generally  ob- 
jected to  as  a time-server  and  turncoat,  he  made  an  apol- 
ogy, “An  Appeal  to  Honour  and  Justice"  (1715),  which 
did  not  remove  the  impression.  From  this  time  until  his 
death  he  wrote  industriously, “Robinson  Crusoe"  appear- 
ing in  1719.  Among  his  other  novels  are  “Life  and  Adven- 
tures of  Duncan  Campbell"  (1720),  “Captain  Singleton" 
(1720),  “ The  Fortunes  and  Misfortunes  of  Moll  Flanders  " 
(1722),  “Journal  of  the  Plague  Year"  (1722  : 2d  ed.,  enti- 
tled “The  History  of  the  Great  Plague  in  London,”  1754), 
“History  of  Colonel  Jack"  (1722),  “Roxana”  (1724),  etc. 
Among  Lis  political  writings  are  “The  True-Born  English- 
man" (1701),  “The  Shortest  Way  with  the  Dissenters” 
(1702),  “Political  History  of  the  Devil  ’’  (1726),  etc.  See  his 
Life  by  Minto  (1879),  in  “ English  Men  of  Letters"  series. 

De  Forest  (de  for'est),  John  William.  Born 
March  31,  1826:  died  July  18,  1906.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist,  miscellaneous  writer  and  soldier. 


De  Forest 

He  served  through  the  Civil  War  from  1861  to  1866,  in  the 
Southwest,  and  with  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 
He  received  the  brevet  rank  of  major.  From  1866  to 
1868  he  was  adjutant-general  of  the  veteran  reserve 
corps.  Among  his  works  are  “ History  of  the  Indians  of 
Connecticut,"  etc..(1863),  “Oriental  Acquaintance”  (1856), 
“Seacliff”  (1869),  “Miss  Ravenel’s  Conversion”  (1867), 
“The  Oddest  of  Courtships,"  etc.  (1881),  and  many  mili- 
tary sketches,  essays,  etc. 

Deformed  Transformed,  The.  A drama  by 
Byron,  published  in  1824.  It  was  partly  founded 
on  Goethe’s  “Faust.” 

De  G6rando.  See  Gerando. 

Deggendorf  (deg'gen-dorf).  A town  in  Lower 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Danube  30  miles 
northwest  of  Passau.  It  has  long  been  cele- 
brated as  a shrine  for  pilgrims.  Population, 
7,211. 

De  Grasse.  See  Grasse. 

De  Haas.  See  Haas. 

Dehn  (dan),  Siegfried  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Al- 
tona,  Germany,  Feb.  25,  1799:  died  at  Berlin, 
April  12,  1858.  A German  musical  writer, 
librarian  of  the  musical  works  in  the  royal 
library  in  Berlin  1842-48. 

Dehra  Dun  (deh'ra,  don).  A district  in  the 
Meerut  division  of  the  United  Provinces, 
British  India,  situated  about  lat.  30°-31°  N., 
long.  78°  E.  Area,  1,209  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 178,195. 

De  imitatione  Christi  (de  im-i-ta-shi-6'ne 
kris'ti).  A religious  treatise  commonly  as- 
cribed to  Thomas  a Kempis,  but  about  which 
there  has  been  much  controversy:  it  places  the 
rule  of  life  in  seclusion  and  renunciation,  other 
candidates  have  been  put  forward,  among  them  John  Ger- 
son,  the  famous  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Paris,  and 
an  unidentified  John  Gersen,  abbot  of  Vercelli  (supported 
by  the  Benedictines),  whose  name  appears  as  that  of  the 
author  in  one  manuscript.  For  Gerson  are  brought  forward 
a number  of  early  MSS.  and  editions  in  France  and  Italy. 
“In  favour  of  Thomas  a Kempis  has  been  alleged  the  testi- 
mony of  many  early  editions  bearing  his  name,  including 
one  about  1471  which  appears  to  be  the  first,  as  well  as  a 
general  tradition  from  his  own  times,  extending  over  most 
of  Europe,  which  has  led  a great  majority  (including  the 
Sorbonne  itself)  to  determine  the  cause  in  his  favour.  It 
is  also  said  that  a manuscript  of  the  treatise  De  Imita- 
tione bears  these  words  at  the  conclusion:  ‘Finitus  et 
completus  per  manum  Thomm  de  Kempis,  1441';  and  that 
in  this  manuscript  are  so  many  erasures  and  alterations 
as  to  give  it  the  appearance  of  his  original  autograph. 
Against  Thomas  a Kempis  it  is  urged  that  he  was  a pro- 
fessed calligrapher  or  copyist  for  the  College  of  Deventer ; 
that  the  Chronicle  of  St.  Agnes,  a contemporary  work, 
says  of  him : Scripsit  Bibliam  nostram  totaliter,  et  multos 
alios  libro3  pro  domo  et  pro  pretio ; that  the  entry  above 
mentioned  is  more  like  that  of  a transcriber  than  of  an 
author ; that  the  same  chronicle  makes  no  mention  of  his 
having  written  the  treatise  De  Imitatione,  nor  does  it  ap- 
pear in  an  early  list  of  works  ascribed  to  him."  Hallam, 
Introd.  to  Bit.  of  Europe,  II.  ii.  § 63. 

Deimos  (dl'mos).  [Gr.  6 ei/tog,  fear,  terror;  per- 
sonified in  the  Iliad,  and  later  regarded  as  a 
son  of  Ares  (Mars).]  A satellite  of  Mars,  re- 
volving about  its  primary  in  thirty  hours  and 
eighteen  minutes.  It  was  discovered  by  Pro- 
fessor Asaph  Hall,  of  Washington,  in  Aug.,  1877. 

Deinokrates.  See  Dinocrates. 

Deloces  (de-i'o-sez).  [Gr.  A t/'16k7/c.\  Accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  the  founder  of  the  Median 
dynasty  (about  709-656  B.  c.),  and  the  builder 
of  Ecbatana. 

Deiotarus  (de-i-ot'a-rus).  [Gr.  Ar/ioTapog.\ 
Died  about  40  B.  c.  A tetrarch  and  king  of 
Galatia,  and  an  ally  of  the  Romans.  He  was 
defended  before  Csesar  by  Cicero  45  b.  c. 

De’iphobus  (de-if'o-bus).  [Gr.  A^/0o/3of.]  In 
classical  legends,  a Trojan  warrior,  son  of 
Priam  and  Hecuba.  He  appears  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Troilus  and  Cressida.” 

Deipnosophists  (dip-nos'o-fists).  [From  Gr. 
kunvooo<f)icTai,  Deipnosophistse,  the  name  of  a 
work  of  Athenteus  (see  the  def.):  lit.  ‘the 
learned  men  at  dinner,’  from  Sdnvov,  dinner, 
and  copier fc,  a learned  man.]  See  the  extract. 

The  Deipnosophists,  or  “learned  guests,”  of  A th emeus 
is  a polyliistorical  work  chiefly  made  up  of  extracts  from 
books  in  the  library  of  Alexandria,  and  put  into  the  form 
of  a dialogue,  or  series  of  dialogues,  supposed  to  have  been 
carri  d on  in  the  house  of  a learned  and  opulent  Homan 
named  Larensius  or  Laurentius,  during  an  entertainment 
prolonged  through  many  days.  The  guests  are  twenty- 
nine  in  number,  and  not  only  draw  upon  their  memory 
for  quotations  suggested  by  incidents  of  the  feast,  but  are 
expected  by  their  entertainer  to  come  furnished  with  ex- 
cerpts from  the  best  authors,  which  are  produced  and 
read  when  the  occasion  offers.  This  machinery  enables 
Athenseus  to  give  a sort  of  framework  and  external  cohe- 
rency to  the  carefully  arranged  contents  of  his- note  book ; 
but,  as  in  the  well-known  English  books  called  “ the  Doc- 
tor” and  “the  Pursuits  of  Literature,”  the  ventilation  of 
the  author's  learning  is  the  main  object  of  the  book.  The 
work  begins,  like  several  of  Plato's  dialogues,  with  a con- 
versation between  Athenmus  and  a friend  of  his,  one 
Timocrates,  to  whom  he  narrates  “ the  discourses  of  the 
learned  men,"  with  all  their  quotations  and  extracts ; and 
he  sometimes  interrupts  the  supposed  dialogue,  in  order 


315 

to  address  himself  directly  to  Timocrates.  Among  the 
supposed  guests  are  some  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the 
day,  especially  Masurius  Sabinus,  a descendant  of  the  great 
jurist  of  the  Augustan  age,  and  himself  one  of  the  leading 
lawyers  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus ; Ulpian,  whose 
death  is  supposed  to  take  place  soon  after  the  enter- 
tainment ; and  Galen  of  Pergamum,  “ who  has  published 
so  many  writings  on  philosophy  and  medicine  as  to  sur- 
pass all  his  predecessors,  and  who  is  equal  in  style  to  any 
of  the  ancients.”  These  “learned  guests”  pour  forth  an 
unbroken  stream  of  quotations  extending  through  fifteen 
books,  and  touching  on  every  subject  which  could  be 
suggested  by  a banquet,  and  many  others  which  are 
brought  in  by  the  head  and  shoulders,  so  that  the  work  is 
a complete  treasury  of  information  on  Greek  literature, 
especially  poetry,  natural  history,  medicine,  public  and 
social  usages,  philology  and  grammar.  The  authors  quoted 
by  Athenmus  are  about  800,  of  whom  about  700  would  have 
been  unknown  but  for  him ; and  he  sometimes  gives  us 
as  many  as  60  quotations  from  one  author.  The  titles  of 
books  which  he  mentions  are  about  2,500,  and  he  tells 
us  himself  that  he  had  made  extracts  from  more  than  800 
comedies  belonging  to  the  period  of  the  middle  comedy 
only.  The  extent  to  which  this  one  book  has  contributed 
to  repair  tixe  ravages  of  time,  and  especially  to  save  choice 
fragments  from  the  wreck  of  the  great  Alexandrian  Mu- 
seum, in  which  Athenmus  pursued  his  studies,  is  shown  by 
the  test  to  which  Schweighaeuser  appeals,  namely,  that 
if  we  look  into  any  collection  of  the  fragments  of  Greek 
poets,  we  shall  see  how  large  a proportion  is  due  to  the 
Deipnosophists. 

K.  O.  Muller , Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  285. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Deira  (de'i-ra).  In  the  6th  century  A.  D.,  an 
Anglian  kingdom  in  the  present  Yorkshire, 
England,  extending  from  the  Humber  to  the 
Tees.  Itwas  united  with  Bernicia  toform  the  kingdom 
of  Northumbria  about  600,  and  was  later  created  an 
earldom. 

Deir-el-Bahari.  See  Der-el-Bahri. 

Dejanira  (dej-a-ni'ra),  or  Deianeira  (de-ya- 
m'ra).  [Gr.  Atjiaveipa.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
a daughter  of  GSneus  and  Althsea,  sister  of 
Meleager  and  wife  of  Hercules,  she  inadver- 
tently caused  his  death  by  giving  him  the  blood-steeped 
shirt  of  Nessus  to  wear — the  latter  having  told  her  that 
she  could  compel  the  love  of  any  one  wearing  it.  It 
burned  him  to  death,  and  she  killed  herself  for  sorrow. 

Dejazet  (da-zha-za/ ),  Pauline  Virginie.  Bom 

at  Paris,  Aug.  30, 1798 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  1, 
1875.  A celebrated  French  actress,  she  went 
on  the  stage  almost  from  her  cradle.  She  appeared  for  the 
last  time  Oct.  2,  1875. 

Dejean  (de-zhon'),  Pierre  Francois  Aime 
Auguste,  Comte.  Born  at  Amiens,  France, 
Aug.  10,  1780:  died  at  Paris,  March  18,  1845. 
A French  soldier  and  entomologist.  He  served 
with  distinction  at  Ligny  and  Waterloo,  and  was  ap- 
pointed general  in  1810,  aide-de-camp  of  Napoleon  in 
1813,  and  general  of  division  in  1814.  He  was  the  author 
of  a catalogue  of  his  collection  of  insects  (1821-33),  “ His- 
toire  g6n4rale  des  coleopteres  ” (1825-39),  etc. 

De  Kalb  (de  kalb),  Baron  Johann  (properly  Jo- 
hann Kalb).  Born  at  Huttendorf,  near  Bay- 
reuth, Bavaria,  June  29,1721:  died  near  Camden, 
S.  C.,  Aug.  19, 1780.  A general  in  the  American 
Revolution . He  entered  the  French  service  in  1743,  and 
the  American  service  in  1777,  and  was  mortally  wounded 
at  Oamden  Aug.  16,  1780.  He  was  a peasant  by  birth. 

Dekker  (dek'er),  Eduard  Douwes:  pseudo- 
nym Multatuli.  Born  at  Amsterdam,  March 
2, 1820:  died  at  Nieder-Ingelheim,  Feb.  19,1887. 
A Dutch  writer.  His  works  include  “ Max  Havelaar  ” 
(1860),  and  other  works  on  the  Dutch  Indies. 

Dekker,  or  Decker  (dek'er),  Jeremias  de. 

Born  at  Dort,  Netherlands,  about  1610:  died 
at  Amsterdam,  1666.  A Dutch  poet,  author  of 
a satire,  “ Lof  der  Geldzucht  ”(“  Praise  of  Ava- 
rice”). His  collected  works  were  published 
in  1726. 

Dekker,  or  Decker,  Thomas.  Born  at  Lon- 
don about  1570  (?):  died  at  London  (?)  after 
1637.  An  English  dramatist,  collaborator  of 
Middleton,  Webster,  Massinger,  Rowley,  etc. 
Little  is  known  of  his  life.  He  is  first  noticed  in  Hens- 
lowe’s  Diary  in  1598  : in  Feb.  of  that  year  he  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  Counter.  Between  1598  and  1602  he  wrote 
eight  plays  alone  and  many  others  in  collaboration.  In 
1602  he  published  “ Satiromastix,  or  the  V ntrussing  of  the 
Humorous  Poet,”  a satirical  attack  on  Ben  Jonson,  with 
whom  a quarrel  had  broken  out  before  1600,  when  Jon- 
son reflected  upon  him  in  “Every  Man  out  of  his  Hu- 
mour” and  “Cynthia’s  Revels.”  In  1601  Jonson  attacked 
Dekker  and  Marston  vigorously  in  “The  Poetaster.” 
“Satiromastix”  was  Dekker’s  retort.  From  1613  to  1616 
he  seems  to  have  been  imprisoned  in  the  King’s  Bench 
prison.  He  wrote  many  pamphlets  ridiculing  the  fol- 
lies of  the  times,  and  in  the  plays  written  with  others 
he  excelled  in  good  shop  scenes  and  those  laid  in  inns, 
taverns,  and  suburban  pleasure-houses.  He  also  had  a 
poetical  and  luxuriant  fancy.  He  wrote  alone  “ The 
Gentle  Craft”  (produced  in  1599:  published  anonymously 
in  1600  as  “The  Shoemaker’s  Holiday,  or  the  Gentle 
Craft"),  “Bear  a Brain  ” (1599),  “Old  Fortunatus”  (1600), 
etc.;  and,  with  Chettle,  “Troilus  and  Cressida,”  “Aga- 
memnon,” and  “ The  Stepmother's  Tragedy  ” (1699) ; with 
Chettle  and  Haughton,  “Patient  Grissel”  (1603);  with  Day 
and  Haughton,  “The  Spanish  Moor’s  Tragedy”  (1600). 
With  Webster  and  others  he  joined  in  1602  in  a play  in 
two  parts  on  Lady  Jane  Grey,  which  probably  appeared 
as  “The  Famous  History  of  SirThomasWyat"  inl607.  The 
first  part  of  “The  Honest  Whore,”  etc.,  he  wrote  with 
Middleton  in  1604.  The  earliest  edition  known  of  the 


De  la  Ram6e 

second  part  is  dated  1630,  and  there  is  nothing  to  show 
that  Middleton  was  concerned  in  it.  “The  Seven  Deadly 
Sins  of  London  ” he  published  in  1606,  and  “ News  from 
Hell  ” in  the  same  year.  He  also  wrote  “ Westward  Ho ! ’’ 
before  1605,  “Northward  Ho!”  (1607),  “The  Bellman  of 
London ’’ (1608),  “Lanthorne  and  Candlelight"  (the  second 
part  of  “The  Bellman”  1608),  “The  Gull's  Hornbook” 
(1609),  “The  Roaring  Girl,”  with  Middleton  (1611),  “If 
it  be  not  Good  the  Devil  is  in  it”  (1612),  “The  Virgin 
Martyr,”  with  Massinger  (1622),  “Match  Me  in  London” 
(published  1631).  “The  Sun’s  Darling,”  with  Ford,  was 
published  in  1656  (the  lyrical  portions  are  thought  to  be 
Dekker’s) ; “The  Witch  of  Edmonton,”  with  F’ord  and 
Rowley,  probably  written  in  1621,  published  in  1658  ; and 
in  1637  Dekker  republished  “Lanthorne and  Candlelight” 
as  “English  Villainies”;  this  was  the  last  of  his  numerous 
works,  the  most  important  of  which  have  been  mentioned, 
and  it  is  thought  that  he  died  shortly  after  its  publica- 
tion. Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

De  Kock  (de  kok),  Paul.  See  Koch,  Charles 
Paid  de. 

De  la  Beche  (de  la  bash),  Sir  Henry  Thomas. 
Born  near  London,  1796 : died  at  London,  April 
13,  1855.  An  English  geologist.  He  wrote 
“ The  Geological  Observer”  (1851),  etc. 

Delaborde(de-la-bord'),  Henri, Vicomte.  Born 
at  Rennes,  May  2,  1811 : died  at  Paris,  May  18, 
1899.  A French  painter  and  writer  on  the  his- 
tory of  art.  He  was  a pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche.  His 
principal  works  in  painting  are  “La  conversion  de  Saint- 
Augustine,”  and  “La  mort  de  Sainte  Monique  ” (1838). 
As  a historian  he  published  numerous  and  notable  works, 
especially  on  the  Renaissance.  He  was  collaborator  with 
Charles  Blanc  on  the  “ Histoire  des  peintresde  toutes  les 
dcoles.”  He  wrotealso  “Lagravure  ” (1882),  “Lagravure 
en  Italie”  (1883),  and  “L1  Academic*  des  Beaux-Arts,  etc.” 
(1891),  etc. 

Delacroix  (de-la-krwa'),  Ferdinand  Victor 

Eugene.  Born  at  Charenton-St.-Maurice,near 
Paris,  April  26,  1799:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13, 
1863.  A noted  French  painter,  a leader  of  the 
“romantic”  school.  Among  his  works  are  “Dante 
et  Virgile  ’’  (1822),  “Massacre  de  Chios"  (1824),  “Femmes 
d’ Alger  " (1834),  “Prise  de  Constantinople”  (1841). 

De  Lacy.  See  Lacy. 

De  Laet,  Johannes.  See  Laet. 

Delagoa  Bay  (del-a-go'a  ba).  An  inlet  of  the 
Indian  Ocean,  on  the  southeastern  coast  of 
Africa,  about  lat.  26°  S.  It  was  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1498.  In  1823  the  natives  ceded  it  to  the 
Englishman  Owen  ; but  by  arbitration  of  President  Mac- 
Mahon  of  France  it  was  in  1875  awarded  to  Portugal.  It 
is  the  terminus  of  a railway  connecting  the  Transvaal  with 
the  seaboard. 

Delambre  (de-loh'br),  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph. 

Born  at  Amiens,  France,  Sept.  19,  1749:  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1822.  A noted  French  as- 
tronomer, appointed  permanent  secretary  of 
the  Institute  in  1803,  and  professor  at  the  Col- 
lege de  France  in  1807.  His  works  include  “His- 
toire  de  l’astronomie  ” (1817*27),  “M^thodes  analytiques 
pour  la  determination  d’un  arc  du  m^ridien  ” (1799), 
“Base  du  systeme  m^trique  decimal,  ou  mesure  de  l’arc 
du  mdridien  compris  entre  les  parall4les  de  Dunkerque  et 
Barcelone,  execute  en  1792  et  ann^es  suivautes  par  MM. 

*M£chain  et  Delambre,  etc.”  (1806-10),  etc. 

Deland  (de-land'),  Mrs.  (Margaretta  Wade 
Campbell).  Bom  at  Allegheny,  Pa.,  Feb. 
23,1857.  An  American  writer.  Among  her  works 
are  “The  Old  Garden  and  other  Verses”  (1886),  “John 
Ward,  Preacher  ” (1888),  “ Mr.  Tommy  Dove  ” (1893), 
“Philip  and  his  Wife”  (1894),  “Old  Chester  Tales”  (1898), 
“Dr.  Lavender's  People"  (1903),  “The  Common  Way” 
(1904),  “ The  Awakening  of  Helena  Richie  ” (1906),  etc. 

Delane  (de-lan'),  John  Thaddeus.  Born  at 
London,  Oct.  11,  1817 : died  Nov.  22, 1879.  An 
English  journalist,  son  of  W.  F.  A.  Delane  : 
editor  of  the  London  “Times”  1841-77. 
Delane,  William  Frederick  Augustus.  Born 
about  1793:  died  July  29,  1857.  An  English 
journalist,  manager  of  the  London  “Times.” 

Delany  (de-la'ni),  Mrs.  (Mary  Granville). 
Born  May  i4, 1700,  at  Coulston,  Wilts : died  at 
Windsor,  April  15, 1788.  An  English  woman  of 
literary  tastes.  She  first  married  Alexander  Pendarves, 
and  afterward  became  the  wife  of  Patrick  Delany.  She  was 
the  friend  of  the  Duchess  of  Portland,  and  was  called  his 
“ dearest  Mrs.  Delany”  by  George  III.  He  gave  her  a house 
in  Windsor,  and  a pension  of  £300  a year.  She  presented  to 
the  queen  some  of  the  “paper  mosaic”  for  which  she  was 
famous,  and  became  a great  favorite  with  the  royal  family. 
She  left  six  volumes  of  autobiography  and  letters,  which 
contain  much  interesting  gossip  of  the  society  of  the  time. 

Delany,  Patrick.  Born  in  Ireland  about  1685 : 
died  at  Bath,  May  6, 1768.  A popular  preacher, 
afterward  dean  of  Down,  in  Ireland.  He  is 
noted  as  having  been  the  intimate  friend  of  Swift.  In  1757 
he  began  to  publish  apaper  called  the  “Humanist,”  advo- 
cating the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals.  He  wrote 
“Reflections  on  Polygamy,”  etc.  (1738),  “The  Life  and 
Reign  of  David,  King  of  Israel”  (1740-12),  “A  Humble 

★Apology  for  Christian  Orthodoxy"  (1761),  etc. 

De  la  Ram6e  (de  la  rii-ma'),  Louise;  pseudo- 
nym Ouida.  Born  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Eng- 
land, in  1840:  died  at  Viareggio,  Italy,  Jan.  25, 
1908.  An  English  novelist,  of  French  extrac- 
tion. Her  works  include  “Strathmore”  (1865),  “Chan- 
dos”  (I860),  “Idalia”  (1867),  “Tricotrin”  (1808),  “Pas* 
carel " (1873),  “ Ariadne ”(1880),  “Moths  " (1880),  “ Princess 
Napraxine  ’*(1884),  etc. 


De  la  Rive 

De  la  Rive.  See  La  Rive. 

Delaroche  (de-la-rosh '),  Paul  (Hippolyte). 

Born  at  Paris,  July  17, 1797 : died  there,  Nov.  4, 
1856.  A French  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  began  by  studying  landscape  under  Watelet,  which  he 
gave  up  for  history  after  entering  the  studio  of  Baron  Gros. 
He  first  attracted  attention  by  his  picture  of  “ Joash  saved 
from  Death  by  Jehoshabeth  ” (1822).  He  received  the  gold 
medal  in  1824,  became  knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in 
1828,  officer  in  1834,  member  of  the  Institute  in  1832,  and 
professor  at  the  Academy  in  1833.  The  following  year  he 
went  to  Italy,  pnd  on  his  return  painted  the  famous  hemi- 
cycle  of  the  Bcole  des  Beaux  Arts.  At  the  time  of  his 
second  visit  in  July,  1844,  he  was  made  a member  of  the 
Academy  of  St.  Luke. 

Delarue  (de-la-rii'),  Gervais,  Abbe.  Born  at 
Caen,  France,  1751:  died  1835.  A French  his- 
torian and  antiquarian,  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Caen.  He  wrote  "Essais  historiques  surles 
bardes/les  jongleurs  et  les  trouvferes  normands  et  anglo- 
normands  ” (1834),  etc. 

De  la  Rue,  Warren.  Born  in  Guernsey,  Chan- 
nel Islands,  Jan.  18, 1815:  died  at  London,  April 
19,  1889.  An  English  astronomer  and  physi- 
cist, best  known  for  the  application  of  pho- 
tography to  astronomy.  He  was  the  collaborator 
of  Balfour  Stewart  and  Loewy  in  “Researches 
on  Solar  Physics.” 

Delaunay  (de-lo-na/),  Charles  Eugene.  Born 
at  Lusigny,  Aube,  France,  April  9,  1816: 
drowned  near  Cherbourg,  France,  Aug.  5, 1872. 
A French  astronomer,  author  of  “ Theorie  de 
la  lune  ” (1860-67),  etc. 

Delaunay,  Le  Vicomte.  See  Girardin,  Delphine 
de. 

De  Launay,  Mademoiselle.  See  Staal,  Ra- 
ronne  de. 

Delavigne  (de-la-veny'),  Jean  Frangois  Casi- 

mir.  Born  at  Havre,  France,  April  4,  1793 : 
died  at  Lyons,  France,  Dec.  11, 1843.  A French 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  began  hia  studies  in  his  na- 
tive city,  and  completed  them  in  Paris.  As  early  as  1811 
he  attracted  the  attention  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  by  his 
“ Dithyrambe  sur  la  naissance  du  roi  de  P^ome. ” He  com- 
peted twice,  but  without  success,  for  prizes  of  the  French 
Academy  : his  subjects  were  in  1813  “Charles  XII.  k Nar- 
va,” and  in  1815  “ Ddcouverte  de  la  vaccine.”  The  events 
connected  withNapoleon’s  downfall  led  Delavigne  to  write 
three  elegies,  “ Les  Messdniennes.”  Two  of  these,  viz. 
“Waterloo”  and  “La  devastation  du  musde,”  were  sub- 
sequently published  with  an  article  “Sur  le  besoin  de 
s'unir  aprfes  le  dbpart  des  strangers,”  and  in  this  form 
they  widely  attracted  attention  and  favor.  ‘ ‘ La  vie  ,et  la 
mort  de  Jeanne  d'Arc,”  “ Tyrtee,”  “Le  voyageur,” “ A Na- 
poldon,”  and  “Lord  Byron,"  were  well  received  in  1824. 
The  following  year  was  spent  in  Italy,  where  Delavigne 
wrote  the  “ Nouvelles  Messdniennes.  ” After  the  stormy 
days  of  the  revolution  of  July,  1830,  he  composed  “La 
Parisienne,”  set  to  music  by  Auber ; also  the  “ Dies  irae 
de  Kosciusko”  and  “La  Varsovienne.”  In  1843,  in  col- 
laboration with  his  brother  Germain,  Casimir  Delavigne 
wrote  the  libretto  to  Haldvy’s  opera  “Charles  VI.”  His 
contributions  to  the  stage  include  the  “ Vepres  siciliennes” 
(1819), “Les  comddiens”(1820),  “Le  paria”  (1821),  “L’Ecole 
des  vieillards  ’’  (1823),“  La  princesse  Aurdlie  ” (1828),“  Ma- 
rino Faliero”  (1829),  “Louis  XI.”  (1832),  “Les  enfants 
d'Edouard  ” (1833),  “Don  Juan  d’Autriclie”  (1835),  “Une 
famille  au  temps  de  Luther  ” (1836),  “ La  popularity  ” (1838), 
“ La  tille  du  Cid”  (1839),  and  “Le  conseiller  rapporteur” 
(1840).  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  Feb.  24, 
1825.  His  works  were  edited  in  full  by  his  brother  in  1845, 
1855,  and  1863.  A separate  reprint  of  his  poems  and  plays 
was  also  made  in  1863. 

Delaware  (del'a-war).  [PL,  also  Delawares.'] 
A division  of  the  North  American  Indians, 
classed  as  a tribe,  but  in  many  respects  a con- 
federacy. They  formerly  occupied  the  valley  of  the 
Delaware  River  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  greater  part  of 
New  Jersey  and  Delaware.  The  name  was  given  by  the 
English  from  the  river  where  they  were  found,  their  coun- 
cil-fire being  near  the  site  of  Philadelphia.  They  call 
themselves  Lenni-Lenape (‘  original  men  * or  ‘preeminent 
men’).  The  French  called  them  Loups  (‘  wolves’),  from 
their  chief  totemic  division.  In  1726  they  refused  to  join 
the  Iroquois  in  a war  upon  the  English,  and  were  stigma- 
tized by  the  Iroquois  as  “women.”  In  1742  and  later  they 
were  pressed  successively  to  the  Susquehanna  and  Ohio 
rivers,  afterward  to  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  Most  of  them 
are  now  in  Oklahoma,  connected  with  the  Cherokees. 
Their  number  is  about  1,000.  See  Algonquian. 

Delaware  (del'a-war).  1.  One  of  the  Middle 
States,  aud,  next  to  Rhode  Island,  the  smallest 
State  of  the  American  Union,  lying  between 
Pennsylvania  on  the  north,  Delaware  River  and 
Bay  (separating  it  from  New  Jersey)  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  and  Maryland  on 
the  south  and  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
but  hilly  in  the  north.  The  leading  productions  are 
wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  fruit  (especially  peaches).  The 
State  is  divided  into  three  counties  ; the  capital  is  Dover, 
and  the  chief  place  Wilmington.  It  sends  one  represen- 
tative and  two  senators  to  Congress,  and  has  3 electoral 
votes.  It  was  permanently  settled  by  Swedes  under  Peter 
Minuit  in  1638 ; passed  under  the  rule  of  the  Dutch  in 
1655,  and  of  the  English  in  1664.  In  1682  it  became  united 
with  Pennsylvania  ; in  1703  it  received  a separate  assem- 
bly, but  had  a governor  in  common  with  Pennsylvania 
until  the  Revolution.  It  is  one  of  the  thirteen  original 
States,  and  was  the  first  State  to  ratify  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution, Dec.  7,  1787.  It  was  a slave  State,  but  sided 
with  the  Union  in  the  war  of  1861-65.  Area,  2,050  square 
miles.  Population,  202,322,  (1910). 


316 

2.  A river  of  the  United  States  which  rises  in 
Delaware  County,  New  York,  and  separates 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  on  the  west  from 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  on  the  east,  it  ex- 
pands into  Delaware  Bay  about  40  miles  below  Philadel- 
phia. On  its  banks  are  Trenton,  Easton,  Philadelphia, 
Camden,  Chester,  and  Wilmington.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Lehigh  and  Schuylkill,  on  the  west.  Length,  350 
miles ; navigable  for  ocean  steamships  to  Philadelphia ; 
tidal  as  far  as  Trenton. 

3.  A city  and  the  county-seat  of  Delaware 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Whetstone  (Olen- 
tangy)  River  23  miles  north  of  Columbus.  It 
is  the  seat  of  Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,076,  (1910). 

Delaware,  Lord.  Bee  Delawarr. 

Delaware  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  estuary  of  the  Delaware  River,  which  sep- 
arates Delaware  from  New  Jersey.  Its  entrance 
to  the  Atlantic,  between  Capes  May  and  Henlopen,  is 
about  13  miles  in  width.  Length,  about  55  miles.  Great- 
est width,  about  25  miles. 

Delaware  Water  Gap.  A village  aud  sum- 
mer resort  in  Monroe  County,  Pennsylvania, 
65  miles  northwest  of  New  York.  Also,  the  name 
of  the  adjoining  gorge,  2 or  3 miles  in  length,  by  which 
the  Delaware  River  passes  through  the  Kittatinny  Moun- 
tain (between  walls  1,400  feet  in  height). 

Delawarr,  or  Delaware,  Baron.  See  West. 
Delbriick  (del'briik),  Martin  Friedrich  Ru- 
dolf. Born  at  Berlin,  April  16, 1817 : died  there 
Feb.  1,  1903.  A Prussian  statesman.  He  entered 
the  ministry  of  commerce  in  1848,  and  was  president  of 
the  chancery  of  the  North  German  Confederation  1867-70, 
and  of  the  imperial  chancery  1871-76. 

Delectable  Mountains,  The.  A range  of 
mountains  in  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress,” 
from  which  a view  of  the  Celestial  City  is  to  be 
bad.  They  are  “Emmanuel’s  Land,”  and  the  sheep 
that  feed  on  them  are  those  for  whom  he  died.  See 
Isa.  xxxiii.  16,  17. 

Delemont  (de-la-mon'),  G.  Delsberg  (dels'- 
bero).  A small  town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Some  18  miles 
southwest  of  Basel. 

Delescluze  (de-la-kliiz'),  Louis  Charles.  Bom 

at  Dreux,  France,  Oct.  20,  1809:  killed  at  the 
barricades,  Paris,  May  28,  1871.  A French 
journalist  and  political  agitator,  leader  of.  the 
Commune  of  Paris  March-May,  1871. 

Delessert  (de-le-sar'), Baron  Benjamin.  Born 
at  Lyons,  Feb.  14,  1773 : died  at  Paris,  March 
1,  1847.  A French  naturalist  and  philanthro- 
pist. He  was  a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
1817-38,  and  contributed  largely  to  the  introduction  of 
savings-banks  in  France.  He  was  a collaborator  of  De 
Candolle  in  the  publication  of  “ leones  selectee  planta- 
rum  ” (1820-46). 

Delfshaven  (delfs-ha/ven),  or  Delftshaven 
(delfts-ha'ven).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the 
Maas  2 miles  southwest  of  Rotterdam,  of 
which,  since  1886,  it  has  formed  a part.  Here, 
July  22, 1620,  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  embarked  for 
Southampton. 

Delft  (delft).  A town  in  the  province  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Schie  5 
miles  southeast  of  The  Hague.  It  was  formerly 
(16th  to  18th  century)  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of 
pottery  and  porcelain,  and  the  industry  has  been  revived. 
It  contains  some  interesting  buildings,  the  old  and  new 
churches,  Prinsenhof  and  Stadhuis.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Grotius,  and  the  place  of  assassination  of  William  the 
Silent  in  1584.  Population,  commune,  34,388. 

Delhi  (del'hi),  or  Dehli  (da'le).  1.  A province 
and  chief-commissionership  of  British  India, 
constituted  October  1,  1912. — 2.  The  capital  of 
British  India  (proclaimed  December  12,  1911: 
occupied  December  23,  1912),  situated  on  the 
Jumna  in  lat.  28°  39'  N.,  long.  77°  15'  E.  The 

city  of  Indraprastha  (which  see)  is  said  (Mahabharata)  to 
have  been  built  near  the  site  of  Delhi  in  the  15th  century 
B.  C.  Delhi  was  captured  by  Mohammed  of  Ghor  in  1193 
A.  D.,  and  a few  years  later  became  the  capital  of  a Mo- 
hammedan monarchy.  It  was  sacked  by  Timur  in  1398, 
and  captured  by  Baber  in  1526.  Delhi  became  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Mogul  empire,  and  was  rebuilt  by  Shah  Jehan 
in  1638-58.  It  was  sacked  by  Nadir  Shah  in  1739,  and 
occupied  by  the  British  under  Lake  in  1803,  although  it 
continued  to  be  the  residence  of  the  titular  Grand  Mogul 
down  to  1857.  It  was  captured  by  the  Sepoy  mutineers 
May  11,  1857,  and  was  besieged  in  June  by  the  British 
and  retaken  Sept.  20, 1857.  Among  the  notable  structures 
in  Delhi  are  : (a)  The  tomb  of  Humayun  Shah,  completed 
by  his  successor  Akbar  in  the  second  half  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. The  plan  is  about  square ; the  tomb-chamber  is 
octagonal,  with  great  canopied  portals  on  four  of  its  sides 
and  smaller  octagonal  chambers  on  the  four  others.  The 
central  space  is  covered  by  a graceful  dome.  The  decora- 
tion is  much  simpler  than  that  of  the  later  Mogul  archi- 
tecture, consisting  chiefly  of  keeled  arcades  of  different 
sizes  framed  in  rectangular  panels.  ( b ) The  palace  built 
by  Shah  Jehan  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  It 
has  been  called  the  most  splendid  of  Oriental  palaces. 
The  massive  towered  wall  incloses  an  area  of  about  1,600 
by  3,200  feet.  The  main  entrance  opens  on  a noble  vaulted 
hall  375  feet  long,  from  which  are  reached  in  succession 


Della  Crusca,  Accademia 

two  spacious  courts.  On  the  second  of  these  faces  the 
hall  of  public  audience,  an  open  arcaded  structure  with 
scalloped  arches  and  coupled  columns  in  the  exterior 
range.  On  another  court,  toward  the  river,  is  the  hall  of 
private  audience  (Dewan  i-Khas),  similar  to  the  first,  but 
with  square  piers  to  its  arches  and  beautiful  inlaying  in 
colored  stones.  On  the  river  side  stands  also  the  Rung 
Mehal,  or  Painted  Hall,  an  admirable  structure,  which  in- 
cludes a bath,  (c)  The  J&mi  Musjid,  or  Great  Mosque, 
built  by  Shah  Jehan  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  It 
is  very  large,  and  the  grouping  of  the  three  lofty  monu- 
mental gates  and  the  kiosked  angle  towers  of  its  court 
with  the  lofty  minarets,  the  great  entrance-arch,  and  the 
three  fine  bulbous  domes  of  the  sanctuary  produces  an 
unusually  impressive  architectural  effect.  The  court  is 
raised  on  a high  basement,  and  is  surrounded  by  graceful 
open  arcades.  The  minarets  rise  from  the  ends  of  the 
facade  of  the  mosque  proper,  and  between  them  and  the 
central  arch  there  are  on  each  side  five  fine  arcades  sur- 
mounted by  paneling  in  red  sandstone  and  white  marble. 
Above  the  cornice  are  placed  a range  of  close-set,  round- 
headed  battlements.  Population,  232,837. 

Delia  (de'li-a).  [Gr.  A rfkia.]  1.  A name  given 
to  Artemis,  from  the  island  of  Delos,  her  birth- 
place. Similarly  Apollo,  the  sun-god,  was 
called  Delius. — 2.  A shepherdess  in  Vergil’s 
Eclogues. 

Delian  Confederacy.  See  Delos,  Confederacy  of. 

Delight  of  Mankind.  An  epithet  of  the  em- 
peror Titus. 

Delilah  (de-li'la).  [Heb.,  ‘weak,’ ‘feeble’;  Gr. 
t\a?/i/jj.]  A woman  of  the  valley  of  Sorek,  mis- 
tress of  Samson.  She  discovered  the  secret  of 
Samson’s  strength,  and  betrayed  him  to  the 
Philistines.  Judges  xvi. 

Delille,  or  Delisle  (de-lel'),  Jacques.  Born  at 
Aigueperse,  Puy-de-Dome,  France,  June  22, 
1738:  died  at  Paris,  May  1, 1813.  A French  di- 
dactic poet  and  translator.  His  works  include 
“Les  jardins”  (1782),  “Lapiti6”(1803),atrans- 
lation  of  Vergil’s  Georgies  (1769),  etc. 

Jacques  Delille  and  his  extraordinary  popularity  form, 
perhaps,  the  greatest  satire  on  the  taste  of  the  eighteenth 
century  in  France.  His  translation  of  the  Georgies  was 
supposed  to  make  him  the  equal  of  Virgil,  and  brought 
him  not  merely  fame,  but  solid  reward.  His  principal 
work  was  the  poem  of  “Les  Jardins,"  which  he  followed 
up  with  others  of  a not  dissimilar  kind.  Though  he  emi- 
grated he  did  not  lose  his  fame,  and  to  the  day  of  his 
death  was  considered  to  he  the  first  poet  of  France,  or  to 
share  that  honour  with  Lebrun-11  Pindare.”  Delille  has 
expiated  his  popularity  by  a full  half  century  of  contempt, 
and  his  work  is,  indeed,  valueless  as  poetry. 

Saintsl/ury,  French  Lit.,  p.  398. 

Deliniers-Bremont.  See  Liniers  y Bremont. 

Deliro  (de-le'rd).  A character  in  Ben  Jonson’s 
comedy  “Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour”:  a 
good,  doting  citizen,  a fellow  sincerely  in  love 
with  his  own  wife,  and  so  wrapt  with  a conceit 
of  her  perfections  that  he  simply  holds  himself 
unworthy  of  her. 

Delisle  (de-lel';  often  Anglicized  to  de-lil'), 
Guillaume.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1675  : died 
there,  Jan.  25,  1726.  A French  scientist,  one  of 
the  foimders  of  modern  geography. 

Delisle,  Joseph  Nicolas.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
4,  1688 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  11,  1768.  A French 
astronomer,  brother  of  Guillaume  Delisle.  His 
works  include  “ M^moires  pour  servir  k l’histoire  et  au 
progres  de  l’astronomie,”  etc.  (1738),  “Mdmoire  sur  les 
nouvelles  decouvertes  au  nord  de  la  Mer  du  Sud  ” (1752), 
etc. 

Delitzsch  (da'litsh).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lobber  12 
miles  north  of  Leipsic.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,940. 

Delitzsch,  Franz.  Born  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  23, 
1813:  died  there,  March  4, 1890.  A noted  Ger- 
man exegete  and  Hebraist.  He  became  professor 
of  theology  at  Rostock  in  1846,  at  Erlangen  in  1850,  and  at 
Leipsic  in  1867.  He  represented  strict  Lutheranism.  His 
numerous  works  include  commentaries  on  “Habakkuk” 
(1843),  “Genesis”  (1852),  “Hebrews"  (1857),  “Psalms" 
(1859-60),  “Job”  (1864),  etc.;  also  “Sakrament  des  wah- 
ren  Leibes  und  Blutes  Jesu  Christi ” (1844),  “System  der 

★biblischen  Psychologie  ” (1855),  etc. 

Delitzsch,  Friedrich.  Born  at  Erlangen,  Ba- 
varia, Sept.  3,  1850.  A German  Assyriologist, 
son  of  Franz  Delitzsch,  appointed  professor  of 
Assyriology  at  Leipsic  in  1877,  at  Breslau  in 
1893,  and  at  Berlin  in  1899.  His  works  include 
an  Assyrian  grammar,  etc. 

Delium  (de'li-um).  [Gr.  &y?.cov.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a place  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  situated 
on  the  coast  24  miles  north  of  Athens.  Here, 
424  B.  c.,  the  Boeotians  defeated  the  Athenians. 

Delius  (de'li-us).  [Gr.  A yDo?.]  A surname  of 
Apollo,  from  his  birthplace  in  Delos. 

Delius  (da'le-os),  Nikolaus.  Born  at  Bremen, 
Germany,  Sept.  19,  1813 : died  at  Bonn,  Nov. 
18,  1888.  A German  philologist  and  Shakspe- 
rian  scholar,  professor  at  Bonn  1855-80:  author 
of  a critical  edition  of  Shakspere  (1854-61  and 
1882),  etc. 

Della  Crusca,  Accademia.  See  Accademia  delta 

Crusca. 


Della  Cruscan  School 

Della  Cruscan  School  (del'a  krus'kan  skol). 
A small  clique  of  English  poets  of  both  sexes 
Who  originally  met  in  Florence  about  1785. 
Their  productions,  which  were  affected  and  sentimental, 
were  published  in  England  in  the  “ World  ” and  the  “Ora- 
cle.” They  were  attacked  by  Gifford  (1794-96)  in  'The 
Baviad"  and  “The  Mseviad”  (which  see).  Robert  Merry 
adopted  the  pseudonym  “ Della  Crusca,”  Mrs.  Hannah 
Cowley  “Anna  Matilda  ” (which  see),  and  Edward  Jerning- 
ham  “The  Bard.”  These,  with  Edward  Topham,  the  Rev. 
Charles  Este,  James  Boswell,  Mrs.  Piozzi,  and  others, 
formed  the  school.  They  took  their  name  from  the  Flor- 
entine Accademia  della  Crusca  (which  see). 

Dellys  (del-lez').  A small  seaport  in  Algeria, 
situated  east  of  Algiers. 

Delmar  (del'mar),  Alexander.  Born  at  New 
York,  Aug.  9,  1836.  An  American  political 
economist,  statistician,  and  mining  engineer. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  “Social  Science  Review,” and 
its  editor  from  1804-60.  In  1867  he  was  director  of  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  and  in  the  same  year  president  of  the 
Washington  Statistical  Society.  His  works  include  “ Gold 
Money  and  Paper  Money  ” (1862),  “ Essays  on  Political  Econ- 
omy ” (1865),  ‘ ‘ What  is  Free  Trade?  ” (1868),  “The  Resources, 
etc.,  of  Egypt  ” (1874),, “ History  of  the  Precious  Metals” 
(1880),  “A  History  of  Money,  etc."  (1885),  etc. 

Delmonte  y Tejada  (dal-mon'ta  e ta-na'da), 
Antonio.  Born  at  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros, 
Santo  Domingo,  Sept.  29,  1783:  died  at  Hava- 
na, Nov.  19,  1861.  A Spanish- American  histo- 
rian. Driven  from  his  country  in  1804  by  the  revolution- 
ists, he  resided  in  Havana  after  1806,  practising  law  and 
occupying  several  government  positions.  The  first  vol- 
ume only  of  his  “Historia  de  Santo  Domingo”  was  pub- 
lished in  Havana  1853. 

Delolme  (de-lolm'),  Jean  Louis.  Born  at  Ge- 
neva, 1740:  died  in  Switzerland,  July  16,  1806. 
A Swiss  constitutional  writer.  Having  offended 
the  Genevan  government  by  the  publication  of  a pamphlet 
entitled  “ Examen  des  trois  points  des  droits,  ’’  he  emigrated 
to  England,  where  he  lived  many  years.  He  returned  to 
Switzerland  in  1775.  His  works  include  “Constitution  de 
l’Angleterre”(1771),  of  which  an  English  translation,  pre- 
pared by  himself,  appeared  in  1775  as  “ The  Constitution 
of  England.” 

De  Long  (de  long),  George  Washington.  Born 
at  New  York,  Aug.  22,  1844:  died  in  Siberia, 
Oct.  30,  1881.  An  American  explorer.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1865, 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  1869,  and  of  lieu- 
tenant-commander in  1879.  He  accompanied  Captain  D. 
L.  Braine  on  his  Arctic  expedition  in  1873.  Having  been 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Jeannette,  fitted  out  by 
James  Gordon  Bennett,  Jr.,  for  a three  years'  voyage  of 
exploration  in  the  Arctic  waters,  and  placed  under  the 
authority  of  the  United  States  government,  he  sailed  from 
San  Francisco,  July  8,  1879,  and  proceeded  to  Cape  Serdze 
Kamen,  Siberia,  whence  he  steamed  northward  until  beset 
by  the  ice  in  about  71°  35'  N.,  175°  W.,  Sept.  5,  1879.  The 
vessel  drifted  to  the  northwest,  and  was  crushed  in  77° 
15'  N.,  155°  E.,  June  13,  1881.  With  fourteen  others  he 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  Lena,  Siberia,  where  the  whole 
party  perished  of  cold  and  starvation,  except  two  men 
sent  forward  to  obtain  relief.  His  body  and  those  of 
his  companions  were  discovered  March  23,  1882,  by  Chief 
Engineer  George  W.  Melville,  who  with  nine  companions 
had  been  detached  and  had  succeeded  in  reaching  a small 
village  on  the  Lena.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  3. 

Deloraine  (del-o-ran'),  William  of.  In  Sir 

Walter  Scott’s  poem  “Lay  of  the  Last  Min- 
strel,” a borderer  and  trusty  vassal  of  the 
Buccleuch  family.  He  is  sent  by  the  Ladye  of  Brank- 
some  to  fetch  the  magic  book  from  the  tomb  of  Michael 
Scott,  the  wizard. 

Delord  (de-lor'),  Taxile.  Bom  at  Avignon, 
France,  Nov.  25,  1815:  died  at  Paris,  May  16, 
1877.  A French  journalist,  historian,  and  poli- 
tician . His  chief  work  is  a “ Histoire  du  second 
empire”  (1868-75). 

Delorme,  or  de  Lorme  (do  lorm),  Marion. 
Born  near  Chalons- sur-Marne  (Blois?),  1613: 
said  to  have  died  at  Paris,  1650.  A celebrated 
French  courtezan,  mistress  of  the  Marquis  de 
Cinq-Mars.  In  1650  she  was  ordered  to  be  arrested  by 
Mazarin  for  her  complicity  in  the  Fronde,  and  was  found 
dead  by  the  officers.  This,  however,  is  thought  to  have 
been  a ruse.  She  is  even  said  to  have  lived  to  the  age  of 
137  years.  She  was  the  friend  of  Ninon  de  l’Enclos.  Victor 
Hugo  wrote  a novel  with  her  name  as  title,  and  Bulwer 
introduces  her  in  his  play  “ Richelieu  ’’ ; she  was  also  the 
subjectofadrama,  “Cinq-Mars”  (1826),  by  Alfred  de  Vigny. 

De  l’Orme  (do  lorm),  Philibert.  Born  at  Lyons, 
about  1510 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1570.  A noted 
French  architect.  He  was  court  architect  un- 
der Henry  II. 

Delos  (de'los),  modern  Gr.  Mikra  Dilos  (‘lit- 
tle Delos’).  [Gr.  Azy/.or.]  The  smallest  island 
of  the  Cyclades,  situated  in  the  .ZEgean  Sea  in 
lat.  37°  23'  N.,  long.  25°  18'  E. : the  ancient 
Asteria  or  Ortygia.  According  to  Greek  legends  it 
was  originally  a floating  island,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Apollo  and  Artemis.  It  was  the  seat  of  a great  sanc- 
tuary in  honor  of  Apollo,  one  of  the  most  famous  religious 
foundations  of  antiquity.  From  the  time  of  Solon,  Athens 
sent  an  annual  embassy  to  the  Delian  festival.  (See  Delos, 
Confederacy  of.)  In  454  n.  C.  the  sacred  treasure  of  Delos 
was  removed  to  the  Athenian  Acropolis.  The  island  was 
an  Athenian  dependency  down  to  the  Macedonian  period, 
when  it  became  semi-independent,  and  in  the  2d  century 
B.  o.  it  again  became  subject  to  Athens.  The  city  of  De- 
los was  made  a free  port  by  the  Romans  and  developed 


317 

into  a great  commercial  mart.  The  sanctuary  of  Apollo 
has  been  excavated  by  the  French  school  at  Athens  since 
1873.  The  work  has  advanced  slowly,  and  is  not  yet 
complete ; but  it  has  been  pursued  with  little  interrup- 
tion, and  ranks  as  one  of  the  chief  achievements  of  its 
kind.  The  buildings  described  lie  for  the  most  part  within 
the  Inclosure  or  temenos  of  Apollo,  which  is  of  trapezi- 
form  shape,  and  about  650  feet  to  a side.  In  addition  to 
the  interesting  finds  of  architecture  and  sculpture,  epi- 
graphical  discoveries  of  the  highest  importance  have  been 
made,  bearing  upon  history  and  particularly  upon  the 
ceremonial  and  administration  of  the  sanctuary. 

Delos,  Confederacy  of.  A Hellenic  league, 
formed  probably  about  477  B.  C.,  with,  its  politi- 
cal center  at  Athens  and  its  treasury  at  Delos 
(removed  later  to  Athens).  It  was  formed  by 
Athens  and  various  other  maritime  states  (riEgina,  Me- 
gara,  Naxos,  Thasos,  Lesbos,  Chios,  Samos,  etc.).  Many  of 
them  were  soon  absorbed  by  Athens,  and  the  league  de- 
veloped into  an  Athenian  empire. 

Delpech  (del-pesh'),  Jacques  Matthieu.  Born 
at  Toulouse,  France,  about  1775 : murdered  at 
Montpellier,  France,  Oct.  29,  1832.  A French 
surgeon,  author  of  “ Traitd  de  l’orthomorphie  ” 
(1828-29),  etc. 

Delphi  (del'fi),  modern  Kastri.  [Gr.  A etyoi.] 
In  ancient  geography,  atowninPhocis,  Greece, 
situated  6 miles  from  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Parnassus:  the  seat  of  a 
world-renowned  oracle  of  Pythian  Apollo,  the 
most  famous  of  antiquity.  The  oracle  was  of  pre- 
historic foundation,  and  was  still  respected  when  silenced 
by  Theodosius  at  the  end  of  the  4th  century  A.  D.  Through 
the  gifts  of  states  and  individuals  who  sought  or  had  ob- 
tained the  aid  of  the  oracle,  the  Delphic  sanctuary  became 
enormously  rich,  not  only  in  architecture  and  works  of 
art,  but  in  the  precious  metals.  Its  treasures  of  the  last 
kind  were  plundered  in  antiquity,  and  Nero  and  other 
emperors  robbed  it  of  an  almost  incredible  number  of 
statues  and  other  art  works.  There  is,  however,  reason 
to  hope  that  much  in  the  way  of  sculpture,  architecture, 
and  historical  inscriptions  will  be  found  by  the  French 
official  excavators  who  began  work  in  1892.  But  little  ex- 
ploration had  before  been  possible,  because  the  village  of 
Kastri  covered  the  site  of  the  sanctuary.  The  village  has 
now  been  removed,  preparatory  to  the  French  exploration. 
Besides  the  splendid  temple  of  Apollo,  the  inclosure  of 
the  sanctuary  contained  a theater,  the  council-house,  the 
Lesche,  the  Portico  of  the  Athenians,  a number  of  treasu- 
ries belonging  to  different  states,  and  almost  innumerable 
statues  and  other  votive  offerings.  Buildings  only  second 
in  importance  were  ranged  outside  of  the  inclosure. 

Delpllin  Classics.  [From  L.  delphinus,  a dol- 
phin (whence  F-  dauphin).']  An  edition  of  the 
Latin  classics  prepared  by  order  of  Louis  XIV. 
for  the  use  of  the  Dauphin  (“In  usum  Del- 
phini,”  ‘for  the  use  of  the  Dauphin’):  first 
works  published  in  1674  under  direction  of  Bos- 
suet  and  Huet.  They  are  sometimes  called 
“dauphins.” 

Delphinus  (del-fi'nus).  [L., ‘a  dolphin.’]  One 
of  the  ancient  constellations,  representing  a 
dolphin.  It  is  situated  east  of  Aquila. 

Delpit  (del-pe'),  Albert.  Bom  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  30,  1849:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1893.  A 
French  dramatist,  journalist,  and  poet.  Among 
his  plays  are  “Jean  Nu-Pieds”(1875)  and  “Les  chevaliers 
de  la  patrie  ” (1873).  He  afterward  published  a novel,  “ Le 
fils  de  Coralie  ” (which  was  successful  and  was  drama- 
tized 1879),  “Le  pere  de  Martial”  (1881),  and  “La  mar- 
quise" (1882),  “Passion&nent,”  a comedy  (1889),  “Comma 
dans  la  vie  ” and  “ Tous  les  deux”  (1890). 

Delsarte  (del-sart'),  Francois  Alexandre 
Nicolas  Cheri.  Born  Dec.  19,  1811 : died 
July  19,  1871.  A French  musician  and  teacher, 
noted  for  his  studies  of  the  art  of  oratorical, 
musical,  and  dramatic  expression. 

Delta  (del'ta).  Any  tract  of  land,  inclosed  by 
the  mouths  of  a river,  in  shape  like  the  Greek 
letter  delta  (A) ; specifically,  the  delta  of  the 
Nile. 

Herodotus  considers  the  Delta  to  end  at  Heliopolis  (ii. 
7),  which  brings  the  point  of  the  Delta  nearly  opposite  the 
present  Shoobra.  Here  the  river  separated  into  three 
branches,  the  Pelusiac  or  Bubastite  to  the  E.,  the  Canopic 
or  Heracieotic  to  the  W.,  and  the  Sebennytic,  which  ran 
between  them,  continuing  in  the  same  general  line  of  di- 
rection northward  which  the  Nile  had  up  to  this  point, 
and  piercing  the  Delta  through  its  centre.  The  Tanitic, 
which  ran  out  of  the  Sebennytic,  was  at  first  the  same  as 
theBusiritic,  but  afterwards  received  the  name  of  Tanitic, 
from  the  city  of  Tanis  (now  San),  which  stood  on  its  east- 
ern bank  ; and  between  the  Tanitic  and  Pelusiac  branches 
was  the  isle  of  Myecphoris,  which  Herodotus  says  was  op- 
posite Bubastis  (ii.  166).  The  Mendesian,  which  also  ran 
eastward  from  the  Sebennytic,  passed  by  the  modern 
town  of  Mansoorah,  and  thence  running  by  Mendes  (from 
which  it  was  called),  entered  the  sea  to  the  W.  of  the 
Tanitic.  The  Bolbitine  mouth  was  that  of  the  modern 
Rosetta  branch,  as  the  Bucolic  or  Phatmetic  was  that  of 
Damietta,  and  the  lower  parts  of  both  these  branches  were 
artificial,  or  made  by  the  hand  of  man  ; on  which  account, 
though  Herodotus 'mentions  seven,  he  confines  the  num- 
ber of  the  mouths  of  the  Nile  to  five.  These  two  artificial 
outlets  of  the  Nile  are  the  only  ones  now  remaining,  the 
others  having  either  disappeared,  or  being  dry  in  most 
places  during  the  summer. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  II.  26,  note. 

Deluc  (de-b'ik'),  Guillaume  Antoine.  Born  at 
Geneva,  1729:  died  at  Geneva,  Jan.  26,  1812. 
A Swiss  naturalist,  brother  of  J.  A.  Deluc. 


Demetrius 

Deluc,  Jean  Andre.  Born  at  Geneva,  Feb.  8, 
1727 : died  at  Windsor,  England,  Nov.  7,  1817. 
A Swiss  geologist  and  physicist.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Recherches  sur  les  modifications  de  ! ’atmosphere  " 
(1772),  “ Lettres  physiques  et  morales  sur  l’histoire  de  la 
terre  ” (1778-80),  “ Traits  Mementaire  de  geologic  " (1809), 
etc. 

Delyannis  (de-li-an'is),  or  Delijannis,  Theo- 
dore. Born  in  1826:  died  June  13,  1905.  A 
Greek  statesman.  From  1863  he  was  frequently  in 
office  as  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  finance,  or  the  interior. 
He  represented  Greece  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin,  and  ob- 
tained an  extension  of  Greek  territory  on  the  Thessalian 
frontier.  He  was  premier  1885-86,  1890-92,  1895-April, 
1897,  1902-03,  and  1904-05.  He  was  assassinated. 

Demaratus  (dem-a-ra'tus).  [Gr.  Ar/papa-or.] 
A Spartan  king  of  the  Eurypontid  line,  who 
reigned  from  about  510  to  491  B.  C.  He  shared 
with  his  colleague  Cleomenes  the  command  of  the  army 
sent  in  510  to  assist  the  Athenians  in  expelling  Hippias. 
He  was  deposed  in  491  by  Cleomenes,  who  elevated  Leo- 
tychides  to  his  place.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were  spent 
at  the  court  of  Xerxes,  whom  he  accompanied  on  the  ex- 
pedition against  Greece  in  481-480. 

Demas  (de'mas).  [Gr.  A r/pa;,  perhaps  a contrac- 
tion of  A r/pt/rpiog,  Demetrius.]  A companion, 
for  a time,  of  St.  Paul.  See  2 Tim.  iv.  10,  11. 

Demavend  (dem-a-vend'),  or  Damavand  (dam- 
a-vand').  An  extinct  volcano,  the  highest 
mountain  of  the  Elburz  range,  situated  in  north- 
ern Persia  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Teheran. 
Height,  18,200  feet,  or  19,400  (?)  feet. 

Dembea.  See  Tzana. 

Dembe  Wielke  (dem'beve-el'ke).  A village  in 
Poland,  situated  on  the  Vistula  near  Warsaw. 
Here,  March  31, 1831,  the  Poles  under  Skrzynecki  defeated 
the  Prussians  under  Diebitsch-Sabalkanski. 

Dembinski  (dem-bin'ske),  Henryk.  Born  at 
or  near  Cracow,  May  3,  1791:  died  at  Paris, 
June  13,  1864.  A Polish  general.  He  served  in 

the  Polish  revolution  1830-31;  conducted  a celebrated  re- 
treat through  Lithuania  in  1831 ; was  commander  of  the 
Hungarians  in  1849 ; and  lost  the  battles  of  KXpolna  and 
Temesvar  in  1849. 

Demerara  ( dem-6-ra'ra),  or  Demerary  ( ri).  1 . 
A river  in  British  Guiana  which  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  at  Georgetown.  Length,  about 
200  miles;  navigable  about  70  miles. — 2.  A 
county  of  British  Guiana,  formerly  a separate 
colony. 

Demeter  (de-me'ter).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ay/z^p, 
Doric  A apartjp,  usually  explained  as  for  *Trjpi/Trjp, 
from yfj,  = Doric da,  earth, and p>'/T7/p= E.  mother; 
but  the  identification  of  da,  which  is  found  in- 
dependently only  in  a few  exclamatory  phrases, 
with  yi),  earth,  is  very  doubtful.]  In  ancient 
Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  vegetation 
and  of  useful  fruits,  protectress  of  social  order 
and  of  marriage : one  of  the  great  Olympian 
deities.  She  Is  usually  associated,  and  even  confounded, 
in  legend  and  in  cult,  with  her  daughter  Persephone 
(Proserpine)  or  Kora,  whose  rape  by  Hades  (Pluto)  sym- 
bolizes some  of  the  most  profound  phases  of  Hellenic  mys- 
ticism. The  Romans  of  the  end  of  the  republic  and  of 
the  empire  assimilated  to  the  Hellenic  conception  of  De- 
meter  the  primitive  Italic  chthonian  divinity  Ceres. 

Demeter  of  Cnidus.  A Greek  statue  of  the 
school  of  Scopas,  now  in  the  British  Museum, 
London.  The  figure  is  seated,  fully  draped. 

Demetrius  (de-me'tri-us)  I.,  surnamed  Poli- 
orcetes  ( ‘ Taker  of  Cities,’  or  ‘ Besieger  ’) . [Gr. 
A r/pyrpiog,  belonging  to  Demeter;  F.  Demetrius, 
Sp.  Pg.  Demetrio.]  Born  about  338  B.  C. : died 
at  Apamea,  Syria,  283  b.  c.  King  of  Macedonia 
294-287,  son  of  Antigonus.  He  liberated  Athens  and 
Megara  in  307,  defeated  Ptolemy  in  306,  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged Rhodes  306-304,  and  was  defeated  at  Ipsus  in  301. 

Demetrius  II.  Died  about  229  b.  c.  King  of 
Macedonia,  son  of  Antigonus  Gonatas,  whom  he 
succeeded  about  239. 

Demetrius  I.,  surnamed  Soter  (‘the  Savior’). 
Born  about  187  B.  c. : killed  about  150  b.  C. 
King  of  Syria  from  about  162  B.  C.,  grandson 
of  Antiochus  the  Great. 

Demetrius  II.,  surnamed  Nicator.  Killed  at 
Tyre  about  125  B.  C.  King  of  Syria,  son  of 
Demetrius  I. 

Demetrius  III.  King  of  Syria  94-88  b.  c.,  son 
of  Antiochus  Grypus. 

Demetrius  I.,  Buss.  Dmitri  or  Dimitri.  Killed 

at  Moscow,  May  17,  1606.  A usurper  of  the 
throne  of  Russia  1605-06,  usually  called  Pseudo- 
Demetrius. 

Demetrius  II.  Murdered  Dec.  11,  1610.  A 
usurper  of  the  throne  of  Russia  1607-10. 

Demetrius.  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “Midsummer 
Night’s  Dream,”  a Grecian  gentleman,  in  love 
with  Hermia. — 2.  In  Shakspere’s  (?)  “Titus 
Andronicus,”  a son  of  Tamora,  queen  of  the 
Goths. — 3.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra,” a friend  of  Antony. — 4.  The  son  of 
the  king  in  Fletcher’s  “Humorous  Lieuten- 
ant,” in  love  with  Celia. 


Demetrius  Fannius 

Demetrius  Fannius.  In  Ben  Jonson’s  play 
“The  Poetaster,”  a shifty  “dresser  of  plays 
about  the  town  here,”  intended  to  humiliate 
Thomas  Dekker,  with  whom  Jonson  had  a 
quarrel. 

Demetrius  Phalereus  ( ‘ of  Phalerus ’)•  Born  at 
Phalerus,  Attica,  345  B.  c. : died  in  Upper  Egypt, 
283.  An  Athenian  orator  and  politician.  He  en- 
tered public  life  about  325  as  a supporter  of  Phocion,  and 
in  317  was  placed  by  Phocion’s  successor,  Cassander,  at  the 
head  of  the  administration  of  Athens.  Expelled  from 
Athens  in  307  by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  he  retired  to  the 
court  of  Ptolemy  Lagi  at  Alexandria,  where  he  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  literary  pursuits.  He  was  exiled  by 
Ptolemy’s  successor  to  Upper  Egypt,  where  he  is  said  to 
have  died  of  the  bite  of  a snake. 

Demidof,  or  Demidov  (de-me'dof),  Akinfi. 
Died  about  1740.  A Russian  manufacturer, 
son  of  Nikita  Demidof. 

Demidof,  Prince  Anatol  Nikolaievitch. 

Born  at  Moscow,  1812 : died  at  Paris,  April  29, 
1870.  A Russian  noble  and  philanthropist, 
son  of  N.  N.  Demidof. 

Demidof,  Nikita.  Born  about  1665 : died  after 
1720.  A Russian  manufacturer,  founder  of  the 
family  of  Demidof.  The  son  of  a serf,  he  rose  into 
favor  under  Peter  the  Great  by  his  skill  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  arms.  He  established  the  first  iron-foundry  in 
Siberia  in  1099,  and  received  a patent  of  nobility  in  1720. 

Demidof,  Count  Nikolai  Nikititch.  Born  at 
St.  Petersburg  about  1773 : died  at  Florence, 
1828.  A Russian  capitalist. 

Demidof,  Paul  Grigoryevitch.  Born  at  Re- 
val,  Russia,  1738 : died  at  Moscow,  1781.  A 
Russian  scholar  and  patron  of  science. 
Demir-Hissar  (da-mer'his-sar').  [‘Iron  Cas- 
tled] A small  town  in  European  Turkey,  situ- 
ated about  50  miles  northeast  of  Salonika. 
Demme  (dem'me),  Hermann  Christoph  Gott- 
fried: pseudonym  Karl  Stille.  Born  at 
Miiklhausen,  Thuringia,  Germany,  Sept.  7, 1760: 
died  at  Altenburg,  Germany,  Dec.  26,  1822.  A 
German  poet  and  novelist,  author  of  “Pachter 
Martin  und  sein  Vater”  (1792-93),  etc. 
Demme,  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Born  at  Miihl- 
hausen,  Thuringia,  March  20,  1801:  died  at 
Wurzburg,  Bavaria,  March  26, 1878.  A German 
jurist,  son  of  H.  C.  G.  Demme.  He  wrote 
“ Buch  der  Verbrechen”  (1851),  etc. 

Demmin  (dem'men).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Peene 
in  lat.  53°  54'  N.,  long.  13°  E.  it  is  an  ancient 
Wendish  town,  and  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken  by 
Swedes  and  Germans  in  the  17th  century.  Population, 
commune,  12,636. 

Democedes  (dem-os'e-dez).  Born  at  Crotona, 
Magna  Grsecia,  Italy:  lived  in  the  second  half 
of  the  6th  century  B.  C.  A Greek  physician. 
Demochares  (de-mok'a-rez).  [Gr.  Ar/fioxappq. \ 
An  Athenian  orator,  nephew  of  Demosthenes. 
He  came  forward  in  322  B.  c.  as  an  orator  of  the  anti- 
Macedonian  party,  and  after  the  restoration  of  democracy 
by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  in  307  became  the  leader  of  the 
popular  party.  He  was  several  times  expelled  by  the  anti- 
democratic party,  returning  the  last  time  in  287  or  286. 
He  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Lysimaehus  about  282,  and 
disappears  from  view  in  280. 

Democratic  Party.  In  United  States  history, 
a political  party  which  arose  about  1792.  it  was 
called  first  the  .Republican,  later  the  Democratic-Repub- 
lican, and  afterward  simply  the  Democratic  Party.  It  has 
opposed  a strong  central  government,  and  has  generally 
favored  a strict  construction  of  the  Constitution.  It  has 
controlled  the  executive  or  the  national  government  un- 
der the  following  administrations  : Jefferson’s,  Madison’s, 
Monroe’s,  Jackson  s,  Van  Buren’s,  Polk’s,  Pierce’s,  Bu- 
chanan’s, Cleveland’s,  and  Woodrow  Wilson’s.  Its  prin- 
cipal founder  was  Jefferson.  It  may  be  regarded  as  the 
successor  of  the  Anti-Federalist  party. 

Democritus  (de-mok'ri-tus).  [Gr.  At/pdapiToc.] 
Born  at  Abdera,  Thrace,  about  460  B.  C. : died 
about  357  B.  C.  A Greek  philosopher,  surnamed 
“The  Abderite”  and  “The  Laughing  Philoso- 
pher.” He  inherited  an  ample  fortune,  which  enabled 
him  to  visit  the  chief  countries  of  Asia  and  Africa  in  pur- 
suit of  knowledge.  He  adopted  and  expanded  the  atomistic 
theory  of  Leucippus,  which  lie  expounded  in  a number  of 
works,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  of  a cheerful  disposition,  which  prompted  him 
to  laugh  at  the  follies  of  men  (hence  the  surname  “The 
Laughing  Philosopher'').  According  to  tradition  he  put 
out  his  eyes  in  order  to  be  less  disturbed  in  his  philo- 
sophical speculations. 

Democritus  Junior.  The  pseudonym  under 
which  Robert  Barton  published  his  “Anatomy 
of  Melancholy”  (1621 ). 

Demodocus  (de-mod 'o-kus).  [Gr.  A q/MoKor.] 
In  the  Odyssey,  a famous  bard  who,  during  the 
stay  of  Ulysses  at  the  court  of  Alcinous,  de- 
lighted the  guests  by  recounting  the  feats  of 
the  Greeks  at  Troy  and  singing  the  amours  of 
Ares  and  Aphrodite. 

Demogeot  (dem-o-zhd').  Jacques  Claude. 

Born  at  Paris,  July  5,  1808  : died  there,  Jan. 
9,  1894.  A French  literary  historian  and  mis- 


318 

cellaneous  writer,  professor  at  the  Sorboune. 
His  chief  work  is  a “ Histoire  de  la  litterature 
francaise”  (1851). 

De  Moivre.  See  Moivre. 

Demonio  (de-mo'ne-o),  II.  [It.,  ‘The  Demon.’] 
An  opera  by  Rubinstein,  words  by  Wiskowa- 
toff  from  Lermontofi’s  poem.  It  was  produced 
at  St.  Petersburg  Jan.  25, 1875,  and  at  London 
June  21,  1881. 

De  Montfort  (de  mont'fort).  A tragedy  by 
Joanna  Baillie,  produced  in  1800. 

De  Morgan  (de  mor'gan),  Augustus.  Born  at 
Madura,  Madras,  June  27, 1806:  died  at  London, 
March  18,  1871.  A noted  English  mathemati- 
cian and  logician.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge 
and  Lincoln’s  Inn,  and  was  professor  of  mathematics  in 
London  University  1828-31,  and  In  University  College, 
London,  1836-66.  Author  of  “Elements  of  Arithmetic” 
(1831),  “Elementsof  Algebra”  (1835),  “ Elementsof  Trigo- 
nometry ” (1837),  “Essay  on  Probabilities  ” (1838),  “ Differ- 
ential and  Integral  Calculus  " (1842),  “ Formal  Logic  ” 
(1847),  and  “Budget  of  Paradoxes  ’’  (1872). 

Demosthenes  (de-mos'the-nez).  [Gr.  A r/poa- 
Oivr/c.]  Died  at  Syracuse,  413  b.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian general.  In  425  he  defended  Pylos  against  the 
Spartans,  and  made  the  dispositions  by  which  the  enemy 
was  forced  to  capitulate,  although  the  glory  of  the  ex- 
ploit was  claimed  by  Cleon,  who  relieved  him  in  the  com- 
mand. He  commanded  under  Nicias  in  the  unsuccessful 
expedition  against  Syracuse  in  413.  Having  been  cap- 
tured in  the  retreat,  he  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  the 
Syracusan  assembly. 

Demosthenes.  [Gr.  Arjiioadbri^.']  Born  at  Pte- 
ania,  Attica,  in  384  or  383  B.  c. : died  in  322 
B.  c.  The  greatest  of  Greek  orators.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  pupil  of  the  orator  Isaeus,  and  entered 
public  life  as  a speaker  in  the  popular  assembly  in  355.  In 
351  he  delivered  the  first  of  a splendid  series  of  orations 
directed  against  the  encroachment  of  Philip  of  Macedon, 
three  of  which  are  specifically  denominated  “Philippics.” 
In  346  he  served  as  a member  of  the  embassy  which  con- 
cluded with  Philip  the  so-called  peace  of  Philocrates. 
As  Philip  immediately  after  broke  this  treaty,  Demos- 
thenes came  forward  as  the  leader  of  the  patriotic  party 
in  opposition  to  the  Macedonian,  which  was  headed  by 
-dfschines.  In  340  he  caused  a fleet  to  be  sent  to  the  re- 
lief of  Byzantium,  which  was  besieged  by  Philip.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Amphictyonic  war,  he  persuaded  the 
Athenians  to  form  an  alliance  with  Thebes  against  Philip, 
who  defeated  the  allies  at  Chasronea  in  338,  and  usurped 
the  hegemony  of  Greece.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  unsuccessful  rising  which  took  place  on  the  death  of 
Philip  in  336 ; was  exiled  by  the  Macedonian  party  in  324  ; 
was  recalled  by  the  patriotic  party  on  the  outbreak  of  a 
fresh  rising  at  the  death  of  Alexander  in  323 ; and  on  the 
capture  of  Athens  by  Antipater  and  Craterus  in  322  fled 
to  Calauria,  near  Argolis,  where  he  took  poison  to  avoid 
capture.  His  chief  orations  are  three  “ Philippics  ” (351, 
344,  341),  three  “Olynthiacs”  (349,  349,  348),  “On  the 
Peace  ” (346),  “On  the  Embassy”  (343),  “On  the  Affairs  of 
the  Chersonese  ” (341),  “ On  the  Crown  ” (330).  The  first 
printed  collective  edition  of  his  orations  is  that  published 
by  Aldus  at  Venice  in  1504.  The  best  modern  editions 
are  those  by  Bekker  (1823),  Sauppe  and  Baiter  (1841),  Din- 
dorf  (1846-61),  and  Whiston  (1859-68).  See  Schafer's 
“ Demosthenes  und  seine  Zeit”  (1856-58).  There  is  a por- 
trait-statue of  Demosthenes,  one  of  the  finest  of  antiquity, 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  expression  of  the  close- 
bearded  face  is  anxious,  but  full  of  strength  and  high 
resolve.  The  position  is  easy,  the  clothing  a full,  plainly 
draped  himation. 

Demotika,  or  Demotica  (de-mot'i-ka).  A 
town  in  Rumelia,  European  Turkey,  situated 
on  the  Maritza  23  miles  south  of  Adrianople. 
Population,  estimated,  8,000-10,000. 

Dempster  (demps'ter),  Janet.  A woman,  in 
George  Eliot’s  novel  “Janet’s  Repentance,” 
who  is  rescued  from  a passion  for  drink  by  her 
friend  and  pastor. 

Dempster,  John.  Born  at  Florida,  Fulton 
County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  2,  1794:  died  at  Evanston, 
111.,  Nov.  28,  1863.  An  American  Methodist 
clergyman,  founder  of  biblical  institutes  at 
Concord,  New  Hampshire,  and  Evanston,  Hli- 
nois. 

Dempster,  Thomas.  Born  at  Cliftbog,  Aber- 
deenshire, Scotland,  Aug.  23,  1579  (?):  died 
near  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  6,  1625.  A Scottish 
scholar.  He  was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  seminary  at 
Douay  and  at  the  University  of  Paris,  and  about  1619  was 
appointed  professor  of  humanities  in  the  University  of 
Bologna.  Author  of  “Historia  ecclesiastica  gentis  Sco- 
torum  ” (1627). 

Denain  (de-nah’).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  Prance,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Selle  and  Schelde,  7 miles  southwest  of 
Valenciennes.  It  has  considerable  manufactures,  and 
there  are  coal-mines  in  the  neighborhood.  Here  the 
French  under  Marshal  Villars  defeated  the  Allies  under 
Prince  Eugene,  July  24,  1712.  Population,  commune, 
24,564. 

De  natura  deorum  (de  na-tu'rii,  de-6'rum). 
[L.,  ‘on  the  nature  of  the  gods.’]  Dialogues 
by  Cicero,  in  three  books,  treating  of  the  exis- 
tence, nature,  and  providence  of  the  gods. 

Denbigh  (den 'hi).  1.  A maritime  coimty  of 

North  Wales,  lying  between  the  Irish  Sea  and 
Flint  on  the  north,  Flint,  Chester,  and  Salop 
on  the  east,  Montgomery  and  Merioneth  on  the 


Denis,  Saint 

south,  and  Merioneth  and  Carnarvon  on  the 
west.  It  is  rich  in  minerals,  and  contains  prehistoric 
Romauand  Celtic  antiquities.  Area(ad.  co.),  665.7  square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  129,942. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  above  county,  situated  on 
the  Clwyd  22  miles  west  of  Chester.  It  has  a 
ruined  castle,  which  was  taken  by  the  Parlia- 
mentarians in  1645.  Population,  6,438. 

Denderah,  or  Dendera  (den'der-a).  A town  in 
Upper  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  26°9' 
N.,  long.  32°  39'  E. : the  ancient  Tentyra  or 
Tentyris.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  temple  of  Hathor, 
which,  notwithstanding  its  late  date  (it  was  begun  by  the 
11th  Ptolemy,  and  the  great  pronaos  was  added  only 
under  Tiberius),  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  buildings 
in  Egypt,  owing  to  its  almost  perfect  preservation,  even 
to  the  roof.  The  imposing  hexastyle  pronaos  has  four 
ranges  of  Hathoric  columns;  on  its  ceiling  is  a noted 
sculptured  zodiac,  combining  Egyptian  and  classical  ele- 
ments. Next  to  the  pronaos  is  a hypostyle  hall  of  six  col- 
umns, from  which  three  chambers  open  on  each  side,  and 
beyond  this  is  a vestibule  before  a large  hall  in  which 
stands  an  isolated  cella.  This  hall  is  surrounded  by  a 
series  of  chambers,  one  of  which  in  the  middle  of  the 
back  wail  contained  the  emblematic  sistrum  of  the  god- 
dess. The  whole  interior  surface  is  sculptured,  the  art, 
however,  being  inferior.  On  the  roof  there  is  a small  six- 
chambered  temple  to  the  local  divinity  Osiris-An. 

On  the  celebrated  zodiac  of  Dendera,  the  date  of  which 
is  believed  to  be  about  700  B.  c.,  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  are 
exhibited  in  a primitive  pictorial  form,  which  leaves  no 
doubt  as  to  their  significance.  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  7. 

Dendermonde  (den-der-mon'de),F.  Termonde 
(ter-mohd').  A fortified  town  in  the  province 
of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Dender  and  Schelde,  17  miles  north- 
west of  Brussels.  In  1667,  being  besieged  by  Louis 
XIV.,  the  town  was  defended  by  opening  its  sluices  and 
flooding  the  adjacent  country.  It  was  captured  by  Marl- 
borough in  1706,  and  by  the  French  in  1745.  Population, 
10,173. 

Dendin  (don-dan'),  Perrin.  An  ignorant  peas- 
ant, applied  to  as  a judge,  in  Rabelais’s  “ Pan- 
tagruel.”  His  method  was  to  let  people  fight  till  they 
were  tired  of  it  — a satire  on  lawyers  who  prefer  the  ruin 
of  their  client  to  the  slightest  concession.  He  loved  eating 
and  drinking,  and  settled  the  disputes  of  his  neighbors 
while  indulging  these  tastes. 

Deneb  (den'eh).  [Ar.  danab,  the  tail.]  A word 
used  as  the  name  of  several  stars,  in  reference 
to  their  situation  in  the  constellation  to  which 
they  respectively  belong.  The  principal  are 
the  following:  («)  Deneb  Algedi  (den'eb  al'je-de). 
[Ar.  al-jedi,  the  goat.]  The  third-magnitude  star  6 Cap- 
ricomi.  (6)  Deneb  Algenubi  (den'eb  al-je-nu  lie).  [Ar. 
a.l-jen&bi,  the  southern.]  The  third-magnitude  star  17 
Ceti,  at  the  root  of  the  monster’s  tail,  (c)  Deneb-al-Okab 
(den'eh-al-6-kab').  [Ar.  al-'oqdb,  the  eagle.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  f Aquilse.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  e 
Aquilfe,  close  by.  (d)  Deneb  al-ShemaU  (den'eb  al-she- 
ma'le).  [Ar.  al-sem&li,  the  northern.]  The  fourth-mag- 
nitude star  t Ceti,  at  the  tip  of  the  northern  fluke  of  the 
monster’s  tail,  (e)  Deneb  Cygni  (den'eb  sig'ni).  [Ar.  and 
L.,  ‘the  tail  of  the  swan.’]  The  bright  second-magnitude 
star  a Cygni,  otherwise  known  as  Arided.  (/)  Deneb 
KaitOS  (den'eb  ki'tos).  [ A r.  qitns  is  an  Arabic  trans- 
literation of  the  Gr.  icijros,  L.  Ceti,  of  the  whale.]  The 
third-magnitude  Btar  /3  Ceti,  at  the  tip  of  the  southern 
fluke  of  the  tail.  Otherwise  called  Diphda. 

Denebola  (de-neb'o-la).  [Ar.  danab  al-asad, 
the  tail  of  the  lion.]  The  second-magnitude 
star  /S  Leonis,  also  sometimes  called  Dafirah  and 
Serpha. 

Denham  (den'am),  Dixon.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  1, 1786:  died  in  Sierra  Leone,  May  8, 1828. 
An  African  explorer.  As  a British  officer  he  took 
part  in  the  continental  wars  against  Napoleon  I.  In  1821 
he  was  sent  to  Africa  with  Dr.  Oudney  and  Clapperton. 
From  Tripoli  they  went  over  Murzuk  and  Fezzan  to  Lake 
Chad,  and  stayed  some  time  at  Kuka,  the  capital  of  Bornu. 
In  a war  with  the  conquering  Fulbe,  Denham  was  taken 
prisoner,  but  contrived  to  escape.  After  exploring  the 
south  end  of  Lake  Chad,  he  accompanied  Clapperton  to 
Sokoto,  and  returned  in  1824.  He  died  in  1828  as  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  Sierra  Leone.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Denham,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  1615 : died 
at  London,  in  March,  1669.  An  English  poet. 
He  took  up  arms  for  the  king  when  the  civil  war  began, 
and  was  made  governor  of  Farnham  Castle,  from  which 
he  was  driven  and  sent  a prisoner  to  London.  His  for- 
tunes varied,  but  revived  at  the  Restoration.  He  was 
falsely  accused  in  1667  of  murdering  his  wife  by  a poi- 
soned cup  of  chocolate.  Author  of  “ The  Sophy  ” (a  tra- 
gedy, 1642),  “Cooper’s Hill” (a poem,  1642),  “Cato Major” 
(from  Cicero,  1648),  etc. 

Denia  (da'ne-ii).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean in  lat.  38°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  7'  E.  It 
exports  raisins.  Population,  12,431. 

Denina  (da-ne'na),  Carlo  Giovanni  Maria. 
Born  at  Revello,  near  Saluzzo,  Italy,  Feb.  28, 
1731:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5,  1813.  An  Italian 
historian.  He  was  professor  at  Turin  and  later  at  Ber- 
lin, became  university  librarian  at  Turin  in  1800,  and  was 
imperial  librarian  at  Paris  after  1804.  He  wrote  “ Istoria 
delle  rivoluzioni  d’ltalia  ’’  (1769-72),  etc. 

Denis,oi  Denys(den'is;F.  de-ne'),  Saint.  Apos- 
tle to  the  Gauls,  and  patron  saint  of  France, 
beheaded,  according  to  the  legends,  at  Paris, 
272  a.  D. 


Denis,  Jean  Ferdinand 

Denis(de-ne'),  Jean  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  13, 1798:  died  there,  Aug.  2, 1890.  A French 
author.  He  traveled  in  America  from  1816  to  1821,  and 
subsequently  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  with  the  object  of 
studying  the  literature  of  those  countries.  After  1838  he 
was  prominently  connected  with  the  libraries  of  Paris, 
especially  the  Sainte  Genevifeve,  of  which  he  became  con- 
servator in  1S41,  and  administrator  in  1865.  He  wrote  nu- 
merous works,  historical  and  descriptive,  on  Brazil,  the 
Platine  States,  Guiana,  and  Portugal,  and  on  the  literature 
of  Portugal  and  Spain  ; also  a great  number  of  biographi- 
cal and  historical  articles  for  various  encyclopedic  works, 
and  a series  of  historical  novels. 

Denis,  Louise  (Mignot).  Bom  about  1710 : died 
in  1790.  The  niece,  companion,  and  friend  of 
Voltaire.  In  1738  she  married  M.  Denis,  who  died  in 
1744.  In  1754  she  returned  to  Voltaire’s  house,  which  she 
kept  for  him  until  his  death  in  1778.  In  1779,  when  in 
her  seventieth  year,  she  married  a Sieur  du  Vivier,  who 
was  about  sixty.  She  wrote  several  works  and  a play, 
“ La  coquette  punie,”  but  her  literary  labors  are  forgotten 
in  the  memory  of  her  relation  to  Voltaire. 

Denis,  Saint,  Battle  of.  See  Saint-Denis. 
Denis  Duval  (den 'is  du-val').  An  unfinished 
novel  by  Thackeray,  published  in  1864,  after 
his  death. 

Denison  (den'i-son).  A city  in  Grayson  County, 
northern  Texas,  in  lat . 33°  40'  N. , long.  96°  32'  W. 
It  has  a large  trade.  Population,  13,632,  (1910). 
Denizli  (den-iz-le'),  or  Denislii  (den-is-le').  A 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  long. 
29°  10'  E. 

Denman  (den'man),  Thomas,  first  Baron  Den- 
man. Born  at  London,  Feb.  23,  1779  : died  at 
Stoke  Albany,  Northampton,  England,  Sept. 
22,  1854.  A noted  English  jurist.  He  defended 
Queen  Caroline  in  1820,  and  was  attorney-general  1830-32, 
+and  lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench  1832-50. 

Denmark  (den 'mark).  [AS  Denemearc , F. 
Danemark,  Dan.  Danmark,  G.  Danemark,  Icel. 
Danmork,  march,  or  boundary,  of  the  Danes.] 
A kingdom  in  northern  Europe,  comprising  part 
of  the  peninsula  of  Jutland,  and  a group  of  isl- 
ands of  which  the  principal  are  Zealand,  Fiinen, 
Laaland,  Bornholm,  Falster,  Langeland,  and 
Moen.  Its  surface  is  generally  level.  The  capital  is 
Copenhagen.  The  government  is  a constitutional  heredi- 
tary monarchy,  with  a Eigsdag  composed  of  an  upper 
house  (Landsthing)  of  66  members  and  a lower  house 
( Polkething)  of  114  members.  The  established  religion  is 
Lutheran.  The  army  numbers  (on  a war  footing) 
about  60,000.  Its  foreign  possessions  are  the  Faroe 
Islands,  Iceland,  Greenland  south  of  latitude  73“  N., 
and  Santa  Cruz,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John,  islands  forming 
the  Danish  West  Indies.  In  the  early  middle  ages  it  was 
famous  as  the  home  of  pirates.  The  different  kingdoms 
in  Denmark  became  consolidated  into  one  in  the  9th 
century.  During  this  period  Christianity  was  intro- 
duced, being  confirmed  in  the  reign  of  Canute  (died 
1035),  who  reigned  also  over  England  and  Norway.  It 
was  separated  from  the  other  kingdoms  after  Canute's 
death.  Danish  conquests  extended  over  the  Baltic  Wends 
in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  and  for  short  periods  over 
Esthonia,  Riigen,  and  various  German  districts.  Norway, 
Sweden,  and  Denmark  were  united  by  the  Union  of  Kalmar 
in  1397,  but  Sweden  was  finally  separated  from  Denmark  in 
1523.  Protestantism  was  introduced  in  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century,  and  the  country  took  part,  on  the  Protestant 
side,  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  Dago,  Osel,  and  Goth- 
land were  lost  to  Sweden  in  1645,  as  were  also  the  Danish 
possessions  in  southern  Sweden  in  1658.  Absolute  power 
was  obtained  by  the  kings  in  1660.  Denmark  having  as- 
sumed a position  of  armed  neutrality  with  respect  to  Eng- 
land, her  fleet  was  attacked  and  defeated  by  Nelson  in  1801, 
and  in  1807  the  British  bombarded  Copenhagen.  Norway 
was  ceded  to  Sweden  in  1814.  (For  the  relations  with  Schles- 
wig and  Holstein,  see  those  names.)  The  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein war  in  1864,  waged  unsuccessfully  by  Denmark  against 
Prussia  and  Austria,  resulted  in  the  loss  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein  and  Lauenburg.  The  present  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1866,  and  recent  history  has  been  marked  by  a 
constitutional  struggle  between  the  government  and  the 
people.  Area,  including  the  Faroe  Islands,  16,592  square 
miles.  Population,  including  the  Faroe  Islands,  2,605,268. 

Dennewitz  (den'ne-vits).  A village  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  41  miles 
southwest  of  Berlin.  Here  the  Prussians  under 
Biilow,  with  the  aid  of  Russians  and  Swedes  under  Berna- 
dotte,  defeated  the  French  army  under  Ney,  Sept.  6,  1813. 
Dennie  (den'i),  Joseph.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Aug.  30, 1768:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 7, 1812. 
An  American  journalist : edited  the  “Portfolio” 
(in  Philadelphia)  1801-12. 

Dennis  (den'is).  1.  Servant  to  Oliver  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “As  you  Like  it.” — 2.  A hangman  in 
Dickens’s  novel  “ Bamaby  Budge.” 

Dennis,  John.  Born  at  London,  1657 : died 
Jan.  6, 1734.  An  English  critic.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1679,  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  a number  of  indiffer- 
ently successful  plays,  but  is  chiefly  remembered  as  a 
critic,  in  which  character  he  incurred  the  enmity  ef  Pope, 
by  whom  he  was  ridiculed  in  the  “Dunciad.”  Among 
the  collective  editions  of  his  works  are  "Miscellanies  in 
Prose  and  Verse  ” (1693),  and  “ Works  ” (1702). 

Denon  (de-non'),  Baron  Dominique  Vivant. 
Born  at  Chalon-sur-Saone,  France,  Jan.  4, 
1747 : died  at  Paris,  April  27,  1825.  A French 
artist,  archaeologist,  diplomatist,  and  adminis- 


319 

tl'ator.  He  wrote  " Voyage  dans  la  Basse  et  la  Haute- 
Egypte  " (1SU2),  “Monuments  des  arts  du  dessin,  etc." 
(1829). 

Dentatus  (den-ta'tus),  Manius  (or  Marcus) 
Curius.  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  3d 
century  B.  C.  A Roman  tribune,  consul,  pre- 
tor,  and  censor,  celebrated  as  a model  of  the 
early  Roman  virtues  of  simplicity,  frugality, 
and  patriotism.  He  defeated  Pyrrhus  in  275, 
and  the  Samnites  and  Lucanians  in  274. 

Dent  Blanche  (don  blohsh).  [F.,  ‘white 
tooth.’]  A mountain  in  the  Alps  of  Valais, 
Switzerland,  situated  north  of  the  Matterhorn. 
Height,  14,318  feet. 

Dent  de  Jaman  (don  de  zha-mon').  A moun- 
tain in  Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  east  of  the 
Lake  of  Geneva.  Height,  6,165  feet. 

Dent  de  Vaulion  (don  de  vo-lyon').  A peak  of 
the  Jura,  in  Switzerland,  18  miles  northwest 
of  Lausanne.  Height,  4,880  feet. 

Dent  du  Midi  (don  dii  me-de').  [F.,  ‘south 
tooth.’]  A mountain  in  the  canton  of  Valais, 
Switzerland,  situated  northwest  of  Martigny. 
Height,  10,750  feet. 

D’Entrecasteaux  Channel  (don-tr-kas-to' 
chan'el).  A strait  between  Tasmania  and 
Bruni  Island  to  the  south. 

D’Entrecasteaux  Islands.  A group  of  small 
islands  lying  east  of  Papua,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain. 

D’Entrecasteaux  Point.  A cape  at  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Australia. 

Denver  (den'ver).  The  capital  of  Colorado  and 
of  Denver  County,  situated  on  the  South 
Platte,  in  lat.  39°  47'  N.,  long.  105°  W.  it  is  an 

important  railway  and  commercial  center,  and  has  large 
smelting-works.  It  was  first  settled  in  1858-59,  and  has 
become  noted  for  its  dry  climate.  It  is  often  called  the 
“ Queen  City  of  the  Plains.”  Population,  213,381,  (1910). 

Denzil  (den'zil),  Guy.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s 
poem  “ Rokeby,”  the  chief  of  a marauding  band 
made  up  from  both  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads. 
Deoband  (de'o-band).  A town  in  the  Saharan- 
pur  district,  United  Provinces  of  British  India. 
Population,  20,167. 

De  Officiis(de  o-fish'i-is).  [L., ‘of  duties.’]  A 
treatise  in  three  books,  by  Cicero,  on  moral  obli- 
gations, written  about  44  B.  C.  “ The  moral  views 
are  those  of  a practical  politician,  and  for  this  very  reason 
not  much  higher  than  the  conventional  Roman  stan- 
dard. " 

D’Eon,  Chevalier.  See  Eon,  Charles  Genevieve, 
etc. 

Deoprag.  See  Devaprayaga. 

DeOratore(de  or-a-to're).  [L.,‘  of  the  orator.’] 
A rhetorical  work  by  Cicero,  in  three  books, 
written  (55  B.  0.)  in  the  form  of  a dialogue,  the 
principal  characters  being  L.  Crassus  and  M. 
Antoninus.  “The  work  is  far  from  attaining  the  dra- 
matic art  of  a Platonic  dialogue;  nevertheless  it  ranks 
with  the  most  finished  productions  of  Cicero  on  account 
of  its  varied  contents  and  its  excellent  style." 

Deorham  (de-or'hiim),  At  this  place  (identi- 
fied with  Dereham,  Gloucestershire,  England) 
Ceawlin,  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  defeated  the 
Britons  in  577. 

Depazzi  (da-pad'ze).  A character  in  Shirley’s 
play  “The  Humorous  Courtier.” 

The  outrageously  idiotic  Depazzi,  whose  self-delusion 
endures  to  the  last  (after  he  has  been  offered  the  choice  of 
“four  or  five  several  deaths,”  not  one  of  which  he  can  be 
“got  to  accept”),  is  at  last  brought  to  saying  “I  forgive 
your  highness,  I.”  Ward . 

Depew  (de-pu'),  Chauncey  Mitchell.  Born  at 
Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  April  23, 1834.  An  American 
lawyer,  orator,  and  politician.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1856 ; was  a member  of  the  New  York  Assembly 
1861-62  ; was  secretary  of  state  for  New  York  1863-65  ; and 
in  1869  became  counselfor  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 
of  which  he  was  president  1885-99.  He  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination  for  Presi- 
dent in  1888,  and  was  senator  from  New  York  1899-1911. 

De  Peyster  (de  pis'ter),  Abraham.  Born  at 

New  Amsterdam  (New  York),  July8, 1658  : died 
at  New  York,  Aug.  10,  1728.  An  American 
merchant  and  official,  son  of  Johannes  De 
Peyster.  He  was  mayor  of  New  York  1691-95,  and 
afterward  became  chief  justice  of  the  province  and  presi- 
dent of  the  king’s  council.  By  virtue  of  the  latter  post  he 
was  acting  governor  in  1701. 

De  Peyster,  Arent  Schuyler.  Born  at  New 
York,  June  27, 1736 : died  at  Dumfries,  Scotland, 
Nov.,  1832.  A Royalist  officer,  grandson  of 
Abraham  De  Peyster.  He  commanded  at  Detroit, 
Mackinac,  and  various  places  in  Upper  Canada  during  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  by  his  tact  and  conciliatory  mea- 
sures succeeded  in  detaching  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest 
from  the  colonists  and  allying  them  with  the  British. 

De  Peyster,  Johannes.  Born  at  Haarlem,  Hol- 
land : died  at  New  York  about  1685.  A Dutch 
colonist  in  New  Amsterdam,  where  he  settled 
in  1640. 


Derbent 

De  Peyster,  John  Watts..  Bom  at  New  York, 
March  9,  1821 : died  there,  May  4,  1907.  An 
American  military  and  historical  writer.  His 
works  include  a “ History  of  the  Life  of  Leonard  Torsten- 
son  ” (1855),  “ History  of  Carausius,  the  Dutch  Augustus 
and  Emperor  of  Britain  ” (1858),  and  “ The  Thirty  Years' 
War  : With  Special  Reference  to  the  Military  Operations 
and  Influence  of  the  Swedes  ” (1884). 

D’Epinay,  Madame.  See  Epinay,  Madame  d'. 
Depit  amoureux  (da-pe'  a-mo-re'),  Le.  [F., 
‘The  Loving  Spite.’]  A comedy  by  MoliOre, 
produced  at  Montpellier  in  1654,  and  at  Paris 
in  1658.  It  was  not  printed  until  1663.  Many  authors 
have  adapted  and  rearranged  it.  The  subject  is  partly 
borrowed  from  “ L’lntdressd  ” of  Nicolo  Secchi. 

Deposition  from  the  Cross,  with  the  Virgin, 
the  Magdalen,  St.  John,  Joseph  of  Arimathea, 
and  Nicodemus.  A painting  by  Perugino,  in 
the  Accademia,  Florence.  The  expression  and  dif- 
ferentiation of  character  in  the  group  of  mourners  is  mas- 
terly. The  painting  is  among  Berugino’s  best. 

Depping  (dep'ping),  Georges  Bernard.  Bom 

at  Munster,  Germany,  May  11,  1784:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  5,  1853.  A French  historian,  of 
German  parentage.  He  wrote  ‘‘Histoire  g6n6rale  de 
l’Espagne  ” (1811),  “Histoire  du  commerce  entre  le  Levant 
etl’Europe  '’(1832),  “ Histoire  de  la  Normandie  " (1835),  etc. 
Depres.  See  Josquin  Desprez. 

Depretis  (da-pra'tes),  Agostino.  Born  atMez- 
zana-Corte-Bottaroni,  near  Stradella,  Italy, 
Jan.  31, 1813:  died  there,  July  29, 1887  An  Ital- 
ian statesman,  premier  1876-77,  1877-78, 1878- 
1879,  1881-87. 

De  Prie  (de  pre),  Jaques.  A supposed  beggar 
in  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “ The  Case  is  Altered.” 
He  is  a miser,  and  is  in  reality  Melun,  steward  to  the  old 
Chamont.  He  somewhat  resembles  Shylock,  loving  both 
his  ducats  and  his  daughter. 

Deptford  (det'ford).  Formerly  a town  in  Kent 
and  Surrey,  England,  now  a borough  (metropol- 
itan) of  London,  situated  on  the  south  bank  of 
the  Thames,  3^  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul’s: 
long  noted  for  its  dockyard,  which  was  closed 
in  1869.  Population,  109,498,  (1911). 

De  Quincey  (de  kwin'zi),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Greenheys,  Manchester,  Aug.  15,  1785  : died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  8,  1859.  An  English  essayist 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  De  Quincey,  a wealthy  merchant,  who  died  about 
1792.  He  was  sent  to  the  Manchester  grammar-school  in 
1801,  but  ran  away  in  the  following  year,  and,  after  a pe- 
destrian tour  in  Wales,  lived  some  time  in  extreme  pov- 
erty in  London.  He  subsequently  studied  at  Oxford, 
without  taking  a degree.  About  1808  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Coleridge  and  Wordsworth,  which  induced 
him  to  settle  at  Grasmere.  He  married  Margaret  Simp- 
son in  1816.  Some  years  later  he  lost  his  fortune,  and  in 
1821  went  to  London  in  search  of  literary  work.  During 
his  stay  at  Oxford  he  had  contracted  the  habit  of  opium- 
eating, which  grew  upon  him  to  such  an  extent  that  at 
one  time  he  took  340  grains  daily,  and  which  eventually 
disabled  him  from  protracted  application  to  literary  work. 
In  1821  he  made  his  experience  with  this  drug  the  basis 
of  a narrative,  entitled  “ Confessions  of  an  English  Opium- 
Eater,”  which  appeared  in  the  “London  Magazine,"  and 
which  established  his  reputation.  He  subsequently  wrote 
much  for  “Blackwood’s  Magazine"  and  the  “Edinburgh 
Literary  Gazette,”  and  eventually  took  up  his  residence  at 
Edinburgh.  His  only  separate  publications  were  “Kloster- 
heim"  (1832),  and  “Logic  of  Political  Economy"  1 1844). 
Themostcomplete  edition  of  his  works  appeared  in  1862-65. 
Dera  Ghazi  Khan  (der'a  gliii-ze'  khan).  1.  A 
district  in  the  Multan  division  of  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  west  of  the  Indus,  and  intersected 
by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  70°  30'  E.  Area,  5,306 
square  miles.  Population,  471,140. — 2.  The 
chief  town  of  the  above  district,  on  the  In- 
dus in  lat.  30°  3'  N.,  long.  70°  47'  E.  Popula- 
tion, with  cantonment,  23,731. 

Dera  Ismail  Khan  (der'a  es-ma-el'  khan).  1. 
A district  in  the  North-West  Frontier  Province, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32°  N.,  long. 
71°  E.  Area,  3,780  square  miles.  Population, 
247,857. — 2.  The  chief  town  of  the  above  dis- 
trict, near  the  Indus,  in  lat.  31°  49'  N.,  long. 
70°  55'  E.  Pop.,  with  cantonment,  31,737. 
Derajat  (der-a-jat').  A plain  between  the  In- 
dus and  the  Suliman  mountains,  in  the  Panjab 
and  the  North-West  Frontier  provinces. 
Derayeh  (de-ri'e),  or  Deraiyeh.  A ruined 
town  in  Nejd,  Arabia,  situated  about  lat.  24° 
40'  N.,  long.  46°  20'  E.  It  was  the  capital  of 
the  Wahabis  until  its  destruction  in  1818. 
Derbe  (der'be).  [Gr.  A epf3r/.\  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  of  Lycaonia,  Asia  Minor,  near 
the  border  of  Cilicia,  and  on  the  highway  from 
Cilicia  to  Iconium. 

Derbent  (der-bent'),  or  Derbend  (der-bend'). 
A seaport  in  Daghestan,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Caspian  Sea  in  lat.  42°  2'  N.,  long.  48°  16' 
E.  Near  here  commences  the  Derbent  wall  ("Caucasian 
wall  ” or  “ Alexander’s  wall").  The  town  was  taken  by 
the  Mongols  about  1220,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1722  and 
1796 ; and  was  formally  incorporated  with  Russia  in  1813. 
Population,  11,635. 


Derby 

Derby  (dar'bi  or  der'bi).  [Dan.  I)eora-by.]  1. 
Derbyshire,  a midland  county  of  England, 
lying  between  Cheshire  and  Yorkshire  on  the 
north,  Nottingham  and  Leicester  on  the  east, 
Leicester  on  the  south,  and  Cheshire  and  Staf- 
ford on  the  west.  It  is  noted  for  the  picturesque 
scenery  of  the  highlands,  or  High  Peak  region.  It  con- 
tains  lead,  iron,  coal,  etc.  Area  (ad.  co.),  1,014  square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  620,322. 

2.  The  capital  of  Derbyshire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Derwent  in  lat.  52°  56'  N.,  long.  1° 
29'  W.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk,  porcelain,  iron,  spar, 
cotton,  etc.  It  anciently  belonged  to  Peveril,  an  alleged  son 
of  William  I.,  and  was  one  of  the  Five  Boroughs  of  the 
Danes.  It  was  the  southernmost  point  reached  by  the 
Young  Pretender  in  1745,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Samuel 
Richardson.  It  returns  two  members  to  Parliament. 
Population,  123,433,  (1911). 

3.  (der'bi).  A city  (from  1894)  in  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Naugatuck  with  the  Housatonic,  9 miles 
west  of  New  Haven.  It  comprises  the  former 
towns  of  Derby  and  Birmingham.  Popula- 
tion, 8,991,  (1910). 

Derby,  Earls  of.  See  Stanley. 

Derby  (der'bi),  Elias  Haskett.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Aug.  16,  1739:  died  at  Salem,  Sept.  8, 
1799.  An  American  merchant  in  the  India  and 
China  trade,  prominent  in  the  equipment  of  pri- 
vateers during  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Derby,  Elias  Haskett.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Jan.  10,  1766:  died  at  Londonderry,  N.  H., 
Sept.  16,  1826.  An  American  merchant,  son 
of  E.  H.  Derby  (1739-99).  He  introduced  me- 
rino sheep  into  the  United  States. 

Derby,  Elias  Haskett.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Sept.  24,  1803 : died  at  Boston,  March  30,  1880. 
An  American  lawyer  and  writer,  son  of  E.  H. 
Derby  (1766-1826). 

Derby,  George  Horatio  : pseudonym  John 
Phoenix.  Born  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  April  3, 
1823:  died  at  New  York,  May  15,  1861.  An 
American  soldier  and  humorist.  He  was  a gradu- 
ate  of  West  Point,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  after 
which  he  had  various  positions  in  the  topographical  bu- 
reau at  Washington,  finally  becoming  a captain  of  engi- 
neers and  having  charge  of  lighthouse  construction  on  the 
southern  coast.  Author  of  “ Phcenixiana”  (1855)  and 
“The  Squibob  Papers”  (1859). 

Derby,  Orville  Adelhert.  Born  at  Kelloggs- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  July  23, 1851.  An  American  geolo- 
gist. He  was  graduated  at  Cornell  University,  and  was 
instructor  there  1873-75  ; made  short  visits  to  Brazil 
1870  and  1871;  and  in  1875  took  a place  on  the  Brazilian 
geological  commission.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  geological  and  geographical  work  in  Brazil,  act- 
ing on  various  commissions,  and  for  some  years  as  curator 
of  the  geological  department  of  the  national  museum. 
He  was  chief  of  the  geographical  and  geological  survey  of 
Sao  Paulo  1886-1904,  and  since  1907  has  been  chief  of  the 
geological  survey  of  Brazil. 

Derby  (dar'bi),  The.  A race  for  three-year- 
olds  at  Epsom,  established  in  1780  by  the  Earl 
of  Derby.  The  first  Derby  was  won  by  Diomed,  the 
property  of  Sir  Charles  Bunbury.  “ Derby  Day  ’’  is  the  last 
Wednesday  of  May  (sometimes  the  first  of  J une).  It  is  the 
great  Cockney  holiday.  The  Derby  has  been  twice  won  by 
fillies  : in  1801  by  Eleanor  and  in  1857  by  Blink  Bonny,  each 
of  which  also  won  the  Oaks  of  her  year.  The  course  is  now 
1 mile,  4 furlongs,  29  yards,  wide  at  the  start  an  d with  steep 
ascent,  then  level  for  three  furlongs,  descending  again  to 
“Tattenham  Corner,"  where  it  turns  and  goesstraighthome. 
The  “2,000  guineas,”  the  Derby,  and  the  St.  Leger  consti- 
tute the  “ triple  crown,"  which  has  been  won  by  West 
Australian,  Gladiateur,  Lord  Lyon,  Ormonde,  Common, 
Isinglass,  Galtee  More,  Flying  Fox,  Diamond  Jubilee, 
Rock  Sand,  etc.  Rice. 

Dercetas  (der'se-tas).  A friend  of  Antony  in 
Skakspere’s  “Antony  and  Cleopatra.” 

Derceto  (der-se'to).  [Gr.  Aep/cerA]  The  prin- 
cipal Philistine  female  deity,  worshiped  es- 
pecially in  Ascalon.  She  was  represented  in  the  form 
of  a woman  terminating  in  a fish,  and  is  considered  the 
female  counterpart  of  Dagon.  She  was  a nature  goddess, 
the  principle  of  generation  and  fertility,  and  corresponds 
in  her  attributes  and  the  mode  of  her  worship  to  Ashtoreth 
(Astarte)  of  the  Canaanites  and  Syrians  (the  Assyro- Baby- 
lonian Ishtar).  Also  Derketo.  See  Atargatis'. 

Dereham  (der'am).  A small  town  in  Norfolk, 
England,  16  miles  west  of  Norwich. 

Der-el-Bahri  (der-el-bah're),  or  Deir-el-Ba- 
hari  (dar-el-ba' ha-re).  A locality  west  of 
Thebes,  Egypt,  near  the  western  bank  of  the 
Nile,  famous  for  its  ruins.  Among  the  ruins  is  a 
temple  built  by  Hatshepsu,  sister  of  Thothmes  II.  and  III. 
(about  1600  B.  c.).  The  inclosure  is  preceded  by  a dromos 
1,600  feet  long,  between  lines  of  sphinxes,  at  the  end  of 
which  rose  two  obelisks.  The  inner  court  is  entered  by  a 
fine  granite  pylon,  and  behind  it  is  the  temple  itself.  The 
plan  is  peculiar,  as  the  buildings  extend  up  the  slope  of 
the  mountain  in  stages  connected  by  flights  of  steps.  The 
masonry  is  of  a beautiful  fine  limestone,  and  the  sculptures 
are  of  great  importance,  representing  especially  sacrificial 
scenes,  military  triumphs  and  captives,  and  payment  of 
tribute.  A number  of  the  inner  chambers  and  passages 
are  covered  with  pseudo-vaulting  of  stones  corbeled  out 
from  the  walls.  Here,  in  1881,  Maspero  made  by  chance 
a remarkable  archeological  discovery — that  of  a number 


320 

of  mummies  of  the  Pharaohs,  including  those  of  some  of 
the  most  famous  of  Egyptian  kings,  among  them  Thoth- 
mes II.  and  Thothmes  III.,  the  conqueror  of  Assyria, 
Seti  I.,  and  the  great  Raineses  II.,  the  “Pharaoh  of  the 
Oppression.”  These  mummies  are  in  remarkable  preser- 
vation, and  supply  a not  inadequate  picture  of  the  fea- 
tures of  the  sovereigns  in  life.  The  discovery  was  made 
through  a quarrel  of  some  Arabs,  who  had  found  a pit 
near  the  Sheikh  Abd-el-Gournah  hill,  and  were  surrep- 
titiously removing  the  contents.  The  mummies  had  evi- 
dently been  brought  from  the  royal  tombs,  which  lie  at 
no  great  distance,  and  placed  in  this  pit  for  safety  during 
some  threatened  danger.  They  are  now  preserved  in  the 
Gizeh  Museum,  Cairo.  A second  important  discovery  of 
concealed  mummies  was  made  in  1891. 

De  Republica  (de  re-pu'bli-ka).  [L.,  ‘of  the 
Republic.’]  A philosophical  political  treatise  in 
six  books,  by  Cicero,  in  the  form  of  a dialogue 
between  Africanus  the  younger  (in  whose  gar- 
dens the  scene  is  laid),  C.  Radius,  and  others. 

The  theme  is  the  best  form  of  government  and  the  duty 
of  the  citizen.  It  was  written  about  54-51  B.  0.  About 
one  third  of  it  has  survived. 

De  rerum  natura  (de  re'rum  na-tu'ra).  [L., 
4 of  the  nature  of  things.’]  A didactic  poem 
by  Lucretius. 

Dereyeh.  See  Derayeh. 

Derfflinger  (derf'fling-er),  Georg  von.  Born  at 
Neuhofen,  Upper  Austria,  March  10,  1606  : died 
at  Gusow,  near  Kiistrin,  Prussia,  Feb.  4,  1695. 
A Brandenburgian  general  in  the  Thirty  Years’ 
War.  He  served  at  the  battles  of  Warsaw  (1656)  and 
Fehrbellin  (1675),  and  in  the  campaign  against  the  Swedes 
1678-79. 

Derg  (dero),  Lough.  1.  An  expansion  of  the 
Shannon,  separating  Connaught  from  Mun- 
ster, Ireland.  Length,  about  24  miles. — 2.  A 
lake  in  County  Donegal,  Ulster,  Ireland,  6 miles 
east  of  Donegal.  It  contains  a shrine,  St.  Patrick’s 
Purgatory,  situated  at  first  on  Saint’s  Island,  but  now  on 
Station  Island.  Length,  about  3 miles. 

Derham  (der'am),  William.  Bora  at  Stoul- 
ton,  near  Worcester,  England,  Nov.  26,  1657 : 
died  at  Upminster,  near  London,  April  5,  1735. 
An  English  divine  and  natural  philosopher. 
His  chief  works  are  “ Physico-Theology”  (1713), 
“ Astro-Theology”  (1715),“  Christo-Theology” 
(1730). 

Dermody  (der'mo-di),  Thomas.  Born  at  En- 
nis, County  Clare,  Ireland,  Jan.,  1775:  died  at 
Sydenham,  near  London,  July  15,  1802.  An 
Irish  poet.  He  published  “Poems”  (1792),  “Poems, 
Moral  and  Descriptive”  (1800),  and  “Poems  on  Various 
Subjects  " (1802).  His  works  were  published  as  “ The 
Harp  of  Erin  ” in  1807. 

Dernier  Chouan  (der-nya/  sho-on'),  Le.  [F., 
4 The  Last  Chouan.’]  A novel  by  Balzac,  pub- 
lished in  1829:  sometimes  called  “LesChou- 
ans.” 

Deronda  (de-ron'da),  Daniel.  The  hero  of 
George  Eliot’s  novel  44  Daniel  Deronda.”  He  is 
a Hebrew,  and  when  he  discovers  his  parentage  he  resolves 
to  devote  his  whole  life  to  restoring  the  Jewish  nation  to 
★its  lost  political  position. 

Deroulede  (da-ro-lad'),  Paul.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  2,  1846.  A noted  French  man  of  letters 
and  politician.  In  1882  he  organized  the  League  of 
Patriots  (La  Ligue  des  Patriotes),  which  had  many  ramifi- 
cations throughout  France.  In  1884,  when  Boulanger 
became  minister  of  war,  he  endeavored  to  excite  feeling 
against  Germany,  and  furthered  a vigorous  foreign  policy. 
The  league  under  his  direction  gave  Boulanger  a large 
majority  in  the  election  of  Jan.  27,  1889,  and  after  the 
condemnation  of  the  latter  Drioultde  was  elected  Boulan- 
gist  deputy. 

Derr  (der  or  dar),  or  Dehr.  A town  in  Upper 
Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile  about  lat.  22°  40' 
N.  It  is  noted  for  a small  rock-temple  of 
Rameses  n. 

Derry.  See  Londonderry. 

De  Ruyter.  S©e  Buyter. 

Derwent  (der'went).  The  name  of  several  riv- 
ers, as  follows  : (a)  A river  of  Cumberland,  England, 
which  flows  into  the  Irish  Sea  7 miles  north  of  Whitehaven. 
Length,  over  30  miles.  (5)  A river  of  Derbyshire,  England, 
which  joins  the  Trent  7 miles  southeast  of  Derby.  It  is 
noted  for  its  scenery.  Leugth,  about  50  miles,  (c)  A river 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Ouse  15  miles 
southeast  of  York.  Length,  over  60  miles,  (d)  A river  in 
Tasmania  which  rises  in  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  flows  into  the 
ocean  a short  distance  below  Hobart.  Length,  130  miles. 
Derwentwater  (der'went-wa"ter).  One  of  the 
chief  lakes  in  the  Lake  District,  in  Cumberland, 
England,  lying  directly  south  of  Keswick.  It 
is  an  expansion  of  the  river  Derwent.  Length, 
3 miles. 

Derwentwater,  Earl  of.  See  Badcliffe. 
Derzhavin  (der-zhii'ven),  Gabriel  Romano- 
viteh.  Born  at  Kazan,  Russia,  July  14,  1743: 
died  at  Svanka,  near  Novgorod,  Russia,  July 
21  (N.  S.),  1816.  A Russian  lyrical  poet.  His 
best-known  poem  is  “ One  to  God  ” (1784),  besides  which 
he  wrote  “Felicia,"  “Monody  on  Prince  Mestcherski,” 
“ The  Nobleman,"  “ The  Taking  of  Ismail,"  “ The  Taking 
of  Warsaw,"  etc.  His  works  were  published  1810-15. 

Desaguadero  (des-a-gwa-THa'ro).  1 A river 


Descent  from  the  Cross 

in  Bolivia,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Titicaca,  which 
flows  into  Lake  Aullagas  (with,  no  outlet). 
Length,  190  miles. — 2.  A plateau  in  southern 
Peru  and  western  Bolivia,  a depression  between 
two  ranges  of  the  Andes.  It  includes  Lakes  Aullagas 
and  Titicaca.  Also  called  the  Titicaca  Basin,  or  Plateau 
of  Bolivia,  or  Altiplanicie.  It  is  the  highest  table-laud  in 
the  world  except  that  of  Tibet. 

Desaix  de  Veygoux  (de-sa'  de  va-go')  (or  Voy- 
goux),  Louis  Charles  Antoine.  Born  at 
St.-Hiiaire-d’Ayat,  near  Riom,  Puy-de-Dome, 
France,  Aug.  17,  1768:  killed  at  Marengo, 
Italy,  June  14,  1800.  A noted  French  general. 
He  served  in  the  battle  of  the  Pyramids  1798,  conquered 
Upper  Egypt  1798-99,  and  decided  the  victory  at  Marengo. 

Desaugiers  (da-zo-zhya' ),  Marc  Antoine 
Madeleine.  Born  at  Frejus,Var,  France,  Nov. 
17, 1772 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  9, 1827.  A French 
song-writer  and  author  of  vaudevilles. 

Desault  (de-zo'),  Pierre  Joseph.  Born  at 
Magny-Vernois,  Haute-Sa6ne,  France,  Feb.  6, 
1744:  died  at  Paris,  June  1,  1795.  A French 
surgeon  and  anatomist. 

Desbarres  (da-bar'),  Joseph  Frederick  Walsh 
or  Wallet.  Bom  1722:  died  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  Oct.  24,  1824.  An  English  officer  and 
hydrographer.  He  published  “Atlantic  Nep- 
tune” (1777),  etc. 

Desbordes-Valmore  (da-bord'val-mor'),  Mar- 
celine  Felicite  J osephe.  Bom  at  Douai,  J une 
20,  1786:  died  July  23,  1859.  A French  poet 
and  singer.  She  married  the  actor  Francois  Prosper 
Lanchantin,  who  was  called  Valmore,  in  1817.  Her  poetry 
is  distinguished  for  sweetness  and  pathos,  without  atfeqta- 
tion.  Author  of  “Elegies  et  romances”  (1818)  and  “Ele- 
gies et  poesies  nouvelles  ” (1824). 

Desborough  (dez'bur-o),  Colonel.  The  “bru- 
tally ignorant  ” brother-in-law  of  Cromwell  in 
Scott’s  novel  44  Woodstock.” 

D’Escarbagnas,  Countess.  See  Comtesse  d’Es- 
carbagnas. 

Descartes  (da-kart'),  Rene  (Latinized  Renatus 
Cartesius).  Born  at  La  Haye,  Touraine, 
France,  March  31,  1596:  died  at  Stockholm, 
Feb.  11,  1650.  A celebrated  French  philoso- 
pher, founder  of  Cartesianism  and  of  modern 
philosophy  in  general.  He  was  graduated  at  six- 
teen from  the  Jesuit  college  of  La  ileche,  spent  five 
years  in  Paris  (1613-17),  and  then  roamed  about  in  search 
of  knowledge  in  Germany,  Italy,  Holland,  and  Poland. 
In  1628  he  attended  the  siege  of'La  Rochelle  as  a volun- 
teer. From  1629  to  1649  he  led  a retired  Ufe  in  Holland, 
spreading  and  defending  his  philosophical  ideas.  He 
finally  went  to  Stockholm  on  the  invitation  of  Queen 
Christina  of  Sweden ; five  months  later  he  died  there  of 
pneumonia.  The  work  that  has  made  him  famous  as  a 
philosopher  is  a short  treatise  entitled  “Discours  de  la 
nrithode " (Leyden,  1637).  It  was  published  in  French 
together  with  three  essays  in  support  of  his  theories, 
“La  dioptrique,”  “Les  m6t^ores,”  and  “La  g6om6trie.” 
In  it  he  revolutionized  the  science  of  thought.  Descartes 
himself  published  during  his  lifetime  “Meditationes  de 
prima  philosophia  ” (Paris,  1641 ; Amsterdam,  1642  ; trans- 
lated into  French,  1647),  “Principia  philosophise”  (Am- 
sterdam, 1644),  “ Traite  des  passions  de  l'ame  ” (Amster- 
dam, 1649),  and  a polemic  pamphlet  entitled  “Epistola 
Renati  Descartes  ad  Gisbertum  Voeitum”  (Amsterdam, 
1643).  After  his  death  his  friends  published  his  “De 
l’homme"  (1664),  “Traitdde  la  formation  du  foetus  " (1664), 
“Le  monde  ou  traitd  de  la  lumiere  de  Descartes”  (1664), 
“Lettres”  (1657-67),  and  “Opuscula  posthuma,  physica 
et  mathematica”  (Amsterdam,  1701).  Descartes  ranked 
among  the  foremost  mathematicians  of  his  day.  A sep- 
arate reprint  was  made  of  his  geometry,  and  the  work 
itself  was  translated  into  Latin  in  1649,  and  reedited  in 
1659  with  notes  and  comments.  In  this  form  it  consti- 
tuted a classic  standard  throughout  Europe,  and  pre- 
sented an  entirely  new  basis  for  the  study  of  algebra  and 
geometry. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  1.  A painting  by 
Sodoma  (Bazzi)  (1504),  in  the  Accademia  at 
Siena,  Italy.  The  group  of  mourning  women  is  espe- 
cially  admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  conception  and  exe- 
cution. 

2.  A fine  painting  by  Gerard  David,  in  the 
Chapelle  du  Saint  Sang  at  Bruges,  Belgium. 
The  Virgin  and  Mary  Salome  are  grouped  with  St.  John 
about  the  body  of  Christ,  which  is  supported  by  Nicode- 
mus.  In  the  background  the  cross  is  seen.  The  Magda- 
len and  Joseph  of  Arimathea  are  painted  on  the  wings. 

3.  A noteworthy  painting  by  Cavazzola,  in  the 
Pinaeoteca  at  Verona.  It  unites  the  naturalism 
of  the  15th  century  with  the  freedom  of  the  following 
period.  With  its  companion  pieces,  the  “Bearing of  the 
Cross  ” and  the  “Agony  in  the  Garden,"  it  is  the  painter’s 
masterpiece. 

4.  A painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Pinaeoteca 
at  Parma,  Italy. — 5.  A painting  by  Titian,  in 
the  Accademia,  Venice.  It  has  been  injured  by 
restoration,  but  shows  great  invention  and  power  of  ex- 
pression. It  is  remarkable  as  having  been  painted  in 
Titian’s  ninety-ninth  year  (1576),  the  year  of  his  death. 

6.  A painting  by  Rubens  (1614),  considered  his 
masterpiece,  in  Antwerp  cathedral,  Belgium. 
The  body  has  been  detached  and  is  being  lowered  by  men 
on  ladders ; it  is  received  below  by  St.  John,  beside  whom 
kneel  Mary  Salome  and  the  Magdalen.  The  Virgin  stands 
behind. 


Deschamps 

Deschamps  (da-shon'),  Eustache,  called  Mo- 
rel. Born  at  Vertus,  Marne,  France,  in  the  first 
part  of  the  14th  century.  A French  poet.  He 
was  the  author  of  ballades  (1.175  in  number),  rondeaux, 
virelais,  etc.;  of  one  long  poem,  the  “Miroir  de  mariage 
and  of  “ Art  de  dieter  ” (a  treatise  on  French  rhetoric  and 
prosody).  _ 

Deschamps  de  Saint  Amand,  Emile.  Born 
at  Bourges,  Feb.  20,  1791:  died  at  Versailles, 
April,  1871.  A French  poet. 

Deschanel,  Emile  Augustin  Etienne  Martin. 

Born  Nov.  14,  1819:  died  Jan.  26,  1904.  A 
French  writer  and  journalist,  in  1842  he  was 
made  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Bourges,  and  shortly  after 
occupied  the  same  chair  at  Paris.  He  entered  journalism 
as  a liberal,  and  was  imprisoned  and  exiled  in  1851.  He 
returned  in  1859,  and  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
“Journal  des  Ddbats.”  In  1876  he  was  elected  to  the 
chamber  as  a republican,  and  in  1881  he  was  elected  a 
senator  for  life.  He  publislieda  number  of  anthologieswith 
comments,  “Les  courtisanes  grecques,”  “Be  mal  qu'on  a 
dit  des  femmes,’’  “Be  bien  qu’on  a dit  des  femmes,”  etc. 
(1855-58),  “Ba  vie  des  combdiens’’  (1860),  “Etudes  sur 
Aristophane ” (1867),  “ Be  peuple  etlabourgeoisie”  (1881), 
“ Benjamin  Franklin  ” (1882).  From  1882  to  1886  he  pub- 
lished his  lectures  at  the  College  de  France,  called  “Be 
romanticism  des  classiques,”  much  enlarged  and  revised. 
Deschapelles  (da-slia-pel').  Born  1780:  died 
1847.  A celebrated  whist-player.  He  published 
a treatise  on  whist  in  1839. 

Desclee  (da-kla'),  Aimee  Olympe.  Born  Nov. 
18, 1836 : died  at  Paris,  March  9, 1874.  A French 
actress.  She  excelled  in  the  modern  dramas 
“Frou-Frou,”  “Diane  de  Lys,”  etc. 
Desdemona  (dez-de-mo'na).  In  Shakspere’s 
tragedy  “Othello,”  the  wife  of  Othello  the 
Moor,  and  the  daughter  of  Brabantio,  a Vene- 
tian senator.  Othello  smothers  her  in  an  outburst  of 
rage  produced  by  a belief  in  her  unfaithfulness,  carefully 
instilled  by  Iago.  According  to  Malone,  the  first  woman 
name  unknown)  who  appeared  in  any  regular  drama  per- 
ormed  the  part  of  Desdemona. 

The  one  characteristic  which  belongs  to  Desdemona, 
that  highest  charm  of  the  womanly  nature,  which  Iago 
names  not,  because  he  knows  it  not  or  believes  not  in  it : 
namely,  her  humility,  her  harmless  ingenuousness,  her 
modesty  and  innocence.  The  miiTor  of  this  soul  has  never 
been  darkened  by  the  breath  of  an  impure  thought ; it  ab- 
hors her  to  speak  the  mere  word  of  sin  ; her  name  is  clear 
and  “ fresh  as  Dian’s  visage.’’  The  genuineness  of  her  soul 
and  mind  culminates — and  this  is  the  highest  point  of 
her  nature — in  a perfect  freedom  from  suspicion  too 
deeply  rooted  in  her  for  this  suspicious  world. 

Oervinus , Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bunnett, 

led.  1880),  p.  616. 

Desd4n  con  el  desd6n,  El.  [‘Disdain  met 
witli  disdain.’]  A play  by  Moreto  (1618-69), 
the  idea  of  which  was  taken  from  Lope  de  Vega. 
It  is  not  known  when  it  was  first  produced,  but  it  is  still 
played,  and  is  one  of  the  four  classical  pieces  of  the  older 
Spanish  drama.  Under  the  title  of  “Donna  Diana”  it  is 
familiar  in  Germany,  and  in  1864  Mr.  Westland  Marston 
produced  it  under  the  same  name  in  England,  his  version 
being  a translation  of  that  of  Schreyvogel.  Molifere’s  ver- 
sion, “Ba  prir.cesse  d’Elide,"  was  a failure.  Count  Carlo 
Gozzi  produced  it  in  Italian  as  “Ba  Principessa  Filosofla 
o il  Contraveleno  ” (“  The  Philosophical  Princess  or  the 
Antidote  ”). 

Desdichado  (des-di-cha'do).  [‘Disinherited.’] 
Li  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel  “Ivanhoe,”  the  de- 
vice assumed  by  Ivanhoe  in  the  tournament  at 
Ashby. 

De  senectute  (de  sen-ek-tu'te),  or  Cato  Major 
(ka'to  ma'jor).  [L.,‘on  old  age.’]  A short 
treatise  by  Cicero,  in  the  form  of  a conversa- 
tion, devoted  to  the  praise  (in  the  person  of 
Cato  the  censor)  of  old  age.  It  was  written 
45  or  44  b.  C. 

Desenzano  (da-sen-za'no).  A small  town  in 
northern  Italy,  situated  at  the  southern  end  of 
the  Lake  of  Garda,  16  miles  southeast  of  Brescia. 
Deseret  (dez-e-ret').  The  name  of  Utah  in  its 
earlier  history,  under  which  various  attempts 
were  made  to  gain  for  it  admittance  to  the 
Union. 

Desertas  (da-ser'tas),  Las.  A gin  up  of  small 
islands  in  the  Atlantic,  lying  southeast  of 
Madeira. 

Deserted  Village,  The.  A poem  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  begun  m 1768  and  published  in  1770. 
It  is  an  elegant  version  of  the  popular  declamation  of  the 
time  against  luxury  and  depopulation. 

Desfontaines  (da-foh-tan'),  Rene  Louiche. 

Born  at  Tremblay,  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  Feb. 
14, 1750 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16, 1833.  A French 
botanist.  His  chief  work  is  “ Flora  Atlantica  ” 
(1798-1800). 

Deshouli&res  (da-zo-lyar'),  Madame  (Antoi- 
nette de  Ligier  de  la  Garde).  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  1, 1638 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  17,  1694.  One 
of  the  chief  female  poets  of  France,  author  of 
verse,  for  the  most  part  of  the  occasional  order 
(idyls,  odes,  elegiacs,  songs,  etc.),  and  two  un- 
successful tragedies. 

Desiderius  (des-i-de'ri-us).  The  last  king  of  the 
Lombards:  reigned  756-74. 
c.— 21 


321 

DSsirade  (da-ze-r&d'),  La,  or  Deseada  (des- 
e-a'da).  An  island  of  the  French  West  Indies, 
situated  9 miles  east  of  Guadeloupe,  of  which 
it  is  a dependency.  Area,  10  square  miles. 
Population,  1,399. 

Desjardins,  Catherine.  See  Filledieu,  Ma- 
dame de. 

Des  Moines  (de  moin).  1.  A river  in  Iowa 
which  rises  in  southwestern  Minnesota,  and 
joins  the  Mississippi  at  the  southeast  extremity 
of  Iowa,  4 miles  below  Keokuk.  Bength,  from 
the  union  of  the  east  aud  west  forks  (in  Humboldt  County, 
Iowa),  about  300  miles ; total  length,  about  600  miles ; 
navigable  to  the  city  of  Des  Moines. 

2.  The  capital  of  Iowa,  and  county-seat  of  Polk 
County,  situated  on  the  Des  Moines  River  in  lat. 
41°  36'  N.,  long.  93°  39'  W.  It  has  a considerable 
trade,  and  is  a center  of  extensive  and  varied  manufac- 
tures. It  became  the  State  capital  in  1857.  Population, 
86,368,  (1910). 

Desmond,  Earls  and  Countesses  of.  See  Fitz- 
gerald. 

Desmoulins  (da-mo-lan'),  Benoit  Camille. 

Born  at  Guise,  Aisne,  France,  1760:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  April  5,  1794.  A celebrated  French 
revolutionist,  prominent  as  a pamphleteer  and 
journalist.  In  1789  his  impassioned  harangues 
contributed  powerfully  to  the  popular  excite- 
ment which  culminated  in  the  storming  of  the 
Bastille.  He  was  a deputy  to  the  Convention 
in  1792. 

Desnovers  (da-nwa-ya'),  Baron  Auguste  Gas- 
pard  Louis  Boucher.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  20, 
1779:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.,  1857.  A French 
engraver.  His  best-known  works  are  copies 
after  Raphael  (“  La  belle  jardiniere ” and  the 
“Transfiguration,”  etc.). 

Desolation  Island.  See  Kerguelen  Land. 
Desolation  Land  (des-o-la'shon  land),  or 
Desolation  Island.  The  northwesternmost 
island  of  the  Tierra  del  Fuego  archipelago.  It 
has  belonged  to  Chile  since  1881. 

Desor  (da-zor'),  Eduard.  Born  at  Friedrichs- 
dorf,  near  Homburg,  Prussia,  Feb.  11,  1811: 
died  at  Nice,  France,  Feb.  23,  1882.  A Swiss 
geologist,  zoologist,  and  archasologist. 

De  Soto  (da  so'to),  Hernando.  See  Soto,  Her- 
nando de. 

Despair  ( des-par ' ),  Giant.  A giant  in  Bunyan’s 
“Pilgrim’s  Progress”  who  takes  Christian  and 
Hopeful  while  they  are  asleep  and  imprisons 
them  in  his  dungeons  in  Doubting  Castle. 
Despard  (des'pard),  Edward  Marcus.  Born 
in  Queen’s  County,  Ireland,  in  1751:  died  Feb. 
21,  1803.  An  Irish  conspirator.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1766,  obtained  the  rank  of  captain  about  1780,  and 
in  1784  was  appointed  superintendent  of  his  Majesty’s 
affairs  in  the  Spanish  peninsula  of  Yucatan.  Having  been 
dismissed  from  this  office  on  a frivolous  charge,  he  organ- 
ized a conspiracy  against  the  government,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  was  arrested  Nov.  16,  1802,  and  hanged  at 
Eondon. 

Despenser  (de-spen'ser),  Hugh  le.  Died  Aug. 
4,  1265.  A justiciar  of  England.  He  first  appears 
in  1256,  when  he  was  intrusted  with  Harestan  Castle,  Derby- 
shire. The  first  mention  of  him  as  justiciar  is  found  in 
the  Fine  Rolls  in  1261.  He  joined  the  baronial  party  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Henry  III.  in  1263,  and  fell 
in  the  battle  of  Evesham. 

Despenser,  Hugh  le.  Born  about  1262:  died 
Oct.  27  ("?),  1326.  An  English  court  favorite.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  justiciar  Hugh  le  Despenser,  who  fell 
in  the  baronial  ranks  at  Evesham.  He  was  with  the 
king  in  Gascony  in  1294,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Dun- 
bar in  1296,  accompanied  the  expedition  to  Flanders  in 
1297,  was  sent  on  a mission  to  Pope  Clement  V.  at  Byons 
in  1305,  and  was  created  earl  of  Winchester  in  1322.  On 
the  death  of  the  favorite  PierS  Gaveston  in  1312,  he  became 
the  leader  of  the  court  party  in  opposition  to  the  baronial, 
and  together  with  his  son  Hugh  le  Despenser  obtained  a 
complete  ascendancy  over  Edward  II.  The  unscrupulous 
manner  in  which  the  favorites  used  their  power  to  further 
schemes  of  self-aggrandizement  caused  them  to  be  ban- 
ished 1321-22,  and  brought  about  a rising  of  the  barons 
under  Queen  Isabella  in  1326,  which  ended  in  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  king  and  the  execution  of  the  favorites.  The 
elder  Despenser  was  captured  at  the  surrender  of  Bristol, 
where  he  was  tried  and  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Despenser,  Hugh  le.  Died  Nov.,  1326.  An  Eng- 
lish court  favorite,  son  of  Hugh  le  Despenser, 
earl  of  Winchester.  He  was  appointed  chamberlain 
to  Edward  II.  in  1313.  Originally  an  adherent  of  the  ba- 
ronial party,  he  joined  his  father  (whom  see)  in  the  sup- 
port of  the  king  about  1317,  and  obtained  in  an  especial 
degree  the  royal  favor.  He  was  banished  with  his  father 
in  1321,  returning  with  him  in  1322.  On  the  rising  of  the 
barons  under  Queen  Isabella  in  1326,  caused  by  the  inso- 
lence and  self-seeking  of  himself  and  his  father,  he  fled 
with  Edward  from  Bondon,  Oct.  2,  1326,  but  was  captured 
at  Blantrissaint  Nov.  16, 1326,  and  was  tried  and  executed 
on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Des  Periers,  Bonaventure.  See  Hcptameron. 
Des  Plaines  (da  plan),  or  Aux  Plaines  (6 
plan).  A river  in  southeastern  Wisconsin  and 
northeastern  Illinois,  which  unites  with  the 


Detaille 

Kankakee  to  form  the  Illinois  40  miles  south- 
west of  Chicago.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
Despoblado  (daz-pd-bla'do).  [Sp.,  ‘uninhab- 
ited.’] The  name  given  in  the  Andean  regions 
of  South  America  to  any  barren  plateau  which 
is  so  high  and  cold  as  to  be  practically  unin- 
habitable. Also  called  Putta.  Specifically— (a)  In 
southern  Peru,  the  region  between  the  central  and  west- 
ern Cordilleras,  an  undulating  tract  from  14,000  to  18,000 
feet  high,  with  a general  breadth  of  about  150  miles,  nar- 
rowing northward  and  extending  southward  on  the  borders 
of  Chile  and  Bolivia.  (6)  A desert  plateau  in  southern 
Bolivia  (department  of  Potosf),  on  the  borders  of  Argen- 
tina. 

Desportes  (da-port'),  Philippe.  Born  at  Char- 
tres, 1546:  died  Oct.  5,  1606.  A French  poet, 
ecclesiastic,  and  diplomatist,  a disciple  of  Ron- 
sard,  sumamed  by  his  contemporaries  “ the 
French  Tibullus.” 

Dessaix  (de-sa'),  Joseph  Marie.  Born  at 
Thonon,  Haute-Savoie,  France,  Sept  24,  1764 : 
died  Oct.  26,  1834.  A French  general  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  surnamed  by  Napoleon  “ L’ln- 
trdpide”  after  the  battle  of  Wagrarn  (1809). 
Dessalines  (de-sa-len'),  Jean  Jacques.  Bom 
at  Grande  Riviere,  1758:  died  near  Port-au- 
Prince,  Oct.  17, 1806.  A negro  revolutionist  of 
Haiti.  He  was  a slave,  joined  the  servile  insurrection 
of  1791,  rose  to  be  second  in  command  under  Toussaint 
Eouverture,  and  fought  against  the  mulattos ; he  was 
notorious  for  savage  courage  and  cruelty.  In  1802  he  re- 
sisted Beclerc’s  army  in  the  west,  but  finally  submitted. 
After  Toussaint  had  been  carried  to  France  he  headed 
another  revolt,  and,  aided  by  the  English,  drove  out  the 
French  (1803).  On  Jan.  1, 1804,  he  was  proclaimed  gover- 
nor-general of  Haiti  for  life,  and  on  June  16,  1805,  empe- 
ror, as  Jean  Jacques  I.  His  despotism  incited  hatred,  and 
he  was  eventually  waylaid  and  killed. 

Dessau  (des'sou).  The  capital  of  Anhalt,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Mulde  near  its  junction 
with  the  Elbe,  in  lat.  51°  50'  N.,  long.  12°  14' 
E.  It  contains  the  ducal  palace  (with  art  collections), 
several  other  art  collections,  and  the  Schlosskirche.  It 
was  founded  by  Albert  the  Bear,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Moses  Mendelssohn.  Population,  commune,  65,134. 

Dessolles,  or  Dessolle  (de-sol'),  Marquis  Jean 
Joseph.  Paul  Augustin.  Born  at  Auch,  Gers, 
France,  Oct.  3,  1767 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  4, 
1828.  A French  general  and  politician.  He 
served  with  distinction  under  Moreau  in  Italy  in  1799, 
in  Germany  in  1800,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1818-19. 

De  Stael,  Madame.  See  Stael,  de. 

D’Este.  See  Este,  d’. 

De  Stendhal.  Pseudonym  of  Marie  Henri  Beyle. 
Desterro  (daz-ter'ro),  or  Nossa  Senhora  do 
Desterro,  or  Santa  Catharina ; now  Flori- 
anopolis.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
state  of  Santa  Catharina,  Brazil,  situated  on  the 
western  side  of  the  island  of  Santa  Catharina. 
It  is  a secondary  military  and  naval  station. 
Population,  about  16,000. 

Destiny  (des'ti-ni).  A novel  by  Miss  Ferrier, 
dedicated  to  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  published 
anonymously  in  1831. 

Destouches  (da-tosh'),  Philippe  Nericault. 
Born  at  Tours,  France,  April,  1680:  died 
near  Melun,  France,  July  4,  1754.  A noted 
French  dramatist.  His  works  include  “Be  curieux 
impertinent”  (1710),  “Be  philosophe  marie  ” (1727),  “Be 
glorieux  ” (1732),  etc. 

Destouches  wrote  seventeen  comedies ; and,  if  bulk  and 
general  merit  of  work  are  taken  together,  he  deserves  the 
first  place  among  the  comic  dramatists  of  the  century  in 
France.  Saintsbury,  French  Bit.,  p.  409. 

Destutt  de  Tracy  (de-stut'  de  tra-se'),  Comte 
Alexandre  Cesar  Victor  Charles.  Born  at 
Paris,  Sept.  9,  1781:  died  at  Paray-le-Fr(5sil, 
Allier,  France,  March  13,  1864.  A French  offi- 
cer, politician,  and  writer  : son  of  Antoine 
Destutt. 

Destutt  de  Tracy,  Antoine  Louis  Claude, 
Comte  de  Tracy.  Born  at  Paris,  July  20, 
1754:  died  March  10,  1836.  A French  philoso- 
pher, deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  in 
1789.  His  chief  works  are  “laments  d’id^ologie ” 
(1801-16),  “Commentaire  sur  l’esprit  des  lois”(1811  and 
1819). 

Desvres  (da'vr).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  France,  12  miles  east  of  Bou- 
logne. Population,  commune,  4,939. 

Detaille  (de-tay'),  Jean  Baptiste  Edouard. 

Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  5,  1848.  A French  battle- 
painter.  During  the  Franco-Prussian  war  he  was  the 
secretary  of  General  Pajol,  and  later  of  General  Appert. 
Many  of  his  pictures  show  the  result  of  his  studies  from 
life  at  this  period.  Among  them  are  “ En  Retraite”(1873), 
“Charge  du  9«'» cuirassiers  ii  Morsbronn ’’ (1874),  “Be  re- 
giment qui  passe ” (1875),  “Salut  aux  blessds  "(1877),  “ Be 
iv ve ” (1888),  “Charge  du  lor  hussards”  (bought  for  the 
Luxembourg  in  1891).  Besides  some  minor  illustrations 
he  furnished  designs  in  1885-88  for  a book  containing  aU 
the  types  and  uniforms  of  the  French  army. 


Detmold 

Detmold  (det/mold).  The  capital  of  Lippe,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Werre  46  miles  south- 
west of  Hannover,  it  lias  a Residenz-Schloss  and  a 
New  Palace,  and  is  the  birthplace  of  Freiligrath.  Three 
miles  southwest  is  the  Grotenburg  (height  1.160  feet)  with 
the  Hermanns  Denkmal.  See  Hermanns  Venkmal.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  13,272. 

Detmold,  Johann  Hermann.  Born  at  Han- 
nover, Germany,  July  24,  1807 : died  there, 
March  17, 1856.  A German  politician  and  satiri- 
cal writer.  He  was  elected  to  the  national  assembly 
in  184S,  and  in  1849  was  for  a short  time  minister  of  justice 
and  of  the  interior.  He  wrote  “ Anleitung  zur  Kunstken- 
nerschaft”(1833),  “Randzeichnungen”(lS43),  and  “Thaten 
und  Meinungen  des  Herrn  Piepmeier ' (1849). 

De  Tocqueville.  See  Tocqueville. 

Detroit  (de-troit').  [From  F.  detroit,  strait.] 
A port  of  entry  and  the  capital  of  Wayne  Coun- 
ty, Michigan,  situated  on  the  Detroit  River  in 
lat.  42°  20'  N.,  long.  83°  5'  W.  It  is  the  first  city 
in  Michigan,  and  has  a large  American  and  Canadian 
trade  in  grain,  wool,  copper,  pork,  etc.  Among  its  chief 
manufactures  are  car-wheels.  It  was  first  visited  by  the 
French  in  1670  ; settled  by  them  under  Cadillac  in  1701 ; 
taken  Dy  the  British  in  1760;  besieged  by  Pontiac  1763-64  ; 
ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1783,  but  not  occupied  until 
1796 ; surrendered  by  Hull  to  the  British  in  1812  ; and  re- 
covered by  the  United  States  in  1813.  It  was  the  State 
capital  from  1837  to  1847.  Population,  465,766,  (1910). 
Detroit  River.  A river  which  flows  from 
Lake  St.  Clair  into  Lake  Erie,  and  separates 
Michigan  from  the  province  of  Ontario,  Can- 
ada. Length,  about  25  miles. 

Dettingen  (det'ting-en).  A village  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  16 
miles  southeast  of  Frankfort.  Here,  June  27,  1743, 
the  Anglo-German  army  under  George  II.  of  England  de- 
feated  the  French  under  Noailles. 

Deucalion  (du-ka/li-on).  [Gr.  A ema/utw.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a king  of  Phthia  in  Thessaly,  a 
son  of  Prometheus  and  Clymene,  who  with  his 
wife  Pyrrha  was  saved  from  a deluge  sent  by 
Zeus.  On  the  advice  of  his  father  he  built  a wooden 
chest  in  which  he  and  his  wife  were  saved.  After  float- 
ing for  nine  days  he  landed  on  Mount  Parnassus  and  sac- 
rificed to  Zeus.  To  renew  the  human  race,  destroyed  by 
the  deluge,  he  and  Pyrrha  were  directed  to  veil  their 
faces  and  throw  behind  them  the  bones  of  their  mother. 
Through  a misunderstanding  they  threw  stones,  and  those 
thrown  by  Deucalion  became  men  and  those  thrown  by 
Pyrrha  women  ; and  with  these  Deucalion  founded  a king- 
dom in  Locris. 

Deuteronomy  (du-te-ron'o-mi).  [LGr.  Sevrepo- 
voutov,  the  second  law.]  The  fifth  and  last  book 
of  the  Pentateuch,  containing  the  last  discourses 
of  Moses,  delivered  in  the  plain  of  Moab.  it  be- 
gins with  a recapitulation  of  the  events  of  the  last  month 
of  the  forty  years’  wandering  of  the  Israelites  in  the  des- 
ert (i.-iv.  40) ; then  follows  the  main  body  of  the  book,  set- 
ting forth  the  laws  which  were  to  regulate  the  Israelites 
when  they  should  become  settled  in  the  promised  land ; 
while  chapters  xxvi.-xxxiii.  contain  the  farewell  speeches 
of  Moses.  Deuteronomy  is  a manual  of  religion  and  social 
ethics.  Compared  with  the  other  books  of  the  Pentateuch 
it  is  distinguished  by  a warm,  oratorical  tone.  The  laws 
of  the  preceding  books  are  modified,  and  their  presenta- 
tion is  more  spiritual  and  ethical.  On  account  of  these 
differences  Deuteronomy  is  now  assigned  by  many  critics 
to  a diiferent  author  and  date  from  the  rest  of  the  Penta- 
teuch. Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  so-called  reformation 
of  King  Josiah  appears  to  carry  out  the  principles  of 
Deuteronomy,  it  is  concluded  that  “ the  book  of  the  law  ” 
discovered  by  the  priest  Hilkiah  in  the  temple  in  622  B.  C., 
which  began  the  reformation  of  Josiah,  was  Deuteronomy. 
But  its  composition  must  certainly  have  originated  at  an 
earlier  date.  This  is  put  by  many  critics  in  the  reign  of 
Menasseh,  698-643  B.  0. 

Deutsch  (doich),  Emmanuel  Oscar  Mena- 

hem.  Born  at  Neisse,  Prussia,  Oct.  28,  1829: 
died  at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  May  12,  1873.  A 
German  Orientalist,  of  Hebrew  descent,  assis- 
tant in  the  British  Museum  library. 
Deutsch-Brod  (doich'brot).  A town  in  Bohe- 
mia. situated  on  the  Sazawa  60  miles  southeast 
of  Prague.  Population,  commune,  8,529,  (1910). 
Deutsch-Krone  (doich'kro'ne).  A town  in  the 
province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  62  miles 
north  of  Posen.  Population,  7,516. 

Deutz  (doits).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  east  “bank  of  the  Rhine 
opposite  Cologne  (of  which  it  is  now  a part) : 
the  Roman  Divitia,  later  (after  the  10th  cen- 
tury) Tuitium.  Population,  16,136. 

Deux  Amis  (de-za-me'),  Les.  [F-,  ‘the  two 
friends.’]  A play  by  Beaumarchais,  produced 
in  1770. 

Deux-Ponts  (de-pon').  [F.,  ‘two  bridges.’] 
See  Zweibriicken. 

Deux-S&vres  (de-savr').  [F.,  ‘two  Sevres’: 
from  the  two  rivers  Sevre  Nantaise  and  Se  vre 
Niortaise.]  A department  of  France,  bounded 
by  Maine-et-Loire  on  the  north,  Vienne  on  the 
east,  Charente  and  Charente-Infdrieure  on  the 
south,  and  Vendde  on  the  west.  Capital,  Niort. 
The  department  was  formed  chiefly  from  parts  of  Poitou, 
Aunis,  and  Saintonge.  Area,  2,337  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 339,466. 


322 

Deva  (da'va).  [Skt.,  ‘heavenly,’  and,  as  a sub- 
stantive, ‘ god.’]  A deity.  The  Devas  were 
later  reckoned  as  33:  12  Adityas,  8 Vasus,  11 
Rudras,  and  2 Asvins. 

Deva  (de'va).  The  ancient  name  of  Chester 
(which  see),  and  also  of  the  Dee. 

Deva  (da'vo).  A small  town  iu  Transylvania, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Maros  37  miles  south- 
west of  Karlsburg. 

Devanagari  (da-va-na'ga-re).  [Skt., ‘of  the  city 
of  the  gods  or  Brahmans.’]  The  mode  of  writ- 
ing Sanskrit  employed  in  Hindustan  proper,  and 
alone  adopted  by  European  scholars : a name  of 
doubtful  origin  and  value. 

Devaprayaga  (da-va-pra-ya'gii),  or  Deoprag 
(da-6-prag' ).  A sacred  city  of  the  Hindus,  sit- 
uated in  Tehri,  United  Provinces,  India,  in  lat. 
30°  10'  N.,  long.  78°  37'  E.,  where  the  Alak- 
nanda  and  Bhagirathi unite  to  form  the  Ganges. 
Devarshis  (da-viir'shiz).  [Skt.]  In  Hindu  re- 
ligion, Devarishis  or  sages  who  have  attained 
perfection  upon  earth,  and  have  been  exalted  as 
demigods  to  heaven. 

Devens  (dev'ens),  Charles.  Born  at  Charles- 
town, Mass.,  April  4,  1820 : died  at  Boston,  Jan. 
7,  1891.  An  American  jurist  and  general.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861- 
1865,  and  was  attorney-general  of  the  United  States  1877- 
18sl. 

Deventer  (de'ven-ter),  or  Demter  (dem'ter). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Overyssel,  Nether- 
lands, situated  on  the  Yssel  22  miles  northeast 
of  Arnhem.  It  produces  “Deventer  honey- 
cakes,”  butter,  iron,  etc.  (See  the  extract.) 
Population,  26,212. 

A proof  of  this  character  was  given  in  an  institution  of 
considerable  influence  both  upon  lear  ning  and  religion, 
the  college  or  brotherhood  of  Deventer,  planned  by  Gerard 
Groot,  but  not  built  and  inhabited  till  1400,  fifteen  years 
after  his  death.  The  associates  of  this,  called  by  different 
names,  but  more  usually  Brethren  of  the  Life  in  Common 
(Gemeineslebens),  or  Good  Brethren  and  Sisters,  were  dis- 
persed in  different  parts  of  Germany  and  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, but  with  their  head  college  at  Deventer.  They  bore 
an  evident  resemblance  to  the  modern  Moravians,  by  their 
strict  lives,  their  community  (at  least  a partial  one)  of 
goods,  their  industry  in  manual  labour,  their  fervent  devo- 
tion, their  tendency  to  mysticism.  Hallam,  Lit.,  p.  75. 

De  Vere  (de  ver'),  Sir  Aubrey.  Born  at  Cur- 
ragh  Chase,  County  Limerick,  Ireland,  Aug.  28, 
1788:  died  there,  July  5,  1846.  An  Irish  poet. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Vere  Hunt,  and  took  the  an- 
cestral name  of  De  Vere  in  1832  by  letters  patent.  He  pub- 
lished “Julian  the  Apostate  ”(1822),  “The  Song  of  Faith,” 
etc.  (1842),  “Mary  Tudor”  (1847:  posthumously  pub- 
lished), etc. 

De  Vere.  Aubrey  Thomas.  Born  at  Curragh 
Chase,  County  Limerick,  Ireland,  Jan.  10, 1814 : 
died  there,  Jan.  20, 1902.  An  Irish  poet,  son  of 
Sir  Aubrey  De  Vere.  He  wrote  “ The  Waldenses,” 
etc.  (1842),  poems  iu  1843,  1853,  1857,  1861,  1864,  “Irish 
Odes  ” (1869),  “ Alexander  the  Great  ” (1874),  ‘ ‘ Legends  of 
the  Saxon  Saints  " (1879),  etc.  His  prose  works  consist  of 
“English  Misrule  and  Irish  Misdeeds”  (1848),  “Pleas  for 
Secularization  ” (1867),  “The  Church  Establishment  of  Ire- 
land ” (1867),  etc.,  and  several  volumes  of  essays  (1887-89). 

De  Vere,  Maximilian  Scheie.  Born  near 

Wexio,  Sweden,  Nov.  1,  1820:  died  1898.  An 
American  philologist,  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia.  He  published  “Comparative  Philol- 
ogy”  (1853),  “Stray  Leaves  from  the  Book  of  Nature” 
(1856),  “Americanisms,”  etc.  (1871),  “ Romance  of  Amer- 
ican History  ” (1872),  a number  of  translations  from  Spiel- 
hagen,  and  “ Myths  of  the  Rhine,”  translated  from  X.  B. 
Sain  tine  (1874]. 

Devereux  (dev'e-ro).  A novel  by  Bulwer,  pub- 
lished in  1829. 

Devereux,  Penelope.  A lady  loved  by  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  and  celebrated  by  him  under  the 
name  of  Stella.  See  Astrophel. 

Devereux,  Robert,  second  Earl  of  Essex.  Born 
at  Netherwood,  Herefordshire,  England,  Nov. 
10,  1567 : beheaded  at  London,  Feb.  25,  1601. 
An  English  nobleman,  son  of  the  first  Earl  of 
Essex,  and  a favorite  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  He 

was  appointed  in  1585  general  of  the  horse  to  the  expedi- 
tion sent  under  Leicester  to  the  aid  of  the  States-General. 
In  1587  he  attended  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  at 
this  time  began  to  show  him  unmistakable  signs  of  atten- 
tion. He  married  the  widow  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  in  1590, 
became  a privy  councilor  in  1593,  commanded  the  land 
forces  in  the  expedition  against  Cadiz  in  1596,  was  ap- 
pointed earl  marshal  of  England  in  1597,  and  became 
chancellor  of  Cambridge  University  in  1598.  In  1599  he 
was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  in  which  post 
he  aroused  the  queen’s  anger  by  the  failure  of  his  opera- 
tions against  the  Irish  rebels.  He  returned  to  England  to 
lay  hisdefensebefore  thequeen  in  person,  and,  failing  tore- 
gain  his  standing  at  court,  formed  a conspiracy  to  compel 
her  by  force  of  arms  to  dismiss  his  enemies  in  the  council. 
He  was  arrested  and  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Devereux,  Robert,  third  Earl  of  Essex.  Born 
at  London,  1591:  died  Sept.  14, 1646.  An  Eng- 
lish general,  son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Essex. 
He  was  appointed  general  of  the  Parliamentary  army  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  1042  ; fought  the  Royalist 
forces  in  the  drawn  battle  of  Edgehill  in  1642 ; captured 


Devil  upon  Two  Sticks,  The 

Reading,  relieved  Gloucester,  and  gained  the  first  battle 
of  Newbury  in  1643 ; lost  his  army  in  the  unsuccessful 
campaign  in  Cornwall  in  1644  ; and  resigned  his  command 
on  the  passage  of  the  Self-Denying  Ordinance  in  1645. 

Devereux,  Walter,  first  Earl  of  Essex.  Born 
in  Carmarthenshire,  Wales,  probably  in  1541 : 
died  at  Dublin,  Sept.  22,  1576.  An  English 
nobleman.  He  raised  in  1569  a troop  of  soldiers  to  assist 
in  suppressing  the  northern  rebellion  under  the  earls  of 
Northumbria  and  Westmoreland,  for  which  service  he  was 
created  earl  of  Essex  in  1572.  He  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  subdue  and  colonize  Ulster  1573-76. 

Deveron  (dev'e-ron).  A river  in  Aberdeen- 
shire and  Banffshire,  Scotland,  which  flows  into 
Moray  Firth  at  Banff.  Length,  about  60  miles. 

Devi  (da've).  In  Hindu  mythology,  “the  god- 
dess ” or  Mahadevi  ( ‘ the  great  goddess’),  wife  of 
the  god  Shiva  and  daughter  of  Himavat  (that  is, 
the  Himalaya  Mountains).  She  is  mentioned  under 
a number  of  names  in  the  Mahabharata,  but  is  specially 
developed  in  the  Puranas.  As  the  Shakti  or  female  energy 
of  Shiva,  she  has  two  characters,  one  mild,  the  other 
fierce,  and  it  is  under  the  latter  that  she  is  especially  wor- 
shiped. She  has  various  names,  referring  to  her  various 
forms.  In  her  terrible  form  she  is  Durga  (‘the  inacces- 
sible’). It  is  in  this  character  that  bloody  sacrifices  are 
offered  to  her,  that  the  barbarities  of  the  Durgapuja  and 
Charakpuja  are  perpetrated,  and  that  the  orgies  of  the 
Tantrikas  are  held  in  her  honor. 

De  Vigny.  See  Vigny. 

Devil  (dev'l),  The.  A noted  tavern  in  Fleet 
street,  London,  near  Temple  Bar.  The  Apollo 
Club  was  held  here.  It  was  presided  over  by  Ben  Jon- 
son.  Shakspere,  Beaumont,  Fletcher,  and  other  celebrities 
frequented  it.  The  tavern  has  been  absorbed  by  Child’s 
Bank,  one  of  the  oldest  banks  in  London,  which  occupied 
the  next  house. 

Devil,  The  White.  See  White  Devil. 

Devil  and  his  Dam,  The.  See  Grim  the  Col- 
lier of  Croyden. 

Devil  is  an  Ass,  The.  A comedy  by  Ben  Jon- 
sou,  first  acted  in  1616.  Jouson  evidently  had  in 
mind  the  title  of  Dekker’s  play  (published  1612)  “If  it 
he  not  Good  the  Devil  is  in  it  ” ; the  devil  in  Jonson’s 
play  being  an  ass  in  comparison  to  the  characters  who 
buffet  and  completely  overreach  him. 

Devil  of  Dowgate,  The,  or  Usury  Put  to  Use. 

See  Night-Walker,  The  (by  Fletcher). 

Devil  of  Edmonton.  See  Merry  Devil  of  Ed- 
monton. 

Deville,  Sainte-Claire.  See  Sainte-Claire  De- 
ville. 

Devil’s  Bridge.  A stone  bridge  over  the  Reuss, 
in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  Pass,  near  Andermatt.  It  was  partly 
destroyed  by  the  French  in  1799.  A new  bridge  (near 
the  original  one)  was  built  1828-30. 

Devil’s  Bridge,  or  Pont-y-Mynach  (pont-e- 
mun'ach).  A bridge  over  the  gorge  of  the 
Mynach,  near  Aberystwith,  in  Wales. 

Devil’s  Dyke.  An  ancient  earthwork,  18  feet 
high  (of  prehistoric  date),  in  Cambridgeshire, 
England,  extending  from  Reach  to  Wood-Dit- 
ton.  There  is  another  natural  “Devil’s  Dyke” 
near  Brighton,  England. 

The  Devil’s  Dyke,  as  this  barrier  is  called,  is  clearly  a 
work  of  defence  against  enemies  advancing  from  the 
Fens ; and  as  a defence  to  the  East  Anglians  it  was  of 
priceless  value,  for,  stretching  as  it  did  from  a point 
where  the  country  became  fenny  and  impassable  to  a 
point  where  the  woods  equally  forbade  all  access,  it 
covered  the  only  entrance  to  the  country  they  had  won. 
But  if  the  dyke  he  the  work  of  the  conquerors  of  this  part 
of  the  coast,  its  purely  defensive  character  shows  that 
their  attack  was  at  an  end  ; and  that  it  was  rather  as  as- 
sailants than  as  a prey  that  they  regarded  the  towns  of 
Central  Britain.  Green,  Making  of  England,  p.  51. 

Devil’s  Lake.  A lake  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  North  Dakota.  Length,  50  miles. 

Devil’s  Law-Case,  The.  A romantic  comedy 
by  Webster,  printed  in  1623. 

Devil’s  Parliament.  [L.  Parliamentum  Dia- 
holiCUm .]  A nickname  given  to  the  English 
Parliament  which  met  at  Coventry,  England, 
in  1459.  It  attainted  the  leading  Yorkists. 

Devil's  Thoughts,  The.  A short  poem  by  Cole- 
ridge and  Southey,  sometimes  known  as  “The 
Devil’s  Walk.” 

The  famous  “Devil’s  Thoughts”  had  appeared  in  its 
first  form  on  6 Sept.  1799.  The  first  three  stanzas  of  four- 
teen were  by  Southey.  This  amusing  doggerel  was  re- 
printed in  Coleridge's  “Sibylline  Leaves”  (1817),  and  in 
his  collected  poems.  1829  and  1834,  with  due  statement  of 
Southey’s  share.  It  was  imitated  by  Byron  and  claimed 
for  Porson.  In  Southey’s  poems  it  is  reprinted  w ith  many 
additional  stanzas,  including  some  referring  to  the  Porson 
story.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  XI.  308. 

Devil’s  Wall.  A popular  name  for  the  south- 
ern portion  of  the  Roman  fortification  called 
the  Pfahlgraben  (which  see). 

Devil  upon  Two  Sticks,  The.  A comedy  by 
Foote,  first  played  May  30, 1768,  and  printed  in 
1778.  Foote  took  it  from  Le  Sage’s  “Le  diable 
boiteux,”  and  himself  played  the  part  of  the 
devil.  See  Asmodeus. 


Devizes 


323 


Devizes  (de-vi'zez).  [Formerly  also  De  Vies  writer.  His  works  include  “ Human  Nature,” 
( whence  the  mistaken  forms  The  Vies,  The  Vise , “Human  Life,”  “Unitarian  Belief,”  etc. 

The  Vises) ; ME.  * Devises , ML.  Divisse,  orig.  Cas-  De  Winter  (de  vm'ter),  Jan  Willem.  Born 
tram  Divisarum,  city  of  the  borders  (ML.  di-  in  Texel,  Netherlands,  1750:  died  at  Paris,  June 
visee)  1 A town  in  Wiltshire,  England,  27  miles  2,  1812.  A Dutch  admiral,  commander  at  the 
southeast  of  Bristol.  It  has  a trade  in  grain,  battle  of  Camperdown,  Oct.  11,  1797. 
Population,  6,532.  DeWitt  (de  vit'),  Cornelius.  Born  at  Dort, 

Devon.  See  Devonshire.  Netherlands,  1623:  murdered  at  The  Hague, 

Devonport  (dev'on-port).  A seaport  and  mu-  Aug.  20,  16/2.  A Dutch  politician  and  naval 
nicipal  and  parliamentary  borough  in  Devon-  officer,  brother  of  Jan  De  Witt, 
shire,  England,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the  De  Witt,  Jan.  Born  at  Dort,  Netherlands, 
Tamar,  known  as  the  Hamoaze,  2 miles  west  Dec.  25,  1625 : murdered  at  The  Hague,  Aug. 
of  Plymouth.  It  has  an  important  naval  arsenal,  and  is  ^0,  1672.  A Dutch  statesman.  He  became  grand 
noted  for  its  dockyards  Until  1824  it  was  called  1'lym-  pensionary  of  Holland  in  1653;  terminated  the  war  with 
outlx  Dock.  Population,  81,694,  (1911).  England  (which  had  broken  out  in  1652)  by  a treaty  with 

npvnn«hire  frlev'  on-shir)  or  Devon  (dev'onh  Cromwell  in  1654 ; carried  on  a war  with  England  1665-67  ; 
,M,°no  1Te  , 9a  o nr  procured  the  passage  of  the  Perpetual  Edict  (directed 

[ML.  Devenschire , AS.  Defend  SClV,  shire  ot  the  Qgain8t  the  house  of  Orange)  in  1668;  and  in  1668  nego- 
Devons  (Defends), the  inhabitantsof  theregion-  J tiated  with  England  and  Sweden  the  Triple  Alliance, 
A maritime  county  of  southwestern  England,  which  frustrated  the  design  of  Louis  XIV.  to  annex  the 

1-vinir  hptwpon  Bri-stol  Uhannel  on  the  west  and  Spanish  Netherlands.  He  was  overthrown  by  the  Orange 
lying  between  Bristol  tmannei  on . tne  west  aim  v in  and  wjth  his  brother  Cornelius  was  murdered 

north,  Somerset  and  Dorset  on  the  northeast  £t  The  Hague  by  an  infuriated  mob. 
and  east,  the  English  Channel  on  the  south-  Dewsbury  (duz'beF'i).  A town  in  the  West 
east  and  south,  and  Cornwall  on  the  west.  jjiding  ot-  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Dartmoor  and  the  \ale  of  Exeter  are  noted  natural  tea*  & D ..  , , q , , T,  • ,, 

tures.  Its  chief  mineral  products  are  copper  and  tin,  and  Calder  8 miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  It  IS  the 
the  county  is  noted  for  its  cattle  and  cider.  County  town,  center  ol  til©  siioduy  niclii'ufjictu.re.  x opula.tiODj 
Exeter.  Area  (ad.  co.),  2,598  square  miles.  Population  28,060. 

(pari,  co.),  661,314.  Dexileus  (dek-sil'e-us),  Monument  of.  Amon- 

Devonshire,  Earl  and  Duke  of.  See  Blount,  ument  on  the  Street  of  Tombs  at  Athens,  it  is 
..  . Cnmenrlieli  a beautiful  stele  hearing  in  relief  a youthful  horseman 

ovurienap,  Luueriuisn.  who  has  ridden  down  an  en  . Dexileus  fell  before 

Devonshire  Club.  A Liberal  club  at  50  St.  Corinth  in  394-393  b.  0. 

James  street,  London,  established  in  1875.  Dexippus  (deks-ip'us),  Publius  Herennius. 
Devonshire  House.  A house  in  Piccadilly,  [Gr.  A^Trof.]  Died  about  280  a.  d.  A Greek 
London,  near  Berkeley  street.  It  is  the  residence  historian.  He  commanded  a band  of  patriots  in  262 
of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  and  was  for  more  than  a cen-  against  the  Goths  or  Scythians  who  invaded  Greece  and 
tury  one  of  the  headquarters  of  the  leaders  of  the  Whig  captured  Athens.  He  wrote  an  account  of  this  invasion, 
party.  entitled  2 taiduco.,  fragments  of  which  are  extant. 

Devrient  (dev-ryoh'),  Gustav  Emil.  Born  Dexter  (deks'ter).  A dark-bay  trotting  gelding 
at  Berlin,  Sept.  4,  1803:  died  at  Dresden,  Aug.  with  white  legs  and  a blaze,  by  Hambletonian 
7,1872.  A German  actor,  brother  of  K.  A.  (10),  dam  Clara, by  Seely’s  American  Star.  June 
Devrient  21,  1867,  he  won  the  fastest  trotting  record  in  2:171,  and 

Devrient,'  Karl  August.  Born  at  Berlin,  April  t0  Maid  (2:14)  in  1874. 

5,  1797:  died  at  Lauterberg,  in  the  Harz,  Ger-  Dexter,  Henry  Martyn.  Bom  at  Plympton, 
many,  Aug.  3,  1872.  A German  actor,  nephew  ^ass’>  : Is  ew  Bedford, 

of  Ludwm  Devrient  Mass.,  Nov.  13, 1890.  An  American  Congrega- 

Devrient," Ludwig.  Born  at  Berlin,  Dec.  15,  tional  clergyman .and  historian,  editor  of  the 
1784:  died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  30,  1832.  A noted  f Congregationalist  (at  Boston)  185  1-66  and 
Pc-ma n ’ trom  186/.  His  works  include  “The  Voice  of  the 

german  actor.  Bible,"  etc.  (1858),  “Congregationalism,”  etc.  (1865), 

Devrient,  Philipp  Eduard.  Born  at  Berlin,  “Church  Polity  of  the  Puritans,”  etc.  (1870),  “The  Con- 
Aug.  11,  1801 : died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Oct.  gregationalism  of  the  last  Three  Hundred  Years,’’  etc. 
4.  1877.  A German  actor,  dramatic  writer,  (1880:  this  has la  bibliography  of  over '7, .(^titles)  “Com- 
»»d  playwright : brother  of  Karl  Aogu.t  Devi 

nent.  HlS  chief  work  IS  a “Geschicllte  der  teenth  Century”  and  “A  History  of  the  Old  Plymouth 
deutschen  Schauspielkunst  ” (1848-74).  Colony”  were  in  preparation  at  his  death. 

Dewangiri  (da-wiin-ge're),  or  Diwangiri  (de- Dexter,  Samuel.  Born  at  Boston, May  14,1761: 
wan-ge're).  A place  on  the  boundary  of  the  died  at  Athens,  N.  Y.,  May  4, 1816.  An  Amer- 
Kamrup  district,  Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam,  in  ican  jurist  and  politician,  secretary  of  war  in 
lat.  26°  52'  N.,  long.  91°  28'  E.  The  scene  of  engage-  1800,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1801. 
ments  between  the  Bhutias  and  English  troops  in  1865.  Deyra  Dun.  See  Dehra  Dun. 

D Ewes  (duz),  Sir  Simonds.  Born  at  Coxden,  Dhalim  (Tna'lim).  [Ar.  zalim,  the  ostricli.  See 
Dorsetshire,  England,  Dec.  18,  160*,:  died  at  Beid.]  The  bright  third-magnitude  star  (i  Eri- 
Stow  Langtoft  Hall,  Suffolk,  April  8,  1650.  An  dani:  the  brightest  in  that  part  of  the  constel- 
English  antiquary  and  chronicler.  He  collected  lation  which  is  visible  in  Europe.  More  often 
journals  of  all  the  Parliaments  during  the  reign  of  Queen  „„ii.J,i 

Elizabeth  (published  1682).  His  manuscripts  were  sold,  called  ( ill set  (winch  see). 

after  his  death,  to  Sir  Kobert  Harley  (afterward  Earl  of  Dhammapada  (dham-ma-pa  da).  [Pall,  ‘pre- 


cepts of  the  law,’  or  ‘ steps  of  the  law.’]  A por- 
tion of  the  Buddhist  Scriptures,  the  second  di- 
vision of  the  Khuddakanikaya,  or  Collection  of 
Short  Treatises.  It  is  translated  by  Max  Miil- 
ler  in  the  “Sacred  Books  of  the  East,”  Yol.  X. 


Oxford),  and  are  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

De  Wette  (de  wet'te  or  vet'te),  Wilbelm  Mar- 
tin Leberecbt.  Born  at  Ulla,  near  Weimar, 

Germany,  Jan.  12, 1780:  died  at  Basel,  Switzer- 
land, June  16,  1849.  A celebrated  German 
Protestant  theologian  and  biblical  critic,  pro-  Dhanvantari  (dhan-van'ta-ri).  [Skt.]  1.  A 
fessor  at  Heidelberg  1807-10,  at  Berlin  1810-  Vedic  deity  to  whom  offerings  at  twilight  were 
1819,  and  at  Basel  1822-49.  His  chief  works  are  made  in  the  northeast  quarter.—  2.  The  phy- 
“ Beitrkgezur  Einleitung  in  das  Alte  Testament  "(1806-07),  sician  of  thegods. — 3.  A celebrated  physician, 
“Kommentar  iiber  die  Psalmen”  (1811),  “ Lehrbuch  der  one  of  “ the  nine  gems”  of  the  court  of  Vikrama. 

hebraisch-j'udischeu  Archaologie” (1814),  “liber  Religion  ni..,  T . , , , , . , , , , 

und  Theologie”  (1815),  “ Lehrbuch  der  Christlichen  Dog-  Ljll&r  (clhai).  1.  A treaty  state  in  Central 
raatik” (181S-16),  etc.  India,  situated  about  lat.  21°  55'-25°  23'  N., 

Dewey  (du'i),  Chester.  Born  at  Sheffield,  long.  74°  41 '-76°  33' E.  It  is  under  the  Bhopa- 
Mass.,  Oct.  25,  1784:  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  war  agency.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  above 
Dec.  15,  1867.  An  American  clergyman  and  state.  Population,  about  18,000. 
botanist.  " Dharmashastra  (dhar-ma-shas'tra).  [Skt., ‘a 

Dewey,  George.  Born  at  Montpelier,  Vt.,  law-book.’]  The  whole  body  of  Hindu  law; 


Dec.  26,  1837.  An  American  admiral.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in 
1858  ; served  under  Farragut  as  lieutenant  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  1862 ; and  took  part  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Fisher 
1864-66.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander  in 
March,  1865  ; commander  in  1872;  captain  in  1884  ; com- 
modore in  1896 ; rear-adiniral  in  1898 ; and  admiral  in  1899. 
.He  has  served  on  the  Lighthouse  Board,  and  has  been  chief 
tf  the  Bureau  of  Equipment  and  president  of  the  Board 
of  Inspection  and  Survey.  Having  been  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Asiatic  Station,  on  May  1,  1898,  a few  days 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Spain,  he  destroyed 
the  Spanish  fleet  off  Cavite  In  the  Bay  of  Manila.  On 
Aug.  13  his  fleet  aided  the  troops  under  General  Merritt 
in  the  capture  of  Manila. 

Dewey,  Orville.  Bom  at  Sheffield,  Mass., 
March  28,  1794 : died  at  Sheffield,  March  21, 
1882.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  and 


more  especially,  the  laws  ascribed  to  Manu, 
Yajnavalkya,  and  other  inspired  sages.  These 
works  are  generally  in  three  parts : (1)  achara,  rules  of 
conduct;  (2) vyavahara,  judicature;  (3) prayashchitta, pen- 
ance. The  inspired  lawgivers  are  spoken  of  as  eighteen, 
hut  forty-two  are  mentioned.  Manu  and  Yajnavalkya  stand 
at  their  head.  A general  collection  of  the  Dharmashas- 
tras  has  been  printed  at  Calcutta  by  Jivananda  under  the 
title  of  Dharmashastrasangraha. 

Dharwar  (dhar'war),  or  Darwar  (dar'war),  or 
Dharwad  (dhar'wad).  1.  A district  in  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  15°  N., 
long.  75°  30'  E.  It  produces  cotton. — 2.  The 
chief  town  of  the  above  district,  situated  in 
lat.  15°  27'  N.,  long.  75°  1'  E.  It  was  taken  by 
Hyder  Ali  in  1778,  and  retaken  by  the  Mahrattas  in  1791. 
Population,  31,279. 


Dial,  The 

Dhawalaghiri  (dha-wal-a-ge'ri),  or  Dhwal- 
agiri  (dhwal-a-ge'ri).  A peak  of  the  Hima- 
layas, in  Nepal,  in  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  82° 
55'  E.  Height,  26,826  feet.  It  was  once  sup- 
posed to  be  the  highest  mountain  in  the  world, 
but  now  takes  fourth  or  fifth  position. 

Dhegiha  (dha'ge-ha).  [‘On  this  side.’]  A di- 
vision of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  composed  of  five  tribes  — the  Ponka, 
Omaha,  Kwapa,  Osage,  and  Kansa — number- 
ing abdut  4,000.  See  Siouan. 

Dholpur  (dhol-por').  A native  state  of  Rajpu- 
tana,  India,  under  British  supervision  and  a 
Jat  dynasty,  situated  about  lat.  26°  45'  N., 
long.  78°  E.  Area,  1,197  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 270,973. 

Dhritarashtra  (dhri-ta-rash'tra).  [Skt., ‘whose 
kingdom  is  firm.’]  The  eldest  son  of  Vichitra- 
virya  or  Yyasa,  and  brother  of  Pandu.  He  had 
by  Gandhari  a hundred  sons,  of  whom  the  eldest  was  Duryo- 
dhana.  Dhritarashtra  was  blind,  and  Pandu  was  affected 
with  a disease  supposed  from  his  name,  “ the  pale,”  to  be 
leprosy.  The  two  brothers  renounced  the  throne,  and  the 
great  war  recorded  in  the  Mahabharata  was  fought  be- 
tween their  sons,  one  party  being  called  Kauravas  from 
an  ancestor  Kuru,  the  other  Pandavas  from  their  father 
Pandu. 

Dhurjati  (dkor-ja'te).  [Skt.,  ‘having  heavy, 
matted  locks.’]  A name  of  Rudra  or  Shiva. 
Dliyani  Buddha  (dhya'nibud'dha).  [Skt.  dJiya- 
na,  VaM  jhana,  meditation.]  The  earlier  Buddhism 
teaches  that  above  the  worlds  of  the  gods  there  are  six- 
teen Brahmalokas,  ‘ worlds  of  Brahma,’  one  above  another. 
Those  who  attain  on  earth  to  the  first,  second,  or  third 
dhyanas,  or  stages  of  ‘ mystic  meditation,’  are  reborn  in  the 
lower  of  these  worlds,  three  being  assigned  to  each  stage  or 
dhyana.  Those  who  attain  the  fourth  enter  the  tenth  and 
eleventh  Brahmalokas.  The  remaining  five  are  assigned 
to  those  who  attain  to  the  third  path  on  earth,  and  who  will 
reach  Nirvana  in  the  new  existence,  the  third  path  being 
that  of  those  who  will  never  return  to  this  world,  in  whose 
hearts,  the  last  remnants  of  sensuality  and  malevolence 
being  destroyed,  not  the  least  low  desire  for  one’s  self,  or 
wrong  feeling  toward  others,  can  arise.  To  each  of  these 
five  groups  of  worlds  the  Great  Vehicle  assigns  a special 
Buddha,  called  Dhyani  Buddha.  These  five  Buddhas  corre- 
spond to  the  last  four  Buddhas,  including  Gautama,  and 
the  future  Buddha,  Maitreya  (see  Bodhisatlva).  Each  of 
these  human  Buddhas  has  his  corresponding  Bodhisattva 
and  Dhyani  Buddha,  the  latter  being  his  pure  and  glori- 
ous counterpart  in  the  mystic  world,  free  from  the  debas- 
ing conditions  of  the  material  life.  The  material  Buddha 
is  only  the  emanation  of  a Dhyani  Buddha  living  in  the 
ethereal  mansions  of  mystic  trance. 

Diable,  Robert  le.  See  Bobert,  etc. 

Diable  boiteux  (de-a'bl  bwa-te'),  Le.  [F., 
‘ The  Lame  Devil.’]  A satirical  romance  by  Le 
Sage,  published  in  1707.  It  was  an  imitation  of  a 
Spanish  work  entitled  “El  diablo  cojuelo,”  written  by 
Luis  Velez  de  Guevara,  and  first  printed  in  1641,  and  of 
other  satires  (by  Cervantes  and  otliers)  long  current.  In 
Guevara’s  production,  “ the  student  Don  Cleofas,  having 
accidentally  entered  the  abode  of  an  astrologer,  delivers 
from  aglass  bottle,  in  which  he  had  been  confined  by  the 
conjurer,  the  devil  (diablo  cojuelo),  who  is  a spirit  nearly 
of  the  same  description  as  the  Asmodde  (“diable  boi- 
teux ”)  of  Le  Sage,  and  who,  in  return  for  the  service  he 
had  received  from  the  scholar,  exhibits  to  him  the  inte- 
rior of  the  houses  of  Madrid.”  (Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose 
Fict.,  II.  477.)  “ In  the  French  version  . . . an  additional 
human  interest  is  imparted  by  a fire,  in  which  the  good- 
natured  and  grateful  demon  takes  the  shape  of  Cleofas 
in  rescuing  a young  lady  ofhigh  birth,  and  thereby  secures 
for  his  liberator  a prosperous  marriage.”  (Saintsbury, 
French  Lit.)  The  whole  work  is  in  dialogue  form.  Foote 
took  from  it  his  play  “The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks."  The 
title  “ Le  diable  boiteux  ” has  been  given  to  a number  of 
other  publications,  newspapers,  etc.  See  Asmodeus. 
Diablerets  (dyab-le-ra').  A group  of  moun- 
tains in  Switzerland,  on  the  borders  of  Vaud, 
Valais,  and  Bern,  northeast  of  St.  Maurice. 
Highest  point,  10,650  feet. 

Diablintes  (di-a-blin'tez),  or  Diablindi  (-di). 
A tribe  of  northwestern  Gaul,  allies  of  the  Ve- 
neti  against  Csesar  in  56  b.  c.  They  lived 
probably  near  Le  Mans. 
Diadochi(di-ad'o-ki).  [Gr.  d/ado^ot, successors.] 
The  Macedonian  generals  of  Alexander  the 
Great  who,  after  his  death  in  323  b.  c.,  divided 
his  empire. 

DiadumeilOS  (di-a-du'me-nos).  [Gr.  SiaSovfievoCj, 
binding  up  his  hair.]  An  athlete  binding  his 
brow  with  a fillet,  a good  Roman  reproduction 
of  a famous  statue  by  Polyclitus,  found  at  Vai- 
son,  Prance,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
Diafoirus  (de-a-fwa-riis').  The  name  of  the 
physician  in  M olihre’s  “ Malade  imaginaire” 
to  whose  son  Thomas  Argan  wishes  to  betroth 
his  daughter  Angelique.  The  father  is  very 
comical,  and  the  son,  full  of  folly  and  erudi- 
tion, no  less  so. 

Diagoras  (di-ag'o-ras).  [Gr.  Aiay6pac,]  Born  in 
Melos,  JEgean  Sea : lived  last  half  of  5th  century 
B.  c.  A Greek  philosopher,  accused  by  the  Athe- 
nians  of  impiety:  sumamed  “The  Atheist.” 
Dial,  The.  An  American  literary  quarterly  and 
organ  of  the  Transcendentalists  (published  at 


Dial,  The 

Boston),  edited  by  Margaret  Fuller,  assisted  by 
Ripley,  Emerson,  and  others,  1840-42,  and  by 
Emerson  1842-44. 

Dialogue  of  Death.  A book  by  William  Bul- 
lein,  published  1564-65.  The  whole  title  is,  “ A Dia- 
logue bothe  pleasaunte  and  pietifull,  wherein  is  a goodly 
regimente  against  the  fever  Pestilence,  with  a consolacion 
and  comfort  against  death." 

Diamantina(de-a-man-te'na),  formerly  Tejuco 
(ta-zho'ko).  A town  in  the  state  of  Minas 
Geraes,  Brazil,  in  lat.  18°  25'  S.,  long.  43°  25' 
W.  It  is  the  center  of  a diamond  district,  dis- 
covered about  1728  and  now  little  worked. 
Population,  municipio,  46,572. 

Diamantino  (de-a-man-te'no).  A town  in  the 
state  of  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  situated  near  the 
headwaters  of  the  Paraguay,  in  lat.  14°  24'  S., 
long.  56°  7'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  an  abandoned 
diamond  district.  Population,  2,726. 
Diamond,  or  Dyamond  (dl'a-mond).  One  of 
three  brothers,  sons  of  the  fairy  Agape,  in 
Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene.”  When  he  is  slain 
by  Camballo,  his  strength  passes  into  his  sur- 
viving brothers. 

Diamond  Necklace  Affair,  The.  In  French 
history,  a celebrated  episode  which  discredited 
the  court.  A necklace  (valued  at  about  $300,000),  ori- 
ginally ordered  for  Madame  du  Barry,  was  1783-84  nego- 
tiated for  by  Cardinal  de  Bohan  through  an  intermediary, 
the  adventuress  Countess  de  Lamotte.  The  cardinal,  who 
hoped  to  gain  the  affection  of  Marie  Antoinette,  was  duped 
by  pretended  signatures  of  the  queen.  It  was  believed 
(probably  with  injustice)  that  the  queen  was  involved  in 
the  affair. 

Diamond  State,  The.  Delaware. 

Diana  (dl-an'a  or  di-a'na).  An  ancient  Italian 
divinity,  goddess  of  the  moon,  protectress  of 
the  female  sex,  etc.,  later  identified  with  the 
Greek  Artemis. 

Diana.  See  Diana  Enamorada. 

Diana.  [F  .Diane.']  1.  A character  in  D’Urfe’s 
“ Astrea,”  taken  from  the  “ Diana  Enamorada” 
of  Montemayor. — 2.  In  Shakspere’s  “All’s 
Well  that  Ends  Well,”  the  daughter  of  the 
Florentine  widow  with  whom  Helena  lodges. 
She  reconciles  Bertram  and  Helena  by  a 
stratagem. 

Diana,  or  Die,  Vernon.  See  Vernon. 

Diana,  Temple  of  (in  Ephesus).  See  Ephesus. 
Diana  and  Actseon.  A painting  by  Titian 
(1559),  in  Bridgewater  House,  London.  The  hun- 
ter and  his  dogs  come  suddenly  upon  the  startled  goddess 
and  her  nymphs  at  the  bath.  Diana  looks  angrily  at 
the  intruder,  but  has  not  yet  taken  action. 

Diana  and  Callisto.  A painting  by  Titian,  in 
Bridgewater  House,  London.  The  goddess  sits  on 
a bank  beside  a stream,  and  at  her  command  several  of 
her  nymphs  hold  the  offending  Callisto  forcibly,  while 
another  tears  away  her  drapery. 

Diana  Enamorada  (de-a'na  a-na-mo-ra'THa). 
[Sp.,  ‘Diana  enamoured.’]  The  chief  work  of 
Jorge  de  Montemayor:  an  important  pastoral 
romance,  the  most  popular  one  published  in 
Spain  since  “Amadisof  Gaul.”  it  was  first  printed 
at  Valencia  in  1542.  It  was  left  unfinished,  but  in  1564 
Antonio  Perez  of  Salamanca  wrote  a second  part.  In  the 
same  year  Gaspar  Gil  Polo  of  Valencia  wrote  another  con- 
tinuation. There  were  many  other  imitations.  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  translated  some  of  the  short  poems.  The  original 
work  was  modeled  to  a degree  on  Sannazaro’s  ‘ Arcadia.” 
Diana  of  France,  Duchesse  de  Montmorency 
and  d’Angouleme.  Born  at  Piedmont,  Italy, 
1538:  died  Jan.  3, 1619.  An  illegitimate  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  II.  of  France,  who  played  an  in- 
fluential part  in  French  politics.  Her  mother 
was  a Piedmontese. 

Diana  of  Poitiers, Comtesse  de  Breze,  Duchesse 
de  Valentinois.  Born  Sept.  3,  1499:  died  at 
Anet,  Orl6anais,  France,  April  22,  1566.  A 
mistress  of  Henry  II.  of  France,  noted  for  her 
influence  at  the  French  court.  She  was  a member 
of  a noble  family  of  Dauphin^,  and  married  (1512)  Louis 
de  Br6z6,  grand  seneschal  of  Normandy,  who  died  in  1531. 

Diana  of  Versailles.  A celebrated  Greek  statue 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris,  commonly  regarded  as 
a companion  piece  to  the  Apollo  Belvedere, 
though  inferior  in  execution.  The  goddess  is  ad- 
vancing,  clad  in  the  short  Dorian  tunic  and  himation 
girded  at  her  waist;  she  looks  toward  the  right,  as  with 
raised  arm  she  takes  an  arrow  from  her  quiver. 

Diana  witli  her  Nymphs.  A painting  by 
Domenichino,  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 
The  goddess  stands  in  the  middle,  with  bow  and  quiver ; 
one  nymph  has  just  transfixed  a pigeon  raised  as  a mark 
on  a pole;  others  bear  in  a dead  stag.  There  is  great 
variety  in  the  attitudes  and  motives,  and  the  landscape 
background  is  pleasing. 

Dianora  and  Gilberto.  One  of  Boccaccio’s 
tales,  the  fifth  novel  of  the  tenth  day  of  the 
Decameron.  Chaucer  took  his  “ Franklyn’s 
Tale ’’from  this  story.  ( Morley .)  See  Franklin’s 
Tale. 


324 

Diarbekir  (de-ar-be-ker' ),  or  Diarbekr  (de-ar- 
bekr').  1.  A vilayet  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the 
valleys  of  the  upper  Tigris  and  upper  Eu- 
phrates. Population,  471,500. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  above  vilayet,  situated  near  the  Tigris 
in  lat.  37°  56'  N.,  long.  40°  9'  E. : also  called 
Kara  Amid  : the  ancient  Amida.  It  is  a trading 
center,  and  has  manufactures  of  red  and  yellow  morocco, 
etc.  It  was  a Roman  colony  about  230  A.  D.,  was  sacked 
by  Timur  near  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  and  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Turks  in  1515.  Population,  estimated,  about 
34,000. 

Diary  of  an  Ennuy^e.  A diary  by  Mrs.  Jame- 
son (Anna  Murphy),  published  in  1826. 

Diary  of  a Late  Physician.  See  Passages  from 
the  Diary,  etc. 

Dias,  Antonio  GonQalves.  See  Gonsalves  Dias. 
Dias  (de'as),Bartholomeu.  Born aboutl450(?): 
died  May  12  ('?),  1500.  A Portuguese  navigator. 
He  was  a gentleman  of  the  royal  household,  and  in  1486 
was  made  commander  of  one  of  two  small  vessels  (Infante 
commanding  the  other)  destined  to  explore  the  coast 
of  Africa.  They  passed  the  farthest  point  attained 
by  Diego  Cam ; followed  the  coast  to  about  lat.  26°  S. ; 
thence  sailed  south  in  the  open  sea  for  thirteen  days,  suf- 
fering greatly  from  cold ; turned  eastward  in  search  of 
land,  and,  not  finding  it,  bore  to  the  north,  striking  the 
coast  east  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  following  it  to  a 
point  beyond  Algoa  Bay.  The  sailors  refused  to  go  far- 
ther ; and,  after  taking  possession  of  the  land  for  Portugal, 
they  returned  around  the  cape  and  reached  home  in  safety. 
Some  accounts  say  that  Dias  was  driven  beyond  the  cape 
by  a storm  without  observing  it : in  any  case,  he  and  his 
companions  were  the  first  to  double  the  south  end  of 
Africa.  In  1497  Dias  sailed  with  the  expedition  of  Gama, 
hut  remained  trading  on  the  West  African  coast.  In  1500 
he  commanded  a ship  in  Cabral’s  fleet,  and  was  lost  in  a 
storm  after  leaving  the  Brazilian  coast. 

Diavolo,  Fra.  See  Fra  Diavolo. 

Diaz,  Bernal.  See  Diaz  del  Castillo. 

Diaz  (de'ath),  Porfirio.  Born  in  Oaxaca,  Sept. 
15,  1830.  A Mexican  general  and  statesman. 
He  served  as  a soldier  in  the  war  with  the  United  States 
in  1847,  led  a battalion  against  Santa  Anna  in  1854,  and 
in  1858  adhered  to  Juarez  and  the  liberal  party.  In  1861 
he  was  a deputy,  but  soon  took  the  field  and  won  a vic- 
tory over  the  reactionist  Marquez.  During  the  French 
invasion  he  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  defense,  was 
captured  at  Puebla,  May,  1863,  hut  escaped,  and  headed 
the  army  of  resistance  in  Oaxaca.  Forced  to  surrender, 
Feb.,  1865,  he  again  escaped  and  raised  new  forces.  After 
the  withdrawal  of  the  French  army  he  rapidly  gained 
ground  against  Maximilian’s  generals,  taking  Puebla  April 
2,  1867,  and  finally  entering  Mexico  June  21,  1867.  Soon 
after  he  was  a candidate  for  the  presidency,  but  Juarez 
was  elected.  General  Diaz  kept  up  a continual  opposition 
to  Juarez, and  his  successor,  Lerdo,  and  headed  several  re- 
volts. In  1876  he  finally  drove  Lerdo  out,  and  in  May, 
1877,  became  president  of  Mexico.  He  quickly  restored 
order  and  started  an  era  of  prosperity  for  the  country. 
Not  being  by  the  constitution  eligible  to  immediate  re- 
election,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  friend  General  Gonzalez 
Dec.,  1880.  He  was  again  elected  in  1884,  and  reelected  in 
1888, 1892, 1896, 1900,  1904,  and  1910,  the  constitution  having 
been  amended  to  permit  this.  Resigned  May  25,  1911. 

Diaz  de  Armendaris  (de'ath  da  ar-men-da'- 
rSs_),  Lope,  Marquis  of  Cadereita.  Born  in 
Quito  about  1575 : died,  probably  at  Badajoz, 
after  1641.  A Spanish  naval  officer  and  ad- 
ministrator. He  commanded  various  fleets  from  1603  to 
1623.  He  was  ambassador  to  Germany  and  Spain,  major- 
domo  to  Queen  Isabel  de  Borbon,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico 
1635—40.  Subsequently  he  was  bishop  of  Badajoz. 

Diaz  de  la  Pena  (de'ath  da  la  pan'ya),  Nar- 
cisse.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  Prance,  Aug.  20, 
1807:  died  at  Mentone,  France,  Nov.  19,  1876. 
A noted  French  landscape  and  genre  painter 
of  the  Fontainebleau  school.  He  made  his  ddbut 
at  the  Salon  in  1831.  In  1S44  he  obtained  a medal  of  the 
third  class,  in  1816  one  of  the  second  class,  and  in  1848 
one  of  the  first  class.  He  became  a chevalierof  the  Legion 
of  Honor  in  1851. 

Diaz  del  Castillo  (de'ath  del  kas-tel'yo),  Ber- 
nal. Born  at  Medina  del  Campo  about  1492 : 
died  in  Guatemala  about  1581.  A Spanish  sol- 
dier and  author.  He  went,  as  a common  soldier,  to 
Darien  with  Pedrarias  in  1514 ; thence  crossed  to  Cuba ; 
was  with  Cordoba  in  the  discovery  of  Yucatan  in  1517,  and 
with  Grijalva  in  1518  ; subsequently  joined  Cortes  ; served 
through  the  conquest  of  Mexico  1519-21 ; settled  at 
Coatzacoalcos ; in  1524  rejoined  Cortes  in  the  Honduras 
campaign.  Diaz  settled  in  Guatemala,  at  Santiago  de  Ios 
Caballeros,  where  about  1556  he  began  writing  his  “ His- 
toria  de  la  Conquista  de  Nueva  Espafia,”  covering  the 
period  1614-68.  It  was  first  published  at  Madrid  in  1632 
by  Friar  Alonzo Remon.  The  original  was  preserved  in  the. 
archives  of  Guatemala  and  was  published  by  Garcia  in  1904. 

Diaz  de  Solis,  Juan.  See  Soils. 

Dibdin  (dib'din),  Charles.  Born  at  South- 
ampton, England,  March,  1745 : died  at  Lon- 
don, July  25,  1814.  An  English  song-writer 
and  composer,  especially  noted  for  sea-songs. 
He  went  on  the  stage  as  a “singing  actor”  when  about 
fifteen  years  old,  and  soon  began  to  write  operas  and  other 
dramatic  pieces,  for  which  lie  sometimes  wrote  the  words 
as  well  as  the  music,  and  in  which  he  also  played.  In 
1787  he  began  his  series  of  “table  entertainments,”  “of 
which  he  was  composer,  narrator,  singer,  and  accompany. 
ist. ” Nearly  all  his  best  songs  — “The  Flowing  Can,” 
“Ben  Backstay,”  “Tom  Bowling,”  etc.  — were  written  by 
him  for  these  entertainments,  which  were  called  “The 


Dick  Tinto 

Whim  of  the  Moment,"  “Oddities,"  “The  Wags,”  “The 
Quizzes,  ” etc.  He  wrote  several  novels  and  “The  His- 
tory of  the  Stage”  (about  1800),  his  own  “Professional 
Life”  (1803),  poems,  etc.,  and  about  seventy  operas  and 
musical  dramas. 

Dibdin,  Charles  Isaac  Mungo.  Bom  in  1768 : 
died  in  1833.  An  English  dramatist  and  song- 
writer, son  of  Charles  Dibdin. 

Dibdin,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  March  21, 
1771 : died  at  London,  Sept.  16, 1841.  An  Eng- 
lish song-writer  and  dramatist,  son  of  Charles 
Dibdin. 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall.  Born  at  Calcutta, 
1776:  died  at  Kensington,  Nov.  18,  1847.  An 
English  bibliographer,  nephew  of  Charles  Dib- 
din.  He  published  “Bibliomania”  (1809-11), 
“ Typographical  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain” 
(18i0-19_),  etc. 

Dibon  (cli'bon).  1.  A city  of  Moab  which  was 
fortified  by  the  Gadites  (Num.  xxxii.  3,  34),  but 
allotted  to  the  tribe  of  Reuben  (Josh.  xiii.  9, 17) : 
the  modern  Dhiban,  situated  east  of  the  Jordan 
and  north  of  the  Aroer.  In  1868  the  stele  of  the 
Moabite  king  Mesha  (2  Ki.  iii.  4)  was  discovered 
there. — 2.  A place  in  southern  Judea,  toward 
Edom  (Neh.  xi.  25),  probably  identical  with 
Dimonah  of  Josh.  xv.  22. 

Dibong  (de-bong').  One  of  the  chief  head 
streams  of  the  Brahmaputra. 

Dibutades  (di-bu'ta-dez).  A Greek  sculptor 
of  Sicyon,  the  reputed  inventor  of  work  in  re- 
lief. 

Bicsearchus(di-se-ar'kus).  [Gr.  A/Katapxor.]  A 
Greek  geographer,  historian,  and  philosopher 
of  the  4th  century  B.  C. : a disciple  of  Aristotle. 
Fragments  of  his  “Life  of  Hellas”  (an  account  of  the 
geography  and  political  and  social  life  of  Greece)  have 
been  preserved. 

Dice  (dl'se),  or  Dike  (dl'ke).  [Gr.  A b%]  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  personification  of  justice, 
daughter  of  Zeus  and  Themis  (law). 

Dicey  (di'si),  Albert  Venn.  Born  1835.  An 
English  jurist,  brother  of  Edward  Dicey.  He  was 
graduated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  1858 ; was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1863  ; and  was  professor  of  English  law  at  Ox- 
ford 1882-1909.  He  has  published  “Lectures  Introductory 
to  the  Study  of  the  Law  of  the  Constitution  ’’(1886),  etc. 

Dicey,  Edward.  Born  at  Claybrook  Hall,  Lei- 
cestershire, England,  May,  1832 : died  at  Lon- 
don, July  7,  19il.  An  English  journalist.  He 

was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1854 ; was 
called  to  the  bar  at  Gray’s  Inn  in  1875 ; and  was  editor  of 
the  London  “Observer”  1870-89.  He  wrote  “Rome  in 
1860”  (1861),  “Cavour : a Memoir  ” (1861),  “Six  Months  in 
the  Federal  States  ’’  (1863),  “The  Schleswig-Holstein  War  " 
(1864),  “The  Battle-Fields  of  1866”  (1866),  “England  and 
Egypt"  (1881),  “The  Egypt  of  the  Future ”.(1907),  etc. 

Dichtungund  Wahrheit  a/us  Meinem  Leben. 

[G.,  ‘poetry  and  truth  from  my  life.’]  A not 
entirely  trustworthy  autobiographical  history  of 
Goethe’s  life,  from  his  birth  till  his  settlement 
at  Weimar.  The  first  five  hooks  appeared  in  1811,  the 
next  five  in  1812,  and  the  third  instalment  in  1814 ; the  con- 
clusion appeared  after  Goethe’s  death. 

Dick(dik),  Mr.  Amildly  demented  gentleman, 
whose  real  name  is  Richard  Babley,  in  Dickens’s 
“David  Copperfield.” 

Dick,  Thomas.  Bom  near  Dundee,  Scotland, 
Nov.  24,  1774:  died  at  Brough ty  Ferry,  near 
Dundee,  July,  1857.  A Scottish  writer  on  as- 
tronomical and  religious  subjects.  He  pub- 
lished “ The  Christian  Philosopher”  (1823),  etc. 
Dick  Amlet.  See  Amlet,  Dick. 

Dickens  (dik'enz),  Charles.  Born  at  Landport, 
near  Portsmouth,  England,  Feb.  7,  1812:  died 
at  Gadshill,  near  Rochester,  England,  June  9, 
187 0.  A celebrated  English  novelist.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  Dickens,  who  served  as  a clerk  in  the  navy  pay- 
office  and  afterward  became  a newspaper  reporter.  He  re- 
ceived an  elementary  education  in  private  schools,  served 
for  a time  as  an  attorney’s  clerk,  and  in  1835  became  re- 
porter for  the  “London  Morning  Chronicle."  In  1833  he 
published  in  the  “Monthly  Magazine”  his  first  story,  en- 
titled “ A Dinner  at  Poplar  Walk,”  which  proved  to  be  the 
beginning  of  a series  of  papers  printed  collectively  as 
“Sketches  by  Boz”  in  1836.  He  married  Catherine, 
daughter  of  George  Hogarth,  in  1836.  In  1836-37  he  pub- 
lished the  “ Pickwick  Papers,”  by  which  his  literary  repu- 
tation was  established.  He  became  editor  of  “House- 
hold  Words”  in  1850,  and  of  “All  the  Year  Round  ” in 
1859,  and  visited  America  in  1842  and  1867-68.  His  chief 
works  are  “ Pickwick  Papers  ” (1837),  “Oliver  Twist  ” 
(1838),  “Nicholas  Nickleby”  (18:;8-39),  "Master  Hum- 
phrey’s Clock ’’(including  “Old  Curiosity  Shop ’’and  “Bar- 
naby  Pudge,”  1840-41),  “American  Notes ” (1842),  “Christ- 
mas Carol  ” (1843),  “ Martin  Chuzzlewit  ” (1843-44), 

“Chimes” (1844).  “ Cricket  on  the  Hearth  ”(1S45),  “Dom- 
hey  and  Son”  (1S4C— IS),  “David  Copperfield”  (1849-50), 
“Bleak  House”  (1852-53),  “Hard  Times”  (1854),  “Little 
Dorrit  ” (1855-57),  “Tale  of  Two  Cities”  (1859),  “Uncom- 
mercial Traveler”  (1860),  “Great  Expectations”  (1860-61), 
“Our  Mutual  Friend"  (1864-65),  “Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood  ” (1870,  unfinished).  See  his  “Life  ” by  John  For- 
ster (1871-74),“  Dickens  Dictionary,"  by  Pierce  (1872),  “ Let- 
ters of  Dickens”  (1880). 

Dick  Tinto.  See  Tinto,  Dick. 


Dickinson,  Anna  Elizabeth 

Dickinson  (dik'in-sou),  Anna  Elizabeth.  Bom 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  28,  1842.  An  Ameri- 
can lecturer  and  advocate  of  woman  suffrage, 
labor  reform,  etc.  She  lectured  during  the  Civil  War 
on  war  issues,  and  afterward  generally  on  pol  itical  subjects, 
“Women's  Work  and  Wages,”  etc.  In  1876  she  went  on 
the  stage,  but  did  not  meet  with  success.  She  wrote  a play, 
“An  American  Girl ” (1880),  and  “What  Answer?”  (a novel, 
1868),  “ A Paying  Investment  ” (1876),  “A  ltagged  Register 
of  People,  Places,  and  Opinions"  (1879). 

Dickinson,  Emily.  Born  at  Amherst,  Mass., 
Dee.  10,  1830:  died  there,  May  15,  1886.  An 
American  poet.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Edward 
Dickinson,  treasurer  of  Amherst  College.  Her  life  was  one 
of  singular  seclusion.  Her  poems  were  published  in  1890 
and  in  1892,  and  her  letters  in  1894. 

Dickinson,  John.  Born  at  Crosia,  Talbot 
County,  Md.,  Nov.  13,  1732:  died  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Feb.  14,  1808.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  a member  of  the  Colonial  Congress  of 
1766,  and  of  the  first  Continental  Congress  1774,  of  the  Fed- 
eral Convention  of  1787,  and  president  of  Pennsylvania 
1782-85.  He  wrote  the  “ Fabius  ’’  letters  in  1788,  and  was 
the  founder  of  Dickinson  College. 

Dickinson  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  founded  by 
John  Dickinson  in  1783.  After  1833  it  was 
controlled  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
It  is  now  non-sectarian. 

Dick’s  Coffee  House.  An  old  coffee-house, 
formerly  No.  8 Fleet  street  (on  the  south  side, 
near  Temple  Bar),  originally  “Richard’s”: 
named  from  Richard  Torner,  or  Turner,  to 
whom  the  house  was  let  in  1680.  The  coffee-room 
retained  its  old  paneling,  and  the  staircase  its  original  bal- 
uaters.  Richard's,  as  it  was  then  called,  was  frequented 
by  Cowper  when  he  lived  in  the  Temple.  Timbs. 

Dickson  (dik'son),  Samuel  Henry.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Sept.  20, 1798:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, March  31,  1872.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer.  He  was  professor  of  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Phila- 
delphia, from  1858  until  his  death.  He  wrote  “ Dengue  : 
its  History,  Pathology,  and  Treatment  ” (1826),  etc. 

Dicquemare  (dek-mar'),  Jacques  Francois 
Abb6.  Born  at  Havre,  France,  March  7, 1733 : 
died  March  29,  1789.  A French  naturalist  and 
astronomer,  professor  of  experimental  physics 
at  Havre.  He  invented  several  instruments 
used  in  astronomy  and  navigation. 

Dictum  of  Kenilworth.  An  award  made  be- 
tween King  Henry  III.  and  the  Commons  in 
1266  during  the  siege  of  Kenilworth,  it  reestab- 
lished Henry’s  authorily ; proclaimed  amnesty ; annulled 
the  provisions  of  Oxford;  and  provided  that  the  king 
should  keep  the  charter  to  which  he  had  sworn. 

Dictys  (dik'tis)  Cretensis  (‘of  Crete’).  [Gr. 
AiKTvg.']  The  reputed  author  of  a narrative  of 
the  Trojan  war,  entitled  (in  the  pretended  Latin 
translation  of  Q.  Septimius)  “ Ephemeris  Belli 
Trojani,”  the  introduction  to  which  represents 
him  as  a follower  of  Idomenens.  This  narrative  was 
one  of  the  chief  sources  from  which  the  heroic  legends  of 
Greece  passed  into  the  literature  of  the  middle  ages.  It 
was  probably  composed  by  Septimius  about  300  A.  D. 
Didache.  See  Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles. 
Didapper  (di'dap-er),  Beau.  In  Fielding’s  “Jo- 
seph Andrews,”  a rich,  weak-minded  fop. 
Diddler  (did'ler),  Jeremy.  A needy  sponge 
in  Kenney’s  farce  “ Raising  the  Wind”:  a type 
of  the  swindler.  He  does  everything  at  other  people’s 
expense,  particularly  dining.  He  devours  his  friends’ 
food  and  borrows  their  money  withamusing  nonchalance. 
Diderot  (de-dro'),  Denis.  Born  at  Langres, 
Haute-Marne,  France,  Oct.  5,  1713:  died  at 
Paris,  July  30,  1784.  A celebrated  French  phi- 
losopher and  writer.  His  father,  a cut  or  by  trade, 
gave  him  a classical  education.  After  completing  his 
studies  in  Paris,  he  spent  two  years  in  a law  office,  but 
devoted  most  of  his  time  to  Greek,  Latin,  mathematics, 
Italian,  and  English.  Thereby  he  incurred  his  father’s 
displeasure,  and  was  cut  off  without  a cent.  He  gave 
lessons  in  mathematics,  and,  when  at  the  lowest  ebb  of 
fortune  in  1743,  married.  His  literary  labors  date  from 
this  same  period.  In  1743  he  published  “ Histoire  de  la 
Grfece  ’’  (3  vols.),  translated  from  Temple  Stanyan  ; and  in 
1746-48  “ Dictionnaire  universel  de  inedecino,  de  chimie, 
de  botanique,”  etc.  (6  vols.),  translated  with  the  aid  of 
three  collaborators  from  Robert  James.  This  latter  pub- 
lication gave  him  the  idea  of  the  great  work,  in  which  he 
associated  with  himself  the  mathematician  d’Alembert, 
“L’Encyclop6die,”a  repository  of  the  results  of  scientific 
research  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century.  The  publica- 
tion was  repeatedly  checked  in  its  progress,  and  was  car- 
ried over  more  than  twenty  years  (1751-72).  To  the  twen- 
ty-eight volumes  published  w ithin  that  period  were  joined 
six  volumes  of  addenda  (1776-77),  and  two  volumes  of 
tables  (1780).  Diderot  received  financial  support  from 
Catherine  II.  of  Russia,  who  bought  his  valuable  library 
but  left  him  the  use  of  it  during  his  lifetime.  He  went 
to  St.  Petersburg  in  1773-74,  to  return  thanks  to  the 
“northern  Semiramis."  Among  his  works  are  “Pens^es 
philosophiques”  (1746),  “Bijoux  indiscrets ” (1748),  “M4- 
moire  sur  diffdrerits  sujets  de  mathCmatiques  ” (1748), 
“Lettre  sur  les  aveugles  ii  l’usage  de  ceux  qui  voient” 
(1749),“  L’Histoire  et  le  secret  de  la  peinture  en  cire  ” (1757), 
“ Le  fils  naturel”  (1757),  "Le  pore  de  famille”  (1768), 
“Entretien  d’un  pfere  avec  ses  enfants”  (1773),  “Les  deux 
amis  de  Bourbonne ’’  (1773),  "Voyage  en  Hollande,”  “ Pro- 
Jet  d’une  university  pour  la  Russie,”  “ Le  reve  de  d’Alem- 


325 

bert,”  “Jacques  le  fataliste,"  "La  religieuse,”  “ Le  Neveu 
de  Rameau,”  “Essai  sur  les  regnes  de  Claude  et  de  N6- 
ron  " (1778  and  1782),  etc.  Diderot’s  art  criticisms  in  the 
“ Salons  " (1763-69)  are  of  superior  merit,  and  his  corre- 
spondence with  Mademoiselle  Volland  affords  the  best 
available  insight  into  the  character  of  the  writer  as  a man. 

Diderot  ranks  in  point  of  originality  and  versatility  of 
thought  among  the  most  fertile  thinkers  of  France,  and 
in  point  of  felicity  and  idiosyncrasy  of  expression  among 
the  most  remarkable  of  her  writers. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  481. 

Didius  Salvius  Julianus  (did'i-us  sal'vi-us 
jo-li-a'nus),  Marcus,  called  later  Marcus 
Didius  Commodus  Severus  Julianus.  Died 
at  Rome,  June  1,  193  A.  D.  Emperor  of  Rome 
March- June,  193.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
army,  and  twice  held  the  consulship,  the  last  time  in  179. 
On  the  murder  of  the  emperor  Pertinax  by  the  pretorian 
guards  in  193,  the  guards  sold  the  imperial  dignity  to  Did- 
ius, who  had  as  his  competitor  Sulpicianus,  the  father-in- 
law  of  Pertinax.  His  elevation  was  not  recognized  by 
Septimius  Severus,  who  marched  with  an  army  against 
Rome,  whereupon  the  pretorian  guards  hastened  to  pur- 
chase the  favor  of  Severus  by  putting  the  emperor  to  death. 
Dido  (di'do).  [Gr.  AM.]  A surname  of  the 
Phenician  goddess  of  the  moon  (Astarte),  who 
was  worshiped  as  the  protecting  deity  of  the 
citadel  of  Carthage.  The  goddess  was  ill  later  time 
confounded  with  the  Tyrian  Elissa,  founder  of  Carthage. 
See  Elissa,  Aineid. 

Dido,  Queen  of  Carthage,  The  Tragedy  of. 

A tragedy  by  Marlowe,  published  in.  1594. 
Nashe  is  said  to  have  finished  it  after  Mar- 
lowe’s death.  Dido  has  been  the  subject  of  many  plays 
iu  English  and  in  French  — notably  by  JodeUe  in  1552,  La 
Grange  in  1576,  Hardy  in  1603,  Scudery  in  1636,  and  Franc 
de  Pompignan  in  1734.  Cristobal  de  Virnes,  a Spanish 
poet  of  the  15th  century,  and  Metastasio  in  Italian,  also 
wrote  tragedies  on  the  subject.  See  Didome. 

My  own  opinion  is,  that  the  play  is  in  the  main  by  Mar- 
lowe, and  that  Nashe’s  work  lay  chiefly  in  completing  cer- 
tain scenes  which  Marlowe  had  sketched  in  the  rough. 

Bullen,  Introd.  to  Marlowe’s  Works,  p.  xlvii. 

Dido  building  Carthage.  A large  painting 
by  Turner,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
The  scene  is  on  a river-bank,  with  classical  buildings  in 
’course  of  erection.  Dido  and  her  attendants  are  seen  on 
the  left. 

Didone  Abandonata  (de-do'ne  a-ban-do-na'- 
ta).  [It.,  ‘Dido  Forsaken.’]  A tragedy  by 
Metastasio,  produced  in  Naples  in  1724:  his 
first  dramatic  work,  it  had  great  success,  and  is 
probably  the  best  modern  play  on  the  subject.  It  has 
been  set  to  music  by  more  than  forty  composers. 

Didot  (de-do'),  Ainbroise  Firmin-.  Born  at 
Paris,  Dec.  7,  1790 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  22, 1876. 
A French  publisher,  son  of  Firmin  Didot.  He 
published  wiih  his  brother  Hyacinthe  many  important 
works,  including  “Bibliotheque  des  auteurs  grecs,”  “L’U  ui- 
vers  pittoresque,”  “ Nouvelle  biographic  ginerale,”  etc. 

Didot,  Firmin.  Born  at  Paris,  April  14, 1764 : 
died  April  24, 1836.  A noted  French  publisher, 
printer,  type-founder,  and  author : brother  of 
Pierre  Didot. 

Didot,  Frangois.  Born  at  Paris,  1689 : died  Nov. 
2,  1757.  A French  printer  and  bookseller, 
founder  of  the  firm  of  Didot  at  Paris  in  1713. 
Didot,  Francois  Ambroise.  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  7,  1730 : died  July  10,  1804.  A French 
printer  and  publisher,  son  of  Frangois  Didot, 
celebrated  for  improvements  in  type-founding 
and  printing. 

Didot,  Henri.  Born  1765 : died  1852.  A French 
type-founder,  son  of  Pierre  Francois  Didot: 
published  editions  in  microscopic  types. 

Didot,  Hyacinthe  Firmin-.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  11,  1794 : died  at  Dandon,  Orne,  France, 
Aug.  7,  1880.  A French  publisher,  brother  of 
Ambroise  Firmin-Didot,  and  his  business  as- 
sociate after  1827. 

Didot,  Pierre.  Born  Jan.  25,  1760:  died  Dec. 
31,  1853.  A French  publisher  and  printer, 
eldest  son  of  F.  A. Didot.  He  published  “Vir- 
gil” (1798),  “Horace”  (1799),  “Racine”  (1801- 
1805),  and  other  classics. 

Didot,  Pierre  Frangois.  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
9,  1732:  died  Dec.  7,  1795.  A French  printer, 
publisher,  and  paper-maker,  brother  of  F.  A. 
Didot. 

Didron  (de-dron'),  Adolphe  Napoleon.  Born 
at  Hautvillers,  Marne,  France,  March  13,  1806: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  13,  1867.  A French  archae- 
ologist, author  of  “Manuel  d’iconographie 
chretienne”  (1845),  etc. 

Didymus  (did'i-mus).  [Gr.  Awhyzof,  the  twin.] 
A surname  of  the  apostle  Thomas. 

Didymus.  Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  1st 
century  B.  C.  An  Alexandrian  grammarian  and 
critic.  He  was  a follower  of  the  school  of  Aristarchus, 
and  a contemporary  of  Cicero  and  the  emperor  Augus- 
tus. His  works,  consisting  chiefly  of  compilations,  cov- 
ered a great  variety  of  subjects,  and  were  estimated  by 
Seneca  at  four  thousand  ; none  of  them  is  extant. 

Didymus,  surnamed  “ The  Blind.”  Born  308, 


Dies  Iras 

309,  or  314  a.  d.  : died  394,  395,  or  399.  An  Alex- 
andrian scholar  and  theologian.  He  lost  his  sight 
in  childhood,  but  nevertheless  became  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  time.  He  was  a teacher  in  the  cate- 
chetical school  of  Alexandria  upward  of  ttfty  yeais,  and 
numbered  among  his  pupils  Jerome,  Palladius,  Ambrose 
of  Alexandria,  Evagrius,  and  Isidore  of  Pelusium.  He 
opposed  the  Arians  with  great  spirit,  but  supported  Ori- 
gen.  His  extant  works  include  a treatise  on  the  Trinity, 
translated  into  Latin  by  Jerome. 

Die  (de).  A town  in  the  department  of  Dron^e, 
southeastern  France,  situated  on  the  Drome  27 
miles  southeast  of  Valence:  the  ancient  Dea 
Vocontiorum.  The  Porte  de  St.  Marcel  is  a relic 
of  the  ancient  town.  Pop.,  commune,  3,651. 
Diebitsch  Sabalkanski  (de'bich  sa-bal-kan'- 
ske),  Count  Ivan  Ivanovitch  (originally 
Hans  Karl  Friedrich  Anton  von  Diebitsch 
und  Harden).  Born  at  Grossleippe,  near  Bres- 
lau, Prussia,  May  13,  1785 : died  at  Kleczewo, 
near  Pultusk,  Poland,  June  10,  1831.  A Rus- 
sian general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Leipsic  in 
1813;  took  Varna  in  1828,  and  Silistria  in  1829;  crossed 
the  Balkans  in  1829  (hence  surnamed  “Sabalkanski," 
‘Balkan-crosser’),  and  commanded  against  the  Poles  at 
Grochow  and  Ostrolenka  1831. 

Diedenhofen  (de'den-ho-fen),  F.  Thionville 

(te-on-vel').  A fortified  town  in  Lorraine, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Mo- 
selle 18  miles  north  of  Metz,  it  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1558  and  1643,  and  was  bombarded  by  the  Ger- 
mans Nov.  22-24,  and  taken  Nov.  25,  1870.  Population, 
commune,  11,948. 

Diefenbach  (de'fen-bach),  Lorenz.  Born  at 
Ostheim,  Hessen,  Germany,  July  29,  1806 : died 
at  Darmstadt,  March  28, 1883.  A German  phi- 
lologist, ethnologist,  and  novelist,  librarian  at 
Frankfort  1865-76.  His  works  include  “Celtica” 
(1839 — 4:2),  “Origines  Europsese  " (1861),  “ Vergleichendes 
Worterbuch  der  gothisclien  Sprache  ” (1846-51),  “Vor- 
schule  der  Vblkerkunde”  (1864),  the  novel  “Ein  Pilger 
und  seine  Genossen  ” (1851),  etc. 

Dieffenbach,  Johann  Friedrich.  Born  at  Ko- 
nigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  1, 1795:  died  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  11,  1847.  A German  surgeon,  professor 
at  Berlin  from  1832.  He  wrote  “Die  opera- 
tive Chirurgie”  (1844-48). 

Diego  (de-a'go).  [Sp.,  from  LL.  Jacobus,  Jacob, 
whence  ult.  E.  Jacob,  Jack,  and  James.]  A 
waggish  sexton  in  Fletcher  and  Massinger’s 
“Spanish  Curate.”  He  longs  for  a less  healthy 
parish  and  more  funerals. 

Diego,  Don.  See  Formal,  James. 

Diego  Garcia  (de-a'go  gar-se'a).  An  island 
of  the  Chagos  group,  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Diego  Suarez  (swa'ras).  A French  colony  in 
the  northern  part  of  Madagascar,  on  the  Bay  of 
Diego  Suarez.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  governor. 
Population,  about  4,500. 

Dieguenos  (de-a-gwa'nyos).  A collective  name 
for  the  tribes  of  North  American  Indians 
dwelling  in  the  region  about  San  Diego,  Cali- 
fornia. Number,  about  300. 

Diekirch  (de'kireh).  A small  town  in  Luxem- 
burg, 18  miles  north  of  Luxemburg. 

Diel  du  Parquet  (de-el'  dii  par-ka'),  Jacques. 
Born  in  France  about  1600 : died  at  Saint 
Pierre,  Martinique,  Jan.  3, 1658.  A French  sol- 
dier and  administrator.  He  was  governor  of  Marti- 
nique from  1638. 

Dielman  (del'man),  Frederick.  Born  at  Han- 
over, Germany,  Dec.  25, 1847.  An  American  fig- 
ure-painter. He  was  president  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design,  1889-1909,  and  has  been 
professor  of  descriptive  geometry  and  drawing 
in  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  1903-. 
Dieppe  (de-ep').  [OF.  Dieppe , prob.  from  an 
OLG.  form  represented  by  AS.  dype,  D.  diep, 
depth,  the  deep.]  A seaport  in  the  department 
of  Seine-Infdrieure,  France,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arques, 
in  lat.  49°  56'  N.,  long.  1°  5'  E.  It  is  a celebrated 
watering-place,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Dieppe-Newhaven 
channel  route,  and  contains  a castle  and  the  Church  of  St. 
Jacques.  It  has  some  trade,  especially  in  fish.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  middle  ages  it  had  a large  commerce,  and 
sent  expeditions  to  Africa,  etc.  It  suffered  severely  in  the 
English  and  religious  wars : was  bombarded  by  the  English 
and  Dutch  July,  1694;  and  was  occupied  by  the  Germans 
in  1870-71.  Population,  commune,  23,629. 

Diersheim  (ders'him).  A village  in  Baden, 
situated  near  the  Rhine  8 miles  northeast  of 
Strasburg.  Here,  April  20,  1797,  the  French 
under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians. 

Dies  Irse  (dl'ez  I're).  [L.,  ‘day  of  wrath.’]  A 
sequence  appointed  in  the  Roman  missal  to  be 
sung  between  the  Epistle  aud  the  Gospel  in 
masses  for  the  dead : named  from  its  first  words. 

It  was  written  probably  by  Thomas  de  Celano,  the  friend 
of  Saint  Francis  of  Assisi,  and  is  a hymn  in  triple  rimed 
stanzas.  Its  subject  is  the  day  of  judgment.  The  transi- 
tion from  the  terror  of  the  day  of  wrath  (dies  irse)  to 
hope  in  salvation  is  used  “ as  a natural  preparation  to  the 


Dies  Iras 

concluding  prayer  for  eternal  rest.”  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
translation  in  “The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,"  beginning 
“ 0 day  of  wrath,  0 dreadful  day,"  is  well  known.  There 
have  been  numerous  versions  and  translations.  The  au- 
thor of  the  old  ecclesiastical  melody  to  which  it  is  sung 
is  not  known,  but  it  was  adapted  to  the  words  at  the  time 
they  were  written.  It  has  been  a popular  subject  with 
modern  composers,  notably  Colonna,  Bassani,  Cherubini, 
Berlioz,  Verdi,  and  Gounod  in  “Mors  et  Vita."  It  is  also 
introduced  with  magnificent  effect  in  Mozart’s  “Re- 
quiem.” Grove. 

This  old  Latin  chant  was  accepted  by  the  Roman  Church 
as  one  of  the  sequentia  of  the  requiem,  before  the  year 
1385.  The  original  text  is  engraved  upon  a marble  tablet 
in  the  Church  of  St.  Francesco  in  Mantua.  The  present 
form  of  the  chant  is  supposed  to  have  been  given  by  Felix 
Hammerlin  (in  the  early  part  of  the  15th  century),  who 
omitted  the  former  opening  stanzas  and  added  some  others 
at  the  close.  In  this  form  it  has  appeared  in  the  Catholic 
missals  since  the  Council  of  Trent.  The  chant  has  been 
translated  upwards  of  seventy  times  into  German,  and  fif- 
teen times  into  English.  One  of  the  closest  versions,  of 
the  few  in  which  the  feminine  rhymes  are  retained,  is 
that  of  Gen.  John  A.  Dix.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust. 

Dieskau  (des'kou),  Ludwig  August.  Born  in 
Saxony,  1701 : died  near  Paris,  Sept.  8,  1767. 
A German  general  in  the  French  service.  He 

became  brigadier-general  of  infantry  and  commander  of 
Brest  in  1748,  and  in  1755  was  sent  to  Canada  with  the  rank 
of  major-general  to  conductthe  campaign  against  the  Eng- 
lish. With  1,200  Indians  and  Canadians  and  200  regulars 
he  undertook  an  expedition  against  Fort  Edward  in  1755. 
He  was  opposed  by  William  Johnson,  with  2,200  men,  en- 
camped on  Lake  George.  Having  ambushed  and  routed 
a detachment  of  1,000  men  under  Colonel  Ephraim  Wil- 
liams, he  was  himself  totally  defeated  and  captured  in 
the  ensuing  attack  on  the  British  camp. 

Diest  (dest).  A fortified  town  in  the  province 
of  Brabant,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Demer  32 
miles  northeast  of  Brussels.  Population,  about 
8,000. 

Diesterweg  (des'ter-veG),  Friedrich  Adolf 

Wilhelm.  Born  at  Siegen,  Westphalia,  Prus- 
sia, Oct.  29,  1790:  died  at  Berlin,  July  7, 1866. 
A German  educator  and  writer  on  pedagogics. 
He  was  a teacher  in  various  institutions  at 
Worms,  Frankfort,  Elberfeld,  Mors,  and  Berlin. 
Diet  of  Augsburg,  Frankfort,  Nuremberg, 
etc.  See  Augsburg,  Frankfort,  Nuremberg,  etc. 
Dieterici  (de-te-ret'se),  Friedrich  Heinrich. 
Born  at  Berlin,  July  6,  1821 : died  there, 
Aug.  18,  1903.  A German  Orientalist  and 
philosophical  writer,  son  of  K.  F.  W.  Dieterici. 
He  published  “Chrestomathie  ottomaue"  (1854),  and 
various  works  on  Arabic  philosophy  and  literature,  etc. 

Dieterici,  Karl  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 

Berlin,  Aug.  23,  1790:  died  at  Berlin,  July  29, 
1859.  A noted  German  statistician  and  politi- 
cal economist,  director  of  the  Prussian  bureau 
of  statistics  from  1844.  His  works  include  “Sta- 
tistische  Ubersicht  der  wichtigsten  Gegenstande,”  etc. 
(1838-57),  “Der  Volkswohlstand  im  preussischen  Staate” 
(1846),  etc. 

Dietrich(de'trich),  Christian  Wilhelm  Ernst. 

[See  Theodonc.]  Born  at  Weimar,  Germany, 
Oct.  30,  1712:  died  at  Dresden,  April  24  (23?), 
1774.  A German  painter  and  engraver,  noted 
especially  for  landscapes. 

Dietrich  von  Bern  (fon  bern).  In  German 
legend,  Theodoric  the  Great,  king  of  the  East 
Goths,  whose  residence  was  at  Verona  (Bern). 
His  life  and  adventures  are  the  subject  of  the  Old  Norse 
Thidreks  saga,  “Saga  Thidhreks  konungs  af  Bern,”  also 
called  the  Vilkina  saga,  whose  material  is  from  German 
sources,  and  is  an  element  in  various  Middle  High  German 
poems,  among  them  the  “ Nibelungenlied,”  “Biterolf,” 
the  “Rosengarten,”  and  “Ermenrichs  Tod.”  His  birth 
and  death  are  mysterious : he  is  descended  from  a spirit, 
and  disappears,  ultimately,  on  a black  horse.  His  name 
is  still  preserved  in  popular  legends.  In  the  Lausitz  the 
“Wild  Huntsman,"  the  mythical  being  who  rides  in  furious 
haste  across  the  heavens  in  violent  storms,  is  called  Dietrich 
von  Bern.  The  name  is  also  given  to  “Kneclit  Ruprecht.” 
Many  large  buildings  in  different  parts  of  Italy,  among 
them  the  amphitheater  in  Verona  and  the  Castle  of  St. 
Angelo  in  Rome,  have  been  popularly  asoribed  to  him. 

Dietrichson  (de'trik-son),  Lorentz  Henrik 

Segelcke.  Bom  at  Bergen,  Norway,  Jan.  1, 
1834.  A Norwegian  critic  and  poet,  professor 
of  the  history  of  art  at  the  University  of  Chris- 
tiania from  1875.  His  works  include  “Omrids  af  den 
uorske  Poesies  Historie”  (1866-69,  “Outline  of  the  His- 
tory of  Norwegian  Poetry  ’’),  etc. 

Dietz,  or  Diez  (dets).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lahn  19  miles  east  of  Coblenz. 

Dietz,  Feodor.  Born  at  Neunstetten,  Baden, 
May  29,  1813 : died  at  Gray,  Haute-Saone, 
France,  Dec.  18, 1870.  A German  historical  and 
battle  painter.  His  works  include  “Death  of 
Gustavos  Adolphus,”  “ Storming  of  Belgrade,” 
etc. 

Diez,  Friedrich  Christian.  Born  at  Giessen, 
Hesse,  Germany,  March  15, 1794:  died  at  Bonn, 
Prussia,  May  29,  1876.  A noted  German  philol- 
ogist, the  founder  of  Romance  philology : pro- 
fessor at  Bonn  from  1830.  Among  his  works  are 


326 

“ Grammatik  der  romanischen  Sprachen  ” (1836-42),  “ Ety- 
mologisches  Worterbuch  der  romanischen  Sprachen" 
(1853),  etc. 

Difficulty,  The  Hill.  A hill  ill  Bunyan’s  “Pil- 
grim’s Progress  ” encountered  by  Christian  in 
his  journey  to  the  Celestial  Country. 

Digby  (dig'bi).  A small  seaport,  and  seat  of  the 
herring  fishery,  situated  in  Nova  Scotia  on  An- 
napolis basin,  17  miles  southwest  of  Annapolis. 
Digby,  Sir  Everard.  Born  May  16, 1578:  died 
Jan.  30,  1606.  An  English  conspirator.  He  in- 
herited large  estates  in  Rutland,  Leicestershire,  and  Lin- 
colnshire  from  his  father,  Everard  Digby  of  Stoke  Dry, 
Rutland  ; and  in  1603  was  knighted  by  James  I.  He  was 
one  of  the  leading  conspirators  in  the  “Gunpowder  Plot” 
(1605),  being  intrusted  with  the  task  of  preparing  for  a ris- 
ing in  the  midland  counties  to  take  place  simultaneously 
with  the  destruction  of  the  Parliament  house.  He  was 
apprehended  on  the  discovery  of  the  plot,  and  was  executed 
at  London. 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm.  Born  at  Gothurst,  Bucks, 
England,  1603:  died  at  London,  June  11,  1665. 
An  English  natural  philosopher  and  student  of 
the  occult  sciences.  He  was  the  son  of  the  conspira- 
tor Sir  Everard  Digby  ; was  educated  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic faith  ; was  in  1643  banished  from  England  as  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Royalist  cause ; and  subsequently  became 
chancellor  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  which  post  he  re- 
tained after  the  Restoration.  Author  of  “Observations 
upon  Religio  Medici”  (1643),  “A  Treatise  of  the  Nature 
of  Bodies  ” (1644) , “ A Treatise  declaring  the  Operations 
and  Nature  of  Man’s  Soul,”  etc.  (1644),  and  “A  Discourse 
concerning  the  Vegetation  of  Plants”  (1661). 

Digby,  Kenelm  Henry.  Born  1800:  died 
March  22,  1880.  An  English  antiquarian.  He 
graduated,  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.,  at  Cambridge  in  1819, 
and  spent  most  of  his  subsequent  life  in  literary  pursuits 
at  London.  His  chief  works  are  “The  Broad  Stone  of 
Honour,  or  Rules  for  the  Gentlemen  of  England  ” (1822, 
anonymous ; enlarged  edition,  with  second  title  omitted, 
1826-27),  and  “ Mores  Catholici,  or  Ages  of  Faith  ” (1831- 
1840). 

Digest  of  Justinian.  See  Corpus  Juris. 
Diggers.  [That  is, ‘root-diggers,’  ‘root-eaters.’] 
A name  given  to  a number  of  tribes  of  North 
American  Indians  in  California,  Oregon,  Ida- 
ho, Utah,  Nevada,  and  Arizona,  which  speak 
widely  different  languages  and  comprise  a 
number  of  distinct  linguistic  stocks.  The  name 
is  used  especially  to  designate  the  Bannock,  Piute,  and 
other  Shoshonean  tribes  known  to  use  roots  extensively 
for  food,  and  who  are  hence  “ diggers  ” (in  English) ; but 
it  is  a coincidence  that  the  terminal  syllables  dika  or  tika 
are  common  in  Shoshonean  band  and  tribal  names.  See 
Shoshulco. 

Digges  (digz),  Leonard.  Died  about  1571. 
An  English  mathematician.  He  was  the  son  of 
James  Digges  of  Digges  Count,  in  the  parish  of  Barham, 
Kent;  studied  at  Oxford  without  taking  a degree;  and  in- 
herited a competent  fortune,  which  enabled  him  to  devote 
himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  His  chief  work  is  “A  Booke 
named  Tectonicon,  briefly  showing  the  exact  measuring 
and  speedie  reckoning  all  manner  of  land,  squares,  tim- 
ber, stone,  etc.  ” (1556). 

Digges,  Thomas.  Died  Aug.  24,  1595.  An 
English  mathematician,  son  of  Leonard  Dig- 
ges. He  graduated,  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.,  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1551 ; became  a member  of  Parliament  in  1572 ; 
and  was  muster-master-general  of  her  Majesty’s  forces 
in  the  Low  Countries  1586-94.  His  works  include  “A 
Geometrical  Practice,  named  Pantometria”  (1571),  “A 
Prognostication  . . . contayning  . . . Rules  to  judge  the 
Weather  by  the  Sunne,  Moone,  Stars,”  etc.  (1578),  and 
“An  Arithmeticall  Militare  Treatise,  named  Stratioticos  ” 
(1579). 

Diggon  (dig'on).  [A  variant  of  Diccon,  dim. 
of  Dick.']  A traveled  shepherd  in  Spenser's 
“ Shepherd’s  Calendar.” 

Diggory  (dig'o-ri).  A loutish  servant,  in  Gold- 
smith’s comedy  “ She  Stoops  to  Conquer.” 
Dighton  (dl'ton).  A town  in  Bristol  County, 
Massachusetts,  near  Taunton.  Near  it  is  the 
Dighton  Rock, with  an  inscription  formerly  (and 
erroneously)  attributed  to  the  Northmen. 
Digne  (deny).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Basses-Alpes,  France,  situated  on  the  Bffione 
in  lat.  44°  6'  N.,  long.  6°  13'  E. : the  ancient 
Dinia.  It  contains  a cathedral  and  a church 
of  Notre  Dame.  Population,  commune,  about 
7,500. 

Dignity  and  Impudence.  A paint  ing  by  Sir 

Edwin  Landseer,  in  the  National  Gallery,  Lon- 
don. It  is  a group  consisting  of  a large,  solemn-looking 
bloodhound  and  a pert  Scotch  terrier. 

Digoin(de-gwan').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire 
35  miles  east  of  Moulins.  Population,  com- 
mune, 6,705. 

Dihong  (de-hong').  Aname  given  to  the  Brah- 
maputra in  its  middle  course. 

Dijon  (de-zkon').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote-d’Or,  France,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Ouehe  and  Suzon  in  lat.  47°  19' 
N.,  long.  5°  3'  E. : the  Roman  Divio,  Dibio,  or 
CastrumDivionense  (whence  the  modern  name). 
It  is  an  important  fortified  town  and  the  emporium  for 
Burgundy  wines,  and  has  considerable  manufactures  and 


Dimetian  Code 

a large  trade  in  grain,  etc.  It  contains  a cathedral  of  St. 
Bdnigne  (see  below),  the  churches  of  Notre  Dame  and  of  St. 
Michel,  an  old  ducal  palace  (now  the  h6tel  de  vUle,  with 
an  important  museum),  a palais  de  justice,  and  remnants 
of  the  castle  and  convent  of  Chartreuse.  In  early  history 
it  was  a Roman  camp,  and  it  was  burned  by  the  Saracens 
in  the  8th  century.  It  had  its  counts  and  was  the  capital 
of  Burgundy  from  the  12th  century  to  1477,  when  it  passed 
to  France.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Swiss  in  1513,  was 
occupied  (after  a struggle)  by  the  Germans  from  Oct.  31 
to  Dec.  27,  1870,  and  was  subsequently  defended  by  Gari- 
baldi against  the  Germans  in  Jan.,  1871.  The  cathedral 
is  of  moderate  size,  but  noteworthy  for  its  excellent  de- 
sign and  the  beauty  of  its  13th-century  tracery  and  orna- 
ment. The  west  front  has  a good  porch  and  2 low  towers. 
Behind  the  choir  are  the  ruins  of  a curious  circular  chapel 
of  the  11th  century.  Population,  commune,  74,113. 

Diksmuide.  See  Dixmude. 

Dilettanti  Society,  The.  A London  society 
devoted  to  the  encouragement  of  a taste  for  the 
fine  arts,  founded  in  1734. 

Dilke  (dilk),  Charles  Wentworth.  Born  Dec. 
8,  1789:  died  Aug.  10,  1864.  An  English  jour- 
nalist,  editor  of  the  London  “A then®  um  ” ( 1830- 
1846),  and  of  the  “ Daily  News”  (1846-49).  He 
wrote  much  on  the  Letters  of  Junius. 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  18, 1810 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May 
10, 1869.  Son  of  C.  W.  Dilke  : promoter  of  the 
exhibition  of  1851,  commissioner  to  the  New 
York  exhibition  1853,  and  one  of  the  royal  com- 
missioners for  the  London  exhibition  1862.  He 
was  made  a baronet  in  1862. 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth.  Born  at  Chel- 
sea, London,  Sept.  4,  1843 : died  at  London, 
Jan.  26, 1911.  A Radical  politician  and  author. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1866 ; was  called  to  the  bar 
in  1866 ; was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Chelsea 
in  1868 ; was  appointed  under-secretary  of  state  for  for- 
eign affairs  in  1880  ; became  president  of  the  Local  Gov- 
ernment Board  with  a seat  in  the  cabinet  in  1882.  He 
lost  his  seat,  in  Parliament  in  1886,  but  again  became  a 
member  in  1892.  He  published  “ Greater  Britain  ’’  (1868), 
“Parliamentary  Reform”  (1879),  “Present  Condition  of 
European  Politics”  (1887),  “The  British  Army”  (1888), 
“ Problems  of  Greater  Britain  ” (1890),  “ Imperial  De- 
fense" (with  Spenser  Wilkinson),  “British  Empire” 
(1898),  etc. 

Dillenburg  (dil'len-borG).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  41  miles 
northeast  of  Coblenz.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  William  of  Orange. 

Dillenius  (dil-la'ne-os),  or  Dillen  (dil'len),  Jo- 
hann Jakob.  Born  at  Darmstadt,  Germany, 
1687 : died  at  Oxford,  England,  April  2,  1747. 
A celebrated  German  botanist,  professor  at 
Oxford  from  1728.  He  wrote  “Catalogus  Plantarum 
Sponte  circa  Gissam  Nascentium ’’ (1719),  “Hortus  Eltha- 
mensis  ” (1732),  “ Historia  muscorum  " (1741). 

Dillingen  ( dil'ling-en).  A town  in  Swabia  and 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Danube  23 
miles  northwest  of  Augsburg.  It  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  a university.  Population,  about 
6,200. 

Dillmann  (dil'man),  Christian  Friedrich  Au- 
gust. Born  April  25,  1823:  died  July  4,  1894. 
A German  Orientalist  and  Protestant  theolo- 
gian, an  authority  on  the  Ethiopian  language 
and  literature  and  Old  Testament  criticism: 
professor  at  Berlin  from  1869.  His  works  include 
a grammar  (1857)  and  lexicon  (1865)  of  the  Ethiopian  lan- 
guage,  commentaries  on  Job,  Genesis,  Exodus,  Leviticus, 
etc. 

Dillon  (dil'on),  Charles.  Born  in  England  in 
1819:  died  there,  June  27,  1881.  An  English 
actor.  He  excelled  in  the  romantic  drama,  in 
such  parts  as  Belphegor. 

Dillon,  John.  Born  1851.  An  Irish  politician, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Irish  National  party. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1880,  and  was  impris- 
oned 1881-82  and  again  in  1891. 

Dilman  (dil-man').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Azerbaijan  northwestern  Persia,  73  miles  west 
of  Tabriz.  Population,  estimated,  6,000  (?). 

Dilmun  (dil-mon').  An  ancient  city  situated  on 
an  island,  or  rather  peninsula,  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  now  included  in  the  lowlands  of  the  coast. 
Sargon  II.,  king  of  Assyria  722-705  B.  0.,  relates  on  his  mo- 
nolith, found  in  Cyprus,  that  he  received  from  Uperi,  king 
of  Dilmun,  gifts  and  homage. 

Diman  (dl'man),  Jeremiah  Lewis.  Born  at 
Bristol,  R.  I.,  May  1,  1831 : died  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  3,  1881.  An  American  historical 
writer  and  Congregational  clergyman,  professor 
of  history  at  Brown  University.  He  wrote 
“ Theistie  Argument”  (1879),  “Orations  and 
Essays”  (published  1882). 

Dimanche  (de-monsh'),  Monsieur.  [F.,  ‘Mr. 
Sunday.’]  In  Mol ie re’s  “Don  Juan”  or  “Le 
festin  de  Pierre,”  a tradesman  who  tries  to  col- 
lect money  due  him,  but  is  never  allowed  to 
even  ask  for  it,  being  constantly  interrupted. 

Dimetian  Code  (di-me'slii-an  kod).  See  ex- 
tract on  following  page. 


Dimetian  Code 

The  custom  [that  the  youngest  child  should  have  the 
dwelling-house  when  the  property  came  to  division]  ap- 
pears in  Wales  in  what  was  probably  its  most  primitive 
form.  According  to  the  laws  of  Hoel  the  Good,  dating 
from  the  tenth  century  at  latest,  the  inheritance  was  to 
be  so  divided  that  the  homestead,  with  eight  acres  of  land 
and  the  best  implements  of  the  household,  should  fall  to 
the  youngest  son.  The  different  editions  of  these  laws  are 
contained  in  the  Dimetian  Code  for  South  Wales,  and  in 
the  Venedotian  Code  for  “Gwynnedd"  or  the  northern 
parts  of  the  principality. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  llist.,  p.  181. 

Dimitri  (de-me'tre),  or  Dmitri  (dme'tre).  The 
Russian  form  of  Demetrius  (which  see). 

Dimitri  Roudine  (de-me'tre  ro-den').  A novel 
by  Turgenieff,  published  in  1855.  It  has  been 
translated  into  French,  German,  and  English. 
Dimitri  is  a cosmopolitan  who  affects  to  scorn  Russian 
habits.  He  is  the  victim  of  his  own  error,  and  his  disciples 
fall  away  from  him. 

Dimmesdale  (dimz'-dal),  Arthur.  A Puritan 
clergyman  in  Hawthorne’s  tale  “The  Scarlet 
Letter.”  He  has  a delicately  sensitive  nature,  unable 
to  bear  the  strain  of  the  concealment  of  liis  sin  with  Hester 
Prynne,  and  equally  unable  to  confess  it  and  bear  public 
obloquy. 

The  Puritan  clergyman,  reverenced  as  a saint  by  all  his 
flock,  conscious  of  a sin  which,  once  revealed,  will  crush 
him  to  the  earth,  watched  with  a malignant  purpose  by 
the  husband  whom  he  has  injured,  unable  to  summon  up 
the  moral  courage  to  tear  off  the  veil  and  make  the  only 
atonement  in  his  power,  is  undoubtedly  a striking  figure, 
powerfully  conceived  and  most  delicately  described. 

Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a Library,  p.  223. 

Dimoch,  or  Dymoch,  or  Dymoke,  or  Dimocke 

(dim'ok).  The  name  of  a Lincolnshire  family 
which  has  held  since  1377  the  feudal  office  of 
“champion of  England.” 

Dimsdale  (dimz'dal),  Thomas.  Born  in  Essex, 
England,  May  6,  1712 : died  in  Hertford,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  30,  1800.  An  English  physician, 
known  chiefly  as  an  advocate  of  inoculation  for 
the  smallpox.  He  took  up  the  practice  of  medicine  at 
Hertford,  and  in  1767  published  “ The  Present  Method  of 
Inoculation  for  the  Small  Pox,”  which  obtained  for  him  in 
1768  an  invitation  to  St.  Petersburg  to  inoculate  the  em- 
press Catherine  and  the  grand  duke  Paul. 

Dinah  (di'na).  [Heb.,  ‘judged’  or  ‘avenged.’] 
The  daughterof  Jacob  by  Leah.  SeeGen.xxx., 
xxxiv. 

Dinah,  Aunt.  In  Sterne’s  “ Tristram  Shandy,” 
the  aunt  of  Walter  Shandy,  who  occupies  him- 
self with  schemes  for  spending  the  money  she 
leaves  him. 

Dinah  Morris.  See  Morris. 

Dinajpur  (de-na,j-por');  or  Dinagepore  (de-naj- 
por').  1,  A district  in  the  Rajshahi  division, 
Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  88°  30'  E. 
Area,  3,946  square  miles.  Population,  1,567,- 
080. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  above  district. 
Population,  13,430. 

Dinan  (de-non').  Atownin  the  department  of 
Cotes-du-Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Ranee 
29  miles  northwest  of  Rennes.  It  was  defended 
against  the  English  by  Du  Guesclin  in  1359. 
Population,  commune,  11,078. 

Dinant.  In  Fletcher  and  Massinger’s  “Little 
French  Lawyer,”  a gentleman  who  formerly 
loved  and  still  pretends  to  love  Lamira. 
Dinant  (de-non'  or  de-nant').  A town  in  the 
province  of  Namur,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  14  miles  south  of  Namur,  it  is  fortified, 
and  was  formerly  noted  for  its  copper  and  brass  wares.  It 
was  sacked  by  the  Burgundians  in  1466,  and  by  the  Trench 
in  1564  and  1675.  Population,  7,581. 

Dinapur  (de-na-por').  A town  in  the  district 
of  Patna,  Bengal,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Ganges  5 miles  west  of  Patna,  it  is  an  important 
military  station,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  mutiny  of  the 
Sepoy  regiments  in  July,  1857.  Population,  33,699. 

Dinaric  Alps  (di-nar'ik  alps).  [Named  from 
Dinara,  the  highest  summit.]  A name  given 
to  those  mountain-ranges  in  Dalmatia,  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  and  Croatia  which  are  clearly  a 
continuation  of  the  main  Alpine  system. 
Dinarzade.  The  sister  of  Scheherazade  in  “The 
Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments.”  She  passes  the 
night  in  the  bridal  chamber,  and  asks  her  sister  daily,  just 
before  daybreak,  to  relate  for  the  last  time  one  of  her 
“agreeable  tales."  Sets  Scheherazade. 

Dindigal  (din-di-gal'),  or  Dindigul  (din-di- 
gul').  A small  town  in  Madras,  British  India, 
in  lat.  10°  22'  N.,  long.  77°  59'  E. 

Dinding  Isles  (din-ding'  ilz).  An  administra- 
tive division  of  the  British  colony  of  Straits 
Settlements,  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Malay  peninsula  about  lat.  4°  20'  N. 

Dindorf  (din'dorf),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Leip- 
sic,  Jan.  2, 1802:  died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  1,  1883. 
A noted  German  classical  philologist.  He  was 
one  of  the  collaborators  in  the  revision  of  Stephanus’s  “The- 
saurus linguae  Grsecse”  (1831-65),  and  edited  “Demosthe- 
nes" (1846-51),  “Poete  Bccenici  Grseci " (1830),  etc. 


327 

Dindymene  (din-di-me'ne).  [Gr.  AtvAv/n/vr/,  of 
Dindymum.]  Cybele.  Also  called  “the  Din- 
dymenian  mother.” 

Dindymum (din'di-mum).  [Gr.  A Mvpov.\  Inan- 
cient geography,  a mountain  in  Galatia,  sacred 
to  Cybele. 

Dingelstedt  (ding'el-stet),  Franz  von.  Born 
at  Halsdorf,  Hesse,  Germany,  June  30,  1814: 
died  at  Vienna,  May  15, 1881.  A German  poet, 
novelist,  and  theatrical  director.  His  works  in- 
clude “Lieder  eines  kosmopolitisclien  Naehtwachters  ” 
(l841),  “ Nacht  und  Morgen  ” (1851),  the  tragedy  “ Das 
Haus  des  Barneveldt  ” (1850),  the  novels  “ Unter  der 
Erde  ” (1840),  “ Die  Amazone  ” (1868),  etc. 

Dingwall  (ding'wal).  The  capital  of  Ross- 
shire,  situated  on  Cromartv  Eirtli  11  miles 
northwest  of  Inverness.  Population,  about 
2,500. 

Dinias  and  Dercyllis  (din'i-as  and  der-sil'is). 
The  chief  characters  of  an  old  Greek  novel 
entitled  “Of  the  incredible  Things  in  Thule.” 

The  book  called  “Wonders  beyond  Thule”  was  written  by 
oneAntonius  Diogenes,  who  probably  lived  in  Syria  in  the 
2nd  century  before  Christ,  though  it  was  the  opinion  of 
Photius  that  the  work  was  written  soon  after  the  death  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  It  was  current  as  late  as  the  9th 
century,  when  its  twenty-four  volumes  were  summarised 
by  the  Patriarch  Photius,  who  compressed  the  works  of 
nearly  three  hundred  authors  into  one  volume  to  beguile 
the  tedium  of  a residence  in  Bagdad.  Our  knowledge  of 
the  novel  is  gained  partly  from  this  epitome  and  partly 
from  the  fragments  which  can  be  gathered  from  the  later 
classical  writings.  The  plot  turns  on  the  loves  and  adven- 
tures of  a Syrian  maiden  and  Dinias,  a traveller  from  Ar- 
cadia, the  story  of  whose  lives  was  recorded  in  a manu- 
script which  Alexander  the  Great  was  supposed  to  find  in 
their  tomb.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  78. 

Dinka  (din'ka).  A great  Nigritic  tribe  dwell- 
ing on  both  sides  of  the  White  Nile  between 
6°  and  12°  north  latitude.  Their  territory  is  a vast 
and  fertile  plain  covering  60,000  square  miles.  They  differ 
from  the  Shilluk  and  Nuer  (with  whom  they  largely  inter- 
live,  but  whom  they  hate)  by  their  higher  stature,  promi- 
nent foreheads,  and  their  black,  almost  bluish,  complex- 
ion. They  are  intelligent,  skilful  in  the  making  of  house- 
hold articles,  and  frugal.  Like  the  Shilluk,  they  are  both 
pastoral  and  agricultural.  Each  village  is  under  a chief 
who  has  little  authority  and  recognizes  no  suzerain.  The 
Dinka  language  is  said  to  be  related  to  that  of  the  Bari, 
and  to  have  prefixes  like  the  Bantu  tongues. 
Dinkard(den-kiird').  [Pahlavi:  properly Dino- 
karto,  the  deeds  or  enactments  of  the  religion.] 
The  largest  and  most  important  Pahlavi  work 
in  existence,  containing  a vast  amount  of  in- 
formation regarding  the  legends,  writings,  doc- 
trines, and  customs  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion. 

In  its  present  state  much  of  the  work  consists  of  a descrip- 
tive catalogue  of  the  contents  of  the  original  compilation, 
interspersed  with  extracts  in  detail.  . The  date  of  its  lat- 
est revision  must  have  been  subsequent  to  the  Moham- 
medan conquest  of  Persia. 

Dinkelsbiihl  (dink'els-biil).  A small  town  in 
Middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Wornitz  44  miles  southwest  of  Nuremberg.  It 
was  formerly  a free  imperial  city. 

Dinmont  (din'mont),  Dandie  (Andrew).  A 
Border  farmer  m Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel 
“Guy  Mannering”:  the  grateful  friend  of 

Brown,  who  had  saved  his  life.  Sent  by  Meg  Mer- 
rilies,  he  protects  Brown  in  the  Portanferry  jail,  and  after 
their  escape  helps  him,  under  the  guidance  of  Meg,  to 
capture  Hatteraick.  He  is  theowner  of  Mustard  and  Pep- 
per, the  progenitors  of  the  Dandie  Dinmont  terriers. 

According  to  Mr.  Shortreed,  this  good  man  [Willie  El 
liotj  of  Millburnholm  was  the  great  original  of  Dandie 
Dinmont.  As  he  seems  to  have  been  the  first  of  these  up- 
land sheep  farmers  that  Scott  ever  visited,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  he  sat  for  some  parts  of  that  inimitable 
portraiture ; and  it  is  certain  that  the  James  Davidson 
who  carried  the  name  of  Dandie  to  his  grave  with  him,  and 
whose  thoroughbred  deathbed  scene  is  told  in  the  Notes 
to  Guy  Mannering,  was  first  pointed  out  to  Scott  by  Mr. 
Shortreed  himself,  several  years  after  the  novel  had  es- 
tablished the  man's  celebrity  all  over  the  Border;  some 
accidental  report  about  his  terriers,  and  their  odd  names, 
having  alone  been  turned  to  account  in  the  original  com- 
position of  the  tale.  But  I have  the  best  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  the  kind  and  manly  character  of  Dandie,  the 
gentle  and  delicious  one  of  his  wife,  and  some  at  least  of 
the  most  picturesque  peculiarities  of  the  manage  at  Char- 
lieshope,  were  filled  up  from  Scott’s  observation,  years 
after  this  period,  of  a family  with  one  of  whose  members 
he  had,  through  the  best  part  of  his  life,  a close  and  affec- 
tionate connexion.  To  those  who  were  familiar  with  him, 
I have  perhaps  already  sufficiently  indicated  the  early 
home  of  his  dear  friend,  William  Laidlaw,  among  “ the 
braes  of  Yarrow.”  Lockhart,  Life  of  Scott,  I.  117. 

Dinocrates  (di-nok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  A eivoKpart/c.'] 
The  ablest  of  the  architects  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  He  planned  the  new  city  of  Alexandria,  and  re- 
built the  Artemisium  of  Ephesus  after  its  destruction  by 
fire.  This  architect  appears  under  eight  different  names 
given  by  Brunn. 

Dinorah  (de-no'ra).  The  original  Italian  title 
of  an  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at 
Paris  as  “Le  pardon  de  Ploermel,”  April  4, 
1859. 

Dinter  (din'ter),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Borna, 
Saxony,  Feb.  29,  1760:  died  at  Konigsberg, 


Diodorus 

Prussia,  May  29,  1831.  A German  writer  on 
pedagogics,  professor  of  theology  at  Konigs- 
berg from  1822.  His  chief  work  is  the  “ Schul- 
lehrerbibel  ” ( 1825-28). 

Dinwiddie  (diu'wid-i),  Robert.  Bom  in  Scot- 
land in  1693 : died  at  Clifton,  England, 

July  27,  1770.  A British  official,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Virginia  1752-58.  Shortly  after  his  ap- 
pointment he  transmitted  a report  to  the  Board  of  Trade, 
recommending  the  annexation  of  the  Ohio  Valley  and  the 
erection  of  forts  to  secure  the  western  frontier  against  the 
French.  In  1753  he  despatched  George  Washington  to 
the  French  forts  on  the  Ohio  and  Allegheny  to  remon- 
strate with  their  commanders  for  taking  possession  of 
British  territory,  and  was  subsequently  one  of  the  most 
sti'enuous  supporters  of  the  old  French  and  Indian  war. 

Diodes  (dl'o-klez).  [Gr.  Am/c/l^f.]  A Syra- 
cusan popular  leader,  the  reputed  (chief)  au- 
thor of  a code  of  laws  named  for  him. 

Diodes  Carystius  (‘of  Carystus’).  A cele- 
brated Greek  physician  of  the  4th  century  B.  c., 
bom  at  Carystus  in  Euboea. 

Diocletian  (dl-o-kle'shian)  (Caius  Aurelius 
Valerius  Diocl’etianus : surnamed  Jovius). 
Born  at  Dioclea  (whence  his  name),  Dalmatia, 
245  A.  D. : died  near  Salona,  Dalmatia,  313. 
Emperor  of  Rome.  He  entered  the  army  at  an  early 
age,  and,  although  of  obscure  origin,  rose  to  important 
commands  under  Probus,  Aurelian,  and  Carus.  On  the 
death  of  Numerianus,  joint  emperor  with  Carinus,  he  was 
proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  at  Chalcedon  in  284, 
and  advanced  against  Carinus  who  was  killed  by  one  of 
his  own  officers.  In  286  he  adopted  Maximian  as  his 
colleague  in  the  government.  In  292  the  joint  emperors 
appointed  Galerius  and  Constant.ius  Chlorus  as  their  asso- 
ciates. Diocletian  and  Maximian  retained  the  title  of 
Augusti,  while  Galerius  and  Constantius  were  denomi- 
nated Cfesars.  Each  of  the  rulers  was  independent  iu  the 
local  administration  of  his  province,  but  the  three  junior- 
rulers  acknowledged  Diocletian  as  the  head  of  the  em- 
pire. The  empire  was  divided  among  them  as  follows : 
Diocletian  received  Thrace,  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Asia,  with 
Nicomedia  as  his  capital;  Maximian,  Italy,  Africa,  Sicily, 
and  the  islands  of  the  Tyrrhenian  Sea,  with  Milan  as  his 
capital;  Galerius,  Illyricum  and  the  countries  of  the 
Danube,  with  Sirmium  as  his  capital ; and  Constantius, 
Britain,  Gaul,  and  Spain,  with  Treves  as  his  capital. 
Diocletian  subdued  a revolt  in  Egypt  in  296;  Constantius 
restored  the  allegiance  of  Britain  in  the  same  year;  and 
Galerius  forced  the  Persians  to  sue  for  peace  in  297.  In 
303  Diocletian,  persuaded,  it  is  said,  by  the  false  accusa- 
tions of  Galerius,  ordered  a general  persecution  of  the 
Christians  throughout  the  empire.  He  abdicated  in  305, 
compelling  Maximian  to  do  the  same,  and  retired  to  Sa- 
lona in  Dalmatia,  w here  he  spent  his  remaining  years  in 
the  cultivation  of  his  gardens.  Diocletian  and  Maximian 
were  succeeded  as  Augusti  by  Galerius  and  Co  istantius, 
who  in  turn  appointed  Severus  and  Maximinus  Csesar; . 

Diocletian  inaugurated the  period  of  the  Partnership 

Emperors.  Himself  borne  to  power  by  something  not 
very  unlike  a mutiny  of  the  troops  on  the  Persian  fron- 
tier, he  nevertheless  represented  and  gave  voice  to  the 
passionate  longing  of  the  world  that  the  age  of  mutinies 
might  cease.  With  this  intention  he  remodelled  the  in- 
ternal constitution  of  the  state  and  moulded  it  into  a 
bureaucracy  so  strong,  so  stable,  so  wisely  organised,  that 
it  subsisted  virtually  the  same  for  more  than  a thousand 
years,  and  by  its  endurance  prolonged  for  many  ages  the 
duration  of  the  Byzantine  Empire. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  15. 

Diocletian,  Baths  of.  Baths  in  ancient  Rome 
founded  by  Maximian  at  the  junction  of  the 
Quirinal  and  Viminal  hills,  and  dedicated  305- 
306  A.  D.  A plan  was  made  by  Palladio  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, but  the  remains,  though  scattered  over  an  area  a mile 
in  circuit,  are  now  very  scanty,  apart  from  the  splendid 
tepidarium,  now  the  Church  of  Sta.  Maria  degli  Angeli, 
and  one  of  the  domical  halls  which  occupied  the  angles, 
now  the  Church  of  San  Bernardo. 

Diodati  (de-6-da'te),  Domenico.  Bom  at  Na- 
ples, 1736:  died  at  Naples,  1801.  An  Italian 
archaeologist.  His  works  include  “De  Christo 
grasce  loquente  exercitatio”  (1767),  etc. 

Diodati,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Geneva,  June  6. 
1576:  died  at  Geneva,  Oct.  3,  1649.  A Swiss 
Protestant  theologian,  professor  of  Hebrew 
and  later  of  theology  at  Geneva.  He  trans- 
lated the  Bible  into  Italian  (1607). 

Diodorus  (dl-o-do'rus),  surnamed  Siculus  (‘of 
Sicily’).  [Gr.  AMopot;.]  Born  at  Agyrium, 
Sicily:  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury B.  C.  A Greek  historian,  author  of  a 
history  in  40  books  entitled  a “ Historical  Li- 
brary” (Biphodr/nr/).  See  the  extract. 

The  historical  library  of  Diodorus  consisted  of  forty 
books,  divided  into  three  great  sections.  The  first  of 
these  sections,  containing  the  mythical  period  down  to 
the  taking  of  Troy  (which  he  places  with  Apollodorus 
408  years  before  the  commencement  of  the  Olympiads, 
i.  e.  in  B.  c.  1138) , occupies  the  first  six  books.  The  second 
section,  from  the  seventh  to  the  eighteenth  book,  con- 
tains a chronological  histoiy  from  the  taking  of  Troy  to 
the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great.  The  third  period,  oc- 
cupying tlie  twenty-three  remaining  books,  carries  the 
history  down  to  the  British  expedition  of  Julius  Caesar. 
Of  these  forty  books,  we  have  only  a portion  complete, 
namely  books  1-5,  containing  the  history  of  the  Egyptians, 
Assyrians,  .Ethiopians,  and  Greeks;  and  books  11-20, 
containing  the  period  from  the  invasion  of  Xerxes  down 
to  the  year  B.  c.  302.  The  rest  of  the  work  is  either  lost 


Diodorus 

altogether,  or  represented  only  by  a sorioB  of  fragments 
and  extracts,  of  which  the  most  considerable  refer  to 
books  3IM0.  The  following  is  n general  analysis  of  the 
remains  of  Diodorus: — Book  I.  On  Egypt;  its  mythology, 
geography,  and  history ; Its  laws,  literature,  and  customs ; 
and  the  Greeks  who  have  travelled  in  the  country.  II. 
The  legendary  history  of  Assyria,  from  kilims  to  Harda- 
napalus ; the  Modes,  Chuldeans,  Indians,  Scythians,  Hy- 
perboreans, Arabians,  witli  an  account  of  the  island  of 
Ceylon.  HI.  On  the  ^Ethiopians,  and  other  nations  of 
Libya.  IV.  The  mythology  of  Greece.  V.  On  the  Greek 
Islands,  and  the  Phenlcian  settlements  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. lie  also  treats  of  the  islands  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
of  Arabia  and  its  seas.  XI.  From  the  invasion  of  Xerxes 
(01.  75,  1)  down  to  the  war  of  Cyprus  (01.  82  2),  witli 
contemporary  notices  of  Sicily,  Egypt,  ami  Romo.  XII. 
From  the  war  of  Cyprus  (01.  82,  8)  to  that  of  Syracuse 

01.  01,  1),  with  notices  of  Sybaris,  of  Charondas,  and  Za- 
eueus,  and  tile  Decemvirato  at  Romo.  XIII.  From  the 
war  between  Syracuse  and  Athens  (01.  01,  2)  down  to  that 
between  Syracuse  and  the  Carthaginians  (01.  93,  4).  XIV. 
From  the  time  of  the  thirty  tyrants  (01.  04, 1)  to  tire  taking 
of  Romo  by  the  Gauls  (01.  98,  2).  XV.  From  the  war  be- 
tween Artaxerxes  and  Evagoi  as  (01.  08,  3)  to  the  accession 
of  Philip  (01.  105,  2).  XVI.  Reign  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 
XVII.  Reign  of  Alexander  the  Great.  XVIII.  Successors 
of  Alexander  down  to  the  domination  of  Agathocles  in 
Sicily  (01.  115,  3)l  XIX.  Events  in  Greece,  Sicily,  and 
Italy  down  to  the  battle  of  Himera  (01.  117,  2).  XX. 
From  tire  war  of  Agathocles  in  Sicily  (Ol.  117,  3)  down  to 
the  coalition  against  Antigonus  (Ol.  119,  3). 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  117. 

[( Donaldson.) 

Diogenes  (di-oj'e-nez).  [Gr.  A loytvyg.']  Born 
at  Sinope,  Asia  Minor,  about  412  B.  C. : died  at 
Corinth,  323.  A Greek  Cynic  philosopher,  fa- 
mous for  his  eccentricities.  He  emigrated  to  Athens 
in  his  youth,  became  the  pupil  of  Antisthenes,  and  lived, 
according  to  Seneca,  in  a tub.  While  on  a voyage  from 
Athens  to  TEgina,  he  was  captured  by  pirates  who  ex- 
posed him  for  sale  on  the  slave-market  in  Crete.  When 
asked  what  business  he  understood,  he  replied,  “How  to 
command  men,”  and  requested  to  be  sold  to  some  one 
in  need  of  a master.  He  was  purchased  by  Xeniades,  a 
wealthy  citizen  of  Corinth,  who  restored  him  to  liberty, 
and  in  whose  house  he  passed  his  old  age.  At  Corinth 
he  was,  according  to  tradition,  visited  by  Alexander  the 
Great.  Alexander  inquired  whether  he  could  oblige  him 
in  any  way.  "Yes,”  replied  Diogeues;  “stand  from  be- 
tween me  and  the  sun." 

Diogenes,  Antonius.  The  author  of  the  ro- 
mance “Dinias  and  Dercyllis”  (which  see). 
Diogenes  Laertius  (la-er'shi-us).  [The  sur- 
name A atpTLOQ  or  Aaepnebc;  is  probably  from 
his  birthplace  (?)  Laerte  in  Cilicia.]  Lived 
probably  about  200  A.  D.  A historian  and  bi- 
ographer, author  of  lives  of  the  Greek  philos- 
ophers in  10  books,  from  the  early  schools  to 
the  Epicureans.  His  work  is  chiefly  valued  as 
containing  information  preserved  nowhere  else. 
Diogenes  Of  Apollonia.  Born  at  Apollonia, 
Crete : lived  in  the  5th  century  B.  C.  A Greek 
natural  philosopher,  a pupil  of  Anaximenes. 
Diomed  (di'o-med).  See  Diomedes. 

Diomed.  A chestnut  thoroughbred  horse, foaled 
in  1777,  by  Florizel,  dam  by  Spectator,  second 
dam  by  Blank,  third  dam  by  Childers.  Florizel 
by  Hero  traces  directly  to  Byerly  Turk.  Diomed  won 
the  first  Derby  in  1780,  and  died  in  1807.  He  was  the  sire 
of  Duroe,  sire  of  American  Eclipse,  also  the  sire  of  Sir 
Archy  sire  of  Timoleon,  3ire  of  Boston,  sire  of  Lexington. 

Diomed,  Villa  of.  See  Pompeii. 

Diomede  Islands  (di'o-med  I'landz).  A group 
of  small  islands  in  Bering  Strait. 

Diomedes  (dl-o-me'dez).  [Gr.  AiopyS/jg.']  1. 
In  Greek  legend,  a king  of  Argos,  and  one  of 
the  most  famous  of  the  Greek  warriors  at  the 
siege  of  Troy.  He  was  the  son  of  Tydeus  who  fell  in 
the  expedition  against  Thebes.  He  went  with  Sthenelus 
and  Euryalus  to  Troy  as  the  commander  of  a fleet  of 
80  ships  carrying  warriors  from  Argos,  Tiryns,  Her- 
mione,  Asine,  Trcezene,  Eionse,  Epidaurus,  iEgina,  and 
Mases.  He  was,  next  to  Achilles,  the  bravest  of  the 
Greeks  before  Troy,  and  fought  with  the  most  dis- 
tinguished among  the  Trojans,  including  Hector  and 
zEneas. 

2.  A legendary  Thracian  king,  son  of  Ares. — 3. 
In  Shakspere’s  “Antony  and  Cleopatra,”  an 
attendant  of  Cleopatra. — 4.  In  Shakspere’s 
“ Troilus  and  Cressida,”  a Grecian  commander. 

Dion  (di'on).  [Gr.  Atwv.]  Born  at  Syracuse, 
about  408  B.  0. : assassinated  at  Syracuse,  354 
or  353  b.  c.  A Syracusan  philosopher,  a dis- 
ciple of  Plato.  He  expelled  Dionysius  the 
Younger  from  Syracuse  in  356,  and  became 
ruler  of  the  city  in  355. 

Dion.  1.  A Sicilian  noble  in  Shakspere’s  “Win- 
ter’s Tale.” — 2.  The  father  of  Euphrasia  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  “Philaster.” 

Dion  Cassius  (kash'i-us),  surnamed  Cocceia- 
nus  (from  some  person  named  Coceeius  or 
Coeceianus,  perhaps  his  grandfather).  Born 
at  Nicsea,  Bithynia,  about  155  a.  d.  : died  at 
Nicsea,  after  230.  A celebrated  historian  of 
Rome.  He  was  consul  about  220  and  229,  and 
wrote  in  Greek  a history  of  Rome  in  80  books. 
See  the  extract. 


328 

The  great  work  of  Dion  Cassius  was  a history  of  Rome 
. . . from  the  foundation  of  the  city  to  the  year  A.  b.  220. 
Besides  this,  a number  of  works,  now  lost  or  incorporated 
in  his  history,  are  attributed  to  him  by  Suidas  and  others. 
The  history  consisted  of  eighty  books,  of  which  Books 
XXXVII.-LX.  have  come  down  to  us  complete  or  nearly 
bo,  the  remainder  of  the  work  being  represented  by 
fragments  of  different  kinds.  In  the  loth  century,  when 
the  whole  work  was  in  existence,  excerpts  were  made 
from  it  by  the  order  of  Constantine  Forphyrogenitus, 
and  in  the  12th  century  Zonaras  undertook  an  abridg- 
ment of  the  first  20  books,  which,  with  those  from  the 
3Gth  book  to  the  end,  wero  then  extant.  The  latter  part 
of  the  work,  from  the  30th  to  the  80th  book,  had  been 
abridged  in  the  11th  century  by  a monk  named  Joannes 
Xipliilinus.  There  are  detached  fragments,  more  or  less 
considerable,  of  the  35th  and  30th  books,  referring  to  the 
campaign  of  Lueullus  against  Mithridates,  and  Fompey’s 
war  with  the  pirates.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  many 
gaps  in  the  37th,  66th,  60th,  67th,  68tli,  59th,  and  60th 
books.  The  work  was  continued  down  to  the  time  of 
Constantine  the  Great  by  some  Christian  writer,  who  i3 
supposed  to  have  been  Joannes  Antiochenus. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  251. 

[{Dunaldson.) 

Dion  Chrysostomus  (kri-sos'to-mus).  [Gr. 

XpucrdoTo/zo?.  ] Born  at  Prusa,  Bithynia,  about 
50  a.  D. : died  at  Rome  about  117.  A Greek 
rhetorician  and  philosopher.  His  80  extant  ora- 
tions were  edited  by  Reiske  1784. 

Dione  (di-6'ne).  [Gr.  Aidno?.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a female  Titan,  daughter  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys,  and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Aphrodite. 
— 2.  A pastoral  tragedy  by  John  Gay,  published 
in  1720. — 3.  The  fourth  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  March,  1684. 

Dionysia  (di-6-nis'i-a).  [Gr.  Aiovvcua.']  An- 
cient Greek  festivals  in  honor  of  Dionysus.  Of 
these,  those  of  Athens  were  the  most  important,  and  are 
generally  held  to  have  been  four  in  number : the  Lesser 
or  Rural  Dionysia,  the  Lenrea,  the  Anthesteria,  and  the 
Greater  or  City  Dionysia.  It  now  seems  proved,  how- 
ever, that  the  Lensea  and  the  Anthesteria  were,  in  historic 
times  at  least,  identical,  and  merely  interchangeable 
names  for  the  festival  which  centered  about  the  Lenseum, 
or  sanctuary  of  Dionysus  in  the  Marshes,  whose  shrine 
was  opened  on  only  one  day  in  the  year.  The  date  of 
this  festival  was  from  the  11th  to  the  13th  of  Anthesterion 
(about  March  2-4).  The  Lesser  Dionysia  were  a wine- 
feast  of  very  early  origin,  held  throughout  the  Attic  denies 
between  the  8th  and  11th  of  Poseideon  (about  Dec.  19-22), 
accompanied  by  drinking,  boisterous  processions,  and 
dramatic  performances,  of  which  those  at  the  Piraeus  had 
the  chief  reputation.  The  Greater  Dionysia  were  cele- 
brated in  Athens,  probably  from  the  9th  to  the  13th  of 
Elaphebolion  (about  March  28-April  2).  On  the  first  day 
there  was  a grand  procession  and  a feast,  besides  a choral 
dance  around  the  Altar  of  the  Twelve  Gods  in  the  Agora ; 
on  the  second  day  were  held  lyrical  contests  between 
choruses  of  boys  and  men ; and  on  the  last  three  days 
dramatic  contests  in  the  Dionysiac  theater. 

Dionysius  (dl-o-nish'i-us),  surnamed  “The 
Elder.”  [Gr.  Kiovbaior,  from  Ai6vvoog,  Diony- 
sus: the  name  has  become  Denis  (which  see).] 
Born  about  430  b.  c. : died  at  Syracuse,  367. 
Tyrant  of  Syracuse.  He  contrived  in  405  to  have 
himself  appointed  sole  general  of  the  forces  of  the  re- 
public in  the  war  against  Carthage,  whereupon  he  sur- 
rounded himself  with  a strong  body-guard  of  mercenaries 
and  usurped  the  government.  He  strengthened  his  posi- 
tion by  marrying  the  daughter  of  the  deceased  party 
leader  Hermocrates,  and  concluded  peace  with  Carthage 
in  404.  He  declared  war  against  Carthage  in  397,  and  was 
besieged  in  396  in  Syracuse  by  the  Carthaginians,  who 
were  compelled  by  pestilence  and  a successful  sally  of  the 
Syracusans  to  raise  the  siege  after  an  investment  of  eleven 
months.  He  concluded  an  advantageous  peace  in  392.  He 
captured  Rhegium  in  387,  and  Croton  in  379,  which  gave 
him  a commanding  influence  among  the  Italian  Greeks. 
His  power  and  influence  are  said  to  have  exceeded  those 
of  any  other  Greek  before  Alexander  the  Great.  He  en- 
couraged letters,  invited  Plato  to  his  court,  and  himself 
gained  the  chief  prize  at  the  Lensea  with  a play  entitled 
“ The  Ransom  of  Hector.” 

Dionysius,  surnamed  “The  Younger.”  Born 
about  395  B.  c. : died  at  Corinth  (?)  after  343. 
Tyrant  of  Syracuse,  a relative  of  Dion,  and 
son  of  Dionysius  the  Elder  whom  he  succeeded 
in  367.  He  was  expelled  in  356,  restored  in 
346,  and  finally  expelled  in  343. 

Dionysius,  Saint.  Born  at  Alexandria  in  the 
last  part  of  the  2d  century  A.  D. : died  at  Alex- 
andria, 265.  A theologian,  called  “the  Great,” 
bishop  of  Alexandria  about  247.  Ho  was  con- 
verted. by  Origen.  Only  fragments  of  his  works 
remain. 

Dionysius,  Pg.  Diniz.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Oct. 
9,  1261:  died  at  Santarem,  Portugal,  Jan.  7, 
1325.  Kingof  Portugal  1279-1325.  He  founded 
the  University  of  Coimbra. 

Dionysius  Exiguus  (eks-ig'u-us).  [L.,  ‘the 
Little.’]  Born  in  Scythia:  lived  in  the  6th 
century  A.  d.  A monk  and  scholar  of  the 
Western  Church  who,  in  his  “Cyclus  pascha- 
lis,”  introduced  the  anmmciation  of  the  birth 
of  Christ  as  the  starting-point  of  modern  chro- 
nology, thus  establishing  the  Christian  or 
Dionysian  era.  He  placed  the  birth  of  Christ 
from  three  to  six  years  too  late. 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus.  Born  at  Hali- 


Dipsodes,  The 

carnassus,  Caria:  died  at  Rome  about  7 B.  o. 
A Greek  rhetorician  and  historian,  author  of  a 
history  of  Rome  (Archseologia). 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus  (25  B.  0.),  In  his  Archeology, 
i.  o.  Early  History,  of  Rome  to  264  B.  C.,  aimed  at  writing 
an  Introduction  to  Polybius.  He  maintains,  on  fanciful 
grounds,  that  the  Romans,  who  deserve  to  rule  the  world, 
are  no  “barbarians,"  but  of  Greek  descent.  We  have 
Books  I.-X.,  going  down  to  450  B.  c.,  and  fragments  of 
Book  XI.  He  did  a better  work  in  his  rhetorical  writ- 
ings, and  above  all  in  his  excellent  essays  on  the  Greek 
orators.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  148. 

Dionysius  Periegetes  (per//i-e-;je'tez).  [Gr. 
II epir/yr/Tijs,  a guide,  cicerone,  or  showman : so 
named  from  the  title  of  his  book.  See  the  def.] 
Lived  about  the  4th  (1st?)  century  A.  d.  The 
author  of  a geographical  poem,  “Periegesis” 
(Gr.  Ylepd/yyo^  r?/f  yijg,  a geographical  descrip- 
tion of  the  earth). 

Dionysius  the  Areopagite.  An  Athenian,  a 
member  of  the  Areopagus,  converted  by  St. 
Paul  about  50  A.  D.  He  was  the  reputed  author  of 
several  Greek  treatises  (“The  Celestial  Hierarchy,"  “The 
Ecclesiastical  Hierarchy,”  “Concerning  the  Names  of 
God,”  “ Of  Mystical  Theology,”  “ Epistles  ” and  a Liturgy) 
which  appeared  in  the  6th  century  and  were  probably 
written  in  the  5th.  They  have  been  the  subject  of  much 
theological  and  critical  discussion. 

Dionysus  (di-6-nl'sus).  [Gr.  AiAvmog  or  AiLvv- 
cof.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  god  of  wine. 
He  was,  according  to  the  common  tradition,  the  son  of 
Zeus  and  Semele,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus  of  Thebes. 
Hera,  jealous  of  the  attention  which  Zeus  bestowed  on 
Semele,  persuaded  her  in  the  guise  of  a friendly  old 
woman  to  request  him  to  approach  her  in  the  same  ma- 
jesty in  which  he  approached  his  wife.  Zeus  appeared  in 
thunder  and  lightning,  with  the  result  that  Semele  in  her 
fright  gave  birth  to  Dionysus,  whom  Zeus  rescued  from 
the  flames  and  sewed  up  in  his  thigh  until  he  came  to 
maturity.  He  was  brought  up  by  Ino  and  Athamas  at 
Orchomenos  ; spent  many  years  in  wandering  about  the 
earth,  introducing  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  ; and  even- 
tually rose  into  Olympus.  He  was  also  called,  both  by  the 
Greeks  and  the  Romans,  Bacchus,  i.  e.  the  riotous  god, 
which  was  originally  a surname  of  Dionysus. 

Dionyza  (di-o-nl ' zii).  In  Shakspere’s  “Peri- 
cles,” the  wife  of  Cleon,  governor  of  Tharsus. 
She  attempts  the  murder  of  Marina,  and  with 
her  husband  is  burned  to  death  in  revenge. 
Diophantus  (di-6-fan'tus).  [Gr.  Acfyavrof.] 
Lived  at  Alexandria,  probably  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury a.  D.  A Greek  mathematician,  reputed  in- 
ventor of  algebra.  His  chief  work  is  “ Arith- 
metiea”  (edited  by  Fermat,  1670). 

Dioscorides  (dUos-kor'i-dez),  Pedacius  (pe- 
da'shi-us)  or  Pedanius  (pe-da'ni-us).  [Gr. 
AioGKovpidT/c,  surnamed  Jledaiaog  or  Iledc mof.] 
Born  probably  at  Anazarba,  Cilicia:  lived  in 
the  1st  or  2d  century  A.  D.  A Greek  physician, 
author  of  a treatise  on  materia  medica. 
Dioscuri  (di-os-ku'ri).  [Gr.  Ai6nuovpoi.\  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux,  according  to  Greek  legends 
the  sons  of  Leda  and  Zeus,  or  of  Leda  and 
Tyndareus  (whence  their  patronymic  Tyndari- 
dse),  and  brothers  of  Helen.  See  Castor  and 
Pollux. 

Dioscurus  (di-os-ku'rus).  Died  at  Gangra, 
Paphlagonia,  454.  Bishop  of  Alexandria  444- 
451.  Having  sided  with  the  heretic  Eutyches  against 
Flavian,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  he  convoked  a synod 
at  Ephesus  in  449,  which  sustained  the  former  and  con- 
demned the  latter.  This  synod,  over  which  he  presided, 
was  conducted  with  so  much  violence  that  it  was  stigma- 
tized as  the  “Robber  Synod.”  He  was  condemned  and 
deposed  by  the  Ecumenical  Council  of  Chalcedon  In  451. 
Diospolis  (di-os'po-lis).  [Gr.  Aidowohg,  city  of 
Zeus.]  See  Lydda. 

Diospolis.  Thebes  in  Egypt;  hence,  Diospolite 
dynasty,  a Theban  dynasty.  See  Thebes. 
Diotima  (di-o-ti'ma).  [Gr.  Afonya.)  A priest- 
ess of  Mantmea,  the  reputed  teacher  of  Soc- 
rates, mentioned  in  Plato’s  “Symposium.”  She 
is  probably  fictitious. 

Diphda  (dif'da).  [Ar.  difda’  al-thdni,  the  sec- 
ond frog,  the  star  Fomalhaut  being  the  first.] 
An  often  used  name  for  the  star  Ceti.  Also 
called  Dencb  Kaitos. 

Diphilus  (dif'i-lus).  [Gr.  A/0(ta>?.]  Born  at 
Sinope.  One  of  the  chief  Athenian  poets  of 
the  New  Comedy,  a contemporary  of  Menander. 
He  is  said  to  nave  written  a hundred  plays. 
Fragments  of  his  works  are  extant. 
Diplomacy.  A play  adapted  by  Bolton  and 
Savile  Rowe  from  Sardou’s  “Dora,”  produced 
in  1878. 

Dippel  (dip'pel),  Johann  Konrad.  Born  at 
Frankenstein,  near  Darmstadt,  Germany,  Aug. 
10,  1673 : died  at  Berleburg,  PrOssia,  April  25, 
1734.  A German  mystic  and  alchemist.  Ho 
invented  Dippel’s  animal  oil,  and  discovered 
Prussian  blue. 

Dipsodes(dip'sodz),The.  [Gr.dv0<Mw,  thirsty.] 
A people  in  Rabelais’s  “Gargantua  and  Panta- 


Dipsodes,  The 


329 


grut  1.  1 hoy  were  ruled  by  King  Amirohe,  and  lina.  it  oxtomls  from  near  Norfolk  30  to  40  mlloa  south- 

man  v of  them  were  giants.  Pantagruel  sub-  word.  It  contains  Lako  Drummond,  and  is  traversed  by 
dued  them.  tl»0  Dismal  Swamp  canal,  which  commots  Chesapeake  Bay 

Dipylon  Gate  (dip'i-lou  gat),  The.  [Or.  6ii tv-  ^,^emarle  Sound-  Part  of  1110  8W“»'P  •*»»  beon  re- 
Aof,  double-gated.]  The  chief  gatowav  of  ail-  , \ t-> 

cient  Athens,  traversing  the  walls  on  the  north-  ^?*8ma8  (<ps  mas),  or  Desmas  (des  mas).  '\  he 
west  side  a.  n«  i 1 . 7.  legendary  name  of  the  penitent  thief  crucified 

west  siue.  As  Its  name  Indicates,  it  was  In  facta  double  with  fliriat  l|n  „i„5  l, 

Kate,  consisting  of  a strongly  fortified  rectangular  court  Jurist,  lie  is  also  sometimes  known  as 

between  an  outer  and  an  Inner  portal.  Each  portal  also  Memos  and  Jh/smas. 

was  double,  having  two  doors,  each  U\  feet  wide,  sepa-  Disowned,  The.  A novel  by  Bulwer  Lytton 
rated  by  a central  pier.  The  foundations  of  this  gate,  published  in  1829  ’ 

alone  among  those  of  ancient  Athens,  survive  in  great  /j-  5,.K  t>„  ■„ ™ .•  T7,„  , , T) 

part,  ami  from  it  toward  the  southwest,  extends  a beauti-  Israeli  (uiz-ra  li),  Benjamin,  Dari  of  Bea- 

ful  stretch  of  the  original  wall  of  Themistocles,  built  under  consheld.  Born  at  London,  December  21, 
Peloponnesian  menace  after  the  drunk  victories  over  the  1804.-  diod  nf.  f.nndnn  Am-il  1(1  iubi  a.. 


tauviipiliui  (Mill  Vi  i IIVUIIOIUC  ICO,  DUilt  UIIUol 

Peloponnesian  menace  after  the  Greek  victories  over  the 
Persians  in  480  and  479  B.  o.  This  wall,  in  its  contrasted 
construction  of  admirably  fitted  blocks  and  rough  stones, 
confirms  literary  witness  to  the  haste  of  work  spurred  on 
by  emergency.  The  Dipylon  is  identical  with  the  Sacred 
Gate,  and  among  the  .roads  diverging  from  it  is  the  Sacred 
Way  to  Eleusis.  It  was  long  held  that  an  opening  in  tho 
wall  immediately  southwest  of  the  Dipylon  was  the  Sacred 
Gate,  but  Dorpfeld  has  shown  that  this  was  a passage  for 
the  stream  which  he  identifies  as  the  Eridanus. 

Dirae  (di're).  The  Furies.  See  Furise. 

Dirce  (d6r'se).  [Gr.  A!pn^.~\  Iu  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  second  wife  of  Lycus,  put  to  death 


1804:  died  at  London,  April  19,  1881.  An 
English  statesman  and  novelist,  son  of  Isaac 
D’Israoli.  He  entered  tho  nouse  of  Commons  in  1837, 
and  becamo  one  of  the  leaders  of  tho  Young  England 
party,  and  leader  of  the  Protectionist  Tories  against  Peel 
from  about  1846.  Ue  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
and  leader  of  the  house  in  1862  and  1868-59;  became 
chancellor  of  tho  exchequer  in  1866 ; carried  the  Reform 
Bill  of  1867;  became  premier  in  1868;  resigned  in  1868 • 
was  premier  1874-80  ; was  created  earl  of  Beaconsfleld  in 
1876  ; and  was  plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin 
In  1878.  His  administration  was  noted  for  its  aggressive 
foreign  policy  (in  regard  to  the  Eastern  Question,  India 


by  Ampliion  and  Zethus,  sons  of^Antiope,  in  ronsthnUnn^ nsaK-i .‘<vil)dic/i.^°n of  the  British 
cm  tYwv»  Vipv*.  ill  4-  ~ 4?  4.1,  • Constitution  (1835) (the  theories  of  which  were  afterward 

revenge  lor  her  ill  tieatment  of  their  mother,  expounded  in  “Coningsby ’’  and  “Sybil  ’’),  “Vivian  Grey  ” 
bee  Antiojje.  Shewas  bound  to  the  horns  of  a bull  and  (1626:  second  part  in  1827),  “The  Young  Duke"  (1831), 

“Contarini  Fleming ” (1832),  “The  Wondrous  Tale  of  Al- 
roy”  (1833),  “Rise  of  Iskander,"  “Revolutionary  Epic" 
(1834),  “Letters  of  Runnymede”  (1836),  “ Venetia ” (1837), 
“ Henrietta  Temple  " (1837).  “Tragedy  of  Count  Alarcos  ” 
(1839),  “Coningsby"  (1844),  “Sybil’' (1845),  “Tailored” 
(1847),  “Life  of  Lord  George  Bentinck  ” (1852),  “Lothair” 

- - • — x* — (1870),  “Endymion”  (1880). 

Drumaire,  Nov.  9).  It  succeeded  the  Convention.  D’lsraeli  Isaac  Born  nt  Enfield  Eon-land  Mao- 
During  this  period  occurred  the  campaigns  of  Napoleon  , S’  at  RnReld , Lngland,  May, 


1766:  died  at  Bradenham  House,  Bucks,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  19,  1848.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer.  His  chief  works  are  “ Curiosities  of  Literature  ” 
(1791-1834,  6 vols.),  “Miscellanies"  (1796),  “Calamities  of 
Authors  ” (1812),  “ Quarrels  of  Authors  ” (1814),  “Essay  on 
the  Literary  Character"  (1795),  “Charles  I.”  (1828-31), 
“ Amenities  of  Literature  ” (1841). 


dragged  to  death.  Her  execution  is  represented  in  the 
famous  group  “ Farnese  Bull”  (which  see).  Her  body 
was  changed  by  Dionysus  into  a well  on  Mount  Cithaeron. 

Directory,  The.  The  body  of  five  men  who 
held  the  executive  power  in  France  from 
Nov.  1,  1795,  to  the  coup  d’etat  of  1799  (18th 
Brumaire,  Nov.  9).  It  succeeded  the  Convention. 

During  this  period  occurred  the  campaigns  of  Napoleon 
in  Italy  and  Egypt,  and  other  campaigns  in  Germany, 
etc.  ; French  influence  became  powerful  in  Italy  and 
Switzerland  ; the  treaty  of  Campo-Formio  was  concluded 
with  Austria ; and  France  was  nearly  embroiled  in  a war 
with  the  United  States.  The  personnel  (Barras,  Carnot, 

La  R6veillere-L6peaux,  Letourneur,  and  Rewbell)  of  the 

Directory  was  modified  by  a coup  d’etat,  18th  Fructidor  ••  Amenities 

(Sept.  4),  1797,  in  which  the  republicans  triumphed  over  Diqq  (dis)  A town  in  Norfolk  Unrrla-nd  oo 
the  reactionaries.  Toward  the  close  of  the  period  the  U n7.Vh  7#  A d , 7-  ^5  ~2 

Directory  became  discredited  by  defeats  in  Italy,  and  was  ^lles  north  of  Ipswich.  Population,  3,745.  ^ 
overthrown  byNapoleon  and  succeeded  by  the  Consulate.  Distaffina  (dis-ta-fl'na).  The  beloved  of  Bom- 
Dirschau  (der'shou),  Pol.  Szczewo  (shchev'o).  bastes  Furioso  in  Rhodes’s  burlesqtie  opera  of 
A town  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prus-  that  name.  She  jilted  Bombastes  for  the  king, 
sia,  sitiiated  on  the  Vistula  19  miles  southeast  Distaff’s  Day,  Saint.  The  7th  of  January : so 
of  Dantzic.  Population,  commune,  14, 184.  called  because  on  that  day  the  women  who  have 

Dis  (dis).  In  Roman  mythology,  a name  of  kept  the  Christmas  festival  till  Twelfth  Day  (the 
Pluto,  and  hence  of  the  lower  world.  6th)  return  to  their  distaffs,  or  ordinary  work. 

Disco  (dis'ko).  An  island  belonging  to  Den-  -As  a distaff  is  also  called  a rock,  it  is  sometimes 
mark,  situated  in  Baffin  Bay,  west  of  Green-  called  Rock  Day. 

land,  in  lat.  69°  30'  N.  It  contains  tbe  harbor  Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College,  Ode  on  a. 
of  Godhavn.  A poem  by  Thomas  Gray,  written  in  1742,  pub- 

Disco  Bay.  A bay  on  the  west  coast  of  Green-  Ijshed  anonymously  by  Dodsley  in  1747. 
land,  southeast  of  Disco  Island.  Distich  (dis'tik),  Dick.  A poet  and  satirist 

Discobolus  (dis-kob ' o-lus).  [Gr . SioKopdXog,  met  in  a madhouse  by  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves, 
thrower  of  the  discus.’]  An  antique  copy,  in  in  Smollett’s  novel  of  that  name.  Pope  used 
the  Vatican,  Rome,  of  a famous  statue  by  My-  this  signature  in  “The  Guardian.” 
ron.  The  body  is  bent  forward  and  turned  toward  the  Distressed  Mother,  The.  A tragedy  by  Am- 
right  as  the  heavy  discus  is  swung  back,  wonderful  art  brose  Philips,  produced  in  1712.  It  was  adapted 
being  shown  in  the  choice  and  expression  of  the  moment  from  Racine’s  “Andromaone.” 
of  repose  when,  the  backward  motion  completed,  the  pow-  TVotrooooo  TBo  A i7  , , 

erful  cast  forward  is  on  the  point  of  execution.  Distresses,  Ihe.  A play  by  Davenant,  thought 

Discordia  (dis-kor'di-a).  In  Roman  mythology,  I^ikuq10  as  “ Tlle  sPauisk  L°v- 

the  goddess  of  dissension,  corresponding  to  Sie  tyt%  -1C  m -e?t  1?~ n mi 

Greek  Eris  s Dlstna(des'trea),  Dora,  Countess.  The  pseu- 

Discours  de  la  methode.  See  Descartes.  of  Helene  Ghika’ Princess  K°ltzoff  Mas- 

Discovery,  The.  1 . A small  ship  which,  under  n i v,-  i ru-  mi 

command  of  Captain  George  Waymouth,  was  of  Columbia  (ko-lum  bi-a).  The  fed- 

sent  out  by  the  East  India  Company  to  “find  ®ral  district  which  contains  the  national  capital 

til©  passage  best  to  lve  towards  th©  nn  t»4q  nv  ^ otates.  It  lies  on  the  eastern  bank  of 

TkP  nil!  n towaras  tn©  parts  or  the  Potomac,  between  Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  con- 
kingdom  of  Cataya  or  China,  or  th©  back©  tains,  besides  the  city  of  Washington,  with  Georgetown 

~ ~ C A * » - - TTormim  m'llni.An  T 4-  in  , , ~ M ..  4 U .A__v  . «•  x . , , l 


side  of  America.”  She  sailed  with  the  Godspeed 
from  the  Thames  May  2,  1602,  intending  to  make  the  coast 
of  Greenland ; but  the  voyage  had  no  important  result 
though  Waymouth  probably  paved  the  way  for  Hudson’s 
discovery.  In  April,  1610,  the  latter  sailed  in  the  Dis- 
covery, and  entered  the  strait  which  bears  his  name  in 
June.  Early  in  August  he  entered  Hudson  Bay.  He 
spent  three  months  in  exploring  it,  and  in  November  the 
vessel  was  frozen  in.  In  June  of  the  following  year  she 
was  released,  and  shortly  after  a mutiny  occurred.  Hud- 
son  and  others  were  set  adrift,  and  were  never  again  seen. 
The  Discovery  was  taken  home  by  the  mutineers,  and 


various  villages.  It  is  under  the  control  of  the  F’ederal 
Government  through  3 commissioners  appointed  by  the 
President  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate.  It  was  formed  of 
cessions  made  by  Maryland  in  1788  and  Virginia  in  1789, 
comprising  100  square  miles.  It  was  organized  in  1790- 
1791,  and  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  thither  in 
1800.  Washington  was  incorporated  in  1802.  The  Virgin- 
ian portion  (west  of  the  Potomac)  was  retroceded  in  1846. 
Territorial  government  was  established  in  1871,  a provi- 
sional government  succeeded  in  1874,  and  the  present  form 
was  established  in  1878.  Area,  70  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 331,069,  (1910).  See  Washington. 


xne  discovery  was  laicen  nome  Dy  the  mutineers,  and  uuu>  <wr,uoy,  (lai'J).  see  n asrangton. 

^‘’w3  she  w!)3  a"ain  sent,to  the  Northwest  Dithinarsclien  (dit'mar-shen),  or  Ditmarsh 

with  the  Resolution  under  command  of  Sir  Thnmna  vn  » V • n , . 


with  the  Resolution  under  command  of  Sir  Thomas 
Button.  He  discovered  Nelson’s  River,  which  he  called 
Port  Nelson,  and  several  points.  In  1615  the  Discovery 
set  out  with  William  Baffin  and  Robert  Bylot,  and  again 
in  1616.  In  both  these  voyages  many  important  discov- 
eriesand  explorations  were  made.  See  Hudson,  Henry. 


(dit'marsh).  A territory  in  western  Holstein, 
in  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
situated  between  tbe  Elbe  and  the  Eider.  It 
was  incorporated  in  Holstein  in  1559,  and  an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1866. 


Dixmude 

Dive  Bouteille  (dev  btf-tfiy'),  La.  [F.,  ‘the 
divine  bottle.']  An  oracle  to  which  Panurge  in 
“ Rabelais”  makes  a long  journey  in  order  to 
determine  whether  he  shall  marry.  The  oracle 
responds  with  one  word,  “Trlnq.”  The  Order  of  the  Dive 
Bouteille  was  Instituted  In  Franco  in  the  lotli  century  by 
tho  most  ‘illuBtriouB  drinkers''  in  honor  of  JtabclaiB,  and 
in  order  to  put  in  practice  their  “pantagruel ism." 
Diver,  The.  A poem  by  Schiller. 

Dives (di'vez).  [L.,  ‘wealthy.’]  See Lazarus. 
Dives  Cdev).  A small  town  in  tho  department 
of  Oalvados,  France,  17  miles  southwest  of  Le 

avio.  It  was  formerly  a seaport  of  some  importance. 

Divide,  Continental.  The  elevated  ridge  or 
wator-parting  in  tho  Rocky  Mountain  region  of 
the  United  States  which  separates  the  streams 
tributary  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  those  tribu- 
tary to  the  Atlantic ; in  a more  restricted  sense, 
a portion  of  the  main  divide,  in  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  where  it  has  about  its  narrowest 
crest. 

Divina  Commedia  (de-ve'na  kom-ma'de-a). 
[‘Divine  Comedy.’]  A celebrated  epic  poem 
by  Dante,  in  3 parts — Inferno  (Hell),  Purga- 
torio  (Purgatory),  Paradiso  (Paradise)  — writ- 
ten  during  tbe  period  1300-18.  it  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Cary,  Longfellow,  Norton,  and  others. 
Dante  called  it  a comedy  only  because  the  ending  was 
not  tragical,  and  the  epithet  divine  was  given  to  it  iu  ad- 
miration. 

And  so  the  spiritual  sense  of  these  works  [the  “ Vita  Nu- 
ova  ’’  and  “ Convito  ’’]  proceeds  by  definite  steps  upward  to 
the  higher  mysteries  of  the  “Divina  Commedia."  Here, 
after  the  early  days  of  faith  and  love,  and  when,  after  the 
first  passage  of  emotions  of  youth  to  the  intellectual  en- 
joyments of  maturer  years,  enthusiasm  also  for  philosophy 
has  passed  away,  Dante,  or  the  Soul  of  Man  repr  seuted 
in  his  person,  passes  through  worldly  life  (the  woo  I of  the 
first  canto  of  the  “Divine  Comedy  ”) into  sin,  and,  h rough 
God’s  grace,  to  a vision  of  his  misery — to  the  “HeU.  ’ But 
by  repentance  and  penance  — “ Purgatory  the  marks  of 

me  seven  deadly  sins  are  effaced  from  his  forehead,  and 
the  bright  vision  of  Beatrice,  Heavenly  Love,  whose  hand- 
maids  are  the  seven  virtues,  admonishes  him  as  he  attains 
to  “Paradise.”  There  Beatrice  the  Beatifler,  Love  that 
brings  the  Blessing,  is  his  guide  to  the  end  of  the  soul’s 
course,  the  glory  of  the  very  presence  of  the  Godhead, 
where  a love  that  is  almighty  rules  the  universe. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  404. 

Divine  Doctor,  The.  [L.  doctor  divinus.']  A 
surname  of  Ruysbroeek. 

Divine  Tragedy,  The.  A poem  by  Longfellow, 
published  in  1871. 

Divitiacus  (div-i-tl-a'kus).  An  „Eduan  noble, 
brother  of  Dumnorix.  He  was  an  ally  of  Rome,  and 
a warm  personal  friend  of  Caesar.  He  was  fKe  guest  of 
Cicero  during  a political  visit  to  Rome.  He  rendered  ser- 
vices to  Caesar  against  Ariovistus  and  against  the  Belgse. 
Through  his  intercession  Dumnorix’s  treason  in  58  b o 
was  pardoned  by  Caesar. 

Dix  (diks),  Dorothea  Lynde.  Born  at  Hamp- 
den, Me.,  April  4, 1802 : died  at  Trenton,  N.  J., 
July  19,  1887.  An  American  philanthropist, 
noted  for  her  exertions  in  behalf  of  paupers, 
the  insane,  and  prisoners.  She  published  sev- 
eral children’s  books,  and  in  1845  “Prisons 
and  Prison  Discipline.” 

Dix,  John  Adams.  Born  at  Boscawen,  N.  H., 
July  24, 1798 : died  at  New  York,  April  21, 1879. 
An  American  statesman  and  general.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  New  York  1845-49-  was  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury  in  1861 ; served  during  the  Civil 
War  1861-65  ; was  minister  to  France  1866-69 ; and  was 
governor  of  New  York  1873-75. 

Dix,  Mount.  One  of  the  principal  summits  of 
the  Adirondacks,  New  York.  Height, 4, 842  feet. 
Dixie  (dik'si).  A popular  name  of  the  Southern 
States  of  the  AmericanUnion.  See  Dixie’s  Land. 
Dixie's  Land.  Said  to  have  been  originally  a 
negro  name  for  New  York  or  Manhattan  Island, 
later  applied  to  the  South.  The  phrase  originated 
in  New  York  early  in  the  19th  century : it  developed  into 
a song,  or  rather  into  many  songs,  the  refrain  usually  con- 
taining the  word  “Dixie  ” or  “Dixie’s  Land.  ’’  In  the  South 
Dixie  is  regarded  as  meaning  the  Southern  States,  the 
word  being  supposed  to  be  derived  from  “ Mason  and 
Dixon’s  line,”  which  formerly  divided  the  free  and  slave 
States.  It  is  said  to  have  first  come  into  use  there  when 
Texas  joined  the  Union,  and  the  negroes  sang  of  it  as 
“Dixie.” 


In  the  popular  mythology  of  New  York  City,  Dixie  was 
the  Negro’s  paradise  on  earth  in  times  when  slavery  and 
the  slave-trade  were  flourishing  in  that  quarter.  Dixie 
owned  a tract  of  land  on  Manhattan  Island,  and  also  a 
2 ’ On (7 nf  t h o nexed  to  Prussia  in  1866.  large  number  of  slaves;  and  his  slaves  increasing  faster 

f-  r Steam-vessels  of  the  British  polar  Diti  (di*t[)  In  Hindu  ravthol0„v  of  than  his  land,  an  emigration  ensued,  such  as  has  taken 

expedition  (under  Captain  Sir  Georee  Nares)  - . A . °"T’  tie  name  or  place  jn  Virginia  and  other  States.  Naturally,  the  Negroes 

who  left  it  for  distant  parts  looked  to  it  as  a place  of  un- 
alloyed happiness,  and  it  was  the  “old  Virginny  "of  the 
Negroes  of  that  day.  nence  Dixie  became  synonymous 
with  an  ideal  locality  combining  ineffable  happiness  and 
every  imaginable  requisite  of  earthly  beatitude. 

Bryant,  Songs  from  Dixie’s  Land,  note. 


expedition  (under  Captain  Sir  George  Nares) 
of  1875-76:  the  other  was  the  Alert. 

Disentis,  or  Dissentis  (des'en-tis).  A village 
in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Further  Rhine  35  miles  southeast  of 

Lucerne.  It  is  noted  for  its  Benedictine  ab-  r , 

bey,  founded  about  614,  from  which  it  received  (dlt,  5n)’ “^PHrey  Born  at  Salisbury, 

’*•  ■ England,  May  29,  1675 : died  Oet.  15,  171o.  An 


a goddess  without  any  distinct  character.  The 
name  is  formed  by  popular  etymology  from  A diti,  as  if 
that  were  A-diti (‘not-Diti  ’),  as  sura  from  asura.  In  epic 
poetry  Diti  is  a daughter  of  Daksha  and  wife  of  Kashyapa. 
The  race  of  Daityas,  or  implacable  enemies  of  the  gods,  are 
described  as  her  progeny  or  descendants. 


the  name  Muster  (L.  Monasterinm.) 

Dismal  Swamp,  Great.  A morass  in  south- 
eastern Virginia  and  northeastern  North  Caro- 
VI.  12 


English  mathematician.  He  wrote  “General  Laws 
of  Nature  and  Motion  ” (1705),  “An  Institution  of  Flux- 
ions ” (1706),  etc. 


Dixmude  (de-mud'),  Flem.  Diksmuide.  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders, 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  Yser  20  miles  south- 
west of  Bruges. 


Dixon,  George 

Dixon  (dik'son),  George.  Died  about  1800. 
Au  English  navigator.  He  served  as  a petty  officer  on 
the  Resolution  during  Cook’s  last  voyage.  In  1785  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  in  Na- 
thaniel Portlock’s  exploring  expedition  along  the  north- 
western coast  of  America.  He  was  detached  for  the  pur- 
pose of  independent  exploration,  May  14, 1787,  and  shortly 
after  discovered  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands.  He  pub- 
lished “ A Voyage  round  the  World  ” (1789). 

Dixon,  William  Hepwortb.  Bom  at  Newton- 
Heath,  England,  June  30, 1821 : died  at  London, 
Dec.  27,  1879.  An  English  author  and  journal- 
ist, editor  of  the  “ Athenasum”  1853-69.  He  wrote 
“ New  America  ” (1867),  “Spiritual  Wives  ” (1868),  “Free 
Russia  ” (1870),  “Her  Majesty’s  Tower”  (1869-71),  etc. 
Dixon  Entrance.  A sea  passage,  west  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  which  separates  Prince  of  Wales 
Island  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 
Dixville  Notch  (diks'vil  noch).  A noted  ravine 
in  the  northern  part  of  New  Hampshire,  near 
Colebrooke. 

Dixwell  (diks'wel),  John.  Born  1608:  died  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  March  18, 1689.  An  English 
regicide,  a refugee  in  America  after  the  Res- 
toration. 

Dizful  (dez-fol'),  or  Desful  (des-fol').  A city 
in  the  province  of  Khuzistan,  Persia,  situated 
on  the  river  Diz  in  lat.  32°  10'  N.,  long.  48° 
35'  E.  Population,  estimated,  30,000. 

Dizzy  (diz'i).  1.  A character  in  Garrick’s  play 
“The  Male  Coquette.” — 2.  A nickname  of  Ben- 
jamin Disraeli. 

Djinnestan,  or  Jinnestan  (jin-nes-tan').  The 
land  of  the  Djinns  or  Jinns  in  Persian  and 
Oriental  fairy  lore. 

Dmitri.  See  Dimitri. 

Dmitrief  (dme  ' tre  - ef),  Ivan  Ivanovitch. 

Born  in  the  government  of  Simbirsk,  Russia, 
Sept.  20  (N.  S.),  1760:  died  at  Moscow,  Oct. 
15  (N.  S.),  1837.  A Russian  poet  and  politi- 
cian, minister  of  justice  1810-14.  He  was  the 
author  of  a translation  of  La  Fontaine’s  fables, 
etc. 

Dmitrof  (dme'trof).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Moscow,  Russia,  43  miles  north  of 
Moscow.  Population,  5,600. 

Dmitrovsk  (dme'trovsk).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Orel,  Russia,  in  lat.  52°  29'  N., 
long.  35°  15'  E.  Population,  5,600. 

Dnieper  (ne'per;  Russ.  pron.  dnyep'er),  or 
Dniepr  (ne'pr).  A river  of  Russia,  after  the 
Volga,  and  Danube  the  largest  in  Europe:  the 
classical  Borysthenes,  and  the  later  classical 
Danapris,  the  Turkish  Uzi.  It  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Smolensk,  and  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  by  the 
Dnieper  Liman,  east  of  Odessa.  Its  leading  tributaries 
are  the  Desna,  Soj,  Pripet,  and  Berezina.  Kieff  and  Yeka- 
terinoslaft  are  on  its  banks.  Length,  about  1,200  miles ; 
navigable  from  Dorogobush. 

Dniester  (nes'ter;  Russ.  pron.  dnyes'ter),  or 
Dniestr  (nes'tr).  A river  in  Galicia  and  Rus- 
sia which  rises  in  the  Carpathian  Mountains, 
and  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  30  miles  south- 
west of  Odessa:  the  ancient  Tyras  or  Danas- 
tris,  the  Turkish  Turla.  Length,  about  800 
miles.  Its  navigation  is  interrupted  at  the 
Yarnpol  rapids. 

Doab  (do-ab'),  or  Buab.  [‘Two  rivers.’]  In 
India,  a name  given  to  a tract  of  country  be- 
tween two  rivers.  It  is  applied  especially  to  the  region 
between  the  Ganges  and  the  Jumna,  of  great  fertility, 
about  500  miles  in  length. 

Doane  (don),  George  Washington.  Bom  at 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  May  27, 1799:  died  at  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  April  27, 1859.  An  American  bishop 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  pub- 
lished “Songs  by  the  Way”  (1824),  etc. 
Dobberan.  See  Doberan. 

Dobbin  (dob'in),  Major  William.  A modest 
young  officer  in  Thackeray’s  novel  “Vanity 
Fair.”  He  marries  Amelia  Sedley  after  the 
death  of  her  first  husband,  George  Osborne. 
Dobbins,  Humphrey.  A rough  but  grateful 
servant  in  Colman’s  comedy  “ The  Poor  Gentle- 
man.” 

Dobell  (do-bel'),  Sydney  Thompson.  Bom  at 

Cranbrook,  Kent,  England,  April  5,  1824:  died 
at  Nailswortk,  Gloucester,  Aug.  22,  1874.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  a wine  merchant  at  Cheltenham 
from  1848  until  his  death,  nis  works  (a  complete  edition 
of  which  appeared  in  1875-76)  include  “The  Roman" 
(1850),  “Balder”  (1854),  and  “England  in  Time  of  War” 
(1856). 

Dobeln  (de'beln).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Mulde  28  miles  west 
of  Dresden.  Population,  commune,  18,908. 
Doberan  (do'be-ran),  or  Dobberan  (dob'ber- 
an).  A town  and  watering-place  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Sckwerin,  Germany, 
situated  near  the  Baltic  9 miles  west  of  Ros- 
tock. 


330 

Dobereiner  (de'be-ri-ner),  Johann  Wolfgang. 

Born  near  Hof,  Bavaria,  Dec.  15,  1780 : died 
at  Jena,  Germany,  March  24,  1849.  A German 
chemist.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry,  pharmacy, 
and  technology  in  the  University  of  Jena  from  1810  until 
his  death.  He  discovered  that  spongiform  platinum  has 
the  property  of  igniting  hydrogen.  Author  of  “Zur  pneu- 
matischen  Chemie  ” (1821-26),  etc. 

Doboobie.  See  Alasco. 

Dobrentei  (de'bren-ta-e),  Gabor.  Born  at 
Nagyszollos,  Hungary,  Dec.  1,  1786:  died  near 
Budapest,  March  28,  1851.  A Hungarian 
scholar  and  poet.  He  published  “Old  Monu- 
ments of  the  Magyar  Language”  (1838-46). 

Dobrizboffer  (do'brits-bof-er),  Martin.  Born 
at  Gratz,  in  Styria,  Sept.  7,  1717 : died  at  Vi- 
enna, July  17,  1791.  A Jesuit  missionary  and 
author.  From  1749  until  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits 
in  1767  he  resided  in  Paraguay,  and  seven  years  of  this 
period  were  passed  among  the  savage  Abipones  Indians. 
After  1767  he  resided  in  Vienna,  where  he  published  his 
Latin  “ Historia  de  Abiponibus  equestri  ” in  1784.  A Ger- 
man edition  appeared  in  the  same  year,  and  an  English 
translation  by  Sara  Coleridge  in  1822,  with  the  title  “An 
Account  of  the  Abipones”  (London,  3 vols.  8vo).  The 
book  is  of  great  ethnological  value. 

Dobrowsky  (do-brov'ske),  Joseph.  Born  at 
Gyermet,  near  Raab,  Hungary,  Aug.  17,  1753: 
died  at  Briinn,  Moravia,  Jan.  6, 1829.  A noted 
Hungarian  philologist,  the  founder  of  Slavic 
philology.  He  became  a member  of  the  order  of  Jesuits 
in  1772.  His  works  include  “Gescliichte  der  bdhmisclien 
Sprache  und  iiltern  Literatur  ” (1792),  “ Institutiones  lin- 
gua) slavicse  dialecti  veteris”  (1822),  “Scriptores  rerum 
Dohemicarum  ” (1783-84),  etc. 

Dobrudja,  or  Dobrudscba  (do-bro 'ja).  [Bulg. 
Dobritch .]  The  southeastern  portion  of  Ru- 
mania, bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Black  Sea, 
on  the  north  and  west  by  the  Danube,  and  on 
the  south  by  Bulgaria.  It  is  a marsh  and  steppe  re- 
gion, and  is  traversed  by  the  ancient  wall  of  Trajan.  It 
was  occupied  temporarily  by  the  Russians  in  1828  and 
1854,  and  by  the  French  in  1854,  and  was  incorporated  in 
Rumania  in  1878.  Area,  6,102  square  miles.  Population, 
267,808. 

Dobschau  (dob'shou),  Hung.  Dobsina  (dob'- 
she-no).  A small  town  in  the  county  of  Gomor, 
Hungary,  noted  for  its  ice-cavern. 

Dobson  (dob'son),  Austin.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
England,  Jan.'  lS,  1840.  An  English  poet.  He 
has  published  “Vignettes  in  Rhyme,”  etc.  (1873-80), 
“ Proverbs  in  Porcelain  ” (1877),  “ Old  World  Idyls  ” (1883), 
“ Thomas  Bewick,”  etc.  (1884),  “ At  the  Sign  of  the  Lyre” 
(1885),  “Ballade  of  Beau  Brocade,”  etc.  (1892).  He  has 
also  written  the  life  of  Sir  Richard  Steele  (“  English  Wor- 
thies,” 1886),  “Oliver  Goldsmith”  (“ Great  Writers,"  1888), 
“Eighteenth  Century  Vignettes”  (1892,-94,-96),  “De 
Libris”  (1908). 

Dobson,  William.  Born  at  London,  1610 : died 
at  Oxford,  1646.  An  English  portrait  and  his- 
torical pai  nter,  a pupil  and  imitator  of  Van  Dyck 
whom  he  succeeded  as  painter  to  Charles  I.  He 
painted  the  portraits  of  Charles  I.,  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  Prince  Rupert,  and  various  courtiers. 

Doce  (do'sa),  Rio.  A river  of  Brazil  which 
flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat,  19°  35'  S. 
Length,  over  600  miles ; navigable  for  90  miles. 

Dockum.  See  Doklcum. 

Doctor,  Tbe.  A romance  by  Southey,  published 
in  1834,  in  7volumes.  It  was  at  first  published  anony- 
mously, and  he  explicitly  denied  his  authorship.  In  it  he 
exhibits  his  vast  store  of  learning  in  a rambling  maimer. 

Doctor’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Can- 
terbury Tales,”  told  by  the  Doctor  of  Physic. 
The  Roman  story  of  Virginia  in  it  was  expanded  from  the 
same  story  in  the  “Roman  de  laRose,”  though  the  account 
purports  to  be  direct  from  Livy.  See  Appius  and  Virgin  ia. 

Doctor  Syntax.  See  Tour  of,  etc. 

Doctor  Dodipoll  (dok'tor  dod'i-pol).  A comedy 
the  author  of  which  is  unknown  (1600).  Dr. 
Dodipoll  is  a foolish,  doddering  creature. 

Doctor  of  Alcantara,  The.  An  opera  by  Julius 
Eichberg,  produced  in  1862. 

Doctor  of  tbe  Incarnation.  A title  bestowed 
on  Cyril  of  Alexandria. 

Dod  (dod),  Charles  Roger  Phipps.  Born  in  Ire- 
land, May  8, 1793:  died  Feb.  21. 1855.  Compiler 
of  the  “Parliamentary  Companion”  (1832-). 

Dodd  (dod),  James  William.  Born  in  London 
about  1740:  died  1796.  An  English  actor.  He 
was  a member  of  Garrick’s  company,  and  was  especially 
successful  as  Sir  Andrew  Agueclieek  and  Abel  Drugger. 

Dodd,  William.  Born  at  Bourne,  Lincolnshire, 
England,  May  29, 1729 : died  June  27,  1777.  An 
English  clergyman  and  author.  He  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, was  ordained  deacon  in  1751,  and  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  king  in  1763.  In  1777  he  forged  the  name 
of  Lord  Chesterfield,  his  former  pupil,  to  a bond  for 
£4,200,  and  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  Dr.  Johnson  and  other 
influential  persons  was  executed  at  London.  He  wrote 
“Beauties  of  Shakspere”  (1752),  “Thoughts  in  Prison” 
(1777),  etc. 

Doddridge  (dod'rij),  Philip.  Born  at  London, 
June  26, 1702 : died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  26,  1751.  An 
English  dissenting  clergyman.  He  was  pastor  of  an 


Dodwell,  Henry 

Independent  congregation  at  Northampton  from  1729 
until  his  death.  He  is  known  chiefly  as  the  author  of 
“ Rise  and  Progress  of  Religion  in  the  Soul  ’’  (1746)  and 
“The  Family  Expositor  " (6  volumes,  1739-56),  and  for  his 
hymns. 

Doderlein  (de'der-lin),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Jena, 
Germany,  Dec.  19, 1791:  died  at  Erlangen,  Nov. 
9,  1863.  A German  classical  philologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Erlangen  from  1819.  His  works  include 
“ Lateinische  Synonymen  und  Etymologien  ” (1826-38), 
“Homerisches  Glossarium”  (1850-58),  editions  of  Tacitus, 
Horace,  and  the  Hiad,  etc. 

Dodge  (doj),  Mary  Abigail : pseudonym  Gail 
Hamilton.  Born  at  Hamilton,  Mass.,  1830:  died 
at  Wenham,  Mass.,  Aug.  17, 1896.  An  American 
writer.  Her  works  include  “ Country  Li ving  and  Country 
Thinking ”(1862),  “Gala  Days”  (1863),  “New  Atmosphere  ” 
(1864),  “Woman's  Wrongs,  etc.”  (1868),  “Twelve  Miles  from 
aLemon’’(lS73),  “Our  Common  School  System ”(1880),  etc. 

Dodge,  Mrs.  (Mary  Elizabeth  Mapes).  Born 
at  New  York,  Jan.  26,  1831;  died  at  Onteora 
Park,  Tannersville,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  21,  1905.  An 
American  authoress,  editor  of  the  “St.  Nicho- 
las’’magazine  1873-1905.  She  wrote  “HansBrinker, 
or  the  Silver  Skates  ” (1865),  “Donald  and  Dorothy  ” (1883), 
“Along  the  Way”  (poems,  1879),  “The  Land  of  Pluck” 
(1894),  “When  Life  is  Young  " (1894),  etc. 

Dodge,  Theodore  Ayrault.  Born  at  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  May  28,  1842:  died  Oct.  26,  1909.  An 
American  soldier  and  author.  He  served  through 
the  Civil  War  and  in  the  War  Department,  rising:  to  the 
rank  of  brevet  colonel.  He  retired  in  1870.  Among  his 
works  are  : “Chaneellorsville  ” (1881),  “ Civil  War”  (1883), 
“A  Chat  in  the  Saddle”  (1886),  “Alexander”  (1890), 
“Hannibal”  (1891),  “Caesar”  (1892),  “Riders  of  Many 
Lands”  (1894),  “ Gustavus  Adolphus”  (1890-95),  and  “Na- 
poleon ” (1904-1907). 

Dodge,  William  Earl.  Born  at  Hartford, Conn., 
Sept.  4,  1805:  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  9,  1883. 
An  American  merchant  and  philanthropist, 
noted  for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  freedmen, 
temperance,  foreign  missions,  etc. 

Do  dger  (do  j ' er ) , The  Artful.  See  Dawkins,  John . 
Bodgson  (doj'son),  Charles  Lutwidge:  pseu- 
donymLewisCarroll.  Bornat  Daresbury, Che- 
shire, Jan.  27,  1832:  died  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
Jan.  14,  1898.  A mathematician  and  writer, 
mathematical  lecturer  at  ChristChurch,  Oxford, 
1855-81.  HewTote  “A  Syllabus  of  Plane  and  Algebraical 
Geometry”  (1860),  “Guide  to  the  Mathematical  Student,” 
etc.  (1864),  “Elementary  Treatise  on  Determinants” 
(1867),  “Euclid  and  his  Modern  Rivals"  (1879),  “Curiosa 
Mathematica,”  etc.  (1888),  and  several  children’s  books 
under  the  pseudonym  of  Lewis  Carroll:  “Alice's  Adven- 
tures in  Wonderland”(1865),  “Through  the  Looking  Glass,” 
etc.  (1871),  “ The  Hunting  of  the  Snark  ’’  (1876),  etc. 

Dodington  (dod'ing-ton),  George  Bubb  (later 
Baron  Melcombe).  Born  in  Dorset,  England, 
1691 : died  at  Hammersmith,  July  28, 1762.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  the  son  of  George  Bubb, 
but  adopted  the  name  of  Dodington  on  inheriting  an  estate 
in  1720  from  an  uncle  of  that  name.  In  1715  he  entered 
Parliament,  where  he  acquired  the  reputation  of  an  as- 
siduous place-hunter.  He  was  created  Baron  Melcombe 
of  Melcombe  Regis,  Dorsetshire,  in  1761.  He  patronized 
men  of  letters,  and  was  complimented  by  Edward  Young, 
Fielding,  and  Richard  Bentley.  He  left  a diary  covering 
the  period  from  1749  to  1761,  which  was  published  in  1784. 
Dodipoll.  See  Doctor  Dodipoll. 

Dodo  (do'do).  The  name  of  a deity  (discovered 
on  the  Moabite  Stone)  wbo  is  supposed  to  have 
been  worshiped  by  the  ten  tribes  alongside  of 
Yabveh.  ( Sayce .)  This  is,  however,  very  un- 
likely. 

Dodona  (do-do'na).  [Gr.  Aw<5<iw/.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Epirus,  probably  situated 
near  tbe  modern  Mount  Olytzika,  southwest  of 
Janina.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  oldest  Greek 
oracle,  dedicated  to  Zeus. 

Dods  (dodz),  Meg.  The  landlady  of  the  inn, 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  “St.  Ronan’s  Well.” 
Dodsley  (dodz'li),  Robert.  Born  probably  at 
Mansfield,  Nottingham,  England,  in  1703  : died 
at  Durham,  England,  Sept.  23,  1764.  An  Eng- 
lish bookseller  and  author.  He  wrote  a number  of 
plays,  poems,  songs,  and  other  works,  but  is  best  known 
for  his  “Select  Collection  of  Old  Plays,”  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1744  in  12  volumes, beginning  with  a morality  play. 

Dodson  (dod'son).  The  family  name  of  the 
three  aunts  in  George  Eliot’s  “Mill  on  the 
Floss,”  Aunt  Pullet,  Aunt  Glegg,  and  Aunt 
Tulliver.  Their  inherited  customs  and  peculiarities  are 
amusing,  and  are  always  referred  to  with  respect  by  the 
phrase  “No  Dodson  ever  did  ’’  so  and  so. 

Dodson  and  Fogg.  In  Charles  Dickens’s  “ Pick- 
wick Papers,”  the  legal  advisers  of  Mrs.  Bardell 
in  the  celebrated  breacb-of-promise  ease. 
Dodwell  (dod'wel),  Edward.  Bom  about  1767: 
died  at  Rome,  May  13,  1832.  An  English  anti- 
quarian and  artist.  He  published  “Classical  and 
Topographical  Tour  through  Greece”  (1819),  “Cyclopean 
or  Pelasgic  Remains  in  Greece  and  Italy  ” (1834),  etc. 

Dodwell,  Henry.  Born  at  Dublin,  Oct,,  1641: 
died  at  Shottesbrooke,  Berkshire,  England, 
June  7,  1711.  A British  classical  scholar  and 


Dodwell,  Henry 

controversialist.  He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin ; removed  to  London  in  1074 ; and  was  Camden  professor 
of  history  at  Oxford  1688-91.  His  chief  work  is  “ De  ve- 
teribus  grascorum  romanorumque  cyclis  ’’  (1701). 

Doe  (do),  John.  The  name  of  the  fictitious 
plaintiff  in  actions  of  ejectment.  See  Roe, 
Richard. 

Doeg  (do'eg).  [Heb.,  ‘fearful.’]  1.  The  chief 
of  the  herdsmen  of  Saul.  He  slew  fourscore 
and  five  priests  of  Nob.  — 2.  In  the  second 
part  of  Dryden  and  Tate’s  “Absalom  and 
Achitophel,”  a character  intended  to  represent 
Elkanah  Settle. 

Does  (dos),  Jacobus  van  der.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, March  4,  1623:  died  at  Sloten,  Nov.  17, 
1673.  A Dutch  landscape  and  animal  painter. 
Dogali  (do-ga'le).  A place  near  Massowah, 
eastern  Africa.  Here,  Jan.  26,  1887,  the  Italian  force 
under  (lend  was  defeated  and  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
Abyssinians  under  Ras  Alula. 

Dogberry  (dog'ber-i).  An  absurd  constable  in 
Shakspere’s  “Much  Ado  about  Nothing.” 
Doge’s  Palace.  The  palace  of  the  doges  of  Ven- 
ice. The  present  building  was  begun  by  Marino  Faliero 
in  1354,  but  only  the  south  and  west  facades  retain  their 
characteristic  Pointed  architecture.  The  basement  is  a 
noble  and  massive  arcade  with  cylindrical  columns ; above 
this  is  another  arcade,  with  twice  the  number  of  columns, 
and  graceful,  sharp-cusped  arches  with  a range  of  quatre- 
foils  above  them.  The  upper  part  of  the  building  is  a 
square  mass,  with  later  enriched  balconies  in  the  middle 
of  each  facade,  broad  pointed  windows  irregularly  placed,  a 
line  of  small  circles  above,  and  flamed  battlements.  The 
superstructure  is  in  itself  too  heavy,  but  is  rendered  effec- 
tive by  the  color  of  its  diaper- work  of  pink  and  white  mar- 
ble. The  aUegorical  and  biblical  sculptures  of  the  capitals 
of  the  lower  arcade  and  of  the  three  angles  of  the  palace 
are  famous.  The  great  entrance,  the  Porta  della  Carta,  the 
court,  and  the  Giants’  Staircase  with  its  colossal  figures  of 
Mars  and  Neptune  are  excellent  works  of  the  Renaissance. 
The  halls  of  the  interior  are  adorned  with  the  masterpieces 
of  Tintoret,  Titian,  Paolo  Veronese,  and  other  great  Vene- 
tians. 

Doggerbank  (dog'er-bangk).  A sand-bank  in 
tbe  North  Sea,  in  about  lat.  54°-55°  30'  N.,  long. 
1°— 5°  E.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  indecisive  naval  battle 
between  the  English  under  Sir  Hyde  Parker  and  the  Dutch 
in  1781.  It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  and  valuable  fisheries. 
Doggett  (dog'et),  Thomas.  Born  at  Dublin: 
died  Oct.  (Sept.  21?  22?),  1721.  An  English 
actor.  He  was  before  the  public  from  1691  to  1713.  He 
established  in  1716  a prize  in  the  Thames  rowing-match, 
given  every  year  on  the  1st  of  August.  It  was  an  orange- 
colored  livery  and  a badge,  and  was  given  in  honor  of 
George  I.  The  custom  is  still  kept  up  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  Fishmongers’  Company. 

Doggrell  (dog'rel).  A foolish  poet  in  Cowley’s 
play  “The  Guardian.”  He  was  omitted  in  “The 
Cutter  of  Coleman  Street,”  a revision. 

Dog  of  Montargis,  The.  See  Aubry  de  Mont- 
didier. 

Dogs  (dogz  or  dogz),  Isle  of.  A peninsula 
in  southeastern  London,  projecting  into  the 
Thames  opposite  Greenwich,  and  cut  off  by 
the  canal  of  the  West  India  Docks. 

Dokkum,  or  Dockum  (dok'kom).  A small 
town  in  Friesland,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  53°  19' 
N.,  long.  6°  E. 

Doko  (do'ko).  See  Pygmies. 

Dol(dol).  A town  in  the  department  of  Ille- 
et-Vilaine,  France,  14  miles  southeast  of  St. 
Malo.  Here,  in  1793,  the  Vendeans  repulsed  the  repub- 
licans. It  has  a cathedral  of  the  13th  century,  with  square 
chevet,  and  clustered  columns  some  of  whose  shafts  are 
detached.  There  is  some  good  glass,  interesting  details 
of  design,  sculpture  of  exceptional  delicacy  considering 
the  material  (granite),  and  two  fine  porches.  Population, 
commune,  4,588. 

Dolabella  (dol-a-bel'ji),  Publius  Cornelius. 

Bom  about  70  B.  C. : died  at  Laodicea,  Asia 
Minor,  43  B.  C.  A Koman  patrician,  noted 
chiefly  as  the  son-in-law  of  Cicero.  Ruined  by 
his  profligate  habits,  he  sought  to  restore  his  fortunes  by 
joining  the  standard  of  Caesar  in  the  civil  war.  He  com- 
manded Csesar’s  fleet  in  the  Adriatic  in  49,  and  in  48  par- 
ticipated in  the  battle  of  Pharsalus.  He  obtained  the 
consulship  after  the  death  of  Caesar  in  44.  At  first  he 
acted  in  support  of  the  senate,  but  was  subsequently  in- 
fluenced by  bribery  to  join  the  party  of  Antony,  ne  re- 
ceived from  Antony  the  province  of  Syria  as  his  procon- 
sulate, but  was  defeated  at  Laodicea  by  Cassius.  He  was, 
at  his  own  request,  killed  by  one  of  his  soldiers  in  order 
not  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

Dolce  (dol'che),  Lodovico.  Born  at  Venice 
about  1508:  died  at  Venice,  1568.  An  Italian 
poet  and  miscellaneous  and  voluminous  writer. 
He  was  by  profession  a corrector  of  the  press, 
and  died  in  great  poverty. 

Dolci  (dol'che),  or  Dolce  (dol'che),  Carlo  or 
Carlino.  Born  at  Florence,  May  25, 1616 : died 
there,  Jan.  17,  1686.  A Florentine  painter  of 
religious  subjects,  a pupil  of  Jacopo  Vignali. 
Dol  Common.  See  Common. 

Dole  (dol).  A town  in  the  department  of  Jura, 
France,  situated  on  the  Doubs  27  miles  south- 
east of  Dijon : the  ancient  Dola  Sequanorum. 


331 

It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Franche-Comtd,  resisted  the 
French  in  1479,  and  was  finally  ceded  to  France  in  1678. 
Population,  commune,  14,838. 

Dole,  La.  One  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
the  Jura,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  near 
the  French  border,  17  miles  north  of  Geneva. 
Height,  5,505  feet- 

Dolet  (do-la'),  Etienne.  Born  at  Orleans, 
France,  1509:  hanged  and  then  burned  at 
Paris,  Aug.  3,  1546.  A French  scholar  and 
printer,  condemned  as  an  atheist. 

Among  these  latter  there  is  one  who  was  in  many  ways 
a typical  representative  of  the  time.  Etienne  Dolet  was 
born  at  Orleans  in  1509,  lived  a stormy  life  diversified  by 
many  quarrels,  literary  and  theological,  did  much  service 
to  literature  both  in  Latin  and  French,  and,  falling  out 
with  the  powers  that  were,  was  burnt  (having  first  been, 
as  a matter  of  grace  and  in  consequence  of  a previous 
recantation,  hanged)  in  the  Place  Maubert,  at  Paris,  on  his 
birthday,  August  3,  1544  [stc].  Dolet  had  written  many 
Latin  speeches  and  tractates  in  the  Ciceronian  style — 
that  of  a curious  section  of  humanists  who  entertained  an 
exclusive  and  exaggerated  devotion  to  Cicero. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  233. 

Dolgelly,  Dolgelley  (dol-geth'li).  The  chief 
town  of  Merionethshire,  North  Wales,  situated 
on  the  Wnion  in  lat.  52°  44'  N.,  long.  3°  53'  W. 
Population,  2,437. 

Dolgoruki  (dol-go-ro'ke),  Ivan  Alexeiovitch. 

Executed  at  Novgorod,  Russia,  Nov.  6,  1739.  A 
Russian  noble,  accused  of  conspiracy  against 
the  Czarina  Anna. 

Dolgoruki,  Ivan  Mikhailovitch.  Born  April 
18,  1764:  died  Dec.  16,  1823.  A Russian  poet. 
He  was  governor  of  Vladimir  from  1802-12.  The 
first  edition  of  his  poetical  works  appeared  in 
1806. 

Dolgoruki,  Katharina  Michailowna,  Prin- 
cess Jurjeffskaya.  The  second  wife  (July  31, 
1880)  of  Alexander  II. , emperor  of  Russia.  She 
published,  under  the  pseudonym  Victor  Lafertd,  “Alex- 
andre II.:  details  inedits  sur  sa  vie  intime  et  sa  inort” 
(1882). 

Dolgoruki,  Peter  Vladimirovitch.  Born  at 
Moscow,  1807:  died  at  Berne,  Switzerland,  Aug. 
17,  1868.  A Russian  writer,  exiled  on  account 
of  his  work  “La  verite  sur  la  Russie”  (1860). 
Dollallolla  (dol-a-lol'a),  Queen.  The  wife  of 
King  Arthur  and  mother  of  Huneamunca  in 
Fielding’s  burlesque  ‘ ‘ Tom  Thumb,”  altered  by 
O’Hara.  She  is  entirely  faultless,  except  that  she  is  a 
little  given  to  drink,  is  a little  too  much  of  a virago 
toward  her  husband,  and  is  in  love  with  Tom  Thumb. 
Dollar  (dol'ar).  A small  town  in  Clackmannan- 
shire, Scotland,  11  miles  east  of  Stirling. 
Dollar  Law  (dol'ar  la).  A mountain  in  the 
county  of  Peebles,  Scotland,  situated  about 
10  miles  southwest  of  Peebles : 2,680  feet  in 
height. 

Dollart  (dol'art),-The.  [D.  I)ollard.\  An  arm 
of  the  North  Sea  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ems,  be- 
tween the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  and 
the  province  of  Groningen,  Netherlands.  It  was 
formed  by  inundations  in  1277  and  subsequently.  Length, 
10  miles.  Breadth,  4-8  miles. 

Dollier  de  Casson  (dol-ya'  de  kas-son'),  Fran- 
cois. A French  missionary  in  Canada.  He 
spent  a winter  among  the  Nipissings  about  1668,  and  in 
1669  accompanied  La  Salle  on  an  exploring  expedition  to 
the  Ohio  River.  He  separated  from  the  expedition  in  the 
same  year,  with  the  object  in  view  of  establishing  a mis- 
sion among  the  Pottawattamies  who  inhabited  the  region 
of  the  upper  lakes ; but,  finding  the  field  occupied  by 
the  Jesuits,  returned  to  the  Sulpician  seminary  at  Mon- 
treal. He  wrote  a “Histoire  de  Montreal.” 

Dollinger  (del'ling-er),  Ignaz.  Born  at  Bam- 
berg, Bavaria,  May  24,  1770:  died  at  Mimich, 
Jan.  14,  1841.  A German  physiologist  and 
comparative  anatomist,  professor  successively 
at  Bamberg,  Wurzburg,  Landshut,  and  Mimich. 
He  wrote  “Grundzlige  der  Physiologic”  (1835),  “ Werth 
und  Bedeutung  der  vergleichenden  Anatomie”  (1814), 
etc. 

Dollinger,  Johann  Joseph  Ignaz  von.  Born 
at  Bamberg,  Bavaria,  Feb.  28,  1799:  died  at 
Munich,  Jan.  10,  1890.  A celebrated  German 
theologian,  son  of  Ignaz  Dollinger,  a leader  in 
the  “Old  Catholic”  movement.  He  published 
“Kirche  und  Kirchen,  Papstthum  und  Kirchenstaat ’’ 
(1861),  “Papstfabelri  des  Mittelalters  ” (1868),  etc.,  and  op- 
posed decrees  of  the  Vatican  council  1869-70.  He  was 
excommunicated  1871. 

Dolliver  Romance,  The.  A fragment  by  Haw- 
thorne, the  beginning  of  which  was  published 
in  the  “Atlantic  Monthly”  July,  1864. 
Dollond  (dol'ond),  John.  Born  at  London, 
June  10,  1706  : died  at  London,  Nov.  30,  1761. 
An  English  optician,  the  inventor  of  the  achro- 
matic telescope  (1757-58). 

Dollond,  Peter.  Born  Feb.  24,  1730:  died  at 
Kensington,  July  2, 1820.  An  English  optician, 
son  of  John  Dollond. 

Doll’s  House,  A.  A translation  of  a play  (“Et 


Domdaniel 

Dukkehjem”)  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  produced  in 
London  in  1889.  The  original  play  was  brought 
out  in  Christiania  about  1879. 

Doll  Tearsheet.  See  Tearsheet. 

Dolly’s  (dol'iz).  A well-known  tavern  in  Pa- 
ternoster Row,  London,  dating  from  the  time 
of  Queen  Anne. 

Dolly  Varden.  See  Far  den. 

Dolomieu  (do-lo-mye'),  Deodat  Guy  Sylvain 
Tancrede  Gratet  de.  Born  at  Dolomieu,  Isere, 
France,  June  24,  1750:  died  at  Cliateauneuf, 
Saone-et-Loire,  France,  Nov.  26, 1801.  A noted 
French  geologist  and  mineralogist.  His  works 
include  “Voyage  aux  ties  de  Lipari ” (1783),  “Mdmoires 
sur  les  lies  Ponces  ” (1788),  “ Pliilosophie  mindralogique  ” 
(1802),  etc.  Dolomite  was  named  for  him. 

Dolomite  Mountains  (dol'o-mit  moun'tanz). 
[ Dolomite  (mineral),  from  the  geologist  Dolo- 
mieu.'] A group  of  limestone  mountains  in  the 
Alps,  in  southern  Tyrol,  on  the  Italian  frontier. 
Highest  peak,  Marmolada  (about  11,000  feet). 
Dolon-nor  (doTon-nor'),or  Lama-miao(lii'ma- 
me-ou').  A city  in  Mongolia,  situated  north 
of  Peking  in  lat.  42°  16'  N.  It  is  renowned  for  its 
metal-work,  especially  for  copper,  iron,  and  bronze  statues 
(of  divinities,  etc.),  and  other  works  of  art.  Population, 
about  30,000. 

Dolopathos.  A French  romance  of  adventure, 
the  work  of  Herbers,  a trouvere  of  the  13th 
century.  He  says  that  he  translated  it  from  an  old 
Latin  manuscript  of  Dom  .1  chans,  a monk  of  the  Abbaye 
d’Hauteselve  or  HauteseiUe.  The  subject  and  style  both 
show  Oriental  influence.  It  is  thought  that  it  is  a form 
of  the  old  romance  “ The  Seven  Wise  Men.” 

Dolores  (do-16'res).  A river  in  Colorado  and 
Utah,  a tributary  of  the  Grand  River.  It  flows 
through  a canon  3,000  feet  in  depth.  Length, 
about  250  miles. 

Dolores,  Grito  de.  [Sp.,  lit.  ‘cry  of  Dolores.’] 
The  first  signal  of  revolt  against  Spanish  rule 
in  Mexico,  and  hence  the  visible  beginning  of 
the  war  for  independence.  On  Sept.  16, 1810,  the 
parish  priest  of  Dolores,  in  Guanajuato,  Miguel  Hidalgo  y 
Costilla,  headed  a band  which  freed  some  political  pris- 
oners. Hidalgo,  after  celebrating  mass  in  the  church, 
proclaimed  a revolt : the  raising  of  a banner  was  greeted 
with  loud  shouts  against  the  government,  and  the  outbreak 
soon  assumed  formidable  proportions. 

Dolores  Hidalgo,  formerly  Dolores.  A city  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  state  of  Guanajuato, 
Mexico,  near  the  Rio  de  la  Laja.  Population, 
about  7,000.  See  Dolores,  Grito  de. 

Dolorous  Garde.  See  Joyeuse  Garde. 
Dolorous  Valley  (dol'o-rus  val'i).  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Edinburgh,  or  rather  its  Castle,  appears  also  under  the 
name  of  Castrum  Puellarum,  in  the  Charters,  and  of  the 
Castle  of  Maidens  and  Dolorous  Valley,  in  the  Romances. 

Stuart  Glennie,  Arthurian  Localities,  III.  1. 

Domas  y Valle  (do'mas  e viil'ya),  Jose.  Born 
at  Cartagena,  Spain,  about  1717 : died  at  Guate- 
mala City,  Oct.  9, 1803.  A*Spanish  naval  officer 
and  administrator.  He  distinguished  himself  as  chief 
of  squadron  on  the  coasts  of  Spain  and  Italy ; commanded 
fleets  in  the  West  Indies  during  the  war  with  England 
1778-80;  was  at  the  taking  of  Pensacola  1781,  and  the 
siege  of  Gibraltar  1783.  From  1786  to  1794  he  was  gover- 
nor of  Panama,  and  from  1794  to  1801  captain-general  of 
Guatemala. 

Domat,  or  Daumat  (do-ma'),  Jean.  Born  at 
Clermont,  Auvergne,  France,  Nov.  30,  1625 : 
died  at  Paris,  March  14,  1696.  A French  jurist, 
author  of  “Les  lois  civiles  dans  leur  ordre 
naturel”  (1689-97),  etc. 

Dombey  and  Son  (dom'bi  and  sun).  A novel 
by  Dickens,  issued  in  numbers,  the  first  of 
which  appeared  in  Oct.,  1846.  it  was  brought 
out  in  one  volume  in  1848.  The  original  title  was  “ Deal- 
ings with  the  Firm  of  Dombey  and  Son,  Wholesale,  Re 
tail,  and  for  Exportation.”  Sir.  Dombey,  the  father  of 
little  Paul  and  Florence,  is  a cold,  unbending,  pompous 
merchant.  His  chief  ambition  is  to  perpetuate  the  firm- 
name.  After  the  death  of  his  only  son,  little  Paul,  and 
the  loss  of  his  money,  however,  his  obstinacy  and  pride 
are  abated.  Little  Paul,  the  “son  ” in  the  title  of  the  firm, 
is  a delicate  child  who  dies  young.  Florence,  his  devoted 
sister,  marries  Walter  Gay,  a clerk  in  her  father’s  bank. 
Edith  Dombey,  the  beautiful  and  scornful  second  wife  of 
Mr.  Dombey,  elopes  with  Carker,  his  manager. 

Dombrowski  (dom-brov'ske),  or  Dabrowski 

(da-brov'ske),  Jan  Henryk.  Born  at  Pierszo- 
wice,  near  Cracow,  Aug.  29, 1755 : died  at  Wina- 
Gora,  Posen,  Prussia,  June  6,  1818.  A Polish 
general.  He  served  in  the  campaign  of  1792-94  ; organ- 
ized the  Polish  legion  at  Milan  in  1797 ; and  served  with 
distinction  at  Friedland  in  1807,  against  the  Austrians  in 
1809,  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-13. 

Domdaniel  (dom-dan'yel).  In  the  continuation 
of  the  Arabian  Tales,  a seminary  for  evil  ma- 
gicians founded  by  the  great  magician  Hal-il- 
Maugraby.  It  was  an  immense  cavern  “under  the 
roots  of  the  ocean  " off  the  coast  of  Tunis,  the  resort  of 
evil  spirits  and  enchanters.  It  was  Anally  destroyed. 
Southey  makes  its  destruction  the  theme  of  his  “Thalaba.” 


Dome  de  Chasseforet 

Dome  de  Chasseforet  (dom  de  shas-fo-r&'). 
The  central  point  of  the  Vanoise  range,  in 
the  Tarentaise  Alps,  in  southeastern  France. 
Height,  11,800  feet. 

Domenech  (dom-e-nek'),  Emmanuel  Henri 
Dieudonn6.  Born  at  Lyons,  France,  Nov.  4, 
1825 : died  1905.  A French  traveler  and 
writer.  He  was  an  honorary  canon  of  Mont- 
pellier, with  the  title  of  abbe. 

Domenichino  (do-men-e-ke'no),  Domenico 
Zampieri.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Oct.  21, 
1581 : died  at  Naples,  April  15,  1641.  A noted 
Italian  painter.  Among  his  works  are  “Communion 
of  St.  Jerome  "(in  the  Vatican),”  Martyrdom  of  St.  Agnes  ” 
(in  Bologna),  “ Diana  and  her  Nymphs  ’’  (in  Eome),  “ Adam 
and  Eve,”  etc. 

Domesday  Book.  See  Doomsday  Book. 
Domett  (dom'et),  Alfred.  Born  at  Camber- 
well Grove,  Surrey,  May  20,  1811 : died  Nov.  2, 
1887.  An  English  poet  and  colonial  statesman. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  called  to  the  bar  in 
1841.  In  1842  he  went  to  New  Zealand,  where  he  filled 
many  of  the  chief  offices  of  the  colony.  In  1871  he  re- 
turned to  England,  where  he  died.  He  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  Robert  Browning,  who  writes  of  him  in  “War- 
ing” and  “The  Guardian  Angel.”  Among  his  works  are 
volumes  of  poems  published  in  1833  and  1839.  His  “ Christ- 
mas Hymn”  appeared  in  “Blackwood’s  Magazine”  about 
that  time.  In  1872  he  published  “Ranolf  and  Amolia,” 
and  in  1877  “Flotsam  and  Jetsam.”  He  also  wrote  several 
official  publications  relating  to  N ew  Zealand. 

Domeyko  (dd-ma'ko),  Ignatius.  Born  at 
Niedzviadka,  Lithuania,  July  31,  1802:  died  at 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Jan.  23,  1889.  A Polish 
scientist.  He  was  involved  in  the  Polish  revolt  of  1830 ; 
was  compelled  to  leave  the  country,  taking  refuge  in 
Paris  ; and  was  for  several  years  engaged  in  mining  work 
in  Alsace.  On  invitation  of  the  government  of  Chile  he 
went  to  that  country  in  1838,  founded  a school  of  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy  at  Coquimbo,  and  was  professor  at 
the  University  of  Santiago  from  1839,  and  rector  from  1867. 
Through  his  influence  improved  methods  of  mining  were 
introduced  into  Chile,  and  the  resources  of  the  country 
greatly  developed.  Besides  numerous  scientific  papers  and 
class-books,  he  wrote  “La  Araucania  y sus  habitantes” 
(Santiago,  1845);  a book  on  Chile  in  the  Polish  language; 
etc. 

Domfront  (don-fron').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  France,  situated  on  the  Varenne 
20  miles  north  of  Mayenne.  It  has  a ruined  castle, 
and  was  long  one  of  the  chief  Norman  strongholds.  It 
was  captured  by  William  the  Conqueror  in  1048.  and  was 
often  besieged  in  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  4,663. 

Domingue  (do-mang'),  Michel.  A Haitian 
general  and  politician,  of  African  race.  He  be- 
came president  of  the  republic  in  June,  1874,  and  after  a 
period  of  almost  unequaled  anarchy  and  tyranny  directed 
against  the  mulatto  party  was  forced  to  resign  in  1875. 

Dominic  (dom'i-nik),  Saint:  called  de  Guzman. 
Born  at  Calahorra,  Old  Castile,  Spain,  1170: 
died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  6,  1221.  The 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Dominicans.  He 

studied  at  the  University  of  Palencia,  and  in  1194  became 
a canon  of  the  cathedral  at  Osma.  In  1204  he  removed 
to  Languedoc,  where  he  preached  with  much  vehemence 
against  the  Albigenses  and  founded  the  order  of  the  Do- 
minicans, which  received  the  papal  confirmation  in  1216. 
He  was  subsequently  appointed  magister  sacri  palatii  at 
Rome. 

Dominica  (dom-i-ne'ka),  F.  La  Dominique 

(dom-e-nek').  Anislandin  the  Lesser  Antilles, 
West  Indies,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  it  is 
situated  north  of  Martinique  and  south  of  Guadeloupe, 
and  is  intersected  by  lat.  15"  30'  N.,  long.  61°  25' W.  Capi- 
tal, Roseau.  The  island,  which  is  of  volcanic  origin,  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493  ; was  ceded  by  France  to 
England  in  1763 ; but  was  occupied  by  France  1778-83  and 
later.  It  forms  part  of  the  colony  of  the  Leeward  Isl- 
ands. Chief  products,  coffee,  fruit,  cocoa,  sugar.  Length, 
29  miles.  Breadth,  16 miles.  Area,  291  square  miles.  Pop- 
★ ulation,  28,894. 

Dominican  Republic,  often,  but  incorrectly, 
called  Santo  Domingo  or  San  Domingo.  [Sp. 
Republica  Dominicana .]  A republic  occupying 
the  eastern  andlarger  part  of  the  island  of  Santo 
Domingo,  or  Haiti,  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  broken 

by  several  mountain-chains,  and  in  the  interior  there  are 
elevated  plains  (especially  the  Vega  Real)  of  great  fertility 
and  beauty.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  mixed 
Spanish,  Indian,  and  negro  blood,  with  some  of  pure  Afri- 
can descent,  and  comparatively  few  whites.  Spanish  is 
the  common  language,  though  French  and  English  are 
spoken  in  the  coast  towns.  Roman  Catholicism  is  the 
prevailing  religion,  but  other  cults  are  tolerated.  Agricul- 
ture, cattle-raising,  and  timber-cutting  are  almost  the  only 
industries.  The  principal  exports  are  sugar,  cacao,  coffee, 
tobacco,  hides,  and  cabinet  woods.  The  republic  was 
formed  in  1844,  after  a revolution  by  which  it  was  sepa- 
rated from  Haiti.  From  1801  to  1865  it  was  held  by  Spain. 
In  1869  the  president  (Baez)  signed  with  President  Grant 
a treaty  of  annexation  with  the  United  States,  which  the 
Senate  at  Washington  refused  to  ratify.  There  have  been 
various  wars  with  Haiti,  political  revolutions,  and  changes 
of  the  constitution.  By  the  present  constitution  (adopted 
1908)  the  president  is  elected  for  six  years  by  an  electoral 
college,  and  there  is  a national  congress  elected  by 
restricted  suffrage.  The  capital  of  the  republic  is  Santo 
Domingo.  Area,  19,325  square  miles.  Population  (esti- 
mated), 673,611. 

Dominie  Sampson.  See  Sampson. 


332 

Dominis  (dom'e-nes),  Marco  Antonio  de. 

Born  iu  the  island  of  Arbe,  Dalmatia,  1566: 
died  at  Rome,  Sept.,  1624.  An  Italian  theolo- 
gian and  natural  philosopher.  He  wrote  “ De 
republica  ecclesiastica  ” (1617),  “ De  radiis  vi- 
sus  et  lucis  in  vitris  perspectivis  et  iride” 
(1611),  etc. 

Domino  Noir  (do-me-no'  nwar),  Le.  [F.,  ‘ The 
Black  Domino.’]  A comic  opera  by  Auber, 
words  by  Scribe,  first  produced  in  Paris  in 
1837. 

Domitian  (do-mish'ian)  (Titus  Flavius  Do- 
mitianus  Augustus).  Born  at  Rome,  Oct. 
24,  51  a.  d.  : died  at  Rome,  Sept.  18,  96.  Ro- 
man emperor  81-96  : the  second  son  of  Vespa- 
sian and  Flavia  Domitilla,  and  the  brother  of 
Titus  whom  he  succeeded.  He  undertook  a cam- 
paign against  the  Chatti  in  83,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
began  the  construction  of  a boundary  wall  between  the 
Danube  and  the  Rhine.  This  wall  was  guarded  by  sol- 
diers settled  upon  public  lands  (agri  decumatcs ) along 
its  course.  He  carried  on  unsuccessful  wars  against  the 
Dacians  under  Decebalus  86-90,  when  he  purchased  peace 
by  the  promise  of  a yearly  tribute.  He  recalled  Agricola, 
whose  victories  in  Britain,  78-84,  aroused  his  jealousy. 
The  last  years  of  his  reign  were  sullied  by  cruelty  and 
tyranny.  He  was  murdered  by  the  freedman  Stephanus,  at 
the  instance  of  the  empress  Domitia  and  several  officers 
of  the  court,  who  were  in  fear  of  their  lives. 
Domitilla.  In  Shirley’s  play  “ The  Royal  Mas- 
ter,” a girl  of  fifteen  years  who,  in  an  innocent 
delusion,  fixes  her  love  upon  the  king,  mistak- 
ing his  promise  to  provide  her  with  a husband 
for  a proof  of  personal  affection. 

Domitilla  (dom-i-til'jj),  Flavia.  1.  The  first 
wife  of  Vespasian.  She  had  three  children, 
Titus,  Domitian,  and  Domitilla. — 2.  Wife  or 
niece  of  the  consul  Flavius  Clemens,  said  to 
have  been  banished  to  Pandataria  by  Domitian. 
She  is  regarded  as  a saint  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church. 

Domleschg  (dom'leshk).  A valley  along  the 
lower  part  of  the  Hinterrhein,  in  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  south  of  Coire. 

Domo  d’Ossola  (do'mo  dos'so-la).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Toce  at  the  Italian  end  of  the  Simplon  Pass, 
near  the  Swiss  frontier.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,016. 

Domremy-la-Pucelle  (don-ra-meTa-pii-sel'), 
or  Domremy.  A village  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Meuse  29 
miles  southwest  of  Nancy.  It  is  celebrated  as 
the  birthplace  of  Joan  of  Are. 

Don  (don).  The  name  of  several  rivers,  the 
chief  of  which  are  : (a)  A river  of  Russia  which  rises 
in  the  government  of  Tula  and  flows  into  the  Sea  of  Azoff 
in  lat.  47°  15'  N.,  long.  39°  2(1  E.  : the  ancient  Tanais.  Its 
chief  tributary  is  the  Donetz.  Length,  about  1,300  mileB ; 
navigable  for  about  700  miles,  (b ).  A river  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Ouse  18 
miles  south  of  York.  Length,  55  miles ; navigable  to 
Sheffield  (39  miles),  (c)  A river  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  1)  miles  north  of 
Aberdeen.  Length,  about  80  miles. 

Donaghadee  (don^a-cha-de').  A seaport  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  North 
Channel  16  miles  northeast  of  Belfast. 
Donalbain  (don'al-ban).  In  Shakspere’s  “ Mac- 
beth,” son  of  Duncan,  king  of  Scotland. 
Donaldson  (don'ald-son),  Sir  James.  Born  at 
Aberdeen,  Scotland,  April  26, 1831.  A Scottish 
Hellenist.  He  became  principal  of  the  united  colleges 
of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews  in  1886,  and  in  1890  principal  of  the  university. 
He  has  edited,  in  conjunction  with  Alexander  Roberts, 
“ The  Ante-Nicene  Christian  Library  ’’  (1867-72),  and  is  the 
author  of  “Critical  History  of  Christian  Literature  and 
Doctrine  from  the  Death  of  the  Apostles  to  the  Nicene 
Council " (1864-66).  Knighted,  1907. 

Donaldson,  John  William.  Bom  at  London, 
June  7, 1811 : died  at  London,  Feb.  10, 1861.  An 
English  classical  philologist  and  biblical  critic. 
His  works  include  “New  Cratylus”  (1839), 
“ Varronianus”  (1844),  “ Jashar”  (1854). 
Donaldson,  Thomas  Leverton.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  19, 1795 : died  there,  Aug.  1, 1885.  An 
English  architect  and  author.  He  was  professor  of 
architecture  in  University  College,  London,  1841-65,  and 
emeritus  professor  from  1865  until  his  death.  His  works 
include  “Pompeii”  (1827),  and  “A Collection  of  the  Most 
Approved  Examples  of  Doorways  from  Ancient  Buildings 
in  Greece  and  Italy”  (1833). 

Donar  (do'nar).  The  German  form  of  Thor. 
Donashhen  Labrath  (do-nash'  hen  lab-rath'). 
A Jewish  grammarian  and  poet  of  the  10th 
century,  native  of  Bagdad.  He  lived  and  wrote  in 
Fez,  and  was  an  opponent  of  Menachem  ben  Saruk : both 
of  them  may  be  considered  as  among  the  earliest  scien- 
tific Hebrew  grammarians.  Donash  was  the  first  to  apply 
the  Arabic  meter  to  Hebrew  verse. 

Donatello  (don-a-tel'lo)  (properly  Donato  di 
Niccolo  di  Betto  Bardi).  Born  at  Florence 
about  1386:  died  at  Florence,  Dec.  13,  1466. 


Donatus,  .(Elius 

A b lorent.iue  sculptor,  one  of  the  leading  re- 
storers of  Sculpture  in  Italy.  His  work  may  be 
divided  into  three  periods:  (a)  That  of  realism  (1410-24). 
The  statues  of  the  Campanile  at  Florence  (including  the 
famous  Zuccone  and  Poggio),  the  St.  John  of  the  National 
Museum,  and  the  bust  of  Niccolo  da  Uzzano,  characterize 
this  period.  (6)  That  (1425-33)  marked  by  the  partnership 
with  the  sculptor-architect  Michelozzo,  with  whose  assist- 
ance he  made  the  mausoleum  of  Pope  John  XXIII.  in  the 
baptistery  at  Florence,  that  of  Cardinal  Brancacci  at  Na- 
ples, and  that  of  Bartolommeo  Aragazzi  in. the  Duomo  at 
Montepulciano,  and  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  pulpit  at  Prato, 
(c)  That  (1433-66)  in  which  the  influence  of  antiquity  be- 
came prominently  manifested,  as  shown  in  the  David  and 
the  Cupid  in  bronze  at  the  National  Museum  in  Florence, 
and  numerous  other  productions.  He  may  be  considered 
as  the  precursor  of  Michelangelo. 

Donatello.  A character  in  Hawthorne’s  ‘ ‘ Mar- 
ble Faun,”  a young  Tuscan  count  whose  like- 
ness to  the  statue  of  the  faun  by  Praxiteles 
gives  the  title  to  the  hook.  He  is  rumored  to  be  a 
descendant  of  an  ancient  faun,  and  is  described  in  the 
opening  of  the  tale  as  possessed  only  of  the  happy,  spon- 
taneous life  of  such  creatures.  He  impulsively  commits 
murder  for  the  sake  of  Miriam  whom  he  loves,  and  is 
awakened  to  the  higher  responsibilities  and  life  of  man  by 
his  remorse  and  his  passion. 

Donati  (do-na'te),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  16,  1826 : died  at  Florence, 
Sept.  20,  1873.  A noted  Italian  astronomer. 
He  discovered  the  comet  named  for  him,  June 
2,  1858. 

Donation  of  Constantine.  A medieval  forgery, 
of  unknown  date  and  origin,  which  pretends  to 
he  an  imperial  edict  issued  by  Constantine  the 
Great  in  324  conferring  the  sovereignty  of  Italy 
and  the  West  on  the  papal  see.  it  was  probably 
composed  about  the  middle  of  the  8th  century.  “ It  telfs 
how  Constantine  the  Great,  cured  of  his  leprosy  by  the 
prayers  of  Sylvester,  resolved,  on  the  fourth  day  from  his 
baptism,  to  forsake  the  ancient  seat  for  a new  capital  on 
the  Bosphorus,  lest  the  continuance  of  the  secular  gov- 
ernment should  cramp  the  freedom  of  the  spiritual,  and 
how  he  bestowed  therewith  upon  the  Pope  and  his  suc- 
cessors the  sovereignty  over  Italy  and  the  countries  of  the 
West.  But  this  is  not  all,  although  this  is  what  histo- 
rians, in  admiration  of  its  splendid  audacity,  have  chiefly 
dwelt  upon.  The  edict  proceeds  to  grant  to  the  Roman 
pontiff  and  his  clergy  a series  of  dignities  and  privileges, 
all  of  them  enjoyed  by  the  Emperor  and  his  senate,  all  of 
them  shewing  the  same  desire  to  make  the  pontifical  a 
copy  of  the  imperial  office.  The  Pope  is  to  inhabit  the 
Lateran  palace,  to  wear  the  diadem,  the  collar,  the  purple 
cloak,  to  carry  the  sceptre,  and  to  be  attended  by  a body 
of  chamberlains.  Similarly  his  clergy  are  to  ride  on  white 
horses,  and  receive  the  honours  and  immunities  of  the 
senate  and  patricians.  ” Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Donatists  (don'a-tists).  [From  Donatus  the 
Great.]  An  early  Christian  sect  in  Africa 
which  originated  in  a dispute  over  the  election 
of  Caecilian  to  the  see  of  Carthage,  a.  d.  311, 
occasioned  by  his  opposition  to  the  extreme 
reverence  paid  to  relics  of  martyrs  and  to  the 
sufferers  for  the  Christian  faith  called  confes- 
sors, and  by  the  rivalry  of  Secundus,  primate  of 
Numidia.  Secundus  and  the  Numidian  bishops  de- 
clared Ciecilian’s  consecration  invalid  because  conferred 
by  Felix  of  Aptunga,  whom  they  charged  with  being  a 
traditor.  They  excommunicated  Caecilian  and  his  party, 
and  made  one  Majorinus  bishop  in  opposition.  The  name 
Donatist  came  either  from  Donatus  of  Casae  Nigrae,  who 
headed  the  party  of  Majorinus  at  the  Lateran  Council  in 
313,  where  it  was  condemned,  or  (more  probably)  from 
Donatus  the  Great,  who  succeeded  Majorinus  in  315, 
and  under  whom  the  schism  became  fixed.  Repressed 
under  Constans,  the  Donatists  revived  under  the  favor  of 
Julian  the  Apostate.  Repressive  measures,  provoked  by 
their  frequent  acts  of  fanatical  violence,  were  resorted  to 
from  time  to  time.  These  measures,  internal  schisms, 
the  conciliatory  conduct  of  the  orthodox  clergy  at  a con- 
ference held  at  Carthage  in  411,  and  the  arguments  of  St. 
Augustine  caused  many  to  abandon  Donatism,  and  the 
sect  became  insignificant,  though  not  entirely  extinct  till 
the  7th  century.  The  Donatist  party  held  that  it  con- 
stituted the  whole  and  only  true  church,  and  that  the 
baptisms  and  ordinations  of  the  orthodox  clergy  were  in- 
valid, because  they  were  in  communion  with  traditors. 
They  therefore  rebaptized  and  reordained  converts  from 
Catholicism. 

Donatus  (do-na/tus).  Bishop  of  Caste  Nigrae 
during  the  Diocletian  persecution,  and  leader 
of  a party  which  courted  martyrdom  with  fanat- 
ical enthusiasm,  and  regarded  with  horror  the 
“traditors,”  or  those  who  to  escape  their  per- 
secutors delivered  up  to  them  the  sacred  hooks. 
This  division  was  the  starting-point  of  tire  Donatist 
schism,  though  the  party  was  named  from  Donatus  the 
Great. 

Donatus,  surnamed  “The  Great.”  Bishop  of 
Carthage  315,  elected  by  the  rigorists  or  op- 
ponents of  the  moderate  party  or  “traditors” 
(see  Donatists)  to  succeed  Majorinus  who 
had  been  elected  by  them  in  opposition  to 
Caecilian,  elected  by  the  moderates  and  de- 
posed by  the  rigorists  in  a council  assembled 
at  Carthage.  It  was  for  this  Donatus  that  the 
Donatist  party  was  named. 

Donatus,  jElius.  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the 
4th  century  A.  D.  A Roman  grammarian  and 
rhetorician.  Of  his  works  we  possess  a Latin  grammar. 


Donatus,  £!lius 

“Are  grammatical’  a commentary  on  Terence,  and  the 
preface  and  introduction  (with  other  fragments)  of  a com- 
mentary on  Vergil. 

The  only  block-book  without  pictures  of  which  we  have 
any  knowledge  is  the  Donatus  [the  full  title  of  the  book 
is  Donatus  de  octibus  partibus  oratwnis,  or  Donatus  on 
the  Eight  Parts  of  Speech.  It  is  sometimes  designated 
as  Donatus  pro  puenlis,  “Donatus  for  Little  Boys”],  or 
Boys’  Latin  Grammar.  It  received  its  name  from  its 
author,  JSlius  Donatus,  a Roman  grammarian  of  the 
fourth  century,  and  one  of  the  instructors  of  St.  Jerome. 
The  block-book  is  but  an  abridgment  of  the  old  grammar  : 
as  it  was  usually  printed  in  the  form  of  a thin  quarto,  it 
could  with  propriety  be  classified  among  primers  rather 
thau  with  books.  When  printed  in  the  largest  letters,  it 
occupied  but  thirty-four  pages;  when  letters  of  small 
size  were  used,  it  was  compressed  within  nine  pages. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  254. 

Donau  (do'nou).  The  German  name  of  the 
Danube  (which  see). 

Donaueschingen  (do,nou-esh//ing-en).  A small 
town  in  the  Black  Forest,  in  Baden,  30  miles 
east  of  Freiburg,  situated  at  the  union  of  the 
Brigach  and  Brege.  It  contains  the  palace  of 
the  Prince  of  Fiirstenberg. 

Donaumoos  (do'nou-mos).  A marshy  district 
in  Bavaria,  lying  south  of  the  Danube,  near 
Ingolstadt.  Formerly  called  Schrobenheimer 
Moos. 

Donauworth  (do'nou-vert).  A small  town  in 
Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Wornitz  and  Danube,  25  miles 
north  of  Augsburg.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial  city ; 
was  outlawed  in  1607  ; was  taken  by  Gustavus  Adolphus 
in  1632,  and  by  Ferdinand  II.  in  1634  ; and  was  incorpo- 
rated with  Bavaria  in  1714.  Here,  Oct.  6, 1805,  the  French 
under  Soult  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Mack.  The 
battle-field  of  Blenheim  is  in  the  vicinity. 

Don  Benito  (don  ba-ne'to).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Badajoz,  Spain,  in  lat.  38°  55'  N., 
long.  5°  52'  W.  Population,  16,565. 

Don  Carlos  (don  kar'los).  1.  A tragedy  by 
Otway,  produced  in  1676.  The  story  is  taken  from 
the  Abbd  de  St.  Real,  and  the  plot  is  simpler  than  in 
Schiller’s  play. 

I think  we  should  be  justified  in  calling  "Don  Carlos"  the 
best  English  tragedy  in  rhyme;  by  one  leap  the  young 
Oxonian  sprang  ahead  of  the  veteran  Dryden,  who  there- 
upon began  to  “ weary  of  his  long-loved  mistress,  rhyme.” 

Oosse. 

2.  A play  by  Schiller,  completed  in  1787. — 3. 
An  opera  by  Costa,  words  by  Tarantini,  pro- 
duced in  London  June  20,  1844. — 4.  An  opera 
by  Verdi,  words  by  Mery  and  Du  Locle,  first 
produced  at  Paris  March  11,  1867. 

Doncaster  (dong 'kas -ter).  [AS.  Donecester, 
* Doneceaster,  from  L.  Danum  and  AS.  ceaster, 
city.}  A town  in  the  West  Biding  of  York- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Don:  the  ancient 
Danum,  and  the  Saxon  Donecester  (whence  the 
modern  name).  It  is  the  scene  of  the  St.  Leger  and 
other  races  (in  September).  Population,  28,932. 

Don  Cesar  de  Bazan  (don  sa-zar'  de  ba-zofi'). 

1.  A French  comedy  by  Dumanoir  and  Den- 
nery,  from  an  episode  in  Victor  Hugo’s  play 
‘ ‘ Buy  Bias,”  produced  in  1844.  The  comedy  is  also 
played  in  English.  Don  CAsar  is  the  ruined  Count  of  Ga- 
rofa : he  assumes  the  nam  e of  Zaf ari,  and  retains  in  his  rags 
his  frank,  gay  nonchalance. 

2.  A comic  opera  by  Massenet,  first  produced 
at  Paris  Nov.  30,  1872. 

Don  Cossacks  (don  kos'aks),  Province  of  the. 

A government  in  southern  Bussia,  situated  in 
the  valley  of  the  lower  Don.  Capital,  Novo 
Tcberkask.  Area,  63,532  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,259,400. 

Donderberg  (don'der-berg),  or  Dunderberg 
(dun'der-berg).  [‘  Thunder  Mountain.’]  The 
chief  mountain  at  the  southern  entrance  to  the 
Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  New  York,  opposite 
Peekskill.  Height,  865  feet(U.  S.  G.  S.). 
Donders  (don'ders),  Frans  Cornelis.  Born  at 
Tilburg,  Netherlands,  May  27,  1818:  died  at 
Utrecht,  March  24,  1889.  A Dutch  oculist. 
His  chief  work  is  " Anomalies  of  Accommodation  and  Re- 
fraction of  the  Eye  ’’  (published  by  the  Sydenham  Society, 
1865). 

Dondo  (don'dd).  A town  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Coanza 
Biver,  and  at  the  head  of  river  navigation,  a 
few  miles  from  Cassoalala,  a station  of  the 
Loanda  Bailroad.  It  is  the  terminus  of  several  cara- 
van roads,  and  the  principal  market  of  the  Cazengo  coffee. 
Population,  about  5,000. 

Dondra  Head  (don'dra,  hed).  The  southern- 
most cape  of  Ceylon. 

Donegal  (don'e-gal).  A maritime  county  of 
Ulster,  Ireland,  lying  between  Lough  Foyle, 
Londonderry,  and  Tyrone  on  the  east,  Tyrone, 
Fermanagh,  Leitrim,  and  Donegal  Bay  on  the 
south,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north  and 
West.  Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Capital, 
Lifford.  Area,  1,870  square  miles.  Population,  173  - 
722. 


333 

Donegal  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on 
the  western  coast  of  Ireland,  in  lat.  54°  30'  N. 
Donelson  (don 'el -son),  Andrew  Jackson. 
Born  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Aug.  25, 1800:  died 
at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  June  26,  1871.  An  Ameri- 
can diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  United 
States  minister  to  Prussia  1846-49,  and  was  the  unsuccessful 
candidate  of  the  American  party  for  Vice-President  in  1856. 
Donelson,  Fort.  See  Fort  Donelson. 

Donetz,  or  Donez  (do-nets').  A river  in  Bussia, 
the  chief  tributary  of  the  Don,  which  it  joins 
in  lat.  47°  35'  N.,  long.  41°  E.  Length,  about 
500-600  miles. 

Dongan  (dong'gan),  Thomas  (afterward  Earl 
of  Limerick).  Born  at  Castletown,  County  Kil- 
dare, Ireland,  1634:  died  at  London,  Dec.  14, 
1715.  Colonial  governor  of  New  York  1683-88. 
Dongan  Charter.  A charter  for  the  city  of 
New  York,  granted  by  Thomas  Dongan,  lieu- 
tenant-governor and  vice-admiral  of  New  York 
and  its  dependencies  under  James  II.  of  Eng- 
land, dated  April  27,  1686.  It  remained  in  force 
until  1730.  An  early  charter  of  the  city  of  Albany,  by  the 
same  authority,  is  known  by  the  same  name. 

Don  Garcia  (don  gar-se'a).  A tragedy  by  Al- 
fieri,  produced  in  1785.  It  is  drawn  from  the  history 
of  the  Medici  family.  Don  Garcia  was  one  of  the  sons  of 
Cosimo  I. 

Don  Garcie  de  Navarre  (de  na-var').  A play 
by  Moliere. 

[It]  may  be  called  Molifere’s  only  failure.  He  styles  it  a 
comAdie  Mroique,  and  it  is  in  fact  a kind  of  anticipation 
of  Racine’s  manner,  but  applied  to  less  serious  subjects. 
The  play  is  monotonous  and  unrelieved  by  action. 

Saint  sbtiry , French  Lit.,  p.  309. 
Don  Giovanni  (don  jo-van'ne).  An  opera  by 
Mozart,  first  produced  at  Prague  Oct.  29, 1787. 
The  words  were  by  Da  Ponte.  See  Don  Juan. 
Dongola  (dong'go-la).  A province  of  the  An- 
glo-Egyptian  Sudan.  Capital  Merowe.  It  was 
captured  by  the  Mahdi,  but  was  regained  by  the  Egyp- 
tian army  under  General  Kitchener,  March-Sept.,  1896. 

Dongola,  New,  native  Ordeh.  A town  in 
Nubia,  situated  on  the  Nile,  in  lat.  19°  10'  N. 
It  was  built  about  1820,  and  is  the  largest  town  of  the 
province  of  Dongola.  It  was  abandoned  by  the  Anglo- 
Egyptian  forces  to  the  Mahdists  in  1886,  and  was  recap- 
tured by  the  Egyptian  army  under  General  Sir  Herbert 
Kitchener,  Sept.  23,  1896. 

Dongola,  Old.  A ruined  town  of  Nubia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Nile  76  miles  southeast  of  New 
Dongola. 

Doniphan  (don'i-fan),  Alexander  William. 

Born  in  Mason  County,  Ky.,  July  9,  1808:  died 
at  Bichmond,  Mo.,  Aug.  8_,  1887.  An  American 
officer  in  the  Mexican  war.  He  conducted  a 
regiment  of  Missourians  from  Va.lverde,  New 
Mexico,  to  Chihuahua,  Dec.,  1846, -March,  1847. 
Donizetti  (do-ne-dzet'te),  Gaetano.  Born  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  Nov.  25  (29?),  1797 : died  at  Ber- 
gamo, April8, 1848.  Acelebratedltalian  operatic 
composer.  He  composed  about  65  operas,  among  which 
are  “Anna  Bolena”  (1830),  "L’Elisire  d’Amore"  (1832), 

‘ ‘ Lucia  di  Lammermoor  ’’  (1835),  “ Lucrezia  Borgia  ” (1834), 
“LaFavorita’’(1840),  “ La  Fille  du  Regiment,”  afterward 
“LaFiglia del Reggimento ’’  (1840),  “LindadiChamounix” 
(1842),  and  “ Don  Pasquale  ” (1843). 

Don  Juan  (don  ju'an;  Sp.  pron.  don  Ho-an'). 
A partly  legendary  character  of  Spanish  origin. 
Don  Juan  Tenorio,  who  lived  in  the  14th  century,  the  son 
of  an  illustrious  family  of  Seville,  killed  the  commandant 
Ulloa  after  having  seduced  his  daughter.  The  Franciscan 
monks,  wishing  to  put  an  end  to  the  debaucheries  of  Don 
Juan,  enticed  him  to  their  monastery  and  killed  him,  giv- 
ing out  that  the  statue  of  his  victim  (which  had  been 
erected  there),  incensed  at  an  insult  offered  him  (in  the 
plays  he  is  jeeringly  invited  to  supper),  had  come  down 
and  dragged  him  to  hell.  Both  Spanish  and  Italian  plays 
were  written  on  the  subject,  and  Dorimond  introduced 
him  to  the  French  stage.  Don  Juan  is  the  type  of  skeptical 
libertinism,  and  as  such  has  been  made  the  subject  of  the 
drama"  El  burladorde  Sevilla”  (“The  Deceiver  of  Seville”), 
by  Tellez  (Tirso  de  Molina)  (17th  century) ; of  Moliere’s 
comedy  “Don  Juan, ou  le  festin  de  Pierre"  (1665);  of 
Mozart’s  opera  “Don  Giovanni”  (which  see);  of  Byron’s 
poem  “Don  Juan"  (1819-24);  of  Grabbe’s  German  drama 
“ Don  Juan  und  Faust  ’’  (1828) ; and  of  works  by  Corneille, 
Shadwell,  Zamora,  Goldoni,  Gluck,  Dumas,  Zorilla,  etc. 
Don  Juan.  An  incomplete  poem  by  Byron, 
written  in  1818  and  published  1819-24. 

Don ’Juan,  ouLe  Festin  de  Pierre  (le  fes-tan' 
de  pyar').  [F. : see  the  def.]  A comedy  by 
Molilre,  first  played  in  1665.  in  1673  it  was  turned 
into  verse  by  Thomas  Corneille.  The  second  title  is  a 
mistake  of  Dorimon  who  first  introduced  Don  Juan  to  the 
French  stage  in  1658  in  a play  called  “Le  festin  de  Pierre ” 
(“  The  Feast  of  Pierre  "),  which  he  translated  from  the  Span- 
ish phrase  “ El  convidadodepiedra"(le  convid  de  pierre,  ‘the 
stone  guest,’  referring  to  the  statue  of  the  commandant 
[see  Don  Juan]  whom  he  named  Pierre  to  explain  it). 
Moliere,  finding  the  title  established,  adopted  it. 

Donna  del  Lago  (don'na  del  la'go),  La.  [It., 

* The  Lady  of  the  Lake.’]  An  opera,  based  on 
Scott’s  poem,  by  Bossini,  first  produced  at 
Naples  Oct.  4,  1819. 

Donndorf  (don'dorfV,  Karl  Adolf.  Born  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Feb.  16,  1835.  A German 


Don  Quixote 

sculptor,  professor  of  sculpture  at  the  art  school 
in  Stuttgart  from  1877. 

Donne  (don),  John.  Born  at  London,  1573  : died 
at  London,  March  31,  1631.  An  English  poet 
and  divine.  He  studied  at  Oxford  and  Lincoln’s  Inn, 
and  in  1696  was  appointed  secretary  to  Sir  Thomas  Eger- 
ton,  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  which  office  he  lost  about 
1600  by  a clandestine  marriage  with  the  lord  keeper’s  niece. 
In  1610  he  published  a work  entitled  “Pseudo-Martyr,” 
which  procured  for  him  the  favor  of  James  I.,  who  per- 
suaded him  to  take  holy  orders  in  1615,  made  him  a royal 
chaplain  in  the  same  year,  and  in  1621  appointed  him  to 
the  deanery  of  St.  Paul’s.  Besides  his  poems,  a collec- 
tive edition  of  which  appeared  in  1633,  and  his  theological 
writings,  the  most  notable  of  his  works  is  “ Btaddraros. 
A Declaration  of  that  Paradoxe  or  Thesis,  That  Self-homi- 
cide is  not  so  naturally  Sin,  that  it  may  never  be  other- 
wise,” etc.  (1644). 

Donnelly  (don'el-i),  Ignatius.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  3, 1831:  died  at  Minneapolis,  Jan. 
1,  1901.  An  American  author  and  politician. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1857  removed  to 
Minnesota,  where  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  in 
1859  and  in  1861.  He  was  a Republican  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Minnesota  1863-69.  Author  of  “The  Great  Cryp- 
togram : Francis  Bacon’s  Cipher  in  the  so-called  Shake- 
spere Plays "(1887),  “Atlantis"  (1882), “Ragnarok ’’(1883). 

Donner  (don'ner),  Georg  Raphael.  Bom  at 

Essling,  Austria,  May  25, 1692:  died  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  15, 1741.  A noted  Austrian  sculptor.  He 
entered  the  imperial  service  in  1724,  and  in  1729  that  of 
Prince  EsterhAzy.  His  greatest  works  are  the  fountain  on 
the  Mehlmarkt  and  the  fountain  of  Perseus  at  the  old 
town  hall,  Vienna. 

Donner  Lake  (don'er  lak).  A small  lake  in 
Nevada  County,  eastern  California,  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Donnithorne  (don'i-thorn),  Arthur.  In  George 
Eliot’s  novel  “Adam  Bede,”  a vain,  weak, 
good-natured  young  man,  whose  remorse  for 
Hetty’s  ruin  lies  chiefly  in  his  chagrin  at  being 
found  out  and  losing  the  approbation  of  his  ac- 
quaintances. 

Donnybrook  (don'i-bruk).  A former  village  in 
County  Dublin,  Ireland,  now  a part  of  Dublin. 
It  was  formerly  famous  for  its  fair  (held  in  August),  pro- 
verbial for  its  good-humored  rioting,  established  under 
King  John  (1199-1216),  and  suppressed  in  1855. 

Donoso  (do-no'so),  Justo.  Born  at  Santiago, 
1800 : died  at  La  Serena,  Feb.  22, 1868.  A Chilean 
bishop.  Hewasrectorof  a theological  seminaryin  Santi- 
ago, lecturer  at  the  university,  and  judge  of  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal court.  He  was  named  bishop  of  Ancud  in  1844,  and  was 
translated  to  the  see  of  La  Serena  in  1855.  His  works  on  ca- 
nonical law  are  authoritative  throughout  South  America. 

Donoso  Cortes  (kor-tas'),  Juan  Francisco 
Maria  de  la  Salud,  Marquis  of  Valdegamas. 
Born  at  El-Valle,  Estremadura,  Spain,  May  6, 
1809:  died  at  Paris,  May  3,  1853.  A Spanish 
politician,  diplomatist,  and  writer.  His  works 
include  “Consideraciones  sobre  la  diplomaeia” 
(1834),  “La  ley  electoral,  etc.”  (1835),  etc. 
Donovan  (don'o-van),  Edward.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  1,  1837.  An  English  naturalist  con- 
cerning whose  personal  history  little  is  known 
except  that  he  was  in  early  life  possessed  of  a 
considerable  fortune,  which  enabled  him  to 
travel  and  make  collections  of  objects  in  natu- 
ral history.  His  chief  work  is  “General  Illus- 
trations of  Entomology.” 

Don  Pasquale  (don  pas-kwa'le).  An  opera  by 
Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Paris  Jan.  4,  1843. 
Don  Quixote  (Sp.  pron.  don  ke-Ho'te;  E.  don 
kwiks'ot).  A Spanish  romance  by  Cervantes, 
printed  at  Madrid  in  two  parts,  the  first  in  1605, 
the  Second  in  1615.  In  1614,  when  the  second  part 
was  nearly  completed,  an  impudent  attempt  to  malign  the 
character  of  Cervantes  was  made  by  Alonso  Fernandes  de 
Avellaneda  of  Tordesillas  (thought  to  be  a pseudonym  of 
Luis  de  Aliaga),  who  produced  a pretended  continuation 
of  the  first  part.  Translations  of  “Don  Quixote”  have 
appeared  iu  every  European  language,  including  Turkish. 
The  principal  English  translations  are  those  of  Shelton 
(1612-20),  Motteux  (1719),  Jarvis  (1742),  Smollett  (1755), 
Bowie  (1781),  Ormsby  (1885),  Watts  (1888).  The  book  is 
named  from  its  hero,  Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha,  a Spanish 
country  gentleman,  who  is  so  imbued  with  tales  of  chivalry 
that  he  sets  forth  with  his  squire  Sancho  Panza  in  search  of 
knightly  adventure  with  very  amusing  results.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  work  Cervantes  announces  it  to  be  his  sole 
purpose  to  break  down  the  vogue  and  authority  of  books 
of  chivalry,  and  at  the  end  he  declares  anew  that  he  had 
“had  no  other  desire  than  to  render  abhorred  of  men  the 
false  and  absurd  stories  contained  in  books  of  chivalry,” 
exultiug  in  his  success  as  an  achievemeut  of  no  small  mo- 
ment. See  Cervantes. 

These  two  (Don  Quixote  and  Sancho  Panza]  sally  forth 
from  their  native  village  in  search  of  adventures,  of  which 
the  excited  imagination  of  the  knight,  turning  windmills 
into  giants,  solitary  inns  into  castles,  and  galley-slaves 
into  oppressed  gentlemen,  finds  abundance,  wherever  he 
goes ; while  the  esquire  translates  them  all  into  the  plain 
prose  of  truth  with  an  admirable  simplicity,  quite  uncon- 
scious of  its  own  humor,  and  rendered  the  more  striking 
by  its  contrast  with  the  lofty  and  courteous  dignity  and 
magnificent  illusions  of  the  superior  personage.  There 
could,  of  course,  be  but  one  consistent  termination  to  ad- 
ventures like  these.  The  knight  and  his  esquire  suffer  a 
series  of  ridiculous  discomfitures,  and  are  at  last  brought 


Don  Quixote 

home,  like  madmen,  to  their  native  village,  where  Cer- 
vantes leaves  them,  with  an  intimation  that  the  story  oi 
their  adventures  is  by  no  means  ended. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  141. 

Don  Quixote  in  England.  A comedy  by  Field- 
ing, produced  in  1734. 

Don  Saltero’s  Coffee  House.  A noted  bouse 
formerly  standing  in  Cheyne  Walk,  Chelsea, 
London.  It  contained  not  only  an  eating-house  but  a 
museum  of  natural  curiosities.  It  was  founded  by  John 
Salter  about  1690.  It  was  torn  down  in  1866.  Walford. 
Don  Sanche  d’Aragon.  A comedy  by  Cor- 
neille, produced  in  1650.  It  was  partly  taken  from 
a Spanish  play  “El  Palacio  confuso.”  Don  Sanche,  the 
heir  to  the  throne  of  Aragon,  is  supposed  to  be  dead.  He 
appears  as  Don  Carlos,  and  believes  himself  to  be  the  son 
of  a fisherman. 

Don  Sebastiano  (don  sa-bas-te-a'no).  An 
opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Paris  in 
1843. 

Doo  (do),  George  Thomas.  Born  at  Christ- 
church, Surrey,  England,  Jan.  6,  1800:  died  at 
Sutton,  Surrey,  Nov.  13,  1886.  An  English  en- 
graver and  painter.  He  was  historical  engraver  in 
ordinary  to  William  IV.  1836-37,  and  to  Queen  Victoria  in 
1842.  His  first  published  engraving,  “ The  Duke  of  York,” 
appeared  in  1824. 

Doolin,  or  Doon,  de  Mayence.  A French 
chanson  de  geste  of  the  14th  century,  adapted 
as  a prose  romance  in  the  15th  century,  it  was 
first  published  in  1601.  Alxinger,  a German  poet,  made 
in  1787  a translation  in  the  form  of  an  epic  poem.  Doolin, 
or  Doon,  was  the  son  of  Guy  of  Mayence,  and  the  ancestor 
of  Ogier  the  Dane. 

Doomsday  Book.  [Written  archaically  Domes- 
day Book,  from  ME.  Domesdeie  Book,  etc.:  so 
called  because  its  decision  was  regarded  as 
final.]  A book  containing  a digest,  in  Latin, 
of  the  results  of  a census  or  survey  of  England 
undertaken  by  order  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
and  completed  in  1086.  It  consists  of  two  volumes 
in  vellum,  a large  folio  containing  382  pages  and  a quarto 
containing  450.  They  form  a valuable  record  of  the 
ownership,  extent,  and  value  of  the  lands  of  England  (1) 
at  the  time  of  the  survey,  (2)  at  the  date  of  bestowal 
when  they  had  been  granted  by  the  king,  and  (3)  at  the 
time  of  Edward  the  Confessor;  the  numbers  of  tenants 
and  dependents,  amount  of  live  stock,  etc.,  were  also  re- 
turned. The  book  was  long  kept  under  three  different 
locks  in  the  exchequer,  along  with  the  king's  seal,  but  is 
now  kept  in  the  Public  .Record  Office.  In  1783  an  edi- 
tion, printed  from  types  made  for  the  purpose,  was  is- 
sued by  the  British  government.  The  counties  of  North- 
umberland, Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  and  Durham 
were  not  included  in  the  survey.  There  existed  also 
local  doomsday  books. 

Doon  (don).  A river  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
which  flows  through  Loch  Doon  and  falls  into 
the  Firth  of  Clyde  2 miles  south  of  Ayr.  It  is 
celebrated  in  the  poetry  of  Burns.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Doornick  (dor'nik).  The  Flemish  name  of 
Tournay,  Belgium,  whence  the  English  word 
dornick.  See  Tournay. 

Dor.  See  Bongo. 

Dora  (do'ra).  1.  A play  by  Sardou,  produced 
in  1877,  and  played  in  English  imder  the  title 
“ Diplomacy.” — 2.  A poem  by  Lord  Tennyson. 
Dora  Baltea  (do'ra.  bal'ta-a).  A tributary  of 
the  Po  in  Piedmont,  Italy.  It  rises  in  the  Mont 
Blanc  group,  and  joins  the  Po  eastof  Turin.  Length,  about 
100  miles. 

Dora  d’lstria  (do'ra  des'tre-a),  pseudonym  of 
Helene  Ghika,  Princess  Koltzoff  Massalsky. 
Born  at  Bukharest,  Rumania,  Feb.  3 (N.  S.), 
1828 : died  at  Florence,  Nov.  17, 1888.  A Ruma- 
nian writer.  Among  her  works  are  “La  vie  monas- 
tique  dans  l’dglise  orientate ’’  (1855),  “La  Suisse  alle- 
mande”  (1856),  “Les  femmes  en  Orient”  (1860),  “Des 
femmes  par  uue  femme  ” (1864),  etc. 

Dorado  (do-ra'do).  A small  southern  constel- 
lation, created  by  Bayer,  north  of  the  great 
Magellanic  cloud. 

Dorado,  El.  See  El  Dorado. 

Dorak-el-Atik  (dS'rak-el-a-tek').  A town  in 
the  province  of  Khuzistan,  Persia,  situated 
about  lat.  30°  40'  N.,  long.  49°  E.  Population, 
estimated,  6,000-12,000. 

Doralice(do-ra-le'che).  1.  A tale,  an  old  form  of 
the  Cinderella  story,  in  Straparola’s  “Nights,” 
i.  4. — 2.  The  daughter  of  the  King  of  Granada 
in  Ariosto’s  “ Orlando  Furioso.”  She  becomes  the 
wife  of  Mandricardo,  but  is  also  loved  by  Rodomont,  to 
whom  she  had  been  betrothed.  After  the  death  of  Man- 
dricardo she  is  willing  to  give  herself  to  his  victor  Rogero. 
3.  An  opera  by  Mercadante,  first  produced  at 
Vienna  in  1824.— 4 (dor'a-lis).  The  wife  of 
Rhodophil  in  Dryden’s  comedy  “ Marriage  a la 
Mode,”  remarkable  for  her  brilliant  philosophy 
of  flirtation  in  the  last  act. 

Doran  (do'ran),  John.  Born  at  London,  March 
11,  1807:  died  at  London,  Jan.  25,  1878.  An 
English  journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer. 


334 

He  was  editor  of  “ Notes  and  Queries  ” from  1869  until  his 
death.  His  works  include  “ Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Eng- 
land of  the  House  of  Hanover"  (1855),  and  “Their  Majes- 
ties’ Servants  ” (1860). 

Dorante  (do-roiit' ).  The  name  of  three  courtly 
and  witty  gallants,  somewhat  differing  in  char- 
acteristics, in  Moliere’s  comedies  “Le  bour- 
geois gentilhomme”  (where  he  is  a count  en- 
amoured of  the  Marquise  Dorimene),  “ L’Ecole 
des  femmes,”  and  “Les  facheux.” 

Dorante.  The  Liar  in  Corneille’s  comedy  “Le 
menteur.”  He  surpasses  even  the  women  of  the  play 
in  dissimulation.  He  seems  to  lie  in  a spirited  manner  for 
the  sake  of  lying,  not  from  self-interest.  In  the  sequel 
to  “The  Liar  " (“Suite  du  menteur")  he  has  reformed. 

Dora  Riparia  (do'ra  re-pa're-a).  A head 
stream  of  the  Po,  which  it  joins  near  Turin. 
Dora  Spenlow.  See  Spenlow,  Dora. 

Dorastus  and  Fawnia.  See  Pandosto.  Dorastus 
is  the  original  of  Shakspere's  Florizel  in  “ The  Winter’s 
Tale.” 

Dorat,  or  Daurat  (do-ra'),  Jean,  L.  Auratus. 

Born  at  Limoges,  France,  about  1508:  died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  1,  1588.  A French  poet  and 
scholar,  a member  of  the  “Pleiade,”  called  by 
his  contemporaries  “the  modern  Pindar.”  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  Greek  in  the  Royal 
College  in  1560. 

Dorax  (do'raks).  A renegade  in  Dryden’s  tra- 
gedy “Don  Sebastian”:  a noble  Portuguese, 
formerly  Don  Alonzo  de  Sylvera,  governor  of 
Alcazar.  He  has  been  thought  to  be  the  best 
of  Dryden’s  tragic  characters. 

D’Orbigny,  Alcide.  See  Orbigny. 

Dorcas  (dor'kas).  [Gr.  do/wor,  gazelle.]  In  the 
New  Testament  (Acts  ix.  36),  a woman  who 
was  full  of  good  deeds,  and  made  coats  and  gar- 
ments for  the  poor;  hence  a Dorcas  Society,  a 
society  for  supplying  the  poor  with  garments. 
Dorcas.  In  Shakspere’s  “Winter’s  Tale,”  a 
shepherdess. 

Dorcas  Zeal.  See  Zeal. 

Dorchester  (dor'ehes-ter).  [ME.  * Dorchestre, 
AS.  Dornwara  coaster,  city  of  the  people  of 
Dorset;  from  Dorn-ssete,  Dor  sate,  Dorset.  See 
Dorset.']  The  chief  town  of  Dorset,  England, 
situated  on  the  Frome  in  lat.  50°  44'  N.,  long. 
2°  27'  W. : the  ancient  Durnovaria.  The  remains 
of  a Roman  amphitheater  and  other  antiquities  are  in  the 
vicinity.  It  was  the  scene  of  Jetfreys’s  " bloody  assize,” 
1685.  Population,  9,458. 

Dorchester.  [ME.  Dorchestre,  Dorcestre,  AS. 
Dorceaster,  Dorce-ceaster,  Dorces  ceaster,  Dorca- 
ceaster  (ML.  reflex  Durocastrum).]  A village 
in  Oxfordshire,  England,  situated  near  Oxford, 
important  in  the  early  middle  ages. 
Dorchester.  Formerly  a town  of  N orf oik  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  Massachusetts 
Bay  4 miles  south  of  Boston.  It  was  annexed 
to  Boston  in  1870. 

Dorchester,  Baron.  See  Carleton. 

Dordogne  (dor-don';  F.  pron.  dor-dony').  1. 
A river  of  France  which  joins  the  Garonne  14 
miles  north  of  Bordeaux.  Length,  305  miles ; 
navigable  for  steamships  to  Libourne. — 2.  A 
department  of  France,  lying  between  Haute- 
Vienne  on  the  north,  Correze  and  Lot  on  the 
east,  Lot-et-Garonne  on  the  south,  and  Cha- 
rente,  Charente-iiifcrieure,  and  Gironde  on  the 
west.  It  is  noted  for  its  production  of  minerals,  wines, 
and  truffles.  Capital,  P(Srigueux.  It  corresponds  to  the 
former  P^rigord  and  parts  of  Limousin,  Angoumois,  and 
Saintonge.  Area,  3,550  square  miles.  Population, 
447,052. 

Dordrecht  (dor'drecht),  or  Dort  (dort).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, situated  on  an  island  of  the  Maas  11 
miles  southeast  of  Rotterdam.  It  is  a seaport, 
and  has  extensive  trade  in  timber.  It  contains  a museum 
and  the  Groote  Kerk.  It  was  built  in  the  11th  century, 
and  is  reputed  to  be  the  oldest  city  in  the  Netherlands. 
Dordrecht  was  the  leading  Dutch  commercial  center  in 
the  middle  ages  ; the  independence  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces was  declared  here  in  1572 ; it  was  the  seat  of  the 
Synod  of  Dort  (which  see)  1618-19.  Population,  com- 
mune, 45.723. 

Dore,  Mont.  See  Mont  Dore. 

Dore  (do-ra'),  Paul  Gustave.  Born  at  Stras- 
burg,  Jan.  6,  1832 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23, 1883. 
A French  artist.  From  1848,  when  he  made  his  first 
series  of  sketches  for  the  “Journal  pour  Rire,”  he  exe- 
cuted a great  number  of  designs,  paintings,  and  statues, 
and  in  1850  had  made  his  reputation.  In  1861  he  was  dec- 
orated with  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  illus- 
trated “tEuvres  de  Rabelais"  (1854),  “L^gende  du  Juif 
errant”  (1856),  “Contes  drolatiques  de  Balzac"  (1855), 
“ Contes  de  Perrault"  (1861),  “ Essais  de  Montaigne  " (1867), 
“ Voyage  aux  Pyr^ndes  de  M.  Taine  ’’  (1869),  “ Divina  Corn- 
media  de  Dante”  (1861),  “Don  Quichotte”  (1863),  “The 
Bible  ” (1865-66),  “ Fables  de  La  Fontaine  ” (1867),  Tenny- 
son’s poems  “Elaine ’’and  “Vivien ”(1866-68),  etc.  Among 
his  oil-paintings  are  “ Paolo  and  Francesca  da  Rimini,” 
“Rebel  Angels  cast  down”  (1866),  “Gambling-Hall  at 


Dornbirn 

Baden-Baden,”  “The  Neophyte”  (1868),  “The  Triumph 
of  Christianity,”  “ Christ  leaving  the  Pnetorium,  ’ etc. 
Doria  (do're-a),  Andrea.  Born  at  Oneglia, 
Italy,  Nov.  30,  1468 : died  at  Genoa,  Nov. 
25,  1560.  A celebrated  Genoese  admiral  and 
statesman.  He  was  styled  the  “Liberator  of  Genoa,” 
which  he  freed  from  the  French  in  1528.  He  served  with 
distinction  against  the  Turks,  and  achieved  the  cap- 
ture of  Tunis  in  1535.  There  is  a celebrated  portrait  of 
him,  by  Sebastiano  del  Piombo,  in  the  Palazzo  Doria, 
Rome. 

Doria  Palace.  See  Palazzo  Doria. 

Doricourt  (dor'i-kort).  A brilliant  man  of  the 
world  in  Mrs.  Cowley’s  comedy  “The  Belle’s 
Stratagem.”  His  wit,  humor,  and  courtliness  make 
him  the  fashion,  while  his  taste  for  French  piquancy  ren- 
ders  him  impervious  to  the  charm  of  English  beauty. 
See  Hardy , Loetitia. 

Dorigen  (dor'i-gen).  In  Chaucer’s  “Frank- 
lin’s Tale,”  the  faithful  wife  of  Arviragus.  She 
was  beloved  by  Aurelius,  “a  lusty  squire,”  and  to  escape 
his  importunity  said  she  would  never  listen  to  him  till 
all  the  rocks  on  the  sea-shore  were  removed.  He  having 
by  magic  removed  them,  Arviragus  sacrificed  her  to  her 
promise.  When  Aurelius  beheld  her  gentle  obedience  to 
her  husband’s  overstrained  sense  of  honor,  he  gave  her 
back  her  word.  Chaucer  took  the  story  from  Boccaccio’s 
“Dianora  and  Gilberto.” 

Dorimant  (dor'i-mant).  In  Etlierege’s  comedy 
“ The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter,”  a 
witty  and  fashionable  libertine,  intended  as 
a portrait  of  the  Earl  of  Rochester. 

Dorimene  (do-re-man').  1.  In  Moliere’s  “Le 
cocu  imaginaire,”  the  wife  of  Sganarelle.  A Do- 
rimtne  is  also  introduced  in  a later  play,  “ Le  mariage 
force,”  where  she  consents  to  marry  Sganarelle,  who  is 
much  older  than  she,  with  the  intention  of  deceiving  him. 
2.  A lady  of  rank  in  Moliere’s  comedy  “Le 
bourgeois  gentilhomme,”  loved  by  Dorante. 
Dorinda  (do-rin'dii).  1.  In  Guarini’s  “ Pastor 
Fido,”  an  impulsive,  passionate  girl.  Also 
Dorine. — 2.  The  sister  of  Miranda  in  Dryden 
and  Davenant’s  version  of  “ The  Tempest.” 
Like  Miranda,  she  has  seen  no  man  but  her 
father. — 3.  In  Farquhar’s  comedy  “ The  Beaux’ 
Stratagem,”  the  daughter  of  Lady  Bountiful. 
She  falls  in  love  with  and  marries  Aimwell, 
whose  stratagem  to  win  a rich  wife  thus  suc- 
ceeds. 

Dorine  (do-ren').  1.  See  Dorinda,  1. — 2.  In 
Moliere’s  comedy  “ Tartufe,”  the  caustic  but 
faithful  waiting-woman  of  Marianne.  This 
name  was  given  in  the  old  French  theatrical 
nomenclature  to  an  intriguing  soubrette. 
Doris  (do'ris).  [Gr.  Augic.]  1.  In  classical  my- 
thology, the  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys. 
She  married  her  brother  Nereus,  and  her  fifty  daughters 
were  called  the  Nereides.  The  name  Doris  is  sometimes 
given  to  the  sea  by  the  poets,  as  by  Vergil. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  48)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt at  Paris,  Sept.  19,  1857. 

Doris.  [Gr.  Auprc.]  In  ancient  geography : (a) 
A territory  of  central  Greece,  surrounded 
by  Phocis,  Locris,  iEtolia,  and  Malls : a valley 
between  CEt.a  and  Parnassus,  (b)  A part  Of 
the  coast  of  Caria,  Asia  Minor. 

Dorking  (dor'king).  A town  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, 22  miles  southwest  of  London,  it  is  famous 
for  its  breed  of  fowls,  and  is  the  scene  of  the  fictitious 
“ Battle  of  Dorking  ” (which  see).  Population,  7,670. 

Dorking,  Battle  of.  (“  The  Battle  of  Dorking, 
or  Reminiscences  of  a Volunteer.”)  An  im- 
aginary narrative  of  an  invasion  and  conquest 
of  England  by  a foreign  army,  written  by  Gen- 
eral Sir  George  T.  Chesney  in  1871.  It  called  at- 
tention  to  the  need  of  an  improved  system  of  national 
defense,  and  attracted  much  notice. 

Dorleans,  or  D’Orleans  (dor-la-on'),  Louis. 
Born  at  Paris,  1542:  died  at  Paris,  1629.  A 
French  poet  and  satirist.  In  1594  be  was  prose- 
cuted by  Henry  IV.,  and  fled  to  Antwerp,  remaining  in 
exile  nine  years. 

Dormitor  (dor-me-tor'),  or  Durmitor  (dor-me- 
tor').  The  highest  summit  in  the  mountains 
of  Montenegro.  Height,  8,294  feet. 

Dorn  (dorn),  Heinrich  Ludwig  Edmund.  Born 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  14,  1804 : died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  10, 1892.  A German  operatic  com- 
poser, conductor  of  the  Royal  Opera  in  Berlin 
1847-68.  His  chief  opera  is  “Die  Nibelungen” 
(1854). 

Dorn,  Johann  Albrecht  Bernhard.  Born  at 

Scheuerfeld,  Coburg,  Germany,  May  11,  1805 : 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  31,  1881.  A Ger- 
man Orientalist,  professor  (1835),  and  later 
(1843)  chief  librarian  of  the  imperial  public 
library  at  St.  Petersburg.  His  works  include  “ His- 
tory of  the  Afghans”  (1829-36),  “Uber  die  Sprache  der 
Afghanen  ’’  (1840),  “ Chrestomathy  of  the  Pushtu  or  Af- 
ghan Language"  (1847),  “Caspia"  (1875),  etc. 

Dornbirn  (dorn'bern).  A town  in  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  near  Lake  Con- 
stance 7 miles  south  of  Bregenz.  Population, 
commune,  16,241,  (1910). 


Dorner 

Dorner  (dor'ner),  Isaak  August.  Born  at 
Neuhausen,  near  Tuttlingen,  Wiirtemberg, 
June  20,  1809:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  Prussia, 
July  8,  1884.  A noted  German  Protestant  the- 
ologian, professor  at  Berlin  from  1862.  His  chief 
works  are  " Entwickelungsgeschichte  der  Lehre  von  der 
Person  Christi"  (1839,  1845-56;  “History  of  the  Develop- 
ment  of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Person  of  Christ,”  1859), 
“Geschichte  derprotestantischen  Theologie  ” (1867),  “Sys- 
tem der  christlichen  Glaubenslehre  ’’ (1880-81). 

Dornoch  (dor'noch).  The  capital  of  the  county 
of  Sutherland,  Scotland,  situated  on  Dornoch 
Firth  in  lat.  57°  53'  N.  It  contains  a cathedral. 
Dornroschen  (dorn'res-chen).  [G.,  ‘little 
thorn-rose.’]  The  German  name  of  “ The 
Sleeping  Beauty”  (which  see). 

Domton  (dfim'ton),  Harry.  The  son  of  Old 
Dornton  in  Holcroft’s  ‘ ‘ Road  to  Ruin.”  His  ex- 
ploits give  the  name  to  the  play.  He  is  saved  from  ruin 
by  Sulky,  his  father’s  friend. 

Domton,  Old.  A fond,  confiding,  but  justly  of- 
fended father  in  Holcroft’s  “Road  to  Ruin.” 
Dorogobush  (do-ro-go-bosh').  A town  in  the 
government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Dnieper  in  lat.  54°  55'N.,  long.  33°  15'  E. 
Population,  6/700. 

Dorogoie,  or  Dorohoiu  (do-ro-ho'e).  A town 
in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  in  lat.  48°  N., 
long.  26°  22'  E.  Population,  12,690. 

Doron  (do  ron).  A character  in  Greene’s 
“ Menaphon,”  which  Simpson,  in  his  “School 
of  Shakespeare,”  attempted  to  identify  with 
Shakspere. 

Dorotea  (do-ro-ta' a).  [‘Dorothea.’]  A dra- 
matic prose  romance  by  Lope  de  Vega,  writ- 
ten in  his  youth,  but  revised  by  him  with  care, 
and  first  printed  in  1632.  He  calls  it  “the  most 
beloved  of  his  works.”  The  career  of  the  hero  Fernando 
is  to  some  degree  autobiographical. 

Dorothea  (dor-o-the'd).  [Gr.  Aupodta,  gift  of 
God;  F.  Dorothee , It.  Sp.  Dorotea , Pg.  Dorothea, 
G.  Dorothea.  Diminutive,  Dol  or  Dolly.']  1.  A 
virgin  martyr.  She  was  tortured  and  decapitated  in 
the  persecution  of  Diocletian.  Her  festival  is  celebrated 
Feb.  6 in  the  Roman  Church.  She  was  said  to  have  sent 
roses  and  apples  miraculously  from  paradise  to  a doubt- 
ing spectator  of  her  martyrdom,  Theophilus,  who  jestingly 
asked  her  to  do  so.  He  was  converted  by  this  miracle, 
tortured,  and  afterward  decapitated.  Dorothea  was  intro- 
duced as  a character  of  much  grace  and  tenderness  by 
Massinger  and  Dekker  in  “ The  Virgin  Martyr.” 

2.  A very  beautiful  and  unfortunate  woman  in 
an  episode  of  Cervantes’s  “Don  Quixote.” — 3. 
The  principal  female  character  in  Goethe’s 
poem  “Hermann  und  Dorothea.” — 4.  The 
“peerless  Queen  of  Scots”  in  Greene’s  play 
“ James  the  Fourth.”  She  escapes  from  her  unfaith- 
ful husband  in  man’s  attire.  War  is  made  on  account  of 
her  disappearance,  and  she  returns  and  gives  herself  up 
to  insure  peace  for  her  country. 

5.  In  Fletcher’s  comedy  “Monsieur  Thomas,” 
a bright,  affectionate  English  girl,  the  sister  of 
Monsieur  Thomas. — 6.  See  Dorotea. 
Dorothea.  A vessel  which  was  sent  under  com- 
mand of  Captain  Buchan,  with  the  Trent  under 
Franklin,  in  1818,  on  an  expedition  to  the  Arc- 
tic regions. 

Dorothea  Brooke.  See  Brooke. 

DorothetlS  (do-ro'the-us).  Lived  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury. A jurist  in  Berytus,  Syria : one  of  the 
compilers  of  Justinian’s  “Digest.” 

Dorozsma  (do'rozh-mo),  or  Dorosma  (do'rosh- 
mo).  A town  in  the  county  of  Csongrdd,  Hun- 
gary, 4 miles  northwest  of  Szegedin.  Popula- 
tion, 15,014. 

Dorp  (dorp).  A manufacturing  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wup- 
per  17  miles  northeast  of  Cologne:  united 
Jan.  1,  1889,  with  Solingen. 

Dorpat  (dor'piit),  or  Dorpt  (derpt).  [Russ. 
Derpt,  ORuss.  Yurief,  Esthonian  Tartolin .] 
A city  in  the  government  of  Livonia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Embach  in  lat.  58°  24'  N.,  long. 
26°  42'  E.  it  is  noted  for  its  university  (founded  by 
Gustavus  Adolphus  in  1632),  which  contains  a celebrated 
observatory  and  a library  of  over  400,000  volumes  and 
pamphlets.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Teutonic  Order  in 
the  13th  century,  and  in  the  14th  century  became  one  of 
the  Hanse  towns.  Population,  43,700. 

Dorr  (dor),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Salisbury, 
Mass.,  March  22,  1796:  died  at  Germantown, 
Pa.,  Sept.  18,  1869.  An  American  clergyman 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  was 
rector  of  Christ  Church,  Philadelphia,  from  1837  until  his 
death  His  works  include  “The  History  of  a Pocket 
Prayer-Book,  Written  by  Itself,"  “ A Memoir  of  John 
Fanning  Watson,”  etc. 

Dorr,  Thomas  Wilson.  Bom  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Nov.  5,  1805:  died  there,  Dec.  27,  1854. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  a member  of  the 
assembly  of  Rhode  Island  1833-37 ; was  the  leader  of 
“ Dorr’s  rebellion  ” (which  see) ; was  elected  governor  by 
the  “Suffrage  party  ” in  1842  ; was  convicted  of  high  trea- 
son and  sentenced  to  perpetual  imprisonment  in  1844 ; 


335 

was  released  under  a general  anyiesty  act  in  1847  ; and 
was  restored  to  his  civil  rights  in  1851. 

Dorrego  ( dor-ra'go ),  Manuel.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1787 : died  there,  Dec.  13, 1828.  An  Ar- 
gentine statesman.  In  Aug.,  1827,  he  was  elected 
governor  of  Buenos  Ayres.  His  efforts  to  establish  aeon- 
federation  of  the  provinces  were  at  first  successful,  and 
the  war  with  Brazil  was  brought  to  a close  (1828),  both 
countries  recognizing  the  independence  of  Uruguay.  The 
revolt  of  Lavalle  drove  Dorrego  from  Buenos  Ayres : he 
was  defeated  in  an  attempt  to  recover  the  city,  captured, 
and  shot  without  trial. 

Dorriforth  (dor'i-forth).  In  Mrs.  Inchbald’s 
“Simple  Story,”  a Roman  Catholic  priest.  He 
is  the  guardian  of  Miss  Milner  who  falls  in  love  with  him. 
He  becomes  the  Earl  of  Elmwood,  is  released  from  his 
vows,  and  marries  her. 

Dorrit  (dor'it),  Amy,  called  Little  Dorrit. 

In  Charles  Dickens’s  “ Little  Dorrit,”  the  un- 
selfish daughter  of  the  debtor  William  Dorrit, 
born  in  prison. 

Dorrit,  William.  The  father  of  Little  Dorrit, 
in  Charles  Dickens’s  story  of  that  name:  a 
weak,  selfish,  good-looking  man  confined  in  the 
Marshalsea  prison  for  a long  time  for  debt,  and 
hence  called  “The  Father  of  the  Marshalsea.” 
Dorr  Rebellion,  The.  In  United  States  history, 
a revolutionary  movement  under  the  leadership 
of  T.  W.  Dorr  to  introduce  a new  State  consti- 
tution in  Rhode  Island.  It  was  caused  by  dissatis- 
faction with  the  existing  fundamental  law  (a  charter 
granted  by  Charles  II.  in  1663),  which  placed  a heavy 
property  qualification  on  the  suffrage.  A party,  the  so- 
called  Suffrage  party,  was  organized  under  the  leadership 
of  T.  W.  Dorr  in  1840.  It  held  a mass-meeting  at  Provi- 
dence July  5,  1841,  and  authorized  the  calling  of  a con- 
stitutional convention,  which  met  at  Providence  Oct.  4, 
1841.  The  constitution  proposed  hv  this  convention  was 
submitted  to  the  people  Dee.  27-29, 1841,  and  received  a ma- 
jority (?)  of  the  popular  vote.  A government  with  Doit  at 
its  head  was  elected  under  this  constitution  April  18, 1842. 
It  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  seize  the  arsenal  at 
Providence  May  18,  1842,  and  was  dispersed  June  25,  1842. 

D’Orsay.  See  Orsay. 

Dorset  (dor'set).  [ME.  Dorsete,  AS.  Dorseete, 
Dornsmte,  prop,  the  name  of  the  inhabitants, 
from  dorn-,  dor-,  W.  dv.fr,  water,  and  ssete,  set- 
tlers.] A county  of  England,  lying  between 
Somerset  and  Wilts  on  the  north,  Hants  on  the 
east,  the  English  Channel  on  the  south,  and 
Devonshire  and  Somerset  on  the  west,  it  is  trav- 
ersed by  chalk  downs,  and  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  sheep. 
It  contains  many  British  and  Roman  antiquities.  Area 
(ad.  co.),  977  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  202,936. 

Dorset,  Earl  of.  See  Sackville. 

Dort.  See  Dordrecht. 

Dort  (dort),  Synod  of.  An  assembly  of  the 
Reformed  Church  of  the  Netherlands,  with 
delegates  from  England  and  other  countries, 
convened  by  the  State  s-General  for  the  purpose 
of  deciding  the  Arminian  controversy,  and  held 
at  Dort  (Dordrecht)  1618-19.  It  condemned  the 
doctrines  of  the  Arminians  or  Remonstrants. 
Dortmund  (dort'mond).  A city  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Eni- 
scher  in  lat.  51°  31'  N.,  long.  7°  28'  E.  it  is  the 
centerof  a mining  region,  and  has  manufactures  of  railway 
machinery,  etc.  It  was  mentioned  in  the  9th  century, 
and  was  a free  imperial  city  and  Hanseatic  town,  and  the 
seat  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  Velimgericht.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1815.  Population,  212,862,  (1910). 
Dorus  (do'rus).  [Gr.  Aupof.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  ancestor  of  the  Dorians,  generally  rep- 
resented as  the  son  of  Hellen  by  the  nymph 
Orseis. 

Dorus,  In  Sidney’s  romance  “Arcadia,”  the 
name  under  which  Musidorus,  in  the  disguise  of 
a shepherd,  pretends  to  love  Mopsa. 

Dorus,  Prince.  See  Prince  Dorus. 

Dory  (do'ri),  Jolm.  1.  See  John  Dory. — 2.  A 
vociferous  and  faithful  servant  of  Sir  George 
Thunder,  in  O’Keefe’s  “Wild  Oats.” 
Dorylseum  (dor-i-le'um).  [Gr.  AopvXaeov.]  The 
ancient  name  of  Eski-Shehr  (which  see).  Here, 
July  1,  1097,  the  Crusaders  under  Bohemond,  Tancred, 
Robert  of  Normandy,  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  and  others,  de- 
feated Soliman,  the  Turkish  sultan  of  Iconium. 

Doryphorus.  See  Polycletus. 

Dositheans  (dd-sith'e-anz).  A Samaritan  sect, 
named  from  Dositheus,  a false  Messiah,  who 
appeared  about  the  time  of  Christ.  The  sect, 
though  small  in  numbers,  existed  for  several  centuries. 
Dost  Mohammed  Khan(dostm6-ham'edkhiin). 
Born  about  1770 : died  June  9,  1863.  Amir  of 
Kabul.  He  ascended  the  throne  in  1826.  In  1839  the 
India  government,  being  determined  to  chastise  him  on 
account  of  his  refusal  to  become  an  ally  of  the  British, 
sent  an  army  into  Afghanistan,  drove  him  from  his  throne, 
and  placed  Shah  Shujah  upon  it.  In  1841  an  insurrection 
broke  out  in  Kabul,  and  in  1842  the  British  army  was  mas- 
sacred in  its  retreat.  This  was  followed  by  a second  in- 
vasion by  the  British,  who  decided  to  reinstate  Dost  Mo- 
hammed (1842).  He  captured  Herat  from  the  Persians  in 
1863. 

Dostoyevsky  (dos-to-yef'ske),  Peodor  Mi- 
khailovitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Oct.  30, 


Doubs 

1821:  died  Feb.  12,  1881.  A Russian 
novelist  and  journalist.  He  was  arrested  for  par- 
j ticipation  in  a conspiracy  in  1849,  and  condemned  to 
death.  His  sentence  was  commuted  to  exile,  and  he  was 
pardoned  on  the  accession  of  Alexander  II.  His  works 
include  “The  Poor  People"  (1846),  “The  Degraded  and 
Insulted”  (1861),  “Memoirs  from  the  House  of  Death,” 
also  published  as  “Buried  Alive”  (his  memories  of  Si- 
beria, 1858),  “Crime  and  Punishment”  (1866),  etc. 

Dot  (dot).  See  Peerybingle,  Mrs. 

Dothan  (do-than').  In  Scripture  geography,  a 
place  in  Samaria,  Palestine,  situated  10  miles 
north  of  Sheehem. 

Dotheboys  Hall  (do'the-boiz  hal).  [‘Do-the- 
boys  Hall’;  implying  that  the  boys  are  taken 
in  and  ‘done  for.’]  The  Yorkshire  school  in 
Dickens’s  “ Nicholas  Nickleby,”  kept  by  Mr. 
Squeers,  in  which  Nicholas  served  a short  time 
as  an  under-master.  The  exposure  of  the  methods  of 
schools  of  this  class  by  Dickens  led  to  the  reformation  or 
abolition  of  many  of  them. 

Dotterel  (dot'ter-el),  Mrs.  A character  in  Gar- 
rick’s play  “The  Male  Coquette.” 

Douai,  or  Douay  (do-a').  [L.  DuacumJ,  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Scarpe  18  miles  south  of  Lille. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress.  In  the  middle 
ages  it  belonged  to  the  counts  of  Flanders,  and  after  1384 
to  the  dukes  of  Burgundy.  It  formed  part  of  the  Spanish 
Netherlands  and  was  conquered  by  the  French  in  1667. 
It  contained  (1562-1793)  a Roman  Catholic  university 
founded  by  Philip  II.,  and  has  a noted  seminary  for  Eng- 
lish priests,  founded  in  1560.  At  Douai  was  printed  the 
English  version  of  the  Bible  for  Roman  Catholics.  It  has 
manufactories  of  cotton,  linen,  lace,  paper,  leather,  em- 
broideries, delftware,  glass,  salt,  etc.,  and  contains  a num- 
ber of  breweries  and  distilleries.  Pop.,  commune,  33,247. 

Douarnenez  (dwar-ne-na').  A seaport  in  the 
department  of  Finistere,  France,  21  miles  south- 
east of  Brest.  It  is  noted  for  its  sardine  fish- 
eries. Population,  commune,  13,568. 

Douay.  See  Douai. 

Douay  (do-a'),  Charles  Abel.  Born  at  Besan- 
con,  France,  March,  1809 : killed  at  the  battle  of 
Weissenburg,  Aug.  4, 1870.  A French  general, 
distinguished  at  the  storming  of  the  Malakoff 
in  1855,  and  at  Solferino  in  1859. 

Douay,  Felix  Charles.  Born  at  Besan§on, 
France,  Aug.  24,  1816:  died  at  Paris,  May  4, 
1879.  A French  general,  brother  of  Charles 
Abel  Douay,  distinguished  at  Sedan  in  1870,  and 
in  the  struggle  with  the  Communists  in  1871. 
Douban  (do-ban').  In  the  story  of  “The  Greek 
King  and  Douban  the  Physician,”  in  “The 
Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments,”  a physician 
who  cures  the  king  of  leprosy.  Believing  him  to 
be  a traitor,  the  king  orders  his  execution.  Douban  gives 
the  king  a book,  assuring  him  that  his  head,  after  it  is  cut 
off,  will  answer  any  questions  if  he  will  first  read  a certain 
line  on  the  sixth  page.  The  pages  are  poisoned,  and  the 
king,  moistening  his  fingers  to  turn  them,  instantly  dies. 
Scott  introduces  a royal  slave  and  physician  of  this  name 
in  “Count  Robert  of  Paris.” 

Doubleday  (dub'l-da),  Abner.  Born  at  Ball- 
ston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  June  26,  1819 : died  at  Mend- 
ham,  N.  J.,  Jan.  26,  1893.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842  ; served  in  the 
Mexican  war ; was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the 
Union  army  Feb.  3, 1862  ; commanded  a division  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Antietam,  Sept.  17, 1862  ; and  was  made  major-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  Nov.  29,  1862. 

Doubleday,  Edward.  Born  at  Epping,  1811 : 
died  at  London,  Dec.  14,  1849.  An  English 
naturalist.  He  was  appointed  an  assistant  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  in  1839,  with  special  charge  of  the  collections 
of  butterflies  and  moths.  His  chief  work  is  ‘ * On  the  Gen- 
era of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera.” 

Double  Dealer,  The.  A comedy  by  Congreve, 
produced  in  1693.  See  McLskwell. 

Double  Falsehood,  The.  A play  published  by 
Theobald  in  1728  as  by  Shakspere.  It  is  founded 

on  the  story  of  Cardenio  in  Don  Quixote,”  and  is  thought 
to  have  been  very  probably  written  by  Shirley.  Ward. 

Double  Gallant,  The,  or  The  Sick  Lady’s 
Cure.  A comedy  produced  in  1707,  compiled 
by  Colley  Cibber  from  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  “Love 
at  a Venture”  (which  owed  something  to 
Thomas  Corneille’s  “Le  galant  double”)  and 
Burnaby’s  “The  Lady’s  Visiting  Day”  and 
“The  Reformed  Wife.” 

Double  Marriage,  The.  A tragedy  by  Fletcher, 
assisted  by  Massinger,  apparently  produced 
after  Burbage’s  death,  which  took  place  in 
March,  1619.  It  was  printed  in  1647. 

Doubs  (do).  [L.  Dubis.2  1.  A river  of  east- 

ern France  which  joins  the  Saone  at  Verdun. 
Length,  267  miles. — 2.  A department  of  east- 
ern France,  lying  between  Haute-Saone  and 
Belfort  on  the  north,  Switzerland  on  the  east 
and  south,  and  Jura  and  Haute-Saone  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Jura.  Capital,  Besancon. 
The  department  was  formed  from  part  of  the  ancient 
F’ranche-Comtd.  Area,  2,052  square  miles.  Population, 
298,438. 


Doubs,  Falls  of  the 

Doubs,  Falls  of  the.  [F.  Saut  du  Doubs.]  A 
noted  cataract  in  the  Doubs,  on  the  border  of 
France  and  Switzerland,  13  miles  northwest  of 
Neuchatel.  Height,  86  feet. 

Doubtful  Heir,  The.  A romantic  comedy  by 
Shirley,  originally  produced  at  Dublin  under 
the  title  of  “ Rosania,  or  Love’s  Victory,”  and 
licensed  in  1640  under  that  name. 

Doubting  Castle.  The  abode  of  Giant  De- 
spair, in  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress,”  in 
which  he  locked  up  Christian  and  Hopeful. 
Douce  (dous),  Francis.  Born  at  London,  1757 : 
died  at  London,  March  30, 1834.  An  English  an- 
tiquarian. He  was  for  a time  keeper  of  the  manuscripts 
in  the  British  Museum,  in  which  capacity  he  took  part  in 
cataloguing  the  Lansdowne  MSS.,  and  in  revising  the  cata- 
logue of  Harleiau  MSS.  Having  been  left  one  of  the  re- 
siduary legatees  of  the  sculptor  Nollekens  in  1823,  he  came 
into  possession  of  a competent  fortune,  which  enabled  him 
to  make  a fine  collection  of  books,  manuscripts,  prints, 
and  coins.  This  collection  was  bequeathed  to  the  Bodleian 
Library.  His  chief  work  is  “ Illustrations  of  Shakspere  ” 
(1807). 

Dougal(do'gal).  A wild,  shock-headed  follower 
of  Rob  Roy,  in  Scott’s  novel  of  that  name. 
Doughty  (do'ti),  Thomas.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, July  19, 1793:  died  at  New  York,  July 
24,  1856.  Aji  American  landscape-painter. 
Douglas  (dug'las).  A tragedy  by  the  Rev. 
John  Home,  first  produced  in  Edinburgh  Dec. 
14, 1756.  It  is  partly  founded  on  a Scottish 
ballad,  “Childe  Maurice.”  See  Norval. 

“Douglas”  was  first  produced  upon  the  regular  stage 
on  the  14th  of  December,  1756,  at  the  Canongate  Theatre 
(of  which  there  is  no  sign  now),  in  Play-house  Close,  200 
Canongate.  According  to  tradition,  however — and  very 
misty  tradition  — it  was  performed  privately  some  time 
before  at  the  lodgings  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Warde,  a professional 
actress,  who  lived  in  Horse  Wynd,  near  the  foot  of  the 
Canongate,  and  with  the  following  most  astonishing  ama- 
teur cast:  Lord  Randolph,  Rev.  Dr.  Robertson  (principal 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh);  Glenalvon,  Dr.  David 
Hume  (historian);  Old  Norval,  Rev.  Dr.  Carlyle  (minister 
of  Musselburgh);  Douglas,  Rev.  John  Home  (the  author 
of  the  tragedy);  Lady  Randolph,  Dr.  Ferguson  (professor 
of  moral  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh); 
Anna  (the  Maid),  Rev.  Dr.  Hugh  Blair  (minister  of  the 
High  Church  of  Edinburgh).  Adam  Ferguson  as  Lady 
Randolph  and  Hugh  Blair  as  Anna  must  have  added  an 
unexpectedly  comic  element  to  the  tragedy.  It  is  not 
more  than  justice  to  say  that  Dugald  Stewart,  the  biog- 
rapher of  Principal  Robertson,  asserts  that  the  Randolph 
of  this  cast  “never  entered  a play-house  in  his  life.” 

Hutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  28. 

Douglas  (dug'las).  1.  A seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Isle  of  Man,  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast  in  lat.  54°  10'  N.,  long.  4°  27'  W.  It  is  a 
noted  watering-place.  Population,  19,223. — 
2.  A village  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  8 miles 
southwest  of  Lanark.  In  the  neighborhood 
are  St.  Bride’s  Church  and  the  ruins  of  old 
Douglas  Castle. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  fourth  Earl  of  Douglas. 
Died  Aug.  17,  1424.  A Scottish  nobleman, 
second  son  of  Archibald,  third  Earl  of  Douglas. 
He  was  captured  by  the  English  in  a border  raid  in  1402, 
and  was  kept  a prisoner  until  1408.  In  1423  he  commanded 
a Scottish  army  sent  to  the  support  of  the  French  against 
the  English,  and  in  the  same  year  was  created  duke  of 
Touraine  by  Charles  VII.  of  France.  He  fell  in  the  battle 
of  Verneuil,  in  France. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  fifth  Earl  of  Angus : sur- 
named  “Bell  the  Cat.”  Died  1514.  A Scot- 
tish nobleman,  son  of  George,  fourth  Earl  of 
Angus.  He  was  one  of  the  disaffected  nobles  who  over- 
threw and  murdered  James  III.’s  favorite,  the  Earl  of 
Mar,  in  1482.  At  a meeting  of  the  nobles  to  concert  a 
plan  of  attack  on  the  favorite.  Lord  Gray  compared  the 
meeting  to  that  of  the  mice  in  the  fable  who  proposed 
to  string  a bell  round  the  cat’s  neck,  and  asked,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  favorite,  “ Who  will  bell  the  cat?”  Douglas 
answered,  “I  will  bell  the  cat”  (whence  his  surname). 
He  was  chancellor  of  the  kingdom  1493-98.  In  Scott’s 
poem  “Marmion”  he  is  represented  as  entertaining  Mar- 
mion  and  Lady  Clare  at  his  castle  by  command  of  the  king. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  sixth  Earl  of  Angus. 
Died,  in  Jan.,  1557.  Grandson  of  the  fifth  earl. 
He  married  in  1514  Margaret,  widow  of  James  IV.  and 
sister  of  Henry  VIII.,  by  whom  he  had  Margaret,  countess 
of  Lennox,  the  mother  of  Damley. 

Douglas,  David.  Born  at  Scone,  Scotland, 
1798;  killed  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  July  12, 
1834.  A Scottish  botanist.  He  visited  the  United 
States  as  botanical  collector  for  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  in  1823,  and  subsequently  made  several  scientific 
journeys  in  America,  spending  the  years  1829-32  chiefly 
in  California.  He  contributed  a number  of  papers  to  scien- 
tific journals. 

Douglas,  Ellen.  The  daughter  of  the  outlawed 
James  Douglas,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  poem 
“The  Lady  of  the  Lake.”  Going  to  Stirling  with 
the  signet  ring  given  her  by  the  Knight  of  Snowdon  (the 
king),  she  obtains  the  pardon  of  father  and  lover,  though 
the  generous  king  himself  had  loved  her  in  disguise. 
Douglas,  Gawain  or  Gavin.  Born  about  1474: 
died  at  London  in  Sept.,  1522.  A Scottish  poet, 
younger  son  of  the  fifth  Earl  of  Angus.  He  ap- 
pears to  have  studied  at  St.  Andrews  1489-94,  and  became 
bishop  of  Dunkeld  in  1515.  He  was  subsequently  ban- 


336 

ished  for  political  reasons,  and  was  well  received  at  the 
court  of  Henry  VIII.'  of  England.  His  chief  work  is  a 
translation  of  the  iEneid  into  Scottish  verse  (1513,  printed 
1553). 

Douglas,  George,  fourth  Earl  of  Angus.  Died 
1462.  A Scottish  nobleman.  He  remained  loyal  to 
James  II.  in  a rising  of  his  kinsmen  against  the  king,  and 
commanded  the  royal  forces  at  the  battle  of  Arkinholm 
May  1,  1455,  in  which  the  insurgents  were  defeated.  He 
received  as  a reward  large  grants  of  land  from  the  confis- 
cated estates,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
position  of  the  earls  of  Angus  as  border  chiefs. 

Douglas,  George.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel 
“ The  Abbot,”  the  seneschal  of  Lochleven  Cas- 
tle during  his  father’s  absence.  Falling  in  love 
with  his  prisoner,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  he  aids  her  es- 
cape, and  dies  at  the  battle  of  Langside. 

Douglas,  Sir  Howard.  Born  at  Gosport,  Eng- 
land, July  1,  1776 : died  at  Tunbridge  Wells, 
England,  Nov.,  1861.  An  English  general  and 
military  writer : author  of  a “ Treatise  on  Naval 
Gunnery”  (1820),  etc. 

Douglas,  Sir  James,  called  “The  Good  Sir 
James”  and  “The  Black  Douglas.”  Killed  in 
Spain,  probably  Aug.  25,  1330.  A Scottish 
nobleman.  He  joined  the  standard  of  Bruce  in  1306, 
and  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Scottish  army  at  the 
battle  of  Bannockburn,  June  24,  1314.  In  accordance 
with  the  dying  request  of  Bruce,  he  set  out  on  a journey 
to  the  Holy  Land,  carrying  with  him  Bruce’s  heart  in- 
cased in  a casket  of  gold.  Arrived  in  Spain,  he  offered  his 
services  to  Alfonso,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon,  against  the 
Saracens  of  Granada,  and  fell  in  battle. 

Douglas,  James,  second  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
in  1388.  A Scottish  nobleman,  son  of  William, 
first  Earl  of  Douglas.  He  commanded  a force  of 
300  horse  and  2,000  foot  which  ravaged  the  eastern  border 
in  1388,  and  probably  on  the  19th  of  Aug.  in  that  year 
(on  the  9th  according  to  the  English  chroniclers,  on  the 
15th  according  to  Froissart)  defeated  a superior  force  of 
the  levy  of  the  northern  counties  under  Lord  Henry 
Percy  at  Otterburn,  himself  falling  at  the  moment  of  vic- 
tory. His  fame  is  celebrated  in  the  Scottish  ballad  “The 
Battle  of  Otterburn”  and  the  English  ballad  “Chevy 
Chase.” 

Douglas,  James,  ninth  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
at  Lindores,  Scotland,  July  14, 1488.  Last  Earl 
of  Douglas.  He  headed  a rebellion  against  James  II. 
of  Scotland  1452-55,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  ban- 
ished  and  deprived  of  his  estates. 

Douglas,  John.  Born  at  Pittenweem,  Fife, 
Scotland,  July  14,  1721:  died  at  Salisbury, 
England,  May  18,  1807.  A British  prelate  and 
general  writer.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of  Carlisle 
in  1787  (being  translated  to  Salisbury  in  1791)  and  dean  of 
Windsor  in  1788.  Among  his  works  are  “ Milton  vindi- 
cated from  the  Charge  of  Plagiarism  ’’  (1751),  and  a book 
attacking  Hume's  argument  on  the  miracles,  entitled 
“ The  Criterion  ” (1762). 

Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold.  Born  at  Brandon, 
Vt.,  April  23,  1813:  died  at  Chicago,  June  3, 
1861.  An  American  Democratic  politician.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  a cabinet-maker,  but  afterward  stud- 
ied law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  elected  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  in  1841;  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1843-47 ; and  was  United 
States  senator  1847-61.  He  advanced  the  doctrine  of  pop- 
ular or  “squatter”  sovereignty  in  relation  to  slavery  in 
the  Territories,  and  reported  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  in 
1854.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the  Democratic 
party  for  the  presidency  in  1860.  He  was  nicknamed  “The 
Little  Giant.” 

Douglas,  Sir  William.  Killed  in  1353.  A 
Scottish  nobleman.  He  sided  with  David  II.  against 
Edward  Baliol,  and  obtained  as  a reward  the  lordship 
of  Liddesdale,  whence  he  was  surnamed  “The  Knight  of 
Liddesdale.”  He  was  killed  during  a hunt  in  Ettrick  forest 
by  his  kinsman  William,  lord  (afterward  earl)  of  Douglas. 

Douglas,  William,  first  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
in  1384.  A Scottish  nobleman,  nephew  of  “the 
good  Sir  James.”  He  was  trained  in  arms  in  France ; 
returned  to  Scotland  about  1348 ; recovered  his  paternal 
estates  from  the  English;  conducted  numerous  raids  on 
the  English  border ; was,  along  with  the  Earl  of  March,  ap- 
pointed warden  of  the  east  marches  about  1356  ; and  was 
created  earl  of  Douglas  by  David  II.  in  1358. 

Douglas,  William,  eighth  Earl  of  Douglas. 
Died  in  1452.  A Scottish  nobleman,  son  of 
James,  seventh  Earl  of  Douglas.  He  conspired 
against  James  II.,  by  whom  he  was  decoyed  by  a safe- 
conduct  to  Stirling  Castle  and  put  to  death. 

Douglass,  David  Bates.  Born  at  Pompton, 
N.  J.,  March  21,  1790  : died  at  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
Oct.,  1849.  An  American  engineer.  He  was 
engaged  on  the  Croton  aqueduct  1833-36,  on 
Greenwood  cemetery  (Brooklyn)  1837-40. 

Douglass,  Frederick.  Bom  1817:  died  Feb. 
20,  1895.  A noted  American  orator  and 
journalist.  He  was  the  son  of  a negress  by  a white  man, 
and  was  bom  a slave  on  the  plantation  of  Colonel  Edward 
Lloyd.  Having  escaped  from  his  master  in  1838,  he  even- 
tually settled  at  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  and  in  1841 
became  an  agent  of  the  Massachusetts  Anti-Slavery  Soci- 
ety, a post  which  he  retained  four  years.  He  founded  in 
1847,  at  Rochester,  New  York,  “The  North  Star,"  the  title 
of  which  was  changed  to  “ Frederick  Douglass’  Paper,”  and 
which  was  continued  a number  of  years.  In  1869  he 
founded  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  “The  New 
National  Era,’’  which  he  turned  over  to  his  sons  Lewis 
and  Frederick.  He  was  United  States  marshal  for  the 
District  of  Columbia  1877-81,  recorder  of  deeds  in  the 


Dover 

District  1881-86,  and  United  States  minister  to  Haiti  1889- 
1891.  He  also  published  “ The  Life  and  Times  of  Frederick 
Douglass,  from  1817  to  1882,  Written  by  Himself  ’’  (1882). 
Doullens  (do-lon').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the  Authie  19 
miles  north  of  Amiens.  It  is  a manufacturing 
town,  and  contains  a citadel.  Population, 
commune,  5,927. 

Douloureuse  Garde.  [F.]  See  Joyeuse  Garde. 
Doune  (don).  A village  in  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Teith  7 miles  northwest  of 
Stirling.  It  contains  the  ruined  Doune  Castle. 
Dour  (dor).  A manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Hainault,  Belgium,  9 miles  south- 
west of  Mons.  Population,  12,198. 

Dourdan  (dor-don').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  25  miles  southwest  of 
Paris.  It  contains  a church  and  a ruined  castle. 
Population,  3,207. 

Douro.  See  Duero. 

Dousa  (dou'sa),  Janus:  Latinized  from  Jan 
Van  der  Does.  Born  at  Noordwijk,  near  Ley- 
den, Netherlands,  Dec.  6,  1545:  died  at  Noord- 
wijk, Oct,.,  1604.  A Dutch  scholar,  poet,  his- 
torian, and  patriot.  He  defended  Leyden  1574-75,  aud 
became  first  curator  of  the  University  of  Leyden  in  1575. 
He  published  11  Annals  of  Holland”  (1599),  etc. 

Dousabel  (do'sa-bel),  or  Dowsabel  (dou'sa- 
bel).  [F.  douce  et  belle,  sweet  and  pretty.]  A 
common  name  for  a rustic  sweetheart  in  old 
pastoral  poems. 

Dousterswivel  (dos'ter-swiv-el),  Herman.  In 
Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel  “The  Antiquary,”  a 
German  adventurer  who  tricks  Sir  Arthur 
Ward  our  by  a pretended  magical  discovery  of 
treasure,  and  is  himself  similarly  tricked  by 
Ochiltree.  The  nickname  Dousterswivel  was 
given  to  Spurzheim. 

Douville  (do-vel'),  Jeafi  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Hambie,  Mancbe,  France,  Feb.  15, 1794:  died  in 
Brazil  about  1837.  A French  adventurer.  He 
published  in  1832  a book  entitled  "Voyage  au  Congo  et 
dans  l’intdrieur  de  l’Afrique  ^quinoxiale,”  which  purport- 
ed to  be  an  account  of  explorations  made  by  himself  in 
central  Africa  between  1828  and  1830.  The  gold  medal  of 
the  Geographical  Society  at  Paris  was  awarded  to  him  for 
the  most  important  discovery  in  1830,  and  he  was  made 
secretary  of  the  society  for  1832.  It  was,  however,  shown 
that  the  “Voyage  ” was  a mere  fabrication  based  on  early 
Portuguese  expeditions. 

Douw,  or  Dow  (dou),  Gerard.  Born  at  Leyden, 
N etberlands,  April  7, 1613:  died  at  Leyden,  Feb. , 
1675.  A noted  Dutch  painter  of  genre  scenes, 
a pupil  of  Rembrandt.  His  best-known  work  is 
the  “Woman  Sick  of  the  Dropsy,”  at  the  Louvre. 
Dove  (dov).  A river  in  England  which  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Derby  and  Staf- 
ford, and  joins  the  Trent  3 miles  northeast  of 
Burton.  Length,  about  45  miles.  It  is  cele- 
brated in  the  writings  of  Izaak  Walton. 

Dove.  A pinnace  of  about  50  tons,  one  of  the 
vessels  (the  other  being  the  Ark)  in  which  Lord 
Baltimore  sent  out  a colony  of  “gentlemen  ad- 
venturers,” including  his  brothers  George  and 
Leonard  Calvert,  to  Maryland  in  1633.  They 
landed  at  St.  Clement’s  Island  in  the  Potomac 
in  1634. 

Dove,  Doctor.  The  chief  character  in  Southey’s 
“Doctor.” 

Dove,  Lady.  In  Cumberland’s  play  “The 
Brothers,”  a termagant  and  the  mother  of  So- 
phia Dove,  who  is  the  principal  female  char- 
acter. 

Dove  (dd'fe),  Heinrich  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Liegnitz,  Prussia,  Oct.  6,  1803 : died  at  Berlin, 
April  4,  1879.  A German  physicist,  professor 
at  Berlin  from  1829 : noted  for  his  researches  in 
meteorology  and  electricity.  His  chief  works  are 
“ Meteorologische  Untersuchungen  ” (1837),  “ Uber  die 
nicht-periodischen  Anderungen  der  Temperaturverteil- 
ung  ” (1840-59),  etc. 

Dove,  Richard  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb. 
27,  1833 : died  at  Gottingen,  Sept.  18,  1907.  A 
German  canonist,  son  of  Heinrich  Wilhelm 
Dove:  professor  successively  at  Tubingen 
(1862),  Kiel  (1865),  and  Gottingen  (1868).  He 
was  elected  a deputy  to  the  Reichstag  in  1871. 
Dovedale  (duv'dal).  The  picturesque  valley  of 
the  Dove  in  Derbyshire  and  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, northwest  of  Burton. 

Dover  (do'ver).  [ME.  Dover,  Dovere,  AS.  Dofre, 
Dofcre,  F.  Douvres,  LL.  Dubris,  Dubrse;  perhaps 
from  W.  dwfr,  etc.,  water.]  1.  A seaport  in 
Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Dover 
in  lat.  51°  7'  N.,  long.  1°  18'  E. : the  French 
Douvres,  and  the  Roman  Dubrae  or  Dubris.  it 
is  the  chief  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  a favorite  health-resort 
and  sea-bathing  place,  and  the  terminus  of  packet-lines  to 
Calais  and  Ostend,  and  is  on  one  of  the  main  lines  between 
London  and  the  Continent.  Its  chief  points  of  interest 
include  Dover  Castle,  Shakespeare  Cliff,  and  the  Admiralty 


Dover 

Pier.  It  was  burned  by  the  Normans  in  1066  ; became  an 
Important  naval  station  ; resisted  the  French  in  1216  ; and 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Parliamentarians  in  1642.  It  is 
strongly  fortified.  Population,  41,794. 

2.  The  capital  of  Delaware  and  county-seat  of 
Kent  County,  situated  on  Jones  Creek  in  lat. 
39°  8'  N.,  long.  75°  32'  W.  It  has  fruit-pre- 
serving industries.  Population,  3,720,  (1910). 
— 3.  A city  and  the  county-seat  of  Strafford 
County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the 
Cocheco  11  miles  northwest  of  Portsmouth. 
It  has  manufactures  of  prints,  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
shoes,  etc.,  and  is  the  second  oldest  town  in  the  State, 
having  been  settled  in  1623.  Population,  13,247,  (1910). 

4.  A town  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  about 
32  miles  northwest  of  New  York.  Population, 
7,468,  (1910). 

Dover,  Strait  of,  F.  Pas  de  Calais.  A strait 
separating  England  from  France,  and  connect- 
ing the  English  Channel  with  the  North  Sea: 
the  Roman  Fretum  Gallicum,  orFretumOceani. 
Width  at  Dover,  21  miles.  Steamers  cross  daily 
from  Dover  to  Calais  and  to  Ostend. 

Dover,  Treaty  of.  A secret  treaty  concluded 
May  22, 1670,  at  Dover,  between  Charles  II.  and 
Louis  XIV.  The  former  was  to  aid  in  the  designs  of 
France  against  Holland,  and  the  latter  was  to  furnish  sub- 
sidies and  troops.  The  province  of  Zealand  and  the  adja- 
cent islands  were  to  be  reserved  for  England.  Charles  was 
to  receive  35200,000  a year  if  he  declared  himself  a Roman 
Catholic. 

Dovre  (do'vre),  or  Dovrefjeld  (do'vre-fyeld). 
A spur  of  the  Scandinavian  Mountains,  situated 
in  Norway  about  lat.  62°-63°  N.  It  separates 
northern  and  southern  Norway.  Highest  peak 
(Snehaettan),  7,570  feet. 

Dow,  Gerard.  See  Douw. 

Dow  (dou),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Coventry,  Conn., 
Oct.  16,  1777:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb. 
2,  1834.  An  American  itinerant  preacher,  of 
the  Methodist  belief.  He  made  two  missionary  tours 
in  England  and  Ireland  — one  in  1799  and  one  in  1805.  He 
was  noted  for  his  eccentricities  of  manner  and  dress.  His 
“Journal  and  Miscellaneous  Writings”  were  edited  by 
John  Dowling  in  1836. 

Dow,  N eal.  Born  at  Portland,  Maine,  March  20, 
1804  : died  there,  Oct.  2,  1897.  An  American 
advocate  of  prohibition.  He  drafted  the  noted 
“ Maine  (prohibitory)  Law  ’’  in  1851,  and  was  the  candidate 
★ of  the  Prohibition  party  for  President  in  1880. 

Dowden  (dou'den)  Edward.  Born  at  Cork, 
Ireland,  May  3,  1843 : died  at  Dublin,  April  4, 
1913.  A British  critic  and  poet,  professor  of 
the  English  language  and  literature  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1867-1913,  and  commissioner 
of  national  education,  Ireland,  1896-1901.  He 
published  “ 8hakespere,l)is  Mind  and  Art  ’ ’(1875),  “ Poems  ” 
(1876),“  Studies  in  Literature : 1789-1877  "(1878),“  Southey  ’’ 
(1880),  Shakspere's  sonnets  with  notes,"  Shelley  ”(1886), etc. 

Dowgate  (dou'gat).  The  original  water-gate 
of  the  city  of  London. 

It  was  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wallbrook  where  it 
enters  the  Thames,  and  just  under  the  great  Roman  cita- 
del. The  Watling  St.  or  Pretorian  way  crossed  the  river 
here  by  a Trajectus  before  the  London  Bridge  was  built. 

Loftie,  History  of  London,  1884. 

Dowlatabad  (dou-la-ta-bad'),  or  Daulatabad. 
A city  and  fortress  in  Hyderabad,  India,  in  lat. 
19°  57'  N.,  long.  75°13'  E. : the  ancient  Deoghir 
or  Deoghur.  It  is  noted  for  its  strong  position 
on  an  isolated  rock. 

Dowler  (dou'ler),  Captain.  A retired  military 
man  in  Dickens’s  “Pickwick  Papers,”  noted 
for  his  bluster  and  brag,  and  his  extraordinarily 
fierce  and  disjointed  manner  of  talking. 

Down  (doun).  A maritime  county  in  Ulster, 
Ireland,  lying  between  Antrim  and  Belfast 
Lough  on  the  north,  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  east 
and  southeast,  and  Armagh  on  the  west. 
It  is  one  of  the  leading  agricultural  counties.  Capital, 
Downpatrick.  Area,  957  square  miles.  Population,  205,889. 
Downes  (dounz),  John.  Born  at  Canton,  Mass., 
1786  (1784  ?) : died  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Aug. 
11,  1855.  An  American  naval  commander.  He 
served  as  lieutenant  in  the  Essex  under  Captain  Porter 
in  the  War  of  1812,  and  commanded  the  Epervier  in  the 
war  against  Algiers.  In  1832  he  obtained  command  of  a 
squadron  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  bombarded  Quallah 
Batoo,  on  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  in  retaliation  for  an  out- 
rage committed  on  an  American  vessel.  He  commanded 
the  navy-yard  at  Boston  1837-42  and  1850-52. 

Downing  (dou'ning),  Andrew  Jackson.  Born 
at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1815:  drowned  near 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  July  28,  1852.  An  American 
landscape-gardener  and  pomologist.  He  pub- 
lished  “ Theory  and  Practice  of  Landscape  Gardening" 
(1841),  “Cottage  Residences”  (1842),  “Fruits  and  Fruit 
Trees  of  America"  (1845),  etc. 

Downing,  Major  Jack.  The  pseudonym  of 
Seba  Smith,  in  his  letters  in  Yankee  dialect. 
Downing,  Sir  George.  Born  probably  in  Aug., 
1623 : died  in  1684.  An  English  soldier  and 
politician.  He  emigrated  with  his  parents  to  New  Eng- 
land in  1638,  but  subsequently  returned  to  England,  and 
in  1650  waB  scout-master-general  of  Cromwell's  army  in 
0.— 22 


337 

Scotland.  He  was  appointed  resident  at  The  Hague  in 
1657,  in  which  office  he  was  retained  by  Charles  II.  on 
the  Restoration  in  1660.  He  was  created  a baronet  in 
1663.  Downing  street,  Whitehall,  derives  its  name  from 
him. 

Downing,  Sir  George.  Born  about  1684:  died 
in  Cambridgeshire,  June  10,  1749.  The  founder 
of  Downing  College:  grandson  of  Sir  George 
Downing  (d.  1684).  He  was  a member  of  the  Parlia- 
ments of  1710  and  1713,  and  kept  his  seat  from  1722  until 
his  death. 

Downing  College.  A college  in  Cambridge 
University,  England,  founded  by  the  will  of 
Sir  George  Downing  (dated  1717).  It  was  char- 
tered in  1800,  and  opened  in  1821. 

Downing  street.  A street  in  the  west  end  of 
London,  leading  from  Whitehall.  It  contains  the 
treasury  building  and  the  foreign  office  (hence  the  name 
Downing  street  has  come  to  be  used  for  the  administration). 

The  south  side  of  Downing  street  is  formed  by  the  mag- 
nificent pile  of  modern  Italian  buildings  by  Sir  Gilbert 
Scott,  erected  in  1868-73  to  include  the  Home  Office,  For- 
eign Office,  Colonial  Office,  and  East  India  Office. 

Mare,  London,  II.  223. 

Downpatrick  (douu-pat'rik).  The  capital  of 
County  Down,  Ireland,  situated  near  Strang- 
ford  Lough  21  miles  southeast  of  Belfast.  It 
is  reputed  to  be  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of  Ire- 
land. Population,  2,993. 

Downright  (doun'rit).  A rude  but  manly  and 
consistent  squire  in  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy 
“Every  Man  in  his  Humour.”  He  is  coura- 
geous, of  plain  words  and  plain  actions. 
Downs.  See  North  Downs  and  South  Downs. 
Downs,  Battle  of  the.  An  indecisive  battle 
between  the  English  and  Dutch  fleets,  in  the 
first  days  of  June,  1666,  off  the  eastern  coast  of 
Kent.  The  English  were  commanded  by  Monk,  and  the 
Dutch  by  De  Ruyter  and  Trornp.  It  is  sometimes  claimed 
as  an  English  victory. 

Downs,  The.  A portion  of  the  North  Sea  east 
of  Kent,  England,  forming  a roadstead  pro- 
tected by  Goodwin  Sands. 

Dowse  (dous),  Thomas.  Born  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Dec.  28,  1772 : died  at  Cambridgeport, 
Mass.,  Nov.  4,  1856.  An  American  book-col- 
lector. He  bequeathed  his  collection  to  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

Dowton  (dou'ton),  William.  Born  at  Exeter, 
1764:  died  at  Brixton,  Surrey,  1851.  An  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in  1781,  and 
came  to  New  York  in  1836.  He  had  two  sons,  William  and 
Henry,  both  of  whom  became  actors.  The  former  after- 
ward became  a brother  of  the  Charter  House,  and  died 
there  at  the  age  of  nearly  ninety. 

Doyen  (dwa-yan'), Gabriel  Francois.  Born  at 

Paris,  1726:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  June  5, 
★1806.  A French  painter,  a pupil  of  Van  Loo. 
Doyle  (doil),  Sir  A.  Conan.  Born  at  Edinburgh 
in  1859.  A Scottish  novelist  and  physician. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Micah  Clarke, A Study  in  Scarlet," 
“The  Adventures  of  Sherlock  Holmes’'  (two  series),  “The 
Refugees,”  “The  White  Company,”  “The  Great  Boer  War,” 
“The  Hound  of  the  Baskervilles,”  “Return  of  Sherlock 
Holmes.” 

Doyle  (doil),  Richard.  Born  at  London,  1824: 
died  at  London,  Dec.  11,  1883.  An  English  ar- 
tist. He  was  a member  of  the  staff  of  “Punch"  1843- 
1850.  Among  his  best-known  works  are  the  illustrations 
to  Thackeray’s  “ Newcomes”  (1853-55),  and  aseries  of  elfin 
scenes  entitled  “ In  Fairy-Land  ” (1870). 

Dozy  (do'ze),  Reinhart.  Born  at  Leyden, 
Netherlands,  Feb.  21,  1820 : died  May  3,  1883. 
A Dutch  Orientalist  and  historian,  professor 
of  history  at  Leyden  from  1850.  His  works  include 
“ Ilistoire  des  Musulmans  d’Espagne,”  etc.  (1801),  “Re- 
cherches  sur  l’histoire  et  la  litterature  d’Espagne  pendant 
le  moyen  age”  (1849),  “Supplement  aux  dictionnaires 
arabes”  (1877-81),  etc. 

Drachenfels  (drach'en-felz).  [G.,  ‘dragon’s 
rock.’]  The  steepest  of  the  Siebengebirge 
range  of  mountains,  situated  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  near  Konigswinter.  it  is  now 
ascended  by  a mountain  railway.  In  its  side  is  the  Drach- 
enhohle  (dragon’s  cave),  where  lived  the  legendary  dragon 
★slain  by  Siegfried.  Height,  1,065  feet. 

Drachmann  (drach'man),  Holger  Henrik  Her- 

holdt.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  9,  1846: 
died  at  Hornbak,  Denmark,  Jan.  14,  1908.  A 
Danish  poet  and  author.  From  1866  to  1870  he 
studied  art  in  Copenhagen.  In  1872  he  published  a vol- 
ume of  poems.  This  was  followed  by  “ Damipede  Melo- 
dier"  (“Repressed  Melodies,"  1875),  “Sange  ved  Havet" 
(“Songs  by  the  Sea,"  1877),  “Ranker  og  Roser"  (“Vines 
and  Roses  ")  and  “ Ungdom  i Digt  og  Sang  ” (“  Y'outh  in 
Poetry  and  Song,"  1879).  The  romantic  poems  “ Prindses- 
sen  og  det  halve  Kongerige  " (“  The  Princess  and  Half  the 
Kingdom  ’)  and  “ Oesten  for  Sol  og  Vesten  for  Maane" 
(“East  of  the  Sun  and  West  of  the  Moon")  appeared  in 
1878  and  1880  respectively.  In  prose  he  wrote,  among 
other  long  stories,  “En  Overkomplet”  (1876),  “Tannhau- 
ser"  (1877).  The  shorter  tales  “Ungt  Blod " (“Young 
Blood  ”)  and  “ Paa  Somands  Tro  og  Love  " (“On  a Sailor’s 
Word  ")  appeared  in  1877  and  1878  respectively.  The  moBt 
popular  of  his  proBe  works  is  the  series  of  sketches  “ De- 
rovar  fra  Graendsen  ” (“  From  the  Frontier,”  1877).  A trans- 
lation of  Byron's  “ Don  J uan  " appeared  in  1881. 


Drake,  Sir  Francis 

Draco  (dra'ko),  or  Dracon  (dra'kon).  [Gr. 
ApaKuv.  ] Lived  in  the  last  half  of  the  7th  century 
B.  C.  An  Athenian  legislator.  He  formulated  the 
first  written  code  of  laws  for  Athens  in  624  or  about  621 
B.  c.  On  account  of  the  number  of  offenses  to  which  it 
affixed  the  penalty  of  death,  his  code  was  said  to  have  been 
written  in  blood. 

Draco.  [L.,  ‘the  dragon.’]  An  ancient  northern 
constellation.  The  figure  is  that  of  a serpent  with 
several  small  coils.  It  appears  at  a very  ancient  date  to 
have  had  wings  in  the  space  now  occupied  by  the  Little 
Bear. 

Dracontius  (dra-kon'shi-us),  Blossius  JUmil- 
ius.  A Christian  poet  of  the  5th  century,  an 
advocate  in  Carthage. 

One  of  the  most  gifted  African  poets  is  Blossius  .Emi- 
lius  Dracontius  of  Carthage,  by  whom  we  possess  a Chris- 
tian didactic  poem  “De  laudibus  dei”  in  three  hooks, 
short  epics  of  which  the  subjects  are  taken  either  from 
ancient  legends  (“Hylas,”  “Raptus  Helena;,”  “Medea”) 
or  from  rhetorical  school  exercises  (“Verba  Herculis," 
“Deliberativa  AchUlis,”  “ Controversia  de  statua  viri 
fortis  two  epithalamia,  and  an  elegiac  poem  (“  Satis- 
factio”)in  which  the  author  asks  pardon  of  the  Vandal 
king  Gunthamund  (a.  4S4-496)  for  having  written  a poem 
in  honour  of  one  of  his  enemies  instead  of  himself. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  503. 

Draft  Riot.  A riot  in  New  York  city,  July  13- 
16,  1863,  against  the  enforcement  of  the  draft 
for  the  Federal  army.  During  its  progress  several 
negroes  were  murdered  and  many  maltreated.  The  riot, 
which  cost  about  a thousand  lives  and  the  destruction  of 
considerable  property,  was  finally  suppressed  by  the  police 
and  military. 

Dragon  of  Wantley,  The.  An  old  ballad,  pre- 
served by  Percy,  which  describes  the  victory 
over  this  dragon  (who  devoured  damsels, 
houses,  trees,  etc.)  by  More  of  More  Hall,  who 
provided  himself  with  armor  covered  with 
spikes.  It  is  a parody  on  some  ancient  Kiempevise. 
In  a key  appended  to  the  ballad  in  the  improved  edition  of 
the  “ Reliques,”  an  attempt  is  made  to  explain  it  as  an 
allegory.  Henry  Carey  produced  a burlesque  opera  with 
this  title,  Oct.  26,  1737  : the  music  was  by  J.  F.  Lampe. 
Dragonades  (drag-o-nadz').  [Also  written 
Dragoonades;  from  F.  dragonnade,  from  dragon, 
a dragoon : from  the  use  of  dragoons  in  such  per- 
secutions.] A form  of  persecution  inflicted  by 
the  government  of  Louis  XIV.  upon  the  French 
Protestants  in  the  period  preceding  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  It  consisted  in  bil- 
leting troops  upon  the  inhabitants  as  a means 
of  converting  them,  license  being  given  to  the 
soldiery  to  commit  all  manner  of  misdeeds. 
Dragontea  (dra-gon-ta'a),  La.  A poem  by  Lope 
de  Vega  on  the  subject  of  Sir  Francis  Drake’s 
last  expedition  and  death. 

The  Dragontea,  however,  whose  ten  cantos  of  octave 
verse  are  devoted  to  the  expression  of  this  national  hatred, 
may  be  regarded  as  its  chief  monument.  It  is  a strange 
poem.  It  begins  with  the  prayers  of  Christianity,  in  the 
form  of  a beautiful  woman,  who  presents  Spain,  Italy, 
and  America  in  the  court  of  Beaven,  and  prays  God  to 
protect  them  all  against  what  Lope  calls  “ that  Protestant 
Scotch  pirate.”  It  ends  with  rejoicings  in  PanarnA  be- 
cause “the  Dragon,”  as  he  is  called  through  the  whole 
poem,  has  died,  poisoned  by  his  own  people,  and  with  the 
thanksgivings  of  Christianity  that  her  prayers  have  been 
heard,  and  that  “the  scarlet  lady  of  Babylon”  — meaning 
Queen  Elizabeth  — has  been  at  last  defeated. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  171. 

Draguignan  (dra-gen-yon').  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Var,  France,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  33'  N.,  long.  6°  28'  E.  Population,  com- 
mune, 9,770. 

Dragut  (dra'got),  or  Torglrad  (tor'gbod).  Died 
at  Malta,  July  23, 1565.  A Turkish  corsair.  He 
was  a native  of  Asia  Minor,  and  became  a lieutenant  of 
Kheyr-ed-Din,  on  whose  death  in  1546  he  became  governor 
of  Tripoli.  He  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Gerbes  in  1560, 
and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Malta. 

Drake  (drak),  Daniel.  Born  at  Plainfield,  N.  J., 
Oct.  20,  1785:  died  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Nov. 
5,1852.  An  American  physician.  He  published 
a “Treatise  on  the  Principal  Diseases  of  the  Interior 
Valley  of  North  America”  (1850-54),  etc. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis.  Born  probably  at  Tavis- 
tock, Devonshire,  about  1540:  died  off  Porto 
Bello,  Jan.  28,  1596  (N.  S.).  An  English  naval 

hero.  In  1567-68  he  commauded  a small  vessel,  one  of  two 
which  escaped  from  the  destruction  of  Sir  John  Hawkins's 
fleet  by  the  Spanish.  He  visited  the  West  Indies  and  the 
Spanish  main  in  1570  and  1571,  and  became  convinced  that 
the  towns  there  would  fall  an  easy  prey  to  a small  armed 
force.  Accordingly,  in  1572,  he  fitted  out  what  was  properly 
afreebooting  expedition,  England  being  then  at  peace  with 
Spain.  With  only  3 vessels  and  100  men  he  took  Ncmbre  de 
Dios  and  an  immense  treasure  ; but  he  was  badly  wounded 
in  the  attack,  and  his  men  abandoned  both  town  and  trea- 
sure. In  return  he  burned  a Spanish  vessel  at  Cartagena, 
captured  many  ships,  and  intercepted  a train  loaded  with 
silver  on  the  isthmus.  He  also  crossed  to  Panama,  and 
was  the  first  English  commander  who  saw  the  Pacific. 
From  his  return,  in  Aug.,  1573,  to  Sept.,  1576,  Drake  served 
under  the-  Earl  of  Essex  in  Ireland.  In  Dec.,  1577,  he 
started  on  another  freebooting  expedition,  in  which  he 
passed  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  obtained  an  immense  booty 
on  the  Pacific  coast  of  Spanish  America,  crossed  the  Pa- 


Drake,  Sir  Francis 

cific,  and  returned  to  England  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  arriving  in  Sept.,  1580.  This  was  the  first  English 
circumnavigation  of  the  globe.  Queen  Elizabeth  knighted 
Drake  on  his  own  ship,  and  gave  him  important  com- 
mands. In  1584-85  he  was  a member  of  Parliament. 
Prom  1585  to  1586  he  commanded  a powerful  expedition  to 
the  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  main,  in  which  he  took 
and  ransomed  Santo  Domingo  and  Cartagena,  ravaged  the 
coasts  of  Florida,  and  on  his  way  back  brought  off  the 
remnant  of  the  English  Virginia  colony.  In  1587  he  made 
a descent  on  the  coast  of  Spain,  and  destroyed  numerous 
unfinished  vessels  intended  for  the  Spanish  Armada,  be- 
sides capturing  a -rich  Portuguese  East  Indiaman.  In 
July,  1588,  he  commanded  under  Lord  Howard  in  the 
combat  with  the  Spanish  Armada,  and  next  year  he  was 
one  of  the  commanders  in  a descent  on  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  coasts,  which  proved  unsuccessful.  For  sev- 
eral years  thereafter  he  was  engaged  in  peaceful  pursuits, 
and  in  1593  was  again  elected  to  Parliament.  In  1595  he 
commanded  another  West  India  expedition,  which  met 
with  little  success,  and  in  which  both  he  and  Sir  John 
Hawkins  died.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Drake  (dra'ke),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Pyrmont, 
Waldeck,  Germany,  June  23, 1805:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, April  6,  1882.  A noted  German  sculptor, 
best  known  from  bis  portrait-statues  (Fred- 
erick William  III.  and  others). 

Drake  (drak),  Joseph  Rodman.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Aug.  7, 1795:  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  21, 
1820.  An  American  poet,  author  of  “The  Cul- 
prit Fay”  (1816),  “ The  American  Flag”  (1819). 

Drake,  Nathan.  Born  at  York,  England,  1766 : 
died  at  Hadleigh,  Suffolk,  England,  June  7, 
1836.  An  English  physician  and  author.  He 
practised  medicine  at  Hadleigh,  in  Suffolk,  from  1792 
until  his  death.  His  most  notable  work  is  “Shakspere 
and  his  Times”  (1817). 

Drake,  Samuel  Gardner.  Born  at  Pittsfield, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  11,  1798:  died  at  Boston,  June  14, 
1875.  An  American  antiquarian.  He  published 
“Book  of  the  Indians ”(1833),  “History  and  Antiquities 
of  Boston  ” (1856),  ‘ ‘ Early  History  of  New  England  ” (1864), 
“Annals  of  Witchcraft  in  the  United  States  ’’  (1869),  “ His- 
tory of  the  French  and  Indian  War  ” (1870),  etc. 

Drakenberge  (dra'ken-ber-ge),  or  Drakens- 
berg, or  Kathlamba.  A range  of  mountains 
in  South  Africa.  It  lies  partly  on  the  border  between 
Cape  Colony  and  Natal  on  one  side  and  Basutoland  and 
the  Orange  Free  State  on  the  other,  and  culminates  in 
Champagne  Castle  (10,367  feet)  and  Mont  aux  Sources 
(about  11,000  feet). 

Drakenborch  (dra'ken-bordh),  Arnold.  Born 
at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  Jan.  1,  1684:  died  at 
Utrecht,  Jan.  16,  1748.  A Dutch  philologist. 
He  edited  “Silius  Italicus”  (1717),  “Livy” 
(1738^6),  etc. 

Drake’s  Bay.  An  indentation  of  the  Pacific 
in  Marin  County,  California,  northwest  of  San 
Francisco. 

Drama  of  Exile,  A.  A poem  by  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, published  in  1844. 

Dramatic  Poesy,  Essay  of.  A work  by  Dry- 
den  (1667),  written  in  the  form  of  a dialogue 
between  four  friends:  Neander  (Dryden),  Lisi- 
deius  (Sedley),  Crites  (Sir  Robert  Howard),  and 
Eugenius  (Buckburst:  or  Dorset,  according  to 
Prior). 

Dramburg  (dram'borG).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  50  miles  east  of 
Stettin.  Population,  6,107. 

Drammen  (dram'men).  A seaport  in  the  amt 
of  Buskerud,  southern  Norway,  situated  on  the 
Drammens  Elv  22  miles  southwest  of  Chris- 
tiania. It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  its  principal  ex- 
port being  timber ; and  it  has  manufactures  of  beer,  to- 
bacco, leather,  etc.  It  was  partly  destroyed  by  fire  in 
1866.  Population,  23,093. 

Drams  Elv  (dramz  elv),  or  Drammens  Elv 
(dram'menz  elv).  A river  in  southern  Norway, 
the  outlet  of  Lake  Tyrifjord.  It  flows  into 
the  Drammen  Fjord  at  Drammen.  Length,  163 
miles. 

Dranesville  (dranz'vil).  A village  in  Fairfax 
County,  Virginia,  21  miles  northwest  of  Wash- 
ington. Here,  Dec.  20, 1861,  part  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac  under  Ord  defeated  the  Confederates  under  Stuart. 

Drangiana  (dran-ji-a/na),  or  Drangiane.  [Gr. 
Apayyiavr/.\  In  ancient  geography,  a region  in 
central  Asia,  in  the  modern  southwestern  Af- 
ghanistan and  eastern  Persia. 

Draper  (dra'per),  Henry.  Born  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward County,  Va.,  March  7,  1837:  died  at  New 
York,  Nov.  20,  1882.  An  American  scientist, 
son  of  J.  W.  Draper,  especially  noted  for  his 
labors  in  celestial  photography. 

Draper,  John  William.  Born  at  St.  Helen’s, 
near  Liverpool,  England,  May  5,  1811 : died  at 
Hastings-on-the-Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  4,  1882. 
A chemist,  physiologist,  and  historian,  noted 
for  researches  in  spectrum  analysis,  photogra- 
phy, etc.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1832 ; graduated 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1836 ; was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  University  of  New  York  in  1837;  and  was  president 
of  the  Medical  College  1850-73.  He  continued  to  lecture 


338 

at  the  university  until  1881.  He  wrote  “Text  Book  on 
Chemistry”  (1846),  and  on  “Natural  Philosophy"  (1S47), 
“ Human  Physiology  ” (1856),“  History  of  the  Intellectual 
Development  of  Europe  ” (1862),  “ History  of  the  American 
Civil  War”  (1867-70),  “Scientific  Memoirs”  (1878). 

Draper,  Lyman  Oopeland.  Born  at  Hamburg 
(now  Evans),  Erie  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4, 1815: 
died  at  Madison,  Wis.,  Aug.  26, 1891.  An  Ameri- 
can antiquarian.  He  was  corresponding  secretary  of 
the  State  Historical  Society  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  1853- 
1887,  with  the  exception  of  two  years  (1858-59),  when  he 
was  State  superintendent  of  instruction.  Editor  of  “ Col- 
lections of  the  State  Historical  Society  ” (1853-87). 
Draper,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Bristol,  Eng- 
land, 1721 : died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  8, 1787. 
An  English  officer.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1740,  and  was  subsequently 
fellow  of  his  college.  In  1744  he  entered  the  army,  and 
in  1762  commanded,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  a 
successful  expedition  against  Manila.  He  published  iu 
1769  a letter,  dated  Jan.  26  of  that  year,  defending  the  Mar- 
quis of  Granby  against  the  aspersions  of  “Junius,”  which 
led  to  a spirited  controversy.  He  was  promoted  major- 
general  in  1772.  The  correspondence  between  Draper  and 
“Junius  " was  published  separately  under  the  title  of  “ The 
Political  Contest  ” (1769). 

Drapier’s  Letters.  A series  of  letters  pub- 
lished in  1724  by  Dean  Swift,  under  the  pseu- 
donym M.  B.  Drapier.  They  were  directed  against 
the  acceptance  in  Ireland  of  a copper  coinage  the  patent 
for  supplying  which  had  been  accorded  to  William  Wood, 
who  with  the  Duchess  of  Kendal,  the  king  s mistress 
(who  obtained  him  the  privilege),  was  to  divide  the  profit 
arising  from  the  difference  between  the  real  and  the 
nominal  value  of  the  halfpence  (about  40  per  cent.).  Owing 
to  the  public  excitement  raised  by  these  letters  the  patent 
was  canceled.  Wood  was  compensated  with  a pension, 
and  Swift  gained  a popularity  which  he  never  lost  till  his 
death.  A large  reward  was  offered  at  the  time  for  the 
discovery  of  the  author. 

Draupadi  (drou'pa-de).  [Skt.]  Daughter  of 
Drupada,  king  of  Panchala,  and  wife  of  the 
five  Pandu  princes.  She  plays  an  important 
part  in  the  story  of  the  Mahahharata. 

Drave  (dra've),  G.  Drau  (drou).  A river  in 
Austria-Hungary : the  ancient  Dravus.  It  rises 
in  Tyrol,  traverses  Carinthia  and  Styria,  forms  the  boun- 
dary between  Hungary  and  Croatia-Slavonia,  and  joins  the 
Danube,  14  miles  east  of  Essek.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the 
Mur.  Length,  465  miles ; navigable  for  steamers  from 
Bares  (about  95  miles). 

Dravida  (dra'vi-da).  The  country  in  which 
the  Tamil  language  is  spoken,  extending  from 
Madras  to  Cape  Comorin. 

Drawcansir  (dra'kan-ser).  In  Buckingham’s 
burlesque  “The  Rehearsal,”  a boasting  and 
vainglorious  bully.  Almanzor,  Dryden’s  favorite  hero, 
was  parodied  in  this  character.  The  name  has  become  a 
synonym  for  a braggart. 

Drawcansir,  Sir  Alexander.  A name  assumed 
by  Fielding  in  conducting  the  “ Co  vent  Garden 
Journal”  in  1752. 

Drayton  (dra'ton),  Michael.  Born  at  Harts- 
hill,  Warwickshire,  England,  1563:  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1631.  A noted  English  poet.  He  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  his  epitaph  is  said  to  be  by 
Ben  Jonson.  His  chief  works  are  ‘ ‘ Mortimeriados  ’’  (1596 : 
this  afterward  appeared  with  many  alterations  as  “The 
Baron  s'  Wars,  ” 1603),  “ England’s  Heroical  Epistles  ” (15970, 
“Poems,  Lyric  and  Pastoral”  (1605,  containing  “The  Ballad 
of  Agincourt"),  “Poly-Olbion”  (1613-22),  “Nymphidia  ” 
(1627),  “ The  Muses’  Elysium  ” (1630). 

Drayton,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Drayton 
Hall,  on  the  Ashley  River,  S.  C.,  Sept.,  1742: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  3,  1779.  An  Ameri- 
can patriot.  He  became  chief  justice  of  South  Carolina 
in  1776,  and  in  the  same  year  delivered  to  the  grand  jury 
a charge  which  gave  great  impetus  to  the  cause  of  inde- 
pendence. lie  was  a member  of  the  Continental  Congress 
from  1778  until  his  death. 

Dream,  The.  A short  poem  by  Lord  Byron, 
composed  at  Diodati  in  1816. 

Dream,  Chaucer’s.  A poem,  probably  spuri- 
ous, added  by  Speght  in  1598  to  his  edition  of 
Chaucer.  The  proper  title  is  “The  Isle  of  Ladies." 
(Not  the  same  as  “The  Dream  of  Chaucer,"  which  is  genu- 
ine.) 

Dream  of  Chaucer,  The.  See  Chaucer’s 
Dream. 

Dream  of  Eugene  Aram,  The.  A poem  by 
Hood,  published  in  1829.  See  Aram,  Eugene. 
Dream  of  Fair  Women,  A.  A poem  by  Lord 
Tennyson. 

Drebliel  (dreb'bel),  Cornelis  van.  Born  at 
Alkmaar,  Netherlands,  1572:  died  at  London, 
1634.  A Dutch  natural  philosopher.  He  pub- 
lished “ De  natura  elementorum”  (1621),  etc. 
Dred  (dred).  A novel  by  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  published  in  1856.  It  shows  the  state  of 
alarm  and  misery  in  which  the  slave-owners  (as  well  as 
slaves)  lived.  Dred  is  a runaway  negro  living  in  the  Dis- 
mal Swamp.  A new  edition,  called  “Nina  Gordon,”  was 
published  in  1866. 

Dred  Scott  Case.  In  American  history,  a cel- 
ebrated decision  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  which  derived  its  importance 
from  its  bearing  on  the  constitutionality  of  the 


Drew,  Mrs. 

Missouri  Compromise  of  1820.  Dred  Scott,  a Mis- 
souri slave  who  had  been  taken  to  the  territory  covered 
by  the  Missouri  Compromise,  and  had  therefore  sued  for 
his  freedom,  was  sold  to  a citizen  of  another  State.  He 
then  transferred  his  suit  from  the  State  to  the  Federal 
courts,  under  the  power  given  to  the  latter  to  try  suits  be- 
tween citizens  of  different  States  ; and  the  case  came  by 
appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  which  was  published  in  1857,  put  Scott  out 
of  court  on  the  ground  that  a slave,  or  the  descendant  of  a 
slave,  could  not  be  a citizen  of  the  United  States  or  have 
any  standing  in  Federal  courts.  The  opinion  of  the  chief 
justice  also  attacked  the  validity  of  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise, on  the  ground  that  one  of  the  constitutional 
functions  of  Congress  was  the  protection  of  property ; 
that  slaves  were  recognized  by  the  Constitution  as  prop- 
erty ; and  that  Congress  was  therefore  bound  to  protect 
slavery  in  the  Territories. 

Dreiherrnspitz  (drl'hern-spitz).  One  of  the 
chief  peaks  of  the  Hohe  Tauern,  Austrian  Alps, 
southwest  of  the  Gross-Yen  ediger.  Height, 
11,480  feet. 

Drelincourt  (dre-lan-kor'),  Charles.  Born  at 
Sedan,  France,  July  10,  1595:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  3, 1669.  A French  Protestant  clergyman. 
He  wrote  “Consolations  de  l’ame  fidele  contre 
les  frayeurs  de  la  mort”  (1651),  etc. 

DrentHe,  or  Drente  (dren'te).  A province  of 
the  Netherlands,  lying  between  Groningen  on 
the  north  and  northeast,  Prussia  on  the  east, 
Overyssel  on  the  south,  and  Friesland  and 
Overyssel  on  the  west.  Area.  1,030  square 
miles.  Population,  172,892. 

Drepanum  (drep'a-num),  or  Drepana  (-na). 
[Gr.  ro  Aptnavov,  ra  Apetrava.^  The  ancient 
name  of  Trapani  (which  see).  Here,  249  b.  c.,  the 
Carthaginian  admiral  Adherbal  defeated  the  Homan  fleet 
under  Publius  Claudius. 

Dresden  (drez'den).  [F.  Dresde. ] The  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Elbe,  in  lat.  51°  3'  N.,  long.  13°  44' 

T’  7 7 0 

It  comprises  the  Altstadt,  Friedrichstadt,  Neustadt, 
Antonstadt,  etc.  It  has  considerable  trade  by  the  Elbe, 
and  diversified  manufactures,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  art 
collections,  which  are  among  the  richest  in  the  world. 
These  include  the  Museum  (containing  the  picture-gal- 
lery, engravings,  and  drawings),  the  Zwinger  (containing 
the  mineralogical,  zoological,  and  ethnographical  collec- 
tions), the  Palace  (with  the  Green  Vault:  which  see),  the 
Museum  Johanneum  (collection  of  porcelain  and  historical 
museum),  and  the  J apanese  Palace  (collection  of  antiquities 
and  royal  library).  Dresden  was  an  ancient  Slavic  town, 
and  was  mentioned  as  early  as  1206.  It  became  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Saxon  sovereigns  in  1485,  and  was  greatly  de- 
veloped under  Augustus  II.  and  Augustus  III.  It  was 
bombarded  by  the  Prussians  in  1760,  and  was  occupied  by 
them  in  1866.  Here,  Aug.  26-27,  1813,  the  French  (about 
120,000)  under  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies  (about  200,000), 
under  Schwarzenberg.  Population,  commune,  546,882, 
(1910). 

Dresden,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded  Dec. 
25, 1745,  between  Prussia,  Austria,  and  Saxony, 
ending  the  second  Silesian  war.  Frederick  the 
Great  was  confirmedin  the  possession  of  Silesia. 
Dreux  (dre).  An  ancient  county  in  northern 
France,  west  of  Paris,  whose  chief  town  was 
Dreux. 

Dreux.  A town  in  the  department  of  Eure-et- 
Loir,  France,  situated  on  the  Blaise  45  miles 
west  of  Paris  : the  Roman  Durocasses  or  Drocse. 
It  contains  a ruined  castle,  hotel  de  ville,  Church  of  St. 
Pierre,  and  the  Chapelle  Koyale  (the  burial-place  of  the 
Orleans  family).  The  chapel  was  completed  by  Louis 
Philippe.  It  consists  of  a dome  80  feet  high  and  43  in 
diameter,  surrounded  by  an  elaborately  pinnacled  and 
traceried  screen  in  the  Pointed  style.  The  interior  dis- 
plays superb  glass  and  magnificent  tombs,  with  statues  by 
the  best  sculptors  of  the  century.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  county  of  Dreux.  It  was  besieged  and  taken 
by  Henry  IV.  in  1593,  and  was  taken  by  the  Germans  Nov., 
1870.  Population,  commune,  9,928. 

Dreux,  Battle  of.  Dec.  19, 1562,  Montmorency 
with  about  15,000  men  defeated  an  equal  num- 
ber of  Huguenots  under  Condd,  who  was  taken 
prisoner. 

Drew  (dru),  Daniel.  Born  at  Carmel,  N.  Y.,  in 
1788:  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  19,  1879.  An 
American  capitalist.  He  gave  large  sums  to  Methodist 
schools  and  colleges,  and  founded  the  Drew  Ladies’  Sem- 
inary at  Carmel,  and  the  Drew  Theological  Seminary  at 
Madison,  N.  J.  (1866).  The  latter  has  135  students,  8 in- 
structors, and  a library  of  30,000  volumes. 

Drew,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Sept.  3,  1825: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  May  21,  1862.  An  Irish- 
American  comedian.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
in  1845  in  New  York,  and  in  1852  in  Philadelphia,  where 
he  became  a great  favorite.  In  1853  he  became  (with  Wil- 
liam Wheatley)  manager  of  the  Arch  Street  Theater.  He 
played  in  England  in  1855,  in  California  in  1858,  in  Austra- 
lia in  1859,  and  made  his  last  appearance  in  1862. 

Drew,  John.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  1853.  An 
American  comedian,  son  of  John  Drew  (1825- 
1862).  He  is  successful  in  light  comedy. 
Drew,  Mrs.  (Louisa  Lane).  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  10, 1820 : dicdatLarchmofat,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  31, 
1897.  The  wife  of  John  Drew  (1825-62).  She 
married  Henry  Hunt,  a singer,  in  1836,  and  after  separat- 
ing from  him  married  George  Mossop,  an  Irish  actor,  who 
died  iu  1849.  Iu  1850  she  married  John  Drew.  She  went 


Drew,  Mrs. 

on  the  stage  very  young,  came  to  America  in  1828,  and  acted 
in  all  the  important  cities  inthecountry.  Inl861sbebecame 
sole  manager  of  the  Arch  Street  Theater  in  Philadelphia. 

Drew,  Samuel.  Born  at  St.  Austell,  Cornwall, 
England,  March  6, 1765 : died  at  Helston,  Corn- 
wall, March  29,  1833.  An  English  Methodist 
clergyman  and  theologian.  He  wrote  “Essay  on 
the  Immateriality  and  Immortality  of  the  Soul  ” (1802), 

* ‘ Essay  on  the  Identity  and  General  Resurrection  of  the 
Body  ” (1809). 

Drexel  (dreks'el),  Anthony  J oseph.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  fa.,  in  1826:  died  at  Karlsbad, 
June  30,  1893.  An  American  banker,  son  of 
Francis  Martin  Drexel.  He  founded  the  Drexel 
Institute  of  Art,  Science,  and  Industry  in  Philadelphia 
(1891). 

Drexel,  Francis  Martin.  Born  at  Dombirn, 
Austrian  Tyrol,  April  7, 1792 : died  June  5, 1863. 
A banker.  He  founded  the  banking  house  of 
Drexel  and  Co.  at  Philadelphia  (1837). 
Dreyfus  (dra-fiis'),  Alfred.  A captain,  of  J ew- 
ish  descent,  in  the  French  army.  He  was  con- 
victed (by  a secret  military  tribunal)  in  1894  of  having 
divulged  state  secrets  to  a foreign  power,  and  was  sen- 
tenced to  penal  servitude  for  life.  He  was  imprisoned  on 
Devil’s  Island,  French  Guiana.  The  efforts  to  obtain  a 
revision  of  his  case  involved  men  prominent  in  all 
branches  of  the  government  service  and  agitated  France 
for  years.  He  was  accorded  a second  trial  at  Rennes, 
Aug.  7-Sept.  9, 1899,  and  was  recondemned  and  sentenced 
to  ten  years’  Imprisonment,  but  was  pardoned.  The  de- 
cision of  the  court  of  cassation,  announced  J uly  12,  1906, 
quashed  the  verdict  of  the  Rennes  tribunal  and  completely 
vindicated  Dreyfus.  Promoted  major,  1906. 

Dreyschock  (drl'shok),  Alexander.  Born  at 
Zack,  Bohemia,  Oct.  15,  1818:  died  at  Venice, 
April  3,  1869.  A pianist  and  composer,  profes- 
sor (from  1862)  of  the  pianoforte  at  the  con- 
servatory of  St.  Petersburg,  director  of  the 
imperial  school  of  theatrical  music,  and  court 
pianist. 

Dreyse  (drl'ze),  Johann  Nikolaus  von.  Born 
at  Sommerda,  Prussia,  Nov.  20, 1787 : died  Dee. 
9,  1867.  A German  mechanician,  inventor  of 
the  muzzle-loading  needle-gun  (1827),  and  of  the 
breech-loader  (1836). 

Driburg  (dre'borG).  A watering-place  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  11  miles  east 
of  Paderborn. 

Drin  (dren).  A river  in  Turkey  which  flows 
through  northern  Albania,  and  empties  into 
the  Adriatic  near  Alessio.  Length,  about  200 
miles. 

Drina  (dre'na).  A river  which  rises  in  Monte- 
negro, flows  through  Bosnia  and  along  the 
Servian-Bosnian  frontier,  and  joins  the  Save  at 
the  frontier  of  Servia,  Bosnia,  and  Slavonia. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Drisfieen  City.  A name  popularly  given  to  the 
city  of  Cork.  A drisheen  is  an  article  of  food  made  of 
the  serum  of  the  blood  of  sheep  mixed  with  milk  and 
seasoned  with  pepper,  salt,  and  tansy.  Wheeler. 

Drogheda  (droch'e-dii).  [‘  The  bridge  over  the 
ford.’]  A seaport  in  Leinster,  Ireland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Boyne  26  miles  north  of  Dublin. 

Until  1898  it  formed  with  the  surrounding  district  (9  square 
miles)  a county.  “ Poynings’s  Law  ” (see  Drogheda , Stat- 
ute of)  waB  passed  here  in  1494.  The  town  was  defended 
against  O’Neill  1641-42  ; was  stormed  by  Cromwell  and  the 
garrison  massacred  Sept.,  1649  ; and  surrendered  to  Wil- 
liam III.  after  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  (which  see),  1690. 
Population,  12,760. 

Drogheda,  Statute  of.  A statute  passed  by  the 
parliament  of  Drogheda,  Sept.  13,  1494,  com- 
monly called  Poynings’s  Act  (or  Law),  from  the 
name  of  its  author,  the  lord  deputy  of  Ireland, 
Sir  Edward  Poynings.  It  enacted  that  no  Irish  par- 
liament should  be  held  without  the  consent  of  the  King  of 
England,  and  that  no  bill  could  be  brought  forward  in  an 
Irish  parliament  without  his  approval.  It  was  repealed 
in  1782. 

Drogio  (dro'ji-d).  A name  given  by  Antonio 
Zeno  to  an  imaginary  country  said  to  be  south 
and  west  of  Estotiland.  It  was  of  vast  extent,  and 
has  been  thought  to  include  Nova  Scotia  and  New  England. 
Drohobycz  (dro'ho-biich).  A town  in  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  49°  23'  N., 
long.  23°  28'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade 
and  salt-works.  Population,  commune,  35,886, 
(1910). 

Droifrwich  (droit'ich).  A town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  6 miles  northeast  of  Worcester, 
famous  for  its  salt-springs:  a market-town 
and  municipal  borough.  Population,  4,201. 
Drome  (drom).  A department  of  France,  lying 
between  IsSre  on  the  north,  Is&re  and  Hautes- 
Alpes  on  the  east,  Basses- Alpes  on  the  south- 
east, and  Vaucluse  on  the  south,  and  sepa- 
rated by  the  Rh6ne  from  Ardeehn  on  the  west. 
Its  chief  products  are  wine  and  silk.  Capital,  Valence. 
It  was  formed  from  portions  of  Dauphin^,  Provence,  and 
Comtat-V enaissin.  Area,  2,532  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 297,270. 

Dromio  of  Ephesus  and  Dromio  of  Syracuse. 


o 339 

In  Shakspere’s  “ Comedy  of  Errors,”  twin  bro- 
thers, servants  respectively  of  Antipholus  of 
Ephesus  and  Antipholus  of  Syracuse.  The  Dro- 
mio of  Ephesus  is  a stupid  servant,  the  Dromio  of  Syra- 
cuse a witty  one.  See  Comedy  of  Errors. 

Dromore  (dro'mor).  A town  in  County  Down, 
Ireland,  on  the  Lagan  16  miles  southwest  of 
Belfast.  It  has  a cathedral.  Population,  2,307. 
Drona  (dro'na).  [Skt.]  The  teacher  of  the  mil- 
itary art  to  the  Kaurava  and  Pandava  princes. 
In  the  great  war  of  the  Mahabharata  he  sided  with  the 
Kauravas,  and  after  the  death  of  Bhishma  became  their 
commander-in-chief. 

Brontheim.  See  Trondhjem. 

Brood,  Edwin.  See  Mystery  of  Edwin  Brood. 
Broste-Hiilshoff,  Baroness  Annette  Elisa- 
beth von.  Born  at  Hulshoff,  near  Munster, 
Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1797 : died  at  Morsburg,  on 
Lake  Constance,  May  24,  1848.  A German 
poet.  She  published  “Poems”  (1837,  etc.), 
“Das  geistliche  Jahr”  (1852),  etc. 
Drottningholm  (drot'ning-holm).  [‘Queen’s 
Island.’]  A Swedish  royal  palace  near  Stock- 
holm, on  the  island  of  Lofo  in  Lake  Malar. 
It  was  built  for.  Queen  Hedwig  Eleonora  (died  1715),  and 
was  improved  by  Oscar  I. 

Brouais  (dro-a'),  Jean  Germain.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  25,  1763:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  13, 
1788.  A French  historical  painter,  a pupil  of 
David. 

Brouet  (dro-a'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Sainte-Menehould,  Marne,  France,  Jan.  8, 1763 : 
died  at  Macon,  France,  April  11,  1824.  A 
French  revolutionist.  He  caused  the  arrest  of  Louis 
XVI.  at  Varennes  June  21,  1791,  and  was  a member  of 
the  Convention  in  1792  and  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hun- 
dred in  1795. 

Brouet,  Jean  Baptiste,  Comte  d’Erlon.  Born 
at  Rheims,  France,  July  29,  1765:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  25,  1844.  A marshal  of  France, 
distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  particu- 
larly at  Jena  1806,  and  Friedland  1807 : gov- 
ernor-general of  Algeria  1834-35. 

Brouyn  de  Lhuys  (dro-an'  de  lues'),  Edouard. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  19,  1805:  died  at  Paris, 
March  1, 1881.  A French  diplomatist  and  pol- 
itician. He  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  Dec.  20, 
1848,- June  2,  1849;  Jan.  10-24,  1851;  July  28,  1852, -May 
3,  1855;  and  Oct.,  1862, -Sept.  1,  1866. 

Broysen  (droi'sen),  Johann  Gustav.  Bom 

at  Treptow,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  July  6,  1808: 
died  at  Berlin,  June  19,  1884.  A German  his- 
torian, professor  at  Berlin  from  1859.  His  works 
include  “ Geschichte  der  preussischen  Politik  ” (1855-85), 
translations  of  “ JEschylus  ” (1832)  and  “ Aristophanes  ” 
(1836),  “Geschichte  Alexanders  des  Grossen"  (1833), 
“Geschichte  des  Hellenismus”  (1836-43),  etc. 

Droz  (dro),  Frangois  Xavier  Joseph.  Bom 

at  Besaneon,  France,  Oct.  31,  1773 : died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  5,  1850.  A French  moralist  and 
historian.  He  published  “Histoire  du  rfegne  de  Louis 
XVI.  ’’  (1839-42),  “De  la  philosophie  morale  ’’  (1823),  etc. 
Droz,  Gustave.  Born  at  Paris,  June  9,  1832 : 
died  Oet.  22,  1895.  A French  novelist.  His 

works  include  “Monsieur,  raadame,  et  b£be”  (1866),  “Entre 
nous  ” (1867),  “ Le  cahier  bleu  de  Mile.  Cibot  ” (1868),  “ Une 
femme  genante”  (1875),  “ Tristesses  et  sourires  ” (1884), 
“L’Enfant”  (1885),  etc. 

Droz,  Henri  Louis  Jacquet.  Born  at  La  Chaux- 

de-Fonds,  Switzerland,  Oct.  13,  1752:  died  at 
Naples,  Nov.  18,  1791.  A Swiss  mechanician, 
son  of  Pierre  Jacquet  Droz. 

Droz,  Pierre  Jacquet.  Born  at  La  Chaux-de- 
Fonds,  Switzerland,  July  28,  1721 : died  at 
Bienne,  Switzerland,  Nov.  28,  1790.  A Swiss 
mechanician,  especially  noted  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a writing  automaton. 

Druid  (dro'id),  Dr.  The  Welsh  tutor  of  Lord 
Abberville, in  Cumberland’s  play  “The  Fashion- 
able Lover.” 

Druids  (dro'idz).  [Of  Old  Celtic  origin.]  1. 
The  priests  or  ministers  of  religion  among  the 
ancient  Celts  of  Gaul,  Britain,  and  Ireland. 
The  chief  seats  of  the  Druids  were  in  Wales,  Brittany, 
and  the  regions  around  the  modern  Dreux  and  Chartres 
in  France.  The  Druids  are  believed  to  have  possessed 
some  knowledge  of  geometry,  natural  philosophy,  etc. 
They  superintended  the  affairs  of  religion  and  morality, 
and  performed  the  office  of  judges.  The  oak  is  said  to 
have  represented  to  them  the  one  supreme  God,  and  the 
mistletoe  when  growing  upon  it  the  dependence  of  man 
upon  him ; and  they  accordingly  held  these  in  the  high- 
est veneration,  oak-groves  being  their  places  of  worship. 
They  are  said  to  have  had  a common  superior,  who  wa9 
elected  by  a majority  of  votes  from  their  own  members, 
and  who  enjoyed  his  dignity  for  life.  The  Druids,  as  an 
order,  always  opposed  the  Romans,  but  were  ultimately 
exterminated  by  them. 

2.  The  members  of  a society  called  the  United 
Ancient  Order  of  Druids,  founded  in  London, 
in  1781,  for  the  mutual  benefit  of  the  members, 
and  now  comprising  numerous  lodges,  called 
groves,  in  America,  Australia,  Germany,  and 
elsewhere. 


Druses 

Drumclog  (drum-klog').  A place  in  Lanark- 
shire, Scotland,  16  miles  south  by  east  of 
Glasgow.  Here,  June  1 (O.  S.),  1679,  the  Scot- 
tish Covenanters  defeated  the  Royalists. 

Drummer,  The,  or  the  Haunted  House.  A 

play  by  Addison.  It  was  first  played  in  March,  1716, 
and  not  known  to  be  Addison’s  till  Steele  published  the 
fact,  after  the  author’s  death.  Doran , Eng.  Stage,  I.  231. 

Drummond  (drum'ond),  James,  Earl  of  Perth. 
Born  in  1648:  died  at  St.  Germain,  France, March 
11,1/ 16.  A Scottish  nobleman.  He  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  Scotland  by  Charles  II.  in  1684,  and  was  re- 
tained in  office  on  the  accession  of  James  II.,  whose  chief 
agent  he  became  in  the  Koman  Catholic  administration 
of  Scotland.  He  was  banished  on  the  deposition  of  James. 

Drummond,  James,  Earl  of  Perth.  Born  in 
1675:  died  at  Paris  in  1720.  A Scottish  noble- 
man, son  of  James  Drummond  (1648-1716),  earl 
of  Perth.  He  participated  in  the  Jacobite  rising  of 
1715-16  in  Scotland,  during  which  he  conducted  an  un- 
successful expedition  against  Edinburgh  Castle  and  led 
the  cavalry  at  the  battle  of  Sheriffmuir.  He  escaped 
from  Montrose  with  the  Pretender  in  1716. 

Drummond,  Henry.  Born  Dec.  5,  1786:  died 
at  Albury,  Surrey,  Feb.  20,  1860.  An  English 
politician  and  general  writer.  He  was  for  many 
years  partner  in  Drummond’s  bank,  London ; was  member 
of  Parliament  for  Plympton  Earle,  Devon,  1810-13,  and  for 
West  Surrey  from  1847  until  his  death  ; founded  the  pro- 
fessorship of  political  economy  at  Oxford  in  1825;  and.was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Catholic  Apostolic  Church,  in 
which  he  held  the  rank  of  apostle,  evangelist,  and  prophet. 
Among  his  works  are  “Condition  of  Agricultural  Classes" 
(1842)  and  “ History  of  Noble  British  Families  ’’  (1846). 

Drummond,  Henry.  Born  at  Stirling,  Scot- 
land, 1851:  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  March 
11,  1897.  A Scottish  clergyman  and  author. 
He  was  appointed  lecturer  on  natural  history  and  science 
in  the  Free  Church  College,  Glasgow,  in  1877.  He  has 
written  “Natural  Law  in  the  Spiritual  World”  (1883), 
“Tropical  Africa"  (1888),  etc. 

Drummond,  Thomas.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  10,  1797 : died  at  Dublin,  April  15,  1840. 
A British  engineer,  inventor  of  the  Drummond 
light  (1825). 

Drummond,  William,  of  Hawthornden.  Born 
at  Hawthornden,  near  Edinburgh,  Dec.  13, 
1585:  died  at  Hawthornden,  Dec.  4,  1649.  A 
Scottish  poet.  He  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  1605,  and  studied  law  at 
Bourges  and  Paris  1607-08.  On  succeeding  his  father,  John 
Drummond,  as  laird  of  Hawthornden  in  1610,  he  retired 
to  his  estate,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature  and  me- 
chanical experiments.  He  published  “ Tears  on  the  Death 
of  Meliades”  (1613),  “Poems ”(1616),  “Notes  of  Ben  Jon- 
son’s  Conversations,”  “Flowers  of  Zion,"  and  “Cypress 
Grove  ” (1623). 

Drummond,  Sir  William.  Bom  in  Scotland 
about  1760:  died  at  Rome,  March  29, 1828.  A 
British  diplomatist  and  writer.  He  published 
“ Origines,  or  Remarks  on  the  Origin  of  several  Empires, 
States,  and  Cities  ” (1824-29),  etc. 

Drummond  Island.  The  westernmost  island 
of  the  Manitoulin  group  in  Lake  Huron.  It 
belongs  to  Chippewa  County,  Michigan. 

Drummond  Lake.  A lake  in  southeastern 
Virginia,  in  the  middle  of  the  Great  Dismal 
Swamp. 

Drunken  Parliament,  The.  A nickname  of 
the  Scottish  Parliament  which  met  in  1661. 

Drupada  (dro'pa-da).  [Skt.]  The  King  of  Pan- 
chala,  father  of  Dlirishtadyumna  and  Krishna, 
called  Draupadi.  He  was  beheaded  on  the  fourteenth 
day  of  the  great  battle  by  Drona,  who  on  the  next  day  was 
killed  by  Dhrishtadyumna. 

Drury  (dro'ri)  Lane.  A street  in  London,  near 
the  Strand,  with  which  it  communicates  through 
Wych  street.  “It  is  one  of  the  great  arteries  of  the 
parish  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  an  aristocratic  part  of  Lon- 
don in  the  time  of  the  Stuarts.  It  takes  its  name  from 
Drury  House,  built  by  Sir  William  Drury  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.  Near  the  entrance  of  Drury  Lane  from  the 
Strand,  on  the  left,  an  old  house,  now  a Mission  House, 
stiU  exists,  which  stood  in  the  Lane  witli  the  old  house  of 
the  Drurys’,  before  the  street  was  built.  . . . The  re- 

spectability of  Drury  Lane  began  to  wane  at  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century.”  Hare , London,  II.  94. 

Drury  Lane  Theatre.  One  of  the  principal 
theaters  of  London,  situated  on  Russell  street 
near  Drury  Lane.  It  was  opened  under  Killigrew’s 
patent  1663 ; rebuilt  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren  and  reopened 
in  1674 ; and  reopened  1794  and  1812. 

Drury’s  Bluff  (dro'riz  bluf).  A point  on  the 
James  River,  near  Fort  Darling,  8 miles  south 
of  Richmond,  Virginia.  Here,  May  16, 1864,  the  Con- 
federates under  Beauregard  repulsed  the  Federals  under 
Butler.  Loss  (May  12 -16)  of  the  Federals,  3,012;  of  the 
Confederates,  2,500. 

Druses  (dro'zez).  [Turk.  Bruzi.\  Apeopleand 
religious  sect  of  Syria,  living  chiefly  in  the 
mountain  regions  of  Lebanon  and  Anti-Libanus 
and  the  district  of  Hauran.  The  only  name  they 
acknowledge  is  Unitarians  ( Muahidin ) ; that  by  which 
they  are  known  to  others  is  probably  from  Ismail  Darazi 
or  Durzi,  who  was  their  first  apostle  in  Syria.  They  are 
fanatical  and  warlike,  and  have  had  bloody  conflicts  with 
their  neighbors  the  Maronites. 


Drusilla 

Drusilla  (dro-sil'a).  1.  A daughter  of  Ger- 
manicus  and  Agrippina,  and  sister  and  mistress 
of  Caligula. — 2.  The  daughter  of  Caligula  hy 
his  wife  Caesonia. — 3.  A daughter  of  Herod 
Agrippa  I.,  wife  first  of  Azizus,  king  of  Emesa, 
and  then  of  Felix,  procurator  of  Judea.  She 
is  mentioned  in  Acts  xxiv.  24. 

Drusilla,  Livia.  The  wife  of  Augustus  and 
mother  of  Tiberius. 

Drusius  (dro'se-os),  Johannes  (Jan  van  der 
Driesche).  Born  at  Oudenarde,  Flanders, 
June  28, 1550:  died  at  Franeker,  Friesland,  Feb. 
12,  1616.  A Dutch  Orientalist  and  exegete. 
Drusus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Drusus. 

Drusus  (dro'sus)  Caesar.  Born  about  10  b.  c.  : 
died  23  a.  d.  Son  of  Tiberius  and  Vipsania.  He 
quelled  a mutiny  of  the  legions  in  Fannonia  in  14 ; was 
consul  in  15;  was  appointed  governor  of  Illyricum  in  16; 
was  consul  in  21 ; and  in  22  was  invested  with  the  tribu- 
nicia  potestas,  whereby  he  was  declared  heir  apparent  to 
the  throne.  lie  was  poisoned  by  the  favorite  Sejanus,  who 
aspired  to  the  succession. 

Drusus,  Marcus  Livius.  Died  probably  109  b.  c. 

A Roman  politician.  He  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  con- 
jointly with  Caius  Gracchus  in  122,  his  election  having  been 
procured  by  the  senate,  whose  members  were  alarmed  at 
the  democratic  innovations  of  thelatter.  In  collusion  with 
the  senate  he  opposed  his  veto  to  the  bills  brought  forward 
by  his  colleague,  and  introduced  instead  bills  of  similar 
import,  but  making  more  extravagant  concessions,  which 
were  passed  by  the  senate.  He  was  consul  ir.  112,  and  while 
governor  of  Macedonia,  which  he  obtained  as  his  province, 
defeated  the  Thracian  Scordisci. 

Drusus,  Marcus  Livius.  Died  at  Rome,  91  b.  c. 
A Roman  politician,  son  of  Marcus  Livius 
Drusus.  He  became  in  91  tribune  of  the  plebs,  whose 
favor  he  won  by  largesses  of  corn  and  by  the  introduction 
of  a bill  providing  for  a new  division  of  the  public  lands. 
This  bill,  together  with  another  which  restored  to  the 
senate  the  places  on  the  juries  of  which  it  had  been  de- 
prived by  C.  Gracchus,  was  passed  by  the  comitiae,  but 
declared  null  and  void  by  the  senate.  He  was  assassinated 
as  he  was  about  to  bring  forward  a proposal  to  bestow  the 
citizenship  on  the  Italians.  His  death  gave  the  signal  for 
the  outbreak  of  the  Social  War. 

Drusus,  Nero  Claudius.  Born  38  b.  c.  : died 
in  Germany,  9 b.  c.  A Roman  general,  brother 
of  Tiberius.  He  was  the  son  of  Livia  by  Tiberius  Clau- 
dius Nero,  and  was  born  shortly  after  the  marriage  of  his 
mother  with  the  emperor  Augustus.  He  was  adopted,  to- 
gether with  his  brother  Tiberius,  by  the  emperor ; and  at 
an  early  age  married  Antonia,  the  daughter  of  Marcus 
Antonius.  He  subdued  a revolt  in  Gaul  in  13,  and,  start- 
ing in  12  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  undertook  four 
campaigns  in  Germany  proper,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
led  the  Roman  armies  to  the  Weser  and  the  Elbe.  He  died 
on  the  way  back,  in  consequence  of  a fall  from  his  horse. 

Dryander  (drii-an'der),  Jonas.  Born  in  Swe- 
den, 1748:  died  at  London,  Oct.  19,  1810.  A 
Swedish  botanist.  He  catalogued  the  library  of 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  1796-1800.  He  was  also  li- 
brarian to  the  Royal  Society. 

Dryasdust  (dri'as-dust),  Rev.  Dr.  A prosy 
person  who  is  supposed  to  write  the  introduc- 
tory letters  to  several  of  Scott’s  novels.  He  also 
writes  the  conclusion  to  “ Redgauntlet.”  The  name  was 
used  by  Carlyle  as  a synonym  for  dreary  platitude  (espe- 
cially in  historical  writing). 

Drybob  (dri'bob).  In  Thomas  Shadwell’s  com- 
edy “ TheHumourists,”  a fantastic  coxcomb  and 
would-be  wit. 

Dryburgb  (dri'bur-6)  Abbey.  A highly  pic- 
turesque ruin  4 miles  southeast  of  Melrose, 
Scotland,  whose  fragments  exhibit  excellent 
Norman  and  Early  English  architectural  de- 
tails. It  contains  the  tomb  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott. 

Dryden  (dri'den),  John.  Born  at  the  vicarage 
of  Aldwinkle"  All  Saints,  Northamptonshire, 
England,  Aug.  9 (?),  1631:  died  at  London,  May 
1,  1700.  A celebrated  English  poet  and  dram- 
atist. He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1054.  In  1603  he  married  Lady  Elizabeth  How- 
ard, the  sister  of  his  friend  Sir  Robert  Howard.  Original- 
ly a Parliamentarian,  he  went  over  to  the  Royalist  side, 
and  was  poet  laureate  and  historiographer  royal  1670-88. 
In  1679  he  had  a quarrel  with  Rochester,  which  caused 
him  to  be  cudgeled  in  the  street  by  masked  bravos.  The 
unsettled  state  of  public  feeling  after  the  Popish  plot, 
which  induced  him  to  write  his  series  of  satires  (of  which 
“Absalom  and  Achitophel”  was  the  first),  brought  down 
upon  him  a storm  of  libels.  He  was  converted  to  Roman 
Catholicism  in  1686,  but  his  sincerity  has  been  impugned. 
His  critical  writings  were  numerous  and  on  various  sub- 
jects. He  wrote  many  prologues,  epilogues,  and  dedica- 
tions, and  after  his  conversion  to  Roman  Catholicism  em- 
ployed his  pen  in  defense  of  his  faith.  His  chief  poems 
are  “ Heroic  Stanzas  ” on  the  death  of  Cromwell  (1659), 
“AstrseaRedux,  "celebrating  theRestoration(1660),“  Annus 
Mirabilis  " (1667),  “Absalom  and  Achitophel  ” (1681 : the 
second  part  with  Tate,  1682),  “The  Medal”  (1682),  “Mac- 
Fleeknoe”  (1682),  “Religio  Laici”  (1682),  “The  Hind  and 
the  Panther”  (1687),  “Translation  of  Virgil”  (1697),  “Alex- 
ander’s Feast”  (1697);  also  translations  of  Juvenal,  Ovid, 
etc.  His  chief  plays  are  “The  Indian  Emperor,”  “Al- 
manzor  and  Almahide,  or  the  Conquest  of  Granada,” 
“Aurengzebe,”  “All  for  Love,”  “Secret  Love,  or  The  Maid- 
en Queen,"  “Sir  Martin  Mar-all,”  “ Don  Sebastian,”  “An 
Evening's  Love,  or  The  Mock  Astrologer,”  “ Marriage  a la 
Mode,”  “ The  Kind  Keeper,”  “ Amboyna,"  “ The  Spanish 


340 

Friar,"  “ Tyrannic  Love,”  and  others.  His  life  is  in  John- 
son's “ Lives  of  the  Poets. ” His  works  were  edited  by  Scott 
in  18  volumes  (1808). 

Dryfesdale  (drifz'dal),  Jasper.  In  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott’s  novel  “The  Abbot,”  the  revenge- 
ful old  steward  at  Lochleven  Castle,  who  en- 
deavors to  poison  Queen  Mary  and  her  atten- 
dants. 

Dryope  (dri'o-pe).  [Gr.  Aped-//.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a shepherdess,  daughter  of  Dryops 
or  of  Eurytus.  She  was  the  playmate  of  the  Hama- 
dryads, and  was  changed  by  them  into  a poplar.  By 
Apollo  she  was  the  mother  of  Amphissus. 

Dry  Tortugas  (dri  tor-to'gaz).  A group  of  coral 
keys  iu  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  about  lat.  24°  36'  N., 
long.  82°  54'  W.,  included  in  Monroe  County, 
Florida.  A penal  station  was  established  on 
one  of  them,  at  Fort  J eif erson,  during  the  Civil 
War. 

Dualla  (do-al'a).  The  principal  tribe,  of  Bantu 
stock,  in  the  German  Kamerun,  West  Africa. 
Formerly  slave-dealers,  the  Dualla  are  still  given  to  trade, 
acting  as  middlemen  between  the  whites  on  the  coast  and 
the  natives  of  the  interior.  Owing  to  missionary  efforts 
there  are  several  native  churches  ; many  natives  can  read, 
and  a few  have  acquired  wealth.  They  are  ruled  by  petty 
chiefs,  and  subject  to  the  German  governor.  The  Ba-sa  and 
Ba-kume  are  neighbors  of  the  Dualla  in  the  Kamerun. 
See  Kamerun. 

Duane  (do-an'),  William.  Born  near  Lake 
Champlain,  N.  Y.,  1760  : died  at  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  24,1835.  An  American  journalist  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  educated  in  Ireland,  and  lived  a number  of 
yearsin  India  and  England.  He  returned  to  America  in  1795, 
and  from  1798-1822  was  editor  of  the  “Aurora,”  published 
at  Philadelphia,  which  under  his  management  became 
the  leading  newspaper  of  the  Democratic  party.  He  pub- 
lished “A  Military  Dictionary  ” (1810),  “A  Visit  to  Colum- 
bia ” (1826 : the  record  of  a trip  to  South  America  in  1822- 
1823),  etc. 

Duane,  William  John.  Born  at  Clonmel,  Ire- 
land, May  9,  1780  : died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept. 
26,  1865.  An  American  lawyer  and  politician, 
son  of  William  Duane.  He  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  treasury  by  President  Jackson  in  1833,  but  was  dis- 
missed in  the  same  year  for  refusing  to  remove  the  gov- 
ernment deposits  from  the  United  States  Bank  without 
authority  from  Congress. 

Duarte  (du-ar'te).  A brave  but  vainglorious 
man  in  Fletcher  and  Massinger’s  “Custom  of 
the  Country.”  Cibber  introduces  him  in  a somewhat 
modified  form  in  his  “Love  makes  a Man,”  taken  from  the 
former  play. 

Duarte  Coelho.  See  Coelho. 

Duban  (dii-bon'),  Jacques  Felix.  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, Oct.  14,  1797:  died  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
Dec.  20,  1870.  A French  architect.  From 
1848-54  he  was  architect  of  the  Louvre. 

Du  Barry.  See  Barry. 

Du  Bartas.  See  Bartas. 

Du  Baudrier  (dii  bo-dre-a'),  Sieur.  A pseudo- 
nym of  Swift  in  “A  New  Journey  to  Paris” 

(1711). 

Dubbhe,  or  Dubhe  (dob'he).  [Ar.  dubli,  a bear.] 
The  bright  second-magnitude  star  a Uvsse  Ma- 
joris,  the  northern  one  of  the  “ two  pointers  ” 
in  the  constellation. 

Du  Bellay.  See  Bellay. 

Dublin  (dub'lin).  [Ir.  Dubh-linn,  black-pool, 
orig.  the  name  of  that  part  of  the  river  Liffey 
on  which  the  city  now  stands.]  1 . A maritime 
county  in  Leinster,  Ireland,  bounded  by  the 
Irish  Sea  on  the  east,  Wicklow  on  the  south, 
Meath  and  Kildare  on  the  west,  and  Meath  on 
the  northwest.  Area,  342  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 157,568. — 2.  The  capital  of  Ireland, 
situated  on  the  Liffey  at  its  entrance  into 
Dublin  Bay,  in  lat.  (of  observatory)  53°  23'  N., 
long.  6°  20'  W.  It  has  a large  trade  ; its  chief  manu- 
factures are  porter,  whisky,  and  poplin.  It  contains  Dublin 
Castle,  Trinity  College,  a Roman  Catholic  University,  the 
Bank  of  Ireland  (formerly  the  Parliament  House),  the  Cus- 
tom House,  Phoenix  Park,  and  the  Four  Courts.  It  was 
probably  the  Eblana  of  Ptolemy.  It  was  seized  by  the 
Danes  in  the  9th  century,  and  was  taken  by  Strongbow  in 
1171.  Its  castle  was  commenced  in  1205.  A massacre  of 
the  English  residents  occurred  on  Black  Monday  in  1209. 
The  city  was  occupied  by  William  III.  iu  1689.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a conspiracy  in  1798,  of  Emmet’s  insurrection 
in  1803,  and  of  the  Phoenix  Park  political  assassinations 
(see  Cavendish , Lord  Frederick),  May  6,  1882.  Popula- 
tion, with  suburbs,  403,030,  (1911). 

Dublin,  University  of.  See  Trinity  College. 

Dublin  Bay.  All  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea.  Length, 
about  8 miles. 

Dublin  Castle.  An  ancient  fortification  of  the 
13th  century,  in  the  city  of  Dublin.  It  is  now 
restored,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  viceroy. 

Diibner  (diib'ner),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Hor- 
selgau,  near  Gotha,  Germany,  Dec.  20,  1802 : 
died  near  Paris,  Dec.  13, 1867.  A German  classi- 
cal philologist  and  critic.  He  was  professor  at  the 
gymnasium  in  Gotha  1826-31,  and  in  1832  went  to  Paris 
to  take  part  in  the  editing  of  Stephanus's  “ Thesaurus  lin- 
gua; Grace*.” 


Dubuisson 

Dubno  (dob'no).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Volhynia,  Russia,  in  lat.  50°  25'  N.,  long.  25° 
47'  E.  Population,  15,700. 

Dubois  (dii-bwa'),  Baron  Antoine.  Born  at 
Gramat,  Lot,  France,  1756:  died  at  Paris, 
March,  1837.  A French  surgeon,  noted  as  an 
obstetrician.  He  accompanied  Napoleon  in 
the  Egyptian  campaign. 

Dubois,  Guillaume.  Born  at  Brives-la-Gail- 
larde,  Correze,  France,  Sept.  6,  1656:  died  at 
Versailles,  France,  Aug.  10,  1723.  A French 
cardinal  and  statesman.  He  was  councilor  of  state 
in  1715  ; negotiated  the  triple  alliance  between  England, 
France,  and  Holland  in  1717  ; and  was  prime  minister  in 
1722.  . 

Dubois,  Jacques,  Latinized  Sylvius.  Born  at 
Amiens,  1478:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  13,  1555.  A 
French  physician,  professor  of  medicine  at  the 
Royal  College  (now  College  de  France).  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  1530. 
Dubois,  Jean  Antoine.  Born  at  St.  Rameze, 
Ard&che,  France,  1765 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  7, 
1848.  A French  missionary.  He  published  a “ De- 
scription of  the  Character,  etc.,  of  the  People  of  India, 
etc.”  (London,  1816),  “ Pantchatantra,  ou  les  cinq  ruses, 
fables  de  Wichnou-Sarma,  etc."  (1826). 

Dubois,  John.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  24,  1764: 
died  Dec.  20,  1842.  A French-American  bishop 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  founded 
Mount  St.  Mary’s  College,  Emmettsburg,  Mary- 
land, in  1809. 

Dubois,  Paul.  Born  July  18,  1829:  died  May 
23, 1905.  A noted  French  sculptor  and  painter. 
At  eight  years  of  age  he  entered  the  College  Louis-le- 
Grand  in  Paris.  After  leaving  college  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law,  which  he  abandoned  later  for  sculpture,  en- 
tering (1856)  the  studio  of  Toussaint.  In  1859  he  went  to 
Rome.  In  1864  he  exhibited  a bronze  statue  of  the  young 
John  the  Baptist.  Among  his  works  are  the  sculptures  on 
the  tomb  of  General  Lamoricifere  in  the  cathedral  of  Nantes. 
He  was  director  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts  1878-1905. 

Dubois,  Paul  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec. 
7,  1795:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.,  1871.  A French 
obstetrician,  son  of  Antoine  Dubois. 

Du  Boisgobey.  See  Boisgobey. 

Du  Bois-Reymond  (dii  bwa-ra-mon'),  Emil. 
Born  at  Berlin,  Nov.  7,  1818:  died  there,  Dec. 
26,  1896.  A noted  German  physiologist.  He 
became  professor  of  physiology  in  the  LTniversity  of  Ber- 
lin in  1855,  and  in  1867  was  elected  perpetual  secretary 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  researches  and  discoveries  in  animal  electricity 
and  the  functions  of  the  nerves.  His  works  include  “Un- 
tersuchungen  iiber  tierisclie  Elektricitat  ” (1848-84),  “ Ge- 
sammelte  Abhandlungen  zur  allgemeinen  Muskel-  und 
Nervenphysik  ” (1875-77),  etc. 

Dubos  (dii-bo'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Beau- 
vais, France,  Dec.,  1670:  died  at  Paris,  March 
23, 1742.  A French  critic,  historian,  and  diplo- 
mat. His  works  include  “Reflexions  critiques  sur  la 
pofeie  et  la  peinture”  (l719),“Histoire  critique  de  l’etab- 
lissement  de  la  monarchie  franqaise  dans  les  Gaules” 
(1734),  etc. 

Dubose  (dii-bosk').  In  “The  Lyons  Mail”  (for- 
merly Stirling’s  “The  Courier  of  Lyons”),  a 
brutal  highwayman  who  murders  the  courier 
and  robs  the  mail.  His  extraordinary  likeness  to 
the  mild  and  noble-minded  Lesurques  causes  the  latter  to 
be  arrested  for  the  crime.  Henry  Irving  has  been  success- 
ful in  the  dual  part,  playing  both  characters. 
Dubossary  (do-bos-sa'ri).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  in  lat.  47°  17'  N.,long.  29°  10'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 13,276. 

Dubovka  (do-bof'kii).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratof,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga 
in  lat.  49°  15'  N.,  long.  44'  50'  E.  Population, 
16,370. 

Dubray  (dti-bra'),  Vital  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.  27,  1818:  died  there,  Oct.  4,  1892. 
A French  sculptor,  a pupil  of  Ramey.  His  best- 
known  works  are  16  reliefs  in  bronze  for  the  memorial  to 
Joan  of  Arc  at  Orleans,  and  portraits  of  Napoleon  III., 
Josephine,  and  others. 

Dubs  (dobz),  Jakob.  Born  at  Affoltern,  near 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  26,  1822:  died  at 
Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Jan.  13, 1879.  A Swiss 
statesman  and  jurist,  president  of  the  confed- 
eration in  1864. 

Dubufe  (dii-biif'),  Claude  Marie.  Born  at 
Paris  about  1790:  died  at  Paris,  April  21, 
1864.  A French  painter. 

Dubufe,  Edouard.  Born  at  Paris,  March  30, 
1820:  died  at  Versailles,  Aug.  11,  1883.  A 
French  historical  and  portrait  painter,  son  of 
Claude  Marie  Dubufe.  He  was  a pupil  of  his 
father  and  of  Delaroche. 

Dubufe,  Edouard  Marie  Guillaume.  Born 
at  Paris,  May  16,  1853 : died  May  27,  1909.  A 
French  painter,  son  of  Bdouard  Dubufe. 
Dubuisson  (dii-bue-soh'),  Paul  Ulrich.  Bom 
at  Laval,  France,  1746:  guillotined  at  Paris, 


Dubuisson 

March  23,  1794.  A French  dramatist  of  infer- 
ior merit.  He  was  a violent  revolutionist,  a 
follower  of  Hubert,  whose  fortunes  he  shared. 
Dubuque  (do-buk').  The  county-seat  of  Du- 
buque County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  42°  29'  N.,  long.  90°  44'  W.  it  is 

the  center  of  a lead  district,  and  an  important  commer- 
cial city,  with  a large  trade  in  lumber  and  grain.  It  is 
the  oldest  place  in  the  State  (settled  1833).  Population, 
38,494,  (1910). 

Due  (diik),  Joseph  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
25,  1802:  died  Jan.  22,  1879.  A French  archi- 
tect. His  chief  work  is  the  Palace  of  Justice 
in  Paris. 

Ducamp,  or  Du  Camp  (dii-koh'),  Maxime. 
Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  8, 1822:  died  there,  Feb.  9, 
1894.  A French  author,  journalist,  traveler,  and 
artist.  He  was  on  e of  the  founders  of  the  “Revue:  de  Paris  ” 
(1851 : suppressed  in  1858),  and  has  been  a contributor  to 
the  “Revue  des  Deux  Mondes.”  His  chief  work  is  “Paris: 
ses  oiganes,  ses  fonctions,  sa  vie  ” (1869-75). 

Du  Cange  (dii  konzh'),  or  Ducange,  Sieur 
(Charles  du  Fresne  or  Dufresne).  Born  at 
Amiens,  France.  Dec.  18,  1610:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  23,  1688.  A noted  French  philologist  and 
historian.  He  published  “Glossarium  ad  scriptores 
mediae  et  infimae  latinitatis  ” (1678),  “ Glossarium  ad  scrip- 
tores  mediae  et  infimae  graecitatis”  (1688),  “Histoire  de 
l’empire  de  Constantinople  sous  les  empereurs  framjais  ” 
(1657),  “ Historia  Byzantina  ” (1680),  etc. 

Ducange,  Victor  Henri  Joseph  Brahain.  Born 
at  The  Hague,  Nov.  24,  1783:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  15, 1833.  A French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
His  works  include  “Agathe"  (1819),  “ Valentine”  (1821 : 
an  attack  on  the  Royalists  which  brought  a six  months’ 
imprisonment),  “TAonide”  (1823),  “Marc  Loricot " (1832), 
etc.  He  was  several  times  imprisoned. 

Ducarel  (dii-ka-rel'),  Andre  Coltee.  Born  in 
Normandy,  France,  about  1713:  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  29,  1785.  An  English  antiquarian. 
His  chief  work  is  “Anglo-Norman  Antiquities” 
(1754-67). 

Ducas  (do'kas),  Michael.  Lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  15th  century.  A Byzantine  his- 
torian. He  wrote  a history  of  the  Byzantine  empire  for 
the  period  1341-1462  (first  printed  at  Paris  in  1649). 

Ducasse  (dii-kas'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Bern  about  1640:  died  in  France,  July,  1715. 
A French  naval  commander,  in  1691  he  was  made 
governor  of  the  French  colony  in  Santo  Domingo.  He 
attacked  and  laid  waste  the  English  settlements  in  Jamaica 
in  1694.  His  own  colony  was  ravaged  by  the  English  in 
1695,  and  in  1697  he  commanded  the  land  forces  in  the  ex- 
pedition which  sailed  from  Santo  Domingo  and  took  Car- 
tagena. In  Aug. , 1702,  he  fought  with  the  English  fleet  of 
Ben  bow  for  four  days,  Benbow  finally  retiring.  He  served 
in  Spain  during  the  War  of  Succession,  and  commanded 
the  naval  forces  in  the  attack  on  Barcelona  in  1714. 

Du  Casse,  Pierre  Emmanuel  Albert,  Baron. 
Born  at  Bourges,  1813 : died  at  Paris,  March  15, 
1893.  A French  soldier  and  military  writer. 
He  was  placed  on  the  general  staff  in  1854,  and  for  a time 
was  adjutant  to  Prince  Jfirome  Napoleon.  He  has  pub- 
lished numerous  works  on  military  affairs  and  on  French 
military  history. 

Ducato  (do-ka/to),  Cape.  A cape  at  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  Santa  Maura,  Ionian  Islands, 
Greece. 

Duccio  di  Buoninsegna  (do'eho  de  bwon-en- 
sen'ya).  A Sienese  painter.  He  is  first  heard  of  in 
1282,  and  was  then  a master  in  Siena.  His  famous  altar- 
piece  in  the  cathedral  of  Siena  was  begun  in  1308,  and  on 
its  completion  was  conveyed,  like  the  Rucellai  Madonna  of 
Cimabue,  from  the  workshop  to  the  church  in  solemn  pro- 
cession to  the  sound  of  bell  and  drum.  He  adheres  to  the 
Byzantine  types  and  motives,  but  enriches  them  by  more 
pleasing  proportions  and  better  executed  hands  and  feet. 

Du  Chaillu  (dii  cha-yii'),  Paul  Belloni.  Born 
at  Paris,  July  31,  1835 : died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
April  30,  1903.  An  African  explorer,  son  of  a 
French  trader  of  Gabun,  West  Africa.  In  1851, 

when  quite  young,  he  made  some  exploratory  tours  around 
his  father’s  trading  factory,  and  became  acquainted  with 
the  customs  of  the  Mpongwe.  In  1855  he  came  to  America, 
which  he  made  his  home.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  he  undertook  a 
botanic  and  zoologic  exploration  of  the  Ogowe  basin.  This 
he  continued  successfully  for  four  years.  His  accounts  of 
the  gorillas  and  Obongo  dwarfs  were  contradicted  by  Gray 
and  Barth,  but  later  explorations  have  confirmed  them. 
In  1861  he  published  his  “ Explorations  and  Adventures 
in  Equatorial  Africa.’’  In  1863  he  started  on  a second  ex- 
ploration? he  visited  the  Ngunye  Falls  and  Ashango-land, 
and  returned  in  1865.  His  principal  works  are  “A  Journey 
to  Ashango-land”  (1867),  “My  Apingi  Kingdom"  (1870), 
“ The  Country  of  the  Dwarfs  ” (1872),  “The  Land  of  the 
Midnight  Sun  ’’  (1881).  This  last  book  was  the  result  of 
a several  years'  stay  in  Sweden  and  Lapland. 

Du  Chatelet  (dii  chat-la'),  Marquise  (Gabri- 
elle  Bmilie  le  Tonnelier  de  Breteuil).  Born 
at  Paris,  Dec.  17,  1706:  died  at  Lunovillo, 
France,  Aug.  10,  1749.  A French  author  and 
scholar,  mistress  of  Voltaire. 

Duchesne  (dii-shan'),  Andre.  Bom  at  tle-Bou- 
chard,  Touraine,  France,  1584:  died  May  30, 
1640.  A noted  French  historian.  He  published 
numerous  works,  among  them  “ Historic  Francorum  scrip- 
tores  ”(1636-49),  “ Historia:  Normannorum  scriptures  an- 
tiqui  ” (1619),  etc. 


341 


Duchesne,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph.  Born  at 
Gisors,  Eure,  France,  Dee.  8,  1770:  died  at 
Gisors,  March  25, 1856.  A French  enamel  and 
miniature  painter. 

Duchesne,  P6re.  See  Hebert,  Jacques  Bene. 

Duchess,  The.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Mar- 
garet Argles  Hungerford. 

Duchess  of  Devonshire.  1.  A portrait  by  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  at  Althorp  Park,  England. 
The  figure  is  shown  in  full  length,  wearing  a plumed 
turban,  and  about  to  descend  a flight  of  steps. 

2.  A noted  portrait  by  Gainsborough,  stolen 
from  Agnew’s  galleries,  London,  in  1876,  and 
recovered  in  1901.  The  duchess  is  represented  stand- 
ing in  a garden  walk,  and  wearing  a broad-brimmed 
plumed  hat. 

Duchess  of  Malfi,  The.  A tragedy  by  Webster, 
played  about  1612,  printed  in  1623.  There  is  a 
dramatic  version  of  the  story  among  Lope  de  Vega’s  works, 
and  it  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  Bandello’s  “Novelle.” 
It  is  Webster  s most  popular  play,  the  one  oftenest  read, 
and  the  most  original.  The  crime  for  which  the  duchess  is 
reduced  by  her  family  to  insanity  and  death  is  her  secret 
marriage  with  her  steward  whom  she  loved. 

This  refinement  of  a noble  mind  by  suffering  is  the  key- 
note to  the  Duchess  of  Malfy,  and  the  wretchedness  that 
comes  upon  her  only  illuminates  and  purifies  her  lovely 
character.  ...  In  Webster’s  version  the  Duchess  is  pre- 
sented before  us  as  a woman  of  supreme  rank  and  high 
spirit,  whose  power  of  mind  and  healthiness  of  purpose 
have  kept  her  uncontaminated  by  the  frivolous  conven- 
tionality of  a court  life.  She  dares  to  act  for  herself ; 
though  a sovereign,  she  does  not  forget  she  is  a woman, 
and  sees  nothing  ignoble  in  the  faithful  love  of  a subject. 

Gosse,  Seventeenth  Century  Studies,  p.  55. 

Bosola.  ...  I’ll  describe  her  [the  Duchess], 

She’s  sad,  as  one  long  us’d  to’t,  and  she  seems 
Rather  to  welcome  the  end  of  misery, 

Than  shun  it ; a behaviour  so  noble, 

As  gives  a majesty  to  adversity  : 

You  may  discern  the  shape  of  loveliness 
More  perfect  in  her  tears  than  in  her  smiles  : 

She  will  muse  for  hours  together ; and  her  silence, 
Methinks,  expresseth  more  than  if  she  spake. 

Webster,  Duchess  of  Malfi. 


Ducis  (dii-se'),  Jean  Francois.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Aug.  22,  1733:  died  at  Ver- 
sailles, March  31,  1816.  A French  dramatic 
poet,  best  known  as  an  adapter  of  “Hamlet” 
and  others  of  Shakspere’s  plays  to  the  French 
stage.  His  best  original  work  is  “Abufar” 
(1795). 

Duckworth  (duk'werth),  Sir  John  Thomas. 

Born  at  Leatherhead,  Surrey,  England,  Feb. 
28,  1748:  died  at  Devonport,  England,  Aug. 
31,  1817.  An  English  admiral.  He  commanded  a 
vessel  under  Lord  Howe  in  the  action  with  the  French 
off  Ushant,  June  1,  1794  ; was  appointed  rear-admiral  of 
the  white  in  1799;  was  made  commander-in-chief  at  Ja- 
maica in  1803  ; directed  the  operations  which  led  to  the 
surrender  of  the  French  under  Rochambeau  in  Santo  Do- 
mingo ; was  promoted  vice-admiral  in  1804 ; defeated  a 
French  squadron  off  Santo  Domingo  Feb.  6, 1806 ; was  pro- 
moted admiral  in  1810 ; was  created  a baronet  in  1813 ; 
and  was  commander-in-chief  at  Newfoundland  1810-13. 

Duclos  (dii-klo '),  Charles  Pinot.  Born  at. 
Dinan,  Brittany,  France,  Feb.  12,  1704 : died 
at  Paris,  March  26, 1772.  A noted  French  his- 
torian and  man  of  letters.  His  earliest  works  were 
romances,  among  them  “Confessions  du  Comte  de  ...” 
(1742).  He  also  published  “ Considerations  sur  les  mceurs 
de  ce  si&cle  ” (1749),  “ M^moires  secrets  des  r&gnes  de 
Louis  XIV.  et  de  Louis  XV.”  (1791),  etc.  As  secretary  of 
the  Academy  he  supervised  the  publication  of  its  cele- 
brated dictionary. 

Ducornet  (dii-kor-na'),  Louis  Cesar  Joseph. 

Born  at  Lille,  France,  Jan.  10,  1806:  died  at 
Paris,  April  27,  1856.  A French  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  a pupil  of  Gerard.  He  was 
horn  without  arms. 

Du  Croisy  (dii  krwa-se').  The  lover  in  Mo- 
liM-e’s  “Les  prdcieuses  ridicules.”  He  and  La 
Grange,  his  friend,  send  their  valets,  disguised  as  le  Mar- 
quis de  Mascarille  and  le  Vicomte  de  Judelet,  to  make 
love  to  “les  pr^cieuses ” and  teach  them  that  fine  phrases 
do  not  make  a gentleman. 

Ducrot  (dii-kro'),  Auguste  Alexandre.  Born 
at  Nevers,  France,  Feb.  24,  1817 : died  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Aug.  16,  1882.  A French  gen- 
eral. He  received  command  of  the  1st  division  of  the 
1st  army  corps  under  MacMahon  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Franco-German  war  (1870),  and  served  at  the  battle  of 
Worth,  and  at  Sedan  where  he  was  taken  prisoner.  He 
went  to  Pont-k-Mousson  on  parole,  but  (led  to  Paris 
where  he  took  command  of  the  second  army.  He  made 
unsuccessful  sorties  Sept.  19,  Oct.  21,  and  Nov.  30-Dec.  4, 
1870,  and  Jan.  19, 1871  (battle  of  Mont  VaRrien).  He  was 
given  command  of  the  8th  army  corps  by  Thiers  in  Sept., 
1872. 

Ducrotay  de  Blainville  (dii-kro-ta'  de  Man- 
vel'), Henri  Marie.  Born  at  Arques,  near 
Dieppe,  France,  Sept.  12,  1778 : died  near 
Paris,  May  1,  1850.  A French  naturalist.  He 

published  “ Faune  frangaise”  (1821-30),  “ De  l’organisa- 
tion  des  animaux  ” (1822),  " Osteographie  ” (1839-49),  etc. 

Duddon  (dud'on).  A small  river  on  the  border 
of  Cumberland  and  Lancashire,  England,  flow- 
ing into  the  Irish  Sea  20  miles  northwest  of 


Dudley  Diamond,  The 

Lancaster.  It  is  celebrated  in  the  poetry  of 
Wordsworth. 

Du  Deffand.  See  Deffand. 

Duderstadt  (do'der-stat).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  14  miles  east 
of  Gottingen. 

Dudevant  (diid-von'),  Mme.  (Armandine  Lu- 
cille Aurore  Dupin).  See  Sancl,  George. 
Dudley  (dud'li).  A town  in  Worcestershire, 
England,  8 miles  west-northwest  of  Birming- 
ham. Noted  for  iron  manufactures.  Near  it  are  the 
ruins  of  Dudley  Castle.  Population,  51,092,  (1911). 

Dudley,  Arthur.  A pseudonym  of  Madame 
Blaze  de  Bury. 

Dudley,  Benjamin  Winslow.  Born  in  Spott- 
syl vania  County,  Va.,  April  12,  1785:  died  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  Jan.  20,  1870.  An  American 
surgeon,  especially  noted  as  a lithotomist. 
Dudley,  Charles  Edward.  Born  at  Johnson 
Hall,  Staffordshire,  England,  May  23, 1780 : died 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1841.  An  Ameri- 
can politician,  United  States  senator  from  New 
York  1829-33.  Dudley  Observatory  (Albany) 
was  founded  by  his  widow. 

Dudley,  Sir  Edmund.  Born  about  1462 : exe- 
cuted at  London,  Aug.  18,  1510.  An  English 
politician.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  and  at  Gray’s 
Inn,  is  said  to  have  been  made  a privy  councilor  at 
twenty-three,  and  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  1504.  He  was  employed  as  a fiscal  agent  by 
Henry  VII.,  and  incurred  popular  odium  by  the  rigor  with 
which  he  enforced  the  extortionate  claims  of  the  crown. 
On  the  death  of  Henry  VII.  in  1509,  he  was  beheaded  on 
the  charge  of  treason,  in  company  with  Sir  Richard  Emp- 
son,  another  of  Henry  VII. ’s  fiscal  agents. 

Dudley,  Lord  Guildford.  Executed  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  12, 1554.  Son  of  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland. He  married  Lady  Jane  Grey  May  21,  1553. 
He  was  implicated  in  his  father’s  ill-starred  attempt  to 
place  Lady  Jane  on  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Edward 
VI.  (July  6,  1553),  and  was  executed  on  the  charge  of 
treason. 

Dudley,  John,  Duke  of  Northumberland  and 
Earl  of  Warwick.  Born  1502:  beheaded  Aug. 
22,  1553.  An  English  politician  and  soldier, 
son  of  Sir  Edmund  Dudley.  He  was  made  warden 
of  the  Scottish  marches  and  great  admiral  by  Henry  VIII. 
in  1542,  and  was  created  earl  of  Warwick  and  high  cham- 
berlain of  England  on  the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  in 
1547.  In  1549  he  overthrew  the  protector  Somerset,  and 
assumed  the  chief  control  of  the  government.  He  was 
created  duke  of  Northumberland  in  1561.  With  the  ob- 
ject in  view  of  transferring  the  crown  from  the  Tudors  to 
his  own  family,  he  persuaded  Edward  VI.  to  grant  letters 
patent  excluding  Edward's  sisters,  Mary  and  Elizabeth, 
from  the  succession  and  appointing  Edward’s  cousin,  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  heir  presumptive  to  the  crown,  whereupon  he 
married  Lady  Jane  to  his  son,  Guildford  Dudley.  At  the 
death  of  Edward,  he  found  himself  unable  to  prevent  the 
accession  of  Mary,  and  was  executed  for  treason. 
Dudley,  Joseph.  Born  at  Roxhury, Mass.,  1647 : 
died  at  Roxhury,  April  2,  1720.  An  American 
politician.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  with  the  Narra- 
gansetts  in  1675 ; was  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the 
united  colonies  of  New  England  1677-81 ; was  appointed 
president  of  New  England  in  1686;  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1687 ; was  chief  justice  of 
New  York  1690-93;  and  was  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1702-15. 

Dudley,  Paul.  Bom  Sept.  3,  1675 : died  at 
Roxhury,  Mass.,  Jan.  21,  1751.  An  American 
jurist,  son  of  Joseph  Dudley.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1690,  and  studied  law  at  the  Temple  in  Lon- 
don. He  was  made  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  in 
1745.  He  is  known  chiefly  as  the  founder  of  the  Dudleian 
Lecture  at  Harvard  College,  for  the  erection  of  which  he 
bequeathed  £100. 

Dudley,  Robert,  Earl  of  Leicester.  Born  June 
24, 1532  or  1533 : died  at  Cornbury,  Oxfordshire, 
England,  Sept.  4,  1588.  An  English  courtier, 
politician,  and  general,  son  of  John  Dudley, 
duke  of  Northumberland.  He  participated  in  the 
attempt  of  his  father  and  brother  to  place  Lady  Jane 
Grey  on  the  throne  at  the  death  of  Edward  VI.  in  1553, 
and  was  in  consequence  sentenced  to  death  on  the  charge 
of  treason  in  1554,  but  was  pardoned  later  in  the  same 
year.  On  the  accession  in  1668  of  Elizabeth,  whose  affec- 
tions he  had  gained  during  the  ascendancy  of  his  father 
at  the  court  of  Edward  VI.,  he  became  her  chief  favorite, 
and  intrigued,  though  unsuccessfully,  to  obtain  the  consent 
of  the  great  nobles  to  a marriage,  in  the  interest  of  which 
project  he  was  said  to  have  procured  the  murder  of  his 
wife  Lady  Amy  (1560).  He  was  created  earl  of  Leicester 
in  1564,  and  in  1575  entertained  Queen  Elizabeth  with 
great  magnificence  at  Kenilworth.  In  1585  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  English  army  sent  to  the 
aid  of  the  States-General  against  the  Spaniards,  but  was 
recaUed  in  1587,  owing  to  incompetence.  He  was,  how- 
ever, restored  to  favor  on  his  return,  and  in  1588  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  and  captain-general  of  the  queen's 
armies  and  companies  to  resist  the  Spanish  Armada. 
Dudley,  Thomas.  Born  at  Northampton,  Eng- 
land, 1576 : died  at  Roxhury,  Mass.,  July  31, 
1653.  A colonial  politician.  He  came  to  Mas- 
sachusetts as  deputy  governor  in  1630 : governor 
1634-35,  1640-41,  1645-46,  1650-51. 

Dudley  Diamond,  The.  A diamond  found  in 
Africa  in  1868,  and  bought  from  Nie  Kirk,  the 


Dudley  Diamond,  The 

master  of  the  man  who  found  it,  by  Hunt  and 
Roskell  for  £12,000.  The  Earl  of  Dudley  bought  it 
from  them  for  £30,000.  It  is  heart-shaped,  extremely  bril- 
liaut,  and  weighs  44  !>  carats  cut : originally  it  weighed  88£ 
carats.  Brewer. 

Dudon  (do'don).  A knight  in  Ariosto’s  “Or- 
lando Furioso.” 

Dudu  (do-do').  In  Byron’s  “ Don  Juan,”  a pen- 
sive beauty  of  seventeen. 

A kind  of  sleeping  V enus  seemed  Dudu.  vi.  42. 

Dudweiler  (dod'vi-ler).  A commune  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  4 miles  north-north- 
east of  Saarbrficken.  Pop.,  commune,  19,433. 
Duel  after  the  Masquerade.  A painting  by 
G6rome,  now  in  the  Walters  collection  at  Bal- 
timore. The  duellists  and  their  seconds  have  come 
direct  from  a masked  ball : one,  dressed  as  a clown,  lias 
been  severely  wounded,  and  his  adversary,  an  Indian, 
hurries  away,  attended  by  a harlequin,  to  his  carriage. 
Duellist  (du'el-ist),  The.  A comedy  by  Wil- 
liam Kenrick,  produced  in  1773.  Three  editions 
were  printed  in  the  same  year. 

Duellists,  The.  A play  by  Douglas  Jerrold, 
written  in  1818.  It  was  rechristened  “ More  Fright- 
ened than  Hurt";  was  played  at  the  Sadler’s  Wells  Theatre, 
April  30,  1821 ; was  afterward  translated  into  French, 
played  in  Paris,  retranslated  by  Mr.  Kenney,  and  played 
at  the  Olympic  as  “Fighting  by  Proxy.”  It  contained 
much  sparkling  dialogue  and  a good  plot  of  the  low-com- 
edy  kind.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Duenna  (du-en'a),  The.  A comedy  inter- 
spersed with  songs,  a musical  melange  though 
sometimes  called  an  opera,  by  Sheridan,  pro- 
duced in  1775  (?).  The  plot  was  taken  from  Wycher- 
ley’s comedy  “The  Country  Wife.”  Linley,  Sheridan's 
father-in-law,  wrote  the  music  for  the  songs.  It  was  acted 
75  times  in  one  season. 

Duer  (du'er),  John.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,Oct. 
7,  1782:  died  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  8, 
1858.  An  American  jurist.  He  published  “Law 
of  Representations  in  Marine  Insurance”  (1S45),  “Law 
and  Practice  of  Marine  Insurance"  (1845-46),  “Duers 
Report  s. " 

Duer,  William  Alexander.  Born  in  New  York, 
Sept.  8,  1780 : died  May  30,  1858.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist,  brother  of  John  Duer,  president  of 
Columbia  College  1829-42.  He  wrote  “Consti- 
tutional Jurisprudence  of  the  United  States” 
(1856),  etc. 

Duero  (do-a'ro),  Pg.  Douro  (do'ro).  A river 
in  Spain  and  northern  Portugal  which  rises  in 
the  province  of  Soria,  Spain,  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  the  two  countries,  and  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  3 miles  west  of  Oporto : 
the  Roman  Dtmus  (whence  the  modern  name). 
Length,  about  500  miles ; navigable  90  miles. 
Duessa  (du-es'sa).  [L.  duo,  two,  andfem.  -essa.] 
A loathsome  old  woman,  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene,”  who  under  the  guise  of  Fidessa,  a 
young  and  beautiful  woman,  typifies  the  false- 
hood and  treachery  of  the  Church  of  Rome. 
In  book  v,  canto  38,  she  more  especiaUy  represents  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  as  the  type  of  Romish  hostility  to  Eliz- 
abeth. She  deceives  and  nearly  ruins  the  Red  Cross 
Knight ; but  all  her  ignominy  and  loathsomeness  are  laid 
bare  by  Arthur  who  is  sent  by  Una  to  the  rescue.  She  is 
taken  from  Ariosto’s  “Alcina,”  and  the  scene  where  the 
“false  Duessa”  is  stripped  of  her  disguise  is  literally 
translated  from  the  “ Orlando  Furioso." 

Dufaure  (dfi-for'),  Jules  Armand  Stanislas. 

Born  at  Saujon,  Charent-e-Inferieure,  France, 
Dec.  4,  1798:  died  at  Paris,  June  28,  1881.  A 
French  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  the  interior 
Oct.  13-Dec.  20,  1848,  and  June  2-Oct.  31,  1849;  minister 
of  justice  Feb.  19, 1871,-May  24,  1873,  and  March  11,  1875, 
Aug.  12,1876;  and  premier  March  9-Dec.  2, 1876,  and  Sept. 
14,  1877, -Feb.  1,  1879. 

Duff  (duf ),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Moulin,  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  April  25,  1806:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  12,  1878.  A Scottish  missionary 
in  India,  belonging  to  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
later  to  the  Free  Church.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ India  and. 
India  Missions”  (1839),  etc. 

Dufferin  and  Ava  (duf'er-in  and  a'va),  Mar- 
quis of.  See  Blackwood,  Frederick  Temple  Ham- 
ilton. 

Duffy  (duf'i)j  Sir  Charles  Gavan.  Born  at 
Monaghan,  Ireland,  April  12, 1816:  died  at  Nice, 
Feb.  9, 1903.  An  Irish  journalist  and  politician. 
He  aided  in  1842  in  founding  the  “Nation,”  an  organ  of 
the  Young  Ireland  party,  and  was  a member  of  Parliament 
1852-56,  when  he  emigrated  to  Australia.  He  was  prime 
minister  of  Victoria  1871-73.  He  published  “Guide  to 
the  Land  Law  of  Victoria”  (2d  ed.  1862),  “ Young  Ireland  : 
a Fragment  of  Irish  History,  1840-50  ” (1880),  “ Four  Years 
of  Irish  History,  1845-49  ” (1883),  etc. 

Duf  our  (dii-for'),  Guillaume  Henri.  Born  at 
Constance,  Baden,  Sept.  15, 1787 : died  at  Con- 
tamines,  near  Geneva,  July  14, 1875.  A Swiss 
general,  chartographer,  and  military  writer. 
He  suppressed  the  Sonderbund  insurrection  in  1847 ; 
and  superintended  the  preparation  of  a topographical 
map  of  Switzerland  (published  1842-65).  He  wrote  “Md- 
moires  sur  l’artillerie  des  anciens  et  sur  celle  du  moyen 
age  ” (1840),  etc. 


342 

Dufour,  Jean  Marie  Leon.  Born  at  St.-Sever, 
Landes,  France,  1782 : died  at  St.-Sever,  April 
18,  1865.  A French  entomologist. 

Dufour  Spitze  (dii-for'  spit'se).  The  highest 
peak  of  Monte  Rosa  (which  see). 

Dufoy  (du-foi').  An  impertinent  French  ser- 
vant in  Etherege’s  comedy  “ The  Comical  Re- 
venge, or  Love  in  a Tub.”  He  is  the  subject  of 
the  comical  revenge,  being  fastened  in  a wooden  tub  with 
holes  for  the  head  and  arms  by  some  women,  as  a pun- 
ishment for  his  boasting  and  railing  against  their  sex. 

Dufrenoy  (dti-fra-nwa'),  Pierre  Armand. 

Born  at  Sevran,  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Sept,  5, 
1792 : died  at  Paris,  March  20,  1857.  A noted 
French  mineralogist  and  geologist.  He  was  the 
collaborator  of  Elie  de  Beaumont  in  the  preparation  of  a 
general  geological  map  of  France  (published  1841),  and 
author  of  various  geological  monographs. 

Du  Fresne.  See  Du  Cange. 

Dufresnoy  (dti-fra-nwa'),  Charles  Alphonse. 
Born  at  Paris,  1611:  died  at  Villiers-le-Bel, 
near  Paris,  1665.  A French  painter  and  poet, 
author  of  a Latin  poem  “De  arte  graphica” 
(1668). 

Dufresny  (dfi-fra-ne' ),  Charles  Riviere.  Born 
at  Paris, 1654:  died  there,  Oct.  6, 1724.  AFrench 
dramatist,  a descendant  of  “La  Belle  Jardi- 
niere,” a mistress  of  Henry  IV.  He  wrote  a 
number  of  comedies,  in  some  of  which  Regnard 
collaborated. 

Dugdale  (dug'dal),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Shu- 
stoke,  Warwickshire,  England,  Sept.  12,  1605: 
died  at  Shustoke,  Feb.  10,  1686.  A noted  Eng- 
lish antiquary.  He  wrote  “Monasticon  Anglicanum” 
(1655-73),  “Antiquities  of  Warwickshire  ” (1656),  “ Baronage 
of  England ” (1675-76),  “History  of  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral” 
(1658),  etc. 

Duguay-Trouin  (dfl-ga-tro-an'),  Rend.  Born 
at  St.-Malo,  France,  June  10,  1673:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  27,  1736.  A French  naval  officer 
and  general.  From  1691  to  1697  he  commanded  a pri- 
vateer, and  in  the  latter  year  entered  the  French  navy. 
Among  his  noted  deeds  were  the  capture  of  an  English 
convoy  in  1707,  and  the  capture  and  sack  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Sept.,  1711.  He  subsequently  served  with  the  army,  at- 
taining the  rank  of  lieutenant-general. 

Du  Guesclin,  or  Duguesclin  (dti-ga-klah'), 
Bertrand.  Born  near  Rennes,  Brittany, 
France,  about  1320:  died  at  Chateauneuf-de- 
Randon,  Languedoc,  July  13, 1380.  A French 
commander,  distinguished  in  the  campaigns 
against  the  English  and  Pedro  the  Cruel.  He 
gained  the  battle  of  Cocherel,  May,  1364,  and  lost  that  of 
Auray,  Sept. , 1364.  He  was  made  comte  de  Longueville  and 
marshal  of  Normandy  in  1364,  and  constable  of  France  in 
1370. 

Du  Halde  (dfl  aid),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.  1, 1674:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  18, 1743. 
A French  Jesuit  and  geographer.  He  published 
“ Description  gdographique,  etc.,  de  la  Chine  et  de  la  Tar- 
tarie  chinoise”  (1735),  etc. 

Duhamel  (dfi-a-mel'),  Jean  Marie  Constant. 

Born  at  St.-Malo,  France,  Feb.  5,  1797 : died 
at  Paris,  April  29,  1872.  A French  mathema- 
tician, author  of  “ Cours  d’analyse”  (1840-41), 
“ Cours  de  m6canique”  (1845),  “Des  mflthodes 
dans  les  sciences  du  raisonnement  ” (1866-72). 

Duhamel  du  Monceau  (dtt-a-mel'  dfl  moh-so'), 
Henri  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  1700:  died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  12,  1781.  A noted  French  author- 
ity on  botany  and  agriculture.  He  wrote  “ De 
la  physique  des  arbres  ” (1758),  etc. 

Duhr  (dor).  [Ar.  zuhr  al-’asad,  the  back  of  the 
lion.]  The  third-magnitude  star  6 Leonis,  on  the 
rump  of  the  animal.  Sometimes  called  Zosma. 

Duhring  (dfl'ring),  Eugen  Karl.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, Jan.  12,  1833.  A German  political  econo- 
mist and  philosophical  writer,  a disciple  of 
Henry  C.  Carey.  He  has  published  “Kritisclie 
Geschichte  der  Nationalokonomie  und  des  So- 
zialismus”  (1871),  etc. 

Duhshasana  (doh-sha'sa-na).  [Skt.,  ‘hard  to 
rule.’]  One  of  the  hundred  sons  of  Dhrita- 
rashtl’a.  When  the  Pandavas  lost  their  wife  Draupadi 
in  gambling  with  Duryodhana,  Duhshasana  dragged  her  by 
the  hair  and  otherwise  ill-used  her  : for  this  Bhima  vowed 
he  would  drink  his  blood,  a vow  performed  on  the  six- 
teenth day  of  the  great  battle. 

Duida  (dwe'da).  A precipitous  mountain  in 
southern  Venezuela,  situated  near  the  Orinoco 
about  lat.  3°  20'  N.,  long.  66°  15'  W.  Height, 
about  8,500  feet. 

Duilius  (du-il'i-us),  Cams.  Lived  in  the  3d 
century  B.  C.  A Roman  general,  consul  in  260 
B.  c.  He  defeated  the  Carthaginians  near  My  ho 
in  260.  This  was  the  first  naval  success  gained 
by  Rome. 

Duisburg  (do'is-borG).  A city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  near  the  Rhine  15  miles 
north  of  Dfisseldorf : the  Roman  Castrum.  it,  is 

the  center  of  important  coal,  timber,  and  grain  trade,  and 
has  manufactures.  Population,  commune,  227,076,  (1910). 


Duluth 

Duiveland  (doi've-lant).  An  island,  properly 
the  eastern  part  of  the  island  of  Schouwen,  in 
the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands. 

Dujardin  (dfl-zhar-dan'),  Felix.  Born  at  Tours, 
France,  April  5,  1801 : died  at  Rennes,  France, 
April  8,  1860.  A French  naturalist,  professor 
at  Rennes  from  1839.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  investigations  on  the  Infusoria. 

Dujardin,  Karel.  Born  at-  Amsterdam  about 
1625:  died  at  Veniee,  Nov.  20,  1678.  A Dutch 
painter. 

Dukas.  See  Ducas. 

Duke  Humphrey’s  Walk.  See  Humphrey. 

Duke  of  Exeter's  Daughter,  The.  The  rack, 
which  the  Duke  of  Exeter  introduced  as  an  en- 
gine of  torture  in  the  Tower  of  London  in  1447. 

Duke  of  Guise,  The.  A tragedy  by  Dryden 
and  Lee,  published  in  1682.  it  was  an  attack  on 
Shaftesbury  and  Monmouth.  In  “The  Vindication,”  by 
Dryden  alone,  he  did  what  he  could  to  excuse  himself. 

Duke  of  Milan,  The.  A tragedy  by  Massin- 
ger, produced  in  1623.  It  is  a variation  of  the  theme 
of  Shakspere’s  “ Othello.  ” The  duke  is  a passionate,  weak 
man,  without  Othello’s  noble  traits. 

Duke’s  Mistress,  The.  A play  by  Shirley, 
produced  in  1636. 

Duke’s  Motto,  The.  An  adaptation  of  Paul 
Feval’s  play“Le  bossu,”  by  John  Brougham, 
produced  in  1863.  Fechter  played  the  duke ; 
Brougham,  Carriekfergus. 

Duke’s  Theatre.  A London  theater  which  was 
built  in  1660.  It  was  destroyed  in  1666  in  the  great 
fire,  and  rebuilt  in  1671  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  It  stood 
until  1720,  and  was  on  the  site  of  the  Salisbury  Court 
Theatre. 

Dukinfield,  or  Duckinfield  (duk'in-feld).  A 
town  in  Cheshire,  England,  on  the  Tame  7 miles 
east  of  Manchester.  It  has  important  cotton 
manufactures.  Population,  18,929. 

Dulaure  (dfi-ldr'),  Jacques  Antoine.  Born  at 
Clermont-Ferrand,  France,  Sept.  3,  1755:  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1835.  A French  archaeolo- 
gist and  historical  writer,  a member  of  the 
National  Convention.  He  published  “ Histoire 
civile,  physique  et  morale  de  Paris”  (1821-22), 
etc. 

Dulcamara  (dol-ka-ma'ra),  Doctor.  A char- 
latan in  Donizetti’s  opera  “ L’Elisir  d’Amore” 
(“  The  Elixir  of  Love  ”). 

Dulce  (dol'sa  or  dol'tha).  1.  A river  in  the 
Argentine  Republic  which  rises  in  the  province 
of  Tucuman,  becomes  salty,  and  is  finally  lost 
in  the  salt-marshes  of  Lake  Porongos,  lat.  29° 
30'  S.,  long.  63°  W.  In  its  lower  course  it  is 
called  the  Saladillo. — 2.  A gulf  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. — 3.  A 
lake  in  Guatemala,  in  lat.  15°  25'  N. , long.  89° 
15'  W.,  which  communicates  with  the  Bay  of 
Honduras  by  the  short  river  Dulce.  Length, 
about  30  miles.  Also  called  Golfo  Dulce  and 
Lake  Izdbal  or  Yzabal. 

Dulce  y Garay  (dol'tha  e ga-ri'),  Domingo, 

Marquis  of  Castell-Florit.  Born  at  Sotes,  Lo- 
grono,  May  7,  1808  : died  at  Amelie-les-Bains, 
France,  Dec.,  1869.  A Spanish  general  and 
administrator.  He  took  part  in  the  Carlist  war,  and 
aided  the  revolution  of  1854,  being  then  captain-general 
of  Catalonia.  From  Dec.,  1862,  to  May,  1866,  he  was  cap- 
tain-general  of  Cuba,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
activity  in  suppressing  the  slave-trade.  He  was  again 
captain-general  of  Cuba  in  June,  1869,  but  the  success  of 
the  insurrection  and  his  ill  health  forced  him  to  resign. 

Dulcigno  (dol-chen'yo).  [Turk.  Olgun,  Alba- 
nian Ulkjin.'i  A seaport  in  Montenegro,  situ- 
ated on  the  Adriatic  Sea  in  lat.  41°  56'  N., 
long.  19°  12'  E. : the  ancient  Olcinium.  Here  the 
Venetians  were  defeated  by  the  Turks  Aug.  4, 1718  ; the 
place  was  stormed  by  the  Montenegrins  in  1878,  and  ceded 
by  Turkey  to  Montenegro  in  1880.  Population,  estimated, 
5,000. 

Dulcinea  del  Toboso  (dul-sin'e-a  del  to-bo'- 
zo;  Sp.  pron.  dol-the-na'a  del  to-bo'so).  The 
lady  beloved  by  Don  Quixote  in  Cervantes’s 
romance.  Her  real  name  was  Aldonza,  but  Don  Quix- 
ote was  of  opinion  that  Dulcinea  was  more  uncommon 
and  romantic  (from  dulce,  sweet);  and,  as  she  was  born 
at  Toboso,  he  made  her  a great  lady  on  the  spot  with  the 
“ del.” 

Du  Lhut  (dfl  lot),  Daniel  Greysolon.  Born  in 

France  about  1645  (?) : died  near  Lake  Superior, 
1709.  A noted  pioneer.  He  came  to  Canada  about 
1670,  and  became  a trader  and  a leader  of  bushrangers. 
He  established  the  sites  of  Detroit  and  Fort  William,  helped 
in  the  Canadian  war  against  the  Senecas  1687,  and  against 
the  Iroquois  1689,  and  commanded  Fort  Frontenac  1695. 
Duluth  is  named  after  him. 

Duluth  (du-loth').  A city  and  lake  port  in  St. 
Louis  County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  Lake  Su- 
perior in  lat.  46°  48'  N.,  long.  92°  6'  W. : the 
lake  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  wheat,  and  consid- 
erable ship-building.  Population,  78,466,(1910). 


Dulwich 

Dulwich  (dul'ich).  A suburb  of  London,  situ- 
ated in  Surrey  5 miles  south  of  St.  Paul’s,  it 
is  the  seat  of  Duiwich  College,  founded  by  Edward  Alleyn 
and  opened  in  1619.  The  college  contains  a noted  picture- 
gallery.  See  Alleyn. 

Dumain  (du-man').  A French  lord  in  atten- 
dance on  the  King  of  Navarre,  in  Shakspere’s 
“Love’s  Labour’s  Lost.” 

Dumanoir  (dii-man-war'),  Philippe  Frangois 
Pine].  Born  in  Guadeloupe,  West  Indies,  July 
31,  1806:  died  at  Pau,  France,  Nov.  16, 1865.  A 
Freneh  playwright,  noted  particularly  as  a 
writer  of  vaudevilles. 

Dumarsais  (dii-inar-sa'),  Cesar  Chesnau. 
Bom  at  Marseilles,  France,  July  17, 1676:  died 
at  Paris,  June  11, 1756.  A French  grammarian 
and  writer  on  philosophy,  author  of  “Traite 
des  tropes,”  etc. 

Dumas  (do-ma';  F.  pron.  dii-ma'),  Alexandre 
Davy  de  la  Pailleterie,  known  as  Alexandre 
Dumas  p6re.  Born  at  V illers-Cotterets,  Aisne, 
France,  J uly  24, 1802 : died  at  Puys,  near  Dieppe, 
Dec.  5,  1870.  A noted  French  dramatic  author 
and  novelist.  His  father,  General  Alexandre  de  la  Paille- 
terie Dumas,  was  the  natural  son  of  the  Marquis  Alexandre 
Davy  de  la  Pailleterie,  a rich  colonist  of  Santo  Domingo, 
and  of  anegress  whose  name  was  Dumas.  Hecame  to  Paris 
in  1823,  and  obtained  a clerkship  through  the  assistance  of 
General  Foy.  One  of  his  first  essays  was  an  “Eldgie  but  la 
raort  du  General  Foy  ” (1825).  As  his  name  attracted  atten- 
tion, it  was  often  attached  to  books  with  which  he  himself 
had  had  either  very  little  or  nothing  to  do.  Both  indepen- 
dently and  in  collaboration  with  others,  Dumas  wrote  for 
the  stage  many  plays  which  are  collected  in  the  “ Theatre  ’’ 
(6volumes,  1834-36;  15  volumes,  1863  74).  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  revolution  of  1830.  After-  the  insurrection  of 
June,  1832,  he  traveled,  and  published  a number  of  books 
as  the  result  of  his  journeys.  He  published  three  col- 
lections of  stories:  “Nouvelles  contemporaines " (1826), 
“Souvenirs  d’Antony”  (1835),  and  “La  salle  d’armes” 
(1838).  His  novels  were  composed  either  independently 
or  in  collaboration  with  others,  and  include  “Le  capi- 
taine  Paul  ” (1838),  “Acte  ” (1839),  “ Aventures  de  John 
Davy”  (1840),  “Le  capitaine  Pamphile"  (1840),  “Maitre 
Adam  le  Calabrais”  (1840),  “Othon  l’archer”  (1840), 
“ Praxtde  ” (1811),  “Aventures  de  Lyderic  ” (1842), 
“Georges  ” (1843),  “ Ascanio  ” (1843),  “ Le  chevalier  d’Har- 
mental"  (1843),  “Fernande”  (1844),  “Amaury”  (1844), 
“Gabriel  Lambert”  (1814),  “ Le  ch&teau  d'Eppstein  ” 
(1844),  “Cdcile  ” (1844),  “ Les  trois  mousquetaires”  (1844  : 
with  its  sequels,  “Vingt  ans  aprfcs  ” (1845)  and  “Dix  ans 
plus  tard  ou  le  vicomte  de  Bragelonne  ” (1848-50)),  “ Le 
comte  de  Monte-Cristo ” (1844-45),  “Les  frferes  corses” 
(1845),  “Une  fille  du  regent”  (1845),  “La  reine  Margot" 
(1845),  “ La  guerre  des  femmes"  (1845-46),  “Le  chevalier 
de  Maison-Rouge”  (1846),  “La  dame  de  Monsoreau  ” 
(1846)  and  its  sequel  “Les  quarante-cinq ” (1848),  “ Le 
batard  de  Mauieon  "(1840),“  Memoir e d’un  infidecin  (1846- 
1848:  with  its  sequels  “Ange  Pitou”  (1853)  and  “La 
comtesse  de  Charny”  (1853-55)),  “Les  mille  et  un  fan- 
tdmes”  (1849),  “La  femme  au  collier  de  velours”  (1851), 
“ Olympe  de  Clfeves”  (1852),  “ in  Gil  Bias  en  Californie  ” 
(1852),  “Isaac  Laquedem  ” (1852),  “Le  pasteur  d’Ash- 
bourn  ” (1853),  “El  saltdador”  (1853),  “Conscience  l’inno- 
cent"  (1853),  “ Catherine  Blum  ” (1854),  “ Ingenue  " (1854), 
“’Lea  Mohicans  de  Paris”  (1864-55)  and  its  sequel  “Salva- 
tor” (1855-59),  “Les  compagnons  de  Jehu  "(1857),  “Les 
louves  de  Machecoul"  (1859),  “Madame  de  Chamblay” 
(1863),  “La  San  Felice”  (1864-65),  and  “Les  Blancs  et  les 
Bleus  ” (1867-68).  He  published  also  a number  of  works 
embodying  personal  reminiscences  of  himself  and  of  his 
friends,  and  various  historical  studies. 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  known  as  Alexandre  Du- 
mas fils.  Born  at  Paris,  July  27, 1824:  diedNov. 
27, 1895.  A Freneh  dramatic  author  and  novelist, 
son  of  Alexandre  Dumas.  His  first  poems,  published 
in  “ La  Chronique  ” (1842),  appeared  later  as  “ laches  de  j eu- 
nesse”(1847).  Twoothercollectionsof hisyouthful  writings 
were  given  out  at  a later  date,  viz.,  “Therfese  ” (1875)  and 
« Entr’actes  ” (1878-79).  Among  his  novels  are  “Aventures 
de  quatre  femmes  et  d’uu  perroquet”  (1847),  “C5sarine” 
(1848),  “La  dame  aux  cameiias ” (18i8\  “Le  docteur  Ser- 
van  ” (1849),  “ Antonine  ” (1849),  “ Tristan  le  Roux  ” (1819), 
“ Henri  de  Navarre  ” (1850),  “ Trois  hommes  forts  ” (1850), 
“Les  deux  Frondes ” (1851),  “Diane  de  Lys”  (1851),  “Le 
regent  Mustel”  (1852),  “Contes  et  nouvelles ”(1853),  “Un 
cas  de  rupture  ” (1854),  “ La  dame  aux  perles  ” (1854), 
“ L' Affaire  Clemenceau,  mdmoire  de  l'accuse  ” (1866),  etc. 
His  writings  for  the  stage  have  been  gathered  together  in 
an  edition  of  six  volumes  (1868-79),  and  reedited  in  18S2- 
1886.  They  include  “La  dame  anx  earn'd i as  ”(1852), “Diane 
de  Lys”  (1853),  “Le  demi-monde”  0 855),  “La  question 
d’argent”  (1857),  “Le  fils  naturel” (1858),  “Un  pore  pro- 
digue”  (1859),  “L’Ami  des  femmes”  (1864),  “Les  id6es 
de  Mme.  Aubray”  (1867),  “Une  visite  de  noces”  (1871), 
“La  princesse  Georges”  (1871),  “La  femme  de  Claude” 
(1873),  “Monsieur  Alphonse”  (1873),  “ L’Etrangbre ” (1876), 
“La  princesse  de  Bagdad”  (1881),  “Denise”  (1885), 
“ Francillon  ” (1887).  Dumas  fils  lias  also  adapted  or  col- 
laborated in  “ Le  marquis  de  Villemer  ” (1864),  “Le  sup- 
plice  d'une  femme"  (1865),  “Heioi'se  Paranquet"  (1866), 
“ Le  fllleul  de  Pompignac”  (1869),  “La  jeunesse  de  Louis 
XIV.”  (1874),  “Les  Danicheff  ” (1876),  “La  comtesse  Ro- 
mani ” (1876),  and  “ Joseph  Balsamo  ” (1878).  He  has  also 
published  “Lettre  sur  les  choses  du  jour”  (1871), 
“ L'Homme-Femme  ” (1S72),  “ Question  du  divorce  " (1880), 
and  “Recherche  de  la  patemite”  (1883).  He  was  elected 
a member  of  the  French  Academy  Jan.  30,  1874. 

Dumas,  Alexandre  Davy  de  la  Pailleterie. 

Born  at  J6r6mie,  Santo  Domingo,  March  25, 
1762:  died  at  Villers-Cotterets,  France,  Feb. 
26,  1806.  A French  general,  son  of  Marquis 
Alexandre  Davy  de  la  Pailleterie  and  a negress. 
He  was  distinguished  In  the  wars  of  the  Revolution  and  of 


Buncansby  Head  « 

des  assemblies  legislatives”  (1815),  “ Preuves  judiciaires” 
(1823),  “De  l’organisation  judieiaire,"  etc.  (1828). 

Dumont  d’Urville  (dur-veP),  Jules  Sebastien 
Cesar.  Born  at  Conde-sur-Noireau,  Calvados, 
France,  May  23,  1790:  killed  near  Paris,  May 
8,  1842.  A French  navigator  and  rear-admiral. 
He  took  part  1819-20  in  an  expedition  to  the  Grecian 
archipelago  and  the  Black  Sea,  and  circumnavigated  the 
globe  as  commander  of  two  expeditions  (“Astrolabe,” 
1826-29,  and  “Zelie,”  1837-40).  He  wrote  narratives  of 
his  voyages. 

Dumouriez  (dfi-mo-rya'),  Charles  Frangois. 

Born  at  Cambrai,  France,  Jan.  25, 1739 : died  at 
Turville  Park,  near  Henley-on-Thames,  Eng- 
land, March  14,  1823.  A celebrated  French  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Seven  Years’  War ; obtained  the 
rank  of  captain  in  1763 ; served  as  quartermaster-general 
in  the  expedition  against  Corsica  in  1768 ; was  sent  by 
Choiseul  to  Poland  on  a secret  mission  in  1770;  and  was 
promoted  major  general  in  1788.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
French  Revolution  he  pronounced  in  favor  of  political  re- 
form without  abandoning  his  loyalty  to  the  court,  and  in 
1792  held  for  a short  period  each  the  ministries  of  foreign 
affairs  and  of  war.  He  was  subsequently  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  north  as  lieutenant-general  underMarshal 
Luckner,  and  in  conjunction  with  Kellermann  inflicted  a 
decisive  defeat  on  the  troops  of  the  coalition  at  Valmy 
Sept.  20,  1792.  He  conducted  an  expedition  against  the 
Austrian  Netherlands  1792-93,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
gained  a victory  over  the  Austrians  at  Jemmapes  Nov.  6, 

1792,  but  was  signally  defeated  at  Neerwinden  March  18, 

1793.  Estranged  from  the  republican  party  by  the  exe- 
cution of  the  king,  he  was  recalled  by  the  Convention, 
when  he  fled  to  the  Austrian  camp,  and  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life  in  exile. 

Leven  andCiyde.  13  miles  northwest  of  Glasgow.  Dima  (dfi'na),  or  Southern  Dwina  (dve-na'): 
Its  most  important  industry  is  the  building  of  iron  called  by  tbe  Russians  the  Western  Dwina. 

[Russ.  Dvina,  Lettish  Daugawafi]  1.  A river 
of  Russia  which  rises  in  the  government  of 
Tver,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga  5 miles 
north  of  Riga.  Length,  500-600  miles;  navi- 


343 

the  Directory,  and  was  called  by  Napoleon  “the  Hora- 
tius  Codes  of  the  Tyrol.”  He  commanded  the  French 
cavalry  in  the  Egyptian  expedition. 

Dumas,  Jean  Baptiste  Andre.  Born  at  Alais, 
Gard,  France,  July  14,  1800:  died  at  Cannes, 
France,  April  11, 1884.  A distinguished  French 
chemist  and  physiologist,  professor  of  organic 
chemistry  in  the  Ecole  de  Medecine,  Paris 
(1834).  He  published  “ TraitO  de  chimie  ap- 
plique aux  arts”  (1828-45),  and  various  other 
works. 

Dumas,  Comte  Matthieu.  Bom  at  Montpel- 
lier, France,  Dec.  23,  1753:  died  at  Paris,  Oct. 
16,  1837.  A French  general  and  historian. 
He  wrote  “Precis  des  Ovenements  militaires” 
(1816-26),  etc. 

Du  Maurier  (dii  mo-rya'),  George  Louis  Pal- 
mella  Busson.  Born  at  Paris,  March  6,  1834: 
died  at  London,  Oct.  8, 1896.  An  English  artist. 
He  was  educated  in  Paris,  and  came  to  England  at  the  age 
of  17,  studying  later  at  Paris  with  Gleyre.  He  was  noted 
for  his  illustrations  in  “Punch”  and  other  periodicals. 
He  wrote  and  illustrated  “ Peter  Ibbetsen  ” (1892), 
“Trilby”  (1894),  and  “The  Martian”  (1897). 

Dumbarton  (dum-bar'ton).  1.  A county  of 
Scotland,  bounded  by  Perthshire  on  the  north, 
Stirling  and  Lanark  on  the  east,  the  Clyde  on  the 
south,  and  Argyll  and  Loch  Long  on  the  west. 
Area,  246  square  miles.  Population  (civil 
county),  113,870. — 2.  A seaport  and  the  capital 
of  Dumbarton,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 


steamers.  Itcontainsacelebrated castle.  Population, 19, 864. 

Dumbarton  Castle.  A celebrated  fortress  over- 
hanging the  river  Clyde  in  Scotland.  It  has 
been  called  the  Gibraltar  of  Scotland. 

Dumbiedikes  (dum-bi-dlks').  An  awkward 
Scottish  laird  in  Scott’s  novel  “The  Heart  of 


gable  only  for  small  vessels. — 2.  See  Dwina. 

Mid-Lothian.”  He  wants  to  marry  Jeanie  Deans,  DuSa  (d^no^' The  Hungarian  name  of  the 
but  on  DeiDg  refused  promptly  marries  another,  j) 

A nickname  of  Thomas  Aqui-  Diinaburg 

(dii'na-borG).  A city  and  fortress 
as  in  ear  y 1 © • , , in  the  government  of  Vitebsk,  Russia,  situated 

Dumdum  (dum-dum  ) A town  and  military  sta-  on  thc\)iilia  in  lat.  550  54'  N’v  long.  £6o  29<  E 

tion  ^ miles  northeast  of  C alcutta,  Blitish  India.  1 1 was  founded  by  Livonian  knights  in  the  13th  century, 
Dumeril  (dii-ma-rel  ) , Andre  Marie  Constant,  and  incorporated  in  Russia  in  1772.  It  is  strongly  fortified. 
Born  at  Amiens,  France,  Jan.  1,  1774:  died  at  Population,  78,ioo. 

Paris,  Aug.  2,  1860.  A French  physician  and  Duna-Foldvar  (do'no-feld'var).  A town  in 
zoologist.  He  published  “Erpetologie  gone-  the  county  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  on  the  Danube 


48  miles  south  of  Budapest.  Population, 
12,117. 

Dunbar  (dun-bar').  A seaport  in  Haddington- 
shire, Scotland,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  27  miles  east  of  Edinburgh.  It  has  a 
ruined  castle,  celebrated  in  Scottish  history.  It  was  be- 
sieged by  the  English  in  1336.  Queen  Mary  was  abducted 
thither  by  Bothwell  in  1567.  Population,  3,581. 

shire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Nith  in  lat.  55°  Dunbar,  Agnes,  Countess  of.  Born  1312  (?) : 
5'  N.,  long.  3°  36'  W.  It  was  the  place  of  Bums’s  died  in  1369.  A Scottish  heroine,  known  as 
death  It  has  manufactures  of  tweeds,  hosiery,  etc  anda  “Black  Agnes”  from  her  dark  skin.  She  is  noted 
Airfare  PoprUation^lLOSL  “ y border  for  her  successful  defense  of  Dunbar  Castle  in  1337-38. 

Dumfries,  or  Dumfriesshire  (dum-fres'shir).  Dunbar,  Battle  of. 

A county  of  southern  Scotland,  lying  between 


rale”  (1835-51),  etc. 

Dumeril,  Auguste  Henri  Andre.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  30,  1812:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  12, 
1870.  A French  naturalist,  son  of  Andr6  Marie 
Constant  Dumeril.  He  wrote  “Histoire  natu- 
relle  des  poissons”  (1865-70),  etc. 

Dumfries  (dum-fres').  The  capital  of  Dumfries- 


vrx.  A battle,  April  27,  1296, 
in  which  the  Scots  under  John  Baliol  were  de- 


Lanark,  Peebles,  and  Selkirk  on  the  north, 
Roxburgh  on  the  northeast,  Cumberland  on  the 
southeast,  Solway  Firth  and  Kirkcudbright  on 
the  south,  and  Ayr  and  Kirkcudbright  on  the 
west.  It  contains  the  valleys  of  Eskdale  in  the  east, 
Annandale  in  the  center,  and  Nithsdale  in  the  west.  Its 
leading  occupation  is  the  rearing  of  livestock.  Area,  1,072 
square  miles.  Population  (civil  county),  72,569. 


feated  by  the  English  under  Warrenne,  earl  of 
Surrey,  with  the  result  that  Baliol  resigned  the 
crown  of  Scotland,  and  that  the  government 
was  placed  in  the  hands  of  an  English  regent. 
This  name  is  also  given  to  the  battle  between  the  Parlia- 
mentary army  under  Cromwell  and  the  Scottish  Royalists 
under  Leslie,  which  was  fought  near  Dunbar  Sept.  3, 1650, 
and  in  which  the  Scots  were  totally  defeated. 

_ , _ Dunbar,  William.  Born,  probably  in  East  Lo- 

Dfimicben  (du'me-chen),_  Johannes.  Born  at  thian,  Scotland,  about  1460:  died  about  1525. 
Weissholz,  Silesia,  Oct.  1 o , 1833:  died  at  Stras-  A Scottish  poet.  His  works  include  “The  Thistle  and 
burg,  Feb.  7,  1894.  A German  Egyptologist,  the  Rose  ”(1503),  “The  Golden  Targe,”  “Dance  of  the  Seven 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  Egyptology  at  Strasburg  Deadly  Sins,”  “Merle  and  Nightingale.” 
in  1872,  and  published  “ Bauurkunde  der  Tempelanlagen  Dunbarton.  See  Dumbarton. 

B"”Han,e  A ‘«r  *?  p?rthsM,S; 

derinschriften  ” (1866),  “ Historische  Inschriften  altagyp-  Scotland,  situated  oil  the  Allan  5 miles  north, 
tischer  Denkmaler”  (1867-69),  “Resultate  einerauf  Befehl  of  Stirling.  It  has  a noted  cathedral. 

Sr.  Majestat  des  KSnigs  Wilhelm  von  Preussen  1868  nach  Duncan  (dung'kan)  I.  King  of  Scotland. 
Agypten  gesendeten  archaologisch-photog.aphiBchen  Ex-  JJe  succe Jed  (o*the  thr’ne  about  10f4,  and  was  assassi- 
peaition  (lb/1),  etc.  , . t>  ’ nated  by  Macbeth,  near  Elgin,  in  1040  or  1089.  He  ap- 

Dummer  (dum'mer),  Jeremian.  Born  at  Bos-  peara  in  Shakspere’s  “Macbeth.** 
ton,  Mass.,  about  1680:  died  at  Plaistow,  Eng-  Duncan,  Adam,  first  Viscount  Camperdown. 
land,  May  19,  1739.  An  American  scholar.'  He  Born  at  Lundie,  Scotland,  July  1.  1731:  died 
was  agentfor  Massachusetts  in  England  1710-21  and  wrote  in  Scotland,  Aug.  4,  1804.  A British  admiral. 
“ Defence  of  the  New  Engan  aer&(-).  He  gained  the  victory  of  Camperdown  over  the 

Dumnonx  (dnm'no-nks). . Killed  m Gaul  54  Dutfh  fleet)  0ct.  41/1797. 

B.  c.  A chief  of  the  Aklui,  brother  of  Dmtia-  Dlmcan)  jobn.  Born  at  Gilcomston,  near  Aber- 

®US-  , ....  a.,.  T Ti-  j i xr  deen,  Scotland,  1796:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 

Dumont  (du-mon  ) Jean.  Died  at  Vienna,  26  ^70>  A Scottish  Hebraist  and  clergyman 

1726.  _ A French  publicist  and  historical  writer  f’the  Presbyteriall  Church. 

historiographer  to  the  Emperor.  He  published -p.  Tbomao  Born  at  Kiuclaven  Perth 

“Nouveau  voyage  au  Levant”  (1694),  “Mteioires  poli-  DllllCan,  lUOmaS.  Horn  at  Hinc  aven,  1 eittl- 

tiques  pour  servir  k la  parfaite  intelligence  de  l’histoire  sllire,  Scotland,  May  24,  1807  . died  at  Fdm- 

de  la  paix  de  Ryswick ” (1699),  etc.  burgh,  May  25,  1845.  A Scottish  historical 

Dumont  Pierre  Etienne  Louis.  Born  at  and  portrait  painter.  Among  his  best-known  works 
Geneva.  July  18,  1759:  died  at  Milan,  Sept.  29,  /dlntJur’//  atl 63 

1829.  A Swiss  scholar,  literary  coadjutor  of  j)uricansby  Head  (dung'kanz-bi  bed).  The 

northeastern  extremity  of  Scotland,  near  John 
“Thdorie  des  peines  et  des  recompenses  ’’  (1811),  “ Tactique  0 Gl  oat  s Mouse. 


• Dunciad,  The 

Dunciad  (dun'si-ad),  The.  A satirical  poem  by 
Alexander  Pope  ( 1728-41),  directed  again  st  vari- 
ous contemporary  writers.  The  goddess  of  dullness 
elects  Theobald  poet  laureate  of  that  realm.  Owing  to  a 
quarrel  between  Cibber  and  Pope,  the  latter  substituted 
Cibber  for  Theobald  in  the  fourth  part,  published  in  1741. 
The  bestowal  of  the  laureateship  on  Cibber  may  have 
added  to  Pope's  venom. 

Duncker  (dong'ker),  Karl.  Born  at  Berlin, 
March  25,  1781:  died  at  Berlin,  July  15,  1869. 
A German  publisher  in  Berlin. 

Duncker,  Max  Wolfgang.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  15,  1811:  died  at  Ansbach,  July  21,  1886. 
A German  historian,  son  of  Karl  Duncker.  He 
was  professor  at  Halle  1842-57,  and  at  Tubingen  1857-59. 
In  the  latter  year  he  entered  the  service  of  the  govern- 
ment. His  works  include  “Origines  Germanic®”  (1840), 
“ Geschichte  des  Altertums  ” (1852-57 : 6th  ed.  1878-83), 
etc. 

Dundalk  (dun-dak').  A seaport  in  County 
Louth,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  river  Castle- 
town, near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  6° 
24'  W.  Population,  13,076. 

Sir  John  de  Bermingham,  the  victor  of  Athenry,  push- 
ing northward  at  the  head  of  15,000  chosen  troops,  met 
the  younger  Bruce  at  Dundalk.  The  combat  was  hot, 
short,  and  decisive.  The  Scots  were  defeated,  Edward 
Bruce  himself  killed,  and  his  head  struck  off  and  sent  to 
London.  Lawless , Story  of  Ireland,  p.  110. 

Dundas  (dun- das').  A town  in  Wentworth 

County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Burling- 
ton Bay  at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  On- 
tario. Population,  4,299,  (1911). 

Dundas,  Henry,  first  Viscount  Melville.  Born 
at  Edinburgh,  April  28,  1742:  died  May  28, 
1811.  A British  statesman.  He  was  lord  advocate 
of  Scotland  1775-83.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  and  trusted 
lieutenant  of  Pitt,  during  whose  first  administration  he 
was  home  secretary  (1791-94)  and  secretary  of  war  (1794- 
1801).  In  1802  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Viscount 
Melville  by  Addington ; and  in  1804,  on  the  accession  of 
Pitt’s  second  ministx-y,  was  appointed  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty. He  was  impeached  in  1806  on  the  charge  of  ap- 
propriating public  money,  but  was  acquitted  by  the  House 
of  Lords.  During  the  impeachment  he  resigned  his  posi- 
tion in  the  cabinet. 

Dundas  Islands  (dun-das'  i'landz).  A group 
of  islets  off  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about 
lat.  1°  S. 

Dundas  strait  (dim -das'  strat).  A strait 
which  separates  Melville  Island  from  Coburg 
Peninsula  in  northern  Australia. 

Dundee  (dun-de').  A seaport  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  on  the  Firth  of  Tay  in  lat.  56°  27'  N., 
long.  2°  58'  W. : the  third  city  in  Scotland. 
It  has  important  commerce  and  extensive  docks,  and  is 
the  center  of  the  British  linen  and  jute  manufacture.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a university  college.  During  the  Reforma- 
tion it  was  called  the  “ Scottish  Geneva.  ” It  was  stormed 
by  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  in  1645,  and  by  Monk  in  1651. 
Population,  169,409. 

Dundee,  Viscount.  See  Graham. 
Dunderberg.  See  Donderberg. 

Dundonald,  Earl  of.  See  Cochrane. 
Dundreary  (dun-drer'i),  Lord.  An  indolent, 
foolish,  and  amusing  Englishman  in  Tom  Tay- 
lor’s comedy  “Our  American  Cousin.”  To  this 
part  originally  only  47  lines  were  given ; but  E.  A.  Sothern, 
to  whom  it  was  assigned,  introduced  various  extrava- 
gances to  suit  himself.  He  became  famous  in  it,  and  the 
whole  play  hinged  on  it. 

Dundrennan  (dun-dren'an)  Abbey.  An  an- 
cient monastery  near  Kirkcudbright  in  Scot- 
land. It  was  built  in  1140,  and  is  now  in  ruins. 
Dundrum  Bay  (dun'drum  ba).  A bay  of  the 
Irish  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  the  County  Down, 
Ireland. 

Dunedin  (dun-e'din).  [See  Edinburgh.']  A 
poetical  name  of  Edinburgh. 

Dunedin.  A seaport  of  the  South  Island,  New 
Zealand,  on  Otago  Harbor  in  lat.  45°  52'  S., 
long.  170°  33'  E. : the  chief  commercial  city  of 
New  Zealand.  It  was  founded  in  1848.  Gold 
was  discovered  in  its  neighborhood  in  1861. 
Population,  24,879. 

Dunes  (dunz),  Battle  of  the.  A victory  gained 
by  the  allied  French  and  English  under  Tu- 
renne  over  the  Spaniards,  on  the  sands  (dunes) 
near  Dunkirk,  June  4 (O.  S.),  1658. 
Dunfermline  (dun-ferm'lin).  A town  in  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland,  14  miles  northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh. It  has  a noted  abbey  and  was  formerly  a royal 
residence.  Here  Charles  II.  signed  the  Covenant  in  1650. 
Population,  25,250. 

Dunfermline,  Baron.  See  Abercromby. 
Dungannon  (dun-gan'on).  A town  in  County 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  35  miles  west-southwest  of 
Belfast.  It  was  the  ancient  seat  of  the  O’Neills. 
Dungarvan  (dun-gar'van).  A town  in  County 
Waterford,  Ireland,  38  miles  northeast  of  Cork. 
Population,  4,850. 

Dungeness  (dunj-nes').  A headland  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Kent,  England,  south- 
east of  Rye. 


344 

Dungi  (dun-ge').  A Babylonian  king  of  about 
the  27th  century  B.  C.  His  capital  was  in  Ur.  Many 
temples  are  extant  undertaken  by  him  and  his  father 
and  predecessor  Urgur,  who  called  themselves  “Kings  of 
Ur,  Kings  of  Shumir  (Shinar)  and  Akkad  (Accad).” 

Dunglison  (dung 'gli- son),  Robley.  Born  at 
Keswick,  England,  Jan.  4,  1798 : died  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  1, 1869.  An  American  physician 
and  medical  writer,  author  of  “Dictionary  of 
Medical  Science  and  Literature  ” (1833). 

Dunkeld  (dun-keld').  A town  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tay  13  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Perth.  It  was  a seat  of  the  Culdees 
8th-12th  century.  The  cathedral,  built  in  the  14th  and 
15th  centuries,  is  roofless  except  the  choir,  which  has 
lately  been  restored  and  serves  as  the  parish  church. 
There  is  a square  western  tower,  with  turrets. 

Dunkirk  (dun'kerk).  [F .Dunkerque,  G.Biinkir- 
chen,  church  on  the  dunes.]  A seaport  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the 
Strait  of  Dover  in  lat.  51°  2'  N.,  long.  2°  22' 
E.  it  is  an  important  fortress,  aDd  has  an  extensive 
trade.  It  was  founded  near  the  Church  of  St.  Eloi,  by 
Baldwin,  count  of  Flanders,  in  960 ; was  burned  by  the 
English  in  1388 ; belonged  successively  to  Flanders,  Bur- 
gundy, and  Spain ; was  captured  from  the  Spaniards  by 
the  English  in  1540 ; was  conquered  by  the  French  in  1568 
and  restored  to  Spain  ; was  besieged  and  taken  by  Condd 
in  1646 ; and  was  retaken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1652.  In 
consequence  of  the  battle  of  Dunkirk  or  the  Dunes,  it  was 
ceded  to  England  in  1658.  It  was  sold  by  Charles  II.  to 
Erance  in  1662,  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
Duke  of  York  in  1793.  Population,  commune,  38,287. 

Dunkirk.  A city  and  lake  port  in  Chautauqua 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake  Erie  35 
miles  southwest  of  Buffalo.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  a division  of  the  Erie  Railway.  Population, 
17,221,  (1910). 

Dunlap  (dun'lap),  William.  Born  at  Perth 
Amboy,  N.  J.,  Feb.  19,  1766:  died  Sept.  28, 
1839.  An  American  painter  and  author.  He 
published  a “History  of  the  American  Theatre”  (1832), 
“Arts  of  Design  in  the  United  States"  (1834),  etc. 

Dun-le-Roi  (dun'le-rwa/),  or  Dun-sur-Auron 

(dun'siir-o-ron').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Cher,  France,  situated  on  the  Auron  17  miles 
southeast  of  Bourges.  It  has  manufactures  and 
coal-mines.  Population,  commune,  4,123. 

Dunloe  Cave.  See  Gap  of  Dunloe. 

D unmail  Raise  (dun-mal'  raz).  A pass  in  the 
Lake  District  of  England,  situated  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland,  on  the 
route  between  Ambleside  and  Keswick.  Ele- 
vation, 780  feet. 

Dunmore  (dun-mor').  A borough  in  Lacka- 
wanna County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  2 miles 
east-northeast  of  Scranton.  Population,  17,- 
615,  (1910). 

Dunmow  (dun'mou),  Great.  A town  in  Essex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Chelmer  31  miles 
northeast  of  London : with  Little  Dunmow  it 
is  famous  in  connection  with  the  Dunmow 
flitch  of  bacon  (which  see). 

Dunmow  Flitch,  The.  A flitch  of  bacon  award- 
ed to  any  married  pair  who  could  take  oath  at 
the  end  of  the  first  year  and  a day  of  their 
married  life  that  there  had  not  only  been  no 
jar  or  quarrel,  but  that  neither  had  ever  wished 
the  knot  untied.  The  custom,  it  is  said,  was  origi- 
nated in  the  Priory  of  Little  Dunmow,  England,  by  Robert 
Fitzwalter,  in  1244.  The  first  recorded  presentation  of  the 
bacon  is  dated  1445  (Chartulary  of  Dunmow  Priory).  The 
flitch  of  bacon  has  been  claimed  as  late  as  1906. 

Dunnottar  Castle  (dun-not'tar  kas'l).  A ru- 
ined castle  in  Kincardineshire,  Scotland,  situ- 
ated near  the  North  Sea  If  miles  south  of 
Stonehaven.  The  existing  structure  dates 
from  1392. 

Dunois  (dii-nwa/),  Jean,  Comte  deDunois:  sur- 
named  “The  Bastard  of  Orleans.”  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23,  1402:  died  at  St.  Germain-en- 
Laye,  near  Paris,  Nov.  24, 1468.  A natural  son 
of  Louis,  duke  of  Orleans,  and  Mariette  d’En- 
ghien,  celebrated  for  his  military  prowess  and 
his'  gallantries.  He  defended  Orleans  1428-29,  con- 
quered Normandy  and  Guienne  from  the  English,  and 
joined  the  “League  of  the  Public  Good”  (1466).  He  is 
introduced  in  Scott’s  “Quentin  Durward." 

Dunoon  (dun-on').  A watering-place  in  Argyll- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Clvde 
9 miles  west  of  Greenock.  Population, 
6,772. 

Dunrobin  Castle  (dnn-rob'in  kas'l)  The  seat 
of  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  near  Golspie,  Scot- 
land. The  building  is  modern,  but  incorporates 
remains  of  an  11th-century  stronghold. 

Duns,  or  Dunse  (duns).  A burgh  in  Berwick- 
shire, Scotland,  13  miles  west  of  Berwick. 
Population,  2,206. 

Dunsinane  (dun-si-nan'),  or  Dunsinnan  (dun- 
sin'an).  One  of  the  Sidlaw  Hills  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  9 miles  northeast  of  Perth.  Height, 


Dupetit-Thouars,  Abel  Aubert 

1,012  feet.  Here,  1054,  Siward,  earl  of  North- 
umberland, defeated  Macbeth. 

Duns  Scotus(dunz  sko'tus),  Joannes, surnamed 
Doctor  Subtilis.  Born  at  Dunse,  Scotland, 
about  1265  (?) : died  at  Cologne,  Nov.  8, 1308  (?). 
A famous  scholastic.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
scholastic  system  called  Scotism,  which  long  contended 
for  supremacy  among  the  schoolmen  with  the  system 
called  Thomism,  founded  by  Thomas  Aquinas.  Nothiug 
is  known  with  certainty  concerning  his  personal  history. 
According  to  the  commonly  accepted  tradition,  he  was 
born  at  Duns  or  Dunse,  Berwickshire,  Scotland,  about 
1265 ; was  a fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford  ; became  a 
Franciscan  friar ; was  chosen  professor  of  theology  at  Ox- 
ford in  1301 ; removed  in  1304  to  Paris,  where,  in  a disputa- 
tion on  the  immaculate  conception  of  the  Virgin  Mary  he 
displayed  so  much  ingenuity  and  resource  as  to  win  the 
title  of  Doctor  Subtilis,  and  where  he  rose  to  the  position 
of  regent  of  the  university ; and  died  at  Cologne,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  8,  1308,  while  on  a mission  in  the  interest  of 
his  order.  His  name,  I)uns,  Dunse,  Dunce,  came  to  be  used 
as  a common  appellative,  ‘ a very  learned  man,’  and,  being 
applied  satirically  to  ignorant  and  stupid  persons,  gave 
rise  to  dunce  in  its  present  sense. 

Dunstable  (dun'sta-bl).  A town  in  Bedford- 
shire, England,  33  miles  northwest  of  London. 
It  is  noted  for  manufactures  of  straw-plait  hats 
and  bonnets.  Population,  5,157. 

Dunstan  (dun'stan),  Saint.  Born  near  Glaston- 
bury, England,  924  or  925 : died  at  Canterbury, 
England,  May  19,  988.  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. He  was  the  son  of  Heorstan,  a West-Saxon  noble, 
and  was  brought  up  at  the  abbey  of  Glastonbury  and  at  the 
court  of  ^Ethelstan.  He  was  appointed  abbot  of  Glaston- 
bury by  Edmund  not  later  than  945.  He  became  the  chief 
adviserof  Eadred  (reigned  946-955), butwasbanishedbyEad- 
red’s  successor,  the  young  king  Eadwig,  whose  ill  will  he 
incurred  by  refusing  to  consent  to  a marriage  between  him 
and  zElfgifu:  and  by  rudely  bringing  him  back  to  the  ban- 
queting-hall  when,  at  his  coronation,  he  left  it  for  her 
society.  He  was  recalled  by  Eadwig’s  successor,  Eadgar, 
by  whom  he  was  created  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  959 
and  restored  to  political  power.  He  retained  his  influence 
at  court  during  the  reign  of  Eadward,  but  appears  to  have 
lost  it  on  the  accession  of  ^Ethelred  II.  in  978. 

Dunster  (dun'ster)>  Henry.  Born  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  about  1612:  died  at  Scituate, 
Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1659.  The  first  president  of 
Harvard  College.  He  was  inaugurated  in  1640, 
and  resigned  in  1654. 

Dunton  (dun'ton),  John.  Born  at  Graffham, 
Huntingdonshire,  England,  May  4,  1659:  died 
1733.  An  English  bookseller  and  author.  He 
wrote  “Life  and  Errors  of  John  Dunton"  (1705),  “Letters 
from  New  England  ” (published  1867),  etc. 

Diintzer  (dunt'ser),  Johann  Heinrich  Jo- 
seph. Born  at  Cologne,  July  12,  1813 : died 
there,  Dec.  16,  1901.  A German  literary  his- 
torian and  philologist,  librarian  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Gymnasium  of  Cologne  from  1846. 
He  published  numerous  critical  works  on  Goethe,  “Homer 
und  der  epische  Cyclus  ” (1839),  etc. 

Dupain  (dfi-pan'),  Edmond  Louis.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  Jan.  13,  1847.  A French  historical 
and  genre  painter,  a pupil  of  Cabanel  and  GuA 
Dupanloup  (du-pon-lo'),  Felix  Antoine  Phi- 
libert. Bom  at  St. -Felix,  near  ChambAy, 
France,  Jan.  3,  1802:  died  Oct.  11,  1878.  A 
French  prelate.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Orleans  in 
1849 ; was  elected  deputy  to  the  National  Assembly  in 
1871 ; and  became  a life  senator  in  1875. 

Du  Parquet,  Jacques  Diel.  See  Biel  du  Par- 
quet. 

Dupaty  (dfi-pa-te'),  Charles  Marguerite  Jean 
Baptiste  Mercier.  Bom  at  La  Rochelle, 
France,  May  9,  1746:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  17, 
1788.  A French  jurist.  He  wrote  “ Reflexions 
historiques  surles  lois  criminelles”  (1788),  etc. 
Dupe  (dup),  Lady.  An  old  lady  in  Dryden’s 
comedy  “ Sir  Martin  Mar-all.” 

Duperrey  (du-pe-ra'),  Louis  Isidor.  Born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  21,  1786:  died  Sept.  10,  1865.  A 
French  naval  officer  and  scientist.  He  served  as 
hydrographer  in  the  Uranie,  under  De  Freycinet,  who 
made  explorations  in  the  North  Pacific  1817-20 ; and 
1822-25  commanded  a scientific  expedition  to  Oceania  and 
South  America.  He  determined  the  positions  of  the 
magnetic  poles  and  the  figure  of  the  magnetic  equator. 
Author  of  the  volumes  on  hydrography  and  physical 
science  in  “Voyage  autour  du  rnonde,  execute  par  ordre 
du  roi  sur  la  corvette  La  Coquille  pendant  les  armtes 
1822,  1823,  1824,  et  1825  ” (1826-30). 

Duperron  (dii-pe-ron'),  Jacques  Davy.  Born 
at  St.-Lo,  France,  Nov.  15, 1556:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  5, 1618.  A French  cardinal,  instrumental 
in  converting  Henry  TV.  to  Catholicism. 
Dupes,  Day  of.  [F.  Journie  des  Bupes.]  A 
name  given  tc  Nov.  11, 1630,  when  the  enemies 
of  Richelieu  were  foiled  in  their  intrigues 
against  him  with  the  king. 

Dupetit-Thouars  (dup-tg'to-ar'),  Abel  Au- 
bert. Born  at  Saumur,  France,  Aug.  3,  1793 : 
died  at  Paris,  March  17,  1864.  A French  rear- 
admiral.  He  circumnavigated  the  globe  1837-39,  and 
extended  a French  protectorate  over  Tahiti  and  the  Mar- 
quesas Islands  in  1842,  and  over  the  entire  Society  group 
in  1843. 


Dupetit-Thouars,  Louis  Marie  Aubert 

Dupetit-Thouars,  Louis  Marie  Aubert.  Born 
at  Bournois,  near  Saumur,  France,  Nov.  5, 
1758:  died  at  Paris,  May  11,  1831.  A French 
botanist  and  traveler.  He  visited  Mauritius, 
Madagascar,  and  Reunion  1792-1802. 

Dupin  (dii-pan'),  Andr6  Marie  Jean  Jacques: 
called  “The  Elder.”  Born  at  Varzy,  Nievre, 
France,  Feb.  1,  1783:  died  at  Paris?  Nov.  10, 
1865.  A French  lawyer  and  politician.  lie 
was  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1832-40,  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly  1849-51. 

Dupin,  Baron  Pierre  Charles  Frangois.  Bom 

at  Varzy,  Nibvre,  France,  Oct.  6,  1784:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  18,  1873.  A French  political  econo- 
mist and  politician,  brother  of  A.  M.  J.  J. 
Dupin.  He  published  “Voyages  dans  la  Grande-Bre- 
tagne  ” (1820-24),  “ Forces  productives  des  nations  ” (1S51), 
etc. 

Dupleix  (dii-plaks'),  Joseph  Francois.  Born 
at  Landrecies,  Nord,  France,  Jan.  1,  1697: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1763.  A French  gen- 
eral, governor-general  of  the  French  East 
Indies  1742-54. 

Duplessis  (dii-ple-se'),  Georges  Victor  An- 
toine Gratet-.  Born  at  Chartres,  March  19, 
1834:  died  March  26,  1899.  A French  critic 
and  historian  of  art,  custodian  of  the  depart- 
ment of  prints  in  the  National  Library.  He 
published  numerous  works. 
Duplessis-Mornay.  See  Mornay. 

Duplin  (dup'lin),  or  Dupplin.  A moor  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  7 miles  southwest  of 
Perth.  Here,  1332,  Edward  Baliol  defeated  the 
Scottish  Royalists  under  the  Earl  of  Mar. 
Dupongeau  (du-pon'so ; F.  pron.  dii-pim-so'), 
Peter  Stephen.  Bom  at  lle-de-Re,  France, 
June  3,  1760 : died  at  Philadelphia,  April  1, 
1844.  A French- American  lawyer  and  philolo- 
gist. He  published  “Memoir  on  the  Indian 
Languages  of  North  America”  (1835),  etc. 
Dupont  (dii-pon'),  or  Dupont  de  l’Eure  (dii- 
pon'  de  ler),  Jacques  Charles.  Born  at  Neu- 
bourg,  Eure,  Feb.  27, 1767 : died  on  his  estate, 
Rouge  Pierre,  Normandy,  March  3,  1855.  A 
French  politician.  He  became  president  of  the  im- 
perial court  at  Rouen  in  1811 ; was  a member  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies  1817-48;  was  minister  of  justice  about  six 
months  in  1830 ; and  was  president  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment formed  in  Feb.,  1848. 

Dupont,  Pierre.  Bom  at  Lyons,  France,  April 
23,  1821t  died  at  Lyons,  France,  July  24, 
1870.  A French  lyrical  poet.  He  was  collaborator 
on  the  dictionary  of  the  Academy  1842-47.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Les  deux  anges  " (1842 : crowned  by  the  Academy), 
“Les  bceufs”  (1846),  “Le  chant  des  nations,”  “Le  chant 
des  ouvriers,”  etc. 

Pierre  Dupont  . . . seemed  at  one  time  likely  to  be  a 
poet  of  the  first  rank,  but  unfortunately  wasted  his  talent 
in  Bohemian  dawdling  and  disorder.  His  songs  were  the 
delight  of  the  young  generation  of  1848,  and  two  of  them, 

“ Le  Chant  des  Ouvriers  ” and  “ Les  Boeufs,”  are  still  most 
remarkable  compositions.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  548. 

Dupont  (du-pont'),  Samuel  Francis.  Born  at 
Bergen  Point,  N.  J.,  Sept.  27,  1803:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  June  23, 1865.  An  American  ad- 
miral, grandson  of  Dupont  de  Nemours.  He 
entered  the  navy  as  a midshipman  in  1815 ; was  promoted 
commander  in  1842 ; commanded  the  Cyane  during  the  war 
with  Mexico  ; and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  W ar  became 
president  of  a board  convened  at  Washington  to  devise  a 
plan  of  naval  operations  against  the  Confederate  States. 
He  commanded  the  naval  expedition  which,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  a land  army  under  General  Thomas  W.  Sher- 
man, captured  Port  Royal,  South  Carolina,  Nov.  7,  1861; 
was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1862 ; was  repulsed  in  an 
attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  April  7,  1863;  and  was  relieved 
of  his  command  July  5,  1863. 

Dupont  de  l’Etang  (dii-pon'  de  la-ton'),  Comte 
Pierre.  Born  at  Chabanais,  Charente,  France, 
July  14,  1765:  died  at  Paris,  March  7,  1840. 
A French  general,  distinguished  at  Marengo 
and  other  battles,  especially  Friedland  (1807). 
He  capitulated  at  Baylen  in  1808. 

Dupont  de  Nemours  (dii-pon'  de  ne-mor'), 
Pierre  Samuel.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  14, 1739: 
died  near  Wilmington,  Del.,  Aug.  6,  1817.  A 
French  political  economist  and  politician.  He 
assisted  Turgot  1774-76 ; was  a deputy  to  the  States-Gen- 
eral  in  1789;  and  became  a member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Ancients  in  1795.  He  wrote  “ Physiocratie,  ou  constitution 
naturelle  du  gouvemement  le  plus  avantageux  au  genre 
humain  ” (1768),  “ Philosophie  de  l univers  ” (1796),'  etc. 
Diippel  (diip'pel).  A village  in  ‘Schleswig, 
Prussia,  opposite  Sonderburg,  28  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Schleswig.  The  allied  German  troops 
were  defeated  here  by  the  Danes  May  28, 1848,  and  again  on 
June  5.  The  redoubts  were  stormed  by  the  Saxons  and 
Bavarians  April  13, 1849,  and  by  the  Prussians  April  18, 1864. 
Diippel,  Lines  of.  A chain  of  Danish  fortifi- 
cations west  of  Sonderburg  in  the  island  of 
Alsen.  They  were  stormed  by  the  Prussians 
April  18,  1864. 

Duprat  (dii-pra'),  Antoine.  Born  at  Issoire, 
Puy-de-Dome,  France,  Jan.  17,  1463:  died  at 


345 

Rambouillet,  France;  July  9,  1535.  A French 
cardinal  and  politician.  He  became  chancel- 
lor and  prime  minister  in  1515. 

Duprat,  Pascal  Pierre.  Born  at  Hagetmau, 
Landes,  France,  March  24,  1815:  died  Aug. 
17,  1885.  A French  politician  and  journalist. 
He  took  part  in  the  February  revolution  in  1848  ; founded, 
with  Lamennais,  “ Le  peuple  constituant  ” ; opposed  the 
coup  d’etat  in  1851,  and  was  arrested  and  obliged  to 
leave  France ; edited  various  journals ; was  a member  of 
the  National  Assembly  in  1871,  and,  later,  of  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies ; and  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Chile  in  1883, 
and  died  on  the  return  journey. 

Duprato  (dii-pra-to'),  Jules.  Born  at  Nimes 
in  1827 : died  at  Paris,  May  19, 1892.  A French 
composer.  He  gained  the  Roman  prize  in  1848,  and  be- 
came professor  of  harmony  at  the  Conservatoire  in  1866. 
Among  his  operas  are  “Les  trovatelles ” (1864),  “Pa- 
querettes”  (1856),  “Salvator  Rosa”  (1861),  “Le  cerisier” 
(1874),  etc. 

Dupray (dii-pra'),  Louis  Henri.  BomatSedan, 
Nov.  3,  1841:  died  in  April,  1909.  A French 
military  painter. 

Dupr6  (dii-pra'),  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Siena, 
Italy,  March  1, 1817 : died  at  Florence,  Jan.  10, 
1882.  An  Italian  sculptor.  Among  his  works  are 
“Abel”  and  “Cain”  (Pitti  Palace,  Florence),  “Sappho,” 
“ Giotto,”  the  Wellington  monument,  etc. 

Dupre,  Jules.  Born  at  Nantes,  France,  April 
5,  1812 : died  at  L’Isle  Adam,  Oct.  6,  1889.  A 
noted  French  landscape-painter.  He  was  original- 
ly a porcelain-painter  in  lus  father’s  manufactory.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  went  to  Paris,  where  his  talent  was  at 
once  recognized.  In  1831  he  sent  his  first  picture  to  the 
Salon.  In  1833  he  went  to  England  and  also  to  Berry  with 
Jules  Andrf;  and  Troyon.  In  1849  he  was  made  chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  officier  in  1870.  He  received 
a second-class  medal  at  the  Exposition  Universelle  in  1867, 
a second-class  medal  in  1883,  and  a medal  of  honor  at  the 
Exposition  Universelle  in  1889.  He  spent  his  winters  in 
Paris  from  1876-82.  He  was  the  first  and  last  of  the  group 
of  Fontainebleau  artists  of  1830,  called  the  Romantic  or 
Natural  School  (Rousseau,  Delacroix,  Corot,  Diaz,  Millet, 
Troyon,  etc.).  His  studio  was  for  some  years  in  the  Abbey 
of  Saint  Pierre  in  the  forest  of  Fontainebleau,  and  after- 
ward in  L’lsle  Adam.  Several  of  his  pictures  are  in  the 
Luxembourg  Museum,  one  at  Lille,  and  a number  are 
owned  in  the  United  States. 

Duprez  (dii-pra'),  Caroline  (Madame  Van  den 
Heuvel).  Born  at  Florence,  1832 : died  at  Pau, 
France,  April  17,  1875.  A French  opera-singer, 
daughter  of  G.  L.  Duprez. 

Duprez,  Gilbert  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  6, 
1806:  died  Sept.  23,  1896.  A French  tenor 
singer  and  composer.  He  published  “L’Art 
du  chant”  (1845),  etc. 

Dupuis  (dii-piie'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  16,  1824:  died  at  Nemours,  Oct.  25,  1891. 
A French  actor. 

Dupuis,  Charles  Frangois.  Born  at  Trie-le 
Chateau,  Oise,  France,  Oct.  16, 1742:  died  at  Is- 
sur-Tille,  Cote-d’Or,  France,  Sept.  29,  1809.  A 
French  scholar  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote 
“ L’Origine  de  tous  les  cultes,  ou  la  religion 
universelle”  (1795),  etc. 

Dupuytren  (dii-piie-tran'),  Baron  Guillaume. 
Born  at  Pierre-Buffiere,  Haute-Vienne,  France, 
Oct.  6,  1777 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1835.  A 
noted  French  surgeon  and  anatomist. 
Duquesne  (dii-kan'),  Marquis  Abraham.  Bora 
at  Dieppe,  France,  1610:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  2, 
1688.  A French  naval  commander,  distin- 
guished in  the  wars  against  the  Spanish  and 
Dutch.  He  defeated  the  combined  Spanish  and  Dutch 
fleets  under  De  Ruyter  off  the  Sicilian  coast  April  21, 
1676. 

Duquesne,  Fort.  A fort  formerly  on  the  site  of 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  erected  by  the  French 
in  1754.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  1758.  See 
Braddock. 

Duquesnoy  (dfi-ka-nwa'),  Frangois,  or  Fran- 
gois Flamand.  Born  at  Brussels,  1594 : died  at 
Leghorn,  July  12, 1646.  A Dutch  sculptor,  son 
of  an  excellent  sculptor  from  whom  he  received 
his  first  lessons.  At  an  early  age  he  made  the  figure  of 
Justice  on  the  portal  of  the  Chancellerie  at  Brussels,  and 
two  angels  for  the  door  of  the  Jesuit  church.  In  16i9  he 
was  sent  by  the  archduke  Albert  to  study  in  Rome.  He 
is  especially  famous  for  the  children  which  he  executed 
in  marble  and  bronze,  but  more  frequently  in  ivory,  for 
drinking-cups,  etc.  The  sculpture  of  the  Baldachino  at 
St.  Peter’s  is  by  him.  His  friend  Le  Poussin  recommended 
him  to  Richelieu,  and  he  was  on  the  point  of  starting  for 
Paris  when  he  was  poisoned  by  his  brother  (Jdrdme  Du- 
quesnoy, born  1612 : burned  for  unnatural  crime  Oct.  24, 
1654),  also  a very  clever  sculptor. 

Dura  Den  (do'ra  den ).  A small  glen  near  St.  An- 
drews, Fifeshire,  Scotland,  noted  for  the  num- 
ber of  the  fossil  fish  found  in  its  sandstone. 
Duran  (do -ran'),  Agustin.  Bom  at  Madrid, 
Oct.  14, 1789:  died  there,  Dec.  1, 1862.  A Span- 
ish critic  and  litterateur.  He  wrote  “ Sobre  la  deca- 
dencia  del  teatro  espanol”  (1828),  etc.,  and  edited  old 
Spanish  romances  and  comedies. 

Duran  (dfi-roh'),  Carolus-  (Charles  Emile 
Auguste  Durand).  Born  at  Lille,  July  4, 1837. 


Durbin 

A French  genre  and  portrait  painter,  a pupil  of 
Souchon.  He  studied  in  Paris,  and  afterward  in  Italy 
and  Spain.  He  has  painted  portraits,  especially  of  women, 
with  great  success,  and  is  also  a sculptor.  He  received 
medals  in  1866,  1869,  1870,  1878,  and  1879. 

Durance  (du-rohs').  A river  of  southeastern 
Europe  which  joins  the  Rhone  3 miles  south- 
west of  Avignon:  the  Roman  Druentia. 
Durand  (dii-ron'),  Madame  (Alice  Marie  Ce- 
leste Fleury) : pseudonym  Henry  Greville. 
Born  Oct.  12, 1842 : died  May  26, 1902.  A French 
novelist.  She  wrote  “Dosia”  (1876),  “So- 
nia ” (1877),  etc. 

Durand  (du-rand'),  Asher  Brown.  Born  at 
South  Orange,  N.  J.,  Aug.  21,  1796  : died  there, 
Sept.  17, 1886.  An  American  landscape-painter 
and  engraver. 

Durandana  (do-ran-da'na).  The  sword  of 
Roland  (Orlando).  It  is  also  called  Durandal , 
Durenda,  Durindana,  etc. 

He  (Roland)  had  fought  all  day  in  the  thickest  of  the 
fray,  dealing  deadly  blows  with  his  good  sword  Durenda ; 
but  all  his  prowess  could  not  save  the  day.  So,  wounded 
to  death,  and  surrounded  by  the  bodies  of  his  friends,  he 
stretched  himself  on  the  ground,  and  prepared  to  yield  up 
his  soul.  But  first  he  drew  his  faithful  sword,  than  which 
he  would  sooner  have  spared  the  arm  that  wielded  it, 
and  saying,  “ O sword  of  unparalleled  brightness,  excel- 
lent dimensions,  admirable  temper,  and  hilt  of  the  whit- 
est ivory,  decorated  with  a splendid  cross  of  gold,  topped 
by  a berylline  apple,  engraved  with  the  sacred  name  of 
God,  endued  with  keenness  and  every  other  virtue,  who 
now  shall  wield  thee  in  battle,  who  shall  call  thee  master? 
He  that  possessed  thee  was  never  conquered,  never 
daunted  by  the  foe  ; phantoms  never  appalled  him.  Aided 
by  the  Almighty,  with  thee  did  he  destroy  the  Saracen, 
exalt  the  faith  of  Christ,  and  win  consummate  glory.  O 
happy  sword,  keenest  of  the  keen,  never  was  one  like 
thee  ; he  that  made  thee,  made  not  thy  fellow  ! Not  one 
escaped  with  life  from  thy  stroke.”  And  lest  Durenda 
should  fall  into  the  hands  of  a craven  or  an  infidel,  Roland 
smote  it  upon  a block  of  stone  and  brake  it  in  twain. 
Then  he  blew  his  horn,  which  was  so  resonant  that  all 
other  horns  were  split  by  its  sound  ; and  now  he  blew  it 
with  all  his  might,  till  the  veins  of  his  neck  burst.  And 
the 

blast  of  that  dread  horn, 

On  Fontarabian  echoes  borne, 
reached  even  to  King  Charles’s  ear  as  he  lay  encamped 
and  ignorant  of  the  disaster  that  had  befallen  the  rear- 
guard eight  miles  away.  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  36. 

Durandarte  (do-ran-dar 'te).  A legendary 
Spanish  hero  whose  exploits  are  related  in 
old  Spanish  ballads  and  in  “Don  Quixote,”  II. 
23.  He  was  the  cousin  of  Montesinos,  and  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Roncesvalles.  One  of  the  ballads,  a frag- 
ment, can  be  traced  to  the  “Cancionero”  of  1511,  and  one, 
“Durandarte,  Durandarte,”  to  the  old  “Cancioneros  Gene- 
rates.” Ticknor. 

Durandus  (du-ran'dus),  Gulielmus  (Guil- 
laume Durantis  or  Durand).  Born  at  Pui- 
misson,  near  B6ziers,  France,  1237:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  1,  1296.  A prelate  and  jurist, 
sumamed  “The  Speculator.”  He  wrote  “Specu- 
lum judiciale”  (1474),  “Rationale  divinorum  officiorum  ” 
(1459),  etc. 

Durango  (do-ran'go).  1.  A state  of  northern 
Mexico,  lying  between  Chihuahua  on  the  north, 
Coahuila  on  the  east,  Zacatecas  and  the  terri- 
tory of  Tepic  oh  the  south,  and  Sinaloa  on  the 
west.  Area,  38,009  square  miles.  Population, 
436,137,  (1910). — 2.  The  capital  of  the  state 
of  Durango,  situated  near  the  foot  of  the  Sierra 
Madre  Mountains.  Also  called  Victoria,  for- 
merly Guadiana.  Population,  34,085,  (1910). 
— 3.  A small  town  in  the  province  of  Biscay, 
Spain,  14  miles  southeast  of  Bilbao.  It  is  a 
military  stronghold. 

Durante  (do-ran'te),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Frattamaggiore,  near  Naples,  March  15,  1684: 
died  at  Naples,  Aug.  13, 1755.  An  Italian  com- 
poser of  sacred  music.  In  1742  he  succeeded 
Porpora  at  the  Conservatory  of  Santa  Maria  di 
Loreto  at  Naples,  where  he  died. 

Durantis  (dii-ron-tes'),  Guillaume.  See  Du- 
randus. 

Durazzo.  A facetious  and  lively  old  man  in 
Massinger’s  play  “The  Guardian.”  He  is  the 
guardian  of  Caldoro. 

Durazzo  (dii-rat'so).  [F.  Duras,  It.  Durazzo, 
Turk.  Dratsli,  Slav.  Durtz ; from  L.  Dyrrha- 
chiurn.]  A seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Scutari, 
European  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in 
lat.  41°  20'  N.,  long.  19°  26'  E.:  the  ancient 
Epidamnus,  later  Dyrrhackium.  It  was  founded  by 
Corcyreans  about  625  B.  c.,  and  became  the  terminus  of  a 
great  Roman  road.  Csesar  was  repulsed  here  by  Pompey 
48  B.  C.  ; and  here  Robert  Guiscard  defeated  the  emperor 
Alexius  in  1081,  and  took  the  city  in  1082. 

Durban,  or  D’Urban  (der'ban').  A city  in 
Natal,  South  Africa,  situated  near  Natal  Bay 
in  lat.  29°  52'  S.,  long.  31°  2'  E.  It  is  the  terminus 

of  the  railway  to  the  interior.  Population,  67,842. 

Durbin  (dOr'bin),  John  Price.  Born  in  Bour- 
bon County,  Ky.,  1800:  died  at  Philadelphia, 


Durbin 

Oct.  18,  1876.  An  American  clergyman  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Dick- 
inson College  1834-45.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
1850-72.  He  wrote  “Observations  in  Europe”  (1844), 
“ Observations  in  Egypt,  etc.”  (1845). 

Durden  (der'den),  Dame.  A notable  housewife 
in  a 'famous  English  song:  hence  the  nickname 
given  to  the  careful  and  conscientious  Esther 
Summerson  in  Dickens’s  “Bleak  House.” 

Durdles  (der'dlz),  Stony.  “A  stone-mason, 
chiefly  in  the  gravestone,  tomb,  and  monument 
way,  and  wholly  of  their  color  from  head  to 
foot,”  in  Charles  Dickens’s  “Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood.”  He  is  usually  drunk,  and  has  wonder- 
ful adventures  in  the  crypt  of  the  cathedral. 

Diiren  (dxi'ren).  Atown  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Roer  23  miles  south- 
west of  Cologne : the  ancient  Marcodurum. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  iron,  paper,  etc.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a victory  of  Civilis  over  the  Ubii  in  69  A.  D. ; 
and  was  the  seat  of  councils  and  assemblies  in  the  8th 
century.  Population,  commune,  29,771. 

Durenda.  See  Durandana. 

Diirer  (dii'rer),  Albrecht.  Born  at  Nuremberg, 
Bavaria,  May  21,  1471 : died  there,  April  6, 
1528.  A famous  German  painter  and  engraver, 
the  founder  of  the  German  school.  He  was  the  son 
of  a goldsmith  who  first  instructed  him  in  his  trade  and  then 
apprenticed  him  to  the  painter  Michael  Wolgemuth  for 
three  years  and  a half,  after  which  (1490)  he  visited  Stras- 
burg  and  Basel.  In  1494  he  married  Agnes  Frey,  and  in 
the  autumn  of  that  year  went  to  Italy,  where  he  was  much 
impressed  by  the  works  of  Mantegna.  He  probably  worked 
in  the  studio  of  Wolgemuth  until  1497,  when  he  removed  to 
an  atelier  of  his  own.  From  1505  to  1507  he  lived  in  Venice. 
Then  followed  his  most  active  years  in  Nuremberg.  From 
1512  he  worked  for  the  emperor  Maximilian,  who  made 
liim  his  court  painter,  and  whom  he  attended  at  Augsburg 
in  1518  as  deputy  for  his  native  city  to  the  assembled  Diet. 
In  1521-22  he  visited  the  Netherlands.  He  attended  the 
coronation  of  Charles  V.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  obtained 
the  appointment  of  court  painter  before  his  return  to 
Nuremberg,  where  he  continued  to  work  until  his  death. 
He  may  be  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  etching.  As  a de- 
signer of  woodcuts  and  an  engraver  he  ranks  higher  than 
as  a painter.  His  woodcuts  number  nearly  200,  including 
“ The  Apocalypse  ” (16  subjects),  “The  Greater  Passion  ” 
(12  subjects),  and  “The  Lesser  Passion  ” (37  subjects).  His 
copperplates  number  over  100,  including  “Melancholia,” 
“ Death  and  the  Devil,”  “ The  Little  Passion  ” (16  subjects), 
“ St.  Jerome  in  his  Study,"  etc.  Among  his  paintings  are 
“Adoration  of  the  Trinity  ” (Vienna),  “Adam  and  Eve” 
(Florence),  “ Four  Apostles  ” (Nuremberg),  etc.  He  wrote 
“Von  Menschlicher  Proportion ” (1528),  and  works  on 
“ Measurement  ” (1525)  and  “ Fortification  ” (1527).  Diirer 
never  employed  fresco,  although  he  furnished  the  designs 
for  the  mural  decorations  of  the  city  hall  at  Nuremberg, 
the  “Calumny  of  Apelles"  and  the  “Triumph  of  Maxi- 
milian.” 

D’Urfe,  Honor!.  See  TJrfe,  !>'. 

Durfee  (der'fe),  Job.  Born  at  Tiverton,  R.  I., 
Sept.  20,  1790 : died  there,  July  26,  1847.  An 
American  jurist  and  philosophical  writer,  chief 
justice  of  Rhode  Island  Supreme  Court  1 835—4-7. 
He  wrote  “Panidea”  (1846),  etc. 

D’Urfey  (der'fl),  Thomas,  called  “Tom 
D’Urfe)’.”  Born  in  Devonshire,  England,  in 
1653:  died  at  London,  1723.  An  English 
dramatist  and  humorous  poet.  His  songs  were 
published  as  “Pills  to  Purge  Melancholy” 
(1719-20). 

Durga  (dor'ga).  [Skt.,‘  the  inaccessible.’]  In 
Hindu  mythology,  the  wife  of  Shiva.  See  Devi. 

Durham  (dnr'am).  [ME.  Durem,  Duresme, 
altered  from  Dunholm,  AS.  Dunholm  (ML. 
reflex  Dunholmum , Dunelmum,  Dunelmia),  hill- 
isle,  from  dun,  hill  (down),  and  holm,  island: 
applied  orig.  to  the  rocky  peninsula  on  which 
the  first  church  was  built.]  1.  A county  in 
northern  England,  lying  between  Northumber- 
land on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  and 
Westmoreland  and  Cumberland  on  the  west. 
It  is  separated  from  Yorkshire  by  the  Tees  on  the  south. 
It  is  mountainous  in  the  west,  is  rich  in  minerals,  particu- 
larly coal  and  lead,  and  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  cattle. 
It  was  a county  palatine  until  1836.  Area  (ad.  co.),  1,001 
square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  1,187,361. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Durham,  situ- 
ated on  the  Wear  in  lat.  54°  46'  N.,  long.  1° 
35'  W.  It  contains  a castle  founded  in  1072  by  William 
the  Conqueror,  and  rebuilt  by  Bishop  Hugh  of  Puiset  a 
hundred  years  later.  The  interior  possesses  many  fea- 
tures of  interest,  as  the  beautiful  Norman  arcade,  door, 
and  gallery,  the  Norman  chapel  beneath  the  14th-century 
keep,  the  refectory  of  the  14th  century,  and  a 17th-cen- 
tury carved  staircase  of  oak.  The  castle  is  now  occupied 
by  Durham  University.  The  cathedral  of  Durham  is  a 
monument  of  great  intrinsic  importance,  which  is  en- 
hanced by  its  imposing  position  on  the  brink  of  a steep 
hill  above  the  river  Wear.  The  west  front  is  flanked  by 
two  massive  square  towers,  and  a tower  of  similar  form 
rises  high  over  the  crossing.  The  present  church  was 
founded  at  the  end  of  the  11th  century,  and  was  practi- 
cally completed  by  the  middle  of  the  12th.  The  Lady 
chapel  or  Galilee  is  later,  and  the  curious  east  transept 
called  the  Nine  Altars,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the 
choir,  is  of  the  early  13th.  The  cloister  is  Perpendicular. 
The  Norman  interior  is  exceedingly  impressive.  The 
piers  of  the  nave  are  alternately  cylindrical  and  square, 


346 

with  engaged  shafts ; the  former  are  covered  with  zigzag 
and  other  line-patterns.  The  altar-screen  and  episcopal 
tin-one  are  of  the  14th  century,  the  stalls  of  the  17thi 
The  eastern  or  Nine  Altars  transept  is  architecturally 
beautiful,  and  is  very  skilfully  joined  to  the  older  work. 
The  Galilee  chapel,  projecting  in  front  of  the  western 
facade,  has  four  interior  walls  resting  on  round  chevron- 
molded  arches  which  spring  from  slender  clustered  col- 
umns, the  whole  supporting  the  roof  in  a manner  rather 
Saracenic  than  Northern.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathe- 
dral are  510  by  80  feet,  length  of  transepts  170,  height  of 
vaulting  70,  of  central  tower  214.  The  old  monastic  build- 
ings are  still  almost  complete,  and  are  of  high  interest. 
Durham  was,  perhaps,  a Roman  station.  It  became  the 
seat  of  the  old  bishopric  of  Lindisfarne  in  995,  and  its 
bishops  were,  in  the  middle  ages,  nearly  independent 
rulers  over  the  palatinate  of  Durham.  Population, 
14,679. 

3.  A city  in  Durham  Comity,  North  Carolina, 
north  west  of  Raleigh.  It  h as  important  tobacco 
manufactures.  Population,  18,241,  (1910). 
Durham,  Earl  of.  See  Lambton. 

Durham  Book,  The.  See  the  extract. 

The  Durham  Gospels,  too,  known  as  St.  Cuthbert’s  or 
the  Durham  Book,  belonging  to  the  close  of  the  seventh 
century,  have  Northumbrian  Saxon  glosses  of  the  age  of 
those  of  the  P.itual  upon  their  Latin  text. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  II.  175. 

Durham  Letter,  The.  A letter  written  in  1850 
by  Lord  John  Russell  (premier)  to  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  denouncing  the  newly  established 
Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  in  England  and 
Wales,  and  the  ritualistic  tendencies  in  the 
Church  of  England. 

Durham  Station.  A place  in  North  Carolina, 
29  miles  northwest  of  Raleigh.  Here,  April  26, 
1S65,  the  Confederate  general  J.  E.  Johnston  surrendered 
with  29,924  men  to  General  W.  T.  Sherman. 

Durinda,  Durindana.  See  Durandana. 
Diiringsfeld  (dii'rings-feld),  Ida  von.  Born  at 
Militsch,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Nov.  12,  1815:  died 
at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  25, 1876.  A Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist.  Her  works  includo 
“ Skizzenaus  der  vornehmen  Welt”  (1842-45), 
“Antonio  Foscarini”  (1850),  etc. 

Diirkheim  (diirk'hlm).  A town  in  the  Palat- 
iuate,  Bavaria,  13  miles  west  of  Mannheim.  It 
is  frequented  for  its  grape-cure  and  salt  baths. 
Population,  commune,  6,362. 

Durlach  (dor'lach).  A town  in  Baden,  situ- 
ated on  the  Pfinz  3 miles  east  of  Karlsruhe. 
It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Baden-Durlach. 
Population,  commune,  12,706. 

Duroc  (dii-rok'),  Gerard  Christophe  Michel, 
Due  de  Friuli.  Born  at  Pont-a-Mousson, 
near  Nancy,  France,  Oct.  25,  1772:  died  near 
Markersdorf,  Saxony,  May  22, 1813.  A French 
general  and  diplomatist.  He  became  in  1796  aide- 
de-camp  to  Bonaparte,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Egypt 
in  1798.  He  took  a prominent  part  in  the  overthrow 
of  the  Directory  in  1799,  and  was  employed  by  the  first 
consul  in  diplomatic  missions  to  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg, 
Stockholm,  and  Copenhagen.  He  accompanied  the  em- 
peror in  the  campaigns  of  1805-06  and  1807,  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  his  side  near  Markersdorf.  He  was  the 
favorite  officer  of  Napoleon. 

Durostorus  (du-ros'to-rus),  or  Durostorum 

(-rum).  The  Roman  name  of  Silistria. 
Diirrenstein  (diir'ren-stin),  or  Diirnstein 
(diirn'stln),  or  Tirnstein  (tirn'stin).  A vil- 
lage in  Lower  Austria,  situated  on  the  Danube 
41  miles  west-northwest  of  Vienna.  Richard  i. 
of  England  was  imprisoned  in  its  castle  1192-93.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a battle  between  the  Russians  and  the  French 
under  Mortier  in  1805. 

Dur  Sharrukin  (dor  shar-ro-ken').  [Assyr., 
‘ fortress  of  Sargon.’]  A city  of  Assyria,  north- 
east of  Nineveh,  built  by  Sargon  II. : the  mod- 
ern Khorsabad. 

Duruy  (dii-riie'),  Jean  Victor.  Born  Sept.  11, 
1811:  died  Nov.  25,  1894.  A French  historian 
and  statesman,  minister  of  public  instruction 
1863-69.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  senator.  His 
works  include  “Histoire  ties  Romains,  etc.”  (1843-44), 
“Histoire  de  France”  (1852), “Histone  de  la  Grece  au- 
cienne”  (1862),  “Histoire  moderne”  (1863),  “Histoire  des 
Grecs"  (1887-89).  Several  of  his  works  form  part  of  the 
“Histoire  universelle  ” published  under  his  direction. 

Durvasas  (dor'va-sas).  [Skt.,‘ ill-clothed.’]  A 
sage  noted  for  irascibility.  Many  fell  under  his 
curse.  In  Kalidasa’s  drama  he  curses  Shakuntala  for 
keeping  him  waiting  at  the  door,  and  so  causes  the  sepa- 
ration between  her  and  King  Dushyanta. 

Durward  (der' ward),  Quentin.  A young 
archer  of  the  Scottish  Guard  in  Scott’s  novel 
“ Quentin  Durward.”  After  many  adventures 
he  marries  Isabelle  de  Croye. 

Duryodhana  (dor-yo'dha-na).  [Skt.,  ‘hard  to 
conquer.’]  Eldest  son  of  Dhritarashtra,  and 
leader  of  the  Kaurava  princes  in  the  great  war 
of  the  Mahabharata.  Upon  the  death  of  his  brother 
Panda,  Dhritarashtra  took  his  five  sons,  the  Pandava 
princes,  to  his  own  court.,  and  had  them  educated  with  his 
hundred  sons.  Jealousies  sprang  up,  and  Duryodhana 
took  a special  dislike  to  Bhima  from  his  skill  in  the  use  of 
the  club.  He  poisoned  Bhima,  who  was  restored  to  life  by 
the  Nagas.  He  was  the  occasion  of  the  exile  of  the  Pau- 


Dutertre 

davas.  After  their  return  he  won  in  gambling  from  Yu- 
dhishthira  everything  he  had,  including  his  own  freedom 
and  that  of  his  brothers,  and  his  wife  Draupadi.  The  re- 
sult of  the  gambling  was  a second  exile  of  thirteen  years. 
In  the  great  battle  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  Bhima,  who  had 
vowed  to  break  his  thigh  in  consequence  of  the  insult  to 
Draupadi. 

Duse  (do'sa),  Eleanora.  Born  at  Vigevano, 
1859.  An  Italian  tragedienne.  She  is  the  grand- 
daughter of  Luigi  Duse  who  established  the  Garibaldi 
Theater  at  Padua.  She  began  to  play,  when  hardly  twelve 
years  old,  in  wandering  companies  and  minor  theaters, 
until  she  compelled  recognition  by  her  admirable  tragic 
genius  in  Naples.  She  played  in  the  United  States  1893. 
Juliet,  Francesca  da  Rimini,  CarniUe,  Fernande,  etc.,  are 
her  most  important  parts. 

Dushenka  (do'slien-ka).  A romantic  poem 
by  Bogdanovitch,  published  in  1775. 
Dushrattu  (dosh-rat'tu),  or  Tushrattu  (tosh- 
rat'tu).  A king  of  Mitani  mentioned  in  the  Tel- 
el-Amarna  tablets.  From  his  diplomatic  correspon- 
dence with  the  Egyptian  king  Amenophis  III.  (of  the  isth 
dynasty:  about  1500  B.  c.),  it  appears  that  there  existed  an 
old  friendship  between  Egypt  and  Mitani,  and  that  Amen- 
ophis had  married  Dushrattu’s  daughter. 

Dushyanta  (dosh-yan'ta).  [Skt.]  A king  of 
the  lunar  race,  and  descendant  of  Puru  and 
husband  of  Shakuntala,  by  whom  he  had  a son 
Bharata.  The  loves  of  Dushyanta  and  Shakuntala,  her 
separation  from  him,  and  her  restoration  through  the  dis- 
covery of  his  lost  ring  in  the  belly  of  a fish,  form  the  plot 
of  Kalidasa's  drama  “Shakuntala.” 

Dussek  (do'shek),  Johann  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Czaslau,  Bohemia,  Feb.  9,  1761:  died  at  St.- 
Germain-en-Laye,  near  Paris,  March  20,  1812. 
A Bohemian  pianist  and  composer. 
Diisseldorf  (diis'sel-dorf).  1.  A city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Rhine  in  lat.  51°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  46'  E.  it 
is  an  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  town,  and 
is  especially  noted  for  its  school  of  art  (landscape  and  re- 
ligious painting),  founded  in  1767,  and  developed  under 
Cornelius  and  Schadow.  Its  famous  picture-gallery  was 
removed  to  Munich  in  1805.  It  contains  the  electoral 
palace,  the  Church  of  St.  Lambert,  the  Church  of  St.  An- 
drew, the  Kunsthalle,  and  a Realschule.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  Heine  and  Cornelius.  Diisseldorf  belonged  to 
the  grand  duchy  of  Berg  in  Napoleonic  times.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1815.  Pop.,  commune,  356,733,  (1910). 
2.  A government  district  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia.  Population,  3,118,548. 
Dustwick  (dust'wik),  Jonathan.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  Tobias  George  Smollett 
wrote  “ The  Expedition  of  Humphrey  Clinker” 
(1794). 

Dutch  (duch).  1.  The  Teutonic  or  Germanic 
race ; the  German  peoples  generally : used  as 
plural,  (a)  The  Low  Germans,  particularly  the  people 
of  Holland,  or  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands;  the  Dutch- 
men ; the  Hollanders  : called  specifically  the  Low  Dutch : 
used  as  plural.  (6)  The  High  Germans ; the  inhabitants  of 
Germany  ; the  Germans : formerly  called  specifically  the 
High  Dutch:  used  as  plural. 

2.  The  Teutonic  or  Germanic  language,  in- 
cluding all  its  forms,  (a)  The  language  spoken  in 
the  Netherlands;  the  Hollandish  language  (which  differs 
very  slightly  from  the  Flemish,  spoken  in  parts  of  the 
adjoining  kingdom  of  Belgium) : called  distinctively  Low 
Dutch.  ( h ) The  language  spoken  by  the  Germans ; Ger- 
man ; High  German:  formerly  and  still  occasionally  called 
distinctively  High  Dutch. 

Dutch  Courtezan,  The.  A comedy  by  Mars- 
ton,  printed  in  1605. 

Dutch  East  India  Company.  See  East  India 

Company. 

Dutchman’s  Fireside,  The.  A novel  by  J.  K. 

Paulding,  published  in  1831. 

Dutch  West  India  Company.  A commercial 
association  formed  in  the  Netherlands  in  1621. 
Among  other  Important  grants  it  received  from  the  gov- 
ernment the  exclusive  right  of  trading  with  a large  part 
of  the  coasts  of  America  and  Africa,  planting  colonies, 
building  forts,  employing  soldiers  and  fleets,  and  making 
treaties,  as  well  as  attacking  the  colonies  and  commerce 
of  Spain  and  Portugal.  This  company  took  charge  of  the 
colonies  of  the  Dutch  in  Brazil,  New  Netherlands  (finally 
given  up  in  1664),  the  West  Indies,  Guiana,  and  the  Gold 
Coast  of  Africa.  Its  powerful  fleets  made  numerous  de- 
sceuts  on  the  coasts  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese  America, 
captured  ships,  and  obtained  an  immense  amount  of 
booty.  Owing  to  the  expense  of  its  wars  and  the  loss  of 
some  of  the  colonies,  the  company  was  dissolved  in  1674. 
A new  one  was  formed  in  1675,  and  existed  until  1791, 
but  was  never  very  prosperous. 

Dutens  (dii-ton'),  Louis.  Born  at  Tours, 
France,  Jan.  15, 1730 : died  at  London,  May  23, 
1812.  A French  antiquary,  numismatist,  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  He  published  “Recherches 
stir  l origine  des  d^couvertes  attributes  aux  modemes” 
(1766),  “Memoires  d un  voyageur  qui  se  repose”  (1806), 
etc.,  and  edited  Leibnitz’s  works  (1769). 

Dutertre  (dii-tar'tr),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Calais,  1610:  died  at  Paris,  1687.  A French  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author.  He  served  in  the 
army  and  navy  before  joining  the  Dominicans  in  1635; 
from  1640  to  1657  most  of  his  time  was  spent  in  the 
French  Antilles,  where  he  witnessed  many  events  of  the 
Carib  wars.  Ilis  “ Histoire  gtntrale  des  lies  Saint  Chris- 
tophe, de  la  Guadeloupe,  etc.”  (1654)  was  enlarged  and 
republished  as  “Histoire  gtntrale  des  Antilles  habittea 
par  les  Francjais  ” (Paris,  1667-71,  4 vols.  4to). 


Dutrochet 

Dutrochet  (dii-tro-sha'),  Rene  Joachim  Henri. 

Born  at  N6on,  Poitou,  Prance,  Nov.  14,  1776: 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  4,  1847.  A French  physi- 
ologist and  physicist.  He  wrote  “ Nouvelles  re- 
eherches  sur  l’endosmose  et  l’exosmose”  (1828), 
etc. 

Dutteeah.  See  Datiya. 

Du  uzu.  See  Tammuz . 

Duval  (dil-val'),  Claude.  Bom  at  Domfront, 
Normandy,  in  1643 : executed  at  Tyburn,  Jan. 
21,  1670.  A noted  highwayman.  His  adven- 
tures form  the  subject  of  a number  of  novels 
and  ballads. 

Duval,  Jules.  Born  at  Rodez,  Aveyron,  France, 
1813 : killed  in  France,  Sept.  20, 1870.  A French 
political  economist.  He  published  ‘ ‘ Histoire  de 
l’emigration  europeeune,  asiatique  et  africaine 
au  XIXfcme  sitiele”  (1862),  etc. 

Duveneck  (du'ven-ek),  Frank.  Born  at  Cov- 
ington, Ky.,  Oct.  9, 1848.  An  American  figure- 
painter,  a pupil  of  Dietz  and  of  the  Munich 
schools.  National  Academician,  1906. 
Duvergier  de  Hauranne  (dii-ver-zhya'  db  6- 
ran'),  Jean.  Bom  at  Bayonne,  France,  1581: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  11,  1643.  A French  Janeen- 
ist  theologian,  abbe  of  St.  Cyran.  He  became 
director  of  Port  Royal  in  1636. 

Duvergier  de  Hauranne,  Prosper.  Bom  at 
Rouen,  France,  Aug.  3,  1798 : died  in  the  Cha- 
teau Herry,  near  Samerques,  Cher,  France,  May 
19, 1881.  A French  royalist  politician  and  pub- 
licist. He  was  imprisoned  by  Napoleon  in  1851,  and  ban- 
ished for  a brief  period.  He  published  “ Histoire  du  gou- 
vemement  parlementaire  en  France  ” (1857-72),  etc. 

Duvemey  (dii-ver-na'),  Guichard  Joseph. 

Born  Aug.  5,  1648:  died  Sept.  10,  1730.  A 
French  anatomist. 

Duvernois  (dii-ver-nwii'),  Clement.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  6,  1836:  died  there,  July  8,  1879. 
A French  politician  and  publicist. 

Duvernoy  (dii-ver-nwa'),  Georges  Louis. 
Bom  at  Montbeliard,  France,  Aug.  6,  1777 : 
died  at  Paris,  March  1,  1855,  A French  natu- 
ralist, a collaborator  of  Cuvier. 

Duveyrier  (dfi-va-rya'),  Anne  Honore  Jo- 
seph : pseudonym  Melesville.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  13,  1787 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.,  1865.  A 
French  dramatist,  a collaborator  of  Scribe  and 
others. 

Duveyrier,  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  April  12, 
1803:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1866.  A French 
dramatic  author.  He  was  an  adherent  of  Saint- 
Simonism. 

Duveyrier,  Henri.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1840 : 
killed  himself  at  Sevres,  April  25, 1892.  An  Af- 
rican explorer  and  geographer.  He  made  a prelim- 
inary tour  to  the  Sahara,  March-April,  1857,  and  published 
valuable  contributions  to  Berber  ethnology  and  linguis- 
tics (1859).  In  1858  he  undertook,  in  the  service  of  the 
French  government,  his  exploration  of  the  Sahara,  which 
lasted  until  1861.  He  did  much  to  extend  French  influ- 
ence. In  1874  he  made  another  expedition  to  the  south 
of  Tunis;  in  1876  he  was  sent  ou  a political  mission  to 
Morocco.  Most  of  his  works  are  found  in  German  and 
French  scientific  journals.  His  principal  book  is  ^Ex- 
ploration du  Sahara”  (1864). 

Duxbury  (duks'bu-ri).  A town  in  Plymouth 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  coast 
31  miles  southeast  of  Boston.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  the  French  Atlantic  cable,  laid  from  Brest  in 
1869.  Population,  1,688,  (1910). 

Duyckinck  (dl'kingk),  Evert  Augustus.  Bom 
at  New  York,  Nov.  23,  1816:  died  there,  Aug. 
13,  1878.  An  American  author.  He  published, 
conjointly  with  his  brother,  a “ Cyclopaidia  of  American 
Literature  ” (l856 : supplement  1865). 

Duyckinck,  George  Long.  Born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  17,  1823:  died  there,  March  30,  1863.  An 
American  biographer  and  critic,  brother  of 
E.  A.  Duyckinck. 

Duyse  (doi'ze),  Prudens  van.  Bom  at  Den- 
dermonde,  Belgium,  Sept.  17,  1804:  died  at 
Ghent,  Belgium,  Nov.  13, 1859.  A Flemish  poet 
and  essayist,  curator  of  the  archives  at  Ghent : 
poems  collected  in  “ Vaderlandsche  Poezy” 
(1840),  “Het  Klaverblad”  (1848),  etc. 

Dvorak  (dvor'zhak),  Anton.  Born  at  Miihl- 
hausen,  Bohemia,  Sept.  8, 1841:  died  at  Prague, 
May  1,  1904.  A Bohemian  composer,  in  1873 
his  hymn  “ Die  F.rben  des  Weissen  Berges,"  for  chorus  and 
orchestra,  brought  him  before  the  public.  He  soon  re- 
ceived astate  stipend.  He  conducted  his  “Stabat  Mater” 
in  London  in  March,  1884,  and  in  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year  at  the  Worcester  musical  festival.  He  was  director 
of  the  National  Conservatory  of  Music  in  New  York 
1892-95,  and  of  the  Conservatorium  at  Prague  1901- 
1904.  Among  his  works  are  the  operas  “Der  Konig 
und  der  Kohler"  (produced  in  1874),  “Die 


347 

DickschadeT’  (1882),  “Wanda”  (1876),  “Der  Bauer  ein 
Schelm  " (1877),  “Dimitrije  ” (1882).  These  were  all  pro- 
duced at  Prague.  He  also  wrote  a series  oi  pianoforte 
duets  “ Slavische  Tanze  ’’  (1878),  a collection  of  vocal  duets 
“Klange  aus  Mahren,”  “ Ziegeuuerlieder,”  etc.,  “The 
Spectre’s  Bride,"  a cantata  (1885) , “St.  Ludmila,”  an  orato- 
rio (1886),  “Requiem  Mass”  (1891),  a symphony  entitled 
“From  the  New  World  ” (produced  at  New  York  1893),  a 
number  of  symphonies  (No.  3 is  the  best-known),  concer- 
tos, string  quartets,  songs, impromptus, intermezzos,  cham- 
ber music,  etc.  He  introduced  two  original  Bohemian 
forms, the “Dumka"  (elegy)andthe  “Furiant”(ascherzo), 
in  his  symphonies  and  chamber  music. 

Dwanilsb  (dwa/misli).  A name  properly  be- 
longing to  a small  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians near  Seattle,  Washington,  and  improperly 
given  collectively  to  a number  of  distinct 
bands  in  the  neighborhood.  See  Salishan. 

Dwaraka  (dwa'ra-ka),  or  Dwarka  (dwar'ka), 
or  Jigat  (je-gat/).  A town  in  Baroda  state, 
India,  in  lat.  22°  22'  N.,  long.  69'  5'  E.,  cele- 
brated as  the  residence  of  Krishna,  and  a 
sacred  Hindu  city. 

Dweller  of  the  Threshold,  The.  In  BulwePs 
“Zanoni,”  a powerful  and  malignant  being, 

Whose  form  of  giant  mould 
No  mortal  eye  can  fixed  behold. 

Dwight  (dwlt),  Harrison  Gray  Otis.  Bom  at 

Conway,  Mass.,  Nov.  22,  1803  : killed  in  a rail- 
road accident  in  Vermont,  Jan.  25,  1862.  An 
American  Congregational  clergyman,  mission- 
ary to  the  Armenians. 

Dwight,  John  Sullivan.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  13,  1813 : died  at  Boston,  Sept., 
1893.  An  American  musical  critic,  editor  of 
“Dwight’s  Journal  of  Music”  (published  in 
Boston)  1852-81. 

Dwight,  Sereno  Edwards.  Born  at  Greenfield 
Hill,  Conn.,  May  18,  1786 ; died  at  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  30,  1850.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman  and  author,  sou  of  Timothy  Dwight : 
president  of  Hamilton  College  1833-35.  He 
wrote  “The  Hebrew  Wife*  (1836),  “Life  of  Edwards” 
(1830),  and  edited  Edwards's  works  (1820). 

Dwight,  Theodore.  Born  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Dec.  15,  1764:  died  at  New  York,  June 
12,  1846.  An  American  journalist  and  poli- 
tician, brother  of  Timothy  Dwight.  He  served 
as  Federalist  representative  from  Connecticut  in  the  9th 
congress,  Dec.  1,  1806, -March  3, 1807;  was  secretary  of  the 
Hartford  Convention  in  1814  ; and  founded  about  1817  the 
“New  York  Daily  Advertiser,"  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected until  1835. 

Dwight,  Theodore.  Born  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
March  3,  1796:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Oct. 
16,  1866.  An  American  author,  son  of  Theo- 
dore Dwight.  He  wrote  a “History  of  Con- 
necticut” (1841),  etc. 

Dwight,  Theodore  William.  Born  at  Cats- 
kill,  N.Y.,  July  18, 1822 : died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y., 
June  29,  1892.  An  American  jurist.  He  was 
graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  New  York,  in 
1840,  and  was  professor  of  municipal  law  in  Columbia  Col- 
lege 1858-91,  when  be  became  professor  emeritus.  He 
published  “ Argument  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  the  Hose 
Will  Case”  (1863),  and  “Cases  extracted  from  the  Report 
of  the  Commissioners  of  Charities  in  England,  and  the 
Disposition  of  Property  for  Charitable  and  Public  Uses  ” 
(1864). 

Dwight,  Timothy.  Born  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  May  14,  1752:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Jan.  11,  1817.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional divine,  educator,  and  author,  a grand- 
son of  Jonathan  Edwards:  president  of  Yale 
College  1795-1817.  He  wrote  “Theology  Explained 
and  Defended  ” (1818-19),  “ Travels  in  New  England  and 
New  York”  (1821-22),  etc.,  and  the  poems  “Conquest  of 
Canaan  ’’  (1785)  and  “ Greenfield  Hill " (1794). 

Dwight,  Timothy.  Born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Nov.  16, 1828.  An  American  scholar,  grandson 
of  Timothy  Dwight  (1752-1817).  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  1849 ; studied  divinity  at  Yale  1851-55, 
and  at  Bonn  and  Berlin  1856-58 ; became  professor  of  sacred 
literature  and  New  Testament  Greek  in  the  divinity  school 
at  Yale  in  1858  ; was  appointed  president  of  Yale  College 
in  1886  (resigned  1899)  ; and  was  a member  of  the  New 
Testament  Revision  Company.  He  lias  published  “ The 
True  Ideal  of  an  American  University  ’*  (1872),  etc. 

Dwina  (dwe'na),  or  Dvina  (dve-na') : called 
also  the  Northern  Dwina.  A river  of  north- 
ern Russia,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Su- 
khona  and  Witchegda  in  the  government  of  Vo- 
logda, flowing  into  the  Dwina  Bay  of  the  White 
Sea  25  miles  below  Archangel . Length,  includ- 
ing the  Witchegda,  about  1,000  miles. 

Dwina,  Western  or  Southern.  See  Dtina. 

Dyak  (di'ak).  [PI.,  also  Dyalts. ] A native 
race  of  Borneo,  usually  believed  to  he  its  abo- 
rigines. Their  own  name  is  Olo-Ngaju.  They  are  small 
in  stature ; are  brown-haired  and  gray-eyed  ; live  in  huts 


Dzungaria 

built  on  piles ; and  are  especially  noted  tor  their  custom 
of  head-hunting. 

Dyamond,  or  Diamond.  See  Diamond. 

Dyce  (dis),  Alexander.  Bom  at,  Edinburgh, 
June  30,  1798 : died  at  London,  May  15,  1869. 
A British  literary  critic  and  Shaksperian 
scholar.  He  took  the  degree  of  A.  B.  at  Oxford  in  1819, 
entered  the  ministry  about  1822,  abandoned  the  clerical 
profession  in  1825,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  He 
edited  a number  of  English  classics,  including  Peele(1828- 
1839),  Beaumont  and  FI  etcher  (1843-46),  and  Webster  (1830), 
but  is  chiefly  known  for  his  edition  of  Shakspere  (1857). 
Dyce,  William.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 
Sept.  19,  1806:  died  at  Streatham,  England, 
Feb.  14,  1864.  A British  historical  painter, 
founder  of  the  Preraphaelite  movement  in  the 
English  school  of  painting.  He  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  A.M.  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in 
1822  ; exhibited  his  first  picture,  “ Bacchus  nursed  by  the 
Nymphs  of  Nyssa,”  at  the  Royal  Academy,  London,  in 
1827 ; painted  a “Madonna  and  Child  ” in  the  Preraphael- 
ite style  of  painting  in  1828 : lived  as  a portrait-painter  at 
Edinburgh  1830-37 ; was  head-master  of  the  School  of  De- 
sign at  Somerset  House,  London,  1840-43  ; was  appointed 
professor  of  fine  arts  in  King’s  College,  London,  in  1844 ; 
and  painted  the  cartoon  “ Baptism  of  Ethelbert  ” for  the 
House  of  Lords  in  1846.  He  published  “Theory  of  the 
Fine  Arts"  (1844),  “The  National  Gallery,  its  Formation 
and  Management  ” (1853),  etc. 

Dyer  (di'er),  Sir  Edward.  Died  in  1607.  An 
English  poet  and  courtier.  He  was  employed  in 
several  embassies  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  by  whom  he  was 
knighted  in  1596.  He  was  the  friend  of  Raleigh  and  Sidney, 
and  wrote  a number  of  pastoral  odes  and  madrigals.  He  is 
known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  a poem  descriptive  of  con- 
tentment, beginning  “My  mind  to  me  a kingdom  is”  (set 
to  music  in  William  Byrd’s  “Psalmes,  Sonets,  and  Songs,” 
1588). 

Dyer,  George.  Born  at  London,  March  15, 1755 : 
died  at  London,  March  2,  1841.  An  English 
scholar.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  University  in  1778, 
and  subsequently  became  pastor  of  a dissenting  congrega- 
tion at  Cambridge.  Having  abandoned  the  clerical  pro- 
fession, he  settled  in  1792  at  London,  where  be  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  His  chief  works  are  “History  of  the 
University  and  Colleges  of  Cambridge ”(1814)  and  “Privi- 
leges of  the  University  of  Cambridge  ” (1824). 

Dyer,  John.  Born  at  Aberglasney,  Carmar- 
thenshire, Wales,  1700 : died  July  24, 1758.  Au 
English  poet.  He  became  vicar  of  Calthorp,  Leices- 
tershire, in  1741,  and  subsequently  held  several  livings  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  published  “ Grongar  Hill”  (1727),  “Ru- 
ins of  Rome  ’*  (1740),  “ The  Fleece  ” (1757). 

Dyer,  or  Dyar,  Mrs.  Mary.  Died  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  June  1, 1660.  A Quaker  fanatic.  She  was 
twice  banished  from  the  Massachusetts  colony  on  pain  of 
death,  and,  as  she  persisted  in  returning,  was  hanged  on 
Boston  Common. 

Dyer,  Thomas  Henry.  Born  at  London,  May 
4,  1804:  died  at  Bath,  Jan.  30,  1888.  An  Eng- 
lish historian.  He  was  for  some  time  employed  as  a 
clerk  in  the  West  India  House,  aud  eventually  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  literature.  He  wrote  “History  of  Mod- 
em Europe  ” (1861-64),  “A  History  of  the  City  of  Rome  ” 
(1865),  etc. 

Dyfed  (duv'ed).  The  old  British  name  of  the 
country  of  the  Dimette,  a region  in  the  south- 
west of  Wales. 

Dying  Alexander.  A head,  held  to  be  a Greek 
original  of  Hellenistic  date,  very  remarkable 
for  the  intensity  of  its  expression  of  pain,  and 
of  admirable  execution. 

Dying  Gaul,  The,  formerly  called  The  Dying 
Gladiator.  A celebrated  antique  statue  of 
the  Pergamene  school,  in  the  Capitoline  Mu- 
seum, Rome.  The  warrior,  nude,  sits  on  the  ground 
with  bowed  head,  supporting  himself  with  his  right  arm. 
The  statue  is  especially  fine  in  the  mastery  of  anatomy 
displayed,  and  in  its  characterization  of  the  racial  type. 

Dymond  (dl'mond),  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Exe- 
ter, England,  Dee.  19,  1796 : died  May  6,  1828. 
An  English  author.  He  followed  the  occupation  of  a 
linen-draper  at  Essex,  where  in  1825  he  founded  an  auxil- 
iary society  of  the  Peace  Society.  His  chief  work  is  1 ‘ Essays 
on  the  Principles  of  Morality”  (1829). 

Dyveke  (du've-ke),  or  Duveke,  L.  Columbula 
(kol-um'bu-la).  [‘  Little  Dove.’]  Born  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1491 : died,  probably  by  poison,  1517. 
The  mistress  of  Christian  II.  of  Denmark.  Chris- 
tian met  her  in  1607  at  Bergen,  where  her  mother  kept  a 
small  inn.  She  accompanied  him  to  Oslo  as  his  mistress, 
a relation  which  she  maintained  even  after  his  elevation 
to  the  throne  in  1513,  and  his  marriage  to  Isabella,  sister 
of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  in  1515.  She  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  a tragedy  by  Samsoe  (18th  century),  and  of  va- 
rious novels  and  poemsL 

Dyrrhachium  (di-ra'ki-um).  The  Roman  name 
of  Durazzo. 

Dysart  (di'zart).  A seaport  in  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  12  miles 
north-northeast  of  Edinburgh.  Population, 
3,539, 

Dyur  (dyor).  See  ShilluJc. 

Dzungaria.  See  Sungaria. 


a (a/a).  One  of  the  supreme 
gods  of  the  Assyro-Babylo- 
uians,  enumerated  in  the  first 
triad  of  the  12  great  gods. 
He  is  the  god  of  the  ocean  and  the 
subterranean  springs.  As  god  of 
the  people  he  is  also  “lord  of  pro- 
found wisdom  ” and  counsel,  and 
patron  of  sciences  and  arts.  His 
wife  was  Damkina(‘  lady  of  the  earth’),  and  both  are  iden- 
tified with  Oaos  and  Dauke  of  Damascius.  Their  son  was 
Merodach  (Marduk).  The  city  of  Eridu  (modern  Abu  Shah- 
rein)  was  especially  sacred  to  him.  In  spite  of  his  promi- 
nent place  in  the  pantheon,  Ea  seems  not  to  have  held  an 
important  position  in  the  cult  of  the  Assyro-Babylonians. 
Ea-bani  (a-a-ba'ne).  One  of  the  heroes  in  the 
so-called  Izdubar  legends,  or  the  Babylonian 
Nimrod  epic.  He  is  depicted  as  a bull-man  living  in 
the  desert.  Enticed  by  sensual  pleasure,  he  comes  to  Erech 
(modern  Warka),  and  with  his  assistance  Izdubar  (or,  as 
his  name  is  now  read,  Gilgamesh)  slays  Khumbaba,  the 
Elamite  usurper  of  the  thr  one  of  Erech.  But  Ishtar,  in 
her  wrath  against  Izdubar  for  refusing  her  love,  causes 
him  to  be  stricken  with  a dire  disease  and  his  friend  Ea- 
bani  to  die.  Izdubar  betakes  himself  to  his  ancestor  Pir- 
napishtim,  who  “at  the  mouth  of  the  rivers  lives  with  the 
gods,"  by  whom  he  is  cured  of  his  leprosy  and  also  en- 
dowed with  the  gift  of  immortality,  and  on  his  return  to 
Erech  implores  the  gods  for  the  restoration  of  Ea-bani  to 
life.  His  prayer  is  answered  : Ea-bani  returns  from  the 
nether  world,  and  relates  his  experiences  there. 


Eachard  (ech'ard),  John.  Born  in  Suffolk, 
1636  (?):  died  at  Cambridge,  July  7,  1697.  An 
English  divine  and  satirical  writer.  He  was  chosen 
master  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge  University,  in  1676, 
and  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  in  1679  and  1696. 
He  wrote  “ The  Grounds  and  Occasions  of  the  Contempt 
of  the  Clergy  and  Religion  ” (1670 : anonymous),  etc. 

Eadbald.  See  JEthelbald. 

Eadbert  (ed'bert),  or  Eadberbt  (e-ad'bercht), 
Saint.  Bishop  of  Lindisf  arne  688 : the  successor 
of  Saint  Cuthbert. 

Eadburga  (ed'ber-ga),  or  Eadburgh  (e-ad'- 
borch).  Lived  about  800.  Daughter  of  Offa,  king 
of  Mercia,  and  wife  of  Brihtric  (Beorhtric),  king 
of  the  West  Saxons.  She  attempted  to  poison  a favorite 
of  Brihtric,  but  the  cup  was  accidentally  drained  by  her  hus- 
band. She  fled  to  Charlemagne,  who  appointed  herabbess 
of  a nunnery,  a post  from  which  she  was  later  dismissed  for 
immorality.  She  died  a beggar  in  the  streets  of  Pavia. 


Eadfrid(ed'frid),orEadfrith(e-ad'frith).  Died 
721.  Bishop  of  Lindisfarne  698-721. 

Eadie  (e'di),  John.  Born  at  Alva,  Stirling- 
shire, Scotland,  May  9, 1810 : died  at  Glasgow, 
June  3,  1876.  A Scottish  theologian  and  bibli- 
cal critic,  appointed  professor  of  biblical  liter- 
ature in  the  United  Secession  Divinity  Hall  1843. 

He  wrote  commentaries  on  Ephesians,  Colossians,  Philip- 
pians,  and  Galatians  (1854-09),  “ Bible  Cyclopaedia ” (1848), 
“ The  English  Bible : an  external  and  critical  History  of  va- 
rious English  Translations  of  Scripture,  etc.  ”(1876),  etc. 


Eadmer,  orEdmer  (ed'mer).  Died  1124  (?).  An 
English  historian,  a monk  of  Canterbury  and  a 
companion  and  intimate  friend  of  Anselm.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  “ Historia  Novorum,”  and  of  lives  of 
Anselm,  Dunstan,  and  others. 


Eads  (edz),  James  Buchanan.  Born  at  Law- 
renceburg,  Ind.,  May  23,  1820:  died  at  Nassau, 
New  Providence, Bahama  Islands,  March  8,1887. 
An  American  engineer.  He  designed  and  construct- 
ed a number  of  United  States  ironclads  and  mortar-boats 
for  use  on  the  Mississippi  River  during  the  Civil  War ; con- 
structed the  steel  arch  bridge  across  the  Mississippi  at  St. 
Louis  1867-74 ; and  was  subsequently  employed  by  Con- 
gress in  deepening  and  rendering  permanent  the  channel 
of  the  Mississippi  by  means  of  jetties,  according  to  a plan 
proposed  by  himself. 

Eadward.  See  Edward. 

Eadwine.  See  Edwin. 

Eaglehawk  (e'gl-hak).  A mining  town  in  Vic- 
toria, Australia,  about  100  miles  northwest  of 
Melbourne. 


Eagle  of  Brittany,  The.  A surname  of  Ber- 
trand Du  Guesclin. 

Eagle  of  Divines,  The.  A surname  of  Thomas 
Aquinas. 

Eagle  of  Meaux,  The.  A surname  of  Bossuet. 

Eagle  Pass  (e'gl  pas).  A place  in  Maverick 
County,  southwestern  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande 
about  140  miles  southwest  of  San  Antonio. 
Here  the  Mexican  International  Railroad  meets 
the  Southern  Pacific. 


Eagle’s  Nest.  A celebrated  rock,  about  1,200 
feet  in  height,  among  the  Killarney  lakes  in  the 
county  of  Kerry,  Ireland.  Wheeler,  Familiar 
Allusions,  p.  155. 

Ealing  (e'ling).  A town  in  Middlesex,  England, 
9 miles  west  of  St.  Paul’s,  London.  It  is  the 
birthplace  of  Huxley.  Population,  33,031. 
Ealred  of  Rievaux.  See  Ethelred. 

Eames(amz),  Emma.  Bornat  Shanghai,  China, 
Aug.  13,  1867.  An  American  soprano  singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  as  Juliet  in  Gounod's  opera 
“Romeo  and  Juliet,”  at  the  Grand  Opera  House,  Paris,  in 
1889 ; and  mar  ried  Mr.  Julian  Story,  Aug.  1,  1891. 

Eamuses.  See  Yamasi. 

Eanfled  (en'fled),  or  Eanflsed  (e-an'flad).  Born 
April  17,  626.  Daughter  of  Eadwine,  king  of 
Northumbria,  and  wife  of  Oswiu,  king  of  North- 
umbria. She  was  baptized  in  infancy  by  Bishop 
Paulinus,  and  was  the  first  Northumbrian  to  re- 
ceive the  rite. 

Eardwulf  (e-ard'wulf),  or  Eardulf  (er'dulf). 
Died  810.  King  of  Northumbria  796-810.  He 
was  driven  from  the  throne  in  808,  but  was  re- 
stored in  809. 

Earine  (e-ar'i-ne).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  “ The  Sad 
Shepherd,"  a beautiful  shepherdess,  beloved  by 
HSglamour. 

Earle  (erl),  John.  Born  at  York,  England, 
about  1601 : died  at  Oxford,  England,  Nov.  17, 
1665.  An  English  divine,  appointed  bishop  of 
Worcester  in  1662,  and  translated  to  the  see  of 
Salisbury  in  1663.  He  wrote  various  poems  f “ On  the 
Death  of  Beaumont,  1616,"  ‘ Hortus  Mertonensis,  written 
while  a fellow  of  Merton  College,  etc.)  and  “Microcos- 
mographie,  or  a Peece  of  the  World  Discovered  in  Essayes 
and  Characters  ” (1628 : anonymous),  a humorous  work 
which  enjoyed  great  popularity. 

Earle,  John.  Born  at  Churchstow,  South  Devon, 
Jan.  29, 1824:  died  at  Oxford,  Jan.  31, 1903.  An 
English  scholar.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1845 ; be- 
came a fellow  of  Oriel  in  1848;  was  appointed  professor  of 
Anglo-Saxon  in  1849  for  5 years ; and  was  college  tutor  in 
1852.  He  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Swanswick,  near 
Bath,  in  1857,  and  was  prebend  of  Wanstow  in  Wells  Ca- 
thedral in  1871  and  rural  dean  of  Bath  1873-77.  He  was 
reelected  professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Oxford  in  1876,  the 
professorship  having  been  made  permanent.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Two  of  the  Saxon  Chronicles  Parallel  ” (1865), 
“ The  Philology  of  the  English  Tongue  " (1866),  “ Book  for 
the  Beginner  in  Anglo-Saxon’’  (1866),  “English  Plant 
Names,  etc."  (1880),  “ Anglo-Saxon  Literature  ” (1884), 
“A  Hand  Book  to  the  Land  Charters,  etc.”  (1888),  “ Eng- 
lish Prose,  etc.’’  (1890),  etc. 

Earle,  Pliny.  Born  at  Leicester,  Mass.,  Dec. 
17,  1762:  died  at  Leicester,  Nov.  19,  1832.  An 
American  inventor.  His  chief  invention  was 
a machine  for  making  cards  for  cotton-  and 
wool-carding. 

Earle,  Pliny.  Born  at  Leicester,  Mass.,  Dec. 
31,  1809:  died  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  May  18, 
1892.  An  American  physician  and  writer  on 
the  treatment  of  the  insane,  son  of  Pliny  Earle 
(1762—1 832).  He  was  appointed  professorof  psychology 
in  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in 
1852,  and  was  superintendent  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  1864-85,  when  he  retired.  Author 
of  “A  Visit  to  Thirteen  Asylums  for  the  Insane  in  Europe’’ 
(1839)  and  “The  Curability  of  Insanity”  (1887). 

Earle,  Thomas.  Born  at  Leicester,  Mass.,  April 
21, 1796 : died  at  Philadelphia,  July  14, 1849.  An 
American  lawyer  and  writer,  son  of  Pliny  Earle. 
He  practised  his’  profession  at  Philadelphia  many  years ; 
was  an  influential  member  of  the  State  constitutional 
convention  in  1837 ; and  was  the  vice-presidential  candi- 
date of  the  Liberty  party  in  1840. 

Earlom  (erTom),  Richard.  Born  at  London, 
1743 : died  there,  Oct.  9, 1822.  An  English  mez- 
zotint engraver. 

Early  (er'li),  Jubal  Anderson.  Born  in  Frank- 
lin County,  Va.,  Nov.  3,  1816:  died  at  Lynch- 
burg, Va.,  March  2, 1894.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  and  served  as  a lieu- 
tenant in  the  Florida  war  1837-38,  when  he  resigned  his 
commission  and  became  a lawyer  in  Virginia.  In  the  war 
with  Mexico  he  served  as  a major  of  volunteers  1847-48. 
He  was  appointed  to  a colonelcy  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  and  commanded  a 
division  of  Lee’s  army  at  Gettysburg  July  1-3, 1863.  Hav- 
ing been  ordered  to  the  valley  of  tire  Shenandoah  in  1864, 
he  invaded  Maryland,  defeated  General  Lewis  Wallace  at 
348 


Monocacy  Junction  July  9,  and  threatened  Washington 
J uly  11.  Toward  the  end  of  July  he  sent  a body  of  cavalry 
on  a raid  into  Pennsylvania,  which  destroyed  Chambers- 
hurg.  He  was  defeated  by  Sheridan  at  W incliester  Sept.  19, 
and  at  Fisher’s  Hill  Sept.  22.  He  -surprised  the  Union 
forces  at  Cedar  Creek  Oct.  19  in  the  absence  of  General 
Sheridan,  who  returned  in  time  to  rally  his  troops  and  gain 
a decisive  victory.  He  was  relieved  from  the  command  in 
the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah  in  1865.  Author  of  “A  Me- 
moir of  the  Last  Year  of  the  War  for  Independence  in  the 
Confederate  States  ” (1867). 

Earn  (6rn).  A tributary  of  the  Tay  in  Scot- 
land, the  outlet  of  Loch  Earn. 

Earn,  Loch.  A lake  in  western  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  northeast  of  Loch  Katrine.  Length, 
6^  miles. 

Earth  (erth).  [Usually,  hut  without  much 
probability,  referred  to  *ar,  plow.]  The 
terraqueous  globe  which  we  inhabit.  It  is  one  of 
the  planets  of  the  solar  system,  being  the  third  in  order 
from  the  sun.  The  figure  of  the  earth  is  approximately 
that  of  an  ellipsoid  of  revolution  or  oblate  spheroid,  the 
axes  of  which  measure  12,756,506  meters  and  12,713,042 
meters,  or  7,926  statute  miles  and  1,041  yards  and  7,899 
statute  miles  and  1,023  yards,  respectively,  thus  making 
the  compression  1 : 293 : but  these  dimensions  have  a prob- 
able error  of  at  least  200  yards,  and  a much  greater  possible 
error.  The  purely  astronomical  methods,  as  distinguished 
from  geodetic,  indicate  a slightly  smaller  compression  of 
about  jJj.  The  radius  of  the  earth,  considered  as  a 
sphere,  is  3,958  miles.  The  mean  density  of  the  whole 
earth  is  5.5,  or  about  twice  that  of  the  crust,  and  its  interior 
is  perhaps  metallic.  The  earth  rotates  upou  its  axis  in 
one  sidereal  day,  which  is  3 minutes  and  65.91  seconds 
shorter  than  a mean  solar  day.  Its  axis  remains  nearly 
parallel  to  itself,  but  has  a large  but  slow  gyration  which 
produces  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes.  The  whole 
earth  revolves  about  the  sun  in  an  ellipse  in  one  sidereal 
year,  which  is  365  days,  6 hours,  9 minutes,  and  9 seconds. 
The  ecliptic,  or  plane  of  the  earth's  orbit,  is  inclined  to  the 
equator  by  23°  27’  12"  .68  mean  obliquity  for  Jan.  0,  1890, 
according  to  Hausen.  The  earth  is  distant  from  the  sun 
about  93,000,000  miles. 

Earthly  Paradise,  The.  A collection  of  nar- 
rative poems  by  William  Morris,  1868-71. 

Easdale,  or  Eisdale  (ez'dal).  An  island  in  the 
Firth  of  Lorn,  west  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland. 

East  (est),  The.  1.  In  the  Bible,  the  countries 
southeast,  east,  and  northeast  of  Palestine,  as 
Moab,  Ammon,  Arabia  Deserta,  Assyria,  etc. — 
2.  The  countries  comprised  in  the  Eastern  or 
Byzantine  empire. — 31  In  church  history,  the 
church  in  the  Eastern  Empire  and  countries 
adjacent,  especially  those  on  the  east,  as  “ the 
West”  is  the  church  in  the  Western  Empire. — 

4.  One  of  the  four  great  prefectures  into  which 
the  Roman  Empire  was  divided  in  its  later 
history.  It  comprised  the  dioceses  of  Asia,  Pontus, 
the  East,  and  Egypt,  and  the  diocese  of  Thrace  (from  the 
Agean  to  the  Danube). 

5.  A diocese  in  the  prefecture  of  the  East,  in 
the  later  Roman  Empire.  It  was  somewhat 
more  comprehensive  than  Syria. — 6.  In  mod- 
ern use,  Asia ; the  Orient  (which  see). 

East  Africa,  British.  A British  protectorate 
in  Africa,  fronting  on  the  Indian  Ocean  from 
the  equator  to  about  lat.  5°  S.  On  the  northeast 
and  north  it  is  bounded  by  the  Italian  protectorate  of 
Somaliland  and  Abyssinia;  on  the  southwest  and  south, 
by  German  East  Africa  and  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  with 
boundaries  settled  by  agreements  of  1886  and  1890.  West- 
ward it  extends  to  the  Uganda  Protectorate,  and  north- 
westward to  the  Anglo- Egyptian  Sudan.  After  the  sur- 
render of  the  charter  of  the  East  Africa  Company  to  the 
British  government  iu  1895,  the  territory  was  divided  for 
administrative  purposes  into  the  East  Africa  Protecto- 
rate, the  Uganda  Protectorate,  and  the  Protectorate  of 
Zanzibar.  (See  Zanzibar.)  The  capital  is  Nairobi,  and 
the  chief  port  Mombasa.  Area  of  Ibea  (the  part  formerly 
under  the  Imperial  British  East  Africa  Company)  and  the 
vague  “Hinterland,”  over  1,000,000  square  miles;  present 
area,  about  240,000  square  miles. 

East  Africa,  German.  A German  dependency 
in  Africa,  acquired  in  1885-90,  and  administered 
by  an  imperial  governor.  On  the  north  it  borders 
on  British  East  Africa.  (See  above.)  It  fronts  on  the  In- 
dian Ocean.  Southward  it  is  bordered  by  Portuguese 
East  Africa  (line  settled  by  agreements  of  1886  and  1890), 
and  by  Rhodesia  (settled  by  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
1890).  Westward  it  borders  on  the  Belgian  Kongo.  The 
possessions  of  the  sultan  of  Zanzibar  on  the  coast  were 
purchased  by  the  Germans  in  1890.  Area,  about  384,180 
square  miles  Population,  about  10,000,000. 

East  Africa,  Portuguese.  A Portuguese  de- 
pendency in  East  Africa,  formed  in  1891  out 


East  Africa,  Portuguese 

of  the  colony  of  Mozambique  under  the  name 
of  Estado  d’ Africa  Oriental.  It  is  administered  by 
a commissioner.  It  is  bounded  north  by  German  East 
Africa,  south  and  west  by  the  British  possessions  and 
spheres  of  influence  (delimited  in  1891),  and  by  the  Trans- 
vaal. It  fronts  on  the  Indian  Ocean.  Portuguese  set- 
tlements on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa  began  early  in 
the  18th  century.  When  the  partition  of  the  country 
began,  Portugal  came  into  collision  with  Great  Britain, 
but  the  rival  claims  were  adjusted  in  1891.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  is  Lorenzo  Marques.  Area,  293,400 
square  miles.  Population,  about  3,120,000. 

East  Africa  Company,  British.  See  British 
East  Africa  Company,  Imperial. 

East  Africa  Company,  German.  A German 
company  founded  in  1885  for  the  exploitation 
of  the  German  Sphere  of  Influence. 

East  Anglia  (est  ang'gli-a).  An  ancient  Eng- 
lish kingdom,  corresponding  to  the  modern  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk.  Redwald  was  its  first  historical  king 
(about  593-617) ; its  last  under-king  was  Edmund  (killed 
870).  It  formed  later  a part  of  the  Danelagh,  and  was  one 
of  the  four  earldoms  of  Canute. 

East  Anglian.  A general  term  for  the  dialects 
of  England  spoken  in  the  eastern  districts  (those 
northeast  of  London). 

Eastbourne  (est'bern).  A watering-place  in 
Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 19  miles  east  of  Brighton.  It  is  strongly 
fortified.  Population,  52,544,  (1911). 

East  Cape  (est  kap).  1.  A capo  at  the  eastern 
extremity  of  Madagascar. — 2.  A cape  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  North  Island  of  New 
Zealand. — 3.  [Russ.  Vostokhni. J A cape  in 
Siberia,  the  easternmost  headland  in  Asia, 
projecting  into  Bering  Strait  in  lat.  66°  N., 
long.  169°  44'  W. 

Eastcheap  (est'chep).  [ME.  Estchepe,  Eastern 
Market.  See  Cheap  side.]  Originally,  the  east- 
ern market-place  of  the  city  of  London,  located 
at  the  junction  of  Watling  street  and  Ermine 
street.  It  was  quite  large,  including  tho  site  of  modem 
Billingsgate  and  Leadenhall  markets.  Eastcheap  is  now 
a small  street  running  east  and  west  near  the  northern 
end  of  London  Bridge. 

East  Cowes  (est  kouz).  A small  town  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  opposite  West  Cowes. 
Near  it  is  the  royal  residence  of  Osborne. 

East  End  (est  end).  That  part  of  London 
which  lies  east  of  the  Bank,  including  a large 
and  thickly  settled  region  noted  for  its  poverty. 
Easter  Island  (es'ter  i'land).  An  island  in 
the  eastern  Pacific,  west  of  Chile,  in  lat.  27° 
30'  S.,  long.  109°  30'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its 
gigantic  prehistoric  statues. 

Eastern  Archipelago.  See  Malay  Archipelago. 
Eastern  Empire  (es'tern  em'plr),  or  Byzan- 
tine Empire  (biz'an-tin  or  bi-zan'tin  em'pir), 
or  Greek  Empire  (grek  em'pir) : also  called 
the  Lower  Empire.  The  eastern  division  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  and,  after  476,  the  Roman 
Empire  itself,  with  its  capital  at  Constantino- 
ple, and  with  greatly  varying  boundaries,  it  in- 
cluded at  its  greatest  extent  southeastern  Europe,  western 
Asia,  northern  Africa,  part  of  Italy,  and  various  islands. 
After  800  its  rival  in  the  West  was  the  Empire  of  the 
West,  and  the  Roman  Empire  of  the  German  nation. 
The  leading  facts  in  its  history  are : foundation  of  Con- 
stantinople 330  A.  D.  ; final  separation  of  the  Eastern  and 
Western  empires  on  the  death  of  Theodosius,  395  ; reign 
of  Justinian,  527-565;  reign  of  Heraclius  (restoration  of 
the  Roman  power,  duel  with  Persia,  beginning  of  the 
Saracen  conquests),  610-641 ; reign  of  Leo  the  Isauriau, 
717-741 ; the  Macedonian  dynasty  (Basil  I.,  Constantine 
VII.,  Nicephorus  II.,  John  I.,  Basil  II.,  etc.),  867-1057; 
dynasty  of  Comnenus  (Alexius  I.,  Crusades,  Manuel  I., 
etc.){  1081-1185  ; Isaac  II.  (Angelus),  1185-95;  fall  of  the 
empire  under  Alexius  III.,  conquest  of  Constantinople, 
and  division  of  the  empire  by  the  Venetians  and  Crusa- 
ders, 1203-04 ; Latin  empire  at  Constantinople,  1206-61 ; 
the  Greek  empire  continued  at  Niciea,  1204-61 ; the  Greek 
empire  at  Constantinople  reestablished  under  the  dy- 
nasty of  Palaeologus,  1261 ; overthrow  of  the  empire  un- 
der Constantine  XI.,  and  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Turks  under  Mahomet  n.,  1453. 

Eastern  Question,  The.  The  collective  namo 
given  to  the  several  problems  or  complications 
in  the  international  politics  of  Europe  growing 
out  of  the  presence  of  the  Turkish  power  in 
the  southeast. 

Eastern  Rumelia  (es'tern  ro-me'lia).  The 
southern  portion  of  Bulgaria,  it  lies  south  of  the 
Balkans,  and  south  and  east  of  Bulgaria  proper.  It  was 
formed  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin  (1878)  out  of  Turkish  ter- 
ritory, and  made  an  autonomous  province  with  a Turk- 
ish-appointed governor-general.  By  the  revolution  of 
Sept.  17,  1885,  the  government  was  overthrown,  and  union 
with  Bulgaria  proclaimed.  The  new  arrangement  was 
recogrized  by  Turkey  in  1886.  The  chief  city  is  Philip, 
popolis.  Area,  13,700  square  miles.  Population,  about 
1,175,000.  Also  known  as  Southern  Bulgaria. 

Eastern  states.  A popular  designation  of  the 
six  New  England  States : Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
and  Connecticut. 

Eastern  Turkestan.  Same  as  East  Turkestan. 


349 

Eastern  War.  See  Crimean  War. 

East  Flanders.  See  Flanders,  East. 

East  Friesland  (est  frez'land).  A region  in 
the  western  part  of  the  province  of  Hannover, 
Prussia:  formerly  a principality.  It  included  ori- 
ginally the  Dutch  province  of  Groningen,  and  northern 
Oldenburg.  It  passed  to  Prussia  in  1744,  to  Holland  in 
1807,  to  Hannover  in  1815,  and  to  Prussia  in  1866. 

East  Goths.  See  Ostrogoths. 

Easthampton  (est-hamp'ton).  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massachusetts, 
12  miles  north-northwest  of  Springfield.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Williston  Seminary.  Population, 
8,524  (1910). 

East  Hartlepool  (est  har'tl-pol).  A seaport  in 
Durham,  England,  16  miles  east-southeast  of 
Durham.  Population,  22,723. 

East  India  Company.  The  name  of  various 
mercantile  associations  formed  in  different 
countries  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  for  the 
purpose  of  conducting  under  the  auspices  of  the 
government  a monopoly  of  the  trade  of  their  re- 
spective countries  with  the  East  Indies,  (a)  The 
Danish  East  India  Company  was  organized  in  1618 ; was 
dissolved  in  1634  ; was  reorganized  in  1670 ; and  w as  finally 
dissolved  in  1729,  when  its  possessions,  the  chief  of  which 
was  Tranquebar  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  were  ceded  to 
the  government,  (b)  The  Dutch  East  India  Company  was 
formed  by  the  union  of  several  smaller  trading  compa- 
nies March  20, 1602.  It  received  from  the  state  a monopoly 
of  the  trade  on  the  further  side  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan 
and  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  including  the  right  to 
make  treaties  and  alliances  in  the  name  of  the  States- 
General,  to  establish  factories  and  forts,  and  to  employ  sol- 
diers. It  founded  Batavia  in  Java  on  the  site  of  a native 
city  in  1619,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century  held 
the  principal  seats  of  commerce  throughout  the  Indian 
archipelago,  including  Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Java,  and  Bor- 
neo, and  had  flourishing  colonies  in  South  Africa.  It  was 
dissolved  and  its  territories  transferred  to  the  state  Sept. 
12,  1795.  (c)  The  English  East  India  Company,  com- 

posed originally  of  London  merchants,  was  incorporated 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  Dec.  31,  1600,  under  the  title  of  “The 
Governor  and  Company  of  Merchants  of  London  trading 
with  the  East  Indies.’’  It  obtained  from  the  court  of 
Delhi  in  1612  the  privilege  of  establishing  a factory  at 
Surat,  which  continued  to  be  the  chief  British  station  in 
India  until  the  organization  of  Bombay.  In  1645  it  re- 
ceived permission  of  the  natives  to  erect  Fort  St.  George 
at  Madras.  In  1661  it  was  invested  by  Charles  II.  with 
authority  to  make  peace  and  war  with  infidel  powers, 
erect  forts,  acquire  territory,  and  exercise  civil  and  crimi- 
nal jurisdiction  in  its  settlements.  In  1668  it  obtained  a 
grant  of  the  island  of  Bombay,  which  formed  part  of  the 
dower  of  Catharine  of  PortugaL  In  1675  it  established  a 
factory  on  the  Hugli  in  Bengal,  which  led  to  the  founda- 
tion of  Calcutta.  In  1749  it  inaugurated,  by  the  expul- 
sion of  the  Rajah  of  Tanjore,  a series  of  territorial  con- 
quests which  resulted  in  the  acquisition  and  organization 
of  British  India.  A government  board  of  control  was 
established  by  Parliament  in  1784,  and  in  1858  the  com- 
pany relinquished  altogether  its  functions  of  government 
to  the  crown.  ( d ) The  French  East  India  Company  was 
founded  by  Colbert  in  1664.  It  established  a factory  at 
Surat  in  Aug.,  1675,  and  acquired  Pondicherry,  which  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  French  possessions  on  the  Coro- 
mandel coast.  It  was  dissolved  Aug.  13,  1769,  when  its 
territories  were  ceded  to  the  crown,  (e)  The  Swedish 
East  India  Company  was  formed  at  Gothenburg,  Sweden, 
in  1741,  and  was  reorganized  in  1806. 

East  India  United  Service  Club.  A London 
club  established  in  1848.  The  club-house  is  at 
16  St.  James’s  Square,  London. 

East  Indies.  [F<  irmerly  somel  imps  East  Indies: 
so  called  in  distinction  from  the  newly  dis- 
covered countries  in  America,  supposed  at  first 
to  be  remoter  parts  of  India,  and  called  the 
West  Indies  or  West  Indias.  See  West  Indies .] 
A vague  collective  name  for  Hindustan,  Farther 
India,  and  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

Eastlake  (est'lak),  Sir  Charles  Lock.  Bom  at 
Plymouth,  England,  Nov.  17,  1793:  died  at  Pisa, 
Italy,  Dec.  24,  1865.  An  English  painter.  He 
lived  at  Rome  1817-30,  and  at  London  1830-55 ; was  keeper 
of  the  National  Gallery  1843-47  ; was  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy  from  1850  until  his  death ; and  was  knighted  in 
1850.  His  best  painting  is  “Pilgrims  in  Sight  of  Rome  ’’ 
(1828). 

East  Liverpool.  A town  in  Columbiana  County, 
Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio  River  35  miles  north- 
west of  Pittsburg.  It  has  manufactures  of  pot- 
tery. Population,  20,387,  (1910). 

East  London.  A seaport  in  Cape  Colony,  lat. 
33°  2'  S.,  long.  27°  55'  E.  Population,  25,220. 
East  Lothian.  Same  as  Haddingtonshire. 

East  Main.  A portion  of  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritories of  Canada,  lying  east  of  Hudson  Bay 
and  west  of  Labrador  proper. 

East  Main.  A river  in  Canada  which  flows 
into  James  Bay.  Length,  about  400  miles. 
Eastman  (est'man),  Charles  Gamage.  Born 
at  Fryeburg,  Maine,  June  1, 1816 : died  at  Bur- 
lington, Vt.,  1861.  An  American  poet  and  jour- 
nalist. He  was  for  many  years  proprietor  and  editor  of 
the  “Vermont  Patriot,"  published  at  Montpelier,  Vermont. 
In  1848  he  published  a volume  of  poetry. 

Eastman,  Mrs.  (Mary  Henderson).  Born  at 
Warrenton,  Va.,  in  1817.  An  American  novel- 
ist, wife  of  Seth  Eastman.  Among  her  works  are 


Eaton,  Theophilus 

“Dacotah’’(1849),“  Romance  of  Indian  Life  ”(1852),  “Aunt 
Phillis’s  Cabin  ’’  (1852),“  Tales  of  Fashionable  Life  "(1856). 

Eastman,  Seth.  Born  at  Brunswick,  Maine, 
Jan.  24,1808:  died  at  Washington,  D.C.,  Aug. 31, 
1875.  An  American  brigadier-general.  He  was 
employed  (1860-55)  in  the  bureau  of  the  commissioner  of 
Indian  affairs  to  illustrate  the  work  entitled  “History, 
Condition,  and  Future  Prospects  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of 
the  United  States,”  published  by  order  of  Congress  1850- 
1857. 

East  New  York.  The  easternmost  district  of 
Brooklyn. 

Easton  (es'ton).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Lehigh  with  the  Dela- 
ware, 52  miles  north  of  Philadelphia,  it  has 
considerable  manufactures,  is  the  center  of  an  iron-ore 
region,  and  is  the  seat  of  Lafayette  College.  Population 
28,523,  (1910). 

Easton,  Nicholas.  Born  in  England,  1593:  died 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Aug.  15,  1675.  A colonial 
governor  of  Rhode  Island.  He  came  from  Wales  in 
1634,  and  resided  successively  at  Ipswich  (Massachu- 
setts), Newbury  (Massachusetts),  Hampton  (New  Hamp- 
shire), and  Newport  (Rhode  Island).  He  was  governor 
of  the  united  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
1650-52. 

East  Orange.  A city  of  Essex  County,  New 
Jersey.  Population,  34,371,  (1910). 

Eastport  (est'port).  A seaport  in  Washington 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  Moose  Island  in 
Passamaquoddy  Bay,  in  lat.  44°  54'  N.,  long. 
66°  59'  W.  It  is  the  easternmost  town  of  the 
United  States.  Population,  4,961,  (1910). 
East  River.  A strait  between  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  connecting  Long  Island  Sound  with 
New  York  Bay.  Length  to  the  entrance  of  the  Harlem, 
9 miles ; to  Fort  Schuyler,  16  miles.  Width  between  New 
York  and  Brooklyn,  ) to  J mile. 

East  River  Bridge.  See  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

East  Saginaw.  A city  in  Saginaw  County, 
Michigan,  situated  on  Saginaw  River,  it  is  a 
center  of  the  lumber  and  salt  trade.  It  is  now  consoli- 
dated  with  Saginaw  (which  see). 

East  Saint  Louis.  A town  in  Saint  Clair 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
opposite  Saint  Louis.  Population,  58, 547, 
(1910). 

East  Saxons.  See  Saxons  and  Essex. 

Eastern  Shore.  The  part  of  Maryland  which 
lies  east  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

East  Turkestan  (also  known  formerly  as 
Chinese  Turkestan  or  Little  Bokhara). 
A dependency  of  China  in  central  Asia. 
The  Thian-Shan  Mountains  separate  it  from  Asiatic 
Russia : Sungaria  lies  on  the  north ; the  Kwen-Lun 
Mountains  separate  it  from  Tibet  and  Kashmir  on  the 
south;  and  the  Pamirs  and  Asiatic  Russia  are  on  the 
west.  The  chief  river  is  the  Tarim  ; the  chief  city,  Yar- 
kand. It  forms  a part  of  the  Chinese  province  of  Sin-kiang. 
Length,  about  1,250  miles.  Area,  431,800  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  580,000. 

Eastward  Ho ! A comedy  written  chiefly  by 
Chapman  and  Marston,  with  contributions  by 
Jonson.  It  was  written  and  acted  during  the  winter 
of  1604-05,  and  was  entered  upon  the  Stationers’  Register 
Sept.  4,  1605.  The  authors  were  imprisoned  for  satirizing 
the  Scots  in  this  play,  and  sentenced  to  have  their  ears  and 
noses  split.  Jonson,  though  not  responsible  for  the  ob- 
noxious passages,  gave  himself  up  with  his  friends.  At  a 
feast  given  by  him  after  their  delivery,  his  mother  drank 
to  his  health  and  exhibited  a package  of  “ lusty,  strong 
poison”  which,  had  the  sentence  of  mutilation  been  car- 
ried out,  she  was  to  “ have  mixt  in  the  prison  among  his 
drink,”  and  to  have  first  drunk  of  it  herself  {Fleay).  The 
play  was  revived  in  1751  as  “The  Prentices,”  and  in  1775 
as  “Old  City  Manners." 

Easy  (e'zi),  Sir  Charles.  The  “ careless  hus- 
band ” in  Cibber’s  comedy  of  that  name.  He  is 
dissolute  and  lazy,  but  not  entirely  vicious,  and  is  finally 
brought  back  to  the  path  of  virtue  by  Lady  Easy,  his  wife. 
She  makes  it  a point  never  to  ruffle  him  with  jealousy. 

Easy,  Midshipman.  See  Mr.  Midshipma  n Easy. 
Eaton  (e'ton),  Daniel  Cady.  Bom  at  Fort 
Gratiot,  Mich.,  Sept.  12, 1834:  died  at  New  Ha- 
ven, June  29,  1895.  An  American  botanist, 
grandson  of  Amos  Eaton.  He  graduated  in  1857  at 
Yale  College,  in  which  institution  he  became  professor  of 
botany  in  1864.  He  published  “Ferns  of  the  Southwest” 
(“United  States  Geological  Survey,”  Vol.  VI,  1878)  and 
“ Ferns  of  North  America”  (1878-79). 

Eaton,  George  W.  Bom  at  Henderson,  Hun- 
tingdon County,  Pa.,  July  3,  1804:  died  at 
Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  3,  1872.  An  American 
educator  and  Baptist  clergyman.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  Madison  University  (Hamilton)  1856-68,  and  of 
Hamilton  Theological  Seminary  1861-71. 

Eaton,  Nathaniel.  Died  in  London  after  1660. 
The  first  head-master  of  Harvard  College.  He 
was  appointed  in  1637.  In  1639  he  was  fined  100  marks 
for  gross  brutality  to  one  of  his  ushers,  Nathaniel  Briscoe, 
whereupon  lie  fled  to  Virginia,  leaving  debts  to  the 
amount  of  £1,000. 

Eaton,  Theophilus.  Died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Jan.  7,  1658.  First  governor  of  the 
colony  of  New  Haven.  He  came  in  1637  from  Lon- 
don to  New  England  with  John  Davenport,  whom  he  as- 


Eaton,  Theophilus 

sisted  in  the  purchase  of  Quinipiak  from  the  Indians  as  a 
site  for  the  colony  of  New  Haven,  which  was  planted  in 
1638.  In  1639  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  colony,  which 
post  he  retained  until  his  death. 

Eaton,  William.  Born  at  Woodstock,  Conn., 
Feb.  23,  1764:  died  at  Brimfield,  Mass.,  June  1, 
1811.  An  American  officer  and  adventurer, 
consul  at  Tunis  1799-1803.  He  was  subsequently 
appointed  United  States  naval  agent  to  the  Barbary  states, 
and  during  the  Tripolitan  war  organized  a movement 
among  the  natives  to  restore  Hamet,  the  brother  of  the 
reigning  pasha,  Yussuf  Caramalli.  With  the  assistance 
of  the  American  squadron  he  took  Derne  in  1805,  and  was 
about  to  march  on  Tripoli  when  peace  was  concluded 
between  the  United  States  and  the  reigning  bey. 

Eaton,  Wyatt.  Born  at  Philipsburg,  Canada, 
May  6, 1849 : died  at  Newport,  R.  I. , June  7, 1896. 
An  American  figure  and  portrait  painter.  He 
studied  at  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  New  York, 
and  with  Gri'Ome  in  Paris. 

Eau  Claire  (o  klar).  [F.,  ‘ clear  water.’]  A 
city  in  Eau  Claire  County,  Wisconsin,  situated 
on  the  Chippewa  River  83  miles  east  by  south 
of  St.  Paul.  It  has  an  important  lumber  trade. 
Population,  18,310,  (1910). 

Eaus Bonnes  (6  bon).  [F., ‘good  waters.’]  A 
watering-place  in  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  France,  about  28  miles  south  of  Pau. 
It  is  noted  for  its  springs  (chlorid  of  sodium). 
Eauze  (oz).  A town  in  the  department  of  Gers, 
France,  29  miles  northwest  of  Auch.  It  is  on 
the  site  of  the  Roman  Elusa.  Population, 
commune,  3,797. 

Ebal  (e'bal).  A mountain  in  Palestine,  form- 
ing the  northern  side  of  the  fertile  valley  in 
which  lies  Nablus,  the  ancient  Sheckem.  Mount 
Ebal  rises  to  the  height  of  2,986  feet(or,  according  to  some, 
3,077  feet).  From  Ebal  the  curse  for  disobedience  to  the 
law  was  pronounced,  the  blessing  for  obedience  being 
given  from  Mount  Gerizim,  which  lies  opposite  on  the 
south  of  the  valley.  Upon  Ebal  Joshua  erected  the  first 
altar  to  Jehovah  after  conquering  Canaan.  Its  modern 
Arabic  name  is  Jebel  Eslamiyah. 

Ebbsfleet  (ebz'flet).  A hamlet  in  the  Isle  of 
Thanet,  Kent,  England,  3J  miles  west-south- 
west of  Ramsgate.  It  was  the  landing-place  of 
Hengist  and  Horsa  in  449,  and  of  St.  Augustine  in  597. 

Ebel  (a'bel),  Hermann  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Berlin,  May  10,  1820:  died  at  Misdroi,  Pom- 
erania, Prussia,  Aug.  19,  1875.  A German 
philologist,  especially  distinguished  in  Celtic 
philology:  professor  at  Berlin  from  1872.  His 
chief  work  is  a revision  of  Zeuss’s  “Grammatiea 
celtica”  (1871). 

Ebeling  (a'bel-ing),  Adolf.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Oct.  24,  1827 : died  July  23,  1896.  A German 
writer.  He  traveled  in  Brazil;  lived  in  Paris  as  a teacher 
and  newspaper  correspondent  till  1870 ; and  then  lived  suc- 
cessively in  Diisseldorf,  Cologne,  Metz,  Cairo,  and  Cologne. 
His  works  include  “Lebende  Bilder  aus  dem  modernen 
Paris"  (1866-76),  “Bilder  aus  Cairo  " (1878),  etc. 
Ebeling,  Christoph  Daniel.  Born  at  Garmis- 
sen,  near  Hildesheim,  Prussia,  Nov.  20,  1741: 
died  at  Hamburg,  June  30,  1817.  A German 
geographer.  He  contributed  to  Biiscking’s 
“Erdbeschreibung”  the  volumes  on  America 
(1794-1816). 

Ebelsberg  (a/belz-berG),  or  Ebersberg  (a'berz- 
bero).  A small  place  in  Upper  Austria,  on  the 
Traun  southeast  of  Linz,  where  the  French  in 
May,  1809,  defeated  the  Austrians. 

Ebenezer  (eb-e-ne'zer).  [Heh.,‘ stone  of  help.’] 
A stone  set  up  by  Samuel,  after  a defeat  of  the 
Philistines,  as  a memorial  of  divine  aid. 

Eber.  See  Heber. 

Eberbach  (a'ber-bach).  A small  town  in  Baden, 
on  the  Neckar  14  miles  east  of  Heidelberg. 
Eberhard  (a'ber-hart)  I.  Born  Dec.  11,  1445: 
died  Feb.  24, 1496.  First  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg, 
1495.  He  consolidated  the  country,  framed  its 
constitution,  and  established  the  University  of 
Tubingen  (1477). 

Eberhard,  Christian  August  Gottlob.  Born 
at  Belzig,  Prussia,  Jan.  12, 1769:  died  at  Dres- 
den, May  13,  1845.  A German  poet  and  prose- 
writer.  He  wrote  “ Hannchen  und  die  Kiichlein  ” (1822 : 
a domestic  idyl),  “Der  erste  Mensch  und  die  Erde”  (1828), 
etc. 

Eberhard,  Johann  August.  Born  at  Halber- 
stadt,  Prussia,  Aug.  31,  1739 : died  Jan.  6, 1809. 
A German  philosopher,  professor  at  Halle  from 
1778.  He  published  “Neue  Apologie  des  Sok- 
rates”  (1772),  etc. 

Eberhard,  Konrad.  Born  at  Hindelang,  Ba- 
varia, Nov.  25,  1768:  died  at  Munich,  March 
13, 1859.  A German  sculptor.  His  most  nota- 
ble works  are  at  Munich. 

Eberl  (a'berl),  Anton.  Born  at  Vienna,  June 
13,  1766:  died  there,  March  11,  1807.  A Ger- 
man pianist  and  composer. 

Eberle  (eb'er-le),  John.  Born  at  Hagerstown, 
Md.,  Dec.  10,  1787 : died  at  Lexington,  Ky., 


350 

Feb.  2,  1838.  An  American  physician  and 
medical  writer. 

Ebers  (a'bers),  Carl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Cas- 
sel,  March  20,  1770:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  9, 
1836.  A German  musical  composer. 

Ebers,  Emil.  Born  at  Breslau,  Dec.  14,  1807 : 
died  at  Beuthen  on  the  Oder,  1884.  A German 
painter. 

Ebers,  Georg.  Born  at  Berlin,  March  1,  1837  : 
died  at  Tutzing,  Bavaria,  Aug.  7,  1898.  A 
German  Egyptologist  and  novelist.  He  first 
studied  jurisprudence  at  Gottingen,  then  Oriental  lan- 
guages and  archeology  at  Berlin.  In  1865  he  became  do- 
cent in  Egyptian  language  and  antiquities  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Jena ; in  1870  he  was  called  to  Leipsic  as  professor 
in  the  same  field.  His  first  work,  “Agypten  und  die 
Bucher  Moses ”(“ Egypt  and  the  Books  of  Moses"),  ap- 
peared 1867-68.  In  1869-70  he  made  a journey  to  Egypt, 
which  was  repeated  in  1872-73,  when  he  discovered  the 
so-called  “Papyrus  Ebers,”  published  in  1874  under  the 
title  “ Papyrus  E.,  ein  hieratisches  Handbuch  der  agyptis- 
chen  Medizin.”  “ Durch  Gosen  zum  Sinai”  (“Through 
Goshen  to  Sinai  ”)  appeared  in  1872 ; “Agypten  in  Wort  und 
Bild  ”(“  Egypt  in  Word  and  Picture  ”)in  1878.  Among  his 
romances  are  “Eine  agyptische  Konigstoehter " (“An 
Egyptian  Princess,”  1864),  “ Uarda ” (1877),  “Homo  Sum  ” 
(1878),  “Die  Schwestern”  (“The  Sisters,"  1880),  “Der  Kai- 
ser" (“The  Emperor,”  1881),  “Serapis”  (1885),  “Die  Nil- 
braut  ” (1887),  “ Joshua  ” (1889),  etc. 

Eberswalde  (a'berz-val-de).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  28  miles 
northeast  of  Berlin.  Pop.,  commune,  23,833. 

Ebert  (a'bert),  Adolf.  Born  at  Cassel, Prussia, 
June  1, 1820 : died  July  1, 1890.  A German  Ro- 
mancephilologist,professoratLeipsicfroml862. 

Ebert,  Friedrich  Adolf.  Born  at  Taucha,  near 
Leipsic,  July  9,  1791:  died  at  Dresden,  Nov. 
13,  1834.  A German  bibliographer.  He  was  li- 
brarian at  Wolfenbiittel  (1823),  and  later  (1825)  at  Dresden. 
His  principal  work  is  an  “ Allgemeines  hibliographisches 
Lexikon  ” (1821-30). 

Ebert,  Karl  Egon  von.  Born  at  Prague,  Bohe- 
mia, June  5, 1801 : died  there,  Oct.  24,  1882.  A 
German  poet. 

Ebingen  (a'bing-en).  A town  in  the  Black 
Forest  jcircle,  Wiirtemberg.  Population,  com- 
mune., 10,008. 

Ebionites  (e'bi-on-its).  [From  LL.  Ebionitee, 
pi.,  Gr.  ’E [hovaioi,  from  Heb.  ’ ebyonim  (pi.  of 
’ebyon),  lit.  ‘the  poor’;  the  origin  of  the  appli- 
cation of  the  name  is  uncertain.]  A party  of 
Judaizing  Christians  which  appeared  in  the 
church  as  early  as  the  2d  century,  and  disap- 
peared about  the  4th  century.  They  agreed  in  (a) 
the  recognition  of  Jesus  as  the  Messiah,  (b)  the  denial  of 
his  divinity,  (c)  belief  in  the  universal  obligation  of  the 
Mosaic  law,  and  ( d ) rejection  of  Paul  and  his  writings. 
The  two  great  divisions  of  Ebionites  were  the  Pharisaic 
Ebionites,  who  emphasized  the  obligation  of  the  Mosaic 
law,  and  the  Essenic  Ebionites,  who  were  more  speculative 
and  leaned  toward  Gnosticism. 

Eblis  (eb'lis),  or  Tblis  (ib'lis).  In  Arabian  my- 
thology, the  chief  of  the  evil  spirits.  Beckford 
introduces  him  in  “ Vathek.”  See  Azazel. 

His  person  was  that  of  a young  man  whose  noble  and 
regular  features  seemed  to  have  been  tarnished  by  malig- 
nant vapours.  In  his  large  eyes  appeared  both  pride  and 
despair ; his  flowing  hail'  retained  some  resemblance  to 
that  of  an  angel  of  light.  In  his  hand,  which  thunder  had 
blasted,  he  swayed  the  iron  sceptre  that  causes  the  mon- 
ster Ouranabad,  the  Afrits,  and  all  the  powers  of  the 
abyss  to  tremble.  Beckford,  V athek,  p.  192. 

Eblis,  Hall  of.  See  the  extract. 

In  the  midst  of  this  immense  hall,  a vast  multitude  was 
incessantly  passing,  who  severally  kept  their  right  hands 
on  their  hearts  [which  were  on  fire],  without  once  regard- 
ing anything  around  them.  They  had  all  the  livid  paleness 
of  death.  Their  eyes,  deep  sunk  in  their  sockets,  resem- 
bled those  phosphoric  meteors  that  glimmer  by  night  in 
places  of  interment.  Some  stalked  slowly  on,  absorbed  in 
profound  reverie;  some,  shrieking  with  agony,  ran  furiously 
about,  like  tigers  wounded  with  poisoned  arrows;  whilst 
others,  grinding  their  teeth  in  rage,  foamed  along,  more 
frantic  than  the  wildest  maniac.  Beckford,  Vathek,  p.  191. 

Eboli  (a'bo-le).  A town  in  the  province  of  Sa- 
lerno, Italy,  45  miles  east-southeast  of  Naples. 
Population,  commune,  12,407. 

Eboli,  Princess  of  (Anna  de  Mendoza).  Born 
in  June,  1540:  died  at  Pastrana,  Spain,  Feb. 
2,  1592.  Daughter  of  Don  Diego  Hurtado  de 
Mendoza,  viceroy  of  Peru,  and  mistress  of 
Philip  II.  of  Spain.  She  married  in  1559  the  favorite 
Rui  Gomez  de  Silva,  prince  of  Eboli.  While  mistress  of 
the  king  she  sustained  similar  relations  to  the  minister 
Antonio  Perez.  She  was,  in  consequence  of  a political  in- 
trigue, betrayed  by  Escovedo,  the  secret  agent  at  the  court 
of  Don  John  of  Austria.  Escovedo  being  murdered  soon 
after  by  Perez,  she  was  suspected  of  complicity  in  the 
crime,  and  was  banished  from  court  in  1579.  She  figures 
as  one  of  the  characters  in  Schiller’s  “Don  Carlos.” 

Eboracum  ( e-bor 'a-kum ) , or  Eburacum  (e-bur '- 
a-kum).  The  Roman  name  of  York. 

Eburacum  is  the  spelling  given  in  the  Itinerary  of  An- 
toninus, in  Ptolemy,  and  in  the  geographer  of  Ravenna, 
while  an  inscription  formerly  found  in  York,  but  not  pre- 
served, as  well  as  the  Roman  historians  who  mention  this 
place,  call  it  Eboracum.  The  weight  of  authority,  how- 


Echidna 

ever,  seems  to  be  turned  in  favour  of  the  former  by  an  in- 
scription more  recently  discovered,  and  certainly  reading 
EBVR.  Wright,  Celt,  p.  128. 

Ebrard  (a'brart),  Johann  Heinrich  August. 

Born  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  Jan.  18,  1818  : died 
there,  July  23,  1888.  A German  clergyman  of 
the  Reformed  Church,  and  theological  and 
miscellaneous  writer. 

Ebro  (a'bro).  [Jj.  Iberus,  F.  Ehre.}  A river  in 
Spain  which  rises  in  the  province  of  Santander 
and  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  40°  42' 
N.,  long.  0°  51'  E.  Length,  about  440  miles. 
Saragossa  is  situated  on  it. 

Ecbatana  (ek-bat'a-na),  or  Agbatana  (ag- 
bat'a-na),  or  Achmetha  (ak'me-tka).  [An- 
cient Persian  Hangmatdna  ; in  Babylonian  in- 
scriptions Agamatanu  or  Agamtanu;  modern 
Hamaddn.']  The  capital  of  Media,  built,  accord- 
ing to  the  Greeks,  by  Deioces.  it  was  captured  and 
plundered  by  Cyrus  in  649  B.  C.,  and  waB  used  by  the  Per- 
sian monarch3  as  a summer  residence.  Alexander  the 
Great  spent  some  months  there  in  324  B.  c.  It  is  men- 
tioned in  the  Bible  (Ezra  vi.  2)  as  the  place  in  which  the 
decree  of  Cyrus  permitting  the  Jews  to  rebuild  the  temple 
was  found.  Hamadan  is  one  of  the  most  important  cities 
of  modern  Persia. 

Eccard  (ek'kard),  Johannes.  Born  at  Mubl- 
hausen,  Thuringia,  in‘1553 : died  at  Konigsberg 
in  1611.  A German  musician,  noted  as  a com- 
poser of  church  music.  In  1589  lie  was  made  kapell- 
meister to  the  margrave  of  Brandenburg  at  Konigsberg ; 
in  1608  he  was  given  the  same  position  under  the  Kurfurst 
at  Berlin.  He  wrote  both  sacred  music  and  songs. 

Ecce  Horno  (ek'se  ho'mo).  [L.,  ‘behold,  the 
man!’]  The  name  given  (from  the  words  of 
Pilate)  to  representations  of  Christ  with  the 
crown  of  thorns.  Among  the  best-known  paintings 
of  this  subject  is  one  by  Titian  (1543),  in  the  Imperial 
Gallery  at  Vienna.  Christ,  bleeding  and  crowned  with 
thorns,  is  led  out  from  the  palace  above  a flight  of  steps 
by  soldiers.  Below  are  a mocking  company  of  soldiers 
and  people,  in  which  a portrait  of  the  sultan  Suliman  is 
conspicuous. 

Ecce  Homo : A Survey  of  the  Life  and  Work 
of  Jesus  Christ.  The  chief  work  of  Professor 
John  Robert  Seeley  of  Cambridge,  England,  it 
was  first  published  anonymously  in  1865.  It  created  much 
excitement  among  various  Protestant  denominations,  and 
elicited  a number  of  replies. 

Eccelino  da  Romano.  See  Ezzelino  da  Ro- 
mano. 

Ecclefechan  (ek-l-fech'an).  A village  in  Dum- 
fries, Scotland,  13  miles  east  of  Dumfries.  It 
is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Thomas  Carlyle. 
Ecclemaeh.  See  Eslen. 

Ecclesfield  (ek'lz-feld).  A manufacturing  town 
in  Yorkshire,  England,  near  Sheffield. 
Ecclesiastes,  or  The  Preacher.  [Gr.  eKKfycn- 
acTiKOc,  a member  of  the  ecclesia  (emilr/crta),  an 
ecclesiast:  a translation  of  Heb.  qolieletli .']  A 
book  of  the  Old  Testament,  traditionally  as- 
cribed to  Solomon,  but  probably  of  later  date. 
Eccleston  (ek'lz-ton),  Samuel.  Born  in  Kent 
County,  Md.,  June  27,  1801:  died  at  George- 
town, D.  C.,  April  21, 1851.  An  American  prel- 
ate of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  became 
archbishop  of  Baltimore  in  1834. 

Ecclesiazusse  (ek-kle-zi-a-zu'se).  A comedy  of 
Aristophanes,  exhibited  in  392  B.  C.  in  it  the 

women  meet  in  parliament  (whence  the  name),  and  de- 
cide to  take  control  of  the  state,  with  community  of  goods 
and  husbands.  The  play  is  inferior  in  literary  quality, 
and  is  marked  by  obscenity. 

Ecgberht.  See  Egbert. 

Echeetee.  See  Sitcliiti. 

Echeloot  (e'cke-lot).  A tribe  of  the  Upper 
Chinook  division  of  North  American  Indians, 
first  encountered  by  Lewis  and  Clarke  near 
the  Dalles  of  the  Columbia  River,  and  probably 
extinct.  See  Chinookan. 

Echenique  (a-cha-ne'ka),  Jose  Rufi.no.  Born 
at  Puno,  1808 : died  at  Arequipa,  Oct.  18,  1879. 
A Peruvian  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
under  Santa  Cruz,  but  after  the  defeat  at  Yungay  (Jan., 
1839)  he  gave  his  allegiance  to  Gamarra.  In  1843  he  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolt  against  Vivanco.  He  was 
elected  president  of  Peru  April  20,  1851.  Revolts  against 
him,  beginning  in  1853,  resulted  in  his  defeat  by  Castilla 
and  exile,  Jan.,  1855.  He  returned  in  1862;  aided  in  the 
defense  of  Callao  in  1866 ; and  was  again  a presidential  can- 
didate in  1872. 

Eclieverria  (a-cha-va-re'ii),  Esteban.  Bom 
in  Buenos  Ayres,  1809:  died  at  Montevideo, 
1851.  An  Argentine  poet.  He  published  lyrical 
poems  and  others,  including  “La  Cautiva,”  “El  Angel 
Caido,"  and  “Elvira.”  He  was  banished  by  the  dictator 
Rosas. 

Echeverria,  Francisco  Javier.  Boi^in  Jalapa, 
July  25, 1797 : died  at  Mexico,  Sept.  17, 1852.  A 
Mexican  financier.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
in  1834,  again  in  1838,  and  finally  from  1839  to  1841.  In 
1839  he  succeeded  in  funding  the  Mexican  debt.  He  was 
acting  president  for  a short  time  in  1841. 

Echidna  (e-kid'nil).  [Gr.  va.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a monster  half  maiden,  half  ser- 


Echidna 


351 


Eden,  William 


pent,  daughter  of  Chrysaor  and  Callirrhoe  (or  of 
Tartarus  and  Ge),  and  mother  of  the  Chimseras, 
the  Sphinx,  Cerberus,  and  other  monsters.  She 
was  slain  by  Argos  while  sleeping. 

Echinades  (e-kin'a-dez).  In  ancient  geography, 
a group  of  islands  west  of  Acarnania  in  Greece, 
situated  about  lat.  38°  25'  N.,  now  reunited,  in 
part,  to  the  mainland. 

Echo  (ek'd).  [Gr.  ’II^w.]  Iu  Greek  mythology, 
a nymph  who  by  her  prattling  prevented  Hera 
from  surprising  her  husband  Zeus  in  the  com- 
pany of  the  nymphs.  The  goddess  punished  her  by 
condemning  her  never  to  speak  first  and  never  to  be  silent 
when  any  one  else  spoke.  She  pined  away  to  a bodiless 
voice  (echo)  for  love  of  Narcissus. 

Echo  Canon  (ek'd  kan'yon).  A remarkable 
canon  in  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  in  northern 
Utah,  traversed  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 
Echo  Lake.  The  name  of  various  small  sheets 
of  water,  (a)  A lake  in  New  Hampshire,  in  the  Fran- 
conia Notch.  (6)  A lake  near  North  Conway,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

Echternach  (ecli'ter-naeh).  A town  in  Luxem- 
burg, on  the  Sure  18  miles  northeast  of  Lux- 
emburg. It  has  a noted  abbey  church.  The  yearly 
religious  “dancing-procession,”  or  dance-feast,  held  at 
Whitsuntide,  is  celebrated.  It  is  said  to  have  originated 
in  an  effort  to  prevent  a return  of  an  epidemic  which  vis- 
ited the  place  in  the  8th  century. 

Echuca  (e-cho'ka).  A town  in  Victoria,  Aus- 
tralia, at  the  junction  of  the  Campaspe  and 
Murray. 

Ecija  (a'the-Ha).  A city  in  the  province  of  Se- 
ville, Spain,  situated  on  the  Jenil  47  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Seville:  the  Roman  Astigi  or 
Augusta  Firma  in.  Bsetica.  Population,  about 
24,500. 

Eck  (ek),  Johann  von  (originally  Maier  or 
Mayr).  Born  at  Eck,  Bavaria,  Nov.  13, 1486: 
died  at  Ingolstadt,  Bavaria,  Feb.  10,  1543.  A 
German  theologian,  one  of  the  most  active  op- 
ponents of  Luther  and  the  Reformation.  He  be- 
came professor  of  theology  at  Ingolstadt  in  15:0.  He  dis- 
puted at  Leipsic  with  Karlstadt  and  Luther  in  1519,  and 
procured  the  papal  bull  against  Luther  in  1520. 

Eckermann  (ek'er-man),  Johann  Peter.  Born 
at  Winsen,  Hannover,  Sept.  21,  1792:  died  at 
Weimar,  Dec.  3,  1854.  A German  writer,  a 
friend  and  literary  executor  of  Goethe.  , He  is 
known  chiefly  from  his  “Oespraehe  mit  Goethe”  (“Con- 
versations with  Goethe,”  1836-48). 

Eckersberg  (ek'erz-bero),  Christopher  Wil- 
helm. Born  at  Varnas,  near  Apenrade,  Schles- 
wig, Jan.  2, 1783:  died  at  Copenhagen,  July  22. 
1853.  A Danish  historical  and  marine  painter. 
Eckert  (ek'ert),  Thomas  Thompson.  Born  at 
St.  Clairsville,  Ohio,  April  23,  1825:  died  at 
Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  Oct.  20,  1910.  An  Ameri- 
can telegraphist.  He  organized  the  military  telegraph 
service  of  the  United  States  in  1862  ; was  brevetted  briga- 
dier-general in  1865  ; was  assistant  secretary  of  -war  1866- 
1867 ; and  became  president  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Telegraph  Company  in  1875,  president  of  the  American 
Union  Telegraph  Company  in  1880,  and  vice-president  and 
general  manager  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Com- 
pany in  1881,  and  president  in  1893. 

Eckford  (ek'ford),  Henry.  Born  at  Irvine, 
Scotland,  March  12, 1775:  died  at  Constantino- 
ple, Nov.  12,  1832.  An  American  ship-builder. 
He  came  to  New  York  city  in  1796 ; was  employed  by  the 
United  States  government  to  construct  ships  of  war  on 
the  Great  Lakes  during  the  War  of  1812  ; was  appointed 
naval  constructor  in  the  United  States  navy-yard  at  Brook- 
lyn in  1820 ; and  in  1831  became  chief  naval  constructor 
for  the  Ottoman  empire. 

Eckhardt  (ek'hart),  or  Eckart,  The  trusty. 

[G.  der  treue  Eckhardt.']  An  old  man  in  Ger- 
man traditionary  lore,  in  the  legend  of  Frau 
Holle  or  Holde  (Venus).  He  appears  in  the  Mans- 
feld  country  on  the  evening  of  Maundy  Thursday  with  a 
white  staff  to  save  the  people  from  the  furious  host  which 
travels  in  Holle's  train.  His  duties  differ  in  different 
traditions.  Sometimes  he  is  the  companion  of  Tannhau- 
ser,  and  has  even  been  considered  to  be  the  same  person. 
He  is  also  said  to  be  in  the  service  of  Holle,  and  to  sit  out- 
side the  Venusberg  to  warn  passing  knights  of  the  dan- 
gers therein,  to  which  the  enamoured  Tannhauser  had 
abandoned  himself.  He  is.  also  doomed  to  abide  at  the 
Venusberg  till  the  judgment. 

Eckhart,  or  Eckart,  or  Eckardt:  generally 
styled  Meister.  Bom,  probably  at  Strasburg, 
about  1260:  died  about  1328.  The  founder  of 
German  mysticism.  He  was  accused  of  heresy  in  1327, 
but  denied  the  charge  and  appealed  to  the  Pope,  who  de- 
dared  in  1329  (bull  “ In  Ccena  Domini,”  March  27)  that 
Eckhart’s  doctrines  were  partly  heretical. 

Eckmiilil  (ek'iniil),  or  Eggmiihl.  A village  of 
Lower  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Grosse  Labor 
13  miles  south-southeast  of  Ratisbon.  Here, 

April  22,  1809,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
the  archduke  Charles.  For  his  part  in  the  battle  Davout 
was  created  prince  of  Eckmiihl. 

Eclemach.  See  Eslen. 

Eclipse  (e-klips').  [So  named  because  be  was 
foaled  during  the  eclipse  of  1764.]  A famous 
race-horse,  a descendant,  in  the  male  line,  of 


the  Darley  Arabian.  He  was  a chestnut  horse  with 
a blaze  and  one  white  leg.  American  Eclipse  was  an 
American  horse  foaled  in  1814. 

Eclympasteyre.  A name  gwen  by  Chaucer  in 
“ The  Book  of  the  Duchess”  to  the  heir  of  Mor- 
pheus, the  god  of  sleep. 

“Morpheus,  and  Eclympasteyre 
That  was  the  god  of  slepes  heyre.” 

It  is  supposed  to  be  a name  of  his  own  invention.  Frois- 
sart uses  the  same  name  in  his  “Paradis  d’Amour,”  but 
he  is  merely  copying  Chaucer.  Slceat. 

Ecnomus  (ek'no-mus).  [Gr.  ’'E/euo/zof.]  A hill 
near  the  modern  Lieata,  southern  coast  of  Sicily. 
Here,  311  B.  c.,  the  Carthaginians  defeated  the  Syracusan 
tyrant  Agathocles.  Near  here,  256  B.  c.,  the  Homan  fleet 
defeated  the  Carthaginians. 

Ilcole  des  Femmes,  L‘  (la-kol'  da  fam').  [F., 
‘ The  School  of  Wives.’]  A comedy  by  MoliSre, 
produced  Dec.  26,  1662. 

Incole  des  Femmes,  Critique  de  F.  [F.,  ‘ Cri- 
tique of  the  School  of  Wives.’]  A play  by 
Molidre,  retorting  ou  the  critics  of  his  play,  and 
particularly  the  critical  marquis,  his  favorite 
butt,  produced  June  1,  1663. 

Ecole  des  Maris,  L’  (la-kol'  da  ma-re').  [F., 
‘ The  School  of  Husbands.’]  A comedy  by  Mo- 
lidre,  produced  in  1661.  Sganarelle,  as  the  guardian 
of  a young  girl,  is  the  hero  of  this  play,  the  plot  of  which 
is  partly  taken  from  Terence,  Boccaccio,  and  Lope  de  Vega. 

Ecole  Polytechnique.  A French  school  of 
technology,  founded  by  decree  of  the  Conven- 
tion, March  11, 1794.  From  its  origin  and  object  of  its 
foundation  it  was  devoted  to  instruction  in  purely  scien- 
tific and  technical  branches,  such  as  artillery,  military 
and  civil  engineering,  the  building  of  roads  and  bridges, 
ship-building,  etc.  There  were  at  first  360  students,  and 
the  course  was  3 years.  The  number  was  later  decreased 
to  200,  and  the  term  shortened  to  2 years.  After  gradua- 
tion the  students  choose  between  a military  and  a civil 
career.  The  military  students  go  to  the  Ecole  d’Appli- 
cation  at  Fontainebleau  for  two  years,  after  which  they  en- 
ter the  army  as  lieutenants  of  artillery  or  engineers.  The 
others  enter  various  special  schools  in  Paris,  such  as  the 
licoledes  Ponts  et  Chauss^es,  Ecole  Sp4ciale  des  Mines, 
Ecole  Centrals  des  Arts  et  Manufactures,  etc. 

Economy  (e-kon'd-mi).  A township  17  miles 
northwest  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania:  it  was 
the  seat  of  a community  of  Harmonists.  Pop- 
ulation, 860,  (1910). 

fjcorcheurs  (a-kor-sher'),  Les.  Bands  of  armed 
adventurers  who,  favored  by  the  Hundred 
Years’  War,  ravaged  France  and  Belgium  iu 
the  15th  century, beginning  about  1435.  Among 
their  leaders  were  Villandras  and  Crabannes  the  Bastard. 
They  were  called  Ecorcheurs,  or  flayers,  probably  because 
they  “ not  only  waylaid  and  plundered  their  victims,  but 
stripped  them  of  every  vestige  of  clothing,  leaving  them 
nothing  but  their  shirts.” 

fScrins  (ak-ran'),  Barre  des.  The  highest  peak 
of  the  Pelvoux  range,  in  the  Alps  of  Dau- 
phind,  France.  Height,  13,460  feet. 

Ecselen.  See  Eslen. 

Ecstatic  Doctor.  A surname  of  Ruysbroeck. 

Ector  (ek'tor),  or  Hector,  Sir.  In  the  Arthur- 
ian romance,  a faithful  knight  who  with  his  wife 
brought  up  the  infant  Arthur.  He  was  the 
father  of  Sir  Kay. 

Ector,  or  Hector,  de  Maris,  Sir.  In  Arthurian 
romance,  the  brother  of  Sir  Lancelot.  He  mourned 
his  death  with  a bitter  lament,  and  afterward  went  with 
Sir  Bois  and  seven  other  knights  to  the  Holy  Land,  where 

★ they  died  on  a Good  Friday. 

Ecuador  (ek'wa-dor;  Sp.  pron.  a-kwa-dor'). 
[Sp.  Bepublica  del  Ecuador,  Republic  of  the 
Equator.]  A republic  of  South  America,  lying 
between  Colombia  on  the  north,  Peru  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  East- 
ward its  claims  extend  to  the  confines  of  Brazil,  but  Co- 
lombia and  Peru  dispute  all  the  territory  to  the  eastern 
base  of  the  Andes.  At  present  the  actual  jurisdiction 
of  Ecuador  extends  to  about  long.  73°  W.,  on  the  river 
Napo,  and  does  not  include  any  part  of  the  Marafion  or 
upper  Amazon.  The  country  is  traversed  from  north  to 
south  by  the  Andes,  which  form  a continuous  eastern 
range  and  a roughly  parallel  but  mucli  broken  western 
range,  containing  some  of  the  highest  peaks  in  South  Amer- 
ica and  numerous  volcanoes.  Between  the  mountains  there 
are  several  high  table-lands  or  basins.  The  coast  regions 
and  those  east  of  the  mountains  are  low,  hot,  and  covered 
in  great  part  with  forest.  The  principal  products  and  ex- 
ports are  cacao,  hides,  coffee,  nuts,  andrubber.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  whites  (of  Spanish  descent),  Indians,  and  mixed 
races.  The  executive  is  vested  in  a president  elected  for  4 
years,  and  congress consistsof 2 chambers.  Therearel6prov- 
inces  besides  the  Galapagos  Islands  (Territory  of  Galapa- 
gos). The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  state  religion,  and  the 
only  one  tolerated.  Capital,  Quito.  At  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest the  greater  part  of  Ecuador  was  subject  to  the  Incas 
of  Peru.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  1533-34,  and 
under  the  name  of  Kingdom  of  Quito  was  a presidency  at- 
tached to  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru.  The  Spanish  rulers 
being  expelled  with  the  aid  of  Bolivar  1822-23,  the  country 
was  united  to  the  Colombian  Confederation  until  1830, 
when  it  seceded  and  adopted  its  present  name.  Since  then 
it  has  suffered  greatly  from  political  revolutions. ' The 
present  constitution  was  adopted  in  1897.  Area,  about 
116,000  Bquare  miles.  Population,  about  1,500,000. 

Edam  (e'dam).  A town  in  the  province  of 


North  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  near  the 
Zuider  Zee  11  miles  northeast  of  Amsterdam. 
It  is  noted  for  its  cheese,  and  has  a trade  in 
timber.  Population,  6,444. 

Edda  (ed'a).  [ON.  Edda,  poetics.  Etymolo- 
gically connected  with  ON.  odhr,  poetry,  meter, 
mind,  soul.]  A work  written  (in  prose  and 
verse)  by  Snorri  Sturleson  (born  1178  : died  by 
assassination  1241),  containing  the  old  mythol- 
ogy of  Scandinavia  and  the  old  rules  for  verse- 
making  ; also,  a collection  of  ancient  Icelandic 
poems.  The  name  Edda  (whether  given  by  Snorri  him- 
self is  not  known)  occurs  in  the  inscription  of  one  of  the 
manuscripts  of  the  work.  Snorri's  Edda  as  it  was  origi- 
nally written  consisted  of  three  parts : the  Gylfaginning 
(delusion  of  Gylfl),  an  epitome  of  the  old  mythology; 
Skaldskaparmal  (art  of  poetry),  an  explanation  of  poetical 
expressions  and  periphrases  ; and  Hattatal  (list  of  meters), 
a laudatory  poem  on  the  Norwegian  king  Hakon  Hakons- 
son,  and  Jarl  Skuli,  in  which  all  forms  of  verse  used  in  the 
old  poetry  are  exemplified.  To  this  was  ultimately  added 
a Formali  (preface),  and  the  Bragaroedhur  (sayings  of 
Bragi),  describing  the  origin  of  poetry,  and  in  some  manu- 
scripts Thulur,  or  a rimed  glossary  of  synonyms,  lists  of 
poets,  etc.  The  work  was  intended  as  a handbook  of 
poets.  In  the  year  1643  the  Icelandic  bishop  Brynjulf 
Sveinsson  discovered  a collection  of  old  mythological 
poems  which  was  erroneously  ascribed  to  Saemund  Sig- 
f usson  (born  1056 : died  1133),  and  hence  called  from  him 
Saemundar  Edda  hins  Frodha,  the  Edda  of  Ssemund 
the  Learned.  The  poems  that  compose  this  Edda  are  of 
unknown  origin  and  authorship.  They  are  supposed  to 
have  been  collected  about  the  middle  of  the  13th  century, 
but  were  composed  at  widely  different  periods  down  from 
the  9th  century,  to  the  first  half  of  which  the  oldest  is  to 
be  assigned : hence  the  name  now  given  to  this  collec- 
tion, the  Elder  or  Poetic  Edda,  in  distinction  from  the 
Younger  or  Prose  Edda  of  Snorri,  to  which  alone  the 
name  Edda  legitimately  belonged.  The  Elder  Edda  is 
usually  considered  to  include  32  poems  (some  of  them 
fragmentary). 

Eddy,  Mrs.  (Mary  Baker  G.).  Bom  at  Bow, 
Concord,  N.  H.,  July  16, 1822:  died  at  Newton, 
Mass.,  Dec.  3,1910.  The  founder  of  Christian 
Science.  She  began  to  teach  Christian  Science  in  1867, 
organized  the  first  Church  of  Christ,  Scientist,  in  Boston, 
in  1879,  was  ordained  its  pastor  in  1881,  and  founded  the 
Massachusetts  Metaphysical  College  (chartered  1881).  Her 
works  include  “Science  and  Health,  with  Key  to  the 
Scriptures"  (the  Christian  Science  text-book  ; first  edition 
1875),  “Unity  of  Good”  (1887),  “No  and  Yes"  (1887), 
“Rudimental  Divine  Science  " (1890),  “Retrospection  and 
Introspection  ” (1891),  “ Manual  of  the  Mother  Church  ” 
(1895),  “ Truth  versus  Error  ” (1905),  etc. 

Eddystone  (ed'i-ston)  Bocks.  [‘Whirlpool 
rooks.’]  A reef  in  the  English  Channel,  south 
of  Cornwall,  in  lat.  50°  10'  49//  N.,  long.  4°  16' 
W.  On  them  a famous  lighthouse  was  erected  1696-99, 
and  has  been  rebuilt  in  1706, 1756-59,  and  1879-82.  In  the 
present  structure  the  light  (159,600  candle-power)  is  133 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  can  be  seen  for  17  £ miles. 

Eden  (e'den).  [Traditionally  derived  from 
Heb.  'ederi,  delight,  pleasure,  probably  con- 
nected with  Babylonian  edinu,  field  or  park.] 
In  biblical  history,  the  name  of  the  first  abode 
of  man,  in  the  midst  of  which  a garden,  the 
garden  of  Eden  (the  “paradise”),  was  planted. 
The  position  of  Eden  is  described  in  Gen.  ii.  8 ff.  by  four 
rivers  that  go  out  from  it,  and  by  the  countries  they  sur- 
round or  pass  in  their  course.  Of  these  two,  the  Euphrates 
and  Tigris  (Hebrew  Berath  and  Hiddekel),  are  the  well- 
known  rivers  of  Mesopotamia ; the  other  two,  Pishon  and 
Gihon,  have  been  identified  with  various  streams.  One  of 
the  latest  hypotheses,  that  of  Friedrich  Delitzsch,  assumes 
that  the  narrator  in  Genesis  thought  Eden  located  near 
the  city  of  Babylon  and  meant  by  the  rivers  Pishon  and 
Gihon  twocanais;  he  also  attempts  toidentifytliecountries 
mentioned  in  this  passage  with  territories  in  that  region. 
Eden.  A river  in  Westmoreland  and  Cumber- 
land, England,  which  flows  into  Solway  Firth 
8 miles  northwest  of  Carlisle. 

Eden,  George,  Earl  of  Auckland.  Born  near 
Beckenham,  Kent,  Aug.  25,  1784:  died  Jan.  1, 
1849.  An  English  statesman,  son  of  William 
Eden,  first  Lord  Auckland.  He  was  president  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  and  master  of  the  mint  in  Lord  Grey's 
cabinet  (1830-34),  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1834  and  1835, 
and  governor-general  of  India  1835-42.  He  ordered  the 
deposition  of  Dost  Mohammed  ill  1838,  and  thus  com- 
menced the  Afghan  war.  He  was  created  earl  of  Auck- 
land in  1339. 

Eden,  Rickard.  Born  about  1521:  died  1576. 
An  English  translator.  He  studied  at  Cambridge ; 
held  a position  in  the  treasury  1544-46  ; was  private  secre- 
tary to  Sir  W.  Cecil  1552  ; and  was  appointed  to  a place  in 
the  English  treasury  of  Prince  Philip  of  Spain  in  1554,  a 
position  which  he  lost  soon  after,  owing  to  an  accusation 
of  heresy.  In  1562  he  entered  the  service  of  a French 
nobleman,  with  whom  he  traveled  extensively.  Eden's 
name  as  a translator  is  appended  to  many  books  on  geog- 
raphy, travels,  navigation,  etc.  Among  these  are  “ A 
Treatyse  of  the  Newe  India”  (1553 : a translation  of  part  of 
Munster's  “Cosmographia”),  which  is  the  first  intelligible 
description  in  English  of  America;  and  “Decades  of  the 
Newe  World”  (1555:  mainly  a translation  of  Peter  Martyr’s 
work). 

Eden,  William.  Born  April  3,  1744 : died  May 
28,  1814.  The  first  Lord  Auckland,  son  of  Sir 
Robert  Eden  of  Winderstone  Hall,  Durham. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1774  ; was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners sent  to  America  in  1778  ; held  various  offices  in 
the  ministry  ; was  employed  to  negotiate  a commercial 


Eden,  William 

treaty  and  other  agreements  with  France  1786-87  ; and 
was  ambassador  to  Spain  and  to  Holland.  He  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  in  1789.  He  wrote  “ Principles  of  Penal 
Law  " (1772),  “History  of  New  Holland  ” (1787),  etc. 
Edenhall  (e'dn-hal).  The  seat  of  the  Mus- 
graves  of  Cumberland,  England,  near  Penrith. 
Eden  Hall,  Luck  of.  See  Luck  of  Eden  Hall. 
Edenkoben  (a-den-ko'ben).  A town  in  the 
Palatinate,  Bavaria,  15  miles  west-southwest 
of  Spires.  Near  it  is  the  royal  villa  Ludwigs- 
hohe,  built  in  1846.  Population,  5,144. 

Eden  of  Germany.  An  epithet  of  Baden. 
Edessa  (e-des'sa),  or  JEgx  (e'je).  In  ancient 
geography,  the  early  capital  of  Macedonia,  rep- 
resented by  the  modern  Vodena,  47  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Saloniki. 

Edessa.  A city  in  Mesopotamia,  in  the  vilayet 
of  Aleppo,  Turkey,  in  lat.  37°  13'  N.,  long.  38° 
25'  E. : the  modern  Urfa  or  Orfa.  Its  ancient 
name  was  also  Antiochia  or  Callirrhoe.  It  became  the 
capital  of  an  independent  kingdom  in  137  B.  c.,  and  under 
Trajan  was  made  tributary  to  Home.  In  the  4th  and  6th 
centuries  it  was  an  important  seat  of  Christian  learning. 
It  belonged  to  Mohammedan  powers,  except  in  the  11th 
century,  when  it  was  held  by  the  Byzantine  empire,  and 
in  1097-1144,  when  it  was  held  by  the  Crusaders  and  was  the 
capital  of  a Latin  principality  of  Edessa.  It  was  sacked 
by  the  Turks  in  1147,  and  was  finally  possessed  by  them 
in  1637.  Population,  estimated,  40,000. 

Edfu  (ed'fo).  A town  in  Upper  Egypt,  situated 
near  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile  in  lat.  24°  59'  N. : 
the  ancient  Apollinopolis  Magna,  Coptic  Atbo. 
The  celebrated  temple  of  Edfu  is  the  most  perfect  exist- 
ing example  of  an  ancient  Egyptian  religious  edifice.  It 
was  begun  by  Ptolemy  III.  Euergetes  in  237  B.  c.  The 
entrance  is  by  a massive  double  pylon  250  feet  wide  and 
115  high,  from  which  the  strong  inclosing  wall  is  carried 
around  the  temple.  Within  the  pylon  lies  the  great  court 
with  its  peristyle  of  columns.  Behind  it  lies  the  hypostyle 
hall,  to  the  rear  of  which  is  a second  hall  with  3 ranges 
of  4 columns,  from  which  opens  the  double  vestibule  of 
the  isolated  sanctuary,  on  the  passage  around  which  are 
placed,  as  usual,  a number  of  small  chambers.  The  abun- 
dant sculptures,  though  in  style  mere  imitations  of  the 
older  Pharaonic  work,  are  from  their  subjects  both  inter- 
esting and  instructive.  The  length  of  the  temple  is  450 
feet. 

Edgar  (ed'gar),  or  Eadgar.  Born  944:  died 
J uly  8,  975.  A king  of  England,  son  of  Edmund 
( Eadmund)  and  FElfgilu.  He  ascended  the  throne 
in  959  as  successor  to  his  brother  Eadwig  (Edwy).  He 
ruled  the  whole  nation  (W est  Saxons,  Northumbrians,  and 
Mercians),  and  his  quiet  reign  gained  for  him  the  surname 
“ The  Peaceful."  He  is  said  to  have  ceded  Lothian 
(northern  Bernicia)  to  Kenneth  of  Scotland. 

Edgar.  In  Shakspere’s  “King  Lear,”  the  son 
of  the  Earl  of  Gloster. 

Edgar.  See  Ravenswood,  Edgar. 

Edgar,  Sir  John.  A pseudonym  of  Sir  Richard 
Steele,  under  which  he  conducted  “The  Thea- 
tre” from  Jan.,  1720,  till  April,  1720. 

Edgar,  or  Eadgar,  AEtheling.  [AS.  setheling, 
the  prince.]  Born  in  Hungary  before  1057 : 
died  in  the  first  part  of  the  12th  century.  An 
English  prince,  grandson  of  Edmund  Ironside. 
Edgartown  (ed'gar-toun).  The  chief  town  of 
Dukes  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Mar- 
tha’s Vineyard  74  miles  south-southeast  of 
Boston.  It  is  a summer  resort.  Population, 
1,191,  (1910). 

Edgecote  (edj'kot).  A place  in  Northampton- 
shire, England,  17  miles  southwest  of  North- 
ampton. Here,  July  26,  1469,  the  insurgents 
under  Robin  of  Redesdale  defeated  the  royal- 
ists under  the  Earl  of  Pembroke. 

Edgehill  (ej'hil).  A ridge  in  Warwickshire, 
England,  situated  12  miles  south  of  Warwick. 
Here,  Oct.  23,  1642,  was  fought  the  first  battle  of  the  civil 
war,  between  the  Royalists  under  Charles  I.  and  the  Par- 
liamentarians under  the  Earl  of  Essex  : result  indecisive. 
Edgeworth  (ej'werth),  Maria.  Born  at  Black 
Bourton,  Oxfordshire,  Jan.  1,  1767 : died  at 
Edgeworthstown,  Longford,  Ireland,  May  22, 
1849.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of  Richard 
Lovell  Edgeworth.  She  wrote,  in  conjunction  with 
her  father,  “Essays  on  Practical  Education ’’ (1798)  and 
an  “ Essay  #n  Irish  Bulls  ” (1802).  Her  chief  independent 
works  are  “Castle  Rackrent"  (1800),  “Belinda”  (1801), 
“ Moral  Tales  ” (1801),  “ Popular  Tales  ” (1804),  “ TaleB  of 
Fashionable  Life”  (1809-12),  “Leonora”  (1806),  “Patron- 
age” (1814),  “Ormond”  (1817),  and  “Helen”  (1834). 

Edict  of  Nantes.  See  Nantes,  Edict  of. 

Edin.  A poetical  name  of  Edinburgh. 
Edinburgh  (ed'n-bur-6),  or  Edinburghshire, 
or  Mid-Lothian.  A county  of  Scotland,  lying 
between  the  Firth  of  Forth  on  the  north,  Had- 
dington, Berwick,  and  Roxburgh  on  the  east, 
Selkirk,  Peebles,  and  Lanark  on  the  south,  and 
Linlithgow  on  the  northwest.  Area,  366  square 
miles.  Population  (civil  county),  488,647. 
Edinburgh  (ed'n-bur-6).  [Formerly  Edinbo- 
row,  Edinbro,  ME.  Edinburgh,  Edenborow, 
earlier  Edwinesburch,  Edwinesburg,  AS.  *Edd- 
wines  burh,  Edwin’s  castle.]  The  ancient  cap- 
of  Scotland,  in  the  county  of  Edinburgh, 
les  south  of  the  Firth  of  Forth,  in  lat. 


352 

55°  57'  N.,  long.  3°  12'  W.:  often  called  “the 
modem  or  northern  Athens,”  both  from  its  to- 
pography and  as  a.  seat  of  learning.  See  Dune- 
din. It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  situation  on  ridges 
near  Calton  Hill  and  Arthur’s  Seat.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
judicial  and  administrative  government  of  the  country, 
and  an  important  publishing  and  literary  center.  It  con- 
tains a university,  castle,  Holyrood  Palace,  Scott  monu- 
ment, St.  Giles’s  Church,  the  Parliament  House  (with  the 
Advocates’  Library),  the  Royal  Institution,  the  National 
Gallery,  St.  Mary’s  Cathedral,  and  various  charitable  and 
educational  institutions.  The  castle,  a citadel  and  palace, 
occupies  a high  rock  in  the  middle  of  the  city.  The 
exterior  has  been  greatly  modified,  but  much  in  the  in- 
terior remains  as  of  old,  including  some  of  the  royal 
apartments  and  the  Romanesque  chapel.  Here  are  pre- 
served the  royal  regalia  of  Scotland.  The  Parliament 
House  is  now  occupied  by  the  Supreme  Law  Courts.  It 
is  a large  Renaissance  building,  with  porticos  of  Ionic 
columns  over  an  arcaded  and  rusticated  basement.  The 
great  hall  has  a handsome  roof  of  oak,  and  contains  in- 
teresting portraits  and  statues.  The  cathedral  (St.  Giles’s 
Church)  was  founded  in  the  12th  century,  but  the  pres- 
ent structure  is  of  the  15th.  The  interior  has  high  nave- 
pillars  and  Pointed  arches.  The  transept  is  Norman,  with 
massive  piers  supporting  the  tower.  The  fine  recessed 
and  sculptured  west  doorway  is  modern,  St.  Mary’s  Ca- 
thedral, the  masterpiece  of  Sir  G.  Gilbert  Scott,  was  com- 
pleted 1879.  It  is  a spacious  structure  in  the  Early  Eng- 
lish style,  with  an  imposing  central  spire  295  feet  high. 
Edinburgh  was  fortified  by  the  Northumbrian  king  Edwin 
(whence  its  name  Edwin's  Burgh)  about  617 ; succeeded 
Perth  as  the  capital  1437 ; was  taken  and  sacked  by  the 
English  in  1544,  and  again  (by  Cromwell)  in  1650 ; and  was 
occupied  by  the  Young  Pretender  in  1745.  It  is  famous  in 
the  literary  history  of  the  last  half  of  the  18th  and  first  half 
of  the  19th  century,  through  its  connection  with  Hume, 
Robertson,  Dugald  Stewart.  Adam  Smith,  Bums,  Scott. 
Wilson,  the  “Edinburgh  Review,”  etc.  Population, 
320,315,  (1911). 

Edinburgh,  Duke  of.  See  Alfred. 

Edinburgh,  University  of.  A famous  seat  of 
learning,  founded  in  1582 by  James  VI.  Itcom- 
prises  the  faculties  of  arts,  science,  divinity,  law,  and  medi- 
cine. Its  library  contains  over  260,000  volumes  and  8,000 
manuscripts.  There  are  about  50  professors,  besides  lec- 
turers, and  the  number  of  matriculated  students  is  about 
3,300.  Conjointly  with  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  it 
sends  a member  to  Parliament.  The  large  university 
building  is  of  the  18th  century.  The  medical  school  oc- 
cupies a magnificent  modern  Renaissance  building. 

Edinburgh  Review.  A literary  and  political 
review,  founded  at  Edinburgh  in  1802  by  Jef- 
frey, Sydney  Smith,  Brougham,  Horner,  and 
others. 

A knot  of  clever  lads  (Smith  was  31,  Jeffrey  29,  Brown 
24,  Horner  24,  and  Brougham  23)  met  in  the  third  (not,  as 
Smith  afterwards  said,  the  “ eighth  or  ninth  ”)  storey  of 
a house  in  Edinburgh,  and  started  the  journal  by  acclama- 
tion. Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a Library,  III.  140. 

Edison  (ed'i-son),  Thomas  Alva.  Born  at 
Milan,  Ohio,  Feb.  11, 1847.  A celebrated  Amer- 
ican inventor.  He  became  at  the  age  of  twelve  a news- 
boy on  the  Grand  Trunk  Line  running  into  Detroit,  and 
subsequently  a telegraph  operator.  He  came  in  1871  to 
New  York,  where  he  perfected  the  duplex  telegraph  (1872), 
and  invented  the  printing  telegraph  for  gold  and  stock 
quotations,  for  the  manufacture  of  which  latter  appliance 
he  established  a workshop  at  Newark,  N.  J.  In  1876  he 
removed  to  Menlo  Park,  N.  J.,  and  later  to  West  Orange, 
N.  J.,  where  he  has  devoted  himself  to  inventing.  Among 
his  inventions  are  his  system  of  duplex  telegraphy  (which 
he  subsequently  developed  into  quadruplex  and  sextuplex 
transmission),  the  carbon  telephone  transmitter,  the  micro- 
tasimeter,  the  aerophone,  the  megaphone,  the  phonograph, 
the  kinetoseope,  and  the  incandescent  electric  lamp. 

Edisto  (ed'is-to).  A river  in  South  Carolina, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  north  and  the  south 
branch,  and  flowing  into  the  sea  by  two  chan- 
nels about  25  miles  southwest  of  Charleston. 
Length,  over  150  miles. 

Edith  (e'dith).  [ME.  Edith  (ML.  Editha),  AS. 
Eddgith."]  Died  at  Winchester,  Dec.  19, 1075.  An 
Anglo-Saxon  queen.  She  was  the  daughter  of  God- 
wine,  earl  of  Wessex,  and  married  Edward  the  Confessor 
in  1045,  receiving  Winchester  and  Exeter  as  her  morning 
gift.  She  is  said  to  have  planned  the  murder  of  Gospatric, 
one  of  the  king’s  thegns,  in  1064,  at  the  instigation  of  her 
brother  Tostig,  earl  of  Northumberland.  She  founded  a 
church  at  Wilton,  which  was  consecrated  in  1065;  and  on 
the  death  of  her  husband  retired  to  Winchester,  in  the 
quiet  possession  of  which  she  was  allowed  to  remain  by 
William  the  Conqueror. 

Edith.  1.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  “ Bloody  Brother.” — 
2.  The  Maid  of  Lorn  in  Scott’s  poem  1 ‘ The  Lord 
of  the  Isles.” 

Edith  Dombey.  See  Dombey. 

Ediya  (ed-e'ya).  The  black  tribes  which  in- 
habit the  island  Fernando  Po,  West  Africa. 
Physically  degenerate,  they  also  live  in  a very  low  state  of 
culture.  They  speak  a Bantu  language  which  is  related 
to  those  of  the  fronting  mainland  and  subdivides  itself 
into  a number  of  dialects.  Some  authors  call  it  Fernan- 
dian.  From  their  form  of  salutation,  the  Ediya  are  gen- 
erally known  by  the  name  of  Bubis.  Those  who  have 
adopted  Christianity  are  making  progress  in  civilization. 

Edmonton  (ed'mon-ton).  An  urban  district  in 
Middlesex,  England,  north  of  London. 

Edmonton.  The  capital  of  Alberta,  Canada, 
on  the  N.  Saskatchewan  River.  Pop.,  24,900. 
Edmonton,  The  Witch  of.  See  Witch,  etc. 


Edrei 

Edmund  (ed'mund),  or  Eadmund,  Saint.  [AS. 

Eadmund,  L.  Edmundus,  F.  Edmond,  It.  Ed- 
mondo,  Sp.  Pg.  Edmundo .]  Born  about  840: 
killed  by  the  Danes  870.  King  of  East  Anglia 
855-870. 

Edmund,  Saint.  Bom  at  Abingdon,  England, 
Nov.  20,  probably  between  1170  and  1175 : died 
at  Soisy,  France,  Nov.  16,  1240.  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  He  was  the  son  of  one  Edward  or  Rei- 
nald  Rich,  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris,  and  in  1233  was 
appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  came  forward 
as  a champion  of  the  national  church  against  papal  en- 
croachment ; but,  finding  himself  unable  to  resist  the  ap- 
pointment of  300  Italians  to  as  many  English  benefices, 
abandoned  his  archiepiscopal  see  in  1240  and  took  refuge 
in  the  monastery  of  Pontigny,  in  France.  He  died  at  Soisy, 
whither  he  had  gone  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  and  was 
canonized  in  1247.  He  is  also  called  Edmund  Rich  and 
Edmund  of  Pontigny. 

Edmund  I.,  or  Eadmund,  surnamed  Magnifi- 
cus  (‘the  Magnificent’).  Born  about  922: 
killed  at  Pucklechurch,  Gloucester,  England, 
May  26,  946.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  and 
Mercians.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward  the  Elder,  and 
half-brother  of  Athelstan  whom  he  succeeded  in  940.  He 
subdued  Cumbria  (945),  which  he  bestowed  on  Malcolm  I. 
of  Scotland.  He  was  killed  by  a robber  named  Liofa 
while  keeping  the  feast  of  St.  Augustine  of  Canterbury  at 
Pucklechurch,  Gloucestershire.  The  robber  having  en- 
tered the  hall  unbidden,  the  king  ordered  a cup-bearer  to 
remove  him,  and  when  the  robber  resisted  came  to  the 
cup-bearer’s  relief.  In  the  struggle  that  ensued  he  was 
stabbed  to  death  with  a dagger. 

Edmund  II.,  or  Eadmund,  surnamed  Iron- 
side. Born  probably  about  989:  died,  prob- 
ably at  London,  Nov.  30,  1016.  King  of  the 
West  Saxons.  He  was  the  son  of  Ethelred  “the  Un- 
ready,” whom  he  succeeded  in  April,  1016.  After  many 
victories  over  the  Danes,  he  was  defeated  in  a bloody 
battle  at  Assandun  (Ashington)  in  Essex  by  Canute,  with 
whom  he  was  forced  to  divide  his  kingdom,  provision 
being  made,  it  is  said,  that  the  survivor  should  be  sole 
king.  He  retained  Wessex,  Essex,  East  Anglia,  and  Lon- 
don, while  Canute  received  Northumberland  and  Mercia. 
His  death,  which  was  probably  due  to  natural  causes,  has 
been  attributed  by  later  tradition  to  poison  administered 
by  Eadric  Streona  at  the  instance  of  Canute.  After  his 
death  Canute  took  possession  of  the  whole  kingdom. 

Edmund.  In  Shakspere’s  “King  Lear,”  a bas- 
tard son  of  the  Earl  of  Gloster. 

Edmunds  (ed'mundz),  George  Franklin. 
Born  at  Richmond,  Vt.,  Feb.  1, 1828.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman.  He  was  a Republican  senator  from 
Vermont  to  Congress  1866-91 ; was  a member  of  the  Elec- 
toral Commission  in  1877 ; and  was  president  pro  tem.  of 
the  Senate  1882-85.  He  is  the  author  of  the  Edmunds  Act 
of  1882  for  the  suppression  of  polygamy  in  U tah,  and  of  an 
act  passed  in  1887  pertaining  to  the  same  subject. 

Edmunds,  John.  A felon,  the  principal  char- 
acter of  the  tale  “The  Convict’s  Return,”  in 
Charles  Dickens’s  “Pickwick  Papers.” 

Edohwe  (ed'6-hwa).  A tribe  or  division  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  living  on 
Klamath  River,  Siskiyou  County,  California, 
where  a few  now  remain.  In  1851  it  had  24 
villages,  with  an  estimated  population  of  1,440. 
See  Sastean. 

Edom  (e'dom),  or  Idumea  (id-u-me'a).  [Heb., 
‘ reddish,’ 1 muddy.’]  The  region  in  the  lowland 
south  of  the  Dead  Sea,  bounded  on  the  west  by 
the  desert  of  Paran,  and  on  the  northeast  by  the 
mountains  of  Moab : the  modern  Wadi  el  Arabah 
and  the  surrounding  mountainous  country,  ex- 
tending southward  to  the  Ailanitic  Gulf,  and 
including  the  seaports  Elath  and  Eziongeber. 

The  most  important  cities  of  this  rugged  barren  territory 
were  Bozrah,  the  capital  Maon,  Phunon,  and  Sela,  after- 
ward called  Petra,  from  which  the  whole  district  was 
named  Petrsea.  The  Edomites  were  descendants  of  Esau, 
the  brother  of  Jacob,  and  were,  therefore,  designated  as 
“brothers  of  Israel”  (Num.  xx.  14,  Deut.  ii.  4,  8),  but  be- 
came later  the  hereditary  enemies  of  Israel:  Saul  attacked 
them  (1  Sam.  xiv.  47)  and  subdued  them  (2  Sam.  viii.  13). 
After  the  division  of  the  Israelitish  kingdom  they  came 
under  the  supremacy  of  Judah,  but  made  frequent  and 
sometimes  successful  attempts  to  regain  their  indepen- 
dence. They  were  for  the  last  time  subjected  by  Uzziah 
about  the  middle  of  the  8th  century  B.  c.  Tiglatli-Pile- 
ser  III.  made  (about  743)  Kaus  Malik,  king  of  Edom,  tribu- 
tary. Esarhaddon  (6S0-668)  mentions  KauS  Gabri  of  Edom 
among  the  tributary  kings.  In  the  time  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar (604-561)  Edom,  still  ruled  by  a king,  was  attacked 
by  the  Babylonians.  During  the  captivity  they  took  pos- 
session of  portions  of  Judea,  while  their  own  territory  was 
occupied  by  Arabic  tribes,  the  Nabathaeans,  and  was  called, 
after  the  city  of  Petra,  Arabia  Pet nea.  The  Hasmonean 
king  John  Hyrcanus  took  Dora  and  Morissa  and  forced  the 
Idumeans  to  accept  Judaism  about  130  B.  C.  Afterward 
they  became  the  rulers  of  the  Jews  in  the  person  of  An- 
tipater  and  his  descendants  the  Herodians.  The  last  king 
of  this  race,  Herod  Agrippa  II.,  died  about  100  A.  V.,  but 
the  name  of  Idumea  vanishes  from  history  with  the  fall 
of  Judea.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  XI. 

Edred,  or  Eadred  (ed'red).  Died  at  Frome, Eng- 
land, Nov.  23,  955.  A king  of  England,  young- 
est son  of  Edward  the  Elder  and  Eadgifu,  and 
brother  of  Edmund  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  946. 

His  government  was  controlled  by  his  mother  and  Dun- 
stan  ; his  reign  was  marked  by  revolts  in  Northumbria. 

Edrei  (ed're-i).  [Heb.,  ‘strong,’  ‘mighty.’] 


Edrei 

In  Old  Testament  history,  the  capital  of  Og, 
king  of  Bashan.  Near  it  Og  was  defeated  by  the  Israel- 
ites The  city  was  with  the  territory  assigned  to  the  tribe 
of  Manasseh. 

Edric  (ed'rik),  or  Eadric.  Put  to  death  by 
Canute,  1017.  An  English  nobleman,  ealdor- 
man  of  Mercia,  chief  adviser  of  ^Ethelred  the 
Unready. 

Edrisi.  See  Idrisi. 

Edrisites.  See  Idrisites. 

Edward  (ed'ward),  surnamed  “The  Elder.” 
[AS.  Eadweard,  guardian  of  property,  L.  Ed- 
vardus,  F.  Edouard,  It.  Eduardo,  Edoardo,  Odo- 
ardo,  Sp.  Eduardo,  Pg.  Eduardo,  Duarte,  G.  Edu- 
ard. ] Died  at  Farndon,  Northamptonshire,  in 
924.  King  of  the  "West  Saxons,  son  of  Alfred 
the  Great  whom  he  succeeded  in  901.  He  de- 
feated his  cousin  Ethelwald,  who  disputed  his  title  to  the 
throne.  On  the  death  of  his  sister  Ethelfleda  (EIlleda),  the 
widow  of  .-Etlielred,  ealdorman  of  Mercia,  he  incorporated 
Mercia  (which  had  long  acknowledged  the  overlordship  of 
the  West-Saxon  kings)  with  Wessex.  He  completed  the 
conquest  of  the  Danelagh,  or  Five  Boroughs  of  the  Danes, 
conquered  East  Anglia  and  Essex,  and  received  the  sub- 
mission of  Strathclyde  and  all  the  Scots.  At  his  death  he 
ruled  Wessex,  Kent,  and  Sussex  by  inheritance ; Mercia, 
Essex,  and  East  Anglia  by  conquest ; and  Northumberland, 
Wales,  Scotland,  and  Strathclyde  as  overlord. 

Edward,  surnamed  “ The  Martyr.”  Born  prob- 
ably in  963:  murdered  March  18,  978.  King 
of  the  West  Saxons,  son  of  Edgar  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  975.  He  was  elected  by  the  witan  through 
the  influence  of  Saint  Dunstan,  primate  of  England,  in  spite 
of  the  measures  taken  by  his  stepmother,  Elfrida,  to  secure 
the  crown  for  her  son  /Ethelred.  He  was  murdered  by  her 
order,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  stepbrother,  /Etlielred  II. 

Edward,  surnamed  “The  Confessor,”  from  his 
reputed  sanctity.  Born  at  Islip,  Oxfordshire, 
about  1004:  died  Jan.  5, 1066.  King  of  the  West 
Saxons,  son  of  /Ethelred  II.  and  Emma  of  Nor- 
mandy. He  lived  chiefly  in  Normandy  during  the  Dan- 
ish supremacy,  and  was  elected  to  the  throne  of  his  fa- 
ther through  the  influence  of  Godwine,  earl  of  Wessex, 
on  the  death  of  Harthacnut,  in  1042.  Remarried  Edgitha, 
daughter  of  Godwine,  in  1045.  He  died  without  issue,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  wife's  brother  Harold,  whose  title  was 
disputed  by  William,  duke  of  Normandy.  A notable  event 
of  his  reign  was  the  compilation,  in  1070,  of  the  so-called 
“Lawsof  Edward  the  Confessor.”  He  was  canonized  in  1161. 

Edward  I.,  surnamed  “Longshanks.”  Born  at 
Westminster,  England,  June  17-18,  1239:  died 
at  Burgh-on-the-Sands,  near  Carlisle,  England, 
July  7,  1307.  King  of  England  1272-1307.  He 
was  the  son  of  Henry  III.  and  Eleanor  of  Provence.  In 
1254  he  married  Eleanor  of  Castile.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  struggle  between  his  father  and  the  barons, 
inflicting  a decisive  defeat  on  their  leader,  Simon  deMont- 
fort,  at  Evesham  in  1265.  He  engaged,  1270-72,  in  the 
seventh  Crusade,  and  was  returning  from  the  Holy  Band 
when  he  heard  of  his  accession  to  the  throne.  He  reached 
England  in  1274,  in  which  year  he  was  crowned.  In  1277 
he  began  the  conquest  of  Wales,  which  had  become  prac- 
tically independent  during  the  barons’  wars,  and  in  1284 
annexed  that  country  to  England.  He  expelled  the  Jews 
from  England  in  1290.  On  the  death  of  the  Maid  of  Nor- 
way, granddaughter  of  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland,  the 
Scottish  estates  were  unable  to  decide  between  the  two 
chief  claimants  to  the  throne,  Baliol  and  Bruce,  with  the 
result  that  Edward  was  appointed  arbitrator.  He  decided 
in  favor  of  Baliol,  whose  homage  he  received.  In  1294  he 
became  involved  in  a war  with  France,  which  formed  an 
alliance  with  Scotland.  In  1296  he  defeated  the  Scots  at 
Dunbar,  compelled  Baliol  to  resign  the  crown,  carried  the 
Scotch  coronation-stone  to  London,  and  placed  Scotland 
under  an  English  regent,  who  was,  however,  defeated  by 
the  patriot  Sir  William  Wallace  in  1297.  Edward  defeated 
the  Scots  under  Wallace  in  the  battle  of  Falkirk,  July  22, 
1298.  In  1303  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Amiens  with 
France,  having  married  in  1299  Philip  IV.’s  sister,  Marga- 
ret. Invading  Scotland  in  1303,  he  received  the  submission 
of  Bruce,  and  in  1305  he  ordered  the  execution  of  Wallace, 
who  had  been  betrayed  to  the  English.  He  died  on  the 
way  to  Scotland,  where  a new  insurrection  had  placed 
Bruce  on  the  throne  in  1306.  Among  the  chief  internal 
events  of  his  reign  were  the  publication  of  the  first  stat- 
ute of  Winchester  in  1275  ; the  separation  of  the  old  King’s 
Court  into  three  tribunals  (the  Court  of  Exchequer,  Court 
of  King’s  Bench,  and  Court  of  Common  Pleas) ; the  de- 
velopment of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Royal  Council  (later 
the  Star  Chamber)  and  of  the  chancellor ; the  publication 
of  the  statute  of  mortmain  in  1279,  and  the  statute  of  Win- 
chester in  1285 ; and  the  summons  in  1295  of  the  first  per- 
fect Parliament. 

Edward  II.  Bom  at  Carnarvon,  "Wales,  April 
25,  1284:  murdered  a't  Berkeley  Castle,  near 
Gloucester,  England,  Sept.  21,  1327.  King  of 
England  1307-27.  He  was  the  fourth  son  of  Edward  I. 
by  his  first  wife,  Eleanor  of  Castile.  He  was  created  in 
1301  the  first  Prince  of  Wales.  On  his  accession  to  the 
throne  he  recalled  his  favorite,  Piers  Gaveston,  who  had 
been  banished  by  Edward  I.  He  married  Isabella  of  France 
in  1308.  The  insolence  of  Gaveston  having  aroused  the 
anger  of  the  barons,  the  favorite  was  banished  through 
their  influence  in  1308,  only  to  be  shortly  recalled  by  the 
king.  In  1310,  in  consequence  of  the  incompetence  of 
Edward,  who  was  completely  under  the  ascendancy  of 
Gaveston,  the  government  was  intrusted  by  the  barons  to 
21  ordainers,  who  procured  the  passage  of  the  ordinances 
of  the  Parliament  of  1311,  in  accordance  with  which  Gaves- 
ton was  exiled,  and  provisions  were  made  for  annual  Par- 
liaments and  for  the  reform  of  administrative  abuses.  In 
1312  the  barons  brought  about  the  execution  of  Gaveston, 
who  had  been  recalled  by  the  king.  In  1314  Edward  was 
defeated  by  the  Scots  under  Robert  Bruce  at  the  battle  of 
C.— 23 


353 

Bannockburn  (June  24).  The  exile  of  his  new  favorites, 
the  two  Despensers,  by  Parliament  in  1321  involved  him 
in  a war  with  the  barons,  who  were  defeated  at  the  battle 
of  Boroughbridge  in  1322.  In  1323,  after  an  unsuccessful 
invasion  of  Scotland,  he  concluded  a peace  for  thirteen 
years  with  Bruce,  whose  assumption  of  the  royal  title  was 
passed  over  in  silence.  His  queen,  Isabella,  having  in  1326 
been  sent  to  France  to  negotiate  with  Charles  IV.  concern- 
ing the  English  fiefs  in  France,  intrigued  with  Roger  Mor- 
timer and  other  disaffected  barons,  landed  in  England  in 
1326,  captured  Bristol,  executed  the  Despensers,  and  im- 
prisoned Edward,  who  was  deposed  by  Parliament  and 
murdered  in  Berkeley  Castle. 

Edward  III.  Born  at  Windsor,  England,  Nov. 
13,  1312:  died  at  Shene  (Richmond),  England, 
June  21,  1377.  King  of  England  1327-77.  He 
was  the  son  of  Edward  II.  and  Isabella  of  France.  On 
the  deposition  of  his  father,  he  was  proclaimed  king  un- 
der a council  of  regency,  the  actual  government  being 
exercised  by  the  queen  and  her  favorite,  Roger  Mortimer. 
He  married  Philippa  of  Hainault  in  1328,  and  in  the  same 
year  concluded  the  treaty  of  Northampton  with  the  Scots, 
in  which  P„obert  Bruce  was  recognized  as  king.  In  1330  he 
took  the  government  into  his  own  hands,  securing  the  ex- 
ecution of  Mortimer  and  imprisoning  the  queen-mother. 
On  the  death  of  Bruce  in  1329,  Edward  Baliol  seized  the 
crown,  to  the  exclusion  of  Bruce’s  infant  son  David.  Baliol 
did  homage  to  Edward,  and  a revolt  of  the  nobles  drove 
him  across  the  border.  Edward  defeated  the  national  party 
at  Halidon  Hill  in  1333,  and  restored  Baliol.  In  1338  he 
became  involved  in  a war  with  France(the  Hundred  Years’ 
War),  whose  throne  he  claimed  in  right  of  his  mother. 
In  1346,  at  the  battle  of  Neville’s  Cross,  his  army  defeated 
the  Scots  under  David  II.  (Bruce),  who  had  recovered  the 
Scottish  throne  in  1342 ; the  Scots,  however,  succeeded  in 
maintaining  their  independence.  He  gained  with  his  son, 
the  Black  Prince,  the  victory  of  Crdcy  over  the  French  in 
1346,  and  reduced  Calais  in  1347,  while  the  Black  Prince 
gained  the  battle  of  Poitiers  in  1356.  In  1360  he  concluded 
with  the  French  the  peace  of  Bretigny,  by  which  he  re- 
nounced the  French  crown  and  Normandy,  Anjou,  Maine, 
and  Touraine,  in  return  for  the  cession  in  full  sovereignty 
to  England  of  Aquitaine,  Ponthieu,  Guisnes,  and  Calais. 
He  subsequently,  in  a war  with  Charles  V. , lost  all  his  pos- 
sessions in  France,  with  the  exception  of  Bordeaux,  Calais, 
and  Bayonne.  During  his  reign  occurred  several  visita- 
tions of  the  “black  death”  (1348-49,  1361,  and  1369). 
Edward  IV.  Bom  at  Rouen,  France,  probably 
April  28,  1441 : died  April  9,  1483.  King  of 
England  1461-83.  He  was  the  son  of  Richard,  duke 
of  York,  and  Cecily  Nevill,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Westmoreland.  He  was  known  as  the  Earl  of  March  pre- 
vious to  his  accession,  and  played  a prominent  part  in  the 
struggle  of  his  house  (the  house  of  York)  with  that  of 
Lancaster  for  the  possession  of  the  throne.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Earls  of  Salisbury  and  Warwick  he  defeated 
the  Lancastrians  tinder  Henry  VI.  at  Northampton  in  1460, 
and  took  the  king  prisoner.  His  father,  the  Duke  of 
York,  was  defeated  and  killed  at  the  battle  of  Wakefield 
later  in  the  same  year,  whereupon  Edward  succeeded  to 
the  title,  defeated  the  Lancastrians  at  the  battle  of  Morti- 
mer’s Cross  in  1461,  and  was  proclaimed  king  at  London 
March  4,  1461.  The  early  part  of  his  reign  was  dis- 
turbed by  constant  attempts  of  the  Lancastrians  to  re- 
gain the  throne.  In  1464  he  secretly  married  Elizabeth 
Grey,  daughter  of  Richard  Woodville,  Baron  Elvers,  and 
widow  of  Sir  John  Grey,  a Lancastrian,  which  caused  a 
revolution  under  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  who  joined  forces 
with  the  Lancastrians  and  proclaimed  the  deposed  and 
captive  Henry  VI.  king.  Edward  suppressed  the  rising 
in  the  battles  of  Barnet  (April  14,  1471)  and  Tewkesbury 
(May  4,  1471),  in  the  former  of  which  Warwick  was  slain. 
Edward  V.  Bom  in  Westminster  Abbey,  Nov. 
2 or  3, 1470:  murdered  in  the  Tower  of  London 
in  1483.  King  of  England  April-June,  1483. 
He  was  the  son  of  Edward  IV.  by  Elizabeth  Woodville. 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  under  the  regency  of  his 
uncle  Richard,  duke  of  Gloucester,  who  secretly  put  him 
and  his  brother  to  death  and  usurped  the  government. 
Edward  VI.  Born  at  Hampton  Court,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  12,  1537 : died  at  Greenwich,  near 
London,  July  6, 1553.  King  of  England  1547- 
1553.  He  was  the  son  of  Henry  VIII.  by  his  third  queen, 
Jane  Seymour,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  under  the  re- 
gency of  his  uncle,  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  who  was  sup- 
planted about  1550  by  the  Duke  of  Northumberland. 
During  his  reign  occurred  the  publication  of  the  42 
articles  of  religion  and  the  introduction  of  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer.  Before  his  death  he  was  induced  by  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland  to  assign  the  crown  to  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  to  the  exclusion  of  Mary  and  Elizabeth. 

Edward  VII.  Born  at  Loudon,  Nov.  9,  1841 : 
died  there,  May  6,  1910.  The  eldest  son  of 
Victoria  : Hug  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and 
emperor  of  India  1901-10.  See  Albert  Edward. 
Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  called  “ The  Black 
Prince.”  Bom  at  Woodstock,  July  15,  1330 : 
died  at  Westminster,  June  8,  1376.  Son  of 
Edward  III.  He  fought  with  distinction  at  Crecy  in 
1346 ; gained  the  victory  of  Poitiers  in  1356  ; was  created 
prince  of  Aquitaine  and  Gascony  in  1363 ; defeated  the  Cas- 
tilians at  Navarrete  in  1367  ; and  stormed  Limoges  in  1369. 
Edward  I.  A play  by  Peele,  printed  in  1593. 

This  work  . . . marks  the  transition  from  the  Chronicle 
Histories  ...  to  the  Histories  of  Shakspere. 

Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit. 

Edward  II.  A tragedy  by  Marlowe,  entered  on 
the  Stationers’  Register  July  6. 1593.  it  was  prob- 
ably written  about  1590,  but  was  not  published  till  1598, 
afterMarlowe’sdeath.  diaries  Lamb  remarks  that  “the  re- 
luctant pangs  of  abdicating  royalty  in  Edward  furnished 
hints  which  Shakspere  since  improved  in  his  Richard  III.’’ 

Edward  III.  A tragedy  attributed  to  Mar- 
lowe, founded  on  Holinshed’s  “Chronicle,” 


Eeckhout 

acted  in  1590.  It  was  entered  on  the  Stationers’  Re- 
gister in  1595  ; was  printed  anonymously  in  1596 ; and  at 
one  time  was  attributed  to  Shakspere. 

Edward  IV.  A play  by  Ileywood,  printed  in 

Edwardes  (ed'wardz),  Sir  Herbert  Benjamin. 

Born  at  Frodesley,  Shropshire,  England,  Nov. 
12,  1819:  died  at  London,  Dec.  23,  1868.  An 
English  general  and  author,  distinguished  in 
the  Sikh  wars  in  India  1845-49.  He  published 
“A  Year  on  the  Punjab  Frontier”  (1851),  etc. 
Edwards  (ed'wardz),  Amelia  Blandford. 
Born  at  London  in  1831  : died  a t Weston-super- 
Mare,  Somerset,  April  15,  1892.  An  English 
novelist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  Egyptolo- 
gist. She  showed  talent  for  drawing  and  music,  and  in 
1853  began  to  write  for  periodicals,  and  devoted  herself 
from  1880  to  archaeological  studies.  In  1883  she  became 
the  honorary  secretary  of  the  Egyptian  exploration  fund. 
She  received  the  title  of  doctor  of  philosophy  from  Colum- 
bia College,  New  York,  and  lectured  on  the  antiquities  of 
®gypt,  etc.,  in  18S9  and  in  succeeding  years  in  the  United 
States.  “A  Thousand  Miles  up  the  Nile”  (1877)  was  il- 
lustrated from  her  own  sketches.  Among  her  novels  are 
“Barbara’s  nistory ” (1864),  “Lord  Brackenbury”  (1880), 
“Debenham’s  Vow ”(1870),  “Half  a Million  of  Money,” 
“Miss  Carew  ” (1865),  “Hand  in  Glove,”  etc.  She  also 
wrote  “A  Summary  of  English  History”  (1856),  “An 
Abridgment  of  French  History  ” (1858),  “ Pharaohs,  Fel- 
lahs, and  Explorers”  (1891),  etc., and  in  1865  published 
a volume  of  ballads. 

Edwards,  Bryan.  Bom  at  Westbury,  Wilt- 
shire, May  21, 1743:  died  at  Southampton,  July 
15,  1800.  An  English  West  India  merchant 
and  historian.  He  lived  in  Jamaica,  finally  returning 
to  England  in  1792.  He  established  a hank  at  Southamp- 
ton, and  in  1796  was  elected  to  Parliament.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  “History  of  the  British  Colonies  in  the 
West  Indies,”  of  which  the  first  two  volumes  were  pub- 
lished in  1793 : later  editions  are  greatly  enlarged,  the 
best  being  that  of  1S19.  Ilis  “ Historical  Survey  of  St. 
Domingo,”  first  published  in  1797,  is  generally  appended 
to  the  later  editions  of  the  “History.” 

Edwards,  George.  Born  at  Stratford,  Essex, 
England,  April  3, 1693:  died  at  Plaistow,  near 
London,  July  23, 1773.  An  English  naturalist. 
He  published  a “ History  of  Birds  ” (1745-51),  “Gleanings 
of  Natural  History  ” (1758-64  : 3 volumes  additional  to 
the  “ History  ”),  etc. 

Edwards,  Henri  Milne.  See  Milne  Edwards. 
Edwards,  Jonathan.  Born  at.  East  Windsor, 
Conn.,  Oct.  5,  1703:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
March  22,  1758.  An  eminent  American  theo- 
logian and  metaphysician.  He  was  pastor  of  the 
Congregational  Church  at  Northampton,  Massachusetts, 
1727-50  ; missionary  to  the  Indians  at  Stockbridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, 1751-58  ; and  president  of  Princeton  College  in 
1758.  He  published  “A  Treatise  concerning  the  Religious 
Affections”  (1716),  “Qualifications  for  Full  Communion 
in  the  Visible  Church  (1749),  “An  Essay  on  the  Freedom 
of  the  Will”  (his  most  celebrated  work,  published  1754), 
“ Doctrine  of  Original  Sin  Defended  ” (1758),  “ History  of 
the  Redemption  ” (1772). 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  called  “The  Younger.” 
Born  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  May  26,  1745: 
died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  1,  1801.  An 
American  Congregational  clergyman,  son  of 
Jonathan  Edwards.  He  was  president  of  Union 
College  (Schenectady)  1799-1801. 

Edwards,  Justin.  Bom  at  Westhampton, 
Mass.,  April  25, 1787 : died  at  Virginia  Springs, 
Va.,  July  23,  1853.  An  American  clergyman, 
author  of  various  tracts  on  temperance,  etc. 
Edwards,  Matilda  Barbara  Betham-.  Born 
at  Westerfield,  England,  1836.  An  English 
writer,  noted  as  a novelist.  Forherworkson  France 
(editions  of  Arthur  Young’s  “Travels,”  etc.)  she  was  in 
1891  made  Officier  de  l’lnstruction  Publique  de  France. 
Edwards,  Bichard.  Born  in  Somersetshire, 
England,  about  1523:  died  Oct.  31,  1566.  An 
English  dramatist.  Tn  1561  he  was  appointed  mas- 
ter of  the  Children  of  the  Chapel.  He  wrote  a drama  “ Da- 
mon and  Pythias  ” (1571 : reprinted  by  Dodsley),  and  a 
number  of  poems,  some  of  which  appeared  in  “The 
Paradyse  of  Daynty  Devises  ” (1576). 

Edwin  (ed'win),  or  Eadwine.  Born  probably 
in  585 : died  in  633.  King  of  Northumbria  617- 
633,  son  of  King  Ella  of  Deira.  He  was  the  fifth 
Bretwalda,  and  his  overlordship  extended  over  all  Teu- 
tonic Britain  except  Kent.  He  was  defeated  and  slain 
in  the  battle  of  neath field  in  633  by  the  rebellious  Mer- 
cians under  Penda  in  alliance  with  Cadwallon  of  Wales. 
During  his  reign  Christianity  was  introduced  into  North- 
umbria. 

Edwin  and  Angelina.  A ballad  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  privately  printed  originally  for  the 
Countess  of  Northumberland.  The  ballad  was 
first  published  in  “The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,” 
and  is  also  called  “The  Hermit.” 

Edwin  and  Emma.  A ballad  by  Mallet,  writ- 
ten in  1760. 

Edwin  Drood.  See  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood. 
Edwy  (ed'wi),  or  Eadwig,  surnamed  “The  Fair.” 
Born  about  940  : died  959.  Son  of  Edmund  I. 
He  became  king  of  Wessex  955. 

Eeckhout  (ek'hoiit),  or  Eckhout,  Gerbrand 


Eeckhout 

van  den.  Born  at  Amsterdam,  Aug.  19, 1621 : 
died  at  Amsterdam,  Sept.  29,  1674.  A Dutch 
painter,  a pupil  of  Rembrandt. 

Eecloo  (a-klo').  A town  in  the  province  of 
East  Flanders,  Belgium,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Ghent.  Population,  13,316. 

~F.fi  k (ef'ik).  An  African  tribe  dwelling  around 
the  estuary  of  the  Cross  and  Old  Kalabar  rivers 
in  West  Africa.  It  largely  consists  of  a fusion  of  va- 
rious tribal  elements  brought  in  by  the  slave-trade.  The 
country  is  ruled  by  a few  wealthy  native  freemen  and  mer- 
chants, styled  “kings,”  whose  extensive  trade  in  palm-oil 
is  dependent  on  the  labor  of  numerous  slave  subjects. 
Under  Scottish  Presbyterian  missionaries  the  Efik  people 
have  made  encouraging  progress  in  Christianity  and  civ- 
ilization. The  mission  press  has  issued  a considerable  lit- 
erature in  Efik.  This  language  has  preserved  few  Bantu 
elements,  and  is  generally  classed  with  the  Nigritic  branch. 
Iboko  and  Ibibio  are  its  principal  dialects.  Duketown,  one 
of  the  largest  native  settlements  of  the  West  Coast,  was 
the  capital  of  the  British  Oil  Rivers  Protectorate.  The 
neighboring  Creektown  is  also  an  important  place.  It  is 
said  that  the  export  of  slaves  from  this  region  and  Bonny 
used  to  equal  that  of  all  the  rest  of  Upper  Guinea. 

Ega.  See  Teffe. 

Egalite  (a-gal-i-ta'),  Philippe.  [F.,  ‘ equality.’] 
The  name  given  during  the  French  Revolution 
to  Louis  Philippe  Joseph,  due  d’Orleans.  See 
Orleans. 

Egan  (e'gan),  Pierce.  Born  at  London  1772 (?) : 
died  there,  Aug.  3,  1849.  An  English  writer 
on  sports.  He  was  the  author  of  a monthly  serial, 

“ Boxiana : or  Sketches  of  modern  Pugilism  ” (1818-21), 
“Life  in  London,  ’’  a serial  illustrated  by  George  and  Isaac 
R.  Cruikshank  (1821),  etc. 

Egan,  Pierce.  Born  at  London,  1814:  died 
July  6,  1880.  An  English  novelist  and  artist, 
son  of  Pierce  Egan  the  elder.  He  wrote  “Wat 
Tyler”  (1851),  “Paul  Jones”  (1842),  “The  Snake  in  the 
Grass  " (1858),  etc. 

Egana  (a-gan'ya),  Juan.  Born  at  Lima,  Peru, 
1769:  died  at  Santiago,  Chile,  April  13,  1836. 
A Chilian  jurist,  statesman,  and  author.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  revolution  of  1810,  and  was  a leading 
spirit  in  the  first  Chilian  congress ; was  imprisoned  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1814  at  Juan  Fernandez;  was  released  in 
1817  ; and  shortly  after  was  again  a member  of  the  Chilian 
congress.  Among  his  numerous  published  works  are 
“Tratados  juridicos,”  “Descripcion  geologica  y mineralo- 
gies de  Chile,”  “ Memorias  politicas,"  and  “ Tratado  de  ed- 
ucacion.”  His  writings  have  been  collected  in  lOvolumes. 
Egba  (eg'ba).  A tribe  of  Toruba.  See  Abeo- 
kuta. 

Egbert  (eg'bert).  [AS.  Ecgberht.]  Bom  about 
775 : died  839.  King  of  Wessex  802-839.  He 

received  the  submission  of  Mercia  and  Northumberland 
in  829,  and  became  lord  of  all  England. 

Egbo  (eg'bo).  A secret  society  among  the 
Efik  tribe  of  Old  Kalabar,  West  Africa.  The 
Egbo-men  form  the  aristocracy  ■and  rule  the  country. 
They  have  an  annual  festivity  in  which  an  ox  is  slaugh- 
tered and  allowed  to  putrefy  before  it  is  eaten.  The 
principal  participants  wear  masks  and  paint  their  bodies. 
Egede  (a'ge-de),  Hans,  surnamed  “The  Apostle 
of  Greenland.”  Born  in  Senjen,  Norway,  Jan. 
31,  1686:  died  in  the  island  of  Falster,  Den- 
mark, Nov.  5,  1758.  A Norwegian  missionary. 
He  was  stationed  1721-36  among  the  Eskimos  of  Green- 
land, where  in  1721  he  founded  the  colony  of  Godthaab. 
He  became  superintendent  of  the  Greenland  mission  in 
1740,  and  resided  many  years  at  Copenhagen.  He  wrote 
several  works  on  the  history  of  Greenland. 

Egede,  Paul.  Born  in  Vaagen,  Norway,  1708 : 
died  at  Copenhagen,  1789.  A Norwegian  mis- 
sionary, son  of  Hans  Egede.  He  was  stationed  in 
Greenland  1734-40 ; succeeded  his  father  as  superinten- 
dent of  the  Greenland  mission  ; and  lived  many  years  in 
Copenhagen.  He  completed  a translation,  begun  by  his 
father,  of  the  New  Testament  into  the  Eskimo  language. 
He  also  compiled  a catechism  and  a ritual  in  that  lan- 
guage. 

Eger  (a'ger).  A river  in  Bohemia  which  joins 
the  Elbe  33  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Length, 
160  miles. 

Eger.  [Bohem.  Click."]  A city  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eger  in  lat.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  12°  22' 
E.  It  contains  a castle,  built  by  Frederick  Barbarossa 
about  1180  on  a rock  above  the  river,  and  long  an  imperi- 
al and  royal  seat,  now  forming  an  imposing  ruin.  There 
is  a double  chapel,  Romanesque  in  the  lower  story  and 
Pointed  above.  Eger  was  the  scene  of  Wallenstein’s  mur- 
der in  1634.  It  was  formerly  a free  imperial  city  and  a 
fortress.  Population,  27,949,  (1910). 

Eger  (in  Hungary).  See  Erlau. 

Egerdir  (eg-er-der'),  or  Egirdir.  A lake  in  the 
vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  N. 
Length,  about  30  miles. 

Egeri.  See  Agcri. 

Egeri,  Lake.  See  Ageri,  Lake. 

Egeria,  or  Nigeria  (e-je'ri-a).  1.  In  Roman 
mythology,  one  of  the  Camenae,  by  whom  Numa 
was  instructed  with  regard  to  the  forms  of 
worship  he  was  to  introduce. — 2.  An  asteroid 
(No.  13)  discovered  at  Naples  by  De  Gasparis, 
Nov.  2,  1850. 

“-on  (ej'er-ton),  Francis.  Born  1736:  died 
ndon,  March  3, 1803.  The  third  and  last 


354 

Duke  of  Bridgewater,  younger  son  of  the  first 
duke  by  his  second  wife.  He  is  notable  as  the  pro- 
jector of  a canal  from  Worsley  to  Manchester  (the  first'  in 
England,  throughout  its  course  entirely  independent  of  a 
natural  stream),  and  of  one  from  Manchester  to  Liver- 
pool. He  was  surnamed  “ The  Father  of  British  Inland 
Navigation.” 

Egerton,  Francis.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  1, 
1800:  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1857.  An  English 
politician  and  man  of  letters,  first  Earl  of  Elles- 
mere (known  as  Francis  Leveson-Gower  until 
1833),  son  of  George  Granville  Leveson-Gower, 
marquis  of  Stafford  and  duke  of  Sutherland. 
He  was  a member  of  Parliament  1822-46 ; a lord  of  the 
treasury  in  1827  ; under-secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies 
in  1828  ; chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1828-30 ; and  secretary 
at  war  in  1830.  He  was  created  Viscount  Brackley  of 
Brackley  and  Earl  of  Ellesmere  of  Ellesmere  in  1846 ; and 
was  president  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  in  1849,  and  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society  1854-55.  He  wrote  “Medi- 
terranean Sketches  ” (1843),  etc. 

Egerton,  Francis  Henry,  eighth  Earl  of  Bridge- 
water.  Born  Nov.  11, 1756:  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
11,  1829.  An  English  nobleman  and  clergy- 
man, founder,  by  his  will,  of  the  “Bridgewater 
Treatises”  (which  see). 

Egerton,  Sir  Thomas,  Baron  Ellesmere  and 
Viscount  Brackley.  Bom  in  Cheshire,  England, 
about  1540 : died  at  London,  March  15,  1617. 
An  English  jurist,  lord  chancellor  of  England 
1603-17. 

Egeus  (e-je'us).  The  father  of  Hermia  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “Midsummer  Night’s  Dream.” 

Egg  (eg),  Augustus  Leopold.  Born  at  London, 
May  2,  1816:  died  at  Algiers,  Algeria,  March 
26,  1863.  An  English  painter  of  historical  and 
genre  scenes. 

Egga  (eg'a).  A town  in  Gando,  in  the  British 
Niger  Territories,  on  the  lower  Niger.  Popu- 
lation, 10,000-15,000  (?). 

Eggischhorn  (eg'ish-horn).  A mountain  in  the 
Alps,  near  the  head  of  the  Rhone  valley,  canton 
of  Valais,  Switzerland.  Height,  9,625  feet. 
Eggleston  (eg'l-stqn),  Edward.  Born  at  Ve- 
vay,  Ind.,  Dec.  10,  1837:  died  at  Joshua’s  Rock, 
Lake  George,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  2,1902.  An  American 
author.  In  1856  he  became  a Methodist  preacher,  and 
was  editor  at  different  times  of  “The  Little  Corporal,” 
“The  Sunday  School  Teacher,"  the  New  York  “Inde- 
pendent,” “ Hearth  and  Home,”  etc.  In  1879  he  retired 
from  the  pastorate  of  the  Church  of  the  Christian  Endea- 
vor in  Brooklyn,  N.  V.,  and  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
literature.  His  chief  works  of  fiction  are  “ The  Hoosier 
Schoolmaster”  (1871),  “The  End  of  the  World”  (1872), 
“The  Mystery  of  Metropolisville  ” (1873),  “The  Circuit 
Rider”  (1874),  “Roxy”  (1878),  “The  Hoosier  School- 
boy" (1883),  “The  Graysons”  (1887),  “ The  Faith  Doctor  ” 
(1891),  “Duffels”  (1893).  He  also  wrote  a “Household 
History  of  the  United  States  ” (1888),  a “History  of  the 
United  States  for  Schools”  (1888),  and  a “First  Book  of 
American  History.” 

Eggmiihl.  See  Eckmuhl. 

Egilsson  (a'gilz-son),  Sveinbjorn.  Born  at 
Innri-Njardrik,  Iceland,  1791 : died  at  Reykja- 
vik, Iceland,  Aug.  17, 1852.  An  Icelandic  philol- 
ogist. His  chief  work  is  a “ Lexicon  poeticum 
antiquse  lingua;  septentrionalis  ” (1854-60). 
Egina.  See  JEgina. 

Eginhard.  See  Einhard. 

Egirdir.  See  Egerdir. 

Eglamore  (eg'la-mor),  or  Eglamour,  Sir.  A 

valiant  knight  and  heroic  champion  of  the 
Round  Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  ro- 
mances. There  is  a popular  ballad  which  re- 
counts how  he  “slew  a terrible  huge  great 
monstrous  dragon.” 

Eglamour  (eg'la-mor).  In  Shakspere’s  “Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona,”  the  agent  for  Sylvia’s 
escape. 

Eglantine  (eg'lan-tin).  In  the  story  of  “Val- 
entine and  Orson,”  the  bride  of  Valentine  and 
daughter  of  King  Pepin. 

Eglantine,  Madame.  In  Chaucer’s  ‘ ‘ Prioress’s 
Tale,”  the  prioress. 

Full  well  she  sang  the  service  divine, 

Entunbd  in  her  nose  full  seemfely. 

And  French  she  spoke  full  fair  and  fetisly, 

After  the  school  of  Stratford-atte-Bow  ; 

For  French  of  Paris  was  to  her  unknow. 


Egypt 

time  governor  of  Flanders  and  Artois,  and  was  a member 
of  the  council  of  state  under  Margaret  of  Parma.  Al- 
though a Catholic  and  a courtier,  he  opposed  the  absolute 
government  which  Philip  II.  attempted  to  introduce  into 
the  Netherlands  under  cover  of  religion.  He  was  treach- 
erously seized  by  the  Duke  of  Alva  Sept.  9,  1567,  and  exe- 
cuted in  company  with  the  Count  of  Hoorn. 

Egmont.  A tragedy  by  Goethe,  published  1788. 
Egmont,  Mount.  An  extinct  volcano  in  the 
North  Island,  New  Zealand,  situated  about  lat. 
39°  16'  S.,  long.  174°  5'  E.  It  was  discovered  by 
Cook  Jan.  13,  1770,  an*  named  in  honor  of  Count  Egmont. 
Height,  8,300  feet.  » 

Egremont  (eg'r-mont).  A town  of  Cumber- 
land, England,  on  the  Ehen  south  of  White- 
haven. Population,  5,761. 

Eguiara  y Eguren  (a-ge-a'rfi  e a-go-ran'), 
Juan  Jose.  Born  in  Mexico  City  about  1695 : 
died  there,  Jan.  29,  1763.  A Mexican  author. 
He  took  orders,  and  was  professor  of  theology  and  rector 
of  the  University  of  Mexico.  His  most  important  work  is 
the  “BibliotecaMexicana,”abibliographical  dictionary,  of 
which  only  a part  was  printed  (Mexico,  1755).  He  also  wrote 

^numerous  philosophical  and  theological  treatises,  etc. 

Egypt  (e'jipt).  [Heb.  Mizraim,  Assyr.  Mugur, 
Ar.  Migr,  Coptic  Kerne,  Gr.  AlyvirroQ,  L.  JEgyptus, 
F.  Egypte,  G.  Agypten,  It.  Egitto.]  1.  A country 
in  northeastern  Africa,  now  a dependency  of 
Tui-key,  famous  for  the  great  antiquity  and 
former  splendor  of  its  civilization.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north,  and  extends  south- 
ward, including  the  delta  and  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  to 
the  first  cataract  (lat.  24°  6'  N.).  On  the  east  it  is  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Suez  and  the  Red  Sea,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  desert.  It  includes  also  the  Sinaitic  peninsula  and  a 
strip  on  the  western  coast  of  Arabia.  The  present  south 
era  limit  of  its  possessions  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  tin 
second  cataract.  Egypt  proper  consists  practically  of  tils 
delta  and  a narrow  strip  on  each  side  of  the  Nile.  Th 
soil  has  been  celebrated  for  its  productiveness,  due  to  the 
inundations  of  the  river,  and  it  was  long  the  granary  ot 
Rome.  Modern  Egypt  has  15  mudiriyehs  or  provinces, 
with  Cairo  as  the  capital  and  Alexandria  as  the  seaport. 
The  government  is  a hereditary  viceroyalty,  ruled  by  a khe. 
dive,  subordinate  to  Turkey.  The  inhabitants  are  Egyp- 
tians (fellaheen,  town-people,  and  Bedawin),  Nubians, 
Abyssinians,  Levantines,  Turks,  negroes,  Armenians,  Jews, 
and  Europeans.  The  leading  religion  is  Mohammedan, 
but  there  are  many  Copts.  The  prevailing  language  is 
Arabic.  The  history  of  ancient  Egypt  was  given  by  Mane- 
tbo  under  31  dynasties.  (See  Manetho.)  These  dynasties 
are  thus  grouped  by  Mariette : the  Ancient  Empire,  dynas- 
ties I.-XI. ; the  Middle  Empire,  dynasties  XI. -XVIII. ; 
the  New  Empire,  dynasties  XVIII.-XXXI.  The  1st  dy- 
nasty was  founded  by  Menes  in  5004  B.  c.,  according  to 
Mariette.  During  the  early  dynasties  Memphis  was  the 
center,  and  in  the  time  of  the  4th  occurred  the  buiiding  of 
the  Pyramids  (about  4000  B.  c. — Mariette).  The  construc- 
tion of  Lake  Moeris  and  the  Labyrinth  are  assigned  to  the 
12th  dynasty.  Thebes  now  became  the  center,  and  later 
the  invasion  of  the  Hyksos  occurred  (in  the  15th  dynasty). 
After  a period  of  confusion  and  obscurity  Egypt  was  united 
under  the  great  Theban  18th  dynasty,  and  under  this  and 
the  19th  reached  its  highest  point  in  extent  and  in  the 
grandeur  of  its  monuments.  Among  the  great  sover- 
eigns were  Thothmes  III.,  Seti  I.,  and  RamesesII.  The 
“Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus”  has  frequently  been  identified 
with  Menephtali  of  the  19th  dynasty,  and  the  date  stated 
approximately  at  about  1300  B.  C.  With  the  next  dynasty 
began  the  decline.  There  were  some  revivals  of  power,  anil 
in  the  7th  and  6th  centuries  Greek  settlements  began  : but 
in  527  B.  c.  Egypt  was  conquered  by  Cambyses,  and  this 
Persian  dynasty  ranks  as  the  27th.  From  406  B.  C.  native 
rulers  again  held  power,  but  in  340  B.  c.  a short-lived  Per- 
sian dynasty  (the  31st  and  last  of  Manetho)  began;  this  was 
overthrown  in  332  B.  c.  by  Alexander  the  Great.  After  his 
death  Egypt  was  ruled  by  his  general  Ptolemy  and  Ptole- 
my’s successors  down  to  the  death  of  Cleopatra  (30  B.  c.), 
when  Augustus  annexed  it  to  the  Roman  Empire.  Egypt 
was  an  important  center  of  Christianity.  In  about  640  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Saracens,  and  formed  in  later  times 
part  of  the  Ommiad  and  Abbasside  empires.  The  Fatixnites 
ruled  it  from  909  to  1171,  and  thereafter  the  Ayubites  until 
1250 : to  these  succeeded  the  Mamelukes,  who* in  turn  were 
overthrown  by  the  Turks  under  Selim  I.  in  1517.  Egypt 
was  invaded  by  Bonaparte  in  1798,  but  the  French  were  ex- 
pelled in  1801.  In  1806  Mehemet  Ali  became  pasha,  and 
the  country  developed  greatly.  A successful  war  with 
Turkey  was  cut  short  in  1840  by  the  intervention  of  the 
powers.  In  1869  the  Suez  Canal  was  opened.  From  1879 
France  and  England  exercised  a joint  supervision  over  the 
khedive  ; but  a native  revolt,  begun  under  Arabi  Pasha  in 
1881  and  suppressed  by  England  in  1882,  was  followed  in 
1883  by  the  abolition  of  the  joint  control,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  an  English  financial  adviser.  The  Mahdists  in 
the  Sudan  revolted  in  1881-85,  and  in  spite  of  the  resist- 
ance of  Gordon  at  Khartum  and  the  campaigns  of  Wolseley 
and  others  the  provinces  south  of  the  second  cataract  were 
lost.  By  the  campaigns  of  1896-99  the  authority  of  the 
government  was  reestablished.  Area,  400,000  sq.  m. : of  the 
settled  laud  surface,  12,013  square  miles.  Pop.,  11,189,978. 


Eglinton,  Earl  of.  See  Montgomerie. 

Eglon  (eg'lon).  Iu  Old  Testament  history,  a 
king  of  the  Moabites  who  captured  Jericho  and 
occupied  it  for  18  years,  during  which  he  op- 
pressed the  Hebrews  and  obliged  them  to  pay 
tribute. 

Egmont  (eg'mont),  or  Egmond,  Lamoral, 

Count  of  Egmont  and  Prince  of  Gavre.  Born 
at  La  Hamaide,  Hainaut,  Nov.  18,  1522:  died 
at  Brussels,  June  5,  1568.  A Flemish  general 
and  popular  hero.  He  fought  under  Charles  V.  in 
Algiers,  Germany,  and  France,  and  led  the  cavalry  at  St. 
Quentin  in  1657,  and  at  Gravelines  in  1558.  Ho  was  for  a 


JEgyptus  was  in  old  times  the  name  of  the  Nile,  which 
was  so  called  by  Homer  (Odys.  iv.  477 ; xiv.  257) : and  Strabo 
(xvii.  p.  691)  says  the  same  was  the  opinion  of  Nearchus. 
Manetho  pretends  that  the  country  received  the  name 
from  JEgyptus,  a surname  of  King  Sethos(or  Sethi).  Aris- 
totle thinks  that  “.Egypt  was  formerly  called  Thebes," 
and  Herodotus  states,  in  opposition  to  the  opinion  of 
the  “Ionians,"  that  “Thebes  (i.  e.  the  Tliebaid)  had  of 
old  the  name  of  Egypt.”  And  if  this  is  not  confirmed  by 
the  monuments,  the  word  “Egypt”  was  at  all  events  con- 
nected with  Coptos,  a city  of  the  Thebaid.  From  Kebt, 
Koft,  or  Coptos,  the  modem  inhabitants  have  been  called 
Copts  : its  ancient  name  in  hieroglyphics  was  Kwbt-lior; 
and  Mr.  Poole  is  evidently  right  in  supposing  this  to  be 
the  same  as  the  Biblical  Caphtor.  He  thinks  the  name 
“ Egypt”  is  composed  of  Ala,"  land,"  and  ribrTos  ; and  is  to 


Egypt 

be  traced  in  the  Ai-Caphtor,  “land  (or  coast)  of  Caplitor,”  in 
Jeremiah  (xlvii.  4).  The  word  Coptitic  is  found  in  a Gnostic 
papyrus,  supposed  to  be  of  the  second  century  (see  note3 
on  ch.  83).  Egypt  is  said  to  have  been  called  originally 
Aetia,  and  the  Nile  Aetos  and  Siris.  Upper  Egypt,  or  the 
Thebaid,  has  even  been  confounded  with,  and  called, 
Ethiopia : perhaps  too  by  Pliny  (vi.  35  ; see  notes  on  ch. 
110);  Nahum  (iii.  9)  calls  Ethiopia  and  Egypt  the  strength 
of  No  (Thebes);  and  Strabo  says  (i.  p.  57)  that  Menelaus’ 
journey  to  Ethiopia  really  meant  to  Thebes.  The  modern 
name  Musr  or  Misr  is  the  same  as  the  Biblical  Mizraim, 

1.  e.  “the  twoMisrs,”  applied  to  Egypt,  which  corresponds 
to  “ the  two  regions  ” of  the  sculptures ; but  the  word  Misr 
does  not  occur  on  the  monuments. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  II.  23. 

2.  A diocese  of  the  prefecture  of  the  East,  in 
the  later  organization  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Egyptian  Expedition,  The.  An  expedition 
undertaken  by  the  French  against  Egypt  in 
1798-1801,  with  the  ultimate  object  of  attacking 
the  British  empire  in  India.  It  was  commanded  by 
Napoleon  Bonaparte ; sailed  from  Toulon  with  35,000  men 
May  19, 1708 ; conquered  Malta  June  12, 1798 ; defeated  the 
Mamelukes  in  the  battle  of  the  Pyramids  July  21,  1798; 
captured  Cairo  July  22, 1798;  suffered  the  loss  of  its  fleet 
by  the  victory  of  Nelson  at  Abukir  Aug.  1,  1798;  and  in 
1799  invaded  Syria,  but  was  in  the  same  year  repulsed  by 
the  Turks  and  the  English  at  St.  Jean  d’Acre,  and  retreated 
to  Cairo.  In  Aug.,  1799,  Bonaparte  returned  to  France, 
leaving  in  command  Klfiber,  who  was  murdered  in  1800, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Menou.  Menou  concluded  a treaty 
with  the  English  at  Cairo  in  1801,  in  accordance  with 
which  Egypt  was  restored  to  the  Ottoman  Porte,  and  the 
French  army  transported  to  France  by  the  English  fleet. 

Egyptian  Princess,  An.  [G.Agyptische  Konigs- 
tochter .]  A novel  by  Ebers  (1864).  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Egypt  and  Persia  about  522  b.  c. 
Egyptian  Thief,  The.  Thyamis,  the  lover  of 
Chariclea,  referred  to  in  Shakspere’s  “Twelfth 
Night,”  v.  1. 

Ehatisaht  (a-ha'ti-sat),  or  Ayhuttisaht  (a- 

hot'i-sat).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, living  about  Esperanza  Inlet,  west  coast 
of  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia.  They 
number  about  100.  See  Aht. 

Ehingen  (a'ing-en).  Atown  in  Wiirtemberg,  on 
the  Danube  15  miles  southwest  of  Ulm. 
Ehrenberg  (a'ren-berG),  Christian  Gottfried. 
Born  at  Delitzsch,  Prussia,  April  19, 1795:  died 
at  Bei-lin,  June  27, 1876.  A German  naturalist, 
especially  noted  for  his  studies  of  Infusoria. 
He  wrote  “Die  Infusionstierchen  als  volikommene  Or- 
ganismen  ” (1838),  “Mikro-Geologie  ” (1854). 
Ehrenbreitstein  (a-ren-brit'stin).  A town  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Rhine  opposite  Coblenz,  it  is  noted  for  its  for- 
tress, situated  on  an  almost  inaccessible  rock  385  feet 
above  the  river.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1631,  by 
the  Imperialists  in  1637,  and  by  the  French  in  1799.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,020. 

Ehrenfeld  (a'ren-feld).  A manufacturing  sub- 
urb of  Cologne.  Population,  37,869. 
Eibenstock  (i'ben-stok).  A town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  in  the  Erzgebirge  in  lat.  50°  29' 
N.,  long.  12°  36'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its  tambour 
embroidery.  Population,  8,724. 

Eichberg  (Ik'bera),  Julius.  Born  at  Diissel- 
dorf  in  1824:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  19,  1893.  A 
German-American  composer.  He  was  professor  in 
the  Conservatoire  at  Geneva.  In  1857  he  went  to  N ew  York, 
and  in  1859  to  Boston,  where  he  was  director  of  the  orches- 
tra at  the  Boston  Museum  for  seven  years.  In  1867  he 
established  the  Boston  Conservatory  of  Music,  of  which  he 
remained  the  head  until  his  death.  He  composed,  among 
other  works,  four  operettas  : “ The  Doctor  of  Alcantara,” 
“The  Rose  of  Tyrol,"  “The  Two  Cadis,"  and  “A  Night 
in  Rome.” 

Eichendorff  (i'chen-dorf),  Joseph  von.  Born 
at  Lubowitz  (his  father’s  estate),  near  Ratibor, 
in  Silesia,  March  10, 1788:  died  at  Neisse,  Nov. 
26,  1857.  A German  poet  and  author,  in  1813- 
1815  he  served  in  the  War  of  Liberation,  first  as  a volun- 
teer and  later  as  an  officer,  and  after  the  war  was  govern- 
ment counselor  at  Dantzic  and  Konigsberg.  In  1831  he 
went  to  Berlin.  He  wrote  “Ahnung  und  Gegenwart” 
(“  Presage  and  Presence,"  1815),  the  dramatized  fairy  tale 
“Krieg  den  Philistem”  (“War  on  the  Philistines,”  1824), 
the  novel  “Aus  dem  Leben  eines  Taugenichts”  (“From 
the  Life  of  a Good-for-Nothing,”  1826).  A first  collec- 
tion of  poems  appeared  in  1837.  His  complete  poetical 
works,  “SammtlichepoetischeWerke,”  were  issued  at  Ber- 
lin in  1842, in  4 volumes  ; “Vermischte  Schriften " (“Miscel- 
laneous Writings”)  at  Paderborn,  1866,  in  5 volumes. 

Eicbborn  (Ich'hom),  Jobann  Gottfried.  Born 
at  Dorrenzimmem,  in  Hohenlohe-Ohringen, 
Germany,  Oct.  16, 1752:  died  at  Gottingen,  June 
27, 1827.  A German  scholar,  historian,  and  bib- 
lical critic,  professor  at  Gottingen  from  1788. 
Among  his  critical  works  are  “Einleitung  in  das  Alte 
Testament”  (1780-83),  “Einleitung  in  das  Neue  Testa- 
ment” (1804-14). 

Eicbborn,  Karl  Friedricb.  Born  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  20,  1781 : died  at  Cologne,  July  4, 
1854.  A German  jurist,  son  of  J.  G.  Eichhorn. 
His  chief  work  is  ‘ ‘ Deutsche  Staats-  und  Rechts- 
geschichte”  (1808-23). 

Eicbstadt  (ich'stet),  or  Eicbstatt  (Ich'stet), 


355 

originally  Eistet.  A town  in  Middle  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Altmiihl  38  miles  south 
of  Nuremberg.  It  has  a cathedral  and  Walpurgis 
church.  It  was  formerly  an  independent  bishopric,  secu- 
larized in  1802.  Population,  7,701. 

Eicbwald  (Ich'vald),  Karl  Eduard.  Born  at 
Mitau,  Russia,  July  4 (O.  S.),  1795:  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Nov.  10,  1876.  A Russian  natural- 
ist, author  of  “Zoologia  specialis”  (1829-31), 
“Die  Urwelt  Russlands”  (1840-47),  etc. 

Eider  (i'der).  A river  in  Schleswig-Holstein, 
Prussia,  which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  about 
25  miles  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe.  Length, 
115  miles. 

Eifel(i'fel),Tbe.  A volcanic  mountain  and  pic- 
turesque region  in  western  Germany,  between 
the  valleys  of  the  Rhine,  Moselle,  and  Roer.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Schnee-Eifel  and  the  Vorder- 
Eifel.  Height  of  the  Hohe  Acht,  2,490  feet. 
Eiffel  (i'fel;  F.  a-fel'),  Alexandre  Gustave. 
Born  at  Dijon,  Dec.  15,  1832.  A noted  Fi-ench 
engineer.  His  best-known  work  is  the  Eiffel 
Tower  (which  see). 

Eiffel  Tower.  A tower,  984  feet  high,  bililt  of 
iron  framework,  in  the  Champ-de-Mars,  Paris, 
for  the  exhibition  of  1889.  The  general  form  is  that 
of  a concave  pyramid.  The  base  consists  of  4 inclined 
piers  set  at  the  angles  of  a square  of  336  feet.  The  piers 
are  connected  on  the  sides  of  the  square  by  huge  arches. 
After  rising  about  600  feet,  the  4 piers  are  merged  into 
one.  There  are  3 platforms  at  different  heights  ; the  top 
one,  over  900  feet  from  the  ground,  is  surrounded  by  a 
balcony  and  covered  with  a glass  pavilion  54  feet  square. 
Above  this  rises  the  lantern,  which  is  fitted  for  scientific 
observations. 

Eiger  (I'ger).  One  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  northeast 
of  the  Jungfrau.  Height,  13,042  feet. 

Eigg  (eg),  or  Egg  (eg).  One  of  the  Hebrides 
islands,  belonging  to  In verness-sliire,  Scotland, 
south  of  Skye  and  southeast  of  Rum.  Length, 
6|  miles. 

Eighteen  Hundred  and  Seven,  or  Friedland. 

A large  painting  by  Meissonier  (1876),  now  in 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York. 
It  represents  a regiment  of  cuirassiers  passing  at  a gallop 
in  a grain-field  before  .Napoleon,  who  sits  on  a white  horse 
at  the  left,  attended  by  his  marshals  and  staff. 

Eikon  Basilike  (I'kon  ba-sil'i-ke).  [Gr.,  ‘royal 
likeness.’]  A book  describing  the  sufferings 
of  Charles  I.  of  England,  published  in  1649. 
It  is  usually  attributed  to  Bishop  Gauden. 
Eikonoclastes  (i-kon-q-klas'tez).  [‘  The  Icon- 
oclast.’] A pamphlet  written  by  Milton  in 
answer  to  Gauden’s  ‘ ‘ Eikon  Basilike.” 

Eildon  Hills  (el'donhilz).  Three  peaks  in  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotland,  near  Melrose,  famous  in 
Scottish  legend.  Height,  1,385  feet. 
Eileitbyia,  or  Hebent.  In  ancient  geography, 
a town  in  Egypt,  on  the  Nile  between  Edfu  and 
Esneh,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  El-Kab:  one 
of  the  oldest  of  Egyptian  towns.  It  is  now 
noted  for  its  rock-tombs  and  -temples. 
Eilenburg  (l'len-boro).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  mainly  on  an 
island  in  the  Mulde,  14  miles  northeast  of  Leip- 
SlC.  It  contains  an  ancient  castle  (Ilburg),  a frontier  for- 
tress against  the  Wends.  Population,  commune,  15,725. 

Eimeo  (i'me-o),  or  Aimeo,  or  Morea.  One  of 
the  Society  Islands,  belonging  to  France  (since 
1880),  situated  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  lat.  17°  30' 
S.,  long.  150°  10'  W.  Population,  about  1,600. 
Einbeck  (in'bek),  or  Eimheck  (im'bek).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
situated  37  miles  south  of  Hannover,  it  was 

founded  by  pilgrims  to  a chapel  at  Munster  which  con- 
tained notable  relics  (blood  of  Christ).  It  was  formerly 
famous  for  its  Eimbecker  beer  (from  which  the  name  bock 
beer  is  derived).  Population,  commune,  8,709. 

Eia  feste  Burg  (in  fes'te  boro).  [G.,  ‘ a strong 
fortress.’]  The  first  words  of  a hymn  by  Martin 
Luther  (“  Ein  feste  Burg  ist  unser  Gott ”),  a ver- 
sion of  Psalm  xlvi.  The  hymn  was  probably  written 
in  1527.  The  tune  seems  to  have  appeared  in  Kophl's 
“Psalmen  und  geistliche  Lieder,”  probably  in  1538.  The 
form  now  used  is  by  Sebastian  Bach,  given  in  various  can- 
tatas, and  differing  slightly  from  Luther's  original.  The 
words  have  also  been  modernized. 

Einhard  (in'hard), incorrectly  Eginhard.  Born 
in  Austrasia  about  770:  died  at  Seligenstadt 
on  the  Main,  Germany,  March  14,  840  ("?).  A 
Frankish  scholar  and  biographer  of  Charles 
the  Great.  He  was  of  noble  birth,  and  was  educated  at 
the  monastery  of  Fulda.  He  removed  not  later  than  796 
to  the  court  of  Charles  the  Great,  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed minister  of  public  works,  and  was  sent  in  806  as 
imperial  legate  to  Rome.  He  was  retained  in  office  by 
Louis  le  Debonnaire,  to  whose  son  Lothaire  he  became 
tutor  in  817.  He  retired  in  830  to  Mulinheim  (which  he 
named  Seligenstadt),  where  he  erected  a monastery.  He 
was  married  to  Imma  who  was  the  sister  of  Bernhard, 
bishop  of  Worms,  but  who  was  transformed  by  later  tradi- 


Elagabalus 

tion  into  a daughter  of  Charles  the  Great.  He  wrote  a life 
of  Charles  the  Great  (“Vita  Caroli  Magtii”). 
Einsiedeln  (In'ze-deln).  [G.,  equiv.  to  L.  soli- 
tarivm , a hermitage  : according  to  the  legends, 
St.  Meinrad  (9th  century)  lived  here  as  a her- 
mit.] A town  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Switz- 
erland, 22  miles  east-northeast  of  Lucerne,  it 
is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  pilgrim  resorts.  The  mon- 
astery ( monasterium  eremitarum)  was  founded  in  the  9th 
century,  and  in  1294  received  the  standing  of  a principality 
from  the  emperor  Rudolph.  The  buildings  of  the  monas- 
tery have  suffered  many  rebuildings,  the  last  early  in  the 
18th  century ; and,  though  of  greatextent,  the  architecture 
is  in  an  uninteresting  Italian  style.  The  large  church  has 
two  slender  towers ; its  interior  is  tawdry  with  gilding  and 
ornament  in  questionable  taste.  In  its  portraits,  library, 
and  material  resources,  the  venerable  monastery  is  still 
rich.  Population,  8,489. 

Eirene.  See  Irene. 

Eisenach  (I'ze-nach).  A town  in  Saxe-Weimar- 
Eisenaeh,  Germany,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Nesse  and  Horsel  in  lat.  50°  58'  N., 
long.  10°  19'  E.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  J.  S.  Bach, 
and  is  associated  with  the  early  days  of  Luther.  Near  it 
is  the  Wartburg.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Saxe- 
Eisenach.  Population,  commune,  36,153. 

Eisenberg  (l'zen-berG).  A town  in  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Germany,  situated  33  miles 
southwest  of  Leipsic.  Pop.,  commune,  9,956. 
Eisenerz  (I'zen-ertz).  A town  in  Styria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 20  miles  northwest  of  Brack, 
famous  for  its  iron-mountain.  Population, 
commune,  7,557,  (1910). 

Eisenlohr  (I'zen-lor),  August.  Born  at  Mann- 
heim, Baden,  Oct.  6,  1832  : died  at  Heidelberg, 
Feb.  24,  1902.  A German  Egyptologist,  pro- 
fessor of  Egyptology  at  Heidelberg.  He  pub- 
lished “Der  grosse  Papyrus  Harris”  (1872), etc. 
Eisenlohr,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Pforzheim,  Ba- 
den, Jan.  1,  1799:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
July  10,  1872.  A German  physicist,  professor 
of  physics  in  the  Polytechnic  Institute  at 
Karlsruhe  1840-65.  His  chief  work  is  “Lehr- 
buch  der  Physik”  (1836). 

Eisenstadt  (i'zen-stat),  Hung.  Kis-Marton. 
A town  in  the  county  of  Odenburg,  Hungary, 
25  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  contains  the  cas- 
tle of  Prince  Esterhazy.  Population, 
3,067. 

Eisfeld  (is'feld).  A town  in  Saxe-Meiningen, 
Germany,  on  the  Werra  23  miles  east-southeast 
of  Mein  ingen. 

Eisleben  (is'la-ben).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  39  miles  west-northwest  of 
Leipsic.  It  is  the  center  of  a copper-  and  silver-mining 
region.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Luther  and  the  place  of 
his  death.  Population,  commune,  25,121. 

Eisteddfod  (I-steTH'vod).  [Welsh,1  a sitting  of 
learned  men.’]  An  annual  musical  and  literary 
festival  and  competition  which  originated  in 
the  triennial  assembly  of  Welsh  bards:  the  lat- 
ter dates  back  to  an  early  period.  An  Eisteddfod 
is  mentioned  as  having  been  held  in  the  7th  century.  They 
are  now  held  every  year  at  various  places  in  Wales.  Con- 
certs and  competitions  for  prizes  are  still  held  ; but,  ex- 
cept that  they  take  place  in  Wales  and  retain  some  ancient 
forms,  they  are  no  longer  strictly  national.  Grove. 

Eitherside  (e'THer-sidorl'THer-sid),  Sir  Paul. 
Li  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “The  Devil  is  an  Ass,” 
a hard,  unfeeling  justice  and  superstitious  wise- 
acre. 

Eitherside,  Sergeant.  A character  in  Maek- 
lin’s  “Man  of  the  World.” 

Ekaterinburg.  See  Yekaterinburg. 
Ekaterinodar.  See  Yekaterinodar. 
Ekaterinograd.  See  Yekaterinograd. 
EkateTinoslaff.  See  Yekaterinoslaff. 

Ekhmim.  See  Aklimim. 

Ekkehard  (ek'ke-hart).  A historical  novel  by 
Seheffel,  published  in  1857.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
the  10th  century. 

Ekron  (ek'ron).  [Heb.,  ‘uprooting.’]  One  of 
the  five  chief  cities  of  the  Philistines,  situ- 
ated 12  miles  northeast  of  Ashdod : the  modern 
Altir.  It  contained  an  oracle.  “According  to  the  As- 
syrian inscriptions,  when  most  of  the  towns  in  Palestine 
revolted  on  the  death  of  Sargon,  Padi,  king  of  Ekron, 
remained  faithful.  His  subjects,  however,  rebelled  and 
handed  him  over  to  King  Hezekiah,  at  Jerusalem,  who  re- 
tained him  a prisoner  until  he  was  released  and  reseated 
on  the  throne  by  Sennacherib.”  Smith,  Diet,  of  the  Bible. 

Elagabalus  (e-la-gab'a-lus),  or  Heliogabalus 
(heHi-o-gab'a-lus)  (originally  Vanns  Avitus 
Bassianus).  Born  at  Emesa,  Syria,  205  a.  d.  : 
died  222.  Emperor  of  Rome.  He  was  the  son  of 
Sextus  Varius  Marcellus  and  Julia  Sosemias,  and  first  cou- 
sin of  Caracalla.  He  became  while  very  young  a priest  in 
the  temple  of  the  sun-god  Elagabalus  at  Emesa.  Being 
put  forward  as  the  son  of  Caracalla,  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  soldiers  in  218,  in  opposition  to  Macrinus 
who  was  defeated  on  the  borders  of  Syria  and  Plienicia  in 
the  same  year.  He  gave  himself  up  to  the  most  infamous 
debauchery,  and  abandoned  the  government  to  his  mother 


Elagabalus 

and  grandmother.  He  adopted  his  cousin,  Bassianus  Alex- 
tanus,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  Severus  Alexander. 
He  was  put  to  death  at  Rome  by  the  pretorians. 

Elah  (e'la),  Valley  of.  [Heb.,  ‘valley  of  the 
terebinth.’]  The  valley  in  which  the  Israel- 
ites were  encamped  when  the  duel  between 
David  and  Goliath  occurred : the  modern  Wady 
Es-Sunt. 

Elaine  (e-lan7).  In  the  Arthurian  legends  : (a) 
The  half-sister  of  King  Arthur.  She  bore  a son, 
Mordred,  to  Arthur.  (b)  The  daughter  of  King 
Pelles.  She  was  the  mother  of  Lancelot’s  son 
Sir  Galahad,  (c)  The  “lily  maid  of  Astolat” 
who  pined  and  died  for  Lancelot.  Tennyson 
makes  her  story  the  subject  of  his  “Elaine.” 
(d)  The  daughter  of  King  Brandegoris,  who 
bore  a child  to  Sir  Bors  de  Ganis.  In  Malory’s 
“Arthur”  the  statement  is  so  worded  that  Elaine  might  be 
the  name  of  the  child,  (e)  The  wife  of  Ban  of 
Benoic  (Brittany),  mother  of  Sir  Lancelot. 
She  was  also  called  Elein. 

Elam  (e'lam).  [In  the  Assyro-Babylonian  in- 
scriptions Elamtu,  highland ; OPers.  Uvadsha 
(from  which  the  modern  Chusistan  arose),  with 
the  Greeks  K mala  (Herodotus),  Susiana  (during 
the  Macedonian  period),  andElymais (Strabo).] 
The  country  and  ancient  empire  east  of  the 
lower  Tigris,  south  of  Media,  and  north  of  the 
Persian  Gulf.  Itis  acountryof  fertile  and  picturesque 
mountains,  valleys,  and  ravines,  the  only  flat  tract  being  on 
the  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf ; and  was  in  very  high  an- 
tiquity the  seat  of  a mighty  empire  of  which  Susa  was  the 
capital.  The  oldest  historical  information  about  Elam  is 
that  it  subjugated  Babylonia  about  2300-2076  B.  C.  The 
Elamite  dynasty  is  identical  with  the  Median  of  Berosus, 
which  ruled  over  Babylonia  about  2300-2076  B.  C.  Among 
these  Elamite  kings  is  also  very  probably  to  be  counted 
Chedorlaomer  ( Kudur-Lagamaru ) of  Gen.  x i V.  The  next 
historical  notice  is  that  Elam  was  subdued  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar I. , king  of  Babylonia,  about  1130  B.  0.  From  the  8th 
century  B.  c.  on,  Elam  was  connected  with  the  rivalry  be- 
tween Assyria  and  Babylonia,  supporting  the  latter  against 
the  former.  Elam  was  defeated  by  Sargon  in  721  and  710, 
and  by  Sennacherib  in  several  campaigns,  especially  in  the 
decisive  battle  at  Halule  on  the  Tigris  about  691.  In  645 
Asurbanipal  destroyed  Susa.  Soon  after  this  catastrophe 
Elam  is  met  with  under  the  dominion  of  Theispes.  In 
union  with  Media  and  Persia  it  helped  to  bring  about  the 
fall  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia.  It  shared  thenceforth  the 
fate  of  the  other  Assyrian  provinces,  and  had  no  history  of 
its  own.  The  ancient  Elamites  were  notSemites.  This  is  as- 
certained by  the  names  of  their  kings,  which  are  alien  to 
all  of  the  Semitic  dialects,  and  by  their  representations 
on  the  monuments,  which  exhibit  a type  widely  different 
from  the  Semitic.  The  enumeration  of  Elam  among  the 
sons  of  Shem  in  Gen,  x.  22  may  perhaps  be  accounted  for 
by  the  fact  that  the  Elamit  e valley  was  early  settled  by  the 
Semites,  who  predominated  over  the  non-Semitic  element 
of  the  population,  and  also  by  the  fact  that  the  Elamites 
had  for  more  than  two  centuries  the  upper  hand  in 
Semitic  Babylonia.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  VIII. 

El-Araish.  (el-a-rish7),  or  El-Arish  (el-a-resh7), 
or  Larache.  A seaport  in  Morocco,  situated 
on  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  35°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  9' 
W.  Population,  about  10,000. 

El-Arish  (el-a-resli7).  A town  of  Egypt  on  the 
Syrian  frontier,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean 
in  lat.  31°  7'  N.,  long.  33°  467  E.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1799,  and  retaken  in  1799.  A convention 
was  signed  here  between  Kleber  and  the  grand  vizir  in 
1800. 

Elath  (e'lath),  classical  Milana.  In  scriptural 
geography,  a town  of  Idumaea,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah.  It  was  taken  by  David, 
and  was  the  headquarters  of  Solomon’s  fleet.  It  was  for- 
tified by  Uzziah. 

Elathasi  (el-a-tha/si).  [Ar.,  probably  corrupted 
from  al  athdfi,  the  tripod.]  The  fifth-magni- 
tude star  f Draconis.  The  name  is  of  rare  oc- 
currence. 

Elba  (el'bii).  [Gr.  AlOnAeta,  Aidant/,  L.  Ilva, 
Ilua. ] An  island  belonging  to  the  province  of 
Leghorn,  Italy,  situated  in  the  Mediterranean, 
east  of  Corsica,  and  about  54  miles  fromTuscany. 
Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  produces  iron 
and  other  minerals,  wine,  and  fruit.  The  chief  town  is 
Porto  Ferrajo.  Elba  was  granted  as  a residence  and  do- 
minion to  Napoleon,  May  4, 1814,  and  he  continued  to  live 
there  until  Feb.  26, 1815.  It  reverted  to  Tuscany  in  1815. 
Length,  18  miles.  Area,  about  140  square  miles.  ’ Popula- 
tion, 24,213. 

Elbe  (el7 be).  [=  F.  Elbe,  It.  Elba,  from  G. 
Elbe,  OHG.  Elba,  Alba,  Bohem.  Labe,  L.  Albis, 
Gr.  ’A/./hf,  "Alfitoq.  ] A river  of  northern  Eu- 
rope: the  Roman  Albis.  It  rises  in  the  Riesenge- 
birge,  Bohemia,  flows  through  Bohemia  and  Germany, 
generally  in  a northwesterly  direction,  and  empties  into 
the  North  Sea  about  65  miles  below  Hamburg.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Moldau,  Eger,  Mulde,  Saale,  and  Havel 
(with  the  Spree).  On  its  banks  are  Dresden,  Torgau,  Wit- 
tenberg, Magdeburg,  and  Hamburg.  Length,  about  725 
miles:  navigable  for  ocean  vessels  to  Hamburg,  and  for 
others  to  Melnik  in  Bohemia  (over  500  miles). 

Elberfeld  (el'ber-feld).  A city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  on  the  Wupper  24  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne.  It  forms  with  Barmen  (which 
adjoins  it)  Elberfeld-Barmen,  one  of  the  most  important 
manufacturing  centers  in  Europe.  Among  the  manu- 
factures of  the  two  cities  are  ribbons,  chemicals,  lace, 


356 

thread,  silk,  cotton,  etc.  Population,  commune,  170,066, 
(1910). 

Elberich.  See  Oberon. 

Elbeuf  (el-bef7).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine- In ferieure,  France,  on  the  Seine  13 
miles  south-southwest  of  Rouen.  It  has  im- 
portant cloth  manufactures.  Population,  com- 
mune, 18,729. 

Elbing  (el'bing).  A town  in  the  province  of 
West  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbing,  near  the 
Frisches  Haff,  34  miles  southeast  of  Dantzic. 

It  is  a manufacturing  and  trading  center.  It  was  a colony 
from  Liibeck.  Population,  commune,  55,627. 

Elbingerode  (el7bing-e-ro-de).  A mining  town 
in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated 
in  the  Harz  15  miles  southwest  of  Halberstadt. 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Elbow  (el'bo).  In  Shakspere’s  “ Measure  for 
Measure,”  a constable,  an  inferior  Dogberry. 

Elbruz  (el-broz7),  or  Elburz  (el-bdrz7).  Arange 
of  mountains  in  northern  Persia,  connected 
with  the  Caucasus  and  mountains  of  Armenia 
on  the  west,  and  with  the  Paropamisan  Moun- 
tains on  the  east.  Highest  summit,  Mount 
Demavend  (which  see). 

Elbruz,  or  Elburz.  The  highest  mountain  of 
the  Caucasus,  situated  in  lat.  43°  21'  N.,  long. 
42°  257  E.  Height,  about  19,000  feet. 

El  Caney  (el  ka'na).  A town  of  Cuba,  situ- 
ated about  3 miles  northeast  of  Santiago.  A 

battle  occurred  here  July  1,  1S98,  between  the  Spanish 
and  the  United  States  troops,  in  which  the  latter  were 
victorious. 

Elcano,  Juan  Sebastian  de.  See  Gano,  Juan 
Sebastian  del. 

El  Capitan  (elkiip-i-tan7).  [Sp.,‘  the  captain.’] 
One  of  the  most  noted  heights  surrounding  the 
Yosemite  Valley.  It  rises  3,300  feet  above  the 
valley. 

Elcesaites  (el-se'sa-its),  or  Elkesaites  (el-ke7- 
sa-Its).  A party  or  sect  among  the  Jewish  Chris- 
tians of  the  2d  century.  They  derived  their  name 
from  Elkasai  or  Elxai,  either  their  founder  or  leader,  or 
the  title  of  the  book  containing  their  doctrines,  which 
they  regarded  as  a special  revelation.  Their  belief  and 
practices  were  a mixture  of  Gnosticism  and  Judaism, 
with  much  that  was  peculiar.  They  were  finally  con- 
founded with  the  Ebionites. 

Elche  (el'che).  A town  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, Spain,  in  lat.  38°  147N.,  long.  0°427  W , 
noted  for  the  cultivation  of  date-palms : the 
ancient  Ilici.  It  has  many  Roman  inscrip- 
tions. Population,  27,308. 

Elchingen  (el7ching-en).  A village  in  Bavaria, 
situated  near  the  Danube  7 miles  northeast  of 
Ulm.  Here,  Oct.  14,  1805,  the  Austrians  were 
defeated  by  Ney  (created  afterward  due  d’El- 
chingen).  The  battle  was  followed  by  the  ca- 
pitulation of  Ulm. 

Eldon,  Earl  of.  See  ★ Scott,  John. 

El  Dorado  (el  do-ra/do).  [Sp.,  ‘the  gilded.’] 
A fabulous  city  of  great  wealth  (Manoa)  which, 
during  the  16th,  17th,  and  part  of  the  18th 
centuries,  was  supposed  to  exist  somewhere  in 
the  northern  part  of  South  America.  Beginning 
about  1532,  great  numbers  of  expeditions  were  made  by  the 
Spaniards  in  search  of  this  phantom  : the  explorers  suffered 
terrible  hardships,  and  hundreds  died.  The  conquest  and 
settlement  of  New  Granada  resulted  from  the  quest;  the 
mountain  regions  of  Venezuela,  the  Orinoco  and  Amazon, 
and  the  preat  forests  east  of  the  Andes,  were  made  known  to 
the  world  ; and  later  in  the  16th  century  the  English,  led 
or  sent  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  penetrated  into  Guiana, 
obtaining  a claim  on  that  country  which  resulted  in  their 
modern  colony.  The  story  of  El  Dorado  arose  from  a 
yearly  ceremony  of  an  Indian  tribe  near  Bogota.  Accord- 
ing to  the  story,  the  chief  of  Guatavita  on  the  highlands  of 
Bogota  (Colombia)  was  periodically  smeared  with  oil  or 
balsam,  and  then  covered  with  gold-dust  until  his  whole 
body  had  a gilded  appearance,  after  which  he  threw  gold, 
emeralds,  etc.,  into  a sacred  lake  and  then  bathed  there. 
This  ceremony  ceased  upon  the  conquest  of  the  tribe  of 
Guatavita  by  the  Muysuas;  but  the  tradition  of  the  ex- 
traordinary function  remained  and  gradually  spread  very 
far,  though  it  appeared  in  a more  or  less  distorted  form. 
In  common  and  poetical  language  the  name  El  Dorado 
has  been  transferred  to  the  city  or  country  which  was  the 
object  of  the  quest. 

Eldsicll  (el-dzik7).  [Ar.  el  dij  (Ulugh  Beigh), 
the  byeua.  ] A rarely  used  name  for  the  third- 
magnitude  star  t Draconis. 

Eleanor  (el7a-nor),  or  Alienor,  of  Aquitaine. 

[It.  Eleonora,  G.  Eleonore,  F.  Alienor.  See 
Helen .]  Born  1122  (?) : died  at  Fontevrault, 
Maine-et-Loire,  Prance,  April  1.  1204.  Heir- 
ess of  the  duchy  of  Guienne.  She  married  Louis 
VII.  of  France  in  1137,  was  divorced  in  1152,  and  married 
Henry  II.  of  England  in  1152.  She  was  imprisoned  by 
him  1173-89. 

Eleanor  of  Castile.  Died  at  Grantham,  Eng- 
land, Nov.,  1290.  Sister  of  Alfonso  X.  of  Cas- 
tile, and  wife  of  Edward  I.  of  England. 

Eleanor  of  Provence.  Died  at  Amesbury,  Eng- 
land, 1291.  Daughter  of  the  Countof  Provence, 
and  wife  of  Henry  HI.  of  England. 


Eleusis 

Eleatics  (e-le-at'iks).  [From  Elea,  Gr.  ’E tea, 
L.  also  Yelia  and  Helia.~\  A school  of  Greek 
philosophy  founded  by  Xenophanes  of  Colo- 
phon, who  resided  in  Elea,  or  Velia,  in  Magna 
Grtecia.  The  most  distinguished  philosophers  of  this 
school  were  Parmenides  and  Zeno.  The  main  Eleatic  doc- 
trines are  developments  of  the  conception  that  the  One, 
or  Absolute,  alone  is  real. 

Eleazar  (el-e-a'zar).  [Heb.,  ‘ God  hath  helped.’] 
The  third  son  of  Aaron,  and  his  successor  as 
high  priest. 

Eleazar.  1.  In  “Lust’s  Dominion,”  a lustful 
and  revengeful  Moor,  passionately  loved  by 
the  sensual  Queen  of  Spain.  In  his  villainies 
he  resembles  Marlowe’s  “Jew  of  Malta.” — 2. 
A famous  magician  in  Le  Sage’s  “Gil  Bias.” 

Eleazar  Williams.  See_  Williams. 

Electioneer  (e-lek-sho-ner7).  A bay  horse  by 
Hambletonian  (10),  dam  Green  Mountain  Maid, 
foaled  May  2,  1868:  died  Dee.  2,  1890.  He  waB 
second  only  to  Hambletonian  (10)  as  a trotting  sire.  He 
was  owned  by  Senator  Stanford  of  California. 

Elective  Affinities.  See  Wahlverwandschaften. 
Electoral  Commission,  The.  In  United  States 
history,  a board  of  commissioners  created  by 
act  of  Congress  (approved  Jan.  29,  1877)  for 
the  purpose  of  deciding  disputed  cases  in  the 
presidential  election  of  18/6.  Its  members  were 
justices  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  Nathan 
Clifford  (president  of  the  commission),  S.  F.  Miller,  S.  J. 
Field,  W.  Strong,  and  J.  P.  Bradley;  senators  G.  F. 
Edmunds,  O.  P.  Morton,  F.  T.  Frelinghuysen,  T.  F.  Bay- 
ard, and  A.  G.  Thurman  (replaced  later  by  Kernan)  ; and 
representatives  H.  B.  Payne,  E.  Hunton,  J.  G.  Abbott, 
G.  F.  Hoar,  and  J.  A.  Garfield.  It  was  in  session  Feb.  1- 
March  2,  1877 ; and  its  decisions  resulted  in  the  seating 
of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  the  Republican  candidate.  The 
electoral  votes  in  dispute  were  those  of  Louisiana,  South 
Carolina,  Florida,  and  Oregon.  The  members  of  the  com- 
mission voted  on  party  lines  (8  Republicans  and  7 Demo- 
crats). 

Electoral  Rhine  Circle.  See  Lower  Rhine 
Circle. 

Electra  (e-lek  7tra).  [Gr.  ’I lUnrpa.]  1.  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytemnestra,  and  sister  of  Orestes.  The  events 
of  her  life  have  been  dramatized  by  iEschylus,  by  Sopho- 
cles in  his  “Electra.”  by  Euripides  in  his  “Electra,"  and 
by  various  modern  poets.  See  Orestes. 

2.  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  seven  Plei- 
ades.— 3.  The  44-magnitude  star  17  Pleiadum. 

Electrides  (e-lek'tri-dez).  [Gr.  al  ’lV.eKTpi<Ux 
vijcroi.]  1.  In  Greek  legend,  the  Amber  Islands 
(where  the  trees  weep  amber),  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  fabulous  Eridauus  (later  identi- 
fied with  the  Po). — 2.  See  the  extract. 

But  the  later  Greeks  have  called  all  the  islands  from 
Jutland  to  the  Rhine  “Electrides,”  or  Amber  Islands;  and 
some  say  that  there  are  others  called  Scandia,  Dumni,  and 
Bergi,  and  Nerigo,  the  largest  of  all,  from  which  the  voy- 
age to  Thule  is  made. 

Pliny  (quoted  in  Elton's  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist. , p.  41). 

Elegy  Written  in  a Country  Churchyard.  An 

elegiac  poem  by  Thomas  Gray,  published  in 
1751.  It  went  through  11  editions  in  a short  time  and 
has  been  many  times  pirated,  imitated,  and  parodied.  It 
has  also  been  translated  into  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  Ital- 
ian, Portuguese,  French,  and  German,  and  there  are  sev- 
eral polyglot  editions. 

Eleonora  (el-e-o-no'ra).  The  daughter  of  Geof- 
froy,  third  son  of  Henry  II.  of  England.  Geoffroy 
was  duke  of  Brittany  through  his  wife  Constance,  the 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Duke  Conan  IV.  Hence  Eleonora 
was  called  “ The  Damsel  of  Brittany.” 

Eleonora.  A poem  written  by  Dryden,  in  1692, 
in  memory  of  the  Countess  of  Abingdop. 

Eleonora  of  Este.  Born  June  19, 1537:  died  Feb. 
10, 1581.  An  Italian  princess,  a friend  of  Tasso. 

Elephanta  (el-e-fan7ta)  Island,  Hind.  Ghara- 
puri.  A small  island  in  Bombay  harbor,  6 miles 
east  of  Bombay,  famous  for  its  eaves  with  Hindu 
sculptures. 

Elephantine  (el-e-fan-ti'ne).  [Gr.  ’T./.etpavrivr/ 
j^crof.]  In  ancient  geography,  an  island  in  the 
Nile,  opposite  Syene  (Assuan),  in  lat.  24°  77  N. : 
the  modern  Gezeeret- Assuan.  From  it  came  kings 
of  the  5th  dynasty.  (See  Egypt.)  It  contains  monuments 
of  Thothmes  III.  and  Amenhotep  III.,  and  a Nilometerof 
Ptolemaic  date. 

Eleusis  (e-lu'sis).  [Gr.  ’E/.ewt/V.]  A deme  of 
Attica,  Greece,  the  seat  of  a very  ancient  cult 
of  Demeter,  and  of  the  famous  Eleusinian  mys- 
teries. The  most  important  monuments  lay  within  the 
sacred  inclosure,  which  consisted  of  a spacious  terrace  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Acropolis,  surrounded  by  a mas- 
sive wall.  The  precinct  was  entered  by  two  propylsea  or 
monumental  gateways  in  succession,  and  its  chief  building 
was  the  temple  of  the  mysteries,  whose  unique  architec- 
ture and  successive  transformations,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
entire  precinct,  have  been  revealed  by  the  excavations  of 
the  Archaeological  Society  of  Athens,  prosecuted  at  inter- 
vals since  1882.  The  propyla;a  were  two  monumental  gate- 
ways to  the  sacred  inclosure.  The  lesser  propyl/ea  con- 
stituted a comparatively  simple  structure,  with  three 
doorways  separated  by  an  tie,  before  which  stood  ornate  col- 
umns. The  greaterwere  a reproduction,  by  Appius  Claudius 
Pulcher  in  48  B.  c.,  of  the  famous  propyltea  of  the  Athenian 


Eleusis 

Acropolis.  The  temple  (sekos)  of  the  mysteries  of  Demeter 
and  Kora  was  rebuilt  in  the  5th  century  B.  c.  and  altered 
later.  It  measured  within  178  by  170  feet,  and  was  sur- 
rounded along  the  walls  by  8 tiers  of  step-seats  for  spec- 
tators of  the  ceremonies.  In  every  side  except  the  north- 
east there  were  two  doors.  Along  the  southeast  side  was 
carried  the  great  Doric  portico  of  Philon,  of  12  by  2 col- 
umns. 

Eleusis,  Bas-relief  Of.  A work  of  high,  artistic 
importance  in  the  National  Museum,  Athens. 

It  represents  Demeter,  Kora,  and  Triptolemus,  and  is  most 
delicate  in  execution  and  expression.  It  dates  from  the 
early  5th  century  B.  c. 

Eleuthera  (e-lu'the-ra).  An  island  of  the  Ba- 
hamas, east  of  the  Andros  group. 
Eleutheropolis  (e-lu-the-rop'o-lis),  or  Betho- 
gabris  (beth-o-gab'ris).  [Gr.  ’Ehevdepo-nrdXic;, 
free  city.]  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in 
Palestine,  22  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem: 
the  modern  Beit-Jibrin. 

Eleutherus  (e-lu'the-rus).  Bishop  of  Rome 
174-186 : an  opponent  of  the  Montanists. 
Eleutherus.  [Gr.  ’EAeiOqoof.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a river  of  Phenicia,  the  modern  Nahr 
el-Kebir  (‘  Great  River’),  north  of  Tripoli.  On 
its  banks  Jonathan  the  Asmonean  met  and  de- 
feated Demetrius. 

Elevation  of  the  Cross.  1.  A painting  by 
Rubens  (1610),  in  Antwerp  cathedral,  Belgium. 
The  cross  is  being  raised  to  position  by  a number  of  men 
pushing  in  front  and  others  hauling  by  a rope  behind. 
On  the  side  panels  are  seen  the  holy  women,  soldiers,  and 
the  execution  of  the  two  thieves. 

2.  A painting  by  Van  Dyck  (1632),  in  Notre 
Dame  at  Courtrai,  Belgium.  Christ  is  already  fixed 
on  the  cross,  which  is  being  put  in  position  by  four  men, 
attended  by  soldiers. 

Elfleda,  Elflida.  See  JSthelfleda. 

Elfrida  (el-fri'da).  [AS.  JElfthryth.']  Born  about 
945  (?) : died  about  1000.  The  second  wife  of  Ed- 
gar, king  of  England,  whom  she  married  about 
964.  She  was  the  mother  of  TEthelred  the 
Unready. 

El  Gallo.  See  San  Rafael. 

Elgin  (el'gin),  or  Moray.  A maritime  county 
of  northern  Scotland,  lying  between  Moray 
Firth  and  the  North  Sea  on  the  north,  Banff  on 
the  east  and  southeast,  Inverness  on  the  south- 
west, and  Nairn  on  the  west.  Area,  476  square 
miles.  Population  (civil  county),  44,808. 
Elgin.  The  capital  of  Elginshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lossie  in  lat.  57°  38'  N.,  long.  3° 
19'  W.  It  contains  a cathedral,  founded  1224,  but  greatly 
damaged  by  fire  and  partly  rebuilt  toward  the  end  of  the 
14th  century.  The  architecture  is  chiefly  Early  Eng- 
lish. The  ornament  is  rich,  and  the  tracery  of  especial 
beauty.  There  are  two  western  towers,  and  a good  chap- 
ter-house. Population,  8,260. 

Elgin  (el 'jin).  A city  in  Kane  and  Cook  coun- 
ties, Illinois,  situated  on  the  Fox  River  35 
miles  west-northwest  of  Chicago,  it  has  im- 
portant manufactures  of  watches,  and  of  butter  and  cheese. 
Population,  25,976,  (1910). 

Elgin,  Earl  of.  See  Bruce. 

Elgin  (el'gin)  Marbles.  A collection  of  Greek 
sculptures  comprising  the  bulk  of  the  surviv- 
ing plastic  decoration  of  the  Parthenon,  and  a 
caryatid  and  column  from  the  Erechtheum,  and 
recognized  as  containing  the  finest  existing  pro- 
ductions of  sculpture.  The  marbles,  now  in  the 
British  Museum,  were  brought  from  Athens  between  1801 
and  1803  by  the  Earl  of  Elgin.  The  Parthenon  sculptures 
were  executed  under  the  direction  of  Phidias,  about  440 
B.  C.  The  collection  includes  remains  of  the  pediment 
statues  in  the  round,  a great  part  of  the  frieze,  in  low  re- 
lief, about  525  feet  long,  which  surrounded  the  exterior  of 
the  cella,  and  15  of  the  metopes  of  the  exterior  frieze, 
carved  in  very  high  relief  with  episodes  of  the  contest 
between  the  Centaurs  and  the  Lapiths.  Among  the  chief 
of  the  pediment  figures  are  the  grand  reclining  figure  of 
Theseus,  Iris  with  wind-blown  drapery,  and  the  group  of 
one  reclining  and  two  seated  female  figures  popularly 
called  the  “Three  Fates."  The  cella  frieze  represents 
the  idealized  Panathenaic  procession  to  the  Acropolis, 
made  up  of  youthful  cavalrymen,  chariots,  led  sacrificial 
victims,  young  girls  with  utensils,  magistrates,  and  spec- 
tators, who  set  out  from  the  southwest  angle  of  the  cella 
and  proceed  by  both  long  sides  to  the  east  front,  where  in 
presence  of  an  assembled  company  of  the  gods  the  chief 
priest  prepares  to  perform  his  solemn  rites.  The  exceed- 
ingly low  relief  of  this  frieze  is  carried  out  with  great  skill. 

El-Golea  (el  -go -la, 'a).  A town  and  caravan 
station  in  southern  Algeria,  in  lat.  30°  35'  N., 
long.  3°  10'  E. 

El  Hakim,  Adonbeck.  See  Saladin. 

Elhanan  (el-ha'nan).  [Heb.,‘God  is  gracious.’] 
According  to  2 Sam.  xxi.  19,  the  slayer  of  the 
brother  of  Goliath. 

Eli(e'li).  [Heb., ‘elevation.’]  A Hebrew  judge 
and  high  priest.  He  failed  to  punish  the  sins  of  his 
two  sons  Hophni  and  Phinehas,  and  the  destruction  of  his 
house  ensued.  At  the  news  of  a defeat  of  the  Israelites 
by  the  Philistines,  in  which  his  sons  were  killed  and  the 
ark  of  the  covenant  taken,  he  fell  backward  from  his  seat 
and  broke  his  neck.  He  judged  Israel  forty  years,  and  was 
ninety-eight  years  old  when  he  died. 

Eli.  An  oratorio  by  Sir  Michael  Costa,  with 


357 

words  'bv  Bartholomew,  produced  at  the  Bir- 
mingham festival,  Aug.  29,  1855. 

Elia  (e'li-a).  The  pseudonym  of  Charles  Lamb 
in  his  essays  contributed  to  the  “London  Mag- 
azine,” commencing  in  1820.  They  were  collected 
as  “Essays of  Elia"  in  1823,  and  “Last  Essays  of  Elia"  in 
1833.  The  name  was  that  of  a clerk  in  the  South  Sea 
House,  which  Lamb  remembered  having  heard  there  as 
a boy,  and  was  at  first  used  as  a jest  at  the  end  of  “Rec- 
ollections of  South  Sea  House,”  the  first  of  his  essays. 
The  Bridget  and  James  Elia  of  the  essays  are  Mary  and 
John  Lamb,  the  brother  and  sister  of  the  author. 

Eliab  (e-li'ab).  [Heb./  my  God  is  father.’]  The 
name  of  several  persons  mentioned  in  the  Old 
Testament,  including  David’s  eldest  brother. 
Eliab.  ALajisyden  and  Tate’s  “Absalom  and 
Acliil  <l^H~jenry  Bennet,  earl  of  Arlington. 
Eliakim  (enr  a-kim).  [Heb.,  ‘ God  establishes.’] 
In  the  Oid  Testament,  the  name  of  several 
persons,  of  whom  the  most  notable  is  the  son 
of  Hilkiah  and  master  of  Hezekiah’s  household. 
Elian’s  Well,  Saint.  See  Saint  Elian's  Well. 
Eliante  (a-lyont').  In  Molihre’s  comedy  “ The 
Misanthrope,”  a reasonable,  lovable  girl : con- 
trasted with  C61imene,  the  coquette. 

Elias  (e-li'as).  See  Elijah. 

Elias,  Mount  Saint.  See  Saint  Elias,  Mount. 
Elias  Levita  (“the  Levite”).  Born  near  Nu- 
remberg, Bavaria,  about  1470:  died  at  Venice, 
1549.  A Hebrew  scholar.  He  wrote  a critical  com- 
mentary on  the  biblical  text  “ Massoreth  Hammassoreth  ” 
(1538),  etc.  His  full  name  was  Elias  ben  Asher  Halevi. 
Elidure  (el'i-dor).  A mythical  king  of  Britain, 
brother  of  Artegal  or  Arthgallo. 

Elie  de  Beaumont  (a-le'  de  bo-mon'),  Jean 
Baptiste  Armand  Louis  Leonce.  Born  at 
Canon,  Calvados,  France,  Sept.  25,  1798 : died 
at  Canon,  Sept.  22,  1874.  A celebrated  French 
geologist.  He  became  professor  of  geology  at  the  Ecole 
des  Mines  in  1829,  and  at  the  Collfege  de  France  in  1832, 
and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in 
1853.  He  published  “ Carte  gdologique  de  France  ” (1843), 
“Recherches  sur  quelques-unes  des  revolutions  de  la  sur- 
face du  globe”  (1829-30),  “Notices  sur  les  systhmes  de 
montagnes  " (1852),  etc. 

Eliezer  (el-i-e'zer).  [Heb./ God  is  help.’]  In 
the  Old  Testament,  the  name  of  several  persons. 
The  most  notable  are : (a)  The  chief  servant  of  Abraham, 
called  Eliezer  of  Damascus.  (5)  The  second  son  of  Moses 
and  Zipporah. 

Eligius  (e-lij'i-us),  or  Eloi  (a-lwa/),  Saint. 
Born  near  Limoges,  France,  about  588 : died 
Dec.  1,  659.  Bishop  of  Noyon.  He  came  to  Paris 
in  610,  and  gained  the  favor  of  Clotaire  II.  and  Dagobert 
. I.  both  by  his  skill  as  a goldsmith  and  by  bis  piety,  which 
he  displayed  in  founding  churches  and  monasteries  and 
in  distributing  alms  to  the  poor.  Although  a layman,  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Noyon  by  Clovis  II.  in  641  (640  ?). 
Elihu  (e-li'hu).  [Heb.,  ‘God  is  He.’]  The 
name  of  several  persons  in  the  Old  Testament, 
of  whom  the  most  notable  is  one  of  the  friends 
of  Job.  He  describes  himself  as  the  youngest 
of  the  interlocutors. 

Elijah  (e-li'ja).  [Heb.,  ‘Yahveh  is  my  God’; 
in  the  New  Testament  Elias,  Gr.  ’H/tLaf.]  A 
Hebrew  prophet  of  the  9th  century  B.  c.  An 
account  of  him  is  given  in  1 Ki.  xvii.-xxi.,  2 Ki.  i.-xi.,  and 
2 Chron.  xxi.  12-15.  He  appears  before  Ahab,  king  of  Is- 
rael (who  had  given  himself  up  to  the  idolatry  of  his 
Phenician  wife  Jezebel),  and  predicts  a great  drought. 
Compelled  to  seek  refuge  in  flight  and  concealment,  he  is 
miraculously  fed  by  ravens  in  the  torrent-bed  of  the  stream 
Cherith,  and  by  the  widow  of  Zarephath,  whose  dead  son 
he  restores  to  Ufe.  In  the  extremity  of  the  famine  he  re- 
appears before  Ahab,  before  whom  he  calls  down  fire  from 
heaven  to  consume  a sacrifice  to  Jehovah,  with  the  result 
that  the  king  orders  the  extermination  of  the  prophets  of 
Baal,  who  are  unable  to  call  down  fire  to  consume  the  of- 
ferings to  Baal.  He  then  puts  an  end  to  the  drought  by 
prayers  to  Jehovah.  Later  he  denounces  Ahab  and  Jeze- 
bel for  having  despoiled  and  murdered  Naboth,  and  is 
eventually  carried  to  heaven  in  a chariot  of  fire. 

Elijah.  Au  oratorio  by  Mendelssohn,  with  words 
from  the  Old  Testament.  He  was  assisted  by  Shu- 
bring  in  selecting  the  words,  and  by  Bartholomew  with  the 
English  words.  It  was  first  performed  at  Birmingham, 
Aug.  26,  1846. 

Elim  (e'lim).  A station  in  the  wanderings  of 
the  Israelites,  noted  for  its  fountains : not 
identified. 

Elimelech  (e-lim'a-lek).  [Heb.,  ‘ God  is  king.’] 
In  the  Old  Testament,  the  husband  of  Naomi. 
Elio  (a-le'o),  Francisco  Javier.  Born  in  Pam- 
plona, March  4,  1767 : died  at  Valencia,  Sept. 
4,  1822.  A Spanish  general.  In  1805,  having  at- 
tained the  grade  of  colonel,  he  was  sent  to  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  and  given  command  of  the  forces  operating  against 
the  English.  In  April,  1810,  he  was  recalled  to  Spain,  but 
returned  at  the  end  of  the  year  as  viceroy  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
appointed  by  the  Spanish  junta  of  the  regency.  The 
junta  of  Buenos  Ayres  refused  to  recognize  his  commis- 
sion, war  followed,  and  Elio  was  besieged  in  Montevideo, 
but  eventually  arranged  a treaty  with  the  revolutionists 
by  which  both  parties  recognized  the  authority  of  Ferdi- 
nand VII.  and  the  unity  of  the  Spanish  nation,  and  agreed 
to  refer  their  differences  to  the  Spanish  Cortes  (Oct.  20, 
1811).  Elio  was  recalled  to  Spain  two  months  after,  and 


Elishah 

in  1812  and  1813  commanded  against  the  French  in  Cata- 
lonia and  Valencia,  winning  a series  of  brilliant  victories. 
In  1814  he  was  made  governor  and  captain-general  of  Va- 
lencia and  Murcia.  The  revolution  of  1820  caused  his 
deposition  and  imprisonment.  Some  of  his  friends  made 
an  armed  attempt  to  liberate  him : the  plot  failed,  and  Elio, 
accused  of  instigating  it,  was  found  guilty  by  a court  mar- 
★ tial  and  executed. 

Eliot  (el'i-ot),  Charles  William.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  March  20,  1834.  An  American 
educator.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1853,  be- 
came professor  of  analytical  chemistry  in  the  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology  in  1865,  and  was  president 
of  Harvard  College  1869-1909.  He  has  published  “ A 
Compendious  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis  ' 
(1874),  etc. 

Eliot,  George.  See  Cross,  Mrs. 

Eliot,  or  Elliot,  George  Augustus,  first  Baron 
Heathfield.  Born  at  Stobs, Roxburghshire,  Scot- 
land, Dec.  25,  1717 : died  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
July  6,  1790.  An  English  general.  He  became 
in  1775  governor  of  Gibraltar,  which  he  defended  against 
the  Spaniards  and  French  1779-83.  He  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Lord  Heathfield,  baron  of  Gibraltar,  in  1787. 
Eliot,  Sir  J ohn.  Born  at  Port  Eliot,  on  the  Ta- 
mar, England,  April  20, 1592 : died  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  Nov.  27,  1632.  An  English  patriot. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  studied  law  in  London,  and 
in  1625,  as  a member  of  the  first  Parliament  of  Charles  I. , 
came  into  prominence  by  the  vehemence  and  irresistible 
eloquence  with  which  he  supported  the  measures  of  the 
constitutional  party.  As  the  leader  of  the  opposition  in 
the  second  Parliament  (1626)  he  was  sent  to  prison,  in  com- 
pany with  Sir  Dudley  Digges,  by  the  king ; but  was  released, 
together  with  Sir  Dudley,  when  Parliament  refused  to 
proceed  to  business  without  them.  In  the  third  Parlia- 
ment (1628-29)  he  had  a principal  share  in  drawing  up  the 
Remonstrance  and  the  Petition  of  Right.  He  was  arrested 
on  the  dissolution  of  Parliament  in  1629,  and  sentenced,  on 
a charge  of  conspiracy  against  the  king,  to  a fine  of  £2,000, 
and  to  imprisonment  until  he  should  acknowledge  his 
guilt. 

Eliot,  John.  Born  at  Nasing,  Essex,  England, 
1604:  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  May  20,  1690. 
A missionary  to  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts, 
surnamed  “the  Apostle  of  the  Indians.”  His 
principal  work  is  a translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  Indian 
language  (1661-63).  He  also  wrote  an  Indian  catechism 
(1653)  and  grammar  (1666). 

Eliot,  John.  Bom  at  Boston,  May  31,  1754: 
died  at  Boston,  Feb.  14,  1813.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  biographer.  He  published 
the  “ New  England  Biographical  Dictionary  ” 
(1809),  etc. 

Eliphalet  (e-lif'a-let),  or  Eliphelet.  [Heb., 
‘ God  is  deliverance.’]  The  name  of  several 
persons  in  the  Old  Testament,  of  whom  the 
most  notable  are  two  sons  of  David. 

Eliphaz  (el'i-faz).  The  chief  of  the  three  friends 
of  Job,  surnamed  “the  Temanite.” 

Elis  (e'lis),  or  Eleia  (e-le'ya).  [Gr.  THAtf,  Doric 
’A/Uf.]  In  ancient  geography,  a country  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  ly- 
ing between  Achaia  on  the  north,  Arcadia  on 
the  east,  Messenia  on  the  south,  and  the  Ionian 
Sea  on  the  west.  It  comprised  three  parts  : Elis 
proper  or  Hollow  Elis,  Pisatis,  and  Triphylia.  It  contained 
the  temple  of  the  Olympian  Zeus.  It  forms  with  Achaia 
a nomarchy  of  modern  Greece. 

£lisa  (a-le-sa').  An  opera  by  Cherubini,  words 
by  Saint-Cyr,  produced  in  Paris  Dec.  13,  1794. 
Elisa.  See  Elissa. 

Elisabeth.  See  Elizabeth. 

Elisabeth,  ou  Les  Exiles  en  Siberie.  [F., 
‘Elizabeth,  or  the  Exiles  in  Siberia.’]  A ro- 
mance by  Madame  Cottin,  published  in  1806. 
The  subject  is  the  same  as  Xavier  de  Maistre’s  “Jeune  Si- 
bdrienne  ’’ — a young  girl  going  on  foot  from  Siberia  to  St. 
Petersburg  to  beg  for  the  pardon  of  her  exiled  father. 

Elisabetta,  Regina  d’Xnghilterra.  [It., ‘Eliza- 
beth, Queen  of  England.’]  An  opera  by  Ros- 
sini, written  in  1815  for  the  San  Carlos  at  Na- 
ples, and  produced  March  10,  1822,  in  Paris. 

Elisavetgrad,  or  Elisabethgrad.  See  Yelisa- 
vetgrad. 

Elisavetpol,  or  Elisabethpol.  See  Yelisavetpol. 
fllise  (a-lez').  In  Moliere’s  “L’Avare”  (‘The 
Miser’),  the  daughter  of  Harpagon,  in  love 
with  Valere. 

Elisena  (el-i-se'na).  In  the  Spanish  cycle  of 
romances,  a princess  of  Brittany,  the  mother 
of  Amadis  of  Gaul. 

Elisha  (e-li'sha).  [Heb.,  ‘God  is  salvation.’] 
Lived  in  the  9th  century  b.  c.  A Hebrew  pro- 
phet, the  attendant  and’  successor  of  Elijah. 
Elishah  (e-li'sha).  In  Gen.  x.  4,  the  eldest  son 
of  Javan:  identified  with  the  AEolians,  with 
Sicily,  and  with  the  north  coast  of  Africa. 

Cyprus,  too,  would  seem  to  be  meant  in  Genesis,  since 
we  are  told  that  the  “sons  of  Javan”  were  Elishah  and 
Tarshish,  Kittim  and  Dodanim.  Elishah  is  doubtless 
Hellas,  not  Elis,  as  has  been  sometimes  supposed  ; in 
Ezek.  xxvii.  7 it  is  said  that  “blue  and  purple"  were 
brought  to  Tyre  “from  the  isles  of  Elishah,”  that  is  to  say, 
from  the  isles  of  Greece.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  47. 


358 


Elisire  d’Amore,  L’ 

Elisire  d’Amore,  L'.  [‘The  Elixir  of  Love.’] 

An  opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Milan 
in  1829  or  1832  (Grove).  The  English  version  was 
called  “ The  Love  Spell,”  and  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane 
in  1839. 

Elissa  (e-lis'sa),  or  Elisa.  Under  the  surname 
Dido,  the  heroine  of  the  fourth  book  of  Vergil’s 
zEneid.  According  to  the  tradition  she  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  King  Matgen,  grandson  of  Eth-Baal  of  Phenicia. 
She  was  married  to  her  uncle  Sicharbaal  or  Sicharbas 
(the  Greek  Acerbas  and  the  Sychteus  of  V ergil).  After  her 
husband  was  murdered  by  her  brother  Pygmalion,  she 
set  out  at  the  head  of  Tyrian  colonists  to  Africa,  where 
she  founded  Carthage.  To  escape  wedding  the  barbarian 
king  Tarbas  she  erected  a funeral  pyre  and  stabbed  her- 
self upon  it.  According  to  Vergil  her  death  was  due  to 
her  despair  at  her  desertion  by  zEneas.  In  the  popular 
mind  she  became  confounded  with  Dido,  a surname  of 
Astarte  as  goddess  of  the  moon,  who  was  also  the  goddess 
of  the  citadel  of  Carthage. 

Elissa.  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”tlie  eld- 
est of  three  sisters  who  were  always  at  odds. 
See  Medina. 

Eliud  (e-ll'ud).  A Jew  mentioned  in  the  ge- 
nealogy of  Christ. 

Eliza  (e-li'za).  See  Elisabeth. 

Elizabeth  (e-liz'a-beth).  [Heb.,  prob.  ‘God 
of  the  oath  ’ ; Gr.  ’E  '/ucdper,  ’Eknnafier,  also 
’E/.iadfkd ; F.  Elisabeth,  It.  Elisabetta,  G.  Elisa- 
beth.'] The  wife  of  Aaron. 

Elizabeth.  The  wife  of  Zacharias  and  mother 
of  John  the  Baptist.  She  remained  childless  till  the 
decline  of  life,  when  an  angel  foretold  to  her  husband  the 
birth  of  a son.  The  angel  Gabriel  discovered  the  fact  of 
this  miraculous  conception  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  as  an  as- 
surance of  the  birth  of  the  Messiah.  See  Mary. 

Elizabeth,  Saint,  of  Hungary.  Born  at  Pres- 
burg,  Hungary,  1207 : died  at  Marburg,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  19,  1231.  Daughter  of  Andrew  H. 
of  Hungary,  and  wife  of  Louis,  landgrave  of 
Thuringia,  celebrated  for  her  sanctity. 

Elizabeth.  Born  at  Greenwich,  near  London, 
Sept.  7, 1533:  died  at  Richmond,  near  London, 
March  24,  1G03.  Queen  of  England  1558-1603. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyn ; 
was  brought  up  in  the  Protestant  faith ; studied  the  classi- 
cal languages  under  Roger  Ascham ; and  is  said  to  have 
been  proficient  in  French  and  Italian.  On  her  accession 
she  appointed  as  secretary  of  state  Sir  William  Cecil  (later 
Baron  Burleigh),  who  remained  her  chief  adviser  or  forty 
years,  until  his  death  in  1598.  She  repealed  the  Roman 
Catholic  legislation  of  the  previous  reign,  reenacted  the 
laws  of  Henry  VIII.  relating  to  the  church,  published  the 
Thirty-nine  Articles  (1563),  and  completed  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Anglican  Church.  In  1564  she  concluded  the 
treaty  of  Troyes  with  France,  by  which  she  renounced  her 
claims  to  Calais  in  consideration  of  220,000  crowns.  In 
1587  she  signed  the  death-warrant  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
who,  expelled  by  a rebellion  of  her  subjects,  had  taken 
refuge  in  England  in  1568,  and  who,  by  means,  it  is  said,  of 
forged  documents,  had  been  involved  by  the  government 
in  a conspiracy  of  Savage,  Ballard,  Babington,  and  others 
against  Queen  Elizabeth.  In  1588  her  admiral  Howard, 
assisted  by  Drake,  Hawkins,  Frobisher,  Winter,  and  Ra- 
leigh, defeated  the  Spanish  Armada  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, and  prevented  an  invasion  of  England.  Her  reign, 
which  was  one  of  commercial  enterprise  and  of  intellectual 
activity,  was  made  illustrious  byShakspere,  Sidney,  Spen- 
ser, Bacon,  and  Ben  Jonson. 

Elizabeth,  or  Isabella,  of  Valois,  Queen  of 
Spain.  Bom  at  Fontainebleau,  France,  April 
13,  1545 : died  at  Madrid,  Oct.  3,  1568.  Daugh- 
ter of  Henry  II.  of  France,  and  wife  of  Philip 
II.  of  Spain. 

Elizabeth,  or  Isabella,  Queen  of  Spain.  Born 
at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Nov.  22,  1602:  died 
at  Madrid,  Oct.  6,  1644.  Daughter  of  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  and  wife  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain. 

Elizabeth,^  Madame  (Elisabeth  Philippine 
Marie  Helkne).  Born  at  Versailles,  France, 
May  3, 17614  : guillotined  at  Paris,  May  10, 1794. 
A French  princess,  sister  of  Louis  XVI. 

Elizabeth,  Charlotte.  See  Charlotte  Elisabeth. 

Elizabeth,  Pauline  Ottilie  Luise,  Queen  of 
Rumania:  pseudonym  Carmen  Sylva.  Born 
at  Neuwied,  Dec.  29, 1843.  Daughter  of  Prince 
Hermann  of  Wied,  and  wife  of  Charles  of  Ru- 
mania, whom  she  married  Nov.  15,  1869.  she 
has  published  “Sappho”  (1880),  “Hammerstein  ” (1880), 
“ Stiirme  ” (“  Storms,”  1881),  “ Leidens  Erdengang  ” 
(■'  Sorrow  on  Earth,”  1882),  etc.  In  1882  she  published  in 
French  “Les  pensees  d'une  reine,”  revealing  her  name; 
“ Pelesch  Marc  hen.”  etc.  (1883),  “Le  pic  aux  regrets” 
(Paris,  1884),  “Es  Klopft”  (“Some  One  Knocks,”  1887: 
this  was  translated  into  French  in  1889,  with  a preface  by 
Pierre  Loti).  She  has  also  written  with  Madame  Chrem- 
nitz,  under  the  signatures  “ Ditto  " and  “Idem,”  “Aus 
zwei  Welten  ” (1882)  and  “ Astra”  (1886). 

Elizabeth  Charlotte,  Duchess  of  Orleans. 
Born  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  May  27, 1652 : died 
at  St. -Cloud,  France,  Dec.  8, 1722.  A Palatine 
princess,  second  wife  of  Philip,  duke  of  Or- 
leans (brother  of  Louis  XIV.). 

Elizabeth  Christine,  Queen  of  Prussia.  Born 
Nov.  8,  1715:  died  Jan.  13,  1797.  A princess 
of  Brunswick,  wife  of  Frederick  the  Great, 
whom  she  married  June  12,  1733. 


Elizabeth  Farnese,  Queen  of  Spain.  Born 
Oct.  25, 1692 : died  1766.  A princess  of  Parma, 
wife  of  Philip  V.  of  Spain. 

Elizabeth  Petrovna.  Born  Dec.  18, 1709 : died 
Jan.  5,  1762.  Empress  of  Russia  1741-62, 
daughter  of  Peter  the  Great  and  Catharine  I. 
She  took  part  against  Frederick  the  Great  in  the  Seven 
Y ears’  W ar,  in  the  cour  se  of  which  her  army  entered  Berlin 
(1760)  and  pressed  him  so  hard  that  lie  would  probably 
have  been  overcome  by  the  Allies  except  for  her  timely 
death.  She  founded  the  University  of  Moscow,  and  the 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts  at  St.  Petersburg. 

Elizabeth  Stuart,  Queen  of  Bohemia.  Born 
at  Falkland,  Scotland,  Aug.,  1596 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  13, 1662.  Daughter  of  James  VI.  of 
Scotland  (James  I.  of  England), jn^^vife  of 
Frederick,  elector  palatine  (latetB^HJT  of  Bo- 
hemia). She  was  grandmother  o^George  I. 
Elizabeth  Woodville.  Born  probably  in  1437 : 
died  at  Bermondsey,  June  8,  1492.  Queen  of 
Edward  TV.  of  England,  and  daughter  of  Sir 
Richard  Woodville.  After  the  death  of  her  first  hus- 
band, Sir  John  Grey,  she  married  in  1464  Edward  IV.,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Edward  V.  and  Eliza- 
beth, queen  of  Henry  VII. 

Elizabeth.  A city  and  the  county-seat  of 
Union  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  near  New- 
ark Bay  and  Staten  Island  Sound,  12  miles 
west-southwest  of  New  York.  Population, 
73,409,  (1910). 

Elizabeth,  Cape.  A headland  in  Maine,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Atlantic  8 miles  south  of  Port- 
land. 

Elizabeth  City.  The  county-seat  of  Pasquo- 
tank County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  Pas- 
quotank River  39  miles  south  of  Norfolk. 

A naval  victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Federals  under 
Commodore  Rowan,  Feb.  10, 1862.  Population,  8,412,  (1910). 

Elizabeth  Islands.  A group  of  16  small  isl- 
ands, forming  the  town  of  Gosnold,  Dukes 
County,  Massachusetts,  lying  between  Buz- 
zard’s Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound. 

Elizondo  (a-le-thon'do).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Navarre,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bidas- 
soa  22  miles  northeast  of  Pamplona. 
El-Jezireh  (el-je-ze're).  See  the  extract. 

The  plain  of  Mesopotamia,  now  known  as  El-Jezireh,  is 
about  260  miles  in  length,  and  is  intersected  by  a single 
mountain-ridge,  which  rises  abruptly  out  of  the  plain  and, 
branching  off  from  the  Zagros  range,  runs  southward  and 
eastward  under  the  modern  names  of  Sarazur,  Hamrin, 
and  Sinjar.  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  91. 

El-Kab  (el-kab').  A place  on  the  Nile  north 
of  Edfu,  on  the  opposite  hank. 
El-Karidab(el-kar'i-dab).  [Ar.]  Avery  rarely 
used  name  for  the  third-magnitude  star  d Sa- 
gittarii,  more  commonly  called  Ka  us  media. 
Elkhart  (elk'hart).  A city  in  Elkhart  County, 
Indiana,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Elk- 
hart and  St.  Joseph  rivers,  in  lat.  41°  40'  N., 
long.  85°  55'  W.  It  has  considerable  manu- 
factures. Population,  19,282,  (1910). 

Elk  Mountains,  and  West  Elk  Mountains. 
Ranges  of  mountains  in  western  Colorado, 
west  of  the  Saguache  range.  Height  of  Castle 
Peak,  14,259  feet. 

Ella.  See  JElla. 

Elland  (el'land).  A town  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, on  the  Calder  9 miles  southwest  of  Brad- 
ford. Population,  10,412. 

Ellandun  (el'lan-don).  [AS.  Elian  dun,  prob. 
Ella’s  well.]  A place  in  Wiltshire,  England, 
near  Wilton,  where  Egbert  defeated  the  Mer- 
cians in  825  (or  823). 

Ellangowan,  Laird  of.  See  Bertram,  Godfrey. 
Ellasar  (el-la'sar).  A city  or  district  in  Meso- 
potamia, the  king  of  which  (Arioch)  was  allied 
with  Chedorlaomer  in  his  expedition  against 
the  cities  in  the  valley  of  Siddim  (Gen.  xiv. 
1,  9).  It  is  identified  by  most  Assyriologists  with  the 
Babylonian  Larsa,  situated  about  half-way  between  Ur 
(modern  Mughier)  and  Erech  (Warka),  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Euphrates,  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of  Senkereh. 
Ellaury  (el-you're),  Jos  A Bom  in  Montevideo 
about  1831:  died  Dec.,  1894.  An  Uruguayan 
statesman.  He  was  a lawyer,  took  part  In  politics,  and 
in  March,  1874,  was  elected  president.  In  Feb.,  1875,  he 
was  deposed  by  a military  revolution. 

Ellen  Douglas.  See  Douglas,  Ellen. 

Ellen’s  Isle.  An  island  in  Loch  Katrine,  Scot- 
land. It  is  famous  in  early  romance,  and  Scott  makes  it 
the  favorite  haunt  of  the  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

Ellenborough,  Baron  and  Earl  of.  See  Law. 
Ellery  (el'er-i),  William.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Dec.  22,  1727 : died  at  Newport,  Feb.  15, 
1820.  An  American  politician,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Ellet  (el'et),  Charles.  Born  at  Penn’s  Manor. 
Bucks  County,  Pa..,  Jan.  1, 1810:  died  at  Cairo, 
111.,  June  21,  1862.  An  American  engineer. 


Ellis,  George 

He  introduced  the  use  of  wire  suspension-bridges  into 
America,  erecting  one  at  Fairmount,  Pennsylvania,  in  1842, 
and  another  across  the  hi  iagara  below  the  falls  in  1847.  He 
became  a colonel  of  engineers  in  the  Union  army  during 
the  Civil  War,  and  converted  a fleet  of  Mississippi  steam- 
ers into  rams  with  which  he  sank  or  disabled  several  Con- 
federate vessels  off  Memphis  June  6,  1862. 

Ellet,  ilrs.  (Elizabeth  Fries  Lummis)  Bom 

at  Sodus  Point,  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1818:  died  at  New 
York,  June  3,  1877.  An  American  author,  wife 
of  W.  II.  Ellet.  She  wrote  “ The  Women  of  the 
American  Revolution”  (1848),  etc. 

Ellet,  William  Henry.  Born  at  New  York, 
1806:  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  26,  1859.  An 
American  chemist. 

Ellice  Islands  (el'is  I'landz).  A group  of  small 
coral  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  north  of  the 
Fiji  Islands,  and  northwest  of  Samoa.  They 
were  discovered  by  Captain  Peyster,  an  Ameri- 
can, in  1819. 

Ellichpur  (el-ich-por').  1.  A former  district 
in  Berar,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  21° 
20'  N.,  long.  77°  30'  E.  Area,  2,605  square 
miles.  Population,  297,403.  Now  incorpor- 
ated in  th  e Amraoti  distri  ct. — 2. The  chief  town 
of  the  Amraoti  district,  Berar.  Pop.,  26,082. 
Ellicott  (el'i-kot),  Charles  John.  Bom  April 
25,  1819:  died  Oct.  15,  1905.  An  English  bibli- 
cal commentator,  bishop  of  Gloucester  and 
Bristol  1863-97  and  of  Gloucester  1897-1905. 
He  was  Hulsean  lecturer  at  Cambridge  University  in  1859. 
His  lectures  appeared  as  “On  the  Life  of  Our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,"  and  he  also  published,  besides  minor  works,  a 
series  of  “Critical  and  Grammatical  Commentaries"  on 
most  of  the  Pauline  epistles.  He  was  for  eleven  years 
chairman  of  the  scholars  who  produced  the  revised  version 
of  the  New  Testament. 

Ellicott  City.  The  county-seat  of  Howard 
County,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  Patapsco  8 
miles  west  of  Baltimore.  It  is  the  seat  of  SL  Charles’s 
and  Rock  Hill  colleges  (both  Roman  Catholic).  It  was  for- 
merly named  Ellicott’s  Mills.  Population,  1,151,  (1910). 

Elliot  (el'i-ot),  George  Augustus.  See  Eliot. 
Elliotson  (ei'i-ot-son),  John.  Born  at  London, 
Oct.  29,  1791:  died  at  London,  July  29,  1868. 
An  English  physician  and  physiologist.  He  wrote 
“Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine”  (1839),  “Human 
Physiology  ” (1840),  etc. 

Elliott  ( el'i-ot),  Char  les  Loring.  Bom  at  Scipio, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.,  1812:  died  at  Albany,  N.Y.,  Aug.  25, 
1868.  An  American  portrait-painter:  elected 
national  academician  in  1846. 

Elliott,  Charles  Wyllys.  Born  at  Guilford, 
Conn.,  May  27,  1817 : died  Aug.  20,  1883.  An 
American  miscellaneous  writer.  He  published 
“Saint  Domingo,  etc.”  (1855),  a “New  England  History” 
(1857),  “Book  of  American  Interiors  ” (1876),  " Pottery  and 
Porcelain  " (1877). 

Elliott,  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Masborough,  York- 
shire, England,  March  17,  1781 : died  near 
Barnsley,  England,  Dec.  1,  1849.  An  English 
poet,  surnamed  “the  Corn-Law  Rhymer.”  Author 
of  “Corn-Law  Rhymes”  (1831),  “The  Village  Patriarch” 
(1829),  “The  Ranter,”  “The  Splendid  Village,”  etc.,  and 
many  misceUaneous  poems. 

Elliott,  Sir  Henry  Miers.  Bom  at  Westmin- 
ster, 1808 : died  at  Simon’s  Town,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Dec.  20,  1853.  An  English  historian, 
long  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company. 
He  wrote  a supplement  to  Wilson’s  “Glossary  of  Indian 
Terms,”  “Bibliographical  Index  to  the  Historians  of  Mu- 
hammedan  India  ” (Vol.  1, 1849),  “History  of  India,”  etc. 
(in  8 volumes,  1867-77),  etc. 

Elliott,  Jesse  Duncan.  Born  in  Maryland, 
July  14, 1782:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.,  1845. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  was  second  in 
command  under  Commodore  Perry  at  the  battle  of  Lake 
Erie,  Sept.  10,  1813,  and  the  following  month  succeeded 
Perry  in  the  command  on  Lake  Erie.  He  commanded  the 
sloop  of  war  Ontario  in  Decatur’s  squadron  employed  against 
Algiers  in  1815. 

Elliott,  Stephen.  Born  at.  Beauf  ort,  S.  C.,  Nov. 
11,  1771:  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  March  28, 
1830.  An  American  botanist.  He  published 
4 ‘ Botany  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  ” ( 1821- 
1824),  ete. 

Elliott,  Stephen.  Born  at  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  Aug. 
31, 1806 : died  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  Dec.  21, 1866. 
An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church,  son  of  Stephen  Elliott. 

Elliott,  ‘William.  Bom  at  Beaufort,  S.  C., 
April  27,  1788:  died  at  Beaufort,  Feb.,  1863. 
An  American  politician  and  writer. 

Ellis  (el'lis),  Alexander  John  (originally 
Sharpe).  Born  at  Hoxton,  near  London,  June 
14,1814:  died  at  London.  Oct.  28,1890.  A noted 
English  phonetician  and  mathematician.  He 
wrote  “Alphabet  of  Nature”  (1845),  “The  Essentials  of 
Phonetics”  (1848),  “On  Early  English  Pronunciation,” 
with  especial  reference  to  Shakspere  and  Chaucer  (1869- 
1871),  etc. 

Ellis,  George.  Bom  at  London,  1753 : died 
April  10, 1815.  An  English  author.  He  published 


Ellis,  George 

•‘Specimens  of  the  Early  English  Poets”  (1790:  the  sixth 
edition  in  1851),  “ Specimens  of  Early  English  Romances 
in  Metre  ” (1805 : edited  by  Halliwell  in  1848),  etc. 

Ellis,  George  Edward.  Born  Aug.  8,  1814: 
died  Dec.  20,  1894.  An  American  Unitarian 
clergy  in  an.  Hs  was  pastor  of  the  Harvard  Unitarian 
Church,  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  1840-69,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  systematic  theology  in  Harvard  Divinity  School 
1857-63.  He  wrote  “ A Half-Century  of  the  Unitarian  Con- 
troversy ” (1857),  and  contributed  to  the  “Narrative  and 
Critical  History  of  America,”  edited  by  Justin  Winsor. 
Ellis,  Sir  Henry.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  29, 
1777 : died  at  London,  Jan.  15, 1869.  An  Eng- 
lish antiquarian,  chief  librarian  of  the  British 
Museum  1827-56.  He  edited  Brand’s  “Popular  An- 
tiquities” (1813)  and,  with  others,  Dugdale's  “Monasti- 
con  ” (1817-33),  wrote  the  introduction  to  “ Domesday 
Book  ” (1816),  and  published  “Original  Letters  Illustrative 
of  English  History  ” (1824-4G). 

Ellis,  Robinson.  Born  at  Banning,  Kent,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  5,  1834.  An  English  classical  philol- 
ogist, Corpus  professor  of  Latin  literature  at 
Oxford,  1893-.  He  has  edited  and  translated  “Catul- 
lus,”  and  in  1876  published  a “Commentary  on  Catullus.” 
In  1881  he  published  an  edition  of  Ovid’s  “ Ibis.” 

Ellis,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Stickney).  Born  at  London, 
1812:  died  at  Hoddesdon,  Herts,  June  16,  1872. 
An  English  authoress,  wife  of  William  Ellis 
(1794-1872).  She  wrote  “Women  of  England” 
(1838),  “Daughters  of  England”  (1842),  etc. 
Ellis,  William.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  29, 1794 : 
died  at  Hoddesdon,  Herts,  England,  June  9, 
1872.  An  English  missionary  in  Polynesia. 

He  published  “Missionary  Narrative  of  a Tour  through 
Hawaii  ” (1827),  “ Polynesian  Researches  ” (1829),  “ History 
of  Madagascar”  (1838),  “Three  Visits  to  Madagascar” 
(1858),  and  other  works  on  missions. 

Ellis,  William.  Born  Jan.  1, 1801 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  18, 1881.  An  English  writer  on  social 
science.  He  became  an  assistant  underwriter  of  the  In- 
demnity Marine  Insurance  Company  in  1824,  and  chief 
manager  in  1827.  He  founded  (1848-52)  five  schools,  which 
he  named  Birkbeck  schools.  Author  of  “ Outlines  of  Social 
Economy  ” (1846),  “ Education  as  a Means  of  Preventing 
Destitution'’  (1851),  and  “ Philo- Socrates  ” (1861). 

Ellison  (el'i-son),  Mrs.  A character  in  Field- 
ing’s “Amelia.” 

Elliston  (el'is-ton),  Robert  William.  Born  at 
Bloomsbury,  London,  April  7,  1774:  died  at 
Blackfriars,  London,  July  8, 1831.  A celebrated 
English  actor  and  manager.  He  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance April  14,  1791,  at  the  Bath  Theatre  as  Tresscl 
in  “ Richard  III.,”  and  after  a career  showing  great  versa- 
tility and  power,  together  with  many  excesses  and  absur- 
dities, he  died  the  first  comedian  of  his  day.  Some  of  his 
best  characters  in  comedy  were  Doricourt,  Charles  Surface, 
Rover,  and  Ranger,  and  in  tragedy  Hamlet,  Romeo,  and 
Hotspur. 

Ellora,  or  Elora  (e-16'ra),  or  Elura  (e-lo'rii). 
A town  in  Hyderabad,  British  India,  in  lat.  20° 
21'  N.,  long.  75°  10'  E.  It  contains  a Dravidian  rock- 
cut  temple,  anterior  in  date  to  1000  A.  D.,  remarkable  not 
only  in  itself,  but  because  the  rock  is  cut  away  outside  as 
well  as  inside,  leaving  the  monument  isolated  and  com- 
plete throughout.  It  consists  of  a central  sanctuary  or 
vimana,  with  a pyramidal  roof  about  80  feet  high,  pre- 
ceded by  an  inclosed  porch  of  16  columns,  before  which  are 
2 isolated  pylons  in  succession,  reached  by  bridges.  The 
court  is  surrounded  by  a peristyle  within  which  there  is  a 
series  of  cells.  The  sculptured  decoration  is  elaborate, 
combining  geometrical  and  arabesque  motives  with  figure- 
sculpture. 

Ellore  (e-lor'),  orElur  (e-lor').  A town  in  the 
Kistna  district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated 
in  lat.  16°  43'  N.,  long.  81°  7'  E.,  304  miles 
from  Madras.  Population,  33,521. 

Ellsworth  (elz'werth).  A city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Hancock  County,  Maine,  situated  on 
the  Union  River  20  miles  southeast  of  Bangor. 
Population,  3,549,  (1910). 

Ellsworth,  Ephraim  Elmer.  Born  at  Me- 
chanicsville,  N.  Y.,  April  23, 1837 : shot  at  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  May  24, 1861.  An  American  officer 
of  Zouaves  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War. 
He  removed  to  Chicago  at  an  early  age,  and  became  a solici- 
tor of  patents.  He  accompanied  Lincoln  to  Washington  in 
March,  1861.  In  April,  1861,  he  organized  in  New  York  city 
a Zouave  regiment  of  firemen(the  11th  NewYork),  of  which 
he  became  colonel.  He  occupied  Alexandria,  Virginia,  with 
his  regiment  May  24, 1S61.  Seeing  a Confederate  flag  flying 
from  the  Marshall  House,  he  ascended  to  the  roof  to  re- 
move it,  and  on  descending  was  shot  by  James  T.  Jackson, 
the  keeper  of  the  hotel. 

Ellsworth,  Oliver.  Born  at  Windsor,  Conn., 
April  29,1745:  died  at  Windsor,  Nov.  26,  1807. 
An  American  jurist  and  statesman . Ho  was  United 
States  senator  from  Connecticut  1789-96,  chief  justice  of 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1796-1800,  and  envoy  ex- 
traordinary to  France  1799. 

Ellsworth,  William  Wolcott.  Born  at  Wind- 
sor, Conn.,  Nov.  10,  1791:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  15,  1868.  An  American  politician 
and  jurist,  son  of  Oliver  Ellsworth.  He  was 
governor  of  Connecticut  1838-42. 

Ellul  (el'ul).  [Etym.  uncertain.]  The  sixth 
month  of  the  Hebrew  year,  corresponding  to 


359 

Aug.-Sept.  In  Assyro-Babylonian,  from  which  the 
names  of  the  months  were  adopted  by  the  Jews,  its  form 
is  Ululu. 

Ellwangen  (el'vang-en).  A town  in  the  Jagst 
circle,  Wurtemberg,  situated  on  the  Jagst  45 
miles  east-northeast  of  Jagst.  It  was  formerly 
an  ecclesiastical  principality.  It  has  an  old 
church.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Ellwood  (el'wud),  Thomas,  Born  at  Crowell, 
Oxfordshire,  England,  1639:  died  at  Amersham, 
March  1,  1714.  An  English  Quaker,  friend  of 
Milton.  He  wrote  “Sacred  History  of  the  Old 
Testament  and  New  Testament”  (i.705-09),  his 
autobiography  (1714),  etc. 

Elm  (elm).  A village  near  Glarus  in  Switzer- 
land, noted  for  the  fatal  landslip  of  the 
Tsehingelberg,  Sept.  11,  1881. 

Elmalu  (el-ma'lo),  or  Almali  (al-ma'le),  A city 
of  the  vilayet  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey.  Popu- 
lation, about  12,000. 

Elm  City.  New  Haven,  Connecticut : so  named 
from  the  number  and  beauty  of  its  elms. 

Elmes  (elmz),  James.  Born  at  London,  Oet. 
15,  1782:  died  at  Greenwich,  near  London, 
April  2, 1862.  An  English  architect  and  writer 
upon  art.  He  published  “Sir  Christopher  Wren 
and  his  Times ” (1823),  “Dictionary  of  the  Fine 
Arts”  (1826),  etc. 

Elmet  (el'met).  A small  British  kingdom  con- 
quered by  Edwin,  king  of  Northumbria,  about 
625. 

The  kingdom  of  Elmet  then  answered  .roughly  speaking, 
to  the  present  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire. 

Green,  Making  of  England,  p.  247. 

El  Mina  (el  me'na).  The  seaport  of  Tripoli  in 
Syria.  Population,  about  7,000. 

Elmina  (el -rue 'nit),  Pg.  Sao  Jorge  da  Mina 
(san  zhor'zhe  da  me'na,).  A town  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  West  Africa,  in  lat.  5°  5'  N.,  long.  1°  21' 
W . It  was  founded  by  the  Portuguese ; was  conquered 
by  the  Dutch  in  1637 ; and  was  transferred  to  the  British 
in  1872.  The  native  name  is  Bena.  Pop.,  about  4,000. 

Elmira  (el-ml'ra).  A city  and  the  eonnty-seat 
of  Chemung  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
Chemung  River  in  lat.  42°  7'  N.,  long.  76°  51' 
W.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  iron,  etc.,  and  is 
the  seat  of  Elmira  Female  College  and  of  the  State  refor 
matory.  Population,  37,176,  (1910). 

Elmire  (el-mer').  In  Molifire’s  “Tartufe,”  the 
young  wife  of  Orgon  and  sister  of  Cleante. 

Elmo,  Castle  of  Saint.  A castle  at  Naples 
and  a fort  at  Malta,  said  to  he  so  named  from 
Ermo,  an  Italianized  corruption  of  Erasmus  (a 
Syrian  martyr  of  the  3d  century). 

Elmoran  (el-mo-ran').  The  native  name  of  the 
Masai. 

Elmore  (el'mor),  Margaret.  In  Lovell’s  play 
“Love’s  Sacrifice,”  Matthew  Elmore’s  daugh- 
ter, who  gives  the  name  to  the  play  by  sacri- 
ficing her  lover,  giving  him  up  because  of  her 
father’s  guilt. 

Elmshorn  (elmz'horn).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  19  miles 
northwest  of  Hamburg.  It  has  important 
manufactures  and  trade.  Population,  com- 
mune, 13,984. 

Eimsley  (elmz'li),  Peter.  Born  1773:  died  at 
Oxford,  March  8, 1825.  An  English  philologist, 
principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  and  pro- 
fessor of  ancient  history  in  the  university 
1823-25.  He  is  known  chiefly  for  his  critical 
studies  of  Sophocles  and  Euripides. 

Elnasl  (el-nas'l).  [Ai\  el  nagl,  the  arrow-point.] 
The  third-magnitude  star  y Sagittarii,  some- 
times called  Warula. 

Elnathan  (el' na- than).  [Heh.,  ‘God  hath 

given.’]  The  maternal  grandfather  of  Jehoia- 
chin. 

Elne  (eln).  A town  in  the  department  of  Py- 
renees-Orientales,  France,  13  miles  southeast 
of  Perpignan:  the  ancient  Hliberis,  later  He- 
lena. It  has  a cathedral.  Population,  com- 
mune, 3,026. 

El-Obeid  (el-ob-ad').  The  principal  town  of 
Kordofan,  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  in  lat.  13° 
11'  N.  Before  its  occupation  by  the  Mahdi  (1883),  El- 
Obeid  was  the  great  market  of  the  Egyptian  trade  in  gums 
and  ostrich  feathers.  Now  these  articles  go  to  Tripoli  by 
way  of  Wadai.  Near  here,  Nov.  3 (and  the  following  days), 
1883,  the  Mahdists  exterminated  an  Egyptian  army  under 
Hicks  Pasha.  The  town  came  under  Anglo-Egyptian  con- 
trol in  1899.  Population,  est.,  10,000. 

Eloi,  Saint.  See  Eligius. 

Elomire  (a-ld-mer').  An  anagram  under  which 
Moliere  was  attacked  by  Le  Boulanger  de  Chal- 
lussay,  an  unknown  author,  in  a scurrilous 
play  “Elomire  hypocondre,  ou  les  mddecins 
venges”  (1670).  In  1603,  in  a play  “Zdlinde,"  by  De 


Eltekeh 

Villiers,  various  persons  of  quality  meet  and  attack  the 
reputation  of  Elomire  (Moliere). 

Eloquent,  The  Old  Man.  An  epithet  of  Isoc- 
rates, S.  T.  Coleridge,  J.  Q.  Adams,  and  others. 
Elora.  See  Ellora. 

El  Paso  (el  pa'so).  [Sp.,  ‘the  pass.’]  A city 
in  El  Paso  County,  Texas,  situated  on  the  Rio 
Grande  opposite  El  Paso  del  Norte.  Popula- 
tion, 39,279,  (1910). 

El  Paso  del  Norte  (el  pa'so  del  nor'ta).  [Sp., 
‘the  pass  of  the  north.’]  A town  in  the  state 
of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Rio 
Grande  in  lat.  31°  45'  N.,  long.  106°  32'  W. 
Population,  about  8,000.  Now  Ciudad  Ju&rez. 
Elphin  (el'fin).  A town  in  Roscommon,  Ireland, 
15  miles  north  of  Roscommon.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a bishopric. 

Elphinstone  (el'ftn-ston),  George  Keith,  Vis- 
count Keith.  Born  at  Elphinstone  Tower,  near 
Stirling,  Jan.  7, 1746:  died  at  Tullyallan,  March 
10,  1823.  A British  admiral.  He  was  in  1800  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  where 
he  took  Malta  and  Genoa.  He  subsequently  cooperated 
with  Abercromby  in  the  military  operations  in  Egypt,  ob- 
tained the  rank  of  admiral  in  1801,  and  in  1814  was  created 
Viscount  Keith  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

Elphinstone,  Mountstuart.  Born  Oct.  6, 1779 : 
died  at  Limpsfield,  Surrey,  England,  Nov.  20, 
1859.  An  English  statesman  and  historian,  one 
of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Anglo-Indian  em- 
pire. He  entered  the  civil  service  of  the  East  India 
Company  in  1796 ; was  appointed  ambassador  to  the  court 
of  Kabul  in  1808 ; was  resident  at  the  court  of  Poona  1810- 
1817 ; and  was  governor  of  Bombay  1819-27.  Author  of 
“Account  of  the  Kingdom  of  Cabal”  (1815)  and  “History 
of  India  ” (1841). 

Elphinstone,  William.  Born  at  Glasgow  in 
1431 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  25, 1514.  A Scot- 
tish prelate  and  statesman.  He  graduated  with  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  at  the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1452,  and 
subsequently  studied  law  at  the  University  of  Palis,  where 
he  lectured  for  a time  on  this  science.  He  returned  to 
Glasgowinl474;  was  appointed  bishop  of  Aberdeen  in  1483; 
became  lord  privy  seal  in  1492  ; and  in  1494  obtained  a papal 
bull  for  the  founding  of  King’s  College  at  Aberdeen,  which 
was  completed  in  1506. 

El  Rosario  (el  ro-sa/re-d).  A town  in  the  state 
of  Sinaloa,  Mexico,  35  miles  southeast  of  Ma- 
zatlan. 

Elsass  and  Elsass-Lothringen  (el'zas-lot'ring- 
en).  The  German  names  for  Alsace  and  Alsace- 
Lorraine  respectively. 

Elshender  (el'sben-der).  [Scotch  form  of  Alex- 
ander.]  The  Black  Dwarf  in  Scott’s  novel  of 
that  name.  Also  called  “ Canny  Elshie.” 

Elsie  Venner.  A novel  by  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  published  in  1861. 

Elsinore  (el-si-nor'),  Dan.  Helsingor  (hel'sing- 
ger).  A seaport  in  Zealand,  Denmark,  on  the 
narrowest  part  of  the  Sound,  lat.  56°  2'  N., 
long.  12°  38'  E.  It  is  a commercial  town,  contains  the 
fortress  of  Kronborg,  and  is  associated  with  the  story  of 
“Hamlet.”  Sound  dues  were  here  collected  from  all  for- 
eign (except  Swedish)  ships  to  1857.  Population,  about 
14,500. 

Elsmere,  Robert.  See  Robert  Elsmere. 
Elspeth  (el'speth).  [A  contraction  of  Elisa- 
beth.]  In  Scott’s  “Antiquary,”  the  old  mother 
of  Saunders  Mucldebackit.  She  is  apathetic  and 
deaf,  and  keeps  secret  the  crime  of  her  mistress,  in  which 
she  had  assisted,  till  just  before  her  death. 

Elssler  (elz'ler),  Fanny.  Born  at  Vienna,  June 
23,  1810:  died  there,  Nov.  27,  1884.  A noted 
dancer.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Johann  Elssler, 
Haydn’s  factotum.  She  abandoned  the  stage  in  1851.  Her 
sister  Therese  (1808-78),  also  a dancer,  contracted  a mor- 
ganatic marriage  with  Prince  Adalbert  of  Prussia. 
Elster  (el'ster),  or  Bad-Elster  (bfid'el'ster). 
A watering-place  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
south  of  Plauen,  near  the  Bohemian  frontier. 
Elster,  Black.  A river  in  central  Germany 
which  joins  the  Elbe  near  Wittenberg.  Length, 
about  130  miles. 

Elster,  White.  A river  in  central  Germany 
which  joins  the  Saale  near  Halle.  Length, 
about  120  miles. 

Elswick  (elz'wik).  A manufacturing  suburb 
of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  England. 

El  Teb  (el  teb').  A locality  between  Tokar  and 
Trinkitat,  in  the  eastern  Sudan,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Suakim.  Here,  Feb.  29, 1884,  the  British  under  Gen- 
eral Graham  defeated  the  Mahdists  under  Osman  Digma. 
Eltekeh  (el'te-ke).  In  ancient  geography,  one 
of  the  cities  on  the  border  of  Dan:  the  modern 
Beit  Likia.  Near  here  Sennacherib  defeated  an  Egyp- 
tian army  which  was  coming  to  the  relief  of  Ekron. 

When  the  Jewish  embassy  arrived  at  Lachish,  the  Egyp- 
tian party  seems  still  to  have  been  in  the  ascendant.  In 
spite  of  the  prophet’s  warning,  envoys  had  been  sent  to 
Egypt  (Isa.  xxx.  xxxi.),  and  had  returned  full  of  confi- 
dence in  an  alliance,  which  yet  was  to  be  to  them  not 
“an  help  nor  profit,  but  a shame  and  also  a reproach." 
The  battle  of  Eltekeh  dissipated  their  hopes.  This  was 


Eltekeh 

fought  after  the  capture  of  Laehish,  when  Sennacherib 
was  endeavouring  to  take  the  neighbouring  fortress  of 
Libnah  (2  Kings  xix.  8,  9). 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  147. 

Eltham  (el'tham).  A town  in  Kent,  England, 
7 miles  southeast  of  London.  It  contains  the 
ruins  of  Eltham  Palace  (formerly  a royal  resi- 
dence). 

Elton  (el'ton).  A salt  lake  in  Astrakhan,  Rus- 
sia, in  lat.  49°  N.,  long.  4C°  40'  E. : noted  for 
its  production  of  salt.  Length,  10  miles. 
Eltville  (elt'vel),  or  Elfeld  (el'feld).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on 
the  Rhine  between  Bingen  and  Mainz:  the 
Roman  Altavella.  It  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  Rheingau.  Population,  about  4,000. 
Elvas  (al'vas).  A fortified  town  in  the  district 
of  Portalegre,  province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal, 
11  mile.s  west  of  Badajoz  (Spain).  It  is  the  strong- 
est  fortress  in  Portugal,  and  was  a strategic  point  of 
great  importance  in  the  Peninsular  war.  Population, 
13,981. 

Elvira  (el-vi'rii).  1.  In  Dryden’s  "Spanish 
Friar,”  a young  wife  who  by  the  aid  of  the 
Spanish  friar  attempts  to  intrigue  with  Lo- 
renzo, who  turns  out  to  be  her  brother. — 2. 
The  sister  of  Don  Duarte  in  Cibber’s  ‘ 1 Love 
makes  a Man.” — 3.  The  mistress  of  Pizarro 
in  Sheridan’s  (Kotzebue’s)  "Pizarro.” — 4.  The 
name  of  the  principal  female  character  in  Au- 
ber’s  opera  “ Masaniello,”  Bellini’s  “ Puritani,” 
and  Verdi’s  "Ernani,”  and  in  Moliere’s  "Don 
Juan.” 

Elwend  (el-wend'),  or  Elwund  (el-wond'),  or 
Arwand  (ar-wand').  A mountain  in  north- 
western Persia,  a few  miles  south  of  Hamadan 
(Ecbatana):  the  ancient  Orontes.  Height, 
about  11,000  feet. 

Elwes  (el'wes),  or  Meggott  (meg'ot),  John. 
Born  at  Westminster,  April  7,  1714 : died  at 
Marcham,  Berkshire,  Nov.  26,  1789.  A noted 
English  miser,  son  of  a brewer  named  Meg- 
gott. Elwes  was  his  mother's  name,  which  he  took  in 
1750.  He  inherited  wealth  and  was  well  educated,  but 
was  controlled  by  a morbid  disinclination  to  spend  money 
upon  his  personal  wants,  which  manifested  itself  in  vari- 
ous extraordinary  ways.  In  other  respects  he  was  not  il- 
liberal, and  he  was  extravagant  iu  speculation  and  gaming. 
Ely  (e'li).  [ME.  Ely,  Eli,  AS.  Elig,  eel  island, 
from  *el,  lei,  eel,  and  ig,  island.]  A city  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, England,  15  miles  north-northeast 
of  Cambridge.  It  contains  a famous  cathedral,  a build- 
ing of  great  she,  begun  in  1083.  The  nave  and  west  tower 
were  completed  toward  the  end  of  the  12th  century,  and  the 
west  porch  or  galilee  dates  from  about  1215.  The  N orman 
choir  was  replaced  by  the  existing  presbytery  in  the  middle 
of  the  13th  century,  and  the  octagonal  central  lantern  was 
finished  in  1328.  The  large  Lady  chapel  adjoining  the  north 
transept,  with  elaborate  vaulting  and  ornate  arcading 
under  the  large  windows,  was  built  in  the  middle  of  the 
14tli  century.  The  exterior  of  the  church  is  distinguished 
by  its  high,  castellated  west  tower.  Under  the  tower  is 
a curious  galilee  or  entrance- porch,  which  opens  into  an 
unfinished  west  transept.  The  nave  is  imposing,  with  its 
long  ranges  of  Norman  arches  and  its  lofty  triforium- 
gallery.  Its  roof  is  of  wood.  The  vaulting  of  the  octa- 
gon forms  the  only  existing  Pointed  dome  of  its  type. 
The  presbytery  is  among  the  most  excellent  achieve- 
ments of  Decorated  work.  The  cathedral  measures  520 
by  77  feet ; length  of  transept,  178J  ; height  of  nave,  62 ; 
of  choir-vaulting,  70.  Population,  7,713. 

Ely,  Isle  of.  A marshy  plain  iu  Cambridge- 
shire, England,  north  of  the  Ouse.  It  forms  part 
of  Bedford  Level.  It  was  a stronghold  of  the  Saxons  un- 
der Hereward. 

Ely  Chapel.  The  chapel  of  the  former  palace 
of  the  bishops  of  Ely,  in  the  city  of  London. 
It  is  a fine  example  of  Decorated  architecture. 
Elymais  (el-i-ma'is).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
region  in  western  Asia.  The  name  was  used 
either  as  an  equivalent  of  Elam  or  for  a part  of  it. 
Elymas  (el'i-mas).  [Gr.  ’EUyzaf. ] A sorcerer, 
whose  real  name  was  Bar-Jesus,  mentioned  in 
the  New  Testament  (Acts  xiii.  6). 

Elyot  (el'i-ot),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  probably 
in  Wiltshire,  before  1490 : died  at  Carlton, 
Cambridgeshire,  March  20,  1546.  An  English 
scholar  and  diplomatist.  He  was  educated  at  home. 
In  1511  he  was  clerk  of  assize  on  the  western  circuit,  and 
in  1523  Cardinal  Wolsey  gave  him  the  position  of  clerk  of 
the  privy  council.  He  was  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire  and 
Berkshire  in  1527.  In  1531  he  published  “The  Boke 
named  the  Governour,’’  whicli  related  to  the  education 
of  statesmen  and  was  dedicated  to  Henry  VIII.  This  se- 
cured royal  patronage,  and  he  was  appointed  ambassador 
to  Charles  V.  In  1535  he  was  again  sent  to  the  emperor, 
following  him  to  Naples.  He  was  member  of  Parliament 
for  Cambridge  iu  1542.  He  also  wrote  “ Of  the  Know- 
ledge which  maketh  a Wise  Man"  (1533),  “Pasquil  the 
Playne ” (1533),  “The  Castel  of  Helth  " (1534),  “Biblio- 
theca" (a  Latin  and  English  dictionary,  1038),  “Defence 
of  Good  Women  ”(1545),  etc. 

Ely  Place  (e'li  plas).  A place  on  Holborn 
Hill,  London,  the  entrance  to  which  is  almost 
opposite  St.  Andrew’s  Church.  The  town  house 
of  the  bishops  of  Ely  stood  here,  and  the  place  was  en- 


360 

tered  by  a great  gateway  built  by  Bishop  Arundel  in 
1388.  John  of  Gaunt  died  here,  and  during  the  Common- 
wealth it  was  used  as  a prison  and  a hospital  for  wounded 
soldiers.  In  1772  it  was  tom  down,  and  a chapel  of  the 
13th  century  is  all  that  remains. 

Elyria  (e-lir'i-a).  The  county-seat  of  Lorain 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Black  River  25 
miles  west-southwest  of  Cleveland.  Popula- 
tion, 14,825,  (1910). 

filysee  (a-le-za'),  Palace  of  the.  [E.,  ‘ Elysi- 
um.’] A palace  in  Paris,  built  in  1718,  and 
since  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  the  property  of 
the  state.  It  was  used  as  a private  residence  by  Napo- 
leon I.  and  Napoleon  III.,  to  escape  the  publicity  of  the 
Tuileries  ; and  during  the  republic  of  1848  it  was  the  of- 
ficial residence  of  the  President,  as  it  is  under  the  pres- 
ent republic. 

Elysian  Fields.  A name  given  to  a region  near 
the  ancient  town  of  Baite,  Italy,  which  is  par- 
ticularly fertile  and  delightful,  and  is  therefore 
supposed  to  resemble  the  ElysianFields  of  Greek 
mythology.  See  Champs-Elysees  and  Elysium. 

Elysium  (e-liz'ium).  The  abode  of  the  souls  of 
the  good  and  of  heroes  exempt  from  death,  in 
ancient  classical  mythology.  It  is  described,  par- 
ticularly by  later  poets,  as  a place  of  exceeding  bliss.  Some 
have  thought  it  to  be  in  the  center  of  the  earth,  some  in  the 
Islands  of  the  Blest,  and  some  in  the  sun  or  mid  air.  In 
the  Odyssey  it  is  a plain  at  the  end  of  the  earth  ‘ ‘ where 
life  is  easiest  to  man.  No  snow  is  there,  nor  yet  great 
storm  nor  any  rain.”  It  is  often  called  the  Elysian  Fields. 

Elze(el'tse),  Friedrich  Karl.  Born  at  Dessau, 
Anhalt,  Germany,  May  22, 1821:  died  at  Halle, 
Jan.  21,  1889.  A German  literary  critic,  pro- 
fessor of  the  English  language  and  literature 
at  Halle  from  1875.  He  published  critical  editions  of 
“ Hamlet”  (1857,  1882),  of  Chapman’s  “ Alphonsus,”  and 
of  Rowley’s  “When  you  see  me,”  etc.,  “Essays  on  Shak- 
spere,"  “William  Shakspere”  (1876:  English  translation 
1888),  “ Notes  on  Elizabethan  Dramatists  ’’  (1880-84),  etc. 

Elzevir  (el'ze-ver),  or  Elsevier,  or  Elzevier 

(el'ze-ver).  A famous  family  of  Dutch  print- 
ers, celebrated  especially  for  their  editions  of 
classical  authors,  and  of  French  authors  on 
historical  and  political  subjects  (a  series  known 
as  “ Les  petites  r6publiques”).  The  original  name 
was  Elsevier  or  Elzevier:  in  Latinized  form  it  was  El- 
zeverius,  which  was  finally  corrupted  into  Elzevir. 
Louis,  the  founder  of  the  family,  was  born  at  Louvain, 
near  Brussels,  about  1540,  and  died  at  Leyden,  Feb.  4, 
1617.  The  first  book  he  printed  was  “ J.  Drusii  Ebraica- 
rum  qusestionum,  sive  qurestionum  ac  responsionum  libri 
duo  ”(1583),  but  the  first  book  he  published  at  his  own 
risk  was  a Eutropius  by  P.  Merula(1592).  He  had  seven 
sons,  five  of  whom  followed  his  profession:  Matthieu 
(1564(5?)-1640),  Louis  (1566(7?)-1621(')),  Gilles  (died  1651), 
Joost  (1575(6?>-1617(?)),  and  Bonaventure  (1583-1652).  The 
last  was  the  most  celebrated.  In  1626  he  took  into  part- 
nership his  nephew  Abraham,  a son  of  Matthieu.  In  1647 
Jean  (1622-61),  sou  of  Abraham,  joined  them,  and  after 
their  death  Daniel  (1626-80),  son  of  Bonaventure,  came 
into  the  firm.  He  left  it  in  two  years,  and  Jean  continued 
alone  till  his  death.  Daniel  went  to  Amsterdam  in  1654, 
and  entered  into  partnership  with  Louis  (1604-70),  the 
third  of  his  name.  The  latter  had  established  a printing- 
press  there  in  1638.  Isaac,  a son  of  Matthieu,  established 
a press  in  Leyden  which  was  in  existence  from  1616  to 
1625.  The  last  printers  of  the  name  were  Peter,  grandson 
of  Joost,  who  printed  a few  volumes  at  Utrecht  between 
1667  and  1672,  and  Abraham,  the  son  of  Abraham  the  first, 
who  was  university  printer  at  Leyden  1681-1712. 

Many  of  the  Elzevir  editions  bear  no  other  typographi- 
cal mark  than  simply  the  words  Apud  Elzeverios,  or  Ex 
officina  Elseveriana,  under  the  rul/rique  of  the  town. 
Isaac  took  as  typographical  mark  the  branch  of  a tree  sur- 
rounded by  a vine  branch  bearing  clusters  of  fruit,  and 
below  it  a man  standing,  with  the  motto  non  solus.  The 
third  Louis  adopted  Minerva  with  an  olive  branch,  and 
the  motto  ne  extra  oleas.  When  the  Elseviers  did  not 
wish  to  put  their  name  to  their  works  they  generally 
marked  them  with  a sphere,  but  of  course  the  mere  fact 
that  a work  printed  in  the  17th  century  bears  this  mark 
is  no  proof  that  it  is  theirs.  The  total  number  of  works 
of  all  kinds  which  bear  the  name  of  the  Elseviers  is  1213, 
of  which  968  are  in  Latin,  44  in  Greek,  126  in  French,  32 
in  Flemish,  22  in  the  Eastern  languages,  11  in  German,  and 
10  in  Italian.  Encyc.  Brit. 

Emanuel.  See  Immanuel. 

Emanuel  (e-mun'u-el)  I.,  Pg.  Manoel  (raa-no- 
el'),  surnamed  “The Great”  and  “The Happy.” 
Born  May  31,  1469:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  13, 
1521.  King  of  Portugal,  cousin  of  John  II. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1495.  He  promoted  the 
expeditions  of  Vasco  da  Gama,  Cabral,  Corte- 
real,  and  Albuquerque. 

Emanuel,  Paul.  In  Charlotte  Bronte’s  novel 
" Villette,”  a lecturer  in  Madame  Beck’s  school. 

Emanuel  Philibert,  Duke  of  Savoy.  Born  at 
Chamtriry,  Savoy,  July  8,  1528:  died  Aug.  30, 
1580.  An  Italian  general,  son  of  Charles  III. 
of  Savoy.  He  entered  the  service  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  in  1548,  and  in  1553  obtained  command  of  the 
imperial  army  in  the  war  against  the  French,  whom  he 
defeated  at  Saint-Quentin  in  1557.  He  recovered  by  the 
treaty  of  Cateau-Cambrtsis,  concluded  April  3,  1559,  the 
duchy  of  Savoy,  which  had  been  taken  by  Francis  I.  of 
France  from  Charles  III. 

Emba  (em'ba).  A river  in  Uralsk,  Asiatic 
Russia,  which  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  from 
the  northeast. 


Emilia  Galotti 

Embla.  See  Ask. 

Embrun  (oh-brun' ) . A town  in  the  department 
of  Hautes-Alpes,  France,  near  the  Durance,  19 
miles  east  of  Gap : the  ancient  Ebrodunum. 
It  has  a medieval  cathedral.  Population, 
commune,  3,752. 

Embury  (em'bur-i),  Philip,  Born  at  Bally- 
garan,  Ireland,  Sept.  21,  1729:  died  at  Camden, 
Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.,  1775.  The 
first  Methodist  preacher  in  America.  He  began 
preaching  in  New  York  city  in  1766. 

Emden  (em'den),  or  Embden  (emb'den).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Dollart,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Ems,  in  lat.  53°  22'  N.,  long.  7°  12'  E.  It  became 
a free  imperial  city  under  Dutch  protection  in  1595,  and 
passed  to  Hannover  in  1815.  Population,  commune,  20,754. 

Emerald  Hill  (em'e-rald  hil).  A suburb  of 
Melbourne,  Australia,  14  miles  south  of  that 
city. 

Emerald  Isle  (em'e-rald  51),  The.  Ireland:  so 
named  on  account  of  its  verdure. 

Emeric-David  (am-rek'da-ved'),  Toussaint 
Bernard.  Born  at  Aix,  France,  Aug.  20, 1755 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  2,  1839.  A French  archse- 
ologist  and  critic.  Hepublished  “Recherchessur  l’art 
statuaire,  etc.”  (crowned  by  the  Institute  1800,  published 
1805),  “Jupiter”  (1833),  etc. 

Emerson  (em'er-son),  George  Barrell.  Born 
at  Kennebunk,  Maine,  Sept.  12,  1797 : died  at 
Newton,  Mass.,  March  14,  1881.  An  American 
educator,  and  writer  on  education.  He  taught  at 
Boston  many  years,  and  in  1831  assisted  in  the  organization 
of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  of  which  he  be- 
came president  in  1837.  He  wrote  a “Report  on  the  Trees 
and  Shrubs  Growing  Naturally  in  the  Forests  of  Massachu- 
setts” (1846). 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  25,  1803:  died  at  Concord,  Mass., 
April  27,  1882.  A celebrated  American  essay- 
ist, lecturer,  and  poet.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1821,  and  was  a Unitarian  clergyman  in  Boston 
1829-32.  In  1833-34  he  commenced  his  career  as  lecturer 
(which  continued  between  thirty  and  forty  years)  on  such 
subjects  as  “Human  Culture,”  “Human  Life,”  “The  Phi- 
losophy of  History,”  “The  Times,”  “The  Present  Age,” 
etc.  Iu  1834  he  settled  at  Concord,  and  edited  “ The  Dial  ’’ 
1842-44.  He  was  the  author  of  “Nature”  (1836),  “Es- 
says" (1841  and  1844),  “Poems"  (1846),  “Representative 
Men  ” (1850),“ Memoirs  of  Margaret  Fuller”  (1852),  “ Eng- 
lish Traits  ” (1856),  “Conduct  of  Life  "(I860),  “May  Day, 
and  Other  Pieces ” (1867),  “Society  and  Solitude”  (1870), 
“Letters  and  Social  Aims”  (1876),  “Poems"  (1876).  He 
also  compiled  and  edited  " Parnassus,”  a volume  of  poems 
“ selected  from  the  whole  range  of  English  Literature.  ” 

Emerson,  William,  Born  at  Hurworth,  near 
Darlington,  England,  May  14,  1701 : died  at 
Hurworth,  May  20,  1782.  An  English  mathe- 
matician. 

Emesa  (era'e-sa).  See  Homs. 

Emigres  (a-me-gra'),  Les.  [F.,  ‘ the  emigrants.’] 
In  French  history,  the  royalists  who  left  France 
in  1789  and  succeeding  years,  and  took  refuge 
in  Germany,  Switzerland,  Great  Britain,  and 
other  countries.  Part  of  them  fought  against  the 
French  revolutionary  armies,  and  many  had  their  head- 
quarters at  Coblenz.  Some  returned  during  the  consul- 
ate or  empire,  others  not  until  the  Restoration.  Nearly 
aHhad  lost  their  property,  but  after  the  Restoration  some 
of  them  received  for  a few  years  a government  grant. 

Emile  (a-mel'),  or  De  l’education  (de  la-dii- 
ka-syon').  [F./ of  education.’]  A treatise  on 
education,  in  the  form  of  a romance,  by  Jean 
Jacques  Rousseau,  published  in  1762:  named 
from  its  chief  character. 

Emilia  (a-mel'e-a),  L.  Emilia  (e-mil'i-a). 
[The  Roman  province  Emilia  was  named  from 
the  censor  Aimilius  Lepidus,  builder  of  the  Via 
iEmilia.]  A division  of  northern  Italy  forming 
a compartimento,  lying  south  of  the  Po  and 
north  of  Tuscany.  It  comprises  the  provinces  of  Bo- 
logna, Ferrara,  Forli,  Modena,  Parma,  Piacenza,  Ravenna, 
and  Reggio  nell’  Emilia.  Area,  7,990  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 2,548,550. 

Emilia  (e-mil'i-a).  [L.  IEmilia,  fem.  of  Aim i- 
lius.']  1.  A character  in  Chaucer’s  " Knight’s 
Tale,”  Dryden’s  "Palamon  and  Arcite,”  Beau- 
mont and’  Fletcher’s  “ Two  Noble  Kinsmen,” 
and  other  versions  of  the  same  story.  She  is  a 
very  beautiful  woman,  loved  by  both  Palamon  and  Arcite, 
and  won  by  the  former.  The  name  is  variously  spelled 
Emelie,  Emelye,  Emily,  etc. 

2.  In  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “ Othello,”  the  wife 
of  Iago.  She  reveals  his  perfidy,  and  he  kills 
her. — 3.  An  attendant  on  Hermione  in  Shak- 
spere’s “ Winter’s  Tale.” — 4.  The  woman  loved 
by  Peregrine  Pickle,  in  Smollett’s  "Adventures 
of  Peregrine  Pickle.”  • 

Emilia  Galotti  (a-me'le-ii  ga-lot'te).  AJragedy 
by  Lessing,  produced  in  Germany  in  1772,  and 
produced  on  the  English  stage  by  Thompson 
in  1794. 


Emilian  Way 

Emilian  Way.  See  Via  JEmilia. 

Emilio.  See  Mmilius. 

Emily  (em'i-li).  [F.  Itmilie,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Emilia, 
G.  EmilicJ]  1.  Tho  heroine  of  Mrs.  Radcliffe’s 
“Mysteries  of  Udolpho.”  By  her  dread  of  real  dan- 
gers she  is  skilfully  made  to  believe  in  unreal  ones. 

2.  In  Dickens’s  “ David  Copperfleld,”  Mr.  Peg- 
gotty’s  niece,  called  “Little  Emily.”  She  is  af- 
fianced to  Ham  Peggotty,  and  is  afterward  betrayed  by 
Steerforth. 

flminence  Grise  (a-ine-nons'  grez),  L’.  JF., 

‘ The  Gray  Cardinal.’]  A painting  by  Gerome, 
now  in  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  it 

represents  the  noted  confessor  of  Cardinal  de  Richelieu 
descending  a palace  Btaircase,  feignedly  oblivious  of  the 
cringing  before  him  and  the  gestur  es  of  hatred  behind  him 
of  a body  of  brilliant  courtiers. 

Emin  Pasha  (a'men  pash'a)  or  Bey  (ba)  (Ed- 
uard Schnitzel1).  Born  at  Oppeln,  Germany, 
March  28,  1840 : killed  near  Nyangwe  by  the 
Arabs  in  1892.  A noted  African  explorer. 
Born  of  Jewish  parents,  he  became  a Protestant  in  1840, 
and  professed  Islamism  when  he  entered  the  service  of 
Mohammedan  governments.  After  studies  in  medicine 
and  ornithology  he  went,  in  1865,  to  Turkey,  where  he  ac- 
companied a high  official  in  his  journeys  until  1873.  In 
1875  he  made  a short  visit  to  Germany.  In  1876  he  joined 
Gordon  Pasha,  then  governor  of  the  Sudan,  explored  the 
Nile  up  to  Lake  Albert,  and  visited  Mtesa  in  1877.  In 
1878  he  was  made  bey  and  governor  of  the  Equatorial 
Provinces.  In  a few  years  he  raised  his  ruined  prov- 
inces to  relative  prosperity,  made  rich  scientific  collec- 
tions, and  completed  the  accounts  of  Schweinfurth  and 
Junker.  From  1883  he  was  cut  off,  by  the  Mahdi,  from 
communication  with  Egypt,  and  his  position  soon  became 
precarious.  Stanley  went  to  his  relief,  and  both  reached 
the  east  coast  in  1889.  In  the  service  of  Germany  he  re- 
turned to  the  lakes  in  1890,  accompanied  by  Dr.  Stuhl- 
mann  and  Lieutenant  Langheld.  He  established  the  sta- 
tion of  Bukoba,  and  left  it  in  charge  of  Lieutenant  Lang- 
held.  With  Dr.  Stuhlmann  he  then  proceeded  westward, 
intending,  despite  contrary  orders,  to  make  his  way  to 
the  west  coast  by  way  of  the  Shari.  At  Momfu,  west  of 
Albert  Nyanza,  the  rebellion  of  his  carriers  compelled 
him  to  change  his  route  (1891).  Dr.  Stuhlmann  returned 
to  the  coast  with  the  richest  harvest  of  scientific  data 
ever  gathered  by  an  African  expedition.  Emin  was  killed 
by  the  Arabs,  by  order  of  Chief  Kibonge,  near  Nyangwe, 
in  October,  1892.  Two  of  the  murderers  confessed  their 
crime  to  R.  Dorsey  Mohun,  United  States  agent  in  the 
Kongo  Free  State,  in  April,  1894. 

Emma  (em'a).  A novel  by  Jane  Austen,  pub- 
lished in  1816. 

Emmanuel,  or  Emanuel  (e-man'u-ol).  See 
Immanuel. 

Emmanuel  College.  A college  of  Cambridge 
University,  founded  in  1584,  on  the  site  of  a 
convent  of  the  Black  Friars,  by  Sir  Walter  Mild- 
may  for  the  defense  of  Puritanism.  Some  of  the 
buildings  of  the  convent  were  adapted  to  the  uses  of  the 
college.  The  chapel  was  built  by  Wren.  Over  the  cloister 
there  is  agallery  of  portraits.  The  library  possessesmany 
treasures. 

Emmanuel’s  Land.  See  Delectable  Mountains. 

Emmaus  (em'a-us  or  e-ma'us).  [Gr.’E y.uaovg.'] 
In  scriptural  geography,  a village  of  Palestine 
not  far  from  Jerusalem.  Its  exact  position  is  un- 
known. It  was  long  identified  with  a city  (Emmaus,  later 
Nicopolis,  modern  AmwJs)  about  20  miles  from  Jerusa- 
lem. 

Emmendingen  (em'men-ding-en).  A town  in 
tho  circle  of  Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  near  the 
Elz  10  miles  north  of  Freiburg.  Here,  Oct.  19, 
1796,  the  Austrians  defeated  the  French  under 
Moreau.  Population,  commune,  7,533. 

Emmenthal  (em'men-tal).  A valley  iu  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  east  of  Bern,  noted 
for  its  fertility  and  beauty.  It  is  traversed  by 
a tributary  of  the  Aare,  the  Emme.  The 
chief  town  is  Langnau. 

Emmerich,  (em'mer-ich).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine,  near 
the  Dutch  frontier,  in  lat.  51°  50'  N.,  long.  6° 
14'  E. : the  ancient  Embrica.  It  has  a min- 
ster. Population,  commune,  12,562. 

Emmet  (em'et),  Robert.  Born  at  Dublin  iu 
1778:  hanged  at  Dublin,  Sept.  20,  1803.  An 
Irish  revolutionist,  brother  of  Thomas  Addis 
Emmet.  He  was,  like  his  brother,  a leader  of  the  United 
Irishmen,  and  in  July,  1803,  put  himself  at  the  head  of  an 
unsuccessful  rising  in  Dublin.  He  escaped  to  the  Wick- 
low Mountains,  but  returned  to  take  leave  of  his  affianced, 
Sarah  Curran,  with  the  result  that  he  was  captured  and 
hanged.  His  attachment  to  Miss  Curran  is  celebrated 
by  Moore  in  his  famous  poem  “She  is  far  from  the  land 
where  her  young  hero  sleeps.” 

Emmet,  Thomas  Addis.  Born  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, April  24, 1764 : died  at  New  York,  Nov.  14, 
1827.  An  Irish  lawyer  and  politician,  brother 
of  Robert  Emmet.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar 
in  1790,  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Society  of  United 
Irishmen  in  1795,  and  became  one  of  the  directors  of  the 
society  in  1797.  He  was  implicated  in  the  rebellion  of 
1798,  in  which  year  he  was  arrested,  together  with  the 
other  directors.  He  was  imprisoned  until  1802,  and  in 
1804  emigrated  to  New  York,  where  he  practised  law,  and 
in  1812  became  attorney-general  of  the  State. 

Emmez.  See  J ernes. 

VI.  13 


361 

Emmitsburg  (em'its-berg),  or  Emmetsburg 
(em'ets-berg).  A town  in  Frederick  County, 
Maryland,  48  miles  northwest  of  Baltimore.  It 
is  the  seat  of  Mount  St.  Mary’s  College  (Roman 
Catholic).  Population,  1,054,  (1910). 

Emmons  (em'onz),  Nathanael.  Born  at  East 
Haddam,  Conn.,  April  20,  1745:  died  at  Frank- 
lin, Mass.,  Sept.  23,  1840.  An  American  Con- 
gregational clergyman  and  theologian.  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  1842. 

Emory  (em'o-ri),  William  Hemsley.  Born  in 
Maryland,  Sept.  9,  1811:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Dec.  1,  1887.  An  American  soldier.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1831;  became  lieutenant  of 
topographical  engineers  in  1838;  served  on  the  staff  of 
General  Kearny  during  the  Mexican  war ; was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  March  17,  1862 ; com- 
manded a division  under  General  Banks  in  Louisiana  in 
1863  ; commanded  the  19th  army  corps  in  the  Red  River 
expedition  in  1864 ; and  fought  with  distinction  at  Ope- 
quan  Creek,  Sept.  19,  1864,  and  at  Fisher's  Hill,  Sept.  22, 
1864.  He  wrote  “ Notes  of  a Military  Reconnoissance  in 
Missouri  and  California"  (1848),  and  “Report  on  the 
United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey"  (1858-59). 
Emory  College.  An  institution  of  learning  at 
Oxford,  Georgia,  incorporated  in  1836.  It  is 
under  the  control  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  (South). 

Empedocles  (em-ped'o-klez).  [Gr.  ’E/otc<5 o- 
K/'r/f.]  Born  at  Agrigentum,  Sicily:  lived  about 
490-430  B.  C.  A Greek  philosopher,  poet,  and 
statesman.  He  was  a supporter  of  the  democratic  party 
in  his  native  city  against  the  aristocracy,  and  possessed 
great  influence  through  his  wealth,  eloquence,  and  know- 
ledge. He  followed  Pythagoras  and  Parmenides  in  his 
teachings.  He  professed  magic  powers,  prophecy,  and  a 
miraculous  power  of  healing,  and  came  to  have,  in  popu- 
lar belief,  a superhuman  character.  He  was  said  to  have 
thrown  himself  into  the  crater  of  Etna  in  order  that, 
from  his  sudden  disappearance,  the  people  might  believe 
him  to  be  a god. 

The  figure  of  Empedocles  of  Agrigentum,  when  seen 
across  the  twenty-three  centuries  which  separate  us  from 
him,  presents  perhaps  a more  romantic  appearance  than 
that  of  any  other  Greek  philosopher.  This  is  owing,  in  a 
great  measure,  to  the  fables  which  invest  his  life  and  death 
with  mystery,  to  his  reputation  for  magical  power,  and  to 
the  wild  sublimity  of  some  of  his  poetic  utterances.  Yet, 
even  in  his  lifetime,  and  among  contemporary  Greeks,  he 
swept  the  stage  of  life  like  a great  tragic  actor,  and  left  to 
posterity  the  fame  of  genius  as  a poet,  a physician,  a pa- 
triot, and  a philosopher. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  207. 

Empedocles  on  Etna.  A classical  drama  by 
Matthew  Arnold,  published  in  1853  and  1867. 
Empire  City.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
New  York  as  the  metropolis  of  the  Empire 
State. 

Empire  State.  A name  popularly  given  to  New 
York  on  account  of  its  leading  position  in  re- 
spect of  population,  wealth,  and  industrial  en- 
terprises. 

Empoli  (em'po-le).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Florence,  Italy,  on  the  Arno  15  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Florence.  Population,  com- 
mune, 20,404. 

Emporia  (em-po'ri-a).  The  county-seat  of 
Lyon  County,  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Neosho 
River  52  miles  southwest  of  Topeka.  Popula- 
tion, 9,058,  (1910). 

Empson  (emp'son),  or  Emson,  Sir  Richard. 
Executed  at  London,  Aug.  17, 1510.  An  English 

Solitician.  He  was  associated  with  Edmund  Dudley  in 
le  execution  of  the  obnoxious  financial  policy  of  Henry 
VII.,  and  became  the  object  of  popular  hatred  by  the  rigor 
with  which  he  collected  the  taxes  and  penalties  due  to  the 
crown.  After  the  death  of  Henry  he  was  executed  with 
his  associate  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Empusa  (em-pu'sii).  [(irWynovoa,  one-footed.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a cannibal  monster  sent  by 
Hecate  (under  various  forms)  to  frighten  trav- 
elers. The  Lamke  were  reckoned  among  the  Empusse. 
An  Empusa  is  mentioned  in  “The  Frogs ” of  Aristophanes, 
and  also  in  the  life  of  Apollonius  Tyanteus  by  Philostratus, 
and  Goethe  introduces  one  in  the  second  part  of  “ Faust.” 
The  last  has  not  the  same  habit  of  transformation  as  the 
others,  but  surpasses  them  all  in  her  hideous  appearance 
and  her  cannibalistic  habits. 

Ems  (emz).  [Gr.  (Strabo)  ’Auaalac,  (Ptolemy) 
’A/idaiot; ; L.  Amisia,  Amisius,  later  Emisa,  E me- 
sa.'] A river  of  Prussia  which  rises  in  West- 
phalia near  Paderborn,  and  flows  through  the 
Dollart  into  the  North  Sea  at  the  Dutch  fron- 
tier. Length,  200  miles. 

Ems,  or  Bad  Ems  (bad  emz).  A town  and 
watering-place  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nas- 
sau,  Prussia,  on  the  Lahn  7 miles  southeast  of 
Coblenz.  It  is  one  of  the  most  frequented  health-re- 
sorts in  Germany,  on  account  of  its  hot  mineral  springs. 
Here  occurred  the  famous  interview,  July  13,  1870,  be- 
tween William  I.  of  Prussia  and  the  French  ambassador 
Benedetti,  which  precipitated  the  Franco-German  war. 
Population,  6,791. 

Emser  (em'zer),  Hieronymus.  Born  at  Ulm, 
Germany,  March  26,  1477 : died  at  Dresden, 
Nov.  8, 1527.  A German  theologian.  He  became 


Encyclopedic 

in  1504  secretary  to  Duke  George  of  Saxony,  who  gave  him 
a benefice  in  Dresden.  An  account  of  the  disputation  at 
Leipsic  (1519),  which  he  gave  in  an  open  letter  addressed 
to  John  Zack  of  Prague,  occasioned  a violent  controversy 
with  Luther.  He  attacked  Luther’s  translation  of  the 
Bible,  and  published  in  1527  a translation  of  the  New 
Testament  after  the  Vulgate. 

Enambuc  (a-non-biik'),  or  Esnambuc,  Pierre 
Vandrosflue  Diel  d’.  Bom,  probably  at 
Dieppe,  about  1570 : died  on  the  island  of  St. 
Christopher  (St.  Kitts),  West  Indies,  Dec., 
1636.  The  founder  of  the  French  West  Indian 
colonies.  He  engaged  in  privateering  cruises,  and  in 
1625  established  a colony  on  St.  Christopher,  at  the  same 
time  that  the  crew  of  an  English  vessel  settled  there. 
D’Enarnbuc  was  aided  by  Richelieu,  and  though  his  colony 
was  driven  out  for  a time  by  the  Spaniards  (1629),  and 
passed  through  many  vicissitudes,  it  ultimately  prospered. 
He  founded  others  in  various  islands. 

Enanthe  (e -nan' the).  [See  ( Enanthe .]  In 
Fletcher’s  “Humorous  Lieutenant,”  the  name 
under  which  Celia  disguises  herself. 

Enara  (a-na'rii),  or  Enare  (a-na'ra),  Lake. 
A large  lake  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of 
Finland,  with  an  outlet  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Enarchus(e-nar'kus).  In  Sidney’s  “ Arcadia,” 
the  King  of  Macedon.  He  is  the  father  of  Pyro- 
eles  and  uncle  of  Musidorus. 

Enarea  (e-na'ra-a).  A region  in  the  Galla 
country,  Africa,  south  of  Abyssinia,  about  lat. 
8°  30'  N.,  long.  37°  E. 

Encalada,  Manuel  Blanco.  See  Blanco  En- 
calada. 

Enceladus  (en-sel'a-dus).  [Gr.  ’Ey/cr^adof.] 
1.  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  hundred- 
armed giants,  a son  of  Tartarus  and  Ge. — 2. 
The  second  satellite  of  Saturn,  discovered  by 
Herschel  Aug.  28,  1789. 

Enchanted  Horse,  The.  A fabulous  horse  in 
“ The  Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments.”  Firouz 
Schah,  the  Prince  of  Persia,  is  carried  by  the  enchanted 
horse  to  the  palace  of  the  Princess  of  Bengal,  and  persuades 
her  to  return  with  him.  The  Indian  who  owns  the  horse 
abducts  her.  The  Sultan  of  Kashmir  rescues  her.  Firouz 
Schah  follows  them,  disguised  as  a dervish,  and  by  a clever 
ruse  gains  possession  of  princess  and  horse. 

Enchanted  Island,  The.  Dryden's  alteration 
of  Shakspere’s  “Tempest.” 

Encina,  or  Enzina  (en-the'na),  Juan  de  la  or 

del.  B orn  at  or  near  Salamanca,  Spain,  about 
1469 : died  at  Salamanca,  1534.  A Spanish  poet, 
founder  of  the  Spanish  drama.  He  was  for  a time 
in  the  household  of  the  first  Duke  of  Alba ; went  to  Rome, 
entered  the  church,  and  became  chapel-master  to  Leo 
X.;  visited  the  Holy  Land;  and  became  prior  of  Leon. 
He  published  a collection  of  his  dramatic  and  lyric  poems, 
“ Cancionero  ” (1496  : enlarged  1509). 

Enciso  (en-the'so),  Martin  Fernandez  de. 

Born  about  1470:  died  after  1528.  A Spanish 
lawyer.  He  went  to  America  with  Bastidas  in  1500, 
and  settled  as  a lawyer  at  Santo  Domingo.  In  1609  he 
joined  the  enterprise  of  Ojeda  for  colonizing  Tierra 
Firme.  Ojeda  sailed  in  Nov.,  1509,  and  Enciso  followed 
with  another  ship  in  May,  1510.  Ojeda  having  left  the 
colony,  Enciso  took  command  of  the  survivors  and  found- 
ed Antigua  (Darien),  but  he  was  soon  deposed  and  ban- 
ished by  Balboa  and  others.  He  went  to  Spain,  and  in 
1514  returned  to  Darien  as  alguacil  mayor  of  Pedrarias’s 
expedition.  Late  in  1514  he  led  an  expedition  against  the 
Indians  of  Cemi.  Probably  he  soon  returned  to  Spain. 
Iu  1519  he  published  there  his  “Suma  de  geografia,” 
which  gives  the  first  account  in  Spanish  of  the  New 
World. 

Encke  (eng'ke),  Johann  Franz.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, Sept.  23,  1791:  died  at  Spandau,  near 
Berlin,.  Aug.  26,  1865.  A German  astronomer. 

He  becameinl825  secretary  of  the  Academyof  Sciences  and 
director  of  the  Observatory  in  Berlin.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  investigation  of  the  comet  named  for  him. 

Encke’s  Comet.  A comet  discovered  by  Pons 
at  Marseilles,  Nov.  26,  1818,  and  more  fully 
investigated  by  J.  F.  Encke,  for  whom  it  was 
named. 

Encratites  (en'kra-tats).  [Gr.  ’E vKpaTirat,  lit. 

‘ the  self-disciplined,’  ‘ continent.’]  In  the  early 
history  of  the  church,  especially  among  the 
Gnostics,  those  ascetics  who  refrained  from 
marriage  and  from  the  use  of  flesh-meat  and 
wine.  They  were  members  of  various  heretical  sects,  al- 
though sometimes  spoken  of  as  a distinct  body  founded 
by  the  apologist  Tatian  of  the  2d  century.  They  were 
also  called  Continents. 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (en-si-klo-pe'di-a 
bri-tan'i-ka).  An  English  “ dictionary  of  arts, 
sciences,  and  general  literature,”  first  pub- 
lished, in  parts,  at  Edinburgh  1768-71:  last 
(11th)  edition  1910.  The  10th  edition  comprised 
eleven  supplementary  volumes,  including  an 
atlas  and  an  index  to  the  whole  work  (1902-3). 

Encyclopedia,  The.  See  Encyclopedic. 

Encyclopedic  (oh-se-klo-pa-de') : full  title, 
“Dictionnaire  raisonnd  des  sciences,  des  arts 
et  des  metiers”  (‘Methodical  Dictionary  of 
the  Sciences,  Arts,  and  Trades  ’).  A French 
encyclopedia.  See  the  extract. 


Encyclopedic 

It  was  a French  translation,  by  John  Mills,  of  Cham- 
bers’s “Cyclopaedia " which  originally  formed  the  basis 
of  that  famous  “ Encyclopedic  ” which,  becoming  in  the 
hands  of  D’Alembert  and  Diderot  the  organ  of  the  most 
advanced  and  revolutionary  opinions  of  the  time,  was  the 
object  of  the  most  violent  persecution  by  the  conservative 
party  in  church  and  state,  and  suffered  egregious  mutila- 
tions at  the  hands  not  only  of  hostile  censors  but  of  timor- 
ous printers.  So  thoroughly  was  it  identified  with  the 
philosophic  movement  of  the  time  that  the  term  encyclo- 
pidiste  became  the  recognized  designation  of  all  at- 
tached to  a certain  form  of  philosophy.  Appearing  at 
Paris  in  28  vols.  between  1751  and  1772,  it  was  followed 
by  a supplement  in  5 vols.  (Amst.  1776-77),  and  an  ana- 
lytical index  in  2 vols.  (Paris,  1780).  Voltaire’s  “Ques- 
tions sur  l’Encyclopddie ’’  (1770)  formed  a kind  of  critical 
appendix.  La  Porte’s  “ Esprit  de  l’Encyclopddie  ’*  (Paris, 
1768)  gave  a resume  of  the  more  important  articles,  and  un- 
der the  same  title  Hennequin  compiled  a similar  epitome 
(Paris,  1822-23).  Chambers' s Encyc.,  IV.  335. 

Encyclopedists,  or  Encyclopsedists  (en-si- 
klo-pe'dists).  The  collaborators  in  the  ency- 
clopedia of  Diderot  and  D’Alembert  (1751-65). 
The  Encyclopedists  as  a body  were  the  exponents  of  the 
French  skepticism  of  the  18th  century. 

Endeavor,  Tile.  A British  ship  commanded  by 
Captain  Cook,  then  lieutenant.  It  was  sent  out 
in  1768  by  the  Royal  Society  to  the  Pacific  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus.  Captain  Cook  returned  in  1771,  having 
made  important  explorations  and  discoveries.  See  Cook, 
James. 

Endeavor  strait.  [Namedfrom  the  Endeavor, 
Captain  Cook’s  ship.]  A strait  in  north  Aus- 
tralia, east  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  between 
Cape  York  and  Wolf  Island. 

Ender  (en'der),  Johann.  Bom  at  Vienna, 
Nov.  3,  1793 : died  at  Vienna,  March  16,  1854. 
An  Austrian  historical  and  portrait-painter. 
Enderby  Land  (en'der-bi  land).  [First  dis- 
covered by  Dirk  Gherritsz  (1599),  and  named 
for  him : later  (1831)  named  by  the  English 
captain  Biscoe  of  the  whaler  Tula  for  his  em- 
ployers.] A district  in  the  Antarctic  region, 
about  lat.  67°  S.,  long.  50°  E. 

Endicott,  or  Endecott  (en'di-kot),  John.  Born 
at  Dorchester,  England,  about  1588:  died  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  March  15,  1665.  A governor  of 
the  Massachusetts  colony.  He  emigrated  to  Amer- 
ica in  1628;  conducted  an  expedition  against  the  Pequot 
Indians  in  1636;  and  was  made  deputy  governor  in  1641, 
governor  in  1644,  and  major-general  of  the  colonial  troops 
in  1645.  From  1649  until  his  death  he  was  governor,  except 
in  1650  and  in  1654,  when  he  was  deputy  governor.  He  was 
a zealous  Puritan,  and  persecuted  the  Quakers,  four  of 
whom  were  executed  in  Boston  under  his  administration. 

Endicott,  William  Crowninshield.  Born  at 
Salem, Mass.,  1827:  diedat  Boston,  May  6, 1900. 
An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was 
judge  of  the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court  1873- 
1882,  and  Democratic  secretary  of  war  1885-89. 
Endimion.  See  Endymion. 

Endlicher  (end'lich-er),  Stephan  Ladislaus. 
Born  at  Presburg,  Hungary,  June  24,  1804; 
died  at  Vienna,  March  28,  1849.  A noted  Hun- 
garian botanist  and  linguist,  professor  of  bot- 
any at  the  Vienna  University  from  1840. 
He  published  “Genera  plantarum”  (1831-41), 
“Synopsis  coniferarum ” (1847),  etc. 

Endor  (en'dor).  [Heb.,  ‘spring  of  Dor.’]  In 
scriptural  geography,  a village  in  Palestine, 
near  Tabor,  13  miles  southwest  of  the  Sea  of 
Galilee.  Here  Saul  consulted  a female  soothsayer 
(“witch  of  Endor”)  ou  the  eve  of  his  last  engagement  with 
the  Philistines. 

Endymion  (en-dim'i-on).  [Gr.  ’Eiriiydaw.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a beautiful  youth  whom,  while 
he  was  sleeping  in  a cave  on  Mount  Latmus,  Se- 
lene (the  moon)  kissed.  The  legends  about  him  vary 
greatly.  He  is  described  as  aking,  and  also  as  a shepherd 
and  a hunter,  and  various  accounts  of  his  parentage  are 
given.  He  had  asked  Zeus  for  immortality,  eternal  slum- 
ber, and  undying  youth,  and  had  fallen  asleep  on  Latmus, 
never  to  awake. 

Endymion.  A poem  by  John  Keats,  published 
in  1818. 

Endymion.  A novel  by  Benjamin  Disraeli, 
Lord  Beaconsfield,  published  in  1880. 
Endymion,  Sleeping.  A classical  statue  in 
Parian  marble,  found  in  Hadrian’s  Villa  at 
Tivoli,  and  now  in  the  National  Museum  at 
Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Eneas.  See  Mneas. 

Enfantin  (oh-f  on-tan'),  Barthelemy  Prosper. 

Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1796 : died  there,  Aug. 
31,  1864.  A French  socialist,  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  Saint-Simonism.  He  published  “Traite 
d’deonomie  politique”  (1830),  “La  religion 
saint-simonienne  ” (1831),  etc. 

Enfant  Prodigue  (oh-fon'  pro-deg').  [F., ‘Prod- 
igal Child.’]  An  opera  by  Auber,  libretto  by 
Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1850. 

Enfants  de  Dieu  (oh-fon'  de  die).  [F.,‘  Chil- 
dren of  God.’]  The  Camisards. 

Enfield  (en'feld).  1.  A town  of  Middlesex, 


362 

England,  within  the  metropolitan  district  of 
London.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  a royal  palace.  Near  it 
is  a government  factory  of  small  arms.  Pop.,  42,738. 

2.  A town  in  Hartford  County,  Connecticut, 
situated  on  the  Connecticut  River  14  miles 
north-northeast  of  Hartford,  it  has  noted  manu- 
factures of  carpets  and  powder.  It  contains  a community 
of  Shakers.  Population,  9,719,  (1910). 

Enfield,  William.  Born  at  Sudbury,  England, 
March  29,  1741:  died  at  Norwich,  England, 
Nov.  3, 1797.  An  English  dissenting  divine.  He 
published  “Preacher’s  Directory”  (1771),  “The  Speaker" 
(177 4),  and  other  compilations. 

Engadine  (en-ga-den').  [G.  Engadin,  Bomansh 
Engiadina.']  A valley  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  traversed  by  the  Inn,  noted  for 
its  health-resorts  and  liigh  elevation,  it  is  di- 
vided into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Engadine,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  mountains.  It  contains  Sils,  Silvaplana,  St. 
Moritz,  Samaden,  Pontresina,  Tarasp,  etc.  The  prevailing 
language  is  Romansh.  Length,  60  miles. 
Engagement,  The.  In  English  history,  an 
agreement  between  Charles  I.  and  the  Scottish 
commissioners,  made  at  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Dec.  26, 1647.  The  Scottish  army  was  to  restore 
Charles,  who  consented  to  an  establishment  of 
Presbyterianism  in  England. 

Engedi  (en-ge'di  or  en'ge-dl).  [Heb.,‘ spring 
of  the  goat.’]  In  scriptural  geography,  a place 
abounding  in  caverns,  situated  on  the  western 
shore  of  the  Dead  Sea,  26  miles  southeast  of 
Jerusalem : the  modern  Ain-Jidy.  In  the  desert 
of  Engedi  David  hid  from  Saul. 

Engelberg  (eng'el-berG).  A health-resort  in 
the  canton  of  Unterwalden,  Switzerland,  south 
of  Lucerne.  It  has  a Benedictine  abbey. 
Engelhardt(eng'el-hart),  Johann  Georg  Veit. 
Born  at  Neustadt  (an-der-Aisch),  Nov.  12, 1791 : 
died  at  Erlangen,  Sept.  13,  i855.  A German 
church  historian.  He  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Erlangen  in  1822.  He  published  “ Die  angeblichen  Schrif- 
ten  des  Areopagiten  Dionysius,  ubersetzt  und  mit  Abliand- 
lungen  begleitet”  (1823),  “Handbuch  der  Kirchenge- 
schichte  " (1838),  and  “ Dogmengeschichte  ’’  (1839). 
Engelmanil  (eng'el-man),  George.  Bom  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Germany,  Feb.  2, 1809: 
died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb.  13,  1884.  A Ger- 
man-Ameriean  botanist  and  physician. 
Enghien  (on-gian').  1.  A town  in  the  province 
of  Hainaut.,  Belgium,  18  miles  southwest  of 
Brussels.  It  has  manufactures  of  lace.  Popu- 
lation, 7,414. — 2.  A watering-place  near 
Paris  on  the  north. 

Enghien,  Due  d’  (Louis  Antoine  Henri  de 
Bourbon-Conde).  Born  at  Chantilly,  Oise, 
France,  Aug.  2,  1772 : executed  at  Vincennes, 
near  Paris,  March  21,  1804.  A French  prince, 
son  of  Louis  Henri  Joseph,  duke  of  Bourbon. 

He  emigrated  from  France  in  1789,  and  fought  under  his 
grandfather,  the  Prince  of  Conde,  1792-1801,  when  he  re- 
tired to  private  life  at  Ettenheim  in  Baden.  Here  he  was 
arrested  March  15,  1804,  though  on  neutral  territory,  by 
French  troops  under  orders  from  Napoleon.  He  was  tried 
before  a military  tribunal  during  the  night  of  March  20-21, 
on  the  charge  of  complicity  iu  the  conspiracy  of  C’adoudal 
against  the  life  of  Napoleon,  and,  although  no  evidence 
was  taken,  was  sentenced  and  shot  at  Vincennes  at  day- 
break March  21,  1804.  This  proceeding  excited  general 
indignation  throughout  Europe,  and,  aside  from  its  moral 
aspect,  is  considered  one  of  the  gravest  political  blunders 
which  Napoleon  committed.  Fyffe. 

Engis  (on-zhe').  See  the  extract. 

A more  favourable  specimen  of  this  type  is  the  cele- 
brated skull  (index,  7052)  which  was  found  seventy  miles 
south-west  of  the  Neanderthal  in  a cavern  at  Engis,  ou  the 
left  bank  of  the  Meuse,  eight  miles  south-west  of  Lifege. 
It  was  embedded  in  a breccia  with  remains  of  the  mam- 
moth, the  rhinoceros,  and  the  reindeer.  It  has  usually 
been  referred  to  the  quaternary  period,  but  as  a fragment 
of  pottery  was  found  in  the  same  deposit  it  is  possible 
that  the  contents  of  the  cave  may  have  been  swept  in  by 
water,  so  that  the  skull  may  be  only  of  neolithic  age. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  107. 

England  (ing' gland).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Eng- 
land, Inglond,  ME.  England,  Englond,  Inglond, 
earlier  Englelond , AS.  Engla-land,  land  of  the 
Angles ; G.  England,  F.  Angleterre,  It.  Inghil- 
terra,  Sp.  Pg.  Jnglatcrra,  D.  Engeland. ] A 
country  of  Europe,  which  forms  with  Wales 
the  southern  portion  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain.  It  is  hounded  by  Scotland  (partly  separated  by 
the  Tweed,  Cheviot  Hills,  and  Solway  Firth)  on  the  north  ; 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east;  the  Strait  of  Dover  and  the 
English  Channel  (separating  it  from  France)  on  the  south; 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  Bristol  Channel,  Wales,  and  the 
Irish  Sea  on  the  west.  It  includes  the  Isle  of  Wight  and 
a few  smaller  islands.  The  surface  is  generaUy  level  or 
undulating  in  the  east,  south,  and  center  ; and  mountain- 
ous in  the  northwest  (Lake  District),  near  the  Welsh  border, 
and  in  the  southwest.  The  highest  mountain  is  Scafell 
Pike  (3,210  feet).  The  chief  river-systems  are  those  of 
the  Thames,  Humber,  and  Severn.  It  has  important  agri- 
culture, but  its  chief  interests  are  commercial,  manufac- 
turing, and  mining.  It  (with  the  rest  of  Great  Britain)  has 
almost  a monopoly  of  the  ocean  carrying-trade  of  the  world. 
The  largest  commercial  cities  are  London.  Liverpool,  Man- 
chester, Birmingham,  Leeds,  Sheffield,  Bristol,  and  Brad- 


English  Channel 

ford.  The  chief  manufactures  are  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  iron  and  steel,  hardware,  leather,  etc.  Its  mineral 
products  are  iron  and  coal,  tin,  copper,  etc.  England  has40 
counties  (Northumberland,  Durham,  York,  Cumberland, 
Westmoreland,  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  Stafford,  Derby,  Not- 
tingham, Lincoln,  Norfolk,  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  Rut- 
land, Leicester,  Shropshire,  Hereford,  Worcester,  Warwick, 
Northampton,  Bedford,  Suffolk,  Essex,  Hertford,  Middle- 
sex, Buckingham,  Oxford,  Gloucester,  Monmouth,  Wilt- 
shire, Berkshire,  Surrey,  Kent,  Sussex,  Hampshire,  Dorset, 
Somerset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall);  its  capital  is  London, 
and  its  government  a constitutional  hereditary  monarchy. 
The  Anglican  Church  is  established,  and  there  are  many 
Protestant  dissenting  bodies  and  a large  following  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  (For  its  foreign  possessions,  see 
Great  Britain.)  There  are  some  monuments  of  its  prime- 
val inhabitants  before  the  Celts,  of  whom,  however,  but 
little  Is  known.  Among  the  leading  events  in  English  his- 
tory are  invasions  by  Julius  Csesar,  65  and  54  B.  c.,  sub- 
jugation of  the  Celtic  Britons  by  the  Romans,  43  A.  D.  and 
succeeding  years  (Agricola’s  campaigns,  78-84);  abandon- 
ment by  the  Romans,  410;  invasions  by  the  Jutes,  Angles, 
and  Saxons,  beginning  in  449  (?)  and  extending  through  the 
6th  century  ; Christianity  introduced  from  Rome  in  597, 
and  from  Scotland  soon  after ; the  early  English  kingdoms 
of  Kent,  Northumberland,  Mercia,  Wessex,  East  Anglia, 
etc.,  merged  under  Egbert  of  Wessex  as  “king  of  the  Eng- 
lish ” in  827 ; division  of  England  between  Alfred  and  the 
Danes  by  the  treaty  of  Wedmore,  878 ; consolidation  of  the 
country  under  Edward,  Athelstan,  etc.,  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury ; second  Danish  invasion  under  Sweyn,  about  1000 ; 
rule  of  Canute  the  Dane  and  his  sons,  1016-42 ; Norman 
conquest  under  William  1.,  1066;  commencement  of  the 
Plantagenet  line  under  Henry  II.,  1154  ; separation  of 
Normandy  and  other  French  provinces,  about  1204  ; grant- 
ing of  Magna  Charta,  1215 ; beginnings  of  parliamentary 
government,  about  1264-65;  Hundred  Years’  War,  about 
1337-1453  ; kings  of  house  of  Lancaster,  1399-1461 ; kings 
of  house  of  York,  1461-85 ; Wars  of  the  Roses,  1455-85 ; 
Tudor  dynasty  (beginning  with  Henry  VII.),  1485  ; intro- 
duction of  the  Reformation  under  Henry  VIII.  and  Ed- 
ward VI.,  Roman  Catholic  worship  restored  by  Mary, 
Church  of  England  restored  by  Elizabeth  (1558-1603) ; ac- 
cession of  the  Stuart  line  and  personal  union  with  Scot- 
land under  James  I.,  1603 ; beginnings  of  the  colonial  em- 
pire, 17th  century;  civil  wars  between  Charles  I.  and 
Parliament,  1642-48;  period  of  the  Commonwealth  and 
Protectorate,  1649-59  ; restoration  of  the  monarchy  under 
Charles  II.,  1660;  revolution  of  1688,  and  accession  of 
William  of  Orange  and  Mary,  1689 ; Act  of  Settlement, 
1700-01 ; union  with  Scotland,  1707 ; accession  of  the  Hano- 
verian dynasty  (with  George  I.),  1714  , large  territorial 
acquisitions  in  America  and  India,  1763 ; loss  of  the  United 
States,  1783  ; union  with  Ireland,  1801 ; wars  with  France, 
1793-1802, 1803-14,  and  1815  ; passage  of  Catholic  Emanci- 
pation Act,  1829 ; Electoral  Reform  Acts,  1832, 1867-68,  and 
1884-85 ; abolition  of  slavery,  1833 ; accession  of  Victoria, 
and  separation  of  Hanover,  1837  ; Afghan  war,  1838-42 ; Chi- 
nese war,  1810-42 ; Chartist  agitation,  Irish  agitation  (about 
1845) ; repeal  of  the  English  Corn-Laws,  1846 ; Crimean  war, 
1864-56 ; Chinese  wars,  1856-58  and  1860  ; Indian  mutiny, 
1857-58 ; act  for  disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church,  1869 ; 
Irish  Land  Act,  1870;  Elementary  Education  Act,  1870; 
Ashantee  war,  1873-74 ; Afghan  war,  1878-80 ; Zulu  war, 
1S79 ; Transvaal  war,  1881 ; Irish  Land  Act,  1881 ; wars  in 
Egypt  and  Sudan.  1882-85.  and  in  South  Africa,  1899-1902. 
Area,  50,851  square  miles.  Population,  with  Wales, 
36,075,269.  See  Great  Britain,  Wales,  Scotland,  Ireland. 

England,  John.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ireland,  Sept. 
23,  1786 : died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  April  11, 
1842.  An  Irish-American  prelate  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  appointed  first  bishop  of 
Charleston  1820. 

England,  S.  A pseudonym  under  which  Rich- 
ard Porson  published  some  of  his  more  ephem- 
eral articles.  It  was  adopted  in  ridicule  of 
Ireland  and  his  pretended  discoveries. 
England’s  Helicon.  An  anthology  published 
in  1600. 

Englefield  (eng'gl-feld),  Battle  of.  A battle 
at  Englefield,  Berkshire,  England,  871,  in  which 
the  English  under  the  ealdorman  Ethelwulf 
defeated  the  Danes.  Sidroc,  one  of  the  Dan- 
ish jaris,  was  slain. 

Englewood  (eng'gl-wud).  A city  of  Bergen 
County,  New  Jersey,  14  miles  north  of  New 
York.  Population,  9,924,  (1910). 

English  (ing'glish),  George  Bethnne.  Bom 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  7,  1787 : died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Sept.  20,  1828.  An  Ameri- 
can adventurer  and  writer.  He  joined  Ismail 
Pasha  in  an  expedition  against  Sennaar  in  1820,  and  gained 
distinction  as  an  officerof  artillery.  He  published  a “Nar- 
rative of  the  Expedition  to  Dongola  and  Sennaar”  (1822X 
English,  Thomas  Dunn.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, June  29,  1819 : died  at  Newark,  N.  J., 
April  1, 1902.  An  American  poet  and  novelist. 
After  having  been  a lawyer  and  a journalist  he  took  up 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  1859.  He  published  “ Poems  ” 
(1855),  “ American  Ballads  ’’  (1879),  “ Boys'  Book  of  Rattle 
Lyrics,  etc."  (1885),  and  was  the  author  of  the  poems  “ Ben 
Bolt”  and  “The  Gallows-Goers.” 

English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers.  A 

satirical  poem  by  Byron,  directed  against  those 
who  had  put  him,  as  he  imagined,  on  the  de- 
fensive. It  was  published  in  1809,  and  was  said  by  him- 
self, in  the  edition  of  1816,  to  be  a “miserable^ record  of 
misplaced  anger  and  indiscriminate  acrimony.” 

English  Channel  (ing'glish  ehan'el),  F.  La 
Manche  (la  monsh).  An  ami  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  which  separates  England  from  France, 
and  communicates  with  the  North  Sea  through 
the  Strait  of  Dover.  Greatest  width,  about  100  miles. 


English  Channel 

Principal  islands,  the  Channel  Islands  (which  see).  It  has 
played  a very  important  pait  in  English  and  French  his- 
tory. It  was  the  scene  of  the  fight  with  the  Armada,  of 
the  battle  of  La  Hogue,  etc. 

English  East  Africa,  etc.  See  British  East 
Africa,  etc. 

English  Harbour  (ing'glisli  liiir'bor).  A sea- 
port of  Antigua,  British  West  Indies. 
Englishman  in  Paris,  The.  A comedy  by 
Foote,  produced  iu  1753,  and  printed  in  1756. 
Both  Macklin  and  Foote  played  Buck  in  this 

llnglishman  Returned  from  Paris,  The.  A 

comedy  by  Foote,  produced  in  1756. 

English  Merchant,  The.  A comedy  by  George 
Colman  the,  elder.  It  was  founded  on  Vol- 
taire’s “ L’Ecossaise,”  and  was  produced  at 
Drury  Lane  Feb.  21,  1767. 

English  Monsieur,  The.  A play  by  James 
Howard,  produced  in  1666  and  printed  in  1674. 
The  principal  character,  Frenchlove,  admires  everything 
French,  even  to  the  “French  step"  with  which  a F'rench 
lady  scornfully  walks  away  after  rejecting  him. 

English  Pale.  See  Pale. 

English  River  (ing'glish  riv'er).  1.  Same  as 
Churchill  River. — 2.  An  estuary  in  Delagoa 
Bay,  South  Africa. 

Engstligenthal  (engs'tle-gen-tal),  or  Adelbo- 

den  (a,' del-bo-den).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  connecting  with  the 
Kanderthal,  15  miles  southwest  of  Interlachen. 
Enguera  (en-gwa'ra).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Valencia,  eastern  Spain,  43  miles  southeast 
of  Valencia.  Population,  5,746. 

Enid  (e'nid).  A character  originally  appearing 
in  the  romance  of  “ Erec  and  finide  ” by  Ckres- 
tien  de  Troyes.  This  was  probably  his  first  poem.  She 
reappears  in  the  “Geraint  of  theMabinogion,”  and  Tenny- 
son has  used  her  Story  in  “Geraint  and  Enid,”  one  of  his 
“ IdyUs  of  the  King.” 

Enif  (en'if).  [Ar.  enf,  the  nose.]  The  bright 
third-magnitude  star  e Pegasi,  in  the  nose  of 
the  hippogriff. 

Enim  (e'nim),  or  Enin  (e'nin).  A fabulous 
country  of  great  wealth,  which  in  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries  was  supposed  to  exist  somewhere 
on  the  tributaries  of  the  upper  Amazon.  Various 
expeditions  were  made  in  quest  of  it.  In  1635  a Peruvian 
adventurer  called  Francisco  Bohorquez  asserted  that  he 
had  actually  visited  Enim  and  seen  the  king  in  a palace 
adorned  with  gold  and  precious  stones.  Bohorquez  agreed 
to  lead  a party  to  this  country,  but  was  arrested  after  com- 
mitting various  atrocities  in  the  Indian  missions. 

Enimagas  (a-ne-ma'gas),  or  Imacos  (e-mi'- 
kos),  or  Inimacas  (e-ne-ma/kas).  A savage 
tribe  of  Indians  in  northern  Argentina,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Pilcomayo.  They  are  classified 
with  the  Mataco  stock. 

Enkhuizen  (enk'hoi-zen).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the 
Zuvder  Zee  28  miles  northeast  of  Amsterdam. 
It  was  an  important  commercial  and  fishing 
town  about  1600.  Population,  7,039. 

Enna  (en'a),  or  Henna  (hen'a).  The  ancient 
name  of  Castrogiovanni.  it  was  called  the  navel  of 
Sicily,  from  its  position  in  the  centerof  the  island.  It  was 
connected  with  the  myth  of  Persephone,  and  was  from 
ancient  times  a seat  of  the  worship  of  Demeter.  It  be- 
longed to  the  Carthaginians,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Romans  in  the  first  Punic  war.  In  859  it  was  taken 
by  the  Saracens,  and  in  1080  came  into  the  possession  of 
the  Normans. 

Ennemoser  (en'e-mo-zer),  Joseph.  Born  at 
Hintersee,  Tyrol,  Nov.  15,  1787 : died  at  Egern 
by  the  Tegernsee,  Upper  Bavaria,  Sept.  19, 
1854.  A Tyrolese  writer  on  medicine  and  phi- 
losophy. He  published  “ Der  Magnetismus” 
(1819),  etc. 

Ennis  (en'is).  The  capital  of  County  Clare, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  river  Fergus  20  miles 
northwest  of  Limerick.  Population,  5,093. 
Enniscorthy  (en-is-kor'thi).  A town  in  County 
Wexford,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Slaney  13 
miles  northwest  of  Wexford.  It  was  taken  by  Crom- 
well in  1649,  and  by  the  insurgents  in  1798.  Population, 
5,458. 

Enniskillen  (en-is-kil'  en).  The  capital  of 
County  Fermanagh,  Ulster,  Ireland,  situated 
on  an  island  between  Upper  and  Lower  Lough 
Erne,  in  lat.  54°  21'  N.,  long.  7°  39'  W.  For 
the  battle  (1689),  see  Newtown  Butler.  Popu- 
lation, 5,412. 

Enniskilleners  (en-is-kil'en-erz).  The  6th 
Dragoons  in  the  British  service : so  named 
from  its  origin  among  the  defenders  of  Ennis- 
killen in  1689. 

Ennius  (en'i-us),  Quintus.  Bom  at  Rudite  in 
Calabria,  239  B.  c. : died  at  Rome  (f),  169  b.  c. 
A famous  Roman  epic  poet,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Latin  literature.  He  served  in  the  Roman  army  in 
Sardinia  (204  B.  c.),  and  there  met  M.  Porcius  Cato,  who 


363 

brought  him  to  Rome,  where  he  taught  Greek  and  trans- 
lated Greek  plays.  He  gained  Roman  citizenship  in  184. 
He  was  the  author  of  Annales"  (in  18  books,  only  frag- 
ments of  which  survive),  an  epic  poem  on  the  early  history 
of  Rome,  designed  as  a pendant  to  the  Homeric  poems  ; of 
tragedies  ; and  of  miscellaneous  poems  in  various  meters. 
"He  was  a missionary  of  culture  and  free  thought,  and 
he  turned  the  Roman  language  and  poetry  into  the  paths 
in  which  they  continued  for  centuries  afterwards." 

Ennodius  (e-no'di-us),  Magnus  Felix.  Born 
at  Arles  or  Milan,  about  473:  died  at  Pavia, 
July  17,  521.  Bishop  of  Pavia  (Ticinum).  He 
was  raised  to  the  bishopric  about  511,  and  was  sent  by  the 
Pope  to  Constantinople  in  515  and  in  517  for  the  purpose 
of  negotiating  a union  between  the  Eastern  and  Western 
churches,  in  which  he  failed.  The  best  printed  edition 
of  his  works,  which  include  some  poems  and  letters,  a 
panegyric  on  Theodoric,  a defense  of  Pope  Symmachus, 
and  a life  of  Saint  Epiphanius  of  Pavia,  is  that  by  Sir- 
mondi  (Paris,  1611). 

Enns,  or  Ens  (ens).  A river  of  Austria  which 
joins  the  Da  nube  near  the  town  of  Enns.  It  sep- 
arates, in  part,  Upper  Austria  (“ob  der  Enns  ")  from  Lower 
Austria  (“unter  der  Enns  ").  Length,  about  125  miles. 
Enns.  A town  in  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Enns 
near  the  Danube,  9 miles  southeast  of  Linz: 
the  Roman Laureacum.  Population,  commune, 
4,436  (1910). 

Enobarbus  (en -6 -bar 'bus).  In  Shakspere's 
“Antony  and  Cleopatra,”  a friend  of  Antony. 
He  is  a blunt,  rough-spoken  man,  with  a sort  of 
humorous  sagacity. 

Enoch  (e'nok).  [Heb.,  ‘dedication.’]  1.  One 
of  the  patriarchs,  the  son  of  Jared  and  father 
of  Methuselah.  He  lived  365  yearB,  and  “was  trans- 
lated that  he  should  not  see  death.”  (Heb.  xi.  6,  Gen. 
V.  24). 

2.  The  eldest  son  of  Cain.  A city  which  Cain 
built  was  named  for  him. 

Enoch  Arden  (e'nok  ar'den).  A poem  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  published  in  1864,  named  from  its 
hero,  a sailor  who  returns  from  an  enforced 
absence  of  years  to  find  that  his  wife,  thinking 
him  dead,  has  married  his  friend.  For  her 
sake  he  does  not  reveal  himself,  and  dies  bro- 
ken-hearted. 

Enos  (e'nos).  [Heb.]  Son  of  Seth  and  grand- 
son of  Adam. 

Enos  (a'nos).  A seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Adri- 
anople,  Turkey,  situated  on  the  iEgean  Sea 
in  lat.  40°  41'  N.,  long.  26°  4'  E. : the  ancient 
iEnus.  Population,  estimated,  6,000-7,000. 
Enriquez.  See  Henriquez. 

Enschede  (ens'ehe-da).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  52°  13'  N., 
long.  6°  53'  E.  It  has  important  cotton  manu- 
factures. ^Population,  commune,  33,548. 
Enschede.  A noted  Dutch  family  of  printers 
and  type-founders.  Isaac  Enschede,  its  founder,  es- 
tablished a press  in  Haarlem  in  1703.  His  son  Johannes 
(July  10, 1708, -Nov.  21, 1780)  succeeded  him  in  the  business 
and  was  the  most  noted  member  of  the  family.  Ills  col- 
lection of  dies  and  matrices  (of  the  15th-17th  centuries), 
only  part  of  which  is  preserved,  was  famous.  The  busi- 
ness (an  extensive  one)  is  still  carried  on. 

Ensisheim  (en'sis-him).  A town  in  Upper  Al- 
sace, Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  the  Bl  16 
miles  south  of  Colmar.  Population,  about  3,000. 
Entlebuch  (ent'li-boeh).  A pastoral  valley  in 
Switzerland,  west  of  Lucerne. 

Entombment,  The.  A painting  by  Raphael 
(1507),  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome.  The 

body  of  Christ  is  borne  by  two  men,  attended  by  St.  John, 
St.  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  and  the  holy  women.  The  com- 
position is  remarkably  skilful,  and  the  expression  of  emo- 
tion dramatic. 

Entragues,  Catherine  Henriette  de  Balzac 

de.  See  Verneuil,  Marquise  de. 
Entrecasteaux.  See  D’Entrecasteaux. 
Entrecasteaux  (ontr-kas-to'),  Joseph  Antoine 
Bruni  d’.  Born  at  Aix,  France,  1739 : died  at 
sea,  July  20, 1793.  A French  navigator.  He  en- 
tered the  naval  service  in  1754,  became  commander  of 
the  French  fleet  in  the  East  Indies  iu  1785,  and  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Mauritius  and  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  in 
1787.  In  1791  he  was  sent,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral, 
in  search  of  the  lost  navigator  La  Pdrouse.  He  failed  in 
the  main  object  of  his  expedition,  but  made  important  ex- 
plorations along  the  east  coast  of  New  Caledonia,  the  west 
and  southwest  coast  of  New  Holland,  and  the  coast  of  Tas- 
mania, accounts  of  which  have  been  published  by  De  la 
Billardiere  (1800),  De  Rossel  (1808),  and  De  Frdmenville 
(1838). 

Entre-Minho-e-Douro  (en'tre  - men'yo - e - do'- 
ro).  A province  in  the  northern  part  of  Portugal, 
noted  for  its  fruitfulness.  It  contains  3 districts : 
Vianna  do  Castello,  Braga,  and  Porto.  Area,  2,790  square 
miles. 

Entre  Rios  (en'tra  re'os).  [Sp.,  ‘between riv- 
ers.’] A province  in  the  Argentine  Republic, 
lying  between  the  Parand  on  the  west  and  south 
and  the  Uruguay  (separating  it  from  Uruguay) 
on  the  east,  and  bounded  by  Corrientes  on  the 
north.  Tt  chief  industry  is  the  rearing  of  live  stock. 
Capital,  Parand.  Area,  estimated,  28,784  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  406,867. 


Ephesus 

Eavermeu  (on-ver-me').  A small  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  10 
miles  east  of  Dieppe.  It  contains  many  anti- 
quities. 

Enzeli  (en-zel'e).  A port  in  the  province  of 
Gilan,  Persia,  situated  on  the  Caspian  Sea 
about  17  miles  northwest  of  Resht. 

Enzeli,  Lake.  An  arm  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  sit- 
uated near  Enzeli. 

Enzina.  See  Encina. 

Enzio  (en'ze-o).  Bom  at  Palermo  about  1225: 
died  in  prison  at  Bologna,  Italy,  March  14, 
1272.  An  illegitimate  son  of  the  emperor  Fred- 
erick n.  of  Germany,  and  titular  king  of  Sar- 
dinia. He  defeated  the  Genoese  near  Meloria,  May  3, 
1241,  and  was  defeated  and  imprisoned  by  the  Bolognese 
in  1249.  _ 

Eoise  (e-oi'e).  [Gr.  al  ’H oiai : so  called  because 
each  sentence  began  with  rj  n'ir/,  ‘ such  was  she .’] 
See  the  extract.  The  work  was  attributed  to 
Hesiod. 

This  poem,  the  “ Eoiae  ” . . . , celebrated  the  heroines  of 
Boeotia  and  Thessaly  from  whose  union  with  gods  had 
sprung  heroes;  and  formed  a fourth  book  to  the  “Catalogue 
of  Women,”  an  epic  history  of  Dorian  and  iEoliau  women. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  45. 

Eolus.  See  yEolus. 

£on  de  Beaumont  (a-6n'  de  b5-mon'),  Charles 
Genevieve  Louis  Auguste  Andrd  Timothde 

d’  (generally  called  the  Chevalier  d’Eon). 
Bora  at  Tonnerre,  Yonne, France,  Oct.  5, 1728: 
died  at  London,  May  21, 1810.  A French  diplo- 
matist., a secret  agent  of  Louis  XV.  He  served 
the  king  at  the  court  of  the  empress  Elizabeth  of  Russia 
1765-60,  and  later  in  London.  He  was  particularly  noted 
for  his  success  in  assuming  a female  disguise. 

Eos  (e'os).  [Gr.  ’Hd>f.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  the  dawn,  daughter  of  Hyperion, 
and  sister  of  Helios  and  Selene : called  by  the 
Romans  Aurora. 

Eostra  (eos'tra).  [AS.  Eostra  (Beda),  for  Eds- 
tre.  Cf.  AS.  easier,  OHG.  dstara,  Easter.  ] The 
goddess  of  spring  (the  dawn  of  the  year).  Her 
cult  was  probably  common  to  the  West-Germanic  tribes, 
although  no  specific  mention  is  made  of  her  except  among 
the  Anglo-Saxons.  The  name  has  been  perpetuated  in 
Easter,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  originally  applied 
to  the  spring  festival  held  in  her  honor. 

Eothen  (e-6'then).  [Gr.  ijudev,  from  the  dawn.] 
A book  of  travels  in  the  East,  by  Alexander 
William  Kinglake,  published  1844. 

Eotvos  (et-vesh),  Baron  J6zsef.  Bom  at 
Budapest,  Hungary,  Sept.  13, 1813:  died  at  Bu- 
dapest, Feb.  2,  1871.  A Hungarian  novelist, 
publicist,  statesman,  and  orator,  minister  of 
worship  and  public  instruction  1867-71.  He 
wrote  the  novels  “Karthausi”  (“The  Carthusian,"  1838), 
“A-  falu’  jegyzoje”  (“  The  Village  Notary,”  1844),  “Mag- 
yarorszag  1514-ben ” (“Hungary  in  1514,”  1847). 

Epaminondas(e-pam-i-non'das).  [Gr.  ’Etrozzw- 
v<.)i<6<k;,  ’ETroiuvuvdar.  ] Bom  about  418  B.  C.:  died 
at  Mant.inea,  Arcadia,  Greece,  362  B.  c.  A fa- 
mous Theban  general  and  statesman.  He  de- 
feated the  Spartans  at  Leuctra  in  371 ; invaded  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus; founded  Megalopolis  (in  Arcadia);  and  was 
victorious  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Mantinea  in  362. 
Epanomeria  (a-pa-no-ma-re'ii).  A town  on  the 
island  of  Santorini  (Thera),  in  the  Grecian  Ar- 
chipelago. It  is  remarkable  for  its  position  on 
irecipitous  rocks. 

peries  (a-par'yes),  Hung.  Eperjes  (e'per- 
yesh).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Saros, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Tarcza  in  lat.  48° 
59'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  It  was  founded  by  a Ger- 
man  colony,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  execution  of  Prot- 
estants by  the  Imperialist  G'aratta  in  I6S7.  Population, 
,14,447. 

Epernay  (a-per-na').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Marne 
19  miles  northwest  of  Chalons-sur-Marne.  it  is 
the  chief  center  of  the  trade  in  champagne,  the  wine  be- 
ing stored  here  in  vaults  in  the  chalk  rock.  Population, 
commune,  21,637. 

Ephesiaca.  See  Hahrocomas  and  An  th  in  . 
Ephesians.  An  epistle  ascribed  to  St.  Paul, 
forming  one  of  the  books  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. Both  the  authorship  of  the  epistle  and  the  church 
to  which  it  was  really  addressed  are  in  dispute. 

Ephesus  (ef'e-sus).  [Gr.'E(j)edOf.]  In  ancient 
geography,  one  of  the  twelve  Ionian  cities  of 
Asia  Minor,  in  Lydia,  situated  on  the  Cayster, 
near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  37°  57'  N.,  long.  27°  21' 
E.  It  was  conquered  by  Lydia,  Persia,  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  the  Romans.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  temple 
of  Artemis,  and  as  a great  commercial  city,  but  was  un- 
important in  the  middle  ages.  It  was  a place  of  residence 
of  Paul,  and  the  seat  of  the  third  general  council  in  431, 
and  of  the  Rubber  Synod  in  449.  On  its  site  are  Ayasa- 
luk  and  other  small  villages.  Among  its  ruins  are:  (a) 
The  great  theater  mentioned  in  Acts  xix.  23.  It  is  Greek 
in  plan,  with  Roman  modifications.  The  cavea,  495  feet 
in  diameter,  hastwo  precinctions,  with  11  cunei  in  the  two 
lower  ranges,  and  22  in  the  highest,  which  is  skirted  by 
a colonnaded  gallery.  The  orchestra  is  110  feet  in  diam- 


Ephesus 

eter,  and  the  proscenium  22  feet  wide.  ( b ) The  odeum, 
ascribed  to  the  2d  century  a.  I).  In  plan  it  is  a half- 
circle 163  feet  in  diameter.  There  is  one  precinction, 
with  6 cunei  below  and  10  above  it,  and  a rich  Corinthian 
gallery  around  the  top.  The  orchestra  is  30  feet  in  diam- 
eter ; the  stage  has  5 doors  and  Corinthian  columns,  (c) 
A stadium,  ascribed  to  the  time  of  Augustus.  It  is  850 
feet  long  and  about  200  wide.  The  north  side  and  semi- 
circular east  end  are  supported  on  vaulted  substructions, 
the  south  side  on  the  rock  of  the  hillside.  A double  col- 
onnade was  carried  along  its  entire  length,  and  communi- 
cated with  the  upper  gallery  of  the  stadium  by  a series 
of  stairways.  ( d ) A temple  of  Artemis  (Diana  of  the  Ephe- 
sians), a famous  sanctuary  founded  in  the  6th  century 
B.  o.,  and  rebuilt  in  the  4th.  The  temple  was  Ionic,  dip- 
teral, octastyle,  with  21  columns  on  the  flanks,  and  mea- 
sured 161  by  3421  feet.  The  base-diameter  of  the  columns 
was  6 feet,  their  height  55.  The  base-drums  of  36  col- 
umns of  the  front  and  rear  were  beautifully  sculptured 
with  figures  in  relief : there  are  examples  in  the  British 
Museum.  The  cella  had  interior  ranges  of  columns, 
Ionic  in  the  lower  tier,  Corinthian  above. 

Ephesus,  Council  of.  1 . The  third  ecumenical 
council,  called  by  Theodosius  II.  in  connection 
with  Yalentinian  III.,  held  at  Ephesus  under 
the  direction  of  Cyril  of  Alexandria  in  431  a.  d. 
It  opened  with  160  bishops  (increased  to  198),  and  included 
for  the  first  time  papal  delegates  from  Home,  who  were 
instructed  not  to  mix  in  the  debates,  but  to  sit  as  judges 
over  the  opinions  of  the  rest.  It  condemned  the  heresy 
of  Nestorius  without  stating  clearly  the  correct  doctrine. 
2.  The  so-called  Robber  Council,  convoked  by 
Theodosius,  held  at  Ephesus  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Dioscurus  of  Alexandria  in  449.  It  in- 
cluded 135  bishops.  It  reinstated  Eutyches  in  the  office 
of  priest  and  archimandrite,  from  which  he  had  been  ex- 
pelled by  the  Synod  of  Constantinople  (448),  and  deposed 
Flavian,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  was  so  roughly 
handled  that  he  died  of  his  injuries  shortly  after. 

Ephialtes  (ef-i-al'tez).  [Gr.  ’Eipia'Anjc.']  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a blind  giant  who  was  deprived 
of  his  left  eye  by  Apollo,  and  of  his  right  by 
Hercules. 

Ephialtes.  Died  456  b.  c.  An  Athenian  states- 
man and  general.  He  was  the  friend  and  partizan  of 
Pericles,  and  was  the  principal  author  of  a law  which 
abridged  the  power  of  the  Areopagus  and  changed  the 
government  of  Athens  into  a pure  democracy.  He  was, 
according  to  Aristotle,  assassinated  by  Aristodicus  of  Ta- 
nagra,  at  the  instance  of  the  oligarchs. 

Ephorus  (ef'o-rus).  [Gr.  ’’Eoopor,  ] Born  at 
Cum®  : lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  4th  century 
B.  c.  A Greek  writer,  author  of  a universal 
history,  fragments  of  which  have  been  pre- 
served. 

Ephraem  (e'fra-em)  Syrus  (‘the  Syrian '). 
Born  probably  at  Nisibis,  Mesopotamia,  about 
308  a.  d.  : died  at  Edessa,  Mesopotamia,  about 
373.  A theologian  and  sacred  poet  of  the  Syr- 
ian Church.  The  chief  edition  of  his  works 
was  published  at  Rome  1732-43. 

Ephraim  (e'fra-im).  [Heb.,  ‘ double  fruitful- 
ness.'] 1.  In  Old  Testament  history,  the  younger 
son  of  Joseph,  and  founder  of  the  tribe  of 
Ephraim.  — 2.  One  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Is- 
rael : so  called  from  its  founder,  Ephraim,  the 
son  of  Joseph.  It  occupied  a central  position  in  Pales- 
tine, being  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Jordan,  on  the 
west  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the  tribe  of  Dan,  on  the 
south  by  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  and  on  the  north  by  that 
of  Manasseh.  After  the  death  of  Saul  the  tribe  of  Ephraim, 
together  with  all  the  other  tribes  except  Judah,  recog- 
nized Eslibaal  (Ishbosheth)  as  legitimate  king  in  op- 
position to  David  ; but  on  the  murder  of  Eshbaal  submit- 
ted in  common  with  the  other  tribes  to  the  hegemony  of 
Judah  under  David.  On  the  death  of  Solomon  it  revolted 
(probably  about  975  B.  C.)  under  Jeroboam  from  Rehoboam, 
the  son  of  Solomon,  and  formed,  in  conjunction  with  all 
the  tribes  except  Judah,  Simeon,  part  of  Benjamin,  and 
the  Levites.  a separate  kingdom,  which  retained  the  name 
of  Israel,  and  adopted  Shechem  as  its  capital.  This  king- 
dom was  destroyed  by  the  Assyrians  in  722  B.  c. 

Ephthalites.  The  White  Huns.  See  Runs. 

Epic  Cycle,  The.  See  the  extracts. 

There  was  a mass  of  songs  and  legends  about  Troy  which 
the  two  great  epics  left  untouched.  This  material  was 
worked  up,  between  776  B.  c.  and  650  B.  c.,  by  a number 
of  epic  poets  of  the  Ionian  school,  who  aimed  at  linking 
their  poems  with  tire  Iliad  and  Odyssey  as  introductions 
or  continuations.  In  later  times,  compilers  of  mythology 
used  to  make  abstracts  iu  prose  from  these  epics,  taking 
them  in  the  chronological  order  of  the  events,  so  as  to 
make  one  connected  story.  Such  a prose  compilation  was 
called  an  epic  cycle  (or  circle),  and  the  compilers  them- 
selves were  called  cyclic  writers.  In  modern  times  the 
name  “ cyclic  ” has  been  transferred  from  the  prose  com- 
pilers to  the  poets.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  37. 

It  was  once  commonly  believed  that  the  remaining  epic 
poets  equally  avoided  touching  upon  one  another,  that 
they  composed  their  own  poems  upon  a fixed  chronologi- 
cal plan,  each  resuming  where  the  other  had  finished,  and 
so  completing  an  account  of  what  is  called  the  epic  cycle, 
from  the  birth  of  Aphrodite  in  the  “Cypria"  down  to  the 
conclusion  of  the  “Nostoi,”  or  “Telegonia,"  of  Eugammon. 
But  it  seems  clearly  made  out  now  that  no  such  fixed  sys- 
tem of  poems  existed;  that  the  authors,  widely  separated 
in  date  and  birthplace,  were  no  corporation  with  fixed  tra- 
ditions ; that  they  did  overlap  in  subject,  and  repeat  the 
same  legends ; and  that  the  epic  cycle  does  not  mean  a 
cycle  of  poems,  but  a cycle  of  legends,  arranged  by  the 
grammarians,  who  illustrated  them  by  a selection  of  poems, 
or  parts  of  poems,  including,  of  course,  the  Iliad  and  Odys- 
sey, and  then  such  other  epics  as  told  the  whole  story  of 


364 

the  Thebian  and  Trojan  wars,  down  to  the  conclusion  of 

the  heroic  age. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  86. 

Epicharmus  (ep-i-kar'mus).  [Gr.  ’Errixappoc.] 
Born  in  the  island  of  Cos  about  540  b.  C. : died 
at  Syracuse  at  an  advanced  age  (ninety  or 
ninety-seven).  A Greek  comic  poet.  At  an  early 
age  he' was  carried  to  Megara,  in  Sicily,  and  thence,  when 
Megara  was  sacked  by  Gelon,  to  Syracuse.  Thirty-five 
titles  of  his  comedies  are  extant,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
written  52  plays. 

The  notice  that  he  [Epicharmus]  added  letters  to  the 
alphabet  arises  either  from  some  later  letters  being  first 
adopted  in  his  works,  or  from  his  intimacy  with  Simonides 
at  Syracuse.  It  is  not  impossible,  as  Simonides  did  adopt 
some  additions,  that  he  persuaded  Epicharmus  to  spread 
their  use  in  copies  of  his  very  popular  plays. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  402. 

Epicoene  (ep'i-sen),  or  The  Silent  Woman. 

[Gr.  c7riicou>oc,  of  either  gender,  promiscuous.] 
A comedy  by  Ben  Jonson,  produced  iu  1609. 
Epicoene  was  a supposed  silent  woman  who  really  spoke 
softly  and  in  monosyllables.  She  was  brought  to  Morose, 
who  had  an  insane  horror  of  noise,  by  his  nephew  who 
wished  to  play  him  a trick.  After  the  wedding  Epicoene 
scolds,  screams,  and  develops  into  a virago;  but  after  many 
noisy,  rough  tricks  and  jokes  which  drive  Morose  to  the 
verge  of  distraction,  he  is  relieved  by  his  nephew  Sir 
Dauphine,  who,  in  consideration  of  the  payment  of  his 
debts  and  the  promise  of  a proper  allowance,  reveals  the 
trick,  which  is  that  Epicoene  is  really  a boy  in  disguise : 
consequently  there  never  was  a “ silent  woman.”  Colman 
the  elder  wrote  a version  of  this  play.  It  was  produced 
by  Garrick  in  1776. 

Epictetus  (ep-ik-te'tus)  of  Hierapolis.  [Gr. 

’E7riK.Tr/T0g.']  A celebrated  Stoic  philosopher. 
He  was  a native  of  Hierapolis  in  Phrygia,  was  a freedman 
of  Epaphroditus  (the  freedman  and  favorite  of  Nero),  was 
apupil  of  Musonius  Rufus,  and  taught  philosophy  at  Rome 
until  94  (81?)  A.  D.,  when  he  removed  to  Nicopolis  in  Epi- 
rus, in  consequence  of  an  edict  of  Domitian  banishing  the 
philosophers  from  Rome.  Although  he  left  no  written 
works,  his  essential  doctrines  are  preserved  in  a manual 
compiled  by  his  pupil  Arrian.  He  taught  that  the  sum  of 
wisdom  is  to  desire  nothing  but  freedom  and  contentment, 
and  to  bear  and  forbear ; that  all  unavoidable  evil  in  the 
worldis onlyapparentand  external;  andthatourhappiness 
depends  upon  our  own  will,  which  even  Zeus  cannot  break. 

Epicure  Mammon,  Sir.  See  Mammon. 
Epicurus  (ep-i-ku'rus).  [Gr.  ’Em'/coupof.]  Born 
in  Samos,  342  B.  c. : died  at  Athens,  270  b.  c. 
The  founder  of  the  Epicurean  school  of  philos- 
ophy. He  was  the  son  of  Neocles,  an  Athenian  cleruch 
settled  in  Samos,  and  belonged  to  the  Attic  dome  of  Gar- 
gettus  (whence  he  is  sometimes  called  the  Gargeitian).  He 
is  said  to  have  studied  under  Xenocrates  at  Athens,  and 
subsequently  taught  at  Mytilene  and  Lampsaeus.  In  3J6 
he  opened  a school  in  a garden  at  Athens,  where  he  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  is  said  to  have  written 
about  300  volumes,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant. 
His  will,  4 epistles,  and  a list  of  4 t propositions  containing 
the  substance  of  his  ethical  philosophy,  have  been  pre- 
served by  Diogenes  Laertius.  He  taught  that  pleasure  is 
the  only  possible  end  of  rational  action,  and  that  the  ulti- 
mate pleasure  is  freedom.  He  adopted  the  atomistic 
theory  of  Democritus,  while  bringing  into  it  the  doctrine 
of  chance. 

Epidamnus  (ep-i-dam'nus).  An  ancient  name 
of  Durazzo.  See  Dura, zzo. 

Epidaurus  (ep-i-da'rus).  [Gr.  ’En Mavpoc.]  1. 
A maritime  town  of  Illyricum.  It  was  destroyed 
some  time  after  the  reign  of  Justinian,  and  was  replaced 
by  Ragusa.  It  was  a Roman  colony. 

2.  A town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Pelopones- 
sus,  in  the  district  called  Argolis  under  the 
Romans.  Throughout  the  flourishing  period  of  Grecian 
history  it  was  an  independent  state,  possessing  a small 
territory  (’EiriSavpia),  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Argeia, 
on  the  north  by  the  Corinthia,  on  the  south  by  the  Trce- 
zenia,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Saronic  Gulf.  {Smith.)  Itwas 
the  most  celebrated  seat  of  the  ancient  cult  of  -Escula- 
pius.  The  sanctuary  occupied  a valley  among  hills,  at 
some  distance  from  the  city.  An  inner  inclosure  con- 
tained a temple  to  2Eseulapius,  the  architecturally  impor- 
tant tholos  of  Polycletus,  extensive  porticos  which  served 
as  hospitals  to  the  sick  who  came  to  seek  the  aid  of  the 
god  and  his  priests,  and  many  votive  offerings.  Outside 
of  this  inclosure  were  the  stadium,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  ancient  theaters,  a gymnasium,  propylaea,  and 
other  buildings,  the  arrangements  for  the  collection  and 
distribution  of  water  being  especially  not  eworthy.  Almost 
all  our  knowledge  of  this  sanctuary  comesfrom  the  exten- 
sive excavations  conducted  by  the  Archsoological  Society 
of  Athens  since  1881.  A museum  was  completed  in  1910. 

Epidaurus  Limera  (li-me'ra).  [Gr.  ’Emdavpot; 
if  Aiiirjpa.  ] In  ancient  geography,  a town  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Laconia,  Greece,  22  miles 
north-northwest  of  Cape  Malea. 

Epigoni  (e-pig'o-m).  [Gr.  kmyovoi,  descen- 
dants.] In  Greek  mythology,  the  seven  sons 
of  the  seven  Argive  chiefs  who  had  unsuccess- 
fully attacked  Thebes.  The  Epigoni,  ten  years  after 
the  first  attempt,  defeated  the  Thebans  and  avenged  their 
fathers.  This  was  supposed  to  have  occurred  shortly  be- 
fore the  Trojan  war. 

Epigoni.  A Greek  epic  poem  of  the  Theban 
cyme,  by  Antiruachus  of  Claros,  relating  to  the 
renewal  of  the  mythical  war  ^between  Argos 
and  Thebes  by  the  ‘‘descendants”  of  its  heroes. 
Epimenides  (ep-i-men'i-dez).  [Gr.  ’Eiri/ievid^.} 
Lived  in  the  7th  century  b.  C.  A Cretan  poet 
and  prophet. 


Eponym  Canon 

Epimetheus  (ep-i-me'thus).  [Gr.  ’Eiri/ar/devt;, 
afterthought.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  bro- 
ther of  Prometheus  and  husband  of  Pandora. 
Although  warned  by  his  brother,  he  accepted  Pandora  as 
a gift  from  Zeus,  with  the  result  that  through  her  curi- 
osity she  liberated  evils  peculiar  to  man,  which  Prome- 
theus had  concealed  in  a vessel. 

fipinac  (a-pe-nak').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  11  miles  east-north- 
east of  Autun.  It  is  the  center  of  a coal-min- 
ing region.  Population,  commune,  4,877. 
Spinal  (a-pe-nal').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Mo- 
selle in  lat.  48°  10'  N.,  long.  6°  26'  E.  it  has 
some  manufactures,  and  contains  the  departmental  mu- 
seum and  a library.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Germans 
Oct.  12,  1870.  Population,  commune,  29,058. 

Spinal  Glossary.  An  Anglo-Saxon  and  Old- 
Saxon  glossary  preserved  at  Epinal,  France. 
It  was  originally  from  the  Abbey  of  Moyen  Moutier,  near 
Lenones.  “ The  type  of  its  writing  is  of  the  time  of  the 
Culdee3 ; its  letters  being  of  First-English,  as  written  by 
the  Celtic  priests  who  laboured  for  tbe  conversion  of  the 
English.  It  is  ascribed  by  Mr.  Sweet  to  the  end  of  the 
seventh  century."  ( Morley .)  Mr.  Sweet  has  edited  a fac- 
simile of  this  glossary,  published  at  London  in  1883. 

fipinay  (a-pe-na'),  Madame  de  la  Live  d’ 
(Louise  Florence  Petronille  Tardieu  d’Es- 
clavelles).  Born  at  Valenciennes,  March  11, 
1726:  died  April  17, 1783.  A French  author, 
an  intimate  friend  of  Grimm  and  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau.  For  the  latter  she  erected  a cottage,  the 
Hermitage,  in  the  garden  of  her  chateau,  La  Chevrette, 
near  Montmorency.  Her  “M6moires  et  correspondance  ” 
was  published  in  1818,  and  her  collected  works  in  1869. 
Epiphanius  (ep-i-fa'ni-us),  Saint.  Bom  near 
Eleutheropolis,  Palestine,  about  315  A.  d.  : died 
at  sea  near  Cyprus,  403.  A father  of  the  East- 
ern Church.  He  became  in  367  bishop  of  Constantia 
(the  ancient  Salamis)  in  Cyprus.  He  took  a prominent  part 
in  the  theological  controversies  of  his  day,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  the  synods  of  Antioch  (376)  and  Rome  (382),  where 
questions  pertaining  to  the  Trinity  were  debated.  He  died 
on  the  return  voyage  from  Constantinople,  whither  he  had 
gone  to  oppose  the  heresy  of  Origen.  He  wrote  a treatise 
against  heresies  entitled  “Panarion,”  a dogmatical  work 
entitled  “Ancoratus,”  etc. 

Epipsychidion  (ep-i-psi-kid'i-on).  [‘A  little 
poem  on  the  soul’;  from  Gr.  en t.  upon,  ipvxv, 
soul,  and  dim.  -idtov.']  A poem  by  Shelley,  pub- 
lished in  1821. 

Epirus,  or  Epeiros  (e-pi'rus).  [Gr.  ”H7r«pof.] 
In  ancient  geography,  that  part  of  northern 
Greece  which  lies  between  Illyria  on  the  north, 
Macedonia  and  Thessaly  on  the  east,  iEtolia, 
Acarnania,  and  the  Ambraeian  Gulf  on  the  south, 
and  the  Ionian  Sea  on  the  west  (to  the  Acroce- 
raunian  promontory).  In  earlier  times  the  name 
was  given  to  the  entire  western  coast  southward  to  the 
Corinthian  Gulf.  The  kingdom  of  Epirus  was  at  its  height 
under  Pyrrhus  (295-272  B.  C.).  It  was  ravaged  by  .Emilius 
Paulus  in  167  B.  c. ; was  a part  of  the  Roman  Empire  146 
B.  C.-1204  A.  D. ; was  overrun  by  Albanians  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury ; was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  the  15th  century  ; 
and  now  forms  part  of  the  Turkish  vilayet  Janina,  and 
part  of  the  territory  ceded  to  Greece  in  1881. 
Episcopius  (ep-is -ko'pi-us)  (Latinized  from 
Bisschop  or  Bischop),  Simon.  Born  at  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  1, 1583 : died  at  Amsterdam,  April 
4,  1643.  A Dutch  theologian,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  Arminianism.  He  published  “Confessio” 
(1621),  “Apologia  ” (1629),“  Institutiones  Theo- 
logical, ” etc. 

Epistolas  Obscurorum Virorum.  [L., ‘Letters 
of  Obscure  Men.’]  A collection  of  forty-one 
anonymous  letters,  first  published  in  1515,  satir- 
izing the  ignorance,  hypocrisy,  and  licentious- 
ness of  the  Roman  Catholic  monastics  at  the 
time  of  the  Reformation.  It  was  occasioned  by  the 
controversy  between  Reuclilin  and  Pfefferkorn,  a converted 
Jew,  who  advocated  the  destruction,  as  heretical,  of  the 
whole  Jewish  literature,  except  the  Bible,  and  who  was 
supported  by  the  Dominicans  of  Cologne.  The  authorship 
of  the  letters  Is  attributed  by  some  to  Ulrich  von  Hutten, 
Crotus,  and  Bnschius. 

Epithalamium  (epM-tha-la'mi-um).  A poem 
by  Spenser,  published  in  1595 : a marriage  song 
for  his  own  bride. 

For  splendour  of  imagery,  for  harmony  of  verse,  for  deli- 
cate taste  and  real  passion,  the  “ Epithalamium  ” excels  all 
other  poems  of  its  class. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  87. 

Eponym  Canon  (ep'o-nim  kari'on).  The  name 
given  by  Assyriologists  to  the  list  of  archons 
or  chief  magistrates  in  Assyria.  This  office  of 
archon,  called  in  Assyrian  limmu,  passed  in  rotation  every 
year  to  different  high  dignitaries.  Each  king  was  limmu 
in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  and  he  was  followed  by 
the  general  of  the  army,  or  tartan.  The  limmu  gave  the 
name  to  the  year  in  which  he  held  this  office  (hence  the 
term  eponymus,  in  Greek  ‘ one  from  whom  somebody  or 
something  is  named  ’).  Documents  and  events  were  dated 
with  these  names  (as  in  Rome  with  the  names  of  the  con- 
suls of  each  year).  The  lists  of  the  limmus  were  carefully 
and  accurately  kept.  The  custom  probably  goes  back  to 
a remote  date,  but  the  four  lists  of  limmus  found  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  Eponym  Canon  cover  the 


Eponym  Canon 

years  911-660  B.  c.  As  each  king  was  limmu  in  the  second 
year  of  his  reign,  the  Eponym  Canon  became  of  the  great- 
est importance  for  the  chronology  of  the  Assyrian  kings. 
Further  and  still  more  interesting  information  has  been 
derived  from  these  tables,  which  contain  alongside  of  the 
name  of  the  limmu  a short  notice  of  the  principal  events 
of  his  year.  Thus,  for  instance,  during  the  reign  of  Asur- 
dan  III.  (772-754)  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  Nineveh  is  re- 
corded, and  according  to  the  calculations  of  the  astron- 
omers such  an  eclipse  took  place  on  the  15th  of  J tine,  763,  so 
that  this  notice  is  of  prime  importance  for  early  chronology. 
Epping  (ep'ing).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Essex,  England,  16  miles  northeast  of  London. 
Population,  3,789. 

Epping  Forest.  A royal  forest  in  southwestern 
Essex,  England,  formerly  called  Waltham  For- 
est. Its  area  formerly  was  about  60,000  acres : it  now 
contains  5,600  acres,  preserved  by  London,  and  opened  to 
the  public  as  a pleasure-ground  in  1882. 

Epremenil.  See  Espremesnil. 

Epsom  (ep'sorn).  [Supposed  to  be  equivalent 
to  Ebba’s  home : so  named  from  Saint  Ebba, 
queen  of  Surrey,  a.  d.  600.]  A market-town  in 
the  county  of  Surrey,  15  miles  southwest  of 
London.  In  1618  the  mineral  spring  from  which  Epsom 
salts  were  first  made  was  discovered,  and  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  17th  century  Epsom  became  a fashionable  resort, 
and  remained  so  until  1736,  when  the  tide  turned  to  Bath 
and  Cheltenham.  It  was  especially  affected  by  Charles  II. 
Races  were  run  on  the  downs  a mile  and  a half  south  of 
the  town  probably  as  early  as  the  reign  of  James  I.,  but  its 
importance  as  a race-course  begins  with  the  establishment 
of  the  Oaks  and  the  Derby  in  1779  and  1780.  The  spring 
meeting  occurs  yearly  about  the  middle  of  April,  and  the 
Derby  and  Oaks  are  run  about  the  end  of  May.  Population, 
10,915. 

Epsom  Wells.  A comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1675. 

Epworth  (ep'werth).  A small  town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  24  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln  : 
the  birthplace  of  John  Wesley. 

Equador,  ConfederaQao  do.  See  Confederarao 
do  Equador. 

Era  of  Good  Feeling.  In  United  States  his- 
tory, a name  given  to  the  period  from  1817  to 
about  1824,  which  was  marked  by  internal  har- 
mony and  the  absence  of  strong  party  feeling. 
£rard  (a-rar'),  Sebastien.  Born  at  Stras- 
burg,  April  5,  1752:  died  at  Passy,  near  Paris, 
Aug.  5,  1831.  A French  manufacturer  of 
pianofortes,  harps,  and  organs.  He  invented  the 
double-action  harp  in  1808,  and  made  improvements  in 
pianos  and  organs. 

Erasistratus  (er-a-sis'tra-tus).  Born  probably 
in  the  island  of  Ceos:  lived  about  300  b.  c.  A 
Greek  physician  and  anatomist. 

Erasmus  (e-raz'mus),  Desiderius  (originally 
Gerhard  Gerhards(‘ Gerhard’s  son’),D.  Geert 
Geerts).  [Gr.  epaopiog,  beloved,  desired  : the 
L.  desiderius  has  the  same  sense.]  Bom  at 
Rotterdam,  probably  Oct.  28,  1465 : died  at 
Basel,  Switzerland,  July  12,  1536.  A famous 
Dutch  classical  and  theological  scholar  and 
satirist.  He  was  the  iHegitimate  son  of  Gerhard  de 
Praet,  was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  was 
defrauded  of  his  inheritance  by  his  guardians,  who  com- 
pelled him  to  enter  the  monastery  of  Stein.  He  entered 
in  1491  the  service  of  the  Bishop  of  Cambray,  under  whose 
patronage  he  was  enabled  to  study  at  the  University  of 
Paris.  He  subsequently  visited  the  chief  European  coun- 
tries, including  England  (1498-99  and  1510-14),  and  in 
1521  settled  at  Basel,  whence  he  removed  to  Freiburg  in 
Breisgau  in  1529.  Refusing  all  offers  of  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment, he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  study  and  literary 
composition.  He  aimed  to  reform  without  dismember- 
ing the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  at  first  favored,  but 
subsequently  opposed,  the  Reformation,  and  engaged  in  a 
controversy  with  Luther.  His  chief  performance  was  an 
edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  Greek  with  a Latin 
translation,  published  in  1516.  Besides  this  edition  of  the 
New  Testament  his  most  notable  publications  are  “Col- 
loquies” and  “Encomium  Morise.”  A collective  edition 
of  his  works  was  published  by  Le  Clerc  1703-06. 

Eraste  (a-rast').  1.  The  exasperate!!  lover  in 
Moliere’s  comedy  “Les  faeheux”  (‘  The  Bores’). 

He  has  an  appointment  with  Orphise  whom  he  loves,  and 
every  person  in  the  play  comes  in  and  prevents  it. 

2.  The  lover  of  Julie  in  Moliere’s  “M.  de 
Pourceaugnac.” — 3.  The  lover  of  Lucille  in 
Moliere’s  comedy  “ Le  depit  amoureux,”  usu- 
ally called  “Lovers’  Quarrels”  in  English. 
Erastians  (e-ras'tianz).  Those  who  maintain 
the  doctrines  held  by  or  attributed  to  Thomas 
Erastus,  a German  polemic  (1524^83),  author  of 
a work  on  excommunication,  in  which  he  pro- 
posed to  restrict  the  jurisdiction  of  the  church. 
Erastianism,  or  the  doctrine  of  state  supremacy  in  eccle- 
siastical matters,  is  often,  but  erroneously,  attributed  to 
him. 

Erastus  (e-ras'tus),  Thomas  (Grecized  from 
Lieber  or  Liebler).  [Gr.  ipaordr,  lovely,  be- 
loved.] Born  at  Auggen,  near  Badenweiler, 
Germany,  1524 : died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  1583. 
A physician  and  Protestant  controversialist. 
His  chief  work,  a collection  of  theses  on  excom- 
munication, was  published  in  1589. 


365 

Erato  (er'a-to).  [Gr.  E parti.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  Muse  of  erotic  poetry.  lit  art  she 
is  often  represented  with  the  lyre. 
Eratosthenes  (er-a-tos'the-nez).  [Gr.  ’E paroc- 
Oivr/i;.]  Born  at  Cyrene,  Africa,  about  276  b.  c.  : 
died  about  196  b.  c.  An  Alexandrian  astrono- 
mer, geometer,  geographer,  grammarian,  and 
philosopher:  “the  founder  of  astronomical  ge- 
ography and  of  scientific  chronology.”  He  mea- 
sured the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  and  introduced  a 
method  of  computing  the  earth’s  magnitude.  Fragments 
of  his“  Geographica  ” (Few  ypa^iKa)  are  extant. 

Erbach  (er'bach).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  situated  in  the  Oden- 
wald  21  miles  southeast  of  Darmstadt,  it  has  a 

castle,  and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  independent  count- 
ship.  Population,  about  3,000. 

Ercilla  y Zuniga  (ar-thel'ya  e thon-ye'ga), 
Alonso  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  Aug.  7,  1533 : died 
there, Nov. 29, 1595(f) . A Spanish  soldierandpoet. 
In  1554  he  took  service  withJeronymo  de  Alderete,  who  had 
been  appointed  governor  of  Chile.  He  led  an  adventu- 
rous life  in  South  America  until  1562,  when  he  returned  to 
Spain.  In  1569  he  published  the  first  part  of  “ La  Arau- 
cana”  (followed  later  by  the  second  and  third  parts),  the 
finest  heroic  poem  in  the  Spanish  language.  It  has  also  his- 
torical value. 

Erckmann-Chatrian  (erk'miin  - sha  - tre  - oh' ) . 
The  signature  of  the  literary  collaborators 
Emile  Erckmann  (born  May  20,  1822:  died 
March  14, 1899)  and  Louis  Gratien  Charles  Alex- 
andre Chatrian  (born  at  Soldatenthal,  Meurthe, 
Dec.  18,  1826:  died  at  Rainey,  Seine,  Sept.  3, 
1890).  In  1847  these  two  men  became  associated  in  lit- 
erary labors,  the  former  writing  chiefly  and  the  latter  ed- 
iting and  adapting  for  the  stage.  Among  their  first  pub- 
lications are  “Science  et  gf'nie  ” and  “ Schinderhannes  ” 
(1850),  and  many  short  stories.  The  series  of  novels  to 
which  Erckmann-Chatrian  owe,  in  great  part,  their  repu- 
tation includes  “Le  Fou  Yegof  ” (1862),  “Madame  Thd- 
rese,  ou  les  volontaires  de  1792  ” (1863),  “ Histoire  d’un  con- 
Bcrit  de  1813  ” and  “L’Ami  Fritz  ” (1864),  “Waterloo”  and 
"Histoire  d’un  homme  du  peuple”  (1865),  “La  guerre" 
and  “ La  maison  forestiere  ’’  (1866),  and  many  others.  Their 
dramatic  compositions  and  adaptations  are  “Georges,  ou 
le  chasseur  des  ruines”  (1848),  “L’Alsace  en  1814  ” (1860), 
“LeJuif  polonais ” (1869),  “L’Ami Fritz”(1876),  “Madame 
Therese  ” (1882),  “ Les  Rantzau  " (1882),  etc.  Erckmann 
claims  the  sole  authorship  of  the  novel  “Les  brigands 
des  Vosges  il  y a soixante  ans’’(1850),  a totally  different 
version  of  which  was  published  by  him  in  “ La  Revue 
de  Paris”  under  the  title  “ L’Hlustre  docteur  Matheus ” 
(1857).  Since  Chatrian’s  death,  Erckmann  has  contributed 
to  “Le  Temps”  two  publications,  “Kaleb  et  Khora”and 
“La  premiere  campagne  du  grand-p're  Jacques,”  the 
latter  being  the  first  in  a series  of  stories  dealing  with 
the  wars  of  the  empire. 

Ercles  (er'klez).  A corruption  of  Hercules. 

Bot.  . . . Yet  my  chief  humour  is  for  a tyrant:  I could 
play  Ercles  rarely,  or  a part  to  tear  a cat  in,  to  make  all 
split  . . . This  is  Ercles’  vein,  a tyrant’s  vein  : a lover  is 
more  condoling.  Shak.,  Midsummer  Night’s  Dream. 

[Ercles  — Hercules  — was  one  of  the  roarers  of  the  old 
rude  stage.  Thus  Greene,  in  his  “Groatsworth  of  Wit,” 
1592  : “The  twelve  labours  of  Hercules  have  I terribly 
thundered  on, the  stage.”  Hudson,  Note  to  M.  N.  D.) 

Ercta  (erk'ta),  or  Ercte  (-te).  [Gr.  E 'ipurr/, 
’Ep/cr#.]  In  ancient  geography,  a mountain  in 
northern  Sicily,  about  4 miles  north  of  Paler- 
mo : the  modem  Monte  Pellegrino,  it  was  a 
stronghold  of  Hamilcar  Barca  in  the  last  part  of  the  first 
Punic  war. 

Erdelyi  (er'dal-ye),  J&nos.  BomatKapos,Ung, 
Hungary,  1814:  died  at  S&rospatak,  Zemplin, 
Hungary,  Jan.  23,  1868.  A Hungarian  writer. 
His  chief  works  are  collections  of  Hungarian 
folk-songs  (1846-48)  and  folk-tales  (1855). 
Erdmann  (erd'man),  Axel  Joachim.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  Aug.  12,  1814:  died  at  Stockholm, 
Dec.  1,  1869.  A Swedish  geologist  and  miner- 
alogist. 

Erdmann,  Johann  Eduard.  Born  at  Wolmar, 
Livonia,  Russia,  June  13, 1805 : died  at  Halle, 
June  12,  1892.  A German  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor at  Halle.  He  published  “Versuch  finer  wis- 
senschaftlichen  Darstellung  der  Geschichte  der  neuern 
Philosophie  ” (1834-53),  etc. 

Erdmann,  Otto  Linne.  Born  at  Dresden,  April 
11,  1804:  died  at  Leipsic,  Oct.  9,  1869.  A Ger- 
man chemist.  He  published  “Lehrbuch  derChemie” 
(“Manual  of  Chemistry,”  1828),  etc.,  and  founded  the 
“Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie”  in  1834. 

Erebus  (er'e-bus),  or  Erebos  (-bos).  [Gr.  ”Epc- 
/3of.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  son  of  Chaos 
and  brother  of  Nyx. 

Erebus.  An  active  volcano  in  Victoria  Land, 
Antarctic  regions,  about  lat.  78°  S.,  long.  168°  E. 
Height,  about  13,000  feet  (Shackleton). 

Erec  (eVek)  and  Enid  (e'nid).  See  the  extract 
and  Enid. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  these  metrical  tales  is 
“Erec  and  Enide,”  by  Chrestien  de  Troyes.  Erec  van- 
quishes a knight  who  had  insulted  an  attendant  of  Queen 
Geneura  at  a national  hunt.  After  the  battle,  Erec  dis- 
covered on  the  domains  of  the  person  he  had  conquered 
his  beautiful  niece,  called  Enide,  who  resided  near  her 
uncle’s  castle,  but  had  been  allowed  by  him  to  remain  in 
the  utmost  poverty.  Erec  marries  this  lady,  and  soon 


Eric  the  Red 

forgets  all  the  duties  of  chivalry  in  her  embraces ; his 
vassals  complain  bitterly  of  his  sloth,  and  Enide  rouses 
him  to  exertion.  Attended  by  her  alone,  he  sets  out  in 
quest  of  adventures,  of  which  a variety  are  related. 

Btinlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  264. 

Erech  (e'rek).  One  of  the  four  cities  of  the 
kingdom  of  Nimrod,  in  Shinar  or  Babylonia: 
the  Greek  Orclioe.  It  was  identical  with  Uruk  of  the 
inscriptions,  and  is  now  represented  by  the  mound  of 
ruins  of  Warka,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates 
southeast  of  Babylon.  It  was  one  of  the  oldest  seats  of 
Babylonian  civilization,  and  had  a college  of  learned  priests 
and  a large  library.  It  was  also  the  chief  seat  of  the  wor- 
ship of  Ishtar  as  the  evening  star,  and  of  Nana.  Accord- 
ing to  an  inscription  of  Asurbanipal  (668-626  B.  0.)  Erech 
was,  in  2280  B.  C.,  invaded  by  the  Elamite  king  Kudur- 
nachundi,  who  carried  off  the  image  of  Nana  to  Elam, 
where  it  remained  for  1.635  years,  till  he  (Asurbanipal),  in 
645,  at  the  conquest  of  Susa,  returned  it  to  its  ancient  seat. 
Around  the  ruins  of  Erech  are  found  many  tombs,  so  that 
it  would  seem  that  it  served  as  a kind  of  necropolis. 

Erechtheum  (e-rek-the'um).  An  Ionic  temple 
in  Athens  dating  from  the  end  of  the  5th  cen- 
tury b.  c.,  remarkable  for  its  complex  plan  and 
architectural  variety,  as  well  as  for  its  techni- 
cal perfection.  It  included  a shrine  to  Athena  Polias 
(as  guardian  of  the  city),  altars  to  several  other  divinities, 
the  tomb  of  Erechtheus  (whence  its  name),  the  salt  spring 
evoked  by  Poseidon,  and  several  other  peculiarly  sacred 
memorials.  The  shrine  of  Athena  faced  the  east,  and  bad 
the  form  of  a prostyle  hexastyle  cella.  On  the  north  side, 
at  a lower  level,  there  is  a portico  of  four  by  two  delicately 
sculptured  columns,  with  access  by  a monumental  door- 
way to  a hall  traversing  the  building  behind  the  cella  of 
Athena.  The  west  wall  of  this  hall  was  formed  of  a high 
basement-wall,  upon  which  stood  four  piers  having  on 
their  outer  face  the  form  of  Ionic  semi-columns.  The 
wall  is  usually  restored  as  having  windows  in  the  interco- 
lumniations.  At  the  west  end  of  the  south  side  is  the 
famous  Porch  of  Caryatids,  whose  rich  entablature  rests 
on  the  heads  of  six  female  figures,  four  in  front,  ranking 
as  the  finest  of  architectural  sculptures.  On  the  west  side 
of  the  temple  was  the  inclosure  in  which  grew  the  mirac- 
ulous olive-tree  of  Athena,  and  in  which  lived  the  priest- 
esses and  the  high-born  maidens  who  were  selected  every 
year  to  serve  the  goddess. 

Erechtheus  (e-rek'thus),  or  Erichthonius 

(e-rik-tho'ni-us).  In  Greek  legend,  a son  of 
Hephaestus,  and  an  autochthonous  hero  of 
Athens : often  confounded  with  another  of  the 
same  name,  sometimes  represented  as  his 
grandson. 

Eregli  (e-reg'li),  or  Erekli  (e-rek'li).  A town 
in  the  vilayet  of  Kastamuni,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  17'  N., 
long.  31°  25'  E. : the  ancient  Heraclea.  It  is 
the  center  of  a coal-mining  region.  Popula- 
tion, about  4,000. 

Eretria  (e-re'tri-a).  [Gr.  ’E perpia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  on  the  island  of  Euboea, 
Greece,  29  miles  north  of  Athens,  it  was  a rival 
of  Chalcis,  was  destroyed  by  the  Persians  in  490  B.  c.,  and 
was  afterward  rebuilt.  An  ancient  theater  has  been  ex- 
cavated on  its  site  by  the  American  School  at  Athens.  The 
cavea  is  supported  on  an  artificial  embankment.  It  was 
divided  by  radial  stairways  into  11  cunei,  and  is  266  feet 
in  diameter.  The  orchestra,  811  feet  in  diameter,  pre- 
sents a highly  important  feature,  here  first  recognized,  in 
an  underground  passage  leading  from  its  center  to  the  in- 
terior of  the  stage-structure.  This  explains  several  ob- 
scurities in  the  classical  drama. 

Erfurt  (er'fort).  A city  in  the  province  of  Sax- 
ony, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Gera  in  lat.  50° 
58'  N.,  long.  11°  1'  E.  It  is  famous  for  its  horticulture, 
and  has  varied  manufactures.  It  contains  a noted  cathe- 
dral, a church  of  St.  Severus,  and  an  Augustine  monasteiy 
which  has  a cell  once  occupied  by  Luther.  The  town  was 
founded  very  early, and  was  a memberof  the  Hanse  League. 
It  was  ah  object  of  strife  between  Saxony  and  tire  electorate 
of  Mainz,  and  passed  finally  to  the  latter.  It  was  acquired 
by  Prussia  in  1802,  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1806,  and 
waB  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815.  It  had  a university  from 
the  14th  century  to  1816.  In  1808  it  was  the  scene  of  a con- 
ference between  Napoleon,  Alexander  I.,  and  German 
princes,  and  in  1850  was  the  seat  of  the  German  Unions- 
parliament.  Population,  commune,  111,498,  (1910). 

Eric  (e'rik),  Sw.  Erik  (a'rik),  Saint.  Died  near 
Upsala,  Sweden,  May  18, 1160.  King  of  Sweden, 
elected  to  the  throne  of  Upper  Sweden  in  1150. 
He  undertook  in  1157  a crusade  against  the  heathen  Finns, 
part  of  whom  he  conquered  and  baptized.  Soon  after  his 
return  to  Upsala  he  was  attacked  by  the  Danish  prim  e 
Magnus  Hendrikson,  and  fell  in  battle. 
EricXIV.-King  of  Sweden.  Born  Dee.  13, 1533: 
poisoned  Feb.  26, 1577.  Son  of  Gustavus  Vasa 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1560.  He  elevated  bis  mis- 
tress, Katrina  M&nsdotter,  to  the  throne,  after  having 
made  unsuccessful  overtures  of  marriage  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth of  England  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  His  violence 
and  misgovernment  caused  his  deposition  in  1568  by  a 
conspiracy  of  the  nobles  headed  by  his  brothers  John  and 
Charles.  He  was,  according  to  tradition,  put  to  death  in 
prison  by  poison. 

Eric  the  Red.  The  founder  of  the  first  Norse 
Settlement  in  Greenland  ( .’).  According  to  the  Ice- 
landic sagas,  he  killed  a man  in  Norway  and  fled  to 
Iceland,  whence  he  was  sent  into  temporary  banishment 
for  a similar  outrage  ; whereupon,  in  982,  he  set  sail 
toward  the  west  in  quest  of  a strange  land  sighted  in  876 
by  the  Norse  sea-rover  Gunnhiom.  He  discovered  the 
country  which  he  named  Greenland,  and  lived  there  three 


Eric  the  Red 


366 


Erpenius 


years,  when  he  returned  to  Iceland  for  colonists  and  sup- 
plies for  a permanent  settlement,  which  he  founded  ap- 
parently in  985. 

Ericht  (er'icht),  Loch.  A lake  in  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  and  near  the  border  of  Perthshire  and 
Inverness-shire.  It  is  the  outlet  to  Loch  Ran- 
noch  and  the  Tay.  Length,  nearly  15  miles. 

Erichthonius.  See  Erechtheus. 

Ericson  (er'ik-son),  Leif.  A Norse  adventurer, 
son  of  Eric  the  Red.  According  to  the  Icelandic  sagas, 
he  sailed  from  Greenland  with  35  companions  about  1000 
A.  D.,  in  quest  of  a strange  land  to  the  west  which  had  been 
sighted  in  986  by  the  Norseman  Bjarni  Herjulfson.  He  dis- 
covered the  country  which  he  named  Vinland  from  the 
grape-vines  he  found  growing  in  it,  and  spent  a winter 
there.  The  coast  on  which  he  landed  has  been  variously 
identified  — by  some  as  that  of  Labrador  or  N ewfoundlaud, 
and  by  others  as  that  of  New  Eugland. 

Ericsson  (er'ik-son),  John.  Born  in  the  parish 
of  Pernebo,  Wermland,  Sweden,  July  31, 1803: 
died  at  New  York,  March  8,  1889.  A famous 
Swedish-American  engineer  and  inventor.  He 
went  to  England  in  1826,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1839. 
He  constructed  the  caloric  engine  in  1833 ; applied  the 
screw  to  steam  navigation  1836-41 ; and  invented  the  tur- 
reted  ironclad  Monitor  1862.  (See  Monitor.)  His  later 
inventions  include  a solar  engine,  the  torpedo-boat  De- 
stroyer, etc. 

Ericsson,  Nils.  Born  Jan.  31,  1802:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Sept.  8,  1870.  A Swedish  engineer, 
brother  of  John  Ericsson.  He  became  second  lieu- 
tenant in  the  engineer  corps  of  the  Swedish  army  in  1823; 
was  promoted  lieutenant  in  1828,  captain  in  1830,  and 
major  in  1832 ; and  in  1850  was  appointed  colonel  in  the 
mechanical  corp3  of  the  navy.  He  was  director-in-chief 
of  the  state  railways  1855-62,  and  was  knighted  in  1851. 

Eridanus  (e-rid'a-nus).  [Gr.  ’HptSavdg.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  name  of  a large  river  in 
northern  Europe,  later  identified  with  the 
Rhone,  or,  usually,  with  the  Po.  It  was  con- 
nected with  the  myth  of  Phaethon.  See  Pltae- 
thon. 

Eridu  (a'ri-do).  An  ancient  city  in  Babylonia, 
the  modern  Abu  Shahrein,  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  not  far  from  Mugheir, 
nearly  opposite  to  the  Arabic  city  Suk  es- 
Sheyuh.  It  was  the  principal  seat  of  Ea,  the 
Assyro-Babylonian  god  of  the  ocean. 

Erie  (e'ri).  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
formerly  living  in  western  New  York  and  along 
the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie  from  the  Gene- 
see to  the  Cuyahoga  River  in  Ohio.  The  word  is 
derived  from  their  Huron  name,  signifying  ‘ it  is  long- 
tailed,' referring  to  the  panther,  from  which  the  French 
called  them  Nation  du  Chat.  In  1653  the  Senecas  con- 
quered and  absorbed  them.  See  Iroquoian. 

Erie.  A city,  port  of  entry,  and  county-seat  of 
Erie  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Lake 
Erie  in  lat.  42°  8'  N.,  long.  80°  6'  W.  its  chief 
industry  is  iron  manufacture,  and  it  has  a large  trade.  It 
occupies  the  site  of  Fort  de  la  Presqu’isle,  built  about 
1749.  Population,  66,525,  (1910). 

Erie,  Lake.  The  southernmost  and  shallowest 
of  the  Great  Lakes,  lying  between  Ontario  on 
the  north,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio 
on  the  south  and  southeast,  and  Michigan  on 
the  west.  It  communicates  with  Lake  St.  Clair  by  the 
Detroit  Paver  at  its  upper  end,  and  discharges  its  waters 
into  Lake  Ontario  by  the  Niagara  River.  It  receives  the 
Maumee.  On  its  banks  are  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Sandusky, 
and  Toledo.  Length,  about  250  miles.  Average  breadth, 
about  40  miles.  Area,  10,000  square  miles.  Height  above 
sea-level,  564  feet. 

Erie,  Lake,  Battle  of.  A naval  victory  gained 
near  Put-in-Bay,  Lake  Erie,  Sept.  10.  1813,  by 
the  American  fleet  (9  vessels,  54  guns,  490 
men ) under  O.  H.  Perry  over  the  British  fleet 

*(6  vessels,  63  guns,  502  men)  under  Barclay. 

Erie  Canal.  The  chief  canal  in  the  United 
States,  extending  from  the  Hudson  River  at 
Albany  to  Lake  Erie  at  Buffalo,  its  construction 
was  due  mainly  to  the  efforts  of  De  Witt  Clinton  1817-25. 
Its  present  length  is  3501  miles.  Width  at  surface,  70  feet; 
at  bottom,  66  feet.  Depth,  7 feet. 

Erigena  (e-rij'e-na),  Johannes  Scotus.  [Eri- 
gena,  born  in  Ireland.]  Born  probably  in  Ire- 
land between  800  and  815 : died  probably  about 
891.  A noted  scholar  of  the  Carlovingian  period. 
He  came  to  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bald  before  847,  and 
became  director  of  the  palatial  school,  during  the  incum- 
bency of  which  office  his  chief  literary  work  was  done. 
He  is  said  by  William  of  Malmesbury  and  others  to  have 
been  invited  to  England  by  Alfred  the  Great  (about  883?), 
to  have  been  appointed  teacher  at  the  school  of  Oxford  and 
abbot  of  Malmesbury,  and  to  have  been  killed  by  his  own 
pupils.  His  chief  work  was  the  translation  of  Dionysius 
Areopagita,  and  the  consequent  introduction  of  Neopla- 
tonism into  western  Europe.  The  most  notable  of  his 
original  productions  is  “De  Divisione  Naturm”  (edited  by 
Gale  1681,  Schliiter  1838,  and  Floss  1853). 

Erigone(e-rig'o-ne).  [Gr. ’ll gty6vg.\  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Icarius.  She  was 
changed  to  a constellation  (the  Latin  Virgo). 

Erin  (e'rin).  See  Ireland. 

Erinna(e-rin'a).  [Gr.  ”IIp/wa.]  Born  atRhodes 
orTelos:  lived  about  600  b.  c.,  dying  at  the  age  of 
nineteen.  A celebrated  Greek  poetess,  a friend 


of  Sappho,  and  her  companion  in  Mytilene. 
Fragments  of  a poem,  entitled  “The  Spindle,”  and  some 
epigrams  are  all  that  remain  of  her  work. 

Erinyes  (e-rin'i-ez).  [Gr.  ’E pivveg.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  female  divinities,  avengers  of  ini- 
quity. According  to  Hesiod  they  are  daughters  of  Ge 
(earth),  sprung  from  the  blood  of  the  mutilated  Uranus  ; 
according  to  others,  of  night  and  darkness.  They  were 
also  called  the  Eumenides  and,  by  the  Romans,  Furiae  or 
Dir®.  In  later  times  their  number  was  limited  to  three, 
Alecto  (‘the  unresting’),  Megajra  (‘the  jealous’),  and  Ti- 
siphone  (‘  the  avenger  ’). 

Eriphyle  (er-i-fi'le).  [Gr.  ’E pupvTir/.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  wife  of  Amphiaraus  and  sister 
of  Adrastus.  She  was  slain  by  her  son  Alcmaeon  for 
persuading  his  father  to  join  the  expedition  against  Thebes, 
in  which  he  met  his  death. 

Eris  (e'ris  or  er'is).  [Gr.  ’’Epic.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  goddess  of  discord,  sister  of  Ares 
and,  according  to  Hesiod,  daughter  cf  Nyx. 
In  revenge  for  not  having  been  invited  to  the  nuptials  of 
Peleus  and  Thetis,  she  threw  among  the  guests  a golden 
apple  bearing  the  inscription  “To  the  Fairest."  Adispute 
arose  between  Aphrodite,  Hera,  and  Athena  concerning 
the  apple,  whereupon  Zeus  ordered  Hermes  to  take  the 
goddesses  to  Mount  Gargarus,  to  the  shepherd  Paris,  who 
should  decide  the  dispute.  He  awarded  the  apple  to 
Aphrodite,  who  in  return  assisted  him  in  carrying  off  the 
beautiful  Helen  from  Sparta,  which  gave  rise  to  the  Tro- 
jan war.  In  V ergil  Discordia  takes  the  place  of  Eris. 
Erith  (er'ith).  A town  in  Kent,  England,  on 
*the  Thames  13  miles  east  of  London. 

Eritrea  (a-re-tra'a).  The  official  name,  since 
1890,  of  the  Italian  colony  on  the  Red  Sea. 
The  first  annexation  by  Italy  was  that  of  Assab  in  1880. 
Massowah  is  the  chief  port ; Asmara  is  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. The  population  of  Eritrea  is  estimated  at  450,000. 
The  boundaries  on  the  coast  are  Cape  Kaear  and  Cape  Du- 
meirah.  As  a result  of  the  defeat  of  the  Italians  at 
Adowa  1896,  the  extent  of  the  colony  toward  the  interior 
has  been  much  restricted.  (For  inland  boundaries,  see 
supplement.)  The  chief  industry  is  pearl-fishing.  Area, 
about  45,800  square  miles. 

Erivan  (er-i-van').  A government  of  Trans- 
caucasia, Russia,  north  of  Persia  and  Turkey. 

It  occupies  a mountainous  plateau  and  is  drained  by  the 
Aras.  It  is  known  also  as  Russian  Armenia,  and  was  ceded 
to  Russia  by  Persia  in  1828.  Area,  10,725  square  miles. 
Population,  931,000. 

Erivan.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Eri- 
van, situated  on  the  Sanga  in  lat.  40°  12'  N., 
long.  44°  31'  E.  It  was  stormed  by  the  Paissian  gen- 
eral Paskevitch  in  1827.  It  contains  the  palace  of  the 
Persian  viceroys,  now  appropriated  to  the  needs  of  the 
Russian  authorities,  a large  building  with  several  courts. 
One  of  the  halls  has  been  restored  in  the  original  style, 
and  is  decorated  with  paintings  of  Persian  heroes,  as 
Abbas  Mirza  and  Nadir  Shah,  and  with  inlaid  work  in 
colored  glass.  In  one  of  the  courts  stand  two  mosques. 
The  larger  dates  from  the  17th  century,  and  is  incrusted 
within  and  without  with  brilliantly  enameled  tiles,  those 
covering  the  dome  being  blue.  Population,  29,006. 
Erkelenz  (er'ke-lentz).  A small  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  24  miles  northeast 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Population,  5,407. 
Erlangen  (er'lang-en).  A university  town  in 
Middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Regnitz  11  miles  north-northwest  of  Nurem- 
berg. It  has  manufactures  of  gloves,  hosiery,  beer,  etc. 
It  was  developed  largely  by  French  refugees,  and  was 
ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1810.  Population,  commune,  23,737. 

Erlau  (er'lou),  Hung.  Eger  (eg'er).  The  cap- 
ital of  the  county  of  Heves,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Erlau  in  lat.  47°  55'  N,,  long.  20°  22'  E. 

It  has  a cathedral,  and  is  noted  for  its  led  wines.  It 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Turks  in  1552,  but 
afterward  came  under  Turkish  sway.  Population, 
25,893. 

Erl-King  (erl'king),  G.  Erl-Konig  (erl'ke-nie). 
[Dan.  etle-konge,  elver-konge,  king  of  the  elves.] 
In  German  legend,  a goblin  who  haunts  the 
forests  and  lures  people  to  destruction.  He  is 
particularly  addicted  to  destroying  children.  This  is  the 
subject  of  Goethe’s  well  known  poem. 

Erman  (er'man),  Georg  Adolf.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, May  12,  1806:  died  July  12, 1877.  A Ger- 
man physicist,  son  of  Paul  Erman  : professor 
of  physics  at  Berlin  from  1834.  He  conducted 
magnetic  observations  in  a journey  round  the  earth,  de- 
scribed in  “Reise  um  die  Erde”  (1833-42). 

Erman,  Paul.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  29,  1764: 
died  there,  Oct.  11, 1851.  A German  physicist, 
professor  of  physics  at  Berlin  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  university  (1810). 

Ermine,  or  Ermyn  (er'min),  street.  A Roman 
road  from  London  northward  to  Lincoln  and 
Y ork.  It  left  London  at  Bishopsgate,  where  a branch,  the 
Vicinal  Way,  was  thrown  off  to  Essex.  The  first  stop- 
ping-place ou  the  northern  road  was  Adflnes,  in  Hertford- 
shire; thence  it  went  to  Durolipons,  now  Godmanches- 
ter,  on  the  Ouse;  thence  to  Durobrivae,  near  the  village 
of  Castor ; thence  due  north  to  Causenna?,  now  Ancaster ; 
thence  to  Lindum  or  Lincoln;  thence  to  Segelocum,  now 
Littleborough;  thence  toDanum,  now  Doncaster ; thence 
to  Calcaria,  the  modern  Tadcaster  ; and  thence  to  Ebora- 
cum  or  York.  From  York  it  went  northward  to  the  wall 
of  Hadrian. 

Erminia  (er-min'i-ii).  The  principal  female 
character  in  Tasso’s  “ Jerusalem  Delivered.” 


She  loved  Tancred,  and  cured  him  of  his 
wounds. 

Ermland  (erm'land),  or  Ermeland  (erm'e- 
land),  Pol.  Warmia  (var'me-a).  A district  in 
the  western  part  of  the  province  of  East  Prus- 
sia, Prussia.  Its  bishopric,  of  the  Teutonic  Or- 
der, was  ceded  to  Poland  in  1466. 

Ernani  (er-na'ne).  An  opera  by  Verdi,  first 
produced  at  Venice  in  March,  1844.  Itwas found- 
ed on  Victor  Hugo’s  “ Hernani.”  When  it  was  produced 
in  France  in  1846,  the  title  was  altered  to  “ H Broscritto  ’’ 
and  the  characters  were  made  Italian  at  Victor  Hugo's 
request. 

Erne  (ern),  Lough.  A lake  in  County  Fer- 
managh, Ulster,  Ireland,  consisting  of  the  up- 
per or  southern  lake  (12  miles  in  length),  and 
the  lower  or  northern  (20  miles  in  length).  It 
is  traversed  by  the  river  Erne. 

Ernest  August,  G.  Ernst  August,  Duke  of 
Cumberland.  Born  at  Kew,  near  London, 
June  5,  1771:  died  Nov.  18,  1851.  King  of 
Hanover  1837-51,  fifth  son  of  George  III.  of 
England.  He  was  created  duke  of  Cumberland  in  1799 ; 
commanded  the  Hanoverian  army  in  the  campaigns  of 
1813  and  1814  against  Napoleon;  was  made  field-marshal 
in  the  British  army  in  1815 ; married  Frederica  Caroline 
Sophia  Alexandrina,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Strelitz,  in  1815 ; and  on  the  accession  of  Queen 
Victoria  to  the  throne  of  England  succeeded  under  the 
Salic  law  to  that  of  Hanover.  He  immediately  revoked 
the  liberal  constitution  granted  by  William  IV.  in  1833, 
but  granted  another,  based  on  popular  representation,  in 
1840. 

Ernesti  (er-nes'te),  Johann  August.  Born 
at  Tennstedt,  Thuringia,  Germany,  Aug.  4, 
1707:  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  11,  1781.  A noted 
German  philologist  and  theologian,  professor 
at  the  University  of  Leipsic  from  1742.  He 
edited  various  classical  authors,  including  Cicero  (1737- 
1739),  and  wrote  “ Institutio  Interpretis  Novi  Testamenti  ” 
(1761). 

Ernesti,  Johann  Christian  Gottlieb.  Bom 

at  Arnstadt,  Thuringia,  Germany,  1756  : died 
at  Kahnsdorf,  near  Leipsic,  June  5,  1802.  A 
German  classical  scholar,  nephew  of  J.  A. 
Ernesti. 

Ernestine  Line.  The  older  of  the  two  lines  of 
the  house  of  Saxony.  It  was  founded  by  Ernest, 
elector  of  Saxony  (died  1486),  and  held  possession  of  elec- 
toral Saxony  until  1547,  when  the  bulk  of  the  Ernestine 
dominions  and  the  electoral  dignity  were  transferred  to 
the  Albertine  line.  It  consists  at  present  of  the  houses 
of  Saxe-Weimar,  Saxe-Cohurg-Gotha,  Saxe-Meiningen,  and 
Saxe-Altenburg.  See  Albertine  line  and  other  names 
mentioned. 

Ernest  Maltravers  (er'nest  mal-trav'erz).  A 
novel  by  Bulwer,  published  in  1837. 

Ernst  (emst),  Heinrich  Wilhelm.  Born  at, 
Briinn,  Moravia,  Austria-Hungary,  1814 : died 
at  Nice,  Prance,  Oct.  8,  1865.  A noted  Ger- 
man violinist  and  composer. 

Ernulf  (er'nulf),  or  Arnulf  (ar'nulf).  Born  in 
France,  1040:  died  March  15,  1124.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  abbot  of  Peterborough  1107-14, 
and  bishop  of  Rochester  1114-24.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  famous  monastery  of  Bee,  and  was  a close 
friend  of  Lanfranc  and  Anselm.  He  was  an  authority  on 
canon  law,  and  left  a large  number  of  documents  bearing 
on  English  ecclesiastical  and  legal  history  (“Textus  Rof- 
fensis,”  preserved  in  Rochester  cathedral). 

Eroica  Symphony,  The.  The  third  and  great- 
est of  Beethoven’s  symphonies.  It  was  first  per- 
formed  publicly  in  Vienna  April  7,  1805,  and  was  con- 
ducted by  Beethoven.  Its  original  title  was  “Bonaparte," 
hut  when  Napoleon  assumed  the  title  of  emperor,  Bee- 
thoven lost  faith  in  him  and  changed  the  title  of  his 
symphony.  It  is  in  full  “Sinfonia  eroica,  composta  per 
festeggiare  il  souvenire  di  un  grand'  uomo : dedicata  a 
Sua  Altezza  Serenissima  il  Principe  di  Lobkowitz  da  Luigi 
van  Beethoven.  ” 

Eros  (e'ros).  [Gr.  Epw?.]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  of  love.  According  to  Hesiod  he  is  the 
offspring  of  Chaos,  coeval  with  Earth  and  Tartarus,  and 
the  companion  of  Aphrodite : in  later  myths  he  is  the 
youngest  of  the  gods,  son  of  Aphrodite  and  Ares  or 
Hermes,  represented  as  a thoughtless  aud  wayward  child, 
armed  by  Zeus  with  bow  and  arrows  or  flamiug  torch.  In 
the  older  view  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  creative 
powers  of  nature,  the  principle  of  union  among  the  diverse 
elements  of  the  world,  more  especially  as  the  power  of 
sensuous  love,  and  also  of  devoted  friendship.  He  was 
worshiped  at  Thespis  in  Boeotia,  where  a festival,  the 
Erotidia  or  Erotia,  was  celebrated  every  five  years  in  his 
honor. 

2.  An  asteroid  discovered  in  1898,  remarkable 
from  the  fact  that  the  greater  part  of  its  orbit 
lies  within  that  of  Mars. 

Eros.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Antony  and  Cleopatra,” 
the  freed  slave  of  Antony.  He  is  devoted  to  An- 
tony, and  kills  himself  with  his  own  sword  when  ordered 
by  Antony  to  slay  him  in  fulfilment  of  an  oath. 
Erostratus.  See  Herostratus. 

Erpenius  (er-pe'ni-us)  (Latinized  from  Van 
Erpe),  Thomas.  BomatGorkum, Netherlands, 
Sept.  11,  1584:  died  at  Leyden,  Nov.  13, 1624.  A 
noted  Dutch  Orientalist  and  traveler,  a friend 


Erpenius 

of  Scaliger  and  Casaubon.  He  was  professor  of  Ara- 
bic and  later  of  Hebrew  at  Leyden,  and  was  the  author  of 
an  Arabic  grammar  (1613),  a Hebrew  grammar  (1621),  etc. 
£rrai  (er-ra'e).  [Ar.  ar-ra’i,  the  shepherd.] 
The  third-magnitude  star  y Cephei,  in  the  king’s 
right  foot. 

Errazuriz  (ar-ra'tho-reth),  Federico.  Bom  at 
Santiago,  March  27,  1825:  died  there,  July  20, 
1877.  A Chilean  statesman.  Under  President  Pe- 
rez (1861)  he  was  minister  of  justice,  religion,  and  pub- 
lic instruction,  and  later  of  war  and  marine.  In  the  lat- 
ter position  he  directed  the  war  with  Spain  in  1865.  From 
1871  to  1876  he  was  president  of  Chile.  He  published 
“La  Constitucion  de  1828”  and  “ Los  Pincheiras,”  histori- 
cal studies. 

Errazuriz,  Isidoro.  Born  at  Santiago.  A 
Chilean  journalist.  He  became  editor  of  “El  Consti- 
tucional"  in  1861,  and  founded  “La  Patria”  in  Valparaiso 
in  1863.  Since  1867  he  has  been  almost  constantly  a mem- 
ber of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  In  April,  1893,  he  was 
made  minister  of  the  interior,  but  was  compelled  to  resign 
in  August,  owing  to  HI  feeling  caused  by  his  support  of 
Mr.  Egan,  the  American  minister. 

Errors,  Comedy  of.  See  Comedy  of  Errors. 
Ersch  (ersh),  Johann  Samuel.  Bom  at  Gross- 
glogau,  Prussia,  June  23,  1706:  died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  Jan.  16, 1828.  A German  bibliographer 
and  encyclopedist,  the  founder  of  German  bib- 
liography. In  association  with  J.  G.  Gruber,  he  origi- 
nated the  “ Allgemeine  Encyklopadie  der  Wissenschaften 
und  Kunste  ” (1818-90). 

Erskine  (hrsk'in),  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Dry- 
burgh,  Berwickshire,  Scotland,  June  22,  1680: 
died  at  Stirling,  Scotland,  June  2,  1754.  A 
clergyman  of  the  Established  Church,  and  after- 
ward of  the  Secession  Church  in  Scotland.  A 
sermon  which,  as  moderator  of  his  synod,  he  preached  at 
Stirling,  Oct.  18, 1732,  caused  such  dissatisfaction,  from  his 
censure  of  prevailing  doctrinal  errors  and  of  tyrannous 
exercise  of  patronage,  that  he  and  three  adherents,  William 
Wilson,  Alexander  Moncrieff,  aud  James  Fisher,  were  in 
Nov.,  1733,  removed  from  their  pastorates.  These  four 
“Secession  Fathers,"  the  earliest  dissenters  from  the  na- 
tional church,  formed  themselves  into  a presbytery  at 
Gairney  Bridge,  Kinross-shire,  Dec.  5,  1733. 

Erskine,  John.  Bom  in  1695 : died  at  Cardross, 
near  Dumbarton,  Scotland,  March  1,  1768.  A 
Scottish  jurist.  His  chief  works  are  “ Principles  of 
the  Law  of  Scotland ” (1754)  and  “Institute  of  the  Law 
of  Scotland”  (1773). 

Erskine,  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  June  2, 
1721:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  19,  1803.  A 
Scottish  clergyman  and  theological  writer,  son 
of  John  Erskine  (1695-1768).  He  was  the  leader 
of  the  evangelical  party  of  his  time,  and  edited  for  publi- 
cation in  Scotland  the  works  of  Jonathan  Edwards  and 
other  Americans. 

Erskine,  Ralph.  Bom  March  15, 1685 : died  at 
Dunfermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  6,  1752.  A Scot- 
tish clergyman,  brother  of  Ebenezer  Erskine. 
He  was  the  author  of  “Gospel  Sonnets,”  which 
reached  the  25th  edition  in  1795. 

Erskine,  Thomas,  of  Linlathen.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Oct.  13, 1788:  died  there,  March  20, 1870. 
A Scottish  theological  writer.  He  wrote  “In- 
ternal Evidence  for  the  Truth  of  Revealed  Re- 
ligion” (1820). 

Erskine,  Thomas,  Baron  Erskine.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  Jan.  10,  1750:  died  at  Almondell, 
near  Edinburgh,  Nov.  17,  1823.  A British 
jurist  and  forensic  orator.  He  was  the  youngest 
son  of  the  tenth  Earl  of  Buchan.  He  attained  celebrity 
as  a pleader  in  supporting  charges  of  corruption  advanced 
against  Lord  Sandwich,  and  subsequently  distinguished 
himself  especially  in  his  defense  of  Stockdale  (1789), 
Thomas  Paine  (1792),  and  Hardy,  Horne  Tooke,  etc.  (1794). 
He  represented  Portsmouth  in  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1790  till  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Erskine,  of 
Restormel,  on  his  being  made  lord  chancellor  in  Lord 
Grenville’s  administration  (Feb.,  1806, -April,  1807). 
Erstein  (er'stln).  A town  in  Alsace,  on  the 
D1  13  miles  south-southwest  of  Strasburg. 
Population,  commune,  5,837. 

Ertang  (er'tang).  See  the  extract  and  Marti. 

But  Manee  went  a step  further.  He  avowed  himself  to 
be  the  Paraclete  or  Comforter  foretold  by  the  Saviour, 
and  composed  a gospel  which  he  called  the  Ertang,  which 
was  illustrated  by  pictures  drawn  by  his  own  hand : he 
claimed  that  the  Ertang  should  take  precedence  of  the 
Hew  Testament.  It  was  this  false  move  that  really  led 
to  the  violent  opposition  which  the  Christian  church  dis- 
played towards  the  Persian  prophet. 

Benjamin,  Story  of  Persia,  p.  186. 

Ertoghrul  (er'to-grol).  Died  in  1288.  A Tur- 
kish chief,  father  of  Othman  the  founder  of  the 
Ottoman  empire.  He  was  the  chief  of  a band  of  Oghuz 
Turks  which  had  left  Khorasan  under  his  father,  and  which 
under  the  leadership  of  Ertoghrul  entered  the  service  of 
Ala-ed-Din,  sultan  of  Iconium.  He  defeated  a mixed  army 
of  Greeks  and  Mongols  in  a great  battle  between  Brusa 
and  Yenischeer. 

Erycina  (er-i-si'na).  [Gr.  ’E pvKivr/ : from  Mount 
Eryx,  in  Sicily.]  A surname  of  Aphrodite  or 
Venus. 

Erymanthus  (er-i-man'thus).  [Gr.  ’Epty/mbof.] 
A mountain-range  on  the  border  of  Arcadia 


367 

and  Achaia,  Greece,  the  haunt  of  the  fabled  Ery- 
manthian  boar,  killed  by  Hercules. 

Erythrse  (er'i-thre).  [Gr. ’E pvdpai.']  In  ancient 
geography,  an  Ionian  city  of  Asia  Minor,  situ- 
ated opposite  Chios  35  miles  west  of  Smyrna. 
Erythrsa.  See  Eritrea. 

Erythraean  Sea.  [L.  Mare  Eryffirseum , or  Mare 
Bubrum,  Red  Sea.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
name  given  to  the  Arabian  Sea,  or  to  the  Indian 
Ocean  including  the  Red  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf. 
Eryx  (e'riks).  [Gr.  ”E prf.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  and  mountain  in  western  Sicily, 
the  modern  Monte  San  Giuliano,  41  miles  west 
of  Palermo.  It  contained  a temple  of  Venus.  It  was 
captured  by  Pyrrhus  in  278  B.  c.,  and  was  held  by  Hamil- 
car  in  the  first  Punic  war.  See  Monte  San  G-iuliano. 
Erzerilin  (erz-rom').  1.  A vilayet  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  bordering  on  Transcaucasia,  Russia. 
Area,  19,180  square  miles.  Population, 
645,700. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of 
Erzerum,  situated  on  the  Kara-Su  (the  north 
branch  of  the  Euphrates),  over  6,000  feet  above 
sea-level,  in  lat.  39°  56'  N.,  long.  41°  15'  E.  it 
is  an  important  trading  center  and  fortress,  and  is  noted 
for  its  metal-work.  Its  early  name  was  Theodosiopolis. 
It  belonged  in  the  middle  ages  to  the  Byzantine  empire, 
the  Arabs,  the  Seljuks,  and  the  Mongols  in  turn.  In  1829 
it  was  taken  by  the  Russian  general  Paskevitch,  but  was 
restored  to  ttie  Turks.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  Russians 
in  Feb.,  1878,  but  was  again  restored  to  the  Turks.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  38,900.  Also  spelled  Erzeroum,  Erz- 
room. 

Erzgebirge  (erts'ge-ber-ge),  or  Ore  Moun- 
tains. A range  of  mountains  on  the  border 
between  Saxony  and  Bohemia,  extending  from 
the  Elbe  to  the  Fichtelgebirge.  Highest  summit, 
the  Keilberg,  4,080  feet.  Length,  about  90  miles.  They 
are  celebrated  for  their  mineral  deposits. 

Esarhaddon  (e-sar-had'on).  [Assyr.  Akur-aha- 
iddin,  Asur  has  given  a brother.]  King  of  As- 
syria 680-668  B.  c.,  the  son  and  successor  of 
Sennacherib.  The  reign  of  this  king  marks  the  high- 
est glory  and  power  of  the  Assyrian  empire.  He  first  had 
to  quell  the  disturbance  caused  by  the  assassination  of  his 
father  at  the  hands  of  his  sons  Adrammelech  and  Sharezer 
(2  Ki.  xix.  37,  Isa.  xxxvii.  38).  Then  he  restored  the  city 
of  Babylon,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  his  father.  His 
expeditions  extended  from  Media  to  Cilicia,  and  from  the 
frontier  of  Elam  to  Arabia,  and  reached  even  to  Egypt. 
Among  the  kings  subject  to  him  he  enumerates,  in  his 
prism-inscription  of  673,  Baal,  king  of  Tyre,  Manasseh  of 
Judah,  Kausgabri  of  Edom,  Muzuri  of  Moab,  etc.  Three 
years  before  this  he  destroyed  Sidon.  His  most  signifi- 
cant conquest  was  that  of  Egypt.  After  several  campaigns 
he  defeated  Tarku  (biblical  Tirhakah),  the  third  of  the 
25th  or  Ethiopian  dynasty,  in  the  battle  of  Memphis  (871), 
and  practically  converted  Egypt  and  Ethiopia  into  an  As- 
syrian province.  He  drove  the  Ethiopians  out  of  Egypt, 
divided  the  country  into  districts,  and  placed  over  them 
submissive  though  mostly  native  rulers,  chief  among  whom 
was  Necho,  who  was  put  over  Sais  and  Memphis.  He 
added  then  to  his  many  titles  that  of  “ King  of  Kings  of 
Lower  and  Upper  Egypt  and  Ethiopia.  ” Like  all  the  Sar- 
gonides,  Esarhaddon'  was  a great  builder.  Besides  the 
restoration  of  Babylon  may  be  mentioned  his  great  palace 
in  Nineveh,  for  the  construction  of  which  22  subject 
kings  had  to  provide  the  material,  and  which,  as  the  ex- 
cavations in  the  mounds  of  Kuyunjik  and  Nebi-yunus 
have  shown,  was  adorned  with  winged  lions  and  hulls  and 
sphinxes.  In  668  Esarhaddon  abdicated  in  favor  of  his 
son  Asurbanipal.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  Till. 
Esau(e's&).  [Hob.,  ‘ hairy,’  ‘ rough.’]  The  son  of 
Isaac  and  Rebekah,  and  elder  brother  of  Jacob. 
He  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Edomites. 
Escalera  (es-ka-la/ra),  Antonio  de.  Born  in 
Toledo,  Spain,  1506 : died  in  Ciudad  Real  de 
Guayra,  Sept.  6,  1575.  A Spanish  priest  who 
went  to  Paraguay  with  Cabeza  de  Vaca  in  1540, 
and  was  active  there  as  a leader  of  explora- 
tions and  conquests.  He  founded  Ciudad  Real  de 
Guayra,  and  after  1570  resided  there.  He  wrote  several 
memoirs  relating  to  the  conquest,  which  have  been  pub- 
lished by  the  Madrid  Academy  of  History. 

Escalona,  Duke  of.  See  Lopes  Paelieco  Ca- 
brera y Bobadilla,  Diego. 

Escalus  (es'ka-lus).  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Mea- 
sure for  Measure,”  an  old  lord.  — 2.  In  Shak- 
spere’s “Romeo  and  Juliet,”  the  Prince  of 
Verona. 

Escanes  (es'ka-nez).  A lord  of  Tyre,  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Pericles.” 

Eschenbach,  Wolfram  von.  See  Wolfram  von 
Eschenbach. 

Eschenburg  (esh'en-borG),  Johann  Joachim. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  Dec.  7, 1743 : died  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  Feb.  29,  1820.  A German  lit- 
erary historian,  professor  at  the  Carolinum  in 
Brunswick:  a friend  of  Lessing.  He  translated 
Shakspere’s  plays  (1775-82  and  1798-1806). 
Eschenmayer  (esh'en-ml-er),  Karl  August. 
Born  at  Neuenburg,  Wiirtemberg,  July  4, 1768: 
died  at  Kirchheim  nnter  Teck,  Wiirtemberg, 
Nov.  17,  1852.  A German  metaphysician,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  medicine,  and  later  of 
practical  philosophy,  at  Tiibingen  1811-36.  He 
wrote  “Religionsphilosophie  ”(1818-24),  etc. 


Esher 

Escholzmatt  (esh'olts-mat).  A village  in  the 
canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  20  miles  south- 
west of  Lucerne. 

Eschscholtz  (esh'sholts),  Johann  Friedrich 
von.  Born  at  Dorpat,  Russia,  Nov.  12,  1793: 
died  there,  May  19,  1834.  A German  traveler 
and  naturalist,  professor  of  anatomy  at  Dorpat. 
He  accompanied,  as  physician  aud  naturalist,  Kotzebue’s 
expeditions  1815-18  and  1823.  He  published  “ Zoolog  is  chei 
Atlas  ” (1829-33),  “ System  der  Acalephen  ” (1829),  etc. 

Eschscholtz  Bay.  [Named  for  J.  F.  von 
Eschscholtz.]  Apart  of  Kotzebue  Sound,  on 
the  western  shore  of  Alaska. 

Eschwege  (esh'va-ge)  An  ancient  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Werra  26  miles  southeast  of  Cassel.  It 
contains  acastle.  Population,  commune, 11, 841. 
Eschwege,  Wilhelm  Ludwig  von.  Born  near 
Eschwege,  Hesse,  Nov.  15, 1777 : died  at  Wolfs- 
anger,  near  Cassel,  Feb.  1,  1855.  A German 
mineralogist.  In  1803  he  was  put  in  charge  of  govern- 
ment iron-works  in  Portugal,  and  in  1809  followed  the 
court  to  Brazil,  where  he  was  made  director  of  gold  mines 
and  curator  of  the  government  mineralogical  cabinet. 
From  1829  to  1834  he  resided  in  Germany;  subsequently 
(to  1850)  he  was  again  in  the  employ  of  Portugal  as  a min- 
ing engineer,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieutenant-field-mar  - 
shal.  His  principal  works  are  “ Journal  von  Brasilien  " 
(1818-19),  “Pluto  Brasiliensis”  (1833),  and  “Beitrage  zur 
Gebirgskunde  Brasiliens”  (1832). 

Eschweiler  (esh'vi-ler).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Inde  8 miles 
northeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It  has  foundries 
and  important  factories.  Population,  com- 
mune, 23,624. 

Escobar  (es-ko-bar'),  Patricio.  A Paraguayan 
politician,  minister  of  war  1874,  and  president 
of  the  republic  Nov.  25, 1886, -Nov.  25, 1890. 
Escobar  y Mendoza  (es-ko-bar'  e men-do'za), 
Antonio.  Born  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  1589: 
died  July  4, 1669.  A Spanish  Jesuit,  celebrated 
as  a casuist,  especially  for  his  doctrine  that 
purity  of  intention  justifies  actions  in  them- 
selves immoral  and  even  criminal.  He  wrote 
“San  Ignacio  de  Loyola”  (1613:  a heroic  poem),  “Liber 
Theologise  moralis,  etc.”  (1644),  etc. 

Escobedo  (es-ko-ba/do),  Mariano.  Born  in 
Nuevo  Leou,  Jau.  12,  1827 : died  May  22,  1902. 
A Mexican  general.  He  joined  the  army  during  the 
Mexican  war  (1847),  and  distinguished  himself  as  a briga- 
dier-general in  resistingthe  French  in  vasionl861-63.  Early 
in  1865  he  entered  northern  Mexico  from  theUnited  States, 
and  took  Monterey.  Advancing  against  Maximilian’s 
forces,  he  defeated  Miramon  at  San  Jacinto,  Feb.  1, 1867, 
and,  being  made  eomrnander-in-chief  of  the  republican 
armies,  defeated  and  captured  the  emperor  Maximilian  at 
Queretaro,  May  15,  1867.  He  signed  the  order  for  Maxi- 
milian’s execution,  June  16.  From  Aug.  to  Nov.,  1876,  he 
was  minister  of  war  under  Lerdo,  and  he  went  with  him 
into  exile.  In  1880  he  again  accepted  office  under  the 
government,  but  retired  in  1884. 

Escocezes  (as-ko-sa'zaz).  [Sp.,  ‘Scotchmen.’] 
A political  party  in  Mexico  which  was  promi- 
nent from  1826  to  1829.  It  was  so  called  because  its 
principal  leaders  were  members  of  the  Scottish  Rite  Lodge 
of  freemasons.  The  Escocezes  were  centralists,  and  were 
accused  of  favoring  a foreign  dynasty.  Nicolas  Bravo  be- 
came the  leader  of  the  party. 

Escorial  (es-ko'ri-al),  less  properly  Escurial 
(es-ku'ri-al).  [Sp . el  Escorial.']  A celebrated 
building  in  Spain,  situated  27  miles  northwest 
of  Madrid,  containing  a monastery,  palace, 
church,  and  mausoleum  of  the  Spanish  sover- 
eigns. The  edifice  originated  in  a vow  to  St.  Lawrence 
made  by  Philip  II.  at  the  battle  of  St.-Quentin  (1567),  and 
was  erected  in  1663-84.  Its  general  form  is  that  of  a grid- 
iron (in  memory  of  St.  Lawrence’s  martyrdom),  the  length 
being  about  780  feet  and  the  breadth  about  620.  It  is  cele- 
brated lor  its  paintings  and  library. 

Escosura  (es-ko-so'ra),  Patricio  de  la.  Born 
at  Madrid,  Nov.  5,  1807:  died  Jan.  22, 1878.  A 
Spanish  statesman  and  writer. 

Esdraelon  (es-dra-e'lon  or  es-dra'e-lon),  or 
Plain  of  Jezreel,  The  scriptural  name  for  a 
valley  in  Palestine  extending  from  MountGilboa 
westward  to  Mount  Carmel.  It  has  been  a noted  bat- 
tie-field  in  ancient  and  modern  times,  from  Gideon’s  victory 
over  the  Midianitesto  Napoleon’s  over  the  Turks  (1799). 
Esdras  (ez'dras).  The  Greek  form  of  the  name 
Ezra. 

Esdras,  Books  of.  The  first  two  of  the  books 
of  the  Apocrypha  (which  see).  The  first  book  con- 
sists, to  a large  extent,  of  matter  compiled  or  transcribed 
from  the  books  of  Chronicles,  Ezra,  and  Nehemiah.  The 
second  is  mainly  of  an  apocalyptic  character. 

Esens  (il'zenz).  The  chief  place  in  Harlinger- 
land,  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  15  miles 
north-northeast  of  Aurich. 

Eshbaal  (esh-ba'al).  See  Islibosheth. 

Eshcol  (esh'kol).  ”[Heb.,‘abunch’  or  ‘cluster.’] 
A valley  near  Hebron,  in  Palestine,  from  which 
the  spies  sent  by  Moses  to  search  out  the  land 
(Num.  xiii.)  brought  hack  fine  grapes  and  other 
fruits. 

Esher  (esh'er).  A village  in  Surrey,  England, 


Esher 


368 


15  miles  southwest  of  London.  Claremont 
Palace  is  in  the  vicinity. 

Eshref.  See  Ashraf. 

Esk  (esk).  1.  A river  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scot-  

land,  flowing  into  the  Solway  Firth  in  Cumber-  2smarc]1  (es'march),  Johannes  Friedrich  Au- 
land,  7 miles  northwest  ot  Carlisle.  Cengtn,  y0n.  Born  at  Tonning,  Schleswig-Hol- 


in  10  volumes.  He  wrote,  among  other  operas,  “ II  Soli- 
tario  ” (1841)  and  “ Pedro  el  Cruel  " (published  about  the 
same  time). 

Eslen  (es'len).  A former  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  See  Esselenian. 


about  45  miles.— -2.  A small  river  in  Edin- 
burghshire, Scotland,  formed  by  the  North 
Esk  and  South  Esk,  and  flowing  into  the  Firth 


gust  von.  Born  at  Tonning, 
stein,  Prussia,  Jan.  9,  1823:  died  at  Kiel,  Feb. 
23,  1908.  A noted  German  military  surgeon, 
an  authority  especially  on  gunshot-wounds. 


Esquivel 

the  east,  Rio  de  Janeiro  on  the  south,  and  Mi- 
nas Geraes  on  the  west.  Capital, Victoria.  Area, 
17,312  square  miles.  Population  of  the  state, 
209,783. 

Espiritu  Santo  (es-pe're-to  san'to).  1.  A 
small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  near  the 
southern  extremity  of  Lower  California. — 2. 
The  largest  island  of  the  New  Hebrides  group, 
in  the  Pacific.  Length,  75  miles. — 3.  A cape 
at  the  northern  extremity  of  Tierra  del  Fuego. 


of  Forth  6 miles  east  of  Edinburgh.  Esmeralda  (es-ma-ral'da ; E.  pron.  ez-me-ral'-  E“ " The  son  of  Ama- 

Esk,  North.  A river  on  the  border  ot  Forfar  m q.  In  Victor  Hugo’s  novel  “ Notre  Dame  JVh0  J, 


and  Kincardine,  Scotland,  which  flows  into  the 
North  Sea  4 miles  north  of  Montrose.  Length, 
29  miles. 

Esk,  South.  A river  of  Forfarshire,  Scotland, 
which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  at  Montrose. 
Length,  49  miles. 

Eski-Djumna  (es-ke-jom'na),  or  Eski-Djuma- 
ya  (es'ke-jo'ma-ya).  A town  in  Bulgaria,  19 
miles  west  of  Shurnla.  Population,  8,926. 

Eskilstuna  (esk'il-sto-na).  A town  in  the  laen 
of  Nykoping  (or  Sodermanland),  Sweden,  sit- 
uated on  the  Eskilstuna  River  55  miles  west  of 


, .. - . ,,  . . „ . _ , „ ,,  dis  of  Gaul  and  Oriana,  in  the  old  romances, 

de  Paris,  a dancing-girl  whose  in  end  was  the  ge  jg  caj]e^  the  Black  Knight,  from  the  color  of  his  armor, 
goat  Capriella.  Quasimodo  loves  her  and  tries  The  story  of  his  exploits,  by  Montalvo,  is  the  first  sequel  to 
to  protect  her,  but  she  is  executed  as  a witch,  the  four  books  of  “Amadis  of  Gaul,”  or  the  fifth  book. 

— 2.  An  opera,  the  words  arranged  from  Victor  Espremesnil,  or  Epremenil  (a-pra-ma-nel'), 
Hugo’s  libretto  by  Theo.  Marzials  and  Albert  Jean  Jacques  Duval  d\  Born  at  Pondicher- 
Randegger,  music  by  A.  Goring  Thomas.  It  ry,  India,  1746:  died  at  Paris,  April  23,  1794. 


was  produced  in  London  March  26,  1883. 
Esmeraldas  (es-ma-ral'd&s).  1.  A river  of 
Ecuador  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  120  miles 
northwest  of  Quito. — 2.  A province  of  north- 
western Ecuador.  Capital,  Esmeraldas.  Popu- 


lation,  estimated,  14,600. 

Stockholm.  The  place  is  mentioned  in  the  Esmond  (ez'mond),  Beatrix.  In  Thackeray’s 
thirteenth  century.  It  rose  into  importance  Esmond.”  ».  nanrioious.  heart- 


in  the  reign  of  Charles  X.  (1654-60).  its  manu- 
factures of  iron,  cutlery,  and  guns  have  gained  for  it  the 
name  of  the  Swedish  Sheffield.  Population,  27,444. 


novel  “Henry  Esmond,”  a capricious,  heart- 
less, and  brilliant  beauty.  She  is  the  first  love  of 
Henry  Esmond,  her  kinsman,  but  aspires  to  the  position 
of  a royal  mistress.  Failing  to  attain  this,  she  tries  to 
marry  an  old  duke:  he  is  killed,  and  she  sinks  from  one 
grade  to  another,  till  she  finally  marries  her  brother's 
tutor,  for  whom  she  secures  by  intrigue  the  rank  of  a 
bishop. 

See  Henry  Esmond,  and 


Eskimauan  (es'ki-mou-an).  [From  Algonkin 
eskimantik,  eaters  of  raw  flesh.]  A linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians  whose  habi- 
tat extends  coastwise  from  eastern  Greenland  Esmond,  Henry, 
to  western  Alaska  and  to  the  eastern  extremity  Ccistlewood. 
of  Asia,  a distance  of  over  5,000  miles.  The  Esmun  (es'mon),  or  Eshmmi  (esh  mon).  [‘the 
winter  or  permanent  villages  are  usually  along  the  coast,  eighth.’]  A Phenician  divinity,  SO  named  as 
The  interior  is  also  visited  for  hunting  reindeer  and  other  y y , rr  added  to  the  seven  Cabiri,  or  the  seven 
animals,  though  the  natives  rarely  penetrate  inland  , . worshioed  bv  the  Phenieians. 

farther  than  50  miles,  a strip  of  coast  30  miles  wide  repre-  planets  worsnipea  oy  tue  vnenicians. 

average  area  of  Eskimauan  occupancy,  ihe  EsmilUclZcir  (os-moii-ti  zur).  L Ks  1111111  I13.S 


senting  the  average  ; . . 

stock  comprises  the  Greenland,  Labrador,  middle,  Alas- 
kan, and  Asiatic  groups.  The  Aleutians  speak  a language 
that  may  be  distantly  related  to  the  Esquimo.  Of  the  20 
principal  villages  of  the  Greenland  Eskimo,  17  are  on 
the  eastern  coast,  where  settlements  have  extended  to 
lat.  74°  30'.  On  the  west  coast  villages  extend  to  Smith 
Sound  in  lat.  78°  18',  while  in  Grinnell  Land  permanent 
habitations  have  been  found  in  lat.  81°  44'.  The  Labra- 
dor group  has  4 prominent  villages  and  a number  of 
lesser  settlements  reaching  as  far  south  as  Hamilton  Inlet 
(lat.  55°  30') : formerly  their  villages  extended  to  Belle 
Isle  Strait  (lat.  50“  30').  The  middle  Eskimo  inhabit  20 


helped/]  A Phenician  king  of  the  second  half 
of  the  4th  century  B.  C.  His  sarcophagus,  discovered 
in  1855,  furnished  the  longest  extant  Phenician  inscrip- 
tion. He  describes  himself  as  king  of  the  two  Sidons,  son 
of  King  Tabnit  and  grandson  of  King  Esmunazar.  The 
inscription  contains  principally  a warning  against  the 
desecration  of  the  tomb,  and  describes  the  construction 
of  several  temples  to  Ashtoreth,  Esmun,  and  other  Sido- 
nian  deities.  Possibly  Esmunazar  ruled  between  the  de- 
struction of  Sidon  by  the  Persians  in  352  and  the  downfall 

^ of  the  Persian  empire  in  330. 

permanent  vfll’ages.lheir  range  extending  from  the  south-  Esnell,  or  Esne  (es'ne).  A town  in  Upper 
era  extremity  of  Ellesmere  Land,  Jones  Sound,  nearly  to  Egypt  situated  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  25°  17'  N. : 

th?  ancient Latopolis  or  Lato  It  contains  the 
group.  The  range  of  this  group  extends  from  near  the  rums  of  an  ancient  temple.  1 opuiation, 
Mackenzie  River  westward  and  southward  over  almost  about  15,000. 
the  entire  coast  as  far  as  Atna  or  Copper  River,  where  the  •p£,An  .jj™ 

Kolusehan  domain  begins.  The  Point  Barrow  Eskimo  do  ,/"■ 

not  penetrate  far  inland,  but  to  the  south  the  tribes  reach  ijSpaua.  Bee  opam.  , 

to  the  head  waters  of  the  Nunatog  and  Koyuk  rivers,  Espanola  (es-pan-yo  la).  [bp.,  ‘little  bpam/J 
visiting  the  coast  only  to  trade.  The  Aleutian  group,  qipe  name  given  by  Columbus  to  the  island  of 

H a iti , disc o ve r e d by  him  i ^1492 . ^ English  authors 


the  Rnflqiftns  and  the  introduction  of  the  fur-trade,  their  corrupted  it  to  Hispaniola.  In  old  Latin  maps  the  island 
territory  has  greatly  diminished.  Atka  and  Unalashka  is  called  Hispamre  insula.  Santo  Domingo  is  a later  desig- 
are  its  principal  villages.  The  stock  is  represented  in  nation,  derived  from  the  city  of  that  name, 
northeastern  Asia  by  the  Yuit,  of  Chukchi  Peninsula,  EsparterO  (es-par-ta'ro),  Baldomero,  Duke  of 
who  are  comparatively  recent  arrivals  from  the  American  Victoria.  Born  at  Granatula,  Ciudad  Real, 
coast.  The  number  of  the  Eskimo  is  estimated  at  34  000,  Q • -p  , 97  , Snniu 

distributed  as  follows:  Greenland  group,  10,872;  Lab-  Spam,  Beb.  27,  1/J2.  lUed  at  loOgrono,  bpain, 
• - — Jan.  9,  18v9.  A Spanish  general  and  states' 


A French  politician.  As  a prominent  member  of  the 
Parliament  of  Paris  he  defended  in  1788  the  privileges  of 
that  body  against  royal  encroachment,  with  the  result 
that  he  was  committed  to  custody.  Having  been  deputed 
to  the  States-General  by  the  noblesse  of  Paris  in  1789,  he 
supported  the  royal  cause ; and  in  1791,  at  the  close  of 
the  National  Assembly,  of  which  he  was  a member,  he  for- 
mally protested  against  the  new  constitution.  He  was 
sent  to  the  guillotine  by  the  Revolutionary  tribunal. 

Esprit  des  Lois  (es-pre'  da  lwa).  [F.,‘  Spirit 
of  the  Laws.’]  A celebrated  philosophical 
work  by  Montesquieu,  published  at  Geneva  in 
1748. 

The  title  may  be  thought  to  be  not  altogether  happy, 
and  indeed  rather  ambiguous,  because  it  does  not  of  itself 
suggest  the  extremely  wide  sense  in  which  the  word  law 
is  intended  to  be  taken.  An  exact,  if  cumbrous,  title  for 
the  book  would  be  “ On  the  Relation  of  Human  Laws  and 
Customs  to  the  Laws  of  Nature."  The  author  begins 
somewhat  formally  with  the  old  distinction  of  politics  into 
democracy,  aristocracy,  and  monarchy.  He  discusses  the 
principles  of  each  and  their  bearings  on  education,  on 
positive  law,  on  social  conditions,  on  military  strength, 
offensive  and  defensive,  on  individual  liberty,  on  taxa- 
tion and  finance.  Then  an  abrupt  return  is  made  from 
the  effects  to  the  causes  of  constitutions  and  polity.  The 
theory  of  the  influence  of  physical  conditions,  and  espe- 
cially of  climate,  on  political  and  social  institutions  — a 
theory  which  is  perhaps  more  than  any  other  identified 
with  the  book — receives  special  attention,  and  a some- 
what disproportionate  space  is  given  to  the  question  of 
slavery  in  this  connection.  From  climate  Montesquieu 
passes  to  the  nature  of  the  soil,  as  in  its  turn  affecting 
civil  polity.  He  then  attacks  the  subject  of  manners  and 
customs  as  distinct  from  laws,  of  trade  and  commerce, 
of  the  family,  of  jurisprudence,  of  religion.  The  book 
concludes  with  an  elaborate  examination  of  the  feudal 
system  in  France.  Throughout  it  the  reader  is  equally 
surprised  at  the  varied  and  exact  knowledge  of  the  au- 
thor, and  at  his  extraordinary  fertility  in  general  views. 
This  fertility  is  indeed  sometimes  a snare  to  him,  and 
leads  to  rash  generalisation. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  476. 

Espronceda  (es-pron-tha'da),  Jose  de.  Born 
near  Almendralejo,  Badajoz,  Spaih,  1810 : died 
at  Madrid,  May  23,  1842.  A Spanish  poet  and 
revolutionary  politician.  He  wrote  the  poems  “El 
estudiante  de  Salamanca  " and  “ El  Diablo  mundo,"  a his- 
torical romance  “Don  Sancho  Saldafiajetc. 

Born  in  Wash- 


rador  group.  2,000;  middle  or  Baffin  Land  group,  1,100; 
Alaskan  group,  20,000.  The  number  of  the  Yuit  or 
Asiatic  group  is  small. 

Eskimaux.  See  Eskimauan. 

Eskimo  (es'ki-mo),  or  Eskimos  (-moz). 

Eskimauan. 

Eski-Sagra(es'ki-sa'gia),orEski-zaghra(-za'- 

gra).  [Bulg.  Stara-Zagora  or  Zeleznik. ] A 
town  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria,  in  lat.  42° 
26'  N.,  long.  25°  38'  E.  General  Gourko  was 
repulsed  here  by  Suleiman  Pasha,  July  31- 
Aug.  1,  1877. 


Espy  (es'pi),  James  Pollard^ 

ington  County,  Pa.,  May  9,  1785:  died  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Jan.  *24,  1860.  'An  American  meteor- 
ologist. He  published  ‘ ‘ Philosophy  of  Storms  ” 

man,  distinguished  in  the  war  agatus/tlm  ^ 

Carl  sts  183EU39.  He  was  regent  1841-43,  and  7 Arragon).  b ezBorjayArragon 

Esquiline  (es'kwi-hu)  Hill.  [L.  Mons  esquili- 
nus.']  The  central  hill  of  the  three  which  form 


premier  1854-56. 

>',eG  Espiet(es-p.ya').  In  the  Charlemagne  romances, 
a dwarf.  Though  over  a hundred  years  old,  he 
seems  to  he  a child.  He  is  a false  enchanter. 
Espinasse,  Mademoiselle  de  1’.  See  Lespinasse. 
Espinel  (es-pe-nel'),' Vicente.  Born  at  Honda, 
Spain,  Dee.,  1551:  died  at  Madrid,  1634.  A 
Spanish  poet  and  novelist.  He  wrote  “Vida  del 
Escudero  Marcos  de  Obregon  ” (1618),  which  served  in  a 


Eski-Shehr  (es'ki-shehr').  A town  in  the  Vila-  measure  as  the  foundation  of  Le  Sage's  “Gil  Bias.' 
yet  of  Khodavendikyar,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situ-  Espinhago  (as-pen-ya'so),  Serra  do.  A range 
ated  on  the  Pursak  in  lat.  39°  44'  N.,  long.  30°  of  mountains  of  eastern  Brazil,  a branch  of 

the  Mantiqueira  chain,  running  northward  on 


ated  on 

30'  E.,  noted  for  hot  baths:  the  ancient  Dory- 

lseum  of  Phrygia.  It  exports  meerschaum.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a defeat  of  the  Seljuk  Turks  by  the  Crusaders  in 
1097.  Population,  estimated,  20,000  Espinosa  (es-pe-no'sa),  Gaspar  de.  Bom  at 

Esla  (es'la).  A river  m northwestern  Spain  Mod  inn.  dol  Ca.mnn  about  1475 : died  at  Cuzco. 


the  eastern  side  of  the  group  of  Seven  Hills  of 
ancient  Rome.  It  lies  between  the  Viminal  on  the 
north  and  the  Cselian  on  the  south,  and  east  of  the  Pala- 
tine. It  is  divided  from  east  to  west  by  a depression.  On 
the  part  to  the  north,  called  the  Mons  Cespius,  stands 
Sta.  Maria  Maggiore ; on  that  to  the  south,  the  Mons  Op- 
plus,  rise  San  Pietro  in  Vincoli  and  the  Thermae  of  Titus. 
Here,  too,  were  the  houses  of  Horace,  Vergil,  and  Proper- 
tius. Between  the  Esquiline  and  the  Palatine  stands  the 
ColossdUm.  , 

Esquimalt  (es-kwi 'malt).  A town  m British  Co- 
lumbia, 3 miles  southwest  of  Victoria,  noted  as 
a naval  station. 


the  east  side  of  the  valley  of  the  river  Sao  Fran-  Esquimaux.  See  Eskimauan 
cisco.  Its  highest  peak  is  Caraga  (6,414  feet).  — ■ - - 


which  joins  the  Douro  a few  miles  west  of 
Zamora.  Length,  about  150  miles. 

Eslaba  (es-la'ba),  Sebastian  de.  BorninEguil- 
lor,  Feb.,  1698:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.,  1759.  A 
Spanish  soldier.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Philip  V.,  became  lieutenant-general  in  1738,  and 
from  1740  to  1744  was  viceroy  of  New  Granada.  He  for- 
tified the  port  of  Cartagena  in  that  country,  and  from 
Jt 


Medina  del  Campo  about  1475 : died  at  Cuzco, 
Peru,  Aug.  or  Sept,,  1537.  A Spanish  lawyer 
and  soldier.  He  went  to  Darien  in  1514  as  aiguazil 
mayor,  or  chief  justice.  Balboa  was  tried  before  him  in 
1314,  and  later,  in  1317  or  1519,  when  he  was  condemned  to 
death.  Espinosa  led  many  expeditions  against  the  Indi- 
ans,  and  in  1518,  acting  for  Pedrarias,  founded  Panama. 
After  visiting  Spain  lie  was  a crown  officer  at  Santo  Do- 
mingo, but  was  frequently  at  Panama. 

Born  in  Quito,  1815:  died 


March  to  .Tune,  1741,  defended  it  brilliantly  against  the  Espinosa,  J avier. 

English.  Returning  to  Spain  in  1744,  he  was  made  cap-  A statesman  of  Ecuador.  On  the  overthrow 

tain  general,  and  was  for  several  years  minister  of  war.  of  Carrion  (1868)  he  was  made  president,  but  the  revolt  of 
Eslava  (es-lii'va),  Miguel  Hllanon.  Born  Moreno  and  the  conservatives  forced  him  to  resign  in 
near  Burlada,  Spain,  Oct.  21,  1807 : died  at  1809.  _ 

Madrid,  July  23,  1878.  A noted  Spanish  mu-  Espirito  Santo  (es-pe're-to  san  tp)  [Pg-,  Holy 
sician  and  composer.  His  principal  work  is  “Lira  Spirit.]  A maritime  state  o lazi  , \mg 
Satro-HBpaiia,"  a collection  published  in  Madrid  in  1869  between  Balna  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  oil 


Esquirol  (es-ke-rol'),  Jean  fltienne  Domi- 
nique. Born  at  Toulouse,  France,  Jan.  4, 
1772 : died  Dec.  12, 1840.  A French  physician, 
noted  for  his  reforms  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane.  He  published  “Des  maladies  men- 
tales  ” (1838),  etc. 

Esquiros  (es-ke-ros'),  Alphonse  Henri.  Bom 
at  Paris,  May  23,  1812:  died  at  Versailles, 
France,  May  12,  1876.  A French  poet,  histo- 
rian, and  politician.  He  wrote  “Les  Hirondelles  " 
(1834),  “Charlotte  Corday”  (1840),  “L'Evangile  du  peu- 
ple”  (1840),  “Histoire  des  Montagnards  ” (1847),  “ His- 
toire  des  martyrs  de  la  libertd  " (1S51),  “L’Angleterre  et 
la  vie  anglaise”  (1859-70),  etc. 

Esquivel  (es-ke-vel'),  or  Esquibel  (es-ke-Bel'), 
Juan  de.  Born  in  the  last  half  of  the  15th 
century.  A Spanish  soldier.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  with  Columbus  on  the  second  or  third  voyage.  In 


Esquivel 

1502  he  went  to  Hispaniola  with  Ovando,  and  in  1504  was 
sent  against  the  revolted  Indians  in  the  province  of  Hi- 
guey.  In  1509,  by  order  of  Diego  Columbus,  he  conquered 
and  colonized  Jamaica,  ruling  there  for  some  years. 

Essay  on  Criticism,  An.  A poetical  essay  by 
Alexander  Pope,  published  1711. 

Essay  on  Man,  An.  A didactic  poem  by  Alex- 
ander Pope,  published  1732-34. 

Essek  (es'sek),  or  Esseg  (es'seg).  [Slav.  Osjek, 
Hung.  Essik.']  The  capital  of  Slavonia,  and  a 
free  imperial  city  of  Austria-Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Drave  in  lat.  45°  33'  N.,  long.  18°  42'  E. 
Population,  24,930. 

Esselen.  See  Eslen. 

Esselenian  (es-se-le'ni-an).  A linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians  which  formerly 
inhabited  about  20  villages  on  a narrow  strip 
of  the  coast  of  California,  from  Point  El  Sur 
southward  about  30  miles  to  the  vicinity  of 
Santa  Lucia  Mountain.  The  stock  comprised  but  a 
single  tribe,  the  Eslen,  of  which  two  women  were  the  only 
known  survivors  in  1888. 

Essen  (es'sen).  A city  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  near  the  Ruhr  19  miles  northeast  of 
Diisseldorf.  It  is  the  center  of  a large  coal-mining  dis- 
trict, and  contains  the  famous  Krupp  cast-steel  works. 
Its  Munsterkirche,  consecrated  in  873,  is  one  of  the  oldest 
of  German  churches.  There  is  a western  choir,  which  is 
octagonal  like  the  similar  feature  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and 
there  is  an  11th-century  eastern  crypt.  The  Pointed  nave 
and  choir  are  of  1316.  The  early-Romauesque  cloister  is 
noteworthy.  Population,  commune,  293,000,  (1910). 

Essen,  Count  Hans  Henrik.  Born  at  Kafyel&s, 
West  Gothland,  Sweden,  Sept.  26,  1755:  died 
at  Udde walla,  Sweden,  June  28,  1824.  A Swe- 
dish field-marshal.  He  defended  Stralsund  against 
the  French  in  1807,  and  was  governor  of  Norway  1814- 
1816. 

Essenes  (e-senz').  [ L L . Essen i , f ro m Gr.’Ecroyvoq 
also  ’Eaaaloi ; ulterior  origin  uncertain.]  A Jew- 
ish sect  of  the  2d  century  b.  c.,  supposed  to  have 
sprung  from  the  Chasidim,  the  zealous  religio- 
political  party  that  originated  during  the  strug- 
gles of  the  Maecabean  period  against  Hellenistic 
invasions.  The  Essenes,  however,  refrained  from  all  po- 
litical and  public  affairs,  forming  a kind  of  religious  order. 
Their  ideal  was  to  attain  the  highest  sanctity  of  priestly 
consecration.  To  this  end  they  separated  themselves 
from  the  world,  and  lived  in  settlements  in  the  desert 
west  of  the  Dead  Sea.  Most  of  them  lived  there  in  com- 
munism and  celibacy.  Other  peculiarities  were  disap- 
proval of  oaths  and  war,  strict  observance  of  the  Sabbath, 
and,  especially,  scrupulous  attention  to  the  Levitical 
laws  of  cleanliness.  Their  name  is  said  to  be  derived 
from  their  frequent  bathing.  Their  asceticism  evolved 
a theoretical  mysticism,  and  miraculous  cures  and  exor- 
cisms were  ascribed  to  them.  Their  external  symbols 
were  the  white  garment,  apron,  and  shovel.  They  never 
gained  any  hold  on  Judaism,  and  their  number  never  ex- 
ceeded 4,000.  Their  relation  to  Christianity,  and  their  in- 
fluence on  it,  are  much  discussed  points. 

Essequibo  (es-se-ke'bo).  1.  A river  of  British 
Guiana,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  about  lat.  7° 
N.,  long.  58°  36'  W.  Length,  620  miles;  navi- 
gable 50  miles. — 2.  A county  of  British  Gui- 
ana, formerly  a separate  colony. 

Essex  (es'seks).  [ME.  Essex,  Essexe,  Estsexe, 
Eastsexe,  AS.  Edst-Seaxe,  East  Saxons,  orig. 
the  name  of  the  inhabitants.  Cf.  Wessex,  > Sus- 
sex.\ A county  in  eastern  England,  lying  be- 
tween Cambridge  and  Suffolk  on  the  north, 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  the  Thames  (which 
separates  it  from  Kent)  on  the  south,  and  Here- 
ford and  Middlesex  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
generally  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  It  is  noted  especially 
For  its  wheat  and  barley.  The  county  town  is  Chelmsford. 
Area  (ad.  co.),  1,523  sq.  m.  Pop.  (pari,  co.),  1,085,771. 
Essex.  A frigate  of  860  tons,  built  at  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  in  1799.  She  was  of  32  guns  rating 
(actual  armament,  46  guns).  She  left  New  York  on  July  3, 
1812,  commanded  by  Captain  David  Porter.  Among  her 
midshipmen  was  David  Glasgow  Farragut,  then  eleven 
years  old.  On  Aug.  13  she  fought  and  captured  the  Alert. 
She  doubled  Cape  Horn,  and  on  March  13, 1813,  entered  the 
harbor  of  Valparaiso.  From  this  time  until  Jan.  12, 1814, 
she  operated  entirely  in  the  Pacific,  where  she  was  the 
first  American  war-ship  to  appear.  On  Feb.  8,  1814,  she 
was  blockaded  in  Valparaiso  harbor  by  the  Phoebe  (36  guns 
rating),  commanded  by  Captain  Hillyar,  and  the  Cherub 
(18  guns  rating"),  commanded  by  Captain  T.  T.  Tucker.  She 
fought  these  ships  in  a storm  March  28,  1814.  The  battle 
lasted  from  4 to  7.20  P.  M.,  when  she  surrendered.  . 

Essex,  Earls  of.  See  Bohun,  Capel,  Cromwell, 
Devereux,  Mandeville. 

Essex,  James.  Born  at  Cambridge,  England, 
Aug.,  1722:  died  there,  Sept.  14,  1784.  An 
English  architect.  He  restored  and  altered  many  pub- 
lic buildings,  including  the  cathedrals  of  Ely  and  Lincoln, 
and  designed  the  Ramsden  building  at  St.  Catherine’s 
College  (1757),  the  stone  bridge  at  Trinity  College  (1766), 
and  the  chapel  of  Sidney  Sussex  College  (1784),  all  at 
Cambridge. 

Essex,  Timothy.  Born  at  Coventry,  England, 
about  1765:  died  at  London,  Sept.  27,  1847. 
An  English  composer  and  teacher  of  music. 
Essex,  William.  Bom  1784  (?):  died  at 
Brighton,  England,  Dec.  29,  1869.  An  English 
enamel-painter. 

c.—  24 


369 

Essex  Junto.  Ill  United  States  history,  a name 
(first  used  about  1781)  which  was  chiefly  ap- 
plied to  a group  of  extreme  Federalist  leaders, 
mostly  connected  with  Essex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, about  the  end  of  the  18th  and  begin- 
ning of  the  19th  century.  During  the  presidency 
of  Johu  Adams  they  were  adherents  of  Hamilton  rather 
than  of  the  President.  Later  the  name  was  applied  to 
the  Federalists  in  general. 

EssipofF  (es-e-pof'),  Madame  Annette.  Born 
at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  1,  1850.  A Russian 
pianist.  She  appeared  in  London  in  1874,  and  in  America 
in  1876.  She  was  (1889-92)  wife  of  Leschetitzky. 

Essling  (es'ling).  A village  near  Vienna  which 
gave  its  name,  with  Aspern,  to  the  battle  of 
May  21  and  22,  1809.  See  Aspern,  Battle  of. 
Esslingen  (es'ling-en).  A town  in  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Neckar  9 miles  east-south- 
east of  Stuttgart.  It  has  manufactures  of  machinery, 
cottons,  champagne,  etc.  Formerly  a free  imperial  city,  it 
was  incorporated  with  Wurtemberg  in  1802.  Population, 
commune,  29,172. 

Estado  Cisplatino.  See  Estado  Oriental  del 
Uruguay  and  Cisplatine  Province. 

Estado  Oriental  del  Uruguay  (es-ta'do  o-re- 
an-tal'  del  o-ro-gwi'),  generally  abbreviated  to 
Estado  Oriental.  [Sp.,  Eastern  State  of  Uru- 
guay.’] One  of  the  names  given  to  the  region 
now  embraced  in  the  Republic  of  Uruguay.  This 

designation  and  Estado  Cisplatino,  or  Cisplatine  State, were 
used  officially  from  about  1814  until  1823.  During  the  last 
twoyears  Uruguay  was  united  to  Brazil.  From  1823tol828 
the  official  name  was  Provincia  Cisplatina,  but  Provincia 
Oriental  was  commonly  used.  With  the  independence  of 
1828  the  country  became,  officially,  the  Repiiblica  Oriental 
del  Uruguay,  but  the  name  Estado  Oriental  was  long  re- 
tained in  a semi-official  way,  and  is  still  sometimes  used. 

Estaing  (es-tan'),  Charles  Hector,  Comte  d’. 
Born  in  Auvergne,  1729 : died  at  Paris,  April 
28,  1794.  He  was  a brigadier-general  under 
Lally  Tollendal  in  the  expedition  to  India  in 
1758,  and  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at 
the  siege  of  Madras.  Returning  to  France,  be  became 
lieutenant-general  of  naval  forces  in  1763.  In  1778  he  com- 
manded a squadron  sent  to  aid  the  North  American  colo- 
nies against  the  English,  and  in  Aug.  of  that  year  made 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  recover  Rhode  Island  from  the 
English.  Later  he  went  to  the  West  Indies,  failed  in  an 
attempt  to  take  St.  Lucia,  but  conquered  Grenada,  and  St. 
Vincent  was  taken  by  his  orders.  Byron’s  fleet,  which  at- 
tempted to  recover  Grenada,  was  driven  back  to  St.  Kitts. 
In  Oct.,  1779,  in  conjunction  with  the  American  general 
Lincoln,  he  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Savannah. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  the  Revolutionary  tribunal  in  1794. 
Estakewach  (a-stak-e'wach).  An  almost  ex- 
tinct tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  The 
name  is  derived  from  a word  meaning  ‘hot 
spring.’  See  Palaihnihan. 

Estcourt  (est'kort), Richard.  Born  at  Tewkes- 
bury, 1668:  died  in  Aug.,  1712.  An  English 
actor.  The  history  of  his  early  life  is  obscure.  About 
1695  he  was  playing  in  Dublin.  In  1704  he  fir  st  appeared 
on  the  English  stage,  where  he  played  many  important 
characters,  such  as  Falstaff,  Sir  Joslin  Jolly,  and  Old  Bel- 
lair ; he  also  created  many  comedy  parts,  and  wrote  several 
plays.  He  was  the  first  provedor  of  the  Beefsteak  Club, 
and  in  the  “Tatler”  he  is  described  under  the  name  of 
“ Tom  Mirror.  ” 

Este(es'te).  A town  in  the  province  of  Padua, 
Italy,  situated  17  miles  southwest  of  Padua: 
the  ancient  Adeste.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle  (rocca) 
and  leaning  campanile.  The  rocca,  the  seat  of  the  Este 
family,  built  in  1343  and  strengthened  by  the  Scaligers,  is  a 
battlemented  medieval  fortress  with  a mighty  keep.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  10,962. 

Este.  One  of  the  oldest  and  most  celebrated 
of  the  princely  houses  of  Italy,  according  to 
modem  genealogists  a branch  of  the  house  of 
the  Guelphs.  It  traces  its  origin  to  Oberto  II.,  mar- 
grave of  Casal  Maggiore,  the  youngest  son  of  the  margrave 
Oberto  I.,  imperial  count  palatine  in  Italy  under  the  em- 
peror Otto  I.  Oberto’s  grandson,  Azzo  II.,  was  invested 
by  the  emperor  Henry  III.  with  Este  and  other  Italian 
fiefs,  was  created  duke  of  Milan,  and  adopted  the  name 
of  Este.  His  two  sons  Welf  IV.  and  Fulco  I.  became  the 
founders,  respectively,  of  a German  and  an  Italian  branch 
of  the  house  of  Este,  the  German  branch  being  in  modern 
times  represented  by  the  houses  of  Brunswick  and  Han- 
over. The  Italian  branch  furnished  the  leaders  of  the 
party  of  the  Guelphs  in  Italy  in  the  13th  and  14th  centu- 
ries, its  chief  seats  being  at  Ferrara,  Modena,  and  Reggio. 
Borso  received  the  title  of  duke  of  Modena  and  Reggio 
from  the  emperor  Frederick  III.  in  1452,  and  that  of  duke 
of  Ferrara  from  Pope  Paul  II.  The  male  line  of  the  Ital- 
ian branch  of  the  house  of  Este  became  extinct  at  the 
death  of  Hercules  III.  in  1803.  His  only  daughter,  Maria 
Beatrice,  married  Archduke  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  third 
son  of  the  emperor  Francis  I.,  who  became  the  founder 
of  the  Austrian  branch  of  the  house  of  Este,  the  male  line 
of  which  became  extinct  in  1875. 

Estella  (as-tel'ya).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Navarre,  northern  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ega 
28  miles  southwest  of  Pamplona,  in  1833-39  it 
was  a stronghold  of  the  Carlists,  and  again  in  1873-76, 
when  it  was  their  headquarters.  They  designated  it  La 
Ciudad  Sagrada  (the  Holy  City’).  Its  subjection  by 
Primo  de  Rivera  hastened  the  end  of  the  insurrection. 
Population,  5,736. 

Estepa  (as-ta'pa).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Seville,  Spain,  situated  59  miles 


Estrada,  Alonzo  de 

east  of  Seville  : the  ancient  Astapa  or  Ostipa. 
Population,  8,591. 

Estepona  (as-ta-po'na).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Malaga,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Mediterranean  46  miles  southwest  of  Malaga. 
Population,  9,310. 

Esterhazy  von  Galantha  ( es'ter-ha-zi  fon  ga- 
lan'ta),  Prince  Nikolaus  von.  Bom  1765: 
died  at  Como,  Italy,  Nov.  24,  1833.  A Hunga- 
rian magnate,  noted  as  a patron  of  the  arts 
and  sciences.  He  was  a grandson  of  Nikolaus 
Joseph  von  Esterli&zy. 

Esterhazy  von  Galantha,  Prince  Nikolaus 
Joseph  von.  Bom  Dec.  18, 1714:  died  at  Vi- 
enna, Sept.  28,  1790.  A Hungarian  general, 
diplomatist,  and  patron  of  letters  and  the  arts, 
especially  music:  grandson  of  Paul  von  Es- 
terh&zy  von  Galantha. 

Esterhazy  von  Galantha,  Prince  Paul  IV. 
von.  Bom  at  Eisenstadt,  Hungary,  Sept.  7, 
1635 : died  March  26,  1713.  A celebrated  Hun- 
garian general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
wars  against  the  Turks  1663-86 ; became  a cavalry  general 
in  1667 ; was  created  a prince  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire 
in  1687 ; and  was  palatine  of  Hungary  1687-97. 

Esterh&zy  von  Galantha,  Prince  Paul  Anton 
von.  Born  March  11,  1786:  died  at  Ratisbon, 
Bavaria,  May  21, 1866.  An  Austrian  diploma- 
tist, son  of  Nikolaus  von  Esterhazy.  He  was  ap- 
pointed minister  at  Dresden  in  1810,  and  ambassador  at 
Rome  in  1814 ; was  ambassador  at  London  1815-18,  1830- 
1838 ; and  was  Hungarian  minister  of  foreign  affairs  a 
short  time  in  1848,  in  the  Batthyanyi  ministry. 

Esther  (es'ter).  [From  Pers.  stara,  star.]  The 
Persian  name  of  the  queen  from  whom  one 
of  the  Old  Testament  books  takes  its  name. 
Her  Hebrew  name  was  Hadassah  (‘myrtle  ’)  She  is  rep- 
resented in  that  book  as  the  daughter  of  Abihail,  cousin 
and  adopted  daughter  of  Mordecai,  of  the  tribe  of  Ben- 
jamin. She  was  made  queen  in  place  of  Vashti  by  King 
Ahasuerus  (Xerxes,  480-465  B.  c.),  and  in  this  position  was 
able  to  protect  her  people  against  the  hostile  contrivances 
of  Haman,  in  memory  of  which  deliverance  the  feast  of 
Purim  is  still  celebrated. 

Esther.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  the  words  by 
S.  Humphreys  from  Racine’s  “Esther.”  It  was 
written  for  the  Duke  of  Chandos,  and  was  first 
performed  at  Cannons,  near  London,  Aug.  29, 
1720. 

Esther  (es-tar').  A play  by  Racine,  with  music 
by  Moreau,  written  for  the  pupils  of  St.  Cyr  at 
the  request  of  Madame  de  Maintenon.  It  was 
acted  with  great  pomp  and  ceremony  by  the 
school-girls  before  the  king. 

Esthonia  (es-tho'ni-a),  or  Wiroma.  [G,  Esth- 
land,  Estland,  or  Esililand,  F.  Esthonie : from 
the  J3stii.~]  A government  of  Russia,  one  of 
the  three  so-called  Baltic  Provinces,  it  is  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Finland  on  the  north,  by  St.  Petersburg  on 
the  east,  by  Livonia  on  the  south,  and  by  the  Baltic  on  the 
west.  The  island  of  Dago  belongs  to  it.  Manufactures  and 
commerce  are  increasing.  The  capital  is  Reval.  The  bulk 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Esthonians,  a Finnish  race  which 
has  occupied  the  region  from  prehistoric  times.  The  no- 
bility and  many  of  the  town  residents  are  Germans.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  Esthonia  was  acquired 
by  the  Danes  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th  century,  passed 
to  the  Livonian  Knights  in  1346,  and  on  the  dissolution  of 
the  order  in  1561  fell  to  Sweden.  It  was  acquned  by  Rus- 
sia in  1721.  Area,  7,605  square  miles.  Population  of  Es- 
thonia, 459,700. 

Estienne,  or  Etienne  (a-tyen')  (L.  Stephanus), 

Robert.  Born  at  Paris  in  1503 : died  at  Geneva, 
Sept.  7,  1559.  A celebrated  French  printer  and 
scholar.  He  became  head  of  a printing  establishment  in 
Paris  about  1526,  was  appointed  l oyal  printer  to  Francis  I. 
in  1539,  and  removed  to  Geneva  about  1552.  He  published 
numerous  editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics,  many 
ol  which  were  enriched  with  notes  by  himself ; various  edi- 
tions of  theBible(especially  of  the  New  Testament,  1650) ; 
and  a Latin-French  dictionary  (the  first  of  the  kind)  com- 
piled by  himBelf,  entitled  “Thesaurus  linguae  Latin®’’ 
(1532). 

Estienne,  or  Etienne  (L.  Stephanus),  Henri. 

Born  at  Paris  in  1528:  died  at  Lyons  in  March, 
1598.  A celebrated  French  printer  and  scholar, 
son  of  Robert  Estienne.  He  established  a press  at 
Paris  about  1556,  and  on  his  father’s  death  in  1559  appears 
to  have  removed  to  Geneva  and  to  have  taken  charge  of 
bis  father’s  establishment.  He  edited  and  printed  nu- 
merous editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics,  com 
piled  the  celebrated  “ Thesaurus  lingu®  Gr®cse  ” (1672), 
and  wrote  “Apologie  pour  Hdrodote  ” (1566),  ‘ 1 Traits  de 
la  conformity  du  Frangais  avec  le  (tree,”  “ Prdcellence  de 
lalangue  framjaise,”  and  “ Nouveaux  dialogues  de  langue 
franchise  italianisd,"  etc. 

Estmere.  See  King  Estmere. 

Estotiland.  A mythical  region  supposed,  sev- 
eral centuries  ago,  to  lie  in  the  northern  part  of 
North  America,  near  the  Arctic  circle. 
Estrada  (as-trii'da),  or  Strada,  Alonzo  de. 
Died  in  Mexico  about  1530.  A Spanish  officer, 
said  to  have  been  a natural  son  of  King  Ferdi- 
nand. In  1524  he  went  to  Mexico  as  royal  treasurer, 
and  he  was  one  of  those  left  in  charge  of  the  govern- 


Estrada,  Alonzo  de 

ment  when  Cortes  went  to  Honduras,  1524-26.  In  1527  he 
was  acting  governor,  and  exiled  Cortds  from  the  city,  be- 
sides opposing  him  in  many  ways. 

Estrada,  Jose  Dolores.  Born  in  Matagalpa, 
1787:  died  near  Granada,  Aug.  12, 1869.  A Nica- 
raguan general.  He  served  under  Chamorro  1851-54, 
and  participated  in  the  defense  of  Granada  in  the  latter 
year.  He  fought  against  Walker,  and  defeated  him  at  San 
Jacinto,  Sept.  14, 1856.  In  1869,  notwithstanding  his  great 
age,  he  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  against  the 
revolutionists ; he  defeated  them  several  times,  but  died 
before  the  campaign  was  ended. 
Estrees(es-tra'),Gabrielle  d’.  Born  1571 : died 
at  Paris,  April  10,  1599.  A mistress  of  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  celebrated  for  her  scandalous  life 
and  luxury,  and  for  her  beauty,  she  married,  at 
the  wish  of* the  king,  M.  Liancourt-Damerval,  but  soon 
separated  from  him.  Later  she  acquired  the  titles  mar- 
quise de  Monceaux  and  duchesse  de  Beaufort. 

Estrella  (esh-tra'la),  Serra  da.  A mountain- 
chain  in  Beira,  Portugal,  the  loftiest  in  that 
country.  Highest  point,  6,540  feet. 
Estremadura  (esh-tra-ma-do'ra).  A province 
of  Portugal.  It  lies  between  Beira  on  the  north  and 
east,  Aiemtejo  on  the  east  and  south,  and  the  Atlantic  on 
the  west,  and  comprises  the  three  districts  Leiria,  San- 
tarem,  and  Lisbon.  Area,  6,937  square  miles.  Population, 
1,231,418. 

Estremadura  (es-tra-ma-Do'  ra).  A former 
province  of  Spain,  corresponding  to  the  mod- 
ern provinces  of  Badajoz  and  Caceres.  It  lay 
between  Leon  on  the  north,  New  Castile  and  La  Mancha 
on  the  east,  Andalusia  on  the  south,  and  Portugal  on  the 
west. 

Estremoz  (esb-tra-mos').  A town  in  the  district 
of  Evora,  province  of  Aiemtejo,  Portugal,  in  lat. 
38°  51'  N.,  long.  7°  33'  W„  In  its  neighborhood 
are  celebrated  marble-quarries. 

Estrildis  (es-tril'dis),  or  Estrild  (es'trild). 
The  mythical  daughter  of  a German  king, 
loved  by  King  Locrine,  and  the  mother  by  him 
of  Sabrina.  The  story  is  narrated  by  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth. 

Eszek.  See  Esselc. 

Eszterhazy.  See  Ester-hazy. 

Etah  (e'ta).  A district  in  the  Agra  division, 
United  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  27°  40'  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area,  1,737 
square  miles.  Population,  863,948. 

Etamin  (et'a-min),  or  Efcanin  (-nin).  [Ar. 
el  tannin,  the  dragon.]  The  second-magnitude 
Greenwich  zenith-star  y Draconis.  Sometimes 
.called  Rasaben. 

Etampes  (a-tonp').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  29  miles  south-south- 
west of  Paris.  It  contains  a feudal  tower,  “Guinette," 
dating  from  the  12th  century,  and  was  the  birthplace  of 
Etienne  Geoffroy  St.  Hilaire.  Population,  commune, 
9,245. 

Etampes,  Duchesse  d’  (Anne  de  Pisseleu 
d’Heilly).  Born  about  1508:  died  after  1575. 
A mistress  of  Francis  I.  of  France. 

Etawah  (e-ta'wii).  1.  A district  in  the  Agra 
division,  United  Provinces,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  26°  40'  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area, 
1,691  square  miles.  Population,  806,798. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  Etawah  district,  situated 
near  the  Jumna  70  miles  southeast  of  Agra. 
Population,  42,570. 

Etchita.  See  HitcMti. 

Etchmiadzin  (ech-myad-zen').  A monastery 
in  a village  (Vagharshapad)  of  Russian  Arme- 
nia, 12  miles  west  of  Erivan.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  catholicos  or  primate  of  the  Arme- 
nian Church. 

Eteooles  (e-te'o-klez).  [Gr.  ’E Teoiilrjg.}  In 
Greek  legend,  a king  of  Thebes,  son  of  CEdipus 
and  Jocaste,  and  brother  of  Polynices  and  An- 
tigone. He  had  agr  eed  to  surrender  the  throne  to  his 
brother  in  alternate  years,  but  broke  his  promise.  This 
led  to  the  expedition  of  the  “Seven  against  Thebes”  to 
seat  Polynices  on  the  throne. 

Eternal  City,  The.  An  epithet  of  Rome. 
Etex  (a-teks'),  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
20,  1808:  died  there,  July  14,  1888.  A French 
sculptor  and  painter,  a pupil  of  Ingres  in  draw- 
ing and  of  Pradier  in  sculpture,  in  1828  he  won 
the  second  grand  prix  in  sculpture.  Among  his  statues  are 
Cain  (a  colossal  group),  Leda,  Charlemagne,  St.  Augustine, 
etc.  He  executed  the  groups  “ 1814  ’’  and  “ 1815  ” for  the 
Arc  de  l'Etoile. 

Eth-.  See  TEth-. 

Ethandun  ( eth-an-don' ) . The  scene  of  a victory 
of  Alfred  the  Great  over  the  Danes  in  878.  It 
has  been  identified  with  Eddington,  Wiltshire. 
Ethbaal  (eth-ba'al).  [Assyr.,  ‘with  Baal’: 
called  by  the  Greeks  Eid«/3aAof,  ’WaflaAor,  Itho- 
balus.]  A king  of  Tyre.  He  was  the  father  of  Jeze- 
bel, the  wife  of  Allah,  king  of  Israel.  In  the  Assyrian 
Inscriptions  he  is  called  Tuba'lu.  Ethbaal  II.  is  men- 
tioned in  the  annals  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  king  of  Baby- 
lonia. Josephus  represents  him  as  king  of  Sidon  as  well 
as  of  Tyre. 


370 

Ethelred  (eth'el-red ),  Ailred,  orEalred.  Born 

in  1109  : died  June  12,  1166.  An  English  eccle- 
siastical writer.  He  was  educated  at  the  Scottish 
court,  entered  the  Cistercian  order,  and  became  abbot  of 
Revesby  in  Lincolnshire,  and  afterward  of  Rievaulx  in 
Yorkshire.  His  works  include  “ Historia  de  Vita  et  Mi- 
raculisS.  Edwardi.”  “Genealogia  Regum  Anglorum,"  “De 
Bello  Standardi,”  and  “Historia  de  Sanctimoniali  do  Wat- 
ton  ” (which  have  been  published  in  Sir  Roger  Twysden’s 
“ Historia?  Anglican®  Scriptores  decern  ” (1652).  His  theo- 
logical works  were  collected  by  Richard  Gibbons.  The 
“Margaritae  Vita”  attributed  to  him  is  not  his  work. 

Etherege  (eth'er-ej),  George.  Flourished  about 
1588.  An  English  classical  scholar.  He  was  born 
in  Oxfordshire,  studied  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
and  was  licensed  to  practise  medicine  in  1545.  He  was 
regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1547- 
1550  and  1554-59.  His  health  was  seriously  impaired  by 
frequent  imprisonments  during  a period  of  thirty  years  on 
account  of  his  adherence  to  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.  He 
was  living  in  1588,  but  his  death  is  not  recorded.  His 
works  include  a Latin  translation  of  Justin  Martyr,  various 
poems  in  Greek  and  Latin,  the  Psalms  of  David  in  Hebrew 
verse  set  to  music,  and  a manuscript  copy  of  musical  com- 
positions. 

Etherege,  Sir  George.  Born  1635  (?):  died  1691. 
An  Euglish  dramatist.  The  facts  of  his  early  life  are 
obscure.  In  1676  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country  with 
Rochester  on  account  of  a disgraceful  brawl,  but  before 
1685  had  obtained  diplomatic  employment.  He  was  sent 
to  The  Hague  by  Charles  II.,  and  in  1685  to  Ratisbon  by 
James  II.  He  disgusted  the  Germans  by  his  habits  of 
debauchery  and  breaches  of  etiquette.  In  1688  he  retired 
hastily  to  Paris,  where  Luttrell  reports  that  he  died.  He 
wrote  “The  Comical  Revenge  ’’  (1664),  “ She  Would  if  She 
Could  ” (1668),  and  “ The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fopling 
Flutter  ” (1676).  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  comedy  of 
intrigue. 

Two  more  atrocious  libertines  than  these  two  men  [Eth- 
erege and  Sir  Charles  Sedley]  were  not  to  be  found  in  the 
apartments  at  Whitehall,  or  in  the  streets,  taverns,  and 
dens  of  London.  Yet  both  were  famed  for  like  external 
qualities.  Etherege  was  easy  and  graceful,  Sedley  so  re- 
finedly  seductive  of  manner  that  Buckingham  called  it 
“ witchcraft,” and  Wilmot  “his  prevailing,  gentle  art,”  I, 
humbler  witness,  can  only  say,  after  studying  their  works 
and  their  lives,  that  Etherege  was  a more  accomplished 
comedy-writer  than  Sedley,  but  that  Sedley  was  a greater 
beast  than  Etherege.  Doran , Eng.  Stage,  1.  140. 

Ethiopia,  or  ^Ethiopia  (e-thi-6'pi-a),  Heb. 

Cush.  [L.  TEthiopia,  Gr.  Alfhoiria  (sc.  yy  or 
X&pa),  from  AWiorp,  an  Ethiopian.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a country  south  of  Egypt,  corre- 
sponding to  the  kingdom  of  Meroe,  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Khartum  northward  to  Egypt. 
In  a more  extended  sense  it  comprised  Nubia,  northern 
Abyssinia,  Sennaar,  and  Kordofan.  It  was  closely  con- 
nected with  Egypt,  Conquered  by  Egyptian  kings  of  the 
12th  dynasty,  lost  in  the  period  of  the  Hyksos,  and  recon- 
quered under  the  18th  dynasty,  it  remained  with  Egypt 
until  after  the  20th  dynasty.  An  Ethiopian  founded  the 
25th  Egyptian  dynasty.  Under  Psammetichus  (7tli  cen- 
tury B.  (I. ) many  Egyptians  emigrated  to  Ethiopia.  It  was 
ruled  by  a female  dynasty,  the  Candaces,  about  the  Chris- 
tian era. 

Etienne  (a-tyen'),  Charles  Guillaume.  Born  at 
Chamouilly  (Haute-Marne),  Jan.  6,  1778:  died 
at  Paris,  March  13,  1845.  A French  dramatist, 
poet,  and  journalist.  His  first  important  work  was 
‘‘Le  reve,”  an  opera,  with  music  by  Gresuick  (1799),  which 
had  such  success  as  to  induce  him  to  devote  himself  to  the 
drama,  producing  a great  number  of  plays,  among  which 
is  the  comedy  “Brueys  et  Palaprat”  (1807).  In  1810  his 
best  play,  “ Les  deux  "entires,”  appeared.  A short  diver- 
tissement, “line  matinde  du  camp  ou  les  petits  bateaux,” 
followed  in  1804  by  another,  “ Une  journde  au  camp  de 
Bruges,”  induced  the  Duke  of  Bassano  to  appoint  him  his 
private  secretary.  He  accompanied  him  to  Germany  and 
Poland.  On  his  return  he  first  became  connected  with  the 
“ Journal  de  l'Empire.”  He  was  a member  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  signed  the  Address  of  the  221  in  1820,  and 
later  was  a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  a number  of  political  pamphlets  and  of 
a “ Histoire  du  thdatre  frangais  ” (1802). 

fitienne  du  Mont  (a-tyen'  dii  mM),  St.  [F., 

‘ Saint  Stephen  of  the  Mount.’]  A noted  florid- 
Point.ed  church  in  Paris,  founded  in  1517.  The 
west  front  was  added  by  Henry  IV.  The  church  is  famous 
for  its  graceful  rood-loft  in  carved  stone,  which  spans  the 
nave  in  a low  arch  from  opposite  pillars  around  which 
wind  its  two  spiral  stairs.  The  church  possesses  some 
beautiful  glass,  and  the  rich  13th-century  shrine  of  Ste. 
Genevieve. 

Etiquette  (a-te-ket'),  Madame.  A nickname 
given  to  the  Duchesse  de  Noailles,  the  mistress 
of  ceremonies  at  the  court  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

Etive  (et'iv),  Loch.  An  inlet  of  the  sea  in  the 
north  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  northeast  of 
Oban.  Length,  19  miles. 

Etna  (et'na),  Sicilian  Mongibello  (mon-je-bel'- 
16).  [L.  2 Etna , Gr.  A irvy,  Airva,  burning  moun- 

tain.] The  chief  mountain  in  Sicily,  and  the 
highest  volcano  in  Europe,  situated  in  the  east 
of  the  island,  north  of  Catania,  lat.  37°  44' N., 
long.  15°  E.  It  figured  in  Greek  mythology  in  the  le- 
gends of  Enceladus  and  Hephaestus.  Among  the  most 
important  of  the  eruptions,  more  than  80  of  which  have 
been  recorded,  are  those  of  1169,  1669,  1693,  1755,  1792, 
1852,  1865,  1879,  1886,  and  1892.  Height,  10,758  feet. 

£t0ges  (a-tozh').  A village  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  France,  16  miles  south-southwest  of 


Etymologicum  Magnum 

Elpernay.  An  indecisive  battle  between  Napoleon  and 
the  Allies  was  fought  here  Feb.  14,  1814. 

litoile  du  Nord  (a-twal'  dii  nor),  L’.  [F.,  ‘The 
Star  of  the  North.’]  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer, 
first  produced  at  Paris,  Feb.  16,  1854.  It  was 
called  “La  Stella  del  Norte”  when  produced  in 
England  in  1855. 

Eton  (e'ton).  A village  of  about  3,300  inhabi- 
tants in  Buckinghamshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  opposite  Windsor,  22  miles 
west  of  London.  Eton  College,  one  of  the  most  famed 
of  English  public  schools,  was  founded  in  1440  by  Henry 
VI.  The  low  and  picturesque  battlemented  and  towered 
brick  buildings  inclose  two  courts,  which  communicate  by 
a vaulted  passage.  The  large  Perpendicular  chapel  forms 
the  south  side  of  the  outer  quadrangle.  The  new  quad- 
rangle was  finished  in  1889. 

^tourdi  (a-tor-de'),  L’.  [F.,  ‘The  Heedless 

One.’]  A comedy  by  Molifere,  presented  at 
Lyons  1653. 

Etretat  (atr-ta').  A watering-place  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  on  the 
English  Channel  14  miles  north-northeast  of 
Havre. 

Etruria  (e-tro'ri-a).  [L.  Etruria,  Hetruria,  Gr. 
E rpovpia  (the  reg.  Gr.  name  being  Tv'p/jr/via), 
the  country  of  the  Etrusci,  Etruscans.  Hence 
Tuscan,  Tuscany.']  In  ancient  geography,  a 
division  of  Italy  which  extended  along  the 
Mediterranean,  and  was  separated  from  Um- 
bria, the  Sabine  territory,  and  Latium  by  the 
Tiber,  and  from  Liguria  by  the  Apennines. 
It  nearly  corresponds  to  modern  Tuscany.  It  contained 
a confederation  of  12  cities  — probably  Veii,  Clusium, 
Tarquiuii,  Falerii,  Caere,  Volsinii,  Cortona,  Perusia,  Ar- 
retium,  Vulci,  Volaterrse,  and  Vetulonia.  The  Etruscans 
developed  as  a great  naval  power,  influential  in  northern 
and  central  Italy,  and  had  possessions  on  the  Po  and  in 
Campania.  Etruscan  kings  ruled  at  an  early  time  in 
Rome  (probably  till  about  500  B.  c.).  The  Etruscans  were 
defeated  by  Syracuse  in  a naval  battle  in  474  B.  c.,  and 
suffered  from  tire  invasion  of  the  Gauls  about  400.  Veii 
was  lost  to  Rome  in  396.  Defeat  by  Rome  at  the  Vadi- 
monian  Lake  in  283  was  followed  by  the  fall  of  Tarquiuii 
and  the  other  Etrurian  cities. 

Etruria.  A village  in  Staffordshire,  England, 
noted  as  the  seat  of  the  Wedgwood  potteries. 

Etruria,  Kingdom  of.  A kingdom  formed  by 
Napoleon  from  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany  in 
1801,  and  bestowed  upon  the  Crown  Prince  of 
Parma.  It  was  annexed  to  France  in  1808. 

Etrurians  (e-tro'ri-anz),  or  Etruscans  (e-trus'- 
kanz).  The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Etruria, 
the  modern  Tuscany.  See  Etruria. 

The  Etrurians  are  the  most  mysterious  people  of  an- 
tiquity. We  meet  them  in  the  sculptured  chronicles  of 
ancient  Egypt  as  the  Tursha,  and  in  the  pages  of  the  ear- 
liest Greek  writers  as  the  Tyrrhenes,  or  Turseni.  Accord- 
ing to  ancient  tradition,  they  came  from  Lydia  in  prehis- 
toric times,  and  colonized  Latium.  Certain  details  of 
their  costumes  and  customs  appear  to  be  identical  with 
those  of  Lydia,  and  the  legend  is  probably  based  upon 
fact.  But  until  the  inscriptions  of  Etruria  can  be  read, 
we  are  not  likely  to  solve  this  problem.  The  Etruscan 
characters  closely  resemble  the  archaic  alphabets  of  Asia 
Minor;  but  no  scholar  has  yet  succeeded  in  identifying 
more  than  proper  names  and  the  names  of  deities. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  91. 

Lately  the  discovery  of  an  inscription  on  the  island  of 
Lemnos  seems  to  render  probable  the  identity  of  the 
Etruscans  with  the  Pelasgian  Tyrrhenians  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  324. 

Ettlingen  (et'ling-en).  A town  in  Baden,  44 
miles  south  of  Karlsruhe,  it  has  manufactures  of 
paper,  etc.,  and  is  noted  for  its  Roman  antiquities.  Here 
the  French  under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Archduke  Charles,  July  9 aud  10,  1796.  Population,  com- 
mune, 8,669. 

Ettmiiller  (et'miil-ler),  Ernst  Moritz  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Gersdorf,  near  Lobau,  Saxony,  Oet.  5, 
1802 : died  near  Zurich,  Switzerland,  April  15, 
1877.  A German  philologist,  professor  of  the 
German  language  and  literature  in  the  gym- 
nasium at  Zurich.  He  edited  Middle  High  German 
and  Old  Low  German  texts,  and  published  works  on  Norse, 
an  Anglo-Saxon  chrestomathy  (1850),  an  Anglo-Saxon  lexi- 
con (1851),  etc. 

Ettrick  (et'rik).  A river  in  Selkirkshire,  Scot- 
land, which  joins  the  Tweed  near  Selkirk. 
Length,  32  miles.  The  tract  of  woodland  on 
and  adjoining  it  was  formerly  known  as  the 
Ettrick  Forest. 

Ettrick  Shepherd,  The.  A name  given  to 
James  Hogg. 

Etty  (et'i),  William.  Born  at  York,  England, 
March  10,  1787 : died  there,  Nov.  13, 1849.  An 
English  painter  of  historical  subjects. 

Etymologicum  Magnum  (et//i-mo-loj'i-kum 
mag'num).  [ML.,  tr.  Gr.  rd  tTv/to?nyiK6v  yiya, 
the  great  dictionary.]  See  the  extract. 

The  remaining  great  lexicon  of  the  Byzantine  age,  the 
Etymologicum  Magnum,  as  it  is  called,  does  not  pnzzle  us 
by  assuming  the  name  of  any  definite  author.  It  may,  in- 
deed, be  doubted  whether  there  was  not  more  than  one 
compilation  bearing  this  name,  and  whether  it  denoted 
more  than  a bookseller's  or  scribe’s  coUection  and  edition 


Etymologicum  Magnum 

of  divers  glossaries  made  up  from  the  works  of  the  most 
eminent  grammarians.  The  work  has  already  appeared 
in  two  different  forms,  derived  from  manuscripts  of  two 
different  classes : the  one,  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
Etymologicum  Sylburgianum,  because  the  first  critical  re- 
vision was  that  which  Sylburg  founded  ou  the  original 
publication  of  Marcus  Musurus ; the  other,  which  is  termed 
the  Etymologicum  Gudianum , because  it  was  derived  by 
Sturz  from  a manuscript  at  Wolfeubuttel,  belonging  origi- 
nally to  Marquard  Gude.  There  is,  indeed,  reason  to  sup- 
pose that  the  work  published  by  Musurus  got  its  title  of 
Etymologicum  Magnum  from  its  first  editor  or  from  its 
printer  Calliergus.  The  age  of  the  work  may,  however, 
with  some  probability,  be  assigned  to  the  10th  century  or 
thereabouts.  It  may  be  best  described  as  a farrago  of  ex- 
tracts from  the  most  esteemed  grammarians,  copied  sla- 
vishly and  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 

K.  0.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  387. 

[( Donaldson . ) 

Etzel  (et'sel).  In  German  heroic  legend,  the 
name  of  Attila,  king  of  the  Huns.  See  Attila. 
Eu  (e).  A town  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
Inf&rieure,  France,  situated  on  the  Bresle,  near 
its  mouth,  17  miles  east-northeast  of  Dieppe. 
It  has  a famous  chateau,  a favorite  residence  of  Louis 
Philippe,  and  still  in  possession  of  the  Orleanist  family. 
A medieval  countship  of  Eu  had  its  seat  here.  Population, 
commune,  5,743. 

Eu,  Comte  d’  (Louis  Philippe  Marie  Fer- 
dinand Gaston  d’Orl^ans).  Born  at  Neuilly, 
France,  April  28,  1842.  The  eldest  son  of  the 
Due  de  Nemours,  and  grandson  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe. He  married  the  Princess  Imperial  of  Brazil  Oct. 
15,  1864.  In  1869  and  1870  he  commanded  the  Brazilian 
forces  in  Paraguay,  bringing  the  war  to  a successful  ter- 
mination. 

Eu,  Comtesse  d’  or  Condessa  de.  See  Isabel 
de  Braganqa. 

Euboea  (u-be'ii).  [Gr.  E vflota,  It.  Xegroponte, 
Turk.  Egripo.]  The  largest  island  belonging 
to  Greece,  in  the  Aegean  Sea.  it  lies  to  the  east  of 
Phocis,  Boeotia,  and  Attica,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Strait  of  Euripus.  It  is  traversed  by  mountains,  Delphi 
reaching  the  height  of  6,726  feet.  The  chief  towns  were 
Chalcis  and  Eretria.  It  was  subdued  by  Athens  after  the 
Persian  wars.  The  Turks  took  it  from  the  Venetians  in 
1470.  Its  length  is  about  98  miles  ; its  greatest  width,  30 
miles.  Eubosa  and  some  adjoining  small  islands  form  a 
nomarchy  with  a population  of  116,903. 

Eubulides  (u-bti'li-dez)  of  Miletus.  [Gr. 
Eii;3ou/(Vb/f.]  Lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A 
Greek  philosopher  of  the  Megaric  school. 
Eucbaris  (u'ka-ris).  In  Fenelon’s  “Tel6- 
maque,”  one  of  Calypso’s  nymphs  with  whom 
Telemaque  falls  in  love.  Mentor  removes  him  from 
the  island  to  get  him  out  of  her  way.  She  is  said  to  be 
meant  for  Mademoiselle  de  Fontanges,  a favorite,  for  a 
short  time,  of  Louis  XIV. 

Eucbites  (u'klts).  [LGr.  ivxirai,  from  Gr. 
eiixl/,  prayer.]  A sect  which  arose  in  the  4th 
century  in  the  East,  particularly  in  Mesopo- 
tamia and  Syria.  Its  members  attached  supreme  im- 
portance to  prayer  and  the  presence  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  led 
an  ascetic  life,  and  rejected  sacraments  and  the  moral  law. 
The  sect  continued  until  the  7th  century,  and  was  for  a 
short  time  revived  a few  centuries  later.  Its  members 
are  also  called  Adelphians,  Enthusiasts,  Eustathians,  Mes- 
salians,  etc. 

Euclid  (u'klid).  [Gr.  liv  lAiiih/r.']  Lived  at  Alex- 
andria about  300  b.  c.  A famous  Greek  geome- 
ter. His  principal  work  is  the  “ Elements  ” (2r oixeia), 
in  13  books,  parts  of  whicli  have  been  largely  used  as  a 
text-book  for  elementary  geometry  down  to  the  present 
time.  The  editions  and  translations  of  this  work  have 
been  very  numerous. 

Euclid  of  Megara.  Born  probably  in  Megara, 
in  the  middle  of  the  5th  century  b.  c.  A Greek 
philosopher,  a disciple  of  Socrates,  and  the 
founder  of  the  Megaric  school. 

Eudes  (ed),  or  Odo  (o'do),  Count  of  Paris.  Died 
in  898.  King  of  France  887  (888)-898.  He  de- 
fended Pari3  against  the  Northmen  underKollo  in  885-886, 
and  on  the  deposition  of  Charles  the  Fat,  in  887,  was  elected 
king  of  France  by  a party  among  the  nobles.  In  893  Charles 
the  Simple,  son  of  Louis  II.  ‘ the  Stammerer,'  was  set  up  as 
rival  king,  and  Eudes  was  compelled  to  cede  to  him  the 
country  between  the  Seine  and  the  Rhine. 

Eudes  I.  Died  in  Cilicia,  March  23, 1103.  Duke 
of  Burgundy.  He  fought  under  the  standard  of  Al- 
fonso VI.,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon,  against  the  Saracens 
in  1087.  He  afterward  departed  on  a crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  died  in  Cilicia. 

Eudes  II.  Died  in  1162.  Duke  of  Burgundy. 
He  compelled  Thibaut  of  Champagne  to  do  hom- 
age for  the  county  of  Troy  in  1143. 

Eudes  III.  Died  at  Lyons,  July  6, 1218.  Duke 
of  Burgundy.  He  took  paid  in  1209  in  the  crusade 
against  the  Albigensians,  and  in  1214  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  the  French  army  at  the  battle  of  Bouvines. 
Eudes  IV.  Died  at  Sens  in  1350.  Duke  of 
Burgundy.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Philip, 
king  of  France,  in  1318. 

Eudes.  Bom  665:  died  735.  Duke  of  Aqui- 
taine and  Vasconie  (Gascony).  His  dominions 
were  invaded  by  the  Saracens  under  Abd-er-Rahman,  who 
were  repulsed  with  the  aid  of  Charles  Martel  at  Poitiers 
in  732. 

Eudes.  Died  in  1037.  Count  of  Champagne. 


371 

He  was  defeated  and  killed  in  an  attempt  to 
make  himself  master  of  Lorraine. 

Eudes  de  Montreuil  (ed  de  mon-trey')-  Died 
1289.  A French  sculptor,  architect,  and  engi- 
neer. He  went  to  the  Holy  Land  in  1248,  and  in  1260-51 
constructed  the  fortifications  of  Jaffa.  In  1254  he  re- 
turned to  Paris.  In  1262  he  built  the  Church  of  the  Cor- 
deliers, and  that  of  the  Chartreux  in  1276.  In  the  Church 
of  the  Cordeliers  he  was  accorded  sepulture,  and  erected 
his  own  tomb  with  life-size  statues  of  himself  and  his  two 
wives.  This  monument  was  described  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.  It  was  destroyed  in  1580. 

Eudeve.  See  Opata. 

Eudocia  (u-do  ' shia).  [Gr.  E vSoKia,  esteem, 
honor.]  Born  at  Athens  about  393:  died  at  Jeru- 
salem about  460.  A Roman  empress.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  the  sophist  Leontius,  or,  as  lie  is  also  called, 
Heraclitus  of  Athens,  who  gave  her  a careful  education. 
She  married  the  emperor  Theodosius  II.  in  421,  having 
previously  exchanged  her  original  name  Athenais  for  Eu- 
docia at  baptism.  Having  supplanted  the  emperor's  sister, 
Pulcheria,  in  the  administration  of  the  government,  she 
effected  the  convention  of  the  so-called  Robber  Council  of 
Ephesus  in  449,  at  which  Flavian,  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, was  deposed  by  the  Eutychians.  Shortly 
after  this  the  emperor  took  up  the  cause  of  the  orthodox 
party,  iu  consequence  of  which,  as  well  as  of  his  jealousy, 
she  was  banished  to  Jerusalem  in  449.  She  wrote  a num- 
ber of  poems,  including  a paraphrase  of  the  Octateuch. 
Eudocia.  A Byzantine  empress,  wife  of  Con- 
stantine XI.,  and  afterward  of  Romanus  IV. 
At  his  death  in  1067  Constantine  bequeathed  the  empire  to 
her  and  their  three  young  s ns,  Michael  VII.,  Andronicus 
I.,  and  Constantine  XII.  Although  bound  by  oath  not  to 
marry  again,  she  espoused  Romanus  in  1068,  and  made  him 
a colleague  in  the  empire  with  herself  and  her  sons,  where- 
upon Joannes  Ducas,  brother  of  Constantine  XI.,  made 
Michael  VII.  sole  emperor,  and  banished  Eudocia  to  a 
convent.  A dictionary  of  history  and  mythology,  en- 
titled ’I utvia,  or  “Collection  (or  Bed)  of  Violets,”  ascribed 
to  her  is  of  much  later  origin. 

Eudoxia  (u-dok'si-a).  [LGr.  E vSgfia,  good  re- 
port, honor.]  A Byzantine  empress,  daughter 
of  the  Frank  Bauto.  She  married  in  395  Arcadius, 
by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Theodosius  II.,  or 
“the  Younger.”  . She  acquired  a complete  ascendancy 
over  her  husband,  and  procured  the  exile  of  Chrysostom, 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  inveighed  against  the 
avarice  and  luxury  of  the  court. 

Eudoxia.  Born  at  Constantinople,  422.  A Ro- 
man empress,  daughter  of  Theodosius  II.  She 
married  in  438  or  437  Valentinian  III. , who  was  murdered 
by  Petronius  Maximus  in  455.  Compelled  to  marry  the 
usurper,  she  called  in  Genseric,  king  of  the  Vandals,  who 
took  Rome  and  carried  off  Eudoxia  and  her  two  daughters, 
Eudocia  and  Placidia,  to  Carthage.  Maximus  was  killed 
in  the  flight.  Eudoxia  was  after  some  years  sent  to  Con- 
stantinople with  an  honorable  escort. 

Eudoxians  (u-dok'si-anz).  The  followers  of 
Eudoxius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  and  an 
extreme  Arian  of  the  4th  century:  same  as 
Anomceans,  Aetians,  and  Eunomians. 

Eudoxius  (u-dok'si-us).  [Gr.  Ewiofiof.]  Died 
370.  A patriarch  of  Constantinople.  He  became 
bishop  of  Antioch  in  347,  and  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
in  360.  He  was  an  Arian  and  the  leader  of  the  Eudoxians. 

Eudoxus  (u-dok'sus)  of  Cnidus.  [Gr.  EwJofof.] 
Bom  about  409  B.  C. : died  about  356  b.  c.  A 
Greek  astronomer,  geometer,  aud physician.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  introduce  the  use  of  the 
celestial  globe  into  Greece,  to  have  corrected  the  length  of 
the  year,  and  to  have  adduced  the  fact  that  the  altitude 
of  the  stars  changes  with  the  latitude  as  a proof  of  the 
sphericity  of  the  earth. 

Eudoxus  of  Cyzicus.  Born  at  Cyzicus,  Asia 
Minor:  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury b.  C.  A Greek  navigator  in  the  Egyptian 
service,  said  to  have  circumnavigated  Africa 
from  the  Red  Sea  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 
Euemerus.  See  Evemerus. 

Euergetes  (u-er'je-tez).  [Gr.  E vepyhr/g,  bene- 
factor.] A Greek  title  of  honor  assumed  by 
several  kings  of  Egypt.  See  Ptolemy. 

Eufaula  (u-fa'la).  A city  of  Barbour  County, 
Alabama,  situated  on  the  Chattahoochee  in 
lat.  31°  53'  N.,  long.  85°  10'  W.  It  exports 
cotton.  Population,  4,259,  (1910). 

Eugamon  (u'ga-mon).  [Gr.  Evyapwv.]  A Greek 
cyclic  poet  of  Cyrene  (about  566  b.  c.),  author 
of  the  “ Teiegonia”  (which  see). 

Euganean  Hills  (u-ga'nf-an  hilz).  A chain  of 
volcanic  hills  in  northeastern  Italy,  southwest 
of  Padua.  Highest  point,  1,890  feet. 

Eugene  (u-jen'),  Prince  (Franpois  Eugene  de 
Savoie-Carignan).  [Gr.  evyevt/c,  well-born;  L. 
Eugenius,  F.  Eugene,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Eugenio,  G. 
Eugenius,  Eugeni]  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  18, 
1663  : died  at  Vienna,  April  21,  1736.  A cele- 
brated Austrian  general.  He  was  the  son  of  Prince 
Eugene  Maurice  de  Savoie-Carignan,  comte  de  Soissons, 
by  Olympia  Mancini,  a niece  of  Cardinal  Mazarin.  He 
was  intended  for  the  church,  and  when  about  ten  was 
created  abb6  of  Carignan.  Being  refused  a commission 
in  the  French  army  by  Louis  XIV.,  he  entered  ilie  ser- 
vice of  Austria,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  in  1683.  He  was 
in  1696  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  imperial 
army  against  the  Turks,  whom  he  totally  defeated  at 
Zenta  in  1697,  and  compelled  to  accept  the  peace  of  Carlo- 
witz  in  1699.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish 


Eulenspiegel 

Succession,  he  invaded  Italy,  defeated  Catinat  at  Carpi 
and  Villeroi  at  Chiari  iu  1701,  and  fought  a drawn  battle 
with  Vendome  at  Luzzara  in  1702.  After  suppressing  an 
insurrection  under  the  younger  Rakoczy  in  Hungary,  he 
joined  Marlborough  in  Germany,  where  their  allied  forces 
defeated  the  Frencli  and  Bavarians  at  Blenheim  Aug.  13, 
1704.  He  returned  in  1705  to  Italy,  where,  by  a victory 
over  Marsin  and  the  Duke  of  Origans  at  Turin,  Sept.  7, 
1706,  he  expelled  the  French  from  Italy.  In  cooperation 
with  Marlborough  in  the  Netherlands  and  in  northern 
France,  he  won  the  battle  of  Oudenarde  in  1708,  captured 
Lille  in  1708,  and  gained  the  victory  of  Malplaquet  in  1709. 
He  negotiated  tire  peace  of  Rastadt  with  France  in  1714. 
The  war  with  the  Turks  having  broken  out  anew,  he  de- 
feated the  latter  at  Peterwardeiu  in  1716  and  at  Belgrad  in 
1717,  and  forced  them  to  accept  the  peace  of  Passarowitz 
in  1718. 

Eugene  Aram.  A novel  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 
published  in  1832.  Hood’s  poem  on  the  same 
subject  is  called  “ The  Dream  of  Eugene  Aram.” 
See  Aram,  Eugene. 

Eugene  de  Beauharnais.  See  Beauharnais. 
Eugenia  (u-je'ni-a).  [Fern,  of  Eugenius ; F.  Eu- 
genie. ] 1.  A female  name,  the  feminine  of 

Eugenius. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  45)  discovered 
by  Goldschmidt  at  Paris,  June  26,  1857. 
Eugenie  (6-zha-ne')  (Maria  Eugenia  de  Guz- 
man, Countess  of  Teba).  [See  Eugenia.]  Born 
at  Granada,  Spain,  May  5,  1826.  The  second 
daughter  of  Cyprien,  Count  of  Montijo  and 
Duke  of  Peneranda,  and  wife  of  Napoleon  III. 
whom  she  married  Jan.  29,  1853.  After  the  fall 
of  the  empire  she  fixed  her  residence  at  Chislehurst,  Kent, 
England  ; later  (1880)  at  Farnborough  Hill. 

Eugenie  (u-je'ni),  Sir  Dauphine.  In  Ben  Jon- 
son’s  “Epicoene,  or  the  Silent  Woman,”  the 
witty  and  impecunious  nephew  of  Morose. 
See  Epicoene. 

Eugenie  Grandet  (e-zha-ne'  gron-da').  A novel 
by  Balzac,  written  in  1833,  published  in  1834. 
Tlie  heroine,  Eugdnie,  is  sacrificed  to  the  cold-blooded 
avariciousness  of  her  father.  This  is  one  of  Balzac's  best 
novels. 

Eugenius  (u-je'ni-us)  I.,  Saint.  [See  Eugene.] 
Born  at  Rome : died  there,  June  1,  657.  Pope 
654-657. 

Eugenius  II.  Born  at  Rome  : died  there,  Aug. 
27,  827.  Pope  824-827. 

Eugenius  III.  Born  at  Pisa,  Italy:  died  at 
Tivoli,  Italy,  July  8,  1153.  Pope  1145-53.  He 
was  expelled  from  Rome  by  the  populace,  which,  incited 
by  the  preaching  of  Arnold  of  Brescia,  sought  to  restore 
the  ancient  republic ; and  was  enabled  by  the  aid  of 
Roger  of  Sicily  to  return  in  1149.  Compelled  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  to  abandon  Rome  once  more,  he  afterward 
lived  mostly  at  Segni.  During  his  reign  the  second  Cru- 
sade took  place  (11-17-49),  chiefly  through  the  instrumen- 
tality of  his  teacher,  St.  Bernard  of  Clairvaux. 

Eugenius  IV.  (Gabriel  Condolmieri).  Born 
at  Venice,  1383:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  23,  1447. 
Pope  1431-47.  He  became  involved  in  a contest  with 
the  Council  of  Basel  (opened  March  12,  1431).  Having 
ordered  the  dissolution  of  this  body  and  the  convening 
of  another  council  at  Ferrara  in  1437,  he  was  deposed  in 
1439  by  the  Council  of  Basel,  which  set  up  an  antipope  in 
the  person  of  Felix  V.,  the  schism  thus  produced  continu- 
ing till  the  death  of  Eugenius.  He  signed  with  the  em- 
peror John  Palaeologus  a convention  for  the  reunion  of 
the  Greek  and  Latin  churches  in  1439. 

Eugenius.  Iu  Sterne’s  “ Tristram  Shandy,”  the 
friend  and  mentor  of  Yorick. 

Eugippius,  or  Eugyppius  (ii-jip'i-us).  An 

Italian  monk.  He  was  a pupil  of  St.  Severinus  of 
Noricum,  whose  remains  were  brought  about  488  to  Cas- 
trum  Lucullanum,  near  Naples,  there  to  form  the  nu- 
cleus of  an  abbey  of  which  Eugippius  became  the  second 
abbot.  He  wrote  a life  of  St.  Severinus  (511),  which  is  an 
important  source  of  early  German  history. 

Eugubine  (u'gu-bin)  Tables.  [From  the  place 
of  their  discovery,  the  ancient  Iguvium,  later 
Eugubium,  modern  Giibbio.]  Seven  brazen 
tablets  containing  inscriptions, discovered  near 
Gubbio,  Italy,  in  1444,  and  now  preserved  there. 
They  form  the  chief  monument  of  the  ancient  Umbrian 
language.  Four  of  the  tablets  are  wholly  Umbrian,  one 
is  partly  Umbrian  and  partly  Latin,  and  two  are  Latin. 
The  inscriptions  relate  to  the  acts  of  a corporation  of 
priests. 

Euhemerus.  See  Evemerus. 

Eulalia  (u-la'li-a),  Saint.  [Gr.  EvXaXia,  fair 
speech;  F . Eulaiie.]  A Roman  virgin  martyr, 
tortured  to  death  during  the  persecution  of 
Diocletian  in  308. 

Eulengebirge  (oi'len-ge-ber'ge).  A mountain 
group  of  the  Sudetic  chain,  southwest  of  Bres- 
lau. Its  chief  point  is  the  Hohe  Eule,  3,325 
feet  high. 

Eulenspiegel  (oi'len-spe-gel),  Till  or  Tyll. 

[G.,  ‘ owl-glass.’]  The  name  of  a German 
of  the  14th  century  who  was  probably  born  at 
Kneitlingen,  near  Brunswick,  and  buried  at 
Molln  (according  to  a history  of  his  life  written 
in  North  Germany  in  1483  and  translated  into 
High  German  and  printed  about  1550).  Only  a 
small  part  of  the  deeds  attributed  to  him  are  possibly  his 
own.  The  name,  is  merely  the  center  about  which  have 
been  grouped  popular  tales  describing  the  mischievous 


Eulenspiegel 

pranks  of  a vagabond  of  peasant  origin.  The  stories  have 
been  widely  translated.  A recent  edition  is  that  of 
Leipsic,  1854,  by  Lappenberg,  who  erroneously  assumes 
Thomas  Murner  to  have  been  the  author  of  the  book. 

Euler  (oi'ler),  Leonhard.  Born  at  Basel,  Swit- 
zerland, April  15,  1707 : died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Sept.  7 (O.  S.),  1783.  A celebrated  Swiss  mathe- 
matician. He  was  a pupil,  at  Basel,  of  Jean  Bernoulli. 
On  the  invitation  of  the  empress  Catherine  he  went 
to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  became  (1730)  professor  of 
physics,  and  later  (1733)  succeeded  Daniel  Bernoulli  in 
the  academy.  During  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  was 
partly  and  in  the  end  wholly  blind,  but  conducted  his 
elaborate  calculations  mentally.  He  published  “ Mechau- 
ica”  (1736-42),  “Theoria  motuum  planetarum  et  cometa- 
i urn  " (1744),  “Introductio  in  analysin  inflnitorum ” (1748), 
“ Institutiones calculi differentialis” (1755),  “Instituliones 
calculi  integralis”  (1768-70),  “Dioptrica”  (1769-71).  “An- 
leitung  zur  Algebra  ” (1770),  “ Opuscula  analytica ' (1783- 
1785),  “ Lettres  h une  princesse  d’Allemagne  ” (1768-72), 
etc. 

EumaeilS  (u-me'us).  [Gr.  E vpxuop.]  The  faith- 
ful swineherd  of  Ulysses,  a character  in  the 
Odyssey. 

Eumenes  (u'me-nez).  [Gr.  Mbptvr/c.]  Born  at 
Cardia,  Thrace,  about  301  b.  C. : put  to  death 
in  Gabiene,  Elymais,  316  b.  c.  One  of  the  suc- 
cessors of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  defeated 
Craterus  in  321,  and  was  betrayed  by  his  soldiers 
to  Antigonus. 

Eumenes  II.  Died  159  (?)  b.  c.  King  of  Per- 
gamus  197-159  (?)  B.  C.  He  was  the  son  of  Attalus 
I.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  cultivated  the  friendship  of 
the  R omans,  whom  he  assisted  in  the  war  against  Antiochus 
the  Great,  He  was  present  in  person  at  the  decisive  battle 
of  Magnesia,  and,  on  the  restoration  of  peace,  was  rewarded 
by  the  addition  of  Mysia,  Lydia,  and  Phrygia  tohis  kingdom. 
He  was  a patron  of  learning,  and  founded  at  Pergamus  one 
of  the  famous  libraries  of  antiquity. 

Eumenides  (u-men'i-dez).  [Gr.  ’Ev/ieviStx,  the 
gracious  ones.]  A euphemistic  name  for  the 
Erinyes  in  Greek  mythology. 

Eumenides,  The.  A tragedy  of  iEschylus,  form- 
ing the  third  of  the  great  trilogy  (“Agamem- 
non,” “Choephori,”  “Eumenides”)  exhibited 
at  Athens  in  458  B.  c. 

Eumolpus  (u-mol'pus).  [Gr.  Hv/io'Atvo^,  the  good 
chanter.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a priestly  bard, 
reputed  founder  of  the  Eleusinian  mysteries. 
Eunapius  (u-na/pi-us).  [Gr.  Ebrdmof;.]  Born 
at  Sardis,  347  a.  d.  A Greek  sophist.  He  was  a 

pupil  of  Proaeresius  of  Athens,  where  he  lived  during  the 
later  part  of  his  life.  He  was  a Neoplatonist  and  a violent 
opponent  of  Christianity.  He  appears  to  have  lived  till 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Theodosius  the  younger.  He 
wrote  “ Lives  of  Philosophers  and  Sophists,”  still  extant. 
Eunice  (u'nis).  [Gr.  Etu hkt/,  happily  victorious.] 
The  mother  of  Timothy  (2  Tim.  i.  5). 

Eunomia  (u-no'ini-a).  [Gr.  E vvopta.]  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  Horas. — 2.  An  as- 
teroid (No.  15)  discovered  by  De  Gasparis  at 
Naples,  July  29,  1851. 

Eunomians  (u-no'mi-anz).  The  followers  of 
Eunomius.  See  Eunomius. 

Eunomius  (u-no'mi-us).  [Gr.  E bvdpioi;.]  Born 
at  Dacora,  Cappadocia : died  there,  about  392. 
Bishop  of  Cyzieus  and  leader  of  the  Anomoeans  or 
Eunomians.  He  was  a pupil  of  Aetius,  and  an  extreme 
Arian.  His  chief  work  is  an  “Apology”  (English  transla 
tion  by  Whiston,  1711).  See  Aetius. 

Eunuchus  (u-nu'kus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  evvovxoc, 
a eunuch.]  A comedy  by  Terence,  founded  in 
great  part  upon  the  play  of  the  same  name  by 
Menander. 

Terence  has  suggested  many  modern  subjects.  The  Eu- 
nuchus is  reflected  in  the  “ Bellamira”  of  Sir  Charles  Sedley 
and  “ Le  Muet  ” of  Brueys ; the  Adelphi  in  Moliere’s 
“ficole  des  Maris”  and  Baron’s  “ L’Ecole  des  Pferes”;  and 
the  Phorndo  in  Moliere’s  “Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin.” 

Cruttwell,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit.  p.  54. 

Eupatoria  (u-pa-to'ri-a),  or  Kosloff  (kos-lov'). 
A seaport  in  the  Crimea,  in  the  government  of 
Taurida,  Russia,  situated  on  Kalamita  Bay  41 
miles  north  of  Sevastopol,  it  was  occupied  by  the 
Allies  in  1854-5(i,  and  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the 
Russians  Feb.  17,  1855.  Population,  21.500. 

Eupatridae  (u-pat'ri-de),  The.  [Gr.  E marpidai, 
the  well-born.]  The  land-owning  aristocracy 
in  ancient  Athens  (Attica),  as  distinguished 
from  the  Geomori  or  peasants,  and  the  Demiurgi 
or  artisans.  On  the  abolition  of  royalty  they  found 
themselves  in  exclusive  possession  of  political  rights,  which 
were  gradually  curtailed,  notably  by  Solon  (594  B.  c.)  and 
Cleisthenes(509  B.  c.),  until  in  the  time  of  Pericles  Athens 
was  transformed  into  a pure  democracy. 

Eupen  (oi'pen),  F.  Neau  (na-o').  A manu- 
facturing town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
10  miles  south-southwest  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  it 

was  ceded  by  Austria  to  France  in  1801,  and  passed  to 
Prussia  in  1815.  Population,  commune,  13,694. 

Euphemia  (u-fe'mi-a).  [Gr.  E vtyipua,  of  good  re- 
port; P.  Euphemie,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Eufemia .]  A fe- 
male name. 

Euphorbus  (u-for'bus)  [Gr.  v.hipopftor.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a brave  Trojan,  son  of  Pan- 


372 

thous  and  brother  of  Hyperenor.  He  was  slain  by 
Menelaus,  who  dedicated  Euphorbus’s  shield  in  the  tem- 
ple of  Hera,  near  Mycenae.  Pythagoras  professed  to  be 
animated  by  his  soul. 

Euphorion  (u-fo'ri-on).  [Gr.  E v<popixjv.]  Born  at 
Chalcis,  Eubcea,  274  B.  c. : died  in  Syria,  prob- 
ably about  200  b.  c.  A Greek  grammarian  and 
poet : fragments  edited  by  Meineke. 
Euphranor  (u-fra'nor).  [Gr.  EvQpuvup.]  Born 
near  Corinth : lived  in  the  middle  of  the  4th 
century  B.  c.  A Greek  statuary  and  painter. 
His  treatises  on  symmetry  and  color  were  much  used  by 
Pliny  in  the  compilation  of  his  35th  book.  Lucian  ranks 
his  sculpture  with  that  of  Phidias,  Alcamenes,  and  Myron, 
and  his  painting  with  that  of  Apelles,  Parrhasius,  and 
Aetion. 

Euphrasia.  See  Bellario. 

Euphrasia  (u-fra'zhia).  [Gr.  E vtppaota,  of  good 
cheer.]  The  Grecian  Daughter  in  Murphy’s 
tragedy  of  that  name.  She  is  the  daughter  of  Evan- 
der,  a king  of  Sicily,  who  is  imprisoned  and  starved  by  the 
tyrant  Djonysius.  She  succors  him  with  milk  from  her 
own  breast,  and  finally  stabs  the  tyrant  and  restores  her 
father  to  his  throne. 

Euphrates  (u-fra'tez).  [Assyr.  Purattu,  Heb. 
Per  a th,  OPers.  Uf rates,  Ar.  Fur  at,  Gr.  E vippar^, 
VjbfpljTrjr.  ] A great  Mesopotamian  river  which 
has  its  origin  in  the  Armenian  mountains. 
It  is  formed  from  the  East  Euphrates  (Murad-Su),  which 
rises  northeast  of  Erzerum,  and  a branch  rising  northwest 
of  Lake  Van.  The  united  river  then  makes  a wide  circuit 
westward,  breaks  through  the  mountain-chain  of  the  Tau- 
rus, enters  the  terrace  region  at  the  modern  Birejik,  and 
turns  in  a meandering  course  toward  the  Tigris.  In  the 
neighborhood  of  Bagdad  these  two  rivers  approach  one 
another,  and  there  the  Babylonian  canal-system  begins. 
In  its  lower  course,  below  Babylon,  the  Euphrates  has 
changed  its  bed,  shifting  more  and  more  westward.  Ac- 
cording to  notices  in  classical  authors,  confirmed  by  the 
inscriptions,  it  came  in  ancient  time  nearer  Sippara 
(Sepharvaim,  modern  Abu-Habba)  and  Uruk  (modern 
Warka)  than  now ; and  it  did  not  empty  into  the  sea, 
united  with  the  Tigris,  through  the  Shalt  el-Arab,  as  at 
present.  As  late  as  the  time  of  Sennacherib  (705-681 B.  c.) 
and  his  successors,  the  twin  rivers  flowed  separately  into 
the  Persian  Gulf,  which  extended  then  at  least  as  far  as 
Corna.  Babylon  has  been  rightly  termed  “ the  gift  of  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris.”  The  soil  is  formed  from  the  alluvial 
deposits  of  these  rivers,  and  this  formation  still  continues. 
During  the  winter  months  the  Euphrates  lias  but  little 
water  in  its  bed ; but  in  the  spring,  and  especially  toward 
the  summer  solstice,  it  swells  by  the  melting  of  the  snow 
of  the  mountains,  which  often  causes  disastrous  floods. 
In  Gen.  ii.  14  the  Euphrates  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
four  rivers  of  paradise. 

Euphronius (u-fro'ni-us).  In Shakspere’s  “An- 
tony and  Cleopatra,”  an  ambassador  from  An- 
tony to  Caesar. 

Euphrosyne  (u-fros'i-ne).  [Gr.  E vQpoouvt/, 
mirth.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the 
three  Charites  or  Graces. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No. 
31)  discovered  by  Ferguson  at  Washington, 
Sept.  2,  1854. 

Euphues  (u'fu-ez),  or  the  Anatomy  of  Wit. 

[Gr.  libfu/jc;,  well-grown,  goodly.]  A novel  by 
John  Lyly,  published  in  1578-79.  This  book 
and  its  successor,  “Euphues  and  his  England,”  pub- 
lished 1580-81,  brought  into  prominence  and  into  further 
use  the  affected  jargon,  full  of  conceits  and  extravagances, 
used  by  the  gallants  of  Elizabeth’s  court.  Euphues  is  an 
Athenian  youth  who  embodies  the  qualities  implied  in 
liis  name.  He  is  elegant,  handsome,  amorous,  and  roving. 
“Rosalynde,  or  Euphues’ Golden  Legacy  ”is  a similar  novel 
by  Thomas  Lodge.  See  Rosalynde. 

Euphues,  his  Censure  to  Philautus,  etc.  A 

pamphlet  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1587, 
and  intended  as  a continuation  of  Lyly’s  “Eu- 
phues.” 

Euphues  Shadow,  the  Battaile  of  the  Senses. 

A pamphlet  by  Thomas  Lodge,  edited  by  Greene 
and  published  in  1592. 

Eupolis  (u'po-lis).  [Gr.  Eturoibf.]  An  Athe- 
nian comic  jioet  (born  449  B.  c.),  a contemporary 
and  rival  of  Aristophanes.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
drowned  in  the  battle  of  Cynossema,  411  B.  c. 

That  he  [Eupolis]  was  brilliant  in  his  wit,  and  refined  in 
liis  style,  is  plain  from  the  fact  that  he  co-operated  with 
Aristophanes  in  his  “Knights," of  which  the  last  parabasis, 
beginning  from  v.  1290,  is  recorded  by  the  scholiast  to  have 
been  his  composition.  He  afterwards  may  have  quarrelled 
with  Aristophanes,  for  they  satirised  one  another  freely. 
In  style  and  in  genius  he  stood  nearest  to  his  great  rival, 
and  his  comedies  seem  to  have  possessed  most,  if  not  all, 
of  the  features  which  make  the  Aristophanic  comedy  so 
peculiar  in  literature. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  430. 
Eupompus  (u-pom'pus).  [Gr.  Erfl-o/nrof.]  Born 
at  Sicyon : lived  in  the  4th  century  b.  c.  A 
Greek  painter,  founder  of  the  so-called  Sicyo- 
nian  school  of  painting.  The  work  of  Eupompus 
and  his  successor  Pamphilus  was  to  introduce  the  charac- 
teristics of  Doric  sculpture  into  painting. 

Eurasia  (u-ra'sliia  or  -zliia).  [Eui\ope)  and 
Asia.']  The  continental  mass  made  up  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia : not  generally  recognized  as  a 
geographical  designation. 

Eure  (er).  A department  of  France,  capital 
Evreux,  forming  part  of  the  old  province  of 
Normandy.  It  is  bounded  by  Seine-Infdrieure  on  the 


Europe 

north,  Oise  and  Seine-et-Oise  on  the  east,  Eure-eDLoir 
on  the  south,  Orne  on  the  southwest,  and  Calvados  on 
the  west.  Area,  2,330  square  miles.  Population,  330,- 
140. 

Eure.  A river  of  northern  France  which  joins 
the  Seine  10  miles  south  of  Rouen.  Length, 
about  120  miles. 

Eure-et-Loir  (er'a-lwar').  A department  of 
France,  capital  Chartres,  formed  from  parts  of 
the  ancient  OrlAtnais,  Perche,  and  Normandy. 
Its  boundaries  are  Eure  on  the  north,  Seine-et-Oise  on  the 
east,  Loiret  on  the  southeast,  Loir-et-Cher  and  Sarthe  on 
tile  south,  and  Ome  on  the  west.  It  has  been  called  “ the 
granary  of  France."  Area,  2,291  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 273,823. 

Eureka  (u-re'kii).  The  county-seat  of  Eureka 
County,  Nevada,  situated  about  lat.  39°  30'  N., 
long.  116°  W.  It  has  silver-  and  lead-mines. 
Population,  precinct,  661,  (1910). 

Eureka.  A seaport,  city,  the  capital  of  Hum- 
boldt County,  California,  situated  on  Hum- 
boldt Bay  in  lat.  40°  48'  N.,  long.  124°  10'  W. 
Population,  11,845,  (1910). 

Euric  (u'rik),  or  Evaric  (ev'a-rik),  L.  Evari- 
CUS  (ev-a-ri'kus).  Died  484"  or  485  A.  D.  A 
king  of  the  West  Goths.  He  was  a younger  son  of 
Theodoric  I.,  and  obtained  the  government  in  466  by  the 
murder  of  his  brother  Theodoric  II.  He  conquered  the 
whole  of  the  Spanish  peninsula,  with  the  exception  of  the 
northwestern  corner,  which  he  allowed  the  Suevic  kings 
to  hold  as  his  vassals,  and  destroyed  the  smaU  remnant  of 
Roman  dominion  in  Gaul,  t hereby  raising  the  West-Gothic 
kingdom  to  its  highest  point  of  power. 

Euripides  (u-rip'i-dez).  [Gr.  Evpimdip;.]  Born 
in  Salamis,’  probably  Sept.  23,  480  b.  c.  : died 
in  406  B.  C.  A celebrated  Athenian  tragic  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  Mnesarchus  and  Cleito,  who  appear  to 
have  fled  from  Athensto  Salamis  on  theinvasion  of  Xerxes, 
and  was,  according  to  popular  tradition,  born  in  that  island 
on  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Salamis.  He  studied  physics 
under  Anaxagoras  and  rhetoric  under  Prodicus,  and  at 
about  the  age  of  twenty-five  produced  the  “Peliades,”  the 
first  of  liis  plays  wliich  was  acted.  He  is  said  to  have  gained 
the  first  prize  in  five  dramatic  contests,  the  first  of  which 
occurred  in  441.  He  left  Athens  for  the  court  of  Archelaus, 
king  of  Macedonia,  about  408,  owing,  it  is  said,  to  the  ridi- 
cule thrown  upon  him  by  the  populace  in  consequence  of 
the  attacks  of  Sophocles  and  Aristophanes.  He  died  at  the 
Macedonian  court  (according  to  doubtful  tradition  being 
torn  to  pieces  by  a pack  of  hounds  set  upon  him  by  two 
rival  poets,  Arrhidasus  and  Crateuas)  and  was  buried  with 
great  pomp  by  Archelaus,  who  refused  a request  of  the 
Athenians  for  his  remains.  He  wrote  76  plays,  of  which 
the  following  18  are  extant:  “ Alcestis,”  “Medea,”  “Hip- 
polytus,”  “Hecuba, ’’“Andromache,”  “Ion,”  “Suppliants," 
“Heracleid®,”  “Heracles  Mainomenos,"  “Iphigenla 
among  the  Tauri,”  “Troades,”  “Helena,”  “Phceniss®," 
“Electra,”  “Orestes,”  “ Iphigenia  at  Aulis,”  “Batch®," 
and  “Cyclops.” 

Euripus  (u-ri'pus).  [Gr.  Evpinog,  a narrow  chan- 
nel, esp.  the  one  here  mentioned.]  The  narrow- 
est portion  of  the  channel  which  separates 
Eubcea  from  the  mainland.  Width  at  the  nar- 
rowest part,  opposite  Chalcis,  120  feet.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  changes  of  current. 

The  name  Euripus  applies,  strictly  speaking,  only  to  the 
very  narrowest  part  of  the  channel  between  Euboea  and 
the  mainland  (Thucyd.  vii.  29 ; Strab.  ix.  585),  which  is 
opposite  to  the  modern  town  of  Egripo,  where  the  bridge 
now  stands.  Rawlimon,  Herod.,  IV.  308,  note. 

Europa  (u-ro'pa),  or  Europe  (-pe).  [See  Eu- 
rope.] In  Greek  mythology,  a daughter  of 
Phoenix,  or  of  Agen or,  sister  of  Cadmus,  and 
mother  by  Zeus  of  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus. 
She  was  borne  over  the  sea  to  Crete  by  Zeus,  who  assumed 
the  form  of  a white  bull.  See  Io. 

The  bull,  whose  form  was  assumed  by  Zeus  in  order  to 
carry  off  Europa,  a Phoenician  damsel,  was  seen  to  be  the 
bull  of  Ann,  the  Semitic  Heaven  god,  the  same  bull  which 
we  recognize  in  the  constellation  Taurus ; and  Europa,  the 
“broad-faced  ” maiden,  is  only  another  form  of  Istar,  the 
broad-faced  moon,  instead  of  being  identical  with  Urvasi, 
the  Vedic  dawn-maiden.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  302. 

Europa  and  the  Bull.  A painting  by  Titian 
(1562),  in  Cobham  Hall,  near  Rochester,  Eng- 
land. Europa  is  being  carried  through  the  waves  on  the 
bull’s  back  ; one  Cupid  follows,  supported  by  a dolphin, 
and  two  fly  above.  Europa’s  maidens  are  seen  on  the 
distant  shore. 

Europe  (u'rop).  [From  Semitic  ercb,  darkness, 
evening,  properly  sunset,  4 the  land  of  the  set- 
tingsun’;  Gr.  Evpdrry, L. Europa.]  l.Thesmall- 
est  grand  division  of  the  eastern  continent,  it 
is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Sea  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic 
on  the  west,  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  Black  Sea,  and  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  south.  On  the  cast  its  boundaries 
toward  Asia  are  generally  taken  as  the  Caucasus,  the  Cas- 
pian, the  Ural  River,  the"  Ural  Mountains,  and  the  Kara. 
Length,  southwest  and  northeast,  3,400  miles.  Breadth, 
north  and  south,  2,400  miles.  It  lies  within  lat.  71°  11'  N. 
(North  Cape)  and  lat.  35°  59'  N.(Cape  Tarifa),  and  long.  9' 31' 
W.  and  long.  66°  E.  Population,  380,000,000.  Area, 
3,754,282  Bquare  miles.  In  literature  the  name  occurs  first 
in  the  Homeric  hymn  to  Apollo,  and  denotes  there  the  coun- 
try north  of  the  Peloponnesus,  i.  e.  Thraeia.  The  know- 
ledge of  Europe  possessed  by  the  ancients  was,  as  in  all 
geographical  matters,  very  deficient.  It  started  from  the 
coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  remained  for  a long  time 
confined  to  the  three  southern  peninsulas  and  the  shores 
of  the  Euxine.  In  Herodotus  the  Phasis  is  considered  as 
tlie  boundary  between  Asia  and  Europe.  Later  it  is  the 


Europe 

Tanais.  The  interior  of  Spain,  Gaul,  and  the  countries 
north  of  the  Alps  were  opened  only  through  the  Roman 
conquests.  Scandinavia  and  northern  Sarmatia  remained 
in  obscurity  throughout  antiquity.  From  a geographical 
point  of  view  Europe  is  alarge  peninsula, sent  forth  by  Asia 
to  the  west.  It  is  a grand  division  of  the  globe,  not  so 
much  from  its  large  extent  as  from  its  having  long  been 
the  center  of  human  culture  and  civilization.  Its  geo- 
graphical conditions  also  gave  it  an  advantage  over  the 
other  parts  of  the  globe.  It  is  characterized  by  a certain 
symmetry  and  proportion,  and  by  a rich  variety  of  geo- 
logical, geographical,  and  climatic  conditions. 

Europe,  as  a geographical  term,  not  improbably  desig- 
nated at  first  merely  the  plain  of  Thebes. 

Taylor , The  Alphabet,  II.  19,  note. 

2.  A province  of  the  later  Roman  Empire,  im- 
mediately about  Constantinople.  Freeman. 
Eurotas  (u-ro'tas).  [Gr.  Evpuraq,  prob.  ‘black 
river.’]  In  ancient  geography,  a river  of  La- 
conia, Greece,  flowing  into  the  Mediterranean 
25  miles  southeast  of  Sparta : the  modern  Iri  or 
Iris.  Length,  about  45  miles. 

Eurus  (u'rus).  [L.  Eurus,  Gr.  Evpog,  the  east 
wind,  connected  with  ewf,  L.  Aurora,  the 
dawn.]  The  east  wind. 

Euryanthe  (u-ii-an'the).  An  opera  by  Weber, 
first  produced  at  Vienna  in  1823. 

Eurybiades  (u-ri-bi'a-dez).  The  leader  of  the 
Spartan  naval  contingent,  and  nominal  com- 
mander of  the  united  fleet  of  the  allied  Greek 
states,  in  the  defensive  campaign  in  480  b.  c. 
against  the  Persians,  whom  he  defeated  in  the 
battles  of  Artemisium  and  Salamis. 

Eurydice  (u-rid'i-se).  [Gr.  F.upvdho/.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  wife  of  Orpheus.  She  died  from 
the  bite  of  a serpent,  whereupon  Orpheus  descended  into 
Hades,  and  by  the  charms  of  his  lyre  persuaded  Pluto  to 
restore  her  to  life.  He  did  this  on  condition  that  she 
should  walk  behind  her  husband,  who  should  not  look 
back  until  both  had  arrived  in  the  upper  world.  Orpheus, 
overcome  by  anxiety,  looked  round  only  to  behold  her 
caught  back  into  the  infernal  regions. 

Eurydice.  1.  Wife  of  Amyntas  II.,  king  of 
Macedonia,  and  mother  of  Philip. — 2.  A Mace- 
donian princess,  granddaughter  of  Perdiecas 
III.  of  Macedonia. 

Eurydice.  1.  An  opera  by  Caccini  and  Peri, 
first  produced  at  Florence  in  1600.  The  words 
were  by  Rinuccini,  and  this,  with  “ Dafne  ’’  by  the  same 
composers,  was  the  beginning  of  modern  opera.  See 
Daphne. 

2.  A tragedy  by  Mallet,  produced  Feb.  22, 
1731,  at  Drury  Lane,  and  revived  in  1759. 
Eurymedon  (fi-rim'e-don).  [Gr.  Ebpcpcduv.] 
Killed  near  Syracuse,  413  B.  C.  An  Athenian 
general  in  the  Peloponnesian  war. 
Eurymedon.  A small  river  in  Pisidia  andPam- 
phylia,  Asia  Minor,  which  flows  into  the  Medi- 
terranean : the  modem  Capri-Su.  Near  its  mouth, 
460  or  465  B.  c.,  the  Greeks  under  Cimon  defeated  the 
Persian  fleet  and  army. 

Eurynome  (u-rin'o-me).  [Gr.  EvpvvSgt/.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a daughter  of  Oeeanus.  Ac- 
cording to  Hesiod  she  was  the  mother,  by  Zeus, 
of  the  Charites  or  Graces. 

Eusebians  (u-se'bi-anz).  The  followers  of  Euse- 
bius of  Nicomedia,  an  Arian  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople in  the  4th  century  a.  d.  See  Arians. 
Eusebius  (u-se'bi-us)  of  Caesarea,  surnamed 
Pamphili.  [From  Gr.  evae/F/g,  pious.]  Born 
probably  at  Caesarea,  Palestine,  about  264  a.  d.: 
died  there,  about  340.  A celebrated  theologian 
and  historian,  sometimes  called  “the  Father 
of  Church  History.”  He  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Caesarea  about  315,  and  in  325  attended  the  Council  of 
Nicaea,  where  he  was  appointed  to  receive  the  emperor 
Constantine  with  a panegyrical  oration,  and  to  sit  at  his 
right  hand.  His  complete  works  have  been  edited  by 
Migne  (1856-57). 

Eusebius  of  Dorylseum.  A Greek  theologian 
of  the  5th  century.  He  held  some  office  about  the 
imperial  court  at  Constantinople,  when  he  took  holy  or- 
ders, in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  a controversy  with 
Nestorius,  bishop  of  Constantinople.  He  subsequently  be- 
came bishop  of  Dorylieum,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  zeal  against  the  Eutychians. 

Eusebius  of  Emesa.  Died  at  Antioch  about 
360  a.  d.  An  ecclesiastic  of  the  Greek  Church. 
He  was  a native  of  Edessa  in  Mesopotamia,  and  became 
bishop  of  Emesa  in  Syria.  He  wrote  several  books  enu- 
merated by  Jerome,  which  are  now  lost.  A number  of 
homilies  commonly  attributed  to  him  are  probably  spu- 
rious. 

Eusebius  of  Nicomedia.  Died  at  Constanti- 
nople, 341  A.  D.  An  Arian  bishop  who  held  in 

succession  the  sees  of  Berytus,  Nicomedia,  and 
Constantinople.  He  was  banished  from  Nicomedia  in 
consequence  of  a refusal  to  sign  the  condemnation  of 
Anus  pronounced  by  the  Council  of  Nicaea  in  325,  but  was 
restored  through  the  influence  of  Constantia,  sister  of 
Constantine.  He  procured  the  convening  of  the  Council 
of  Tyre  which  condemned  Athanasius  in  334,  and  effected 
the  restoration  of  Arius. 

Eusebius  of  Samosata.  Died  about  379.  An 
orthodox  prelate.  He  became  bishop  of  Samosata, 
his  native  place,  probably  before  361  A.  D.  He  refused, 


373 

contrary  to  the  emperor’s  command,  to  give  up  some 
documents  intrusted  to  him  proving  the  election  of  Mele- 
tius  as  bishop  of  Antioch,  which  were  demanded  by  the 
Arians  for  the  purpose  of  annulling  the  election.  He  was 
banished  about  371,  but  was  restored  in  378.  He  was 
killed  by  an  Arian  who  threw  a stone  at  him  from  the 
roof  of  a house. 

Euskirchen  (ois'kereh-en).  A town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  near  the  Erft  22 
miles  south  by  west  of  Cologne.  Population, 
commune,  11,347. 

Eustace  (us'tas)  the  Monk.  [From  Gr.  ev- 

oradiog,  steadfast,  strong;  ML.  Eustathius,  F. 
Eustaclie,  Eustathe,  It.  Eustazio,  Eustachio .]  A 
French  freebooter  of  the  13th  century.  He  was 
for  a time  seneschal  of  the  Count  of  Boulogne,  and  even- 
tually became  the  leader  of  a band  of  pirates  who  fought 
in  turn  for  France  and  for  England,  according  as  their  in- 
terest was  best  served.  He  was  captured  while  bringing 
a squadron  to  the  support  of  Louis,  son  of  Philip  Augus- 
tus, who  had  been  proclaimed  king  of  England,  and  was 
executed  as  a pirate  and  traitor.  He  was  long  remem- 
bered on  the  coasts  of  France  and  England  for  his  cruelty 
and  daring  exploits,  and  is  the  hero  of  a ballad,  written 
shortly  after  his  death,  which  attributes  to  him  the  power 
of  magic. 

Eustache  (es-tash.'),  St.  Alarge  church  in  Paris, 
of  unique  architecture,  begun  in  1532  upon  the 
constructive  principles  of  the  late-Pointed  style, 
but  with  the  exterior  forms  and  decoration  of 
the  Renaissance.  The  arches  are  semicircular,  the 
buttresses  are  classical  pilasters,  and  the  piers  are  super- 
posed combinations  of  columns  of  different  orders.  The 
interior  is  well  proportioned  and  impressive ; it  has 
double  aisles,  and  is  348  feet  long  and  144  wide.  The  nave 
is  108  feet  high.  There  are  excellent  frescos  in  the 
chapels. 

Eustachio  (a-os-ta'ke-o),  orEustachius  (us-ta/- 
ki-us),  Bartolommeo.  Born  at  San  Severino, 
Ancona,  Italy:  died  Aug.,  1574.  An  Italian 
anatomist,  professor  of  anatomy  at  Rome,  and 
physician  to  the  Pope.  He  described  the  Eustachian 
tube  and  Eustachian  valve.  His  “Tabuhe  anatomic®  ” 
was  published  in  1714. 

Eustathians  (us-ta'thi-anz).  1.  The  orthodox 
faction  in  Antioch  in  the  4th  century  A.  D.,  who 
objected  to  the  replacing  of  Eustathius,  bishop 
of  Antioch,  by  an  Arian. — 2.  An  extreme  as- 
cetic sect  of  the  4th  century  A.  d.,  probably  so 
called  from  Eustathius,  bishop  of  Sebaste  in 
Pontus. 

Eustathius  (us-ta'thi-us)  of  Antioch.  [Gr. 

Emradiog.  See  Eustace .]  Born  at  Side,  Pam- 
phylia:  died  at  Philippi,  Macedonia,  about 
340  (?).  A Greek  prelate,  an  opponent  of 
Arianism. 

Eustathius  of  Thessalonica.  Born  at  Constan 
tinople:  diedat Thessalonica,  1194(f).  AGreek 
classical  scholar  and  religious  reformer,  arch- 
bishop of  Thessalonica.  His  chief  work  was  a com- 
mentary on  Homer  which,  “besides  serving  to  elucidate 
the  Greek  language  by  many  important  criticisms,  drawn 
from  sources  that  have  since  been  lost,  contains,  like  the 
works  of  Photius  and  Suidas,  innumerable  references  to 
the  Greek  classics,  and  thus  furnishes  the  means  of  ascer- 
taining the  integrity  and  the  genuineness  of  the  text  of 
those  authors,  as  they  are  now  extant”  ( Taylor , Hist. 
Anc.  Books,  p.  85). 

Eustis  (us'tis),  William.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  10,  1753:  died  at  Boston,  Feb.  6, 
1825.  An  American  physician  and  politician. 
He  was  secretary  of  war  1809-13,  and  governor 
of  Massachusetts  1823-25. 

Eutaw  Springs  (u'ta  springz).  A place  in  South 
Carolina,  near  the  Santee  about  50  miles  north- 
west of  Charleston.  It  was  the  scene  of  a battle,  Sept. 
8,  1781,  between  about  2,000  Americans  under  Greene  and 
about  2,300  British  under  Stewart.  The  American  loss 
was  535,  the  Brit  ish  about  630.  It  is  described  as  a techni- 
cal British  victory. 

Euterpe  (u-ter'pe).  [Gr.  Evrepir/i,  the  well- 
pleasing.] 1.  In  classical  mythology,  one  of 
the  Muses,  a divinity  of  joy  and  pleasure,  the 
patroness  of  flute-players.  She  invented  the  double 
flute,  and  favored  rather  the  wild  and  simple  melodies  of 
primitive  peoples  than  the  more  finished  art  of  music,  and 
was  thus  associated  more  with  Bacchus  than  with  Apollo. 
She  is  usually  represented  as  a virgin  crowned  with  flow- 
ers, having  a flute  in  her  hand,  or  with  various  musical 
instruments  about  her. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  27)  discovered  by  Hind  at 
London,  Nov.  8,  1853. 

Euthydemus  (u-thi-de'mus).  [Gr.  Ebdvdr/poc.] 
A dialogue  of  Plato,  the  narration  by  Socrates 
of  a conversation  which  took  place  at  the  Ly- 
ceum between  himself,  the  sophists  Euthyde- 
mus and  Dionysodorus,  Crito,  Cleinias,  and 
Ctesippus.  Its  theme  is  virtue  and  instruction  in  vir- 
tue, and  it  is  a satire  upon  the  sophists  and  the  older 
philosophy. 

Eutin  (oi-ten').  The  chief  town  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Lubeck,  belonging  to  Oldenburg,  Ger- 
many, 19  miles  north  of  Lubeck.  it  was  anciently 
the  seat  of  a bishopric.  It  is  associated  with  Voss  and 
Count  Stolberg,  and  is  the  birthplace  of  Weber.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  5,402. 

Eutropius  (u-tro'pi-us).  [LL.,  from  Gr.  Evrpd- 


Evans,  Augusta  J. 

ttioc,  versatile  or  well-disposed.]  Died  about 
370  (?)  a.  D.  A Roman  historian,  author  of  a 
concise  history  of  Rome  (“Breviarium  ab  urbe 
condita”)  from  the  founding  of  the  city  to  the 
death  of  Jovian,  364  A.  D.,  long  in  popular  use. 

Eutropius,  surnamed  “ The  Eunuch.”  A By- 
zantine statesman.  He  was  a chamberlain  in  the 
household  of  Arcadius  on  the  latter’s  accession  to  the 
throne  as  emperor  of  the  East  in  395  A.  p.  In  the  same 
year  he  persuaded  the  young  emperor  to  marry  Eudoxia, 
<laughter  of  the  Frank  Buuto,  instead  of  the  daughter  of 
the  minister  Rufinus.  After  the  murder  of  Rufinus  in 
395  by  Gainas,  in  which  he  was  probably  an  accomplice, 
he  obtained  control  of  the  government.  He  was  elevated 
to  the  rank  of  a patrician  in  398,  and  was  made  consul  in 
399.  At  the  instance  of  Eudoxia  and  Gamas  he  was  sur- 
rendered in  389  to  the  rebellious  Goths  in  Asia  Minor. 

Eutyches  (u'ti-kez).  [Gr.  E vrvxye.]  Lived  in 
the  5th  century  A.  d.  A heresiareh  of  the  East- 
ern  Church,  founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Euty- 
chians. The  heresy  was  condemned  at  the 
Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451. 

Eutychians  (u-tik'i-anz).  The  followers  or 
those  holding  the  doctrine  of  Eutyches.  He 
taught  that  Christ  had  but  one  nature,  the  divine,  so  that 
it  was  proper  to  say  that  God  had  been  crucified  for  us. 
He  was  an  opponent  of  Nestorius,  and  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  Monophysites. 

Euxine  (uk'sin),  The.  See  Black  Sea. 

Eva  (e'va),  Little.  [See  Eve.]  In  Mrs.  Stowe’s 
“Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin,”  the  daughter  of  St. 
Clare:  a child  whose  friendship  for  Uncle  Tom 
and  whose  early  death  form  an  important  part 
of  the  novel. 

Evagoras  (e-vag'o-ras).  [Gr.  E vayopac.]  Killed 
374  b.  c.  A king  of  Salamis,  in  Cyprus,  from 
about  410-374  b.  c. 

Evagrius  (e-vag'ri-us),  surnamed  Scholasti- 
CUS.  [Gr.  E iiaypiog.]  Born  at  Epiphania,  Ccele- 
Syria,  about  536:  died  after  594.  A Syrian 
church  historian,  author  of  an  “Ecclesiastical 
History.” 

Evald,  (a'vald),  Johannes.  Born  at  Copenha- 
gen, Nov.  18, 1743 : died  at  Copenhagen,  March 
17,  1781.  A celebrated  Danish  lyric  poet.  He 
studied  theology  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen,  but  left 
suddenly  to  enter  the  Prussian  military  service.  He  soon, 
however,  deserted  to  the  Austrians,  and  after  a year  and  a 
half  again  deserted  and  returned  to  Copenhagen  and  re- 
sumed his  studies.  His  first  work,  “Lykkens  Temple” 
(“The  Temple  of  Fortune”),  an  allegorical  narrative  in 
prose,  appeared  in  1764.  A poem  on  the  death  of  King 
Frederick  V.  (1766)  established  his  fame  as  a lyric  poet.  A 
lyrical  drama,  “Adam  og  Eva  "(“Adam  and  Eve  "),  appeared 
in  1769  ; a prose  tragedy,  “ Rolf  Krage,”  in  1770.  In  1774 
appeared  the  tragedy  “Balders  Dod  " (“  Balder’s  Death  ”), 
the  first  Danish  drama  written  in  iambic  pentameter.  His 
greatest  work,  “ Fiskerne ” (“The  Fishermen  ”),  written  in 
1778,  is  a dramatized  description  of  fisher  life.  It  con- 
tains some  of  his  best  lyrics,  among  them  “ Kong  Kristian 
stod  ved  hoien  Mast  " (“  King  Christian  stood  by  the  lofty 
Mast "),  which  has  become  a national  song.  He  left  an  un- 
completed autobiography,  “Johannes  Ewalds  Levnet  og 
Meninger  ” (“  Johannes  Ewald’s  Life  and  Opinions  ”).  His 
complete  works,  “ Samtlige  Skrifter,”  appeared  in  Copen- 
hagen 1850-55,  6 vols. 

Evan  (ev'an).  See  the  extract. 

The  story  [of  the  King  of  Thule]  next  appears  in  a legal 
form,  familiar  to  the  student  of  Blackstone.  In  this  shape 
it  recounts  the  oppressions  of  “ Evenus,”  or  “King  Evan 
the  Third,”  or  “Evan  the  Sixteenth,”  according  to  various 
versions,  who  at  some  time  before  the  Christian  era  made 
a law  appropriating-  the  wives  of  his  subjects  to  himself ; 
but,  after  a quarrel  which  lasted  for  about  1,100  years,  the 
barbarous  tribute  was,  at  the  request  of  King  Malcolm’s 
queen,  commuted  for  a money  payment.  It  has  been  dis- 
covered after  much  research  that  the  ancient  king,  his 
law  and  its  repeal,  are  all  equally  mythical.  But  the  story 
remained  down  to  recent  times  the  stock  example  of  the 
horrors  of  the  feudal  system. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  84. 

Evander  (e-van'der).  [Gr.  E vavSpoc.]  In  clas- 
sical legend,  a son  of  Hermes,  and  the  leader  of 
an  Arcadian  colony  into  Latinm  60  years  before 
the  Trojan  war. 

Evangelical  Alliance,  The.  The  name  of  an 
association  of  Christians  belonging  to  the  Evan- 
gelical denominations.  It  was  organized  by  a world’s 
convention  in  London  in  1846,  and  its  object  is  to  promote 
Christian  intercourse  between  the  different  orthodox 
Protestant  denominations,  and  more  effective  cooperation 
in  Christian  work.  Branches  exist  in  all  countries  where 
there  are  considerable  Protestant  communities.  Several 
general  conferences  have  been  held,  in  which  reports  were 
received  concerning  the  religious  condition  of  the  world. 
Among  the  most  important  results  obtained  by  the  alliance 
is  the  establishment  of  a week  of  prayer,  the  week  com- 
mencing with  the  first  Sunday  of  January  in  each  year, 
now  largely  observed  throughout  Protestant  Christendom. 

Evangeline  (e-van 'je-lin).  [F.  Evangeline,  NL. 
Evangelina,  from  Gr.  evayyelot;,  bringer  of  good 
news.]  An  idyllic  poem  by  Longfellow,  pub- 
lished in  1847:  named  from  its  heroine.  It  is 
founded  on  the  removal  of  the  Acadians  by  the  British 
in  1755.  Evangeline  is  accidentally  parted  from  her  lover, 
Gabriel,  whom  she  seeks  hopelessly  but  faithfully  all  her 
life,  as  he  seeks  her.  They  pass  near  one  another  many 
times,  but  never  meet  until  he  is  dying  in  a hospital  many 
years  after. 

Evans,  Augusta  J.  See  Wilson,  Mrs. 


Evans,  Frederick  William 

Evans  (ev'anz),  Frederick  William.  Born 

June  9,  1808 : died  March  6,  1893.  An  elder  in 
the  Shaker  denomination,  and  writer  on  reli- 
gious subjects.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1820,  and 
m 1830  joined  the  community  of  Shakers  at  Mount  Leba- 
non, N.  Y.,  of  which  he  was  presiding  elder  from  1855. 
He  published  “A  Short  Treatise  on  the  Second  Appearing 
of  Christ  in  and  through  the  Order  of  the  Female  ” (1853), 
“Autobiography  of  a Shaker”  (1869),  “Religious  Com- 
munion ’’  (1871),  etc. 

Evans,  Sir  George  De  Lacy.  Bom  at  Moig, 
County  Limerick,  Ireland,  Oct.  7,  1787 : died  at 
London,  Jan.  9,  1870.  A British  general.  He 

served  against  the  French  in  the  Spanish  peninsula  1812- 
1814,  and  against  the  Americans  at  Baltimore,  Washington, 
and  New  Orleans  in  1814-15 ; commanded  the  British  legion 
sent  to  suppress  the  Carlist  rebellion  in  Spain  1835-37 ; 
commanded  a division  of  the  British  army  in  the  Crimea 
1854-55 ; and  was  promoted  general  in  1861. 

Evans,  Sir  Hugh.  In  Shakspere’s  “Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,”  a ludicrous,  officious,  and 
simple-minded  Welsh  parson. 

Sir  was  formerly  applied  to  the  inferior  clergy  as  well 
as  to  knights.  Fuller  in  his  “Church  History”  says:  “Such 
priests  as  have  Sir  before  their  Christian  name  were  men 
not  graduated  in  the  university  : being  in  orders,  hut  not 
in  degrees ; while  others,  entitled  ‘ masters,’  had  com- 
menced in  the  arts.”  Besides  Sir  Hugh,  Shakespeare  has 
Sir  Oliver  Mar-text,  the  Vicar,  in  “As  You  Like  It,”  Sir 
Topas  in  “Twelfth  Night,”  and  Sir  Nathaniel,  the  Curate, 
in  “Love’s  Labour’s  Lost.”  Hudson,  note  to  M.  W.  of  W. 

Evans,  John.  A colonial  deputy  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  under  William  Penn  1704—09.  He 
was  not  a Quaker,  and  quarreled  continually  with  the 
Assembly,  which  refused  to  raise  troops  against  the  French 
and  Indians. 

Evans,  Mary  Ann.  See  Cross,  Mrs. 

Evans,  Oliver.  Born  at  Newport,  Del.,  1755 : 
died  at  New  York,  April  21, 1819.  An  American 
mechanician  and  inventor.  He  invented  machinery 
used  in  milling,  the  application  of  which  to  mills  worked 
by  water-power  effected  a revolution  in  the  manufacture 
of  flour,  and  is  said  to  have  invented  the  first  steam-engine 
constructed  on  the  high-pressure  system,  the  drawings  and 
specifications  of  which  he  sent  to  England  about  1795.  He 
wrote  “ Young  Millwright’s  and  Miller’s  Guide  ”(1795),  etc. 
Evans,  William.  Died  in  1632.  A giant,  a porter 
of  Charles  I.  He  was  nearly  8 feet  high,  and  is  in- 
troduced in  Fuller’s  “ Worthies”  and  in  Scott’s  “Peveril 
of  the  Peak.” 

Evanson  (ev'an-son),  Edward.  Born  at  War- 
rington, Lancashire,  England,  April  21,  1731: 
died  at  Colford,  Devonshire,  England,  Sept. 
25,  1805.  An  English  clergyman  and  contro- 
versialist. He  became  vicar  of  South  Minims  in  1768, 
and  rector  of  Tewkesbury  in  1769.  In  1778  he  resigned  his 
living,  and  opened  a school  at  Mitcham.  He  wrote  “ Dis- 
sonance of  the  Four  Generally  Received  Evangelists  ” 
(1792),  etc. 

Evanston  (ev'an-ston).  A city  and  township 
in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  12  miies  north  of  Chicago,  it  is  the 

seatof  the  Northwestern  University  (Methodist  Episcopal: 
in  part  in  Chicago),  and  of  Garrett  Biblical  Institute. 
Population,  city,  24,978,  (1910). 

Evansville  (ev'anz-vil).  A city  of  Indiana,  the 
capital  of  Vanderburg  County,  situated  on  the 
Ohio  in  lat.  37°  58'  N.,  long.  87°  35'  W.  It  is  an 

important  shipping  point,  and  has  a large  trade  in  tobacco, 
grain,  etc.,  and  extensive  manufactures.  Pop.,  69,647,(1910). 

Evarts  (ev'arts),  Jeremiah.  Bom  at  Sunder- 
land, Vt.,  Feb.  3, 1781  died  at  Charleston,  S.C., 
May  10, 1831.  An  American  editor  and  mission- 
ary secretary.  He  became  editor  of  the  “PanopliBt” 
(Boston)  in  1810,  and  of  the  “Missionary  Herald”  (Boston) 
iu  1820,  and  was  corresponding  secretary  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  1821-31. 

Evarts,  William  Maxwell.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Feb.  6,  1818:  died  at  New  York,  Feb. 
28, 1901.  An  American  lawyer  and  statesman, 
son  of  Jeremiah  Evarts.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1837,  and  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in  1840.  He 
was  counsel  for  President  Johnson  in  the  latter’s  impeach- 
ment  trial  before  the  United  States  Senate  in  1868 ; United 
States  attorney-general  under  President  Johnson  1868-69; 
United  States  counsel  at  the  Geneva  tribunal  in  1872  ; 
counsel  for  the  Republican  party  before  the  United  States 
Electoral  Commission  of  1877 ; secretary  of  state  under 
President  Hayes  1877-81  ; and  Republican  United  States 
senator  from  New  York  1885-91. 

Eve  (ev).  [ME.  Eve,  AS.  Efe,  F.  ike,  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
Eva,  G.  Eva,  LL.  Eva,  Heva,  Gr.  Era,  E via  (in 
LXX  translated  Z ufj,  life),  Ar.  Haicwd,  Heb. 
Havvdh,  living,  life.]  The  first  woman,  the 
mother  of  the  human  race,  according  to  the 
account  of  the  creation  in  Genesis. 

Evelina  (ev-e-li'na).  [Dim.  of  Eva,  Eve.]  A 
novel  by  Madame  d’Arblay  (Frances  Burney), 
published  in  1778,  named  from  its  principal 
character. 

It  was  for  a long  time  believed  that  Miss  Burney  was 
only  seventeen  when  she  wrote  “ Evelina.”  If  so,  it  was 
indeed  an  extraordinary  book  ; but  the  question  depended 
upon  the  exact  period  of  her  birth  ; and  when  Croker  ed- 
ited “ Boswell’s  Life  of  Johnson,”  he  took  the  pains,  most 
properly  and  naturally  one  would  think,  to  ascertain  the 
fact  by  examining  the  parish  register  of  the  town  where 


374 

she  was  born,  and  it  turned  out  that  she  was  twenty-six 
when  “Evelina"  was  published. 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  317. 

Evelyn  (ev'e-lin),  John.  Born  at  Wotton,  Sur- 
rey, England,  Oct.  31, 1620:  died  at  Wotton,  Feb. 
27,  1706.  An  English  author.  He  was  the  second 
son  of  Richard  Evelyn ; was  admitted  a student  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1637 ; and  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.  C.  L.  in  1669.  The  years  1641-47  he  passed  principally 
in  travel,  with  occasional  returns  to  England.  For  a short 
time  he  joined  the  king’s  army.  He  was  a strong  Royal- 
ist, and  in  1649  published  a translation  of  La  Mothe  le 
Vayer’s  “ Of  Liberty  and  Servitude,  ” with  a Royalist  pre- 
face, for  which  he  was  “threatened.”  In  1652,  thinking 
the  cause  of  the  Royalists  hopeless,  he  settled  at  Sayes 
Court,  Deptford,  the  estate  of  his  wife’s  father,  Sir  Richard 
Browne,  ambassador  at  Paris.  He  lived  here  till  1694,  when 
he  went  to  Wotton  to  live  with  his  elder  brother.  At  the 
death  of  the  latter,  in  1699,  the  estate  became  his,  and  he 
passed  the  rest  of  his  life  here.  At  both  places  he  devoted 
himself  to  gardening.  He  was  in  favor  at  court  after  the 
Restoration,  and  held  some  minor  offices.  He  was  much 
interested  in  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was  a fellow 
in  1661,  one  of  the  council  in  1662,  secretary  1672.  He  ob- 
tained for  it  the  Arundelian  library  in  1678,  and  for  the 
University  of  Oxford  the  Arundelian  marbles  in  1667,  both 
from  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  He  was  treasurer  of  Green- 
wich Hospital  1695-1703.  Among  his  works  are  “The  State 
of  France,  etc.  ’’  (1652),  “ A Character  of  England  ’’  (1659), 
“ Apology  for  the  Royal  Party,  etc.  ” (1659),  “ Fumif  ugium  ’’ 
(1661),  “Sculptura,  etc.”  (1662),  “Sylva,  etc.”  (1664),  “Ka- 
lendarium  Hortense  ” (1664),  “Numismata,  etc.”  (1697), 
“The  Complete  Gardener  ’’  (translated  from  the  French  of 
Quintinie,  1698),  etc.  His  memoirs,  first  published  in 
1818-19,  edited  by  William  Bray,  contain  his  letters  and 
diary. 

Evemerus  (e-vem'e-rus),  or  Euemerus  (u-em'- 
e-rus),  or  Euhemerus  (ii-hem'e-rus).  [Gr. 
Ei^/rrpof.]  Lived  iu  the  second  half  of  the  4th 
century  B.  C.  A Greek  mythographer.  He  wrote 
a “Sacred  History  ”(’Iepd  ’ Xvaypafyri),  in  which  he  gave  an 
anthropomorphic  explanation  of  current  mythology. 

The  most  famous  of  the  later  theories  was  that  of  Eu- 
emerus (316  B.  c.).  In  a kind  of  philosophical  romance, 
Euemerus  declared  that  he  had  sailed  to  some  No-man ’s- 
land,  Panchoea,  where  he  found  the  verity  about  mythical 
times  engraved  on  pillars  of  bronze.  This  truth  lie  pub- 
lished in  the  Sacra  Historia,  where  he  rationalised  the 
fables,  averring  that  the  gods  had  been  men,  and  that  the 
myths  were  exaggerated  and  distorted  records  of  facts. 

Lang,  Myth.,  etc.,  I.  15. 

Evening’s  Love,  An,  or  The  Mock  Astrolo- 
ger. A comedy  by  Dryden,  acted  and  printed 
in  1668.  it  was  taken  in  part  from  the  younger  Cor- 
neille’s “Le  feint  astrologne,”  a version  of  “El  astrologo 
fingido”(by  Calderon),  and  from  Moliere’s  “D£pit  amou- 
reux.” 

Evenus  (e-ve'nus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
river  of  iEtolia,  Greece,  flowing  into  the  Gulf 
of  Patras  7 miles  southeast  of  Missolonglii: 
the  modern  Fidaris.  Length,  50-60  miles. 

Everdingen  (ev'er-ding-en),  Aldert  or  Allart 
van.  Born  at  Alkmaar,  Netherlands,  1621: 
died  at  Amsterdam,  1675.  A Dutch  marine  and 
landscape  painter  and  etcher. 

Everest  (ev'er-est),  Sir  George.  Born  atGwern- 
vale,  Brecknock,  Wales,  July  4,  1790:  died  at 
Greenwich,  near  London,  Dee.  1, 1866.  A Brit- 
ish surveyor,  superintendent  of  the  trigono- 
metrical survey  of  India  in  1823,  and  surveyor- 
general  of  India  in  1830.  Mount  Everest  was 
named  in  his  honor. 

Everest,  Mount.  [Named  from  the  English 
engineer  Sir  George  Everest.]  The  highest 
known  mountain  of  the  globe,  situated  in  the 
Himalayas,  in  Nepal,  in  lat.  27°  59'  N.,  long. 
86°  56'  E.  Height,  29,002  feet. 

Everett  (ev'er-et),  A city  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  3 miles  north  of  Bos- 
ton. Population,  33,484,  (1910). 

Everett,  Alexander  Hill.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  19,  1790 : died  at  Canton,  China, 
May  29,  1847.  An  American  diplomatist  and 
author.  He  was  charge  d’affaires  in  the  Netherlands 
1818-24,  minister  to  Spain  1825-29,  and  commissioner  to 
China  1846-47.  He  published  “Europe,  etc.”(1821),  “New 
Ideas  ou  Population  ” (1822),  “America,  etc.”  (1827). 

Everett,  Edward.  Born  at  Dorchester,  Mass., 
April  11,  1794:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  15,  1865. 
A celebrated  American  statesman,  orator,  and 
author,  brother  of  A.  H.  Everett.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Harvard  College  1819-25 ; editor  of  the 
“ North  American  Review  ” 1820-24 ; member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1826-35 ; governor  of  Massachusetts 
1836-40 ; minister  to  England  1841-45 ; president  of  Har- 
vard College  1846-49 ; secretary  of  state  1852-53 ; and 
United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1863-54.  He 
was  the  candidate  of  the  Constitutional  Union  party  for 
Vice-President  in  1860.  His  “Orations  and  Speeches” 
were  published  1850-69. 

Everett,  or  Washington,  Mount.  One  of  the 

highest  summits  of  the  Taconic  Mountains,  in 
the  southwestern  corner  of  Massachusetts. 
Height,  2,624  feet. 

Everglades  (ev'er-gladz).  A swampy  unin- 
habited region  in  Dade,  Lee,  and  Monroe 
counties,  southern  Florida. 


Exarchate  of  Ravenna 

Evergreen.  The  pseudonym  of  Washington 
Irving  in  “Salmagundi.” 

Eversley  (ev'erz-li).  A village  in  Hampshire, 
England,  8 miles  southeast  of  Reading.  Charles 
Kingsley  was  rector  there  for  over  30  years. 
Every  Man  in  his  Humour.  A comedy  by  Ben 
Jonson,  first  acted  in  1598,  and  published  in 
1601  (quarto:  folio  1616).  In  its  first  form,  with 
Italian  characters,  it  was  acted  in  1596. 

Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour.  A comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson,  first  produced  in  1599,  and  pub- 
lished in  1600  (quarto  : folio  1606).  He  called 
it  “ a comical  satire.” 

Evesham  (evz'hamor  evz'am).  [AS. Eofesham.'] 
A town  in  Worcestershire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Avon  14  miles  southeast  of  Worcester.  Here 
the  royalists  under  Prince  Edward  (afterward  Edward  I.) 
defeated  the  baronial  forces  under  Simon  de  Montfort,  Aug. 
4,  1265.  Simon  and  his  son  Henry  were  killed,  and  the 
barons  party  was  broken  up.  Population,  7,101. 

Evian-les-Bains  (a-vyoh'la-ban').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  on 
the  Lake  of  Geneva  opposite  Lausanne.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  3,112. 

Evil  Merodach  (e'vil  mer'o-dak).  [Babylo- 
nian Avel  or  Am  el  Marduk,  man  (i.  e.  ‘servant’) 
of  the  god  Merodach.]  Son  of  Nebuchadnez- 
zar, king  of  Babylon  561-559  B.  C.  He  released 
the  Judean  king  Jehoiachin  from  prison,  after  37  years’ 
confinement,  and  honored  him  above  all  the  vassal  kings. 
He  was  killed  in  a rebellion  led  by  his  sister’s  husband, 
Neriglissar  (Nergalsharezer),  who  then  seized  the  Baby- 
lonian crown.  According  to  Berosus  he  rendered  himself 
odious  by  his  arbitrary  and  unwise  rule. 

Evora  (a'vo-ra).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  76  miles  east  by  south 
of  Lisbon.  It  contains  remains  from  the  Roman  city 
of  Ebora.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  church  of  the 
13th  century,  with  rose-windows  in  the  transepts,  and  a 
west  porch  or  narthex  containing  tombs  and  opening 
into  the  nave  by  a fine  sculptured  doorway ; the  interior 
has  clustered  columns,  and  there  is  a later  Pointed  clois- 
ter. A Roman  triumphal  arch,  in  masonry  of  large  blocks, 
is  in  good  preservation.  A Roman  temple  of  Diana,  a 
Corinthian  structure  40  by  68  feet,  is  unusually  well  pre- 
served. It  is  hexastyle  prostyle,  with  a deep  pronaos, 
having  3 columns  on  each  flank  in  addition  to  the  angle- 
column.  The  sculpture  and  details  are  of  good  execu- 
tion. 

Evre’JX  (a-vre').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the  Iton  in 
lat.  49°  N.,  long.  1°  7'  E.  It  manufactures  tools, 
hosiery,  etc.,  and  has  a cathedral.  Near  by  is  Vieil-Ev- 
reux,  with  Roman  antiquities,  on  the  site  of  the  Roman 
Mediolanum.  It  was  the  seatof  a Norman  county.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  18,971. 

Evreux,  Yves  d\  See  Yves  d’ivreux, 

Ewald  (a'valt),  Georg  Heinrich  August. 

Born  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  Nov.  16,  1803:  died 
at  Gottingen,  May  4,  1875.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man Orientalist  and  biblical  critic.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  philology  at  Gottingen  1827-37,  at  Tubingen 
1838-48,  and  again  at  Gottingen  1848-67.  Both  in  1837 
and  in  1867  he  was  removed  from  his  position  at  Gottingen 
for  political  reasons.  He  published  a “Hebrew  Gram- 
mar’’(1827),  “ Geschichte  des  Volkes  Israel  ” (1843-1859), 
“Alterthumer  des  Volkes  Israel"  (1848),  and  works  of 
scriptural  exegesis  and  criticism. 

Ewald,  Johannes.  See  Evald. 

Ewbank  (u'bangk),  Thomas.  Born  at  Barnard 
Castle,  Durham,  England,  March  11, 1792 : died 
at  New  York,  Sept.  16,  1870.  An  American 
manufacturer  and  writer  on  mechanics.  He 
published  “An  Account  of  Hydraulic  and  other 
Machines  ” (1842),  etc. 

Ewe  (a-wa/).  An  important  African  nation 
which  occupies  the  region  between  the  Volta 
River  and  Yoruba,  in  western  Africa.  By  the  na- 
tives this  region  is  called  Ewe-me,  i.  e.  * home  of  the  Ewe.’ 
The  nation  is  subdivided  into  five  tribes,  and  the  lan- 
guage into  as  many  dialects : the  Mahe,  on  the  upper  Volta 
River;  the  Dahomey;  the  Weta,  usually  called  Whydah  or 
Popo  ; the  Anfiie,  between  the  Weta  and  Ashanti  and  be- 
longing to  the  King  of  Peki ; and  the  Anlo,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Volta.  Politically  this  nation  and  country  are 
subject  to  Dahomey,  England,  France,  and  Germany. 

Ewell  (n'el),  Richard  Stoddard.  Born  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  Feb.,  1817:  died  near 
Spring-Hill,  Tenn.,  Jan.  25,  1872.  A gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  service.  He  served  with 
distinction  at  the  battles  of  Bull  Run,  Gettys- 
burg, the  Wilderness,  etc. 

Ewing  (u'ing),  John.  Born  at  Nottingham, 
Md.,  June  22,  1732 : died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept. 
8, 1802.  An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
1779-1802. 

Ewing,  Thomas.  Born  in  Ohio  County,  Va., 
Dec.  28, 1789:  died  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  Oct.  26, 
1871.  An  American  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  (Whig)  from  Ohio  1831-37,  secretary  of 
the  treasury  1841,  secretary  of  the  interior  1840-50,  and 
United  States  senator  1850-51. 

Exarchate  of  Ravenna.  See  Ravenna,  Ex- 
archate of. 


Excalibur 

Excalibur  (eks-kal'i-ber),  orExcalibar,  or  Es- 
calibor.  The  sword  of  the  mythical  King  Ar- 
thur. Arthur  received  it  from  the  hands  of  the  Lady  of 
the  Lake.  It  had  a scabbard  the  wearer  of  which  could 
lose  no  blood.  Some  versions  of  the  romance  call  it  “ Mi- 
randoise.”  There  seems,  however,  to  have  been  also  an- 
other sword  called  Excalibur  in  the  early  part  of  the  story. 
This  was  the  sword,  plunged  deep  into  a stone,  which  could 
be  draw'n  forth  only  by  the  man  who  was  to  be  king.  After 
two  hundred  knights  had  failed,  Arthur  drew  it  out  with- 
out difficulty. 

Excelsior  Geyser.  One  of  the  largest  geysers 
in  the  world,  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park, 
Wyoming.  It  has  thrown  a column  of  water  to 
a height  of  from  200  to  300  feet. 

Excursion,  The.  A didactic  poem  by  William 
Wordsworth,  forming  part  of  the  “Recluse,” 
published  in  1814. 

Exe  (eks).  [ME.  Exe,  AS.  Exa,  recorded  in  Exan 
ceaster,  Exeter,  and  Exan  mutha,  Exmouth.] 
A river  in  Somerset  and  Devon,  England,  flow- 
ing into  the  English  Channel  10  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Exeter.  Length,  54  miles. 
Exeter  (eks'e-ter).  [ME.  Exeter,  Excetre,  Exces- 
ter,  Excestre,  AS.  Exanceaster,  Eaxcceaster,  city 
of  (on)  the  Exe.]  1 . A cathedral  city,  the  capi- 
tal of  Devonshire,  England,  on  the  Exe,  near 
its  mouth,  in  lat.  50° 43'  N.,  long.  3°  31'  W.  it  is 
a seaport,  and  has  some  foreign  trade.  It  manufactures 
gloves  and  agricultural  machinery.  It  is  said  to  be  the  old- 
est English  city  having  continuous  existence.  Itwas taken 
by  William  I.  in  1068,  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
Perkin  Warbeck  in  1497  and  by  Cornish  insurgents  in 
1549,  and  was  taken  by  Prince  Maurice  in  1643,  and  by 
Fairfax  in  1646.  Thecathedral,  which  is  408feet  in  length 
by  76  in  breadth,  was  founded  in  the  12th  century,  but  in 
its  present  form  dates,  except  the  two  Norman  transept- 
towers  (with  one  exception  the  only  example  of  transept- 
towers  in  England),  from  between  1280  and  1394.  The 
west  front  presents  a strange  design,  its  lower  portion 
being  an  imitation  in  stone  of  a wooden  screen,  with  three 
tiers  of  statues  in  niches  ; above  is  a large  window  with 
good  tracery.  The  interior  is  rich  and  effective,  with  fine 
arches,  vaulting  with  central  rib  and  very  numerous  radi- 
ating ribs,  and  interesting  medieval  tombs  and  bishop's 
throne.  Population,  48,660,  (1911). 

John  Shillingford  tells  us  that  Exeter  was  a walled  city 
before  the  Incarnation  of  Christ;  and,  though  it  is  not 
likely  to  have  been  a walled  city  in  any  sense  that  would 
satisfy  either  modern  or  Roman  engineers,  it  is  likely 
enough  to  have  been  already  a fortified  post  before  Caesar 
landed  in  Britain.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns,  p.  61. 

2.  A town  in  Rockingham  County,  New  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  Exeter  River  13  miles 
southwest  of  Portsmouth.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Phillips  Academy  (which  see).  Population, 
4,897,  (1910). 

Exeter  Book,  The.  [L.  Codex  Exoniensis.\  A 
collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  poems  given  by  Bish- 
op Leofric  to  the  library  of  the  cathedral  of 
Exeter,  England,  between  1046  and  1073.  it “ con- 
tains pieces  apparently  detached  which  are  now  regarded 
as  forming  a connected  poem  upon  Christ,  by  Cynewulf 
(hymns  to  the  Saviour-,  to  the  Virgin,  to  the  Trinity,  on 
the  Nativity,  Ascension,  and  Harrowing  of  Hell) ; also 
hymns  of  praise  and  thanksgiving  ; poems  on  the  Day  of 
Judgment  and  the  Crucifixion,  and  on  Souls  after  Death  ; 
a short  sermon  in  verse ; and  the  ‘ Legend  of  St.  Guthlac,’ 
a metrical  paraphrase  of  the  Latin  ‘Life of  St.  Guthlac,’ by 
Felix,  a monk  of  Croyland  Abbey”  ( Morley , Eng.  Writers, 
II.  199).  It  also  contains  a paraphrase  of  the  “Song  of 
Hananiah,  Mishael,  and  Azariah,”  “The  Phoenix, ” “Le- 
gend of  St.  Juliana,”  “ The  Wanderer,”  “ The  Seafarer,”  a 
poem  on  Christian  morality,  “ Widsith,”  “The  Wonders  of 
Creation, ” “ The  Panther,”  “ The  Whale,”  “ The  Address  of 
the  Soul  to  the  Body,”  “ Song  of  Deor  the  Bard,”  and  a col- 
lection of  riddles.  The  book  was  first  published  by  the 
London  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1842  as  “ Codex  Exoni- 
ensis,  etc.” 

Exeter  College.  A college  at  Oxford,  England, 
founded  by  Walter  de  Stapeldon,  bishop  of  Exe- 


375 

ter,  in  1314.  The  endowment  was  Increased  by  Sir 
William  Petre  in  1565.  The  buildings  have  been  often  re- 
stored, and  are  in  part  modern. 

Walter  de  Stapeldon,  Bishop  of  Exeter,  was  the  founder 
of  the  college  which  now  bears  the  name  of  that  see.  In 
April,  1314,  he  conveyed  the  rectory  of  Gwinear,  in  Corn- 
wall, to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Exeter,  on  condition  that 
they  should  apply  the  income  to  the  maintenance  of  twelve 
scholars  studying  philosophy  at  the  University;  and  he 
purchased  for  these  scholars  two  houses  in  the  parish  of 
St.  Peter  in  the  East,  at  Oxford,  known  respectively  as 
Hart  Hall  and  Arthur  Hall.  The  original  members  of  the 
foundation  were  placed  in  Hart  Hall,  which  in  consequence 
received  for  a while  the  name  of  Stapeldon  Hall.  It  was 
not  long,  however,  before  the  Bishop  resolved  to  provide 
them  with  a more  comfortable  abode.  In  October,  1315, 
he  bought  a tenement  called  St.  Stephen’s  Hall,  an  ad- 
joining tenement  called  La  Lavandrie,  and  a third  to  the 
east  of  them,  situated  just  within  the  town  wall,  between 
the  Turl  and  Smith  Gate.  Thither  the  twelve  scholars 
removed,  and  the  name  of  Stapeldon  Hall  was  transferred 
to  the  little  group  of  buildings  which  thus  became  the 
nucleus  of  Exeter  College.  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  137. 

Exeter  Hall.  A building  on  the  Strand,  Lon- 
don, used  for  religious,  charitable,  and  musical 
assemblies.  It  was  pm-chased  for  the  Young 
Men’s  Christian  Association  in  1880. 

Exmoor  (eks'mor).  A hilly  moorland  and  marshy 
region  in  western  Somerset  and  northern  Dev- 
on, England.  It  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  ponies  and 
for  wild  deer.  The  scene  of  Blackmore’s  novel  “ Lorna 
Doone  ” is  laid  in  it.  Highest  point  (Dunkery  Beacon), 
1,707  feet. 

Exmouth  (eks'muth).  [ME.  Exemuth,  AS.  Exan 
mutlia,  mouth  of  the  Exe.]  A town  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Devonshire,  England,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Exe,  10  miles  southeast  of 
Exeter  Population,  10,485. 

Exmouth,  Viscount.  See  Pellew. 

Exodus  (ek'so-dus).  [Gr.  from  t£,  out, 

and  666c,  a way.]  The  second  book  of  the  Old 
Testament.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  deliverance 
(which  it  describes)  of  the  Israelites  from  their  bondage 
under  the  Pharaohs,  and  their  departure  from  Egypt. 

Exploits  (eks-ploits')  River.  The  largest  river 
in  Newfoundland.  It  lias  a northeasterly  course,  and 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  Exploits,  in  Notre  Dame  Bay.  Length, 
200  miles. 

Expounder  of  the  Constitution.  An  epithet 
popularly  applied  to  Daniel  Webster. 

Expunging  Resolution.  A resolution  intro- 
duced into  the  United  States  Senate  by  T.  H. 
Benton  of  Missouri,  to  erase  from  the  journal 
the  censure  passed  by  the  Senate  on  Presi- 
dent Jackson,  March  28,  1834,  relating  to  the 
bank  controversy.  It  was  first  introduced  in 
1834,  and  was  carried  Jan.  16,  1837. 

Exterminator,  The.  [Sp.  El  Exterminador.'] 
A surname  of  Montbars,  a French  adventurer. 
See  Montbars. 

Exton  (eks' ton),  Sir  Pierce  of.  A minor 
character  in  Shakspere’s  “ King  Richard  II.” 

Exurnas  (eks-6'maz).  A group  of  islands  cen- 
trally situated  in  the  Bahamas.  The  Great 
Exuma  has  a fine  harbor.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

Eyam  (e'am  or  i'am).  A village  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  southeast  of  Castleton.  Its  population 
was  nearly  exterminated  in  the  plague  of  1665- 
1666. 

Eyck  (ik),  Hubert  van.  Born  at  Maaseyck, 
near  Liege,  in  1366 : died  at  Ghent,  Flanders, 
Sept.  18,  1426.  A noted  Flemish  painter. 

Eyck,  Jan  van.  Born  at  Maaseyck  about 
1386:  died  at  Bruges,  Flanders,  July  9,  1440. 
A Flemish  painter,  brother  of  Hubert  van 
Eyck,  and  court  painter  of  Philip  the  Good, 
duke  of  Burgundy. 


Ezzelino 

Eyck,  Margarete  van.  Lived  in  the  first  part 
of  the  15th  century.  A Flemish  painter,  sister 
of  Hubert  and  Jan  van  Eyck. 

Eye  (I).  A town  in  Suffolk,  England,  18  miles 
north  of  Ipswich.  Population,  2,004. 

Eye  (i'e),  Johann  Ludolf  August  von.  Born 
at  Fiirstenau,  Hannover,  May  24,  1825 : died 
at  Nordhausen,  Jan.  13,  1896.  A German  art 
historian.  His  chief  work  is  “Leben  und  Wirken  Al- 
brecht Diirers  " (1860). 

Eyemouth  (i'mouth).  Afishingtownin Berwick- 
shire, Scotland,  8 miles  northwest  of  Berwick. 
Population,  2,377- 

Eye  of  the  Baltic.  The  island  of  Gothland. 

Eylau  (i'lou),  or  Prussian  Eylau.  A town  in 
the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  22  miles 
south-southeast  of  Konigsberg.  An  indecisive 
battle  was  fought  here  Feb.  8,  1807,  between  the  French 
(about  80,000)  under  Napoleon  and  the  Russians  and  Prus- 
sians (about  70,000)  under  BennigBen  and  Lestocq.  The  loss 
of  each  side  amounted  to  about  18,000.  Pop.,  about  3,000. 

Eyre  (ar),  Edward  John.  Born  August,  1815 : 
died  Nov.  30,  1901.  An  English  colonial  gov- 
ernor. He  explored  Australia  1840-41,  and  was 
governor  of  Jamaica  1864-66.  See  Century 
Atlas,  Map  115. 

Eyre,  Jane.  See  Jane  Eyre. 

Eyre,  Lake.  [Named  from  the  English  traveler 
in  Australia,  Edward  John  Eyre.]  A salt  lake 
in  South  Australia,  about  lat.  28°-29°  S.,  long. 
137°  E.  Length,  about  95  miles. 

Eyria  (l'ri-a)  Peninsula.  A peninsula  in  South 
Australia,  northwest  of  Spencer  Gulf. 

Eyzaguirre  (ay-tha-ger're),  Agustin.  Born  at 
Santiago,  1766:  died  there,  July  19,  1837.  A 
Chilean  statesman.  He  was  a member  of  the  govern- 
ment junta  in  1813.  From  1814  to  1817  he  was  imprisoned 
by  the  Spaniards  at  Juan  Fernandez.  After  the  overthrow 
of  O’Higgins  (Jan.,  1823),  Eyzaguirre  was  a member  of  the 
temporary  junta.  Elected  vice-president  soon  after,  he 
was  acting  president  Sept.,  1826,  to  Jan.,  1827,  when  he 
was  deposed  by  a military  mutiny. 

Ezekiel  (e-ze'ki-el).  [Heb.,‘  God  will  strength- 
en.’] Bom  in  Palestine  about  620  B.  c. : died 
after  572  b.  c.  A Hebrew  prophet,  author  of 
the  book  of  Ezekiel.  He  was  carried  captive  to  Baby- 
lonia in  597,  and  commenced  his  career  as  a prophet  in  597. 

Ezida  (a'zi-da).  [Akkadian  e-zida,  the  eternal 
house.]  The  chief  sanctuary  of  Nebo  (Nabu), 
the  Assyro-Babylonian  god  of  wisdom  and  lit- 
erature (mentioned  in  Isa.  xlVi.  1),  in  Borsippa, 
the  modern  mound  of  Birs  Nimrud,  not  far 
from  Babylon.  The  temple  was  constructed  of  seven 
platforms  piled  one  on  another,  each  square  in  shape  and 
somewhat  smaller  than  the  preceding  one.  The  top  one 
served  as  an  observatory.  It  is  supposed  that  this  tower- 
like  structure,  called  in  the  inscriptions  ziqqurat,  is  alluded 
to  in  the  story  of  the  “tower  of  Babel ” in  Genesis.  He- 
rodotus gives  a description  of  it,  but  considered  it  to  be  a 
sanctuary  of  Bel. 

Ezion-Geber  (e'zi-on-ge'ber),  or  Ezion-Gaber 

(e'zi-on-ga'ber).  In  scripture  geography,  a port 
on  the  Elanitic  Gulf  of  the  Red  Sea.  It  was 
a rendezvous  of  the  fleets  of  Solomon  and  Je- 
hoshaphat. 

Ezra(ez'ra).  [TIeb.,‘help’;  Gr. "Ecfipaf.]  Lived 
in  the  middle  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  A Hebrew 
scribe  and  priest.  He  conducted  an  expedition  from 
Babylon  to  Palestine  about  458,  and  car  ried  out  important 
reforms  at  Jerusalem.  To  him  have  been  ascribed  the 
revision  and  editing  of  the  earlier  books  of  Scripture,  the 
determination  of  the  canon,  and  the  authorship  not  only 
of  the  books  that  bear  his  name  and  that  of  N ehemiah,  but 
also  of  the  books  of  Chronicles  and  Esther. 

Ezzelino  (et-ze-le'no),  or  Eccelino  (a-che-le'- 
no),  da  Romano.  Born  at  Onara,  near  Treviso, 
Italy,  April  26,1194:  died  Sept.,  1259,  An  Italian 
Ghibelline  leader. 


bel  (fa'bel),  Peter.  A per- 
son, buried  at  Edmouton  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VII., 
around  whom  the  tradition 
grew  that  he  had  sold  his  soul 
to  the  devil  and  then  cheated 
him  out  of  it.  He  was  made 
the  hero  of  the  play  “The 
Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton.” 

Faber  (fa'ber),  Basilius.  [L.  faber,  smith.] 
Born  at  Sorau,  Prussia,  1520:  died  at  Erfurt, 
Germany,  probably  in  1576.  A German  classical 
scholar,  author  of  “Thesaurus  eruditionis  scho- 
lastic®” (1571),  etc. 

Faber  (fa'ber),  Frederick  William.  Bom  at. 

Calverley,  Yorkshire,  England,  June  28,  1814: 
died  Sept.  26,  1863.  An  English  hymn-writer. 

He  was  a clergyman  of  the  Anglican  Church  until  1845,  and 
afterward  became  a priest  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
A complete  edition  of  his  hymns  was  published  in  1861. 

Faber,  George  Stanley.  Born  at  Calverley, 
Yorkshire,  Oct.  25,  1773:  died  near  Durham. 
Jan.  27,  1854.  Au  English  divine  and  contro- 
versialist, uncle  of  F.  W.  Faber.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford,  and  became  a fellow  and  tutor  of  Lincoln  College 
in  1793.  He  was  successively  curate  of  Calverley,  vicar  of 
Stockton-upon-Tees,  rector  of  Redmarshall , rector  of  Long 
Newton,  and  master  of  Sherburn  Hospital.  He  wrote  “Horas 
Mosaic®,  etc.”  (1801),  “A  Dissertation  on  the  Mysteries  of 
the  Cabiri,  etc.”  (1803),  works  on  the  prophecies,  etc. 

Faber  (fa'ber),  Johann,  surnamed  Malleus 
Haereticorum  (L.,  ‘hammer  of  heretics’). 
Born  at  Leutkireh,  Wiirtemberg,  1478:  died  at 
Vienna,  1541.  A German  controversialist  and 
opponent  of  the  Reformation. 

Faber  (fa'ber),  John.  Born  at  The  Hague 
aboutl660:  died  at  Bristol, England,  May,  1721. 
A Dutch  mezzotint  engraver,  resident  in  Eng- 
land after  1687  (?). 

Faber,  John.  Born  1695  (?) : died  at  London, 
May  2,  1756.  An  English  mezzotint  engraver, 
a son  of  John  Faber  (1660-1721). 

Faber  ( fa-bar ' ),  or  Lefbbvre  (le-favr' ) , J acques, 
surnamed  Stapulensis  (from  his  birthplace). 
Born  at  Etaples,  France,  about  1450:  died  at 
Ndrac,  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  1537.  A French 
scholar  and  reformer,  vicar  (1523)  of  the  Bishop 
of  Means.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  tiie  works  of 
Ar  istotle,  and  translated  some  of  the  books  of  the  Bible 
into  French  (1523-30). 

Fabia  gens  (fa'bi-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Romo,  a 
patrician  clan  or  house,  probably  of  Sabine  ori- 
gin, which  traced  its  descent  from  Hercules  and 
the  Arcadian  Evander.  Its  family  names  under  the 
republic  were  Ambustus,  Buteo,  Dorso,  Labeo,  Licinus, 
Maximus,  Pictor,  and  Vibulanus. 

Fabian.  See  Fabyan. 

Fabian  (fa'bi-an).  In  Sbakspere’s  “ Twelfth 
Night,”  a servant  to  Olivia. 

Fabius  (fa'bi-us),  The  American.  A name 
given  to  Washington,  whose  tactics  were  simi- 
lar to  those  of  Fabius  the  Cunctator. 

Fabius,  The  French.  A name  given  to  Anne, 
due  de  Montmorency,  grand  constable  of 
France. 

Fabius  Maximus  Rullianus,  Quintus.  Died 
about  290  b.  c.  A Rorpan  general.  He  was  con- 
sul six  times,  the  first  time  in  322  and  the  last  in  206,  and 
was  dictator  in  315.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  third 
war  against  (he  Satellites,  over  whom  and  their  allies  he 
gained  the  decisive  victory  of  Sentinum  in  295. 

Fabius  Maximus  Verrucosus,  Quintus,  sur- 
named Cunctator  (‘the  Delayer’).  Died  203 
B.  C.  A Roman  general.  He  was  consul  for  the 
first  time  in  233,  when  by  a victory  over  the  Ligurians  he 
obtained  the  honor  of  a triumph.  In  218  he  was  at  the 
head  of  the  legation  sent  by  the  Roman  senate  to  demand 
reparation  of  Carthage  fortlie  attack  on  Saguntum.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  consul  Flaminius  by  Hannibal  at  Tlira- 
symenus,  he  was,  in  217,  appointed  dictator.  Avoiding 
pitched  battles  (whence  his  surname  Cunctator,  ‘delayer’), 
he  weakened  the  Carthaginians  by  numerous  skirmishes. 
Dissatisfaction  having  arisen  at  Rome  with  this  method  of 
carrying  on  the  war,  a bill  was  passed  in  the  senate  divid- 
ing the  command  between  the  dictator  and  his  master 
of  the  horse,  Minucius,  who  engaged  with  Hannibal,  and 
would  have  been  destroyed  if  Fabius  had  not  hastened  to 
his  assistance.  Fabius  was  succeeded  in  command  by  the 
consuls  Paulus  .-Lmilius  and  Terentius  Varro,  who,  adopt- 


ing a more  aggressive  policy,  were  totally  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  Canine  in  216.  He  was  consul  for  the  fifth  time 
in  209,  when  he  inflicted  a severe  loss  on  Hannibal  by  the 
recapture  of  Tarentum  in  southern  Italy. 

Fabius  Pictor  (fa'bi-us  pik'tor),  Quintus.  A 

Roman  historian.  He  served  in  the  Gallic  war  in  225 
B.  c.,  as  also  in  the  second  Punic  war,  and  was  sent  to 
Delphi,  after  the  battle  of  Cannae  in  216,  to  consult  the  ora- 
cle as  to  how  the  Roman  state  could  propitiate  the  gods. 
He  was  the  author  of  a history  of  Rome  including  the 
period  of  the  second  Punic  war.  This  history,  which  is 
now  lost,  was  written  in  Greek,  and  was  highly  esteemed 
by  the  ancients. 

Fable  for  Critics,  A.  A poem  by  James  Russell 
Lowell,  in  which  he  satirically  reviews  the 
winters  and  critics  of  America.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1848. 

Fabre  (fabr),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Bedarieux, 
Hdrault,  France,  in  1830 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  11, 
1898.  A French  novelist.  He  was  made  con- 
servator of  the  Mazarin  Library  in  1883. 

Fabre,  Francois  Xavier  Pascal.  Born  at  Mont- 
pellier, Franco,  April  1,  1766 : died  at  Mont- 
pellier, March  16,  1837.  A French  historical 
painter. 

Fabre  d’Eglantine  (fabr  da-gloh-ten'),  Phi- 
lippe Francois  N azaire.  Born  at  Carcassonne, 
France,  Dec.  28,  1755:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
April  5,  1794.  A French  dramatist  and  revolu- 
tionist. He  wrote  numerous  comedies,  among  them 
“ Le  Philinte  de  Moliere  ” (1790),  which  insured  him  high 
rank  as  a dramatic  writer  ; “ L’lntrigue  6pistolaire  " (1791) ; 
“ Le  convalescent  de  qualite  ' (1791)  ; etc.  In  the  revolu- 
tionary movement  he  joined  the  party  of  Danton,  and  per- 
ished with  it.  The  name  d'Eglantine  he  assumed  from  a 
golden  eglantine  (wild  rose)  which  he  received  as  a prize 
in  his  youth  from  the  Academy  of  the  Floral  Games  at 
Toulouse. 

Fabretti  (fa-bret'te),  Ariodante.  Born  Oct.  1, 
1816 : died  Sept.  16,  1894.  An  Italian  archasolo- 
gist  and  historian,  professor  of  archceology  and 
director  of  the  museum  of  antiquities  at  Turin. 
He  became  a senator  in  1889. 

Fabretti,  Raffaelle.  Bom  at  Urbino,  Italy, 
1618:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  7,  1700.  An  Italian 
antiquary,  custodian  of  the  archives  of  the  Castle 
of  St.  Angelo.  He  wrote  “De  aquis  et  aquse- 
ductibus  veteris  Rom®  ” (1680),  “ Inscriptionum 
antiquarum  explicatio,  etc.”  (1699). 

Fabriano  (fa-bre-a'nd).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ancona,  Italy,  36  miles  southwest  of 
Ancona.  It  is  the  seat  of  a bishopric,  and  has  paper 
manufactures.  Population,  commune,  21,096. 

Fabriano,  Gentile  da.  Born  at  Fabriano,  Italy, 
about  1370:  died  at  Rome  about  1450.  An 
Italian  painter. 

Fabrice  (fa-bres'),  Georg  Friedrich  Alfred, 

Count  von.  Born  at  Quesnoy,  France,  in  1818 : 
died  at  Dresden,  March  25,  1891.  Minister  of 
war  to  the  King  of  Saxony.  He  became  prime  min- 
ister in  1876  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1882,  and 
was  created  count  in  1881. 

Fabricius  (fa-brish'i-us).  In  Le  Sage’s  “Gil 
Bias,”  a verbose  and  inexplicable  writer.  His 
object  was  to  reduce  the  simple  to  the  unintel- 
ligible. 

Fabricius  (fa-bret'se-os),  Georg  (originally 
Goldschmid).  [L.  Fabricius,  name  of  a Roman 
gens,  from  faber,  smith.]  Born  at  Chemnitz, 
Saxony,  April,  1516:  died  at  Meissen,  Saxony, 
1571.  A German  scholar,  poet,  and  arc-h®olo- 
gist. 

Fabricius  (fa-brisli'i-us),  or  Fabrizio  (fa-bret'- 
se-o),  Hieronymus,  surnamed  Ab  Aquapen- 
dente (L. : from  Aquapendente,  his  birthplace). 
Born  at  Aquapendente,  Papal  States,  Italy, 
1537 : died  at  Padua,  Italy,  May,  1619.  A cele- 
brated Italian  anatomist  and  surgeon.  His 
works  were  edited  by  Albinus  (1737). 

Fabricius  (fa-bret'se-os),  Johann  Albert. 
Born  at  Leipsic,  Nov.  11,  1668:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, April  30,  1736.  A German  scholar,  noted 
for  the  universality  of  his  knowledge.  He  wrote 
“ Bibliotheca  gncca” (1705-28), “Bibliotheca latina” (1697), 
“Bibliotheca  mediae  et  infinite  aetatis  ” (1734),  “ Bibliotheca 
ecclesiastica  ” (1718),  “ Bibliographia  autiquaria”  (1713), 
etc. 

Fabricius,  Johann  Christian.  Born  at  Ton- 

376 


dem,  Schleswig,  Jan.  7,  1745:  died  at  Kiel, 
Holstein,  March  3,  1808.  A noted  Danish  en- 
tomologist. His  chief  work  is  “ Systema  entomologiae  ” 
(1775  : enlarged  edition  1792-94,  with  a supplement  1798). 

Fabricius  Luscinus  (fa-brish'i-us  lu-si'nus), 
Caius.  Died  after  275  b.  c.  A Roman  consul 
and  general,  noted  for  his  incorruptibility.  He 
was  ambassador  to  Pyrrhus  in  280. 

Fabroni  (fa-bro'ne),  or  Fabbroni,  Angelo. 
Born  at  Marradi,  Tuscany,  Italy,  Sept.  25, 1732: 
died  at  Florence  (Pisa  ?),  Italy,  Sept.  22,  1803. 
An  Italian  biographer.  His  chief  work  is 
“ Vitro  Italorum  doctrina  excellentium”  ( 1778— 
1805). 

Fabrot  (fa-bro'),  Charles  Annibal.  Born  at 
Aix,  France,  Sept.  15, 1580:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
16,  1659.  A French  jurisconsult  and  writer  on 
the  civil  law.  He  published  “ Basilicon  libri  LX,  Car. 
Ann.  Fabriotus  latine  vertit  et  Graoce  edidit  ” (1647),  “The- 
opliili  institutiones  ” (1683\  etc. 

Fabvier  (fa-vya'),  Charles  Nicolas,  Baron. 
Born  at  Pont-a-Mousson,  Dec.  15, 1783 : died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  15,  1855.  A French  general.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1804,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Napoleonic  wars.  In  1823  he  went  to  the  assistance 
of  the  Greeks,  to  whom  he  rendered  essential  service  in 
the  organization  of  their  army.  He  resigned  from  the 
Greek  service  in  1828.  He  wrote  “Journal  des  operations 
du  6^me  corps  pendant  la  campagne  de  1814  en  France” 
(1819). 

Fabyan  (fa'bi-an),  Robert.  Died  probably  Feb. 
28,  1513.  An  English  chronicler.  He  appears  to 
have  followed  the  trade  of  a clothier  in  London,  where  he 
became  a member  of  the  Drapers’  Company  and  alderman 
of  the  ward  of  Farringdon  Without,  besides  holding  in 
1493  the  office  of  sheriff.  He  wrote  a chronicle  of  Eng- 
land from  the  arrival  of  Brutus  to  his  own  day,  entitled 
“The  Concordance  of  Histories,”  which  was  first  printed 
by  Pynson  in  1516  under  the  title  “The  New  Chronicles 
of  England  and  France.”  Subsequent  editions,  with  addi- 
tions and  alterations,  were  published  by  Rastell  (1533), 
Reynes  (1542),  and  Kingston  (1559). 

Fabyan’s  (fa'bi-anz).  A hotel  and  summer  re- 
sort in  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire, 
9 miles  west  of  Mount  Washington. 

Faccio(fa'cho),  Franco.  Bom  at  Verona,  March 
8,  1840:  died  at  Monza,  July  23,  1891.  An  Ital- 
ian musician . After  the  death  of  Mariani,  he  was  con- 
sidered the  best  leader  of  orchestra  in  Italy. 

Faccio  (fa'cho),  Nicolas.  Born  at  Basel,  Feb. 
16,  1664:  died  April  28  or  May  12,  1753.  A 
Swiss  mathematician  of  Italian  descent.  He 
went  to  London,  where,  after  having  obtained  a fourteen- 
year  patent  for  the  sole  use  in  England  of  an  invention 
for  piercing  rubies  to  receive  the  pivots  of  the  balance- 
wheel  of  watches,  he  entered  into  partnership  with  the 
French  watchmakers  Peter  and  Jacob  de  Beaufrd.  He 
was  a protdgS  of  Newton,  and  wrote  a number  of  learned 
treatises,  including  “Lettre  a M.  Cassini  . . . touchant 
une  lumiere  extraordinaire  qui  paroit  dans  le  ciel  depuis 
quelques  ann6es"  (1686). 

Facciolati  (fa-cho-la'te),  or  Facciolato  (-to), 
Jacopo.  Born  at  Torreglia,  near  Padua,  Italy, 
Jan.  4,  1682:  died  at  Padua,  Aug.  26,  1769.  An 
Italian  philologist,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Padua.  He  cooperated  with  Forcellini  in  the  compila- 
tion of  the  Latin  dictionary  “Totius  latinitatis  lexicon," 
which  appeared  under  their  names  (1771,  and  later  edi- 
tions). 

Face  (fas).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  play  “The  Al- 
chemist,” a servant  of  Lovewit.  He  is  left  in 
charge  of  his  house,  where  all  the  deviltries  of  the  play 
take  place.  He  becomes  the  confederate  of  Subtle,  the 
(pretended)  alchemist,  and  of  Dol  Common,  his  mistress. 
He  is  a daring,  cheating,  spirited  schemer  of  great  au- 
dacity. In  the  house  he  is  Subtle’s  understrapper  and 
varlet;  outside  he  takes  the  part  of  a Paul’s  man  and 
brings  in  dupes  to  Subtle.  On  the  return  of  his  master 
he  is  discovered,  but  makes  terms  with  him. 

Fackeux  (fa-slie'),  Les.  [F.,  ‘The  Bores.’]  A 
comedy  by  Moli&re,  first  represented  at  Van, 
before  the  king,  in  1661. 

Facino  Cane  (fa-che'no  ka'ne).  A story  by 
Balzac.  It  was  written  in  1836,  and  describes 
his  struggles  with  poverty. 

Faddiley  (fad'i-li).  A place  near  Nantwich, 
Cheshire,  England,  regarded  as  identical  with 
Fethan-Seag,  the  scene  of  a battle  (584)  in 
which  Ceawlin  was  defeated  by  the  Britons. 

Faddle  (fad'l).  In  Moore’s  play  “The  Found- 
ling,” a knavish  fop,  intended  to  satirize  Rus- 
sell, a well-known  social  favorite  of  the  day. 


Fadladeen 

Fadladeen  (fad-la-den').  In  Moore’s  metrical 
romance  ‘ ‘ Lalla  I'iookh,  ” the  grand  chamberlain 
of  the  harem.  He  is  an  infallible  judge  of  everything, 
from  the  penciling  of  a Circassian’s  eyelids  to  the  deepest 
questions  of  science  and  literature. 

Fadladinida  (fad-la-din'i-da).  In  Carey’s  bur- 
lesque “Chrononhotonthologos,”  the  Queen  of 
Queerummania  and  wife  of  King  Chrononhoton- 
thologos. Her  conduct  is  easy  in  the  extreme. 
Faed  (fad),  John.  Born  at  Burley  Mill  in  1819: 
died  at  Gatehouse  of  Fleet,  Scotland,  Oct.  22, 
1902.  A Scottish  genre  and  landscape  painter, 
brother  of  Thomas  Faed. 

Faed,  Thomas.  Born  at  Burley  Mill,  Kirkcud- 
brightshire. Scotland,  June  8,1826:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  17, 1900.  A Scottish  painter.  Among 

his  paintings,  which  are  mostly  delineations  of  Scottish 
life,  are  “Sir  Walter  Scott  and  his  Friends  ” (1849),  “The 
Mitherless  Bairn "(1855),  “Jeanie  Deans  and  the  Duke  of 
Argyll  ” (1868),  “ School  Board  in  the  North  ” (1881),  etc. 
Faenza  (fa-en'za).  A walled  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ravenna,  Italy,  on  the  Lamone  (or 
Amone) : the  ancient  Faventia.  it  is  noted  for  its 
manufacture  of  silk  and  paper,  and  formerly  of  faience, 
which  is  named  from  it.  It  has  a cathedral  and  picture- 
gallery,  and  was  defended  by  a citadel.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Torricelli.  The  cathedral  (duomo)  is  a large  and 
handsome  Renaissance  basilica,  containing  some  good 
paintings  and  sculptured  tombs.  The  shrine  of  San  Sa- 
vino,  the  earliest  local  bishop,  by  Benedetto  da  Majano 
(1472),  consists  of  an  altar,  above  which  is  the  sarcophagus, 
with  six  reliefs  of  scenes  from  the  saint’s  life,  and  other 
sculptures.  Population,  city,  13,966  ; commune,  40,370. 

Faerie  Queene  (fa'e-ri  kwen),  or  Fairy  (far'i) 
Queen,  The.  An  allegorical  poem  of  chivalry 
by  Edmund  Spenser.  The  original  plan  comprised  12 
books.  Of  these  I. -III.  were  published  in  1590,  and  IV.-VT. 
in  1596.  Fragments  of  later  books  were  published  in  1611. 

Spenser’s  letter  to  Raleigh  appended  to  the  fragment 
of  “The  Faerie  Queene,”  “expounding  his  whole  intention 
in  the  course  of  this  work,”  said  only  that  “ he  laboured 
to  pourtraict  in  Arthure,  before  he  was  king,  the  image 
of  a brave  knight,  perfected  in  the  twelve  moral  vertues, 
as  Aristotle  hath  devised,  the  which  is  the  purpose  of  the 
first  twelve  books;  which  if  I flnde  to  be  well  accepted,  I 
may  be  perhaps  encouraged  to  frame  the  other  part,  of 
polliticke  vertues,  in  his  person  after  that  hee  came  to  be 
king.  ” It  was  left  for  the  reader  to  discover  how  grand 
a design  was  indicated  by  these  unassuming  words.  Spen- 
ser said  that  by  the  Faerie  Queene,  whom  Arthur  sought, 
“I  mean  glory  in  my  generall  intention,  but  in  my  par- 
ticular I conceive  the  most  excellent  and  glorious  person 
of  our  soveraine  the  queene,  and  her  kingdom  in  Faery- 
land."  Morley,  English  Writers,  IX.  317. 

Twelve  knights,  representing  twelve  virtues,  were  to 
have  been  sent  on  adventures  from  theCourtof  Gloriana, 
Queen  of  Fairyland.  The  six  finished  books  give  the  le- 
gends (each  subdivided  into  twelve  cantos,  averaging  fifty 
or  sixty  stanzas  each)  of  Holiness,  Temperance,  Chastity, 
Friendship,  Justice,  and  Courtesy:  while  a fragment  of 
two  splendid  “ Cantos  on  Mutability”  is  supposed  to  have 
belonged  to  a seventh  book  (not  necessarily  seventh  in 
order)  on  Constancy.  Legend  has  it  that  the  poem  was 
actually  completed ; but  this  seems  improbable,  as  the 
first  three  books  were  certainly  ten  years  in  hand,  and  the 
second  three  six  more.  The  existing  poem,  comprehend- 
ing some  four  thousand  stanzas,  or  between  thirty  and 
forty  thousand  lines,  exhibits  so  many  and  such  varied 
excellences  that  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  the  poet  could 
have  done  anything  new  in  kind. 

Saintsbury , Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit,,  p.  88. 

Faesulse  (fes'u-le).  The  ancient  name  of  Fiesole. 
Fafnir  (faf'ner).  [ON.  Fdfnir.']  In  the  Old 
Norse  version  of  the  Siegfried  legend,  a son  of 
the  giant  Hreidmar  (ON.  Hreidhmarr).  He  was 
the  possessor  of  the  treasure  originally  owned  by  Andvari 
and  afterward  called  the  hoard  of  the  Nibelungs,  upon 
which  he  lay  in  the  guise  of  a dragon.  He  was  slain  by 
Sigurd,  who  thus  became  the  owner  of  the  hoard. 

Fag  (fag).  In  Sheridan’s  comedy  “The  Rivals,” 
the  lying  and  ingenious  servant  of  Captain 
Absolute. 

Fagin  (fa'gin).  In  Charles  Dickens’s  “Oliver 
Twist,”  a villainous  old  Jew,  an  employer  of 
thieves  and  pickpockets,  a receiver  of  stolen 
goods,  and  the  abductor  of  Oliver  Twist.  He 
is  finally  sentenced  to  death  for  complicity  in 
a murder. 

Fagnani  (fan-ya'ne),  Joseph.  Born  at  Naples, 
Dec.  24, 1819:  died  at  New  York,  May  22,  1873. 
An  Italian- American  portrait-painter. 

Fagotin  (fa-go-tan').  A very  clever  monkey, 
well  known  in  Paris  in  Molierc’s  time,  and  often 
alluded  to  in  the  literature  of  that  period. 
Fahey  (fa'hi),  James.  BornatPaddington, April 
16,1804:  died  at  London,  Dec.  11, 1885.  AnEng- 
lish  water-color  painter,  chiefly  of  landscapes. 
Fahie,  Sir  William  Charles.  Born  1763:  died 
at  Bermuda,  Jan.  11,  1833.  A British  vice-ad- 
miral. ne  was  descended  from  an  Irish  family  settled 
at  St.  Christopher’s;  joined  the  navy  in  1777;  participated 
as  commander  in  the  capture  of  the  Danish  West  India 
Islands  in  Dec.,  1807,  and  in  the  reduction  of  Martinique 
in  Feb.,  1809;  and  served  as  commodore  in  (he  reduction 
of  Guadeloupe  in  Feb.,  1810.  He  was  appointed  vice-ad- 
miral July  22,  1830. 

Fahien  (fa-he-en').  A Chinese  Buddhist  monk 
who  made  a pilgrimage  to  India,  about  399 
A D.,  to  carry  back  to  China  complete  copies  of 


377 

the  Yinaya,  or  rules  of  discipline,  for  the  order. 
He  wrote  a valuable  account  of  his  travels,  which  lasted 
fourteen  years.  It  has  been  translated  by  Beal,  Giles,  and 
Legge. 

Fahlcrantz  (fal'krants),  Christian  Erik.  Born 
at  Stora-Tuna,  Dalecarlia,  Sweden,  Aug.  30, 
1790  : died  at  Westerns,  Sweden,  Aug.  6,  1866. 
A Swedish  poet  and  polemical  writer,  author 
of  “Noach’s  Ark,”  a poem  (1825-26),  etc. 

Fahlcrantz,  Karl  Johann.  Born  at  Stora-T una, 
Dalecarlia,  Sweden,  Nov.  29,  1774:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Jan.  1,  1861.  A Swedish  landscape- 
painter,  brother  of  C.  E.  Fahlcrantz. 

Fahlun.  See  Falun. 

Fahrenheit  (fa'ren-hit),  Gabriel  Daniel.  Born 
at  Dantzic,  Prussia,  May  14,  1686 : died  in  the 
Netherlands,  Sept.  16,  1736.  A German  physi- 
cist. He  introduced  the  use  of  mercury  in  the  thermom- 
eter about  1714,  and  devised  the  Fahrenheit  thermomet- 
ric scale. 

Faidherbe  (fa-darb'),  Louis  Leon  Cesar. 

Born  at  Lille,  France,  June  3,  1818 : died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  28,  1889.  A French  general.  He 
became  governor  of  Senegal  in  1854.  In  1863,  while  serv- 
ing in  Algeria,  he  was  made  brigadier-general,  and  soon 
after  he  was  again  governor  of  Senegal.  He  returned  to 
Algeria  in  1865.  In  the  Franco-Prussian  war  he  was  in- 
trusted by  Gambetta  with  the  command  of  the  army  of 
the  north,  but  was  defeated  by  Von  Goeben  at  Bapaume, 
Jan.  3,  1871,  and  St.  Quentin,  Jan.  19.  lie  was  elected 
senator  in  1879.  He  published  a series  of  important 
works  on  the  geography,  anthropology,  and  philology  of 
Senegal  and  Algeria. 

Faido  (fi'do).  A small  place  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  on  the  Ticino  and  the  St. 
Gotthard  Railway,  southeast  of  Airolo.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  Leventina. 

Faillon  (fa-ydn'),  Michel  Etienne.  Born  at 
Tarascon,  France,  1799:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  25, 
1870.  A French  Sulpician,  a writer  on  Cana- 
dian history  and  biography. 

Failly  (fa-ye'),  Pierre  Louis  Charles  Achille 
de.  Born  at  Rozoy-sur-Serre,  Aisne,  Franco, 
Jan.  21,  1810:  died  in  Compiegne,  Nov.  15, 
1892.  A French  general.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1828 ; served  with  distinction,  first  as  brigadier-general, 
then  as  general  of  division,  in  the  Crimean  war ; fought  at 
the  battle  of  Solferino  in  1859 ; and  was  commander  of  the 
French  troops  seut  to  the  relief  of  the  Pope  in  1867,  but 
was  not  present  at  the  defeat  of  Garibaldi  at  Mentana,  He 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  5th  army  corps  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war.  During  the  bat- 
tles of  Spicheren  and  Worth  (Aug.  6, 1870),  he  remained 
inactive  at  Bitsch  ; and  Aug.  30,  1870,  was  defeated  near 
Beaumont,  in  consequence  of  which  the  Germans  were 
enabled  to  cut  off  MacMahon’s  retreat.  He  was  super- 
seded in  his  command  by  General  Wimpffen  on  the  day 
of  the  battle  of  Sedan,  Sept.  1,  1870,  immediately  before 
the  fight.  Author  of  “ Campagne  de  1870 : operations  et 
marches  du  corps  ” (1871). 

Fainall  (fan'al).  Iu  Congreve’s  comedy  “The 
Way  of  the  World,”  a scoundrel  in  love  with 
Mrs.  Marwood. 

Faineant  (fa-na-oit'),  Le  Noir.  [F.,  ‘ The  Black 
Sluggard.’]  In  Scott’s  “ Ivanlioe,”  the  name 
given  to  the  Black  Knight  (Richard  Cceur  de 
Lion)  on  account  of  his  behavior  during  a 
tournament,  in  which,  however,  he  finally  con- 
quers. 

Fainwell,  or  Feignwell  (fan'wel),  Colonel.  In 

Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy  “A  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Wife,”  an  ingenious  gallant  who  is  in  love  with 
Mrs.  Lovely’s  person  and  fortune.  Hetakesvari- 
ous  disguises  to  win  her  from  her  several  guardians,  among 
them  that  of  “Simon  Pure,”  by  means  of  which  he  secures 
her.  See  Pure,  Simon. 

Fairbairn  (far'bam),  Andrew  Martin.  Bom 

near  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  Nov.  4,  iud8:  died 
at  London,  Feb. 9, 1912.  A Scottish  theologian 
and  metaphysician.  He  was  principal  of  Airedale 
College,  Bradford,  England  (1877),  and  in  1886  was  ap- 
pointed the  first  principal  of  the  extra-university  Mans- 
fold  Co11—-  at.  Oxford  (p^^itn,  inon\  Ue  was  tbe 
author  of  “Studies  in  the  Philosophy  of  Religion  and  His- 
tory " (1876),  “ The  City  of  God  ” (1882),  and  other  works. 

Fairbairn,  Patrick.  Born  at  Greenlaw,  Ber- 
wickshire, Scotland,  Jan.  28,  3805 : died  at  Glas- 
gow, Aug.  6,  1874.  A Scottish  clergyman  and 
theological  writer.  He  was  professor  and  ultimately 
principal  of  the  Free  Church  College  at  Glasgow,  and  pub- 
lished “Typology  of  Scripture”  (1845),  “Hermeneutical 
Manual  ” (1858),  etc. 

Fairbairn,  Sir  Peter.  Born  at  Kelso,  Scotland, 
Sept.,  1799:  died  Jan.  4,  1861.  A Scottish  en- 
gineer, inventor,  and  manufacturer.  He  invented 
machines  used  in  spinning  wool  and  flax,  and  founded  an 
extensive  establishment  at  Leeds  for  the  manufacture  of 
these  and  other  machines  and  tools. 

Fairbairn,  Sir  ¥/illiam.  Born  at  Kelso,  Rox- 
burghshire, Feb.  19,  1789:  died  at  Moor  Park, 
Surrey,  Aug.  18, 1874.  A noted  Scotch  engineer. 
Commencing  life  as  a day-laborer,  he  >vas  apprenticed  to 
a millwright  in  1804,  and  in  1817  started  an  engineering 
business  in  Manchester.  He  had  ship-building  works  at 
Mill  wall,  London,  1835-49.  As  a practical  engineer  he  is 
best  known  as  the  designer  of  the  rectangular  tube,  un- 


Fairfax,  Thomas 

supported  by  chains,  which  is  the  distinctive  feature  of 
the  Britannia  bridge  built  across  the  Menai  Strait.  He 
was  made  a baronet  in  1869. 

Fairbanks  (far'bangks),  Erastus.  Born  at 
Brimfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  28,  1792:  died  at  St. 
Johnsbnry,  Vt.,  Nov.  20,  1864.  An  American 
manufacturer  and  politician.  He  patented  the 
“Fairbanks  scales"  in  1831.  He  was  governor  of  Vermont 
1852-53  and  1860-61. 

Fairchild  (far'cbild),  James  Harris.  Born  at 
Stockbridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  25,  1817 : died  March 
19,1902.  An  American  educator.  He  was  gradu- 
ated in  1838  at  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  where  he  w;is  tutor 
1838-42,  professor  oflanguages  1842-47,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics 1847-58,  professor  of  moral  philosophy  and  theol- 
ogy 1858-66,  and  president  1866-89.  He  wrote  “Moral 
Philosophy,  or  A Science  of  Obligation  ’’  (1869),  “ Needed 
Phases  of  Christianity  ’’  (1875),  etc.,  and  edited  “Memoirs 
of  Charles  G.  Finney"  (1876). 

Fairchild,  Lucius.  Born  at  Franklin  Mills 
(Kent),  Portage  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  27,  1831: 
died  May  23,  1896.  An  American  general  and 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  I860,  and  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  became  a captain  of  vol- 
unteers in  the  Union  army.  He  led,  as  colonel  of  the  2d 
Wisconsin,  a charge  on  Seminary  Hill  at  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg,  in  which  he  lost  his  left  arm ; and  was  pro- 
moted brigadier-general  Oct.  19,  1863.  He  was  governor 
of  Wisconsin  1866-72,  United  States  consul  at  Liverpool 
1872-78,  consul-general  at  Paris  1878-80,  and  minister  to 
Spain  1880-82.  He  was  elected  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  in  1886. 

Fair  Em  (far  em).  A play  printed  in  1631.  it 
has  been  ascribed  to  Shakspere  for  the  single  reason  that 
in  Garrick’s  collection  was  a volume,  which  once  belonged 
to  Charles  II.,  containing  this  and  other  doubtful  plays, 
and  marked  on  the  hack  “Shakspeare,  Vol.  I." 

Fair  Example,  The,  or  The  Modish  Citizens. 

A play  by  Estcourt,  taken  from  the  same  source 
as  Vanbrugh’s  “Confederacy.”  It  was  per- 
formed at  Drury  Lane  in  1703. 

Fairfax  (far'faks),  Edward.  [The  surname 
Fairfax,  ME.  Fairfax,  Fayrefax,  etc.,  means 
‘fair-haired.’]  Born  at  Denton,  Yorkshire:  died 
Jan. , 1635.  An  English  poet,  a son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax.  He  wrote  a translation  of  Tasso’s  “Gerusa- 
lemme  Liberata”  (1600),  and  12  eclogues. 

Fairfax,  Ferdinando,  second  Baron  Fairfax. 
Born  March  29,  1584:  died  March  14,  1648.  A 
Parliamentary  leader  in  the  civil  war.  He  repre- 
sented the  county  of  York  in  the  Long  Parliament,  iu 
which  he  acted  with  the  popular  party ; and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Parliamentary  forces  in  Yorkshire.  He  was  defeated 
by  Newcastle  on  Adwalton  Moor,  near  Bradford,  June  30, 
1643,  and  was  besieged  by  the  same  general  at  Hull  Sept. 
2-Oct.  11,  1643,  when  he  raised  the  siege  by  a successful 
sally.  He  defeated  Colonel  John  Bellasis  at  Selby  April 

11,  1644,  and,  joining  forces  with  the  Scots,  was  stationed 
with  his  army  on  the  right  of  the  Parliamentary  line  at 
Marston  Moor,  July  2,  1644,  where  he  gave  way  before 
the  onslaught  of  Prince  Rupert,  who  was  in  turn  defeated 
by  Cromwell. 

Fairfax,  Robert.  Born  Feb.,  1666:  died  Oct.  17, 
1725.  A British  rear-admiral.  He  commanded  a 
vessel  in  the  English  fleet  at  the  reduction  of  Gibraltar, 
July  23,  and  in  the  battle  of  Malaga,  Aug.  13,  1704.  He  was 
made  rear-admiral  iu  1708. 

Fairfax,  Thomas,  third  Baron  Fairfax.  Born 
at  Denton,  Yorkshire,  Jan.  17,  1612 : died  Nov. 

12,  1671.  A celebrated  Parliamentary  leader  in 
the  civil  war  in  England.  He  was  the  son  of  Fer- 
dinando, second  Lord  Fairfax ; was  educated  at  St.  John’s 
College,  Cambridge  ; and  learned  the  art  of  war  under  Sir 
Horace  Vere  in  the  Low  Countries.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  appointed  second  in  command  of  the  Par- 
liamentary forces  in  Yorkshire  ; captured  Wakefield  May 
21, 1643 ; and  commanded  the  horseof  the  right  wing  at  the 
battle  of  Marston  Moor.  He  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Parliamentary  army  Jan.  21,  1645,  and  in 
April  of  the  same  year  organized  the  “ New  Model.”  He 
defeated  Charles  I.  at  Naseby  June  14, 1645 ; defeated  Gor- 
ing at  Langport,  Somersetshire,  July  10,  1645;  reduced 
Bristol  Sept.  10, 1645  ; and  took  Oxford  June  20,1646.  He 
disapproved  of  the  seizure  of  the  king  by  Joyce,  but  was 
forced  by  the  attitude  of  the  army  to  acquiesce  in  this  mea- 
sure as  well  as  in  “Pride’s  Purge  ” and  in  the  execution  of 
the  king.  On  the  establishment  of  the  Commonwealth,  he 
was  reappointed  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  in 
England  and  Ireland,  March  30, 1649,  but  resigned,  June  25, 
1650,  on  account  of  conscientious  scruples  about  invading 
Scotland.  During  the  rest  of  the  Commonwealth  period, 
and  during  the  Protectorate,  he  lived  in  retirement  at  Nun 
Appleton,  Yorkshire.  He  represented  Yorkshirein  R ichard 
Cromwell’s  Parliament,  in  which  he  acted  with  the  opposi- 
tion. Having  in  Nov.,  1659,  entered  into  negotiations  with 
Monk  for  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  he  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  an  army,  and,  Jan.  1, 1660,  took  possession  of 
York,  and  later  in  the  same  year  was  chosen  to  head  the 
commissioners  of  the  two  houses  sent  to  the  king  at  The 
Hague.  He  left  two  autobiographical  works:  “ A Short 
Memorial  of  the  Northern  Actions  during  the  War  there, 
from  the  Year  1642  till  1644,"  and  “Short  Memorials  of  some 
Things  to  be  cleared  during  my  Command  in  the  Army.” 

Fairfax,  Thomas,  sixth  Baron  Fairfax.  Born 
at  Denton,  Yorkshire,  1692:  died  near  Winches- 
ter, Va.,  March  12,  1782.  An  American  colonist. 
His  paternal  estates  in  Yorkshire  having  been  sold  to  sat- 
isfy the  creditors  of  his  father,  Thomas,  fifth  Lord  Fairfax, 
he  emigrated  in  1746  or  1747  to  America,  where  he  had  in- 
herited the  northern  neck  of  Virginia,  between  thePotomac 
and  the  Rappahannock,  and  whore  he  eventually  built  a 
residence,  called  Greenway  Court,  near  Winchester.  He 


Fairfax,  Thomas 

was  a friend  of  Washington  to  whom  (then  a youth  of  little 
over  sixteen)  he  intrusted  the  surveying  and  mapping  of 
his  property  in  the  Shenandoah  valley.  He  was  a firm 
loyalist 

Fairfield  (far'feld).  A town  in  Fairfield  County, 
Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Island  Sound  21 
miles  southwest  of  New  Haven,  it  contains  the 
villages  of  Southport,  Greenfield  Hill,  Black  Rock,  etc.  It 
was  burned  by  Tryon  in  1779.  Population,  6,134,  (1910). 
Fairford  (far'ford),  Alan.  In  Scott’s  novel 
“ Redgauntlet,”  the  devoted  friend  and  corre- 
spondent of  Darsie  Latimer,  When  Darsie  was  miss- 
ing, Fairford  searched  for  him  through  many  dangers  un- 
til he  found  him.  Lockhart  says  that  Scott  unquestionably 
portrayed  himself  in  this  character. 

Fair  Head.  A promontory  in  County  Antrim, 
at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Ireland. 

Fair  Helen  of  Kirkconnell.  A popular  ballad. 

It  is  founded  on  the  story  that  a lady,  Helen  Bell  or  Irving 
(the  name  is  disputed),  the  daughter  of  the  Laird  of  Kirk- 
connell in  Dumfriesshire,  while  meeting  her  lover  clandes- 
tinely in  the  churchyard  of  Kirkconnell,  saw  another  and 
rejected  lover  taking  aim  at  him.  She  threw  herself  before 
him,  was  shot,  and  died  in  his  arms.  A mortal  combat  be- 
tween the  two  lovers  followed,  and  the  murderer  was  killed. 
The  ballad  is  in  two  parts  — an  address  by  the  lover  to  his 
lady,  and  the  lament  of  the  lover  over  her  grave.  There  are 
several  versions. 

Fairholt  (far'holt),  Frederick  William.  Bom 

at  London,  1814:  died  at  Brompton,  London, 
April  3, 1866.  An  English  artist  and  antiquary. 
He  illustrated  a number  of  works,  including  Chatto's  “Trea- 
tise on  Wood  Engraving  ” and  Halliwell  s “ Life  of  Shak- 
spere,”  and  published  “ Costume  in  England  ”(1846),  “The 
Home  of  Shakespeare ” (1847),  “Tobacco  : its  History  and 
Associations  ' (1859),  etc.,  and  edited  “A  Dictionary  of 
Terms  in  Art  ” (1854). 

Fairies,  The.  An  operatic  adaptation  of  Shak- 
spere’s  “Midsummer  Night’s  Dream,”  produced 
in  1755.  It  was  attributed  to  Garrick,  but  he 
denied  its  authorship. 

Fair  Isle.  A small  island  situated  between  the 
Orkneys  and  Shetlands,  Scotland.  It  is  nearer 
the  former  group,  but  belongs  to  the  latter. 
Fair  Jilt,  The.  A novel  by  Aphra  Behn.  It 
recounts  experiences  in  the  life  of  the  writer. 
Fairlegh  (far'li),  Frank.  The  pseudonym  of 
F.  E.  Smedley,  the  author  of  ‘ 1 Frank  Fairlegh  ” 
and  “ Lewis  Arundel,”  two  novels  published  in 
“Sharpe’s  London  Magazine,” of  which  Smed- 
ley was  the  editor  1848-49. 

Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchange,  The.  A play  at- 
tributed to  Thomas  Heywood,  printed  in  1607. 
The  second  title  is  “ The  Pleasant  Humours  of 
the  Cripple  of  Fenchurch.” 

Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  The.  A posthumous 
comedy  by  Fletcher,  finished  by  Massinger  and 
perhaps  Rowley,  licensed  in  1626,  and  printed 
in  1647.  The  plot  is  partly  from  one  of  Cer- 
vantes’s novels. 

Fair  Maid  of  Kent,  The.  Joan,  the  daughter 
of  Edmond  Plantagenet,  earl  of  Kent. 

Fair  Maid  of  Norway,  The.  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Eric  II.  of  Norway,  and  granddaughter 
of  Alexander  HI.  of  Scotland. 

Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  The.  A historical  novel 
by  Scott,  published  in  1828,  named  from  a sur- 
name of  its  heroine,  Catherine  Glover,  it  is  one 
of  the  “Chronicles  of  the  Canongate,"  professedly  related 
by  Chrystal  CroftangTy.  The  scene  is  laid  at  Perth  during 
the  reign  of  Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Fairmount  Park  (far'mount  park).  A park  in 
Philadelphia,  covering  2,791  acres.  The  Schuylkill 
River  and  Wissahickon  Creek  run  through  it.  In  1876  the 
Centennial  Exhibition  was  held  within  its  limits.  It  con- 
tains a number  of  historic  houses. 

Fair  Oaks,  or  Seven  Pines.  A place  7 miles 
east  of  Richmond,  Virginia.  Here,  May  31  and  June 
1,  1862,  the  Federal  forces  under  McClellan  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  J.  E.  Johnston.  The  loss  of  the  Fed- 
erals  was  5,031 ; of  the  Confederates,  6,134. 
fair  Penitent,  The.  A tragedy  by  Rowe,  pro- 
duced in  1703.  It  was  founded  on  Massinger’s  “Fatal 
Dowry,”  and  was  a “wholesale  felony.”  Mrs.  Barry  was 
the  original  representative  of  Calista,  “ The  Fair  Penitent,” 
a part  which  she  created  in  her  forty-fifth  year,  and  which 
was  one  of  her  greatest  tragic  triumphs.  See  Calista. 

Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,  Tlie,  or  The  Humours 
of  the  Navy.  A comedy  by  Charles  Shadwell, 
published  in  1710. 

Fair  Rosamond.  See  Clifford,  Rosamond. 
Fairscribe  (far'skrib).  The  imaginary  legal 
friend  who  with  his  daughter  Kate  is  of  assis- 
tance to  Chrystal  Croftangry  in  writing  Scott’s 
“Chronicles  of  the  Canongate.” 

Fairservice  (far'ser//vis),  Andrew.  In  Scott’s 
novel  “Rob  Roy,”  a gardener.  He  is  shrewd 
but  cowardly,  and,  though  discharged  as  a nui- 
sance, will  not  go. 

Fair  Sidea  (far  si-de'a),  The.  A play  composed 
or  compiled  by  Jakob  Ayrer,  a German.  It  was 
supposed  by  Tieck  to  be  the  source  of  Shakspere’s  “Tem- 
pest,” but  was  probably  published  later. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  there  is  really  any  ground  com- 
mon to  “The  Tempest"  and  to  “The  Fair  Sidea."  One  or 


378 

two  mere  points  of  contact  there  are,  but  they  are  points 
of  altogether  minor,  nay,  of  minimum,  importance. 

Furness,  Shak.Var.,  Pref.,  p.  x. 

Fairweather  (far'weTH//er),  Mount.  Amoun- 
tain  in  Alaska,  about  lat.  58°  45' N.,  long.  137° 
10' W.  Height,  15,292  feet. 

Fairy  Queen,  The.  See  Faerie  Qucene. 
Faiseur  (fa-zer'),  Le.  [E.,  ‘The  Speculator.’] 
A play  by  Balzac.  See  Mercadet. 

Faithful  (fath'ful).  A character  in  the  first 
part  of  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress.”  He 
is  put  to  death  at  Vanity  Fair. 

Faithful,  Jacob.  See  Jacob  Faithful. 
Faithfull,  Emily.  Born  at  Headley,  near  Guild- 
ford, England,  in  1835:  died  at  Manchester,  May 
31,1895.  An  English  philanthropist.  She  was  an 
advocate  of  the  claims  of  women  to  remunerative  employ- 
ment, and  did  much  to  secure  it  for  them.  She  founded 
a printing  establishment  (1860)  for  their  employment  as 
compositors,  and  started  the  “ Victoria  Magazine  ” in  1863. 
She  was  also  a successful  lecturer,  and  published  “ Three 
Visits  to  America  " (1884). 

Faithful  Shepherdess,  The.  A pastoral  drama 
by  Fletcher,  published  probably  in  1609.  it  was 
somewhat  influenced  by  the  Italian  pastorals,  especially 
by  Guarini's  “Pastor  Fido.”  Milton  obtained  some  hints 
for  “Comus”from  it. 

The  delightful  pastoral  of  “ The  Faithful  Shepherdess,” 
which  ranks  with  Jonson’s  “Sad  Shepherd”  and  with 
“ Comus”  as  the  three  chiefs  of  its  style  in  English. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  262. 

Faithorne  (fa/ thorn),  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don in  1616  : died  at  London  in  May,  1691.  An 
English  engraver,  noted  especially  for  his  por- 
traits. 

Faithorne,  William.  Bom  at  London  in  1656 : 
died  after  1700.  An  English  engraver,  son  of 
William  Faithorne  (1616-91). 

Faizabad,  or  Fyzabad  (fi-za-bad').  1.  A di- 
vision in  Oudh,  British  India.  Area,  12,113 
square  miles.  Population,  6,855,991. — 2.  A 
district  in  the  Faizabad  division,  situated  in 
lat.  263-27°  N.,  long.  81°-83°  E.  Area,  1,740 
square  miles.  Population,  1,225,374. — 3.  The 
capital  of  the  Faizabad  district,  situated  near 
the  Gogra  in  lat.  26°  47'  N.,  long.  82°  10' 
E.  It  was  the  capital  of  Oudh  in  the  middle  of  the  18th 
century,  and  was  one  of  the  centers  of  the  mutiny  of 
1857.  Population,  76,085. 

4.  The  capital  of  Badakshan,  central  Asia,  on 
a tributary  of  the  Amu-Daria. 

Falaba  (fa-la'  ba).  A native  town  in  western 
Africa,  situated  about  180  miles  northeast  of 
Free  Town. 

Falaise  (fa-laz').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  France,  on  the  river  Ante  22  miles 
south-southeast  of  Caen.  It  was  taken  from  the 
English  in  1450,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  from  the 
Leaguers  by  Henry  IV.  The  castle,  the  birthplace  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  is  a very  large  and  imposing  Nor- 
man fortress,  with  outer  walls  strengthened  by  cylindri- 
cal towers,  and  a huge  rectangular  keep.  Population, 
commune,  7,014. 

Falashas  (fa-la' shas).  [Abyssinian,  ‘stran- 
gers,’ ‘immigrants.’]  A tribe  of  Abyssinia 
which  professes  the  Jewish  religion,  and  claims 
descent  from  Hebrew  immigrants  who  followed 
the  Queen  of  Sheba.  Their  name  is  derived  from  the 
Ethiopic  falasa,  a stranger.  In  the  middle  ages  they 
formed  a conquering  kingdom,  but  finally  were  overcome 
by  the  Christian  Abyssinians,  and  now  live  scattered  in 
small  colonies.  Their  sacred  books  are  written  in  Geez; 
their  dialects  are  identical  with  those  of  their  surrounding 
peoples.  They  are  an  industrious  and  peaceful  people, 
numbering  about  60,000. 

Falces,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Mexico.  See 
Peralta,  Gaston  de. 

Falcon  (fal-kon').  A maritime  state  of  Vene- 
zuela. Zulia  has  been  several  times  united 
with  it.  Area,  36,212  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 173,968. 

Falcon  (fa/kn  or  fal'kon).  A ship  commanded 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert’s 
expedition  to  America  in  1578.  The  other  ships 
were  soon  obliged  to  return,  but  Raleigh  reached  the  Cape 
Verde  Islands.  Owing  to  scarcity  of  provisions,  he  was 
obliged  to  turn  hack,  and  reached  England  in  May,  1679. 
Falcon,  The.  A famous  London  tavern,  on  the 
Bankside.  It  is  said  to  have  been  patronized 
by  Shakspere  and  his  company.  It  was  taken 
down  in  1808. 

Falcon  (fal-kon'),  Juan  Crisostomo.  Born  on 
the  peninsula  of  Paraguana,  province  of  Coro 
(now  state  of  Falcon),  1820:  died  on  the  island 
of  Martinique,  April  29,  1870.  A Venezuelan 
general.  In  1858  he  headed  the  federalist  revolution, 
which,  alter  a desultory  war  of  five  years,  was  successful. 
He  was  made  president  of  Venezuela  in  1863,  and  in  1864 
sanctioned  a federal  constitution.  Driven  out  by  the  Azul 
revolution,  July,  1867,  he  went  to  Europe;  was  recalled 
after  the  counter-revolution  of  1869,  and  died  while  re- 
turning. 

Falconbridge.  See  Favlconbridge. 

Falcone  (fal-ko'ne),  Aniello.  Born  at  Naples, 


Falke,  Johannes  Friedrich  Gottlieb 

1600 : died  at  Naples,  1665.  An  Italian  battle- 
painter. 

Falconer  (fak'ner  or  fa'kon-er),  Hugh.  Born 
at  Forres,  Elginshire,  Feb.  29,1808:  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  31, 1865.  A Scottish  paleontologist  and 
botanist.  Graduating  M.  A.  at  Aberdeen  in  1828,  and 
M.  D.  at  Edinburgh  in  1829,  he  went  out  to  India  as  assist- 
ant surgeon  in  the  Bengal  establishment  of  the  East  India 
Company  in  1830 ; obtained  charge  of  the  botanic  garden 
at  Saharanpur  in  1832 ; visited  England  1842-47  ; superin- 
tended the  work  of  preparing  for  exhibition  the  Indian 
fossils  in  the  British  Museum  1844-47  ; returned  to  India 
as  superintendent  of  the  Calcutta  Botanical  Garden  and 
professor  of  botany  in  the  Calcutta  Medical  College  in 
1847 ; and  retired  from  the  Indian  service  in  1855.  The 
genus  Falcone ria  is  named  after  him. 

Falconer,  William.  Born  Feb.  11,  1732 : died 
in  1769.  A Scottish  poet.  He  was  the  sou  of  a bar- 
ber in  Edinburgh  ; became  a servant  to  Archibald  Camp- 
bell who  discovered  and  encouraged  his  literary  tastes ; 
and  was  lost  at  sea  in  the  frigate  Aurora,  of  which  he  was 
purser.  His  chief  poem  is  the  “ Shipwreck,  ” published  in 
1762.  He  also  published  “The Universal  Marine  Diction- 
ary "(1769  ; revised  and  enlarged  by  Dr.  William  Burney, 
1815). 

Falconer,  William.  Born  at  Chester,  England. 
Feb.  23, 1744:  died  at  Bath,  Aug.  23, 1824.  An 
English  physician  and  miscellaneous  writer.  In 
1770  he  began  to  practise  medicine  at  Bath,  where  he  was 
physician  to  the  Bath  General  Hospital  1784-1819.  He 
published  “P.emarks  on  the  Influence  of  Climate, . . . Na- 
tureof  Food, and  Wayof  Lifeon  . . . Mankind" (1781),  “A 
Dissertation  on  the  Influence  of  Passions  upon  Disorders 
of  the  Body  ” (1788),  etc.  _ 

Falconet  (fal-ko-na' ),  Etienne  Maurice.  Born 
at  Vevay,  1716:  died'at  Paris,  Jan.  4, 1791.  A 
French  sculptor  and  writer,  a pupil  of  Lemoine. 
In  1766  he  was  called  by  Catharine  II.  to  St.  Petersburg  to 
execute  a colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Peter  the  Great. 

Falczi,  or  Falczy  (fal'she).  A small  place  in 
Rumania,  situated  on  the  Pruth.  See  Pruth, 
Peace  of  the. 

Faleme  (fa-la'ma).  A river  in  Senegambia, 
flowing  north  and  joining  the  Senegal  about  lat. 
14°  45'  N.  Length,  probably  about  200  miles. 
Falerii  (fa-le'ri-i).  [L.  Falerii,  Gr.  <ka\epioi,$ate- 
piov,  connected  with  Palisci,  the  inhabitants.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  Etruria,  Italy, 
situated  about  28  miles  north  of  Rome,  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  Civita  Castellana.  It  be- 
longed to  the  Etruscan  Confederation,  and  was 
destroyed  by  the  Romans  241  B.  c. 

Falernus  Ager  (fa-ler'nus  a'jer).  [L.,  ‘the 
Falemian  field  or  district.’]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a fertile  territory  in  Campania,  Italy,  sit- 
uated north  of  the  Vulturnus,  from  20  to  25 
miles  north  of  Naples.  It  was  celebrated  for 
its  wines. 

F alguiere  (f  al-gyar ' ),  Jean  Alexandre  J oseph. 

Bom  at  Toulouse,  France,  Sept.  7, 1831:  died  at 
Paris,  April  19,  1900.  A French  genre  painter 
and  sculptor,  a pupil  of  Jouffroy,  member  of 
the  Institute  1882.  Among  his  works  are  “The 
Wrestlers"  (1874),  “Slaughter  of  a Bull”  (1881),  “Fan 
and  Poignard  ” (1882),  “ Acis  and  Galatea”  (1885). 

Falieri  (fa-le-a're),  Marino.  Born  at  Venice, 
1278  (1274  ?) : died  there,  April  17, 1355.  A doge 
of  Venice.  He  commanded  in  1346  the  Venetian  troops 
at  the  siege  of  Zara  in  Dalmatia,  and  was  elected  doge  in 
1354.  He  conspired  with  the  plebeians  against  the  patri- 
cians, with  a view  to  usurping  the  supreme  power  in  the 
state,  and  was  executed  for  treason.  In  the  Hall  of  the 
Grand  Council  in  the  Palace  of  the  Doges,  Venice,  where 
the  portraits  of  the  doges  are  displayed,  the  place  of  his 
portrait  is  occupied  by  a tablet-  He  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  tragedies  by  Byron  (1820)  and  Casimir  Dela- 
vigne  (1829),  and  of  a novel  by  Hoffmann  (“Doge  und 
Dogaressa  ’ ’). 

Falisci  (fa-lis'i).  The  inhabitants  of  Falerii; 
the  Faliscans. 

Falk  (falk),  Johannes  Daniel.  Born  at  Dant- 
zic,  Prussia,  Oct.  28,  1768 : died  at  Weimar, 
Germany,  Feb.  14,  1826.  A German  philan- 
thropist and  writer,  founder  of  the  Falksehes 
Institut  (for  abandoned  and  neglected  children) 
at  Weimar  in  1813. 

Falk,  Paul  Ludwig  Adalbert.  Born  at 
Metschkau,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Aug.  10, 1827 : died 
at  Hamm,  Westphalia,  July  7,  1900.  A Prus- 
sian statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  Prussian  min- 
ister of  public  worship  aud  instruction  1872-79,  in  which 
capacity  he  was  instrumental  in  carrying  the  so-called 
May  laws  (1873-75),  aimed  at  the  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy. 

Falke  (fal'ke),  Jakob.  Born  June  21,1825: 
died  June  12,  1897.  A German  historian  of 
art  and  civilization,  brother  of  J.  F.  G.  Falke. 

His  works  include  “ Die  ritterliche  Gesellschaftim  Zeital- 
ter  des  Frauenkultus ” (1863),  “Geschichte  des  modernen 
Geschmacks  ” (1866),  “ Geschichte  des  fiirstlichen  Hauses 
Lichtenstein  ’ (1863-83),  “Hellas  und  Rom  " (1880),  "Ge- 
schichte des  Geschmacks  im  Hittelalter  ” (1893),  etc. 

Falke,  Johannes  Friedrich  Gottlieb.  Born 

at  Ratzeburg,  Prussia,  April  20,  1823 : died  at 
Dresden,  March  1,  1876.  A German  historian. 
His  works  include  “Geschichte  des  deutseben  Handels 
(18f)iMJ0),  “Die  llansa”  (1862),  “Geschichte des  deutschen 
Zollwesens  * (I860),  etc. 


Falkirk 

Falkirk  (fal'kerk).  [ME.  Fawkirk,  prob.  from 
faw,  fauch,  pale  red  (a  var.  of  fallow),  and 
kirk,  church.]  A burgh  in  Stirlingshire,  Scot- 
land, 24  miles  west  by  north  of  Edinburgh.  For- 
merly it  was  celebrated  tor  its  trysts  or  cattle-fairs.  It  is 
united  with  Airdrie,  Hamilton,  Lanark,  and  Linlithgow  to 
form  the  Falkirk  district  of  burghs,  which  returns  one 
member  to  Parliament.  The  Scots  under  Wallace  were 
defeated  here  July  22,  1298,  and  Charles  Edward,  the 
“ Young  Pretender,"  defeated  the  English  under  General 
Hawley  on  Falkirk  Moor,  Jan.  17,  1746.  Pop.,  29,271. 
Falkland  (fak'land).  A royal  burgh  in  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland,  22  miles  north  of  Edinburgh  : 
noted  for  its  ancient  royal  palace.  Popula- 
tion, 809. 

Falkland.  A romance  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1827. 

Falkland.  The  principal  character  in  Godwin’s 
novel  “Caleb  Williams.”  His  chief  thought  is  to 
preserve  his  honor  from  stain.  He  stabs  his  enemy  Tyr- 
rel  in  the  back,  in  a moment  of  passion,  and  allows  two 
innocent  persons  to  hang  for  the  murder.  From  that 
time  his  desire  is  for  concealment.  Caleb  Williams,  his 
secretary,  discovers  the  secret,  and  is  pursued  by  the  hire- 
lings of  Falkland.  He  finally  accuses  the  latter,  who  con- 
fesses the  crime  and  dies  of  shame.  In  “ The  Iron  Chest,” 
a dramatization  by  Colman,  he  is  Sir  Edward  Mortimer. 

The  character  of  Falkland,  the  chief  actor,  which  is 
formed  on  visionary  principles  of  honour,  is  perhaps  not 
strictly  an  invention,  as  it  closely  resembles  that  of  Sha- 
mont  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  “Nice  Valour.”  But 
the  accumulated  wretchedness  with  which  he  is  over- 
whelmed, the  inscrutable  mystery  by  which  he  is  sur- 
rounded, and  the  frightful  persecutions  to  which  he  sub- 
jects the  suspected  possessor  of  his  dreadful  secret  are 
peculiar  to  the  author,  and  are  represented  with  a force 
which  has  not  been  surpassed  in  the  finest  passages  and 
scenes  of  poetic  or  dramatic  fiction. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  573. 

Falkland,  or  Faulkland.  In  Sheridan’s  com- 
edy “The  Rivals,”  the  lover  of  Julia. 
Falkland,  Viscount.  See  Cary,  Lucius. 
Falkland  Islands.  [F.  Malouines,  Sp.  Mal- 
vinas.] A group  of  islands  in  the  South  At- 
lantic, belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated 
east  of  Patagonia  in  lat.  51°-52°45'  S.,  long.  57° 
30'— 62°  W.  It  comprises  East  and  West  Falkland  and 
about  100  smaller  islands.  The  chief  settlement  is  Stan- 
ley. The  islands  were  discovered  by  John  Davis  in  1592, 
were  settled  by  the  French  in  1763,  and  were  seized  by  the 
English  in  1765,  and  later  by  the  Spanish.  They  have  been 
a British  possession  since  1833.  Dependencies  of  the  col- 
ony are  South  Georgia,  the  South  Shetlands,  the  South  Ork- 
neys, Graham’B  Land,  and  the  Sandwich  group.  Area, 
6,500  square  miles.  Population,  over  3,000. 

Falkner  (fak'ner),  Thomas.  Born  at  Manches- 
ter, England,  Oct.  6,  1707 : died  at  Plowden 
Hall,  Shropshire,  Jan.  30,  1784.  An  English 
Jesuit  missionary.  He  was  surgeon  on  a slave-ship, 
and  sailed  to  Africa  and  thence  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where 
he  fell  sick  and  was  cared  for  by  the  Jesuits:  he  joined 
their  order  in  1732,  and  was  a missionary  in  Paraguay  and 
Tucuman,  and  from  1740  among  the  Indians  of  Patagonia. 
After  1767  he  lived  in  England.  His  own  writings  are 
probably  lost,  but  a compilation  from  them  was  published 
in  1774  as  “ A Description  of  Patagonia  and  the  Adjoining 
Parts  of  South  America.” 

Falkoping  (fal'che-ping).  A town  in  the  laen 
of  Skaraborg,  southern  Sweden,  58  miles  north- 
east of  Gothenburg.  Here,  in  1389,  Albert,  king  of 
Sweden,  was  defeated  by  Margaret,  queen  of  Denmark  and 
Norway,  who  by  this  victory  united  the  three  Scandina- 
vian kingdoms  under  one  ruler.  Population,  4,306. 

Fallmerayer  (fal'me-ri-er),  Jakob  Philipp. 

Born  at  Tschotsch,  near  Brixen,  Tyrol,  Dec. 
10,  1790:  died  at  Munich,  April  26,  1861.  A 
German  historian  and  traveler  in  the  East.  His 
works  include  “Geschichte  des  Kaisertums  Trapezunt” 
(1831),  "Geschichte  der  Halbinsel  Morea  im  Mittelalter” 
(1830-36),  “Fragmente  aus  dem  Orient”  (1845). 

Fall  of  Mortimer,  The.  A fragment  of  a tra- 
gedy by  Ben  Jonson. 

Falloppio  (fal-lop'pe-o),  or  Fallopia  (fal-lo'- 
pe-a),  L.  Fallopius  (fa-lo' pi -us),  Gabriello. 
Born  at  Modena,  Italy,  1523:  died  at  Padua, 
Oct.  9,  1562.  A celebrated  Italian  anatomist, 
professor  of  anatomy  successively  at  Ferrara, 
Pisa,  and  Padua.  His  collected  works  were  published 
at  V enice  in  1584  (3  vols.).  The  Fallopian  tube  was  named 
from  him. 

Falloux  (fa-lo'),  Comte  Alfred  Frederic  Pierre 

de.  Bom  at  Angers,  France,  May  11,  1811 : 
died  there,  Jan.  7,  1886.  A French  politician 
and  author,  minister  of  public  instruction  1848- 
1849.  He  published  “Mme.  Swetchine,  sa  vie 
et  ses  oeuvres”  (1859),  etc. 

Fallows  (fal'oz),  Fearon.  Bom  at  Cocker- 
mouth,  Cumberland,  July  4,  1789:  died  at  Si- 
mon’s Bay,  July  25,  1831.  An  English  astron- 
omer. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1820  was 
made  director  of  an  astronomical  observatory  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  a position  which  he  retained  until  his 
death.  He  wrote  “A  Catalogue  of  nearly  all  the  Princi- 
pal Fixed  Stars  between  the  Zenith  of  Cape  Town,  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  and  the  South  Pole,  reduced  to  the  1st  of 
Jan.,  1824,”  which  was  presented  to  the  Royal  Society  in 
1824. 

Fall  River  (fal  riv'er).  A city  and  port  of  en- 


379 

try  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  Mount  Hope  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Taunton 
River,  45  miles  southwest  of  Boston.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  cotton.  It  was 
incorporated  as  a town  in  1803,  and  as  a city  in  1854. 
Steamers  ply  between  Fall  River  and  New  York.  Popu- 
lation, 119,295,  (1910). 

Falls  City.  A name  given  to  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, from  the  rapids  or  falls  of  the  Ohio 
River  near  the  city. 

Falmouth  (fal'muth).  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Cornwall,  England,  on  Falmouth  Bay 
in  lat.  50°  9'  N.,  long.  5°  4'  W.  It  has  a good  har- 
bor, and  was  formerly  of  considerable  importance,  espe- 
cially as  a station  for  mail-packets.  The  harbor  is  com- 
manded by  Pendennis  Castle.  Population,  11,789. 

False  Bay  (fals  ba).  An  arm  of  the  ocean  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  South  Africa, 
east  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

False  Friend,  The.  A comedy  by  Vanbrugh, 
printed  in  1702. 

Falsen  (fal'sen),  Christian  Magnus.  Bom  at 

Opslo,  near  Christiania,  Norway,  Sept.  17, 1782 : 
died  at  Christiania,  J an.  13, 1830.  A Norwegian 
jurist,  politician,  and  historian.  He  published  a 
"History  of  Norway  to  1319"  (1823-24),  a biography  of 
Washington  (1821),  etc. 

False  One,  The.  A play  by  Fletcher  and  Mas- 
singer, written  about  1620,  and  printed  in  1647. 
It  is  an  indirect  imitation  of  Shakspere’s  “ Antony  and 
Cleopatra,”  dealing  with  the  fortunes  of  Julius  Caesar  in 
Egypt.  Cleopatra  is  represented  as  in  her  youth. 

False  Point  (fals  point).  A cape,  harbor,  and 
lighthouse  in  Cuttock  district,  Bengal,  British 
India,  lat.  20°  20'  N.,  long.  86°  47'  E. 

Falstaff  (fal'staf).  1.  A comic  opera  by  Balfe, 
produced  in  London  in  1838.  The  words  are  by 
Maggione. — 2.  An  opera  by  Nicolai,  produced 
at  London  in  1864.  It  was  originally  brought  out  in 
Berlin  in  1849  under  the  name  “Die  lustigen  Weiber  von 
Windsor"  (“  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor”). 

3.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at  Milan  Feb. 
9,  1893. 

Falstaff,  Sir  John.  A celebrated  character  in 
Shakspere’s  historical  play  “Henry  IV.”  (1st 
and  2d  parts),  and  also  in  “ The  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor.”  He  is  a very  fat,  sensual,  and  witty  old 
knight;  a swindler,  drunkard,  and  good-tempered  liar; 
and  something  of  a coward.  Falstaff  was  originally  called 
Sir  John  Oldcastle.  The  first  actor  of  the  part  was  John 
Heminge. 

Shakespeare  found  the  name  of  John  Oldcastle  in  the 
. . . older  play  of  “ Henry  V.  ” ; in  the  Chronicle  he  found 
a John  Oldcastle,  who  was  page  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
who  plays  a part  in  "Richard  II.”  ; and  this,  according  to 
Shakespeare,  his  Falstaff  (Oldcastle)  had  been  in  his  youth. 
When  the  poet  wrote  his  “Henry  IV.”  he  knew  not  who 
this  Oldcastle  was,  whom  he  had  rendered  so  distinct  with 
the  designation  as  Norfolk’s  page ; he  was  a Lord  Cobham 
[Sir  John  Oldcastle,  known  as  the  good  Lord  Cobham],  who 
had  perished  as  a Lollard  and  Wickliffite  in  the  persecu- 
tion of  the  church  under  Henry  V.  The  Protestants  re- 
garded him  as  a holy  martyr,  the  Catholics  as  a heretic  ; 
the  latter  seized  with  eagerness  this  description  of  the  fat 
poltroon,  and  gave  it  out  as  a portrait  of  Lord  Cobham,  who 
was  indeed  physically  and  mentally  his  contrast.  The  fam- 
ily complained  of  this  misuse  of  a name  dear  to  them,  and 
Shakespeare  declared  in  the  epilogue  to  “Henry  IV.”  that 
Cobham  was  in  his  sight  also  a martyr,  and  that  “ this  was 
not  the  man.”  At  the  same  time,  he  changed  the  name  to 
Falstaff,  but  this  was  of  little  use ; in  spite  of  the  express 
retraction,  subsequent  Catholic  writers  on  church  history 
still  declared  Falstaff  to  be  a portrait  of  the  heretic  Cob- 
ham. But  it  is  a strange  circumstance  that  even  now  un- 
der the  name  of  Falstaff  another  historical  character  is 
again  sought  for,  just  as  if  it  were  impossible  for  such  a 
vigorous  form  not  to  be  a being  of  reality.  It  was  referred 
to  John  Fastolfe,  whose  cowardice  is  more  stigmatised  in 
“ Henry  VI.”  than  history  justifies ; and  this  too  met  with 
public  blame,  although  Shakespeare  could  have  again  as- 
serted that  he  intended  Fastolfe  as  little  as  Cobham. 
Oervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  byF.  E.  Bunnett, 

[ed.  1880),  p.  300. 

Falster  (fal'ster).  An  island  in  the  Baltic  Sea, 
belonging  to  Denmark,  situated  south  of  Zea- 
land. It  is  noted  for  its  fertility.  The  chief  town  is 
Nykjobing.  Area  (including  Hasselo),  179  square  miles. 
Population,  36,029. 

Falun,  or  Fahlun  (fa'lon).  The  capital  of  Kop- 
parberg  laen,  Sweden,  situated  in  lat.  60°  35' 
N.,  long.  15°  35'  E.  In  the  vicinity  are  noted  mines 
of  copper,  gold,  and  silver.  It  is  sometimes  called  “ the 
Treasury  of  Sweden.”  Population,  11,080. 

Famagusta  (fa-ma-gos'ta),  or  Famagosta  (fa- 
ma-gos'ta).  A ruined  city  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Cyprus,  in  lat.  35°  8'  N.,  long.  33°  59'  E., 
the  Roman  Fama  Augusta,  founded  on  the 
site  of  an  ancient  city  Arsinoe.  It  was  important 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1571. 
Population,  3,825. 

Famars  (fa-miir').  A small  town  near  Valen- 
ciennes, France,  noted  for  remains  of  an  old 
Roman  colony. 

Family  Compact.  [F.  Facte  de  Famille.]  A 
name  given  to  three  treaties  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury between  the  French  and  Spanish  Bourbon 
dynasties,  especially  to  the  last  of  the  three,  in 


Fanshawe 

1761,  in  consequence  of  which  Spain  joined  with 
France  in  the  war  against  Great  Britain.  The 
branch  house  of  Bourbon  ruling  in  Italy  was  also  included 
in  this  alliance. 

F amily  of  Love,  The.  A comedy  by  Middleton, 
produced  in  1608.  It  was  a satire  on  a Puritan 
sect. 

Family  Party,  The.  An  aristocratic  political 
party  in  Quebec,  Canada,  about  1835. 

Fan  (fang).  A powerful  African  nation  of  the 
French  Kongo  (Gabun).  They  now  extend  north  to 
Batanga,  and  up  the  Livindo  River  into  German  Kamerun. 
Since  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  they  have  moved 
gradually  and  steadily  from  the  highland  of  the  Sanga 
basin  down  to  the  coast,  and  the  Mpongwe  seem  to  be 
doomed  to  disappear  before  them.  The  Fan  are  hunters, 
and  are  traders  in  ivory  and  rubber.  The  old  men  still 
practise  cannibalism  secretly.  The  Fan  are  lighter  in 
color  than  their  Bantu-negro  neighbors,  and  their  imple- 
ments also  show  an  independent  type.  They  are  intelli- 
gent, and  learn  quickly  the  white  man’s  ways.  Some  think 
they  are  related  to  the  Nyam-Nyam ; others  have  sug- 
gested their  identity  with  the  Giaghi  or  Jagas  of  Portu- 
guese historians  : but  the  Jagas  were  Ba-teke.  The  Fan 
language  is  Bantu,  though  mixed  with  other  elements. 
Also  called  Fangwe,  Mpongwe,  Oshiba,  and  Pahouins  by 
the  French. 

Fanariots,  or  Phanariots  (fa-nar'i-ots).  [From 
Fanar,  Turk.  Fener,  a quarter  of  the  old  city  of 
Constantinople,  named  from  alight-tower(NGr. 
<f>avapi)  which  it  formerly  contained.]  The  Greek 
inhabitants  of  Fanar,  Constantinople  ; in  a re- 
stricted use,  the  Greek  official  aristocracy, 
which  formerly  possessed  great  political  in- 
fluence at  Constantinople. 

Fanciful,  Lady.  A vain  and  malicious  fine  lady 
in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “The  Provoked  Wife.” 
She  is  impertinent,  capricious,  and  open  to  flattery,  and  is 
the  villain  of  the  plot. 

Faneuil  (fan'el  or  fun' el),  Peter.  Born  at  New 
Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  1700 : died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  3,  1743.  An  American  merchant,  the 
founder  of  Faneuil  Hall. 

Faneuil  Hall.  A market-house,  containing  a 
hall  for  public  assemblies,  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, built  by  Peter  Faneuil  1740-42.  it  was 
burned  in  1761,  rebuilt  by  the  town  in  1763,  and  enlarged 
in  1805.  It  was  a meeting-place  of  American  patriots  dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  period,  and  is  hence  called  “the 
Cradle  of  Liberty.” 

Fanfani  (fan-fa'ne),  Pietro.  Born  at  Pistoja, 
Italy,  April  21,  1815 : died  at  Florence,  March 
4,  1879.  An  Italian  philologist  and  lexicogra- 
pher. He  published  ‘ ‘Vocabolario  della  lingua 
italiana”  (1856),  “Vocabolario  dell’  nso  tos- 
cano”  (1863),  etc. 

Fang  (fang).  A sheriff’s  officer  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Henry  IV.,”  part  2. 

Fang,  Mr.  A police  magistrate  in  Dickens’s 
“ Oliver  Twist.”  He  is  an  outrageous  and  brutal  man, 
so  fair  a likeness  to  Justice  Laing,  a police  magistrate  in  of- 
fice at  the  time  of  publication,  that  the  latter  was  removed 
from  his  position  by  the  Home  Office.  Dickens’s  Diet. 

Fanning  (fan'ing),  David.  Born  in  Wake 
County,  N.  C.,  about  1756 : died  at  Digby,  Nova 
Scotia,  1825.  A Tory  partizan  leader  in  the 
Revolutionary  War. 

Fanning,  Edmund.  Born  on  Long  Island,  N.Y., 
in  1737 : died  at  London,  Feb.  28, 1818.  A colonial 
politician  and  Tory  leader  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1757,  and  after- 
ward practised  law  in  Hillsborough,  North  Carolina.  He 
accompanied  Governor  Tryon  to  New  York  as  his  private 
secretary  in  1771 ; was  appointed  by  the  crown  surveyor- 
general  in  1774 ; and  in  1777  raised  and  commanded  a corps 
of  460  loyalists.  He  became  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
island  of  St.  John,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  1787 ; was 
lieutenant-governor  of  Prince  Edward  Island  1799-1804 ; 
and  was  made  a general  of  the  British  army  in  1808. 

Fanning  Islands.  [From  Captain  Edmund  Fan- 
ning, an  American  sailor,  their  discoverer.]  A 
group  of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  extending  from 
Palmyra  to  Christmas  Island,  about  lat.  2°-6° 
N.,  long.  158°-162°  30'  W.  Fanning  Island,  one 
of  the  group,  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in 
1888. 

Fannius,  Demetrius.  See  Demetrius. 

Fanny  (fan'i).  The  heroine  of  Fielding’s  novel 
“Joseph  Andrews.” 

Fanny,  Lord.  Lord  Hervey  (1694—1743),  vice- 
chancellor,  so  nicknamed  on  account  of  the 
effeminacy  of  his  habits. 

Fanny  Fern.  See  Fern,  Fanny. 

Fanny  Price.  See  Price. 

Fano  (fa'no).  A town  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
saro  e Urbino,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in 
lat.  43°  50'  N.,  long.  13°  1'  E. : the  ancient  Fa- 
num  Fortunes,  later  Colonia  Julia  Fanestris. 

It  has  a cathedral,  a fine  theater,  and  remains  of  a trium- 
phal arch  to  Augustus.  Population,  commune,  24,848. 

Fanshawe  (fan'sha).  An  early  tale  by  Na- 
thaniel Hawthorne,  published  anonymously  in 
1826. 


Fanshawe,  Catherine  Maria 

Fanshawe,  Catherine  Maria.  Born  at  Shab- 
den,  July  6,  1765:  died  at  Putney  Heath,  April 
17,  1834.  An  English  poet.  Her  home  was  much 
frequented  by  the  literary  men  of  the  day.  Limited  edi- 
tions of  her  “ Memorials  ” (which  contained  most  of  her 
poems)  and  of  her  “ Literary  Remains"  appeared  in  1865 
and  1876  respectively. 

Fanshawe,  Sir  Richard.  Born  at  Ware  Park, 
Hertfordshire,  iu  June,  1608 : died  at  Madrid, 
June  26,  1666.  An  English  diplomatist  and  au- 
thor. He  was  appointed  secretary  to  Lord  Aston,  am- 
bassador to  Spain,  in  1635;  joined  Charles  I.  at  Oxford  in 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  war;  was  made  secretary  of 
war  to  Prince  Charles  about  1644 ; was  captured  at  the 
battle  of  Worcester,  Sept.  3,  1651 ; was  made  master  of 
requests  and  secretary  of  the  Latin  tongue  to  Charles  II. 
at  the  Restoration  ; was  appointed  ambassador  to  Portu- 
gal in  1661 ; was  made  a privy  councilor  in  1663 ; and  was 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Spain  in  1664.  His  chief  work 
is  “ The  Lusiad,  or  Portugal’s  Historicall  Poem,  written  in 
the  Portugall  Language  by  Luis  de  Camoens  and  now 
newly  put  into  English  by  Richard  Fanshawe,  Esq." 
(1655). 

Fanti  (fan'te),  Manfredo.  Born  at  Carpi, 
Modena,  Italy,  Feb.  24, 1808 : died  at  Florence, 
April  5,  1865.  An  Italian  general.  He  joined  the 

revolutionary  movement  of  1848-49  ; served  in  the  Cri- 
mean war;  and  was  minister  of  war  and  marine  1860-61. 

Fantine  (fern-ten').  In  Victor  Hugo's  “Les 
Miserables,”  the  unfortunate  mother  of  Cosette. 
Fantin-Latour  (foh-tan'  la-tor'),  Ignace Henri 
Jean  Theodore.  Born  Jan.  14,  1836:  died 
Aug.  25,  1904.  A French  designer  of  litho- 
graphs and  painter  of  portraits,  allegorical 
subjects,  and  flowers. 

Taraday  (lar'a-da),  Michael.  Born  at  New- 
ington Butts,  Sept.  22,  1791:  died  at  Hampton 
Court,  Aug.  25,  1867.  A famous  English  physi- 
cist aud  chemist.  When  a journeyman  bookbinder 
he  was  led,  through  hearing  some  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy’s 
lectures,  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  chemistry,  and 
in  1813  was  appointed  Davy’s  assistant  in  the  laboratory 
of  the  Royal  Institution.  He  was  made  director  of  the 
laboratory  in  1825,  and  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  in- 
stitution in  1833.  His  researches  and  discoveries  in  chem- 
istry are  noteworthy,  but  the  great  additions  made  by 
him  to  the  range  of  human  knowledge  were  mostly  in  the 
related  sciences  of  electricity  and  magnetism.  Especially 
notable  are  his  discoveries  of  magneto-electric  induction 
in  1831  and  the  magnetization  of  light  in  1845.  In  1846  he 
discovered  diamagnetism.  He  published  “Chemical  Ma- 
nipulation " (1S27),  “ Experimental  Researches  in  Elec- 
tricity ” (1844-55),“  Experimental  Researches  in  Chemistry 
and  Physics"  (1859),  “ Chemical  History  of  a Candle" 
(1861),  “ Various  Forces  in  Nature,”  etc. 

Farallones  (fii-ral-yo'nes)  Islands.  A group 
of  small  islands  in  the  Pacific,  situated  about 
35  miles  west  of  San  Francisco. 

Faraone  (fa-ra-o'na),  or  Taracone  (ta-ra-ko'- 
na).  The  southern  branch  of  the  Vaquero  of 
Benavides,  the  Jicarilla  being  the  northern 
branch.  Both  belong  to  the  Apache  group  of  North 
American  Indians.  In  1799  the  Faraone  were  between 
the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  and  the  Rio  Pecos.  In  1882 
they  were  west  of  New  Mexico,  in  the  Sierras  del  Diablo, 
Chanate,  and  Pilares.  See  Querecho. 

Farebrother  (far'bruTH//er),  Rev.  Camden. 

In  George  Eliot’s  novel  “ Middlemarch,”  an  un- 
popular rector. 

Fareham  (far'am).  A watering-place  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  har- 
bor 5 miles  northwest  of  Portsmouth.  Popu- 
lation, 8,246. 

Farel  (fa-rel'),  Guillaume.  Born  near  Gap, 
Dauphind,  France,  1489:  died  at  Neuchatel, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  13,  1565.  A noted  French 
Reformer  anditinerant  preacher  i n Switzerland. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Faber  Stapulensis.  In  1523  he  published 
anonymously  a French  translation  of  the  New  Testament. 
He  introduced,  in  1530,  the  Reformation  into  Neuchatel, 
and  settled  at  Geneva  in  1532.  In  spite  of  a bitter  and 
protracted  opposition,  he  procured  the  establishment  of 
the  Reformation  by  the  Genevan  Great  Council  of  Two 
Hundred,  Aug.  27,  1535.  He  induced  John  Calvin  to 
settle  at  Geneva  in  1536,  and  was  banished  with  him  in 
1538.  In  1538  he  became  pastor  at  Neuchatel. 
Farewell  (far'wel'),  Cape.  The  southernmost 
extremity  of  Greenland,  in  lat.  59°  49'  N.,  long. 
43°  54'  W. 

Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd.  A novel  by 
Thomas  Hardy,  published  1874.  The  title  is 
taken  from  a line  in  Gray’s  “Elegy.” 

Fargo  (far'go).  A city  in  Cass  County,  North 
Dakota,  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  It  has 
considerable  trade  and  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation, 14,331,  (1910). 

Fargo,  William  George.  Bom  at  Pompey, 
N.  Y.,  May  20,  1818:  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  3,  1881.  An  American  expressman.  He 
organized  in  1843,  in  connection  with  Henry  Wells  and 
Daniel  Dunning,  an  express  company  under  the  name  of 
Wells  and  Company,  which  was  changed  to  Livingston 
and  Fargo  in  1845,  and  in  1850  was  amalgamated  with  the 
American  Express  Company,  of  which  he  was  secretary 
until  its  consolidation  with  the  Merchants’  Union  Express 
Company  in  1868,  when  he  became  president.  In  1851, 
with  Henry  Wells  and  others,  he  formed  a company  under 


380 

the  name  of  Wells,  Far'go,  and  Company,  to  carry  on  an 
express  business  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco. 
He  was  mayor  of  Buffalo  1862-66. 

Fargus  (far'gus), Frederick  John:  pseudonym 
Hugh  Conway.  Born  at  Bristol,  Dee.  26, 1847 : 
died  at  Monte  Carlo,  May  15,  1885.  A British 
novelist.  He  was  for  a time  a student  on  hoard  the 
school-frigate  Conway;  studied  subsequently  in  a private 
school  at  Bristol ; and  in  1868,  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
succeeded  to  the  latter’s  business  as  an  auctioneer  at 
Bristol.  He  wrote  “Called  Back”  (1883),  “Dark  Days” 
(1884),  etc. 

Faria,  Abbe.  See  Monte  Cristo,  Count  of. 
Faria  e Sousa  (fa-re'a  e so'za),  Manoel  de. 
Born  near  Pombeiro,  Portugal,  March  18,  1590 : 
died  at  Madrid,  June  3,  1649.  A Portuguese- 
Spanish  historian  and  poet.  His  chief  works  are 
commentaries  on  the  “Lusiad  ’’  (1639), “Epitome  de  las  his- 
torias  portuguesas”  (1628),  works  on  Portuguese  Asia, 
Europe,  and  Africa,  poems,  etc. 

Farias,  Valentin  Gomez.  See  Gomez  Farias. 
Faribault  (far-i-bo').  The  county-seat  of  Rice 
County,  Minnesota,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Straight  and  Cannon  rivers,  46  miles  south 
of  St.  Paul.  Population,  9,001,  (1910). 
Faridkot  (fur-ed-kot').  A native  state  in  the 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  40' 
N.,  long.  74°  50'  E.  Population,  124,912. 
Faridpur  , or  Furidpur  ( fur-ed-por' ) ,orFureed- 
pore  ?fur-ed-por'),  or  Dacca  Jelalpur  (dak'ka 
jel-ul-por').  A district  in  the  Dacca  division, 
Bengal,  British  India,  situated  about  lat.  23°- 
24°  N.,  long.  90°  E.  The  chief  product  is  rice. 
Area,  2,281  square  miles.  Population,  1,937,- 
646. 

Faridun  (fa-ri-don'),  or  Feridun  (fer-i-don'). 
In  Persian  legend,  an  Iranian  king,  one  of  the 
chief  heroes  of  the  Shahnamah : son  of  Abtin 
(who  was  grandson  of  Jamshid)  and  Firanak. 
Learning  that  a sou  had  been  horn  to  Abtin  who  was  des- 
tined to  dethrone  him,  Zohak  (see  Zohak)  caused  Abtin  to 
be  killed,  hut  Firanak  escaped  with  Faridun  and  reared  him 
on  Mount  Alburz.  Summoned  by  Hawaii  to  overthrow  Zo- 
hak, Faridun  took  Zohak’s  capital  on  the  Tigris,  captured 
Zohak  and  bound  him  on  Mount  Damavand,  and  reigned 
long  and  prosperously.  He  had  three  sons,  Salm,  Tur.and 
Iraj.  To  Salm  he  awarded  his  western  dominions,  and  to 
Tur  the  eastern,  while  he  chose  Iraj,  the  youngest,  to  suc- 
ceed him.  The  elder  brothers  conspired  against  Iraj,  and 
Tur  slew  him.  The  son  of  Iraj,  Minuchihr,  afterward 
avenged  him  by  slaying  Salm  and  Tur. 

Farina  (fa-re'na).  A town  on  the  coast  of 
Tunis,  about  25  miles  north  of  Tunis,  near  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Utica.  Population,  about 
1,400. 

Farinata  degli  Uberti  (fa-re-ua'ta  del'ye 
o-ber'te).  A leader  of  the  Ghibelline  faction  at 
Florence  in  the  13th  century.  Having  been  exiled 
with  other  chiefs  of  his  party  from  Florence,  he  recovered 
the  city  in  1260  with  the  assistance  of  Manfred,  king 
of  Sicily,  who  lent  him  a considerable  body  of  German 
cavalry.  He  rejected  the  proposition  of  his  own  party  to 
raze  Florence  to  the  ground,  and  is  immortalized  by  Dante 
as  the  savior  of  his  country. 

Farinato  (fa-re-na'to),  or  Farinati  (fa-re-na'- 
te),  Paolo.  Born  at  Verona,  Italy,  about  1525 : 
died  at  Yerona,  1606.  An  Italian  painter.  His 
chief  work  is  the  “Miracle  of  the  Loaves”  (in 
Verona). 

Farinelli  (fa-re-nel'le)  (Carlo  Broschi).  Born 
at  Naples,  Jan.  24,  1705 : died  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
Sept.  15,  1782.  A celebrated  Italian  soprano, 
“ the  most  remarkable  singer,  perhaps,  who  has 
ever  lived”  (Grove).  He  sang  in  Vienna  (1724, 1728, 
1731)  and  England  (1734),  and  was  a favorite  at  the  Span- 
ish court. 

Faringdon  (far'ing-don).  A small  town  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  16  miles  west  of  Oxford.  It  was 
a royal  Saxon  residence. 

Farini  (fa-re'ne),  Luigi  Carlo.  Born  at  Russi, 
near  Ravenna,  Italy,  Oct.  22,  1812:  died  at 
Quarto,  near  Genoa,  Aug.  1,  1866.  An  Italian 
statesman  and  historian,  president  of  the  cabi- 
net 1862-63.  His  chief  work  is  “Storia  dello 
stato  Romano  dall’  anno  1814  al  1850”  (1850). 
Farley  (far'li),  Charles.  Born  at  London  in 
1771:  died  there,  Jan.  28,  1859.  An  English 
actor  and  dramatist.  He  made  his  appearance  as  a 
page  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  in  1782,  and  subsequently 
played  with  much  success  the  characters  of  Sanguinback 
in  “Cherry  and  Fair  Star,”  Grindoff  in  “The  Miller  and 
his  Men,”  Jeremy  in  “Love  for  Love,”  and  Lord  Trinket 
in  “ The  Jealous  Wife.”  He  is  said  to  have  been  without 
a rival  in  his  day  as  a theatrical  machinist.  He  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1834.  He  wrote  “The  Magic  Oak : a 
Christmas  Pantomime”  (1799),  “Aggression,  or  the  Hero 
ine  of  Yucatan  ” (1805),  etc. 

Farley,  James  Lewis.  Born  at  Dublin,  Sept. 
9,  1823 : died  at  London,  Nov.  12, 1885.  An  Irish 
author.  He  was  for  a time  chief  accountant  of  the  Bei- 
rut branch  of  the  Ottoman  Bank,  and  in  I860  was  appointed 
accountant-general  of  the  State  Bank  of  Turkey  at  Con- 
stantinople, which  subsequently  became  merged  in  the 
Imperial  Ottoman  Bank.  He  wrote  “ Banking  in  Turkey  ’ 
(1863),  “ Turkey  : a Sketch  of  its  Rise,  Progress,  and  Pres- 
ent Position  ” (1866),  “ Modern  Turkey  ” (1872),  “ Turks  and 


Farnese  Juno 

Christians:  a Solution  of  the  Eastern  Question”  (1876), 
“Egypt,  Cyprus,  and  Asiatic  Turkey”  (1878),  etc. 
Farmer  (far'mer),  Hugh.  Born  near  Shrews- 
bury, England,  1714:  died  at  London,  Feb., 
1787.  An  English  dissenting  clergyman  and 
scholar.  He  published  “Christ’s  Temptation  in  the 
Wilderness”  (1761),  “Dissertation  on  Miracles"  (1771), 
“Demoniacs  of  the  New  Testament”  (1775),  etc. 

Farmer,  John.  Born  at  Chelmsford,  Mass., 
June  12,  1789:  died  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  Aug.  13, 
1838.  An  American  genealogist.  He  published 
“Genealogical  Register  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
New  England”  (1829),  etc. 

Farmer,  Richard.  Born  at  Leicester,  England, 
Aug.  28,  1735:  died  at  Cambridge,  England, 
Sept.  8,  1797.  An  English  scholar.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  college 
he  was  appointed  master  in  1775.  His  only  published 
work  is  a scholarly  paper  entitled  “Essay  on  the  Learning 
of  Shakspeare  ” (Cambridge,  1767). 

Farmer  George.  A nickname  of  George  III.  of 
England  on  account  of  his  simple  appearance 
and  manners.  He  is  also  said  to  have  derived 
actual  profit  from  a farm  near  "Windsor. 
Farmers’  Alliance.  In  United  States  politics, 
an  organization  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
farmers,  founded  about  1873.  it  absorbed  the 
Farmers’  Union  and  the  Agricultural  Wheel,  and  devel- 
oped rapidly,  especially  in  the  West  and  South,  about 
1885-90.  In  1890  it  elected  several  governors  and  other 
State  officers  and  congressmen.  In  May,  1891,  it  united 
at  Cincinnati  with  several  industrial  organizations,  and 
formed  the  People’s  Party  (which  see). 

Farmer’s  Boy,  The.  A poem  by  Robert  Bloom- 
field, published  in  1800. 

Farmington  (far'ming-ton).  The  county-seat 
of  Franklin  County,  Maine,  30  miles  northwest 
of  Augusta.  Population,  town,  3,210,  (1910). 
Farnaby  (far'na-bi),  Thomas.  Born  about 
1575:  (lied  at  Sevenoaks,  June  12,  1647.  An 
English  classical  scholar.  He  matriculated  at  Mer- 
ton College,  Oxford,  in  1590,  but  left  the  university  and 
studied  at  a Jesuit  college  in  Spain.  He  wrote,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Charles  I.,  a Latin  grammar  entitled  “Systema 
Grammaticura,”  in  1641,  to  replace  the  one  in  use  in  the 
public  schools. 

Fame,  or  Farn  (farn),  or  Fern,  or Fearne  (fern ) 
Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  in  the  North 
Sea,  off  Bamborough  in  Northumberland,  Eng- 
land. They  were  the  scene  of  Grace  Darling’s 
heroic  rescue. 

Farnese,  Alessandro.  See  Paul  III.  (Pope). 
Farnese  (It.  pron.  far-na'se),  Alessandro. 
Born  at  Rome,  1545:  died  at  Arras,  France,  Dec. 
3,  1592.  Duke  of  Parma  and  Piacenza,  son  of 
Ottavio  Farnese  and  of  Margaret  of  Austria : 
a general  in  the  Spanish  service.  He  served  with 
distinction,  under  Don  John  of  Austria,  at  Lepanto  in 
1571 ; was  made  governor  of  the  Low  Countries  iu  1578 ; 
gained  overthe  southern  provinces ; took  Antwerp  in  1585 , 
forced  Henry  of  Navarre  to  raise  the  siege  of  Paris  in 
1590 ; and  relieved  Rouen  in  1592,  where  he  was  mortally 
wounded. 

Farnese,  Elizabeth.  See  Elizabeth  Farnese. 
Farnese,  Ottavio.  Born  1520:  died  1586.  Duke 
of  Parma  and  Piacenza,  son  of  Pier  Luigi  Far- 
nese whom  he  succeeded  in  1547. 

Farnese,  Pier  Luigi,  Duke  of  Parma  and  Pia- 
cenza. Killed  Sept.  10,  1547.  The  son  of  Pope 
Paul  III.  He  was  created  duke  in  1545. 
Farnese  Bacchus.  A celebrated  Greek  torso  of 
the  4th  century  B.  C.,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale, 
Naples.  The  fonns  are  fine,  and  the  modeling  simple 
yet  highly  expressive  of  the  voluptuous  nature  of  the  god. 
It  is  of  the  school  of  Praxiteles. 

Farnese  Bull.  A large  group  of  Greek  sculp- 
ture of  the  Trallian  school  (3d  century  B.  C.), 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples,  it  represents 
the  chastisement  of  Dirce  by  her  stepsons  for  her  treat- 
ment of  their  mother  Antiope,  by  binding  her  to  the  horns 
of  a bull.  It  is  much  restored,  but  is  very  remarkable  for 
its  composition  and  execution.  It  was  discovered  in  the 
baths  of  Caracalla  in  1546. 

Farnese  Flora.  A celebrated  antique  statue 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  goddess 
holds  her  Ionian  tunic  with  her  right  hand  as  she  steps  for- 
ward, the  motive  being  a familiar  one  in  archaic  statues  of 
Venus.  The  figure  is  remarkable  for  its  grace,  despite  its 
height  of  11)  feet. 

Farnese  Hercules.  A celebrated  Greek  statue 
In  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  demigod 
is  represented  undraped,  leaning  on  his  club.  The  bearded 
head  is  somewhat  small,  and  the  muscular  development 
prodigious.  It  dates  from  the  early  empire. 

Farnese  Homer.  An  antique  bust  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples.  It  is  admirable  in  execution,  and 
remarkable  for  the  profound  intellectuality  of  its  expres- 
sion. It  is  perhaps  the  finest  example  of  its  familiar  type, 
which  is  that  universaUy  associated  with  Homer. 
Farnese  Juno.  A colossal  antique  bust  of  Juno 
(Hera),  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The 
expression  is  one  of  calm  repose,  high  and  unbending. 
The  hair  is  bound  with  a simple  fillet.  It  has  been  demon- 
strated that  this  bust  is  a copy  of  the  type  of  Polycletus 
(420  IS.  C.). 


Farnese  Minerva 

Farnese  Minerva.  A Greek  statue  of  Pallas 
(Athene  Parthenos),  found  at  Velletri,  and  now 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  type  is  that 
of  the  great  statue  of  the  Parthenon.  The  goddess  wears 
the  Attic  helmet  with  a sphinx  and  two  figures  of  Pegasus, 
and  the  segis  on  her  breast.  The  arms  are  restored  : the 
right  is  extended  to  hold  the  Victory,  and  the  left  raised 
to  sustain  the  spear. 

Farnese  Palace.  A celebrated  palace  of  the 
Farnese  in  Rome,  founded  in  the  first  part  of 
the  reign  of  Leo  X.  It  was  begun  by  San  Gallo  the 
younger,  was  continued  by  Michelangelo,  and  was  com- 
pleted by  Giacomo  della  Porta.  It  is  adorned  with  frescos 
by  Annibale  Caracci. 

Farnham  (farn 'am).  A town  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, 37  miles  southwest  of  London.  Popula- 
tion, 6,124. 

Farnham,  Mrs.  (Eliza  Woodson  Burhans). 

Born  at  Rensselaerville,  N.  ¥.,  Nov.  17, 1815: 
died  at  New  York,  Dec.  15,  1864.  An  Ameri- 
can philanthropist  and  authoress,  wife  of  T.  J. 
Farnham.  She  was  matron  in  the  State  prison  at  Sing 
Sing  1844-18.  She  wrote  “Life  in  Prairie  Land,”  etc. 

Farnham,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born  in  Ver- 
mont, 1804:  died  in  California,  Sept.,  1848. 
An  American  traveler  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 
North  America. 

Farn worth  (farn' werth).  A manufacturing 

town  in  Lancashire,  England,  2£  miles  south- 
east of  Bolton.  Population,  25,925. 

Faro  (fa'ro).  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Algarve,  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°  N., 
long.  7°  51'  W.  The  cathedral,  a large  church  whose 
nave-vaulting  springs  from  lofty  cylindrical  columns,  is 
apparently  a Roman  basilica  altered  by  the  Moors.  Popu- 
lation, 11,789. 

Faro,  Capo  del.  A promontory  forming  the 
northeastern  extremity  of  Sicily,  8 miles  north- 
east of  Messina : the  ancient  Pelorum  Promon- 
torium. 

Farochon  (fa-ro-shon'),  Jean  Baptiste  Eu- 
gene. Born  at  Paris,  1807 : died  there,  July  1, 
1871.  A French  sculptor  and  medallist. 

Faroe,  or  Faro  (fa'ro),  Islands.  [Dan.  Farderne, 
sheep  islands.]  A group  of  24  islands  belonging 
to  Denmark,  situated  in  the  Atlantic  between 
the  Shetlands  and  Iceland,  intersected  by  lat. 
62°  N.,  long.  7°  W . Seventeen  of  the  islands,  including 
Stromb,  Ostero,  Sydero,  Vaagb,  Sando,  and  Bordo,  are  in- 
habited. The  capital  is  Thorshavn.  The  language  is  a dia- 
lect of  the  Norse.  The  islands  were  colonized  by  Norwe- 
gians in  the  9th  century.  Area,  540  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 16,349. 

Farquhar  (far'kwar),  George.  Born  at  London- 
derry, 1678:  died  April,  1707.  An  Dish  drama- 
tist. He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1694-95,  be- 
came a corrector  of  the  press,  and  appeared  on  the  stage 
at  Dublin,  apparently  without  success.  Heremoved  to  Lon- 
don in  1697  or  1698,  and  in  1699  his  first  play,  “Love  in  a 
Bottle,"  was  successfully  produced  at  Drury  Lane.  He  ob- 
tained a lieutenant’s  commission  from  the  Earl  of  Orrery, 
possibly  in  1702,  and  saw  some  service,  which  enabled  him 
to  write  the  “ Recruiting  Officer,"  produced  in  1706,  one  of 
his  most  successful  plays.  He  married  in  1703,  and  died 
in  great  poverty,  leaving  a widow  and  two  daughters.  Be- 
sides the  plays  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  “A  Constant 
Couple " (1699),  “Sir  Harry  Wildair ” (1701),  “The  Incon- 
stant, or  the  Way  to  Win  Him  ”(1702),  “The  Twin  Rivals” 
(1702),  “The  Stage  Coach ”(1704),  and  “The  Beaux’  Strata- 
gem ” (1707). 

Farr  (far),  William.  Boru  at  Kenley,  Shrop- 
shire, England,  Nov.  30,  1807 : died  April  14, 
1883.  An  English  statistician. 

Farragiit  (far'a-gut),  David  Glasgow.  Born 
at  Campbell’s  Station,  Tenn.,  July  5, 1801 : died 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Aug.  14,  1870.  A cele- 
brated American  admiral.  He  was  the  son  of  George 
Farragut,  a Spaniard  who  emigrated  to  America  in  1776 
and  fought  in  the  Continental  army  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.  He  was  adopted  by  David  Porter,  who  procured  for 
him  an  appointment  as  midshipman  in  the  United  States 
navy  in  1810,  and  under  whom  he  served  in  the  Essex 
when  she  was  captured  by  the  Phoebe  and  the  Cherub  in 
the  harbor  of  Valparaiso,  March  28,  1814.  He  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant  in  1825,  commander  in  1841,  and  captain 
in  1855.  In  Jan.,  1862,  he  was  appointed  commander  of 
a naval  armament  destined,  together  with  a land  force 
under  General  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  for  the  reduction  of 
New  Orleans.  He  sailed  from  Hampton  Roads  Feb.  2, 1862, 
and  on  April  18, 1862,  began  the  bombardment  of  the  lower 
defenses  of  New  Orleans,  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip. 
He  passed  the  forts  on  the  night  of  April  23-24,  and  after 
destroying  the  Confederate  fleet,  consisting  of  gunboats 
and  the  iron-clad  ram  Manassas,  compelled  the  surrender 
of  the  city  on  April  25,  which  was  followed  by  that  of  the 
forts  on  April  28.  He  turned  the  city  over  to  General  But- 
ler May  1,  1862.  On  June  28,  1862,  he  attacked  the  bat- 
teries at  Vicksburg,  which  he  succeeded  in  passing,  only  to 
find  the  city  impregnable  to  attack  on  the  riverfront.  On 
July  15  he  once  more  ran  the  batteries,  and  returned  to 
New  Orleans.  He  was  promoted  rear-admiral  July  16, 1862. 
On  March  14,  1803,  he  attempted  to  run  the  batteries  of 
Port  Hudson  with  a fleet  of  vessels  and  gunboats  to  assist 
General  N.  P.  Banks  in  his  siege  of  that  place,  but  suc- 
ceeded in  passing  only  with  his  flagship,  the  Hartford,  and 
a gunboat  which  was  lashed  to  her  side.  On  Aug  5, 1864, 
supported  by  a land  force  under  General  Gordon  Granger, 
he  passed  Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines,  at  the  entrance  to 
Mobile  Bay,  and  after  a desperate  struggle  captured  the 


381 

Confederate  ironclad  Tennessee.  Although  unable  to  cap- 
ture the  city  of  Mobile,  on  account  of  shoal  water  and 
obstructions  in  the  channel,  the  object  of  his  expedition, 
which  was  toputan  end  to  the  blockade-running  at  Mobile, 
was  effectively  accomplished.  Forts  Gaines  and  Morgan 
surrendered  soon  after.  In  Dec.,  1864,  Congress  created 
for  him  the  rank  of  vice-admiral,  and  in  1866  that  of  ad- 
miral. 

Farrakhabad  (fur-ruk-a-bad'),  or  Farrukha- 
bad,  or  Furruckabad.  1.  A district  in  the 
Agra  division,  United  Provinces,  British  India 
intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  79°  30'  E. 
Area,  1,685  square  miles.  Population,  925,812. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Farrakha- 
bad, situated  near  the  Ganges  in  lat.  27°  24' 
N.,  long.  79°  34'  E.  The  Mahrattas  were  defeated 
here  by  Lake  in  1804,  and  the  place  was  held  by  mutineers 
1857-58.  Population,  67,338. 

Farrant  (far'ant),  Richard.  Born  1530  (?) : 
died  at  Windsor,  1585.  An  English  composer. 
He  was  organist  and  master  of  the  choristers  at  St.  George’s 
Chapel,  Windsor,  1564-69,  when  he  was  reinstated  as  a gen- 
tleman of  the  Chapel  Royal,  a position  which  he  had  pre- 
viously held.  He  subsequently,  however,  returned  to 
Windsor.  He  has  been  erroneously  credited  with  the 
authorship  of  the  anthem  “Lord,  for  thy  tender  mercies’ 
sake.”  Among  his  genuine  works  are  a service  given  bv 
Tudway  in  G minor,  called  “Farrant’s  High  Service,’’  and 
two  anthems  “Call  to  remembrance  ” and  “ Hide  not  thou 
thy  face.” 

Farrar  (far'ar),  Frederic  William.  Born  at 
Bombay,  Aug.  7,  1831 : died  at  Canterbury, 
March  22, 1903.  An  English  clergyman,  educa- 
tor, theologian,  and  philological  writer.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  London  and  at  Cambridge; 
wasordained  in  1854;  washead-master  of  MarlboroughCol- 
iege  1871-76 ; was  select  preacher  to  Cambridge  University 
in  1868  and  1874-75;  was  appointed  a canon  of  Westminster 
Abbey  and  rector  of  St.  Margaret’s  in  1876  ; and  became 
archdeacon  of  Westminsterin  1883,anddean  of  Canterbury 
1896.  He  published  the  following  works  of  fiction : “Eric, 
etc.”  (1858),  “ Julian  Home  ” (1859),  “ S.  Winifred's,  etc.’’ 
(1863).  His  theological  works  are  “ Witness  of  History  to 
Christ"  (1871),  “Life  of  Christ”  (1874),  “Life  and  Work  of 
St.  Paul”  (1879),  “Early  Days  of  Christianity"  (1882),  etc. 

Farrar,  Mrs.  (Eliza  Ware  Botch).  Born  about 
1792 : died  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  April  22, 1870. 
An  American  writer,  wife  of  John  Farrar.  She 
wrote  “ The  Young  Lady’s  Friend”  (1837),  etc. 
Farren  (far'en),  Elizabeth  or  Eliza.  Born  in 
1759  (?) : died  at  Knowsley  Park  in  1829.  An 
English  actress.  She  went  on  the  stage  very  early,  and 
played  with  success  until  April  8,  1797,  when  she  retired 
from  the  stage.  On  if  ay  1,  1797,  she  married  the  Earl  of 
Derby.  She  was  a rival  of  Mrs.  Abington. 

Farren,  Ellen  or  Nelly.  Died  April  28, 1904.  A 
burlesque  actress,  daughter  of  Henry  Farren. 
Farren,  Henry.  Born  in  1826  (?):  died  in  1860. 
An  English  actor,  son  of  William  Farren.  He 
played  in  England  and  America,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  the  manager  of  a.  theater  in  St.  Louis. 

Farren,  William.  Born  May  13, 1786:  died  at 
London,  Sept.  24, 1861.  An  English  actor.  He 
first  appeared  at  theTheatre  Royal,  Plymouth,  about  1806, 
played  subsequently  at  Dublin,  and  in  1818  appeared  as 
Sir  Peter  Teazle  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  where  he 
played  at  one  or  another  of  the  principal  theaters  until 
his  retirement  in  1855. 

Farrer  (far'er),  Henry.  Born  at  London,  March 
23,  1843:  died  Feb.  24,  1903.  A landscape 
and  marinepainter  and  etcher.  He  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  186L  He  was  best  known  for  his  etchings. 

Fars  (fars),  or  Farsistan  (far-sis-tan' ).  A prov- 
ince of  southern  Persia : the  ancient  Persia. 
It  is  bounded  by  Irak-Ajemi  on  the  north,  Kirmanon  the 
east,  Laristan  on  the  southeast,  the  Persian  GuU  on  the 
southwest,  and  Khuzistan  on  the  northwest.  The  capital 
is  Shiraz,  and  the  chief  port  Bushire. 

Farsan  (far-san')  Archipelago.  A group  con- 
sisting of  two  islands  and  several  islets  in  the 
Red  Sea,  on  the  Arabian  side  about  lat.  17°  N. 
Farther  India.  See  India,  Further. 
Farukhabad.  See  Farrakhabad. 

Fasa  (fa'sa).  1 A town  in  the  province  of  Far- 
sistan, Persia,  85  miles  southeast  of  Shiraz. 
Fasano  (fa-sa'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Italy,  36  miles  northwest  of  Brindisi. 
Population,  commune,  16,848. 

Fasher  (fash'er).  The  capital  of  Darfur,  in  the 
Sudan,  Africa. 

Fashion  (fash'on),  Sir  Novelty.  In  Cibber’s 
“Love’s  Last  Shift,”  “a  coxcomb  that  loves  to 
be  the  first  in  all  foppery.”  Vanbrugh  metamor- 
phosed him  into  Lord  Foppingtou  in  ‘ The  Relapse.” 

The  interest  of  the  audience  in  Sir  Novelty  does  not 
centre  in  him  as  an  unprincipled  rake  (he  is,  however, 
sufficiently  unscrupulous),  as  it  is  attracted  towards  him 
as  a “beau,”  a man  of  fashion,  who  professes  to  see  no- 
thing tolerable  in  himself,  solely  in  order  to  extort  praise 
for  his  magnificence  from  others.  ...  He  is  the  first 
man  who  was  ever  called  “beau,”  which  title  he  professes 
to  prefer  to  “right  honourable,”  for  the  latter  is  inherited, 
while  the  former  is  owing  to  his  surprising  mien  and  un- 
exampled gallantry.  Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  20. 

Fashion,  Tom.  Ill  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “The 
Relapse,”  the  younger  brother  of  Lord  Fop- 
pington  (formerly  Sir  Novelty  Fashion).  He 


Fatal  Marriage,  The 

personates  his  brother  to  get  possession  of 
Miss  Hoyden  and  her  fortime.  See  Hoyden. 
Fashionable  Lover,  The.  A play  by  Cum- 
berland, produced  in  1772. 

Fashionable  Tales,  or  Tales  of  Fashionable 
Life.  Tales  by  Miss  Edgeworth.  The  first  instal- 
ment appeared  in  1809,  and  the  last  in  1812.  They  com- 
prise “Ennui,”  “The  Dun,”  “Manoeuvring,”  “ Alraeria," 
‘ Vivian,”  “The  Absentee,”  “Madame  de  Fleury,”  and 
“Emilie  de  Coulanges.” 

Fashoda(fa-sho'da).  A town  in  the  Shilluk  coun- 
try, Africa,  on  the  White  Nile  about  lat.  9°  N. 

Fassa  (fas'sa).  The  upper  part  of  the  Avisio 
valley  in  southern  Tyrol,  noted  for  the  Dolo- 
mite Mountains. 

Fasti  (fas'ti).  [L.  (sc.  dies,  days),  pi.  oifastus, 
lit.  ‘on  which  one  may  speak’:  used  absolutely 
for  a day  on  which  court  can  be  held,  a court- 
day.]  See  the  extract. 

The  Pontifices,  who  possessed  the  art  of  keeping  account 
of  the  time,  arranged  also  the  fasti,  i.  e.  a list  of  the  days 
for  “awards  ” or  the  administration  of  the  law  ( dies agendi, 
dies  fasti),  this  being  part  of  the  table  of  each  month  (Ka- 
lendarium),  enumerating  also  the  feasts,  games,  markets, 
sacrifices,  etc.,  falling  on  each  day,  to  which  were  gradu- 
ally joined  first  the  anniversaries  of  disasters,  and  then 
other  short  notices  of  historical  events,  as  well  as  obser- 
vations on  the  rising  of  certain  constellations.  After 
these  fasti  had  been  made  public,  private  persons  also 
undertook  the  compilation  of  fasti  in  the  shape  of  tables 
or  books,  and  they  became  the  subjects  of  learned  discus- 
sions. After  the  introduction  of  the  Julian  era  (709/45) 
these  publications  became  again  official,  and  were  made 
by  the  Emperor  in  his  quality  of  pontifex  maximus.  We 
possess  a number  of  fragments  of  calendars  which  were 
engraved  or  wr  itten  (painted)  at  Rome  and  in  neighbour- 
ing Italian  towns,  and  which  extend  from  the  8tli  century 
U.  c.  to  the  time  of  Claudius  (from  a.  723/31  B.  C.  to  804/51 
A.  B.).  When  the  new  chronology  had  become  suffi- 
ciently familiar,  the  industry  of  private  persons  found 
there  a new  field.  There  are  still  two  complete  calendars 
in  existence,  an  official  one  of  the  4th  century  written 
by  Furius  Dionysius  Pliilocalus  A.  D.  354,  and  a Christian 
revision  of  the  official  calendar  composed  by  Polemius 
Silvius  (a.  d.  448  sq.).  From  denoting  lists  of  days  and 
months,  the  name  of  fasti  was  also  transferred  to  iists  of 
years  containing  the  names  of  the  chief  annual  magis- 
trates (fasti  consulares),  the  triumphs  held  in  each  year 
(fasti  triumphales),  and  the  priests  (fasti  sacerdotales). 
Fragments  of  fasti  in  this  sense  of  the  woxd  have  likewise 
come  down  to  us,  and  of  these  the  fasti  capitolini  are  by 
far  the  most  important. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  I 106. 

Fasti.  A poetical  Roman  calendar  by  Ovid. 

Fasti  Capitolini  (fas'ti  kapH-to-lI'ni).  [L., 
‘fasti  of  the  Capitol.’  See  Fasti.]  Marble  tab- 
lets containing  a register  of  the  Roman  con- 
suls and  other  chief  magistrates,  excavated 
at  Rome  in  1546  or  1547,  and  preserved  in  the 
Capitol. 

Fastnet  (fast 'net)  Light.  A lighthouse  off 
Cape  Clear,  County  Cork,  Ireland,  in  lat.  51° 
23'  N„  long.  9°  36'  W. 

Fastolf  (fas'tolf),  Sir  John.  Born  probably  in 
1378:  died  at  Caister,  Nov.  5,  1459.  An  Eng- 
lish soldier  and  benefactor  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  a page  of  Thomas  Mowbray,  duke  of 
Norfolk,  and  afterward  entered  the  service  of  Thomas  of 
Lancaster  (duke  of  Clarence),  Henry  IV.  ’s  second  son,  who 
became  lord  deputy  of  Ireland  in  1401.  He  was  appointed 
by  Henry  V.  custodian  of  the  castle  of  Veii  es  in  Gascony 
in  1413  ; became  lieutenant  of  Normandy  and  governor  of 
Maine  and  Anjou  in  1423  ; took  John  II  [duke  of  Alen^on, 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Verneuil  in  1424,  and  was  created 
a knight  of  the  Garter  in  1426.  On  Feb.  12,  1429.  during 
Lent,  while  convoying  provisions,  consisting  chiefly  of 
herrings,  to  the  English  before  Orleans,  he  repulsed  an 
attack  of  a largely  superior  French  force  under  the  Comte 
de  Clermont  at  Rouvray  (“the  Battle  of  the  Herrings’), 
and  June  18,  1429,  was  defeated  with  Talbot  at  J’atay. 
He  retired  from  military  service  in  1440.  He  left  a legacy 
for  the  founding  of  a college  at  Caister,  which  was  di- 
verted by  papal  authority  to  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  original  of  Shakspere  s 
Sir  John  Falstaff.  See  Falstaff. 

Fata  Morgana  (fa'ta  mor-ga'na).  The  fay  or 
fairy  Morgana,  the  sister  of  King  Arthur,  in  me- 
dieval romance.  She  lived  in  the  Isleof  Avalon,  where 
Ogier  the  Dane  was  taken  and  became  her  lover.  In  “ Or- 
lando Innamorato”  she  appears  as  a personification  of 
Fortune.  She  is  subject  only  to  Demogorgon.  She  is  also 
called  “ Morgaine ” (and “Morgan  ”) “la  f6e’’and  “Morgue 
la  fay.”  The  name  Fata  Morgana  is  given  to  a mirage  seen 
in  the  Strait  of  Messina,  superstitiously  supposed  to  be 
caused  by  Morgana. 

Fatal  Curiosity.  1 . An  episode  in  Cervantes’s 
“ Don  Quixote.”  It  relates  to  the  excessive  trial 
of  a wife’s  faith  fulness. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Lillo, 
published  in  1737.  It  has  been  imitated  in  “The  Ship- 
wreck,” and  was  altered  and  reproduced  by  Colinan,  senior, 
in  1782. 

Fatal  Discovery,  The.  A play  by  John  Home, 
produced  by  Garrick  in  1769. 

Fatal  Dowry,  The.  A tragedy  by  Massinger 
and  Field.  It  was  produced  in  1632,  and  was 
pillaged  by  Rowe  in  his  “Fair  Penitent.” 
Fatal  Marriage,  The,  or  The  Innocent  Adul- 
tery. A tragedy  by  Southerne,  acted  in  1694. 
On  its  revival  in  1757  the  comic  under-plot  was  omitted, 
and  the  play  was  ufterward  renamed  “ Isabella." 


Fates,  The 

Fates  (fats),  The.  [L.  Fata .]  In  Roman  my- 
thology, the  Parcae,  or  destinies  personified, 
corresponding  to  the  Greek  Mcerte  (which  see). 
Fath  All.  See  Fetli  Ali. 

Father  Hubherd’s  Tales,  or  The  Ant  and  the 
Nightingale.  A coarse  hut  humorous  attack 
on  the  vices  and  follies  of  the  times,  partly  in 
prose  and  partly  in  verse,  by  Thomas  Middleton. 
It  was  suggested  by  Spenser’s  “ Prosopopoia,  or  Mother 
Hubberd’s  Tale."  It  was  published  in  1604. 

[The  title  of  “ Father  of  ” so-and-so  is  given  to  many  per- 
sons, often  without  reason  or  historical  accuracy.  The 
following  list  contains  some  of  the  most  common  titles  of 
this  sort.) 

Father  of  Angling,  The.  Izaak  Walton. 
Father  of  Comedy,  The.  Aristophanes. 
Father  of  Ecclesiastical  History,  The.  Eu- 
sebius of  Caesarea. 

Father  of  English  Cathedral  Music,  The. 
Tallis. 

Father  of  English  Poetry,  The.  Chaucer. 
Father  of  English  Prose,  The.  Roger  Ascham. 
Father  of  Epic  Poetry,  The.  Homer. 
Father  of  French  History,  The.  Andre  Du- 
chesne. 

Father  of  German  Literature,  The.  Lessing. 
Father  of  Good  Works.  A surname  of  Mo- 
hammed II.,  sultan  of  Turkey. 

Father  of  Greek  Music,  The.  Terpander. 
Father  of  Greek  Tragedy,  The.  JEschylus. 
Father  of  History,  The.  Herodotus. 

Father  of  Jests,  The.  Joseph  Miller. 

Father  of  Letters,  The.  Francis  I.  of  France: 
so  named  as  a patron  of  literature. 

Father  of  Lies,  The.  Satan. 

Father  of  Medicine,  The.  Hippocrates. 
Father  of  Moral  Philosophy,  The.  Thomas 
Aquinas. 

Father  of  Music,  The.  Palestrina. 

Father  of  Orthodoxy,  The.  Athanasius. 
Father  of  Peace,  The.  A title  given  by  the 
senate  of  Genoa  to  Andrea  Doria. 

Father  of  Ridicule,  The.  Rabelais. 

Father  of  the  Faithful,  The.  Abraham. 
Father  of  the  Marshalsea,  The.  See  Dorrit, 
Mr.  William. 

Father  of  the  People.  A title  assumed  by  the 
kings  of  Denmark  during  the  period  of  absolu- 
tism. 

Father  of  Waters.  The  Mississippi. 

Father  Prout.  See  Mahony,  Francis. 

Fathers,  The,  or  The  Good-natured  Man.  A 
play  by  Fielding,  brought  to  light  24  years  after 
his  death. 

Fathers,  The  Apostolic.  Those  fathers  of  the 
church  who  were  during  any  part  of  their  lives 
contemporary  with  the  apostles.  They  are  six : 
Barnabas  (lived  about  A.  D.  70-100),  Clement  of  Rome  (died 
about  100),  Hennas  (lived  probably  about  the  beginning  of 
the  2d  century),  Ignatius  (died  probably  107),  Papias  (lived 
probably  about  130),  and  Polycarp  (died  155). 

Fathers  and  Sons.  A novel  by  Turgenieff, 
published  in  1862.  In  it  theoretic  nihilism  is  pre- 
sented and  defined.  The  destructive  skepticism  of  the 
medical  student  Bazarotf,  “the  new  man,”  in  whom  Tur- 
genietf  portrayed  the  spirit  of  a new  epoch,  aroused  much 
hostility  against  him. 

“A  nihilist,”  said  Nicholas  Petrovi  tell,  . . . “signifies  a 
man  who  . . . recognizes  nothing?"  “ Or  rather  who  re- 
spects nothing,”  said  Paul  Petrovitch.  . . . “A  man  who 
looks  at  everything  from  a critical  point  of  view,"  said 
Arcadi.  “Does  not  that  come  to  the  same  thing?  ” asked 
bis  uncle.  “No,  not  at  all;  a nihilist  is  a man  who  bows 
before  no  authority,  who  accepts  no  principle  without  ex- 
amination, no  matter  what  credit  the  principle  has.” 

Turgenieff. , Fathers  and  Sons  (tr.  by  Schuyler),  v. 

Fathigarh  (fut-e-garh'),  or  Futtigarh  (fut-te- 
garh').  A town  and  station  in  the  division  of 
Agra,  United  Provinces,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Ganges  about  3 miles  east  of  Farrakha- 
bad. 

Fathipur  (fut-e-por'),  or  Futtehpur  (fut-te- 
por ' ) . 1 . A district  in  th  e Allahabad  division , 

United  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  80°  45'  E.  Area,  1,618 
square  miles.  Population,  686,391. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Fathipur,  situated  in 
lat.  25°  56'  N.,  long.  80°  50'  E.  Population, 
19,281. 

Fathom,  Count.  See  Ferdinand , Count  Fathom. 
Fatima  (fa/ te-ma).  1.  Born  at  Mecca,  Arabia, 
about  606:  died  at  Medina,  Arabia,  632.  A 
daughter  of  Mohammed  by  his  first  wife,  Kadi- 
jah,  and  wife  of  Ali.  She  had  three  sons,  Al-Hasan, 
Al-Husein,  and  Al-Muhsin.  The  last  died  in  infancy.  From 
the  two  former  were  descended  the  Saiyides.  She  was 
called  by  the  Prophet  one  of  the  four  perfect  women. 

2.  In  “Aladdin  or  the  Wonderful  Lamp,”  the 
enchantress. — 3.  In  the  story  of  Bluebeard, 
the  seventh  and  last  wife.  She  is  said  to  per- 
sonify female  curiosity. 


382 

Fatimites  (fat'i-mlts),  or  Fatimides  (fat'i- 
midz).  An  Arabian  dynasty  of  califs  which 
reigned  over  northern  Africa  and  Syria,  909- 
1171.  They  professed  to  trace  their  descent  from  Fatima, 
the  daughter  of  Mohammed.  The  califate  was  established 
by  Obeid-allah,  and  he  had  13  successors.  Their  reign  in 
Egypt  began  in  969. 

Fattore,  II.  See  Penhi. 

Fatwa  (fut'wa).  A town  iu  Bengal,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Ganges  at  its  junction 
with  the  Pumpun,  near  Patna. 

Faubourg  St.-Antoine,  St.-Germain,  etc.  See 
St.-Antoine,  etc. 

Faucher  (fo-sha'),  L6on.  Born  at  Limoges, 
France,  Sept.  8,  1803 : died  at  Marseilles,  Dec. 
14,  1854.  A French  economist  and  politician, 
a leading  advocate  of  free  trade.  He  was  min- 
ister of  public  works  and  of  the  interior  1848-49,  and 
minister  of  the  interior  in  1851.  His  chief  works  are 
“ Recherches  sur  l’or  et  sur  l’argent  ” (1843),  “Etudes  sur 
l’Angleterre  ” (1845). 

Fauchet  (fo-sha'),  Claude.  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
3, 1530 : died  at  Paris,  1601.  A noted  French 
antiquarian  and  historian.  He  wrote  “Les  an- 
tiquitez  gauloises  et  frangoises,  etc.”  (1579),  “Recueil  de 
l’origine  de  la  langue  et  poCsie  frangoise,  etc.”  (1581),  etc. 
His  collected  works  were  published  at  Paris  in  1610. 

Fauchet,  Claude.  Born  at  Domes,  Nievre, 
France,  Sept.  22,  1744:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Oct.  31, 1793.  A French  bishop  (of  Calvados), 
journalist,  and  revolutionist.  He  was  deputy  to  the 
Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  in 
1792.  He  edited  “La  Bouche  de  Fer”  and  the  “Journal 
des  Amis.”  His  support  of  the  church  and  his  alliance 
with  the  Girondins  led  to  his  death. 

Faucigny  (fo-sen-ye').  A district  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  south  of 
Chablais  and  west  of  the  Swiss  canton  of  Va- 
lais. It  was  a medieval  lordship,  and  passed  in  1355  to 
the  house  of  Savoy. 

Faucilles  (fo-sey'),  Les  Monts.  A range  of 
hills  in  eastern  France,  connecting  the  Vosges 
Mountains  with  the  plateau  of  Langres.  High- 
est point,  about  1,600  feet. 

Faucit  (fa'sit),  Helen,  Lady  Martin.  Bom  in 
1817 : died  Oct.  31,  1898.  An  English  actress. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  at  London,  in  1836,  as  Julia 
in  “The  Hunchback."  She  afterward  gained  success  in 
Juliet,  Portia,  Desdemona,  and  other  Shaksperian  roles, 
and  created  the  leading  female  characters  in  “The  Lady 
of  Lyons,"  “Money,"  “Richelieu,”  and  many  other  plays. 
In  1851  she  married  Mr.  Theodore  (now  Sir  Theodore) 
Martin.  Her  last  appearance  was  in  1879,  at  the  opening 
of  the  Memorial  Theatre  at  Stratford-on-Avon.  She  wrote 
a work  “On  Some  of  the  Female  Characters  of  Shakspere." 

Faujas  de  Saint-Fond  (fo-zha'  de  sah-foh'), 
Barthelemy.  Bom  at  Montelimart,  Drome, 
France,  May  17,  1741:  died  at  Paris,  July  19, 
1819.  A French  geologist  and  traveler.  He 
published  “ Les  volcans  dteints  du  Vivarais  et 
du  Velay  ” (1778),  etc. 

Faulconbridge  (fa'kn-brij),  Lady.  A charac- 
ter in  Shakspere’s  “ King  John.” 
Faulconbridge,  Philip.  Half-brother  (illegit- 
imate) to  Robert  Faulconbridge  in  Shakspere’s 
“ King  John.” 

Faulconbridge,  Robert.  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s “ King  John.” 

Faulhorn  (foul'horn).  A peak  of  the  Bernese 
Alps,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  south 
of  the  Brienzer  See.  Height,  8,803  feet. 
Faulkland.  See  Falkland. 

Faulkner’s  (fak'nerz)  Island.  A small  island 
in  Long  Island  Sound,  near  Guilford,  Con- 
necticut. 

Faun  of  Praxiteles.  The  finest  surviving  copy 
of  the  celebrated  original : in  the  Capitoline 
Museum,  Rome.  The  youth  leans  on  a tree-stump, 
nude  except  for  a panther-skin  over  the  shoulder.  The 
face  betrays  his  rude  kinship  by  little  except  the  unusual 
hollow  in  the  nose  and  the  slightly  pointed  ears. 

Faunus.  See  Parasitaster. 

Faure  (for),  Francois  F61ix.  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  30,  1841 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  16,  1899.  A 
Fre  n ch  statesman . He  was  president  of  the  chamber 
of  commerce  at  Havre,  and  during  the  Franco-German 
war  served  in  the  garde  mobile  against  the  Commune. 
He  was  elected  in  1881  to  the  chamber  as  a republican  ; 
was  in  the  ministry  of  commerce  under  Gambetta  and 
Jules  Ferry  ; was  minister  of  marine  under  Dupuy ; and 
was  elected  president  of  France  Jan.  17,  1895. 

Faure,  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Moulins, 
France,  Jan.  15,  1830.  A noted  French  bary- 
tone singer  and  composer.  He  made  his  d6but  at 
the  Op6ra  Comique  Oct.  20,  1852.  In  1857  he  was  for  a 
short  time  professor  of  singing  at  the  Conservatoire,  Paris. 
In  1859  he  married  Mademoiselle  Lefebvre,  an  actress  at 
the  Opera  Comique. 

Faure,  Madame  (Constance  Caroline  Le- 
febvre). Bora  at  Paris,  Dec.  21,  1828:  died 
1905.  A French  vocalist,  wife  of  J.  B.  Faure. 

Fauriel  (fo-re-el'),  Claude  Charles.  Born  at 
St. -Etienne,  France,  Oct.  21,  1772:  died  at 


Faustus 

Paris,  July  15,  1844.  A French  philologist, 
historian,  critic,  and  politician.  He  published 
“Histoire  de  la  Gaule  rneridionale  sous  la  domination 
des  conqu6rants  germains  ” (1836),  “ Histoire  de  la  croi- 
sade  contre  leshtrdtiques  albigeois”  (translated  from  the 
Provengal,  1837),  “Histoire  de  la  litterature  provengale" 
(1846),  “Dante  et  les  origines  de  la  langue  et  de  la  lite- 
rature italienne  ” (1854). 

Faust  (foust).  1.  A tragedy  by  Goethe,  com- 
menced in  1772,  and  published  as  “Faust,  ein 
Fragment  ” in  1790.  Part  1,  complete,  was  published 
as  “Faust,  eine  Tragodie”  in  1S08 ; part  2,  finished  in 
1831,  was  published  in  1833.  It  has  been  translated  into 
English  by  Bayard  Taylor,  Blackie,  Anster,  Hayward, 
Martin,  and  others  (nearly  40  in  all).  Goethe  accomplished 
the  transformation  of  Faust  from  a common  necromancer 
and  conjurer  into  a personification  of  humanity,  tempted 
and  disquieted,  but  at  length  groping  its  way  to  the 
light.  See  Goethe. 

2.  An  opera  by  Gounod  (words,  after  Goethe, 
by  Carre  and  Barbier),  represented  at  the  The- 
atre Lyrique,  Paris,  March  19,  1859. — 3.  An 
opera  by  Spohr,  first  produced  at  Frankfort  in 
1818.  The  words,  which  do  not  follow  Goethe’s 
play,  are  by  Bernhard. 

Faust  (foust),  Johann.  See  Fust. 

Faust,  or  Faustus  (fas'tus),  Doctor  Johann.  A 
person  bora  at  Kundling  ( Knittlingen ) ,Wiirtem- 
berg,  or  at  Roda,  near  Weimar,  and  said  to  have 
died  in  1538.  He  was  a man  of  licentious  character,  a ma- 
gician, astrologer,  and  soothsayer,  who  boasted  of  perform- 
ing the  miracles  of  Christ.  It  was  believed  that  he  was  car- 
ried off  at  last  by  the  devil,  who  had  lived  with  him  in  the 
form  of  a black  dog.  The  legends  of  Faust  were  gathered 
from  the  then  recent  traditions  concerning  him  in  a book 
which  appeared  at  the  book-fair  at  Frankfort-on-tbe- 
Main  in  1587.  It  was  called  “ The  History  of  Dr.  Faustus, 
the  Notorious  Magician  and  Master  of  the  Black  Art, 
etc.”  Soon  after  its  appearance  it  became  known  in  Eng- 
land. “A  metrical  version  of  it  into  English  was  licensed 
by  Aylmer,  Bishop  of  London,  before  the  end  of  the  year. 
In  1688  there  was  a rimed  version  of  it  into  German,  also 
a translation  into  Low  German,  and  a new  edition  of  the 
original  with  some  slight  changes.  In  1589  there  ap- 
peared a version  of  the  first  German  Faust  book  into 
French,  by  Victor  Palma  Cayet.  The  English  prose  ver- 
sion was  made  from  the  second  edition  of  the  original, 
that  of  1588,  and  is  undated,  but  probably  was  made  at 
once.  There  was  a revised  edition  of  it  in  1592.  In  1592 
there  was  a Dutch  translation  from  the  second  German 
edition.  This  gives  the  time  of  the  carrying  off  of  Faustus 
by  the  devil  as  the  night  between  the  twenty-third  and 
twenty-fourth  of  October,  1538.  The  English  version  also 
gives  1538  as  the  year,  and  it  is  a date,  as  we  have  seen, 
consistent  with  trustworthy  references  to  his  actual  life. 
Marlowe's  play  (‘  The  Tragical  History  of  Doctor  Faustus  ’) 
was  probably  written  in  1588,  soon  after  the  original  story 
had  found  its  way  to  England.  He  treated  the  legend  as  a 
poet,  bringing  out  with  all  his  power  its  central  thought  — 
man  in  the  pride  of  knowledge  turning  from  his  GcM.” 
(Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  IX.  254.)  This  play  was  brought  to 
Germany  about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  and,  after 
passing  through  various  developments  on  the  stage,  finally 
became  a puppet-play,  which  is  still  in  existence.  Les- 
sing wrote  parts  of  two  versions  of  the  story.  Midler,  the 
painter,  published  two  fragments  of  his  dramatized  life  of 
Faust  in  1778.  Goethe’s  tragedy  (which  see)  was  not  pub- 
lished till  1808.  Klinger  published  a romance  “Faust’s 
Leben,  Thaten  und  Hollenfahrt  ” (1791 : Borrow  trans- 
lated it  in  1826).  Klingemann  published  a tragedy  on  the 
subject  (1815),  Heine  a ballet  “Der  Doctor  Faust,  ein 
Tanzpoem”  (1851),  and  Lenau  an  epic  “Faust”  (1836). 
W.  G.  Wills  adapted  a play  from  Goethe’s  “Faust,”  which 
Henry  Irving  produced  in  1885.  Calderon’s  play  “El 
Magico  Prodigioso  ” strongly  resembles  Goethe's  and  Mar- 
lowe’s plays,  though  founded  on  the  legend  of  St.  Cyprian. 

Fausta  (fas'ta),  Cornelia.  Bom  about  88  b.  c. 
A daughter  of  the  Roman  dictator  L.  Cornelius 
Sulla  by  his  fourth  wife,  Csecilia  Metella.  she 
married  at  an  early  age  C.  Memmius,  by  whom  she  was 
divorced.  In  65  B.  c.,  she  married  T.  Annius  Milo.  She 
was  notorious  for  her  conjugal  infidelity.  The  historian 
Sallust  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  her  paramours. 

Fausta,  Flavia  Maximiana.  Died  probably 
in  326.  A Roman  empress,  daughter  of  the 
emperor  Maximianus  Herculius.  She  married  in 
307  Constantine  the  Great,  by  whom  she  was  the  mother 
of  Constantinus,  Constantius,  and  Constans.  She  is  said 
to  have  induced  Constantine  by  false  accusations  to  put 
Crispus,  his  eldest  son  by  a former  marriage,  to  death, 
and  to  have  been  suffocated  in  a heated  bath  by  order  of 
her  husband,  in  consequence  of  the  discovery  of  the  inno- 
cence of  Crispus. 

Faustin  I.  See  Soulouque. 

Faustina  (fas-tl'na),  Annia,  sumamed  Junior. 
[L.  Faustina,  from  faustus,  fortunate.]  Died 
near  Mount  Taurus,  Asia  Minor,  175  a.  d.  A 
Roman  empress,  daughter  of  Antoninus  Pius  by 
Annia  Galeria  Faustina.  She  married  Marcus  Au- 
relius in  145  or  146.  She  surpassed  her  mother  in  profligacy, 
and  is  said  to  have  incited  by  her  intrigues  the  unsuccess- 
ful rebellion  of  Avidius  Cassius. 

Faustina,  Annia  Galeria,  sumamed  Senior. 
Born  about  104  a.  d.  : died  141.  A Roman  em- 
press. She  married  Antoninus  Pius  before  his  elevation 
to  the  throne  in  138,  and  died  in  the  third  year  of  his 
reign.  She  was  noted  for  her  profligacy.  A temple  dedi- 
cated to  her  memory  in  the  Via  Sacra  may  still  be  seen  in  a 
perfect  state  of  preservation.  There  is  a colossal  bust  of 
her  in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  It  is  a well-characterized  piece 
of  portrait-sculpture,  and  a good  example  of  the  best 
works  of  Roman  art. 

Faustus.  See  Faust. 


Fauvelet 

Fauvelet  (fov-la'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  Prance,  June  9,  1819.  A French 
painter  of  genre  scenes  and  flowers. 

Favara  (fa-va'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Girgenti,  Sicily,  4 miles  southeast  of  Girgenti. 
Population,  20,398. 

Favart  (fa-var'),  Charles  Simon.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  13,  1710:  died  at  Belleville,  near 
Paris,  May  12,  1792.  A French  dramatist  and 
writer  of  comic  operas. 

Favart,  Madame  (Marie  Justine  Benoite  du 
Ronceray).  Born  at  Avignon,  France,  June  15, 
1727:  died  at  Paris,  April  22,  1772.  A French 
actress  and  writer,  wife  of  C.  S.  Favart. 
Favart,  Marie  (Pierette  Ignace  Pinaud). 
Born  at  Beaune,  France,  Feb.  16,  1833  : died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  11,  1908.  A noted  French  actress 

She  made  her  debut,  in  1848,  at  the  Comedie  Frangaise,  of 
which  in  1854  she  was  made  a member.  She  resigned  in 
188L  In  1883  she  made  a tour  in  Russia  with  Coquelin, 
and  played  in  classic  comedy,  notably  in  “Tartufe.”  She 
created  many  original  parts. 

Faventia  (fa-ven'shi-a).  The  Roman  name  of 
Faenza  (which  see). 

Faversham  (fav'er-sham),  or  Feversham 
(fev'er-sham).  A town  in  Kent,  England,  on 
a branch  of  the  Swale  44  miles  east-southeast 
of  London.  It  was  formerly  the  6eat  of  a cele- 
brated abbey.  Population,  11,290, 

Favignana  (fa-ven-ya'na).  The  largest  of  the 
iEgates  Islands,  west  of  Sicily:  the  ancient 
iEgusa. 

Favonius  (fa-vo'ni-us).  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  west  wind  personified : the  same  as  Zephyrus. 
Favorinus  (fav-o-ri'nus).  Born  at  Arelate, 
Gaul : lived  about  125  a.  D.  A rhetorician  and 
sophist,  a friend  of  the  emperor  Hadrian.  He 
adopted  the  skepticism  of  the  Academy. 
Favorita (f a-vo-re ' ta ) , La.  [It., ‘The Favorite.’] 
An  opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Paris 
in  1840. 

Favras  (fa-vra'),  Marquis  de  (Thomas  de 

Mahy).  Born  at  Blois,  France,  March  26, 1744 : 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  19,  1790.  A French  con- 
spirator. At  the  outbreak  of  the  French  Revolution  he 
was  an  officer  in  the  Swiss  body-guard  of  the  Count  of 
Provence,  afterward  Louis  XVIII.  He  was  suspected  of 
organizing  a counter-revolution  to  place  the  couut  on  the 
French  throne,  and  was  hung. 

Favre  (favr),  Gabriel  Claude  Jules.  Born  at 
Lyons,  March  21,  1809:  died  at  Versailles, 
France,  Jan.  19,  1880.  A noted  French  states- 
man and  orator.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  democratic 
opposition  to  the  second  empire  1863-68,  and  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  1870-71.  He  wrote  “Rome  et  la r^publique 
framjaise  ” (1871),  “ Le  gouvernement  de  la  defense  nation- 
ale  ” (1871-75). 

Fawcett  (fa/set),  Henry.  Born  at  Salisbury, 
England,  Aug.  26,  1833:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Nov.  6,  1884.  A noted  English  statesman  and 
political  economist.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1856;  studied  law  at  Lincoln’s  Inn, 
London ; and  was  accidentally  blinded  Sept.  17, 1858.  He 
became  professor  of  political  economy  at  Cambridge  in 
1863,  a position  which  he  retained  until  his  death.  In 
1867  he  married  Miss  Millicent  Garrett  of  Aldeburgh,  Suf- 
folk, who  during  the  rest  of  his  life  shared  his  intellectual 
and  political  labors.  He  was  Liberal  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Brighton  1865-74,  and  for  Hackney  1874-84.  In 
1880  he  became  postmaster-general  in  Gladstone’s  gov- 
ernment, and  introduced  numerous  reforms  in  the  postal 
service,  of  which  the  most  important  was  the  parcels  post 
of  1882.  He  published  a “Manual  of  Political  Economy” 
(1863),  “Mr.  Hare’s  Reform  Bill  Simplified  and  Explained" 
(I860),  “The  Leading  Clauses  of  a New  Reform  Bill  ” 
(I860),  “The  Economic  Position  of  the  British  Labourer" 
(1865),  “Pauperism:  its  Causes  and  Remedies  ”(18711,  “Es- 
says and  Lectures  on  Social  and  Political  Subjects  ,f(1872 : 
including  eight  essays  by  Mrs.  Fawcett),  “Speeches  on 
Some  Current  Political  Questions”  (1873),  “Free  Trade 
and  Protection ” (1878),  “Indian  Finance ” (1880),  “State 
Socialism  and  the  Nationalisation  of  Land  ” (1883),  and 
“ Labour  and  Wages  ” (1884). 

Fawcett,  John.  Born  Aug.  29, 1768 : died  1837. 
An  English  actor  and  dramatist.  He  appeared  at 
Covent  Garden,  London,  in  1791,  and  maintained  his  con- 
nection with  that  theater  until  his  retirement  from  the 
stage  in  1830.  A number  of  play3  were  written  especially 
for  him  by  Colman  the  younger,  the  most  notable  of  which 
was  the  “ Heir-at-Law,”  in  which  he  appeared  as  Dr.  Pan- 
gloss. He  wrote  “ Obi,  or  Three-fingered  .Tack  ” (produced 
at  theHaymarket in  1800),  “Pbrouse  "(1801), “Fairies'  Rev- 
el ’’  (produced  at  the  Hay  market  in  1802),  “ The  Enchanted 
Islhrid  ’’  (produced  at  the  Haymarket  in  1804),  etc. 

Fawkes  (faks),  Guy.  Bom  at  York,  Eng- 
land, 1570:  died  Jan.  31,  1606.  An  English 
conspirator.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward  Fawkes,  a 
notary  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts.  Guy  left  England  in 
1593  for  Flanders,  where  he  became  a soldier  in  the  Span- 
ish army.  He  returned  to  England  on  the  accession  of 
James  I.,  and  in  1604  became  associated  with  Catesby, 
Thomas  Percy,  Thomas  Winter,  John  Wright,  and  others  in 
the  so-called  “gunpowder  plot,”  the  object  of  which  was 
to  kill  the  king  and  the  members  of  Parliament.  The  con- 
spirators managed  to  fill  a cellar  under  the  Parliament 
house  with  barrels  of  gunpowder,  which  was  to  be  ex- 
ploded by  Fawkes  at  the  opening  of  Parliament,  Nov.  5, 


383 

1605.  He  was  arrested  as  he  was  entering  the  cellar  on 
the  night  of  Nov.  4-5,  and  after  trial  was  executed  with 
several  of  his  accomplices. 

Fawkner  (fak'ner),  John  Pasco.  Born  Oct. 
20,  1792:  died  Sept.  4,  1869.  An  Australian 
journalist.  He  went  from  England  to  Van  Diemen’s 
Land  in  1804  with  his  father,  a convict.  In  1835  he  settled 
with  others  on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Melbourne, 
and  in  1838  started  the  “Melbourne  Advertiser,”  which 
was  suppressed  by  the  government  in  consequence  of  fail- 
ure to  comply  with  the  press  laws.  In  1839  he  began  the 
“Port  Philip  Patriot,”  which,  after  changing  its  name  to 
the  “ Daily  News,"  was  amalgamated  with  the  “Argus" 
in  1852.  He  became  a member  of  the  council  of  Victoria. 

Fawnia  (fa'ni-a).  In  Greene’s  “ Dorastus  and 
Fawnia”  (afterward  called  “Pandosto”),  the 
lady  loved  by  Dorastus.  She  is  the  original  of 
Shakspere’s  Perdita. 

Faxardo.  See  Saavedra. 

Fay  (fi  or  fay),  Andreis.  Born  at  KoMny, 
county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary,  May  30,  1786 : 
died  at  Pest,  July  26,  1864.  A Hungarian  poet 
and  general  writer,  author  of  “Mesdk”  (“Fa- 
bles,” 1820),  etc. 

Fay  (fa),  Charles  Alexandre.  Bom  at  St.- 
Jean  Pied  de  Port,  Basses-Pyrdnees,  France, 
Sept.  23,  1827.  A French  general.  He  entered 
the  army  in  1847 ; served  as  aide-de-camp  to  General  Bos- 
quet in  the  Crimean  war,  and  as  lieutenant-colonel  on  the 
staff  of  Marshal  Bazaine  in  the  Franco- Prussian  war ; and 
was  captured  at  the  capitulation  of  Metz.  He  became 
general  of  division  in  1885.  He,has  written  “ Souvenirs  de 
la  guerre  de  CrimCe  " (1867),  “Etude  sur  la  guerre  d’Alle- 
magne  enl866”  (1867),  “ De  la  loi  militaire  ” (1870),  “Jour- 
nal d’un  officier  de  l’armde  du  Rhin  ’’  (1871),  etc. 

Fay  (fi),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Cologne,  Aug.  10, 
1813:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  July  27,  1875.  A 
German  painter. 

Fay  (fa),  Theodore  Sedgwick.  Born  at  New 
York,  Feb.  10,  1807 : died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  24, 
1898.  An  American  miscellaneous  writer  and 
diplomatist.  He  became  associate  editor  of  the  “ New 
York  Mirror”  in  1828 ; was  secretary  of  the  American  lega- 
tion at  Berlin  1837-53  ; and  was  minister  resident  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  1853-61,  when  he  retired  to  private  life. 
Author  of  “Great  Outlines  of  Geography  ” (1867). 

Fayal  (fi-al';  Pg.  pron.  fi-al').  One  of  the 
Azores  Islands,  forming  part  of  the  district  of 
Horta.  It  exports  oranges.  The  capital  is 
Horta.  Area,  63  square  miles. 

Faye  (fa),  Eerve  Auguste  Etienne  Alban. 

Bora  at  St. -Benoit-du-Sault,Indre,  France,  Oct. 
5,  1814:  died  at  Paris,  July  4, 1902.  A French 
astronomer.  On  Nov.  22,  1843,  he  discovered 
a new  comet,  which  was  named  from  him. 

Fayette,  Madame  de  La.  See  La  Fayette. 

Fayetteville  (fa-et'vil).  The  capital  of  Cum- 
berland County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  the 
Cape  Fear  River  50  miles  south-southwest  of 
Raleigh.  Population,  7,045,  (1910). 

Fayrer  (fa'rer),  Sir  Joseph.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
England,  Dec.  6,  1824 : died  May  21,  1907.  An 
English  surgeon-general  in  the  Indian  army. 
He  wrote  a work  on  the  poisonous  snakes  of  India,  w hich 
was  published  by  the  Indian  government  in  1872,  and  Was 
also  the  author  of  other  works  and  of  numerous  papers  on 
medical  subjects  in  special  relation  to  India. 

Fayum,  or  Fayoum  (fi-onP).  A province  of 
Egypt,  west  of  the  Nile  and  southwest  of  Cairo. 
It  is  well  watered  and  very  fertile.  In  the  northwest  part 
of  it  is  the  large  lake  Birket  el-Kurun,  and  the  ancient  lake 
Moeris  (which  see)  was  in  it.  Area,  669  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 441,583. 

Mr.  Petrie  has  brought  to  light  Tin  the  Fayum]  the  earli- 
est Greek  alphabetical  signs  yet  discovered  ; for  the  most 
ancient  specimens  of  the  Greek  writing  previously  known 
are  the  rock-cut  and  the  lava-cut  inscriptions  found  in  the 
very  ancient  cemeteries  of  Santorin  and  Thera,  and  the 
famous  Greek  inscription  cut  upon  the  leg  of  one  of  the 
colossi  at  Abh-Simbel.  The  Abfl-Simbel  inscription  is 
contemporaneous  with  the  Forty-seventh  Olympiad,  and 
Lenormant  attributes  the  oldest  of  the  Theran  inscrip- 
tions to  the  9th  century  before  Christ.  But  the  potsherds 
found  by  Mr.  Petrie  in  the  Fayum  carryback  the  history 
of  the  alphabet  to  a period  earlier  than  the  date  of  the 
Exodus,  and  six  centuries  earlier  than  any  Greek  inscrip- 
tions known.  Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  79. 

Fazio  (fat'se-o).  A tragedy  by  Dean  Milman, 
first  produced,  without  his  knowledge,  as  “ The 
Italian  Wife.’’  In  1818  it  was  brought  out  with  great 
success  at  Covent  Garden.  The  plot  is  from  a story  in 
the  “Annual  Register"  for  1795.  See  Bianca. 

Fazogl,  or  Fassogl  (fii-zd'gl).  A territory  in 
the  eastern  Sudan,  situated  on  the  Blue  Nile 
about  lat.  11°-12°  N. 

Fazy  (fa-ze'),  James.  Born  at  Geneva.  May  12, 
1796:  died  there,  Nov.  5, 1878.  A Swiss  states- 
man and  journalist.  He  was  the  head  of  the  provi- 
sional government  at  Geneva  in  1846,  and  author  of“  Essai 
d ’un  prdeis  de  l’histoire  de  la  rdpublique  de  Genfcve  ” (1838), 
etc. 

Fea  (fa/a),  Carlo.  Born  at  Pigna,  near  Nice, 
Feb.  2,  1753:  died  at  Rome,  March  18,  1836. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  archaiologist.  He 
published  “ Miscellanea  filologica,  critica  ed  an- 
tiquaria”  (1790),  etc. 


Feckenham 

Fear  (fer),  Cape.  A promontory  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  forming  the  southern  point  of  Smith’s 
Island,  in  the  south  of  North  Carolina.  The  po- 
sition of  the  light-ship  is  lat.  33°  35'  N.,  long.  77°  60'  W. 
Cape  Fear-  River,  which  enters  the  ocean  here  by  two 
channels  separated  by  Smith’s  Island,  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Deep  and  Haw  rivers  in  Chatham  County, 
North  Carolina,  and  flows  in  a southeasterly  direction. 
The  entrances  to  it  were  blockaded  during  the  Civil  War. 
Length,  about  250  miles;  navigable  to  Fayetteville  (120 
miles). 

Fearne  (fern),  Charles.  Bom  at  London,  1742 : 
died  at  Chelmsford,  Feb.  25,  1794.  An  English 
jurist.  His  chief  work  was  “ An  Essay  on  Con- 
tingent Remainders”  (1772). 

Feast  of  Rose  Garlands,  The.  A painting  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1506),  in  the  museum  at  Prague, 
Bohemia.  The  Virgin,  with  the  Child  on  her  knee,  is 
enthroned  beneath  a green  canopy  upheld  by  angels. 
Other  angels  hold  a diadem  over  her  head,  and  still  others 
crown  with  roses  the  attendants  of  the  emperor  and  the 
Pope,  who  kneel  at  the  right  and  left.  The  Virgin  crowns 
the  emperor,  and  the  Child  is  about  to  place  a garland  on 
the  Pope’s  head.  At  the  Virgin's  feet  an  angel  plays  on 
a viol. 

Feather  (feTii'er)  River.  A river  of  northern 
California,  formed  by  its  North  and  Middle 
Forks,  flowing  south,  and  joining  the  Sacra- 
mento 18  miles  above  Sacramento.  Length, 
over  200  miles. 

Featherstone  (feTH'er-ston),  Peter.  In  George 
Eliot’s  novel  “Middlemarch,”  an  old  miser  who 
delights  in  tormenting  his  expectant  relatives. 
Featley  (fet'li),  or  Fairclough  (far'kluf), 
Daniel.  Bom  at  Charlton-upon-Otmoor,  Ox- 
fordshire, March  15, 1582 : died  at  Chelsea  Col- 
lege, April  17,  1645.  An  English  controver- 
sialist and  devotional  writer.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Sir  Thomas  Edmondes,  English  ambassador  at  Paris,  1610- 
1613,  and  acted  subsequently  as  domestic  chaplain  to 
Abbot,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed rector  of  Lambeth  in  1619.  He  became  rector  of 
Acton,  Middlesex,  in  1627.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
suspected  of  acting  as  a spy  for  the  king. 

February  (feb'ro-a-ri).  [L.  Februarius  (sc.  men- 
sis ),  the  month  of  expiation,  fro m februa,  pi.,  a 
Roman  festival  of  purification  and  expiation 
celebrated  on  the  15th  of  that  month,  sacred  to 
the  god  Lupercus  (hence  sumamed  Februus), 
pi.  of  februum,  a means  of  purification : a word 
of  Sabine  origin.]  The  second  month  of  the 
year,  containing  twenty-eight  days  inordinary 
years  and  twenty-nine  in  leap-years.  When  intro- 
duced into  the  Roman  calendar,  it  was  made  the  last  month, 
preceding  January ; but  about  460  B.  c.  it  was  placed 
after  January,  and  made  the  second  month.  In  later  reck- 
onings which  began  the  year  with  March,  it  was  again  the 
last  month.  Abbreviated  Feb. 

February,  Revolution  of.  In  French  history, 
the  revolution  of  1848.  An  outbreak  on  the  evening 
of  Feb.  23  led  to  the  abdication  of  King  Louis  Philippe  on 
the  24th,  and  this  was  followed  the  same  day  by  the  for- 
mation of  a provisional  government  and  the  declaration 
of  a republic. 

Fecamp  (fa-koh').  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  m the  department  of  Seine-Inferieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  22 
miles  northeast  of  Havre.  The  abbey  church,  of  the 
13th  century,  is  one  of  the  chief  monuments  of  the  Bene- 
dictine monks.  The  exterior  is  plain,  but  the  interior, 
though  simple,  is  very  effective  from  its  great  size,  excel- 
lent proportions,  and  the  grace  of  its  series  of  pointed 
arches.  There  are  some  good  tombs  of  abbots,  and  curious 
sculptures  of  scriptural  scenes.  Population,  commune, 
16,737. 

Fechner  (feeh'ner),  Gustav  Theodor.  Born 
at  Gross-Sahrchen,  near  Muskau,  Prussia,  April 
19, 1801 : died  at  Leipsic,  Nov.  18,  1887.  A Ger- 
man physicist,  one  of  the  founders  of  psycho- 
physics. He  was  professor  of  physics  at  the  University 
of  Leipsic  1834-39,  when  he  was  compelled  to  resign  on  ac- 
count of  an  affection  of  the  eyes.  He  subsequently  taught 
natural  philosophy,  anthropology,  and  esthetics.  His  chief 
works  are  “Nanna,  oder  uberdas  Seelenleben  der  Pflan- 
zen  ” (1848),  “Zend-Avesta,  Oder  iiber  die  Dinge  des  Him- 
mels  und  des  Jenseits  ”..(1851),  “liber  die  Seelenfrage ” 
(1861),  “Vorschule  der  Asthetik"  (1876),  “Die  Tagesan- 
siclit  gegeniiberder  Nachtansicht”  (1879),  “Elemente  der 
Psycliophysik  ” (1860),  “ In  Sachen  der  Psychophysik  ” 
(1877),  etc. 

Fechter  (fech'ter),  Charles  Albert.  Bom  at 

London,  England,  Oct.  23, 1824 : died  at  Quakers- 
town,  Pa.,  Aug.  5,  1879.  A noted  actor.  His 
father  was  a native  of  France,  though  of  German  lineage ; 
his  mother  was  born  in  Flanders,  of  Italian  descent.  From 
1848  till  1860  he  played  on  the  French  stage,  where  he  was 
very  successful  as  Arraand  Duval,  in  “La  dame  aux  carad- 
lias,"  a part  which  he  created.  In  1860  he  appeared  in 
London  as  Ruy  Bias,  and  afterward  in  melodrama.  In 
1870  he  came  to  America.  After  various  vicissitudes  he 
retired  to  a farm  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  died.  He  ex- 
celled in  melodrama. 

Feckenham  (fek'en-am),  or  Fecknam  (fek'- 
nam),  John  de.  "Born  in  Feckenham  Forest, 
Worcestershire,  about  1518 : died  at  Wisbeach, 
Cambridgeshire,  1585.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  divine,  last  abbot  of  Westminster 
(1556).  He  was  private  chaplain  and  confessor  to  Queen 


Feckenham 

Alary.  During  the  persecution  of  the  Protestants  he  was 
much  occupied  with  striving  to  convert  them,  and,  failing 
in  this,  he  often  befriended  them. 

Federal  Constitution,  The.  The  fundamental 
or  organic  law  of  the  United  States,  it  was 
framed  by  the  Constitutional  Convention  which  met  in 
Philadelphia  May  25,  1787,  and  adjourned  Sept.  17,  1787, 
and  it  went  into  effect  March  4, 1789,  having  been  ratified 
by  eleven  of  the  thirteen  States,  the  others,  North  Caro- 
lina and  Rhode  Island,  ratifying  it  Nov.  21, 1789,  and  May 
29,  1790,  respectively. 

Federal  District  (Mexico).  See  Mexico. 
Federalist  (fed'e-ral-ist),  The.  A collection  of 
essays  in  favor  and  in  explanation  of  the  United 
States  Constitution,  first  issued  in  serial  form, 
Oct.,  1787, -April,  1788,  in  the  “Independent 
Journal”  of  New  York,  where  they  were  col- 
lected in  book  form  with  the  title  “The  Fed- 
eralist.” They  were  written  by  Hamilton,  Mailison,  and 
Jay  shortly  after  the  Constitution  was  published.  The  joint 
signature  of  the  authors  was  at  first  “ A Citizen  of  New 
York  ” ; a little  later  it  was  changed  to  “ Publius.”  Eighty- 
five  essays  were  published,  of  which  29  are  by  Madison 
(on  his  own  authority),  51  by  Hamilton,  and  6 by  Jay. 
They  did  much  to  secure  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution. 

Federalists  (fed'e-ral-ists),  The.  1.  In  United 
States  history,  a political  party  formed  in  1787 
to  support  the  Federal  Constitution.  Among  its 
leaders  were  Hamilton  and  John  Adams,  and  it  controlled 
the  executive  of  the  national  government  under  the  ad- 
ministrations of  Washington  and  Adams.  From  1789  it 
favored  a broad  construction  of  the  Constitution,  and  a 
strongly  centralized  government.  It  opposed  the  War  of 
1812,  and  after  that  time  ceased  to  be  of  importance  in  na- 
tional politics  ; but  it  figured  for  some  years  longer  in 
local  New  England  politics. 

2.  [Sp.  Fcderalistas .]  A political  party  of 

Mexico.  See  Centralists. 

Federici  (fa-da-re'che),  Camillo  (Giovanni 
Battista  Viassolo).  Born  at  Turin,  April, 
1749:  died  at  Padua,  Dec.  23,  1802.  An  Italian 
dramatist. 

Federmann  (fa'der-man),  Nicholas  (old  au- 
thors write  Fredeman,  Frideman,  etc.). 
Born  at  Ulm,  Swabia,  1501:  died  either  in  a 
shipwreck  or  at  Madrid,  Spain,  about  1543.  A 
South  American  traveler.  From  1529  to  1532  he  was 
in  Venezuela  in  the  employ  of  the  Welsers  of  Augsburg, 
and  made  an  extended  exploration  in  the  interior,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  account,  first  published  in  1557.  lie  was  again 
in  Venezuela  in  1534  as  lieutenant  of  George  of  Spires. 
The  latter  started  for  the  interior,  leaving  orders  for  Fe- 
dermann to  follow.  Instead  of  doing  so,  he  began  inde- 
pendent explorations,  wandered  for  several  years  north  of 
the  Orinoco,  and  finally  reached  the  country  of  the  Chib- 
chas  of  New  Granada.  This  region  had  already  been  partly 
conquered  by  Gonzalo  Quesada,  and  it  is  said  that  Feder- 
mann was  bribed  by  Quesada  to  relinquish  his  claim  to  the 
conquest.  He  returned  to  Europe,  where  the  Welsers 
disgraced  him  for  his  treachery  to  George  of  Spires. 
Fedor.  See  Feodor. 

Fddora  (fa-do'rii).  A play  by  Sardou,  produced 
at  Paris  in  1882.  It  was  translated  by  Herman 
Merivale,  and  produced  in  English  in  1883. 
Feeble  (fe'bl).  In  Shakspere’s  “Henry  IV.,” 
part  2,  one  of  Falstaff’s  recruits,  characterized 
by  Falstaff  as  “most  forcible  feeble.” 

Feejee.  See  Fiji. 

Feenix  (fe'niks),  Cousin.  In  Charles  Dickens's 
“Dombey  and  Son,”  a well-preserved  society 
man,  very  youthful  in  appearance  : a bachelor, 
and  the  cousin  of  Edith  Granger. 

Fehmarn.  See  Femern. 

Fehrbellin  (far-bel-len').  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  33  miles 
northwest  of  Berlin.  Here  the  Prussians  under  the 
Great  Elector  defeated  the  Swedes  under  Wrangel,  June 
18  (28  N.  S.),  1675. 

Feignwell.  See  Fainwell. 

Fei.i6  (fa-zho'),  Diogo  Antonio:  commonly 
called  Padre  Peijo.  Born  at  Sao  Paulo,  Aug., 
1784:  died  there,  Nov.  10,  1843.  A Brazilian 
priest  and  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice 
July  4,  1831,  to  July  20,  1832,  senator  from  1833,  and  from 
Oct.  12, 1835,  to  Sept.  18, 1837,  regent  of  Brazil.  He  was  a 
pronounced  liberal,  even  advocating  the  abolition  of  the 
celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

Feilding  (fel'ding),  Robert:  called  BeauFeil- 
ding.  Died  May  12, 1712.  An  English  rake  of 
the  period  of  the  Restoration.  He  became  notori, 
ous  for  his  amours  at  the  court  of  Charles  II.,  where  he 
was  known  as  “handsome  Feilding.”  He  afterward  be- 
came a Roman  Catholic,  and  was  given  a regiment  by 
James  II.,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Ireland.  He  sat  for 
Gowran  in  the  Irish  Parliament  of  1689  ; was  in  Paris  in 
1692  ; and  in  1696  returned  to  England,  where  lie  was  for 
a time  committed  to  Newgate.  He  married  one  Mary 
Wadsworth,  Nov.  9,  1705,  supposing  her  to  be  a wealthy 
lady  (Mrs.  Deleau),  whose  hair-dresser  he  had  bribed  to 
bring  about  a marriage.  Nov.  25,  1705,  he  married  the 
Duchess  of  Cleveland,  the  former  mistress  of  Charles  II., 
and  was  in  consequence  convicted  of  bigamy.  He  was  de- 
scribed by  Steele  as  Orlando  in  the  “ Tatler  ” (Nos.  50  and 
51,  1709). 

Feitama  (fi'ta-ma),  Sybrand.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, Dec.,  1694:  died  at  Amsterdam,  June, 
1758.  A Dutch  poet  and  translator  from  the 
French. 


384 

Feith  (fit),  Rhijnvis.  Born  at  Zwolle,  Nether- 
lands, Feb.  7, 1753 : died  there,  Feb.  8, 1824.  A 
Dutch  poet  and  general  writer.  His  works  include 
“ Het  Graf  ” (1792),  “ Oden  eu  Gedichten  ” (1796),  the  trage- 
dies “Thirza,”  “Johanna  Gray,”  “Ines  de  Castro,"  etc. 
Fejer  (fe'yar),  Gyorgy.  Born  at  Keszthely, 
county  of  Zala,  Hungary,  April  23,  1766:  died 
at  Pest,  July  2,  1851.  A Hungarian  historian 
and  general  writer.  His  chief  work  is  “ Codex 
diplomaticus  Hwngariaj”  (1829-44). 

Felanitx  (fa-la-nech'),  or  Felaniche  (fa-la- 
nech'e).  A town  in  Majorca,  Balearic  Islands, 
Spain,  27  miles  east-southeast  of  Palma.  Pop- 
ulation, 11,294. 

Feldberg  (feld'berG).  The  highest  summit  in 
the  Black  Forest,  Baden,  Germany.  It  com- 
mands a fine  prospect.  Height,  4,900  feet. 
Feldberg,  The  Great.  The  highest  summit 
of  the  Taunus  range,  near  Wiesbaden,  Ger- 
many. Height,  2,900  feet. 

Feldkirch  (feld'kirch).  A town  in  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  HI  in  lat.  47° 
12'  N.,  long.  9°  35'  E.  It  occupies  a strong 
strategic  position.  Population,  commune, 
5,057,  (1910). 

Felegyhaza  (fa'ledy-ha-zo).  A town  in  the 
county  of  Pest-Pilis-S61t,  Hungary,  in  lat.  46° 
42'  N.,  long.  19°  52'  E.  Population,  33,408. 
Felibien  (fa-le-byan'),  Andre.  Born  at  Char- 
tres, France,  May  8,  1619:  died  at  Paris,  June 
11, 1695.  A French  architect,  poet,  and  writer 
(especially  on  art).  His  chief  work  is  “ Entretiens 
surles  vies  et  sur  les  ouvrages  des  plus  excellents  pein- 
tres  ” (1666-88). 

Felibien,  Michel.  Born  at  Chartres,  France, 
Sept.  14, 1666 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  25, 1719.  A 
French  historian,  son  of  Andr6  Felibien.  He 
wrote  a “ Histoire  de  l’abbaye  royale  de  Saint-Denis  ” 
(1706),  etc. 

Felibres  (fa-lebr'),  Les.  [Pr.,  of  unknown  ori- 
gin ( ‘ book-makers ' f ) . J A brotherhood  of  mod- 
ern Provencal  poets.  It  was  originated  by  Joseph 
Roumanille,  who  revived  Provencal  as  a literary  language, 
about  183.i.  He  was  followed  by  Ftodtiric  Mistral  and  five 
other  poets,  all  living  in  or  near  Avignon.  In  time  this 
brotherhood  came  to  be  a great  literary  society,  with 
affiliated  organizations  in  other  parts  of  France  and  in 
Spain.  Among  the  members  have  been  Aubanel,  Brunet, 
Camille  Raybaud,  Mathieu,  and  Felix  Gras.  The  brother- 
hood of  the  Friibrige  was  formally  founded  May  21,  1854. 

Felice  (fe-le'che),  Fortunato  Bartolommeo. 

Born  at  Rome,  Aug.  24, 1723:  died  at  Yverdon, 
Switzerland,  Feb.  7,  1789.  An  Italian  writer, 
author  of  an  encyclopedia  (1770-80),  etc. 
Felicitas,  Saint.  See  Perpetua,  Saint. 
Felisbravo.  A prince  of  Persia  in  Sir  Richard 
Fanshawe’s  translation  of  “Querer  Por  Solo 
Querer”  (“To  Love  for  Love’s  Sake”),  a ro- 
mantic drama  written  in  Spanish  by  Mendoza, 
1649.  A favorite  character.  Lamb. 

Felix  (fe'liks)  I.,  Saint.  [L.,  ‘ happy,’  ‘ fortu- 
nate ’ ; F.  Felix,  It  .Felice,  Sp.  Felix,  Pg.  Felix,  G. 
D.  Felix ; fern.  Felicia.)  Bishopof  Rome.  Accord- 
ing to  the  “Acta  Sanctorum  " he  reigned  269-274,  and  was 
martyred  in  the  persecutions  under  Aurelian. 

Felix  II.  Died  in  365.  Pope,  according  to  some, 
355-358.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Arian  party  to  succeed 
Liberius,  who  had  been  banished.  On  the  return  of  Libe- 
rius  he  was  expelled  from  Rome. 

Felix  III.  Pope  483-492.  He  excommunicated  the 
Patriarch  of  Constantinople  in  484  or  485,  which  act  pro- 
duced the  first  schism  between  the  Eastern  and  (he  W estern 
Church. 

Felix  IV.  Pope  526-530.  Ho  was  elevated  to  the 
papal  see  through  the  influence  of  Theodoric, 
king  of  the  East  Goths. 

Felix  V.,  Pope.  See  Amadeus  Fill,  (of  Savoy). 
Felix,  Antonius.  A Roman  procurator  of  Judea. 
He  was  a freedman  of  Antonia,  mother  of  (lie  emperor 
Claudius  I.,  and  was  the  brother  of  the  latter’s  favorite, 
the  freedman  Pallas.  He  was  appointed  procurator  of 
Judea  about  55,  and  governed  his  province  from  Caesarea, 
whither  St.  Paul  was  sent  to  him  for  trial  after  his  arrest 
in  Jerusalem  (Acts  xxiii.  23,  24).  He  married  Drusilla, 
daughter  of  Agrippa  I.  and  wife  of  Azizus,  king  of  Emesa, 
whom  he  induced  her  to  desert ; and  procured  the  assas- 
sination of  the  high  priest  Jonathan,  who  had  offended 
him  by  unpalatable  advice.  He  was  recalled  about  60 
A.  D.,  and  was  saved  from  the  consequences  of  his  tyranny 
and  extortion  by  the  intercession  of  his  brother  with  the 
emperor  Nero. 

Felix  (fa-les'),  Celestin  Joseph.  Born  at  Neu- 
ville-sur-Escaut,  near  Valenciennes,  France, 
June  28,  1810 : died  at  Lille,  July  6,  1891.  A 
French  Jesuit  preacher. 

Felix  (fe'liks),  Don.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  com- 
edy “ The  Wonder,  or  a Woman  keeps  a Secret,” 
a Portuguese  gentleman  in  love  with  Violante. 
His  lively  jealousy  is  roused  by  Violante’ s unusual  accom- 
plishment of  keeping  another's  secret.  Garrick  played 
this  part  on  his  last  appearance. 

Felix,  Minucius.  See  Minucius  Felix. 

Felix  Holt,  the  Radical.  A novel  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1866. 


Feltre,  Due  de 

Felixmarte  of  Hyrcania.  An  old  Spanish  ro- 

mance.  It  was  one  of  those  said  to  be  in  Don  Quixote's 
library. 

Eefore  God,  your  worship  should  have  read  what  I have 
read  concerning  Felixmarte  of  Hyrcania,  who  with  one 
back-stroke  cut  asunder  five  giants  in  the  middle,  as  if 
they  had  been  so  many  bean-cods. 

Don  Quixote  (tr.  by  Jarvis),  I.  iv.  5. 

Felix  of  Urgel.  Died  early  in  the  9th  century. 
A bishop  of  Urgel  (Spain),  a champion  of  the 
adoption  heresy. 

Felix  of  Valois.  Bom  in  Valois,  France,  April 
19,  1127 : died  at  the  monastery  of  Cerfroi,  on 
the  border  of  Brie  and  Valois,  Nov.  4,  1212. 
A French  monk,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Trinitarians. 

Fell  (fel),  John.  Born  probably  at  Longworth, 
Berkshire,  June  23,  1625 : died  July  10,  1686. 
An  English  scholar  and  prelate.  Hewas  educated 
at  Oxford,  served  under  the  king’s  standard  in  the  civil 
war,  and  was  made  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1660, 
and  bishop  of  Oxford  in  1675.  His  chief  work  is  " The  In- 
terest of  England  Stated,”  etc.  (1659).  He  is  said  to  have 
edited  “ A Paraphrase  and  Annotations  upon  the  Epistles 
of  St.  Paul  ” (1675),  often  quoted  as  Fell’s  Paraphrase.  He 
was  satirized  by  Tom  Brown  in  the  epigram  beginning  “I 
do  not  like  you,  Dr.  Fell,’’  said  to  have  been  paraphrased 
from  Martial’s  “Non  amo  te,  Sabidi.” 

Fellahs  (fel'az),  or  Fellahin  (fel'a-hen).  A 
name,  signifying  ‘ tiller,’  applied  to  the  agri- 
cultural class  of  Egypt,  which  forms  three 
fourths  of  the  whole  population.  The  Fellahs  are 
the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  They  have  given 
up  their  own  language,  the  Coptic,  for  the  Arabic,  and  have 
for  the  most  part  adopted  Islam.  In  physical  appearance 
they  have  preserved  (he  old  Egyptian  type.  They  are  me- 
diurnsized  and  well  formed,  and  have  a reddish-brown  com- 
plexion, narrow  forehead,  round  face,  strong,  short  nose 
with  wide  nostrils,  full  lips,  a solid  chest,  and  black,  but 
not  woolly,  hair. 

Fellatahs  (fel-la'taz),  or  Foulahs  (fo'laz),  na- 
tive Fulbe  (fol'be).  A negro  race  inhabit- 
ing the  valley  of  the  Middle  Niger  and  other 
regions  in  the  Sudan  and  in  western  Africa.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism.  The 
numbers  are  estimated  at  6,000,000-8,000,000. 
Fellenberg  (fel'len-berG),  Philipp  Emanuel 
von.  Born  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  June  27, 1771 : 
died  at  Bern,  Nov.  21,  1844.  A Swiss  philan- 
thropist and  educator.  He  established  agricul- 
tural and  other  schools  at  Hofwyl,  near  Bern. 
Feller  (fel'ler),  Frangois  Xavier  de.  Born  at 
Brussels,  Aug.  18,  1735 : died  at  Ratisbon,  Ba- 
varia, May  23,  1802.  A Belgian  writer.  He  pub- 
lished “Biographie  universelle,  ou  dictionnaire  historique 
et  littdraire”  (1781),  etc. 

Fellowes  (fcl'oz),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Mi- 
norca in  1778:  died  April  12,  1853.  A British 
rear-admiral.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1797,  and  was 
promoted  commander  in  1809.  He  commanded  the  Dart- 
mouth, of  42  guns,  in  the  British  fleet  at  Navarino,  Oct.  20, 
1827,  where  an  attempt  made  by  him  to  remove  a Turkish 
fire-ship  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  battle.  He  was 
knighted  in  1828,  and  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1847. 

Fellows  (fel'oz),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Not- 
tingham, Aug.,  1799:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
8,  1860.  An  English  traveler  and  archaeologist. 
In  1838  and  subsequent  years  he  explored  parts  of  Asia 
Minor,  discovering,  among  other  ancient  sites,  the  ruins  of 
Tlos  and  of  Xanthus  in  Lycia.  His  collection  illustrating 
Lycian  archaeology  is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  He 
published  several  works  on  the  Eycian  explorations. 

Felltham  (fel'tham),  Owen.  Bom  at  Mutford, 
Suffolk,  probably  in  1602 : died  at  Great  Bil- 
ling, Northamptonshire,  in  1668.  An  English 
author.  He  was  either  secretary  or  chaplain  in  the  fam- 
ily of  the  Earl  of  Thomond,  at  Great  B.lling,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire. He  pul  dished  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  “ Resolves, 
Divine,  Mo  rail,  Politicall,  by  Owin  Felltham,”  a collection 
of  a hundred  short  essays,  dedicated  to  Lady  Dorothy 
Crane.  He  was  an  ardent  Royalist,  and  in  a poem  entitled 
“ Epitaph  to  the  Eternal  Memory  of  Charles  the  First  . . . 
Inhumanly  murthered  by  a perfidious  Party  of  His  preva- 
lent Subjects,”  refers  to  Charles  as  “ Christ  the  Second.” 

Felsing  (fel'sing),  Georg  Jakob.  Bom  at 

Darmstadt,  Germany,  July  22,  1802:  died  at 
Darmstadt,  June  9,  1883.  A German  engraver. 
Felton  (fel'ton),  Cornelius  Conway.  Born  at 
West  Newbury,  Mass.,  Nov.  6,  1807 : died  at 
Chester,  Pa.,  Feb.  26,  1862.  An  American 
classical  scholar,  president  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity 1860-62.  His  chief  work  is  “Greece, 
Ancient  and  Modem”  (1867). 

Felton,  John.  Hanged  at  Tyburn,  Nov.  28, 
1628.  An  English  assassin.  He  entered  the  army 
at  an  early  age,  and  served  as  a lieutenant  under  Sir  Ed- 
ward Cecil  at  Cadiz  in  1625.  Made  reckless  by  poverty, 
and  inflamed  by  the  reading  of  the  Remonstrance  of  Par- 
liament, he  assassinated,  Aug.  23, 1628,  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, who  had  refused  him  the  command  of  a company. 
Felton,  Septimius.  See  Scptimius  Felton. 
Feltre  (fel'tre).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Belluno,  Italy,  45  miles  north-northwest  of 
Venice. 

Feltre,  Due  de.  See  Clarke,  H.  J.  G. 


Female  Quixote,  The 

Female  Quixote,  The.  A novel  by  Mrs.  Len- 
nox, published  in  1752.  It  was  intended  to  ridicule 
the  novels  of  the  romantic  school  of  Gomberville  and 
Scud^ry. 

The  heroine,  Arabella,  the  only  child  of  a widowed  and 
misanthropic  marquis,  is  supposed  to  be  brought  up  in 
seclusion  in  the  country,  where  she  has  access  to  a library 
full  of  old  romances,  by  which  her  head  is  almost  as  much 
turned  as  that  of  the  Knight  of  La  Mancha  was  by  the 
same  kind  of  study.  She  takes  a young  gardener  in  her 
father's  service  for  a nobleman  in  disguise,  and  is  with 
difficulty  undeceived  when  he  gets  a thrashing  for  stealing 
carp  from  a pond. 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  155. 

Femern  (fa'mern),  or  Fehmarn  (fa'marn). 
An  island  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  42  miles 
northeast  of  Liibeck.  Population,  about  10,000. 
Femme  de  Trente  Ans  (fam  de  front  oh),  La. 
[F.,  ‘ The  Woman  of  Thirty.']  A novel  by  Bal- 
zac, published  in  1831. 

Femmes  Savantes  (fam  sa-vont'),  Les.  [F., 
‘ The  Learned  Women.’]  A comedy  by  Moliere, 
first  played  in  1672.  It  was  adapted  from  ‘ ‘ Les 
pr6cieuses  ridicules,”  and  satirized  female  pe- 
dantry. 

Femynye,  or  Feminee  (fem-i-ne').  In  medie- 
val romance,  the  kingdom  of  the  Amazons. 
Gower  and  Chaucer  refer  to  it. 

Fenchurch  (fen'cherch),  The  Cripple  of.  A 
cripple,  in  Heywood’s  “Fair  Maid  of  the  Ex- 
change,” who  performs  feats  of  valor,  and  with 
whom  the  “fair  maid”  is  in  love.  She  is  persuaded 
by  him  to  transfer  her  affections  to  a younger  and  un- 
crippled man. 

Fen  Country,  or  The  Fens.  That  part  of 
eastern  England  which  formerly  abounded  in 
fens,  now  in  great  part  drained.  See  Bedford 
Level. 

Fenelon  (fan-ion')  (Bertrand  de  Salignac, 

Marquis  de  La  Mothe-Fenelon).  Died  1599.  A 
French  diplomatist  at  the  English  court  about 
1568—75.  He  wrote  “Le  siege  de  Metz  en  1552  ”(1553), 

‘ Lettres  au  Cardinal  de  Ferrare  sur  le  voyage  du  roi  aux 
Pays-Bas  de  l’empereur  en  l’an  1654”  (1554),  “ Mdmoires 
touchant  l’Angleterre  et  la  Suisse,  etc."  (1659),  etc. 

F6nelon  (Franqois  de  Salignac  de  La  Mothe- 
Fenelon).  Boru  at  Chateau  de  Fenelon,  Dor- 
dogne, France,  Aug.  6,  1651 : died  at  Cambrai, 
France,  Jan.  7, 1715.  A celebrated  French  prel- 
ate, orator,  and  author.  He  became  preceptor  of 
the  sons  of  the  dauphin  in  1689,  and  was  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  Cambrai  in  1695.  His  works  include  “ Les  aven- 
tures  de  T<jlcmaque  ” (1699),  “ Dialogues  des  morts  ” (1712), 
“TraitC  de  l’Cducation  des  filles"  (1688),  “Explication  des 
maximes  des  saints  ” (1697),  etc.  His  collected  works  were 
edited  by  Lecltre  (38  vols.,  1827-30). 

Fdnelon  (Gabriel  Jacques  de  Salignac,  Mar- 
quis de  La  Mothe-Fdnelon).  Born  1688:  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Raucoux,  Belgium,  Oct.  11, 1746. 
A French  general  and  diplomatist,  nephew  of 
Archbishop  Fenelon. 

Fenians  (fe'ni-anz;  in  def.  1 also  fen'i-anz). 
[In  the  first  sense  also  written  Fennians  and 
Finnians  ; formed,  with  Latin  suffix  -ian,  from 
Ir.  Feinn,  Feinne,  oblique  case  of  Ir.  Fiann,  pi. 
Fianna : see  def.  1.]  1.  A modern  English 

form  of  Irish  Fiann,  Fianna,  a name  applied  in 
Irish  tradition  to  the  members  of  certain  tribes 
who  formed  a militia  of  the  ardrigh  or  king  of 
Eire  or  Erin  (the  Fianna  Eirionn,  or  champions 
of  Erin).  The  principal  figure  in  the  Fenian  legends  is 
Finn  or  Fionn,  who  figures  as  Fingal  in  the  Ossianic 
publications  of  McPherson,  in  which  the  name  of  Ossian 
stands  for  Oisin,  son  of  Finn.  The  Fenians,  with  their 
hero  Finn,  while  probably  having  a historical  basis,  be- 
came the  center  of  a great  mass  of  legends  which  may 
be  compared  with  the  legends  of  “King  Arthur”  and  the 
“Round  Table."  In  the  Ossianic  version  the  Fenians  are 
warriors  of  superhuman  size,  strength,  speed,  and  prowess. 
Also  Fian,  Fion. 

2.  An  association  of  Irishmen  known  as  the 
Fenian  Brotherhood,  founded  in  New  York  in 
1857  with  a view  to  secure  the  independence 
of  Ireland.  The  movement  soon  spread  over  the  United 
States  and  Ireland  (where  it  absorbed  the  previously  ex- 
isting Phoenix  Society),  and  among  the  Irish  population 
of  Great  Britain,  and  several  attempts  were  made  at  insur- 
rection in  Ireland,  and  at  invasion  of  Canada  from  the 
United  States.  The  association  was  organized  in  district 
clubs  called  “circles,”  presided  over  by  “centers,”  with  a 
“ head  center  ” as  chief  president,  and  a general  “senate” : 
an  organization  afterward  modified  in  some  respects.  Be- 
tween 1863  and  1872  eleven  “national  congresses"  were 
held  by  the  Fenian  Brotherhood  in  the  United  States, 
after  which  it  continued  in  existence  as  a secret  society. 

Fennell  (fen'el),  James.  Born  Dec.  11,  1766: 
died  June  14, 1816.  An  English  actor  and  dram- 
atist. He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  at 
Lincoln’s  Inn,  London,  and  in  1787  appeared  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Edinburgh,  ne  subsequently  played  in  London,  and 
about  1793  emigrated  to  America.  lie  published  “ Linda 
and  Clara,  or  the  British  Officer  ’’  (1791),  and  an  “ Apology  ” 
for  his  life  (1814). 

Fenris  (fen'ris).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, a water-demon  in  the  form  of  a gigan- 


385 

tie  wolf:  hence  also  called  Fenris-wolf  (ON. 
Fenrisulfr).  He  was  the  son  of  Loki  and  the  giantess 
Angurboda  (ON.  Anyrbodha),  and  the  brother  of  the  Mid- 
gard  serpent  and  the  goddess  Hel.  He  was  fettered  by 
the  gods,  but  freed  himself  at  Ragnarok  and  slew  Odin. 
He  was,  in  his  turn,  slain  by  Vidar  (ON.  Vidharr),  Odin’s 
son. 

Fens,  The.  See  Fen  Country. 

Fenton (fen'ton).  In  Shakspere’s  “Merry Wives 
of  Windsor,”  a gentleman  in  love  with  Anne 
Page.  He  intends  to  marry  her  for  her  money 
alone,  but  her  charms  subdue  him. 

Fenton,  Edward.  Died  in  1603.  An  English 
navigator.  He  accompanied  Sir  Martin  Frobisher  on 
his  second  and  third  northwest  voyages  in  1577  and  1578 
respectively,  and  in  1582-83  commanded  an  expedition  in 
search  of  the  northwest  passage,  in  which  he  was  accom- 
panied by  William  Hawkins  (junior)  and  John  Drake. 

Fenton,  Elijah.  Born  at  Shelton,  Staffordshire, 
May  20,  1683:  died  Aug.,  1730.  An  English 
poet.  He  graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1704,  and  subsequently  was  for  a 
time  head-master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Sevenoaks. 
He  assisted  Pope  in  the  translation  of  the  Odyssey.  He 
wrote  a tragedy  “Mariamne”  (acted  in  1723),  in  which  he 
was  assisted  by  Southerne. 

Fenton,  Sir  Geoffrey.  Died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  19, 
1608.  An  English  translator  and  politician.  He 
was  the  son  of  Henry  Fenton  of  Fenton  in  Nottingham- 
shire, and  was  for  many  years  principal  secretary  of  state 
in  Ireland,  being  knighted  for  his  services  in  this  capacity 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1589.  His  chief  work  is  a transla- 
tion of  a number  of  novels  from  Boaisteau  and  Bellefor- 
est’s  “ Histoires  tragiques,  extraictes  des  ceuvres  italiennes 
de  Bandel  [Bandello],"  published  under  the  title  of  “Cer- 
taine  Tragicall  Discourses  written  oute  of  French  and 
Latine  by  Geffraie  Fenton,”  etc.  (1567). 

Fenton,  Lavinia.  Born  in  1708:  died  in  1760. 
An  English  actress.  She  was  the  daughter  of  a naval 
officer  named  Beswick.  Her  mother  afterward  married  a 
man  named  Fenton.  She  made  her  first  appearance  in 
1726,  and  was  successful  especially  as  Polly  Peacham  in 
“The  Beggar's  Opera.”  She  married  the  Duke  of  Bol- 
ton in  1751,  after  living  with  him  for  many  years  before 
the  death  of  his  wife,  which  took  place  in  that  year. 

Fenton,  Reuben  E.  Born  at  Carroll,  N.  Y. , July 

I,  1819 : died  at  Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  25, 1885. 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  New  York 
1865-69,  and  United  States  senator  from  New 
York  1869-75. 

Fenwick  (fen'wik),  George.  Died  March  15, 
1657.  An  English  colonial  official.  He  settled  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut  River  as  agent  for  the  pa- 
tentees and  governor  of  the  fort  of  Saybrook  in  1639.  The 
fort  having  been  sold  to  the  colony  of  Connecticut  in  1644, 
he  returned  to  England  in  1645.  He  served  in  the  Parlia- 
mentary army  during  the  civil  war,  was  made  governor 
of  Leith  and  Edinburgh  Castle  in  1650,  and  was  one  of  the 
eight  commissioners  appointed  in  1651  for  the  government 
of  Scotland.  He  was  also  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  the  trial  of  Charles  I.,  but  did  not  act. 

Fenwick,  Sir  John.  Beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 
Jan.  28,  1697.  An  English  conspirator.  He  was 
descended  from  a Northumberland  family  ; served  in  the 
army,in  which  he  obtained  the  rank  of  major-general  (1688); 
and  entered  Parliament  in  1677.  He  was  arrested  in  1696 
for  complicity  in  a plot  against  the  life  of  William  III., 
and  caused  a sensation  by  accusing  Marlborough,  Godol- 
phin,  Russell,  Shrewsbury,  and  other  leaders  of  the  Whig 
party  of  treasonable  negotiations  with  the  Jacobites. 

Feodor  (fa'o-dor)  I.  Ivanovitch.  [Russ.  Fedor 
= E.  Theodore,  from  Gr.  O-  odupof.]  Born  May 

II,  1557:  died  Jan.  7,  1598.  Czar  of  Russia 
March  18,  1584,— Jan.  7,  1598.  During  his  reign  the 
church  of  Russia  was  declared  independent  of  the  Patri- 
arch of  Constantinople,  and  a separate  Russian  patriarch- 
ate established.  He  was  the  last  of  the  house  of  Rurik. 

Feodor  II.  Alexievitch.  Born  in  1589 : mur- 
dered June  10,  1605.  Czar  of  Russia  April  5- 
June  10,  1605,  son  of  Boris  Godunoff. 

Feodor  III.  Bom  June  8, 1656:  died  at  Moscow, 
April  27, 1682.  Emperor  of  Russia,  eldest  son 
of  the  emperor  Alexis,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1676. 

Feodosia(fa-o-do,se-a),orKaffa(kaf'fa).  [Tatar 
Kefe.\  A seaport  and  watering-place  in  the 
Crimea,  government  of  Taurida,  Russia,  about 
lat.  45°  5'  N.,  long.  35°  20'  E.  The  Greek  colony 
of  Theodosia  was  founded  here  by  Milesians.  The  place 
was  the  seat  of  an  extensive  trade  in  the  middle  ages,  its 
population  reaching  150,000.  It  was  held  by  the  Genoese 
from  the  13th  to  the  15th  century,  and  by  the  Turks  from 
1475  until  1774,  when  it  was  ceded' to  Russia.  Population, 
27,426. 

Feramorz  (fer'a-morz).  In  Moore’s  “Lalla 
Rookh,”  a young  poet.  He  is  Aliris,  the  sultan  of 
Lower  Bucharia,  who  is  betrothed  to  Lalla  Rookh.  He 
wins  her  heart  in  his  disguise,  and  reveals  himself  only 
when  she  is  led  into  his  presence  as  a bride. 

Ferdinand  (fer'di-nand)  I.,  surnamed  “The 
Just.”  [F.  Ferdinand,  Fcrrand,  It.  Ferdinando, 
Ferrando,  Sp.  Hernando,  Fernando,  G.  Ferdi- 
nand.'] Born  1379 : died  1416.  King  of  Aragon 
1412-16.  ne  was  a prominent  supporter  of  the  antipope 
Benedict  XIII.  at  the  beginning  of  the  Council  of  Con- 
stance (1414-18),  but  after  the  deposition  of  John  XXIII. 
and  the  abdication  of  Gregory  XII.  he  was  in  1415  induced 
by  the  emperor  Sigismund  to  withdraw  his  support  in  the 
interest  of  the  unity  of  the  church. 


Ferdinand  VII. 

Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  Aragon.  See  Ferdinand 
V.,  King  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  (fer'di-nand;  G.  pron.  fer'de-nand) 
I.  Born  at  Vienna,  April  19, 1793:  died  at  Frague, 
June  29, 1875.  Emperor  of  Austria,  son  of  Fran- 
cis I.  whom  he  succeeded  March  2,  1835.  He 
inherited  a weak  constitution,  mentally  and  physically, 
which  compelled  him  to  abandon  the  administration  of 
the  government  to  others,  especially  to  the  imperial  chan- 
cellor Metternich,  whose  absolute  and  reactionary  policy 
provoked  the  revolution  of  1848.  He  abdicated  in  favor 
of  his  nephew  Francis  Joseph,  Dec.  2,  1848. 

Ferdinand,  Duke  of  Brunswick.  See  Bruns- 
wick, Duke  of  ( Ferdinand ). 

Ferdinand  I.,  surnamed  “ The  Great.”  Died  at 
Leon,  Spain,  Dec.  27, 1065.  King  of  Castile  and 
Leon . He  was  the  second  son  of  Sancho  III.  of  Navarre, 
who  acquired  possession  of  Castile  in  1028.  He  was  in- 
vested by  his  father  in  1033  with  the  sovereignty  of 
Castile,  which  was  created  an  independent  kingdom. 
He  defeated  Bermudo  of  I.  on  at  Lantada,  near  Rio  Car- 
rion, in  1037,  whereupon  he  became  king  of  Leon  also. 
He  fought  with  success  against  the  Moors,  extending  the 
Christian  frontiers  from  the  Duero  to  the  Mondego,  and 
reducing  to  vassalage  the  rulers  of  Toledo,  Saragossa, 
and  Seville.  He  assumed  the  title  of  emperor  of  Spain 
in  1056. 

Ferdinand  II.  Died  1188.  King  of  Leon  1157- 
1188,  son  of  Alfonso  VIII.  His  repudiation  of  Urraca, 
his  wife,  involved  him  in  a war  with  his  father-in-law,  Al- 
fonso I.  of  Portugal,  whom  he  defeated  and  captured  at 
Badajoz  in  1167.  He  gained  a brilliant  victory  over  the 
Moors  at  Santarem  about  1181.  During  his  reign  the  great 
military  order  ol  Alcantara  was  chartered  (1177)  by  Pope 
Alexander  III. 

Ferdinand  III.,  surnamed  “The  Saint.”  Born 
about  1200:  died  1252.  King  of  Castile  and 
Leon,  son  of  Alfonso  IX.  of  Leon  by  Beren- 
garia,  sister  of  Henry  I.  of  Castile.  He  became 
king  of  Castile  on  the  death  of  Henry  in  1217,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  king  of  Leon  in  1230.  He  captured 
Ubeda  from  the  Moors  in  1234,  Cordova  in  1236,  Jaen  in 
1246,  and  Seville  in  1248.  He  was  canonized  by  Clement 
X.  in  1671,  and  is  commemorated  on  May  30.  He  caused 
to  be  collected  and  to  be  translated  into  the  vulgar  tongue 
the  “Forum  Judicum,"  or  code  of  Visigothic  laws,  which 
forms  one  of  the  oldest  specimens  of  Castilian  prose.  Dur- 
ing liis  reign  a law  was  passed  (1230)  which  made  of  Leon 
and  Castile  a single  inseparable  kingdom. 

Ferdinand  IV.  Born  1285:  died  1312.  King 
of  Castile  and  Leon,  son  of  Sancho  IV.  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1295. 

Ferdinand  V.  (II.  of  Aragon  and  Sicily,  in.  of 
Naples), 'surnamed  “The  Catholic.”  Born  at 
Sos,  Aragon,  March  10,  1452 : died  at  Madriga- 
lejo,  Estremadura,  Spain,  Jan.  23, 1516.  King 
of  Castile.  He  was  the  son  of  John  II.  of  Navarre  and 
Aragon,  who  associated  him  with  himself  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Aragon  in  1466,  and  in  1468  declared  him  king 
of  Sicily.  In  Oct.,  1469,  he  married  Isabella,  sister  of 
Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  and  heiress  of  that  throne.  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella  were,  on  the  death  of  Henry  in  1474, 
recognized  as  joint  sovereigns  of  Castile  by  the  nobles  and 
the  junta  of  Segovia ; but  a strong  party,  including  the 
Marquis  of  Villena,  the  grand  master  of  Calatrava,  and 
the  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  supported  by  Alfonso  V.  of 
Portugal  and  Louis  XI.  of  France,  declared  in  favor  of 
Juana  “la  Beltraneja”  (i.  e.,  daughter  of  Beltran),  whom 
Henry  had  in  his  will  acknowledged  as  his  legitimate 
child  and  designated  as  hi3  successor.  Ferdinand  de- 
feated Alfonso  at  Toro,  with  the  result  that  the  whole  of 
Castile  submitted  to  Isabella  and  her  consort  in  1479.  He 
succeeded  his  father  in  Aragon  in  the  same  year  (Navarre 
going  to  his  sister  Leonora  de  Foix).  In  1482  he  resumed 
the  war  against  the  Moors,  which  resulted  in  the  conquest 
of  Granada  in  1492.  He  joined  in  1495  the  emperor,  the 
Pope,  and  the  states  of  Milan  and  Venice  against  Charles 
VIII.  of  France,  who  was  expelled  from  Naples,  and  Fer- 
dinand ascended  the  Neapolitan  throne  in  1504.  On  the 
death  of  Isabella,  Nov.  26, 1504,  he  was  proclaimed  regent 
of  Castile.  In  1511  he  formed  an  alliance  with  Venice 
and  Pope  Julius  II.  for  the  expulsion  of  the  French  from 
Italy.  Navarre,  on  l he  other  hand,  entered  into  an  alli- 
ance with  France.  This  gave  him  a pretext  for  invading 
Navarre,  which  was  conquered  in  1512,  and  incorporated 
with  Castile  in  1516.  He  thus  united  under  his  sway  the 
four  kingdoms  into  which  Spain  was  at  this  time  divided 
(Aragon,  Castile,  Granada,  and  Navarre),  besides  Sicily 
and  Naples.  The  chief  events  of  his  reign,  besides  those 
already  mentioned,  were  the  establishment  of  the  Inqui- 
sition at  Seville  (1480),  the  annexation  to  the  crown  of  the 
grand-mastership  of  the  military  orders  of  Calatrava  (1487), 
Alcantara  (1494),  and  San  Jago  (1499),  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jews  (1492),  and  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus. 

Ferdinand  VI.  Born  Sept.  23,  1712:  died  at 
Villaviciosa,  Aug.  10, 1759.  King  of  Spain,  son 
of  Philip  V.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1746.  He 
was  a party  to  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  (Oct.,  1748), 
which  terminated  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession 
(1740-48).  He  maintained  a strict  neutrality  on  the  out- 
break of  the  Seven  Years’  War  in  1756,  notwithstanding 
the  overtures  both  of  England  and  of  France,  the  former 
of  which  offered  Gibraltar  and  the  latter  Minorca  as  the 
price  of  his  assistance.  Of  a weak  constitution  and  a mel- 
ancholy temperament,  he  withdrew  as  far  as  practicable 
from  European  politics,  abandoning  the  government  to 
his  ministers  Ensenada,  Carvajal,  and  Wall,  who  took  into 
their  counsels  the  queen  Barbara,  daughter  of  John  V.  of 
Portugal,  the  royal  confessor  Rabago,  and  the  singer  Fari- 
nelli,  who  acquired  an  extraordinary  influence  over  the 
king.  On  the  death  of  the  queen  in  1758,  lie  fell  into  an 
extreme  melancholy,  which  developed  into  insanity. 

Ferdinand  VII.  Born  at  San  Udefonso,  near 
Madrid,  Oct.  14,  1784:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept. 


Ferdinand  VII. 

29,  1833.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Charles  IV. 
He  ascended  the  throne  March  19,  1808,  a popular  revo- 
lution  at  Aranjuez  having  compelled  his  father  to  abdi- 
cate. On  May  6,  1808,  he  was  forced  by  Napoleon  to  re- 
nounce his  throne,  and  was  interned  at  Valencay  until 
March,  1814,  when  he  returned  to  Spain.  He  abolished 
the  liberal  constitution  of  1812,  restored  the  Inquisition, 
and  complied  generally  with  the  demands  of  the  Abso- 
lutist or  Apostolical  party.  A revolution  restored  (March 

9,  1820)  the  constitution  of  1812.  which  was  abolished 
through  French  intervention  in  1823.  He  abolished  the 
Salic  law  by  the  pragmatic  sanction  of  March  29, 1830.  See 
Carlos,  Don  ( Carlos  Maria  Jose  Isidoro  de  Bourbon). 

Ferdinand  I.  Born  at  Alcala,  Spain,  March 

10,  1503:  died  at  Vienna,  July  25,  1564.  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  younger 
brother  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  He  married 
in  1521  the  princess  Anna  of  Hungary,  on  the  death  of 
whose  brother,  Louis  II.,  in  1526,  he  was  elected  king  of 
Bohemia  and  Hungary.  His  title  to  the  throne  of  Hun- 
gary was  disputed  by  John  Zdpolya,  who,  supported  by 
the  Turks,  obtained  possession  of  a part  of  the  country. 
He  became  in  1521  president  of  the  council  of  regency  ap- 
pointed to  govern  Germany  during  the  emperor’s  absence 
in  Spain,  was  elected  king  of  the  Homans  in  1531,  and  be- 
came emperor  on  the  abdication  of  Charles  in  1558.  He 
exerted  himself,  but  with  little  success,  to  settle  the  reli- 
gious disputes  between  the  Protestants  and  the  Roman 
Catholics  in  Germany.  He  negotiated  the  treaty  between 
the  emperorand  the  elector  Maurice  of  Saxony  in  1552.  In 
1519  Charles  and  Ferdinand  succeeded  Maximilian  I.  in 
the  Austrian  dominions,  and  in  1521-22  Charles  relin- 
quished his  share  in  this  sovereignty  to  his  brother. 

Ferdinand  II.  Born  at  Gratz,  Styria,  July  9, 
1578:  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  15,  1637.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  was  the  son  of 
Charles,  duke  of  Styria,  by  Maria  of  Bavaria,  and  cousin 
of  the  emperor  Matthias  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of 
Bohemia  in  1617,  as  king  of  Hungary  in  1618,  and  as  em- 
peror in  1619.  In  1619  he  was  deposed  from  the  throne  of 
Bohemia  by  the  Protestant  estates  of  that  kingdom,  who 
were  irritated  by  infringements  of  the  “ Majestatsbrief  ” 
of  1609,  and  who  chose  as  his  successor  the  elector  pala- 
tine Frederick  V.,  head  of  the  Protestant  Union  and  of 
the  German  Calvinists.  He  allied  himself  with  Maxi- 
milian, duke  of  Bavaria,  head  of  the  Catholic  League,  with 
Spain,  and  with  the  Lutheran  elector  of  Saxony.  Frederick 
having  been  overthrown  in  the  battle  on  the  White  Moun- 
tain, near  Prague  (Nov.  8,  1620),  Ferdinand  destroyed  the 
“ Majestatsbrief  ” and  extirpated  Protestantism  in  Bohe- 
mia. His  whole  reign  was  occupied  with  the  war  against 
the  Protestants  (Mausfeld,  Christian  of  Brunswick,  Chris- 
tian IV.  of  Denmark,  and  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden); 
but  before  his  death,  owing  to  the  murder  of  Wallenstein, 
the  opposition  of  Richelieu,  and  the  ability  of  the  Swedish 
generals,  he  lost  all  hope  of  crushing  Protestantism.  See 
Thirty  Years’  War. 

Ferdinand  III.  Born  at  Gratz,  Styria,  July  11 
(or  13),  1608:  died  at  Vienna,  April  2,  1657. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of 
Ferdinand  II.  On  the  assassination  of  Wallenstein  in 
1634,  he  was  invested  with  the  nominal  command  of  the  im- 
perial army,  the  real  command  being  exercised  by  Gal  las, 
and  took  part  in  the  victory  over  the  Swedes  at  Nordlingen 
Sept.  6,  1634.  He  signed  the  peace  of  Westphalia  Oct.  24, 
1648.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  Hungary,  Bohemia,  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  etc.,  and  in  the  empire  in  1637. 
Ferdinand  I.,  etc.,  Eings  of  Leon.  See  Ferdi- 
nand /.,  etc.,  Kings  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  I.  Born  about  1424  : died  Jan.  25, 
1494.  King  of  Naples,  illegitimate  son  of  Al- 
fonso V.  of  Aragon.  Pope  Calixtus  III.  refused  to 
recognize  his  title  to  the  kingdom,  which  his  father  had 
bequeathed  him  in  1458  ; and  John  of  Anjou,  thinking  to 
regain  the  throne  of  his  ancestors,  attacked  and  defeated 
him  July  7,  1460.  He  made  his  peace  with  the  successor 
of  Calixtus,  Pius  II.,  and,  with  the  aid  of  the  Albanian 
chief  Scanderbeg,  inflicted  a decisive  defeat  on  John  of 
Anjou  atTroja  Aug.  18,  1462. 

Ferdinand  II.  Born  July  26,  1469 : died  Oct. 
7, 1496.  King  of  Naples  1495-96,  son  of  Alfonso 

11,  and  grandson  of  Ferdinand  I.  His  father  abdi- 
cated in  his  favor  on  the  invasion  of  his  dominions  by 
Charles  VIII.  of  France.  Naples  was  occupied  by  the 
French,  and  Ferdinand  had  to  flee,  but  regained  his  throne 
by  the  aid  of  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  the  great  general  of 
F’erdinand  V.  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  III.,  King  of  Naples.  See  Ferdi- 
nand V.  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  IV.,  King  of  Naples.  See  Ferdi- 
nand 7.,  Bang  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Ferdinand  I.  Born  about  1345 : died  in  1383. 
King  of  Portugal  1367-83.  On  the  death  of  Pedro  in 
1369,  he  claimed  the  throne  of  Castile,  which  was  seized  by 
Henry  of  Trastamara,  illegitimate  brother  of  Pedro.  He 
renounced  his  claim  in  1371,  after  some  indecisive  fight- 
ing. He  was  the  lastof  the  direct  Burgundian  line,  which 
had  reigned  in  Portugal  from  about  1112.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  natural  brother  John,  grand  master  of  the 
order  of  Avis. 

Ferdinand  II.  Born  at  Vienna,  Oct.  29, 1816 : 
died  Dec.  15,  1885.  Titular  king  of  Portugal, 
son  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  He 
married  Maria  II.  of  Portugal  in  1836,  and  was 
regent  1853-55. 

Ferdinand  I.  (IV.  of  Naples).  Born  at  Naples, 
Jan.  12,  1751:  died  there,  Jan.  4,  1825.  King 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  son  of  Charles  III.  of  Spain. 

He  reigned  in  Naples  1769-1806  and  1815-25  (the  interval 
being  occupied  by  the  French  domination),  and  in  Sicily 
1759-1825.  He  consolidated  his  states  as  the  Two  Sicilies 
in  1816. 

Ferdinand  II.  Born  at  Palermo,  Jan.  12,  1810: 


386 

died  at  Naples,  May  22, 1859.  King  of  the  Two 
Sicilies  1830-59,  son  of  Francis  I.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. His  oppressive  and  despotic  reign  provoked  nu- 
merous political  disturbances,  which  culminated  in  1848 
in  a popular  rising  in  Sicily.  This  rising  was  quelled  in 
1849  by  the  bombardment  of  the  principal  cities,  an  expe- 
dient which  acquired  for  him  the  epithet  of  “Bomba." 
His  treatment  of  political  suspects  was  made  the  subject 
of  two  letters  addressed  to  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  by  Mr. 
Gladstone,  who  visited  Naples  in  1850. 

Ferdinand  III.  Born  at  Florence,  May  6, 1769: 
died  at  Florence,  June  18, 1824.  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany  and  Archduke  of  Austria,  younger  son 
of  therfemperor  Leopold  II.  whom  he  succeeded 
as  grand  duke  in  1790.  He  reigned  until  1799, 
and  from  1814  to  1824. 

Ferdinand  IV.  Born  June  10,  1835 : died  at 
Salzburg,  Jan.  17,  1908.  Grand  Duke  of  Tus- 
cany, son  of  Leopold  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1859. 

Ferdinand.  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “Tempest,” the 
son  of  the  King  of  Naples,  and  lover  of  Miranda. 
— 2.  In  Shakspere’s  comedy  “Love’s  Labour's 
Lost,”  the  King  of  Navarre. — 3.  In  Webster’s 
“Duchess  of  Malfi,”  the  Count  of  Calabria  and 
brother  of  the  duchess.  He  is  a cynical  villain, 
who  murders  his  sister  who  has  injured  his  fam- 
ily pride . — 4 . In  Sheridan’s  ‘ ‘ Duenna,  ” the  lover 
of  Clara. 

Ferdinand,  Count  Fathom,  Adventures  of.  A 

novel  by  Smollett,  published  in  1753 : so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  hero,  who  is  a repulsive 
scoundrel. 

Ferdusi.  See  Firdausi. 

Fere  (far),  La.  A town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise  14  miles 
northwest  of  Laon.  It  has  an  artillery  school. 
Population,  commune,  4,745. 

Fere  Ghampenoise  (far  shonp-nwaz'),  La.  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Marne,  Frauce,  22 
miles  southwest  of  Chalons-sur-Marne.  Here, 
March  25, 1814,  the  Allies  defeated  the  French. 

Ferentino  (fa-ren-te'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  42  miles  southeast  of 
Rome : the  ancient  Ferentinum.  It  has  a cathedral, 
built  upon  the  ancient  acropolis,  and  considerable  remains 
of  the  ancient  fortifications.  Population,  city,  8,072  ; com- 
mune, 12,398. 

Ferento  (fa-ren'to).  A ruined  city  in  central 
Italy,  about  5£  miles  north  of  Viterbo:  the 
Etruscan  Ferentum.  It  contains  extensive  Etruscan, 
Roman,  and  medieval  remains,  where  there  have  been  re- 
cent excavations.  The  ancient  theater  is  of  particular  in- 
terest. Ferento  was  the  birthplace  of  the  Emperor  Otho. 

Ferghana  (fer-glia'na),or  Fergana  (fer-ga'na). 
A province  of  the  Russian  general  government 
of  Turkestan,  central  Asia,  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  Sir-Daria,  about  lat.  39°30'-42°  N.,  long. 
70°-74°  E.  It  corresponds  to  part  of  the  ancient  Sog- 
diana,  and  wa9  formed  from  the  khanate  of  Khokand  by 
Russia  in  1876.  Area,  35,446  square  miles.  Population, 
1,865,000. 

Fergus  (fer'gus)  I.  A mythical  king  of  Scot- 
land. According  to  a fictitious  chronology  he  was  the 
son  of  Fereliard,  first  king  of  Scotland  ; came  to  Scotland 
from  Ireland  about  330  B.  C.  to  repel  an  invasion  of  the 
Piets  and  Britons  ; and  was  drowned  on  his  return  off  Car- 
rickfergus,  which  was  named  after  him. 

Fergus.  See  Fcrracute. 

Ferguson  (fer'gu-sqn),  Adam.  Born  at  Logie- 
rait,  Perthshire,  June  20,  1723:  died  at  St.  An- 
drews, Feb.  22, 1816.  A Scottish  philosopher 
and  historian.  He  graduated  M.  A.  at  the  University 
of  St.  Andrews  in  1742 ; served  as  a military  chaplain  1745- 
1754 ; became  prof  essor  of  natural  philosophy  in  Edinburgh 
University  in  1759;  and  was  professor  of  mental  and  moral 
philosophy  in  the  same  university  1764-85.  In  the  latter 
year  he  became  professor  of  mathematics.  He  published 
“ Essay  on  Civil  Government"  (1766),  “Institutes  of  Moral 
Philosophy  ” (1772),  “ History  of  the  Progressand  Termina- 
tion of  the  Roman  Republic”  (1782),  and  “Principles  of 
Moral  and  Political  Science  ” (1792). 

Ferguson,  James.  Born  at  the  Core  of  Mayen, 
near  Rothieinay,  Banffshire,  April  25,  1710: 
died  at  London  (?),  Nov.  16,  1776.  A Scottish 
astronomer.  In  1743  he  settled  in  London,  where  he 
followed  the  profession  of  a portrait-painter  and  that  of  a 
popular  lecturer  on  scientific  subjects,  chiefly  astronomy. 
He  wrote  “Astronomy  explained  on  Sir  Isaac  Newton’s 
Principles  ” (1756),  etc. 

Ferguson,  Robert,  surnamed  “ The  Plotter.” 
Died  in  1714.  A Scottish  conspirator  and  politi- 
cal pamphleteer.  He  removed  to  England  about  1655, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  living  of  Godmersham,  Kent,  from 
which  he  was  expelled  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity  in  1662. 
He  was  concerned  in  the  Rye  House  plot  to  assassinate 
Charles  II.  in  1683,  and  in  1696  was  implicated  in  a similar 
conspiracy  against  William  III.  He  wrote  a “ History  of 
the  Revolution  ”(1706),  “ Qualifications  requisite  in  a Min- 
ister of  State  ” (1710),  etc. 

Ferguson,  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  Belfast,  March 
10,  1810 : died  at  Howth,  County  Dublin,  Aug. 
9,  1886.  An  Irish  poet  and  antiquary.  He  grad- 
uated B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1826  ; was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Irish  bar  in  1838  ; and  was  queen’s  counsel 


Fernandes  Pinheiro 

1859-67,  when  he  was  appointed  deputy  keeper  of  the  pub- 
lic records  of  Ireland.  He  was  knighted  in  1878.  He  col- 
lected all  the  known  Ogham  inscriptions  of  Ireland,  and 
wrote  “Lays  of  the  Western  Gael " (1865),  “ Congal,  an  Epic 
Poem  in  Eive  Books  " (1872),  “ Poems  ” (1880),  etc. 

Fergusson  (fer'gu-son),  James.  Born  at  Ayr, 
Jan.  22,  1808:  died  Jan.  9,  1886.  A Scottish 
writer  on  architecture.  He  acquired  a fortune  as  a 
manufacturer  of  indigo  in  India,  and  retired  from  business 
to  devote  himself  to  archaeological  studies.  He  was  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Crystal  Palace  Company  1856-58.  His 
chief  works  are  “The  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architec- 
ture, etc.”  (1855),  “A  History  of  the  Modern  Styles  of  Ar- 
chitecture ” (1862),  and  “Eire- and  Serpent- Worship,  or  Il- 
lustrations of  Mythology  and  Art  in  India  in  the  First  and 
Fourth  Centimes  after  Christ,  etc.”  (1868). 

Fergusson,  Robert.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept. 

5,  1750 : died  Oct.  16,  1774.  A Scottish  poet. 
He  studied  several  years  at  St.  Andrews  University,  and 
became  an  extracting  clerk  in  the  commissary  clerk’s  office 
at  Edinburgh.  He  published  “ Poems  by  R.  Fergusson  ’’ 
(1773). 

Fergusson,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Prestonpans, 
March  20,  1808:  died  at  London,  Feb.  10, 1877. 
A noted  Scottish  surgeon,  elected  president  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1870.  He  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  In  1843  he  was  elected  a fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society.  He  published  “Practical  Surgery” 
(1842),  etc. 

Ferid-Eddin.  See  Attar. 

Feridoon.  See  Faridun. 

Ferishtah,  or  Ferishta.  See  Firishtah. 

Ferland  (fer-Ion'),  Jean  Baptiste  Antoine. 

Born  at  Montreal,  Dec.  25,  1805:  died  at  Que- 
bec, Jan.  8,  1864.  A Canadian  historian.  He 
was  ordained  priest  in  1828,  became  professor  of  history  in 
Laval  University  at  Quebec  in  1855,  and  was  elected  dean 
of  the  faculty  of  arts  in  1864.  He  wrote  “Cours  d histoire 
du  Canada"  (Vol.  1, 1861;  Vol.  II  by  Laverdiere,  1865). 

Fermanagh  (fer-man'a).  A county  in  Ulster, 
Ireland,  hounded  by  Donegal  on  the  northwest, 
Tyrone  on  the  northeast,  Monaghan  on  the  east, 
Cavan  on  the  south,  and  Leitrim  on  the  west. 
It  is  traversed  by  Lough  Erne.  The  chief  town  is  Ennis- 
killen. Area,  715  square  miles.  Population,  65,430. 

Fermat  (fer-ma'),  Pierre  de.  Born  at  Beau- 
mont-de-Lomagne,  near  Montauban,  France, 
Aug.,  1601:  died  at  Toulouse,  France,  Jan.  12, 
1665.  A celebrated  French  mathematician. 
He  studied  law  at  Toulouse,  and  practised  his  profession 
there.  Priority  in  the  discovery  of  the  principle  of  the 
differential  calculus,  as  against  both  Newton  and  Leibnitz, 
was  claimed  for  him  by  D'Alembert,  Lagrange,  and  others. 
His  collected  works  were  published  in  1679. 

Fermo  (fer'md).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Ascoli  Piceno,  Italy,  lat.  43°  11'  N.,  long.  13° 
43'  E. : the  ancient  Firinum.  It  was  a Roman  colony, 
and  has  remnants  of  the  Roman  wall.  Population,  com- 
mune, 20,703. 

Fermor  (fer 'mor),  Arabella.  The  lady  the  theft 
of  whose  curl  was  the  subject  of  Pope’s  “ Rape 
of  the  Lock.”  She  was  the  daughter  of  James  Fermor 
of  Tusmore,  and  married  Francis  Perkins  of  Ufton  Court, 
near  Reading.  She  died  in  1738.  The  adventurous  noble- 
man who  stole  the  lock  was  Lord  Petre. 

Fermor,  Henrietta  Louisa,  Countess  of  Pom- 
fret.  Died  Dec.  15,  1761.  An  English  letter- 
writer.  She  was  the  daughter  of  John,  second  Baron 
Jeffreys  of  Wem,  Shropshire,  and  married  Thomas  Fermor. 
second  Baron  Leominster  (later  Earl  of  Pomfret),  in  1720. 
Her  letters  were  published  in  “Correspondence  between 
Frances,  Countessof  Hartford  (afterward  Duchess  of  Somer- 
set), and  Henrietta  Louisa,  Countess  of  Pomfret,  between 
. . . 1738  and  1741  ” (1805). 

Fermoy  (fer-moi').  A town  in  County ’Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blackwater  19  miles 
northeast  of  Cork.  Population,  6,126. 

Fern  (fern),  Fanny.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Sara  Payson  Willis  (Farrington,  Eldredge) 
Parton. 

Fernandes  (fer-nan'des),  Alvaro.  A Portu- 
guese navigator  who  explored  the  western 
coast  of  Africa  about  1446. 

Fernandes,  Joao.  A Portuguese  navigator 
who  about  1446  explored  the  northwestern  coast 
of  Africa,  and  penetrated  into  the  interior  of 
the  continent  by  way  of  the  Rio  do  O1110. 

Fernandes  Coutinho  (fer-nan'des  ko-ten'yo), 
Vasco.  Born  at  Alemquer,  Portugal,  about 
1490:  died  at  Espirito  Santo,  Brazil,  1561.  A 
Portuguese  soldier.  He  served  until  1522  in  India,  and 
in  June,  1534,  received  the  grant  in  perpetuity  of  a portion 
of  the  Brazilian  coast  corresponding  to  the  present  state  of 
Espirito  Santo.  Leaving  Portugal  with  about  70  colonists, 
lie  founded  the  town  of  Espirito  Santo,  near  the  modern 
Victoria,  in  May,  1535.  The  colony  suffered  greatly  from 
the  wars  with  the  Indians  and  from  quarrels.  Vasco  Fer- 
nandes gave  himself  up  to  drunkenness  and  vice,  and 
finally,  in  1569,  renounced  all  his  rights.  He  died  in 
complete  poverty. 

Fernandes  Pinheiro  (fer-nan'des  pen-ya'e-ro), 
Jose  Feliciano.  Born  at  Santos,  May  9, 1774: 
died  at  Porto  Alegre,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  June 

6,  1847.  A Brazilian  statesman  and  author. 

He  was  president  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  1823-25,  and  min- 
ister of  justice  Oct.,  1825, -Nov.,  1827.  In  1827  he  was  cre- 
ated viscount  of  Sao  Leopoldo,  and  entered  the  senate. 
His  most  important  writings  are  “ Annaes  da  provinciade 


Fernandes  Pinheiro 

Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande  do  Sul"  (2  vols.,  1819  and  1822; 
revised  1839),  and  “Memoria  sobre  os  limites  do  Brazil," 
with  various  historical  papers  in  the  Revista  do  Institute 
Historico,  of  which  society  he  was  one  of  the  founders. 
In  politics  he  was  a conservative. 

Fernandes  Vieira  (ve-a'ra),  Joao;  Born  in  the 
island  of  Madeira,  1613:  died  at  Olinda,  Per- 
nambuco, Brazil,  Jan.  10, 1681.  A Portuguese 

soldier.  From  1630  he  lived  in  Pernambuco,  and  in  June, 
1645,  he  headed  a revolt  against  the  Dutch,  joined  the  other 
Portuguese  leaders,  and  carried  on  war  with  the  Dutch 
until  Jan. , 1654,  when  they  were  driven  out.  Subsequently 
he  was  governor  of  Parahyba,  and  from  1658  to  1661  gov- 
ernor of  Angola  in  Africa. 

Fernandez  (fer-nan'deth),  Juan.  Born  prob- 
ably at  Cartagena,  Spain,  in  1538 : died  in  the 
district  of  Ligna,  Chile,  about  1602.  A Spanish 
navigator.  For  many  years  he  sailed  vessels  between 
Peru  and  Chile,  and  found  that  by  keeping  far  out  on  the 
ocean  he  could  shorten  the  time  required  for  his  cruises. 
He  discovered  several  islands,  among  others  the  one  which 
bears  his  name  : this  he  reached  about  1563. 

Fernandez,  Juan  Felix.  See  Victoria,  Guada- 
lupe. 

Fernandez,  Prospero.  Born  at  San  Jos6,  July 
18,  1834 : died  there,  March  12,  1885.  A Costa 
Rican  soldier.  He  served  against  Walker  in  Nicaragua 
1855-57,  attained  the  rank  of  general,  and  in  1881  was  made 
general-in-chief.  From  Aug.  10,  1882,  until  his  death  he 
was  president  of  Costa  Rica. 

Fernandez  de  Castro(fer-nan'detb  da  kas'tro), 
Manuel.  Born  at  Madrid,  Dec.  25, 1825:  died 
there,  May  7,  1895.  A Spanish  geologist.  From 
1859  to  1869  he  was  engaged  in  mining  and  geological  work 
in  Cuba  and  Santo  Domingo.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
made  professor  at  the  Madrid  School  of  Mines,  and  after 
1873  he  was  the  director  of  the  commission  of  the  geologi- 
cal map  of  Spain.  An  extended  series  of  works  was  issued 
under  his  direction  by  the  geological  commission. 

Fernandez  de  Castro  Andrade  y Portugal 

(an-dra'da  e por-to-gal'),  Pedro.  Born  in  1634: 
died  at  Lima,  Dec.  6,  1672.  A Spanish  noble- 
man, tenth  count  of  Lemos,  grandee  of  Spain, 
and  a descendant  of  King  Sancho  TV.  He  was 
viceroy  of  Peru  from  Nov.,  1667,  until  his  death. 
Fernandez  de  Cordova  (fer-nan'deth  da  kor'- 
do-va),  Diego.  Marquis  of  Guadalcazar,  vice- 
roy of  New  Spain  (Mexico)  Oct.,  1612, -March, 
1621.  and  viceroy  of  Peru  July,  1622,-Jan.,  1629. 
In  both  countries  lie  had  much  trouble  with  French  and 
Dutch  corsairs,  and  in  Peru  his  term  was  marked  by  a 
bloody  war  of  miners  at  Potosi.  After  his  return  to  Spain 
(1629),  he  resided  near  Cordova. 

Fernandez  de  Enciso,  Martin.  See  Enciso. 
Fernandez  de  la  Cueva  (fer-nan'deth  da  la 
kwa'va),  Francisco.  Lived  in  the  17th  century. 
Duke  of  Albuquerque.  From  Aug.,  1653,  to  Sept., 
1660,  he  was  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico),  and  subse- 
quently viceroy  of  Sicily. 

Fernandez  de  la  Cueva  Henriquez  (en-re'- 
keth),  Francisco.  Duke  of  Albuquerque,  vice- 
roy of  Mexico  Nov.  27,  1702,  to  Jan.  15,  1711. 
The  town  of  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  founded 
at  this  time,  was  named  in  his  honor. 
Fernandez  de  Navarrete,  Martin.  See  Na- 
varre tc. 

Fernandez  de  Palencia  (fer-nan'deth  da  pa- 
lan'the-a),  Diego.  Born  at  Palencia  about  1520 : 
died  at  Seville  about  1581.  A Spanish  soldier 
and  historian.  He  served  in  Peru  from  about  1545  to 
1560  or  later,  and  was  a personal  witness  of  many  events, 
especially  during  the  revolt  of  Giron.  Appointed  histori- 
ographer in  1556,  he  began  to  write  a history,  subsequently 
enlarged  and  finished  in  Spain,  and  published  at  Seville  as 
“ Primera  y segunda  parte  de  la  historia  del  Peru.”  It  in- 
cludes the  periods  of  the  rebellions  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  and 
Giron. 

Fernandez  de  Piedrahita,  Lucas.  See  Piedra- 
hita. 

Fernandez  de  Taos  (fer-nan'deth  da  ta'os). 
[Not  San  Fernando  de  Taos,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called.]  A Spanish  settlement  founded  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  18th  century  in  the  valley  of 
Taos  in  northern  New  Mexico,  it  contains  about 
1,500  inhabitants,  and  lies  3 miles  from  the  Indian  village. 
In  1766  the  settlement  was  surprised  and  almost  wiped 
out  by  the  Comanches.  The  insurrection  of  1848  began  at 
Fernandez  de  Taos,  where  Governor  Charles  Bent  was  one 
of  its  first  victims.  See  itTaos. 

Fernandez  Madrid(fer-nan'dethma-TnrfcTii'), 
Jose.  Born  at  Cartagena,  Feb.  9, 1789:  died 
near  London,  June  28,  1830.  A New  Granadan 
physician,  author,  and  statesman.  He  joined  the 

revolutionists  in  1810,  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  after 
the  resignation  of  Torres  was  made  president  of  New 
Granada,  March  14,  1816.  The  victories  of  the  Spaniards 
soon  forced  him  to  resign.  Tie  published  poems,  two 
tragedies,  “Atala”  and  “Guatimozin,”  and  medical  and 
other  works. 

Fernandina  (fer-niin-de'na).  [Named  in  honor 
of  Ferdinand  of  Castile.]  A name  officially 
given  to  the  island  of  Cuba  about  1508.  Colum- 
bus hud  called  it  Juana,  and  the  name  was  changed  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  desire  of  the  king.  It  appears  on  some 
old  maps  and  in  Spanish  authors  of  the  period,  but  was 
soon  supplanted  by  the  Indian  name  Cuba. 


387 

Fernandina  (fer  - nan  - de ' na).  A seaport  on 
Amelia  Island,  Nassau  County,  northeastern 
Florida,  situated  26  miles  northeast  of  J ackson- 
ville,  in  lat.  30°  40'  N.,  long.  81°  28'  W.  It  has 

a flue  harbor,  and  a line  of  steamships  to  New  York,  and 
exports  timber  and  naval  stores.  Population,  3,482,  (1910). 

Fernando  (fer-nan'd5).  [See  Ferdinand."]  1. 
In  Cervantes’s  “Don  Quixote,”  the  faithless 
friend  of  Cardenio. — 2.  In  Massinger  and  Flet- 
cher’s comedy  “ The  Laws  of  Candy,”  the  lover 
of  Annophel. — 3.  In  Southerne’s  “Fatal  Mar- 
riage,” a character  who  for  his  own  good  is 
made  to  believe  he  has  been  dead  and  buried 
and  in  purgatory. — 4.  In  Sheridan  Knowles’s 
“ John  of  Procida,”  tbe  son  of  John  of  Procida. 
He  was  killed  in  the  Sicilian  Vespers. 
Fernando  de  Noronha  (fer-nan'do  de  no-ron'- 
ya).  An  island  in  the  Atlantic,  belonging  to 
Brazil,  situated  about  lat.  3°  50'  S.,  long.  32° 
40'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  a Brazilian  penal  sta- 
tion. 

Fernando  Po  (E.  fer-nan'do  po';  Sp.  fer-nan'- 
do po').  An  island  in  the  Bight  of  Biafra,  West 
Africa,  in  lat.  3°  46'  N.,  long.  8°  47'  E.  (light- 
house). Its  surface  is  mountainous.  The  chief  place  is 
Port  Clarence.  The  island  was  discovered  by  the  Portu- 
guese in  1471,  and  was  ceded  in  1778  to  Spain,  which  now 
occupies  it.  There  was  an  English  settlement  here  1827- 
1834.  Area,  799  square  miles.  Population,  about  25,000. 
Fernandyne  (fer'nan-den).  In  Lodge’s  “Rosa- 
lynde,”  the  character  from  which  Jacques  du 
Bois  in  “ As  you  Like  it  ” is  taken. 

Fernel  (fer-nel'),  Jean.  Born  at  Clermont-en- 
Beauvoisis,  France,  about  1497 : died  there, 
April  26,  1558.  A noted  French  physician  and 
medical  writer,  professor  of  medicine  at  Paris : 
sumamed  “the  Modern  Galen.” 

Ferney,  or  Fernex  (fer-na').  A village  in  the 
department  of  Ain,  France,  4 miles  northwest 
of  Geneva.  Voltaire  resided  here  1758-78. 
Ferney,  The  Patriarch  of.  Voltaire. 

Fernig  (fer-neg'),  Felicite  de  (Madame  Van 
der  Walen).  Born  at  Mortagne,  Nord,  France, 
about  1776 : died  after  1831.  Fernig,  The- 
ophile  de.  Born  at  Mortagne  about  1779 : died 
at  Brussels  about  1818.  Two  French  sisters 
who,  assuming  male  attire,  enlisted  in  1792  in 
a company  of  the  National  Guards  commanded 
by  their  father,  and  distinguished  themselves 
by  their  bravery  in  battle.  Felicite  married 
M.  Van  der  Walen,  a Belgian  officer,  whose  life 
she  had  saved. 

Fernkorn  (fern'korn),  Anton  Dominik.  Born 
at  Erfurt,  Prussia,  March  17,  1813 : died  at 
Briinnlfeld,  near  Vienna,  Nov.  16,  1878.  A Ger- 
man sculptor  and  bronze-founder.  His  best- 
known  work  is  a statue  of  the  archduke  Charles, 
in  Vienna. 

Fernow  (fer 'no),  Karl  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Blumenhagen,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  19, 
1763  : died  at  Weimar,  Germany,  Dec.  4,  1808. 
A German  writer  on  art,  professor  (extraordi- 
nary) at  Jena  1802,  and  librarian  to  the  duch- 
ess Amalie  at  Weimar  1804. 

Feron  (fa-ron'),  Firmin  Eloi.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.  1,  1802:  died  at  Confians,  Seine-et-Oise, 
April  24, 1876.  A French  painter.  He  obtained 
the  first  medal  in  1835. 

Feronia  (fe-ro'ni-a).  In  Italian  mythology,  a 
goddess  of  Sabine  origin,  hut  chiefly  worshiped 
in  Etruria,  regarded  especially  as  the  patroness 
of  freedmen,  and  called  by  the  Greeks  a goddess 
of  flowers.  Her  most  celebrated  shrine  is  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Soracte  in  Etruria. 
Ferozabad  (fe-ro-za-bad'),  or  Firozabad.  A 
town  in  the  United  Provinces,  British  India, 
east  of  Agra.  Population,  16,849. 

Ferozepore.  See  Firozpur. 

Ferozeshah,  or  Ferozshah  (fe-roz-shah'),  A 
village  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  situated 
near  Firozpur.  Here,  Dec.  21, 1845,  the  British 
under  Sir  Hugh  Gough  defeated  the  Sikhs. 
Ferrabosco,  or  Ferabosco  (fer-a-bos'ko),  Al- 
fonso. Am  Italian  musical  composer  of  the  16th 
century.  He  appears  to  have  settled  in  England,  per- 
haps at  Greenwich,  before  1567.  He  subsequently  returned 
to  I taly.  He  published  a book  of  madrigal3  in  1542  (a  sec- 
ond in  1587)  and  of  motets  in  1644,  both  at  Venice.  He  had 
several  friendly  contests  with  W.  Byrd  as  to  the  best  set- 
ting of  madrigals,  and  also  in  writing  “each  to  the  number 
of  40  parts  upon  the  plain-song  of  Miserere.” 

Ferrabosco,  or  Ferabosco,  Alfonso.  Born  at 
Greenwich,  England,  about  1580:  died  in  1628  (?). 
An  Italian  luteuist  and  musical  composer,  son 
of  the  preceding.  He  received  his  musical  education 
at  Bologna,  became  musical  instructor  to  Prince  Henry  in 
1605,  and  in  1626  was  appointed  composer  in  ordinary  to 
Charles  I.  He  published  “ Ayres”  (1600)  and  “ Lessons  ” 
(for  viols,  1600). 

Ferrabosco,  Alfonso.  Died  in  1661.  An  Italian 


Ferrari,  Giuseppe 

musical  composer  at  the  court  of  Charles  I.  of 
England.  He  was  the  son  of  Alfonso  Ferra- 
bosco (died  1628  ?). 

Ferracute  (fer'a-kut),  or  Ferragus  (fer'a-gus), 
It.  Ferrau  (fer-rou').  A giant  celebrated  in 
medieval  romance.  He  appears  with  various  attri- 
butes, in  the  story  of  “ Valentine  and  Orson,”  as  Ferracute. 
He  has  in  his  castle  an  enormous  brazen  head  which  an- 
swers any  question  put  to  it.  In  some  romances  he  is  a 
Portuguese  giant ; in  others  a Spanish  knight ; in  others  a 
Saracen  ; in  ail  of  enormous  strength,  arid  invulnerable 
till  Orlando  vanquishes  him. 

While  in  Navarre,  it  is  reported  to  Charles  that  a Syrian 
giant  of  first-rate  enormity,  called  Ferracutus  (the  Ferrau 
of  the  Italians),  has  appeared  at  Nagera.  This  creature 
possessed  most  exuberant  proportions  : he  was  twelve  cu- 
bits high,  his  face  was  a cubit  in  length,  and  his  nose  a mea- 
sured palm.  As  soon  as  Charles  arrived  at  Nagera,  this 
unwieldy  gentleman  proposed  a single  combat,  but  the 
king  was  so  little  tempted  by  a personal  survey  that  he 
declined  his  offer.  Ogerius  the  Dane  was  therefore  selected 
as  the  Christian  champion : but  the  giant,  trussing  him 
under  one  arm,  carried  him  off  to  the  town,  and  served  a 
succession  of  knights  in  a similar  manner.  Orlando  at 
length  went  out  against  him.  The  Saracen,  as  usual, 
commenced  the  attack  by  pulling  his  antagonist  from  the 
saddle,  and  rode  off  with  him,  till  Orlando,  exerting  all 
his  force,  seized  him  by  the  chin,  and  both  fell  to  the 
ground.  When  they  had  remounted,  the  knight,  thinking 
to  kill  the  pagan,  only  cut  off  the  head  of  his  horse.  Fer- 
rau being  now  on  foot,  Orlando  struck  a blow  on  his  arm 
that  knocked  the  sword  from  his  hand  ; on  which  the  giant 
slew  his  adversary’s  horse  with  a pat  of  his  fist.  After 
this  the  opponents  fought  on  foot,  and  with  swords,  till 
towards  evening,  when  Ferrau  demanded  a truce  till  next 
day.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  278. 

Ferragus.  1.  See  Ferracute. — 2.  An  extraor- 
dinary beggar  in  a novel  of  the  same  name  in 
Balzac’s  “ Sehnes  de  la  vie  parisienne.”  He  is  the 
captain  of  a mysterious  association  called  “Les  Treize," 
appears  in  society  as  a diplomat,  and  murders  a young 
gentleman  who  is  obnoxious  to  the  Treize  by  causing  a slow 
poison  to  be  put  on  his  hair. 

Ferrand  (fe-roh'),  Comte  Antoine  Francois 
Claude.  Born  at  Paris,  July  4,  1751 : died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  17,  1825.  A French  royalist  politi- 
cian (emigrated  Sept.,  1789),  publicist,  and  his- 
torian. He  wrote  “De  l’esprit  de  l’histoire  ” 
(1802),  etc. 

Ferrand,  Marie  Louis,  Baron  and  Count  of. 
Born  at  Besanijon,  Oct.  12,  1753:  died  at  Palo 
Fincado,  Santo  Domingo,  Nov.  7,  1808.  A 
French  general.  He  served  in  the  American  revolu- 
tion and  in  the  French  army  of  the  West,  and  in  1802 
joined  Leclerc  in  the  Santo  Domingo  expedition.  The 
disasters  of  1802  and  1803  left  him  in  command  of  the 
remnants  of  the  French  army.  He  retreated  to  Santo  Do- 
mingo city,  where  he  withstood  a siege  by  Dessalines,  and 
succeeded  iu  holding  the  eastern  end  of  the  island  for 
several  years.  Bonaparte  made  him  captain-general  of 
Santo  Domingo.  In  1808  a Spanish  force  from  Porto  Rico 
invaded  the  island.  Ferrand  was  defeated,  and  shot  him- 
self on  the  battle-field. 

Ferrandina  (fer-ran-de'na).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  situated  35  miles 
southeast  of  Potenza.  Population,  about  7,- 
500. 

Fer  rat  (fer'iir),  Nicholas.  Died  at  Little  Gid- 
ding,  Huntingdonshire,  Dee.  4,  1637.  An  Eng- 
lish theologian. 

Ferrara  (fer-ra'ra).  1.  A province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italy,  lying  south  of  the 
Po  and  west  of  the  Adriatic.  The  surface  is 
flat.  Formerly  the  main  portion  of  the  duchy  of  Ferrara 
(formed  1471)  was  under  the  house  of  Este.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  the  Papal  States  in  1598,  and  to  Sardinia  in 
1860.  Within  the  province  are  the  lagoons  of  Comacchio. 
Area,  1,012  square  miles.  Population,  292,279. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ferrara,  situ- 
ated on  the  Po  di  Volano  in  lat.  44°  50'  N.,  long. 
11°  37'  E.  It  contains  a university,  and  was  noted  for 
its  school  of  painting  in  the  15th  century,  and  as  a literary 
center  in  the  16th  century.  The  castle,  formerly  the  ducal 
■ palace,  is  a square  battlemented  fortress  of  brick,  built  in 
1386,  with  a moat  and  bridges,  and  towers  at  the  comers. 
The  wall-paintings  which  originally  ornamented  the  ducal 
apartments  are  gone,  except  some  very  good  ones  by  Dosso 
Dossi.  The  cathedral  (duomo)  was  consecrated  in  1136.  The 
rich  facade  is  one  of  the  best  of  Italian  medieval  exteriors. 
It  is  solid  below,  with  a great  round-arched  porch  with 
columns  resting  on  curious  figures  supported  on  Hons, 
and  has  above  several  tiers  of  beautiful  arcades.  The  in- 
terior was  spoiled  in  the  17th  century,  but  contains  good 
inlaid  choir-stalls  and  some  handsome  pictures.  There  is 
a fine  Renaissance  arcaded  campanile,  in  red  and  white 
marble.  Population,  commune,  82,310. 

Ferrara-Florence,  Council  of.  A church  coun- 
cil which,  openingat  Ferrara  in  1438, was  trans- 
ferred to  Florence  in  1439  on  account  of  a 
plague.  It  proclaimed  the  union  of  the  Greek  and  Ro- 
man churches  in  1439.  The  last  sitting  was  at  Rome  in 
1445. 

Ferrari  (fer-ra're),  Gaudenzio.  Bom  at  Val- 
duggia,  near  Novara,  Italy,  about  1484  : died  at 
Milan,  1546.  An  Italian  painter.  His  works 
are  principally  at  Varallo  and  elsewhere  in 
northern  Italy. 

Ferrari,  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Milan,  1812:  died 
at  Rome,  July  1, 1876.  An  Italian  philosophical 
writer  and  historian. 


Ferrari,  Luigi 

Ferrari,  Luigi.  Born  at  Venice,  1810:  died 
there,  May  12,  1894.  An  Italian  sculptor. 
Ferr6  (fe-ra7),  Theophile  Charles.  Born  at 
Paris,  1845:  executed  near  Paris,  Nov.  28, 1871. 
One  of  the  leaders  of  the  French  Commune  in 
1871. 

Ferreira  (fer-ra'e-ra),  Antonio.  Born  at  Lis- 
bon, 1528:  died  there,  1569.  A noted  Portu- 
guese poet,  surnamed  “the  Portuguese  Hor- 
ace.” He  wrote  “lues  de  Castro,”  a tragedy,  etc. 

Ferreira,  Alexander  Rodriquez.  See  Rodri- 
quez Ferreira. 

Ferrel  (fer'el),  William.  Born  in  Bedford  (now 
Fulton)  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  29, 1817 : died  at  May- 
wood,  Kansas,  Sept.  18, 1891.  An  American  me- 
teorologist. He  graduated  at  Bethany  College  in  1844, 
and  held  an  appointmenton  theCoastSurvey  1867-82,  when 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  meteorology  in  the  Signal 
Office  at  Washington,  a position  which  he  held  four  years. 
He  invented  a maxima  and  minima  tidal  predicting  ma- 
chine, and  wrote  “ Converging  Series  expressing  the  Ratio 
between  the  Diameter  and  the  Circumference  of  a Circle" 
(1871),  “Popular  Essays  on  the  Movements  of  the  Atmos- 
phere ” (1882),  “The  Motions  of  Fluids  and  Solids  on  the 
Earth ’8  Surface  " (1882),  “Temperature  of  the  Atmosphere 
and  Earth's  Surface"  (1884),  etc. 

Ferrers  (fer'erz),  Earl.  See  Shirley,  Laurence. 
Ferrers.  George.  Born  at  St.  Albans,  Hert- 
fordshire, about  1500:  died  January,  1579.  An 
English  poet  and  politician.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  was  a member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  repre- 
sented Plymouth  in  Parliament  from  1642.  On  his  being 
arrested  the  same  year  as  surety  for  a debt,  the  House  of 
Commons  demanded  his  release  by  virtue  of  the  constitu- 
tional right  of  its  members  to  freedom  from  arrest  (except 
for  treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace).  The  sheriffs 
and  jailers  resisting  the  demand,  the  House  of  Commons 
sent  them  to  the  Tower,  this  being  the  first  occasion  on 
which  the  house  acted  independently  in  vindication  of  its 
privilege.  Ferrers  took  part  with  W.  Baldwin  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  series  of  historical  poems  entitled  “ Mirrour 
for  Magistrates. " 

Ferret  (fer'et).  1.  In  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy 
“The  New  Inn,”  the  servant  of  Lovel:  a quick, 
nimble,  and  insinuating  fellow,  with  an  advan- 
tageous knowledge  of  human  nature. — 2.  In 
Smollett’s  “ Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,"  a charac- 
ter who  never  smiles,  never  speaks  in  praise 
of  any  one,  and  never  gives  a direct  answer. 
Ferrex  and  Porrex.  See  Gorboduc. 

Ferrier  (fer'i-er),  James  Frederick.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  June  16, 1808:  died  at  St.  Andrews, 
June  11,  1864.  A Scottish  metaphysician.  He 
studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Oxford,  and  was  professor  of 
civil  history  at  Edinburgh  1842,  and  of  moral  philosophy 
and  political  economy  at  St.  Andrews  1845.  He  wrote 
“Institutes of  Metaphysic  ”(1854),  etc.  His  “Lectures  on 
Greek  Philosophy  ” were  published  posthumously  (1866). 

Ferrier,  Susan  Edmonstone.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  7,  1782:  died  there,  Nov.  5,  1854. 
A Scottish  novelist.  She  was  the  friend  of  Scott, 
whom  she  visited  in  1811, 1829,  and  1831.  Her  chief  works 
are  “Marriage,"  to  which  Miss  Clavering,  niece  of  the 
Duke  of  Argyll,  contributed  a few  pages  (1818),  “The  In- 
heritance" (1824),  and  “Destiny"  (1831). 

Ferriferes  (fer-yar').  A village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Mame,  France,  13  miles  east 
of  Paris.  It  contains  a chateau  of  the  Rothschilds,  the 
scene  of  an  interview  between  Bismarck  and  Jules  Favre, 
Sept.,  1870. 

Ferro  (fer'ro),  Sp.  Hierro  (yer'ro).  The  west- 
ernmost of  the  Canary  Islands,  situated  in  lat. 
27°  45'  N.,  long.  18°  W.  The  conventional  meridian 
of  Ferro  (a  dividing  line  between  the  eastern  and  western 
hemispheres),  used  as  the  zero  meridian  by  German,  and 
for  a time  by  Portuguese  and  Spanish,  geographers,  cor- 
responds to  long.  17°  40'  W.  of  Greenwich.  Area,  106  square 
miles. 

Ferrol  (fer-rol'),  El.  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Coruna,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Betan- 
zos  in  lat.  43°  29'  N.,  long.  8°  13'  W.  it  is  noted 

for  its  naval  arsenal.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by 
the  English  in  1799,  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1809. 
Population,  25,281. 

Ferry  (fe-re')?  Jules.  Born  at  St.  Die,  Vosges, 
France,  April  5, 1832 : died  at  Paris,  March  17, 
1893.  A French  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  pub- 
lic instruction  1879-80,  premier  1880-81,  minister  of  public 
instruction  in  1882,  and  premier  18S3-85,  and  was  elected 
president  of  the  Senate  in  1893.  His  name  is  associated 
with  the  French  policy  of  adventure  in  Africa  and  Asia. 
Fersen  (fer'sen),  Axel,  Comte  de.  Bom  at 
Stockholm.  Sept.  4,  1755 : murdered  at  Stock- 
holm, June  20, 1810.  A Swedish  marshal.  He  ac- 
companied Louis  XVI.  to  Varennes  in  1791.  He  was  killed 
by  the  populace,  on  the  (false)  suspicion  that  he,  with  his 
sister,  had  caused  the  death  of  Prince  Christian  of  Hol- 
stein-Augustenburg. 

Ferstel  (fer'stel),  Heinrich  von.  Born  at 
Vienna,  July  7,  1828 : died  at  Grinzing,  near 
Vienna,  July  14, 1883.  An  Austrian  architect. 
Fert6-sous- J ouarre  (fer-ta'so-zho-ar'),  La.  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Marne, 
France,  on  the  Marne  36  miles  east  of  Paris: 
noted  for  quarries.  Population,  commune, 
4,841. 

FerumbraB.  See  Fierabras. 


388 

Fesca  (fes'ka),  Alexander  Ernst.  Bom  at 

Karlsruhe,  Baden,  May  22, 1820:  died  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  Feb.  22,  1849.  A German  com- 
poser, son  of  Friedrich  Ernst  Fesca.  He  com- 
posed much  popular  chamber  music,  etc. 
Fesca,  Friedrich  Ernst.  Born  at  Magdeburg, 
Prussia,  Feb.  15, 1789 : died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
May  24, 1826.  A German  composer  and  violinist. 
He  wrote  two  operas,  “ Cantemir  " and  “Leila, "and  a num- 
ber of  quintets,  quartets,  overtures,  and  chorales  and  other 
sacred  music. 

Fescennine  Songs.  Ancient  Roman  popular 
songs  ■ so  named  from  the  town  of  Feseennium 
in  southern  Etruria.  They  were  sung  at  rustic 
merrymakings,  festivals,  and  later  especially  at 
weddings. 

Fesch  (fesh),  Joseph.  Born  at  Ajaccio,  Cor- 
sica, Jan.  3,  1763  : died  at  Rome,  May  13, 1839. 
A French  ecclesiastic,  half-brother  of  Lastitia, 
mother  of  Napoleon  I.  He  became  archbishop 
of  Lyons  1802,  and  cardinal  1803. 

Fessenden  (fes'en-den),  Thomas  Green.  Born 
at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  April  22,  1771:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, Nov.  11,  1837.  An  American  journalist, 
poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

Fessenden,  William  Pitt.  Born  at  Boscawen, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  16,  1806:  died  at  Portland,  Maine, 
Sept.  8,  1869.  An  American  statesman,  United 
States  senator  (Republican)  from  Maine  1854- 
1864  and  1865-69,  and  secretax-y  of  the  treasury 
1864-65. 

Fessler  (fes'ler),  Ignaz  Aurelius.  Born  at 
Czurendorf,  Hungary,  May  18,  1756 : died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  15,  1839.  A Hungai-ian 
historian  and  ecclesiastic  (Capuchin),  pi’ofessor 
of  Oi'iental  languages  and  hermeneutics  at  the 
University  of  Lemberg.  He  wrote  “ Geschiclite 
der  Ungarn”  (1815-25),  etc. 

Fessler,  Joseph.  Born  at  Lochau,  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  Dec.  2,  1813 : died  at  St.  Pol- 
ten,  Lower  Austria,  April  25, 1872.  An  Austriaxx 
prelate  and  scholar.  He  published  “ Institu- 
tiones  patrologicre  ” (1850-52),  etc. 

Feste  (fes'te).  In  Shakspere’s  “Twelfth Night,” 
Olivia’s  clown. 

Festin  de  Pierre,  Le.  See  Don  Juan. 

Festus  (fes'tus).  A poem  by  Philip  James 
Bailey,  published  1839. 

Festus,  Porcius.  A Roman  procurator  in  Pales- 
tine about  60—62  A.  D.  He  refused  to  put  the  apos- 
tle Paul  in  the  power  of  the  Jews,  and,  after  giving  him  a 
hearing  in  the  presence  of  Herod  Agrippa  IT.,  sent  him  to 
Rome  in  consequence  of  his  appeal  to  Ca-sar. 

Festus,  Sextus  Pompeius.  A Latin  lexicog- 
rapher who  lived  perhaps  in  the  middle  of  the 
2d  century  after  Christ.  He  epitomized  a glossary 
of  Latin  words  and  phrases  entitled  “DeVerborum  Slg- 
nificatu,"  by  M.  Verrius  Flaccus,  which  is  now  lost.  This 
epitome,  which  is  known  as  “Sexti  Pompeii  Festi  deVer- 
borum  Significations, ” and  which  is  of  importance  on  ac- 
count of  the  light  which  it  throws  on  obscure  points  in 
Latin  grammar  and  Roman  antiquities,  was  abridged  in 
the  8 th  century  by  Paulus  Diaconus. 

Feth  Ali  (feth  a/16),  or  Fath  Ali  (fath  a'le),  or 
Futteh  Ali  (fot'te  a'le).  Bom  about  1762 
(1765?):  died  at  Ispahan,  Persia,  Oct.  20, 1834. 
Shah  of  Persia  1797-1834.  He  became  involved  in 
a war  with  Russia  in  1803  concerning  the  sovereignty  of 
Georgia,  whose  ruler  had  transferred  his  allegiance  from 
Persia  to  Russia.  He  purchased  peace  in  1813  by  aban- 
doning his  claim.  In  1826  lie  took  advantage  of  the  recent 
death  of  the  czar  Alexander  to  renew  the  war,  but  was  com- 
pelled by  the  peace  of  1828  to  make  an  additional  cession 
of  territory  (Persian  Armenia). 

Fethan-Seag.  See  Faddiley. 

Fetis  (fa-tes'),  Edouard.  Bom  at  Bouvignes, 
Belgium,  May  16,  1812:  died  at  Brussels,  Jan. 
31, 1909.  An  art  critic,  son  of  Francois  J.  Fetis. 
He  was  librarian  of  the  Bibliotheque  Royale,  Brussels, 
professor  of  esthetics  to  the  Acadeinie  des  Beaux  Arts, 
art  critic  of  the  “ Independance  Beige,”  and  published 
and  edited  a number  of  works  on  art. 

Fetis,  Frangois  Joseph.  Born  at  Mons,  Bel- 
gium, March  25,  1784:  died  at  Brussels,  March 
26,  1871.  A Belgian  composer  and  writer  on 
music.  His  works  include  “ Methode  Ckmentaire,  etc." 
(1824),  “Traitd  complet  de  la  theorie  et  de  la  pratique 
de  l’hannonie”  (1844),  “ Trait <1  du  contrepoint  et  de  la 
fugue”  (1824),  “Biographie  universelle  des  musiciens" 
(1835-44),  “Histoire  gCnCral  e de  la  musique”  (1869-70), 
etc.  He  published  the  “Revue  Musicale  1 from  1827-35. 
He  composed  four  or  five  operas,  much  sacred  music,  and 
a good  deal  of  pianoforte  music. 

Fetter  Lane.  A street  in  London  running  from 
Fleet  street  to  Holborn  Viaduct. 

During  the  middle  ages  Fetter  Lane  slumbered  ; but  it 
woke  up  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  and  in  1643 
became  unpleasantly  celebrated  as  the  spot  where  Wal- 
ler’s plot  disastrously  terminated.  . . . One  of  the  pleas- 
antest memories  of  Fetter  Lane  is  that  which  connects  it 
with  the  school-days  of  Charles  Lamb.  Dryden  and  Otway, 
it  is  said,  lived  opposite  each  other  in  Fetter  Lane. 

Thomburj/,  Old  and  New  London,  I.  94. 


Feydeau 

Feucheres  (fe-shar'),  Baronne  de  < Sophie 
Dawes  or  Daws).  Born  in  the  Isle  of  Wight 
about  1795:  died  iu  England,  Jan.  2,  1841.  A 
woman  of  low  birth,  mistress  of  Louis  Henri 
Joseph  de  Bourbon,  prince  de  Conde  (1756- 
1830).  She  married  Baron  de  Feucheres  in 
1818,  and  was  separated  from  him  in  1822. 
Feuchtersleben  (f oich'ters-la-ben) , Ernst  von. 
Born  at  Vienna,  April  29, 1806:  died  at  Vienna, 
Sept.  3,  1849.  An  Austrian  physician,  poet, 
and  philosopher.  He  became  dean  of  the  medical 
faculty  at  Vienna  in  1844,  and  in  1848  was  under-secretary 
of  state  in  the  ministry  of  public  instruction.  His  works 
include  “Lehrbuch  der  arztlichen  Seeleukunde”  (1845), 
“Zur  Diatetik  der  Seele”  (1838),  and  “Gedichte”  (1836). 
Feuerbach  (foi'er-bach),  Anselm  von.  Born 
at  Spires,  Sept.  12,  1829 : died  at  Venice,  Jan. 
4, 1880.  A German  historical  painter.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  F.  W.  von  Schadow,  and  held  a professorship  in 
the  Academy  of  Vienna  1873-77. 

Feuerbach,  Ludwig  Andreas.  Born  at  Lands- 
hut,  Bavaria,  July  28,  1804:  died  near  Nurern- 
berg,  Bavaria,  Sept.  13,  1872.  A German  phi- 
losopher, son  of  P.  J.  A.  von  Feuerbach.  He 
habilitated  as  privat-docent  at  Erlangen  in  1828,  but  aban- 
doned teaching  in  1832.  His  chief  works  are  “ Das  Wesen 
des  Christenthums  " (1841),  “Das  Wesen  der  Religion  ” 
(1845),  and  “Theogonie  nachden  Quellen  des  klassischen, 
hebraischen,  und  cliristlichen  Altertums”  (1875). 

Feuerbach,  Paul  Johann  Anselm  von.  Bom 

at  Hainichen,  near  Jena,  Germany,  Nov.  14, 
1775:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Prussia, 
May  29,  1833.  A German  jurist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor at  Jena  in  1801,  professor  at  Kiel  in  1802,  and  pro- 
fessor at  Landshut  in  1804;  removed  to  Munich  to  ac- 
cept a position  in  the  department  of  justice  there  in 
1805 ; was  ennobled  and  made  privy  councilor  in  1808 ; 
became  second  president  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  at  Bam- 
berg in  1S14 ; and  became  president  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peal at  Anspach  iu  1817.  He  drew  up  the  Bavariau  crim- 
inal code  which  was  introduced  in  1813,  and  wrote  “Rritik 
des  natiirlichen  Rechts  als  Propadeutik  zu  einer  Wisseu- 
sehaft  der  natiirlichen  Reehte”  (1796),  “Lehrbuch  des 
gemeinen,  in  Deutschland  geltenden  peinlichen  Rechts  ” 
(1801),  “Merkwiirdige  Kriminalrechtsfalle ” (1808-11), “K. 
Hauser,  ein  Beispiel  eines  Verbrechens  am  Seelenleben  " 
(1832),  etc. 

Feuillants  (fe-yoh'),  Les.  A political  club  es- 
tablished at  Paris  during  the  Revolution,  it 
was  at  first  called  the  Club  of  1789,  receiving  its  later 
name  from  the  convent  of  the  Feuillants,  where  it  held  its 
meetings. 

Feuilles  d’Automne  (fey  do-ton').  [F.,  ‘Au- 
tumn Leaves.’]  A collection  of  lyric  poems  by 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1831. 

Feuillet  (f6-ya'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Mane,  iu 
Provence,  1660:  died  at  Marseilles,  April  18, 
1732.  A French  scientist  and  traveler.  Aided 
by  royal  bounty,  he  made  two  extended  expeditions  to  the 
West  Indies  and  the  northern  and  western  coasts  of  South 
America  (1703-11),  taking  careful  observations  to  rectify 
the  existing  maps,  and  studying  plants,  antiquities,  etc. 
The  results  were  published  in  several  large  works.  In 
1724  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  employed  him  to 
determine  the  exact  longitude  of  the  island  of  Ferro. 

Feuillet,  Octave.  Born  at  St.-Lo,  Manche, 
France,  Aug.  11,  1821:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  29, 
1890.  A French  novelist  and  dramatist.  After 
graduating  from  the  College  Louis-le-Grand  in  Paris,  he 
studied  law  and  engaged  in  literary  work.  In  collabora- 
tion with  Paul  Bocage  he, wrote  for  the  stage  “Un  bour- 
geois de  Paris " (1845),  “Echec  et  mat”  (1846),  “Palma, 
ou  la  nuit  du  Vendredi-Saint”  (1847),  “La  vieillesse  de 
Richelieu  ” (1848),  “ York  ” (1852),  “ Sctnes  et  proverbes" 
(1851),  “ Scenes  et  comedies”  (1854),  “ La  grise  ’ (1854),  “Le 
roman  d un  jeune  homme  pauvre"(1858),  “Redemption" 
(1860),  “ Les  portraits  de  la  marquise  " (1862),  “Montjoye  ' 
(1863),  “ La  belle  au  bois  dormant  "(1865),  “Le  cas  de  con- 
science” (1867),  “Julie ” (1869),  “L  Acrobate”  (1873), "Le 
sphinx"  (1874),  “La  clef  d’or  "(1878),  “ Un  roman  parisien  " 
(1883),  and  “(Jhamillac”(1886).  His  novels  are  “Bellah' 
(1852),  “Le  roman  d'un  jeune  homme  pauvre"  (1858), 
“Histoire  de  SibyUe”  (1862),  “Monsieur  de  Camors" 
(1867),  “Julia  de  Trecoeur"  (1872),  “Un  mariage  dans  le 
monde"(1875),  “Les  amours  de  Philippe  "and  “Le  journal 
d'une  femme  ” (1877),  “ Histoire  d une  Parisienne  ” (1882), 
“La  veuve,”  “Le  voyageur,"  “Le  divorce  de  Juliette," 
“Charybde  et  Scylla,”  and  “Le  curl'  de  Bourron”  (1884), 
“La  morte"  (1886),  and  “Honneur  d’artiste”  (1890).  The 
French  newspaper  name  feuiUeton  was  first  used  for  his 
serial  writings  in  newspapers. 

Feurs(fer).  A town  in  the  department  of  Loire, 
France,  on  the  Loire  31  miles  west  of  Lyons. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  division  Forez. 
Population,  commune,  3,983. 

Feval  (fa-val'),  Paul  Henri  Corentin.  Born 
at  Rennes,  France,  Sept.  27,  1817:  died  at 
Paris,  March  8,  1887.  A French  novelist, 
author  of  “Les  myst&res  de  Londres”  (1844), 
“Le  fils  du  diable”  (1846),  “Le  bossu”  (1858), 
“Le  chevalier  de  Keramour”  (1874),  “Les  mer- 
veilles  du  Mont  St.  Michel”  (1879),  etc. 
Feversham.  See  Faversham. 

Feydeau  (fa-d5'), Ernest  Airu4.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  16,  1821:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  29,  1873. 
A French  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
Among  his  novels  are  “Fanny”  (1858),  “Silvie"  (1861), 
“Un  dCbut  k l'opdra " (1863),  “La  comtesse  de  Chalis, 
etc.  "(1868),  etc.  He  wrote  several  comedies,  and  “ Du  luxe 


Feydeau 

des  femmes,  etc."  (1866),  “ Histoire  des  usages  funebres, 
etc.”  (1857-61),  “L’Allemagne  en  1871"  (1872),  and  other 
works. 

Feyjoo  y Montenegro  (fa-e-Ho'  e mon-ta-na'- 
gro),  Frey  Benito.  Boru  at  Cardamiro,  near 
Orense,  Spain,  Oct.  18,  1676:  died  at  Oviedo, 
Spain,  Sept.  26,  1764.  A noted  Spanish  critic 
and  scholar,  a Benedictine  monk.  He  published 
“ Teatro  critico  universal ” (1726-60),  “Cartas 
eruditas  y curiosas”  (1760),  etc. 

Still,  when,  in  1726,  Feyjod  printed  a volume  of  essays 
connected  with  his  main  purpose,  he  was  able  to  com- 
mand public  attention,  and  was  encouraged  to  go  on.  He 
called  it  “The  Critical  Theatre"  ; and  in  its  different  dis- 
sertations— as  separate  as  the  papers  in  “The  Spectator,” 
but  longer  and  on  graver  subjects  — he  boldly  attacked 
the  dialectics  and  metaphysics  then  taught  everywhere  in 
Spain ; maintained  Bacon’s  system  of  induction  in  the 
physical  sciences ; ridiculed  the  general  opinion  in  rela- 
tion to  comets,  eclipses,  and  the  arts  of  magic  and  divina- 
tion ; laid  down  rules  for  historical  faith,  which  would  ex- 
clude most  of  the  early  traditions  of  the  country ; showed 
a greater  deference  for  woman,  and  claimed  for  her  a 
higher  place  in  society,  than  the  influence  of  the  Spanish 
Church  willingly  permitted  her  to  occupy ; and,  in  all  re- 
spects, came  forth  to  his  countrymen  as  one  urging  ear- 
nestly the  advancement  of  education,  the  pursuit  of  truth, 
and  the  improvement  of  social  life.  Eight  volumes  of  this 
stirring  work  were  published  before  1739,  and  then  it 
stopped,  without  any  apparent  reason.  But  in  1742  Fey- 
job  began  a similar  series  of  discussions,  under  the  name 
of  “ Learned  and  Inquiring  Letters,"  which  he  finished  in 
1760,  with  the  fifth  volume,  thus  closing  up  the  long  series 
of  his  truly  philanthropical,  as  well  as  philosophical,  la- 
bors. Ticknor , Span.  Lit.,  III.  272. 

Fez  (fez),  Ar.  F§,S  (fas).  1.  A former  sultan- 
ate in  the  northern  part  of  Morocco,  annexed 
to  Morocco  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  Morocco,  situated  in  lat. 
34°  6'  N.,  long.  4°  58'  W.  It  is  an  important  commer- 
cial center,  is  celebrated  as  a holy  city,  and  was  formerly 
noted  as  a seat  of  learning.  Population,  about  140,000. 

Fezzan  (fez-z&n').  The  southernmost  division 
of  the  former  Turkish  vilayet  of  Tripoli  in 
northern  Africa,  situated  about  lat.  24°-30° 
N.,  long.  11°-18°  E. : the  ancient  Phazania,  or 
land  of  the  Garamantes.  It  consists  of  a desert  in- 
closing many  oases.  It  became  subject  to  Tripoli  in  1842. 
The  capital  is  Murzuk.  Area,  about  156,000  square  miles. 
Population,  about  50,000-80,000. 

Fezziwig  (fez'i-wig).  The  name  of  a family  in 
Dickens’s  “Christmas  Carol.”  it  comprises  a jolly 
old  father,  a mother  (“one  vast  substantial  smile"),  aird 
three  fair  daughters. 

Fiacre  (fe-a'ker;  F.pron.  fy;i'kr),orFiachrach, 
Saint.  Died  at  Breuil,  near  Paris,  F ranee,  about 
670.  The  patron  saint  of  gardeners.  He  was  a 
native  of  “Ireland,  the  country  of  the  Scots,"  and  lived 
many  years  at  Breuil  (near  Paris),  where  he  erected  an  ora- 
tory to  the  Virgin  Mary.  He  is  celebrated  as  a worker  of 
miraculous  cures,  and  is  commemorated  on  the  30th  of 
Aug.  An  inn  at  Paris,  which  was  known  as  the  Hotel  de 
St.  Fiacre,  is  said  to  have  been  (about  1650)  the  first  sta- 
tion for  the  hire  of  carriages ; hence  the  origin  of  the 
word  fiacre  for  a hackney-coach. 

Fiammetta  (fe-a-met'ta).  In  the  works  of  Boc- 
caccio, the  name  given  to  Maria  (daughter  of  the 
King  of  Naples),  beloved  by  him.  She  is  the 
subject  of  his  romance  entitled  “Amorosa 
Fiammetta.” 

Fichel  (fe-shel'),  Benjamin  Eugene.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.  30, 1826:  died  there,  Feb.  1,  1895.  A 
French  genre  painter,  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche. 
Fichte  (fich'te),  Immanuel  Hermann  von. 
Born  at  Jena,  Germany,  July  18,  1797 : died  at 
Stuttgart,  Aug.  8, 1879.  A German  philosopher, 
BOD  of  J.  G.  Fichte.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Bonn  1836-42,  and  at  Tubingen  1842-67.  He  published 
“System  der  Ethik"  (1850-53),  “Anthropologie"  (1856), 
“ Psychologic  " (1864),  etc. 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Eammenau, 
near  Kamenz,  in  Upper  Lusatia,  Germany,  May 
19,  1762:  died  at  Berlin,  Jau.  27, 1814.  A cele- 
brated German  metaphysician.  He  was  the  son  of 
a poor  weaver.  He  attended  school  at  Pforta.and  studied 
subsequently  at  the  universities  of  Jena  and  Leipsic.  His 
first  philosophical  work,  “ Kritik  aller  Offenbarung  " (“  The 
Critique  of  All  Revelation  ”),  appeared  in  1792.  In  1793  he 
became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Jena.  The  following 
year  appeared  his  principal  work,  “Grundlage  der  ge- 
8ammten  Wissenschaftslehre  ” (“Fundamental  Principles 
of  the  Whole  Theory  of  Science”).  After  1799,  with  the 
exception  of  the  summer  of  18C5  (when  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  at  Erlangen),  and  a part  of  the  disastrous 
years  1806-07,  he  lived  in  Berlin,  where,  during  the  winter 
of  1807-08,  he  delivered  the  celebrated  “Reden  an  die 
deutsche  Nation”  (“Addresses  to  the  German  Nation”). 
At  the  opening  of  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1810  he  was 
made  professor  of  philosophy,  and  was  the  second  rector 
of  that  institution.  Ilis  complete  works  were  published 
by  his  son  (1845-46)  in  8 vols. 

Fichtelgebirge  (fich'tel-ge-ber'ge).  [G.,  ‘ pine 
mountains.’]  A m ountain  group  in  Upper  Fran- 
conia, Bavaria,  situated  northeast  of  Bayreuth. 
Highest  peak,  the  Schneeberg,  3,444  feet. 
Ficino  (fe-che'no),  Marsilio.  Born  at  Florence, 
Oct.  19,  1433:  died  near  Florence,  Oct.  1,  1499. 
An  Italian  physician  and  Platonic  philosopher. 
He  wrote  “ Theologia  Platonica”  (1482),  etc. 


389 

Fick  (fik),  Adolf.  Born  at  Cassel,  Prussia, 
Sept.  3,  1829 : died  Aug.  21,  1901.  A German 
physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  at  Zurich 
in  1856,  and  at  Wurzburg  from  1868.  His  works 
include  “Die  medizinische  Physik”  (1857),  “Kompen- 
dium  der  Physiologic  ’ (1860),  “Anatomie  und  Physiologie 
derSinne”  (1862),  etc. 

Fick,  August.  Born  at  Petershagen , near  Min- 
den,  Prussia,  May  5,  1833.  A German  philol- 
ogist, professor  of  comparative  philology  at 
Gottingen  1876-88,  and  at  Breslau  1887.  He 
has  published  “ Vergleichende  Worterbuch 
derindogermanischen  Sprachen”  (4th  ed.  1890, 
1894),  etc. 

Ficoroni  (fe-ko-ro'ne)  Cist.  A cylindrical 
bronze  box  found  near  Palestrina,  and  pre- 
served in  the  Museo  Kircheriano,  Rome.  It  is 
important  because  its  incised  decoration,  representing 
the  victory  of  Polydeuces  (Pollux)  over  Amyous,  is  per- 
haps the  finest  surviving  production  of  Greek  graphic  art. 
The  box  is  over  feet  high,  and  rests  on  three  feet ; the 
handle  of  the  cover  is  formed  by  a group  of  Bacchus  with 
two  satyrs. 

Ficquelmont  (fe-kel-mon'),  Count  Karl  Lud- 
wig von.  Born  at  Dieuze,  Lorraine,  March 
23,  1777 : died  at  Venice,  April  7,  1857.  An 
Austrian  general  and  diplomatist,  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  1839  and  1848. 

Fidele  (fi-de'le  or  fi-dal').  The  name  assumed 
by  Imogen,  in  Shakspere’s  “ Cymbeline,”  when 
disguised  as  a boy. 

Fidelia  (fi-de'li-ii).  [From  L.  fidelis,  faithful.] 

1.  In  Wycherley’s  “Plain  Dealer,”  a young  girl 
disguised  as  a boy,  Fidelio,  who  follows  Manly. 
She  is  a sort  of  imitation  of  Shakspere’s  Viola. — 

2.  The  Foundling  in  Moore’s  play  of  that  name. 

Fidelio  (fe-da/iyo).  An  opera  by  Beethoven, 

first  produced  in  Vienna  Nov.  20,  1805.  It  was 
Beethoven’s  only  opera,  and  was  several  times  altered  by 
him.  The  words  were  adapted  from  Bouilly’s  comic 
opera  “Lconore,  ou  T amour  conjugal,”  but  it  was  never 
played  under  the  name  of  “ Lconore,”  though  Beethoven 
wished  to  call  it  so.  Three  editions  of  the  pianoforte 
score  are,  however,  printed  with  that  title.  The  “Leo- 
nora Overtures”  were  written  for  “Fidelio.”  Leonora, 
the  wife  of  Florestan,  a state  prisoner,  assumes  the  dis- 
guise of  a boy,  Fidelio,  to  save  her  husband's  life. 

Fidense  (fi-de'ne).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Latium,  situated  on  the  Tiber  5 miles 
northeast  of  Rome.  The  site  is  occupied  by 
the  modern  Castel  Giubileo. 

Fides  (fi'dez).  [L., ‘faith.’]  An  asteroid  (No. 
37)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  Oct.  5,  1855. 

Fiebres  (i’e-a'bres).  [Sp.,  ‘ fevers.’]  A nick- 
name given  in  Guatemala,  and  to  some  extent 
in  other  Central  American  countries,  to  the 
liberal  party.  It  was  in  common  use  from  the  period 
of  independence  until  1850  or  later.  The  liberals  were 
sometimes  called  Anarquistas  by  their  opponents.  Op- 
posed to  Aristocratas  or  Serviles.  See  Serviles. 

Field  (feld),  Cyrus  West.  Born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  30,  1819 : died  at  New 
York,  July  12,  1892.  The  founder  of  the  At- 
lantic Cable  Company,  son  of  David  Dudley 
Field  (1781-1867).  He  established  in  1840  a paper- 
business  at  New  York,  from  the  active  management  of 
which  he  retired  in  1853  with  a fortune.  He  organized 
about  1854  the  New  York,  Newfoundland,  and  London 
Telegraph  Company,  which  connected  the  American  con- 
tinent with  Newfoundland  by  a submarine  cable  in  1856. 
In  1866  he  organized  the  Atlantic  Telegraph  Company, 
which,  with  the  assistance  of  the  English  and  United 
States  governments,  succeeded  after  two  failures  in  laying 
a submarine  cable  between  Ireland  and  Newfoundland. 
The  first  public  message  was  sent  by  Queen  Victoria  to 
the  President  Aug.  16,  1858;  the  cal  le  ceased  to  work 
Sept.  1 following.  The  submerging  of  a new  cable  was 
begun  in  1865.  It  broke  in  1865,  after  1,900  kilometers 
had  been  paid  out.  Finally,  in  1866,  the  laying  of  another 
cable  was  accomplished,  and  July  29  of  that  year  an  over- 
ocean telegram  was  received  in  the  United  States.  The 
cable  lost  in  1865  was  recovered  and  completed  later  in 
1866.  The  Great  Eastern  was  employed  as  a transport  in 
the  submerging  of  the  last  two  cables. 

Field,  David  Dudley.  Born  at  East  Guilford, 
Conn.,  May  20, 1781:  died  at  Stockbridge,  Mass., 
April  15,  1867.  An  American  clergyman  and 
historical  writer.  He  wrote  “A  History  of  the  Town 
of  Pittsfield,  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts”  (1644), 
and  “Genealogy  of  the  Brainerd  Family”  (1857). 

Field,  David  Dudley.  Born  at  Haddam,  Conn., 
Feb.  13,  1805:  died  at  New  York,  April  13,  1894. 
An  American  jurist,  son  of  David  Dudley  Field 
(1781-1867).  He  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1825; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1828 ; served  as  head  of  the 
commission  instituted  in  1857  to  prepare  a political,  penal, 
and  civil  code  for  the  State  of  New  York  ; and  retired  from 
the  practice  of  law  in  1885.  He  published  “ Draft  Out- 

★ lines  of  an  International  Code”  (1872),  etc. 

Field,  Eugene.  Born  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept. 
2,  1850:  died  Nov.  4,  1895.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  poet.  He  was  connected  with  the  press  in 
Missouri  and  Colorado  1873-83.  In  1883  lie  became  a 
member  of  the  staff  of  the  Chicago  “Daily  News.” 

Field,  Henry  Martyn.  Born  April  3,  1822: 
died  Jan.  26,  1907.  An  American  clergyman, 
journalist  (editor  of  “The  Evangelist”),  and 


Fields 

writer,  son  of  David  Dudley  Field  (1781-1867). 
He  wrote  “From  Egypt,  to  Japan  ” (1877),  “Among  the 
Holy  Hills  ” (1882),  and  other  books  of  travel. 

Field,  Inspector.  A shrewd  detective  officer 
in  Charles  Dickens’s  “On  Duty  with  Inspector 
Field,”  taken  from  life. 

Field,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  July  26,  1782 : 
died  at  Moscow,  Jan.  11,  1837.  A British  com- 
poser and  pianist.  He  was  a pupil  of  Clementi,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  Russia  in  1802,  and  subsequently  taught 
music  at  St.  Petersburg  and  at  Moscow,  where  he  settled 
between  1824  and  1828.  He  is  chiefly  remembered  for  his 
“Nocturnes,”  to  which  those  of  Chopin  are  said  to  owe 
much  both  in  form  and  spirit. 

Field,  Nathaniel.  Born  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Giles,  Cripplegate,  in  1587 : died  in  1633.  An 
English  actor  and  dramatist.  He  is  chiefly  remem- 
bered as  the  author  of  “A  Woman  is  a Weathercock" 
(1612),  and  “ Amends  for  Ladies”  (1618),  and  as  the  joint 
author  with  Massinger  of  “The  Fatal  Dowry”  (1632). 

Field,  Stephen  Johnson.  Born  at  Haddam, 
Conn.,  Nov.  4,  1816 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
April  9,  1899.  An  American  jurist,  son  of 
David  Dudley  Field  (1781-1867).  He  was  chief 
justice  of  California  1859-63,  was  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1803-97,  and  was  a member 
of  the  Electoral  Commission  in  1877. 

Field  Codes.  A series  of  codes  intended  to  em- 
body all  the  general  laws  of  the  State  of  New 
York  (prepared  by  a commission  appointed  in 
New  York,  of  which  Mr.  David  Dudley  Field 
was  the  chief  member),  several  of  which  were 
in  substance  adopted  in  that  State,  and  all  of 
which  have  been  adopted  in  a number  of  other 
States.  Chief  among  the  reforms  of  the  law  introduced 
by  these  codes  was  the  substitution  of  a single  procedure 
in  place  of  the  technical  forms  and  distinctions  of  common- 
law  actions  and  equity  suits,  and  the  admission  of  part  ies 
and  interested  persons  to  testify  as  witnesses. 

Fielding  (fel'ding),  Anthony  Vandyke  Cop- 
ley. Born  about  1787 : died  at  Worthing, 
Sussex,  England,  March  3,  1855.  An  English 
painter  in  water-colors,  noted  chiefly  for  his 
marines  and  landscapes.  He  became  a full  member 
of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours  in  1813,  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  society  in  1818,  and  was  presi- 
dent from  1831  until  his  death. 

Fielding,  Henry.  Born  at  Sharphatn  Park,  near 
Glastonbury,  Somersetshire,  April  22,  1707 : 
died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  8,  1754.  A celebrated 
English  playwright  and  novelist.  He  was  the  son 
of  Edmund  Fielding  (afterward  a general  in  the  army) 
and  Sarah,  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Gould  of  Sharphain 
Park  ; studied  at  Eton,  at  Leyden,  and  at  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, London ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1740 ; was  ap- 
pointed a justice  of  the  peace  for  Westminster  in  1748. 
being  afterward  qualified  to  act  for  Middlesex  ; and  was 
elected  chairman  of  quarter  sessions  at  Hicks’s  Hall  in 
1749.  Among  his  works  are:  plays,  “Love  in  Several 
Masques”  (1728),  “The  Temple  Beau”  (1730),  “The  Mod 
ern  Husband  ” (1732),  “ The  Mock  Doctor  ’’  (1732),  and 
“The  Miser”  (1733),  adaptations  from  Molitre,  “Tom 
Thumb ’’(a  burlesque,  1730),  “The  Intriguing  Chamber- 
maid” (1734),  “ The  Wedding  Day”  (1743:  translated  into 
German  1759),  etc.;  novels,  “Joseph  Andrews"  (1742), 
“Jonathan  Wild  the  Great”  (1743),  “Tom  Jones”  (1749), 
“Amelia" (1751),  etc.  Healso  wrote  “Journal  of  aVoyage 
to  Lisbon,"  published  in  1755  after  his  death,  and  a number 
of  miscellanies  and  poems.  He  contributed  to  the  “Cham- 
pion ” and  other  periodicals,  and  published  the  “ True  Pa- 
triot" from  Nov.,  1746,  to  June,  1746,  and  the  “Jacobite’s 
Journal  ” from  Dec.,  1747,  to  Nov.,  1748. 

Fielding,  Sarah.  Born  at  East  Stour,  Dorset- 
shire, Nov.  8,  1710:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
1768.  An  English  author,  sister  of  Henry  Field- 
ing. Among  her  works  are  “ The  Adventures  of  David 
Simple  in  Search  of  a Faithful  Friend  ” (1744),  and  a trans- 
lation of  Xenophon’s  “Memoirs  of  Socrates:  with  the  De- 
fence of  Socrates  before  his  Judges"  (1772). 

Field  of  Blood.  [It.  Campo  di  Sangue .]  A name 
given  in  Italy  to  the  ancient  battle-field  of 
Cannae.  See  Cannae. 

Field  of  March.  See  Champ  de  Mars. 

Field  of  May.  See  Champ  de  Mars,  2. 

Field  of  Peterloo.  See  Peterloo. 

Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.  A plain  near 
Ardres,  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France, 
the  scene  of  a meeting  between  Francis  I.  of 
France  and  Henry  VIII.  of  England,  1520 : so 
called  from  the  magnificence  of  the  display. 
Field  of  the  Forty  Footsteps.  See  the  extract. 

The  fields  behind  Montagu  House  were,  from  about  the 
year  1680  until  towards  the  end  of  the  last  century,  the 
scenes  of  robbery,  murder,  and  every  species  of  depravity. 

. . . Tradition  had  given  to  the  superstitious  at  that  period 
[1800]  a legendary  story,  of  the  period  of  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth’s rebellion,  of  (wo  brothers  who  fought  in  this  field 
so  ferociously  as  to  destroy  eacli  other  ; since  which  their 
footsteps  formed  from  the  vengeful  struggle  were  said  to 
remain,  . . . nor  could  any  grass  or  vegetable  ever  be  pro- 
duced where  these  “forty  footsteps  "were  thus  displayed. 
This  extraordinary  area  was  said  to  he  at  the  extreme  ter- 
mination of  the  north-east  end  of  Upper  Montagu  Street. 
They  were  built  over  about  1800.  Rimbault. 

Fields  (feldz),  James  Thomas.  Born  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  Dec.  31,  1817 : died  at  Boston, 
April  24,  1881.  An  American  publisher  and 
author.  He  was  successively  a partner  in  several  book 


Fields 

firms  at  Boston,  and  edited  the  “Atlantic  Monthly  ” 1862- 
1870.  He  wrote  “Yesterdays  with  Authors”  (1872),  and 
edited,  in  conjunction  with  E.  P.  Whipple,  “The Family 
Library  of  British  Poetry,  from  Chaucer  to  the  Present 
Time,  1350-1878  ” (1878). 

Fiennes  (fe-enz'),  James,  Baron  Saye  and  Sele. 
Died  July  4,  1450.  An  English  nobleman.  He 
was  the  second  son  of  Sir  William  de  Fiennes ; served  in 
the  French  wars ; was  made  constable  of  Hover  and  war- 
den of  the  Cinque  Ports  in  1147 ; was  created  a baron, 
with  the  title  of  Lord  Saye  and  Sele,  in  1447 ; was  in  1447 
appointed  constable  of  the  Tower  of  London ; and  was 
made  lord  treasurer  in  1449:  He  was  beheaded  by  the  mob, 
in  the  insurrection  under  Cade  in  1450. 

Fiennes,  Thomas,  ninth  Baron  Dacre.  Born 
in  1517 : executed  at  Tyburn,  June  29,  1541. 
An  English  nobleman.  He  was  one  of  a party  of 
youths  who  engaged  in  a poaching  frolic  in  the  park  of 
Mr.  Nicholas  Pelham  at  Laughton,  April  30, 1541 ; and  one 
of  the  park  keepers  was  mortally  wounded  in  a scuffle. 
The  whole  poaching  party  was,  apparently  under  pressure 
from  the  king,  prosecuted  for  murder,  and  Lord  Dacre 
and  three  of  his  companions  were  condemned  to  death. 

Fierabras  (fe-a-ra-bra/).  [From  L.  ferrum, 
iron,  as  in  the  name  Bras-de-Fer:  in  English, 
Sir  Fencm.br as.  ] One  of  the  paladins  of  Charle- 
magne. He  gave  his  name  to  the  most  popular  of  the 
French  Charlemagne  romances.  It  remains  in  a Proven- 
gal  version  and  a French  version,  in  two  MSS.  of  the  14th 
century  and  two  of  the  15th.  A prose  version  of  it  was 
printed  at  Geneva  in  1478,  and  Cax  ton’s  “ Lyf  of  the  Noble 
and  Crysten  Prynce,  Charles  the  Grete,”  printed  in  1485, 
was  a translation  from  that  French  prose  version  of  Fie- 
rabras. M.  Gaston  Paris  has  pointed  out  that  Fierabras 
is  an  expansion  of  an  earlier  poem,  “Balau,”  with  the 
scene  of  action  changed  to  Spain,  and  with  improvements 
in  the  story.  The  poem  of  “Balan  " appears  in  English  as 
the  romance  of  “The  Sowdon  of  Babylon."  “ Sir  Ferum- 
bras  " is  a translation  from  the  later  “Fierabras,  the  work 
of  an  ecclesiastic  of  Exeter,  after  1077"  ( Morley , Eng. 
Writers,  VI.  67). 

Fierabras.  An  opera  by  Franz  Schubert,  com- 
posed in  1823,  but  never  produced.  It  is  said 
to  contain  his  best  work. 

Fieschi  (fe-es'ke),  Joseph  Marie.  Born  at 
Murato,  Corsica,  Dec.  3,  1790:  executed  at 
Paris,  Feb.  19,  1836.  A Corsican  adventurer 
who  made  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  Louis 
Philippe,  July  28,  1835. 

Fiesco  (fe-es'ko).  A tragedy  by  Schiller,  pub- 
lished in  1783. 

Fiesco,  Giovanni  Luigi,  Count  of  Lavagna. 
Bom  at  Genoa  about  1524:  drowned  at  Genoa, 
Jan.  2,  1547.  A Genoese  noble,  a leading  con- 
spirator against  Andrea  Doria,  Jan.,  1547.  He 
is  the  subject  of  the  tragedy  “ Fiesco,”  by 
Schiller,  1783. 

Fiesole  (fe-a'so-le).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Florence,  Italy,  3 miles  northeast  of 
Florence : the  ancient  Fassube.  It  has  straw-plait- 
ing industries.  An  old  Etruscan  city,  it  contains  Etrus- 
can and  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  the  headquarters  of 
Catiline  63-62  B.  c.,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  victory  of 
Stilicho  over  the  Teutonic  invaders  under  Radagais  about 
406.  La  Badia,  a monastery,  designed  by  Brunelleschi,  fin- 
ished in  1466,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  monastic  foun- 
dations of  the  Renaissance.  There  are  two  most  graceful 
cloisters,  each  in  two  arcaded  tiers.  The  church  is  in 
large  part  the  original  Romanesque  structure,  with  a 
dome  at  the  crossing,  a cradle-vault,  and  delicate  sculp- 
ture and  paneled  incrustation.  The  Roman  theater  is  in 
excellent  preservation.  The  semicircular  cavea  has  19 
tiers  of  seats  in  position,  in  part  rock-hewn,  with  several 
radial  stairways,  vaulted  substructions,  and  fine  en- 
trance-arches at  the  wings.  The  diameter  is  220  feet, 
that  of  the  orchestra  69.  The  cathedral  was  founded 
in  1028,  and  altered  in  the  13th  century.  There  are  3 
aisles,  divided  by  14  antique  columns  of  different  sizes 
and  orders,  and  a transept  with  domed  crossing.  Struc- 
ture and  ornament  are  closely  similar  to  those  of  San 
Miniato,  Florence.  The  Salutati  Chapel  contains  a beau- 
tiful relief  and  a bust  by  Mino  da  Fiesole  (1466). 

Fiesole,  Giovanni  Angelico  da,  generally 
called  Fra  Angelico  (real  name  Guido,  or 
Guidolino,  da  Pietro,  called  Giovanni  on  tak- 
ing orders).  Born  at  Vecchio,  in  the  province 
of  Mngello,  Italy,  1387 : died  near  Borne,  March 
18  (?),  1455.  A celebrated  Italian  painter  of 
religious  subjects.  He  seems  to  have  been  early  im- 
ressed  by  the  Miniaturists.  In  1407  he  entered,  with  his 
rother  Benedetto,  a miniaturist,  the  Dominican  convent 
in  Fiesole.  From  1409  to  1418  he  lived  at  Foligno  and 
Cortona ; from  1418  to  1436  at  Fiesole ; from  1436  to  1445 
at  Florence  (in  the  convent  of  San  Marco);  and  from  1445 
to  1455  at  Rome.  His  most  important  works  are  the  fres- 
cos at  Orvieto  (1447),  and  the  decoration  of  the  Chapel  of 
the  Saint-SacrementintheVatican.  The  Florentine  period 
was  most  productive  of  easel-pictures,  which  include  the 
“ Coronation  of  the  Virgin  ” now  in  the  Louvre,  the  same 
subject  (a  favorite  one)  now  in  the  Uffizi,  a “Last  Judg- 
ment,” etc.  He  is  especially  celebrated  for  the  spirituality 
and  mystical  charm  of  his  saints  and  angels.  The  mon- 
astery of  San  Marco,  now  the  Museo  di  San  Marco,  was 
decorated  by  Fra  Angelico  and  his  pupils,  and  some  of 
his  best  frescos  are  there. 

Fi6v6e  (fya-va/),  Joseph.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
8,  1767.:  died  at  Paris,  May  7,  1839.  A French 
journalist,  novelist,  and  (royalist)  political 
writer.  He  wrote  the  romances  “La  dot  de 
Suzette”  (1798)  and  “Fr6d6ric”  (1799). 

Fife  (fif).  A maritime  county  of  Scotland,  it 


390 

is  bounded  by  the  Firth  of  Tay  on  the  north,  the  North 
Sea  on  the  east,  the  Firth  of  Forth  on  the  south,  and 
Perth,  Kinross,  and  Clackmannan  on  the  west.  The  lead- 
ing manufacture  is  linen.  Area,  504  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (civil  county),  218,840. 

Fife  Ness  (fif  nes).  A promontory  inFifeshire, 
Scotland,  in  lat.  56°  17'  N.,  long.  2°  35'  W. 
Fifine  at  tile  Fair.  A poem  by  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  1872. 

Fifth  Avenue.  The  principal  residence  street  of 
New  York  (now  in  its  lower  part  largely  devoted 
to  business),  extending  from  Washington  Square 
to  Harlem  Biver,  a distance  of  about  61  miles. 
Fifth  Monarchy  Men.  A sect  of  millenarians 
of  the  time  of  Cromwell,  differing  from  other 
Second-Adventists  in  believing  not  only  in  a 
literal  second  coming  of  Christ,  but  also  that 
it  was  their  duty  to  inaugurate  this  kingdom 
by  force.  This  kingdom  was  to  be  the  fifth  and  last  in 
the  series  of  which  those  of  Assyria,  Persia,  Greece,  and 
Rome  were  the  preceding  four;  hence  their  self-assumed 
title.  They  unsuccessfully  attempted  risings  against  the 
government  in  1657  and  166L 

Figaro,  (fe'gii-ro).  A character  introduced  by 
Beaumarchais  in  his  plays  “Le  barbier  de  Se- 
ville,” “ Le  mariage  de  Figaro,”  and  “ La  mere 
coupable  ” : used  later  by  Mozart,  Paisiello,  and 
Bossini  in  operas.  In  the  “ Barbier  ” he  is  a barber  ; 
in  the  “Mariage  ” he  is  a valet.  In  both  he  is  gay,  lively, 
and  courageous ; his  stratagems  are  always  original,  his 
lies  witty,  and  his  shrewdness  proverbial.  He  is  a type 
of  intrigue,  adroitness,  and  versatility.  In  the  “Mere 
coupable”  he  has  become  virtuous  and  has  lost  his  verve. 
He  also  appears  in  Holcroft’s  “Follies  of  a Day,"  taken 
from  Beaumarchais’s  “ Mariage  de  Figaro." 

Figaro,  Le.  A satirical  Parisian  journal, founded 
in  1826,  discontinued  in  1833,  and  refounded  by 
Villemessant  in  1854. 

Figaro,  Le  Mariage  de.  See  Mariage. 

Figaro,  Le  Nozze  di.  See  Nozze. 

Figeac  (fe-zhiik').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Lot,  France,  situated  on  the  C616  in  lat.  44° 
37'  N.,  long.  2°  3'  E.  It  has  two  old  churches, 
and  was  the  birthplace  of  Champollion.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  5,870. 

Fig  for  Momus,  A.  Satires  by  Lodge,  printed 
in  1595. 

Fighting  Joe  Hooker.  A popular  nickname 
for  General  Joseph  Hooker. 

Fighting  Parson,  The.  A nickname  of  W.  G. 
Brownlow. 

Fighting  Prelate,  The.  A surname  given  to 
Henry  Spenser,  a warlike  bishop  of  Norwich 
(reign  of  Bichard  II.,  1377-99). 

Fighting  TemJraire,  The.  See  Temeraire. 
Figueira  (fe-ga'e-ra).  A watering-place  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  Portugal,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mondego,  24  miles  west  of  Coimbra. 

Figueira,  Luiz.  Born  at  Almoddvar,  Alemtejo, 
Portugal,  1574:  died  on  the  island  of  Marajd,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  July  3, 1643.  A Jes- 
uit missionary.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent  among  the 
Indians  of  northern  Brazil,  and  he  was  rector  of  the  col- 
lege at  Pernambuco  for  four  years.  He  published  a gram- 
mar of  the  Tupi  language. 

Figueras  (fe-ga'ras).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Gerona,  Spain,  in  lat.  42°  16'  N. , long.  2° 53'  E. 
It  is  noted  for  its  citadel,  which  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1794,  1808,  1811,  and  1823.  Population,  10,714. 

Figueras  y Moracas  (e  mo-ra'kas),  Estanis- 
lao.  Born  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Nov.  13, 1819 : 
died  at  Madrid,  Nov.  11,  1882.  A Spanish  re- 
publican statesman,  president  of  the  executive 
Feb.-June,  1873. 

Figueroa  (fe-ga-ro'a),  Cristoval  Suarez  de. 

Born  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  near  the  end  of  the 
16th  century:  died  about  1650  (?).  A Spanish 
writer,  author  of  a pastoral  romance,  “La  con- 
stante  Amarilis”  (1609),  etc. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  de.  Born  at  Alcala  de 
Henares,  Spain,  about  1540:  died  there,  about 
1620.  A Spanish  poet  and  soldier. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  Acuna  de.  Born  in  Mon- 
tevideo, 1791:  died  there,  Oct.  6, 1862.  AnUru- 
guayan  poet.  He  was  a treasury  official  under  the 
Spanish  government  of  his  native  city  during  its  siege  by 
the  republicans,  1812-14,  and  wrote  a diary  in  verse  of  the 
events  of  the  time.  When  the  city  was  taken  (June,  1814) 
he  emigrated  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  returning  in  1818  and  re- 
suming his  place  in  the  treasury.  In  1840  he  was  made 
director  of  the  library  and  museum.  He  wrote  numerous 
poems  and  epigrams  of  a political  character  in  favor  of 
the  legitimate  government,  which  are  still  widely  read.  In 
1867  they  were  collected  with  the  title  “Mosaico  Poetico." 

Figueroa,  Pedro  Pablo.  Bom  at  Copiapd, Dec. 
25, 1857.  A Chilean  author  and  journalist.  He 

has  published  numerous  biographical  works  and  romances, 
and  sketches  of  Chilean  country  life. 

Figuier  (fe-gytV),  Louis  Guillaume.  Born 
Feb.  15,  1819:  died  Nov.  9,  1894.  A French 
naturalist,  best  known  as  a popularizer  of  sci- 
ence. His  works  include  “Exposition  et  histoire  des 
principales  dtoouvertes  scientifiques  modernes  "(1851-67), 
“Histoire  du  merveilleuxdansles  temps  modernes  "(1869- 


Finality  John 

1862),  “ Tableau  de  la  nature  " (1862-71, 10  vols.,  in  various 
departments  of  science),.“Les  nouvelles  conquetes  de  la 
science  ” (1883-85),  etc. 

Fiji,  or  Feejee  (fe'je),  native  Viti  (ve'te),  Isl- 
ands. An  archipelago  in  the  South  Pacific, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated  about  lat. 
16°-21°S.,  long.  177°E.-178°  W.  The  islands  num- 
ber over  200,  of  which  the  largest  are  Viti  Levu  and  Vanua 
Levu.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  The  inhabi- 
tants, formerly  cannibals,  have  been  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity by  Wesleyan  missionaries.  The  leading  export  is 
sugar.  The  islands  were  discovered  by  Tasman  in  1643, 
became  a British  possession  in  1874,  and  are  a crown  colony. 
Rotumah  was  added  to  the  colony  In  1880.  Area  of  the 
group,  7,435  square  miles.  Population  of  the  colony, 
130,891. 

Filangieri  (fe-lan-ja're),  Carlo.  Bom  at  La 
Cava,  near  Salerno,  Italy,  May  10,  1784:  died 
at  Portiei,  near  Naples,  Oct.  14,  1867.  An  Ital- 
ian general,  son  of  Gaetano  Filangieri,  premier 
of  the  Two  Sicilies  1859-60. 

Filangieri,  Gaetano.  Born  at  Naples,  Aug.  18, 
1752 : died  at  Naples,  July  21,  1788.  A noted 
Italian  publicist.  He  published  “La  scienza 
della  legislazione  ” (1780-88),  etc. 

Filarete  (fe-lii-ra'te)  (Antonio  Averulino). 
Bom  at  Florence  about  1410:  died  at  Borne,  1470. 
A Florentine  architect  and  sculptor.  Among  his 
earlier  works  were  the  bronze  doors  of  St.  Peter’s  at  Rome. 
In  1451  he  went  to  Milan,  where  he  designed  the  great  hos- 
pital. The  cathedral  of  Bergamo  was  begun  by  him  and 
finished  by  Fontana.  His  curious  work  on  architecture, 
written  in  theform  of  a Utopian  romance  and  dedicated  to 
Piero  di  Medici,  dates  from  1464  or  1465.  The  MS.  is  in 
the  Magliabeechian  Library  at  Florence. 

Filch  (filch).  A pickpocket  in  Gay’s  “ Beggars’ 
Opera.” 

Filelfo  (fe-lel'fo),  L.  Philelphus,  Francesco. 

Born  at  Tolentino,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  July  25, 
1398;  died  at  Florence,  July  31,  1481  (?).  An 
Italian  humanist.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  eloquence  at  Padua.  He  went  to  Con- 
stantinople to  perfect  himself  in  the  Greek  language  in 
1420,  with  a diplomatic  mission  from  the  Venetians,  and 
was  afterward  employed  on  others  to  Amurath  II.  and  the 
emperor  Sigismund. 

Filicaja  (fe-le-ka'ya),  Vincenzo  da.  Born  at 
Florence,  Dec.  30,  1642:  died  there,  Sept.  24, 
1707.  An  Italian  lyric  poet  and  jurist,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  odes  and  sonnets.  His  works 
were  published  in  1707. 

Filida  (fe'le-da).  A Spanish  romance  published 
in  1582  by  Luis  Galvez  de  Montalvo.  It  passed 
through  a number  of  editions,  and  is  still  popu- 
lar. 

Filipepi,  Sandro.  See  Botticelli. 

Fillan  (fil'an),  Saint.  Lived  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury. An  Irish  missionary  to  Argyllshire  and 
Perthshire  in  Scotland.  Alleged  relics  of  the 
saint  are  preserved  at  Edinburgh. 

Fille  du  Regiment  (fey  dii  ra-zhe-mon'),  La. 
[F.;  It.  La  Figlia  del  Beggimento,  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  regiment.]  An  opera  by  Donizetti, 
first  produced  in  Paris  Feb.  11,  1840. 

Fillmore  (fil'mor),  Millard.  Bora  at  Summer 
Hill,  Cayuga  County, N.Y.,  Feb.  7, 1800:  died  at 
/ Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  March  8,  1874.  The  thirteenth 
President  of  the  United  States.  He  was  the  son 
of  Nathaniel  Fillmore,  a farmer;  learned  the  trade  of  a 
fuller  ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823,  and  took  up  prac- 
tice at  Aurora,  New  York  ; was  a member  of  the  New  York 
State  House  of  Representatives  1829-32  ; served  as  a Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1833-35  and  1837-41 ; 
was  comptroller  of  the  State  of  New  YTork  1847-49;  was 
elected  Vice-President  on  the  Whig  ticket  headed  by 
Taylor  in  1848 ; became  President  by  the  latter’s  death 
July  9,  1850,  retiring  from  office  March  4,  1853 ; and  was 
defeated  as  the  National- American  candidate  for  President 
in  1856.  Duringhis  presidential  administration  his  oppo- 
nents  had  a majority  in  both  Houses  of  Congress.  He  ap- 
pointed Daniel  Webster  secretary  of  state,  and  approved 
Clay’s  Compromise  Bill  of  1850. 

Filocopo  (fe-lo-ko'po),  II.  A prose  romance  by 
Boccaccio.  It  is  a version  of  the  old  French 
metrical  romance  “Flore  et  Blanchefleur.” 
Filostrato  (te-16'stra-to),  11.  A narrative  poem 
by  Boccaccio.  T t was  written  in  1344,  and  is  the  origi- 
nal of  Chaucer's  “Troilus  and  Cressida,”  some  of  which  is 
a literal  translation. 

Filumena  (fil-u-me'nii),  or  Filomena,  Saint.  A 
saint  of  the  Boman  Catholic  Church  whose  wor- 
ship dates  from  1802.  In  that  year  a grave  was  dis- 
covered with  the  inscription  “Lumenapaxte  cymfl,”  which 
was  deciphered  to  spell  “ Pax  tecum,  Filumena.’’  The  oc- 
cupant of  the  grave  was  received  as  a saint,  and  was  noted 
for  her  miraculous  powers  of  healing  the  sick  by  interces- 
sion. Longfellow  gave  the  name  to  Florence  Nightingale, 
partly  because  of  her  labors  among  the  sick  and  dying  at 
Scutari,  and  partly  on  account  of  the  resemblance  between 
Filumena  anil  the  Latin  Philomela  (nightingale).  Brewer. 

Finale  nell*  Emilia  (fe-na'le  nel  a-me'le-ii). 
A small  town  in  the  province  of  Modena,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Panaro  22  miles  northeast  of 
Modena. 

Finality  (fi-nal'i-ti)  John.  A nickname  given 
to  Lord  John  Bussell.  He  always  spoke  of  the 
Beform  Bill  of  1831  as  “ a finality.” 


Finch,  Anne 

Finch  (finch),  Anne,  Countess  of  'Winchelsea. 
Died  Aug.  5,  1720.  An  English  poet,  wife  of 
Heneage Finch,  fourth  Earl  of  Winchelsea.  She 
was  celebrated  by  Pope  under  the  name  of  Ardelia.  She 
wrote  a poem  “ Spleen  ’’  (1701 : republished  1709  as  “ The 
Spleen,  a Piudarique  Ode,  etc."),  and  “ Miscellany  Poems  ’’ 
(1713). 

Finch,  Daniel.  Born  1647 : died  Jan.  1,  1730. 
An  English  Tory  politician,  second  Earl  of  Not- 
tingham and  sixth  Earl  of  Winchelsea.  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1673 ; was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
Feb. -May,  1684;  supported  the  plan  for  a regency  on  the 
flight  of  James ; was  secretary  of  state  1688-93  and  (for 
the  second  time)  March,  1702-04;  and  later  came  to  the 
support  of  the  Whigs. 

Finch,  Heneage.  Born  at  Eastwell,  Kent,  Dee. 
23,  1621 ; died  Dec.  18, 1682.  An  English  states- 
man and  jurist,  created  earl  of  Nottingham  in 
1681.  He  became  solicitor-general  in  June,  1660 ; was 
one  of  the  prosecuting  counsel  in  the  trial  of  the  regi- 
cides ; was  made  lord  keeper  of  the  seals  in  Nov.,  1673 ; 
and  became  lord  chancellor  in  1674. 

Finch,  Sir  Henry.  Died  Dec.  5, 1631.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  Feb.,  1626. 

Finch,  Sir  John.  Born  Sept.  17, 1584 : died  Nov. 
27,  1660.  An  English  politician,  Baron  Finch 
of  Fordwich.  He  was  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  March,  1628,  and  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  Oct.,  1634,  and  lord  keeper 
in  Jan.,  1640.  He  was  chiefly  responsible,  in  the  trial  of 
Hampden,  for  the  decision  of  the  judges  that  the  king’s 
course  in  the  matter  of  ship-money  was  constitutional. 
Finden  (fin'den),  William.  Born  1787 : died  at 
London,  Sept.  20,  1852.  An  English  engraver. 
Findhorn  (find'horn).  A river  in  Scotland, 
flowing  into  Moray  Firth  about  12  miles  west 
of  Elgin.  Length,  62  miles. 

Findlater  (fin'la-ter),  Andrew.  Born  at  Aber- 
dour,  Aberdeenshire,  Dec.,  1810;  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Jan.  1,  1885.  A Scottish  literary  writer. 
He  was  the  editor  of  the  earlier  editions  of 
“Chambers’s  Encyclopaedia.” 

Findlay  (find7  la).  The  capital  of  Hancock 
County,  northwestern  Ohio,  on  Blanchard’s 
Fork  of  Auglaise  River.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
stores  of  natural  gas  in  its  neighborhood.  Population, 
14,858,  (1910). 

Findlay  (fin'la),  Alexander  George.  Born  at 
London,  Jan.  6,  1812:  died  at  Dover,  England, 
May  3, 1875.  An  English  geographer,  hydrog- 
rapher,  and  meteorologist.  He  published  atlases 
of  “Ancient  and  Comparative  Geography Coasts  and 
Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,”  various  nautical  directories, 
charts,  etc. 

Fine-ear  (fin'er).  One  of  Fortunio’s  attendants 
in  the  fairy  tale  of  that  name.  He  could  hear 
the  grass  grow. 

Finetta  (fi-net'ta).  A fairy  tale  by  the  Com- 
tesse  d’Aulnoy.  It  is  a version  of  Cinderella. 
Fingal  ( fing'gal).  An  epic  poem  in  six  books,  pub- 
lished by  Macpherson  in  1762.  it  purports  to  have 
been  written  by  Ossian  the  son  of  Fingal,  and  translated 
from  the  Gaelic  by  Macpherson.  See  Ossian  and  Fionn. 
Fingal’s  Cave.  A basaltic  grotto  in  the  island 
of  Staffa,  7 miles  west  of  Mull,  Scotland,  entered 
by  an  arch  65  feet  in  height.  Length  of  the 
cave,  200  feet. 

Fini.  See  Masolino. 

Finiguerra  (fe-ne-gwer'ra),  Maso.  Lived  in 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century.  A Florentine 
goldsmith  and  worker  in  niello,  the  reputed  in- 
ventor of  copperplate  engraving. 

The  introduction  of  copper-plate  printing  is  attributed 
to  Maso  Finiguerra,  a goldsmith  of  Florence,  who  is  sup- 
posed to  have  made  his  first  print  about  the  year  1452.  It 
cannot  be  proved  that  Finiguerra  was  the  inventor,  for 
prints  by  this  method  were  made  in  Germany  as  early  as 
1446.  De  Viri.no,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  27. 

Finistere  (fin-is-tar').  [ML.  finis  term,  end  of 
the  land.]  The  westernmost  department  of 
France,  capital  Quimper,  bounded  by  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  on  the  north,  Cotes-du-Nord  and 
Morbihan  on  the  east,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
on  the  south  and  west;  part  of  the  ancient 
Brittany.  It  has  important  fisheries,  and  contains  lend 
and  other  minerals.  Area,  2,729  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 795,103. 

Finisterre  (fin-is-tar'),  Cape.  The  westernmost 
headland  of  Spain,  projecting  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  in  lat.  42°  52'  45"  N.,  long.  9°  15'  32"W. 
(lighthouse).  English  naval  victories  were  gained  off 
this  cape  by  Anson  over  the  French , 1747,  and  by  Calder  and 
Strahan  over  the  French  and  Spaniards,  1805. 

Fink,  or  Finck  (fink),  Friedrich  August  von. 

Born  at  St  relit/.,  Germany,  Nov.  25,  1718:  died 
at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  22, 1766.  A Prussian  gen- 
eral. He  surrendered  to  the  Austrians  at  Max- 
en,  Nov.  21,  1759. 

Finlaison  (fin'la-son),  John  (family  name  Fin- 
lay son).  Born  at.  Thurso,  Caithness,  Aug.  27, 
1783 ; died  at  London,  April  30, 1860.  An  Eng- 
lish statistician  and  actuary. 


391 

★ 

Finland  (fin'land).  [Icel.  Pinnland,  Sw.  Dan. 
Finland,  G.  Filmland,  F.  Finlande,  land  of  the 
Finns,  NL.  Finnia.  The  Finnish  name  is  Suomi 
or  Suomenmaa,  swampy  land.]  A grand  duchy 
of  the  Russian  empire,  lying  northwest  of  Russia 
proper,  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  east  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  bordering  on  Norway 
and  Sweden.  The  surface  is  generally  low,  and  the 
country  abounds  in  lakes.  Two  chief  exports  are  timber 
and  butter.  The  chief  city  is  Helsingfors.  The  great  ma- 
jority of  the  inhabitants  are  Finns ; there  is  also  a large 
Swedish  element.  The  administration  is  vested  in  a na- 
tional parliament,  consisting  of  one  chamber  of  2C0  mem- 
bers. The  prevailing  religion  is  Lutheran.  The  Swedish 
conquest  of  Finland  began  under  Eric  in  1157,  and  was  com- 
pleted in  the  13th  century.  Russia  acquired  a small  part 
of  it  in  1721,  and  the  whole  in  1809.  Area,  125,784  square 
miles.  Population,  2,968,600. 

Finland,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea, 
extending  eastward  about  250  miles,  between 
Finland  on  the  north  and  the  governments  of 
Esthonia  and  St.  Petersburg  on  the  south. 
Finlay  (fin'la),  George.  Born  at  Faversham, 
Kent,  Dee.  21,  1799 : died  at  Athens,  Greece, 
Jan.  26,  1875.  A noted  English  historian.  He 

joined  Lord  Byron  in  Cephalonia,  and  for  a time  de- 
voted himself  to  the  Greek  cause.  He  resided  long  in 
Greece,  and  his  life  was  spent  in  the  study  of  Greek  his- 
tory. He  was  “ a great  historian  of  the  type  of  Polybius, 
Procopius,  and  Machiayelli,  a man  of  affairs  who  has 
qualified  himself  for  treating  of  public  transactions  by 
sharing  in  them,  a soldier,  a statesman,  and  an  econo- 
mist” (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.).  He  published  “Greece  under 
the  Romans  ” (1844),  “Greece  to  its  Conquest  by  the  Turks  ” 
(1851),  “ Greece  under  Ottoman  and  Venetian  Domina- 
tion ” (1856),  and  “ The  Greek  Revolution  ” (1861),  which 
were  combined  (1877)  under  the  title  “A  History  of  Greece 
from  its  Conquest  by  the  Romans  to  the  Present  Time  ” 
(edited  by  H.  F.  Tozer). 

Finlay,  John.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Dec.,  1782: 
died  at  Moffat,  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  Dec. 
8,  1810.  A Scottish  poet  and  prose-writer. 
He  published  “ Scottish  Historical  and  Romantic  Ballads, 
etc."  (1808),  a life, of  Cervantes,  and  an  edition  of  Adam 
Smith's  “ Wealth  of  Nations.” 

Finlayson  (fin'la-son),  George.  Born  at  Thurso, 
Scotland,  1790:  died  at  sea,  1823.  A British 
army  surgeon  and  naturalist.  He  accompanied, 
as  naturalist,  a mission  to  Siam  and  Cochin 
China  1821-22. 

Finlayson  Channel.  A channel  between  the 
mainland  of  British  Columbia  and  Princess 
Royal  Island.  Length,  24  miles. 

Finley  (ftn'li),  James  Bradley.  Bom  in  North 
Carolina,  July  1, 1781 : died  at  Cincinnati,  Sept. 
6,  1856.  An  American  itinerant  clergyman  of 
the  Methodist  Church.  He  was  a missionary  to  the 
Wyandotte  Indians  1821-27,  and  retained  the  superinten- 
dency of  tile  Wyandotte  mission  until  1829.  He  wrote  a 
“History  of  the  Wyandot  Mission  ”(1840),  and  “Personal 
Reminiscences  Illustrative  of  Indian  Life  ” (1857). 
Finley,  Samuel.  Born  in  County  Armagh,  Ire- 
land, 1715  : died  at  Philadelphia,  July  17, 1766. 
An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman,  presi- 
dent of  Princeton  College,  N.  J.,  1761-66. 
Finmarken  (fin'mar-ken).  A bailiwick  (amt) 
of  Norway,  and  the  northernmost  portion  of 
Europe.  Area,  17,918  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 33,387. 

Finn  (fin),  Henry  J.  Born  at  Sydney,  Cape 
Breton,  1782:  lost  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Jan. 
13,  1840.  An  American  comedian. 

Finney  (fin'i),  Charles  Grandison.  Born  at 
Warren,  Litchfield  County,  Conn.,  Aug.  29, 
1792 : died  at  Oberlin,  Ohio,  Aug.  16,  1875.  An 
American  revivalist  and  educator,  president 
of  Oberlin  College  (Ohio)  1852-66.  He  published 
“Lectures  on  Revivals”  (1835),  “Lectures  to  Professing 
Christians  ” (1836),  “ Sermons  ” (1839),  “ Theology  ” (1846). 
Finns  (finz).  [Also  Fins ; ME.  Finnes,  AS.  Fin- 
nas,  Icel.  Finnar,  Sw.  Dan.  Finner,  ML.  Fenni, 
perhaps  identical  with  L.  Finni,  Gr.  Fivvot,  the 
name  of  an  obscure  northern  tribe  mentioned 
by  Tacitus  and  Ptolemy.]  The  natives  of  Fin- 
land; the  Finlanders ; specifically,  that  branch 
of  the  Finnic  race  which  inhabits  Finland  and 
other  parts  of  northwestern  Russia.  They  call 
themselves  Suomi  or  Suomaldiset. 

The  Finnish  branch  of  the  Mongolian  race  to  which  the 
Laps,  F’ins,  Esths,  and  Livonians  belong  possessed  proba- 
bly in  past  ages  a large  part  of  Northern  Europe,  and  was 
driven  out  more  and  more  by  the  immigrations  of  Ger- 
manic tribes,  or  became  mixed  with  them.  Tacitus  already 
mentions  the  Fins  in  his  Germania,  but  he  could  only  ob- 
tain obscure  reports  about  their  mira  feritas.  The  nation 
of  the  Fins  is  the  principal  stem  of  this  branch. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  302. 
Finsbury (finz'ber-i).  Aborough (metropolitan) 
of  London  lying  north  of  the  Thames.  As  a par- 
liamentary borough  it  is  bounded  by  St.  Pancras  on  the 
west,  Islington  on  the  north,  Shoreditch  on  the  east,  and 
the  City  and  Strand  on  the  south,  and  consists  of  three 
distinct  constituencies  — Central,  Holborn,  and  East. 
The  district  was  once  the  great  prebendal  manor  of  Holy- 
well,  and  was  leased  by  its  incumbent  in  1315  to  the  mayor 
and  commonalty  of  the  city  for  an  annual  rent  of  20  shil- 
lings ; this  lease  ran  out  in  1867.  Loftie. 


Firminy 

In  1498  all  the  gardens  which  had  continued  time  out 
of  mind  without  Moorgate,  to  wit,  about  and  beyond  the 
lordship  of  Finsbury,  were  destroyed,  and  of  them  was 
made  a plain  field  to  shoot  in.  It  was  called  Finsbury 
field,  in  which  there  were  three  windmills,  and  here  they 
usually  shoot  at  twelve  score.  (Stow,  1633,  p.  913.)  In 
Jonson  s time  this  was  the  usual  resort  of  the  plainer  citi- 
zens. People  of  fashion,  or  who  aspired  to  be  thought  so, 
probably  mixed  but  little  in  those  parties ; and  hence  we 
may  account  for  the  indignation  of  Master  Stephen  at 
being  suspected  of  such  vulgarity.  An  idea  of  a similar 
kind  occurs  in  Shakspeare : “ As  if  thou  never  walk'dst 
further  than  Finsbury."  Henry  IV.  First  Part,  act  iii.  sc.  i. 
Gifford,  Note  to  Jonson’s  “ Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  ” p.  4. 

Finsbury  Park.  A London  park  of  about  120 
acres,  laid  out  on  the  old  grounds  of  Hornsey 
Wood  House. 

Finsteraarborn  (fin'ster-ar-hom).  The  high- 
est peak  of  the  Bernese  Alps,  about  40  miles 
southeast  of  Bern,  Switzerland.  Height,  14,026 
feet. 

Finsterwalde  (fin'ster-val-de).  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prus- 
sia, 40  miles  north  of  Dresden.  Population, 
commune,  11,685. 

Fionn,  or  Finn,  or  Find.  The  principal  figure  in 
the  Fenian  legends.  He  had  a historic  original,  who 
seems  to  have  been  a commander  of  mercenaries  in  the 
last  half  of  the  3d  century.  He  figures  as  Fingal  in  Mac- 
pherson’s  Ossianic  poems.  See  Fenians. 

Fiorelli  (fe-6-rel'le),  Giuseppe.  Born  June  8, 
1823:  died  Jan.  29, 1896.  A noted  Italian  archte- 
ologist.  He  had  charge  of  the  excavations  at  Pompeii 
1845-49,  and  was  made  superintendent  of  the  antiquities 
and  the  explorations  in  lower  Italy  in  1860.  In  that  year 
also  he  became  professor  of  archaeology  at  Naples,  and  in 
1862  director  of  the  National  Museum  there. 

Fiorentino  (fe-6-ren-te'nd),  Pier  Angelo.  Bom 

at  Naples,  1806 : died  at  Paris,  May  31, 1864.  An 
Italian  author,  a collaborator  of  Dumas  pere. 

Fiorenzuola  (fe-o-ren-zo-o'la).  A small  town 
in  the  province  of  Piacenza,  Italy,  13  miles 
southeast  of  Piacenza. 

Fiorillo  (fe-6-ril'lo) , Johann Dominicus.  Bom 

at  Hamburg,  Oct.  13,  1748 : . died  at  Gottingen, 
Sept.  10,  1821.  A German  painter  and  histo- 
rian of  art.  He  wrote  “Geschichte  der  zeichnendeu 
Kiinste  ” (1798-1808),  “ Geschichte  der  zeichnenden  Kiinste 
in  Deutschland  und  den  vereinigten  Niederlanden  "(1815- 
1817),  etc. 

Fiote  (fyo'te).  The  Kongo  language. 

Firbolgs.  One  of  the  earliest  races  of  Ireland, 
in  the  legendary  history  of  the  country. 

In  Ireland  there  were  the  same  two  races,  which  are 
graphically  described  by  McFirbis  in  his  Book  of  Genealo. 
gies.  One  race,  which  he  calls  the  Fir-Bolg,  had  dark 
hair  and  eyes,  small  stature  and  slender  limbs,  and  con- 
stituted the  despised  servile  class  of  the  Irish  people. 
They  belong,  says  Mr.  Skene,  “ to  the  same  class  with  the 
Silures,  and  may  be  held  to  represent  the  Iberian  race 
which  preceded  the  Celtic.”  The  other  race,  called  the 
Tuatha  De  Danann  by  McFirbis,  was  tall,  with  golden  or 
red  hair,  fair  skin,  and  blue  or  blue-grey  eyes. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  78. 

Firdausi,  Firdusi,  etc.  See  A lul  Kasim  Mansur. 

Fire  Island  (fir  i'land).  A summer  resort  off 
the  southern  coast  of  Long  Island,  New  York, 
about  40  miles  east  of  New  York. 

Firenzuola  (fe-ren-zo-6'la),  Agnolo  (Angelo 
Giovannini).  Born  at  Florence,  Sept.  28, 1493: 
died  about  1545.  An  Italian  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer. 

Firishtah  (fe-resli'ta)  (Mohammed  Kasim 
Ilindushah).  A Persian  historian,  bom  about 
1550  at  Astrabad,  who  was  commissioned  by 
Ibrahim  Adil  Shah  (1585-1628)  to  write  a his- 
tory of  the  Mohammedan  dynasties  of  India. 
He  is  one  of  the  most  trustworthy  of  Oriental 
historians. 

Firkowitsch  (fer'ko-vich),  Abraham.  Bom  at 
Lutzk,  Volhvnia,  Russia,  Sept.  27,  1786:  died 
at  Jufut-Kale,  Crimea,  Russia,  June  7, 1874.  A 
Hebrew  archaeologist.  He  was  a Karaite,  and  was 
accused  of  altering  inscriptions  for  the  purpose  of  advan- 
cing the  claims  of  that  sect. 

Firmicus  Maternus  (fer'mi-kus  ma-ter'nus), 
Julius  or  Villius.  A Christian  controver- 
sialist. He  wrote,  about  347,  a refutation  of  paganism, 
entitled  “De  errore  profanarum  religionum,"  the  first 
printed  edition  of  which  was  published  at  Strasburg  by 
Matthias  Flaccius  in  1562. 

Firmicus  Maternus,  Julius  or  Villius.  A 

Latin  author.  He  wrote,  about  354  A.  D.,  an  introduc- 
tion to  judicial  astrology,  according  to  the  discipline  of 
the  Egyptians  and  Babylonians,  entitled  “Mathesis,”  the 
first  printed  edition  of  which  was  published  at  Venice  by 
Bivilacqua  in  1497.  The  treatise  is  composed  in  a spirit 
hostile  to  Christianity,  which  disproves  (or  at  least  renders 
improbable)  the  alleged  identity  of  its  author  with  the 
Christian  controversialist  of  the  same  name. 

Firmilian  (fer-mil'i-an).  A “spasmodic  tra- 
gedy” by  W.  E.  Aytoun. 

Firminy  (fer-me-ne').  A manufacturing  town 
in  the  department  of  Loire,  France,  near  St.- 
Ftienne.  Population,  commune,  17,944. 


Firm  Island 

Firm  Island.  An  enchanted  island  in  the  ro- 
mance of  “ Amadis  de  Gaul.”  Amadis  took  Oriana 
there  after  the  defeat  of  his  enemies,  and  there  their 
nuptials  were  celebrated.  See  Oriana. 

Firouz  Schah (fe'roz  sha).  In  “The Enchanted 
Horse”  in  “The  Arabian  Nights’  Entertain- 
ments,” the  son  of  the  King  of  Persia.  He  wins  his 
bride  by  means  of  the  enchanted  horse,  which  could  carry 
its  rider  in  a second  to  any  desired  spot. 

Firozpur  (fe-roz-por'),  or  Ferozepore  (fe-roz- 
por').  1.  A district  in  the  Jullundur  division 
of  the  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  31°  N.,  long.  75°  E.  Area,  4,302  square 
miles.  Population,  958,072. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Firozpur,  situated  about  lat. 
30°  58'  N.,  long.  74°  37'  E.  It  has  an  im- 
jortaut  arsenal.  Population,  49,341. 
irozshah.  See  Ferozeshah. 

First  Gentleman  of  Europe.  A popular  sur- 
name of  George  IV.  of  England. 

First  Grenadier  of  France.  Latour  d’Au- 
vergne. 

First  Love.  A comedy  by  Richard  Cumberland, 
produced  in  1796. 

Fisch  (fesh),  George.  Born  at  Nyon,  Switzer- 
land, July  6,  1814:  died  at  Vallorbes,  Switzer- 
land, July  3,  1881.  A French  Protestant  cler- 
gyman. 

Fischart  (fish'art),  Johann.  Born  at  Mainz  in 
the  middle  of  the  16th  century : died  at  Forbach 
about  1590.  A German  satirist  and  Reformer. 
He  was  educated  at  Worms,  and  subsequently  traveled  ex- 
tensively. In  1574  he  was  made  doctor  of  law  at  Basel, 
and  afterward  lived  in  Strasburg,  Spires,  and  Forbach. 
He  was  a voluminous  writer,  and,  after  Luther,  the  most 
prominent  and  powerful  advocate  of  Protestantism.  In 
1572  appeared  a versified  history  of  “Till  Eulenspiegel,” 
“Aller  Praktik  Grossmutter”  (“  The  Grandmother  of  all 
Prognostication  ’’),  a satire  on  the  prophetic  calendars  of 
the  day,  and  “ Claus  Narr."  In  157.1  appeared  “ Fluliatz  ” 
(“  Flea-hunt.  ’’),  a comic  poem.  In  1575  appeared  his  prin- 
cipal work,  an  imitation  of  Rabelais’s  “Gargantua,”  “Af- 
fentheurliche,  Naupengeheurliche  Geschichtklitterungr.” 
The  following  year  appeared  the  narrative  poem  “Gluck- 
haft  Sell i rf  ’’ (“Fortunate  Ship”).  His  “ Podagrammische 
Trostbiichlein  ” (“Book  of  Comfort  in  Gout")  dates  from 
1577, “Ehzuchtbuchlein" (“Marriage Book”) from  1578.  His 
polemic  writings  were  written  both  in  Latin  and  in  Ger- 
man. In  the  vernacular  are  “ Bienenkorb  ” (“  Beehive,” 
1579),  directed  against  the  Church  of  Rome,  and  “ Jesuiter- 
hutlein’’(“  Jesuit  Hat,"  1580),  against  the  Jesuits.  He  also 
wrote  a number  of  psalms  and  hymns. 

Fischbach  (fish'bach),  Johann.  Born  at  Gra- 
venegg,  Austria,  April  5, 1797  : died' at  Munich, 
June  19,  1871.  An  Austrian  painter. 

Fischer  (flsh'er),  Ernst  Kuno  Berthold.  Born 
at  Sandewalde,  Silesia,  Prussia,  July  23,  1824: 
died  at  Heidelberg,  July  4,  1907.  A German 
historian  of  philosophy,  professor  at  Jena  and 
(1872)  at  Heidelberg.  His  chief  work  is  “Ge- 
schichte  der  neuern  Philosophic”  (1852-77). 
Fischer  von  Erlach  (fon  er'lach),  Johann 
Bernhard.  Born  at  Gratz,  March  15,  1656 : 
died  at  Vienna,  April  5, 1723.  An  Austrian  archi- 
tect. Among  his  chief  works  are  the  palace  of 
Schonbrunn  and  the  Karlskirche,  Vienna. 
Fischer  von  Erlach,  Josejph  Emanuel.  Born 
at  Vienna,  1695:  died  at  Vienna,  June  29, 1742. 
An  Austrian  architect,  son  of  Johann  Fischer 
von  Erlach. 

Fischer  von  Waldheim  (valt'him),  Gotthelf. 
Born  at  Waldheim,  Saxony,  Oct.  15, 1771 : died 
at  Moscow,  Oct.  18,  1853.  A German-Russian 
zoologist  and  geologist,  director  of  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History  in  Moscow. 

Fish  (fish),  Hamilton.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug. 
3,  1808:  died  at  Garrison’s,  Putnam  County, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  7,  1893.  An  American  statesman, 
son  of  Nicholas  Fish.  He  graduated  at  Columbia 
College  in  1827;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830;  served 
as  a Whig  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1843-45 ; 
was  State  senator  in  1847 ; was  governor  of  New  York 
1849-51;  served  as  United  States  senator  from  New  York 
1851-57;  joined  the  Republican  party  about  1854  ; was 
secretary  of  state  under  Grant  1869-77  ; and  was  a member 
of  the  Joint  High  Commission  which  negotiated  the  treaty 
of  Washington  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain in  1871. 

Fisher  (flsh'er),  Alvan.  Born  at  Needham, 
Mass.,  Aug.  9,  1792:  died  at  Dedham,  Mass., 
Feb.,  1863.  An  American  painter. 

Fisher,  Charles.  Born  in  Suffolk,  England, 
1816:  died  at  New  York,  June  10,  1891.  An 
English  actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in  Lon- 
don in  1844,  and  in  New  York  in  1852.  He  was  successful 
in  the  old  comedies,  particularly  in  such  parts  as  Falstaff, 
Sir  Peter  Teazle,  Old  Adam,  Laroque  in  “The  Romance  of 
a Poor  Young  Man,”  and  Triplet  in  Reade’s  “ Masks  and 
Faces.” 

Fisher,  George.  Born  at  Sunbury,  Middlesex, 
July  31,  1794:  died  May  14,  1873.  An  English 
astronomer.  He  accompanied  a polar  expedition  (in 
the  ships  Dorothea  and  Trent)  in  1818,  during  wjiich  he 
made  important  pendulum  experiments  at  Spitzbergen  ; 
and  went  as  chaplain  and  astronomer  witli  Parry  to  ex- 


392 

plore  the  northwest  passage  1821-23,  obtaining  important 
scientific  results. 

Fisher,  George  Park.  Born  at  Wrentham, 
Mass.,  Aug.  10,  1827:  died  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  Dec.  20,  1909.  An  American  clergyman 
and  ecclesiastical  scholar.  Appointed  professor  of 
ecclesiastical  history  in  the  Divinity  School  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity in  1861.  He  wrote  “ Essays  on  the  Supernatural  Ori- 
gin of  Christianity”  (1865),  “History  of  the  Reformation" 
(1873),  “Beginnings  of  Christianity " (1877),  “Grounds  of 
Theistic  and  Christian  Belief  ” (1883),  “Outlines  of  Univer- 
sal History  ” (1886),  “ The  History  of  the  Christian  Church  ” 
(1887),  and  “Manual  of  Christian  Evidences”  (1888). 

Fisher,  John.  Born  at  Beverley,  Yorkshire, 
England,  1459  (?) : beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 
London,  June  22,  1535.  An  English  prelate 
and  scholar,  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  a leader 
of  the  papal  party.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (B. 
A.  1487),  and  became  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  in 
1501,  and  professor  of  divinity  in  1503.  He  was  elected 
chancellor  of  the  university  in  1504  (and  repeatedly 
reelected),  and  became  bishop  of  Rochester  in  Oct.  of 
the  same  year.  From  1505  to  1508  he  was  president  of 
Queens’  College.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  sup- 
porters of  the  new  learning,  and  a friend  of  Erasmus  (who 
visited  Cambridge  at  his  invitation) ; but  was  hostile  to 
the  Reformation.  He  opposed  the  doctrine  of  royal  su- 
premacy and  the  divorce  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  was  the  con- 
fessor and  chief  adviser  of  Queen  Catharine.  He  was 
duped  by  the  Nun  of  Kent  (see  Barton,  Elizabeth),  and  was 
condemned  to  imprisonment  and  forfeiture  of  goods,  but 
escaped  with  a fine  of  .£300.  His  refusal  to  comply  with 
the  Act  of  Succession  and  the  Act  of  Supremacy  led  to 
his  conviction  of  treason  and  his  execution. 

Fisher,  John.  Born  at  Hampton, England,  1748: 
died  at  London,  May  8,  1825.  An  English  di- 
vine, appointed  bishop  of  Exeter  in  1803  and 
of  Salisbury  in  1807. 

Fisher’s  Hill  (fisli'erz  hil ).  A place  near  Win- 
chester, Frederick  County,  Virginia.  Here,  Sept. 
22,  1864,  the  Federals  under  Sheridan  defeated  the  Con- 
federates under  Early.  The  loss  of  the  former  was  about 
1,300 ; of  the  latter,  528. 

Fishes,  Miraculous  Draught  of.  See  Miracu- 
lous Draught  of  Fishes. 

Fishkill  (fish'kil).  A town  in  Dutchess  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  54  miles 
north  of  New  York.  It  contains  the  villages  of 
Fishkill-on-the-Hudson,  Matteawan,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 13,858  (1910). 

Fisk  (fisk),  Wilbur.  Born  at  Brattleboro,  Vt., 
Aug.  31, 1792:  died  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  Feb. 
22, 1839.  An  American  clergyman  and  educator, 
first  president  of  Wesleyan  University  (Middle- 
town,  Connecticut)  1831-39. 

Fiske  (fisk),  John  (originally  Edmund  Fiske 
Green).  Born  March  30,  1842:  died  July  4, 
1901.  An  American  historical  writer.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  College  in  1863,  and  at  the  Harvard  law 
school  in  1865 ; was  university  lecturer  on  philosophy  at 
Harvard  1869-71 ; was  assistant  librarian  there  1872-79 ; 
and  lias  lectured  on  American  history  at  Washington  Uni- 
versity, St.  Louis,  Missouri,  at  LTniversity  College,  London, 
and  at  the  Royal  Institution.  Among  his  works  are  “Myths 
and  Myth-makers, etc. ”(1872), “Outlines of  Cosmic  Philos- 
ophy, based  on  the  Doctrine  of  Evolution”  (1874),  “The 
Unseen  World"  (1876),  “ The  Discovery  of  America"  (1892), 
“The  Beginnings  of  New  England ’’ (1889),  “The  Ameri- 
can Revolution  ” (1891),  “Excursions  of  an  Evolutionist” 
(1883), “The  Idea  of  God,  etc."  (1885),  “The  Critical  Period 
of  American  History,  1783-89  ” (1888),  etc. 

Fitch  (fich),  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Norwich, Conn., 
Sept.  26, 1756 : died  at  West  Bloomfield,  N.  Y., 
March  21,  1833.  An  American  clergyman  and 
educator,  first  president  of  Williams  College 
(Williamstown,  Massachusetts)  1793-1815. 

Fitch,  John.  Born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Jan.  21, 
1743:  committed  suicide  at  Bardstown,  Ky., 
July  2,  1798.  An  American  inventor.  He  con- 
structed steamboats,  the  first  of  which  was  launched  on 
the  Delaware  River  in  1787. 

Fitch,  Ralph.  Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the 
16th  century.  An  English  traveler  in  India 
and  the  East  1583—91.  He  made  an  overland  journey 
down  the  Euphrates  valley  toward  India.  An  account  of 
his  travels  was  published  by  Hakluyt. 

In  1606  was  produced  Shakespeare’s  “ Macbeth”  ; there 
we  read  (act  i.  3),  “ Her  husband ’s  to  Aleppo  gone,  master 
of  the  Tiger.”  This  line,  when  compared  with  the  opening 
passage  of  Fitch's  narrative,  is  too  striking  to  be  regarded 
as  a mere  coincidence,  and  is  also  one  of  the  clearest  pieces 
of  evidence  known  to  us  of  Shakespeare’s  use  of  the  text 
of  Hakluyt.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Fitchburg  (fich 'berg).  A city  of  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  a branch  of 
the  Nashua  River,  41  miles  northwest  of  Boston. 
It  manufactures  machinery,  etc.  Population, 
37,826,  (1910). 

Fitzalan  (fits-al'an),  Edmund.  Born  1285: 
died  1326.  An  English  nobleman,  Earl  of 
Arundel. 

Fitzalan,  Henry.  Born  1511  (?) : died  1580.  An 
English  statesman  and  soldier,  twelfth  Earl  of 
Arundel.  He  became  deputy  of  Calais  in  1540 ; stormed 
Boulogne  Sept.  1 1, 1544  ; became  lord  chamberlain  in  1645 ; 
on  the  fall  of  Somerset,  in  1549,  was  appointed  one  of  the 


Fitzgibbon 

guardians  of  King  Edward  VI. ; and  filled  important  of- 
fices (though  several  times  in  disgrace)  under  Elizabeth,  to 
whose  hand  he  at  one  time  aspired. 

Fitzalan,  Richard.  Born  1307  (?) : died  1376. 
An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  Earl  of  Arun- 
del and  Warenne.  He  played  a conspicuous  part  in  the 
wars  of  Edward  III.  and  in  the  politics  of  that  reign.  At 
Crbcy  he  commanded  the  second  division  of  the  English 
army. 

Fitzalan,  Richard.  Born  1346 : died  1397.  An 
English  naval  and  military  commander,  Earl  of 
Arundel  and  Surrey.  On  March  24,  1387,  he,  with 
Nottingham,  defeated  a Spanish,  Flemish,  and  French 
fleet  off  Margate,  and  captured  nearly  100  vessels  laden 
with  wine.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the 
enemies  of  Richard  II.,  and  conspired  against  him.  He 
was  arrested  by  the  king,  was  convicted  of  treason,  and 
was  decapitated  on  Tower  Hill.  He  was  revered  by  the 
people  as  a martyr. 

Fitzalan,  Thomas.  Born  1381:  died  Oct.  13, 
1415.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  Earl 
of  Arundel  and  Sm’rey.  He  was  conspicuous  as  a 
supporter  of  the  throne  in  the  wars  and  the  politics  of  the 
reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  V. 

Fitzdottrel  (fits- dot 'rel).  In  Ben  Jonson’s 
“The  Devil  is  an  Ass,”  a simple  but  conceited 
Norfolk  squire.  He  develops  into  an  impostor. 
The  name  alludes  to  the  foolishness  of  the  dot- 
terel. 

Fitzdottrel  is  one  of  those  characters  which  Jonson  de- 
lighted to  draw,  and  in  which  he  stood  unrivalled,  a gull, 
i.  e.,  a confident  coxcomb,  selfish,  cunning,  and  conceited 
Qifford,  Notes  to  “The  Devil  is  an  Ass.” 

Fitzgerald  (fits-jer'ald),  Lord  Edward.  Bora 
at  Carton  Castle,  near  Dublin,  Oct.  15,  1763: 
died  in  prison  at  Dublin,  June  4, 1798.  An  Irish 
politician  and  revolutionist,  fifth  son  of  the 
first  Duke  of  Leinster.  He  served  in  the  army  in 
Ireland  and  in  1781  in  America,  and  was  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Eutaw  Springs.  Later  he  served  in  New  Bruns- 
wick ; went  to  Detroit,  where  he  was  admitted  into  the 
Bear  tribe ; and  descended  the  Mississippi  to  N ew  Orleans. 
He  returned  to  England  ; was  removed  from  the  army  for 
attending  a revolutionary  banquet;  and  joined  the  United 
Irishmen,  in  whose  treasonable  conspiracy  he  took  a lead- 
ing part.  He  was  arrested,  and  died  from  a wound  in- 
flicted by  one  of  his  captors. 

Fitzgerald,  Lady  Edward.  Born  at  Fogo  Isl- 
and, Newfoundland,  about  1776 : died  at  Paris, 
Nov.,  1831.  The  wife  of  Lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald, whom  she  married  in  1792.  Though,  ac- 
cording to  general  repute,  she  was  the  daughter  of  "Ma- 
dame de  Genlis  and  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (Philippe  “l£ga- 
lite ”),  it  appears  that  her  parents’  name  was  Sims,  and 
that  she  was  sent  to  Paris  in  1782  as  a companion  to  the 
children  of  the  duke.  She  was  married  under  the  name 
of  Anne  Stephanie  Caroline  Sims,  but  is  best  known  by 
her  pet  name  “ Pamela.  ” 

Fitzgerald,  Edward.  Born  at  Bredfield  House, 
near  Woodbridge,  Suffolk,  March  31, 1809:  died 
at  Merton,  Norfolk,  June  14,  1883.  An  English 
poet  and  translator.  He  published  “Euphranor:  a 
Dialogue  on  Youth”  (1851),  “Polonius:  a Collection  of 
Wise  Saws  and  Modern  Instances”  (1852),  a translation  of 
six  dramas  of  Calderon  (1853),  a translation  of  the  “Quat- 
rains ” of  Omar  Khayyam  (1859  : his  most  celebrated  work), 
and  other  translations. 

Fitzgerald,  Lady  Elizabeth,  sumamed  “The 
Fair  Geraldine.”  Bom  at  Maynooth,  Ireland, 
1528  (?) : died  1589.  The  youngest  daughter  of 
the  ninth  Earl  of  Kildare.  To  her  Henry  Howard, 
earl  of  Surrey,  addressed  a series  of  songs  and  sonnets, 
first  published  in  Tottel’s  “ Miscellany  ” in  1557.  She  mar- 
ried, when  about  fifteen  years  old,  Sir  Anthony  Browne, 
who  died  in  1548,  and  about  1552  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  (Ed- 
ward Fiennes  de  Clinton). 

Fitzgerald,  Katherine,  Countess  of  Desmond. 
Died  1604.  The  second  wife  of  Thomas  Fitz- 
gerald, twelfth  Earl  of  Desmond,  noted  for  her 
great  age . According  to  tradition  she  lived  to  be  about 
140  years  old,  and  she  was  probably  upward  of  104  when 
she  died. 

Fitzgerald,  Thomas,  tenth  Earl  of  Kildare. 
Born  1513:  executed  at  Tyburn,  Feb.  3,  1537. 
An  Irish  nobleman,  put  to  death  for  treason. 
On  the  report  that  Iris  father,  the  ninth  Earl  of  Kildare, 
had  been  executed  in  the  Tower,  he  renounced  his  alle- 
giance and  headed  an  unsuccessful  rebellion. 

Fitzgerald,  William.  Born  at  Lifford,  Lim- 
erick, Ireland,  Dec.  3,  1814:  died  at  Killaloe, 
Nov.  24,  1883.  An  Irish  divine,  professor  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1847-57,  bishop  of  Cork 
1857-62,  and  bishop  of  Killaloe  1862-83.  He 
published  numerous  works,  including  an  edition 
of  Butler’s  “Analogy”  (1849). 

Fitzgerald,  William  Thomas.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, of  Irish  parentage,  about  1759:  died  at 
Paddington,  a suburb  of  London,  July  9,  1829. 
A British  poet,  now  known  chiefly  from  a ref- 
erence to  him  in  Byron’s  “English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers.” 

Fitzgibbon  (fits-gib'on),  John,  Earl  of  Clare. 
Born  near  Donnybrook,  Ireland,  1749:  died 
Jan.  28,  1802.  A British  jurist,  appointed  lord 
chancellor  of  Ireland  in  1789,  and  created  earl 


Fitzgibbon 

of  Clare  in  1795.  He  was  also  made  (1799)  a peer  of 
Great  Britain  as  Baron  Fitzgibbon.  He  played  an  impor- 
tant part  in  Irish  politics. 

Fitzherbert  (fits-her'bert),  Sir  Anthony.  Born 
at  Norbury,  Derbyshire,  1470:  died  there,  May 
27,  1538.  An  English  jurist  and  legal  writer. 

His  most  important  work  is  “La  Graunde  Abridgement” 
(1514),  “the  first  serious  attempt  to  reduce  the  entire  law 
to  systematic  shape”  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.). 

Fitzherbert,  Mrs.  (Maria  Anne  Smythe). 

Born  at  Bambridge,  Hampshire,  England,  J uly, 
1756:  died  at  Brighton,  March  29,  1837.  Wife 
of  George  IV.  of  England.  She  married  Edward 
Weld  in  1775,  and  was  left  a widow  in  the  same  year ; mar- 
ried Thomas  Fitzherbert  (died  1781)  in  1778 ; and  became 
the  wife  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George  IV.)  Dec.  21, 1785. 
The  marriage  to  the  prince  was  invalid;  but  she  main- 
tained her  connection  with  him,  with  the  consent  of  her 
church  (Roman  Catholic),  even  after  his  marriage  with 
Caroline  of  Brunswick. 

Fitzherbert.  Thomas.  Born  at  Swynnerton, 
Staffordshire,  1552 : died  at  Rome,  Aug.  7,  1640. 
An  English  Jesuit,  rector  of  the  English  College 
at  Rome  1618-39.  He  published  a number  of 
controversial  works. 

Fitzherbert,  William.  Died  1154.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  elected  archbishop  of  York  in  1142. 
He  was  canonized  by  Pope  Honorius  in  1227. 
Fitzjames  (fits-jamz'),  James,  Duke  of  Ber- 
wick. Born  at  Moulins,  France,  Aug.  21, 1670: 
died  at  Philippsburg,  June  12,  1734.  A noted 
soldier,  illegitimate  son  of  James,  duke  of  York 
(James  H.),  and  Arabella  Churchill,  sister  of 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  He  was  educated  in 
France.  In  1687  he  was  created  duke  of  Berwick  ; later 
served  under  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  in  Hungary;  was  made 
governor  of  Portsmouth  ; and  in  1688  tied  with  his  father 
to  France.  He  promoted  the  attempt  to  replace  James 
on  the  throne  by  a descent  on  Ireland  ; was  present  at  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne ; and  became  commander-in-chief  of 
the  king's  forces  in  Ireland.  In  1691  he  joined  the  French 
army,  in  which  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  marshal,  becoming 
a French  subject  in  order  to  secure  this  promotion.  He 
fought  in  Flanders,  under  Boufflers,  in  1702 ; commanded 
the  French  army  in  Spain  in  1704 ; captured  Nice  in  1706  ; 
and  defeated  the  allied  English  and’  Portuguese  at  Al- 
manza in  1707.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Philippsburg. 
Fitzosbern  (fits-oz'bern),  William.  Died  1071. 
A Norman  noble,  a friend  and  prominent  sup- 
porter of  William  the  Conqueror,  created  by 
him  earl  of  Hereford.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  pro- 
moters of  the  Conquest,  fought  at  the  battle  of  Hastings, 
and  acted  as  viceroy  during  the  absence  of  William.  He 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cassel  in  1071. 

Fitzpatrick  (fits-pat'rik),  Mrs.  A character 
in  Fielding’s  “Tom  Jones.” 

Fitzpatrick,  Rickard.  Bom  Jan.,  1747:  died 
at  London,  April  25,  1813.  A British  soldier, 
politician,  and  wit,  second  son  of  the  first  Earl 
of  Upper  Ossory : best  known  as  the  intimate 
friend  of  Charles  James  Fox.  He  became  a mem- 
ber of  Parliament  in  1774 ; served  in  the  war  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution  1777-78 ; became  chief  secretary  for  Ire- 
land in  1782 ; and  was  appointed  secretary  at  war  1783.  He 
was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  “Bolliad.” 

Fitzroy  (fits-roi' ),  Augustus  Henry,  third  Duke 
of  Grafton.  Born  Oct.  1,  1735 : died  at  Euston 
Hall,  Suffolk,  March  14, 1811.  An  English  states- 
man. He  was  secretary  of  state  for  the  northern  depart- 
ment, July,  1765,-May,  1766,  and  became  first  lord  of  the 
treasury  in  the  administration  of  Pitt  in  July,  1766.  As  a 
result  of  Pitt’s  illness,  Grafton  was  the  head  of  the  ministry 
after  Sept.,  1767.  He  resigned  in  Jail.,  1770. 

Fitzroy,  Henry,  first  Duke  of  Grafton.  Born 
Sept.  20,  1663:  died  Oct.  9,  1690.  An  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  by  Barbara 
Villiers,  countess  of  Castlemain.  He  obtained 
considerable  distinction  as  a soldier,  and  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  attack  on  Cork  under  Marlborough. 

Fitzroy,  Robert.  Born  at  Ampton  Hall,  Suf- 
folk, July  5, 1805 : died  at  London,  April  30, 1865. 
A British  naval  officer.  From  1828  to  1830,  and  again 
from  1831  to  1836,  he  commanded  the  Beagle  in  extended 
surveys  of  the  South  American  coast  and  in  the  circum- 
navigation of  the  globe.  During  the  second  trip  Charles 
Robert  Darwin  accompanied  him  as  naturalist.  The  Geo- 
graphical Society  awarded  its  gold  medal  to  Fitzroy  in 
1837.  in  1839  he  published  “Narrative  of  the  Survey- 
ing Voyages  of  H.  M.  ships  Adventure  and  Beagle,”  in 
3 vols.  (the  third  by  Darwin).  lie  was  governor  of 
New  Zealand  1843-45,  and  superintendent  of  the  Woolwich 
dockyard  1848-49,  and  held  other  important  posts.  Sev- 
eral well-known  works  on  navigation  and  meteorology 
were  published  by  him,  and  he  is  regarded  as  the  founder 
of  the  modern  meteorological  service.  Pressure  of  work 
connected  with  his  duties  as  chief  of  the  meteorological 
service  of  the  Board  of  Trade  caused  his  mind  to  give  way, 
and  he  committed  suicide. 

Fitzstephen  (fits-ste'ven),  William.  Died 
about  1190.  A clerk,  friend,  and  biographer  of 
Thomas  Becket.  His  “ Vita  Sancti  Thom®  ” was  first 
printed  in  1723  (in  Sparkes’s  “ Historic  Anglican®  Scrip- 
tores  "). 

Fitzurse  (fits-ers'),  Reginald.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  12th  century.  One  of  the 
murderers  of  Thomas  Becket.  He  took  the  leading 
part  in  the  assault.  The  murderers  were  finally  banished 
to  the  Holy  Land,  and  are  said  to  have  died  there,  near 
Jerusalem,  and  to  have  been  burled  in  Jerusalem  before 
VI.  14 


393 

the  door  of  the  Church  of  the  Templars.  Fitzurse  is  also 
said  to  have  gone  to  Ireland,  founding  there  the  McMahon 
family. 

Fitzurse,  Lord  Waldemar.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  novel  “Ivankoe,”a  follower  of  Prince 
John. 

Fitzwalter  (fits-wal'tfer),  Robert.  Died  1235. 
An  English  noble,  a leader  of  the  barons  in  their 
struggle  with  King  John. 

Fitzwilliam  (fits-wil'yam),  Edward  Francis. 
Born  at  Deal,  Kent,  Aug.  2,  1824:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  19,  1857.  An  English  composer,  best 
known  as  a writer  of  songs. 

Fitzwilliam,  Fanny  Elizabeth.  Born  at  Do- 
ver, England,  1801:  died  at  London,  Nov.  11, 
1854.  An  English  actress,  wife  of  Edward  Fitz- 
william, an  actor.  She  visited  the  United  States 
in  1837,  and  again  a few  years  later. 
Fitzwilliam, William  Wentworth.  Born  May 
30,  1748 : died  Feb.  8, 1833.  An  English  states- 
man ("Whig),  second  Earl  Fitzwilliam  (1756).  He 

was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  for  a short  time  (Jan. -March 
25) in  1795. 

Fitzwilliam  Museum.  A museum  at  Cam- 
bridge University,  founded  by  Richard,  seventh 
and  last  Viscount  Eitzwilliam,  who  bequeathed 
to  the  university  (1816)  his  collection  of  books,, 
paintings,  illuminated  manuscripts,  engrav- 
ings, etc.,  with  the  dividends  of  £100,000  South 
Sea  annuities  for  the  erection  of  a building, 
which  was  begun  in  1837.  The  collection  of  ancient 
printsisoneot  the  most  valuable  in  existence.  Amuseum 
of  classical  archeology  (containing  a notable  collection  of 
casts)  is  connected  with  the  museum. 

Flume  (fe-o'me).  [MHG.  Sanlct-Veit-am-Flaum, 
Serbo-Croatian  BieJca,  L.  Tersattica  Vitopolis , 
later  Fan  um  Sancti  Fiti  ad FlumenJ]  A seaport 
and  royal  city  of  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Quarnero  in  lat.  45°  19'  N.,  long.  14°  27'  E. 
It  is  the  only  seaport  in  Hungary,  has  large  and  increasing 
trade  and  some  manufactures,  and  contains  a cathedral. 
It  was  annexed  to  the  Hapsburg  possessions  in  1471,  and 
passed  to  Hungary  in  1779.  It  belonged  for  some  years 
to  France  in  the  Napoleonic  time.  Since  1870  it  has  been 
under  direct  Hungarian  rule.  Population,  38,955. 

Five  Boroughs,  The.  In  Early  English  history, 
Derby,  Leicester,  Lincoln,  Stamford,  and  Not- 
tingham. They  were  underDanish  rule  till  their 
conquest  by  Edward  and  Ethelfleda.  completed 
in  922. 

Five  Forks  (fiv  forks).  A place  in  Dinwiddie 
County,  Virginia,  11  miles  southwest  of  Peters- 
burg. Here,  April  1,  1865,  the  Federals  under  Sheridan 
defeated  part  of  Lee’s  army.  The  loss  of  the  Federals  was 
884  ; of  the  Confederates,  8,500. 

Five  Gallants,  The,  or  Five  Witty  Gallants. 

A comedy  by  Middleton,  licensed  and  produced 
in  1607. 

Five  Hours,  Adventures  of.  See.  Adventures 
of  Five  Hours. 

Five  Hundred,  Council  of  the.  One  of  the  two 

legislative  bodies  established  in  France  by  the 
constitution  of  1795.  It  was  overthrown  by  Na- 
poleon Nov.  10,  1799. 

Five  Members,  The.  In  English  history,  the 
five  members  of  Parliament  — Hampden,  Pym, 
Holies,  Haselrig,  and  Strode  — who  were  lead- 
ers in  the  opposition  to  Charles  I.  in  the  Long 
Parliament,  and  whom  he  attempted  to  arrest 
Jan.  4.  1642. 

Five  Nations,  The.  See  Iroquois. 

Five  Points,  The.  A locality  in  New  York, 
northeast  of  the  City  Hall,  at  the  intersection 
of  Baxter,  Park,  and  Worth  streets,  formerly 
noted  as  a center  of  vice  and  crime. 

Fives  (fev).  A village  of  France,  in  the  suburbs 
of  Lille,  now  annexed  to  that  city. 

Fix  (files  or  feks),  Theodore.  Born  at  Soleure, 
Switzerland,  1800  : died  at  Paris,  July  31, 1846. 
A Swiss  political  economist,  of  French  (Hugue- 
not) descent.  He  wrote  “Observations  sur  l’etat  des 
classes  ouvriferes"  (1846),  “Revue  mensuelle  d’Cconomie 
politique  ” (1833-36),  etc.,  and  contributed  to  the  “ Journal 
des  Economistes,”  etc. 

Flaccus  (flak'us).  The  name  assumed  by  Alcuin 
in  the  learned  academy  established  at  the  court 
of  Charlemagne. 

Flaccus,  Caius  Valerius.  A Roman  poet  of  the 
time  of  Vespasian,  author  of  a heroic  poem, 
“ Argonautica  ” (8  hooks),  a free  imitation  of 
Apollonius  of  Rhodes. 

Flaccus,  Quintus  Horatius.  See  Horace. 
Flacius  (fla'shi-us)  (Latinized  from  Vlacich), 
Matthias,  surnamed  Illyricus  (‘the  Illyr- 
ian’). Born  at  Albona,  Istria,  March  3,  1520: 
died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  March  11,  1575. 
A noted  German  Protestant  scholar  and  con- 
troversialist. He  was  a pupil  of  Luther  at  Wittenberg, 
and  was  professor  of  Hebrew  there  1544-49,  when  he  with- 
drew on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  AugBhurg  and 
Leipsic  Interims.  In  1557  lie  was  appointed  to  a prof  essor- 


Flameng,  Marie  Auguste 

ship  at  Jena,  but  was  deprived  of  his  office  in  1561  on  a 
charge  of  Manicheism.  He  was  the  principal  collaborator 
on  the  “Centuri®  Magdeburgenses  ’ (Basel,  1559-74),  the 
first  history  of  the  church  written  from  the  Protestant 
point  of  view.  Its  plan  was  conceived  by  him.  He  also 
wrote  the  “ Clavis  scriptur®  sacr®  ” (1567),  which  forms  the 
basis  of  biblical  hermeneutics. 

Flacourt  (flii-kor'),  Etienne  de.  Born  at  Or- 
leans, France,  1607 : died  at  sea,  June  10, 1660. 
A French  governor  of  Madagascar  1648-55. 
He  published  “Histoire  de  la  grande  isle  Madagascar" 
(1658:  second,  enlarged  edition  1661),  “ Dictionnaire  de  la 
langue  de  Madagascar  ” (1658). 

Flagellants  (flaj'e-lants).  [From  L.  Jlagel- 
lan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  flagcltare,  whip,  scourge.]  A 
body  of  religious  persons  who  believed  that  by 
whipping  and  scourging  themselves  for  religious 
discipline  they  could  appease  the  divine  wrath 
against  their  sins,  and  the  sins  of  the  age.  An  asso- 
ciation of  flagellants  founded  about  1260  spread  through- 
out Europe,  its  members  marching  in  processions,  publicly 
scourging  their  own  bare  bodies  till  the  blood  ran.  Having 
by  these  practices  given  rise  to  great  disorders,  they  were 
suppressed ; but  the  same  scenes  were  repeated  on  a larger 
scale  in  1348  and  several  subsequent  years,  in  consequence 
of  the  desolating  plague  called  the  “black  death  ” These 
flagellants  claimed  for  their  scout  gings  the  virtue  of  all  the 
sacraments,  and  promulgated  other  heresies.  There  have 
beenalsofraternitiesof  flagellants  authorized  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  Some  flagellants  have  held  doctrines 
opposed  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  approximat- 
ing those  of  Protestantism. 

Flagellum  Dei  (fla-jel'um  de'i).  [L.,  ‘scourge 
of  God.’]  A surname  of  Attila.  See  the  extract. 

This  title,  “ Flagellum  Dei,"  occurs  with  most  wearisome 
frequency  in  the  medieval  stories  about  Attila ; and  where- 
soever we  meet  with  it,  we  have  a sure  indication  that  we 
are  off  the  ground  of  contemporaneous  and  authentic  his- 
tory, and  have  entered  (he  cloud-land  of  ecclesiastical  my- 
thology. Later  and  wilder  developments  in  this  direction 
attributed  to  him  the  title  of  “grandson  of  Nimrod,  nur- 
tured in  Engedi,  by  the  grace  of  God  Kingof  Huns,  Goths, 
Danes,  and  Medes,  the  terror  of  the  world.”  There  may 
have  been  a tendency,  as  Mr.  Herbert  thinks,  to  identify 
him  with  the  Anti-Christ  of  the  Scriptures,  but  this  is  not 
proved,  and  is  scarcely  in  accordance  with  the  theological 
idea  of  Anti-Christ,  who  is  generally  placed  in  the  future 
or  in  the  present  rather  than  in  the  past. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  196. 

Flaget  (fla-zha/),  Benedict  Joseph.  Bom  at 

Contournat,  Auvergne,  France,  Nov.  7,  1763 : 
died  at  Nazareth,  Ky.,  Feb.  11, 1850.  A French- 
American  bishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
He  emigrated  to  America  in  1792,  and  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Bardstown,  Kentucky,  in  1810.  The  seat  of  his 
diocese  was  removed  from  Bardstown  to  Louisville  in  1841. 
Flagg  (flag),  Wilson.  Born  at  Beverley,  Mass., 
Nov.  5, 1805  : died  at  North  Cambridge,  Mass., 
May  6,  1884.  An  American  naturalist.  He 
wrote  “Birds  and  Seasons  of  New  England” 
(1874),  etc. 

Flagon  (flag'on),  Moll.  In  Burgoyne’s  comic 
opera  “The  Lord  of  the  Manor,”  a low  camp- 
follower.  The  part  was  first  played  by  Dicky  Suett. 
Liston  also  played  it,  the  character  not  being  one  that 
could  be  played  by  a woman.  Genest  says  that  Burgoyne 
took  it  from  Steele’s  Kate  Matchlock  in  “ The  Funeral." 

Flahaut  (fla-o'),  Comtesse  de.  See  Souza- Bo- 
telho. 

Flahaut  de  la  Billarderie  (fla-o'  dolabe-yard- 
re'),  Comte  Auguste  Charles  de.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  21,  1785:  died  there,  Sept.  1,  1870. 
A French  general  and  diplomatist.  He  was  made 
general  of  brigade  and  aide-de-camp  to  Napoleon  I.  in 
1813,  and  served  with  distinction  at  the  battles  of  Leipsic, 
Hanau,  and  Waterloo.  He  was  appointed  minister  pleni- 
potentiary to  Berlin  in  1831,  and  was  ambassador  to  Vienna 
1841-48.  He  was  made  senator  in  1853. 

Flambard  (flam' hard),  Rannulf  or  Ralph. 
Died  Sept.  5,  1128.  A Norman  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham and  justiciar,  the  chief  minister  of  William 
Rufus.  He  was  held  to  be  responsible  for  most 
of  the  iniquities  of  that  reign. 

Flamborough  (flam' bur-o).  In  Goldsmith’s 
“Vicar  of  Wakefield,”  the  name  of  a farmer 
and  his  family. 

Flamborough  Head.  A headland  on  the  coast 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  in  lat.  54°  6'  58'''  N.,  long. 
0°  4'  51"  W.  (lighthouse).  Height,  450  feet. 
Flameng  (fla-mang'),  Franqois.  Born  atParis, 
Dec.  6,  1856.  A French  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  son  of  Leopold  Flameng  the  engraver. 

He  was  a pupil  of  Oabanel,  E.  Iledouin,  and  Jean  Paul 
Laurens.  His  picture  “The  Girondins  Summoned”  took 
a prize  in  the  Salon  of  1879. 

Flameng,  Leopold  Joseph.  Born  at  Brussels, 
Nov.  22,  1831:  died  at  Courgent,  Prance,  Sept. 
4,1911.  A noted  French  engraver.  He  was  born 
of  French  parents,  and  went  to  France  in  1853.  He  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  from  1859,  and  engraved  or  etched 
many  of  the  best  pictures  of  Rembrandt,  Murillo,  Rubens, 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  Scheffer,  Rida,  Cabanel,  Gainsborough, 
Toulmouche,  Munkaczy,  Ingres,  and  others. 

Flameng,  Marie  Auguste.  Born  at  Metz,  .J uly 
) 7, 1843 : died  at  Paris,  1893.  A French  painter. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Duhufe,  Mazerolle,  Puvis  de 
Chavannes,  E.  Delaunay,  and  others. 


Flamineo 

Fiamineo  (fla-min'e-o).  In  Webster’s  tragedy 
“The  White  Devil,”  the  brother  of  Vittoria 
Corombona,  the  “white  devil.”  He  is  an  incar- 
nation of  selfish  depravity  : the  most  beautiful  and  poetic 
ideas  and  words  in  the  play  are  nevertheless  put  in  his 
mouth. 

FI  am  ini  a.  (fla-me'ne-a).  A province  of  Italy, 
near  the  Flaminian  Way,  in  the  division  of  the 
country  under  the  later  Roman  Empire. 

Flaminian  Way  (fla-min'i-an  wa),  or  Via  Fla- 
minia  (vi'a  fla-min'i-a).  One  of  the  oldest  and 
most  famous  highways  of  ancient  Rome,  it  ex- 
tended in  a direct  line  from  Rome  to  Ariminum  (Rimini), 
and  was  built  by  the  censor  Caius  Flaminius  in  220  n.  c.  Its 
superintendence  was  held  to  be  so  honorable  an  office  that 
Augustus  himself  assumed  it  in  27  B.  C.,  as  Julius  Csesar 
had  been  curator  of  the  Appian  Way.  Augustus  restored 
it  through  its  entire  extent,  in  commemoration  of  which 
triumphal  arches  were  erected  to  him  over  the  road  at 
Ariminum  and  at  Rome ; the  arch  at  the  former  place  still 
exists.  Much  of  the  old  pavement  survives,  together  with 
many  tombs  by  the  roadside. 

Flamininus  (flam-i-nl'nus),  Titus  Quintius. 
Born  about  230  B.  C. : died  about  174  b.  c.  A 
Roman  general  and  statesman.  He  was  consul  in 
198,  defeated  Philip  V.  of  Macedon  at  Cynoscephalse  in 
197,  and  proclaimed  at  Corinth  the  freedom  of  Greece 
in  196. 

Flaminius  (fla-min'i-us).  Servant  to  Timon 
in  Shakspere’s  “Timon  of  Athens.” 

Flaminius,  Caius.  Died  217  b.  c.  A Roman 
general  and  politician.  He  was  tribune  of  the  people 
in  232,  in  which  year  he  procured  the  passage  of  a law  dis- 
tributing the  Ager  Gallicus  Picenus  among  the  plebeians. 
He  pacified  the  Insubres  while  consul  in  223,  and  while 
censor  in  220  constructed  two  celebrated  public  works 
which  bore  his  name:  the  Circus  Flaminius  and  the  Via 
Flaminia.  During  his  second  consulate  he  was  totally 
defeated  by  Hannibal  at  Lake  Trasimene  in  217,  and  fell 
in  the  battle. 

Flaminius,  Caius.  A Roman  general,  son  of 
Caius  Flaminius.  He  was  elected  pretor  in  193  b.  c., 
and  obtained  Hispania  Citerior  as  his  province.  After 
having  subdued  the  Triniates  and  the  Apuani,  two  Ligu- 
rian tribes,  he  employed  his  soldiers  in  the  construction 

*of  a military  road  from  Botionia  to  Arretium. 

Flammarion  (fla-ma-re-oii'),  Camille.  Born 
at  Montigny-le-Roi,  Haute-Marne,  France,  Feb. 
25,  1842.  A noted  French  astronomer,  in  1882 
he  took  charge  of  an  observatory  at  Juvisy,  near  Paris. 
He  has  written  “ La  plurality  des  mondes  habites  ” (1862), 
“ Les mondes imaginaires etles  mondes  reels’1 (1864),  “Les 
merveilles  celestes  " (1865),  “ Catalogue  des  dtoiles  doubles 
ct  multiples  en  raouvement”  (1878),  “ Astronomie  popu- 
late” (1880),  “Les  Ctoiles,  etc.  ’ (1881),  “Le  tnonde  avant 
la  creation  dol’liomme”(1886),  “Uranie”  (1889),  etc. 

Flammock’s  Rebellion.  A rebellion  which 
broke  out  in  Cornwall,  England, under  Thomas 
Flatnmock  in  1497,  occasioned  by  the  impo- 
sition of  a tax  to  defray  the  cost  of  a Scottish 
war.  The  insurgents  marched  on  London,  but  were  de- 
feated at  Blackhealh  June  17,  1407.  Their  leaders,  in- 
cluding Flammock,  were  executed  June  28. 

Flamsteed  (flam'sted),  John.  BornatDenby, 
near  Derby,  England,  Aug.  19,  1646 : died  at 
Greenwich,  Dec.  31,  1719.  A famous  English 
astronomer,  appointed  the  first  astronomer 
royal  March  4,  1675.  lie  is  especially  noted  for  the 
importance  of  his  observations,  many  of  which  were 
turned  to  account  by  Newton.  He  became  a bitter  en- 
emy of  N ewton. 

Flamsteed’s  ‘‘British  Catalogue”  is  styled  by  Baily 
“one  of  the  proudest  productions  of  the  Royal  Observa- 
tory at  Greenwich.”  Its  importance  is  due  to  its  being 
the  first  collection  of  the  kind  made  with  the  telescope 
and  the  clock.  Its  value  was  necessarily  impaired  by  de- 
fective reduction,  and  Flamsteed’s  neglect  of  Newton's 
advice  to  note  the  state  of  the  barometer  and  thermome- 
ter at  the  time  of  his  observations  rendered  it  hopeless  to 
attempt  to  reduce  from  them  improved  results  by  modern 
processes  of  correction.  The  catalogue  showed  besides 
defects  attributable  to  the  absence  of  the  author's  final 
revision.  Sir  William  Herschel  detected  errors  so  nu- 
merous as  to  suggest  the  need  of  an  index  to  the  original 
observations  printed  in  the  second  volume  of  the  “His- 
toria  Coelestis.”  Miss  Herschel  undertook  the  task,  and 
showed,  by  recomputing  the  place  of  each  star,  that  Flam- 
steed had  catalogued  111  stars  which  he  had  never  ob- 
served, and  observed  560  which  he  had  not  catalogued 
(“Phil.  Trans.,”  LXXX  VII.  293).  Her  catalogue  of  these  in- 
edited  stars  was  published  by  order  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1798 ; they  were  by  Baily  in  1829  arranged  in  order  of  right 
ascension,  and  identified  (all  but  seventy)  by  comparison 
with  later  catalogues  (“  Memoirs  Royal  Astr.  Soe.,’’  I V.  129). 

Did.  Nat.  Biog. 

Flanders  (flan'derz).  [ME.  Flaunders,  Flaun- 
deres,  Flaundres,  F.  Flandre,  G.  Flanderen,  ML. 
Flandria,  D.  Vlaanderen,  Flem.  Vlaenderen.]  An 
ancient  country  of  Europe,  extending  along  the 
North  Sea  from  the  Strait  of  Dover  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Schelde,  and  corresponding  to  parts  of 
the  present  departments  of  Nord  and  Pas-de- 
Calais,  France,  the  provinces  of  East  and  West 
Flanders,  Belgium,  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  it  formed  part 
of  NeustriabythepeaceofVerdun(813).  Baldwin  became 
the  first  count  of  Flanders  in  862.  Flemish  cities  became 
very  important  in  the  middle  ages,  and  the  citizens  main- 
tained a long  struggle  against  French  influence  under 
Jacob  and  Philip  van  Artevelde  and  other  leaders.  The 
country  was  united  to  Burgundy  in  1384  through  the 


394 

marriage  of  Philip  of  Burgundy  to  Margaret  of  Flanders. 
It  passed  in  1477  to  Austria  through  the  marriage  of  Maxi- 
milian to  Mary  of  Burgundy.  In  1529  it  was  freed  from 
homage  to  France.  Part  of  it  passed  to  Holland  in  1648, 
and  part  was  acquired  by  France  in  1659,  1668,  1678,  and 
1713.  The  remainder  followed  the  fortunes  of  the  Aus- 
trian Netherlands,  and  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Belgium 
forms  the  provinces  of  East  and  West  Flanders. 

Flanders,  East.  A province  of  Belgium,  hound- 
ed by  the  Netherlands  on  the  north,  Antwerp 
and  Brabant  on  the  east,  Hainaut  on  the  south, 
and  West  Flanders  on  the  west.  Itisnotedfor 
its  development  of  agriculture  and  manufactures.  Area, 
1,158  square  miles.  Population,  1,029,971. 

Flanders,  French.  A former  province  of 
France,  corresponding  generally  to  the  mod- 
ern department  of  Nord. 

Flanders,  Henry.  Born  at  Plainfield,  N.  H., 
1826.  An  American  legal  writer.  He  has  prac- 
tised  law  in  Philadelphia  since  1850.  He  has  published 
“ Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States ” (1855-58),  and  an  “Exposition  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  ” (1860). 

Flanders,  Moll.  See  Fortunes  of  Moll  Flanders. 
Flanders,  West.  A province  of  Belgium, 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  northwest, 
the  Netherlands  and  East  Flanders  on  the  east, 
Hainaut  on  the  southeast,  and  France  on  the 
> south  and  southwest.  Area,  1,249  square  miles. 
Population,  805,236. 

Flandin  (flon-dan'),  Eugene  Napoleon.  Born 
at  Naples,  Aug.  15, 1809  : died  1876.  A French 
archaeologist  and  painter.  He  wrote  “ Etudes  sur 
la  sculpture  perse,”  “Relation  du  voyage  en  Perse” 
(1843-54),  “Monuments  de  Ninive”  (1846-50),  etc. 

Flandrin  (flon-dran'),  Jean  Hippolyte.  Born 

at  Lyons,  France,  March  23,  1809 : died  at 
Rome,  March  21,  1864.  A French  historical 
painter,  a pupil  of  Ingres.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  decorative  paintings  in  the  churches  of  St. -Germain- 
des-Prds  and  St.-Vincent-de-Paul  in  Paris. 

Flandrin,  Jean  Paul.  Born  at  Lyons,  May  8, 
1811:  died  at  Paris,  March  9,  1902.  A French 
landscape-painter,  brother  of  J.  H.  Flandrin, 
He  was  a representative  of  the  school  of  French 
classical  landscape-painting. 

Flannen  (flan'en)  Islands,  or  The  Seven 
Hunters.  A group  of  uninhabited  islets  west 
of  Lewis  in  the  Hebrides,  Scotland. 

Flash  (flash),  Captain.  In  Garrick’s  play 
“ Miss  in  her  Teens,”  a cowardly  braggart. 
Flash,  Sir  Petronel.  In  Chapman,  Marston, 
and  Jonson’s  comedy  “ Eastward  Hoe,”aknight 
adventurer.  He  is  eager  to  escape  from  town 
to  the  untried  land  of  Virginia. 

Flatbow.  See  Kitunahan. 

Flatbush  (flat'bush).  A town  in  Kings  County, 
Long  Island,  New  York,  contiguous  to  Brook- 
lyn on  the  southeast.  It  was  the  scene  of  part  of  the 
battle  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27,  1776.  Annexed  to  Brook- 
lyn in  1894  ; incorporated  iu  the  city  of  New  York 
1897. 

Flateyjarbok  (flat'ey-yar-bok).  [ON.,  ‘book  of 
Flatey.’]  An  Icelandic  manuscript,  named  from 
the  island  Flatey  off  the  northern  coast  of  Ice- 
land, where  it  was  owned  inthe  17th  century,  it 
contains  a collection  of  sagas  bearing  upon  the  lives  and 
times  of  the  Norwegian  kings  Olaf  Tryggvason  and  Olaf 
the  Saint : at  the  end  are  annals  down  to  the  year  1394.  It 
is  the  most  extensive  of  Icelandic  MSS.,  and  one  of  the 
principal  sources  of  information  concerning  the  discovery 
of  America  by  the  Norsemen.  It  was  written  between  the 
years  1380  and  1395  by  two  Icelandic  priests.  In  1662  it 
came  as  a present  from  Bishop  Brynjulf  of  Iceland  to  King 
Frederick  III.  of  Denmark.  It  is  preserved  iu  the  Royal 
Library  in  Copenhagen. 

Flathead  (flat'hed)  Lake,  or  Selish  (se'li.sh) 
Lake.  A lake  in  Missoula  County,  Montana, 
about  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  114°  15'  W.  Its  outlet 
falls  into  Clarke's  Fork.  Length,  about  30  miles. 
Flatheads.  See  Choctaws  and  Salislian. 
Flattery  (flat'er-i),  Cape.  A cape  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Washington,  projecting  into  the 
Pacific  Ocean  in  lat.  48°  23'  20"  N.,  long.  124° 
44'  30"  W.  (lighthouse). 

Flaubert  (flo-bar'),  Gustave.  Born  at  Rouen, 
Dec.  12,  1821 : died  at  Croisset,  near  Rouen, 
May  8,  1880.  A French  writer  and  novelist. 
He  is  regarded  as  the  master  of  naturalism.  He  traveled 
in  Brittany,  Greece,  Syria,  Egypt,  etc.,  and  undertook  to 
relate  his  travels,  but  went  no  further  than  an  opening 
paper  entitled  “ A bord  de  la  Cange.”  In  1857  he  pub- 
lished in  “La  Revue  de  Paris”  the  novel  “Madame  Bo- 
vary," and  in  “ L’ Artiste  ” “ La  tentation  de  Saint  Antoine.” 
The  former  gave  rise  to  considerable  litigation,  Flaubert 
being  ultimately  cleared  of  a charge  of  immorality  in  liter- 
ature. In  1858  he  visited  the  site  of  ancient  Carthage, 
and  in  1862  published  “Salammbo.”  This  was  followed 
in  1869  by  “ L’Education  sentimentale,  roman  d’un  jeune 
homme,”  and  in  1877  by  “ Trois  contes."  Flaubert's  plays, 
“ Le  Candidat  ” and  “ Le  chateau  des  occurs, were  failures  : 
they  were  published  after  his  death  in  “La  Vie  Moderne  " 
(1885).  His  other  posthumous  publications  are  “ Bonvard 
et  Pdcuchet  ” (in  “ La  Revue  Politique  et  Littoraire”), 
“ Lettres  k George  Sand  ” (1884),  “ Par  les  champs  et  par 
les  graves,”  reminiscences  of  Brittany  in  “ LeGauIois,"an 
essay  on  Rabelais,  a voluminous  correspondence,  etc. 


Flaxman 

Flauto  Magico,  II.  See  Zauberflote. 

Flavel  (flav'el),  John.  Boi'n  at  Bromsgrove, 
Worcestershire,  England,  about  1630;  died  at 
Exeter,  June  26, 1691.  An  English  Presbyterian 
clergyman  and  devotional  writer.  His  best- 
known  work  is  “Husbandry  Spiritualized” 
(1669). 

Flavian  (fla'vi-an),  L.  Flavianus  (fla-vi-a'nus), 
ofAntioch.  1.  Died  404  a.  d.  Bishop  of  Antioch 
381-404.  He  was  appointed  by  the  Synod  of  Constanti- 
nople,  which  was  composed  exclusively  of  Oriental  bishops, 
to  succeed  Meletius.  This  action  perpetuated  the  schism 
which  at  the  time  divided  the  orthodox  church  at  Antioch, 
as  the  bishops  of  Egypt  and  the  W est  refused  to  withdraw 
their  support  from  Paulinas,  bishop  of  the  opposite  faction. 
2.  Died  at  Petra,  Arabia,  518.  Bishop  of  Anti- 
och 498-512.  He  was  deposed  by  the  emperor  Anasta- 
sius  through  the  machinations  of  theMonophysiteXenias, 
bishop  of  Hierapolis,  who  intimidated  him  into  anathema- 
tizing the  decrees  of  the  orthodox  council  held  at  Chalce- 
don  in  451. 

Flavian  of  Constantinople.  Died  at  Hypepe, 
Lydia,  Aug.  11,  449.  Bishop  of  Constantinople 
from  about  447  to  449.  He  procured  the  excom- 
munication of  the  heretic  Eutyches  at  a synod  held  at 
Constantinople  in  448,  but  was  himself  deposed  and  ex- 
communicated by  the  Eutychian  party  at  the  synod 
known  as  the  Robber  Synod,  held  at  Ephesus  in  449.  He 
died  a few  days  after,  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  bodily 
injuries  sustained  at  the  synod.  He  was  canonized  by  the 
Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451. 

Flavian  Emperors,  or  Flavian  Caesars,  The 

Roman  emperors  Vespasian  and  his  sons  Titus 
and  Domitian,  who  belonged  to  the  house  of 
Flavius. 

The  Flavian  Emperors  ought,  perhaps,  hardly  to  be 
classed  together,  so  little  was  there  in  common  between 
the  just,  if  somewhat  hard,  rule  of  Vespasian,  or  the  two 
years’  beneficent  sway  of  Titus,  “the  delight  of  the  human 
race,”  and  the  miserable  tyranny  of  Domitian.  But  the 
stupendous  Colosseum,  the  Arch  of  Titus,  and  the  Amphi- 
theatre at  Verona  serve  as  an  architectural  landmark  to  fix 
the  Flavian  period  in  the  memory;  and  one  other  charac- 
teristic was  necessarily  shared  by  the  whole  family,  the 
humble  origin  from  which  they  sprang.  After  the  high- 
born Julii  and  Claudii,  the  descendants  of  pontiffs  and 
censors,  noblemen  delicate  and  fastidious  through  all 
their  wild  debauch  of  blood,  came  these  sturdy  sons  of 
the  commonalty  to  robe  themselves  in  the  imperial  purple ; 
and  this  unforgotten  lowness  of  their  ancestry,  while  it 
gave  a touch  of  meanness  to  the  close  and  frugal  govern- 
ment of  Vespasian,  evidently  intensified  the  delight  of 
Domitian  in  setting  his  plebeian  feet  on  the  necks  of  all 
that  was  left  of  refined  or  aristocratic  in  Rome. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  6. 

All  the  more  strange  does  it  seem,  when  we  consider 
the  humble  extraction  of  these  Emperors,  that  their  name 
should  have  remained  for  centuries  the  favorite  title  of 
Emperors  no  way  allied  to  them  iu  blood,  a Claudius 
(Gothicus),  a Constantine,  a Theodosius,  and  many  more 
having  prefixed  the  once  ignoble  name  of  Flavius  to  their 
own.  And  hence,  by  a natural  process  of  imitation,  the 
barbarian  rulers  who  settled  themselves  within  the  limits 
of  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  4th  and  5th  centuries,  Bur- 
gundian, Lombard,  Visigoth,  adopted  the  same  mysteri- 
ously majestic  fore-name,  unconsciously,  as  we  must  sup- 
pose, selecting  the  very  epithet  which  best  described  their 
own  personal  appearance,  yellow-haired  sons  of  the  north 
as  they  were,  among  the  dark-colored  Mediterranean 
populations.  Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  L 7. 

Flavigny  (fla-ven-ye'),  Valerien.  Born  near 
Laon,  France:  died  at  Paris,  April  29, 1674.  A 
noted  French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Hebrew 
in  the  College  of  France. 

Flavius  (fla'vi-us).  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Julius 
Caesar,”  a Roman  tribune. — 2.  In  Shakspere’s 
“Timon  of  Athens,”  the  faithful  steward  of 
Timon. 

Flavius,  Cneius.  An  early  writer  on  Roman 

law.  He  was  the  son  of  a freedman,  and  became  secre- 
tary to  Appius  Claudius  Coccus.  He  obtained  possession 
of  the  forms  and  technicalities  pertaining  to  the  law  of 
practice,  the  knowledge  of  which  was  confined  to  the  pa- 
tricians and  pontiffs,  and  published  them  in  a collection 
known  as  the  “JusFlavianum."  He  was  afterward  made  a 
senator  by  Appius  Claudius,  and  was  elected  curule  edile 
in  303  B.  c.  Also  called  Caius  and  Annum. 

Flaw  (fla).  In  Foote’s  comedy  “The  Cozeners,” 
one  of  the  cozeners  or  cheats. 

Flaxman  (flaks'man),  John.  Born  at  York, 
England,  July  6,  1755:  died  at  London,  Dec.  7, 
1826.  A famous  sculptor  and  draftsman.  His 
father  was  a molder,  and  kept  a shop  in  Covent  Garden  for 
the  sale  of  plaster  images.  By  his  own  efforts  he  learned 
enough  Greek  and  Latin  to  read  the  poets.  At  fifteen 
he  entered  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1770  he  exhibited  a 
figureof  Neptuuein  wax.  In  Aug.,  1787,  he  went  to  Italy 
for  seven  years.  During  this  period  were  made  the  illus- 
trations of  the  Odyssey,  and  to  jEschylus  and  Dante.  He 
was  elected  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1797,  and  full 
member  in  1S00.  Front  this  time  until  the  end  of  his  life 
he  executed  many  works,  among  which  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  is  the  Shield  of  Achilles  front  the  description 
of  Homer.  He  was  appointed  professorof  sculpture  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1810. 

Nature,  so  prodigal  to  the  English  race  in  men  of  genius 
untutored,  singular,  and  solitary,  lias  given  us  but  few 
seers  who,  in  the  quality  of  prolific  invention,  can  be 
compared  with  Flaxman.  For  pure  conceptive  faculty, 
controlled  by  unerring  sense  of  beauty,  we  have  to  think 
of  Pheidias  or  Raphael  before  we  find  his  equal. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  177. 


Fleance 

Fleance  (fle'ans).  In  Shakspere’s  ‘'Macbeth,” 
the  son  of  Banqno.  See  Banquo. 

Fl&che  (flash),  La.  A town  in  the  department 
of  Sarthe,  France,  on  the  Loir  29  miles  north- 
east of  Angers.  It  has  a noted  military  college. 
Population,  commune,  10,663. 

F14chier  (fla-shya'),  Esprit.  Born  at  Pernes, 
Vaucluse,  France,  June  10, 1632:  died  at  Mont- 
pellier, France,  Feb.  16, 1710.  A French  pulpit 
orator,  made  bishop  of  Nitnes  in  1687.  He  is 

noted  especially  for  his  funeral  orations.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  1782. 

Flecknoe  (flek'no),  Richard.  Born  apparently 
in  Ireland : died  about  1(578.  A British  poet  and 
playwright  of  slight  merit.  He  furnished  Dryden 
with  the  name  “MacFIecknoe,”  under  whieli  he  satirized 
Shadwell. 

Fleece’em  (fles'm),  Mrs.  In  Foote’s  play  “ The 
Cozeners,”  a cheat  and  confederate  of  Flaw. 

Mrs.  Grieve,  the  woman  who  had  extorted  money  on 
pledge  of  procuring  government  appointments,  and  who 
had  not  only  deceived  Charles  Fox,  by  pretending  to  be 
able  to  marry  him  to  an  heiress,  but  had  lent  him  money 
rather  than  miss  his  chariot  from  her  door,  was  fair  game, 
and  was  well  exposed,  in  Mrs.  Fleecem. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  126. 

Flee  from  the  Press.  A short  poem  by  Chaucer, 
printed  before  the  folio  of  1532.  it  is  sometimes 
known  as  “Truth,”  “Balade  de  bone  Conseyl,”  “Good 
Counsel  of  Chaueer  ” (Shirley),  and  “ Balade  that  Chaucier 
made  on  his  Deeth-bedde”  (“probably  a mere  bad  guess,” 
Skeat). 

Fleet  Prison,  The.  An  old  London  prison,  for- 
merly standing  on  the  east  side  of  the  Fleet 
brook,  where  it  now  runs  under  Farringdon 
street.  It  was  nearly  eight  hundred  years  old  when  it 
was  destroyed  in  1846.  It  was  called  the  "gaol  of  the 
Fleet  ” in  the  time  of  Richard  I.,  and  was  a debtors'  prison 
as  early  as  1290.  It  was  used  also  as  a state  prison  for 
religious  and  political  offenders  till  1641,  when  it  was  re- 
served entirely  for  debtors.  It  was  burned  by  Wat  Ty- 
ler's men  in  1381.  In  1666  it  was  burned  in  the  Great  Fire, 
and  again  in  1780  by  rioters.  In  the  17th  and  early  part 
of  the  18th  century  persons  wishing  to  be  married  secretly 
came  within  the  rules  of  the  Fleet,  where  degraded  clergy- 
men were  easily  found,  among  the  debtors,  to  perform  the 
ceremony.  This  was  stopped  by  act  of  Parliament  in 
1764.  Attention  was  called  to  the  outrageous  treatment 
of  the  prisoners  in  1726,  when  the  warden  was  tried  for 
murder. 

Fleet  street.  A London  street  running  from 
Ludgate  Circus  to  the  Strand  and  the  West 
End.  It  is  named  from  the  Fleet  brook.  In  the  early 
chronicles  of  London  many  allusions  are  made  to  the 
deeds  of  violence  done  in  this  street.  The  London  pren- 
tices waged  war  against  young  students  in  the  Inns  of 
Court,  etc.  By  the  time  of  Elizabeth  the  street  had  be- 
come a favorite  spot  for  shows  of  all  descriptions : “pup- 
pet-shows and  monsters  ” are  frequently  alluded  to.  It  is 
now  one  of  the  busiest  streets  of  London. 

Fleet,  The.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.  Flete,  the 
stream.]  A tidal  stream  which  flowed  by  the 
western  wall  of  old  London  City.  The  creek  took  its 
rise  in  the  clay  bedseastof  thellampstead  Hills.  At  Battle 
Bridge,  near  King’s  Cross,  it  entered  a deep  valley  between 
high  clay  banks,  from  which  it  did  not  emerge  until  it 
reached  the  river.  In  Roman  times  the  only  road  from  the 
city  westward  crossed  the  Fleet  by  a bridge  from  Snow  Hill, 
Newgate,  to  Holborn  Hill  (High  Holborn).  Later  another 
was  made  opposite  Ludgate,  and  this  crossing  was  called 
Fleet  Bridge.  The  road  which  led  to  it  was  called  Fleet 
street  (which  see).  The  tidal  portion  of  the  Fleet  was  navi- 
gable in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  The  brook  is  now  a main 
sewer  of  London,  and  empties  into  the  Thames  at  Black- 
friars  Bridge.  The  allusion  to  the  Fleet  ditch  in  the  liter- 
ature of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  is  accounted  for  by  the 
fact  that  the  water  from  the  bed  of  the  brook  or  river 
having  been  diverted  from  its  course,  the  offal,  etc.,  thrown 
into  it  was  not  carried  off,  and  became  a nuisance. 
Fleetwood  (flet'wud).  A seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on 
Morecambe  Bay  36  miles  due  north  of  Liver- 
pool. Population,  12,082. 

Fleetwood,  Charles.  Died  1692.  An  English 
Parliamentary  general,  lord  deputy  of  Ireland 
1654-55.  He  married  Bridget  Ireton,  daughter  of  Oli- 
ver Cromwell  and  widow  of  Henry  Ireton,  in  1652. 
Fleetwood,  William.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
1,  1656:  died  at  Tottenham,  near  London,  Aug. 
4,  1723.  An  English  bishop  (of  St.  Asaph  1708, 
and  of  Ely  1714)  and  pulpit  orator. 

Flegel  (flS'gel),  Robert.  Born  at  Wilna,  Ger- 
many, Oct.,  1855:  died  at  Brass,  West  Africa, 
Sept.  11,  1886.  An  African  explorer,  in  1875  he 
went  to  Lagos  as  clerk  in  aGerman  trading  factory.  When 
an  English  expedition  went  up  the  Niger  and  Binue  riv- 
ers, he  accompanied  it  in  the  Henry  Venn,  and  took  a 
survey  of  both  rivers.  The  German- African  Association 
commissioned  him  to  explore  Sokoto  and  Nupe  in  1880. 
He  proceeded  overland  to  Loko,  on  the  Bhiue;  reached 
Yola,  the  capital  of  Adamawa,  in  1882 ; and  discovered  the 
Ngaundere  source  of  the  Binue.  In  1883  he  revisited  Ada- 
mawa, but  failed  in  his  attempt  to  reach  the  Kongo  by 
that  route.  On  his  return  to  Germany  in  1884,  he  urged 
the  occupation  of  the  Binue  basin  by  German  commerce 
and  authority.  With  imperial  support  he  undertook  a 
third  expedition  to  Adamawa,  but  the  Royal  Niger  Com- 
pany frustrated  his  efforts.  He  was  recalled,  and  died  at 
Brass,  in  1880. 

F14g4re  (fla-jar').  A height  in  the  Alps  of 


395 

Mont  Blanc,  northeast  of  Chamonix,  celebrated 
for  its  view.  Height,  5,925  feet. 

Fleischer  (fli'sher), Heinrich  Leberecht.  Born 
at  Schandau,  Saxony,  Feb.  21,  1801:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Feb.  10,  1888.  A noted  German  Ori- 
entalist, professor  of  Oriental  languages  at 
Leipsic  from  1836.  He  published  editions  of  Abul- 
feda’s  “Historia  ante-islamica  ” (1831),  Beidhfiwi’s  com- 
mentary on  the  Koran  (1846-48),“  Grammatik  der  lebenden 
persischen  Sprache  ” (founded  on  the  grammar  of  Moham- 
med Ibrahim  ; 2d  ed.  1876),  etc. 

Fleming  (flem'ing),  John.  Born  near  Bath- 
gate, Jan.  10,  1785:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  18, 
1857.  A Scottish  clergyman  and  naturalist. 
He  was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity 1834-43,  and  of  natural  science  in  the  Free  Church 
College,  Edinburgh,  from  1845.  He  wrote  “Philosophy 
of  Zoology”  (1822),  “The  Temperature  of  the  Seasons” 
(1851),  and  many  scientific  papers. 

Fleming,  Lady  May.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s 
novel  “The  Abbot,”  a maid  of  honor  to  Mary 
Queen  of  Scotland,  imprisoned  with  her  at 
Lochleven. 

Fleming,  Margaret.  Born  Jan.  15, 1803:  died 
Dec.  19,  1811.  The  daughter  of  James  Flem- 
ing of  Kirkcaldy,  Scotland.  She  was  the  pet  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  and  was  a remarkably  precocious  child. 
Her  diary  and  poems  are  exceedingly  quaint.  Her  life 
was  written  by  Dr.  John  Brown : “Pet  Marjorie  : a Story 
of  Child  Life  Fifty  Years  Ago  ” (1858). 

Fleming,  Paul.  Born  at  Hartenstein,  Saxony, 
Oct.  5,  1609 : died  at  Hamburg,  April  2,  1640. 
A German  poet.  He  studied  medicine  at  Leipsic.  The 
Thirty  Years’ War  drove  him  to  Holstein,  where  he  soon 
joined  an  embassy  of  the  Duke  of  Schleswig- Holstein  to 
Moscow,  and  afterward  (1635)  another  to  Ispahan.  He  was 
above  all  a lyric  poet,  and  wrote  both  in  German  and  in 
Latin.  Among  his  poems  is  the  well-known  hymn  “In 
alien  meinen  Thaten.”  His  collected  works,  which  are  both 
secular  and  religious  in  character,  were  published  after 
his  death  under  the  title  “ Teutsche  Poemata  ” (1642). 

Fleming,  Paul.  The  principal  character  in 
Longfellow’s  prose  romance  “Hyperion.” 

Fleming,  or  Flemmynge,  Richard.  Born  at 
Crofton, Yorkshire:  died  at  Sleaford,  Jan.,  1431. 
An  English  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of  Lincoln 
1419,  and  founder  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
1427. 

Fleming,  Rose.  In  Dickens’s  “ Oliver  Twist,” 
a gentle  girl  who  marries  Harry  Maylie. 

Flemings  (flem'ingz).  The  natives  of  Flanders, 
an  ancient  countship  now  divided  between  Bel- 
gium, France,  and  the  Netherlands ; specifically 
the  members  of  the  Flemish  race,  nearly  allied 
to  the  Dutch  both  in  blood  and  in  language. 

Flemish  (flem'ish).  The  language  spoken  by 
the  Flemings.  The  Flemish  language  is  a form  of 
that  Low  German  of  which  the  Dutch  is  a type.  The  chief 
external  difference  between  Dutch  and  Flemish  is  in  the 
spelling  — the  spelling  of  Dutch  having  been  reformed  and 
simplified  in  the  present  century,  while  Flemish  retains  in 
great  part  the  archaic  features  of  16th-century  spelling. 

Flensburg(flens'borG),  Dan.  Flensborg  (flens'- 
borG).  A seaport  and  commercial  town  in  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the 
Flensburg  Fjord,  situated  in  lat.  54°  47'  N., 
long.  9°  26'  E.  Population,  commune,  53,771. 

Flers  (flar).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Orne,  France,  situated  in  lat.  48°  44'  N.,  long. 
0°  35'  W.  It  has  cotton  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  13,704. 

Fleshly  School,  The.  A name  given  to  a num- 
ber of  English  poets — Swinburne,  Morris,  Ros- 
setti, and  others — by  R.  W.  Buchanan  in  the 
“ Contemporary  Review.” 

Flestrin  (fles'trin),  Quinbus.  The  Man-Moun- 
tain : the  name  which  the  Lilliputians  gave  to 
Gulliver. 

Fleta  (fle'ta).  An  anonymous  Latin  book  on 
English  law,  written  about  1290.  From  a statement 
in  the  one  extant  manuscript,  that  “this  book  may  well  be 
called  Fleta  because  it  is  written  in  Fleta,”  it  is  inferred 
that  it  was  written  by  a prisoner  in  the  Fleet. 

Fletcher  (fleeh'er),  Andrew,  of  Saltoun.  [The 
surname  Fletcher  means  ‘ arrow-maker.’]  Born 
at  Saltoun,  Haddingtonshire,  1655:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.,  1716.  ASeottish  politician  and  politi- 
cal writer.  He  was  a prominent  member  of  the 
Scottish  Parliament  under  Charles  II.  and  Wil- 
liam III. 

Fletcher,  Giles.  Born  at  Watford,  Hertford- 
shire, about  1549 : died  at  London,  March, 
1611.  An  English  civilian  and  poet,  father  of 
Giles  (the  younger)  and  Phineas  Fletcher.  He 
was  graduated  at  King’s  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  a fellow  in  1568.  In  1588  he  was  sent  as  ambassa- 
dor to  Russia,  and  published  an  accountof  that  country  in 
1591,  which  was  suppressed.  It  was  called  “ Of  the  Russe 
Commonwealth,  etc.”  It  was  abridged,  and  passages  were 
suppressed  by  Hakluyt  and  Purclias,  and  reprinted  as  “The 
History  of  Russia,  etc."  (1643),  and  also,  with  the  original 
title,  for  the  Hakluyt  Society  (1856).  He  also  wrote  “ Licia : 
Poems  of  Love,  etc.”  (1593),  etc. 

Fletcher,  Giles  (the  younger).  Bom  1588  (?) : 


Fletcher,  Phineas 

died  1623.  An  English  poet,  younger  son  of 
Giles  Fletcher.  He  wrote  “ Christ’s  Victoria, 
etc.”  (1610),  etc. 

Fletcher,  James  Cooley.  Bom  at  Indianapolis, 
1823.  An  American  missionary  and  author. 
From  1851  to  1865  he  made  several  extended  journeys  in 
Brazil  as  a missionary,  and  for  a time  lie  acted  as  secretary 
of  the  United  States  legation  atRiode  Janeiro.  His  “Brazil 
and  the  Brazilians”  was  first  published  with  thejointnames 
of  D.  P.  Kidder  and  J.  C.  Fletcher,  and  was  founded  on  the 
“ Sketches  in  Brazil  ” of  the  former  author  : later  editions 
bear  only  Fletcher’s  name.  He  was  United  States  consul 
at  Oporto  1869-73,  and  subsequently  missionary  to  Naples. 
Since  1877  he  has  resided  at  Indianapolis. 

Fletcher,  John.  Born  at  Rye,  Sussex,  England, 
Dec.,  1579:  died  at  London,  Aug.,  1625.  An 
English  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the  intimate 
friend  and  literary  partner  of  Francis  Beaumont.  They 
wrote  together  from  about  1606  till  1616,  living  together 
for  a part  of  that  time. 

The  stage  tradition  that  Beaumont  was  superior  in  judg- 
ment to  Fletcher  is  supported  by  sound  criticism.  In  the 
most  important  plays  that  they  wrote  together  Beaumont’s 
share  outweighs  Fletcher’s,  both  in  quantity  and  in  qual- 
ity. Beaumont  had  the  firmer  hand  and  statelier  manner  : 
his  diction  was  more  solid;  there  was  a richer  music  in  his 
verse.  Fletcher  excelled  as  a master  of  brilliant  dialogue 
and  sprightly  repartee.  In  the  management  of  his  plots 
and  in  the  development  of  his  characters  he  was  careless 
and  inconsistent.  But  in  his  comedies  the  unceasing  live- 
liness and  bustle  atone  for  structural  defects ; and  in  tra- 
gedy his  copious  command  of  splendid  declamation  recon- 
ciles us  to  the  absence  of  rarer  qualities.  A.  II.  Bullen. 

To  Fletcher  alone  may  be  assigned  the  plays  “The  Faith- 
ful Shepherdess”  (printed  about  1609),  “Wit  Without 
Money  ’’  (played  not  earlier  than  1614,  printed  1639),  “ Bon- 
duca”  and  “ Valentinian  ” (played  before  1619,  printed 
1647),  “ The  Loyal  Subject  ” (licensed  1618,  printed  1647), 
“ The  Mad  Lover ’’(played  before  1619,  printed  1647),  “The 
Humorous  Lieutenant"  (probably  played  later  than  1619, 
printed  1647),  “ Women  Pleased  ” (probably  played  about 
1620,  printed  1647),  “ The  Island  Princess  ’’  and  “ The  Pil- 
grim ’’  (presented  at  court  1621,  printed  1647),  “The  Wild- 
goose  Chase  ” (presen  ted  at  court  1621,  printed  1652),  “ Mon- 
sieur Thomas  ” (printed  1639),  “ The  Woman’s  Prize  ” (played 
before  1633),  “A  Wife  for  a Month"  (played  before  1624, 
printed  1647),  “ Rule  a Wife  and  have  a Wife  ” (played  in 
1624,  printed  1640),  “ The  Chances  ” (played  before  1625, 
printed  1647).  To  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  “The  Woman 
Hater”  (licensed  and  printed  1607),  “The  Scornful  Lady  “ 
(played  probably  1609,  printed  1616),  “The  Maid’s  Tragedy  ” 
(played  not  later  than  1611,  printed  1619),  “ Philaster  ” 
(played  not  later  than  1611,  printed  1620),  “ A King  and  No 
King ” (licensed  1611,  printed  1619),  “Four  Plays  in  One  ” 
(played  as  early  as  1608  (Fleay),  printed  1647),  “ The  Knight 
of  the  Burning  Pestle”  (written  probably  before  1611, 
printed  1613),  “Cupid's  Revenge”  (printed  in  1615:  Fleay 
thinks  Field  assisted),  “The  Coxcomb”  (played  in  1613  or 
earlier,  printed  1647).  To  Fletcher  and  Massinger  and 
others,  “ The  Honest  Man’s  Fortune  ” (played  1613,  printed 
1647:  Field  perhaps  assisted),  “The  Knight  of  Malta" 
(played  before  1619,  printed  before  1647),  “Thierry  and 
Theodoret  ’’  (written  probably  about  1616,  printed  1621 : 
some  other  author  is  thought  to  have  assisted),  “The  Queen 
of  Corinth  ” (played  before  1619,  printed  1647 : Middleton 
and  Rowley  appear  to  have  written  some  of  it),  “Sir  John 
Van  Olden  Barnavelt"  (played  in  1619,  printed  by  Bullen 
in  his  “Collection  of  Old  English  Plays”  in  1882),  “The 
Little  French  Lawyer  ” (written  about  1620,  printed  1647), 
“ A Very  Woman  ” (played  probably  1621,  printed  in  1656), 
“ The  Custom  of  the  Country  ” (mentioned  in  1628  as  an  old 
play,  printed  1647),  “The  Double  Marriage”  and  “The 
False  One  ” (written  about  1620,  printed  1647),  “ Beggar’s 
Bush  ” (played  1622,  printed  1647),  “ The  Prophetess  ” and 
“The  Sea  Voyage”  (licensed  1622,  printed  1647),  “The 
Elder  Brother  ’’  (printed  1637),  “ The  Lovers'  Progress  ” 
(printed  1647),  “The  Spanish  Curate  "(licensed  1622, printed 
1647),  “Love’s  Pilgrimage ’’(printed  1647:  probably  nearly 
all  by  Fletcher),  “ The  Nice  Valor,  or  The  Passionate  Mad- 
Man  ” (perhaps  written  before  1624,  printed  1647 : Fleay 
thinks  Middleton  rewrote  much  of  it),  “The  Laws  of  Candy” 
(printed  1647 : largely  by  Massinger),"  The  Fair  Maid  of  the 
Inn  ” (licensed  1626,  printed  1647 : with  Rowley),  “ The  Two 
Noble  Kinsmen  ” (printed  1634,  as  by  Fletcher  and  Shak- 
spere).  Doubtful  plays,  “ The  Captain  ’’(written  before  1613, 
printed  1647 : Fletcher  had  assistance,  probably  either 
Jonson  or  Middleton),  “Wit  at  Several  Weapons"  (played 
about  1614,  printed  1647 : shows  traces  of  Middleton  and 
Rowley),  “ The  Bloody  Brother  ” (printed  probably  1639  : 
perhaps  written  by  Fletcher  and  Jonson  and  revised  by 
Massinger),  “ Love’s  Cure  ” (written  probably  about  1623, 
printed  1647 : probably  by  Massinger  and  Middleton  (Bul- 
len), Beaumont  and  Fletcher  altered  by  Massinger  (Fleay)), 
“The  Maid  in  the  Mill”  (played  in  1623:  with  Rowley), 
“The  NigBt- Walker,  or  The  Little  Thief”  (played  1634, 
printed  in  1640  as  by  Fletcher:  probably  an  alteration  by 
Shirley  of  an  older  play),  “ The  Coronation  ” (printed  in 
1640  as  by  Fletcher,  licensed  in  1635  by  Shirley  who  claimed 
it).  “ The  Noble  Gentleman  ” (licensed  1626,  printed  1647: 
Fletcher  is  thought  to  have  had  no  hand  in  it,  or  in  “ Faith- 
ful Friends  ”),  “ The  Widow  ” (written  about  1616,  printed 
1652  : thought  by  Bullen  to  be  probably  wholly  by  Middle- 
ton).  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.)  See  Beaumont. 

Fletcher  (originally  De  la  FlecMre),  John 
William.  Born  at  Nyon,  Switzerland,  Sept. 
12,  1729:  died  at  Madeley,  England,  Aug.  14, 
1785.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer.  Fletcher 

of  Madeley  was  a contemporary  and  fellow-laborer  of  John 
Wesley,  and  was  a man  of  remarkable  personal  influence 
from  his  saintly  life,  his  earnest  preaching,  and  his  devoted 
pastoral  work. 

Fletcher,  Phineas.  Born  at  Cranbrook,  Kent, 
England,  April,  1582:  died  about  1650.  An 
English  poet,  son  of  Giles  Fletcher.  His  chief 
works  are  “Sicelides,”  a pastoral  play  (1614,  printed  1631) ; 
“The  Purple  Island,  or  the  Isle  of  Man,  together  with  Pis- 
catory Eclogs  and  other  Poetical  Miscellanies  ” (1633) ; etc. 


Fleuranges 

Fleuranges  (fle-i’onzh'),  Seigneur  de  (Robert 
de  la  Marck).  Born  at  Sedan,  France,  1491 : 
died  at  Longjumeau,  near  Paris,  Dec.,  1537.  A 
French  marshal  and  historian.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ His- 
toire  des  choses  memorables  depuis  1499  jusqu’- 
en  l’an  1521,”  etc. 

Fleur  d’£pine  (tier  da-pen').  A story  by  Count 
Antony  Hamilton.  It  is  a burlesque  on  the  pop- 
ular taste  of  the  time  for  Oriental  fiction. 

Fleur  et  Blanchefleur.  See  Flore  et  Blanche- 
fleur. 

Fleurus  (fle-riis').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  15  miles  west  of  Namur,  it 
is  noted  for  three  battles  : here  Duke  Christian  of  Bruns- 
wick and  Count  Mansfeld  defeated  the  Spaniards,  Aug.  29, 
1622  ; the  French  under  Luxembourg  defeated  the  Allies 
under  the  Prince  of  Waldeck,  July  1,  1690;  and  the 
French  under  Jourdan  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Co- 
burg, June  26,  1794.  The  battle  of  Ligny  (J  une  16,  1815) 
was  also  fought  in  the  neighborhood.  Population,  7,171. 

Fleury  (fle-re'),  Andr6  Hercule  de.  Born  at 
Lod&ve,  Herault,  France,  June  22,  1653:  died 
at  Issy,  near  Paris,  Jan.  29,  1743.  A French 
statesman  and  prelate.  He  became  a member  of  the 
council  in  1723  and  cardinal  in  1726,  and  was  prime  minis- 
ter 1726-43. 

Fleury,  Claude.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  6,  1640: 
died  there,  July  14,  1723.  A noted  French  ec- 
clesiastic and  historian.  His  chief  work  is 
“ ilistoirc  eccl6siastique”  (1691-1720). 

Fleury,  Emile  Felix.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  23, 
1815 : died  there,  Dec.  11, 1884.  A French  gen- 
eral and  diplomatist. 

Flibbertigibbet  (fliMer-ti-jib'et).  1.  A fiend 
named  by  Edgar  in  Shakspere’s  “King  Lear.” 
— 2.  A name  given  to  Dickon  Sludge,  a char- 
acter in  Scott's  novel  “ Kenilworth.” 

Fliedner  (fled'ner),  Theodor.  Born  at  Epstein, 
Nassau,  Prussia,  Jan.  21, 1800:  died  at  Kaisers- 
werth,  near  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Oct.  4, 1864.  A 
German  Protestant  clergyman  and  philanthro- 
pist. He  founded  the  institution  of  deaconesses 
at  Kaiserswerth  in  1836. 

Fliegende  Hollander  (fle'gen-de  hol'len-der), 
Der.  [‘  The  Flying  Dutchman.’]  An  opera  by 
Wagner,  produced  in  Dresden  Jan. 2, 1843.  The 
libretto  is  by  Wagner  himself,  with  some  sug- 
gestions from  Heine. 

Flight  into  Egypt,  The.  A painting  by  Murillo 
(about  1648),  in  the  collection  of  the  Duchesse  de 
Gall i era,  Paris.  The  Virgin,  mounted  on  an  ass  and 
facing  the  spectator,  looks  down  at  the  sleeping  Child, 
whom  she  holds  in  her  lap. 

Flimnap  (flim'nap).  The  Lilliputian  premier  in 
Swift’s  “Voyage  to  Lilliput.”  He  was  designed 
as  a satire  on  Sir  Robert  Walpole. 

Flinck  (flink),  Govaert.  Born  at  Cleves,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  25,  1615  : died  at  Amsterdam,  Feb.  2, 
1660.  A Dutch  painter,  a pupil  of  Rembrandt. 
Flinders  (flin'dferz),  Matthew.  Born  at  Bon- 
ington, Lincolnshire,  March  16,  1774:  died  at 
London,  July  19,  1814.  An  English  navigator. 
He  explored  the  coast  of  Australia  (1801-03),  and  published 
“Voyage  to  Terra  Australis " (1814). 

Flinders  Range.  A range  of  mountains  in 
South  Australia,  north  of  Spencer  Gulf. 

Flint  (flint).  1.  A maritime  county  of  Wales. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  north,  Cheshire  on 
the  east,  and  Denbigh  on  the  south  and  west,  and  is  the 
smallest  of  the  Welsh  counties.  Area(ad.  co.),  254. 7 square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  81,700. 

2.  A seaport,  capital  of  Flint  County,  on  the 
Dee  estuary  13  miles  southwest  of  Liverpool. 
Population,  4,625. 

Flint.  A river  in  western  Georgia,  uniting  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  the  State  with 
the  Chattahoochee  to  form  the  Appalachicola. 
Length,  about  350  miles.  It  is  navigable  to 
Albany. 

Flint.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Genesee  County, 
Michigan,  56  miles  northwest  of  Detroit.  Pop- 
ulation, 38,550,  (1910). 

Flint,  Austin.  Born  at  Petersham,  Mass.,  Oct. 
20, 1812 : died  at  New  York,  March  13, 1886.  An 
American  physician  and  medical  writer.  He  was 
graduated  in  the  medical  department  of  Harvard  College 
in  1833,  settled  at  New  York  in  1859,  and  was  president 
of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  1872-85,  and  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  in  1884.  Among  his  works 
are  “A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Diagnosis,  Pathology,  and 
Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the  Heart  ” (1859),  “A  Treatise  on 
the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  "(1866),  and  “ Man- 
ual of  Auscultation  and  Percussion  ” (1876). 

Flint,  Austin.  Born  at  Northampton,  Mass., 
March  28,  1836.  An  American  physician  and 
physiologist,  son  of  Austin  Flint  (1812-86).  He 
was  graduated  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia, 
in  1857 ; was  appointed  professor  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College  in  1861 ; was  surgeon-general  of  the  State 
of  New  York  1874-78 ; and  has  been  professor  of  physiology 
at  Cornell  University  Medical  College  since  1898.  He  has 
published  “ A Text-Book  of  Human  Physiology  " (1876),  etc. 


396 

Flint,  Sir  Clement.  A cynical  but  kind-hearted 
old  bachelor  in  Burgoyne’s  play  “ The  Heiress.” 
Flint,  Solomon.  In  Foote’s  play  “ The  Maid  of 
Bath,”  a rich,  miserly  old  man.  He  is  described 
as  an  “old,  fusty,  shabby,  shuffling,  money-loving,  water- 
drinking,  mirth-marring,  amorous  old  hunks.”  He  is  in- 
tended to  satirize  a Mr.  Walter  Long,  who  treated  Miss 
Linley  (Mrs.  R.  B.  Sheridan)  ungallantly. 

Flint,  Timothy.  Born  at  Reading,  Mass.,  July 
11,1780:  diedat  Salem, Mass.,  Aug.  16,1840.  An 
American  Congregational  clergyman  and  au- 
thor. He  published  “Recollections  of  Ten  Years  passed 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  "(1826),  “ Geography  and  History 
of  the  Western  States"  (1828),  etc. 

Flintwinch (flint'winch), Jeremiah.  InCharles 
Dickens’s  “Little  Dorrit,”  the  sinister  and  in- 
triguing servant  of  Mrs.  Clennam. 

Flip  (flip).  In  Charles  Shadwell’s  comedy  “The 
Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,”  an  illiterate  commodore. 
He  is  a drunken  “sea-brute,”  contrasted  with 
Mizen  the  “ sea-fop.” 

Flippant  (flip'ant),  Lady.  In  Wycherley’s  com- 
edy “Love  in  a Wood,”  an  affected  widow.  She 
is  on  the  lookout  for  a husband,  but  declaims 
against  marriage. 

Flippanta  (fli-pan'ta).  In  Vanbrugh’s  “Con- 
federacy,” a lady’s-maid.  She  is  shameless  and 
witty. 

Flite  (flit),  Miss.  In  Dickens’s  “Bleak  House,” 
“a  curious  little  old  woman,”  deranged  by  long 
waiting  for  the  settlement  of  her  suit  in  chan- 
cery. 

Floberge  (flo-barzh').  The  sword  of  Renaud 
de  Montauban. 

Flodden  (flod'n).  A hill  in  Northumberland, 
England,  12  miles  southwest  of  Berwick.  At  its 
base  ou  Sept.  9,  1513,  the  English  (32,000)  under  the  Earl 
of  SurreydefeatedtheScots(30,000)underJamesIV.  The 
loss  of  the  English  was  from  3,000  to  4,000 ; that  of  (he  Scots 
is  variously  given  as  from  5,000  to  12,000.  The  king  and 
many  of  the  nobles  were  among  the  slain. 

Flodoard  016-do-ar'),  orFrodoard  (fro-do-ar'). 
Born  at  Epernay,  France,  894 : died  March  28, 
966.  A French  chronicler  who  was  for  a time 
keeper  of  the  episcopal  archives  at  Rheims. 
He  wrote  a history  of  the  church  of  Rheims,  and  a chroni- 
cle of  France  from  919  to  966. 

Flood  (flud),  Henry.  Born  1732 : died  at  Farm- 
ley,  County  Kilkenny,  Dec.  2,  1791.  An  Irish 
orator  and  politician.  He  entered  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment  in  1759,  and  was  soon  recognized  as  the  leader  of  the 
opposition.  He  joined  the  government  forces  in  1775, 
when  he  was  made  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland  and  given  a 
seat  in  the  Irish  privy  c<  >unciL  Removed  from  these  posts 
in  1781,  he  returned  to  the  opposition,  which  now  followed 
the  lead  of  his  rival  Grattan.  He  subsequently  became  a 
member  of  the  English  Parliament. 

Flor  (flor),  Roger  di.  Died  at  Adrianople,  1306 
(1307  ?).  A military  adventurer.  He  was  the 
second  son  of  a German  falconer  in  the  service  of  the  em- 
peror Frederick  II.,  named  Robert  Blum,  who  adopted  the 
Italian  name  of  Flor  and  married  an  heiress  of  Brindisi. 
He  entered  the  order  of  the  Temple,  but  was  degraded 
from  his  rank  for  misconduct  at  the  siege  of  Acre.  He 
entered  the  pay  of  Frederick  of  Aragon,  king  of  Sicily,  who 
made  him  vice-admiral  of  Sicily,  and  in  whose  service  he 
gained  great  distinction.  In  1302,  at  the  close  of  the  long 
war  which  Frederick  waged  against  the  house  of  Anjou  at 
Naples  for  the  possession  of  Sicily,  he  induced  the  dis- 
charged mercenaries,  mostly  Catalans  and  Aragonese,  to 
enterthe  service  of  the  Byzantine  emperor  Andronicus  II. 
against  the  Turks.  These  troops,  which  constituted  an 
army  of  6,000  men  known  as  the  Catalan  Grand  Com- 
pany, arrived  at  Constantinople  under  his  leadership 
in  1303,  and  in  1304  relieved  Philadelphia,  w hich  was  in- 
vested by  the  Turks.  Roger  married  Maria,  granddaugh- 
ter of  Andronicus  II.,  in  1303,  and  in  1306  was  created 
Csesar.  He  was  assassinated  by  George,  the  general  of 
the  Alan  mercenaries. 

Flora  (flo'ra).  [L.,  from  flos  (flor-),  flower.] 
1.  In  early  Italian  and  Roman  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  flowers  and  spring. — 2.  An  asteroid 
(No.  8)  discovered  by  Hind  at  London,  Oct.  18, 
1847. 

Flora.  A painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Uflizi, 
Florence.  It  is  a portrait  of  a woman,  half  un- 
draped, with  i oosened  hair,  and  flowers  in  her 
hand. 

Flora  McFlimsey.  See  McFlimserj. 

Flora  Temple  (flo'ra  tem'pl).  A bay  trotting 
mare,  foaled  in  1845,  by  a Kentucky  hunter, 
dam  Madame  Temple.  She  held  the  world’s 
trotting  record  of  2:  19f  for  many  years. 
Flordelise,  or  Flordelis  (flor'de-lis).  The  wife 
of  Brandimart,  in  both  Boiardo’s  and  Ariosto’s 
“Orlando.”  She  searches  long  for  him,  rd  after  his 
death  takes  up  her  abode  in  his  tomb,  where  she  lives  till 
her  own  death,  which  soon  occurs. 

Flordespina  (flor-des-pe'na),  or  Flordespine 

(fior'des-pln).  A princess  in  both  Boiardo’s  and 
Ariosto’s  “Orlando.”  She  loves  Bradamant, 
being  deceived  by  her  armor  and  taking  her  for 
a knight. 

Floreal  (flo-ra-al').  [Revolutionary  F.,  from 
"L.  flos  ( flor-),  flower.]  The  name  adopted  by 


Florence 

the  National  Convention  of  the  first  French  re- 
public for  the  eighth  month  of  the  year,  in  the 
years  1 to  7 it  extended  from  April  20  to  May  19  inclusive, 
and  in  the  years  8 to  13  from  April  21  to  May  20. 

Flore  et  Blanchefleur.  An  early  1 rench  met- 
rical romance  of  which  the  theme  is  the  love  of 
a young  Christian  prince  for  a Saracen  slave- 
girl  who  has  been  brought  up  with  him.  she  is 
sold  into  a fresh  captivity  to  remove  her  from  him,  but  he 
follows  her  and  rescues  her  unharmed  from  the  harem  of 
the  Emir  of  Babylon.  (Saint sbury.)  Boccaccio  used  the 
story  in  his  prose  “ II  Filocopo."  Konrad  Fleck  translated 
it  into  German.  There  are  four  English  versions  known, 
none  perfect.  The  Early  English  Text  Society  has  printed 
one  of  them.  Also  known  as  Fleur  et  Blanchefleur. 
Florence  (flor'ens).  [It.  Firenze  and  formerly 
Fioreuza,  F.  Florence,  G.  Florenz,  L.  Florentia , 
flowery  city,  from  florere,  bloom,  flower,  flour- 
ish.] The  capital  of  the  province  of  Florence, 
Italy,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Arno,  at  the 
foot  of  spurs  of  the  Apennines,  in  lat.  43°  46'  4/'' 
N.,long.  11°15'  22"  E. (observatory):  called  “La 
Bella”  ( ‘ tile  beautiful’).  It  is  famous  for  its  art  col- 
lections (Uflizi  and  Pitti  Palace  galleries),  and  the  beauty 
of  its  situation  and  environs,  and  has  been  celebrated  for 
centuries  as  the  leading  center  of  Italian  literature  and  art. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Ponte  Vecchio;  the  Piazza 
della  Signoria,  on  which  are  the  Palazzo  Vecchio  and  the 
Loggia  dei  Lanzi ; the  Piazza  del  Duorao,  with  the  cathe- 
dral, baptistery,  and  campanile ; the  archaeological  mu- 
seum, national  museum,  academy  of  fine  arts,  Dante’s 
monument,  museum  of  San  Marco;  the  palaces  of  the 
Strozzi,  Corsini,  and  others  ; the  Casclne,  Boboli  Gardens, 
and  Square  Michelangelo.  (For  the  principal  churches, 
•see  below.)  The  city  was  the  birthplace  of  Dante,  the  resi- 
dence of  Boccaccio  and  the  Humanists  (Bruni,  Poggio,  etc.), 
and  the  scene  of  the  labors  of  Cimabue,  Gioito,  Gadai, 
Aretino,  Brunelleschi,  Luca  della  Robbia,  Ghiberti,  Dona- 
tello, Lippi,  Ghirlandaio, Fra  Angelico,  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
Raphael,  Michelangelo,  Andrea  del  Sarto,  and  other  dis- 
tinguished artists.  Florence  rose  to  prosperity  in  the  12th 
century,  when  the  inhabitants  of  Fiesole  removed  thither, 
and  in  time  became  a great  commercial  center.  It  was 
the  scene  of  continual  struggles  between  the  Guelphs  and 
Ghibellines  in  the  18th  century.  It  took  the  leading  part 
in  the  Renaissance  movement.  The  Medici  family  be- 
came paramount  under  Cosimo  de’  Medici  in  1434,  and 
Florence  was  at  its  height  under  Lorenzo  de’  Medici,  1469- 
1492,  and  later.  Under  the  lead  of  Savonarola  it  was  a 
“ theocratic  republic  ” about  1495-98.  The  Medici,  ex- 
pelled in  1494,  were  restored  in  1512,  banished  in  1527, 
and  again  restored  in  1530  after  a siege  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  In  1532  they  became  dukes  of  Florence.  In 
1569  the  history  of  Florence  merges  in  that  of  Tuscany,  of 
which  it  was  the  capital.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Italy  1865-71.  The  cathedral  (duomo  of  Santa  Maria 
del  Fiore)  was  begun  by  Arnolfo  di  Cambio  in  1296.  After 
he  had  laid  the  foundations  the  work  was  interrupted  un- 
til 1334  when  the  painter  Giotto  di  Bondone  was  made 
architect.  He  began  the  campanile  and  completed  the 
first  story  with  its  sculpture.  In  1355  Francesco  Talenti 
began  the  reconstruction  of  the  building  on  an  enlarged 
plan.  Under  his  superintendence  a model  was  made  for 
the  dome.  In  1417  the  building  was  completed  to  the 
round  windows  of  the  drum.  The  dome  itself  was  built 
by  the  architect  Bruncllescni,  and  was  completed  in  1461. 
The  cathedral  is  556  feet  in  extreme  length,  342  feet  in  ex- 
treme width,  and  382  feet  in  extreme  height.  The  fa- 
cade was  added  by  De  Fabris  in  1875-87.  The  Church  of 
Santa  Croce,  begun  in  1294  by  Arnolfo,  is  460  feet  long 
and  134  wide.  This  is  the  Pantheon  of  Florence  : among 
its  chief  tombs  are  those  of  Michelangelo  and  Leonardo 
(Bruni)  Aretino.  Church  and  cloister  are  full  of  monu- 
ments of  artistic  or  historic  interest.  Among  the  frescos 
are  some  of  Giotto’s  finest  works,  and  a fine  series  of 
the  Nativity  by  Taddeo  Gaddi.  San  Lorenzo  is  one  of 
the  earliest  of  Renaissance  churches,  begun  in  1425  by 
Brunelleschi.  It  is  famous  for  the  monuments  by  Michel- 
angelo of  Giuliano  andLorenzo  de’  Medici  in  its  Sagrestia 
Nuova.  Each  has  a seated  idealized  statue  of  the  de- 
ceased in  a niche  above,  and  below  a sarcophagus  on 
which  are  two  nude,  half-reclining  figures,  one  male 
and  one  female.  The  figures  on  the  tomb  of  Giuliano 
represent  Day  and  Night ; those  on  that  of  Lorenzo, 
Aurora  and  Twilight.  They  are  of  herculean  propor- 
tions, yet  full  of  repose,  and  rank  among  the  most  famous 
works  of  sculpture.  The  Night  has  been  called  Michel- 
angelo’s masterpiece.  Or  San  Michele  is  a curious  Gothic 
church,  built  in  1284  by  Arnolfo  as  a market  and  granary. 
It  is  in  three  stories,  the  two  upper  one9  being  vaulted 
from  a massive  central  column.  The  open  arcades  of 
the  original  market  were  closed,  and  received  beautiful 
traceried  windows.  Between  the  arcades  are  inserted 
14  niches  in  marble  containing  some  of  the  best  of  Flor- 
entine statues  by  Verrocchio,  Ghiberti,  Donatello,  and 
others.  The  interior  contains  the  splendid  tabernacle  of 
Orcagna  in  white  marble,  and  beautiful  reliefs  illustrating 
the  life  of  the  Virgin  and  the  Virtues.  San  Miniato  al 
Monte  is  a notable  church  rebuilt  in  1013,  and  illustrating 
the  transition  from  the  Roman  basilica  plan  to  the  normal 
Romanesque.  Santa  Maria  Novella  is  a church  of  the  13th 
century,  a fine  example  of  the  Italian  Pointed.  The  cam- 
panile is  lofty,  with  pediments  and  spire.  The  glory  of 
the  church  is  its  frescos  by  Cimabue,  Ghirlandaio,  and 
Orcagna.  The  Church  of  Santa  Maria  del  Carmine 
is  architecturally  of  little  interest  since  the  fire  of  1771, 
but  famous  for  its  Brancacci  chapel  adorned  with  frescos 
by  Masaccio  and  Filippino  Lippi  illustrating  the  stor- 
ies of  Adam  and  Eve  and  of  St.  Peter.  The  Badia  is 
the  church  of  a former  Benedictine  monastery,  rebuilt  in 
the  17th  century  : but  the  exterior  of  the  13th-century 
east  end  remains  almost  perfect.  The  church  contains 
superb  sculptured  tombs  and  other  works  by  Mino  da 
Fiesole.  The  beautiful  campanile  of  Giotto  is  one  of  the 
architectural  ornaments  of  Florence.  The  Bargeilo,  or  the 
palace  of  the  Podesta  of  the  Florentine  Republic,  built  in 
the  13th  century  and  restored  after  a fire  a century  later, 
is  a massive  building  of  hewn  stone.  The  great  rooms 
and  halls  are  splendidly  restored  in  the  style  of  the  14th 


Florence 

century,  and  are  appropriated  to  the  Museo  Nazionale. 
The  Certosa,  or  Carthusian  monastery,  founded  in  1341  by 
Niccolo  Acciajuoli  and  built  by  Orcagna,  but  altered  in  the 
Renaissance,  presents  the  appearance  of  a medieval  for- 
tress. The  church  has  an  inlaid  pavement  of  marble,  good 
frescos,  and  handsome  carved  stalls.  Population,  com- 
mune, 227,000. 

Florence.  The  province  in  the  compartimento 
of  Tuscany,  Italy,  in  which  the  city  of  Florence 
is  situated.  Area,  2,265  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 991,121. 

Florence.  A city  in  Lauderdale  County,  in  the 
northwestern  corner  of  Alabama,  on  the  Ten- 
nessee River.  It  has  iron  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,689,  (1910). 

Florence.  A former  post-village  of  Hampshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  now  a part  of  the  city 
of  Northampton.  It  is  situated  on  the  Mill 
River  and  has  manufactures  of  sewing-silli, 
tooth-brushes,  etc. 

Florence,  Council  of.  See  Ferrara-Ftorence, 
Council  of. 

Florence,  William  Jermyn.  Bom  at  Albany, 
July  26,  1831:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  19, 
1891.  An  American  comedian.  His  family  name 
was  Conlin.  He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the  stage  iu 
1849,  in  Richmond,  as  Tobias  in  “The Stranger,”  and  came 
to  New  York  in  1850.  In  1853  he  married  Malvina  Pray, 
whose  sister  married  Barney  Williams.  He  wrote  several 
Irish  and  Yankee  plays,  and  he  and  his  wife  began  to  ap- 
pear as  stars  in  such  plays,  he  as  an  Irishman  and  she  as  a 
Yankee  girl.  Among  his  best  characters  were  Bob  Brierly 
in  “The  Ticket-of-Leave  Man,”  Obenreizer  in  “No  Thor- 
oughfare,” and  the  Hon.  Bard  well  Slote  in  “The  Mighty 
Dollar.”  For  a time  before  his  death  he  played  with  Joseph 
Jefferson,  acting  Sir  Lucius  O’Trigger  in  “The  Rivals," 
and  Zekiel  Homespun  in  “The  Heir-at-Law.” 

Florence  of  Worcester.  Died  July  7,  1118. 
An  English  chronicler,  a monk  of  Worcester. 
His  (Latin)  “ Chronicle  " (first  printed  in  1592)  is  founded 
on  a chronicle  of  Marianus,  an  Irish  monk,  and  ends  with 
the  year  1117.  It  has  been  translated  by  T.  Forester. 

Florencia  (flo-ren'the-a),  Francisco  de.  Born 
in  Florida,  1620 : died  in  Mexico,  1695.  A Jesuit 
author.  He  was  a well-known  teacher  and  preacher  in 
Mexico,  and  from  1688  was  employed  in  Europe  on  impor- 
tant business  connected  with  his  order.  His  most  impor- 
tant work  is  “Historia  de  la  provincia  de  la  Compafiia  de 
Jesus  de  Nueva  Espafia”  (first  volume  only  published  in 
Mexico,  1694).  He  also  published  numerous  biographical 
and  historical  works. 

Flores  (flo'rez).  In  “The  Beggar’s  Bush,”  by 
Fletcher  and  others,  the  son  of  the  King  of  the 
Beggars.  He  becomes  a rich  merchant  at  Bruges.  He 
appears  also  in  “The  Merchant  of  Bruges,”  an  adaptation 
of  the  “Beggar’s  Bush.” 

Flores  (flo'res).  The  westernmost  of  the  Azores 
Islands.  Its  port,  Santa  Cruz,  is  situated  in  lat. 
39°  27'  N.,  long.  31°  9'  W. 

Flores,  or  Floris  (flo'ris) : native  name  of  west- 
ern part,  Mangerai  (man-ga-ra'e) ; of  eastern 
part,  Ende  (en'da).  One  of  the  smaller  islands 
of  the  East  India  Archipelago,  lying  south  of 
Celebes  and  east  of  Sumoawa.  There  is  a Dutch 
settlement,  Larantuca,  on  the  eastern  coast.  Area,  about 
6,000  square  miles.  Population  (chiefly  Malay),  estimated, 
250,000. 

Flores  (flo'raz),  Antonio.  Born  in  Quito,  1833. 
An  Ecuadorian  statesman.  He  has  been  prominent 
in  Congress,  has  held  numerous  important  diplomatic 
posts,  and  as  a soldier  has  taken  part  in  various  civil  wars, 
generally  on  the  side  of  good  government.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  Ecuador  1888-92. 

Flores,  Cirilo.  Born  in  1779 : died  at  Quezal- 
tenango,Oct.  13, 1826.  A Guatemalan  politician. 
He  was  a liberal  leader,  president  of  the  constituent  as- 
sembly 1823,  and  vice-president  under  Juan  Barrundia, 
Sept.,  1824.  By  the  imprisonment  of  Barrundia,  Sept.  6, 
1826,  he  became  acting  president  of  Guatemala,  but  was 
soon  after  murdered  by  a mob  of  religious  fanatics. 

Flores,  Juan  Jos6.  Born  at  Puerto  Cabello, 
Venezuela,  July  19,  1800:  died  in  Ecuador, 
1864.  A Spanish- American  general  and  states- 
man. He  was  elected  the  first  president  of  Ecuador  in 
1830.  In  1835  he  was  succeeded  by  Rocafuerte,  but  con- 
tinued virtually  to  rule  as  commander  of  the  army,  and 
was  reelected  president  in  1839  and  again  in  1843.  In  1840 
and  1841  he  assisted  the  government  of  New  Granada 
against  the  revolutionists,  taking  the  field  in  Pasto  ; and 
he  suppressed  many  revolts  in  Ecuador  during  his  differ- 
ent terms.  In  1845  fresh  revolts  broke  out,  and,  though 
the  insurgents  were  beaten,  General  Flores  found  it  pru- 
dent to  resign.  He  left  the  country,  and  only  returned  in 
1863  to  take  part  in  the  war  against  the  dictator  Franco. 
After  Franco’s  overthrow  Flores  accepted  the  office  of  vice- 
president,  and  in  1864  commanded  the  army  for  the  sup- 
pression of  a rebellion  incited  by  Franco. 

Flores,  Venancio.  Born  in  1809:  assassinated 
at  Montevideo,  Feb.  19,  1868.  An  Uruguayan 
general  and  politician.  He  was  a leader  of  the  party 
called  “ Colorados  ” in  the  revolt  against  Oribe  in  1863. 
He  was  elected  president  March,  1854 : hut  Oribe  com- 
menced a counter-revolt  Sept.,  1855,  and  in  the  end  both 
Oribe  and  Mores  resigned  their  claims  to  prevent  further 
war.  Flores  retired  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  was  an  offi- 
cer under  Mitre.  Returning  in  April,  1863,  he  led  the  Colo- 
rados in  a revolt  against  President  Berro  and  his  successor 
Aguirre.  Brazil,  having  declared  war  against  Aguirre,  sup- 


397 

ported  Flores,  and  in  1865  Aguirre  was  forced  to  resign. 
Flores  was  made  provisional  governor,  and  in  1866  was 
elected  president  of  Uruguay.  He  joined  Brazil  and  the 
Argentine  Republic  in  the  war  against  Paraguay,  taking 
personal  command  of  his  troops  in  the  campaigns  of  1865 
and  1866. 

Flores  Sea.  That  part  of  tbe  ocean  lying  south 
of  Celebes  and  north  of  the  chain  of  islands 
from  Flores  to  Timor  inclusive. 

Florestan  (llor'es-tan),  Fernando.  In  Beetho- 
ven’s opera  “ Fidelio,”  the  husband  of  Leonora. 
To  save  him  she  disguises  herself  as  a boy, 
Fidelio. 

Florestine  (flo-res-ten').  The  goddaughter  of 
Count  Alma  viva  in  Molibre’s  comedy  “ La  mere 
coupable.” 

Florez  (flo'reth),  Enrique.  Born  at  Valladolid, 
Spain,  Feb.  14,  1701 : died  at  Madrid,  Aug.  20, 
1773.  A Spanish  historian  and  antiquarian. 
His  chief  work  is  “Espafia  sagrada,  teatro  geogr&fico- 
histdrico  de  la  iglesia  de  Espafia  ” (1747-73). 

Florian  (flo'ri-an),  Saint.  Born  in  Austria, 
about  190:  martyred  by  drowning  in  the  Enns 
near  Loreh,  230.  A German  martyr  who  be- 
came about  1183  the  patron  saint  of  Poland. 
His  feast  is  celebrated  May  4. 

Florian  (flo-ryon'),  Jean  Pierre.  Claris  de. 
Born  at  the  Chateau  de  Florian,  near  Anduze, 
Gard,  France,  March  6,  1755 : died  at  Sceaux, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  13, 1794.  A French  romancer, 
dramatist,  and  fabulist.  His  works  include  “Fables  ” 
(1792),  the  romances  “Galatbe  ” (1783b  “ Numa  Pompilius  " 
(1786),  etc. 

Florian’s.  A celebrated  caf  6 in  V enice.  it  is  on 
the  piazza  of  St.  Marco,  and  is  named  from  its  founder,  Flo- 
riano.  It  is  about  two  hundred  years  old.  It  is  now  the 
rendezvous  chiefly  of  strangers  in  Venice,  but  was  formerly 
the  headquarters  of  the  most  illustrious  men  of  the  city 
and  of  Italy. 

Florida  (flor'i-da).  [From  Sp.  Florida  (pron. 
flo-re'Da),  a name  given  to  the  country  by  Ponce 
de  Leon  because  he  discovered  it  on  Easter  day, 
called  in  Spanish  Pascua  florida  or  de  flores, 
flowery  Easter;  or,  as  some  say,  on  account 
of  the  profusion  of  flowers  he  saw  (‘flowery 
land’).]  The  southeasternmost  State  of  the 
United  States,  capital  Tallahassee,  bounded 
by  Georgia  and  Alabama  on  the  north,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Florida  Strait  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  Alabama  on  the  west,  it  consists  chiefly 
of  a peninsula.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The  lead- 
ing products  are  corn,  tobacco,  timber,  oranges,  and  other 
semi-tropical  fruits.  It  has  had  a great  recent  develop- 
ment as  a winter  health-resort.  The  State  has  48  counties, 
sends  2 senators  and  4 representatives  to  Congress,  and  has 
6 electoral  votes.  It  was  discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon  in 
1513  ; settled  by  Huguenots  in  1562,  and  permanently  set- 
tled by  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine  in  1565 ; and  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763,  to  Spain  in  1783,  and  to  the  United 
States  in  1819.  The  Americans  took  possession  in  1821.  It. 
was  the  theater  of  the  Seminole  wars.  The  State  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union  in  1845,  seceded  Jan.  10,  1861,  and  was 
readmitted  in  1868.  Area,  58,680  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 752,619,  (1910). 

Florida.  The  first  of  the  commerce-destroyers 
built  in  England  for  the  Confederate  govern- 
ment. She  left  Liverpool  March  22, 1862,  and  received 
her  armament  at  the  Bahamas  Aug.  7.  Her  battery  con- 
sisted of  2 seven-inch  and  6 six-inch  guns.  She  ran  the 
blockade  into  Mobile  Sept.  4,  1862,  and  out  Jan.  16,  1803. 
Her  cruising-ground  extended  from  New  York  to  Bahia, 
Brazil.  On  Oct.  7,  1864,  in  the  harbor  of  Bahia,  in  viola- 
tion of  the  rights  of  neutrals  and  under  the  guns  of  a Bra- 
zilian corvette,  she  was  captured  by  the  Wachusett  (sister 
ship  to  the  Kearsarge),  commanded  by  Captain  Napoleon 
Collins.  She  was  taken  to  Hampton  Roads,  where  she  was 
afterward  sunk  by  a collision, 

Florida-Blanca  (flo-re'Da-blan'ka),  Count  of 
(Jos6  Monino).  Born  at  Murcia,  Spain,  1728: 
died  at  Seville,  Spain,  Nov.  20, 1808.  A Spanish 
statesman,  premier  1777-92. 

Florida  Keys  (flor'i-da  kez).  A group  of  small 
islands  and  reefs  south  of  Florida,  extending  in 
a crescent-shaped  chain  from  near  Oape  Florida 
to  the  Dry  Tortugas.  They  belong  to  Monroe 
and  Dade  counties,  Florida. 

Florida  Strait.  A sea  passage  separating  Flor- 
ida from  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas,  and  connect- 
ing the  Gulf  of  Mexico  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Gulf  Stream. 

Floridia  (flo-re'de-a).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Syracuse,  Sicily,  7 miles  west  of  Syracuse. 
Population,  12,067. 

Florimel  (flor'i-mel).  1.  Iu  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene,”  a chaste  and  “goodly’  lady,  represent- 
ing the  complete  charm  of  womanhood.  A coun- 
terfeit Florimel  was  made  of  snow,  mixed  with  “ fine  mer- 
cury and  virgin  wax,”  by  a witch.  It  was  impossible  to  tell 
the  real  from  the  false  Florimel.  The  latter  created  much 
mischief  till  the  enchantment  was  dissolved  and  she  melted 
into  nothingness.  The  real  Florimel  loved  Marinel,  but 
her  love  was  not  returned.  He  finally,  however,  relented 
and  married  her.  The  real  Florimel  had  a girdle,  the  ces- 
tns  of  Venus,  lost  by  her  when  she  yielded  to  Mars.  It 
could  be  worn  by  no  woman  who  was  unchaste. 


Flower,  Roswell  Pettibone 

2.  The  principal  character  in  Fletcher  and  Row- 
ley’s “ Maid  in  the  Mill.”  To  disgust  an  unwelcome 
lover  who  decoys  her  to  his  house,  she  assumes  the  role 
of  an  abandoned  woman.  She  is  rescued,  and  her  inno- 
cence is  proved. 

3.  In  Dryden’s  play  “The  Maiden  Queen,”  a 
maid  of  honor  and  a saucy  flirt.  This  was  one 
of  Nell  Gwyn’s  best  characters.  See  Celadon. 

Florinda  (flo-rin'dii).  The  principal  female 
character  in  Sheil’s  tragedy  “The  Apostate.” 
Florinda.  In  Spanish  tradition,  the  daughter  of 
Count  J ulian,  the  governor  of  Ceuta.  See  Mian. 
Florio  (flo'ri-6),  John.  Born  at  London  about 
1553 : died  at  Fulham,  near  London,  1625.  An 
English  lexicographer  and  author,  son  of  an 
Italian  who  settled  in  England.  He  published 
“ First  Fruits,  etc.  “(dialogues  in  English  and  Italian,  1578), 
“ Second  Fruits,  etc.”  (mainly  dialogues,  1591),  and  an 
Italian-English  dictionary  called  “A  Worlde  of  Wordes" 
(1598),  which  was  issuedagain,  revised  and  enlarged,  under 
the  title  “Queen  Anna’s  New  World  of  Words  ” (1611).  He 
also  translated  Montaigne’s  “ Essays  ” (1603). 

Floripes.  In  the  Charlemagne  romances,  the 
sister  of  Sir  Fierabras,  and  wife  of  Guy,  the 
nephew  of  Charlemagne. 

Floris  (flo'ris)  (De  Vriendt),  Frans.  Bom  at 
Antwerp  about  1520:  died  at  Antwerp,  Oct.  1, 
1570.  A Flemish  painter. 

Florismart  (flor'is-mart).  One  of  Charle- 
magne’s peers,  the  friend  of  Roland . 

Florizel  ( flor'i-zel).  1 . The  Prince  of  Bohemia, 
in  love  with  Perdita,  in  Shakspere’s  “ Winter’s 
Tale.”  SeeDorastus. — 2.  Anickname  of  George 
IV.,  from  the  fact  that  he  assumed  this  name, 
when  Prince  of  Wales,  in  his  letters  to  Mrs. 
Robinson,  an  actress  who  had  made  a hit  in 
the  part  of  Perdita. 

Florizel,  or  Florisel,  de  ITiquea.  One  of  the 

supplemental  parts  of  the  romance  “Amadis 
of  Gaul,”  by  Feliciano  de  Silva.  Florizel  is  the 
son  of  Amadis  of  Greece  and  Niquea. 

Florizel  and  Perdita.  A stage  adaptation , by 
Garrick,  of  Shakspere’s  “Winter’s  Tale.”  It 
was  produced  Jan.  21,  1756.  Garrick  played 
Leontes.  . 

Floras  (flo'rus).  Lived  at  the  beginning  of  the 
2d  century  a.  D.  A Roman  historian,  author 
of  ai>  abridgment  of  Roman  history  to  the 
time  of  Augustus  (“Epitome  de  gestis  Romano- 
rum”),  founded  chiefly  on  Livy.  He  has  been 
(incorrectly?)  identified  with  the  rhetorician 
and  poet  P.  Annius  Floras. 

Floras,  sumamed  Magister  and  Diaconus. 
Died  about  860.  A Roman  Catholic  theologian . 
He  was  head  of  the  cathedral  school  at  Lyons.  He  at- 
tacked Johannes  Scotus  Erigena  in  a work  entitled  “Ad- 
versus  J.  S.  Erigena:  erroneas  deflnitiones  liber.  ’’  Among 
his  other  works  is  a volume  of  miscellaneous  poems  enti- 
tled “Carmina  varia.” 

Floras,  Gessius.  A Roman  procurator  of  Judea. 
He  was  a native  of  Clazomeme,  and  was  appointed  in  64 
or  65  A.  D.  through  the  influence  of  his  wife  Cleopatra 
with  the  empress  Poppsea.  His  rapacity  and  cruelty  pro- 
voked the  last  rebellion  of  the  Jews,  which  resulted  in 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus  in  the  year  70. 

Flotow  (flo'to),  Friedrich  von.  Born  at 
Teutendorf,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Germany, 
April  26,  1812:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Germany, 
Jan.  23,  1883.  A German  composer  of  operas. 
His  works  include  “Alessandro  Stradella”  (1837 : rewritten 
1844),  “Le  Naufrage  de  la  Mfiduse ” (1839),  “Martha, 
oder  der  Markt  zu  Richmond"  (1847),  “India”  (1853), 
“L’Ombre " (1869  : reproduced  in  London  as  “The  Phan- 
tom ’’). 

Flourens  (flo-roh'),  Gustave.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  4,  1838:  killed  at  Rueil,  near  Paris,  April 
3,  1871.  A French  social  democrat  and  politi- 
cal writer,  son  of  M.  J.  P.  Flourens : a member 
of  the  Commune  in  1871. 

Flourens,  Leopold  Emile.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
27,  1841.  A French  politician,  son  of  Marie  Jean 
Pierre  Flourens.  He  was  director  of  public  worship 
1879-81  and  1882-85,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1886-88. 

Flourens,  Marie  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  Mau- 
reilhan,  Heraiilt,  France,  April  15,  1794:  died 
at  Montgeron,  near  Paris,  Dec.  6,  1867.  A cele- 
brated French  physiologist.  He  became  professor 
of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Royal  Botanical  Garden  in 
Paris  in  1830,  and  in  1832  at  the  museum.  In  1833  he 
became  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  in  1840  was  elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy. 
His  works  include  “ Experiences  sur  le  systfeme  nerveux  ” 
(1825),  “De  la  longbvite  "(1864),  etc. 

Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces;  or,  the 

Wedlock,  Death,  and  Marriage  of  Advocate 
Siebenkiis.  A work  by  J,  P.  F.  Richter,  pub- 
lished 1796-97. 

Plower,  Roswell  Pettibone.  Born  at  Theresa, 
Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  7,  1835:  died  at 
Eastport,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  May  12,  1899.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  New  York  1881-83  and  1889-91,  and  was 
governor  of  New  York  1891-94. 


Flower,  Sir  William  Henry 

Flower,  Sir  William  Henry.  Born  at  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon, Nov.  30,  1831:  died  at  London, 
July  1, 1899.  A distinguished  English  zoologist. 
He  studied  medicine  at  University  College,  London,  served 
as  an  army  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Crimean  war,  and,  re* 
turning  to  London,  held  various  official  positions  till,  in 
1881,  lie  was  appointed  director  o £ the  natural  history  de- 
partment of  the  British  Museum,  now  located  at  South 
Kensington.  He  was  made  K.  C.  B.  in  1892.  He  wrote  “Os- 
teology of  the  Mammalia,"  and  many  scientific  memoirs. 

Flower  and  the  Leaf,  The.  A poem  added  by 
Speght  to  his  edition  of  Chaucer  (1598).  it 
professes  to  be  written  by  a gentlewoman  who  pays  hom- 
age to  the  “worth  that  wears  the  laurel.”  It  is  believed 
from  internal  evidence  not  to  he  Chaucer  s.  There  were  two 
pieces  on  this  subject  written  by  Eustache  Deschamps,  the 
nephew  of  Machault,  sometimes  attributed  to  the  latter. 
Dryden  produced  a version  of  “The  Flower  and  the  Leaf,” 
but  it  lacks  the  simplicity  and  concentrated  feeling  of  the 
earlier  poem. 

Flower  of  Courtesy,  The.  A poem  attributed 
to  Chaucer  by  Thynne,  assigned  by  Stow  to 
Lydgate. 

Flower  of  Kings,  The.  A surname  of  King 
Arthur. 

Flowery  Kingdom,  The.  China  (which  see). 
Floyd  (floid),  John  Buchanan.  [The  surname 
Floyd , like  Find,  Fludd,  is  another  form  of  the 
Welsh  name  Lloyd .]  Bom  in  Pulaski  County, 
Va.,  1807 : died  at  Abingdon,  Va.,  Aug.  26, 1863. 
An  American  politician  and  Confederate  gen- 
eral. He  was  governor  of  Virginia  1850-53;  wasappointed 
secretary  of  war  in  1857  and  resigned  in  Dec.,  I860;  com- 
manded at  Fort  Donelson,  escaped  Feb.  16,  1862,  and  was 
relieved  of  his  command. 

Floyd, William.  Born  in  Suffolk  County,  N.Y., 
Dee.  17, 1734:  died  at  Western,  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1821.  An  American  politician, 
a signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Floyer  (floi'er),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Hintes, 
Staffordshire,  1649:  died  at  Lichfield,  Feb.  1, 
1734.  An  English  physician  and  author.  He 
wrote  “Treatise  on  the  Asthma”  (1698),  “4>appaxo-Bdo-a- 
l os  ’’  (1687,  1690),  etc.  Several  of  his  works  were  “ printed 
for  ’’  the  father  of  Hr.  Samuel  Johnson. 

Fludd  (flud),  or  Flud,  Robert.  Born  at  Bear- 
sted,  Kent,  1574:  died  at  London,  Sept.  8, 1637. 
An  English  physician  and  mystical  philosopher. 
He  wrote  several  treatises  in  defense  of  the 
fraternity  of  the  Rosy  Cross. 

Fliielen  (flii'e-len).  A lake  port  in  1 h»‘  canton 
of  Uri,  Switzerland,  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  Lake  Lucerne,  on  the  St.  Gotthard  Railway. 
Fluellen  (flo-el'en).  [Another  form  of  the  W. 
Llewelyn .]  In  Shakspere’s  “ Henry  V.,”  a pe- 
dantic but  courageous  Welsh  captain. 

Fliigel  (flii'gel),  Gustav  Lebrecht.  Born  at 
Bautzen,  Saxony,  Feb.  18,  1802:  died  at  Dres- 
den, July  5,  1870.  A German  Orientalist.  He 
catalogued  the  Oriental  manuscripts  in  the  Vienna  library. 
His  chief  work  is  an  edition  of  the  dictionary  of  Haji- 
Khalfa  (1835-58). 

Fliigel,  Johann  Gottfried.  Born  at  Barby, 
near  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  22,  1788:  died 
at  Leipsic,  June  24,  1855.  A German  lexicog- 
rapher. He  was  lector  of  English  at  the  University  of 
Leipsic,  and  consul  of  the  United  States  in  that  city.  His 
c hief  work  is  a “Complete  English-German  and  German- 
English  Dictionary  ” (1830). 

Flume  (flom).  The.  A gorge  in  the  Franconia 
Mountains,  in  Lincoln,  Grafton  County,  New 
Hampshire,  noted  for  its  picturesqueness.  At 
one  point  it  is  only  about  10  feet  in  width. 
Flushing  (flush  'ing).  [Dutch  Vlissingen,  F. 
Flessinguc. ] A seaport  and  sea-bathing  resort 
in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  on  the 
southern  coast  of  the  island  of  Walcheren,  sit- 
uated at  the  mouth  of  the  West  Schelde  in  lat. 
51°  27'  N.,  long.  3°  36'  E.  A line  of  steamers  plies 
between  Flushing  and  Queenborough  in  England.  It 
took  a leading  part  in  the  war  of  independence  (1572),  and 
was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  British  in  1809.  Popu- 
lation, 18,893. 

Flushing.  A village  and  town  in  Queens 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  on 
Flushing  Bay,  Long  Island  Sound.  It  has  been 
incorporated  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Popu- 
lation, about  16,500,  (1910). 

Flute  (flot).  In  Shakspere’s  “ Midsummer 
Night’s  Dream,”  a bellows-mender.  He  plays 
the  part  of  Thisbe  in  the  interpolated  play. 
Flutter  (flut'er).  In  Mrs.  Cowley’s  comedy 
“ The  Belle’s  Stratagem,”  a good-natured,  irre- 
sponsible beau,  devoted  to  telling  gossiping 
stories  about  which  he  remembers  correctly 
everything  except  the  facts. 

Flutter,  Sir  Fopling.  In  Etherege’s  com- 
edy ‘ ‘ The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fopling  Flut- 
ter,” an  affected  and  fashionable  fop.  He  is  in- 
tended to  imitate  Hewit,  the  reigning  exquisite  of  the 
hour.  According  to  his  own  account,  a complete  gentle- 
man " ought  to  dress  well,  dance  well,  fence  well,  have  a 
genius  for  love  lett  ers,  an  agreeable  voice  for  a chamber,  be 
very  amorous,  something  discreet,  but  not  over-constant.” 


398 

Fly  (fll).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “ The  New 
Inn,”  a parasite  of  the  inn.  He  had  been  a stroll- 
ing  gipsy,  but  was  promoted  to  be  “inflamer  of  reckon- 
ings " for  the  landlord  — a euphemism  for  making  out 
the  bills. 

Fly.  A large  river  in  the  southern  part  of  New 
Guinea,  which  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Papua. 
It  rises  in  Victor  Emmanuel  Mts.,  and  is  navi- 
gable for  upward  of  600  miles. 

Flygare.  See  Car/e'n. 

Flying  Childers  (fli'ing  chil'derz).  A bay 
race-horse,  a descendant  of  Darley’s  Arabian, 
foaled  in  England  about  1715.  He  was  never 
beaten. 

Flying  Dutchman,  The.  1.  In  the  supersti- 
tions qf  seamen,  a spectral  ship  supposed  to 
haunt  the  seas  in  stormy  weather  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  There  are  various  legends  as  to 
the  reason  why  it  can  never  enter  port.  See  Vanderdecken. 
2.  See  Fliegende  Hollander,  Der. 

Flying-fish,  The.  See  Piscis  Yolans. 

Fochabers  (foch'a-berz).  A village  in  Moray- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Spey  10  miles 
east-southeast  of  Elgin.  It  has  an  important  edu- 
cational  institution,  and  Gordon  Castle,  the  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon,  is  in  the  neighborhood. 

Fcedera.  [L.,  ‘ Treaties.’]  A work,  edited  by 
Thomas  Rymer,  intended  to  contain  all  the  ex- 
isting documents  relating  to  alliances  and  state 
transactions  between  England  and  other  coun- 
tries from  1101  to  the  time  of  publication.  He 

died  after  having  issued  15  volumes(1704-13).but  left  mate- 
rial down  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  This  was 
edited  by  his  assistant,  Robert  Sanderson,  who  issued  two 
volumes  in  1715-17,  and  the  last  three  in  1726-35.  This 
brought  it  down  to  1654.  The  complete  title  is  “ Fcedera, 
Conventioues,  Literse,  et  cujuscumque  generis  Acta  Pub- 
lica  inter  Reges  Anglise  et  alios  quosvis  Imperatores,  Re- 
ges,  Pontifices,  Principes,  vel  communitates,  ab  ineunte 
Sseculo  Duodecimo,  viz.  ab  anno  1101,  ad  nostra  usque 
Tempora  habita  aut  tractata.”  It  is  usually  known  as 
“Rymer’s  Foedera.”  See  Rymer. 

Fogaras  (fo'go-rosh).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Fogaras,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Aluta  in  lat.  45°  47'  N.,  long.  24°  54'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,457. 

Fogelberg  (fo'gel-berG),  Bengt  Erland.  Born 

at  Gothenburg,  Sweden,  Aug.  8,  1786 : died  at 
Triest,  Austria-Hungary,  Dee.  22,  1854.  A Swe- 
dish sculptor.  His  subjects  were  taken  chiefly 
from  Scandinavian  and  Greek  mythology. 

Foggia  (fod'jii).  1.  A province  in  the  com- 
partiinento  of  Apulia,  Italy,  lying  along  the 
Adriatic.  Former  name,  Capitanata.  Area, 
2,688  square  miles.  Population,  454,095. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Foggia,  situated 
in  the  Apulian  plain  in  lat.  41°  28'  N.,  long.  15° 
32'  E.  It  has  a cathedral,  built  about  the  end  of  the  12th 
century.  Here  Manfred,  regent  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  assisted 
by  the  Saracens,  defeated  the  papal  troops,  Dec.  2,  1254. 
Population,  commune,  53,151. 

Foggo  (fog'o),  James.  Born  at  London,  June 
11,  1789  : died  there,  Sept.  14, 1860.  A British 
historical  painter. 

Fogo  (fo'go).  A volcanic  island  of  the  Cape 
Verd  group,  intersected  by  lat.  15°  N.,  long. 
24°  30'  W. 

F6hr  (fer).  One  of  the  North  Frisian  Islands, 
situated  in  the  North  Sea  40  miles  west-north- 
west of  Schleswig,  belonging  to  the  province 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia. 

Foible  (foi'bl).  In  Congreve’s  comedy  “The 
Way  of  the  World,”  the  intriguing  waiting- 
woman  of  Lady  Wishfort. 

Foigard  (fwa-gar').  In  Farquhar’s  “Beaux’ 
Stratagem,”  a vulgar  Irishman  who  pretends 
to  be  a French  priest  to  further  his  villainies. 
He  is  discovered  by  his  brogue.  After  the  first  repre- 
sentations the  part  of  Count  Bellair  was  cut  out,  and  his 
words  were  added  to  the  part  of  Foigard. 

Foix  (fwa).  [From  L.  Fuxum .]  An  ancient 
government  of  southern  France,  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  department  of  Ariege.  it  formed 
a countship  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  ruled  by  the 
Foix  family  from  the  11th  century.  It  was  annexed  to  Na- 
varre in  1484,  and  passed  to  France  with  Navarre  in  1589. 

Foix.  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Ari&ge, 
France,  on  the  Ariege  44  miles  south  of  Tou- 
louse: formerly  the  capital  of  the  county  of  Foix. 
It  has  a picturesque  castle.  Population,  com- 
mune, 6,750. 

Foix,  Gaston,  Comte  de:  surnamed  Phoebus. 
Born  1331:  died  1391.  Count  of  Foix  1343-91. 
He  derived  his  surname  either  from  the  beauty  of  his  per- 
son or  fi  om  a golden  sun  which  he  bore  in  his  escutcheon. 
He  fought  against  the  English  in  1345,  and  assisted  in  the 
rescue  of  the  royal  princesses  from  the  Jacquerie  at  Maux 
in  1358.  He  maintained  a splendid  court,  which  has  been 
described  by  Froissart,  and  was  passionately  fond  of  the 
chase,  on  the  subject  of  which  he  wrote  a treatise  known 
as  “Miroir  de  Phehus  des  dOduicts  de  la  chasse,  etc.” 

Foix,  Gaston  de  (1489-1512).  See  Nemours, 
Due  de. 

Foix,  Paul  de.  Born  1528 : died  at  Rome,  May 


Follen,  Karl 

15,  1584.  A French  diplomatist  and  prelate, 
made  archbishop  of  Toulouse  in  1576.  He  was 
ambassador  at  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England 
1561-65,  negotiating  the  treaty  of  Troyes.  Later  he  at- 
tempted to  negotiate  a marriage  between  Elizabeth  and 
the  Duke  of  Anjou.  From  1579  until  his  death  he  was 
ambassador  at  Rome.  Some  of  his  diplomatic  letters 
have  been  published. 

Foix,  Raymond  Roger,  Comte  de.  Ruled 
1188-1223.  He  accompanied  Philip  Augustus  to  the 
Holy  Land  in  1190.  He  afterward  supported  Raymond 
of  Toulouse  and  the  Albigenses  against  the  Crusaders 
under  Simon  de  Montfort. 

Foix,  Roger  Bernard,  Comte  de:  surnamed 
“The  Great.”  Ruled  1223—41,  son  of  Raymond 
Roger.  He  continued  the  alliance  of  his  father  with  the 
house  of  Toulouse  against  the  Crusaders  in  the  wars  of  the 
Albigenses.  He  was  in  1229  forced  to  make  his  submis- 
sion to  the  crown,  which  had  taken  up  the  cause  of  the 
Crusaders.  He  eventually  assumed  the  monastic  habit, 
and  died  in  the  abbey  of  Bolbone. 

Foix,  Roger  Bernard,  Comte  de.  Ruled  1265- 
1303.  He  was  noted  as  a troubadour.  He  carried  on 
unsuccessful  wars  against  Philip  III.  of  France  and  Peter 
III.  of  Aragon,  and  became  involved  in  a feud  with  the 
house  of  Armagnac. 

Foker  (fo'ker),  Harry.  In  Thackeray’s  novel 
“Pendennis,”  a school  friend  of  Arthur  Pen- 
dennis. 

Fokien.  See  Fuhkien. 

Fokshani  (fok-shii'ne).  A city  in  Rumania, 
situated  on  the  river  Milkov  in  lat.  45°  45'  N., 
long.  27°  10'  E.  Here  the  Austrians  and  Russians  un- 
der Coburg  and  Suvaroft  defeated  the  Turks,  July  31,  1789. 
Population,  24,652. 

Folard  (fo-lar'),  Jean  Charles,  Chevalier  de. 
Born  at  Avignon,  France,  Feb.  13,  1669:  died 
at  Avignon,  March  23, 1752.  A French  soldier 
and  military  writer.  He  wrote  “ Histoire  de  Polybe 
avec  commentaires  ” (1727-30 : best  edition  1753),  “ Nou- 
velles  d^couvertes  sur  la  guerre  ” (1T24),  etc. 

Foldvar  (feld'var).  See  Duna-Foldvar. 
Folengo  (fo-len'go),  Teofilo:  pseudonym  Mer- 
lino  Coccajo.  Born  at  Cipada,  a former  vil- 
lage near  Mantua,  Italy,  Nov.  8,  1491 : died  at 
Santa  Croce  di  Campese,  near  Bassano,  Dec.  9, 
1544.  An  Italian  poet,  especially  noted  as  an 
early  and  successful  cultivator  of  macaronic 
verse.  He  became  a Benedictine  at  sixteen  years  of  age, 
hut  abandoned  the  order  for  a wandering  and  licentious 
life  in  1515,  returning  to  it  later. 

Foley  (fo'li),  John  Henry.  Born  at  Dublin, 
May  24,  1818:  died  at  Hampstead,  near  Lon- 
don, Aug.  27,  1874.  An  Irish  sculptor.  Among 
his  more  notable  statues  are  those  of  Egeria  and  Caracta- 
cus,  and  the  equestrian  statues  of  Canning,  Hardinge,  and 
Outram. 

Folgefond  (lol'ge-fon).  A plateau  of  ice  and 
snow  in  southwestern  Norway,  near  the  Har- 
danger  Fjord,  in  lat.  60°  N.  Height,  3,000- 
5,000  feet. 

Folger  (fol'jer),  Charles  James.  Born  at  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  April  16,  1818:  died  at  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1884.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician . He  was  judge  of  the  New  York  Court  of  Ap- 
peals 1871-81,  and  was  secretary  of  the  United  States  trea- 
sury 1881-84,  under  President  Arthur.  He  was  defeated  as 
candidate  for  governor  of  New  York  in  1882  (by  Cleve- 
land) by  a majority  of  nearly  200,000. 

Foligno  (fo-len'yo),  or  Fuligno  (fo-len'yo).  A 
cathedral  town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy, 
19  miles  southeast  of  Perugia : the  ancient  Ful- 
ginium  or  Fulginia.  Population,  9,511. 

Folio  (fo'lio),  Tom.  The  name  in  the  “ Tatler,” 
No.  158,  under  which  Addison  is  said  to  have 
introduced  Thomas  Rawlinson. 
Foliot(fol'i-ot),  Gilbert.  Died  in  1187.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate.  After  having  been  successively  prior  of 
Cluny,  prior  (?)  of  Abbeville,  and  abbot  of  Gloucester,  he 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1147,  and  in  1163  was 
translated  to  the.see  of  London.  He  was  a favorite  of  Henry 
II.  and  a bitter  opponent  of  the  primate  Thomas  Becket, 
by  whom  he  was  twice  excommunicated. 

Folkes  (folks),  Martin.  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
29,  1690:  died  June  28,  1754.  An  English  anti- 
quary, and  writer  on  numismatics. 
Folkestone,  or  Folkstone  (fok'ston).  A sea- 
port and  watering-place  in  Kent,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Strait  of  Dover  7 miles  west-south- 
west of  Dover.  It  is  the  terminus  of  a steam-packet 
route  to  Boulogne.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Dr.  William 
Harvey.  Population,  30,650. 

Follati.  See  Atfalali. 

Follen  (fol'len),  Latinized  Follenius  (fo-le'ni- 
us),  August,  later  Adolf  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Giessen,  Germany,  Jan.  21,  1794:  died  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  Dec.  26,  1855.  A German  poet. 
He  edited  “Bildersaal  deutscher  Diehtung” 
(1828-29). 

Follen,  Karl.  Born  at  Romrod,  Upper  Hesse. 
Germany,  Sept.  3,  1795:  lost  in  Long  Isl- 
and Sound,  Jan.  13,  1840.  A German-Amer- 
ican  clergyman  and  writer,  brother  of  A.  L. 
Follen.  He  was  driven  from  Germany,  and  finally  from 


Follen,  Karl 


399 


Switzerland,  on  political  grounds,  and  in  1830  became  pro- 
fessor of  German  at  Harvard  College.  He  perished  in  the 
burning  of  a Sound  steamer. 

Folles  Avoines.  See  Menominee. 

Follett  (fol'et),  Sir  William  Webb.  Born  at 
Topsham,  near  Exeter,  England,  Dec.  2,  1798: 
died  at  London,  June  28, 1845.  An  English  ju- 
rist. He  was  solicitor-general  1 834-55  and  1841— 
1844,  and  attorney-general  1844-15. 

Folliott,  Dr.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Peacock’s  “Crotchet  Castle.” 

Folly  wit  (fol'  i-wit).  A gay  young  prodigal 
whose  tricks  upon  his  grandfather,  Sir  Bounte- 
ous Progress,  form  the  plot  of  Middleton’s 
comedy  “ A Mad  World,  My  Masters.” 

Fomalhaut  (fo'mal-o).  [Ar.  fum  al-hiit,  mouth 
of  the  fish.]  The  name  in  general  use  for  the 
1.3  magnitude  star  a Piscis  Australis. 

Fonblanque  (fon-blangk'),  Albany.  Born  at 
London,  1793:  died  there,  Oct.  13,  1872.  An 
English  journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the  London 
“Examiner,"  and  his  “England  under  Seven  Administra- 
tions " (1837)  is  a collection  of  the  best  of  his  articles  pub- 
lished originally  in  that  newspaper. 

Fonblanque,  JohnSamuel  Martin  de  Grenier. 

Bom  at  London,  March,  1787 : died  at  London, 
Nov.  3,  1865.  An  English  soldier  and  lawyer, 
brother  of  Albany  Fonblanque.  He  took  part  m 
the  War  of  1812,  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Washing- 
ton, and  was  taken  prisoner  at  New  Orleans.  He  wrote, 
with  J.  A.  Paris,  “Medical  Jurisprudence”  (1823). 

Fond  du  Lac  (fondulak).  [F.,  ‘foot  of  the 
lake.’]  A city  and  the  capital  of  Fond  du  Lac 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  southern 
end  of  Lake  Winnebago,  60  miles  north-north- 
west of  Milwaukee.  It  has  a large  trade  in 
lumber.  Population,  18,797,  (1910). 

Fondi  (fon'de).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  56  miles  northwest  of  Naples: 
the  ancient  Fundi.  It  was  noted  in  ancient  times 
for  the  Caecuban  wine,  and  has  some  ancient  and  medieval 
remains.  It  was  burned  by  Khair-ed-Din  (EarbarosBa)  in 
1534.  Population,  9,930. 

Fondlewife  (fon'dl-wlf).  In  Congreve’s  comedy 
“The  Old  Bachelor,”  a doting  old  man,  de- 
ceived by  his  outwardly  quiet  and  submissive 


middle  ages  one  of  the  chief  residences  of  the  kings  of 
France.  It  is  of  great  extent,  the  buildings,  which  dis- 
play various  types  of  Renaissance  architecture,  inclosing 
six  courts.  The  chief  entrance  is  by  a monumental  flight 
of  steps  of  horseshoe  plan.  The  apartments,  magnificent 
in  their  decoration  and  furnishings,  were  fitted  up  under 
different  reigns  since  that  of  Francis  I.,  and  are  of  great 
historic  and  artistic  interest  as  preserving  intact  their 
original  character.  Some  of  the  mural  paintings  are  by 
Primaticcio.  The  gardens  are  fine,  and  the  park  and  forest 
world-famous.  This  was  the  favorite  residence  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  who  abdicated  here  in  1814.  The  forest  of  Fon- 
tainebleau (42,500  acres)  is  considered  the  most  beautiful 
in  France.  It  has  become  the  resort  of  the  modern  French 
school  of  landscape-painters,  many  of  them  living  at  Bar- 
bison,  Chailly,  Marlotte,  and  other  villages  near.  Among 
the  original  painters  of  this  school,  which  was  founded  by 
Theodore  Rousseau,  are  Corot,  Duprd,  Daubigny,  and  Diaz. 
Troyon,  Francois  Millet,  Courbet,  Charles  LeRoux,  Fleury, 
V6ron,  Flers,  Eugene  Lavielle,  Riou,  and  many  others  are 
noted  exponents  of  its  style.  The  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes  was  signed  at  Fontainebleau  in  1685,  as  were  also 
the  peace  preliminaries  between  Great  Britain,  France, 
Spain,  and  Portugal  in  1762.  Population,  commune,  14,190. 

Fontainebleau,  Peace  of.  A treaty  concluded 
at  Fontainebleau,  Nov.  8, 1785,  between  the  em- 
peror and  the  Dutch.  The  former  renounced  his 
claim  to  the  right  of  free  navigation  of  the  Schelde  beyond 
his  own  dominion,  as  well  as  his  pretension  to  Maestricht 
and  the  adjacent  territories,  receiving  10,000,000  guilders 
as  compensation. 

Fontaines  (ton-tan'),  Comtesse  de  (Marie 
Louise  Charlotte  de  Pelard  de  Givry).  Died 
in  1730.  A French  novelist,  she  wrote  “Histoire 
d’Amdnophys,  prince  de  Lydie”  (1725),  “Histoire  de  la 
comtesse  de  Savoie  ” (1726),  etc.  Her  complete  works 
were  published  in  1812. 

Fontana  (fon-ta/na),  Carlo.  Born  at  Bruciato, 
near  Como,  Italy,  about  1634:  died  at  Rome, 
1714.  An  Italian  architect. 

Fontana,  Domenico.  Born  at  Mili,  near  Como, 
Italy,  1543:  died  at  Naples,  1607.  An  Italian 
architect.  He  erected  the  obelisk  near  St.  Pe- 
ter’s in  1586,  and  built  the  Lateran  Palace,  Vati- 
can Library,  etc. 

Fontana,  Lavinia.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
about  1552 : died  at  Bologna,  1614.  An  Italian 
portrait-painter,  daughter  of  Prospero  Fontana. 

Fontana,  Prospero.  ~ Born  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
about  1512:  died  at  Rome,  1597.  An  Italian 


wife. 

Fondlove  (fond'luv),  Sir  William.  An  am- 
orous, garrulous  old  gentleman  in  Sheridan 
Knowles’s  comedy  “The  Love  Chase.”  He  is 
pursued  by  the  widow  Green. 

Fonseca  (fon-sa'ka),  Gulf  or  Bay  of.  An  inlet 
of  the  Pacific,  bordering  on  San  Salvador,  Hon- 
duras, and  Nicaragua.  Length,  about  45  miles. 
Also  called  Gulf  of  Conchagua. 

Fonseca,  Juan  Rodriguez  de.  Bom  at  Toro, 
near  Seville,  1441:  died  at  Burgos,  Nov.  4, 
1524.  A Spanish  ecclesiastic  and  administrator. 
He  was  successively  archdeacon  of  Seville,  bishop  of 
Badajoz,  Palencia,  and  Conde,  archbishop  of  Rosario  in 
Italy,  and  bishop  of  Burgos,  besides  being  head  chaplain 
to  Queen  Isabella  and  afterward  to  Ferdinand.  He  is 
known  principally  for  the  control  which  he  exercised  over 
all  business  relating  to  the  New  World.  This  began  with 
the  preparations  for  the  second  voyage  of  Columbus  in 
1493,  and,  except  during  the  regency  of  Ximenes,  was 
continued  until  his  death.  The  Council  of  the  Indies  was 
organized  by  him  in  1511,  and  he  was  its  first  chief.  Bishop 
Fonseca  opposed  Columbus,  Cortds,  and  Las  Casas  in  many 
matters,  and  he  used  his  position  unscrupulously  for  the 
benefitof  himself  and  his  friends.  He  favored  Magalhaes. 
Fonseca  (fon-sa'ka,) , Manuel  Deodoro  da.  Born 
in  Alagoas,  Aug.  5, 1827 : died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Aug.  23,  1892.  A Brazilian  general  and  politi- 
cian. In  1889,  having  been  lightly  punished  for  alleged 
insubordination,  he  joined  other  military  malcontents  in  a 
plot  against  the  government.  The  emperor,  Pedro  II. , was 
deposed(Nov.  15, 1889)  and  a republic  proclaimed,  Fonseca 
being  placed  at  the  head  of  the  provisional  government. 
A constitutional  assembly  met  Jan.  20, 1891,  adopted  a fed- 
eral constitution,  and  on  F eb.  25  elected  Fonseca  president 
for  four  years.  He  opened  the  first  legislative  congress 
June  15, 1891,  but  a violent  opposition  to  the  government 
was  soon  manifested,  and  congress  was  dissolved  by  the 
president  Nov.  4.  Opposition  and  disorder  continued,  and 
on  Nov.  23  Fonseca  was  forced  to  resign,  the  vice-presi- 
dent, Peixoto,  taking  his  place. 

Fonseca  (fon-sa'ka),  Marchioness  of  (Eleo- 
nora Pimentel).  Born  at  Naples  about  1768 
(1758?) : died  at  Naples,  July  20, 1799.  A Nea- 
politan patriot.  She  married  the  Marquis  of  Fonseca 
in  1784.  She  sympathized  with  the  French  republicans, 
and  was  an  active  adherent  of  the  popular  party  in  Naples. 
During  the  ascendancy  of  the  latter  1798-99  she  founded 
and  edited  the  anti-royalist  “ Monitore  Napoletano.”  She 
was  executed  on  the  restoration  of  the  Neapolitan  mon- 
archy. 

Fontaine,  Jean  de  la.  See  La  Fontaine. 
Fontaine  (fon-tan'),  Pierre  Francois  Leo- 
nard. Born  at  I’ontoise,  near  Paris,  Sept.  20, 
1762 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1853.  A French 
architect,  a collaborator  of  Percier.  Ho  exe- 
cuted the  Arch  of  the  Carrousel  (Paris),  etc. 
Fontainebleau  (fon-tan-blo').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  37  miles 
south-southeast  of  Paris.  The  palace  was  from  the 


painter. 

Fontanes  (fon-tan'),  Marquis  Louis  de.  Born 
at  Niort,  France,  March  6, 1757 : died  at  Paris, 
March  17, 1821.  A French  politician  and  poet, 
made  president  of  the  Corps  Legislatif  in  1804. 
His  collected  works  were  published  in  1839. 

The  chief  importance  of  Fontanes  in  literature  is  derived 
not  from  any  performances  of  his  own,  but  from  the  fact 
that  lie  was  appointed  intermediary  between  Napoleon 
and  the  men  of  letters  of  the  time,  and  was  able  to  exer- 
cise a good  deal  of  useful  patronage. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  401. 

Fontanges  (fon-tonzh'),  Duchesse  de  (Marie 
Angelique  de  Scorailie  de  Roussille).  Born 
1661:  died  at  Paris,  June  28, 1681.  A mistress 
of  Louis  XIV. 

Fontarabia.  See  Fuenterrabia. 

Fontenailles  (font-nay'),  or  Fontenay.  A vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Yonne,  France,  near 
Auxerre : the  ancient  Fontanetum.  Here,  in  841, 
Charles  the  Bald  and  Louis  the  German  defeated  the  em- 
peror Lothaire. 

Fontenay-le-Comte(f6ht-uaTc-k6ht').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Vendee,  France,  27  miles 
northeast  of  La  Rochelle.  It  suffered  in  the  Hu- 
guenot and  Vendean  wars.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,326. 

Fontenelle  (foitt-nel'),  Bernard  le Bovier  de. 

Born  at  Rouen,  France,  Feb.  11,  1657:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  9, 1757.  A French  advocate,  philoso- 
pher, poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was 
the  nephew  (through  his  mother)  of  Corneille,  and  was 
“one  of  the  last  of  the  Pricieux,  or  rather  the  inventor  of 
a new  combination  of  literature  and  gallantry  which  at 
first  exposed  him  to  not  a little  satire  ” ( Saintsbury ).  He 
wrote  “ Poesies  pastorales  ’’  (1688),  “ Dialogues des  molts " 
(1083),  “Entretiens  sur  la  plurality  des  mondes”  (1686), 
“Histoire  des  oracles  ” (1687),  “Eloges  des  acadCmiciens  ’’ 
(delivered  1099-1740). 

Fontenoy  (font-nwa').  A village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  5 miles  southeast  of 
Tournai.  Here,  May  11,  1745,  the  French  (about  70,000) 
under  Marshal  Saxe  defeated  the  allied  English,  Dutch, 
Hanoverians,  and  Austrians  (about  50,000)  under  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland.  The  loss  on  both  sides  was  very  great. 

Fontevr  ault  (f  on-t  e-vro ' ) . A place  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  9 miles  south- 
east of  Saumur.  The  abbey  church,  consecrated  in 
1119,  is  an  important  example  of  the  domical  church.  In 
the  south  transept  are  fine  tombs,  with  portrait-effigies, 
of  the  first  Plautagenet  sovereigns  of  England. 

Fonthill  (font'hil)  Abbey.  A magnificent  resi- 
dence built  onLansdowne  Hill,  near  Bath,  Eng- 
land, by  Beckford,  the  author  of  “ Vathek.”  Its 
marked  peculiarity  was  a tower  280  feet  high. 

During  the  progress  of  the  building  the  tower  caught 
fire,  and  was  partly  destroyed.  The  owner,  however,  was 
present,  and  enjoyed  the  magnificent  burning  spectacle. 


Forbach 

It  was  soon  restored ; but  a radical  fault  in  laying  the 
foundation  caused  it  eventually  to  fall  down,  and  leave 
Fonthill  a ruin  in  the  lifetime  of  its  founder. 

IF.  North,  Memoir  in  Beckford’s  “Vathek,"  p.  9. 

Foochow.  See  Fu-chau. 

Foolahs.  See  Fellatalis. 

Fool  in  Fashion.  See  Love’s  Last  Shift. 

Fool  of  Quality,  The.  A novel  published  by 
Henry  Brooke  in  1766.  It  was  republished  by 
Charles  Kingsley  in  1859. 

John  Wesley  “bowdlerized”  the  “Fool  of  Quality,” 
striking  out  such  passages  as  he  did  not  like,  and  then  pub- 
lished it  during  the  author’s  lifetime  as  the  “ History  of 
Harry,  Earl  of  Moreland,"  which  was  long  believed  by  the 
Wesleyans  to  be  the  work  of  the  great  John  himself. 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  171. 

Fool’s  Revenge,  The.  A tragedy  by  Tom  Tay- 
lor, founded  on  Victor  Hugo’s  play  “Le  roi 
s’amuse.”  It  was  produced  in  1857.  The  opera 
“Rigoletto”  is  taken  from  the  same  source. 

Foota  Jallon.  See  Futa  Jallon. 

Foota  Toro.  See  Futa  Toro. 

Foote  (fut),  Andrew  Hull.  Born  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Sept.  12,  1806:  died  at  New  York,  June 
26,  1863.  An  American  admiral,  son  of  S.  A. 
Foote.  He  captured  the  Canton  forts  in  1856,  and  Fort 
Henry  Feb.  6,  1862,  and  commanded  the  naval  force  at 
Fort  Donelson  Feb.  14,  1862,  and  at  the  reduction  of 
Island  No.  10,  March-April,  1862. 

Foote,  Maria,  Countess  of  Harrington.  Born 
in  1797 : died  Dec.  27, 1867.  An  English  actress, 
the  daughter  of  a Samuel  Foote  who  claimed 
descent  from  the  famous  actor,  she  retired  from 
the  stage  in  1831,  on  her  marriage  with  Charles  Stanhope, 
earl  of  Harrington. 

Foote,  Mary  (Hallock).  Born  at  Milton, N.  Y., 
N ov.  19, 1847.  An  American  novelist  and  artist. 
She  lived  for  a number  of  years  in  California,  Idaho,  and 
Colorado  ; and  her  novels,  illustrated  by  herself,  are  pic- 
tures of  Western  life  and  scenery.  Among  them  are 
“The  Led- Horse  Claim,”  “John  Bodewin’s  Testimony,” 
“Coeur  d’Alene,”  “The  Chosen  Valley,”  “The  Desert  and 
the  Sown,”  “The  Royal  Americans”  (1910).  She  has  also 
published  collections  of  short  stories. 

Foote,  Samuel.  Born  at  Truro,  England,  1720 : 
died  at  Dover,  England,  Oct.  21, 1777.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist  and  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  in  1744.  In  1747  he  opened  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
with  a mixed  entertainment,  in  which  he  played  Fondle- 
wife in  “The  Careless  Plusband  ” (a  farce  taken  from  Con- 
greve’s “Old  Bachelor”),  and  other  parts,  principally  in 
“Diversions  of  the  Morning,”  which  he  wrote  and  acted 
himself.  His  talent  for  mimicry  was  his  chief  gift,  and 
he  employed  it  upon  prominent  personages  of  the  day  in 
his  satirical  entertainments  “Tea  at  6(30,"  “Chocolate 
in  Ireland,”  “An  Auction  of  Biotures,”  etc.  In  1776  he 
caricatured  the  notorious  Duchess  of  Kingston  in  the 
“Trip  to  Calais,”  an  act  which  subjected  him  to  much  op- 
position and  to  an  indictment.  Among  his  plays  are  “The 
Knights"  (1749),  “ Taste ’’  (1752),  “The  Englishman  in 
Paris"  (1753),  “The  Englishman  Returned  from  Paris” 
(1756),  “The  Author"  (1757),  “The  Minor”  (1760),  “The 
Orators  ” (1762),  “The  Mayor  of  Garratt  ” (1763),  “ The  Pa- 
tron ’’  (1764),  “The  Commissary”  (1765),  “ The  Devil  upon 
Two  Sticks”  (1768),  “The  Lame  Lover”  (1770),  “The  Maid 

’ of  Bath”  (1771),  “The  Nabob”  (1772),  “The  Bankrupt" 
(1773),  “The  Cozeners"  (1774),  “The  Capuchin”  (1776:  an 
alteration  of  the  “Trip  to  Calais  ”).  He  also  wrote  a num- 
ber of  witty  prose  tracts,  etc.  From  his  scathing  wit  he 
was  known  as  “the  English  Aristophanes.” 

Foote,  Samuel  Augustus.  Born  at  Cheshire, 
Conn.,  Nov.  8, 1780:  died  there,  Sept.,  1846.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  United  States  senator 
from  Connecticut  1827-33,  and  governor  of  Connecticut  iu 
1834.  He  introduced  “Foote’s  Resolution  ” (which  see) 
Dec.,  1829. 

Foote’s  Resolution.  A resolution  introduced 
into  the  United  States  Senate  by  S.  A.  Foote, 
Dec.  29,  1829.  It  instructed  the  committee  on  public 
lands  to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  limiting  the  sale  of 
public  lands  for  a certain  period  to  those  which  had  al- 
ready been  offered  for  sale.  It  occasioned  the  famous  de- 
bate in  the  Senate  between  Webster  and  Hay  ne  in  Jan.,  1830. 

Fopling  Flutter,  Sir.  See  Flutter,  Sir  Fopling. 

Foppa  (fop'pli),  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Brescia, 
Italy,  at  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century : 
died  at  Brescia,  1492.  An  Italian  painter. 

Foppington  (fop'ing-ton),Lord.  IuVanbrugb’s 
comedy  “The  Relapse,”  a foolish  fine  gentle- 
man, a further  development  of  Colley  Cibber’s 
Sir  Novelty  Fashion  in  “Love’s  Last  Shift.” 
He  also  appears  (as  Lord  Foppington)  in  Cibber’s  “Care- 
less Husband,  ' and  in  Sheridan’s  “Trip  to  Scarborough,” 
an  alteration  of  “ The  Relapse.  ” 

Lord  Foppington,  in  the  “Relapse,”  is  a most  splendid 
caricature  : lie  is  a personification  of  the  foppery  and  folly 
of  dress  and  external  appearance  in  full  feather.  He 
blazes  out  and  dazzles  sober  reason  with  ridiculous  osten- 
tation. Still  I think  this  character  is  a copy  from  Ether- 
ege’s  Sir  Fopling  Flutter;  and  upon  the  whole,  perhaps, 
Sir  Fopling  is  the  more  natural  grotesque  of  the  two. 

tlazLiil,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  107. 

Fop’S  Fortune,  The.  See  Love  Malccs  the  Man. 

Forbach  (for'bach).  A town  in  Lorraine,  Ger- 
many, 33  miles  east-northeast  of  Metz.  Popu- 
lation, 8,628.  For  the  battle  of  Aug.  6,  1870, 
see  Spicheren. 


Forbes,  Alexander  Penrose 

Forbes  (fdrbz),  Alexander  Penrose.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  June  6, 1817:  died  at  Dundee,  Scot- 
land, Oct.  8,  1875.  A Scottish  clergyman  and 
theological  writer.  He  was  the  son  of  Lord  Medwyn, 
a Scottish  j udge,  and  spent  several  years  of  liis  youth  in 
the  Indian  civil  service.  Returning  to  England,  he  studied 
theology  and  took  orders,  and  in  1848  was  elected  bishop 
of  Brechin  in  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church.  His  advo- 
cacy of  High-Church  yiews  led  to  much  controversy  and 
incurred  ecclesiastical  censure. 

Forbes,  Archibald.  Born  in  Morayshire,  Scot- 
land, April  17, 1838 : died  at  London,  March  30, 
1900.  A British  journalist,  noted  as  corre- 
spondent (especially  as  war  correspondent)  of 
the  London  “Daily  News.”  He  wrote  “My  Ex- 
periences of  the  War  between  France  and  Germany,”  and 
other  sketches  of  military  life. 

Forbes,  Duncan,  of  Culloden.  Born  near  Inver- 
ness, Nov.  10, 1685 : died  Dec.  10, 1747.  A Scot- 
tish judge  and  patriot.  He  was  made  lord  advocate 
in  1725,  and  lord  president  of  the  Court  of  Session  in  1737. 
He  rendered  efficient  service  to  the  government  in  the  ris- 
ings of  1715  and  1745-46,  while  exercising  and  advocating 
humanity  in  dealing  with  the  rebels. 

Forbes,  Edward.  Born  at  Douglas,  Isle  of 
Man,  Feb.  12,  1815:  died  at  Wardie,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  18, 1854.  An  English  naturalist  and 
paleontologist,  professor  of  natural  philosophy 
in  Edinburgh  University  1854.  He  wrote  a "His- 
tory of  British  Star- Fishes”  (1841),  “History  of  British 
Mollti6ca  ’’  (conjointly  with  Hanley,  1852),  and  many  valu- 
able biological  memoirs. 

Forbes,  Edwin.  Born  at  New  York,  1839 : died 
at  Flatbush,  L.  I.,  March  6,  1895.  An  Amer- 
ican landscape  and  genre  painter,  best  known 
for  his  drawings  made  during  the  Civil  War. 

Forbes,  James  David.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
April  20,  1809 : died  at  Clifton,  England,  Dec. 
31,  1868.  A Scottish  scientist.  He  was  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  1833-60,  and  later  principal  of  the 
United  College  of  St.  Andrews.  He  is  noted  for  discov- 
eries in  regard  to  the  movement  of  glaciers  and  the  polar- 
ization of  heat.  He  wrote  “Travels  through  the  Alps  of 
Savoy”  (1843),  “Norway  and  its  Glaciers”  (1853),  and  a 
‘ Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of  Mathematical  and  Phys- 
ical Science”  for  the  8th  edition  of  the  “Encyclopaedia 
Britannica.  ” 

Forbes,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Cuttlebrao,  Banff- 
shire, Scotland,  Dec.  18, 1787 : died  Nov.  13,1861. 
A British  physician  and  medical  writer.  He  was 
editor,  in  conjunction  with  Drs.  Tweedie  and  Conolly,  of 
the  “ Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Medicine  ” (1832-35). 

Forbin  (for -bah'),  Claude  de.  Born  at  Gar- 
danne,  near  Aix,  France,  Aug.  6,  1656:  died 
near  Marseilles,  March  4, 1733.  A French  naval 
commander.  He  accompanied  the  ambassador  Chau- 
mont  to  Siam  in  1685  ; was  admiral  and  general-in-chief  to 
the  King  of  Siam  1686-87;  and  1702-10  served  as  chef  d’es- 
cadre  in  the  French  navy.  He  wrote  “ MAmoires,”  edited 
and  published  by  Reboulet  in  1730. 

Forbonius  and  Prisceria  (f6r-bo'ni-us  and  pri- 
se'ri-a),  Delectable  History  of.  A romance 
in  prose  and  verse  by  Thomas  Lodge  (1584). 

Force  (fors),  Peter.  Born  at  Passaic  Falls, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  26,  1790:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Jan.  23,  1868.  An  American  antiquarian.  He 
was  editor  of  the  “ National  Journal,”  Washington,  District 
of  Columbia,  1823-30,  and  was  mayor  of  Washington  1836- 
1840.  His  chief  work  is  “American  Archives,  a Documen- 
tary History  of  the  English  Colonies  in  North  America” 
(1833-63),  compiled  and  published  by  order  of  Congress. 
A collection  of  22,000  books  and  40,000  pamphlets,  most  of 
them  rare,  which  lie  made  in  connection  with  this  work, 
was  purchased  by  Congress  in  1867. 

Force  Bill.  1.  A bill  passed  by  Congress  to 
enforce  the  tariff.  It  was  occasioned  by  the  ordinance 
passed  by  South  Carolina  Nov.  24, 1832,  nullifying  the  tariff 
acts  of  1828  and  1832,  and  became  law  March  2, 18  , 3.  Also 
called  the  “Bloody  Bill.” 

2.  A bill  for  the  protection  of  political  and  civil 
rights  in  the  South,  passed  in  1870. — 3.  A bill 
with  the  same  purpose  as  the  preceding,  passed 
in  1871. — 4.  A popular  name  for  the  Lodge 
election  bill,  which  passed  the  Republican 
House  of  Representatives  in  1890,  but  failed  to 
pass  the  Senate  in  1891.  It  became  a leading  party 
measure.  Itwasdesigned  “toamendandsupplementthe 
election  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  to  provide  for  the 
more  efficient  enforcement  of  such  laws,  and  for  other 
purposes.” 

Forced  Marriage,  The.  1.  A tragicomedy  by 
Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  (1671). — 2.  A tragedy  by 
John  Armstrong  (1754). 

Forcellini  (for-ehel-le'ne),  Egidio.  Born  near 
Feltre,  Belluno,  Italy,  Aug.  26,  1688:  died  at 
Padua,  April  4,  1768.  A noted  Italian  lexicog- 
rapher, a pupil  and  collaborator  of  Faceiolati. 
He  began  the  “ Totius  latinitatis  lexicon,  etc.,”  in  1718, 
and  completed  it  with  Facciolati’s  aid  in  1753.  It  was 
published  at  Padua  in  1771. 

Forchhammer  (torch' ham -mer),  Johann 
Georg.  Born  at  Husum,  near  Schleswig,  July 
26, 1794:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  14, 1865.  A 
Danish  mineralogist,  chemist,  and  geologist, 
professor  of  mineralogy  at  the  University  of  Co- 
penhagen. He  published  “Dcnmarks  geog- 
nostisko  Forhold”  (1835),  etc. 


400 

Forchhammer,  Peter  Wilhelm.  Born  Oct. 
23,  1801:  died  Jan.  9,  1894.  A noted  German 
classical  archroologist  and  mythologist,  brother 
of  J.  G.  Forchhammer.  He  became  professor 
at  Kiel  in  1837. 

Forchheim  (forch'him).  A town  in  Upper 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  at  the  junction  of  the  Wie- 
sent  with  the  Regnitz,  18  miles  north  of  Nu- 
remberg. It  is  of  importance  historically  as  a 
fortified  place  and  a seat  of  diets.  Popula- 
tion, 8,417. 

Forckenbeck  (for'ken-bek),  Max  von.  Born 
at  Miinster,  Oct.  21,  1821 : died  at  Berlin,  May 
26,  1892.  A Prussian  politician.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Prussian  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1858,  and 
of  the  House  of  Peers  in  1873 ; and  in  1867  entered  the 
Reichstag,  of  which  he  was  president  1874-79.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  National  Liberal  party  in  1866, 
and  in  1884  joined  the  Freisinnige  party.  He  was  chief 
mayor  of  Berlin  from  1878  until  his  death. 

Ford  (ford),  John.  Born  at  Usington,  Devon- 
shire, England,  1586  (baptized  April  17):  died 
after  1639.  AnEnglish  dramatist.  Little  is  known 
of  his  life  except  that  he  was  a member  of  the  Middle 
Temple  and  not  dependent  on  his  pen  for  his  living,  and 
that  he  was  popular  with  playgoers.  He  apparently  re- 
tired to  Ilsington  to  end  his  days.  His  principal  plays 
are  “The  Lovers’  Melancholy”  (printed  1629),  “’TisPity 
She’s  a Whore  "(1633),  “The  Broken  Heart  ”(1633),  “Love’s 
Sacrifice”  (1633),  “The  Chronicle  History  of  Perkin  War- 
beck”  (1634),  “The  Fancies  Chaste  and  Noble"  (1638), 
“The  Lady's  Trial”  (1639),  “The  Sun’s  Darling”  (with 
Dekker,  1656),  “The  Witch  of  Edmonton”  (with  Dekker, 
Rowley,  etc.,  1658).  His  works  were  collected  by  Weber 
in  1811,  by  Gifford  in  1827,  and  by  Dyce  (Gifford)  in  1869. 

Ford,  Master.  A well-to-do  gentleman  i n Shak- 
spere’s  “Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.”  He  assumes 
the  name  of  Master  Brook,  and  induces  Falstaff  to  confide 
to  him  his  passion  for  Mistress  Ford  and  his  success  in 
duping  Ford  her  husband. 

Ford’s  jealousy  is  managed  with  great  skill  so  as  to  help 
on  the  plot,  bringing  out  a series  of  (he  richest  incidents, 
and  drawiug  the  most  savoury  issues  from  the  mellow, 
juicy  old  sinner  upon  whom  he  is  practising. 

Hudson , Introd.  to  M.  W.  of  W. 

Ford,  Paul  Leicester.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
1865 : died  at  New  York,  May  8,  1902.  An 
American  author.  He  wrote  “The  Honorable  Peter 
Stirling  " (1894),  “ The  True  George  Washington  ’’  (1896), 
“ The  Story  of  an  Untold  Love  ’’  (1897),  “ The  Many-sided 
Franklin”  (1899),  “Janice  Meredith”  (1899),  “Wanted  : a 
Matchmaker”  (1900),  “ A House  Party”  (1901),  “Wanted  : 
a Chaperon"  (1902),  “Love  Finds  the  Way”  (1904), 
“Thomas  Jefferson”  (1904),  “His  Version  of  It "(1905), 
“ A Warning  to  Lovers  ’’  (1906),  etc. 

Ford,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  1796:  died  at 
Heavitree,  near  Exeter,  1858.  An  English  trav- 
eler and  author.  He  wrote  a “Handbook  for  Travelers 
in  Spain  ” (1845),  oue  of  the  first  and  best  (and  in  its  origi- 
nal form  the  fullest)  of  Murray’s  Handbooks. 

Fordham  (for'dam).  Formerly  a village  of 
West  Farms,  New  York,  now  a part  of  New 
York  city,  12  miles  north  of  the  City  Hall.  It  is 
the  seat  of  St.  J ohn’s  College  (Roman  Cath  olic ) . 

Ford’s  Theater.  A former  theater  in  Wash- 
ington. President  Lincoln  was  assassinated  there  April 
14,  1865.  It  was  afterward  used  by  the  government  for 
the  record  divi  ion  of  the  War  Department.  It  collapsed 
June  9,  1893,  and  a number  of  lives  were  lost. 

Fordun  (for-dun'j,  John  of.  Died  after  1384. 
A Scottish  chronicler  who  wrote  a history  of 
Scotland  down  to  his  own  time,  entitled  “Chro- 
nica Gentis  Scotorum,”  which  was  continued 
by  Walter  Bower  under  the  title  of  “ Seoti- 
chronicon.” 

Foreland  (for'land),  North.  A headland  in 
Kent,  England,  66  miles  east  of  London,  in  lat. 
51°  22'  28"  N.,  long.  1°  26'  48"  E.  (lighthouse). 
Near  it  occurred  the  naval  drawn  battle,  June,  1666,  be- 
tween the  English  under  Albemarle  and  the  Hutch  under 
De  Kuyter. 

Foreland,  South.  A headland  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, projecting  into  the  Strait  of  Dover,  4 
miles  northeast  of  Dover,  in  lat.  51°  8'  23"  N., 
long.  1°  22'  22"  E.  (lighthouse). 

Foresight  (for 'sit).  In  Congreve’s  comedy 
“Love  for  Love,”  an  old  man  with  a fondness 
for  “judicial  astrology.”  He  is  made  up  of  dreams, 
nativities,  and  supers! itioiis  of  all  kinds,  and  is  always 
searching  for  omens.  He  has  a hypocritical,  vicious  wife. 

Forest  Cantons.  A collective  name  for  the 
cantons  of  Lucerne,  Sehwyz,  Uri,  and  Unter- 
walden,  in  Switzerland. 

Forest  City,  The.  A name  given  to  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  on  account  of  the  number  of  its  shade- 
trees. 

Forester  (for'es-ter),  Frank.  A pseudonym  of 
Henry  William  Herbert. 

Foresti  (fo-res'te),  E.  Felice.  Born  near  Fer- 
rara, Italy,  about  1793 : died  at  Genoa,  Sept.  14, 
1858.  An  Italian  patriot.  He  was  thrown  into 
prison  in  1819  for  conspiring  against  the  Austrian  govern- 
ment, and  was  detained  in  captivity  until  1835,  when  he 
was  exiled  to  America.  He  became  professor  of  the  Italian 
language  and  literature  in  Columbia  College,  and  in  1858 


Formigny 

was  appointed  United  States  consul  to  Genoa.  He  wrote 
“ Crestomazia  italiana  ’’  (1847),  etc. 

Forey  (fo-ra'),  Elie  Frederic.  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  10,  1804:  died  there,  June  20,  1872.  A 
French  marshal.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  coup 
d’etat,  Dec.  2,  1851 ; was  prominent  in  the  Crimean  and 
Italian  wars  ;,and  from  July,  1862,  to  Oct.,  1863,  commanded 
the  French  expedition  against  Mexico.  During  this  pe- 
riod he  captured  Puebla,  May  17,  1863,  occupied  Mexico 
City,  and  formed  a provisional  government. 

Forez  (fo-ra').  An  ancient  territory  of  France, 
in  the  former  government  of  Lyonnais,  corre- 
sponding in  large  part  to  the  department  of 
Loire.  It  was  a county  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was 
united  to  the  crown  under  Francis  I.  in  1532. 

Forfar  (for'far),  or  Angus  (ang'gus).  A mari- 
time county  of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  by  Aberdeen 
and  Kincardine  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east, 
the  Firth  of  Tay  on  the  south,  and  Perth  on  the  west ; and 
is  the  chief  seat  of  Scottish  linen  manufacture  (at  Dun- 
dee). Area,  875  square  miles.  Population  (civil  co. ),  284,078. 
Forfar.  The  capital  of  ForfarsMre,  Scotland, 
situated  in  the  valley  of  Strathmore  13  miles 
north-northeast  of  Dundee.  It  has  manufactures 
of  linen.  It  was  an  ancient  royal  residence,  and  is  a royal 
burgh,  and  also  a parliamentary  burgh,  belonging  to  the 
Montrose  group.  Population,  12,061. 

Forge  (forj),  Anatole  de  la.  Born  in  1821:  died 
at  Paris,  June  6, 1892.  A French  historian.  He 
became  a journalist  in  1848 ; was  prefect  of  the  Aisne ; and 
was  wounded  at  St. -Quentin.  He  was  made  director  of  the 
press  in  the  ministry  of  the  interim  (1877),  was  elected 
to  the  Chamber  of.  Deputies  in  1881,  and  sat  till  1889.  He 
wrote  a “History  of  the  Republic  of  Venice,”  “Public 
Instruction  in  Spain,”  etc. 

Forges-les-EailX  (forzh'la-zo').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-Inffirieure,  France,  24 
miles  northeast  of  Rouen.  It  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  cold  chalybeate  springs. 

Forio  (fo're-o).  A small  town  on  the  north- 
western coast  of  the  island  of  Ischia,  Italy. 
Forkel  (for'kel),  Johann  Nikolaus.  Born  at 
Meeder,  near  Coburg,  Germany,  Feb.  22,  1749: 
died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  March  17,  1818.  A 
German  writer  on  music,  director  of  music  at 
the  University  of  Gottingen  from  1778.  His 
chief  work  is  “Allgemeine  Literatur  der  Mu- 
sik  ” (1792). 

For  11  (for-le').  1.  A province  in  Emilia,  Italy, 
bordering  on  the  Adriatic.  Area,  725  square 
miles.  Population,  295,353. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Forli,  situated  on  the  old 
H3milian  Way  in  lat.  44°  14'  N.,  long.  12°  2' 
E. : the  ancient  Forum  Livii.  it  has  a pseudo- 
classical  cathedral  and  a picture-gallery.  The  citadel,  a 
picturesque  castle  of  the  14th  and  15th  centuries,  was  the 
scene  of  the  courageous  exploits  of  Catharina  Sforza, 
widow  of  Girolamo  Riario.  Forli  was  a republic  in  the 
later  middle  ages,  and  was  annexed  to  the  Papal  States  in 
1504.  Population,  commune,  43,708. 

Forli,  Melozzo  da.  Born  at  Forli,  Italy,  about 
1438 : died  1494.  An  Italian  painter,  noted  foi 
his  skill  in  foreshortening. 

Formal  (for'mal),  James.  In  Wycherley’s 
comedy  “ The  Gentleman  Dancing  Master,”  an 
old,  rich  merchant,  also  known  as  Don  Diego. 
He  is  deeply  imbued  with  Spanish  customs,  and  unsuc- 
cessfully undertakes  to  keep  his  daughter  shut  up  and 
away  from  men. 

Forman  (for'man),  Simon.  Born  at  Qtiid- 
hampton,  Dec.  30,  1552 : died  at  London,  Sept. 
12,  1611.  An  English  astrologer  and  quack. 
He  practised  his  profession  with  some  success,  though 
several  times  imprisoned,  and  was  finally  implicated  in 
the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury.  He  died  before  the 
transaction  became  public.  Jonson  alludes  to  his  love- 
philters,  etc.,  in  his  “Epiccene.”  He  wrote  a book  “The 
Grounds  of  the  Longitude,  etc.”  (1591),  and  left  several 
diaries  and  “The  Booke  of  Plaies,”  etc.,  with  accounts  of 
early  performances.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Former  Age,  The.  A poem  by  Chaucer,  discov- 
ered by  Bradshaw.  It  was  first  printed  by  Morris 
in  1866.  It  is  a metrical  portion  of  Chaucer’s  transla- 
tion of  Boethius,  probably  written  after  the  prose  trans- 
lation  was  finished. 

Formes  (for'mes),  Karl  Johann.  Born  Aug. 
7,  1810:  died  Dec.  15,  1889.  A German  bass 
singer. 

Formey  (for'mi),  Johann  Heinrich  Samuel. 

Born  at  Berlin,  May  31,  1711:  died  at  Berlin, 
March  7,  1797.  A German  philosophical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  of  French  (Huguenot)  de- 
scent, professor  of  oratory  (1736)  and  philos- 
ophy (1739)  at  the  French  College  in  Berlin,  and 
perpetual  secretary  of  the  Berlin  Academy 
(1748). 

Formia  (for'me-ii).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta 
44  miles  northwest  of  Naples:  the  ancient  For- 
inite,  formerly  Mola  di  Gaeta.  Population, 
8,108. 

Formigny  (for-men-ye'),  or  Fourmigni  (for- 
men-ye').  A village  in  the  department  of  Cal- 
vados, France,  near  Bayeux.  Here,  in  1450,  the 
English  were  defeated  by  the  French  with  a loss  of  about 
4,000. 


Formorians 

Formorians  (for-mo'ri-anz).  See  the  extract. 

The  first  people,  then,  of  whose  existence  in  Ireland  we 
can  be  said  to  know  anything  are  commonly  asserted  to 
have  been  of  Turanian  origin,  and  are  known  as  “ Forroo- 
rians."  As  far  as  we  can  gather,  they  were  a dark,  low- 
browed, stunted  race,  although,  oddly  enough,  the  word 
Formorian  in  early  Irish  legend  is  always  used  as  synony- 
mous with  the  word  giant.  They  were,  at  any  rate,  a race 
of  utterly  savage  hunters  and  fishermen,  ignorant  of  metal, 
of  pottery,  possibly  even  of  the  use  of  fire  ; using  the  stone 
hammers  or  hatchets  of  which  vast  numbers  may  be  seen 
in  every  museum.  Lawless,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  5. 

Formosa  (for-mo'sa),  Chin.  Taiwan  (ti'wan'). 
[Pg.,  ‘the  beautiful.’]  An  island  east  of 
China,  forming,  until  ceded  to  Japan  1895, 
the  province  of  the  same  name  in  China.  It  is 
traversed  by  mountains.  Its  products  are  tea,  sugar,  coal, 
etc.  The  chief  towns  are  Tamsui,  Taiwan,  and  Kelung. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Chinese  and  aborigines  (Malayan,  Ne- 
grito). The  western  part  of  the  island  was  colonized  by 
the  Chinese  about  200  years  ago.  It  was  the  principal 
scene  of  warfare  in  the  war  of  France  with  China  in  1884- 
1885 ; was  blockaded  by  the  French  fleet,  and  in  part  oc- 
cupied by  the  French ; and  was  the  theater  of  several 
combats  (the  French  being  led  by  Admiral  Courbet)  in  1885. 
Length,  235  miles.  Area,  13,458  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 3,039,751. 

Formosa.  A territory  of  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, in  the  Gran  Chaco  region,  between  the  riv- 
ers Paraguay,  Pilcomayo,  and  Bermejo.  Capi- 
tal, Formosa.  It  was  created  in  1884  by  a division  of 
the  old  territory  of  Chaco.  Area,  41,402  square  miles. 
Civilized  population,  13,995. 

Formosa  Bay,  or  Ungama  (ong-ga'ma)  Bay. 
An  indentation  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa, 
about  lat.  2°  30'  S. 

Formosa  Strait.  The  channel  which  separates 
Formosa  from  the  mainland.  Breadth  at  the 
narrowest  part,  about  90  miles. 

Formosus  (for-mo'sus).  Bora  about  816 : died 
896.  Pope  891—896.  He  was  a missionary  among  the 
Bulgarians  about  866.  He  crowned  Arnulf  of  Carintliia 
emperor  in  896. 

Fomarina(for-na-re'na),La.  [It.,  ‘The Baker- 
ess.’]  A picture  by  Raphael,  painted  about 
1509,  now  in  the  Palazzo  Barberini,  Rome,  it 
represents  a half-nude  woman  seated  in  a wood.  On  her 
bracelet  is  written  “Raphael  Urbinas.”  It  is  commonly 
called  “Raphael's  Mistress,”  the  name  “F'ornarina”  hav- 
ing been  given  to  it  about  1750.  She  is  said  to  have  been 
Margherita,  the  daughter  of  a baker.  There  are  two  other 
pictures  to  which  this  name  has  been  given,  both  by  Se- 
bastian del  Piombo,  and  each  hasbeen  attributed  to  Raphael, 
and  under  this  supposition  has  been  engraved.  One  is 
now  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin,  and  the  other  is  in  the 
Ufiizi,  Florence  (dated  1512). 

Fornax  (for'naks).  [L.,  ‘ an  oven.’]  A south- 
ern constellation,  invented  and  named  by  La- 
caille  in  1763.  It  lies  south  of  the  western  part  of  Eri- 
danuk,  and,  as  Us  boundaries  are  at  present  drawn,  contains 
no  star  of  greater  magnitude  than  the  fifth. 

Forney  (for'ni),  John  Weiss.  Born  at  Lan- 
caster, Pa.,  Sept.  30, 1817 : died  at  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  9,  1881.  An  American  journalist  and 
politician.  He  was  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  “ Press” 
1857-77,  clerk  of  the  United  States  Houseof  Representatives 
1851-55  and  1859-61,  and  secretary  of  the  United  States 
Senate  1861-68. 

ForilOVO  (for-no'vo).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Parma,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Taro  10 
miles  southwest  of  Parma.  Here,  July  6,  1495,  the 
French  under  Charles  VIII.  defeated  the  Italians  under 
Gonzaga,  and  secured  the  retreat  of  the  French  army. 
Forobosco  (fo-ro-bos'ko).  A cheating  mounte- 
bank in  “The  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,”  by  Fletcher 
and  others. 

Forres  (for'es).  A royal  burgh  in  Elginshire, 
Scotland,  12  miles  west  of  Elgin.  Population, 
4,313. 

Forrest  (for ' est ) , Edwin.  Born  at  Phil adelphia, 
March  9, 1806 : died  there,  Dee.  12, 1872.  A cele- 
brated American  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
regular  stage  in  1820  as  Douglas  in  Home’s  play  of  that 
name.  His  first  notable  success  was  in  New  York,  where 
he  played  “ Othello  ” in  1826.  In  1836  he  appear  ed  in  Lon- 
don as  Spartacus  in  “ The  Gladiator.”  After  this  he  played 
with  success  both  in  England  and  America,  until  in  1S45 
in  London  he  was  hissed  in  “Macbeth.”  He  attributed 
this  hr  Macready’s  influence,  and  shortly  after,  when  the 
latter  was  playing  Hamlet  in  Edinburgh,  Forrest  stood  up 
in  his  box  and  hissed  violently.  It  is  believed  that  this 
was  the  original  cause  of  the  Astor  Place  riot  in  1849,  of 
which  the  immediate  occasion  was  the  attempt  of  For- 
rest s admirers  to  prevent  Macready  from  appearing  in  the 
Astor  Place  Opera  House.  His  last  appearance  in  New 
York  was  in  Feb.,  1871,  and  in  March  of  that  year  he  ap- 
peared for  the  last  time  as  an  actor  in  Boston.  He  after- 
ward, however,  gave  Shnksperian  readings, which  were  not 
successful.  He  left  his  house  in  Philadelphia  as  a home 
for  aged  actors.  Here  also  he  collected  a large  dramatic 
library.  One  of  his  most  characteristic  parts  was  Aylmere 
in  “Jack  Cade,”  which  was  written  for  him  by  Robert  T. 
Conrad.  Among  his  great  parts  were  Lear,  Coriolanus, 
Othello,  Virginius,  Damon,  Spartacus,  Tell,  etc. 

Forrest,  Nathan  Bedford.  Born  at  Chapel 
Hill,  Tenn.,  July  13,  1821:  died  at  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  Oct.  29, 1877.  An  American  cavalry  com- 
mander in  the  Confederate  service  during  the 
Civil  War.  He  participated,  as  brigadier-general,  in  the 
battle  of  Chickaraauga,  Sept.  19-20,  1863,  and  as  major- 
O.— 26 


401 

general  commanded  the  troops  which  captured  Fort  Pil- 
low, April  12,  1864.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-general 
in  Feb.,  1865,  and  surrendered  on  the  9th  of  May  in  the 
same  year. 

Forrest,  Thomas.  Died  in  India  about  1802. 
An  English  navigator.  He  entered  the  service  of  the 
East  India  Company  probably  about  1748.  He  discovered 
Forrest  Strait  (which  received  its  name  from  him)  in  1790, 
and  made  several  voyages  of  exploration.  He  wrote  “A 
Voyage  to  New  Guinea  and  the  Moluccas  from  Balam- 
bangan  . . . during  the  years  1774-5-6  " (1779),  “A  Journal 
of  the  Ether  Brig,  Capt.  Thomas  Forrest,  from  Bengal  to 
Quedah,  in  1783”  (1789),  “A  Voyage  from  Calcutta  to  the 
Mergui  Archipelago”  (1792),  “A  Treatise  on  the  Monsoons 
in  East  India  ” (1782). 

Forrester  (for'es-ter),  Alfred  Henry : pseudo- 
nym Alfred  Crowquill.  Born  at  London,  Sept. 
10,  1804:  died  there,  May  26,  1872.  An  English 
author  and  artist.  He  was  a younger  brother  of 
Charles  Robert  Forrester,  with  whom  he  shared  the  use  of 
the  pseudonym  Alfred  Crowquill.  He  contributed  sketches 
to  Vols.  IX,  III,  and  IV  of  “ Punch,”  and  illustrated  nu- 
merous works. 

Forrester,  Charles  Robert.  Born  at  London, 
1803:  died  there,  Jan.  15,  1850.  An  English  au- 
thor. He  was  an  elder  brother  of  Alfred  Henry  Forrester, 
and  with  him  used  the  pseudonym  Alfred  Crowquill ; he 
also  wrote  under  the  name  of  Hal  Willis.  Among  his  works 
are  "Absurdities  in  Prose  and  Verse,  written  and  illus- 
trated by  Alfred  Crowquill  ” (1827),  and  “Phantasmagoria 
of  Fun  ” (1843),  both  of  which  were  illustrated  by  his 
brother. 

Forrester,  Fanny.  A pen-name  of  Miss  Emily 
Chubbuck,  wife  of  the  missionary  Adoniram 
Judson. 

Forsete  (for-set'e),  or  Forseti  (for-set'e).  In 
Norse  mythology,  the  god  of  justice,  son  of 
Balder. 

ForskM  (for'sk&l),  Peter.  Born  at  Helsingfors, 
Finland,  Jan.  11,  1732:  died  at  Yerim,  Arabia, 
July  11,  1763.  A Swedish  naturalist  and  trav- 
eler. He  was  a pupil  of  Linnaeus,  on  whose  recommenda- 
tion he  was  appointed  by  Frederick  V.  of  Denmark  in 
1731  naturalist  to  a scientific  expedition  to  Egypt  and 
Arabia,  which  was  fitted  out  by  the  Danish  government 
and  placed  under  the  conduct  of  Niebuhr.  He  died  while 
engaged  in  this  enterprise,  and  the  following  works,  edited 
by  Niebuhr,  appeared  posthumously  : “ Fauna  orientalis” 
(1775),  “Flora  mgyptiaco-arabica  ” (1775). 

Forst  (forst),  formerly  Forsta  (for ' sta)  or 
Forste  (for'ste).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Neisse 
62  miles  northeast  of  Dresden:  annexed  to 
Prussia  1815.  Population,  commune,  33,752. 

Fdrster  (fer'ster),  Ernst.  Born  at  Mimchen- 
gosserstadt,  on  the  Saale,  Germany,  April  8, 
1800:  died  April  29, 1885.  A German  painter  and 
writer  on  art.  He  wrote  “Geschichte  der  deutschen 
Kunst"  (1851-62),  “Denkmaler  der  deutschen  Baukunst, 
Bildnerei,  und  Malerei  ”(1855-69),  “ Vorschule  zur  Kunst- 
geschichte  ” (1862),  etc. 

Forster  (for-star'),  Francois.  Born  at  Locle, 
Switzerland,  Aug.  22,  1790:  died  at  Paris,  June 
27,  1872.  A French  engraver  of  portraits  and 
historical  pictures. 

Forster  (fer'ster),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Miinchen- 
gosserstadt,  Sept.  24, 1791:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov. 
8, 1868.  A German  historian,  soldier,  poet,  and 
journalist,  brother  of  E.  Forster.  He  published 
works  on  Wallenstein,  Frederick  the  Great,  re- 
cent Prussian  history,  etc. 

Forster,  Heinrich.  Born  at  Grossglogau,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.24, 1800:  diedat  Johannisberg,  Austrian 
Silesia,  Oct.  20, 1881.  A German  Roman  Catholic 
irelate  and  pulpit  orator,  bishop  of  Breslau, 
orster  (for'ster),  Johann  Georg  Adam,  com- 
monly called  Georg  Forster.  Born  at  Nassen- 
huben,  near  Dantzic,  Prussia,  Nov.  27,  1754: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10,  1794.  A German  natu- 
ralist, traveler,  and  author,  son  of  J.  R.  Forster. 
He  accompanied  Cook  on  his  second  voyage  in  1772. 
Among  his  works  are  “A  Voyage  round  the  World”  (1777), 
“Kleine  Schriften”  (1789-97),  “Ansichten  vom  Nieder- 
rhein,  Brabant,  etc.”  (1790). 

Forster,  Johann  Reinhold.  Born  atDirsehau, 
Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1729:  diedat  Halle,  Prussia, 
Dee.  9, 1798.  A German  traveler  and  naturalist. 
He  accompanied  Cook  on  his  second  voyage  in  1772,  and 
published  “ Observations  made  during  a Voyage  round 
the  World,’*  etc.  (1778),  etc. 

Forster  (for'ster),  John.  Born  at  Newcastle, 
April  2,  1812:  died  Feb.  2,  1876.  An  English 
historian  and  biographer.  He  studied  at  University 
College ; was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1843;  became  editor  of  the  “Examiner”  in  1847;  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  commissioners  of  lunacy  in 
1855  ; and  was  made  a commissioner  of  lunacy  in  1861,  a 
position  which  he  resigned  in  1872.  He  bequeathed  “the 
Forster  Collection  ” to  the  nation.  It  is  now  at  South 
Kensington.  It  consists  of  18,000  books,  many  manu- 
scripts (including  nearly  all  the  original  manuscripts  of 
Dickens's  novels),  48  oil-paintings,  and  a large  number  of 
drawings,  engravings,  etc.  His  works  include  ‘ ‘ Historical 
and  Biographical  Essays  ” (collected  in  1858),  “ Life  of 
Sir  John  Eliot  ” (expanded  1864),  “Life  of  Landor  ” (1869), 
“Life  of  Dickens”  (1872-73-74),  etc.  He  wrote  a number 
of  other  biographies,  and  contributed  masterly  articles  to 
the  leading  periodicals. 


Fort  Donelson 

Forster  (fer'ster),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Griin- 
berg,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Dee.  16, 1832.  A German 
astronomer.  He  succeeded  Encke  as  director 
of  the  Berlin  Observatory  1865-1904. 

Forster  (for'ster),  William.  Born  at  Totten- 
ham, near  London,  March  23,  1784:  died  in 
Blount  County,  Tenn.,  Jan.  27,  1854.  An  Eng- 
lish philanthropist  and  minister  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  father  of  W.  E.  Forster. 

Forster, William  Edward.  Born  at  Bradpole, 
Dorset,  July  11,  1818:  died  at  London,  April  5, 
1886.  An  English  politician.  He  followed,  in  part- 
nership with  William  Fison,  the  business  of  a vraoien 
manufacturer  at  Bradford  from  1842  until  his  death  ; was 
Liberal  member  of  Parliament  for  Bradford  1861-85,  and 
for  the  central  division  of  Bradford  from  1885  until  his 
death  ; was  under-secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  1865- 
1866  in  the  government  of  Lord  Russell ; was  vice-president 
of  the  committee  of  the  Council  on  Education  1868-74  in 
the  government  of  Gladstone ; and  was  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland  1880-82  in  the  government  of  Gladstone. 

Forsyth  (f6r-sith' ),  John.  Bom  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  Oct.  22,  1780:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Oct.  21,  1841.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Georgia  1818-19  and 
1829-34 ; was  governor  of  Georgia  1827-29;  and  was  secre- 
tary of  state  1834— tl  under  Presidents  Jackson  and  Van 
Buren. 

Forsyth,  Sir  Thomas  Douglas.  Born  at  Bir- 
kenhead, Oct.  7, 1827 : died  at  Eastbourne,  Dec. 
17,  1886.  An  English  official  in  India.  He  en- 
tered the  Bengal  service  in  1848.  In  1872  he  was  charged 
with  the  suppression  of  an  insurrection  of  the  Kuka  sect 
under  Ram  Singh  at  Malair  Kotla.  Before  his  arrival 
Cowan,  the  commissioner  of  Ludhiana,  had  executed  a 
number  of  the  insurgents.  This  action  was  approved  by 
Forsyth,  with  the  result  that  both  were  removed  from 
office.  Forsyth  was  in  1875  sent  as  envoy  to  the  King  of 
Burma,  from  whom  he  obtained  an  acknowledgment  of 
the  independence  of  the  Karen  states. 

Forsyth,  William.  Born  at  Greenock,  Oct.  25, 
1812  : died  at  London,  Dec.  26,  1899.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  historian.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1834  ; proceeded  M.  A.  in 
1837  ; was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1839 ; 
became  queen’s  counsel  in  1857 ; and  was  a member  of  Par- 
liament for  Marylebone  1874-80.  Among  his  works  are  a 
“ History  of  Trial  by  Jury  ” (1852),  “ Napoleon  at  St.  He- 
lena ” (1853),  “ Life  of  Cicero  ” (1864),  “ Novels  and  Novel- 
ists of  the  Eighteenth  Century  ” (1871). 

Fortaleza  (for-ta-la'za),  often  but  incorrectly 
called  Gear  cl  (se-a-ra').  A seaport  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  Ceard,  Brazil,  lat.  3°  43' 
S.  Jong.  38°  31'W.  Population  ,municipio, 48, 369. 

Fort  Augustus.  A village  and  former  mili- 
tary station  of  Inverness-shire,  Scotland,  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Loch  Ness. 

Fort  Benton.  A small  town  in  Choteau  County, 
northern  Montana,  on  the  Missouri  River:  an 
important  center  of  the' fur-trade. 

Fort  Bowyer.  A former  fort  near  Mobile,  Ala- 
bama. It  was  attacked  Sept.  16,  1814,  by  a British  land 
force  of  730  troops  and  200  Creek  Indians,  assisted  by  a 
naval  force.  The  garrison,  which  consisted  of  134  men, 
repelled  the  attack  with  the  loss  of  5 killed  and  4 wounded. 
The  British  lost  162  killed  and  70  wounded. 

Fort  Caswell.  A fort  on  Oak  Island,  at  the 
mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  held 
by  the  Confederates  till  1865. 

Fort  Clinton.  A fort  in  the  highlands  of  the 
Hudson,  south  of  West  Point,  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary War. 

Fort  Craig,  Battle  of.  A battle  at  Fort  Craig, 
New  Mexico,  Feb.  21,  1862,  during  the  Civil 
War,  in  which  a Union  force  of  3,810  men  un- 
der Colonel  E.  R.  S.  Canby  was  defeated  and 
driven  within  the  fort  by  the  Confederate  gen- 
eral H.  H.  Sibley. 

Fort  Dearborn.  A fort,  established  by  the 
UnitedStates  government  (1804),  which  became 
the  nucleus  of  Chicago.  See  Chicago. 

Fort  de  France  (for  de  froiis),  formerly  Fort 
Royal.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Martinique,  French  West  Indies,  situated  in 
lat.  14°  36'  N.,  long.  61°  4'  W.  Population, 
27,069. 

Fort  de  1’Ecluse  (for  de  la-kliiz').  A fort  on 
the  Rhone,  west  of  Geneva,  guarding  the  en- 
trance to  France  from  Switzerland. 

Fort  Dodge.  The  capital  of  Webster  County, 
Iowa,  situated  on  the  Des  Moines  River  70 
miles  northwest  of  Des  Moines.  Population, 
15,543,  (1910). 

Fort  Donelson.  A fortification  in  northwest- 
ern Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Cumberland 
River  63  miles  west-northwest  of  Nashville,  it 
was  invested  by  General  Grant  Feb.  12-14,  1862.  Having 
sustained  a bombardment  by  the  Federal  gunboats  under 
Commodore  Foote  Feb.  14,  the  garrison  (which  numbered 
about  18,000  effectives)  made  an  unsuccessful  sortie  Feb. 
15.  The  fort  was  surrendered  by  Genera!  Buckner  Feb.  16 : 
his  senior  officers,  Generals  Floyd  and  Pillow,  escaped  by 
the  river.  The  Federals  numbered  15,000  at  the  in ‘gin- 
ning of  the  investment,  and  about  27,000  at  the  surrender. 


Fort  Donelson 

The  Federal  loss  (army  and  navy,  Feb.  14-16)  was  510 
killed,  2,152  wounded,  and  224  missing  ; the  Confederate 
loss  was  about  2,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  13,000  cap- 
tured. 

Fort  Douglas.  A United  States  military  post, 
3 miles  east  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

Fort  Duquesne.  See  Pittsburg. 

Fort  Edward.  A village  in  Washington  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  39  miles 
north  of  Albany.  It  was  an  important  post  during 
the  French  and  Indian  war.  Population  of  township, 
5,740,  (1910);  of  village,  3,762,  (1910). 

Fortescue  (for 'tes-ku),  Sir  Faithful.  Died 
near  Carisbrooke  in  May,  1666.  A Royalist  com- 
mander in  the  civil  war  in  England.  He  served 
as  a major  in  the  Parliamentary  army  at  the  battle  of 
Edgehill,  during  which  engagement  he  deserted  witli  his 
troop  to  the  royal  standard.  He  subsequently  com- 
manded a regiment  of  royal  infantry,  served  under  the 
Marquis  of  Ormonde  in  Ireland  in  1647,  and  on  the  acces- 
sion of  Charles  II.  was  reinstated  as  constable  of  Carrick- 
fergus,  and  created  a gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber. 

Fortescue,  George.  Born  at  London  about 
1578 : died  in  1659.  An  English  essayist  and 
poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Roman  Catholic  parents,  and 
was  educated  at  the  English  College  of  Douay  and  at  the 
English  College  at  Rome.  His  chief  work  is  “Ferise 
Academic®,  auctore  Georgio  de  Forti  Scuto  Nobili  Anglo  ” 
(1630).  He  is  also  credited  with  the  authorship  of  the 
anonymous  poem  “The  Sovles  Pilgrimage  to  Heavenly 
Hierusalem  " (1650). 

Fortescue,  Sir  John.  Died  about  1476.  An 
English  j urist.  He  was  made  chief  j ustice  of  the  King’s 
Bench  in  1442.  As  a Lancastrian  lie  followed  Queen  Mar- 
garet to  Flanders  in  1463;  returned  to  England  in  1471; 
was  captured  at  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury,  and  accepted 
a pardon  from  Edward  IV.  His  most  notable  works  are 
“De  Laudibus  Legum  Angliae,”  first  printed  in  1537,  and 
“ On  the  Governance  of  the  Kingdom  of  England  ” (also 
entitled  “The  Difference  between  an  Absolute  and  Lim- 
ited Monarchy'’  and  “De  Dominio  Regali  et  Politico”), 
first  printed  in  1714. 

Fortescue,  Sir  John.  Died  Dec.  23,  1607.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  a cousin  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. He  was  appointed  to  superintend  the  studies  of 
Elizabeth  about  1553,  and  was  made  keeper  of  the  great 
wardrobe  on  her  accession  in  1558,  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  1589,  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster 
in  1601.  On  the  accession  of  James  I.  in  1603  he  was  de- 
prived of  the  chancellorship  of  the  exchequer,  but  re- 
tained in  his  other  offices.  In  1604  he  was  defeated  by 
Sir  Francis  Goodwin  in  a parliamentary  election  for  Buck- 
ingham. The  clerk  of  the  crown  refused  to  receive  the 
return  of  Goodwin  on  the  ground  that  he  was  an  outlaw, 
whereupon  Fortescue  was  elected  by  virtue  of  a second 
writ.  The  House  of  Commons  recognized  the  election  of 
Goodwin  as  legal.  A dispute  between  the  king  and  the 
Commons  in  reference  to  the  election  resulted,  under  the 
guise  of  a compromise,  in  a victory  for  the  Commons,  who 
have  since  regularly  exercised  the  right  to  decide  oil  the 
legality  of  returns. 

Forteviot  (for-te'vi-ot).  A former  town  near 
Perth,  Scotland,  noted  as  the  old  capital  of  the 
Piets. 

Fort  Fisher.  A fortification  between  Cape 
Fear  River  and  the  Atlantic,  situated  18  miles 
south  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina.  It  was 
attacked  by  the  Federals  under  Terry  Jan.  13,  and  was 
carried  by  storm  Jan.  15,  1865.  The  Federal  loss  (Jan.  13- 
15)  was  955  ; the  Confederate,  2,483. 

Fort  Garry.  See  Winnipeg. 

Fort  George.  A fortress  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Moray  Firth  12  miles 
northeast  of  Inverness  : built  in  1748. 

Forth  (forth).  A river  of  Scotland  which,  ris- 
ing on  and  near  Ben  Lomond,  flows  east  and 
merges  in  the  Firth  of  Forth  at  Alloa.  The  es- 

tuary  of  the  Forth  (the  Firth  of  Forth),  an  inlet  of  the 
North  Sea,  extends  from  Alloa  eastward  about  50  miles. 
Length,  65  miles. 

Forth,  Firth  of.  See  Forth. 

Forth  Bridge,  The.  A bridge  erected  (1882- 
1889)  by  the  North  British  Railway  across  tho 
Firtli  of  Forth  at  Queensferry,  Scotland:  the 
largest  bridge  yet  built.  The  two  main  spans  are 
each  1,710  feet  long,  and  are  formed  of  two  cantalivers 
each  680  feet  long,  united  by  a girder  of  350  feet  span  in 
the  clear.  Each  of  these  spans  is  114)  feet  longer  than 
that  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge.  The  steel  towers  which 
support  the  cantalivers  are  360  feet  high,  and  the  clear 
height  above  high  water  is  151  feet.  The  total  length  is 
8,296  feet,  and  the  cost  was  816,000,000.  The  metal-work 
which  constitutes  the  superstructure  of  the  bridge  is 
wholly  flue  Siemens  steel  (about  54,000  tons). 

Fort  Hamilton.  A fort  on  Long  Island,  situ- 
ated on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Narrows  at  the 
entrance  to  New  York  harbor. 

Fort  Henry.  A fortification  in  northwestern 
Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Tennessee  River 
11  miles  west  of  Fort  Donelson.  It  was  captured 
Feb.  6,  1862,  by  the  Federal  gunboats  under  Commodore 
Foote,  acting  in  conjunction  with  a land  force  under  Gen- 
eral Grant. 

Fortinbras  (for 'tin -bras).  In  Shakspere’s 
“Hamlet,”  the  Prince  of  Norway.  He  conspires 
to  recover  the  lands  and  power  lost  by  his  father.  He  is 
usually  left  out  qf  the  acted  play. 

Fort  Independence.  A fort  on  Castle  Island : 
one  of  the  defenses  of  the  harbor  of  Boston. 
Fort  Jackson.  A fort  in  Louisiana,  situated 


402 

on  the  Mississippi  57  miles  southeast  of  New 
Orleans.  It.  was  strongly  fortified  by  the  Confederates 
during  the  Civil  War,  and,  with  Fort  St.  Philip,  guarded 
the  lower  approach  to  New  Orleans.  It  was  passed  by 
the  Federal  fleet  under  Farragut  April  24,  1862,  and  was 
compelled  to  surrender  shortly  after  by  the  fall  of  the 
city. 

Fort  Lafayette.  A fort  in  the  Narrows,  in 
front  of  Fort  Hamilton,  at  the  entrance  to  New 
York  harbor. 

Fort  McAllister.  A fort  on  the  Ogeechee 
River,  opposite  Genesis  Point,  Georgia,  built 
by  the  Confederates  during  the  Civil  War  to 
guard  the  approach  to  Savannah.  It  was  taken 
by  assault  by  a division  of  General  Sherman’s  army  under 
General  Hazen  Dec.  13,  1864. 

Fort  McHenry.  A fort  at  the  entrance  of  Bal- 
timore harbor.  It  was  unsuccessfully  bombarded  by 
the  British  fleet  in  1814.  During  the  bombardment  Francis 
Scott  Key,  an  American  citizen,  was  detained  on  board  a 
British  vessel,  and  was  inspired  by  the  spectacle  to  write 
“The  Star-Spangled  Banner.” 

Fort  Macon.  A fort  on  the  eastern  extremity 
of  Bogue  Island,  commanding  Beaufort  har- 
bor, North  Carolina,  begun  in  1826,  and  finished 
in  1834.  It  was  captured  April  26,  1861,  by  a Union 
army  under  General  Parke,  assisted  by  a naval  force  under 
Commander  Samuel  Lockwood. 

Fort  Madison.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Lee 
County,  southeastern  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  17  miles  southwest  of  Burlington. 
Population,  8,900,  (1910). 

Fort  Mifflin.  A fort  on  the  Delaware  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Schuylkill : one  of  the  defenses  of 
Philadelphia. 

Fort  Monroe.  A fort  on  Old  Point  Comfort,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  James  River,  Virginia.  It  oc- 
cupies a tract  of  200  acres  ceded  in  1818  by  V irginia  to  the 
United  States,  and  is  the  largest  military  work  in  the 
country. 

Fort  Montgomery.  An  American  fort  on  the 
Hudson,  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  6 miles 
south  of  West  Point. 

Fort  Morgan.  A fort  at  the  entrance  to  Mo- 
bile Bay,  on  the  site  of  the  old  Fort  Bowyer. 

The  Americans  under  Major  Lawrence  here  repulsed  a 
combined  sea  and  land  attack  by  the  British  and  their 
Indian  allies  Sept.  15,  1814. 

Fort  Moultrie.  A fort  on  Sullivan’s  Island,  in 
the  main  entrance  to  Charleston  harbor,  erected 
during  the  War  of  1812.  it  was  abandoned  by  the 
Federals  under  Major  Robert  Anderson  Dec.  26,  1860,  and 
was  seized  by  the  Confederates,  who  served  a battery  from 
it  during  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter. 

Fort  Niagara.  A fort  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Niagara  River,  New  York,  established  by  the 
French  in  1678,  and  surrendered  by  the  British 
to  the  United  States  in  1796. 

Fort  Pickens.  A fort  on  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
Pensacola  harbor.  It  was  weakly  garrisoned  by  the 
Federals  under  Lieutenant  A.  J.  Slemmer  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  but  refused  to  surrender  in  Jan., 
1861,  and  was  held  until  reinforced. 

Fort  Pillow.  A fort  on  the  Chickasaw  Bluff, 
in  Tennessee,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  above 
Memphis,  noted  in  the  Civil  War.  It  was  erected  by 
the  Confederates  during  the  Civil  War,  and  was  occupied 
by  the  Federals  June  5,  1862,  having  been  evacuated  and 
partially  destroyed  by  the  Confederates  on  the  day  pre- 
vious. It  was  recaptured  by  the  Confederates  under 
Forrest,  April  12,  1864,  when  a large  part  of  the  garrison, 
which  consisted  of  a regiment  of  colored  infantry  and  a 
detachment  of  cavalry,  was  massacred. 

Fort  Pulaski.  A fort  on  Cockspur  Island,  at 
the  head  of  Tybee  Roads,  commanding  both 
channels  of  the  Savannah  River.  During  the 
Civil  War  it  was  captured  by  the  Federals  un- 
der General  Hunter,  April  10,  1862. 

Fort  Riley.  A United  States  military  post  in 
Kansas,  at  the  junction  of  the  Republican  and 
Kansas  rivers. 

Fort  Royal.  See  Fort  de  France. 

Fort  St.  David.  A ruined  fortress  on  the 
Coromandel  coast,  India,  13  miles  south  of 
Pondicherry,  prominent  in  the  18th  century. 
Fort  St.  Elmo.  See  Elmo,  Castle  of  Saint. 
Fort  St.  George.  The  fortress  of  Madras.  It 

played  an  important  part  in  the  French  and  English 
struggles  in  India  during  the  18th  century. 

Fort  St.  Philip.  A fort  on  the  Mississippi, 
nearly  opposite  Fort  Jackson  (which  see). 
Fort  Salisbury.  The  former  name  of  Salis- 
bury, Southern  Rhodesia.  See  * Salisbury . 
Fort  Scott.  Tbe  capital  of  Bourbon  County, 
eastern  Kansas,  88  miles  south  of  Kansas  City. 
Population,  10,463,  (1910). 

Fort  Smith.  A town  in  Sebastian  County,  Ar- 
kansas, on  the  Arkansas  River  in  lat.  35°  22' 
N.,  long.  94°  28'  W.  Population,  23,975,  (1910). 
Fort  Snelling.  A U.  S.  military  post  in  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Mississippi  6 miles  above  St.  Paul. 
Fort  Sumter.  A fort  in  Charleston  harbor, 
South  Carolina,  4 miles  southeast  of  Charles- 
ton, the  scene  of  the  first  engagement  in  the 


Fortuny  y Carbo 

Civil  War.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  the  na- 
tional works  in  Charleston  harbor  were  commanded  by 
Major  Robert  Anderson.  In  consequence  of  the  secession 
of  South  Carolina,  Dec.  20, 1860,  and  the  preparations  made 
by  that  State  to  seize  the  United  States  forts  in  the  har- 
bor, he  evacuated  Fort  Moultrie  Dec.  26, 1860,  and  concen- 
trated his  forces  at  Fort  Sumter.  Reinforcements  sent  out 
in  the  Star  of  the  West  were  prevented  from  landing,  the 
ship  being  fired  on  off  Morris  Island  Jan.  9,  1861.  On 
April  11,  1861,  Major  Anderson  refused  a demand  by  Gen- 
eral G.  T.  Beauregard  to  surrender ; and  on  April  12  and 
13  sustained  a bombardment  from  batteries  at  Fort  Moul- 
trie, Fort  Johnson,  Cumming’s  Point,  and  elsewhere.  He 
surrendered  April  13,  no  casualties  having  occurred  on 
either  side.  The  fort  was  held  by  the  Confederates  until 
the  evacuation  of  Charleston,  Feb.  17,  1865. 

Fort  Ticonderoga.  See  Ticonderoga. 

Fortuna  (for-tu'na).  [L.,  ‘fortune.’]  1.  In 
ancient  Italian  mythology,  the  goddess  of  good 
luck,  corresponding  to  the  Greek  Tyche. — 2. 
An  asteroid  (No.  19)  discovered  by  Hind  at 
London,  Aug.  22,  1852. 

Fortunate  Islands,  The.  [L.  Fortunatx  in- 
sults ; Gr.  ai  tc)v  gaiidguv  vrjaoi,  Islands  of  the 
Blest.]  An  ancient  name  of  the  Canary  Isl- 
ands. The  Fortunate  Islands,  Islands  of  the  Blest,  or 
the  Happy  Islands  were  originally  imaginary  isles  in  the 
western  ocean  where  the  souls  of  the  good  are  made  happy. 
With  the  discovery  of  the  Canary  and  Madeira  islands  the 
name  became  attached  to  them. 

The  Carthaginian  fleet  (under  Himilco]  appears  to  have 
turned  homewards  from  this  point  and  to  have  touched  at 
the  Island  of  Madeira,  which  was  described  on  their  re- 
turn in  such  glowing  language  that  others  undertook  the 
voyage,  until  the  Senate,  being  afraid  of  an  exodus  from 
Carthage,  forbade  all  further  visits  to  “the  Fortunate  Isl- 
ands ” on  pain  of  death. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  22. 

Fortunatus  (for-tu-na'tus).  The  hero  of  a pop- 
ular European  chap-book.  When  in  great  straits  he 
receives  from  the  goddess  Fortune  a purse  which  can  never 
be  emptied.  He  afterward  takes  from  the  treasure-cham- 
ber of  a sultan  a hat  which  will  transport  its  wearer  wher- 
ever he  desires.  These  enable  him  to  indulge  his  every 
whim.  The  earliest  known,  and  probably  original,  version 
was  published  at  Augsburg  in  1509.  It  lias  been  retold  in 
all  languages,  and  dramatized  by  Hans  Sachs  in  1563  and 
by  Thomas  Dekker  in  1600.  Tieck  in  “ Phantasus,”  and 
Ohamisso  in  “Peter  Schlemihl,”  have  also  utilized  this 
legend.  Uhland  left  an  unfinished  narrative  poem,  “ For- 
tunatus and  his  Sons.”  See  Old  Fortunatus. 

Fortunatus,  Venantius  Honorius  Clemen- 
tianus.  Born  at  Ceneda,  near  Treviso,  Italy, 
about  530 : died  after  600.  A Latin  poet,  bishop 
of  Poitiers.  He  was  the  author  of  300  hymns,  among 
them  “Vexilla  regis  prodeunt,”  and  probably  “Range 
lingua.” 

Fortune  (for'tun).  A short  poem  erroneously 
attributed  to  Chaucer  by  Shirley.  Its  subtitle  is 
“ Ballade  de  Visage  [sometimes  written  Village]  saun9 
Peynture”  (“The  Face  of  the  World  as  it  really  is,  not 
Painted  ").  It  is  based  partly  on  Boethius  and  partly  on  a 
portion  of  the  “Roman  de  la  Rose.” 

Fortune.  A painting  by  Guido  Reni,  in  the 
Accademia  di  San  Luca,  Rome.  The  goddess  is 
represented  nude,  smiling,  sweeping  over  a globe.  From 
her  raised  left  hand  hangs  a purse  from  which  money  falls. 
A Cupid  clings  to  her  flowing  hair  and  to  the  scarf  which 
floats  behind  her. 

Fortune.  A ship  which  arrived  at  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  Nov.  11,  1621,  from  London,  bringing 
out  35  colonists  and  a patent,  granted  June  1, 
1611,  by  the  president  and  council  of  New  Eng- 
land to  John  Pierce  and  his  associates,  allowing 
a hundred  acres  to  be  taken  up  for  every  emi- 
grant, and  empowering  the  grantees  to  make 
laws  and  set  up  a government.  Winsor. 
Fortune,  The.  A London  theater  built  in 
1599  for  Henslowe  (the  pawnbroker  and  money- 
lender) and  Alleyne  (the  comedian).  It  stood  in 
the  parish  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  and  in  the  street  now 
called  Playhouse  Yard,  connecting  Whitecross  street  with 
Golding  Lane.  It  was  a wooden  tenement,  which  was 
burned  down  in  1621,  and  was  replaced  by  a circular  brick 
edifice.  In  1649  a party  of  soldiers  broke  into  the  edifice 
and  pulled  down  the  building. 

Fortune  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the 
southern  coast  of  Newfoundland. 

Fortunes  of  Moll  Flanders.  A novel  by  De- 
foe, published  in  1722.  It  is  the  history  of  a 
profligate  woman  who  reforms  before  her  death. 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (nig'el),  The.  A historical 
novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1822. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  London  during  the  reign 
of  James  I. 

Fortunio  (for-tu'ni-o).  A fairy  tale  of  ancient 
but  unknown  origin.  Fortunio  is  the  daughter  of  an 
aged  nobleman,  in  whose  stead  she  offers  her  services  to 
the  king,  disguised  as  a cavalier.  A fairy  horse  named 
Comrade,  and  seven  servants,  Strongback,  Lightfoot, 
Marksman,  Fine-ear,  Boisterer,  Gormand,  and  Tippler, 
aid  her  to  slay  a dragon  and  regain  the  treasures  of  the 
king. 

Fortuny  (for-to'ne)  y Carbo,  Mariano  Jos6 
Maria  Bernardo.  Born  at  R6us  in  Catalonia, 
Juno  11,  1838  : died  at  Rome,  Nov.  21,  1874.  A 
Spanish  genre  painter  and  aquafortist.  He  fol- 
lowed the  course  at  the  Academy  de  Bellas  Artes  at  Barce 
Iona.  He  studied  first  in  the  manner  of  Overbeck,  in  which 


Fortuny  y Oarbo 

he  excelled  his  master  Claudio  Lorenzalez,  but  his  true 
style  was  developed  by  seeing  the  lithographs  of  Gavarni. 
He  gained  the  grand  pi'ix  de  Rome  1867.  He  followed  the 
expedition  to  Morocco,  where  he  developed  his  taste  for 
Arabian  subjects.  After  several  visits  to  Paris,  Florence, 
Naples,  Madrid,  Seville,  Granada,  and  even  England,  he  es- 
tablished himself  in  Portici;  then  returned  to  Rome,  where 
he  died  suddenly  at  the  age  of  thirty-six.  Among  his 
works  are  “Interior  (Alauresque),"  “Cour  de  maison  ii 
Tangier,”  “ Intdrieur  de  bazar,”  “Exercises  ii  feu  en  pre- 
sence de  la  reine  d'Espagne,”  “ Fantasie  arabe,”  “La  baie 
de  Portici.” 

Fort  Wadsworth.  A fort  on  Staten  Island,  sit- 
uated on  the  western  side  of  the  Narrows  at 
the  entrance  of  New  York  harbor. 

Fort  Wagner.  A fortification  on  Morris  Island : 
one  of  the  defenses  of  Charleston.  It  was  re- 
duced by  the  Federals  under  Gillmore,  Sept. 
6,  1863. 

Fort  Wayne  (fort  wan).  A city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Allen  County,  Indiana,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  Maumee  Eiver,  in  lat.  41°  4'  N., 
long.  85°  4'  W.  It  is  a leading  railway,  manufacturing, 
and  business  center  of  northern  Indiana.  A United  States 
fort  was  built  here  by  General  Wayne  in  1794.  Population, 
63,933,  (1910). 

Fort  William.  1.  A place  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  near  the  head  of  Loch  Eil  and  the 
foot  of  Ben  Nevis,  and  the  entrance  to  the 
Caledonian  Canal.  At  one  time  it  was  regarded  as 
the  key  of  the  Highlands.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  Highlanders  in  1746.  Population,  2,087. 

2.  The  fortress  of  Calcutta. 

Fort  William  Henry.  A fort  in  the  modern 
town  of  Caldwell,  at  the  head  of  Lake  George, 
New  York.  It  was  surrendered  by  the  English  to  the 
French  and  Indians  under  Montcalm  in  Aug  , 1767. 

Fort  Winthrop.  A fort  Oil  Governor’s  Island: 
one  of  the  defenses  of  Boston  harbor. 

Fort  Worth.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Tarrant 
County,  Texas,  in  lat.  32°  47'  N.,  long.  97°  14'  W. 
It  has  manufactures  of  flour,  etc.,  and  is  an  important 
center  for  stock.  Population,  73,312,  (1910). 

Forty  Thieves,  The.  1 . One  of  the  tales  of 
the  “Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments.”  See 
Baba,  Ali. — 2.  A play  by  George  Colman  the 
younger,  produced  in  1805. 

Forum  Boarium  (f 6 ' rum  bo-a'ri-um) . [L.]  The 
early  cattle-market  of  ancient  Rome,  it  was 
bounded  ou  the  north  by  the  area  called  the  V elabrum,  on 
the  east  by  the  Palatine,  on  the  south  by  the  Aventine  at 
the  extremity  of  the  Circus  Maximus,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Tiber.  It  is  said  that  at  an  early  date  gladiatorial  shows 
were  given  here,  and  that  human  sacrifices  were  made  by 
burial  alive.  Upon  this  forum  fronts  the  temple  of  Fors 
Fortuna  (so-called  Fortuna  Virilis),  and  in  it  stands  the 
circular  monument  long  popularly  called  the  temple  of 
Vesta.  A number  of  other  important  temples  stood  on  it 
in  antiquity,  among  them  that  of  Ceres,  whose  remains 
are  incorporated  in  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin.  The  Forum 
Boarium  was  within  the  Servian  Wall. 

Forum  Julium  (fo'rum  jo'li-um).  [L.]  The 
earliest  of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Rome, 
designed  to  relieve  the  crowding  of  the  Forum 
Romanmn.  It  was  begun  by  Julius  Caesar,  and  prac- 
tically  adjoined  the  northern  side  of  the  Forum  Romanum 
at  its  eastern  end.  It  was  surrounded  with  porticos,  and 
its  central  area  was  occupied  by  a richly  adorned  perip- 
teral temple  of  Venus  Genitrix.  Some  finely  arcaded  and 
vaulted  chambers  of  the  inclosure  exist  near  the  south- 
west angle  : they  were  probably  offices  for  legal  business. 

Forum  of  Augustus.  The  second  of  the  im- 
perial fora  of  ancient  Rome.  It  adjoined  the 
northeast  side  of  the  Forum  Julium,  and  was  very  large, 
rectangular  in  plan  except  that  a corner  was  cut  off  at 
the  southeast,  and  that  a semicircular  exedra  indented 
each  long  side.  It  was  inclosed  by  very  massive  walls 
nearly  100  feet  high,  and  surrounded  by  porticos  splen- 
didly adorned  with  marble  statues  and  incrustation. 
Toward  the  northeastern  end  of  the  central  area  rose  the 
temple  of  Mars  Ultor,  colonnaded  on  three  sides,  and 
having  an  apse  at  the  back.  The  existing  remains  include 
very  impressive  stretches  of  the  inclosing  wall,  one  of  the 
entrance-arches,  now  called  Arco  de’  Pantani,  and  some 
columns  and  walls  of  the  temple. 

Forum  of  Nerva.  The  fourth  of  the  imperial  fora 
of  ancient  Rome,  a long  narrow  area  between  the 
Forum  of  Vespasian  and  the  Forum  of  Augus- 
tus. It  was  also  called  Forum  Transitorium  because  an 
important  thoroughfare  from  the  northeast  passed  through 
it  to  the  Forum  Romanum,  and  Forum  Palladium  from 
the  temple  of  Minerva  which  it  contained.  Temple  and 
forum  were  dedicated  by  Nerva  in  97  A.  n.  The  temple 
was  hexastyle  prostyle,  with  columns  on  the  flanks  and 
an  apse  at  the  back.  Part  of  the  cella  wall  toward  the  apse 
remains  in  place,  together  with  two  Corinthian  columns 
of  marble  of  the  interior  range  of  the  forum,  with  richly 
ornamented  entablatures,  returned  to  the  wall  behind  the 
columns.  Over  the  entablature  there  is  an  attic  on  which 
is  an  effective  sculptured  relief  of  Minerva.  The  temple 
remained  almost  perfect  until  1606,  when  Paul  V.  destroyed 
it  to  use  its  marbles  in  the  Chapel  of  St.  Paul  in  Santa  Maria 
Maggiore. 

Forum  of  Trajan.  The  largest  and  the  furthest 
north  of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Rome, 
adjoining  the  northwest  side  of  the  Forum  of 
Augustus,  and  lying  between  the  northeastern 
declivity  of  the  Capitoline  Hill  and  the  Quiri- 
nal.  It  consisted  of  three  parts  : the  forum  proper,  the 
huge  Basilica  Ulpia,  and  the  temple  of  Trajan,  with  its 


403 

colonnaded  inclosure.  Between  the  temple  of  Trajan  and 
the  Basilica  Ulpia  rises  the  column  of  Trajan,  beneath 
which  was  the  emperor’s  mausoleum.  To  create  an  area 
for  this  lavish  monumental  display,  Trajan  cut  away  a 
large  ridge  of  tufa  which  extended  from  the  Capitoline  to 
the  Quirinal.  The  forum  proper  was  a large  rectangle 
surrounded  by  columns  — a double  range  on  the  sides,  and 
a single  range  toward  the  Forum  of  Augustus  and  the 
Basilica  Ulpia.  From  each  side,  behind  the  porticos, 
projected  a large  hemicycle  with  booths  or  offices  in  sev- 
eral stories.  Trajan’s  forum  was  entered  from  that  of 
Augustus  by  a splendid  triumphal  arch,  many  of  whose 
sculptures  now  adorn  the  arch  of  Constantine.  The  fo- 
rum was  adorned  with  numbers  of  statues  in  bronze  and 
marble,  and  all  its  buildings  were  roofed  with  gilt  bronze. 

Forum  Olitorium  (fo'rum  o-li-to'ri-um). 
[L.,‘  vegetable-market.’]  The  vegetable-mar- 
ket of  ancient  Rome.  It  occupied  the  southern  ex- 
tremity oftheCampus  Martius,  beneath  the  Capitoline  Hill, 
stretching  into  the  Velabrum,  and  separated  from  the  Fo- 
rum Boarium  o ily  by  the  Servian  Wall.  In  the  Forum  Oli- 
torium stood  three  temples  side  by  side,  two  of  which  are 
identified  as  the  temples  of  Spes  and  Juno  Sospita,  whose 
remains  are  built  into  the  Church  of  San  Niecolo  in  Car- 
cere. 

Forum  Pacis  (fo'rum  pa 'sis)  (‘Forum  of 
Peace’),  or  Forum  of  Vespasian.  The  third 
of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Rome.  It  was  the 
furthest  south  of  the  imperial  fora,  and  lay  behind  the 
Basilica  -Emilia,  which  fronted  on  the  Forum  Romanum. 
It  was  built  to  inclose  the  temple  of  Peace  which  was 
dedicated  by  Vespasian  in  75  A.  D.  in  honor  of  the  taking 
of  Jerusalem,  and  is  described  by  Pliny  as  one  of  the  four 
finest  buildings  of  Rome.  In  it  were  dedicated  the  spoils 
of  the  Jewish  temple,  represented  on  the  arch  of  Titus; 
and  here  too  Vespasian  placed  the  works  of  art  taken  by 
Nero  from  Delphi  and  other  Greek  cities.  A massive 
stretch  of  the  exterior  wall  of  this  forum  still  stands,  near 
the  western  end  of  the  basilica  of  Constantine,  with  a fine 
flat-arched  doorway  of  travertine. 

Forum  Romanum  (fo'rum  ro-ma'num).  The 
famous  Roman  forum  which  from  the  time  of 
the  kings  formed  the  political  center  of  ancient 
Rome.  Beginning  in  a hollow  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  Capitoline  Hill,  its  long  and  comparatively  narrow 
area  stretched  In  a direction  south  of  east  beneath  the 
northern  declivity  of  the  Palatine.  Its  western  end  was 
occupied  by  the  tabularium,  or  office  of  the  archives,  in 
front  of  which  stood  the  temples  of  Concord  and  of  Ves- 
pasian. On  its  southern  side  were  the  temple  of  Saturn, 
the  Basilica  Julia,  the  temples  of  Castor  and  Pollux  and  of 
Vesta,  and  on  its  northern  side  the  arch  of  Septimius  Seve- 
rus,  the  Curia,  the  Basilica  .Emilia,  and  the  temples  of  An- 
toninus and  Faustina  and  of  Romulus.  In  the  middle  of 
the  eastern  part  rose  the  temple  and  rostra  of  Julius  Ose- 
sar.  The  more  ancient  and  famous  rostra  from  which 
Cicero  spoke  were  at  the  western  end.  The  remains  of  all 
these  buildings  are  considerable,  and  the  area  has  been  ex- 
cavated and  restored  as  far  as  possible  to  its  ancient  aspect. 

Forward  (for'ward),  Walter.  Born  in  Connect- 
icut, 1786:  died  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  24, 1852. 
An  American  politician,  secretary  of  the  trea- 
sury 1841-43. 

Forward,  Marshal.  See  Marshal  Forward. 

Forza  del  Destino  (for'tsa  del  des-te'no),  La. 
[It.,  ‘ The  Force  of  Destiny.’]  An  opera  by 
Verdi,  first  produced  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1862. 

Fosbroke  (fos'bruk),  Thomas  Dudley),  Born 
at  London,  May  27,  1770:  died  at  Walford, 
Herefordshire,  Jan.  1,  1842.  An  English  anti- 
quary. His  chief  works  are  “British  Mona- 
chism”  (1802)  and  “ Encyclopaedia  of  Antiqui- 
ties” (1824). 

Foscari  (fos'ka-re),  Francesco.  Died  1457. 
Doge  of  Venice  1423-57.  He  began  in  1426  a war 
against  Filippo  Maria  Visconti,  duke  of  Milan,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  acquisition  of  Brescia,  Bergamo,  and  Cremona 
in  1427.  A second  war,  which  lasted  from  1431  to  1433, 
fixed  the  Adda  as  the  boundary  of  theVenetian  dominion. 
A war  against  Bologna,  Milan,  and  Mantua,  in  which  he 
was  supported  by  Francisco  Sforza  and  Cosmo  de’  Medici, 
resulted  in  1441  in  the  conquest  of  Lonato,  Velaggio,  and 
Peschiera.  The  close  of  his  reign  was  troubled  by  the 
machinations  of  his  rival  Giacopo  Loredano.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  abdicate,  after  having  sustained  the  loss  of  his 
only  surviving  son,  Giacopo,  who  died  in  exile  as  the  re- 
sult of  the  tortures  inflicted  on  him  by  the  Council  of  the 
Ten.  He  formed  with  his  son  the  subject  of  Byron’s  tra- 
gedy “The  Two  Foscari.” 

Foscarini  (fos-kii-re'ne),  Marco.  Born  at  Ven- 
ice, Jan.  30,  1696:  died  there,  March  30,  1763. 
Doge  of  Venice  1762-63.  He  wrote  “Dellalette- 
ratura  Veneziana  ” (1752). 

Foscarini,  Michele.  Bom  at  Venice,  March  29, 
1632:  died  at  Venice,  May  31,1692.  A Venetian 
historian,  appointed  governor  of  Corfu  Sept.  1 , 
1664,  and  historiographer  of  Venice  in  1678.  He 
wrote  “Istoria  della  republica  Veneta”  (1696), 
etc. 

Fosco  (fos'ko),  Count.  Ill  Wilkie  Collins’s  novel 
“ The  Woman  in  White,”  a fat,  insidious,  and 
•agreeable  villain. 

Foscolo  (fos'ko-lo),  Niccolo  Ugo.  Born  in  the 
island  of  Zante,  Jan.  26,  1778 : died  at  Turnham 
Green,  near  London,  Oct.  10,  1827.  An  Italian 
poet  and  litterateur.  He  wrote  “Ultime  lettere  di 
Jacopo  Qrtis”  (a  romance,  1798),  “ I sepolcri  ” (lyric,  1807), 
etc. 

Foss  (fos),Corporal.  In  “The  Poor  Gentleman,” 
by  George  Colman  the  younger,  the  faithful  ser- 


Foster,  John  Wells 

vant  and  former  soldier  of  Worthington.  He  is 
modeled  on  Sterne’s  Corporal  Trim. 

FOSS,  Edward.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  16,  1787 : 
died  July  27, 1870.  An  English  lawyer.  He  was 
a solicitor  in  London  until  1840,  when  he  retired  from  prac- 
tice in  order  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  He  wrote 
“The  Judges  of  England  ’’  (1848-64), “Biographia  Juridical 
a Biographical  Dictionary  of  the  Judges  of  England  from 
the  Conquest  to  the  Present  Time,  1066-1870  ” (1870),  etc. 

Fossalta  (fos-al'ta),  Battle  of.  A battle 
fought  at  Fossalta,  near  Bologna,  central  Italy, 
May  26, 1249,  between  Enzio,  titular  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, and  the  Bolognese,  in  which  the  former 
was  defeated  and  captured. 

Fossano  (fos-sa'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Stura  35  miles  south 
of  Turin.  It  is  the  seat  of  a bishopric.  The  Austrians 
defeated  the  French  near  this  place  Nov.  4 and  5,  1799. 

Fossano,  Ambrogio  da,  called  II  Borgognone. 

Died  after  1524.  A Lombard  painter. 

Fosse-way  (fos'wa),  or  The  Fosse  (fos).  An 
ancient  Roman  road  in  England,  running  from 
Bath  through  Cirencester  and  Leicester  to  Lin- 
coln. 

Fossombrone  (fos-som-bro'ne).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Pesaro,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Me- 
tauro  in  lat.  43°  42'  N.,  long.  12°  48'  E.:  the 
ancient  Forum  Sempronii.  It  has  silk  manu- 
factures. 

Foster  (fos'ter  or  fos'ter),  Anthony.  In  Sir 
Walter  Scott’s  novel  “Kenilworth,”  a sullen 
hypocrite,  the  warder  of  Amy  Robsart  at  Cumnor 
Place.  Overcome  by  his  love  for  gold,  he  assists  in  her 
murder.  He  accidentally  shuts  himself  in  a cell  with  a 
spring-lock,  and  perishes  with  his  ill-gotten  gold. 

Foster,  Birket.  Born  at  North  Shields,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  4,  1825 : died  March  27,  1899.  An 
English  draftsman  and  aquarellist.  He  illustrated 
Longfellow’s  “Evangeline,”  and  also  the  works  of  other 
English  and  American  poets. 

Foster,  Charles.  Born  near  Tiffin,  Ohio,  April 
12,1828:  died  at  Springfield,  0.,Jan.  9, 1904.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Republican  member  of 
Congress  from  Ohio  1871-79 ; was  governor  of  Ohiol880-84 ; 
and  was  secretary  of  the  United  States  treasury  1891-93. 

Foster,  Henry.  Born  Aug.,  1796:  died  Feb.  5, 
1831.  An  English  navigator.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1812 ; was  promoted  lieutenant  in  1824 ; and  accompanied 
Sir  Edward  Parry’s  exploring  expeditions  of  1824-25  and 

1827.  With  Parry  and  others  he  made  magnetic  and  other 
observations,  which  were  published  in  the  “ Philosophical 
Transactions”  for  1826.  He  sailed  from  Spithead  April 
27,  1828,  in  command  of  the  Chanticleer,  a sloop  sent  out 
by  the  government  to  the  South  Seas  to  determine  the 
elliptieity  of  the  earth  by  pendulum  experiments,  and  to 
make  observations  on  magnetism,  meteorology,  and  the 
direction  of  the  principal  ocean  currents.  During  this  ex- 
pedition he  was  drowned  in  the  river  Chagres.  He  left  a 
number  of  papers,  which  form  an  appendix  to  the  “ Nar- 
rative of  a Voyage  to  the  Southern  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  the 
years  1828,  29,  30,  performed  in  H.  M.  sloop  Chanticleer, 
under  the  command  of  the  late  Captain  Henry  Foster, 
F.  R.  S.,  etc.  From  the  private  journal  of  W.  H.  B.  Web- 
ster, surgeon  of  the  sloop  ” (1834). 

Foster,  John,  Baron  Oriel.  Born  Sept.,  1740: 
died  at  Collon,  County  Louth,  Ireland,  Aug.  23, 

1828.  The  last  speaker  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Anthony  Foster  of 
Collon,  Louth,  lord  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  Ire- 
land ; entered  the  Irish  Parliament  in  1761 ; was  called  to 
the  Irish  bar  in  1766 ; and  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
in  Ireland  1784-85,  when  he  was  elected  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  a place  to  which  he  was  reelected  in 
1790  and  in  1798.  On  June  7,  1800,  he  put  the  final  ques- 
tion from  the  chair  on  the  third  reading  of  the  bill  for  the 
legislative  union  of  Ireland  with  Great  Britain.  Although 
an  anti-unionist,  he  obtained  a seat  in  the  united  Parlia- 
ment ; was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland  1804- 
1806  and  1807-11 ; and  was  created  Baron  Oriel  of  Ferrard 
in  the  county  of  Louth  in  1821. 

Foster,  John.  Bom  Sept.  17,  1770:  died  Oct. 
15,  1843.  An  English  essayist.  He  was  a Baptist 
preacher  from  1792  to  1806,  when  he  retired  from  the  min- 
istry to  devote  himself  wholly  to  literature.  His  chief 
works  are  “Essays”  (1805) and  “On  the  Evils  of  Popular 
Ignorance”  (1820).  He  contributed  a great  many  articles 
to  the  “Eclectic  Review,”  and  a selection  from  these  was 
published  separately  in  1844. 

Foster,  John  Gray.  Born  at  Whitefield,  N.  H., 
May  27,  1823:  died  at  Nashua,  N.  FI.,  Sept.  2, 
1874.  An  American  engineer  and  general . He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846;  became  captain  in  1860; 
was  one  of  the  garrison  at  Fort  Sumter  when  it  was  bom- 
barded by  the  Confederates  in  April,  1861;  commanded 
a brigade  under  General  Burnside  at  Roanoke  Island  in 
Feb.,  and  at  Newbern  in  March,  1862  ; and  commanded  in 
various  departments  during  the  remainder  of  the  war.  He 
was  brevetted  major-general  at  the  close  of  thewar(1865), 
and  was  subsequently  employed  as  superintending  engi- 
neer of  various  river  and  harbor  improvements. 

Foster,  John  Wells.  Born  at  Brimfield,  Mass., 
March  4,  1815:  died  at  Chicago,  Juno  29,  1873. 
An  American  geologist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  Ohio  in  1835,  but  shortly  abandoned  the  practice  of  law 
in  order  to  devote  himself  to  geology  and  civil  engineer- 
ing. Between  1846  and  1849  he  was  connected  with  a geo- 
logical survey  of  the  Lake  Superior  region,  executed  under 
the  direction  of  the  United  States  government.  Among 
his  works  are  “The  Mississippi  Valley  : Its  Physical  Geog- 


404 


Foster,  John  Wells 

raphy,  including  Sketches  of  the  Topography,  Botany,  and 
Mineral  Resources,  etc."  (1869),  and  “ Prehistoric  Races  of 
the  United  States  of  America  " (1873). 

Foster,  Sir  Michael.  Born  at  Marlborough, 
Wiltshire,  Dee.  16, 1689:  died  Nov.  7, 1763.  An 
English  jurist.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1713 ; was  chosen  recorder  of  Bristol  in  1735 ; 
was  appointed  sergeant-at-law  in  1736 ; and  became  puisne 
judge  of  the  King's  Bench  and  was  knighted  in  1746.  He 
wrote  “An  Examination  of  the  Scheme  of  Church  Power 
laid  down  in  the  Codex  Juris  Ecclesiastici  Anglican!  etc.” 
(1736),  etc. 

Foster,  Sir  Michael.  Born  at  Huntingdon, 
March8,  1836:  died  at  London,  Jan.  29,  1907. 
An  English  physiologist.  He  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  at  University  College,  London,  in 
1869 ; lecturer  of  physiology  in  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1870 ; was  professor  of  physiology  in  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity 1883-1903;  and  was  member  of  Parliament  for  London 
University  from  1900.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Rojal 
Society  1881-1903.  Knighted,  1899. 

F oster, Randolph  Sinks.  Born  at  W illiamsburg, 
Ohio,  Feb.  22, 1820:  diedMayl,  1903.  An  Amer- 
ican Methodist  clergyman.  He  was  elected  a bishop 
in  1872 ; and  was  president  of  the  Northwestern  University, 
Evanston,  111.,  1856-59,  and  of  Drew  Theological  Semi- 
nary, Madison,  New  Jersey,  1870-72. 

Foster,  Stephen  Collins.  Born  at  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  July  4,  1826:  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  13, 
1864.  An  American  song-writer  and  popular 
composer.  He  was  the  author  of  “Old  Folks  at 
Home,"  “Oh,  Susannah  !”  “Nelly  was  a Lady,"  “ Old  Ken- 
tucky Home,"  “Camptown  Races,”  “Old  Dog  Tray,” 
“ Come  where  my  Love  lies  Dreaming,"  etc. 

Fothergill  (foTH'er-gil),  Jessie.  Born  at  Man- 
chester in  1856:  died  at  London,  July  30,  1891. 
An  English  novelist.  She  wrote  “The  First 
Violin”  (1878)  and  other  works. 

Fotheringay  (foTH'er-in-ga).  A village  in 
Northamptonshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Nen  9 miles  southwest  of  Peterborough,  in 

its  castle  Richard  III.  was  horn  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
was  imprisoned,  tried,  and  executed. 

Fotheringay,  The.  The  stage  name  of  Emily 
Costigan.  See  Costigan. 

Foucault  (fo-ko' ),  Jean  Bernard  Leon.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Sept.  18,  1819:  died  there,  Feb.  11, 
1868.  A distinguished  French  physicist,  noted 
for  his  investigations  in  optics  and  mechanics. 
He  demonstrated  the  rotation  of  the  earth  by  means  of  a 
graduated  disk  which  was  seen  to  turn  while  a pendulum 
freely  suspended  maintained  its  plane  of  oscillation.  The 
gyroscope  is  his  invention. 

Fouche  (fo-sha'),  Joseph,  Due  d’Otrante.  Born 
near  Nantes,  France,  May  29,  1763:  died  at 
Triest,  Austria,  Dec.  25, 1820.  A French  revo- 
lutionist and  later,  under  Napoleon,  minister  of 
police.  He  was  a deputy  to  the  Convention  1792-95  ; 
minister  to  the  Cisalpine  Republic  in  1798,  and  to  the 
Netherlands  in  1799 ; minister  of  police  1799-1802, 1804-10, 
and  1815  ; and  head  of  the  provisional  government  after 
Waterloo. 

Foucher  (fo-sha'),  Simon.  Born  at  Dijon, 
France,  March  1,  1644:  died  at  Paris,  April  27, 
1696  (?).  A French  ecclesiastic  and  philosophi- 
cal writer,  called  “the  restorer  of  the  academic 
philosophy.”  Hewrotea  “Dissertationsurlarecherehe 
de  la  v6rit6,  etc.” (1673 ?),  “ De  la sagesse  des  ancieus,  etc.” 
(1682),  etc. 

Foucher  de  Careil,  Count  Louis  Alexandre. 

Born  at  Paris,  March  1,  1826:  died  there,  Jan. 
10,  1891.  A French  diplomatist  and  author. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1876,  and  was  ambassador 
at  Vienna  1883-86.  He  published  “Leibniz,  Descartes,  et 
Spinoza  ” (1863),  “ Hegel  et  Schopenhauer  ” (1862),  “Goethe 
et  sou  oeuvre  ” (1865),  etc. 

Foucquet  (fo-ka'),  Jean.  Born  at  Tours,  1415: 
died  1485.  One  of  the  earliest  painters  of  the 
French  school,  court  painter  to  Louis  XI.  in 
1461  he  painted  the  portrait  of  Charles  VII.  He  also 
worked  for  the  order  of  the  Chevaliers  de  Saint  Michel  in 
1474,  and  was  charged  with  making  a plan  for  the  tomb 
of  Louis  XI.  He  was  especially  famous  for  his  admirable 
miniatures,  and  was  also  a historical  and  portrait  painter. 
Fougdres  (fo-zhar').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  on  the  Nan- 
gon  27  miles  northeast  of  Rennes,  ithasmanu- 
facture3  of  shoes.  It  was  one  of  the  strongest  places  of 
Brittany  and  frequently  besieged,  and  ruins  of  a feudal 
castle  still  remain.  Population,  commune,  23,537. 
Fougerolles  (fozh-rol').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Saone,  France,  22  miles  north- 
east of  Vesoul.  Population,  commune,  5,730. 
Foughard  (fo'chard).  A place  near  Dundalk, 
Ireland,  where,  on  Oct.  5,  1318,  the  Scots  under 
Edward  Bruce  were  defeated  by  John  Ber- 
mingham.  Bruce  was  killed. 

Foul  (i.  e.,  dishonorable)  Raid,  The.  The  raid 
of  the  Duke  of  Albany  on  Roxburgh  Castle 
and  the  town  of  Berwick  in  1417,  while  Henry 
V.  of  England  was  absent  in  Prance.  He  was 
compelled  by  the  Dukes  of  Exeter  and  Bedford 
to  retire. 

Foula  (fo'la).  A small  island  of  the  Shetland 
group,  Scotland,  west  of  the  main  group. 


Fould(fold),  Achille.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  17, 
1800 : died  at  Tarbes,  France,  Oct.  5,  1867.  A 
French  financier  and  statesman.  He  was  minister 
of  finance  1849-52,  minister  of  state  1852-60,  and  minister 
of  finance  1861-67. 

Foulis  (foulz),  Andrew  (originally  Faulls). 
Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.  23,  1712  : died  Sept.  18, 
1775.  A Scottish  printer,  brother  of  Robert 
Foulis. 

Foulis,  Robert.  Born  at  Glasgow,  April  20, 
1707 : died  at  Edinburgh,  June  2, 1776.  A Scot- 
tish printer,  noted  for  his  editions  of  Horace, 
Homer,  Herodotus,  and  other  classics. 

Foul  Play.  A novel  by  Charles  Reade,  drama- 
tized with  Dion  Boucicault  in  1879. 

Foulques.  See  Fulc. 

Foul-Weather  Jack.  A surname  given  to  Ad- 
miral John  Byron  from  his  poor  fortune  at  sea. 

Founder  of  Peace.  A name  given  to  St. 
Benedict. 

Foundling,  The.  A play  by  Edward  Moore, 
produced  in  1748. 

Fountain  of  Arethusa.  See  Arethusa. 

Fountain  of  Castalia.  See  Castalia. 

Fountain  of  Self-Love,  The.  See  Cynthia’s 

Revels. 

Fountain  of  Vaucluse.  See  Faucluse. 

Fountain  of  Youth,  The.  A mythical  spring 
supposed  by  some  of  the  Indians  of  Central 
America  and  the  West  Indies  to  exist  in  a re- 
gion toward  the  north  called  Bimini  (which 
see).  Its  waters,  it  was  said,  would  restore  youth  to  the 
aged  and  heal  the  sick.  It  appears  that,  before  the  con- 
quest,  the  Indians  made  expeditions  to  Florida  and  the 
Bahamas  in  search  of  this  spring  ; and  the  Spaniards  un- 
der Ponce  de  Leon,  Narvaez,  De  Soto,  and  others  pene- 
trated far  into  the  interior,  seeking  for  it,  during  the 
early  part  of  the  Kith  century.  Similar  myths  have  been 
found  in  India  and  in  the  Pacific  Islands,  and  a fountain 
of  youth  is  described  in  Mandeville's  travels. 

Fountains  Abbey.  A Cistercian  monastery  of 
the  14th  century,  near  Ripon,  England,  now 
the  largest  and  most  picturesque  of  English 
ecclesiastical  ruins.  The  great  church,  well  pre- 
served  except  for  its  roof,  is  in  large  part  in  the  style  of 
transition  from  the  Norman  to  the  Early  English.  It  has 
a high,  square  Perpendicular  tower,  and  a second  tran- 
sept at  the  extremity  of  the  east  end,  like  Durham.  The 
interior  is  plain  but  for  its  beautiful  wall-arcading. 
Among  the  monastic  buildings  are  a vaulted  cloister  of 
two  aisles  300  feet  long,  a chapter-house,  and  a refectory. 

Fouque  (fo-ka.'),  Friederich,  Baron  de  la  Motte. 
Born  at  Brandenburg  in  1777 : died  at  Berlin  in 
1843.  A German  poet  and  author.  He  served  in 
the  War  of  Liberation  (1813),  and  later  lived  in  Paris, 
Halle  (where  he  lectured  on  modern  history  and  poetry), 
and  Berlin.  In  1808  appeared  the  drama  “ Sigurd  der 
Schlangentodter ” (“Sigurd  the  Dragon-slayer”).  “Der 
Zauberring  ” (“  The  Magic  King  ")  is  a romance  of  the  age 
of  chivalry.  His  principal  work  is  the  romantic  story 
“ Undine,”  which  appeared  in  1811.  He  was  (he  author 
of  numerous  lyrics,  among  them  the  patriot  ic  song  begin- 
ning “ Frisch  auf  zum  frohlichen  Jagen  ” (1813). 

Fouquet  (fo-ka'),  Nicolas,  Marquis  de  Belle- 
Isle.  Bom  at  Paris,  1615 : died  in  prison  at 
Pignerol,  Piedmont,  March  23, 1680.  A French 
official,  superintendent  of  finance  1653-61.  He 
was  condemned  for  peculation  in  1664,  and  im- 
prisoned at  Pignerol. 

ouquier-Tinville  (fo-kya'tan-vel'),  Antoine 
Quentin.  Born  at.  Herouel,  Aisne,  France, 
1747 : guillotined  at  Paris,  May  7,  1795.  A 
French  revolutionist,  public  accuser  before 
the  Revolutionary  tribunal  March,  1793, -July, 
1794. 

Fourberies  de  Scapin  (forb-re'  de  ska-pan'), 
Les.  [F.,‘  The  Cheats  of  Scapin.’]  A comedy 
by  Moliere,  produced  in  1671.  The  subject  is  taken 
from  Terence’s  “Phormio,”  with  various  scenes  from 
other  authors. 

Four  Cantons,  Lake  of  the.  See  Lucerne , Lake  of. 

Fourchamhault  (for-shon-bo').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Nievre,  central  France,  situated 
on  the  Loire  5 miles  northwest  of  Nevers, 
noted  for  its  iron-works.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,806. 

Fourcrov  (for-krwa'),  Antoine  Francois, 

Comte  ae.  Born  at  Paris,  June  15,  1755 : died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  16, 1809.  A noted  French  physi- 
ologist and  chemist.  He  was  the  *on  of  an  apothe- 
cary. He  was  elected  deputy  to  the  National  Convention 
from  Paris  in  1792  ; labored  in  the  extraction  of  saltpeter 
for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowderfor  the  Revolu- 
tionary armies  for  eighteen  months ; took  his  seat  in  the 
Assembly  in  1793 ; was  an  influential  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Public  Instruction ; prevented  the  execution  of 
Darcet;  and  on  the  9th  Thermidor  was  made  a member  of 
the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.  He  was  instrumental  in 
the  organization  of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  (then  l’Ecole 
des  Travaux  Publiques),  the  Ecole  Normale,  the  Institut 
and  the  Musde  d’Histoire  Naturelle.  He  was  a friend  and 
colaborer  of  Lavoisier  (whose  death  he  was  unjustly  ac- 
cused of  countenancing)  and  other  distinguished  chem- 
ists. He  published  “Legons  d’histoire  naturelle  et  de 
chimie"  (1781:  reissued  under  the  title  “Systbme  des 


Fourth  Party,  The 

connaissances  chimiques,  etc.,”  1801),  “Philosophic  chl- 
mique  ” (1792),  etc. 

Fourdrinier  (for-dri-ner'),  Henry.  Born  in 
London,  Feb.  11,  1766:  died  at  Mavesyn  Rid- 
ware,  near  Rugely,  Sept.  3,  1854.  An  English 
paper-maker  and  inventor,  with  his  brother 
Sealy  Fourdrinier  (died  1847),  of  an  improved 
paper-making  machine  which  produces  a con- 
tinuous sheet  of  paper  of  any  size  from  the  pulp. 
This  machine,  which  was  perfected  in  1807,  Is  an  improve- 
ment upon  one  invented  and  patented  by  a Frenchman, 
Louis  Robert,  clerk  in  the  establishment  of  M.  Didot,  the 
printer  and  paper-maker,  in  1799. 

Fourichon  (fo-re-shon'),  Martin.  Born  at 
Viviers,  Dordogne,  Feb.  9,  1809:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  24,  1884.  A French  naval  officer.  He  be- 
came vice-admiral  in  1859,  and  president  of  the  council  for 
naval  affairs  in  1864.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Franco- 
German  war  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
fleet  destined  for  the  North  Sea.  He  sailed  from  Cher- 
bourg Aug.  9,  1870,  but,  being  destitute  of  vessels  fitted 
to  operate  in  shallow  waters,  he  was  unable  to  accomplish 
anything,  and  returned  to  Cherbourg  Sept.  12,  1870.  He 
subsequently  became  ministerof  naval  and  colonial  affairs, 
was  elected  to  the  National  Assembly  in  1871,  and  became 
a senator  in  1876. 

Fourier  (fo-rya'),  Frangois  Marie  Charles. 

Born  at  Besangon,  France,  April  7,  1772:  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  10, 1837.  A noted  French  socialist. 
His  father  was  a draper  at  Besangon.  He  entered  the 
army  as  a chasseur  in  1793,  but  was  discharged  on  account 
of  ill  health  after  two  years  of  service.  He  was  subse- 
quently connected,  in  subordinate  positions,  with  various 
commercial  houses  at  Marseilles,  Lyons,  and  elsewhere. 
He  resided  at  Paris  from  1826.  He  published  in  1808 
“Theorie  des  quatre  mouvements  et  des  destinies  gent- 
rales,”  in  which  he  propounds  the  cooperative  social  sys- 
tem known  from  him  as  Fourierism.  This  system  con- 
templates the  organization  of  society  into  phalanxes  or 
associations,  each  large  enough  forall  industrial  and  social 
requirements,  arranged  in  groups  according  to  occupation, 
capacities,  and  attractions,  living  in  phalansteries  or  com- 
mon dwellings.  He  also  wrote  “Traitfi  de  l association 
domestique  et  agricole  " (1822  : published  later  as  “Tht- 
orie  de  1’unitt  universelle’ ) and  “Le  nouveau  rnonde” 
(1829-30). 

Fourier,  Baron  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph.  Born 

at  Auxerre,  France,  March  21,  1768:  died  at 
Paris,  May  16,  1830.  A celebrated  French 
mathematician.  He  was  the  son  of  a tailor.  In  1786 
he  became  professor  at  the  military  school  in  Auxerre ; 
later  taught  at  the  Normal  School  and  the  Polytechnic 
School  in  Paris ; accompanied  Bonaparte  in  the  Egyptian 
expedition ; became  secretary  of  the  Institut  d’Egypte  and 
one  of  the  compilers  of  the  “ Description  de  1’Egypte  ” ; and 
on  his  return  to  France  was  appointed  prefect  of  Isbre 
and  later  of  Rhone.  His  chief  works  are  “ Thborie  ana- 
lytique  de  la  chaleur”  (1822),  “Analyse  des  Equations  db- 
terminfees  ” (1831). 

Fourier,  Pierre, called  Pierre  de  Mataincourt. 

Born  at  Mirecourt,  Vosges,  France,  Nov.  30, 
1565 : died  at  Gray,  Haute-Saone,  France,  Dec. 
9,  1640.  A French  religious  reformer,  general 
of  the  order  of  the  Premontres. 

Four  Lakes,  The.  A chain  of  lakes  (Mendota 
ana  others)  in  Dane  County,  southern  Wis- 
consin. 

Fourmies  (for-me').  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Nord,  France,  36  miles  south- 
east of  Valenciennes.  Population,  commune, 
13,876. 

Fourmigni.  See  Formigny. 

Fourmont  (for-moh'),  fltienne.  Born  at  Her- 

belay,  near  St.  Denis,  France,  June  23,  1683: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  19, 1745.  A French  Oriental- 
ist and  sinologist. 

Fourneyron  (for-na-ron'),  Benoit.  Bom  at  St. 
Etienne,  France.  Oct.  31,  1802:  died  at  Paris, 
July,  1867.  A French  engineer,  chiefly  known 
for  his  improvements  in  the  construction  of  tur- 
bine water-wheels. 

Fournier  (for-nya'),  Edouard.  Born  at  Or- 
leans, France,  June  15,  1819:  died  at  Paris, 
May  10,  1880.  A French  litterateur  and  jour- 
nalist. He  wrote  “Le  vieux-neuf  ” (1859),  etc. 
Fournier,  Pierre  Simon.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept. 
15,  1712:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1768.  A noted 
French  type-founder.  He  wrote  “ Table  des  propor- 
tions qu’il  faut  observer  entre  les  caracteres  ” (1737),“  Man- 
uel typographique  ” (1764-66),  etc. 

Four  P’s,  The.  A “ merry  interlude  ” by  John 
Heywood.  The  four  P’s  were  a “ Palmer,  a Pardoner,  a 
Poticary,  and  a Pedlar.”  It  was  probably  written  about 
1540,  and  was  printed  some  time  before  1547. 

Four  Prentices  of  London.  A play  by  Thomas 
Heywood  (1600).  This  play  was  ridiculed  in  “The 
Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle”  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Four  Sons  of  Aymon.  An  old  play  relicensed 
by  Herbert  in  1624.  Balfe  wrote  an  opera 
with  the  same  title  in  1843.  See  Quatre  Fils 
d’ Aymon. 

Fourth  Party,  The.  A name  given  about  1880 
to  a knot  of  English  Conservatives,  of  whom 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill  was  the  leading 
spirit.  It  frequently  opposed  the  Conserva- 
tive party. 


i'owey 

Fowey  (foi).  A small  seaport  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  English  Channel  22  miles 
west  of  Plymouth,  important  in  the  13th  and 
14th  centuries. 

Fowler  (fou'ler).  In  Shirley’s  “Witty  Pair  One,” 
a brilliant  libertine,  reformed  by  being  per- 
suaded that  he  is  dead,  and  suffering  for  his 
vices  as  a disembodied  spirit. 

Fowler,  Edward.  Born  at  Westerleigh, Glouces- 
tershire, in  1632:  died  at  Chelsea,  Aug.  26, 1714. 
An  English  prelate  and  theological  writer,  bish- 
op of  Gloucester  1691.  He  wrote  “Design  of  Christi- 
anity " (1671),  which  was  attacked  by  Bunyan  and  Baxter ; 
“ Dirt  wip’d  off : or  a manifest  discovery  of  the  wicked 
spirit  of  one  John  Bunyan  ” (1672),  etc. 

Fowler,  Henry  the.  A name  given  to  the  em- 
peror Henry  I. 

Fowler,  John.  Born  at  Melksham,  Wiltshire, 
July  11,  1826 : died  at  Ackworth,  Dec.  4,  1864. 
An  English  inventor.  He  invented  a steam-plow  in 
which  the  plow  is  moved  by  traction  of  a stationary  engine, 
and  other  improved  machines. 

Fowler,  Katharine.  The  maiden  name  of  Kath- 
arine Philips,  the  “ matchless  Orinda.” 
Fowler,  Orson  Squire.  Born  Oct.  11, 1809 : died 
Aug.  18,  1887.  An  American  phrenologist. 
He  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1834.  He  devoted 
himself  to  lecturing  and  writing  on  phrenology,  and 
to  various  projects  for  the  promotion  of  health  and  social 
reform.  He  founded  the  “ American  Phrenological  Jour- 
nal "in  1838,  and  published  a number  of  works,  including 
“Human  Science,  or  Phrenology  ” (1873),  etc. 

Fownes  (founz),  George.  Born  at  London,  May 
14,  1815:  died  at  London,  Jan.  31,  1849.  An 
English  chemist.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry  to 
the  Pharmaceutical  Society  1842-46,  lecturer  on  chemistry 
at  Middlesex  Hospital  1842-46,  professor  of  practical  chem- 
istry in  theBirkbeck  Laboratory  of  University  College  1846- 
1849,  and  secretary  of  the  Chemical  Society.  He  wrote  a 
manual  of  chemistry  (1844 : later  editions  edited  by  Henry 
Watts),  various  articles  in  the  “ Proceedings  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Society,”  etc. 

Fox  (foks),  Foxes.  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  found  in  Wisconsin,  extending  to 
Lake  Superior.  The  Ojibwa  and  French  forced  them 
south  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  where  they  became  incor- 
porated with  the  Sac  tribe.  The  name  is  simply  trans- 
lated from  the  French  Renards,  probably  given  from  the 
custom  of  painting  their  robes  the  color  of  the  red  fox,  the 
fox  clan  ( wagosh , red  fox)  also  being  specially  identified 
among  them.  The  Ojibwa  called  them  Outagami,  mean- 
ing ‘People  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Water.’ 

Fox,  or  Neenah  (ne'na).  A river  in  northeast- 
ern Wisconsin.  It  flows  through  Lake  Winnebago, 
and  falls  into  Green  Bay,  Lake  Michigan.  Length,  about 
250  miles. 

Fox,  or  Pishtaka  (pish-ta'ka).  A river  in 
southeastern  Wisconsin  and  northeastern  Illi- 
nois, joining  the  Illinois  at  Ottawa,  70  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago.  Length,  about  200  miles. 
Fox,  Caroline.  Born  at  Falmouth,  England, 
May  24,  1819:  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1871.  An 
English  diarist.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Robert 
Were  Fox  (a  physicist  and  mineralogist),  and  the  friend 
of  John  Sterling,  J.  S.  Mill,  Carlyle,  and  other  noted  per- 
sons. Extracts  from  her  diary  covering  the  period  1835- 
1871  were  published  in  1881  (3d  ed.  1882). 

Fox,  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Derby,  March  11,1810: 
died  at  Blackheath,  June  14,  1874.  An  English 
engineer,  contractor,  and  manufacturer.  He  was 
chiefly  engaged  in  the  construction  of  railway  works  (roads 
(especially  narrow-gage),  tunnels,  bridges,  etc.)  and  the 
manufacturing  of  railway  supplies.  He  erected  the  build- 
ing in  Hyde  Park  for  the  exhibition  of  1851.  See  Crystal 
Palace. 

Fox,  Charles  James.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
24, 1749 : died  at  Chiswick,  near  London,  Sept. 
13,  1806.  A celebrated  English  statesman  and 
orator.  He  was  the  third  son  of  Henry  Fox  (afterward 
Lord  Holland)  and  Lady  Caroline  Georgina,  daughter  of 
the  second  Duke  of  Richmond,  grandson  of  Charles  II. 
He  studied  first  at  Eton  and  afterward  at  Hertford  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  which  he  left  without  a degree  in  1766.  He 
entered  Parliament  as  a Tory  in  1768,  and  was  a junior 
lord  of  the  admiralty  (1770-72)  and  of  the  treasury  (1772- 
1774)  in  Lord  North's  ministry.  Dismissed  by  North  at 
the  instance  of  George  III.,  who  cordially  disliked  him  on 
account  both  of  the  independent  spirit  which  he  displayed 
in  office  and  of  his  dissolute  habits,  he  joined  the  Whig 
party,  with  which  he  was  afterward  identified.  On  the 
formation  of  Lord  Rockingham’s  ministry  in  1782,  he  was 
appointed  foreign  secretary,  a position  which  he  resigned 
on  the  death  of  Rockingham  in  the  same  year,  being  un- 
willing to  serve  under  Lord  Shelburne.  In  1783  he  formed 
a coalition  with  Lord  North,  which  brought  the  so-called 
coalition  ministry  into  power,  with  the  Duke  of  Portland 
as  prime  minister  and  North  and  Fox  as  home  and  foreign 
secretaries.  The  coalition  ministry  was  defeated  in  the 
same  year  on  Fox’s  India  Bill,  through  the  influence  of  the 
king,  who  authorized  Lord  Temple  to  say  in  the  House  of 
Lords  that  whoever  voted  for  the  bill  was  not  only  not  his 
friend,  but  would  be  considered  by  him  as  his  enemy. 
Through  the  enmity  of  the  king  he  was  kept  out  of  office 
until  1806,  when  Lord  Grenville  refused  to  form  a minis- 
try without  him,  and  he  was  again  appointed  foreign  sec- 
retary. He  supported  the  cause  of  the  American  colonies 
in  Parliament  during  the  period  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, and  was  the  chief  instrument  in  procuring  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Libel  Act  of  1792.  He  married  in  1795  his  mis- 
tress, Elizabeth  Bridget  Cane,  otherwise  Arinistead  or 
Armstead. 


40°  France 

Fox,  George.  Born  at  Fenny  Drayton  (Drayton-  war,  and  was  a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Denuties  iam- 
m-the-Clay),  Leicestershire,  July,  1624:  died  I82.5-  He  was  the  author  of  an  unfinished workP  ^Histoh^ 

Jan.  13,  1691.  The  founder  of  the  Society  of  pde  lague^e.d/e.laKninsule”(1827)- 

Friends.  He  was  the  son  of  Christopher  Fox,  a Puritan  4 OyCTS  (foi  erz),  Falls  Of.  Two  Waterfalls,  the 
weaver,  and  in  his  youth  was  apprenticed  to  a shoemaker  uPPer  40  and  the  lower  165  feet  high  in  Inver 
at  Nottingham.  About  the  age  of  twenty-five  he  began  ness-sbjre,  Scotland,  east  of  Lnrh  Nsm 

to  disseminate  as  an  itinerant  lay  preacher  the  doctrines  Fnvle  (foil)  T.ninrh  Ar,  , 

peculiar  to  the  Society  of  Friends,  the  organization  of  . n Hdet  °fthe  Atlantic, 

which  he  completed  about  1669.  He  made  missionary  fn  l estuary  or  the  river  Foyle,  situated  be- 

journeys  to  Scotland  in  1657,  to  Ireland  in  1669,  to  the  T' 

West  Indies  and  North  America  1671-72,  and  to  Holland 
in  1677  and  1684,  and  was  frequently  imprisoned  for  in- 
fraction of  the  laws  against  conventicles,  as  at  Lancaster 
and  Scarborough  1663-66  and  at  Worcester  1673-74.  He 
married  in  1669  Margaret  Fell,  a widow,  who  was  a woman 


tween  counties  Donegal  and  Londonderry,  Ire- 
land. Length,  16  miles.  Greatest  width,  9 miles. 
!te>-  fracasse.  See  Capitaine  Fracasse,  Le. 

He  Fracastorio  (fra-kas-to're-d).  T‘ 


T,  , ,y0-„-  '..  a -/•  Born  at  Verona, 

. , , Italy,  148o : died  near  Verona  Aui?  8 

of  superior  intellect  and  gave  bin  much  assistance  in  the  An  Italian  nlivsioian  and  w’  tt  b*  / 
founding,  of  his. sect.  . An  editor  of  his  “ Works”  was  brated  La«n  IM?!? sSidis^iv^t  ^rbo 

fveidce^aaW-V^61’011^  -1530’  “De  vini  temperatura” 
(Venice,  1534),  Homocentncorum,  sive  de  stellis,  etc  ” 
V.®  synjpathia  et  antipathia  rerum,  etc.”  (1546),  etc.  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  Venice  in  1555. 


published  at  Philadelphia  in  1831. 

Fox,  Gustavus  Vasa.  Bern  at  Saugus,  Mass., 

June  13, 1821 : died  at  Nev  York,  Oct.  29,  1883. 

An  American  naval  officer  He  was  appointed  mid  -p.-  , _ 

shipman  in  the  United  States  njvy  in  1838,  served  in  the  t Ora  de'a  vo-lo)  (Michele  Pezza) 


Mexican  war,  and  retired  in  18$  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant. He  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  navy  1861-66. 

Fox,  Henry  Edward.  Birn  March  4,  1755: 
died  at  Portsmouth,  July  1|,  1811.  An  English 


l^nerideViL1,]  Bom  in  Calabria,  Italy,' 
about  1760:  hanged  at  Naples,  Nov.  10,  1806. 

1799-1  s()6 11  robber’  a Boui'bon  partizan  leader 


1793  was  promoted  major-genera)  He  subsequently  com- 
manded a brigade  in  Flanders,  were  he  fought  with  dis- 
tinction against  the  French  at  jmt-h-Chin  in  1794.  He 


produced  at  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1*830."' ThtTreal  Fra 
Pezza  WaS  a Calabriau  bandit  named  Michele 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  brees  in  Ireland  during  Pmo-mon+o  

the  revolution  of  Robert  Emmetji  1803,  and  commanded  * ..  xr  Vaticana  (irag-men  ta  vat-i-ka/- 

the  British  army  in  Sicily  1806-01  Vatican  Fragments/]  A collection  of 

Fox,  Henry  Rickard  Vasall,  third  Baron  J?£al  documents,  perhaps  made  during  the  life- 
Holland.  Born  at  Winteslow  House,  Wilt-  lmo  °'-  Constantine,  a part  of  which  has  been 
shire,  Nov.  21,  1773:  died  it  Holland  House,  preserved  in  a palimpsest  in  the  Vatican  Li- 
Oct.  22,  1840.  An  Englishpolitician,  nephew  J,L!;'Ly- 

of  Charles  James  Fox.  H succeeded  his  father  -“aim  (fran),  Christian  Martin.  Born  at 
Stephen,  second  Lord  Holland,  asB(on  Holland  of  Holland  Hostock,  Germany,  June  4.  1782-  died  at  St 

A Gerrnan- 
and  historian. 

pointed  with  Lord  Auckland  in  18|  to  negotiate  a treaty  museum^in  “?ralian  and  director  of  the  Asiatic 

with  the  American  plenipotentiaik  Monroe  and  Pinck-  numomm  xini.f.vl18'  His  ?,h,lef  ";oI'k  ia  “Becensio 
ney ; was  sworn  of  the  privy  coutil  in  1806;  was  lord  nu^°rum  Mukamedanorum,  etc.”  (1826). 
privy  seal  1806-07;  and  was  chaijdior  of  the  duchy  of  */a*I  (trai),  Mrs.  In  Congreve’s  comedy  “Love 
Lancaster  Nov.  26,  1830, -May  10,  ig,  May  18, 1832, -Nov.  for  Love,”  a woman  whose  character  is  indi 
14,  1834,  and  April  23, 1835,  until  hjdeath  cated  by’  her  name.  This  was  one  Of  £' 

Fox>LHke‘  . Bo™  at  Bal1’  V-  20,  1586:  died  Bracegirdle’s  most  successful  parts. 

Whitby  m July,  1635.  n English  navi-  Pram  (fram).  A specially 

ooner  in  which  Fridi 

Fox  from  the  North-west  passage).  . with  briefe  Ab-  Y/Y//0  a?rtk  pole.  She  is  113  feet  long 


Hawkridge  . ^ 

land  . . . with  the  Author  his  owtVoyage  being  the 
XVI th  ’’  (1635).  | 

Fox,  Sir  Stephen.  Born  Mar)  27,  1627:  died 
at  Chiswick,  Middlesex,  Ocij28,-  1716.  An 
English  politician.  He  sided  \vi  the  king  in  the 
civil  war ; took  part  in  assisting  Priri  Charles  to  escape 
to  Normandy ; was  made  steward  of  tttrince’s  household 


at  Whitby  in  July  163o.  jn  English  navi-  Fram  (tram).  A specially  constructed  steam- 
gator.  He  commanded  an  expedbn  in  search  of  the  schooner  in  which  Fridtiof  Nancjon  „ ) 

northwest  passage  in  1031,  and  wrotl<  North-west  Fox,  or  to  reach  the  north  3 J • ] l attempted 
Fox  from  the  North-west  passage'.  . with  briefe  Ab-  eacn  the  noith  pole.  She  is  113  feet  long 
stracts  of  the  Voyages  of  Cabot,  Fiisher,  Davis,  Wey-  0n  tae  Water-line,  and  was  built  at  Raekvik 
mouth,  Knight,  Hudson,  Button,  Gbons.  Bylot,  Baffin,  Hear  Laurvig,  Norway.  She  sailed  from  Gbri«’ 
f a;lrs  to  Oroyn-  tiania,  June  24,  1893.  Nansen  left  her  tocon- 

tmuc  Ins  journey  on  sledges  March  14,  1895  (84° 

Otto  N1™'’  1°2°E-1‘)llg.).  Under  command  of  Captain 
9,^2  Heumann  Sverdrup  she  reached  85°  55.5'  N.  lat.,  66° 
31  E.  long.,  on  Nov.  15,  1895 ; and,  returning,  passed  Spitz- 
niYYTv,"1  1?96,  kaving  circumnavigated  Nova  Zambia 

and  the  F ran  z-, Joseph  and  Spitzbergen  archipelagoes. 

r Amundsen  sailed  in  her  for  the  Antarctic  trio  1910-12 

in  1654;  received  at  the  Restoration  ajmber of  lucrative  Framingham  (fra'ming-ham).  A town  in  Mid- 

&“l6lthat  °f  Paym“ter-8eral : and  entered  £esex  County!  Massachusetts,  20  miles  /it  of 
ft,  ct  # So0uftan^S^^ 

Fox  Channel.  An  arm  of  t sea  north  of  Fram  lino-ham  A i I 

Hudson  Bay  and  Southamptomland  i^q,Sa  w A sma11  towa 

■n  ti  ” / j?  i \ t t_  V,  , ; in  Suffolk,  England,  13  miles  northeast  of 

Foxe,  or  Fox  (foks),  John.  Borit  Boston,  Lin-  Ipswich.  ’ ast  ot 

colnshire,  1516:  died  at  LondonJnril.  1587  An  ,,  , 

•Rno-Iiab  martwrolooist.  n..i,oiL  FranQaiS  (fron-sa  ),  Comte  Antoine,  called 

Frangais  de  Nantes.  Born  at  Beaurepaire, 
Isfere,  France,  Jan.  17, 1756:  diedatParis,  March 
7, 1836.  A French  revolutionary  politician  and 
writer.  He  became  a member  of  the  Assembly  for  the 
department  of  Loire-Infdrieure  in  1791 ; a member  and  one 
of  the  secretaries  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1798; 
director-general  of  taxes  in  1804  ; and  peer  of  France  in 
1831.  He  wrote  “ Le  manuscrit  de  feu  M.  Jerome  ” (1825), 
etc. 


English  martyrologist.  He  studied  Magdalen  Col- 
lege,  Oxford,  where  he  proceeded  B.  Ah  1537 ; became  a 
full  fellow  in  1539 ; and  proceeded  A.  in  1543.  He  re- 
signed his  fellowship  in  1545 ; became  1548  tutor  to  the 
children  of  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  8urr(a  post  which  he 
retained  five  years) ; and  in  1550  wjh  orined  deacon.  At 
the  accession  of  Queen  Mary  he  ffid  tthe  Continent  to 
avoid  persecution  as  a Protestantkndjved  during  her 
reign  chiefly  at  Frankfort  and  at  Bsel.here  he  was  em- 
ployed as  a reader  of  the  press  inihefrin ting-office  of 

Johann  Herbst  (Oporinus).  He  rebnk  to  England  in  m • -n  . _ . _ 

1559,  was  ordained  priest  in  1560,  an  j rT.563  was  made  a •*  r«U153lS,  X TailQOlS  LOUIS.  Born  at  Plombieres, 
prebendary  in  Salisbury  Cathedral  ai  iren  the  lease  of  Vosges,  France,  Nov.  17,  1814:  died  May  28 

the  vicarage  of  Shipton.  His  chie(vcjk  is  “Actes  and  1807  A ts.,, u i . ’ . , ’ 

Monuments,”  of  which  four  editionippared  during  his  n ■ ' A ^ncb  landscape-painter,  a pupil  of 
lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576,  and  1583),  aiw4ich  is  popularly  . ‘Soux  and  Lorot,  elected  member  of  the  Beaux 
known  as  Foxe’s  “ Book  of  Martyrs.’1  Arts  in  1890. 

Foxe,  or  Fox,  Rickard.  Bj  a j Ropesley,  Franca  villa  Fontana  (fran-kii-veFla  fon-ta,,- 
near  Grantham,  Lineolnshiret  1447  or  1448:  na).  A town  in  the  province  of  Lecce,  Apu- 
died  probably  at  Winchcste  Oct.  5,  1528.  lia>  Italy,  22  miles  west-southwest  of  Brindisi. 
An  English  prelate.  He  stud  at  Oxford  Cam-  *B°pulation,  commune,  20,422. 
bIi4<?e’„and  p,arls'T,:'Ih.ile..at  faYis  !.“tere<1  the  service  France  (frans).  [F.  La  France;  L.  Gallia,  later 

Francia,  land  of  the  Franks ; It.  Francia,  Sp. 
Francia , Pg.  Franqa,  G.  FranlcreichJ\  A country 
of  western  Europe,  capital  Paris,  bounded  by 
the  English  Channel,  the  Strait  of  Dover,  and 
the  North  Sea  on  the  north,  Belgium  and  Lux- 
emburg on  the  northeast,  Germany  (partly 
separated  by  the  Vosges),  Switzerland  (largely 

• ,,  - 1T  ,1  --o — separated  by  the  Jura  and  Lake  Geneva),  and 

North  America,  north  of  Hud?  Strait  and  Italy  (separated  by  the  Alps)  on  the  east  the 

east  of  Fox  Channel.  \ Mediterranean  and  Spain  (separated  by  the 

1 yrenees)  on  the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
’ ’ ’ 1 ‘ ^ YYVY  Atlantic  on  the  west.  It  extends  from 
lat.  42  2.1  to  51  5 N.,  and  from  long.  7°  39'  E.  to  4°  50'  W. 
fhe  surface  ia  mountainous  in  the  south  and  east,  level 
and  hilly  in  tile  west  and  north.  Besides  tile  frontier 


of  Henry,  earl  of  Richmond,  soon  af  whose  accession 
in  1485  as  Henry  VII.  he  was  appoin  lord  privy  "seal. 
He  became  suffragan  bishop  of  Ex.  ;n  i4gjj  being 
translated  to  the  see  of  Bath  and  W jn  1492,  to  that 
of  Durham  in  1494,  and  to  that  of  Chester  in  1501 
He  founded  Corpus  Christi  College,  Os],  ] r,  t.r)_lC. 

Fox  Islands.  One  of  the  grot’0f  Aleutian 
Islands. 

Fox  Land.  A tract  in  the  An  regions 


of 


Foy(fwii),  Maximilien  Sebasti  Born  at 
Ham,  Somme,  France,  Feb.  3,  k : died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  28,  1825.  A Frencknoral  and 
orator.  He  served  with  distinction  i(C  Peninsular 


France 

ranges  (the  Pyrenees,  Alps,  Jura,  and  Vosges),  the  chief 
mountains  are  the  C^vennes  in  the  south,  Auvergne  in  the 
center,  and  the  mountains  of  the  Cdte-d  Or  (and  their  con- 
tinuations southward).  There  are  also  the  plateaus  of  the 
Morvanand  Limousin  in  the  interior,  and  Ardennes  in  the 
northeast.  Brittany  is  broken  and  hilly.  The  highest  mourn 
tain  in  France  is  Mont  Blanc.  The  chief  rlver-systeins  are 
those  of  the  Seine,  Loire,  Garonne,  and  Rhone.  Pai  ts  of  the 
Schelde,  Meuse,  and  Moselle  (Rhine)  basins  are  in  France. 
Tile  largest  lakes  are  Geneva  (oil  the  border),  Annecy,  and 
Bourget  France  is  the  fourth  European  country  m area  and 
population.  The  leading  agricultural  products  are  grain 
and  wine : next  to  these  are  beet-root,  fruit  ani|  '^futahf^s' 
and  potatoes.  The  agricultural  exports  are  butter,  eegs, 
poultry,  and  cattle,  especially  to  England.  France  has 
fisheries  of  oysters,  cod,  herring,  mackerel,  etc.  Ihe  lead- 
ing mines  are  iron  and  coal.  Salt  and  building-stones  are 
produced  in  large  quantities.  The  chief  manufactures  are 
silk,  cotton,  woolens,  linen,  lace,  chemicals,  sugar,  pottery, 
glass  paper,  “articles  of  Paris,  etc.  The  countiy  holds 
the  first  rank  in  silk  manufacture,  “d  exports  woolens, 

wine,  silks,  etc.  France  is  subdivided  mto  87  depart- 
ments The  government  is  republican,  administered  by  a 
president  (term  7 years)  as  executive,  a senate  (300  mem- 
Eers  and a chamber  of  deputies  (597  members)  The 
prevailing  language  is  French,  but  Basque  is  spoken  in 
the  southwest,  Breton  in  the  northwest,  Flemish  in  the 
northeast,  and  Italian  by  a few  in  the  southeast.  The  re- 


Francis  I. 

and  annexed  to  France  (formally  ceded  by  treaties  of  Nim- 
wegen  1678-79). 

Franchi  (fran'ke),  Ausonio:  pseudonym  of 
Cristoforo  Bonavino.  Born  at  Pegli,  near 
Genoa,  Italy,  Feb.  24,  1821:  died  at  Castelletto, 
Italy,  Sept.  12,  1895.  An  Italian  philosophical 
writer.  He  became  a priest,  but  in  1849  abandoned  the 
church  on  account  of  heterodox  opinions,  returning  to  it, 
however,  in  1890.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
the  University  of  Pavia  in  1860,  and  professor  at  the  Acad- 
emy in  Milan  in  1863.  The  most  notable  of  his  works  is 

„„„  ___0 _ “La  filosofia  delle  scuole  italiane”  (1852),  etc. 

leon,  France  included  Belgium,  Holland,  Germany  west  -p  i ,,  i T dei  Twin  bro- 

of  the  Rhine,  northwestern  Germany  as  far  as  the  mouth  irancill,  Z apian  ana  JjOUIS  aei.  rwin  oio 

^ — •— j * thers, characters m Boucicault  s play  “The Cor- 

sican Brothers.”  The  mysterious  sympathy  between 
them,  a family  inheritance,  brings  Fabian  from  his  country 
home  to  Paris  to  avenge  the  death  of  Louis  in  a duel,  re- 
vealed to  him  in  a sort  of  vision  at  the  time  of  its  occur- 
rence. Both  parts  are  played  by  one  actor. 


406 

1532)  • Auvergne  incorporated  1532 ; Bourbon  united  to 
the  crown  1523;  Forez  united  to  the  crown  1532;  bishop- 
rics of  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun  1552  (formally  ceded  1648); 
Rouergue  1525 ; Navarre  and  B6arn  united  with  France 
1589  • Bresse,  Bugey,  and  the  pays  de  Gex  all  in  1601 ; part 
of  Alsacel648;  Roussillon  1659 ; Dunkirk  1662 ; Artois  1659, 
1668  1678  * Flanders  1659,  1668,  1678,  1713 ; Franche- 
Comto  (county  of  Burgundy)  1674-78;  Strasburg  1681; 
Orange  1713;  Lorraine  1766;  Avignon  and  the  Comtat- 
Venaisrtn  1791;  remaining  parts  of  Alsace  about  1791; 
county  of  MontbMiard  1793;  Nice  and  its  territory  and 
Savoy  1860.  Of  regions  outside  of  France,  Corsica  was  ac- 
quired 1768,  Algeria  1830-47.  At  its  height  under  Napo- 


of  the  Elbe  and  Liibeck,  Valais  in  Switzerland,  Piedmont, 
Liguria  Tuscany,  and  Latium  ; the  kingdom  of  Italy  (in 
northeastern  Italy),  tie  Illyrian  provinces,  and  some 
smaller  tracts  were  govtrned  from  F’rance ; and  in  French 
alliance  or  under  Frerch  protection  were  the  Rhenish 
Confederation  (includiig  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia), 
Dantzic,  Switzerland,  tie  duchy  of  Warsaw,  Neuchatel, 
the  kingdom  of  Naples  and  various  minor  Italian  states. 
Area  of  France,  207,054  iquare  miles.  Population,  39,601,- 
509.  Population  of  Freich  colonial  possessions..  45,925,241 ; 
the  entire  area  is  undeerlnined. 


Franci  (fran'si).  See  the  extract. 


France  then — the  Vestern  or  Latin  Francia,  as  dis- 


and Jewish.  Mohammedanism  is  supported  in  Algeria. 
The  following  are  the  principal  colonial  possessions ; m 
Africa  - Algeria,  Tunis  (protectorate),  Morocco  (protec- 
torate), F'rench  Sornali  Coast,  French  Guinea,  Dahomey, 
Upper  Senegal  and  Niger,  Senegal,  Ivory  Coast,  French 
Equatorial  Africa,  Reunion,  Mayotte,  Comoro  Islands, 
Madagascar,  French  Sahara;  in  Asia —Pondicherry, 
Tongking,  Cochin-China,  Annam  (protectorate), 
bodia  (protectorate),  Laos  (protectorate) 


Cam- 
Ameriea 


lieions  supported  by  the  state  before  the  passage  of  the  tingUished  from  the  Grman  Francia  or  Frauken  — prop- 
Briand  bill  (1905)  were  the  Roman  Catholic,  Protestant,  eriy  meant  only  the  Kins  immediate  dominions.  Though 
- --  'lammed  nnism  is  supported  in  Algeria.  Normandy,  Aquitaine,  nd  the  Duchy  of  Burgundy  allowed 

homage  to  the  French  :ing,  no  one  would  have  spoken  of 
them  as  parts  of  Frane.  But,  as  the  French  kings,  step 
by  step,  got  possessioiof  the  dominions  of  their  vassals 
and  other  neighbours,  ae  name  of  France  gradually  spread 
till  it  took  in,  as  it  nw  does,  by  far  the  greater  part  of 
Gaul.  On  the  other  and,  Flanders,  Barcelona,  and  the 
Norman  islands,  thogh  once  under  the  homage  of  the 
French  kings,  have  fatal  altogether  away,  and  have  there- 
fore never  been  reckned  as  parts  of  France.  Thus  the 

cies  M.  xiewc  U..1A  ..... H . — ■ , „,  name  of  France  supplnted  the  name  of  Karolingia  as  the 

donia  Tahiti,  Marquesas  Islands,  Tubuai  Islands,  lua-  name  of  the  Westernangdom. 

motu  Islands,  Wallis,  Raiatea,  etc.  France  corresponds  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  143. 

Tiartlv  to  the  ancient  Gaul.  It  was  inhabited  in  the  ear-  - , y , , T, 

lieBt  historic  times  hv  the  Iberians  (Aquitanians  and  France,  tie  de.  >ee  Ile-de-France. 

Basques)  and  Celts  (Gauls).  Greek  colonies  were  settled  at  France,  Isle  of.  See  Mauritius. 

Marseilles  and  elsewhere  in  southern  France.  Roman  set-  -p._-_._p  AnatOG  JaCQUeS  Anatole  Thi- 

tlements  were  made  at  Narbo  B.  C.  118,  and  southern  ± ranee,  AIl«u,u..  oaoquca 

France  (Provincw)  was  acquired  by  Rome.  Th?  conquest  of  * bault.  Boin  . vans,  April  10,  ib-Fi.  A 
all  Gaul  was  effected  by  Csesar  58-51  b.c.,  and  the  country  French  poet  an  miscellaneous  writer.  He  is 
was  subdivided  into  Roman  provinces,  becoming  Roman-  „rir,cinallv  known  om  his  critical  articles  in  “La  Vie 
ized  and  Christian.  It  was  overrun  in  the  5th  century  by  the 
West  Goths,  Burgundians,  and  Franks ; bui  an  invasion  of 


Even  so  early  as  the  reign  of  Lewis  the  Pious,  one  writer 
distinguished  Franci  and  Germani,  meaning  by  the  former 
the  people  of  the  Western  Kingdom.  Gradually  the  name 
was,  in  the  usage  of  Gaul  and  of  Europe,  thoroughly  fixed 
in  this  sense.  The  Merwings,  the  Karlings,  the  Capets, 
all  alike  called  themselves  Reges  Fran  cor um. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  189. 

Normandy, Aquitaine,  iid  the  Duchy  of  Burgundy  allowed  Francia  (fran'shia).  The  land  of  the  Franks. 

” : 11  1 1 The  name  varied  in  meaning  with  the  extent  of  the  Frank- 

ish  power.  Western  Francia  was  Neustria,  which  grew 
into  France.  Eastern  F rancia  became  Franconia. 


—I^ench  GuiaM,  Martinique,  Guadeloupe  and  dependen- 
cies, St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon;  in  Oceania  — New  Lale- 


principally  known  on  . .. 

Littoraire,”  “Le  Gl.e,"  “Les  Ddbats,”  “Le  Temps  etc., 
and  his  novel  “Le  'ime  de  Sylvestre  Bonnard  (1881). 


the  Huns  under  Attilawas  checked  at  Chalons  (451).  The  J*rance  Antard<lUe  (frons  on-tark-tek' ). 


Frankish  monarchy  (Merovingian)  was  established  under 
Clovis  after  his  defeat  of  the  Roman  governor  feyagnus 
near  Soissons  in  486.  A Saracen  invasion  was  checked  by 
Charles  Martel  at  Tours  in  732.  Carolingians  came  into 
power  with  the  accession  of  Pepin  the  Short  in  751.  Pepin  s 
son  Charlemagne  was  crowned  emperor  of  the  W est  m 800; 


name  given  byhe  French  Huguenots  to  the 
short-lived  colcy  on  the  hay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil,  1555-67  Thevet  and  other  authors  extended 
the  title  to  the  W>le  of  Brazil,  and  even  to  all  South 
America. 


but  the  troubles  after  his  death  led  to  a division  of  the  -p  EciIlilKiale  (frons  a-ke-noks-yal  ). 

Frankish  empire  in  the  treaty  of  Verdun (843).  Ihe  settle-  -t  rance  -tatium  ' , . - ' 

mentof  the  Northmen  in  France  took  place  in  the  begin-  fF„  equmoctl  Fiance.  J A name  given  ny 


ning  of  the  10th  century,  and  the  accession  of  the  Capetian  80me  authors’f  the  18th  century  to  French 
' 987.  France  took  a leading  part  in  the  Cru- 


dynasty  in 


some 
Guiana. 


tended  from  about  1337  to  1453.  The  Valois  branch  of  the 
Capetian  house  acceded  in  1328,  and  continued  with  its 
branch  Valois-OrlCaus  till  the  accession  of  the  Bourbons 
with  Henry  IV.  (of  Navarre)  in  1589.  The  Huguenot  wars 
lasted  from  1562  to  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  1598.  The  power 
of  the  crown  was  greatly  developed  by  Richelieu  and  Louis 
XIV.  France  took  a leading  part  in  the  Thirty  Years  \y  ar. 
There  were  various  combi  nations  of  European  states  against 
Louis  XIV.  (the  last  in  the  War  of  tlie  Spanish  Succession). 
France  took  part  in  the  W ar  of  the  Austrian  Succession.  In 
the  Seven  Years'  War  it  was  defeated  by  England,  losing 
large  possessions  in  America  and  India.  It  aided  the  United 
States  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  first  French  Revo- 


lt vs  occasionally  used  in  official 


(fn-ches'ka),  Piero  della,  sur- 
named  di  Si-Sepolcro  (from  his  place  of 
birth).  Bornn  Italy,  1420:  died  1492.  An 
Italian  paint.  He  worked  in  Florence  (1439-40), 
Arezzo  Rimini, ome,  and  elsewhere.  He  wrote  “De 
prospectiva  pinndi.  ..  _ 

Francesca  dBimmi  (fran-ches  ka  da  re  me- 
ne).  An  Itala  lady  of  the  13th  century,  daugh- 
ter of  Guidda  Polenta,  lord  of  Rimini,  and 
wife  of  Giovni  Malatesta.  The  story  of  her  love 
for  Paolo,  the  ung  brother  of  her  husband,  and  their 


subsequent  del  (about  1288)  at  the  hand  of  the  latter,  . TH  . 

has  been  told  Dante  in  a famous  episode  in  the  “In-  ± ranCiablglO 


As  for  the  mere  name  of  Francia,  like  other  names  of 
the  kind,  it  shifted  its  geographical  use  according  to  the 
wanderings  of  the  people  from  whom  it  was  derived. 
After  many  such  changes  of  meaning,  it  gradually  settled 
down  as  the  name  for  those  parts  of  Germany  and  Gaul 
where  it  still  abides.  There  are  the  Teutonic  or  Austrian 
Francia,  part  of  which  still  keeps  the  name  of  Franken 
or  Franconia,  and  the  Romance  or  Neustrian  Francia, 
which  by  various  annexations  has  grown  into  modern 
France.  Freeman , Hist.  Geog.,  p.  121. 

Francia  (fran'cka)  (Francesco  Raibolini). 
Born  1450:  died  Jan.  5, 1517.  An  Italian  painter. 
The  name  Francia  is  probably  an  abbreviation  of  the  full 
name  Francesco.  In  his  own  day  he  was  better  known 
as  a goldsmith  than  as  a painter,  and  one  of  the  most 
successful  medallists  of  the  time.  In  1508  he  came  un- 
der the  influence  of  Raphael.  Of  his  frescos  only  two 
remain,  much  retouched,  in  the  Oratory  of  St.  Cecilia  at 
Bologna.  His  easel-pictures  and  portraits  in  oil  are  nu- 
merous, and  show  the  tendencies  of  Perugini  and  Raphael 
so  strongly  that  some  have  long  been  attributed  to  one  or 
the  other  painter. 

Francia  (fran'se-a),  Jos6  Gaspar  Rodriguez, 
called  Dr.  Francia.  Born  in  Asuncion,  1757 : 
died  there,  Sept.  20, 1840.  A dictator  of  Para- 
guay.  He  was  a lawyer,  and  in  May,  1811,  was  made  a 
member  of  the  governmental  junta  which  was  formed  after 
the  expulsion  of  the  Spanish  governor.  He  quickly  took 
the  lead  in  affairs  ; was  made  consul  in  Oct.,  1811 ; dictator 
for  three  years  in  1814;  and  dictator  for  life  in  1817.  From 
the  first  he  governed  with  absolute  power,  and  his  orders 
became  the  only  law  of  the  country.  Aiming  to  cut  off 
Paraguay  from  intercourse  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  he 
restricted  foreign  commerce  to  a few  absolutely  necessary 
articles.  Except  in  rare  instances  nobody  was  allowed  to 
leave  the  country,  and  this  rule  was  enforced  with  the  few 
foreigners  who  entered  it.  He  regulated  agriculture  as 
he  pleased,  and  would  not  permit  the  accumulation  of 
wealth.  His  real  or  supposed  enemies  were  imprisoned 
and  executed,  often  secretly  and  always  without  any  real 
trial.  Primary  education  was  somewhat  encouraged,  and 
quarrels  with  the  surrounding  powers  were  avoided,  so 
that  during  his  rule  Paraguay  had  no  wars 


established  in  1795,  the  Consulate  in  1799,  and  the  empire 
under  Napoleon  in  1804.  Later  events  are  the  restoration 

of  the  Bourbons  (1814) ; the  Hundred  Days  of  Napoleon  . ~ m,  . 

(1815)-  the  second  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  (1815);  the  FrRIlC6SCh.lI  (fiRH-ches-ke  lia).  The  priHCl 

revolution  of  July  and  accession  of  the  Origans  family  i -i 'Tovafrm'a  “nnt.oh  (Imirtocon 

(1830);  the  revolution  and  establishment  of  the  second 
republic  (1848);  the  coup  d’etat  of  Louis  Napoleon  (Dec., 

1851)'  and  the  establishment  of  the  second  empire  under 
Napoleon  III.  (1852).  Fiance  took  part  in  the  Crimean 
war  and  in  the  Austrian-Italian  war  of  1859.  In  the  war  of 
1870-71  with  the  Germans  (the  so-called  Franco-German 
war)  France  was  severely  defeated  ; the  empire  was  over- 
thrown (Sept.,  1870),  and  was  succeeded  by  the  third  re 

' V _ l " 1-3  4.  „ . . ,1  ^ Ali-nnu  T Al'nilK 


ferno.”  Silvioellico  wrote  a tragedy  on  the  subject, 
and  Leigh  Hun  poem.  Bokeralso  wrote  a tragedy  with 
thesametitle  lich  has  been  successfully  played.  Noted 
pict  ures  illust’ring  ti  e story  have  been  painted  by  Ingres, 
Cabanel,  Ary  Seder.  George  Frederic  Watts,  and  others. 

’ranceschil  (fian-ches-ke'na).  The  princi- 
pal ckaractein  Tarston’s  “Dutch  Courtesan.” 
The  charaeteof  he  passionate  and  implacable  courte- 
san Francesclnajs  conceived  with  masterly  ability. 
Few  figures  in  heSlizabethan  drama  are  more  striking 
than  this  fair  rnjful  Bend,  who  is  as  playful  and  piti- 
less as  a tigres;  nose  caresses  are  sweet  as  honey  and 
poisonous  as  aort.  Bullen. 

FrancescMml’&n-ches-ke'ne),  Baldassare. 
Born  at  Volt<a,  Italy,  1611 : died  at  Florence, 
1689.  An  Itan  painter. 


public  ; and  France’was  obliged  to  ced e Alsace-Lorraine 
(1871)  This  disaster  was  followed  by  the  Communist  civil 

war  of  1871.  More  recent  events  have  been  the  extension  - . 

of  French  territory  or  influence  in  southeastern  Asia  (war  Ppq/neesehmuarcantoniO.  Born  at  Bologna, 
with  China,  ending  1885),  in  Tunis  and  western  Africa,  and  , April  1648  : died  at  Bologna,  Dec.  24, 

in  Madagascar;  the  Centennial  Exposition  of  1889;  the  Ftal>,  Apin 
efforts  to  overturn  the  existing  republic  by  royalists,  1(28.  An  iian  painter.  ^ 

Bonapartists,  and  Boulangists;  the  leaning  toward  Russia  Franche-CoB  (fionsh  kon-t.a  ).  [F.,  ‘free 

(to  offset  the  Triple  Alliance);  and  the  Panama  imbroglio,  county.n  .ancient  government  of  eastern 
culminating  in  1892.  (See,  further,  A or-  -p  ‘ j,,  bounded  by  Champagne  on  the  north- 

mandy,  and  the  other  provinces;  ^mjwo-Grrman.  IFa  a Terrain  the  north,  Montbdliard  and  Switzerland 

other  wars;  French  Revolution , and  Napoleon.)  The rtol-  > . Bugey,  and  Bresse  on  the  south,  and 

lowing  is  a statement  of  the  incorporation  of  the  Prov  mces  on  the ^ east  . ^8  R wafl  called  jn  its  eai  li;.,.  his. 
of  France  since  the  Carolingian  period : finals  annexed  B '“^uudy  oi  and  often  later  was  known  as  the 

to  the  crown  1968;  viscounty  of  Bourges  1109  counties  of  ‘“fntfof B<ndy.  Besancon  and  Dole  are  the  chief 
Amiens  and  Vermandois ,(in  Picardy)  annexed ^to  crown  “Apartments  of  Douhs,  Jura,  and  Haute- 

1 183  (finally  about  1479) ; county  of  VatolS  annexed  F215  towns. to  jt>  n wa3  part  of  the  o]d  kingdom 

A 1 - ‘ of  Burgundlt  became  a countship  in  early  times  and 

a fief  of  tlePire,  was  held  at  different  times  by  Fred- 
erick Barbed  and  Philip  V.  of  France,  and  was  defi- 
nitely ann(  t°  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  in  1384.  It  was 
conauere<luUU*s  XI.  of  France  in  1477 ; was  ceded  by 

. . .. _ ...  oh-i rles  V to  the  Ilapsburgs  in  1493,  retaining  local 

Champagne  1335  (incorporated  13bl)  , P nrivileees  er  Spanish  rule;  was  conquered  by  Louis 

quired  1349  (?) ; Aquitaine  1468  ; Berry  14  T v.y  restored  ; and  was  again  conquered  in  1674 

1601;  duchy  of  Burgundy  1479;  Brittany  1491  (incorporated  xi\.it>08  6 


(fran-cha-be'jo),  Francesco  di 
Cristofano,  Born  at  Florence  about  1480: 
died  there,  about  1525.  An  Italian  painter,  a 
pupil  and  imitator  of  Andrea  del  Sarto. 

Francion.  See  Histoire  Comique  de  Franc  ion. 

Francis  (fran'Sis)  I.  (of  Austria  : Francis  II. 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire).  [The  E.  name 
Francis  was  formerly  also  Frauncis , from  OF. 
Franceis,  F.  Francois,  Sp.  Pg.  Francisco,  It. 
Francesco,  G.  Franciscus,  Franz,  from  ML. 
Franciscus,  Frankish,  of  France,  from  Fran- 
cus,  Frank,  Francia,  France.]  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Feb.  12,  1768:  died  at  Vienna,  March 
2,  1835.  Emperor  of  Austria,  son  of  the  em- 
peror Leopold  n.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1792. 
He  joined  in  1793  the  first  coalition  against  France,  but 
was  forced  by  the  successes  of  Napoleon  in  Italy  to  con- 
clude (Oct.  17,  1797)  the  peace  of  Campo-Fonnio  (which 
see).  In  1799  he  joined  the  second  coalition  against  France, 
but  in  consequence  of  the  victories  of  Napoleon  at  Maren- 
go (June  14,  1800),  and  Moreau  at  Holienlinden  (Dec.  3, 
1800),  he  accepted  (Feb.  9,  1801)  the  peace  of  Lunt-vil'e, 
which  in  the  main  confirmed  the  peace  of  Campo-Fonnio. 
He  joined  the  third  coalition  against  France  in  1805,  but 
was  forced  by  the  victory  of  Napoleon  at  Austerlitz  (Dec. 
2,  1805)  to  conclude  (Dec.  26, 1805)  the  peace  of  Presburg, 
by  which  Austria  was  deprived  of  Venetia  and  Tyrol. 
Having  already  proclaimed  himself  hereditary  emperor  of 
Austria  in  1804,  he  formally  abdicated  the  crown  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire  in  1806.  He  declared  war  against 
France  in  1809,  hut  was  forced  by  the  victor}’  of  Napoleon 
over  the  archduke  Charles  at  Wngram  (July  5-6,  1809)  to 
conclude  (Oct.  14,  1809)  the  peace  of  Vienna,  by  which 
Austria  lost  32,000  square  miles  of  territory.  His  daugh- 
ter Maria  Louisa  married  Napoleon  in  1810.  He  sided 
with  France  against  Russia  in  1812,  joined  the  Allies  in 
1813,  and  acquired  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  more  terri- 
tory than  he  had  lost  in  his  previous  wars  with  France. 


Francis  I. 

He  joined  the  Holy  Alliance  in  1815,  and  the  remainder  of 
his  reign  was  devoted  to  a policy  of  reaction  under  the 
guidance  of  Metternich. 

Francis  I.  Born  at  Cognac,  France,  Sept.  12, 
1494:  died  at  Rambouillet,  France,  March  31, 
1547.  King  of  France,  son  of  Charles,  count 
of  Angouleme,  and  cousin-german  of  Louis  XII. 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1515.  In  the  same  year  he 
conquered  by  the  victory  of  Marignano  (Sept.  13-14)  Milan, 
the  sovereignty  of  whichhe  claimed  by .inheritance  through 
his  great-grandmother  Valentina  Visconti.  In  1516  he 
concluded  a concordat  with  the  Pope  which  rescinded 
the  pragmatic  sanction  of  1438,  and  vested  in  the  crown 
the  right  of  nominating  to  vacant  benefices.  He  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  imperial  dignity  in  1519, 
and  the  remainder  of  his  reign  was  chiefly  occupied  by 
four  wars  against  his  victorious  rival,  the  emperor  Charles 
V.,  who  advanced  claims  to  Milan  and  the  duchy  of  Bur- 
gundy. During  the  first  war,  which  broke  out  in  1521, 
he  was  taken  captive  at  Pavia  in  1525,  and  kept  prisoner 
until  the  peace  of  Madrid  in  1526.  During  the  second 
war,  which  broke  out  in  1527,  he  was  supported  by  the 
Pope,  Venice,  and  Francesco  Sforza.  It  was  concluded 
by  the  peace  of  Cambray  in  1529.  The  third  war  broke 
out  in  1536,  and  was  ended  by  the  truce  of  Nice  in  1538. 
The  fourth  war,  which  broke  out  in  1542,  was  terminated 
with  the  peace  of  Crespy  in  1544,  which  left  him  in  pos- 
session of  Burgundy  while  the  emperor  retained  Milan. 
During  the  last  two  wars  his  principal  ally  was  Soliinan 
the  Magnificent,  sultan  of  Turkey. 

Francis  II.  Born  at  Fontainebleau,  France, 
Jan.  19, 1544 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5, 1560.  King 
of  France,  eldest  son  of  Henry  II.  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1559.  He  married  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  in  1558. 

Francis  I.  (Stephen).  Born  Dec.  8, 1708:  died 
at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Aug.  18,  1765.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  Leopold, 
duke  of  Lorraine.  He  married  in  1736  Maria  Theresa 
of  Austria,  whose  co-regent  he  became  on  her  accession  in 
1740  to  the  hereditary  dominions  of  the  house  of  Austria. 
He  was  elected  emperor  in  1745. 

Francis  II.,  Emperor  of  the  Holy  RomanEmp ire. 
See  Francis  I.,  Emperor  of  Austria. 

Francis  I.  Born  at  Naples,  Aug.  19,1777:  diedat 
Naples,  Nov.  8,  1830.  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
son  of  Ferdinand  I., whom  lie  succeededin  1825. 
Francis  II.  Born  Jan.  16,  1836:  died  at  Arco, 
Tyrol,  Dec.  27,  1894.  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
son  of  Ferdinand  II.,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1859.  He  was  driven  from  his  dominions  (which  were 
annexed  to  those  of  Victor  Emmanuel)  in  1861. 

Francis  (fran'sis).  In Shakspere’s  “Much  Ado 
about  Nothing,”  a friar. 

Francis,  Convers.  Born  at  West  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  9,  1795:  died  at  Cambridge,  April 
7,  1863.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman 
and  biographer.  He  became  professor  of  pulpit  elo- 
quence at  Harvard  in  1842,  a position  which  he  retained 
until  his  death.  He  wrote  the  essays  on  John  Eliot  and 
Sebastian  Itasle  in  Sparks’s  “library  of  American  Biog- 
raphy. ” 

Francis,  Janies  Goodall.  Born  at  London  in 
1819:  died  at  Queenscliff,  Victoria,  June  25, 
1884.  An  Australian  politician.  He  emigrated  to 
Tasmania  in  1834 ; removed  subsequently  to  Melbourne  ; 
became  a member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Victorian 
legislative  assembly  in  1859 ; was  commissioner  of  trade 
and  customs  1863-68  ; was  treasurer  of  Victoria  1870-71 ; 
and  was  prime  minister  1872-74. 

Francis,  John.  Born  at  London,  July  18, 1811 : 
died  there,  April  6, 1882.  An  English  publisher. 

He  became  a junior  clerk  in  the  officeofthe  “Athenceum” 
in  Sept.,  1831.  and  was  business  manager  and  publisher 
of  that  paper  from  Oct.  4,  1831,  until  his  death.  He  was 
prominently  connected  with  the  agitation  for  the  repeal 
of  the  duty  on  newspaper  advertisements  (1853),  of  the 
stamp  duty  on  newspapers  (1855),  and  of  the  paper  duty 
(1861). 

Francis,  John  Wakefield.  Born  at  Ne  w York, 
Nov.  17,  1789:  died  there,  Feb.  8,  1861.  An 
American  physician  and  medical  and  biograph- 
ical writer.  He  published  “Old  New  York” 
(1857),  etc. 

Francis,  Philip.  Born  about  1708:  died  at 
Bath,  March  5, 1773.  An  Irish  author.  He  took 
the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1728, 
and  after  having  been  for  a time  curate  of  St.  Peter’s, 
Dublin,  went  to  England,  where  he  obtained  the  rectory 
of  Skeyton  in  Norfolk  in  1744.  He  was  afterward  tutor 
to  Charles  James  Fox,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Eton  in 
1757,  and  was  rector  of  Barrow  in  Suffolk  from  1762  until 
his  death.  He  published  the  following  translations  from 
Horace  : “Odes,  Epodes,  and  Carmen  Seculare  of  Horace 
in  Latin  and  English”  (1742),  and  “Satires,  Epistles,  and 
Art  of  Poetry  ” (1746). 

Francis,  Sir  Philip.  Born  at  Dublin,  Oct.  22, 
1740:  died  Dec.  23,  1818.  The  reputed  author 
of  “Junius’s  Letters,”  son  of  Philip  Francis 
(1708-73).  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul’s  school  ; be- 
came a junior  clerk  in  the  secretary  of  state’s  office  in 
1756 ; was  amanuensis  to  Pitt  1761-62  ; was  first  clerk  at 
the  War  Office  1762-72 ; went  out  to  India  in  1774  as  one  of 
the  council  of  four  appointed  to  control  the  governor- 
general  of  India;  returned  to  England  in  1781  (having  left 
India  in  1780) ; entered  Parliament  in  1784 ; and  about  1806 
was  made  K.  C.  B.  He  wrote  numerous  papers,  under 
various  pseudonyms,  in  support  of  the  Whig  party,  and 
has  been  accredited  with  the  authorship  of  “Junius’s 
Letters,"  chiefly  on  the  evidence  adduced  by  Charles 


407 

Chabot,  who  compared  the  handwriting  of  Junius  with 
that  of  Francis. 

Francis  Borgia,  St.  See  Borgia , St.  Francesco. 
Francis  Joseph  I.  Born  at  Vienna,  Aug.  18, 
1830.  Emperor  of  Austria,  eldest  son  of  the 
archduke  Francis  Charles  by  the  princess  So- 
phia, daughter  of  Maximilian  I.  of  Bavaria. 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  Dec.  2,  1848,  on  the  abdica- 
tion of  his  uncle  Ferdinand  I.  He  found  at  his  accession 
wide-spread  revolutions  in  progress  in  Italy  and  Hun- 
gary. The  pacification  of  Italy  was  accomplished  by  the 
decisive  victory  of  Radetzky  over  Charles  Albert  of  Sar- 
dinia, at  Novara,  March  23, 1849.  The  emperor  took  part 
in  person  in  the  campaign  in  Hungary,  which  was  subju- 
gated with  the  assistance  of  the  Russians,  whose  general, 
Rudiger,  received  the  surrender  of  the  Hungarian  general 
Corgey  at  Vihlgos,  Aug.  13,  1849.  In  1859  Victor  Em- 
manuel, the  successor  of  Charles  Albert,  having  secured 
the  alliance  of  France,  resumed  the  struggle  for  the  lib- 
eration of  Italy.  The  Austrian  forces  were  overthrown 
by  the  French  and  Sardinians  at  Magenta  June  4,  and 
Solferino  June  24,  and  Austria  was  forced  to  give  up  Lom- 
bardy in  the  preliminary  peace  of  Villafranca  July  11, 1859, 
which  was  ratified  by  the  peace  of  Zurich  Nov.  10,  1859. 

In  1864,  in  alliance  with  Prussia,  he  waged  a war  against 
Denmark,  which  resulted  in  the  severance  of  Schleswig, 
Holstein,  and  Lauenburg  from  that  kingdom.  Disagree- 
ment over  the  disposition  of  these  duchies  brought  about 
the  Austro-Prussian  war,  in  which  Austria  received  the 
feeble  support  of  a number  of  German  states,  while  Prussia 
secured  the  alliance  of  Italy.  The  Prussians,  on  July  3, 
1866,  overwhelmed  the  Austrian  army  at  Koniggratz  (Sa- 
dowa)  In  Italy  the  Austrians  were  victorious  at  Cus- 
tozza,  and  the  Austrian  fleet  achieved  a triumph  at  Lissa. 
The  emperor  concluded  peace  with  Prussia  at  Prague 
Aug.  23,  and  with  Italy  at  Vienna  Oct.  3,  1866.  Austria 
was  ejected  from  the  German  Confederation,  and  was  com- 
pelled to  give  up  Venetia.  The  unsuccessful  issue  of  this 
war  forced  upon  the  emperor  a liberal  internal  policy. 
The  Hungarians  were  conciliated  by  the  so-called  Aus- 
gleicli  (compromise),  effected  by  Beust  and  Deak  in  1867, 
by  which  the  Austrian  empire  was  reconstituted  on  a 
dualistic  basis.  In  Sept.,  1872,  during  the  ministry  of 
Count  Andrassy,  he  concluded  with  the  German  Empire 
and  Russia  the  Dreikaiserbund  for  the  preservation  of  the 
European  peace.  The  Dreikaiserbund  was  practically 
dissolved  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin  June  13-July  13, 1878, 
which  permitted  Austria  to  occupy  the  provinces  of  Bos- 
nia and  Herzegovina  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  Russia. 
In  1883  he  concluded  the  Triple  Alliance  with  the  Ger- 
man Empire  and  Italy.  Francis  Joseph  married  in  1854 
the  princess  Elisabeth,  daughter  of  Duke  Maximilian  of 
the  house  of  Bavaria.  His  only  son,  the  crown  prince 
Rudolph,  committed  suicide  (?)  Jan.  30, 1889,  at  Mierling 
near  Vienna.  The  archduke  Charles  Louis,  brother  of 
Francis  Joseph,  who  became  heir  to  the  throne,  died  in 
1896.  His  son,  the  archduke  Francis  Ferdinand  (1863-),  be- 
came the  heir  apparent.  Upon  his  marriage  (1900)  Francis 
Ferdinand  renounced  the  succession  for  his  children. 

Francis  of  Assisi  (as-se'ze),  Saint  (Giovanni 
Francesco  Bernardone).  Born  at  Assisi, 
Italy,  in  1182:  diedat  Assisi,  Oct.  4,1226.  A cele- 
brated Italian  monk  and  preacher.  He  turned, 
after  a serious  illness  in  his  youth,  to  a life  of  ascetic 
devotion,  and  in  1210  founded  the  order  of  the  Francis- 
cans, whose  rule  was  formally  confirmed  by  Honorius 
III.  in  1223.  After  a visit  to  Egypt  in  1219,  on  which  he 
preached  before  the  sultan,  he  retired  as  a hermit  to 
Monte  Alverno,  where,  according  to  the  legend,  he  experi- 
enced the  miracle  of  the  stigmata.  He  was  canonized 
by  Gregory  IX.  in  1228,  and  is  commemorated  on  Oct.  4. 

Francis  of  Paula  (pou'la),  Saint.  Born  at 
Paola  (Paula),  Cosenza,  Italy,  1416:  died  at 
Plessis-lez-Tours,  Indre-Loire,  France,  April  2, 
1507.  An  Italian  monk,  the  founder  of  the 
order  of  Minims  (first  called  Hermits  of  St. 
Francis)  in  1436.  The  statutes  of  the  order  were  con- 
firmed, and  Francis  was_  appointed  its  superior-general, 
by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  in  1474. 

Francis  of  Sales  (salz;  F.  pron.  sal),  Saint. 
Born  at  Sales,  near  Annecy,  Savoy,  1567 : died 
at  Lyons,  Dec.  28, 1622.  A Savoyard,  coadjutor- 
bishop  (1599)  and  later  (1602)  bishop  of  Gene- 
va, founder  with  Madame  de  Chantal  of  the  or- 
der of  the  Visitation  in  1610.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ Traite 
de  l’amour  de  Dieu,”  etc.  He  is  commemorated 
on  Jan.  29. 

Francisca  (fran-sis'ka).  A nun  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Measure  for  Measure.” 

Franciscans  (fran-sis'kanz).  An  order  of  men- 
dicant friars  founded  by  St.  Francis  of  Assisi, 
Italy,  authorized  by  the  Pope  in  1210,  and  more 
formally  ratified  in  1223.  In  addition  to  the  usual 
vows  of  poverty,  chastity,  and  obedience,  special  stress  is 
laid  upon  preaching  and  ministry  to  the  body  and  soul. 
Under  various  names,  such  as  Minorites,  Barefooted 
Friars,  and  Gray  Friars,  the  order  spread  rapidly  through- 
out Europe  : among  its  members  were  Alexander  of  Hales, 
Duns  Scotus,  Roger  Bacon,  Occam,  Popes  Sixtus  V.  and 
Clement  XIV.,  and  other  eminent  men;  and  the  order 
was  long  noted  for  its  rivalry  with  the  Dominicans.  Dif- 
ferences early  arose  in  regard  to  the  severity  of  the  rule, 
which  culminated  in  the  16th  century  in  the  division  of 
the  order  into  two  great  classes,  the  Observantines  or  Ob- 
servants and  the  Conventuals : the  former  follow  a more 
rigorous,  the  latt  er  a milder  rule.  The  general  of  the  Ob- 
servantines is  minister-general  of  the  entire  order.  The 
order  has  been  noted  for  missionary  zeal,  but  suffered 
considerably  in  the  Reformation  and  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. The  usual  distinguishing  features  of  the  garb  are  a 
gray  or  dark-brown  cowl,  a girdle,  and  sandals. 

Dominic’s  theologians  were  called  already  Frati  Pre- 
dicatori ; Francis  therefore  modestly  placed  himself  and 
his  companions  below  their  order  as  the  Frati  ilinori, 


Franconia,  Middle 

lesser  brethren,  Minorite  Friars.  They  were  both  off- 
shoots of  the  Augustinian  monks  ; both  were  Austin  Fri- 
ars, whether  Black  Friars  or  Grey  Friars.  The  Dominicans 
were  in  black  ; and  the  Franciscans  went  in  coarse  grey 
gowns,  bare  footed  and  bare-headed 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  309. 

Francisco  (fran-sis'ko).  [See  Francis.']  1.  A 
lord  in  Shakspere’s  “ Tempest.” — 2.  A soldier 
in  Shakspere’s  “ Hamlet.” — 3.  In  Massinger’s 
play  “The  Duke  of  Milan,”  the  duke’s  favor- 
ite, a cold,  vindictive  hypocrite. 

Francisque  (fron-sesk').  See  Millet , Franqois 
( Frans  Mille). 

Francis  Xavier.  See  Xavier,  Francis. 

Franck  (frohk),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Lioconrt, 
France,  Oct.  9,  1809:  died  April  10,  1893.  A 
French  philosopher.  He  became  professor  of  inter- 
national law  at  the  College  de  France  in  1856,  and  founded 
the  “ Paix  Sociale  ” in  1888.  He  published  “Le  commu- 
nisme  jug;-  par  1’histoire”  (1849),  “Philosophic  du  droit 
p6nal  ” (1864),  “Moralistes  et  philosophes  ’’  (1871),  and  was 
the  editor  of  “ Dictionnaire  des  sciences  philosophiques  ” 
(1843-49). 

Franck,  Sebastian.  See  Frank. 

Francke  (frang'ke),  August  Hermann.  Born 
at  Liibeck,  Germany,  March  22,  1663  : died  at 
Halle,  Prussia,  June  8,  1727.  A German  pie- 
tistic  preacher  and  philanthropist.  He  founded 
at  Halle  in  1695  an  orphan-asylum  with  which  a printing- 
press  and  various  schools  were  later  combined. 

Franco  (fran'ko),  Giovanni  Battista,  sur- 
named  Semolei.  Born  at  Udine,  1510 : died  at 
Venice,  1561.  An  Italian  painter.  His  most  noted 
work  is  a “ Baptism  of  Christ  ” in  the  Church  of  San  Fran- 
cesco della  Vigna  in  Venice. 

Franco-German  War,  or  Franco-Prussian 
War.  The  war  of  1870-71  between  France  and 
Germany.  The  immediate  ostensible  cause  of  it  was 
the  election  of  a prince  of  Hohenzollern  to  the  Spanish 
throne.  The  following  are  the  leading  events : Declara- 
tion of  war,  July  19,  1870 ; battle  of  Weissenbnrg,  Aug.  4, 
1870 ; battle  of  Worth,  Aug.  6,  1870  ; battle  of  Spicheren, 
Aug.  6, 1870 ; battleg  around  Metz(Colombey-Noui!ly,  Aug. 
14  ; Vionville,  Aug.  16 ; Gravelotte,  Aug.  18) ; battle  of  Se 
dan,  Sept.  1 ; surrender  of  the  emperor  and  his  army  at 
Sedan,  Sept.  2 ; proclamation  of  the  French  republic,  Sept. 

4 ; commencement  of  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the  Ger- 
mans, Sept.  19;  surrender  of  Strasburg,  Sept.  27  ; surren- 
der of  Metz,  Oct.  27 ; battle  of  Coulmiers,  Nov.  9 ; battle  of 
Beaune-la-Rolande,  Nov.  28 ; sortie  from  Paris,  Nov.  30 ; 
battle  of  Orleans,  Dec.  2-4  ; sorties  from  Paris,  Jan.,  1871 ; 
battle  of  Le  Mans,  Jan.  12  ; battle  of  Lisaine,  Jan.  15-17  ; 
surrender  of  Paris,  Jan.  28;  peace  preliminaries  at  Ver- 
sailles, Feb.  26;  occupation  of  Paris  by  German  troops, 
March  1-3 ; peace  of  Frankfort  (which  see),  May  10, 1871. 
Franpois (f ron-swa' ), Due  d’ Anjou.  Bornl554: 
died  1584.  A son  of  Henry  II.  of  France,  a 
suitor  for  the  hand  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
land. 

Francois,  Kurt  von.  Bom  at  Luxemburg,  Oct. 
2, 1853.  An  African  explorer.  He  served  through 
the  Franco-German  war,  in  which  his  father,  a German 
general,  fell.  In  1883  he  accompanied  the  expedition  of 
Wissmann  to  the  Kassai,  and  did  excellent  chartographic 
work.  In  1885  he  explored  the  Lulongo  and  Tshuapa 
rivers  in  company  with  G.  Grenfell.  Promoted  captain 
while  in  Germany,  he  was  sent  to  Togo-land  in  1887,  and 
penetrated  beyond  Salaga  to  the  country  of  the  Mossi.  In 
1889  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  German  troops  in 
Damaraland,  and  in  1891  became  acting  imperial  commis- 
sioner. He  has  published  “ Die  Erforschung  des  Lulongo 
und  Tscliuapa  ” (Leipsic,  1888). 

Francois  de  Neuf chateau  (froh-swa'  de  ne- 
sha-to'),  Comte  Nicolas  Louis.  Born  at  Saf- 
fais,  Meurthe,  France,  April  17,  1750:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  10, 1828.  A French  statesman,  poet, 
and  author.  He  was  a member  of  the  Directory  1797- 
1798,  minister  of  the  interior  1797  and  1798-99,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Senate  1804-06. 

Franconia  (frang-ko'ni-a),  G.Franken  (frang'- 
ken).  [ML.  Franconia,  G.  Franken,  land  of 
the  Franks.]  One  of  the  four  great  duchies 
of  the  old  German  kingdom:  also  known  as 
Francia.  It  lay  chiefly  in  the  valley  of  the  Main,  but 
extended  west  of  the  Rhine,  being  bounded  by  Saxony  on 
the  north  and  Alamannia  or  Swabia  on  the  south.  It 
broke  up  into  various  small  districts  (the  Palatinate,  Wurz- 
burg, Bamberg,  etc.).  In  the  division  of  the  empire  under 
Maximilian,  it  was  made  a circle.  It  now  denotes  a region 
whose  center  is  further  to  the  east  than  that  of  the  ancient 
duchy.  This  is  divided  into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower 
Franconia  (see  below). 

France  and  Franconia  are  etymologically  the  same  word ; 
the  difference  in  their  modern  forms  is  simply  owing  to 
the  necessity  of  avoiding  confusion,  which  was  avoided  in 
early  mediaeval  Latin  by  speaking  of  Francia  oecidentalis 
and  Francia  orientalis,  Francia  Latina  and  Francia  Teu- 
toniea.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  172. 

Franconia,  Lower,  G.  Unterfranken  und 
Ascbaffenburg.  A government  district  ( “ Re- 
gierungs-Bezirk  ”)  in  northwestern  Bavaria. 
Capital,  Wurzburg.  Area,  3,244  square  miles. 
Population,  682,532. 

Franconia,  Middle,  G.  Mittelfranken.  A 

government  district  in  western  Bavaria.  Capi- 
tal, Ansbacb.  Area,  2,927  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 868,846. 


Franconia,  Upper 

Franconia,  Upper,  G.  Oberfranken.  A gov- 
ernment district  in  northeastern  Bavaria.  Cap- 
ital, Bayreuth.  Area,  2,702  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 643,985. 

Franconia  Mountains.  A group  of  mountains 
in  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire,  west  of 
the  Presidential  Range.  Highest  point,  Mount 
Lafayette  (5,269  feet). 

Franconian  (frang-ko'ni-an).  The  German  dia- 
lect of  old  Franconian  territory  in  middle  and 
western  Germany,  Belgium,  and  Holland,  along 
the  whole  course  of  the  Rhine  from  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Murg  to  its  mouth.  Several  minor  dia- 
lectic divisions  are  recognized.  Upper  Franconian  com- 
prehends the  dialect,  called  East  Franconian,  of  the  old 
duchy  of  Franconia  Orientalis,  and  Rhenish  Franconian 
the  dialect  of  the  old  Franconia  Rhenensis.  Middle  Fr  an- 
conian is  the  dialect  of  the  Moselle  region  and  along  the 
Rhine  from  Coblenz  to  Diisseldorf.  With  Hessian  and 
Thuringian  they  form  the  group  specifically  called  Mid- 
dle German,  but  are  commonly  included  in  the  High  Ger- 
man group.  Lower  Franconian,  the  progenitor  of  modern 
Dutch  and  Flemish,  is  the  dialect  of  the  lower  Rhine  re- 
gion from  Diisseldorf  to  its  mouth.  With  Saxon  and  Frie- 
sian it  forms  the  group  specifically  called  Low  German. 
Franconian  Alps.  See  Franconian  Jura. 
Franconian  Emperors.  The  line  of  German 
emperors  from  1024—1125,  comprising  Conrad 
II.,  Henry  III.,  Henry  IV.,  and  Henry  V.  Also 
called  Saltan  Emperors. 

Franconian  Jura(jo'ra),  or  Franconian  Alps. 

[G.  Frankenjura,  Frdnkischer  Jura,  etc.]  The 
continuation  in  Bavaria  of  the  Swabian  Jura. 
The  mountains  extend  from  the  neighborhood  of  Donau- 
worth  and  Ratisbon  on  the  Danube  to  the  bend  of  the  Main 
at  Lichtenfels.  Highest  points,  over  2,000  feet. 
Franconia  N otcb.  A defile  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire,  west  of  the  Franco- 
nia Mountains,  traversed  by  the  Pemigewasset 
River. 

Franconian  Switzerland.  A hilly  district  in 
Bavaria,  northeast  of  Nuremberg,  noted  for  its 
stalactite  caverns  and  rock-formations.  Height, 
about  1,600  feet. 

Franeker  (fran'e-ker).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  53°  12'  N., 
long.  5°  32'  E. : seat  of  a university  1585-1811. 
Population,  7,114. 

Frangipani  (frari-je-pa/ne).  A noble  Roman 
family  which  came  into  prominence  early  in  the 
11th  century,  and  for  several  centuries  played 
an  important  part  in  Italian  history  as  leaders 
of  the  Ghibelline  party.  Cenzio  Frangipani  produced 
a schism  in  the  church  by  the  election  in  1118  of  the  anti- 
pope Buidino,  who  assumed  the  name  Gregory  VIII. 
Frank  ( frangk) , J ohann  Peter.  Born  at  Roth- 
alben,  Baden,  March  19,  1745 : died  at  Vienna, 
April  24, 1821.  A German  physician,  noted  es- 
pecially for  his  contributions  to  sanitary  science. 
He  became  professor  at  Gottingen  in  1784,  at  Pavia  in  17S5, 
and  at  VVilna  in  1804,  and  was  physician  to  the  emperor 
Alexander  of  Russia  1805-08.  He  wrote  “System  einer 
vollstandigen  medizinischen  Polizei  ” (1784-1827),  “De  cu- 
randis  hominum  morbis  ” (1792-1800),  etc. 

Frank  (frangk),  Joseph.  Born  at  Rastatt,  Ba- 
den, Dec.  23, 1771 : died  at  Como,  Italy,  Dec.  18, 
1842.  A German  physician,  son  of  J.  P.  Frank : 
a supporter  of  the  Brownian  system.  He  pub- 
lished “Grundriss  der  Pathologie”  (1803),  etc. 
Frank,  or  Franck  (frangk),  Sebastian,  of 
Word.  Born  at  Donauworth,  Bavaria,  about 
1499 : died  probably  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  about 
1542.  A German  popular  writer  and  mystical 
theologian,  an  adherent  of  the  Reformation.  He 
wrote  “Chronika”  (1531),  “Weltbueh”  (1534  : a cosmogra- 
phy), “Sprichwortersammlung”  (1541),  etc. 

Frankel  (frang'kel),  Zacharias.  Born  at 
Prague,  Oct.  18, 1801 : died  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
Feb.  13,  1875.  A German  rabbi,  director  of  the 
Hebrew  Theological  Seminary  at  Breslau  after 
1854. 

Frankenberg  (frang'ken-berG).  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
on  the  Zschopau  32  miles  west-southwest  of 
Dresden.  Population,  commune,  13,350. 
Frankenhausen  (friing'ken-hou-zen).  Atown 
in  Sehwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  55  miles 
west  of  Leipsic.  Here,  May  15,  1525,  the  insurgent 
peasantry  under  Thomas  Miinzer  were  signally  defeated 
by  Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  at  the  head  of  an  allied 
army.  It  has  salt-works  and  manufactures  of  pearl  but- 
tons, etc.  Population,  commune,  6,543. 

Frankenstein,  (frang'ken-stin).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  37  miles  south  of 
Breslau.  Population,  commune,  8,404. 

Frankenstein.  A romance  by  Mrs.  Shelley, 
published  in  1818,  named  from  the  hero  of  the 
tale,  who  created  a monster. 

The  story  is  related  by  a young  student,  who  creates  a 
monstrous  being  from  materials  gathered  in  the  tomb  and 
the  dissecting-room.  When  the  creature  is  made  complete 
with  bones,  muscles,  and  skin,  it  acquires  life  and  com- 


408 

mits  atrocious  crimes.  It  murders  a friend  of  the  student, 
strangles  his  bride,  and  finally  comes  to  an  end  in  the  north- 
ern seas.  Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  Fict.,  p.  319. 

Frankenthal  (frang'ken-tal).  A town  in  the 
Palatinate,  6 miles  northwest  of  Mannheim.  It 
has  manufactures  and  nurseries.  Population, 
commune,  18,190. 

Frankenwald(frang'keu-valt).  A mountainous 
region  on  the  borders  of  northern  Bavaria  and 
the  Thuringian  states,  connecting  the  Fichtel- 
gebirge  with  the  Thuringian  Forest. 

Frankfort  (frangk'fort),  or  Frankf ort-on-the- 
Main  (man')-  [G.  Frankfurt-am-Main,  P. 

Francfort-sur-ie-Mein.  The  name  appears  in 
the  8th  century  as  Franconofurd,  ford  of  the 
Franks,  said  to  have  been  so  named  by  Charle- 
magne, who  here  forded  the  river  and  attacked 
the  Saxons.]  A city  in  the  province  of  Hesse- 
Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Main  in  lat.  50°  6'  N.,  long.  8°  41'  E. : ori- 
ginally a Roman  military  station,  it  is  the  finan- 
cial center  of  Germany,  and  one  of  the  most  important 
banking  cities  of  the  world  ; has  extensive  commerce  by 
railways,  the  Main,  and  the  Rhine ; and  has  growing  man- 
ufactures. Its  horse  and  leather  fairs  are  still  of  impor- 
tance, and  it  was  formerly  noted  for  its  book-trade.  The 
cathedral  is  an  important  building  of  the  13th  and  14th 
centuries,  lately  restored.  Its  pinnacled  western  tower  is 
312  feet  high.  The  interior  contains  much  of  interest  in 
sculpture,  monuments,  and  good  modern  glass.  In  this 
church  the  emperors  were  crowned  by  the  Elector  of 
Mainz.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Romer  (Kaiser- 
saal  Wahlzimmer),  monuments  of  Gutenberg  and  Goethe 
(who  was  born  here),  house  of  Goethe,  Romerberg,  Saalhof, 
Church  of  St.  Leonhard,  Historical  Museum,  old  bridge, 
library,  Ariadneum,  old  tower,  cemetery,  bourse,  opera- 
house,  Stadel  Art  Institute(with  a famous  picture-gallery), 
and  Rothschild  Museum.  Frankfort  was  a residence  of 
the  German  kings  under  the  Carolingians  (Charles  the 
Great,  Louis  the  Pious,  etc.).  It  became  a free  city,  and 
was  celebrated  from  the  middle  ages  for  its  fairs.  In  1356 
it  was  recognized  as  the  Wahlstadt  (seat  of  imperial  elec- 
tions). In  1836  it  was  annexed  by  Napoleon  to  the  Con- 
federation of  the  Rhine,  and  granted  to  the  prince  primate 
Von  Dalberg.  It  became  the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy 
of  Frankfort  in  1810;  was  made  a free  city  in  1815,  with 
small  neighboring  territories;  and  was  the  capital  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation.  It  was  the  scene  of  outbreaks 
in  1848.  Its  siding  with  Austria  in  1866  led  to  its  annexa- 
tion to  Prussia.  Population,  commune,  414,406,  (1910). 
Frankfort,  Council  of.  An  ecclesiastical  coun- 
cil held  at  Frankf  ort-on-tke-Main  in  794.  it  was 
called  by  Charlemagne  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the 
question  of  adopting  the  acts  of  the  second  Council  of 
N icsea  (787),  which  had  been  sent  by  the  Pope  to  the  French 
bishops  for  approval,  and  which  were  rejected  on  the 
ground  that  they  sanctioned  the  worship  of  images.  This 
council,  which  was  attended  by  bishops  from  Germany, 
Gaul,  Spain,  Italy,  and  England,  including  delegates  fri  m 
the  Pope,  is  regarded  by  some  as  an  ecumenical  council. 

Frankfort,  Grand  Duchy  of.  A short-lived 
monarchy  formed  by  Napoleon  in  1810,  consist- 
ing of  the  territories  around  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main,  Hanau,  Fulda,  Wetzlar,  Aschaffenburg. 
It  was  dissolved  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 
Frankfort,  Peace" of.  A definitive  treaty  of 
peace  concluded  between  the  German  Empire 
and  France  at  Frankf  ort-on-the-Ma  in,  May  10, 
1871,  which  ratified  the  preliminaries  of  peace 
adopted  at  Versailles  Feb.  26,  1871  (see  Ver- 
sailles, Preliminaries  of). 

Frankfort,  or  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  (o'der). 
[G.  Frankf  urt-an-der-Oder.]  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  on  the  Oder  50 
miles  east  by  south  of  Berlin.  It  is  an  important 
commercial  town,  has  three  annual  fairs,  and  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  a university  (removed  to  Breslau  in  1811). 
Near  it  is  the  battle-field  of  Kunersdorf.  It  is  an  ancient 
Wendish  and  later  Hanseatic  town.  It  was  taken  by  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  in  1631,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1759. 
Population,  commune,  64,304. 

Frankfort  (frangk'fort).  The  capital  of  Ken- 
tucky and  of  Franklin  County,  situated  on  the 
Kentucky  River  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  84° 
54'  W.  Population,  10,465,  (1910). 
Frankfurter  Attentat  (frank'for-ter  at-ten- 
tat').  [G., ‘Frankfort  Riot./]  A revolutionary 
outbreak  by  students  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
assisted  by  peasants,  April  3,  1833.  Its  occa- 
sion was  the  hostile  attitude  of  the  Bundestag 
toward  the  press. 

Frankl  (frankl),  Ludwig  August  von.^  Born 
at  Chrast,Bokemia,Feb.3, 1810:  died  at  Vienna, 
March  14, 1894.  An  Austrian  poet,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent. Hiscliief  poems  are “Cristoforo Colombo ’’(1836), 
“Don  Juan  d’ Austria" (1846),  “ Der  Primator” (1862),  “Tra- 
gischeKonige”(1876).  Collective  editionsof  his  works  have 
been  published  under  the  titles  “Gesammelte  poetische 
Werke  ” (1880)  and  “ Lyrisclie  Gedichte  ” (5th  ed.  1881). 

Frankland.  See  Franklin. 
Frankland(frangk'land),  Sir  Edward.  Bornat 
Gkurcktown,Lancasiiire,  England,  Jait . 18,1825; 
died  at  Golaa,  Gudbrandsdal,  Norway,  Aug.  9, 
1899.  An  English  chemist.  He  became  professor 
of  chemistry  in  Owens  College,  Manchester,  in  1851,  in  St. 
Bartholomew’s  Hospital  in  1857, in  t he  Royal  Institution  in 
1863,  in  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  in  1865, and  in  the  School 
of  Science,  South  Kensington,  in  1881.  He  published  “Lec- 


Franklin,  William  Buel 

ture  Notes  for  Chemical  Students  " (1866),  “How  to  Teach 
Chemistry’’  (1875),  “Experimental  Researches  in  Pure, 
Applied,  and  Physical  Chemistry"  (1877),  ett;. 

Frankland,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  Nov.  21,  1784. 

An  English  admiral. 

Franklin  (frangk'lin).  A city  and  the  capital 
of  Venango  County,  western  Pennsylvania,  sit- 
uated near  the  junction  of  the  Venango  with 
the  Alleghany,  65  miles  north  of  Pittsburg. 
Population,  9,767,  (1910). 

Franklin.  The  capital  of  Williamson  County, 
Tennessee,  situated  on  Harpeth  River  17  miles 
south  by  west  of  Nashville.  Here,  Nov.  30, 1864, 
the  Federals  under  Schofield  defeated  the  Confederates 
under  Hood.  The  loss  of  the  Federals  was  2,326 ; of  the 
Confederates,  6,252.  Population,  2,924,  (1910). 

Franklin,  previously  Frankland.  The  name 
given  to  the  State  government  constituted  in 
eastern  Tennessee  in  1784.  Capital,  Jones- 
borough.  Its  governor,  Sevier,  was  overthrown 
1788  by  the  North  Carolina  authorities. 
Franklin,  Benjamin.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Jan.  17,  1706:  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  17, 
1790.  A celebrated  American  philosopher, 
statesman,  diplomatist,  and  author.  He  learned 
the  printer’s  trade  in  the  office  of  his  elder  brother  J ames, 
and  in  1729  established  himself  at  Philadelphia  as  edi- 
tor and  proprietor  of  the  “Pennsylvania  Gazette.”  He 
founded  the  Philadelphia  library  in  1731 ; began  the  pub- 
lication of  “ Poor  Prichard's  Almanac  ” in  1732  ; was  ap- 
pointed clerk  of  the  Pennsylvania  assembly  in  1736  ; be- 
came postmaster  of  Philadelphia  in  1737 ; founded  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  and  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1743  ; and  in  1762  demonstrated  by  experi- 
ments made  with  a kite  during  a thunderstorm  that  light- 
ning is  a discharge  of  electricity,  a discovery  for  which  he 
was  awarded  the  Copley  medal  by  the  Royal  Society  in 
1753.  He  was  deputy  postmaster-general  for  the  British 
colonies  in  America  1753-74.  In  1754,  at  a convention  of 
the  New  England  colonics  with  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
and  Maryland,  held  at  Albany,  he  proposed  a plan,  known 
as  the  “Albany  Plan,  "which  contemplated  theformation  of 
a self-sustaining  government  for  all  the  colonies,  and 
which,  although  adopted  by  the  convention,  failed  of  sup- 
port in  the  colonies.  He  acted  as  colonial  agent  for  Penn- 
sylvania in  England  1757-62  and  1764-75 ; was  elected  to 
the  second  Continental  Congress  in  1775  ; and  in  1776 
was  a member  of  the  committee  of  five  chosen  by  Congress 
to  draw  up  a declaration  of  independence.  He  arrived  at 
Paris  Dec.  21,  3776,  as  ambassador  to  the  court  of  France  ; 
and  in  conjunction  with  Arthur  Lee  and  Silas  Deane  con- 
cluded a treaty  with  France,  Feb.  6, 1778,  by  which  France 
recognized  the  independence  of  America.  In  1782,  on  the 
advent  of  Lord  Rockingham’s  ministry  to  power,  he  began 
a correspondence  with  Lord  Shelburne,  secretary  of  state 
for  home  and  colonies,  which  led  to  negotiations  for  peace  ; 
and  in  conjunction  with  Jay  and  Adams  concluded  with 
England  the  treaty  of  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1783.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1785  ; was  president  of  Pennsylvania  1786-88  ; 
and  was  a delegate  totneconstitutional  convention  in  1787. 
He  left  an  autobiography,  which  was  edited  by  John  Bige- 
low in  1868.  His  works  have  been  edited  by  Jared  Sparks 
(10  vols.,  1836-40)  and  John  Bigelow  (10  vols.,  1887—8  8). 

Franklin,  Mrs.  (Eleanor  Ann  Porden).  Born 
July,  1795:  died  Feb.  22,  1825.  An  English 
poet,  the  first  wife  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  whom 
she  married  in  1823. 

Franklin,  Lady  (Jane  Griffin).  Born  1792:  died 
at  London,  July  18,  1875.  The  second  wife  of 
Sir  John  Franklin,  whom  she  married  Nov.  5, 
1828.  She  fitted  out  five  ships  between  1850  and  1857  to 
search  for  the  missing  Arctic  expedition  commanded  by 
her  husband.  One  of  them,  the  Fox,  brought  back  intel- 
ligence of  its  fate.  She  was  awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  in  1860,  in  recognition  of  her 
services  in  the  search  for  the  missing  explorers. 
Franklin,  Sir  joim.  Bom  April  16,  1786:  died 
June  11,  1847.  A celebrated  Arctic  explorer. 
He  was  the  son  of  Willingham  Franklin  of  Spiisby  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  entered  the  royal  navy  in  his  youth  ; 
served  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  in  1805,  and  in  the  expe- 
dition against  New  Orleans  in  1814 ; commanded  the  brig 
Trent  in  the  Arctic  expedition  under  Captain  Buchan  in 
1818  ; commanded  an  exploring  expedition  to  the  northern 
coast  of  North  America  1819-22  ; commanded  a similar  ex- 
pedition 1825-27 ; was  knighted  in  1829 ; and  was  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  Van  Diemen’s  Land  1836-43.  In  1845  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  expedition,  consist- 
ing of  the  Erebus  and  the  Terror,  Captain  Crozier,  sent  out 
by  the  British  admiralty  in  search  of  the  northwest  pas- 
sage. The  expedition  sailed  from  Greenhithe,  May  18, 
1845,  and  was  last  spoken  off  the  entrance  of  Lancaster 
Sound,  July  26, 1845.  Thirty-nine  relief  expeditions,  pub- 
lic and  private,  were  sent  out  fri  m England  and  America 
ir  search  of  the  missing  explorers  between  1847  and  1857. 
In  the  last-mentioned  vear  the  Fox  yacht.  Captain  Leo- 
pold McClintock,  was  sent  by  Lady  Franklin.  McClintock 
found  traces  of  the  missing  expedition  in  1859,  which  con- 
firmed previous  rumors  of  its  total  destruction.  From  a 
paper  containing  an  entry  by  Captain  Fitzjames  of  the 
missing  expedition,  itwaslearned  that  Franklin  died  June 
11, 1847,  having  in  the  previous  year  penetrated  to  within 
12  miles  of  the  northern  extremity  of  King  W illiam’s 
Land.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  3. 

Franklin,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
1729:  died  in  England,  Nov.  17,  1813.  An 
illegitimate  son  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  He  was 
royal  governor  of  New  Jersey  1762-76. 

Franklin,  William  Buel.  Born  at  York,  Pa., 
Feb.  27, 1823  : died  March  8,  1903.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843, 
served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  became  a captain  in  the 
regular  army  in  1857  and  a colonel  in  1861.  He  commanded 


Franklin,  William  Buel 

a brigade  in  Heintzleman’s  division  at  the  battle  of  Bull 
Bun  July21, 1861,  and  commanded  a corps  at  Malvern  Hill 
July  1,  and  at  Antietam  Sept.  17,  1862.  He  led  a grand 
division  of  Burnside’s  army  at  Fredericksburg  Dec.  13, 
1862,  and  commanded  a division  of  Banks's  army  in  the 
Bed  Biver  campaign  of  1864.  He  resigned  in  1866. 

Franklin’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Can- 
terbury Tales.”  It  is  said  in  the  prologue  to  be  from 
a Breton  lay.  The  story  is  that  of  Boccaccio’s  fifth  novel 
of  the  tenth  day  in  the  “Decameron,"  and  is  introduced 
also  in  the  fifth  book  of  his  “Filocopo.”  It  relates  the 
sorrows  and  triumph  of  Dorigen,  the  faithful  wife  of  Ar- 
viragus.  The  franklin  who  tells  the  tale  is  a white-headed 
Epicurean  country  gentleman : 

“ With  oute  bake  mete  was  nevere  his  hous, 

Of  Fish  and  ttessh,  and  that  so  plentenous 
It  shewed  in  his  hous  of  mete  and  drynke." 

Frankly  (frangk'li).  A character  in  Cibber’s 
comedy  “The  Refusal,  or  The  Ladies’  Philos- 
ophy.” 

Franks  (frangks).  [Usually  explained  from  the 
OHG.  form,  as  from  OHG.  *francho,  *franlco  = 
AS.  franca,  a spear,  javelin,  = Icel .frakTci,  also 
frakka  (prob.  from  AS.),  a kind  of  spear;  the 
Franks  being  thus  ult.  ‘ Spear-men,’  as  Saxons 
were  ‘ Sword-men  ’ (see  Saxon).  The  notion  of 
‘free’  associated  with  Frank  is  apparently 
later.]  1.  The  name  assumed  in  the  3d  century 
a.  D.  by  a confederation  of  German  tribes  (Si- 
cambri,  Bructeri,  Chamavi,  etc.),  it  was  divided 
by  the  4th  century  into  the  three  groups  the  Catti,  the 
Bipuarian  Franks  (dwelling  near  Cologne),  and  the  Salian 
Franks  (dwelling  along  the  lower  Bhine).  The  Merovin- 
gian monarchy  of  the  Salian  Franks  was  established  in 
northern  Gaul  under  Clovis  (481-611),  and  gave  origin  to 
the  name  France.  The  accession  of  the  Carolingians 
under  Pepin  occurred  in  751.  See  Verdun,  Treaty  of. 

2.  A name  given  to  Europeans  of  the  western 
nations  by  the  Turks,  Arabs,  and  other  Oriental 
peoples.  The  appeUation  originated  at  the  time  of  the 
Crusades,  when  the  Franks  (the  French),  and  by  extension 
the  other  nations  of  western  Europe,  became  familiar  to 
the  Orientals. 

Fransecky  (frhns'ke)  (originally  Franscky), 
Eduard  Friedrich  von.  Born  at  Gedern, 
Hesse,  Nov.  16,  1807:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  May 
22,1890.  A Prussian  military  officer.  He  entered 
the  Prussian  army  in  1825,  and  served  under  General 
Wrangel  in  the  first  Schleswig-Holstein  war  against 
Denmark  in  1848.  He  became  lieutenant-general  in  1865, 
and  during  the  Austro-Prussian  war  fought  with  distinc- 
tion at  the  battles  of  Munchengratz  June  28,  Koniggratz 
July  3,  and  Presburg  July  22,  1866.  He  commanded  dur- 
ing the  Franco-Prussian  war  the  2d  army  corps,  which 
participated  in  the  battle  of  Gravelotte,  Aug.  18,  1870,  and 
subsequently  formed  part  of  the  army  of  investment  be- 
fore Paris.  He  became  military  governor  of  Berlin  in 
1879,  a post  which  he  retained  until  placed  on  the  retired 
list  in  1882. 

Franz  (frants),  Robert.  Born  at  Halle,  Prus- 
sia, June  28,  1815:  died  there,  Oct.  24,  1892. 
A German  musician,  especially  noted  as  a com- 
poser of  songs.  His  first  published  composition  (songs) 
appeared  in  1843.  He  gave  his  entire  attention  in  his 
later  years  to  editing  the  works  of  Bach,  Handel,  etc.,  and 
to  composition.  His  songs  number  over  three  hundred. 

Franzen  (frant-san'),  Franz  Michael.  Born 
at  Ule&borg,  Finland,  Feb.  9,  1772:  died  at 
Hernosand,  Sweden,  1847.  A Swedish  poet. 
He  studied  at  Abo,  where  he  became  university  librarian, 
and  in  1801  professor  of  history  and  ethics.  In  1812,  after 
the  conquest  of  Finland,  he  settled  as  a clergyman  at 
Kumla  in  Sweden.  Twelve  years  later  he  removed  to 
Stockholm.  In  1831  he  was  made  bishop,  in  which  post  he 
died.  His  principal  works  are  “Emili  eller  en  afton  i 
Lappland”  (“Emili,  or  an  Evening  in  Lapland,’’  a didac- 
tic poem  with  idyl  ic  episodes),  the  epic  poems  “Svante 
Sture  ’’  and  “ Columbus,”  and  an  uncompleted  national 
epic  ‘‘  Gustav  Adolf  i Tydskland"  (“Gustav  Adolf  in  Ger- 
many ’’).  His  best  work  is  his  religious  songs,  which  are 
among  the  finest  in  Swedish  literature. 

Franzensbad  (frant'sens-bat),  also  Egerbrun- 
nen  (a'ger-bron-nen),  Kaiser-Franzens- 
brunn.  A watering-place  in  Bohemia,  3 miles 
north  of  Eger,  celebrated  for  its  chalybeate 
and  saline  springs.  Population,  commune, 
2,539,  (1910). 

Franz-Joseph-Fjord (frants'yo'zef-fyord).  An 
inlet  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Greenland,  about 
lat.  73°  15'  N. 

Franz- Joseph-Land  (-lant).  An  archipelago 
in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  Nova  Zembla, 
about  lat.  80°-83°  N.,  explored  by  Payer  1873. 
Franzos  (frant-sos'),  Karl  Emil.  Born  Oct.  25, 
1848:  died  Jan.  28, 1904.  An  Austrian  novelist. 
Frascati  (fras-ka'te).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  12  miles  southeast  of  Rome,  cele- 
brated for  its  villas.  There  are  remains  of  a Roman 
amphitheater,  built  of  reticulated  masonry  and  fitted  with 
appliances  for  flooding  the  arena  for  the  naumachy,  and 
°«  ? i8mall  but  very  perfect  Roman  theater,  in  which  much 
of  the  stage-structure  survives.  Population,  9,915. 

Fraschini  (fras-ke'ne),  Gaetano.  Born  1815 : 
died  1887.  An  Italian  tenor  singer. 

Fraser  (fra'zer),  Charles.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Aug.  20,  1782:  died  there,  Oct.  5,  1860. 
An  American  painter,  chiefly  of  miniatures. 
Fraser,  James  Baillie.  Born  at  Reelick,  In- 


409 

verness-shire,  June  11,  1783:  died  there,  Jan., 
1856.  A Scottish  traveler  and  author.  He  wrote 
travels  and  tales  of  Eastern  (especially  of  Per- 
sian) life. 

Fraser,  Simon,  twelfth  Lord  Lovat.  Born  about 
1667 : beheaded  at  London,  April  9,  1747.  A 
Scottish  nobleman.  He  was  a grandson  of  the  eighth 
lord,  and,  after  a vain  attempt  to  secure  the  person  of  the 
daughter  of  the  ninth  lord,  carried  off  that  lady’s  mother 
and  forcibly  married  her.  For  this  crime  he  was  outlawed 
in  1701.  He  supported  the  government  in  the  Jacobite 
rising  of  1715,  but  took  part  witli  the  rebels  in  1746^6, 
and  after  the  battle  of  Culloden  was  seized,  conveyed  to 
London,  and  condemned  for  treason. 

Fraser,  Simon.  Born  Oct.  19,  1726:  died  at 
London,  Feb.  8,  1782.  A Scottish  soldier  and 
politician,  son  of  Simon  Fraser,  twelfth  Lord 
Lovat.  He  participated  in  the  Jacobite  rebellion  in  1746, 
but  received  a pardon  in  1750.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Seven  Years’  War  he  raised  a regiment  of  Highlanders, 
known  as  the  78th  or  Fraser  Highlanders,  of  which  he 
was  commissioned  colonel.  He  was  present  at  the  siege 
of  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton,  in  1758;  served  under  Wolfe 
in  the  expedition  against  Quebec  in  1759  ; was  a brigadier- 
general  in  the  British  force  sent  to  Portugal  in  1762  ; and 
represented  Inverness-shire  in  Parliament  from  1761  until 
his  death. 

Fraserburgh  (fra'zer-bur-o).  A seaport  and 
seat  of  the  herring  fishery,  situated  in  Aber- 
deenshire, Scotland,  38  miles  north  of  Aber- 
deen. Population,  8,998. 

Fraser  Island,  or  Great  Sandy  Island.  An 
island  off  the  coast  of  Queensland,  Australia, 
in  lat.  25°  S. 

Fraser  River.  A river  in  British  Columbia, 
formed  by  two  branches  uniting  near  Fort 
George,  and  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Georgia 
about  lat.  49°  7'  N.  Its  basin  is  noted  for  gold  de- 
posits. Length,  about  800  miles,  of  which  about  100  miles 
are  navigable. 

Frateretto.  A fiend  mentioned  by  Edgar  in 
Shakspere’s  “King  Lear.” 

Fratricelli  (frat-ri-sel'I).  [ML.,  lit.  ‘little  bro- 
thers,’ dim.  of  L.  frater,  pi.  fratres,  brother.] 
A body  of  reformed  Franciscans,  authorized 
by  Pope  Celestine  V.  in  1294,  under  the  name 
of  Poor  Hermits,  who  afterward  defied  the  au- 
thority of  the  popes,  rejected  the  sacraments, 
and  held  that  Christian  perfection  consists  in 
absolute  poverty.  They  were  severely  persecuted, 
but  continued  as  a distinct  sect  until  the  15th  century. 
Also  Fraticelli. 

Fratta  (frat'ta),  orUmbertide  (om-bar'te-de). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tiber  14  miles  north  of  Perugia. 
Frauenburg  (frou'en-borG).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Frisches  Haff  41  miles  southwest  of 
Konigsberg. 

Frauenfeld  (frou'en-felt).  The  capital  of  the 
canton  of  Thurgau,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
the  Murg  22  miles  northeast  of  Zurich.  It  manu- 
factures cotton,  and  has  a castle.  Population,  ’ 
commune,  7.761. 

Frauenlob  (frou'en-lob)  (Heinrich  von  Meis- 
sen). [G.,  ‘praise  of  women’:  a name  origi- 
nating, it  is  said,  in  his  preference  for  the  word 
Frau  over  Weib  in  one  of  his  poems.]  Born 
about  1260:  died  at  Mainz,  Germany,  1318.  A 
German  meistersinger.  His  works  were  edited 
by  Ettmiiller  in  1843. 

Ffauenstadt  (frou'en-stet),  Christian  Martin 

Julius.  Born  at  Bojanowo,  Posen,  Prussia, 
April  17,  1813:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  13,  1879. 
A German  writer,  known  chiefly  as  a disciple 
and  expounder  of  Schopenhauer.  He  wrote  “ As- 
thetische  Fragen”  (1853),  “Briefe  fiber  die  Schopen- 
hauersche  Philosophic"  (1854),  “Der  Materialismus” 
(1856),  “Briefe  fiber  natfirliche  Religion ” (1858),  “A. 
Schopenhauer,  Lichtstrahlen  aus  semen  Werken,”  “A. 
Schopenhauer,  von  ihm,  fiber  ihn,  etc.”  (1863),  etc. 

Fraunhofer  (froun'ho-fer),  Joseph  von.  Born 
at  Straubing,  Bavaria,  March  6,  1787 : died  at 
Munich,  June  7,  1826.  A German  optician.  He 
is  noted  for  improvements  in  telescopes  and  other  optical 
instruments,  and  especially  for  his  investigation  of  the 
lines  in  the  spectrum  named  from  him  “Fraunhofer’s 
lines.” 

Fraustadt  (frou'stat).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Posen,  Prussia,  48  miles  southwest  of  Posen. 

Here,  Feb.  13,  1706,  the  Swedes  under  Renskiold  defeated 
the  Saxons  and  Russians  under  Schulenberg.  Population, 
7,452. 

Fray  Gerundio  de  Campazas.  A satirical  ro- 
mance by  Isla,  published  in  1758.  It  was  di- 
rected against  itinerant  preachers  in  Spain. 
Frayser’s  (fra'zerz)  (or  Frazier’s)  Farm,  or 
Glendale  (glen'dal),  or  Charles  City  Cross 
Roads.  A locality  in  Virginia  about  12  miles 
southeast  of  Richmond,  the  scene  of  a battle 
between  part  of  McClellan’s  army  and  part  of 
Lee’s,  June  30,  1862.  See  Seven  Days’  Battles. 
Frayssinous  (fra-se-no'),  Comte  Denis  de. 
Born  at  Curiores,  Aveyron , France,  May  9, 1765 : 


Frederick  V. 

died  at  St.-Geniez,  Aveyron,  Dec.  12,  1841.  A 
French  prelate  and  politician  (bishop  of  Her- 
mopolis  in  partibus  infidelium,  1823),  minister  of 
worship  and  public  instruction  1824r-28.  He 
published  “D6fen.se  du  christianisme  ” (1825), 
etc. 

Frazier’s  Farm.  See  Frayser’s  Farm. 

Frea  (fra'a).  The  wife  of  Odin. 

Frechette  (fra-shet'),  Louis  Honore.  Born  at 
Levis,  near  Quebec,  Nov.  16,  1839:  died  May 
31,  1908.  A French-Canadian-poet.  He  went  to 
Chicago  in  1866,  but  in  1871  returned  to  Quebec.  He  was 
elected  member  of  Parliament  in  1874.  His  volume  of 
poems,  “Les  fleurs  boreales,  etc.,”  was  crowned  by  the 
French  Academy  in  1880.  Among  his  other  works  are  “ La 
voix  d’un  exil6 ” (1867),  “La  legende  d’un  peuple”(1887), 
“ Papin eau ” and  “Felix  Poutre,”  historical  dramas (1880). 

Fredegarius  (fred-e-ga'ri-us),  Latinized  from 
Fredegar.  The  name  assigned  to  the  unknown 
compiler  (there  were  really  three)  of  an  im- 
portant work  on  general  and  early  French  his- 
tory, coming  down  to  the  year  642.  Two  of  the 
compilers  were  Burgundians,  one  writing  in  613  and  the 
other  in  658.  See  the  extract. 

In  spirit  and  diction  the  work  passing  under  the  name  of 
Fredegarius  scholasticus,  the  contents  of  which  are  price- 
less for  the  history  of  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  century, 
belongs  entirely  to  the  Middle  Ages.  This  “Fredegar,” 
gradually  compiled  by  three  authors,  was  continued  by 
more  than  one  hand  during  the  eighth  century.  Inde- 
pendently of  Fredegarius,  the  substance  of  his  work  was 
carried  on  a.  727*  in  the  so-called  Gesta  Francorum,  the 
Latin  of  which  is  less  barbarous,  while  its  contents  are 
more  meagre,  than  Fredegar’s. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Bom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  675. 

Fredegunde  (fred'e-gund),  or  Fredegonda 

(fred-e-gon'da).  Died  597.  A Frankish  queen. 
She  was  originally  the  mistress  of  Chilperic  I.  of  Neustria, 
whom  she  married  after  having  procured  the  assassination 
of  his  wife  Galeswintha,  sister  of  Brunehilde,  wife  of  Sieg- 
bert  of  Austrasia.  This  assassination  brought  on  a war 
between  Chilperic  and  Siegbert,  the  latter  of  whom  was 
victorious  in  battle,  but  was  murdered  in  675  by  emissaries 
of  Fredegunde.  She  became  regent  for  her  son  Clotaire 
II.  in  693,  and  attacked  and  defeated  Brunehilde  in  590. 

Fredensborg  (fra'dens-bore).  A village  in  the 
north  of  Zealand,  Denmark.  The  royal  palace  here, 
the  autumn  residence  of  the  king,  was  built  in  the  .style 
of  the  French  Renaissance  in  commemoration  of  the  peace 
of  1720  with  Sweden.  Of  the  interior  apartments  the  domed 
hall  is  the  most  remarkable. 

Fredericia  (fred-e-rish'e-a),  or  Friedericia  (fre- 
de-rets'e-a).  A fortified  seaport  in  Jutland, 
Denmark,  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  Little 
Belt  in  lat.  55°  34'  N.,  long.  9°  46'  E.  it  was  de- 
fended by  the  Danes  against  the  troops  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein in  1849.  Population,  13,451. 

Frederick  (fred'er-ik)  I.  [OHG.  Friderih,  Goth. 
Frithareiks,  lit.  ‘ peace-ruler’ ; M L.  Fredericus, 
Fridericus,  F.  Frederic,  It.  Federigo,  Federico, 
Sp.  Pg.  Federico,  G.  Friedrich .]  Born  at  Karls- 
ruhe, Baden,  Sept.  9,  1826:  died  at  Mainau 
Island,  Sept.  28,  1907.  Grand  Duke  of  Baden. 
He  became  regent  for  his  imbecile  brother  in  1852,  and 
succeeded  as  grand  duke  in  1856.  He  married  Louise, 
daughter  of  William  I.  of  Prussia,  in  1856. 

Frederick  III.  Born  at  Hadersleben,  Schles- 
wig, March  18,  1609 : died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb. 
9,1670.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway.  He  en- 
tered into  an  alliance  with  Holland,  Poland,  and  Branden- 
burg in  1657  against  Charles  X.  Gustavusof  Sweden.  He 
was  totally  defeated  by  Charles  Gustavus  (who  crossed  the 
Little  Belton  the  ice  in  Jan.,  1658),  and  was  forced  to  make 
important  territorial  cessions  at  the  peace  of  Roeskilde, 
Feb.  28, 1658.  The  war  being  renewed  in  the  same  year 
by  Charles  Gustavus,  with  a view  to  annihilating  the  mon- 
archy of  Denmark,  he  defended  himself  with  great  spirit 
until  relieved  by  an  allied  army  under  the  elector  Fi  ed- 
erick  William  of  Brandenburg  and  by  a Dutch  fleet.  He 
signed,  May  27,  1660,  the  peace  of  Copenhagen,  which  in 
the  main  confirmed  the  provisions  of  the  peace  of  Roes- 
kilde. By  a coalilion  of  the  clergy  with  the  bourgeoisie 
against  the  nobility,  he  was  enabled  in  1661  to  transform 
Denmark  from  an  elective  limited  to  a hereditary  absolute 
monarchy. 

Frederick  IV.  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  11, 
1671:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  12,  1730.  King 
of  Denmark  and  Norway,  son  of  Christian  V. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1699.  Shortly  after  bis  ac- 
cession he  formed  an  alliance  with  Peter  the  Great  and 
Augustus  II.,  king  of  Poland  and  elector  of  Saxony,  against 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  who  invaded  Zealand  and  dictated 
the  peace  of  Travendal,  Aug.  18,  1700.  On  the  defeat  of 
Charles  at  Pultowa  in  1709,  he  renewed  the  alliance  with 
Peter  the  Great  and  Augustus  against  Charles,  and  this 
alliance  was  subsequently  joined  by  Saxony  and  Hannover. 
After  the  death  of  Charles  before  Frederickshal,  he  con- 
cluded with  Sweden  a separate  treaty  at  Frederiksborg, 
July  3,  1720,  in  which  Sweden  renounced  its  right  ofyex- 
emption  from  customs  duties  in  the  Sound  and  abandoned 
its  ally,  the  Duke  of  Holstein-Gottorp,  who  was  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  deprived  of  his  territories  in  Schleswig. 
Frederick  V.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  March  31, 
1723  : died  Jan.  14, 1766.  King  of  Denmark  and 
Norway,  son  of  Christian  VI.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1746.  He  encouraged  the  arts  and  sciences 
with  a liberality  which  attracted  numerous  distinguished 
foreigners  to  Denmark,  including  the  pedagogue  Basedow 
and  the  poet  Klopstock.  He  sent,  in  1761,  Niebuhr  and 
others  on  a scientific  expedition  to  Egypt  and  Arabia. 


Frederick  VI. 

Frederick  VI.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  28, 
1768:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dee.  3,  1839.  King 
of  Denmark  and  Norway.  He  became  regent  in  1784 
for  his  imbecile  father,  Christian  VII.,  whom  lie  suc- 
ceeded in  1808.  He  adopted  at  the  beginning  of  the  Na- 
poleonic wars  a policy  of  strict  neutrality.  Having  joined 
the  Northern  Maritime  League,  Dec.  16, 1800,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  resisting  by  force  the  interference  of  the  English 
with  neutral  merchantmen  upon  the  high  seas,  he  suffered, 
in  the  war  which  presently  broke  out  between  England  and 
the  league,  a decisive  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Copenhagen, 
April  2,  1801.  He  subsequently  joined  the  Continental 
League  in  consequence  of  the  bombardment  of  Copenha- 
gen, Sept.  2,  1807,  and  the  seizure  by  the  English  of  the 
Danish  fleet  in  the  midst  of  peace.  He  refused  to  join  the 
coalition  against  Napoleon  in  1813,  and  for  this  he  was  pun- 
ished by  the  allied  powers  with  the  loss  of  Norway,  which 
was  united  with  Sweden  in  1814. 

Frederick  VII.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  6, 
1808:  died  at  Gliieksburg,  Schleswig,  Nov.  15, 
1863.  King  of  Denmark,  son  of  Christian  VIII. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1848. 

Frederick  I.,  surnamed  “ The  Victorious.”  Born 
1425 : died  Dec.  12, 1476.  Elector  Palatine  1451- 
1476. 

Frederick  II.,  surnamed  “The  Wise.”  Born 
Dec.  9,  1482  : died  Feb.  26, 1556.  Elector  Pala- 
tine 1544-56.  He  commanded  the  imperial  army 
against  the  Turks  in  1529  and  1532. 

Frederick  III.,  surnamed  “ The  Pious.”  Born 
at  Simmern,  Prussia,  Feb.  14, 1515 : died  Oct.  26, 
1576.  Elector  Palatine  1559-76..  He  . was  originally 
an  adherent  of  the  Lutheran  faith,  but  eventually  joined 
the  Reformed  communion,  and  in  1563  published  the 
Heidelberg  Catechism  throughout  his  dominions. 

Frederick  IV.,  surnamed  “ The  Upright  .”  Born 
at  Amberg,  Germany,  March  5, 1574:  died  Sept. 
19,  1610.  Elector  Palatine  1592-1610.  He 
joined  in  1608  the  Protestant  Union,  of  which 
lie  was  chosen  leader. 

Frederick  V.  Born  Aug.,  1596 : died  at  Mainz, 
Germany,  Nov.,  1632.  Elector  Palatine,  son  of 
Frederick  IV.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1610.  He 
married  Elizabeth  Stuart,  daughter  of  James  I.  of  Eng- 
land, in  1613.  In  1619,  as  the  head  of  the  German  Prot- 
estant Union,  he  accepted  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  whose 
estates  were  in  rebellion  against  Ferdinand  of  Austria.  He 
lost  both  Bohemia  and  his  hereditary  dominions  in  conse- 
quence of  the  defeat  of  his  general  Christian  of  Anhalt  by 
the  Imperialists  at  the  battle  on  the  White  Hill,  Nov.  8, 
1620. 

Frederick  I,,  surnamed  Barbarossa  ('  Red- 
beard’:  G .Rotbart).  The  most  noted  emperor  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  of  the  Hohenstaufen 
line,  son  of  Frederick  II.,  duke  of  Swabia,  and 
nephew  of  Conrad  III.  whom  he  succeeded  as 
king  of  Germany  in  1152.  He  was  crowned  emperor 
at  Rome  by  Hadrian  IV.  in  1155.  His  reign  was  chiefly 
occupied  by  wars  against  the  turbulent  German  nobility 
and  by  six  expeditions  to  Italy  for  the  purpose  of  restoring 
the  imperial  authority  in  the  republican  cities  of  Lom- 
bardy 1154-55,  1158-62,  1163,  1166-68,  1174-77,  and  1184-80. 
In  1176  he  was,  in  consequence  of  tile  defection  of  the  pow- 
erful feudatory  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  defeated 
by  the  Lombards  at  the  battle  of  Legnano,  and  was  com- 
pelled to  accept  the  definitive  peace  of  Constance  in  1183, 
by  which  he  renounced  all  regalian  rights  in  the  cities. 
(See  Lombard  League,  and  Constance,  Treaty  of.)  In  1180 
he  punished  Henry  the  Lion  by  putting  him  under  the  ban 
of  the  empire  and  depriving  him  of  his  fiefs.  In  1189  he 
joined  the  third  Crusade,  on  which  he  was  drowned  in  the 
Kalykadnos  in  Asia  Minor. 

Frederick  II.  Bom  at  Jesi,  near  Ancona,  Italy, 
Dec.  26,  1194:  died  at  Fiorentino  (Firenzuola), 
Dec.  13, 1250.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire, son  of  Henry  VI.  and  Constance,  heiress 
of  the  Two  Sicilies.  Left  an  orphan  in  1198,  he  was 
brought  up  under  the  wardship  of  the  Pope  as  feudal  su- 
perior of  the  Two  Sicilies.  He  assumed  the  government  of 
the  Two  Sicilies  in  1208.  In  1212  he  was  brought  forward 
by  the  Pope  as  an  aspirant  to  the  crown  of  Germany  in  op- 
position to  King  Otto  IV.,  with  whom  the  Pope  had  quar- 
reled, and  was  elected  by  the  Ghibelline  party,  the  tradi- 
tional supporters  of  the  house  of  Hohenstaufen,  which  lie 
represented.  He  was  crowned  at  Aachen  in  1215,  Otto  hav- 
ing been  totally  defeated  at  Bouvines  in  the  year  previous. 
He  was  crowned  emperor  at  Rome  by  HonoriusIH.  in  1220. 
He  continued  the  policy  of  his  house  of  attempting  to  per- 
fect the  union  of  Italy  and  Germany  into  one  empire,  in 
which  he  was  opposed  by  the  Pope  and  the  Lombard 
League.  In  1228-29  lie  conducted  a crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  procured  the  cession  of  Jerusalem,  Bethlehem, 
and  Nazareth  from  the  Saracens. 

Frederick  III.,  surnamed  “Tbe  Handsome.” 
Bom  1286:  died  Jan.  13,  1330.  King  of  Ger- 
many, son  of  Albert  I.  whom  he  succeeded  as 
duke  of  Austria  in  1308.  He  was  chosen  king  in  1314 
in  opposition  to  Louis  IV.,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and 
captured  at  Miihldorf  in  1322. 

Frederick  III.  (IV.  as  King  of  Germany).  Born 
at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Sept.  21,  1415:  died  at 
Linz,  Austria,  Aug.  19,  1493.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  was  elected  emperor  in 
1440,  and  was  the  last  German  emperor  crowned  at  Rome 
(1462). 

Frederick  I.  Born  at.  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
July  11  (21),  1657 : died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  25,  1713. 
King  of  Prussia,  son  of  Frederick  William,  tbe 
Great  Elector,  whom  he  succeeded  (as  Fred- 


410 

erick  III  of  Brandenburg)  in  1688.  He  was 
crowned  as  the  first  king  of  Prussia  in  1701.  He  founded 
the  University  of  Halle  and  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Frederick  II.,  surnamed  “The  Great.”  Bom 
at  Berlin,  Jau.  24,  1712:  died  at  Sans  Souci, 
near  Potsdam,  Aug.  17,  1786.  King  of  Prussia 
1740-86,  son  of  Frederick  William  I.  and  Sophia 
Dorothea,  daughter  of  George  I.  of  England. 
In  the  year  in  which  Frederick  ascended  the  throne,  the 
emperor  Charles  VI.  died  without  male  issue.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  daughter  Maria  Theresa  by  virtue  of  the 
pragmatic  sanction  (which  see),  the  validity  of  which  was 
disputed  by  the  Elector  of  Bavaria  and  other  claimants. 
Frederick  embraced  the  opportunity  presented  by  the  in- 
security of  her  title  to  invade  (1740)  Silesia,  to  part  of 
which  he  laid  claim.  He  defeated  the  Austrians  at  Moll- 
,vitz  in  1741,  and  at  Cliotusitz  in  1742,  and  in  1742  con- 
cluded the  treaty  of  Breslau  and  Berlin,  by  which  in  re- 
turn for  the  cession  of  Silesia  he  withdrew  from  the 
alliance  which  he  had  in  the  meantime  entered  into  with 
France  and  Bavaria  against  Austria.  In  1744,  alarmed 
by  the  successes  of  Austria  against  France  and  Bavaria, 
he  entered  into  a second  alliance  with  those  powers,  de- 
feated the  Austrians  and  Saxons  at  Hohenfriedberg  in 
1745.  defeated  the  Austrians  at  Soor  in  1745,  and  in  1745 
concluded  the  peace  of  Dresden,  which  confirmed  the 
treaty  of  Breslau  and  Berlin.  To  regain  Silesia,  Maria 
Theresa  formed  an  alliance  with  France  (1756),  joined  by 
Russia,  Sweden,  and  Saxony.  Frederick,  anticipating  the 
allies,  invaded  Saxony  in  1756.  In  the  ensuing  war,  called 
the  Seven  Years’  War,  he  was  supported  by  England, 
chiefly  in  the  form  of  subsidies.  He  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  Saxony  by  the  defeat  of  the  Austrians  at  Lobositz 
in  1756.  In  1757  he  invaded  Bohemia  and  defeated  the 
Austrians  at  Prague,  hut  was  defeated  at  Kolin  by  Mar- 
shal Daun,  who  drove  him  out  of  Bohemia.  He  defeated 
the  French  and  Austrians  at  Rossbach  and  the  Austrians 
alone  at  Leuthen  in  the  same  year.  In  1758  he  defeated 
the  Russians  at  Zorndorf.  In  1759  he  was  defeated  by 
the  Austrians  and  Russians  at  Kunersdorf.  Berlin  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1760,  England  withdrew  her 
subsidies  in  1761,  and  Frederick  was  r educed  to  despera- 
tion. In  1762,  however,  Elizabeth  of  Russia  died,  and 
fortune  changed.  Peter  III.,  Elizabeth’s  successor,  con- 
cluded peace  in  1702,  and  the  defection  of  France  in  that 
year  caused  Maria  Theresa  to  sign  in  1763  the  treaty  of 
Hubertsburg,  which  confirmed  the  treaty  of  Breslau  and 
Berlin,  including  that  of  Dresden.  In  1772  he  joined  with 
Russia  and  Austria  in  the  partition  of  Poland,  by  which 
he  added  Polish  Prussia  to  his  dominions.  In  1778-79  he 
took  part  in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession  (which 
see).  Frederick  II.,  through  his  military  genius  and  ad- 
ministrative abilities,  raised  Prussia  to  the  rank  of  a 
powerful  state.  He  was  a disciple  of  the  French  philoso- 
phers, and  for  many  years  was  intimate  with  Voltaire. 
He  left  a number  of  works,  published  in  30  volumes  1846- 
1857. 

Frederick  III.  Born  at  Potsdam,  Oct.  18, 1831 : 
died  there,  June  15, 1888.  German  emperor  and 
king  of  Prussia  March  9- June  15,  1888,  son  of 
William  I.  of  Prussia  (afterward  German  em- 
peror). He  married  Victoria,  daughter  of  Queen  Victoria, 
in  1858,  commanded  the  second  Prussian  army  in  1866,  and 
the  third  army  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  in  which  lie 
took  part  in  the  victories  of  Weissenburg,  Worth,  and 
Sedan. 

Frederick  I.,  surnamed  “The  Warlike.”  Born 
at  Altenburg,  Germany,  March  29,  1369:  died 
at  Altenburg,  Jau.  4,  1428.  Margrave  of  Meis- 
sen, Elector  and  Duke  of  Saxony.  He  was  the  son 
of  the  Landgrave  of  Thuringia,  and  was  made  elector  and 
duke  of  Saxony  in  1423  as  a reward  for  his  services  to  the 
emperor  in  the  Hussite  war.  His  army  was  defeated  by  the 
Hussites  at  Aussig  in  1426.  He  founded  the  University  of 
Leipsic  in  1409. 

Frederick  II.,  surnamed  “The  Meek.”  Bom 
Aug.  22,  1411:  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  7,  1464. 
Elector  and  Duke  of  Saxouy,  son  of  Frederick 
I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1428. 

Frederick  III.,  surnamed  “The  Wise.”  Born 
at  Torgau,  Prussia,  Jau.  17,  1463:  died  at  An- 
naburg,  near  Torgau,  May  5,  1525.  Elector  of 
Saxony.  He  succeeded  to  the  electorate  in  I486  ; founded 
the  University  of  Wittenberg  in  1502;  declined  the  im- 
perial crown  and  advocated  the  election  of  Charles  V.  in 
1519;  and  protected  Luther,  who  was  seized  by  his  order 
when  returning  from  Worms,  where  he  had  been  pro- 
scribed, and  secreted  in  the  caslle  of  Wartburg  (1521-22). 

Frederick  I.  Born  at  Treptow,  Farther  Pom- 
erania, Nov.  6,  1754:  died  Oct.  30,  1816.  King 
of  Wiirtemberg.  He  succeeded  his  father  Frederick 
Eugene  as  duke  of  Wiirtemberg  in  1797.  Having  taken  part 
in  the  second  coalition  against  France,  lie  was  deprived 
by  the  peace  of  Lun^ville  (Feb.  9,  1801)  of  his  possessions 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  for  which  he  was  indem- 
nified by  a number  of  monasteries,  abbeys,  and  imperial 
cities  (including  Reutlingen,  Esslingen,  and  Heilbronn), 
and  the  title  of  elector.  He  sided  with  Napoleon  against 
the  third  coalition,  with  the  result  that  his  dominions  were 
increased  by  cessions  from  Austria  and  recognized  as  a 
kingdom  by  the  peace  of  Presburg,  Dec.  26,  1805.  He 
joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  July  12, 1806.  After 
the  defeat  of  Napoleon  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  he  joined 
the  Allies  (Nov.  6, 1813).  The  treaty  of  Vienna  left  him  in 
undisturbed  possession  of  his  acquisitions. 

Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales.  See  Frederick 
Louis. 

Frederick.  In  Sliakspere’s  “As  you  Like  it,” 
the  usurping  brother  of  the  exiled  duke. 

Frederick,  or  Frederick  City.  A city  and  the 
capital  of  Frederick  County,  Maryland,  41  miles 
west  by  north  of  Baltimore:  the  seat  of  Fred- 
erick College.  Population,  10,411,  (1910). 


Frederick  William  II. 

Frederick  Augustus  I.,  surnamed  “ The  Just.” 
Born  at  Dresden,  Dec.  23,  1750:  died  at  Dres- 
den, May  5,  1827.  King  of  Saxony.  He  succeeded 
his  father  Frederick  Christian  as  elector  in  1763;  sided 
with  Prussia  and  Bavaria  against  Austria  in  the  War  of 
the  Bavarian  Succession  1778-79 ; allied  himself  with  Prus- 
sia and  Prussia  against  France  in  1806 ; concluded  a separate 
treaty  of  peace  with  Napoleon  at  Posen,  Dec.  11, 1806,  in 
accordance  with  which  he  entered  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  with  the  title  of  king;  supported  Napoleon  at  the 
battle  of  Leipsic  in  1813 ; and  was  compelled  to  cede  a 
large  part  of  Saxony  to  Prussia  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna 
in  1815. 

Frederick  Augustus  II.  Born  May  18,  1797 : 
died  in  Tyrol,  Aug.  9,  1854.  King  of  Saxony. 
He  became  co-regent  in  1830  with  his  uncle  Anton,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1836.  He  suppressed  a revolutionary  out- 
break in  1849  by  means  of  Prussian  troops. 

Frederick  Augustus.  Born  at  St.  James’s 
Palace,  London, -'Aug.  16,  1763:  died  Jan.  5, 
1827.  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  second  son 
of  George  III.  He  was  created  duke  of  York  and  Al- 
bany in  1784 ; commanded  the  British  contingent  in  the 
campaigns  of  1793-95  in  Flanders  against  the  French  ; was 
made  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army  in  1798 ; 
invaded  Holland  in  conjunction  with  the  Russians  in 
1799;  and  signed  the  humiliating  convention  of  Alkmaar 
in  1799.  He  resigned  the  office  of  commander-in-chief  in 
1809,  in  consequence  of  an  entanglement  with  Mrs.  Mary 
Anne  Clarke,  who  accepted  bribes  from  officers  in  return 
for  promises  of  promotion ; but  was  restored  in  1811. 

Frederick  Charles,  Prince  of  Prussia,  Born 
at  Berlin,  March  20,  1828 : died  near  Potsdam , 
Prussia,  June  15,  1885.  A Prussian  general, 
nephew  of  William  I.  of  Prussia.  He  fought  with 
distinction  in  the  war  of  Prussia  and  Austria  against  Den- 
mark in  1864 ; commanded  the  first  army  in  the  war 
against  Austria  in  1866 ; and  commanded  the  second  army 
in  the  war  against  France,  1870-71,  entering  Metz  and  Or- 
leans in  1870  and  Le  Mans  in  1871.  He  was  surnamed  “the 
Red  Prince.” 

Frederick  Francis  II.  Bom  Feb.  28,  1823: 
died  at  Schwerin,  Germany,  April  15,  1883. 
Grand  Duke  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  grand  duchy  in  1842  ; became  a general  in 
the  Prussian  military  service  in  the  same  year ; fought 
under  Baron  von  Wrangel  in  the  war  of  Prussia  and  Aus- 
tria against  Denmark  in  1864  ; commanded  a reserve  army 
corps  in  the  war  against  Austr  ia  iu  1866 ; joined  the  North 
German  Confederation  in  1866;  and  bore  an  important 
part  in  the  war  against  France,  1870-71.  His  grand  duchy 
became  a member  of  the  German  Empire  in  1871. 

Frederick  Louis.  Born  at  Hannover,  Jan.  6, 
1707:  died  at  Leicester  House,  London,  March 
20,  1751.  Prince  of  Wales  1729-51,  eldest  son 
of  George  II.  He  married  Augusta,  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick, duke  of  Saxe-Gotha,  in  1736,  aud  was  father  of 
George  III.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  opposition  against 
Walpole  and  the  king. 

Fredericksburg  (fred'er-iks-berg).  A city  (now 
independent)  formerly  iu  Spotsylvania  County, 
Virginia,  50  miles  south-southwest  of  Washing- 
ton. Here,  Dec.  13,  1862,  was  fought  one  of  the  severest 
battles  of  the  Civil  War.  The  Confederates  (about  80,000) 
under  Lee,  occupying  a strong  position  on  the  heights,  re- 
pulsed an  attack  made  on  them  by  the  Federals  (about 
110,000)  under  Burnside.  The  Confederate  losses  amounted 
to  608  killed,  4,116  wounded,  and  653  captured  or  missing 
(total,  5,377) ; the  Federal  losses  amounted  to  1,284  killed, 
9,600  wounded,  and  l,769captured  ormissing (total,  12,653). 
Population,  5,874,  (1910). 

Frederick  William,  called  “ The  Great  Elec- 
tor.” Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  16, 1620:  died  May 
9,  1688.  Elector  of  Brandenburg  1640-88,  son 
of  George  William.  At  his  accession  he  found  his 
dominions  wasted  by  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  which  was 
then  in  progress.  By  skilful  diplomacy  and  great  econ- 
omy in  other  directions,  he  succeeded  in  ridding  his  coun- 
try of  foreign  soldiery  and  in  raising  an  army  of  30,000 
men,  which  secured  for  him  respectful  treatment  at  the 
peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648.  In  1655,  on  the  outbreak  of 
war  between  Sweden  and  Poland,  he  took  sides  with  the 
former  power  against  the  latter.  The  Poles  were  defeated 
at  Warsaw  in  1656,  and  were  forced  in  1657  to  purchase 
his  assistance  by  recognizing  the  independence  of  the 
duchy  of  Prussia,  which  he  held  as  a fief  of  Poland.  He 
joined  an  alliance  with  Holland  in  1672,  with  a view  to 
frustrating  the  designs  of  Louis  XIV.  against  that  coun- 
try: an  alliance  which  was  subsequently  joined  by  the 
emperor  and  Spain.  In  1675  at  Fehrbellin  he  defeated 
the  Swedes,  who  had  invaded  Brandenburg  as  the  allies  of 
France ; but  although  he  made  large  conquests  in  Swe- 
dish Pomerania,  he  was  compelled  by  France  to  return 
them  at  the  separate  peace  of  St.  Germain-en-Laye  (1679) 
in  return  for  the  reversion  of  East  Friesland. 

Frederick  William.  Bom  Aug.  20, 1802:  died 
at  Horzowitz,  near  Prague,  Jan.  6. 1875.  Elec- 
tor of  Hesse.  He  succeeded  to  the  electorate  in  1847, 
and  sided  with  Austria  in  the  Austro- Prussian  war  (1866), 
with  the  result  that  his  electorate  was  incorporated  with 
Prussia  by  the  peace  of  Prague,  Aug.  23,  1866. 

Frederick  William  I.  Born  Aug.  14,  1688: 
died  May  31,  1740.  King  of  Prussia  1713-40, 
son  of  Frederick  I.  He  acquired  Stettin  and  part  of 
Pomerania  by  the  peace  of  Stockholm  in  1720,  at  the  close 
of  the  Northern  War,  in  which  he  had  taken  part  against 
Sweden  ; and  by  the  establishment  of  a formidable  army 
laid  the  foundation  of  Prussia’s  military  power. 

Frederick  William  II.  Born  Sept.  25.  1744: 
died  Nov.  16,  1797.  King  of  Prussia  1786-97. 
nephew  of  Frederick  the  Great.  He  formed  an  al- 
liance with  Austria  in  1792  for  the  purpose  of  restoring 


Frederick  William  II. 

Louis  XVI.  of  France,  but  concluded  the  separate  peace 
of  Basel  with  the  revolutionary  government  of  France  in 
1795.  He  took  part  in  the  second  and  third  partitions  of 
Poland  in  1793  and  1795  respectively. 

Frederick  William  III.  Born  Aug.  3,  1770: 
died  June  7,  1840.  King  of  Prussia  1797-1840, 
son  of  Frederick  William  II.  He  refused  to  join 
the  third  coalition  against  France  in  1805 ; declared  war 
against  France  in  1800 ; signed  the  treaty  of  Tilsit  in  1807  ; 
joined  France  against  Russia  in  1812  ; joined  in  the  War 
of  Liberation  in  1813 ; was  present  at  the  Congress  of 
Vienna  in  1815  ; and  joined  the  Holy  Alliance  in  1815. 

Frederick  William  IV.  Born  Oct.  13,  1795: 
died  at  Sans  Souci,  near  Potsdam,  Prussia, 
Jan.  2,  1861.  King  of  Prussia  1840-61,  son  of 
Frederick  William  III.  He  was  compelled  by  a rev- 
olutionary movement  in  1848  to  grant  a constitution,  and 
in  1849  declined  the  imperial  crown  offered  him  by  the 
German  National  Assembly  at  Frapkfort.  As  he  was  ren- 
dered incompetent  to  reign  by  a serious  malady,  his 
brother  (afterward  William  I.)  became  regent  in  1858. 
Frederick  William,  Crown  Prince  of  tlie  Ger- 
man Empire  and  of  Prussia.  See  Frederick  III., 
German  emperor. 

Fredericton  (fred'er-ik-ton).  The  capital  of 
New  Brunswick,  situated  on  the  St.  John  River 
in  lat.  45°  56'  N.,  long.  66°  40'  W.  It  is  a port  of 
entry,  and  a center  of  the  lumber  trade.  Popu- 
lation, 7,208,  (1911). 

Frederiksberg  (fred'er-iks-berG).  A large  sub- 
urb of  Copenhagen.  It  has  a national  mu- 
seum and  a sculpture-gallery.  Population, 
87,594. 

Frederiksborg  (fred'er-iks-borG).  A royal  pal- 
ace on  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  situated 
near  Hillerod,  21  miles  northwest  of  Copenha- 
gen. It  was  built  by  Christian  IV.  1602-20. 
Frederiksborg  (fred'er-iks-boro),  Peace  of. 
A peace  concluded  at  Frederiksborg,  Zealand, 
Denmark,  July  13,  1720,  between  Sweden  and 
Denmark,  by  which  the  latter  power  restored 
its  conquests,  while  the  former  renounced  its 
claim  to  freedom  from  Sound  duties  and  paid 
a war  indemnity  of  600,000  rix-dollars. 
Frederikshald  (fred'er-iks-hald),  or  Freder- 
ikshall  (fred'er-iks-hal).  A seaport  in  the 
diocese  (stiff)  of  Christiania,  Norway,  situated 
on  the  Iddefiord  58  miles  south-southeast  of 
Christiania.  It  has  a large  trade  in  timber,  and  near 
it  is  the  fortress  of  Frederiksteen,  where  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden  was  killed  in  1718.  Population,  11,957. 
Frederikshavn  (fred'er-iks-havn).  A seaport 
on  the  Cattegat,  near  the  northeastern  extrem- 
ity of  Jutland,  Denmark.  Population,  7,176. 
Frederikstad.  See  Fredrikstad. 
Fredrikshamn(fred'riks-ham),Finn.Hamina. 

A fortified  seaport  in  the  government  of  Vi- 
borg,  Finland,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
in  lat.  60°  36'  N.,  long.  27°  11'  E.  By  the  treaty 
of  Fredrikshamn,  Sept.  17,  1809,  Finland  was  ceded  by 
Sweden  to  Russia.  Population,  about  3,500. 

Fredrikstad  (fred'rik-stiid),  or  Frederikstad 
(fred'er-ik-stad).  A fortified  seaport  in  the 
diocese  (stift)  of  Christiania,  Norway,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Glommen  48  miles  south 
by  east  of  Christiania.  It  was  founded  by  Freder- 
ick II.,  and  has  lumber  trade  and  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation, 14,635. 

Freehold  (fre'hold).  A township  and  town  in 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  26 
miles  east  of  Trenton.  Population  of  town- 
ship, 2,329;  of  town,  3,233,  (1910). 

Freelove  (fre'luv),  Lady.  A character  in  Col- 
man’s  “ Jealous  Wife.” 

Freeman  (fre'man).  1.  In  Wycherley’s  comedy 
“The  Plain  Dealer,”  Manly’s  lieutenant  and 
friend. — 2.  InFarquhar’s  “Beaux’  Stratagem,” 
the  friend  of  Aim  well. 

Freeman,  Edward  Augustus.  Born  at  Har- 
bome,  Staffordshire,  1823:  died  at  Alicante, 
Spain,  March  16,  1892.  A noted  English  histo- 
rian. He  was  graduated  from  Oxford  (Trinity  College) 
in  1845,  and  remained  there  as  a fellow  until  1847  ; was 
examiner  in  modern  history  1857-58, 1863-64,  and  in  1873 ; 
and  became  regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford 
in  18:4,  as  successor  to  Professor  Stubbs  (who  became 
bishop  of  Chester).  His  works  include  “Church  Restora- 
tion ” (1849),  “An  Essay  on  Window-Tracery,"  “Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Gower,”  a book  of  poems,  “The 
Architecture  of  Llandaff  Cathedral,”  “The  Antiquities  of 
St.  David’s,”  “The  History  and  Conquest  of  the  Saracens  ’’ 
(1856),  “ History  of  Federal  Government  from  the  Foun- 
dation of  the  Achaian  League  to  the  Disruption  of  the 
United  States ” (1863 : not  completed),  “The  History  of 
the  Norman  Conquest  ” (1867-79 : his  most  famous  book), 
“Old  English  History  for  Children"  (1869),  “History  of 
the  Cathedral  Church  of  Wells  ” (1870),  “Historical  Es- 
says" (1871),  “General  Sketch  of  European  History," 
“Growth  of  the  English  Constitution  ” and  “The  Unity  of 
History  ” (1872),  “ Comparative  Politics  " (1873),  “Dises- 
tablishment and  Disendowment  ” (1874),  “The  Turks  in 
Europe"  and  “The  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe ” (1877), 
“ How  the  Study  of  History  is  Let  and  Hindered  ” (1879), 

■ A Short  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest  " (1880), 1 His- 
torical Geography  of  Europe  ” and  “ Sketches  from  the 
Subject  and  Neighbor  Lands  of  Venice  ” (1881),  " Intro- 


411 

duction  to  American  Institutional  History,”  “The  Reign 
of  William  Rufus,”  and  “Lectures  to  American  Audiences  ” 
(1882),  “English  Towns  and  Districts”  and  “Some  Im- 
pressions of  the  United  States  ” (1883),  “ The  Office  of  the 
Historical  Professor”  (1884),  “The  Methods  of  Historical 
Study  ” (1886),  “ The  Chief  Periods  of  European  History  ” 
and  (in  the  series  of  “Historic  Towns,"  edited  by  himself) 
“Exeter”  (1887),  “Fifty  Pears  of  European  History," 
“William  the  Conqueror  ” (1888 : in  the  “Twelve  English 
Statesmen  ” series),  and  “ History  of  Sicily  from  the  Ear- 
liest Times  ” (1891,  third  volume). 

Freeman,  James.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
April  22, 1759:  died  at  Newton,  Mass.,  Nov.  14, 
1835.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman,  the 
first  in  the  United  States  who  assumed  that 
name.  He  was  pastor  of  King’s  Chapel,  Boston, 
1787-1835. 

Freeman,  James  Edward.  Born  in  Nova  Scotia, 
1808:  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  21,  1884.  An  Amer- 
ican figure -painter. 

Freeman,  Mrs.  The  name  under  which  Sarah 
Jennings,  duchess  of  Marlborough,  carried  on 
a correspondence  with  Queen  Anne  (as  Mrs. 
Morley). 

Freeport  (fre'port).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Stephenson  County,  northern  Illinois,  situated 
on  the  Pecatonica  River  108  miles  west-north- 
west of  Chicago.  Population,  17,567,  (1910). 

Freeport,  Sir  Andrew.  A London  merchant, 
one  of  the  members  of  the  fictitious  club  which 
issued  the  “ Spectator.” 

Free-Soil  Party.  In  United  States  politics,  a 
party  which  opposed  the  extension  of  slavery 
into  the  Territories.  It  was  formed  iu  1848by  a union 
of  the  Liberty  party  with  the  Barnburners.  It  nominated 
Van  Buren  for  the  presidency  in  1848,  and  under  the  name 
of  the  Free  Democratic  party  it  nominated  John  P.  Hale 
in  1852.  It  was  one  of  the  principal  elements  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Republican  party  in  1854. 

Freetown  (fre'toun).  The  capital  of  the  Brit- 
ish colony  of  Sierra  Leone,  West  Africa,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sierra  Leone  River,  near  the  coast, 
in  lat.  8°  29'  N.,  long.  13°  10'  W.  Population, 
34,463. 

Freewill  Islands.  See  St.  David  Islands. 

Freiberg  (fri'berG).  A city  in  the  government 
district  of  Dresden,  Saxony,  on  the  Munzbach 
20  miles  southwes.t  of  Dresden,  it  is  the  center  of 
the  mining  district  of  Saxony,  and  the  seat  of  a mining 
academy.  The  silver-mines  were  discovered  in  the  12th 
century.  The  cathedral  is  a late-Pointed  monument  of  the 
15th  century.  The  Goldene  Pforte  is  a beautiful  Roman- 
esque door  surviving  from  an  older  church  : its  sculptures 
are  hardly  excelled  in  medieval  art.  They  consist  of  an 
allegorical  representation  of  the  kingdom  of  God,  including 
statues  of  Old  Testament  types  and  reliefs  of  New  Testa- 
ment scenes.  Behind  the  altar  is  the  notable  burial-chapel 
of  the  Protestant  princes  of  Saxony,  with  line  sculptured 
monuments.  A battle  was  fought  at  Freiberg,  Oct.,  1762, 
between  13,000  Prussians  under  Prince  Henry  and  Seyd- 
litz  and  30,000  imperial  and  Austrian  troops  under  Gen- 
eral Hadik,  in  which  the  latter  were  totally  defeated. 
Population,  commune,  30,860. 

Freiburg,  or  Freiburg-im-Breisgau  (fri'borG- 
im-bris'gou).  The  capital  of  the  district  of' 
Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Dreisam  in 
lat.  47°  59'  N.,  long.  7°  51'  E.  It  is  a trading  cen- 
ter for  the  Black  Forest,  and  has  considerable  manufac- 
tures. It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  university.  The 
former  is  a noted  work  in  German  Pointed  architecture, 
measuring  354  feet  by  102.  The  west  front  is  surmounted 
by  a central  tower  and  octagonal  openwork  spire,  which  is 
385  feet  high.  Beneath  the  tower  opens  a single  great  re- 
cessed portal.  The  transepts  are  Romanesque.  The  choir 
was  designed  in  the  14th  century.  The  interior  is  exceed- 
ingly effective ; it  possesses  very  interesting  sculpture, 
tombs,  and  early  paintings.  Freiburg  was  the  capital  of 
the  Breisgau,  and  belonged  for  centuries  to  Austria.  It  has 
several  times  been  taken  by  the  French.  Here,  Aug.  3-5, 
1644,  the  French  under  Condd  and  Turenne  defeated  the 
Bavarians  under  Mercy.  Population,  commune,  74,098. 

Freiburg,  G.  also  Freiburg-unterm-Fursten- 
stein  (fri'borG-on'term-fiirs'ten-stm).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Pol- 
snitz  36  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  Near  it 
is  the  castle  of  Fiirstenstein.  Population, 
commune,  9,606. 

Freiburg  (in  Switzerland).  See  Fribourg. 

Freiburg-an-der-Unstrut(frl'bora-an-der-6n'- 
strot).  A town  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  on  the  Unstrut  28  miles  west-south- 
west of  Leipsic.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle  of 
Neuenburg,  and  as  the  residence  of  Jahn.  Pop- 
ulation, about  3,500. 

Freidank  (fri'dangk).  [MHG.  Vridank,  free- 
thinker.] Lived  in  the  13th  century.  The  real 
or  assumed  name  of  a German  didactic  poet, 
author  of  the  didactic  poem  “ Bescheidenheit  ” 
(ed.  by  W.  Grimm  1834),  etc. 

Freiligrath  (fri'lig-rat),  Ferdinand.  Born  at 
Detmold,  Germany,  June  17,  1810:  died  at 
Cannstatt,  Wiirtemberg,  March  18,  1876.  A 
noted  German  lyric  poet  and  democratic  par- 
tizan,  resident  in  England  1846-48,  1851-68. 
He  was  destined  at  the  beginning  for  a mercantile  life, 
but  after  1839  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literature.  A 
first  volume  of  poems  appeared  in  1838.  In  1844  was  pub- 


Fremantle 

lished  “Mein  Glaubensbekenntnis ” (“My  Creed”).  In 
consequence  of  the  political  sentiments  expressed  in  this 
book  he  was  forced  to  flee  the  country,  and  went  first  to 
Belgium,  and  then  to  Switzerland  and  England.  In  1846 
appeared  “Qa  ira.”  In  1848  he  returned  to  Germany,  and 
was  engaged  for  a time  in  editorial  work  on  the  “Kol- 
nische  Zeitung, " but  again  fled  to  London,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1868.  “ Zwischen  den  Garben  ”(“  Between 
the  Sheaves”)  appeared  1847-49.  His  complete  poetical 
works  (“Sammtliche  Dichtungen”)  were  published  in 
1870.  In  1876 appeared  “ Neue Gedichte  ’’(“New  Poems”). 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  translations  from  recent 
French  and  English  poetry,  among  them  a version  of 
Longfellow's  “Hiawatha.” 

Freind  (frind),  John.  Born  at  Croton  (Crougli- 
ton),  near  Brackley,  Northamptonshire,  in  1675 : 
died  July  26, 1728.  An  English  physician.  He 
studied  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  attracted  notice 
on  account  of  his  proficiency  in  the  classics,  and  afterward 
became  a medical  practitioner  at  London.  He  entered  Par- 
liament as  a Tory  member  for  Launceston  in  1722,  and  in 
1727  was  appointed  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Caro- 
line. He  wrote  “ The  History  of  Physick  from  the  time  of 
Galen  to  the  beginning  of  the  Sixteenth  Century,  chiefly 
with  Regard  to  Practice  ” (1725-26),  etc. 

Freire  (fra're),  Francisco  Joz6.  Born  at  Lis- 
bon, 1713 : died  1773.  A Portuguese  historian 
and  scholar,  a leading  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Arcadians,  in  which  he  assumed  the  name  of 
“CandidoLusitano,”  by  which  he  is  often  known. 
He  wrote  “Vida  do  Infante  D.  Henri  que”  (1758), 
etc. 

Freire,  Eamon.  Born  at  Santiago,  Nov.  29, 
1787 : died  there,  Dec.  9,  1851.  A Chilian  gen- 
eral. He  distinguished  himself  in  the  war  for  indepen- 
dence (1811-20),  held  important  commands,  and  became 
chief  of  the  liberal  party.  The  liberals  having  deposed 
O’Higgins  in  1823,  General  Freire  was  made  supreme  di- 
rector. He  drove  the  last  Spaniards  from  Chilod  in  1826. 
In  1827  he  was  reelected  supreme  director,  but  soon  after 
resigned,  and  the  conservatives  came  into  power.  In  1830 
he  headed  a revolt,  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Lircai, 
April  17,  1830,  and  banished.  He  was  allowed  to  return 
in  1842. 

Freischiitz  (fri'shuts),  Der.  [G.,  lit.  ‘the  free 
shot.’]  In  German  folk-lore,  a marksman  cele- 
brated for  his  compact  with  the  devil,  from 
whom  he  obtained  seven  “Freikugeln”  (free 
bullets),  six  of  which  always  hit  the  mark,  while 
the  devil  directs  the  seventh  at  his  pleasure. 
There  are  several  forms  of  the  legend.  It  was  the  sub- 
ject of  the  romantic  opera  “ Der  Freischiitz  ” by  Weber, 
produced  at  Berlin  June  18,  1821,  at  Paris  at  the  Oddon  as 
“Robin  des  bois,”  Dec.  7, 1824,  and  at  the  Academic  Roy- 
ale  June 7, 1841,  as  “Le  Franc  Tireur,”  with  abetter  trans- 
lation and  with  recitatives  by  Berlioz.  In  London  it  was 
produced  as  ‘ 1 Der  Freischiitz  ” at  the  English  Opera  House, 
July  22, 1824  : many  ballads  .were  inserted.  In  1850  it  was 
played  in  Italian  as  “ H Franco  arciero  ” at  Covent  Garden. 

Freising,  or  Freysing  (fri'zing).  A town  in 
Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Isar  20  miles 
north-northeast  of  Munich.  The  bishopric  of  Frei- 
sing, founded  724,  was  united  to  the  archbishopric  of  Mu- 
nich in  1802.  It  has  a cathedral.  Pop.,  commune,  13,586. 

Freistadtl  (fri ' statl),  Hung.  Galgocz.  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Neutra,  Hungary,  on 
the  Waag  46  miles  north  of  Komorn.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  8,833. 

Freiwaldau  (fri'val-dou).  A to  wn  in  the  crown- 
land  of  Silesia,  Austria-Hungary,  44  miles  north 
of  Olmiitz.  Population,  commune,  6,859  (1910). 

Fr6jus  (fra-zhiis').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Var,  southern  France,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean  32  miles  southwest  of  Nice : 
the  ancient  Forum  Julii.  It  contains  a large  Roman 
amphitheater  iu  ruins,  fragments  of  walls,  of  baths,  of 
aqueduct,  and  a Roman  bridge,  and  has  a Romanesque 
cathedral.  Its  harbor  was  founded  by  Julius  Caesar  and 
developed  by  Augustus.  Here  Napoleon  disembarked 
from  Egypt  Oct.  9,  1799,  and  embarked  for  Elba  April  27. 
1814.  Frejus  was  the  birthplace  of  Agricola,  Roscius,  and 
Sieyfes.  Population,  commune,  4,190. 

Frejus,  Col  de.  The  pass  in  the  Alps  under 
which  the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel  passes. 

Frelinghuysen  (fre'ling-h!-zen),  Frederick. 
Born  in  New  Jersey,  April  13, 1753 : died  April 
13,  1804.  An  American  politician,  a member  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  and  United  States 
senator  from  New  Jersey  1793-96. 
Frelinghuysen.  Frederick  Theodore.  Born 
at  Millstone,  Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  Aug.  4, 
1817 : died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  May  20, 1885.  An 
American  Republican  statesman  and  jurist, 
nephew  of  Theodore  Frelinghuysen.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  New  Jersey  1866-69  and  1871- 

. 1877  a member  of  the  Electoral  Commission  1877 ; and  sec- 
retary of  state  Dec.,  1881-85. 

Frelinghuysen,  Theodore.  Born  at  Millstone, 
Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  March  28,  1787 : died 
at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  April  12,  1862.  An 
American  statesman,  son  of  Frederick  Freling- 
huysen. He  was  United  States  senatorfrom  New  Jersey 
1829-35,  chancellor  of  the  University  of  New  York  1838- 
1850,  Whig  candidate  for  the  vice-presidency  in  1844, 
and  president  of  Rutgers  College  1850-62. 

Fremantle  (fre'man-tl).  A seaport  of  wostevn 
Australia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swan 
River,  near  Perth.  Population,  13,616. 


FrSmiet 

Fremiet  (fra-mya') , Emmanuel.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.,  1824  : died  at  Paris,  bept.  10,  1010.  A 
noted  French  sculptor.  After  leaving  la  Petite 
Bcole,  where  his  drawings  are  still  exhibited,  he  supported 
himself  by  making  scientific  drawings  at  the  Janh  des 
Plantes.  His  first  work  in  sculpture  was  from  a fox  m 
the  menagerie  there.  Later  he  drew  plates  for  medical 
works.  These  attracted  the  attention  of  Rude,  who  ad- 
mitted him  to  his  private  studio.  His  first  Salon  eidubit 
was  “A  Gazelle"  (1843).  Among  his  other  works  are 
“Terrier  Dogs”  (1848:  bought  by  the  state),  Mother 
Cat”  (1849  : bought  by  the  state).  In  1850-51  he  made 
a great  show  of  animal  sculpture  at  the  Louvie.  In  18/0 
he  exhibited  an  equestrian  statue  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans, 
and  in  1882  “ Man  of  the  Age  of  Stone.  In  1873  h s eques- 

trian statue  of  Joan  of  Arc  was  erected  on  the  Place  des 
Pyramides  : this  is  his  masterpiece. In 1 18/5  he  succeeded 
Barye  as  professor  of  drawing  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes. 

In  1887  he  exhibited  at  the  Salon  his  Gorilla  abducting 
a Woman";  and  at  Munich  in  1892  three  >tonzes:  St. 

Michael,"  “Faun  and  Young  Bear,  and  Dachshund. 

Freminet  (fra-me-na'),  or  Freimnel  (fra-me- 
nel'),  Martin.  Born  at  Pans,  Sept.  24, 1567. 
died  there,  June  18,  1619.  A French  painter 

In  1591  he  went  to  Rome  and  studied  the  works  of  Par- 
migianino and  Michelangelo.  He  returned  to  France  after 
sixteen  years,  and  became  court  painter  to  Henry  IV.  He 
had  nearly  completed  the  decoration  of  the  chapel  at  Fon- 
tainebleau at  the  time  of  his  death.  Some  of  his  paintings 
are  at  the  royal  palace  at  Turin.  He  was  called  the 
French  Michelangelo." 

Fremont  (fre-mont').  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Sandusky  County,  northern  Ohio,  situated  on 
Sandusky  River  30  miles  southeast  of  Toledo. 

It  was  the  scene  of  Croghan’s  defense  of  Fort 
Stephenson  in  1813.  Population,  9,939,  (1910). 
Fremont,  John  Charles.  Born  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  Jan.  21,  1813:  died  at  New  York,  July  13, 
1890.  A noted  American  explorer,  general,  and 
politician,  surnamed  “The  Pathfinder.”  He  ex- 
plored the  South  Pass  (Rocky  Mountains)  in  1842,  and 
the  Pacific  Slope  in  1843-44  and  1845 ; took  part  in  the 
conquest  of  California  1846-47 ; was  United  States  senator 
from  California  1850-51 ; organized  in  1853  ail  expedition 
to  complete  a previous  exploration  of  a route  to  Califor- 
nia • and  was  the  Rfepublican  candidate  forthe  presidency 
in  1856.  He  was  Federal  oommander  of  the  western  de- 
partment in  1861 ; commanded  at  Cross  Keys  in  1862 ; and 
was  governor  of  Arizona  1878-82.  On  Aug.  31, 1861,  lie  is- 
sued a proclamation  declaring  that  he  would  emancipate 
the  slaves  of  those  in  arms  against  the  United  States 
This  act  was  condemned  by  Lincoln  as  premature,  and 
the  proclamation  was  withdrawn. 

Fremont  Basin.  See  Great  Basin. 

Fremont  Peak.  The  second  highest  peak  ot 
the  Wind  River  Mountains,  situated  in  Wyo- 
ming about  lat.  43°  25'  N.,  long.  109°  48  W. 
Height,  about  13,720  feet. 

Fremy  (fra -me'),  Arnould.  Born  at  Pans, 
July  17,  1809.  A French  journalist  and  novel- 
ist. In  1843  hereceived  the  degree  of  doctor  of  letters  at 
Paris  for  a very  remarkable  thesis  on  the  variations  of 
French  style  in  the  17th  century,  and  was  made  assistant 
professor  of  French  literature  at  Lyons.  From  1854  to 
1859  he  was  one  of  the  principal  editors  of  Charivari.  _ 
He  wrote  “Les  deux  anges"  (1833),  ) Une  Itede  Salon 
(1836),  “La  physiologie  du  rentier  (with  Balzac,  lo4i). 
“Le  loup  danslabergerie  ” (a  comedy,  1S53),  ‘ Confessions 
d un  Bohbmien  ” (1857),  “Les  mceurs  de  notre  temps 
fl860)  “La  revolution  du  journalisme  (1865),  Lespen- 
sfes  de  tout  le  monde"  (1874),“Qu’est-ce-que  la  France? 
(1882),  etc. 

French  (french),  Daniel  Chester.  Born  at 
Exeter  N.  H.,  1850.  An  American  sculptor. 
He  studied  under  Dr.  Rimmer  and  .1.  Q.  A .Ward,  and 
spent  two  years  in  the  studio  of  Thomas  Ball  in  Florence 
and  one  year  in  Paris.  His  best-known  works  are  the 
“Minute Man"  (modeled in  1874),  “John Hancock  (1883), 
“Dr  GaUandet  and  his  first  Deaf-mute  Pupil  (1888), 
“Lewis  Cass”  (1887  : now  in  the  Capitol  at  \\  ashington), 
“Thomas  Starr  King,"  “Death and  the  Young  Sculptor 
(the  Milmore  Memorial,  1891),  for  which  he  gained  a 
medal  of  the  third  class  in  the  Paris  Salon,  and  his  colos- 
sal “Statue  of  the  Republic”  for  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

French  and  Indian  War,  or  Old  French  War. 

The  last  in  the  series  of  wars  between  1 ranee 
and  Great  Britain  in  America.  It  was  the  Ameri- 
can phase  of  the  Seven  Years’  War  (which  see)  The 
French  were  assisted  by  several  Indian  tribes.  I he  seat 
of  the  war  was  mostly  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York,  and  Canada.  The  following  are  the  leading 
events  • Embassy  of  Washington  to  the  French  forts,  1753 ; 
capitulation  of  Washington  at  Fort  Necessity,  1754 ; dis- 
persion of  the  Acadian  settlers,  1755  ; Braddock  s defeat, 
July  9 1755 ; battle  of  Lake  George,  Sept.  8,  17o5  ; decla- 
ration’ of  war,  1756 ; capture  of  Oswego  by  Montcalm, 
1756;  capture  of  Fort  William  Henry  by  Montcalm,  1757; 
unsuccessful  attack  on  Ticonderoga  by  Abercrombie,  1758 ; 
capture  of  Louisburg,  1758 ; capture  of  Fort  Duquesne, 
1758  ■ capture  of  Ticonderoga  and  Niagara,  1759  ; battle 
of  Quebec  (under  Wolfe),  Sept.  13. 1759 ; surrender  of  Mon- 
treaL  1760;  peace  of  Paris  (which  see),  surrenner  of  Can- 
ada  to  Great  Britain,  Feb.  10,  1763.  See  Century  Atlas, 
Map  XVIII.  , 

French  Broad.  A river  in  North  Carolina  and 
eastern  Tenuessee  which  joins  the  Holston  4 
miles  east  of  Knoxville.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
picturesque  scenery.  Length,  about  250  miles. 
French  Fabius,  The.  A surname  given  to  the 
Due  de  Montmorency  (1493-1567). 

French  Fury,  The.  A treacherous  attack  on 
Antwerp  by  4,000  French  soldiers  under  the 


412 

Due  d’Anjou,  Jan.  17,  1583.  The  attack  was  re- 
pelled by  the  citizens  : about  one  half  of  the  French  were 
killed,  and  the  remainder  were  made  prisoners. 

French  Guiana.  See  Guiana,  French. 

French  Kongo.  See  Kongo,  French. 
Frenchlove.  See  English  Monsieur,  The. 
Frenchman’s  Bay  (french'manzba).  An  inlet 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  south  of  Maine  and  east 
of  Mount  Desert. 

French  Prairie  Indians.  See  Ahantchuyuk. 
French  Revolution,  The.  The  name  specifi- 
cally given  to  the  revolution  which  occurred 
in  France  at  the  close  of  the  18th  century.  The 
meeting  of  the  States-General,  May  5, 1789,  marks  the  be- 
ginning. The  end  is  taken  either  as  1795  (end  of  the  Con- 
vention), or  1799  (end  of  the  Directory),  or  1804  (end  of 
the  Consulate).  The  whole  Napoleonic  period  through 
1815  is  often  included  in  the  treatment  of  the  revolution. 
The  wars  growing  out  of  the  revolution  after  the  appear- 
ance of  Napoleon  (1796)  are  given  under  Napoleonic  Wars. 
(See  also  France  and  Napoleon.)  The  following  are  the 
chief  events  in  the  revolution  : Meeting  of  States-General, 
May  5.  1789;  the  Third  Estate  assumed  the  title  of  the  Na- 
tional or  Constituent  Assembly,  June  17 ; Tennis-Court 
oath,  June  20 ; storming  of  the  Bastille,  J uly  14 ; abolition 
of  feudal  and  other  privileges,  Aug.  4;  bread  not  and 
march  to  Versailles,  Oct.;  unsuccessful  flight  of  the  king 
June  20, 1791 ; constitution  adopted,  Sept.;  opening  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly,  Oct.  1;  commencement  of  the  war 
against  allied  Austria  and  Prussia,  April,  1702  ; attack  on 
the  Tuileries.June  20;  storming  of  the  Tuileries,  Aug.  10; 
September  massacres,  Sept.;  battle  of  Valniy,  Sept.  20; 
opening  of  the  National  Convention,  abolition  of  the  mon- 
archy proclamation  of  the  republic,  Sept.  21;  battle  of 
Jemmapes,  Nov.  6 ; annexation  of  Nice  and  Savoy,  1792; 
execution  of  Louis  XVL,  Jan.  21,  1793;  coalition  against 
France  joined  by  Great  Britain,  Holland,  Spain,  etc.,  I eb. ; 
Vendean  wars  begun,  1793  ; battle  of  Neerwinden,  March, 
1793 ; establishment  of  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  March ; 
establishment  of  the  famous  Committee  of  Public  Safety, 
April;  overthrow  of  the  party  of  the  Girondists,  June; 
Reign  of  Terror,  1793-94;  assassination  of  Marat,  July, 
179,4;  execution  of  Marie  Antoinette  and  the  Girondists, 
Oct. ; siege  of  Toulon,  Dec.;  overthrow  of  the  H/bertists, 
Mareh,  1794;  execution  of  Danton,  April  5;  battle  of 
Fleurus,  June  26  ; overthrow  of  Robespierre  (9th  Ther- 
midor),  July  27 ; bread  riots  of  Germinal  and  Prairial, 
April-May,  1795  ; conquest  of  Holland  and  foundation  of 
the  Batavian  republic,  1795;  treaties  of  Basel  with  Prus- 
sia and  Spain,  1795  ; victory  of  Bonaparte  over  the  “ Sec- 
tions” (Vend^miaire),  Oct.  5,  1795;  the  Convention  sup- 

I 1 1 1 a.  4-  imrlnw  Gin  Tlirpptorv  Off  . 


Nov.  9-10,  1799;  beginning  of  the  Consulate,  Nov.,  1/99; 
peace  of  Lundville,  Feb.  9,  1801 ; concordat,  1801  ; peace 
of  Amiens,  1802 ; Napoleon  consul  for  life,  1802  ; establish- 
ment of  the  empire,  May  18,  1804.  (See  histories  by  Von 
Sybel,  Mignet,  Michelet,  Stephens,  Thiers,  Von  Laun, 
Taine,  Carlyle,  McCarthy,  Dahlmann,  Blanc,  and  Roux.) 

French  River.  A river  in  Ontario,  tbe  outlet  of 
Lake  Nipissing  into  the  Georgian  Bay  of  Lake 
Huron. 

French  Shore,  The.  Portions  of  the  western  and 
northern  coasts  of  Newfoundland  where  the 
French  have  the  privilege  of  catching  andjlry- 
in“-  fish  (secured  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713). 
French  Switzerland,  F.  La  Suisse  Romande. 
That  part  of  Switzerland  in  which  the  vernacu- 
lar language  is  French  (or  a French  patois).  It 
comprises  the  cantons  Geneva,  Vaud,  Neuch&tel,  and 
Valais,  the  greater  part  of  Fribourg,  and  a small  part  of 

Frenchtown  (french  'toun).  A township  in 
Monroe  County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake 
Erie  22  miles  southwest  of  Detroit.  It  was  the 

scene  of  a victory  of  the  British  and  Indians  under  Proctor 
over  the  Americans  under  Winchester,  Jan.  22,  1813. 
Population,  1,770,  (1910). 

Freud  (frend),  William.  Born  at  Canterbury, 
Nov.  22,  1757;  died  at  London,  Feb.  21,  1841. 
An  English  author.  He  graduated  at  Christ’s  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1780,  and  in  1781  became  a fellow  and 
tutor  in  Jesus  College  at  the  same  university.  In 1 1793  he 
published  “Peace  and  Union  recommended  to  the  Asso- 
ciated Bodies  of  Republicans  and  Anti-Republicans,  a 
tract  in  which,  among  other  things,  he  attacked  the  lit - 
ur.ry  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  was  in  consequence 
deprived  of  his  residence  at  the  college.  He  also  wrote 
“An  Address  to  tile  Inhabitants  of  Cambridge  and  its  neigh- 
borhood ...  to  turn  from  the  False  Worship  of  Three 
Persons  to  the  Worship  of  One  True  God  (1788:  subse- 
quently  reprinted  as  “An  Address  to  the  Members  of  the 
Church  of  England  and  to  Protestant  Trinitarians  in  Gen- 
eral,”  etc.),  which  involved  him  in  a controversy  with  the 
Rev.  H.  W.  Coulthur3t  and  others. 

Freneau  (fre-no'),  Philip.  Born  at.  New  York, 
1752:  died  near  Freehold,  N.  J.,Dec.  18,  183„. 
An  American  poet.  He  wa9  graduated  at  Princeton 
• in  1771;  supported  both  in  poetry  and  prose  the  popular 
cause  during  the  War  of  theRevolution  ; and  was  variously 
employed  as  a newspaper  editor  and  as  captain  of  a mer- 
chant vessel  untilabout  1790,  when  he  was  appointed  by  the 
secretary  of  state,  Thomas  Jefferson,  translator  to  the  state 
department.  At  the  same  time  he  assumed  the  editorship 
of  the  “ National  Gazette  ” (Philadelphia),  in  which  he  \ 10- 
lently  opposed  Alexander  Hamilton  and  the  I ederalists. 
He  wrote  the  “British  Prison  Ship ” (1781),  and  ‘ ‘A  Journey 
from  Philadelphia  to  New  York  by  Robert  Slender,  Stock- 
ing-weaver ” (1787  : republished  in  1809  under  the  title  A 
Laughable  Poem,  or  Robert  Slender’s  Journey  from  1 hila- 
delphia  to  New  York"), with  several  volumes  of  poems,  etc. 

Frentani  (fren-ta'ni).  In  ancient  history,  an 


Fresno 

Italian  people  of  Samnite  stock,  dwelling  along' 
the  Adriatic  coast  northwest  of  Apulia. 

Fr&re  (frar),  Charles  (Edouard).  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, July  10,  1837:  died  there,  Nov.  3,  1894.  A 
French  genre,  landscape,  and  portrait  painter, 
son  and  pupil  of  Pierre  Edouard  Frere  and  pupil 
of  Couture. 

Frere  (frar),  Charles  Theodore.  Born  at  Pans, 
June  24,  1815 : died  there,  March  24,  1888.  A 
French  genre  and  landscape  painter,  princi- 
pally of  Oriental  subjects:  known  as  Theodore 
Frere.  He  was  a pupil  of  J.  Cogniet  and  Roqueplan. 

He  first  exhibited  in  1834.  In  1836  he  went  with  the  Al- 
gerian expedition,  and  afterward  to  Egypt.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Bazar  in  Damascus  ” (1855),  “ Harem  in  Cairo  ” 
(1859),  “Ruins  of  Karnac”  (1863),  “Island  of  Philse  ” (1865), 

“ Tomb  of  the  Caliphs  at  Cairo  ’’  (1876),  “ Caravan  of  Mecca 
Pilgrims ’’ (1875),  “ Wellsnear  Nehemy ’’ (in  the  Stettin  Mu- 
seum), “Ruins  of  Luxor  "(Laval  Museum),  “Arabs  Rest- 
ing ” (Nancy  Museum),  “ Departure  from  Jerusalem  for 
Jaffa’’  (New  York  Museum). 

Frere  (frer),  Sir  Henry  Bartle  Edward  (called 
Sir  Bartle  Frere).  Born  at  Clydach,  Breck- 
nockshire. March  29, 1815:  died  at  Wimbledon, 
May  29,  1884.  A British  official.  He  entered  the 
Indian  service  in  1834;  became  resident  at  Sattara  in 
1847,  commissioner  to  Sciud  in  1850,  and  member  of  the 
council  at  Calcutta  in  1859 ; was  governor  of  Bombay  1862- 
1867  ; became  a member  of  the  Council  of  India  in  1866; 
was  created  a baronet  in  1876;  and  was  governor  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  1877-80.  During  his  governorship  of  the 
Cape  occurred  the  war  against  the  Zulus  under  Cettiwayo. 

Frere,  John  Hookham.  Born  at  London,  May 
21,  1769:  died  at  the  Pieta  Valetta,  Malta,  Jan. 

7,  1846.  An  English  diplomatist  and  author. 

He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1792,  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1795 ; entered  Parliament  in 
1796*  was  associated  with  Canning  in  the  publication  ot 
the  “Anti-Jacobin,  or  Weekly  Examiner  ” 1797-98 ; became 
under-secretary  of  state  in  the  foreign  office  in  1799  ; was 
appointed  envoy  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  at  Lis- 
bon  in  1800:  held  the  same  position  at  Madrid  1802-04  , 
was  sworn  of  the  privy  council  in  1805;  and  was  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  central  junta  of  Spam  1808-419.  He  pub- 
lished “Aristophanes,”  a metrical  version  of  the  Achar- 
nians,"  the  “Knights,”  and  the  “ Birds. 

Fr&re  (frar),  Pierre  Edouard.  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  10, 1819 : died  at  Ecouen,  May  24, 1886.  A 
French  genre  painter,  brother  of  Theodore 
Frere,  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche  and  of  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts.  He  is  known  as  Edouard  Frere. 
Amoti"  his  works  are  “The  Little  Gourmand  ’’ (1843),  The 
Little  Cook"  (1850),  “Sunday  Toilet’’  (1856),  Going  to 
School”  and  “The  Flute  Lesson"  (1859),  ' Return  from 
the  Woods  ’’  (1863),  “ Exercise  ” (1880),  “ A Bivouac  (1885), 

“ The  Elder  Brother,"  etc. 

Frere-Orban  (frar'or-bon'),  Hubert  Joseph 
Walther.  Born  at  Liege,  Belgium,  April  24, 
1812:  died  Jan.  2, 1896.  A Belgian  liberalstates- 
man  premier  1868-70  and  1878-84.  He  was  minis- 
ter of  finance  July,  1848, -Sept.,  1852,  and  1857-70,  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1878-84.  • . 

Freret  (fra-ra'),  Nicolas.  Born  at  Paris,  h eb. 
15,  1688 : died  at  Paris,  March  8, 1749.  A noted 
French  historian,  archaeologist,  chronologist, 
and  philologist.  An  incomplete  and  inaccurate 
collection  of  his  works  was  published  in  Paris 
1796-99. 

Freron  (fra-ron'),  Elie  Catherine.  Born  at 

Quimper,  France,  1719;  died  at  Pans,  March 
10  1776  A French  journalist  and  critic,  best 
known  from  a fierce  quarrel  in  which  he  was 

engaged  with  Voltaire.  . , 

Freron,  Louis  Stanislas.  Born  at  Pans,  176j  ; 
died  in  Haiti,  1802.  A French  revolutionist, 
son  of  E.  C.  Freron.  He  was  elected  a deputy  to  the 
Convention  in  1792,  and  in  1793  was  commissioned  along 
with  Barras  to  establish  the  authority  of  the  Convention 
at  Marseilles.  He  subsequently  became  subprefect  ot 
Santo  Domingo.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ Mchnoire  historique  sur  la  re- 
action royale  et  sur  les  malheurs  du  midi  ” (1796). 

Frescobaldi  (fres-ko-bal'de),  Girolamo.  Born 
at  Ferrara,  Italy,  1583:  died  March  2,  1644. 
A celebrated  Italian  organist,  singer,  and  com- 
poser for  the  organ,  organist  at  St.  Peters 
1608-28,  and  1633^43. 

Fresenius  (fre-za'ne-os),  Karl  Remigius. 
Born  Dec.  28,  1818:  died  June  11,  1897.  A 
noted  German  chemist.  He  founded  a chemical 
laboratory  at  Wiesbaden  in  1848  His  works  include  “ An- 
leitung zur  qualitativen  chemischen  A'ialyse(184L  An- 
leitung  zur  quantitativen  chemischen  Analyse  (1846),  etc. 

Fresnel  (fra-nel'),  Augustin  Jean.  Bom  at 
Broglie,  Eure.  France,  May  10,  1788 : died  at 
Ville-d’Avray,  near  Paris,  July  14,  18--.  A 
French  physicist,  noted  for  his  researches  m 
optics,  particularly  in  polarization  and  the 
wave-theory  of  light.  , , , , , . 

Fresnillo  (fres-nel'yo).  A town  m the  state  of 
Zacatecas,  Mexico,  situated  about  3 o miles 
northwest  of  Zacatecas : noted  for  its  silver- 
mines.  Population,  ahout  6,000. 

Fresno  (fres'no).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Fresno  County',  California.  Population,  24,- 
892,  (1910). 


Fresnoy 

Fresnoy,  Charles  Alphonse  du.  See  Dufres- 

noy. 

Freston  (fres'ton).  A necromancer  in  “Belia- 
nis  of  Greece.”  He  was  suspected  by  Don  Quixote  of 
having  stolen  his  books,  and  transformed  giants  into  wind- 
mills. 

Freudenstadt  (froi'den-stat).  A town  in  the 
Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  30  miles 
east-southeast  of  Strasburg.  Population, 
commune,  7,918. 

Freudenthal  (froi'den-tal).  A town  in  Silesia, 
Austria-Hungary,  16  miles  west-northwest  of 
Troppau  : a linen-manufacturing  center.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  8,062,  (1910). 

Freund  (froind),  Wilhelm.  Bom  Jan.  27, 1806 : 
died  at  Breslau,  June  4, 1894.  A German  phi- 
lologist, of  Hebrew  descent.  He  was  teacher  in  the 
gymnasium  at  Breslau  1828-29,  rector  of  the  gymnasium 
at  Hirschberg  1848-51,  and  director  of  a Hebrew  school  at 
Gleiwitz  1855-70.  He  completed  a well-known  Latin  lexi- 
con (Worterbuch  der lateinischen  Sprache,”  1834-46),  etc. 
Frdvent  (fra-von').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  on  the  Canche  21 
miles  west  of  Arras.  Population,  commune, 
4,755. 

Frey  (fra).  [ON.  Freyr .]  In  Norse  mythology, 
the  god  of  the  earth’s  fruitfulness,  presiding 
over  rain,  sunshine,  and  all  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  and  dispensing  wealth  among  men  : the 
son  of  Njord.  He  was  especially  worshiped  in  the 
temple  at  Upsala  in  Sweden. 

Frey,  Tamil  Born  at  Arlsheim,  near  Basel , Oct. 
24,  1838.  A Swiss  politician.  While  temporarily 
in  the  United  States  in  1861  he  enlisted  as  a sergeant  in 
the  Union  army.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Gettysburg, 
and  suffered  many  privations  in  Libby  prison.  He  re- 
turned to  Switzerland  at  the  end  of  the  war,  and  was  sent 
back  to  the  United  States  as  minister  in  1882,  serving  five 
years.  He  was  president  of  the  Swiss  Confederation 
1894-97. 

Freya  (fri'a).  [ON.  Freyja.\  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Njord  and  sister  of 
Frey.  Her  dwelling  was  Folkvang  (ON.  Folkvangr). 
Her  chariot  was  drawn  by  two  cats.  To  her  with  Odin, 
whose  wife  she  is  according  to  later  mythology,  belonged 
those  slain  in  battle.  Freyja  was  the  goddess  of  fruit- 
fulness and  of  sexual  love. 

Freycinet  (fra-se-na ' ),  Charles  Louis  de 
Saulces  de.  Bom  at  Foix,  Ariege,  France, 
Nov.  14,  1828.  A French  politician.  He  was 
coadjutor  of  Gambetta  in  the  ministry  of  1870-71,  and 
was  elected  senator  in  1876.  He  was  minister  of  public 
works  1877-79  ; premier  1879-80  and  Jan. -July,  1882,  and 
again  Jan.  7-Dec.  3,  1886,  and  March  16,  1890, -Feb.  19, 
1892 ; minister  of  foreign  affairs  1885-86 ; minister  of  war 
1888-93 ; premier  March  16,  1890, -Feb.  13, 1892 ; and  min- 
ister of  war  Nov.,  1898, -May  6,  1899. 

Freycinet,  Louis  ClajideDesaulses  de.  Born 
at  Montelimart,  Drome,  France,  Aug.  7,  1779: 
died  near  Loriel,  Drome,  Aug.  18,  1842.  A 
French  navigator.  Hepublished  “Voyage  de  decou- 
vertes  aux  terres  australes  pendant  les  anndes  1800-4” 
(1807-16),  “Voyage  autour  du  monde  pendant  les  anndes 
1817-20  ” (1824-44),  etc. 

Freyr.  See  Frey. 

Freytag  (fri'tiig),  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich. 

Bom  at  Liineburg,  Prussia,  Sept.  19, 1788 : died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  16,  1861.  A German 
Orientalist,  author  of  a “Lexicon  Arabico- 
Latinum  ” (1830-37),  etc. 

Freytag,  Gustav.  Born  at  Kreuzburg  in  Sile- 
sia, Germany,  July  13,  1816:  died  at  Wiesba- 
den, April  30,  1895.  A German  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer.  He  became  docent  of  the  German 
language  and  literature  at  the  University  of  Berlin. 
He  resigned  this  position,  however,  in  1844,  and  went  to 
Leipsic  and  Dresden.  In  1848  he  returned  to  Leipsic, 
where  with  Julian  Schmidt  he  engaged  in  editorial  work 
on  the  “Grenzboten,"  which  he  conducted  until  1831,  and 
again  from  1867  to  1870.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  sum- 
moned to  the  headquarters  of  the  German  crown  prince, 
where  he  remained  during  part  of  the  war.  In  1879  he 
removed  to  Wiesbaden.  His  earliest  works  are  dramatic. 
The  drama  “Die  Valentine"  appeared  in  1846,  the  com- 
edy “Die  Journalisten”  (“The  Journalists”)  in  1853. 
The  novel  “Soil  und  Haben  ”(“ Debit  and  Credit”)  fol- 
lowed in  1855,  a tragedy  “Die  Fabier”(“The  Fabians") 
in  1859,  “Die  Technik  des  Dramas”  (“The  Technic  of 
the  Drama”)  in  1863,  and  the  novel  “Die  verlorene  Hand- 
schrift”  (“The  Lost  Manuscript”)  in  1864.  From  1859  to 
1862  appeared  the  “ Bilder  aus  der  deutschen  Vergangen- 
heit”(“  Pictures  from  the  German  Past”),  in  four  volumes. 
The  series  of  novels,  six  in  number,  under  the  collective 
title  “Die  Ahnen”  (“Our  Ancestors"),  descriptive  of  Ger- 
man life  from  the  time  of  the  Romans  to  the  Napoleonic 
wars,  appeared  from  1870  to  1880.  A short  autobiography, 
“Erinnerungen  aus  meinem  Leben  "(“Recollections  from 
my  Life  ”),  appeared  with  his  coUected  works  (22  volumes) 
in  1887. 

Friar  Bacon,  The  Famous  History  of.  Apopu- 
lar  legend  concerning  Roger  Bacon,  it  was  pub- 
lished in  a prose  tract,  in  London,  in  1627  (reprinted  in 
Thom's  “Early  Prose  Romances").  No  earlier  edition  is 
known,  but  that  it  is  much  older  is  evident  from  the  fact 
that  Greene’s  “Honorable  History  of  Friar  Bacon  and 
Friar  Bungay,”  which  was  founded  on  it,  was  played  at 
Devonshire  House  in  1691.  It  was  first  printed  in  1594. 

Friar  Gerund.  See  Fray  Gerundio. 

Friar  Rush.  See  Bush. 


413 

Friar’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Canter- 
bury Tales.”  It  is  the  story  of  a summoner  who,  when 
he  was  riding  to  oppress  a poor  widow,  met  a foul  fiend 
and  entered  into  a compact  with  him  The  Uend  finally 
carries  him  off.  Hubert,  the  friar  who  tells  the  tale,  is  a 
“limitour”  — that  is,  one  licensed  to  hear  confessions  and 
perform  offices  of  the  church  within  a certain  district.  He 
is  “wanton  and  merry,  a fuU  festive  man.” 

Friar  Tuck.  See  Tuck. 

Frias  (fre'as),  Tomas.  Born  in  Potosi,  Jan.  14, 
1805:  died  in  La  Paz,  Aug.,  1884.  A Bolivian 
statesman.  He  was  repeatedly  secretary  of  state ; held 
various  important  diplomatic  posts  ; and  was  acting  presi- 
dent1 Nov.,  1872,  to  May,  1873;  vice-president  1873  ; and, 
after  the  death  of  Ballivian,  president  from  Feb.,  1874,  to 
May,  1877.  His  term  was  quiet  and  progressive. 

Fribble  (frib'l).  1.  A haberdasher  in  Thomas 
Shadwell’s  comedy  “Epsom  Wells.”  He  is  surly, 
conceited,  and  proud  of  his  submissive  but  deceitful  wife, 
though  he  pretends  to  domineer  over  her. 

2.  In  Garrick’s  play  “Miss  in  her  Teens,”  a 
weak-minded  fop.  Garrickplayed  the  character  him- 
self. In  the  reign  of  George  II.  any  one  who  affected  the 
extreme  of  fashionable  folly  was  called  a “fribble.” 

Fribourg  (fre-bor'),  G.  Freiburg  (fri'boro).  A 
canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  by  Bern  on 
the  northeast  and  east,  Vaud  on  the  south  and 
west,  and  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel  on  the  north- 
west. The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture,  the  prevail- 
ing religion  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  language  69  per 
cent.  French  and  31  per  cent.  German.  Fribourg  sends  6 
members  to  the  National  Council.  It  was  admitted  to 
the  Swiss  Confederation  in  1481.  A liberal  constitution 
was  adopted  in  1831.  Area,  644  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 139,199,  (1910). 

Fribourg,  G.  Freiburg  im  Uchtlande  (fri'- 
borc  im  iicht'lan-de).  The  capital  of  the  can- 
ton of  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  on  the  Saane  17 
miles  southwest  of  Bern.  It  is  on  the  border  be- 
tween French  and  German  Switzerland.  It  consists  of  a 
lower  and  an  upper  town.  The  cathedral,  begun  in  1283,  is 
an  interesting  church  with  a late-Pointed  tower,  280  feet 
high,  and  a curiously  sculptured  portaL  The  organ  has 
long  been  celebrated  as  one  of  the  best  existing.  The 
suspension-bridge  crossing  the  gorge  of  the  Saane  was 
built  in  1834.  The  span  is  810  feet,  and  the  height  above 
the  stream  168.  Four  wire  cables  are  carried  over  its  two 
end  towers,  which  have  the  form  of  simple  arches  of  ma- 
sonry, flanked  by  coupled  Doric  pilasters,  and  crowned  by 
an  entablature  and  a low  attic.  Population,  14,707. 

Fricktbal  (frik'tal).  A territory  in  Switzer- 
land, in  the  northern  part  of  the  canton  of  Aar- 
gau,  with  which  it  was  incorporated  in  1803. 

Friday  (fri'da).  [From  Frigga,  a Teutonic 
goddess,  in  part  identified  with  the  Roman 
Venus,  AS.  Frige  dxg,  etc.,  being  a translation 
of  the  Roman  name  of  this  day,  dies  Veneris, 
or  Veneris  dies.']  The  sixth  day  of  the  week. 
Friday  is  the  Mohammedan  Sabbath,  or  “ day  of  assem- 
bly.” It  is  said  in  the  Mohammedan  traditions  to  have 
been  established  by  divine  command  as  a day  of  worship 
for  Jew  and  Christian  alike,  as  being  the  day  on  which 
Adam  was  created  and  received  into  paradise,  the  day  on 
which  he  was  expelled  from  it,  the  day  on  which  he  re- 
pented, and  the  day  on  which  he  died.  It  will,  accord- 
ing to  the  same  traditions,  be  the  day  of  the  resurrection. 
In  the  Roman  and  Eastern  and  Anglican  churches,  all 
Fridays  except  Christmas  day  (when  it  occurs  on  Friday) 
are  generaUy  observed  as  fa3ts  of  obligation  or  days  of 
abstinence,  in  memory  of  the  crucifixion  of  Christ,  an 
event  which  is  especially  commemorated  annually  on 
Good  Friday.  In  most  Christian  nations  Friday  is  popu- 
larly regarded  with  superstition,  and  is  considered  an 
unlucky  day  for  beginning  any  enterprise.  To  spill  more 
or  less  salt  on  Friday  is  considered  an  especially  bad  omen. 
Until  recently  it  was  common  for  criminals  under  sentence 
of  capital  punishment  to  be  executed  on  Friday : hence 
Friday  is  sometimes  called  hangman's  day. 

Friday.  The  native  attendant  of  Robinson 
Crusoe,  in  Defoe’s  novel  of  that  name.  He  was 
so  named  by  his  maste^because  the  latter  liad  saved  him 
from  death  on  that  day. 

Friday  Club,  The.  A club  instituted  at  Edin- 
burgh by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  June,  1803. 
Frideswide,  Fritheswitli,  or  Fredeswitha. 

Died  possibly  in  735.  An  English  saint.  She 
was  a royal  princess,  according  to  the  legend,  and  fied 
from  the  importunities  of  her  lover  to  Oxford,  where  she 
founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Frideswide.  She  is  com- 
memorated on  Oct.  19. 

Fridigern.  See  Fritigern. 

Friedberg  (fred'berG).  A town  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Ach  5 miles  east-south- 
east of  Augsburg.  Here,  Ang.  24,  1796,  the  French 
under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Latour.  Pop- 
ulation, about  3,000. 

Friedberg.  A town  in  the  province  of  Upper 
Hesse,  Hesse,  on  the  Usa  16  miles  north  of 
Frankfort-on-the-Main:  formerly  a free  impe- 
rial city.  Here,  July  10,  1796,  the  French  under  .Tour- 
dan  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Wartensleben.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  8,852.  , 

Friedericia.  See  Fredericia. 

Friedewald  (fre'de-valt).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  33  miles 
south-southeast  of  Cassel. 

Friedewald,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded 
at  Friedewald,  Prussia,  Oct.  5,  1551,  between 
France  and  the  League  of  Smalkalden,  for  the 


Friesland 

purpose  of  liberating  Philip, landgrave  of  Hesse, 
who  was  held  as  a prisoner  of  state  by  the  em- 
peror. His  freedom  was  secured  by  the  Peace 
of  Passau,  July  16,  1552. 

Friedland  (fred'lant).  A town  in  Bohemia,  on 
the  Wittich  64  miles  north-northeast  of  Prague. 
Its  castle  belonged  to  Wallenstein,  duke  of 
Friedland.  Population,  commune,  6,892,  (1910). 

Friedland.  A town  in  the  province  of  East 
Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alle  26  miles 
southeast  of  Konigsberg.  Here,  June  14,  1807,  the 
French  (70,000  to  80,000)  under  Napoleon  defeated  the 
Russians  and  Prussians  (55,000  to  70,000)  under  Bennigsen. 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  about  7,000  to  8,000 ; that  of 
the  Allies,  over  25,000. 

Friedland.  A town  in  the  grand  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Germany,  43  miles 
N.  W.  of  Stettin.  Population,  commune,  7,449. 

Friedlander  (fred'len-der),  Friedrich.  Bora 
Jan.  10,  1825:  died  June  14,  1901.  An  Aus- 
trian genre  painter,  a pupil  of  Waldmuller. 

Friedlander,  Julius.  Born  at  Berlin,  June  25, 
1813 : died  there,  April  4,  1884.  A German  nu- 
mismatist, keeper  of  the  royal  collection  of 
ancient  coins. 

Friedlander,  Ludwig.  Born  at  Konigsberg, 
July  16,  1824:  died  at  Strasburg  in  December, 
1909.  A German  scholar,  professor  of  classi- 
cal philology  and  archaeology  at  Konigsberg 
1858-92.  He  published  works  on  Homer  and  the 
Homeric  question,  and  on  Roman  antiquities. 

Friedrichroda  (fred'rich-ro-da).  A small  town 
in  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  in  the  Thuringian  For- 
est 9 miles  southwest  of  Gotha. 

Friedrichshafen  (fred'richs-ha-fen).  A small 
town  in  the  Danube  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  on  the 
Lake  of  Constance  14  miles  east  of  Constance. 

Friedrichsruh  (fred'richs-ro).  The  residence 
of  Prince  Bismarck,  about  15  miles  southeast  of 
Hamburg. 

Friendly  (frend'li),  Sir  John.  In  Vanbrugh’s 
play  “The  Relapse,”  a country  gentleman. 
Sheridan  metamorphosed  him  into  his  Colonel 
Townly  in  the  “ Trip  to  Scarborough.” 

Friendly  Islands.  See  Tonga  Islands. 

Friend  of  Man,  The.  [F.  L ’Ami  des  hommes.] 
A surname  ironically  given  to  Mirabeau  (father 
of  the  orator),  from  the  title  of  his  work  “ L’Ami 
des  hommes.” 

Friendship  in  Fashion.  A comedy  by  Thomas 
Otway,  produced  in  1678. 

Fries  (fres),  Bernhard.  Born  at  Heidelberg, 
Baden,  May  16,  1820 : died  at  Munich,  May  21, 
1879.  A German  landscape-painter,  younger 
brother  of  Ernst  Fries. 

Fries,  Elias  Magnus.  Born  at  Femsjo,  near 
Wexio,  Sweden,  Aug.  15, 1794:  died  at  Upsala, 
Sweden,  Feb.  8, 1878.  A Swedish  botanist.  He 
was  professor  of  practical  economy  1834,  and  of  botany 
1851,  and  director  of  the  botanical  museum  and  garden, 
at  Upsala.  His  works  include  “ Systema  orbis  vegetabilis  ” 
(1825),  “ Observationes  mycologicse  ” (1815-18),  “Summa 
vegetabilium  Scandinavia)  ” (1846-49). 

Fries,  Ernst.  Born  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  June 
22, 1801:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Oct.  11,1833. 
A German  landscape-painter. 

Fries,  Jakob  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Barby,  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  Aug.  23,  1773:  died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, Aug.  10, 1843.  A German  philosophical 
writer,  professor  at  Heidelberg  and  later  (of 
philosophy)  at  Jena.  He  was  deprived  of  his  office 
for  political  reasons  in  1819,  but  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  physics  and  mathematics  in  1824.  He  wrote 
“Neue  Kritik  der  Vernunft  ” (1807),  etc. 

Friesians  (fre'zianz),  or  Frisians  (friz'ianz). 
The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  Friesland;  the 
Low  German  people  who  were  the  ancestors  of 
the  present  inhabitants  of  Friesland. 

Friesic  (fre'zik).  The  language  of  the  Frie- 
sians : in  its  oldest  form  specifically  called  Old 
Friesic.  It  is  a Low  German  dialect  formerly  spoken  in 
the  northern  part  of  Germany  in  the  district  which  in- 
cludes the  present  Friesland.  Old  Friesic,  with  Old  Saxon 
and  Anglo-Saxon,  constituted  the  main  part  of  what  is 
collectively  called  Old  Low  German,  of  which  the  present 
modern  Friesic  in  its  local  variations,  North,  East,  and 
West  Friesic,  and  Dutch,  Flemish,  and  Low  German  in  its 
restricted  sense  (Platt-Deutsch),  are  the  modern  continen- 
tal remains. 

Friesland  (frez'land),  or  Vriesland  (fres'lant). 
[L.  Frisia,  F.  1 Wise.]  A province  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, capital  Leeuwarden,  bounded  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  north,  Groningen  and  Drenthe 
on  the  east,  Overyssel  on  the  south,  and  the  Zuy- 
der  Zee  on  the  southwest  and  northwest.  Its  sur- 
face is  generally  flat.  Friesland  formerly  included  a much 
larger  territory.  It  was  under  the  counts  of  Holland,  but 
became  independent  early  in  the  15th  century.  In  1615  it 
was  incorporated  with  the  Hapsburg  dominions,  and  it  be- 
came one  of  the  Seven  United  Provinces  of  the  Nether- 
lands. It  is  also  called  West  Friesland.  Area,  1,282 
square  miles.  Population,  362,912. 


Friesland,  East 

Friesland,  East.  See  East  Friesland. 

Frigg(frig).  [Latinized  as  Frigga  or  Friga.~\  In 
Norse  mythology,  the  wife  of  Odin,  and  the  queen 
of  the  gods.  She  is  often  confounded  with  Freya,  a 
distinct  deity.  Frigg  was  the  goddesB  of  love  in  its  loftier 
and  constant  form. 

Frigga,  or  Friga  (frig'a).  [Latinized  forms  of 
Frigg.']  Same  as  Frigg. 

Frigidus  (frij'i-dus).  A small  river,  tributary 
of  the  Isonzo,  which  it  joins  near  Gorz  in  Aus- 
tria : the  modern  Wipbach.  It  is  noted  for  its  cold- 
ness. In  its  valley,  near  the  Bu  nbaumer  Wald,  Theodo- 
sius defeated  the  forces  of  Eugenius  and  Arbogast  in  394. 

Frimaire  (fre-mar').  [F.,  ‘ the  sleety.’]  The 
name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  first  French  republic  for  the  third 
month  of  the  year.  It  consisted  of  30  days,  commen- 
cing with  Nov.  21  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  6,  6,  7,  with  Nov.  22 
in  4,  8,  9,  10,  11,  13,  14,  and  with  Nov.  23  in  the  vear  12. 

Frimont  (fre-mon'),  Johann  Maria  Philipp, 

Count  of,  Prince  of  Antrodocco.  Born  at  Fin- 
stingen,  Lorraine,  Jan.  3, 1759 : died  at  Vienna, 
Dec.  26, 1831.  An  Austrian  general.  He  entered 
the  Austrian  army  in  1776,  and  was  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Austrian  troops  in  Upper  Italy  when  he  invaded 
France  in  1815.  He  quelled,  in  accordance  with  the  de- 
crees of  the  Congress  of  Laybach,  the  liberal  insurrection 
at  Naples  in  1821,  and  was  made  president  of  the  council 
of  war  at  Vienna  in  Nov.,  1831. 

Frio  (fre'o),  Cape.  A promontory  in  Brazil, 
about  50  miles  east  of  Rio  de  Janeiro:  light- 
house in  lat.  23°  O'  42*  S.,  long.  42°  0'  1"  W. 

Frisches  Haff  (frish'es  haf).  [G.,‘ Fresh  Bay.’] 
A body  of  water  north  of  the  provinces  of  East 
and  West  Prussia,  extending  from  near  Konigs- 
berg  southwestward  about  53  miles.  Its  average 
width  is  about  5 miles.  It  is  separated  by  a tongue  of  land 
(Frisehe  Nehrung)  from  the  Baltic,  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates by  the  Pillauer  Tief. 

Frischlin  (frish'len),  Nikodemus.  Born  at 
Balingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  22,  1547 : died 
near  the  fortress  of  Hohenurach,  Wiirtemberg, 
Nov.  29-30,  1590.  A German  philologist  and 
Latin  poet. 

Frisco  (fris'ko).  A colloquial  abbreviation  of 
San  Francisco. 

Friscobaldo  (fris-ko-bal'do).  In  Dekker  and 
Middleton’s  “Honest  Whore,”  the  father  of 
Bellafront. 

Frisian  Islands,  North.  See  North  Friesian 
Islands. 

Frisians.  See  Friesians. 

Frith,  or  Fryth  (frith),  John.  Born  at  Wester- 
ham,  Kent,  in  1503 : executed  at  London,  July 
4, 1533.  An  English  Reformer  and  martyr.  He 
took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  King’s  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1525,  and  in  the  same  year  became  a junior  canon  of  Car- 
dinal College  (afterward  Christ  Church),  Oxford.  He  went 
abroad  in  1528  to  avoid  religious  persecution,  resided  for 
a time  at  the  University  of  Marburg,  and  was  associated 
with  Tyndale  in  his  literary  work.  He  returned  to  England 
in  1532,  was  arrested  for  heresy  by  order  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  and  was  burned  at  the  stake  in  Smithfleld,  London. 
During  his  imprisonment  he  wrote  “ A Boke  made  by  John 
Fryth,  prysoner  in  the  Tower  of  London,  answerynge  to  M. 
More  s Letter,”  etc.  (1533). 

Frith,  Mary.  See  Cutpurse,  Moll. 

Frith,  William  Powell.  Born  at  Studley,  near 
Ripon,  England,  1819:  died  at  London,  Nov.  2, 
1909.  An  English  painter.  In  1839  he  exhibited  a 
portrait  at  the  British  Institution,  which  was  followed  in 
1840  by  “Othello  and  Desdemona  ’ and  “Malvolio  before 
the  Countess  Olivia”  at  the  Academy.  Elected  a royal 
academician  in  1852.  Among  his  paintings  are  “The 
Village  Pastor,”  “The  Derby  Day,”  and  “The  Railway  Sta- 
tion.” He  published  “My  Autobiography  and  Reminis- 
cences” (1887)  and  “ Further  Reminiscences"  (1888). 

Frithigern.  See  Fritigern. 

Frithjof’s  (fret'yofs),  or  Fridthiof’s  (fret'- 
yofs),  Saga.  An  Icelandic  saga,  assigned  to 
the  14th  century,  relating  the  adventures  of  the 
Norwegian  hero  Frithjof  (or  Fridthiof).  It  is 
the  subject  of  a poem  by  Tegner,  “Frithiof’s  Saga,"  pub- 
lished in  1825. 

Fritigern  (frit'i-gern),  or  Frithigern,  orFridi- 

gern.  Died  in  381  a.  d.  A king  of  the  West 
Goths.  He  commanded  a band  of  Christian  West  Goths 
who,  when  their  race  was  expelled  from  Dacia  by  the  Huns 
in  376,  took  refuge  in  Moesia  by  permission  of  the  emperor 
Valens.  Disputes  with  the  Roman  officials  at  the  passage 
of  the  Danube  led  to  war,  and  Fritigern  with  200,000  men 
defeated  and  killed  Valens  at  Adrianople  in  378. 

Fritsch  (fritsh),  Gustav.  Born  at  Cottbus, 
Germany,  March  5,  1838.  A German  naturalist 
and  traveler.  After  graduating  in  natural  sciences  and 
medicine,  he  made  a successful  exploration  of  South  Africa 
1863-68,  travelingfrom  Cape  Town  through  the  Orange  Free 
State,  Natal,  and  Bechuana-land  as  far  as  the  Ba-Mangwato 
tribe.  His  work  “ Die  Eingeborenen  Sudafrikas  ” (Breslau, 
1873)  is  still  the  best  contribution  to  the  anthropology 
of  the  Bantu,  Hottentot,  and  Bushman  races.  In  1874  he 
became  professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin.  From  1881 
to  1882  he  traveled  in  Egypt  and  the  Orient,  making  special 
researches  on  electric  fishes ; and  in  1890  he  published,  at 
Leipsic,  “Die  elektrischen  Fische.” 

Fritz  (frits),  Der  Alte.  [G., 'Old  Fritz.’]  A 


414 

nickname  given  by  his  soldiers  to  Frederick 
the  Great. 

Fritz,  Samuel.  Born  in  Bohemia,  1653:  died 
at  the  Jeberos  Mission,  on  the  Upper  Amazon, 
March  20, 1728.  A Jesuit  missionary.  The  greater 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  among  the  Amazonian  Indians, 
and  he  established  the  Omaguas  and  other  missions.  He 
repeatedly  traversed  the  whole  length  of  the  river.  In 
1707  his  map  of  the  Amazon  was  first  published  at  Quito, 
and  it  long  remained  the  authority  for  this  region. 

Fritz,  Unser.  [G.,‘Our  Fritz.’]  A nickname 
given  by  Germans  to  Frederick  William,  crown 
prince  of  Germany,  and  later  emperor. 

Fritzlar  (frits'lar).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  the  Eder 
16  miles  southwest  of  Cassel.  it  is  noted  for  its 
cathedral  and  as  the  first  seat  in  Hesse  of  Christianity, 
which  was  introduced  by  St.  Boniface  about  732. 

Friuli  (fre'o-le).  [F.  Frioul,  G.  Friaul:  from 
the  town  Forum.  Julii.']  A district  north  of  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  mainly  comprised  in  the  modern 
province  of  Udine,  Italy,  and  in  the  crownland 
Gorz  and  Gradiska,  Austria-Hungary,  it  became 
a Lombard  duchy  in  the  6th  century,  and  was  ruled  by 
dukes  and  margraves  in  the  middle  ages.  Austrian  Friuli 
was  acquired  by  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in  1500,  and  Vene- 
tian Friuli  was  acquired  from  Venice  in  1797.  Both  por- 
tions were  lost  by  Austria  in  1805  and  1809,  and  regained 
in  1815.  Venetian  Friuli  was  ceded  to  Italy  in  1866. 

Frobel  (fr^'bel),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Ober- 
weissbach,  Scbwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany, 
April  21, 1782:  died  at  Marienthal,  near  Bad 
Liebenstein,  Germany,  June  21,  1852.  A Ger- 
man educator,  founder  of  the  kindergarten  sys- 
tem of  instruction.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of 
Jena,  Gottingen,  and  Berlin ; served  against  the  French 
in  the  campaigns  of  1813  and  1814 ; founded  in  1816,  at 
Griesheim,  an  educational  institution  which  was  removed 
to  Keilhau,  near  Rudolstadt,  in  1817  ; and  in  1837  founded 
a kindergarten  at  Blankenburg  in  Thuringia.  His  chief 
work  is  “Die  Menschenerziehung”  (1826). 

Frobel,  Julius.  Born  at  Griesheim,  near  Stadt- 
Ilm,  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  July  16,  1805 : 
died  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Nov.  6,  1893.  A 
German  politician,  traveler,  and  author,  nephew 
of  Friedrich  Frobel.  He  took  partin  the  revolution- 
ary movement  at  Vienna  in  1848,  and  in  1867  founded  at 
Munich  the  “Siiddeutsche  Presse,”  which  he  conducted 
until  1873.  He  was  appointed  consul  of  the  German 
Empire  at  Smyrna  in  1873,  and  held  a similar  post  at  Al- 
giers 1876-89.  His  chief  works  are  “ System  der  sozialen 
Politik”  (1847),  “Aus  Amerika”  (1857-58),  “Theorie  der 
Politik”  (1861-64),  “Die  Wirthschaft  des  Menschenge- 
schlechts  ’ ’ (1870-76),  “ Die  realistische  W eltansicht.  u nd  die 
utilitarische  Civilisation”  (1881),  and  “Ein  Lebenslauf” 
(1890-91). 

Frobisher  (fro'bish-er),  Sir  Martin.  Died  in 
1594.  An  English  navigator.  He  was  of  a family 
of  Welsh  origin  settled  at  Altofts  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire.  He  commanded  an  expedition  in  search  of  the 
northwest  passage  in  1576,  on  which  he  discovered  the 
bay  since  known  as  Frobisher  Bay.  One  of  his  sailors 
having  brought  home  a piece  of  ore  supposed  to  contain 
gold,  he  was  sent  out  again  in  command  of  two  expeditions 
in  search  of  gold,  1577-78.  On  both  occasions,  however, 
the  ore  which  he  brought  home  proved  to  be  worthless. 
He  fought  with  distinction  against  the  Great  Armada  in 
1588.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Frobisher  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  ocean  extend- 
ing about  200  miles  into  Baffin  Land,  between 
Hudson  Strait  and  Cumberland  Sound.  It  was 
until  recently  called  Frobisher  Strait. 

Frog  (frog),  Nicholas  or  Nic.  A nickname  for 
the  Dutch  in  Arbuthnot’s  ‘ ‘ Law  is  a Bottomless 
Pit,”  in  “The  History  of  John  Bull.” 

Frogmore  (frog'mdr)  Lodge.  A mansion  near 
Windsor  Castle,  England.  It  was  the  residence  of 
Queen  Victoria’s  mother,  and  in  the  grounds  is  the  mauso- 
leum erected  by  the  queen  to  her  husband. 

Frogs  (frogz),  The.  A famous  comedy  by  Aris- 
tophanes. It  was  exhibited  in  405  b.  c.,  and  ob- 
tained the  first  prize. 

The  plot  fof  “ The  Frogs  ”]  is  separated  into  two  parts : 
first,  the  adventures  of  Dionysus  on  his  journey  to  Hades 
in  search  of  a good  poet,  Sophocles  and  Euripides  being 
lately  dead  ; and  secondly,  the  poetical  contest  of  .Eschy- 
lus  and  Euripides,  and  the  final  victory  of  .Eschylus. 
These  subjects  are  logically  though  loosely  connected  to- 
gether, but  remind  us  strongly  of  the  dramatic  economy 
of  the  very  poet  whom  Aristophanes  is  here  attacking  so 
vehemently.  No  analysis  can  reproduce  the  real  brilliancy 
of  the  piece,  which  consists  in  all  manner  of  comic  situa- 
tions, repartees,  parodies,  and  unexpected  blunders. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  457. 

Frohlich  (frVlieh),  Abraham  Emanuel.  Born 
at  Brugg,  Aargau,  Switzerland,  Feb.  1,  1796: 
died  at  Baden,  Aargau,  Dec.  1,  1865.  A Ger- 
man-Swiss  poet,  best  known  as  a writer  of 
fables  (published  1825). 

Frohsdorf  (froz'dosf).  A village  and  castle 
about  30  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  is  noted  as 
having  been  the  headquarters  of  the  French  Legitimist 
party  from  1844  until  the  death  of  the  Comte  de  Chambord 
in  1883. 

Froissart  (froi'sart;  F.  pron.  frwa-sar'),  Jean. 
Born  at  Valenciennes,  1337 : died  at  Chimay 
about  1410.  A celebrated  French  chronicler. 
Nothing  is  known  of  his  family  or  early  life  beyond  the 


Frontenac 

few  facts  to  be  gleaned  from  his  own  writings.  In  1360  he 
was  welcomed  to  England  by  his  countrywoman  Queen 
Philippa  of  Hainaut,  wife  of  Edward  III.  ' In  1365  he  vis- 
ited Scotland,  and  in  May,  1368,  he  was  at  Milan  in  the 
company  of  Petrarch  and  Chaucer.  About  1372,  after  sev- 
eral years  spent  in  travel,  Froissart  decided  to  enter  the 
church.  The  period  of  his  activity  as  a chronicler  extends 
from  1367  to  1400.  His  .great  work  is  the  “Chronique  de 
France,  d’Angleterre,  d’Ecosse  et  d’Espagne,"  relating  the 
events  of  history  from  1325  till  1400.  It  was  published 
before  the  close  of  the  15th  century,  and  was  thus  among 
the  first  books  to  be  printed.  One  of  the  6 editions  of  the 
16th  century  was  by  Denis  Sauvaye,  historian  to  Henry  II. 
of  France.  The  best  editions  in  modern  times  are  by  Ker- 
vyn  de  Lettenhove,  in  25  volumes  (1867-77),  and  by  Simeon 
Luce,  incomplete,  in  8 volumes  (1869-88). 

Froissart,  though  inferior  to  Lescurel,  and  though  far 
less  remarkable  as  a poet  than  as  a prose  writer,  can  fairly 
hold  his  own  with  Deschamps  and  Machault,  while  he 
has  the  advantage  of  being  easily  accessible.  The  later 
part  of  his  life  having  been  given  up  to  history,  he  is  not 
quite  so  voluminous  in  verse  as  his  two  predecessors. 
Yet,  if  the  attribution  to  him  of  the  “ Cour  d’Amour  ” and 
the  “Tresor  Amoureux  ’’  be  correct,  he  has  left  some  40,009 
or  50,000  lines.  The  bulk  of  his  work  consists  of  long  poems 
in  the  allegorical  courtship  of  the  time,  interspersed  with 
shorter  lyrical  pieces  in  the  prevailing  forms.  One  of 
these  poems,  the  “Buisson  de  Jonece,"  is  interesting  be- 
cause of  its  autobiographical  details ; and  some  shorter 
pieces  approaching  more  nearly  to  the  Fabliau  style,  “Le 
Dit  au  Florin,”  “ Le  Debat  du  Cheval  et  du  Ldvrier,  etc., 
are  sprightly  and  agreeable  enough. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  104. 

Frolic  (frol'ik),  Sir  Frederick.  A character 
in  Etherege’s  comedy  “ The  Comical  Revenge.” 

He  [Sir  Frederick  Frolic]  is  a man  of  quality,  who  can 
fight  at  need  with  spirit  and  firmness  of  nerve,  but  whose 
customary  occupation  is  the  pursuit  of  pleasure  without 
dignity  and  without  reflection. 

Oosse,  Seventeenth  Century  Studies. 

Frolic,  The.  A British  sloop  of  war  taken  in 
1812  by  Captain  Jacob  Jones  in  the  American 
sloop  of  war  Wasp. 

Frollo  (frol'ld).  In  “Arthur,”  an  English  Ar- 
thurian legend  of  the  first  half  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, a French  knight.  Arthur  kills  him  in  single 
combat,  with  his  great  sword  Brownsteel,  when  on  his 
way  to  take  Paris. 

Frollo  (F.  pron.  fro-lo'),  Claude.  An  arch- 
deacon, one  of  the  leading  characters  in  “Notre 
Dame  de  Paris,”  by  Victor  Hugo.  He  is  absorbed 
in  alchemy  and  is  reputed  holy,  hut  he  falls  in  love  with 
and  persecutes  Esmeralda,  a gipsy.  After  her  death  he  is 
killed  in  revenge  by  Quasimodo,  who  throws  him  from  the 
top  of  the  tower  of  Notre  Dame. 

Frollo,  Jehan.  A scholar  in  “Notre  Dame  de 
Paris,”  by  Victor  Hugo. 

Frome,  or  From'e  Selwood  (from  sel'wud). 
A manufacturing  town  in  Somerset,  England, 
11  miles  south  of  Bath.  Population,  about 
11,000.  , 

Fromentin  (fro-mon-tan'),  Eugene.  Bom  at 
St. -Maurice,  near  La  Rochelle,  Oct.  24,  1820: 
died  there,  Aug.  27,  1876.  A noted  French 
genre  painter,  a pupil  of  R6mond  and  Cabat. 
He  visited  Algiers  1846-48  and  1852-53,  and  brought  home 
many  sketches  from  which  he  painted  his  characteristic 
pictures  of  Oriental  life.  He  was  also  the  author  of  “Do- 
minique,” a successful  romance,  and  of  works  on  art  and 
travel.  He  was  awarded  a second-class  medal  in  1849  and 
1867,  and  a first-class  in  1859.  He  became  a member  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1859. 

Fronde  (frond),  The.  [F.,  lit.  ‘a  sling.’]  In 
French  history,  the  name  of  a party  which  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  Louis  XIV.  waged  civil  war 
against  the  court  party,  on  account  of  the  hu- 
miliations inflicted  on  the  high  nobility  and  the 
heavy  fiscal  impositions  laid  on  the  people. 
The  movement  began  with  the  resistance  of  the  Parliament 
of  Paris  to  the  measures  of  the  minister  Mazarin,  and  was 
sarcastically  called  by  one  of  his  supporters  there  “ the 
war  of  the  frofide,”  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  the  sling  then 
common  among  the  street-hoys  of  Paris.  The  contest 
continued  from  1648  to  1652,  duriug  w’hich  Mazarin  was 
driven  from  power,  but  soon  restored.  The  opposition  to 
him  had  degenerated  into  a course  of  selfish  intrigue  and 
party  strife,  whence  the  name  frondeur  became  a term  of 
political  reproach. 

Front  de  Bceuf  (fron  de  bef),  Sir  Reginald. 

In  Scott’s  novel  “Ivanhoe,”a  brutal  and  fierce 
Norman  baron  who  uses  his  castle  of  Torquil- 
stone  to  imprison  and  torture  his  enemies,  and 
finally  perishes  in  its  flames. 

Frontenac  (front-nak'),  Comte  Louis  de  Buade 
de.  Born  at  Paris,  1622 : died  at  Quebec, 
Nov.  28,  1698.  A French  colonial  officer,  gov- 
ernor of  Canada  1672-82  and  1689-98. 

Frontenac  was  full  of  faults  ; but  it  is  not  through  these 
that  his  memory  has  survived  him.  He  rvas  domineering, 
arbitrary,  intolerant  of  opposition,  irascible,  vehement  in 
prejudice,  often  wayward,  perverse,  and  jealous  : a perse- 
cutor of  those  who  crossed  him ; yet  capable,  by  fits,  of 
moderation  and  a magnanimous  lenity ; and  gifted  with  a 
rare  charm  — not  always  exerted  — to  win  the  attachment 
of  men  : versed  in  books,  polished  in  courts  and  salons  ; 
without  fear,  incapable  of  repose,  keen  and  broad  of  sight, 
clear  in  judgment,  prompt  in  decision,  fruitful  in  re- 
sources, unshaken  when  others  despaired  : a sure  breeder 
of  storms  in  time  of  peace,  but  in  time  of  calamity  and 
danger  a tower  of  strength.  His  early  career  in  America 
was  beset  with  ire  and  enmity;  but  admiration  and  grati- 


Frontenac 

tude  hailed  him  at  its  close  : for  it  was  he  who  saved  the 
colony  and  led  it  triumphant  from  an  abyss  of  ruin. 

Park-man,  Discovery  of  the  Great  West,  p.  47. 

Frontino  (fron-te'no).  The  name  of  the  horse 
which  Brunello  stole  from  Sacripant  and 
gave  to  Rogero,  and  on  which  the  latter 
overthrew  all  his  opponents.  He  is  men- 
tioned both  by  Boiardo  and  Ariosto  in  the 
Orlando  poems. 

Frontinus  (fron-ti'nus),  Sextus  Julius.  Died 
about  103  a.  d.  A Roman  military  officer,  en- 
gineer, and  tactician.  He  wrote  “ Strategematica  ” 
(a  work  on  strategy,  in  four  books),  “De  aquis  urbis 
Romae,”  etc. 

Fronto  (fron'to),  Marcus  Cornelius.  Born  at 
Cirta,  Numidia : died  about  175  A.  D.  A Roman 
rhetorician  and  orator.  A collection  of  his 
letters  was  edited  by  Naber  in  1867. 

The  most  characteristic  figure  of  this  time  is  the  rheto- 
rician M.  Cornelius  Fronto  of  Cirta  (probably  a.  100-175 
A.  I)-X  who  held  under  Hadrian  a conspicuous  position  as 
an  orator,  and  under  Antoninus  Pius  taught  M.  Aurelius 
and  L.  Verus.  He  was  consul  143  A.  D.  We  possess  by 
him  above  all  the  greater  part  of  his  correspondence  with 
M.  Aurelius  both  as  heir  apparent  and  as  emperor.  The 
rhetorician  appears  in  these  letters  conceited,  insipid, 
laboured,  with  little  genius  and  much  want  of  taste  and 
pretence,  but  well  informed  and  an  enthusiastic  admirer 
of  early  Roman  literature,  which  he  zealously  endeavours 
to  make  more  generally  known ; at  the  same  time  his 
character  appears  honourable,  upright,  and  independent ; 
he  never  abuses  his  influential  position,  is  faithful  as  a 
husband  and  friend,  and  gives  fatherly  advice  to  his  pupils, 
whose  gratitude  subsequently  surrounded  his  name  with 
a brilliant  lustre. 

^T euffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  II.  213. 

Front  Range  (frunt  ranj).  The  easternmost 
range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  State  of 
Colorado. 

Front  Royal.  A place  in  the  Shenandoah  valley, 
Virginia,  where  Stonewall  Jackson  captured 
the  command  of  Colonel  J.  R.  Kenly,  May  23, 
1862. 

Froschweiler  (fresh 'vi-ler),  or  Froschweiler 

(frosh'vi-ler).  A village  near  Worth  (which 
see). 

Frosinone  (fro-se-no'ne),  Hemic  an  Frusino. 
A town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  48  miles 
southeast  of  Rome. 

Frossard  (fro-sar'),  Charles  Auguste.  Born 
at  Versailles,  France,  April  26,  1807 : died  at 
Chateau-Villain,  Haute-Marne,  France,  Aug. 
25,  1875.  A French  general.  He  served  in  Algeria 
1833-40;  was  engaged  in  the  Crimean  war,  particularly 
before  Sevastopol,  and  was  promoted  general ; commanded 
the  second  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  in  the  Franco- 
German  war ; was  defeated  at  Spicheren,  Aug.  6,  1870 ; 
and  was  captured  on  the  fall  of  Metz. 

Frost-  (frost),  Arthur  B.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  Jan.  17,  1851.  An  American  artist, 
best  known  as  an  illustrator. 

Frost,  Jack.  In  English  nursery  folk-lore,  a 
personification  of  frost  or  cold. 

Froth  (froth).  A foolish  gentleman  in  Shak- 
spere’s  comedy  “ Measure  for  Measure.” 
Froth,  Lord.  A solemn,  foolish  fop  with  a 
coquettish  wife,  in  Congreve’s  comedy  “The 
Double  Dealer.” 

Frothingham  (froth  'ing- am),  Nathaniel 

Langdon.  Born  at  Boston,  July  23, 1793 : died 
at  Boston,  Apfll  4, 1870.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  writer.  He  was  pastor  of  a Unitarian  church 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  1815-50.  Author  of  “Metrical 
Pieces,  Translated  and  Original ’’ (1855). 

Frothingham,  Octavius  Brooks.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  26,  1822:  died  Nov.  27, 
1895.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  (till 
1880)  and  author,  son  of  N.  L.  Frothingham. 

Among  his  works  are  “Religion  of  Humanity"  (1873), 
“Transcendentalism  in  New  England”  (1876),  a life  of 
Theodore  Parker  (1874),  “Creed  and  Conduct”  (1877), 
“ Life  of  George  Ripley  ’’  (1883),  etc. 

Frothingham,  Richard.  Born  Jan.  31,  1812: 
died  Jan.  29,  1880.  An  American  historian, 
journalist,  and  politician.  His  works  include  "His- 
tory of  the  Siege  of  Boston  ” (1849),  and  other  books  on 
American  history. 

Froude  (frod),  James  Anthony.  Born  at  Dar- 
tington,  Devonshire,  April  23,  1818 : died  Oct. 
20,1894.  A noted  English  historian.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School  and  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford. 
There  he  came  under  the  influence  of  the  Tractarian 
movement,  his  brother  Richard  Hurrell  Froude  being  one 
of  its  leaders.  He  became  fellow  of  Exeter  in  1842,  and 
took  deacon's  orders  in  1844.  For  some  time  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  High-Church  party  under  Newman.  A 
change  in  his  views  caused  him  to  abandon  his  fellow- 
ship and  his  profession,  and  he  devoted  himself  entirely 
to  literature,  formally  resigning  his  deacon's  orders  in 
1872.  In  the  same  year  he  lectured  in  the  United  States 
on  the  relations  between  England  and  Ireland.  In  1874 
he  was  sent  on  a mission  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He 
afterward  went  to  Australia  and  the  West  Indies.  In 
1892  he  was  elected  regius  professor  of  modern  history  at 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  as  successor  to  Freeman.  He  wrote 
a “ History  of  England  from  the  Fall  of  Wolsey  to  the 
Defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada”  (1856-70).  “The  English 


415 

in  Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth  Century”  (1872-74),  “Short 
Studies  on  Great  Subjects"  (1867-77),  “Csesar"  (1879), 
“Oceana  ”(1886),  “The  Two  Chiefs  of  Dunboy,”  a romance 
(1889),  “ Life  of  Lord  Beaconsfleld  ” (1890),  etc.  As  execu- 
tor of  Carlyle  he  published  “ Reminiscences  of  Carlyle  ” 
(1881),  “Life  of  Thomas  Carlyle  ” (1882). 

Froufrou  (fro'fro).  [F.  ,‘a  soft  rustling  sound .’] 
A play  by  MM.  Meilhac  and  Halevy,  produced 
in  1869. 

Frozen  Strait.  A strait  in  the  Arctic  regions, 
between  Melville  Peninsula  and  Southampton 
Island. 

Fructidor  (friik-te-dor').  [F.,  from  L.  fructus, 
fruit.]  The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  Na- 
tional Convention  of  the  first  French  republic 
for  the  twelfth  month  of  the  year,  it  consisted  of 
30  days,  commencing  with  Aug.  19  in  the  years  1 to  8, 
and  with  Aug.  20  in  9 to  13.  It  was  followed  by  5 (in 
the  years  3 and  11,  corresponding  to  1795  and  1803,  by  C) 
complementary  or  intercalary  days,  called  sans-culottides, 
completing  the  year. 

Fructidor,  The  18th.  In  French  history,  Sept. 
4, 1797,  when  the  majority  of  the  Directory  exe- 
cuted a coup  d’etat  against  the  royalist  reaction. 
Two  of  the  Directors  were  ejected  and  more 
than  fifty  members  expelled  from  the  Council 
of  Five  Hundred,  where  the  royalists  had  suc- 
ceeded iu  obtaining  a majority. 

Frugal,  Luke.  The  principal  character  in  Mas- 
singer’s “City  Madam”:  a vindictive,  hypo- 
critical villain.  He  is  the  brother  of  the  chari- 
table Sir  John. 

Fruges  (friizh).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  France,  33  miles  south-southeast 
of  Calais.  Population,  commune,  3,020. 

Frumentius  (fro-men'shius).  Eived  in  the  4th 
century.  A Christian  missionary  and  bishop, 
celebrated,  as  the  founder  of  the  Ethiopian 
Church,  under  the  title  of  Abba  Salama. 

Frutigen  (fro'te-gen).  A village  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake 
of  Thun. 

Fry,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Gurney).  Born  at  Earl- 
ham,  Norfolk,  May  21, 1780:  died  at  Ramsgate, 
England,  Oct.  12, 1845.  An  English  philanthro- 
pist, a minister  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  She 
was  especially  noted  as  a promoter  of  prison 
reform. 

Fry  (fri),  Francis.  Born  at  Westbury-on-Trym, 
near  Bristol,  Oct.  28, 1803:  died  at  Bristol,  Nov. 
12,1886.  An  English  bibliographer.  He  was  a part- 
ner in  the  firm  of  J.  S.  Fry  and  Sons,  cocoa  and  chocolate 
manufacturers  at  Bristol.  He  published  “ The  First  New 
Testament  printed  in  the  English  Language  (1525  or  1526), 
translated  from  the  Greek  by  William  Tyndale,  repro- 
duced in  facsimile,  with  an  Introduction  " (1862),  “The 
Souldiers  Pocket  Bible,  printed  at  London  by  G.  B.  and 
R.  W.  for  G.  C.  1643,  reproduced  in  facsimile,  with  an  In- 
troduction” (1862),  “The  Christian  Soldiers  Penny  Bible: 
London,  printed  by  R.  Smith  for  Sam.  Wade,  1693,  repro- 
duced in  facsimile,  with  an  Introductory  Note  " (l862),  etc. 

Fry,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.,  1815:  died  in  Santa  Cruz,  West  Indies, 
Dee.  21,  1864.  An  American  composer  and 
journalist. 

Fryken  (frii'ken).  A series  of  lakes  in  Sweden, 
north  of  Lake  Wener,  into  which  their  waters 
flow. 

Fryxell  (friiks'el),  Anders.  Born  at  Hessels- 
kog,  Dalsiand,  Sweden,  Feb.  7,  1795:  died  at 
Stockholm,  March  21,  1881.  A Swedish  his- 
torian. He  wrote  “ Berattelser  ur  Svenska  Historien  ” 
(“  Narratives  from  Swedish  History,"  1823-79),  etc. 

F.’s  Aunt  (efz  ant),  Mr.  A legacy  left  by  Mr. 
F.  to  his  wife,  in  Dickens’s  “Little  Dorrit.” 

Fuad  Pasha  (fo'adpash'fi),  Mehemmed  (Meh- 
med).  Born  at  Constantinople,  Jan.  17,  1814: 
died  at  Nice,  France,  Feb.  12,  1869.  A noted 
Turkish  statesman.  He  abandoned  in  1835  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  for  a diplomatic  career.  In  1848  he  was 
appointed  Ottoman  commissioner  to  settle  the  revolu- 
tionary disputes  in  the  principalities  of  Moldavia  and 
Wallachia.  He  became  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1852. 
Owing  to  the  attitude  of  Russia,  whose  ill  will  he  is  said 
to  have  excited  by  a publication  on  the  question  of  the 
holy  sepulchers,  he  resigned  in  the  spring  of  1853,  but  re- 
sumed office  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war  later  in 
the  same  year.  He  became  grand  vizir  in  1861,  a post 
which  he  retained  until  1866.  He  introduced  European 
improvements  for  the  sake  of  the  material  advantages  to 
be  gained  from  them,  but  in  doing  so  increased  the  finan- 
cial difficulties  of  the  Porte  by  the  adoption  of  a wasteful 
and  unsound  financial  policy. 

Fuca,  Juan  de.  See  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Fu-chau,  or  Foochow  (fo-chou').  A seaport 
and  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Fu-kien, 
China,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Min 
in  lat.  26°  5'  N.,  long.  119°  20'  E.  it  has  a very 
large  trade,  especially  in  tea,  is  a noted  mission  station, 
and  contains  an  arsenal.  The  port  was  opened  to  foreign 
trade  in  1842.  Population,  624,000. 

Fuchs  (foks),  Johann  Nepomuk  von.  Born 

atMattenzell,  nearBrennberg,  Bavaria,  May  15, 
1774:  died  at  Munich,  March  5,  1856.  A Ger- 
man chemist  and  mineralogist,  professor  of 


Fulah 

mineralogy  at  the  University  of  Landshut  1826- 
1852:  noted  for  his  discovery  (1823)  of  soluble 
glass  and  its  application  to  stereochromy. 
Fuchs,  Konrad  Heinrich.  Born  at  Bamberg, 
Bavaria,  Dec.  7,  1803:  died  at  Gottingen,  Prus- 
sia, Dec.  2,  1855.  A German  physician,  pro- 
fessor of  pathology  at  Gottingen  1838-55.  He 
wrote  “Die  krankhaften  Veranderungen  derHaut”(1840- 
1841),  “Lehrbuchder  speziellen  Nosologie  und  Therapie  ” 
(1845-48),  etc. 

Fuchs,  Leonhard.  Born  at  Wembdingen,  Ba- 
varia, Jan.  17,  1501:  died  at  Tubingen,  Wiir- 
temberg,  May  10,  1566.  A German  physician 
and  botanist,  author  of  “De  historia  stirpium” 
(1542),  etc. 

Fucino  (fo-che'no),  Lago  di,  also  called  Lago 
di  Celano.  A lake  in  central  Italy,  near  the 
towns  of  Avezzano  and  Celano : the  ancient 
Lacus  Fucinus.  It  was  drained  by  Prince  Torlonia, 
who  began  the  work  in  1852.  It  was  partially  drained  in 
the  reign  of  Claudius.  It  had  no  outlet,  and  measured  37 
miles  in  circumference. 

Fucinus  (fu'si-nus),  Lacus.  See  Fucino. 
Fudge  Family  in  Paris,  The.  A satire  by 
Thomas  Moore,  published  in  1818.  “The  Fudge 
Family  in  England,”  a sequel,  was  afterward 
published. 

Fuegians  (fu-e'ji-anz).  A general  name  of  the 
Indians  of  Tierra  del  Fuego.  They  comprise  three 
distinct  races  — the  Y ahgans  or  Yapoos,  the  Onas  or  Aonik, 
and  the  Aliculufs.  Judging  from  their  languages,  these 
represent  three  different  stocks.  They  are  all  very  de- 
graded savages,  having  no  chiefs  and  only  very  loose  family 
ties.  They  live  in  wretched  huts,  go  almost  naked  though 
the  climate  is  severe,  aud  subsist  by  hunting  and  fishing. 
They  make  excellent  bark  canoes,  and  are  veiy  skilful  in 
using  them. 

Fuenclara,  Count  of.  See  Cebrian  y Agustin, 
Pedro  dc. 

Fuenleal  (fwen-la-al'),  Sebastian  Ramirez  de. 

Born  in  the  province  of  Cuenca  about  1480  : died 
at  Valladolid,  Jan.  22,  1547.  A Spanish  eccle- 
siastic and  administrator.  He  was  successively  in- 
quisitor of  Seville,  member  of  the  audience  of  Granada, 
bishop  of  Santo  Domingo  in  the  West  Indies  (1524),  and 
president  of  the  audience  of  that  island  (1527).  From 
1531  to  1536  he  ruled  Mexico  as  president  of  the  audience 
of  New  Spain  : under  him  order  was  restored,  abuses  were 
reformed,  and  the  Indians  protected.  He  was  friendly  to 
Cortes.  Returning  to  Spain,  he  was  successively  bishop 
of  Tuy  and  Leon,  and  in  1542  was  made  bishop  of  Cuenca 
and  president  of  the  audience  of  Valladolid. 
Fuenterrabia  (fwen-ter-ra-be'a),  or  Fontara- 
bia  (fon-ta-ra'bi-a).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bidassoa  in 
lat.  43°  22'  N.,  long.  1°  50'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its 
fortress  (until  1794),  and  for  the  passage  of  the  Bidassoa 
here  by  Wellington  in  1813.  Milton  confounds  it  with 
Roncesvalles. 

Fuentes  de  Onoro  (fwen'tes  de  o-no'ro).  A vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  Salamanca,  western 
Spain,  14  miles  west-southwest  of  Ciudad  Rod- 
rigo. Here,  May,  1811,  Wellington  checked  the 
French  under  Massdna. 

Fuerte,  or  Villa  del  Fuerte  (vel'ya  del  fwer'- 
ta).  A small  town  in  the  state  of  Sinaloa, 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  river  Fuerte  about  lat. 
26°  45'  N.,  long.  108°  25'  W. 

Fugger  (fuk'er).  A Swabian  family  of  ennobled 
merchants,  famous  in  the  16th  century,  it  traces 
its  descent  from  Johannes  Fugger,  a weaver,  who  lived  at 
Graben,  near  Augsburg,  in  the  first  half  of  the  14th  century. 

Fugitive-Slave  Law.  In  United  States  history, 
an  act  included  iu  the  “Omnibus  Bill”  (1850), 
securing  to  slaveholders  additional  facilities  in 
the  recovery  of  runaway  slaves. 

Fiihrich  (fii'rich),  Joseph  von.  Born  at  Krat- 
zau,  Bohemia,  Feb.  9,  1800 : died  at  Vienna, 
March  13,  1876.  A noted  Austrian  historical 
painter.  He  was  much  occupied  with  scriptural 
subjects. 

Fuji-san  (fo'je-san'),  or  Fuji-yama  (fo'je-ya'- 
mii),  less  correctly  Fusi-yama  (fo'se-ya'ma). 
An  extinct  volcano  and  the  highest  mountain  of 
Japan,  situated  70  miles  west-southwest  of  To- 
kio.  There  has  been  no  eruption  since  1707.  It  is  a re- 
sort of  pilgrims,  and  figures  largely  in  Japanese  art. 
Height,  12,365  feet. 

Fu-kien  (fo-ke-en'),  or  Fokien  (fo-ke-en').  A 
maritime  province  of  China,  bounded  by  Che- 
kiang on  the  north,  the  channel  of  Formosa  on 
the  east,  Kwang-tung  on  the  southwest,  and  Ki- 
ang-si  on  the  west  and  northwest.  Area,  about 
46,320  square  miles.  Population,  about  22,- 
876,000. 

Fulah,  or  Fula  (fo'lii),  plural  Fulbe.  [‘Light 
brown,’  ‘ red.’]  A great  African  nation,  scat- 
tered through  the  Sudan  from  Senegal  to  Wa- 
dai,  and  south  to  Adamawa  : their  language  is 
called  Fulfulde.  They  are  variously  classed  with  the 
Hamites,  the  negroes,  and,  in  the  Nuba-Fulah  group,  with 
the  Nubas  of  the  Nile  valley.  They  seem  to  be  essentially 
Hamitic,  having  branched  off  from  the  Berbers  or  the 


Fulah 

Somal.  Their  color  is  reddish-brown,  nose  straight,  lips 
regular,  hair  curly.  Where  they  are  mixed  with  the  ne- 
groes the  skin  is  darker,  the  lips  are  thicker,  the  hair  is 
more  bushy,  and  the  temperament  more  merry.  In  their 
pure  state  they  are  proud  and  grave.  The  Futa-Toro  or 
Toucouieurs  are  a mixture  of  Fulah  and  Woloff.  Pastoral, 
industrious,  warlike,  and  intelligent,  they  rule  over  the 
agricultural  negro  tribes  of  the  Sudan.  They  are  dominant 
in  Gando,  Sokoto,  Adamawa,  Massina,  Segu,  Kaarta,  and 
Futa  Jallon.  In  Bornu,  Baghirmi,  and  Wadai  they  are  not 
strong  enough  to  command.  In  religion  they  are  Moham- 
medans, but  tolerant,  except  the  fanatic  Toucouieurs. 
They  have  a national  literature,  written  with  Arabic  char- 
acters. It  was  in  the  beginning  of  this  century,  under 
their  poet  and  leader  Otman  dan  Fodio,  that  they  revolu- 
tionized the  Sudan,  spreading  Islam,  and  founding  their 
great  kingdoms,  which  are  not  yet  on  the  wane.  Their 
language  is  peculiar  by  its  initial  formations.  It  is  spoken 
in  its  purest  form  in  Massina  and  Futa-Toro.  Owing  to 
admixtures  of  neighboring  negro  languages  and  Arabic, 
five  dialects  are  distinguished  according  to  the  countries 
where  they  are  spoken  : namely,  Futa-Jallon,  Futa  Toro, 
Sokoto,  Hausa,  and  Bornu.  Also  called  Put,  Felata,  Filani. 

Fulbe.  See  Fulah. 

Fulbert  (ful-bar').  A bishop  of  Chartres  who 
laid  the  foundations  of  the  cathedral  in  1020, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  its  architect. 
Fulc  (folk),  or  Fulk,  or  Foulques  (fok)  III., 
surnamed  “ The  Black.”  Born  in  972:  died  at 
Metz,  May  22,  1040.  Count  of  Anjou  987-1040. 
He  carried  on  wars  against  the  Duke  of  Bre- 
tagne and  the  Count  of  Blois. 

Fulc  V.  Born  in  1090:  died  Nov.  13, 1142.  Count 
of  Anjou  1109-42.  He  married  a daughter  of  Baldwin 
II.  of  Jerusalem  in  1129,  and  on  the  death  of  Baldwin  in 
1131  succeeded  to  the  tin-one  of  Jerusalem. 

Fulc  of  Neuilly.  Died  in  1202.  A French  ec- 
clesiastic. He  was  ordered  by  Innocent  III.  in 
1198  to  preach  the  fourth  Crusade. 

Fulda  (fol'da).  A river  in  Germany,  flowing 
north  and  uniting  at  Munden  with  the  Werra  to 
form  the  Weser.  Length,  about  100  miles. 
Fulda.  A bishopric  and  state  of  the  old  German 
Empire.  It  grew  up  around  the  abbey  of  Fulda(founded 
in  744).  The  abbacy  became  a bishopric  in  1752.  It  was 
secularized  in  1803,  and  given  to  Nassau-Orange  as  a prin- 
cipality. After  various  changes  it  was,  in  1815,  divided 
between  Hesse-Cassel  and  Bavaria,  the  Hesse-Cassel  part 
passing  to  Prussia  in  1866. 

Fulda.  A town  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nas- 
sau,  Prussia,  on  the  Fulda  53  miles  northeast  of 
Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It  is  a very  ancient  town, 
and  has  a cathedral  and  several  old  churches.  Population, 
commune,  20,419. 

Fulford  (fiil'ford).  A suburb  of  York,  England. 
Here  the  earls  Edwin  and  Morcar  were  defeated  by  Harold 
Hardrada  and  Tostig  in  1066. 

Fulham  (ful'am).  [From  Saxon  Fullenhame, 
the  resort  of  birds?  (Walford).]  A borough 
(metropolitan)  of  London,  situatedin  Middlesex, 
on  the  Thames,  5£  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul’s. 
It  contains  a palace,  the  summer  residence  of  the  bishops 
of  London.  It  is  a parliamentary  borough,  returning  one 
member  to  Parliament.  Population  of  the  board  of  works 
district,  153,325,  (1911). 

Fulk.  See  Fulc. 

Fulke  (fulk),  William.  Born  at  London  in 
1538 : died  Aug.  28,  1589.  An  English  Puritan 
divine.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  where  he  subsequently 
lectured  on  the  Hebrew  language.  He  became  master  of 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1578.  His  most  notable 
publication  is  “ A Defense  of  the  sincere  and  true  Transla- 
tions of  the  Holie  Scriptures  into  the  English  Tong  ” (1583). 

Fuller  (ful'6r),  Andrew.  Born  at  Wicken, Cam- 
bridgeshire, Feb.  6, 1754:  died  at  Kettering,  May 
7, 1815.  An  English  Baptist  preacher  and  theo- 
logian. He  wrote  “The  Calvinistic  and  Socinian  Sys- 
tems Compared”  (1794),  “The  Gospel  its  own  Witness” 
(179.1-1800),  etc. 

Fuller,  George.  Born  at  Deerfield,  Mass.,  1822 : 
died  at  Boston,  March  21, 1884.  An  American 
figure-  and  portrait-painter.  in  1842  he  studied 
with  the  sculptor  Brown  at  Albany,  after  which  he  studied 
painting  in  Boston,  New  York,  London,  and  on  the  Conti 
nent.  His  first  public  success  was  attained  in  1857,  when 
he  was  elected  associate  of  the  academy  (New  York). 
From  1860-79  he  devoted  himself  to  farming  at  Deerfield, 
but  in  1876  he  exhibited  some  fifteen  pictures  in  Boston, 
which  gained  him  fame  and  patronage.  In  1879  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  academy  (New  York)  “The  Romany  Girl  ” 
and  "And  She  was  a Witch”;  in  1880  “The  Quadroon” 
and  a boy’s  portrait ; in  1881  “ Maidenhood  ” and  “ Wini- 
fred Dysart  ” ; “ Lorett  i ” and  “ Priscilla  Fauntleroy  ” (1882), 
“Fagot-Gatherers”  (1883),  “ Fedalma”  (1884),  etc. 

Fuller,  Jolm  Wallace.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
England,  1827 : died  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  March  12, 
1891.  An  American  publisher,  and  Union  officer 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  commanded  a brigade  at  the 
battle  of  Iuka,  Sept.  19-20, 1862 ; defeated  Forrest’s  cavalry 
at  Parker’s  Cross  Roads,  Dec.  31,  1862;  captured  Deca- 
tur in  March,  1864 ; took  part  in  the  Atlanta  campaign ; 
marched  with  Sherman  to  the  sea;  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers. 

Fuller.  Melville  Weston.  Born  at  Augusta, 
Maine.  Feb.  11,  1833:  died  at  Sorrento,  Me., 
July  4,  1910.  Chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.  He  practised  law  at 
Chicago  from  1856  until  appointed  chief  justice  in  1888. 


416 

Fuller,  Sarah  Margaret,  Marchioness  Ossoli. 
Born  at  Cambridgeport,  Mass.,  May  23, 1810 : lost 
by  shipwreck  off  Fire  Island,  near  New  York, 
July  16, 1850.  A noted  American  writer,  a mem- 
ber of  the  Transcendental  school,  she  edited  the 
Boston  “Dial’'  1840-42,  and.  was  literary  critic  for  the  New 
York  “Tribune  ” 1844-46.  She  went  to  Europe  in  1846,  mar- 
ried Marquis  Ossoli,  Dec.,  1847,  and  was  in  Rome  during 
the  revolution  of  1848-49.  Her  works  include  “Summer 
on  the  Lakes  ” (1843),“  Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  " 
(1845),  “Papers  on  Art  and  Literature  ” (1846). 

Fuller,  Thomas.  Born  June,  1608:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  16, 1661.  An  English  divine.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  was  curate  of  the  Savoy 
at  London  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  In  1643  he 
joined  the  king  at  Oxford,  and  after  the  Restoration  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  Among  his  works  are 
“ The  History  of  the  Holy  Warre  ” (1639),  “ The  Holy  State 
and  the  Profane  State  ” (1642),  “ A Pisgah-sight  of  Pales- 
tine” (1650),  “History  of  the  University  of  Cambridge” 
(1655),  “ History  of  the  Worthies  of  England  " (1662). 
Fuller’s  Field.  A field  near  Jerusalem,  appar- 
ently to  the  north,  the  locality  of  which  cannot 
be  identified. 

Fullerton,  Lady  Georgiana.  See  Leveson- 
Gower,  Georgiana  Charlotte. 

Fulton  (ful'ton).  A city  in  Callaway  County, 
Missouri,  about  25  miles  northeast  of  Jefferson 
City.  Population,  5,228,  (1910). 

Fulton.  A city  ill  Oswego  County,  New  York, 
situated  on  the  Oswego  River  about  23  miles 
northwest  of  Syracuse.  Population,  10,480, 
(1910). 

Fulton.  An  American  war-ship  of  38  tons  rat- 
ing, built  at  New  York  in  1815.  She  was  designed 
by  Robert  Fulton,  and  was  the  first  war-ship  to  be  pro- 
pelled by  steam.  She  had  central  paddle-wheels  pro- 
tected by  a double  hull,  and  relied  for  effective  attack  not 
on  her  broadside  of  small  caliber,  but  upon  a pivoted  100- 
pounder  columbiad.  Her  bow  was  strengthened  into  a 
ram.  She  was  the  prototype  of  the  modern  ironclad 
with  its  few  heavy  guns  and  ram. 

Fulton,  Robert.  Born  at  Little  Britain,  Pa., 
1765 : died  at  New  York,  Feb.  24,  1815.  Am 
American  engineer  and  inventor.  He  went  to 
London  in  1786  with  a view  to  completing  his  education 
as  a portrait- and  landscape-painter  under  the  instruction 
of  Benjamin  West,  in  whose  family  he  remained  several 
years.  He  abandoned  painting  in  1793,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  civil  and  mechanical  engineering.  He  removed 
to  Paris  in  1794.  From  1797  to  1805  he  made  a number 
of  indifferently  successful  experiments  with  a submarine 
boat  and  a torpedo,  most  of  which  were  conducted  under 
the  patronage  of  the  French  and  British  governments. 
He  launched  a steamboat  on  the  Seine  in  1803,  which 
sank  from  faulty  construction.  A new  boat  built  with 
the  old  machinery  made  a successful  trial  trip  on  the 
Seine  Aug.  9,  1803.  Having  returned  to  America  in  1806, 
he  built  the  steamboat  Clermont,  which  began  a suc- 
cessful trial  trip  from  New  York  to  Albany  on  the  Hud- 
son River,  Aug.  11,  1807.  This  boat  was  followed  by 
numerous  river-steamers  and  ferry-boats  built  under  his 
supervision.  In  1815  he  launched  the  war-steamer  Ful- 
ton. He  married  in  1806  Harriet,  daughter  of  Walter 
Livingston,  by  whom  he  had  four  children. 

Fulvia  (ful'vi-a).  Died  at  Sieyon,  Greeee,  40 
B.  c.  A Roman  lady,  wife  of  Clodius,  then  of 
Curio,  and  later  of  Mark  Antony.  She  fomented 
a rising  (the  Perusine  war)  against  Octavius,  in  41  B.  c., 
in  order  to  draw  Antony  away  from  Egypt  and  Cleopatra. 
Fulvia.  In  Ben  Jonson’s  “ Catiline,”  a volup- 
tuous wanton : a satire  on  the  causes  of  Rome’s 
degeneration. 

Fulvia  gens  (ful'vi-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a distinguished  plebeian  clan  or  house,  sup- 
posed to  have  come  from  Tusculum.  its  cogno- 
mens under  the  republic  were  Bambalio,  Centumalus, 
Curvus,  Flaccus,  Gillo,  Nacca,  Nobilior,  Pstinus,  and  Ve- 
ratius  or  Neratius. 

Fumay  (ffi-ma').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Ardennes,  France,  on  the  Meuse  14  miles 
north  of  Mezieres.  Population,  commune, 
5,838. 

Fumbina.  See  Adammva. 

Funchal  (fou-shal').  A seaport  and  the  capital 
of  the  island  of  Madeira,  situated  in  lat.  32°  38' 
N.,  long.  16°  54'  W.  It  is  a noted  health-re- 
sort, and  has  a cathedral.  Population,  about 
20,800. 

Fundy  (fun'di),  Bay  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, lying  between  New  Brunswick  on  the 
northwest  and  Nova  Scotia  on  the  southeast. 

It  is  divided  near  the  eastern  extremity  into  Ohignecto  Bay 
and  Minas  Channel  and  Basin.  Its  tides  reach  a height 
of  from  60  to  70  feet.  It  receives  the  St.  John  and  St. 
Croix.  Length,  about  140  miles.  Width,  30  to  50  miles. 

Fiinen  (fii'nen),  Dan.  Fyen  (fii'en).  An  island 
of  Denmark,  lying  between  the  Great  Belt  on 
the  east  and  the  Little  Belt  on  the  west,  and 
forming,  with  Langeland,  rilroe,  and  other  isl- 
ands, the  diocese  (stiff.)  of  Fiinen.  Capital, 
Odense.  Area  of' the  island,  1,125  square  miles  ; of  the 
diocese,  1,333  square  miles.  Population  of  the  diocese, 
248,677. 

Funeral  (fu'ne-rai),  The,  or  Grief  a-la-Mode. 

A comedy  by  Steele,  produced  in  1701,  printed 
in  1702. 


Furnivall 

Funeral  of  Atahualpa.  A painting  by  the 
Peruvian  artist  Luis  Montero.  It  represents  the 
obsequies  of  the  Inca  sovereign  at  the  moment  when  his 
wives  rushed  in  lamenting  his  fate.  The  figures,  both  of 
Spaniards  and  Indians,  are  conceived  and  executed  with 
great  force.  This  painting  was  purchased  by  the  Peruvian 
government  for  $20,000  and  deposited  in  the  national  li- 
brary, but  was  seized  and  sent  to  Santiago  by  the  Chileans 
during  the  invasion  of  1881. 

Funes  (fo'nes),  Gregorio.  Born  at  Cordoba, 
1749 : died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  1830.  An  Argen- 
tine historian.  He  was  rector  of  the  University  of  Cor- 
doba and  dean  of  the  cathedral.  As  a theologian  and  pul- 
pit orator  he  was  widely  known.  His  most  important  his- 
torical work  is  “ Ensayo  de  la  historia  civil  del  Paraguay, 
Buenos  Ayres  y Tucuman  ” (3  vols.  8vo,  1816). 
Fiinfhaus  (funf'hous).  A suburb  of  Vienna,  on 
the  southwest.  Population,  43,834,  (1910). 
Funfkirchen  (fiinf'kirch-en),  Hung.  Pecs 
(pach).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Baranya, 
Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  46° 6'  N.,  long.  18°  13' 
E.  The  cathedral  is  an  impressive  Romanesque  structure 
with  four  towers,  lately  restored.  The  place  was  occupied 
by  the  Turks  from  1543  to  1686.  It  has  several  mosques. 
Population,  commune,  43,982. 

Fung-hwang,  Feng-hwang  (f ung ' hwang ' ) . 
[Chinese.]  In  Chinese  mythology,  a fabulous 
bird  of  good  omen,  said  to  appear  when  a sage  is 
about  to  ascend  the  throne,  or  when  right  prin- 
ciples are  about  to  triumph  throughout  the  em- 
pire. It  is  usually  called  the  Chinese  phenix,  but  seems, 
from  the  descriptions  of  it  found  in  books,  to  resemble  the 
argus-pheasant.  It  has  not  appeared  since  the  days  of 
Confucius.  It  is  frequently  represented  on  Chinese  and 
Japanese  porcelains  and  other  works  of  art.  Fung  is  the 
name  of  the  male  bird,  and  hwang  of  the  female. 
FungOSO  (fung-go'so).  bn  Ben  Jonson's  “Every 
Man  out  of  his  Humour,”  the  extravagant  son 
of  Sordido.  He  spends  all  he  can  wring  out  of  bis 
avaricious  father  iu  imitating  the  foppish  Brisk. 

Fungus  (fung'gus),  Zachary.  The  principal 
character  in  Foote’s  “ Commissary.”  Foote 
played  it  himself. 

Funji  (fon'je).  An  African  tribe  occupying  the 
south  of  Dar-Sennar,  between  the  White  Nile 
and  Blue  Nile,  a wooded  and  well -watered  moun- 
tain region.  They  appear  on  Egyptian  inscriptions  as 
Cushites,  but  have  largely  mixed  with  negroes.  In  the 
16th  century  they  formed  a kingdom  of  their  own,  which 
lasted  until  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  They  trade 
iu  honey,  gums,  ivory,  gold,  tamarinds,  and  senna-leaves. 
Funk  (fungk),  Peter.  A name  given  to  a bogus 
bidder  at  auctions.  He  is  employed  to  bid 
against  an  intending  purchaser  to  raise  the 
price. 

FutetiOre  (fiir-tyar'),  Antoine.  Bom  at  Paris 
about  1620 : died  there,  May  14, 1688.  A French 
lexicographer  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  a 
dictionary  of  the  French  language  (1694),  “ Podsies  ” (1666), 
“Fables ” (1673),  etc. 

Furia  (anciently  Fusia)  gens  (fu'ri-ii  jenz). 
In  ancient  Rome,  a patrician  clan  or  house,  sup- 
posed to  have  come  from  Tusculum.  Its  cogno- 
mens were  Aculeo,  Bibaculus,  Brocchus,  Camillus,  Cras- 
sipes,  Fusus,  Luscus,  Medullinus,  PacUus,  Philus,  and 
Purpureo. 

Furise  (fu'ri-e).  [L.,  ‘ the  Furies.’]  In  Roman 
mythology,  goddesses  adopted  from  the  Erinyes 
(which  see)  of  Greek  mythology. 

Furidpur,  or  Fureedpur.  See  Faridpur. 
Furioso,  Bombastes.  See  Bomhastes  Furioso. 
Fnrioso,  Orlando.  See  Orland*>  Furioso. 
Furka,  or  Furca  (for'ka).  One  of  the  highest 
practicable  Alpine  passes  in  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated on  the  frontier  of  Uri  and  Valais.  It  leads 
from  Andermatt  (Uri)  to  the  hotel  Gletsch  (Va- 
lais). Highest  point,  7,992  feet. 

Furnace,  The.  See  Fornax. 

Furneaux  (fer-no')  Islands.  A group  of  isl- 
ands between  Australia  and  Tasmania,  in  Bass 
Strait. 

Furnes  (fiirn),  Flem.Veurne  (vfer'ne).  A town 
in  the  province  of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Ostend.  It  has  several 
interesting  old  buildings.  Population,  6,464. 
Furness  (fer'nes).  A peninsula  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  between  the  Irish  Sea  and 
Morecambe  Bay.  The  extensive  ruins  of  Furness  Ab- 
bey are  among  the  most  picturesque  of  English  medieval 
remains.  A large  part  of  the  fine  church  survives  almost 
complete  exceptthe  vaulting,  and  there  is  abeautifulEarly 
English  chapter-house.  The  entrance  to  the  iv.v-draped 
★cloisters  isby  three  superb  deeply  recessed  Norman  arches. 

Furness,  Horace  Howard.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia. Nov.  2,  1833:  died  at  Wallingford,  Pa., 
Aug.  13,  1912.  An  American  Sliaksperian 
scholar  and  legal  writer.  He  edited  a variorum  of 
Shakspere’s  plays,  which  includes:  “Romeo  and  Juliet” 
(1871),  “Macbeth  ” (1873),  “ Hamlet ”(1877),  “King  Lear" 
(1880),  “ Othello  ’’  (1886),  “ The  Merchant  of  Venice  ” (1888), 
“As  you  Like  it”  (1890),  “The  Tempest”  (1892),  “Mid- 
summer-Nights Dream  ” (1895),  eta 

FurnivalKfer'ni-val),  Frederick  James.  Born 
at  Egham,  Feb.  4,  1825:  died  July  2,  1910.  A 
noted  English  philologist.  He  studied  at  Cam- 


Fur  ni  vail 


417 


Fyzabad 


bridge,  where  he  graduated  M.  A.  in  1849.  He  founded 
the  Early  English  Text  Society  (1864),  Chaucer  Society, 
Ballad  Society  (1868),  New  Shakspere  Society  (1873),  Brown- 
ing Society  (1881),  Wyclif  Society  (1882),  and  Shelley  Soci- 
ety (1885).  He  edited  a number  of  Early  English  and  other 
works,  including  Walter  Map's  “Quest  del  Saint  Graal," 
Harrison’s  “ Description  of  England  ” (1577-87),  Stubbes's 
“ Anatomy  of  Abuses  ’’  (1583),  a number  of  works  for  the 
Early  English  Text  Society  and  other  societies  ; also  the 
“Six-Text  Print  of  Chaucer’s  Canterbury  Tales/’  in  seven 
parts  (1868-75).  (See  Canterbury  Tales.)  He  also  wrote 
an  introduction  to  the  Leopold  Shakspere,  describing  the 
plays  and  discussing  their  chronological  order,  and  edited 
the  facsimile  quartos  of  Shakspere’s  plays.  He  was  noted 
as  an  oarsman.  He  built  the  first  narrow  wager  boats  in 
England  in  1845.  He  also  introduced  sculls  instead  of  oars 
in  the  fours  and  eights,  and  himself  rowed  in  the  earliest 
winning  crews. 

Furor  (fti'rdr).  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,” 
a madman,  typifying  wrath.  He  is  the  son  of  a 
wretched  hag,  Occasion.  To  tame  the  son  the  mother  had 
to  be  subdued. 

Fursch-Madi  (forsh ' ma  ' de),  Emma.  Born 
near  Bayonne,  France,  1849 : died  at  Warren- 
ville,  N.  J.,  Sept.  20,  1894.  A French  mezzo- 
soprano  singer.  She  first  appeared  in  opera  at  Paris 
in  1870,  and  came  to  the  United  States  in  1882.  From 
1891  she  took  charge  of  the  vocal  classes  at  the  New  York 
College  of  Music.  Her  last  appearance  was  in  New  York 
Feb.  6,  1894. 

Fiirst  (fiirst),  Julius.  Born  at  Zerkowo,  Posen, 
Prussia,  May  12,  1805 : died  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  9, 
1873.  A German  Orientalist,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent, professor  at  Leipsic  from  1864.  His  works 
include  “Concordantise  librorum  sacrorum  Veteris  Testa- 
menti  ” (1837-40),  “Hebraisches  und  chaldiiisches  Hand- 
wbrterbuch  ” (1857-61),  “ Kultur-  und  Litteraturgeschichte 
der  Juden  in  Asien  ’’  (1849). 

Fiirstenberg (fiirs'ten-berG).  AGermanmedia- 
tized  principality  in  southern  Baden,  southern 
Wiirtemberg,  and  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. 
The  town  of  Fiirstenberg,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Fursten- 
berg  family,  is  situated  15  miles  north  of  Schaffhausen. 

Fiirstenberg.  A German  noble  family  in  West- 
phalia and  Rhineland:  so  called  from  the  castle 
of  Fiirstenberg  on  the  Ruhr. 

Fiirstenbund  (fiirs'ten-bont).  See  League  of 
the  German  Princes. 

Flirstenwalde  (fiirs'ten-val-de).  Atowninthe 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Spree  31  miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  20,489. 

Furtado  (for-ta'do),  Francisco  Jose.  Bom  at 
Oeiras,  Piauhy,  Aug.  13,  1818 : died  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  June  23, 1870.  A Brazilian  statesman. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  an  advocate  and  judge,  was 
elected  deputy  in  1847,  and  repeatedly  reelected,  becoming 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  liberal  party.  From  1857  to  1859 
he  was  president  of  the  new  province  of  Amazonas ; minis- 
ter of  justice  1862 ; senator  from  1864  ; and  from  Aug.,  1864, 
to  May,  1865,  premier.  During  this  period  the  dispute 


with  Uruguay  was  adjusted,  and  the  war  with  Paraguay 
commenced. 

Fiirth  (fiirt).  A town  in  Middle  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  at  the  point  where  the  Red- 
nitz  and  Pegnitz  unite  to  form  the  Regnitz,  4 
miles  northwest  of  Nuremberg.  It  manufactures 
Nuremberg  wares,  mirrors,  and  gold-leaf.  Population, 
commune,  60,635. 

Further  India.  See  India,  Further. 
Furtwangen  (fort'vang-en).  A town  in  Baden, 
17  miles  east-northeast  of  Freiburg.  It  manu- 
factures clocks.  Population,  about  5,000. 
FurucL  See  Phurud. 

Fury  and  Hecla  Strait.  [Named  by  Parry, 
the  discoverer  (1823),  from  his  ships  Fury  and 
Hecla.]  A sea  passage  in  the  Arctic  regions, 
situated  about  lat.  70°  N.,  long.  80°-86°  W. 
It  connects  Boothia  Gulf  on  the  west  with  Fox  Channel 
on  the  east,  and  separates  Cockburn  Land  on  the  north 
from  Melville  Peninsula  on  the  south. 

Fusan  (fo-san').  A seaport  in  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  Korea.  It  is  open  to  foreign  trade 
(which  is  mainly  in  Japanese  hands). 

Fusaro  (fo-sa'ro),  Lago  del.  A small  lake  near 
the  ancient  Cumae,  in  Italy,  one  of  the  ancient 
lakes  called  Acherusia  Palus.  It  is  noted  for 
its  oysters. 

Fusberta  (foz-ber'ta).  The  name  of  Rinaldo’s 
sword  in  Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso.” 

Fusbos  (fus'bos).  In  Rhodes’s  burlesque  opera 
“Bombastes  Furioso,”  the  minister  of  state. 
He  kills  Bombastes,  who  has  killed  all  the  other 
characters. 

Fuscaldo  (fos-kal'do).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Cosenza,  Italy,  16  miles  northwest 
of  Cosenza. 

Fuseli  (fu'ze-li),  originally  Fiissli  (fiis'le),  John 
Henry.  Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Feb.  7, 
1741 : died  at  Putney,  near  London,  April  16, 
1825.  A Swiss-English  painter  and  art  critic. 
Fusi-yama.  See  Fuji-san. 

Fiissen  (fiis'sen).  [In  the  middle  ages  Fauces  or 
Fuozzin .]  A small  town  in  Swabia,  Bavaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lech  58  miles  southwest  of  Munich. 
By  the  treaty  of  Fiissen,  April  22,  1745,  Maximilian  J oseph, 
elector  of  Bavaria,  renounced  all  claims  to  the  inheritance 
of  Maria  Theresa.  Population,  about  4,000. 

Fust  (fost),  or  Faust  (foust),  Johann.  Died 
probably  at  Paris  in  1466  or  1467.  A German 
printer.  He  was  the  partner  of  Gutenberg  from  about 
1460  to  1455.  In  the  latter  year  the  partnership  was  dis- 
solved, and  Fust  obtained  possession  of  the  printing-press 
constructed  by  Gutenberg.  He  continued  the  business 
with  his  son-in-law  Peter  Schoffer 

Fustian.  See  Sylvester  Daggerwood. 

Futa  Jallon  (fo'ta  zha-16n').  A territory  in 


the  southern  part  of  Senegambia,  western  Af- 
rica, situated  about  lat.  10°-12°  N.,  long.  11°- 
13°  W.  The  capital  is  Timbo.  It  has  been  under 
French  protection  since  1881.  Compare  Fulah. 

Futa-Toro  (fo'ta-to'ro).  A territory  in  the 
northern  part  of  Senegambia,  situated  south  of 
the  Senegal  about  lat.  15°-16°  N.,  annexed  in 
part  by  France  in  1860.  Compare  Fulah. 

Futteh  Ali.  See  Feth  Ali. 

Futtehpur.  See  Fathipur. 

Futtigarh.  See  Fathigarh. 

Futurity  Face,  The.  A race  run  on  the  first 
day  of  the  fall  meeting  of  the  Coney  Island 
Jockey  Club  at  Sheepshead  Bay,  Long  Island: 
a sweepstakes  for  two-year-olds. 

Fux  (foks),  Johann  Joseph.  Born  at  Hirten- 
feld,  near  Gratz,  Styria,  1660 : died  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  13, 1741.  A German  composer  and  writer 
on  music.  The  greater  part  of  his  compositions,  406  of 
which  are  still  in  existence,  are  in  copy  or  autograph  in 
the  Imperial  Library,  Vienna.  He  published  “Concentus 
musico-instrumentalis"  (1701),  “Missa  canonica”  (1718), 
“Gradus  ad  Parnassum  ” (1725),  etc. 

Fuzuli.  See  the  extract. 

Up  to  this  time  all  Ottoman  writings  had  been  more  or 
less  rugged  and  unpolished ; but  in  the  reign  of  Selim’s 
son,  Suleyman  I.  (1520-1566),  a new  era  began.  Two  great 
poets,  Fuzuli  and  Baki,  make  their  appearance  about  the 
same  time  : the  one  in  the  east,  the  other  in  the  west,  of 
the  now  far-extending  empire.  Fuzuli  of  Baghdad,  one 
of  the  four  great  poets  of  the  old  Turkish  school,  is  the 
first  writer  of  real  eminence  who  rose  in  the  Ottoman  do- 
minions. None  of  his  predecessors  in  any  way  approaches 
him ; and  although  his  work  is  in  the  Persian  style  and 
taste,  he  is  no  servile  copier ; on  the  contrary,  he  struck 
out  for  himself  a new  path,  one  hitherto  untrodden  by 
either  Turk  or  Persian.  His  chief  characteristic  is  an  in- 
tense and  passionate  earnestness,  which  sometimes  betrays 
him  into  extravagances ; and  although  few  Turkish  poets 
are  in  one  way  more  artificial  than  he,  few  seem  to  speak 
more  directly  from  the  heart.  His  best-known  works  con- 
sist of  his  “Divan,"  or  collection  of  ghazels,  and  a poem 
on  the  loves  of  Leyli  and  Mejnun ; he  has  besides  some 
prose  writings,  which  are  hardly  inferior  to  his  verse. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  312. 

Fyffe  (fif),  Charles  Alan.  Born  at  Black- 
heath,  Kent,  Dec.,  1845:  died  Feb.  19, 1892.  An 
English  lawyer  and  historian.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  a “ History  of  Modem  Europe  ” 
(1880-90). 

Fyne  (fin),  Loch.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  in 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  extending 40  miles  north- 
ward and  northeastward  fromthe  Sound  of  Bute. , 
Width,  from  1 to  5 miles.  It  is  famous  for  its 
herrings.  Also  Lochfyne. 

Fyt  (fit),  Jan.  Born  at  Antwerp,  1609:  died 
there,  Sept.  11,  1661.  A Dutch  painter  of  ani- 
mals and  game. 

Fyzabad.  See  Faizalad. 


aal  (go'al),  Jozsef.  Born  at 
Nagy-Karoly,  Hungary,  Dee. 
12,  1811:  died  at  Budapest, 
Feb.  28,  1866.  A Hungarian 
dramatist  and  novelist. 
Gabb  (gab),  William  More. 
Born  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
16,  1839 : died  there,  May 
30,  1878.  A geologist  and 
paleontologist.  From  1862  to  1865  he  was  paleontolo- 
gistof  the  California  Geological  Survey.  He  exploredSanto 
Domingo  1869-72,  in  the  interests  of  a mining  company, 
and  subsequently  made  an  extended  geographical  and  top- 
ographical survey  of  Costa  Rica  for  the  government  of 
that  republic.  He  published  various  papers  on  Cretaceous 
and  Tertiary  invertebrates,  and  on  Santo  Domingo  and 
Central  America. 

Gabbatha  (gab'a-tka).  [Gr.  Ta.ppada ; proba- 
bly Aram.,  ‘elevated  place.’]  The  name  given 
(John  xix.  13)  to  the  place  (also  called  the  Pave- 
ment) where  was  placed  the  bema  or  judgment- 
seat  of  Pilate. 

Gabelentz  (ga'be-lents),Hans  Conon  von  der. 

Born  at  Altenburg,  Germany,  Oct.  13, 1807 : died 
near  Triptis,  Saxe-Weimar,  Germany,  8ept.  3, 
1874.  A German  philologist  and  politician.  He 
wrote  “Elements  de  la  grammaire  mandchoue”  (1833), 
“ Die  melanesischen  Spraclien  ” (1860),  and  other  works  on 
Oriental  languages. 

Gabelentz,  Hans  Georg  Conon  von  der.  Bom 

at  Poschwitz,  near  Altenburg,  Germany,  March 
16, 1840 : died  at  Berlin , Dec.  1 2, 1893.  A German 
philologist,  son  of  H.  C.  von  der  Gabelentz.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  East-Asiatic  languages  at  Leip- 
sic  in  1878,  and  at  Berlin  in  1889.  He  wrote  “ Chinesische 
Grammatik  ’’  (1881),  etc. 

’Gaberlunzie  Man(gab-er-lun'zi  man  ), The.  A 
Scottish  ballad  traditionally  ascribed,  though 
without  evidence,  to  James  Y.  The  gaberlunzie 
(or  gaberlunyie)  was  a wallet  or  bag,  and  the  gaberlunzie 
man  was  a wandering  beggar  or  tinker  who  carried  the 
wallet. 

Gabes.  See  Cubes. 

Gabhra,  Battle  of.  In  the  legends  of  the  Irish 
Gaels,  a battle  between  the  tribe  of  Fionn  and 
its  enemies,  about  284. 

Gabli  (ga'bi-1).  A city  of  ancient  Latium,  sit- 
uated about  half-way  between  Borne  and  Prse- 
neste : one  of  the  oldest  of  the  cities  belonging 
to  the  Latin  federation.  According  to  Roman  le- 
gend it  was  conquered  by  Tarquinius  Superbus  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner : His  youngest  son,  Sextus,  presented  him- 
self before  Gabiiin  the  guise  of  a fugitive  from  his  father’s 
tyranny,  and  was  received  by  the  Gabines  as  their  leader, 
whereupon  Sextus  sent  to  Rome  for  further  instructions. 
The  messenger  found  Tarquin  in  his  garden.  Without 
saying  a word,  the  king  knocked  off  the  heads  of  the  tallest 
poppies.  The  messenger  returned  to  Sextus,  who  saw  the 
meaning  of  the  parable,  and  cut  off  the  chief  men  of  Gabii, 
which  was  then  surrendered  to  Tarquin. 

Gabinian  Law  (ga-bin'i-an  la).  [L.  Lex  Ga- 
binia .]  1.  A Roman  law,  passed  in  67  b.  c.,  by 

which  Cn.  Pompeius  was  invested  for  three 
years  with  unlimited  command  over  the  whole 
Mediterranean  and  its  coasts  for  fifty  miles  in- 
land, and  received  unconditional  control  of  the 
public  treasuries  of  the  provinces,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conducting  the  war  against  the  pirates. 
— 2.  A Roman  law,  passed  in  58  b.  c., which  for- 
bade loans  of  money  at  Rome  to  legations  from 
foreign  countries,  the  object  of  which  was  to 
prevent  such  legations  from  borrowing  money 
to  bribe  the  senators. 

GabinillS  (ga-bin'i-us),  Aulus.  Died  at  Salonre, 
Dalmatia,  about  47  B.  c.  A Roman  tribune 
(67  b.  c.).  He  proposed  a law  giving  Pompey 
command  against  the  pirates. 

Gabirol  (ga-be-rol'),  Solomon  ibn.  Born  at 
Malaga,  1021:  died  1070.  A celebrated  Jewish 
poet  and  philosopher.  He  lived  in  Saragossa,  Spain. 
His  poetry  is  characterized  by  its  finish  of  form  and  lofti- 
ness of  thought.  His  poems  are  mostly  serious,  some- 
times gloomy.  The  most  important  of  these  is  his  “ Royal 
Crown  ’’  (“  Kether  Malkuth  ”),  a religio-philosophical  med- 
itation, which  has  been  translated  into  almost  every  Eu- 
ropean language.  Many  of  his  numerous  religious  poems 
have  been  incorporated  in  the  Jewish  liturgy,  of  his 
philosophical  works,  written  in  Arabic,  the  principal  one 
is  the  "Fountain  of  Life,"  based  on  the  Neoplatonic  sys- 
tem. Its  Latin  translation,  “ Foils  Vitae, ’’  is  often  quoted 


by  Albert  the  Great,  Thomas  Aquinas,  Giordano  Bruno, 
and  others.  He  also  wrote  an  ethical  work,  “Introduc- 
tion for  the  Attaining  of  Good  Habits  of  the  Soul  ” (“  Tikun 
Midoth  ha-Nefesh  ”),  and  a collection  of  proverbs  ("Se- 
lection of  Pearls,”  “Mibliar  ha-Peninim  ”). 

Gablenz  (ga'bleutz),  Ludwig  Karl  Wilhelm, 
Freiherr  von.  Born  at  Jena,  July  19, 1814:  died 
at  Zurich,  Jan.  28,  1874.  An  Austrian  general. 
He  entered  the  Austrian  army  in  1833 ; served  under  Win- 
dischgratz  and  Schlick  in  Hungary  1848-49  ; became  ma- 
jor-general in  the  array  of  occupation  in  the  Danubian 
principalities  in  1854  ; commanded  a brigade  at  the  battle 
of  Solferino  in  1859;  commanded  the  Austrians  in  the 
war  of  Austria  and  Prussia  against  Denmark  iu  1864  ; be- 
came governor  of  Holstein  in  1865 ; commanded  an  army 
corps  at  Trautenau  June  27  and  28,  and  at  Koniggriitz  July 
3,  in  the  Austro- Prussian  war  in  1866.  He  committed  sui- 
cide in  a fit  of  despondency  brought  on  by  financial  diffi- 
culties. 

Gabler  (ga'bler),  Georg  Andreas.  Born  at 
Altdorf,  Bavaria,  July  30, 1786:  died  at  Teplitz, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  13,1853.  AGerman  philosopher, 
son  of  J.  P.  Gabler:  a disciple  of  Hegel,  and  his 
successor  in  Berlin. 

Gabler,  Johann  Philipp.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
on-tke-Main,  June  4,  1753:  died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, Feb.  17,  1826.  A German  rationalistic 
theologian,  professor  of  theology  at  Jena  from 
1804.  He  edited  Eichhorn’s  “Urgesehichte” 
(1790-93),  etc. 

Gabions  (ga'blonts).  A town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Neisse  57  miles  northeast  of  Prague. 
It  manufactures  glass.  Population,  commune, 
29,605,  (1910). 

Gaboon  (ga-bon').  See  Kongo , French. 

Gaboriau  (ga-bo-ryo'),  Emile.  Born  at  Saujon, 
Charente-Inferieure,  France,  Nov.  9, 1833 : died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  28,  1873.  A French  novelist, 
author  of  “Le  dossier  No.  113”  (1867),  “Le 
crime  d’Orcival”  (1867),  “M.  Lecoq”  (1869), 
“La  ddgringolade ” (1871),  “La  corde  au  con” 
(1873),  and  other  detective  stories. 

Gaboto  (ga-bd'to).  The  Spanish  form  of  Cabot 
(which  see). 

Gabriel  (ga'bri-el).  [Heb.,  ‘ God  is  my  strong 
one.’]  A name  of  one  of  the  archangels.  He 
interprets  to  Daniel  his  visions  (Dan.  viii.  16,  ix.  21)  and 
announces  the  birth  of  John  the  Baptist  and  Jesus  (Luke 
i.  19,  26).  In  the  Koran  he  is  represented  as  the  medium 
of  revelation  to  Mohammed. 

Gabriel.  One  of  the  ships  of  Frobisher’s  first 
expedition  in  1576. 

Gabriel  Channel.  A sea  passage  between  Tier- 
ra  delFuego  and  Dawson  Island,  about  lat.  54° 
15'  S..  long.  70°  40'  W. 

Gabriel  Hounds.  The  name  given  in  folk-lore  to 
a cry  heard  in  the  upper  air  at  night,  supposed 
to  forebode  trouble. 

Gabriel  Lajeunesse.  See  Lajeunesse. 

Gabrielle  (gii-bre-el'),  La  belle.  See  Estrees, 
Gabrielle  d’. 

Gabrielle  d’Estrees,  ou  les  Amours  de  Henri 

IV.  An  opera  by  Mehul,  words  by  Saint-Just, 
produced  in  1806. 

Gabrielli  (ga-bre-el'le),  Catterina.  Born  at 
Rome,  Nov.  12, 1730:  died  there,  in  April,  1796. 
A celebrated  Italian  singer.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Prince  Gabrielli’s  cook,  and  is  st  ill  known  as  La  Cochetta 
or'Cocliettina.  She  was  a pupil  of  Garcia  and  Porpora, 
and  made  her  first  appearance  at  Lucca  in  1747.  Her 
style  was  the  most  brilliant  bravura,  and  her  other  ac- 
complishments were  unusual.  She  was  notorious  for  her 
caprices. 

Gabrovo  (ga-bro'vd),  or  Gabrova  (-va),  or  Ka- 
brova  (ka-brd'va).  A town  in  Bulgaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  river  Jantra  26  miles  southwest 
of  Tirnova.  Population.  7,816. 

Gabun  (ga-bon').  See  Kongo , French. 

Gachard  (ga-skar'),  Louis  Prosper.  Born  at, 
Paris,  March  12, 1800:  died  at  Brussels,  Dec.  24, 
1885.  A Belgian  historian,  keeper  of  the  ar- 
chives of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium.  He  edited  the 
correspondence  of  William  the  Silent,  of  Philip  II.  on 
affairs  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  of  Margaret  of  Austria, 
duchess  of  Parma,  with  Philip  II.  He  wrote  “Retraite  et 
mort  de  Charles  V.”  (1854-55),  etc. 

Gad  (gad).  [Heb.,  ‘fortune.’]  1.  A son  of  the 
patriarch  Jacob  by  Zilpak. — 2.  One  of  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  occupying  the  region 
418 


east  of  the  Jordan,  north  of  Reuben  and  south 
of  Manasseh. — 3.  A Hebrew  prophetand  chron- 
icler at  the  court  of  David. 

Gadabout  (gad'a-bout//),  Mrs.  A character  in 
Garrick’s  play  “ The  Lying  Valet.” 

Gadames.  See  Ghadames. 

Gadara  (gad'a-ra).  [Gr.  TaSapa.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  the  Decapolisin  Syria,  situ- 
ated about  7 miles  southeast  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee, 
probably  the  capital  of  Perasa  : the  modem  vil- 
lage of  Um  Keis.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Pompey.  Here 
are  remains  of  a large  Roman  theater,  not  excavated  in  a 
hill,  but  entirely  built  up  of  masonry  on  vaulted  sub- 
structions and  in  good  preservation,  and  of  a smaller  the- 
ater on  the  same  site. 

Gaddi  ( gad'de),  Agnolo  or  Angelo.  Born  1333 : 
died  1396.  A Florentine  painter,  son  of  Taddeo 
Gaddi.  His  best-known  works  are  the  frescos 
(scenes  from  the  life  of  Mary)  in  the  parish 
church  of  Prato. 

Gaddi,  Gaddo.  Born  about  1260 : died  about 
1333.  A Florentine  painter  and  mosaicist. 
He  executed  notable  works  in  mosaic  at  Rome  (on  the 
facade  of  Santa  Maria  Maggiore)  and  at  Florence  (over  the 
chief  portal  of  tile  Duomo). 

Gaddi,  Taddeo.  Born  about  1300  : died  atFlor- 
ence,  1366  (?).  A Florentine  painter  and  archi- 
tect, son  of  Gaddo  Gaddi  and  pupil  of  Giotto. 
Among  his  chief  works  are  frescos  (scenes  from 
the  life  of  Mary)  in  Santa  Croce,  Florence. 

Gade  (ga'de),  Niels  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Copen- 
hagen, Oct.  22,  1817 : died  there,  Dec.  21,  1890. 
A noted  Danish  composer  and  conductor.  After 
1848  he  occupied  various  official  positions  (court  organist, 
etc.)  at  Copenhagen.  Among  his  works  are  seven  sym- 
phonies, five  overtures  (the  Ossian  overture  was  crowned 
in  1841),  etc.  He  also  wrote  many  choral  and  solo  songs, 
and  a number  of  solo  pieces  for  the  piano,  of  which 
‘ ‘ Aquarellen,”  a series  of  musical  sketches,  and  the  “ Volks- 
tanze  ” are  the  best.  Grave. 

Gades  (ga'dez),  or  Gadeira  (ga-di'ra).  [L. 
Gades, Gr.  Tadetpa.  (pi.),  Tadeipoc,  orig.  Piien., ‘in- 
closure.’] The  remotest  colony  of  the  Pheni- 
cians  in  the  west.  It  was  founded  about  1100  b.  c.  be- 
yond Gibraltar-  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of  an  island, 
about  12  miles  long,  which  lies  off  the  western  coast  of 
Spain,  and  occupied  almost  exactly  the  same  site  as  the 
modern  Cadiz.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  the  western 
commerce  of  the  Phenicians,  and  contained  various  tem- 
ples of  the  Phenician  gods.  See  Cadiz. 

Gades  or  Cadiz,  which  has  kept  its  name  and  its  un- 
broken position  as  a great  city  from  an  earlier  time  than 
any  other  city  in  Europe.  Freeman , Hist.  Geog.,  p.  35. 

Of  these  by  far  the  most  important  was  Gadeira.  This 
town  was  situated  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of  an  isl- 
and, about  twelve  miles  long,  which  lies  off  the  western 
coast  of  Spain  a little  outside  the  straits.  A narrow  chan- 
nel, more  like  a river  than  an  arm  of  the  sea,  and  now 
spanned  by  a bridge,  separates  the  island  from  the  shore, 
expanding,  however,  towards  its  northern  end.  where  it 
forms  itself  into  a land-locked  bay,  capable  of  containing 
all  the  navies  of  the  world.  Two  islets  lie  across  the 
mouth  of  the  channel  at  this  end,  and  effectually  prevent 
the  entrance  of  the  long  rolling  waves  from  the  Atlantic. 
The  original  city  was  small,  and  enclosed  within  a strong 
wall,  whence  the  name  “Gadir”  or  "Gadeira,”  which 
meant  in  the  Phoenician  language  “an  enclosure”  or  “a 
fortified  place.”  It  occupied  almost  exactly  the  site  of 
the  modern  Cadiz,  being  spread  over  the  northern  end  of 
the  island,  the  little  islet  of  the  Trocadero,  and  ultimately 
over  a portion  of  the  opposite  coast.  It  contained  temples 
of  El,  Melkarth,  and  Ashtoreth  or  Astartd. 

Rawlinson , Phoenicia,  p.  67. 

Gadhels  (gad'elz).  [See  Gael.]  That  branch 
of  the  Celtic  race  which  comprises  the  Erse  of 
Ireland,  the  Gaels  of  Scotland,  and  the  Manx  of 
the  Isle  of  Man,  as  distinguished  from  the  Cym- 
ric branch.  See  Cymry.  Ireland  was  the  first  home 
of  the  Gadhelic  branch,  whence  it  spread  to  Scotland  in 
the  6th  century — a portion  of  the  branch,  under  the  name 
of  Scots,  having  then  settled  in  Argyll,  The  Scots  ulti- 
mately became  the  dominant  race,  the  Piets,  an  earlier  ami 
probably  a Cymric  race,  being  lost  in  them. 

After  the  old  way  of  inventing  persons  to  explain  the 
names  of  tribes,  the  name  of  Gaedhel  was  derived  by  the 
ancient  Irish  clergy  from  a Gaedhal  or  Gadelas  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  Moses.  Ilis  father,  Niul,  had  married  a 
daugliterof  that  Pharaoh  who,  in  pursuit  of  the  Israelites, 
was  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea,  and  called  her  Scota  because 
he  was  himself  a Scythian.  Their  son  was  said  to  have 
been  called  Gaodhal  as  a lover  of  learning,  from  gaoith, 
which  is  in  Irish  “learning,"  and  dil,  which  is  in  Irish 
“love.”  Morley,  English  Writers,  I.  166. 


Gadiatch 

Gadiatch  (gad'yaeh).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated  on  the  rivers 
Psiol  and  Gran  about  lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  34° 
E.  Population,  10,278. 

Gaditanum  Fretum  (gad-i-ta'num  fre'tum). 
[L.,  ‘ Strait  of  Gades.’]  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Gadsden  (gadz'den),  Christopher.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  1724 : died  at  Charleston,  Aug. 
28, 1805.  An  American  patriot  and  Revolution- 
ary officer.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Colonial  Congress 
which  met  at  New  York  in  1765 ; was  a member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  which  met  at  Philadelphia  in  1774  ; 
was  made  a colonel  in  the  militia  of  South  Carolina  in 
1775  ; and  became  brigadier-general  in  1776,  a post  which 
he  resigned  in  1779.  As  lieutenant-governor  of  South 
Carolina  he  signed  the  articles  of  capitulation  at  the  sur- 
render of  Charleston  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton  in  1780. 

Gadsden,  James.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
May  15, 1788 : died  at  Charleston,  Dec.  25, 1858. 
An  American  politician  and  diplomatist,  grand- 
son of  C.  Gadsden.  As  minister  to  Mexico  he 
negotiated  the  “Gadsden  Purchase  ” (which  see) 
in  1853. 

Gadsden  Purchase.  A treaty  negotiated  Dec. 
30,  1853,  by  James  Gadsden, United  States  min- 
ister to  Mexico,  by  which  the  United  States  ac- 
quired from  Mexico  a tract  of  45,000  square 
miles,  now  included  in  the  southern  part  of 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  for  $10,000,000. 
Gadskill  (gadz'hil).  A hill  3 miles  northwest 
of  Rochester,  England,  on  the  road  to  Graves- 
end. It  commands  a fine  view,  and  is  noted  as  the  place, 
in  Shaksperes  “1  Henry  IV.,"  where  Pal  staff  had  his  en- 
counter with  the  “men  in  buckram.”  Gadshill,  one  of 
the  thieves,  is  a character  in  the  play.  There  is  an  inn 
there  called  the  Falstaff  Inn.  Opposite  stands  Gadshill 
Place,  the  residence  of  Charles  Dickens  in  which  he  died. 

Gaea  (je'a),  or  Ge  (je).  [Gr.  Tala,  r?/.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a goddess,  the  personification  of  the 
earth.  According  to  Hesiod,  she  was  the  first-born  of 
Chaos  and  the  mother  of  Uranus  and  Pontus.  By  Uranus 
she  was  the  mother  of  Oceanus,  Cronus,  and  many  others. 
(See  Uranus.)  Homer  makes  her  the  mother  of  Erechtheus 
and  Tithyus.  She  was  worshiped  at  Rome  as  Tellus. 

Gaedhals.  See  Gadhels. 

Gael  (gal).  [From  Gael.  Gaidheal  (contr.  Gael), 
Ir.  Gaoidhem  (with  dh  now  silent),  Olr.  Goidcl, 
a Gael,  formerly  equiv.  also  to  ‘Irishman/  W. 
gwyddel,  an  Irishman.]  A Scottish  Highlander 
or  Celt. 

Gaesbeeck  (gas'bak),  Adriaan  van.  Born  at 
Leyden : died  there,  1650.  A Dutch  genre  and 
portrait  painter,  a follower  of  Gerard  Douw. 
Gaeta  (ga-a'ta).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta  in 
lat.  41°  12'  N.,  long.  13°  35'  E. : the  ancient  Por- 
tus  Caietfe.  It  has  a cathedral  and  an  ancient  tomb  (Torre 
d'Orlando),  and  is  noted  for  the  strength  of  its  fortress. 
It  resisted  the  Teutonic  invaders  in  the  middle  ages  ; was 
a free  city,  and  then  passed  to  the  Normans  ; had  various 
sieges  : was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1707,  by  the  Span- 
iards and  Allies  in  1734,  and  by  Massena  after  a long  siege 
in  1806 ; and  was  the  place  of  refuge  of  Pope  Pius  IX. 
1848-50,  and  of  Francis  II.  of  Naples  in  1860.  It  sur- 
rendered to  the  forces  of  Victor  Emmanuel  in  1861.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  5,528. 

Gaeta,  Gulf  of.  An  indentation  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, situated  southwest  of  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy. 

Gaeta,  Mola  di.  See  Formia. 

Gaetulia  (je-tu'li-a).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
land  of  the  Gaetuii,  a region  in  northern  Africa, 
south  of  Mauretania  and  Numidia,  extending 
from  the  land  of  the  Garamantes  westward  to 
the  Atlantic.  The  Gretulians  were  subjected 
to  Roman  rule  about  the  time  of  Christ. 
Gagarin  (ga-ga'ren),  Alexander  Ivanovitch. 
Died  at  Kutais,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  Nov.  6, 
1857.  A Russian  general,  distinguished  in  the 
Caucasus  and  in  the  Crimean  war.  He  was 
governor  of  Kutais  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Gagarin,  Ivan  Sergej e witch.  Born  at  St. 

Petersburg  in  1814:  didtl  at  Paris  in  1882.  A 
Russian  Jesuit  writer.  He  was  originally  a diplo- 
matist, and  in  1837  was  secretary  of  the  embassy  at  Vienna 
and  at  Paris.  In  1843  he  embraced  Catholicism  and  en- 
tered the  order  of  Jesuits.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
‘‘Etudes  de  Th^ologie,  etc. "(1857:  a journal  merged  in 
“Etudes  Religieuses,  etc., ”1862).  He  wrote  “Fes  staro- 
vferes,  IVglise  russe,  et  le  pape  ’’  (1857),  “ La  Russie  sera-t- 
cdle  catholique?  ”(1857),“  Les  hy nines  de  l’figlise  grecque  ” 
(1868). 

Gage  (gaj),  Lyman  Judson.  Born  at  DeRuy- 
ter,  N.  Y.,  June  28,  1836.  An  American  finan- 
cier. He  was  president  of  the  Civic  Federation  of 
Chicago  and  of  the  Chicago  Exposition  Company ; has 
been  three  times  president  of  the  American  Bankers’  As- 
sociation, and  in  1891  became  president  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Chicago.  He  was  .Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
1897-1901,  1901-02. 

Gage,  Thomas.  Born,  probably  in  Surrey, 
about  1596:  died  in  Jamaica,  1656.  An  Eng- 
lish missionary  and  author.  Rejoined  the  Domini- 


419 

cans  in  Spain,  and  from  1625  to  1637  was  a missionary  in 
Mexico  and  Guatemala.  Returning,  he  renounced  Roman 
Catholicism  in  1640,  and  became  a Protestant  preacher  in 
England.  In  1648  he  published  his  “English  American, 
or  New  Survey  of  the  West  Indies,”  describing  his  travels 
in  Amerjca.  He  pointed  out  that  the  rich  Spanish  colonies 
were  nearly  defenseless,  and  his  account  soon  led  to  pri- 
vateering expeditions  against  them.  Gage  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  squadron  sent  under  Venables  and  Penn 
to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  died. 

Gage,  Thomas.  Born  in  1721:  died  April  2, 
1787.  A British  general.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1741 ; served  in  the  expeditions  under  Braddock  against 
Fort  Duquesne  in  1755, under  Abercrombie  against  Ticonde- 
roga  in  1758,  and  under  Amherst  against  Montreal  in  1760 ; 
was  commander-in-chief  in  North  America  (with  head- 
quarters at  New  York)  1763-72  ; was  appointed  governor- 
in-chief  and  captain-general  of  the  province  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  (with  headquarters  at  Boston)  in  1774  ; was  made 
commander-in-chief  in  North  America  in  1775;  and  re- 
turned to  England  in  1775.  He  was  promoted  general  in 
1782.  During  his  governorship  occurred  the  battles  of 
Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill. 

Gagern  (ga'gem),  Hans  Christoph  Ernst, 
Baron  von.  Bom  at  Kleinniedesheim,  near 
Worms,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Jan.  25, 1766:  died  at 
Homau,near  Hochst,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Oct.22, 
1852.  A German  politician  and  diplomatist  (in 
the  service  of  the  King  of  the  Netherlands),  and 
political  writer.  His  works  include  “ Die  Resultate 
der  Sittengeschichte  " (1808-22),  “ Die  Nationalgeschichte 
der  Deutschen  ” (1825-26),  etc. 

Gagern,  Heinrich  Wilhelm  August,  Baron 
von.  Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria,  Aug.  20, 
1799:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Germany,  May  22, 
1880.  A German  statesman,  son  of  II.  C.  E. 
von  Gagern.  He  was  president  of  the  Frankfort  Par- 
liament in  1848,  and  president  of  the  imperial  ministry 
Dec.,  1848, -May,  1849. 

Gaguin  (ga-gan'),  Robert.  Born  at  Calonne- 
sur-le-Lys  about  1425 : died  near  Nieppe,  July 
22,  1502.  A French  chronicler.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  in  the  University  of  Paris  in  1463,  and 
was  employed  in  diplomatic  missions  by  Louis  XI. , Charles 
VIII.,  and  Louis  XII.  Author  of  “Compendium  supra 
Francorum  Gestis,  a Pharamundo  usque  ad  annum  1491  ” 
(Paris,  1497). 

Gahanbar  (ge-hen-bar').  [Pers.,  properly  ‘pe- 
riod of  time  or  times.’]  One  of  the  six  season 
festivals  held  on  the  45th,  105th,  180th,  210th, 
290th,  and  365th  days  of  the  Parsee  year,  which 
commences  now  on  Sept.  20  according  to  In- 
dian Parsee  reckoning,  on  Aug.  21  according 
to  Persian  reckoning,  but  retrogrades  one  day 
every  leap-year.  Theseperiods,  originally  the  six  sea- 
sons of  the  year,  came  to  represent  in  later  times  the  six 
periods  of  creation. 

Gaheris  (ga'her-is).  In  Arthurian  romance,  the 
son  of  Morganse,  the  sister  of  King  Arthur.  He 
killed  his  mother  for  adultery. 

Gahs  (gahz).  [Pers.  gah,  time.]  Prayers  (five 
in  number)  of  the  Parsee  liturgy  which  are  of- 
fered to  the  several  angels  who  preside  over  the 
five  watches  into  which  the  day  and  night  are 
divided  (6  to  10  a.  m.,  10  a.  m.  to  3 p.  m.,  3 to 
6 P.  M.,  6 to  12  M.,  12  M.  to  6 A.  M.).  These 
prayers  must  be  recited  every  day  at  their  re- 
spective times. 

Gaiam  (gi'am).  The  fifth-magnitude  star  o 
Herculis,  in  the  club  of  the  giant:  sometimes 
written  Guiani. 

Gaiety  Theatre,  The.  A London  theater  situ- 
ated on  the  north  side  of  the  Strand.  It  was 
opened  in  1868,  and  in  it  opera  bouffe  was  “ac- 
climatized ” in  England. 

Gaikwar’s,  or  Gaekwar’s,  Dominions.  See 

Baroda. 

Gail  (gal  or  gay),  Madame  (Edme  Sophie 
Garre).  Born  at  Melun, France,  Aug.  28, 1775: 
died  at  Paris,  July  24,  1819.  A French  com- 
poser of  comic  operas,  wife  of  J.  B.  Gail.  She 
wrote  “ Mademoiselle  de  Lauuay  k la  Bastille  ” (1813), 
“Angdla”  (1814  : in  collaboration  with  Boieldieu),  “La 
Sdrbnade  ” (1818),  etc. 

Gail,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris,  July  4, 
1755:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  5,  1829.  A noted 
French  Hellenist,  a prolific  writer  of  transla- 
tions from  the  Greek  and  of  grammatical  and 
critical  works. 

Gailenreuther  Hohle  (gi'len-roi-ter  he'le).  A 
famous  cavern  near  Muggendorf,  in  Upper 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  containing  fossil  bones  of 
various  wild  animals : human  bones  and  pot- 
sherds have  also  been  found  there. 

Gaillac  (ga-yak').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Tarn,  France,  situated  on  the  Tarn  in  lat. 
43°  55'  N.,  long.  1°  54'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its 
red  and  white  wines.  Population,  commune, 
7,535. 

Gaillard  (ga-yar'),  Chateau.  See  Chdteau 
Gaillard. 

Gaillard,  Gabriel  Henri.  Born  at  Ostel,  near 
Soissons,  France,  March  26,  1726:  died  at  St. 
Firmin,  near  Chantilly,  France,  Feb.  13,  1806. 


Gaius 

A French  historian.  Hisworks  include  “Histoirede 
Francois  Iir,  etc.”  (1766),  “Histoire  de  la  rival  ite  de  la 
France  et  de  l’Angleterre  ” (1771-77),  “ Histoire  de  Charle- 
magne ” (1782),  “ Histoire  de  la  rivalitb  de  la  France  et  de 
l’Espagne  ” (1801),  etc. 

Gaillon  (ga-yon').  A small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  22  miles  southeast  of  Rouen.  A chateau 
here  was  a favorite  residence  of  Francis  I. 
Gainas  (ga'nas).  Died  in  400  a.  d.  A West- 
Gothic  general  in  the  Roman  service.  He  acquired 
distinction  in  the  war  against  Arbogast  in  394.  He  was 
a partizan  of  Stiliclio,  who,  on  the  death  of  Theodosius  the 
Great,  and  the  division  of  the  empire  between  Arcadius  and 
Honorius,  became  regent  for  the  Western  Empire,  while 
Rufinus  became  regent  for  the  Eastern.  He  procured  the 
murder  of  the  latter  at  Constantinople  Nov.  27, 395.  Hav- 
ing been  sent  to  subdue  a rebellion  of  the  East  Goths 
whom  Theodosius  had  colonized  in  Asia  Minor,  he  formed 
a coalition  with  their  leader.  Tribigild,  and  marched 
against  Constantinople  in  399.  He  was  admitted  into  the 
capital ; but  as  his  demand  for  freedom  of  worship  for  the 
Arian  Goths  provoked  a massacre  by  the  Catholics,  he  was 
obliged  to  withdraw  to  Thrace.  He  was  defeated  and 
killed  by  the  Huns  in  400. 

Gaines  (ganz),  Edmund  Pendleton.  Born  in 
Culpeper  County,  Va.,  March  20,  1777:  died  at 
New  Orleans,  June  6,  1849.  An  American 
general.  He  participated  as  colonel  in  the  engagement 
at  Chrysler’s  Field  Nov.  11,  1813,  and  as  brigadier-general 
successfully  defended  Fort  Erie  against  a superior  force 
in  Aug.,  1814. 

Gaines’s  Mill.  A locality  in  Virginia,  about  8 
miles  northeast  of  Richmond.  Here,  June  27, 1862; 
a sanguinary  battle  was  fought  between  part  of  Lee  s 
army  and  part  of  McClellan’s.  The  loss  of  the  Federals 
was  6,837 ; that  of  the  Confederates,  as  reported,  was  3,284, 
but  it  is  believed  to  have  been  at  least  7,000. 
Gainsborough  (ganz'bur-o).  A town  and  river 
port  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Trent  15  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln.  Popu- 
lation, 17,660. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas.  Born  at  Sudbury, 
Suffolk,  1727:  died  at  London,  Aug.  2,  1788. 
A noted  English  painter,  son  of  a wool  manu- 
facturer. He  went  to  London  in  his  fifteenth  year,  and 
studied  with  Gravelot,  an  engraver  and  teacher  of  draw- 
ing, and  also  at  St.  Martin’s  Lane  Academy,  and  with 
Frank  Hayman.  In  1745  he  returned  to  Sudbury,  where 
he  set  up  a studio  as  portrait-painter.  He  soon  removed 
to  Ipswich,  remaining  there  till  1760,  when  he  went  to 
Bath.  At  the  foundation  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  17(  8 
Gainsborough  was  one  of  the  original  36  members.  In 
1774  he  left  Bath  for  London.  In  1779  he  was  at  the 
height  of  his  fame.  From  1769  to  1783  (except  1772-76)  lie 
was  a constant  exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy.  He  sent 
nothing  to  the  exhibitions  after  that  year,  owing  to  a dis- 
agreement with  the  council.  He  painted  over  300  pic- 
tures, more  than  220  being  portraits.  In  the  National 
Gallery  are  his  “Musidora,”  “The  Market  Cart,”  “The 
Watering  Place,”  “Gainsborough’s  Forest,”  etc.,  and  five 
portraits,  one  of  them  being  Mrs.  Siddons.  There  are 
five  of  his  portraits  in  the  Dulwich  Gallery,  and  others 
also  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  at  Hampton  Court, 
at  Buckingham  Palace,  and  at  Grosvenor  House,  where  is 
the  celebrated  “ Blue  Boy,”  a portrait  of  Master  Buttall. 
“Gainsborough  probably  painted  more  than  one  ‘Blue 
Boy,’  and  there  are  many  copies,  but  the  picture  belong- 
ing to  the  Duke  of  Westminster  (in  theGrosvenor  Gallery] 
is  the  most  famous  of  those  to  which  the  name  has  been 
given.”  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.)  He  painted  George  III.  eight 
times.  The  famous  portrait  of  the  Duchess  of  Devonshire 
was  painted  in  1783.  The  “Girl  with  Pigs”  (1782)  was 
purchased  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  There  are  also  pic- 
tures of  his  in  Dublin,  Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  etc. 

Gairdner  (gard'ner),  James.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, March  22,  1828 : died  at  Pinner,  Middle- 
sex, Nov.  6,  1912.  An  English  historian. 
In  1846  he  entered  the  Public  Record  Office,  London,  and 
in  1859  became  assistant  keeper  of  the  public  records.  H e 
edited  “Memorials  of  Henry  VII."  (Rolls  Series,  1858), 
“Letters  and  Papers  Illustrative  of  the  Reigns  of  Richard 
III.  and  Henry  VII.”  (Rolls  Series,  1861-63),  “Three  Fif- 
teenth-Century Chronicles”  (1880),  vols.  6-21  of  the 
“Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII."  (1879-1912),  a new 
edition  of  the  “ Paston  Letters  ’’  (1872-75),  etc.  ; and  has 
written  “Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York”  (1874),  “Life 
and  Reign  of  Richard  III.”  (1878),  “Henry  VII.”  (1889), 

“ Lollardy  and  the  Reformation  in  England  ” (1908-n),  etc. 

Gairloch.  (gar'loch).  A small  arm  of  the  sea 
on  the  western  coast  of  Ross-shire,  Scotland. 
Gais  (gls).  A health-resort  in  the  canton  of 
Appenzell,  Switzerland,  6 miles  southeast  of 
St.-Gall. 

Gaisford  (gaz'ford),  Thomas.  Born  at,  Iford, 
Wiltshire,  Dec.  22, 1779:  died  at  Oxford,  June  2, 
1855.  An  English  scholar.  He  studied  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  was  appointed  regius  professor 
of  Greek  in  1812  and  dean  in  1831.  He  edited  “ Repines 
tionis  Enchiridion  deMetris, ’’with  “ProcliChrestomathia’’ 
(1810),  “ Herodotus  cum  notis  variorum  ” (1824),  “ Suidse 
Lexicon  ” (1834),  etc. 

Gaissin  (gii'e-sen),  or  Haissin  (hii'e-sen).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Podolia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  river  Sob  in  lat.  48°  48'  N.,  long. 
29°  25'  E.  Population,  11,300. 

Gaius  (ga'yus),  or  Caius  (ka'yus).  [L.,  prop. 
Gains,  in  Gr.  form  rdiof,  sometimes  Valor. ] Born 
about  110  a.  d.  : died  about  180.  A celebrated 
Roman  jurist,  a native,  probably,  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  empire.  He  was,  for  the  greater  part  of  his 


Gaius 

life,  a teacher  arid  writer  in  Rome.  He  wrote  numerous 
works  on  the  civil  law,  the  most  noted  being  seven  books  of 
“Aurea"  (‘‘Rerum  Quotidianarum  Libri  VII.”)  and  four 
books  of  “Institutiones,”  a favorite  manual  and  the  foun- 
dation of  Justinian's  “Institutes.”  A manuscript  (palimp- 
sest on  which  the  “Letters”  of  St.  Jerome  had  been  writ- 
ten : in  some  parts  the  parchment  had  been  twice  used, 
after  the  original  writing  had  been  erased)  of  the  “ Insti- 
tutiones ” was  found  by  Niebuhr  at  Verona  in  1816.  It 
was  edited  by  Goschen  (1820). 

Galabat  (ga-la-bat').  Aregionin  eastern  Africa, 
near  the  western  border  of  Abyssinia,  about  lat. 
13°  N.,  long.  36°  E.  ^ 

Galacz.  See  Galatz. 

Galahad  (gal'a-had),  Sir.  The  noblest  and 
purest  knight  of  the  Round  Table.  The  char- 
acter was  invented  by  Walter  Map  in  the 
“ Quest  of  the  Graal.” 

Sir  Galahad,  Map’s  ideal  knight,  was  the  son  of  his 
L’Ancelot  and  Elaine.  The  son  and  namesake  of  Joseph 
of  Arimathea,  Bishop  Joseph,  to  whom  the  Holy  Dish  was 
bequeathed,  first  instituted  the  Order  of  the  Round  Table. 
The  initiated  at  their  festivals  sat  as  apostle  knights  round 
the  table,  with  the  Holy  Graal  in  the  midst,  leaving  one 
seat  vacant  as  that  which  the  Lord  had  occupied,  and 
which  was  reserved  for  a descendant  of  Joseph,  named 
Galahad.  Whatever  man  else  attempted  to  sit  in  the  place 
of  Galahad  the  earth  swallowed.  It  was  called  therefore 
the  Siege  (seat)  Perilous.  When  men  became  sinful,  the 
Holy  Graal,  visible  only  to  pure  eyes,  disappeared.  On 
its  recovery  depended  the  honour  and  peace  of  England, 
but  only  Sir  Galahad,  who  at  the  appointed  time  was 
brought  to  the  knights  by  a mysterious  old  man  clothed 
in  white,  and  placed  in  the  Siege  Perilous— only  the  pure 
Sir  Galahad  succeeded  in  the  quest. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  142. 

Galaor  (gal'a-or).  The  brother  of  Amadis  de 
Gaul.  See  Amadis. 

Galapagos  (ga-la'pa-gos),  or  Galapagos  (gal- 
a-pa/gos)  Islands.  [‘Tortoise  Islands.’]  A 
group  of  volcanic  islands  in  the  Pacific, 
west  of  Ecuador,  in  long.  89°-92°  W.  Of  the 

10  principal  islands  Albemarle  is  the  largest.  They 
were  formerly  noted  for  tortoises  (Sp.  galapagos),  and  are 
remarkable  for  peculiarities  of  the  fauna  and  flora.  They 
have  been  in  possession  of  Ecuador  since  1832.  They  were 
investigated  by  Darwin  in  his  voyage  in  the  Beagle.  Area, 
2,400  square  miles.  Population,  about  400. 

Galapas  (gal'a-pas).  A giant  slain  by  Arthur. 

Arthur  first  cut  tils  legs  off  in  order  to  reach  his  head,  and 
then  smote  that  off  too.  Malory. 

Galashiels  (gal-a-shelz').  A parliamentary 
burgh  partly  in  Selkirkshire  and  partly  in  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Gala,  27 
miles  southeast  of  Edinburgh,  near  Abbots- 
ford: noted  for  woolen  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation, parliamentary  burgh,  12,804. 

Galata  (ga'la-ta).  A section  of  Constantinople, 
situated  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Golden 
Horn,  opposite  Seraglio  Point,  it  is  the  seat  of 
important  commercial  establishments,  and  contains  a re- 
markable tower.  It  was  founded  by  the  Genoese  in  1216. 

On  the  right  of  the  Golden  Horn  is  the  European  quar- 
ter, known  as  Galata  near  the  water's  edge,  and  as  Pera  on 
the  top  of  the  steep  hill  where  the  European  colony  has 
its  houses  and  the  embassies  their  town  palaces.  Galata 
is  the  mercantile  and  shipping  quarter;  Pera  is  the  West 
End  of  Constantinople  in  all  but  the  points  of  the  compass. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  262. 

Galatea  (gal-a-te'a).  [Gr.  PaUd-raa.]  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  a sea-nymph,  the  daughter 
of  Nereus  and  Doris.  See  Acis. — 2.  A charac- 
ter in  Vergil’s  third  eclogue.  She  hid  herself 
among  the  willows  in  order  to  be  followed.  In 
literature,  a type  of  coquetry. — 3.  A statue  ani- 
mated by  Venus  in  answer  to  the  prayer  of  Pyg- 
malion. She  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  legend 
of  Acis  and  Galatea.  See  Pygmalion  and  Gal- 
atea. 

Galatea.  1.  A prose  pastoral  with  lyrics,  by 
Cervantes,  said  to  have  been  inspired  by  the 
lady  who  afterward  became  his  wife.  It  was 
written  about  1583.  A second  part  was  prom- 
ised, but  was  not  written. 

Like  other  works  of  the  same  sort,  the  Galatea  [of  Cer- 
vantes] is  founded  on  an  affectation  which  can  never  be 
successful,  and  which,  in  this  particular  instance,  from 
the  unwise  accumulation  and  involution  of  the  stories  in 
its  fable,  from  the  conceited  metaphysics  with  which  it  is 
disfigured,  and  from  the  poor  poetry  profusely  scattered 
through  it,  is  more  than  usually  unfortunate.  Perhaps  no 
one  of  the  many  pastoral  tales  produced  in  Spain  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  fails  so  much  in  the 
tone  it  should  maintain.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  99. 

2.  A play  by  John  Lyly,  printed  in  1592. — 3. 
A romantic  pastoral  by  Plorian,  imitated  from 
Cervantes,  published  in  1783. 

Galatea.  A steel  cutter  yacht  designed  by 
J.  Beavor-Webb  and  launched  at  Port  Glas- 
gow, May,  1885.  Her  dimensions  are  : length  over  all, 
102.60  feet;  length  at  load  water-line,  86.80;  beam,  15; 
beam  (load  water-line),  15 ; draught,  13.50 ; displacement, 
157.63  tons.  She  challenged  for  the  America’s  cup,  and 
was  beaten  by  the  Mayflower  in  two  races,  Sept.  7 and 
Sept.  9,  1886. 

Galatea,  Triumph  of.  A famous  fresco  by 
Raphael  (1514),  in  the  Villa  Farnesina,  Rome. 
Galatea,  lightly  draped,  is  drawn  over  the  tranquil  sea  by 


420 

dolphins,  attended  by  nymphs  and  sea-gods.  Cupids  in 
the  air  above  are  piercing  with  their  arrows  members  of 
her  train. 

Galatee  (ga-la-ta/).  [F.,  ‘Galatea.’]  An  opera 
by  Masse,  first  produced  at  Paris  in  1852. 
This  is  the  story  of  Pygmalion  and  Galatea. 
Galatia  (ga-la'shiS).  [L.  Galatia,  Gr.  Yalana, 
considered  to  be  ult.  connected  with  Gallia, 
Gaul.]  1.  In  ancient  geography,  a division  of 
Asia  Minor,  lying  between  Bithynia  and  Paphla- 
gonia  on  the  north,  Pontus  on  the  east,  Cappa- 
docia and  Lycaonia  on  the  south,  and  Phrygia 
on  the  west : formerly  a part  of  Phrygia,  it  was 
conquered  and  settled  by  a confederation  of  Gallic  tribes 
in  the  3d  century  B.  c.,  and  was  made  a Roman  province 
in  25  B.  o.  Theodosius  subdivided  it  into  Galatia  Prima 
and  Galatia  Secunda. 

2.  A name  of  Gaul : called  specifically  Celtic 
or  Roman  Galatia. 

Galatians  (ga-la'shianz),  Epistle  to  the.  One 

of  the  epistles  of  the  apostle  Paul,  written  to 
the  Galatian  churches  probably  about  a.  d.  56. 
Its  chief  contents  are  a vindication  of  Paul’s  authority  as 
an  apostle,  a plea  for  the  principle  of  justification  by 
faith,  and  a concluding  exhortation. 

Galatina  (ga-la-te'na).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  14  miles 
south  of  Lecce. 

Galatz  (ga'lats),  or  Galacz  (ga'lach).  A city 
and  river  port  in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  26'  N.,  long.  28°  3' 
E.  it  is  an  important  export  place  for  grain,  etc.,  and 
was  made  the  seat  of  the  Danubian  Commission  in  1866. 
It  has  been  the  scene  of  various  conflicts  between  the 
Turks  and  Russians.  It  was  a free  port  until  1883.  Popu- 
lation, 65,495. 

Gala  Water  (ga'la  wa/ter).  A small  river  in 
southeastern  Scotland  which  joins  the  Tweed 
near  Abbotsford. 

Galha  (gal'ba),  Servius  Sulpicius.  Born  Dec. 
24,  5 b.  c. : died  at  Rome,  Jan,  15,  a.  d.  69.  A 
Roman  emperor.  He  became  pretor  in  20  and  consul 
in  33;  carried  on  a war  in  Gaul  [ gainst  the  Germans  in 
39;  and  became  governor  of  Africa  in  45,  and  governor  of 
Hispania  Tarraconensis  in  01.  In  C8,  learning  that  Nero 
had  given  secret  orders  for  his  assassination,  he  joined 
the  insurrection  of  C.  Julius  Viudex,  and  was  proclaimed 
emperor.  Vindex  was  defeated,  and  killed  himself,  but 
Galba  ascended  the  throne  in  consequence  of  a revolt  in 
his  favor  of  the  pretorians  at  Rome.  His  refusal  of  the 
donatives  which  had  been  promised  in  his  name,  and  his 
adoption  of  Piso  Licinianus  as  his  successor  instead  of 
Salvius  Otlio  who  had  hoped  to  be  appointed,  provoked 
a revolt  among  the  pretorians  which  resulted  in  his  as- 
sassination and  the  elevation  of  Otho. 

Gale  (gal),  Roger.  Born  1672 : died  June  25, 
1744.  An  English  antiquary,  son  of  Thomas 
Gale,  dean  of  York. 

Gale,  Theophilus.  Born  at  Kingsteignton, 
Devonshire,  England,  1628 : died  at  Newing- 
ton, London,  in  Feb.  or  March,  1678.  An  Eng- 
lish nonconformist  divine.  He  was  appointed  preach- 
er in  Winchester  cathedral  in  1657  ; was  deprived  of  this 
preferment  on  the  Restoration  in  1660 ; and  in  1677  be- 
came pastor  of  an  Independent  congregation  at  Holborn. 
His  chief  work  is  “The  Court  of  the  Gentiles,  or  a Dis- 
course teaching  the  Original  of  Humane  Literature  ” 
(1669-77). 

Gale,  Thomas.  Born  at  Scruton,  Yorkshire, 
England,  in  1635  or  1636:  died  at  York,  April 
7 or  8,  1702.  An  English  classical  scholar  and 
antiquary.  He  was  regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Cam- 
bridge 1C66-72  ; was  high  master  of  St.  Paul’s  School  1672- 
1697)  and  was  dean  of  York  from  1617  until  his  death.  He 
edited  “Opuscula  mythologica,  ethicaet  physica”(1671?  ), 
“Historic  anglicanse  scriptores  quinque  ex  vetustis 
codicibus  MSS.  nunc  primum  in  lucem  editi  ” (1687). 

Galeazzo.  See  Sforza  and  Visconti. 

Galen  (ga'len)  (Claudius  Galenus).  [Gr.  TaJ)?- 
vor. ] Born  at  Pergamum,Mysia,  about  130  A.  D. 
A celebrated  Greek  physician  and  philosophical 
writer,  long  the  supreme  authority  in  medical 
science.  He  traveled  in  various  countries  (studying  in 
Smyrna,  Alexandria,  and  elsewhere),  visited  Rome  164- 
168,  and  returned  there  170,  remaining  for  a number  of 
years.  He  is  said  to  have  died  in  Sicily.  He  composed  a 
large  number  (about  500)  of  works  on  medicine,  logic,  etc., 
of  which  83  genuine  treatises  and  some  others  regarded  as 
doubtful  have  been  preserved. 

Galen  (ga ' len),  Christoph  Bernhard  von. 

Bom  at  Bispink,  Westphalia,  Oct.  12, 1606:  died 
at  Ahaus,  Westphalia,  Sept.  19,  1678.  A Ger- 
man prelate  and  commander,  elected  prince- 
bishop  of  Munster  in  1650. 

Galena  (ga-le'na).  [From  L.  galena,  lead  ore.] 
A city  and  the  capital  of  Jo  Daviess  County, 
northwestern  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Galena 
River  14  miles  southeast  of  Dubuque  : the  cen- 
ter of  a lead-mining  region.  Population, 
4,835,  (1910). 

Galenists  (ga'len-ists).  In  medicine,  the  fol- 
lowers of  Galen. 

Galenists  (ga'len-ists).  A Mennonite  sect 
founded  in  1664  by  Galen  Abraham  de  Haan,  a 
physician  and  preacher  of  Amsterdam,  consti- 


Galilee 

tuting  the  Arminian  division  of  the  Water- 
landers. 

Galeotto  (ga'la-ot'to),  Principe.  A name 

given  to  Boccaccio’s  “Decameron.”  See  the 
extract. 

It  is  styled  Decameron  from  ten  days  having  been  occu- 
pied in  the  relation  of  the  tales,  and  is  also  entitled  Prin- 
cipe Galeotto, — an  appellation  which  the  deputies  ap- 
pointed for  correction  of  the  Decameron  consider  as  derived 
from  the  5tli  canto  (v.  137)  of  Dante’s  “Inferno,"— Galeotto 
being  the  name  of  that  seductive  book  which  was  read  by 
Paulo  and  Francesca : ‘ ‘ Galeotto  f u il  libro  e chi  lo  serisse.  ” 
Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  51. 

Galerius  (ga-le'ri-us),  in  full  Galerius  Vale- 
rius Maximinus.  Bom  near  Sardica,  Dacia : 
died  311  A.  D.  A Roman  emperor.  He  was  created 
Caesar  in  293  ; was  defeated  by  the  Persians  in  296,  and  de- 
feated them  in  297  ; and  succeeded  Diocletian  as  Augustus 
in  the  East  in  805.  He  is  said  to  have  induced  Diocletian 
to  order  the  persecution  of  the  Christians  which  began  in 
his  reign,  but  joined  with  Constantine  and  Licinius  in  pub- 
lishing an  edict  of  toleration  from  Nicomedia  in  31L 
Galesburg  (galz'berg).  A city  and  the  capital 
of  Knox  County,  Illinois,  in  lat.  40°  55'  N.,  long. 
90°  25'  W.:  the  seat  of  Knox  College  (non-sec- 
tarian) and  Lombard  College  (undenomina- 
tional). Population,  22,089,  (1910). 

Gali  (ga'le),  Francisco.  Born  in  Seville,  1539 : 
died  at  Mexico  City,  1591.  A Spanish  navigator. 
Employed  by  the  viceroy  of  Mexico  to  find  a harbor  where 
ships  might  take  shelterin  coming  from  the  Philippines,  he 
explored  the  coast  of  California  and  entered  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco  in  1584. 

Galiani  (ga-le-a'ne),  Fernando,  Abb  A Bom  at 
Chieti,  Italy,  Dec.  2, 1728 : died  at  Naples,  Oct. 
30,  1787.  A noted  Italian  political  economist, 
author  of  “ Dialogues  sur  le  commerce  des 
bl6s ” (1770),  “Traits  sur  les  monnaies ” (1750), 
etc. 

Galibis  (ga'le-bez).  In  Freuch  Guiana,  the 
Caribs,  or  a race  closely  related  to  the  Caribs,  of 
British  Guiana.  French  ethnologists  use  the  name 
Galibi  for  the  Caribs  of  the  continent  as  distinguished 
from  those  of  the  W est  Indian  Islands.  See  Caribs. 
Galicia  (ga-lish'ia;  Sp.  pron.  ga-le'the-a).  [L. 
Gallsecia,  from  Gallasci,  also  Callseci,  a Celtic 
tribe.]  An  ancient  province  and  captaincy- 
general  in  northwestern  Spain,  it  is  bounded  by 
the  ocean  on  the  north  and  west,  Asturias  and  Leon  on  the 
east,  and  Portugal  on  the  south,  and  comprises  the  modem 
provinces  of  Corufia,  Lugo,  Orense,  and  Pontevedra.  It 
belonged  to  the  Suevi  in  the  5th  and  6th  centuries  ; later 
it  was  part  of  the  Gothic  kingdom,  and  then  it  fell  to  the 
Moors.  It  became  a dependency  of  Leon,  and  thencefor- 
ward followed  the  fortunes  of  Leon  and  Castile,  except 
about  1065-73,  when  it  was  an  independent  kingdom. 
Galicia  (ga-lish'ia).  [G.  Galizien,  Pol.  Halicz .] 
A c-rownland  of  the  Cisleitlian  division  of  Aus- 
tria-Hungary. Capital,  Lemberg,  it  comprises 
the  titular  kingdoms  of  Galicia  and  Lodomeria,  the  grand 
duchy  of  Cracow,  and  the  duchies  of  Auschwitz  and  Zator. 
It  is  bounded  by  Russia  (partly  separated  by  the  Vistula) 
on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  east,  Bukowina  on  the  south- 
east, Hungary  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  south- 
west and  south,  and  Austrian  Silesia  and  Prussia  on  the 
northwest.  The  Carpathians  occupy  the  south ; in  the 
north  and  east  are  plains.  Galicia  belongs  mostly  to  the  ba- 
sins of  the  Vistula  and  Dniester.  It  produces  grain  and 
timber  in  large  quantities,  and  there  are  petroleum-,  coal-, 
Iron-,  lead-,  zinc-,  and  salt-mines.  It  sends  106  representa- 
tives to  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  has  a Diet  of  161  mem- 
bers. The  inhabitants  are  largely  Slavs  — Poles  in  the  west. 
Ruthenians  in  the  east — butover  10  per  cent,  are  Jews,  and 
there  are  many  Germans.  The  religions  are  the  Roman 
Catholic  and  Greek.  The  principalities  of  Halicz  and 
Vladimir  (Galicia  and  Lodomeria)  became  prominent  in 
the  12th  century,  and  were  involved  in  the  affairs  of 
Hungary,  Poland,  and  Russia.  Galicia  was  acquired  by 
Poland  in  the  14th  century,  and  by  Austria  in  1772.  The 
republic  of  Cracow  was  formed  in  1815  and  suppressed  in 
1846.  Galicia  was  the  scene  of  a bloody  insurrection  of 
the  peasantry  against  the  Polish  nobility  in  1846.  Area, 
30,307  square  miles.  Population,  8,022,126,  (1910). 

Galignani  (ga-len  -ya'ne),  John  Anthony.  Born 
at  London,  Oct.  13,  1796:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  31, 
1873.  Galignani,  William.  Born  at  London, 
March  10,  1798:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  12,  1882. 
French  publishers.  Their  father,  Giovanni  Antonio 
Galignani,  returned  to  Paris  shortly  after  179S,  and  in  1801 
he  started  a monthly  which  soon  became  a weekly  paper. 
In  1814  he  began  to  issue  guide-books,  and  started  “Ga- 
lignaui’s  Messenger,”  which  circulated  widely  among  Eng- 
lish residents  on  the  Continent.  The  sons  carried  on  the 
publishing  business  after  their  father’s  death  in  1821,  and 
issued  reprints  of  many  English  books.  In  1832  William 
was  naturalized,  Anthony  remaining  a British  subject.  In 
1852  their  reprints  were  stopped  by  the  copyright  treaty. 
They  w ere  liberal  contributors  to  British  cla  rities,  and 
built  a hospital  at  Neuilly  for  indigent  English.  William 
left  money  and  a site  at  Neuilly  to  build  the  Retraite  Ga- 
lignani Frires  for  a hundred  printers,  booksellers,  etc., 
or  their  families.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Galilee  (gal'i-le).  In  the  Roman  period,  the 
northernmost  division  of  Palestine,  it  was 
bounded  by  Phenicia  and  Ccele-Syria  on  the  north,  the 
Jordan  valley  on  the  east,  Samaria  on  the  south,  and  the 
Mediterranean  and  Phenicia  on  the  west.  It  comprised 
Upper  Galilee  (in  the  north)  and  Lower  Galilee  (in  the 
south),  and  corresponded  to  the  ancient  territories  of 
Asher,  Naphtali,  Zebulon,  and  part  of  Issachor.  It  now 
belongs  to  Turkey.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  XI. 


Galilee,  Sea  of 

Galilee,  Sea  of : also  called  the  Lake  or  Sea  of 
Gennesaret  or  of  Tiberias,  or  Sea  of  Chin- 
nereth  or  Chinneroth.  A lake  in  Palestine, 
intersected  by  lat.  32°  50'  N.,  long.  35°  40'  E., 
and  traversed  by  the  Jordan : the  modern  Balir 
Tabariyeh.  Its  length  is  about  13  miles;  its  greatest 
breadth,  6J  miles ; its  surface  is  680  feet  below  that  of  the 
Mediterranean.  Its  shores  were  thickly  peopled  in  the 
time  of  Christ,  and  are  associated  with  many  events  in 
New  Testament  history. 

Galilei  (ga-le-la'e),  Galileo,  generally  called 
Galileo  (gal-i-le'o ; It.  pron.  ga-le-la'o).  Born 
at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.,  1564:  died  at  Arcetri,  near 
Florence,  Jan.  8,  1642.  A famous  Italian  phys- 
icist and  astronomer.  He  was  descended  from  a 
noble  bat  impoverished  Florentine  family  ; studied  at  the 
University  of  Pisa  (without  taking  a degree)  1581-S6  ; dis- 
covered the  isochronism  of  the  pendulum  in  1583  and  the 
hydrostatic  balance  in  1586 ; was  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Pisa  1589-91,  and  at  Padua  1692-1610 ; con- 
structed a thermometer  in  1597,  and  a telescope  in  1609 ; 
discovered  Jupiter's  satellites  in  1610;  removed  to  Flor- 
ence in  1610 ; remarked  the  sun’s  spots  about  1610 ; was 
summoned  to  Rome,  where  his  doctrines  were  condemned 
by  the  Pope  in  1616 ; was  forced  by  the  Inquisition  to  ab- 
jure the  Copernican  theory  in  1633 ; and  discovered  the 
moon’s  libration  in  1637.  His  chief  works  are  “ Dialogo 
ai  due  massimi  Sistemi"  (“Dialogue  on  the  Two  Chief 
Systems,”  1632),  and  “Dialoghi  delle  Nuove  Scienze” 
(1638). 

Galimard  (ga-le-mar'),  Nicolas  Auguste. 

Born  at  Paris,  March  25,  1813 : died  at  Paris, 
Jan.,  1880.  A French  painter. 

Galin  (ga-lan'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Samatan, 
1786 : died  at  Paris,  1822.  A French  musician, 
teacher  of  mathematics  at  Bordeaux.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  a system  of  musical  instruction  named  by 
him  the  “mfeloplaste,"  developed  later  by  Airne  Paris  and 
Emile  Chevd,  and  now  called  the  Galin-Paris-Chevd  sys- 
tem. He  wrote  “Exposition  d’une  nouvelle  nffithode 
pour  l’enseignementde  la  musique”  (Bordeaux,  1818),  etc. 

Galion  (gal'i-on).  A city  in  Crawford  County, 
Ohio,  about  55  miles  north  of  Columbus.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,214,  (19i0). 

Galitch  (ga'lich).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Kostroma,  Russia,  situated  on  Lake  Galitch 
about  lat.  58°  15'  N.,  long.  42°  40'  E.  Popula- 
tion, 6,600. 

Galitzin,  or  Gallitzin  (ga-let'sen),  or  Golit- 
zyn,  Princess  (Amalie  von  Schmettau). 

Born  at  Berlin,  Aug.  28,  1748:  died  at  Angel- 
mode, near  Munster,  Westphalia,  Aug.  24,  1806. 
The  wife  of  Dmitri  Alexeievitch  Galitzin 
(1738-1803),  a noted  adherent  of  pietism. 
Galitzin,  Prince  Dmitri.  Died  1738.  A Russian 
diplomatist  and  statesman.  He  was  a member  of  the 
High  Council  which,  in  raising  Anna  Ivanovna,  duchess 
of  Courland,  to  the  throne  in  1730,  took  occasion  to  re- 
strict, by  a charter,  the  sovereignty  of  the  crown  in  fa- 
vor of  the  nobles.  On  the  coup  d’dtat  of  Anna  in  1731,  by 
which  the  charter  was  repudiated,  he  was  banished  to  his 
estates,  and  was  subsequently  imprisoned  in  the  fortress 
of  Schlusselburg,  Where  he  died. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Dmitri  Alexeievitch.  Born 
Dec.  21,  1738:  died  at  Brunswick,  Germany, 
March  21,  1803.  A Russian  diplomatist  and 
Scientific  writer.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  to 
the  court  of  France  in  1763,  and  in  1773  ambassador  to  The 
Hague.  He  corresponded  with  Voltair  e and  other  literary 
men  of  the  period,  and  was  tire  authorof  “ Description  phy- 
sique de  la  Tauride  relativement  aux  trois  regnes  de  la 
nature  “ (1788),  and  “Traitddemindralogie.  ou description 
abrtg^e  et  methodique  des  mindraux”  (1792). 

Galitzin,  Prince  Mikhail.  Born  Nov.  11, 1674 : 
died  at  Moscow,  Dee.  21,  1730.  A Russian 
general,  brother  of  Dmitri  Galitzin  (died  1738). 
He  participated  in  the  victory  of  Peter  the  Great  over 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  at  Pultowa  in  1709,  and  conquered 
Finland  from  Sweden  in  1714  : this  province  was  restored 
by  the  peace  of  Nystadt  in  1721. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Nicolas  Borissovitch.  Died 
in  the  province  of  Kursk,  Russia,  1865.  A Rus- 
sian prince  and  musical  amateur.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Beethoven,  and  three  quartets  (Op.  127,  130, 
132)  and  an  overture  (Op.  124)  are  dedicated  to  him. 
Beethoven  was  able  to  get  from  the  prince  only  a small 
part  of  the  money  promised  for  these  and  other  works. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Vasili,  surnamed  “ The 
Great.”  Bom  1643:  died  in  northern  Russia, 
April  21, 1714.  A Russian  commander  and  poli- 
tician. He  became  the  confidential  adviser  of  Feodor 
Alexeievitch,  by  whom  he  was  intrusted  with  the  reorgani- 
zation of  the  army  in  1682.  He  was  prime  minister  during 
the  regency  of  Sophia  for  Ivan  and  Peter.  He  concluded 
in  1686  a treaty  with  Poland  by  which  Russia  definitely 
acquired  Smolensk,  Kieff,  and  other  important  districts. 
He  conducted  two  campaigns  against  the  Crimean  Tatars 
(1687-88).  He  was  exiled  in  1689  for  complicity  in  the 
conspiracy  of  Sophia  against  Peter. 

Gall  (gal),  Saint  JCellach,  or  Caillech).  Born 
in  Ireland  about  550 : died  at  St. -Gall,  Switzer- 
land, about  645.  An  Irish  missionary,  apostle 
to  the  Suevi  and  the  Alamanni,  a pupil  of  Co- 
lumban.  He  accompanied  Columban  to  Gaul  in  585  (?)  ; 
labored  at  Arbon  Bregenz ; and  founded  the  monastery  of 
St. -Gall  about  613. 

Gall  (gal;  G.  pron.  gal),  Franz  Joseph.  Born 
at  Tiefenbronn,  near  Pforzheim,  Baden,  March 


421 

9, 1758 : died  at  Montrouge,  near  Paris,  Aug.  22, 
1828.  A German  physician,  the  founder  of 
phrenology.  'His  chief  work  is  4 4 Anatomie  et 
physiologie  du  systeme  nerveux”  (1810-20). 

Galla  ( gal'la).  An  African  people  living  be- 
tween the  Somal  on  the  east  and  the  Berta  and 
Dinka  on  the  west,  and  from  Shoa  to  the  Sa- 
baki  River.  They  are  called  Galla  (‘barbarians’)  by  the 
Arabs  : their  native  name  is  Oromo  or  Ilmorna — that  is, 
‘men.’  In  race  they  are  mixed  Hamitic  and  negro; 
in  language  and  customs  they  are  Hamitic.  In  religion 
they  are  Christian  in  the  northern  part,  Moslem  in  the 
eastern,  and  pagan  in  the  western.  They  are  independent, 
brave,  intelligent,  and  industrious.  Though  related  to  the 
Somal,  and  even  more  so  to  the  Massai,  they  live  in  enmity 
with  them.  The  royal  families  of  Uganda  and  Karagwe 
belong  to  the  Huma  tribe  of  the  Galla  nation.  The  Galla 
are  subdivided  into  many  tribes,  speaking  as  many  dialects, 
most  of  which  have  not  yet  been  studied.  Their  govern- 
ment is  largely  republican,  and  they  have  no  slaves.  In 
the  16th  century  they  overran  Abyssinia,  where  some  of 
them  are  still  found.  The  Borani  tribe,  on  the  Renia,  is 
known  for  its  numerical  strength  and  bravery.  The  num- 
ber of  the  Galla  is  estimated  at  3,000,000. 

Gallagher  (gal'a-ger),  William  Davis.  Born 
Aug.  21,  1808:  died  in  1894.  An  American 
poet  and  journalist.  He  was  associate  editor  of  the 
Cincinnati  “Gazette”  from  1839  to  1850.  He  published 
“ The  Wreck  of  the  Hornet,”  “Errato  ” (1835-37),  “ Miami 
Woods,”  “A Golden  Wedding,  and  Other  Poems”  (1881). 

Gallait  (ga-la'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Tournai,  Bel- 
gium, May  9,  1810:  died  at  Brussels,  Nov. 
20,  1887.  A noted  Belgian  historical  painter. 
Among  his  best  paintings  are  “Abdication  of  Charles  V.,” 
“Tasso  in  Prison,”  “ Temptation  of  St.  Anthony,”  “Last 
Moments  of  Egmont.” 

Galland  (ga-lon'),  Antoine.  Born  at  Rollot, 
near  Montdidier,  Prance,  April  4, 1646 : died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  17,  1715.  A French  Orientalist  and 
numismatist,  professor  of  Arabic  at  the  College 
of  Prance  1709:  a prolific  writer,  known  chiefly 
for  his  translation  of  the  “Arabian  Nights’ 
Entertainments”  (1704-17). 

Galland,  Pierre  Victor.  Bom  at  Geneva,  1822 : 
died  at  Paris,  Dee.  1,  1892.  A French  decora- 
tive artist.  In  1873  he  became  professor  of  decorative 
art  in  the  Beaux  Arts,  Paris ; and  in  1877  director  of  the 
Gobelins. 

Galla  Placidia.  See  Placidia. 

Gallarate  (gal-la-rii'te).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Milan,  Italy,  24  miles  northwest  of 
Milan.  It  manufactures  textiles. 

Gallas  (gal'las),  Matthias  von.  Born  at  Trent, 
Tyrol,  Sept.  16, 1584  : died  at  Vienna,  April  25, 
1647.  An  Austrian  general,  distinguished  in 
the  Thirty  Years’  War,  especially  at  Nordlingen 
in  1634. 

Gallatin  (gal'a-tin).  [Namedfrom AlbertGalla- 
tin  by  Lewis  and  Clark.]  A river  in  southern 
Montana,  flowing  north  and  uniting  at  Gallatin 
with  the  Jefferson  and  Madison  to  form  the 
Missouri.  Length,  about  170  miles. 

Gallatin  (gal'a-tin;  F.  pron.  ga-la-tan'),  Al- 
bert. Bom  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Jan.  29, 
1761 : died  at  Astoria,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  12,  1849. 
An  American  statesman  and  financier,  in  1780 
he  emigrated  to  America.  He  was  a member  of  Congress 
from  Pennsylvania  1795-1801,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1801-13.  The  establishment  of  the  Committee  of  Ways 
and  Means  was  due  to  him,  and  he  gained  the  reputation 
of  being  one  of  the  greatest  financiers  of  the  age.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent  in  1814, 
and  was  United  States  minister  to  Fiance  1816-23,  and  to 
England  1826-27.  His  works  comprise  “Synopsis  of  the 
Indian  Tribes,  etc."  (1836),  “Notes  on  the  Semi-Civilized 
Nations  of  Mexico,  Yucatan,  etc.”  (1845),  and  various  po- 
litical and  ethnological  treatises,  “Peace  with  Mexico,” 
“War  Expenses,”  “ The  Oregon  Question,”  etc. 

Gallaudet  (gal-a-det'),  Edward  Miner.  Born 
at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.  5,  1837.  An  Ameri- 
can instructor,  son  of  T.  H.  Gallaudet.  He 
founded  and  was  president  of  the  Gallaudet  College  for 
th,e  Deaf  (Washington,  District  of  Columbia)  1864-1910. 
Author  of  “ A Manual  of  International  Law  ” (1879)  and 
“Life  of  Thomas  Hopkins  Gallaudet,  Founder  of  Deaf- 
Mute  Distraction  in  America"  (1888). 

Gallaudet,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
June  3,  1822:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  27, 1902. 
An  American  clergyman,  son  of  T.  H.  Gallaudet. 
He  taught  in  the  New  York  Institution  for  the  Instruction 
of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  1843-58,  founded  St.  Ann’s  Church 
for  Deaf-Mutes  in  1852,  and  became  manager  of  the 
Church  Mission  to  Deaf-Mutes  in  1872. 

Gallaudet,  Thomas  Hopkins.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Dec.  10,  1787 : died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
Sept.  10,  1851.  An  American  educator.  He 
founded  in  1817  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  the  first  deaf- 
mute  institution  in  America.  He  resigned  from  the  pres- 
idency of  this  institution  in  1830,  and  was  chaplain  of  the 
Connecticut  retreat  for  the  insane  at  Hartford  from  1838 
until  his  death.  He  wrote  “ Bible  Stories  for  the  Young  ” 
(1838)  and  “The  Child’s  Book  of  the  Soul”  (3d  ed. 
1850). 

Galle.  See  Point  de  Guile. 

Galle  (gal'le),  Johann  Gottfried.  Born  June 
9,  1812 : died  July  10,  1910.  A German  as- 
tronomer. He  studied  mathematics  and  the  natural 
sciences  at  Berlin  1830-33,  and  was  the  first  observer  of 


Gallipoli 

the  planet  Neptune  (Sept.  23,  1846),  guided  by  Le  Verrier’s 
calculations.  In  1851  he  was  made  director  of  the  obser- 
vatory at  Breslau  and  professor  of  astronomy.  In  1839-40 
he  discovered  three  comets. 

Gallegos  (gal-ya'gos),  Jose  Rafael  de.  Born 
Oct.  30,  1785 : died  Aug.  15,  1851.  A Costa 
Rican  statesman.  He  was  a wealthy  proprietor,  and 
alter  1822  occupied  various  important  official  positions. 
From  March,  1833,  to  March,  1835,  he  was  president  of  Costa 
Rica,  and  was  acting  president  May,  1845, -June,  1846. 

Galletti  (gal-let'te),  Johann  Georg  August. 

Born  at  Altenburg,  Germany,  Aug.  19,  1750 : 
died  at  Gotha,  March  26, 1828.  A German  his- 
torical writer,  professor  of  history  in  the  gym- 
nasium at  Gotha  1783-1819.  He  wrote  “ Geschichte 
und  Beschreibung  des  Herzogtums  Gotha”  (1779-81), 
“Geschichte  Xhuringens  ” (1782-85),  “Allgemeine  Welt- 
kunde”  (1807),  etc. 

Galli  (gal'le),  Filippo.  Bom  at  Rome  in  1783  : 
died  June  3,  1853.  A noted  Italian  singer. 
His  voice  was  at  first  a tenor,  and  he  sang  with  great  suc- 
cess from  1806  to  1812.  About  this  time,  owing  to  a seri- 
ous illness,  his  voice  changed  completely,  and  he  became 
one  of  the  first  Italian  basses.  Grove. 

Gallia  (gal'i-a).  The  Latin  name  of  Gaul. 

Gallia  Belgica.  See  Belgica. 

Gallia  Lugdunensis.  See  Lugdunensis. 
Gallia  Narbonensis.  See  Narbonerms. 

Galliard  (gal-yar'),  John  Ernest.  Born  at 
Hannover  about  1687 : died  in  1749.  A German 
composer  and  musician.  He  went  to  England  in 
1706.  He  composed  several  operas,  music  for  Rich’s  pan- 
tomimes, a Te  Deum,  a Jubilate,  and  several  anthems, 
and  wrote  a number  of  works  on  musical  subjects.  In 
1728  he  arranged  Milton’s  “Morning  Hymn  of  Adam  and 
Eve  ’’  for  two  voices  as  a cantata:  this  was  afterward  en- 
larged by  Dr.  Benjamin  Cook. 

Gallicum  Fretum  (gal'i-kum  fre'tum).  [L., 
4 the  Gallic  Strait.’]  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Strait  of  Dover. 

Galiieni  (gal-ya-ne'),  Joseph  Simon.  Born  in 

France,  April  24,  1849.  A French  officer  and 
African  explorer.  In  1878,  as  captain,  lie  distin- 
guished himself,  under  Faidherbe,  in  the  extension  of 
French  dominion  in  Senegal.  In  his  Niger  expedition, 
1880-81,  lie  succeeded  in  establishing  diplomatic  and  com- 
mercial relations  with  the  Sultan  of  Segu-Sikoro.  The 
scientific  results  of  the  expedition  were  made  public  in 
his  “Voyage  d’exploration  au  Haut  Niger ” (1885).  In 
1886  he  became  commander-in-chief  of  the  French  troops 
in  Senegal,  and  was  governor  of  Madagascar  1896-1905. 

Gallienus  (gal-i-e'nus),  Publius  Licinius  Va- 
lerianus  Egnatius.  Died  at  Milan,  268.  A 
Roman  emperor,  son  of  Valerian.  He  was  admit- 
ted  to  a share  in  the  government  on  the  elevation  of  his 
father  in  253,  and  became  sole  emperor  on  the  capture  of 
the  latter  by  the  Persians  in  260.  He  made  no  effort  to 
secure  the  release  of  his  father,  but  devoted  himself  to  a 
life  of  indolence  and  profligacy,  while  the  frontiers  of  the 
empire  were  everywhere  invaded  by  the  barbarians,  espe- 
cially by  the  Goths  and  the  Persians.  He  appears  to  have 
made  an  expedition  against  the  former  in  267,  when  he 
was  recalled  by  the  insurrection  of  Aureolus,  whom  he 
shut  up  in  Milan.  He  was  murdered  there  by  his  soldiers. 

Gallifet  (ga-le-fa/),  Gaston  A’exandre  Au- 
guste, Marquis  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  23, 
1830 : died  there,  July  8,  1909.  A French  gen- 
eral. He  entered  the  army  in  1848,  was  commissioned 
colonel  in  1867,  and  was  promoted  general  of  division  in 
1875.  He  served  in  the  Crimea,  Mexico  1863,  Algeria  1860, 
1864,  1865,  1868,  and  with  the  Army  of  the  Rhine  through 
the  Franco-German  war.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at 
Sedan,  and  on  his  release  was  placed  in  command  of  a 
brigade  of  the  Army  of  Versailles  during  the  second  siege 
of  Paris,  when  he  was  distinguished  for  his  severity  to  the 
Communard  prisoners.  He  commanded  the  expedition 
against  El-Golea,  Africa,  1872-73.  On  the  reorganization 
of  the  French  army  he  became  commander  of  a brigade 
of  infantry  in  the  Eighth  army-corps,  and  held  various 
other  commands  until  his  retirement  in  1894.  He  was 
minister  of  war  June,  1899-May,  1900. 

Galli-Marid  (ga-le'ma-rya,'),  CSlestine.  Bora 
Nov.,  1840:  died  Sept.  22,  1905.  A French 
singer.  She  made  her  ddbut  in  1859  at  Strasburg.  She 
sang  principally  at  the  Opdra  Comique  and  was  particu- 
larly successful  as  Mignon  and  Carmen  and  in  the  operas 
of  Offenbach,  Gevaert,  Massd,  Massenet,  etc. 

Gallinas  (gal-le'nas).  A river  of  the  Grain 
Coast,  West  Africa,  in  lat.  7°  N.,  long.  11° 
35'  W. ; also,  a negro  tribe  settled  on  its  banks. 
In  1832  the  slaver  Pedro  Blanco  made  the  place  notorious ; 
in  1850  the  Gallinas  territory  and  that  of  the  Gumbo 
(bordering  on  Sherbro)  were  acquired  by  Liberia;  in  1883 
they  were  wrested  from  Liberia  by  Great  Britain. 

Gallio  (gal'i-o),  Lucius  Junius.  Died  about 
65  A.  d.  A Roman  proconsul  of  Achaia  53, 
brother  of  Seneca.  When  he  had  dismissed  the  Jews’ 
complaint  against  Paul  at  Corinth,  and  the  synagogue 
ruler  was  beaten,  we  read  (Acts  xviii.  17)  that  he  “cared 
for  none  of  these  tilings  ” — not  from  indifference  about 
religion,  but  because  such  matters  did  not  concern  him. 

Gallipoli  (gal-lep'6-le).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  Italy,  situated  on  an  island  in 
the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  in  lat.  40°  4'  N.,  long.  17° 
58'  E. : the  ancient  Graia  Callipolis,  later  Anxa. 

It  has  a cathedral,  and  was  long  noted  for  export  of  olive- 
oil.  Population,  7,916. 

Gallipoli.  A seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Edirneh, 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Dardanelles  in  lat.  40° 


Gallipoli 

24'  N.,  long.  26°  39'  E.:  the  ancient  Callipolis. 
In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a commercial  center  and  the 
k^y  of  the  Hellespont.  It  was  captured  by  the  Turks  in 
1364,  Population,  nearly  30,000. 

Gallipoli,  Peninsula  of.  A peninsula  in  the 
southern  part  of  European  Turkey,  lying  be- 
tween the  Dardanelles  and  the  Gulf  of  Saros : 
the  ancient  Chersonesus  Thracica. 

Gallipolis  (gal-i-po-les').  A city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Gallia  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
about  lat.  38°  50'  N.,  long.  82°  7'  W.  Popula- 
tion, 5,560,  (1910). 

Gallissonnibre  (ga-le-so-nyar'),  Marquis  de  la 
(Roland  Michel  Barrin).  Born  at  Rochefort, 
France,  Nov.  11, 1693 : died  at  Nemours,  France, 
Oct.  26,  1756.  A French  admiral,  governor  of 
Canada.  He  defeated  Byng  near  Minorca  in 
1756. 

Gallitzen  (gal-let'sen), Demetrius  Augustine. 

Bom  at  The  Hague,  Dec.  22,  1770:  died  at  Lo- 
retto,  Pa.,  May  6,  1840.  A Russian  mission- 
ary Roman  Catholic  priest,  son  of  the  princess 
Amalie  Galitzin.  He  founded  Loret.to,  Penn- 
sylvania. For  other  members  of  the  family, 
see  Galitzin. 

Galloway  (gal'o-wa).  [ME.  Galloway,  Galla- 
way,  Galowey,  Gallawa,  Gallovay,  etc.]  A for- 
mer division  of  southwestern  Scotland,  corre- 
sponding nearly  to  the  counties  of  Wigtown 
(West  Galloway)  and  Kirkcudbright  (East  Gal- 
loway). It  is  a pastoral  region.  It  was  independent  in 
very  early  times,  and,  having  become  an  earldom,  was 
united  to  Scotland  in  1124.  The  Galwegians  kept  their 
language  (a  variety  of  the  Gaelic)  until  the  16th  century. 

Galloway,  Joseph.  Born  near  West  River, 
Anne  Arundel  County,  Md.,  1730 : died  at  Wat- 
ford, Hertfordshire,  Aug.  29, 1803.  An  Ameri- 
can loyalist  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  a member 
of  the  first  Congress  in  1774  ; joined  the  British  army  un- 
der Howe  in  1776  ; on  the  capture  of  Philadelphia  in  1777 
was  made  a police  magistrate  there  and  superintendent  of 
the  port ; and  after  the  evacuation  of  the  city  in  1778  went 
to  England.  He  published  works  on  the  prophecies. 

Galloway,  Rhinns  of.  A peninsula  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  Wigtownshire.  It  lies  between  St.  Pat- 
rick’s  Channel  on  the  west  and  Loch  Ryan  and  Luce  Bay  on 
the  east,  and  terminates  toward  the  south  in  the  Mull  of 
Galloway  (lat.  54°  38'  N.,  long.  4°  51'  W.). 

Galloway,  Thomas.  Born  at  Symington,  Lan- 
arkshire, Feb.  26,  1796:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
1,  1851.  A Scottish  writer  on  mathematical 
and  astronomical  subjects. 

Gallo  y Goyenechea  (gal'yo  e go-yan-a-cha/fi), 
Pedro  Leon.  Born  at  Copiapo,  Feb.  12,  1830: 
died  at  Santiago,  Dec.  16, 1877.  A Chilean  poli- 
tician. He  was  a wealthy  proprietor,  became  a leader 
of  the  liberals,  and  in  Jan.,  1859,  headed  a revolt  at  Copi- 
apd.  Defeated  at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Grande,  April  29,  he 
was  banished  until  1861.  Subsequently  he  was  a promi- 
nent deputy  and  senator.  He  was  an  author  and  poet  of 
some  repute. 

Galluppi,  or  Galuppi  (ga-lop'pe),  Pasquale. 
Born  at  Tropea,  Calabria,  Italy,  April  2,  1770: 
died  at  Naples,  Dec.  13,  1846.  An  Italian  phi- 
losopher, professor  of  philosophy  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Naples.  His  works  include  “Saggio  filoso- 
flco  sulla  critica  della  conoscenza”  (1819-32),  “ Element! 
di  lilosofia”  (1820-27),  “ Lettere  filosofiche”  (1827),  etc. 

Galluppi.  See  Galuppi. 

Gallus  (gal'us).  In  Shakspere’s  “Antony  and 
Cleopatra,”  a friend  of  Ctesar. 

Gallus,  Cains  Asinius.  A Roman  politician 
and  writer,  consul  with  C.  Marcius  Censorianus 
8 B.  C.  He  married  Vipsania,  formerly  wife  of  Tiberius. 
He  was  condemned  to  death  by  the  senate,  at  the  insti- 
gation of  Tiberius,  and  died  of  starvation  after  an  im- 
prisonment of  three  years.  He  was  a son  of  C.  Asinius 
Poliio.  His  works,  all  of  which  are  lost,  included  ‘‘De 
comparatione  patris  et  Ciceronis,”  to  which  the  emperor 
Claudius  replied  in  his  defense  of  Cicero. 

Gallus,  Caius  Cornelius.  Bom  at  Forum  Julii 
(modern  Frejus),  Gaul,  69  or  66  b.  c.  : com- 
mitted suicide  26  b.  C.  A Roman  poet,  orator, 
general,  and  politician.  He  supported  Octavius, 
commanded  a part  of  his  army  at  the  battle  of  Actium  in 
31  B.  c.,  pursued  Antony  to  Egypt,  and  was  made  first 
prefect  of  Egypt  in  30  B.  c.  He  incurred  the  enmity  of 
Augustus,  was  deprived  of  his  post,  and  was  exiled  by 
the  senate. 

Gallus,  Caius  Vibius  Trebonianus.  Died  253 
or  254  A.  D.  Roman  emperor.  He  held  a high 
command  in  the  expedition  of  the  emperor  Decius  against 
the  Goths  in  251,  and  after  the  defeat  and  death  of  the 
latter  was  elected  emperor  by  the  senate  and  the  soldiers, 
with  Hostilianus,  Decius’s  son,  as  his  colleague.  He  con- 
cluded a humiliating  peace  with  the  Goths,  who  were  al- 
lowed to  retire  with  their  plunder  and  their  captives,  and 
were  promised  an  annual  tribute.  He  is  said  to  have 
caused  the  death  of  Hostilianus.  He  was  slain  by  his 
own  soldiers  while  advancing  to  meet  the  insurgent  /Emi- 
lianus  who  succeeded  to  the  throne, 

Galosbio  (ga-16'shio).  In  “The  Nice  Valour,” 
by  Fletcher  and  another,  a clown.  Ho  is  quite 
Shaksperian. 

Galt  (gait).  A town  in  Waterloo  County,  On- 


422 

tario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Grand  River  54 
miles  west-southwest  of  Toronto.  Population, 

10,299,  (1911). 

Galt,  Sir  Alexander  Tilloek.  Bom  Sept.  6, 
1817 : died  Sept.  19, 1893.  ACanadian statesman, 
son  of  John  Galt.  He  was  minister  of  finance  1858- 
1862,  1864-66,  and  1867  ; was  high  commissioner  for  Canada 
in  England  1880-83;  and  was  made  K.  C.  M.  G.  in  1869, 
and  G.  C.  M.  G.  in  1878.  He  has  written  “Canada  from 
1849  to  1859  " (1860),  etc. 

Galt,  John.  Born  at  Irvine,  Ayrshire,  May  2, 
1779:  died  at  Greenock,  April  11, 1839.  A Scot- 
tish novelist.  His  writings  are  especially  remarkable 
for  their  delineations  of  Scottish  life  and  character.  His 
best  novels  are  “The  Ayrshire  Legatees”  (1820-21),  “Annals 
of  the  Parish”  (1821),  “Sir  Andrew  Wylie”  (1822),  “The 
Provost  ” (1822),  “ The  Entail  ” (1823),  and  “ Lawrie  Todd  ” 
(1830). 

Galton  (gal 'ton),  Sir  Francis.  Born  near 
Birmingham,  Feb.  16,  1822:  died  at  Haslemere, 
Surrey,  Jan.  17,  1911.  An  English  scientific 
writer  and  African  traveler,  best  known  from 
his  studies  of  heredity : a grandson  of  Erasmus 
Darwin.  He  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1844.  He  published  “ Tropical  South  Africa  ” (1853), 
“The  Art  of  Travel,  etc.”  (1855 : 5th  ed.  1872),  “Arts  of 
Campaigning,  etc. ”(1855),  “ Meteorographica,  etc.”  (1863), 
“Hereditary  Genius,  etc.”  (1869),  “English  Men  of  Sci- 
ence ”(1874),  “ Inquiries  into  Human  Faculty,  etc.”(1883), 
“ Record  of  Family  Faculties,  etc.”  (1883),  “ Natural  Inheri- 
tance ’’  (1889),  “ Finger-prints  " (1893),  “ Memories  of  my 
Life  ’’  (1908),  etc.  In  1905  he  established  a laboratory  for 
the  study  of  eugenics  at  University  College,  London. 

Galuppi  (ga-lop'pe),  Baldassare.  Bom  on  the 
island  of  Burano,  near  Venice,  Oct.  18,  1706: 
died  at  Venice,  Jan.  3,  1785.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, particularly  noted  for  his  comic  operas. 
He  also  wrote  sonatas  and  sacred  music. 

Galvani  (gal-vii'ne),  Luigi  or  Aloisio.  Born 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  9,  1737 : died  there, 
Dec.  4,  1798.  An  Italian  physician  and  physi- 
cist, professor  of  anatomy  at  Bologna.  His  in- 
vestigations of  the  contractions  produced  in  the  muscles 
of  frogs  by  contact  with  metals  were  the  commencement 
of  the  discovery  of  galvanic  or  voltaic  electricity.  He 
published  “De  viribus  electricitatis  in  motu  musculari 
commentarius  ” (1791),  etc. 

Galvarino  (gal-va-re'no).  A chief  of  the  Arau- 
eanian  Indians  of  Chile  whose  bravery  has 
been  celebrated  in  Ereilla’s  “Araueana.”  He 
was  captured  at  the  battle  of  Lagunillas,  Nov.  7,  1557, 
and  freed  after  both  his  hands  had  been  cut  off.  On  Nov. 
30  he  was  again  captured  while  urging  on  the  Indians  at 
the  battle  of  Millarapue,  and  was  hanged. 

Galve,  Count  of.  See  Cerda  Sandoval  Silva  y 
Mendoza,  Gaspar  de  la. 

Galveston  (gal'ves-ton).  A seaport  and  the 
capital  of  Galveston  County,  Texas,  and  the 
fifth  city  of  the  State,  situated  on  Galveston 
Island  in  lat.  29°  18'  N.,  long.  94°  47'  W.  It 
has  a large  trade,  with  lines  of  steamers  to  New  York, 
Havana,  etc.,  and  is  specially  noted  for  its  exports  of 
cotton.  It  was  settled  in  1837 ; was  taken  by  the  Fed- 
erals  Oct.  8,  1862,  and  retaken  by  the  Confederates  Jan.  1, 
1863 ; and  was  devastated  by  fire  in  Nov.,  1885,  and  by  an 
inundation  in  Sept.,  1900.  Population,  36,981,  (1910). 

Galveston  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, extending  northward  from  Galveston  about 
35  miles. 

Galveston  Island.  An  island  off  the  coast  of 
Texas,  on  the  northeastern  end  of  which  is  Gal- 
veston. Length,  about  28  miles. 

Galvez  (gal'vath),  Jose.  Born  at  Velez  Malaga, 
1729:  died  at  Madrid,  1787.  A Spanish  states- 
man. He  was  one  of  the  ministers  of  Charles  III.,  and 
a member  of  the  Indian  Council.  From  1761  to  1774  he 
was  in  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies  as  visitador-general, 
with  high  powers:  for  some  time  he  was  acting  viceroy. 
After  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  ministro  universal  de 
Indies,  and  was  created  marquis  of  Sonora.  His  influence 
on  the  American  colonies  was  important. 

Galvez,  Mariano.  Born  in  Guatemala  ab.out 
1795 : died  after  1855.  A Central-American  poli- 
tician, a leader  of  the  Liberal  or  Fiebres  party. 
He  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  constitution  of  1824,  and 
was  president  of  the  first  Central-American  congress  in 
1825 ; was  president  of  Guatemala,  Aug.  28,  1831,  and  was 
again  elected  in  1835,  but  was  overthrown  by  Carrera  in 
Feb.,  1838,  and  banished  in  1839.  Subsequently  he  prac- 
tised law  in  Mexico  and  Peru. 

Galvez,  Matlas  de.  Born  at  Velez  Malaga, 
1731:  died  in  Mexico  City,  Nov.  3,  1784.  A 
Spanish  soldier  and  politician.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  in  1779  was  made  captain- 
general  of  Guatemala.  In  1780  and  1781  he  recovered  from 
the  English  some  posts  which  they  had  seized  in  Hondu- 
ras and  Nicaragua.  From  April,  1783,  until  his  death  he 
was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

Galvez  y Gallardo  (gal 'vathe  gal-yar'do),  Ber- 
nardo. Born  at  Macharavieja,  July  23, 1746: 
died  at  Tacubaya,  near  Mexico,  Nov.  30,  1786. 
A Spanish  soldier  and  administrator,  son  of 
Matlas  de  Galvez.  He  distinguished  himself  in  Amer- 
ica, attaining  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general ; was  governor 
of  Louisiana  1779,  and  commander-in-chief  in  the  West 
Indies  ; took  Baton  Rouge  (1779),  Mobile  (March  14, 1780), 
and  Pensacola  (May  8, 1781)  ; was  made  captain -general  of 


Gambetta 

Florida  and  Louisiana  and  captain-general  of  Cuba;  and 
in  1783  was  created  count  of  Galvez.  From  June  16, 1785, 
until  his  death  he  was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

Galway  (gal'wa).  1.  A maritime  county  in 
Connaught,  Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Mayo  and 
Roscommon  on  the  north,  Roscommon,  King’s  County, 
and  Tipperary  on  the  east,  Clare  and  Galway  Bay  on  the 
south,  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west,  and  is  divided  into 
two  parts  by  Lough  Corrib.  Area,  2,372  square  miles. 
Population,  192,549. 

2.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  County  Galway, 
situated  on  Galway  Bay  in  lat.  53°  17'  N.,  long. 
9°  .5'  W.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  extensive  trade, 
particularly  with  Spain.  It  surrendered  to  Ginkel  in  1691. 
Population,  13,426. 

Galway  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  on  the 
western  coast  of  Ireland,  between  Galway  on 
the  north  and  Clare  on  the  south.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Gama  (ga/ma),  Antonio  Leon  de.  Born  in 

Mexico  City,  1735:  died  there,  Sept.  12,  1802. 
A Mexican  scientist.  He  was  for  many  years  secre- 
tary to  the  Supreme  Court ; later  he  was  professor  at  the 
School  of  Mines.  He  is  best  known  for  his  study  of  the 
celebrated  Aztec  calendar-stone  which  was  discovered  in 
his  time. 

Gama,  Jose  Basilio  da.  Born  at  Sao  Jos6, 
Minas  Geraes,  1740 : died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
July  31,  1795.  A Brazilian  poet.  He  became  a 
novice  of  the  Jesuits,  leaving  the  order  when  it  was  driven 
from  Brazil.  He  lived  alternately  in  Italy,  Portugal,  and 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  finally  settling  at  Lisbon.  His  best-known 
poem  is  “ Uruguay,”  a romance  in  verse,  published  in  1769. 

Gama,  Vasco  da.  Born  at  Sines,  Alemtejo,  Por- 
tugal, about  1469:  died  in  Cochin,  India,  Dec. 
24,  1524.  A celebrated  Portuguese  navigator. 
Having  been  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  expedition 
fitted  out  by  Emanuel  of  Portugal  with  a view  to  discov- 
ering an  ocean  route  to  the  East  Indies,  he  sailed  from 
Lisbon,  probably  July  8,  1497,  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  Nov.  20  or  22,  1497,  arrived  at  Calicut,  on  the  Mala- 
bar coast  of  India,  May  20,  1498,  and  returned  to  Lisbon 
in  Sept.,  1499.  He  commanded  a second  expedition  to 
India  in  1502-03,  during  which  he  established  a factory  in 
Mozambique.  He  was  made  viceroy  of  India  in  1624. 
His  voyage  is  celebrated  in  the  “ Lusiad  ” of  Camoens. 

Gamala  (gani'a-lii).  A city  in  Galilee,  oppo- 
site Tiberias,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Sea 
of  Galilee.  It  stood  on  a hill  which  was  compared  to 
the  back  of  a camel,  from  which  possibly  its  name  is  de- 
rived (Heb.  gdmdl,  camel).  It  was  fortified,  and  formed 
one  of  the  centers  of  insurrection  dur  ing  the  war  of  Judea 
with  Rome.  It  is  identified  with  the  modem  Qal  at  el- 
Hogn. 

Gamaliel  (ga-ma'li-el).  [Heb.,  ‘my  rewarder 
is  God.’]  There  are  several  Gamaliels  men- 
tioned in  the  Talmud  as  descendants  of  Hillel, 
who  held  the  dignity  of  president  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim and  of  patriarch  (hast)  of  the  Jewish  com- 
munity in  Palestine  after  the  fall  of  Jerusalem. 
See  Hillel.  Gamaliel  “ the  elder  ” was  the  grandsoh  of 
Hillel.  The  laws  emanating  from  him  breathe  a mild  and 
liberal  spirit.  He  dissuaded  the  Jews  from  taking  strict 
measures  against  the  apostles  (Acts  v.  34),  and  is  described 
as  “ a doctor  of  the  law,  had  in  honor  of  all  the  people." 
He  was  a teacher  of  the  apostle  Paul.  Another  Gamaliel, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  president  of  the  Sanhedrim 
80-118  A.  D.,  was  the  first  to  assume  the  title  of  patriarch. 
He  maintained  his  authority  with  great  energy  and  even 
severity,  was  a good  mathematician,  and  was  favorable  to 
the  study  of  Greek. 

Gamaliel  Pickle.  See  Peregrine  Pickle. 

Gamarra  (ga-mar'rii),  Agustin.  Bom  at 
Cuzco,  Aug.  27,  1785 : killed  at  the  battle  of 
Yngavi,  iu  northern  Bolivia,  Nov.  20, 1841.  A 
Peruvian  general.  He  served  first  against  the  patriots, 
joined  them  in  1821,  and  was  prominent  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  war  for  independence.  In  1828  he  invaded 
Bolivia  by  order  of  Lamar,  forced  the  treaty  of  Piquiza, 
and  was  made  grand  marshal.  In  June,  1829,  he  aided  in 
the  deposition  of  Lamar,  and  was  made  provisional  presi- 
dent, holding  the  office  until  Dee.  20,  1833.  In  the  com- 
plicated turmoils  of  1834-35  Gamarra  took  a prominent 
part,  and  was  finally  driven  from  the  country.  In  1837  he 
joined  the  Chileans  against  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  confed- 
eration, invaded  Peru,  defeated  Santa  Cruz,  Jan.,  1839,  and 
in  Aug.  of  that  year  was  elected  constitutional  president 
of  Peru.  In  1841  he  declared  war  on  Bolivia,  was  defeated, 
and  killed. 

Gainba  (giim'ba),  Bartolommeo.  Born  at  Bas- 
sano,  Italy,  May  16,  1776:  died  at  Venice,  May 

3,  1841.  An  Italian  bibliographer  and  biogra- 
pher. His  chief  work  is  “ Serie  dell’  edizioni 
dei  testi  di  lingua  italiana”  (1812-28). 

Gambetta  (gam-bet'ta;  F.  pron.  gon-be-ta'), 
Leon.  Born  at  Cahors,  France,  April  3, 1838 : 
died  near  S&vres,  France,  Dec.  31,  1882.  A 
noted  French  statesman,  of  Jewish  extraction. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Paris  bar  in  1859,  and  in  1869 
was  elected  to  the  corps  ldgislatif,  where  he  acted  with 
the  Irreconcilables.  On  the  surrender  of  Napoleon  III.  at 
Sedan,  he  joined  in  the  proclamation  of  the  republic.  Sept. 
4, 1870;  and  on  Sept.  5 became  minister  of  the  interior  in 
the  Government  of  National  Defense.  Having  been  ap- 
pointed member  of  a delegation,  consisting  of  Crfsmieux, 
Glais-Bizoin,  and  Fourichon,  previously  commissioned  by 
the  central  government  at  Paris  to  organize  the  national 
defense  outside  the  capital,  he  escaped  from  Paris  in  a 
balloon,  Oct.  7 (the  city  being  completely  invested  by  the 
Germans),  and  joined  his  colleagues  at  Tours  on  the  fol- 
lowing day.  Assuming  a virtual  dictatorship,  he  negoti- 


Gambetta 

ated  a loan  of  250,000,000  francs  with  English  capitalists, 
and  organized  the  two  armies  of  the  Loire  under  Generals 
Aurelle  de  Paladines  and  Chanzy,  and  the  army  of  the 
north,  commanded  in  turn  by  Generals  Bourbaki  and  Faid- 
herbe.  He  was,  however,  unable  to  prevent  the  capitula- 
tion of  Paris,  Jan.  28, 1871,  and,  Feb.  6, 1871,  withdrew  from 
office  in  consequence  of  a disagreement  with  the  central 
government.  He  then  became  a member  of  the  National 
Assembly,  and  in  1876  of  the  new  Chamber  of  Deputies,  of 
which  he  was  president  1879-81.  He  was  premier  Nov. , 
1881, -Jan.,  1882. 

Gambia  (gam'bi-a),  formerly  Gambra  (gam'- 
bra),  or  Ba-Dimma.  A river  of  Senegambia, 
West  Africa,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  about 
lat.  13°  N.  It  is  navigable  to  Barraconda. 
Gambia.  A British  colony  situated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Gambia,  including  St. 
Mary’s  Island,  McCarthy’s  Island,  etc.  Capital, 
Bathurst.  It  is  administered  under  a governor.  Area 
of  colony  proper,  4 square  miles.  Population,  about 
9,000.  Area  of  protectorate,  4,500  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  152,000. 

Gambier  (gam'ber),  A village  in  Knox  County, 
Ohio,  43  miles  northeast  of  Columbus,  it  is  the 
seat  of  Kenyon  College  (which  see)  and  of  a theological 
seminary.  Population,  537,  (1910). 

Gambier  (gam'ber),  James,  Baron  Gambier. 
Born  at  New  Providence,  Bahamas,  Oct.  13, 
1756:  died  near  Uxbridge,  England,  April  19, 
1833.  An  English  admiral.  His  father  was  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  the  Bahamas.  He  became  rear-admiral 
and  vice-admiral  in  1799,  and  admiral  in  1805.  In  1807  he 
commanded  the  fleet  which  bombarded  Copenhagen,  and 
was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  a reward.  He  commanded 
the  Channel  fleet  1808-11.  In  1814  he  served  on  the  com- 
mission for  negotiating  a treaty  of  peace  with  the  United 
States. 

Gambier  (gam'ber)  Islands.  [Named,  Feb.  24, 
1802,  by  the  English  captain  Matthew  Flinders 
for  Admiral  Lord  Gambier.]  A group  of  small 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  situated  about  lat. 
23°  S.,  long.  135°  W.  It  is  under  a French  pro- 
tectorate. 

Gambos  (gam'bos).  The  Portuguese  name  of 
Ngambue  (which  see). 

Gambrinus  (gam-bri'nus).  [Said  to  be  derived 
from  Jan  primus,  or  Jan  I.,  duke  of  Brabant  in 
the  13th  century.]  A mythical  Flemish  king, 
the  reputed  inventor  of  beer. 

Game  at  Chess,  A.  A comedy  or  satirical  drama 
by  Thomas  Middleton,  produced  before  or  by 
1624. 

The  actors  at  the  Globe  had  produced  Middleton’s 
"Game  at  Chess,”  in  which  the  action  is  carried  on  by 
black  and  white  pieces,  representing  the  Reformed  and 
Romanist  parties.  The  latter,  being  the  rogues  of  the 
piece,  are  foiled,  and  are  “put  in  the  bag."  The  Spanish 
envoy’s  complaint  was  founded  on  the  fact  that  living  per- 
sons were  represented  by  the  actors,  such  persons  being 
the  King  of  Spain,  Gondomar,  and  the  famous  Antonio  de 
Dominis,  who,  after  being  a Romish  bishop  (of  Spalatro), 
professed  Protestantism,  became  Dean  of  Windsor,  and 
after  all  died  in  his  earlier  faith,  at  Rome.  On  the  am- 
bassador’s complaint,  the  actors  and  the  author  were  sum- 
moned before  the  council,  but  no  immediate  result  fol- 
lowed; for,  two  days  later,  N ethercole  writes  to  Carleton 
informing  him  that  “the  comedy  in  which  the  whole  Span- 
ish business  is  taken  up,  is  drawing  £100  nightly." 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  25. 

Gamelyn  (gam'e-lin),  Tale  of.  A poem  added 
to  the  list  of  Chaucer’s  “Canterbury  Tales”  by 
Urry.  It  is  supposed  that  Chaucer  had  it  in  hand  to  use 
as  material  for  some  poem  of  his  own,  and  that  it  was  re- 
produced as  his  by  scribes  who  found  it  among  his  papers. 

It  found  its  way  at  last  into  dramatic  form,  through 
Lodge’s  “Rosalynae,” in  Shakespeare’s  “As  You  Like  It,” 
and  Shakespeare  himself  is  said  to  have  played  his  version 
of  the  part  of  Adam  Spencer,  who  appears  also  in  Gamelyn. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  V.  320. 

Gamergll  (ga-mer'go).  See  Mandara  and  Masa. 
Gamester,  The.  1.  A play  by  Shirley,  licensed 

in  1633.  Garrick  brought  out  an  alteration  of  this  play 
in  1757,  called  “The  Gamesters,” in  which  he  played  Wild- 
ing. 

2.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  printed  first 
ID  1705.  It  was  adapted  from  Regnard’s“Le  Joueur.” 
“Le  Dissipateur,”  by  Destouches,  was  partly  taken  from 
Mrs.  Centlivre’s  play. 

3.  A tragedy  by  Edward  Moore,  produced  in 

1753. 

Gamil-Sin  (ga'mil-sin).  [Assyr.,  ‘ the  endower 
of  the  moon-god  Sin.’]  One  of  the  early  Baby- 
lonian kings,  about  2500  b.  c.  He  l’esided  at  Ur. 
Gammell  (gam' el),  William.  Born  at  Med- 
field,  Mass.,  Feb.  10,  1812:  died  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  April  3, 1889.  An  American  educator  and 
author.  He  graduated  in  1831  at  Brown  University,  in 
which  institution  he  was  tutor  1831-35,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric and  English  literature  1835-51,  and  professor  of  history 
and  political  economy  1851-64,  when  he  resigned.  He 
wrote  a life  of  Roger  Williams  (1846). 

Gammer  Gurton’s  Needle.  A comedy  by  Bish- 
op Still.  It  was  acted  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1566,  and  printed  in  1575.  Owing  to  Warton’s  mistake  in 
supposing  that  it  was  printed  in  1551,  it  was  for  some  time 
thought  to  be  the  first  English  comedy.  “ Ralph  Roister 
Doister  ” preceded  it. 


423 

As  for  the  story,  it  is  of  the  simplest,  turning  merely  on 
the  losing  of  her  needle  by  Gammer  Gurton  as  she  was 
mending  her  man  Hodge’s  breeches,  on  the  search  for  it 
by  the  household,  on  the  tricks  by  which  Diccon  the  Bed- 
lam (the  clown  or  “vice  ” of  the  piece)  induces  a quarrel 
between  Gammer  and  her  neighbours,  and  on  the  final 
finding  of  the  needle  in  the  exact  place  on  which  Gammer 
Gurton’s  industry  had  been  employed. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  pp.  55,56. 

Gammon  (gam'on),  Oily.  In  Warren’s  novel 
“Ten  Thousand  a Year,”  a scheming,  hypocriti- 
cal solicitor. 

Gamp  (gamp),  Mrs.  Sairey.  In  Dickens’s  “Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit,”  a fat  old  woman  ‘ ‘ with  a husky 
voice  and  a moist  eye,”  engaged  in  the  profes- 
sion of  nursing.  She  is  always  quoting  her  mythical 
friend  Mrs.  Harris,  and  her  affection  for  the  bottle  is  pro- 
verbial. From  a part  of  her  varied  belongings,  a very 
stumpy  umbrella  is  called  a “gamp.”  See  Harris,  Mrs. 

Gamti.  See  Gumti. 

Gan.  See  Ganelon. 

Gand  (gon).  The  French  name  of  Ghent. 
Ganda  (gan'da),  or  Baganda  (ba-gan'da).  An 
important  African  nation  occupying  the  north- 
western shore  of  Lake  Victoria.  They  call  them- 
selves Baganda,  their  country  Buganda,  and  their  lan- 
guage Luganda.  By  the  Suahili  they  are  called  Waganda, 
their  country  Uganda,  and  their  language  Kiganda.  The 
royal  family  is  of  the  Huma  tribe  of  the  Galla  nation. 
The  people  are  Bantu,  and  form  one  of  the  finest-looking 
and  most  advanced  branches  of  the  race.  Their  conical 
huts  are  made  of  grass.  The  villages  are  surrounded  by 
quadrangular  stockades.  The  principal  fruit  is  the  ba- 
nana. The  women  are  more  numerous  than  the  men, 
owing  to  the  custom  of  raiding  neighboring  tribes,  killing 
or  selling  the  men,  and  keeping  the  women.  Before  the 
advent  of  Europeans,  the  Baganda  were  already  well  clad 
in  native  bark  cloth,  which  is  fast  being  superseded  by  im- 
ported cotton  cloth.  Marriage  of  near  relatives  is  allowed, 
but  tattooing  and  circumcision  are  forbidden.  The  king 
governs  with  the  aid  of  feudal  governors,  of  a premier 
(called  katikiro),  of  three  ba-knngu  (ministers),  and  of  the 
lu-chiko,  or  parliament,  composed  of  the  grandees.  No 
idols  are  worshiped,  but  the  spirit  of  the  water,  Lubadi, 
and  the  genii  are  invoked  and  propitiated.  Since  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  English  mission  in  1872,  and  of  the 
Catholic  mission  in  1879,  much  progress  has  been  made, 
and  Christianity  is  now  predominant.  In  1890  the  Bagan- 
da accepted  the  protectorate  of  the  British  East  African 
Company.  After  a civil  war  between  Catholics  and  Prot- 
estants, the  company  withdrew,  and  the  British  govern- 
ment took  effective  control  in  1893.  See  Uganda,  Mtesa, 
Mwanga. 

Gandak  (gun-dak'),  Great,  or  Salgrami.  A 
river  of  Nepal  and  British  India,  flowing 
toward  the  southeast,  and  uniting  with  the 
Ganges  near  Patna.  Length,  about  192  miles. 
Gandak,  Little  Gandak,  or  Bur  Gandak.  A 
northern  tributary  of  the  Ganges,  west  of  the 
Gandak  (Salgrami). 

Gandamak  (gun-da-muk').  A village  in  east- 
ern Afghanistan,  situated  on  the  Khyber  route 
east  of  Kabul.  It  was  the  scene  of  a massacre  of  Brit- 
ish by  Afghans  in  1842.  Here  in  1879  a treaty  was  made  be- 
tween Yakub  Khan  and  the  British.  For  £60,000  a year 
the  Ameer  agreed  to  receive  an  English  envoy  at  Kabul 
and  to  surrender  the  Kurum,  Pishiu,  and  Sibi  Valleys. 
Gandara  y Navarro  (gau'da-ra  e na-var'ro), 
Jose  de  la.  Born  at  Bilbao,  Oct.  15, 1820 : died 
in  1885.  A Spanish  general.  He  served  against 
the  Carlists,  and  was  governor  of  Fernando  Po  in  1857,  and 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba  in  1862.  In  Sept.,  1863,  he  went  with 
reinforcements  to  tiie  aid  of  the  Spanish  in  Santo  Domingo, 
gained  several  victories  over  the  revolutionists,  and  in 
1864  and  1865  was  captain-general  of  the  island,  with  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general.  Subsequently  he  was  gover- 
nor-general of  the  Philippines.  He  published  “ Historia 
de  la  anexion  de  Santo  Domingo.” 

Gandarewa  (gan-da're-wa).  In  the  Avesta,  the 
name  of  a demon  of  enormous  size  dwelling 
by  the  Lake  Vourukasha,  who  seeks  to  destroy 
Haoma.  He  is  slain  by  Keresaspa.  In  the  Shahnamah 
he  becomes  Kandarv,  the  minister  of  Zohak.  The  name 
is  originally  the  same  as  the  Sanskrit  Gandharva  (which 
see). 

Gandavo  (gan-da'vo)  (incorrectly  Gondavo), 
Pero  de  Magalhaes  de.  A Portuguese  author 
of  the  16th  century.  He  was  a native  of  Braga,  and  it 
is  conjectured  that  he  visited  Brazil,  but  nothing  definite 
is  known  of  his  life.  His  “ Historia  da  Provincia  de  Sancta 
Cruz  ” (Lisbon,  1576)  is  the  oldest  known  work  relating  ex- 
clusively to  Brazil,  but  is  of  little  historical  importance. 
It  was  republished  in  1858  in  the  “ Revista  Trimensal  do 
Instituto  ” of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Another  work  by  Gandavo, 
“ Tratado  da  terra  do  Brasil,”  was  published  in  1828  in  the 
“ Noticias  Ultramarinas  ” of  the  Academy  of  Lisbon. 
Gandercleugh  (gan'der-kluch).  The  residence 
of  Jedediah  Cleishbotham,  whom  Scott  named 
as  the  editor  of  his  “ Tales  of  My  Landlord.” 
Gandersheim  (gan'ders-him).  A small  town  in 
the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  Germany,  34  miles 
southwest  of  Brunswick.  It  is  noted  for  its  abbey, 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  9th  century.  Later  it  was  a 
principality,  incorporated  with  Brunswick  in  1803. 
Gandhari  (gan-d-ha're).  [Skt.]  1 Princess  of 
Gandhara,’  wife  of  Dhritarashtra.  As  her  husband 
was  blind,  she  always  wore  a bandage  over  her  eyes  to  be 
like  him. 

Gandharva  (gan-d-har'wa).  A personage  in 
Hindu  mythology.  Though  in  later  times  the  Gand- 
harvas  are  "regarded  as  a class,  the  Rigveda  rarely  men- 


Gans 

tions  more  than  one,  commonly  designated  as  the  “ heav- 
enly Gandharva.”  He  dwells  in  the  air,  and  his  duty  is 
to  guard  the  soma,  which  the  gods  obtain  through  him. 
India  obtains  it  for  man  by  conquering  the  Gandharva. 
The  heavenly  Gandharva  is  supposed  to  be  a good  phy- 
sician, because  soma  is  the  best  medicine.  He  is  one  of 
the  genii  who  regulate  the  course  of  the  Sun’s  horses,  and 
he  makes  known  the  secrets  of  heaven.  He  is  the  parent 
of  the  first  human  pair,  Yama  and  Yami,  and  has  a pe- 
culiar power  over  women,  whence  he  is  invoked  in  mar- 
riage ceremonies.  Ecstatic  states  are  derived  from 
him.  The  class  have  the  same  characteristics.  In  epic 
poetry  they  are  the  heavenly  singers  at  the  banquets  of 
the  gods. 

Gandia  (gan-de'a).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Valencia  , eastern  Spain,  situated  near  the  Medi- 
terranean 36  miles  south-southeastof  Valencia. 
Population,  10,026. 

Gando  (gan'do).  1.  A Fellatah  kingdom  in  the 
western  Sudan,  Africa,  lying  along  the  Niger 
about  lat.  7°  30'-14°  N.  It  is  within  the  British 
protectorate  of  Northern  Nigeria.  Area,  estimated,  78,- 
467  square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  5,500,000. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Gando,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  12°  25'  N.,  long.  4°  40'  E. 

Ganelon  (ga'ne-lon),  or  Gan  (gau),  or  Gano 
(ga'no),  etc.  A paladin  in  the  Carlovingian 
cycle  of  romance.  By  his  treachery  as  an  officer  of 
Charlemagne  he  caused  the  death  of  Roland  and  the  loss 
of  the  battle  of  Roncesvalles.  He  was  torn  in  pieces  by 
wild  horses,  and  his  name  became  a synonym  of  treason. 
Chaucer  introduces  him  in  his  “Nun’s  Priest’s  Tale,”  and 
Dante  places  him  in  the  “Inferno.” 

Ganesha  (ga-na/sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
lord  of  the  Ganas,  or  troops  of  inferior  deities, 
especially  those  attendant  onShiva.  Heisthegod 
of  wisdom  and  remover  of  obstacles,  propitiated  at  the  be- 
ginning of  any  important  undertaking,  and  invoked  at  the 
commencement  of  books. 

Ganganelli  (gfin-ga-nel'le).  See  Clement  XIV. 

Ganges  (gan'jez),  Hind.  Ganga  (gung'ga).  The 
sacred  river  of  India.  It  rises  (under  the  name  of  the 
Bhagirathi)  in  the  Himalayas,  lat.  30°  65'  N.,  long.  79°  7'  E., 
and  is  called  the  Ganges  after  its  junction  with  the  Alak- 
nanda.  Its  course  is  mainly  toward  the  southeast,  and  it 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  BChgal  by  many  mouths(Hugli  in  the 
west,  Meghna  in  the  east).  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Jumna,  Ramgunga,  Gumti,  Gogra,  Gandak,  Kusi,  Atri, 
Son,  and  Jamuna  (the  main  stream  of  the  Brahmaputra). 
The  length  of  the  main  stream  is  1,557  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable from  Hardwar,  and  from  Allahabad  for  larger  ves- 
sels. On  it  are  situated  Calcutta,  Patna,  and  many  holy 
places,  such  as  Benares,  Allahabad,  Hardwar,  and  Gan- 
gotri. 

Ganges  (gohzh).  A town  in  the  department  of 
lie  vault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  He- 
rault  26  miles  north-northwest  of  Montpellier. 
Population,  4,582. 

Gangeticus  Sinus  (gan-jet'i-kus  si'nus).  The 
ancient  name  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Gangi  (gan'je).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Palermo,  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°  46'  N., 
long.  14°  14'  E. : the  ancient  Enguium.  It  was 
colonized  by  Cretans,  and  had  a Cretan  temple. 
Population,  11,376. 

Gangotri  (gau-go'tre).  A place  in  the  state  of 
Tehri,  India,  situated  in  lat.  31°  N.,  long. 
78°  57'  E.  It  is  celebrated  as  a Hindu  shrine 
on  account  of  its  proximity  to  the  source  of 
the  Ganges. 

Gangpur  (gang-por').  A tributary  state  of 
Orissa,  Bengal,  situated  about  lat.  22°  N.,  long. 
84°  E.  Area,  2,492  sq.  m.  Pop.,  about  240,000. 

Gan  jam  (giin-jam').  1.  A district  in  the  Presi- 
dency of  Madras,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  19°  N.,  long.  84°  30'  E.  Area,  8,372  square 
miles.  Pomilation,  over  2,000,000. — 2.  A small 
town  in  the  district  of  Ganjam,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  in  lat.  19°  23'  N.,  long.  85°  3'  E. 

Gannal  (ga-nal'),  Jean  Nicolas.  Born  at  Saar- 
louis,  Prussia,  July  28, 1791 : died  at  Paris,  Jan., 
1852.  A French  chemist,  the  inventor  of  a sys- 
tem of  embalming  by  injection. 

Gannat  (ga-na').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Allier,  central  France,  situated  on  the  Ande- 
lot  34  miles  south  of  Moulins.  It  has  a noted 
church.  Population,  commune,  5,128. 

Gannett  (gan'et),  Ezra  Stiles.  Born  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  May  4,  1801 : killed  in  a railway 
accident  at  Revere,  Mass.,  Aug.  26,  1871.  An 
American  Unitarian  clergyman,  colleague  of 
W.  E.  Channing  in  Boston  from  1824,  and  sole 
pastor  from  1842. 

Gannon  (gan'on),  Mary.  Born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  8,  1829:  "died  there,  Feb.  22,  1868.  An 
American  actress.  She  went,  on  the  stage  when  six 
years  old.  She  was  a versatile  actress,  excelling  in  com- 
edy. 

Ganor,  or  Ganora,  or  Ganore.  See  Guinevere. 

Gans  (gans),  Eduard.  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
22,  1797 : died  at  Berlin,  May  5,  1839.  A noted 
German  jurist,  professor  at  the  University  of 
Berlin.  He  wrote  “DasErbrecht  in  weltgeschichtlicher 
Entwickelung ” (1824-35),  “System  des  romlschen  Civil- 
rechts  ’’  (1827),  etc. 


Gansbacher 

Gansbacher  (gens' ba-cher),  Johann  Baptist. 

Born  at  Sterzing,  Tyrol,  May  8, 1778 : died  July 
13,  1844.  An  Austrian  composer,  chiefly  of 
church  music. 

Gansevoort  (gans'vort),  Peter.  Born  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  July  17,  1749:  died  July  2,  1812. 
An  American  general.  He  successfully  defended 
Fort  Stanwix,  New  York,  against  the  British  and  Indians 
under  St.  Leger  in  1777,  a service  for  which  he  received 
the  thanks  of  Congress.  He  became  brigadier-general  in 
the  United  States  army  in  1809. 

Ganymede  (gan'i-med).  [L.  Ganymedes,  from 
Gr.  TavvyiiSyg.']  In  Greek  mythology,  the  cup- 
bearer of  Zeus  or  of  the  Olympian  gods : origi- 
nally a beautiful  Trojan  youth,  transferred  to 
Olympus  (according  to  Homer,  by  the  gods;  ac- 
cording to  others,  by  the  eagle  of  Zeus,  or  by 
Zeus  himself  in  the  form  of  an  eagle)  and  made 
immortal.  He  supplanted  Hebe  in  her  function  as  cup- 
bearer. He  was  regarded  at  first  as  the  genius  of  water, 
and  is  represented  by  the  sign  Aquarius  in  the  zodiac. 
Ganymede.  In  Shakspere’s  “As  you  Like  it,’’ 
the  name  assumed  by  Rosalind  when  disguised 
as  a man. 

Gap  (gap).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Hautes-Alpes,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Luye  in 
lat.  44°  35'  N.,  long.  6°  4'  E. : the  ancient  Va- 
pincum.  Population,  commune,  10,823. 

Gap  of  Dnnloe.  A pass  in  County  Kerry,  Ire- 
land. It  is  about  4 miles  long,  and  is  noted  for 
its  grand  and  rugged  beauty. 

Garabit  Viaduct.  A famous  viaduct  on  the 
railway  90  miles  south  of  Clermont-Ferrand  in 
southern  France.  Its  span  measures  542  feet. 
Garagantua.  See  Gargantua. 

Garamantes  (gar-a-man'tez).  In  ancient  his- 
tory, a nomadic  people  dwelling  in  the  Sahara, 
Africa,  east  of  the  Gsetuli. 

Garashanin  (ga-ra-sha'nen),  Ilia.  Bom  at 
Garashi,  circle  Kraguyevatz,  Servia,  Jan.  28, 
1812:  died  at  Belgrad,  Seryia,  June  22, 1874.  A 
Servian  statesman,  prime  minister  1852-53  and 
1862-67. 

Garat  (gii-ra'),  Dominique  Joseph.  Born  near 
Bayonne,  France,  Sept.  8,  1749:  died  near  Ba- 
yonne, Dec.  9,  1833.  A French  politician  and 
political  writer,  minister  of  justice  1792,  and 
of  the  interior  1793. 

Garat,  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  Ustarites,  near 
Bayonne,  France,  April  25, 1764:  died  at  Paris, 
March  1,  1823.  A French  musician,  nephew 
of  D.  J.  Garat,  professor  of  singing  in  the  Con- 
servatory of  Music,  Paris,  1795.  His  voice  was 
of  unusual  compass,  including  both  barytone  and  tenor 
registers:  he  was  “the  most  extraordinary  singer  of  his 
time  " (Grove). 

Garay  (ga-ri'),  Francisco  de.  Died  at  Mex- 
ico, 1524.  A Spanish  administrator,  in  1509  he 
went  with  Diego  Columbus  to  Espafiola  as  procurador; 
subsequently  he  was  governor  of  Jamaica,  and  acquired 
great  wealth.  In  1519  he  sent  out  an  expedition  under 
Alonzo  de  Pineda,  which  explored  much  of  the  northern 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  discovering  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi.  Garay  was  authorized  to  conquer  and  colo- 
nize the  new  region,  and  in  1523  sailed  to  the  Panuco 
River,  in  Mexico,  to  establish  a colony ; but  he  lost  sev- 
eral ships,  and  had  a dispute  with  Cortes  who  claimed  the 
territory.  He  went  to  Mexico  City  to  meet  Cortds,  and 
died  there. 

Garay  (gor'oi),  Janos.  Born  at  Szegszdrd, 
county  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  Oct.  10,  1812:  died 
at  Pest,  Nov.  5,  1853.  A Hungarian  poet.  He 
wrote  the  tragedies  “ Arbocz  ” (1837)  and  “ P.&tori  Erzsd- 
bet  ” (1840),  and  the  collections  “Az  Arpddok  ’’  (1847),  “ Ba- 
latoni  Kagyldk  ” (“Shells  from  the  Balaton  Lake,”  1843), 
“ Szent  LdszlJ  ’’  (1850),  etc.  In  his  last  years  he  became 
paralytic  and  blind,  and  died  in  extreme  poverty. 

Garay  (ga-ri'),  Juan  de.  Born  in  Biscay, 
1541 : died  near  the  river  Parand,  1582.  A 
Spanish  soldier.  He  went  to  Paraguay  about  1565 ; 
wa9  prominent  in  various  conquests  and  explorations ; and 
from  1576  until  his  death  was  acting  governor  as  the  lieu- 
tenant of  Juan  Torres.  He  founded  the  present  city  of 
Buenos  Ayres  (the  first  settlement  having  been  abandoned) 
June  11,  1580.  While  returning  from  that  place  to  Asun- 
cion he  died,  either  in  a shipwreck  or  at  the  hands  of  the 
Indians. 

Garbo  (gar 'bo),  Raffaellino  del  (originally 
Raffaello  Capponi).  Born  at  Florence,  1466 : 
died  there,  1524.  A Florentine  painter,  a pupil 
of  Filippino  Lippi. 

Gargao  (gar-san'),  Pedro  Antonio  Correa. 

Born  at  Lisbon,  April  29,  1724:  died  Nov.  10, 
1772.  A Portuguese  lyric  poet.  Works  pub- 
lished 1778. 

Garcia,  or  Garzia  (gar-the'ii),  or  Garcias  (gar- 
the'as).  Bora  at  Tudela,  958:  died  1001.  King 
of  Navarre  995—1001.  He  was  surnamed  “the  Trem- 
bler” on  account  of  his  nervousness  before  battle;  and 
was  the  author  of  the  saying  “ My  body  trembles  at  the 
dangers  to  which  my  courage  is  about  to  expose  it.”  He 
defeated  the  Moors  under  Almansur  in  the  battle  of  Cala- 
tafiazor  In  998. 

Garcia  (gar-se'a),  Aleixo  or  Alejo.  Died  in 


424 

Paraguay  about  1526.  A Portuguese,  or  possi- 
bly a Spaniard,  who  early  in  the  16th  century 
was  left  on  the  coast  of  southern  Brazil,  near 
Santa  Catharina,  by  one  of  the  exploring  ships 
which  tor.ehed  there.  He  lived  for  years  among  the 
Indians,  and  about  1524,  accompanied  by  several  hundred 
of  them,  made  an  expedition  westward  or  northwestward, 
penetrating  beyond  the  Paraguay  and  perhaps  reaching 
the  confines  of  Peru.  Returning  with  a large  amount  of 
gold,  he  was  murdered  by  his  companions.  The  accounts 
of  this  expedition  are  very  vague,  and  have  been  discred- 
ited by  some  historians. 

Garcia,  DiogO.  Born  at  Lisbon  about  1471 : died 
in  Spain  about  1535.  A Portuguese  pilot.  He 
entered  the  service  of  Spain,  and  there  are  indications  that 
he  was  on  the  coast  of  South  America  as  early  as  1512,  pos- 
sibly as  far  south  as  the  Plata.  In  1526  he  commanded  an 
expedition  to  the  coast  of  Brazil  and  the  Plata.  Ascend- 
ing the  ParanA,  he  met  Sebastian  Cabot,  quarreled  with 
him,  and  in  1528  returned  to  Spain.  It  is  conjectured  that 
he  was  subsequently  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  that  he  dis- 
covered there  the  island  bearing  his  name. 

Garcia  (gar-the'a,),  Gregorio.  Born  in  Cozar 
about  1560:  died  in  Baeza,  1627.  A Spanish 
Dominican  author.  He  traveled  for  twelve  years 
in  Spanish  America,  part  of  the  time  as  a missionary 
among  the  Indians.  He  published  “ Origen  de  los  Indios 
de]  Nuevo  Mundo”  (Valencia,  1607;  Madrid,  1727)  and 
“Predicacion  del  Evangelio  en  el  Nuevo  Mundo  vivien- 
do  los  Apostoles  ” (Baeza,  1625).  His  “ Monarquia  de  los 
Incas  del  Peru”  was  never  published,  and  is  probably 
lost.  , 

Garcia,  Manuel.  Born  at  Zafra,  Spain,  March 
17, 1805 : died  at  Lon  don,  J uly  1, 1906.  A Span- 
ish teacher  of  singing.  His  application  of  the  laryn- 
goscope and  his  “Mdmoire  sur  la  voix  humaine”  (1840) 

. may  be  said  to  be  the  foundation  of  all  subsequent  inves- 
tigations of  the  voice.  (Grove.)  He  went  to  London  in  1848, 
and  was  professor  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music  until 
1895.  , 

Garcia,  Manuel  del  Popolo  Vicente.  Born 
at  Seville,  Spain,  Jan.  22,  1775 : died  at  Paris, 
June  2,  1832.  A Spanish  singer,  composer,  and 
musical  instructor.  He  founded  a famous  school  of 
singing  in  London  in  1823.  He  wrote  19  Italian,  17  Span- 
ish, and  7 French  operas  ( Fetis ). 

Garcia,  Maria.  See  Malibran. 

Garcia,  Pauline.  See  Yiardot. 

Garcia  Calderon,  Francisco.  See  Calderon. 
Garcia  Cubas  (ko'bas),  Antonio.  Born  in 
1832.  A Mexican  mathematician  and  geogra- 
pher, for  many  years  employed  by  the  govern- 
ment in  explorations  of  the  republic  and  in 
preparing  statistics,  reports,  and  maps.  Among 
his  numerous  important  works  are  “Atlas  geogrdflco,  es- 
tadiatico  y histbrico  de  la  Reptiblica  Mejicana  ’’  (1857),  a 
map  of  Mexico  (1863),  “Cuadro  geogrdflco,  estadistico,  de- 
scriptivo  6 histdrico  de  los  Estados  Unidos  Mejicanos” 
(1889),  and  “Diccionario  geogrAflco,  histbrico  y biogrdflco “ 
(1889). 

Garcia  de  Palacio  (gar-the'a  da  pa-la'the-6), 
Diego.  Born  at  Santander  about  1520 : died, 
probably  at  Mexico,  after  1587.  A Spanish 
lawyer  and  author.  He  was  auditor  of  Guatemala, 
and  in  1576  wrote  a report  on  that  country  which  is  of 
great  historical  importance.  It  was  first  published  in  the 
Muiioz  collection,  and  there  are  modern  editions  in  vari- 
ous languages. 

Garcia  Moreno  (mo-ra'no),  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Guayaquil,  1821 : assassinated  at  Quito,  Aug.  6, 
1875.  An  Ecuadorian  politician.  He  was  chief  of 
the  provisional  government  at  Quito,  1859,  as  head  of  the 
church  party,  and  president  1861-65,  during  a period  of 
great  disorder,  including  war  with  New  Granada.  Inl869 
he  was  again  elected  president  for  sixyears,  andhad  been 
reelected  in  1875  when  he  was  killed. 

Garcia  Qhez  de  Loyola,  Martin.  See  Loyola. 
GarciaPelaez  (pa-la'ath), Francisco  de  Paula. 
Born  about  1800:  died  at  Guatemala  City,  Jan. 
25,  1867.  A Guatemalan  prelate  and  historian, 
archbishop  of  Guatemala  from  Feb.  11,  1844. 
His  principal  work  was  “ Memorias  para  la  his- 
toria  del  antiguo  reino  de  Guatemala  ” (3  vols. 
1851-53). 

Garcias  (gar-the'as),  Pedro.  A licentiate,  re- 
ferred to  in  the  preface  to  Le  Sage’s  “Gil 
Bias,”  whose  soul  was  buried  in  a leathern 
purse  which  held  his  ducats. 

Garcia  y Iniguez,  Calixto.  Born  at  Holguin, 
Cuba,  Oct.  14,  1836 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Dec.  11,  1898.  A general  of  Cuban  insurgents. 
With  Cespedes  and  Marmol  he  planned  the  rebellion  of 
1868,  and  on  the  retirement  of  Gomez  was  made  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  forces  of  Cuba.  He  was  captured 
in  1873  and  imprisoned  in  Spain  until  1878.  He  returned 
to  Cuba  in  Aug.,  1879,  led  an  unsuccessful  uprising,  and 
was  again  carried  to  Spain.  He  lived  in  Madrid  (as  a 
teacher,  etc.)  under  police  surveillance,  but  e^aped  in 
Sept.,  1895,  reached  New  York,  and  finally  landed  with  a 
large  expedition  near  Baraeoa.  The  provisional  govern- 
ment immediately  placed  him  in  command  of  an  army, 
with  which  lie  gained  several  important  victories  before 
uniting  with  the  United  States  forces  in  the  capture  of 
Santiago,  June  21-July  17,  1898. 

Garcilasso  de  la  Vega.  Sec  Vega. 

Garcin  de  Tassy  (gilr-sah'  de  ta-se'),  Joseph 
H61iodore  Sagesse  Vertu.  Born  at  Mar- 
seilles, Jan.  20,  1794:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  2, 


Gardiner,  Stephen 

1878.  A French  Orientalist,  author  of  works 
on  Hindi  Hindustani,  etc. 

Gard  (gar).  A department  of  southern  France, 
capital  Nimes  : part  of  the  ancient  Languedoc. 
It  is  bounded  by  Loz&re  and  Ardeche  on  the  north,  the 
Rhone  (separating  it  from  Vaucluse  and  Bouches-du- 
Rhone)  on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  and  Hbrahlt  on 
the  south,  and  1 f trail  It  and  Aveyron  on  the  west.  It  has 
important  manufactures  of  silk,  etc.,  vineyards,  olive 
and  chestnut  plantations,  and  rich  mineral  products. 
Area,  2,270  square  miles.  Population,  421,166. 

Gard,  Pont  du.  The  modern  name  of  a bridge 
forming  part  of  a celebrated  Roman  aqueduct, 
situated  about  14 miles  northeast  of  Nimes. 
Garda  (gar'da),  Lake  of.  [It.  Logo  di  Garda.~\ 
The  largest  lake  of  northern  Italy,  bordering  on 
Tyrol  on  the  north  and  the  provinces  of  Verona 
on  the  east  and  Brescia  on  the  west : the  an- 
cient La.CUS  Benaeus.  The  Mincio  carries  its  waters 
into  the  Po.  The  lake  is  noted  for  storms.  Peschiera 
and  Riva  are  situated  on  it.  Length,  33  miles.  Breadth, 
10  miles. 

Gardaia,  or  Ghardaya  (gar-di'a).  The  chief 
town  of  the  Beni-Mzab,  situated  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Algiers,  Algeria,  in  lat.  32°  28'  N.. 
long.  3°  58'  E.  Population,  about  10,000. 
Garde  Joyeuse.  See  Joyeuse  Garde. 
Gardelegen  (gar 'de-la-gen).  [Formerly  also 
Gardeleben  and  Garleben.']  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Milde 
28  miles  north-northwest  of  Magdeburg.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  8,178. 

Garden  (gar'dn),  Alexander.  Born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  Dec.  4, 1757:  died  at  Charleston,  Feb. 
29,  1829.  An  American  revolutionary  officer, 
known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  “Anecdotes  of 
the  Revolutionary  War”  (1822). 

Garden  City  (gar'dn  sit'i).  A village  in  Long 
Island,  New  York,  about  20miles  east  of  Brook- 
lyn. It  is  noted  for  its  Episcopal  cathedral 
(founded  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Stewart)  and  schools. 
Garden  City.  An  epithet  of  Chicago. 

Garden  of  Eden.  See  Eden. 

Garden  of  England.  A name  given  to  Wor- 
cestershire on  account  of  its  fertility. 

Garden  of  France.  A name  given  to  Touraine, 
a former  province  of  France. 

Garden  of  Gethsemane.  See  Gethsemane. 
Garden  of  Helvetia.  A name  given  to  Thurgau. 
Garden  of  Italy.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
Sicily. 

Garden  of  the  Gods.  A remarkable  region 
near  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado,  comprising 
about  500  acres,  covered  with  extraordinary 
rock-formations  (cathedral  spires,  etc.). 
Garden  of  the  Hesperides.  See  Hesperides. 
Garden  of  the  Tuileries.  See  Tuilcries. 
Garden  State,  or  Garden  of  the  West.  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  Kansas. 

Gardiner  (gard'ner).  A city  in  Kennebec 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Kennebec  8 
miles  south  of  Augusta.  Pop.,  5,311,  (1910). 
Gardiner,  James.  Born  at  Carriden,  near  Lin- 
lithgow, Jan.  11,  1688:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Prestonpans,  Sept.  21,  1745.  A Scottish  colonel 
of  dragoons,  famous  on  account  of  his  remark- 
able conversion  in  1719. 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson.  Bom  at  Ropley, 
Hants,  March  4,  1829:  died  at  Sevenoaks, 
Kent,  Feb.  23,  1902.  An  English  historian. 
His  works  include  a history  of  the  Stuart  period  “from 
the  Accession  of  James  I.  to  the  Disgrace  of  Chief  Justice 
Coke,”  “Prince  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage”  (1869), 
“The  Thirty  Years'  War  "(1874),  “England  under  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham  and  Charles  I.”  (1875),  “Personal  Govern- 
ment of  Charles  I.”  (1877),  “Outlines  of  English  History  " 
(1881),  “Fall  of  the  Monarchy  of  Charles  I."  (1882),  “ His- 
tory of  the  Great  Civil  War”  (1886-91),  “History  of  the 
Commonwealth  and  Protectorate”  (1894-1904),  etc.  He 
edited  a number  of  hitherto  unpublished  documents  and 
letters. 

Gardiner,  Stephen.  Born  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
between  1483  and  1490 : died  at  London,  Nov. 
12,  1555.  An  English  prelate  and  politician. 
He  studied  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  of  which  society 
he  was  elected  master  in  1525.  In  1528  he  was  sent  by 
Henry  VIII.  on  a mission  to  the  Pope  in  reference  to  the 
proposed  divorce  between  the  king  and  Catharine  of  Ara- 
gon. He  was  made  secretary  of  state  in  1529 ; was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Winchester  in  1531 ; and  was  elecled 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  about  1540 
Although  constantly  employed  on  diplomatic  missions  to 
the  courts  of  Rome,  France,  and  the  emperor,  his  chief 
service  to  Henry  consisted  in  a learned  defense  of  the 
Act  of  Supremacy,  published  in  1535  under  the  title  “De 
vera  obedientia  oratio."  In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  he 
resisted  the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  Cranmer,  in  •conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  committed  to  the  Tower  and,  in 
1552,  deprived  of  his  bishopric.  He  was  restored  to  lib- 
erty at  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary,  who  appointed  him 
lord  high  chancellor  of  the  realm  in  1653.  In  conjunction 
with  Bonner  he  was  the  chief  instrument  in  bringing 
about  the  persecution  of  the  Protestants  in  the  early  part 
of  Mary's  reign. 


Gardiner’s  Bay 


425 


Garrick 


Gardiner's  Bay.  An  inlet  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Long  Island,  lying  between  Gardiner’s 
Island  on  the  east  and  Shelter  Island  on  the 
west. 

Gardiner’s  Island.  A small  island  lying  off 
the  northeast  of  Long  Island,  New  York,  in 
lat.  41°  8'  N.,  long.  72°  8'  W.  It  belongs  to 
the  township  of  Easthampton. 

Gardner  (giird'ner).  A town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  about  23  miles  north- 
west of  Worcester.  Population,  14,699,  (1910). 
Gardner,  George.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
May,  1812:  died  at  NeuraEllia,  Ceylon,  March 
10,  1849.  A botanist  and  traveler.  From  1836  to 
1841  he  traveled  in  Brazil,  collecting  and  studying  plants. 
In  1844  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  botanical 
garden  of  Ceylon,  and  he  afterward  traveled  extensively 
in  India.  Besides  numerous  botanical  monographs,  he 
published  “ Travels  in  the  Interior  of  Brazil " (1846  : 2d 
ed.  1849). 

Gardoni  (gar-do'ne),  Italo.  Born  at  Parma, 
Italy,  1821:  died  March  30,  1882.  An  Italian 
tenor  singer.  He  made  his  d6but  at  Viadana  in  1840. 
His  repertoire  was  large,  and  he  sang  much  in  Paris  and 
London.  He  retired  from  the  stage  in  1874. 

Gareloch.  (gar 'loch).  An  inlet  of  the  Firth  of 
Clyde,  in  the  southwest  of  Dumbartonshire, 
Scotland. 

Garenganze  (ga-reng-gan'ze),  also  Katanga 
(ka-tang' ga).  The  kingdom  of  the  late 
Mushidi  or  Msidi,  situated  between  the  head 
streams  of  the  Luapula  River,  west  of  Lakes 
Bangweolo  and  Moero.  The  natives  are  mostly  Ba- 
luba  (also  called  Bca-ruba  and  Ba-rua).  Garenganze  is  the 
English  pronunciation  of  Ngaranganja,  the  name  of  a 
Nyamwezi  tribe  to  which  Msidi,  the  founder  of  the  king- 
dom, belonged.  The  Nyamwezi  are  the  great  traders  of 
East  Africa.  The  famous  copper-mines  attracted  them 
to  Katanga,  where  guns  and  powder  enabled  Msidi  to 
establish  his  great  kingdom,  based  on  rapine.  In  1892 
Msidi  was  shot  by  a Kongo  State  officer,  and  his  country 
handed  over  to  the  Katanga  Company.  See  Luba. 
Garessio  (ga-res'se-o).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Tanaro  28  miles  southeast  of  Cuneo. 
Gareth  (ga'reth).  In  Arthurian  romance,  the 
nephew  of  King  Arthur.  He  was  introduced  to 
Arthur's  court  as  a scullion,  and  concealed  his  name  for  a 
year  at  his  mother’s  request.  He  was  nicknamed  ‘ ‘ Beau- 
mains  ” by  Sir  Kay  on  account  of  the  size  of  his  hands. 
Tennyson  has  used  his  story,  with  some  alterations,  in 
“Gareth  and  Lynette.” 

Garfield  (gar'feld),  James  Abram.  Born  at 
Orange,  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  Nov.  19, 1831 : 
died  at  Elberon,  N.  J.,  Sept.  19,  1881.  The 
twentieth  President  of  the  United  States.  He 
was  an  instructor  in  and  later  president  of  Hiram  College, 
Ohio,  1856-61,  and  a member  of  the  Ohio  senate  1859-61. 
He  joined  the  Union  army  as  a lieutenant-colonel  of  vol- 
unteers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War;  defeated  Gen- 
eral Humphrey  Marshall  at  the  battle  of  Middle  Creek, 
Jan.  10, 1862  ; was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  the  same 
year ; was  chief  of  Eosecrans’s  staff  (serving  at  Chicka- 
mauga)  in  1863 ; was  promoted  major-general  in  1863 ; was 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1863-80;  was  a member 
of  the  Electoral  Commission  in  1877  ; was  elected  United 
States  senator  in  1880 ; was  elected  as  fiepublican  candi- 
date for  President  in  1880;  was  inaugurated  March  4, 
1881;  and  was  shot  at  Washington  by  Guiteau.  July  2, 
1881.  His  works  have  been  edited  by  B.  A.  Hinsdale  (2 
vols.  1883). 

Gargamelle  (gar-ga-mel').  The  mother  of  Gar- 
gantua, in  Rabelais’s  romance  of  that  name. 
Gargano  (gar-ga/no).  A mountainous  penin. 
sula  in  the  province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  project- 
ing into  the  Adriatic  Sea : the  ancient  Garga- 
nus.  Highest  point,  Monte  Calvo  (3,460  feet). 
Gargantua  (gar-gan'tu-a ; F.  pron.  gar-gon-tii- 
a')  and  Pantagruel  (pan-tag'ro-el ; F.  pron. 
pon-ta-grii-el'),  The  Life  of.  A satirical  work 
in  prose  and  verse  by  Rabelais.  Gargantua  is  a 
giant  with  an  enormous  appetite,  and  his  name  has  be- 
' come  proverbial  for  an  insatiable  eater.  The  misspelling 
Qaragantua,  originated  by  Pope  in  his  edition  of  Shak- 
spere’s  plays  (“As  you  Like  it,”iii.  2),  has  been  followed 
by  some  other  editors.  (Furness.)  There  was  a chap- 
book,  popular  in  England  in  the  16th  century,  giving  the 
history  of  the  giant  Gargantua,  who  accidentally  swallows 
five  pilgrims,  staves  and  all,  in  his  salad.  See  Pantagruel 
and  Panurge. 

He  [ Rabelais]  edited  too,  and  perhaps  in  part  rewrote,  a 
prose  romance,  “ Les  Grandes  et  Inestimables  Chronicques 
du  Grant  et  Enorme  Gcant  Gargantua.”  This  work,  the 
author  of  which  is  unknown,  and  no  earlier  copies  of  which 
exist,  gave  him  no  doubt  at  least  the  idea  of  his  own  fa- 
mous book.  The  next  year  (1532)  followed  the  first  instal- 
ment of  this  — “Pantagruel Roi  des  Dipsodes  Restitud  en 
Son  naturel  avec  ses  Faicts  et  Proueses  Espouvantables.” 
Three  years  afterwards  came  “Gargantua  ” proper,  the  first 
book  of  the  entire  work  as  we  now  have  it.  Eleven  years, 
however,  passed  before  the  work  was  continued,  the  sec- 
ond book  of  “ Pantagruel  ” not  being  published  till  1546, 
and  the  third  six  years  later,  just  before  the  author's  death, 
in  1552.  The  fourth  or  last  hook  did  not  appear  as  a whole 
until  1564,  though  the  first  sixteen  chapters  had  been  given 
to  the  world  two  years  before.  This  fourth  book,  the  fifth 
of  the  entire  work,  has,  from  the  length  of  time  which 
elapsed  before  its  publication  and  from  certain  variations 
which  exist  in  the  MS.  and  the  first  printed  editions, 
VI.  15 


been  suspected  of  spuriousness.  Such  a question  cannot 
be  debated  here  at  length.  But  there  is  no  external  tes- 
timony of  sufficient  value  to  discredit  Rabelais’s  author- 
ship, while  the  internal  testimony  in  its  favour  is  over- 
whelming. Saintsbury,  Short  Hist,  of  French  Lit.,  p.  185. 

Gargaphia  (gar-ga'fi-a),  The  Vale  of.  The  vale 
where  the  mythical  Actseon  was  tom  to  pieces 
by  his  own  hounds.  It  was  used  by  Jonson  as 
the  scene  of  “Cynthia’s  Revels.” 

Gargaron  (gar'ga-ron),  the  modern  Kaz-Dagh 
(kaz-diig').  [Gr.  T apyapov.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, the  highest  summit  of  Mount  Ida,Mysia. 

Gargery  (gar'jer-i),  Joe.  In  Dickens’s  “Great 
Expectations,”  a good-natured  blacksmith  with 
a shrewish  wife : Pip’s  brother-in-law. 

Garhwal,  or  Gurhwal  (gur-wal').  1.  A dis- 
trict in  the  Kumaon  division,  United  Provinces, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  30'  N., 
long.  79°  E.  Its  surface  is  exceedingly  moun- 
tainous, the  highest  peaks  (in  the  north)  hav- 
ing an  altitude  of  from  23,000  to  nearly  26,000 
feet.  Area,  5,629  sq.m.  Population,  429,000. — 2. 
The  Tehri  State,  or  Tehri-Garhwal.  See  Teliri. 

Garibaldi  (ga-re-bal'de),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at 
Nice,  July  4,  1807 : died  on  the  island  of  Ca- 
prera,  near  Sardinia,  June  2,  1882.  A cele- 
brated Italian  patriot.  Exiled  from  Italy  for  politi- 
cal reasons  in  1834,  he  went  to  South  America,  where  he 
was  employed  in  the  service  first  of  the  republic  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  and  afterward  in  that  of  Uruguay,  1836-48. 
In  1849  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Roman  Republic, 
which  was  abolished  in  the  same  year.  In  1850  he  went 
as  an  exile  to  the  United  States,  where  he  was  naturalized 
as  a citizen,  and  where  for  a time  he  followed  the  occupa- 
tion of  a candle-maker  on  Staten  Island.  He  returned  to 
Italy  in  1854,  and  settled  as  a farmer  on  the  island  of  Ca- 
prera.  He  commanded  an  independent  corps,  known  as 
the  “ Hunters  of  the  Alps,”  in  the  Sardinian  service  during 
the  war  of  Sardinia  and  France  against  Austria  in  1859. 
Secretly  encouraged  by  the  Sardinian  government,  he 
organized,  after  the  conclusion  of  peace,  an  expedition 
against  the  Two  Sicilies  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  about 
the  union  of  Italy.  He  descended  upon  Sicily  with  1,000 
volunteers  in  May,  1860,  and  after  having  made  himself 
dictator  of  Sicily  crossed  to  the  mainland,  where  he  ex- 
pelled Francis  II.  from  Naples  and  entered  the  capital 
Sept.  7,  1860.  He  retired  to  Caprera  on  the  union  of  the 
Two  Sicilies  with  Sardinia  and  the  proclamation,  March 
17,  1861,  of  Victor  Emmanuel  of  Sardinia  as  king  of  Italy. 
Striving  for  the  complete  unification  of  Italy,  he  organized 
an  expedition  against  Rome  in  1862,  but  was  defeated  and 
captured  by  the  Sardinians  at  Aspromonte  in  Aug.  He 
was  again  in  arms  against  the  Pope  in  1867,  and  was  de- 
feated by  the  French  and  papal  forces  atMentana  in  Nov. 
In  1870-71  he  commanded  a French  force  in  the  war 
against  the  Germans. 

Gariep  (ga-rep'),  The  Orange  River. 

Garigliano  (ga-rel-ya'no).  A river  in  western 
Italy,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta  10  miles 
east  of  Gaeta:  the  ancient  Liris.  Near  it,  Dec. 
27,  1503,  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  defeated  the  French  under 
the  Marquis  of  Saluzzo.  Length,  about  90  miles. 

Garland  (gar'land),  Augustus  Hill.  Born  near 
Covington, Tenn.,  June  11, 1832  : died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Jan.  26,  1899.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  a member  of  the  Confederate 
congress ; governor  of  Arkansas  1875-77 ; United  States 
senator  from  Arkansas  1877-85 ; and  attorney-general  1885- 
1889. 

Garm(garm).  [ON.  Garmr.']  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, the  demon  watch-dog  of  Hel.  At  Rag- 
narok  he  and  the  god  Tyr  slew  each  other. 

Garmail  (ger-ma-il')  and  Armail  (er-ma-il'). 
In  Firdausi,  two  noble  Persians  who  became 
cooks  to  King  Tohak  in  order  to  save  each  day 
one  of  the  two  men  whose  brains  were  daily 
devoured  by  the  serpents  that  grew  on  Tohak’s 
back.  Substituting  the  brains  of  a sheep  for  those  of 
one,  they  saved  him.  From  the  men  thus  saved  Firdausi 
derives  the  Kurds. 

Garneau  (gar-no'),  Frangois  Xavier.  Born  at 
Quebec,  June  15,  1809:  died  Feb.  3,  1866.  A 
Canadian  historian.  He  was  city  clerk  of  Quebec 
1845-66.  He  wrote  “ Histoire  du  Canada  ” (1845-46). 

Garnet  (gar'net),  Henry  Highland.  Born  in 
Kent  County,  Md.,  1815:  died  at  Monrovia, 
Liberia,  Feb.,  1882.  An  American  clergyman 
and  orator,  of  African  birth. 

Garnett  (gar'net),  Henry.  Born  at  Heanor, 
Derbyshire,  1555 : executed  at  St.  Paul’s  Church- 
yard, May  3,  1606.  A leading  English  Jesuit, 
arrested  and  put  to  death  for  alleged  connec- 
tion with  the  Gunpowder  Plot. 

Garnett,  Richard.  Born  at  Otley,  Yorkshire, 
July  25, 1789:  died  Sept.  27, 1850.  An  English 
clergyman  and  philologist,  assistant  keeper  of 
printed  books  at  the  British  Museum  from  1838. 
His  philological  essays  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1859. 

Garnett,  Richard.  Born  Feb.  27,  1835 : died 
April  13,  1906.  An  English  scholar  and  author, 
son  of  Richard  Garnett  (1789-1850).  He  was  as- 
sistant keeper  of  printed  books  mid  was  made  superin- 
tendent of  the  reading-room  of  the  British  Museum  in 
1875.  He  was  keeper  of  printed  books  1890-99. 


Gamier  (gar-nya'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  27,  1801:  died  at  Jouy-en-Josas,  May  4, 
1864.  A French  philosopher.  He  was  professor  of 
philosophy  in  the  University  of  Paris  from  1845  until  his 
death.  He  wrote  ‘ Traitd  des  f aeultds  de  l ame  ” (1852). 

Gamier,  Charles  Georges  Thomas.  Born  at 
Auxerre,  France,  Sept.  21,  1746 : died  there, 
Jan.  24, 1795.  A French  litterateur.  He  was  Rev- 
olutionary commissioner  at  Auxerre  1793-96.  His  chief 
work  is  “Nouveaux  proverbes  dramatiques,  etc.”  (1874). 

Gamier,  Germain.  Bom  at  Auxerre,  France, 
Nov.  8,  1754:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  4,  1821.  A 
French  political  economist,  brother  of  C.  G.  T. 
Gamier.  He  emigrated  with  the  royalists  in  1793,  re- 
turned in  1795,  and  became  prefect  of  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise  in  1800,  a senator  in  1804,  and  president  of 
the  Senate  in  1809.  At  the  restoration  of  1814  he  became 
a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers,  and  was  appointed 
minister  of  state  by  Louis  XVIII.  after  the  Hundred  Days. 
He  translated  Adam  Smith’s  “Wealth  of  Nations”  (1805), 
and  wrote  a number  of  politico-economic  treatises,  in- 
cluding “Histoire  de  la  monnaie”  (1819). 

Gamier,  Jean  Louis  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  6,  1825:  died  Aug.  3,  1898)  A French 
architect.  He  entered  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  in  1842, 
and  became  a pupil  of  Lebas  and  Leveil.  He  subsequently 
traveled  in  Italy  and  Greece,  and  began  business  as  an  ar- 
chitect at  Paris  in  1854.  He  designed  the  Grand  Op6ra  at 
Paris,  which  was  erected  under  his  supervision  1863-74. 

Gamier,  Joseph  Clement.  Bora  at  Beuil, 
Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  Oct.  3,  1813:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  25, 1881.  A French  political  econo- 
mist. He  was  made  senator  in  1876.  His  works  include 
“ Traits':  dY-conomie  politique  ” (9th  ed.  1889),  “ Traits  de 
finance”  (1882),  etc. 

Gamier,  Marie  Joseph  Frangois.  Bom  at  St.- 
Etienne,  France,  July  25,  1839:  died  in  Tong- 
king,  Dec.  21,  1873.  A French  explorer.  He  ac- 
companied  the  expedition  of  Admiral  Charner  to  China 
and  Cochin  China  as  ensign  1860-62 ; was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  exploration  of  the  river  Mekong  in  1866 ; partici- 
pated in  the  defense  of  Paris  1870-71 ; and  commanded  a 
military  expedition  to  Tongking,  whose  capital,  Hanoi, 
he  took  Nov.  20,  1873.  He  was  killed  in  an  engagement 
with  Chinese  pirates.  Author  of  “Voyage  d’exploration 
en  Indo-Chine  ” (1873). 

Gamier,  Robert.  Born  at  Fertd  Bernard,  1534 : 
died  at  Le  Mans,  Aug.  15, 1590.  The  most  im- 
portant French  writer  of  tragedy  before  Cor- 
neille. He  was  a member  of  the  Paris  bar,  became  lieu- 
tenant criminel  at  Le  Mans,  and  was  finally  appointed 
councilor  of  state.  He  was  a disciple  of  Ronsard.  His 
works,  which  were  composed  between  the  years  1568  and 
1580,  consist  of  8 plays:  “Porcid,”  “Corn (die, " “Marc- 
Antoine,”  “Hippolyte,"  “La  Troade,”  “Antigone,”  “Lea 
Juive3,”  and  “Bradamante.” 

Garnier-Pages  (gar-nya'pa-zhas'),  Louis  An- 
toine. Born  at  Marseilles,  Feb.  16, 1803 : died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1878.  A French  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  became  minister  of  finance,  March  5, 
1848,  in  the  provisional  government  established  by  the 
.February  revolution.  Subsequently,  on  Sept.  4,  1870,  he 
was  elected  a member  of  the  provisional  government  which 
succeeded  the  second  empire.  He  wrote  “Histoire  de  la 
revolution  de  1848  ” (1861-72),  etc. 

Garo  (ga'ro)  (also  Garro  or  Garrow)  Hills. 
A district  in  the  southwest  of  Assam,  situated 
about  lat.  25°-26°  N.,  long.  89°-91°  E.,  under 
British  rule.  It  is  a mountainous  district  with 
an  area  of  3,140  square  miles.  Pop.,  138,274. 

Garonne  (ga-ron').  [L.  Garumna,  Garunna .] 
A river  in  southwestern  France.  It  rises  in  the 
Spanish  Pyrenees,  has  a generally  northerly  and  north- 
westerly course,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  about 
lat.  45°  38'  N.,  long.  1°  4'  W.  It  is  called  the  Gironde  after 
its  union  with  the  Dordogne.  Length,  about  350  miles. 
It  is  navigable  about  250  miles  (for  ocean  vessels  to  Bor- 
deaux). At  Toulouse  it  is  connected  by  the  Canal  du 
Midi  with  the  Mediterranean. 

Garonne,  Haute-.  See  Haute-Garonne. 

Garrard  (ga-rard'),  George.  Born  May  31, 1760: 
died  at  London,  Oct.  8,  1827.  An  English  ani- 
mal-painter and  sculptor. 

Garratt  (gar'at).  A village  situated  between 
Tooting  and  Wandsworth,  Surrey.  The  practice 
of  electing  a mayor  (really  a chairman  appointed  for  the 
defense  of  rights  of  common)  at  every  general  election, 
adopted  by  the  inhabitants  about  1780,  gave  rise  to  a series 
of  satirical  “Addresses  by  the  Mayors  of  Garratt.”  Foote 
wrote  a play  on  the  subject,  “ The  Mayor  of  Garratt.” 

Garraud  (gii-ro'),  Gabriel  Joseph.  Born  at 
Dijon,  March  25,  1807:  died  there,  in  1880.  A 
French  sculptor. 

Garraway’s  Coffee  House.  A noted  London 
coffee-house  standing  for  two  centuries  in  Ex- 
change Alley,  Cornhill.  Tea  was  first  sold  here ; the 
promoters  of  the  South  Sea  Bubble  met  here  ; and  sales 
of  drugs,  mahogany,  and  timber  were  held  here  periodi- 
cally. It  wras  frequented  by  people  of  quality,  and  “ as  a 
place  of  sale,  exchange,  auction,  and  lottery  it  was  never 
excelled  ” ( Thornburg ).  The  original  proprietor,  Thomas 
Garway,  was  a tobacconist  and  coffee  dealer. 

Garrick  (gar'ik),  David.  Born  at  Hereford, 
England,  Feb.  19,  1717:  died  at  London,  Jan. 
20,  1779.  A celebrated  English  actor.  He  was 

educated  at  Lichfield  Grammar  School ; went  to  London  in 
1737,  traveling  with  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  one  of  whose 
pupils  he  had  been  at  Edial;  and  was  entered  at  Lincoln’s 
Inn.  He  went  into  the  wine  business,  however,  with  his 


Garrick 

brother.  The  partnership  was  soon  dissolved,  and  his  love 
of  the  stage  induced  him  to  make  it  his  profession.  He 
made  his  first  appearance  in  public  in  1741.  Having  played 
several  minor  parts,  he  made,  on  Oct.  19,  his  famous  ap- 
pearance as  Richard  III.,  which  was  an  immediate  suc- 
cess. In  1742  he  went  to  Dublin,  where  he  was  well  re- 
ceived. In  1745  he  again  went  to  Dublin,  and  was  joint 
manager  there  with  Sheridan.  In  1747  he  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Drury  Lane  Theatre  with  Lacy,  having 
bought  a half  interest.  He  brought  out  plays,  including 
24  of  Shakspere's,  creating  new  parts  and  playing  the 
principal  old  ones.  His  repertoire  was  large  and  he  was 
very  versatile,  his  range  extending  from  Hamlet  to  the  ex- 
tremes of  low  comedy  in  Abel  Drugger  and  light  comedy 
in  Archer.  One  of  his  favorite  characters  was  Don  Felix 
in  “The  Wonder,"  which  he  played  for  the  first  time  Nov. 
6,  1756,  and  for  the  last  time  at  his  last  appearance,  June 
10, 1776.  He  retired  with  a considerable  fortune  to  Hamp- 
ton. He  wrote  farces  and  comedies  and  alterations  of  old 
plays  (especially  with  Colman),  together  with  many  pro- 
logues, epigrams,  etc.  He  played  with  all  the  foremost 
actors  of  his  time.  He  was  a great  actor  and  successful 
manager,  and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  the  most  noted  men 
of  his  day.  Johnson  said  of  him  that  “his  death  eclipsed 
the  gaiety  of  nations.” 

Garrick  Club.  A London  club  instituted  in 
1831  for  the  patronage  of  the  drama,  and  as  a 
rendezvous  for  men  of  letters.  Since  1864  it 
has  occupied  a house  in  Garrick  street. 

Garrison  ( gar 'i-son),  William  Lloyd.  Bom  at 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  Dec.  10, 1805:  died  at  New 
York,  May  24,  1879.  A noted  American  aboli- 
tionist. He  learned  the  trade  of  a printer,  and  eventually 
became  a journalist.  In  1831  he  began  at  Boston  the  pub- 
lication of  the  “Liberator,”  a journal  advocating  the  abo- 
lition of  slavery  at  the  South,  which  he  conducted  until 
its  discontinuance  in  1865.  In  1832  he  founded  at  Boston 
an  abolition  society,  which  became  the  model  for  simi- 
lar societies  all  over  the  North.  Shortly  afterward  the 
American  Antislavery  Society  was  founded,  of  which  he 
was  president  1843-65. 

Garrod  (gar'od),  Alfred  Henry.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, May  18, 1846:  died  Oct.  17, 1879.  An  Eng- 
lish zoologist.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
became  a fellow  of  St.  John’s  College  in  1873 ; became 
prosector  to  the  Zoological  Society  in  1871 ; was  appointed 
professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  King’s  College,  Lon- 
don, in  1874  ; and  became  professor  of  physiology  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1875.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
studies  in  the  anatomy  of  birds.  His  papers  were  edited 
by  W.  A.  Fortescue  in  1881. 

Garrow  Hills.  See  Garo  Hills. 

Garston  (gar'ston).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey  5 miles  south- 
east of  Liverpool.  Population,  17,289. 

Garter,  Order  of  the.  See  Order. 

Garth  (garth),  Caleb.  A character  in  George 
Eliot’s  novel  “ Middlemarch.” 

Garth,  Sir  Samuel.  Born  in  Bowland  Forest, 
Yorkshire,  1661:  died  at  London,  Jan.  18, 1719. 
An  English  physician  and  poet.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge  (Peterhouse)  and  Leyden,  and  established  him- 
self in  London  in  the  practice  of  medicine.  Among  his 
works  is  “ The  Dispensary  ” (1699),  a poem  which  ridicules 
apothecaries,  and  records  the  first  attempt  to  establish 
dispensaries  for  outdoor  patients.  It  passed  through  many 
editions. 

Garuda  (Hind.  pron.  gur'6-da).  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a bird  or  vulture,  half  bird  half  man, 
on  which  Vishnu  rides. 

Garumna  (ga-rum'na).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Garonne. 

Garve  (gar've),  Christian.  Born  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Jan.  7,  1742:  died  at  Breslau,  Dec.  1, 
1798.  A German  philosopher,  moralist,  and 
translator.  He  was  professor  (extraordinary) 
of  philosophy  at  Leipsic  1770-72. 

Gasca  (gas'ka),  Pedro  de  la.  Born  at  Barco 
de  Avila,  Castile,  1485:  died  at  Valladolid,  Nov., 
1567.  A Spanish  lawyer,  in  1546  he  was  sent  to 
Pern  as  president  of  the  "audience,  with  extraordinary 
powers,  to  put  down  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro.  He 
managed  by  peaceful  means  to  win  over  many  of  the 
rebels.  Centeno,  Valdivia,  and  Benalcazar  joined  him  ; 
and  Pizarro’s  forces  finally  deserted  on  the  field  of  Sacsa- 
huana,  near  Cuzco,  April  9,  1548.  Pizarro  and  his  lieuten- 
ant, Carbajal,  were  captured  and  executed,  and  Gasca 
treated  the  rebels  with  great  severity.  While  the  country 
was  still  in  a state  of  confusion  he  slipped  away  (Jan., 
1550),  leaving  the  government  in  the  hands  of  the  audi- 
ence. On  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Palencia,  and  in  1561  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Siguenza. 

Gascoigne  (gas-koin'),  Sir  Bernard  (Bernardo 
or  Bernardino  Guasconi).  Bom  at  Florence, 
1614:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10, 1687.  A military 
adventurer  and  diplomatist,  of  Italian  paren- 
tage. He  came  to  England  and  fought  for  Charles  I. ; 
returned  after  the  Restoration;  and  was  appointed  Eng- 
lish envoy  to  Vienna  in  1672  to  negotiate  a marriage  be- 
tween the  Duke  of  York  and  the  Archduchess  Claudia  Fe- 
licitas.  He  wrote  “A  Description  of  Germany,  etc.” 

Gascoigne,  George.  Born  in  Bedfordshire  (?), 
England,  about  1535:  died  at  Stamford,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  7,  1577.  An  English  poet.  His  chief 
works  are  “The  Steele  Glas”  and  “The  Complaynte  of 
Philomeue  ” (1676).  Works  edited  by  E.  Arber  1868. 

He  [Gascoigne)  is  supposed  to  have  been  born  about 
1536,  and  if  so,  he  was  little  over  forty  when  he  died  in 
1577.  His  father,  a knight  of  good  family  and  estate  in 
Sussex,  disinherited  him  ; but  he  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, if  not  at  both  universities,  was  twice  elected  to 


426 

Parliament,  travelled  and  fought  abroad,  and  took  part  in 
the  famous  festival  at  Kenilworth.  His  work  is,  as  has 
been  said,  considerable,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  number 
of  first  attempts  in  English  which  it  contains.  It  has  at 
least  been  claimed  for  him  (though  careful  students  of  lit- 
erary history  know  that  these  attributions  are  always  rather 
hazardous)  that  he  wrote  the  first  English  prose  comedy 
(“The  Supposes,”  a version  of  Ariosto),  the  first  regular 
verse  satire  (“  The  Steel  Glass  "),  the  first  prose  tale  (a 
version  from  Bandello),  the  first  translation  from  Greek 
tragedy  (“Jocasta"),  and  the  first  critical  essay  (the  above- 
mentioned  “ Notes  of  Instruction  ”).  Most  of  these  things, 
it  will  be  seen,  were  merely  adaptations  of  foreign  origi- 
nals ; but  they  certainly  make  up  a remarkable  budget  for 
one  man.  Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  16. 

Gascoigne,  Sir  William.  Died  in  1419.  An  Eng- 
lish judge.  He  was  made  chief  justice  of  the  King’s 
Bench  by  Henry  IV.  about  1400.  According  to  a tradition, 
followed  by  Shakspere  in  “ Henry  IV.,”  he  committed 
Prince  Henry  to  prison  when  the  latter  struck  him  for 
venturing  to  punish  one  of  the  prince’s  riotous  com- 
panions. 

Gascoigne,  William.  Born  about  1612 : died  in 
the  battle  of  Ma.rston  Moor,  July  2,  1644.  An 
English  astronomer,  inventor  of  the  microm- 
eter. 

He  invented  methods  of  grinding  glasses,  and  Sir  Edward 
Sherburne  states  that  he  was  the  first  who  used  two  convex 
glasses  in  the  telescope.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Gasconade  (gas-ko-nad').  A river  in  Missouri 
which  runs  north  and  joins  the  Missouri  below 
Jefferson  City.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Gascony  (gasvko-ni),  F.  Gascogne  (gas-kony'). 
[ME.  Gasconie,  Gascon,  from  OF.  and  F.  Gas- 
cogne, Sp.  Vasconia,  from  LL.  Vasconia,  from 
Vascones,  the  inhabitants.  See  Basques.']  An 
ancient  duchy  of  France,  capital  Auch,  form- 
ing part  of  the  old  government  of  Guienne  and 
Gascony.  It  was  bounded  by  Guienne  on  the  north, 
Languedoc  and  Foix  on  the  east,  Iicarn  and  Navarre  on 
the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west.  It  com- 
prised the  departments  of  Landes,  Gers,  and  II  ant  es-Py  re- 
ntes, and  parts  of  Haute-Garonne,  Lot-et-Garonne,  and 
Tani-et-Garonne.  It  formed  the  Roman  province  of 
Aquitania  Tertia  or  Novempopulania ; was  a duchy  in  the 
middle  ages  ; and  was  united  in  1052  to  Guienne,  the  for- 
tunes df  which  it  generally  followed. 

Gaskell  (gas'kel),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Cleghorn 
Stevenson).  Born  at  Chelsea,  London,  Sept. 
29,  1810 : died  at  Alton,  Hampshire,  England, 
Nov.  12, 1865.  An  English  novelist.  She  removed 
on  her  marriage  in  1832  to  Manchester,  where  she  obtained 
material  for  those  of  her  novels  which  describe  the  life  and 
trials  of  the  manufacturing  classes.  Her  best  novels  have 
been  translated  into  French.  Among  them  are  “Mary 
Barton  ” (1848),  “ Ruth  ’’and  “Cranford  ’’  (1853),  “North  and 
South”(1855),  “ Cousin  Phillis  ”(1865),“  Wives  and  Daugh- 
ters ” (1866),  etc.  She  published  in  1857  a “Life  of  Char- 
lotte Bronte."  , 

Gasparin  (gas-pa-ran'),  Comte  Adrien  Etienne 
Pierre  de.  Born  at  Orange,  France,  June  29, 
1783 : died  there,  Sept.  7,  1862.  A French  poli- 
tician and  agriculturist.  „ 

Gasparin,  Comte  Agenor  Etienne  de.  Born 
at  Orange,  France,  July  10,  1810:  died  at  Ge- 
neva, May  4,  1871.  A French  political  writer 
and  politician,  son  of  A.  E.  P.  de  Gasparin.  His 
works  include  “Les  Etats-Unis  en  1861”  (1861),  “L’Anie- 
rique  devant  l’Europe’’  (1862),  “La France,  nosfautes,  nos 
perils,  notre  avenir  ’’  (1872),  etc. 

Gasparin,  Comtesse  de  (Valerie  Boissier). 

Born  at  Geneva,  1813 : died  there,  June  29, 1894. 
The  wife  of  A.  E.  de  Gasparin : a writer  of 
travels  aud  of  religious  works. 

Gaspe  (gas-pa' ) . A district  in  Quebec,  Canada, 
forming  a peninsula,  situated  between  the  es- 
tuary of  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  north  and 
the  Bay  of  Chaleur  on  the  south.  It  comprises 
the  counties  Gaspe  and  Bonavcnture. 

Gaspe  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, east  of  Gaspd. 

Gass  (gas),  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Breslau,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  28,  1813 : died  at  Heidelberg,  Feb.  21, 
1889.  A German  Protestant  theologian.  He  was 
professor  successively  at  Breslau,  Greifswald,  Giessen, 
and  (1868)  Heidelberg.  His  works  include  “ Geschiehte 
der  protestantischen  Dogmatik  in  ihrem  Zusammenliange 
mit  der  Theologie  uberhaupt”  (1854-67). 

Gassendi  (giis-sen'de;  F.  pron.  ga-san-de),  or 
Gassend  (F.  pron.  ga-son'),  Pierre.  Born  at 
Champtereier,  Basses-Alpes,  Jan.  22, 1592:  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  24,  1655.  A celebrated  French 
philosopher,  physicist,  and  astronomer.  He 
studied  theology,  and  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Digne  in  1613,  and  of  philosophy  at  Aix  in  1616.  In  1645 
he  became  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  College  Royal 
at  Paris.  He  sought  to  connect  the  philosophy  of  Epi- 
curus with  Christian  theology  and  modern  science.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Disquisitiones  anticartesianse  ” (1643),  “ De 
vita,  inoribus,  et  placitis  Epicuri  ” (1647),  “ Syntagma  phi- 
losophise Epicuri  ” (1649),  “ Syntagma  philosophicum.” 

Gasser  (gas'ser),  Hans.  Born  at  Eisentratten, 
Carinthia,  Oct.  2,  1817:  died  at  Pest,  April  24, 
1868.  An  Austrian  sculptor. 

Gasser  von  Valhorn  (gas'ser  fon  val'hom), 
Joseph.  BornatPragraten,  Tyrol, Nov.  22, 1816: 
died  there,  Oct.  28, 1901.  An  Austrian  sculptor. 


Gatinais 

Ga,stein  (gas'tin).  A valley  in  the  crownland 
of  Salzburg,  Austria-Hungary,  south  of  Salz- 
burg. It  is  famous  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  At 
Wildbad  Gastein  there  are  hot  springs. 

Gastein,  Convention  of.  A treaty  concluded 
between  Austria  and  Prussia  at  Wildbad  Gas- 
tein, Aug.  14,  1865,  by  which  the  duchies  re- 
cently conquered  from  Denmark  were  disposed 
of  as  follows:  Lauenburg  was  definitely  sur- 
rendered to  the  King  of  Prussia  for  two  and  a 
half  million  rix-dollars,  while  the  sovereignty 
of  Holstein  and  Schleswig  was  to  he  held  by 
Austria  and  Prussia  in  common,  Austria  ad- 
ministering Holstein  and  Prussia  Schleswig. 
Gasterental  (gas'ter-en-tal).  A wild  valley  in 
the  Bernese  Alps,  Switzerland,  south  of  Kan- 
dersteg. 

Gaston  (gas-ton'),  Marie.  A pseudonym  of 
Alphonse  Daudet. 

Gaston  (gas'ton),  William.  Bom  at  New 
Berne,  N.  C.,  Sept.  19,  1778 : died  at  Raleigh, 
N.  C.,  Jan.  23,  1844.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician.  He  was  a Federalist  member  of  Congress 
from  North  Carolina  1813-17  ; was  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  North  Carolina  1834-44  ; and  was  a prominent 
member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  1835. 
Gaston  de  Foix  (gas-ton'  de  fwa)  (1489-1512). 
See  Nemours,  Due  de. 

Gatchina.  See  Gatshina. 

Gate  City.  A name  given  to  Atlanta,  Georgia, 
and  also  to  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

Gate  House  Prison.  A London  prison  at  West- 
minster, memorable  as  that  from  which  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  was  taken  to  execution. 

Gate  of  Italy.  A gorge  in  the  valley  of  the 
Adige,  near  Roveredo,  Tyrol. 

Gate  of  Tears,  or  Gate  of  Mourning.  The 
translation  of  the  Arabic  Bab-el-Mandeb  (which 
see):  so  called  from  the  danger  in  navigating  it. 
Gate  of  the  Lions.  See  Mycene. 

Gate  of  the  Mountains.  The  gorge  in  which 
the  Missouri  breaks  through  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, about  40  miles  above  Great  Falls,  Mon- 
tana. 

Gates  (gats),  Horatio.  Born  at  Maldon,  Eng- 
land, in  1728:  died  at  New  York,  April  10, 1806. 
An  American  general.  He  served  as  captain  under 
Braddock  in  the  expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne  in 
1755,  and  at  the  close  of  the  old  French  and  Indian  war 
settled  in  Berkeley  County,  Virginia.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolutionary  War  he  accepted  a commission  as 
adjutant-general  in  the  Continental  army  (1775),  and  in 
1777  succeeded  Schuyler  as  commander  in  the  north.  He 
defeated  Burgoyne  in  the  second  battle  of  Stillwater,  Oct. 
7,  1777,  and  on  Oct.  17 received  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne 
at  Saratoga.  In  Nov.,  1777,  he  was  made  president  of  the 
board  of  war  and  ordnance,  a position  which  he  used  to 
further  an  intrigue  with  the  clique  known  as  the  “ Con- 
way Cabal,”  consisting  of  Thomas  Conway  and  others,  to 
supplant  Washington  in  the  chief  command  of  the  army. 
In  June,  1780,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  in  the 
south,  and  on  Aug.  16,  1780,  was  totally  defeated  by  Lord 
Cornwallis  at  Camden,  South  Carolina.  He  was  after- 
ward succeeded  by  General  Greene. 

Gates,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  after  1621.  A colo- 
nial governor  of  Virginia.  Along  with  Captain 
Newport  and  Sir  George  Somers  he  sailed  from  England 
in  May,  1609,  in  chaigeof  600  emigrants  destined  for  Vir- 
ginia. During  the  voyage  the  Sea  Venture,  in  which  he 
sailed,  was  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  fleet  by  a hurri- 
cane and  stranded  on  the  rocks  of  Bermuda.  The  passen- 
gers of  the  Sea  Venture  constructed  two  new  vessels,  and 
reached  Virginia  May  24, 1610.  Having  in  the  meantime 
been  sent  to  England  with  a report  of  the  condition  of  the 
colony,  he  returned  to  Virginia  in  Aug.,  1611,  with  300  new 
emigrants.  In  the  same  year  he  assumed  the  office  of 
governor,  a position  which  he  held  until  1614,  when  he  re- 
turned to  England. 

Gateshead  (gats'hed).  A parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough  in  Durham,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tyne  opposite  Newcastle.  It  has' 
important  manufactures.  Population,  116,928, 
(1911). 

Gath(gath).  [Heh.,‘  wine-press.’]  One  of  the 
five  confederate  cities  of  the  Philistines,  the 
birthplace  of  the  giant  Goliath.  It  was  con- 
quered  by  David,  turned  by  Rehoboam  into  a fortress, 
taken  by  Hazael,  king  of  Damascus,  and  destroyed  by  Uz- 
ziali,  and  then  vanishes  from  history.  Its  position  is  un- 
certain, but  it  is  possibly  the  modern  Tell  es  Safi. 

Gatha  (Skt.  gat'ka;  Avestanga'tlia).  [‘  Song/] 
In  Sanskrit,  a religious  verse,  but  one  not  taken 
from  the  Vedas.  Such  verses  are  interspersed  in  the 
Sanskrit  Buddhist  work  called  “Lalitavistara,”  composed 
in  a dialect  between  the  Sanskrit  and  Prakrit,  and  have 
given  their  name  to  this  the  Gatha  dialect.  The  oldest 
portion  of  the  Avesta  consists  of  Gathas  or  hymns  believed 
to  go  back,  at  least  in  part,  to  Zarathushtra  himself. 

Gatinais  (ga-te-na'),  or  Gatinois  (ga-te-nwa'). 
An  ancient  territory  of  France.  Capital,  Ne- 
mours. It  lay  south  of  Paris,  partly  in  tle-de-France, 
partly  in  Orltfanais,  and  is  comprised  in  the  departments 
Loiret,  Nifcvre,  Yonne,  and  Seine-et-Marne.  It  was  united 
to  the  French  crown  under  Philip  I.  in  1068. 


Gatineau 

Gatineau  (ga-te-no' ) . A river  in  Canada  which, 
flowing  southward,  joins  the  Ottawa  nearly  op- 
posite Ottawa.  Estimated  length,  400  miles. 
Gatley  (gat'ii),  Alfred.  Born  at  Kerridge, 
Cheshire,  1816:  died  at  Rome,  June  28,  1863. 
An  English  sculptor. 

Gatling  (gat'ling),  Richard  Jordan.  Born  in 
Hertford  County,  N.  C.,  Sept.  12, 1818:  died  Feb. 
26,  1903.  An  American  inventor.  He  took  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.about  1849, but  never  practisedhisprofession. 
He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  inventor  of  the  Gatlinggun,  the 
first  specimen  of  which  was  constructed  in  1862. 
Gatshina  (ga'che-na).  A town,  the  private 
property  of  the  czar,  situated  in  the  government 
of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  28  miles  south-south- 
west of  St.  Petersburg.  The  palace,  a favorite  resi- 
dence of  Alexander  III.,  built  in  1779,  is  of  great  size,  in 
a simple  Renaissance  style.  The  main  building,  of  three 
stories,  is  connected  by  colonnaded  galleries  with  one- 
story  buildings  surrounding  a court.  There  are  about  600 
rooms,  including  ample  state  apartments,  and  a theater. 
Population,  about  15,000. 

Gatty  (gat'i),  Mrs.  (Margaret  Scott).  Born  at 
Burnham,  Essex,  June  3,  1809:  died  at  Eccles- 
field,  Yorkshire,  Oct.  4, 1873.  An  English  writer, 
wife  of  Rev.  Alfred  Gatty,  vicar  of  Ecclesfield. 
Her  best-known  works  are  stories  for  children  (“Aunt 
Judy’s  Tales, ” 1859,  etc.).  She  edited  “Aunt  Judy’s  Maga- 
zine ” 1866-73. 

Gauchos  (gou'choz).  Peasantry  and  herdsmen 
of  mixed  Indian  and  white  blood,  in  the  Platine 
states  of  South  America.  They  are  skilful  horse- 
men, accustomed  to  a roving  life,  and  readily  lend  them- 
selves to  lawless  enterprises.  They  have  thus  become 
prominent  in  the  civil  wars  of  that  region,  following  any 
leader  who  gives  them  excitement  and  plunder.  In  war 
their  bands  move  with  great  celerity,  easily  avoiding  reg- 
ular forces. 

Gauden  (ga'den),  John.  Born  at  Mayland, 
Essex,  1605:  died  Sept.  20,  1662.  An  English 
prelate,  appointed  bishop  of  Exeter  in  1660,  and 
translated  to  the  see  of  Worcester  in  May,  1662. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge;  became  vicar  of  Chippenham 
in  1640  ; was  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Warwick  ; was  ap- 
pointed dean  of  Booking,  Essex,  in  1641 ; and  was  chosen 
a member  of  the  Assembly  of  Divines  in  1643,  but  was  not 
allowed  to  take  his  seat.  He  wrote  “ Cromwell’s  Bloody 
Slaughter  House,  etc."  (1660),  “Tears  of  the  Church” 
(1659),  “ Tepa  Adicpva.  Ecclesise  Anglican*  Suspiria,  or 
the  Tears,  Sighs,  Complaints,  and  Prayers  of  the  Church 
of  England,"  etc.  See  Eikon  Basilike. 

Gaudichaud-Beaupre  (go  - de-sho'bo-pra'), 
Charles.  Born  at  Angouleme,  France,  Sept. 
4,  1789  : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  16, 1854.  A French 
botanist  and  traveler  in  South  America.  He 
wrote  “Flore  des  lies  Malouines ” (1824),  “Botanique  du 
voyage  autour  du  monde,  exdcutd  pendant  les  anndes 
1836-1837,  etc.,”  etc. 

Gauermann  (gou'er-man),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Miesenbach,  near  Guttenstein,  Lower  Austria, 
Sept.  20, 1807 : died  at  Vienna,  July  7, 1862.  An 
Austrian  painter  of  animals. 

Gaugamela  (ga-ga-me'la).  [Gr.  Yavyagijla. ] 
In  ancient  geography,  a place  in  Assyria,  near 
the  modern  Mosul:  the  scene  of  Alexander's 
victory  over  Darius  (battle  of  Arbela). 
Gauhati  (gou-ha'te).  A town  in  Assam,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Brahmaputra  about  lat. 
26°  11'  N.,  long.  91°  45'  E.  Population,  14,244. 
Gaul  (gal).  [F.  Gaule,  Sp.  Galia,  Pg.  It.  Gal- 
lia, G.  Gallien,  from  L.  Gallia,  from  Gallus,  a 
Gaul].  1.  In  ancient  geography,  the  country 
of  the  Gauls ; in  an  inexact  use,  France,  it  was 
divided  into  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  Transalpine  Gaul,  and  is 
often  taken  as  equivalent  to  Transalpine  Gaul. 

Neither  ...  is  France  even  yet  coextensive  with  Gaul. 
If  Britain  includes  Scotland  as  well  as  England,  Gaul  in- 
cludes Belgium  and  Switzerland  as  well  as  France. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  165. 

The  name  “ Gaul  ” has  never  fully  died  out  as  the  desig- 
nation of  France.  How  does  the  case  stand  in  what  was 
so  long  the  common  language  of  Europe?  The  most  pe- 
dantic Ciceronian  never  scrupled  to  talk  familiarly  about 
Angius  and  Anglia  ; but  Francus  and  Francia  are  hardly 
known  except  in  language  more  or  less  formal.  Gallus, 
Gallia,  ffalliarum  Rex,  are  constantly  used  by  writers  who 
would  never  think  of  an  analogous  use  of  Britannus  and 
Britannia.  In  ecclesiastical  matters  Gaul  has  always  re- 
mained even  the  formal  designation.  The  Gallican  Church 
answers  to  the  Anglican,  the  Primate  of  the  Gauls  to  the 
Primate  of  All  England.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  165. 

2.  One  of  the  four  prefectures  of  the  later 
Roman  Empire,  it  comprised  the  dioceses  of  Spain, 
Gaul,  and  Britain,  and  corresponded  to  Spain,  Portugal,  a 
small  strip  of  Morocco,  France,  Belgium,  Switzerland/Hol- 
land and  Germany  to  the  Rhine,  England,  Wales,  and  the 
south  of  Scotland. 

3.  A diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  of 
Gaul.  It  was  included  between  the  Atlantic,  the  English 
Channel,  the  North  Sea,  the  Rhine,  the  Alps,  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  the  Pyrenees. 

4.  An  old  name  of  Wales,  as  in  “Amadis  de 
Gaul.” 

This  general  opinion,  that  Wales  was  the  country  of 
Amadis,  was  not  an  unnatural  one,  since  Gaules  and  Gaula, 
in  old  English,  was  the  name  for  Wales  as  well  as  France : 
— “ I say  Gallia  and  Gaul — French  and  Welsh  — soul-curer 


427 

and  body-curer,”  exclaims  the  host  in  the  “Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor  ” (act  iii.  scene  i.)  while  addressing  the  French 
doctor  and  the  Welsh  parson. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  355. 

Gaul,  Cisalpine.  [L.  Gallia  Cisalpina  (or  Ci- 
terior ).]  In  ancient  history,  that  part  of  Gaul 
lying  on  this  side  the  Alps  (that  is,  from  Rome, 
on  the  southern  side  of  the  Alps),  it  extended 
from  the  Alps  southward  and  eastward.  A Roman  colony 
was  founded  at  Sena  Gallica  282  B.  C.  Part  of  the  country 
was  reduced  between  the  first  and  second  Punic  wars, 
Milan  and  Como  being  captured,  and  the  conquest  was 
completed  201-191  B.  c.  It  was  made  a Roman  province, 
and  was  incorporated  with  Italy  43  B.  0. 

Gaul,  Cispadane.  [L.  Gallia  Cispadana.']  In 
ancient  geography,  the  part  of  Cisalpine  Gaul 
this  side  (south)  of  the  Po. 

Gaul,  Transalpine.  [L.  Gallia  Transalpina.\ 
In  ancient  geography,  that  part  of  Gaul  which 
lay  beyond  the  Alps  (that  is,  north  and  north- 
west of  the  Alps  from  Rome).  It  comprised  in  the 
Roman  period  Narbonensis,  Aquitania,  Lugdunensis,  and 
Belgica.  Its  ancient  inhabitants  were  Gauls,  Iberians, 
and  Germans.  Many  remains  of  older  inhabitants  have 
been  discovered,  especially  in  the  center  of  Gaul  (Au- 
vergne, etc.).  The  Gallic  antiquities  are  especially  numer- 
ous in  the  north  (Brittany).  Some  Greek  colonies  were 
planted  in  early  times  in  the  south  (see  Marseilles).  The 
Roman  settlements  were  made  first  in  the  southeast,  in 
the  end  of  the  2d  century  B.  c.  (see  Provence  and  Narbo- 
nensis). Gaul  was  thoroughly  conquered  by  Julius  Ccesar 
58-51  B.  c.  Augustus  divided  it  into  four  provinces. 
Christianity  was  introduced  in  the  2d  century.  A division 
of  the  diocese  of  Gaul  into  17  provinces  was  made  in  the 
4th  century.  It  was  invaded  by  the  Suevi,  Alans,  Vandals, 
West  Goths,  Burgundians,  and  Franks  in  the  5th  century. 
See  further  under  France. 

Transalpine  Gaul,  as  a geographical  division,  has  well- 
marked  boundaries  in  the  Mediterranean,  the  Alps,  the 
Rhine,  the  Ocean,  and  the  Pyrenees.  But  this  geographi- 
cal division  has  never  answered  to  any  divisions  of  blood 
and  language.  Gaul  in  Ciesar’s  day,  that  is,  Gaul  beyond 
the  Roman  province,  formed  three  divisions — Aquitaine 
to  the  south-west,  Celtic  Gaul  in  the  middle,  and  Belgic 
Gaul  to  the  north-east.  Aquitaine,  stretching  to  the  Ga- 
ronne—the  name  was  under  Augustus  extended  to  the 
Loire  — was  Iberian,  akin  to  the  people  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Pyrenees  : a trace  of  its  old  speech  remains  in  the 
small  Basque  district  north  of  the  Pyrenees.  Celtic  Gaul, 
from  the  Loire  to  the  Seine  and  Marne,  was  the  most  truly 
Celtic  land,  and  it  was  in  this  part  of  Gaul  that  the  mod- 
em French  nation  took  its  rise.  In  the  third  division, 
Belgic  Gaul,  the  tribes  to  the  east,  nearer  to  the  R-hine, 
were  some  of  them  purely  German,  and  others  had  been 
to  a great  extent  brought  under  German  influences  or 
mixed  with  German  elements.  There  was,  in  fact,  no 
unity  in  Gaul  beyond  that  which  the  Romans  brought 
with  them.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  67. 

Gaul,  Transpadane.  [L.  Gallia  Transpadana.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  part  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul  beyond  (north  of)  the  Po. 

Gaul  (gal),  Gilbert.  Born  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 
1855.  An  American  artist,  known  as  a painter 
of  battle-scenes. 

Gauls  (galz).  [Ij .Galli.]  The  leading  division 
of  the  Celtic  race.  In  historical  times  they  occupied 
Transalpine  and  Cisalpine  Gaul.  Galatia  was  settled  by 
them  in  the  3d  century  B.  c. 

Gaunt  (gant  or  gant),  John  of.  See  John  of 
Gaunt. 

Gauntlet  (gant'let  or  gant'let),  Emilia.  The 
virtuous  heroine  of  Smollett’s  “Peregrine 
Pickle.”  Peregrine  falls  in  love  with  her. 
Gauntlett  (gant'let),  Henry  John.  Born  at 
Wellington,  Salop,  in  1806:  died  Feb.  21, 1876. 
A noted  English  organist,  composer,  and  musi- 
cal editor.  He  composed  and  edited  psalm  and 
hymn  tunes. 

Gaur,  or  Gour  (gour).  A ruined  city  in  the 
Malda  district,  eastern  Bengal,  India,  near  the 
Ganges.  From  the  13th  century  it  was  the  usual  capital 
of  the  Mohammedan  viceroys  of  Bengal  and  kings  of  Ben- 
gal. It  fell  into  ruin  from  about  1575. 

Gaur  (in  Afghanistan).  See  Ghur. 
Gaurisankar.  Mount  Everest. 

Gaurus  (ga'rus),  modern  Monte  Barbaro 

(mon'te  bar'ba-ro).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain  in  Italy,  7 miles  west  of  Naples. 
Here,  342  (343?  or  340?)  B.  0.,  the  Romans  under  Valerius 
Corvus  defeated  the  Samnites. 

Gauss  (gous),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  April  30,  1777 : died  at  Got- 
tingen, Germany,  Feb.  23,  1855.  A celebrated 
German  mathematician,  appointed  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Gottingen  in  1807.  His  works 
include  “Disquisitiones  arithmetic*  ” (1801),  “Theoria 
mot.us  corporum  coslestium”  (1809),  “Atlas  des  Erdmag- 
netismus  ” (1840),  “ Dioj)trische  Untersuchungen ’’  (1843), 
etc. 

Gaussen  (go-son'),  Francois  Samuel  Robert 
Louis.  Born  at  Geneva,  Aug.  25,  1790:  died 
at  Geneva,  June  18, 1863.  A Swiss  Protestant 
theologian.  His  chief  work  is  “La  Theop- 
neustie”  (1840). 

Gausta  (gous'ta).  The  highest  mountain  in 
southern  Norway,  about  lat.  59°  50'  N.  Height, 
6,180  feet. 


Gawain,  Sir 

Gautama  (gou'ta-ma).  [Skt.]  The  family  name 
of  Buddha.  (See  Buddha.)  The  Pali  form  is 
Gotama. 

Gauti  (ga'ti).  [L.  (Jordanes)  Gautigoth,  Gr. 
(Ptolemy)  Tavroi,  AS.  Gedtas,  ON.  Gautar.']  A 
Germanic  tribe  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Scan- 
dinavian peninsula,  nearly  coincident  with  the 
present  Swedish  province  Gothland  (Swedish 
Gotaland),  where  they  are  mentioned  by  Ptol- 
emy. They  are  the  GeAtas  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Beowulf, 
and  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  Goths.  They  ulti- 
mately formed  a constituent  part  of  the  Swedes. 

Gautier  (go-tya'),  Marguerite.  The  principal 
character  in  Dumas’s  “La dame  aux cam61ias.” 
Gautier,  Theophile.  Born  at  Tarbes,  Aug.  31, 
1811:  died  at  Neuilly,  Oct.  23,  1872.  A French 
poet,  critic,  and  novelist.  He  graduated  from  the 
LycCe  Charlemagne  in  Paris,  studied  painting  for  a while, 
and  then  entered  into  the  romantic  movement  in  Freuch 
literature.  His  first  book,  “ Poesies  ” (1830),  was  followed 
by  “Albertus”(1833),  “Jeune  France " (1833),  “Mademoi- 
selle de  Maupin  ”(1835).  From  1837  to  1845  he  was  art  and 
dramatic  criticfor  “La  Presse.”  A series  of  twelve  papers, 
“Exhumations  littdraires,” appeared  in  “La France  LittC- 
raire  "(1834  and  1835),  and  in  the  “Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  ” 
(1844):  they  were  published  in  book  form  as  “Les  gro- 
tesques” (1844).  This  work  and  the  “Rapport  sur  les 
progn  s de  la  poCsie  fran<;aise  depuis  1830,”  published  in 
“ L’Histoire  du  romantisme  ” (1854),  show  Gautier  at  his 
best  as  a critic.  Two  masterpieces  in  literary  criticism  are 
his  papers  on  Lamartine  and  Charles  Baudelaire.  In  1845 
he  went  over  to  the  editorial  staff  of  the  “Moniteur  Uni- 
versel,”  later  “Journal  Officiel,”  and  was  identified  with 
that  sheet  until  his  death.  As  a result  of  his  travels  in 
Spain  (1840),  Belgium  and  Holland,  Algeria  (1846),  Italy 
(1850),  Constantinople  and  Athens  (1862),  and  Russia (1868 j, 
he  wrote  his  “Voyage  en  Espagne”(1843),“  Zigzags  ” (1846), 
“ Italia  ” (1852),  ‘ '■  Constantinople  ” (1854),  “ L’Orient,”  “ TrC- 
sors  d’art  de  la  Russie  ancienne  et  moderne”  (1860-63), 
“Loin  de  Paris”  (1864),  “Quand  on  voyage”  (1865),  and 
“Voyage  en  Russie”  (1866).  He  found  also  in  foreign 
climes  materials  forsuch  novels  as  “M ilitona  “(1847),“  Arria 
Marcella  ’’  (1852),  and  “ Le  roman  de  la  momie  ” (1856).  He 
wrote  “Fortunio  ” for  the  “F’igaro  ” (1837),  and  “Le  Capi- 
taine  Fracasse”  for  “La  Revue  Nationale”  (Dec.,  1861,- 
June,  1863).  Other  stories  of  his  are  “La  toison  d’or,” 
“Omphale,”  “ Le  petit  chien  de  la  marquise,”  “Le  nid  de 
rossignols ” (1833),  “La  morte  amoureuse”  (1836),  “La 
chaine  d’or,  “ Une  nuit  de  CICopatre”  (1845),  “Jean  et 
Jeannette”  (1846),  “Les  roues  innocents,”  “Le  roi  Can- 
daule ” (1847),  “La  belle  Jenny,”  “La  peau  de  tigre”(1864- 
1865),  “Spirite  ”(1866),“MCnagerie  intime ” (1869),  “Partie 
carrde,”  “Mademoiselle  DafnC,”  “Tableaux  de  siege,”  etc. 
Forthe  stageGautierwrote  “Le  Tricorne  enchants, ’'  “ Pier- 
rot posthume”  (1846),  “La  Juive  de  Constantine”  (1846), 
“ Regardez  mais  n’y  touchez  pas  ” (1847),  “ L’Amour  souffle 
oil  il  veut,”etc.  His  works  of  pure  fantasy  are  “ Une  larme 
du  diable  ” (1839),  and  themes  for  ballets,  as  “ Gizelle  ”(1841), 
“La  pdri  ” (1843),  “ Gemma  ” (1854),  and  “ Sakountala  ” (1858). 
Gautier’s  poems  from  1833  to  1838  were  gathered  under  the 
title  “La  coined ie  de  la  mort.”  His  later  poetical  com- 
positions appeared  as  “ Emaux  et  camCes  ’’  (1862).  Besides 
collaborating  on  “ L’Histoire  des  peintres  ’’  (1847),  Gautier 
wrote  independently  “ Le  salon  de  peinture  de  1847," 
“ L’Art  moderne  ” (1852),  “ Les  beaux-arts  en  Europe  ” 
(1862),  and  “Histoire  de  l’art  theatral  en  France  depuis 
vingt-cinq  ans”  (1860).  Scattered  sketches  by  Gautier 
have  appeared,  since  their  author  s death,  under  the  col- 
lective titles  “ Fusains  et  eaux-fortes,"  “ Tableaux  A la 
plume,”  and  “ Portraits  contemporains.  ” 

Gavarni(ga-var-ne'),Paul:  pseudonym  of  Sul- 
pice  Guillaume  Chevalier.  BornatParis,  Jan. 
13,  1801 : died  at  Auteuil,  Paris,  Nov.  23, 1866. 
A French  caricaturist,  notedfordelineations  of 
Parisian  life,  etc. : artist  of  the  “ Charivari.” 
Gavarnie  (ga-var-ne'),  Cascade  de.  A water- 
fall in  the  Cirque  de  Gavarnie,  Pyrenees.  It 
is  the  second  highest  in  Europe  (height,  1,385 
feet). 

Gavarnie,  Cirque  de.  A natural  amphitheater 
in  the  Pyrenees,  14  miles  south-southeast  of 
Cauterets.  Width,  2£  miles.  Height,  5,380  feet. 
Gaveston  (gav'es-ton;  F.  pron.  ga-ves-toh'), 
Piers.  Executed  June  19, 1312.  The  favorite 
of  Edward  H.  of  England.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
Gascon  knight  in  the  service  of  Edward  I.,  and  was 
brought  up  in  the  royal  household  as  the  foster-brother 
and  playmate  of  Prince  Edward,  over  whom  he  acquired 
a complete  ascendancy.  He  incurred  the  enmity  of  the 
barons  by  his  insolent  and  supercilious  bearing,  and  was 
banished  by  Edward  I.  in  1307,  but  was  recalled  on  the  ac- 
cession of  Edward  II.  in  the  same  year.  He  was  created 
earl  of  Cornwall  in  1307,  and  in  1308  acted  as  regent  of  the 
kingdom  during  the  king’s  absence  in  France  His  con- 
duct, however,  so  irritated  the  barons  that,  in  spite  of  the 
protection  of  Edward,  he  was  again  forced  into  exile  in 
1308-09  and  1311-12.  fl  is  recall  in  1312  provoked  a rising  of 
the  barons,  in  the  course  of  which  he  was  captured  and 
executed. 

Gavroche  (gav-rosh').  In  Victor  Hugo’s  “Les 
Miserables,”  a street  Arab.  He  has  become  a 
type. 

Gawain,  or  Gawayne  (ga'wan),  Sir.  One  of 

the  principal  knights  of  the  Round  Table,  in 
the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance.  He  appears  first 
in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  as  Walwain  (Gallicized  Ga- 
wayne), and  then  in  nearly  every  one  of  the  romances.  De 
is  known  as  “the  courteous.’'  Chrestien  of  Troyes  gives 
him  the  first  place  among  the  knights.  The  poem  “Sir 
Gawayne  and  the  Grene  Knight,”  from  the  French  met- 
rical romance  of  Perceval,  is  assigned  to  about  the  year 


Gawain,  Sir 

1360 : it  has  been  republished  by  the  Early  English  Text 
Society.  There  was  another  knight  of  this  name  who 
served  under  Amadis  of  Gaul  and  achieved  great  deeds. 
Gay  (ga),  Claude.  Born  at  Draguignan,  Marcli 
18,  1800  •-  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1872.  A French 
naturalist.  From  1830  to  1842  he  was  employed  by  the 
Chilean  government  in  a detailed  topographical  and  sci- 
entific survey  of  that  country.  Besides  studying  and 
collecting  plants,  animals,  and  minerals,  he  amassed  rich 
historical  material.  The  results  were  published  in  the 
“Historia  fisica  y politica  de  Chile  ” (Paris  and  Santiago, 
24  vols.  and  2 of  atlas,  1843-51),  and  in  a large  map  of 
Chile.  Gay  returned  to  Paris  in  1843.  He  subsequently 
traveled  in  Russia  and  Tatary,  and  studied  the  mines  of 
the  United  States. 

Gay,  Delphine.  See  G-irardin,  Madame  de. 
Gay,  Ebenezer.  Boru  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  Aug. 
26,  1696:  died  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  March  18, 
1787.  An  American  clergyman.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1714,  and  in  1 7 IS  became  pastor  at  Hing- 
ham, Massachusetts,  where  he  remained  until  his  death. 
He  entertained  liberal  theological  views,  and  is  regarded 
by  some  as  the  father  of  American  Unitarianism. 

Gay,  John.  Born  at  Barnstaple  (baptized  Sept. 
16,  1685) : died  at  London,  Dec.  4,  1732.  An 
English  poet.  Among  his  chief  works  are  “ The  Fan  ” 
and  “The  Shepherd’s  Week,”  a series  of  eclogues  depict- 
ing rustic  life  “with  the  gilt  oil”  (1714),  “The  What- 
d’ye-call-it,”  a farce  (1715),  "Trivia,  or  the  art  of  Walking 
the  Streets  of  London ” (1716),  “Poems”  (1720:  including 
“Black-ey’d  Susan”),  “The  Captives,”  a tragedy  (1724), 
“ Fables  ” (1727),  “ Acis  and  Galatea”  (1732),  and  “The 
Beggar’s  Opera"  (1728).  This  “Newgate  pastoral”  made 
his  great  reputation.  The  representation  of  “Polly,’  a se- 
quel, was  forbidden  by  the  lord  chamberlain.  This  prohi- 
bition became  a party  question,  and  the  “ inoffensive  John 
Gay  became  one  of  the  obstructions  to  the  peace  of  Eu- 
rope.” The  sale  of  the  book  was  great. 

Gay,  Joseph.  The  pseudonym  of  John  Durant 
Breval. 

Gay,  Madame  (Marie  Framjoise  Sophie  Ni- 
chault  de  Lavalette).  Born  at  Paris,  July  1, 
1776 : died  March,  1852.  A French  novelist. 
Her  chief  novels  are  “ Ldonie  de  Montbreuse  ” (1813), 
“Anatole"  (1815),  “Les  malheurs  d’un  amant  heureux  ’’ 
(1818). 

Gay,  Sydney  Howard.  Born  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  May  22,  1814 : died  at  New  Brighton, 
Staten  Island,  June  25,  1888.  An  American 
journalist  and  author.  In  1844  he  was  editor  of  the 
" Anti-slavery  Standard”;  in  1857  he  became  connected 
with  the  New  York  “Tribune,”  and  from  1862  to  1866  was 
its  managing  editor.  From  1867  to  1871  he  was  the  manag- 
ing editor  of  the  Chicago  “ Tribune,”  and  for  two  years 
after  that  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  New  York 
“Evening  Post.”  He  wrote  Bryant  and  Gay’s  “History 
of  the  United  States  ” (1876-80  : Mr.  Bryant  writing  the 
preface  only)  and  “James  Madison  ” (1884). 

Gay,  Walter.  Born  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  Jan. 
22, 1856.  An  American  genre  and  figure  painter, 
a pupil  of  Bonnat. 

Gay,  Winckworth  Allan.  Born  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  Aug.  18,  1821:  died  at  West  Hingham, 
Feb.  23,  1910.  An  American  landscape  and 
marine  painter,  brother  of  S.  H.  Gay. 

Gaya  (gl'a).  1.  A district  in  the  Patna  divi- 

sion, Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  N.,  long.  85°  E.  Area,  4,712  square  miles. 
Population,  2,059,933. — 2.  The  chief  town  of 
the  district  of  Gaya,  situated  on  the  Phalgu 
about  lat.  24°  49'  N.,  long.  85°  1'  E.  Near  it 
is  the  place  of  pilgrimage  Buddha-Gaya  (which 
see).  Population,  71,288. 

Gayangos  (gl-ang'gos),  Pascual  de.  Born  in 
Spain,  June  21,  1809  : died  at  London,  Oct.  4, 
1897.  A Spanish  scholar,  professor  of  Arabic 
in  the  University  of  Madrid.  He  translated  Tick- 
nor’s  “Spanish  Literature”  (1861),  and  published  “His- 
toria de  los  reyes  de  Granada”  (1842),  etc. 

Gayarre  (ga-a-ra'),  Charles  Etienne  Arthur. 

BornJan.9,1805:  diedFeb.il,  1895.  An  American 
historian.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Philadelphia 
in  1829 ; began  the  practice  of  law  at  N ew  Orleans  in  1830 ; 
and  has  held  a number  of  state  and  municipal  offices,  in- 
cluding that  of  reporter  of  the  State  Supreme  Court. 
Among  his  works  are  “Histoire  de  la  Louisiane”  (1847), 
“Louisiana:  its  History  as  a French  Colony”  (1851-52), 
and  “History  of  the  Spanish  Domination  in  Louisiana 
from  1769  to  December,  1803  ” (1854). 

Gayatri  (ga'ya-tre).  [Skt.]  An  ancient  meter 
of  twenty-four  syllables,  generally  arranged  as 
a triplet  of  three  divisions  of  eight  syllables 
each ; also,  a hymn  in  the  Gayatri  meter  and 
then  the  Gayatri  par  excellence,  i.  e.,  Rigveda 
III.  lxii.  10.  This  is : “Tat  savitur  varenyam  bhargo 
devasya  dhimahi  Dhiyo  yo  nah  prachodayat”  (“Let  us 
meditate  on  the  excellent  radiance  of  the  heavenly  quick- 
ener,  and  may  he  stimulate  our  understandings  ’’).  This  is 
a very  sacred  verse,  repeated  by  every  Brahman  at  his 
morning  and  evening  devotions.  From  being  addressed 
to  Savitri  or  the  Sun  as  generator,  it  is  also  called  Savitri. 
Originally  a simple  invocation  of  the  sun,  later  times  have 
attached  to  it  a deep  mystical  import.  It  is  so  holy  that 
copyists  often  refrain  from  transcribing  it. 

Gay  Head  (ga  bed).  A promontory  at  the  west- 
ern extremity  of  Martha’s  Vineyard,  Massachu- 
setts, lat.  41°  21'  N„  long.  70°  50'  W. 

Gayless  (ga'les),  Charles.  The  impecunious 


428 

master  of  the  “lying  valet,”  in  Garrick’s  play 
of  that  name. 

Gay-Lussac  (ga-lff-sak'),  Joseph  Louis.  Bom 

at  St. -Leonard  le  Noblat,  Haute-Vienne,  Dec. 
6,  1778 : died  at  Paris,  May  9,  1850.  A distin- 
guished French  chemist  and  physicist.  He  made 
the  first  balloon  ascensions  for  scientific  purposes  in  1804, 
and  is  especially  noted  for  his  researches  on  chemical 
combination,  iodine,  cyanogen,  etc.  He  enunciated  the 
law  that  gases  combine  with  each  other  in  very  simple 
definite  proportions. 

Gaymar  (ga'mar ),  Geoffrey.  An  English  chron- 
icler who  translated  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  into 
Anglo-Norman  verse  about  il46.  He  continued 
it  by  adding  a metrical  “ History  of  Anglo-Saxon 
Kings.” 

Gaynham  (ga'nam),  or  Garnham  (gar'nam), 
Dr.  See  the  extract. 

One  of  the  most  notorious  of  the  Fleet  parsons  was  Dr. 
Gaynham  or  Garnham,  popularly  known  as  the  Bishop  of 
Hell,  “a.  very  lusty,  jolly  man,”  who,  being  asked  at  a trial, 
where  he  gave  evidence,  whether  he  was  not  ashamed  to 
come  and  own  a clandestine  marriage  in  the  face  of  a 
Court  of  Justice,  replied,  bowing  to  the  Judge,  “ Video 
meliora,  deteriora  sequor.”  On  another  occasion,  when 
questioned  as  to  his  recollection  of  the  prisoner,  he  said  : 
“Can  I remember  persons?  I have  married  2,000  since 
that  time.  ” 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  145. 
Gay  Saber  (gi  or  ga  sa-bar').  [Pr.,  ‘Gay  Sci- 
ence.’] A gild  formed  by  the  magistrates  of 
Toulouse  in  1323,  with  the  purpose  of  restoring 
the  Provencal  language  and.  culture,  which  had 
nearly  died  out.  It  was  called  originally  “Sobregaya 
Companhia  dels  Sept  Trobadours  de  Tolosa”  (“The  very 
gay  company  of  the  seven  troubadours  of  Toulouse”). 
The  first  meeting  was  held  May  1,  1324. 

The  concourse  was  great,  and  the  first  prize  was  given 
to  a poem  in  honor  of  the  Madonna,  by  Ramon  Vidal  de 
Besald,  a Catalan  gentleman,  who  seems  to  have  been  the 
author  of  the  regulations  for  the  festival,  and  to  have  been 
declared  a doctor  of  the  Gay  Saber  on  the  occasion.  In 
1355  this  company  formed  for  itself  a more  ample  body  of 
laws,  partly  in  prose  and  partly  in  verse,  under  the  title 
of  “ Ordenanzas  dels  Sept  Senhors  Mantenedors  del  Gay 
Saber,”  or  Ordinances  of  the  Seven  Lords  Conservators 
of  the  Gay  Saber,  which,  with  the  needful  modifications, 
have  been  observed  down  to  our  own  times,  and  still  regu- 
late the  festival  annually  celebrated  at  Toulouse,  on  the 
first  day  of  May,  under  the  name  of  the  Floral  Games. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  293. 

Gay  Spanker,  Lady.  See  Spanker,  Lady  Gay. 
Gayumart  (mod.  Pers.  pron.  ge-yo-murt'),  or 
Gayumureth,  or  Kayumarth  (mod.  Pers. 
pron.  ke-yo-murt').  In  the  Avesta  (in  the  form 
Gayomaretan ),  the  first  man,  destroyed  after  30 
years  by  Angromainyus.  As  Gayumart  he  is  in  Fir- 
dausi the’first  Iranian  king,  and  reigned  30  years.  He  dwelt 
among  the  mountains,  and  clothed  himself  and  his  people 
with  tiger-skins.  Savage  beasts  bent  before  his  throne. 
His  beloved  son  Siyamak  was  slain  by  a son  of  Ahriman, 
but  avenged  by  Gayumart  and  Hushang,  Siyamak’s  son. 
Gaza  (ga'za),  Arab.  Ghazzeh.  A town  and 
important  trading  place  in  Syria,  situated  near 
the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  34° 
33'  E.  It  was  one  of  the  five  chief  cities  of  the  Philis- 
tines. The  great  mosque  is  an  old  12th-century  church 
having  pointed  arches  and  windows,  with  picturesque 
facade  and  a lofty  octagonal  minaret.  The  town  was 
taken  by  Tiglath-Pileser  II.,  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  332 
B.  c.,  and  by  the  French  in  1799.  Population,  estimated, 
35,000. 

Gaza  (ga'za),  Theodoras.  Born  at  Thessalo- 
nica,  Macedonia,  about  1400:  died  in  Italy,  1478. 
A noted  Greek  scholar,  resident  in  Italy  after 
the  capture  of  bis  native  town  by  the  Turks, 
and  professor  of  Greek  at  Ferrara  1447-50.  He 
was  the  author  of  a Greek  grammar  (first  published  by 
Aldus  Manutius,  Venice,  1495),  of  translations  from  the 
Greek  into  Latin,  etc. 

Gazaland  (ga'za-land).  That  portion  of  Por- 
tuguese East  Africa  which  is  situated  between 
the  Zambesi  and  Limpopo  rivers,  and  between 
Mashonaland  and  the  sea.  It  includes  Gorongoza, 
Kiteve,  Sofala,  and  Inhambane,  corresponding  to  the  old 
Kingdom  of  Umzila.  His  successor,  Gungunhana,  main- 
tained his  independence  until  1895,  when  he  was  captured 
by  the  Portuguese  and  exiled.  From  that  time  the  Portu- 
guese rule  has  not  met  with  effective  opposition.  In 
1890-91  there  was  a collision,  on  the  border,  with  the 
British  South  Africa  Company. 

Gazette  (ga-zet'),  Sir  Gregory.  In  Foote’s 
comedy  * ‘ The  Knights,”  a gullible  provincial 
politician.  He  has  an  inordinate  appetite  for  news,  but 
is  incapable  of  making  sense  out  of  the  most  ordinary 
paragraph  of  a newspaper. 

Gazir  (ga-zer').  See  Kanuri . 

Gazistas.  See  Cacos. 

Gazza  Ladra  (gat'sa  liid'ra),  La.  [It.,  ‘ The 
Thieving  Magpie.’]  A comic  opera  by  Rossini, 
words  by  Gherardini.  It  was  fust  presented  at  Milan 
in  1817.  Bishop  produced  it  in  English  at  the  Covent 
Garden  Theatre  in  1830  as  “Ninetta,  or  the  Maid  of  Pa- 
laiseau.” 

Gazzaniga  (gat-sa-ne'ga),  Giuseppe.  Born  at 
Verona,  Oct-.,  1743:  died  there,  about  1815.  An 
Italian  composer.  He  wrote  many  operas,  among 
which  was  “11  convitato  di  pietro”  (17fe7),  the  forerun- 
ner of  “ Don  Giovanni.”  Grove. 


Geelong 

Gbari  (gba're).  An  African  tribe,  of  the  Ni- 
gritic  branch,  settled  north  of  the  confluence 
of  the  Binue  and  Niger  rivers,  it  is  partly  sub- 
ject to  Sokoto  and  partly  independent.  The  Gbari  lan- 
guage has  some  affinity  with  N upe.  The  caravans  of  Sokoto 
and  Kano  meet  in  Gbari  before  proceeding  to  Nupe.  The 
Gbari  slaves  are  much  prized. 

Ge  (je).  See  Gsea. 

Geary  (ge'ri  or  ga'ri),  John  White.  Born  at 
Mount  Pleasant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Dec.  30,  1819:  died  at  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Feb.  8, 
1873.  An  American  general  and  politician. 
He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Mexican  war ; was 
appointed  first  postmaster  of  San  Francisco  in  1849 ; be- 
came first  mayor  of  that  city  in  1850  ; and  was  appointed 
territorial  governor  of  Kansas  in  1856.  He  entered  the 
Union  army,  and  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
April  25,  1862 ; took  part  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, Aug.  9,1862;  and  commanded  a division  at  Chancel- 
lorsville,  Gettysburg,  Lookout  Mountain,  and  in  Sherman's 
march  to  the  sea.  He  was  governor  of  Pennsylvania  from 
1867  until  two  weeks  before  his  death. 

Gebal  (ge'bal).  A maritime  city  of  Phenicia, 
situated  on  a bill  close  to  the  Mediterranean, 
north  of  Beirut:  the  ancient  Byblus  and  Arabic 
Jebel.  It  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Phenician  set- 
tlements, and  second  only  in  importance  to  Tyre  and 
Sidon.  Its  inhabitants,  the  Gebalites,  are  mentioned  as 
skilful  in  hewing  stones  (1  Ki.  v.  18)  and  in  ship-building 
(Ezek.  xxvii.  9).  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Philo,  the  trans- 
lator of  Sanchuniathon  ; but  it  was  most  celebrated  as  the 
oldest  seat  of  the  cult  of  Adonis,  to  whom  the  city  was 
sacred,  and  after  whom  the  river  it  stands  on  was  named. 
Gebal  is  mentioned  as  a kingdom  paying  tribute  to  Assyria 
in  the  annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  II.  and  Esarhaddon.  It 
was  taken  by  Alexander  the  Great.  Later  it  became  a 
Christian  see.  The  modern  Jebel  has  only  a few  hundred 
inhabitants.  The  excavations  carried  on  there  by  Renan 
unearthed  numerous  tombs  and  sarcophagi  and  the  sub- 
structions of  a large  temple,  perhaps  that  of  Adonis. 

Gebelin,  Court  de.  See  Court  de  Gebelin. 
Geber  (ga'ber):  probably  identical  with  Abu 
Musa  Jabir  ben  Haijan.  Died  about  776. 

An  Arabian  alchemist.  He  occupies  a position  in 
the  history  of  chemistry  analogous  to  that  held  by  Hip- 
pocrates in  that  of  medicine.  The  theory  that  the  metals 
are  composed  of  the  same  elements,  and  that  by  proper 
treatment  the  base  metals  can  bedeveloped  into  the  noble, 
which  was  the  leading  theory  in  chemistry  down  to  the 
16th  century,  is  clearly  defined  in  his  writings.  The  titles 
of  500  works  reputed  to  be  from  his  pen  are  known,  of 
which  the  following  have  appeared  in  print : “ Summa  per- 
fection^,” “Liber  investigation^, ” or  “De  investigatione 
perfectionis,”  “De  inventione  veritatis,”  “Liber  Foma- 
cum,”  and  “Testamentum.” 

Gebir  (ga'ber).  A poem  by  Walter  Savage 
Landor,  published  1798. 

Gebirs.  See  Guebers. 

Gebler  (gab'ler),  Friedrich  Otto.  Born  at 
Dresden,  Sept.  18,  1838.  A German  animal- 
painter,  a pupil  of  Piloty. 

Gebweiler  (gab'vi-ler).  [F.  Guebwiller.~]  A 
town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  14  miles 
south-southwest  of  Colmar.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cotton,  machinery,  and  sugar.  Popula- 
tion, eommime,  13,313. 

Ged  (ged),  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  1690: 
died  Oct.  19,  1749.  A Scotch  goldsmith  and 
jeweler,  one  of  the  inventors  of  stereotyping. 
6eddes  (ged'es),  Alexander.  Born  in  Rathven, 
Banffshire,  Sept.,  1737:  died  at  London,  Feb.  26, 
1802.  A Scottish  Roman  Catholic  clergyman, 
a biblical  critic  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He 
published  a translation  of  part  of  the  Bible  (1792-99), 
“ Critical  Remarks  on  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  ” (1800),  a 
translation  of  part  of  the  Iliad,  some  clever  macaronic 
verses,  etc. 

Geddes,  Andrew.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  5, 
1783 : died  at  London,  May  5, 1844.  A Scottish 
painter  and  etcher.  He  became  an  associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1832.  A mong  his  works  are  “ Christ  and 
the  Woman  of  Samaria "(1841),  “Discovery  of  the  Regalia 
of  Scotland  in  1818  ” (1821),  various  portraits,  etc. 
Geddes,  Janet  or  Jenny.  The  reputed  origi- 
nator of  a riot  in  St.  Giles’s  Church,  Edinburgh, 
July  23,  1637.  She  is  said  to  have  emphasized  her  pro- 
test" against  the  introduction  of  the  English  littirgy  into 
Scotland  by  throwing  her  folding  stool  at  the  head  of  the 
officiating  bishop. 

Gedebo.  See  Giebo. 

Gedrosia  (je-dro'si-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
a country  in  Asia  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
modern  Baluchistan. 

Geefs  (gafs),  Joseph.  Born  at  Antwerp,  Dec. 
■ 25,  1808:  died  there,  Oct.  10,  1885.  A Belgian 
sculpt  or,  brother  of  Willem  Geefs.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  sculpture  at  the  Academy 
of  Antwerp  in  1841. 

Geefs,  Willem.  Bora  at  Antwerp,  Sept.  10, 
1806 : died  at  Brussels,  Jan.  19, 1883.  A Belgian 
sculptor,  appointed  professor  at  the  Academy 
of  Antwerp  in  1834. 

Geelong  (ge-long').  A seaport  and  city  in  Vic- 
toria, Australia,  situated  on  Corio  Bay  in  lat.  38° 
8'  S , long.  144°  22'  E.  . Population,  about 
29,000. 


Geelvink  Bay 

Geelvink  Bay  (gal'vingk  ba).  A large  inlet  of 
the  Pacific  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Papua. 

It  nearly  reaches  the  southern  coast  of  the  isl- 
and. Width,  about  150  miles. 

Geer  (yar),  Baron  Karl  de,  or  Degeer.  Born 
at  Fin  spang,  near  Norrkjoping,  Sweden,  1720 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  March  8,  1778.  A Swedish  iOSophyt„ 
entomologist,  author  of  ‘ ‘ Mdmoires  pour  servir  (“ New  Poems”),' 7n  18M*“  Gedfc^te  und  Gede^kblatte? 
al’histoire  desinsectes”  (Stockholm,  1752-78),  (“Poems  and  Leaves  of  Thought”).  After  the  death  of 
etc.  the  king,  Maximilian  II.,  he  was  obliged  in  1868  to  resign 

his  position  and  to  return  to  Liibeek.  “Heroldsrufe " 
Herald  Calls”)  appeared  in  1871,  and  “ Spatherbstblat- 


429 

afterward  went  to  Athens  as  tutor  in  the  household  of  the 
Russian  ambassador.  He  returned  to  his  native  city  in 
1840,  in  which  year  his  first  book  of  poems  appeared.  In 
1841  appeared  “ Zeitstimmen  ” (“  Voices  of  the  Time  ”),  in 
1846  “Zwblf  Sonette  fur  Schleswig-Holstein"  (“Twelve 
Sonnets  for  Schleswig-Holstein  ”),  in  1848  “ Juniuslieder  ” 
(“Songs  of  Junius ”).  In  1852,  at  the  invitation  of  the 

lfino1  lit*  OTPnt  qc  bnnnr>n>«r  in  1 1 w,  f 14..  ,.r  .1,; 


Gelves 


\ _ J /.  aii  looii,  av  inc  in  vitutHMi  ui  me 

king,  he  went  as  honorary  professor  in  the  faculty  of  phi- 
losophy to  Munich.  In  1856  anneared  “Neue  fid i oh t,p.  ” 


Geer  af  Finspang  (yar  af  fins 'pong),  Louis  ("Hera 
Gerhard  von.  Born  at  Finspfcng,  July  18, 1818:  ter"(“ 

O A 1 QO/?  A Cl ill  i _ j umpo  r»t 


~ — yuy  1.U,  1UJ.U  , V -»vvivui.uuuiutaYCi5  ;ui  iOll.  .LJCOIUCO  U1CSC  VU1- 

died  Sept.  24,  1896.  A Swedish  statesman,  !lmes  of  P°ems»  he  is  the  author  of  several  dramas,  the  most 

befoy  Ted16  v1|tih’eefury:’  diedat  London  ^Scte* i!f  sfotSn^of  «fat  ^0”“^  U 
before  1004.  A 1 lemish  painter.  He  was  court  the  daughter  of  Count  Albert,  and  inherits  the  title  of 
painter  to  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1571.  Baroness  of  Arnheim. 

Geerarts,  Marcus.  Born  at  Bruges,  1561 : died  Geiger  (gi'ger),  Abraham.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
at  London,  1635.  A painter  of  the  Flemish  on-the-Main,  May  24, 1810 : died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
school,  son  of  Marcus  Geerarts.  He  was  court  23, 1874.  A German  rabbi,  Orientalist,  and  bib- 
painter  to  Queen  Elizabeth  after  1580.  heal  critic.  His  works  include  “Urschrift  und  Uber- 

GeertS  (garts),  Karel  Hendrik.  Born  at  Ant-  setzungen  d,?r®ibe1’  e,tc- " (1S57)>  “ Das Juden turn  undseine 

gi^scSor!  L°UVain’  Belgmm>  1855‘  A Bel-  ’ torn  at  Frankfort-on-the- 

4estemlS  (ga,-te.m(ta-ae).  A seaport  to  »|»»>  “*4  *)' ’-!?7-0' 

the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  at  the  junc-  iSlt  T ’ instructor  1861-70  m 

tion  of  the  Geeste  and  Weser  33  miles  north  . , , V W reabschool  at  Frankfort.  His  works 
T, ' ; Greesie  anu  vveser,  d.i  miles  norm-  mclude  “Ursprung  und  Entwickelung  der  menschlichen 

nortnwest  Ot  isremen.  It  has  important  fisheries.  It  feprache  und  Vernunft  ” (1868-72),  “Der  Ursprung  der 
was  founded  by  Hannover  to  rival  Bremerhaven.  The  Sprache  ” (1869). 

tion^ffil8  Geeetendorf  is  now  u,,,ted  with  it-  B°pnla-  Geiger,  Nikolaus.  Born  at  Lauiugen,  Bavaria, 

Geez  (gez).  The  ancient  language  of  Abyssinia  WUm(‘rs;lo’'f<  uear  Berlin> 

Since  about  900  a.  d.  it  has  ceased  to  be  a spoken  language  .97,  A German  sculptor  and  painter, 

and  survives  only  in  the  usage  of  the  church  and  of  Geiger,  Peter  Johann  Nepomuk.  Born  at 
scholars.  Its  place  was  taken  as  the  popular  speech  by  Vienna,  Jan.  11,  1805  : died  there,  Oct.  30,  1880. 
part  of*  AbySn&  KXed so.utllern  An  Austrian  historical  painter  and  draftsman, 
spoken,  which  has  since  become  the^snfech^d  the’ entirA  PioS?!™6  Professo1:  at  the  Academy  of  Vienna  in  1853. 
country.  Geez  and  the  related  languages  and  dialects  his  journey^  theP^ltd  ^ archduke  Ferdinand  Max  on 

employ  a syllabic  character  nearly  related  to  that  found  .ax.  ... 

in  the  Sabean  and  Himyaritie  inscriptions  of  South  Arabia  txeiJer  ( y1  er)  > Enk  Gustaf.  Born  at  Ransater. 
It  is  a Semitic  language  with  an  intermixture  of  African  Wermland,  Jan.  12,  1783:  died  at  Stockholm. 


. - “ . * mow  ipuuuo  ui  OUUUI  ATaDia. 

It  is  a Semitic  language  with  an  intermixture  of  African 
words.  Among  the  Semitic  dialects  it  is  most  nearly  re- 
lated  morphologically  to  Assyrian,  and  in  vocabulary  to 
Arabic.  It  is  often  called  Ethiopic. 

Geffrard  (zhe-frar'),  Fabre.  Born  at  Anse 
Veau,  Haiti,  Sept.  18,  1806:  died  at  Kingston, 


Wermland,  Jan.  12,  1783:' died  at  Stockholm’ 
April  23, 1847.  A Swedish  historian  and  poet. 
He  occupied  a position  in  the  royal  archives  at  Stockholm 
where  he  established  the  so-called  “Ciotische  Bund," 
which  issued  the  journal  “Iduna.”  He  wrote  “Svenska 
folkets  historie  ” (“History  of  the  Swedish  People,”  1832- 


v J-J-aiu^  ucpi.  IO,  XOUU  • uieu  3jI  ivmgston,  lUlKtJlS  111! 

J amaiea,  Feb.  11, 1879.  A Haitian  general  and  * 1886\  etc- 
politician.  He  was  prominent  as  a military  leader  under  Geikie  (ge'ki),  Sir  Archibald.  Born  atEdin- 
Rivihre,  Richd,  and  Soulouque,  1843  to  1858.  He  headed  burerh.  Dec.  28.  1835.  A Scottish  ffonUmot 


, — — iOZU  <-V7  iuou.  I1C  HCuUCU 

a revolt  against  Soulouque  in  Dec.,  1858,  and  drove  him 
from  the  island  J an.  15,  1859,  declaring  a republic  and  as- 
suming the  presidency.  Notwithstanding  various  rebel- 
lions, he  held  the  position  until  March,  1867,  when  he  was 
deposed  by  Salnave  and  fled  to  Jamaica. 

Gefle  (yaf 'la).  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Gefleborg,  Sweden,  situated  near  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia  inlat.  60°  40'  N.,  long.  17°  8'  E. : 
the  third  commercial  city  of  Sweden.  Popula- 
tion, 31,367.  v 

Gegania  gens  (je-ga'ni-a  jenz).  In  the  history 
of  ancient  Rome,  a patrician  house  or  clan 
which  traced  its  origin  to  the  mythical  Gyas, 


burgh,  Dec.  28,  1835.  A Scottish  geologist. 
Hq  was  appointed  director  of  the  geological  survey  of 
Scotland  in  1867,  professor  of  geology  in  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity in  1871,  and  was  director-general  of  the  geological 
survey  of  the  United  Kingdom  1881-1901.  He  was  knighted 
in  1891.  He  has  written  numerous  works  on  geology  in- 
cluding a “Students’  Manual  " (1871),  a “ Text-book  "(1882) 
and  a “ Class-book  ” (1886)  ; also  “ Memoir  of  Sir  Roderick 
I.  Murchison  ” (1874),  etc. 

Geikie,  Janies.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  23, 
1839.  A Scottish  geologist,  brother  of  Sir  Archi- 
bald Geikie,  and  his  successor  in  the  chair  of 
geology  in  Edinburgh  University.  He  has  pub- 
lished “The  Great  Ice  Age  ” (1874),  “Prehistoric  Europe  ” 
G881),  “Outlines  of  Geology  ” (1886),  etc. 


, -- ™ vAyitn,  (rssi),  outlines  of  Geology  " (1886),  etc. 

„ eo™Panions  of  Ahieas.  it  was  trans-  Geiler  von  Kaysersberg  (gl'ler  fon  ki'zers- 
planted  to  Rome  from  Alba  on  the  destruction  of  that  citv  Toh  u n ■ . 


Sr  AJjuouw.  xii  Wda  LI  (lllo* 

planted  to  Rome  from  Alba  on  tfie  destruction  of  that  city 
by  Tull  us  Hostilius,  and  rose  to  considerable  distinction 
in  the  early  period  of  the  republic.  It3  only  family  name 
was  Macerinus. 

Gegenbaur  (ga'gen-bour),  Josef  Anton  von. 

Born  at  Wangen,  Wiirtemberg,  March  6, 1800: 


berG),  Johann.  Bom  at  Schaffhausen,  Swit- 
zerland, March  16,  1445:  died  at  Strasburg, 
March  10,  1510.  A German  pulpit  orator, 
preacher  at  the  cathedral  of  Strasburtr  1478- 
1510. 


Haugen,  w uruiinuerg,  iviarcn  o,  loUU : wiu. 

died  at  Rome,  Jan.  31, 1876.  A German  painter.  Geinitz  (gl'nits),  Hans  Bruno.  Bom  at  Alten- 
w«W™Laien™t!.4  painter  to  the  King  of  Wiirtemberg  in  burg,  Germany,  Oct.  16,  1814:  died  at  Dresden, 
historical  Ss  P m &tuttgart  <1836-54>  wlth  Jan.  28, 1900.  A German  geologist  and  paleon- 
Gegenbaur,  Karl.  Born  at  Wurzburg,  Aug  21  toiogist,  professor  of  mineralogy  and  geognosy 
1826 : died  at  Heidelberg,  June  14  1903.  Adis-  at  . Folytechmc  School  at  Dresden.  He 
tinguishedcomparativeanatomist.  Hebecamenro-  numerous  technical  works, 

fessor  of  anatomy  at  Jena  in  1855,  and  at  Heidelberg  in  1873.  Geisenueim  (gi  zen-him).  A small  town  in  the 
His  works  include  “ Untersuchungen  zur  vergleichenderi  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  the 
toS^»;;S^d:i83df^gl^ich-d->  A,la‘  Khine>  in  thc!  Rheingau,  east-northeast  of  Bin- 

p°-  **“>»*«» » «*» 

Gefleborg  (yaf'le-borg).  A laen  (province)  of  n"'7?--  . . 

Sweden,  lying  along  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  about  G®Isllnge,n  (gjs  hng-en).  A town  in  the  Dan- 
lat.  60°-62°  N.  Area,  7,614  square  miles.  Pop-  ube  circle  Wurtemberg,  at  the  foot  of  the 
ulation,  251,015  Swabian  Alp,  33  miles  southeast  of  Stuttgart. 

Gehenna  (ge-hen 'a).  [Gr.  Thvva : the  Greek  rep-  8,022. 

resentation  of  the  Hebrew  Ge  JETinndm,  or  more  ,el8si?,r  1.er.)>  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Igels- 
f„n „ru;ho„,i  -1  The  vallevof  Hinuoni  h?eb’  oaxe-Memmgen,  Genuany,  May  26,  1814: 

w , _ 111UII1,  of  RAnv>  Dwunnin  Tax.  O A 1 DI7A  A /i 


fully  Gelene  Hinndm.']  U111UU1U 

or  of  the  children  of  Hinnom,  situated  south  of 
Jemsalem  and  north  of  Jebel  Abu  Tor : also 
called  Hill  of  the  Tombs,  of  the  Field  of  Blood 
or  of  Evil  Counsel.  The  name  of  the  valley  occurs 
first  in  the  description  of  the  boundaries  of  Judah  and 
Benjamin  (Josh,  xviii.  16).  In  the  times  of  Aliaz  and  Ma- 
nasseh  children  were  offered  here  to  Moloch,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  the  valley  was  called  Topheth  (‘abomina- 
tion  ),  and  was  polluted  by  Josiah  (2  Ki.  xxiii.  10).  In  later 
times  it  became  the  prototype  of  the  place  of  punishment. 

and  was  eonsinprpd  »a  the  rurmtlv  Tvf  Dx.11  T..  7 


died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Jan.  24,  1879.  A Ger- 
man mechanician,  maker  of  physical  and 
chemical  apparatus  at  Bonn,  and  the  inventor 
of  Geissler’s  tubes,  an  apparatus  in  which  light 
is  produced  by  an  electric  discharge  through 
rarefied  gases.  It  is  used  with  the  induction-coil,  and 
consists  of  a sealed  tube  with  platinum  connections  at 
each  end,  through  which  the  electric  spark  is  transmitted. 
The  color  and  intensity  of  the  light  depend  upon  the  na- 
ture of  the  gas  witli  which  the  tube  is  charged. 


„ , . . : I 'VPV  pituiaiiiiieill,  v*“  ^ wim  Him  u LUC  iuue  IS  CU.irHeU. 

and  was  considered  as  the  mouth  of  hell.  In  this  sense  Gela  (io'lii).  [Gr.TiXa.l  In  ancient  ffeofrrai)hv 
it  is  used  in  the  Talmud  and  in  the  New  Testamunf  • xVJ  L \ J Tu  * 2P  ?,e °&raPn7> 

Geibel  (gi'bel),  Emanuel  von.  Born  at  Liibeek  t ie  southern  coast  of  bicily,  on  the 

Oct.  17, 1815:  died  there,  April  6, 1884.  A Gerl  1^!  °£  the  modera  1 erranova,  55  miles  west  of 
man  lyric  poet.  He  stiirlipj  if  Pmn.  omi  pfl,v  I ^yf^-cuse.  It  was  founded  by  Rhodians  and  Cretans 
j y He  studied  at  Bonn  and  Berlin,  and  about  090  B.  c.,  and  rose  to  importance  in  the  6th  and  5th 


centuries  B.  C.,  founding  Agrigentum  in  682.  It  was  de- 
stroyed  by  the  Carthaginians  in  406,  rebuilt  by  Timoleon, 
and  destroyed  by  the  Mamertines  about  282  B.  c.  discm-lus 
died  here. 

Gelasius  (je-la'gi-us)  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  492- 
496.  He  was  the  first  pope  to  claim  for  hisofflee  complete 
independence  of  emperors  and  councils  in  matters  of  faith, 
ami  sought  in  vain  to  heal  the  schism  between  the  Eastern 
and  Western  churches.  He  wrote  “ De  duabus  in  Christo 
naturis  adversus  Eutychen  et  Nestorium,”  etc. 

Gelasius  II.  (Giovanni  da  Gaeta).  Died  at 
Cluny,  France,  Jan.  29, 1119,  Pope  1118-19.  He 
refused  to  yield  to  the  demands  of  the  emperor  Henry  V. 
m the  matter  of  investiture,  whereupon  the  emperor  ele- 
vated Gregory  VIII.  and  expelled  Gelasius,  who  died  in  the 
convent  of  Cluny. 

Gelder  (chel'der),  Aart  de.  Born  at  Dordrecht, 
1645 : died  there,  1727.  A Dutch  painter,  a pu- 
pil of  Rembrandt. 

Gelderland,  or  Guelderland  (gel'der-land),  or 
Guelders  (gel'derz),  D.  Gelderland  (chel'der- 
lant),  G.  Geldern  (gel'dern),  F.  Gueldre 
(geldi*).  A province  of  the  Netherlands.  Cap- 
ital, Arnhem.  It  is  hounded  by  the  Zuyder  Zee  on 
the  northwest,  Overyssel  on  the  northeast,  Prussia  on  the 
southeast  and  south,  North  Brabant  on  the  south,  and 
South  Holland  and  Utrecht  on  the  west.  It  became  a 
countship  in  the  11th  century,  and  a duchy  in  the  14th. 
It  was  incorporated  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  the 
r?a]!?  °^i  ^le  Netherlands  in  1543.  It  joined  the  Union 
ot  Utrecht  in  1579,  except  Upper  Gelderland,  which  was 
afterward  (1713)  ceded  in  great  part  to  Prussia.  Area. 
l,96o  square  miles.  Population,  639,431. 

Geldern  (gel'dern).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
fDce,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Niers  28  miles 
northwest  of  Dusseldorf.  It  was  formerly  the 
capi  tal  of  the  duchy  of  Gelderland.  Population 
o,oo2.  9 

Gel4s  (zhh-la/),  Claude.  See  Claude  Lorrain. 
Gelimer  (gel'i-mer  or  jel'i-mer),  or  Gilimer 
(gil'i-mer  or  jil'i-mer).  The  last  king  of  the 
Vandals  in  Africa.  He  usurped  the  throne  of  Hilderic 
in  530  A.  B.,  and  was  himself  defeated  and  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Byzantine  general  Belisarius  in  533-634.  He  graced 
the  triumph  of  Belisarius  at  Constantinople  in  the  same 
year  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  on  an  estate  in  Galatia 
which  was  given  him  by  the  emperor  Justinian.  The  date 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Gell(gel),  Sir  William.  BornatHopton,  Derby- 
shire, 1777:  died  at  Naples,  Feb.  4,  1836.  An 
English  archieologist  and  traveler.  in  isoi  he 
visited  and  explored  the  Troad.  He  became  a chamber- 
lam  of  Queen  Caroline  of  England  in  1814.  He  published 
Topography  of  Troy  "(1804),  “ Pompeiana”  (an  accountof 
the  discoveries  at  Pompeii),  “ The  Topography  of  Rome  and 
its  Vicinity,  ’ etc.  He  lived  at  Naples  and  Rome. 

Gellatley  (gel'at-li),  David.  A half-witted 
servant,  a character  in  the  novel  “Waverley” 
by  Walter  Scott. 

Gellert  (gel'ert).  In  Welsh  tradition,  the  faith- 
ful hound  of  Llewelyn.  He  was  killed  by  his  master, 
who,  seeing  him  come  toward  him  covered  with  blood 
thought  that  he  had  killed  the  child  he  was  set  to  guard. 

A huge  wolf  was  found  under  the  overturned  cradle  dead  — 
slain  by  the  dog.  Llewelyn,  overcome  with  remorse,  buried 
Gellert  honorably,  and  erected  a monument  to  his  memory. 
The  place,  Bethgelert,  in  North  Wales,  is  still  shown.  This 
story,  with  slight  differences,  was  current  in  very  ancient 
times  in  Persia,  India,  China,  and  elsewhere. 

Gellert  (gel ' lert) , Christian Fiir chtegott.  Born 
at  Hainichen,  near  Freiberg,  Saxony,  July  4, 
1715 : died  at  Leipsic,  Dec.  13, 1769.  A German 
poet.  Hewas  the  son  of  a clergyman.  He  studied  theology 
at  Leipsic,  where  he  was  docent  and  subsequently  proiessor 
of  philosophy,  in  which  post  he  died.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  romance  “ Das  Leben  der  schwedischen  Grafln  G.” 
(“The  Life  of  the  Swedish  Countess  G.,”  1746),  and  of 
several  comedies,  among  them  “Die  zartlichen  Schwes- 
tern  (“The  Fond  Sisters"),  “Die  Betschwester”  (“The 
Devotee  ”),  and  “ Das  Los  in  der  Lotterie  ” (“  The  Chance 
in  the  Lottery”).  His  fame,  however,  rests  upon 
his  sacred  songs  and  his  fables,  which  have  become  clas- 
sics. “Fabeln  und  Erzahlungen  " (“Fables  and  Tales”) 
appeared  in  1746,  “ Geistliche  Oden  und  Lieder"(“  Sacred 
Odes  and  Songs  ”)  in  1757.  His  lectures  at  Leipsic,  where 
he  may  be  said  to  have  set  the  literary  tone  and  to  have 
fashioned  the  taste  of  the  time,  attracted  attention  through- 
out Germany.  His  works  were  published  at  Leipsic  in 
1839  in  10  vols. ; his  letters  at  Leipsic  in  1861 ; his  diary  at 
Leipsic  in  1862. 

Gellius  (jel'i-us),  Aulus.  Born  perhaps  about 
130  A.  D. : lived  in  the  2d  century.  A Roman 
grammarian,  author  of  “Noctes  Atticie,”  in 
twenty  books  (first  printed  1469).  of  the  eighth 
book  only  the  table  of  contents  survives.  His  work  is 
valuable  as  a conscientious  account  of  all  that  he  could 
learn  about  archaic  literature  and  language,  laws,  philoso- 
phy, and  natural  science. 

Gelnhausen  (geln'hou-zen).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  the 
Kinzig  23  miles  east-northeast  of  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial  city, 
and  contains  a ruined  imperial  palace. 

Gelon  (je'lpn).  [Gr.  Ti'Aon>.~\  Died  about  478 
B.  C.  A Sicilian  ruler,  tyrant  of  Gela  (491)  and 
later  of  Syracuse  (485).  He  defeated  the  Car- 
thaginians at  Himera  in  the  autumn  of  480. 

Gelves,  Marquis  of.  See  Carrillo  de  Mendoza 
y Pimentel,  Diego. 


Gemara 

Gemara  (ge-ma/ra).  [Aram./  completion/ ‘ per- 
fection.’] The  complement  or  commentary  to 
the  Mishnah  (which  see),  being  its  dialectical 
analysis,  discussion,  and  explanation,  its  rela- 
tion to  the  Mishnah  is  that  of  exposition  to  thesis.  The 
two  together  constitute  the  Talmud.  See  Talmud. 
Gembloux  (zhon-blo' ).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Namur,  Belgium,  25  miles  southeast  of  Brus- 
sels. Here,  in  1578,  Don  John  of  Austria  de- 
feated the  Dutch.  Population,  4,871. 

Gemini  (jem'i-rd).  [L.,  ‘twins.’]  A zodiacal 
constellation,  giving  its  name  to  a sign  of  the 
zodiac,  lying  east  of  Taurus,  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Milky  Way.  It  represents  the  two  youths  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux  sitting  side  by  side.  In  the  heads  of  the 
twins  respectively  are  situated  the  two  bright  stars  which 
go  by  their  names  — Castor  to  the  west,  a greenish  star  in- 
termediate between  the  first  and  second  magnitudes ; and 
Pollux  to  the  east,  a full  yellow  star  of  the  first  magni- 
tude. The  sun  is  in  Gemini  from  about  May  21  till  about 
June  21  (the  longest  day).  Symbol,  n. 

Geminiani  (ia-me-ne-a'ne),  Francesco.  Born 
at  Lucca,  Italy,  1680:  died  at  Dublin,  1761 
(1762  ?).  An  eminent  Italian  violinist,  resident- 
in  England  (except  1748-55,  when  he  lived  in 
Paris)  from  1714  until  his  death.  He  published 
“Art  of  Playing  the  Violin”  (1740). 

Gemistus  (je-mis'tus),  or  Plethon  (ple'thon), 
Georgius,  or  Gemistus  Plethon.  [‘  George  the 
Full/  so  surnamed  on  account  of  his  great  learn- 
ing: Gr.  TeLpyiog  6 Te/uarAg  or  6 IV/fOuv.]  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  15th  century.  A celebrat- 
ed Byzantine  Platonic  philosopher  and  scholar, 
probably  a native  of  Constantinople.  He  was 
present  at  the  Council  of  Florence,  1438,  as  a deputy  of  the 
Greek  Church,  and  was  influential  in  spreading  the  know- 
ledge of  the  Platonic  philosophy  in  the  West. 

Gemma.  See  Alpliecca. 

Gemmi  (gem'me),  Die.  A pass  ill  the  Bernese 
Alps,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake  of  Thun, 
leading  from  Kandersteg  (Bern)  to  Bad  Leuk 
(Valais).  Highest  point,  7,553  feet. 
Gerniinder  (ge-mun'der),  George.  Born  at  In- 
gelfingen,  Wurtemberg,  April  13, 1816 : died  Jan. 
15, 1899.  A German-American  violin-maker. 
Genala  (ja-na/la),  Francesco.  Bom  at  Sore- 
sina,  Cremona,  Italy,  Jan.  6,  1843:  died  Nov. 
8,  1893.  An  Italian  politician,  minister  of  pub- 
lic works  under  Depretis  in  1883. 

Genappe  (zhe-nap').  A village  in  Belgium,  18 
miles  south  of  Brussels:  often  mentioned  in  the 
Waterloo  campaign. 

Genazzano  (ja-nat-sa'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Borne,  Italy,  26  miles  east  of  Borne. 
Population,  commune,  4,121. 

Gendebien  (zhohd-byah'),  Alexandre  Joseph 
Celestin.  Born  at  Mons,  Belgium,  May  4, 
1789:  died  Dec.  6, 1869.  A Belgian  statesman. 
He  settled  at  Brussels,  as  a lawyer  in  1811,  and  Sept.  25, 
1830,  became  a member  of  the  provisional  government 
which  effected  the  separation  of  Belgium  from  Holland. 

Gendron  ( zhon-dron' ),  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris, 
1818:  died  there,  July  12,  1881.  A French 
painter,  a pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche. 

Genelli  (ga-nelTe),  Bonaventura.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  28,  1798:  died  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  13,  1868.  A German  painter. 
Genesee  (jen-e-se').  [Amer.  Ind.,  ‘pleasant 
valley.’]  A river  in  western  New  York,  which 
rises  in  Potter  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  flows 
into  Lake  Ontario  7 miles  north  of  Bochester.  it 
is  noted  for  its  falls  (at  Rochester,  95  feet ; Portage  Falls, 
110  feet ; and  several  others).  It  gives  name  to  a geologi- 
cal epoch.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Genesis  (jen'e-sis).  [Gr.  yeveoig,  origin,  begin- 
ning.] The  first  book  of  the  Old  Testament. 
It  records  the  creation  of  the  world,  the  flood  and  the  en- 
suing dispersion  of  races,  and  gives  a more  detailed  his- 
tory of  the  patriarchs  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.  The 
traditional  view  ascribes  the  authorship  to  Moses.  Most 
modern  scholars,  however,  find  in  it  various  periods  of 
authorship,  and  particularly  two  chief  sources,  the  so- 
called  Jehovistic  and  Elohistic.  According  to  the  latter 
view,  the  dates  of  composition  fall  chiefly  within  the 
periods  of  Judah  and  Israel  (about  the  8th  century  B.  o.), 
the  last  redaction  occurring  perhaps  after  the  return  from 
Babylon.  In  Hebrew  the  book  is  designated  by  its  first 
word,  B’reshith,  ‘In  the  beginning  the  title  Genesis  was 
supplied  in  the  early  Greek  translation. 

Genesius  (je-ne'si-us),  Josephus,  or  Josephus 
Byzantinus  (of  Byzantium).  Lived  about  950. 
A Byzantine  historian.  He  wrote,  by  order  of  the 
emperor  Constantine  VIL  Porphyrogenitus,  a history  of 
the  Eastern  Empire  from  813  to  886.  This  work,  which  is 
written  in  Greek,  and  entitled  Bao-iXeuiv  BqSAia  A,  was 
discovered  in  MS.  at  Leipsic  in  the  16th  century,  and,  al- 
though an  indifferent  compilation,  attracted  much  atten- 
tion because  it  covers  a period  for  which  there  are  few 
other  sources.  The  first  printed  edition  appeared  at 
Venice  (1733)  in  the  Venetian  Collection  of  the  Byzan- 
tines. 

Genesta  (je-nes'ta).  A cutter  designed  by  J. 
Beavor-Webb  and  launched  at  Glasgow,  April, 
1884.  Her  dimensions  are  : length  over  all,  96.40  feet ; 
length,  load  water-line,  81  feet ; beam,  15  feet ; beam,  load 


430 

water-line,  15  feet ; draught,  13  feet ; and  displacement,  141 
tons.  She  won  19  prizes  in  England  in  1884.  She  was  built 
expressly  for  the  race  for  the  America’s  cup,  but  was  beaten 
by  the  Puritan  in  two  races,  Sept.  14  aud  Sept.  16,  1885. 

Genet  (zhe-na/)  (originally  Genest),  Edmond 
Charles.  Born  at  Versailles,  France,  Jan.  8, 
1765 : died  at  Schodak,  N.  Y.,  July  14,  1834.  A 
French  diplomatist,  brother  of  Madame  Cam- 
pan.  He  was  appointed  minister  to  the  United  States  in 
Dec.,  1792,  and  arrived  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  April,  1793. 
On  the  refusal  of  Washington  to  join  France  in  the  war  of 
the  revolutionary  government  against  England,  he  sought 
to  compel  the  President  to  change  his  attitude  by  popular 
agitation,  commissioned  privateers,  and  ordered  that  prizes 
should  be  condemned  by  the  French  consuls  in  the  United 
States.  He  was  superseded  at  the  request  of  Washington, 
but  remained  in  the  United  States  and  settled  in  the  State 
of  New  York. 

Genetyllis  (jen-e-til'is).  [Gr.  IYrmtU/f.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a goddess,  protectress  of 
births,  a companion  of  Aphrodite  (Venus). 
The  name  is  also  used  as  an  epithet  of  Aphrodite  and  Ar- 
temis (Diana).  In  the  plural,  Genetyllides,  it  is  applied  to 
a body  of  divinities  presiding  over  nativity,  and  attached 
to  the  cortege  of  Aphrodite.  Also  called  Gennaides. 

Geneura.  See  Guinevere  and  Ginevra. 

Geneva  (je-ne'va),  F.  Geneve  (zhe-nav'),  G. 
Genf  (genf),  It.  Ginevra  (je-na'vra).  A can- 
ton in  Switzerland,  lying  between  the  Lake  of 
Geneva  and  Vaud  on  the  north  and  France  on 
the  east,  south,  and  west.  It  sends  7 members  to 
the  National  Council.  About  61  per  cent,  of  the  popula- 
tion are  Roman  Catholics,  and  about  48  per  cent.  Prot- 
estants. The  language  of  85  per  cent,  of  the  population 
is  French.  Area,  108  square  miles.  Population,  154,- 
159,  (1910). 

Geneva.  [F.  Geneve,  G.  Genf,  It.  Ginevra;  the 
Boman  Geneva  : of  Celtic  origin.]  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Geneva,  Switzerland,  situated 
at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,  where  the  Bhone  issues  from  it,  in  lat. 
46°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  10'  E.  It  is  the  wealthiest  city 
in  the  country,  and  one  of  the  most  important.  It  has  a 
large  trade,  and  manufactures  watches,  jewelry,  musical 
boxes,  etc.  The  two  parts  of  the  city  are  connected  by 
the  Pont  du  Mont  Blanc  and  other  bridges.  The  cathedral 
was  consecrated  in  1024,  but  was  modified  in  the  next  two 
centuries.  The  exterior  is  marred  by  a Corinthian  portico 
built  in  the  last  century.  The  interior  presents  good  work 
of  the  transition  from  Romanesque  to  Pointed,  and  pos- 
sesses good  late- Pointed  carved  stalls  and  some  fine  monu- 
ments, notably  those  of  the  Rohan  family  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. ThebeautifulFlamboyantChapeUedesMacchabtes 
is  of  the  15th  century.  The  monument  to  Duke  Charles 
II.  of  Brunswick  (died  1873)  is  a modified  reproduction  of 
that  to  Can  Signorio  della  Scala  at  Verona.  It  is  hexago- 
nal, and  consists  of  three  stages:  the  lowest  a group  of 
massive  columns  supporting  an  entablature,  the  middle 
one  gracefully  arcaded  and  containing  a sarcophagus  with 
a recumbent  effigy  of  the  duke,  and  the  highest  a pinna- 
cled and  pedimented  canopy  upon  which  is  an  equestrian 
statue  of  the  duke.  The  structure  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall  upon  which  are  square  piers  with  tabernacles  con- 
taining statues  of  noted  Guelphs.  The  piers  are  con- 
nected by  an  elaborate  grating  of  metal.  The  total  height 
is  66  feet.  Other  objects  of  interestare  the  hotel  de  ville, 
the  university,  the  Musde  Rath  (picture-gallery),  and  the 
Musee  de  l’Ariana.  The  city  is  a favorite  center  for  tour- 
ists. Geneva  was  a town  of  the  Allobroges  in  the  1st 
century  B.  0. ; later  it  was  a Roman  city.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  early  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  it  belonged  to 
the  Franks,  to  the  later  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  to  the 
empire  in  succession.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  under 
the  influence  of  the  bishops  of  Geneva  and  the  counts 
(later  dukes)  of  Savoy.  It  was  allied  with  Fribourg  in 
1518,  and  with  Bern  in  1526.  The  Reformation  was  offi- 
cially introduced  in  1535  ; and  it  became  a center  of  the 
Reformation  under  the  lead  of  Calvin  1536-64.  The  re- 
pulse of  the  Savoyards  in  the  so-called  “escalade”  of 
1602  is  still  celebrated  in  the  city.  It  was  incorporated 
with  France  in  1798.  The  city  and  canton  entered  the 
Swiss  Confederation  in  1815.  A liberal  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1847.  Geneva  was  the  birthplace  of  Rousseau. 
Population,  including  suburbs,  125,520,  (1910). 

Geneva.  A city  in  Ontario  County,  New  York, 
situated  at  the  northern  extremity  of  Seneca 
Lake,  38  miles  southeast  of  Bochester:  the 
seat  of  Hobart  College  and  of  William  Smith 
College  for  Women.  Population,  12,446,  (1910). 
Geneva,  Lake  of,  or  Lake  Leman.  [F.  Lac 
de  Geneve,  or  Lac  Leman,  G.  Genfersee,  L.  Le- 
man us  (or  Lemannus)  Lucas.]  The  largest  lake 
of  Switzerland,  bordering  on  Haute-Savoie 
(France)  and  the  cantons  of  Geneva,  Vaud, 
and  Valais.  Length,  45  miles.  Greatest  width,  81  miles. 
Area,  225  square  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  about  1,230 
feet. 

Geneva  Convention.  An  international  con- 
vention of  various  European  states  held  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  Aug.,  1864,  designed  to 
lessen  the  needless  suffering  of  soldiers  in  war. 

It  provided  for  the  neutrality  of  the  members  and  build- 
ings of  the  medical  departments  on  battle-fields. 

Geneva  Tribunal.  A tribunal  of  arbitration 
provided  for  by  the  treaty  of  Washington  for 
the  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims  (which 
see). 

Genevieve  (jen-e-vev').  The  heroine  of  a poem 
by  Coleridge,  entitled  “ Love.”  The  poem  is 
sometimes  called  by  her  name. 


Genoa,  Gulf  of 

Genevieve  (zhen-vyav'),  L.  Genovefa,  Saint. 

Born  at  Nanterre,  near  Paris,  about  422:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  3, 512.  The  patron  saint  of  Paris, 
reputed  to  have  saved  the  city  from  Attila  by 
her  prayers  in  451. 

Genevieve,  G.  Genoveva  or  Genovefa  (ga-nd- 
fa'fa),  of  Brabant,  Saint.  The  wife  of  Count 
Siegfried  of  Treves.  She  is  the  subject  of  a popular 
medieval  legend,  according  to  which  she  lived  about  the 
middle  of  the  8th  century,  and  was  the  wife  of  the  palatine 
Siegfried.  She  was  falsely  accused  by  the  major-domo  Golo 
of  adultery,  and  was  sentenced  to  be  put  to  death.  Aban- 
doned in  a forest  by  the  executioner,  she  lived  six  years  in 
a cave  in  the  Ardennes,  together  with  her  son,  who  during 
infancy  was  nourished  by  a roe.  The  roe,  being  pursued 
in  the  chase  by  Siegfried,  took  refuge  in  the  cave,  and  led 
to  the  reunion  of  Genevieve  and  her  husband,  who  had  in 
the  meantime  discovered  the  treachery  of  Golo. 

Genevieve,  Sainte-,  Church  of  See  Pantheon. 

Gen^vre  (zhe-navr'),  Mont.  A pass  in  the 
Cottian  Alps,  leading  from  France  (department 
of  Hautes-Alpes)  to  Italy  (province  of  Turin). 
Height,  about  6,100  feet. 

Gengenbach  (geng'en-bach).  A small  town  in 
Baden,  on  tbe  Kiuzig  17  miles  southeast  of 
Strasburg.  It  was  formerly  independent. 

Genghis  Kha,n.  See  Jenejhiz  Khan. 

Genigueh.  See  Chemehuevi. 

Genii,  Tales  of  the.  See  Tales  of  the  Genii. 

Genius  of  Christianity.  [F.  Genie  du  Christi- 
anisme .]  A work  in  defense  of  Christianity,  by 
Chateaubriand,  published  in  1802. 

Genlis  (zhon-les'),  Comtesse  de  (St6phanie 
Felicite  Ducrest  de  Saint- Aubin).  Born  near 
Autun,  France,  Jan.  25, 1746 : died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
31, 1830.  A noted  French  writer,  canoness  of 
Alix  in  her  sixth  year  under  the  title  Comtesse 
de  Lancy,  wife  of  the  Comte  de  Genlis  (1762), 
governess  in  the  family  of  the  Due  de  Chartres : 
author  of  “Adele  et  Theodore,  ou  lettres  sur 
Peducation ” (1782),  “Mademoiselle  de  Cler- 
mont” (1802),  “Memoires”  (1825),  etc. 

Gennadius  (je-na'di-us),  originally  Georgius 
Scholarius.  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the  15th 
century.  A Greek  scholar  and  prelate,  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople  1453-56. 

Gennaides  (je-na'i-dez).  See  Genetyllis. 

Gennaro,  Monte.  See  Monte  Gennaro. 

Gennesaret  (je-nes'a-ret),  Lake  or  Sea  of. 
See  Galilee,  Sea  of. 

Genoa  (jen'o-a).  A province  in  the  comparti- 
mento  of  Liguria,  Italy.  Area,  1,582  square 
miles.  Population,  1,039,037. 

Genoa.  [Formerly  Gean,  Jean,  etc.,  from  OF. 
Gene,  F.  Genes,  Sp.  Pg.  Genova,  It.  Genova,  MGr. 
Tevova,  Tevoa,  G.  Genua,  from  L.  Genua.]  A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Genoa,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  in  lat.  44°  25'  N., 
long.  8°  55'  E. : from  its  magnificent  situation 
surnamed  “La  Superba.”  it  is  the  leading  seaport 
of  Italy.  The  imports  include  sugar,  coal,  iron,  etc.  It 
has  a large  harbor  protected  by  piers.  The  cathedral  dates 
from  the  14th  century,  but  with  older  and  French  elements 
incorporated.  The  western  faqade,  of  black  and  white 
marble,  has  recessed  early-Pointed  doors,  with  foliage-cap- 
itals. Some  of  the  column-shafts  are  twisted.  On  the  south 
side  there  is  a canopied  porch  with  Romanesque  sculpture. 
The  interior  contains  interesting  paintings,  inlaid  chon  - 
stalls,  and  tombs,  and  adorned  baptistery  with  sculptured 
altar  and  tabernacle,  carvings  by  Sansovino,  and  a Roman- 
esque fa$ade.  The  Church  of  San  Giovanni  di  Pre.  built 
by  the  Knights  of  St.  John  in  the  13th  century,  is  of  two 
stories  with  pillars  and  round  arches.  The  crypt  is  inter- 
esting, in  both  architecture  and  sculpture  resembling  the 
English  Romanesque.  The  Campo  Santo  is  a great  quad- 
rangle filled  with  roses,  surrounded  by  amassive  two-storied 
cloister  containing  many  beautiful  sculptured  tombs.  In 
the  middle  of  one  side  there  is  a handsome  domed  circular 
chapel ; the  gallery  around  the  dome  is  supported  by  16 
Doric  columns  of  black  marble  27  feet  high.  This  monu- 
mental burial-place  was  begun  in  1838.  The  Palazzo  del 
Municipio,  formerly  Palazzo  Doria,  is  a 16th-century  late- 
Renaissance  building.  The  facade  has  two  tiers  of  pilas- 
ters and  an  entablature,  and  is  flanked  by  terraces  with 
graceful  balustraded  arcades.  The  Palazzo  Ducale  now 
serves  for  various  public  offices.  The  medieval  prison- 
tower  remains.  The  facade  is  an  imposing  work  of  the 
Renaissance,  with  columns  and  statues.  Other  objects  of 
interest  are  various  other  palaces,  the  statue  of  Columbus, 
and  the  churches  of  Santa  Maria  in  Carignano  and  of  San 
Matteo.  Genoa  existed  from  Roman  times.  It  became  a 
republic  and  a great  maritime  power  in  the  middle  ages, 
the  rival  of  Pisa  and  Venice,  having  extensive  trade  and 
settlements  in  the  Levant,  the  Crimea,  the  western  Medi- 
terranean, etc.  The  dogate  was  established  in  1339.  Genoa 
gained  a great  naval  victory  over  Pisa  at  Meloria  in  1284 ; 
took  part  in  the  Crusades ; was  defeated  by  Venice  in  1380 ; 
was  liberated  from  the  French  by  Andrea  Doria  in  1528; 
lost  its  possessions  to  the  Turks  and  others ; was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1684  and  by  the  Imperialists  in  1746; 
ceded  Corsica  to  France  in  1768 ; was  transformed  into  the 
Ligurian  Republic  in  1797;  was  unsuccessfully  defended 
by  Massena  against  the  English  and  Austrian  forces  in 
1800 ; was  incorporated  with  France  in  1805 ; capitulated 
to  the  English  in  1814 ; was  annexed  to  Sardinia  as  a duchy 
in  1815 ; and  was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  in  1849. 
Population,  commune,  275,000. 

Genoa,  Gulf  of.  A gulf  of  the  Mediterranean, 
south  of  Genoa. 


Genova  431 


Genova  (djen'6-va).  The  Italian  name  of 
Genoa. 

Genovefa.  See  Genevieve. 

Genovesi  (ja -no - va ' se),  Antonio.  Born  at 
Castiglione,  near  Salerno,  Italy,  Nov.  1, 1712  : 
died  at  Naples,  Sept.  22,  1769.  An  Italian 
philosopher  and  political  economist,  professor 
of  metaphysic  and  later  of  political  economy  at 
Naples.  His  works  include  “De  arte  logica”  (1742), 
“Elementascientiarum  metaphysicarum  ” (1743-45),  “Le- 
zioni  di  commercio  ” (1768),  etc. 

Gens  de  Pitie.  See  Shoshoko. 

Genseric  (jen'ser-ik),  or  Gaiseric  (gi'zer-ik). 
Died  in  477  a.  D.  A king  of  the  Vandals.  He 
was  the  natural  son  of  Godigisdus  or  Modigisdus,  king  of 
the  Vandals  in  Spain,  whom  he  succeeded  in  conjunction 
with  a brother  Gontharis  orGonderic.  Invited,  it  is  said, 
by  Bonifacius,  the  Roman  governor,  he  invaded  Africa  in 
May,  429,  and  in  Oct.,  439,  captured  Carthage,  which  he 
made  the  capital  of  a Vandal  kingdom  in  Africa.  In  June, 
455,  in  answer  to  the  supplications  of  the  empress  Eudocia 
for  assistance  against  the  usurper  Maximus,  he  invaded 
Italy,  sacked  Rome  for  fourteen  days,  and  carried  off  nu- 
merous captives.  including  theempress  and  her  daughters. 
He  professed  the  Arian  creed,  and  persecuted  his  subjects 
of  the  orthodox  faith  with  great  cruelty. 

Gensonn6  (zhon-so-na'),  Armand.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  France,  Aug.  10,  1758 : guillotined 
at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1793.  A French  revolution- 
ist, Girondist  deputy  to  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly 1791-92,  and  to  the  Convention  1792-93. 
Genthin  (gen-ten').  A town  in  the  Saxon  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  28  miles  northeast  of 
Magdeburg.  Population,  commune,  6,229. 
Gentile  da  Fabriano.  See  Fabriano. 
Gentilesse  (jen-ti-les').  A poem  by  Chaucer. 
It  not  only  occurs  independently,  but  is  quoted  in  Scogan’s 
poem  addressed  “ unto  the  Lordes  and  Gentilmen  of  the 
Kinges  house  ’’ ; hence  this  poem  of  Scogan's  was  included 
in  Chaucer’s  collected  v^orks. 

Gentili  (jen-te'le),  Alberico.  Born  at  Sangi- 
nesio,  Ancona,  Jan.  14, 1552 : died  at  London, 
June  19,  1608.  An  Italian  jurist,  one  of  the 
earliest  authorities  on  international  law.  He  re- 
sided in  England  from  1580,  and  taught  law  at  Oxford. 
From  about  1590  he  lived  in  London. 

Still  more  important  were  the  services  of  Gentili  to  the 
law  of  nations,  which  he  was  the  first  to  place  upon  a 
foundation  independent  of  theological  differences,  and 
to  develop  systematically  with  a wealth  of  illustration, 
historical,  legal,  biblical,  classical,  and  patristic,  of  which 
subsequent  writers  have  availed  themselves  to  a much 
greater  extent  than  might  he  inferred  from  their  some- 
what scanty  acknowledgments  of  indebtedness.  His  prin- 
cipal contributions  to  the  science  are  contained  in  the 
“De  Legation ibus,”  the  “De  Jure  Belli,”  and  the  “Advo- 
catio  Hispanica."  The  first  of  these  was  the  best  work 
upon  embassy  which  had  appeared  up  to  the  date  of  its 
publication.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Gentilly  (zhon-te-ye').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  France,  situated  directly  south 
of  the  fortifications  of  Paris.  Population, 
commune,  8,421. 

Gentle  Geordie.  See  Staunton,  Sir  George. 
Gentleman  (jen'tl-man),  Francis.  Born  at 
Dublin,  Oct.  13,  1728 : died  there,  Dec.,  1784. 
An  Irish  actor  and  dramatist.  Among  his  plays  are 
“The  Modish  Wife”  (1773),  “The  Tobacconist”  (1771), 
founded  on  Jonson’s  “ Alchemist,”  etc.  In  1770  he  pub- 
lished a series  of  criticisms  called  “ The  Dramatic  Cen- 
sor,” and  he  afterward  edited  Bell’s  acting  edition  of 
Shakspere. 

Gentleman  Dancing-Master,  The.  A comedy 
by  Wycherley  (1672). 

Gentleman  Usher,  The.  A comedy  by  Chap- 
man, printed  in  1606. 

Gentle  Shepherd,  The.  A pastoral  drama  by 
Allan  Ramsay,  published  in  1725. 

Gentle  Shepherd,  The.  A nickname  given  to 
George  Grenville  by  William  Pitt.  See  Gren- 
ville, George. 

GentOO  (jen-to').  A Hindu : a term  not  now  in 
use. 

Gentry  (jen'tri),  Sir  Threadbare  and  Lady. 

Two  characters  in  Cibber’s  comedy  “ The  Rival 
Fools,”  which  was  an  alteration  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher’s  “Wit  at  Several  Weapons.”  In 
the  latter  play  they  appear  as  Sir  Ruinous  and 
Lady  Gentry. 

Gentz  (gents),  Friedrich  von.  Bom  at  Bres- 
lau, Prussia,  May  2 (Sept.  8!),  1764:  died  near 
Vienna,  June  9,  1832.  A German  publicist  and 
diplomatist, in  the  Prussian  and  later  in  the  Aus- 
trian service.  He  was  chief  secretary  at  the  congresses 
of  Vienna  (1814-15),  Aix-la-Chapelle  (1818),  Carlsbad  and 
Vienna  (1819),  Troppau  (1820),  Laibach  (1821),  and  Verona 
(1822).  His  chief  work  is  “Fragmente  aus  der  neuesten 
Geschichte  des  politischen  Gleichgewichts  ” (1804). 
Gentz,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Neuruppin,  Dec.  9, 
1822 : died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  23,  1890.  A German 
painter,  a pupil  in  Paris  of  Gleyre  and  Cou- 
ture. He  traveled  extensively  in  Spain,  Morocco,  Egypt, 
Asia  Minor,  and  elsewhere  in  the  East.  Among  his  works 
are  “Funeral  near  Cairo  ” (Dresden  Gallery),  “Entry  of 


the  German  Crown  Prince  into  Jerusalem  in  1869 ’’(Na- 
tional Gallery),  “Christ  among  the  Pharisees  and  Publi- 
cans ” (Chemnitz),  “ Halt  of  Caravan  ” (Stettin). 

Genzano  (jen-za'no).  A small  town  in  Italy,  17 
miles  southeast  of  Rome. 

Geoffrey  (jef'ri)  (Starkey),  surnamed  “The 
Grammarian.”  [ML.  Galfridus  Grammaticus.'] 
Flourished  about,  the  middle  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. A Norfolk  preaching  friar,  compiler  of 
the  “ Promptorium  Parvulorum”  (which  see). 
Other  works  also  are  attributed  to  him. 

Geoffrey.  Died  in  1212.  Archbishop  of  York, 
natural  son  of  Henry  II.  and  a woman  named 
Ykenai  or  Hikenai.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Lincoln  in  1173,  a post  which  he  exchanged  in  1182  for 
that  of  chancellor  of  England.  He  aided  his  father  against 
his  rebellious  half-brothers  1173-74,  fought  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  war  against  France  1187-89,  and  was  the  only 
one  of  Henry’s  children  present  at  his  death-bed  (1189). 
He  was  nominated  archbishop  of  York  by  Richard  I.  in 
1189,  and  in  1207  was  banished  by  John  for  opposing  the 
latter’s  oppressive  taxation. 

Geoffrey,  Count  of  Brittany.  Born  Sept.  23, 
1158:  died  Aug.  19,  1186.  The  fourth  son  of 
Henry  II.  of  England  and  Eleanor.  He  joined 
his  brothers  in  their  revolt  against  their  father.  He  mar- 
ried Constance  of  Brittany,  by  whom  he  was  the  father  of 
Prince  Arthur. 

Geoffrey  Crayon,  Gent.  See  Crayon. 

Geoffrey  of  Anjou,  surnamed  Plantagenet. 

Born  Aug.  24,  1113:  died  Sept.  7,  1151.  Count 
of  Anjou,  son  of  Fulc  V.  He  married,  in  1129,  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  and  widow  of  the 
emperor  Henry  V.  He  waged  war  successfully  against 
Stephen  of  Blois  for  the  possession  of  Normandy,  which 
he  claimed  through  his  wife,  and  accompanied  Louis  VII. 
to  the  Holy  Land  in  1147.  He  derived  his  surname  from 
the  plant  named  genOt,  a species  of  broom,  which  he  wore 
as  a plume  on  his  helmet. 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  [Lat.  Galfridus  ( Gau- 
fridus)  Monemutensis.]  Born,  probably  at  Mon- 
mouth, about  1100 : died  at  Llandaff  in  1152  or 
1154.  An  English  chronicler.  He  may  have  been 
a monk  at  the  Benedictine  monastery  at  Monmouth.  He 
was  in  Oxford  in  1129,  where  he  met  Archdeacon  Walter 
(not  Walter  Map),  from  whom  he  professed  to  have  ob- 
tained the  foundation  of  his  “Historia Regum  Britannise.” 
In  1152  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  having 
been  ordained  priest  in  the  same  year.  It  does  not  appear 
that  he  visited  his  see.  The  “ Historia  Regum  Britan- 
nise” was  issued  in  some  form  in  Latin  from  the  British 
or  Cymric  MS.  by  1139 ; the  final  edition,  as  we  now  pos- 
sess it,  was  finished  in  1147.  The  first  critical  printed 
edition  is  “Galfredi  Monemutensis  Historia  Britoaum, 
nunc  primum  in  Anglia  novem  codd.  MSS.  collatis,  ed.  .1. 
A.  Giles  ” (1844).  The  publication  of  this  book  marks  an 
epoch  in  the  literaiy  history  of  Europe ; in  less  than  fifty 
years  the  Arthurian  and  Round  Table  romances  based 
upon  it  were  naturalized  in  Germany  and  Italy,  as  well  as 
in  France  and  England.  It  is  thought  that  Geoffrey  com- 
piled it  from  the  Latin  Nennius  and  a book  of  Breton 
legends  now  perished.  It  was  abridged  by  Alfred  of  Bev- 
erley; and  Geoffrey  Gaimar  and  Wace  translated  it  into 
Anglo-Norman  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century. 
Layamon  and  Robert  of  Gloucester  translated  Wace  into 
semi  Saxon  or  transition  English,  and  later  chroniclers 
used  it  as  sober  history.  Shakspere  knew  the  legends 
through  Holinshed.  Geoffrey  also  wrote  a Latin  transla- 
tion of  the  prophecies  of  Merlin.  A life  of  Merlin  has  also 
been  ascribed  to  him,  perhaps  incorrectly.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Geoffrin  (zho-fran'),  Madame  (Marie  Therese 
Rodet).  Born  at  Paris,  June  2,  1699:  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  6, 1777.  A noted  leader  of  Parisian 
literary  society.  She  was  not  a highly  educated  wo- 
man, but  possessed  an  extraordinary  power  of  reading 
character,  and  was  equally  a favorite  with  royalty  and  with 
the  fashionable,  literary,  and  artistic  circles  of  France  and 
Germany. 

Geoffroy  Saint-Hilaire  (zlio-frwa'  san-te-lar'), 
Etienne.  Born  at  Etampes,  April  15, 1772 : died 
at  Paris,  June  19,  1844.  A noted  French  zoolo- 
gist and  comparative  anatomist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  at  Paris,  in 
1793  ; joined  the  Egyptian  expedition  in  1798  ; was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Institute  of  Cairo,  and  made  important 
scientific  investigations  and  collections  ; and  in  1809  was 
appointed  professor  of  zoology  in  the  Faculty  of  Sciences 
at  Paris.  His  zoological  views  led  to  a famous  dispute 
with  Cuvier.  His  published  works  are  numerous. 

Geoffroy  Saint-Hilaire,  Isidore.  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, Dec.  16,  1805:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10, 1861. 
A French  zoologist,  son  of  Etienne  Geoffroy 
Saint-Hilaire.  He  became  professor  at  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History  at  Paris  in  1841,  and  in  the  Faculty  of 
Sciences  in  1850. 

Geoffry  (jef'ri),  Bishop  of  Coutances.  Died  at 
Coutances,  Feb.  3,  1093.  A Norman  prelate, 
one  of  the  chief  supporters  of  William  the  Con- 
queror. 

Geok-Tepe,  or  Gok-Tepe.  A former  stronghold 
of  the  Tekke  Turkomans,  situated  in  Asiatic 
Russia  about  lat.  38°  N.,  long.  57°  30'  E.  It 
was  captured  by  the  Russians  under  Skobeleff 
in  Jan.,  1881. 

George  (jorj),  Saint.  [Gr.  Te^pytog,  L.  Georgius  ; 
from  Gr.  yzopyfig,  a farmer;  F.  Georges,  George, 
It.  Giorgio,  Sp.  Pg.  Jorge,  G.  Georg.]  A Chris- 
tian martyr,  a native  of  Cappadocia  and  mili- 
tary tribune  under  Diocletian,  put  to  death  at 


George  III. 

Nicomedia  in  303.  The  details  of  his  life  and  death 
are  unknown,  and  even  his  existence  has  been  doubted. 
He  was  honored  in  the  Oriental  churches,  and  in  the  14th 
century,  under  Edward  III.,  was  adopted  as  the  patron 
saint  of  England,  where  he  had  been  popular  from  the 
time  of  the  early  Crusades  : for  he  was  said  to  have  come 
to  the  aid  of  the  Crusaders  against  the  Saracens  under 
the  wails  of  Antioch,  1089,  and  was  then  chosen  by  many 
Normans  under  Robert,  son  of  William  the  Conqueror,  as 
their  patron.  Many  legends  were  connected  with  his 
name  during  the  middle  ages,  the  most  notable  of  which 
is  the  legend  of  his  conquest  of  the  dragon  (the  devil)  and 
the  delivery  from  it  of  the  king’s  daughter  Sabra  (the 
Church).  He  was  the  “Christian  hero”  of  the  middle 
ages.  April  23d  is  St.  George’s  day. 

George,  Saint,  and  the  Dragon.  A painting 

by  Raphael  (1506),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum, 
St.  Petersburg.  The  saint,  clad  in  armor  and  riding  a 
white  horse,  charges  the  monster  and  transfixes  him  with 
his  spear  as  he  turns  to  flee.  St.  George  wears  the  in- 
signia of  the  Garter. 

George  I.  Born  at  Hanover,  March  28,  1660: 
died  at  Osnabriick,  June  11,  1727.  King  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  1714-27,  son  of  Er- 
nest Augustus,  elector  of  Hanover,  and  Sophia, 
granddaughter  of  James  I.  through  Elizabeth 
Stuart,  queen  of  Bohemia.  He  married  his  cousin 
Sophia  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Zelle,  in  1682, 
and  succeeded  his  father  as  elector  of  Hanover  in  1698. 
His  mother  died  May  28,  1714.  On  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne,  Aug.  1,  1714,  he  succeeded  to  the  English  throne 
by  virtue  of  the  Act  of  Settlement,  passed  by  Parliament 
in  1701,  which,  in  default  of  issue  from  Anne  and  William, 
entailed  the  crown  on  the  electress  Sophia  and  her  heirs, 
being  Protestant.  He  was  crowned  at  Westminster  Oct. 
20,  1714.  He  nominated  at  his  accession  a Whig  ministry, 
with  Townshend  as  prime  minister,  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
Tory  party,  which  he  regarded  with  suspicion  as  the  strong- 
hold of  the  Jacobites  and  of  the  Roman  Catholics.  In 
Jan.,  1715,  he  dissolved  the  Tory  Parliament  left  by  Queen 
Anne,  and  by  a liberal  use  of  the  crown  patronage  secured 
a large  Whig  majority  in  the  new  Parliament,  which  con- 
vened in  March  following.  In  Sept.,  1715,  a Jacobite  ris- 
ing took  place  in  Scotland  under  the  Earl  of  Mar,  who 
was  subsequently  joined  by  the  Pretender.  The  rebellion 
was  speedily  put  down  by  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  but  the  ex- 
citement which  it  produced  was  taken  advantage  of  to 
pass  the  Septennial  Act,  providing  for  septennial  instead 
of  triennial  parliaments,  thus  enabling  the  new  dynasty  to 
become  firmly  settled  on  the  throne  before  a new  election 
of  Parliament.  In  1717  he  further  strengthened  his  posi- 
tion by  concluding  the  Triple  Alliance  with  France  and 
Holland,  which  guaranteed  the  Hanoverian  succession, 
and  which  was  joined  by  the  emperor  in  the  following 
year.  In  1717  Stanhope  was  appointed  prime  minister : he 
was  succeeded  in  1721  by  Walpole,  who  held  office  during 
the  remainder  of  the  reign. 

George  II.  Born  at  Hanover,  Nov.  10,  1683: 
died  at  London,  Oct.  25,  1760.  King  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  1727-60,  son  of  George  I. 
and  Sophia  Dorothea.  He  married  Wilhelmina  Char- 
lotte Caroline  of  Ansbach  Sept.  2,  1706 ; was  declared 
Prince  of  Wales  Sept.  27,  1714;  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  to  the  electorate 
of  Hanover  on  the  death  of  his  father,  June  11,  1727.  He 
continued  his  father’s  domestic  policy  of  favoring  the 
Whigs,  and  retained  Walpole  as  prime  minister  until 
1742.  His  foreign  policy  was  chiefly  dictated  by  his  anx- 
iety for  the  safety  of  Hanover  amid  the  contending  powers 
on  the  Continent.  He  maintained  an  alliance  with  Maria 
Theresa  of  Austria  in  the  first  and  second  Silesian  wars 
(1740-42  and  1744—15),  and  commanded  the  Pragmatic 
army  in  person  at  the  victory  of  Dettingen  over  the  PVench, 
June  27,  1743.  In  1746  a Jacobite  rising  took  place  in 
Scotland  under  the  Young  Pretender,  who  was  totally  de- 
feated by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  second  son  of  George 
II.,  at  the  battle  of  Culloden,  April  27,  1746.  In  June, 
1754,  hostilities  broke  out  between  England  and  Fiance  in 
America.  The  probability  of  a French  attack  on  Han- 
over induced  George  II.  to  conclude  a treaty  for  the  mu- 
tual guarantee  of  the  integrity  of  Germany  with  Freder- 
ick II.  of  Prussia  at  Westminster  Jan.  17,  1756.  In  the 
same  year  Frederick  commenced  the  third  Silesian  or 
Seven  Years’  War,  in  which  England  sided  with  Prussia. 
The  Duke  of  Cumberland  was  defeated  by  the  French  at 
Hastenbeck,  July  26,  1757,  and  driven  out  of  Hanover. 
The  accession  to  power  of  the  coalition  ministry  under 
Pitt  and  Newcastle,  June  29,  1767,  gave,  however,  a new 
aspect  to  the  war.  The  Duke  of  Cumberland  was  replaced 
by  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  who  regained  Han- 
over in  1758;  and  the  last  years  of  the  king’s  reign  saw 
the  British  armies  victorious  in  India  and  in  Canada,  and 
the  British  fleet  in  control  of  the  seas. 

George  III.  Born  at  London,  June  4,  1738: 
died  at  Windsor,  Jan.  29,  1820.  King  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  1760-1820,  son  of  Frederick 
Louis,  prince  of  Wales,  and  Augusta,  daughter 
of  Duke  Frederick  II.  of  Saxe-Gotha.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  to 
the  electorate  of  Hanover  on  the  death  of  bis  grandfather, 
George  II.,  Oct.  25,  1760,  and  married  Charlotte  Sophia  of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz  Sept.  8,  1761.  His  domestic  policy 
was  characterized  by  a prolonged  and  partly  successful 
effort  to  break  the  power  of  the  Whig  party,  which  had 
maintained  control  of  the  government  under  his  two  pre- 
decessors, and  to  restore  the  royal  prerogative  to  the  po- 
sition which  it  had  occupied  under  the  Stuarts.  He  was 
involved  in  the  war  of  the  American  Revolution  and  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  His  most  notable  prime  ministers  were 
Lord  North  (1770-82)  and  the  younger  Pitt  (1783-1801  and 
1804-06),  both  of  whom  consented  to  shape  their  policy  in 
the  main  )n  accordance  with  the  demands  of  the  king. 
At  his  accession  he  found  the  Seven  Years’  War  in  pro- 
gress, of  which  the  French  and  Indian  war  in  America 
formed  a part.  He  concluded  the  peace  of  Paris  with 
France,  Spain,  and  Portugal,  Feb.  10,  1763,  by  which  Eng- 
land acquired  Canada  from  France  and  Florida  from  Spain. 


George  III. 

The  arbitrary  and  oppressive  financial  policy  which  he 
adopted  toward  the  American  colonies  after  the  return  of 
peace  caused  the  outbreak  of  the  American  Revolution  in 
1775.  The  war  which  ensued  was  practically  ended  by  the 
capitulation  of  Cornwallis  Oct.  19,  1781 ; and  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  colonies  was  acknowledged  by  the  peace 
of  Versailles  Sept.  3, 1783.  The  legislative  union  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  was  effected  Jan.  1,  1801.  In  1793 
war  broke  out  between  England  and  the  revolutionary  gov- 
ernment in  France,  which,  with  a short  interruption  in 
1802-03,  was  continued  until  the  downfall  of  Napoleon 
and  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons.  During  1812-16  a 
war  was  also  carried  on  against  the  United  States.  After 
several  temporary  attacks  of  mental  derangement,  the 
king  became  hopelessly  insane  in  1811,  and  during  the 
rest  of  his  reign  the  government,  was  conducted  under 
the  regency  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (afterward  George  IV.). 
George  IV.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  12,  1762: 
died  at  Windsor,  June  26, 1830.  King  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  1820-30,  son  of  George  III. 
and  Charlotte  Sophia  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 

He  contracted  an  illegal  marriage  with  Mrs.  Fitzherbert, 
Dec.  21, 1785,  and,  April  8,  1795,  married  his  cousin  Caro- 
line Amelia  Elizabeth  of  Brunswick.  While  prince  of 
Wales  he  cultivated  the  friendship  of  the  opposition 
leaders,  including  Fox  and  Sheridan,  and  gained  the  ill 
will  of  his  father  by  his  extravagance  and  dissolute  habits. 
He  was  appointed  regent  when  his  father  became  in- 
sane in  1811,  and  succeeded  him  on  the  throne  of  Great 
Britain  and  in  the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  Jan.  29,  1820. 
On  his  appointment  to  the  regency  he  abandoned  his 
former  Whig  associates  and  allied  himself  with  the  Tories. 
He  refused  to  permit  his  queen  to  be  present  at  the  coro- 
nation, and,  June  6,  1820,  instituted  proceedings  in  the 
House  of  Lords  for  a divorce  on  the  ground  of  infidelity. 
The  proceedings  were  subsequently  abandoned  for  want 
of  evidence.  The  chief  event  of  his  reign  was  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Catholic  Emancipation  Act  during  the  minis- 
try of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  April  13,  1829. 

George  V.  Born  at  Berlin,  May  27,  1819 : died 
at  Paris,  June  12,  1878.  King  of  Hanover,  son 
of  Ernest  Augustus  whom  he  succeeded  in  1851. 
He  sided  with  Austria  in  1806,  with  the  result  that  his 
dominions  were  annexed  by  Prussia  in  the  same  year. 

George  I.  (Christian  Wilhelm  Ferdinand 
Adolphus).  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  24. 
1845.  King  of  the  Hellenes,  the  second  son  of 
Christian  IX.  of  Denmark.  He  was  elected  king  of  the 
Hellenes  by  the  Greek  National  Assembly.  .1  une  0,  1863, 
at  the  instance  of  the  great  powers,  which,  in  order  to  se- 
cure his  acceptance  of  the  proffered  dignity,  were  induced 
to  restore  the  Ionian  Islands  to  Greece.  The  principal 
events  of  his  reign  have  been  the  incorporation  in  1881, 
through  the  intervention  of  the  great  powers,  of  the  gr  eater 
part  of  Thessaly  and  a small  part  of  Epirus  with  Greece,  and 
the  war  with  Turkey  1897.  He  married  the  grand  duchess 
Olga,  daughter  of  the  grand  duke  Constantine,  Oct.  27,1867. 
George,  surnamed  “The  Bearded.”  Bom  Aug. 
27,  1471:  died  April  17,  1539.  Duke  of  Saxony, 
son  of  Albert  the  Brave  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1500.  He  was  educated  for  the  priesthood,  and  is  chiefly 
noted  for  his  opposition  to  the  Reformation,  which  was 
favored  by  his  uncle,  the  Elector  of  Saxony.  He  attended 
the  disputation  between  Eck  and  Luther  at  Leipsic,  July 
4-14,  1519,  and  subsequently  himself  engaged  in  debate 
with  Luther.  He  sought  in  vain  to  prevent,  by  imprison- 
ment and  execution,  the  spread  in  his  dominions  of  the 
principles  of  the  Reformation,  which  were  adopted  by  his 
brother  Henry  who  succeeded  him  in  the  duchy. 
George,  Prince  of  Denmark.  Born  April  23(21?), 
1653 : died  Oct.  28, 1708.  The  husband  of  Queen 
Anne  of  England,  whom  he  married  July  28, 1683. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  Frederick  III.  of  Denmark  and 
Sophia  Amalia,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick-Lune- 
burg,  grandfather  of  George  I.  of  England. 

George  of  Cappadocia.  Born  probably  at 
Epiphania  in  Cilicia  about  300  A.  d.  : suffered 
martyrdom  at  Alexandria  in  361.  An  Arian 
bishop  of  Alexandria  356-361. 

George  of  Cyprus.  Died  1290.  A learned  By- 
zantine writer.  Though  a layman,  he  was  elevated  to 
the  patriarchate  of  Constantinople  in  1283  : he  resigned  in 
1289.  He  adopted  the  name  of  Gregory  at  iiis  elevation. 
He  is  the  author  of  a number  of  works,  mostly  theological, 
including  an  autobiography  in  Greek,  which  was  published 
at  Venice  in  1753  by  J.  F.  Bernard  de  Rubeis  under  the 
title  “Vita  Georgii  Cyprii.” 

George  of  Laodicea.  A Semi-Avian  bishop  of 

Laodicea.  Concerning  his  age  little  is  known,  except 
that  he  was  an  occupant  of  the  episcopal  chair  in  330,  and 
that  he  was  still  an  occupant  of  it  in  361.  He  headed  the 
Semi- Arian  party  at  the  Council  of  Seleucia  in  Isauria  in 
359. 

George  the  Pisidian,  L.  Georgius  Pisides 

(je-or'ji-us  pis'i-dez)  or  Pisida  (pis'i-da).  A 
Byzantine  poet  who  lived  about  the  middle  of 
the  7th  century.  He  is  described  in  the  manuscripts 
of  his  writings  as  a deacon,  record-keeper,  and  keeper  of 
the  sacred  vessels  in  the  Church  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constan- 
tinople, and  appears  to  have  accompanied  the  emperor 
Heraclius  on  his  first  expedition  against  the  Persians  (622). 
Among  his  extant  works  are  an  epic  poem  treating  of  this 
expedition. 

George  of  Trebizond.  Born  in  Crete,  April  4, 
1396 : died  at  Rome  about  1486.  A celebrated 
humanist.  He  became  professor  of  Greek  at  Venice 
about  1428,  and  subsequently  removed  to  Rome,  where, 
about  1450,  he  became  ■»  papal  secretary.  He  was  an  ardent 
advocate  of  the  Aristotelian  system  of  philosophy,  in  oppo- 
sition to  his  contemporary,  the  Platonic  philosopher  Ge- 
rnistus  Plethon.  He  translated  many  of  the  Greek  classics 
t to  Latin,  and  wrote  “ Rhetorica  ”(1470),  “ Oomparationes 
Philoeophorum  Platonis  et  Aristotelis  ” (1523),  etc. 


432 

George,  Cape.  See  St.  George,  Cape. 

George,  Henry.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  2, 
1839  : died  at  New  Y ork,  Oct . 29, 1897.  An  Ameri- 
can writer  on  political  economy  and  sociology. 
He  went  to  sea  at  an  early  age,  and  in  1858  settled  in  Cal- 
ifornia, where  he  became  a journalist.  In  1879  he  pub- 
lished his  chief  work,“Progressand  Poverty.”  He  removed 
in  1880  to  New  York,  where  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date of  the  United  Labor  Party  for  the  mayoralty  in  1886, 
and  where  he  shortly  afterward  founded  a weekly  paper 
called  the  “ Standard."  Besides  “ Progress  and  Poverty  " 
lie  published  “The  Land  Question  ” (1883),  “Social  Prob- 
lems” (1884),  “Protection  or  Free  Trade”  (1886),  and 
other  works. 

George,  Lake.  [Named  from  George  II.  in  1755 
by  William  Johnson.]  A lake  in  the  eastern 
part  of  New  York.  Its  waters  are  carried  by  Ticon- 
deroga  creek  into  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  inclosed  by 
mountains,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  It 
was  the  scene  of  military  operations  in  the  French  and 
Indian  and  Revolutionary  wars.  A series  of  engage- 
ments was  fought  here  Sept,  8,  1755  : in  the  morning  the 
French  force  under  Dieskau  defeated  the  English  under 
Williams,  etc.;  and  in  the  afternoon  the  English  under 
Lyman  (nominally  under  Johnson)  defeated  Dieskau  at 
the  head  of  the  lake.  The  Indians  called  it  Horicon,  the 
French  St.  Sacrement.  Length,  36  miles.  Width,  1 to  4 
miles. 

George-a-Greene,  the  Pinner  of  Wakefield. 

A “pleasant  conceyted  comedie  ” by  Robert 
Greene  (?),  licensed  1595,  printed  1599.  it  is 
thought  to  be  founded  on  an  early  prose  romance.  “ The  His- 
tory of  George-a-Green,”  preserved  in  Thom's  “ Early  Prose 
Romances.”  It  also  owes  something  to  the  ballad  “The 
Jolly  Pinder  of  Wakefield  with  Robin  Hood  Scarlet  and 
John.”  George  a Green,  a “Huisher  of  the  Bower,”  is  in- 
troduced by  Jonson  in  “The  Sad  Shepherd.” 

George  Barnwell,  or  The  London  Merchant. 

A tragedy  by  George  Lillo,  produced  in  1731. 
It  is  founded  on  an  old  ballad  preserved  by 
Ritson  and  Percy. 

George  Bay  (Nova  Scotia).  See  St.  George  Bay. 
George  Dandin  (zliorzh  don-dan'),  ou  le  mari 
confondu.  A comedy  by  Mol i ere,  first  played 
July  19, 1660.  George  Dandin  is  a man  of  humbleorigin 
whose  money  procures  him  the  doubtful  honor  of  a mar- 
riage with  Angelique,  a woman  of  noble  birth.  She  and 
her  lover  turn  the  tables  upon  him  whenever  he  seeks  to 
convict  them  of  their  guilt,  and  even  force  him  to  apolo- 
gize. He  addresses  to  himself  the  well-known  reproach 
“ Vous  l'avez  voulu,  vous  l'avez  voulu,  George  Daiidin,  vous 
l’avez  voulu  ” (‘  You  would  have  jt  so  ’).  His  name  is  a syno- 
nym for  a weak  husband. 

George  Eliot.  See  Cross,  Mrs. 

George  Podiebrad.  See  Podiebrad. 

Georges  (zhorzh),  Mademoiselle  (Marguerite 
Georges  Wemmer).  Born  at  Bayeux,  France, 
about  1786 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1867.  A French 
actress,  especially  famous  in  tragedy. 

George  Sand.  See  Sand,  George. 

Georgetown  (jdrj'toun).  [Named  from  George 
II.  of  England.]  1.  A port  of  entry,  forming 
part  of  the  city  of  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, situated  on  the  Potomac  24  miles  west- 
northwest  of  the  Capitol.  It  is  the  seat  of  George- 
town University  (Roman  Catholic),  which  see,  in  supple- 
ment. Georgetown  was  founded  in  1751,  and  incorpor- 
ated as  a city  in  1789.  Its  charter  was  repealed  in  1871, 
and  it  was  incorporated  with  Washington  in  1878.  It  haB 
large  flour-mills. 

2.  The  capital  of  Scott  County,  Kentucky,  18 
miles  east  of  Frankfort : the  seat  of  Georgetown 
College  (Baptist).  Population,  4,533,  (1910). 
— 3.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  Georgetown 
County,  South  Carolina,  situated  on  Wiuyaw 
Bay  54  miles  northeast  of  Charleston.  Popu- 
lation, 5,530,  (1910). — 4.  A seaport  and  the 
capital  of  British  Guiana,  situated  on  the 
Demerara  near  its  mouth.  Formerly  the  Dutch 
Stabroek.  Population,  53,176. 

George  Wilkes  (jorj  wilks).  A trotting  stallion 
by  Hambletonian  (10),  dam  Dolly  Spanker. 
Next  to  Electioneer  he  was  the  most  successful 
sire  among  Hambletonian’s  sons. 

Georgia  (jor'jia).  [Russ.  Grusia,  Pers.  and 
Turk.  Gurjistan. ] A designation  (non-official) 
of  a region  in  Transcaucasian  Russia,  nearly 
corresponding  to  the  modern  governments  Ye- 
lisabetpol,  Kutais,  and  Tiflis.  It  is  almost  identical 
with  tile  ancient  Iberia.  Georgia  was  conquered  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  but  soon  after  his  death  became  an  in- 
dependent kingdom.  It  was  at  its  height  about  1200,  and 
had  a flourishing  literature.  It  was  subdivided  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  15tli  century,  and  was  annexed  by  Russia 
in  1801.  The  Georgians  are  a very  handsome  race,  of  the 
purest  Caucasian  type. 

Georgia.  [Named  from  George  II.  of  England.] 
One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  United  States 
of  America.  Capital,  Atlanta.  It  isboundedby  Ten- 
nessee and  North  Carolina  on  the  north,  Soutli  Carolina 
(from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Savannah  River)  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Florida  on  the  soutli,  and  Ala- 
bama (from  which  it  is  separated  in  part  by  the  Chattahoo- 
chee River)  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  south, 
undulating  in  the  center,  and  mountainous  in  tiie  north.  It 
is  one  of  the  chief  cotton-producing  States.  Other  leading 
products  are  lumber,  rice,  etc.  The  chief  minerals  arc  gold, 
iron, and  coal.  The  recentdevelopmentof  its  manufactures. 


Gerard 

particularly  of  cotton,  woolens,  and  iron,  is  notable.  There 
are  146  counties.  It  sends  2 senators  and  12  representa- 
tives to  Congress,  and  has  14  electoral  votes.  Georgia  w as 
settled  by  a chartered  company  of  English  colonists  under 
Oglethorpe  in  1733  ; became  a royal  province  in  1752  ; was 
one  of  tlie  thirteen  original  States  (1776) ; seceded  Jan. 
19,  1861 ; and  was  readmitted  June,  1868.  It  is  called  the 
Empire  State  of  the  South.  Area,  59,475  square  miles. 
Population,  2,609,121,  (1910). 

Georgia,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
separating  Vancouver  Island  from  British 
Columbia.  It  is  connected  with  Queen  Charlotte  Sound 
on  the  north  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  on  the  south. 
Length,  about  250  miles.  Greatest  width,  about  30  miles. 
Georgian  Bay  (jor'jian  ba).  The  northeastern 
portion  of  Lake  Huron,  from  the  main  body  of 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Manitoulin  group 
of  islands  and  Cabot’s  Head.  Length,  about 
120  miles.  Width,  about  50  miles. 

Georgies  (jor'jiks).  [L.  Georgica  carmina,  agri- 
cultural poems.]  A poem  by  Vergil,  in  four 
books,  treating  of  agriculture,  the  cultivation 
of  trees,  domestic  animals,  and  bees. 

The  subject  is  treated  with  evident  love  and  the  enthu- 
siasm which  belongs  to  thorough  knowledge,  and  glorified 
and  idealised  as  much  as  its  character  permitted,  so  that 
even  the  didactic  parts  are  not  essentially  different  in 
tone  from  those  which  are  purely  poeticaL  The  poem 
has  thus  been  rendered  the  most  perfect  of  the  larger 
productions  of  Roman  art-poetry. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.,  I.  432. 

Georgium  Sidus  (jor'ji-um  sl'dus).  [NL., 

‘ George’s  star.’]  A name  for  the  planet  now 
called  Uranus,  given  by  its  discoverer,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Herschel,  in  honor  of  George  III.,  but  not 
accepted  by  astronomers. 

Georgswalde  (ga'orgs-val-de).  A town  in 
northern  Bohemia,  36  miles  east  of  Dresden. 
Population,  commune,  8,836,  (1910). 

Gepidse  (jep'i-de),  or  Gepids  (jep'idz).  [L. 
(Vopiseus)  Gepidse,  Gr.  (Procopius)  Tt/iraideg.] 
A Germanic  tribe,  a branch  of  the  Goths,  who 
first  appear  in  history  in  the  reign  of  Probus, 
in  the  3d  century.  Their  original  home  was  appa- 
rently on  the  Baltic,  on  the  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Vistula,  whence  they  joined  the  general  Gothic  move- 
ment southward.  Later  they  had  conquered  Dacia,  where 
they  were,  however,  practically  annihilated  shortly  aftyr 
the  middle  of  the  6th  century  by  the  allied  Lombards  and 
Avars. 

Probably  the  Thervings  and  Greutungs  were  the  only 
people  to  whom  the  name  of  Goths  in  strictness  belonged 
There  was,  however,  a third  tribe,  the  Gepids,  whom  the 
other  two  recognized  as  being,  if  not  exactly  Goths,  at 
any  rate  their  nearest  kinsfolk,  and  as  having  originally 
formed  one  nation  with  them. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  7. 

Gera  (ga'ra).  The  capital  of  Reuss  (younger 
line),  Germany,  on  the  White  Elster  34  miles 
south-southwest  of  Leipsic,  noted  for  varied 
manufactures.  Population,  commune,  46,909. 
Gerace  (ja-ra/ehe).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Reggio  cli  Calabria,  Italy,  in  lat.  38°  21'  N., 
long.  16°  17'  E.,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Locri  Epizephyrii. 

Geraint  (ge-rant').  One  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table.  He  appears  in  the  Mabinogion,  in  the 
romance  “Geraint  the  Son  of  Erbin," which  is  a Welsh 
version  of  Chrestien  de  Troyes’s  “Erec  et  Enide.”  Tenny- 
son has  used  the  stoiy  in  “ Geraint  and  Enid,”  one  of  the 
“ Idylls  of  the  King.” 

Gerald  de  Barry  or  Barri.  [L.  Gerardus,  Ge- 
ra Ulus,  Giraldus;  F.  Girard,  Geraud,  Giraud, 
Girauld;  It.  Gerardo,  Gherardo,  Giraldo;  G. 
Gerhard,  Gerold.]  See  Giraldus  Cambrensis. 
Geraldine  (jer ' al  - din)  the  Fair.  [Fem.  of 
Gerald;  It.  Giralda,  G.  Gerhardine .]  The  lady 
celebrated  in  the  sonnets  of  the  Earl  of  Sur- 
rey, identified  with  Lady  Elizabeth  Fitzgerald. 
Geraidini  (ja-ral-de'ne),'  Alessandro.  Born  in 
Italy,  1455:  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  1525.  A 
prelate  and  scholar.  He  served  as  a soldier,  subse- 
quently took  orders,  and  about  1485  was  made  tutor  to 
the  Spanish  princes.  He  met  Columbus  at  court,  and  is 
said  to  have  favored  his  schemes.  In  1520  he  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  wrote  a Latin 
description  of  his  journey  thither,  and  of  the  island,  pub- 
lished after  his  death  with  the  title  “ Itinerarium  ad  re- 
giones  sub  sequinoctiali  plaga  constitutas  ” (Rome,  1631). 

Geraint)  (zhe-ron'),  Baron  Ferdinand  de. 
Born  at  Lyons,  April  17,  1772:  died  at  Rome, 
March  15,  1848.  A French  Trappist,  procura- 
tor-general of  the  order.  He  published  “ Pele- 
rinage  a Jerusalem  et  au  mont  Sinai”  (1836). 
Gerando  (zha-roh-do'),  Joseph  Marie  de. 
Born  at  Lyons,  Feb.  29,  1772:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.,  1842.  A French  philosopher  and  politi- 
cian. He  wrote  “Histoire  compare  des  syst'  mes  de 
philosophic  ” (1803),  ‘ 1 Du  perfectionnement  moral  ” (1824), 
etc. 

Gerard  (je-rard'),  surnamed  “The  Blessed.” 
Born  about  1040:  died  about  1120.  The  founder 
of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  guardian 
of  a hospital  at  Jerusalem  about  1100 


Gerard,  Alexander 

Gerard  (jer'ard),  Alexander.  Born  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1792:  died  there,  Feb. 

22,  1836.  An  English  soldier  and  explorer.  He 

served  in  India  as  an  engineer,  making  extended  surveys. 
He  ascended  several  peaks  and  passes  of  the  Himalayas, 
reaching  the  height  (on  Mount  Tahigung)  of  19,411  feet. 

Gdrard  (zha-rar'),  Cecile  Jules  Basile.  Born 
at  Pignans,Var,  France,  June  14, 1817 : drowned 
in  West  Africa,  1864.  A French  officer,  lion- 
hunter,  and  traveler  in  Africa  : author  of  “ La 
chasse  au  lion”  (1855),  “ Le  tueur  de  lions” 
(1856),  etc. 

Gerard  (jer'ard),  Charles,  Earl  of  Macclesfield. 
Died  Jan.  7, 1694.  A Royalist  commander  in  the 
civil  war  in  England.  He  commanded  the  Royalist 
forces  in  South  Wales  1644-45  ; was  appointed  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  king's  horse  and  captain  of  the  king’s  body- 
guard in  1645 ; was  created  Baron  Gerard  of  Brandon  in 
1645  ; was  appointed  vice-admiral  of  the  fleet  in  1648  ; was 
created  earl  of  Macclesfield  in  1679  ; was  banished  in  1685 
for  conspiring  against  the  king ; returned  to  England  with 
the  Prince  of  Orange  in  1688 ; and  was  sworn  of  the  privy 
council  and  made  lord  president  of  the  council  of  the 
Welsh  marches,  and  lord  lieutenant  of  Gloucester,  Here- 
ford, Monmouth,  and  North  and  South  Wales,  in  1689. 

G6rard  (zha-rar'),  Comte  Etienne  Maurice. 

Bom  at  Damvillers,  Meuse,  France,  April  4, 
1773:  died  at  Paris,  April  17, 1852.  A French 
marshal,  distinguished  during  the  Napoleonic 
campaigns,  minister  of  war  1830  and  1834.  He 
compelled  the  surrender  of  Antwerp  in  1832. 

G6rard,  Baron  Francois  Pascal.  Born  at  Rome, 
1770:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  11,  1837.  A French 
historical  and  portrait  painter.  Among  his 
works  are  the  “Battle  of  Austerlitz”  and  por- 
traits of  the  Bonapartes. 

Gerard,  Jean  Ignace  Isidore.  See  Grandville. 

Gerard,  or  Gerarde  (jer'ard  or  je-rard'),  John. 
Bom  at  Nantwich,  Cheshire,  England,  1545: 
died  at  London,  Feb.,  1612.  An  English  sur- 
geon and  botanist.  He  published  in  1597  his  “ Her- 
ball,”  founded  on  Dodoens’s  “Pemptades,”  of  which  it  is 
nearly  a translation.  The  genus  Gerardia  was  named  from 
him  by  Linnaeus. 

Gerard  de  Nerval  (zha-rar'  de  ner-val'),  adopt- 
ed name  of  Gerard  Labrunie.  Born  at  Paris, 
May  21,1808:  committed  suicide  at  Paris,  Jan. 
25,  1855.  A French  litterateur,  author  of  va- 
rious translations  (“Faust,”  etc.),  poems,  dra- 
matic works,  travels,  etc. 

Gerardine.  In  Middleton’s  “Family  of  Love,” 
the  passionate  lover  of  Maria. 

G6rardmer  (zha-rar -mar').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Vosges,  France,  22  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Epinal.  It  has  some  manufactures,  and 
is  noted  for  its  picturesque  surroundings.  Population, 
commune,  10,041. 

Gerasa  (jer'a-sa),  modem  Jerash  (je-rash'). 
In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  the  Decapolis, 
Palestine,  56  miles  northeast  of  Jerusalem,  it 
contains  many  antiquities.  The  forum,  which  is  oval  and 
300  feet  long,  is  surrounded  by  a range  of  Ionic  columns, 
many  of  which  still  stand  with  their  entablature.  From 
it  extends  a great  colonnaded  street,  intersecting  the  en- 
tire city,  and  crossed  at  right  angles  by  another.  Over 
100  columns  still  stand  along  the  street.  They  seem  to 
have  formed  a series  of  porticos  with  galleries  above. 
Among  the  remains  are  those  of  a great  temple,  the  cella 
of  which  (66  by  78  feet)  is  in  great  part  standing,  together 
with  many  columns  of  the  peristyle.  A theater  has  28 
tiers  of  seats  still  remaining  above  ground,  with  one  pre- 
cinction,  to  which  vaulted  passages  give  access.  In  the 
back  wall  of  the  precinction  there  are  small  chambers, 
perhaps  boxes.  A gallery  surrounds  the  top  of  the  cavea. 
A smaller  theater  on  the  same  site  is  equally  perfect  and 
interesting. 

Gerba.  See  Jerba. 

Gerber  (gar 'her),  Ernst  Ludwig.  Bora  at 
Sondershausen,  Germany,  Sept.  29,  1746:  died 
at  Sondershausen,  June  30,  1819.  A German 
writer  on  the  history  of  music.  He  published 
“ Historisch-biographiBches  Lexikon  der  Tonkiinstler” 
(1790-92 : completed  1812-14),  etc. 

Gerberon  (zherb-ron'),  Gabriel.  Born  at  St.- 
Calais,  Sarthe,  France,  Aug.  12,  1628:  died  at 
St.-Denis,  near  Paris,  March  29, 1711.  A French 
Jansenist  controversialist. 

Gerbert.  See  Silvester  II. 

Gerbert  (gar'bert),  Martin.  Born  at  Horb, 
Wurtemberg,  Aug.  12,  1720:  died  May  13, 1793. 
A German  Roman  Catholic  prelate,  and  writer 
on  church  music.  He  published  “De  cantu  et  musica 
sacra”  (1774),  “Scriptores  ecclesiasticl  de  musica  sacra 
potissimum  ” (1784). 

Gerdil  (zher-del'),  Hyacinthe  Sigismond. 
Bora  at  Samoens,  Haute-Savoie,  France,  June 

23,  1718 : died  at  Rome,  Aug.  12,  1802.  A Sa- 
voyard cardinal  and  philosophical  writer. 

Gerdy  (zher-de'),  Pierre  Nicolas.  Bom  at 
Loches-sur-Ource,  Aube,  France,  1797 : died  at 
Paris,  1856.  A French  surgeon  and  physiologist. 

Gergovia  (jer-go'vi-a).  Ill  ancient  history,  a 
Gallic  town  situated  on  the  Plateau  de  Gergo- 
vie  to  the  south  of  Clermont-Ferrand,  Franco, 
o.— 28 


433 

Ctesar  besieged  it  in  52  B.  0.,  and  was  defeated  here  by  Ver- 
cingetorix.  There  are  some  relics  on  the  site. 

Gerhard  (ger'hart),  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Edu- 
ard. Born  at  Posen,  Prussia,  Nov.  29,  1795 : 
died  at  Berlin,  May  12, 1867.  A German  archae- 
ologist. His  works  include  “Antike  Bildwerke  ” (1827- 
1844),  “Auserlesene  griechische  Vasenbilder”  (1839-58), 
“Etruskische  Spiegel”  (1839-65),  etc. 

Gerhard,  Johann.  Born  at  Quedlinburg,  Prus- 
sia, Oct.  17, 1582 : died  at  Jena,  Germany,  Aug. 
20,  1637.  A German  Lutheran  theologian.  He 
wrote  “Confessio  eatholica”  (1634),  “Loci  theologici” 
(1610-22),  “ Meditationes  sacrse,”  and  commentaries. 

Gerhardt  (F.  pron.  zha-rar';  G.  pron.  gar'hart), 
Charles  Frederic.  Born  at  Strasburg,  Aug., 
1816 : died  at  Strasburg,  Aug.  19, 1856.  A French 
chemist,  professor  in  the  Faculty  of  Sciences  at 
Montpellier  1844-48.  He  wrote  “ Traite  de 
chimie  organique”  (1853-56),  etc. 

Gerhardt  (ger'hart),  Dagobert  von : pseudo- 
nym Gerhard  von  Amyntor.  Born  July  12, 
1831:  died  Feb.  24,  1910.  A German  soldier 
and  author.  He  served  as  major  in  the  campaigns  of 
1864  and  1870,  and  from  1872  lived  in  retirement  at  Pots- 
dam. H e published  poems  and  numerous  novels  and  tales. 

Gerhardt  (gar'hart),  Paul  (Paulus).  Bom  at 

Grafenhainichen,  near  Wittenberg,  Saxony, 
March  12  (?),  1607 : died  at  Liibben,  Prussia, 
June  7,  1676.  A German  sacred  poet.  He  stud- 
ied at  Wittenberg,  and  lived  subsequently  at  Berlin  as  a 
tutor  until  1651,  when  he  went  as  a clergyman  to  Witten- 
walde.  In  1667  he  was  made  deacon  of  the  N ikolai  church 
in  Berlin,  a position  which  he  was  compelled  to  renounce 
in  1666  because  he  refused  to  comply  with  the  command 
of  the  elector  to  refrain  from  teaching  from  the  pulpit 
the  dogmas  of  Lutheranism  as  against  Calvinism.  In  1668, 
nevertheless,  he  was  called  as  archdeacon  to  Liibben,  a 
post  which  he  occupied  from  the  spring  of  1669  until  his 
death.  His  first  church  hymns  were  published  in  1648. 
In  1667  appeared  the  first  complete  edition  of  120  hymns. 
A historical  and  critical  edition  was  published  at  Berlin, 
1866. 

Gericault  (zha-re-ko'),  Jean  Louis  Andre 
Theodore.  Born  at  Rouen,  France.  Sept.  26, 
1791:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  26,  1824.  A French 
painter.  His  most  noted  work,  “ The  Raft  of 
the  Medusa”  (1819),  is  in  the  Louvre.  He  re- 
sided for  a time  in  London. 

Gerizim  (ger'i-zim).  In  scriptural  geography, 
a mountain  of  Samaria,  Palestine,  2,848  feet 
high,  situated  opposite  Mount  Ebal  27  miles 
north  of  J erusalem.  See  Ebal. 

Gerlach  (gar'lach),  Franz  Dorotheus.  Born 
at  Wolfsbehringen,  in  Gotha,  Germany,  July  18, 
1793:  died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Oct.  31, 1876. 
A German  philologist  and  historian,  editor  of 
Latin  classics,  etc. 

Gerlach,  Otto  von.  Born  at  Berlip,  April  12, 
1801 : died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  24,  1849.  A German 
Protestant  clergyman  and  theological  writer. 

Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  (gerls'dorf-er  spit'se).  The 
highest  summit  of  the  Tatra  group  in  the  Car- 
pathian Mountains.  Height,  8,737  feet. 

Germain  (jer-man'),  George  Sackville,  first 
Viscount  Sackville  (Lord  George  Sackville 
1720-70,  Lord  George  Germain  1770-82).  Bora 
Jan.  26, 1716 : died  Aug.  26,  1785.  An  English 
soldier,  third  son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Dorset, 
created  Viscount  Sackville  in  1782.  He  served 
(as  colonel)  in  Flanders  1743-45 ; was  first  secretary  to  the 
lord  lieutenant  and  secretary  of  war  for  Ireland  1761-56 ; 
was  appointed  major-general  in  1765,  and  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  1767  ; joined  in  the  descent  on  the  French  coast  in 
1758;  served  as  second  in  command  under  Marlborough 
in  Hannover  in  the  same  year ; and  succeeded  to  the  chief 
command  on  Marlborough’s  death.  He  fell  into  disgrace 
on  account  of  blunders  committed  at  the  battle  of  Minden 
(Aug.  1,  1759),  and  was  dismissed  from  the  army. 

German  Confederation,  G.  Deutscher  Bund 

(doit'sher  bout).  The  confederation  of  Ger- 
man states  constituted  by  the  Congress  of  Vi- 
enna in  1815,  replacing  the  ancient  empire, 
each  state  remaining  independent  in  internal 
affairs.  Austria  (which  entered  the  confederation  for 
her  German  dominions,  Upper  and  Lower  Austria,  Bohe- 
mia. Moravia,  Silesia,  Salzburg,  Tyrol,  Vorarlberg,  Styria, 
Carinthia  and  Camiola,  Gorz,  and  Triest)  had  the  lead. 
Other  members  were  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg,  Sax- 
ony, Hannover,  Baden,  Hesse-Cassel,  Saxe-Weimar,  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Oldenburg, 
Brunswick,  Nassau,  Saxe- Alten burg,  Saxe-Meiningen, 
Saxe-Hildburghausen,  Saxe-Coburg,  Saxe-Gotha,  Schwarz- 
burg-Rudolstadt,  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  the  Hohen- 
zollerns,  Liechtenstein,  Anhalt-Dessau,  Anhalt-Kothen, 
Waldeek,  Reuss  (elder  line),  Reuss  (younger  line),  Lippe, 
Schaumburg-Lippe,  Hesse-Homburg,  Lubeck,  Frank- 
fort, Bremen,  and  Hamburg.  Several  minor  changes 
took  place  in  the  composition  of  the  confederation.  The 
Diet  met  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  The  King  of  the 
Netherlands  entered  the  confederation  for  Luxemburg, 
and  the  King  of  Denmark  for  Holstein  and  Lauenburg. 
The  Prussian  provinces  of  East  and  West  Prussia  and 
Posen  were  not  included.  The  confederation  was  dis- 
solved as  one  result  of  the  war  of  1866,  and  was  replaced 
by  the  North  German  Confederation. 

German  East  Africa.  See  East  Africa. 
German  Empire, G.  Deutsches  Reich  (doich'es 


Germany 

rich).  1.  The  Holy  Roman  Empire  (which 
see). — 2.  The  modem  empire  of  Germany, 
constituted  in  1871.  See  Germany. 

Germania  (j^r-man'i-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  region  included  between  the  North  Sea, 
Baltic,  Vistula,  Danube,  and  Rhine  (from  near 
Mainz  to  near  Emmerich) : often  extended  to 
include  certain  territories  west  of  the  Rhine. 
In  the  first  sense  it  was  never  a part  of  the 
Roman  Empire. 

Germania.  A celebrated  work  by  Tacitus,  re- 
lating to  the  Germans. 

Germania  Inferior.  A province  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  left  of  the  lower  course  of  the  Rhine, 
in  the  lower  and  middle  basins  of  the  Meuse. 

Germania  Superior.  A province  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  left  of  the  middle  Rhine,  including 
Alsace,  etc. 

Germanic  Confederation.  See  German  Con- 
federation. 

Germanicus  (jer-man'i-kus),  Caesar.  Born  15 
b.  c. : died  near  Antioch,  Oct.  9,  19  a.  d.  A 
Roman  general,  son  of  Nero  Claudius  Drasus 
and  nephew  of  the  emperor  Tiberius.  He  con- 
ducted three  campaigns  against  the  Germans  14-16,  and 
in  the  latter  year  defeated  Arminius  in  a great  battle  on 
the  Campus  Idistavisus  between  Minden  and  Hameln.  He 
was  recalled  through  the  jealousy  of  the  emperor,  re- 
ceived a triumph  at  Rome  in  17,  and  in  18  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  eastern  provinces.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  poisoned  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor. 

German  Milton,  The.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  Klopstock. 

German  Ocean.  See  North  Sea. 

German  Plato,  The.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  Jacobi. 

German-Roman  Empire.  See  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire. 

Germans  (jer'manz).  [L .Germani.']  An  impor- 
tant Teutonic  race  inhabiting  central  Europe : 
the  inhabitants  of  Germany.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Christian  era  the  Germans  occupied  central  Europe 
eastward  to  the  Vistula,  southward  to  the  Carpathians  and 
Danube,  and  westward  to  beyond  the  Rhine.  Among  their 
chief  tribes  were  the  Suevi,  Lombards,  Vandals,  Heruli, 
Chatti,  Quadi,  Ubii,  and  Cherusci.  After  the  epoch  of  mi- 
grations in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries,  many  tribes,  as 
the  Franks,  Burgundians,  Lombards,  and  Vandals,  settled 
permanently  in  other  regions,  and  became  merged  in  the 
new  French,  Italian,  and  Spanish  nations.  In  the  east 
the  Germans  were  displaced  by  Slavs,  although  impor- 
tant parts  of  this  region  have  since  been  Germanized. 
Since  about  the  12th  century  the  Germans  have  called 
themselves  die  Deutschen.  In  medieval  and  modern  times 
they  have  occupied  a region  which  has  had  many  politi- 
cal changes,  but  which  has  remained  of  substantially  the 
same  extent  for  centuries.  The  former  Roman-German 

• Empire  contained  various  lands  not  inhabited  by  Gei’- 
mans.  At  the  present  time  the  Germans  form  the  great 
majority  in  the  reconstituted  German  Empire  ; they  num- 
ber over  one  fourth  of  the  inhabitants  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary, chiefly  in  the  western  and  northwestern  parts ; there 
are  about  2,000,000  Germans  in  the  Baltic  provinces  and 
elsewhere  in  Russia ; and  about  two  thirds  of  the  Swiss 
are  of  German  race  and  language. 

German  Southwest  Africa.  A German  de- 
pendency situated  between  the  Orange  River 
and  Angola,  and  between  the  Atlantic  and 
long.  20°-25°  E.  It  covers  322,450  square  miles,  with 
about  120,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  12,000  are  white.  North 
of  the  Swakop  River  the  country  is  called  Herero-  or 
Damara-land  ; south  of  it,  Great  Namaland  or  Namaqua- 
land.  The  soil  is  arid,  yielding  only  scant  pasturage. 
In  the  Kunene  valley  (Ovampo-land)  alone  can  land 
suitable  for  agriculture  be  found.  Copper  and  diamonds 
have  been  found  and  mined.  The  best  harbor  of  the 
coast  Walflsch  Bay,  is  British.  Five  German  companies 
are  still  at  work  here  — the  Colonization  Society  ; the  Set- 
tlement Company,  which  is  trying  to  settle  German  and 
South  African  colonists  ; a private  cattle-raising  company, 
with  imperial  subsidy ; and  the  West  African  Company 
and  Southwest  African  Company,  which  are  largely  or 
wholly  English.  This  colony  began  with  the  purchase,  by 
F.  A.  S.  Liideritz,  of  some  land  around  Angra  Pequena. 
Over  this  Germany  hoisted  her  flag  in  1884,  claiming  at  the 
same  time  all  the  coast  between  the  Orange  River  and 
Cape  Frio.  Herero-land  was  annexed  by  treaty  in  1885, 
was  lost  in  1888,  and  was  regained  by  force  in  1889.  Portu- 
gal in  1886  and  England  in  1890  recognized  the  present 
boundaries.  Henric  Witboy,  a civilized  chief  of  the  Nama 
Hottentots  who  had  never  submitted  to  the  German  au- 
thorities, was  defeated  in  1893. 

Germantown  (jer'man-toun).  A former  borough 
of  Pennsylvania,  since  1854  a part  of  Phila- 
delphia, situated  6 miles  north-northwest  of  the 
old  state-house.  Here,  Oct.  4,  1777,  the  Americans  un- 
der Washington  were  repulsed  by  the  British,  the  loss  of 
the  Americans  being  about  700,  that  of  the  British  over 
500. 

Germanus  (jer-ma'nus),  Saint,  F.  St.  Germain 
l’Auxerrois.  Born  at  Auxerre  about  378 : died 
at  Ravenna,  Italy,  about  448.  A French  prelate, 
bishop  of  Auxerre. 

Germanus,  Saint,  of  Paris.  Born  at  Autun, 
France,  about  496 : died  about  576.  A French 
prelate,  bishop  of  Paris.  The  Church  of  St. 
Germain-des-Pres  (Paris)  was  named  from  him. 

Germany  (jer'ma-ni).  [ME.  Germanie,  OF.  Ger- 
manic, sp.  Germania,  Pg.  It.  Germania,  from  L. 


Germany 

Germania,  Gr.  Teppavia , from  L.  Germani,  Gr. 
Tepfiavoi,  Germans.  Another  name  appears  in 
the  obs.  E.  Almain,  Almayne,  fromF.  Allemagne, 
Sp.  Alemania , Pg.  Alemania,  It.  Alemagna,  ML. 
Alamania,  A lemamila.  from  Alemanni,  Alamanni, 
the  Alamanni  (which  see).  A third  name  is  the 
obs.  E.  Dutchland,  ME.  Duchelond,  D.  Duitsch- 
land,  G.  Deutschland .]  A country  of  central  Eu- 
rope . The  country  has  been  of  widely  different  extent,  and 
the  name  of  different  significance,  at  different  times.  The 
present  Germany,  or  the  German  Empire  (G.  Deutsches 
Reich),  one  of  the  great  European  powers,  is  bounded 
by  the  North  Sea,  Denmark,  and  the  Baltic  Sea  ou  the 
north,  Russia  and  Austria-Hungary  on  the  east,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary (partly  separated  by  the  Sudetic  Mountains, 
Riesengebirge,  Erzgebirge,  and  Alps)  and  Switzerland 
(separated  mainly  by  the  Rhine  and  Lake  of  Con- 
stance) on  the  south,  and  France  (partly  separated  by 
the  Vosges),  Luxemburg  (separated  by  the  Moselle  and 
Our),  Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  west.  It  ex- 
tends from  lat.  47"  16'  to  55°  54'  N.,  and  from  long.  5°  52'  to  22° 
64'  E.  The  northern  part  belongs  to  the  great  northern 
plain  ; the  middle  aird  southern  parts  are  generally  hilly 
and  mountainous.  The  chief  mountains  are  the  Alps, 
Black  Forest,  Vosges,  Swabian  and  Franconian  Jura,  Fich- 
telgebirge,  Erzgebirge,  Taunus,  Thiiringerwald,  Harz, 
mountains  of  Westphalia  and  the  Rhine,  Riesengebirge, 
and  Bbhmerwald.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Rhine  (with 
the  Moselle,  Neckar,  and  Main),  Ems,  Weser,  Elbe,  Oder, 
Vistula,  and  Danube.  The  main  products  are  grain,  beet- 
root, hemp,  flax,  and  wine.  There  are  mines  of  iron, 
coal,  salt,  copper,  zinc,  lead,  silver,  etc.,  and  important 
manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen,  linen,  iron,  steel,  sugar, 
beer,  etc.  Germany  contains  26  states : Prussia,  Bava- 
ria, Wurtemberg,  Baden,  Saxony,  Hesse,  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Oldenburg,  Brunswick, 
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Saxe-Mein- 
ingen,  Saxe-Altenburg,  Waldeck,  Lippe,  Schaumburg- 
Lippe,  Reuss  (elder  line),  Reuss  (younger  line),  Anhalt, 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 
Hamburg,  Bremen,  Lubeck,  and  the  “Reichsland  "Alsace- 
Lorraine.  The  government  is  a constitutional  monarchy  ; 
the  King  of  Prussia  is  hereditary  German  emperor.  The 
legislature  consists  of  a Bundesrat  of  61  members  and  a 
Reichstag  of  397  members.  The  language  of  the  great 
majority  is  German  ; other  nationalities  are  Poles,  Lithu- 
anians, Wends,  Czechs,  Danes,  French,  and  Walloons.  The 
religion  of  a large  majority  is  Protestant ; about  35  per 
cent,  are  Roman  Catholics.  The  foreign  dependencies  are 
Togoland,  Kamerun,  German  Southwest  Africa  (protecto- 
rate), German  East  Afriea(protectorate),  Kaiser  Wilhelm’s 
Land(a  protectorate  in  Papua),  Bismarck  Archipelago  (pro- 
tectorate), Kiao-Chau  (lease),  a part  of  the  Solomon  Islands, 
Marshall  islands,  Mariana  Islands,  Caroline  Islands,  Pelew 
Islands,  and  Upolu  andSavaii  in  the  Samoan  Islands.  The 
present  empire  replaced  the  North  German  Confederation, 
and  is  based  on  treaties  between  that  body  and  the  different 
South  German  states.  William  I.,  king  of  Prussia,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  at  Versailles,  Jan.  18,1871.  The  empire  was 
one  result  of  the  successful  war  with  France  in  1870-71.  Re- 
cent events  have  been  the  “Kulturkampf,’’the  rise  of  the  So- 
cialDemocrats,the  union  of  the  three  emperors(ofGermany, 
Austria-Hungary,  and  Russia),  replaced  by  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance (Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Italy),  the  acquisi- 
tion since  1884  of  foreign  dependencies  and  “spheres  of  in- 
fluence, " and  the  retirement  of  Bismarck  in  1890.  (See  Ger- 
mania, Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  German  Confederation; 
also  Prussia,  Bavaria,  and  the  different  states.)  Area, 
208,780  square  miles.  Population,  64,903,423. 

He  [Tacitus)  includes  in  Germany  all  the  countries  lying 
north  of  the  Danube  and  west  of  the  line  of  the  Vistula,  as 
far  as  the  Arctic  Regions : taking  in  Bohemia,  Silesia,  Po- 
land, Pomerania,  and  a vast  number  of  Slavonian  districts 
besides,  over  an  area  about  three  times  as  large  as  that 
which  is  now  allowed  to  the  Teutonic  stock. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eug.  Hist.,  p.  41. 
Germersheim  (ger'mers-him).  A fortified  town 
in  the  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  theQueich  with  the  Rhine,  8 miles  south- 
west of  Spires.  The  town  was  founded  by  Rudolf  I. 
in  1276  on  the  site  of  an  earlier  stronghold.  It  is  an  im- 
portant strategic  point,  and  was  the  scene  of  a defeat  of 
the  French  under  Beauharnais  by  the  Austrians  under 
Wurmser,  July  19  and  22,  1793.  Population,  commune, 
5,914. 

Germinal  (zhar-me-nal').  [F.,  ‘the  germinat- 
ing.’] The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  Na- 
tional Convention  of  the  first  French  republic 
for  the  seventh  month  of  the  year,  it  consisted 
of  30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1 to  7 with  March  21, 
and  in  the  years  8 to  13  with  March  22. 

Germinal  Insurrection.  The  insurrection 
(“bread  riots”)  at  Paris  against  the  Conven- 
tion, 12th  Germinal,  year  in  (April  1,  1795). 
Gero  (ga'ro).  Died  May  20, 965.  A German  hero. 
He  was  made  margrave  of  the  Ostmark  in  939,  and  com- 
pelled the  Slavic  tribes  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Oder  to 
acknowledge  his  suzerainty.  He  is  referred  to  in  the 
“ Niebelungenlied.” 

G6rome  (zha-rom'),  Jean  Leon.  Born  May  11, 
1824 : died  Jan.  10, 1904.  A celebrated  French 
painter.  He  became  professor  of  painting  at  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  in  1863.  His  first  appearance  at  the  Salon  was 
in  1847.  His  works  include  “ Madonna  and  St.  John  ”(1848), 
“Anacreon  with  Bacchus  and  Cupid”  (1848),  “Bacchus 
and  Cupid  Intoxicated  ” (1850),“  Greek  Interior,"  “Souve- 
nir of  Italy  ” (1851),  “ View  of  Psestum  " (1852),  “An  Idyl  ” 
(1863),  “Russian  Concert,"  “Age  of  Augustus”  (1855), 
“Egyptian  Recruits  crossing  the  Desert,"  “ Memnon  and 
Sesostris,"  “Camels  at  a Watering-place”  (1857).  “Gladi- 
ators saluting  Caesar,"  “King Candaules ” (1859),  “Phryne 
before  the  Tribunal,"  “ Alcibiades  in  the  House  of  Aspa- 
Bia,"  “Rembrandt  Etching"  (1861),  “ Prisoner " (1863), 
“Reception  of  Siamese  Ambassadors  at  Fontainebleau,” 
“Prayer  "(1865), “Cleopatra  and  Caesar,”  “ Door  of  Mosque 
Of  El-Hacamyn  " (1866),  “Slave  Market,"  "Clothing  Mer- 


434 

chant,”  “Death  of  Caesar"  (1867),  "Seventh  of  December, 
1816”(1868),  “Jerusalem,"  “Cairo  Peddler,”  “Promenade 
of  the  Harem”  (1869),  “Rex  Tibicen,"  “Santon  at  the 
Door  of  a Mosque,"  “Women  at  the  Bath,"  “Bashi-Ba- 
zouks  Dancing,"  “Return  from  the  Chase ” (1878),  “Slave 
Market  in  Rome,”  “ Night  in  the  Desert,"  “Danse  du  ba- 
ton ” (1884),  “ Great  Bath  at  Brusa  ” (1885),  etc.  C.  C.  Per- 
him,  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 

Gerona  (Ha-ro'nii).  1.  A province  in  Catalo- 
nia, Spain,  bounded  by  France  on  the  north, 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  east,  and  Barcelona 
and  Lerida  on  the  south  and  west.  Area,  2,264 
square  miles.  Population,  299,287. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Gerona,  situated 
on  the  Ter  55  miles  northeast  of  Barcelona. 
It  has  a cathedral  which  dates  from  the  14th  and  15th  cen- 
turies. The  roof  is  remarkable  in  that  it  covers  in  a single 
span,  with  a vault  of  73  feet,  the  entire  width  of  nave  and 
aisles  of  the  sanctuary.  There  is  a 14th-century  cloister, 
with  beautiful  capitals.  The  town  is  noted  for  its  sieges, 
especially  those  of  1808  and  1809  by  the  French.  Popula- 
tion, 16,111. 

Geronimo  (je-ron'i-mo).  A North  American 
Indian,  chief  of  the  Chiricahua  band  of  the 
Apache  tribe.  He  commanded  a party  who  were  pur- 
sued first  by  General  George  Crook  and  afterward  by  Gen- 
eral Nelson  A.  Miles  in  1886.  He  was  captured  in  the  sum- 
mer of  that  year.  Died  at  Fort  Sill,  Okla.,  Feb.  17,  1909. 

Geronte  (zha-ront').  In  French  comedy,  a com- 
mon name  for  a credulous  and  ridiculous  old 
man.  Originally,  as  in  Corneille’s  “Lementeur,”  he  was 
old  and  not  ridiculous,  but  theGdrontes  in  Molifere’s  “Le 
m^decin  malgrd  lui  ”and  “Les  fourberies  de  Scapin”  be- 
came a type.  Regnard  introduces  a Geronte  in  “Le 
joueur,”  “Le  retour  imprevu,”  and  “Le  legataire  uni- 
versel.” 

Gerontius  (je-ron'shi-us).  A British  general  in 
the  army  of  the  usurper  Constantine . He  rebelled 
against  his  master  in  409,  and  proclaimed  one  Maximus 
emperor.  He  drove  Constantine’s  son,  Constans,  out  of 
Spain,  and,  when  Constans  was  captured  by  the  insurgents 
at  Vienne,  orderedhim  to  be  put  to  death.  He  was  even- 
tually abandoned  by  his  troops,  and,  being  surrounded  by 
a superior  enemy,  put  himself  to  death. 

Gerrard  (je-riird').  1.  The  real  name  of  the 
King  of  the  Beggars  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s 
“ Beggar’s  Bush.”  He  goes  under  the  name  of 
Clause. — 2.  The  “ gentleman  dancing-master  ” 
in  Wycherley’s  comedy  of  that  name.  He  is  a per- 
fumed coxcomb  who,  to  conduct  an  intrigue  with  Hippo- 
lita  under  the  nose  of  her  father  and  duenna,  is  induced 
to  assume  the  role  of  a dancing-master. 

Gerrha  (jer'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a city 
of  Arabia  Felix,  situated  on  the  Persian  Gulf. 
It  was  important  in  the  7th  and  6th  centuries  B.  c.,  under 
the  Assyrians,  Babylonians,  and  Persians. 

Gerry  "(ger'i),  Elbridge.  Born  at  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  July  17, 1744:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Nov.  23,  1814.  An  American  statesman.  He 
was  a member  of  the  Continental  Congress  1776-80  and 
1783-85 ; a delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  in 
1787  ; member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1789-93 ; 
commissioner  to  France  1797-98 ; governor  of  Massachu- 
setts 1810-12;  and  Vice-President  1813-14.  During  his 
governorship  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  redistricted 
the  State  in  an  arbitrary  manner  (1811),  to  procure  a ma- 
jority for  the  Democrats  in  the  elections  for  State  senators. 
It  was  erroneously  thought  that  the  redistricting  was  un- 
dertaken at  his  instigation  (whence  arose  the  word  “ger- 
rymander,” in  allusion  to  the  fancied  resemblance  between 
a salamander  and  a map  of  the  new  districts  of  the  State). 
Gers  (zhar).  A department  of  southern  France, 
capital  Aueh:  part  of  the  ancient  Gascony. 
It  is  bounded  by  Lot-et-Garonne  on  the  north,  Tarn-et- 
Garonne  and  Haute-Garonne  on  the  east,  Haute-Garonne, 
Hautes- Pyrenees,  and  liasses-Pyrenees  on  the  south,  and 
Landes  on  the  west.  Area,  2,428  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 231,088. 

Gersau  (ger'sou).  A village  in  the  canton  of 
Schwyz,  Switzerland,  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne 
near  the  Righi.  It  was  a republic  from  1390  to 
the  wars  of  the  French  Revolution. 

Gerson  (zher-son' ),  Jean  Cliarlier  de.  Born  at 
Gerson,  Ardennes,  Dec.  14, 1363 : died  at  Lyons, 
July  12, 1429.  A noted  French  theologian.  He 
was  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Paris,  and  was  promi- 
nent in  the  councils  of  Pisa  and  Constance,  striving  for 
the  unity  of  the  church  and  for  ecclesiastical  reforms.  In 
1419  he  went  to  Lyons,  where  he  died.  The  authorship  of 
the  “De  imitatione  Christi ” (which  see)  has  been  attrib- 
uted to  him. 

Jean  Charlier,  or  Gerson,  one  of  the  most  respectable 
and  considerable  names  of  the  later  mediaeval  literature. 
Gerson  was  born  in  1363,  at  a village  of  the  same  name  in 
Lorraine.  He  early  entered  the  College  de  Navarre,  and 
distinguished  himself  under  Peter  d’Ailly,  the  most  fa- 
mous of  the  later  nominalists.  He  became  Chancellor  of 
the  University,  received  a living  in  Flanders,  and  for  many 
years  preached  in  the  most  constantly  attended  churches 
of  Paris.  He  represented  the  University  at  the  Council 
of  Constance,  and,  becoming  obnoxious  to  the  Burgundian 
party,  sought  refuge  with  one  of  his  brothers  at  Lyons, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  taught  little  children.  He  died 
in  1429.  Gerson,  it  is  perhaps  needless  to  say,  is  one  of 
the  numerous  candidates  (but  one  of  the  least  likely)  for 
the  honour  of  having  written  the  “Imitation.” 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  141. 

Gersoppa,  Falls  of.  A cataract  in  the  river 
Shiravati,  India,  which  here  breaks  through  the 
western  Ghauts  about  100  miles  southeast  of 
Goa.  Height,  830  feet  (in  four  falls). 


Gervinus 

Gerstacker  (ger'stek-er),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 

Hamburg,  May  10,  1816:  died  at  Brunswick, 
May  31,  1872.  A German  writer  and  traveler. 
In  1837  he  went  to  America,  where  he  traveled  extensively 
until  1843,  when  he  returned  to  Germany  and  adopted 
literature  as  a profession.  During  1849  to  1852  he  made 
a journey  around  the  world.  In  1860-61  he  traveled  in 
South  America.  In  1862  he  accompanied  the  Duke  of 
Coburg-Gotha  to  Egypt  and  Abyssinia.  In  1867  he  was  in 
the  United  States,  Mexico,  and  Venezuela,  returning  to 
Germany  in  1868.  His  last  years  were  spent  in  Brunswick. 
He  was  a voluminous  writer  of  novels,  tales,  and  stories  of 
adventure  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Bearing  upon  Amer- 
ica are,  among  others,  “Streif-  und  Jagdziige  durch  die 
Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nord-amerika  ” (“Rambling  and 
Hunting  Excursions  through  the  United  States  of  North 
America,”  1844),  “Die  Regulatoren  in  Arkansas”  (“The 
Regulators  of  Arkansas,”  1845),  “ Mississippibilder ” 
(“Mississippi  Pictures,”  1847-48),  “Die  Flusspiraten  des 
Mississippi”  (“The  River  Pirates  of  the  Mississippi,” 
1848),  “ Amerikanische  Wald-  und  Strombilder  " (“Amer- 
ican Forest  and  Stream  Pictures,"  1849),  “Wie  istesdenn 
nun  eigentlich  in  Amerika?”  (“How  is  it  then,  really,  in 
America?”  1853),  “ Nach  Amerika”  (“To  America,”  1856), 
“Kalifornische  Skizzen”  (“California  Sketches,"  1856). 
His  collected  works  appeared  after  his  death  in  44  volumes 
(1872-79). 

Gerster_(gar'ster),  Etelka.  Bom  at  Kaschau, 
June  17,  1855.  A Hungarian  singer  (soprano). 
She  was  a pupil  of  Madame  Marchesi  at  Vienna,  and  made 
her  first  appearance  in  1876  at  Venice  as  Gilda  in  “Rigo- 
letto.”  She  has  sung  with  success  in  all  the  principal 
cities  of  Europe.  She  came  to  America  in  1878,  1880,  and 
1887.  In  1877  she  married  Pietro  Gardini,  her  director. 
Gertrude  (ger'trod),  Saint.  Died  March  17, 
659.  An  abbess  of  Nivelles  in  Brabant,  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Pippin  of  Landen,  majordomo  to  Clo- 
taire  II. , and  Itta.  On  the  death  of  Pippin,  Itta  built  a 
cloister  at  Nivelles,  which  included  both  a monastery  and 
a nunnery,  and  Gertrude  became  abbess  of  the  latter. 
She  is  commemorated  throughout  Brabant  on  March  17. 
Gertrude,  Saint,  surnamed  “The Great.”  Bom 
in  Germany,  Jan.  6,  1256:  died  1311.  A Ger- 
man mystic.  She  was  placed  in  the  convent  of  Helfta 
at  the  age  of  five,  and  studied  the  liberal  arts  with  great 
zeal  until  her  twenty-fifth  year,  when,  in  consequence  of 
supernatural  visions,  she  began  to  devote  herself  to  the 
study  of  the  Scriptures  and  the  writings  of  the  fathers. 
Her  visions  are  recorded  in  her  “ Insinuationes  divirue 
pietatis,”  the  first  printed  edition  of  which  appeared  in 
1662.  She  is  commemorated  Nov.  15. 

Gertrude.  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “Hamlet,”  the 
mother  of  Hamlet,  and  queen  of  Denmark,  she 
is  a weak  woman  whose  share  in  her  second  husband's 
crime  is  doubtful.  She  dies  accidentally  of  poison  prepared 
for  Hamlet. 

2.  The  ambitious,  extravagant  daughter  of  the 
goldsmith  in  Marston,  Chapman,  and  Jonson’s 
“Eastward  Hoe.” 

Gertrude  of  Wyoming.  A poem  by  Thomas 
Campbell,  published  in  1809. 

Gertruydenberg,  or  Gertruidenberg  (ger- 
troi'den-bero),  D.  Geertruidenberg  (Gar-troi'- 
den-bero).  A town  in  the  province  of  North 
Brabant,  Netherlands,  25  miles  southeast  of 
Rotterdam.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  con- 
ference June  10-July  25,  1710,  designed  to  terminate  the 
war  between  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Allies. 

Louis  agreed  to  give  up  — (1)  to  the  Dutch,  ten  fortresses 
in  Flanders  as  a barrier ; (2)  to  the  Empire,  Luxembourg, 
Strasburg,  Brisach  ; (3)  to  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  Exilles  and 
Fenestrelles ; (4)  to  England,  Newfoundland.  But  though 
he  would  allow  the  Archduke  Charles  to  be  King  of  Spain, 
he  refused  to  assist  the  Allies  to  expel  Philip  from  Madrid. 

Acland  and  Ramome,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  128. 

Gerund,  or  Gerundio,  Friar.  See  Fray  Gerun- 

dio. 

Gervais  (zher-va/),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept. 
26, 1816 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  10, 1879.  A French 
zoologist  and  paleontologist.  He  was  at  first  assis- 
tant to  Blaineville  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  and  became 
professor  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  natural  sciences  at 
Montpellier  in  1846,  professor  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1865, 
and  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Jardin  de3 
Plantes  in  1868. 

Gervase  (jer'vas),  or  Gervaise  (jer-vaz'),  of 
Canterbury.  Born  about  1140:  died  early  in  the 
13th  century.  An  English  monk  and  chronicler. 
He  wrote  a history  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  to  the 
accession  of  Hubert ; a chronicle  of  the  reigns  of  Stephen, 
Henry  II.,  and  Richard  I.  ; a “Mappa  Mundi,”  showing 
the  bishops’  sees,  monasteries,  etc.,  in  each  county  of 
England ; etc. 

Gervase,  or  Gervaise,  of  Tilbury.  Bom  prob- 
ably at  Tilbury,  Essex:  died  probably  about 
1235.  An  English  historical  writer.  He  was 
called,  without  foundation,  a grandson  of  Henry  II.  He 
became  a favorite  of  the  emperor  Otho  IV.,  and  wrote  for 
his  amusement  “ Otia  Imperialia  ” (about  1211),  a valuable 
medley  of  the  tales  and  superstitions  of  the  middle  ages. 

Gervex  (zher-va').  Henri.  Born  at  Paris,  1852. 
A French  painter,  a pupil  of  Cabanel,  Fromen- 
tin,  and  Brisset:  a member  of  the  impressionist 
school.  Among  his  paintings  are  “Diane etEndymion  ’’ 
(1875),  ‘ Retour  du  bal  " (1879),  “Le  mariage  civil”  (1881 : 
a decorative  panel  for  the  mairie  of  the  19th  arrondisse- 
ment  at  Paris),  “Bassin  de  LaVillette"  (1882:  for, the 
same  building),  “La  femme  au  masque"  (1886),  “A  la 
R4publique  frangaise  " (1890:  at  the  Salon  of  the  Champ 
de-Mars). 

Gervinus  (ger-fe'nos),  Georg  Gottfried.  Born 
at  Darmstadt,  Germany,  May  20, 1805 : died  at 


Gervinus 

Heidelberg,  March  18,  1871.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man historian  and  critic.  He  became  professor  (ex- 
traordinary) at  Heidelberg  in  1836,  and  professor  of  his- 
tory and  literature  at  Gottingen  in  1836 ; was  one  of  the 
seven  professors  driven  from  that  university  in  1837  for 
protesting  against  the  suspension  of  the  constitution  of 
Hanover  ; and  became  honorary  professor  at  Heidelberg 
in  1844.  His  works  include  “Geschichte  der  poetischen 
National-litteratur  der  Deutschen ’’  (5th  edition,  “Ge- 
schichte der  deutschen  Dichtung,”  1871-74 : “ History  of 
German  Poetry’’),  “Shakspere”  (4  vols.  1849-50),  “Ge- 
schichte des  neunzehnten  Jahrhunderts  " (“  History  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,”  1856-66),  etc. 

Gteryon  ( je ' ri  - on),  or  Geryones  (je  - r! ' o-  nez) . 
[Gr.  Tepvuv  or  Tr/pv6vpr.']  In  Greek  mythology, 
a monster  with  three  heads  or  three  bodies  and 
powerful  wings,  son  of  Chrysaor  and  Callirrhoe, 
dwelling  in  the  island  of  Erytheia  in  the  far 
west.  He  possessed  a large  herd  of  red  cattle  guarded  by 
Eurytion  (his  shepherd)  and  the  two-headed  dog  Orthrus. 
Hercules  carried  these  cattle  away,  and  slew  Geryon. 
Ges  (zhas),  or  Crans  (kranz).  A race  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians  in  northern  Goyaz  and  western 
Maranhao:  so  named  by  ethnologists  because 
the  names  of  their  numerous  clans  generally 
end  in  gS  (‘father,  ancestor’)  or  cran  (‘son, 
descendant’).  The  Portuguese  of  Maranhao  called 
them  Timbiras.  Among  the  best-known  clans  are  the 
Apinages,  GuapindagOs,  and  Macamacrans.  In  all  the 
language  is  essentially  the  same.  They  are  large,  strong, 
and  often  handsome  Indians  ; lead  a wandering  life  during 
the  dry  season,  but  have  fixed  villages  and  small  planta- 
tions for  the  rainy  months  ; never  use  hammocks,  but 
sleep  on  raised  beds  made  of  sticks  ; and,  in  a wild  state, 
go  entirely  naked.  Until  about  1830  they  were  continually 
at  war  with  the  whites.  Latterly  the  Apinages  and  some 
others  have  been  drawn  into  mission  villages.  They  still 
number  many  thousands.  Von  Martius  united  the  Ges 
with  the  Cayapbs,  Chavantes,  Across,  Tecunas,  and  many 
other  tribes  in  eastern,  central,  and  northern  Brazil,  in 
what  he  called  the  Ges  or  Crans  stock  ; but  this  classifica- 
tion has  been  generally  abandoned,  and  the  true  position 
of  the  Gfis  is  doubtful. 

Geselschap  (aa-sel'schap),  Eduard.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  March  22,  1814:  died  at  Diissel- 
dorf,  Jan.  5,  1878.  A genre  painter,  a pupil  of 
the  Diisseldorf  Academy.  His  works,  of  which  the 
earlier  are  of  a romantic  character,  include  “Gotz  von 
Berlichingen  before  the  Council  of  Heilbronn”  (1842), 
“ Finding  ofthe  Body  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  "(1848),  “Night 
Camp  of  Wallenstein’s  Soldiers  in  an  Old  Church  ’’  (1849). 
Gesenius  (ge-se'ni-us ; G.  pron.  ga-za'ne-os), 
Friedrich  Heinrich  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Nord- 
hausen,  Prussia,  Feb.  3,  1786:  died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  Oct.  23,  1842.  A noted  German  Ori- 
entalist and  biblical  critic,  professor  at  Halle 
from  1810.  His  works  include  “ Hebraisches  und  chal- 
daisches  Handworterbuch”(“ Hebrew  and  Chaldaic  Lexi- 
con,” 1810-12:  translated  by  Edward  Robinson),  "He- 
braische  Grammatik  ” (1813),  Hebrew  “ Thesaurus  ” (1829- 
1858),  translation  of  and  commentary  on  Isaiah  (1820-21), 
“Phcenicise  monumenta”  (1837),  etc. 

Gesner  (ges'ner),  Johann  Matthias.  Born  at 
Roth,  near  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  April  9,  1691 : 
died  at  Gottingen,  Aug.  3,  1761.  A German 
classical  scholar.  He  became  professor  of  rhetoric  in 
the  University  of  Gottingen  in  1734.  He  edited  a number 
of  Latin  classics,  including  Quintilian  (1738),  Claudian 
(1759),  Pliny  the  Younger  (1739),  and  Horace  (1752). 

Gesner  (incorrectly  Gessner),  Konrad  von. 
Bom  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  March  26,  1516: 
died  at  Zurich,  Dec.  13,  1565.  A celebrated 
Swiss  naturalist  and  scholar.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Lausanne  in  1537,  and  was  afterward 
professor  of  physics  at  Zurich.  Among  his  works  are 
“Bibliotheca  universalis”  (1545-56),  “Historia  animali- 
um  ” (1550-87),  “ Opera  botanica  ” (published  by  Schmiedel 
1753-59). 

Gesoriacum  (jes-o-ri'a-kum).  An  ancient  sea- 
port of  Gaul : the  modern  Boulogne. 

Gessi  ( jes'se),  Romolo.  Born  at  Ravenna,  Italy, 
April  30,  1831 : died  at  Suez,  May  1,  1881.  An 
African  traveler.  In  the  Egyptian  service,  and  under 
Gordon  Pasha,  he  surveyed  the  Nile  above  Duffle,  and  es- 
tablished the  fact  that  the  Albert  Nyanza  belongs  to  the 
system  of  the  Nile.  Later  he  became  governor  of  Bahr- 
el-Ghazal.  In  1880  he  returned  with  his  troops  to  Khar- 
tum, but  floating  vegetation  prevented  the  progress  of  his 
steamer  until  Mamo  came  to  his  relief  in  1881.  His  notes 
have  been  published  by  his  son  in  “Sette  anni  nel  Sudan 
egiziano"  (Milan,  1891). 

Gessler  (ges'ler),  Hermann.  In  Swiss  legen- 
dary history,  an  imperial  magistrate  in  Uri  and 
Schwyz,  shot  by  Tell  in  1307,  according  to  the 
“Chronicon  Helveticum.”  See  Tell,  William. 
Gessner  (ges'ner),  Salomon.  Born  at  Zurich, 
Switzerland,  April  1,  1730:  died  there,  March 
2, 1788.  A Swiss  idyllic  poet,  landscape-paint- 
er, and  engraver.  His  works  include  "Idyls  ” (1756), 
“Death  of  Abel  ’’  (a  prose  idyl,  1758),  “ The  First  Boatman  ” 
(1762). 

Gesta  Romanorum  (jes'ta  ro-ma-no'rum).  [L., 

‘ deeds  of  the  Romans.’]  A popular  collection 
of  stories  in  Latin,  compiled,  perhaps  in  Eng- 
land, at  the  end  of  the  13th  or  the  beginning 
of  the  14th  century. 

This  compilation  long  retained  its  popularity ; was 
printed  as  early  as  1473 ; reprinted  at  Louvain  a few 
months  later ; again  in  1480 ; translated  into  Dutch  in 


435 

1484  ; printed  again  in  1488  ; and  went  through  six  or  seven 
editions  in  this  country  during  the  succeeding  century. 
The  earliest  printed  Latin  texts  contained  160  or  151  sec- 
tions. In  the  next  following  editions  the  number  quickly 
rose  to  181,  and  these  181  tales  form  the  commonly  re- 
ceived text.  There  was  a German  edition  at  Augsburg  in 
1489  containing  only  95  tales,  of  which  some  are  not  in  the 
accepted  Latin  version.  In  like  manner,  including  tales 
not  in  the  Latin  anonymous  text,  there  is  an  English  series 
of  43  or  44  sections.  . . . The  name  of  the  work,  “Gesta 
Romanorum  ” (Deeds  of  the  Romans),  commonly  applied 
to  any  records  of  the  history  of  Rome,  is  justified  by  little 
more  than  the  arbitrary,  but  not  invariable,  reference  of 
tale  after  tale  to  the  life  or  reign  of  Roman  emperors, 
ancient  or  then  modern,  as  Conrad,  or  Frederic,  or  Henry 
II.  The  book  itself  refers  to  the  “ Gesta  Romanorum  ’’  as 
simply  the  Annals  of  Rome.  Thus  one  tale,  to  illustrate 
“the  Sin  of  Pride,”  begins  with  the  sentence,  “We  read 
in  the  ‘Gesta  Romanorum ’of  a prince  called  Pompey,” 
and  proceeds  to  tell  about  Csesar  and  Pompey,  adding  a 
moral  in  the  usual  form.  It  may  be  that  a first  collection 
of  these  tales  was,  like  this  one,  in  accordance  with  the 
title,  and  gave  only  illustrations  out  of  Roman  history, 
each  with  its  ready-made  moral  or  “application ’’ added 
for  the  preacher’s  use ; but  that  by  the  addition  of  more 
striking  marvels  and  much  livelier  matter,  with  omission 
of  familiar  bits  of  ancient  history,  the  original  convenient 
form  of  Story  and  Application  and  the  original  name  also 
being  retained,  the  work  itself  was  developed  to  its  later 
shape.  Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  364,  367. 

Geta  (je'ta),  Publius  Septimius.  Born  at 
Milan,  May,  189:  assassinated  by  order  of  Ca- 
racalla,  Feb.,  212.  Second  son  of  Septimius 
Severus  and  Julia  Domna,  brother  of  Caracalla, 
and  joint  emperor  with  him  211-212. 

Getas  (je'te).  [Sometimes  in  E.  form  Getes  ; L. 
Getee,  Gr.  Thai.  The  name  is  not  connected 
with  that  of  the  Gauti  or  that  of  the  Gothi  or 
Goths.]  In  ancient  history,  a Thracian  people 
dwelling  in  the  modern  Bulgaria,  and  later  in 
the  modern  Bessarabia. 

In  ancient  times  the  countries  north  of  the  Danube 
mouths  were  inhabited  by  a people  called  Getes  (in  Latin 
Getee).  . . . The  poet  Ovid  was  sent  to  live  among  this 
people  when  Augustus  banished  him  from  Rome.  Now 
in  the  third  century  after  Christ  the  Goths  came  and 
dwelt  in  the  land  of  the  Getes,  and  to  some  extent  mingled 
with  the  native  inhabitants  ; and  so  the  Romans  came  to 
think  that  Goths  and  Getes  were  only  two  names  for  the 
same  people,  or  rather  two  different  ways  of  pronouncing 
the  same  word.  Even  the  historian  Jordanes,  himself  a 
Goth,  actually  calls  his  book  a Getic  histoxy  [“De  rebus 
Geticis”],  and  mixes  up  the  traditions  of  his  own  people 
with  the  tales  which  he  had  read  in  books  about  the  Getes. 
In  modern  times  some  great  scholars  have  tried  to  prove 
that  the  Getes  really  were  Goths,  and  that  the  early  territory 
of  theGothic  nation  reached  all  the  way  from  the  Baltic  to 
the  Black  Sea.  But  the  ablest  authorities  are  now  mostly 
agreed  that  this  is  a mistake,  and  that  when  the  Goths 
migrated  to  the  region  of  the  Danube  it  was  to  settle 
amongst  a people  of  a different  race,  speaking  a foreign 
tongue.  Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  19. 

Gethsemane  (geth-sem'a-ne).  [Heb.,  ‘oil- 
press’;  Gr.  TeOai/pavi}.']  In  New  Testament  his- 
tory, a garden  or  orchard  east  of  Jerusalem,  near 
the  brook  Kedron. 

Getty  (get'i),  George  Washington.  Bom  Oct. 
2, 1819:  died  at  Forest  Glen,  Md.,  Oct.  1, 1901. 
A Union  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  graduated 
atWest  Pointinl840;  foughtwithdistinction  intheMexiean 
war;servedin  the  artillery  at  Yorktown.Gaines’sMill, Mal- 
vern Hill,  South  Mountain,  and  Antietam  ; became  biiga- 
dier-generalof  volunteers  Sept.  25, 1862;participated  in  the 
Rappahannock  campaign  1862-63,  being  engaged  at  Freder- 
icksburg and  in  the  defense  of  Suffolk,  Virginia ; served  in 
the  defense  of  Washington  in  July,  1864,  and  in  the  Shen- 
andoah campaign  ; and  was  present  at  Lee’s  surrender, 
April  9,  1865.  He  became  colonel  in  the  regular  army, 
July  28,  1866,  and  commanded  the  troops  along  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad  during  the  riots  of  1877. 
Gettysburg  (get'i z-berg).  A borough  and  the 
capital  of  Adams  Couuty,  southern  Pennsyl- 
vania, 36  miles  southwest  of  Harrisburg.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Pennsylvania  College  (Lutheran)  and  of  a 
Lutheran  theological  seminary,  and  has  a national  ceme- 
teiy  on  the  field  of  the  battle  fought  here  J uly  1-3,  1863. 
Population,  4,030,  (1910). 

Gettysburg,  Battle  of.  A victory  of  the  Fed- 
erals  under  General  Meade  over  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Lee  at  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania, 
July  1-3,  1863.  General  Lee,  while  invading  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  compeUed  to  retreat  by  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac under  General  Meade,  which  was  threatening  his  rear. 
He  decided  to  venture  a battle,  expecting  in  case  of  victory 
to  march  on  Washington,  and  in  case  of  defeat  to  secure 
a direct  line  of  retreat  to  Virginia  ; and  gave  orders  for 
his  army  to  concentrate  at  Gettysburg.  On  July  1 the 
Federal  advance  under  Major-General  Reynolds  met  the 
Confederate  advance  at  Gettysburg.  An  engagement  en- 
sued, in  which  both  sides  were  reinforced.  Reynolds  was 
killed,  and  was  succeeded  by  General  Howard,  who  main- 
tained his  position  on  Cemetery  Hill,  south  of  the  town. 
General  Meade  arrived  during  the  afternoon.  On  the  2d 
the  Federal  army  occupied  a strong  position  in  the  form 
of  a semicircle  with  its  convex  center  toward  Gettysburg, 
and  including  the  elevations  of  Cemetery  Hill  and  Round 
Top.  About  noon  I.ee  began  a general  attack  on  the  Fed- 
eral center  and  left,  which  was  followed  by  an  attack  on 
the  right.  He  gained  only  a slight  advantage.  The  battle 
on  the  2d  demonstrated  that  the  key  to  General  Meade's 
position  was  Cemetery  Hill,  which  was  defended  by  a bat- 
teiyof  about  80  guns.  Accordingly,  on  the  3d,  General  Lee 
massed  upward  of  100  guns  on  Seminary  Ridge,  with  which 
he  opened  on  Cemetery  Hill  about  1 p.  M.  The  bombard- 
ment, which  lasted  an  hour  and  a half,  was  followed  by 


Ghazni 

two  grand  assaults,  which  were  repulsed.  General  Lee 
retired  on  the  4th.  The  forces  engaged  during  this  three 
days'  battle  numbered  between  70,000  and  80,0U0  on  each 
side.  The  Federal  loss  was  2,834  killed,  13,709  wounded, 
and  6,643  missing,  making  a total  of  23,186.  The  total  Con- 
federate loss  was  31,621.  See  Pickett. 

Geulincx  (oe' links  or  zhe-lahks'),  Arnold. 
Born  at  Antwerp,  1624 : died  at  Leyden,  1669. 
A Cartesian  philosopher,  the  founder  of  the 
metaphysical  theory  of  occasionalism.  He  studied 
at  Louvain,  and  became  a teacher  of  philosophy  there  in 
1646,  but  was  deprived  of  his  position  in  1662  on  account 
of  his  attacks  upon  scholasticism.  He  then  went  over  to 
Protestantism,  and  in  1666  became  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Leyden. 

Gevaudan  (zha-vo-don').  An  ancient  district 
in  Languedoc,  France,  capital  Mende,  nearly 
corresponding  to  the  department  of  Loz&re. 
It  was  a viscountship  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  acquired 
by  France  in  the  reign  of  St.  Louis  (1268). 

Gevelsberg  (ga/fels-berG).  A manufacturing 
town  in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
near  Hagen.  Population,  commune,  15,838. 
Gex  (zheks).  A town  in  the  department  of  Ain, 
France,  10  miles  north-northwest  of  Geneva. 
Population,  commune,  2,727. 

Gex,  Pays  de.  A small  district  of  eastern 
France,  included  in  the  department  of  Ain,  and 
in  the  ancient  general  governm  ent  of  Burgundy. 
It  was  acquired  by  Savoy  in  1356  ; followed  the  fortunes 
of  Savoy,  and  at  different  times  of  Geneva  and  the  Swiss; 
and  was  annexed  to  France  in  1601. 

Geysers  of  the  Yellowstone.  See  Yellowstone. 
Gezer  (ge'zer).  In  ancient  geography,  a Ca- 
naanite  city  within  the  territory  of  Ephraim, 
Palestine.  Its  site  is  the  modern  Tel  Jezar. 
Gfrorer  (gfrer'er),  August  Friedrich.  Bom 
at  Calw,  Wiirtemberg,  March  5,  1803:  died  at 
Karlsbad,  Bohemia,  July  6,  1861.  A German 
historian,  professor  at  the  Catholic  University 
of  Freiburg  1846.  Among  his  works  are  “Allgemeine 
Kirchengeschichte  ” (1841-46),  “ Geschichte  der  ost-  und 
westfrankischen  Karolinger”  (1848),  “Papst  Gregor  VIL 
undsein  Zeitalter ’’ (1859-61),  “ Byzantinische  Geschichte” 
(1872-74),  etc. 

Ghadames,  or  Gadames  (ga-da'mes).  A town 
and  trading  center  in  an  oasi  s of  western  Tripoli, 
in  lat.  30°  12'  N.,long.  9°  10'  E. : the  Roman 
Cydamus.  Population,  about  7,000. 

Ghadamsi  (ga-dam'se).  See  Berbers. 

Ghalib  (ga-leb').  See  the  extract. 

The  last  of  the  four  great  poets  of  the  old  Turkish  school 
was  Sheykh  Ghalib,  who  lived  and  worked  in  the  time  of 
Sultan  Selim  III.  (1789-1807).  His  “ Husn-u- Ashk  ’’(‘  Beau- 
ty and  Love  ”),  an  allegorical  romantic  poem,  is  one  of  the 
finest  productions  of  Ottoman  genius. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  321. 

Ghara  (ga'ra).  The  river  Sutlej,  British  India, 
from  its  union  with  the  Bias  to  its  confluence 
with  the  CheDab. 

Gharbieh,  or  Garbieh  (gar-be'ye).  A maritime 
province  of  Egypt,  situated  in  the  Delta  between 
the  Damietta  mouth  on  the  east  and  the  Rosetta 
mouth  on  the  west.  Area,  2,534  square  miles. 
Population,  1,484,814. 

Ghardaya.  See  Gardaia. 

Ghassanids  (ga-san'idz),  Kingdom  of  the.  A 
realm  in  Hauran,  Syria,  which  was  flourishing 
under  the  suzerainty  of  the  Byzantine  empire 
about  450-560. 

Ghat  (gat).  See  Berbers. 

Ghats,  or  Ghauts  (gats).  [Hind.,  ‘a  pass’  or 
‘landing-stairs.’]  In  British  India,  specifically 
the  two  mountain-ranges  inclosing  the  Deccan 
on  the  east  and  west,  and  uniting  near  Cape 
Comorin.  The  Eastern  Ghats  extend  northward  to  the 
vicinity  of  Balasor : average  height,  about  2,000  feet.  The 
Western  Ghats  extend  northward  to  the  Tapti  valley.  The 
Nilgiris  in  the  W estern  Ghats  rise  in  Dodabeta  to  8,760  feet. 
Ghazan  (ga-zan')  Khan.  Born  Nov.  30,  1271: 
died  May  17,  1304.  A Mongol  sovereign  of  Per- 
sia 1295-1304.  He  extended  his  dominions  from  the 
Amu  Daria  on  the  northeast  to  the  Persian  Gulf  on  the 
south  and  Syria  on  the  west,  and  made  Mohammedanism 
the  established  religion  of  Persia. 

Ghaziabad  (ga-ze-a-bad').  A town  in  the  Mee- 
rut district,  United  Provinces,  British  India, 
14  miles  east  of  Delhi. 

Ghazipur  (ga-ze-por').  1.  A district  in  the 
Benares  division,  United  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  83° 
30'  E.  Area,  1,389  square  miles.  Population, 
913,818. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Ghazipur,  situated  on  the  Gauges  in  lat.  25°  35' 
N.,  long.  83°  36'  E.  Population  of  the  city, 
39,429. 

Ghaznevids  (gaz'ne-vidz).  An  Asiatic  dynasty 
founded  in  the  latter  part  of  the  10th  century, 
and  having  its  seat  at  Ghazni,  its  most  famous 
sultan  was  Mahmud.  Its  later  capital  was  Lahore  in 
India.  It  was  overthrown  by  the  ruler  of  Ghnr.in  1186. 

Ghazni  (guz'ne  or  guz'ni),  or  Ghuzni  (guz'- 
ne), or  Ghizni  (giz'ne),  or  Gazna  (guz'- 


Ghazni 

na).  A city  of  Afghanistan,  situated  in  lat.  33° 
44'  N.,  long.  68°  18'  E.  It  was  important  in  the  mid- 
dle ages,  especially  as  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Mah- 
mud (998-1030).  It  was  stormed  by  the  British  in  1839, 
and  retaken  by  the  Afghans  in  1842  and  by  the  British  in 
the  same  year.  The  so-called  Gates  of  Somnath  were  re- 
moved from  the  city  when  the  British  retired  from  Af- 
ghanistan in  1842.  Population,  estimated,  4,000. 

Gheel  (gal).  A town  in  the  province  of  Ant- 
werp, Belgium,  26  miles  east  of  Antwerp.  It  has 
been  celebrated  since  the  middle  ages  as  an  asylum  for 
the  insane.  Population,  15,268. 

Ghent  (gent).  [Early  mod.  E.  Gent,  ME.  Gent, 
Gant,  Gaunt,  OF.  Gant,  F.  Gaud  (ML.  Ganda), 
G.  Gent,  from  OFlem.  Gend,  D.  Gent,  formerly 
Ghendt .)  The  capital  of  the  province  of  East 

Flanders,  Belgium,  on  islands  at  the  junction  of 
the  Lys  with  the  Schelde,  in  lat.  51°  3'  N.,  long. 
3°  42'  E.  It  has  a large  trade  in  grain,  flax,  and  rape- 
oil,  and  manufactures  of  linen,  cotton, lace,  leather  wares, 
and  engines.  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Bavon  is  of  the  13th 
century,  with  later  additions  and  modifications,  except  the 
crypt,  which  is  of  the  10th.  The  interior  is  highly  impres- 
sive. The  cathedral  possesses  many  fine  paintings,  the 
chief  being  the  “Adoration  of  the  Lamb  ’’  by  Jan  and  Hubert 
van  Eyck  and  the  “ St.  Bavon  ” by  Rubens.  The  hotel  de 
ville,  or  town  hall,  has  a fagade  considered  the  finest  piece 
of  rich  Flamboyant  architecture  in  Belgium.  The  city 
also  contains  a notable  library,  museum,  botanic  gar- 
den, the  ruined  abbey  of  St.  Bavon,  the  Grand  !!<?- 
guinage,  St.  Nicholas’s  Church,  St.  Michael’s  Church,  the 
Oudeberg,  palais  de  justice,  university,  institute  of  sci- 
ences, and  Petit  BOguinage.  Ghent  became  the  capital 
of  Flanders  in  the  13th  century,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  important  medieval  cities.  It  became  afamous  cen- 
ter of  woolen  manufacture.  The  citizens  were  noted  for 
their  independence  and  bravery.  It  revolted  against  the 
counts  of  Flanders  in  the  14th  century  under  Jacob  and 
Philip  van  Artevelde;  revolted  against  Philip  the  Good 
of  Burgundy  1448-53 ; was  the  scene  of  the  marriage  of 
Maximilian  and  Mary  of  Burgundy  in  1477 ; revolted 
against  Charles  V.  (who  was  born  there  1500)  in  1539,  and 
was  deprived  of  its  liberties  in  1540;  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1684,  and  by  the  French  in  1678 ; and  was 
several  times  taken  in  the  18th  century.  Population, 
163,763. 

Ghent,  Pacification  of.  A union  between  Hol- 
land, Zealand,  and  the  southern  provinces  of 
the  Low  Countries,  formed  against  Spanish 
supremacy,  concluded  at  Ghent  Nov.  8,  1576. 

Ghent,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  concluded  at  Ghent 
Dec.  24,  1814,  terminating  the  War  of  1812.  it 
provided  for  the  mutual  restitution  of  conquered  territory 
and  the  appointment  of  three  commissions  to  settle  the 
titles  to  the  islands  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  and  to  estab- 
lish the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States  as  far  as 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  thence  through  the  Great  Lakes  to 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  The  American  commissioners 
were  John  Quincy  Adams,  James  Bayard,  Henry  Clay, 
Jonathan  Russell,  and  Albert  Gallatin ; the  British  com- 
missioners were  Lord  Gambier,  Henry  Goulburn,  and 
William  Adams. 

Gherardesca  (ga-rar-des'ka),  Ugolino  della,. 
Died  1289.  An  Italian  partizau  leader  in  Pisa. 
He  conspired  to  obtain  the  supreme  power,  and  was  im- 
prisoned in  1274,  but  escaped  and  joined  the  Florentines 
who  were  then  at  war  with  Pisa,  and  effected  his  return 
by  force.  He  subsequently  led  the  Pisans  unsuccessfully 
against  the  Genoese  and  the  Florentines.  He  was  forced 
to  abandon  his  own  party,  the  Ghibellines,  and  seek  aid 
from  the  Guelfs.  He  was  finally  overthrown,  and  with 
his  two  sons,  Gaddo  and  Uguccione,  and  two  nephews  was 
starved  to  death  in  prison.  His  story  forms  a celebrated 
episode  in  the  “ Inferno  ’’  of  Dante. 

Gherardi  del  Testa  (ga-r;ir'de  del  tes'ta), Count 
Tomraaso.  Bom  at  Terriciuola,  near  Pisa, 
Italy,  1818 : died  near  Pistoja,  Italy,  Oet.  13, 
1881.  An  Italian  dramatist.  Several  of  his 
plays  were  produced  by  Ristori  iu  Paris. 

Glubellines  ( gib'e-linz).  [Also  written  Gibelines, 
Ghibellins ; from  It.  Ghibellino,  the  Italianized 
form  of  G.  Waiblingen,  tlie  name  of  an  estate  in 
the  part  of  the  ancient  circle  of  Franconia  now 
included  in  Wiirtemberg,  belonging  to  the  house 
of  Hohenstauf  en  ( to  which  the  then  reigning  em- 
peror Conrad  belonged),  when  war  broke  out 
about  1140  between  this  house  and  the  Welfs 
or  Guelfs.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  employed 
as  the  rallying-cryof  the  emperor’s  party  at  the 
battle  of  Weinsberg.]  The  imperial  and  aris- 
tocratic party  of  Italy  in  the  middle  ages:  op- 
posed to  the  Guelfs,  the  papal  and  popular 
party. 

Ghiberti  ( ge-ber'te) , Lorenzo.  Born  at  Florence 
about  1378:  died  at  Florence,  1455.  An  Italian 
sculptor.  He  learned  the  goldsmith’s  craft  from  his  step- 
father Bartolo  Michele,  who  called  himself  Lorenzo  de’Bar- 
toli.  He  first  made  himself  known  as  a painter  by  his  work 
on  the  frescos  of  the  palace  of  Pandolfo  Malatesta  at  Rimini. 
He  was  recalled  from  Rimini  in  1401  to  compete  for  the 
doors  of  the  baptistery  at  Florence.  The  trial  of  skilllay  be- 
tween Ghiberti  and  Brunelleschi  of  Florence,  Quercia  and 
Valdambrini  of  Siena,  and  Niccoio  d’Arezzo  and  Simone 
from  Colli  in  the  Val  d’Elsa.  Ghiberti  won,  and  the  first 
door  was  begun  in  1403  and  finished  in  1424.  During  these 
twenty-one  years  twenty  artists,  among  whom  were  Dona- 
tello and  Piero  Niello,  assisted  in  modeling  and  casting 
the  work.  Its  completion  was  immediately  followed  by 
an  order  to  make  the  remaining  door  of  the  baptistery. 
This,  the  great  work  of  his  life,  was  begun  in  1424  and  fln- 


436 

ished  in  1447.  The  subjects  were  selected,  at  the  request 
of  the  deputies,  by  Leonardo  Bruni  (Aretino).  When  Ghi- 
berti finished  these  doors  he  was  about  seventy  years  old. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  received  and  executed  many  com- 
missions for  statues,  bas-reliefs,  and  goldsmith’s  work,  and 
had  also  spent  some  time  in  Rome.  As  a goldsmith  he 
made  the  miters  of  Popes  Martin  V.  (1419)  and  Eugenius 
IV.  (1434).  _ 

Ghika  (ge'kii).  A princely  family,  of  Albanian 
origin,  which  furnished  many  rulers  to  Walla- 
chia  and  Moldavia  iu  the  17th,  18th,  and  19th 
centuries. 

Ghilan,  or  Gilan  (ge-lan').  A province  of  north- 
ern Persia,  bordering  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  Capi- 
tal, Resht.  Population,  probably  over  200,000. 

Ghilzais  (ghel'ziz).  A warlike  clau  m east- 
ern Afghanistan,  between  Kabul  and  Kandahar. 

Ghirlandajo  (ger-lan-da'yo),  II  (originally  Do- 
menico Bigordi  or  Gorradi)  [Surnamed  il 
Ghirlandajo,  the  garland-maker,  probably  from 
his  father’s  being  a goldsmith.]  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, 1449:  died  there,  Jan.  11,  1494.  A Flor- 
entine painter,  also  noted  as  a mosaicist.  He 
was  the  founder  of  a famous  school  of  painting,  and  the 
teacher  of  Michelangelo.  His  frescos  in  Florence  are  in 
the  Palazzo  Vecchio  ( 1481)  and  the  church  and  refectory 
of  Ognissanti  (1480),  the  Sassetti  Chapel  in  Santa  Trinita 
(1485),  the  choir  of  Santa  Maria  Novella  (his  masterpiece, 
about  1485-88),  and  the  Church  of  the  Innocenti  (1488).  In 
1483  he  was  called  to  Rome  to  aid  in  decorating  the  Sistine 
Chapel.  Among  his  pictures  are  two  “Holy  Families  ” at 
Berlin,  “Adoration  of  the  Shepherds”  in  the  academy  at 
Florence  (1485),  “ Madonna  and  Saints”  at  San  Martino, 
Lucca,  and  “Madonna  and  Child  with  Saints,”  “St.  Cath- 
arine of  Siena,”  and  “St.  Lawrence  ” in  the  Pinakothek  at 
Munich.  His  brothers  Davide  and  Benedetto  are  also 
noted  as  assisting  him. 

Ghirlandajo,  Ridolfo.  Boru  at  Florence,  Feb. 
4, 1483 : died  there,  June  6, 1561.  A Florentine 
painter,  son  of  Domenico  Ghirlandajo. 

Ghirlandina  Tower.  See  Modena. 

Ghislanzoni  (ges-lan-zo'ne),  Antonio.  Born 
1824:  died  July,  1893.  An  Italian  writer  and 
journalist.  Until  he  lost  his  voice  in  1854,  he  was  a 
singer  on  the  Italian  stage.  He  founded  the  comic  paper 
“b’U°mo  di  Pietra"  in  1857. 

GhlZ.  Same  as  Gees. 

Ghizeh.  See  Gizeh. 

Ghizni.  See  Ghazni. 

Ghondama  (gon-da'ma).  See  Khoikhoin. 

Ghoorkhas.  See  Ghurkas. 

Ghur  (gor),  Ghore  (gor),  Gaur,  Gour  (gour), 
etc.  A ruined  city  of  Afghanistan,  120  miles 
southeast  of  Herat. 

Ghuri  (go're).  A Mohammedan  Asiatic  dynasty 
whose  seat  was  iu  Ghur.  They  became  prominent  in 
the  12th  century ; put  an  end  to  the  Ghaznevid  power  at 
Lahore  in  1186 ; and  overran  a large  part  of  India.  They 
were  reduced  in  power  in  the  13th  century,  and  confined 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Herat,  which  was  taken  by  Timur 
in  1383. 

Ghurkas,  or  Goorkhas,  or  Ghoorkas  (gor'kaz). 
The  dominant  race  in  the  kingdom  of  Nepal. 
The  Ghurkas  are  of  Hindu  descent,  and  speak  a Sanskritic 
dialect.  They  were  driven  out  of  Rajputana  by  the  early 
Mohammedan  invaders,  and  gradually  approached  Nepal, 
which  they  conquered  in  1768  after  a long  struggle.  Some 
of  the  best  troops  in  the  Anglo-Indian  army  are  recruited 
from  the  Ghurkas. 

Ghuzni.  See  Ghazni. 

Giafar  (ja'far).  In  the  “Arabian  Nights’ 
Entertainments,”  the  grand  vizir  of  Harun-al- 
Rashid,  who  accompanies  him  in  his  nightly 
wanderings. 

Giambelli  (jam-bol'le),  or  Gianibelli  (ja-ne- 
belTe),FederigO.  Born  at  Mantua,  Italy : lived 
in  the  second  half  of  the  16th  century : died  at 
London.  An  Italian  military  engineer  in  the 
service  of  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Antwerp  1584-85, 
and  later  in  England. 

Giannone  (jan-no'ne),  Pietro.  Born  at  Ischi- 
tella,  Foggia,  Italy,  May  7, 1676 : died  in  prison 
at  Turin,  March  7,  1748.  An  Italian  historian. 
He  published  “ Storia  civile  del  regno  di  Na- 
poli ” (1723),  etc. 

Giannuzzi,  Giulio  Pippi  de’.  See  Giulio  Ro- 
mano. 

Giant  Despair.  The  owner  of  Doubting  Castle, 
in  Bunyan’s  “ Pilgrim’s  Progress.” 

Giant-Killer,  Jack  the.  See  Jack. 

Giant’s  Causeway.  A group  of  basaltic  col- 
umns, situated  on  the  coast  of  Antrim,  north- 
ern Ireland,  west  of  Bengore  Head,  about  11 
miles  northeast  of  Coleraine. 

Giant’s  Dance.  See  the  extract. 

Stonehenge  was  called  the  Giant’s  Dance  (chorea  gigan- 
tmn),  a name  no  doubt  once  connected  with  a legend  which 
has  been  superseded  by  the  story  attached  to  it  by  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth.  Wright,  Celt,  Roman,  and  Saxon,  p.  62. 

Giants  of  Guildhall.  See  Gog  and  Magog. 

Giaour  (jour).  The.  A narrative  poem  by  Lord 
Byron,  published  in  1813. 

Giardini  (jar-de'ne),  Felice  di.  Bom  at  Turin 
in  1716:  died  at  Moscow,  Dec.  17, 1796.  A noted 
Italian  violinist. 


Gibby 

Giarre  (jar're).  A town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
tania, Sicily,  Italy,  situated  near  the  sea  16 
miles  north-northeast  of  Catania.  Population, 
commune,  26,000. 

Giaveno  (ja-va'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Turin,  Italy,  16  miles  west  of  Turin.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  10,795. 

Gib  (gib),  Adam.  Born  at  Muckhart,  Perth- 
shire, April  14,  1714 : died  at  Edinburgh,  June 
18,  1788.  A Scottish  clergyman,  leader  of  the 
“ Antiburgher”  section  in  the  “breach”  of  the 
Scottish  Secession  Church  1747. 

Gibaros.  See  Jivaros. 

Gibbet  (jib'et).  In  Farquhar’s  comedy  “The 
Beaux’  Stratagem,”  a highwayman  and  convict. 
He  remarks  that  it  is  “for  the  good  of  my  country  that  I 
should  be  abroad,”  and  prides  himself  on  being  the  “best 
behaved  man  on  the  road.” 

Gibbie  ( gib'i),  Goose.  A half-witted  lad  in 
“ Old  Mortality,”  by  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Gibbon  (gib'on),  Edward.  Born  at  Putney, 
Surrey,  April  27, 1737 : died  at  London,  Jan.  15, 
1794.  A famous  English  historian.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  Edward  Gibbon,  who  was  one  of  the  most 
prominent  of  the  directors  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  and 
who,  when  the  bubble  burst,  lost  the  greater  part  of  his 
fortune,  which,  however,  he  later  repaired.  His  health  in 
childhood  was  poor,  and  his  instruction  irregular.  He  en- 
tered Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in  April,  1762,  but  left  the 
university  after  a residence  of  fourteen  months.  At  this 
time  he  became  a Roman  Catholic,  a creed  which  he  soon 
afterward  renounced.  In  June,  1753,  he  was  placed  under 
the  care  and  instruction  of  Baviliiard,  a Calvinist  minis- 
ter, at  Lausanne,  where  he  remained  with  great  profit  un- 
til Aug. , 1758,  when  he  returned  to  England.  At  Lausanne 
he  fell  in  love  with  Susanne  Curchod  (afterward  Madame 
Necker  and  mother  of  Madame  de  Stael),  but  on  his  return 
to  England  the  affair  was  broken  oil  by  his  father.  He 
served  in  the  militia  1759-70,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel. 
From  Jan.,  1763,  to  June,  1765,  he  traveled  in  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy.  In  1774  he  was  elected  to  Parlia- 
ment. In  Sept.,  1783,  he  established  himself  at  Lausanne, 
where  he  resided  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  His  great 
work  is  “Thellistory  of  theDeclineand  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire,”  still  the  chief  authority  for  the  period  which  it 
covers,  and  one  of  the  greatest  histories  ever  written.  The 
first  volume  appeared  in  1776  and  the  last  in  1788.  He  also 
wrote  “Memoirs  of  my  Life  and  Writings." 

Gibbon,  John.  Born  near  Holmesburg,  Pa., 
April  20, 1827 : died  Feb.  6, 1896.  An  American 
general.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847 ; was 
promoted  captain  in  1859 ; commanded  a brigade  at  Antie- 
tam  (1862)  and  Gettysburg  (1863) ; was  made  major-general 
of  volunteers,  June  7,  1864;  and  took  part  in  the  battles 
of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  and  Cold 
Harbor  (1864).  He  commanded  a column  in  the  Yellow- 
stone expedition  against  Sitting  Bull  in  1876,  and  was  made 
brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  July  10, 1885.  He 
published  “ The  Artillerist's  Manual  ” (1859). 

Gibbons (gib'onz),  Christopher.  Bornat West- 
minster, 1615 : died  Oct.  20,  1676.  An  English 
musical  composer.  He  was  organist  of  Winchester 
cathedral  1638-61,  and  at  the  Restoration  became  an  or- 
ganist of  the  Chapel  Royal,  organist  of  Westminster  Ab- 
bey, and  organist  to  the  king.  He  was  buried  iu  West- 
minster Abbey. 

Gibbons,  Grinling.  Born  at  Rotterdam,  April 
4, 1648:  died  at  London,  Aug.  3, 1720.  A noted 
English  wood-carver  and  sculptor.  Among  his 
notable  works  in  wood  were  a copy  of  Tintoretto’s  “Cru- 
cifixion ” (Venice),  containing  over  one  hundred  figures, 
“The  Stoning  of  Stephen,"  etc.  He  excelled  especially  in 
carving  flowers,  fruit,  and  game,  and  in  decorative  work. 

Gibbons,  James.  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  July 
23, 1834.  An  American  Roman  Catholic  prelate. 
He  was  ordained  priest  at  St.  Mary’s  Seminary,  Balti- 
more, in  1861,  and  became  archbishop  of  Baltimore  in  1877, 
and  cardinal  in  1886.  He  has  published  “The  Faith  of 
Our  Fathers  ” (1876)  and  “ Our  Christian  Heritage  ” (1889). 

Gibbons,  James  Sloane.  Born  at  Wilmington, 
Del.,  July  1,  1810:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  17, 
1892.  An  American  banker  and  author.  He  was 
identified  with  the  abolition  movement,  and  in  1863  his 
house  was  sacked  by  the  New  York  mob  during  the  draft 
riots,  on  account  of  its  being  illuminated  in  honor  of  Lin- 
coln's emancipation  proclamation.  He  wrote  t he  war  song 
“We  are  coming,  Father  Abraham,  three  hundred  thou- 
sand more.” 

Gibbons,  Orlando.  Born  at  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, 1583:  died  at  Canterbury,  England,  June 
5,  1625.  A noted  English  composer  and  organ- 
ist, best  known  by  his  church  music,  which 
gained  for  him  the  title  of  “ the  English  Pales- 
trina.” It  has  been  mostly  printed  in  Barnard’s  “Church 
Music”  (1641),  and  in  1873  in  a volume  edited  by  Sir  F.  A. 
Gore  Ouseley.  His  madrigals  are  considered  among  the 
best  of  the  English  school.  He  was  one  of  a family  noted 
for  musical  attainments. 

Gibbs  (gibz),  Josiah  Willard.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  April  30,  1790:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  March  25,1861.  An  American  philologist. 
He  translated  Gesenius’s  “Hebrew  Lexicon” 
(1824),  and  published  “Philological  Studies” 
(1857),  etc. 

Gibby  (gib'i).  In  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy  “The 
Wonder,”  the  highland  servant  of  Colonel  Brit- 
on. He  is  an  undaunted  and  incorrigible 
blunderer. 


Gibeah 

Gibeah  (gib'e-a).  In  Scripture  geography,  a 
town  in  Palestine,  probably  about  4 miles  north 
of  Jerusalem.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  destruction  of 
the  Benjamites  (Judges  xx.).  There  were  several  other 
places  of  the  name  in  Palestine. 

Gibelines.  See  Ghibellines. 

Gibeon  (gib'e-on),  modern  El-Jib.  In  Old  Tes- 
tament geography,  a town  in  Palestine,  6 miles 
northwest  of  Jerusalem.  The  Gibeonites  succeeded 
by  a stratagem  in  making  a treaty  with  the  Israelites  un- 
der Joshua.  The  town  was  taken  by  Shishak. 

Gibil  (ge'bil).  The  Assyro-Baby Ionian  fire-god. 

He  is  invoked  in  hymns  addressed  to  him,  on  account  of 
the  many  beneficial  functions  of  fire,  as  one  who  wards  off 
all  dangers,  and  who  decides  the  fate  of  men.  The  name 
is  derived  from  Akkadian  gi,  stick,  and  Ml,  fire,  and  seems 
to  indicate  the  existence  among  the  Akkadians  of  the  fire- 
drill  common  among  many  primitive  peoples. 

Gibraltar  (ji-br§J'tar ; Sp.  pron.  He-bral-tar'). 
A town  and  fortified  promontory  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Spain,  a crown  colony  of  Great 
Britain,  situated  in  lat.  36°  6'  N.,  long.  5°  21' 
W..  celebrated  for  its  strength,  it  is  an  impor- 
tant coaling  station.  It  was  the  classical  Calpe,  and  one 
of  the  Pillars  of  Hercules ; was  the  landing-place  of  the 
Saracen  leader  Tarik  (hence  Gebel-al-Tarik,  ‘Hill  of  Ta- 
rik  ’)  ; was  taken  finally  from  the  Moors  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1462 ; was  fortified  by  Charles  V. ; was  taken  by  an 
English  and  Dutch  force  under  Rooke  in  1704;  and  was 
unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  and  French  in 
1704-05,  by  the  Spaniards  in  1726,  and  by  the  Spaniards 
and  French  1779-83.  In  the  last  siege,  commencing  June 
21,  1779,  the  defenders  were  commanded  by  Lord  Heath- 
field.  The  chief  attack  was  made  Sept.  13, 1782,  when  the 
floating  batteries  devised  by  the  Chevalier  d'Anjon  were 
used.  Greatest  height  of  the  rock,  1,439  feet.  Area,  1 
square  miles.  Population,  27,460. 

Gibraltar,  Bay  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Strait  of 
Gibraltar,  situated  west  of  the  town. 
Gibraltar,  Strait  of.  A sea  passage  connect- 
ing the  Mediterranean  Sea  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  separating  Spain  from  Morocco: 
the  ancient  Fretum  Herculeum,  Fretum  Gadi- 
tanum,  Fretum  Tartessium,  etc.  its  width  in  the 
narrowest  part  is  8 miles , between  Ceuta  and  Gibraltar 
it  is  13  miles. 

Gibraltar  of  America.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  Quebec. 

Gibson  (gib'son),  Edmund.  Born  at  Bampton, 
Westmoreland,  England,  1669 : died  at  Bath, 
England,  Sept.  6, 1748.  An  English  prelate  and 
author.  He  became  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  1713,  and  in 
1720  was  translated  to  the  see  of  London.  His  chief  work 
*is  “Codex  juris  ecclesiastici  Anglicani"  (1713). 

Gibson,  Edward,  first  Baron  Ashbourne.  Born 
1837.  A British  Conservative  politician.  He  was 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  in  all  Lord  Salisbury’s  admin- 
istrations, and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1885.  He  intro- 
duced Lord  Ashbourne's  Act,  relating  to  Irish  holdings. 
Gibson,  John.  Born  near  Conway,  Wales,  1790  : 
died  at  Rome,  Jan.  27, 1866.  An  English  sculp- 
tor. He  went  to  Rome  in  1817,  and  became  a pupil  of 
Canova  and  Thorwaldsen.  His  works  include  “ Sleeping 
Shepherd  " (1818),  “Mars  and  Cupid  ” (1819),  “ Psyche  and 
Zephyrs”  (1822),  “Paris”  (1824),  “Nymph  untying  her 
Sandal  ” (1831),  “Hunter  and  Dog,”  a statue  of  the  queen 
for  the  houses  of  Parliament  (1850-55),  and  the  so-called 
“tinted  Venus,”  in  which  he  introduced  the  use  of  color 
Mter  the  Greek  manner. 

Gibson,  Randall  Lee.  Bom  at  Spring  Hill, 
Ky.,  Sept.  10, 1822:  died  at  Hot  Springs,  Ark., 
Dec.  15,  1892.  An  American  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1853,  and  in  the 
law  department  of  the  University  of  Louisiana  (nowTulane 
University)  in  1856.  He  subsequently  studied  at  Berlin, 
and  was  for  some  months  an  attache  of  the  American  le- 
gation at  Madrid.  He  joined  the  Confederate  army  as  a 
private  ; commanded  a brigade  at  Shiloh,  and  also  under 
General  Bragg  in  Kentucky  ; and  fought  with  distinction 
in  all  the  engagements  which  took  place  during  Johnston’s 
retreat  from  Dalton  to  Atlanta.  He  covered  the  retreat 
after  General  Hood'3  defeat  at  NashviUe,  and  in  General 
Canby’s  campaign  was  charged  with  the  defense  of  Span- 
ish Fort.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  held  the  rank  of 
major-general.  Hewas  United  States  senator  (Democrat  ic) 
from  Louisiana  from  1883  until  his  death. 

Gibson,  William.  Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md. , 1788 : 
died  at  Savannah,  Ga. , March  2, 1868.  An  Amer- 
ican surgeon.  He  was  graduated  in  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  1809,  and  in  1819  succeeded 
Dr.  Physick  in  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained  until  1855.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  American  surgeons  to  perform  the  Caesarean 
operation  successfully.  He  wrote  “ Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Surgery  ” (1824). 

Gibson, William  Hamilton.  Bom  Oct.  5, 1850 : 
died  July  16,  1896.  An  American  painter  and 
writer.  He  was  a specialist  in  botanical  drawing,  and 
was  known  as  an  illustrator  and  painter  in  water-colors. 
He  wrote  and  illustrated  “Camp  Life,  etc.,”  “Tricks  of 
Trapping,  etc.”  (1876>,  “Highways  andByways,  etc.’’(1883), 
“ Happy  Hunting  Grounds  " (1886),  “Sharp  Eyes,”  etc. 

Gichtel  (gich'tel),  Johann  Georg.  Born  at 
Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  March  14,  1638:  died  at 
Amsterdam,  Jan.  21, 1710.  A German  mystic, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  Angelic  Brethren,  or 
Gichtelians. 

Giddings  (gid'ingz),  Joshua  Reed.  Bom  at 
Athens,  Bradford  County,  Pa.,  Oct.  6,  1795: 
died  at  Montreal,  May  27,  1864.  An  American 


437 

antislavery  leader.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1821,  and  in  1838  was  elected  a member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio,  an  office  which  he  occupied  until  1859,  acting  for  the; 
most  part  with  the  Whigs.  In  1842,  during  the  debate  in 
Congress  on  the  question  of  demanding  the  restoration  of 
the  negro  mutineers  of  the  Creole,  who  had  taken  refuge 
in  an  English  port  (1841),  he  offered  a series  of  resolutions 
to  the  effect  that  the  Federal  authorities  were  unauthor- 
ized by  the  Constitution  to  take  any  action  for  the  recovery 
of  the  slaves,  in  oonsequence  of  which  he  was  censured  in 
the  House  by  a vote  of  125  to  69.  He  resigned  his  seat, 
and  appealed  to  his  constituents,  who  reelected  him  by  a 
large  majority.  He  was  consul-general  to  British  North 
America  from  1861  until  his  death.  He  published  “Exiles 
of  Florida ” (1858)  and  “The  P.ebelliou  : its  Authors  and 
Causes  " (1864). 

Gideon  (gid'e-on),  sumamed  Jerubbaal  (je- 
rub'S-al  or  jer-u-ba'al).  [Heb.,  ‘ a hewer.’] 
Lived  probably  in  tfie  13th  century  B.  c.  A 
Hebrew  liberator  and  religious  reformer.  He 
defeated  the  Midianites,  and  was  judge  in  Israel 
for  forty  years. 

Giebel  (ge  'bel),  Christoph  Gottfried  Andreas. 

Born  at  Quedlinburg,  Prussia,  Sept.  13,  1820 : 
died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Nov.  14,  1881.  A Ger- 
man zoologist  and  paleontologist.  His  works 
include  “Allgemeine  Palaontologie  ” (1852), 
etc. 

Gien  (zhyah).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire  38  miles 
east-southeast  of  Orleans.  It  has  a chateau,  and 
manufactures  faience.  Population,  commune,  7,914. 

Giers  (gers),  Nikolai  Karlovitch  de.  Bom 

May  21,  1820 : died  Jan.  26,  1895.  A Russian 
diplomatist  and  statesman,  of  Swedish  extrac- 
tion. He  was  appointed  minister  to  Stockholm  in  1872, 
adjunct  to  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1875,  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1882-95. 

Giesebrecht  (ge'ze-brecht),  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm Benjamin  von.  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
5, 1814 : died  at  Munich,  Dec.  17, 1889.  A noted 
German  historian.  He  became  professor  of  history  at 
Konigsberg  in  1857,  and  at  Munich  in  1862.  He  was  raised 
to  the  nobility  in  1865.  His  works  include  “Geschichte 
der  deutschen  Kaiserzeit"  (“History  of  the  German  Im- 
perial Period,”  1855-80),  etc. 

Gieseler  (ge'ze-ler),  Johann  Karl  Ludwig. 

Bom  at  Petershagen,  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
March  3, 1792:  died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  July 
8,  1854.  A noted  German  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian, professor  at  Gottingen  from  1831.  He  wrote 
“Lehrbuch  der  Kirchengeschichte ” (“Manual  of  Church 
History,  ” 1824-56 : English  translation  edited  by  H.  B. 
Smith,  1857-81),  etc. 

Giessbach  (^es'bach),  Falls  of  the.  A series 
of  cascades  in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzer- 
land, south  of  the  Lake  of  Brienz. 

Giessen  (ges'sen).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Upper  Hesse,  Hesse,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Wieseck  and  Lahn,  33  miles  north  of  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main.  It  is  the  seat  of  a celebrated  uni- 
versity, founded  by  the  landgrave  Ludwig  V.  in  1607. 
Population,  commune,  28,769. 

Gifford  (gif'ord),  Countess  of  (Helen  Selina 
Sheridan).  Born  1807:  died  June  13,  1867. 
An  English  poet,  granddaughter  of  R.  B.  Sheri- 
dan. She  married  the  fourth  Baron  Dufferin  in  1825,  and 
the  Earl  of  Gifford  (son  of  the  eighth  Marquis  of  Tweed- 
dale)  in  1862. 

Gifford,  Robert  Swain.  Born  on  the  island  of 
Naushon,  Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1840:  died  at  New 
York,  Jan.  15,  1905.  An  American  landscape- 
painter.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1866,  and  was  elected 
a member  of  the  National  Academy  in  1878.  He  was  also 
a prominent  member  of  the  W ater-Color  Society.  Among 
his  works  are  “Mount  Hood,  Oregon ’’ (1870),  “Entrance 
to  Moorish  House,  Tangier  ” (1873),  “ Border  of  the  Des- 
ert” (1877),  “Salt  Mills  at  Dartmouth"  (1885),  etc. 

Gifford,  Sandford  Robinson.  Bom  at  Green- 
field, Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.,  July  10,  1823: 
died  at  New  York,  Aug.  29, 1880.  An  American 
landscape-painter.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1844, 
and  was  elected  a member  of  the  National  Academy  in 
1854.  He  studied  in  Paris  and  Rome  1855-57.  Among 
his  works  are  “Kaaterskill  Clove”  (1859),  “Shrewsbury 
River"  (1868),  “Venice,”  “Lago  Maggiore,”  “Fishing- 
boats  on  the  Adriatic,”  “Golden  Horn ”(1872),  “October 
in  the  Catskills,”  “ Ruins  of  the  Parthenon  ’’  (1880 : in  the 
Corcoran  Gallery),  etc. 

Gifford,  William.  Born  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, in  1554:  died  April  11, 1629.  Archbishop 
of  Rheims.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of  Oxford, 
Louvain  (under  Bellarmine),  and  Paris,  and  at  the  English 
colleges  at  Rheims  and  Rome,  and  in  1582  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  in  the  English  college  at 
Rheims.  He  became  dean  of  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  at 
Lille  about  1596;  took  the  Benedictine  habit  in  1608 ; was 
prior  of  a Benedictine  house  at  Dieulewart  1609-10 ; and 
in  1611  founded  a community  of  his  order  at  St.-Malo, 
Brittany,  which  he  afterward  removed  to  Paris.  He  was 
appointed  archbishop  of  Rheims  in  1622.  He  completed 
and  edited  Dr.  William  Reynolds’s  “Calvino-Turcismus" 
(1697-1603). 

Gifford,  William.  Born  at  Ashburton,  Devon- 
shire, England,  April,  1757:  died  at  London, 
Dec.  31,  1826.  An  English  critic  and  satirical 
poet.  He  first  became  known  by  his  satires  “The  Ba- 


Gilbert,  Marie  Dolores  Eliza  Rosanna 

viad  ” (1794)  and  “The  Maeviad  ” (1795) : these  were  pub- 
lished together  in  1797.  He  was  editor  of  the  “ Quarterly 
Review  ” from  its  beginning  in  1809  till  1824. 

Gigoux  (zhe-go'),  Jean  Francois.  Bom  Jan. 
8, 1809 : died  Dec.  14,  1894.  A French  histori- 
cal, genre,  and  portrait  painter. 

Gihon  (gi'hon).  One  of  the  four  rivers  in  Eden 
(Gen.  ii.),  variously  identified  with  the  Oxns, 
Araxes,  an  arm  of  the  Euphrates-Tigris  system, 
etc. 

Gijdn  (He-Hon').  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Oviedo,  Spain,  in  lat.  43°  33'  N.,  long.  5°  40' 
W.  it  is  growing,  and  exports  fruit,  iron,  and  coal.  It 
is  a sea-bathing  resort.  Population,  47,544. 

Gil  (Hel),Jnan  Bautista.  Died  April  12, 1877.  A 
Paraguayan  politician  of  the  Colorados  party. 
He  was  elected  president  of  the  republic  Nov.  25,  1874,  and 
still  held  the  office  when  he  was  assassinated  by  a personal 
enemy.  0 

Gila  (He'la).  A river  in  the  western  part  of  New 
Mexico  and  in  Arizona.  It  is  the  chief  tributary  of  the 
Colorado,  which  it  joins  at  Yuma,  Arizona,  near  the  south- 
eastern extremity  of  California.  Length,  about  650  miles. 

Gila  Apache.  See  Gileilo. 

Gilan.  See  Ghilan. 

Gilbart  (gil'bart),  James  William.  Born  at 
London,  March  21, 1794  : died  at  London,  Aug. 
8,  1863.  An  English  banker.  He  was  manager  of 
the  London  and  Westminster  Bank  from  its  opening  in 
1834  to  1859.  Among  his  works  are  “A  Practical  Trea- 
tise on  Banking ” (1827),  “Logic  for  the  Million  ” (1851), 
and  “ History  and  Principles  of  Banking  ” (1834). 

Gilbert  (gil'bert)  of  Sempringham,  Saint.  [L. 

Gilbertus,  F.  Guilbert,  Gilbert,  It.  Gilberto,  Sp. 
Gilberto,  G.  Gilbert,  Giselbert : OHG.,  ‘bright.’] 
Born  at  Sempringham,  Lincolnshire,  England, 
about  1083:  died  Feb.,  1189.  An  English  priest, 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Gilbertines. 
Gilbert,  Mrs.  George  H.  Born  at  Rochdale, 
England,  Oct.  21, 1821:  died  at  Chicago,  Dec.  2, 
1904.  An  English-American  actress.  She  first 

appeared  in  1846,  and  came  to  America  in  1849.  She  was 
successful  in  high  comedy,  and  in  her  youth  was  noted  for 
her  dancing. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey.  Born  at  Compton, 
near  Dartmouth,  England, about  1539:  drowned 
off  the  Azores,  Sept.  9,  1583.  An  English  sol- 
dier and  navigator,  a stepbrother  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh.  He  served  in  Ireland  1566-70,  where  he  de- 
feated McCarthy  More  in  1569,  and  was  made  governor  of 
the  province  of  Munster;  and  in  the  Netherlands  in  1572, 
where  he  unsuccessfully  besieged  Goes.  In  1678,  in  ac- 
cordance with  designs  which  he  had  long  entertained,  he 
obtained  the  royal  permission  to  set  out  on  a voyage  of 
discovery  and  colonization ; but  the  expedition,  which 
■started  in  Sept,  of  that  year,  was  a failure.  On  June  11, 
1683,  he  again  set  out  with  five  ships  (Delight,  Golden 
Hind,  Raleigh  (which  soon  returned).  Swallow,  and  Squir- 
rel), and  on  July  30  sighted  the  northern  shore  of  New- 
foundland. On  Aug.  5 he  landed  at  St.  John’s,  where  he 
established  the  first  English  colony  in  North  America. 
On  the  return  voyage  the  Squirrel,  in  which  he  sailed, 
foundered  in  a storm.  His  last  words  were  the  famous 
“ We  are  as  near  to  heaven  by  sea  as  by  land.”  He  wrote 
a “ Discourse  of  a Discouery  for  a New  Passage  to  Cataia,  ” a 
scheme  for  the  founding  of  an  academy  and  library  at 
London  (published  by  Furnivall,  1869,  as  “ Queen  Eliza- 
bethes  Achademy  ”),  etc. 

Gilbert,  Sir  John.  Born  atBlackheath, England, 
in  1817 : died  there,  Oct.  5,  1897.  An  English 
historical  painter.  Among  his  principal  works  are 
“Don  Quixote  giving  Advice  to  Sancho ” (1839),  “ Wolsey 
and  Buckingham ” (1878), “The  Murder  of  Thomas  Becket’’ 
(1878),  “Ego  et  rex  meus”  (1889),  “En  avant  ” (1890).  He 
also  iUustrated  Shakspere  and  many  standard  works. 
Gilbert,  John  Gibbs.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  27, 
1810:  died  there,  June  17, 1889.  A noted  Amer- 
ican Comedian.  He  first  appeared  in  Boston,  Nov.  28, 
1828,  as  Jaffier  in  “Venice  Preserved.”  He  had  a wide 
range  of  characters  : perhaps  the  best  were  Sir  Peter  Tea- 
zle, Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  Old  Dornton,  and  Job  Thorn- 
berry.  He  played  with  success  in  London,  and  in  all  the 
prominent  cities  of  the  United  States. 

Gilbert,  Marie  Dolores  Eliza  Rosanna.  Bora 

at  Limerick  in  1818 : died  at  Astoria,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  17,  1861.  An  adventuress  and  dancer, 
known  as  Lola  Montez.  She  first  married  Captain 
Thomas  James  in  1837.  He  divorced  her  in  1842.  She 
then  took  lessons  in  dancing  from  a Spanish  teacher,  and 
appeared  in  London  in  1843  as  “Lola  Montez,  Spanish 
dancer.  ” After  various  adventures  she  appeared  at  Munich, 
where  she  became  the  mistress  of  the  old  king  Ludwig  of 
Bavaria.  She  was  naturalized,  and  received  the  titles  of  Ba. 
ronne  de  Rosenthal  and  Comtesse  de  Landsfeld.  She  con- 
trolled the  king  completely,  and  was  virtually  ruler  of 
Bavaria,  a position  in  which  she  displayed  ability  and 
wisdom.  After  about  a year,  however,  owing  to  hostility 
between  the  liberal  and  conservative  students  of  the  uni- 
versity, the  former  of  whom  she  had  patronized,  a riot 
occurred  and  her  life  was  in  danger.  She  caused  the 
university  to  be  closed,  when  air  insurrection  took  place 
and  the  king  was  forced  to  abdicate,  March  21,  1848,  and 
she  was  banished.  After  various  adventures  she  married 
George  Trafford  Heald  at  London  in  July,  1849.  She  was 
summoned  for  bigamy,  brrt  fled  to  Spain.  Heald  is  said 
to  have  died  in  1853.  In  1851  she  arrived  in  New  York, 
where  she  attracted  much  attention  and  drew  crowded 
houses.  In  1853  she  married  P.  P.  Hull  in  San  Francisco. 
In  1859  she  devoted  herself  to  visiting  outcast  women,  and 
labored  among  them  till  she  was  str  icken  with  paralysis. 


Gilbert,  Nicolas  Joseph  Laurent 


438 


Gillmore 


Gilbert  (zhel-bar'),  Nicolas  Joseph  Laurent. 

Bom  at  Fontenoy-le-Chateau,  Lorraine,  1751: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  12,  1780.  A French  poet, 
chiefly  noted  for  his  satires. 

Gilbert  (gil'bert),  or  Gilberd  (gil'berd),  Wil- 
liam. Born  at  Colchester,  England,  in  1540: 
died  Nov.  30,  1603.  A celebrated  English  phy- 
sician and  natural  philosopher.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge  ; took  up  the  practice  of  medicine  at  London 
in  1573  ; became  president  of  the  CoUege  of  Physicians  in 
1600 ; and  was  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.  His  chief  work  is  “ De  Magnete,  Magneti- 
cisque  Corporibus,  et  de  Magno  Magnete  Tellure,  Physio- 
logia  Nova”  (1600). 

Gilbert,  Sir  William  Schwenk.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  18,  1836:  died  at  Harrow,  May  29, 
1911.  An  English  dramatist.  He  wrote  “Dulca- 
mara" (1866),  “The  Palace  of  Truth”  (1870),  “Pygmalion 
and  Galatea”  (1871),  “Engaged”  (1877),  “The  Mounte- 
banks " (music  by  Cellier,  1891),  etc.,  and  collaborated 
with  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  who  wrote  the  music,  in  “The 
Sorcerer”  (1877),  “H.  M.  S.  Pinafore”  (1878),  “The  Pi- 
rates of  Penzance”  (1880),  “ Patience ” (1881),  “Iolanthe” 
(1882),  “The  Mikado”  (1885),  “Ruddygore”  (1887),  “The 
Yeomen  of  the  Guard"  (1888),  “The  Gondoliers”  (1889), 
“ Utopia,  limited  " (1893).  He  also  published  “ The  Fairy's 
Dilemma,”  the  “Bab  Ballads,"  etc.  Knighted,  1907. 

Gilbert  de  la  Porree  (zhel-bar'  de  la  po-ra'), 
Latinized  Gilbertus  Porretanus  (jil-ber'tus 
por-e-ta'nus)  or  Picta  vieusis  (pik-ta-vi-en'- 
sis).  Born  at  Poitiers,  u :ance,  about  1070 : died 
Sept.  4,  1154.  A noted  French  schoolman, 
chosen  bishop  of  Poitiers  in  1142.  He  was  the 

author  of  a commentary  on  the  treatise  “De  trinitate  ' 
of  Boethius,  a treatise  “De  sex  priucipiis,” etc. 

Gilbertines  (gil'ber-tins).  A religious  order 
founded  in  England  in  the  first  half  of  the  12th 
century  by  St.  Gilbert,  lord  of  Sempringham  in 
Lincolnshire,  the  monks  of  which  observed  the 
rule  of  St.  Augustine,  and  the  nuns  that  of  St. 
Benedict.  The  Gilbertines  were  confined  to 
England,  and  their  houses  were  suppressed  by 
Henry  VIII. 

Gilbert  Islands.  [Named  by  Cook  from  the 
master  of  the  ship  Resolution.]  An  archipel- 
ago of  Micronesia  in  the  Pacific,  situated  about 
lat.  3°  20'  N.-20  40'  S.,  long.  172°-177°  E.  The 

group  was  discovered  by  Byron  in  1765,  and  consists  mainly 
of  atolls : it  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  Population,  esti- 
mated, about  36,000. 

Gil  Bias  de  Santillane  (zhel  bias  de  son-te- 
yan' ),  Histoire  de.  A romance  by  Le  Sage, 
published  in  1715,  but  not  entirely  completed 
till  1735.  It  is  named  from  its  hero,  who  tells  the  story 
of  his  life.  Many  of  the  incidents  are  modeled  on  Espinel’s 
picaroon  romance  “Marcos  deObregon."  Smollett  trans- 
latedit  in  1761,  and  in  1809  another  translation  was  brought 
out  in  his  name. 

Gilboa  (gil-bo'a).  [‘Bubbling fountain ’(?).]  A 
mountain-range  in  the  territory  of  Issachar, 
1,717  feet  high,  which  bounds  the  lower  plain  of 
Galilee  on  the  east,  running  from  southeast  to 
nort  hwest.  Here  Saul  and  his  three  sons  fell  in  a battle 
against  the  Philistines.  The  present  name  of  the  moun- 
tain is  Jebel  Faku'a  but  its  old  name  survives  in  the  vil- 
lage Jelbdn  on  the  southern  part  of  the  range. 

Gildas  (gil'das),  or  Gildus  (gil'dus),  surnamed 
“ The  Wise.’*  Born  probably  in  516 : died  prob- 
ably in  570.  A British  historian.  He  appears  to 
have  been  born  in  the  North  Welsh  valley  of  the  Clwyd, 
to  have  been  a monk,  to  have  left  Britain  for  Armorica  in 
646,  and  to  have  founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Gildas  at 
Ruys.  He  is  the  author  of  “De  Excidio  Britanniae,”  prob- 
ably compiled  about  556  or  560,  and  first  printed  by  Poly- 
dore  Vergil  at  London  in  1525. 

Gildemeister  (gil'de-mis-ter),  Johann.  Born  at 
Klein-Siemen,  Mecklenburg,  July  20, 1812:  died 
at  Bonn,  March  11, 1890.  A German  Orientalist, 
professor  of  Oriental  languages  at  Bonn. 
Gildemeister,  Otto.  Boro  at  Bremen,  Germany, 
March  13, 1823 : died  Aug.  26,  1902.  A German 
politician  and  man  of  letters,  noted  as  a trans- 
lator from  the  English,  particularly  of  Byron’s 
works  (1864),  and  of  various  plays  of  Shakspere. 
Gilder  (gil'der),  Richard  Watson.  Born  at 
Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Feb.  8,  1844 : died  at  New 
York,  Nov.  18,  1909.  An  American  poet  and 
editor.  He  became  connected  with  “Scribner’s  Monthly” 
in  1870,  and  was  editor-in-chief  of  “The  Century"  maga- 
zine 1881-1909.  His  poems  are  included  in  5 volumes : 
“The  New  Day  ” (1875),  “The  Celestial  PasBion  ” (1887), 
“ Lyrics  ”(1885  and  1887),  “Two  Worlds,  and  Other  Poems  " 
(1891),  “ The  Great  Remembrance,  and  Other  Poems  ” (1893). 
A “household  edition”  of  his  poems  was  issued  in  1908 
and  “ Grover  Cleveland : a record  of  friendship  ” in  1910. 

Gilder,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  16,  1838:  died  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Feb. 
5,  1900.  An  American  journalist  and  Arctic 
traveler,  brother  of  R.  W.  Gilder.  He  went  with 
Schwatka  1878-80  on  his  Arctic  expedition,  and  later  ex- 
plored the  Lena  delta.  He  published  “ Schwatka’B  Search  ” 
(1881),  “Ice-Pack  and  Tundra”  (1883). 

Gilderoy  (gil'de-roi).  A notorious  freebooter 
in  Perthshire.  His  real  name  was  said  to  be  Patrick 
of  the  clan  Gregor.  He  was  hanged  July,  1638,  with  five  of 
his  gang,  after  a career  of  barbarous  harrying  and  outrage. 


Many  stories  of  his  crimes  were  current  among  the  com- 
mon people.  Among  other  performances  he  is  said  to  have 
“picked  the  pocket  of  Cardinal  Richelieu  in  the  king's 
presence,  robbed  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  hanged  a judge.” 
The  ballad  concerning  him  is  preserved  in  Ritson  and 
Percy. 

Gildersleeve  (gil'der-slev),  Basil  Lanneau. 

Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Oct.  23,  1831.  An 
American  classical  scholar.  He  was  professor  of 
Greek  at  the  University  of  Virginia  1856-76,  when  he  ac- 
cepted a corresponding  position  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity (Baltimore).  He  has  conducted  the  "American 
Journal  of  Philology”  since  its  foundation  in  1880,  has 
published  a Latin  grammar  (1867),  and  has  edited  “ The 
Satires  of  Aulus  Persius  Flaccus”  (1875),  “ Justin  Martyr" 
(1877),  and  “The  Olympian  and  Pythian  Odes  of  Pindar." 

Gildo  (jil'dd),  or  Gildon  (jil'don).  Died  398 

A.  D.  A Moorish  chief  tain.  He  was  appointed  count 
of  the  province  of  Africa  about  386.  In  397  he  transferred 
his  allegiance  from  the  Western  to  the  Eastern  Empire, 
and  was  in  the  following  year  defeated  by  a Roman  army 
under  his  brother  Mascezel.  He  was  captured  in  the 
flight,  and  died  shortly  after  by  his  own  hand. 

Gild  of  Aiquebusiers.  A painting  by  Jan  van 
Ravesteyn,  in  the  town  hall  at  The  Hague,  Hol- 
land. There  are  25  figures,  descending  the  stairs 
of  the  shooting-gallery. 

Gildun  (gil-don'),  sometimes  Yildun.  A rarely 
used  name  for  the  fourth-magnitude  star  6 Ursse 
Minoris. 

Gilead,  or  Mount  Gilead  (mount  gil'e-ad).  In 
biblical  geography,  a part  of  Palestine  east  of 
the  Jordan,  extending  eastward  to  about  36°  E., 
and  lying  between  the  Hieromax  on  the  north 
and  the  Arnon  on  the  south.  In  an  extended 
sense  it  included  Bashan. 

Gileno  (He-la'nyo),  or  Gila  Apache  (He'la  a- 
pa'che).  An  Apache  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  composed  of  four  or  more  subtribes, 
the  Coyotero,  Mogollon,  Pinal  Coyotero,  and 
Mimbreiio.  In  1630  the  Gileno  were  about  the  boun- 
dary of  the  present  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  In  1882 
they  ranged  east  of  the  Sierra  de  los  Mimbres  and  south 
of  the  Rio  Gila.  See  Apache. 

Giles  (jilz),  Saint.  [Gr.  A lyiSiog,  L.  JEgiaius,  It. 
Egidio,  F.  G tiles,  Eg  hie.']  A saint  of  the  7th 
century,  believed  to  have  been  a Greek  who 
emigrated  to  France.  He  was  an  anchorite,  and  was 
fabled  to  have  been  nourished  by  a hind.  Gradually  a 
monastic  establishment  grew  around  him,  of  which  he 
became  the  head.  The  better  to  mortify  the  flesh,  he 
once  refused  to  be  cured  of  lameness,  and  hence  became 
the  patron  saint  of  cripples.  St.  Giles's  Church,  Cripple- 
gate,  is  a memorial  of  him.  His  festival  is  celebrated  in 
the  Roman  and  Anglican  churches  on  Sept.  1. 

Giles,  Henry.  Born  at  Cranford,  County  Wex- 
ford, Ireland,  Nov.  1,  1809:  died  at  Hyde  Park, 
near  Boston,  Mass.,  July  10,  1882.  An  Irish- 
American  lecturer  and  essayist.  He  was  for  some 
years  a Unitarian  minister  at  Greenock  and  Liverpool.  In 
1840  he  came  to  the  United  States.  He  wrote  “Lectures 
and  Essays  ” (1850),  “Christian  Thought  on  Life"  (1850), 
and  “ Human  Life  in  Shakespeare  ” (1868). 

Giles,  St.,  Church  of.  See  Edinburgh  and  Lon- 
don. 

Giles,  William  Branch.  Bornin  Amelia  County, 
Va.,  Aug.  12,  1762:  died  in  Amelia  County, 
Dec.  4,  1830.  An  American  Democratic  politi- 
cian. He  was  a memberof  Congressfrom  Virginia  1790- 
1799  and  1801-03  ; was  United  States  senator  1804-15;  and 
was  governor  of  Virginia  1827-30. 

Gilfil  (gil'fil),  Rev.  Maynard.  Asomewhat  un- 
spiritual but  conscientious  clergyman  in  George 
Eliot’s  “Mr.  Gilfil’s  Love-Story.” 

Mr.  Gilfil,  the  caustic  old  gentleman  with  bucolic  tastes 
and  sparing  habits,  many  knots  and  ruggednesses  appear- 
ing on  him  like  the  rough  bosses  of  a tree  that  has  been 
marred,  is  recognizable  as  the  Maynard  Gilfil  “ who  had 
known  all  the  deep  secrets  of  devoted  love,  had  struggled 
through  its  days  and  nights  of  anguish,  and  trembled 
under  its  unspeakable  joys.” 

Dtnvden,  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  250. 

Gilfillan  (gil-fil'an),  George.  Born  at  Comrie, 
Perthshire,  Jan."30,  1813 : died  at  Dundee,  Aug. 
13,  1878.  A Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his  works  are 
“Gallery  of  Literary  Portraits”  (three  series,  1845-56), 
“Bards  of  the  Bible”  (1851),  “Night:  a Poem  ” (1867). 

Gilfillan,  Robert.  Born  at  Dunfermline,  Scot- 
land, July  7, 1798:  died  at  Leith,  Scotland,  Dec. 
4,  1850.  A Scottish  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
weaver,  and  was  a merchant’s  clerk  and  collector  at  Leith 
for  many  years.  He  wrote  “ Peter  McCraw  ” (1828),  a hu- 
morous satire,  and  other  poems. 

Gilflory  (gil-flo'ri),  Mrs.  General.  In  B.  E. 

Woolf’s  play  “ The  Mighty  Dollar,”  a good-na- 
tured widow,  with  a lively  temper,  who  speaks 
atrocious  French. 

Gilgal  (gil'gal).  In  biblical  geography,  the 
name  of  various  places  in  Palestine.  The  most 
important  was  situated  in  the  plain  of  Jordan  3 
miles  east  of  the  ancient  Jericho  : the  modem 
Tel  Jiljulieh. 

Gilgal  or  Galgal  means  a heap  of  stones  dedicated  to  a 
religious  purpose.  The  Gilgal  in  question  was  probably 
a sacred  mound  of  the  Canaanites ; but  perhaps  it  owed  its 


origin  to  an  Israelitish  encampment,  or  it  may  have  been 
a mound  raised  for  sacrifices. 

Renan , Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  200. 

Gilgit  (gil-git').  1.  A tributary  of  the  Indus, 
which  it  joins  about  lat.  35°  45'  N.,  long.  74° 
40'  E. — 2.  A small  territory  in  the  valley  of 
the  lower  Gilgit,  under  the  rule  of  Kashmir. 
The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  the  entire  valley  of 
the  Gilgit.  It  is  a strategic  point  of  great  importance  to 
the  Indian  empire. 

Gilij  (je'lye),  Filipe  Salvatore.  Born  at  Le- 
gogne,  near  Spoleto,  Italy,  1721 : died  at  Rome, 
1789.  A Jesuit  missionary  and  author.  He  la- 
bored among  the  Indians  of  the  Orinoco  valley  from  1742 
to  1760,  and  subsequently  resided  at  Bogota  until  the  ex- 
pulsion of  his  order  in  1767.  His  “ Saggio  di  storia  ameri- 
cana”  (Rome,  4 vols.,  1780-84)  relates  mainly  to  the  Ori- 
noco, and  is  particularly  valuable  in  its  descriptions  of  the 
Indian  tribes.  Also  written  Gilli  and  Gilii. 

Gill  (zhel),  Andrd,  the  pseudonym  of  Louis 
Alexandre  Gosset  de  Guinnes.  Bora  at  Paris, 
Oct.  17,  1840:  died  at  Charenton,  May  2,  1888. 
A noted  French  caricaturist.  He  died  in  an  in- 
sane asylum.  His  last  picture  figured  at  the  ex- 
position of  1882. 

Gill  (gil),  Sir  David.  Bora  at  Aberdeen,  June 
12,  1843.  A Scottish  astronomer,  astronomer 
royal  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1879-1907.  He 

wasassociatedwithLordLindsay(nov>  Earl  of  Crawford  and 
Balcarres)  in  organizing  and  superintending  the  observa- 
tory at  Dunecnt,  Aberdeenshire,  in  1870.  He  took  a lead- 
ing part  in  the  investigations  connected  with  the  transit  of 
Venus  in  1882,  especially  for  the  determination  of  the  dis- 
tance of  the  sun  from  the  earth.  He  has  also  been  en- 
gaged in  important  geodetic  surveys.  Knighted  1900. 

Gill,  John.  Born  at  Kettering,  England,  Nov. 
23,  1697 : died  at  Camberwell,  London,  Oct.  14, 
1771.  An  English  Baptist  clergyman  and  rab- 
binical scholar.  His  chief  work  is  “ Exposition 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures”  (1746-66). 

Gill,  Theodore  Nicholas.  Bora  at  New  York, 
March  21,  1837.  An  American  naturalist,  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  in  the  George  Washington 
Univ.,  Washington,  D.  C.;  1884-.  He  was  libra- 
rian of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  1863-66,  and  chief  as- 
sistant librarian  of  Congress  1866-75.  He  has  published 
“Arrangement  of  the  Families  of  Mollusks”  (1871),  “Ar- 
rangement of  the  Families  of  Fishes  "(1872),  “Arrangement 
of  the  Families  of  Mammals”  (1872),  “Catalogue  of  the 
Fishes  of  the  East  Coast  of  North  America  "(1875),  etc. 

Gille  (zhel),  Philippe.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  18, 
1831 : died  there,  March  20,  1901.  A French 
journalist  and  writer  for  the  stage,  secretary 
of  the  Theatre  Lyrique  from  1861. 

Gillern  (gil'em),  Alvan  C.  Born  in  Tennessee, 
1830 : died  Dec.  2, 1875.  An  American  general. 
He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1851 ; served  against 
the  Seminoles  in  Florida  1851-52  ; was  promoted  captain 
in  the  United  States  army  May  14,  1861 ; and  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  siege  artillery,  and  was  chief  quartermaster 
of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  during  the  campaign  in  Tennes- 
see. He  was  adjutant-general  of  Tennessee  from  1863  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war,  and  commanded  the  troops  guard- 
ing the  Nashville  and  Northwestern  Railroad  from  June, 
1863,  until  Aug.,  1864.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  in 
the  regular  army  for  his  gallantry  at  the  capture  of  Salis- 
bury. He  became  colonel  in  the  regular  army  July  28, 
1866,  and  commanded  the  troops  in  the  engagement  with 
the  Modoc  Indians  at  the  Lava  Beds,  April  15,  1873. 

Gillespie  (gi-les'pi),  George.  Born  at  Kirk- 
caldy, Jan.  21,  1613:  died  there,  Dee.  17,  1648. 
A Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman,  member  of 
the  Westminster  Assembly.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ Aaron’s 
Rod  Blossoming  ” (1646)  and  other  controversial 
works. 

Gillespie,  Thomas.  Born  at  Duddingston,  near 
Edinburgh,  in  1708:  died  at  Dunfermline,  Jan. 
19,  1774.  A Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
founder  of  the  Relief  Church  in  Scotland  (Oct. 
22, 1761).  The  secession  of  whichGillespiewastheleader 
originated  in  his  deposition  (May,  1752)  by  the  established 
church,  on  account  of  his  refusal  to  take  part  in  a settle- 
ment of  a minister  which  was  opposed  by  the  people. 

Gillett  (ji-let'),  Ezra  Hall.  Born  at  Colches- 
ter, Conn.,  July  15,  1823:  died  at  New  York, 
Sept.  2, 1875.  An  American  Presbyterian  cler- 
gyman and  ecclesiastical  historian.  His  chief 
work  is  a “History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  United  States”  (1864). 

Gillies  (gil'iz),  John.  Born  at  Brechin,  Forfar- 
shire, Jan.  18, 1747 : diedat  Clapham,  near  Lon- 
don, Feb.  15, 1836.  A Scottish  historian.  His 
chief  work  is  a “History  of  Greece”  (1786). 

Gillis  Land  (gil'is  land).  [Named  from  its  dis- 
coverer (1707),  a Dutch  captain,  Comelis  Gil- 
lis.] A land  in  the  north  polar  regions,  north- 
east of  Spitzbergen  and  west  of  Franz  Josef 
Land. 

Gillmore  (gil'mor),  Quincy  Adams.  Born 

in  Ohio,  Feb.  28,  1825:  died  April  7,  1888. 
An  American  general  and  engineer.  He  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1849,  and  was  subsequently  in- 
structor there.  He  was  appointed  engineer-in-chief  of  the 
expedition  under  General  Thomas  W.  Sherman  against 
Port  Royal  in  1861,  and  as  such  planned  and  conducted 
engineering  and  artillery  operations  which  resulted  in  the 


Gillmore 

redaction  of  Fort  Pulaski  in  1862.  He  defeated  General 
Pegram  at  Somerset  in  March,  1863,  and  conducted  the 
operations  against  Charleston  1863-64.  He  became  brevet 
major-general  in  the  regular  army  in  1865.  His  works  in- 
clude “Practical  Treatise  on  Limes,’’  “Hydraulic  Cements 
and  Mortars  "(1863),  “Official  Report  of  the  Siege  and  Re- 
duction of  Fort  Pulaski,  Georgia  " (1863),  etc. 

Gillott  (jil'ot),  Joseph.  Born  at  Sheffield, 
Oct.  11,  1799:  died  at  Birmingham,  Jan.  5, 
1873.  An  English  manufacturer  of  steel  pens. 
Gillray  (gil-ra'),  James.  Born  at  Chelsea,  1757 : 
died  at  London,  June  1, 1815.  A celebrated  Eng- 
lish caricaturist.  He  occasionally  did  serious  work. 
Two  plates  engraved  by  him  for  Gold  smith's  “Deserted  Vil- 
lage ” were  published  1784 : they  are  in  the  style  of  Ryland. 
The  “Burning  of  the  Duke  of  Athole,”  an  East  Indiaman, 
and  two  portraits  of  William  Pitt  slightly  caricatured,  a 
portrait  of  Dr.  Arne,  and  several  others  belong  to  the  same 
period.  He  occasionally  signed  his  plates  with  fictitious 
names.  The  earliest  caricature  to  which  he  signed  his 
name  is  entitled  “ Paddy  on  Horseback  ” (1779).  Between 
1,200  and  1,500  are  ascribed  to  him,  most  of  them  reflect- 
ing on  the  king,  ‘ ‘ Farmer  George,”  and  his  wife,  the  court, 
the  government,  and  every  phase  of  public  life.  He  died 
in  a state  of  imbecility. 

Gills  (gilz),  Solomon.  Iu  Dickens’s  “ Dombey 
and  Son,”  an  old  nautical-instrument  maker. 
Gihnan  (gil'man),  Daniel  Coit.  Born  at  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  July  6,  1831:  died  at  Norwich, 
Conn.,  Oct.  13,  1908.  An  American  educator. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  iu  1852,  and,  after  having  com- 
pleted his  studies  at  Berlin,  became  in  1855  assistant 
librarian  and  later  librarian  at  Yale,  where  he  afterward 
held  a professorship  of  physical  and  political  geography. 
He  was  president  of  the  University  of  California  1872-75, 
president  of  Johns  Hopkins  University  1875-1901,  and  was 
first  president  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  1902-04.  He 
wrote  “James  Monroe  ” (1883). 

Gilman,  John  Taylor.  Bom  at  Exeter,  N.  H., 
Dec.  19, 1753 : died  at  Exeter,  Sept.  1, 1828.  An 
American  politician,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire 1794-1805  and  1813-16. 

Gilman,  Mrs.  (Caroline  Howard).  Born  at 
Boston,  Oct.  8, 1794:  died  at  Washington,  Sept. 
15,  1888.  An  American  poet  and  author,  wife 
of  Samuel  Gilman.  She  began  in  1832  the  publication 
of  a magazine  for  children  entitled  “The  Rose-Bud” : the 
title  was  changed  to  “ The  Rose  ” in  1833.  This  magazine 
was  discontinued  in  1839.  She  wrote  “ Recollections  of  a 
New  England  Housekeeper  ” (1835) and  “Recollections  of 
a Southern  Matron  ” (1836). 

Gilman,  Samuel.  Born  at  Gloucester,  Mass., 
Feb.  16,  1791:  died  at  Kingston,  Mass.,  Feb.  9, 
1858.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  and 
miscellaneous  writer. 

Gilmore(gil'mor),  James  Roberts:  pseudonym 
Edmund  Kirke.  Born  at  Boston,  Sept.  10, 
1823 : died  in  1903.  An  American  author,  in 
July,  1864,  with  Colonel  Jaquess,  he  was  intrusted  with 
an  unofficial  mission  to  the  Confederate  government,  with 
a view  to  ascertaining  the  terms  on  which  the  South  would 
treat  for  peace.  His  works  include  “ Among  the  Pines  ” 
(1862),  “ My  Southern  Friends  ” (1862),  “ Down  in  Tennes- 
see ” (1863),  “ Among  the  Guerrillas  ” (1863),  etc. 

Gilmore,  Patrick  Sarsfield.  Born  near  Dublin, 
Dec.  25, 1829:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.  24, 
1892.  An  Irish-American  hand-master,  in  1859 
he  organized  in  Boston  “Gilmore’s  Band,”  an  organization 
which  he  maintained  until  his  death.  He  composed  much 
military  and  dance  music. 

Gilmour  (gil'mor),  Richard.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  Sept.  28, 1824:  died  at  St.  Augustine, 
Fla.,  April  13, 1891.  A Roman  Catholic  prelate. 
He  came  to  Canada  with  his  parents  at  an  early  age ; was 
educated  for  the  ministry  at  Mount  Saint  Marys  Seminary, 
Emmettsburg,  Maryland  ; and  was  ordained  priest  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  Aug.  20, 1852.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  of 
Cleveland  April  14, 1872,  and  as  such  became  noted  for  his 
zeal  in  behalf  of  Catholic  education.  He  compiled  a series 
of  readers  known  as  “The  Catholic  National  Readers.” 

Gilolo,  or  Jilolo  (je-16'16),  or  Halmahera  (hal- 
ma-ha'ra).  One  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  inter- 
sected by  the  equator  and  long.  128°  E.  It 
belongs  in  great  part  to  the  Dutch  residency  of 
Ternate.  Length,  about  225  miles. 

Gilolo  Passage.  A sea  passage  separating  Gi- 
lolo on  the  west  from  several  smaller  islands  on 
the  east. 

Gilpin  (gil'pfn),  Bernard.  Born  at  Kentmere, 
Westmoreland,  in  1517 : died  at  Houghton-le- 
Spring,  Durham,  England,  March  4,  1583.  An 
English  clergyman.  He  became  archdeacon  of  Dur- 
ham in  1556,  and  was  afterward  appointed  rector  of  Hough- 
ton-le-Spring : both  of  these  positions  he  held  until  his 
death.  He  gained  great  popularity  by  his  charities  and 
gratuitous  ministrations  among  the  poor  (whence  he  is 
sometimes  called  “the  Apostle  of  the  North  ’’). 

Gilpin,  John.  See  John  Gilpin. 

Gilpin,  William.  Born  at  Carlisle,  England, 
June  4,  1724 : died  at  Boldre,  Hants,  England, 
April  5,  1804.  An  English  biographer,  and 
writer  on  the  natural  scenery  of  Great  Britain. 
Gil  Vicente.  See  Vicente,  Gil. 

Gil  y Lemos  (Hel  e la'mos),  Francisco.  Born 
near  Corunna  about  1739 : died  at  Madrid,  1809. 
A Spanish  naval  officer  and  administrator.  He 
entered  the  navy  in  1762  ; distinguished  himself  in  various 


439 

parts  of  the  world ; was  appointed  viceroy  of  New  Granada 
in  1788,  and  viceroy  of  Peru  in  1790.  The  latter  position 
he  held  until  June,  1796,  and  soon  after  returned  to  Spain, 
where  he  was  made  councilor  of  war.  He  was  director- 
general  of  the  armada  in  1799,  minister  of  marine  and 
captain-general  in  1805,  inspector  general  of  marine  in 
1807,  and  a member  of  the  governmental  junta  in  1808. 

Gil  y Zarate  (Hel  e tha'ra-ta),  Antonio.  Born 
Dec.  1,  1786:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  27,  1861.  A 
Spanish  dramatic  poet. 

Gimcrack  (jim'krak),  Sir  Nicholas.  The  Vir- 
tuoso in  Thomas  Shadwell’s  comedy  of  that 
name,  remarkable  for  his  ‘ ‘ scientific  ” vagaries. 

Gindely  (gin'de-le),  Anton.  Born  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  3, 1829 : died  at  Prague,  Oct.  24, 
1892.  A German  historian,  professor  (extraor- 
dinary 1862,  ordinary  1867)  of  Austrian  history 
at  the  University  of  Prague,  and  keeper  of  the 
archives  of  the  kingdom  of  Bohemia.  He  wrote 
“ Geschichte  des  Dreissigjahrigen  Kriegs  ’’(“  History  of  the 
Thirty  Years’  War,"  1869-80),  etc. 

Gines  de  Passamonte  (He'nes  da  pas-sa-mon'- 
ta).  In  Cervantes’s  “Don  Quixote,”  a galley- 
slave  who  was  freed  with  others  by  that  knight. 
The  freed  slaves  set  upon  Don  Quixote  and 
despoiled  him,  and  broke  Mambrino’s  helmet. 

Ginevra  (gi-nev'ra).  1.  S ee  Guinevere. — 2.  A 
poem  by  Samuel  Rogers,  named  from  its  hero- 
ine. She  is  an  Italian  bride  who  hides  herself,  for  a jest, 
in  an  old  chest  which  has  a spring-lock.  It  closes  tightly, 
and  her  body  is  not  found  for  many  years.  The  story  is 
told  as  connected  with  several  old  houses  in  England.  T. 
Haynes  Bayly’s  ballad  “ The  Mistletoe  Bough  ’’  embodies 
the  same  story. 

Gingu  ene  (zhah-ge-na'),  Pierre  Louis.  Born 
at  Rennes,  France,  April  27, 1748 : died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  11,  1816.  A noted  French  historian  of  lit- 
erature, and  critic.  His  chief  work  is  a “ His- 
toire  litteraire  d’ltalie  ” (1811-24). 

Ginkel  (ging'kel),  Godert  de,  first  Earl  of  Ath- 
lone.  Born  at  Utrecht,  1630:  died  there,  Feb. 
11, 1703.  A Dutch  soldier  in  the  English  service. 
He  accompanied  William  of  Orange  to  England  in  1688; 
went  with  the  king  to  Ireland  in  1690,  where  he  served  at 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne  and  the  siege  of  Limerick,  and 
after  the  king’s  departure  became  general-in-chief ; and 
carried  on  the  Irish  war  in  1691,  defeating  the  Irish  in  a 
pitched  battle  near  Aglirim  July  12,  and  taking  Limer- 
ick Oct.  30.  In  the  following  year  he  went  with  William 
to  the  Continent,  and  served  at  Steinkirk,  Landen  (July 
19,  1693),  Namur  (1695),  and  elsewhere. 

Ginnungagap  (gin'nong-a-gap).  [ON.]  In 
the  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  “gaping  abyss” 
which  originally  existed  everywhere,  ice  from 
Niflheim,  the  realm  of  cold  and  fog  in  the  north,  came  into 
contact  with  sparksfrom  Muspellsheim,  the  realm  of  fire  in 
the  south,  and  through  the  working  of  heat  and  cold  arose 
in  Ginnungagap  the  first  created  being,  the  giant  Ymir.  His 
dead  body,  afterward  hurled  by  Odin  and  his  brothers, Vili 
and  Ve  (ON.  Vi),  back  into  the  midst  of  the  abyss,  became 
the  world. 

Ginx’s  Baby  (ginks'ez  ba'bi),  His  Birth  and 
Other  Misfortunes.  A work  by  Edward  Jenkins, 
published  in  1870.  It  describes  in  a narrative 
form  the  evils  of  pauperism  and  pauperization. 

Giobert  (jo-bert'),  Giovanni  Antonio.  Born 
near  Asti,  Italy,  Oct.  28,  1761:  died  near  Turin, 
Sept.  14, 1834.  An  Italian  chemist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  rural  economy  in  the  University  of  Turin  in  1800, 
and  in  1802  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and 
mineralogy.  He  was  the  first  to  introduce  the  theories  of 
Lavoisier  into  Italy. 

Gioberti  (jo-ber'te),  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Turin, 
April  5,  1801 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  26,  1852.  An 
Italian  philosopher  and  politician.  He  was  or- 
dained priest  in  1825 ; became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Turin  in  the  same  year ; was  appointed  chaplain  to  Charles 
Albert,  crown  prince  of  Sardinia,  in  1831 ; was  exiled  in 
1833  on  suspicion  of  conspiring  against  the  crown  ; was 
for  a number  of  years  a teacher  in  a private  institution  at 
Brussels  ; was  recalled  in  1848  ; was  premier  of  Sardinia 
1848-49 ; and  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1849-51.  Among 
his  chief  works  are  “Introduzione  alio  studio  della  filo- 
sofia”  (1839-40),  “Del  primato  morale  e civile  degli  Itali- 
ani  ” (1843),  “ Prolegomeni ” (1845),  “II  Gesuita  moderno  ” 
(1846-47),  “Del  rinnovamento  civile  dltalia”  (1851). 

Giocondo  (jo-kon'do),  Fra  Giovanni.  Bom  at 
V erona,  Italy,  in  the  middle  of  the  15th  century : 
died  at  Rome,  July  1,  1515.  An  Italian  archi- 
tect and  antiquary,  a teacher  of  Julius  Crosar 
Scaliger.  He  published  editions  of  the  letters  of  Pliny, 
Caesar’s  Commentaries,  and  Vitruvius.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  designed  the  famous  Loggia  del  Consiglio  at  Verona. 
He  collected  about  2,000  Latin  inscriptions  in  a work  which 
he  dedicated  to  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent.  In  Paris  he 
built  the  Pont  Notre-Dame  and  the  old  palace  of  the  Cour 
des  Comptes.  He  went  to  Rome  and  made  a design  for  St. 
Peter’s,  which  is  preserved  in  the  Uffizi  at  Florence.  He 
returned  to  V enice  in  1506,  and  connected  himself  with  the 
work  of  the  Aldine  Academy. 

Gioja  (jo'ya),  Flavio.  Bom  at  Pasitano,  near 
Amalfi : lived  early  in  the  14th  century.  An 
Italian  navigator,  incorrectly  regarded  as  the 
inventor  of  the  compass. 

Gioja,  Melchiorre.  Born  at.  Piacenza,  Italy, 
Sept.  20, 1767 : died  at  Milan,  Jan.  2, 1829.  An 
Italian  political  economist  and  philosophical 


Gipsies 

writer.  Among  his  works  are  “Nuovo  prospetto  deUe 
scienze  economiche  ” (1815-19),  “ Filosofla  della  statistica  ” 
(1826),  etc. 

Gioja  (or  Gioia)  del  (or  dal)  Colle  (kol'le).  A 
tow*  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Italy,  24  miles 
south  of  Bari.  Population,  21,721. 

Giordani  (jor-da'ne),  Pietro.  Born  at  Piacenza, 
Jan.  1, 1774:  died  at  Parma,  Sept.  14,  1848.  An 
Italian  Benedictine  monk  and  litterateur,  pro- 
fessor (1800-15)  of  Latin  and  Italian  rhetoric  at 
the  University  of  Bologna. 

Giordano  (jor-da'no),  Luca.  Bom  at.  Naples, 
1632:  died  at  Naples,  Jan.,  1705.  An  Italian 
painter:  for  his  swiftness  of  execution  he  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Fa-Presto. 

Giorgio  (jor'jo),  Francesco  di.  Born  at  Siena, 
1439:  died  there,  1502.  An  Italian  architect, 
engineer,  sculptor,  painter,  and  bronze-caster. 
He  devoted  himself  principally  to  military  architecture 
and  engineering,  and  attained  such  celebrity  that  his  ser- 
vices were  constantly  solicited  of  the  Sienese  republic  by 
the  lords  of  the  great  Italian  cities.  His  chief  employer 
was  the  Duke  of  Urbino.  A series  of  72  bas-reliefs  made 
up  of  military  machines,  arms,  and  trophies,  which  hesculp- 
tured  for  the  fa?ade  of  his  palace,  may  still  he  seen  at  Ur- 
bino. In  1493  lie  was  elected  to  the  magistracy  of  Siena. 
At  this  time  he  modeled  and  cast  two  of  the  tabernacles 
above  the  high  altar  of  the  Duomo. 

Giorgione  (jor-jo'ne),Il  (Giorgio  Barbarelli). 

Born  at  Castelfranco  about  1477 : died  of  the 
plague  at  Venice  in  1511.  A Venetian  painter. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Giovanni  Bellini.  He  was  famous  as  a 
colorist,  and  was  reckoned  the  most  brilliant  of  his  school 
and  generation.  Of  the  numerous  pictures  attributed  to 
him  in  the  various  galleries  of  Europe,  there  is  only  one  of 
which  the  authorship  rests  on  secure  evidence.  This  is 
the  Madonna  and  Child  enthroned,  with  St.  Francis  and 
St.  Liberalis  on  the  two  sides  of  the  pedestal  on  which  she 
sits.  It  is  in  the  church  of  his  birthplace.  Of  the  pic- 
tures attributed  to  Giorgione,  “The  Concert”  (in  the  T'ittl 
Gallery),  “The  Knight  of  Malta”  (in  the  Uffizi),  and  the 
“Judgment  of  Solomon  ” (Uffizi)  are  among  the  most  im- 
portant. 

Giotto  (jot'to),  or  Giotto  di  Bondone.  Born 
at  Vespignano,  near  Florence,  1276  (1266?) : 
died  at  Florence,  Jan.  8,  1337.  A famous  Italian 
painter,  architect,  and  sculptor.  He  was  the  son 
of  a peasant.  He  became  the  pupil  of  Cimabue,  and  was 
the  head  at  Florence  of  a celebrated  school  of  painters. 
In  1334  Giotto  was  appointed  chief  master  of  the  works  on 
the  Duomo  at  Florence,  the  city  fortifications,  and  all  pub- 
lic architectural  undertakings.  He  designed  the  facade 
of  the  Duomo,  which  was  not  finished,  and  built  the  fa- 
mous Campanile.  His  works  include  28  frescos  in  the 
aisle  of  the  upper  church  of  S.  Francesco  d’Assisi,  under 
those  by  Cimabue ; the  frescos  on  the  ceilings  of  the 
lower  church  of  S.  Francesco  d’Assisi,  and  an  altarpiece 
(according  to  Vasari  the  most  completely  executed  of  all 
his  works)  ; 38  frescos  in  the  Capella  dell’  Arena  at  Padua  ; 
the  frescos  of  four  chapels  in  Santa  Croce,  Florence,  two 
of  which  have  been  destroyed  ; a very  small  number  of 
genuine  panel-pictures  in  St.  Peter’s,  in  Santa  Croce,  in 
the  Aecademia  at  Florence,  in  the  Louvre,  at  Munich,  and 
in  the  Berlin  Museum  ; a “Madonna  with  Angels”  (Acca- 
demia,  Florence);  “Two  Apostles ’’(National  Gallery,  Lon- 
don) ; and  “ St.  Francis  receiving  the  Stigmata  ” (in  the 
Louvre).  In  the  frescos  of  the  BargeUo,  Florence,  are  the 
well-known  portraits  of  Dante. 

Giovanni,  Don.  [It.,  ‘John.’]  See  Don  Gio- 
vanni. 

Giovanni,  Ser.  See  Pecorone,  II. 

Giovanni  da  Fiesole.  See  Fiesole,  Giovanni 

Angelico  da. 

Giovanni  di  Bologna.  See  John  of  Bologna. 

Giovinazzo  (jo-ve-nat'so),  or  Giovenazzo  (jo- 
ve-nat'so).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Bari, 
Italy,  on  the  Adriatic  Sea  12  miles  northwest 
of  Bari.  Population,  commune,  11,245. 

Giovio  (jo've-o),  Paolo,  Latinized  Paulas  Jo- 
vius.  Born  at  Como,  Italy,  April  19,  1483 : died 
at  Florence,  Dec.  11, 1552.  A noted  Italian  his- 
torian. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  works,  of  which 
tlie  most  important  is  “ Historiarum  sui  temporis  libri 
xlv.”  (“History  of  his  own  Times,”  1550-52). 

Gippsland  (gips'land).  A region  in  southeast- 
ern Victoria,  Australia. 

Gipsies  (jip'siz).  [Orig.  Egyptians,  later  Gip- 
cians,  Gipsies,  the  Gipsies  being  popularly  sup- 
posed to  be  Egyptians.]  A peculiar  vagabond 
race  which  appeared  in  England  for  the  first 
time  about  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century, 
and  in  eastern  Europe  at  least  two  centuries 
earlier,  and  is  now  found  in  every  country  of 
Europe,  as  well  as  in  parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and 
America.  The  Gipsies  are  distinguishable  from  the 
peoples  among  whom  they  rove  by  their  bodily  appearance 
and  by  their  language.  Their  forms  are  generally  light, 
lithe,  and  agile  ; skin  of  a tawny  color ; eyes  large,  black, 
and  brilliant;  hair  long,  coal  black,  and  often  ringleted  ; 
mouth  well  shaped ; and  teeth  very  white.  Ethnologists 
generally  concur  in  regarding  the  Gipsies  as  descendants 
of  some  obscure  Hindu  tribe.  They  pursue  various  no 
madic  occupations,  being  tinkers,  basket-makers,  fortune- 
tellers, dealers  in  horses,  etc. ; are  often  expert  musicians ; 
and  are  credited  with  thievish  propensities  They  appear 
to  be  destitute  of  any  system  of  religion,  but  traces  of  va 
rious  forms  of  paganism  are  found  in  their  language  and 
customs.  The  name  Gipsy  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  or 
assumed  by  other  vagrants  of  like  habits. 


Gipsy’s  Warning,  The 

Gipsy’ s W arning,  The.  An  opera  by  Sir  J ulius 
Benedict,  with  words  by  Linley  and  Peake.  It 
was  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  April  19,  1838. 
Giralda  (ji-ral'da).  An  opera  by  A.  Adam,  with 
words  by  Scribe.  It  was  produced  in  1850,  and  adapted 
for  the  English  stage  as  a play  by  Mrs.  Davidson. 
Giralda  (He-ral'da).  [Sp.,  a weather-vane  in 
the  form  of  a statue.]  The  bell-tower  of  the 
cathedral  at  Seville,  Spain : so  called  from  the 
figure  of  Faith  which  forms  the  weather-vane 
upon  its  summit.  To  the  height  of  250  feet  the  tower 
is  Moorish,  with  rich  windows  and  surface-decoration ; the 
ornate  belfry,  100  feet  high,  in  recessed  stages,  above  this, 
was  built  in"  1668.  The  tower  is  50  feet  square  at  the  base. 
The  tower  of  the  Madison  Square  Garden  in  New  York 
city  is,  in  general,  a copy  of  it. 

Giraldi  (je-ral'de),  Giovanni  Battista,  sur- 
named  Cintio  or  Cinthio.  Bom  at  Ferrara, 
Italy,  Nov.,  1504:  died  at  Ferrara,  Dec.  30, 
1573.  An  eminent  Italian  novelist  and  tragic 
poet,  professor  (1525)  of  medicine  and  philoso- 
phy and  later  (1537)  of  belles-lettres  at  the 
University  of  Ferrara.  For  several  years  after  1560 
he  taught  at  Mondovi.  He  published  “Orbecche"  (1541) 
and  other  tragedies,  “Gli  Hecatommithi  ” (“A  Hundred 
Tales,  1565),  etc.  Two  of  Shakspere’s  plays,  as  well  as  a 
number  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s,  are  indebted  to  him 
for  their  plots. 

Giraldi,  Lilio  Gregorio.  Born  at  Ferrara,  Italy, 
June  13,  1479:  died  at  Ferrara,  Feb.,  1552.  An 
Italian  archaeologist  and  poet,  author  of  “ His- 
toria  de  diis  gentium,”  etc. 
GiraldusCambrensis(ji-ral'duskam-bren'sis), 
or  Gerald  de  Barry  (or  Barri).  Born  near 
Pembroke,  Wales,  probably  in  1146:  died  prob- 
ably in  1220.  A British  historian  and  ecclesi- 
astic. He  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Henry  II.  in  1184, 
and  accompanied  Prince  John  in  his  expedition  to  D eland. 
In  1198  he  was  elected  bishop  of  St.  David’s,  but  failed  to 
receive  the  papal  confirmation.  His  chief  work  is  “ Itin- 
erarium  Cambrise.”  The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that 
by  Brewer  and  Dimock  in  the  Rolls  Series  (1861-77). 
Girard  (zhe-rar'),  Firmin,  Born  at  Ponciu, 
Ain,  May  31,  1838.  A French  genre  painter. 

He  studied  with  Gleyre.  Among  his  works  are  “ Aprcs 
le  bal  ” (1863),  “ Le  pr<jf(:r<5  ” (1872),  “ Le  quai  aux  fleurs  ’’ 
(1876),  “ Allant  aumarchd”  (1881),  “ La  promenade  ”(1889). 
Girard,  Paul  Albert.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  13, 
1839.  A French  landscape-painter.  He  gained 
the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1861. 

Girard,  Philippe  Henri  de.  Born  at  Lourmarin, 
Vaucluse,  France,  Feb.  1,  1775:  died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  26,  1845.  A noted  French  mechanician. 
His  chief  invention  is  a flax-spinning  machine 
(1810). 

Girard,  Pierre  Simon.  Born  at  Caen,  France, 
Nov.  4,  1765:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  30,  1836.  A 
French  engineer. 

Girard  ( ji-rard' ),  Stephen.  Born  near  Bordeaux, 
France,  May  24,  1750:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  26, 1831.  An  American  merchant,  banker, 
and  philanthropist,  founder  of  Girard  College 
(which  see). 

Girard  College.  A college  for  the  education 
of  poor  white  male  orphans,  founded  in  Phila- 
delphia by  the  will  of  Stephen  Girard.  The  chief 
building  (Grecian  style)  was  begun  in  1833,  and  the  col- 
lege was  opened  in  1848.  By  the  direction  of  the  founder 
“ no  ecclesiastic,  missionary,  or  minister  of  any  sect  what- 
ever” is  permitted  to  “hold  or  exercise  any  station  or 
duty  ” in  the  college,  or  to  be  admitted  as  a visitor  within 
the  premises. 

Girardin  (zhe-rar-dan'),  Emile  de.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  22, 1806:  died  there,  April  27, 1881. 
A French  journalist  and  economist,  natural  son 
of  Count  Alexandre  de  Girardin.  He  was  editor  of 
“ La  Presse " 1836-56  and  1862-66,  of  “La  Liberty  ” 1866-70, 
and  of  “ La  France  ” after  1874.  Among  his  works  are 
“ Etudes  politiques  ’’  (1838),  and  “La politique  universeile, 
ddcrets  de  l’avenir  ” (1852). 

Girardin,  Madame  de  (Delphine  Gay):  pseu- 
donym Vicomte  Charles  de  Launay.  Born 
at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Prussia,  Jan.  26, 1804:  died 
at  Paris,  June  29,  1855.  A French  writer, 
daughter  of  Madame  Sophie  Gay,  and  wife 
(1831)  of  Emile  de  Girardin.  She  was  the  author 
of  novels,  comedies,  poems,  and  “ Lettres  parisiennes  ” 
(contributed  to  “La  Pi  esse  " 183&-39). 

Girardin,  Jean  Pierre  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Nov.  16,  1803 : died  at  Rouen,  May  24, 1884.  A 
French  chemist.  He  became  professor  of  applied  chem- 
istry at  Rouen  in  1828,  and  at  Lille  in  1868,  and  rector  of 
the  academy  at  Clermont-Ferrand  in  1868.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  labors  in  agricultural  chemistry. 

Girardin,  Marc.  See  Saint-Marc  Girardin. 
Girardon  (zhe-rar-don'),  Francois.  Bom  at 
Troyes,  France,  about  1630 : died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
1,  1715.  A French  sculptor.  He  came  under  the 
patronage  of  Chancellor  Sdguier ; studied  in  Italy ; and 
returned  to  Paris  in  1652,  where  he  owed  his  success  to 
Lebrun.  His  principal  works  are  the  “Bain  d’Apollon’’ 
and  “Rape  of  Proserpine"  at  Versailles,  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  mausoleum  of  Richelieu  at  the 
Sorbonne,  the  tomb  of  his  own  wife  at  Saint-Landri,  and 
the  decoration  of  the  Porte  St. -Denis. 


440 

Girart  de  Rossilho  (Roussillon).  An  old 

Provencal  epic  belonging  to  the  Carlovingian 
cycle.  It  is  written  in  the  most  northern  of  the 
southern  dialects.  Saintsbury. 

Giraud  (zhe-ro'),  Pierre  Francois  Eugene. 
Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  9,  1806 : died  there,  Dec. 
29, 1881.  A French  painter,  a pupil  of  the  ficole 
des  Beaux  Arts.  He  studied  in  Italy,  and  later  traveled 
in  Spain  and  the  East.  The  subjects  of  his  principal  works 
are  historical  and  Oriental. 

Giraud,  Sebastien  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan. 
18, 1819 : died  there,  1892  (1886,  Vapereau).  A 
French  painter,  brother  of  P.  F.  E.  Giraud. 
Girbaden  (gir'ba-den),  Castle  of.  An  impos- 
ing ruin  with  a massive  square  donjon,  near 
Grendelbruch,  in  Lower  Alsace,  said  once  to 
have  possessed  14  gates  and  14  courts.  The  inner 
fortress  is  of  the  10th  century,  the  outer  castle  of  the  early 
13th.  The  great  hall  has  flue  windows  framed  between 
clustered  colonnettes. 

Girgashites  (ger'ga-shits).  See  the  extract. 

As  for  the  Girgashite  who  is  coupled  with  the  Jebusite 
(Gen.  xv.  21),  his  place  has  been  already  fixed  by  the  eth- 
nographical table  of  Genesis.  He  there  appears  between 
the  Amorite  and  the  Hivite,  and  consequently  in  that 
northern  part  of  the  country  in  which  the  Hivites  were 
more  especially  found.  Further  than  this  conjecture  alone 
can  lead  us.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T. , p.  122. 

Girgeh  (jer'je).  1.  A province  of  Upper  Egypt. 
— 2.  A town  in  the  province  of  Girgeh,  situated 
on  the  Nile  in  lat.  26°  18'  N.  Population,  about 
17,000. 

Girgenti  (jer-jen'te).  A province  in  southwest- 
ern Sicily.  Area,  1,172  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 386,456. 

Girgenti.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gir- 
genti, Sicily,  situated  on  the  Girgenti,  near  the 
coast,  in  lat.  37°  18'  N.,  long.  13°  34'  E. : the 
ancient  Roman  Agrigentum  and  the  Greek  Ak- 
ragas.  See  Agrigentum.  The  site  is  of  high  archeo- 
logical interest  from  its  abundant  remains  of  Doric  temples 
and  other  Greek  structures  dating  from  before  the  Cartha- 
ginian conquest.  All  the  temples  belong  to  the  finest  period 
of  architecture.  The  so-called  temple  of  Concord  is  one  of 
the  most  perfect  surviving  monuments  of  Hellenic  anti- 
quity. It  is  a Doric  peripteros  of  6 by  13  columns,  on  a stylo- 
bate of  3 steps,  measuring  (steps  included)  04)  by  138  feet. 
The  base  diameter  of  the  columns  is  4/tl  feet,  their  height 
22145.  There  are  two  columns  in  antis  in  both  pronaos  and 
opisthodomos.  It  stands  practically  complete,  except  the 
roof,  and  is  most  imposing  in  effect.  The  temple  of  Hera 
Lacinia,  of  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.,  is  now  a 
ruin.  It  is  a Doric  peripteros  of  6 by  13  columns,  measuring 
(steps  included)  64  by  138  feet.  The  base  diameter  of  the 
columns  is  4}  feet,  their  height  21.  The  cella  had  two 
columns  in  antis  in  both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos,  and 
retains  a portion  of  the  base  of  the  cult  statue.  The  tem- 
ple of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  is  a very  large  5th-century  Greek 
Doric  temple  of  unusual  plan.  It  was  pseudoperipteral, 
with  7 engaged  columns  on  the  fronts  and  14  on  the  flanks, 
and  measured  350  feet  in  length,  180  in  width,  and  120  in 
height.  The  interior  of  the  cella  was  surrounded  with  pilas- 
ters supporting  an  epistyle,  upon  which  stood  telamones  to 
receive  the  ceUing-beams.  There  was  a pronaos  and  an 
opisthodomos,  lighted  by  windows  between  the  semi-col- 
umns. In  the  eastern  pediment  there  was  a gigantomachy 
in  high  relief,  in  the  western  an  Iliupersis.  The  temple 
of  Castor  and  Pollux  is  a Doric  peripteros  of  6 by  13  col- 
umns, measuring  (steps  included)  51  by  111)  feet.  The 
base  diameter  of  the  columns  is  ii/i  feet,  their  height  21  TIeT. 
Only  four  columns  of  the  northwest  angle  are  standing, 
with  their  entablature  and  a portion  of  the  pediment.  The 
rough  stone  has  a coating  pf  fine  stucco,  apon  which  the 
paint  ed  decoration  was  executed.  The  temple  of  Heracles  is 
a Doric  peripteros  of  6 by  15  columns,  measuring  (steps  in- 
cluded) 73)  by  241  feet.  The  columns  were  about  33  feet 
high  (41  diameters).  There  were  inner  porticos  before 
both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos.  Fragments  of  its  poly- 
chrome decoration  are  preserved  at  Palermo  The  pretor 
Verres  attempted  to  steal  its  cult  statue,  but  was  forcibly 
hindered  by  the  citizens.  The  city  has  a cathedral  and  a 
museum.  It  was  for  a time  a Saracen  possession,  and  was 
a rich  bishopric  in  the  middle  ages.  Its  seaport,  Porto 
Empedocle,  has  a large  export  of  sulphur.  Population, 
commune,  25,024. 

Girnar  (gir-nar').  A mountain  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Kathiawar,  India,  near  Junagadh,  fa- 
mous for  its  Jain  temples.  Height,  3,666  feet. 
Girodet  Trioson  (zhe-ro-da'  tre-6-zon'),  Anne 
Louis  (originally  Girodet  de  Roussy).  Born 
at  Montargis,  France,  Jan.  5,  1767 : died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  9,  1824.  A French  painter,  a pu- 
pil of  L.  David.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1789.  Among  his  best  works  are  “ Scene  du  deluge  ” (1806) 
and  “Burial  of  Atala”  (1808).  He  was  adopted  by  a 
physician  named  Trioson. 

Giromagny  (zhe-ro-man-ye').  A town  in  the 
territory  of  Belfort,  France,  on  the  Savoureuse 
8 miles  north  of  Belfort.  Population,  com- 
mune, 3,614. 

Girdn  (He-ron'),  Francisco  Hernandez.  Born 
at  Caceres,  Estremadura,  about  1505 : died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  Dec.  7,  1554.  A Spanish  adven- 
turer. He  went  to  America  in  1635,  took  part  in  the  con- 
quest of  New  Granada,  and  fought  on  the  royal  side  in 
Peru  during  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  1646  to  1548. 
On  Nov.  12,  1563,  he  headed  a revolt  at  Cuzco  ; defeated 
the  royalists  under  Alonso  de  Alvarado  at  the  battle  of 
Chuquingua,  May  21, 1564 ; but  later  he  was  outnumbered, 
captured,  and  beheaded. 


Giudici 

Gironde  (ji-rond' ; F.pron.  zhe-rond').  1.  The 
river  Garonne  (which  see)  after  its  union  with 
the  Dordogne.  Length,  about  45  miles. — 2.  A 
department  of  southwestern  France,  capital 
Bordeaux : part  of  the  ancient  Guienne.  it  is 
bounded  by  Cliarente-Inferieure  on  the  north,  Dordogne 
and  Lot-et-Garonne  on  the  east,  Landes  on  the  south,  and 
the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally 
level.  Gironde  is  noted  for  the  production  of  claret  wines. 
Area,  4,140  square  miles.  Population,  823,925. 
Girondins  (ji-ron'dinz).  Same  as  Girondists. 
Girondists  (ji-ron'dists).  [From  F.  Girondist, 
from  Gironde,  a party  so  called  : prop,  a depart- 
ment of  France  from  which  the  original  leaders 
of  this  party  came.]  An  important  political 
party  during  the  first  French  Revolution.  From 
Brissot,  they  were  sometimes  called  Brissotins.  They  were 
moderate  Republicans,  were  the  ruling  party  in  1792,  and 
were  overthrown  by  their  opponents  in  the  Convention, 
the  Montagnaids,  in  1793 ; and  many  of  their  chiefs  were 
executed  dur  ing  the  night  of  Oct.  30-31  of  that  year,  in- 
cluding Brissot,  Gensonnd,  Vergniaud,  Ducos,  and  Sillery. 
Other  executions  followed  both  at  Paris  and  in  the  prov- 
inces. 

Giron  le  Courtois  (zhe-ron'  le  kor-twa').  See 

the  extract. 

The  original  story,  together  with  the  Meliadus,  formed 
part  of  the  great  romance  Palamedes  (or,  as  M.  Paulin 
Paris  prefers  to  call  the  whole,  Giron  le  Courtois,  this  per- 
sonage being  the  chief  hero  throughout),  written  by  Elie 
de  Borron,  who  was  alive  in  the  twelfth  century,  probably 
about  one  hundred  years  before  Rusticien,  whose  compo- 
sition is  the  basis  of  the  work  as  printed. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fict.,  L 233,  note. 

Girouettes  (zhe-ro-et'),Les.  [F./TheWeather- 
cocks.’]  A name  given  in  the  “ Dictionnaire 
des  Girouettes,”  published  in  Paris  in  1815,  to 
those  who  had  deserted  the  tricolor  for  the 
white  flag  of  the  Bourbons  after  the  fall  of  Na- 
poleon, or  vice  v ersa.  After  each  name  was  engraved 
one  or  more  weathercocks,  showing  the  number  of  times 
the  subject  of  the  article  had  changed  sides.  Larousse. 
Girtin  (ger'tin),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Southwark, 
Surrey,  1775:  died  at  London,  1802.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  “next  in  importance  to 
Turner.”  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  English 
water-color  school.  Among  his  works  are  “Melrose  Ab- 
bey,” “York  Cathedral,”  "Interior  of  Canterbury  Cathe- 
dral,” and  others  in  the  British  Museum,  “Jedburgh 
Abbey,”  “St.  Asaph”  (Dublin  National  Gallery),  "Rie- 
vaulx  Abbey,"  “View  on  the  Thames,”  and  others  (South 
Kensington  Museum). 

Girton  College  (ger'ton  kol'ej).  A college  at 
Girton,  near  Cambridge,  England,  founded  in 
1869  for  the  education  of  women,  its  students  are 
admitted  to  examinations  for  the  B.  A.  degree  in  Cam- 
bridge University,  and  receive  certificates  indicating  their 
place  in  the  class-lists. 

Girvan  (gfer'van).  A seaport  on  the  coast  of 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  17  miles  south-southwest 
of  Ayr.  Population,  4,019. 

Gisdtiubar.  See  Izdubar. 

Giskra  (gisk'ra),  Karl.  Born  at  Mahrisch-Trii- 
bau,  Moravia,  Jan.  29,  1820:  died  at  Baden, 
Lower  Austria,  June  1,  1879.  An  Austrian 
statesman.  In  1846  he  was  appointed  to  a tutorship  at 
the  University  of  Vienna.  He  sympathized  with  the  revo- 
lutionary movement  of  March,  1848,  and  organized  the 
academic  legion.  He  lived  for  a time  in  Wurtemberg  and 
Russia,  and  returned  to  Austria  in  1850 ; became  an  advo- 
cate at  Briinn  in  1860 ; became  mayor  of  Briinn  1866;  and 
was  minister  of  the  interior  1868-70. 

Gislason  (gis'la-son),  Konr&d.  Born  July  3, 
1808:  died  Jan.  4,  1891.  An  Icelandic  philol- 
ogist, professorattheUniversity  of  Copenhagen 
1862-86.  His  chief  work  is  a Danish-Icelandic 
dictionary  (1851). 

Gisors  (zhe-zor').  Atown  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  France,  on  the  Epte  32  miles  east-south- 
east of  Rouen.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Nor- 
man Vexin.  The  castle  was  one  of  the  great  bulwarks  of 
ducal  Normandy.  The  inclosure  of  walls  and  towers  is 
of  great  extent,  and  in  the  middle  rises  the  huge  octagonal 
keep.  It  is  an  exceedingly  picturesque  ruin,  framed  in 
trees  and  ivy.  Population,  4,888. 

Gita  (ge'ta).  The  Bhagavadgita  ( which  see). 
Gitagovinda  (ge-ta-go-vin'da).  [Xkt.]  Alyrical 
poem  by  Jayadeva  on  the  early  life  of  Krishna 
as  a cowherd  ( govinda , ‘ finder  of  cows  ’). 

It  sings  the  loves  of  Krishna  and  Radha  and  other  of  the 
cowherd  damsels,  but  a mystical  interpretation  has  been 
put  upon  it  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  written  in  the 
12th  or  13th  century. 

Gitschin  (gich'in),  Bohem.  Jifiin.  A town  in 
Bohemia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Cydlina  48  miles  northeast  of  Prague.  Wallen- 

stein  made  it  the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Friedland  in  1627. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  Prussians  over  the  Aus- 
trians, June  29,  1866.  Population,  10,204,  (1910). 
Gittites  (git'its).  The  natives  or  inhabitants 
of  Gath  (which  see). 

Giudici  (jo'de-ehe),  Paolo  Emiliani.  Born  at 

Mussomeli,  Sicily,  June  13,  1812 : died  at  Tun- 
bridge, England,  Sept.  8, 1872.  An  Italian  his- 
torian of  literature.  He  wrote  "Storia  della  lettera- 
tura  italiana  ” (1855),  “ Storia  dei  comuni  itali&ni  ” (186 IX 
etc. 


Giuglini 

Giuglini  (j61-ye'ne),  Antonio.  Born  at  Fano, 
Italy,  in  1827 : died  at  Pesaro,  Oct.  12, 1865.  An 
Italian  tenor  singer.  He  first  appeared  in  Eng- 
land 1857. 

Giuliani  (jo-le-a'ne),  Giambattista.  Born  at 
Canelli,  near  Asti,  June  4,  1818 : died  at  Flor- 
ence, Jan.  11,  1884.  An  Italian  philologist, 
noted  as  a student  of  Dante.  He  was  successively 
professor  of  mathematics  at  the  Clementine  College  at 
Rome  (1837),  of  philosophy  at  the  Lyceum  at  Lugano 
(1839),  of  rhetoric  at  the  University  of  Genoa  (1848),  and  of 
Italian  literature,  particularly  of  the  works  of  Dante,  at 
Florence  (1860).  His  works  on  Dante  are  numerous. 
Giulio  Romano  (jo'le-o  rd-ma'no),  properly 
Giulio  di  Pietro  di  Filippo  (jo'le-o  de  pe-ii'- 
tro  de  fe-lep'po)  (contracted  to  Pippi)  de’  Gi- 
annuzzi.  Born  at  Rome,  1492 : died  at  Mam 
tua,  Italy,  Nov.  1,  1546.  An  Italian  painter  and 
architect,  pupil  of  Raphael.  Among  his  noted 
works  is  the  “Fall  of  the  Titans ” (Mantua). 
Giunta  Pisano  (jon'ta  pe-sa/no).  Lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  13th  century.  An  Italian  painter. 
Giuramento  (jo -ra- men'  to),  II.  [It., ‘The 
Oath.’]  An  opera  by  Mercadante,  with  words 
by  Rossi  from  Victor  Hugo’s  “Angelo.”.  It  was 
produced  at  Milan  in  1837,  at  London  in  1840, 
and  at  Paris  in  1858. 

Giurgevo  (jor'ja-vo),  Rumanian  Giurgiu  (jor'- 
jo).  A town  in  Wallachia,  Rumania,  situated 
on  the  Danube,  opposite  Rustchuk,  38  miles 
south-southwest  of  Bukharest.  it  is  the  port  of 
Bukharest,  an  important  commercial  place  in  Rumania, 
and  was  the  scene  of  many  contests  in  the  Turkish  wars. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Genoese  in  the  14th  century.  Popu- 
lation, 15,821. 

Giusti  (jos'te),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Monsum- 
mano,  near  Pistoja,  Italy,  May  13,  1809:  died 
at  Florence,  March  31,  1850.  An  Italian  satiri- 
cal poet.  His  complete  works  were  published 
in  1863. 

Giustiniani  (jos-te-ne-a'ne),  Agostino  Panta- 

leone.  Bom  at  Genoa,  1470 : lost  at  sea,  1536. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  philologist.  He  pub- 
lished a polyglot  edition  of  the  Psalter  in  1516. 
Givet  (zhe-va').  A formerly  fortified  town  in 
the  department  of  Ardennes,  France,  situated 
on  the  Meuse,  on  the  Belgian  frontier,  in  lat. 
50°  8'  N.,  long.  4°  49'  E.  The  citadel  of  Charlemont, 
all  of  the  fortifications  that  survives,  was  founded  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  1555.  Population,  commune,  7,468. 
Givors  (zhe-vor').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Gier  with  the  Rh6ne,  14  miles  south  of 
Lyons. 

Gizeh,  or  Ghizeh  (ge'ze).  1.  A province  of 
Egypt,  situated  south  of  the  Delta. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Gizeh,  situated  on 
the  Nile  about  3 miles  west-southwest  of  Cairo. 
In  the  vicinity  are  the  pyramids  of  Khufu,  Khafra,  and 
Men-ka-ra.  It  contained  the  Museum  of  Egyptian  An- 
tiquities formerly  at  Bulak,  and  now  at  Cairo. 

Gizziello  (jet-se-el'lo),  Gioacchino  Conti, 

called.  Bom  at  Naples,  Feb.  28,  1714:  died  at 
Rome,  Oct.  25,  1761.  A noted  Italian  soprano 
singer.  He  made  his  ddbut  at  Rome  at  the  age  of  fifteen. 
In  1736  he  sang  in  London  with  great  success.  In  1753,  after 
singing  much  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  he  left  the  stage. 
Gjallarhom  (yiil'lar-horn).  In  Scandinavian 
mythology,  the  hom  of  Heimdal.  He  blows  it 
to  warn  the  gods  when  any  one  approaches 
the  bridge  Bifrost. 

Glaber  (gla'ber),  Rudolphe  or  Raoul.  Died  at 
the  monastery  of  Cluny  about  1050.  A French 
ecclesiastic  who  wrote  a chronicle  of  events 
from  900  A.  D.  to  1046.  The  first  printed  edition  of 
the  work  appeared  in  1596  in  Pithou's  “ Historic  Franco- 
rum.”  It  contains  much  information  concerning  the  Ca- 
petians  before  their  elevation  to  the  French  throne.  Glaber 
was  the  author  also  of  a life  of  Saint  William,  abbot  of 
Saint-Bdnigne. 

Gladbach,  or  Bergisch-Gladbach  (berg'ish- 
glad'bach).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  8 miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  13,411. 

Gladbach,  or  Miinchen-Gladbach  (miin'chen- 
glad'bach).  A towu  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  15  miles  west  of  Dusseldorf . it  is  one  of 
the  centers  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  linen,  woolen, 
machinery,  etc.  Population,  commune,  60,709. 

Gladiator  (glad'i-a-tor),  The.  A melodrama 
by  Robert  Montgomery  Bird. 

Gladiator,  The  Fighting.  See  Borghese  Gladi- 
ator. 

Gladiators,  War  of  the.  See  Servile  Wars. 
Gladstone  (glad'ston),  William  Ewart.  Born 
at  Liverpool,  Dee.  29,  1809  : died  at  Hawarden 
Castle,  May  19,  1898.  An  eminent  British 
statesman,  financier,  and  orator.  Both  his  pa- 
rents were  natives  of  Scotland,  his  father,  Sir  John  Glad- 
stone, Bart.,  a Liverpool  merchant,  being  descended  from 
an  old  Scottish  family  named  Gledstanes  (i.  e.,  ' hawk- 
stones  ’)-  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Church, 


441 

Oxford,  graduating  in  1831  with  highest  honors  both  in 
classics  and  mathematics  (a  double  first-class).  He  was 
returned  to  Parliament  in  i832,  in  the  first  election  after 
the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill,  as  Tory  member  for  New- 
ark, a pocket  borough  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  His 
exceptional  political  abilities  were  at  once  recognized  by 
his  party,  and  in  the  short-lived  administration  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel  (Dec.,  1834, -April,  1835)  he  was  made  first  a 
junior  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  then  under  secretary  for 
the  colonies.  On  the  return  of  Peel  to  office  in  Sept., 
1841,  he  was  appointed  vice-president  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  and  had  the  principal  share  in  working  out  and 
expounding  the  elaborate  scheme  of  tariff  revision  that 
was  then  adopted.  In  June,  1843,  he  became  president 
of  the  Board  of  Trade,  with  a seat  in  the  cabinet.  In  Jan., 
1845,  he  left  the  ministry  on  account  of  the  proposed 
grant  to  the  Roman  Catholic  CoUege  of  Maynooth : he 
felt  that  he  could  not  support  this  officially  because  it  was 
at  variance  with  opinions  he  had  published,  although  he 
now  could  and  subsequently  did  support  it  as  a private 
member.  The  Peel  ministry  was  reorganized  in  Dec., 
1845,  and  he  was  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  till  its 
fall  in  June,  1846.  Six  and  a half  years  then  elapsed  be- 
fore he  again  held  office,  and  during  that  period  (espe- 
cially in  the  earlier  years  of  it)  he  was  gradually  borne 
along,  in  spite  of  his  native  Conservative  instincts,  toward 
that  political  Liberalism  of  which  he  was  latterly  the 
most  conspicuous  exponent.  In  Dec.,  1852,  a coalition 
ministry  of  Whigs  and  Peelites  was  formed  under  the 
Earl  of  Aberdeen,  Gladstone  taking  what  appears  to  have 
been  his  strongest  role  — that  of  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer. He  held  the  same  office  at  first  in  the  Liberal 
ministry  of  Lord  Palmerston,  formed  Feb.,  1856,  but  re- 
tired with  the  other  Peelites  in  a few  weeks.  During 
1868-59  he  was  sent  by  the  Conservative  ministry  on  a 

■ special  mission  as  lord  high  commissioner  extraordinary 
to  the  Ionian  Islands.  From  June,  1859,  to  July,  1866,  he 
was  again  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  under  Lord  Pal- 
merston and  Earl  Russell,  and  after  Palmerston’s  death 
he  was  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons.  The  defeat  of 
a reform  bill  which  he  introduced  brought  the  Tories  back 
to  power,  to  pass  themselves  an  important  reform  mea- 
sure : but  on  Dec.  9,  1868,  he  reached  the  highest  dig- 
nity attainable  by  a British  subject — that  of  prime 
minister.  This  distinguished  position  he  occupied  no 
less  than  four  times  — Dec.,  1868,  to  Feb.,  1874  ; April, 
1880,  to  June,  1885;  Feb.  to  July,  1886;  and  Aug.,  1892, 
to  March,  1894,  when  the  “Grand  Old  Man"  retired  from 
office  on  account  of  his  advanced  age  and  failing  physical 
powers.  Besides  being  prime  minister  and  first  lord  of 
the  treasury,  he  was  also  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
during  his  first  administration  and  part  of  his  second, 
and  lord  privy  seal  during  his  third  and  fourth.  The  his- 
tory of  his  various  ministries  is  the  history  of  the  British 
empire  for  the  time.  One  of  the  first  measures  which  he 
carried  as  premier  was  the  disestablishment  of  the  Irish 
Church,  and  the  condition  of  Ireland  was  throughout  his 
leadership  of  a quarter  of  a century  in  office  or  in 
opposition  the  object  of  his  peculiar  concern.  He  pre- 
pared and  introduced  (1886  and  1893)  two  bills  for  provid- 
ing that  country  with  a separate  legislature : but  both 
were  defeated  (see  Home  Rule  Bills).  With  the  exception 
of  about  a year  and  a half,  he  sat  continuously  in  the 
House  of  Commons  1832-95.  He  retired  from  New- 
ark in  Jan.,  1846,  because  his  views  had  diverged  from 
those  of  its  patron,  and  subsequently  represented  the 
University  of  Oxford  (1S47-65),  South  Lancashire  (1865-68), 
Greenwich  (1868-80),  and  Midlothian  (or  Edinburghshire) 
1880-94.  He  is  understood  to  have  been  offered  a peer- 
age on  more  than  one  occasion,  but  declined  that  honor, 
remaining  “ The  Great  Commoner."  Although  by  far 
the  most  prominent  man  in  the  politics  of  his  time, 
he  found  leisure  for  considerable  contributions  to  lit- 
erature. His  publications  include  “The  State  in  its  Re- 
lations to  the  Church” (1838),  “Letters  on  the  State  Perse- 
cutions of  the  Neapolitan  Government  ”(1851),  “Studies  on 
Homer  and  the  Homeric  Age  ” (1858),  “ Juventus  Mundi  ’’ 
(1869),  pamphlets  on  “The  Vatican  Decrees"  (1874,  1875) 
and  “Bulgarian  Horrors”  (1876,  1877),  “Homeric  Syn- 
chronism” (1876),  “ Gleanings  of  Past  Years  ” (1879),  etc.,  be- 
sides various  articles  in  magazines  and  reviews. 

Glaire  (glar),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Bor- 
deaux, France,  April  I,  1798:  died  at  Issy 
(Seine),  Feb.  25,  1879.  A French  Orientalist 
and  theologian.  He  published  “Lexicon  ma- 
nuale  Hebraicum  et  Chaldaicum”  (1830),  etc. 
Glais-Bizoin  (gla'be-zwan'),  Alexandre.  Born 
at  Quintin,  C6tes-du-Nord,  France,  March  9, 
1800 : died  at  Lamballe,  Cotes-du-Nord,  Nov.  6, 
1877.  A French  politician,  opposition  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  and  member  of  the 
Government  of  National  Defense  1870-71. 
Glaisher  (gla'sher),  James.  Born  April  7,1809: 
died  Feb.  1,  1903.  A British  meteorologist  and 
aeronaut.  He  was  an  assistant  at  the  Cambridge  ob- 
servatory 1833-36,  and  director  of  the  magnetic  and  me- 
teorological work  at  Greenwich  observatory  1840-74.  He 
founded  the  Royal  Meteorological  Society  and  became  its 
fir  st  president  in  1867.  He  made  many  balloon  ascensions, 
reaching  in  1862  the  height  of  37,000  feet.  His  works  in- 
clude “Travels  in  the  Air,”  “Factor Tables ”(1879-83),  etc. 

Glaize  (glaz),  Auguste  Barthdlemy.  Born  at 
Montpellier,  Dec.  15,  1807 : died  at  Paris,  Aug. 
8,  1893.  A French  painter.  Among  his  works  are 
frescos  in  the  churches  of  St.  Sulpice,  St.  Jacques  du  Haut- 
Pas,  and  St.  Merri  at  Paris. 

Glaize,  Pierre  Paul  Leon.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb. 
3,  1842.  A French  painter,  a pupil  of  his  fa- 
ther, A.  B.  Glaize,  and  of  G6rome. 

Glammis  (glamz)  Castle.  An  ancient  castle 
near  Strathmore,  Scotland,  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Strathmore.  It  is  associated  with  Shakspere’s 
“Macbeth.” 

Glamorgan  (gla-mor'gan).  A county  of  South 
Wales.  Capital, Cardiff.  It  is  bounded  by  Brecknock 
on  the  north,  Monmouth  on  the  east,  Bristol  Channel  on 


Glassites 

the  south,  and  Carmarthen  on  the  west.  It  has  important 
coal  and  iron  deposits.  Area  (ad.  co.),  792.6  square  miles. 
Population  (pari,  co.),  859,931. 

Glamorgan.  In  British  legend,  the  glen  of  Mor- 
gan, a spot  in  Wales  where  Morgan,  the  grand- 
son of  Lear,  was  killed. 

Glamorgan  Treaty.  A treaty  made  with  the 
Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland  by  the  Earl  of  Gla- 
morgan (afterward  Marquis  of  Worcester),  act- 
ing (but  apparently  without  authority)  as  agent 
of  Charles  I.,  Aug.  25, 1645.  It  made  important 
concessions  to  the  Roman  Catholics  in  return 
for  military  aid. 

Glanvill,  or  Glanvil  (glan'vil),  Joseph.  Born 
at  Plymouth,  England,  1636 : died  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, Nov.,  1680.  An  English  divine.  He  was 
a voluminous  author.  His  best-known  work  is  “The  Van- 
ity of  Dogmatizing  ”(1661 : enlarged,  “Scepsis  Scientiflca,” 
1665).  In  this  he  is  thought  to  have  anticipated  the  electric 
telegraph  and  Hume’s  theory  of  causation. 

Glanville  (glan'vil),  Ranulf  de.  Died  1190. 
Chief  justiciar  of  England.  He  was  sheriff  of  York- 
shire 1163-70 ; became  sheriff  of  Lancashire  in  1173  ; with 
Robert  Stuteville  defeated  the  Scots  at  Alnwick  July  13, 
1174;  and  was  one  of  the  most  important  persons  in  the 
kingdom  dining  the  remainder  of  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 

Glapthorne  (glap'thorn),  Henry.  Known  to 

have  written  between  1639  and  1642.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  Among  his  plays  are  “Argalus  and  Par- 
thenia,"  “Albertus  Wallenstein,”  and  “The  Ladies  Privi- 
lege.” “The  Paraside,  or  Revenge  for  Honer  ’’  was  licensed 
in  1653  as  by  Glapthorne.  It  was  printed  later  with  Chap- 
man’s name : the  latter  had  nothing  to  do  with  it,  but  it 
may  have  been  revised  by  Glapthorne. 

Glareanus  (gla-ra-ii'nos),  originally  Heinrich 
Loriti.  Born  at  Mollis,  Switzerland,  1488 : died 
at  Freiburg,  1563.  A Swiss  humanist.  He  was 
crowned  poet  laureate  by  the  emperor  Maximilian  in  1612, 
became  professor  of  belles-lettres  in  the  College  de  France 
in  1521,  and  subsequently  founded  a school  for  belles- 
lettres  at  Freiburg  in  Breisgau.  He  favored  the  Refor- 
mation for  a time,  but  was  induced  by  the  disturbances 
at  Basel  in  1529  to  withdraw  his  support.  He  published 
“De  geographia  liber”  (1527),  “Helvetise  descriptio ” (in 
verse),  numerous  studies  on  Latin  authors,  etc. 

Glarner  Alps  (glar'ner  alps).  A mountainous 
group  in  the  cantons  of  Uri,  Glarus,  andGrisons, 
Switzerland,  extending  from  theReuss  eastward 
to  the  Rhine.  Its  highest  peak  is  the  Todi. 

Glarnisch  (glar'nish).  A mountain  in  the  can- 
ton of  Glarus,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Gla- 
rus. Highest  point,  9,583  feet. 

Glarus  (gla'ros),  or  Glaris  (gla-res').  A canton 
of  Switzerland,  bounded  by  St. -Gall  on  the  north 
and  east,  Grisons  east  and  south,  and  Schwyz 
and  Uri  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  almost  entirely 
mountainous.  Cotton  is  manufactured.  The  canton  sends 
two  members  to  the  National  Council.  It  joined  the  Swiss 
Confederation  in  1352.  Area,  267  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 33,211,  (1910). 

Glarus.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Glarus, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Linth  34  miles 
southeast  of  Zurich.  It  has  flourishing  manu- 
factures. Population,  4,752. 

Glas  (glas),  John.  Born  at  Auchtermuchty, 
Fife,  Sept.  21, 1695 : died  at  Perth,  Nov.  2, 1773. 
A Scottish  clergyman,  founder  of  the  sect  of 
Glassites  or  Sandemanians. 

Glasgow  (glas'go).  A seaport  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Clyde  in  lat.  55°  52' 
N.,  long.  4°  18'  W.,  the  largest  city  in  Scot- 
land and  second  city  in  Great  Britain : next  to 
Liverpool  and  London,  the  principal  British  sea- 
port. It  is  the  terminus  of  several  transatlantic  lines  of 
steamers  (Anchor,  Allan,  etc.).  It  is  especially  famous  for 
iron  and  steel  ship-building,  being  the  chief  British  city 
in  this  regard.  It  manufactures  chemicals,  cotton  goods, 
woolen  goods,  iron,  sewing-machines,  machinery,  etc.;  has 
a great  trade  in  coal ; and  has  important  bleaching  and  dye- 
ing works.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  the  12th  century, 
was  finished  in  the  15th,  but  is  chiefly  in  the  Early  English 
style,  with  very  numerous  but  small  lancets  in  the  clear- 
story, traceried  windows  in  the  aisles,  narrow  transepts 
with  great  windows,  square  chevet,  and  central  tower 
and  spire.  The  interior  is  effective  : it  has  a flat  wooden 
ceiling,  and  all  the  windows  are  filled  with  modern  Mu- 
nich glass.  The  crypt  is  of  unusual  beauty : it  is  ad- 
mirably vaulted,  and  its  65  columns  possess  finely  carved 
capitals.  The  cathedral  measures  320  by  70  feet ; height 
of  nave,  90.  The  Art  Gallery  in  Kelvingrove  Park  contains 
valuable  collections.  Glasgow  University  was  founded 
in  1451.  The  present  large  building,  295  by  630  feet,  in  a 
modified  Early  English  style,  with  tall  central  tower  and 
spire,  waB  first  occupied  in  1870 : it  is  by  Sir  G.  Gilbert 
Scott.  Glasgow  became  a royal  burgh  about  1175.  For  par- 
liamentary purposes  it  is  arranged  in  seven  divisions,  each 
returning  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Popu- 
lation, 784,456,  (1911). 

Glasse  (glas),  Mrs.  Hannah.  The  author  of  a 
popular  book  called  “The  Art  of  Cookery.”  it 
was  published  in  1747,  and  at  one  time  its  authorship  was 
attributed  to  Dr.  John  Hill.  Mrs.  Glasse  wrote  other 
books  on  similar  subjects.  The  ironical  proverb  “ First 
catch  your  hare," attributed  to  her,  is  not  in  “The  Art  of 
Cookery,”  but  was  probably  suggested  by  the  words  “ Take 
vour  hare  when  it  is  cased,”  i.  e. , skinned. 

Glassites  (glas'its).  A religious  sect  in  Scot- 
land, founded  by  John  Glas  (1695-1773).  See 
Sandemanians. 


Glassius 

Glassing  ("lash ' i - us),  Salomo  (Salomon 
Glass).  Born  at  Sondershausen,  Germany, 
1593 : died  at  Gotha,  Germany,  July  27, 1656.  A 
noted  German  theologian  and  biblical  critic, 
professor  of  theology  at  Jena,  and  superinten- 
dent of  the  churches  and  schools  of  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Gotha.  He  wrote  “Philologia  sacra” 
(Jena,  1623),  etc. 

Glastonbury  (glas'ton-ber-i).  [ME.  Glaston- 
bury, Glasconbury,  Glascunbury,  Glaskinbury,  AS. 
Glsestingaburh , city  of  the  Glsestings.]  A town 
in  Somerset,  England,  21  miles  south  of  Bristol. 
Its  abbey,  founded  in  Roman  times,  was  refounded  under 
ine  in  the  8th  century.  The  great  early-Pointed  church, 
of  which  the  picturesque  ruins  exist,  was  begun  by  Henry 
II.  and  desecrated  by  Henry  VIII.  It  was  528  feet  long. 
The  fine  chapel  of  St.  Joseph,  at  the  east  end,  is  the  oldest 
portion.  The  Abbot's  Kitchen,  of  the  14th  century,  is  of 
interest.  The  plan  is  square,  with  abundant  buttresses, 
but  the  high  stone  roof  is  octagonal : it  terminates  in  a 
louver.  There  are  four  huge  fireplaces.  Several  other  in- 
teresting structures  belonging  to  the  abbey  have  been 
converted  to  modern  uses  Glastonbury  is  associated  in 
legend  with  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  who  is  said  to  have 
visited  it  and,  in  sign  of  possession,  planted  his  staff, 
which  took  root  and  became  the  famous  Glastonbury  thorn 
that  bursts  into  leaf  on  Christmas  eve.  The  Isle  of  Ava- 
lon, where  Arthur  was  buried,  is  also  here.  See  Avalon. 

There  is  something  very  odd  in  an  English  gentile  name 
suddenly  displacing  the  British  name ; there  is  something 
suspicious  in  the  evident  attempts  to  make  the  English  and 
British  names  translate  one  another,  in  the  transparent 
striving  to  see  an  element  of  glass  in  both.  Glaestinga- 
burh,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  is  as  distinctly  an  English 
gentile  name  as  any  in  the  whole  range  of  English  nomen- 
clature ; Glastonbury  is  a mere  corruption ; the  syllable 
which  has  taken  a place  to  which  it  has  no  right  in  Hunt- 
ingdon and  Abingdon  has  in  Glastonbury  been  driven  out 
of  a place  to  which  it  has  the  most  perfect  right.  The 
true  origin  of  the  name  lurks,  in  a grotesque  shape,  in 
that  legend  of  Glaesting  and  his  sow,  a manifestly  Eng- 
lish legend,  which  either  William  of  Malmesbury  himself 
or  some  interpolator  at  Glastonbury  has  strangely  thrust 
into  the  midst  of  the  British  legends.  Glaesting's  lost  sow 
leads  him  by  a long  journey  to  an  apple-tree  by  the  old 
church  ; pleased  with  the  land,  he  takes  his  family,  the 
Glaestingas,  to  dwell  there. 

Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  95. 

Glastonbury  Thom.  See  Glastonbury. 
Glatigny  (gla-ten-ye'),  Albert.  Born  in  1839: 
died  in  1873.  AFrenchpoetof  the  type  of  Villon. 
He  lived  as  a strolling  actor.  Among  his  poems  is  the 
“ Ballade  des  enfaus  sans  souci.” 

Glatz  (glats),  Bohem.  Kladsko  (klad'skS).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the 
Neisse  50  miles  south-southwest  of  Breslau.  It 
is  strongly  fortified,  and  has  been  frequently  be- 
sieged and  taken.  Pop.,  commune,  16,052. 
Glatz,  County  of.  A former  county  adjoining 
Bohemia,  now  included  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia.  It  was  acquired  by  Prussia  in 
1742. 

Glatzer  Gebirge  (glats'er  ge-ber'ge).  A group 
of  mountains  of  the  Sudetic  chain,  near  the  fron- 
tiers of  Prussian  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Mora- 
via. The  principal  peak  is  the  Schneeberg  (4,680 
feet). 

Glauber  (glou'ber),  Johann  Eudolf.  Born  at 
Karlstadt,  Bavaria,  1604:  died  at  Amsterdam, 
1668.  A German  chemist,  now  chiefly  known 
as  the  discoverer  of  Glauber’s  salt  (hydrous  so- 
dium sulphate),  called  by  him  sal  admirabile, 
and  believed  by  him  to  be  identical  with  the  sal 
enixum  of  Paracelsus.  Ho  was  a voluminous 
writer  on  chemical  topics. 

Glauchau  (glou'chou).  A town  in  the  district 
of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zwickauer 
Mulde  36  miles  south-southeast  of  Leipsic.  It  la 

noted  for  manufactures,  especially  of  woolens  and  half- 
woolens. Population,  commune,  24,596. 

Glaucus  (gla'kus).  [Gr.  VAaviwr.']  1.  The 
steersman  of  the  ship  Argo,  afterward  trans- 
formed into  a sea  divinity : often  surnamed  Pon- 
tius.— 2.  A charioteer,  the  son  of  Sisyphus : 
often  surnamed  Potnieus.  — 3.  A son  of  Minos 
and  Pasiphae. — 4.  A Lycian  prince,  ally  of  Pri- 
am in  the  Trojan  war. — 5.  The  principal  char- 
acter of  Bulwer’s  “ Last  Days  of  Pompeii.” 
Glaucus.  Flourished  about  69  B.  c.  A statu- 
ary in  metals,  living  at  Chios,  but  belonging  to 
the  Samian  school  of  art.  He  is  said  to  be  the 
inventor  of  the  art  of  soldering  metals. 
Gleditsch  (gla'dich),  Johann  Gottlieb.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  Feb.  5,  1714:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
5,  1786.  A German  botanist  and  writer  on 
forestry. 

Glegg  (gleg), Mrs.  In  George  Eliot’s  novel  “The 
Mill  on  the  Floss,”  a precise,  narrow-minded 
woman,  the  aunt  of  Maggie  Tulliver. 
Gleichenberg  (gll'chen-bero),  Bad.  A water- 
ing-place in  Stvria,  Austria-Hungary,  about  25 
miles  southeast  of  Gratz. 

Gleim  (glim),  Johann  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Born 
at  Ermsleben,  near  Halberstadt, Germany,  April 


442 

2, 1719 : died  at  Halberstadt,  Feb.  18, 1803.  A 
German  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Halle,  and 
was  subsequently  tutor  in  Potsdam,  secretary  to  Prince 
William  in  the  second  Silesian  war,  secretary  to  Prince 
Leopold  of  Dessau,  and  finally  canon  in  Halberstadt,  where 
he  died.  His  fame  rests  principally  upon  the  “ Preussische 
Kriegslieder  von  einem Grenadier”  (“  Prussian  War  Songs 
by  a Grenadier  "),  which  appeared  during  1757-58,  and  iu 
the  latter  year  were  collected  and  published  with  a pref- 
ace by  Lessing.  A collection  of  Anacreontic  songs,  “ Ver- 
such  in  scherzhaften  Liedern  ” ("Essays  in  Humorous 
Poetry  ”),  had  already  appeared  in  1744.  In  1772  appeared, 
further,  “ Lieder  fur  das  Volk  ’’  (“  Songs  for  the  People  ”), 
in  1773  “Gedichte  nach  den  Minnesingern  ”(-“  Poems  after 
the  Minnesingers”),  and  in  1779  ‘‘Gedichte  nach  Walther 
von  der  Vogelweide  ” ("  Poems  after  Walther  von  der  Vo- 
gelweide  ”).  His  collected  works  were  published  1811-13, 
in  7 volumes,  to  which  was  added  an  eighth  in  1841. 
Gleiwitz  (gll'vits).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Klodnitz  inlat.  50°  18'  N.,  long.  18°  41'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  61,326. 

Glen  (glen),  The.  A valley  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains, at  the  base  of  Mount  Washington,  with  a 
view  of  Mounts  Jefferson,  Adams,  Clay,  and 
Madison.  It  is  a resort  for  summer  tourists. 
Glenalmond  (glen-a'mond).  Avillage  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  about  15  miles  west  of  Perth: 
the  seat  of  Trinity  College  (Episcopal). 
Glenarvon  (glen-ar'von).  A novel  by  Lady 
Caroline  Lamb.  Almost  all  the  characters  are 
portraits.  Lord  Glenarvon  is  Lord  Byron. 
Glencoe  (glen-ko').  A deep  valley  in  northern 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  about  25  miles  northeast 
of  Oban.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  “massacre  of  Glencoe,” 
Feb.,  1692,  in  which  about  forty  Macdonalds  were  killed  by 
royal  troops  at  the  instigation  of  the  Master  of  Stair. 

Glencoe,  or  the  Fall  of  the  McDonalds.  A 

play  by  Talfourd,  produced  in  1839. 

Glencoe  J unction.  A rail  way  junction  in  N atal , 
South  Africa,  about  40 miles  northeast  of  Lady- 
smith . Here  on  Oct.  20, 1899,  the  British  under  General 
Symonds  defeated  the  Boers  under  General  Joubert. 

Glendale  (glen' dal).  See  Frayser’s  Farm. 
Glendinning  (glen-din'ing),  Edward.  In  Sir 
Walter  Scott’s  novels  “The  Monastery”  and 
“ The  Abbot,”  the  younger  of  the  Glendinning 
brothers. 

Glendinning,  Halbert.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s 
novel  “ The  Monastery,”  the  elder  of  the  Glen- 
dinning brothers:  the  Knight  of  Avenel  in 
‘ ‘ The  Abbot.” 

Glendower  (glen'dor),  Owen  (Owain  ab  Gruf- 
fydd).  Born  in  Wales,  probably  in  1359:  died 
probably  in  1415.  A Welsh  rebel,  lord  of  Glyn- 
dy  vrdwy  or  Glyndwr.  He  proclaimed  himself  Prince 
of  Wales  in  1402,  and  in  1403  joined  the  rising  under  Harry 
Percy  (Hotspur),  together  with  whom  he  was  defeated  at 
Shrewsbury,  June  21, 1403.  He  subsequently  allied  him- 
self with  the  French,  but  was  defeated  by  Henry,  prince  of 
Wales,  in  1405.  Shakspere  introduces  him  in  “1  Henry  IV.” 
Glenelg  (glen-elg').  A river  of  Victoria,  Austra- 
lia, which  flows  into  the  ocean  near  the  frontier 
of  South  Australia.  Length,  200  to  300  miles. 
Glenelg,  Baron.  See  Grant,  Charles. 
Glenfinnan  (glen-fin'an).  A place  in  Scotland, 
15  miles  west  of  Fort  William,  where,  Aug.  19, 
1745,  the  Highland  clans  gathered  and  began 
the  “ Rising  of  ’45.” 

Glengarry  (glen-gar 'i).  A glen  in  Inverness- 
shire,  Scotland,  southwest  of  Fort  Augustus. 
Glen  House.  A summer  resort  in  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  8 miles  (by  car- 
riage-road) east  of  Mount  Washington. 
Glenlivet  (glen-le'vet).  A valley  in  Banffshire, 
Scotland,  25  miles  south  of  Elgin.  Here,  1594,  the 
Catholic  insurgents  under  the  Earl  of  Huntly  defeated 
the  Protestants  under  the  Earl  of  Argyll. 

Glenroy  (glen-roi').  A valleyin Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  about  15  miles  northeast  of  Fort  Wil- 
liam, remarkable  for  a geological  formation  of 
parallel  roads. 

Glens  Falls  (glenz  falz).  A village  in  Warren 
County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the 
Hudson  44  miles  north  of  Albany.  Popula- 
tion, 15,243,  (1910). 

Glenshiel  (glen-shel').  A valley  in  Ross-shire, 
Scotland,  about  25  miles  west  of  Fort  Augustus. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  Hanoverians  over  the 
Jacobites  and  Spaniards,  June  10,  1719. 

Glen  Tilt  ( glen  tilt).  A valley  in  northern  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  30  miles  north-northwest  of 
Perth,  noted  for  its  geological  phenomena  and 
its  scenery.  The  road  follows  the  river  Tilt 
through  the  glen. 

Glenvarloch,  Lord.  See  Olifaunt,  Nigel. 
Glessarise  (gle-sa'ri-e).  [L.,  sc.  insulae,  ‘ amber 
islands.’]  See  the  extract. 

The  principal  district  for  the  tide-washed  amber  was 
the  coast  between  the  Helder  and  the  promontory  of  Jut- 
land. From  the  Rhine  to  the  estuary  of  the  Elbe  stretched 
a chain  of  islands,  called  Glessariae  and  Electrides  by  the 
ancients,  which  are  now  much  altered  in  number  and 


Gloucester 

extent  by  the  incessant  inroads  of  the  sea.  Here  a Roman 
fleet  in  Nero’s  time  collected  13,000  lbs.  of  the  precious 
“glessum  ” in  a single  visit ; and  the  sailors  brought  home 
picturesque  accounts  of  the  natives  picking  up  the  glassy 
fossil  at  the  flood-tide  and  in  the  pools  left  by  the  ebb ; 
“ and  it  is  so  light,”  they  said,  “that  it  rolls  about  and 
seems  to  hang  in  the  shallow  water.” 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  60. 

Gleyre  (glar),  Charles  Gabriel.  Born  at  Che- 
villy,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  May  2,  1806:  died  at 
Paris,  May  5, 1874.  A Swiss  historical  painter. 
Glinka  (glin'ka),  Feodor Nikolaievitch.  Bom 
in  the  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  1788: 
died  at  Tver,  Russia,  March  6, 1880.  A Russian 
soldier  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  “ Letters  of  a 
Russian  Officer  in  the  Campaigns  of  1805-06,  1812-15  ” 
(1815-16),  the  poem  “ Kareliya  ” (1830),  etc. 

Glinka,  Mikhail  Ivanovitch.  Born  at  Novo- 
spask,  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  June 
2,  1803 : died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  15, 1857.  A Rus- 
sian composer,  nephew  of  F.  N.  Glinka.  Hia 
works  include  the  operas  “La  vie  pour  le  Czar”  (1836), 
and  “Russian  et  Lyudmila”  (1842). 

Glinka,  Sergei  Nikolaievitch.  Born  in  the 
government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  1774 : died  at 
Moscow  in  1847.  A Russian  historical  writer 
and  litterateur,  brother  of  F.  N.  Glinka. 

Glion  (gle-on').  A height  near  Montreux  and 
the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 
Height,  2,254  feet. 

Glisson  (glis'on),  Oliver  S.  Born  in  Ohio,  Jan. 
18,  1809:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  20,  1890. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  commanded  the 
schooner  Reefer  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  accompanied 
Perry’s  expedition  to  Japan  in  1853-55.  He  commanded 
the  third  division  of  the  fleet  in  the  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher 
in  Dec.,  1864,  and  Jan.,  1865.  He  was  promoted  rear-ad- 
miral in  1870. 

Glister  (glis'ter).  In  Middleton’s  play  “The 
Family  of  Love,”  a doctor  of  physic. 

Globe,  The.  A celebrated  London  theater  built 
by  Richard  and  Cuthbert  Burbage,  William 
Shakspere,  John  Hemminges,  Augustine  Phil- 
lipps,  Thomas  Pope,  and  Will  Kempe  in  1599. 
When  the  “Theatre”  in  Shoreditch  was  taken 
down,  the  materials  were  carried  to  Bankside 
and  used  in  the  erection  of  the  Globe.  It  was 
octagonal  in  shape  and  open  to  the  sky  in  the 
middle,  the  stage  and  galleries  only  being  orig- 
inally covered  with  a thatched  roof,  and  later, 
when  rebuilt  after  the  fire  of  1613,  with  a tile 
roof.  The  interior  was  arranged  on  the  plan 
of  the  inn-yards  where  entertainments  had  for- 
merly been  given.  It  had  three  galleries.  The 
Globe  was  a public  theater.  Shakspere  may 
occasionally  have  played  here,  and  he  with 
Hemminges,  Condell,  and  others  shared  in 
the  profits.  The  Globe  was  burned  in  1613,  but  re- 
built in  the  following  year  at  a cost  of  £1,400.  It  was 
pulled  down  during  the  Puritan  rdgime  in  1644.  Shak- 
spere wrote  his  later  plays  for  the  Blackfriars  and  Globe 
theaters. 

Glockner  (glok'ner),  or  Grossglockner  (gros- 
glok'ner).  A mountain  in  Austria-Huugary, 
on  the  confines  of  Tyrol,  Carinthia,  and  Salz- 
burg. It  is  the  highest  peak  in  the  easternmost  division 
of  the  Alps,  and  is  celebrated  for  the  extensive  view  it 
commands.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of  the  Hohe  Tauern. 
Height,  12,454  feet. 

Glogau  (glo'gou),  or  Grossglogau  (gros-glo'- 
gou).  A fortified  town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  ou  the  Oder  57  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau : formerly  the  capital  of 
the  now  extinct  principality  of  Glogau.  it  was 
stormed  by  the  Prussians  in  1741,  and  was  held  by  the 
French  1806-14.  Population,  commune,  23,457. 

Glogau,  Ober-.  See  Oberglogau. 

Glommen  (glom'men).  The  largest  river  of 
Norway,  flowing  into  the  Skager  Rack  at  Fred- 
rikstad.  Length,  about  350  miles.  Near  its 
mouth  it  forms  the  cataract  Sarpfos. 

Gloriana  (glo-ri-a'na).  The  Faerie  Queene  in 
Spenser’s  poem  of  that  name.  She  also  repre- 
sents Queen  Elizabeth  considered  as  a sover- 
eign. See  Belphoebe. 

Glossop  (glos'qp).  A town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 12  miles  east  of  Manchester.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  cotton,  etc.  Population,  21,- 
526. 

Gloster  (glos'ter),  or  Gloucester,  Earl  of.  A 

character  in  Shakspere’s  “King  Lear,”  the 
father  of  Edgar  and  Edmund. 

The  subordinate  plot  of  Gloster  and  his  sons  was  prob- 
ably taken  from  an  episodical  chapter  in  Sidney’s  ‘.‘Arca- 
dia’’ entitled  "The  Pitiful  state  and  Story  of  the  Paphla- 
goniati  unkind  King  and  his  kind  Son ; first  related  by 
the  son,  then  by  the  blind  father.” 

Hudson,  Introd.  to  King  Lear. 

Gloucester  (glos'ter).  [Also  formerly  Gloster ; 
ME.  Gloucester,  Gloucestre,  Gloweceastre,  AS. 
Gleaweceaster ; from  L.  Glevum,  the  Roman 
name,  and  AS.  ceaster,  city.]  1.  A county  in 


Gloucester 

west  midland  England.  It  is  bounded  by  Worcester 
and  Warwick  on  the  north,  Oxford,  Berks,  and  Wilts  on 
the  east,  Wilts  and  Somerset  on  the  south,  Monmouth  on 
the  west,  and  Hereford  on  the  northwest.  It  includes  the 
Cotswold  Hills,  the  Forest  of  Dean,  and  the  vales  of  Glou- 
cester and  Berkeley.  Its  live  divisions  each  return  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Area  (ad.  co.),  1,236.8 
square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  634,729. 

2.  The  capital  of  Gloucestershire,  England,  a 
city  and  county  of  itself,  and  a parliamentary 
borough,  situated  on  the  Severn  in  lat.  51°  52' 
N.,  long.  2°  16'  W. : the  British  Caer-glowe  and 
Roman  Glevum.  It  is  an  important  commercial  town. 
The  cathedral  is  in  its  present  form  a Perpendicular  build- 
ing almost  throughout,  except  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
nave,  but  is  of  much  earlier  foundation.  The  plan  is 
early  Norman.  There  is  a high  central  tower,  covered 
with  tracery,  and  a long,  projecting  Lady  chapel.  There 
is  an  excellent  15th-century  porch,  with  statues  over  the 
arched  entrance.  The  arches  and  circular  pillars  of  the 
nave  are  impressive,  and  the  choir  is  one  of  the  richest 
examples  of  the  Perpendicular  style.  The  whole  east  end 
is  occupied  by  a great  window  with  fine  glass,  the  wall- 
spaces  are  covered  with  paneling,  and  the  vaulting  rests 
on  a perfect  network  of  ribs.  The  choir  is  assigned  to 
1351,  and  is  held  to  prove  that  the  Perpendicular  style 
originated  here.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  420 
by  144  feet;  height  of  nave  68,  of  choir  86.  The  Perpen- 
dicular cloister,  with  beautiful  fan-vaulting,  and  its  ar- 
cades filled  with  glazed  tracery,  is  the  finest  of  its  type  in 
England.  The  chapter-house  and  crypt  are  Norman. 
Gloucester  resisted  the  Royalist  army  under  Charles  I.  in 
1643.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Population,  50,029,  (1911). 

Glevum  was  a town  of  great  importance,  as  standing 
not  only  on  the  Severn  near  the  place  where  it  opened 
out  into  the  Bristol  Channel,  but  also  as  being  close  to 
the  great  Roman  iron  district  of  the  Forest  of  Dean. 

Wright , Celt,  p.  136. 

Gloucester.  A city  and  seaport  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  peninsula  of 
Cape  Ann  in  lat.  42°  37'  N.,  long.  70°  40'  W. 
It  is  the  chief  seat  of  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries  in  the 
United  States,  and  exports  granite.  It  was  unsuccess- 
fully attacked  by  the  British  in  1775  and  1814.  Popula- 
tion, 24,398,  (1910). 

Gloucester,  Dukes  of.  See  Humphrey,  Rich- 
ard III.,  and  Thomas. 

Gloucester,  Earl  of.  See  Robert. 

Gloucester  City.  A city  in  Camden  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Delaware  4 miles 
below  Philadelphia.  It  has  a track  for  horse- 
racing. Population,  9,462,  (1910). 

Glove,  The.  An  old  French  story  told  by  Peter 
Ronsard.  It  has  been  retold  in  many  forms.  It  is  that 
of  the  knight  De  Lorge  (in  the  time  of  Francis  I.),  whose 
mistress  dropped  her  glove  over  a barrier  among  some 
lions,  and  commanded  her  lover  to  get  it  for  her  as  a test 
of  his  courage.  Revolted  at  her  cold-blooded  inhumanity, 
the  knight  leaped  down,  secured  the  glove,  and  threw  it 
in  her  face.  Schiller,  Leigh  Hunt,  Browning,  and  others 
have  made  the  story  familiar. 

Glover  (gluv'er),  Catherine.  The  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  in  Scott’s  novel  of  that  name. 

Glover,  John.  Born  at  Hough  ton-on-the-Hill, 
Leicestershire,  Feb.  18,  1767 : died  at  Launces- 
ton, Tasmania,  Dec.  9, 1849.  An  English  land- 
scape-painter, one  of  the  founders  of  the  Royal 
Water-Colour  Society  and  of  the  Society  of 
British  Artists.  In  1831  he  emigrated  to  Aus- 
tralia. 

Glover,  Mrs.  Julia.  Born  at  Newry,  Jan.  8, 
1779:  died  at  London,  July  16,  1850.  * An  Eng- 
lish actress.  She  was  the  daughter  of  an  actor  named 
Betterton,  who  claimed  descent  from  Thomas  Betterton. 
She  had  “ an  admirable  vein  of  comedy."  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Glover,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  1712:  died 
there,  Nov.  25,  1785.  An  English  poet.  He  was 
the  son  of  a Hamburg  merchant,  and  entered  into  business 
with  his  father.  His  chief  work,  an  epic  poem,  “ Leoni- 
das," appeared  in  1737.  He  enlarged  it  and  republished 
it  in  1770,  and  it  has  been  translated  into  French  and  Ger- 
man. Its  success  was  partly  due  to  its  usefulness  to  the 
opponents  of  Walpole.  He  also  published  “London,  etc.” 
(1739),  “Boadicea”  (a  tragedy,  1763),  “ Medea”  (1761),  and 
“ The  Athenaid,”  an  epic  in  30  books,  published  in  1787  by 
his  daughter. 

Glover,  Robert.  Born  at  Ashford,  Kent,  1544: 
died  at  London,  April  10,  1588.  An  English 
genealogist,  appointed  Somerset  herald  in  1571. 
He  left  a large  number  of  manuscripts,  which 
have  been  used  by  later  writers. 

Glover,  Stephen.  Bom  at  London,  1812 : died 
there,  Dec.  7, 1870.  An  English  composer  and 
teacher.  He  wrote  over  fifteen  hundred  popu- 
lar songs,  ballads,  and  pianoforte  pieces. 

Gloversville  (gluv'erz-vil).  A city  in  Fulton 
County,  New  York,  40  miles  northwest  of 
Albany.  It  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  manufacture  of  buck- 
skin gloves  and  mittens  in  the  United  States.  Popula- 
tion, 20,642,  (1910). 

Glub-dub-drib.  A land  filled  with  magicians, 
visited  by  Gulliver,  in  Swift’s  “ Gulliver’s  Trav- 
els.” 

Gluck  (glok),  Christopher  Willibald.  Born  at 
Weidenwang,  near  Neumarkt,  Bavaria,  July  2, 
1714:  died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  15,  1787.  A cele- 
brated German  operatic  composer,  son  of  a 


443 

member  of  the  household  (keeper  of  the  for- 
ests) of  Prince  Lobkowitz.  He  studied  music  at 
Prague,  Vienna  (1736),  and  Milan  (1738-45),  producing 
(1741-45)  a number  of  successful  operas  ; in  1745  went  to 
England  as  composer  of  operas  for  the  Hay  market;  and 
returned  to  Vienna  in  1746,  where  he  acted  for  a time  as 
singing-master  to  Marie  Antoinette,  who  later  rendered 
him  important  aid  in  the  production  of  his  works  in  Paris. 
His  most  celebrated  works  are  “Orfeo  ed  Euridice  ” (1762), 
“Alceste”  (Vienna,  Dec.  16,  1767),  “Paride  ed  Elene" 
(1769),  “ Iphigdnie  en  Aulide”  (1774),  “Armide"  (1777), 
“ Iphigdnie  en  Tauride  ’’  (1779). 

Gliicksburg  (gliiks'borG).  A bathiug-place  in 
the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  6 
miles  northeast  of  Flensborg. 

Gliickstadt  (gliik'stat).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Elbe  29  miles  northwest  of  Hamburg,  it 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Catholics  in  the  Thirty- 
Years' War  in  1627  and  in  1628.  Population,  commune, 
6,218. 

Glukhoff  (glo'chof).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Tchernigoff,  Russia,  situated  in  lat.  51°  41' 
N.,  long.  33°  53'  E.  Population,  14,856. 
Glumdalca  (glum-dal'ka).  In  Fielding’s  bur- 
lesque “Tom  Thumb  the  Great,”  a captive 
queen  of  the  giants,  beloved  by  the  king,  but 
in  love  with  Tom  Thumb. 

Glumdalclitcb  (glum-dal'klich).  In  Swift’s 
“Gulliver’s  Travels,” a giantess  of  Brobding- 
nag.  She  is  Gulliver’s  nurse,  and,  though  only  nine  years 
old,  is  nearly  40  feet  high.  Her  attentions  were  extremely 
humiliating  to  him. 

Glycas  (gli'kas),  Michael.  A Byzantine  histo- 
rian. Concerning  his  age  nothing  is  known  with  cer- 
tainty, except  that  he  lived  after  1118.  He  was  probably 
an  ecclesiastic,  and  is  the  author  of  a history  of  the  world 
from  the  creation  to  1118  A.  D.  This  work  is  written  in  a 
clear  and  concise  style,  and  its  author  is  ranked  among 
the  better  Byzantine  historians.  The  best  edition  is  by 
Bekker  in  the  Bonn  collection  of  the  Byzantines,  1836. 
Glycera  (glis'e-ra).  [Gr.  FXvnepa,  the  sweet 
one.]  The  name  of  several  notorious  Greek 
courtezans ; in  particular,  a mistress  of  Menan- 
der, and  a favorite  of  Horace. 

Glycon  (gli'kon).  [Gr.  T?mkuv.']  A Greek  lyric 
poet  from  whom  the  Glyconic  meter  was  named. 
Of  his  works  only  three  lines  remain. 

Glycon  of  Athens.  [Gr.  TXvkup.']  The  sculptor 
of  the  Farnese  Hercules,  which  was  found  in 
the  baths  of  Caracalla  in  1540  with  an  inscrip- 
tion by  Glycon.  It  was  probably  executed  in  the  1st 
or  2d  century  of  the  Roman  Empire,  but  doubtless  points 
to  a type  already  established,  possibly  by  Lysippus. 

Glynn  (glin),  John.  Bom  in  1722:  died  Sept. 
16,  1779.  An  English  lawyer  and  politician, 
noted  chiefly  as  the  defender  of  Wilkes  in  the 
cases  (1763-64)  growing  out  of  the  publication 
of  the  “ North  Briton.” 

Grnelin  (gma'len),  Johann  Friedrich.  Bom  at 

Tubingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Aug.  8,  1748:  died  at 
Gottingen,  Prussia,  Nov.  1,  1804.  A German 
naturalist,  nephew  of  J.  G.  Grnelin,  and  profes- 
sor of  medicine  and  chemistry  at  Gottingen. 
Grnelin,  Johann  Georg.  Born  at  Tubingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  1709:  died  there,  May  20,  1755. 
A German  botanist  and  traveler,  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  history  at  St.  Petersburg 
1731^17,  and  later  (1749)  of  botany  and  chemis- 
try at  Tubingen.  He  wrote  “Flora  Sibirica” 
(1749-69),  “ Reisen  durch  Sibirien”  (1751-52), 
etc. 

Grnelin,  Leopold.  Born  at  Gottingen,  Aug.  2, 
1788 : died  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  April  13, 1853. 
A German  chemist,  son  of  J.  F.  Grnelin,  profes- 
sor at  Heidelberg  1817-51.  His  chief  work  is 
“Handbuch  der  theoretischen  Chemie”  (1817- 
1819). 

Grnelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Tubingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  July  4, 1744:  died  at  Achmetkent, 
July  27,  1774.  A German  naturalist,  and  trav- 
eler in  Russia  and  Asia,  nephew  of  J.  G.  Gme- 
lin.  His  chief  works  are  “Historia  fueorum” 
(1768),  “Reisen  durch  Russland”  (1770-84). 
Gmiind,  or  Schwabisch-Gmiind  (shvab'ish- 
gmiint).  A town  in  the  Jagst  circle,  Wiirtem- 
berg, 28  miles  east  of  Stuttgart.  It  manufactures 
jewelry,  and  has  several  old  churches.  It  was  formerly  a 
free  imperial  city.  Population,  commune,  20,666. 
Gmunden  (gmon'den).  A town  and  summer 
resort  in  Upper  Austria,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Traun  33  miles  southwest  of  Linz  : the  chief 
place  in  the  Salzkammergut.  Population, 
commune,  7,698,  (1910). 

Gnatho  (na'tho).  A parasite,  a character  in  the 
comedy  “ The  Eunuch”  by  Terence. 

Gneditsch  (gna'dieh),  Nicolai  Ivanovitch. 
Bom  at  Pultowa,  1784:  died  1833.  A Russian 
poet  and  translator.  His  best-known  work  is  a trans- 
lation  into  Russian  of  the  Iliad.  He  also  translated  the 
chief  works  of  Shakspere,  Voltaire,  Byron,  and  others. 

Gneisenau  (gni'ze-nou)  (properly  Neithardt 


Goalpara 

von  Gneisenau),  Count  August.  Bom  at  Schil- 
da,  Prussian  Saxony,  Oct.  27, 1760:  died  at  Po- 
sen, Prussia,  Aug.  23-24,  1831.  A Prussian  gen- 
eral, distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  1813  and 

1814.  He  conducted  the  retreat  from  Ligny  in 

1815. 

Gneist  (gnlst),  Rudolf  von.  Born  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
13,  1816:  died  July  22,  1895.  A German  jurist 
and  politician.  He  studied  law  at  Berlin,  habilitated 
there  in  1839,  and  became  professor  in  1858.  In  1858 
he  entered  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies,  of  which  he  was 
a member  until  his  death.  He  was  a member  of  the  Reichs- 
tag 1867-84,  became  senior  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Prussia  and  member  of  the  privy  council  in  1875,  and  was 
ennobled  in  1888.  Among  his  works  are  “Das  heutige 
englische  Verfassuugs-  und  Verwaltuugsrecht  ” (1857-63), 
“Soli  der  Richter  auch  fiber  die  Frage  zu  befinden  haben, 
ob  ein  Gesetz  verfassungsmaszig  zu  stande  gekommen  ? ” 
(3ded.  1863),  “Der  Rechtsstaat  "(1872),  “ Englische  Verfas- 
sungsgeschichte  ” (1882),  and  “ Das  englische  Parlament  ” 
(1888). 

Gnesen  (gna'zen),  Pol.  Gniezno  (gnyez'no). 
A city  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  30 
miles  east-northeast  of  Posen,  it  has  a cathedral. 
It  is  the  oldest  town  in  Poland,  and  was  the  crowning- 
place  of  the  kings  of  Poland  until  1320.  Population, 
commune,  23,726. 

Gnidos.  See  Cnidus. 

Gnomic  Poets.  See  the  extract. 

The  term  Gnomic,  when  applied  to  a certain  number  of 
Greek  poets,  is  arbitrary.  There  is  no  definite  principle 
for  rejecting  some  and  including  others  in  the  class.  It 
has,  however,  been  usual  to  apply  this  name  to  Solon, 
Phocylides,  Theognis,  and  Simonides  of  Ceos.  Yet  there 
seems  no  reason  to  exclude  some  portions  of  Callinus, 
Tyrtseus,  Mimnermus,  and  Xenophanes.  These  poets,  it 
will  be  observed,  are  all  writers  of  the  elegy.  Some  of  the 
lyric  poets,  however,  and  iambographers,  such  as  Simoni- 
des of  Amorgos  and  Archilochus,  have  strong  claims  for 
admission  into  the  list.  For,  as  the  derivation  of  the  name 
implies,  gnomic  poets  are  simply  those  who  embody  . . . 
sententious  maxims  on  life  and  morals  in  their  verse ; 
and  though  we  find  that  the  most  celebrated  masters  of 
this  style  composed  elegies,  we  yet  may  trace  the  thread 
of  gnomic  thought  in  almost  all  the  writers  of  their  time. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  236. 

Gnossus.  See  Cnosus. 

Gnostics'(nos'tiks).  [From  Gr.  yvoorntoc,  know- 
ing, whence  LL.  Gnosticus,  a Gnostic.]  Certain 
rationalistic  sects  which  arose  in  the  Christian 
church  in  the  1st  century,  flourished  in  the  2d, 
and  had  almost  entirely  disappeared  by  the  6th. 
The  Gnostics  held  that  knowledge  rather  than  faith  is  the 
road  to  heaven,  and  professed  to  have  a peculiar  know- 
ledge of  religious  mysteries.  They  rejected  the  literal  in- 
terpretation of  the  Scriptures,  and  attempted  to  combine 
their  teachings  with  those  of  the  Greek  and  Oriental  phi- 
losophies and  religions.  They  held  that  God  was  the  un- 
knowable and  the  unapproachable;  that  from  him  pro- 
ceeded, by  emanation,  subordinate  deities  termed  eons, 
from  whom  again  proceeded  other  still  inferior  spirits. 
The  Gnostics  were  in  general  agreed  in  believing  in  the 
principles  of  dualism  and  Docetism  and  in  the  existence 
of  a demiurge  or  world-creator.  Christ  they  regarded  as 
a superior  eon  who  had  descended  from  the  infinite  God 
in  order  to  subdue  the  god  or  eon  of  this  world.  Their 
chief  seats  were  in  Syria  and  Egypt,  but  their  doctrines 
were  taught  everywhere,  and  at  an  early  date  they  sepa- 
rated into  a variety  of  sects. 

Gnotho  (no'tbo) . A clownish  old  fellow  anxious 
to  put  away  his  old  wife  and  take  a younger 
one,  according  to  the  provisions  of  “The  Old 
Law,”  in  Massinger,  Middleton,  and  Rowley’s 
play  of  that  name. 

Goa  (go'a).  A Portuguese  possession  on  the 
Malabar  coast  of  India,  in  lat.  14°  53'-15°  48' 
N.,  long.  73°  45'-74°  24'  E.  Area,  1,301  square 
miles.  Population,  475,513. 

Goa,  New,  or  Panjim.  The  capital  of  the  Por- 
tuguese possessions  in  India,  situated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Mandavi  in  lat.  15°  30'  N.,  long. 
73°  57'  E.  Population,  over  9,300. 

Goa,  Old.  A ruined  city,  the  former  capital  of 
the  Portuguese  possessions  in  India,  situated 
on  the  Mandavi  5 miles  east  of  New  Goa.  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Portuguese  under  Albuquerque  in 
1510,  and  was  an  important  commercial  city  in  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries.  The  seat  of  government  was  removed 
to  New  Goa  in  1759. 

Goajira  (go-ii-He'ra) . A peninsula  of  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  America,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Gulf  of  Maracaibo,  crossed  by  the  boundary 
between  Venezuela  and  Colombia.  Area,  about. 
5,800  square  miles.  The  inhabitants,  numbering  about 
30,000,  are  mostly  semi-independent  Indians  of  the  Goajira 
and  Cosina  tribes. 

Goajiros  (go-a-He'ros).  A tribe  of  Indians  in 
northern  South  America,  occupying  the  Goajira 
peninsula  northwest  of  Lake  Maracaibo.  They 
still  number  nearly  30,000,  and  are  practically  indepen- 
dent, but  at  present  friendly  to  the  whites ; they  own  large 
herds,  and  sell  cattle,  horses,  hides,  cheese,  and  hammocks. 
Few  or  none  have  been  Christianized ; they  have  no  regu- 
lar chiefs,  and  do  not  form  large  villages.  By  their  lan- 
guage they  belong  to  the  Arawak  stock.  Until  the  middle 
of  the  19th  century  they  were  dangerous  enemies  of  the 
whites. 

Goalpara  (go-al-pa'ra).  1.  A district  of  East- 
ern Bengal  and  Assam,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  90°  30'  E. 


Goalpara 

Area,  3,961  square  miles.  Pop.,  462,052. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Goalpara, 
situated  on  the  Brahmaputra  in  lat.  26°  10'  N., 
long.  90°  38'  E. 

Ooaiundo  (go-a-lun'do).  A village  in  Eastern 
Bengal  and  Assam,  British  India,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmaputra. 

Goat  Island,  (got  l'land).  The  island  in  Nia- 
gara River  which  separates  the  Horseshoe  and 
American  falls. 

Goazacoalco(g6-a-tha-k6-al'k6),orCoaxacoal- 

CO(ko-a-Ha-k6-al'k6).  The  ancient  Indianname 
of  a region  in  Mexico,  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  west  of  the  Coaxa- 
coalco  River,  and  now;  forming  part  of  the  state 
of  Vera  Cruz.  It  submitted  to  Sandoval  in  1522,  and 
in  1534  was  made  a province,  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
bishopric  of  Tlascala.  The  name  soon  fell  into  disuse. 
Gobat  (go-ba'),  Samuel.  Born  atCr6mine,  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  Jan.  26, 1799:  died  at 
Jerusalem,  May  11,  1879.  A Swiss  missionary, 
appointedAnghcan  bishopof  Jerusaleminl846. 
Gobble  (gob'l),  Justice.  An  insolent  magis- 
trate in  Smollett’s  “History  of  Sir  Launcelot 
Greaves,”  a satirical  romance. 

Oobbo  (gob'bo),  Launcelot.  A whimsical,  con- 
ceited man-servant  in  Shakspere’s  “Merchant 
of  Venice.”  He  is  one  of  Shakspere’s  best 
clowns. 

Gobbo,  Old.  The  “sand-blind”  father  of  Laun- 
celot Gobbo. 

Gobelins  (gob-lan').  A family  of  dyers,  de- 
scended from  Jean  Gobelin  (died  1476),  and  es- 
tablished in  Paris.  They  introduced  the  manufacture 
of  tapestries  in  the  15th  century.  Their  manufactory  was 
changed  to  a royal  establishment  under  Louis  XIV.,  about 
1667. 

Goben  (gOb'en),  August  Karl  Friedrich  Chris- 
tian von.  Born  at  Stade, Prussia, Dee.  10,1816: 
died  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  Nov.  13,  1880.  A 
Prussian  general,  distinguished  in  the  war  of 
1866  and  in  the  Franco-German  war. 

Gober  (go'ber).  See  Hausa. 

Gobi  (go'be),  or  Gobi  (ko'be).  A large  desert 
in  the  Chinese  empire,  with  uncertain  boun- 
daries. It  comprises  two  principal  divisions : the  east- 
ern (also  called  Shamo),  situated  in  central  Mongolia;  the 
western,  occupying  approximately  the  basin  of  the  Tarim. 
In  East  Turkestan.  Its  streams  have  no  outlet  to  the  sea. 
The  average  height  is  2,000  to  4,000  feet. 
Gobineau(g6-be-n6' ), Comte  Joseph  Arthurde. 
Bom  at  Bordeaux,  France,  1816:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  17,  1882.  A French  diplomatist,  Oriental- 
ist, and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  “ Les  religions 
et  les  philosophies  dans  l’Asie  Centrale  ” (1865), 
“Nouvelles  Asiatiques”  (1876),  etc. 

Goblins  (gob'linz),  The,  A comedy  by  Suck- 
ling, printed  in  1646.  The  Goblins  are  noblemen 
and  gentlemen  disguised  as  a band  of  robbers. 
Gobry  as  (go'bri-a.s).  A Persian  noble.  He  was 

one  of  the  seven  conspiratorswho,  according  to  Herodotus, 
procured  the  death  of  Smerdis  the  Magian  in  521 B.  C.,  and 
raised  Darius  I.  to  the  throne. 

Gobseck  (gob'sek).  A novel  by  Balzac,  written 
in  1830.  Gobseck  is  an  avaricious  money-lender. 
Goch  (goch).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  43  miles  northwest  of  Diisseldorf.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  10,232. 

Goch,  Johannes  von.  Born  at  Goch,  Prussia, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century:  died 
March,  1475.  A German  prior,  author  of  “De 
libertate  Christiana  ” (1521). 

Godaiming  (god'al-ming).  A town  in  Surrey, 
England,  situated  on  the  We y 32  miles  south- 
west of  London.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Charter- 
house  School.  Population,  8,748. 

Godavari  (go-da' va-re).  1.  Ariver  in  the  Dec- 
can,  British  India,  flowing  by  a delta  into  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  about  lat.  16°  30'  N.  Length, 
about  900  miles.  It  is  navigable  about  300  miles. 
— 2.  A district  in  Madras,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  17°  N.,  long.  81°  30'  E.  Area, 
7,972  square  miles.  Population,  2,301,759. 
Goddard  (god'ard),  Arabella  (Mrs.  Davison). 
[G.  Gotthart , ‘pious,’  ‘virtuous’;  D.  Gotthard, 
F.  Godard.']  Bom  at  St.-Servan,  near  St.-Malo, 
France,  Jan.  12,  1838.  An  English  pianist. 
Godefroy  (god-frwa'),  Denis.  Born  at  Paris, 
1549:  died  at  Strasburg,  1621.  A French  jurist. 
He  edited  “Corpus  juris  civilis”  (1583),  etc. 
Godefroy,  Frederic.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  13, 
1826:  diedatLestelle,  Basses-Pyrdndes,  Sept.30, 
1897.  A French  philologist  and  historian  of 
literature.  He  published  a “Histoire  de  la  litera- 
ture fran<;aise  depuis  le  XVI  e siecle,"  a “ Dictionnaire  de 
l’ancienne  langue  franqaise,"  etc. 

Godefroy,  Jacques.  Born  at  Geneva,  1587 : died 
at  Geneva,  1652.  A jurist  and  magistrate  of 
Geneva,  son  of  Denis  Godefroy.  He  was  the 
author  of  works  on  Roman  law. 


444 

Godefroy,  Theodore.  Born  at  Geneva,  1580: 
died  1649  (1648?).  A French  historiographer 
and  jurist,  son  of  Denis  Godefroy. 

Godehard,  Saint,  Church  of.  See  Hildeslieim. 
Godeke  (ged'e-ke),  Karl:  pseudonym  Karl 
Stahl.  Born  at  Celle,  Prussia,  April  15, 1814: 
died  at  Gottingen,  Oct.  28,  1887.  A German 
historian  of  literature,  professor  at  Gottingen 
from  1873.  His  chief  work  is  “ Grundriss  zur 
Geschichte  der  deutschen  Dichtung  ” (1859-81). 
Godeman  (god'man).  Chaplain  of  the  bishop 
of  Winchester  when  abbot  of  Thomby,  963-984. 
He  illuminated  the  “ Benedictionel  of  Godeman,"  now 
the  property  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire.  In  the  Biblio- 
thfeque  at  Rouen  is  a manuscript  apparently  by  his  hand. 
Goderich  (god'rich).  A lake  port  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Huron  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  Lake  Huron  in  lat.  43°  45'  N.,  long.  81°  51' 
W.  Population,  4,522,  (1911). 

Goderich,  Viscount.  See  Robinson,  F.  J. 
Godesberg  (go'des-bera).  A small  town  and 
summer  resort  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
on  the  Rhine  south  of  Bonn. 

Godfrey  (god'fri)  of  Bouillon,  F.  Godefroy  de 
Bouillon  (god-frwa/  de  bo-yoh').  [TheE.  name 
Godfrey  is  from  F.  Godefroi  (also  Geoffroi, 
whence  E.  Geoffrey,  Jeffrey),  Sp.  Godofredo,  Go- 
fredo,  Pg.  Godofredo,  It.  Godofredo,  Goffredo, 
ML.  Godefridus,  Galfridus,  from  MHG.  Gotfrid, 
G.  Gottfried,  peace  of  God.]  Born  at  Baisy, 
Brabant,  about  1061:  died  at  Jerusalem,  July 
18, 1100.  A leader  of  the  first  Crusade.  He  was 
made  duke  of  Lower  Lotharingia  (having  Bouillon  for  its 
capital)  by  Henry  IV.  of  Germany  in  1088,  and  in  1096 
joined  the  Crusade  for  the  recovery  of  the  holy  sepulcher. 
He  fought  with  distinction  at  the  storm  of  Jerusalem, 
July  16,  1099,  and,  after  the  crown  had  been  declined  by 
Raymond  of  Toulouse,  was  elected  king  of  Jerusalem, 
July  22,  1099.  He,  however,  exchanged  the  title  of  king 
for  that  of  Protector  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher.  He  completed 
the  conquest  of  the  Holy  Land  by  defeating  the  Sultan  of 
Egypt  in  the  plain  of  Ascalon,  Aug.  12,  1099. 

Godin  (go-dah'),  Jean  Baptiste  Andre.  Bom 

at  Esqueh6ries,  Aisne,  France,  1817 : died  at 
Guise,  Jan.  15, 1888.  A French  social  reformer. 
He  founded  at  Guise  a socialistic  industrial 
union  (Familistere),  which  attained  considera- 
ble success. 

Godin,  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1704 : died 
at  Cadiz,  Spain,  Sept.  11,  1760.  A French  sci- 
entist, one  of  the  commissioners  who,  in  1735, 
were  sent  to  Peru  to  measure  an  arc  of  the  me- 
ridian. He  remained  in  that  country  until  1751,  as  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  the  University  of  Lima ; subse- 
quently he  had  charge  of  the  college  for  midshipmen  at 
Cadiz,  Spain.  He  was  the  author  of  several  treatises  ou 
earthquakes  and  astronomy,  a work  on  Spanish  America, 
and  a history  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Godin  des  Odonais  (go-dan'  daz  o-do-na'), Isa- 
bel. Born  in  Riobamba,  Peru,  1728 : died  at 
Saint-Amand,  France,  after  1788.  The  wife  of 
Jean  Godin  des  Odonais,  whom  she  married  in 
1743.  In  1769  she  started  with  her  brothers  and  a small 
company  to  descend  the  Napo  and  Amazon  and  join  her 
husband  in  Cayenne.  The  boat  was  lost,  and  all  the  party 
perished  except  Madame  Godin,  who  wandered  alone  in  the 
forest  for  9 days.  When  she  was  finally  found  by  some 
friendly  Indians  her  hair  is  said  to  have  become  white. 
The  governor  of  Omaguas  sent  her  down  the  river,  and 
she  rejoined  her  husband  after  a separation  of  19  years. 

Godin  des  Odonais,  Jean.  Born  at  Saint- 
Amand,  1712:  died  there,  1792.  A French  nat- 
uralist, cousin  of  Louis  Godin,  whom  he  accom- 
panied to  Pern  in  1735.  He  remained  there  as  a pro- 
fessor in  the  College  of  Quito,  studying  the  flora  and  Indian 
languages.  Iu  1750  he  went  to  Cayenne,  explored  that  col- 
ony, Brazilian  Guiana,  and  the  Amazon,  and  Anally  returned 
to  France  in  1773.  He  published  several  works  on  .the 
plants,  animals,  and  Indian  languages  of  South  America. 
Godiva  (go-dl'vii).  [ML.  Godiva,  from  AS.  God- 
gifu,  gift  of  God:  equiv.  to  Dorothea  or  Theo- 
dora.] Flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  11th 
century.  The  wife  of  Leofric,  earl  of  Mercia, 
celebrated  in  the  annals  of  Coventry,  Warwick- 
shire, England.  She  was  a woman  of  great  beauty  and 
piety,  the  benefactress  of  numerous  churches  and  monas- 
teries. According  to  the  legend,  she  begged  her  husband  to 
relieve  Coventry  of  a burdensome  toll,  and  he  consented  on 
the  condition  that  she  should  ride  naked  through  the  mar- 
ket-place. This  she  did,  covered  only  by  her  hair,  and  won 
relief  for  the  people.  In  some  versions  of  the  story,  the 
people  were  commanded  to  keep  within  their  houses,  and 
not  look  upon  her.  One  fellow — “peeping  Tom” — diso- 
beyed, and  was  miraculously  struck  with  blindness.  Her 
festival  is  still  celebrated  at  Coventry. 

Godkin  (god'kin),  Edwin  Lawrence.  Bom  in 
Ireland,  Oct.  2, 1831:  died  at  Brixham,  England, 
May20,1902.  An  American  journalist  and  author. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  as  correspondent  of  the  Lon- 
don “ Daily  News”;  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in 
1859;  became  editor  and  a proprietor  of  the  “Nation"  1865; 
and  was  an  editor  and  a proprietor  of  the  “Evening  Post  ” 
1881-99.  De  published  a “ History  of  Hungary  ” (1856),  etc. 

Godman  (god'man),  Frederick  Du  Cane.  Born 
about  1834.  An  English  naturalist.  Ini870hepub- 
lished  the  “ Natural  nistory  of  the  Azores."  Shortly  after  he 
planned  an  elaborate  scientific  survey  of  Mexico  and  Cen- 


Godwin,  Mrs. 

tral  America,  acquiring  by  purchase,  and  by  employing  col- 
lectors, immense  series  of  specimens  of  the  plants  and  ani- 
mals of  those  regions.  These  have  been  described  in  the 
“Biologia  Centrali-Americana,"  edited  by  Godman  and 
Salvin. 

Gododin  (go-do'din).  A British  tribe  living 
in  Northumberland  and  southeastern  Scotland: 
the  Roman  Otadini. 

Gododin,  Ths.  A Welsh  poem  by  Aneurin,  on 
the  seven  days’  battle  of  Cattraeth  in  603.  The 
author  was  probably  present  at  the  battle.  It  consists,  in 
its  present  form,  of  over  900  lines,  and  has  been  several 
times  translated,  either  wholly  or  in  part.  Gray’s  “ Death 
of  Hoel  is  part  translation  part  imitation  of  a portion  of 
it.  The  Rev.  John  Williams  ab  Ithel  translated  the  whole 
and  published  it  in  1852,  and  portions  of  it  have  been  trans- 
lated by  Henry  Morley.  See  Aneurin. 

Godolld  (ge'del-le).  A town  of  Hungary,  15 
miles  northeast  of  Budapest.  Here,  April  6, 1849, 
the  Hungarian  insurgents  under  Gorgey  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians under  Prince  Windischgratz. 

Godolphin  (go-dol'fln),  Sidney,  first  Earl  of 
Godolphin.  Born  in  Cornwall,  England,  1645 
(hap.  June  15) : died  Sept.  15,  1712.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  financier.  He  became  page  of 
honor  to  Charles  II.  in  1662  ; was  appointed  master  of  the 
robes  in  1678  ; represented  Helston  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons 1668-79 ; represented  St.  Mawes  1679-81 ; and  was  first 
lord  of  the  treasury  1690-97  and  1700-01.  During  the  reign 
of  William  III.  he  kept  up  a secret  correspondence  with 
J ames  II.  at  St.-Germain.  He  became  in  1702  premier  and 
lord  high  treasurer,  in  which  capacity  he  vigorously  sup- 
ported Marlborough  during  his  absence  on  the  Continent 
in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  He  was  created 
earl  of  Godolphin  in  1706,  and  was  dismissed  from  office  in 
1710  at  the  fall  of  the  Marlboroughs. 

Godolphin  Barb,  The.  One  of  the  three  Ori- 
ental sires  from  which  the  thoroughbred  horse 
is  derived.  See  Darley  Arabian  and  Byerly  Turk. 
He  was  probably  a barb  foaled  about  1729  and  brought 
from  Paris  in  the  reign  of  George  II.  He  died  in  1763.  The 
traditions  surrounding  this  horse  were  woven  into  a nov- 
elette by  Eughne  Sue  in  1825.  From  the  Godolphin  springs 
the  Matchem  branch  of  the  thoroughbred  horse. 

Godoy  (go-Doi'),  Manuel  de,  Duke  of  Alcudia. 
Born  at  Badajoz,  Feb.  12, 1767 : died  Oct.  7, 1851. 
A Spanish  statesman.  He  obtained  the  favor  of  Queen 
Maria  Louisa  and  Charles  IV.,  and  rose  rapidly  to  an  im- 
portant position  in  the  state.  He  became  duke  of  Alcudia 
and  lieutenant-general  in  1792,  prime  minister  in  1792,  and 
in  1795,  for  securing  a peace  with  France,  received  the  title 
‘ ‘ Princeof  thePeace.  ” He  signed  the  treaty  of  San  Ildefonso 
with  France  Aug.  29, 1796 ; married  Maria  Theresa  of  Bour- 
bon in  1797 ; and  resigned  from  the  ministry  in  1798.  In  1801 
he  commanded  the  army  against  Portugal  and  secured  the 
treaty  of  Badajoz.  He  was  made  generalissimo  and  high 
admiral  of  Spain.  He  attached  himself  to  Napoleon,  and 
signed  the  treaty  of  Fontainebleau  (which  see).  Meanwhile 
he  had  become  an  object  of  popular  hatred,  which  hurst  out 
in  a riot  (March  18, 1808),  from  which  he  narrowly  escaped. 
His  arrest  was  ordered,  but  he  escaped  through  Napoleon's 
influence,  and  lived  later  at  Rome  and  Paris. 

God  Save  the  King  (or  Queen).  The  English  na- 
tional anthem : words  and  music  probably  com- 
posed by  Henry  Carey.  It  was  first  performed  in  174a 
It  is  sometimes  attributed  to  John  Bull  (1607):  it  has  also 
been  assigned  a Scottish  or  French  origin.  The  tune  was 
adopted  iu  France  in  1776,  and  was  afterward  used  as  the 
Danish,  Prussian,  and  German  national  air.  Beethoven 
introduced  it  in  his  “Battle  Symphony  Weber  has  used 
it  in  three  or  four  compositions.  The  American  national 
hymn,  “ My  Country,  ’tis  of  Thee,”  was  written  by  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Francis  Smith,  and  published  in  1843 : the  mnsic  is  that 
of  “God  Save  the  King.” 

Godunoff  (go-do-nof'),  Boris  Feodorovitch. 

Born  1552 : died  April  13, 1605.  A Russian  czar. 
He  was  the  chief  member  of  the  regency  during  the  reign 
of  the  imbecile  Feodor  Ivanovitch  (1584-98),  who  was  mar- 
ried to  Godunoff  s sister  Irene.  He  was  elected  to  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  Feodor  in  1598,  having,  it  is  said, 
previously  caused  the  death  of  the  czarevitch  Dmitri. 

Godwin  (god' win),  or  Godwine.  Died  April  14, 
1053.  Earl  of  the  West  Saxons.  He  accompanied 
Cnut  on  his  visit  to  Denmark  in  1019,  and  is  said  to  have 
fought  with  distinction  in  an  expedition  against  the  Wends. 
He  shortly  after  married  Gytha,  a relative  by  marriage  of 
Cnut,  and  was  appointed  earl  of  the  West  Saxons.  On  the 
death  of  Cnut  in  1035  he  at  first  supported  the  cause  of 
Harthacnut,  hut  afterward  espoused  that  of  Harold,  with 
whom  he  was  probably  implicated  in  the  murder  of  the 
English  atheling  Alfred,  half-brother  of  Harthacnut  and 
son  of  Emma  by  her  first  husband,  iEthelred  the  Unready. 
In  1042  he  was  instrumental  in  procuring  the  election  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  in  opposition  to  the  Danish  prince 
Svend  Estrithson.  He  married  his  daughter  Edith  or  Ead- 
gyth  to  Edward  in  1045.  His  position,  however,  a9  the  most 
powerful  subject  in  the  kingdom  excited  the  jealousy  of 
the  court,  and  he  was  exiled  in  1061,  but  was  recalled  in 
the  following  year. 

Godwin,  Francis.  Born  at  Hannington,  North- 
amptonshire, England,  1561:  diedl633.  AnEng- 
lish  bishop  and  author.  He  was  appointed  bishopof 
Llandaff  in  1601,  and  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Here- 
ford in  1617.  His  chief  work  is  “ A Catalogue  of  the  Bish- 
ops of  England  ” (1601). 

Godwin,  Mrs.  (Mary  Wollstonecraft).  Born 

at  London,  April  27, 1759:  died  at  London,  Sept. 
10,  1797.  An  English  author.  She  was  employed 
by  Johnson  as  a reader  and  translator,  and  for  five  years 
assisted  in  this  way  her  family,  who  were  very  poor.  In 
1791  she  first  met  William  Godwin,  and  after  one  or  two 
other  connections,  especially  with  Gilbert  Imlay,  who  de- 
serted her,  she  went  to  live  with  him  in  1796.  The  expects- 


Godwin,  Mrs. 

tlon  of  a child  induced  them  to  marry  in  1797.  The  birth 
of  the  child  (who  was  the  second  wife  of  the  poet  Shelley) 
proved  fatal  to  her.  Her  chief  work  was  “ Vindication  of 
the  Rights  of  Woman  ” (1792). 

Godwin,  Parke.  Born  Feb.  25, 1816 : died  Jan. 
7,  1904.  An  American  journalist  and  author. 

He  was  connected  with  the  New  York  “Evening  Post’’ 
1837-53  (except  one  year),  a connection  which  was  renewed 
1865-80.  He  published  “ History  of  France  ” (1860),  “ A 
Biography  of  William  Cullen  Bryant”  (1883),  etc. 

Godwin, William.  Born  at  Wisbeach,  England, 
March  3,  1756:  died  at  London,  April  7,  1836. 
An  English  novelist,  historian,  and  political 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  His  father  was  a dissent- 
ing minister,  and  he  became  one  himself,  preaching  from 
1777  to  1782,  when  his  faith  in  Christianity  was  shaken  by 
study  of  the  French  philosophers,  and  he  devoted  himself 
to  literature.  He  was  a sympathizer  with  the  French  Rev- 
olution, and  became  the  representative  of  English  radical- 
ism. He  married  Mary  Wollstonecraft  in  1797,  though 
he  objected  to  marriage  on  principle.  His  works  in- 
clude “Inquiry  concerning  Political  Justice,  etc.” (1793), 
“History  of  the  Commonwealth”  (1824-28),  the  novels 
“ Caleb  Williams  ” (1794),  “ St.  Leon  ”(1799),  “ Mandeville ” 
(1817),  etc.  He  also  published  histories  of  Rome,  Greece, 
and  England,  a “ Pantheon,  "and  "Fables  ” under  the  pseu- 
donym of  Edward  Baldwin.  Compare  Godwin,  Mrs.  (Mary 
Wollstonecraft). 

Godwin- Austen  (god'win-as'ten),  Mount.  A 
mountain  in  the  western  Himalayas,  near  the 
Karakoram  Pass:  assumed  to  be  the  second 
highest  peak  in  the  world.  Height,  28,250 
feet. 

Goes,  or  Ter  Goes  (ter  gos).  The  chief  town 
in  the  island  of  South  Beveland,  province 
of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  situated  in  lat.  51° 
30'  N.,  long.  3°  53'  E.  Population,  commune, 
6,923. 

Goes,  Hugo  van  der.  Died  about  1482.  A Flem- 
ish painter,  a pupil  of  J an  van  Eyck.  His  chief 
work  is  a “Nativity”  (Florence). 

Goes  e Vasconcellos  (goiz  e vas-koh-sal'os), 
Zacharias  de.  Born  at  Valen§a,  Bahia,  Nov. 
5,  1815:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Dec.  28,  1877. 
A Brazilian  statesman.  He  was  repeatedly  elected 
deputy,  and  was  senator  from  1864  ; was  president  of  sev- 
eral provinces,  including  the  newly  created  province  of 
Para  n A,  the  government  of  which  he  organized  in  1853 ; 
was  a member  of  several  ministries  ; and  was  three  times 
premier  (1861, 1864-65,  and  1866-68).  During  the  last  period 
the  war  with  Paraguay  was  at  its  height.  In  politics  he 
was  a moderate  conservative. 

Goethe  (ge'te),  Johann  Wolfgang  von.  Born 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Aug.  28,  1749:  died 
at  Weimar,  March  22, 1832.  A famous  German 
poet,  dramatist,  and  prose-writer : the  greatest 
name  in  German  literature.  His  father,  Johann 
Caspar  Goethe  (1710-82),  was  a well-to-do  man  who  had 
the  title  of  imperial  councilor.  His  mother  was  Katha- 
rina  Elizabeth  Textor  (1731-1808),  the  daughter  of  a magis- 
trate. His  early  education  was  under  the  personal  direc- 
tion of  his  father.  In  1765  he  matriculated  at  Leipsic  for 
the  study  of  jurisprudence.  In  the  autumn  of  1768  here- 
turned  ill  to  Frankfort,  and  in  1770  went  to  the  University 
of  Strasburg.  In  this  year  occurred  a love-affair  with 
Friederike  Brion  (died  1813,  unmarried)  at  Sesenheim,  and 
the  beginning  of  his  friendship  with  Herder.  In  1771  he 
obtained  the  degree  of  licentiate  of  law,  and  returned  to 
Frankfort.  In  1772  he  went  as  a practitioner  in  the  im- 
perial chamber  of  justice  to  Wetzlar,  where  he  met  Char- 
lotte Buff,  the  Lotte  of  “Werther.”  Six  months  later  he 
suddenly  left  Wetzlar  and  returned  to  Frankfort.  In  1774 
began  his  friendship  with  Lavater  and  F.  H.  Jacobi,  and, 
more  important  still  for  its  consequences,  that  with  Karl 
August,  duke  of  Saxe-Weimar.  In  1774-75  he  was  en- 
gaged for  a short  time,  in  Frankfort,  to  Anna  Elizabeth 
Schonemann  (married  in  1778  to  the  Baron  von  Tiirkheim : 
died  1817),  the  “Lili"  of  his  lyrics.  In  1775,  at  the  invi- 
tation of  Karl  August,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  duke- 
dom, Goethe  went  to  VV eirnar, where  he  subsequently  lived ; 
in  1776  he  was  made  privy  councilor  of  legation,  with  a 
vote  in  the  ducal  council ; in  1778  he  was  with  the  duke  in 
Potsdam  and  Berlin  ; in  1779  he  was  made  privy  councilor ; 
in  1782  he  was  ennobled  and  made  president  of  the  ducal 
chamber;  and  in  the  summers  of  1785  and  1786  he  was  in 
Karlsbad.  From  there,  in  Sept.,  1786,  he  set  out  for  Italy, 
whence  he  did  not  return  to  Weimar  until  June,  1788. 
His  connection  with  Christiane  Vulpius  (died  1816),  to 
whom  he  was  married  in  1806,  began  in  this  year.  In 
1789  his  son  August  was  born  (died  at  Rome  in  1830). 
Goethe  revisited  Venice  in  1790,  and  later,  on  business 
of  state,  was  in  Breslau.  He  became  director  of  the  ducal 
theater  in  Weimar  in  1791,  which  position  he  held  until 
1817.  In  1792  he  accompanied  the  duke  into  the  field 
against  France,  and  was  with  him  at  the  siege  of  Mainz 
in  1793.  His  close  friendship  with  Schiller,  which  ended 
only  with  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1805,  began  in  1794. 
After  1794  he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literature.  Goe- 
the’s life  in  its  literary  phases  may  be  considered  under 
fourperiods.  Theflrstof  these,  the  “first  poetical  period,” 
extends  from  youth  to  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  Weimar 
(1775).  The  chief  works  of  this  period  are  the  plays  “Die 
Launedes  Verliebten”  (“The  Caprices  of  the  Lover”),  “ Die 
Mitschuldigen”  (“The  Accomplices”),  both  in  Alexan- 
drines ; “Gotz  von  Berlichingen,”  a tragedy  which  estab- 
lished his  fame  as  a poet  (1773);  “Die  Leiden  des  jungen 
Werther"  (“The  Sorrows  of  Young  Werther"),  a novel 
(1774);  “Clavigo,"  “Stella,  "both  tragedies;  poems  to  “Lili," 
and  other  lyrics ; “ Gotter,  Helden  und  Wielaml  " (“Gods, 
Heroes,  and  Wieland”),  a satire  (1774)— all  belonging  to 
the  “Storm  and  Stress”  period  of  German  literature.  The 
“second  poetical  period  ” extends  from  his  arrival  in  Wei- 
mar to  the  beginning  of  his  friendship  with  Schiller  (from 
1776  to  1794).  It  includes  the  operas  “ Erwin  und  Elmiro " 


445 

and  “Claudine  von  Villa  Bella”  (1775  ; both  rewritten  in 
1787),  the  first  book  of  “Wilhelm  Meister”  (completed 
1778),  the  final  metrical  version  of  “ Iphigenie  ” (1787,  on 
his  return  from  Italy  ; it  had  been  acted  in  1779  in  prose), 
“Die  Geschwister " (“The  Brother  and  Sister,"  1787:  a 
drama  which  had  been  written  in  1776),  “Egmont " (1778), 
“ Torquato  Tasso  ” (in  verse,  1799 : a prose  version  had 
been  completed  in  1781),  “Reinecke  Fuchs,”  a poem  (1794), 
and  numerous  shorter  poems.  The  third  period  covers 
his  friendship  with  Schiller  (from  1794  to  1805).  It  in- 
cludes the  “Romische  Elegien  ” (“  Roman  Elegies,”  1795  : 
they  appeared  in  Schiller’s  periodical  “ Die  Horen  ”),  “Ve- 
netianischeEpigramme’’(1796:  they  appeared  in  Schiller’s 
“Musenalmanach ’’),  a series  of  satiric  epigrams  “Die 
Xenien,”  written  by  Goethe  and  Schiller  (1796:  in  the 
“Musenalmanach”),  “Wilhelm  Meister’s  Lehrjahre" 
(1796:  begun  in  1777),  “Hermann  und  Dorothea”  (1797), 
“Die  Natiirliche  Tochter”  (1803),  “Geschichte  der  Far- 
benlehre”  (“History  of  the  Doctrine  of  Colors,”  1805: 
final  form  1810),  “Die  Braut  von  Korinth.”  The  fourth 
is  the  period  of  his  old  age,  from  1805  to  1832.  It  includes 
“Faust,”  first  part  (1808),  “Die  Wahlverwandtschaften ” 
("Elective  Affinities,”  1809),  “Aus  meinem  Leben,  Dicht- 
ung  und  Wahrheit  ’’  (“  From  my  Life  ; Poetry  and  Truth  ”) 
(first  part  1811,  second  1812,  third  1814,  fourth  1831),  and 
his  scientific  work.  In  1814  he  began  to  write  the  Orien- 
tal poems  afterward  published  as  “Der  Westostliche  Di- 
van." “Des  Epimenides  Erwachen,”  a drama,  was  pro- 
duced at  Berlin  in  1815.  In  1816  was  completed  the  first 
volume  of  the  “ Italienische  Reise”  (“  Italian  Journey  ”), 
followed  in  1817  by  a second,  in  1829  by  a third,  their  ma- 
terial being  the  letters  written  from  Italy  to  friends  in 
Weimar,  among  them  Herder  and  Frau  von  Stein.  He 
also  began  this  year  his  treatises  on  Germanic  art  in  the 
periodical  “Kunst  und  Alterthum  ” (“Art  and  Antiqui- 
ty ”),  which  were  continued  down  to  1828.  In  1817appeared 
the  first  of  the  series  of  essays  on  scientific  subjects, 
“Zur  Naturwissenschaft"  (“On  Natural  History”),  con- 
tinued down  to  1824.  “Wilhelm  Meister’s  Wanderjahre” 
appeared  in  1821  (in  its  final  shape  in  1829).  In  1821 
was  published  the  first  part  of  the  so-called  “ Zahme  Xe- 
nien’’ (“Tame  Xenia”),  and  a second  in  1823.  In  1831 
the  second  part  of  “Faust”  was  completed,  only  a few 
months  before  his  death.  The  tragedy  of  "Faust,”  the 
greatest  of  his  productions,  is  in  reality  a literary  epitome 
of  his  life,  since  it  had  occupied  him  at  times  for  nearly 
sixty  years.  In  1772  scenes  of  a prose  “ Faust  ” were  writ- 
ten, fragments  of  which  were  retained  in  the  later  poetic 
version.  The  earliest  rimed  scenes  of  the  first  part  are 
from  1773-75.  In  1790  a first  edition,  with  the  title  “Faust, 
ein  Fragment,"  was  published  at  Leipsic.  About  1797  he 
again  took  up  the  first  part,  which  was  completed  in  1806, 
and  published  at  Tubingen  in  1808.  As  regards  the  second 
part,  the  idea  of  the  “ Helena,”  ultimately  printed  as  the 
third  act  of  the  completed  second  part,  was  conceived  be- 
fore 1776.  It  was  not,  however,  worked  out  until  1826, 
and  in  1827  was  published  with  the  title  “Helena,  eine 
classisch-romantische  Phantasmagoria.”  The  complete 
second  part  first  appeared  in  the  first  volume  of  the  “ N ach- 
gelassne  Werke  ” (“  Posthumous  Works.”  1833).  His  own 
editions  of  his  collected  works  are  “ Schriften  ” (Leipsic, 
1787-90,  in  8 vols.),  “Neue  Schriften  ” (Berlin,  1792-1800, 
in  7 vols.),  “Werke"  (Tubingen,  1806-08,  in  12  vols.,  to 
which  was  added  a thirteenth  in  1810),  “Werke”  (Stutt- 
gart and  Tubingen,  1815-19,  in  20  vols.),  “Werke  ” (1827- 
1831,  in  40  vols.).  To  these  are  to  be  added  “Goethe’s 
nachgelassne  Werke”  (1832-34,  in  15  vols.,  with  6 vols. 
more  in  1842).  A chronological  table  of  all  his  writings 
was  edited  by  Hirzel,  Leipsic,  1884.  Lewes's  “ Life  of  Goe- 
the” (1865)  is  the  standard  English  work  on  the  subject. 
Last  edition,  1890. 

Goetz  von  Berlichingen.  See  Gotz  von  Ber- 
lichingen. 

Goffe  (gof),  William.  Born  about  1605 : died  at 
Hadley,  Mass.,  1679.  An  English  Parliamen- 
tary commander,  one  of  the  judges  of  Charles  I. 
He  lived  in  New  England  in  concealment  after 
1660. 

Gog  (gog).  In  Ezek.  xxxviii.,  xxxix.,  a ruler  in 
the  land  of  Magog,  mentioned  as  the  prince  of 
Meshech  and  Tubal.  In  Rev.  xx.  8,  Gog  and  Magog 
appear  as  two  allied  warring  tribes.  They  were  formerly 
regarded  as  connected  with  the  invasion  of  the  Scythians 
in  western  Asia,  but  of  late  Gog  has  been  identified  with 
Gagu,  referred  to  in  the  annals  of  the  Assyrian  king  Asur- 
banipal  (668-626  B.  C.)  as  the  mighty  ruler  of  a warlike  tribe 
in  the  territory  of  Sahi,  north  of  Assyria. 

Gog  and  Magog.  The  names  given  to  two  effi- 
gies in  the  Guildhall,  London.  They  are  now 
thought  to  be  intended  for  Gogmagog  and  Corineus.  The 
original  statues  stood  there  in  the  days  of  Henry  V.  They 
were  burned  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  new  ones  were  put  up 
in  1708.  The  older  ones  were  made  of  wickerwork,  paste- 
board, etc.,  and  were  carried  in  procession  at  the  lord 
mayor’s  show. 

Gogmagog  (gog'ma-gog),  or  Goemot,  or  Goe- 
magot.  According  to  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth 
a giant  who,  with  his  brother  Corineus,  held  the 
western  part  of  England  in  subjection. 
Gogmagog  Hills.  A spur  of  the  chalk  range 
about  3 miles  southeast  of  Cambridge,  England. 
Gogo  (go'go),  or  Gogha  (go'ga).  A seaport  in 
the  district  of  Ahmedabad,  Bombay,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Cambay. 

Gogo  (go'gd),  or  WagOgO  (wa-go'go).  A Bantu 
tribe  settled  in  the  center  of  German  East 
Africa,  between  Usagara,  Usango,  and  Uyanzi. 
The  country  is  called  Ugogo,  the  language  Kigogo.  Ugogo 
is  a plateau,  3,500  feet  high,  with  arid  and  woodless  soil. 
The  Wagogo  are  numerous  and  warlike.  Their  weapons 
are  bows,  arrows,  assagais,  lances,  and  clubs.  Many  of 
their  neighbors  seek  refuge  among  them.  Despite  their 
central  location,  they  are  not  given  to  traveling  and  trading. 

Gogol  (go'gol),  Nikolai  Vassilievitch.  Bom 

in  the  government  of  Pultowa,  March  31  (N.  S.), 
1809:  died  at  Moscow,  March  4 (N.  S.),  1852. 


Golden  Fleece 

A Russian  novelist  and  dramatist.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  a public  gymnasium  at  Pultowa,  and  subsequently 
in  the  lyceum,  then  newly  established,  at  Niejinsk.  In  1831 
he  was  appointed  teacher  of  history  at  the  Patriotic  In- 
stitution, a place  which  he  exchanged  in  1834  for  the  pro- 
fessorship of  history  in  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg; 
this  he  resigned  at  the  end  of  a year,  and  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  literature;  In  1836  Gogol  left  Russia.  He 
lived  most  of  the  time  in  Rome.  In  1837  he  wrote  “Dead 
Souls”  (which  see).  In  1840  he  went  to  Russia  for  a 
short  period  in  order  to  superintend  the  publication 
of  the  first  volume  of  “Dead  Souls,”  and  then  returned  to 
Italy.  In  1846  he  returned  to  Russia,  and  fell  into  a state 
of  fanatical  mysticism.  One  of  his  last  acts  was  to  burn 
the  manuscript  of  the  concluding  portion  of  “Dead  Souls,” 
which  he  considered  harmful.  He  also  wrote  “ Evenings 
at  the  Farm,”  “St.  Petersburg  Stories,"  “Taras  Bulba,  a 
Tale  of  the  Cossacks,”  “The  Revizor,"  a comedy,  etc. 

Gogra  (gog'ra),  or  Gogari.  A sacred  river  of 
India,  flowing  southeast  and  joining  the  Ganges 
about  35  miles  above  Patna.  Length,  about  600 
miles. 

Goil  (goil),  Loch.  An  arm  of  Locb  Long,  in 
Argyllshire,  Scotland.  Length,  6 miles. 

Goiogouen.  See  Cayuga. 

Goito  (go'e-to).  A village  in  the  province  of 
Mantua,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mincio  9 miles 
northwest  of  Mantua.  Here,  in  April  and  May, 
1848,  the  Piedmontese  defeated  the  Austrians. 

Gokcha  (gok-cha/),  or  Goktchai  (gek-ehi'), 
Armenian  Sevanga  (sa-van'ga).  A lake  in  the 
government  of  Erivan,  Caucasus,  Russia,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  45°  20'  E. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Zenga  into  the  Aras.  Length, 
49  miles. 

Gok-Tepe.  See  Geolc-Tepc. 

Gola  (go'la),  or  Gura  (go'ra).  A small  Afri- 
can tribe,  of  the  Nigritic  branch,  settled  in 
Liberia,  north  of  Monrovia. 

Golconda  (gol-kon'da).  A place  in  the  Nizam’s 
Dominions,  India,  7 miles  northwest  of  Hyder- 
abad. It  is  noted  for  its  fort,  for  the  mausoleums  of 
the  ancient  kings,  and  for  the  diamonds  which  were  cut 
and  polished  here.  It  was  the  capital  of  a kingdom  from 
1512  until  its  overthrow  by  Aurung-Zebe  in  1687. 

Goldast  (gol'dast),  Melchior,  sumamed  von 
Heimingsfeld.  Born  near  Bischofszell,  Thur- 
gau,  Switzerland,  Jan.  6,  1578  (1576  ?):  died  at 
Giessen,  Germany,  Aug.  11,  1635.  A German 
historian  and  publicist.  He  wrote  “ Suevica- 
rum  rerum  Scriptores  ” ( 1605),  ‘ ‘Alamannicarum 
rerum  Scriptores”  (1606),  etc. 

Goldau  (gol'dou).  A village  in  the  canton  of 
Schwyz,  Switzerland,  12  miles  east  of  Lucerne. 
It  was  destroyed,  with  the  neighboring  villages,  by  a 
landslip  from  the  Rossberg,  Sept.  2,  1806. 

Goldberg  (gold'berG).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Katzbach 
48  miles  west  of  Breslau.  It  suffered  severely  in 
various  wars,  and  was  the  scene  of  contests  between  the 
French  and  the.  Allies  May  27  and  Aug.  23, 1813.  Popula- 
tion, 6,804. 

Gold  Coast.  A British  crowu  colony  in  West 
Africa,  extending  for  about  334  miles  along  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  between  the  French 
Ivory  Coast  and  German  Togaland.  Chief 
towns,  Accra  and  Cape  Coast  Castle.  The  Danish 
settlementsat  Accra,  etc.,  were  transferred  to  Great  Britain 
in  1850,  and  the  Dutch  claims  ill  1871.  The  colony  was  re- 
constituted in  1876.  Population,  estimated,  1,500,000. 

Golden  Ass,  The.  [L.  Metamorphoseon,  sett  de 
Asino  A ureo,  Libri  XL]  A romance  of  a fantas- 
tic and  satirical  character,  by  Apuleius,  written 
in  the  2d  century : probably  his  earliest  work. 
It  imitated  a portion  of  the  “ Metamorphoses  ” of  Lucian. 
The  best-known  episode  in  it  isthatof  Cupid  and  Psyche, 
which  was  taken  from  a popular  legend  or  myth.  Some 
of  the  adventures  of  Don  Quixote  and  of  Gil  Bias  are 
drawn  from  this  source,  and  Boccaccio  lias  used  many 
of  the  comic  episodes.  The  author  relates  the  story  in  his 
own  person.  His  dabbling  in  magic  results  in  his  trans- 
formation into  an  ass,  in  which  form,  however,  he  retains 
his  human  intelligence. 

Its  readers,  on  account  of  its  excellence,  as  is  generally 
supposed,  added  the  epithet  of  “golden."  Warburton, 
however,  conjectures,  from  the  beginning  of  one  of  Pliny’s 
epistles,  that  Aurese  (‘golden’)  was  the  common  title 
given  to  the  Milesian  and  such  tales  as  strollers  used  to 
tell  for  a piece  of  money  to  the  rabble  in  a circle  : “As- 
sem  para  et  accipe  auream  fabulam.”  These  Milesian 
fables  were  much  in  vogue  in  the  age  of  Apuleius. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  96. 

Golden  Bull.  [So  named  from  its  golden  seal.] 
A bull  published  at  the  Diet  of  Nuremberg  by 
the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in  1356.  it  was  the  elec- 
toral code  of  the  empire,  determining  the  prerogatives  and 
powers  of  the  electors,  and  the  manner  of  the  election  of 
the  King  of  the  Romans.  See  Andrew  II.  and  Metz. 

Golden  City.  A name  sometimes  given  to  San 
Francisco. 

Golden  Fleece.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  fleece 
of  the  winged  ram  Chrysomallus,  the  recovery 
of  which  was  the  object  of  the  expedition  of 
the  Argonauts.  Chrysomallus  was  given  by  Nephele, 
the  repudiated  wife  of  Athamas,  king  of  Thessaly,  to  help 
her  children  Phrixus  and  Helle  to  escape  from  the  perse- 
cutions of  Ino,  Athamas’s  second  wife.  During  the  flight 


Golden  Fleece 

Heile  fell  into  the  sea  and  was  drowned,  while  Phrixus 
escaped  to  Colchis,  where  he  was  hospitably  received  by 
King  /Eetes.  Phrixus  sacrificed  the  ram  at  Colchis  to  Zeus, 
and  gave  its  golden  fleece  to  JSetes,  who  fastened  it  to  an 
oak-tree  in  the  garden  of  Ares. 

Golden  Fleece,  Order  of  the.  See  Order. 
Golden  Gate,  The.  [So  named  by  Drake  in 
1578  ( ? ) . ] A strait  connecting  San  Francisco  Bay 
with  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Width,  about  2 miles. 
Golden  Gate,  The.  A gate  in  the,  wall  of  Theo- 
dosius, Constantinople,  now  walled  up  because 
of  a Turkish  tradition  that  the  conqueror  of 
Constantinople  is  destined  to  enter  through  it. 
It  consists  of  three  arches  between  two  huge  towers  of 
white  marble.  The  great  central  arch  was  reserved  for 
the  passage  of  the  emperor. 

Golden  Horde.  See  Eiptchak,  Khanate  of. 
Golden  Horn.  Au  inlet  of  the  Bosporus,  form- 
ing the  harbor  of  Constantinople,  and  sep- 
arating Pera  and  Galata  from  the  main  part 
of  Constantinople  (Stambul).  Length,  5 miles. 
Golden  House.  [L.  domus  aurea.]  The  palace 
of  Nero  in  ancient  Rome,  which  occupied  the 
valley  between  the  Palatine  and  the  Esquiline, 
and  connected  the  palaces  of  the  Ctesars  with 
the  gardens  of  Maecenas.  It  was  built  after  the  great 
fire  of  64  A.  D.,  and  was  so  large  that  it  contained  porticos 
2,800  feet  long  and  inclosed  a lake  where  the  Colosseum 
now  stands.  The  forecourt  contained  a colossus  of  Nero 
120  feet  high.  The  profuse  splendor  of  this  residence 
is  described  by  Suetonius  and  Tacitus.  It  was  further 
adorned  by  Otho,  but  the  remains  are  scanty,  as  most  of 
its  site  was  restored  to  public  use  by  the  Flavian  empe- 
rors, who  built  on  it  the  Colosseum  and  the  baths  of  Titus. 

Golden  Legend.  [L.  legenda  aurea.  ] 1 . A col- 
lection of  biographies  of  saints,  compiled  by 
James  of  Voragine  in  the  13th  century,  and 
printed  by  Caxton  1483. — 2.  A dramatic  poem 
by  Longfellow,  published  in  1851.  it  forms,  with 
the  “Divine  Tragedy"  and  “New  England  Tragedies,"  a 
trilogy.  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  wrote  music  for  Longfellow’s 
words,  and  it  was  produced  as  a cantata  at  Leeds  in  1886. 

Golden  Mount,  The.  See  the  extract. 

From  its  yellow  sand  the  Janiculan  Hill  has  been  some- 
times known  as  the  Golden  Mount,  a name  which  survives 
iu  the  title  of  the  church  at  its  summit,  which  is  called 
S.  Pietro  in  Montorio  ( monte  d'oro). 

Middleton,  Remains  of  Anc.  Rome,  I.  2. 

Golden  Bose,  The.  A jewel  consisting  of 
roses  and  buds  on  one  stem,  all  of  gold,  given 
by  the  Pope  to  some  church,  sovereign,  gen- 
eral, or  other  distinguished  person,  as  a mark 
of  esteem,  for  loyalty  to  the  Holy  See. 

Golden  Staircase.  A celebrated  staircase  in 
the  doge’s  palace,  Venice. 

Golden  state,  The.  A name  of  California. 
Golden  Terge  (Targe).  An  allegorical  poem 
by  William  Dunbar,  published  in  1508. 

Golden  Verses.  Greek  verses  attributed  to  the 
school  of  Pythagoras,  “ containing  the  con- 
densed morals  of  the  older  epics.” 

Gold  Hill.  A former  mining  town  in  Storey 
County,  western  Nevada,  now  annexed  to  Vir- 
ginia City. 

Golding  (gol'ding),  Arthur.  Born  probably  at 
London  about  1536 : died  about  1605.  An  Eng- 
lish writer.  He  finished  a translation  of  Philippe  de 
Mornay's  treatise  “Sur  la  v6rite  du  Christianisme,”  com- 
menced by  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  which  he  published  under 
the  title  “ A Woorke  concerning  the  Trewenesse  of  the 
Christian  Religion,  etc."  (1689). 

Goldingen  (gol'ding-en),  Lettish  Kuldiga 
(kol'de-ga).  A town  in  the  government  of  Cour- 
land,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Windau  in  lat.  56° 
58'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  E.  Population,  9,720. 
Goldmark  (gold'mark),  Karl.  Born  at  Kesz- 
thely,  Hungary,  May  18,  1832.  An  Austro- 
Hungarian  composer.  Among  his  works  are  “Die 
Konigin  von  Saba"  (“The  Queen  of  Sheba,”  1875),  “Die 
landliche  Hochzeit”  (“The  Country  Wedding”),  “The 
Sakuntala"  overture,  a so-called  symphony,  a number  of 
songs  and  string  pieces,  “Merlin,”  etc. 

Goldoni  (gol-do'ne),  Carlo.  Born  at  Venice, 
Feb.  25,  1707 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  6,  1793.  A 
noted  Italian  dramatist.  He  created  the  modern 
Italian  comedy  character,  somewhat  in  the  style  of  Mo- 
liere,  superseding  the  old  conventional  comedy  which  was 
played  by  Harlequin,  Pantalone,  etc.  His  first  attempts, 
however,  were  tragedies,  “Belisario  ” (1732)  being  among 
the  earliest.  He  wrote  more  than  120  comedies,  among 
which  are“Zelinda  e Lindoro,”  u La  Locandiera,”  “Ven- 
taglio,”  “Le  Baruffe  Chiozzotte,”  “La  Bottega  di  Caffe,” 
etc. 

Goldsborough(goldz'bro),LouisMalesherbes. 

Born  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Peb.  18,  1805:  died 
at  Washington,  Feb.  20,  1877.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  obtained  command  of  the  North  At- 
lantic blockading  squadron  in  Sept.,  1861,  and  cooperated 
with  General  Burnside  in  the  capture  of  Roanoke  Island 
in  Feb.,  1862.  He  became  rear-admiral  July  16,  1862. 

Goldschmidt  (gold'shmit),  Hermann.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Prussia,  June  17,  1802: 
died  at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Sept.  10,  1866. 
A German  painter  of  note,  and  astronomical  ob- 


446 

server.  Between  1852  and  1861  he  discovered 
14  asteroids. 

Goldschmidt,  Otto.  Born  at  Hamburg,  Aug. 
21,  1829:  died  at  London,  Feb.  24,  1907.  A 
German  composer,  resident,  after  1858,  in  Eng- 
land, where  be  became  professor  at  and  later 
vice-principal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
He  married  Jenny  Lind  in  1852. 

Goldschmidt,  Madame.  See  Lind,  Jenny. 
Goldsmith  (gold'smith),  Oliver.  Born  at  Pal- 
las, County  Longford,  Ireland,  Nov.  10,  1728: 
died  at  London,  April  4,  1774.  A noted  Eng- 
lish poet,  novelist,  dramatist,  and  miscellane- 
ous author.  In  1749  he  obtained  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In  1752  he  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh.  He  was  extremely  poor,  and  after  aroving  and 
not  very  creditable  existence,  both  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent  (the  Continent  from  Feb.,  1755,  to  Feb.,  1756, 
traveling  chiefly  on  foot),  he  returned  in  great  destitution 
to  London,  where  he  tried  to  practise  medicine.  His  mis- 
erable appearance  was  against  him,  and  he  finally  settled 
down  as  a literary  hack.  By  1759,  however,  he  began  to 
attract  attention  as  a writer.  He  wrote  for  “The  Critical 
Review,"  ‘ ‘ The  British  Magazine,”  “ The  Lady’s  Magazine,” 
“The  Busybody, " “ The  Bee,”  and  other  periodicals.  Among 
his  works  are  “Enquiry  into  the  Present  State  of  Polite 
Learningin  Europe’f(1759),“The  Citizen  ofthe  World,  etc.” 
(1762  : from  the  “ Public  Ledger,”  etc.),  “A  History  of  Eng- 
land, etc.”  (1764),  “The  Traveller"  (1765),  “The  Vicar  of 
Wakefield  ”(a  tale,  1766), “The  Good-natured  Man  ’’  (a  com- 
edy, 1768),  “The  Roman  History,  etc.”  (1769),  “The  De- 
serted Village  " (a  poem,  1770),  “ The  History  of  England 
from  the  Earliest  Times,  etc. ’’(1771:  abridged  1774),  “She 
Stoops  to  Conquer,  etc."  (1774),  “Retaliation”  (a  poem, 
1774),  "A  History  of  the  Earth  and  Animated  Nature" 
(1774).  “Little  Goody  Two  Shoes  ’’  is  attributed  to  him. 
He  translated  Scarron’s  “Comic  Romance”  (1776)  and 
other  French  works,  and  with  Joseph  Collyer  abridged 
Plutarch’s  “Lives ” (1762). 

Goldsmith’s  Maid.  Abay  trotting  mare  by  Ab- 
dallah (15).  Her  racing  career  extended  from  1866  to 
1878.  In  1871  she  captured  the  great  trotting  record  from 
Dexter  (2  :17j)by  a mile  in  2 :17.  This  she  afterward  low- 
ered to  2 : 14,  and  lost  to  Rarus  (2  : 13J)  in  1874. 

Goldstiicker  (gdld'stiik-er),  Theodor.  Born  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Jan.  18, 1821 : died  at  Lon- 
don, March  6, 1872.  A German  Sanskrit  scholar, 
of  Hebrew  descent,  resident  in  London  after 
1850,  and  professor  of  Sanskrit  in  University 
College  from  1852.  He  published  “Panini : his  Place 
in  Literature”  (1861),  editions  of  Sanskrit  texts,  etc.  He 
also  began  a revision  of  Wilson’s  “Sanskrit  Dictionary." 

Goletta(go-let'ta),  F.  La  Goulette  (la,  go-let'). 
The  seaport  of  Tunis,  situated  about  11  miles 
north  of  that  city. 

Golgotha  (gol'go-tha).  See  Calvary. 

Goliath  (go-li'ath).  In  biblical  history,  a giant 
of  Gath,  the  champion  of  the  Philistines,  slain 
in  single  combat  by  David.  See  David. 
Golitzyn.  See  Galitsin. 

Golius  (go'li-os),  Jacobus.  Bom  at  The  Hague, 
Netherlands,  1596:  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands, 
Sept.  28, 1667.  A Dutch  Orientalist,  author  of 
“Lexicon  Arabico-Latinum ” (1653),  etc. 
Gollnow  (gol'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ihna  15 
miles  northeast  of  Stettin.  Population,  com- 
mune, 9,194. 

Golnitz,  or  Gollnitz  (gel'nits).  A mining  town 
in  the  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  iu  lat.  48°  51' 
N.,  long.  20°  58'  E.  Pop.,  commune,  4,093. 
Golo  (go'lo).  An  African  tribe  found  in  lat.  8° 
N.,  eastern  Sudan.  In  appearance  they  are  negroes, 
but  their  language  is  classed  by  some  in  the  Nuba-Fulah 
group.  Slave-raiding  Arabs  have  almost  annihilated  the 
tribe. 

Golovnin  (go-lov-nen'),  Vassili  Mikhailo- 
vitch.  Born  in  the  government  of  Ryasan, 
Russia,  April  8,  1776 : died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
J uly  12, 1831 , A Russian  navigator  and  explorer. 
He  obtained  command  in  1806  of  the  sloop  Diana,  which  was 
fitted  out  by  the  Russian  government  for  a survey  of  the 
coasts  of  the  Russian  empire  aud  the  circumnavigation  of 
the  globe.  He  was  captured  by  the  Japanese  in  1811,  and 
was  detained  a prisoner  until  1813.  He  made  a second  voy- 
age of  exploration  around  the  world  in  the  corvette  Kam- 
chatka from  1817  to  1819.  He  wrote  narratives  of  these 
voyages  and  a description  of  his  captivity  in  Japan,  which 
were  reprinted  in  a complete  edition  of  his  works,  1864. 
Goltz  (golfs),  Bogumil.  Bom  at  Warsaw,  March 
20, 1801 : died  at  Thorn,  Prussia,  Nov.  12, 1870. 
A German  humorist  and  moralist,  author  of 
“ Buch  der  Kindheit  ” (1847),“  Der  Mensch  und 
die  Leute”  (1858),  etc. 

Goltz,  Kolmar,  Baron  von  der.  Born  at  Biel- 
kenfeld,  near  Labiau,  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1843. 
A Prussian  general  and  Turkish  pasha.  He  served 
in  the  Austrian  campaign  of  1866 ; served  in  the  Franco- 
German  war  on  the  general  staff,  taking  part  in  the  battles 
of  Vionville  (Mars-la-Tour),  Gravelotte,  etc. ; and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  work  of  reorganizing  the  Turkish  army  1883- 
1895.  He  has  published  various  works  on  military  history 
and  science. 

Goltzius  (golt'se-os),  Hendrik.  Bom  atMiile- 
brecht,  near  Venlo,  Netherlands,  1558:  died  at 
Haarlem,  Netherlands,  about  1617.  A German 
engraver. 


Gonaives,  Les 

Goma  (go'ma),  Wagoma  (wa-go'ma).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  settled  west  of  Lake 
Tanganyika,  between  the  Waguha  and  the  Ba- 
kombe,  in  a mountainous  and  wooded  country. 
See  Guha. 

Gomara  (go-mii'ra),  Francisco  Lopez  de.  Born 
at  Seville,  1510:  died  after  1559.  A Spanish 
historian.  He  was  a priest,  and  in  1540  became  secretary 
and  chaplain  of  Hernando  Cortes  : but  it  does  not  appear 
that  he  was  ever  in  America.  His  “Historia  general  de 
las  Indias  ” was  first  published  at  Saragossa,  1552-53,  in  two 
folio  parts  : the  second  part,  which  relates  to  Mexico,  ap- 
peared in  later  editions  with  the  separate  title  “ Coronica 
dela  Nueva  Espafia  con  laConquista  de  Mexico,”  etc.  Go- 
mara’s  work  was  very  popular,  and  there  are  many  editions 
in  Spanish,  French,  Italian,  and  English.  Also  written 
Gomora. 

Gomarus  (go'mar-us),  Francis.  Bom  at  Bruges, 
Belgium,  Jan.  30,  1563:  died  at  Groningen, 
Netherlands,  Jan.  11,  1641.  A Calvinistic  con- 
troversialist, a leading  opponent  of  Arminius 
and  the  Arminians. 

Gomberville  (goh-ber-vel'),  Seigneur  de,  origi- 
nally Martin  Le  Roy.  Born,  probably  at  Paris, 
1600 : died  there,  June  14, 1674.  A French  writer 
of  romance.  He  lived  most  of  the  time  on  his  estate 
at  Gomberville,  near  Versailles,  and  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est members  of  the  French  Academy.  He  wrote  “ Polex- 
andre  ” (1632-37). 

Gombroon.  See  Bender-Abbasi. 

Gomensoro  (go-man-so'ro), Tomas.  Born  about 
1820.  An  Uruguayan  politician.  As  president 
of  the  senate  he  was  acting  president  of  the 
republic  March,  1872,  to  Feb.,  1873. 

Gomera  (go-ma'ra).  One  of  the  Canary  Islands. 
Gomes  (go'mes),  Antonio  Carlos.  Bom  at 
Campinas,  Sao  Paulo,  July  11,  1839:  died  at 
Para,  Sept.  16,  1896.  A Brazilian  composer. 
In  1859  he  entered  the  Conservatory  of  Music  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  and  in  1863,  aided  by  the  emperor,  was  sent  to  com- 
plete his  musical  education  in  Europe.  His  opera  the 
“Guarany"  appeared  in  1870,  and  has  been  followed  by 
“Salvator  Rosa,”  “Fosca,”  “Schiavo,"  and  “Condor.’’ 
Most  of  these  have  been  sung  in  the  principal  cities  of 
Europe  and  South  America. 

Gomes  de  Amorim  (go'mes  de  a-mo-ren'), 
Francisco.  Born  at  Avelomar,  Minbo,  Portu- 
gal, Aug.  13,  1827 : died  Nov.  4,  1891.  A Por- 
tuguese dramatist,  poet,  and  novelist.  In  early 
youth  he  was  in  Brazil,  returning  to  Portugal  in  1846.  In 
1859  he  became  librarian  of  the  ministry  of  marine.  He 
published  numerous  poems  and  dramas. 

Gomez  (gd'meth),  Maximo  (Maximo  Gomez 

y Baez).  Born  at  Bam,  San  Domingo,  in  1836: 
died  June  17, 1905.  A general  of  Cuban  insur- 
gents. He  fought  in  the  Cuban  rebellion  of  1868-78, 
rising  from  private  to  general.  After  this  he  went  to 
Jamaica  and  Central  America.  In  1885,  with  Maceo  and 
Crombet,  he  attempted  to  start  a new  rising,  but  was  un- 
successful. He  was  influential  in  bringing  about  the  in- 
surrection of  1895-98,  and  during  his  first  year  as  general 
had  some  success  in  his  campaigns  against  the  Spauiai  ds. 

Gomez  Farias  (go'meth  fa-re'as),  Valentin. 
Born  at  Guadalajara,  Peb.  14, 1781:  diedatMix- 
coac,  July  5, 1858.  A Mexican  politician.  He  was 
a physician  in  his  native  city ; joined  Iturbide  in  1821,  but 
subsequently  opposed  him ; was  minister  of  war  under 
Pedraza,  Dee.,  1832,  and  next  year  was  vice-president  under 
Santa  Anna,  acting  temporarily  as  president  1833  and  1834. 
In  1835  he  was  deposed  by  congress  and  banished,  but  re- 
turned in  1838.  As  leader  of  the  Federalists  he  was  in- 
volved in  the  revolt  of  July  15,  1840,  and  again  banished 
until  1844.  In  1846  he  was  again  vice-president  and  act- 
ing president,  and  in  1850  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  presidency. 

Gomorrah  (go-mor'a).  One  of  the  cities  of  the 
Vale  of  Siddim.  Compare  Sodom. 

Gompertz  (gom'perts),  Benjamin.  BornatLon- 
don,  March  5, 1779 : died  July  14, 1865.  An  Eng- 
lish astronomer  and  actuary,  of  Hebrew  descent. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Astronomical  Society, 
and  became  actuary  of  the  Alliance  Assurance  Company  in 
1824.  “Some  years  previously  he  had  worked  out  a new 
series  of  tables  of  mortality  for  the  Koyal  Society,  and 
these  suggested  to  him  in  1825  his  well-known  law  of  human 
mortality,  which  he  first  expounded  in  a letter  to  Francis 
Baily.  The  law  restson  the  apriori  assumption  that  aper- 
son’s  resistance  to  death  decreases  as  his  years  increase,  in 
such  a manner  that  at  the  end  of  equally  infinitely  small 
intervals  of  time  he  loses  equally  infinitely  small  propor- 
tions of  his  remaining  power  to  oppose  destruction.  ” (Diet. 
Nat.  Biog.)  He  was  a brother-in-law  of  Sir  Moses  Monte- 
flore. 

Gomperz  (gom'perts),  Theodor.  Bom  at 

Briinn,  March  29,  1832:  died  at  Baden,  near 
Vienna,  Aug.  29,  1912.  A German  philologist 
and  philosophical  writer,  professor  of  classical 
philology  at  Vienna  1869-1901. 

Gomul  Pass  (go-mul'  pas).  An  important  trade 
route  pass  on  the  border  of  India  and  Afghan- 
istan, about  lat.  32°  N. 

Gonaive  (go-na-ev'),  La.  An  island  west  of 
Haiti,  to  which  it  belongs. 

Gonaives  (go-na-ev'),  Les.  A seaport  on  the 
Bay  of  Gonaives,  western  coast  of  Haiti,  in  lat. 
19°  26'  N.,  long.  72°  43'  W.  Population,  about 
13,000. 


Gona-qua 

Gona-qua  (go-na'kwa).  See  Khoikhoin. 
Gonpalves  Dias  (gon-sal'ves  de'as),  Antonio. 
Bom  at  Caxias,  Maranhao,  Aug.  10, 1823:  died 
at  sea,  Nov.  3,  1864.  The  foremost  of  Brazil- 
ian poets.  He  was  a professor  in  the  Pedro  II.  College 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  was  employed  in  various  literary 
commissions  in  the  north  of  the  empire  and  in  Europe. 
During  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  was  in  Europe,  suffer- 
ing from  illness.  While  returning  to  Brazil  he  perished 
in  a shipwreck.  Besides  his  poems,  he  published  various 
historical  and  ethnological  papers,  and  a dictionary  of  the 
Tupi  language. 

Goncourt  (gon-kor'),  Edmond  de.  Born  at 
Nancy,  Prance,  May  26, 1822 : died  July  16,  1896. 
Goncourt,  Jules  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  17, 
1830 : died  at  Paris,  June  20, 1870.  Two  French 
novelists  and  authors,  brothers  and  collabora- 
tors. They  wrote  works  illustrative  of  the  18th 
century,  etc. 

Gonda  (gon'dii,).  1.  A district  of  the  Fyza- 
bad  division,  United  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  82°  E.  Area, 
2,813  square  miles.  Population,  1,403,195. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Gonda. 
Gondar  (gon'dar).  The  capital  of  Amhara,  and 
ecclesiastical  capital  of  Abyssinia,  situated 
about  lat.  12°  31'  N.,  long.  37°  26'  E.:  formerly 
the  capital  of  Abyssinia.  Population,  5,000. 
Gondavo.  See  Gandavo. 

Gondibert  (gon'di-bert).  A poem  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Davenant,  published  in  1651. 

“Gondibert,”  his  [Sir  William  Davenant’s]  greatest  per- 
formance, incurred,  when  first  published,  more  ridicule, 
and  in  later  times  more  neglect,  than  its  merits  deserve. 
An  epic  poem  in  elegiac  stanzas  must  always  be  tedious, 
because  no  structure  of  verse  is  more  unfavourable  to 
narration  than  that  which  almost  peremptorily  requires 
each  sentence  to  be  restricted,  or  protracted,  to  four  lines. 
But  the  liveliness  of  Davenant's  imagination,  which  Dry- 
den  has  pointed  out  as  his  most  striking  attribute,  has  il- 
luminated even  the  dull  and  dreary  path  which  he  has 
chosen  ; and  perhaps  few  poems  afford  more  instances  of 
vigorous  conceptions,  and  even  felicity  of  expression,  than 
the  neglected  “ Gondibert." 

Sir  Walter  Scott,  Dryden,  Works,  III.  101. 

Gondo  (gon'do),  Ravine  of.  A wild  gorge  of 
the  Alps,  in  the  Simplon  Pass. 

Gondokoro  (gon-do-ko'ro),  or  Ismailia  (iz-ma- 
e'le-a).  A government  station  and  trading 
place  in  lat.  4°  54'  N.,  long.  31°  43'  E. : the 
northernmost  post  on  the  Nile  of  the  Uganda 
Protectorate.  It  was  a Roman  Catholic  mission- 
ary station  1851-59. 

Gonds  (gondz).  [E.  Ind.]  An  aboriginal  race 
in  central  India  and  the  Deccan,  believed  to 
be  of  Dra vidian  stock. 

Gondwana  (gond-wa'na).  A region  in  central 
India,  situated  about  lat.  19° -25°  N.  it  is  peo- 
pled largely  by  Gonds.  Gondwana  proper  belongs  chiefly 
to  the  Central  Provinces. 

Goneril  (gon'er-il).  One  of  Lear’s  unnatural 
daughters,  in  Shakspere’s  tragedy  ‘ ‘ King  Lear.” 
The  elder,  Goneril,  with  the  “wolfish  visage"  and  the 
dark  “ frontlet  ”of  ill-humour,  is  a masculine  woman, full 
of  independent  purposes  and  projects,  whilst  Regan  ap- 
pears more  feminine,  rather  instigated  by  Goneril,  more 
passive,  and  more  dependent. 

Gervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E. 

[Bun  nett,  ed.  1880),  p.  625. 

GongoraMarmolejo  (gon'go-ra  miir-mo-la'Ho), 
Alonso  de.  Bom  at  Carmona,  Seville,  about 
1510  : died  in  Chile,  Jan.,  1576.  A Spanish  sol- 
dier and  hi  storian . He  served  in  Peru  ; went  to  Chile 
in  1549,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  Araucanian  wars ; 
was  a captain,  but  never  had  any  important  commissions. 
In  his  latter  years  he  lived  at  Santiago.  His  “ Historia  de 
Chile,"  written  between  1572  and  1575,  is  preserved  in 
the  original  manuscript  in  Madrid.  It  was  first  published 
in  1810,  in  the  “Memorial  historico  Espafiol,”  and  re- 
published in  the  “Coleccion  de  historiadores  de  Chile,” 
1862.  It  gives  the  history  of  Chile  down  to  1575,  and  is 
the  best  of  the  early  works  on  that  subject. 

Gongora  y Argote  (gon'go-ra  e ar-go'ta),Luis 
de.  Born  at  Cordova,  Spain,  July  11,  1561: 
died  there,  May  24,  1627.  A Spanish  lyric  poet, 
noted  as  the  founder  of  a highly  metaphysical 
and  artificial  style  named  from  him  “ Gongor- 
ism,”  and  also  called  the  “polished,”  “ polite,” 
and  “cultivated”  style. 

Gonnella.  See  Jests  of  Gonnella. 

Gonsalez  (gon-sa'leth);  Fernan.  A half-fabu- 
lous Spanish  hero  of  the  10th  century,  about 
whom  numerous  ballads  and  poems  have  been 
written.  His  historical  achievements  occurred  between 
934  and  970,  when  he  died.  A metrical  chronicle  of  his  ad- 
ventures (date  probably  of  the  14th  century)  was  founded 
on  an  older  prose  account.  There  are  about  twenty  ballads 
relating  to  him,  the  most  interesting  being  those  in  which 
he  is  twice  rescued  from  prison  by  his  courageous  wife. 
Ticknor. 

Gonsalvo  Hernandez  de  Cordova.  See  Cor- 
dova. 

Gonville  and  Caius  College,  commonly  called 
simply  Caius  (kez).  A college  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  England,  established  by  Edmund 


447 

Gonville  in  1348,  and  refounded  by  Dr.  John 
Caius,  physician  to  Queen  Mary,  in  1558.  The 
picturesque  gate,  exhibiting  classical  friezes,  niches,  and 
pediments,  surmounted  by  an  octagonal  dome-shaped  tur- 
ret, is  modern.  The  outer  court  was  built  by  Caius;  the 
inner,  though  refaced  in  the  last  century,  by  Gonville. 
Gonzaga  (gon-za'ga).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mantua,  Italy,  14  miles  south  of  Mantua. 
Gonzaga,  Carlo  I.  di.  Died  about  1637.  Duke 
of  Nevers,  Mantua,  and  Montferrat. 

Gonzaga,  Federigo  II.  di.  Born  about  1500 : 
died  1540.  Promoted  from  marquis  to  duke  of 
Mantua  in  1530 : ruler  of  Montferrat  from  1536. 
Gonzaga,  Ludovico  III.  di,  surnamed  “The 
Turk.”  Born  about  1414:  died  1478.  Marquis 
of  Mantua  from  1444. 

Gonzaga,  Thomaz  Antonio.  Born  at  Oporto, 
Portugal,  Aug.,  1744 : died  at  Mozambique, 
Africa,  probably  in  1809.  A Portuguese  poet. 
He  was  ouvidor  or  judge  of  Villa  Rica,  Minas  Geraes,  Bra- 
zil ; and  in  1789  was  involved  in  the  revolutionary  plot 
called  the  conspiracy  of  Tiradentes,  for  which,  in  1792,  he 
was  condemned  to  penal  servitude  at  Mozambique.  Eventu- 
ally he  married  there.  He  became  insane  before  his  death. 
His  “Marilia  de  Dirceu,"  a collection  of  lyrics,  was  pub- 
lished before  his  exile,  and  appeared  in  numerous  subse- 
quent editions. 

Gonzalez  (gon-tha'leth),  Juan  G.  A Paraguayan 
politician,  elected  president  of  the  republic  for 
four  years,  Nov.  25,  1890. 

Gonzalez,  Manuel.  Born  near  Matamoros,  be- 
fore 1833 : died  at  Mexico,  May  8, 1893.  A Mexi- 
can general  and  statesman.  He  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  wars  against  the  French  and  Maximilian  ; fol- 
lowed  Diaz  in  various  revolts  ; was  his  secretary  of  war 
1877-80 ; and  succeeded  him  as  president  Dec.  1,  1880,  to 
Nov.  30,  1884.  His  term  was  peaceful,  but  his  financial 
policy  caused  much  trouble.  Subsequently  he  was  gover- 
nor of  Guanajuato. 

Gonzalez  Balcarce,  Antonio.  See  Balcarce. 
Gonzalez  Davila  (da've-la),  Gil.  Born  at  Avila 
about  1470 : died  there,  about  1528.  A Spanish 
discoverer.  He  went  to  Espanola  in  1510,  and  was  made 
contador.  In  1519  he  was  in  Spain,  and  joined  with  Andres 
Nino  in  a scheme  for  exploration  in  the  Pacific.  Crossing 
the  isthmus  of  Panama,  they  followed  the  coast  northward, 
discovered  the  lakes  of  Nicaragua,  and  reached  Espanola 
in  1523  with  a large  amount  of  gold  which  they  had  ob- 
tained from  the  Indians.  Pedrarias,  governor  of  Panama, 
laid  claim  to  the  newly  discovered  region.  Gil  Gonzalez 
tried  to  reach  Nicaragua  again  from  the  eastern  side  (1524), 
but  he  struck  the  coast  too  far  north,  in  Honduras.  Here 
he  encountered  a hostile  party  sent  by  Pedrarias  from  the 
south,  and,  escaping  these,  he  had  to  meet  Olid’s  expedition 
from  the  north.  He  finally  fell  into  the  hands  of  Olid,  and 
joined  with  Casas  in  killing  him.  He  then  went  to  Mexico, 
where  he  was  arrested  and  sent  to  Spain  (1526).  Released  on 
parole,  he  remained  at  Avila  until  his  death. 

Gonzalez  Saravia,  Antonio.  See  Mollinedo  y 
Saravia. 

Gonzalez  Vigil  (ve'Hel),  Francisco  de  Paula. 

Born  at  Tacna,  Sept.  15,  1792:  died  at  Lima, 
June  10, 1875.  A Peruvian  scholar  and  states- 
man. He  took  orders  in  1818,  and  was  rector  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Arequipa  1832.  From  1836  until  his  death  he  was 
director  of  the  national  library  at  Lima.  Early  identified 
with  the  cause  of  independence,  he  was  elected  to  several 
congresses,  leading  the  opposition  to  Bolivar  in  1826,  and 
resisting  Gomara  in  1832.  His  most  important  work,  “ De- 
fensa  de  la  autoridad  de  los  gobiernos  contra  las  preten- 
siones  de  la  curia  romana”  (12  vols.  1848  to  1856),  caused 
him  to  be  excommunicated.  He  also  published  a work  on 
the  Jesuits,  and  numerous  books  and  essays  on  historical, 
legal,  and  controversial  subjects.  Vigil  is  regarded  as  the 
greatest  scholar  yet  produced  by  Peru. 

Gonzalo  (gon-za'lo).  An  “honest  old  counsel- 
lor” in  Shakspere’s  “ Tempest.”  He  is  also  in- 
troduced as  “a  Savoy  nobleman”  in  Dryden’s 
version. 

Gonzalo  de  Berceo  (gon-tha'lo  da  ber-tha'o). 
An  early  Spanish  poet,  a secular  priest  of  the 
monastery  of  San  Millan  de  la  Cogolla.  He 
flourished  about  1220-46. 

Gooch  (goch),  Sir  Daniel.  Born  at  Bedlington, 
Northumberland,  Aug.  24,  1816:  died  at  Clewer 
Park,  Berkshire,  Oct.  15, 1889.  An  English  en- 
gineer and  inventor.  He  was  locomotive  superinten- 
dent of  the  Great  Western  Railway  1837-64,  making  a nota- 
ble advance  in  the  construction  of  engines,  and  played  an 
importantpart  in  establishing  the  first  transatlantic  cables. 
He  was  a member  of  Parliament  1865-85. 

Good  (gud),  John  Mason.  Born  at  Epping,  Es- 
sex, England,  May  25,  1764:  died  Jan.  2,  1827. 
An  English  physician  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  “The  Nature  of  Things  ” 
(a  translation  of  Lucretius,  1806)  and  “ Study  of  Medicine  ” 
(1822). 

Goodale  (gud'al),  Dora  Read.  Born  at  Mount 
Washington,  Mass.,  Oct.  29,  1866.  An  Ameri- 
can poet,  sister  of  Elaine  Goodale. 

Goodale,  Elaine  (Mrs.  Eastman).  Born  at 
Mount  Washington,  Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1863. 
An  American  poet.  She  became  a teacher 
of  the  Indians  in  the  Hampton  Institute  in  1883,  and  in  1886 
government  teacher  at  White  River  Camp,  Dakota.  Poems 
of  Elaine  and  Dora  Goodale  were  published  as  “ Apple 
Blossoms"  (1878),  “In  Berkshire  with  the  Wild  Flowers" 
(1879),  etc. 


Goodwin,  William  Watson 

Goodall  (gud'al),  Edward.  Bom  at  Leeds, 
England,  Sept.  17, 1795 : died  at  London,  April 
11, 1870.  An  English  engraver,  especially  noted 
for  his  engravings  after  Turner. 

Goodall,  Frederick.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  17, 
1822:  died  there,  July  28,  1904.  An  English 
painter,  son  of  Edward  Goodall. 

Good  Counsel  of  Chaucer.  See  Flee  from  the 
Press. 

Goode  (gud),  George  Brown.  Bom  at  New  Al- 
bany, Ind.,  Feb.  13,  1851:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Sept.  6,  1896.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  received  an  appointment  on  the  staff  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  in  1873 ; became  assistant  directorof  theNation- 
al  Museum  in  1878 ; was  commissioner  of  fisheries  1887-88 ; 
and  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
from  1887.  Among  his  works  are  “Catalogue  of  the  Fishes 
of  tile  Bermudas  ” (1876),  “ Game  Fishes  of  the  U nited  States  ” 
(1879),  “American  Fishes  " (1880),  “ The  Fisheries  and  Fish- 
ery Industries  of  the  United  States ” (1884),  “Oceanic  Ich- 
thyology" (with  Tarleton  H.  Bean,  1894),  etc. 

Goodell  (gu-del'),  William.  Born  at  Temple- 
ton, Mass.,  Feb.  14,  1792:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, Feb.  18,  1867.  An  American  missionary. 
He  was  graduated  from  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1820,  when  he  became  a missionary  of  the  American  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Foreign  Missions.  He  labored  at  Bei- 
rut from  1823  until  1828,  and  was  subsequently  stationed 
at  Malta  and  at  Constantinople.  He  translated  the  Scrip- 
tures into  Armeno-Turkisli : the  final  revision  of  the  trans- 
lation appeared  in  1863. 

Goodfellow  (gud'fel//o),  Robin.  See  Puck. 
Good  Gray  Poet,  The.  A surname  of  Walt 
Whitman. 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of.  A promontory  at  the 
southwestern  extremity  of  Cape  Colony,  South 
Africa,  in  lat.  34°  21'  S.,  long.  18°  30'  E.  It  was 
discovered  by  Bartholomeu  Dias  in  1487,  and  was  doubled 
by  Vasco  da  Gama  in  1497.  For  the  colony,  see  Cape 
Colony. 

Goodman  (gud'man),  Godfrey.  Born  at  Ruthin, 
Denbighshire,  Feb.  28,  1583:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  19,  1656.  An  English  divine,  appointed 
bishop  of  Gloucester  in  1625.  He  was  accused  of 
Romanist  tendencies  and  practices.  He  was  committed 
to  the  Tower  on  a charge  of  high  treason  in  1641,  but  was 
soon  released.  He  wrote  “The  Fall  of  Man,"  etc.  (to  which 
Hakewill  replied),  and  other  works. 

Goodman’s  Fields  Theatre.  A London  theater 
built  in  1729.  David  Garrick  made  the  success  of  the 
house  in  1741.  It  was  pulled  down  about  1746,  and  a second 
theater  was  burned  in  1802.  Thornbury. 

Good-natured  Man,  The.  __A  comedy  by  Gold- 
smith, produced  Jan.  29,  1768. 

Good  Parliament.  The  name  given  to  the  Eng- 
lish Parliament  of  1376,  which  was  noted  for  its 
efforts  to  reform  political  abuses,  it  impeached 
Lords  Latimer  and  Neville,  and  others  — the  first  instance 
of  an  impeachment. 

Good  Regent,  The.  James  Stuart,  earl  of  Mur- 
ray (or  Moray),  regent  of  Scotland  1567-70. 
Goodrich  (gud' rich),  Chauncey  Allen.  Born 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Oct.  23,  1790 : died  there, 
Feb.  25, 1860.  An  American  scholar,  grandson 
of  Elizur  Goodrich : one  of  the  editors  of  “ Web- 
ster’s Dictionary”  after  1828. 

Goodrich,  Elizur.  Born  at  Wethersfield, Conn., 
Oct.  26,  1734:  died  at  Norfolk,  Conn.,  Nov., 
1797.  An  American  clergyman  and  mathema- 
tician. 

Goodrich,  Samuel  Griswold:  pseudonym  Pe- 
ter Parley.  Born  at  Ridgefield,  Conn.,  Aug.  19, 
1793 : died  at  New  York,  May  9, 1860.  An  Amer- 
ican author,  nephew  of  C.  A.  Goodrich.  He  pub- 
lished many  juvenile  works,  “History  of  the  Animal  King- 
dom ” (1859),  etc. 

Goodsir  (gud'ser),  John.  Born  at  Anstruther, 
Fifeshire,  March  20,  1814 : died  at  Wardie,  near 
Edinburgh,  March  6,  1867.  A Scottish  anato- 
mist, professor  of  anatomy  at  Edinburgh  from 
1846.  He  obtained  distinction  from  his  investigations  in 
cellular  pathology.  His  “Anatomical  Memoirs  "was  pub- 
lished in  1868. 

Goodstock  (gud'stok).  The  host  in  Ben  Jon- 
son’s  play  “The  New  Inn.”  He  is  Lord  Fram- 
vul  in  disguise. 

oodwin  (gud'win),  Charles  Wycliffe.  Born 
at  King’s  Lynn,  1817 : died  at  Shanghai,  Jan., 
1878.  AnEnglishlawyerandEgyptologist.  He 
published  “The  Anglo-Saxon  Version  of  the  Life  of  St. 
Gutblac,  Hermitof  Crowland”  (1848),  “The  Story  of  Sane- 
ha:  an  Egyptian  Tale  of  Four  Thousand  Years  Ago,  trans- 
lated from  the  Hieratic  Text”  (1866),  etc. 

Goodwin,  Thomas.  Born  at  Rollesby,  Norfolk, 
England,  Oct.  5, 1600 : died  at  London,  Feb.  23, 
1680.  An  English  Puritan  divine.  His  works 
were  published  1681-1704. 

Goodwin,  William  Watson.  Born  at  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  May  9,  1831:  died  at  Cambridge. 
Mass.,  June  15,  1912.  An  American  classical 
scholar,  lie  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1851,  and  in 
1860  was  appointed  Eliot  professor  of  Greek  literature  nt 


Goodwin,  William  Watson 

that  institution  (emeritus  1901).  He  published  “Syntax 
of  the  Moods  and  Tenses  of  the  Greek  Verb”  (1860), 
“Greek  Grammar'’  (1870),  etc. 

Goodwin  Sands.  Dangerous  shoals  about  5 
miles  east  of  Kent,  England,  from  which  they 
are  separated  by  the  Downs.  They  are  opposite 
Deal  and  Sandgate.  Near  them  the  Dutch  fleet 
defeated  the  British  fleet  in  1652. 

Goodwood  (gud'wud).  A seat  of  the  Duke  of 
Richmond  and  Gordon,  near  Chichester,  Susses, 
England.  A noted  race-course  was  established  in  the 
park  in  1802.  The  meeting  takes  place  in  the  end  of  July, 
the  principal  race  being  that  for  the  Goodwood  Cup. 

Goodyear  (gud'yer),  Charles.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  29, 1800:  died  at  New  York, 
July  1,  1860.  An  American  manufacturer,  in 

1834  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  manufacture  of  india- 
rubber.  After  years  spent  in  experimentation,  which  re- 
duced himself  and  his  family  to  poverty,  he  discovered  the 
process  of  vulcanization,  for  which  he  obtained  his  first 
patent  in  1844. 

Goody  Two  Shoes.  A nursery  tale  relating  the 
story  of  Little  Goody  Two  Shoes,  who,  owning 
but  one  shoe,  is  so  pleased  to  have  a pair  that 
she  shows  them  to  every  one,  exclaiming  “ Two 
shoes!”  The  story  was  first  published  in  1765  by  New- 
bery,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  written  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith. 

Googe  (goj),  Barnabe.  Bom  at  Alvingham, 
Lincolnshire,  1540 : died  in  1594.  An  English 
poet.  His  most  important  work  is  a set  of  8 eclogues 
published  in  1563  in  “Eglogs,  Epytaphes,  and  Sonnetes,” 
which  are  thought  to  have  had  some  influence  o'n  Spen- 
ser’s “Shepherd’s  Calendar.”  He  translated  a number  of 
works,  and  wrote  also  a long  poem,  “Cupido  Conquered.” 

Gookin  (go'kin),  Daniel.  Born  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, about  1612:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
March  19, 1687.  A colonial  official.  He  came  out 

to  Virginia  with  his  father  in  1621,  and  about  1644  removed 
to  Massachusetts,  where  he  was  made  superintendent  of 
the  Indians  in  1656,  and  major-general  in  1681.  He  wrote 
“ Historical  Collections  of  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts,” 
completed  in  1674  and  first  printed  in  1792. 

Goole  (gol).  A river  port  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Ouse  23  miles  west  of 
Hull.  Popidation,  16,576. 

Goomtee.  See  Gumti. 

Goorkhas.  See  Gliurlcas. 

Goose,  Mother.  See  Mother  Goose. 

Goppert  (ghp'pert),  Heinrich  Robert.  Born 
at  Sprottau , Prussia,  J uly  25, 1800 : died  at  Bres- 
lau, May  18,  1884.  A German  botanist  and  pa- 
leontologist, professor  of  botany  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau.  He  was  especially  noted 
for  his  researches  on  fossil  flora. 

Gdppingen  (gbp'ping-en).  A manufacturing 
town  in  the  circle  of  the  Danube,  Wiirtemberg, 
situated  on  the  Fils  22  miles  east  by  south  of 
Stuttgart.  Population,  commune,  20,813. 

Gorakhpur  (go-ruk-por').  1.  A district  in  the 
Gorakhpur  division,  United  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  83°  30' 
E.  Area,  4,535  square  miles.  Population, 
2,957,074. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  Gorakhpur 
district,  situated  near  the  river  Rapti  in  lat. 
26°  45'  N.,  long.  83°  22'  E.  Population,  includ- 
ing cantonment,  64,148. 

Gorboduc  (gor'bo-duk).  A mythical  king  of 
Britain.  His  story,  with  that  of  his  sons  Ferrex 
and  Porrex,  is  told  in  the  early  chronicles. 

Gorboduc,  who  succeeded  to  the  crown  of  Britain  soon 
after  the  death  of  Lear,  profited  so  little  by  the  example 
of  his  predecessor  that  he  divided  his  realm  during  his  life 
between  his  two  sons,  Ferrex  and  Porrex,  whose  bloody 
history  is  the  subject  of  the  first  regular  English  tragedy  : 
it  was  written  by  Thomas  Norton  and  Thomas  Sackville 
(Lord  Buckhurst),was  acted  in  1561,  and  afterwards  printed 
in  1565,  under  the  name  of  “Gorboduc."  Sir  Philip  Sid- 
ney says  that  this  drama  climbs  to  the  height  of  Seneca, 
and  Pope  has  pronounced  the  much  higher  eulogy  that  it 
possesses  “ an  unaffected  perspicuity  of  style,  and  an  easy 
flow  in  the  numbers:  in  a word,  that  chastity,  correct- 
ness, and  gravity  of  style  which  are  so  essential  to  tragedy, 
and  which  all  the  tragic  poets  who  followed,  not  except- 
ing Shakspeare  himself,  either  little  understood  or  per- 
petually neglected.”  Both  in  the  dramaand  romance,  the 
princes,  between  whom  the  kingdom  had  been  divided, 
ruon  fell  to  dissension,  and  the  younger  stabbed  the  elder  ; 
the  mother,  who  more  dearly  loved  the  elder,  having  killed 
his  brother  in  revenge,  the  people,  indignant  at  the  cruelty 
of  the  deed,  rose  in  rebellion,  and  murdered  both  father 
and  mother.  Thb  nobles  then  assembled  and  destroyed 
most  of  the  rebels,  but  afterwards  became  embroiled  in  a 
civil  war,  in  which  they  and  their  issue  were  all  slain. 

Dunlop , Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  240. 

Gorcum.  See  GorJcum. 

Gordian  (gor'di-an).  See  Gordianus. 
Gordianus  (gor-di-a'nus)  I.,  Marcus  Antoni- 
us,  sumamed  Africanus,  Anglicized  Gordian. 
Born  about  158  a.  D.:  died  at  Carthage,  238. 
Roman  emperor.  He  was  descended  from  a wealthy 
and  illustrious  Roman  family,  and  acquired  great  popu- 
larity by  his  largesses  to  the  populace.  He  became  procon- 
sul of  Africa  in  237,  and  when,  in  238,  a rebellion  broke  out 
in  his  province  against  Maximinus,  he  was  forced  by  the 
insurgents  to  assume  the  purple.  His  elevation  was  con- 
firmed by  the  Roman  senate.  He  associated  with  himself 


448 

in  the  government  his  son  Gordianus  II.  The  younger 
Gordianus  was  defeated  and  slain  before  Carthage  by  Ca- 
pellianus,  governor  of  Mauretania,  whereupon  the  elder 
Gordianus  put  himself  to  death  after  a reign  of  only  six 
weeks. 

Gordianus  II.,  Marcus  Antonius.  Bom  192 

A.  i>, : died  near  Carthage,  238.  Roman  empe- 
ror, son  and  associate  of  the  preceding. 
Gordianus  III. , Marcus  Antonius  Pius.  Born 
about  224  a.  d.  : died  in  Mesopotamia,  244. 
Roman  emperor.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Gordianus 
I.  on  his  mother’s  side,  and  was  proclaimed  Caesar  on  the 
death  of  the  two  Gordiani  in  Africa  in  238.  (See  Gordianus 
I.)  He  became  sole  emperor  in  the  same  year,  on  the  as- 
sassination bythe  pretoriansof  the  two  Augusti,  Pupienus 
and  Balbinus,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  senate  to 
succeed  Gordianus  I.  He  undertook  an  expedition  against 
Persia  in  242,  under  the  guidance  of  his  father-in-law,  the 
veteran  soldier  Misitheus,  after  whose  death  he  was  mur- 
dered by  the  pretorian  prefect  Philip,  who  usurped  the 
throne. 

Gordium  (gor'di-um).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  northern  Galatia,  Asia  Minor,  near  the 
river  Sangarius.  It  is  noted  as  the  place  where 
Alexander  the  Great  cut  the  Gordian  knot.  See 
Gordius. 

Gordius  (gor'di-us).  [Gr.  FopAof.]  An  ancient 
ltipg  of  Lydia  (originally  a peasant),  father  of 
Midas.  According  to  the  legend  an  oracle  had  declared 
to  the  people  of  Phrygia  that  a king  would  come  to  them 
riding  in  a car,  and,  as  Gordius  thus  appeared  to  them  in 
a popular  assembly  which  was  discussing  the  disposition 
of  the  government,  he  was  accepted  as  their  sovereign. 
His  car  and  the  yoke  of  his  oxen  he  dedicated  to  Zeus  at 
Gordium ; and  an  oracle  declared  that  whoever  should  un- 
tie the  knot  of  the  yoke  would  rule  over  Asia.  Alexander 
the  Great  cut  the  knot  with  his  sword. 

Gordon  (gor'don),  Adam.  A famous  English 
outlaw  who  established  himself  near  the  village 
of  Wilton  in  1267,  and  attacked  those  especially 
who  were  of  the  king’s  party.  He  engaged  with 
Prince  Edward  (afterward  King  Edward  I.)  in  single  com- 
bat, and  the  latter  so  admired  his  courage  and  spirit  that 
he  promised  him  his  life  and  fortune  if  he  would  surren- 
der. Gordon  consented,  and  was  ever  after  an  attached 
and  faithful  servant  to  Edward. 

Gordon,  Sir  Adam  de.  Died  1333.  A Scottish 
statesman  and  soldier.  He  was  at  fir  st  a partizan  of 
Edward  II.,  but  after  the  battle  of  Bannockburn  adhered 
to  Bruce.  His  son  Sir  Adam  de  Gordon  (died  1402)  became 
celebrated  in  border  warfare. 

Gordon,  Adam  Lindsay.  Born  at  Fayal 
(Azores),  1833:  shot  himself  at  New  Brighton, 
Australia,  June  24, 1870.  An  Australian  poet. 
He  was  in  the  mounted  police  of  South  Australia  in  1853, 
and  was  afterward  a horse-breaker,  member  of  the  Vic- 
toria House  of  Assembly  (1865),  and  the  keeper  of  a livery- 
stable.  He  failed  in  an  attempt  to  secure  the  Esslemont 
estate  in  Scotland  in  1869.  Among  his  poems  are  “Sea 
Spray  and  Smoke  Drift”  (1867),  “Bush  Ballads,  etc.” 
(1870),  and  “ Ashtaroth  : a dramatic  Lyric  ” (1867). 

Gordon,  Alexander.  Born  at  Aberdeen  before 
1693 : died  in  South  Carolina  in  1754  or  1755.  A 
Scottish  antiquary.  He  wrote  “Itinerarium  Septen- 
trionale”  (1726),  describing  “the  monuments  of  Roman 
antiquity”  and  “the  Danish  invasions  on  Scotland.” 

Gordon,  Sir  Alexander.  Bom  1650:  died  at 
Airds,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Nov.  11,  1726.  A 
Scottish  Covenanter.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Bothwell  Bridge,  was  proclaimed  a traitor  and  condemned 
to  death,  and  after  many  hairbreadth  escapes  fled  to  Hol- 
land. He  returned  and  was  arrested  (1683),  and  remained 
a prisoner  until  16S9.  For  several  years  his  imprisonment 
was  voluntarily  shared  by  his  wife. 

Gordon,  Andrew.  Bom  at  Cofforach,  Forfar- 
shire, June  15,  1712:  died  Aug.  22,  1751.  A 
Scottish  physicist,  appointed  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Erfurt  in  1737.  He  was  noted  for  his  ex- 
periments in  frictional  electricity.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  electrician  to  use  a cylinder  in  place  of  a 
globe.  He  wrote  “ Phenomena  Electricitatis  Exposita  " 
(1744),  etc. 

Gordon,  Sir  Arthur  Hamilton.  Born  Nov.  26, 
1829:  died  at  London,  Jan.  30,  1912.  Youngest 
son  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Aberdeen.  He  sat  in  Par- 
liament as  Liberal  member  for  Beverley  1854-57,  and  was 
appointed  governor  of  New  Brunswick  in  1866,  governor 
of  Trinidad  in  1870,  first  governor  of  the  Fiji  Islands  in 
1874,  high  commissioner  for  the  Western  Pacific  in  1877, 
governor  of  New  Zealand  in  1880,  and  governor  of  Ceylon 
in  1883  (-1890).  He  was  created  Baron  Stanmore  in  1893. 

Gordon,  Charles  George,  called  “ Chinese  Gor- 
don” and  “Gordon  Pasha.”  Born  at  Woolwich, 
Jan.  28, 1833:  died  at  Khartum,  Nubia,  Jan.  26, 
1885.  An  English  soldier.  He  served  in  the  Crimea 
1854-56.  In  I860  he  was  attached  to  the  British  force 
under  Sir  James  Hope  Grant  operating  with  the  French 
against  China,  and  in  1863  took  command  of  a Chinese 
force,  called  the  Ever  Victorious  Army,  against  t lie  Tai- 
ping  rebels.  He  put  down  the  rebellion  in  thirty-three  en- 
gagements, and  resigned  his  command  in  1864,  receiving 
from  the  emperor  the  yellow  jacket  and  peacock’s  feather 
of  a mandarin  of  the  first  class.  He  was  governor  of  the 
Equatorial  Provinces  of  central  Africa  in  the  service  of  the 
Khedive  of  Egypt  1874-76;  was  created  pasha  bythe  khe- 
dive  in  1877;  and  in  the  same  year  was  promoted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel in  the  British  army.  He  was  governor-gen- 
eral of  the  Sudan,  Darfur,  the  Equatorial  Provinces,  and 
the  Red  Sea  littoral  1877-79,  in  which  capacity  he  stamped 
out  the  slave-trade  in  his  district.  He  acted  as  adviser 
of  the  Chinese  government  in  its  relations  with  Russia 
in  1880 ; went  as  commanding  royal  engineer  to  Mauritius 


Gore  Hall 

1881-82 ; and  was  commandant  of  the  colonial  forces  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1882.  In  1884  he  was  sent  by  the 
British  government  to  the  Sudan  to  assist  the  khedive  in 
withdrawing  the  garrisons  of  the  country,  which  could  not 
be  held  any  longer  against  the  Mahdi.  He  was  besieged 
by  the  Mahdi  at  Khartum,  March  12,  1884,  and  was  killed 
in  the  storming  of  the  city,  Jan.  26,  1885. 

Gordon,  George,  fourth  Earl  of  Huntly.  Born 
1514:  died  1562.  A Scottish  statesman.  He  held 
important  offices  under  James  V.  ; with  Home  defeated 
an  English  force  at  Hadden  Rig,  Aug.  24,  1642 ; on  the 
murder  of  Cardinal  Beaton  succeeded  him  as  lord  high 
chancellor  (1546);  and  held  a command  and  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Pinkie  (1547).  He  opposed  the 
policy  of  the  queer:  regent,  and  finally  deserted  her.  He 
favored  the  Catholic  cause.  Under  Mary  he  was  in  dis- 
favor, and  was  finally  denounced  as  a rebel.  He  attacked 
the  queen’s  forces  at  Corrichie,  Nov.  5,  1562,  but  was  de- 
feated, and  died  from  the  effects  of  the  battle. 

Gordon,  George,  fifth  Earl  of  Huntly.  Died 
May,  15,76.  A Scottish  statesman.  He  was  a fa- 
vorite of  Mary,  and  an  ally  of  Bothwell,  and  became  lord 
high  chancellor  in  1566.  He  was  implicated  in  the  mur- 
der of  Darnley. 

Gordon,  Lord  George.  Born  at  London,  Dec. 
26,  1751 : died  Nov.  1, 1793.  An  English  agita- 
tor, third  son  of  Cosmo  George,  third  duke  of 
Gordon.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1774.  In  1779  he  be- 
came president  of  the  Protestant  Association,  formed  to 
secure  the  repeal  of  the  Bill  of  Toleration,  passed  in 
1778  for  the  relief  of  Roman  Catholics.  At  the  instance 
of  the  society  a large  number  of  the  opponents  of  the 
bill  met  in  St.  George's  Fields,  and  marched  in  a body 
to  the  House  of  Commons  simultaneously  with  the  pres- 
entation by  Gordon  of  a petition  praying  Parliament  to 
repeal  the  bill.  A riot  ensued,  which  was  quelled  by  the 
troops  June  8, 1780.  Gordon  was  tried  in  1781  for  compli- 
city in  the  riots,  but  was  acquitted  for  want  of  evidence. 
Gordon,  George  Hamilton,  fourth  Earl  of  Aber- 
deen. Born  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  28,  1784:  died 
at  London,  Dec.  14, 1860.  A British  statesman. 
He  was  appointed  ambassador  extraordinary  to  Austria 
Sept.,  1813,  and  signed  the  preliminary  treaty  at  Toplitz 
on  Oct.  3.  On  May  30,  1814,  he  signed  the  treaty  of  Paris 
as  one  of  the  representatives  of  Great  Britain.  He  was  for- 
eign secretary  under  Wellington  1828-30,  secretary  for  war 
Dec.,  1834, -April,  1835,  and  secretary  for  foreign  affairs 
1841-46.  He  was  premier  Dec.,  1852, -Jan.  30,  1855,  his 
ministry  being  formed  by  a coalition  of  Whigs  and  Peel- 
ites.  He  wrote  works  on  Greek  architecture,  etc. 

Gordon,  John  Campbell  Hamilton.  Born  1847. 
Seventh  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  grandson  of  the 
fourth  earl.  He  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in 
the  Gladstone  administration  of  1886  and  in  the  Campbell- 
Bannerman  administration  of  1905-,  and  was  governor- 
general  of  Canada  1893-98.  Lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  1906-. 

Gordon,  Sir  John  Watson.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
1788:  died  there,  June  1, 1864.  A Scottish  por- 
trait-painter. His  best-known  work  is  a portrait 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Gordon,  Lady  Duff-  (Lucie  or  Lucy  Austin). 

Born  at  Westminster,  June  24,  1821:  died  at 
Cairo,  July  14, 1869.  An  English  writer,  best 
known  as  a translator  from  the  German  (Nie- 
buhr, Von  Ranke,  and  Sybel).  She  resided  in 
Egypt  from  1862.  She  married  Sir  Alexander 
Duff-Gordon  in  1840. 

Gordon,  William.  Born  at  Hitchin,  Hertford- 
shire, about  1728 : died  at  Ipswich,  England, 
Oct.  19,  1807.  An  English  clergyman  and  his- 
torian. He  wrote  “Rise,  Progress,  and  Establishment 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America” 
(1788),  etc. 

Gordon  Bennett,  Mount.  [Named  from  James 
Gordon  Bennett.]  A mountain  in  central  Africa, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Albert  Nyanza  and 
Ruwenzori,  discovered  and  named  by  Stanley. 
Height,  estimated,  about  15,000  feet. 

Gordon  Cumming.  See  Gumming. 

Gordon  Riots.  A rising  of  the  London  popu- 
lace, June,  1780,  the  culmination  of  an  anti- 
Roman  Catholic  agitation,  instigated  and  abet- 
ted by  Lord  George  Gordon.  See  Gordon,  Lord 
George. 

Gore  (gor),  Mrs.  (Catherine  Grace  Frances 
Moody).  Born  at  East  Retford,  Notts,  Eng- 
land, in  1799:  died  at  Lyndhurst,  Hampshire, 
Jan.  29,  1861.  An  English  novelist  and  play- 
writer.  Among  her  works  are  “Theresa  Marchmont,"  a 
novel  (1824),  “The  Lettre  de  Cachet  " (1827),  “School  for 
Coquettes,”  a comedy  (1831),  “Mrs.  Armytage.  etc.,"  a novel 
(1836),  “ Cecil,  or  the  Adventures  of  a Coxcomb  " (her  most 
successful  novel,  1841),  “ The  Banker’s  Wife  " (1843),  and 
about  sixty  other  works,  some  of  them  translations  from 
the  French. 

Gore,  Christopher.  Born  at  Boston,  Sept.  21, 
1758:  died  at  Waltham,  Mass.,  March  1,  1827. 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts 1809-10.  He  was  a benefactor  of  Harvard 
College. 

Goree  (go-ra').  A small  island  belonging  to 
France,  situated  near  the  coast  of  Senegambia, 
south  of  Cape  Verd,  in  lat.  14°  40'  N.,  long.  17° 
25'  W.  Population  of  the  town  of  Gor6e, 
1,590. 

Gore  Hall.  A building  containing  the  library 
of  Harvard  College,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 


Gore  House 

Gore  House.  A house  formerly  occupying  the 
site  upon  which  the  Albert  Memorial  is  built, 
in  London,  it  was  a famous  resort  for  men  of  letters 
during  the  successive  ownerships  of  William  Wilberforce 
and  the  Countess  of  Blessington  in  the  early  part  of  the 
19th  century. 

Gorgei.  See  Gorgey. 

Gorges  (gor'jez),  Sir  Ferdinando.  Born  in 
Somersetshire,  England,  about  1566:  died  in 
1647.  An  English  colonial  proprietor.  He  re- 
ceived with  John  Mason  a grant  of  the  region  between 
the  Merrimac  and  Kennebec  rivers  in  1622.  In  1629  the 
connection  between  Gorges  and  Mason  was  dissolved  and 
anew  grant  was  made  to  each,  Gorges  receiving  the  region 
between  the  Piscataqua  and  the  Kennebec.  Gorges  re- 
ceived a confirmation  of  his  grant  under  the  title  of  the 
Province  of  Maine  in  1639. 

Gorgey,  or  Gorgei  (ger'ge-i),  Arthur.  Bom  at 

Toporcz,  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  Jan.  30, 1818. 
A Hungarian  general  in  the  war  of  1848-49.  He 
succeeded  Kossuth  as  dictator,  Aug.  11, 1849,  and  surren- 
dered at  VilAgos,  Aug.  13,  1849,  to  the  Russians  under 
Rudiger. 

Gorgias  (g6r'ji-as).  [Gr.  Topyiac.]  Born  at  Le- 
ontini,  Sicily,  about  485  B.  c. : died  at  Larissa, 
Thessaly,  about  380  B.  c.  A famous  Greek  so- 
phist and  rhetorician,  “ an  independent  cultiva- 
tor of  natural  oratory,  with  a gift  for  brilliant 
expression  of  a poetical  and  often  turgid  kind. 
When  he  visited  Athens  in  427  B.  C.  his  florid  eloquence 
became  the  rage,  and  was  afterwards  the  first  literary 
inspiration  of  the  orator  Isocrates.”  From  him  one  of 
Plato’s  dialogues  is  named. 

Gorgibus  (gor-zhe-biis').  1.  A comfortable  old 
citizen  in  Moliere’s  “Les  precieuses  ridicules.” 
His  niece  and  daughter  torment  him  by  their 
esthetic  vagaries. — 2.  An  unreasonable  old  cit- 
izen in  Molifere’s  “ Sganarelle  ” : the  father  of 
Cfilie. 

Gorgo  (gor'go).  [Gr.  I’opyA]  See  Gorgons. 
Gorgona  (gor-go'na).  An  island  in  the  Pacific, 
situated  about  lat.  3°  N.,  long.  78°  20'  W.  It 
belongs  to  the  Republic  of  Colombia. 

Gorgons  (gor'gonz).  [Gr.  Ttipyover.']  In  Greek 
legend  (Hesiod),  daughters  of  Phorcys  (whence 
also  called  Phorcydes)  and  Ceto,  dwellingin  the 
Western  Ocean  near  Night  and  the  Hesperides 
(or  in  Libya).  Their  names  are  Stheno,  Euryale,  and 
Medusa.  They  are  girded  with  serpents,  and,  in  some  ac- 
counts, have  wings  and  brazen  claws  and  enormous  teeth. 
According  to  Homer  there  is  but  one,  Gorgo.  See  Medusa. 
Gori  (go're).  A town  in  the  government  of  Tif- 
lis,  Caucasus,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Kur  in 
lat.  41°  59'  N.,  long.  44°  5'  E.  Population, 
10,269. 

Gorinchem.  See  Gorkum. 

Goring  (gor'ing),  George,  Earl  of  Norwich. 
Born  about  1583:  died  1663.  An  English  Roy- 
alist politician  and  soldier.  He  headed  an  unsuccess- 
ful Royalist  rising  in  1647,  and  was  sentenced  to  death, 
but  later  was  pardoned. 

Goring,  George,  Lord  Goring.  Bora  July  14, 
1608 : died  at  Madrid,  1657.  An  English  gen- 
eral. He  at  first  supported  the  Parliamentary  cause,  and 
was  placed  in  command  of  Portsmouth,  but  in  1642  went 
over  to  the  Royalists.  He  was,  however,  unable  to  defend 
Portsmouth,  which  was  captured  in  Sept.  He  commanded 
the  left  wing  of  the  Royalist  army  at  the  battle  of  Marston 
Moor.  He  was  a man  of  unrestrained  life,  and  in  his  youth 
was  celebrated  for  his  brilliancy  and  prodigality. 

Goritz.  See  Gorz. 

Gorkhas.  See  Ghurkas. 

Gorkum,  or  Gorcum  (gor'kum),  or  Gorinchem 
(go'rin-chem).  A town  in  the  province  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Linge  with  the  Merwede  (Maas),  22  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Rotterdam.  It  was  taken  by  the 
“Water  Beggars”  in  1572.  Population, 
11,855. 

Gorlitz  (ger'lits).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lausitzer 
Neisse  in  lat.  51°  8'  N.,  long.  14°  58'  E.  It  is 

an  important  commercial  center,  and  has  large  manufac- 
tures of  cloth.  The  Rathaus  and  the  Church  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul  are  of  interest.  The  place  has  belonged 
successively  to  Lusatia,  Bohemia,  Saxony,  and  Prussia. 
Population,  commune,  83,766. 

Gorm (gfirm), surnamed  “The Old.”  Flourished 
about  860-935.  The  first  king  of  united  Den- 
mark. 

Gorner  (gor'ner)  Glacier.  One  of  the  largest 
Alpine  glaciers,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Va- 
lais, Switzerland,  northwest  of  Monte  Rosa.  It 
is  the  source  of  the  Visp. 

Gorner  Grat.  A mountain  near  Zermatt,  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  Alps  of  Valais.  Height,  10,290 
feet. 

Gorres  (ger'res),  Johann  Joseph  von.  Born  at 

Coblenz,  Prussia,  Jan.  25,  1776:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  29, 1848.  A German  author.  He  edited 
the  “ Rheinischer  Merkur”  1814-16,  and  became  professor 
of  history  in  the  University  of  Munich  in  1827.  In  his  early 
publications  he  supported  French  revolutionary  principles, 
which  caused  him  to  be  persecuted  by  the  government,  and 
C.— 29 


449 

was  a prominent  advocate  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
He  wrote  “ Die  christliche  Mystik  ”(1836-42)  and  “Athana- 
sius" (1837). 

Gortehakoff  (gor-cha-kof'),  Prince  Alexander 
Mikhailovitch.  Born  July  16,  1798  : died  at 
Baden-Baden,  March  11,  1883.  A noted  Rus- 
sian statesman.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  ex- 
traordinary at  Stuttgart,  in  1841,  to  negotiate  a marriage 
between  the  Crown  Prince  of  Wiirtemberg  and  the  prin- 
cess Olga,  sister  of  the  czar  Nicholas.  In  1854  he  was 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Vienna,  where  he  guarded  the  in- 
terests of  Russia  with  great  tact  and  ability  during  the 
Crimean  war,  until  1856.  He  was  appointed  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  1856,  and  became  vice-chancellor  in  1862 
and  chancellor  in  1863.  He  maintained  a strict  neutrality 
between  the  contending  powers  in  the  Austro-Prussian 
war  (1866),  but  in  1870embraced  the  opportunity  presented 
by  the  Franco-Prussian  war  to  repudiate  the  treaty  of 
Paris  (extorted  from  Russia  at  the  close  of  the  Crimean 
war  in  1856)  in  so  far  as  it  excluded  the  Russian  war  fleet 
from  the  Black  Sea  and  deprived  his  country  of  the  con- 
trol of  the  mouths  of  the  Danube. 

Gortehakoff,  Prince  Alexander.  Born  1769  : 
died  1825.  A Russian  soldier.  He  served  under 
his  uncle  Suvaroff  in  Turkey  and  in  Poland,  and  be- 
came lieutenant-general  in  1798.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  repulsed  Marshal 
Lannes  at  Heilsberg  in  1807.  He  acted  as  chief  of  the 
ministry  of  war  in  1812,  and  became  general  and  was 
made  a member  of  the  imperial  council  in  1814. 

Gortehakoff,  Prince  Andrei.  Born  1768 : died 
at  Moscow,  Feb.  27,  1855.  A Russian  general. 
He  served  as  major-general  under  Suvaroff  in  Italy  in  1799, 
and  commanded  a division  of  grenadiers  in  1812  and  a 
corps  of  infantry  in  1814,  in  which  last-named  year  he 
fought  with  distinction  in  the  battles  of  Beipsic  and  Paris. 
He  became  general  in  1819,  and  retired  from  active  ser- 
vice in  1828. 

Gortehakoff,  Prince  Mikhail.  Born  1795 : died 
at  Warsaw,  May  30,  1861.  A Russian  general. 
He  served  in  the  Turkish  war  1828-29,  in  the  Polish  revo- 
lution 1830-31,  in  Hungary  in  1849,  on  the  Danube  1853-54, 
and  in  the  Crimea  in  1855. 

Gortehakoff,  Prince  Petr.  Lived  early  in  the 
17th  century.  A Russian  commander,  noted 
for  his  defense  of  Smolensk  against  the  Poles 

1609-11. 

Gortehakoff,  Prince  Petr.  Born  1790:  died  at 
Moscow,  March  18,  1868.  A Russian  general, 
brother  of  Mikhail  Gortehakoff.  He  fought  against 
Napoleon  in  the  campaigns  of  1807  and  1812-14,  and  subse- 
quently  served  under  Yermoloff  in  the  Caucasus.  In  1829 
he  commanded  a corps  of  infantry,  with  which  he  defeated 
a Turkish  corps  at  Aidos.  He  signed  in  the  same  year  the 
preliminaries  of  the  peace  of  Adrianople.  He  became 
general  in  1843,  and  in  1854  commanded  a wing  of  the 
Russian  army  at  the  Alma  and  at  Inkerman. 

Gorton  (gor'ton).  A suburb  of  Manchester, 
Lancashire,  England,  4 miles  southeast  of  that 
city.  Population,  26,564. 

Gortyna  (gor-ti'na),  or  Gortyn  (gor'tin).  [Gr. 
Tbprvva,  YopThv.~]  In  ancient  geography,  a city 
of  Crete,  situated  about  lat.  35°  5'  N.,  long. 
24°  56'  E. 

Gortz  (gerts),  Georg  Heinrich  von.  Born  1668 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  March  12, 1719.  A Swedish 
statesman.  He  was  of  German  origin,  and  was  privy 
councilor  and  seneschal  in  Holstein  when  in  1706  he  was 
sent  on  a mission  to  Charles  XII.,  whose  confidence  he 
gained,  and  by  whom  he  was  made  minister  of  finance  in 
1715,  and  subsequently  prime  minister.  He  formed  a 
scheme  for  breaking  up  the  league  against  Sweden,  and 
planned  a descent  upon  Scotland  in  behalf  of  the  Pre- 
tender, but  an  accident  frustrated  his  designs.  On  the 
death  of  the  king  he  was  imprisoned  at  the  instance  of 
Ulrica  Eleonora  and  her  husband  Frederick  of  Hesse,  who 
succeeded  to  the  throne,  and  was  executed  on  the  pretext 
of  having  goaded  on  the  king  in  his  undertakings  and 
mismanaged  the  finances. 

Gorz  (gerts),  or  Goritz  (ger'its),  It.  Gorizia 
(go-ret'se-a).  The  capital  of  the  crownland 
Gorz  and  Gradiska,  situated  on  the  Isonzo  24 
miles  north-northwest  of  Triest.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  an  ancient  castle.  Population, 

*30,939,  (1910). 

Gorz  and  Gradiska  (grii-dis'ka).  A crownland 
and  (titular)  princely  countship  of  the  Cislei- 
than  division  of  Austria-Hungary.  Itlies  between 
Carniola  on  the  east  and  Italy  on  the  west,  and  forms  with 
Istria  and  Triest  the  Kiistenland.  It  was  acquired  by  Aus- 
tria in  1500.  Area,  1,140  square  miles.  Population,  261,- 

★ 721  (1910),  chiefly  of  Slavic  and  Italo-Friulian  stock. 

Goschen  (go'shen),  George  Joachim,  first  Vis- 
count Goschen.  Bora  at  London,  Aug.,  1831: 
died  Feb.  7,  1907.  An  English  politician  and 
financier.  Entering  Parliament  in  1863,  he  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  in  1866,  president  of  the 
poor-law  board  1868-71,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1871-74, 
and  ambassador  extraordinary  to  Constantinople  1880-81. 
From  1886  to  1895  be  was  a prominent  member  of  the 
Liberal-Unionist  party,  and  was  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  the  Salisbury  ministry  1886-92,  and  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty  1895-1900.  He  published  “Theory  of  the 
Foreign  Exchanges  ” (1863),  etc.  Created  viscount  in  1900. 

Goshen  (go'shen).  in  biblical  geography,  a pas- 
toral region  in  Lower  Egypt,  occupied  and  col- 
onized by  the  Israelites  before  the  Exodus.  It 
was  situated  east  of  the  Delta  and  west  of  the 
modern  Suez  Canal. 

Goshenland  (go'shen-land),  or  Goosen.  A re- 


Gotha 

public  set  up  by  some  Boer  adventurers  after 
the  Transvaal  war  of  1881,  to  the  west  of  Trans- 
vaal. The  expedition  of  Sir  Charles  Warren  in  1884  delim- 
ited the  British  and  Transvaal  boundaries,  and  Goshenland 
was  absorbed  in  Transvaal  and  in  Bechuanaland. 

Goship.  See  Gosiute. 

Goshoot.  See  Gosiute. 

Gosh  Yuta.  See  Gosiute. 

Gosiute  (go'si-fit),  or  Goshoot,  or  Gosh  Yuta. 

A tribe  of  North  American  Indians  in  western 
Utah  and  eastern  Nevada.  Number,  256  in 
1885.  The  name  is  a contraction  of  Gossip,  a 
former  chief,  and  JJta  or  Utv.  See  Shoshonean. 

Goslar  (gos'lar).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  on  the  Gose  and  in  the  Harz, 
24  miles  south  of  Brunswick.  It  is  of  medieval  ap- 
pearance, and  the  Rathaus,  monastic  church,  Kaiserworth, 
Domkapelle,  and  Kaiserhaus  are  notable  buildings.  The 
last-named  is  a palace  founded  in  1039  by  the  emperor  Hen- 
ry  III.  It  is  reputed  the  oldest  medieval  secular  structure 
in  Germany,  though  it  was  in  part  rebuilt  after  a fire  in 
1289.  It  includes  the  Saalbau  and  the  Chapel  of  St.  Ulrich. 
The  upper  story  of  the  former  contains  the  imperial  hall 
(170  feet  long),  with  massive  round-arched  windows  and 
modern  historical  frescos.  Near  the  town  is  the  metallifer- 
ous Rammelsberg.  Goslar  was  built  about  920,  and  was  a fa- 
vorite residence  of  the  emperors.  It  was  a Hanseatic  town, 
and  was  a free  city  until  1802.  It  passed  from  Hannover 
to  Prussia  in  1866.  Population,  commune, '.17,818. 

Gosnold  (gos'nold),  Bartholomew.  Died  at 
Jamestown,  Va.,  Aug.  22,  1607.  An  English 
navigator,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  settlement 
at  Jamestown.  He  commanded  an  expedition  (ship 
Concord)  in  1602  which  discovered  Cape  Cod  and  Martha’s 
V ineyard  (both  named  by  him),  and  in  1606  joined  the  expe- 
dition  under  Newport  to  Virginia,  which  discovered  (and 
named)  Capes  Henry  and  Charles  and  established  the  set- 
tlement of  Jamestown. 

Gosport  (gos'port).  A seaport  in  Hampshire, 
England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  harbor  oppo- 
site Portsmouth.  It  contains  a naval  victualing-yard 
and  other  government  establishments.  Population,  with 
Alverstoke,  28,884. 

Goss  (gos),  Sir  John.  Born  atFareham,  Hamp- 
shire, Dec.  27,  1800:  died  at  London,  May  10, 
1880.  An  English  composer,  chiefly  of  church 
music.  He  was  organist  of  St.  Paul’s  1838-72. 

Gossaert  (gos'art),  or  Gessart  (ges'art),  Jan, 
generally  called  Mabuse.  Born  at  Maubeuge 
(Mabuse),  Nord,  France,  probably  about  1470: 
died  at  Antwerp,  1541.  A Flemish  painter.  He 
went  to  England,  where  he  painted  the  “ Marriage  of  Henry 
VII.  and  Elizabeth  of  York,”  and  portraits  of  the  king’s 

★children. 

Gosse  (gos),  Edmund  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  21,  1849.  An  English  poet  and  lit- 
erary critic,  son  of  P.  H.  Gosse.  He  has  written 
“Madrigals,  Songs,  and  Sonnets,  ” and  other  poems  (1870),  a 
number  of  essays  on  English,  Dutch,  and  Scandinavian  lit- 
erature (1875-83),  “New  Poems ” (1879),  “English  Odes” 
(completed  in  1881),  “ Life  of  Thomas  Gray  ” (1882),  “ Seven- 
teenth Century  Studies”  (1883),  “Works  of  Thomas  Gray  ” 
(1884),  “From  Shakspere  to  Pope  ” (lectures  delivered  by 
Gosse  as  Clark  lecturer,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  : pub 
lished  in  1885),  “ Firdausi  in  Exile,  etc.  ” (1885),  “ Raleigh  ’’ 
(1886),  “Congreve”  (1888),  etc. 

Gosse,  Philip  Henry.  Born  at  Worcester,  Eng- 
land, April  6,  1810:  died  at  St.  Marychurch, 
South  Devon,  Aug.  23,  1888.  An  English  zoolo- 
gist. Among  his  works  are  “The  Canadian  Naturalist” 
(1840),  “Aquarium”  (1854),  “British  Sea  Anemones  and 
Corals  ” (1858),  “ Romance  of  Natural  History”  (1860-61),  etc. 

Gosselies  (gos-le').  A town  in  the  province 
of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  28  miles  south  of  Brussels. 
Population,  10,096. 

Gosselin  (gos-lan'),  Pascal  Francois  Joseph. 

Born  at  Lille,  Dec.  6, 1751 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  7, 
1830.  A French  antiquarian.  He  was  a deputy  to 
the  National  Assembly  in  1789,  and  became  a member  of  the 
central  administration  of  commerce  in  1791,  and  a member 
of  the  ministry  of  war  in  1794.  He  was  elected  to  the 
French  Institute  soon  after  its  foundation,  and  succeeded 
Barth£lemy  as  keeper  of  the  medals  in  the  National  Li- 
brary iu  1799,  a post  which  he  retained  until  liis  death. 

Gosson  (gos'on),  Stephen.  Born  in  1554:  died 
Feb.  13,  1624.  An  English  author.  He  became 
rector  of  Great  Wigborough  in  1591,  a living  which  he 
exchanged  for  that  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate,  London, 
in  1600.  Among  his  extant  works  are  “The  Schoole  of 
Abuse”  (1579),  “The  Ephemerides  of  Phialo,”  (1579),  and 
“Playes  Confuted"  (1582). 

Got  (go),  Frangois  Jules  Edmond.  Bora  Oct. 
1,  1822:  died  March  20,  1901.  A noted  French 
actor.  He  made  his  ddbut  at  the  ConnSdie  Fran^aise  in 
1844.  He  played  successfully  the  first  parts  in  classical  and 
modern  French  comedy,  particularly  Sganarelle,Trissotin, 
Figaro,  etc.,  in  the  former,  and  Giboyer  (in  Augier’s  plays 
“Les  effrontds”  and  “Le  fils  de  Giboyer”),  Maltre  Gud- 
rin,  Mercadet,  David  Sichel,  etc.,  in  the  latter.  He  also 
played  such  parts  asTriboulet  and  Hai'pagon  with  equal  suc- 
cess. Hewasprofessorof  declamation  at  the  Conservatoire. 

Gota,  or  Gotha  (ge'ta).  A river  of  Sweden, 
flowing  from  Lake  Wener  into  the  Cattegat  near 
Gothenburg.  Length,  about  55  miles. 

Gotha  (go'ta).  A duchy  of  Germany.  See  Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha. 


Gotha 

Gotha.  A city  in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha,  and,  alternately  with  Coburg,  the  resi- 
dence of  its  dukes,  situated  in  lat.  50°  57'  N., 
long.  10°  42'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
places  in  Thuringia,  and  is  interesting  for  the  Frieden- 
stein  Palace  (with  library,  cabinet  of  coins),  the  museum 
(antiquities,  picture-gallery,  etc.),  and  the  geographical 
institute  of  Justus  Perthes.  Population,  commune,  36,947. 

Gotha,  Almanach  de.  An  annual  register  pub- 
lished in  French  and  German  at  Gotha  from 
1764.  It  comprises  a genealogical  detail  of  the  principal 
royal  and  aristocratic  families  of  Europe,  and  a diplomatic 
and  statistical  record  for  the  time  of  the  different  states 
of  the  world. 

Gothaer  (go'ta-er).  In  modern  German  history, 
a political  party  which  favored  constitutional 
government  and  a confederation  of  states  under 
Prussia:  applied  originally  to  certain  members 
of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  who  assembled  at 
Gotha  June,  1849. 

Gotham  (go'tham).  1.  A parish  in  Notting- 
hamshire, England,  6 miles  south  of  Notting- 
ham. The  simplicity  of  its  inhabitants,  which  has  passed 
into  a proverb,  is  said  to  have  been  simulated  to  avert  a 
king’s  anger.  The  “foies  of  Gotham  ” are  mentioned  as 
early  as  the  15th  century  in  the  “ Towneley  Mysteries  ” ; 
and  at  the  commencement  of  the  16th  century  a collection 
of  stories,  said  to  be  by  Dr.  Andrew  Borde,  was  made  about 
them,  not,  however,  including  the  following,  which  rests 
n the  authority  of  nursery  tradition : 

Three  wise  men  of  Gotham 
Went  to  sea  in  a bowl : 

And  if  the  bowl  had  been  stronger 
My  song  would  have  been  longer. 

Ualliwell,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

2.  A name  given  to  the  city  of  New  York. 

Gotham  Election,  A.  A farce  by  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre,  produced  in  1715. 

Gothamite  (go'tham-It).  A humorous  epithet 
for  a New-Yorker,  first  used  by  Washington 
Irving  in  “Salmagundi”  (1807). 

Gothard,  St.  See  St.  Gotthard. 

Gothenburg,  or  Gottenburg  (got'en-boro),  Sw. 
Goteborg  (ye'te-borG).  A seaport  and  the 
capital  of  the  laen  of  Gothenburg  and  Bohus, 
Sweden,  situated  on  the  Gota,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  57°  41'  N.,  long.  11°  55'  E.:  the  second  city 
of  Sweden.  It  was  founded  by  Gustavus  Adolphus 
about  1619.  Its  commercial  importance  dates  from  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  The  chief  manufactures  are  sugar,  ma- 
chinery, cotton,  and  beer.  It  has  become  notable  in  re- 
cent years  for  its  licensing  system  for  the  decrease  of 
intemperance.  Population,  162,480. 

Gothenburg  and  Bohus  (bo'hos).  A maritime 
laen  of  Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Skager  Rack 
andCattegat.  Area,  1,948  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 372,004. 

Gothia  (go'thi-a).  See  Septimania. 

Gothic  (goth'ih).  The  language  of  the  Goths. 
The  Goths  spoke  various  forms  of  a Teutonic  tongue  now 
usually  classed  with  the  Scandinavian  as  the  eastern  branch 
of  the  Teutonic  family,  though  it  has  also  close  affinities 
with  the  western  branch  (Old  High  German,  Anglo-Saxon, 
etc.).  All  forms  of  Gothic  have  perished  without  record, 
except  that  spoken  by  some  of  the  western  Goths  (Visi- 
goths), who  at  the  beginning  of  the  4th  century  occupied 
Dacia  (Wallachia,  etc.),  and  who  before  the  end  of  that 
century  passed  over  in  great  numbers  into  Moesia  (now 
Bulgaria,  etc.).  Revolting  against  the  Roman  Empire, 
they  extended  their  conquests  even  into  Gaul  and  Spain. 
Their  language,  now  called  Mcesogothic  or  simply  Gothic, 
is  preserved  in  the  fragmentary  remains  of  a nearly  com- 
plete translation  of  the  Bible  made  by  their  bishop,  Wul- 
fila  (a  name  also  used  in  the  forms  Ulfila,  Ulphila,  Ulfilas), 
who  lived  in  the  4th  century  A.  D.,  and  in  some  other 
fragments.  These  remains  are  of  a high  philological  im- 
portance, preceding  by  several  centuries  the  next  earliest 
Teutonic  records  (Anglo-Saxon  and  Old  High  German). 

We  do  not  know  how  much  of  the  Bible  W ulfila  trans- 
lated into  Gothic.  One  ancient  writer  says  that  he  trans- 
lated all  but  the  books  of  Kings,  which  he  left  out  because 
he  thought  that  the  stories  of  Israel’s  wars  would  be  dan- 
gerous reading  for  a people  that  was  too  fond  of  fighting 
already.  It  is  quite  iu  accordance  with  what  we  know  of 
Wulfila’s  character  that  he  should  have  felt  some  uneasi- 
ness about  the  effect  that  such  reading  might  have  on  the 
minds  of  his  warlike  countrymen;  but  one  would  have 
thought  that  the  books  of  Joshua  and  Judges  would  have 
been  even  more  likely  to  stimulate  the  Gothic  passion  for 
fighting  than  the  books  of  Kings.  Probably  the  truth  is 
that  Wulfila  did  not  live  to  finish  his  translation,  and  no 
doubt  he  would  leave  to  the  last  the  books  which  he 
thought  least  important  for  his  great  purpose  of  making 
good  Christians.  The  part  of  Wulflla’s  Bible  that  has 
come  down  to  us  consists  of  a considerable  portion  of 
each  of  the  Gospels,  and  of  each  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles,  to- 
gether with  small  fragments  of  the  books  of  Ezra  and  Ne- 
hemiah.  Six  different  manuscripts  have  been  found.  The 
most  important  of  these  was  discovered  in  the  sixteenth 
century  in  a monastery  at  Werden  in  Germany.  After 
having  been  in  the  possession  of  many  different  owners, 
it  was  bought  in  1662  by  the  Swedish  Count  de  la  Gardie, 
who  gave  it  the  binding  of  solid  silver  from  which  it  is 
commonly  called  Codex  Argenteus,  or  Silver  Book  ; it  is 
now  in  the  University  of  Upsala,  and  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  choicest  treasures  possessed  by  any  library  in  Eu- 
rope. It  is  beautifully  written  in  letters  of  gold  and  silver 
on  purple  parchment,  and  contains  the  fragments  of  the 
Gospels.  Of  the  other  five  manuscripts  one  was  discovered 
in  the  seventeenth  century  in  Germany,  and  the  rest  in 
Italy  about  seventy  years  ago. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  63. 


450 

Gothland  (island).  See  Gotland. 

Gothland  (goth'land),  Sw.  Gotland,  or  Goth- 
land (got'land), or  Gotaland(ye'ta-land).  His- 
torically, the  southern  division  of  Sweden,  com- 
prising the  modern  provinces  (laen)  Malmohus, 
Kristianstad,  Blekinge,  Kronoberg,  Jonko- 
ping,  Kalmar,  Ostergotland,  Halland,  Gothen- 
burg and  Bohus,  Elfsborg,  and  Skaraborg,  and 
the  islands  Gotland  and  Oland.  This  and  the  land 
of  the  Swedes  proper  grew  into  the  kingdom  of  Sweden 
during  the  middle  part  of  the  middle  ages. 

Gothofred.  See  Godefroy. 

Goths  (goths).  [See  first  quotation  below.]  An 
ancient  Teutonic  race  which  was  established  in 
the  regions  of  the  lower  Danube  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury. A probable  hypothesis  identifies  them  with  the 
Gotones  or  Gutoneswho  dwelt  near  the  Baltic;  but  there 
is  no  reason  to  believe  in  their  relationship  with  the  Getse, 
and  no  proof  of  their  Scandinavian  origin.  They  made 
many  inroads  into  different  parts  of  the  Roman  Empire 
in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries,  and  gradually  accepted  the 
Arian  form  of  Christianity.  The  two  great  historical  di- 
visions were  the  Visigoths  (West  Goths,  the  Greutungi) 
and  the  Ostrogoths  (East  Goths,  the  Thervingi).  A body 
of  Visigoths  settled  in  the  province  of  Moesia  (the  present 
Servia  and  Bulgaria),  and  were  hence  called  Moesogoths ; 
and  their  apostle  Wulfila  (Ulfilas)  translated  the  Scriptures 
into  Gothic.  (See  Gothic.)  The  Visigoths  formed  a mon- 
archy about  418,  which  existed  in  southern  France  until 
507,  and  in  Spain  until  711.  An  Ostrogothic  kingdom  ex- 
isted in  Italy  and  neighboring  regions  from  493  to  553.  The 
so-called  Tetraxitic  Goths  are  mentioned  in  the  Crimea  as 
late  as  the  18th  century.  By  extension  the  name  was  ap- 
plied to  various  other  tribes  which  invaded  the  Roman 
Empire. 

A fragment  of  a calendar  contains  the  word  Gut-thi- 
uda,  ‘ people  of  the  Goths.  ’ The  word  thiuda  is  the  same 
as  the  Old-English  tlutod,  meaning  people  ; and  from  the 
compound  Gut-thiuda,  and  from  other  evidence,  it  may 
be  inferred  that  the  name  which,  following  the  Romans, 
we  spell  as  Goths  was  properly  Gutans — in  the  singular 
Guta.  Like  all  other  names  of  nations,  this  word  must 
originally  have  had  a meaning,  but  it  is  very  difficult  to 
discover  what  that  meaning  was.  It  has  often  been  as- 
serted that  the  name  of  the  Goths  has  something  to  do 
with  the  word  God  (in  Gothic  guth).  We  might  easily  be- 
lieve that  an  ancient  people  might  have  chosen  to  call 
themselves  “the  worshippers  of  the  Gods  ” ; but  although 
this  interesting  suggestion  was  proposed  by  Jacob  Grimm, 
one  of  the  greatest  scholars  who  ever  lived,  it  is  now 
quite  certain  that  it  was  a mistake.  It  seems  now  to  be 
generally  thought  that  the  meaning  of  Gutans  is  ‘the 
(nobly)  born.’  Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  pp.  4,  5. 

The  Goths  are  always  described  as  tall  and  athletic  men, 
with  fair  complexions,  blue  eyes,  and  yellow  hair  — such 
people,  in  fact,  as  maybe  seen  more  frequently  in  Sweden 
than  any  other  modern  land.  A very  good  idea  of  their 
national  costume  and  their  general  appearance  may  be 
gained  from  the  sculptures  on  “The  Storied  Column,”  as 
it  is  called,  erected  at  Constantinople  by  the  Emperor  Ar- 
cadius  in  honour  of  his  father  Theodosius,  which  repre- 
sents a triumphal  procession  including  many  Gothic  cap- 
tives. Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  9. 

Gotland  (got'land),  or  Gothland  (goth'land), 
or  Gottland  (got'land),  or  Gutaland  (yb'ta- 
land).  An  island  of  the  Baltic,  60  miles  east  of 
Sweden,  to  which  it  belongs.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level.  The  chief  occupations  are  agriculture,  cattle- 
raising, lime-burning,  and  quarrying.  The  chief  place  is 
Visby.  The  island  was  a medieval  commercial  center.  Its 
possession  was  long  disputed  by  Denmark.  In  1645  it  was 
permanently  united  to  Sweden.  Length,  75  miles.  Area, 
1,142  square  miles.  Population  (of  laen),  54,138. 

It  is  true  that  the  southern  province  of  Sweden  is  still 
called  Gothland ; but  the  Gautar  (called  Geatas  by  the  An- 
glo-Saxons), from  whom  this  province  took  its  name,  were 
not  identical  with  the  Goths,  though  doubtless  nearly  re- 
lated to  them.  On  the  other  hand,  the  island  called  Goth- 
land, in  the  Baltic,  was  anciently  called  Gutaland,  which 
seems  to  show  that  its  early  inhabitants  were  really  in  the 
strict  sense  Goths ; and,  according  to  the  Norse  sagas  and 
the  Anglo-Saxon  poets,  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  was  an- 
ciently occupied  by  a branch  of  the  Gothic  people,  who 
were  known  as  Hreth-gotan,  or  Reidhgotar. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  8. 

Gottenburg.  See  Gothenburg. 

Gdtterdammerung(get'ter-dem'me-r6ng).[G., 
‘twilight,  of  the  gods.’]  Thefourth  partof  Wag- 
ner’s  “Ring  des  Nibelungen,”  first  performed 
at  Bayreuth  Aug.  17,  1876.  Grove. 

Gottfried  von  Strasburg  (got'fret  fon  stras'- 
borG).  A Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He 
lived  at  the  end  of  the  12th  and  the  beginning  of  the  13th 
century,  but  the  exact  years  of  his  birth  and  death  are 
unknown.  He  belonged  to  the  burgher  class,  as  appears 
from  the  title  “Meister”  used  in  the  MSS.  About  1210  he 
wrote,  after  French  originals,  the  epic  poem  “ Tristan  und 
Isolde,"  which,  however,  he  did  not  live  to  complete.  It 
was  subsequently  continued  by  Ulrich  von  Turheim  (1233- 
1266)  and  Heinrich  von  Freiberg,  who  wrote  about  1300. 

Gotthard,  St.  See  St.  Gotthard. 

Gotthelf,  Jeremias.  See  Bitzius. 

Gottingen  (get'ting-en).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Leine  in  lat.  51°  33'  N.,  long.  9°  56'  E.  The 
university  (Georgia  Augusta)  was  founded  by  George  II. 
of  England  (Elector  of  Hannover)  in  1734,  and  opened  in 
1737.  Seven  of  its  professors  (Ewald,  Gervinus,  Dahl- 
mann,  Albrecht,  Weber,  and  the  brothers  Grimm)  were 
expelled  by  King  Ernest  Augustus  in  1837  for  their  oppo- 
sition to  the  suspension  of  the  constitution  of  1833.  It 
haB  a library  of  over  560,000  volumes.  Population, 
commune,  34,081. 


Goudimel 

Gottland.  See  Gothland  and  Gotland. 

Gottorp,  or  Holstein-Gottorp.  See  Oldenburg , 

House  of. 

Gottschalk  (got'shalk),  Latinized  Gotescalcus 
(go-tes-kal'kus).  Died  about  868.  A German 
theologian.  He  was  sent  as  a child  to  the  convent  of 
Fulda,  and  subsequently  entered  the  Benedictine  convent 
at  Orbais,  where  he  was  ordained.  His  doctrine  of  two- 
fold predestination  (i.  e.  of  some  to  eternal  life  and  of 
others  to  eternal  death)  was  condemned  by  the  Synod  of 
Mainz  in  848,  and  he  was  deprived  of  his  priestly  functions. 
The  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in  prison  in  the  convent  of 
Hautvilliers. 

Gottschalk,  Louis  Moreau.  Born  at  New  Or- 
leans, May  8, 1829:  died  near  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Dec.  18, 1869.  A popular  American  pianist  and 
Composer.  He  composed  symphonies,  a triumphal  can- 
tata, two  operas,  “Bananier”  (written  for  the  piano),  etc. 
He  made  extensive  professional  tours  in  Europe  and  in 
North  and  South  America,  and  enjoyed  great  popularity. 

Gottschall  (got'shal),  Rudolph  von.  Born  at 
Breslau,  Prussia,  Sept.  30,  1823:  died  March 
21,  1909.  A German  dramatist,  poet,  novelist, 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his  works  are 
“Die  Gottin”  (1852),  “Carlo  Zeno”  (1854),  “Deutsche 
Nationalliteratur”  (1855),  the  plays  “Pitt  and  Fox,” 
“Katharina  Howard,”  “Amy  Robsart,”  etc. 

Gottsched(got'shed),  Johann  Christoph.  Born 
at  Juditten,  near  Konigsberg,  Feb.  2, 1700:  died 
at  Leipsic,  Dec.  12,  1766.  A German  critic  and 
writer.  He  was  educated  at  Konigsberg,  and  subsequently 
went  to  Leipsic,  where*(1730)  he  was  made  professor  of 
philosophy  and  poetry,  and  where  he  died.  His  services  to 
German  literature  are  principally  critical.  He  was  the 
reorganizer  in  Leipsic  of  the  literary  society,  Die  deutsche 
Gesellschaft,  which  afterward  became  a sort  of  academy. 
In  1725  he  edited  the  journal  “ Die  verniinftigen  Tadlerin- 
nen  ” (“  The  Rational  Censors”),  which  was  continued  after 
1727  under  the  title  “DerBiedennann”(“The  Honest  Man”). 
A “Redekunst  ’’  (“  Art  of  Rhetoric  ”)  appeared  in  1728.  His 
critical  views  were  first  systematically  presented  in  “ Ver- 
suche  einer  kritischen  Dichtkunst  fur  die  Deutschen  ” 
(1730).  This  was  followed  from  1732  to  1744  by  a series 
of  essays  on  literary  history  and  the  German  language. 
In  1734  appeared  “ Weltweisheit”  (“World-Wisdom”), 
an  exposition  of  the  theories  of  Wolff,  the  leader  of  Ger- 
man rationalism.  In  1748  appeared  “Deutsche  Sprach- 
kunst,”  On  the  drama  he  exercised  an  important  influ- 
ence by  his  advocacy  of  French  classicism.  Through  his 
efforts  the  old  harlequin  “Hanswurst  ” was  banished  from 
the  German  stage.  His  “Deutsche  Schaubiihne ’’ (“Ger- 
man Stage,”  6 vols.)  appeared  1740-45.  His  principal  ori- 
ginal poetical  work  is  the  tragedy  “ Der  Sterbende  Cato  ” 
(“  The  Dying  Cato,”  1732).  From  1730  to  1740  he  exercised 
a sort  of  literary  dictatorship  in  Germany.  After  the  latter 
date  his  influence  rapidly  declined.  He  became  involved 
in  a number  of  literary  disputes  in  which  he  was  worsted. 
On  the  stage  he  was  caricatured  under  the  name  “ Tadler  ” 
(“Faultfinder”),  and  a witty  lampoon  held  him  up  to 
ridicule. 

Gotz  (gets),  Johann  Nicolaus.  Born  at  Worms, 
Germany,  July  9,  1721:  died  at  Winterburg, 
Nov.  4,  1781.  A minor  German  poet.  He  studied 

theology  at  Halle  1739—42,  and  subsequently  filled  various 
ecclesiastical  offices.  He  is  noted  for  wit  and  elegance  of 
expression  rather  than  for  depth  of  sentiment.  His  col- 
lected works,  with  a biography  by  Ramler,  appeared  at 
Mannheim  in  1785  (new  ed.  1807). 

Gotz  of  the  Iron  Hand.  A name  given  to 
Gotz  von  Berlichingen. 

Gotz  von  Berlichingen  (gets  fon  ber'lich-iDg- 
en).  A play  by  Goethe.  The  first  sketch  was  finished 
in  1771.  In  1773  he  rewrote  and  published  it.  In  1804  he 
prepared  another  edition  for  the  stage : it  has  not  been 
played  since.  It  is  treated  in  the  manner  of  a Shaksperian 
historical  drama.  See  Berlichingen. 

“ Goetz  von  Berlichingen,”  the  subject  of  which  was  an 
old  German  baron  of  the  time  of  Maximilian,  grandfather 
to  Charles  V.,  who  revoked  the  law  of  duel.  Goetz,  for 
contravening  his  ordinance  in  this,  lost  his  right  hand. 
A machine  was  made  and  fitted  to  his  arm,  whence  he  was 
called  “iron  hand.”  He  was  a real  character,  and  has  left 
memoirs  of  himself.  This  curious  feature  joined  itself 
alongside  of  “Werther”  and  “The  Robbers”  [Schiller j, 
this  delineation  of  a wild,  fierce  time,  not  as  being  the 
sketch  of  what  a rude,  barbarous  man  would  appear  in  the 
eyes  of  a philosophical  man  of  civilized  times,  but  with  a 
sort  of  natural  regret  at  the  hard  existence  of  Goetz,  and 
a genuine  esteem  for  his  manfulness  and  courage ! By 
this  new  work  Goethe  began  his  life  again  : he  had  struck 
again  the  chord  of  his  own  heart,  of  all  hearts.  Walter 
Scott  took  it  up  here,  too,  and  others.  But  the  charm 
there  is  in  Goethe’s  “ Goetz”  is  unattainable  by  any  other 
writer.  In  Scott  it  was  very  good,  but  by  no  means  so  good 
as  in  “ Goetz.”  It  was  the  beginning  of  a happier  turn  to 
the  appreciation  of  something  genuine. 

Carlyle,  Lects.  on  the  Hist,  of  Lit.,  p.  196. 

Gouda  (Gou'da),  or  Ter-Gouw  (ter-Gou'),  or 
Ter-Gouwe.  A town  in  the  province  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Gouwe  and  Yssel,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Rotterdam.  It  is  noted  for  its  bricks  and  pipes,  and  has 
large  markets  for  cheese  and  other  dairy  products.  The 
museum  and  the  Groote  Kerk  are  of  interest.  Population, 
24,384. 

Goudimel  (go-de-mel'), Claude.  BornatVaison, 
near  Avignon,  about  1510:  killed  at  Lyons  in 
the  massacre  of  the  Huguenots,  Aug.  27, 
1572.  A noted  French  composer  and  teacher  of 
music.  He  set  to  music  some  of  the  Psalms  in  their 
French  version  by  Marot  and  Beza  (15651 


Gough,  Alexander  Dick 

Gough  (gof),  Alexander  Dick.  Born  Nov.  3, 
1804:  died  Sept.  8,  1871.  An  English  architect 
and  engineer.  He  devoted  himself  especially 
to  ecclesiastical  architecture. 

Gough,  Hugh,  first  Viscount  Gough.  Born  at 
Woodstown,  Limerick,  Ireland,  Nov.  3,  1779: 
died  near  Dublin,  March  2,  1869.  A British  gen- 
eral. He  was  commander-in-chief  in  China  1841-42  and 
in  India  1843-49,  commanding  in  person  in  the  Sikh  wars 
1845—49. 

Gough,  John  Bartholomew.  Bom  at  Sand- 

fate,  Kent,  England,  Aug.  22, 1817:  died  at  Phila- 
elphia,  Feb.  18,  1886.  A noted  Anglo-Ameri- 
can orator,  distinguished  particularly  as  a tem- 
perance lecturer  in  America  and  Great  Britain. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1829,  and  began  lecturing 
in  1843.  He  visited  England  in  1853,  1857,  and  1878.  He 
published  an  “Autobiography"  (1846),  “Sunshine  and 
Shadow  ” (1880),  etc. 

Goujet  (go-zha'),  Claude  Pierre,  Abbe.  Born 
at  Paris,  Oct.  19,  1697 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  1, 
1767.  A French  historical  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  His  works  include  “Bibliothtque  franpaise,  ou 
histoire  littdraire  de  la  France  ” (1740-59),  “Bibliothbque 
des  auteurs  ecctesiastiques  " (1736),  “ Origine  et  histoire  de 
la  po6sie  framjaise,  etc.  ”(1745),  etc. 

Goujon  (go-zhon'),  Jean.  Bom  about  1515  (?) : 
died  probably  between  1564-68.  A celebrated 
sculptor  of  the  French  Renaissance  period.  No- 
thing Is  known  definitely  of  his  life.  In  1540  he  is  men- 
tioned as  working  on  Saint-Maclou  at  Rouen : the  lit- 
tle door  of  this  church  ascribed  to  him  dates,  however, 
from  a later  period.  In  1541  he  left  Rouen  for  Paris, 
where  he  joined  Pierre  Lescot  in  the  decoration  of  Saint- 
Germain  l’Auxerrois.  From  Paris  he  went  to  Rouen,  where 
the  architect  Bullant  was  reconstructing  the  chateau.  The 
“ Victory  ” of  Ecoueu  is  well  known.  At  about  this  time 
he  is  thought  to  have  developed  a tendency  toward  the 
Huguenot  party.  From  1547  to  1550  was  his  first  period 
of  work  on  the  Louvre,  then  under  reconstruction  by  Pierre 
Lescot.  (See  Louvre  and  Pierre  Lescot.)  To  it  belong  the 
escalier  (staircase)  of  Henry  II.,  the  figures  of  the  oeiis-de- 
bceuf,  the  Caryatides  du  Louvre,  and  the  figures  of  the 
Fontaine  des  Innocents.  In  1550  Goujon  went  to  Anet  to 
work  on  the  chateau  of  Diane  de  Poitiers,  which  was  then 
building  by  Philibert  de  l’Orme.  The  Diane  Chasseresse 
(traditionally  representing  the  great  Diana  herself),  which 
stood  in  the  courtyard  of  the  chateau,  is  no w in  the  Louvre. 
Before  1560  he  completed  the  decoration  of  the  Louvre. 
After  1560-61  his  name  disappears  from  the  list  of  “Mai- 
tres  Mapons  ’’  working  with  Pierre  Lescot.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  shot  on  his  scaffold  in  the  court  of  the  Louvre 
during  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  (1572). 
Goulburn  (gol'bern).  A city  in  Argyle  County, 
New  South  Wales,  Australia,  105  miles  south- 
west of  Sydney.  Population,  10,612. 
Goulburn  (gol'bern),  Henry.  Born  at  London, 
March  19,  1784 : died  near  Dorking,  Surrey, 
Jan.  12,  1856.  An  English  politician.  He  was 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1828-30,  home  secretary  1834- 
1835,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1841-46. 

Gould  (gold),  Augustus  Addison.  Born  at 
New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  April  23,  1805:  died  at 
Boston,  Sept.  15,  1866.  An  American  natural- 
ist, especially  noted  as  a conchologist.  Among 
his  chief  works  are  “ Invertebrate  Animals  of  Massachu- 
setts ” (1841),  “ Mollusca  and  Shells  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring 
Expedition  under  Capt.  Wilkes  ’’  (1852). 

Gould,  Baring.  See  Baring-Gould. 

Gould,  Benjamin  Aptborp.  Born  at  Boston, 
Sept.  27, 1824:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Nov. 
26,  1896.  A noted  American  astronomer.  He 
waslong  employed  in  astronomical  work  in  connection  with 
theU.S.  CoastSurvey ; was  director  of  the  Dudley  Observa- 
tory at  Albany  1855-59 ; and  from  1870  to  1885  had  charge  of 
the  National  Observatory  at  Cordoba,  Argentina.  This  ob- 
servatory was  organized  by  him,  and  during  his  director- 
ship it  issued  the  most  important  series  of  astronomical  re- 
ports that  have  appeared  in  South  America.  He  founded 
and  edited  an  astronomical  journal  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Gould,  Hannah  Flagg.  Bom  at  Lancaster, 
Mass.,  1789 : died  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Sept. 
5,  1865.  An  American  poet.  She  removed  with 
her  parents  in  1800  to  Newburyport,  where  she  spent  the 
remainder  of  her  life. 

Gould,  Jay.  Born  at  Roxbury,  Delaware  Coun- 
ty, N.  Y.,  May  27, 1836 : died  at  New  York,  Dec. 
2,  1892.  An  American  capitalist.  He  began  life 
as  a surveyor  ; became  engaged  in  the  lumber  business  ; 
and  about  1857  became  connected  with  a bank  in  Strouds- 
burg, Pennsylvania.  He  subsequently  became  president 
of  the  Rutland  and  Washington  Railroad,  hut  soon  re- 
signed and  went  to  New  York,  where  he  became  president 
of  the  Erie  Railway.  His  manipulation  of  this  road  in  con- 
nection with  James  Fisk,  Jr.  (who  was  vice-president  and 
treasurer),  became  notorious.  He  was  obliged  to  restore  to 
the  English  bondholders  securities  representing  $7,650,- 
000.  He  waB  later  identified  with  the  Western  Union  Tele- 
graph Co.,  and  with  the  extensive  railroad  combinations 
in  the  southwestern  States  known  as  the  “ Gould  system." 
He  left  property  valued  at  $72,000,000. 

Gould,  John.  Born  at  Lyme-Regis,  Dorset, 
England,  Sept.  14, 1804:  died  at  London,  Feb.  3, 
1881.  An  English  ornithologist.  He  began  life  as 
a gardener  at  Ripley  Castle,  Yorkshire,  and  became  taxi- 
dermist to  the  London  Zoological  Society  in  1827.  He 
illustrated  the  “Century  of  Birds  from  the  Himalayan 
Mountains,"  and  published  “Birds  of  Europe"  (1832-37), 
“Birds  of  Australia  " (1840-48),  “Monograph  of  the  Tro- 
•hilidae”  (1849-61),  “Birds  of  Great  Britain"  (1862-73), 
etc.  He  illustrated  these  works  with  nearly  3,000  plates. 


451 

Gounod  (go-no'),  Charles  Francois.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  17,  1818:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  Oct.  18, 
1893.  A French  composer.  He  entered  the  Con- 
servatoire in  1836,  took  the  second  prix  de  Rome  for  his 
cantata  “ Marie  Stuart  et  Rizzio  ” in  1837,  and  in  1839 
took  the  grand  prix  for  his  cantata  “Fernando.”  He  at 
one  time  thought  of  entering  the  church.  After  some 
years  of  study  he  produced  his  “ Messe  Solennelle  in  G,” 
some  numbers  of  which  were  brought  out  by  Hullah  in 
London  in  1851.  From  1852  to  1860  he  was  conductor  of 
the  “ Orph^on  ’'in  Paris.  “Faust  ” was  produced  at  the 
Theatre  Lyrique,  March  19, 1859,  and  placed  him  at  once 
in  the  first  rank  of  his  profession.  Among  his  other  operas 
are  “ Sapho  ” (1851),  “ Le  m^decin  rnalgre  lui,”  from  Mo- 
libre’s  comedy  (1858),  “Philbmon  et  Baucis”  (1860),  “La 
reine  de  Saba”  (1862),  “Mireille”  (1864),  “Rom6o  et  Juli- 
ette ” (1867),  “ Cinq-Mars  ” (1877),  “ Polyeucte  ” (1878),  etc. 
He  also  wrote  much  church  music,  an  oratorio  (“  La  re- 
demption,” 1882),  the  religious  work  “ Mors  et  vita”(1885), 
and  many  single  songs  and  pieces,  besides  a great  deal  of 
music  for  the  Orph6onistes. 

Gour.  See  Gaur. 

Gourgaud  (gor-go'),  Baron  Gaspard.  Born  at 
Versailles,  France,  Sept.  14, 1783 : died  at  Paris, 
July  25,  1852.  A French  general.  He  took  part 
in  most  of  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  and  accompanied 
Napoleon  to  St.  Helena  in  1815.  He  published,  with  Mon- 
tholon,  “ Memoires  de  Napoleon  h Sainte-Hdlfene  ” (1823). 

Gourgues  (gorg),  Dominique  de.  Born  at 
Mont-de-Marsan,  Landes,  France,  about  1530: 
died  at  Tours,  France,  1593.  A French  adven- 
turer. He  commanded  a successful  expedition  against 
the  Spaniards  in  Florida  1567. 

Gourko,  or  Gurko  (gor'ko),  Joseph  Vladimiro- 
vitch.  Born  Nov.  15,  1828:  died  Jan.  28,  1901. 
A noted  Russian  general.  In  the  Russo-Turkish  war 
of  1877-78  he  led  an  army  across  the  Balkans  July,  1877 ; 
was  defeated  by  Suleiman  Pasha  at  Eski  Zaghra  July  31- 
Aug.  1 ; distinguished  himself  in  the  operations  against 
Plevna  in  Oct. ; again  advanced  across  the  Balkans  Dec., 
1877 ; and  entered  Sophia  Jan.  4,  1878.  He  was  governor 
of  Poland  1883-94. 

Gousset  (go-sa'),  Thomas  Marie  Joseph. 

Born  at  Montigny-les-Cherlieux,  Haute  Saone, 
France,  May  1,  1792 : died  at  Rheims,  France, 
Dec.  24, 1866.  AFrench  cardinal  and  theological 
writer.  His  works  include  “Theologie  dogma- 
tique  ” (1844),  “ Th6ologie  morale”  (1848),  etc. 
Gouvion-Saint-Cyr  (go-vyon'san-ser'),  Lau- 
rent. Born  at  Toul,  France,  April  16,  1764: 
died  at  Hyeres,  Var,  March  17,  1830.  A 
French  marshal.  He  gained  the  victory  of 
Polotsk  in  1812,  and  was  minister  of  war  1815 
and  1817-19. 

Govan  (guV'an).  A western  suburb  of  Glas- 
gow, Scotland.  Population,  76,351. 
Govardhana  (go-var-dha'na).  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a mountain  in  Vrindavana  which  Krish- 
na induced  the  cowherds  to  worship  instead  of 
Indra.  The  god  in  rage  sent  a deluge  to  wash  away  the 
mountain  and  its  people,  hut  Krishna  held  up  the  moun- 
tain on  his  little  finger  to  shelter  the  people,  and  Indra, 
baffled,  did  homage  to  Krishna. 

Governor’s  Island.  A small  fortified  island, 
belonging  to  the  United  States,  situated  in  New 
York  harbor  about  4 mile  south  of  New  York. 
Gow  (gou),  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Inver,  Perth- 
shire, March  22, 1766:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan. 
17,  1831.  A Scotch  violinist  and  composer. 
Gow,  Niel.  Born  at  Inver,  Perthshire,  March 
22,  1727 : died  there,  March  1,  1807.  A Scotch 
violinist  and  composer,  father  of  Nathaniel 
Gow.  lie  was  the  author  of  several  popular 
Scotch  airs. 

Gower  (gou'er).  1.  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“Henry  IV.,”  part  2,  and  in  “Henry  V.”:  an 
officer  in  the  king’s  army. — 2.  In  Shakspere’s 
“Pericles,”  a character  who  appears  as  chorus. 
Gower,  John.  Born  about  1325 : died  in  the  pri- 
ory of  St.  Mary  Overies,  Southwark,  1408.  An 
English  poet.  Little  Is  known  of  his  early  life,  but  he 
appears  to  have  lived  in  Kent  and  to  have  been  a man 
of  wide  reading.  He  was  well  known  at  court  in  his  later 
years.  His  principal  work,  the  “Confessio  Amantis” 
(written  in  English,  probably  in  1386),  was  originally  dedi- 
cated to  Richard  II.,  but  in  1394  he  changed  the  dedica- 
tion to  Henry  of  Lancaster  (afterward  Henry  IV.).  Caxton 
printed  it  in  1483.  Among  his  other  works  are  “Speculum 
Meditantis  ’’  (found  1895,  under  the  title  “ Mirour  de 
1’omme")  and  “Vox  Clamantis "( written  in  Latin,  begun 
in  1381).  After  the  accession  of  Henry  IV.,  Gower  added 
a supplement,  the  “ Tripartite  Council.”  It  treats  of  oc- 
currences of  the  time,  and  the  strength  of  its  aspirations 
and  teaching  caused  Chaucer  to  call  him  “ the  moral 
Gower.”  “Ballades  ” and  other  poems  (mostly  in  French) 
were  printed  in  1818. 

Gower.  A peninsula  in  Glamorganshire,  Wales, 
which  projects  into  Bristol  Channel.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  inhabitants  are  of  Flemish  or  Nor- 
man origin. 

Gowrie  (gou'ri),  Carse  of.  A low-lying  tract 
of  fertile  land  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  extend- 
ing along  the  north  hank  of  the  Tay,  for  about 
15  miles,  between  Perth  and  Dundee. 

Gowrie  Conspiracy.  A conspiracy  against  the 


GozzI,  Count  Carlo 

life  or  personal  freedom  of  James  VI.  of  Scot- 
land, by  John  Ruthven  (earl  of  Gowrie),  Alex- 
ander Ruthven,  and  others.  It  resulted  in  the  death 
of  the  leaders  in  a struggle  with  the  king’s  followers  at 
Perth,  Aug.  5,  1600. 

Goya  (go'ya).  A town  in  the  province  of  Cor- 
rientes,  Argentine  Republic,  situated  near  the 
Parand  about  lat.  29°  10'  S.,  long.  59°  20'  W. 
Population,  about  7,000. 

Goyanas  (go-ya-nas').  A race  of  Indians  for- 
merly occupying  the  Brazilian  coast  between 
Angra  dos  Reis  and  the  island  of  Cananea,  and, 
inland,  the  country  about  the  present  city  of 
Sao  Paulo.  They  lived  in  the  open  lands,  were  savages 
of  a low  grade,  subsisted  by  hunting  and  fishing,  and  prac- 
tised little  or  no  agriculture : commonly  they  dwelt  in 
caves.  The  Goyanis  were  enemies  of  the  Tupi  hordes, 
but  readily  made  friends  with  the  whites,  and  were  among 
the  first  to  whom  Anchieta  and  Nobrega  preached.  The 
Goyatacas  (which  see)  appear  to  have  been  of  the  same 
race.  It  has  been  supposed  that  the  Carnes  and  other 
mixed  tribes  are  partly  derived  from  them.  Also  written 
Goayands,  Goayanaes,  and  (by  a double  plural)  Goyanazes 
or  Goayanaces. 

Goyanna  (go-yan'na).  A town  in  the  state  of 
Pernambuco,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Go- 
yanna, near  the  sea,  about  50  miles  north  of 
Recife.  Population,  municipio,  34,903. 

Goy&S  (go-yas').  An  extinct  tribe  of  Brazilian 
Indians  who  lived  in  the  region  between  the  To- 
cantins and  Araguaya.  Their  women  wore  gold  or- 
naments, which  led  the  first  Portuguese  explorers  to  the 
discovery  of  rich  gold-mines.  The  city  and  subsequently 
the  captaincy  (now  state)  of  Goyaz  were  named  from  them. 
Also  written  Gwayds,  and  (a  double  pi  ural)  Goyazes  or  Gua- 
yazes. 

Goyataca  ( go-ya-ta-ka ' ) , or  Goyotaca  ( go-yo-ta- 
ka').  A sub-stock  of  the  Tapuya  race  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians:  so  called  by  Martius  because  he 
believed  that  the  ancient  Goyatae&s  were  of  the 
same  group.  It  includes  the  Caropds,  Macunis,  Pata- 
cIkjs,  and  other  hordes  in  northeastern  Minas  Geraes, 
southern  Bahia,  and  Espirito  Santo. 

Goyatacas  (go-ya-ta-kas').  [So  called  by  the 
Tupis,  from  guata , to  run,  and  cd,  to  be:  ‘run- 
ners.’] A tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians  which,  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest,  occupied  the  open 
lands  near  the  coast  in  what  is  now  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  They  were 
wandering  savages,  in  customs  and  apparently  in  language 
allied  to  the  Goyanas  (which  see).  For  many  years  they 
were  dangerous  enemies  of  the  whites.  Also  written  Go- 
aytacaes,  Guaitacas,  and  (a  double  plural)  Guoitacazes,  Go- 
aytacaces,  and  Goitacazes ; hence  Campos  dos  Goitacazes, 
abbreviated  to  Campos,  the  name  of  a city. 

Goya  y Lucientes  (go'ya  e lo-the-en'tes),  Fran- 
cisco. Born  at  Fuendetodos,  near  Saragossa, 
Spain,  March  31, 1746 : died  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
April  16,  1828.  A noted  Spanish  painter  and 
etcher.  Among  his  works  are  portraits,  satirical  works, 
representations  of  bull-flghts,  etc.  He  is  also  known  as  a 
caricaturist  and  satirist.  He  has  been  called  “ the  Ho- 
garth of  Spain." 

Goyaz  (go-yaz').  1.  A state  of  Brazil,  lying  east 
of  Matto  Grosso  and  north  of  Minas  Geraes. 
Area,  288,536  square  miles.  Population,  255,- 
284. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Goyaz, 
situated  on  the  river  Vermelho  in  lat.  16°  26' 
S.,  long.  49°  49'  W. : formerly  called  Villa  Boa 
de  Goyaz.  Population,  13,475. 

Goyeneclie  (go-ya-na/cha),  Jose  Manuel.  Born 
at  Arequipa,  Peru,  June  13,  177^:  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Spain,  Oct.  15,  1846.  A Spanish  general. 
In  1808  the  junta  of  Seville  sent  him  to  South  America  to 
receive  from  the  viceroys  and  presidents  their  oaths  of 
allegiance  to  Ferdinand  VII.  He  remained  in  Peru,  and 
from  1809  to  1813  commanded  the  Spanish  armies  in  Char- 
cas  (now  Bolivia),  where  lie  repeatedly  defeated  the  revo- 
lutionists. Returning  to  Spain  in  1813,  he  assisted  in  the 
final  expulsion  of  the  French  ; was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral and  count  of  Guaqui ; andlaterwascouncilorof  state, 
senator,  and  commander  in  several  provinces.  In  1846  he 
was  made  a grandee  of  Spain. 

Gozan  (go'zan).  In  biblical  geography,  a dis- 
trict and  city  in  northern  Mesopotamia,  men- 
tioned in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. 

Gozlan  (goz-loh'),  Leon.  Born  at  Marseilles, 
Sept.  1,  1803 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14,  1866.  A 
French  novelist  and  dramatist.  He  wrote  “Le  no- 
taire  de  Chantilly”  (1836),  “Le  mddecin  du  Pecq”  (1839), 
“Le  dragon  rouge ” (1843),  "Histoire  de  cent  trente  fem- 
mes ” (1853),  “ Balzac  en  pantoufles  ’’  (1856 : a familiar  mem- 
oir of  great  interest,  Gozlan  having  been  Balzac’s  sec- 
retary), and  “La  folle  du  N°  16”  (1861)  and  “Le  vampire 
du  Val-de-Grace  ” (1862),  two  pseudo-medical  studies,  be- 
sides many  other  tales,  and  about  18  plays,  which  were  not 
so  successful  as  his  novels. 

Gozo,  or  Gozzo  (got'so) . An  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  4 
miles  northwest  of  Malta : the  ancient  Gaulos. 
Area,  24  square  miles.  Population,  20,003. 
Gozzi  (got'se),  Count  Carlo.  Born  at  Venice, 
Dec.  13,  1720:  died  April  4,  1806.  An  Italian 
dramatist  and  satirist. 

With  Gozzi  it  had  likewise  the  effect  of  leading  to  a 
new  style  of  comedy,  by  the  introduction  of  those  fairy 
dramas  which  had  such  an  astounding  run,  during  several 


Gozzi,  Count  Carlo 

years,  at  Venice,  and  which  are  now  completely  forgotten, 
except  indeed  by  the  Germans,  who,  on  their  revival,  con- 
ferred upon  Count  Gozzi  the  title  of  the  first  comic  writer 
of  Italy.  Sismondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  532. 

Gozzi,  Count  Gasparo.  Born  at  Venice,  Dec., 
1713:  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  Dec.  26,  1786.  An 
Italian  critic  and  litterateur,  brother  of  Carlo 
Gozzi.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ Osservatore  veneto  perio- 
dico”  (1768),  etc. 

Gozzo.  See  Gozo. 

Gozzoli  (got'so-le),  Benozzo.  Born  at  Florence, 
1420 : died  at  Florence,  1498.  A Tuscan  painter. 
His  chief  work  is  the  mural  paintings  in  the 
Campo  Santo,  Pisa. 

Graaf  (graf),  Regnier  de.  Born  at  Schoon- 
hoven,  Netherlands,  July  30,1641 : died  at  Delft, 
Netherlands,  Aug.  17,  1673.  A physician  and 
anatomist,  author  of  works  upon  the  pancreas, 
the  generative  organs,  etc.  His  works  include  “ De 
natura  et  usu  succi  paucreatici”  (1663),  “De  nonnullis 
circa  partes  genitales  inventis  novis"  (1668),  “ Traetatus 
de  virorum organis  generationi  inservientibus,  etc. ”(1668), 
“De  mulierutn  organis  generationi  inservientibus,  etc.” 
(1672),  etc.  The  Graafian  follicles  were  named  from  him. 

Graaf  Reinet  (graf  ri'net).  The  chief  town  of 
the  Midland  Province  of  Cape  Colony,  on  Sun- 
day River  184  miles  from  Port  Elizabeth.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,083. 

Graal,  The  Holy.  See  Grail. 

Grabbe  (grab'be),  Christian  Dietrich.  Born 
at  Detmold,  Germany,  Dec.  11, 1801:  died  there, 
Sept.  12, 1836.  A'German  dramatist,  author  of 
“ Don  Juan  und  Faust”  (1829),  “ Friedrich  Bar- 
barossa”  and  “ Heinrich  VI.”  (1829-30),  etc. 

Gra-bow-on-the-Oder  (gra'bo-on-THe-o'der). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Oder  2 miles  north  of  Stettin, 
with  which  city  it  is  now  incorporated. 
Gracchus  (grak' us), Cains  Sempronius.  Killed 
at  Rome,  121 B.  c.  A Roman  politician,  younger 
brother  of  the  younger  Tiberius  Gracchus.  He 
served  under  his  brother-in-law  Scipio  Africanus  Minor 
in  Spain,  and  was  questor  in  Sardinia  126-123,  when  he 
was  elected  tribune  of  the  people.  He  renewed  the  agra- 
rian law  passed  by  his  brother  Tiberius,  and  brought  for- 
ward a series  of  resolutions  looking  to  the  substitution  of 
a pure  democracy  for  the  existing  aristocratic  republican 
form  of  government,  securing  the  support  of  the  prole- 
tarii  of  the  capital  by  the  regular  distribution  of  grain  at 
the  expense  of  the  state.  He  was  reelected  to  the  tribune- 
ship  in  122,  but  failed  of  election  in  121,  in  consequence  of 
the  opposition  among  all  classes  to  his  project  of  extend- 
ing the  rights  of  citizenship  to  the  Latins.  He  was  killed 
in  a disturbance  which  ensued  in  the  city. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius  Sempronius.  Born  about 
210  b.  c. : died  middle  of  2d  century  B.  c.  A 
Roman  magistrate,  distinguished  as  a general 
in  Spain  and  Sardinia,  father  of  Tiberius  and 
Caius  Gracchus. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius  Sempronius.  Born  in  168 
or  163 : died  133  B.  C.  A celebrated  Roman  politi- 
cian, son  of  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus  and 
Cornelia,  daughter  of  Scipio  Africanus  Major. 
He  married  Claudia,  daughter  of  Appius  Claudius,  and 
was  the  brother-in-law  of  Scipio  Africanus  Minor,  whom 
he  accompanied  in  his  expedition  against  Carthage.  He 
was  appointed  questor  in  137,  and  as  such  served  under 
the  consul  C.  Hostilius  Mancinus  in  the  Numantine  war 
in  Spain.  He  was  elected  tribune  of  the  people  for  133. 
At  this  period  the  class  of  independent  farmers  of  small 
holdings  was  rapidly  disappearing  from  Italy.  The  land 
was  being  absorbed  by  the  latifundia  of  the  rich,  and 
cultivated  by  slave  labor;  and  the  peasantry  were  forced 
to  seek  refuge  in  the  cities,  especially  Rome,  where  they 
swelled  the  ranks  of  the  unemployed.  Gracchus  sought 
to  bring  about  a greater  subdivision  of  the  land  and  to 
restore  the  class  of  independent  farmers  by  reviving,  with 
some  modification,  the  Licinian  law,  passed  in  367  but 
aUowed  to  fall  into  abeyance,  which  limited  the  amount 
of  public  land  that  each  citizen  might  occupy.  His  pro- 
posals were  carried  in  the  comitia  tributa  in  spite  of  the 
opposition  of  his  colleague,  who  was  deposed.  At  the  end 
of  his  term  he  tried,  contrary  to  the  constitution,  to  se- 
cure reelection,  and  a disturbance  arose  in  consequence, 
in  which  he  was  killed  with  300  of  his  followers  by  the 
optimates  under  P.  Scipio  Nasica. 

Grace  (gras),  William  Gilbert.  Bom  July  18, 
1848.  An  English  cricketer.  He  was  especially 
distinguished  as  a batsman,  and  has  the  reputation  of 
being  the  best  all-round  player  hitherto  known.  By  pro- 
fession he  is  a surgeon. 

Grace  Abounding  to  the  Chief  of  Sinners. 

An  autobiographical  work  by  Bitnyan,  published 
in  1666. 

Grace  Contract,  The.  The  name  given  to  an 
arrangement  made  between  the  government  of 
Peru  and  the  foreign  holders  of  bonds  of  that 
nation,  represented  by  Mr.  Michael  Grace.  It, 
was  ratified  by  the  Peruvian  congress  Oct.  25,  1889,  and 
provided  that  the  bonds,  amounting  to  about  #250,000,000, 
should  be  canceled.  The  bondholders  received  in  return 
all  the  state  railroads  for  66  years,  and  important  privi- 
leges connected  with  them,  together  with  all  the  guano  in 
r i n np  to  3,oon,ooo  tons,  except  that  o l the  Chincha  Isl- 
ands ; the  government  also  promised  to  pay  the  bondholders 
8d,ooo  pounds  sterling  annually  for  30  years.  The  bond- 
holders agreed  to  complete  certain  unfinished  railroads 
and  to  repair  the  existing  ones  within  a given  time.  The 
“Peruvian  Corporation,”  formed  to  take  charge  of  the 


452 

railroads,  etc.,  also  took  possession  of  the  Cerro  de  Pasco 
silver-mines,  transferred  to  it  by  Mr.  Grace,  who  had  re- 
ceived the  concession.  See  'kPcruvian  Corporation. 

Graces,  The  Three.  [Gr.  Xapneg,  pi.  of  Xap4  = 
L.  Gratia,  E.  Grace .]  In  classical  mythology, 
personifications  of  grace  and  beauty,  daughters 
of  Zeus  by  Hera  (or  Eunome,  or  Eunomia,  etc.), 
or  of  Apollo  by  AEgle  (orEuauthe).  Thenamesgen- 
erally  given  to  them  are  Euphrosyne,  Aglaia,  and  Thalia. 
In  Sparta  and  in  Athens  only  two  Graces  were  recognized. 
Graces,  The  Three.  An  antique  undraped  mar- 
ble group  preserved  iu  the  Opera  del  Duomo 
at  Siena,  Italy.  It  is  the  foundation  of  many  of  the 
Renaissance  and  modern  representations  of  the  subject. 

Gracian  (gra-the-an'),  Baltasar.  Born  at  Cala- 
tayud,  Spain,  end  of  16th  century : died  at  Tarra- 
gona, 1658.  A Spanish  Jesuit  preacher  and  man 
of  letters,  head  of  the  College  of  Tarragona. 
He  is  noted  chiefly  as  a supporter  of  “Gongorism,”or  the 
so-called  “ polished  style.”  See  Gdnjora. 

Gracias,  or  Gracias  a Dios  ( gra'the-as  a de-os' ) . 
[Sp.,  ‘thanks  to  God.’]  A town  in  Honduras, 
Central  America,  76  miles  west  of  Comayagua. 
It  was  founded  in  1536,  and  was  the  first  seat  of  the  Au- 
dience of  the  Confines,  and  hence  the  capital  of  Central 
America,  1545-49.  Population,  about  4,000. 

Gracias  & Dios,  Cape.  [Sp.,  ‘thanks  to  God.'] 
A headland  on  the  coast  of  Nicaragua,  Central 
America,  projecting  into  the  Caribbean  Sea 
about  lat.  15°  N.  It  was  discovered  and  named 
by  Columbus  in  Sept.,  1502. 

Graciosa  (gra-se-6'za).  One  of  the  Azores  Isl- 
ands, situated  in  lat.  39°  5'  N.,  long.  28°  W. 
Gracioso  (gra-the-6'so).  A popular  addition 
made  by  Lope  de  Vega  to  the  stock  characters 
of  Spanish  comedy.  He  was  acomie  character,  some- 
times half  buffoon,  like  the  “fantastical  person”  of  the 
contemporary  English  stage.  Not  seldom,  and  especially 
in  Moreto’s  comedies,  he  is  at  the  very  core  of  the  play. 
Morley,  The  Playgoer,  p.  325. 

Gradgrind  (grad' grind),  Thomas.  A retired 
merchant  in  Dickens’s  “ Hard  Times.”  He  is  “a 
man  of  facts  and  calculations,"  in  his  own  words,  and  is 
so  practical  that  he  is  hardly  human.  “Now,  what  I want 
is  facts.  Teach  these  boys  and  girls  nothing  but  facts. 
Facts  alone  are  wanted  in  life.  Plant  nothing  else,  and 
root  out  everything  else.  You  can  only  form  the  minds 
of  reasoning  animals  upon  facts : nothing  else  will  ever 
be  of  any  service  to  them.  This  is  the  principle  on  which 
I bring  up  my  own  children,  and  this  is  the  principle  on 
which  I bring  up  these  children.  Stick  to  facts,  sir  1 ” 

Gradiska,  or  Gradisca  (gra-dis'ka).  A town 
in  the  crownland  of  Gorz  and  Gradiska,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Isonzo  22  miles  north- 
west of  Triest.  The  principality  was  finally  united  to 
the  Austrian  house  in  1717.  Population,  commune, 
4,470,  (1910). 

Gradus  ad  Parnassum  (gra'dus  ad  par-nas'- 
um).  [L.,  ‘steps  to  Parnassus.’]  1.  A Greek 
or  Latin  dictionary  which  indicates  the  quanti- 
ties of  vowels : used  as  a guide  in  exercises  of 
verse  composition. — 2.  A Latin  work  on  com- 
position and  counterpoint,  by  Johann  Joseph 
Fux  (1725). — 3.  A French  work  on  the  art 
of  pianoforte-playing,  with  100  studies,  by  de- 
menti, finished  in  1817. 

Grady  (gra'di),  Henry  W.  Born  1851:  died  at 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  Dee.  23, 1889.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  orator,  editor  of  the  Atlanta  ‘ ‘ Con- 
stitution.” 

Graecia  (gre'shi-a).  The  name  given  by  the  Ro- 
mans to  Hellas,  or  ancient  Greece. 

Grsecia,  Magna.  See  Magna  Grsecia. 

Graeme  (gram),  Malcolm.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  poem  “ The  Lady  of  the  Lake,”  a ward  of 
the  king.  He  rebels  to  aid  the  outlawed  James  Douglas, 
but  is  pardoned  at  the  intercession  of  Ellen  Douglas. 
Graeme,  Roland.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel 
“ The  Abbot,”  the  lawful  heir  of  Avenel  Castle, 
educated  as  her  page  by  the  Lady  of  Avenel,  who 
believes  him  to  be  of  mean  birth. 

Graetz  (grets),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Xions,  Po- 
sen, Prussia, Oct.  31,1817:  died  at  Munich,  Sept. 
7,1891.  A German-Hebrew  historian  and  bibli- 
cal critic.  He  became  a professor  in  the  Jewish  Semi- 
nary in  Breslau  in  1870,  and  edited  the  “ Monatschrift  fur 
Geschichte  und  Wissenschaft  des  Judenthums  " (1869-87). 
His  most  notable  work  is  “ Geschichte  der  Juden”  (1853-75), 
in  11  volumes.  He  prepared  an  abridgment  of  this  work 
in  5 volumes,  which  has  been  translated  into  English. 

Grsevius  (gre'vi-us),  Grave  (gra'fe).  or  Greffe 
(gref  'fe),  Johann  Georg.  Born  at  Naumburg- 
on-the-Saale,  Jan.  29, 1632:  died  at  Utrecht,  Jan. 
1 1,1703.  A celebrated  German  classical  scholar, 
for  many  years  professor  in  Utrecht.  He  wrote 
“Thesaurus  antiquitatum  Romanarum  ” (1694-99),  “The- 
saurus antiquitatum  et  historiarum  Italise  ” (1704-25),  etc. 
Grafe  (gra'fe),  Albrecht  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
May  22, 1828  : died  at  Berlin,  July  20,  1870.  A 
celebrated  German  oculist,  son  of  K.  F.  von 
Grafe : the  founder  of  modern  ophthalmology. 
He  was  professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin 
from  1858. 


Graham,  Sylvester 

Grafe,  Heinrich.  Born  at  Buttstadt,  near  Wei- 
mar, Germany,  March  3,  1802 : died  at  Bremen, 
July  21,  1868.  A German  educator,  author  of 
“Allgemeine  Padagogik”  (1845),  “Deutsche 
Volksschule”  (1847),  etc. 

Grafe,  Earl  Ferdinand  von.  Born  at  Warsaw, 
March  8,  1787  : died  at  Hannover,  July  4,  1840. 
A German  surgeon  and  oculist,  professor  at 
Berlin  in  1811. 

Grafenberg  (gra'fen-berG).  A water-cure  es- 
tablishment, the  first  of  its  kind,  in  Silesia, 
Austria-Hungary,  in  lat.  50°  16'  N.,  long.  17°  10' 
E.,  founded  by  Priessnitz  in  1826. 

Grafrath  (graf 'rat).  A small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  13  miles  east  of  Dusseldorf. 
Population,  commune,  9,028. 

Grafton  (graf'ton).  A town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Black- 
stone  River  34  miles  west-southwest  of  Boston. 
Population,  5,705,  (1910). 

Grafton,  Dukes  of.  See  Fitzroy. 

Grafton,  Richard.  Died  about  1572.  An  Eng- 
lish chronicler,  printer  to  Edward  VI.  both  be- 
fore and  after  his  accession  to  the  throne.  See 
the  extract. 

In  1537  Grafton,  in  association  with  a fellow-merchant, 
Edward  Whitchurch,  caused  a modification  of  Coverdale’s 
translation  to  be  printed,  probably  by  Jacob  van  Meteren, 
at  Antwerp.  The  title-page  assigned  the  translation  to 
Thomas  Matthews,  who  signed  the  dedication  to  Henry 
VIII.,  and  it  is  usually  known  as  Matthews’s  Bible.  But 
Matthews  was  the  pseudonym  of  John  Rogers,  the  editor. 
No  printer’s  name  nor  place  is  given  in  the  book  itself. 
...  In  November,  1538,  Coverdale’s  corrected  English 
translation  of  the  New  Testament,  with  the  Latin  text, 
was  “prynted  in  Paris  by  Fraunces  Regnault  ...  for 
Richard  Grafton  and  Edward  Whitchurch,  cytezens  of  Lon- 
don,” with  a dedication  to  Cromwell.  This  is  the  earliest 
book  bearing  Grafton’s  name.  Grafton  and  Whitchurch 
chiefly  concentrated  their  attention  on  the  folio  Bible, 
known  as  “ the  Great  Bible."  A license  to  print  the  book 
in  Paris  had  been  obtained  at  Henry  VIII.  ’s  request  from 
Francis  I.  ...  An  order  was  issued  by  the  Trench  gov- 
ernment, 13  Dec.  1538,  stopping  the  work  and  forfeiting 
the  presses  and  type.  Grafton  escaped  hastily  to  England. 
Many  printed  sheets  were  destroyed  by  the  French  author- 
ities, but  the  presses  and  the  types  were  afterwards  pur- 
chased by  Cromwell  and  brought  to  England.  There  the 
work  was  completed  and  published  in  1639.  Grafton  was 
the  printer  of  the  first  Book  of  Common  Prayer  in  1549,  and 
of  the  edition  of  1552.  In  1552  and  1553  he  printed  “Actes 
of  Parliament.  ” Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Gragas  (gra'gas).  [ON.  Grdgds:  gra,  gray, 
and  gas,  goose.]  The  name  given  to  several 
private  compilations  of  Icelandic  law,  civil  and 
canon,  under  the  commonwealth.  There  are  two 
principal  collections  that  bear  the  title,  the  Konungsbok 
(Icel.  Konungsbiik)  and  the  Stadarholsbok  (Ieel.  Stadhar- 
helsbdk),  both  from  the  13th  century.  The  name  was  prob- 
ably applied  to  offset  the  Norwegian  Gullfjbdhr,  ‘gold 
feather,’  used  of  the  old  code  of  the  Frostu-thing. 

Gragnano  (gran-ya'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Naples,  Italy,  17  miles  southeast  of  Naples. 
Population,  9,921. 

Graham  (gram),  James,  fifth  Earl  and  first  Mar- 
quis of  Montrose.  Born  in  1612 : died  May  21, 
1650.  A noted  Scottish  statesman  and  soldier. 
He  served  in  the  Presbyterian  army  at  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war,  but  afterward  joined  the  king,  by  whom  he 
was  made  lieutenant-general  in  Scotland  in  1644.  He  de- 
feated the  Covenanters  at  Tippennuir  Sept.  1,  and  at 
Aberdeen  Sept.  13,  1644,  and  at  Inverlochy  Feb.  2,  Aul- 
dearn May  9,  Alford  July  2,  and  Kilsyth  Aug.  15,  1646. 
He  was  defeated  by  David  Leslie  at  Philiphaugh,  Sept.  13, 
1645,  and  expelled  from  Scotland.  He  afterward  entered 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III.,  by  whom  he 
was  made  a field-marshal.  In  1650  he  conducted  an  abor- 
tive Royalist  descent  on  Scotland,  and  was  captured  and 
executed. 

Graham,  James,  second  Marquis  of  Montrose  : 
surnamed  “ The  Good.”  Born  about  1631 : died 
Feb.,  1669.  A Scotch  nobleman,  second  son  of 
James,  first  Marquis  of  Montrose. 

Graham,  Sir  James  Robert  George.  Born  at 
Naworth,  Cumberland,  June  1,  1792:  died  at 
Netherby,  Cumberland,  Oct.  25, 1861.  A Brit- 
ish statesman.  He  was first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1830- 
1834,  home  secretary  1841-46,  and  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty 1852-55. 

Graham,  John,  of  Claverhouse,  Viscount  Dun- 
dee. Born  about  1649  : died  July  27  or  28, 1689. 
A Scottish  soldier.  He  served  in  the  Dutch  army  un- 
der the  Prince  of  Orange,  returning  to  Scotland  in  1677. 
In  1678  he  was  appointed  captain  of  a troop  of  dragoons, 
and  was  ordered  to  enforce  certain  stringent  law’s  that  had 
been  enacted  against  the  Scottish  Covenanters.  The  se- 
verity with  which  he  executed  his  orders  provoked  a rising, 
and  the  Covenanters  defeated  him  at  Drnmclog  June  1, 
1679.  In  1689  Claverhouse  raised  a body  of  Highlanders 
to  fight  for  James  IT.  against  William  ill.,  and  July  27, 
1689,  gained  the  battle  of  Killiecrankie,  but  fell  mortally 
wounded. 

Graham  (gra'am),  Sylvester.  Born  at  Suifield, 
Conn., 1794:  died  at  Northampton,  Mass., Sept. 
11, 1851.  An  American  dietarian,  best  known 
as  an  advocate  of  the  use  of  unbolted  (“Gra- 
ham”) flour. 


Graham,  Thomas 

Graham  (gram),  Thomas.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
Dec.  20,  1805:  died  at  London,  Sept.  11,  1869. 
A noted  Scottish  chemist.  He  was  professor  of 
chemistry  at  University  College,  London,  1837-65,  when  he 
became  master  of  the  mint.  He  is  famous  for  his  discov- 
ery of  the  law  of  diffusion  of  gases  (1834).  He  published 
“Elements  of  Chemistry”  (1842),  etc. 

Graham  (gra/am),  William  Alexander.  Born 
in  Lincoln  County.  N.  C.,  Sept.  5, 1804:  died  at 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  11,  1875.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  North 
Carolina  1841-43,  governor  of  North  Carolina  1845-49,  secre- 
tary of  the  navy  1860-62,  and  Whig  candidate  for  Vice- 
President  in  1852. 

Grahame  (gram),  James.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
April  22, 1765 : died  near  Glasgow,  Sept.  14, 1811. 
A Scottish  poet.  His  chief  work  is  “ The  Sabbath  ” 
(1804).  He  also  wrote  “ Wallace : a Tragedy  ” (1799),  “Brit- 
ish Georgies,"  etc. 

Graham-Gilbert,  John.  Born  at  Glasgow,  1794: 
died  near  Glasgow,  June  4,  1866.  A Scotch 
painter,  best  known  from  his  portraits.  He  be- 
came a member  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
in  1829. 

Graham  Island.  The  largest  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands  (which  see). 

Graham  Island,  or  Ferdinandea  (fer-de-nan- 
da'a).  A temporary  volcanic  island  in  the  Med- 
iterranean, in  lat.  37°  8'  N.,  long.  12°  42'  E. 
It  appeared  in  July  and  disappeared  in  Oct., 
1831. 

Graham  Land.  [Discovered  by  Captain  Bis- 
coe  in  1832,  and  named  by  him  from  the  Earl 
of  Graham.]  A land  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean, 
intersected  by  lat.  65°  S.,  long.  64°  W. 
Graham’s  Dyke.  The  popular  name  of  the  re- 
mains of  the  wall  of  Antoninus  (which  see). 
Grahamstown  (gra'amz-town).  A town  in  the 
Southeastern  Province,  Cape  Colony,  in  lat. 
33°  14'  S.,  long.  26°  33'  E.  Population,  about 
14,000. 

Graian  Alps  (gra'an  alps).  A group  of  moun- 
tains on  the  borders  of  Savoy  (France)  and 
Piedmont  (Italy),  lying  between  the  Cottian 
Alps  on  the  south  and  the  Pennine  Alps  on  the 
north.  The  highest  summit  is  the  Gran  Para- 
diso  (13,320  feet). 

Grail,  or  Graal  (gral).  In  medieval  legend,  a 
cup  or  chalice  (called  more  particularly  the  holy 
grail,  or  sangreal),  supposed  to  have  been  of 
emerald,  used  by  Christ  at  the  Last  Supper,  in 
this  vessel  Joseph  of  Arimathea  caught  the  last  drops  of 
Christ's  blood  as  he  was  taken  from  the  cross.  By  Joseph, 
according  to  one  account,  it  was  carried  to  Britain.  Other 
accounts  affirm  that  it  was  brought  by  angels  from  heaven 
and  intrusted  to  a body  of  knights,  who  guarded  it  on  the 
top  of  a mountain : when  approached  by  any  one  not  per- 
fectly pure,  it  vanished  from  sight.  The  grail  having  been 
lost,  it  became  the  great  object  of  search  or  quest  to 
knights  errant  of  all  nations,  none  being  qualified  to  dis- 
cover it  but  a knight  perfectly  chaste  in  thought  and  act. 
The  stories  and  poems  concerning  Arthur  and  the  Knights 
of  the  Round  Table  are  founded  on  this  legend,  and  it  has 
been  still  further  developed  in  modern  times.  In  the 
“Parsifal”  of  Wolfram  of  Eschenbach  the  grail  is  a pre- 
cious stone  confided  by  angels  to  the  care  of  a religious 
brotherhood,  “The  Chevaliers  of  the  Grail.” 

The  probable  genesis  of  the  Arthurian  legend,  in  so  far 
as  it  concerns  French  literature,  appears  to  be  a3  follows. 
First  in  order  of  composition,  and  also  in  order  of  thought, 
comes  the  Legend  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  sometimes 
called  the  “ Little  St.  Graal.”  This  we  have  both  in  verse 
and  prose,  and  one  or  both  of  these  versions  is  the  work  of 
Robert  de  Borron,  a knight  and  trouvere  possessed  of  lands 
in  the  Gatinais.  There  is  nothing  in  this  work  which  is 
directly  connected  with  Arthur.  By  some  it  has  been  at- 
tributed to  a Latin,  but  not  now  producible,  “ Book  of  the 
Graal,”  by  others  to  Byzantine  originals.  Anyhow  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  well-known  Walter  Map,  and  his  ex- 
haustless energy  and  invention  at  once  seized  upon  it.  He 
produced  the  “ Great  St.  Graal,”  a very  much  extended  ver- 
sion of  the  early  history  of  the  sacred  vase,  still  keeping 
clear  of  definite  connection  with  Arthur,  though  tending 
in  that  direction.  From  this,  in  its  turn,  sprang  the  ori- 
ginal form  of  “ Percevale,”  which  represents  a quest  for  the 
vessel  by  a knight  who  has  not  originally  anything  to  do 
with  the  Round  Table.  The  link  of  connection  between 
the  two  stories  is  to  be  found  in  the  “Merlin,"  attributed 
also  to  Robert  de  Borron,  wherein  the  Welsh  legends  be- 
gin to  have  more  definite  influence. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  35. 

Grain  Coast  (gran  kost).  That  part  of  the  coast 
of  Liberia  and  Sierra  Leone,  which  extends 
from  about  long.  8°  to  12°  W. : so  called  from 
the  exportation  thenqe  of  grains  of  paradise. 
Grainger  (gran'jer),  James.  Born  probably  at 
Duns,  Berwickshire, in  1721  (?):  died  at  St.  Chris- 
topher, West  Indies,  Dec.  16, 1766.  A Scottish 
physician  and  poet.  After  1753  he  settled  in  London, 
where  he  became  intimato  with  Johnson  and  other  famous 
men.  In  1759  he  went  to  the  West  Indies.  He  published 
a number  of  works,  including  essays^  etc.,  on  medicine. 
Among  his  poems  are  an  “Ode  on  Solitude  ” (in  Dodsley’s 
collection,  1755),  and  “The  Sugar  Cane ” (1764).  He  trans- 
lated part  of  Ovid's  “ Epistles  ” (1758),  and  the  “Elegies  of 
Tibullus  ” and  the  poems  of  Sulpicia  (1759).  He  assisted, 
with  others,  Charlotte  Lenox  in  her  translation  of  Brumoy’s 
“ Th&itre  des  Grecs  " (1769). 


453 

Grammichele  (gram-me-ka'le),  or  Granmiche- 
le  (gran-me-ka'le).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  30  miles  southwest  of  Catania. 
Population,  15,075. 

Grammonfc  (gram-moh'),  Flem.  Geertsbergen 
(Garts'berG-en),  or  Geraerdsbergen.  A man- 
ufacturing town  in  the  province  of  East  Flan- 
ders, Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dender  22 
miles  west-southwest  of  Brussels.  Population, 
13,312. 

Gramont  (gra-mon'),  Due  Antoine  III.  de. 

Born  1604 : died  at  Bayonne,  France,  July  12, 
1678.  A French  marshal,  brother  of  Philibert 
de  Gramont.  He  served  with  distinction  in  Flanders 
and  Holland.  He  married  a niece  of  Cardinal  Richelieu. 
His  “ Memoires  ” were  published  in  1716. 

Gramont,  Due  Antoine  Agenor  Alfred  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  14, 1819 : died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
18, 1880.  A French  diplomatist  and  politician. 
He  was  ambassador  at  Vienna  1861-70,  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  May- Aug.,  1870. 
Gramont,  Comte  Philibert  de.  Born  1621 : died 
1707.  A French  nobleman  at  the  court  of  Louis 
XIV.,  and  after  1662  at  that  of  Charles  II.  of 
England.  His  “ M6moires”  were  written  by 
Anthony  Hamilton  in  1713. 

Grampians  (gram'pi-anz),  or  Grampian  Hills 
or  Mountains.  A mountain  system  in  Scot- 
land, extending  northeast  and  southwest  in  the 
counties  of  Argyll,  Perth,  Inverness,  Forfar, 
Kincardine,  Aberdeen,  and  Banff.  Highest  sum- 
mit, Ben  Nevis  (4.406  feet).  The  name  is  very 
loosely  used. 

Grampians.  A low  range  of  mountains  in  the 
western  part  of  Victoria,  Australia. 

Gran  (gran),  Hung.  Esztergom  (es'ter-gom).  A 
royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  county  of  Gran, 
Hungary,  near  the  junction  of  the  Gran  and 
Danube,  25  miles  northwest  of  Budapest.  It  is 
noted  for  its  cathedral.  Population,  17,909. 
Granada  (gra-na'da;  Sp.  pron.  gra-na'THa).  A 
former  kingdom  of  Spain,  comprising  the  three 
modern  provinces  of  Almeria,  Granada,  and 
Malaga.  The  region  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  in 
711.  In  1238,  after  the  disruption  of  the  realm  of  the  Al- 
mohades,  a Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada  was  established 
which  was  a vassal  of  Castile.  A long  war  with  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella  ended  in  1492  with  the  capture  of  Gra- 
nada, and  with  the  fall  of  the  city  the  Moorish  power  in 
Spain  came  to  an  end. 

Granada.  A province  in  southern  Spain,  bound- 
ed byCordova,  Jaen,  and  Albacete  onthe  north, 
Murcia  and  Almeria  on  the  east,  Almeria  and 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  Malaga  on 
the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
Area,  4,928  square  miles.  Population,  about 
492,000. 

Granada,  Moorish  Karnattah.  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Jenil,  on  spurs  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  lat.  37° 
13'  N.,  long.  3°  41'  W.  It  is  famous  for  the  Alham- 
bra (which  see).  The  Generalife  is  a Moorish  royal  villa 
with  extensive  and  lovely  gardens,  higher  up  the  hill  than 
the  Alhambra.  The  graceful  arcades  and  delicate  ara- 
besques are  Alhambraic,  as  is  the  arrangement  in  the  chief 
court  of  the  tank  to  reflect  the  flowers  and  the  perspective 
of  arches.  The  cathedral,  in  the  classical  style,  with  late- 
Pointed  vaulting,  was  finished  in  1523.  The  interior  is  spa- 
cious and  well  proportioned.  The  north  door,  the  Puerta 
del  Perdon,  is  a good  example  of  ornate  Renaissance  de- 
sign. The  Capilla  Real,  south  of  the  cathedral,  was  built 
before  it,  as  a mausoleum  for  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  in 
the  florid-Pointed  style  of  their  reign : it  has  a superb 
sculptured  retable,  at  the  sides  of  which  are  remarkable 
kneeling  portrait- statues  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  Their 
tomb  (the  tomb  of  the  “ Catholic  kings  ”)  is  an  altar-tomb 
in  marble,  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world,  richly 
yet  soberly  decorated  with  figure-sculpture  and  arabesques, 
and  with  four  griffins  at  the  angles.  The  fine  recumbent 
figures  of  the  king  and  queen  are  clad  in  their  royal  robes. 
Beside  this  tomb  is  that,  similar  but  even  more  elaborate- 
ly ornamented,  of  their  daughter  Juana  and  her  husband 
Philip.  The  details  are  admirable,  but  the  monument  is 
overloaded.  The  work  is  Italian.  Granada  was  a large 
and  powerful  Moorish  city,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Granada.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1491-92.  Population,  77,826. 

Granada.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Granada,  Nicaragua,  Central  America,  situated 
on  Lake  Nicaragua  25  miles  southeast  of  Mana- 
gua. It  was  founded  in  1524,  and  was  the  capi- 
tal of  Nicaragua  until  1856.  Population, 
17,092. 

Granada,  Luis  de.  Born  at  Granada,  Spain, 
1504:  died  at  Lisbon,  1588.  A celebrated  Span- 
ish preacher  and  religious  writer,  head  of  the 
Dominicans. 

Granada,  New.  See  Colombia,  Republic  of. 

Granados,  Miguel  Garcia.  See  Garcia  Grana- 
dos. 

Granby,  Marquis  of.  See  Manners,  John. 
Gran  Canaria  (gran  kii-na're-a).  One  of  the 
Canary  Islands.  Capital,  Las  Palmas. 


Grand  Gulf 

Iran  Chaco  (gran  cha'ko),  El.  [From  the  Qui- 

chua  chacu,  the  animals  collected  by  a round- 
up: in  allusion  to  its  numerous  Indian  tribes.] 
An  extensive  but  ill-defined  region  in  South 
America,  in  the  Argentine  Republic,  Bolivia, 
and  Paraguay.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  river 
Paraguay,  19°  30'  S. ; the  river  Salado  is  generally  regarded 
as  its  southern  limit ; northward  it  extends  to  about  lat. 
18°  5'  S.;  and  westward  it  extends  to  the  highlands  at  the 
base  of  the  Andes.  Estimated  area,  275,000  square  miles. 
Formerly  the  name  included  all  of  eastern  Bolivia  to  the 
Guapore  and  Beni,  which  wouldmake  the  area  over  500,000 
square  miles.  The  Chaco  is  very  imperfectly  explored,  and 
has  few  inhabitants  except  wild  Indians.  Most  of  the  sur- 
face is  flat,  and  portions  are  subject  to  periodical  inunda- 
tions. A few  white  settlements  have  been  formed,  princi- 
pally in  the  Argentine  portion. 

Grand  Alliance.  1.  An  alliance  against 
France  formed  in  1689  between  the  emperor 
Leopold  I.,  Holland,  England,  and  Bavaria,  and 
joined  later  by  Spain,  Savoy,  and  Saxony. — 2. 
An  alliance  formed  at  The*  Hague  in  1701  be- 
tween the  emperor  Leopold  I.,  England,  and 
Holland,  and  joined  later  by  Prussia,  Portu- 
gal, and  Savoy,  directed  against  France  and 
Spain. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  A secret  so- 
ciety composed  of  veterans  who  served  in  the 
army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  during  the 
Civil  War.  Its  objects  are  preservation  of  fraternal 
feeling,  strengthening  of  loyal  sentiment,  and  aid  to  needy 
families  of  veterans.  Its  first  “post”  was  organized  at 
Decatur,  Illinois,  in  1866 ; its  annual  meetings  are  known 
as  “encampments.”  Abbreviated  G.  A.  It. 

Grand  Bank.  A submarine  plateau  in  the 
North  Atlantic  Ocean,  extending  eastward  from 
Newfoundland,  noted  for  its  fishing-grounds. 
Its  depth  is  from  30  to  60  fathoms. 

Grand  Canal.  The  principal  canal  of  Venice. 
It  runs  in  the  form  of  the  letter  S through  the 
center  of  the  city,  from  the  railway-station  to 
Santa  Maria  del  Salute. 

Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado.  See  Colorado. 
Grand  Combin  (groh  kon-baii').  A mountain 
in  the  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Valais  and  Italy, 
north  of  Aosta.  Height,  14,163  feet. 

Grand  Corrupter,  The.  A name  given  to  Sir 
Robert  Walpole,  on  account  of  his  use  of  cor- 
rupt means  to  secure  his  ascendancy  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

Grandcourt  (grand'kort),  Henleigh  Mallin- 
ger.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  George 
Eliot’s  novel  “Daniel  Deronda.” 

Grand  Cyrus;  Le.  See  Artamene. 

Grande  Armee  (grond  ar-ma'),La.  The  French 
army  which  Napoleon  led  against  Russia  in 
1812. 

Grande-Casse  (grond-kas').  The  highest  sum- 
mit of  the  Tarentaise  Alps,  southeastern  France, 
in  the  Vanoise  range.  Height,  12,665  feet. 
Grande  Chartreuse,  La.  See  Chartreuse. 
Grande  Combe  (grohd  konb).  A town  in  the 
department  of  Gard,  southern  France,  34  miles 
northwest  of  Nimes.  Population,  commune, 
11,292. 

Grandella,  Battle  of.  See  Benevento,  Battles 
of,  def.  2. 

Grande  Mademoiselle  (grohd  mad-mwa-zel'), 
La.  A title  given  to  Anne  Marie  Louise  d’Or- 
16ans,  duchesse  de  Montpensier. 

Grandes  Chroniques  de  France.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

It  was  not  till  1274  that  a complete  vernacular  version 
of  the  history  of  France  was  executed  by  a monk  of  St. 
Denis — Primat  — in  French  prose.  This  version,  slightly 
modified,  became  the  original  of  a compilation  very  fa- 
mous in  French  literature  and  history,  the  “Grandes 
Chroniques  de  France,”  which  was  regularly  continued  by 
members  of  the  same  community  until  the  reign  of  CharleB 
V.  from  official  sources  and  under  royal  authority.  The 
work,  under  the  same  title,  but  written  by  laics,  extends 
further  to  the  reign  of  Louis  XI. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  128. 

Grandet,  Eugenie.  See  Eugenie  Grandet. 
Grande-Terre.  See  Guadeloupe. 

Grand  Falls.  A cataraet  in  Labrador,  about 
250  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Grand  River.  It  was 

rediscovered  in  1891  by  Bowdoin  College  students  and  by 
Kenaston  and  H.  G.  Bryant.  Height,  over  300  feet. 
Grandfather’s  Chair.  A collection  of  chil- 
dren’s stories  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  pub- 
lished in  1841.  A second  series  with  the  same 
title  was  published  in  1842. 

Grand  Forks.  The  capital  of  Grand  Forks 
County,  North  Dakota,  on  the  Red  River  about 
lat.  47°  55'  N.  It  has  large  lumber-mills  and 
the  University  of  North  Dakota.  Population, 
12,478,  (1910). 

Grand  Gulf.  A locality  in  Mississippi,  on  the 
Mississippi  River  south  of  Vicksburg.  Grant 
made  it  a base  of  operations  in  1863,  carrying 
the  position  against  the  Confederates  May  1. 


Grand  Haven 

Grand  Haven.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Otta- 
wa County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake  Michi- 
gan, at  the  mouth  of  Grand  River,  in  lat.  43°  4' 
N.,  long.  86°  13'  W.  Population,  5,856,  (1910). 

Grandidier  (groh-de-dya'),  Alfred.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Sept.  20,  1836.  A French  explorer.  From 
1857  to  1860  he  traveled  in  America,  India,  and  East  Africa. 
During  five  years  (1865-70)  he  explored  Madagascar,  cross- 
ing the  southern  portion  three  times.  His  work  “ Histoire 
physique,  naturelle  et  politique  de  Madagascar"  (Paris, 
1876)  is  the  standard  book  on  the  island. 

Grandison,  Sir  Charles.  See  Sir  Charles  Gran- 
dison. 

Grandison  Cromwell.  See  Lafayette. 

Grand  Lake.  A lake  in  New  Brunswick,  whose 
outlet  discharges  into  the  St.  John  River. 
Length,  about  25  miles. 

Grand  Lake  (border  of  Maine  and  New  Bruns- 
wick). See  Schoodic  Lake. 

Grand  Manan  (ma-nan')  or  Menan  (me-nan'). 
An  island  east  of  Maine,  situated  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  lat.  44°  40'  N.,  long. 
66°  50'  W.  It  belongs  to  Charlotte  County, 
New  Brunswick.  Length,  22  miles. 

Grand  Monarque  (gron  mo-nark').  A surname 
of  Louis  XIV. 

Grand  Old  Man,  The.  A popular  surname  of 
W.  E.  Gladstone. 

Grand  Opera.  See  Paris. 

Grandpre  (gron-pra').  A village  in  Kings 
County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  Minas  basm 
46  miles  northwest  of  Halifax : the  scene  of  the 
first  part  of  Longfellow’s  “ Evangeline.” 

Grandpre.  A French  lord  in  Shakspere’s  ‘ ‘ Hen- 
ry V.” 

Grandpre,  Comte  Louis  Marie  Joseph  Ohier 

de.  Born  at  St.-Malo,  May  7,  1761:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  7,  1846.  A French  navigator  and 
writer  of  travels.  He  wrote  “ Voyage  k la  cote  occi- 
dentale  d Afrique ” (1801),  “Voyage  dans l’Inde  et  au Ben- 
gale,  etc.”  (1801),  “Voyage  dans  lapartie  m^ridionale  de 
f Afrique,  etc."  (1801),  “ Dictionnaire  universel  de  geogra- 
phic maritime  ’’  (1803),  etc. 

Grand  Prix  (groh  pre),  Le.  The  great  horse- 
race at  Longchamps  established  by  Napoleon 
HI.  (prize  20,000  francs),  run  by  three-year- 
olds.  Longchamps  is  a very  good  course  situated  in  the 
Bois  de  Boulogne,  first  used  for  racing  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XVI.  Races  have  been  run  here  since  1859.  The 
Grand  Prix  is  run  on  the  Sunday  of  Ascot  week. 

Grand  Prix  de  Rome  (gron  lire  de  r5m).  A 
prize  given  by  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in 
Paris  to  the  most  successful  competitor  in  paint- 
ing, sculpture,  engraving,  architecture,  or  music. 
The  examinations  are  held  annually,  and  the  successful 
candidates  become  pensioners  of  the  government  for  four 
years.  They  are  sent  to  reside  at  Rome,  where  Louis 
XIV.  founded  the  Academie  de  France  in  1666.  Grove. 
See  Villa  Medici. 

Grand  Rapids.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Kent 
County,  Michigan,  situated  at  the  rapids  of  the 
Grand  River,  in  lat.  42°  58'  N.,  long.  85°  39'  W. 
It  has  important  manufactures  and  commerce. 
Population,  112,571,  (1910). 

Grand  Remonstrance.  See  Remonstrance, 
Grand. 

Grand  River,  Ind.  Washtenong  (wosh'te- 
nong).  A river  in  Michigan,  flowing  into  Lake 
Michigan  at  Grand  Haven.  Length,  over  250 
miles.  It  is  navigable  to  Grand  Rapids. 

Grand  River.  A river  of  western  Colorado  and 
eastern  Utah,  uniting  with  Green  River  to  form 
the  Colorado  about  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  109° 
54'  W.  Length,  about  350  miles. 

Grandson.  See  Granson. 

Grand  Trianon  and  Petit  Trianon.  See  Tri- 
anon. 

Grandville  (groh-vel')  (originally  Gerard), 
Jean  Ignace  Isidore.  Bom  at  Nancy,  France, 
Sept.  13, 1803:  died  at  Van ves,  near  Paris,  March 
17, 1847.  A French  caricaturist  and  illustrator, 
especially  noted  for  his  political  caricatures. 

Grane.  See  Koweyt." 

Granet  (gra-na'),  Francois  Marius.  Born  at 
Aix,  France,  about  1775:  died  at  Aix,  Nov.  21, 
1849.  A French  painter,  chiefly  of  architec- 
tural subjects. 

Grange,  La.  See  La  Grange. 

Grangemouth,  (granj'muth).  A seaport  in  Stir- 
lingshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of 
Forth  near  Falkirk.  It  has  developed  rapidly 
in  recent  years.  Population,  10,300,  (1910). 

Granger  (gran'jer).  1.  A character  in  South- 
erne’s  comedy  “The  Maid’s  Last  Prayer.” — 2. 
A character  in  Cibber’s  comedy  “The  Refusal.” 

Granger,  Edith.  See  Dombey. 

Granger,  Francis.  Born  at  Suffield, Conn. .Dec. 
1,  1792:  died  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  28, 


454 

1868.  An  American  politician,  son  of  Gideon 
Granger.  He  was  postmaster-general  in  1841. 
Granger,  Gideon.  Born  at  Suffield,  Conn.,  July 
19,  1767:  died  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31, 
1822.  An  American  politician,  postmaster- 
general  1801-14. 

Granger,  Gordon.  Born  in  New  York,  1821: 
died  Jan.  10,  1876.  An  American  general.  He 

was  graduated  at  West  Point  iu  1845,  fought  in  the  Mexi- 
can  war,  and  served  in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil 
War.  He  commanded  a brigade  of  cavalry  in  Mississippi 
in  1862 ; became  major-general  of  volunteers  Sept.  17, 1862  ; 
and  fought  with  distinction  atChiekamauga,  Chattanooga, 
and  Missionary  Ridge.  He  commanded  the  army  which, 
aided  by  Admiral  Farragut,  captured  Fort  Morgan,  Ala- 
bama, in  Aug.,  1864. 

Granger,  James.  Born  at  Shaston,  Dorset,  in 
1723 : died  at  Shiplake,  Oxfordshire,  April  4, 
1776.  An  English  writer  and  print-collector. 
He  matriculated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1743,  but 
took  uo  degree.  He  took  holy  orders,  and  was  presented 
to  the  vicarage  of  Shiplake.  About  1773  he  made  a tour 
through  Holland.  He  wrote  “A  Biographical  History  of 
England  . . . with  a preface  showing  the  utility  of  a col- 
lection of  engraved  portraits,  etc.”  (1769).  This  was  con- 
tinued with  additions  at  different  times  till  in  1824  the 
work  had  increased  to  6 volumes.  In  1806  another  con- 
tinuation appeared  from  materials  left  by  Granger  and  the 
collections  of  the  Rev.  Mark  Noble,  who  edited  it.  The 
wholesale  destruction  of  illustrated  biographical  works 
necessary  to  accomplish  this  gave  rise  to  the  term  gran- 
gerize. 

Previously  to  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  Gran- 
ger’s work  in  1769,  live  shillings  was  considered  a liberal 
price  by  collectors  for  any  English  portrait.  After  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  “ Biographical  History,”  books  ornamented 
with  engraved  portraits  rose  in  price  to  five  times  their 
original  value,  and  few  could  be  found  unmutilated.  In 
1856  Joseph  Lilly  and  Joseph  Willis,  booksellers,  each  of- 
fered for  sale  a magnificent  illustrated  copy  of  Granger’s 
work.  Lilly's  copy,  which  included  Noble’s  “Continua- 
tion,’’was  illustrated  by  more  than  thirteen  hundred  por- 
traits, bound  in  27  vols.  imperial  4to,  price  £42.  The  price 
of  Willis's  copy,  which  contained  more  than  three  thou- 
sand portraits,  bound  in  19  vols.  fol.,  was  £38  10s.  It  had 
cost  the  former  owner  nearly  £200.  The  following  collec- 
tions have  been  published  in  illustration  of  Granger’s 
work  : (a)  “Portraits  illustrating  Granger’s  Biographical 
History  of  England  "(known  under  the  name  of  “Richard- 
son’s Collection  ”),  6 pts.  Lond.  1792-1812,  4to  ; ( b ) Samuel 
Woodburn’s  “ Gallery  of  [over  two  hundred]  Portraits  . . . 
illustrative  of  Granger’s  Biographical  History  of  England, 
&c.,”  Lond.  1816,  fol. ; (c)  “A  Collection  of  Portraits  to 
illustrate  Granger’s  Biographical  History  of  England  and 
Noble’s  continuation  to  Granger,  forming  a Supplement  to 
Richardson’s  Copies  of  rare  Granger  Portraits,"  2 vols. 
Lond.  1820-2,  4to.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Grangers  (gran'jerz).  Members  of  certain  se- 
cret societies  (“granges”)  organized  in  the 
United  States  for  the  advancement  of  the  in- 
terests of  agriculture  by  the  removal  of  re- 
straints and  burdens  on  it,  and  otherwise. 
Grangousier  (gron-go-zya').  [F.,  ‘great  gullet.’] 
The  father  of  Gargantua  in  Rabelais’s  romance 
of  that  name.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  repre- 
sent Jean  d’Albret. 

Granicus  (gra-nl'kus).  In  ancient  geography, 
a small  river  (the  modern  Kodja-Tehai)  in  My- 
sia,  Asia  Minor,  flowing  into  the  Propontis.  On 
its  hanks  Alexander  the  Great  won  his  first  vic- 
tory over  the  Persians  in  334  B.  c. 

Granier  de  Cassagnac  (gra-nya'  de  ka-san- 
yak'),  Adolphe  Bernard.  Born  at  Averon- 
Bergelle,  Gers,  France,  Aug.  12, 1806:  died  near 
Plaisance,  Gers,  Jan.  31,  1880.  A French  jour- 
nalist, Bonapartist  politician,  and  historical 
writer.  Among  hi9  works  are  “ Histoire  dcs  causes  de  la 
revolution  franuaise”  (1850),  “Histoire  du  Directoire”  (1851- 
1863),  and  “Souvenirs  du  second  empire ” (1879-82). 

Granier  de  Cassagnac,  Paul  (usually  called 
Paul  de  Cassagnac).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  2, 
1843:  died  Nov.  4, 1904.  A French  journalist  and 
Bonapartist  politician,  son  of  A.  B.  Granier. 
He  became,  in  1866,  a member  of  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
“ Pays,  ” of  which  he  became  editor-in-chief  about  1870.  He 
became  a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876.  In 
1884  he  severed  his  connection  with  the  “Pays,”  in  order 
to  found  a new  Bonapartist  organ,  “ L’Autoritb.”  He  pub- 
lished “ Histoire  de  la  troisieme  rtpublique  ” (1875). 

Granite  State,  The.  New  Hampshire:  so  named 
on  account  of  its  abundant  granite. 
Granmichele.  See  Grammichele. 

Gran  Paradiso  (gran  pa-ra-de'zo).  The  high- 
est point  of  the  Graian  Alps,  entirely  in  Italy. 
Height,  13,320  feet. 

Gran  Reunion  Americana  (gran  ra-6-ne-on' 

a-ma-re-ka'na).  The  name  of  a secret  political 
society  founded  in  London  by  Francisco  Miran- 
da about  the  end  of  the  18th  century,  it  had  for 
its  object  the  emancipation  of  the  American  colonies  from 
Spain,  and  its  influence  in  fomenting  the  revolutionary 
spirit  was  very  great.  Among  the  members  were  Bolivar, 
San  Martin,  O’Higgins,  Narifio,  Montufar,  and  others  who 
became  conspicuous  in  the  war  for  independence.  See 
Lautaro  Society. 

Gran  Sasso  d’ltalia  (gran  siis'so  de-ta'le-ii). 
The  highest  group  of  the  Apennines,  Italy,  sit- 
uated on  the  borders  of  the  provinces  of  Aquila 


Granuffo 

and  Teramo.  Highest  peak,  Monte  Corno  (9,585 
feet.) 

Granson,  or  Grandson  (gron-son'),  G.  Gransee 

(gran'za).  A village  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Neuehatel 
20  miles  north  of  Lausanne.  Here  the  Swiss  (20, 000) 
defeated  the  Burgundian  army  (40,000  to  50,000)  under 
Charles  the  Bold,  March  2,  1476.  The  attack  was  provoked 
by  Charles’s  perfidy  in  putting  the  garrison  to  death  after 
inducing  them  to  surrender  by  the  promise  of  their  lives. 

Grant  (grant),  Mrs.  (Anne  Macvicar),  gener- 
ally called  Mrs.  Grant  of  Laggan.  Born  at 
Glasgow,  Feb.  21, 1755:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov. 
7,  1838.  A Scottish  author,  she  wrote  “Poems” 
(1802),  “Letters  from  the  Mountains ” (1806),  “Memoirs of 
an  American  Lady  ” (Mrs.  Philip  Schuyler),  etc. 

Grant,  Charles,  Lord  Glenelg.  Born  at  Kid- 
derpore,  Bengal,  Oct.  26, 1778:  died  at  Cannes, 
France,  April  23,  1866.  A British  politician. 
He  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  1827-28,  and  of  the 
Board  of  Control  1830-34,  and  was  colonial  secretary  1836- 
1839.  He  was  created  Baron  Glenelg  in  1835. 

Grant,  Digby.  In  Albery’s  “ The  Two  Roses,” 
a typical  blackguard  of  society.  Henry  Irving 
has  been  successful  in  the  part. 

Grant,  Sir  Francis.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Jan. 
18,  1803  : died  at  Melton  Mowbray,  Oct.  5, 1878. 
A Scottish  portrait-painter,  elected  president 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1866.  He  painted  por- 
traits of  many  distinguished  persons. 

Grant,  James.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  1, 
1822 : died  there,  May  5, 1887.  A Scottish  nov- 
elist. He  was  in  the  English  army  1840-43.  He  wrote 
nearly  50  historical  romances  on  Scottish  subjects  and 
edited  “Old  and  New  Edinburgh”  (1880-83). 

Grant,  James  Augustus.  Born  at  Nairn,  Scot- 
land, 1827 : died  there,  Feb.  11,  1892.  An  Afri- 
can explorer.  After  12  years  of  military  service  in  In- 
dia, he  became  the  associate  of  Captain  Speke  in  his  expe- 
dition to  the  source  of  the  Nile.  They  discovered  the 
outlet  of  Victoria  Nyanza  at  the  Ripon  Falls,  and  met 
Baker  on  his  southward  march  at  Gondokoro.  A joint  ac- 
count of  their  journey  was  published  in  1864.  In  1868 
Grant  accompanied  the  Abyssinian  expedition  under  Lord 
Napier.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Grant,  Sir  James  Hope.  Born  in  Perthshire, 
July  22,  1808:  died  at  London,  March  7,  1875. 
ABritishgeneral,  brother  of  Sir  Francis  Grant. 
He  served  with  distinction  during  the  Indian  mutiny  1857- 
1858,  and  commanded  the  British  contingent  in  the  Chinese 
war  1860. 

Grant,  Robert.  Born  at  Grantown-on-Spey, 
near  Inverness-shire,  in  1814:  died  at  Glasgow, 
Oct.  24, 1892.  A Scottish  astronomer,  appointed 
professorof  astronomyattheUniversityof  Glas- 
gow in  1859.  He  published  a “History  of  Physical  As- 
tronomy ” (1852),  and  in  1883  a catalogue  of  6,415  stars, 
the  mean  places  of  which  had  been  determined  at  Glas- 
gow under  his  direction. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson  (originally  Hiram 
Ulysses).  Born  at  Point  Pleasant,  Clermont 
County,  Ohio,  April  27, 1822 : died  at  Mount  Mc- 
Gregor, near  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  July  23, 1885.  A 
celebrated  American  general,  eighteenth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1843 ; served  through  the  Mexican  war  of  1846-48 ; 
left  the  army  in  1854,  and  settled  at  St.  Louis  ; and  removed 
to  Galena,  Illinois,  in  1860.  He  was  appointed  colonel  June 
17, 1861,  and  brigadier-general  Aug.  7 ; commanded  at  Bel- 
mont Nov.  7 ; captured  Fort  Donelson  Feb.  16,  1862  ; was 
thereafter  appointed  ma  or-general  of  volunteers;  was 
made  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  District  of  West  Ten- 
nessee in  March ; gained  the  battles  of  Shiloh  April 
6-7,  and  of  Iuka  Sept.  19 ; was  made  commander  of  the 
Department  of  the  Tennessee  in  Oct. ; gained  the  battles 
of  Port  Gibson,  Raymond,  Jackson,  Champion’s  Hill,  and 
Big  Black  River  in  May,  1863 ; received  the  surrender  of 
Vicksburg  July  4,  and  was  made  major-general  in  the  reg- 
ular army ; was  made  commander  of  the  Military  Division 
of  the  Mississippi  in  Oct. ; gained  the  battle  of  Chattanooga 
Nov.  23-25;  was  made  lieutenant-general  March  2,  1864, 
and  commander  of  all  the  Union  armies  March  12 ; took 
up  his  headquarters  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ; fought 
the  battle  of  the  Wilderness  with  Lee,  May  5-6,  which 
was  followed  by  the  battles  at  Spotsylvania  Court  House ; 
unsuccessfully  attacked  Lee’s  position  at  Cold  Harbor, 
June  3 ; commenced  the  siege  of  Petersburg  in  June ; re- 
ceived the  surrender  of  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court  House 
April  9, 1865;  was  made  general  July  25,  1866;  was  secre- 
tary of  war  ad  interim  Aug.,  1867, -Jan.,  1868;  as  Repub- 
lican candidate  was  elected  President  in  1868,  and  inaugu- 
rated March  4,  1869;  was  reelected  in  1872  ; made  a tour 
around  the  world  in  1877-79;  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  renomiDation  for  the  Presidency  in  1880 ; and  was 
made  general  on  the  retired  list  March  3, 1885.  He  wrote 
“Memoirs"  (2  vols.  1885-86).  See  “Military  History  of 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  ” (1867-81),  by  Adam  Badeau. 

Grantham  (grant'am).  A parliamentary  bor- 
ough in  Lincolnshire, England,  on  the  Witham  22 
miles  south  by  west  of  Lincoln,  it  has  iron  manu- 
factures, and  is  an  important  railway  junction.  There  is  a 
fine  church,  of  the  13th  century.  Population,  17,593. 

Grant  Land.  [Named  by  Hall  for  General  U.  S. 
Grant.]  A region  in  the  north  polar  lands,  about 
lat.  81°-83°N.,  north  of  Grinnell  Land. 

Granuffo  (gra-nuf '6).  A character,  in  Marston’s 
play  “The  Parasitaster,” who  makes  a reputa- 
tion for  wisdom  by  saying  nothing. 


Granvella 

Granvella  (gran-vel'la),  orGranvelle  (F.  pron. 
gron-vel').  Cardinal  de  (Antoine  Perrenot). 
Born  at  Besan^on,  Aug.  20,  1517:  died  at 
Madrid,  Sept.  21, 1586.  A Spanish  ecclesiastic 
and  statesman.  He  was  made  chancellor  of  the  em- 
pire by  Charles  V.  in  1550 ; was  chief  councilor  to  Mar- 
garet of  Parma  in  the  Netherlands  1559-64  ; and  was  made 
viceroy  of  Naples  in  1570,  and  president  of  the  council  of 
Italy  and  Castile  in  1575. 

Granville  (gron-vel').  A seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  situated  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bosq,  in  lat. 
48°  50'  N.,  long.  1°  37'  W.  It  was  bombarded  by 
the  English  in  1695,  and  was  defended  against  the  Ven- 
deans  in  1793,  and  against  the  English  in  1803.  Population, 
commune,  11,940. 

Granville  (gran'vil),  or  Grenville  (gren'vil), 
George,  Lord  Lansdowne.  Bom  1667 : died 
at  London,  Jan.  30,  1735.  An  English  poet, 
dramatist,  and  politician.  He  wrote  the  plays  “She 
Gallants  ” (1696),  “ Heroick  Love  ” (1698),  “ The  British  En- 
chanters ’’  (an  opera,  1706)  ; and  among  his  other  writings 
are  “A  Vindication  of  General  Monk  ’’  and  “A  Vindication 
of  Sir  Richard  Granville  "—both  published  in  1732  in  a re- 
vised edition  of  his  works,  which  he  supervised,  and  which 
included  all  his  poems. 

Granville,  Earls.  See  Carteret,  John,  and  Leve- 
son-Gower,  Granville  George. 

Graslitz  (gras'lits).  A town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  50°  21'  N.,  long.  12°  27'  E.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  13,825,  (1910). 

Grasmere  (gras'mer).  A village  in  the  Lake 
District, Westmoreland, England,  4 miles  north- 
west of  Ambleside.  Near  it  is  the  Lake  of  Grasmere 
(1  mile  in  length).  The  poet  Wordsworth  resided  here  for 
8 years,  and  it  is  the  place  of  his  burial. 

Grasse  (gras).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  19  miles  west-south- 
west of  Nice.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Provence  manu- 
facture of  essences  and  perfumes  (rose  and  orange  blos- 
soms). Population,  commune,  20,305. 

Grasse,  Comte  Francois  Joseph  Paul  de  (Mar- 
quis de  Grasse-Tilly).  Born  at  La  Yalette, 
near  Toulon,  France,  1723 : died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
11,  1788.  A French  admiral.  He  commanded  the 
French  fleet  which  cooperated  with  Washington  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown  in  1781.  He  was  defeated 
by  Rodney  in  the  West  Indies  in  1782. 

Grasse  (gres'se),  Johann  Georg  Theodor.  Born 
at  Grimma,  Saxony,  Jan.  31,  1814:  died  near 
Dresden,  Aug.  27?  1885.  A noted  German  bib- 
liographer and  historian  of  literature,  private 
librarian  of  King  Frederick  Augustus  II.  of  Sax- 
ony, and  director  of  several  of  the  famous  col- 
lections of  Dresden.  He  wrote  “Lehrbuch  einer  all- 
gemeinen  Litterargeschichte  ’’  (1837-59),  “ Tresorde  livres 
rares  et  precieux  ” (1858-69),  etc. 

Grassias  (gras'i-as).  A rarely  used  name  ap- 
lied  by  some  to  the  third-magnitude  star  ft 
eorpii  (commonly  called  Ichlil),  and  by  others 
to  the  fourth-magnitude  star  f Scorpii. 

Grassini  (gras-se'ne),  Josephina.  Born  at  Va- 
rese, Lombardy,  1773 : died  at  Milan,  Jan.,  1850. 
An  Italian  singer  (contralto).  She  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Milan  in  1794,  and  in  1803  was  the  reigning 
favorite  in  London. 

Grassmann  (gras'man),  Hermann  Gunther. 

Bom  at  Stettin,  Prussia,  April  15,  1809 : died 
at  Stettin,  Sept.  26,  1877.  A German  mathe- 
matician and  Orientalist.  His  chief  works  are  “Hie 

* Wissenschaft  der  extensiven  Grosse  oder  die  Ausdeh- 
nungslehre  ” (1844),  “ Lehrbuch  der  Arithmetik  ” (1861-65), 
“Worterbuch  zum  Rig-Veda"  (1875),  translation  of  the 
“Rig-Veda”  (1876-77),  etc. 

Grassmann,  Robert.  Bom  at  Stettin,  Prussia, 
March  8,  1815:  died  there,  Aug.  14,  1901.  A 
German  philosophical  writer  and  mathemati- 
cian, brother  of  H.  G.  Grassmann.  He  pub- 
lished “DieWeltwissenschaftoder  Physik,”etc. 

Grass  Valley.  A city  and  township  in  Nevada 
County,  California,  situated  50  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Sacramento.  Population,  town- 
ship, 6,251,  (1910);  city,  4,520,  (1910). 

Grateful  Servant,  The.  A play  by  Shirley, 
licensed  in  1629 under  the  title  of  “The  Faith- 
ful Servant,”  but  printed  in  1630  under  the  for- 
mer name,  by  which  it  is  known. 

Gratian.  See  Gratianus. 

Gratiano(gra-shi-a'no).  1 (It.  pron.  gra-te-a'- 
no).  A conventional  character  in  Italian  im- 

E revised  comedy,  a prosy,  pedantic  bore. — 2. 

a Shakspere’s  “Merchant  of  Venice,”  one  of 
Bassanio’s  companions.  He  marries  Nerissa. 
— 3.  In  Shakspere’s  “Othello,”  the  brother  of 
Brabantio.  As  the  uncle  of  Desdemona,  he  succeeds 
to  Othello’s  fortunes  after  the  latter  has  killed  both  her 
and  himself. 

Gratianus  (gra-shi-a'nus),  Anglicized  Gratian. 
Bom  at  Sirmium,  Pannonia,  April  19,  359  A.  d.  : 
killed  at  Lyons,  Aug.  25,  383.  Koman  emperor 
367-383,  son  of  Valentinian  I.  He  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  Augustus  with  a share  in  the  government  by 
his  father  in  367,  and  in  376  succeeded  him  in  the  admin- 


455 

istration  of  the  West,  with  a brother,  Valentinian  n.,  as 
Joint  Augustus.  On  the  death  of  his  uncle  Valens  he  also 
succeeded  to  the  eastern  half  of  the  empire,  the  govern- 
ment of  which  he  intrusted  to  Theodosius  in  379.  He  was 
defeated  by  the  usurper  Maximus,  and  was  killed  in  the 
flight. 

Gratianus.  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  12th 
century.  A celebrated  Italian  canonist,  said 
(doubtfully)  to  have  been  bishop  of  Chiusi : 
author  of  the  “ Deere  turn  Gratiani”  (about  1150 : 
edited  by  Friedberg  1879). 

Gratius  Faliscus  ( gra ' shi-us  f a-lis ' kus) . Lived 
in  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A Roman  poet,  author 
of  a poem  on  the  chase  entitled  “Cynegetica.” 
Gratry  (grii-tre'),  Auguste  Joseph  Alphonse. 
Bom  at  Lille,  France,  March  30,  1805 : died  at 
Montreux,  Switzerland,  Feb.  6, 1872.  A French 
Roman  Catholic  theologian.  His  works  include 
“Cours  de  philosophie”  (1855-57),  “Philosophie  du  Cre- 
do” (1861),  “Paix”  (1862),  etc. 

Grattan  (grat'an),  Henry.  Born  at  Dublin, 
July  3,  1746:  died  at  London,  June  4 (May  14?), 
1820.  An  Irish  orator  and  statesman.  He  grad- 
uated B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1767  ; studied  law 
at  the  Middle  Temple,  London;  was  admitted  to  the  Irish 
bar  in  1772;  and  in  1775  entered  the  Irish  Parliament, 
where  he  acted  with  the  opposition.  In  1782  he  procured 
the  restoration  of  the  independence  of  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment by  the  repeal  of  “Poynings’s  Law.”  Heretired  from 
Parliament  in  1797,  but  returned  in  1800  in  order  to  oppose 
the  legislative  union  with  England.  He  was  in  1806 
elected  to  the  Imperial  Parliament,  of  which  he  continued 
a member  until  his  death,  and  where  he  warmly  advocated 
the  emancipation  of  the  Roman  Catholics.  Several  col- 
lections of  his  works  have  appeared,  including  “The 
Speeches  of  the  Right  Honourable  Henry  Grattan  in  the 
Irish  and  in  the  Imperial  Parliament”  (edited  by  his  son, 
1822)  and  “ Miscellaneous  Works  ” (1822).  See  “ Memoirs 
of  the  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Grattan,  by  his  son  Henry 
Grattan  ” (1839-46). 

Grattan,  Thomas  Colley.  Born  at  Dublin, 
1792 : died  at  London,  July  4, 1864.  An  Irish 
novelist,  poet,  and  general  writer.  He  resided  at 
Bordeaux,  Paris,  and  Brussels,  and  became  British  consul 
at  Boston  in  1839.  He  assisted  in  the  negotiations  which 
resulted  in  the  Ashburton  treaty  (which  see).  In  1846  he 
returned  to  England,  and  thereafter  resided  chiefly  at 
London.  He  was  a friend  of  Washington  Irving.  His 
works  include  “Highways  and  Byways,  or  Tales  of  the 
Roadside  picked  up  in  the  French  Provinces  by  a Walking 
Gentleman  ” (1823 : dedicated  to  Washington  Irving), 
“Ben  Nazir,  the  Saracen:  a Tragedy”  (1827),  and  many 
others. 

Gratz  (grats),  officially  Graz  (grats),  formerly 
Gratz  (grets).  The  capital  of  Styria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Mur  in  lat.  47°  5'  N., 
long.  15°  25'  E.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  mon- 
ument of  the  15th  century,  with  a fine  sculptured  west 
portal.  The  interior  possesses  several  excellent  old  paint- 
ings, and  some  beautiful  16th-century  Italian  reliefs  in 
ivory  illustrating  Petrarch’s  “Trionfi.”  Among  other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Stadtpark,  the  height  Schlossherg, 
the  Landhaus,  the  Joanneum  (with  collections),  and  the 
picture-gallery.  Population,  151,668,  (1910). 

Grau  (grou),  Miguel.  Bom  at  Piura,  June, 
1834 : died  Oct.  8,  1879.  A Peruvian  naval 
officer.  In  1871  he  took  command  of  the  turret-ship 
Huascar.  When  the  war  with  Chile  broke  out  (1879),  he 
at  once  entered  on  active  service,  and  with  the  two  iron- 
clads Huascar  and  Independencia  kept  the  whole  Chilean 
navy  at  bay  for  several  months.  He  attacked  the  block- 
ading ships  at  Iquique,  and  sunk  one,  but  lost  the  Inde- 
pendencia, which  ran  on  a rock.  The  Huascar  was  finally 
attacked  by  two  Chilean  ironclads  off  Point  Angamos,  and 
surrendered  after  Rear-Admiral  Grau  had  been  killed. 

Graubiinden.  See  Grisons. 

Graudenz  (grou'dents),  Pol.  Grudziadz  (gro- 
jonts').  A town  in  the  province  of  West 
Prussia,  Prussia,  on  the  Vistula  60  miles  south 
of  Dantzic.  It  is  strongly  fortified,  and  was  success- 
fully defended  by  Courbiere  against  the  French  in  1807. 
Population,  commune,  35,953. 

Grauer  Bund  (grou'er  bont).  See  Gray  League. 

Graun  (groun),  Karl  Heinrich.  Born  at  Wah- 
renbruck,  near  Torgau,  Prussia,  May  7,  1701: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  8,  1759.  A noted  German 
singer  and  composer  of  operas  and  sacred  mu- 
sic. His  chief  works  are  the  oratorio  “Der  Tod  Jesu” 
(performed  at  Berlin  March  26,  1755),  and  the  “Te  Denm  ’’ 
(performed  at  Charlottenburg  after  the  close  of  the  Seven 
Years’  War,  July  16,  1763). 

Grave,  The.  A didactic  poem  by  Robert  Blair, 
published  in  1743.  For  this  poem  William  Blake  made 
a famous  series  of  designs.  It  contains  about  800  lines 
of  blank  verse. 

Graveairs  (grav'arz),  Lady.  A character  in 
Cibber’s  comedy  “ The  Careless  Husband.” 

Grave  Greek  Mound.  A relic  of  the  so-called 
mound-builders  on  Grave  Creek,  near  Mounds- 
ville  or  Elizabethtown,  Marshall  County,  West 
Virginia.  It  is  70  feet  high  and  1,000  feet  in  circum- 
ference,  and  is  the  largest  of  the  prehistoric  mounds  in 
the  Ohio  valley.  A stone  bearing  an  inscription  of  in- 
scrutable characters,  alleged  to  have  been  discovered  in 
this  mound  about  1840,  has  called  forth  considerable  dis- 
cussion. 

Gravelines  (grav-len'),  Flemish  Gravelinghe 
(gra' ve- ling- e),  G.  Gravelingen  (gra've- 
ling-en).  A fortified  seaport  in  the  department 


Gray,  Stephen 

of  Nord,  France,  on  the  Aa,  near  its  mouth,  12 
miles  southwest  of  Dunkirk.  It  is  celebrated  for 
the  victory  of  the  Spaniards  under  Egmontover  the  French 
under  Thermes,  July  13,  1558.  Population,  commune, 
6,284. 

Gravelotte  (grav-lot').  A village  of  Lorraine, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  7 miles  west  of  Metz.  The  battle 

of  Gravelotte  (or  of  Gravelotte  and  St.-Privat,  sometimes 
called  the  battle  of  Rezonville)  was  fought  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  village,  Aug.  18, 1870.  The  Germans  (about 
200,000)  under  King  William  obtained  a decisive  victory 
over  the  French  (about  120,000)  under  Bazaine.  The  loss 
of  the  Germans  was  20,159 ; that  of  the  French,  from  12,000 
to  15,000.  As  a result  of  this  defeat,  the  French  were  shut 
up  in  Metz. 

Graves  (gravz),  Richard.  Born  at  Miekleton, 
Gloucestershire,  May  4,  1715:  died  at  Claver- 
ton,  near  Bath,  Nov.  23, 1804.  An  English  poet 
and  novelist,  rector  of  Claverton.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a large  number  of  works,  some  of  which  were  pop- 
ular; one  only,  a novel,  “The  Spiritual  Quixote”  (1772), 
is  now  remembered. 

Graves,  Thomas,  Baron  Graves.  Born  about 
1725 : died  Feb.  9, 1802.  A British  admiral.  He 
succeeded  Arbuthnot,  July,  1781,  in  command  of  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  against  the  American  colonies,  and  was  defeated 
by  De  Grasse  on  Sept.  5.  He  was  created  Baron  Graves 
in  the  peerage  of  Ireland  in  1794. 

Gravesande  (gra've-zan'de),  Willem  Jakob 

van ’s.  Born  at’s  Hertogenbosch,  Netherlands, 
Sept.  27,  1688:  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands, 
Feb.  28, 1742.  A noted  Dutch  philosopher  and 
mathematician,  professor  at  Leyden  from  1717. 
In  1715  he  went  to  London  as  secretary  of  the  embassy  of 
the  States-GeneraL  He  wrote  “ Physices  elementa  mathe- 
matica”  (1720),  etc. 

Gravesend  (gravz'end).  A river  port  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  Kent,  England,  situated 
on  the  Thames  20  miles  east  by  south  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  a favorite  resort  for  Londoners.  Pop- 
ulation, 27,196. 

Gravina  (gra-ve'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gravina 
about  30  miles  southwest  of  Bari.  Population, 
18,252. 

Gravina,  Giovanni  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Rogli- 
ano,  near  Cosenza,  Italy,  Jan.  20,  1664:  died 
at  Rome,  Jan.  6, 1718.  An  Italian  jurist,  critic, 
and  poet.  He  wrote  “ Origines  juris  civilis” 
(1701-13).  “ Della  ragione  poetica”  (1708),  etc. 

Gray  (gra).  A town  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Saone,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Saone  27  miles 
east-northeast  of  Dijon.  It  has  considerable 
trade.  Population,  commune,  6,679. 

Gray,  Asa.  Born  at  Paris,  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  18, 1810:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Jan.  30, 1888.  A noted  American  botanist.  He 
was  professor  of  natural  history  at  Harvard  1842-88.  Among 
his  works  are  ‘ ‘ Elements  of  Botany  ” (1836),“  Flora  of  N orth 
America ’’(commenced  1838),  “Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the 
Northern  United  States"  (1848),  “Botany  of  the  U.  S.  Pa- 
cific Exploring  Expedition  ” (1854),  “ How  Plants  Grow  ” 
(1858),  “Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany  ” (1868),  “How 
Plants  Behave ” (1872),  “Darwiniana”  (1876),  “New  Flora 
of  North  America”  (Part  I,  1878),  “Synoptical  Flora  of 
North  America”  (2d  ed.  1888). 

Gray,  Auld  Robin.  See  Auld  Bohin  Gray. 

Gray,  David.  Born  at  Merkland,  Jari.  29, 

1838 : died  there,  Dec.  3, 1861.  A Scottish  poet. 
He  wrote  “ The  Luggie  ” and  other  poems,  pub- 
lished in  1862. 

Gray,  Elisha.  Born  at  Barnesville,  Ohio,  Aug. 
2,1835:  died  at  Newtonville,  Mass.,  Jan.  20, 
1901.  An  American  inventor,  noted  for  inven- 
tions relating  to  telegraphy  and  the  telephone. 

Gray,  George  Robert.  Born  at  London,  July 
8,  1808 : died  May  5, 1872.  An  English  ornithol- 
ogist and  entomologist,  brother  of  J.  E.  Gray. 
His  works  include  “ Entomology  of  Australia  ” (1833), 
“ List  of  the  Genera  of  Birds  ” (1840:  enlarged  in  1841  and 
1855),  “Genera  of  Birds  ” (1844-49),  “Genera  and  Species 
of  Birds  ” (1869-72). 

Gray,  Henry  Peters.  Born  at  New  York,  June 
23,  1819:  died  there,  Nov.  12,1877.  An-Amer- 
ican  painter,  president  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy 1869-71.  In  1871  he  went  to  Florence,  and  lived 
there  till  1874.  Among  his  works  are  “Charity,”  “The 
Birth  of  our  Flag,”  “Cleopatra,”  “Greek  Lovers,”  and 
“The  Apple  of  Discord.”  During  his  later  years  he  gave 
much  of  his  time  to  portrait-painting. 

Gray,  John  Edward.  Born  at  Walsall,  Stafford- 
shire, Peb.  12,  1800 : died  March  7,  1875.  An 
English  zoologist,  keeper  of  the  zoological  col- 
lections in  the  British  Museum  1840-74.  He 
published  numerous  works  and  papers  on  vari- 
ous branches  of  natural  history. 

Gray,  Robert.  Born  at  Dunbar,  Aug.  15,  1825 : 
died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  18,  1887.  A Scotch 
ornithologist.  He  was  in  the  service  of  the  City  of 
Glasgow  Bank  and  later  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland  at  Edin- 
burgh. In  1882  he  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  Royal 
Society  at  Edinburgh.  He  published  “ Birds  of  the  West 
of  Scotland  ” (1871). 

Gray,  Stephen.  Died  Feb.  25, 1736.  An  English 
electrician,  a pensioner  of  the  Charter  House 
in  London.  His  experiments  were  the  foundation  of 


Gray,  Stephen 

the  division  of  substances  into  conductors  and  non-con- 
ductors, and  had  an  important  bearing  upon  the  discovery 
of  the  electric  battery. 

Gray,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  about  1369.  An  Eng- 
lish writer  (in  Latin),  author  of  “ Scalacliron- 
ica.”  See  the  extract. 

The  “Scala-chronica"  opens  with  an  allegorical  prologue, 
and  is  divided  into  five  parts.  Of  these  part  i.,  which  re- 
lates the  fabulous  history  of  Britain,  is  based  on  “ Walter 
of  Exeter's  ” Brut  (i.  e.  on  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth) ; part  ii., 
which  reaches  to  Egbert's  succession,  is  based  upon  Bede ; 
part  iii.,  extending  to  William  the  Conqueror,  on  Higden's 
“ Polychronicon  ’’ ; and  part  iv.  professes  to  be  founded  on 
“ John  le  vikeir  de  Tilmouth  que  escript  le  Ystoria  Aurea.  ’’ 
There  are  several  difficulties  connected  with  the  prologue ; 
the  chief  are  its  distinct  allusions  to  Thomas  Otterburn, 
who  is  generally  supposed  to  have  written  early  in  thenext 
century  ( Scala-chron . pp.  1-4).  According  to  Mr.  Steven- 
son many  incidents  in  part  iv.  are  not  to  be  found  in  the 
current  editions  of  Higden.  Mr.  Stevenson  considers  the 
book  to  assume  some  independent  value  with  the  reign  of 
John  ; but  its  true  importance  really  begins  with  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.  It  is  specially  useful  for  the  Scottish  wars, 
and  narrates  the  exploits  of  the  author's  father  in  great 
detail  ( Scala-chron . pp.  123,  127,  138,  etc.).  The  author  is 
tolerably  minute  as  to  Edward  II. ’s  reign  (pp.  136-53),  and 
the  rest  of  the  book  (pp.  163-203)  is  devoted  to  Edward  III. 
The  detailed  account  of  the  French  wars  from  1355-61  sug- 
gests the  presence  of  the  writer  (pp.  172-200).  Thehistory 
breaks  off  in  1362  or  1363.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  XXIII.  21. 

Gray,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Dee.  26, 1716 : 
died  at  Cambridge,  July  30,  1771.  An  English 
poet.  He  was  sent  to  Eton  as  an  oppidan  in  1727,  forming 
an  intimacy  there  with  Horace  Walpole.  In  1734  he  was 
admitted  as  a pensioner  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  and  in 
1739  went  abroad  with  Walpole  on  “the  grand  tour.”  He 
returned  and  settled  at  Cambridge,  where  he  resided  chiefly 
after  1741,  though  he  spent  a part  of  every  summer  with  his 
mother  at  Stoke  Pogis.  He  became  professor  of  modem 
history  at  Cambridge  1768.  In  1767  he  refused  the  laureate- 
ship.  His  best-known  work  is  the  “ Elegy  Written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard  ” (1751).  His  other  principal  works 
are  “Ode  on  a Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College"  (1747), 
“ Progress  of  Poesy  " (1757),  “ The  Bard  ” (1757).  His  poems 
and  letters  were  edited  by  W.  Mason  in  1774  ; the  letters 
by  Mitford  l»35-53 ; and  the  works,  with  life,  by  E.  W. 
Gosse,  in  4 vols.,  in  1882. 

Gray  League.  [G.  Grauer  Bund.']  A German 
league  in  the  present  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, formed  in  1424.  In  1497-98,  in  com- 
pany with  the  Gotteshausbund,  it  became  allied 
with  the  Swiss  cantons. 

Gray’s  Inn.  One  of  the  London  inns  of  court. 
It  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Holborn  and  to  the  west 
of  Gray’s  Inn  Lane.  It  is  the  fourth  inn  of  court  in  im- 
portance and  size.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  noble 
family  of  Gray  of  Wilton,  whose  residence  it  originally  was. 
(Thornburg.)  It  still  contains  a handsome  hall  of  1560. 
Gray’s  Peak.  One  of  the  highest  peaks  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  situated  in  the  Colorado 
range,  Colorado.  Height,  14,341  feet. 
Graymalkin.  See  Grimalkin. 

Graz.  See  Gratz. 

Grazalema  (gra-tha-la/ma).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  56  miles  east-north- 
east of  Cadiz.  Population,  5,587. 

Graziani  (grat-se-a'ne),  Francesco.  Born 
April  26,  1829:  died  June  30,  1901.  An  Italian 
barytone  singer.  HefirstsanginLondoninl855. 
Grazzini  (grat-se'ne),  Anton  Francesco,  called 
II  Lasca.  [It.  lasca,  a mullet.]  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, March  22, 1503:  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1584. 
An  Italian  poet  and  dramatist.  Ii  Lasca  was  the 
appellation  he  assumed  in  the  Accademia  degli  Umidi,  to 
which  he  belonged,  where  every  member  was  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  a fish.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  celebrated  Accademia  della  Crusca. 

Greal.  See  Grail. 

Great  Barrington  (grat  bar'ing-ton).  A town 
in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  the  Housatonic  River  40  miles  west  by  north 
of  Springfield.  Population,  5,926,  (1910). 
Great  Basin.  An  elevated  region  in  the  United 
States,  lying  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the 
west  and  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  on  the  east. 
It  comprises  nearly  all  Nevada,  western  Utah,  southeast- 
ern Oregon,  and  parts  of  eastern  and  southeastern  Cali- 
fornia. The  drainage  of  the  greater  part  of  this  large  area 
is  into  interior  lakes  (Great  Salt  Lake,  etc.)  which  have 
no  communication  with  the  sea.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Humboldt  and  other  ranges.  The  soil  is  generally  unpro- 
ductive. 

Great  Bear.  See  Ursa  Major. 

Great  Bear  Lake.  A lake  in  British  North 
America,  about  lat.  65°-67°  N.,  long.  117°-123° 
W.  It  has  its  outlet  through  the  Great  Bear  River  into 
the  Mackenzie.  Length,  over  150  miles.  Area,  about 
11,200  square  miles.  9 

Great  Britain  (grat  brit'n).  [F.  Grande  Bre- 
tagne, Sp.  GranBrctana,  It.  Gran  Bretagna,  NL. 
Magna  Britannia  (or  Britannia  Major,  Greater 
Britain).]  The  largest  island  of  Europe,  com- 
prising England  in  the  south,  Scotland  in  the 
north,  and  Wales  in  the  west,  situated  in  lat. 
58°  40'-49°  58'  N.,  long.  1°  45'  E.-6°  13'  W. : the 
ancient  Albion  or  Britannia  (afterward  Britan- 
nia Major).  Its  length  from  north  to  south  is  about  608 
miles;  its  greatest  width,  about  325  miles.  Area,  88,729 


456 

square  miles.  It  is  called  Great  Britain  in  distinction  from 
Brittany  (Bretagne,  Lesser  Britain).  On  the  union  with 
Scotland  in  1707,  Great  Britain  became  the  official  name  of 
the  British  kingdom,  and  so  continued  until  the  union  with 
Ireland  in  1801.  It  remains  a popular  designation  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  (See  below. ) 
B'orthe  history,  see  England.  Population, 40, 834, 714,  (1911). 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland, The  United  King- 
dom of.  Since  Jan.  1,  1801,  the  official  name 
of  the  British  kingdom,  including  England, 
Wales,  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  neighboring 
smaller  islands.  Capital,  London.  The  government 
is  a hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  A sovereign  and 
a responsible  ministry  form  the  executive.  The  legisla- 
ture consists  of  a Parliament,  comprising  the  House  of 
Lords  (over  600  members)  and  the  House  of  Commons 
(670  members).  The  colonies  and  foreign  possessions  are 
Gibraltar,  Malta,  Aden  and  Perim,  Socotra,  Kuria  Muria 
Islands,  Bahrein  Islands,  British  North  Borneo,  Brunei, 
Sarawak,  Ceylon,  Cyprus,  Hong-Kong,  India  and  its  depen- 
dencies, British  Baluchistan,  Andaman  Islands,  Nicobar 
Islands,  Laccadive  Islands,  Kamaran  Island,  Labuan, 
Straits  Settlements,  Bechuanaland,  Zanzibar,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Orange  Free  State,  the  Transvaal,  Mauritius  (with 
Seychelles,  Rodrigues,  the  Chagos  Islands),  British  East 
Africa,  Natal,  British  Somaliland,  Nigeria,  Uganda  Protec- 
torate, Rhodesia,  Saint  Helena,  Ascension  Island,  Tristan 
da  Cunha,  Gold  Coast,  Gambia,  Sierra  Leone,  Bermudas, 
Canada,  Newfoundland,  Falkland  Islands,  British  Guiana, 
British  Honduras,  British  West  Indies  (including  the  Baha- 
mas, Barbados,  Jamaica,  islands  of  the  Windward  and  Lee- 
ward groups,  Trinidad),  Tasmania,  Victoria,  New  South 
Wales,  South  Australia,  Queensland,  Western  Australia, 
NewZealand.BritishNewGuinea,  Fij i, and  variousother  Pa- 
cific islands,  includingCook's  Islands,  Union  Group,  Phoenix 
group,  Christmas  Island,  Fanning  Island,  Gilbert  Islands, 
etc.  Area  of  the  United  Kingdom,  121,391  square  miles ; 
population,  45,365,599.  Area  of  the  British  empire,  in- 
cluding India,  colonies,  protectorates,  and  spheres  of 
Influence,  about  11,447,954  square  miles  ; population,  419,- 
401,371,  (1911).  See  England,  Scotland,  Wales,  Ireland, 
Great  Britain. 

Great  Captain,  The.  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova. 
Great  Cham  of  Literature,  The.  A nickname 
given  to  Samuel  Johnson  by  Smollett  in  a let- 
ter to  Wilkes. 

Great  Commoner,  The.  William  Pitt  (after- 
ward Earl  of  Chatham):  so  called  as  being  a 
commoner  and  not  a peer. 

Great  .Dauphin,  The.  The  son  of  Louis  XIV. 
Great  Dog.  See  Canis  Major. 

Great  Duke,  The.  The  first  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton. 

Great  Duke  of  Florence.The.  A play  by  Philip 
Massinger,  licensed  1627,  printed  1635. 

Great  Earl  of  Cork,  The.  The  first  Earl  of  Cork. 
Great  Eastern.  A steamship,  the  largest  built 
prior  to  1899,  when  the  Oceanic  was  launched. 
It  was  designed  by  I.  K.  Brunei,  and  was  launched  at  Mill- 
wall  on  the  Thames  in  1858 ; made  its  first  voyage  across 
the  Atlantic  in  June,  1860  ; was  frequently  employed  from 
1865  in  cable-laying ; and  in  1886  was  sold  to  be  broken  up 
for  old  iron.  Length  over  all,  692  feet;  width,  83  feet; 
depth,  58  feet ; displacement,  27,000  tons.  She  is  sur- 
passed by  the  Oceanic  iu  length  (704  feet),  draft  (324  feet), 
and  displacement  (32,590  tons),  and  also  by  later  vessels. 

Great  Elector,  The,  G.  Der  Grosse  Kurfiirst. 

Frederick  William,  elector  of  Brandenburg. 
Great  Expectations.  A novel  by  Charles  Dick- 
ens, which  appeared  serially  in  “ All  the  Year 
Round”  in  1860-61.  It  was  published  in  1861. 
Great  Falls.  A manufacturing  and  trading  city 
in  Cascade  County,  Montana,  on  the  Missouri 
River.  Population,  13,948,  (1910). 

Great  Falls.  A manufacturing  village  in  New 
Hampshire.  See  Somersworth. 

Great  Fish  River.  A river  in  British  North 
America  which  flows  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Great  Slave  Lake  northeasterly  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean. 

Great  Fish  River.  A river  in  Cape  Colony  which 
rises  in  the  Sneuwbergen  Mountains  and  flows 
southerly  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Great  Glen.  A great  depression  traversing  Scot- 
land southwest  and  northeast,  and  marked  by 
Lochs  Linnhe,  Eil,  Lochy,  and  Ness,  which  are 
connected  by  the  Caledonian  Canal. 

Great  Grimsby  (grimz'bi).  A seaport  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  Lincolnshire,  England, 
situated  on  the  Humber  16  miles  southeast  of 
Hull.  It  has  important  commerce  and  fisheries. 
Population,  74,663,  (1911).  See  Grim. 

Great  Harry.  The  first  war-ship  of  the  British 
navy.  She  was  built  in  1488,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.; 
was  a three-master ; and  is  said  to  have  cost  £14,000.  She 
is  supposed  to  have  been  burned  accidentally  at  Woolwich 
iu  1533. 

Greathead  (grat'hed),  Henry.  Born  at  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  Jan.  27,  1757:  died  1816.  The 
first  successful  constructor  of  life-boats. 

Great  Head.  A celebrated  promontory  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine. 
Greatheart  (grat'hart),  Mr.  In  the  second  part 
of  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress,”  the  guide  and 
valiant  protector  of  Christiana  and  her  children. 
Great  Kanawha  (ka-na'wa).  A river  in  North 


Greaves,  John 

Carolina,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia,  joining 
the  Ohio  at  Point  Pleasant,  Mason  County, 
West  Virginia.  It  is  called  in  its  upper  course  the 
New  River.  Length,  about  450  miles  ; navigable  about 
100  miles. 

Great  Marlow  (mar'lo).  A town  in  Bucks, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  30  miles  west 
of  London.  Population,  eccles.  par.,  5,035. 

Great  Marquis,  The.  A surname  popularly 
given  to  the  Marquis  of  Pombal,  and  also  to 
the  first  Marquis  of  Montrose. 

Great  Master  of  Love,  The.  A name  given 
by  Petrarch  to  the  troubadour  Amaud  Daniel. 

Great  Mother,  The.  In  Greek  mythology, 
Demeter. 

Greatorex  (grat'o-reks),  Mrs.  (Eliza  Pratt). 
Born  in  Ireland,  Dec.  25, 1820 : died  Feb.  9, 1897. 
An  American  artist.  She  came  to  New  York  in  1840, 
and  married  Henry  Wellington  Greatorex  in  1849.  In 
1868  she  was  elected  associate  of  the  National  Academy. 

Greatorex,  Henry  Wellington.  Born  at  Bur- 
ton-on-Trent,  England,  in  1816 : died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  1858.  A musician,  the  son  of  Thomas 
Greatorex.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1839,  and 
did  much  for  the  advancement  of  the  standard  of  church 
music. 

Greatorex,  Thomas.  Born  at  North  Wingfield, 
near  Chesterfield,  Derbyshire,  Oct.  5, 1758 : died 
at  London,  July  18,  1831.  An  English  conduc- 
tor, organist  of  Westminster  Abbey  1819. 

Great  Pedee  (pe-de').  The  name  given  to  the 
Yadkin  River  after  it  enters  South  Carolina.  It 
flows  into  Winyah  Bay, near  Georgetown ; navi- 
gable about  150  miles. 

Great  Russia.  The  main  body  of  European 
Russia.  From  its  central  part  as  a nucleus  Russia  has 
developed.  It  comprises  the  governments  of  Archangel, 
Olonetz,  Vologda,  Novgorod,  Pskoff,  Moscow,  Tver,  Kos- 
troma, Vladimir,  Yaroslaff,  Riasan,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Tula, 
Kaluga,  Orel,  Smolensk,  Kursk,  Voronezh,  and  Tambotf. 

Great  St.  Bernard.  See  St.  Bernard. 

Great  Salt  Lake.  A body  of  water  in  north- 
ern Utah.  It  is  noted  for  its  saltness  : 14.8  per  cent,  is 
mineral  matter.  It  receives  the  Bear,  Jordan,  and  Weber 
rivers.  The  surface  is  about  4,200  feet  above  sea-level, 
and  the  lake  has  no  outlet.  Length,  about  75  miles.  Great- 
est width,  about  50  miles.  Area,  about  1,750  square  miles. 

Great  Slave  Lake.  A lake  in  British  North 
America,  about  lat.  60°  40'-62°  45'  N.,  long. 
109°-117°  W.  Length,  about  300  miles.  Its 
outlet  is  the  Mackenzie  River. 

Great  Slave  River.  A river  in  British  North 
America,  connecting  Lake  Athabasca  with 
Great  Slave  Lake.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Great  Smoky  Mountains.  See  Smoky  Moun- 
tains. 

Great  Synagogue,  The.  See  the  extract. 

Accordingly  we  find  that  a new  form  of  the  theory  started 
up  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  gained  almost  undis- 
puted currency  in  the  Protestant  churches.  According  to 
this  view,  the  Canon  was  completed  by  a body  of  men 
known  as  the  Great  Synagogue.  The  Great  Synagogue 
plays  a considerable  part  in  Jewish  tradition  ; it  is  repre- 
sented as  a permanent  council,  under  the  presidency  of 
Ezra,  wielding  supreme  authority  over  the  Jewish  nation  ; 
and  a variety  of  functions  are  ascribed  to  it.  But  the 
tradition  never  said  that  the  Great  Synagogue  fixed  the 
Canon.  That  opinion,  current  as  it  once  was,  is  a mere 
conjecture  of  Elias  Levita,  a Jewish  scholar  contempo- 
rary with  Luther.  Not  only  so,  but  we  now  know  that^ 
the  whole  idea  that  there  ever  was  a body  called  the  Great 
Synagogue  holding  rule  in  the  Jewish  nation  is  pure  fic- 
tion. It  has  been  proved  in  the  clearest  manner  that  the 
origin  of  the  legend  of  the  Great  Synagogue  lies  in  the 
account  given  in  Neh.  viii.-x.  of  the  great  convocation 
which  met  at  Jerusalem  and  subscribed  the  covenants  to 
observe  the  law. 

B'.  R.  Smith,  O.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  156. 

Great  Tom.  A hell,  weighing  about  17,000 
pounds,  in  the  tower  of  the  Tom  Gate  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  Every  night  at  ten  minutes 
last  nine  (closing  time)  it  is  tolled, 
reat  Vehicle,  The.  [In  Skt.  Mahaydna.]  The 
name  of  the  northern  school  of  Buddhism.  The 
formation  of  such  a school  followed  the  conversion  of  Ka- 
nishka,  the  Indo-Scythian  king  of  Kashmir,  who  reigned  in 
the  second  Half  of  the  1st  century.  In  his  reign  a fourth 
council  was  held  at  Jalandhara  in  Kashmir.  It  consisted 
of  500  monks,  who  composed  three  Sanskrit  works  of  the 
nature  of  commentaries  on  the  three  Pali  Pitakas.  (See 
Tripitaka.)  These  were  the  earliest  hooks  of  the  northern 
school,  which  formulated  its  doctrines  on  the  Indus,  while 
the  Pali  Canon  of  the  south  represented  the  doctrine  pro- 
claimed on  the  Ganges.  Nepal,  Tibet,  China,  Manchuria, 
Mongolia,  and  Japan  follow  the  Great  Vehicle;  Ceylon, 
Burma,  and  Siam,  the  Little  Vehicle  (Hinayana),  or  south- 
ern schooL 

Great  Wall  of  China.  See  Wall  of  China. 

Greaves  (grevz),  John.  Born  at  Colemore, 
Hampshire,  1602:  died  at  London,  Oct.  8, 1652. 
An  English  antiquary,  mathematician,  and  Ori- 
entalist. He  became  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
in  1624,  and  professor  of  geometry  in  Gresham  College,  Lon- 
don, in  1630.  He  wrote  “ Discourse  on  the  Roman  Foot  and 
Denarius  ” (1647),  “ Pyramidograpliia,  or  a Discourse  of  the 
Pyramids  in  Egypt”  (1646),  etc. 


Greaves,  Sir  Launcelot 

Greaves,  Sir  Launcelot,  See  Sir  Launcelot 
Greaves,  The  History  of. 

Grebo  (gra/bo),  or  Gedebo  (ge-da'bo).  A tribe 
of  Liberia,  West  Africa,  settled  on  both  sides 
of  the  Cavalla  River.  The  English  sometimes  call 
the  Grebos  Fish-Kru.  They  are  closely  allied  to  the  Kru 
tribe,  from  whom  they  are  separated  by  the  Grand  Sess,  Pik- 
kaninny  Sess,  and  Taro  tribes.  They  migrated  from  the  in- 
terior to  the  coast  at  a comparatively  recent  period.  France 
claims  jurisdiction  over  the  Grebos  east  of  the  Cavalla 
River.butthis  claim  is  not  acknowledged  byLiberiafurther 
west  than  the  Pedro  River.  The  Grebo  language  belongs 
with  Kru  and  Bassa  to  a cluster  called  Menaby  Fr.  Muller. 

Grecian  Coffee-house.  A noted  London  coffee- 
house in  Devereux  Court,  on  the  left  of  Essex 
street.  The  wits  of  the  last  century  congre- 
gated there. 

Grecian  Daughter,  The.  A tragedy  by  Arthur 
Murphy,  produced  in  1772 : a story  of  filial  piety, 
the  success  of  whichwas  greatly  due  to  Spranger 
Barry  and  his  wife.  See  Euphrasia  and  Barry, 
Spranger. 

Greece  (gres).  [ME.  Grece,  from  OF.  Grece,  F. 
Grece,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Grecia,  fromL.  Grseeia  (whence 
LGr.  Tpaucia),  from  Grsecus,  Greek,  from  Gr. 
Tpamd f,  pi.  Tpaisoi,  orig.  applied  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Epirus,  etc.  The  common  Greek  name 
for  the  country  was  Hellas,  'EA/ldr;  for  the  in- 
habitants Hellenes,  "E/./yvig.  The  AS.  name  was 
Creca  land,  Greca  land,  Grecland,  D.  Griekcn- 
land,  G.  Griechenland,  land  of  the  Greeks.]  A 
country  in  southeastern  Europe  — ( a ) Ancient 
Greece:  the  country  of  the  Hellenes.  In  the 
widest  sense  the  name  includes  the  Greek  colonies  in  Asia 
Minor,  Sicily,  Africa,  etc. ; in  its  restricted  and  more 
usual  meaning  it  is  the  peninsula  south  of  the  Cambunian 
Mountains,  with  the  neighboring  islands.  Peninsular 
Greece  comprised  Thessaly,  Epirus,  Central  Greece  (in- 
cluding Acarnania,  AStolia,  Doris,  Western  Locris,  East- 
ern Locris,  Phocis,  Bceotia,  Attica,  and  Megaris),  and  Pelo- 
ponnesus (including  Corinthia,  Sicyonia,  Phliasia,  Achaia, 
Elis,  Arcadia,  Argolis,  Laconia,  and  Messenia).  The  chief 
islands  were  Crete,  Rhodes,  Cos,  Samos,  Chios,  Lesbos, 
l’enedos,  Imbros,  Samotlirace,  Thasos,  Lemnos,  Scyros,  Eu- 
boea, Salamis,  /Egina,  the  Cyclades,  Thera,  Cythera,  and  the 
Ionian  Islands  (including  Zacynthos,  Cephallenia,  Ithaca, 
Leucas,  Corcyra,  etc.).  Cyprus  was  sometimes  included, 
and  in  later  times  Macedonia  and  Thrace.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  mountainous.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  more  important  facts  and  incidents  of  ancient 
Greek  history : Dorian  invasion  of  the  Peloponnesus  about 
1100  B.  C. : commencement  of  the  hegemony  of  Sparta  6th 
century ; Persian  wars  500  to  about  449 ; hegemony  trans- 
ferred to  Athens  about  477 ; Peloponnesian  war  431-104 ; 
hegemony  of  Sparta  404-371 ; of  Thebes  371-362 ; hegemony 
of  Macedon  commenced  338 ; rise  of  Jitolian  League  and 
renewal  of  Achsean  League  about  280 ; independence  of 
Greece  proclaimed  by  Flamininus  196;  final  subjection 
of  Greece  to  Rome  146 ; Greece  made  (in  great  part)  into 
the  Roman  province  of  Achaia  27  B.  c.  Greece  formed 
part  of  the  Eastern  Empire.  See  further  below,  and  un- 
der the  various  cities;  also  Persian  Wars  and  Peloponne- 
sian War.  (ft)  Modern  Greece:  a kingdom,  capital 
Athens,  lying  between  the  Turkish  empire  on 
the  north,  and  the  sea  on  the  east,  south,  and 
west,  and  including  the  Ionian  Islands,  Euboea, 
the  Cyclades,  and  some  smaller  islands,  it  in- 
cludes the  ancient  Peloponnesus,  Central  Greece,  south- 
eastern Epirus,  and  nearly  all  Thessaly ; and  contains  26 
nomarchies:  Attica,  Boeotia,  Euboea,  Phthiotis,  Phocis, 
Acarnania  and  AJtolia,  Achaia,  Elis,  Arcadia,  Laconia, 
Messenia,  Argolis,  Corinthia,  Cyclades,  Corfu,  Cephalonia, 
Art  a,  Trikala,  Larissa,  Eurytania,  Magnesia,  Karditsa, 
Triphylia,  Laced:emon,  Leucas,  and  Zante.  The  govern- 
ment is  a hereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  with  a 
chamber  of  deputies  and  a council  of  state.  The  prevail- 
ing religion  is  that  of  the  Greek  Church.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  chietiy  Greeks  (with  some  Albanians  and  Wal- 
lachians).  In  the  later  middle  ages  Greece  was  subject 
to  the  Venetians  and  other  foreign  rulers;  it  was  con- 
quered by  Venice  1685-87,  and  reconquered  by  the  Turks 
in  1715.  More  recent  events  are  the  revolution  of  1821-29; 
the  establishment,  of  a kingdom  in  1832 ; the  revolution  of 
1843;  the  grant  of  a constitution  in  1844  ; the  revolution 
and  the  deposition  of  Otto  in  1862  ; the  election  of  George 
I.  in  1863;  the  cession  of  Arta,  Trikala,  and  Larissa  by 
Turkey  in  1881 ; and  the  wars  with  Turkey  in  1897  and 
1912.  Area,  25,014  square  miles.  Population,  over  2,630,000. 

Greek  Empire.  See  Eastern  Empire. 

Greek  Independence,  War  of.  The  Greek  re- 
volts against  the  Turks,  which  broke  out  in  the 
Morea,  and  in  Wallachia  and  Moldavia,  in  1821. 
The  war  was  noteworthy  for  the  Greek  exploits  by  sea, 
the  aid  rendered  by  Lord  Byron  and  other  Philhellenists, 
the  Turkish  atrocities  in  Chios,  and  the  interference  of  the 
powers  and  their  victory  over  the  Turkish  fleet  at  Nava- 
rino  in  1827,  .and  the  final  Russo-Turkish  war  of  1828-29, 
which  secured  the  independence  of  Greece. 

Greeley  (gre'li).  The  capital  of  Weld  County, 
northern  Colorado,  on  a tributary  of  the  South 
Platte.  Population,  8,179,  (1910). 

Greeley,  Horace.  Born  at  Amherst,  N.  H., 
Feb.  3,  1811:  died  at  Pleasantville,  Westches- 
ter County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  29, 1872.  A celebrated 
American  journalist,  author,  and  politician.  lie 
founded  the  New  York  “ Tribune  ” in  1841 ; was  a member 
of  Congress  from  New  York  1848-49;  was  a noted  anti- 
slavery leader  ; and  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the 
Liberal-Republican  and  Democratic  parties  for  the  presi- 
dency in  1872.  Eis  chief  work  is  “ The  American  Con- 
flict" (1864-66). 

VI.  16 


457 

★ 

Greely  (gre'li),  Adolphus  Washington.  Born 
at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  March  27,  1844.  An 
American  Arctic  explorer.  He  served  as  a volun- 
teer in  the  Union  Army  during  the  Civil  War,  at  the  close 
of  which  he  was  appointed  a lieutenant  in  the  regular 
army  and  attached  to  the  signal  service.  In  1881  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  expedition  sent  out  by 
the  government  to  establish  an  Arctic  observing  station, 
in  accordance  with  the  plan  of  the  Hamburg  International 
Geographical  Congress  of  1879,  providing  for  the  erection 
of  a chain  of  13  stations  about  the  north  pole  by  interna- 
tional concert.  He  sailed  from  St.  John's,  Newfoundland, 
with  24  men,  in  the  Proteus  July  7,  1881,  and  Aug.  12, 
1881.  reached  Discovery  Harbor,  lat.  81°  44'  N.,  long.  64° 
45'  W.,  where  he  established  his  station.  A detachment 
of  his  expedition  under  Lockwood  and  Brainard  went 
to  lat.  83°  24 y N.,  long.  40°  46£'  W.,  May  15, 1882,  a higher 
latitude  than  any  before  attained.  Compelled  by  the  fail- 
ure of  relief  expeditions  to  reach  him,  he  began  to  retreat 
southward  Aug.  9,  1883,  and  was  rescued  at  Cape  Sabine 
by  a relief  expedition  under  Captain  Winfield  Schley, 
June  22, 1884,  after  having  lost  18  of  his  men.  He  was  ap- 
pointed chief  of  the  signal-service  corps  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general  in  1887,  and  was  head  of  the  Weather 
Bureau  from  that  time  until  it  passed  under  the  control  of 
the  agricultural  department.  He  was  promoted  major- 
general  Feb.  10, 1906,  and  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
Pacific  division  of  the  United  States  Army  in  March,  1906. 
He  has  published  “ Three  Years  of  Arctic  Service  ” (1886). 

Green  (gren),  Anna  Katharine.  The  maiden 
name  and  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Rohlfs. 

Green,  Ashbel.  Born  at  Hanover,  N.  J.,  July 

6,  1762:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  19, 1848.  An 
American  Presbyterian  clergyman,  president 
of  Princeton  College  1812-22. 

Green,  Sir  Henry.  In  Shakspere’s  “King 
Richard  II.,”  a creature  of  the  king. 

Green,  Horace.  Born  at  Chittenden,  Vt.,  Dec. 
24,  1802:  died  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  29, 1866. 
An  American  physician,  author  of  works  on  dis- 
eases of  the  throat  and  air-passages. 

Green,  Jacob.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  July  26, 
1790;  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  1,  1841.  An 
American  man  of  science,  son  of  Asbbel  Green. 
He  published  “Chemical  Philosophy”  (1829),  etc. 

Green,  John  Richard.  Bom  at  Oxford,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  12  (?),  1837 : died  at  Mentone,  March 

7,  1883.  A noted  English  historian.  He  was 
graduated  from  Oxford  in  1869 ; became  a curate  in  London 
in  1860 ; and  in  1866  was  appointed  incumbent  of  St.  Phil- 
ip's, Stepney.  He  became  librarian  at  Lambeth  in  1869. 
He  published  a “ Short  History  of  the  English  People  ’’ 
(1874),  “A  History  of  the  English  People  ” (1877-80),  “ The 
Making  of  England  ” (1882),  and  “The  Conquest  of  Eng- 
land ’’  (1883). 

Green,  Norvin.  Born  at  New  Albany,  Ind., 
April  17, 1818 : died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  Feb.  12, 
1893.  An  American  financier.  He  graduated  at  the 
medical  school  in  the  University  of  Louisville  1840,  and 
subsequently  served  three  terms  in  the  Kentucky  legisla- 
ture. He  became  president  of  the  Southwestern  Telegraph 
Company  about  1854,  and  was  afterward  vice-president  of 
the  American  Telegraph  Company  and  of  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company  (1878).  He  was  president  of  the 
Louisville,  Cincinnati,  and  Lexington  Railroad  1869-73. 
Green,  Seth.  Born  at  Irondequoit,  N.Y.,  March 
19, 1817 : died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  20, 1888. 
An  American  pisciculturist.  He  devised  improved 
methods  of  breeding  fish,  and  in  1867-68  stocked  the  Con- 
necticut and  other  rivers  with  shad  and  other  species, 
and  in  1871  introduced  shad  in  the  rivers  of  California. 
He  became  a member  of  the  New  York  Fish  Commission 
in  1868,  and  in  1870  superintendent,  a position  which  he 
retained  until  his  death.  He  wrote  “Trout  Culture" 
(1870),  and  “ Fish-Hatching  and  Fish-Catching  ” (1879). 
Green,  Verdant.  See  Verdant  Green. 

Green,  Widow.  In  Sheridan  Knowles’s  “ Love 
Chase,”  “the  pleasant  widow  whose  fortieth 
year,  instead  of  autumn,  brings  a second  sum- 
mer in.” 

Green,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Groveville, 
near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  27,  1825:  died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  10,  1900.  An  American 
Presbyterian  clergyman  and  theologian.  He  grad- 
uated at  Lafayette  College  in  1840,  and  at  Princeton  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  1846 ; became  professor  of  biblical  and 
Oriental  literature  at  Princeton  in  1851 ; and  was  chairman 
of  the  American  Old  Testament  Revision  Company  of  the 
English  and  American  Bible  Revision  Committees.  His 
works  include  “A  Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language” 
(1861), “An  Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar”  (1866),  “Moses 
and  the  Prophets”  (1883),  “The  Jewish  Feasts,”  etc. 
Greenbackers  (gren'bak-erz).  The  Greenback 
party  (which  see),  or  those  who  adopt  its  prin- 
ciples. 

Greenback  Party.  In  American  politics,  a po- 
litical party,  formed  in  1874,  which  urged  the 
suppression  of  banks  of  issue,  and  the  payment, 
in  whole  or  in  part,  of  t he  United  States  debt  in 
greenbacks.  It  nominated  as  candidates  for  the  presi- 
dency Peter  Cooper  in  1876,  General  James  B.  Weaver  in 
1880,  and  General  Benjamin  F.  Butler  in  1884.  Since  that 
time  it  has  disappeared  as  a distinctive  party,  though  the 
Populist  Party  may  he  called  in  some  sense  its  successor. 

Green  Bay.  An  arm  of  Lake  Michigan,  on  its 
western  side.  Length,  about  120  miles.  Great- 
est width,  about  30  miles. 

Green  Bay.  A city,  lake  port,  and  the  capital 
of  Brown  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Fox 
River,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  44°  32'  N.,  long. 


Greenland 

88°  9'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its  lumber  trade. 
Population,  25,236,  (1910). 

Greenbush  (gren'bush).  A former  town  in 
Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
Hudson  opposite  Albany.  . 

Greencastle  (gren'kas-1).  The  capital  of  Put- 
nam County,  Indiana,  40  miles  west  by  south 
of  Indianapolis.  It  is  the  seat  of  De  Pauw 
University  (Methodist).  Population,  3,790, 
(1910). 

Greene  (gren),  Charles  Gordon.  Born  at  Bos- 
cawen,  N.H.,  Julyl,  1804:  died  at  Boston,  Sept. 
27,  1886.  An  American  journalist.  He  founded, 
in  1831,  the  Boston  “Morning  Post,”  which  became  a prom- 
inent organ  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  the  management 
of  which  he  retained  until  1875. 

Greene,  George-a-.  See  George-a-Greene. 
Greene,  George  Washington.  Born  at  East 
Greenwich,  R.  I.,  April  8, 1811 : died  there,  Feb. 
2, 1883.  An  American  historical  and  biographi- 
cal writer,  grandson  of  Nathanael  Greene.  Among 
his  works  are  " Historical  View  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion” (1865),  “Life  of  Nathanael  Greene”  (1867-71),  etc. 

Greene,  Maurice.  Born  at  London  about  1696  : 
(lied  at  London,  Dec.  1, 1755.  An  English  organ- 
ist and  composer,  principally  of  church  music. 
His  chief  wnrk  is  ‘ ‘Forty  Select  Anthems  ”(1743). 
Greene,  Nathanael.  Born  in  Warwick,  R.  I., 
May  27, 1742 : died  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  June  19, 
1786.  An  American  general.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  Trenton,  Princeton,  Brandy  wine,  Gerniatitown,  Mon- 
mouth, and  elsewhere  ; succeeded  Gates  in  command  of 
the  southern  army  in  1780 ; conducted  the  retreat  from  the 
Catawba  to  the  Dan  in  1781 ; and  commanded  at  Guilford 
Court  House,  Hobkirk's  Hill,  and  Eutaw  Springs  in  1781. 

Greene,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Boseawen,  N.  H., 
May  20, 1797 : died  at  Boston,  Nov.  29, 1877.  An 
American  journalist,  brother  of  Charles  Gordon 
Greene.  He  founded,  in  1821,  the  Boston  “ Statesman," 
which  became  a prominent  organ  of  the  Democratic  parly 
in  Massachusetts,  and  was  postmaster  of  Boston  1829-40 
and  1845—19.  He  translated  a number  of  French,  German, 
and  Italian  works. 

Greene,  Robert.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
1560 : died  at  London,  Sept.  3,  1592.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  novelist,  and  poet.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  master  s 
degree  in  1583.  He  was  subsequently  incorporated  at  Ox- 
ford. After  leaving  the  university  he  seems  to  have  led  a 
dissolute  life  abroad  for  some  time.  In  1592,  after  10  years 
of  reckless  living  and  hasty  literary'  production,  lie  died 
after  “a  debauch  of  pickled  herrings  and  Rhenish,”  de- 
serted by  all  his  friends.  Gabriel  Harvey  attacked  him 
shortly  after  his  death  in  “ Four  Letters  and  Certain  Son- 
nets,etc."  Meres, Chettle,  Nashe,  and  others  defended  him, 
and  Nashe,  who  had  also  been  attacked,  published  his 
“Strange  News,”  directed  more  against  Harvey  than  in 
defense  of  Greene.  The  quarrel  was  prolonged.  Greene’s 
fame  rests  mostly  on  the  songs  and  eclogues  which  are  in- 
terspersed through  his  prose  works.  His  principal  works 
are  tracts  and  pamphlets,  “Mamillia,  etc.”  (entered  on 
“Stationers’  Register"  1580),  “Gwydonius,  the  Carde  of 
Fancie  "(1584),“Arbasto,  the  Anatomie  of  Fortune  ”(1684), 
“ Planetomachia  ” (1585),  “Euphues,  his  Censure  to  Pin  - 
lautus,  etc.”  (1587),  “Perimedes  the  Blacke-Smith"  (1588), 
“Pandosto  : the  Triumph  of  Time,  the  hystorie  of  Doras 
tus  and  Fawnia’’(1588),  “ Alcida  ” (licensed  1588),  “Mena- 
phon,  etc.”  (1589 : this  appeared  as  “ Greene’s  Arcadia  ” in 
1599), “Greene's  Mourning  Garment,  etc.  ”(1590),  “Greene's 
Never  too  Late  " (1590),  “ Greene’s  Farewell  to  Folly  ”(1591), 
“ A Notable  Discowery  of  Coosnage  ” (in  3 parts  : 2 in  1591 , 
the  third  in  1692),  “Greene’s  Groatsworth  of  Wit,  etc. ’’(pub- 
lished at  his  dying  request:  licensed  1592).  His  plays  are 
“ Orlando  Furioso,”  “A  Looking  Glass  for  London  and  Eng- 
land’’(with  Lodge),  “The  Honourable  History  of  Friar  Ba- 
con and  Friar  Bungay,”  “James  the  Fourth,”  “Alphonsus, 
King  of  Aragon,”  and  “George-a-Greene,  the  Pinner  of 
Wakefield.”  Dyce  collected  and  edited  his  works  1831-58. 
Greenfield  (gren'feld).  The  capital  of  Frank- 
lin County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Con- 
necticut River  34  miles  north  of  Springfield. 
Population,  10,427,  (1910). 

Greenhat  (gren'hat),  Sir  Humphrey.  The 
pseudonym  of  Sir  Ambrose  Crowley  in  “The 
Tatler,”  No.  73. 

Green  Isle,  The,  or  The  Emerald  Isle.  Ire- 
land: so  named  from  its  verdure. 

Greenland  (gren'land),  Dan.  Gronland.  Dis- 
covered by  Norsemen  before  900.  So  named, 
it  is  said,  in  982  by  Eric  the  Red  with  the 
intent  of  attracting  immigrants  from  Iceland 
by  this  alluring  name.]  An  island  in  the  nori  h 
polar  regions,  belonging  in  part  to  Denmark, 
northeast  of  North  America,  it  extends  from  Cape 
Farewell,  in  about  lat.  60°  N.,  northerly  to  beyond  82” 
N.  In  the  interior  is  a plateau  covered  with  an  ice-cap, 
with  the  highest  point  about  12,000  feet.  The  coast  is  in- 
dented with  fiords.  There  are  some  settlements  in  Danish 
East  Greenland  and  Danish  West  Greenland.  Trade  is  a 
Danish  monopoly.  Recent  explorers  have  been  Kane,  Hall, 
Nares,  and  Greely(in  the  extreme  north)  Nansen  (who  trav- 
ersed Greenland  in  1888),  Peary  ( who  explored  the  northern 
ice-cap  in  1891-92.  and  visited  the  same  region  in  1893-9  ' 
and  1900),  and  Myiius  Erichsen.  It  was  visited  by  Eric  the 
Red  in  982  and  colonized  by  him  in  985.  It  was  rediscov- 
ered by  Davis  in  1585,  and  recolonized  by  the  Danes  in  1721. 
Estimated  area,  512,000  square  miles;  of  Danish  colony, 
46,740.  Population  (mostly  Eskimos),  11,893  in  the  Danish 
territory,  with  probably  a few  hundreds  more  elsewhere. 


Greenleaf 

Greenleaf  (gren'lef),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Hav- 
erhill, Mass.,  Sept.  25,  1786 : died  at  Bradford, 
Mass.,  Oct.  29, 1864.  An  American  mathemati- 
cian, author  of  a series  of  mathematical  text- 
books. 

Greenleaf,  Simon.  Born  at  Newburyport,Mass., 
Dec.  5, 1783:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 
1853.  An  American  jurist,  reporter  of  the  Maine 
Supreme  Court  1820-32,  and  professor  of  law  at 
Harvard  1833-48  (when  he  became  professor 
emeritus),  succeeding  Story  in  the  Dane  pro- 
fessorship in  1846.  His  chief  work  is  a “ Trea- 
tise on  the  Law  of  Evidence”  (1842-53). 

Green  Mantle.  See  Redgauntiet. 

Green  Mountain.  The  culminating  summit  of 
Mount  Desert,  Maine,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
island.  Height,  1,532  feet. 

Green  Mountain  Boys.  The  soldiers  from  V er- 
mont  in  the  American  Revolution,  first  organ- 
ized under  this  name  by  Ethan  Allen  in  1775. 
Green  Mountains.  That  part  of  the  Appala- 
chian system  situated  in  Vermont,  continued 
in  Massachusetts  by  the  Hoosac  and  Taconic 
Mountains.  The  highest  peak  is  Mount  Mansfield  (4,- 
406  feet : U.  S.  C.  and  U.  S. ).  Killington  Peak  is  4,241  feet 
(U.  S.  G.  S.). 

Green  Mountain  State.  A popular  name  of 
Vermont,  which  is  traversed  by  the  Green 
Mountains. 

Greenock  (gren'ok).  A seaport  and  parliamen- 
tary borough  in  Renfrewshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Clyde  19  miles  west-northwest  of 
Glasgow.  It  is  noted  for  the  building  of  iron  ships  and 
for  its  foreign  commerce,  and  manufactures  sugar  and 
machinery.  Population,  72,300. 

Greenough  (gren'o),  George  Bellas.  Born 
1778:  died  at  Naples,  April  2,  1855.  An  Eng- 
lish geographer  and  geologist.  He  founded  the 
Geological  Society  of  London,  becoming  its  first  president 
in  1811,  and  retaining  that  office  for  6 years  (he  was  sub- 
sequently twice  reelected).  He  was  also  several  times  pres- 
ident of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society.  He  constructed 
various  geological  maps,  the  most  extensive  being  one  of 
British  India. 

Greenough,  Horatio.  Born  at  Boston,  Sept.  6, 
1805:  died  at  Somerville,  near  Boston,  Dec.  18, 
1852.  An  American  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  a statue  of  Washington  (near  the  Capitol,  Washington), 
“The  Rescue"  (Capitol,  Washington),  “Venus  Victrix" 
(Boston  Athenaeum),  etc. 

Greenough,  Richard  S.  Born  at  Jamaica  Plain, 
Boston,  April  27, 1819 : died  April  24,  1904.  An 
American  sculptor,  brother  of  Horatio  Green- 
ough. 

Green  River.  A river  in  Kentucky,  joining 
the  Ohio  7 miles  southeast  of  Evansville,  Indi- 
ana. Length,  about  350  miles ; navigable  about 
150  miles. 

Green  River.  A river  in  Wyoming,  northwest- 
ern Colorado,  and  Utah,  uniting  with  the  Grand 
River  to  form  the  Colorado  about  lat.  38°  15' 
N.,  long.  109°  54'  W.  Length,  about  750  miles. 
Greensleeves  (gren'slevz).  A ballad  sung  to  a 
tune  of  the  same  name.  It  has  been  a favorite  since 
the  latter  part  of  the  16th  century.  The  tune  is  one  to 
which  “ Christmas  comes  but  once  a year”  and  many  other 
songs  of  the  same  rhythm  are  sung,  and  is  probably  much 
older  than  the  ballad.  The  ballad  has  several  names : “ A 
New  Courtly  Sonet  of  the  Lady  Greensleeves  to  the  new 
tune  of  Greensleeves,”  printed  in  1584;  “A  New  Northern 
Dittye  of  the  Lady  Green  Sleeves,”  licensed  in  1580.  Child 
reproduces  the  former  in  his  “English  and  Scottish  Bal- 
lads" aa  “Greensleeves.” 

Green’s  Tu  Quoque,  or  The  Citie  Gallant.  A 

play  by  John  Cooke,  published  in  1614.  See 
Bubble. 

Green  Vault,  The.  [G.  Das  griine  Gewdlbe.~]  A 
series  of  8 rooms  in  the  royal  palace  at  Dresden, 
containing  an  unrivaled  collection  of  precious 
stones,  works  of  art,  etc.  It  is  called  the  green 
vault  from  the  color  of  its  original  decorations. 
Greenville  (gren'vil).  A city  and  the  capital 
of  Greenville  County,  South  Carolina,  situated 
on  the  Reedy  River  in  lat.  34°  50'  N.,  long.  82° 
25'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  Baptist  educa- 
tional institutions.  Population,  15,741,  (1910). 
Greenwell  (gren'wel),  Dora.  Born  at  Green- 
well  Ford,  Durham,  Dec.  6,  1821:  died  March 
29, 1882.  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.  Her 
poetical  works,  which  are  chiefly  of  a religious  character, 
include  volumes  of  poems  (1848,  1850),  “Carolina  Crucis” 
(1869),  “ Songs  of  Salvation  ” (1873),  etc.  Among  her  prose 
works  is  “ The  Patience  of  Hope  ” (I860). 

Greenwich  (grin'ij).  A metropolitan  and  par- 
liamentary borough  of  London,  situated  on  the 
Thames  5 miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul's.  Itisnoted 
for  the  Royal  Observatory  (built  in  1675)  and  for  Greenwich 
Hospital  (which  see).  The  observatory,  situated  in  lat.  51° 
28'  38"  N.,  is  the  point  of  departure,  through  which  the  zero 
meridian  passes,  from  which  longitudes  are  measured  in 
English-speaking  countries.  Pop.,metro.  bor., 95, 977, (1911). 

Greenwich.  A town  in  Fairfield  County,  Con- 
necticut, situated  on  Long  Island  Sound  30 


458 

miles  northeast  of  New  York.  Population, 
16,463,  (1910). 

Greenwich.  A former  village  in  the  western  part 
of  Manhattan  Island,  now  a part  of  New  York 
city. 

Greenwich  (grin'ij)  Hospital.  A hospital 
for  seamen,  situated  at  Greenwich,  England.  It 
occupies  the  site  of  a royal  palace  which  was  removed 
during  the  Commonwealth.  It  was  rebuilt  in  the  reigns 
of  Charles  II.  and  William  III.,  and  in  1694  was  converted 
into  a sailors’ hospital.  From  1865  a considerable  propor- 
tion of  the  pensioners  have  been  non-resident,  and  part  of 
the  building  has  since  1873  been  o<  ;upied  as  a Royal  Naval 
College. 

Greenwood  (gren'wud),  Grace.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Mrs.  Sara  Jane  (Clarke)  Lippincott. 

Greenwood  Cemetery.  A cemetery  in  southern 
Brooklyn,  overlooking  Gowanus  Bay  in  New 
York  harbor.  It  was  opened  for  interments  in  1840.  It 
is  400  acres  in  extent,  and  is  well  laid  out  and  ornamented 
with  forest  trees. 

Greenwood  Lake.  A lake  on  the  border  of  New 
Jersey  and  New  York.  Length,  10  miles. 

Greg  (greg),  William  Rathbone.  Born  at  Man- 
chester, England,  1809:  died  at  Wimbledon, 
Nov.  15,  1881.  An  English  essayist.  His  works 
include  “ Political  Problems  for  our  Age  and  Country  ” 
(1870),  “Enigmas  of  Life"  (1872),  “Rocks  Ahead,  or  the 
Warnings  of  Cassandra  ” (1874),  “Mistaken  Aims  and  At- 
tainable Ideals  of  the  Working  Classes  ” (1876),  and  various 
collections  of  essays. 

Gregg  (greg),  David  McMurtrie.  Born  at 
Huntingdon,  Pa.,  April  10,  1833.  An  American 
soldier.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1855;  served 
as  colonel  in  the  Federal  army  in  the  Peninsular  campaign 
in  1862  ; was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
the  same  year ; commanded  a division  of  cavalry  at  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg  in  1863 ; was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  2d  cavalry  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
in  1864;  and  resigned  Feb.  3,  1865.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania, 
Hawes's  Shop,  and  Trevilian  Station. 

Gregg,  John  Irvin.  Born  July  19,  1826: 
died  Jan.  6,  1892.  An  American  soldier.  He 
volunteered  as  a private  in  Dec.,  1846,  and  after  having 
served  throughout  the  war  with  Mexico  was  discharged 
with  the  rank  of  captain  Aug.  14,  1848.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  he  became  a captain  in  the  Federal  army ; 
was  made  colonel  of  the  16th  Pennsylvania  Cavalry  Nov. 
14,  1862 ; and  commanded  a cavalry  brigade  in  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  from  April,  1863, -April,  1865.  He  fought 
with  distinction  at  Kelly’s  Ford,  Sulphur  Springs,  Trevil- 
ian Station,  and  Deep  Bottom.  He  was  mustered  out  of 
the  volunteer  service  Aug.  11, 1865 ; became  colonel  of  the 
8th  United  States  Cavaliy  July  28,  1866;  and  was  retired 
April  2,  1879. 

Gregg,  Maxcy.  Born  at  Columbia,  S.  C.,  1814: 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13, 
1862.  An  American  politician,  and  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Confederate  service. 

Gregoire  (gra-gwar'),  Henri.  Born  at  Velio, 
near  Lun6ville,  France,  Dec.  4,  1750:  died  at 
Paris,  May  28,  1831.  A noted  French  ecclesi- 
astic (bishop  of  Blois)  and  revolutionist.  He 
became  a member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  in  1789,  of 
the  Convention  in  1792,  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in 
1795,  and  of  the  Senate  in  1801.  He  wrote  “ Histoire  des 
sectes  religieuses  ” (1810),  “ Essai  historique  sur  les  liber- 
ty de  l’6glise  gallicane  ” (1818),  etc. 

Gregoras  (greg'6-ras),  Nicephorus.  Born  at 
Heraclea  l ontica,  Asia  Minor,  probably  1295 : 
died  about  1359.  A Byzantine  scholar.  He  was 

the  author  of  a Byzantine  history  covering  the  period 
1204-1359,  and  of  other  extensive  works  on  history,  theol- 
ogy, philosophy,  astronomy,  etc. 

Gregorovius  (greg-o-ro've-os),  Ferdinand. 
Born  at  Neidenburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  19,  1821: 
died  at  Munich,  May  1,  1891.  A noted  German 
historian.  His  works  include  “Geschichte  der  Stadt 
Rom  im  Mittelalter"  (“  History  of  the  City  of  Rome  in  the 
Middle  Ages,”  1859-72),  “Wanderjahre  in  Italien”  (1854- 
1891),  “Lucrezia  Borgia"  (1874),  “Geschichte  der  Stadt 
Atheu  im  Mittelalter”  (2d  ed.  1889),  etc. 

Gregory  (greg'o-ri),  Saint,  surnamed  “The  Il- 
luminator” (in'Armenia  called  Gregor  Lusa- 
savoritch).  [ME.  Gregorie , F.  Gregoire,  It.  Sp. 
Pg.  Gregorio , G.  Gregorius,  Gregor,  L.  Grego- 
rius, from  Gr.  Tprp/6ptog,  lit.  ‘watchful.’]  Born 
at  Valarshabad,  Armenia,  about  257:  died  332. 
The  founder  and  patron  saint  of  the  Armenian 
Church.  He  was  consecrated  patriarch  of  Ar- 
menia about  302. 

Gregory  I.,  Saint, surnamed  “The  Great.”  Born 
at  Rome  about  540 : died  there,  March  12,  604. 
Pope  590-604.  He  was  descended  from  an  illustrious 
Roman  family,  probably  the  Anicians;  studied  dialectics, 
rhetoric,  and  law;  entered  the  civil  service;  and  about 
674  was  appointed  pretor  urbanus  by  the  emperor  Justin. 
Retiring  from  this  office  in  order  to  consecrate  himself  to 
an  ecclesiastical  life,  he  employed  the  wealth  left  him  at 
his  father’s  death  to  establish  six  monasteries  in  Sicily  and 
one  at  Rome,  and  in  the  last-named  foundation  he  him- 
self became  a monk.  About  579  he  was  sent  as  papal  apo- 
crisiarius  to  Constantinople  by  Pelagius  II.  He  returned 
to  Rome  in  585,  and  in  690  was  elected  pope.  He  restored 
the  monastic  discipline,  enforced  the  rule  of  celibacy  of 
the  clergy,  arranged  the  Gregorian  modes  or  chant,  and 
displayed  great  zeal  in  propagating  Christianity.  It  is 


Gregory  XII. 

said  that  when  a monk  he  saw  some  heathen  Anglo-Saxon 
youths  exposed  for  sale  in  the  slave-market  at  Rome,  and 
that  on  ascertaining  their  nationality  he  exclaimed,  “They 
would  be  indeed  not  Angli,  but  angeli  (angels),  if  they 
were  Christians ! ’’  He  would  have  gone  himseU  as  a mis- 
sionary to  Britain,  but  was  restrained  by  the  Pope.  In  597 
he  sent  Augustine,  accompanied  by  40  monks,  to  Ethel- 
bert,  king  of  Kent,  who  was  baptized  with  10,000  of  his 
subjects  in  the  space  of  a year.  His  memory  is  stained 
by  an  adulatory  letter  of  congratulation  to  the  usurper 
and  murderer  Phocas  on  his  accession  to  the  imperial 
throne,  written  with  a view  to  gaining  his  support  in  a 
dispute  with  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  homilies  on  Ezekiel  and  the  Gospels, 
“Moralia,”  “Regula  (or  Cura)  Pastoralis,”  “Dialogues," 
“Letters,"  “Liber  Sacramentorum,"  “Liber  Antiphona- 
rius,”  etc.  The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  the  “Bene- 
dictine " (1705). 

Next  to  Leo  I.  he  [Gregory  I.]  was  the  greatest  of  the 
ancient  bishops  of  Rome,  and  he  marks  the  transition  of 
the  patriarchal  system  into  the  strict  papacy  of  the  middle 
ages.  Schaff,  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  III.  328. 

Gregory  II.,  Saint,  Pope.  Died  Feb.  11,  731. 

Pope  715-731.  He  sent  Boniface  as  missionary  to  the 
Germans  719,  and  opposed  the  iconoclasm  of  Leo  the  Isau- 
rian.  He  is  commemorated  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
on  Feb.  13. 

Gregory  III.,  Saint.  Died  Nov.,  741.  Pope 
f 31—741.  He  convoked  at  Rome,  in  732,  a council  which 
denounced  iconoclasm  and  confirmed  the  worship  of  im- 
ages.  He  is  commemorated  on  Nov.  28. 

Gregory  IV.  Died  Jan.,  844.  Pope  827-844.  He 

attempted  to  adjust  the  quarrel  between  the  three  rebel- 
lious sons  of  Louis  le  Dlbonnaire  and  their  father,  with 
the  result  that  he  offended  both  parties,  and  also  the 
French  bishops. 

Gregory  V.  (Bruno  of  Carinthia).  Died  Feb. 
18,  999.  Pope  996-999.  He  was  elected  through  the 
influence  of  his  uncle,  the  emperor  Otto  III.,  and  was  the 
first  German  pope.  He  was  expelled  in  997  by  the  Roman 
senator  Crescent  ins,  who  procured  the  elevation  of  the 
antipope  John  XVI.  He  was  restored  the  next  year  on 
the  appearance  of  Otto  in  Italy  with  an  army,  and  the 
execution  of  Crescentius  and  John. 

Gregory  VI.  (Johannes  Gratianus).  Died  at 
Cologne,  May,  1047.  Pope  1045-46.  He  had  as 
rival  claimants  to  the  papal  dignity  Benedict  IX.  and  Syl- 
vester III.  All  three  were  deposed  in  1046  by  the  emperor 
Henry  III.,  who  placed  Clement  II.  in  the  apostolic  chair. 

Gregory  VII.,  Saint  (Hildebrand).  Born  at 
Saona  (or  Soano),  Tuscany,  about  1020:  died  at 
Salerno,  Italy,  May  25,  1085.  Pope  1073-85. 
He  was  of  obscure  origin,  assumed  the  Benedictine  habit 
at  Rome,  and  became  chaplain  of  Gregory  VI.,  whom  he 
accompanied  in  his  exile.  He  entered  the  monastery  of 
Cluny  in  1048,  and  in  1049  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Pope 
Leo  IX.  He  was  created  cardinal  archdeacon  about  1050, 
from  which  time  he  almost  uninterruptedly  conducted  the 
temporal  policy  of  the  curia  until  his  own  elevation.  He 
procured  the  election  of  Nicholas  II.  and  of  Alexander  II., 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1073.  The  grand  object  of  his  pol- 
icy was  to  establish  the  supremacy  of  the  papacy  within 
the  church,  and  of  the  church  over  the  state.  He  issued  a 
decree  against  lay  investitures  (i.  e.,  the  investiture  of  the 
clergy  with  the  secular  estates  and  rights  of  their  spiritual 
benefices  by  the  temporal  power)  in  1075,  and  in  1076  cited 
Henry  IV.  of  Germany  to  Rome  to  answer  to  the  charge  of 
simony,  sacrilege,  and  oppression.  Henry,  enraged  at  this 
assumption  of  authority,  declared  the  deposition  of  Greg- 
ory, who  retorted  by  excommunicating  Henry.  Henry  was 
suspended  from  the  royal  office  by  the  disaffected  German 
princes  in  alliance  with  the  Pope  at  the  Diet  of  Tribur  in 
Oct. , 1076,  but  did  penance  before  the  Pope  at  Canossa  Jan. 
25-27, 1077,  and  received  a conditional  absolution.  The  ex- 
communication  was,  however,  renewed  in  1078,  and  war 
ensued.  Henry  defeated  (1080)  Rudolf  of  Swabia,  put  for- 
ward as  king  by  the  papal  party  in  Germany,  appointed 
Clement  III.  antipope  (1080),  captured  Rome  (1084),  and 
besieged  Gregory  in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo.  Gregory  was 
rescued  by  Robert  Guiscard  (1084),  but  died  in  exile. 

Gregory  VIII.  (Maurice  Bourdin).  Died  1125. 

Antipope.  On  the  death  of  Paschal  II.  in  1118,  the  party 
at  Rome  adverse  to  the  emperor  Henry  V.  elected  Gela- 
sius  II.,  while  the  emperor  elevated  Gregory  VIII.  Gela- 
sius  died  in  1119,  and  his  party  elected  Calixtus  II.  The 
emperor  subsequently  made  his  peace  with  Calixtus  and 
abandoned  Gregory,  who  was  imprisoned  by  Calixtus  in 
1121  and  kept  in  confinement  until  his  death. 

Gregory  VIII.  Died  Dec.  17, 1187.  Pope  Oct.- 
Dec.,  1187. 

Gregory  IX.  (Ugolino,  Count  of  Segni).  Bom 
about  1147 : died  at  Rome,  Aug.  21, 1241.  Pope 
1 227-41 . His  reign  was  occupied  by  t he  struggle  between 
the  Ohibellines  and  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  Guelphs  and  the  Pope  on  the  other. 

Gregory  X.  (Teobaldo  di  Visconti).  Born  at 

Piacenza,  Italy:  died  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  Jan.  10, 
1276.  Pope  1271-76. 

Gregory  XI.  (Pierre  Roger  de  Beaufort).  Born 
in  Limousin,  France:  died  at  Rome,  March,  1378. 
Pope  1370-78.  He  terminated  the  “ Babylonish 
Captivity  ” at  Avignon  by  removing  to  Rome  in 
1376. 

Gregory  XII.  (Angelo  di  Corraro  or  Cora- 

rio).  Born  at  Venice  about  1325:  died  as  car- 
dinal bishop  of  Porto,  Oct.  18, 1417.  Pope  1406- 
1415.  He  was  elected  by  the  Roman  cardinals  in  1406  in 
opposition  to  Benedict  XIII.,  who  reigned  at  Avignon,  and 
together  with  whom  he  was  deposed  by  the  Council  of  Pisa 
in  1409.  He  refused  to  yield  until  1415,  when  he  resigned 
at  the  Council  of  Constance. 


Gregory  XIII. 

Gregory  XIII.  ( Ugo  Buoncompagni ) . Born  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  Jan.  7, 1502:  (lied  April  10, 1585. 
Pope  1572-85.  He  introduced  the  Gregorian 
calendar  in  1582. 

Gregory  XIV.  (Nicolo  Sfondrati).  Pope  1590- 
1591. 

Gregory  XV.  (Alessandro  Ludovisi).  Born 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  1554:  died  July,  1623.  Pope 
1621-23.  He  founded  the  Congregation  of  the 
Propaganda  in  1622. 

Gregory  XVI.  (Bartolommeo  Alberto  Cap- 
pellari).  Born  at  Belluno,  Italy,  Sept.  18, 1765 : 
died  at  Rome,  June  1, 1846.  Pope  1831^16.  Pop- 
ular insurrections  took  place  in  the  Papal  States  at  the  be- 
ginning of  his  reign,  which  were  suppressed  only  by  means 
of  Austrian  intervention. 

Gregory  of  Nazianzus,  or  Gregory  Nazian- 
zen,  Saint,  surnamed  Tneologus  (‘  the  Theolo- 
gian’)- Born  at  Nazianzus,  Cappadocia,  about 
325 : died  about  390.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the 
Eastern  Church.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  orthodox 
party  at  Constantinople  in  379,  and  was  made  bishop  of 
Constantinople  in  380. 

Gregory  of  Nyssa,  Saint.  Born  probably  at 
Ctesarea,  Cappadocia,  about  335  (331  ?):  died 
about  395  (400  ?).  A father  of  the  Eastern 
Church.  He  was  a younger  brother  of  Basil  the  Great, 
by  whom  he  was  made  bishop  of  Nyssa,  Cappadocia,  in 
372.  He  opposed  Arianism,  and  was  banished  in  375  by 
Valens,  on  whose  death  in  378  he  was  restored  to  his  see. 
His  works  have  been  edited  by  Migne  and  others. 

Gregory  of  Tours,  Saint  (Georgius  Floren- 
tius).  Born  at  Clermont,  Auvergne,  France, 
about  540  : died  at  Tours,  France,  Nov.  17,  594. 
A Frankish  historian.  He  became  bishop  of  Tours  in 
573.  His  chief  work  is  a “Historia  Francorum  " in  10 
books,  the  chief  authority  for  the  history  of  the  Merovin- 
gians to  591. 

Gregory  Thaumaturgus  (tha-ma-ter'gus), 
Saint  (Theodoras).  Born  at  Neocsesarea,  Pon- 
tus,  about  210 : died  about  270.  One  of  the  fathers 
of  the  Eastern  Church.  He  was  for  many  years  bishop 
of  his  native  city,  and  received  the  surname  Thaumaturgus 
(‘ wonder  worker  0 on  account  of  the  numerous  miracles 
he  was  reputed  to  have  performed.  His  extant  works  con- 
sist of  one  epistle,  a panegyrical  oration  on  Origen,  and  a 
paraphrase  of  the  book  of  Ecclesiastes. 

Gregory.  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “Romeo  and  Ju- 
liet,” a servant  to  Capulet. — 2.  In  Fielding’s 
“Mock Doctor,”  the  name  given  to  the  charac- 
ter called  Sganarelle  in  Moliere’s  “ Le  medeein 
malgre  lui,”  from  which  it  is  taken.  He  is  a 
fagot-maker  who  pretends  to  be  a doctor. 
Gregory,  David.  Born  at  Kinnairdie,  Banff- 
shire, Scotland,  June  24, 1661 : died  at  Maiden- 
head, Berkshire,  England,  Oct.  10, 1708.  A Scot- 
tish astronomer.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Edinburgh  in  1683,  and  was  “ the  first  professor  who 
publicly  lectured  on  the  Newtonian  philosophy  ” (Diet. 
Nat.  Biog.).  In  1691  he  was  appointed  Savilian  professor 
of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  and  became  a fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1692.  He  wrote  “Astronomi®  physic*  et  geo- 
metric® elementa’’(1702),  edited  the  worksof  Euclid  (1703), 
and  left  several  treatises  in  manuscript.  Various  papers 
by  him  were  published  in  the ' ‘ Transactions  ” of  the  Royal 
Society. 

Gregory,  Duncan  Farquharson.  Born  a t Edin- 
burgh, Aprill3, 1813:  diodthere,Feb.  23,1844.  A 
Scottish  mathematician.  He  was  graduated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Cambridge,  in  1838 ; became  a fellow  of  Trinity 
in  1840  and  assistant  tutor  in  1842 ; and  was  the  first  editor 
of  the  “Cambridge  Mathematical  Journal.” 

Gregory,  Janies.  Born  at  Drumoak,  near  Aber- 
deen, 1638:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.,  1675.  A 
Scottish  mathematician,  elected  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Edinburgh  in  1674.  He  wrote  “Vera 
circuli  et  hyperbol®  quadrature”  (1667),  “ Exercitationes 
geometric®  ” (1668),  etc. 

Gregory,  John.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  June  3, 
1724:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  9, 1773.  A Scot- 
tish physician,  grandson  of  James  Gregory 
(1638-75).  He  was  elected  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh  in  1766. 

Gregoir.  Olinthus  Gilbert.  Born  at  Yaxley, 
Huntingdonshire,  Jan.  29,  1774:  died  at  Wool- 
wich, Feb.  2, 1841.  An  English  mathematician, 
best  known  from  his  experiments  on  the  velocity 
of  sound.  He  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  Lon- 
don University. 

Gregory,  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
25, 1803  : died  April  24,  1858.  A Scottish  chem- 
ist, appointed  professor  of  chemistry  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1844.  He  edited  and  translated  various  Ger- 
man works  (Liebig,  Reichenbacli),  and  wrote  “Outlines  of 
Chemistry  ” (1845),  etc. 

Gregory  Gazette,  Sir.  See  Gazette. 
Greifenberg  (gri'fen-berG).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rega 
40  miles  northeast  of  Stettin.  Population, 
commune,  7,207. 

Greifenhagen  (gri'fen-ha-gen).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Reglitz  13  miles  south  of  Stettin.  Population, 
commune,  6,583. 


459 

Greiffenberg  (grif'fen-berG).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  34  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Liegnitz. 

Greifswald  (grifs'valt).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Ryck  in  lat.  54°  6'  N.,  long.  13°  22'  E.  it  has  a 

university,  and  contains  several  notable  old  buildings. 
Population,  commune,  23,767. 

Greig  (greg),  Sir  Samuel.  Born  at  Inverkeith- 
ing,  Nov.  30,  1735:  died  on  board  his  ship  at 
Sveaborg,  Oct.,  1788.  A Scottish  sailor,  vice-ad- 
miral in  the  Russian  service.  He  served  in  the  Brit- 
ish  navy  until  1763 ; was  appointed  lieutenant  in  the  Rus- 
sian navy  in  1764,  and  soon  became  captain  ; commanded 
a division  of  the  fleet  which  defeated  the  Turks  in  the  Bay 
of  Tchesme  in  July,  1770;  was  appointed  rear-admiral,  and 
in  1773  vice-admiral ; and  in  1788  commanded  the  Russian 
fleet  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  fighting  a drawn  battle  with 
the  Swedes  off  the  island  of  Hogland  on  July  17. 

Grein  (grin),  Michael.  Born  at  Willingshau- 
sen,  near  Ziegenhain,  Prussia,  Oct.  16,  1825 : 
died  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  June  15,  1877.  A 
German  philologist.  He  was  employed  as  librarian 
and  archivist  in  Cassel  and  Marburg,  and  was  professor 
in  the  University  of  Marburg  1873-76.  He  edited  “Bib- 
liotliek  der  angelsachsischen  Poesie,”  a complete  collec- 
tion of  extant  Anglo-Saxon  poetry  with  a valuable  glossary 
(1857-64),  began  “Bibliothek  der  angelsachsischen  Prosa” 
(1872),  and  published  other  works  on  Germanic  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  literature. 

Greiz  (grits).  The  capital  of  the  principality 
of  Reuse  (elder  line),  Germany,  situated  on  the 
White  Elster  47  miles  south  of  Leipsic.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woolens,  half-woolens,  etc.,  and  contains 
the  modern  palace  and  an  old  castle.  Population,  com- 
mune, 23,118. 

Gremio  (gre'mi-o).  A rich  but  old  suitor  of 
Bianca  in  Shakspere’s  “Taming  of  the  Shrew.” 
Grenada  (gren-a'da).  An  island  in  the  West 
Indies,  belonging  to  the  British  empire,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  12°  10'  N.,  long.  61°  40'  W. 
Capi  tal,  St.  George’s . It  forms  a portion  of  the  Wind- 
ward Islands  colony,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  governor. 
It  was  colonized  by  the  French  in  1651 ; was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1762;  and  was  held  by  the  French  1779-83. 
Length,  about  24  miles.  Greatest  width,  12  miles.  Area, 
133  square  miles.  Population,  72,988. 

Grenadines  (gren-a-denz').  A group  of  small 
islands  north  of  Grenada,  forming  part  of  the 
Windward  Islands,  and  divided,  for  administra- 
tion purposes,  between  Grenada  and  St.  Vin- 
cent. The  largest  is  Carriacou. 

Grendel.  A monster  in  Anglo-Saxon  romance. 
He  haunts  a marsh  on  the  North  Sea,  and  is 
slain  by  Beowulf. 

Grenelle  (gre-nel').  A quarter  of  Paris,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  city. 

Grenfell  (gren'fel),  George.  Born  Aug.  21, 
1849:  died  July  1,  1906.  An  English  Baptist 
missionary  and  African  explorer.  He  was  among 
the  first  white  men  on  the  Kongo  River,  and  by  his  nu- 
merous voyages  on  the  mission  steamer  Peace  has  filled 
many  gaps  in  the  chartography  of  the  Kongo  basin.  In 
1885  he  explored  the  Lulongo,  Ubangi,  and  Itimbiri  rivers  ; 
in  1886  the  lower  Kuangu.  In  1893  he  settled,  as  commis- 
sioner of  the  Kongo  State,  the  boundary  line  between  the 
Kongo  State  and  Angola,  on  the  Kuangu  River. 

Grenfell,  John  Pascoe.  Born  at  Battersea, 
Sept.  20,  1800:  died  at  Liverpool,  March  20, 
1869.  An  English  naval  officer  in  the  sendee 
of  Brazil.  He  fought  under  Cochrane  on  the  Chilean 
and  Peruvian  coasts,  1819-23 ; followed  him  to  Brazil  in 
the  latter  year ; and  remained  in  the  Brazilian  service,  at- 
taining the  rank  of  vice-admiral  in  1852.  During  the  war 
with  Argentina,  1851-52,  he  commanded  the  Brazilian 
squadron,  and  forced  the  passage  of  the  ParanA 
Grenoble  (gre-no'bl).  [Orig.  Ligurian  Calaro, 
later  named  Gratianopdlis,  from  the  emperor 
Gratian  who  rebuilt  it.]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Isere,  situated  on  the  Isere  in 
lat.  45°  12'  N.,  long.  5°  43'  E.  It  has  a university, 
a museum,  and  a library ; has  important  manufactures  of 
cement  and  kid  gloves  ; and  is  a strong  fortress.  It  was 
strengthened  by  the  emperor  Gratian  ; suffered  in  the 
Huguenot  wars ; received  Napoleon  on  his  return  from 
Elba  in  1815;  and  was  the  scene  of  a Bonapartist  conspir- 
acy in  1816.  Population,  commune,  70,942. 

Grenville  (gren'vil),  Sir  Bevil.  Born  atBrinn, 
Cornwall,  March  23,  1595 : killed  at  Lans- 
down,  near  Bath,  July  5,  1643.  An  English 
Royalist  soldier.  He  led  the  van  at  Bradock  Down, 
Jan.  19,  1643,  where  the  Parliamentarians  were  defeated, 
and  fell  in  the  attack  on  Sir  William  Waller’s  forces  at 
Lansdown. 

Grenville,  George.  Born  Oct.  14,  1712  : died 
at  London,  Nov.  13, 1770.  An  English  states- 
man. He  entered  Parliament  in  1741  ; became  a lord 
of  the  admiralty  in  1744  ; was  a lord  of  the  treasury  June, 
174 7, -Nov.,  1755  ; was  treasurer  of  the  navy  Nov.,  1764-62 
(with  a seat  in  the  cabinet  in  1761);  became  secretary  of 
state  for  the  northern  department  in  May,  1762  ; and  be- 
came first  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  Oct.  of  that  year.  From 
Oct.,  1761,  to  Oct.,  1762,  he  was  leaderof  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. He  became  premier  in  April,  1763,  and  retained 
office  until  July,  1765.  He  prosecuted  Wilkes,  and  opposed 
the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.  He  obtained  the  nickname 
of  “ the  Gentle  Shepherd  ” in  an  encounter  with  Pitt.  “ He 
interposed  in  defense  of  Dashwood’s  proposition  of  an  ad- 


Gresley,  William 

ditional  duty  on  cider,  and  reminded  the  house  that  the 
profusion  with  which  the  late  war  had  been  carried  on 
necessitated  the  imposition  of  new  taxes.  He  wished 
gentlemen  would  show  him  where  to  lay  them.  [On  his)  re- 
peating this  question  in  his  querulous,  languid,  fatiguing 
tone,  Pitt,  who  sat  opposite  to  him,  mimicking  his  accent 
aloud,  repeated  these  words  of  an  old  ditty,  ‘ Gentle  shep- 
herd, tell  me  where  1’  and  then,  rising,  abused  Grenville 
bitterly.  ” Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Grenville,  or  Greynvile,  Sir  Richard.  Born 
about  1541 : died  Sept.,  1591.  A British  naval 
hero.  He  was  a cousin  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  In  1585 
he  commanded  a fleet  of  7 vessels  which  took  part  in  the 
colonization  of  Virginia.  In  1591  he  was  vice-admiral  in 
the  fleet  of  16  ships  under  Lord  Thomas  Howard  which 
sailed  to  the  Azores  to  intercept  the  Spanish  treasure-ships. 
While  the  English  were  at  anchor  off  Flores,  a Spanish  fleet 
of  53  sail  appeared,  and  Howard  put  to  sea  to  avoid  it. 
Grenville,  however,  refused  to  follow,  and  when,  later,  he 
rashly  attempted  to  pass  through  the  Spanish  fleet,  was 
becalmed  and  was  attacked  by  about  15  of  the  largest  ves- 
sels. He  maintained  a hand-to-hand  fight  for  15  hours, 
and  only  surrendered  when  all  but  20  of  his  150  men  were 
slain.  He  died  a few  days  after  the  battle. 

Grenville,  Richard  Plantagenet  Temple  Nu- 
gent Brydges  Chandos,  second  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham and  Chandos.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  11, 
1797 : died  there,  July  29, 1861.  An  English  his- 
torian. He  was  known  as  Earl  Temple  1813-22,  and  as 
Marquis  of  Chandos  1822-39,  when  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  duke.  He  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Buckingham- 
shire 1818-39,  and  was  lord  privy  seal  1841-42.  He  in- 
troduced into  the  Reform  Bill  in  1832  the  clause  known 
as  the  Chandos  clause,  which  extended  the  franchise  in 
counties  to  £50.  He  wrote  “Memoirs  of  the  Court  and 
Cabinets  of  George  III. ” (1853-55),  “Memoirs  of  the  Court 
of  England  during  the  Regency  ” (1856),  “ Memoirs  of  the 
Court  of  George  IV.”  (1859),  “ Memoirs  of  the  Courts  and 
Cabinets  of  William  IV.  and  Victoria  ” (1861),  etc. 

Grenville,  Richard  Temple  (later  Grenville- 
Temple),  Earl  Temple.  Born  Sept.  26,  1711 : 
died  Sept.  12,  1779.  An  English  politician, 
brother-in-law  Of  Pitt.  He  was  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  1756-57,  and  lord 
privy  seal  under  Pitt  and  Newcastle  1757-61.  He  was  a 
patron  of  Wilkes,  and  was  thought  by  some  to  be  the  au- 
thor of  the  “Letters"  of  Junius. 

Grenville,  Thomas.  Born  Dec.  31,  1755 : died 
at  London,  Dec.  17, 1846.  An  English  politician 
(Whig)  and  diplomatist,  best  known  as  a book- 
collector.  He  bequeathed  over  20,000  volumes 
to  the  British  Museum. 

Grenville,  William  Wyndham,  Baron  Gren- 
ville. Born  Oct.  25,  1759:  died  at  Dropmore, 
Bucks,  England,  Jan.  12,  1834.  An  English 
statesman,  son  of  George  Grenville.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1782 ; was  appointed  paymaster-general  of  the 
army  in  1783;  waschosen  speaker  of  theHouse  of  Commons 
about  1789;  w as  created  Baron  Grenville  in  1790;  and  was 
secretary  for  foreign  affairs  in  Pitt’s  ministry  1791-1801. 
In  1806  he  combined  with  Fox  to  form  the  ministry  of  “ All 
the  Talents,”  of  which  he  was  premier.  The  death  of  Fox 
in  the  same  year  weakened  the  ministry,  and  Grenville 
was  compelled  to  resign  in  1807. 

Grenville  Channel.  A narrow  channel  between 
the  mainland  of  British  Columbia  and  Pitt  Isl- 
and. Length,  50  miles. 

Gresham  (gresh'am),  Sir  Thomas.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  21, 1579.  An  English  financier.  He  was 
employed  to  negotiate  loans  for  the  government  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  and  was  knighted  by  Queen  Elizabeth 
in  1559.  He  founded  the  Royal  Exchange  in  1665,  and  in 
1575  made  provision  in  his  will  for  the  founding  of  Gresham 
College,  which  was  opened  in  1596.  He  observed  and  com- 
mented on  the  tendency  of  the  inferior  of  two  forms  of  cur- 
rency in  circulation  to  circulate  more  freely  than  the  su- 
perior, which  has  been  named  from  him  Gresham’s  Law. 

Gresham,  Walter  Quinton.  Born  at  Lanes- 
ville,  Ind.,  March  17,  1832 : died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  May  28,  1895.  An  American  politician, 
jurist,  and  general.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1854,  and  joined  the  Union  army  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War,  serving  as  a division  commander  in  Blair’s  corps 
before  Atlanta,  and  being  brevetted  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers March  13,  1865.  He  was  United  States  judge  for 
the  district  of  Indiana  1869-82;  was  postmaster-general 
1883-84;  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1884;  and  be- 
came secretary  of  state  in  Cleveland’s  cabinet  in  1893. 

Gresham  College.  An  educational  foundation 
in  London,  endowed  by  the  will  of  Sir  Thomas 
Gresham.  Lectures  were  commenced  in  1597 ; the  build- 
ing was  transferred  to  the  government  in  1768.  The  pres- 
ent building,  near  the  Guildhall,  was  erected  in  1843. 

Gresley  ( gra-la'), Henri  Franqois  Xavier.  Born 
at  Vassy,  Haute-Marne,  France,  Feb.  9,  1819: 
died  at  Paris,  May  2, 1890.  A French  general. 

He  served  as  brigadier-general  and  chief  of  the  general 
staff  of  the  1st  army  corps  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war ; 
was  chief  of  the  general  staff  in  the  ministry  of  war  in  1874- 
1877  ; became  general  of  division  in  1875;  was  minister  of 
war  in  1879;  was  elected  senator  for  life  in  1879;  and  was 
commander  of  the  6th  army  corps  1880-83. 

Gresley  (gres'li),  William.  Born  at  Kenil- 
worth, Warwickshire,  March  16, 1801:  died  at 
Boyne  Hill,  near  Maidenhead,  Berkshire,  Nov. 
19,1876.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer.  In 
1857  he  became  perpetual  curate  of  All  Saints,  Boyne  Hill. 
He  published  a number  of  tales  and  many  religious  works. 
Among  the  latter  are  “Ordinance  of  Confession”  (1851), 
“Sophron  and  Neologos,”  etc.  (1861),“  Priests  and  Philoso- 
phers ” (1873),  “Thoughts  on  Religion  and  Philosophy* 
(1875).  His  tales,  mostly  written  in  conjunction  with  Ed. 


Gresley,  William 


460 


ward  Churton,  were  illustrative  of  social  and  religious  life. 
“Bernard  Leslie,"  etc.,  written  by  Gresley  alone  in  1842, 
was  intended  to  show  the  influence  of  the  Oxford  move- 
ment. 

Gresset  (gre-sa')jJean  Baptiste  Louis  de.  Born 
at  Amiens,  Aug.  29,  1709 : died  there,  June  16, 
1777.  A French  poet,  for  a time,  in  his  youth, 
a member  of  the  Jesuit  order.  His  best-known  poem 
is  “Vert- Vert.”  Among  his  other  works  are  “La  Char- 
treuse," “Edouard  HI.,”  “ Epitre  a ma  soeur  sur  ma  con- 
valescence," and  the  comedy  “Le  mediant  ” (1747).  His 
complete  works  were  edited  by  Renouard  1811. 

Greswell  (gres'wel),  Edward.  Born  at  Denton, 
near  Manchester,  Aug.  3,  1797 : died  at  Ox- 
ford, June  29,  1869.  An  English  chronologist. 
He  was  a fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  and'vice- 
president  of  the  college  1840-69.  He  published  “ Fasti 
temporis  catholici,  etc."  (Part  1, 1852),  “ General  Tables  of 
the  Fasti  catholici,  or  Fasti  temporis  perpetui,  from  E.  c. 
4004  to  A.  D.  2000  " (1852),  “ Origines  calendarias  hellenicte  ” 
(1854),  etc. 

Greta  Hall  (gre'ta  hal).  The  residenco  of 
Southey.  It  is  in  the  vale  of  Keswick,  Cum- 
berland. 

Gretchen  (grech'en;  G.  pron.  grat'chen).  [G., 
a dim.  of  Margaret .]  The  principal  female  char- 
acter of  Goethe’s  “ Faust.”  She  is  a simple  girl  of 
the  lower  ranks  of  life,  charming  in  her  innocence  and 
confiding  love  for  Faust. 

He  has  never  created  anything  sublimerthan  this  ideal 
picture  of  innocence,  simplicity,  warmth  and  depth  of  af- 
fection ; her  maidenly  reserve  at  the  outset,  the  spirit  of 
noble  purity  which  breathes  around  her,  her  little  world 
of  domestic  duties,  the  truly  feminine  instinct  with  which 
she  tends  her  little  sister,  the  natural  grace  with  which 
she  reveals  her  feelings,  the  naive  love  of  ornament  natu- 
ral to  the  girl  of  the  people ; then  the  first  shadows  which 
fall  on  this  transparent  soul,  the  misgivings  roused  by 
Faust's  bold  address,  the  presentiment  of  danger  and  in- 
voluntary shudder  at  Mephisto’s  presence,  her  pious  anxi- 
ety about  the  spiritual  welfare  of  her  lover,  her  devotion 
and  utter  self-surrender  to  him,  her  inability  to  refuse  him 
anything,  and  then  all  the  fell  consequences  of  her  weak- 
ness, madness,  prison,  and  death  — a fearful  transition  this 
from  the  idyllic  to  the  tragical. 

Scherer,  History  of  German  Literature,  II.  327. 

Grethel  (greth'el;  G.  pron.  gra'tel),  Gammer. 
The  fictitious  narrator  of  “Grimm’s  Tales.” 


of  Queen  Elizabeth  ; and  was  an  intimate  friend  and  the 
biographer  of  his  kinsman  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  He  became 
secretary  for  Wales  in  1583;  treasurer  “of  the  wars”  iu 
March,  and  of  the  navy  Sept.,  1598  ; chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  1614  ; and  commissioner  of  the  treasury  in  1618. 
He  was  stabbed,  Sept,  1,  by  a servant,  Ralph  Haywood,  one 
of  the  witnesses  to  his  will,  to  whom  he  failed  to  leave  a 
legacy.  His  epitaph,  composed  by  himself,  was  : “ Fulke 
Greville,  servant  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  councillor  to  King 
James,  and  friend  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney."  His  works  were 
reprinted  by  Grosart  (1870). 

Greville  (gra-vel'),  Henry.  The  pseudonym 
of  Alice  Marie  Celeste  Durand. 

Greville  (grev'il),  Robert,  second  Lord  Brooke. 
Born  1608 : died  March  2, 1643.  An  English  Par- 
liamentary general  in  the  civil  war,  only  son  of 
Fulke  Greville.  He  defeated  the  Earl  of  Northampton 
at  Kineton,  near  Banbury,  Aug.  3,  1642 ; was  appointed 
in  Jan.,  1643,  commander-in-chief  of  the  counties  of  War- 
wick, Stafford,  Leicester,  and  Derby  ; captured  Stratford- 
on-Avon  in  Feb. ; and  was  killed  at  Lichfield.  He  wrote 
“The  Nature  of  Truth,  etc.”  (1640),  and  other  works. 

Greville,  Robert  Kaye.  Born  at  Bishop  Auck- 
land, Durham,  Dec.  13,  1794:  died  near  Edin- 
burgh, June  4,  1866.  A British  botanist.  He 
published  “ Scottish  Cryptogamic  Flora,”  “Flora  Edinen- 
sis”  (begun  1823),  “leones  fllicum  ’’  (with  Hooker  : begun 
1829),  “Alga;  Britannic®  ” (1830),  the  botany  of  India  and 
of  British  North  America  in  the  “Edinburgh  Cabinet  Li- 
brary,” etc.  He  was  an  opponent  of  slavery  aud  a supporter 
of  the  cause  of  temperance. 

Grevy  (gra-ve'),  Albert.  Born  at  Mont-sous- 
Vaudrey,  department  of  Jura,  Aug.  23,  1824 : 
died  there,  July  11,  1899.  A French  statesman, 
brother  of  Francois  Paul  Jules  Grevy.  He  was 
elected  to  the  National  Assembly  iu  1871,  'and  to  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876.  He  was  civil  and  military 
governor  of  Algeria  (1879-81). 

Grevy,  Francois  Paul  Jules.  Born  at  Mont- 
sous-Vaudrey,  Jura,  France,  Aug.  15, 1807 : died 
at  Mont-sous-Vaudrey,  Sept.  9, 1891.  A French 
statesman.  He  was  a deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assem- 
bly 1848-49,  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  1849-51,  and  to  the 
Corps  Ldgislatif  186S-70 ; and  was  president  of  the  National 
Assembly  1871-73,  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1876 
and  1877-79.  He  succeeded  Mac-JIahon  as  president  of  the 
French  republic  in  1879;  was  reelected  in  Dec.,  1885 ; and 
was  compelled  to  resign  in  1887,  owing  to  the  traffic  which 
his  son-in-law  Wilson  carried  on  in  offices  and  decorations. 


Gretna  Green  (gret'na  gren).  A farmsteading 
near  the  village  of  Springfield,  Dumfriesshire, 
Scotland,  9 miles  northwest  of  Carlisle.  The 
name  was  afterward  applied  to  the  village,  which  became 
notorious  for  the  celebration  of  irregular  marriages  con- 
tracted by  runaway  parties  from  England.  These  mar- 
riages were  rendered  invalid  (unless  one  of  the  parties  has 
resided  for  some  weeks  in  Scotland)  by  an  act  passed  in 
1856. 

Gretry  (gra-tre'),  Andre  Ernest  Modeste. 

Born  at  Liflge,  Belgium,  Feb.  8,  1741:  died  at 
Montmorency,  near  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1813.  A 
French  composer.  His  works  include  the  operas  “Le 
Huron  ” (1768),  “Lucile”  (1769),  “Le  tableau  parlant ’’ 
(1769)  “ Zemire  et  Azor  ” (1771),  “ L’Amant  jaloux  " (1778), 
“ L’Epreuve  villageoise,”  “ Richard  C’oeur  de  Lion  ” (1784), 
“ Guillaume  Tell  ” (1791),  “ Lisbeth  ” (1797),  etc.  He  also 
wrote  several  books,  “Mdmoires  ou  essais  sur  la  musique  " 
(1789),  “ De  la  v6rit6,  etc.  ” (1803),  etc. 

Greuze  (grez),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Tour- 
nus,  France,  Aug.  21, 1725  : died  at  Paris,  March 
21, 1805.  A genre  and  portrait  painter,  pupil  at 
Lyons  of  Grondon,  and  in  Paris  (1755)  of  the 
Academy.  In  1755  he  went  to  Italy  with  the  Abbd  Gou- 
jenot.  In  1767  he  retired  to  Anjou,  whence  he  returned 
to  exhibit  pictures  in  his  studio.  He  amassed  a large  for- 
tune, which  was  lost  in  the  Revolution.  Neglected  by  the 
public,  which  admired  only  the  new  school  of  David,  he 
passed  his  last  years  in  misery  and  neglect. 

Gr6ve  (grav),  Place  de  la.  The  place  of  exe- 
cution of  ancient  Paris.  Until  the  creation  of  the 
Place  du  Carrousel,  it  was  the  largest  open  square  in  the 
city  ; was  also  used  as  a market ; and  was  the  point  most 
Intimately  associated  with  the  business  of  the  city.  For 
this  reason  it  was  chosen  for  the  location  of  the  Hotel  de 
Ville, which  now  stands  there.  The  space  in  front  of  it,  for- 
merly the  P]acedelaGrfeve,is  now  called  Place  del’Hdtelde 
Ville.  Besides  being  the  place  for  the  execution  of  crimi- 
nals. innocent  victims  have  been  shot  here  in  nearly  every 
revolution  that  has  occurred  in  Paris.  Its  name  (‘the 
strand  ’)  was  given  it  on  account  of  its  position  on  the  bank 
of  the  Seine.  The  Quai  de  la  Grfeve  was  one  of  the  three 
earliest  ports,  as  they  were  called,  of  Paris:  it  doubtless 
dates  from  Roman  times. 

Greville  (grev'il).  A conceited  and  obstinate 
lover  of  Miss  Harriet  Byron  in  Richardson’s 
“ Sir  Charles  Grandison.” 

Greville,  Charles  Cavendish  Fulke.  Born 
April  2, 1794:  died  at  London,  Jan.  18, 1865.  An 
English  diarist,  great-great-grandson  of  the 
fifth  Lord  Brooke,  and,  on  bis  mother’s  side, 
grandson  of  the  third  Duke  of  Portland.  He  was 
secretary  of  Jamaica  and  clerk  of  the  privy  council.  For 
40  years  he  recorded  in  his  diary  his  impressions  and  in- 
timate knowledge  of  contemporary  English  politics  and 
politicians.  These  “ Memoirs  ” were  published  after  his 
death  by  Henry  Reeve  : first  series,  1817-37  (3  vols.  1875), 
second  and  third  series,  1837-60  (3  vols.  1885,  2 vols.  1887). 

Greville,  Fulke,  first  Lord  Brooke.  Born  at 
Beauchamp  Court,  Warwickshire,  1554:  died 
Sept.  30,  1628.  An  English  poet  and  statesman. 
He  studied  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  became  a favorite 


Grew  (gro),  Nehemiah.  Born  1641 : died  March 
25,  1712.  An  English  botanist,  noted  for  his 
studies  in  vegetable  anatomy  and  physiology. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Pembroke  Hall)  in  1661,  and 
took  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  at  Leyden  in  1671. 
In  1677  he  became  secretary  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  ed- 
ited the  “Philosophical  Transactions ” (Jan.,  1678, -Feb., 
1679).  His  “ Anatomy  of  Plants  ” appeared  in  1682. 

Grey  (gra),  Charles,  first  Earl  Grey.  Born  at 
Howick,  1729;  died  there,  Nov.  14, 1807.  AnEng- 
lish  general.  He  became  colonel  and  king’s  aide-de- 
camp  in  1772;  joined  Howe  in  America  in  1776(with  the  rank 
of  major-general) ; defeated  Anthony  Wayne  near  Paoli, 
Sept,  20,1777 ; commanded  a brigade  at  Germantown  Oct. 
4,  1777;  captured  New  Bedford  and  Martha's  Vineyard  in 
1778  ; returned  to  England  in  1782  ; and  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  America — an  appointment  which 
the  close  of  the  war  rendered  inoperative.  In  1793  he  was 
appointed  with  Jervis  (later  Earl  St.  Vincent)  commander 
of  an  expedition  to  the  French  West  Indies.  They  re- 
duced Mart  inique  in  March,  and  St.  Lucia  and  Guadeloupe 
in  April,  1794. 

Grey,  Charles,  second  Earl  Grey,  and  Viscount 
Howick.  Born  at  Fallodon,  near  Alnwick, 
Northumberland,  March  13,  1764:  died  July  17, 
1845.  An  English  Whig  statesman.  He  became 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty  under  Grenville  in  1806,  foreign 
secretary  on  the  death  of  Fox,  and  was  dismissed  from 
office  in  March,  1807.  He  remained  out  of  office  for  many 
years.  In  Nov.,  1830,  he  undertook  the  formation  of  a 
ministry,  which,  after  an  appeal  to  the  country  (1831)  and 
a temporary  resignation  ot  office  (May  9-18,  1832),  passed 
the  Reform  Bill  of  1832  (June,  1832).  In  Aug.,  1853,  he 
carried  a bill  abolishing  slavery  throughout  the  British 
empire,  and  in  1834  passed  the  Poor  Law  Amendment 
Act.  He  resigned  in  July,  1834. 

Grey,  Elliot.  The  principal  character  in  Les- 
ter Wallack’s  play  “ Rosedale,”  created  by  him. 

Grey,  Sir  George.”  Born  1799 : died  Sept.  9, 1882. 
An  English  statesman,  grandson  of  Charles,  first 
Earl  Grey.  He  was  under-secretary  for  the  colonies 
1834-39,  judge-advocate-general  1839-41,  home  secretary 
under  Lord  John  Russell  1846-52,  colonial  secretary  1854- 
1855,  and  home  secretary  under  Palmerston  and  Russell 
1855-68  and  1862-66. 

Grey,  Sir  George  Edward.  Born  at  Lisburn, 
Ireland,  April  14, 1812 : died  Sept.  19, 1898.  A 
British  colonial  governor  and  author.  Hewas  gov- 
ernor of  South  Australia  1841-46,  of  New  Zealand  1846-54, 
of  Cape  Colony  1851-61,  and  of  New  Zealand  1861-67.  He 
published  “Polynesian  Mythology”  (1855),  etc. 

Grey,  Henry,  Duke  of  Suffolk  and  third  Marquis 
of  Dorset.  Executed  1554.  An  English  noble- 
man, father  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  by  his  second  (?) 
wife,  who  was  tlie  elder  daughter  of  Charles 
Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk,  and  Mary  Tudor, 
younger  sister  of  Henry  VIII.  See  Grey,  Lady 
Jane. 

Grey,  Lady  Jane.  Born  at  Broadgate,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  about  1537:  beheaded  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  12,  1554.  The  daughter  of  Henry 


Gridley,  Richard 

Grey  (marquis  of  Dorset  and  duke  of  Suffolk) 
and  great-granddaughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  Eng- 
land. She  was  the  pupil  of  Bishop  Aylmer  and  of  Roger 
Ascham.  At  the  age  of  15  she  was  able  to  write  in  Greek, 
Latin,  Italian,  French,  and  German,  and  was  studying 
Hebrew  She  was  married  to  Lord  Guildford  Dudley  in 
May,  1553,  as  a part  of  the  plot  for  changing  the  succession 
of  the  crown  from  the  Tudors  to  the  Dudleys  after  the 
death  of  Edward  VI. ; was  proclaimed  queen  in  July,  1553 ; 
was  arrested  in  Nov.,  and  afterward  condemned  for  trea- 
son ; and  was  executed  with  her  husband,  Feb.  12,  1554. 
She  has  been  made  the  subjectof  tragedies  by  Rowe  (1715), 
Laplace  (1745),  Madame  de  Stael  (1800),  Brifaut  (1812)! 
Soumet  (1844),  etc. 

Grey,  Richard.  Born  at  Newcastle,  England, 
1694:  died  at  Hinton,  Northamptonshire,  Feb. 
28, 1771.  An  English  divine  and  scholar,  rector 
of  Hinton  from  1720.  He  published  “ Memoria Tech- 
nica,  or  a New  Method  of  Artificial  Memory  ” (1730),  long  a 
popular  work  on  mnemonics. 

Grey,  Thomas,  first  Marquis  of  Dorset.  Born 
1451:  died  Sept.  20,  1501.  An  English  noble- 
man, son  of  Sir  John  Grey,  Lord  Ferrers  of 
Groby,  and  Elizabeth  Woodville  (afterward 
queen  of  Edward  IV.).  He  was  created  earl  of  Hunt- 
ingdon in  1471,  and  marquis  of  Dorset  in  1475.  In  1471  he 
took  part  in  the  murder  of  Prince  Edward,  son  of  Henry  VI. 
On  the  accession  of  Richard  III.  he  fled,  and  joined  the 
party  of  Henry  of  Richmond  (afterward  Henry  VII.).  He 
was  on  the  Continent  until  after  the  battle  of  Bosworth. 
Grey,  Sir  William.  Born  1818:  died  at  Tor- 
quay, May  15, 1878.  An  English  statesman.  He 
was  lieutenant-governor  of  Bengal  in  1867-71, 
and  governor  of  Jamaica  1874-77. 

Greycoat  School  or  Hospital.  A school  at 
Westminster,  London,  situated  on  the  east  end 
of  Rochester  Row,  facing  Greycoat  Place,  it  is 
so  named  from  the  color  of  the  clothing  worn  by  the  in- 
mates. It  was  founded  in  1698  by  Queen  Anne  for  the  edu- 
cation of  70  poor  boys  and  40  poor  girls.  Thornbury. 

Grey  Friars  (gra  fri'arz),  or  Fratri  Minor es 

(fra'tri  mi-no'rez),  or  Minorites  (mi'nor-its). 
In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  one  of  the  men- 
dicant orders,  founded  by  St.  Francis  of  Assisi. 
Also  called  Franciscans.  The  other  orders  are  Do- 
minicans (Friars  Major,  Friars  Preachers,  or  Black  Fri- 
ars), Carmelites  (White  Friars),  and  Augustinians  (Austin 
Friars).  The  order  of  Grey  Friars  was  established  by- 
Pope  Honorius  III.  in  1223.  In  London  the  Grey  Friars 
were  located  in  Ludgate  street,  where  Christ’s  Hospital 
(Bluecoat  School)  afterward  stood.  The  monastery  was 
founded  by  John  Ewin,  a mercer,  in  1226.  The  choir  of 
Grey  Friars  Church  was  built  by  Joyner,  lord  mayor  in 
1239,  and  the  nave  was  added  by  Henry  Walings.  The 
church  was  rebuilt  in  1306  by  Margaret,  queen  of  Edward 
I.  In  1421  Sir  Richard  Whittington  gave  the  monks  a 
large  library.  It  was  a favorite  place  of  burial  for  mem- 
bers of  the  royal  family  for  many  years.  Grey  Friars  was 
surrendered  in  1588,  and  (except  a few  traces  of  the  monas- 
tic residence,  which  may  still  be  seen  in  Christ  ’s  Hospital) 
was  swept  away  in  the  great  fire  of  1666. 

Greylock  (gra'lok).  The  highest  mountain  of 
the  Berkshire  Hills,  in  northwestern  Massachu- 
setts 8 miles  from  North  Adams.  Height,  3,535 
feet. 

Greyson  (gra-zon'),  Emile.  Born  at  Brussels, 
Aug.  17,  1823.  A Belgian  writer,  general  direc- 
tor of  higher  and  intermediate  instruction  in 
Belgium.  His  works  include  the  romances  “Fiamma 
Colonna”(1857),  “Juffer  Daadje  et  Juffer  Doortje”  (1874). 
“ Hier-Aujourd’hui  ’’  (1890). 

Greyson  (gra'son),  R.  E.  H.  An  (inexact)  ana- 
grammatic  pen-name  of  Henry  Rogers. 
Greytown  (gra/toun).  See  San  Juan  del  Forte. 
Gribeauval  (gre-bo-viil'),  Jean  Baptiste  Va- 
quette  de.  Born  at  Amiens,  France,  Sept.  15, 
1715 : died  at  Paris,  May  9,  1789.  A French 
engineer  and  general  of  artillery. 

Griboyedoff  (gre-bo-ya'dof),  Aleksander  Ser- 
geyevitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Jan.,  1795 : mur- 
dered at  Teheran,  Feb.  11,  1829.  A Russian 
poet  and  diplomatist.  He  first  studied  law,  but  at 
the  age  of  17  entered  the  army,  and  afterward  the  col- 
lege of  foreign  affairs,  the  service  of  which  took  him  to 
Persia  and  Georgia,  where  a part  of  his  comedy  “ t he  Mis- 
fortune of  having  Brains”  was  written.  It  was  played  in 
1832,  after  his  death.  Hewas  killed  with  his  followers  in 
an  insurrection. 

Gridley  (grid'li),  Jeremiah.  Born  at  Boston, 
March  10,  1702 : died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Sept. 
10, 1767.  An  American  lawyer,  brother  of  Rich- 
ard Gridley.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  In  1725,  and 
subsequently  became  a lawyer.  He  was  attorney-general 
of  the  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  where  in  1761  he 
defended  against  James  Otis,  before  the  superior  court  of 
judicature,  the  legality  of  the  writs  of  assistance  demanded 
by  the  British  custom-house  officials. 

Gridley,  Richard.  Born  in  Massachusetts,  Jan. 
3, 1711 : died  at  Stoughton,  Mass.,  June  20, 1796. 
An  American  gerieral.  He  became  chief  engineer 
and  colonel  of  infantry’  in  the  British  army  in  1755,  and 
served  under  Winslow  in  the  expedition  to  Crown  Point 
in  1766,  under  Amherst  in  1758,  and  under  Wolfe  in  the 
expedition  against  Quebec  in  1759.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  War  of  independence  he  was  appointed  chief  engi- 
neer and  commander  of  artillery  in  the  colonial  army  at 
Cambridge,  and  planned  the  works  of  Bunker  Hill  the 
night  before  the  battle  of  June  17,  1776.  He  received  a 


Gridley,  Richard 

major-general's  commission  from  the  Provincial  Congress 
Sept.  20,  1775,  and  had  command  of  the  Continental  artil- 
lery until  Nov.  of  that  year. 

Grief  i-la-Mode.  See  Funeral,  The. 

Grieg  (greg),  Edvard.  Born  at  Bergen,  Nor- 
way, June  15,  1843 : died  there,  Sept.  4,  1907. 
A noted  Norwegian  composer.  He  studied  at  Leip- 
sic  1858-62  and  then  in  Copenhagen.  After  his  return  to 
the  north  in  1867  his  compositions  became  stamped  with 
the  mark  of  his  Scandinavian  nationality.  He  went  to  Lon- 
don in  1888,  where  he  both  played  and  conducted.  Among 
his  compositions  are  “Humoresken”  (for  the  piano), 
“ Songs,"  the  “ Peer  Gynt  ” suite  (two  series),  “ Norwegian 
Folk-Songs,”  "Sigurd  Jorsalfa"  (an  opera),  Norwegian 
dances,  etc. 

Grierson  (grer'son),  Benjamin  Henry.  Born 
at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  July  8, 1826:  died  at  Omena, 
Mich.,  Sept.  1,  1911.  An  American  cavalry 
officer.  He  became  aide-de-camp  to  the  Union  gen- 
eral Prentiss  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  and  was 
made  major  of  the  6th  Illinois  Cavalry  in  Aug.,  1861,  and 
commander  of  a cavalry  brigade  in  Dec.,  1862.  He  con- 
ducted a cavalry  raid  from  La  Grange  to  Baton  Rouge 
in  April,  1863,  to  facilitate  the  operations  of  Grant  about 
Vicksburg,  and  in  Dec.,  1864,  commanded  a similar  raid  in 
Arkansas.  He  became  colonel  of  the  10th  IT.  S.  Cavalry 
July  28,  1866,  and  brevet  major-general  of  the  U.  S.  army 
March  2,  1867.  Later  he  served  in  the  W est. 

Griesbach  (gres'bach),  Johann  Jakob.  Born 
atButzbacli,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Germany,  Jan. 
4, 1745:  died  at  Jena, Germany,  March  24,  1812. 
A German  biblical  critic,  professor  at  Halle 
1773-75,  and  at  Jena  1775-1812.  He  edited  the 
Greek  New  Testament  1774-77. 

Gries  (gre  or  gres)  Pass.  A pass  in  the  Lepon- 
tine  Alps,  leading  from  Obergestelen,  in  the 
Rhone  valley,  Valais,  Switzerland,  to  Domo 
d’Ossola,  province  of  Novara,  Italy. 

Grieux  (gree),  Le  Chevalier  de.  The  lover  of 
ManonLescaut,  inPrevost’s  novel  of  thatname. 
Griffin(grif'in).  The  capital  of  Spalding  County, 
Georgia,  about  35  miles  south  of  Atlanta.  Popu- 
lation, 7,478,  (1910). 

Griffin,  Charles.  Born  in  Licking  County,  Ohio, 
1826:  died  at  Galveston,  Texas,  Sept.  15,  1867. 
An  American  soldier.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1847,  and  in  this  and  the  succeeding  year  commanded 
a company  of  artillery  under  General  Patterson  in  the 
Mexican  war.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  adhered 
to  the  Union  cause.  He  commanded  the  West  Point  bat- 
tery in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  ; was  made  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  June  9,  1862  ; and  fought  with  dis- 
tinction at  the  battle  of  Malvern  Hill.  He  commanded  a 
division  at  Antietam  and  Fredericksburg  and  in  Hooker’s 
campaign,  and  as  commander  of  the  5th  army  corps,  di- 
rected by  Grant,  received  the  arms  and  colors  of  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia  after  the  surrender  at  Appomattox 
Court  House.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  March  13, 
1865,  for  his  services  during  the  war,  and  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  35th  infantry  July  28,  1866. 

Griffin,  Edward  Dorr.  Born  at  East  Haddam, 
Conn.,  Jan.  6, 1770 : died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Nov. 
8,  1837.  An  American  clergyman,  president 
of  Williams  College  ( Williamstown,  Massachu- 
setts) 1821-36.  He  published  “Lectures  in 
Park  Street  Church”  (1813). 

Griffin,  Gerald.  Born  at  Limerick,  Ireland,  Dec . 
12,  1803:  died  at  Cork,  Ireland,  June  12,  1840. 
An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist,  and  poet.  His  prin- 
cipal novel,  “The  Collegians "(1828),  has  been  dramatized 
as  “Colleen  Bawn."  Among  his  other  works  are  “The 
Invasion,"  “The  Rivals,"  etc. 

Griffinhoofe  (grif'in-huf),  Arthur.  The  name 
under  which  George  Colman  the  younger  pub- 
lished a number  of  his  plays. 

Griffi3  (grif'is),  William  Eiliot.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  17,  1843.  An  American  educa- 
tor and  clergyman.  He  graduated  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege in  1869 ; went  to  Japan  in  1870  to  organize  schools  on 
the  American  plan  ; was  superintendent  of  education  in 
the  province  of  Echizen  in  1871 ; and  was  professor  of  phys- 
ics in  the  Imperial  University  of  Tokio  1872-74.  On  re- 
turning to  the  United  States  he  studied  divinity,  ami  be- 
came pastor  (1877)  of  a Reformed  church  at  Schenectady, 
(1886)  of  a Congregational  church  at  Boston,  and  (1893- 
i903)  of  the  Congregational  church  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
He  is  the  author  of  “The  Mikado’s  Empire ” (1876),  etc. 
Griffith  (grif'ith).  In  Shakspere’s  “Henry 
VIII.,”  a gentleman  usher  to  Queen  Katharine. 
Griffith,  William  Pettit.  Born  at  London, 
July  7,  1815:  died  there,  Sept,  14,  1884.  An 
English  architect  and  archaeologist.  He  wrote 
“The  Natural  System  of  Architecture”  (1845), 
“Ancient  Gothic  Churches”  (1847-52),  etc. 
Griffith  Gaunt.  A novel  by  Charles  Reade,  pub- 
lished in  1866. 

Griffiths,  Evan.  Bom  at  Gellibeblig,  Glamor- 
ganshire, 1795:  died  Aug.  31,  1873.  ' A Welsh 
clergyman.  He  published  a “ Welsh-English 
Dictionary”  (1847). 

Grigoriopol  (gre-go-re-6'pol).  A town  in  the 
government  of  Kherson,  Russia,  on  the  Dnies- 
ter about  80  miles  northwest  of  Odessa.  Popu- 
lation, 7,600. 

Grihastha  (gr-has't-ha).  [Skt., ‘householder.’] 
A Brahman  in  the  second  stage  of  his  religious 

life. 


461 

Grihyasutras  (grh-ya-so'traz).  [Skt.,  ‘rules 
pertaining  to  the  house.’]  Rules  for  the  conduct 
of  domestic  rites  and  the  personal  sacraments, 
extending  from  birth  to  the  marriage  of  a man. 

Grijalva  (gre-Hal'va),  Juan  de.  Born  in  Cuel- 
lar, 1489  or  1490:  died  in  Nicaragua,  Jan.  21, 
1527.  A Spanish  soldier,  discoverer  of  Mexico. 

He  was  a nephew  of  Diego  Velasquez ; was  with  him  in 
Espanola  and  Cuba  ; and  was  chosen  to  follow  up  Cordova’s 
discovery  of  Yucatan.  He  left  Santiago  de  Cuba  with  four 
caravels,  April  8, 1518  ; followed  around  the  coast  of  Yuca- 
tan and  the  continent  to  Cape  Rojo  or  beyond  ; obtained  a 
considerable  quantity  of  gold  by  trading  with  the  Indians  ; 
and  heard  of  the  rich  Aztec  empire  in  the  interior.  When 
he  returned  to  Cuba,  early  in  November,  Velasquez  re- 
proached him  for  not  having  made  settlements,  and  he  was 
dismissed.  In  1523  he  went  with  Garay  to  the  coast  of  Mex- 
ico, and  later  he  took  service  with  Pedrarias  at  Panama. 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Grildrig  (gril'drig).  A name  given  to  Gulliver 
by  the  people  of  Brobdingnag,  in  Swift’s  “Gul- 
liver’s Travels.”  It  meant  a very  little  man. 

Grillparzer  (gril'part-ser),  Franz.  Born  at 
Vienna,  Jan.  15, 1791 : died  there,  Jan.  21,  1872. 
An  Austrian  dramatist.  He  studied  jurisprudence, 
and  in  1813  entered  the  civil  service,  from  which  he  retired 
to  private  life  in  1856.  His  dramas  are  “Die  Ahnfrau” 
(“The  Ancestress”:  a so-called  “fate-tragedy,"  1817), 
“Sappho”  (1818),  the  trilogy  “Dasgoldne  Vliess"  (“The 
Golden  Fleece,”  1821),  “ Konig Ottokars  Gluck  undEndc” 
(“King  Ottokar’s  Fortune  and  End,”  1825),  “Ein  treuer 
Diener  seines  Herrn”  (“A  True  Servant  of  his  Master," 
1828),  “Des  Meeres  und  der  Liebe  Wellen”  (“The  Waves 
of  Love  and  of  the  Sea,"  1831),  “Der  Traum  ein  Leben” 
(“Dream  i3aLife,”  1834).  A comedy,  “Weh’dem,  derliigt" 
(“Woe  to  him  who  Lies,"  1838),  was  a failure.  Three  other 
tragedies  appeared  posthumously.  Still  another, “ Esther,” 
was  left  unfinished.  His  complete  works,  “Sammtliche 
Werke,"  appeared  at  Stuttgart,  1872,  in  10  vols. 

Grim.  (grim).  In  Arthurian  legend,  a fisherman 
who  gave  his  name  to  Grimsby.  He  saved  the 
life  of  Havelok.  See  Havelok  the  Dane. 

Grim,  the  Collier  of  Croydon.  A play  first 
printed  in  1662  as  by  “I.  T.”  Haughton  wrote  a play 
called  “The  Devil  and'his  Dam,”  which  has  been  rashly 
identified  with  this.  ( Bullen .)  Richard  Crowley  wrote  a 
“ Satirical  Epigram  ” in  1550  called  “ The  Collier  of  Croy- 
don," and  there  is  an  interlude  in  Richard  Edwards’s 
“Damon  and  Pythias"  (1671)  called  “Grim  the  Collier.” 

Grim,  Giant.  A giant,  in  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s 
Progress,”  who  is  killed  by  Mr.  Greatheart. 

Grimald  (grim'ald),  Nicholas.  Born  in  Hun- 
tingdonshire (at  “ Brownshold,”  according  to 
his  own  statement),  1519 : died  about  1562.  An 
English  writer,  the  contributor  of  40  poems  to 
the  first  edition  of  “Tottel’s  Miscellany”  (of 
which  he  was,  perhaps,  the  editor),  many  of 
which  were  omitted  from  the  second  edition. 
He  also  published  a translation  of  Cicero’s  "De  Officiis." 
He  was  probably  of  Italian  parentage  (son  of  a certain 
Gianbatista  Grimaldi),  studied  at  Cambridge  and  Oxford, 
and  was  chaplain  to  Bishop  Ridley. 

Grimaldi  (gre-mal'de),  Antonio.  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  14th  century.  A Genoese  ad- 
miral. 

Grimaldi,  Giovanni  Francesco,  called  II  Bo- 
lognese. Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  1606 : died  at 
Rome,  1680.  An  Italian  painter,  especially  noted 
for  his  landscapes. 

Grimaldi,  Joseph.  Born  at  London,  Dec.  18, 
1779 : died  there,  May  31,  1837.  A noted  Eng- 
lish pantomimist  and  actor.  He  came  of  a well- 
known  family  of  clowns,  and  first  appeared  a3  an  infant 
dancer  in  1782.  He  obtained  his  greatest  success  at  Covent 
Garden  in  1806  in  the  pantomime  of  “ Mother  Goose,”  in 
which  he  appeared  as  Squire  Bugle  (clown).  He  made  his 
last  appearance  June  27,  1828,  as  Harlequin  Hoax  His 
singing  and  grimacing  excited  great  enthusiasm,  and  with 
him  the  days  of  genuine  pantomime  expired.  His  son  Jo- 
seph S.  Grimaldi  made  his  first  appearance  in  his  father’s 
parts  in  1814  ; he  died  in  1832.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Grimalkin(gri-mal'kin).  A gray cat;  especially, 
a gray  cat  into  which  the  spirit  of  a witch  has 
entered. 

Grimani  (gre-ma/ne),  Antonio.  Born  1436: 
died  May  7,  1523.  A doge  of  Venice  (July  7, 
1521),  descended  from  a powerful  patrician  fam- 
ily, and  distinguished  for  both  his  civil  and  mili- 
tary services.  He  was  made  captain-general  of 
the  Venetian  fleet  sent  against  the  sultan  Baja- 
zet  in  1499. 

Grimani  Palace.  A fine  16th-century  palace  on 
the  Grand  Canal,  Venice,  it  was  designed  by  San 
Micheli  and  decorated  by  Tintoretto,  but  the  frescos  have 
disappeared.  It  i9  now  used  as  a post-office. 

Grimes  (giimz),  James  Wilson.  Born  at  Deer- 
ing,  N.  H.,  Oct.  20,  1816:  died  at  Burlington, 
Iowa,  Feb.  7,  1872.  An  American  politician, 
govern  or  of  Iowa  1854-58,  and  Reptiblican  United 
States  senator  from  Iowa  1859-69.  He  was  one  of 
the  few  Republican  senators  who  voted  against  the  con- 
viction of  President  Andrew  Johnson. 

Grimes,  Old.  See  Old  Grimes. 

Grimke  (grim'ke),  Frederick.  Born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  Sept.  1, 1791:  died  March  8, 1863.  An 
American  jurist,  brother  of  T.  S.  Grimke.  He 


Grim’s  Dyke 

was  a Judge  of  the  State  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  1836-42. 
He  wrote  “ Nature  and  Tendencies  of  Free  Institutions  ” 
(1848). 

Grimkd,  Sarah  Moore.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Nov.,  1792:  died  Dee.  23, 1873.  An  Ameri- 
can abolitionist,  sister  of  T.  S.  Grimk4.  She 
wrote  “ Letters  on  the  Condition  of  Woman  and  the  Equal- 
ity of  the  Sexes  ” (1838),  etc. 

Grimke,  Thomas  Smith.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Sept.  26, 1786 : died  near  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Oct.  12  (11  ?),  1834.  An  American  lawyer  and 
lecturer.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1807,  and  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  State  senate  of  South  Carolina  1826-30.  He  was 
a prominent  member  of  the  American  Peace  Society,  and 
was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  cause  of  temperance  reform. 
He  wrote  “Addresses  on  Science,  Education,  and  Litera- 
ture” (1831). 

Grimm  (grim),  Friedrich  Melchior,  Baron. 
Born  at  Ratisbon  (Regensburg),  Bavaria,  Dec. 
26, 1723  : diedat  Gotha,  Germany,  Dec.  19, 1807. 
A noted  German-French  critic,  man  of  letters, 
and  diplomat, longresident  in  Paris,  andamem- 
ber  of  the  most  brilliant  literary  society  of  the 
period.  He  was  made  a baron  of  the  empire  (1777)  and 
minister  of  the  Duke  of  Gotha  at  the  French  court  in  1775, 
and  minister  of  Catharine  II.  of  Russia  at  Hamburg  in  1795. 
His  works  include  “ LettressurOmphale  ”(1752),  “ Le  petit 
prophete  de  Boehmischbroda  ” (1753),  “ Correspondence 
litteraire,  philosophique  et  critique  adressee  a un  souve- 
rain  d’Allemagne  ” (first  part  1812,  second  part  1812,  third 
part  1813,  with  a supplement  1814),  “Correspondence  in- 
edite  de  Grimm  et  Diderot,  etc.”  (1829). 

Grimm,  Herman.  Born  Jan.  6,  1828 : died 
June  16,  1901.  A German  critic  and  author, 
son  of  Wilhelm  Grimm.  He  studied  at  Berlin  and 
Bonn,  and  was  professor  of  the  history  of  art  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Berlin  1873-1901.  His  nmst  important  works  are 
“Das  Leben  Michelangelos,”  “Essays”  (1859  and  1865, 
new  series  1871  and  1875),  “Das  Leben  Rafaels”  (1872), 
“ Vorle8ungen  liber  Goethe  ” (1877).  He  was  the  author, 
besides,  of  the  novel  “ Uniiberwindliche  Machte ’’  (“Un- 
conquerable Powers”),  and  of  “ Novellen”  (“Stories”). 

Grimm,  Jakob.  Born  at  Hanau,  Jan.  4,  1785: 
died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  20,  1863.  A German  phi- 
lologist and  writer.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Mar- 
burg. In  1805  lie  went  to  Paris  to  assist  Savigny,  whose 
pupil  he  had  been.  The  following  year  he  was  at  the  mili- 
tary school  in  Cassel.  In  1808  he  became  librarian  to  the 
King  of  Westphalia.  After  1814  he  lived  and  labored  with 
his  brother  Wilhelm  in  the  closest  association.  They 
were  together  librarians  at  Cassel ; 1830  to  1837  professors 
at  Gottingen;  subsequently  again  at  Cassel;  and  1841 
on  the  invitation  of  the  king  settled  in  Berlin.  In  1812 
and  1815  they  published  conjointly  the  well-known  book  of 
fairy  tales  “Kinder-  und  Hausmarchen  ”(“  Children’s  and 
Domestic  Tales”),  in  1816  “Deutsche  Sagen ’’("German  Le- 
gends”), and  after  1852  worked  together  on  the  great 
“Deutsches Worterbuch”(“German  Dictionary”).  Jakob’s 
independentwork  consists  of  an  essay,  “Poesie  im  Recht" 
(1816),  expanded  1828  into  “ Deutsche  Rechtsalterthiimer.  ” 
Beginning  with  1819,  his  “ Deutsche  Grammatik  ” (“  Ger- 
man Grammar”)  appeared.  This  laBt  is  the  fundamental 
work  in  comparative  Germanic  philology,  of  which  spe- 
cific branch  he  may  be  called  the  founder.  Its  principal 
terminology  originated  with  him,  and  one  of  its  most 
characteristic  phases,  that  of  the  relative  correspondence 
of  consonants,  was  first  formulated  by  him,  and  bears  the 
name  of  Grimm’s  Law.  In  1836  appeared  another  great 
work,  the  “ Deutsche  Mythologie.”  His  minor  works, 
“KleinereSchriften,”  appeared  at  Berlin,  1864-82,  in  6 vols. 

Grimm,  Ludwig  Emil.  Born  at  Hanau,  Prus- 
sia., May  14, 1790 : died  at  Cassel,  Prussia,  April 
4, 1863.  A German  painter  and  etcher,  brother 
of  Jakob  and  Wilhelm  Grimm. 

Grimm,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Hanau,  Feb.  24, 1786 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  16,  1859.  A German  phi- 
lologist and  writer.  He  was  the  brother  of  Jakob 
Grimm,  with  whom  he  lived  and  was  frequently  associated 
in  joint  authorship.  Like  his  brother,  he  studied  juris- 
prudence at  Marburg.  Owing  to  ill  health  he  had,  how- 
ever, no  permanent  position  up  to  1814,  when  he  went  with 
Jakob  as  librarian  to  Cassel.  Their  subsequent  career  is 
one.  (See  Jalcob  Grimm.)  Wilhelm  married,  and  Jacob 
did  not.  He  did  the  chief  work  in  the  collection  of  fairy 
tales  which  owe  their  particular  style  to  him.  An  inde- 
pendent work  was  “ Die  Deutsche  Heldensage  ” (“  The  Ger- 
man Heroic  Legend,"  1829). 

Grimma  (grim'ma).  A town  in  the  district  of 
Leipsic,  Saxony,  on  tbe  Mulde  17  miles  south- 
east of  Leipsic.  It  contains  a noted  school  and 
an  electoral  castle.  Pop.,  commune,  11,177. 

Grimmelshausen  (grim'mels-hou-zen),  Chris- 
toffelvon.  Born  at  Gelnhausen,  Prussia,  1625: 
died  at  Renehen,  in  Baden,  Aug.  17,  1676.  A 
German  writer.  His  parents  belonged  to  the  peasant 
class.  Until  the  peace  of  Westphalia,  in  1648,  he  was  a 
soldier,  but  subsequently  is  supposed  to  have  traveled  in 
Holland,  France,  and  Switzerland.  He  was  afterward  in 
the  service  of  the  Bishop  of  Strasburg,  and  ultimately 
magistrate  at  Renehen,  where  he  died.  H is  principal  work, 
and  the  most  important  of  its  class  In  German  literature, 
is  the  romance  “ Der  abenteuerliche  Simplicissimus 
Teutsch,  d.  h. : Beschreibung  des  Lebens  eines  Seltzamen 
Vagantens  genannt  Melchior  Sternfels  von  Fuchsheim  ” 
(“  The  Adventuresome  Simplicissimus : that  is,  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Life  of  a Strange  Vagabond  named  Melchior 
Sternfels  von  Fuchsheim,”  1669). 

Grimsby, or  Great  Grimsby.  S ee  Great  Grimsby. 

Grim’s  Dyke,  or  Grimesditch.  See  the  extract. 

The  Belga;  were  of  the  same  Keltic  family  as  the  Kymry 
and  the  Gauls.  But  coming  later  from  the  continent  they 


Grim’s  Dyke 

brought  with  them  its  latest  civilization,  and,  as  settlers, 
perhaps  for  centuries,  in  the  lowlands  between  the  Somme 
and  the  Scheldt,  they  had  acquired  the  instinct  of  throw- 
ing up  dykes  and  earthworks.  The  actual  occupants  of 
Hampshire,  Sussex,  and  Kent  were  subdued  or  driven 
out,  and  the  great  fortified  fosse,  Grim’s  Dyke,  which  en- 
closes Salisbury  and  Silchester  was  at  once  the  rampart 
and  the  march  of  the  new  nationality. 

Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  6. 

Grimsel  (grim'zel),  The.  A pass  over  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Meiring- 
en,  Bern,  to  Obergestelen,  Valais.  It  was  the  scene 
of  the  repulse  of  the  Austrians  by  the  French  in  1799. 
Height,  7,150  feet. 

Grimston,  William  Hunter  and  Margaret. 

See  Kendal. 

Grim  wig  (grim'wig),  Mr.  In  Dickens’s  “ Oli- 
ver Twist,”  an  old  friend  of  Mr.  Brownlow, 
rough  and  irascible  in  conduct  but  kindly  at 
heart,  ready  to  “eat  his  head”  if  he  is  mistaken 
on  any  point. 

Grindal  (grin'dal),  Edmund.  Born  about  1519 : 
died  at  Croydon,  July  6, 1583.  An  English  Prot- 
estant divine,  elected  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury Jan.  10,  1575.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in 
1538  ; became  a royal  chaplain  in  1551 ; was  elected  master 
of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1559,  and  bishop  of  London 
in  the  same  year;  and  became  archbishop  of  York  in  1570. 
He  was  a vigorous  opponent  of  the  Roman  Church. 
Grindelwald  (grin'del-valt).  A village,  com- 
mune, and  valley  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Swit- 
zerland, 35  miles  southeast  of  Bern,  it  is  cele- 

brated  for  picturesque  scenery  and  as  a tourist  center. 
Near  it  are  the  two  Grindelwald  glaciers. 

Grin  gore  (gran-gor' ),  or  Gringoire  (grah-g  war' ) 
(originally  Gringor),  Pierre.  Bom  in  Nor- 
mandy, 1475-80 : died  about  1539.  A French 
satirist  and  dramatic  wTiter.  Among  his  works  are 
“ Saint  Loys  ” (a  mystery),  “Les  folles  enterprises”  (a se- 
ries of  monologues),  “Lachasse  du  cerf  des  cerfs,"  “Le 
coqueluehe,”  etc. 

It  is  to  him  that  we  owe  the  only  complete  and  really 
noteworthy  tetralogy,  composed  of  cry,  sotie,  morality, 
and  farce,  which  exists  to  show  the  final  result  of  the 
mediaeval  play — the“Jeudu  Prince  des  Sots.”  . . . Grin- 
gore  first  emerges  as  a pamphleteer  in  verse,  on  the  side 
of  the  policy  of  Louis  XII.  He  held  the  important  posi- 
tion of  mire  sotte  in  the  company  of  persons  who  charged 
themselves  with  playing  the  sotie,  and  Louis  perceived 
the  advantages  which  he  might  gain  by  enlisting  such  a 
writer  on  his  side. 

Saintsbury,  Short  History  of  French  Lit.,  p.  216. 
Grinnell  (grin-el').  A city  in  Poweshiek  County, 
Iowa,  48  miles  east  by  north  of  Des  Moines : the 
seat  of  Iowa  College  (undenominational).  Pop- 
ulation, 5,036,  (1910). 

Grinnell,  Henry.  Born  at  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
Feb.  13,  1799 : died  at  New  York,  June  30, 1874. 
An  American  merchant.  He  fitted  out  in  1850  an 
expedition  sent  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenant  E.  J.  De  Haven.  De  Haven  dis- 
covered land  lat.  80°  X.,  which  was  called  Grinnell  Land, 
but  failed  to  findFranklin.  In  1853  Grinnell  fitted  out, with 
George  Peabody,  a second  Franklin  search  expedition  un- 
der Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  which  was  equally  unsuccessfuL 

Grinnell  Land.  [Discovered  by  De  Haven  in 
the  first  Grinnell  expedition,  and  named  by  him 
from  its  promoter.]  A land  in  the  north  polar- 
regions,  separated  from  Greenland  by  Smith 
Sound  and  Kennedy  Channel,  it  was  explored  by 
Kane,  by  Hayes,  and  more  thoroughly  by  Greely  in  1882.  It 
contains  LakeHazen  (65  miles)  and  Mount  Arthur(5, 000ft.). 
Grip  (grip).  In  Charles  Dickens’s  “Bamaby 
Pudge,”  a talkative  raven.  He  is  taken  from  a 
raven  owned  by  the  author. 

Gripe  (grip).  1.  A hypocritical  old  city  usu- 
rer in  Wycherley’s  comedy  “ Love  in  a Wood.” 
— 2.  The  miserly  father  of  Leander,  cheated 
by  Scapin,  in  Otway’s  ‘ ‘ Cheats  of  Scapin.”  Ho 
is  the  Geronte  of  Moliere’s  play. — 3.  A miserly 
money-scrivener  in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “ The 
Confederacy.” 

Gripe,  Sir  Francis.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  com- 
edy “The  Busybody,”  an  old  man,  the  guardian 
of  Miranda.  He  wishes  to  marry  his  ward  for  the  sake 
of  her  money,  but  is  duped  by  her  and  Sir  George  Airy. 
Gripsholm  (grips  ' holm).  A royal  Swedish 
palace  situated  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake 
Malar,  near  Mariefred,  30  miles  west  of  Stock- 
holm. It  was  founded  by  Gustavus  Vasa  in 
1537. 

Griqualand  (gre'kwa-land)  East.  A division 
of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  situated  northwest  of 
Poudoland  and  southwest  of  Natal.  Chief 
place,  Kokstadt.  It  is  governed  by  magistrates  ap- 
pointed by  tile  Cape  authorities.  Area,  7,594  square  miles. 
Population,  222,685. 

Griqualand  West.  A part  of  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Capital,  Kimberley,  it  lies  north  of  the 
remainder  of  the  colony,  and  west  of  the  Orange 
Free  State,  and  is  famous  for  its  diamond-fields,  dis- 
covered in  1867.  It  was  governed  by  a separate  admin- 
istrator 1871-81.  Area,  15,197  square  miles.  Population, 
108,498. 

Griquas  (gre'kwaz).  A South  African  race  of 
half-castes  (Dutch  and  natives).  They  form  a dis- 


462 

tinct  community  in  a region  called  Griqualand,  now  be- 
longing to  Great  Britain,  traversed  by  the  Orange  River, 
and  including  the  African  diamond-fields.  Some  of  them 
are  Christians  and  considerably  civilized,  being  success- 
ful agriculturists  and  cattle-breeders. 

Grisar  (gre'zar),  Albert.  Born  at  Antwerp, Dec. 
26, 1808 : died  at  Asnieres,  near  Paris,  J une  15, 
1869.  A French  composer  of  comic  operas,  melo- 
dies, and  romances.  Nineteen  of  the  first  were 
produced,  and  he  published  more  than  fifty  of 
the  last. 

Grisebach.  (gre'ze-bach),  August  Heinrich 
Rudolf.  Born  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  April  17, 
1814:  died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  May  9,  1879. 
A German  botanist  and  traveler,  professor  at 
Gottingen  from  1847.  He  traveled,  for  scientific  pur- 
poses, iii  Turkey  (1839),  the  Pyrenees  (1850),  and  Norway 
(1842).  He  wrote  “ Die  Vegetation  der  Erde”  (1872),  etc. 

Griselda  (gri-zel'da),  or  Griseldis,  or  Grissel. 

A character  of  romance,  noted  for  the  patience 
with  which  she  submitted  to  the  most  cruel  or- 
deals as  a wife  and  mother.  The  subject  has  been 
variously  treated  by  Boccaccio,  Chaucer,  Dekker,  and  other 
writers.  The  song  of  “ Patient  Grissel  ” appeared  about 
1565,  and  a prose  history  shortly  after.  “ From  whatever 
source  derived,  ‘ Griselda  ’ appears  to  have  been  the  most 
popular  of  all  the  stories  of  the  ‘Decameron.’  In  the 
fourteenth  century  the  prose  translations  of  it  in  French 
were  very  numerous  : Legrand  mentions  that  he  had  seen 
upwards  of  twenty,  under  different  names,  ‘Miroir  des 
dames,’  ‘Exemples  de  bonnes  et  mauvaises  femmes,’  etc. 
Petrarch,  who  had  not  seen  the  ‘ Decameron’  till  a short  time 
before  his  death  (which  shows  that  Boccaccio  was  ashamed 
of  the  work),  read  it  with  much  admiration,  as  appearsfrom 
his  letters,  and  translated  it  into  Latin  in  1373.  Chaucer, 
who  borrowed  the  story  from  Petrarch,  assigns  it  to  the 
Clerk  of  Oxenforde  in  his  ‘Canterbury  Tales.’  The  clerk 
declares  in  his  prologue  that  he  learned  it  from  Petrarch 
at  Padua ; and,  if  we  may  believe  Warton,  Chaucer,  when 
in  Italy,  actually  heard  the  story  related  by  Petrarch,  who, 
before  translating  it  into  Latin,  had  got  it  by  heart  in  order 
to  repeat  to  his  friends.  The  tale  became  so  popular  in 
France  that  the  comedians  of  Paris  represented,  in  1393,  a 
Mystery  in  French  verse,  entitled  ‘ Le  Mystfere  de  Grisel- 
dis. ’ There  is  also  an  English  drama  called  * Patient  Gris- 
sel ’ entered  in  Stationers'  Hall,  1599.  One  ot  Goldoni’s 
plays,  in  which  the  tyrannical  husband  is  king  of  Thessaly, 
is  also  formed  on  the  subject  of  Griseldis.”  Dunlop , Hist, 
of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  146. 

Grisi  (gre'se),  Carlotta  (Caronne  Adele  Jo- 
sephine Marie,  called).  Born  near  Mantua, 
June  28, 1819 ; died  at  Geneva,  May  22, 1899.  A 
celebrated  dancer,  cousin  of  Giulia  Grisi  and 
wife  of  M.  Perrot,  a dancing-master. 

Grisi.  Giulia.  Bom  at  Milan,  July  28, 1811  (?) : 
died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  29,  1869.  A celebrated  Ital- 
ian soprano,  famous  as  an  operatic  singer,  she 
appeared  first  in  Italy  in  1830  as  Emma  in  Rossini's  “ Zel- 
mira  ” ; sang  in  Paris  1832-49,  and  in  London  1834-61 ; and 
visited  the  United  States  in  1854.  In  1861  she  signed  an 
agreement  not  to  sing  for  6 years.  In  1866  she  reappeared 
at  London,  where  she  sang  from  time  to  time  in  concerts 
till  1869.  In  1836  she  married  Count  de  Melcy,  but  was 
divorced : later  she  married  the  singer  Mario. 
Griskinissa(gris-ki-nis'sa).  The  wife  of  Artaxa- 
minous,king  of  Utopia,  in  Rhodes's  “Bombastes 
Furioso.”  The  king  wishes  to  divorce  her  and 
marry  Distaffina. 

Grisons(gre-z6n,),G.Graubiinden(grou'hiind- 
en)  or  Graubiindten  (grou'bfint-en),  It.  Gri- 
gioni  (gre-jo'ne).  [F.,  from  gris,  gray.]  The 
largest  and  easternmost  canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Chur.  It  is  bounded  by  Glarus,  St. -Gall,  Liech- 
tenstein, and  Austria-Hungary  on  the  north,  Austria-Hun- 
gary and  Italy  on  the  east,  Italy  and  Ticino  on  the  south, 
and  Ticino  and  Uri  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  constitution  is  democratic.  The  canton  sends 
5 members  to  the  National  Council.  It  formed  part  of  the 
ancient  Rhaetia.  The  following  are  the  leading  events  in 
its  history  : formation  of  the  Gotteshausbund,  1367  ; of  the 
Ober  Bund,  1395 ; of  the  Zehngerichteubund  (League  of 
Ten  Jurisdictions),  1436;  alliance  of  the  first  two  leagues 
with  the  confederated  cantons,  1497-98 ; of  the  third 
league,  1567 ; loss  of  Italian  possessions,  1797  ; union  with 
the  Swiss  Confederation,  1803.  Area,  2,773  square  miles. 
Population,  118,246,  (1910). 

Gris  sell  (gris'se).  A town  on  the  northern  coast 
of  Java,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Madura : one 
of  the  oldest  towns  of  the  island. 

Grissel,  Patient.  See  Griselda  and  Patient 
Grissel. 

Griswold  (griz'wold),  Roger.  Born  at  Lyme, 
Conn.,  May  21,  1762  : died  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Oct.  25,  1812.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1780,  and  began  the  practice  of  law 
at  Norwich  in  1783,  removing  to  Lyme  in  1794.  He  was 
a Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  1795- 
1805,  and  became  a judge  of  the  Connecticut  Supreme 
Court  in  1807,  and  governor  of  the  State  in  1811.  While 
governor  he  refused  4 companies  of  troops,  which  were 
requisitioned  by  the  President  for  garrison  purposes,  the 
refusal  being  made  on  the  ground  that  the  troops  were  not 
wanted  to  repel  invasion,  and  that  the  requisition  was  in 
consequence  unconstitutional. 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot.  Born  at  Benson, 
Rutland  County,  Vt.,  Feb.  15, 1815:  died  at  New 
York  city,  Aug.  27,  1857.  An  American  critic 
and  editor.  He  was  for  a time  a Baptist  clergyman,  but 
abandoned  the  ministry  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  lit- 
erature. He  was  editor  of  “ Graham's  Magazine  " 1842-43, 


Gronov,  Abraham 

and  of  the  “ International  Magazine  " 1850-52.  Among  his 
works  are  “Poets  and  Poetry  of  America"  (1842),  “Prose 
Writers  of  America”  (1846), Female  Poets  of  America’ 
(1849),  “ The  Republican  Court  ” (1854). 

Grito  de  Dolores.  See  Dolores , Grito  de. 
Grizzel.  See  Griselda. 

Grizzle  (griz'l).  The  horse  of  Doctor  Syntax. 
He  was  all  skin  and  bone. 

Grizzle,  Lord.  In  Fielding’s  burlesque  “Tom 
Thumb  the  Great,”  a peer  of  the  realm : “ a 
flighty,  flaunting,  and  fantastical  ” personage. 
Grizzle,  Mrs.  The  sister  of  Peregrine  Pickle 
in  Smollett’s  novel  of  that  name.  She  marries  Com- 
modore Trunnion,  and  henpecks  him.  “She  goes  a little 
crank  and  humorsome  by  being  often  overstowed  with 
Nantz  and  religion.” 

Groats-worth  of  Wit,  A,  bought  with  a Mil- 
lion of  Repentance.  A posthumous  tract  by 
Robert  Greene.  It  was  licensed  in  1592  ; the  earliest 
existing  edition  known  is  1596.  It  was  edited  by  Henry 
Chettle.  Roberto,  the  young  man  whose  conversion  and 
adventures  are  related,  corresponds  in  some,  though  not 
in  all,  respects  to  Robert  Greene  himself.  He  ends  with 
a pathetic  letter  to  his  wife,  which  was  found  with  the 
MS.  after  his  death. 

Groben  (gre'ben),  Count  Karl  Joseph  von  der. 

Born  near  Rastenburg,  East  Prussia,  Sept.  17, 
1788:  died  July  13,  1876.  A Prussian  general. 
Grochow  (gro'chov).  A village  in  Poland,  24 
miles  east  of  Praga  (a  suburb  of  Warsaw),  it 
was  the  scene  of  battles  between  the  Poles  and  the  Rus- 
sians under  Diebitsch,  Feb.  19-25, 1831.  The  Poles  fought 
gallantly,  inflicting  severe  loss  on  the  Russians,  but  had  to 
fall  back  on  Warsaw. 

Grocyn  (gro'sin),  William.  Born  at  Colerne, 
Wiltshire,  about  1446 : died  at  Maidstone,  1519. 
An  English  classical  scholar,  first  teacher  of 
Greek  at  Oxford.  He  was  a friend  of  Linacre,  More, 
Colet,  and  Erasmus,  and  an  ardent  promoter  of  the  “new 
learning,"  though  an  adherent  of  the  old  religious  faith. 
With  t he  exception  of  a letter  to  Aldus  and  an  epigram  (on 
a lady  who  threw  a snowball  at  him),  no  writings  of  his 
are  known. 

Grodek  (gro'dek).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  18  miles  west  of  Lemberg.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  13,382,  (1910). 

Groden  (gre'den),  or  Grodnerthal  (gred'ner- 
tal),  It.  Gardena  (gar-da'na).  A valley  in 
Tyrol,  Austria-Hungary,  16  miles  northeast  of 
Bozen.  Length,  18  miles. 

Grodno  (grod'no).  1.  A government  of  western 
Russia,  bounded  by  Suwalki  and  Wilna  on  the 
north,  Minsk  on  the  east,  Volhyniaonthe  south, 
and  Lomza  and  Siedlce  on  the  west.  Area, 
14,896  square  miles.  Population,  1,904,300. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Grodno, 
situated  on  the  Niemen  in  lat.  53°  44'  N.,  long. 
23°  45'  E.  Population,  41,607. 

Groen  van  Prinsterer  (oron  van  prin'ster-er), 
Wilhelm.  Born  at  Yoorhurg,  near  The  Hague, 
Aug.  21, 1801 : died  at  The  Hague,  May  19, 1876. 
A Dutch  historian,  politician,  and  political 
writer.  His  works  include  “Archives,  ou  correspondance 
incdit  e de  la  maison  d’Orange-Nassau”  (1835-64),  “Hand- 
boek  der  geschiedenis  van  het  Vaderland”  (1835),  etc. 

Grogg  (grog),  Colonel.  See  the  extract. 

A smaller  society,  formed  with  less  ambitious  views,  ori- 
ginated in  a ride  to  Pennicuik,  the  seat  of  the  head  of  Mr. 
Clerk’s  family,  whose  elegant  hospitalities  are  recorded  in 
the  “Memoir."  This  was  called,  by  way  of  excellence,  The 
Club,  and  I believe  it  is  continued  under  the  same  name  to 
this  day.  Here,  too,  Walter  had  his  sobriquet ; and  — his 
corduroy  breeches,  I presume,  not  being  as  yet  worn  out  — 
it  was  Colonel  Grogg.  Lockhart,  Scott,  I.  96. 

Grolier  Club  (gro'lya  klub).  A New  York  club, 
founded  in  1884  and  incorporated  in  1888.  its 
object  is  the  encouragement  and  promotion  of  hook-making 
as  an  art,  and  the  occasional  publication  of  works  designed 
to  advance  and  illustrate  that  art. 

Grolier  de  Servier,  Vicomte  d’Aguisy,  Jean. 

Born  at  Lyons,  1479:  died  in  1565.  A celebrated 
French  bibliophile,  known  as  Jean  Grolier.  He 
was  of  a rich  family,  and  became  treasurer  under  Francis  I. 
He  owes  his  reputation  to  his  passion  for  fine  books(regard- 
ingalike subject, binding, priming, andpaper).  Hedesigned 
many  of  his  own  ornaments  and  supervised  the  binding. 
Grongar  Hill  (gron'gar  hil).  A descriptive 
poem  by  John  Dyer,  published  in  1727 : named 
from  a hill  in  South  Wales. 

Groningen  (Gro'ning-Gen),  G.  Groningen  (gre'- 
ning-en).  1.  A province  of  the  Netherlands, 
hounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  north,  the 
Dollart  and  Prussia  on  the  east,  Drenthe  on  the 
south,  and  Friesland  on  the  west.  Area,  790 
square  miles.  Population,  331,213. — 2.  A sea- 
port, capital  of  the  province  of  Groningen, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Reit  Diep  (formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Dronthe  ’sche  Aa  and  the 
Fiunse)  in  lat.  53°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  34'  E.  ithas 

important  trade,  especially  in  grain  and  rape-seed,  and  is 
the  seat  of  a university,  founded  in  1614.  It  was  taken 
by  Maurice  of  Nassau  in  1594.  Population,  75,370. 

Gronov  (Gro'nov),  L.  Gronovius  (grd-no'vi-us), 
Abraham.  Born  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  1694 : 


Gronov,  Abraham 

died  there,  Aug.  17,  1775.  A Dutch  classical 
scholar,  son  of  Jakob  Gronov.  He  was  librarian  in 
the  University  of  Leyden,  and  is  chiefly  noted  for  his  edi- 
tion of  .Elian’s  “ Varia  historia,”  besides  which  lie  pub- 
lished editions  of  Justin,  Pomponius  Mela,  and  Tacitus. 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Jakob.  Born  at  De- 
venter, Netherlands,  Oct.  20, 1645:  died  at  Ley- 
den, Oct.  21,  1716.  A Dutch  classical  scholar, 
son  of  J.  F.  Gronov  (1611-71).  He  became  professor 
of  belles-lettres  at  Leyden  in  1670.  His  chief  work  is  “ The- 
saurus antiquitatum  grsecarum  ” (1697-1702). 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Johann  Friedrich. 

Bom  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  8,  1611:  died  at  Ley- 
den, Dec.  28,  1671.  An  eminent  German  clas- 
sical scholar.  He  became  professor  of  history  and  elo- 
quencein  the  University  of  Leyden  in  1658,  a position  which 
he  occupied  until  his  death.  He  published  valuable  edi- 
tions of  Livy,  Tacitus,  and  other  Latin  classics,  and  is  the 
author  of  “ Commentarius  de  sestertiis”  (1643). 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Johann  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Leyden,  March  10,  1690:  died  there, 
1760.  A Dutch  botanist,  brother  of  Abraham 
Gronov:  author  of  “Flora  Virginica”  (1743) 
and  “Flora  Orientalis”  (1755). 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Lorenz  Theodor.  Died 
at  Leyden,  1778.  A Dutch  naturalist,  son  of 
J.  F.  Gronov  (1690-1760).  He  wrote  “ Museum 
ichthyologicum  ” (1754-56),  “ Zoophylacium 

gronovianum”  (1763-81),  etc. 

Groot  (grot),  Gerhard,  L.  Gerhardus  Magnus. 
Born  at  Deventer,  Netherlands,  Oct.,  1340:  died 
there,  Aug.  20, 1384.  A Dutch  reformer,  found- 
er of  the  society  of  “Brethren  of  the  Common 
Life.”  He  was  the  son  of  a burgomaster  of  De- 
venter. 

Groote  Eylandt  (grot  i 'lant).  [‘  Great  Island.’] 
An  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  Australia. 
Gros(gro),  Antoine  Jean,  Baron.  BornatParis, 
March  16,  1771:  drowned  himself  in  the  Seine, 
near  Paris,  June  25, 1835.  A French  historical 
painter.  He  studied  first  with  his  father,  a miniature- 
painter  ; in  1785  entered  the  atelier  of  David  ; and  visited 
Italy  in  1793.  He  was  especially  inspired  by  Rubens  and 
Van  Dyck.  Gros  came  into  relations  witli  Bonaparte  at 
the  time  of  the  Italian  campaign,  and  painted  his  portrait 
in  the  “ Ponte  d'Arcole.”  He  was  appointed  on  the  com- 
mission which  selected  the  works  taken  to  France  from 
the  conquered  cities  of  Italy.  On  his  return  to  Paris  he 
painted  “Les  pestifenls  de  Jaffa”  (1804),  “Charge  de  ca- 
valerie  h la  bataille  d’Aboukir”  (1806),  and  other  similar 
works.  He  was  made  baron  by  Napoleon  I.,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  Institute  in  1816.  He  exhibited  in  1827 
"Le  portrait  de  Charles  X.,”  and  in  1835  “Hercule  et  Di- 
omede." The  criticism  upon  this  work  brought  on  an  at- 
tack of  melancholia,  and  he  drowned  himself.  He  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salons  from  1797  to  1835. 

Grosclaude  (gro-klod'),  Louis.  Born  at  Locle, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  26,  1788 : died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
11, 1869.  A Swiss  genre  painter.  He  studied 
with  Regnault.  Many  of  his  works  were  bought 
by  the  King  of  Prussia. 

Grose  (gros),  Francis.  Born  at  Greenford,  Mid- 
dlesex, about  1731:  died  at  Dublin,  May  12, 
1791.  An  English  antiquary.  He  studied  art,  and 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  for  a number  of  years, 
chiefly  architectural  drawings.  He  was  Richmond  herald 
1755-63,  and  afterward  held  offices  in  several  corps  of  mi- 
litia. In  1789  he  made  an  antiquarian  tour  in  Scotland,  and 
in  1791  started  on  a similar  tour  in  Ireland,  from  which  he 
never  returned.  He  wrote  “ The  Antiquities  of  England 
and  Wales"  (1773-87),  “ Classical  Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar 
Tongue " (1785X  “Military  Antiquities,  etc.”  (1786),  “Pro- 
vincial Glossary ” (1787),  “The  Antiquities  of  Scotland” 
(1789-91),  “The  Antiquities  of  Ireland,”  finished  by  Dr. 
Ledwich  (1791-95),  etc. 

Gross  (gros),  Samuel  D.  Born  near  Easton, 
Pa.,  July  8,  1805:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  6, 
1884.  An  American  surgeon.  His  works  include 
“Elements  of  Pathological  Anatomy  ” (1839),  “System  of 
Surgery  ” (1859),  etc. 

Grossbeeren  (gros'ba-ren).  A village  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  12  miles 
south  of  Berlin.  Here,  Aug.  23, 1813,  the  Prussians  un- 
der Von  Billow  defeated  the  French  army  which  was  ad- 
vancing on  Berlin  under  Oudinot,  driving  it  back  on  the 
Elbe. 

Grosse  (gros'se),  Julius  Waldemar.  Bom  at 
Erfurt,  Prussia,  April  25, 1828:  died  at  Torbole, 
Austria,  May  9, 1902.  A German  poet  and  nov- 
elist. He  was  engaged  in  journalistic  work  at  Munich 
1854-70,  and  became  secretary  of  the  Scliiller-Stiftung  at 
Weimarinl870.  Hepublished  numerous  poetical  and  dra- 
matic works,  and  the  novels  "Untreu  aus  Mitleid”  (1868), 
“Maria  Mancini”  (1869),  “Eine  alte  Liebe”  (1869),  “Ge- 
gen  den  Strom  ” (1871),  “ Tante  Carldore”  (1890),  etc. 
Grossenhain  (gros  ' sen -hin),  formerly  called 
Hain.  A town  in  the  government  district  of 
Dresden,  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Roder  19 
miles  north-northwest  of  Dresden.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  12,024. 

Grosseteste  (gros' test),  Robert.  Died  1253. 
An  English  divine  and  scholar,  elected  bishop 
of  Lincoln  in  1235.  He  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris ; 
later  became  chancellor  at  Oxford  and  (1224)  first  rector 
of  the  Franciscans  there ; and  was  appointed  archdeacon 
of  Wilts(1214, 1220),  archdeacon  of  Northampton  1221.  and 
later  archdeacon  of  Leicester.  He  also  held  the  prebend 


463 

of  Empingham  in  Lincoln  cathedral.  He  was  energetic 
in  reforming  abuses  in  his  diocese.  In  1239  he  fell  into  a 
protracted  quarrel  with  the  chapter  of  Lincoln  over  his 
right  of  visitation,  which  was  finally  settled  by  the  Pope 
in  his  favor.  His  career  throughout  was  marked  by  a vig- 
orous defense  of  his  rights  and  the  right  against  all  op- 
ponents, including  king  and  Pope.  A notable  instance  of 
this  was  his  refusal  (1253),  on  the  ground  of  unfitness,  to 
induct  into  a canonry  at  Lincoln  the  Pope’s  nephew  Fred- 
erick di  Lavanga.  Grosseteste  was  a voluminous  writer, 
and  long  exerted  a great  influence  upon  English  thought 
and  literature. 

Robert  Grosseteste,  a man  of  spotless  orthodoxy,  and 
unquestionably  the  first  English  scholar  of  the  age.  With- 
out any  advantages  of  birth  or  person,  Grosseteste  had  al- 
ready begun  to  mount  the  ladder  of  fame.  The  son  of  a 
mere  peasant,  he  was  generally  described  by  a nickname 
which  in  Latin  was  rendered  Capito,  or  Grossum  Caput, 
and  in  English  Greathead,  or  Grosthead.  The  date  of  his 
birth  is  unknown,  and  it  is  not  certain  whether  he  took 
his  degree  in  arts  at  Oxford  or  at  Paris.  Before  becoming 
a lecturer  in  the  Franciscan  convent,  he  had  been  suc- 
cessively appointed  to  the  archdeaconries  of  Chester, 
Wilts,  Northampton,  and  Leicester,  and  be  seems  to  have 
held  the  last  two  of  these  preferments  until  the  year  1231. 

Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  29. 

Grosseto  (gros-sa/to).  1.  A province  in  Tus- 
cany, Italy,  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean. 
Area,  1,738  square  miles.  Population, 
156,272. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Grosseto,  situated  near  the  Ombrone  in  lat. 
42°  46'  N.,  long.  11°  6'  E.  It  is  the  chief  place  in 
the  Maremme,  and  has  a cathedral.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,768. 

Grossglockner.  See  Glockner. 

Grossglogau.  See  Glogau. 

Grossgorschen  (gros'ger-shen).  A village  south 
of  Liitzen  ( which  see  ) . The  battle  of  Liitzen,  May  2, 
1813,  is  sometimes  called  the  battle  of  Grossgorschen. 

Grossi  (gros'se),  Tommaso.  Born  at  Bellano, 
on  the  Lake  of  Como,  Italy,  Jan.  20,  1791:  died 
at  Milan,  Dec.  10,  1853.  An  Italian  poet  and 
novelist.  His  works  include  the  historical  novel  “Marco 
Visconti  ” (1834),  the  poem  “Ildegonda”  (1820),  etc. 

Grossjagerndorf  (gros-ya'gern-dorf ) . A village 
in  the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  9 miles 
east  of  Wehlau.  Here,  Aug.  30,  1767,  a large  Russian 
army,  invading  Prussia  under  Apraxin,  inflicted  a severe 
defeat  on  the  Prussians  under  Yon  Lehwald. 

Gross-Steffelsdorf.  See  Rima-Szombatli. 

Grosswardein  (gros'var-din),  Hung.  Nagy- 
Varad  (nody'va-rod).  A royal  free  city,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  Bihar,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Sebes  Koros  in  lat.  47°  4'  N.,  long.  21° 
53'  E.  It  has  a Roman  and  a Greek  cathedral.  It  is  one 
of  the  oldest  Hungarian  towns.  A treaty  was  made  here 
between  Ferdinand  I.  and  John  ZApolya  in  1538.  It  was 
a temporary  seat  of  the  revolutionary  government  in 
1849.  Population,  64,000,  (1910). 

Grosvenor  (gro've-nor)  Gallery.  1 . A private 
picture-gallery  established  in  Grosvenor  House, 
London,  by  Richard,  first  Earl  Grosvenor.  He 
purchased  the  pictures  of  Mr.  Agar  as  a nucleus.  It  con- 
tains fine  works  of  Claude  and  Rubens. 

2.  A gallery  for  the  exhibition  of  paintings  of 
the  modem  esthetic  school,  established  by  Lord 
Grosvenor  in  New  Bond  street  in  1876.  Pictures 
were  received  only  by  invitation.  The  exhibitions  have 
been  discontinued. 

Grosvenor  Square.  A fashionable  square  in 
London,  east  of  Hyde  Park.  It  was  laid  out  before 
1716  and  has  been  the  residence  of  many  famous  men. 
There  is  great  variety  of  styles  in  its  architecture,  and  it  is 
noted  for  the  old  ironwork  and  flambeau  extinguishers 
before  many  of  the  doors. 

Grote  (grot),  George.  Born  at  Clay  Hill,  near 
Beckenham,  Kent,  Nov.  17,  1794:  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  18,  1871.  A celebrated  English  his- 
torical writer.  He  studied  at  the  Charterhouse,  and  in 
1810  entered  his  father’s  bank,  devoting  himself  thereafter 
to  that  business.  He  was  a member  of  Parliament  1833- 
1841.  His  great  work  is  a “History  of  Greece”  (1846-56). 
He  also  published  “Plato  and  the  other  Companions  of 
Socrates  ’’  (1865).  His  “ Minor  Works  ’’  were  collected  by 
Bain  (1873). 

Grote,  Mrs.  (Harriet  Lewin).  Bom  near  South- 
ampton, England,  July  1,  1792:  died  at  Shiere, 
near  Guildford,  Surrey,  Dec.  29,  1878.  An  Eng- 
lish author,  wife  of  George  Grote  (married 
1820),  whose  biography  she  wrote  (1873).  She 
published  also  “Life  of  Ary  Scheffer”  (1860), 
etc. 

Grotefend(gro'te-fent),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Miinden,  near  Cassel,  Prussia,  June  9, 1775: 
died  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  Dec.  15,  1853.  A 
noted  German  philologist  and  archaaologist, 
prorector  (later  conrector)  of  the  gymnasium 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  (1803-21),  and  direc- 
tor of  the  lyceum  at  Hannover  (1821-49).  He 
is  especially  noted  for  his  labors  on  the  decipherment  of 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions.  His  works  include  “Neue 
Beitrage  zur  Erlauterung  der  persepolitanisclicn  Keil- 
schrift  ” (1837),  “Rudimenta  lingme  Umbricae  ” (1835-38), 
“ Rudimenta  linguae  Oscso  ’’  (1839),  etc.  See  the  extract. 

The  clue  to  the  decipherment  of  the  [cuneiform]  in- 
scriptions was  first  discovered  by  the  successful  guess  of 


Grove,  Sir  William  Robert 

a German  scholar,  Grotefend.  Grotefend  noticed  that  the 
inscriptions  generally  began  with  three  or  four  words,  one 
of  which  varied,  while  the  others  remained  unchanged. 
The  variable  word  had  three  forms,  though  the  same  form 
always  appeared  on  the  same  monument.  Grotefend, 
therefore,  conjectured  that  this  word  represented  the 
name  of  a king,  the  words  which  followed  it  being  the 
royal  titles.  One  of  the  supposed  names  appeared  much 
oftener  than  the  others,  and  as  it  was  too  short  for  Ar- 
taxerxes  and  too  long  for  Cyrus,  it  was  evident  that  it  must 
stand  either  for  Darius  or  for  Xerxes.  A study  of  the 
classical  authors  showed  Grotefend  that  certain  of  the 
monuments  on  which  it  was  found  had  been  constructed 
by  Darius,  and  he  accordingly  gave  to  the  characters  com- 
posing it  the  values  required  for  spelling  “Darius  ’’  in  its 
old  Persian  form.  In  this  way  he  succeeded  in  obtaining 
conjectural  values  for  six  cuneiform  letters.  He  now 
turned  to  the  second  royal  name,  which  also  appeared  on 
several  monuments,  and  was  of  much  the  same  length  as 
that  of  Darius.  This  could  only  be  Xerxes ; but  if  so,  the 
fifth  letter  composing  it  (r)  would  necessarily  be  the  same 
as  the  third  letter  in  the  name  of  Darius.  This  proved  to 
be  the  case.  Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  13. 

Groth  (grot),  Klaus.  Born  atHeide,  in  Holstein, 
April  24, 1819:  died  at  Kiel,  June  1,1899.  A Ger- 
man dialect  poet.  He  wrote  in  1853  the  first  volume  of 
“Quickborn”  (“Living  Spring”),  poems  of  popular  life,  in 
the  “Platt-Deutsch”  (Low  German)  dialect.  He  had  not 
had  a university  education,  but  was  given  the  doctor’s  title 
“honoris  causa”  by  the  University  of  Bonn  in  1856.  In  1857 
he  became  docent  at  Kiel,  where  he  was  subsequentlymade 
professor.  Twovolumesof  “ Vertelln"  (narrativesinprose) 
appeared  in  1855  and  1859.  A second  volume  of  “Quick- 
born  ” followed  in  1872;  “Ut  min  Jungsparadies,  dreiVer- 
telln”  (“From  my  Youthful  Paradise,  Three  Stories ”)  in 
1876.  “Briefe  fiber  Hochdeutsch  und  Plattdeutsch  ” 
(“  Letters  on  High  German  and  Platt-Deutsch  ’’)  appeared 
iu  1858;  “Uber  Mundarten  und  Mundartliche  Dichtung” 
(“  On  Dialects  and  Dialect  Poetry  ”)  in  1873. 

Grotius  (gro'shi-us)  (Latinized  from  de  Groot), 
Hugo.  Born  at  Delft,  Netherlands,  April  10, 
1583 : died  at  Rostock,  Germany,  Aug.  28-29, 
1645.  A celebrated  Dutch  jurist,  theologian, 
statesman,  and  poet,  the  founder  of  the  science 
of  international  law.  He  was  made  pensionary  of  Rot- 
terdam in  1613;  as  a Remonstrant  leader  was  condemned 
to  life  imprisonment  at  Loevestein  in  1619;  escaped  in  1621 ; 
and  was  Swedish  ambassador  to  France  1635-45.  He  pub- 
lished “De  jure  belli  et  pacis”  (1625 : his  chief  work),  “ De 
veritate  religionis  Christian®  ” (1627),  annotations  on  the 
Old  Testament  (1644)  and  on  the  New  Testament  (1641-46), 
“Adatnus  exul”  (1601:  a tragedy),  “Christus  patiens” 
(1608:  a tragedy),  and  many  other  works. 

Groton  (gro'ton  or  grot'on).  A town  in  Middle- 
sex County,  Massachusetts,  32  miles  northwest 
of  Boston  : the  seat  of  Lawrence  Academy  and 
of  Groton  School.  Population,  2,155,  (1910). 
Groton.  A town  in  New  London  County,  Con- 
necticut, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames, 
opposite  New  London.  It  contains  Fort  Griswold, 
which  was  the  scene  of  a massacre  of  American  troops 
by  British  under  Benedict  Arnold,  Sept.  6,  1781.  Popula- 
tion, 6,495,  (1910). 

Grotta  del  Cane  (grot'ta  del  ka'ne).  [It.,  lit. 
‘grotto  of  the  dog':  so  named  because  the  car- 
bonic acid,  collecting  near  the  floor  of  the  cave, 
will  kill  a dog,  while  a man,  being  taller,  es- 
capes.] A grotto  near  Pozzuoli,  6 miles  west 
of  Naples.  The  carbonic-acid  gas  collected  in 
it  is  dangerous  to  animal  life. 

Grottaglie  (grot-tal'ye).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  Apulia,  Italy,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Taranto.  Population,  Il,274. 

Grouchy  (gro-she'),  Marquis  Emmanuel  de. 
BornatParis,  Oct.  23, 1766:  died  at  St.-fitienne, 
France,  May  29, 1847.  A French  marshal,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Napoleonic  wars.  He  commanded 
a detached  force  in  the  Waterloo  campaign,  and  defeated 
part  of  Bliicher’s  army  at  Wavre,  June  18, 1816,  but  failed 
to  prevent  Blficher  from  joining  Wellington  or  to  come 
himself  to  the  assistance  of  Napoleon  at  the  battleof  Water- 
loo, which  was  fought  afew  miles  distant  on  the  same  day. 

Grouse’s  Day,  St.  The  12th  of  August:  so 
called  jocularly  in  Great  Britain  because  the 
shooting-season  opens  then. 

Grousset  (gro-sa'),  Pascal.  Born  at  Corsica, 
1844:  died  at  Paris,  April  10,  1909.  A French 
journalist  and  Communist,  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  in  the  Commune  1871  (March  22),  and 
member  of  the  executive  committee  (April  21). 

lie  was  arrested  June  3,  condemned  to  deportation,  and 
sent  (June,  1872)  to  New  Caledonia.  In  March,  1874,  he 
escaped  to  England,  and  returned  to  France  in  1881,  where 
he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literary  work.  He  wrote 
under  the  pseudonyms  Docteur  Blasius,  Leopold  Virey, 
Philippe  Daryl,  Andr6  Laurie,  and  Tiburce  Moray. 

Grove  (grov),  Sir  George.  Born  at  Clapham, 
Surrey,  Aug.  13, 1820 : died  at  London,  May  28, 
1900.  An  English  engineer  and  writer.  He  built 
at  Jamaica  in  1841  the  first  iron  lighthouse,  and  was  em- 
ployed on  the  Britannia  Bridge.  He  was  director  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Music,  Kensington,  1882-94.  He  edited 
“Macmillan's  Magazine  ” for  several  years,  and  the  “Dic- 
tionary of  Music  and  Musicians  "(1879-89:  newed.  1904-10). 
Grove,  Sir  William  Robert.  Born  at  Swansea, 
Wales,  July  11,  1811 : died  Aug.  1,  1896.  An 
English  physicist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  1835 ; 
invented  the  voltaic  battery  known  as  “ Grove’s  battery " 
1839  ; was  professor  of  physics  at  the  London  Institution 
1840-47;  became  a judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  I’leas 


Grove,  Sir  William  Robert 

1871;  was  knighted  1872  ; became  a judge  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice  1875 ; and  retired  from  the  bench  1887. 
Chief  work,  “ Ou  the  Correlation  of  Physical  Forces  " (1846). 

Groveton  (grov'ton).  See  Bull  Bun. 

Groyne,  The.  The  old  English  name  of  Corunna. 
Grua  Talamanca  y Branciforte  (gro'a  tiil-a- 
man'kii  e bran-the-for'te),  Miguel  de  la,  Mar- 
quis of  Branciforte.  Born  in  Sicily  about  1750 : 
died  after  1813.  A Spanish  general  and  admin- 
istrator. He  belonged  to  the  family  of  the  princes  of 
Carini,  and  was  the  brother-in-law  of  Manuel  Godoy, 
whose  influence  secured  him  many  undeserved  honors. 
He  was  made  captain-general  in  the  army,  grandee  of 
Spain,  etc.,  and  from  July,  1794,  to  May,  1798,  was  viceroy 
of  Mexico.  By  scandalous  abuse  of  his  power  he  gathered 
a large  fortune,  but  incurred  the  hatred  of  his  subjects. 
In  after  life  he  adhered  to  Joseph  Bonaparte. 

Gruber  (gro'ber),  Johann  Gottfried.  Bom  at 

Naumburg  on  the  Saale,  Prussia,  Nov.  29, 1774: 
died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Aug.  7, 1851.  A German 
writer  and  scholar,  collaborator  with  Ersch  on 
the  “Allgemeine  EncyklopadiederWissenschaf- 
ten  und  Kiinste.” 

Grub  (grub)Street.  A London  street,  still  ex- 
isting, but  for  many  years  known  as  Milton 
street.  It  is  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  and 
runs  from  Fore  street  to  Chiswell  street.  It  was  formerly 
noted  “ as  the  abode  of  small  authors,  who  as  writers  of 
trashy  pamphlets  and  broadsides  became  the  butts  for  the 
wits  of  their  time.  . . . The  name  ‘Grub  street,’ as  oppro- 
brious, seems,  however,  to  have  been  first  applied  by  their 
opponents  to  the  writings  of  Foxe  the  martyrologist,  who 
resided  in  the  street " (Hare,  London,  I.  273). 

Grub  Street  Opera,  The.  A burlesque  by  Henry 
Fielding,  produced  in  1731. 

Grumbler  (grum'bRr),  The.  A comedy  by  Sir 
Charles  Sedley,  printed  in  1702.  It  is  a translation 
of  Brueys’s  “ Le  grandeur, ’’and  was  adapted  as  a farce  by 
Goldsmith  in  1773. 

Grumbletonians  (grum-bl-to'ni-anz).  In  Great. 
Britain,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century, 
a nickname  for  members  of  the  Country  party, 
as  opposed  to  the  Court  party. 

Grumbo  (grum'bo).  A giant  in  the  Tom  Thumb 
stories. 

Grumentum  (gro-men'tum).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  in  Lucania,  southern  Italy,  sit- 
uated on  the  Aciris  (now  Agri)  near  the  mod- 
ern Saponara. 

Grumio  (gro'mi-o).  In  Shakspere’s  comedy 
‘ ‘ The  Taming  of  the  Shrew,”  a servant  of  Pe- 
truchio. 

Grumium  (gro'mi-um).  The  fourth-magnitude 
star  f Draconis,  in  the  head  of  the  animal. 

Griin.  See  Baldung,  Hans. 

Griin,  Anastasius.  See  A uersperg,  An  ton  Alex- 
ander von. 

Griinberg  (griin'berG).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  50  miles  southeast  of  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder.  It  exports  wine.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  21,630. 

Grundtvig  (gront'vig),  Nikolai  Frederik  Sev- 
erin.  Born  at  TJdby,inZealand, Denmark, Sept. 
8,  1783:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Sept.  2,  1872.  A 
Danish  poet  and  divine.  He  was  the  son  of  a clergy- 
man. He  studied  theology  at  the  Copenhagen  University, 
and  was  first  a tutor,  and  subsequently  (1808)  again  in  Co- 
penhagen, where  he  published  the  same  year  “Nordens 
Mythologi”  (“Mythology  of  the  North”),  and  the  suc- 
ceeding year  “ Optrin  af  Kjiimpelivets  Undergang  i Nord" 
(“Scenes from  the  Close  of  the  Heroic  Age  iu  the  North  ’’). 
In  1810  he  was  chaplain  to  his  father  at  Udby,  but  returned 
to  Copenhagen  in  1813,  after  the  latter’s  death.  In  the  fol- 
lowing years  he  wrote  many  historical  and  religious  arti- 
cles in  periodicals,  and  numerous  poems.  He  also  trans- 
lated Saxo  and  the  Heimskringla  into  Danish,  and  in  1820 
made  a free  version  of  Beowulf.  In  1821  he  was  appointed 
parish  priest  at  Prasto,  but,  went  the  following  year  to  Co- 
penhagen as  chaplain.  In  1825,  in  consequence  of  a violent 
expression  of  opinion  in  “Kirkens  Gjenmale”(“The  An- 
swer of  the  Church,"  namely,  to  a work  by  H.  N.  Clausen 
on  Catholicism  and  Protestantism),  he  was  prosecuted  for 
damages  and  fined,  and  resigned  his  position.  From  1829 
to  1831  he  was  in  England  engaged  in  the  study  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  literature.  In  1839  he  became  pastor  of  the  little 
hospital  church  of  Vartov,  in  Copenhagen,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death.  On  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his 
priesthood  the  title  of  bishop  was  given  him.  He  was  a 
most  prolific  writer  in  almost  all  departments  of  litera- 
ture, and  published  more  than  100  volumes. 

Grundy  (grun'di),  Felix.  Born  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  11,  1777 : died  at  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  Dee.  19,  1840.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Tennessee 
1829-38,  and  attorney-general  1838-40. 
Grundy,  Mr.  In  Dickens’s  “ Pickwick  Papers,” 
a friend  of  Mr.  Lowten. 

Grundy,  Mrs.  In  Morton’s  comedy  “ Speed  the 
Plough,”  one  of  two  rival  farmers’  wives.  She 

is  constantly  alluded  to  by  Mrs.  Ashfield,  the  other  farm- 
er's wife,  in  the  phrase  “What  will  Mrs.  Grundy  say?”  but 
never  appears  on  the  scene.  Her  name  has  become  pro- 
verbial for  conventional  propriety  and  morality. 

Gruner  (gro'ner),  Wilhelm  Heinrich  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Dresden , Feb.  24, 1801:  died  there,  Feb. 
27,  1882.  A German  engraver.  He  illustrated, 


464 

among  other  works,  ‘ ‘ Decorations  and  Stuccos  of  Churches 
and  Palaces  of  Italy”  (1844)  and  “Specimens  of  Orna- 
mental Art  ” (1850). 

Griinstadt  (grim'stat).  A small  town  in  the 
Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  10  miles  southwest 
of  Worms. 

Griinten  (griin 'ten).  A peak  of  the  Algauer 
Alps,  Bavaria,  near  Immenstadt.  There  is  a 
fine  prospect  from  its  summit.  Height,  5,712 
feet. 

Grus  (gi’us).  [L.,  ‘ a crane.’]  A southern  con- 
stellation between  Aquarius  and  Piseis  Austra- 
lis. It  is  one  of  the  constellations  introduced 
by  the  navigators  of  the  16th  century. 

Gruter  (grii'ter),  or  Gruyt&re  (gru-e-tar'),  Jan. 
Born  at  Antwerp,  Dec.  3,  1560 : died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  Sept.  20, 1627.  A noted  classical 
scholar,  author  of  ‘ 1 Inscriptiones  antiquas  totius 
orbis  Romanorum”  (1603),  etc. 

Griitli.  See  Riltli. 

Griitzner  (grfits'ner) , Eduard.  Born  at  Gross- 
Karlowitz,  in  Silesia,  May  26,  1846.  A German 
genre  painter,  best  known  from  his  scenes  from 
Shakspere. 

Gruy^re  (gru-yar'),  G.  Greierz  (gri'erts).  A 
district  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg,  Switzerland. 
Gruy&re,  Th6odore  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  17,  1813:  died  there,  March  1,  1885.  A 
French  sculptor,  a pupil  of  Ramey  and  Auguste 
Dumont. 

Gruydres  (gru-yar').  A town  in  the  district  of 
Gruy&re,  celebrated  for  its  cheese. 

Grynseus  (gri-ne'us)  (Latinized  from  Gryner), 
Simon.  Born  at  Vehringen,  Swabia,  1493 : died 
at  Basel,  Aug.  1, 1541.  A German-Swiss  Prot- 
estant theologian  and  philologist. 

Gryphius  (grif'i-us;  G.  pron.  gre'fe-os),  An- 
dreas. Born  atGlogau,  in  Silesia,  Oct.  11, 1616: 
died  there,  July  16, 1664.  A German  dramatist 
and  poet.  He  was  in  his  early  years  a tutor,  but  was 
enabled  by  his  patron,  the  count  palatine  Georg  von 
Sclionborn,  to  go  to  Holland,  when  (1638)  he  matriculated 
at  Leyden,  where  he  subsequently  studied  and  taught.  He 
returned  to  Glogau  in  1613,  hut  again  (1646)  left  to  travel 
in  Italy  and  France.  In  1650  he  became  syndic  of  his 
native  town,  where  he  died.  He  wrote  odes,  sonnets, 
and  hymns,  but  Iris  fame  is  based  principally  upon  his 
dramas.  Hewastheauthorof Stragedies:  “Leo  Arnienius” 
(1650  : written  in  1646),  “Katharina  von  Georgien,”  “Car- 
denio  und  Celinde,”  “Carolus  Stuardus ” (1657 : written  in 
1649),  and  “ Papinianus  ” (1059).  More  important  still  are 
his  comedies  “Peter  Squentz ” (1663)  and  “ Horribilicri- 
brifax"  (1663),  both  written  between  1647  and  1650.  A 
third  comedy,  “Die  geliebte  Dornrose,”  written  in  the 
Silesian  peasant  dialect,  was  first  acted  in  1660  as  the  in- 
terlude to  a comic  operetta,  “Das  verliebte  Gespenst” 
(“  The  Enamoured  Ghost  ”).  Twoother  operatic  plays  are 
“Majuma’’aud  “ Piastus.”  In  addition  to  these,  he  trans- 
lated a Latin  religious  drama  and  several  comedies  from 
Italian  and  French.  He  has  been  styled  “ the  German 
Shakspere.  ” 

Gryphon  (grif'on).  1.  A legendary  monster, 
with  its  lower  part  that  of  a lion  and  its  upper 
that  of  a bird  of  prey. — 2.  See  Aquilant. 
Guacanagari  (gwa-kan-a-ga-re'),  or  Guacana- 
hari  (gwa-kan-a-a-re').  Died  about  1496.  An 
Indian  chief  of  the  district  of  Marien,  on  the 
northeast  coast  of  Haiti.  He  was  very  friendly  to 
Columbus,  who  left  a small  colony  near  his  village  (Jan., 
1493) : this  was  destroyed  by  hostile  Indians,  who  also  at- 
tacked Guacanagari.  He  remained  faithful  to  the  whites, 
but  in  1495  his  subjects  rebelled  on  account  of  the  tribute 
exacted  by  the  conquerors.  Guacanagari  tied  to  t he  moun- 
tains, where  he  died  miserably. 

Guacharos  (gwa'cha-rds),  Cave  of  the.  [Sp. 
Cueva  de  Guacharos .]  A cave  near  Caripe,  state 
of  Bermudez,  Venezuela : so  named  because  it 
is  inhabited  by  the  birds  called  guacharos  (Stea- 
tornis  caripensis).  It  was  visited  and  described 
by  Humboldt. 

Guachires.  See  Guaiqueris. 

Guachis  (gwii-shez').  [So  called  by  the  Guayeu- 
rus : said  to  mean  ‘ slippery  feet.’]  A tribe  of 
Indians  of  southern  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  now 
nearly  or  quite  extinct,  owing  to  the  practice 
of  infanticide  among  them.  They  were  formerly 
powerful.  The  Guachis  appear  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Guaxarapos  or  Guasarapos  mentioned  by  old  writers 
(also  Gnararapos  and  Guarapayos).  Their  relations  are 
doubtful.  Also  written  Guochiex,  Guaxis. 
Guadalajara  (gwa-da-la-Ha'ra).  1.  A province 
in  New  Castile,  Spain,  bounded  by  Segovia,  So- 
ria, and  Saragossa  on  the  north,  Teruel  ou  the 
east,  Cuenca  on  the  south,  and  Madrid  on  the 
west.  Area,  4,676  square  miles.  Population, 
200,186.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Guadalajara,  situated  on  the  Henarcs  33  miles 
northeast  of  Madrid.  Population,  11,873. 
Guadalajara.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Ja- 
lisco, Mexico,  situated  about  lat.  21°  N.,long. 
103°  10'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1531,  is  the  third  city 
of  Mexico  in  size,  and  contains  a cathedral  and  a univer- 
sity. Population,  118,799,  (1910). 

Guadalajara,  Audience  of.  See  Kueva  Galicia. 


Guaimis 

Guadalaviar  (gwa-THa-la-ve-ar').  A river  of 
eastern  Spain  which  flows  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean near  Valencia. 

Guadalcazar,  Marquis  of.  See  Fernandes  de 
Cordova,  Diego. 

Guadalquivir  (ga-dal-kwiv'er;  Sp.  pron.  gwii- 
Tiral  -ke-ver').  [From  Ar.  wddi-el-kebir,  the 
great  river.]  A river  in  southern  Spain,  flow- 
ing into  the  Atlantic  17  miles  north-northwest 
of  Cadiz:  the  ancient  Bastis.  Length,  about 
350  miles ; navigable  to  Seville.  Cordova  is 
also  on  its  banks. 

Guadalupe  (gwa-da-16'pa).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Caceres,  Spain,  situated  at  the 
base  of  the  Sierra  Guadalupe  about  60  miles 
east  of  Caceres.  The  Hieronymite  convent  of  Santa 
Maria  is  a noble  foundation,  royally  endowed.  The  build- 
ings are  very  extensive.  The  church  is  massive,  in  Pointed 
architecture,  with  a sumptuous  retable  and  many  tombs. 
The  sacristy  is  reputed  one  of  the  finest  in  Spain  : it  con- 
tains paintings  by  Zurbaran  and  by  Luca  Giordano.  There 
are  two  fine  cloisters  — one  in  the  Moresco  style,  the 
other  Pointed.  Population,  3,270. 

Guadalupe  (ga-da-lop' ; Sp.  pron.  gwii-Tiia-lo'- 
pa).  A river  in  southern  Texas  which  joins 
the  San  Antonio  about  10  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Guadalupe-Hidalgo  (gwfi  - da  -16 ' pa  - e - dal  '- 
go).  A town  in  the  federal  district,  Mexico,  3 
miles  north  of  Mexico.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  chapel 
on  the  spot  where  the  Virgin  is  said  to  have  appeared  to 
a shepherd.  By  a treaty  signed  here  Feb.  2, 1848,  Mexico 
ceded  a large  territory,  comprising  the  modern  California, 
Nevada,  Utah,  most  of  Arizona,  a large  part  of  New  Mex- 
ico, and  parts  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  to  the  United 
States. 

Guadeloupe  (ga-de-lop';  F.  pron.  gwad-lop'). 
An  island  of  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
France,  intersected  by  lat.  16°  15'  N.,  long. 
61°  30'  W.  It  consists  of  two  parts  separated  by  a nar- 
row channel — Guadeloupe  proper  or  Basse-Terre  in  the 
west,  and  Grande-Terre  in  the  east.  The  former  is  moun- 
tainous, the  latter  generally  low.  The  chief  product  is 
sugar.  The  capital  is  Basse-Terre ; the  largest  place,  Pointe- 
a-Pitre.  The  island,  with  Marie- Galante,  La  IWsirade,  Les 
Saintes,  St.-Bartholomew,  and  part  of  St. -Martin,  forms  a 
government.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  Nov.  4,1493 ; 
was  colonized  by  the  French  in  1635;  was  several  times 
taken  by  Great  Britain  ; and  was  finally  secured  to  France 
in  1815.  Area,  583  square  miles.  Population  of  Guade- 
loupe, 142,294 ; of  Guadeloupe  and  its  dependencies, 
165,899. 

Guadet  (ga-da'),  Marguerite  Elie.  Born  at 

St.-Emilion,  near  Bordeaux,  France,  July  20, 
1758  ; guillotined  at  Bordeaux,  June  18, 1794.  A 
French  Girondist  leader,  deputy  to  the  Legisla- 
tive Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  in 
1792. 

Guadiana  (gwa-THe-a'na  or  gwa-de-a'na).  A 
river  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  forming  in  part  of 
its  course  a boundary  between  the  two  coun- 
tries : the  ancient  Anas.  It  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
in  lat.  37°  9'  N.,  long.  7°  18'  W.  In  a portion  of  its  upper 
course  it  flows  for  many  miles  underground.  Length,  over 
f>00  miles. 

Guadix  (gwii-THeH').  A town  in  the  province 
of  Granada,  Spain,  30  miles  east-northeast  of 
Granada.  It  has  a cathedral  and  a ruined 
castle.  Population,  12,652. 

Guaduas  (gwa'THwas).  A town  in  Colombia, 
situated  about  lat.  5°  S.,  long.  74°  50'  W. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Guahan  (gwa-han'),  or  Guam  (gwiim),  or  San 
Juan  (sail  Ho-an'),  Sp.  Guajan  (gwa-Hiin'). 
The  southernmost  and  largest  of  the  Ladroues, 
Pacific  Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  26'  N., 
long.  144°  40'  E.  It  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United 
States  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  Dec.  10, 1898.  It  is  about  32 
miles  long  and  3-0  wide.  Area,  about  200  sq.  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 11,760. 

Guaharibos  (gwii-a-re'bos).  A tribe  of  Indians 
of  the  Carib  stock,  in  southern  Venezuela,  liv- 
ing about  the  head  waters  of  the  Orinoco  and 
Caura.  Formerly  numerous  and  formidable,  they  are 
now  reduced  to  a few  hundred,  who  stand  in  great  fear 
of  the  whites  and  have  little  intercourse  with  them. 
Guahibos  (gwa-e'bos).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
upper  Orinoco  valley.  They  were  formerly  pow- 
erful, but  are  now  reduced  to  a few  thousand,  near  the 
Orinoco,  between  the  Meta  and  the  Vichada.  They  are 
nomadic,  rarely  passing  two  nights  in  the  same  place ; live 
by  hunting  and  fishing  and  on  wild  fruits ; and  are  sav- 
ages of  a low  grade.  About  1770  a few  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages,  but  they  soon  returned  to  the  plains,  and 
have  remained  inveterate  enemies  of  the  whites.  Their 
color  is  lighter  than  that  of  most  Indians.  Their  linguis- 
tic relations  are  doubtful.  Also  written  Guaybas,  Guaji - 
vos , Guahivos. 

Guaicas,  or  Guaycas.  See  Quaquas. 
Guaicuris,  or  Guaikeries.  See  Guaiqueris. 
Guaimis  (gwi'mes).  An  Indian  tribe  of  south- 
eastern  Costa  Rica,  near  the  Bay  of  Chiriqui, 
on  both  sides  of  the  central  Cordillera.  Their 
language  appears  to  have  some  relation  to  that 
of  the  ancient  Cliibchas  of  New  Granada. 


Guaiqueris 


465 


Guatos 


Guaiqueris  (gwi-ka-res').  A tribe  of  Indians  degree  of  civilization,  and  resisted  the  Spanish  conquerors  The  name  was  transferred  to  the  modern  city  near  the 
which  formerly  occupied  the  island  of  Margarita  with  8reat  valor.  Their  descendants  may  be  traced  in  the  same  place,  now  known  in  English  as  Cape  Haitien. 
and  the  adiaoent  parts  of  Venezuela  Thev  are  m!,x,e(i  races  of  the  same  region,  and  it  is  said  that  some  Guarini  (gwa-re'ne), Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
ana  ine  aaiacent  pails  oi  yenezueia.  ibeyare  wild  hordes  to  the  east  were  derived  from  them.  at  Ferrara  Italv  Dpc  10  1 rV17  • at  Vo,,:,.,, 

supposed  to  have  been  of  Carib  stock.  Their  descendants  « jolon/ln  au  .r  eizaia.iiaiy,  ixec.  1U,  loaf  . aiea  at  Venice, 

live  in  the  same  region,  but  speak  only  Spanish.  Also  Guano  Islands  (gwa  no  l landz).  Islands  off  Oct.  4,  1612.  A noted  Italian  poet  and  diplo- 
written  Guakeries,  Guaicuris,  and  Guachires.  the  coast  ot  Feru,  noted  tor  their  deposits  ot  matist,  professor  of  belles-lettres  at  Ferrara 

Guaira,  La.  See  La  Guayra.  guano.  They  comprise  the  Lobos  Islands,  Chin-  He  was  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Ferrara,  and  later  hi 

Guajira  (gwa-He'ra),  or  Goajira  (gwa-He'rii).  cha  Islands,  etc.  that  of  Tuscany  and  that  of  Urbino.  His  chief  work  is 

A peninsula,  partly  in  Venezuela  and  partly  in  Guantanamo  (gwan-ta'na-mo).  A city  of  Cuba,  n ‘‘M  pastor  fido’’(if.85). 

Colombia,  projecting  into  the  Caribbean  Sea  situated  about  40  miles  northeast  of  Santiago  Guanonex(gwa-ie-o  nag).  Died  after  1510.  An 
northwest  of  Lake  Maracaibo.  de  Cuba  and  about  10  miles  north  of  Guantd-  lll<  liU1.  c-  i , ° *'~e  region  or  “province”  of 

Guajivos.  See  Gliahibo.S.  namo  Bay.  The  latter  was  the  scene  of  engagements  rohimhlm  hoSnimhirinrtL?arnd  fr!Taitl’  i **0  received 

Gual  (gwal),  Pedro.  Born  at  Caracas,  Jan.  31,  between  the  Spanish  and  United  States  troops  and  vessels  tllll  whites  unt|i  wgsfwhen' h^’h^dedTrevolt.  Defeated! 
1784:  died  at  Gruayacpiil,  Ecuador,  May  6, 1862.  ^ i a ^ \r^  ’ J he  fled  to  the  country  of  Mayobanex,  but  was  eventually 

-i-i  o v\  sin  captured  and  held  as  a hostage. 

A Guarneri  (gwar-ua/re),  Latinized  Guarnerius 


in  June,  1898.  Population,  14,559. 

A Venezuelan  statesman.  He  was  a lawyer ; joined  ^ee  Yap.  .. 

the  patriots  in  1810;  occupied  many  important  civil  and  irUapey  (gwa-pay  ),  or  Guapay  (gwa-pi  ) 


diplomatic  posts;  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  insurrec 
tion  against  Monagas  in  1858 ; and  was  vice-president  and 
president  ad  interim  in  1800. 

Gualdo  Tadino  (gwal'do  ta-de'uo).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  21  miles  east- 
northeast.  of  Perugia.  Near  this  place,  at  the  ancient 
Tagime  (Tadinum),  Narses  defeated  Totila  in  552.  It  lias 
a cathedral.  Population,  commune,  10,055.  _ . 

Gualeguay  (gwa-la-gwi').  A town  in  the  prov-  Guaranis  (gwa-ra-nes'),  Guaranys. 
ince  of  Entre  Bios,  Argentine  Republic,  situ-  riors.’J  A powerful  race  of  South  i 
ated  on  the  river  Gualeguay  120  miles  north  T"J  "~l'~ 
by  west  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Population, 
about  9,000. 

Gualeguaychu  (gwa-la-gwi-cho').  A town  in 
the  province  of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, situated  on  tho  river  Gualeguaychu  115 
miles  north  of  Buenos  Ayres.  It  was  founded 
in  1783.  Population,  about  15,000. 

Guam.  See  Chtahan. 

Guamanga  (gwa-man'ga),  or  Huamanga  (wa- 
man'ga).  A city  of  Peru,  now  called  Ayacucho. 

Guamas  (gwa-mas').  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
Orinoco  valley,  oil  the  Apure.  They  were  formerly 
numerous,  had  large  villages,  were  agricultural,  and  were 
skiUed  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  other  objects. 

They  were  perhaps  of  Tupi  stock.  The  tribe  is  nearly  ex- 
tinct. 

Guamos.  Same  as  Guarna 


river  in  Bolivia  which  rises  near  Cochabamba,  (gwar-ne'ri-us),  Andrea.  Born  at  Cremona, 
and  unites  with  the  Mamord.  Italy,  about  1630 : died  after  1695  (?).  A noted 

Guapord  (gwa-po-ra/),  called  in  its  upper  course  Italian  violin-maker. 

Itenez  (e-ta-naz').  A river  in  western  Brazil  Guarneri,  Antonio  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Cre- 
and  on  the  Brazilian  and  Bolivian  border.  It  mona,  June  8,  1683:  died  1745.  A celebrated 
unites  with  the  Mamore  in  lat.  11°  54'  13"  S.  Italian  violin-maker,  nephew  of  Andrea  Guar- 
Length,  over  900  miles.  neri. 

[‘War-  Guastalla  fgwas-tal'la).  A small  town  in  the 
American  province  of  Reggio  nell’  Emilia,  Italy,  situated 
Indians  who,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  oc-  at  the  junction  of  the  Crostolo  with  the  Po,  19 
cupied  most  of  the  region  now  included  in  miles  northeast  of  Parma.  The  duchy  of  Guastaila 
Paraguay,  together  with  portions  of  Uruguay  (previous  to  1621  a county)  passed  to  Don  Philip  of  Spain, 

and  of  the  Brazilian  coast  to  Santa  Catharina.  *Ma?S71nni^am1i!aiK  174|’tt°Ma!!line  Bo1rl  oese  in  1805’to 

They  were  divided  into  numerous  tribes  and  villages  with  ,181A  an<?.  ‘"Modena  ,n  1848-  .,  , _ 

different  names,  not  bound  together  by  any  permanent  uCmHla, (ga-te-ma  14;  op.  pron.  gwa-ta-ma  - 
league,  but  having  essentially  the  same  language  and  IS),  " 

customs.  The  Guaranis  cultivated  manioc  and  other  A : 


plants,  had  well-ordered  towns,  and  practised  rude  arts  : 
it  does  not  appear  that  any  of  them  were  cannibals.  Gen- 
erally they  received  the  whites  as  friends,  and  were  easily 
subdued.  Among  them  the  Jesuits  established  theirmost 
important  missions.  From  this  race,  mingled  with  the 
Spaniards,  was  derived  the  modern  population  of  Para- 
guay, where  a corrupt  form  of  Guarani  is  still  the  common 
language.  In  that  country  only  the  so-called  t’aas  of  the 
upper  Parana  remain  in  a wild  state.  The  name  is  loosely 
used  forsemi-civilized  Indians  of  Tupi  stock  in  Argentina, 
Uruguay,  and  southern  Brazil.  The  Guarani  language 
has  a considerable  literature,  including  a newspaper. 
Also  written  Guaranies. 


Guanabacoa  (gwa-na-ba-ko'ii).  A town  in  Cuba,  Guarani  stock.  See  Tupi  stock, 

5 miles  east  of  Havana.  It  is  the  residence  of  manv  / - ••  A 

Havana  merchants,  and  a sea-bathing  resort.  Population,  (xliaratingUCta  (gwa-ra-ten-gwa-ta  ).  A town 
municipality,  24,968.  in  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  situated  on 

Guanahani  (gwii-na-a-ne').  The  native  name  the  Parahiba  120  miles  west  by  north  of  Rio  de 
of  the  first  island  discovered  by  Columbus  in  Janeiro.  Population,  municipio,  38.263. 
his  voyage  of  1492,  and  consequently  the  first  Guaraunos(gwa-ra-6'nos  or  wa-ra-o'nos), called 
American  land  seen  by  modern  Europeans,  by  the  English  of  Guiana  Warraus,  or  Guar 


It  was  described  as  low  and  flat,  covered  with  trees,  sur- 
rounded by  reefs,  and  having  a lake  in  the  center.  It  was 
certainly  one  of  the  Bahamas,  nearthemiddle  of  thegroup, 
but  its  exact  identity  cannot  now  be  determined  with 
certainty.  The  weight  of  opinion  inclines  to  Watling 
Island ; but  various  writers  have  supposed  it  to  be  Cat 
Island,  Samana,  Acklin,  Mariguana,  or  Grand  Turk. 

Guanajuato  (gwa-na-Ho-a'to).  1.  A state  of 


raus  (wa-ra-os').  A tribe  of  South  American 
Indians  about  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  For- 


UWWVrmWl«M4,UJ  9V  lliCD  1 Cllj  KJ  p . pi  V7JL1 . £2,  VV  Ct-ltt-liia  - 

a),  incorrectly  Guaiimala  (gwa-te-ma'la). 

republic  of  Central  America.  Capital,  Gua- 
temala. It  is  bounded  by  Mexico  on  the  north  and 
northwest,  British  Honduras,  the  Gulf  of  Honduras,  and 
Honduras  on  the  east,  Salvador  on  the  southeast,  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous.  The  chief  product  is  coffee.  It  is  divided 
into  21  departments.  The  executive  is  vested  in  a presi- 
dent and  a council  of  state,  and  legislation  in  a national 
assembly.  Most  of  the  people  are  Roman  Catholics,  but 
other  cults  are  tolerated.  Guatemala  was  conquered  by 
Pedro  de  Alvarado,  the  lieutenant  of  Colics,  in  1624-26. 
After  a short  connection  with  Iturbide’s  Mexican  empire, 
it  formed  part  of  the  Central  American  Confederation 
1823-39,  when  it  was  established  as  an  independent  re- 
public. It  has  had  several  wars  with  Salvador  and  Hon- 
duras. Area,  48,290  square  miles.  Population,  1,882,992. 

Guatemala,  or  Santiago  de  Guatemala  (siin- 
te-ii'go  da  gwa-ta-ma'la),  sometimes  called 
New'Guatemala  (Sp.  Guatemala  la  Nueva). 

The  capital  of  the  republic  of  Guatemala,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  14°  36'  N.,  long.  90°  27'  W.  The 
chief  building  is  the  cathedral.  The  city  was  founded  in 
1775,  soon  after  the  destruction  of  Old  Guatemala.  Popu- 
lation, 125,000. 


rnerly  they  seem  to  have  been  confined  to  the  swampy  lands  Guatemala,  Audience  of.  See  Confines , Autli- 
of  the  delta,  where  they  built  their  houses  on  piles  or  in  ence  of  the 

lands.’  oafish  Guatemala,  Old  or  Antigua  (an-te'gwii).  A 

or»rl  frnito  'FVw'.Jr.  1 „ .. ......  A ..  .4  41.  „ 4 l.OWTl  OT  (TliniPTHfilfl  Dll  I n a TXT  nct.CAntVi  mnof 


and  fruits.  Their  language  is  very  distinct  from  that-  of 
surrounding  tribes.  A few  thousand  remain, 


a i i Cl  ■»  • i f ,1  DimuuiiumgmucH.  a icw  uMMisanu  remain* 

Mexico,  bounded  by  San  Luis  Potosl  on  the  r*110VntTAn  ✓ - /\  rr\  • i 7 

north,  Queretaro  on  the  east,  Michoacan  on  the  (,L'  without-  T* T t 

south,  and  Jalisco  on  the  west. 


breeches,  yoc,  without;  naked.]  A tribe  of 
richness  of  its  silver-mines.  Area,  11,370  square  miles  Bolivian  Indians  occupying  the  partly  wooded 
- plains  northeast  ot  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra. 


It  is  noted  for  the 
,370  square  miles 
Also  written  Guanaxuato. 


Population,  1,076,270,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the 
ated  about  lat.  21° 

is  the  center  of  an  important  silver-mining  re-  northern  Bolivia, 
gion.  Population,  35,147,  (1910).  Guardafui  (gwar-da-fwe'),  or  Gardafui  (gar 

Guanare  (gwa-na  'ra).  A town,  capital  of  the  da-fwe').  Cape.  A^ape  in  the  northeastern  ex- 


town of  Guatemala,  24  miles  west-southwest  of 
New  Guatemala.  The  original  city  of  Guatemala, 
founded  1527,  was  destroyed  by  a flood  from  the  Volcan 
de  Agua  1541 ; refonnded  on  a new  site  1542,  it  was  almost 
completely  destroyed  by  the  great  earthquake  of  July  29, 
1773 ; the  capital  was  then  removed  to  its  present  site, 
but  the  town  of  Antigua  grew  up  about  the  ruins  of  the 


state  of  Portuguesa,  Venezuela,"  218  miles  tremity  of  Italian  Somaliland,  Africa,  lat.  11° 

important  30"  N.,  long.  51°  16'  10"  E. : next  to  1 


Ras 


died 


le  state  of  Guanajuato,  situ-  Guarayos.  A name  sometimes,  but  improperly,  second  city.  Population,  about  10,000. 

1' N.,  long.  100°  55' W It  applied  to  the  Itenes  and  other  savage  Indians  Guatemala,  Presidency  of.  1 he  region  in  Cen- 

.- a — a__-i • • i tral  America  which,  during  the  colonial  period, 

was  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Audience 
of  the  Confines  or  of  Guatemala.  See  Confines. 
As  originally  limited,  in  1645,  it  embraced  all  the  present 
states  of  Central  America,  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  Yuca- 
tan, and  Chiapas,  the  capital,  after  1549,  being  at  Guate- 
mala. In  1548  Yucatan  was  placed  under  the  Audience 
of  Mexico,  and  in  1550  the  isthmus  was  united  to  Peru. 
From  1561  to  1570  the  Central  American  colonies  were 
made  subject  to  New  Spain  (Mexico).  In  1670  the  Audi 
ence  of  the  Confines  was  again  established  at  Guatemala, 
and  thereafter  the  presidency  included  the  present  Cen- 
tral American  countries  (except  portions  of  the  east  coast 
which  subsequently  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British), 
together  with  Chiapas,  now  a state  of  Mexico.  After  1680 
Guatemala  was  ruled  by  captains-general,  who  were  also 
generally  presidents  of  the  audience,  but  had  independent 
powers  similar  to  those  of  the  viceroys  of  New  Spain  and 
Peru.  The  provinces,  corresponding  to  the  present  re- 
publics, were  ruled  by  governors  who,  to  a certain  extent, 
were  subject  to  the  captain-general. 


southwest  of  Caracas.  It  has  an  impor 

trade  in  cattle.  It  was  founded  in  1593.  Pop-  Hafun,  the  easternmost  point  of  Africa, 
ulatiou,  about  12.000.  Guardi  (gwar'de),  Francesco.  Born  1712 

Guanas  (gwa-nas').  A tribe  of  South  American  1793.  A Venetian  painter. 

Indians  at  present  established  in  the  southern  Guardia  (gwtir-de'a).  Tomas.  Born  at  Bagaces, 
part  of  the  state  of  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  near  Guanacaste,  Dec.  17,  1832 : died  July  7,  1882. 
Mi  randa.  They  are  divided  into  several  subtribes,  known  A Costa-Rican  general . He  headed  the  revolt  of  1870 
as  r.ayauas,  Terenas,  and  Quiniquinaos.  Physically  and  which  deposed  Jimenez  and  made  Carranza  president:  but 
intellectually  they  are  one  of  the  finest  tribes  in  South  Guardia,thoughnominallyremainingmilitarycommand- 
America,  living  in  well-ordered  viUages,  excelling  in  primi-  er.  was  reaUy  the  chief  of  state.  From  Aug.  8,  1870,  to 
tive  arts,  and  subsisting  mainly  by  agriculture.  They  are  May  8,  1876,  he  was  president. 

now  reduced  to  a few  thousand,  who  live  in  friendly  re-  Guardian  (gar'di-an),  The.  1.  A plav  by  Mas- 
lations  with  the  Brazilians.  Under  the  name  Chanas  or  sina-cr  licensed  in  1633  nlnvoJ  ir>  lGul  Q„,l 
Chanes  they  were  known  in  the  18th  century,  on  the  west-  TV  ! i .»  l,Ul-vca  ln  1634,  and 


cm  side  of  the  Paraguay,  where  the  Jesuit  authors  men- 
tion them  as  early  as  1645.  Their  language  is  closely  al- 
lied to  that  of  the  Moxos  of  the  river  Mamor6,  of  which 
tribe  they  are  probably  an  offshoot.  They  belong  to  the 
great  Arawak  stock. 


published  in  1655. — 2.  A comedy  by  Abraham  ■ 

Cowley,  acted  at  Cambridge  in  1641  for  Prince  Guatemotzin  (gwa-ta-mot'zen),  or  Guatemoc 


Guancavelica.  See  Huancavelica. 

Guanches  (gwanch'ez).  The  Berber  tribe  which 
inhabited  the  Canary  Islands,  West  Africa.  The 
colonization  of  these  islands  by  the  Guanches  must  have 
taken  place  before  the  Arabian  invasion.  The  Guanches 
belonged  to  the  red  haired  variety  of  Berbers,  and  em- 


Charles.  It  was  printed  in  1650,  and  rewritten 
as  “The  Cutter  of  Coleman  Street”  in  1658. — 

3.  A periodical  published  at  London  in  1713, 
and  edited  by  Steele.  It  comprised  176  num- 
bers (51  of  them  by  Addison).  It  followed  the 
“ Spectator,”  and  was  inferior  to  it. 

Guardian  Angel,  The.  A novel  by  Oliver  Wen- 

dell  Holmes,  published  in  1868.  . , , , 

balmed  their  dead,  whom  they  preserved  in  caves  like  the  Gnardiola  I'.rwb,.  r/i;; , 0,1  .“>e  way  ho  was  accused  of  treachery  and  hanged. 

Egyptians.  They  probably  diTl  not  possess  the  art  of  ism  f J T v , toco  a B written  Guatemozvn,  Quauhtemotzin,  Cuauhtemoc,  , 

writing.  Spanish  has  completely  superseded  the  Guanch  ^!:V.  ^ssassinated  Jan.  1 1, 1862.  A general  and  Guatescos.  See  Hnastccs. 

language,  but  it  is  said  that  the  rural  population  still  politician  of  Honduras.  He  was  a rough  and  cruel  GliatOS  (gwii-tos').  A South  American  Indian 

shows  many  Berber  features  and  customs.  The  type  is  soldier  who,  after  serving  under  Malespin  and  against  

most  clearly  seen  in  Teneritfe  and  Gomera.  Walker,  was  president  of  Honduras  from  Feb.  17,  1856. 

Guanes  (gwa-nas').  An  ancient  Indian  tribe  of  His  a,iministration  was,  on  the  whole,  good,  though  his 
Colombia,  which  occupied  the  mountainous  re-  SrAmerict"W°U  ^ h™  the  tit,e  °f  “the  Tig,’r  of 
m w,  ‘a!;  now  tj,le  southern  part  of  the  de-  Guarico  (gwa're-ko).  Originally,  in  1492,  the 
part  menthol  Santander.  They  had  attained  Bome  Indian  town  in  Haiti  governed  by  Guacanagari. 


(gwa'ta-mok).  [‘  Swooping  eagle.’]  Bornabout 
1497 : died  in  Tabasco  early  in  1525.  The  last 
Aztec  sovereign  of  Mexico.  He  was  nephew  of 
Montezuma  II.,  and  was  elected  to  the  throne  on  the 
death  of  Cuitlahuatzin  (Sept.,  1520)  ; defended  Mexico 
against  Cortes  in  the  famous  siege,  May-Aug.,  1521  ; was 
captured  Aug.  13 ; and  was  subsequently  tortured  in  the 
hope  that  lie  would  give  up  concealed  treasure.  In  1524 
he  was  forced  to  go  with  Cortds  on  the  march  to  Honduras  : 

Also 
etc. 


tribe  in  the  swampy  regions  of  the  upper  Para- 
guay Liver.  Formerly  they  were  very  numerouB  and 
warlike ; they  are  now  reduced  to  a few  hundred  about  the 
mouth  of  the  Sao  Louren^o  tributary.  The  Guatos  resem- 
ble Europeans  in  color,  and  have  short  beards.  They  live 
almost  entirely  in  canoes,  Ashing  and  hunting,  making 
rude  huts  in  the  swamps,  and  retiring  to  higher  lands  only 


Guatos 


466 


Gueroult 


during  the  floods.  They  have  long  been  friends  of  the  Bra- 
zilians, and  aided  them  in  the  war  with  Paraguay  7865-70. 
Their  linguistic  relations  are  doubtful. 

Guatusos  (gwa-to'sos).  A tribe  of  Indians  in 
northern  Costa  Rica,  on  the  streams  which  flow 
into  Lake  Nicaragua.  They  practise  agriculture,  are 
enemies  of  the  whites,  and  have  always  retained  their  in- 
dependence. By  their  language  they  appear  to  constitute 
a distinct  stock.  Only  a few  hundred  are  left.  Many  of 
the  older  writers  have  erroneously  supposed  that  theGua- 
tusos  were  descended  from  Mexicans  brought  to  this  re- 
gion  by  the  Spaniards,  or  from  the  bucaneers.  Also  writ- 
ten Huatusos. 

Guaviare  (gwa-ve-a'ra).  A river  in  Colombia 
and  Venezuela,  joining  the  Orinoco  about  lat. 
4°  N.,  long.  68°  10'  W.  Length,  about  725  miles. 
Guaxaca.  See  Oajaca. 

Guaxarapos,  or  Guasarapos.  See  G uachis. 
Guayana.  See  Guiana. 

Guayanas.  Same  as  Guanas. 

Guayaquil  (gwi-a-kel'),  or  Santiago  de  Guay- 
aquil (san-te-a'go  da  gwi-a-kel').  The  chief 
seaport  and  most  populous  city  of  Ecuador,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Guayas  in  lat.  2°  12'  S.,  long. 
79°  52'  W. : an  important  commercial  place. 
Population,  about  50,000. 

Guayaquil,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  west  of  Ecuador. 

Guayas  (gwi'as).  A maritime  province  of  Ecua- 
dor. Capital,  Guayaquil.  Area,  about  11,000 
square  miles.  Population,  98,100. 

Guaybas.  Same  as  Gualiibos. 

Guaycurus  (gwi-ko-ros').  A tribe  of  South 
American  Indians,  on  the  river  Paraguay,  in 

Brazil,  near  the  Paraguayan  frontier:  now  com- 
monly known  to  Brazilians  as  Cadiueios,  prop- 
erly the  name  of  one  of  their  clans.  The  Para- 
guayans call  them  Mbayas.  They  are  powerfully  built, 
brave,  and  warlike.  Formerly  they  were  very  numerous 
and  nomadic,  living  by  hunting  and  fishing  and  by  rob- 
bing other  tribes.  They  acquired  horses  from  Spanish 
stock,  and  became  skilful  horsemen.  They  were  long  a 
terror  to  the  whites  and  to  surrounding  tribes,  the  few 
hundred  remaining  live  in  villages  under  Brazilian  rule. 
It  is  doubtful  if  this  was  the  tribe  of  the  same  name 
known  in  the  Chaco  region  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. 
Also  written  Guaicurus , Guaycurues,  Guaycurus,  etc. 

Guaycuru  stock  (gwi-ko-ro'  stok),  sometimes 
called  the  Chaco  stock.  A well-defined  group 
of  South  American  Indian  tribes,  nearly  all  of 
which  inhabit  the  region  west  of  the  river  Para- 
guay, between  19°  and  29°  S.  lat.,  known  as 
the  Gran  Chaco.  It  includes  the  Guaycurus,  Mocobis, 
Tobas  the  extinct  Abipones,  and  many  others,  all  of  more 
or  less  nomadic  habits,  warlike,  and  living  largely  by  rapine. 
The  Jesuit  missionaries  could  make  little  impression  on 
them  and  a few  only,  on  account  of  weakness,  have  sub- 
mitted to  white  influence.  They  resemble  North  American 
Indians  in  their  coppery  color.  The  different  tribes  speak 
closely  allied  languages. 

Guaymas  (gwi'mas).  [Prob.  an  Opata  name.] 
A tribe,  now  extinct  (as  such),  formerly  living 
on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  California  in  Sonora. 
From  them  the  town  of  Guaymas  derives  its  name.  The 
Guaymas  were  almost  exterminated,  in  the  second  half  of 
the  18th  century,  by  the  Seris.  Their  language  is  said  to 
be  a dialect  of  the  Pima 


Guaymas.  A seaport  in  the  state  of  Sonora, 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  California  in 
lat.  27°  56'  N.,  long.  110°  56'  W.  Population, 
about  7,000. 

Guaynos  (gwi'nos).  An  ancient  Indian  tribe 
of  northeastern  South  America,  south  of  the 
Orinoco,  from  whom  the  great  region  called 
Guiana  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name.  The 
Guinaus  of  the  upper  Orinoco,  or  the  Guianaus  of  British 
Guiana  (both  of  Arawak  stock),  may  be  their  descendants. 

Guayra  (gwi-ra'  or  gwi'ra).  The  name  given 
by  the  Spanish  conquerors  of  Paraguay  to  the 
region  bordering  the  upper  Parand.  Thename  was 
loosely  applied,  sometimes  including  both  sides  of  the  river 
above  the  great  fall,  at  other  times  denoting  the  region  to 
the  east  and  southeast  of  the  river,  including  the  present 
disputed  territory  of  Missiones,  and  portions  of  Paranti, 
Santa  Catharina,  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  in  Brazil  and  of 
Corrientes  in  Argentina.  Until  the  19th  century  it  was 
legally  or  practically  included  in  the  government  of  Para- 
guay, and  the  Jesuits  had  important  missions  there. 

Guayra,  La.  See  La  Guayra. 

Guayra  Cataract.  See  Sete  Quedas. 

Gubbio  (gob'be-o).  A cathedral  city  in  the 
province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  at  the  foot  of  Monte 
Cal vo  20  miles  north-northeast  of  Perugia:  the 
ancient  Iguvium  or  Eugubium.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  mafolica.  The  Eugubine  Tables  (which  see)  are 
here,  and  other  Umbrian  antiquities;  and  there  are  va- 
rious remains  of  antiquity  in  the  neighborhood,  a he  1 a- 
lazzo  dei  Consoli  is  a building  of  the  early  14th  century 
one  of  the  most  massive  examples  of  Italian  medieval 
civic  construction.  With  its  tower  and  its  battlements,  it 
recalls  the  Florentine  Palazzo  Vecchio.  This  Umbrian 
town  was  destroyed  by  the  Goths.  It  was  independent  in 
the  middle  ages.  Population,  5,673. 

Guben  (go'ben).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Lubis  with  the  Neisse,  about 


26  miles  south -south  east  of  Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder.  Population,  36,636. 

Gubitz  (go'bits),  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  Feb.  27,  1786:  died  at  Berlin,  June 
5,  1870.  A German  journalist,  author,  and 
artist.  He  edited  and  illustrated  the  “Deut- 
scher  Volkskalender  ” (1835-69),  etc. 

Gucurnatz  (go-ko-mats').  [Quiche,  ‘feathered 
serpent,’  or  ‘serpent  clothed  in  green  and 
blue.’]  In  the  Quiche  mythology  of  the  Popul 
Vuh,  the  title  of  the  first  creator  of  all  things. 
Gudbrandsdal  (god'brands-dal).  The  valley  of 
the  Laagen,  in  central  Norway. 

Gude  (go'de),  Hans  Frederik.  Born  at  Chris- 
tiania, March  13,  1825:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  17, 
1903.  A Norwegian  landscape-painter,  a pupil 
of  Achenbach  and  Schirmer  at  the  Academy  of 
Diisseldorf,  and  from  1880  a successful  teacher 
of  his  art  in  Berlin. 

Gudea  (go-da'a).  One  of  the  earliest  Babylo- 
nian kings,  or,  as  they  were  styled  in  the  old- 
est epoch  of  Babylonian  history,  jmtesi,  i.  e. 
priest-king  or  viceroy.  Gudea  ia  mentioned  as  such 
a patesi  of  Sirpurla  or  Sirgurla.  Eight  statues  and  other 
monuments  of  him  have  been  found.  The  exact  date  of 
his  reign  has  not  been  ascertained  (possibly  about  3000 
B.  C.,  or,  according  to  some,  4000  B.  C.). 

Gudin  (gii-dah'),  Theodore.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  15,  1802:  died  at  Boulogne-sur-Seme, 
France,  April  11,  1880.  A French  painter  of 
marines  and  landscapes. 

Gudrun  (go-dron'),  or  Kudrun  (ko-dron  ). 
[MHG.  Kutrun,  NHG.  Gudrun.']  The  heroine 
of  a Middle  High  German  epic  poem,  after  the 
“ Nibelungenlied  ” the  most  important  in  the 
early  literature  of  Germany.  Gudrun  is  the  daugh- 
ter of  King  Hetel  of  Hegelingen.  The  scene  of  action  is 
principally  the  coast  region  of  the  North  Sea  and  Nor- 
mandy. The  poem  was  written  in  the  13th  century  by  an 
unknown  author  in  Austria  or  Bavaria. 

Guebers,  or  Ghebers  (ge'berz),  or  Gabers,  or 

Ghavers  (ga'verz),  or  Gebirs  (ge-berz  ). 
[Commonly  derived  from  the  Arabic  kdfir,  in- 
fidel (‘giaour,’  the  word  applied  by  Mohamme- 
dans to  all  non-Mohammedans,  and  supposed  to 
have  been  applied  to  this  sect  by  their  Arab 
conquerors  in  the  7th  century).  From  its  oc- 
currence in  the  Talmud  as  Clwber , and  in  Oii- 
gen  as  JKabir,  others  believe  it  to  be  an  .ancient 
proper  name  from  some  tribe  or  locality.]  A 
Mohammedan  name  of  the  followers  of  Zoro- 
aster, otherwise  known  as  Atishparastan  (‘fire- 
worshipers’),  Majusan  (from  their  priests  the 
magi),  and  Parsis,  or  people  of  Pars  or  Fars 
(Persia).  See  Parsis.  . 

Guebriant  (ga-bre-oh'),  Jean  Baptiste  Budes, 
Comte  de.  Born  at  Plessis-Budes,  Brittany, 
Feb.  2,  1602:  died  at  Rottweil,  Swabia,  Nov. 
24  1643.  A French  marshal.  He  served  in  Ger- 
many from  1635  under  Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar.  On  the 
death  of  Bernhard  he  concluded,  Oct.  9, 1639,  a treaty  with 
the  officers  of  the  late  duke’s  army,  whereby  the  army  en- 
tered the  service  of  France.  He  defeated  and  captured 
the  Imperialist  general  Lamboy  at  Kempen  Jan.  17,  1642, 
a service  for  which  he  was  created  a marshal  of  I ranee. 
He  captured  Rottweil,  Nov.  17,  1643,  when  he  was  mortally 
wounded. 

Guebwiller.  See  Gebweiler. 

Gtielderland,  Guelders.  See  Geldcrland. 
Guelfs,  or  Guelphs  (gwelfs).  [From  Guelfo, 
It.  form  of  G.  Welf,  a personal  name.]  lhe 
papal  and  popular  party  of  Italy  in  the  middle 
ages:  opposed  to  the  Ghibellines,  the  imperial 
and  aristocratic  party.  The  Welfs  (Guelfs)  were  a 
powerful  family  of  Germany,  so  called  from  Welf  I.  in  the 
time  of  Charlemagne.  His  descendants,  several  of  whom 
bore  the  same  name,  held  great  possessions  in  Italy  , 
through  intermarriage  were  at  different  times  dukes  ot 
Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  Carinthia ; and  founded  the  princely 
house  of  Brunswick  and  Hanover,  to  which  the  present 
royal  family  of  England  belongs.  The  names  Welf  and 
Waiblingen  (Guelf  and  Gliibelline)  are  alleged  to  have 
been  first  used  as  war-cries  at  the  battle  of  Weinsberg  in 
1140,  fought  and  lost  by  Welf  VI.  against  the  Hohenstaufen 
emperor  Conrad  III.  The  contest  soon  ceased  in  Ger- 
many, but  was  taken  up  on  other  grounds  in  Italy,  over 
which  the  emperors  claimed  supreme  power;  and  the 
names  continued  to  designate  bitterly  antagonistic  parties 
there  till  the  end  of  the  15th  century.  See  Ghibellines. 

Giiell  y Rente  (go-ely'  e ran-ta'),  Jose.  Bom 
at  Havana,  1818 : died  at  Madrid,  Dec.  20,  1884. 
A Cuban  politician  and  author.  Most  of  his  life 
was  passed  in  Europe.  In  1848  he  married  the  infanta 
Josefa  Fernanda,  sister  of  the  King  of  Spain,  who  in  con- 
sequence was  deprived  of  all  her  rights.  As  a republican 
Giiell  y Rent6  was  long  prominent  in  Spanish  politics. 
He  published  many  poems,  essays,  and  sketches  of  west 
Indian  life. 

Guelph  (gwelf).  A city  and  the  capital  of  Wei- 
lington  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  ttie 
river  Speed  47  miles  west  by  south  of  Toronto. 
Population,  15,175,  (1911). _ _ 

Giiemez  de  Horcasitas  (go-a'math  da  or-kii-se  - 
tas),  Juan  Francisco.  Born  in  Oviedo.  168-: 


died  at  Madrid,  1768.  A Spanish  general  and 
administrator.  He  was  captain-general  of  Cuba 
March,  1734, -April,  1746,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico  July  9, 
1746, -Nov.  10,  1755.  On  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  made 
captain-general  of  the  army  and  count  of  Revillagigedo. 
He  was  reputed  to  be  the  wealthiest  Spanish  subject  of 
his  time. 


Illo  tlllJC. 

Giiemez  Pacheco  de  Padilla  Horcasitas  (go- 
a'meth  pa-cha'ko  da  pa-Del'ya  or-ka-se'tas), 


Hi  I I 111  tlA  pui  V UU  ixv  ^ * ,1 * / 7 

Juan  Vicente,  Count  of  Revillagigedo.  Born 
at  Havana,  Cuba,  1740:  died  at  Madrid,  May  2, 
1799.  A Spanish  general  and  administrator, 
son  of  Giiemez  de  Horcasitas.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  Peninsular  wars ; was  made  viceroy  of  Bue- 
nos Ayres  1789  ; and  was  almost  immediately  appointed 
viceroy  of  Mexico.  His  rule  (Oct.  16, 1789, -J uly,  1 194)  was 
one  of  the  best  in  Mexican  colonial  history.  Returning  to 
Spain,  he  was  made  director-general  of  artillery. 

Guendolen  (gwen'dq-len).  In  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth, the  wife  of  Locrine,  the  eldest  son  of 
Brute  or  Brutus.  See  Sabrina. 

Guerande  (ga-rond').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inf6rieure,  France,  42  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Nantes.  It  manufactures  salt. 
Population,  commune,  6,852. 

Guerazzi.  See  Guerrazzi. 

Guerche  (garsh),  La.  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  France,  on  the  Aubois  11  miles 
west  of  Nevers.  Population,  commune,  about 
7,°°°. 

Guerche,  or  Guerche-de-Bretagne,  La.  A 

town  in  the  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine, 
France,  25  miles  east-southeast  of  Rennes. 
Population,  commune,  3,151. 

Guercino  (gwer-che'no),  Giovanni  Francesco 
Barbieri.  Born  at  Cento,  near  Bologna,  Italy, 
1590 : died  at  Bologna,  1666.  An  Italian  painter 
of  the  Bolognese  school.  Among  his  best  works 
is  the  “ Sta.  Petronilla”  (at  Rome). 

Guerens.  See  Crens. 

Gueret  (ga-ra').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Creuse,  France,  situated  in  lat.  46°  12'  N., 
long.  1°  52'  E.  Population,  commune,  about 

Guericke  (ger'ik-e),  Heinrich  Ernst  Ferdi- 
nand. Born  at  Wettin,  near  Halle,  Prussia, 
Feb.  25,  1803 : died  at  Halle,  Feb.  4,  1878.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Halle.  His  works  include  “Handbuch  der  Kirchenge- 
schichte"  (1833),  “Allgemeine  christliche  Symbolik’ 
(1839)  “Lehrbuch  der  christlichenArchaologie  "(1847),  etc. 

Guericke,  Otto  von.  Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  20,  1602:  died  at  Hamburg,  May  11, 
1686.  A German  natural  philosopher.  He  stud- 
ied law  at  Leipsic,  Helmstedt,  and  Jena,  and  mathematics 
at  Leyden,  and  traveled  in  France  and  England.  From 
1631-36  he  was  chief  engineer  at  Erfurt,  in  the  Sw edish 
service.  He  invented  the  air-pump  (1650),  air-balance, 
etc.,  and  constructed  the  “Magdeburg  hemispheres. 
He  published  “Experimenta  nova”  (1672),  etc. 

Gu6rin  (ga-ran'),  Eugenie  de.  Born  1805 : died 
1848.  A French  writer,  sister  of  G.  M.  de  Gue- 
rin. Her  “Journal”  and  “ Lettres  ” were  ed- 
ited 1861-64.  A 

Guerin,  Georges  Maurice  de.  Born  at  the  Cha- 
teau du  Cayla,  near  Albi,  in  southern  France, 
Aug.4, 1810:  died  there,  July  19, 1839.  AFrench 
poet.  He  wrote  the  “Centaur,"  which  was  published  in 
the  “Revue  des  Deux  Mondes”  in  1840.  His  literary  re- 
mains, including  the  “Centaur,”  were  published  in  1860. 

Guerin,  Jean  Baptiste  Paulin.  Born  at  Tou- 
lon, March  25,  1783:  died  at  Pans,  Jan.  19, 
1855.  A French  historical  painter. 

Guerin,  Baron  Pierre  N arcisse.  Bom  at  Paris, 
May  13,  1774:  died  at  Rome,  July  16,  1833.  A 
French  historical  painter,  a pupil  of  Regnault. 
He  gained  the  prix  de  Rome  in  1797.  In  1815  he  was  made 
academician,  and  in  1822  director  of  the  French  Academy 
at  Rome.  He  returned  to  Paris  in  1829.  In  1833  he  visited 
Rome  with  Horace  Vernet,  and  died  there.  He  exhibited 
at  Salons  1799-1819.  Among  his  pupils  were  Cogniet, 
Gericault,  and  Ary  Scheffer. 

Guerin-Mbneville  (ga-ran' man -vel'),  Felix 
Edouard.  Born  at  Toulon,  France,  Oct.  12, 
1799:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  26,1874.  AFrench  nat- 
uralist. His  works  include  “ Iconographie  du  r£gne  ani- 
mal, etc.”  (1829),  “Iconographie  des  mammiferes,  etc. 
(1828),  “ Genera  des  insectes”  (1836),  etc. 

Guerino  Meschino  (gwa-re'no  mes-ke  no).  1 he 
hero  of  a romance  of  the  middle  ages,  of  un- 
certain authorship  and  date,  first  printed  in 
Italian  at  Padua  in  1473. 


Guernsey (gfera'zi),  L.  Sarnia (sar'ni-a).  [‘  The 
Green  Isle.’]  The  second  in  size  and  populate 


ureen  tsie.  j r uo  — population 

of  the  Channel  Islands,  intersected  by  lat.  49  2i 
N lon<r.  2°  35'  W.  Capital,  St.  Peter  Port.  It  is 

a popular  health-resort.  With  Alderney  and  the  other  isl- 
ands (except  Jersey)  it  forms  a bailiwick,  ruled  by  a lieu- 
tenant-governor. bailiff,  and  states-assembly.  Area.  24 
square  mileB.  iengtli,  91  miles.  Population,  with  Herm 
and  Jethou,  40,777. 

Gueroult  (ga-ro'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Rade- 
pont  Eure,  France,  Jan.  29, 1810 : died  at  Vichy, 
France,  July,  1872.  A French  political  writer. 


Guerra 

Guerra  (ger'ra),  Cristobal.  A Spanish  mer- 
chant of  Seville  who,  in  1499  and  1500,  was  en- 
gaged with  Nino  in  an  exploration  of  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  America.  See  Nino,  Pedro 
Alonso. 

Guerrazzi  (gwer-rat'se), Francesco  Domenico. 
Born  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  Aug.  12,  1804 : died  at 
Leghorn,  Sept.  23,  1873.  An  Italian  author  and 
politician.  He  was  Tuscan  premier  in  1848,  and  trium- 
vir and  dictator  in  1849.  Among  his  historical  romances 
are  “La  battaglia  di  Benevento"  (1827),  “L'Assedio  di 
Firenze"  (1834),  “Isabella  Orsini”  (1844). 

Guerrero  (ger-ra'ro).  A state  of  Mexico, 
bounded  by  Michoacan,  Mexico,  Morelos,  and 
Puebla  on  the  north,  Oajaca  on  the  east,  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  southwest.  Area,  24,- 
996  square  miles.  Population,  605,437,  (1910). 
Guerrero,  Vicente.  Born  at  Tixtla,  Aug.  10, 
1782:  died  at  Chilapa,  Feb.  14, 1831.  A Mexican 
general.  He  joined  the  patriots  in  1810  and  held  out 
until  1821,  when  he  united  his  forces  with  those  of  Itur- 
bide  ; but  when  Iturbide  became  emperor  he  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  revolt  against  him,  and  after  his  de- 
thronement was  a member  of  the  executive  junta  1823-24, 
and  vice-president  1824-28.  In  1828  he  declar  ed  against 
the  president  elect,  Pedraza.  The  election  was  nullified  by 
Congress,  which  made  Guerrero  president  Jan.  12,  1829 : 
but  at  the  end  of  the  year  he  was  forced  to  retire  to  the 
south.  There  he  kept  up  an  armed  resistance,  but  was 
eventually  captured  and  shot. 

Guerri^re  (gar-ryar),  La.  A British  ship  of  war 
captured  by  the  United  States  ship  Constitution 
during  the  War  of  1812.  See  Constitution. 
Guesclin.  See  Du  Guesclin. 

Guess  (ges),  George  (Sequoyah).  Born  about 
1770  : died  at  San  Fernando,  northern  Mexico, 
Aug.,  1843.  A Cherokee  half-breed  Indian.  He 
invented  a Cherokee  syllabic  alphabet  in  1826. 
Guest  (gest),  Edwin.  Born  in  Worcestershire, 
1800:  died  Nov.  23, 1880.  A noted  English  his- 
torical writer  and  archasologist.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  1824,  and  became  a fellow  of  his  college  (Gon- 
ville  and  Caius)  in  1824,  and  its  master  in  1852.  He  was 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university  1854-55.  He  published 
“ History  of  English  Rhythms  ” (1838),  and  numerous  phil- 
ological and  historical  papers,  the  most  important  of  which 
relate  to  the  lioman  period  in  Britain.  To  him  principally 
was  due  the  founding  of  the  Philological  Society. 

Guetlavaca.  Same  as  Cuitlahuatzin. 

Gueux  (ge).  [F.,‘ poor/ ‘beggarly’;  as  a noun, 
‘beggars/  ‘ragamuffins’:  origin  uncertain.] 
The  league  of  Flemish  nobles  organized  in  1566 
to  resist  the  introduction  of  the  Inquisition  into 
the  Low  Countries  by  Philip  II.  The  name  waB 
previously  given  to  them  in  contempt,  and  borne  by  their 
followers  in  the  succeeding  war. 

Guevara  (ga-va'ra),  Antonio  de.  Born  in  the 
province  of  Biscay,  Spain,  about  1490 : died  in 
1545.  A Spanish  historical  writer.  He  was  one  of 
the  official  chroniclers  to  Charles  V.  In  1528  he  became  a 
Franciscan  monk,  and  accompanied  the  emperor  on  his 
travels  and  residences  in  various  cities.  He  was  court 
preacher,  imperial  historiographer,  bishop  of  Guadix,  and 
bishop  of  Mondonedo.  He  wrote  “Reloj  de  Principes” 
(“  Dial  for  Princes,”  1529),“  Decadadelos  Cesares  "(“Lives 
of  Ten  Roman  Emperors  ”),  and  “ Epistolas  B'amiliares  ” 
(1539).  The  letters,  sometimes  called  “ Golden  Epistles,” 
were  very  popular,  and  were  translated  by  Edward  Hel- 
lowes  (1574)  and  Savage  (1657) : Sir  Geoffrey  Fenton 
translated  part  of  them  (1579).  Guevara  also  wrote  a num- 
ber of  works  on  theology,  navigation,  and  court  life. 

Guevara,  Diego  Ladron  de.  See  Ladron  de 
Guevara. 

Guevara,  Jos6.  Born  at  Rocas,  New  Castile, 
March  11,  1719:  died  at  Spello,  Paly,  Feb.  25, 
1806.  A Spanish  Jesuit  author.  He  succeeded  Lo- 
zano as  chronicler  of  the  order  in  Paraguay ; resided  in  the 
Platine  countries  from  about  1756  until  the  expulsion  of 
the  Jesuits  in  1767  ; and  subsequently  lived  in  Italy.  His 
“Historia  de  la  conquista  del  Paraguay,  etc.,"  was  first 
published  in  the  Angelis  collection  1835,  and  by  Lamas 
1882.  He  wrote  various  controversial  works. 

Guevara,  Luis  Velez  de.  Born  at  Ecija  in  1572 
or  1574:  died  at  Madrid  in  1644.  A Spanish 
dram  atist.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous  plays,  among 
them  “ Maspesa  elReyque  la  Sangre"(“  King  before  Kin  "), 
“Luna  da  Sierra”  (“Diana  of  the  Mountains"),  etc.  He 
also  wrote  the  romance  “El  diablo  cojuelo”  (“The  Lame 
Devil,”  1641),  from  which  Le  Sage  took  “Le  diable  boi- 
teux.” 

Gugerni  (gu-jer'ni),  or  Cugerni  (ku-jer'ni),  or 
Guberni  (gu-ber'ni).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Gugerni, 
(Pliny)  Guberni.']  A German  tribe  located  by 
Pliny  on  the  lower  Rhine  between  the  Ubii  and 
the  Batavi,  where,  also,  Tacitus  places  them  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ruhr.  They  joined  in  the  ris- 
ing under  Civilis.  They  were  probably  a part 
of  the  Sugambri. 

Guglielmi  ( gol-yel'me),  Pietro.  Born  at  Massa- 
Carrara,  Italy  , May,  1727 : died  at  Rome,  Nov.  19, 
1804.  An  Italian  operatic  composer.  His  works 
include  “I  due  Gemelli,”  “La  serva  itmamo- 
rata,”  etc. 

Guha(go'ha),  or Waguha (wa-go'hii).  ABantu 
tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  settled  on  both  sides 
of  the  Lukuga  River.  Their  language  is  said  to  be 


467 

the  same  as  that  of  the  Wagoma,  and  both  are  related  to 
the  Riia  or  Luba. 

Guiana,  or  Guyana  (ge-a'na).  [F  .Gayane,  Sp. 
Guay  ana.]  A region  in  South  America,  bounded 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Brazil  on 
the  east  and  south,  and  Brazil  and  Venezuela  on 
the  west.  It  is  divided  into  British  Guiana,  Dutch  Gui- 
ana, and  French  Guiana.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied 
to  tire  entire  region  between  the  Orinoco,  the  ocean,  the 
Amazon,  the  Rio  Negro,  and  the  Cassiquiare. 

Guiana,  Brazilian.  That  portion  of  northern 
Brazil  which  lies  north  of  the  Amazon  and  east 
of  the  Rio  Negro. 

Guiana,  British.  A British  colony,  bounded 
by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north  and  northeast, 
Dutch  Guiana  on  the  east,  Brazil  on  the  south, 
and  Brazil  and  Venezuela  on  the  west.  Capital, 
Georgetown.  The  leading  product  is  sugar.  Rich  gold- 
mines are  now  worked  in  the  western  part.  There  are  3 
counties  — Berbice,  Demerara,  Essequibo  (formerly  sepa- 
rate colonies,  consolidated  in  1831).  The  region  was  first 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1580 ; was  acquired  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1803  ; and  ivas  formally  ceded  to  them  in  1814.  The 
boundary  with  Venezuela  was  determined  by  arbitration 
in  1899;  that  with  Brazil  on  July  12,  1904.  Area,  90,277 
square  miles.  Population,  304,089. 

Guiana,  Dutch,  or  Surinam  (so-re-nam7).  A 
Dutch  colony,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the 
north,  French  Guiana  on  the  east,  Brazil  on  the 
south,  and  British  Guiana  on  the  west.  Capi- 
tal, Paramaribo.  The  leading  products  are  sugar  and 
cocoa.  Settled  by  English  in  1652,  it  was  acquired  by  the 
Dutch  in  1674  in  exchange  for  their  North  American  col- 
onies. It  was  held  by  Great  Britain  from  1804  to  1814. 
* Area,  46,060  square  miles.  Population,  81,038. 

Guiana,  French,  or  Cayenne  (ka-yen'  or  kl- 
en').  A French  colony,  bounded  by  the  At- 
lantic on  the  northeast,  Brazil  on  the  east  and 
south,  and  Dutch  Guiana  on  the  west.  Capi- 
tal, Cayenne.  It  was  settled  by  the  French  in  1626 ; 
was  several  times  taken  by  the  English  and  Dutch  ; and 
was  held  by  the  Portuguese  1809-17.  Political  prisoners 
were  sent  there  during  the  French  Revolution,  and  regular 
penal  colonies  were  established  in  1853.  The  climate  of 
the  coast  region  is  very  unhealthy.  The  most  important 
industry  is  gold-mining.  Area,  about  30,500  square  miles. 
Population,  about  40,000.  See  supplement. 

Guiana,  Venezuelan,  or  Guayana.  A former 
province  of  Venezuela,  corresponding  (nearly) 
to  the  present  state  of  Bolivar  (which  see). 
Guianaus.  See  Guaynos. 

Guiart  (ge-ar'),  Guillaume.  Born  at  Orleans 
about  the  end  of  the  13th  century.  A French 
chronicler,  author  of  a metrical  history  of 
France,  in  over  20,000  verses,  entitled  “ La 
branche  des  royaux  lignages,”  covering  the 
period  1165-1306. 

Guibert  of  Nogent  (ge-bar'  ov  no-zhon').  Born 
at  Clermont,  Oise,  France,  1053:  died  1124.  A 
noted  French  historian  and  scholastic  philoso- 
pher, a pupil  of  Anselm  and  (1104)  head  of  the 
abbey  of  Notre  Dame  de  Nogent.  Also  surnamed 
Flaviacensis,  from  the  monastery  of  St.  Germer  de  Flaix, 
which  he  entered  in  1064. 

Guibert,  or  Wibert,  of  Parma,  or  of  Ravenna. 

See  Clement  III.,  Antipope. 

Guicciardini  (gwe-char-de'ne),  Francesco. 

Born  at  Florence,  March  6, 1483 : died  near  Flor- 
ence, May,  1540.  An  Italian  historian,  and 
statesman  in  the  pontifical  and  Medicean  ser- 
vice. His  chief  work  is  “Storia  d'ltalia”  (“History  of 
Italy,”  1561-64  ; edited  by  Rosini  1819).  His  “Opere  in- 
edite  " were  published  in  1857. 

Guiccioli  (gwe-cho'le),  Countess  Teresa.  Born 
in  Italy  about  1801:  died  at  Rome,  March  26, 
1873.  An  Italian  lady,  the  daughter  of  Count 
Gamba,  celebrated  on  account  of  her  relations 
with  Lord  Byron.  She  married  Count  Guiccioli  when 
she  was  about  16  years  old,  and  met  Byron  a few  months 
later.  After  about  a year  the  count  objected  to  her  intimacy 
with  Byron,  and  she  went  back  to  her  father’s  house.  From 
this  time  until  Byron's  death  she  maintained  her  relations 
with  him.  After  this  she  is  said  to  have  returned  to  her 
husband.  In  1851  she  married  the  Marquis  de  Boissy,  and 
in  1868  published  in  French  “ My  Recollections  of  Lord 
Byron.” 

Guichard  (ge-shar'),  or  Guischard,  Karl  Gott- 
lieb; pseudonym  Quintus  Icilius.  Born  at 
Magdeburg,  Prussia,  1724:  died  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  May,  1775.  A German  soldier  and 
military  writer.  He  entered  the  military  service  of 
Holland,  attaining  the  rank  of  captain ; withdrew  and  went 
to  England  in  1754  ; and  in  1768  entered  the  service  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  under  whom  he  rose  to  the  rank  of 
colonel.  He  wrote  “ MCmoires  militaires  sur  les  Grecs  et 
les  Romains  ” (1757),  “ MCmoires  critiques  et  liistoriques 
sur  plusieurs  points  d’antiquitds  militaires  "(1773). 

Guicowar’s  Dominions.  See  Baroda. 
Guiderius(gwi-de'ri-us).  In  Shakspere’s  “ Cym- 
beline,”  a legendary  prince,  the  son  of  Cymbe- 
line  of  Britain.  He  is  disguised  under  the  name 
and  state  of  Polydore,  the  son  of  Morgan. 
Guidi  (gwe'de),  Carlo  Alessandro.  Born  at 
Pavia,  Italy,  June  14,  1650:  died  at  Frascati, 
Italy,  Juno  12,  1712.  An  Italian  lyric  poet, 


Guillaume  de  Palerne 

author  of  “Poesie  liriche”  (1681),  “Amala- 
sunta  i n Italia ” ( 1681),  “ Endimione  ” ( 1692),  etc . 
Guidi,  Tommaso.  See  Masaccio. 

Guidiccioni  (gwe-de-cho'ne),  Giovanni.  Born 

at  Lucca,  1500  (1480  ?):  died  at  Macerata,  Italy, 
1541.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  diplomat,  and 
man  of  letters.  His  complete  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1718;  “ Lettere  inedite  ” (1865). 

Guido  (gwe'do),  surnamed  “The  Savage.”  A 
champion,  in  Ariosto’s  “ Orlando  Furioso,”  who 
fights  with  Marphisa  among  the  Amazons.  He 
marries  a number  of  the  latter,  Aleria  being 
his  favorite. 

Guido  d’ Arezzo  (gwe'do  da-ret'so),  often  called 
Guido  Aretino  (a-re-te'no),  or  Fra  Guittone, 

or  Guy  of  Arezzo.  Born  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  proba- 
bly about  990 : died  near  Arezzo  about  1050.  An 
Italian  Benedictine  monk.  He  is  celebrated  for  his 
reforms  in  musical  notation.  He  went  to  Rome  at  the  in- 
vitation of  Pope  Benedict  VIII.,  probably  in  1022,  and  again 
in  the  time  of  Pope  John  XIX.,  to  explain  his  method  of 
teaching  music.  He  seems  to  have  written  most  of  his 
wrorks  at  the  monastery  of  Pomposa  in  the  duchy  of  Fer- 
rara, where  he  remained  for  some  time  teaching  his  method 
to  the  monks  and  choir-boys.  He  was  afterward  made 
abbot  of  the  monastery  of  Santa  Croce  at  Avellano,  near 
Arezzo,  where  he  is  believed  to  have  died.  Guido  has  been 
credited  with  a number  of  inventions  and  discoveries,  some 
of  which  obviously  cannot  have  been  his.  He  wrote  the 
“ Micrologus,”  the  “Antiphonarium,”  “ De  artificio  novi 
cantus,”  “De  divisione  monochordi  secundum  Boetium,” 
and  other  works  on  musical  subjects. 

It  appears  certain  that  Guido  invented  the  principle 
upon  which  the  construction  of  the  Stave  is  based,  and 
the  F and  C Clefs  ; but  that  he  did  not  invent  the  com- 
plete 4-lined  Stave  itself.  There  is  strong  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  he  invented  the  Hexachord,  Solmisation,  and 
the  Harmonic  Hand  ; or,  at  least,  first  set  forth  the  prin- 
ciples upon  which  these  inventions  were  based.  Finally, 
it  is  certain  that  he  was  not  the  first  to  extend  the  Scale 
downwards  to  T ut ; that  he  neither  invented  Diaphonia, 
Discant,  Organum,  nor  Counterpoint ; and  that  to  credit 
him  with  the  invention  of  the  Monochord  and  the  Poly- 
plectrum is  absurd.  Grove,  Diet.  Music,  IV.  661. 

Guido  Reni.  See  Beni. 

Guido  y Spano  (gwe'do  e spa'no),  Carlos. 
Born  at  Salta,  March  8,  1832.  An  Argentine 
politician  and  poet.  He  was  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Congress  in  1865,  served  in  the  Par  aguayan  war,  and 
from  1872-76  was  president  of  the  Senate.  Most  of  his 
poems  are  included  in  the  collection  “ Hojas  al  Viento  ” 
(Buenos  Ayres,  1871). 

Guienne,  or  Guyenne  (ge-en').  A name  fre- 
quently given  in  its  later  history  to  Aquitaine, 
especially  in  the  name  of  the  government  Gui- 
enne and  Gascony. 

Guienne  and  Gascony.  An  old  government  of 
southwestern  France. 

Guignes  (geny),  Chretien  Louis  Joseph  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  25,  1759 : died  at  Paris, 
March  9,  1845.  A French  Sinologist,  son  of 
Joseph  de  Guignes.  He  was  appointed  in  1784  con- 
sul at  Canton  and  French  resident  in  China,  where  he 
remained  17  years.  He  wrote  various  papers  and  works 
on  China,  and  edited  a “ Dictionnaire  chinois,  fratujais  et 
latin  ” (1813),  based  on  a manuscript  work  by  Basil  of  Gle- 
mona,  a Roman  Catholic  missionary  in  China. 

Guignes,  Joseph  de.  Born  atPontoise,  France, 
Oct.  19,  1721 : died  at  Paris,  March  19,  1800. 
A French  Orientalist.  His  works  include  “Histoire 
gthierale  des  Huns,  des  Turcs,  des  Mogols,  et  autres  Tatares 
occidentaux,"  etc.  (1756-58),  etc. 

Guildenstern.  See  Bosencrantz. 

Guildford  (gil'ford).  The  capital  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Surrey,  England,  situated  on  the  Wey  29 
miles  southwest  of  London.  It  has  important 
grain  trade.  It  is  a very  old  town,  and  has  a Norman 
keep.  Population,  15,938. 

Guildhall  (gikl'hal).  The  council  hall  of  the 
City  of  London,  rebuilt  in  1411,  and  restored 
after  the  fire  of  1666.  The  great  hall  measures  153 
by  48  feet,  and  is  55  feet  high  : it  has  a handsome  open- 
framed roof,  modern  colored-glass  windows,  and  the  two 
legendary  colossal  wooden  figures  of  Gog  and  Magog. 
Along  the  walls  are  placed  statues  of  famous  men.  The 
crypt,  with  its  clustered  columns,  is  of  the  original  con- 
struction, and  is  interesting.  See  Gog  and  Magog. 

Guilford  (gil'ford).  A borough  and  town  in 
New  Haven  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on 
Long  Island  Sound  16  miles  east  of  New  Haven. 
Population,  town,  3,001,  (1910). 

Guilford,  Earl  of.  See  North. 

Guilford  Court  House.  A place  about  5 miles 
from  Greensborough,  Guilford  County,  North 
Carolina.  Here,  March  15,  1781,  the  British  (about 
2,400)  under  Cornwallis  defeated  the  Americans  (about 
4,400j  under  Greene.  The  British  loss  was  about  600 ; the 
American,  about  400. 

Guillaume.  See  William  and  Wilhelm. 

Guillaume  de  Lorris  (ge-yom'delo-res').  Born 
at  Lorris,  Loiret,  France:  died  about  1240  (?). 
A French  poet,  author  of  the  first  part  of  the 
“ Roman  de  la  Rose.”  Aboui  4,670  of  the  22,800  or 
more  lines  were  written  by  him.  See  Roman  de  la  Rose. 

Guillaume  de  Palerne  (de  pa-larn').  An  early 
French  roman  d’aventure.  It  was  translated  very 


Guillaume  de  Palerne 

early  into  English,  and  has  been  published  as  ‘ ‘William  of 
Palerne"  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society.  “It  introduces 
the  favorite  medieval  idea  of  lycanthropy,  the  hero  being 
throughout  helped  and  protected  by  a friendly  were-wolf, 
who  is  before  the  end  of  the  poem  freed  from  the  enchant- 
ment to  which  he  is  subjected.”  Saintsbury,  French  hit., 
p.  9ti. 

Guillaumet  (ge-yo-ma'),  Gustave.  Born  at 
Paris,  March  26,  1840 : died  at  Paris,  March  14, 
1887.  A French  painter,  a pupil  of  Picot  and 
Barrias.  He  gained  the  second  prix  de  Rome 
in  1863. 

Guillim  (gwil'im),  John.  Born  at  Hereford 
about  1565 : died  at  London,  May  7,  1621.  An 
English  writer  on  heraldry.  He  published  “A 
Display  of  Heraldrie  ”(1610:  sometimes  ascribed 
to  John  Barkham). 

Guillotin  (ge-yo-tan'),  Joseph  Ignace.  Born 
at  Saiutes,  France,  May  28, 1738 : died  at  Paris, 
March  26,  1814.  A French  physician,  wrongly 
regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the  guillotine.  As 
deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assembly,  1789,  he  proposed  that 
all  capital  punishment  should  be  by  decapitation,  a privi- 
lege till  then  reserved  for  the  nobility,  and  suggested  that 
decapitation  could  be  most  quickly  and  humanely  per- 
formed by  a machine.  The  device  actually  adopted  as  a 
result  of  this  suggestion  was  prepared  by  a German  me- 
chanic named  Schmidt  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Antoine 
Louis,  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Surgery, 
and  was  first  used  April  25,  1792,  for  the  execution  of  a 
highwayman  named  Pelletier.  The  machine  was  first 
named  louison  or  louisette,  but  after  a while  Guillotin’s 
name  was  attached  to  it.  Guillotin  was  not,  as  has  been 
asserted,  executed  in  his  own  machine,  but  died  a natural 
death. 

Guimaraes,  or  Guimaraens  (ge-ma-rins').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Minko,  Portugal,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ave  30  miles  northeast  of  Oporto. 
The  castle  is  a battleraented  ruin  with  a huge  central 
keep,  inaccessible  save  by  a wooden  bridge,  and  square 
angle-towers  connected  by  curtains.  Population,  about 
9,000. 

Guinart  (ge-nart'),  Roque.  A noble  in  Cer- 
vantes’s'** Don  Quixote.”  He  was  a real  charac- 
ter, his  name  being  Pedro  Rocha  Guinarda. 
Guinaus.  See  Guaynos. 

Guinea  (gin'i).  [Formerly  Ginnie,  Ginny , etc. ; 
F.  Chance,  Sp.  Guine,  etc. : named  from  the 
African  Ginnie,  or  Jinnie,  a town  and  kingdom 
in  the  Niger  district.]  That  part  of  western 
Africa  which  lies  along  the  coast  from  Cape 
Roxo  (or  about  lat.  12°  N.)  to  Cape  Negro  (or 
about  lat.  16°  S.),  and  extends  indefinitely  in- 
land. It  includes,  besides  native  states,  British,  French, 
German,  and  Portuguese  colonies,  Liberia,  and  part  of 
the  Belgian  Kongo.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  or  North 
Guinea,  and  Lower  or  South  Guinea  (separated  by  the 
Kamerun  Mountains  or  the  equator).  The  name  is  some- 
times used  in  a more  restricted  sense.  See  Liberia,  Gold 
Coast,  etc. 

Guinea,  Gulf  of.  That  part  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa  comprised 
between  Cape  Palmas  on  the  north  and  Cape 
Lopez  on  the  south. 

Guinegate,  or  Guinegatte  (gen-gat').  A vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  north- 
ern France,  near  St.-Omer.  Here  the  French  were 
twice  defeated : (1)  by  Maximilian  I.  (then  archduke  of 
Austria)  in  August,  1179 ; (2)  by  Henry  VIII.  of  England 
and  Maximilian  (his  ally)  in  August,  1513.  See  Spurs,  Bat- 
tle of  the. 

Guines  (gen).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais.  France,  7 miles  south  of  Calais. 
It  was  an  ancient  seat  of.counts,  and  was  held  by  England 
in  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th  centuries.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,407. 

Guinevere  (gwin'e-ver),  or  Gulnever  (gwin'e- 
ver),  or  Guenever  (gwen'e-ver),  or  Geneura, 
or  Ganore  (ga-nbr').  The  wife  of  King  Arthur 
in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Leodegraunce,  king  of  Camelyard,  and  loved 
Lancelot  of  the  Lake.  See  Lancelot. 

This  princess  (Geneura)  is  described  as  the  finest  woman 
in  the  universe  : her  stature  was  noble  and  elegant ; her 
complexion  fair,  and  her  eyes  the  finest  blue  of  the  heav- 
ens; the  expression  of  her  countenance  was  lively  yet 
dignified,  but  sometimes  tender;  her  understanding,  nat- 
urally just,  was  well  cultivated;  her  heart  was  feeling, 
compassionate, and  capableof  the  most  exalted  sentiments. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  224. 

Guinevere.  One  of  the  “Idylls  of  the  King” 
by  Tennyson,  published  in  1859. 

Guingamp  (gah-goh').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  C6tes-du-Nord,  Brittany,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Trieux  19  miles  west-northwest  of 
St.-Brieuc.  Its  church  of  Notre  Dame  is  one 
of  the  principal  Breton  pilgrim  resorts.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  9,212. 

Guipuzcoa  (ge-poth'ko-a).  One  of  the  three 
Basque  provinces  of  Spain.  Capital,  San  Sebas- 
tian. It  is  bounded  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  north, 
France  on  the  northeast*  Navarre  on  the  east,  Navarre  ami 
Alava  on  the  south,  and  Biscay  on  the  west.  Area,  728 
square  miles.  Population,  105,850. 

Giiirior  (ge-re'or),  Manuel.  Born  at  A viz  de 
Ugarte,  Navarre,  March  21,  1708:  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Nov.  25, 1788.  A Spanish  naval  officer  and 


468 

administrator.  He  served  in  the  English  and  Algerine 
wars,  and  was  made  viceroy  of  New  Granada  in  1773,  and 
viceroy  of  Peru  in  1776,  retaining  the  latter  office  until  1780. 
He  retained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  was  cre- 
ated marquis  of  Guirior  after  his  return  to  Spain. 

Guisborough,  or  Gisborough  (giz'bur-o).  A 
town  in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 40  miles  north  of  York.  The  first  alum- 
works  in  England  were  established  here  about 
1600.  Population,  5,645. 

Guiscard,  Robert.  See  Robert  Gmscard. 
Guischard,  Karl  Gottlieb.  See  Guichard. 

Guise  (gfiez).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise  23  miles 
north  of  Laon.  It  gave  name  to  the  ducal  house  of 
Guise.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Camille  Desmoulins.  Pop- 
ulation,  commune,  7,776. 

Guise,  Cardinals  and  Dukes  of.  See  Lorraine. 

Guise,  Duchy  of.  A former  duchy  of  northeast- 
ern France,  which  took  its  name  from  the  town 
of  Guise,  and  corresponded  to  the  northern  part 
of  the  department  of  Aisne.  It  was  situated  in  the 
government  of  Picardy.  Formerly  it  was  a county.  It  was 
famous  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  as  a duchy  in  the 
hands  of  the  Guise  family,  a branch  of  the  house  of  Lor- 
raine. 

Guise  (giz),  Martin.  Died  Jan.  21,1829.  AnEng- 
lish  naval  officer  who  in  1818  entered  the  service 
of  Chile,  under  Cochrane,  as  captain.  He  did  effi- 
cient service  in  the  war  for  independence,  and  on  the  re- 
tirement of  Cochrane  (1821)  was  appointed  to  organize  the 
navy  of  Peru.  By  blockading  the  port  of  Callao  he  forced 
the  surrender  of  the  last  Spanish  post,  Callao  Castle,  Jan. 
19,  1826.  Admiral  Guise  was  killed  in  the  attack  on  Guay- 
aquil. 

Guiteau  (ge-to'),  Charles.  Born  about  1840: 
hanged  at  Washington,  June  30, 1882.  An  Amer- 
ican assassin.  He  was  a pettifogging  lawyer  of  French- 
Canadian  descent  at  Chicago,  and  on  Garfield’s  election  to 
the  presidency  went  to  Washington  to  seek  the  office  of 
American  consul  at  Marseilles,  which  he  did  not  obtain. 
Excited  by  this  failure,  and  by  the  political  conflict  be- 
tween Garfield  and  Itoscoe  Conkling,  he  shot  the  President 
fatally  at  Washington,  July  2,  1881. 

Guizot  (ge-zo'  or  giie-zo'),  Madame  (Elisabeth 
Charlotte  Pauline  de  Meulan).  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  2,  1773:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  1,  1827. 
A French  writer,  first  wife  of  F.  P.  G.  Guizot, 
whom  she  married  in  1812.  She  wrote  “Edu- 
cation domestique,  ou  lettres  de  famille  sur 
l’education”  (1826),  etc. 

Guizot,  Pranqois  Pierre  Guillaume.  Born  at 
Nimes,  Oct.  4, 1787:  died  at  Val-Rieher,  in  Nor- 
mandy, Oct.  12,  1874.  A distinguished  French 
historian  and  statesman.  At  the  age  of  12  he  left 
his  native  city  for  Geneva,  and  in  1805  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law  in  Paris.  In  1812  he  became  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  literature  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  later  was  called 
to  the  new  chair  of  modern  history.  His  early  publica- 
tions are  “Du  gouvernement  reprCsentatif  et  de  l’etat 
actuel  de  la  France”  (1816),  “Des  conspirations  et  de  la 
justice  politique”  (1821),  “ Des  moyens  de  gouvernement 
et  d opposition  dans  l’etat  actuel  de  la  France"  (1821), 
“ De  la  peine  de  morte  en  maticre  politique  ” (1822),  etc. 
These  pamphlets  brought  about  his  resignation  from  his 
professorship.  Devoting  himself  exclusively  to  historical 
research,  he  published  his  “Histoire  du  gouvernement 
reprfisentatif,”  “Essais  sur  I’liistoire  de  France,"  “Col- 
lection des  nrimoires  relatifs  h la  revolution  d’Angle- 
terre,”  “Collection  des  mimoires  relatifs  b l’liistoire  de 
France,”  “Histoire  de  la  revolution  d’Angleterre  depui3 
l’av(nement  de  Charles  I.  jusqu’a  la  restauration  de 
Charles  II.,"  etc.  His  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Sorbonne, 
delivered  1828-30,  appeared  under  the  titles  “Cours  d’liis- 
toire  moderne,”  “Histoire  g<5nerale  de  la  civilisation  en 
Europe,"  and  “Histoire  ginerale  de  la  civilisation  en 
France.”  In  1830  he  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties.  After  the  revolution  of  July,  1830,  he  became 
minister  of  the  interior,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a few 
months  in  the  year  1840  spent  as  French  ambassador  to 
England,  remained  almost  continuously  minister  in  vari- 
ous capacities  until  he  fell  from  power,  Feb.  23,  1S48,  on 
the  eve  of  Louis  Philippe’s  abdication.  He  had  been 
prime  minister  for  the  8 years  preceding  his  downfall,  but 
had  made  himself  so  unpopular  that  he  failed  to  be  elected 
to  the  National  Assembly  of  1848.  The  latter  part  of  his 
life  was  spent  in  retirement.  Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned,  Guizot  translated  Shakspere,  and  published 
“Washington”  (1840),  “De  la  democratic  en  France” 
(1849),  “ Discours  sur  l’histoire  de  la  revolution  d’Angle- 
terre”  (1850),  “Meditations  et  etudes  morales”  (1851), 
“L’ Amour  dans  le  mariage”  (1855),  “Guillaume  le  Con- 
querant,”  “Edouardlll.  et les bourgeois  de  Calais,”  “Me- 
moires  pour  servir  b l’histoire  de  mon  temps  ’’  (1858-68), 
“L’Eglise  et  la  societe  chretienne  en  1861"  (1861),  "Dis- 
cours academiques”  (1861),  “Trois  generations”  (1861), 
“ Histoire parlementaire de  France”  (1863),  “Meditations 
surl’essencedelareligion”(1864),  “Meditations  sur  l’etat 
actuel  de  la  religion  chretienne”  (1865),  “Melanges 
biograpliiques  et  litteraires”  (1868),  “La  France  et  la 
Prusse  responsables  devant  1’Europe  ” (1868),  “ Meditations 
sur  la  religion  chretienne  dans  ses  rapports  avec  l’etat 
actuel  des  societes  et  des  esprits  ’’  (1868),  “ Melanges  poli- 
tiques  et  historiques”  (1869),  “Le  due  de  Broglie”  (1872), 
“Les  vies  de  quatre  grands  Chretiens  frangais,  Saint- 
Louis,  Calvin  ” (1873,  incomplete),  and  “ Histoire  de  France 
racontee  a mes  petits-enfants  ” (1870-75). 

Gujarat.  See  Gvzerat. 

Gujranwala  (guzh-ran-wa'la).  1.  A district  in 
the  PaDjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32° 
15'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area,  3,198  square  miles. 
Population,  890,577. — 2.  the  capital  of  the 


Gumti 

district  of  Gujranwala,  situated  in  lat.  32°  10' 
N.,  long.  74°  14'  E.  Population,  29,224. 
Gujrat  (guzh-rat' ),  sometimes  written  Guzerat. 
1.  A district  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  32°  40'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area, 
2,051  square  miles.  Population,  750,548. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Gujrat,  situated 
in  lat.  32°  34'  N.,  long.  74°  5'  E.  Here,  Feb. 
22,  1849,  the  British  under  Gough  defeated  the 
Sikhs. 

Gula(go'la).  InAssyro-Babylonian  mythology, 
the  name  of  the  wife  of  Adar,  the  god  of  war 
and  the  chase.  She  is  styled  “the  great  lady”  who 
presides  over  life  and  death.  Those  who  break  contracts 
are  threatened  with  her  vengeance.  Nebuchadnezzar 
dedicated  to  her  two  temples  at  Babylon  and  three  at  Bor- 
sippa. 

Gulf  Stream,  The.  An  oceanic  current,  ori- 
ginating from  the  Atlantic  Equatorial  Current, 
which  is  made  up  of  two  arms,  one  of  them 
issuing  through  the  Florida  Strait  from  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  other  running  westward 
along  the  northern  face  of  the  island  of  Cuba. 
The  united  stream  follows  the  Atlantic  coast  northeast- 
ward with  a velocity  of  from  2 to  5 miles  an  hour,  gradu- 
ally expanding  in  breadth  and  diminishing  in  depth,  but 
distinctly  perceived  for  many  degrees  beyond  the  eastern 
edge  of  Newfoundland.  Its  comparatively  high  tempera- 
ture (10  to  20  degrees  above  that  of  the  surrounding  ocean), 
rapid  motion,  and  deep-blue  color  make  the  Gulf  Stream 
a most  remarkable  phenomenon,  and  even  more  interest- 
ing than  the  Kuroshiwo,  the  corresponding  current  on  the 
Asiatic  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  Gulf  Stream, 
doubtless,  exerts  a certain  influence  iu  modifying  the  cli- 
mate of  the  British  Isles,  France,  and  other  parts  of  west- 
ern Europe,  but  to  what  extent  is  not  yet  definitely 
known.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  certain  that  its  effect  is 
not  so  great  as  was  formerly  supposed,  and  that  some  of 
its  assumed  workings  are  rather  to  be  credited  to  the 
regular  oceanic  drifts.  See  articles  on  Kuroshiwo  and 
Sargasso  Sea. 

GiilhanA  See  Abdul-Medjid. 

Gulistan  (go-lis-tan').  [Pers.,  ‘the  rose-gar- 
den.’] The  most  celebrated  and  finished  work 
of  the  Persian  poet  Sadi.  It  is  a kind  of  moral  work 
in  verse  and  prose,  consisting  of  8 chapters  on  kings,  der- 
vishes, contentment,  taciturnity,  love  and  youth,  decrepi- 
tude and  old  age,  education,  and  the  duties  of  society,  the 
whole  intermixed  with  stories,  maxims,  philosophical  sen- 
tences, and  puns. 

Gull  (gul),  Sir  William  Withey.  Bom  at 
Colchester,  Dec.  31,  1816:  died  Jan.  29,  1890. 
A noted  English  physician,  appointed  physi- 
cian extraordinary  to  the  queen  in  1872  (ordi- 
nary in  1887).  He  received  a baronetcy  for  the 
skill  with  which  he  treated  the  Prince  of  Wales 
in  1871. 

Gullians  (gul'ianz).  A name  sometimes  given 
to  the  followers  of  William  HI.  of  England. 
Gulliver,  Lemuel.  The  ostensible  recounter 
of  “ Gulliver’s  Travels.” 

Gulliver’s  (gul'i-verz)  Travels.  A social  and 
political  prose  satire,  in  the  form  of  a book  of 
travels,  written  by  Jonathan  Swift,  and  pub- 
lished in  1726.  It  consists  of  4 voyages — to  Lilliput, 
to  Brobdingnag,  to  Laputa,  and  to  the  country  of  the 
Houyhnhnms.  Lemuel  GuUiver  is  an  honest,  blunt  Eng- 
lish sailor. 

“Gulliver's  Travels  ” owes  most  of  its  external  shape  to 
the  “Vera  Historia”of  Lucian,  itself  a travesty  of  lost 
works  on  geography.  The  French  poet  Cyrano  de  Bergerac 
(1.20-1655) had  written  a “ Voyage  ii  la  lune”  and  a “His- 
toire comique  des  etats  et  empires  du  soleil,”  from  which 
Fontenelle  had  borrowed  some  hints.  Several  slight  points 
which  Swift  used  he  is  said  to  have  taken  from  a tract  by 
Francis  Goodwin,  Bishop  of  Llandaff.  There  can  be  no 
doubt,  moreover,  that  the  particular  narrative  manner  of 
Defoe,  whose  “Kobinson  Crusoe”  had  appeared  in  1719, 
produced  an  effect  upon  Swift.  All  these  critical  specu- 
lations, however,  are  rather  curious  than  essential.  Swift, 
always  among  the  most  original  of  writers,  is  nowhere 
more  thoroughly  himself  than  in  his  enchanting  romance 
of  Lemuel  Gulliver.  Whether  we  read  it,  as  children  do, 
for  the  story,  or  as  historians,  for  the  political  aUusions, 
or  as  men  of  the  world,  for  the  satire  and  philosophy,  we 
have  to  acknowledge  that  it  is  one  of  the  wonderful  and 
unique  books  of  the  world's  literature. 

. Gosse,  Hist.  Eng.  Lit. , p.  160. 

Gull’s  Hornbock,  The.  A book  by  Thomas 
Dekker,  published  in  1609.  It  gives  a graphic  de- 
scription of  the  manners  of  Jacobean  gallants.  The  tract 
is  to  some  extent  modeled  on  Dedekind’s  “Grobianus.” 
It  is  Dekker’s  best-known  work. 

Gumbinnen  (gom-bin'nen).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Pissa  in  lat.  54°  36'  N.,  long.  22°  9'  E.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  14,196. 

Gummidge  (gum 'ij),  Mrs.  In  Dickens’s  “ Da- 
vid Copperfield,”  “a  lone,  lorn  creetur”  living 
at  Mr.  Peggotty’s. 

Gumri.  See  Alexandropol. 

Gumti  <q6m'te),  or  Gamti  (gam'te),  or  Goom- 
tee  (gom'te).  A river  in  British  India,  joining 
the  Ganges  17  miles  northeast  of  Benares. 
Length,  about  500  miles.  Lucknow  is  on  its 
banks. 


Giimush-Khana 

Giimiish-Khana.  [‘  Silver  house.’]  A town 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  40  miles  south  of 
Trebizond. 

Gundamuk.  See  Gandamak. 
Giinderode(guu'de-r6-cle),Karolme  von.  Born 
at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Feb.  11,  1780  : committed 
suicide  at  Winkel,  near  Mainz,  J uly  26, 1806.  A 
German  romantic  poet,  author  of  “ Gedichte  und 
Phantasien”  (1804),  “Poetische  Fragmente” 
(1805),  etc. 

Gundlach  (gond'laeh),  Johann  Christoph. 

Born  at  Marburg,  Hesse-Cassel.  A German 
naturalist  who,  after  1839,  resided  in  Cuba. 
He  is  well  known  for  his  numerous  contri- 
butions to  Cuban  ornithology  and  entomol- 
ogy- 

Gundobad  (gun'do-bad),  or,  erroneously,  Gun- 
debald  (gun'de-baid).  Died  516.  King  of  the 
Burgundians  473— 516.  He  became  a patrician  of  Rome 
in  472,  and  in  the  following  year  succeeded  his  father  Gun- 
dioch  as  king  of  the  Burgundians,  dividing  the  sovereignty 
with  his  brothers  Godegisel,  Chilperic,  and  Godomar  I.  In 
500  he  was  defeated  by  Chlodwig  (Clovis),  king  of  the 
Franks,  through  the  treachery  of  Godegisel,  and  was  ex- 
pelled from  his  kingdom.  He  subsequently  recovered  his 
throne,  deposed  Godegisel,  and,  as  his  two  other  brothers 
had  in  the  mean  time  died,  reunited  the  Burgundian  do- 
minions under  his  sway.  He  formed  an  alliance  with 
Chlodwig,  and,  although  an  Arian,  educated  his  sons  Sig- 
mund and  Godomar  II.  in  the  Roman  Catholic  religion, 
which  was  the  faith  of  his  subjects.  He  drew  up  a code 
of  laws,  which  was  named,  after  him,  “ Lex  Gundobada.  ” 
Gunduk.  See  Gandak. 

Gundulf  (gun'dulf),  L.  Gundolphus  (gun-dol'- 
fus).  Born  in  the  diocese  of  Rouen  about  1024  : 
died  March  8, 1108.  A Norman  prelate,  in  1059 
he  became  a monk  in  the  abbey  of  Bee,  where  he  became 
a friend  of  Anselm  and  of  Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, by  whose  assistance  he  was  elevated  to  the  see  of 
Rochester,  March  19,  1077.  He  was  the  architect  of  the 
cathedral  of  Rochester  (some  of  his  work  still  exists),  of  a 
castle  at  Rochester,  of  St.  Leonard’s  Tower  and  a nunnery 
at  Mailing,  and  of  the  White  Tower  in  London  Tower. 

Gundwana.  See  Gondwana, 

Gungl  (gongl),  Joseph.  Born  at  Zsiimbek,  Hun- 
gary, Dec.  1, 1810:  died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  31, 1889. 
A Hungarian  composer,  chiefly  of  dances  and 
marches. 

Gunib  (gu-nib').  A plateau  in  Daghestan,  Cau- 
casia: scene  of  the  last  resistance  to  Russia  and 
the  capture  of  Shamyl  in  1859. 

Gunnerus  (gon-na'ros),  Johann  Ernst.  Born 
at  Christiania,  1718 : died  1773.  A Norwegian 
botanist,  bishop  of  Trondhjem.  He  described 
the  flora  of  Norway. 

Gunning  (gun'ing),  Elizabeth,  Duchess  of 
Hamilton  and  afterward  of  Argyll.  Born  in 
1734:  died  May  20, 1790.  A celebrated  beauty. 
She  married  James,  sixth  duke  of  Hamilton,  in  1752,  and 
in  1759  she  married  John  Campbell,  marquis  of  Lome, 
afterward  fifth  duke  of  Argyll.  Compare  Gunning,  Maria. 

Gunning,  Maria,  Countess  of  Coventry.  Born 
in  1733:  died  Oct.  1, 1760.  A celebrated  beauty, 
daughter  of  John  Gunning  of  Castle  Coote, 
County  Roscommon,  Ireland.  She  and  her  sister 
Elizabeth  went  to  London  in  1751,  and  were  at  once  pro- 
nounced to  be  “the  handsomest  women  alive.”  They  were 
followed  by  crowds  wherever  they  went,  and  Maria,  who 
was  the  better-looking,  was  mobbed  one  evening  in  Hyde 
Park.  The  king  gave  her  a guard  to  protect  her,  and  she 
once  walked  in  the  park  for  two  hours  with  2 sergeants  of 
the  guard  before  her  and  12  soldiers  following  her.  In  1752 
she  married  George  William,  sixth  earl  of  Coventry.  “The 
beautiful  Misses  Gunning  ” were  painted  a number  of  times, 
and  there  are  many  engravings  from  these  portraits. 

Gunning,  Mrs.  (Susannah  Minifie).  Born  in 
1740  (?) : died  at  London,  Aug.  28,  1800.  An 
English  novelist.  She  married  John  Gunning,  the 
brother  of  the  beautiful  Gunning  sisters.  He  was  colonel 
of  the  65th  regiment  of  foot  and  lieutenant-general.  He 
had  one  daughter,  Elizabeth,  and  owing  to  her  flirtations 
(in  which  her  mother  took  her  part)  she  and  her  mother 
left  his  house.  Many  squibs  and  satires  were  written 
on  the  ensuing  complication,  which  Walpole  called  “the 
Gunningiad."  Both  Susannah  Gunning  and  her  daughter 
wrote  a number  of  novels.  The  latter  married  Major  James 
Plunkett,  and  died  in  Suffolk,  July  20,  1823. 

Gunnison  (gun'i-son).  A river  in  western  Col- 
orado, tributary  of  Grand  River,  which  it  joins 
near  lat.  39°  N. 

Gunnison  Canon.  A remarkable  canon  in  the 
Gunnison  River,  15  miles  in  length. 
Gunpowder  Plot.  In  English  history,  a con- 
spiracy of  certain  Roman  Catholics  having  for 
its  object  the  destruction  of  James  I.  and  the 
lords  and  commoners  in  the  Parliament  House, 
London.  The  leaders  were  Catesby,  Percy,  Digby,  Win- 
ter, Guy  Fawkes,  and  others.  It  was  foiled  by  the  arrest 
of  Fawkes,  Nov.  4,  1605.  See  Fawkes. 

Guns  (guns),  Hung.  Koszeg  (kSs'seg).  A free 
royal  city  in  the  county  of  Eisenburg  (Vas), 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  river  Guns  in  lat.  47° 
22'  N.,  long.  16°  31'  E.  it  was  successfully  defended 
against  Soliman  the  Magnificent  in  1532.  Population. 
7,930. 

Gunter  (gun'ter),  Edmund.  Born  in  Hertford- 


469 

shire,  England,  1581 : died  at  Gresham  College, 
London,  Dec.  10,  1626.  An  English  mathema- 
tician, professor  of  astronomy  in  Gresham  Col- 
lege from  1619.  He  invented  the  chain,  line,  quadrant, 
and  scale  that  are  named  from  him  “ Gunter’s  chain,”  etc. 

Henry  Briggs  was  his  colleague  for  a year ; and  their  as- 
sociation doubtless  led  to  Gunter’s  “ Canon  Triangulorum  ; 
or,  Table  of  Artificial  Sines  and  Tangents,  to  a radius  of 
100,000,000  parts  to  each  minute  of  the  Quadrant,”  1620. 
This  was  the  first  table  of  its  kind  published,  and  did  for 
sines  and  tangents  what  Briggs  did  for  natural  numbers. 
In  these  tables  Gunter  applied  to  navigation  and  other 
branches  of  mathematics  his  admirable  rule  “The  Gunter,” 
on  which  were  inscribed  the  logarithmic  lines  for  num- 
bers, sines,  and  tangents  of  arches;  and  he  showed  how 
to  take  a back  observation  by  the  cross-staff,  whereby  the 
errorarising  from  the  eccentricityof  the  eye  is  avoided.  . . . 
He  was  the  first  who  used  the  words  cosine,  cotangent, 
etc.,  . . . and  also  introduced  the  useof  arithmetical  com- 
plements into  the  logarithmical  arithmetic  (Briggs,  Arith. 
Log.,  cap.  15).  De  Morgan  (Arith.  Books,  xxv.)  favors  Gun- 
ter’s claim  to  the  invention  of  the  decimal  separator. 

Diet.  Mat.  Bi-og. 

Gunther  (giin'ter).  In  the  Nibelungen  epic,  a 
Burgundian  king,  brother  of  Krienxhild  and  hus- 
band of  Brunehilde. 

Gunther,  Albert  Karl  Ludwig  Gotthilf.  Born 
atEsslingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  3, 1830.  AGer- 
man-English  zoologist,  particularly  noted  for 
works  on  herpetology  and  ichthyology.  He  be- 
came assistant  in,  and  from  1875-95  was  director  of,  the 
zoological  department  of  the  British  Museum.  He  has 
published  “Catalogue  of  the  Colubrine  Snakes”  (1858), 
“CatalogueoftheBatrachiaSalientia”(1858),  “Reptiles  of 
British  India”  (1864),  “Catalogue  of  Fishes”  (1859-70), 
“The  Gigantic  Land-tortoises ” (1877),  “Introduction  to 
the  Study  of  Fishes”  (1880),  “Report  on  the  Shore-fishes, 
etc.,  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Challenger  ” (1887-88),  etc. 

Gunther,  Anton.  Born  at  Lindenau,  near  Leit- 
meritz,  Bohemia,  Nov.  17,1783:  died  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  24, 1863.  A German  philosopher  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  theologian.  Among  his  works  are 
“Vorschule  zur  spekulativen  Theologie”  (1828),  “Die 
Juste-Milieus  in  derdeutschen  Pliilosophie gegenwartiger 
Zeit  ” (1838). 

Gunther,  Johann  Christian.  Born  at  Striegau, 
Silesia,  Prussia,  April  8, 1695 : died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, March  15,  1723.  A German  poet.  His 
collected  poems  were  published  1723-35. 
Guntram  (gun'tram),  or  Gontran  (gon'tran). 
Died  March  28,  593.  King  of  the  Franks.  He 
received  the  sovereignty  of  Orleans  and  Burgundy  on  the 
death  of  his  father  Clotaire  I.  in  661,  while  the  rest  of  the 
Frankish  dominion  was  divided  among  his  brothers  Chari- 
bert,  Sigebert,  and  Chilperic,  who  received  Aquitaine,  Aus- 
trasia,  and  Neustria  respectively.  In  567,  on  the  death  of 
Charibert,  he  became  sovereign  also  of  Aouitaine.  He 
sided  alternately  with  Sigebert  and  Chilperic  in  the  great 
feud  which  was  kindled  by  their  queens,  and  which  was 
continued  by  their  descendants. 

Guntur,  or  Guntoor  (gun-tor').  A town  in  the 
district  of  Guntur,  Madras  Presidency,  British 
India,  situated  in  lat.  16°  18'  N.,  long.  80°  28'  E. 
Giinzburg  (giints'borG).  A town  in  Swabia 
and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Giinz  and  Danube,  15  miles  east  by  north  of 
Ulm.  Population,  5,152. 

Guppy  (gup'i),  William.  In  Dickens’s  “Bleak 
House,”  a young  articled  clerk,  hopelessly  in 
love  with  Esther  Summerson. 

Gupta  (gup'ta).  [Skt.,  ‘ protected.’]  A name 
forming  often  the  last  member  of  the  name  of  a 
Vaishya,  orman  of  the  third  class.  A Vaishya 
of  this  name  was  the  founder  of  the  renowned 
dynasty  of  Guptas  who  reigned  in  Magadha. 
Gurdaspur  (gor-das-por').  A district  in  the 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32° 
N.,  long.  75°  20'  E.  Area,  1,889  square  miles. 
Population,  940,334. 

Gurgaon  (gor-ga'on).  A district  in  the  Pan- 
jab, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  28°  N., 
long.  77°  E.  Area,  1,984  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 746,208. 

Gurhwal.  See  Garhwal. 

Gurief  (go-re-ef').  A town  and  port  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Astrakhan,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Ural,  near  its  mouth,  about  lat.  47°  10'  N., 
long.  52°  E. 

Gurkhas.  See  Ghurkas. 

Gurley  (ger'li),  Ralph  Randolph.  Bom  at 

Lebanon,  Conn.,  May  26,  1797:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  July  30,  1872.  An  American 
clergyman  and  philanthropist,  agent,  after  1822, 
of  the  American  Colonization  Society. 

Gurnah  (gor'na).  The  site  of  the  chief  ne- 
cropolis of  ancient  Thebes  in  Egypt. 

The  excavations  in  Upper  Egypt,  which  have  proved  so 
barren  of  all  information  concerning  the  Fifteenth  and 
Sixteenth  Dynasties,  have  brought  to  light  much  concern- 
ing the  Seventeenth.  In  the  tombs  at  Gflrnah  have  been 
found  theremainsof  a whole  arrayof  court  functionaries, 
thus  betraying  the  existence  of  a thoroughly  civilized 
state.  Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  24. 

Gurnall  (ger'nal),  William.  Born  near  Lynn, 
Norfolk,  1617:  died  at  Lavenham,  Suffolk,  Oct. 


Gustavus  II.  Adolphus 

12, 1679.  An  English  clergyman,  author  of  “The 
Christian  in  Complete  Armour”  (1655-62). 
Gurney  (ger'ni),  Edmund.  Bora  at  Hersham, 
March  23,  1847:  died  at  Brighton,  June  23, 
1888.  An  English  psychologist.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  in  1871,  and  became  a fellow  of  Trinity  in 
1872.  He  studied  music,  medicine,  and  law.  In  1880  he 
published  “The  Power  of  Sound,”  and  in  1887  “Tertium 
Quid : Chapters  on  Various  Disputed  Questions,"  a col- 
lection of  his  philosophical  papers.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Society  for  Psychical  Research,  and  pub- 
lished some  of  the  results  of  his  investigations  as  “ Phan- 
tasms of  the  Living"  (1886). 

Gurney,  Sir  Goldsworthy.  Born  at  Treator, 
Cornwall,  England,  Feb.  14, 1793:  died  at  Reeds, 
Cornwall,  Feb.  28,  1875.  An  English  inventor. 
Among  his  inventions  are  the  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe, 
the  lime-magnesium  (Drummond)  and  oil-gas  lights,  the 
high-pressure  steam-jet,  the  tubular  boiler,  a steam-car- 
riage, etc. 

Gurney,  Joseph  John.  Born  at  Earlham  Hall, 
near  Norwich,  England,  Aug.  2, 1788:  died  there, 
Jan.  4, 1847.  An  English  philanthropist,  a min- 
ister of  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  was  an  asso- 
ciate of  Mrs.  Fry  in  prison  reform,  and  of  Clarkson  and 
Wilberforce  in  the  antislavery  movement.  He  wrote 
“Notes  on  Prison  Discipline  " (1819),  “Evidences,  etc.,  of 
Christianity  ” (1827),  etc. 

Gurth  (gerth).  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel 
“Ivanhoe,”  a swineherd  and  bondsman  of 
Cedric. 

Gurton,  Gammer.  See  Gammer  Gurton’s  Needle. 

Gurwal,  or  Gurwhal.  See  Garhwal. 
Gushington  (gush'ing-ton),  Angelina.  The 
nom  de  plume  of  Charles  Wallwyn  Radcliffe 
Cooke. 

Gushington,  Impulsia.  The  nom  de  plume  of 
Helen  Selina  Sheridan,  Lady  Dufferin. 
Gusmao  ( gozh-man' ),  Alexandre  de.  Born  in 
Santos,  Brazil,  1695:  died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
Dec.  30  or  31, 1753.  A Portuguese  statesman. 
Most  of  his  life  was  passed  in  Europe,  where  he  was  an 
influential  minister  under  several  Portuguese  kings.  The 
treaty  of  1750,  which  settled  the  limits  of  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  possessions  in  America  by  uii  possidetis,  was 
due  mainly  to  him. 

Giissfeldt  (giis'felt),  Paul.  Born  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
14,1840.  A German  scientific  traveler.  In  1873, 
in  association  with  Falkenstein,  Soyaux,  Linder,  Peehuel- 
Losche,  and  Dr.  Bastian,  he  led  an  expedition  to  west- 
central  Africa,  but  failed  in  his  effort  to  explore  the  far 
interior.  A rich  harvest  of  scientific  collections  and  ob- 
servations was  brought  back  in  1875,  and  published  in 
journals  as  well  as  in  “ Die  Loango  Expedition  ” (Leipsic, 
1879).  In  1876  Giissfeldt  explored  the  eastern  desert  of 
Egypt  in  company  with  Dr.  Schweinfurth.  His  journeys 
in  the  Andes  of  Chile  and  Argentina  and  in  the  Bolivian 
highlands  (1882-83)  resulted  in  several  important  discov- 
eries. In  Feb.,  1883,  he  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
reach  the  summit  of  Aconcagua,  one  of  the  highest  peaks 
of  the  Andes,  although  he  attained  an  elevation  of  upward 
Of  21,000  feet. 

Gustavus  (gus-ta'vus  or  gus-ta'vus)  I.,  or  Gus- 
tavus Vasa  (va'sa).  [NL.  Gustavus,  F.  Gus- 
tave, It.  Gustavo, G.  Gustav,  Sw.  Gustaf,T)an.  Gus- 
tav.'] Bom  at  Lindholmen,  Upland,  Sweden, 
May  12, 1496 : died  at  Stockholm,  Sept.  29, 1560. 
King  of  Sweden  1 523-60.  He  was  the  son  of  Erik  Jo- 
hansson (hence  called  Gustavus  Erikson)  of  the  house  of 
Vasa,  and  wasdescended  on  themother’s  side  fi  omthe  house 
of  Sture,  two  of  the  most  influential  noble  families  in  Swe- 
den. He  received  a careful  education,  chiefly  at  the  court 
of  his  kinsman,  the  regent  Sten  Sture  the  younger,  under 
whom  he  served  against  the  Danes  at  the  battle  of  Brann- 
kyrka  in  1518.  In  the  negotiations  which  followed  this 
Swedish  victory,  he  was  sent  as  a hostage  to  Christian  II. 
of  Denmark,  by  whom  he  was  treacherously  carried  off  to 
Denmark.  He  escaped  in  1519,  and  on  the  massacre  of 
Stockholm,  in  which  90  of  the  leading  men  of  Sweden,  in- 
cluding the  father  of  Gustavus,  were  executed  by  Chris- 
tian II.,  headed  a revolt  of  the  Dalecarlians  in  1520,  and 
captured  Stockholm  in  1523,  in  which  year  a diet  at 
Strengniis  chose  him  king  (June  6)  and  repudiated  the 
Kalmar  union  with  Denmark.  He  favored  the  Reforma- 
tion in  opposition  to  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  who 
had  supported  the  Danes  during  the  war  for  freedom  ; and 
in  1527,  at  the  Diet  of  Westerns,  procured  the  passage  of 
measures  placing  the  lands  of  the  bishops  at  his  disposal, 
and  granting  the  liberty  of  preaching  the  new  doctrine. 

Gustavus  II.  Adolphus.  Born  at  Stockholm, 
Dec.  19,  1594:  died  Nov.  16,  1632.  King  of 
Sweden  1611-32,  son  of  Charles  IX.  and  Chris- 
tina of  Holstein,  and  grandson  of  Gustavus  I. 
He  inherited  at  his  accession  three  wars  from  the  previous 
reign,  namely,  with  Denmark,  Russia,  and  Poland.  He 
concluded  peace  with  Denmark  at  Kniired,  Jan.  30,  1613 ; 
compelled  Russia  to  cede  Kexholm,  Karelen,  and  Inger- 
manland  at  Stolbowa,  March  9,  1617 ; and,  through  the 
mediation  of  Richelieu,  concluded  an  armistice  of  6 years 
with  Poland,  Sept.  26.  1629,  with  a view  to  invading  Ger- 
many, where  the  recent  victories  of  the  emperor  over  the 
Protestant  princes  under  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark  threat- 
ened both  France  and  Sweden,  the  former  by  the  increase 
of  the  power  of  the  house  of  Austria,  and  the  latter  by  the 
destruction  of  the  equilibrium  between  Protestantism  and 
Roman  Catholicism  in  the  north  of  Europe.  Leaving  the 
conduct  of  the  government  in  the  hands  of  his  chancellor. 
Axel  Oxenstjerna,  he  landed  in  Pomerania  with  15,000 
men,  July  4,  1630;  concluded  a formal  treaty  of  alliance 
with  France  at  Barwalde  in  Jan.,  1631 ; defeated  Tilly  near 
Leipsic,  Sept.  17,  1631 ; and  gained  the  victory  of  Liitzen 
over  Wallenstein,  Nov.  16,  1632,  but  fell  in  the  battle. 


Gustavus  III. 


470 


Guzman  de  Alfarache 


Gustavus  III.  Born  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  24, 
1746 : died  at  Stockholm,  March  29, 1792.  King 
of  Sweden  1771-92,  son  of  Adolphus  Frederick. 

He  crushed  the  power  of  the  royal  council,  consisting  of 
nobles,  by  a coup  d’etat  in  1772,  which  reduced  it  from 
the  position  of  a co-regent  to  that  of  an  advisory  com- 
mittee.  He  carried  on  war  with  Russia  1788-90,  and  was 
murdered  as  the  result  of  a conspiracy  among  the  nobles. 

Gustavus  IV.  Adolphus.  Born  Nov.  1, 1'78: 
died  at  St.-Gall,  Switzerland,  Feb.  7,  1837. 
King  of  Sweden  1792-1809,  son  of  Gustavus  III. 
Contrary  to  the  interests  of  his  country,  he  bitterly  op- 
posed Napoleon,  and  in  1808  became  involved  in  war  with 
Russia,  which  conquered  Finland,  and  was  deposed  by  a 
military  conspiracy. 

Gustavus  Adolphus  Union.  [G.  Evangelisclier 
Verein  der  Gustav-Adolf-Stiftung .]  A union 
of  various  Protestant  churches  in  Germany, 
for  the  purpose  of  assisting  Protestants  in  Ro- 
man Catholic  countries,  founded  after  the  bi- 
centennial celebration  of  the  battle  of  Liitzen 
(1832). 

Giistrow  (giis'tro).  A town  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Nebel  in 
lat.  53°  48'  N.,  long.  12°  11'  E.  It  has  a trade  in 

wool,  and  contains  a cathedral  and  an  ancient  ducal  castle. 
Population,  commune,  17,161. 

Gutenberg  (go'ten-bero),  Johannes  or  Henne 

(originally  Gensfleisch).  Born  at  Mainz  about 
1400 : died  about  1468.  The  inventor  of  print- 
ing. His  claim  to  this  invention  has  been  much  disputed. 
(See  Coster.)  He  was  the  son  of  Frielo  Gensfleisch  and 
Else  Gutenberg,  and  took  his  mother’s  name.  In  1420  his 
father  was  exiled,  and  various  legal  proceedings  growing 
out  of  this  show  that  Gutenberg  was  in  Strasburg  in  1434. 

In  1436  he  was  sued  before  the  court  at  Strasburg  for 
breach  of  promise  of  marriage.  His  claim  to  be  the  in- 
ventor of  printing  rests  mainly  on  a legal  decision  ren- 
dered at  Strasburg  Dec.  12,  1439,  from  which  it  appears 
that  he  entered  into  partnership  with  certain  persons  to 
carry  on  various  secret  operations,  one  of  which  involved 
the  use  of  a press  with  an  attachment  conjectured  to  have 
been  a type-mold.  In  1460  he  formed  a partnership  with 
Johann  Fust,  a money-lender,  which  terminated  in  1455. 
Fust  demanded  payment  of  money  loaned;  in  default  of 
this,  seized  all  of  Gutenberg’s  types  and  stock  ; and  carried 
on  the  business  himself,  with  Peter  Schoffer  (later  his  son- 
in-law)  as  manager.  Gutenberg  continued  his  work  with 
inferior  types. 

Giitersloh  (gii'ters-lo).  A town  in  tbe  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  33  miles  east  of 
Munster.  It  is  the  center  of  the  “pumpernickel”  re- 
gion, and  exports  hams  and  sausages. 

Guthlac ( goth'lak),  Saint.  Born  about  673 : died 
at  Crowland,  April  11,  714.  An  English  hermit 
who  for  about  15  years  lived  with  a few  compan- 
ions at  Crowland.  The  church  reared  by  ^Ethel- 
bald  over  his  relics  grew  into  Crowland  Abbey. 
Guthrie  (guth  ' ri).  The  capital  of  Logan 
County,  Okla.,  and  the  former  capital  of  the 
State,  situated  about  30  miles  north  of  Okla- 
homa. Population,  11,654,  (1910). 

Guthrie,  James.  Born  near  Bardstown,  Ky. , 
Dec.  5, 1792:  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  13, 
1869.  An  American  politician,  secretary  of  the 
treasury  1853-57. 

Guthrie,  Thomas.  Born  at  Brechin,  July  12, 
1803 : died  at  St.  Leonard’s,  near  Hastings,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  24,  1873.  A Scottish  clergyman, 
orator,  and  philanthropist.  He  published  “Pleas 
for  Ragged  Schools  ” (1847,  1849),  “ The  Gospel  in  Ezekiel  ” 
(1855),  “The  City,  its  Sins  and  Sorrows”  (1857),  etc. 

Guthrie,  Thomas  Anstey:  pseudonym  F.  An- 
stey.  Born  at  Kensington,  Aug.  8,  1856.  An 
English  novelist.  He  wrote  “Vice  Versa"  (1882), 
“The  Giant’s  Robe”  (1883),  “The  Tinted  Venus  ” (1885), 
“The  Pariah"  (1889),  “The  Brass  Bottle”  (1900),  etc. 

Guthrum  (goth'rom),  or  Guthorm.  Died  890. 
A Danish  king  of  East  Anglia,.  He  conquered  East 
AmOia  in  878.  He  was  defeated  by  Alfred  at  Ethandun 
(Edington,  Wiltshire)  in  the  same  year,  but  retained  his 
conquest. 

Guti  (go'te).  See  Gutium. 

Gutierrez  (go-te-ar'reth),  Juan  Maria.  Born 
at  Buenos  Ayres,  1809 : died  there,  Feb.  25, 1878. 
An  Argentine  author.  During  the  dictatorship  of 
Rosas  he  lived  in  exile  in  Chile,  where  he  was  director  of 
a nautical  school.  Returning  to  Buenos  Ayres  in  1853,  he 
became  rector  of  the  university.  He  published  many 
works,  mainly  biographical  or  relating  to  Spanish- Ameri- 
can literature.  . ^ 

Gutierrez,  Santos  Joaquin.  Born  at  Villa  del 
Cocui,  Boyaca,  Oct.  24,  1820:  died  at  Bogota, 
Feb.  6,  1872.  A New  Granadan  general  and 
politician.  He  was  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  liberal  party, 
and  took  a leading  part  in  the  revolutionary  struggles  from 
1861  to  1863.  From  1868  to  1870  he  was  president  of  Co- 
lombia. 

Gutierrez  de  la  Concha,  Jose.  See  Concha. 
Gutierrez  Vergara  (var-ga'ra),  Ignacio.  Born 
in  1806:  died  Nov.  3, 1877.  A Colombian  poli- 
tician. He  was  a lawyer ; deputy  to  several  congresses  ; 
governor  of  Cundinamarca ; and  minister  of  the  treasury 
1857-61.  In  1861,  as  a leader  of  the  conservatives,  he  as- 
sumed  executive  power  and  attempted  to  defend  BogotA 
against  the  revolutionist  Mosquera,  but  was  defeated  and 
for  a time  banished. 


Gutium  (gu'shi-um).  See  the  extract. 


The  northern  plateau  was  inhabited  by  a mixture  of  un- 
cultivated tribes  at  the  earliest  period  of  which  we  have 
any  knowledge,  and  was  known  under  the  general  name 
of  Gutium  or  Guti  (Kutu  in  Assyrian),  first  identified  by 
Sir  H.  Rawlinson  with  the  Goyim  of  Gen.  xiv.  1.  Gutium 
comprised  the  whole  country  which  stretched  from  the 
Euphrates  on  the  west  to  Media  on  the  east ; the  land  of 
Nizir,  with  the  mountain  of  Rowandiz,  on  which  the  ark 
of  the  Chaldean  Noah  was  believed  to  have  rested,  being 
included  within  it.  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  90. 


Guyot  (ge-o'),  Arnold  Henry.  Born  near  Neu- 

chatel,  Switzerland,  Sept.  28,  1807 : died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  8, 1884.  A Swiss-Ameri- 
can  geographer  and  scientist,  professor  of  ge- 
ography and  geology  at  Princeton  from  1855. 


He  published  a series  of  school  geographies, 
“Earth  and  Man”  (1849),  etc. 


Gutnic  (got'nik),  or  Gutnish.  [G.  Gutnisch.] 
The  Swedish  dialect  of  the  island  of  Gotland  in 

the  Baltic.  Old  Gutnic  is  a sharply  differentiated  dialect 
of  Old  Swedish,  preserved  in  runic  inscriptions  from  the 
viking  age  (700-1050)  to  the  16th  century,  and  in  several 
MSS.  from  the  14th  century.  With  Swedish  and  Danish 
it  forms  the  group  specifically  called  East  Norse. 

Guts  Muths  (gots'mots),  Johann  Christoph 
Friedrich.  Born  at  Quedlinburg,  Prussia,  Aug. 

9,  1759:  died  at  Sehnepfenthal,  near  Gotha, 
Germany,  May  21,  1839.  A German  educator, 
teacher  of  gymnastics  at  Sehnepfenthal.  He 
wrote  “Gymnastik  fur  die  Jugend  ’ (1793),  “Handbuch  der 
Geograph’ie  ” (1810),  “Turnbuch  fur  die  Sohne  des  Vater- 
landes  ” (1817),  etc. 

Gutzkow  (gots ' ko) , Karl.  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
17, 1811:  diedatFrankfort-on-the-Main,Dec.  16, 
1878.  A German  dramatist  and  author.  He 
studied  theology  and  philosophy  at  Berlin.  In  1831  ap- 
peared his  first  work,  “Forum  der  Journal  Litteratur. 

He  was  subsequently  engaged  in  journalistic  work  in  Stutt- 
gart, and  afterward  traveled  abroad  and  lived  for  short 
periods  in  various  places  in  Germany.  In  1835  appeared 
“Wally,  die  Zweiflerin  ” (“Wally,  the  Skeptic  ”),  which  cost 
him,  on  account  of  the  religious  views  expressed,  a three 
months’  imprisonment  at  Mannheim.  From  1847  to  1850 
lie  lived  at  Dresden  as  a dramatist.  In  the  mean  time  he 
had  again  been  active  as  a journalist,  and  had  written  be- 
sides a number  of  critical  works  and  essays.  In  1852  he 
founded,  in  Dresden,  a weekly  journal.  From  1860  to  1864 
he  was  secretary  at  Weimar  of  the  Schiller  foundation. 
Doss  of  health  compelled  him  to  relinquish  this  position 
in  the  latteryear.  Among  his  manynovels  are  “Die  Rit- 
ter vom  Geist”  (1850-52),  “ Der  Zauberer  von  Rom  ’’  (1869- 
1801),  “Hohenschwaugau  ” (1868),  etc.  His  principal  dra- 
mas are  “Zopf  und  Schwert  ”(“  Periwig  and  Sword, ”1844), 
“Das  Urbild  des  Tartiilfe”  (“The  Prototype  of  Tartufe,” 
1847),  “Uriel  Acosta”  (1846),  “Der  Konigslieutenant” 

(“ The  King’s  Lieutenant,”  1849). 

Giitzlaff  (giits'laf),  Karl.  Born  at  Pyritz,  Pom- 
erania, Prussia,  July  8,  1803:  died  at  Hong- 
Kong,  Aug.  9,  1851.  A German  missionary  in 
China,  and  Sinologist.  His  chief  works  are 
“ China  Opened  ” (1838),  “ Geschichte  des  chine- 
sischen  Reichs”  (1847). 

Guy,  or  Gui  (gl  or  ge),  or  Guido  (gwe'do),  of 
Lusignan(lii-zen-yoh').  [ML.  Guido,  F.  Guy,  It. 
Guido,  Sp.  Guido,  G.  and  D.  Guido.]  Died  1194. 
King  of  Jerusalem.  He  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
reigning  family  in  Poitou,  and  in  1180  married  the  Marchi- 
oness of  Montferrat,  Sibylla,  daughter  of  Amalric  (Amau- 
ry),  king  of  Jerusalem.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
1186  on  the  death  of  Bald -win  V.,  the  son  of  Sibylla  and  the 
Marquis  of  Montferrat.  In  1187  he  was  conquered  and  im- 
prisoned by  Saladin,  by  whom  he  was  released  on  renoun- 
cing his  claim  to  the  throne.  This  renunciation  he  subse- 
quently disregarded,  and  in  1192  transferred  his  claim  to 
the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem  to  Richar  d I.  of  England  in  ex- 
change for  Cyprus,  in  which  he  became  the  founder  of  a 
new  Frankish  kingdom. 

Guy  of  Warwick.  A legendary  hero  of  Eng- 
lish romance.  The  legends  concerning  him  seem  to 
have  been  first  nut  in  shape  by  an  Anglo-Norman  poet  of 
the  12th  century.  In  the  14th  century  they  were  first  con- 
sidered authentic  history  by  the  chroniclers.  Peter  Lang- 
toft  and  Walter  of  Exeter  wrote  his  history  about  1308. 
Many  poems  as  well  as  short  ballads  have  been  written  upon 
the  subject.  His  most  popular  feat  was  the  killing  of  the 
giant  Colbrand,  a Danish  champion,  with  whom  he  fought 
a duel  to  decide  the  war  between  Athelstanand  the  Danes 
who  were  besieging  him  at  Winchester.  H e then  returned 
to  Warwick,  where  he  had  left  his  wife,  the  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Warwick,  in  right  of  whom  he  assumed  the 
title.  He  resided  near  her  castle  as  a hermit,  and  lived  on 
her  alms  without  making  himself  known  to  her;  and  she 
only  discovered  his  identity  when  he  sent  her  their  wed- 
ding-ring, begging  her  to  attend  his  death-bed.  See  War- 
wick. 

Guy  (gl),  Thomas.  Born  about  1645 : died  at 
London,  Dec.  27,  1724.  An  English  bookseller 
and  philanthropist.  He  founded  Guy’s  Hos- 
pital (London)  in  1722,  and  endowed  other 
charitable  institutions. 

Guyenne.  See  Guienne. 

Guy  Mannering  (gi  man'er-iug).  A novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1815. 

Guyon  (gi'on ; F.pron.  ge-oh' ),  Madame  ( J eanne 
Marie  Bouvier  de  la  Motto:Guyon).  Born 
at  Montargis,  Loiret,  April  13,  104,8 : died  at 
Blois,  June  9,  1717.  A French  mystic,  one  of 
the  founders  of  quietism,  she  married  Jacques  de 
la  Motte-Guyon  at  16  years  of  age.  In  1095  she  was  im- 
prisoned for  her  religious  opinions,  and  later  was  banished 
to  Blois.  She  wrote  “Moyen  oourt  et  tros  facile  pour 
l’oraison  ’’  (1688-90),  “ Les  torrents  spirituels  ” (1704),  “ Poe- 
sies spirituelles  ” (1689),  autobiography  (1720),  translation 
of  the  Bible  (1713-15),  etc 


Ul  inc  iiiDio  i xu-ioft  vvv. 

Guyon  (gi'on),  Sir.  The  personification  of  tem- 
perance in  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,”  bk.  ii. 


Guy’s  Hospital.  A London  hospital  situated 
in  St.  Thomas’s  street,  south  of  the  Thames,  not 
far  from  London  Bridge.  It  was  founded,  with 
other  charities,  by  Thomas  Guy,  a bookseller  of 
London. 

Guzerat  (guz-e-rat'),  or  Gujarat  (guzh-a-rat'). 

A region  in  British  India,  bordering  on  the  Ara- 
bian Sea,  about  lat.  20°-24°  45'  N.,  long.  69°-74° 
20'  E.  It  comprises  the  northern  districts  of  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Bombay,  the  Gaikwar’s  dominions,  and  other 
native  states. 

Guzerat  (in  the  Pan  jab).  See  Gujrat. 

Guzman  (goth -man ' ) , F ernando  Perez  de.  Born 
in  1405 : died  in  1470.  A Spanish  poet  and  chroni- 
cler. He  served  for  a time  at  the  council-board  and  in  the 
army  of  John  II.,  king  of  Castile,  but  eventually  retired  to 
private  life  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  chief 
work  is  “ Cronica  del  senor  don  J uan  Seguudo  deste  nombre, 
rey  de  Castilla,"  etc.  (1564). 

Guzman,  Gonzalo  Nuno  de.  Born  at  Portillo : 
died  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Nov.  5,  1539.  The 
second  governor  of  Cuba.  He  was  one  of  the  con- 
querors of  the  island,  regidor  of  Santiago,  and  after  the 
death  of  Velasquez  became  governor,  April  27,  1627.  On 
account  of  his  avarice  and  cruelty  he  was  removed,  Nov. 

6 1531,  but  again  obtained  the  place  and  retained  it  until 

Guzman  (goth-man'),  Joaquin Eufracio.  Born 
in  Costa  Rica,  1801 : died  in  Salvador  about 
1870.  A Central  American  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  served  under  Malespin,  and  was  vice-president 
in  his  administration,  hut  declared  against  him  in  Feb., 
1845,  and  assumed  the  presidential  oflice  until  the  end  of 
the  term  in  1848.  Subsequently  he  was  a leader  of  the 
liberals  in  the  Salvadorian  Congress. 

Guzman,  Luis  Henriquez  de.  See  Henriqaez 
de  Guzman. 

Guzman,  Nuno  or  Nunez  Beltran  de.  Born 
at  Guadalajara,  Spain,  about  1485 : died  there, 
1544.  A Spanish  lawyer  and  soldier.  He  was  long 
encomendero  at  Puerto  de  Plata,  Espafiola.  In  1526  he  was 
appointed  to  settle  and  govern  Panuco,  in  northwestern 
Mexico’  and  by  his  encroachments  on  the  territory  of 
Cortos,  and  of  Narvaez  on  the  north,  caused  much  trouble. 
In  1528  he  was  made  president  of  the  first  audience  of  Mex- 
ico, virtually  ruling  the  country  until  1531.  He  did  all  he 
could  to  injure  Cortes,  and  made  himself  odious  by  arbi- 
trary acts  and  extortion.  In  1530  he  conquered  tbe  region 
on  the  Pacific  coast  long  known  as  New  Galicia.  Guzman 
was  deposed  by  a new  audience,  Jan.,  1531,  and  was  sub- 
sequently disgraced  and  heavily  fined. 

Guzman,  Ruy  Diaz  de.  Born  in  Paraguay,  1544: 
died  after  1612.  The  first  historian  of  Paraguay. 

The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  province  of 
Guayra,  where  he  became  military  governor.  His  “ His- 
toria  Argentina”  describes  the  conquest  of  the  Platine 
States,  and  brings  the  history  of  the  colony  down  to  1575. 
The  work  was  first  published  in  1836.  # 

Guzman  Blanco  (blan'ko),  Antonioe  Born  at 
Caracas.  Feb.  29,  1828  : died  at  Paris,  July  28, 
1899.  A Venezuelan  soldier  and  statesman.  He 
was  prominent  in  the  federalist  revolts  1859-63,  and  on  the 
triumph  of  his  party  became  first  vice-president  under  Fal- 
con in  1S63.  The  latter  was  deposed  by  a revolution  in  1868. 
Guzman  Blanco  headed  a successful  counter-revolution  in 
1870,  and  (Falcon  having  died)  became  president.  By  suc- 
cessive reelections  he  retained  the  office  until  1882,  and  his 
influence  was  strong  under  subsequent  administrations 
until  1888.  , 

Guzmin  de  Alfarache.  A romance  by  Mateo 
Aleman,  named  from  its  hero.  It  is  “ nearly  of  the 
same  age  as  ‘ Don  Quixote,’  and  of  great  genius,  though  it 
can  hardly  be  ranked  as  a novel  or  a work  of  imagination. 
It  is  a series  of  strange,  unconnected  adventures,  rather 
drily  fold,  but  accompanied  by  the  most  severe  and  sar- 
castic commentary.  The  satire,  the  wit,  the  eloquence  and 
reasoning,  are  of  the  most  potent  kind : but  they  are  di- 
dactic rather  than  dramatic.  They  would  suit  a homily  or 
a pasquinade  as  well  [as]  or  better  than  a romance.  Still 
there  are  in  this  extraordinary  book  occasional  sketches  of 
character  and  humorous  descriptions  to  which  it  would  be 
difficult  to  produce  anything  superior.”  Hazlitt. 

As  it  has  reached  us,  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
first  of  which  was  published  at  Madrid  in  1599.  Its  hero 
who  supposed  himself  to  be  the  son  of  a decayed  and  not 
very  reputable  Genoese  merchant  established  at  Seville, 
escapes  as  a boy,  from  his  mother,  after  his  father  s rum 
and  death,  and  plunges  into  the  world  upon  adventure. 
He  soon  finds  himself  at  Madrid,  though  not  till  he  has 
passed  through  the  hands  of  justice  ; and  m that  capital 
undergoes  all  sorts  of  suffering,  serving  as  a scullion  to  a 
cook,  and  as  a ragged  errand-boy  to  whomsoever  would 
employ  him  : until,  seizing  a good  opportunity,  he  steals 
a large  sum  of  money  that  had  been  intrusted  to  him,  and 
escapes  to  Toledo,  where  lie  sets  up  for  a gentleman.  But 
there  he  becomes,  in  his  turn,  the  victim  of  a cunning  like 
his  own  ; and,  finding  his  money  nearly  gone,  enlists  for 
the  Italian  wars.  His  star  is  now  on  the  wane.  At  Bar- 
celona he  again  turns  sharper  and  thief.  At  Genoa  and 
Rome  he  sinks  to  the  lowest  condition  of  a street  beggar. 
But  a cardinal  picks  him  up  in  the  last  city  and  makes  Him 
his  page  • a place  in  which,  but  for  his  bold  frauds  and 
tricks,  lie  might  long  have  thriven,  and  which  at  last  he 
leaves  in  great  distress,  from  losses  at  play,  and  enters _the 
service  of  the  French  ambassador.  Here  the  Hirst  Bart 


Guzman  de  Alfarache 

ends.  ...  In  1605  the  genuine  Second  Part  appeared.  It 
begins  with  the  life  of  Guzman  in  the  house  of  the  French 
ambassador  at  Home,  where  he  serves  in  some  of  the  most 
dishonorable  employments  to  which  the  great  of  that  pe- 
riod degraded  their  mercenary  dependents. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  99. 

Gwalior  (gwa'le-or).  1.  A protected  state  of 
India,  of  irregular  outline,  lying  between  the 
United  Provinces  on  the  northeast  and  the 
states  of  Eajputana  on  the  west.  It  is  ruled  by 
the  Sindhia  dynasty : their  forces  were  defeated  in  1803 
and  1843.  Area,  25,041  square  miles.  Population,  2,933,001. 
2.  A name  erroneously  applied  to  Lashkar, 
the  present  capital  of  the  state  of  Gwalior. 
Pop.,  89,154.  Gwalior  proper  is  the  seat  of  Jain  and 
early  Hindu  antiquities,  and  is  noted  for  its  fortress. 
Population,  16,807. 

Gwamba  (gwam'ba).  A Bantu  tribe  occupying 
the  vast  tract  between  Zululand  and  the  Sabi 
Eiver,  mostly  in  Portuguese  East  Africa,  but 
also  represented  in  Transvaal.  Scattered  tribes  are 
found  as  far  north  as  Lake  Nyassa,  where  they  are  called 
Batonga,  which  is  the  nickname  given  them  by  the  Zulus. 
They  call  themselves  Hagwamba,  and  their  language  Shi- 
gwamba.  This  language  differs  more  from  Chuana  and 
Suto  than  from  Zulu.  The  Boers  call  them  Knobnoses  be- 
cause of  their  custom,  now  abandoned,  of  producing  a 
string  of  fleshy  knobs  down  their  noses.  A Swiss  mission 
has  been  very  successful  in  teaching  these  natives. 

Gwendolen  Harleth.  See  Harleth. 

Gwilt  (gwilt),  Joseph.  Born  at  Southwark, 
London,  Jan.  11,  1784:  died  at  Henley-on- 
Thames,  Sept.  14,  1863.  An  English  architect 
and  archaeologist.  He  published  an  “ Encyclo- 
paedia of  Architecture”  (1842),  etc. 

Gwyn.or  Gwinn  (gwin),  Nell  or  Eleanor.  Born 
at  Hereford  (?),  Feb.  2,  1650 : died  Nov.  13, 
1687.  An  English  actress,  mistress  of  Charles  II. 
There  is  little  information  as  to  her  early  life.  Her  first 
known  appearance  on  the  stage  was  in  1665.  She  was  a 
great  favorite  with  the  public,  as  she  was  gay  and  spright- 
ly and  played  piquant,  bustling  parts.  Her  dancing  was 
much  admired.  After  various  adventures  with  other  lovers 
besides  the  king,  she  left  the  stage  in  1682.  The  king  re- 
tained his  affection  for  her  till  his  death.  She  had  two 
children  by  him  : Charles  (1670)  (afterward  Duke  of  St. 
Albans),  and  a second  son,  James  (1671).  Large  sums  of 
money,  and  Bestwood  Park  (Nottingham),  Burford  House 
(Windsor),  and  other  gifts,  were  bestowed  on  her. 

For  tragedy  she  [Nell  Gwyn)  was  unfitted  : her  stature 
was  low,  though  her  figure  was  graceful ; and  it  was  not 
till  she  assumed  comic  characters,  stamped  the  smallest 
foot  in  England  on  the  boards,  and  laughed  with  that  pecu- 
liar laugh  that  in  the  excess  of  it  her  eyes  almost  disap- 
peared, that  she  fairly  carried  away  the  town,  and  enslaved 
the  hearts  of  city  and  of  court.  She  spoke  prologues  and 


471 

epilogues  with  wonderful  effect,  danced  to  perfection,  and 
in  her  peculiar  but  not  extensive  line  was,  perhaps,  un- 
equalled for  the  natural  feeling  which  she  put  into  the 
parts  most  suited  to  her.  She  was  so  fierce  of  repartee 
that  no  one  ventured  to  allude  sneeringly  to  her  antece- 
dents. She  was  coarse,  too,  when  the  humour  took  her ; 
could  curse  pretty  strongly,  if  the  house  was  not  full ; and 
was  given,  in  common  with  the  other  ladies  of  the  com- 
pany, to  loll  about  and  talk  loudly  in  the  public  boxes, 
when  she  was  not  engaged  on  the  stage. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  62. 

Gya.  See  Gaya. 

Gyaman  (gya-man7).  A Nigritie  tribe  of  the 
Gold  Coast,  West  Africa,  situated  north  of  Ku- 
massi,  and  speaking  a language  of  its  own. 
Gye(gi),  Frederick.  Born  at  London,  1809:  died 
at  Ditchley,  Dec.  4, 1878.  An  English  manager 

of  opera.  He  undertook  the  management  of  CoventGar- 
den  in  1869,  and  retained  it  till  1877,  when  his  son  Ernest 
Gye  assumed  control.  See  Albani. 

Gyergyo-Szent-Miklos  (dyer'dyo  sent  mek7- 
losh).  A town  in  the  county  of  Csik,  Transyl- 
vania, situated  in  lat.  46°  42'  N.,  long.  25° 33'  E. 
Population,  7,028. 

Gyges  (gl'jez).  Bang  of  Lydia,  a contemporary 
of  the  Assyrian  king  Asurbanipal  (668-626 
B.  c. ),  and  a founder  of  a new  dynasty.  Pressed 
by  the  Cimmerians,  he  invoked  the  help  of  Asurbanipal, 
and  submitted  to  his  supremacy.  Afterward  he  allied  him- 
self with  Psammeticlius,  kiug  of  Egypt,  against  Assyria, 
and  seems  to  have  fallen  in  one  of  the  repeated  attacks  of 
the  Cimmerians,  who  were  no  longer  checked  by  the  As- 
syrian power,  in  about  663.  “According  to  the  legend  in 
Plato,  Gyges,  a herdsman  of  the  king  of  Lydia,  after  a ter- 
rible storm  and  earthquake,  saw  near  him  a chasm  in  the 
earth,  into  which  he  descended  and  found  a vast  horse  of 
brass,  hollow  and  partly  open,  wherein  lay  a gigantic 
corpse  with  a golden  ring.  This  ring  he  carried  away,  and 
discovered  unexpectedly  that  it  possessed  the  miraculous 
property  of  rendering  him  invisible  at  pleasure.  Being 
sent  on  a message  to  the  king  Candaules,  he  made  the  magic 
ring  available  to  his  ambition  : he  first  possessed  himself 
of  the  person  of  the  queen,  and  then  with  her  aid  assassi- 
nated the  king,  and  finally  seized  the  sceptre."  G-rote. 

Gyidesdzo  (gyed-asd-zo7).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  on  Price  Island,  northwest  of 
Millbank  Sound,  British  Columbia.  See  Tsim- 
sliian. 

Gyitgaata  (gyet-ga'a-ta),  or  Kitkada,  or  Kit- 
kaet.  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians  on 
Grenville  Channel,  British  Columbia.  Their 
name  signifies  ‘people  of  the  poles  ’ (from  their 
salmon-weirs).  See  Tsimsliian. 

Gyitksan  (gy et-ksan 7 ) , or  Kitikshian.  [From 
Kshian  or  ’Kushian,  a settlement  on  Skeena 


Gyula 

Eiver.]  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians  on 
upper  Skeena  Eiver,  British  Columbia.  See 
Nasqa. 

Gymnopsedise  (jim-no-pe'di-e).  [Gr.  yvyvoTuu- 
olcu.']  See  the  extract. 

The  feastof  the  Gymnopfedise,  or  naked  youths,  was  one 
of  the  most  important  at  Sparta  (Pausan.  III.  xi.  § 7).  It 
lasted  several  days,  perhaps  ten.  It  was  less  a religious 
festival  than  a great  spectacle,  wherein  the  grace  and 
strength  of  the  Spartan  youth  were  exhibited  to  their  ad- 
miring countrymen  and  to  foreigners.  The  chief  ceremo- 
nies were  choral  dances,  in  which  wrestling  and  other 
gymnastic  exercises  were  closely  imitated,  and  which 
served  to  shew  the  adroitness,  activity,  and  bodily  strength 
of  the  performers.  These  were  chiefly  Spartan  youths, 
who  danced  naked  in  the  forum,  round  the  statues  of 
Apollo,  Diana,  and  Latona.  Songs  in  celebration  of  the 
noble  deeds  performed  by  the  youths,  as  the  exploits  of 
Thyrea  and  Thermopylae,  formed  a portion  of  the  pro- 
ceedings at  the  festival. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  451,  note. 

Gymnosophists  (jim-nos'o-fists).  A sect  of  an- 
cient Hindu  philosophers  who  lived  solitarily 
in  the  woods,  wore  little  clothing,  ate  no  flesh, 
renounced  all  bodily  pleasures,  and  addicted 
themselves  to  mystical  contemplation:  so  called 
by  Greek  writers.  By  some  they  are  regarded  as 
Brahman  penitents ; others  include  among  them  a set  of 
Buddhist  ascetics,  the  Shamans. 

Gyoma  (dyo'mo).  A town  in  the  county  of  Bek6s, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Koros  in  lat.  46°  57' 
N.,  long.  20°  51'  E.  Population,  11,545. 
Gyongyos  (dyen'dyesh).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Heves,  Hungary,  47  miles  northeast  of  Bu- 
dapest. It  has  a flourishing  trade.  Popula- 
tion, 16,442. 

Gyp.  The  pseudonym  of  Sibylle  Gabrielle  Marie 
Antoinette  Eiquetti  de  Mirabeau,  comtesse 
de  Martel  de  Janville.  See  Martel  de  Janville. 
Gypsies.  See  Gipsies. 

Gyrowetz  (gir'6-vets),  Adalbert.  Bom  at  Bud- 
weis,  Bohemia,  Feb.  19,  1763 : died  at  Vienna, 
March  19, 1850.  An  Austrian  composer  of  sym- 
phonies, operas,  ballets,  etc. 

Gythium  (ji-thi'um  or  jitli'i-um).  [Gr.  Vidtov.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a seaport  of  Laconia, 
Greece,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Laconia  in  lat. 
36°  46'  N.,  long.  22°  34'  E.,  near  the  modern 
Marathonisi. 

Gyula  (dyo'lo).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
Bekes,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  White  Koros 
in  lat.  46°  38'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  Population, 
22,446. 


aanen  (ha'nen),  Remi  van. 
Born  Jan.  5,  1812 : died  at 
Aussee,  Aug.  13,  1894.  A 
Dutch  landscape-painter . 
Haarlem,  or  Harlem  (har'- 
lem).  [D.  Haarlem  (former- 
ly Haerlem,  Harlem ),  OD. 
Haralern,  ML.  Harlemum.'] 
The  capital  of  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the  Spaarne 
4 miles  from  the  North  Sea,  and  11  miles  west 
of  Amsterdam.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is 
especially  celebrated  for  its  flower-gardens.  The  Groote 
Kerk  (of  St.  Bavo)  is  an  impressive  cruciform  structure  of 
the  15th  century.  The  tower  is  255  feet  high.  The  interior 
possesses  a brass  choir-screen  and  fine  carved  stalls  and 
pulpit.  The  organ,  built  in  1738,  is  famous  as  one  of  the 
finest  existing.  Haarlem  was  formerly  the  residence  of 
the  Counts  of  Holland.  It  was  seized  by  the  insurgent 
peasants  in  1492 ; was  invested  by  the  Spaniards  in  Dec., 
1572  ; surrendered  in  July,  1573  ; and  was  retaken  by  Wil- 
liam of  Orange  in  1577.  It  was  an  art  center  in  the  17th 
century.  Population,  70,348. 

Haarlemmer  Polder  (har'lem-mer  pol'der).  A 
plain  in  the  province  of  North  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, between  Haarlem,  Amsterdam,  and  Ley- 
den. It  was  formerly  the  Haarlemmer  Meer  or  Lake,  26 
miles  iu  length,  formed  in  the  16th  century  and  commu- 
nicating with  the  Y and  the  Old  Rhine.  This  was  drained 
in  1840-53.  Population  of  the  district,  about  16,000. 

Haas  (lias),  Johannes  Hubertus  Leonardus 

de.  Born  at  Hedel,  North  Brabant,  March  25, 
1832 : died  at  Brussels,  Aug.  16, 1880.  A noted 
animal-painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Van  Oos  at  Haar- 
lem, and  went  to  Brussels  in  1857.  His  “Trio  of  Donkeys" 
is  at  the  Lisbon  Gallery  ; “Castleon  the  Rhine,”  “ Cows  at 
Pasture,"  and  “ Three  Comrades  " at  the  National  Gallery, 
Berlin  ; “ Pasture  ” at  the  Brussels  Museum ; and  “ Cattle  ’ ' 
at  the  Kunsthalle,  Hamburg. 

Haase  (lia'ze),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Berlin,  Nov. 
1,  1827:  died  there,  March  17,  1911.  A Ger- 
man actor.  He  first  appeared  at  Weimar  in  1846,  and 
played  successively  at  Potsdam,  Berlin,  Prague,  Karlsruhe, 
Munich,  Frankfort,  etc.  He  visited  America  in  1869  and 
1882-83. 

Haase,  Heinrich  Gottlob  Friedrich  Chris- 
tian. Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  4, 1808 : 
died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Aug.  16, 1867.  A Ger- 
man classical  philologist,  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau. 

Habab  (ha-bab').  An  African  tribe  wandering 
as  nomadic  herdsmen  over  the  pasture-lands 
northwest  of  Massowah,  between  the  Bogos  and 
the  Beni  Amer.  In  physical  appearance  they  and  the 
Beni  Amer  show  more  affinity  with  the  Cushitic  Bedja  or 
Bisharin ; but  their  dialects  belong  to  the  same  cluster  as 
Tigr£  and  Amharic,  the  base  of  which  is  Semitic.  In  re- 
ligion the  Hababs  are  said  to  be  now  Mohammedan,  al- 
though within  recent  times  they  still  made  a profession  of 
Ethiopic  Christianity.  See  Ti<jr(. 

Habakkuk  (ha-bak'uk  or  hab'a-kuk).  [Cf. 
Assyr.  liambaquqm,  name  of  a plant.]  A He- 
brew prophet.  Nothing  authentic  of  his  life  is  known, 
and  he  therefore  has  become  the  subject  of  many  legends. 
Thus,  in  the  apocryphal  book  “Bel  and  the  Dragon,” 
he  is  carried  through  the  air  by  an  angel  from  Judea  to 
Babylon  to  feed  Daniel.  The  book  of  his  prophecies,  con- 
sisting of  3 chapters,  holds  the  eighth  place  among  the 
minor  prophets.  The  first  two  chapters  bear  on  the 
wickedness  reigning  in  the  country  and  the  growing  power 
of  the  Chaldeans ; the  third  chapter  is  a lyric  ode  repre- 
senting God  as  appearing  in  judgment.  Habakkuk  ex- 
hibits poetical  genius  of  high  order.  His  prophecy  is  con- 
structed dramatically  in  the  form  of  a dialogue  between 
himself  and  Jehovah.  The  lyric  ode  ranks,  for  sublimity 
of  poetic  conception,  picturesqueness  of  imagery,  and 
splendor  of  diction,  with  the  highest  which  Hebrew  poetry 
has  produced.  He  prophesied  most  probably  in  the  reign 
of  Jehoiakim  (609-597  B.  C.). 

Habana.  See  Havana. 

Habassin.  An  old  name  of  Abyssinia. 

Habberton  (hab'er-ton),  John.  Born  at  Brook- 
lyn. Feb.  24,  1842.  An  American  writer,  author 
of  “Helen’s  Babies"  (1876),  etc. 

Habelscbwerdt  (ha'bel-shwert).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Neisse  58  miles  south-southwest  of  Breslau. 
Population,  commune.  6,002. 

Habeneck  (ab-nek'),  Francois  Antoine.  Born 
at  Mezieres,  France,  Jan.  22, 1781:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Feb.  8,  1849.  A French  violinist  and  con- 
ductor. 


Habicht  (ha'bicht),  Ludwig.  Born  July  23, 
1830:  died  at  Amalfi,  Dec.  29,  1908.  A German 
novelist.  He  wrote  “ Der Stadt schreiher  von  Liegnitz” 
(1865),  “Zwei  Hofe  ” (1870),  “ Vor  dem  Gewitter  ' (1873), 
“Scheiu  und  Sein”  (1875),  “ Am  Gardasee”  (1890),  etc. 

Habington  (hab'ing-ton),  William.  Born  at 
Hindlip,  Worcestershire,  Nov.,  1605:  died  there, 
1654.  An  English  poet.  He  published  the  lyrical 
collection  “Castara”  (1634),  etc. 

Habor  (ha'bor).  A river  mentioned  with  Gozan 
in  connection  with  the  settlement  of  the  deport- 
ed ten  tribes  in  Assyria  (2  Ki.  xvii.).  its  former 
identification  with  the  Chebar  has  been  generally  given  up. 
It  is,  no  doubt,  identical  with  the  Aborrhas,  or  Chaboras, 
of  classical  writers,  still  bearing  the  name  Klrabour,  which 
falls  into  the  Euphrates  near  Circesium.  The  name  occurs 
as  Habur  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. 

Habrocomas.  See  Abroeomas. 

Habsburg.  See  Hapsburg. 

Hachette  (a-shet'),  Jeanne  Fourquet  or 
Laisne,  surnamed.  Born  at  Beauvais,  Nov.  14, 
1454:  the  date  of  her  death  is  not  known.  A 
French  heroine.  She  took  part,  armed  with  a hatchet 
(hachette),  iu  the  defense  of  Beauvais  against  Charles  the 
Bold  in  1472  (whence  her  surname). 

Hachette,  Louis  Christophe  Francois.  Born 
at  Rethel,  Ardennes,  France,  May  5,  1800 : died 
July  31,  1864.  A French  editor  and  publisher, 
founder  of  the  firm  of  Hachette  and  Co.,  Paris. 
Hackelberg  (ha ' kel -hero),  or  Hackelnberg 
(ha'keln-berG).  In  German  folk-lore,  the  wild 
huntsman  of  the  “furious  army,”  identified  with 
a historical  Hans  von  Hackelberg  (1521-81). 
Hackensack  (hak'en-sak).  The  capital  of 
Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  Hack- 
ensack River  12  miles  north  by  west  of  New 
York.  Population,  14,050,  (1910). 
Hackensack  River.  A small  river  in  Rock- 
land County,  New  York,  and  northeastern  New 
Jersey,  flowing  into  Newark  Bay  4 miles  south- 
east of  Newark. 

Hackett  (hak'et),  Horatio  Balch.  Born  at 
Salisbury,  Mass.,  Dec.  27,  1808 : died  at  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  Nov.  2,  1875.  An  American  bib- 
lical scholar.  He  was  professor  of  biblical  literature  iu 
Newton  Theological  Institution  1839-69,  and  in  1870  became 
professor  of  New  Testament  Greek  in  Rochester  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  Among  his  works  are  “ Hebrew  Gram- 
mar” (1847),  “Commentary  on  the  Acts”  (1852),  “Illus- 
trations of  Scripture”  (1855),  translation  of  Philemon 
(1860).  He  edited,  with  Ezra  Abbot,  the  American  edition 
of  Smith's  “Bible  Dictionary”  (1868-70). 

Hackett,  James  Henry.  Born  at  New  York, 
March  15,  1800  : died  at  Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
28,  1871.  An  American  actor.  He  went  on  the 
stage  about  1820.  He  was  successful  in  the  personation  of 
Yankees  and  Western  pioneers.  He  is  best  known,  how- 
ever, for  his  representation  of  Falstaff,  which  he  first 
played  about  1832.  He  wrote  “Notes  and  Comments  on 
Shakspere  ” (1863). 

Hacklander  (hiik  ' len-der),  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm VOn.  Born  at  Burtscheid,  near  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Prussia,  Nov.  1,  1816 : died  near  the 
Starnbergersee,  Bavaria,  July  6, 1877.  A Ger- 
man novelist,  dramatist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  wrote  “ Bilder  aus  dem  Soldatenleben  im 
Frieden  " (1841),“  Wachtstubenabenteuer” (1845),  “Handel 
und  Wandel " (1850),  etc. 

Hackney  (bak'ni).  A metropolitan  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  of  London,  3 miles  northeast 
of  St.  Paul’s,  formerly  a fashionable  center. 
It  returns  3 members  to  Parliament.  Popula- 
tion of  metropolitan  borough,  222,587,  (1911). 
Hackum  (hak'um),  Captain.  Abully  in  Shad- 
well’s  “ Squire  of  Alsatia.” 

Haco.  See  HaJcon. 

Hadad  (ha'dad).  A Syrian  deity.  The  name 
is  applied  iu  the  Bible  to  several  persons.  See 
Ben-hadad. 

Hadad  occupied  a higher  position  than  Saul.  He  was, 
as  I have  said,  the  supreme  Baal  or  Sun-god,  whose  wor- 
ship extended  southward  from  Carcliemish  to  Edom  and 
Palestine.  At  Damascus  lie  was  adored  under  the  Assyr- 
ian name  of  Rimmon,  and  Zechariah  (xii.ll)  alludes  to  the 
cult  of  the  compound  Hadad-Rimmon  in  the  close  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  great  Canaanitish  fortress  of  Megiddo. 
Coins  hear  the  name  of  Abd  Hadad,  “the  servant  of  Ha- 
dad,”  who  reigned  in  the  fourth  century  at  Hierapolis, 
472 


the  later  successor  of  Carchemish ; and,  under  the  abbre- 
viated form  of  Dfida,  Shalmaneser  speaks  of  “the  god 
Dada  of  Aleppo  ’’  (Khalman). 

Sayce,  Auc.  Babylonians,  p.  55. 

Hadad-rimmon  (ha' dad -rim' on).  A place 
mentioned  in  Zech.  xii.  11  as  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Megiddo,  where  a lamentation  took 
place.  The  lamentation  is  referred  by  some  to  the  fall 
of  Josiah  in  the  battle  with  Necho  of  Egypt  near  Megiddo 
(609  B.  c.),  and  Hadad-rimmon  is  then  taken  as  a place 
identified  witli  the  modern  village  Rummaneli,  south  of 
Lejun,  which  is  considered  as  representing  the  ancient  Me- 
giddo. By  others  the  lamentation  of  Hadad-rimmon  is 
explained  to  mean  the  rites  connected  with  three  Syrian  di- 
vinities similar  to  the  mourning  over  the  death  of  Adonis 
in  Phenicia  and  elsewhere. 

Hadai  (ha-di'),  or  Adaize  (a-diz').  A tribe  of 
the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians. See  Caddo. 

Haddington  (had'ing-ton),  or  East  Lothian 

(est  lo'THi-an).  A maritime  county  of  Scot- 
land, hounded  by  the  Firth  of  Forth  and  the 
North  Sea  on  the  north,  Berwick  on  the  south- 
east and  south,  and  Edinburgh  on  the  west. 
Area,  267  sq.  m.  Pop.  (civil  county),  38,662. 
Haddington.  The. capital  of  Haddingtonshire, 
Scotland,  on  the  Tyne  17  miles  east  of  Edin- 
burgh. It  was  the  birthplace  of  Knox  and  of 
Smiles.  Population,  3,992. 

Haddon  Hall  (had 'on  hal).  A mansion  belong- 
ing to  the  Dukes  of  Rutland,  situated  2 miles 
southeast  of  Bakewell,  Derbyshire,  England. 
It  is  a notable  example  of  the  medieval  residence  of  a 
great  English  proprietor. 

Haden  (ba'dn),  Sir  Francis  Seymour.  Born  at 
London,  England,  Sept.  16, 1818:  died  at  Brad- 
ford, June  1,  1910.  An  English  etcher  ami 
physician.  He  was  president  of  the  Society  of  Painter- 
Etchers.  His  works  include  “ Etudes  a Teaii-forte,"  with 
text  by  Burty  (1865),  “ About  Etchings  ” (1883),  “ The  Rela- 
tive Claims  of  Etching  and  Engraving  ” (1879),  “ LTEuvre 
grav6  de  Rembrandt " (1880).  Rnighted  in  1894. 

Hadendoa  (had-en'd5-a).  One  of  the  Bedja 
tribes  in  Upper  Nubia  which  form  the  hulk  of 
the  population  of  Suakim  and  Taka.  They  are  pas- 
toral and  nomadic,  to  some  extent  agricultural,  and  are 
notorious  for  attacking  caravans.  Ruins  resembling  those 
of  Zimbabwe  in  South  Africa  are  found  in  their  territory. 

Hadersleben  (ha'ders-la-ben),  Dan.  Haderslev 
(ha'ders-lev).  A town  in  the  province  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein, Prussia,  situated  on  Hadersleben 
Fjord  in  lat.  55°  15'  N.,  long.  9°  30'  E.  It  has 
some  trade.  Population,  commune,  9,289. 
Hades  (ha'dez).  [Gr."A«5^f  or  A«5r/f.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology:  (a)  The  lord  of  the  lower  world,  a 
brother  of  Zeus,  and  the  husband  of  Persephone 
(Proserpine).  He  reigned  in  a splendid  palace,  and,  be- 
sides his  function  of  governing  the  shades  of  the  departed, 
lie  was  the  giver  to  mortals  of  all  treasures  derived  from 
the  earth.  In  art  he  was  represented  in  a form  kindred  to 
that  of  Zeus  and  that  of  Poseidon,  and  bearing  the  staff  or 
scepter  of  authority,  usually  in  company  with  Persephone. 
As  the  god  of  wealth  he  was  also  called  by  the  Greeks  Pluto; 
and  he  is  the  same  as  the  Roman  Dig,  Orcus,  or  Tartarus 
(b)  The  invisible  lower  or  subterranean  world 
in  which  dwelt  the  spirits  of  all  the  dead  ; the 
world  of  shades;  the  abode  of  the  departed. 
The  souls  in  Hades  were  believed  to  carry  on  there  a coun- 
terpart of  their  material  existence : those  of  the  righteous 
without  discomfort,  amid  the  pale  sweet  blooms  of  aspho- 
del, or  even  in  pleasure,  in  the  Elysian  Fields  ; and  those 
of  the  wicked  amid  various  torments.  The  lower  world 
was  surrounded  by  fiery  and  pestilential  rivers,  and  the 
solitary  approach  was  guarded  by  the  monstrous  tliree- 
headed  dog  Cerberus  to  prevent  the  shades  from  escaping 
to  the  upper  world. 

2.  In  the  Greek  New  Testament,  and  in  the  re- 
vised English  version,  indefinitely,  the  state  or 
abode  of  the  dead : often  taken  as  equivalent  to 
purgatory,  the  intermediate  state  of  the  dead, 
or  to  hell. 

Hading  (a-dan').  Jane  (real  name  Jane  Al- 
frddine  Trdfouret  Hadingue).  Born  at  Mar- 
seilles, Nov.  25, 1861.  A noted  French  actress. 
She  made  her  first  appearance,  when  only  3 years  old,  as 
little  Blanche  in  “Le  bossu.”  This  part  was  usually  rep- 
resented by  a doll.  From  the  time  she  was  14  years  old 
she  played  a variety  of  parts,  at  first  in  operetta,  until 
finally,  in  1883, 1 "she  made  a notable  success  at  the  Gymnase 
in  Paris  in  “ Le  maitre  de  forges.  ” 

Hadji  Khalfa.  See  Haji  Khalfa. 


Hadleigh 

Hadleigh  (had'li).  A town  in  Suffolk,  England, 


47S 


Haenke.  See  Hdnke. 

onTheTTrett  about  10  miles  west  of  Ipswich.  Half.  See  Frisches  Haff,  Kmisch.es  Haff,  and 
Population,  3,245.  Stettiiwr  Haff. 

Hadley  (had'li).  A town  in  Hampshire  Coun-  Hafiz  (Pers.  pron.  ha-fiz'),  Shams  ed-din  Mu- 
ty,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Connecticut  opposite  hammad.  [Arabic  hdfis,  he  who  knows  by 
Northampton.  It  is  noted  in  King  Philip’s  War  (1675)  heart,  i.  e.  the  Koran  and  the  traditions.]  Born 
for  the  attack  made  upon  it  by  the  Indians,  which  was  at  Shiraz  in  the  beginning  of  the  14th  century: 
★ repelled  under  the  leadership  of  the  regicide  Goffe.  died  between  1388  and  1394.  An  eminent  Per- 

Hadley,  Arthur  Twining.  Born  at  New  Haven,  sjan  diving  philosopher,  and  grammarian,  and 
Conn.,  April  23, 1856.  An  American  educator,  OIie  0y  (}ie  greatest  poets  of  all  time.  He  was  not 
the  son  of  James  Hadley.  He  was  graduated  at  only  appointed  teacher  in  the  royal  family,  but  a special 
Yale  University  in  1876;  was  professorof  political  science  college  was  founded  for  him.  Hesingsof  wine,  love,  night- 
there  1886-91,  and  of  political  economy  1891-99,  and  was  ingales,  and  flowers,  and  sometimes  of  Allah  and  the 
elected  president  of  the  university  May,  1899.  He  has  Prophet  and  the  instability  of  life.  His  tomb,  about  2 
written  “Railroad  Transportation ” (1885),  etc.  _ miles  northeast  of  Shiraz,  is  sumptuously  adorned,  and  is 

Hadley,  James.  Bom  at  Fairfield,  Herkimer  still  the  resort  of  pilgrims. 

County,  N.  Y.,  March  30, 1821 : died  at  New  Ha-  Hafnia  (haf'ni-a).  The  Latin  name  of  Copen- 
ven,  Conn.,  Nov.  14, 1872.  An  American  scholar,  hagen. 

professor  of  Greek  in  Yale  College  1851-72.  He  Hagar  (ha ' gar).  An  Egyptian  concubine  of 
published  a “Greek  Grammar  ”(1861).  An  "Introduction  Abraham,  mother  of  Ishmael. 

‘^P,^™ffisto^o/th?^ngI?s'h  Langua^” (1879k  wer^pub^  Hagarenes(hag'a-reuz)  orHagrites(hag'rits). 
fished  after  his  death.  A nomadic  people  of  Old  Testament  times,  oc- 

Hadley,  John.  Born  April  16, 1682:  died  Feb.  cupying  a region  east  of  the  Jordan. 

14,1743.  A noted  English  mathematician  and  Hagedorn  (hfi'ge-dorn),  Friedrich  von.  Born 
mechanician.  He  improved  the  reflecting  telescope,  at  Hamburg,  April  23,  1708:  died  at  Hamburg, 
and  in  1730  invented  the  reflecting  quadrant.  His  claim  Oct.  28,  1754.  A German  lyric,  didactic,  and 
to  the  latter  invention  has  been  disputed,  Thomas  Godfrey,  satirical  poet.  The  best  edition  of  his  poems 

t h e^sarn e y c-ar! ^ Pr°P°  * “ apparatU3  m was  published  in  1800. 

Hadramaut  (ha-dra-mat'h  A region  in  south,  Hagen  (ha/gen).  A town  in  the  province  of 
em  Arabia,  of  undefined  boundaries,  extending  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  at.  the  junction 
along  the  Indian  Ocean  between  Dahna  on  the 
north,  Mahra  on  the  east,  and  Yemen  on  the 
west:  explored  by  Theodore  Bent  in  1894. 

Hadrian  (Popes).  See  Adrian. 

Hadrian  (ha'dri-an),  sometimes  Adrian  (Pub- 
lius Aalius  Hadrianus).  Born  at  Rome,  Jan. 

24,  76  a.  d.  : died  at  Bahe,  Italy,  July  10,  138. 

Roman  emperor  117-138,  nephew  of  Trajan 
whom  he  succeeded.  Renouncing  the  policy  of  con- 
quest, he  abandoned  the  new  provinces  of  Armenia,  Meso- 
potamia, and  Assyria,  and  established  the  Euphrates  as  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  empire.  In  119  he  began  a pro- 
gress through  the  provinces,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
began  the  construction  of  the  wall  that  bears  his  name 
against  the  Piets  and  the  Scots  in  Britain,  and  from  which 
he  returned  about  131.  He  promulgated  the  “Edictum 
Perpetuum,”  a collection  of  the  edicts  of  the  pretors  by  Sal- 


of  the  Ennepe  with  the  Yolme,  32  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Dusseldorf.  It  manufactures  iron 
and  textile  fabrics.  Pop.,  commune,  77,567. 

Hagen,  Ernst  August.  Born  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  April  12,  1797 : died  at  Konigsberg, 
Feb.  15,  1880.  A German  writer  on  art,  author 
of  “Norica”  (1827),  “Leonardo  da  Vinci  in 
Mailand”  (1840),  etc. 

Hagen,  Friedrich  Heinrich  von  der.  Born  at 
Schmiedeberg,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Feb.  19, 
1780:  died  at  Berlin,  June  11,  1856.  A German 
scholar,  especially  noted  for  researches  in  Old 
German  poetry.  He  became  professor  at  Berlin  when 
the  university  was  founded,  was  called  to  Breslau,  and  re- 
turned to  Berlin  in  1821.  He  edited  the  “Nibelungen- 
lied  ” (1810-12),  “Minnesinger  " (1838-56),  etc. 


A vl  p V 0 U UU1,  it  t/Ollvv  tiUli  vt  tUU  1/UlvviJ  vl  vliv  p I v l/Ul  O U J ‘ all  ip  y TT  A , r . 

vius  Julianus,  inl32.  In  132  a revolt  was  occasioned  among  Hagen,  Hermann  August.  Born  at  Konigs- 


the  Jews  by  the  planting  of  the  Roman  colony  of  -Elia 
Capitolina  on  the  site  of  Jerusalem,  which  was  suppressed 
in  135. 

Hadrian,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Hadrian. 

Hadrianople.  See  Adrianople. 

Hadrian’s  Mole.  See  Angelo,  Castle  of  Sant 

Hadrian’s  Villa.  An  assemblage  of  ancient 
ruins,  near  Tivoli,  perhaps  the  most  impressive 
in  Italy.  It  included  the  Greek  and  Latin  theaters,  so 
called,  an  odeum,  thermae,  a stadium,  a palace,  several  tem- 
pies,  spacious  structures  for  guards  and  attendants,  and 


berg,  Prussia,  May  30, 1817 : died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  9,  1893.  A German-American  ento- 
mologist, curator  of  entomology  at  the  Cam- 
bridge Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  (from 
about  1873).  He  is  best  known  for  his  works  on 
the  Neuroptera  and  Fseudoneuroptera. 

Hagen,  Theodore.  Born  at  Dusseldorf,  May 
24,  1842.  A German  landscape-painter,  pro- 
fessor (1871)  and  director  (1877-80)  of  the  art 
school  at  Weimar. 


many  subsidiary  buildings  and  devices.  Of  most  of  these  Hagenau  (ha'ge-nou),  F.  HaglienaU  (ag-no'). 


there  are  extensive  remains ; and  here  were  found  many  of 
the  fine  statues  now  in  Roman  museums. 

Hadrian’s  Wall.  A wall  of  defense  for  the  Ro- 
man province  of  Britain,  constructed  by  Ha- 
drian between  the  Solway  Firth  and  the  mouth 


A town  in  the  district  of  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  on  the  Moder  17  miles  north  of  Stras- 
burg.  It  was  once  a fortified  free  imperial  city,  and  was 
a favorite  residence  of  the  Hohenstaufens.  Population, 
commune,  18,737. 


of  the  Tyne.  The  work  has  been  ascribed  to  Severus  Hagenbach  (ha'gen-bach) , Karl  Rudolf.  Born 


and  others,  “ but  after  a long  debate  the  opinion  now  pre- 
vails that  the  whole  system  of  defence  bears  the  impress 
of  a single  mind,  and  that  the  wall  and  its  parallel  earth- 
works, its  camps,  roads,  and  stations,  were  designed  and 
constructed  by  Hadrian  alone."  Elton. 

Hadrumetum  (had-ro-rae'tum),  or  Adrume- 

tum  (ad-ro-me'tum).  In  ancient  geography, 
a Phenician  (later  a Roman)  colony,  generally 


at  Basel,  (Switzerland,  March  4,  1801:  died  at 
Basel,  June  7,  1874.  A German-Swiss  church 
historian  and  Protestant  theologian,  a moderate 
advocate  of  the  “mediation  theology.”  Among 
his  works  are  “Encyclopadie  und  Methodologie  der  theolo- 
gischen  Wissenschaften  ” (1833),  “Lehrbuch  der  Dogmen- 
geschichte  ” (1840),  “ Kircheugeschichte  ” (1868-72). 


identified  with  the  modern  Susa,  Tunis,  situated  Hagerstown  (ha'gerz-toun).  The  capital  of 
on  the  Gulf  of  Hammamet  70  miles  south  by  Washington  Count  y,  Maryland,  situated  on  An- 
★east  of  Tunis.  tietam  Creek  63  miles  west-northwest  of  Balti- 

Haeckel  (hek'el),  Ernst  Heinrich.  Born  at  more.  It  has  some  manufactures.  Population, 
Potsdam,  Prussia,  Feb.  16,  1834.  A distin-  16,507.,  (1910). 

guished  German  naturalist,  one  of  the  leading  Haggai  (hag'i).  Prophesied  520  b.  c.  The  tenth 
advocates  of  the  biological  theory  of  evolution,  in  order  of  the  minor  prophets  of  Israel.  His 
professor  at  Jena  1862-1909.  His  works  include  prophecy  consists  of  2 chapters,  and  the  burden  of  it  is 
“ Die  Radiolarien  ” (1862),  “ Generelle  Morphologie  der  an  appeal  to  his  countrymen  to  prosecute  the  work  of  re- 
Organismen  ” (1866),  “Natiirliche  Schopfungsgeschichte  ” ★storing  the  temple. 

(“Natural  History  of  Creation,"  1868),  “tlber  die  Entste-  Haggard  (liag'iird),  Sir  Henry  Ridel'.  Born 
2nd  ,den  Stammbaum  des  Menschengeschlechts  / June  22, 1856.  An  English  author  and  barrister. 

TT_  .1  4-1, 1C7K  *70 


(“On  the  Origin  and  Genealogy  of  the  Human  Race,” 
1870),  “Anthropogenic"  (1874),  “Die  Kalkschwamme” 
(“Calcareous  Sponges,"  1872),  “Gastnea  Theorie ’’  (1874), 
“ Plankton-Studien”  (1890),  “Die  Weltratsel  ” (1899),  etc. 
Haeltzuk  (Ini'  el-tzuk).  1.  A division  of  tho 
Wakashan  stock  of  North  American  Indians 


lie  was  in  the  colonial  service  in  the  Transvaal  1875-79, 
and  published  in  1882  “Cetywayo  and  his  White  Neigh- 
bors.” Among  his  novels  are  “King  Solomon’s  Mines," 
“She,”  “ Allan  Quatermain,”  “Cleopatra,”  “ Montezuma’s 
Daughter,”  and  “Ayesha.”  He  has  also  written  “Rural 
England,”  etc.  Created  a baronet,  Jan.  1,  1912. 
comprising  23  tribes.  Its  habitat  is  the  northern  part  HaglOgrapha  (ha-ji-og'ra-fa).  [Gr.  ayt.6ypa<pa, 
of  Vancouver  Island,  adjoining  the  Aht  (Wakashan)  and  saered  writings : Heb.  Ketubim , writings.]  The 


Salishan  territories,  and  the  western  coast  of  British  Co- 
lumbia. The  principal  tribes  of  this  division  are  the 
Haeltzuk  proper,  Wikeno,  Kwakiutl,  and  Nawiti.  There 
are  1,898  on  the  Kwawkewlth  agency,  British  Columbia, 
and  over  1,000  not  under  agents.  See  Wakashan. 

2.  A collective  name  for  a body  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  (also  called  Belbella,  or  Millbank 
Sound  Indians)  which  includes  the  Haeltzuk 
proper  and  the  Wikeno.  Their  habitat  is  Mill- 
bank  Sound  and  Rivers  Inlet,  British  Columbia. 

Hffimus  (he'mus).  The  Latin  name  of  the  Bal- 
kans (which  see). 


Greek  name  of  the  last  of  the  3 Jewish  divisions 
of  the  Old  Testament.  They  are  variously  reckoned, 
but  usually  comprise  the  Psalms,  Proverbs,  Job,  Canticles, 
Ruth,  Lamentations,  Ecclesiastes,  Esther,  Daniel,  Ezra, 
Nehemiah,  and  Chronicles. 

The  third  section  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  consists  of  what 
are  called  the  Hagiographa  or  “ Ketiibiin,”  that  is  [sacred] 
writings.  A t the  head  of  these  stand  three  poetical  bo< >ks, 
— Psalms,  Proverbs,  and  Job.  Then  come  the  five  small 
books  of  Canticles,  Ruth,  Lamentations,  Ecclesiastes,  and 
Esther,  which  the  Hebrews  name  the  Mcgilloth.or  “rolls.  ” 
They  have  this  name  because  they  alone  among  the  Hagi 
ographa  were  used  on  certain  annual  occasions  in  the  ser- 


Haiduks 

vice  of  the  synagogue,  and  for  this  purpose  were  written 
each  in  a separate  volume. 

W.  R.  Smith,  0.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  131. 

Hagrites.  See  Hagarenes. 

Hague,  La.  See  Hogue,  La. 

Hague  (hag),  The,  D\  Den  Haag  (den  hao),  or 
’s  Graven  Hage  (’s  Gra'fen  ha'oe).  [F.  La 
Ha/tfe,  G.  Der  Haag,  ML.  Haga  Comitis,  repr. 

D.  Den  Haag , the  Haw,  or ’s  Graven  Hage,  the 
Count’s  Haw,  that  is,  garden,  it  being  orig.  a 
lodge  or  dwelling  of  the  counts  of  Holland.] 
The  capital  of  the  Netherlands  and  of  the  prov- 
ince of  South  Holland,  situated  3 miles  from 
the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  52°  4'  N.,  long.  4°  18' 

E.  The  chief  attractions  are  the  Binnenhof  (buildings 
used  for  States-General,  etc.),  the  Mauritshuis  with  the 
picture-gallery,  Groote  Kerk,  town  hall,  municipal  mu- 
seum, Steengracht  picture-gallery  and  some  other  collec- 
tions, royal  library,  and  park.  The  town,  originally  a 
hunting-lodge  (hedge)  of  the  Counts  of  Holland,  was  an 
important  diplomatic  center  in  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies. It  was  the  scene  of  a concert  between  the  em- 
pire, Prussia,  Russia,  and  the  maritime  powers  in  1710,  in 
order  to  secure  the  neutrality  of  northern  Germany ; the 
Triple  Alliance  (between  France,  England,  and  the  Nether- 
lands) was  concluded  here  Jan.  4, 1717 ; and  the  peace  be- 
tween Spain,  Savoy,  and  Austria  was  signed  here  Feb.  17, 
1717.  Population,  259,012. 

Hague  Conference.  See  Peace  Conference. 

Hahn  (han),  August.  Born  at  Grossosterhausen , 
near  Eisleben,  Prussia,  March  27, 1792:  died  at 
Breslau,  Prussia,  May  13, 1863.  AGerman  Prot- 
estant theologian,  professor  and  preacher  suc- 
cessively at  Konigsberg,  Leipsic,  and  Breslau. 
He  wrote  “Lehrbuch  des  christlichen  Glau- 
bens”  (1828),  etc. 

Hahn,  Madame  (Helena  Andrejevna  Fade- 
jeff).  Born  1814:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  June 
24, 1842.  A Russian  novelist,  wife  of  an  officer 
of  artillery.  Among  her  novelsare  “ Jelaleddin,”  “Ut- 
balla,”  “Theopliania,”  and  “Abbiaggio,”  her  best  work. 
She  wrote  originally  under  the  pseudonym  “Zeneida 
R wa.” 

Hahn,  Johann  Georg  von.  Born  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main,  July  11,  1811:  died  at  Jena, 
Germany,  Sept.  23, 1869.  An  Austrian  traveler, 
consul  at  Janina  1847,  and  in  Syria  1851.  He 
wrote  “ Albanesische  Studien ” (1854),  “Reise 
von  Belgrad  nach  Salonik”  (1861),  etc. 

Hahnel  (ha'nel),  Ernst  Julius.  Born  at  Dres- 
den, March  9,  1811:  died  at  Dresden,  May  22. 
1891.  A German  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  sculptures  for  the  theater  and  other  build- 
ings in  Dresden. 

Hahnemann  (ha'ne-man),  Samuel  Christian 
Friedrich.  Born  at  Meissen,  Saxony,  April  10, 
1755:  died  at  Paris,  July  2,  1843.  A German 
physician,  founder  of  homeopathy.  He  took  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  at  Erlangen  in  1779,  and  practised  for 
some  years  at  Dresden  and  various  other  places.  About 
1796  he  announced  a new  system  of  medicine,  which  he 
subsequently  developed  in  the  work  “Organon  der  ra- 
tionellen  Heilkunde  ” (1810). 

Hahn-Hahn  (han'han),  Countess  Ida  Marie 
Luise  Sophie  Friederike  Gustave  von.  Born 
at  Tressow,  Meckleuburg-Schwerin,  Germany, 
June  22, 1805 : died  at  Mainz,  Germany,  Jan.  12, 
1880.  A German  author.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Count  Karl  Friedrich  von  Hahn.  In  1826  she  married 
her  cousin  Count  Friedrich  Wilhelm  AdoH  von  Hahn,  but 
soon  separated  from  him.  In  1850  she  became  a Roman 
Catholic,  and  in  1852  entered  as  novice  a convent  at  Angers. 
Later  she  founded  a convent,  and  devoted  herself  there  to 
good  works.  She  published  various  volumes  of  poem3,  and 
the  romances  “ Aus  der  Gesellschaft  ”(1838),  “Grafin  Faus- 
tine  ” (1841),  etc. 

Haida  (hi'dii).  [‘  People.’]  The  native  and  pop- 
ular name  of  the  Indians  who  still  occupy  the 
Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia,  and 
a part  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  Alaska. 
They  are  famous  for  their  carved  work  and  baskets.  Their 
present  number  is  about  900,  in  several  villages.  See 
Skittagetan. 

Haidarabad.  See  Hyderabad. 

Haidinger  (hi'ding-er),  Wilhelm  von.  Born 
at  Vienna,  Feb.  5,  1795 : died  at  Dornbach,  near 
Vienna,  March  19,  1871.  An  Austrian  mineral- 
ogist and  geologist.  In  1823-27  he  resided  in  Edin- 
burgh, and  after  1840  at  Vienna,  where  he  was  director  of 
the  Imperial  Geological  Institute  1849-66.  He  was  the 
author  of  “Handbuch  der  bestimmenden  Mineralogie  ’ 
(1846),  “Geognostische  Ubersichtskarte  der  osterreich- 
ischen  Monarchic  ” (1847),  etc. 

Haidee  (hl-de').  A Greek  girl  in  Byron’s  “ Don 
Juan.” 

Haiduks,  orHayduks  (hi'duks).  [Hung.,  ‘rob- 
bers.’] A class  of  mercenary  foot-soldiers  in 
Hungary,  of  Magyar  stock,  distinguished  for 
their  gallantry  in  the  field.  For  their  fidelity  to  the 
Protestant  cause  Bocskay,  the  leader  in  an  insurrection  in 
Hungary,  rewarded  them  in  1605  with  the  privileges  of 
nobility,  and  with  a territorial  possession  called  the  Hai 
duk  district,  which  was  enlarged  as  Haiduk  county  in 
1876.  The  Hungarian  light  infantry  were  called  Haiduks 
in  the  18th  century,  from  a regiment  constituted  for  a 
time  by  these  people. 


Haifa 

Haifa  (hi'fa).  A town  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Acre  in  lat.  32°  48'  N., 
long.  35°  1'  E. : the  ancient  Sycaminum.  Popu- 
lation, about  15,000. 

Hail,  Columbia.  A patriotic  American  song, 
written  by  Joseph  Hopkinson  in  1798  for  the 
benefit  of  an  actor.  The  tune  was  then  called  “ The 
President’s  March.”  Under  the  political  exeiteriient  of 
the  time  the  song  became  very  popular,  and,  though  pos- 
sessing little  poetical  merit,  is  still  kept  in  vogue  by  the 
force  of  patriotic  sentiment. 

Hailes,  Lord.  See  Dalrymple,  Sir  David. 
Haimonskinder  (hi ' mons-kin-der ) . A popular 
German  romance,  borrowed  from  the  French 
“ Les  quatre  filz  Aymon.”  It  appeared  in  1535. 
Hainan  (hi-nan').  An  island  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Kwangtung,  China,  situated  be- 
tween the  China  Sea  on  the  east,  and  the  Gulf 
of  Tongking  on  the  west,  about  lat.  18°-20°  N., 
long.  108°  30'-lll°  E.  Capital,  Kiung-chow-fu. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  The  inhabitants 
are  Chinese,  and  partly  independent  Li.  Area,  estimated, 
12,000-14,000  square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  about 
2,500,000. 

Hainau,  officially  Haynau  (hi'nou).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Swift  Deichsel  49  miles  west  by  north  of 
Breslau.  Here,  May  26, 1813,  the  Prussians  de- 
feated the  French.  Population,  commune, 
10.119. 

Hainaut,  or  Hainault  (ha -no'),  Flem.  Hene- 
gouwen  (hen'e-go-ven).  [F.  Hainaut,  formerly 
Hainault,  G.  Hennegau,  ML.  Hannonia,  Hagi- 
noia,  or  Comitatus  Henegavensis,  Flem.  Hene- 
gouwen : named  from  the  river  Haine.~\  A prov- 
ince of  Belgium,  bounded  by  West  Flanders 
on  the  northwest,  East  Flanders  and  Brabant 
on  the  north,  Namur  on  the  east,  and  France  on 
the  southwest.  Capital,  Mons.  it  was  a medieval 
countship,  which  was  joined  through  marriage  to  Holland 
in  12i)9.  In  1433  it  was  united  to  the  dominions  of  Philip 
the  Good  of  Burgundy,  subsequently  became  a pos- 
session of  Spain.  Part  of  it  was  ceded  to  France  in 
1659,  and  part  in  1678.  The  remainder  passed  to  Aus- 
tria in  1713-14  and  shared  the  fortunes  of  the  Bel- 
gian Netherlands.  Area,  1,437  square  miles.  Population 
1,234,418. 

Hamburg  (hin'b6rG),or  Haimburg  (him'borG). 
A town  in  Lower  Austria,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Danube  26  miles  east  by  south 
of  Vienna,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Camun- 
tum.  There  is  a ruined  castle  in  the  vicinity. 
Population,  7,304,  (1910). 

Hainichen  (hi'nich-en).  A town  in  the  district 
of  Leipsic,  Saxony, on  theLittleStriegis  28miles 
west-southwest  of  Dresden,  it  is  the  center  of  the 
German  flannel  manufacture.  Pop.,  commune,  7,752. 

Hair  of  Berenice.  See  Coma  Berenices. 

Haiti,  or  Hayti  (ha'ti;  F.  pron.  a-e-te'),  Sp. 
Santo  Domingo  (san'to  do-meng'go),  and  for- 
merly Espanola  (es-pan-yo'la),  Latinized  as 
Hispaniola  (his-pan-i-6'la).  An  island  of  the 
Greater  Antilles,  and  next  to  Cuba  the  largest 
of  the  W est  Indian  islands.  It  is  separated  from  Cuba 
on  the  west  by  the  Windward  Passage,  and  from  Porto 
Rico  on  the  east  by  the  Mona  Passage,  and  is  traversed 
from  east  to  west  by  3 mountain-ranges.  It  contains  min- 
eral and  especially  vegetable  wealth.  It  is  divided  po- 
litically into  the  republics  of  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo. 
It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1492,  and  in  1493  he  es- 
tablished on  it  the  first  Spanish  colony  in  the  New  World. 
Subsequently  it  was  neglected,  and  became  the  prey  of 
freebooters  and  bucaneers.  About  1632  French  buca- 
neers  settled  in  the  western  part,  which  was  definitely 
ceded  to  France  in  1697.  Bloody  revolutionary  and  slave 
revolts  in  the  French  colony  (1791-93)  ended  in  the  su- 
premacy of  the  blacks.  Their  leader,  Toussaint  Louver- 
ture,  governed  the  whole  island  from  1795,  and  proclaimed 
its  independence  in  1801.  Temporarily  reduced  by  Le- 
clerc’s  expedition  (1802-03),  the  blacks,  aided  by  the  Eng- 
lish, recovered  the  western  part,  where  Dessalines  was  em- 
peror 1804-06.  Struggles  between  the  blacks  and  mu- 
lattos and  between  rival  leaders  led  to  the  division  of  this 
part  of  the  island  ; but  it  was  reunited  under  Boyer,  who 
in  1822  conquered  the  Spanish  or  eastern  end.  In  1844 
the  Spanish  part  became  independent,  and  since  then  the 
island  has  been  divided  politically  into  Haiti  and  the  Do- 
minican Republic,  the  former  occupying  about  one  thud 
in  the  western  part.  (See  these  names.)  Total  area,  about 
28,260  square  miles.  Popnlation,  about  2,500,000. 

Haiti,  or  Hayti.  Arepublic  occupying  the  west- 
ern portion  of  the  island  of  Haiti.  Capital,  Port- 
au-Prince.  The  chief  export  is  coffee.  The  executive 
is  vested  in  a president,  now  elected  for  7 years ; and  legis- 
lation is  intrusted  to  an  assembly  comprising  a senate  and 
chamber  of  representatives.  The  prevailing  language  is  a 
debased  French,  and  the  nominal  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic. Independence  was  proclaimed  1801 ; Dessalines  was 
emperor  1804-06;  the  eastern  portion  of  the  island  was 
annexed  in  1822,  and  finally  separated  in  1844 ; and  Sou- 
louque  was  emperor  1849-59,  under  the  title  of  Faustin  I. 
It  has  suffered  continually  from  revolutions.  Area,  10,204 
square  miles.  Population  (about  nine  tenths  of  which  are 
blacks),  estimated,  2,000,000. 

Haizinger  (bits'ing-er),  Anton.  Born  at  Wil- 
fersdorf , Lower  Austria,  March  14,  1796 : died 
at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Dec.  31, 1869.  An  Aus- 
trian tenor  singer. 


474 

Hajdu-Boszormeny  (hoi'do-be'ser-many).  A 
town  in  the  Haiduk  county,  Hungary,  12  miles 
northwest  of  Debreczin.  Population,  about 

25.000. 

Hajdu-Dorog  (hoi'do-do'rog).  A town  in  the 
Haiduk  county,  Hungary,  22  miles  north  by 
west  of  Debreczin.  Population,  9,911. 
Hajdu-Nanas  (hoi'do-na'nash).  A town  in 
the  Haiduk  county,  Hungary,  23  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Debreczin,  Population,  about 

16.000. 

Hajdu-Szoboszlo  (hoi'do-so'bos-lo).  A town 
in  the  Haiduk  county,  Hungary,  13  miles 
southwest  of  Debreczin.  Population,  about 
15,500. 

Haji  Khalfa  (haj'e  khal'fa),  also  called  Katib 
Tchelebi  (originally  Mustapha  ben  Abdal- 
lah). Died  at  Constantinople  in  1658.  A Turk- 
ish historian  and  bibliographer.  He  was  a native 
of  Constantinople  ; spent  some  years  in  military  service  ; 
studied  under  Cadhizddeh  Eifendi  and  Sheik  A raj  Mus- 
tafazadah ; and  was  appointed  khalifa  (assessor)  to  the 
principal  of  the  Imperial  College  at  Constantinople  about 
1648.  He  wrote  in  Arabic  a chronological  work  entitled 
“Takwimu  ’ttawarikh,"  and  a bibliographical  lexicon  en- 
titled “Kasfu  zzunun  ’an  Asamt  ’1  Kutub  wa  ’1  funun,” 
which  contains  notices  of  18,550  Arabic,  Persian,  and  Turk- 
ish books,  with  memoirs  of  the  authors  (edited  with  Latin 
translation  by  Flugel  as  “Lexicon  bibliographicum  et  en- 
cyclopaedicum,”  1835-58). 

Hajipur  (hiij-e-por').  A town  in  the  Muzaffar- 
pur  district,  Bengal,  British  India,  situated  on 
the  Gandak,  near  its  junction  with  the  Ganges, 
about  5 miles  north-northeast  of  Patna.  Pop- 
ulation, about  21,400. 

Hajji  Baba  (had'je  ba'ba),  Adventures  of. 

An  Oriental  novel  by  Morier,  published  in  1824 
(second  part  1828). 

Hakim  (ha'kem),  or  Hakem  (ha'kem).  Bom 
985 : died  about  1021.  A Fatimite  calif  in  Egypt, 
996  to  about  1021,  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
Druses. 

Hakluyt  (hak'lot),  Richard.  Born  about  1552 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  23, 1616.  An  English  ge- 
ographer. He  studied  at  Oxford,  took  holy  orders,  and 
was  attached  to  the  suite  of  the  English  ambassador  in 
France  1583-86.  In  1603  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  West- 
minster. While  in  France  he  published  an  annotated  edi- 
tion of  Martyr’s  “De  orbe  novo,”  and  an  account  of  Lau- 
donniere’s  expedition  to  Florida.  His  great  collection  of 
travels,  “The  Principall  Navigations, Voiages,  and  Discov- 
eries of  the  English  Nation,”  first  appeared  in  1589,  and 
was  republished  in  a greatly  enlarged  form,  in  3 vols., 
1598  to  1600.  There  are  modern  editions. 

Hakluyt  Society.  [Named  in  honor  of  Richard 
Hakluyt.]  A society  established  in  London,  in 
1846,  with  the  object  of  printing  annotated  Eng- 
lish editions  of  rare  works  on  early  geography, 
travels,  and  history.  It  has  published  a large 
and  valuable  series  of  books. 

Hakodate  (ha-ko-dii'ta).  A seaport  in  the  isl- 
and of  Yezo,  Japan,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Hakodate  in  lat.  41°  47'  N.,  long.  140°  44'  E. 
It  was  opened  to  American  commerce  in  1854. 

, It  exports  agricultural  and  marine  products, 
sulphur,  furs,  and  timber.  Population,  87,875. 
Hakon  (ha'kon),  or  Haco  (ha'ko),  I.,  surnamed 
“ The  Good.”  Born  about  920:  died  about  961. 
King  of  Norway.  He  was  an  illegitimate  son  of  Harold 
Haarfager,  and  was  educated  in  England  at  the  court  of 
King  Athelstan.  He  expelled  Harold’s  son  and  successor 
Eric  and  usurped  the  throne  about  934.  He  alienated  a 
majority  of  his  subjects  by  attempting  to  introduce  Chris- 
tianity, and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  the  son  of  Eric  about 
961. 

Hakon,  or  Haco,  V.,  surnamed'1  The  Old.”  Died 
about  1263.  King  of  Norway  from  1217  to  about 
1263.  He  annexed  Greenland  and  Iceland  to 
Norway. 

Haku  (ha'ko).  A country,  tribe,  and  dialect 
of  Angola,  West  Africa,  between  the  Kuanza, 
Ngango,  and  Kutato  rivers.  The  country  is  high, 
undulating,  and  covered  with  prairie  and  forest.  The  peo- 
ple are  well  built.  Their  dialect,  still  unstudied,  belongs 
to  the  Kimbundu  cluster. 

Hal  (hal).  A town  in  the  province  of  Brabant, 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  Senne  10  miles  south- 
west of  Brussels.  It  is  a pilgrim  resort  on  account  of 
the  shrine  in  its  Church  of  Notre  Dame.  Population, 
14,491. 

Hala,  or  Halla  (ha'la).  A town  in  the  Hyder- 
abad district,  Sind,  British  India,  situated  in 
lat.  25°  49'  N.,  long.  68°  28'  E. 

Halacha  (ha-lak'a).  [From  Heb.  lialacli,  to  go, 
the  way,  rule.]  Those  portions  of  the  Talmud 
which  discuss  in  a legal  manner  the  precepts 
of  religion  and  law  regulating  the  life  of  man, 
as  opposed  to  Agada  (which  see). 

Halah  (ha'la).  A place  mentioned  in  connec- 
tion with  Habor  and  Gozan  as  one  in  which 
Sargon  settled  the  deported  Israelites  (2  Ki. 
xvii.  6,  xviii.  11):  perhaps  identical  with 


Hale,  Nathan 

Halahu  mentioned  in  an  Assyrian  geograph- 
ical list  between  Arbaha  (Arrapachitis)  and 
Razappa  (Reseph). 

Hala  (ha'la)  Mountains.  A mountain-range 
in  eastern  Baluchistan  and  the  western  part  of 
Sind,  British  India,  intersected  by  the  Bolan 
and  Mula  passes. 

Halas  (ho'losh).  A town  in  the  county  of  Pest- 
Pi]  is-Solt-Kiskim,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat. 
46°  25'  N.,  long.  19°  31'  E.  Population,  about 
20,000. 

Halberstadt  (hal'ber-stat).  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  on  the  Holzemme  30 
miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg.  It  has  large  trade 
and  manufactures.  The  cathedral,  rebuilt  very  slowly  af- 
ter a fire  in  1179,  was  not  consecrated  until  1491,  so  that 
it  illustrates  the  entire  development  of  medieval  archi- 
tecture from  the  Romanesque  to  the  late  Pointed.  The 
west  towers  and  fagade  are  in  large  part  Romanesque, 
the  nave-  is  of  the  13th  century,  and  the  transepts  and 
choir  chiefly  of  the  14th.  The  choir-screen  is  of  the  rich- 
est Pointed  work.  There  are  notable  sculptures  in  wood 
and  in  alabaster  of  the  Crucifixion,  and  some  fine  16th- 
century  paintings.  The  bishopric  of  Halberstadt,  founded 
as  early  as  the  9th  century,  was  granted  as  a secular  prin- 
cipality to  Brandenburg  in  1648.  Population,  commune, 
45,529. 

Halbig  (lial'biG),  Jobann.  Born  at  Donners- 
dorf,  Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  July  13, 1814  : 
died  at  Munich,  Aug.  29,  1882.  A German 
sculptor.  His  chief  works  are  at  Munich  and  near 
Oberammergau  (group  of  the  Crucifixion). 

Haldane  (hal'dan),  Janies  Alexander.  Bom 

at  Dundee,  Scotland,  July  14,  1768:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Feb.  8, 1851.  A Scottish  preacher, 
brother  of  Robert  Haldane.  He  officiated  in  alarge 
“tabernacle  ” in  Edinburgh,  and  spent  much  of  his  time 
in  itinerant  preaching. 

Haldane,  Robert.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  28, 
1764:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  12,  1842.  A 
Scottish  philanthropist  and  theological  writer. 
He  spent  large  amounts  of  money  and  much  personal  ef- 
fort in  schemes  for  the  advancement  of  religion  in  Scot- 
land. Both  he  and  his  brother  James  left  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  becoming  Congregationalists  and  afterward 
Baptists.  He  published  “Evidences  and  Authority  of 
Divine  Revelation”  (1816 : 2d  ed.  1834), “ Exposition  of  the 
Epistle  to  the  Romans  ’’  (1835-39),  etc. 

Haldeman  (hal 'de -man),  Samuel  Stehman. 

Born  at  Locust  Grove,  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Aug.  12, 1812 : died  at  Chickies,  near  Columbia, 
Sept.  10,  1880.  Au  American  naturalist  and 
philologist.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  the  natural 
sciences  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1851,  and 
at  Delaware  College  in  1855,  and  became  professor  of  com- 
parative philology  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1869.  His  works  include  “Freshwater  Univalve  Mollusca 
of  the  United  States  ’’  (1840),  “ On  the  German  Vernacular 
of  Pennsylvania  "(in  “Transactions  of  the  American  Philo- 
logical Society  ” 1870 ; in  book  form  1872),  “ Zoological 
Contributions"  (1842-43),  “Elements  of  Latin  Pronuncia- 
tion ” (1851),  “ Affixes  in  their  Origin  and  Application  ” 
(1865),  “ Outlines  of  Etymology”  (1877),  “ Word-building  ” 
(1881). 

Hale  (hal),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Newbury, 
Mass.,  Nov.  23, 1797 : died  there,  July  15,  1863. 
An  American  clergyman  and  educator.  He  was 
professor  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy  in  Dartmouth  Col- 

★ lege  1827-35,  and  president  of  Hobart  College  1836-58. 

Hale,  Edward  Everett.  Born  at  Boston,  Aoril 
3, 1822:  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  June  10, 1909. 
An  American  author,  editor,  and  Unitarian 
clergyman,  son  of  Nathan  Hale  (1784  -1863). 
Among  his  works  are  “Ninety  Days’  Worth  of  Europe  ” 
(1861),  “The  Man  without  a Country"  (1863),  “Puritan 
Politics  in  England  and  New  England”  (1869),  “The  Ing- 
ham Papers"  (1870),  “ His  Level  Best,  etc.”  (1872),  “In  His 
Name  ” (1874),  “ Philip  Nolan's  Friends " (1876),  and  a 
number  of  volumes  of  sermons,  boys’  books,  etc.  He  was 
editor  of  the  “ Christian  Examiner,"  founder  and  editor  of 
“Old  and  New,”  editor  of  “Lend  a Hand,"  and  associate 
editor  of  “ The  Lookout.  ” 

Hale,  John  Parker.  Born  at  Rochester,  N.  H., 
March  31,  1806:  died  at  Dover,  N.  H.,  Nov.  19, 
1873.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  New  Hampshire  1843-45  ; United  States 
senator  1847-53  and  1855-65  ; candidate  of  the  Free  Dem- 
ocratic party  for  the  Presidency  in  1852;  and  United 
States  minister  to  Spain  1865-69. 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew.  Born  at  Alderley,  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  Nov.  1, 1609:  died  at  Aider- 
ley,  Dec.  25,  1676.  A celebrated  English  jurist. 
He  was  judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  1653-58,  and  was  made 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  1660,  and  lord  chief  jus- 
tice in  1671.  His  chief  works  are  “Historia  Placitorum 
Coronse  ’’  (published  in  1736),  “ History  of  the  Common  Law 
of  England,”  and  “Contemplations,  Moral  and  Divine." 

Hale,  Nathan.  Bom  at  Coventry,  Conn.,  June 
6, 1755 : died  at  New  York,  Sept.  22, 1776.  An 
American  patriot.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in 
1773,  entered  the  army  in  1775,  and  became  a captain  in 
1776.  In  Sept.,  1776,  he  was  sent  by  General  Washington  to 
procure  intelligence  concerning  the  British  at  New  York  ; 
was  arrested  in  the  British  camp  ; and  was  executed  as  a 
spy  by  order  of  Sir  William  Howe.  A statue  was  erected 
to  his  memory  in  New  York  in  1893. 

Hale,  Nathan.  Born  at  Westhampton,  Mass., 
Aug.  16,  1784 : died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Feb.  9, 


Hale,  Nathan 


475 


Halle 


1863.  An  American  journalist,  nephew  of  Na- 
than Hale  (1755-76).  He  was  editor  of  the  Bos- 
ton “Daily  Advertiser”  from  1814. 

Hale,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Josepha  Buell).  Born  at 
Newport,  N.  H.,  Oct.  24,  1790:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1879.  An  American  editor  and  writer.  She 
became  editor  of  the  “ Ladies’  Magazine  "(Boston)  in  1828, 
andof  “ Godey’s  Lady’s  Book  ’ (Philadelphia)  in  1837.  She 
wrote  “Woman’s  Record"  (1853),  etc. 

Haleb.  See  Aleppo. 

Hales,  Alexander  of.  See  Alexander  of  Hales. 
Hales  (halz),  John,  surnamed  “ The  Ever-Mem- 
orable.”  Bom  at  Bath,  England,  April  19, 1584 : 
died  at  Eton,  England,  May  19, 1656.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar  and  Arminian  divine.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  became  a fellow  of  Merton  College. 
He  attended  the  Synod  of  Dort  in  lt>18,  and  in  1639  became 
canon  of  Windsor.  His  most  notable  work  is  “ Golden  Re- 
mains ” (1659). 

Hales,  Stephen.  Born  at  Bekesbourne,  Kent, 
Sept.  7, 1677 : died  at  Teddington,  near  London, 
Jan.  4,  1761.  An  English  physiologist  and  in- 
ventor. He  was  curate  of  Teddington,  Middlesex,  from 
1708  until  his  death.  His  chief  work  is  “Vegetable  Stat- 
icks  ” (1727). 

Haldvy  (a-la-ve'),  Jacques  Francois  Fromen- 

tal  Bile.  Born  at  Paris,  May  27,  1799 : died 
at  Nice,  March  17,  1862.  A French  composer, 
of  Hebrew  descent.  He  entered  the  Conservatoire  in 
1809,  and  studied  with  Berton  and  Cherubini.  In  1819  he 
took  the  grand  prix  with  his  “Herminie.”  In  1827 he  was 
professor  of  harmony  at  the  Conservatoire,  in  1833  pro- 
fessor of  counterpoint  and  fugue,  and  in  1840  professor  of 
composition.  He  wrote  “Lemons  de  lecture  musicale” 
(1857),  "Souvenirs  et  portraits,  etc.”  (1861).,  Among  his 
numerous  operas  are  "La  Juive  ”(1835),  “L’Eclair”  (1835), 
“Le  Juif  errant" (1852). 

Halevy,  Joseph.  Born  at  Adrianople,  Turkey, 
Dec.  15,  1827.  A French  Orientalist  and  trav- 
eler in  Arabia  and  Abyssinia,  noted  as  an  As- 
syriologist.  His  works  include  “ Rapport  sur  une  mis- 
sion  arch^ologique  dans  le  Y6men”  (1872),  “Melanges 
d’epigraphie  et  d’arch^ologie  s^mitiques  ” (1874),  “Re- 
cherches  antiques  sur  l’origine  de  la  civilisation  baby- 
lonienne ” (1876),  “Documents  religieux  de  l’Assyrie  et  de 
la  Babylonie,.etc.”  (1883),  etc.  He  founded  the  “Revue 
s6mitique  d’epigraphie  et  d’histoire  ancienne.” 

Halevy,  Leon.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  14,  1802 : 
died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye,  France,  Sept.  3, 
1883.  A French  poet  and  man  of  letters,  brother 
of  Jacques  Francois  Halevy.  He  published 
theatrical  pieces,  translations,  historical 
works,  etc. 

Halevy,  Ludovic.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  1, 1834: 
died  there,  May  8,  1908.  A French  dramatist 
and  author,  son  of  L6on  Halevy.  His  works  in- 
clude librettos  for  the  operas  bouffes  “ La  belle  Helene  ” 
(1864),  “ Barbe  bleue  ” (1866),  “ La  grande  duchesse  de  Gd- 
rolstein”  (1867),  “La  Perichole"  (1868),  and  for  the  operas 
comiques  “ Carmen  ” from  Merimee  (1875),  “ Le  petit  due  ” 
(1878),  “ La  petite  mademoiselle  ” (1879),  and  the  comedies 
“Frou-frou"  (1869),  “Le  reveillon  ” (1872),  “La  boule” 
(1875),“ La  cigale"  (1877),  “La  petite  mere"  (1880),  “La 
roussotte  ” (1881).  All  these  were  written  in  collaboration 
with  Meilhac.  Among  his  novels  and  romances,  written 
alone,  are  “Un  scandale ’’  (1860),  “L’Abhe  Constantin" 
(1882),  “Deux  manages,  etc."  (1885),  “Mon  camarade 
Moussard,  etc.”  (1886),  and  stories  in  “Karikari"  (1892). 
He  was  elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1884. 

Half  Dome  (haf  dom),  or  South  Dome  (south 
dom).  An  inaccessible  mountain  near  the 
eastern  end  of  the  Yosemite  valley,  California, 
4,735  feet  above  the  valley,  and’  about  8,927 
*feet  above  sea-level. 

Half  Moon.  See  the  supplement. 

Half  Moon,  The.  An  old  house  standing  in 
Aldersgate,  London.  It  was  formerly  the  Half  Moon 
Tavern,  was  much  frequented  by  literary  men,  and  is  now 
also  called,  for  no  particular  reason, “Shakspere’s  house.” 
Halford  (hal'ford)  (originally  Vaughan),  Sir 
Henry.  Born  at  Leicester,  England,  Oct.  2, 
1766 : died  at  London,  March  9, 1844.  An  Eng- 
lish physician.  He  published  “Essays  and  Orations 
delivered  at  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians’’  (1831),  etc. 

Haliburton  (hal'i-ber-ton),  Thomas  Chand- 
ler: pseudonym  Sam  Slick.  Bom  at  Wind- 
sor, Nova  Scotia,  Dec.,  1796 : died  at  Isleworth, 
near  London,  Aug.  27,  1865.  A British-Ameri- 
can  humorist.  He  practised  law  at  Annapolis  Royal, 
and  became  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of 
Nova  Scotia  in  1828,  and,  on  the  abolition  of  this  court  in 
1840,  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  resigned  and  went 
to  England  in  1856.  He  wrote  “The  Clorkmaker,  or  Say- 
ings and  Doings  of  Samuel  Slick  of  Slickville  ” (l837  : 2d 
series  1838,  3d  series  1840),  histories  of  Nova  Scotia,  “ The 
Attach^,  or  Sam  Slick  in  England  ’’  (1843),  “ The  Bubbles 
of  Canada"  (1839),  “The  Old  Judge,  or  Life  in  a Colony  ’’ 
(1843),  etc. 

Halicarnassus  (hal//i-kar-nas,us).  [Gr.  ' A'/iKap- 
iwTfrif.]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  Caria, 
Asia,  situated  on  the  Ceramic  Gulf,  on  the 
mainland  and  the  island  of  Zephyria,  in  lat.  37° 
2'  N. , long.  27°  25’  E.  It  was  founded  by  Dorians, 
and  was  taken  and  nearly  destroyed  by  the  Macedonians 
about  334  B.  c.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  Mausoleum,  the 
tomb  of  Mausolus,  in  antiquity  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of 
the  world.  It  was  built  in  352  B.  c.,  with  the  cooperation 


of  Scopas  and  the  most  celebrated  of  contemporary  sculp- 
tors. It  consisted  of  a noble  quadr  angular  peristyle  of 
Ionic  columns  on  a high  basement,  above  which  rose  a 
pyramid  of  24  steps,  supporting  a quadriga.  Important 
remains  of  the  abundant  sculptured  decoration  are  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  is  also  famous  as  the  bir  thplace  of 
Herodotus  and  of  Dionysius.  The  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  modern  Budrun. 

Halicz  (ha'lich).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Dniester  59  miles 
southeast  of  Lemberg.  Population,  commune, 
4,957,  (1910). 

Halidon  Hill.  A hill  about  2 miles  northwest 
of  Berwick-on-Tweed,  England.  Here,  July  19, 
1333,  the  English  under  Edward  III.  defeated  the  Scots 
under  the  regent  Archibald  Douglas. 

Halifax  (hal'i-faks).  [ME.  Halifax,  appar.  from 
AS.  halig,  holy,  and  feax,  hair.  Another  view 
makes  the  second  element  face.  The  legends 
which  explain  these  different  views  appear  to 
be  inventions.]  A town  in  the  West  Biding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Hebble, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Calder,  14  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Leeds.  It  is  an  important  seat  of  the 
manufacture  of  woolen  (especially  of  carpets)  and  of  cot- 
ton. The  chief  buildings  are  the  town  hall,  the  piece- 
hall  (originally  used  for  piece-goods),  the  parish  church, 
All  Souls’  Church,  and  other  churches.  It  returns  2 
members  to  Parliament.  Population,  101,556,  (1911). 

Halifax.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  Nova 
Scotia,  situated  on  Halifax  harbor  in  lat.  44° 
40'  N.,  long.  63°  35'  W.  It  has  important  commerce 
and  fisheries,  is  a leading  military  post,  and  is  the  chief  na  - 
val  station  in  British  North  America.  It  is  very  strongly 
fortified.  It  is  the  seat  of  Dalhousie  College.  It  was 
founded  in  1749.  Population,  46,619,  (1911). 

Halifax,  Earl  of.  See  Montagu,  Charles. 

Halifax,  Marquis  of.  See  Savile,  George. 

Hall  (bal),  Mrs.  (Anna  Maria  Fielding). 

Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  Jan.  6,  1800 : died  at 
East  Moulsey,  Surrey,  England,  Jan.  30,  1881. 
A British  author,  wife  of  S.  C.  Hall.  She  wrote 
“Sketches  of  Irish  Character  ”(1829),  “Lights  and  Shad- 
ows of  Irish  Life  ” (1838),  and  other  novels  and  tales  of 
Irish  life. 

Hall,  Asaph.  Born  at  Goshen,  Conn.,  Oct.  15, 
1829 : died  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  Nov.  22,  1907. 
An  American  astronomer.  He  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  navy  from  1863  and  at  Harvard  1896- 
1901,  and  was  at  the  naval  observatory  in  Washington 
1862-91.  In  1877  he  discovered  the  two  moons  of  Mars. 


Hall,  Fitzedward.  Born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  March 
21.  1825:  died  at  Marlesford,  Suffolk,  Feb.  1, 
1901.  An  American  philologist.  He  studied  at 
Harvard ; resided  in  India)1846-62,  becoming  professor  in 
the  government  college  at  Benares  in  1853,  and  serving  as 
inspector  of  schools  for  various  districts  1855-62  ; went  to 
London  in  1862,  and  became  professor  of  Sanskrit  in 
King’s  College ; and  in  1869  removed  to  Marlesford,  Suffolk. 
He  published  various  Sanskrit  works,  “Recent  Exempli- 
fications of  False  Philology"  (1872),  “Modern  English" 
(1873),  “On  English  Adjectives  in  -able”  (1877),  etc. 

Hall,  James.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  19, 
1793 : died  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  July  5,  1868. 
An  American  author.  He  published  “Letters  from 
the  West"  (1828),  “Legends  of  the  West  ” (1832),  “ Tales  of 
the  Border”  (1835),  “Sketches  of  the  West ’’ (1836),  and, 
with  McKenney,  “ History  of  the  Indian  Tribes  " (1833-44). 

Hall,  James.  Born  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  Sept. 
12,  1811:  died  at  Bethlehem,  N.  H.,  Aug.  7, 
1898.  A noted  American  geologist  and  pa- 
leontologist. He  was  assistant  professor  of  chemistry 
at  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  School  1832-36,  when  he 
became  professor  of  geology.  He  began  his  labors  on  the 
geological  survey  of  New  York  in  1836,  devoting  himself 
after  1843  chiefly  to  paleontology.  He  published  “The 
Paleontology  of  New  York,"  etc. 

Hall,  Joseph.  Bom  near  Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
England,  July  1, 1574:  died  at  Hi  gham,  near  Nor- 
wich, England,  Sept.  8, 1656.  An  English  bishop 
and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a fellow  ; held  the  living 
of  Halsted  and  a canonry  at  Wolverhampton;  and  be- 
came bishop  successively  of  Exeter  and  Norwich.  Of  the 
latter  see  he  was  deprived  by  Parliament.  He  published 
satires  uuder  the  title  •'  Virgidemiarum : First  three  books 
of  toothless  Satires”  (1597),  and  a second  volume  “Last 
.three  books  of  byting  Satires  ” (1598),  “ Epistles  ” (1608-11), 
“Contemplations”  (1612-26),  “ Paraphrase  of  Hard  Texts, 
1 etc.”  (1633),  controversial  works,  etc. 

Hall,  Marshall.  Born  at  Basford,  Notts,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  18, 1790 : died  at  Brighton,  England, 
Aug.  11, 1857.  An  English  physician,  noted  for 
his  researches  on  the  nervous  system,  and  for 
the  “Marshall  Hall  method”  of  treating  as- 
phyxia. He  practised  at  London  1826-53  ; became  a fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Physicians  in  1841 ; and  delivered 
the  Gulstonian  lectures  in  1842,  and  the  Croonian  1850-52. 
His  chief  works  are  “The  Diagnosis  of  Diseases”  (1817), 
and  “ Principles  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  ” 
(1837). 

Hall,  Newman.  Born  May  22, 1816:  died  Feb. 
18,  1902.  An  English  Congregational  clergy- 


Hall, Basil.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  31, 1788: 
died  at  Portsmouth,  England,  Sept.  11,  1844. 
A British  naval  officer,  traveler,  and  author,  in 
the  Lyra  he  accompanied  Lord  Amherst’s  embassy  to  China 
in  1816,  returning  in  1817.  During  this  voyage  impor- 
tant explorations  of  the  eastern  seas  were  made.  Hall 
had  an  interview  with  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena.  In  1827- 
1828  he  visited  the  United  States.  He  became  insane  in 
1842.  Among  his  works  are  “Account  of  a Voyage  of 
Discovery  to  the  West  Coast  of  Corea,  etc.”  (1818),  “Jour- 
nal written  on  the  Coasts  of  Chili,  Peru,  and  Mexico" 
(1824),  “ Travels  in  North  America”  (1829),  “Fragments 
of  Voyages  and  Travels  ” (1831-33). 

Hall,  Charles  Francis.  Bom  at  Rochester, 
N.  H.,1821:  died  in  Greenland,  Nov.  8, 1871.  An 
American  arctic  explorer.  He  received  a common- 
school  education,and  followed  various  occupations,  includ- 
ing those  of  blacksmithing  and  engraving.  Becoming  in- 
terested in  the  fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  he  undertook, 
fitted  out  by  private  subscription,  a journey  to  the  arctic 
regions  in  search  of  the  documents  and  possible  survivors 
of  his  expedition.  He  left  New  London  May  29, 1860,  and 
domesticated  himself  with  the  Eskimos,  whose  roving 
habits  brought  him  over  much  of  the  territory  he  desired 
to  explore.  He  returned  to  New  London  Sept.  13,  1862, 
having  failed  in  the  main  object  of  his  journey,  but  hav- 
ing discovered  relics  of  Frobisher’s  expedition  of  1577-78. 
He  made  a second  journey  of  a similar  character  1864-69, 
during  which  he  discovered  numerous  relics  of  the  Frank- 
lin expedition.  July  3,  1871,  he  sailed  from  New  London 
in  the  Polaris,  in  command  of  an  expedition  to  the  north 
pole.  The  Polaris  passed  through  Smith  Sound  into  Kane 
Sea,  thence  through  Kennedy  and  Robeson  channels  to 
the  Polar  Sea,  and  Aug.  30,  1871,  reached  lat.  82”  11'  N., 
the  highest  point  then  attained  by  any  vessel.  The  expe- 
dition went  into  winter  quarters  at  Thank  God  Harbor, 
Greenland.  He  became  ill  Oct.  24, 1871,  on  the  return  from 
a sledge  journey  to  Cape  Brevoort,  and  died  of  apoplexy 
Nov.  8,  1871.  He  published  “Arctic  Researches"  (1864), 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  3. 

Hall,  Dominick  Augustine.  Born  in  South 
Carolina,  1765:  died  at  New  Orleans,  Dee.  12, 
1820.  An  American  jurist.  He  became  United 
States  judge  for  Louisiana  in  1812.  In  March,  1816,  while 
New  Orleans  was  under  martial  law,  lie  granted  a writ  of 
habeas  corpus  for  tire  release  of  Louis  Louillier,  who  had 
been  arrested  by  General  Andrew  Jackson  for  exciting 
discontent  among  the  troops.  General  Jackson  refused 
to  recognize  the  authority  of  the  court,  rearrested  Louil- 
lier, and  committed  Hall  to  jail.  Hall,  having  been  released 
the  next  day,  fined  the  general  81,000  for  contempt  of  court 
in  disregarding  a writ  of  habeas  corpus  and  in  imprison- 
ing a judge. 

Hall,  or  Halle,  Edward.  Died  1547.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  author  of  “The  Union  of  the  Two 
Noble  and  Illustrious  Families  of  Lancaster  and 
York”  (1542:  generally  called  “Hall’s  Chroni- 
cle”). Grafton,  Holinshed,  and  Stow  borrowed  from  him, 
and  Shakspere  followed  him  in  some  of  his  historical  plays. 
The  chronicle  was  reprinted  in  1809  by  Ellis. 


man.  He  was  minister  of  the  Albion  Congregational 
Church  at  HuUfrom  1842  to  1854,  when  he  took  charge  of 
Surrey  Chapel,  known  as  Rowland  Hill’s  Chapel,  hi  Black- 
friars  Road,  London.  In  1876  he  removed  with  his  congre- 
gation to  Christ  Church,  a splendid  edifice  erected  chiefly 
through  his  exertions.  He  resigned  his  pastorate  in  1892. 
He  was  the  author  of  “ Lectures  in  America  ” (1868) , “ Pil- 
grim Songs  ” (1871),“  Come  to  Jesus”andothertracts,  etc. 

Hall,  Robert.  Born  at  Arnesby,  Leicestershire, 
May  2, 1764:  died  at  Bristol,  Feb.  21, 1831.  An 
English  pulpit  orator  of  the  Baptist  Church.  He 
preached  at  Bristol  1785-90,  at  Cambridge  1791-1806,  at 
Leicester  1807-26,  and  at  Bristol  1826-31.  His  works  in  6 
vols.  were  edited  by  Olinthus  Gregory  (1832). 

Hall,  Samuel  Carter.  Born  at  Waterford,  Ire- 
land, May  9, 1800:  died  at  Kensington,  London, 
March  16,  1889.  A British  author  and  editor. 
He  edited  or  subedited  “The  Literary  Observer,”  “The 
Amulet,"  “New  Monthly  Magazine,”  “The  Town,"  “Art 
Union  Journal,”  “Social  Notes.”  He  wrote  “Baronial 
Hallsof  England,  etc.”(1848),  etc.,  and,  with  his  wife,  “Ire- 
land, its  Scenery,  etc.  ”(1841-43),  and  very  many  other  works. 

Halla.  See  Hala. 

Hallarn  (hal'am),  Arthur  Henry.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  1, 1811 : died  at  Vienna,  Sept.  15, 1833. 
An  English  essayist,  son  of  Henry  Hallam.  He 
formed  an  intimacy  with  Tennyson,  to  whose  sister  he  was 
betrothed,  and  by  whom  he  has  been  commemorated  in  the 
poem  “In  Memoriam.”  His  literary  remains  were  pub- 
lished in  1834. 

Hallam  (hal'am),  Henry.  Bom  at  Windsor, 
England,  July  9, 1777 : died  at  Penshurst, Kent, 
England,  Jan.  21, 1859.  An  English  historian. 
He  graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  in  1799,  was  afterward  called  to  the  bar,  and  was 
for  many  years  a commissioner  of  stamps.  In  1812  he  in- 
herited a competent  fortune  from  his  father,  which  en- 
abled him  to  withdraw  from  the  practice  of  law  and  de- 
vote himself  to  historical  studies.  His  chief  works  are 
“ A View  of  the  State  of  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages  ’’ 
(1818),  “The  Constitutional  History  of  England  from  the 
Accession  of  Henry  VII.  to  the  Death  of  George  II. ” (1827), 
and  the  “Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  Europe  in  the 
15th,  16th,  and  17th  Centuries  ” (1837-39). 

Halland.  (hal'land).  A maritime  laen  of  south- 
ern Sweden,  lying  on  the  Cattegat.  Area,  1,899 
square  miles.  Population,  146,296. 

Halle,  or  Halle-an-der-Saale  (hal'le-an-der- 
za'le),  formerly  also  Halle-in-Sachsen  (hal'- 
le-in-zak'sen).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  on  the  Saale  20  miles  north- 
west of  Leipsic.  It  has  important  salt-works  and  con- 
siderable  trade,  and  manufactures  machinery,  starch,  and 
sugar.  Objects  of  interest  are  the  university,  cathedral, 
Marktkirche,  Church  of  St.  Maurice,  Red  Tower,  Rathaus, 
and  Francke’s  Institutions.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Ilandel.  Halle  was  a Hanseatic  town.  It  was  acquired 
by  Brandenburg  in  1648.  The  French  stormed  it  in  1806. 
Population,  commune,  180,496,  (1910). 


Halle,  Adam  de  la 

Halle,  Adam  de  la.  See  La  Halle. 

Halleck  (hal'ek),  Fitz-Greene.  Born  at  Guil- 
ford, Conn.,  July  8, 1790 : died  at  Guilford,  Nov. 
19,  1867.  An  American  poet.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  trustees  of  the  Astor  Library  (New  York).  With 
J.  It.  Drake  he  wrote  the  “ Croaker”  papers  in  the  New 
York  “Evening  Post”  (1819).  Among  his  poems  are 
“Fanny"  (1819),  “Marco  Bozzaris”  (1827).  His  poetical 
works  were  edited  and  published  in  1869  by  James  Grant 
Wilson. 

Halleck,  Henry  Wager.  Born  at  Western ville, 
Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1815 : died  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  Jan.  9, 1872.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1839 ; served  in  the 
Mexican  war ; was  promoted  captain  of  engineers  in  1853  ; 
and  in  1854  resigned  his  commission  in  order  to  take  up 
the  practice  of  law  at  San  Francisco.  He  was  appointed 
major-general  in  the  Union  army  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  assumed  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  Missouri  Nov.  9, 1801,  and  of  the  Department  of  the 
Mississippi  March  11,  1862.  He  commanded  in  person  at 
the  siege  of  Corinth,  which  he  occupied  May  30, 1862.  He 
assumed  command  as  general-in-chief  of  all  the  armies  of 
the  Unit  ed  States,  with  headquarters  at  Washington,  July 

11,  1862,  an  office  in  which  he  was  superseded  by  General 
Grant,  March  12,  1864.  He  was  chief  of  staff  to  Grant, 
March  12,  1864, -April  19,  1865,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  thedivisionof  theJames.  Hepublished 
“International  Law  ” (1861),  “Elements  of  International 
Law  and  Laws  of  War  ” (1866),  etc. 

Hallein  (hal'lln).  A town  in  Salzburg,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Saizach  8 miles  south 
of  Salzburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  salt-mines.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  7,128,  (1910). 

Hallelujah  Victory,  The.  A victory  said  to 
have  been  gained  by  the  Britons  over  the  Piets 
and  Scots  at  Mold  in  Flintshire,  March  30,  430. 
It  was  named  from  the  war-cry  adopted  by  the  Britons 
at  the  suggestion  of  St.  Germain,  bishop  of  Auxerre,  who 
was  present  at  the  battle. 

Hallenga  (hal-leng'ga).  See  Bisharin. 

Haller  ( hal'ler),  Albrecht  von.  Born  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  Oct.  16,  1708 : died  at  Bern,  Dec. 

12,  1777.  A distinguished  Swiss  physiologist, 
anatomist,  botanist,  and  poet.  He  studied  at  Tu- 
bingen, Leyden,  and  Basel ; traveled  in  France,  England, 
Holland,  and  Germany  ; and  settled  as  a physician  at  Bern 
in  1729,  where  he  became  city  physician  and  librarian.  His 
works  include  “ Elements  physiologne  corporis  humani” 
(1757-66),  “Bibliotheca  botanica”  (1771-72),  “Bibliotheca 
anatomica  ” (1774-77),  “ Bibliotheca  chirurgica  ” (1774-75), 
“Bibliotheca  medicinse  practicse  “ (1776-87),  “leones  ana- 
tomicae  ” (1743-50). 

Haller,  Berthold.  Born  at  Aldingen,  near  Rott- 
weil,  Wiirtemberg,  1492 : died  at  Bern,  Feb.  25, 
1536.  A Swiss  preacher,  influential  in  estab- 
lishing the  Reformation  at  Bern. 

Halley  (hal'i),  Edmund.  Born  at  Haggerston, 
Shoreditch,  London, Nov.  8, 1656:  died  at  Green- 
wich, Jan.  14, 1742.  A celebrated  English  astron- 
omer. His  father  was  engaged  in  the  business  of  soap- 
boiling in  London.  He  studied  at  St.  Paul’s  School,  and 
in  1673  entered  Queen’s  College,  Oxford,  but  left  the  uni- 
versity in  1676  without  taking  a degree.  His  astronomical 
studies  were  begun  in  his  boyhood  (his  first  communica- 
tion to  the  Royal  Society  was  sent  before  he  was  20),  and 
in  1676  he  sailed  for  St.  Helena  for  the  purpose  of  observ- 
ing the  positions  of  the  fixed  stars  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere. The  importance  of  observations  made  during  this 
trip  led  Flamsteed  to  name  him  “the  Southern  Tycho.” 
On  Nov.  7,  1677,  he  made  at  St.  Helena  “ the  first  complete 
observation  of  a transit  of  Mercury.”  In  1678  he  was 
elected  a fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  a friend  of 
Sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  printed  the  “ Principia  ” at  his  own 
cost.  He  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  Royal  Society  and 
editor  of  the  “ Philosophical  Transactions  ” 1685-93 ; was 
appointed  Savilian  professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford  in  1703 ; 
became  secretary  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1713 ; and  was 
appointed  successor  to  Flamsteed  as  astronomer  royal  in 
1721.  Fr  om  Nov.,  1698,  to  Sept.,  1700,  he  explored  the  South 
Atlantic  in  the  Paramour  Pink  (returning  once  to  Eng- 
land) for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  variation  of  the  com- 
pass and  discovering  southern  lands,  and  reached  lat.  52’ 
S.  In  1701,  in  the  same  vessel,  he  surveyed  the  tides  and 
coasts  of  the  English  Channel.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
studies  of  comets.  He  inferred  from  his  computations  that 
the  comets  of  1531, 1607,  and  1632  were  in  reality  the  same 
body,  and  predicted  its  return  in  1758,  a prediction  which 
was  verified  by  its  appearance  on  Christmas  day  of  that 
year.  This  comet  has  since  been  known  by  his  name. 
Hallingdal  (hal'ling-dal).  A valley  ill  southern 
Norway,  about  lat.  60°-61°  N.,  noted  for  its  con- 
nection with  the  ancient  sagas. 
Halliwell-Phillipps  (hal'i-wel-fil'ips),  James 
Orchard.  Born  at  Chelsea,  London,  June  21, 
1820 : died  at  Hollingbury  Copse,  near  Brighton, 
Jan.  3, 1889.  An  English  antiquarian  andShak- 
sperian  scholar.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Halli  well, 
but  in  1872  he  succeeded  to  the  property  of  his  wife’s  father, 
Thomas  Phillipps,  and  assumed  that  name.  He  became 
connected  with  the  Shakspere  Society  in  1841.  In  March, 
1872,  he  bought  the  theater  at  Stratford-on-Avon  ; he  was 
also  the  means  of  buying  Shakspere’s  house,  New  Place, at 
Stratford-on-Avon,  and  conveyed  it  to  the  corporation  of 
Stratford.  Among  his  works  are  “Early  History  of  Free- 
Masonry  in  England  "(1843),  “Nursery  Rhymes  of  England, 
et.c.”(1845),  “Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words” 
(1847),  * Outlines  of  the  Life  of  Shakspere"  (1848).  In 
1853-65  he  published  a folio  edition  of  Shakspere  in  16  vols., 
and  in  1862-71  “Lithographed  Facsimiles  of  the  Shakspe- 
rian  Quartos.”  He  edited  many  Middle  English  and  early 
modern  English  works. 


476 

Hall  of  Fame,  G.  Ruhmeshalle  (ro'mes-hal- 
le).  A building  at  Munich,  Bavaria,  completed 
1853,  consisting  of  a Greek  Doric  portico,  with 
projecting  wings,  raised  on  a high  basement  of 
masonry.  The  portico  contains  80  busts  ol  celebrated 
Bavarian's.  The  colossal  statue  of  Bavaria,  in  bronze,  by 
Schwanthaler,  which  stands  beside  the  Ruhmeshalle,  is  62 
feet  high : it  represents  a woman  of  robust  form  holding 
a wreath  in  her  raised  left  hand,  and  with  the  Bavarian 
lion  sejant  by  her  side. 

Hallowell  (hol'o-wel  or  hal'o-wel).  A city  in 
Kennebec  County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Ken- 
nebec 2 miles  south  of  Augusta.  It  exports 
granite.  Population,  2,864,  (1910). 

Hallstadt  (hal'stat),  Lake  of.  A lake  in 
the  Salzkammergut,  Austria-Hungary,  7 miles 
south  of  Ischl,  noted  for  picturesque  scenery. 
Length,  5 miles. 

Hallstatt  (hal'stat).  A village  in  Upper  Aus- 
tria, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  Hallstatter 
See  32  miles  southeast  of  Salzburg:  a salt- 
mining center. 

Hallue  (a-lii').  A small  tributary  of  the  Somme, 
department  of  Somme,  northern  France.  Near 
it,  6 miles  northeast  of  Amiens,  the  Germans  (about  20,- 
000)  under  Manteuffel  defeated  the  French  (40,000-50,000) 
under  Faidherbe,  Dec.  23,  1870. 

Halluin  (a-lii-an').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  on  the  Belgian  frontier,  near 
the  Lys,  11  miles  north  by  east  of  Lille.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  16,158. 

Hall wyler  (hal'vel-er)  See.  A lake  in  Swit- 
zerland, 16  miles  north  of  Lucerne.  Length, 
51  miles. 

Halm  (halm),  Karl.  Born  at  Munich,  April 
5,  1809 : died  there,  Oct.  5,  1882.  A German 
classical  philologist  and  critic,  from  1856  di- 
rector of  the  state  library  and  professor  at  the 
university  in  Munich. 

Halmstad  (halm'stad).  A seaport  and  the 
capital  of  the  laen  of  Halland,  Sweden,  situated 
on  the  Cattegat,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nissa,  in 
lat.  56°  40'  N.,  long.  12°  52'  E.  It  has  important 
salmon-fisheries,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  old  castle.  Popu- 
lation, 18,009. 

Halmstad,  Laen  of.  See  Halland. 

Halpine  (hal'pin),  Charles  G.  Born  at  Old- 
castle,  County  Meath,  Ireland,  Nov.,  1829:  died 
at  New  York,  Aug.  3, 1868.  An  American  jour- 
nalist andhumorist,  author  of  the  “ Miles  O’Reil- 
ly ” papers,  etc.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1851 ; 
became  assistant  editor  of  the  Boston  “ Post  ” in  1852,  and 
editor  of  the  New  York  “Leader”  in  1857  ; served  in  the 
Federal  army  1861-64  ; became  assistant  adjutant-general 
and  colonel  in  1862 ; and  was  editor  of  the  New  York  “Cit- 
izen” in  1864,  and  register  of  the  county  of  New  York  in 
1867. 

Hals  (hals),  Frans.  Born  at  Antwerp  about  1580 : 
died  at  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  Aug.,  1666.  A 
celebrated  Dutch  portrait-painter.  His  works  are 
in  all  the  principal  museums  and  galleries  in  England  and 
on  the  Continent.  The  “ Hille  Bobbe  ” in  the  Metropoli- 
tan Museum,  New  York,  is  probably  by  his  son  Frans. 
There  is  a genuine  “ Hille  Bobbe  ” in  the  Berlin  Museum. 
Five  of  his  seven  sons  were  painters. 

Halstead  (hal'sted).  A town  in  Essex,  England, 
situated  on  the  Colne  43  miles  northeast  of  Lon- 
don. Population,  6,073. 

Halyburton  (hal'i-ber-ton),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Dupplin,  Perthshire,  Scotland,  Dec.  25,  1674: 
died  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  Sept.  23,  1712. 
A Scottish  divine,  professor  of  divinity  in  St. 
Andrews  University.  His  works,  “Natural  Religion 
Insufficient”  (1714),  “The  Great  Concern  of  Salvation” 
(1721),  etc.,  were  published  posthumously. 

Halys  (ha'lis).  The  ancient  name, of  the  river 
Kizil  Irmak. 

Ham  (ham).  One  of  the  sons  of  Noah,  the  re- 
puted ancestor  of  the  Hamitie  races. 

Ham  (am).  A town  in  the  department  of  Somme, 
France,  situated  on  the  Somme  35  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Amiens.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle,  dating 
in  its  present  form  from  the  16th  century : a picturesque 
fortress  grouped  about  a central  cylindrical  donjon  100 
feet  in  diameter  and  100  high,  with  walls  36  feet  thick. 
This  has  long  been  used  as  a state  prison : among  the 
prisoners  have  been  Joan  of  Arc,  the  prince  of  Condi),  Poli- 
gnac,  Louis  Napoleon  (1840-46),  Cavaignac,  and  Changar- 
nier.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  Germans  Nov.  21,  1870. 
Population,  commune,  3,233. 

Hamadan  (ha-ma-diin').  Capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Hamadan,  Persia,  about  lat.  34°  48' 
N.,  long.  48°  25'  E.  It  has  been  identified  with 
Ecbatana.  Population,  estimated,  40,000. 
See  Ecbatana. 

Hamah  (ha'mii).  See  Hamath. 
Hamal(ha-mal').  [Av.hamal,n rain.]  Theusual 
name  of  the  second-magnitude  star  a Arietis,  in 
the  forehead  of  the  animal. 

Hainan  (ha'man).  A Persian  courtier  of  the 
5th  century  B.  c.  (See  Esther  iii.-vii.)  He  was 


Hameln,  Piper  of 

hanged  on  the  gallows  he  had  caused  to  be 
made  for  Mordecai. 

Hamann  (ha'man),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at 

Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Aug.  27,  1730:  died  at 
Munster,  Prussia,  June  21, 1788.  A noted  Ger- 
man litterateur  and  philosophical  writer,  sur- 
named  “the  Magus  of  the  North.”  His  col- 
lected works  were  edited  by  Roth  1821-43. 
Hamar  (ha-mar').  A small  town  in  southern 
Norway,  on  Lake  Mjosen. 
Hamasah(ka-ma'se).  [Ar.,  lit. ‘bravery.’]  The 
title  of  various  collections  of  Arabian  poems,  of 
which  the  most  celebrated  is  that,  in  10  books 
compiled  by  Abu-Teman  in  the  9th  century.  It 
was  edited  with  a Latin  translation  by  G.  W.  F. 
Freytag  1828-51. 

Hamath  (ha'math).  [Heb.,‘ walled  place,’  ‘for- 
tress.’] A city  in  upper  Syria,  situated  on  the 
Orontes  in  lat.  35°  10'  N.,  long.  36°  39'  E., 
now  called  Hamah.  Hamath  was  capital  of  a king- 
dom to  which  the  territory  of  Israel  reached  under  David, 
Solomon,  and  Jeroboam  II.  It  often  came  in  contact  with 
Assyria.  In  the  great  confederation  of  the  12  cities  against 
Shalmaneser  II.,  about  860  B.  c.,  Irhulena,  king  of  Ha- 
math, was,  with  the  King  of  Damascus,  the  leader.  Tiglath- 
Pileser  III.,  about  730  B.  c.,  took  tribute  from  Eni-iln, 
king  of  Hamath ; and  Sargon  (722-705)  records  that  he 
“rooted  out  the  land  of  Amatu.”  Antiochus  IV.  Epipha- 
nes  (175-164)  gave  it  the  name  Epiphania,  by  which  it 
was  known  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  In  639  A.  D.  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Arabs.  The  Arab  historian  Abul- 
feda  was  its  governor  1310-31.  Hamath  is  in  Gen.  x.  18 
enumerated  among  the  descendants  of  Canaan.  The  Ha- 
matites  were  closely  akin  to  the  Hittites,  if  not  a Hittite 
division.  Of  late,  what  are  supposed  to  be  Hittite  inscrip- 
tions have  been  discovered  in  Hamath. 

Hamaxiki.  See  Levkas. 

Hambach  (ham'bach).  A village  in  the  circle 
of  Neustadt,  Bavarian  Palatinate.  At  the  castle 
here  a political  assembly  of  about  20,000  persons  (Ham- 
bacher  Fest)  was  held  May  27, 1832.  This  is  noteworthy  as 
the  first  public  appearance  of  the  republican  party  in  Ger- 
many. 

Hamblet  (ham'blet),  Prince  of  Denmarke, 
Hystorie  of.  A translation  from  one  of  Belle- 
forest’s  “Histoires  tragiques.”  The  original  was 
written  in  1570,  and  the  translation  was  made  soon  after. 
It  is  in  black-letter  quarto.  There  can  be  very  little  doubt 
that  Shakspere  took  his  “Hamlet”  from  it. 

Hamburg  (ham'berg;  G.  pron.  ham'borG).  [D. 
Hambro,  Dan.  Hamborg,  F.  Hambourg,  It.  Arn- 
burgo,  Sp.  Hamlmrgo.']  A state  of  the  German 
Empire,  comprising  the  city  of  Hamburg,  its 
suburbs,  the  neighboring  territory  of  Bergedorf 
and  some  smaller  districts,  and  the  outlying 
territory  of  Ritzebiittel,  inclosed  in  Prussia.  It 
is  a republic,  having  a Senate  (18  members)  and  a Biirger- 
schaf  t or  House  of  Burgesses  (160  members).  It  has  1 mem- 
ber in  the  Bundesrat,  and  3 in  the  Reichstag.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Protestant.  (For  history,  see  Hamburg 
(city),  below.)  Area,  160  square  miles.  Population,  874,- 
878,  (1905). 

Hamburg.  [D.  Hambro,  Hamborgh,  Dan.  Sw. 
Hamborg,  F.  Hambourg,  Sp.  Pg.  Hamburgo,  It. 
Amburgo,  ML.  Hamburgum,  Hamburga,  from  G. 
Hamburg, OHG.  Hammaburg.']  Afree  city,  form- 
ing with  its  territory  a state  of  the  German  Em- 
pire. The  city  is  situated  on  the  Elbe,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Alster,  in  lat.  53°  33'  N.,  long.  9°  68'  E.  It  is  the  most  impor- 
tant seaport  of  Germany,  and,  after  London  and  New 
York,  the  largest  commercial  port  in  the  world.  It 
trades  especially  with  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  and 
northern  Europe  ; is  an  important  place  of  embarkation 
foremigrants;  and  is  the  terminus  of  various  steamship 
lines,  including  the  Hamburg-American  to  New  York.  Its 
exports  are  grain,  iron,  fancy  goods,  butter,  hides,  etc.  The 
city  consists  of  the  Altstadt  and  Neustadt,  and  the  suburbs 
of  St.  Georg  and  St.  Pauli.  Altona  adjoins  it.  There  are 
extensive  harbors  and  quays.  St.  Nicholas,  one  of  the 
most  important  of  modern  churches  in  the  Pointed  style, 
was  built  by  Sir  G.  Gilbert  Scott.  The  architecture  repre- 
sents the  most  ornate  type  of  the  13th  century,  with  pro- 
fuse sculpture  inside  and  out.  The  length  is  285  feet ; that 
of  the  transepts,  151.  The  western  spire  is  473  feet  high, 
and  is  surpassed  in  Europe  only  by  the  cathedrals  of 
Cologne  and  Ulra,  and  by  the  Eiffel  Tower.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Church  of  St.  Peter,  exchange,  Jo- 
hanneum  (library,  museum).  Lake  Binnen-Alster,  Kunst- 
halle  (picture-gallery),  zoological  garden,  and  museums. 
Hamburg  was  founded  about  808,  auu  was  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric  834-1223.  It  was  one  of  the  chief  Hanseatic 
cities.  Its  posilion  as  a free  imperial  city  was  acknow- 
ledged in  1510.  The  Reformation  was  introduced  in  1529. 
It  was  incorporated  with  France  in  1810 ; an  attempt  at 
rebellion  was  punished  by  Davout  in  1813  ; and  it  regained 
its  freedom  in  1814.  It  has  been  successively  a member  of 
the  Germanic  Confederation,  North  Germ  an  Confederation, 
and  German  Empire.  In  1842  it  suffered  from  a fire.  It 
joined  the  Zollverein  in  1888.  Population,  with  suburbs, 
936,000,  (1910). 

Hamefkuttelli.  See  Atuamih. 

Hameln  (ha/meln).  A town  in  tlie  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  on  the  Hamel  and  Weser 
24  miles  south  of  Hannover.  It  is  noted  in  connec- 
tion  with  the  legendary  “ piper  of  Hameln  ” (see  below), 
and  contains  the  “Rattenfangerhaus.”  It  was  the  scene 
of  a Swedish  victory  over  the  Imperialists  in  1633.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  20,736. 

Hameln  (ha'meln).  or  Hamelin  (ham'e-lin), 

Piper  of,  or  The  Pied  Piper  of.  In  medieval 


Hameln,  Piper  of 

legend,  a magician  who  in  the  year  1284,  for  a 
stipulated  sum  of  money,  freed  the  town  of 
Hameln  from  a plague  of  rats  by  playing  on 
his  pipe  and  leading  the  vermin,  which  fol- 
lowed the  music,  into  the  river  where  they  were 
drowned.  When  the  townsmen  refused  to  pay  the 
money,  the  piper  returned  and,  again  playing  on  his 
magical  pipe,  led  the  way  through  the  Bungen-Strasse  out 
of  the  town,  this  time  followed  by  130  children.  He  led 
them  to  a hill  called  the  Koppenberg,  into  which  they  all 
entered  and  disappeared.  The  event  is  recorded  in  inscrip- 
tions on  the  Rathaus  and  elsewhere  in  the  town,  and  was 
long  regarded  as  historical.  The  legend  has  been  told  in 
rime  by  Robert  Browning.  He  apparently  founded  it  on 
Verstegan’s  account  in  his  “Restitution  of  Decayed  Intel- 
ligence ” (1634).  Brandenburg,  Lorch,  and  other  towns 
have  a similar  tradition,  and  there  are  Chinese  and  Persian 
legends  much  resembling  it. 

Hamerling  (ha'mer-ling),  Robert.  Born  at 
Kirchberg,  Lower  Austria,  March  24, 1830:  died 
at  Gratz,  July  13, 1889.  An  Austrian  poet.  His 
works  include  the  epic  poems  “ Ahasver  in  Rom  ” (1866), 
"Der  Konig  von  Sion  ’’  (1868),  etc. 

Hamerton  (ham'er-ton),  Philip  Gilbert.  Born 
Sept.  10,  1834:  died  Nov.  4,  1894.  An  Eng- 
lish writer  on  art,  landscape-painter,  and  etcher. 
His  works  include  “Thoughts  about  Art, ”(1862),  “ Etching 
and  Etchers"  (1866),  “Contemporary  French  Painters” 
(1867),  “ Painting  in  France,  etc.  ”(1868),  “ The  Intellectual 
Life”  (1873),  “The  Graphic  Arts ” (1882),  “Human  Inter- 
course ” (1884).  He  also  wrote  several  romances,  and  re- 
printed (1888)  his  articles  written  for  “The  Portfolio,”  an 
art  periodical  which  he  planned  in  1869;  and  in  1889  he 
published  “ French  and  English  : a Comparison,”  founded 
on  his  contributions  to  the  “ Atlantic  Monthly.” 

Hami  (ha-me'),  or  Khamil  (kha-mel').  Atown 
in.  Sungaria,  Chinese  empire,  situated  about 
lat.  42°  50'  N.,  long.  93°  40'  (?)  E.:  an  important 
trading  center. 

Hamilcar  (lia-mil'kar),  surnamed  Barca  (bar'- 
ka)  or  Barcas  (biir'kas).  Killed  in  Spain,  229 
or  228  B.  c.  A Carthaginian  general.  He  held 
Mount  Ercte  (Monte  Pellegrino),  Sicily,  against  the  Romans 
247-244 ; held  Mount  Eryx  244-241 ; suppressed  the  war 
with  the  mercenaries  241-238;  and  began  the  reduction 
of  Spain  to  a Carthaginian  province. 

Hamilton  (ham'il-ton).  A town  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  on  the  Clyde,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Avon,  10  miles  southeast  of  Glasgow.  Near  it  is 
Hamilton  Palace,  a seat  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  formerly 
noted  for  its  pictures  and  other  art  treasures  that  were 
sold  by  auction  in  1882.  The  ruined  Cadzow  Castle,  the 
former  seat  of  the  Hamiltons,  is  in  the  vicinity.  Bothwell 
Bridge  is  near  by.  Hamilton  belongs  to  the  Falkirk  dis- 
trict of  parliamentary  burghs.  Population,  32,775. 

Hamilton.  A town  in  Victoria,  Australia,  situ- 
ated on  Grange  Burne  creek  in  lat.  37°  44'  S., 
long.  142°  1'  E. 

Hamilton.  The  capital  of  the  Bermudas,  situ- 
ated on  Great  Bermuda,  the  largest  of  the  group. 
Hamilton.  A city  and  lake  port,  the  capital  of 
Wentworth  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  Burlington  Bay,  western  end  of  Lake  On- 
tario, 36  miles  southwest  of  Toronto.  It  is  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  has  important 
commerce  and  manufactures.  Population,  81,969,  (1911). 
Hamilton.  A town  in  Madison  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Chenango  River  36  miles 
southeast  of  Syracuse.  It  is  the  seat  of  Col- 
gate (formerly  Madison)  University,  which 
has  a theological  (Baptist)  department  and  a 
preparatory  department. 

Hamilton.  A manufacturing  city,  capital  of 
Butler  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Miami 
River  20  miles  north  of  Cincinnati.  Popula- 
tion, 35,279,  (1910). 

Hamilton.  A family  of  the  Scottish  nobility 
descended  from  Sir  Gilbert  de  Hamilton  (13th 
century).  The  leading  representatives  are  the  Dukes  of 
Abercorn  and  Hamilton.  The  present  (13th)  Duke  of  Ham- 
ilton (surname,  Douglas-Hamilton)  is  the  premier  peer  of 
Scotland. 

Hamilton,  Alexander.  Bom  in  the  island  of 
Nevis,  West  Indies,  Jan.  11, 1757 : died  at  New 
York,  July  12,  1804.  A celebrated  American 
statesman.  He  settled  in  New  York  in  1772  ; attracted 
attention  as  a pamphleteer  in  the  political  agitation  pre- 
ceding the  Revolution,  1774-75 ; entered  the  Continental 
service  as.  an  artillery  captain  in  1776;  was  a member  of 
Washington’s  staff  1777-81  ; served  with  distinction  at 
Yorktown  in  1781 ; was  a member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress 1782-83,  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787,  and 
of  the  New  York  ratifying  convention  in  1788  ; was  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  1789-95 ; was  active  head  of  the  army 
1798-1800 ; and  was  mortally  wounded  by  Aaron  Burr  in 
a duel  at  Weehawken,  New  .Jersey,  July  11, 1804.  He  was 
the  chief  author  of  the  “Federalist”  (which  see).  His 
works  have  been  edited  by  his  son  J.  C.  Hamilton  (7  vols., 
1851).  See  “ Lives  ” by  .T.  C.  Hamilton  (1834-40),  Renwick 
(1841),  Morse  (1876),  Shea  (1880),  Lodge  (1882),  and  Allan 
McLane  Hamilton  (1910). 

Hamilton,  Count  Anthony.  Bom  probably 
at  Roscrea,  Tipperary,  Ireland,  1646:  died  at 
St.-Germain-en-Laye,  France,  April  21, 1720.  A 
French  author,  of  British  descent,  third  son  of 
Sir  George  Hamilton  (fourth  son  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Abercom),  and  brother-in-law  of  the 


477 

Comte  de  Gramont  whose  “Memoires”  he 
wrote  (1713).  He  also  wrote  “Contes  de  fCerie,” etc. 
His  complete  works  were  published  in  1812. 

Hamilton,  Claud,  Lord  Paisley,  commonly 
called  Lord  Claud  Hamilton.  Born  about 
1543:  died  1622.  A Scottish  politician,  fourth 
son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Arran.  He  fought  for 
Queen  Mary  at  the  battle  of  Langside ; was  implicated 
in  the  assassination  of  the  regent  Murray ; was  driven  from 
Scotland  in  1579  ; entered  the  service  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ; 
and  returned  to  Scotland,  becoming  there  a leader  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  party. 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth.  Born  at  Belfast,  July 
21,  1758:  died  at  Harrogate,  England,  July  23, 
1816.  A British  writer.  She  wrote  “ A Hindoo  Ra- 
jah” (a  series  of  criticisms  on  England,  1796),  “Memoirs 
of  Modern  Philosophies  ” (a  humorous  work,  1800),  “ Let- 
ters on  Education  ’’  (1801-02),  “ The  Cottagers  of  Glenbur- 
nie  ” (1808),  etc. 

Hamilton,  Lady  (Emma  Lyon).  Bom  about 
1765:  died  at  Calais,  Jan.  15, 1815.  An  English- 
woman, wife  of  Sir  William  Hamilton  (ambas- 
sador at  Naples),  and  mistress  of  Lord  Nelson. 
She  was  of  humble  birth,  illiterate,  and  of  loose  charac- 
ter, mistress  of  several  persons,  including  Charles  Greville 
and  Sir  William  Hamilton  before  she  married  the  latter. 
In  early  life  she  possessed  great  beauty  of  face  and  figure : 
later  she  became  very  fleshy.  She  attained  considerable 
social  success,  became  an  intimate  friend  of  Queen  Maria 
Carolina  of  Naples,  and  played  a somewhat  important  part 
in  the  political  intrigues  of  that  court  in  relation  to  Eng- 
land. Nelson  first  met  her  in  1793  at  Naples.  She  was 
arrested  and  imprisoned  for  debt  in  1813,  but  was  released 
in  the  following  year. 

Hamilton,  Frank  Hastings.  Born  at  Wil- 
mington, Vt.,  Sept.  10, 1813:  died  in  New  York 
city,  Aug.  11,  1886.  An  American  surgeon. 
He  was  connected  with  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York 
city,  from  1861  until  his  death,  occupying  the  chair  of  the 
principles  and  practice  of  surgery  in  the  Bellevue  Medi- 
cal College  1868-75.  He  wrote  “A  Practical  Treatise  on 
Fractures  and  Dislocations ’’(I860),  “The  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery  ” (1872),  etc. 

Hamilton,  Gail.  The  pseudonym’  of  Mary 
Abigail  Dodge. 

Hamilton,  Gavin.  Bom  at  Lanark,  1730  : died 
at  Rome,  1797.  A Scottish  painter  and  anti- 
quarian.  He  painted  chiefly  classical  (Homeric)  sub- 
jects. His  most  important  labors  were  his  excavations  in 
Italy,  which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  many  remains  of 
antiquity.  He  conducted  explorations  at  Hadrian’s  villa 
near  Tivoli,  on  the  Via  Appia,  about  the  Alban  Mountains, 

★ and  elsewhere. 

Hamilton,  Lord  George  Francis.  Born  at 
Brighton,  England,  Dec.  17,  1845.  An  English 
politician,  third  son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Aber- 
COrn.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  committee  of  coun- 
cil on  education  1878-80,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1885-80 
and  1886-92,  and  secretary  of  state  for  India  18i/5-1903. 

Hamilton,  James,  second  Lord  Hamilton  and 
first  Earl  of  Arran.  Bom  about  1477 : died  be- 
fore July  21,  1529.  A Scottish  politician,  son 
of  James,  first  Lord  Hamilton.  He  was  created  earl 
of  Arran  by  James  IV.  in  1503,  and  in  1513  commanded 
an  expedition  sent  to  aid  the  King  of  France  against  Eng- 
land. He  supported  the  regent  Albany  during  the  minor- 
ity of  James  V.,  and  in  1517  was  appointed  a member  of 
the  council  of  regency,  of  which  he  became  president. 

Hamilton,  James,  second  Earl  of  Arran,  and 
Duke  of  Chatellerault.  Died  at  Hamilton,  Scot- 
land, Jan.  22,  1575.  A Scottish  statesman,  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Scotland  during  the  mi- 
nority of  Mary  in  1542.  He  was  forced  by  the 
queen  dowager  to  abdicate  in  1554. 

Hamilton,  James.  Born  1769:  died  at  Dublin, 
Sept.  16, 1829.  A British  teacher,  known  as 
the  advocate  of  a particular  method  of  instruc- 
tion in  languages.  The  “ Hamiltonian  ’’  method  was 
based  on  a literal  rendering  of  the  text  (prior  to  the  study 
of  grammar)  and  the  use  of  interlinear  translations. 

Hamilton,  James.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
May  8,  1786 : lost  at  sea,  1857.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress  (Democrat) 
from  South  Carolina  1823-29,  and  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina 1830-32.  While  governor  he  advised  the  legislature 
to  pass  the  N unification  Act,  and  was  subsequently  in  com- 
mand of  the  troops  raised  for  the  defense  of  the  State  un- 
der this  act. 

Hamilton,  James.  Born  at  Paisley,  Scotland, 
Nov.  27,  1814:  died  at  London,  Nov.  24,  1867. 
A British  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  religious 
author, minister  of  Regent  Square  Church,  Lon- 
don, 1841-67.  He  published  “Life  in  Earnest”  (1844), 
“ The  Royal  Preacher  ” (1851),  etc.,  and  edited  “OurChris- 
tian  Classics”  (1857-69). 

Hamilton,  Patrick.  Born  about  1504 : burned 
at  St.  Andrews,  Feb.  29, 1528.  A Scottish  Re- 
former, son  of  Sir  Patrick  Hamilton,  and  grand- 
son of  the  first  Lord  Hamilton.  He  adopted  and  ad- 
vocated the  doctrines  of  the  Reformation,  and  was  put  to 
death  as  a heretic. 

Hamilton,  Paul.  Born  in  St.  Paul’s  parish, 
S.  C.,  Oct.  16,  1762:  died  at  Beaufort,  S.  C., 
June  30, 1816.  An  American  politician.  He  was 

comptroller  of  South  Carolina  1799-1804 ; governor  1804-06 ; 
and  was  secretary  of  the  navy  during  the  first  administra- 
tion of  James  Madison,  1809-13.  He  endeavored  to  enforce 
the  embargo  policy  of  the  government  at  the  beginning 


Hamites 

of  the  War  of  1812,  and  it  was  in  spite  of  his  mandate  “to 
remain  in  Boston  until  further  orders  ” that  Hull  in  the 
Constitution  gained  the  victory  over  the  Guerrikre. 

Hamilton,  Robert.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  June 
11, 1743  : died  July  14, 1829.  A Scottish  mathe- 
matician and  economist,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Aberdeen.  He  wrote  an  “Inquiry  concern- 
ing the  Rise  and  Progress  ...  of  the  National  Debt  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ” (1813),  etc. 

Hamilton,  Schuyler.  Bom  at  New  York,  July 
25,  1822:  died  March  18,  1903.  An  American 
general,  son  of  J.  C.  Hamilton.  He  published 
“History  of  the  National  Flag”  (1853). 

Hamilton,  Thomas.  Born  at  Glasgow,  1789: 
died  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  7,  1842.  A Scottish 
author,  brother  of  Sir  William  Hamilton  (1788- 
1856).  He  wrote  “Cyril  Thornton  ”(1827),  “Annals  of  the 
Peninsular  Campaign  ” (1829),  “ Men  and  Manners  in  Amer- 
ica” (1833). 

Hamilton, William.  Born  at  Bangour,  Linlith- 
gowshire, 1704:  died  at  Lyons,  France,  March 
25,  1754.  A Scottish  poet,  author  of  the  ballad 
“Braes  of  Yarrow”  and  other  poems.  His  col- 
lected works  were  published  in  1760. 

Hamilton,  Sir  William.  Born  Dec.  13,  1730: 
died  at  London,  April  6, 1803.  A British  diplo- 
matist and  archaeologist,  grandson  of  the  third 
Duke  of  Hamilton.  He  was  British  envoy  at  Naples 
1764-1800.  Hemade  extensive  collections  of  ancient  works 
of  art,  coins,  etc.,  many  of  which  were  purchased  for  the 
British  Museum.  He  purchased  from  its  finder  the  “War- 
wick vase  ” (now  at  Warwick  Castle),  and  bought  the  cele- 
brated “Portland  vase”  (which  see),  selling  it  again  to  the 
Duchess  of  Portland.  His  second  wife  was  the  notorious 
mistress  of  Lord  Nelson. 

Hamilton,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
March  8, 1788:  died  at  Edinburgh,  May  6, 1856. 
A Scottish  philosopher.  He  was  made  professor  of 
civil  history  at  Edinburgh  in  1821,  and  was  professor  of 
logic  and  metaphysics  there  1836-56.  He  published  “ Phi- 
losophy of  the  Unconditioned  ” (1829),  and  other  contribu- 
tions to  the  “Edinburgh  Review,"  collected  as  “Discus- 
sions in  Philosophy,  Literature,  and  Education  ” (1852-53), 
and  edited  Reid’s  works  (1846),  and  Stewart's  wo,  ks  (1854- 
1855).  His  lectures  on  “ Metaphysics  ’’  and  “ Logic  ’’  were 
edited  by  Mansel  and  Veitcli  (1858-60).  See  “Life”  by 
Veitch  (1869). 

Hamilton, William  Gerard.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  28,  1729:  died  there,  July  16,  1796.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  elected  to  Parliament  in 
1754,  and,  Nov.  13,  1755,  during  the  debate  on  the  address, 
delivered  his  maiden  speech,  which,  as  it  remained  his 
most  notable  effort,  procured  for  him  the  nickname  “sin- 
gle-speech Hamilton.”  He  was  a commissioner  for  trade 
and  plantations  1756-61,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
iu  Ireland  1763-84. 

Hamilton,  William  Rickard.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  9, 1777 : died  there,  July  11, 1859.  An 
English  antiquary  and  diplomatist.  He  was  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Elgin,  ambassador  at  Constantinople,  and 
aided  him  in  securing  and  bringing  away  the  Elgin  mar- 
bles (which  see).  In  1809  he  became  under-secretary  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs,  and  was  minister  at  Naples  1822- 
1825.  He  wrote  “ iEgyptiaca,  or  some  Account  of  the  An- 
tient  and  Modern  State  of  Egypt,  etc.”  (1809). 

Hamilton,  Sir  William  Rowan.  Bom  at  Dub- 
lin, Aug.  3-4,  1805 : died  Sept.  2, 1865.  A cele- 
brated British  mathematician.  He  was  remarkably 
precocious,  especially  iu  the  study  of  languages,  knowing, 
it  is  said,  at  least  13  at  the  age  of  12 ; entered  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  in  1S23 ; in  1824  discovered  by  theoretical 
reasoning  conical  refraction  ; was  appointed  in  1827,  before 
graduation,  professor  of  astronomy  and  superintendent  of 
the  observatory ; and  became  president  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  in  1837.  He  is  especially  celebrated  as  the  in- 
ventor of  quaternions.  He  wrote  “Lectures  on  Quater- 
nions ” (1853),  “ The  Elements  of  Quaternions  ” (1866),  etc. 

Hamilton  College.  A classical  college  at 
Clinton,  Oneida  County,  New  York,  it  was 
founded  as  an  academy  by  Samuel  Kirkland  in  1793,  and 
chartered  as  a college  in  1812.  Connected  with  it  are  the 
Maynard  Law  School  and  the  Litchfield  Observatory.  It 
has  about  20  instructors  and  200  students,  and  has  16 
buildings. 

Hamirpur  (hum-er-por').  1.  A district  in  the 
Allahabad  division,  United  Provinces,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long. 
80°  E.  Area,  2,289  square  miles.  Population, 
458,542. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  Hamirpur  dis- 
trict, situated  near  the  junction  of  the  Betwa 
with  the  Jumna,  in  lat.  25°  58'  N.,  long.  80°  9'  E. 

Hamites  (ham 'its).  [From  Ham,  the  son  of 
Noah.]  A race  generally  counted  with  the 
white  race,  together  with  their  Semitic  neigh- 
bors and  kinsmen,  hut  in  which,  from  the  earli- 
est times,  3 varieties  (a  pale  and  red-haired, 
a reddish,  and  a dark-brown)  have  been  dis- 
tinguished. The  blond  type  is  found  among  the  Ber- 
bers; the  reddish  among  the  Egyptians  and  Bedja ; the 
dark-brown  or  black  among  the  Somal,  the  Galla,  and  the 
Fulbe  or  Fulahs.  In  these  three  the  admixture  of  Ni- 
gi  itic  blood  is  evident.  The  earliest  civilization  of  man- 
kind (that  of  Egypt,  to  which  all  the  others  seem  to  he  di- 
rectly or  indirectly  indebted)  flourished  among  the  Ham- 
ites of  the  reddish  type,  in  the  Lower  Nile  valley.  The 
Hamitic  family  of  languages  is  generally  divided  into  3 
subgroups : (a)  the  Libyan  or  Berber,  spoken  from  the 
Canary  Islands  to  Egypt ; (6)  the  Egyptian,  compris- 
ing Old  Egyptian  and  Coptic  with  its  4 dialects ; ( c ) the 


Hamites 

Ethiopic,  including  the  Bedja,  Dankali,  Somali,  Galla, 
Agau,  Saho,  and  Bilin.  The  Ethiopic  is  also  called  Gush- 
itic  or  Punic.  Lately  the  Fulah  cluster  has  been  added 
by  some  to  the  preceding,  as  prevailingly  Hamitic.  Owing 
to  ethnic  and  linguistic  mixtures  with  negroes,  it  is  im- 
possible to  draw  a clear  line  between  Hamitic  and  Bantu- 
negro  languages  or  tribes.  Even  the  Hausa  and  Hotten- 
tot languages  show  traces  of  Hamitic  structure.  The 
Hamitic  languages  are  sometimes  called  semi-  or  sub- 
Semitic.  In  eastern  North  Africa  they  are  intermixed 
geographically  with  the  Semitic  ; in  western  North  Africa, 
the  Semitic  are  superposed  on  the  Hamitic.  See  African 
languages  (under  Africa),  Fidah,  Hottentot,  Berber,  Bantu. 

Hamitic  (ha-mit'ik).  See  Hamites. 

Hamlet  (kam'let),  or  Amlet.  A mythical  or 
semi-historical  Danish  prince  whose  story,  origi- 
nating in  a Danish  saga,  is  given  by  Saxo-Gram- 
maticus.  This  story  is  given  in  a French  version  by 
Belleforest  in  1559  in  the  fifth  volume  of  his  “Histoires 
tragiqiies.”  The  English  translation  of  this  latter  was 
published  as  “Hystorie  of  Hamblet,”  and  it  was  also  made 
into  an  English  play,  now  lost,  that  probably  served  as  a 
starting-point  for  Sliakspere’s  “ Hamlet.  ’’  Henslowe  men- 
tions a play  of  this  name  as  represented  atNewington  Butts, 
June9, 1594,  which  was  an  “old  play.”  Shakspere's  “Ham- 
let” was  played  in  1600  or  1601,  and  printed  first  in  1603. 
It  was  entered  on  the  “ Stationers’  Register,”  J uly  26, 1602, 
“A  booke  called  the  Revenge  of  Hamlett  Prince  Denmarke 
as  yt  was  latelie  Acted  by  the  Lord  Chamberleyne  his  Ser- 
vantes."  This  was  a very  imperfect  text,  known  as  the 
first  quarto.  The  second  quarto,  published  in  1604,  was  a 
good  text,  thought  to  be  as  Shakspere  left  it.  The  third 
quarto,  a reprint  of  the  second,  appeared  in  1605  ; thefourth 
in  1611.  There  is  a fifth  quarto,  undated.  No  others  ap- 
peared during  Shakspere’s  lifetime.  The  4 folios  are  es- 
sentially the  same  text,  which  differs  from  the  quartos. 
The  German  play  “ Der  Bestrafte  Brudermord,  oder  JTinz 
Hamlet  aus  Daennemark ” (“Fratricide  punished, or  Prince 
Hamlet  of  Denmark”)  is  now  thought  to  be  probably  a 
weak  copy  of  the  old  play  preceding  the  1603  quarto.  It 
is  not  known  precisely  when  it  appeared,  but  it  was  early 
in  the  17th  century.  (See  Shakspere.)  About  the  charac- 
ter of  Hamlet  and  his  real  or  feigned  insanity  there  has 
been  much  controversy.  He  shows  the  unfitness  of  a 
thoughtful  man  who  sees  both  sides  of  a subject  to  deal 
with  questions  requiring  prompt  action  under  extraordi- 
nary circumstances. 

Hamlet.  All  opera  by  Ambroise  Thomas,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1808.  The  French  words  are 
by  Barbier  and  Carrd,  after  Shakspere.  It  was  produced 
in  London  in  Italian  as  “Amleto  ” in  1869. 

Hamley  (ham'li),  Sir  Edward  Bruce.  Born  at 
Bodmin,  Cornwall,  April  27, 1824  : died  Aug.  12, 
1893.  A British  soldier  and  author.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1843 ; served  in  the  Crimean  war ; was  professor  of 
military  history  at  the  Staff  College,  Sandhurst,  1859-65,  and 
commandant  of  the  Staff  College  1870-77 ; was  chief  of  the 
commission  for  the  delimitation  of  the  Balkan  and  Arme- 
nian frontiers  1879-80 ; and  commanded  a division  in  the 
Egyptian  war  of  1882.  Among  his  works  are  “ The  Opera- 
tions of  War  Explained  and  Illustrated  ” (1866),  and  “ The 
Strategical  Conditions  of  our  Indian  Northwest  Frontier” 
(1879). 

Hamlin  (kamTin),  Hannibal.  Born  at  Paris, 
Maine,  Aug.  27,  1809 : died  at  Bangor,  Maine, 
July  4, 1891.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  a 
memberof  Congressfrom  Maine  1843-47;  United  States  sen- 
ator 1848-57 ; governor  of  Maine  in  1857 ; United  States  sen- 
ator 1857-61;  Vice-President  1861-65;  United  States  senator 
1869-81 ; and  United  States  minister  to  Spain  1881-83.  He 
was  originally  a Democrat,  but  differed  with  his  party  on 
the  question  of  slavery,  and  joiued  the  Republicans  about 
1855. 

Hamm  (ham).  Atown  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ahse 
and  Lippe,  22  miles  south-southeast  of  Mun- 
ster. It  manufactures  engines,  tacks,  etc.;  is  an  impor- 
tant railway  junction  ; and  has  warm  baths.  It  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  county  of  Mark.  Population,  com- 
mune, 38,429. 

Hammarskjold  (ham'mar-shfdd),  Lorenzo 
(originally  Lars).  Born  at  Tuna,  in  the  laen 
of  Kalmar,  Sweden,  April  7,  1785;  died  at 
Stockholm,  Qct.  15, 1827.  A Swedish  critic  and 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  “Svenska  Vitterketen” 
(“Swedish  Belles-Lettres,”  1818-19:  revised 
edition  1833). 

Hamme  (ham'me).  A town  in  the  province  of 
East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Durme 
20  miles  northwest  of  Brussels.  Population, 
commune,  14,566. 

Hammelburg  (ham'mel-borG).  A small  town 
in  Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  on  the  Franco- 
nian Saale  22  miles  north  of  Wurzburg. 

Hammer  (hiim'mer),  Friedrich  Julius.  Born 
at  Dresden,  June  7,  1810:  died  at  Pillnitz,  near 
Dresden,  Aug.  23,  1862.  A German  poet  and 
novelist.  His  works  include  the  novel  “Leben  und 
Trunin  " (1839),  the  poetical  collection  “Schau  um  dich 
und  schau  in  dich  ” (1851),  etc. 

Hammer  (kam'er),  The.  A popular  surname 
of  Judas  Maccabseus. 

Hammer  and  Scourge  of  England,  The.  A 

surname  of  William  Wallace. 

Hammerfest  (kam'mer-fest).  A seaport  in  the 
amt  of  Finmarken,  Norway,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Kvalo  in  lat.  70°  40'  N.,long.  23°  40' 
E.  It  exports  fish,  train-oil,  etc.,  and  has  trade  with 
Russia.  It  is  a favorite  starting-point  for  arctic  expedi- 
tions, and  is  often  visited  by  tourists.  Population,  about 
2,500. 


478 

Hammer  of  Heretics,  The.  [L.  Malleus  He- 
reticorwm.]  A surname  of  Pierre  d’Ailly,  presi- 
dent of  the  Council  of  Constance  1414-18,  and 
also  of  St.  Augustine. 

Hammer  of  Scotland,  The.  A surname  of 
King  Edward  I.  of  England. 

Hammer-Purgstall  (ham'mer-pdrg'stal),  Jo- 
seph Von.  Born  at  Gratz,  Styria,  June  9, 1774: 
died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  23,  1856.  An  Austrian 
Orientalist  and  historian.  He  published  “ Ge- 
schichte  des  osmanischen  Reichs”  (1827-34),  “ Geschichte 
der  goldenen  Horde”  (1840),  “Geschichte  der  osmanis- 
chen Dichtkunst  ” (1836-38),  “ Geschichte  der  arabischen 
Litteratur  ” (1850-57),  Oriental  texts,  etc. 

Hammersmith  (ham'er-smith).  A borough 
(metropolitan)  of  London,  situated  north  of  the 
Thames,  6 miles  west  by  south  of  St.  Paul’s : 
formerly  noted  for  market-gardens.  It  returns  l 
member  to  Parliament.  Population,  121,603,  (1911). 

Hammond  (ham'ond),  Henry.  Born  at  Chertsey, 
Aug.  18,  1605:  died  at  Westwood,  Worcester- 
shire, April  25,  1660.  An  English  divine  and 
scholar.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in 
1622  ; obtained  the  living  of  Penshurst,  Kent,  in  1633 ; be- 
came archdeacon  of  Chichester  in  1643 ; sided  with  the 
Royalists  in  the  civil  war;  and  was  a canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1645-48.  Hammond  was  a chaplain  of  the 
king,  but  was  not  allowed  to  attend  him  in  his  last  days. 
He  settled  at  Westwood  in  Worcestershire  about  1649,  aud 
remained  there  until  his  death.  He  was  a voluminous 
writer. 

Hammond,  James  Henry.  Born  at  New- 
berry, S.  C.,  Nov.  15,  1807:  died  at  Beach  Isl- 
and, S.  C.,  Nov.  13,  1864.  An  American  poli- 
tician, governor  of  South  Carolina  1842—44,  and 
United  States  senator  1857-60. 

Hammond,  Samuel.  Born  in  Richmond  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  21,  1757 : died  at  Horse  Creek,  Ga., 
Sept.  11,  1842.  An  American  Revolutionary 
commander  and  politician.  He  fought  with  distinc- 
tion at  King’s  Mountain,  Cowpens,  Eutaw,  and  other  bat- 
tles in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  ; wasmilitary  and  civil 
commandant  of  Upper  Louisiana  1805-24  ; and  was  secre- 
tary of  state  in  South  Carolina  1831-35. 

Hammond,  William  Alexander.  Born  at  An- 
napolis, Md.,  Aug.  28,  1828:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Jan.  5,  1900.  An  American  physi- 
cian, surgeon-general  of  the  army  1862-64. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Military  Hygiene  ” (1863),  “ Insan- 
ity in  its  Medico-Legal  Relations ”(1866),  “Diseases  of  the 
Nervous  System”  (1871),  “Insanity  in  its  Relations  to 
Crime  ” (1873),  “ Spiritualism,  etc.  ” (1876),  “ Cerebral  Hy- 
pencmia,  etc.”  (1878),  “On  Certain  Conditions  of  Nervous 
Derangement  ” (1881).  Among  his  novels  are  “Robert  Se- 
veme”  (1866),  “Dr.  Grattan”  (1884),  “Lai”  (1884),  “On 

+the  Susquehanna” (1887),  etc. 

Hammurabi  (kam-mo-ra/be).  The  first  king  of 
all  Babylonia,  with  residence  in  the  city  of  Baby- 
lon. In  his  long  reign  (2267-2213  B.  c.)  he  showed  him- 
self great  alike  in  war  and  peace.  He  drove  out  the  rem- 
nants of  the  Elamitic  invaders,  united  North  and  South 
Babylonia  (Shumir  and  Akkad)  under  his  sway,  and  made 
Babylon  the  metropolis  of  the  united  kingdom,  which  it 
remained  during  the  whole  of  its  existence  for  nearly  2,000 
years,  so  that  he  may  be  termed  the  founder  of  the  Baby- 
lonian empire.  After  freeing  and  uniting  the  country,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  its  protection  and  interior  prosper- 
ity. To  obviate  the  disastrous  inundations  and  at  the 
same  time  to  provide  the  country  with  water,  he  executed 
one  of  the  greatest  works,  the  excavation  of  a gigantic  ca- 
nal, named  after  him  nahr- Hammurabi,  later  famous  as 
“the  royal  canal  of  Babylon.”  Besfdes  this,  he  constructed 
a great  walk  along  the  Tigris,  and  erected  many  temples. 
Numerous  inscriptions  of  him  have  survived. 

Hamoaze  (ham-oz').  The  estuary  of  the  river 
Tamar,  near  Plymouth,  England. 

Hamon  (a-mon'),  Jean  Louis.  Born  at  Plouha, 
Cotes-du-Nord,  France,  May  5,  1821:  died  at 
St. -Raphael,  Var,  France,  May  29,  1874.  A 
French  painter,  chiefly  of  genre  scenes. 

Hampden  (hamp'den),  John.  Born  at  London 
in  1594  : died  at  Thame,  Oxfordshire,  England, 
June  24, 1643.  A celebrated  English  statesman. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1621,  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  patriotic  party  in  the  Short  and  Long  Parliaments,  and 
was  one  of  the  “ five  members"  impeached  by  Charles  I. 

1642.  He  commanded  a regiment  for  the  Parliament  1642- 

1643,  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Chalgrove  Field,  June 
18, 1643.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  defendant  in  the  case  of 
the  King  v.  John  Hampden  before  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
1637-38,  for  resisting  the  collection  of  the  obsolete  tax  of 
ship-money,  which  Charles  I.  attempted  to  revive  without 
the  authority  of  Parliament.  The  case  was  decided  against 
him,  but  in  1641  the  House  of  Lords  ordered  the  judgment 
to  be  cancelled. 

Hampden-Sidney  College.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  near  Farmville,  Prince  Ed- 
ward County,  southern  Virginia : founded  in 
1775,  and  chartered  in  1783.  It  has  about  10 
instructors  and  130  students. 

Hampshire  (kamp ' shir),  or  Southampton 
(suTH-kamp'ton) : abbreviated  Hants  (hants). 
[ME.  Hamtonshire,  Hantesshire,  AS.  Hamtun- 
scir,  from  Ham  tun,  Hampton  (Southampton), 
and  scir,  shire.]  A maritime  county  of  England, 
bounded  by  Berkston  the  north,  Surrey  and  Sus- 
sex on  the  east,  the  English  Channel  on  the 


Hancock,  Albany 

south,  and  Wilts  and  Dorset  on  the  west,  it  in- 
cludes the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  is  traversed  by  the  North  and 
South  Downs.  The  N ew  Forest  is  situated  in  the  southwest 
of  it.  It  contains  many  Roman  antiquities.  Area  (ad. 
co.),  1,626  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  797,634. 

Hampstead  (hamp'sted).  [AS.  Hamstede, 
homestead.]  A borough  (metropolitan)  of  Lon- 
don, situated  4£  miles  northwest  of  St.  Paul’s. 
It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  mineral  springs,  and  as  a 
literary  center.  It  returns  1 member  to  Parliament. 
Hampstead  Heath  is  a well-known  pleasure-resort.  Popu- 
lation, 85,510,  (1911). 

Hampton  (hamp'ton).  A village  in  Middlesex, 
England,  14  miles  west-southwest  of  London. 
Population,  6,813. 

Hampton.  The  capital  of  Elizabeth  City  Coun- 
ty, Virginia,  situated  on  Hampton  Roads  15 
miles  north-northwest  of  Norfolk:  seat  of 
Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Institute 
(which  see).  Population,  5,505,  (1910). 
Hampton  Court.  A royal  palace  on  the  Thames 
12  miles  from  Charing  Cross,  built  by  Cardinal 
Wolsey.  Agreatpartof  the  highly  picturesque  battle- 
mented  Tudor  buildings  in  red  brick,  surrounding  3 courts, 
still  remains.  The  property  originally  consisted  of  about 
1,000  acres  of  more  or  less  barren  land  belonging  to  the 
Knight  Hospitallers  of  St.John  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  leased 
from  the  Priory  of  St.  John  in  1515  by  Thomas  Wolsey,  arch- 
bishop of  York  and  primate  of  England,  who  erected  the 
original  Gothic  palace.  In  1526  he  surrendered  the  estate 
to  Henry  VIII.,  who  added  the  chapel  andgreat  hall  1531-36. 
In  the  reign  of  William  III.,  the  great  facade,  modern 
state  apartments  and  a gallery  for  the  cartoons  of  Raphael 
were  added  by  Sir  Christopher  W ren.  The  front  on  the  fine 
French  gardens  islater,  in  theRenaissance  style.  The  great 
hall,  106  by  40  feet,  and  60  feet  high,  possesses  a handsome 
open-framed  roof  With  elaborate  pendants.  The  state  apart- 
ments are  filled  with  paintings,  many  of  them  noted  works. 
The  cartoons  by  Raphael  have  been  removed  to  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  A part  of  the  palace  is  now  occu- 
pied by  persons  of  good  family  in  reduced  circumstances. 
Hampton  Court  is  most  intimately  associated  with  James 
I.  and  William  III.,  and  was  a place  of  imprisonment  of 
Charles  I. 

Hampton  Court  Conference.  A conference 
appointed  by  James  I.,  at  Hampton  Court,  in 
1604,  to  settle  the  disputes  between  the  Puritan 
party  and  the  High-Church  party  in  the  Church 
of  England.  It  was  conducted  on  three  days  (Jan.  14, 
16,  and  18),  and  resulted  in  a few  alterations  of  the  liturgy, 
but  entirely  failed  to  secure  the  objects  sought  by  the 
Puritans.  An  important  indirect  result  of  it  was  the  re- 
vision of  the  Bible  called  the  King  James’s  or  authorized 
version,  which  was  suggested  at  that  time. 

Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Insti- 
tute. A training-school  for  negroes  and  Indians, 
situated  near  Hampton,  Virginia,  established  by 
General  S.  C.  Armstrong  in  1868,  and  incorpo- 
rated by  the  State  of  Virginia  in  1870.  Its  object 
is  to  train  young  men  aud  women  of  the  negro  and  Indian 
races  to  become  teachers  among  their  own  people. 
Hampton  Roads  (hamp'ton  rodz).  A channel 
connecting  the  estuary  of  James  River  with 
Chesapeake  Bay,  situated  south  of  Fort  Monroe, 
Virginia.  Here,  March8, 1862,  the  Confederate  ironclad 
Y’irginia  (Merrimac)  destroyed  the  Federal  frigates  Cum- 
berland and  Congress ; and  the  following  day  there  was  a 
contest  between  the  Virginia  and  the  ironclad  Monitor, 
the  former  retiring.  This  was  the  first  engagement  be- 
tween ironclads.  See  Monitor. 

Hampton,  Wade.  Born  in  South  Carolina  in 
1754  : died  at  Columbia,  S.  C.,  Feb.  4, 1835.  An 
American  general  and  politician.  He  served  with 
distinction  under  Clarion  and  Sumter  in  the  Revolution  ; 
obtained  the  rank  of  major-general  in  1813  ; was  repulsed 
in  an  attack  on  Sir  George  Prevost  at  Chafeaugay,  Oct.  26, 
1813  ; and  frustrated  the  expedition  against  Montreal  by 
his  unwillingness  to  cooperate  with  his  rival,  General 
AVilkinson. 

Hampton,  Wade.  Born  at  Columbia,  S.  C., 
March  28, 1818:  died  there,  April  11, 1902.  An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service, 
and  politician,  grandson  of  Wade  Hampton 
(1754-1835).  He  was  an  able  cavalry  commander  in  the 
Civil  War,  commanding  the  Hampton  Legion  at  Bull  Run 
1861,  and  serving  with  distinction  at  Seven  Pines,  Antie- 
tam,  Gettysburg,  etc.  He  was  governor  of  South  Carolina 
1876-79,  and  United  States  senator  from  that  State  1879-91. 
Hamun  (ha-mon').  A large  morass  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Baluchistan. 
Hanafites  (han'a-fits).  The  oldest  and  most 
important  of  the  four  orthodox  sects  of. Sunnite 
Mohammedans,  founded  by  Abu-Hanifah  of  Al- 
Kufah  (about  700-770),  a puritan  in  doctrine 
and  the  author  of  a system  of  jurisprudence. 
Also  Hanifites. 

Hanau  (ha'nou).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Kinzig  and  Main,  10  miles  east  of  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main.  It  has  flourishing  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures. The  Grimm  brothers  were  born  there.  It  was  the 
capital  of  an  ancient  countship  of  Hanau.  Here,  Oct.  30, 
1813,  Napoleon,  with  70,000  men,  encountered  on  the  retreat 
from  Leipsic  an  Austro-Bavarian  army  of  30,000  men  under 
Wrede,  who  w as  compelled  to  retire  after  having  inflicted 
severe  losses  on  the  French.  Population,  commune, 
31,637. 

Hancock  (han'kok),  Albany.  Born  at  New- 
castle-on-Tvne,  Dee.  24,  1806 : died  there,  Oct. 


Hancock,  Albany 

24, 1873.  An  English  zoologist.  He  wrote,  with 
Adler,  “ Monograph  of  British  Nudibranchiate 
Mollusca”  (1845-55),  etc. 

Hancock  (han'kok),  John.  Born  at  Quincy, 
Mass.,  Jan.  12, 1737:  died  at  Quincy,  Oct.  8,1793. 
A noted  American  statesman.  He  was  president 
of  the  Provincial  Congress  1774-75  ; president  of  Congress 
1775-77 ; the  first  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence ; and  governor  of  Massachusetts  1780-85  andl787-93. 

Hancock,  Winfield  Scott.  Born  at  Montgom- 
ery Square,  Pa.,  Feb.  14,  1824:  died  at  Gov- 
ernor’s Island,  near  New  York,  Feb.  9,  1886. 
An  eminent  American  general.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1844 ; served  as  a lieutenant  in  the  Mexican 
war;  was  commissioned  a brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War ; served  under  McClellan 
in  the  Peninsular  campaign ; commanded  the  first  divi- 
sion of  the  second  corps  at  Antietam  Sept.  17,  1802,  and 
at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1862 ; commanded  a corps  at 
Gettysburg,  July  1-3,  1803,  and  at  Spottsylvania  Court 
House  (where  he  took  4,000  prisoners),  May  12,  1801 ; was 
commander  of  the  military  department  of  the  Atlantic 
1872-86;  and  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate 
for  the  presidency  in  1880. 

Hancock  House.  An  old  house  formerly  stand- 
ing in  Boston,  Massachusetts.  It  was  built  in  1737, 
and  was  the  residence  of  Governor  John  Hancock  1780-93. 
It  was  demolished  in  1863. 

Handegg  Fall  (han'deg  fal).  A cascade  of  the 
Aare,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Bernese  Ober- 
land,  Switzerland.  Height,  250  feet. 

Handel  (han'del), George  Frederick,  G.  Georg 
Friedrich  Handel.  Born  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Feb. 
23, 1685 : died  at  London,  April  14, 1759.  A cele- 
brated German  composer.  He  studied  with  Zachau, 
organist  of  the  cathedral  at  HaUe,  for  3 years.  He  then 
went  to  Berlin,  where  his  powers  of  improvisation  caused 
him  to  be  regarded  as  a prodigy ; then  to  Halle,  where  his 
father  died.  It  became  necessary  for  him  to  support  his 
mother,  and  he  went  to  Hamburg,  where  he  entered  the 
orchestra  of  the  Opera  House  as  “ violino  di  ripieno."  He 
soon  became  known,  and  was  made  conductor.  In  1705 
his  first  opera,  “Almira,"  was  produced  there.  In  1706  he 
went  to  Italy.  Returning  to  Germany  in  1709,  he  accepted 
the  position  of  kapellmeister  from  the  Elector  of  Han- 
over, on  condition  that  he  should  be  allowed  to  visit  Eng- 
land, having  already  received  pressing  invitations  to  do 
so.  He  first  wentto  London  in  1710.  His  opera  “Rinaldo” 
was  produced  there  in  1711.  He  undertook  the  direction 
of  the  Italian  opera  in  1720.  Buononcini  and  Ariosti,  both 
of  whom  he  had  known  at  Halle,  also  went  to  London 
about  this  time  and  formed  an  opposition  to  him,  which 
gave  rise  to  much  feeling  and  to  Byrom’s  epigram  ending 
“Strange  all  this  difference  should  be 
’ Twixt  Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee ! ” 

From  1729-34  he  was  in  partnership  with  Heidegger  at  the 
King's  Theatre.  In  1737  he  became  bankrupt.  In  1739, 
when  he  was  about  54,  he  began  to  compose  the  oratorios 
which  made  him  famous.  In  1752  he  was  attacked  by  cata- 
ract, and  was  couched  three  times,  but  without  success.  He 
was  nearly  if  not  entirely  blind  for  the  rest  of  his  life,  but 
continued  to  preside  at  the  organ  during  his  own  oratorios. 
His  fame  increased,  and  the  animosity  which  had  pursued 
him  during  his  earlier  years  died  away.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  oratorios  “Esther”  (1720),  “Saul"  (1739),  “Israel 
in  Egypt  "(1739),  “The  Messiah  " (1742),  “ Samson  ’’(1743), 
“ J udas  Maccabseus  ’’  (1747),  “ Joshua  ” (1748),  ‘ ‘ J ephthah  ’’ 
(1752),  etc.  He  wrote  27  oratorios,  more  than  40  operas, 

“ Acis  and  Galatea"  and  “Alexander’s  Feast”  (cantatas), 
besides  a great  deal  of  church  ami  chamber  music,  odes, 
songs,  etc.  See  his  “Life ” by  Mainwaring,  Scholcher,  and 
Chrysander. 

Handel  and  Haydn  Society.  An  American 
musical  society,  founded  at  Boston  in  1815. 
Handel  Society.  1 . An  English  society  for  the 
publication  of  Handel’s  works,  formed  in  1843 
and  dissolved  in  1848.  His  works  were  issued 
1843-58. — 2.  [G.  Hdndel-Gesmschaft.’]  A Ger- 
man society  for  the  publication  of  Handel’s 
works,  formed  in  1856.  These  works  were 
published  1859-94  under  the  editorship  of 
Chrysander. 

Handsome  Swordsman,  The.  [F.  Le  beau  sa- 
breur .]  A surname  given  to  Murat. 

Han  dynasty.  See  the  extract. 

In  the  year  207  B.  0.  another  period  of  anarchy  was 
ended  by  Kaou-te,  who,  gathering  up  again  all  China  under 
his  rule,  founded  the  celebrated  Han  dynasty,  which  flour- 
ished till  220  A.  I). , or,  roughly  speaking,  from  the  days  of 
Hannibal  to  those  of  Caracalla. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  16. 

Haneberg  (ha'ne-bero),  Daniel  Bonifacius 

von.  Bom  at  Tanne,  near  Kempten,  Bavaria, 
June  17,  1816:  died  at  Spires,  Bavaria,  May 
31,  1876.  A German  Roman  Catholic  prelate 
and  theologian.  He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Mu- 
nich 1841-51,  abbot  1844,  and  bishop  of  Spires  1872.  He 
wrote  various  theological,  historical,  and  polemical  works. 

Hanega  (han'e-ga).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  on  the  west  coast  of  Prince  of 
Wales  Island,  Alaska.  They  number  about 
500.  See  Eoluschan. 

Hanes  (ha'nez).  An  ancient  Egyptian  city 
(Isa.  xxx.  4).  See  the  extract. 

But  what  and  where  was  Hanes?  The  Greek  translators 
of  the  Old  Testament,  labouring  in  Egypt,  could  not  tell; 
the  patient  Chaldees  who  paraphrased  the  Scripture  in 
the  vulgar  tongue  of  Palestine  could  not  tell.  Gesenius, 
that  prince  of  modern  Hebrew  scholars,  guessed  that 


479 

Hanes  must  be  the  city  which  the  Copts  called  Hnes,  the 
Greeks  Heracleopolis,  the  town  of  Hercules,  one  the  civil, 
the  other  the  religious  name. 

^ Poole,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  31. 

Hang-chau,  or  Hangchow  (hang'chou).  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Che-kiang,  China,  sit- 
uated near  the  river  Tsien-tang,  about  lat.  30° 
20'  N.,  long.  120°  8'  E.  It  was  long  noted  for  its 
trade  and  its  silk  manufactures,  and  as  a literary  center. 
It  was  held  by  the  Taipings  1861-64.  Population,  350,000. 

Hango-Udde  (hiing'ge-6'de).  A seaport  in  Fin- 
land, situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  in  lat.  59°  51'  N.,  long.  22°  57'  E. 
Here,  Aug.  7,  1714,  the  Russians  defeated  and 
captured  the  Swedish  admiral  Ehrenskjold. 
Han-hai  (han-hi').  A name  of  the  western  part 
of  the  Gobi  desert,  or  of  that  desert  itself. 
Hanifites.  See  Hanafites. 

Hanka  (hank'a),  Vaclav.  Born  near  Konig- 
gratz,  Bohemia,  June  10,  1791:  died  at  Prague, 
J an.  12, 1861.  A Bohemian  philologist  and  poet, 
author  of  grammatical  works  on  Bohemian  and 
other  Slavic  languages. 

Hanke,  or  Haenke  (henk'e),  Thaddeus.  Born 
at  Kreibitz,  Bohemia,  Oct.  5,  1761 : died  near 
Cochabamba,  Upper  Peru,  Dec.,  1817.  A Bo- 
hemian botanist.  As  naturalist  of  Malaspina’s  expe- 
dition, he  wentto  Peru,  1790 ; and,  after  visiting  Chile,  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico,  and  the  Philippines,  fixed  his  residence  in 
Cochabamba,  1796,  founding  a botanical  garden.  Thence 
he  made  various  excursions.  He  published  in  Spanish  a 
work  on  the  Peruvian  tributaries  of  the  Amazon.  His  bo- 
tanical writings  were  printed  after  his  death. 

Hankel  (hank'el), Wilhelm  Gottlieb.  Born  at 
Ermsleben.  Prussia,  May  17, 1814:  died  at  Leip- 
eic,  Feb.  17,  1899.  A German  physicist,  pro- 
fessor of  physics  at  Leipsic  1849-99,  best  known 
for  his  researches  in  electricity.  His  investi- 
gations have  been  principally  of  the  thermo- 
electric properties  of  crystals. 

Hankow,  or  Han-kau  (han-kou').  A river  port 
in  the  province  of  Hu-peh,  China,  situated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Han  with  the  Yangtse, 
opposite  Hanyang  and  nearly  opposite  Wu- 
chang, in  lat.  30°  33'  N.,  long.  114°  20'  E.  it  was 
opened  to  foreign  trade  in  1861,  and  exports  tea.  Popu- 
lation,  820,000. 

Hanley  (han'li).  A town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, 31  miles  south  of  Manchester.  It  is  noted 
for  its  pottery  manufacture,  and  returns  1 member  to  Par- 
liament. In  1910  it  became  a part  of  Stoke-upon-Trent. 

Hannah  (han'a).  [Heb.,  ‘ grace Gr.  ’Ai >va.~] 
A wife  of  Elkanak,  and  mother  of  the  prophet 
Samuel. 

Hannay  (han'a,,/,  Janies.  Born  at  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1827 : died  at  Barcelona, 
Spain,  Jan.  9,  1873.  A British  critic,  novelist, 
and  miscellaneous  author.  From  1840-45  he  was  a 
midshipman  in  the  royal  navy,  and  consul  at  Barcelona 
1868-73.  Among  his  works  are  “ Satire  and  Satirists  ’’ 

' (1854),  “ Studies  on  Thackeray  ” (1869),  the  novels  “Single- 
ton  Fontenoy  ” (1850),  “ Eustace  Conyers  ’’  (1855),  and  crit- 
ical essays. 

Hannibal  (han'i-bal).  [Punic, ‘grace  of  Baal’; 
L.  Hannibal , F.  Hannibal,  Annibal,  It.  Annibale, 
Sp.  Anibal .]  Born  247  B.  C. : committed  suicide 
at  Libyssa,  Bithynia,  probably  183  b.  c.  A fa- 
mous Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Hamilcar 
Barca.  He  accompanied  his  father  to  Spain  about  238 ; 
succeeded  Hasdrubal  as  commander  of  the  army  in  221 ; 
completed  the  conquest  of  Spain  south  of  the  Ebro  221- 
219  ; besieged  and  took  Saguntum  in  219 ; crossed  the  Alps, 
probably  by  way  of  the  Little  St.  Bernard,  in  218  ; gained 
the  victories  of  the  Ticino  and  the  Trebia  in  218,  of  Lake 
Trasimene  in  217,  and  of  Cannae  in  216 ; wintered  at  Capua 
216-215 ; captured  Tarentum  in 212 ; marched  against  Rome 
in  211 ; and  was  recalled  to  Africa  in  203.  He  was  defeated 
by  Scipio  Africanus  Major  at  Zama  202.  He  became  the 
chief  magistrate  of  Cartilage,  and  about  195  was  exiled  to 
Syria,  and  later  to  Bithynia. 

Hannibal.  A city  in  Marion  County,  Missouri, 
situated  on  the  Mississippi  in  lat.  39°  44'  N., 
long.  91°  23'  W.  It  is  an  important  railway, 
commercial,  and  manufacturing  center.  Popu- 
lation, 18,341,  (1910). 

Hannington  (han'ing-ton),  James.  Born  near 
Brighton,  England,  Sept.  3,  1847 : killed  near 
Lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  Oct.  29, 1885.  An  Eng- 
lish divine,  bishop  of  eastern  equatorial  Africa. 

He  sailed  as  a missionary  for  Africa  in  March,  1882,  but 
shortly  returned  to  England.  He  was  appointed  bishop, 
and  returned  to  Africa  in  1884.  In  1885  he  headed  an  ex- 
pedition to  open  up  a route  to  Victoria  Nyanza.  With  a 
small  party  he  reached  the  lake,  but  was  captured  by  the 
natives  and  murdered. 

Hanno  (han'o).  King  of  Gaza,  one  of  the  five 
confederate  cities  of  the  Philistines.  He  is  often 
mentioned  by  the  name  of  Hanunu  in  the  Assyrian  in- 
scriptions, and  was  involved  in  the  conflict  between  As- 
syria and  Egypt,  Gaza  being  the  frontier  fortress  on  the 
Egyptian  highway  barring  the  road  to  the  south.  He  is 
first  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  III.  (745- 
727),  against  whom  he  rebelled,  but  at  the  approach  of 
whose  army  (about  732)  he  fled  to  Egypt.  Afterward  he  al- 
lied himself  with  Sabaco,  the  Ethiopian  king  of  Egypt  (the 
biblical  So,  Assyrian  Sabe),  against  Sargou  II.  (722-705), 


Hanover 

shared  the  defeat  of  Sabaco  in  the  memorable  battle  of 
Raphia  (720),  and  was  carried  captive  to  Assyria. 

Hanno  (han'o).  Lived  probably  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A Carthaginian  navigator  who  led 
a colonizing  expedition  to  the  western  coast  of 
Africa.  An  account  of  his  voyage  is  extant  in  a Greek 
translation  (“  Periplus  ”). 

“In  the  flourishing  times  of  Carthage  ” (no  nearer  date 
is  known),  Hanno  and  Himilco,  two  brothers  belonging  to 
the  dominant  clan  of  Mago,  were  despatched  by  the  Senate 
to  find  new  trading  stations,  and  to  found  new  colonies  of 
the  half-bred  “ Liby-Phcenician  ” population,  from  whose 
presence  the  State  was  always  anxious  to  be  freed.  Each 
admiral  was  in  command  of  a powerful  fleet.  Hanno  was 
directed  to  go  south  from  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  and  to 
skirt  the  African  coast ; Himilco  was  in  like  manner  di- 
rected to  keep  to  the  coast  of  Spain.  The  records  of  both 
voyages  were  long  preserved  upon  tablets  in  the  temple 
of  Moloch  ; and  Hanno ’s  account  is  still  extant  in  a Greek 
translation.  Himilco’s  tablet  is  lost,  though  it  seems  to 
have  been  extant  as  late  as  the  fourth  century  of  the 
Christian  era ; hut  its  form  is  known  from  the  “ Periplus 
of  Hanno,  ’’  and  its  substance  is,  to  some  extent,  preserved 
in  tlie  extracts  of  Avienus. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  20. 
Hanno  (han'o),  surnamed  “The  Great.”  Lived 
in  the  3d  century  b.  c.  A leader  of  the  aristo- 
cratic party  at  Carthage,  an  opponent  of  Hamil- 
car Barca  and  Hannibal. 

Hanno,  or  Anno  (an'o),  Saint.  Killed  1075. 
An  archbishop  of  Cologne.  He  became  chancellor 
of  the  empire  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  and  was  elevated 
to  the  see  of  Cologne  in  1056.  In  1062,  placing  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  princes  disaffected  with  the  administra- 
tion of  the  regent  Agnes  of  Poitou,  he  abducted  the  young 
king  Henry  I V.  from  Kaiserswei  th  to  Cologne,  and  usurped 
the  regency. 

Hannover  (han-no'ver),  Eng.  Hanover  (han'- 
o-ver),  F.  Hanovre  (a-nov'r).  A province  of 
Prussia.  Capital,  Hannover.  The  main  portion  is 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea,  Oldenburg,  Schleswig  Hol- 
stein, and  Hamburg  (separated  from  these  two  by  the  Elbe) 
on  the  north,  Mecklenburg  and  Brandenburg  (separated  by 
the  Elbe)  on  the  northeast,  the  province  of  Saxony  on  the 
east,  Brunswick,  Waldeck,  Lippe,  Sohaumburg-Lippe, 
and  Westphalia  on  the  south,  and  the  Netherlands  and 
Oldenburg  on  the  west.  It  is  nearly  cut  in  two  by  Olden- 
burg. South  of  it  is  a detached  portion,  separated  by  Bruns- 
wick, and  reaching  south  to  Hesse-Nassau,  and  there  are 
several  minor  exclaves.  The  surface  is  generally  level ; the 
Harz,  W eser  hills,  and  Teutoburger  Wald  are  in  the  south. 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Ems,  Weser  (with  the  Aller  and 
Leine),  and  Elbe.  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture. 
In  the  south  are  mines  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  copper,  and  silver. 
There  are  considerable  manufactures.  The  province  is  di- 
vided into6  districts — Hannover,  Hildesheim,Osnabruek, 
Liineburg,  Aurich,  andStade.  The  great  majority  of  the 
population  is  Protestant,  Hannover  formed  part  of  the 
old  duchy  of  Saxony.  The  Welf  house,  which  had  ac- 
quired Bavaria  in  1070,  obtained  Liineburg,  etc.,  in  1120. 
After  the  deposition  (1180)  of  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of 
Saxony  and  Bavaria,  Ins  son  William  obtained  (1203)  Liine- 
burg,  the  Upper  Harz,  etc.  His  son  Otto  was  made  duke 
of  Brunswick  and  Liineburg  in  1235,  and  acquired 
Celle,  Hannover,  etc.  There  were  various  divisions  and 
reunions,  and  finally  two  main  lines,  Liineburg  and 
Wolfenbiittel.  In  1692  the  principality  of  Liineburg  be- 
came the  electorate  of  Hanover.  The  second  elector, 
George  Louis,  succeeded  to  the  British  throne  as  George  I. 
in  1714  (founder  of  the  British  line  of  Hanover,  Bruns- 
wick, or  the  Guelfs : see  George  /.).  The  duchies  of  Bre- 
men and  Verden  were  acquired  in  1719.  Hannover  was 
occupied  by  the  French  in  1803  ; was  ceded  to  Prussia  in 
1805  ; and  was  taken  from  Prussia  in  1807.  Part  of  it  was 
allotted  to  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia  in  1807,  and  another 
portion  in  1810.  It  was  liberated  in  1813.  By  the  Con 
gress  of  Vienna  (1814-15)  it  was  raised  to  a kingdom,  and 
received  accessions  (East  Friesland,  Hildesheim,  etc.).  It 
entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815.  A constitu- 
tion was  given  to  it  in  1833,  which  was  suspended  in  1837. 
Hannover  w as  separated  from  Great  Britain  in  1837,  Ernest 
Augustus,  duke  of  Cumberland,  succeeding  King  William 
of  England.  An  alliance  between  Prussia,  Hannover,  and 
Saxony  was  formed  in  1849.  Hannover  sided  with  Austria 
against  Prussia  in  1866.  It  was  annexed  to  Prussia  in  1866. 
The  Duke  of  Cumberland  (representative  of  the  house  of 
the  Guelfs)  resigned  his  claims  on  Hannover  in  1892,  re- 
ceiving in  exchange  from  Prussia  the  “Guelf  fund.”  (See 
Brunswick.)  Area,  14,870  square  miles.  Population,  2,- 
759,544. 

Hannover,  Eng.  Hanover.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Leine  in  lat.  52°  23'  N.,  long.  9°  43'  E. 

It  has  recently  become  an  important  railway,  commercial, 
and  manufacturing  center.  It  manufactures  iron,  ma- 
chinery, etc.  Among theobjects of interestarethe Waterloo 
column,  war  monument,  Kestner  museum,  palace,  Markt- 
kirche,  museum,  picture-gallery,  Rathaus,  and  theater. 
Near  the  city  are  the  Herrenhausen  castle  and  the  polytech- 
nic school  (former  Welfen-Schloss).  It  was  an  ancient 
Hanseatic  town  and  a former  ducal  and  royal  capital. 
Population,  with  suburbs,  299,753,  (1910). 

Hanoi  (ha-nd'i),  or  Kesho  (kesh'o).  The  capi- 
tal of  Tongking,  situated  about  lat.  21°  10'  N., 
long.  105°  40'  E.,  on  the  river  Sangkoi  or  Song- 

+ka.  It  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1882. 
Hanotaux  (han-6-td'),  Albert  Auguste  Ga- 
briel. Born  at  Beaurevoir,  Aisue,  France, 
Nov.  19,  1853.  A French  author  and  statesman, 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1894-95  and  1896-98. 
Hanover.  See  Hannover. 

Hanover.  A town  in  Grafton  County,  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  River. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Dartmouth  College  (which  see). 
Population  2,075,  (1910). 


Hanover,  House  of 

Hanover,  House  of.  The  present  reigning 
family  <>l  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland.  See  George  J. 

Hanover,  Treaty  of.  An  alliance  for  mutual 
aid  concluded  between  England,  France,  and 
Prussia,  Sept.,  1725.  It  was  directed  against 
the  union  between  Austria  and  Spain. 

Hanover  Court  House.  The  capital  of  Han- 
over County,  Virginia,  17  miles  north  of  Rich- 
mond. Hero,  May  27,  1802,  the  Union  general  Fitz-John 
Porter  defeated  a force  of  13,000  Confederates.  The  Union 
loss  was  397  ; that  of  the  Confederates,  between  200  and 
300  killed,  and  730  captured. 

Hanover  Square.  A square  in  the  West  End 
of  London,  south  of  Oxford  street  and  west  of 
Regent  street.  It  received  its  name  in  the  days  of  the 
early  popularity  of  George  I.  St.  George’s,  Hanover  Square, 
is  the  most  fashionable  church  for  marriages  in  London : 
it  gives  name  to  one  of  (he  parliamentary  boroughs.  The 
square  was  built  about  1731,  when  the  place  for  executions 
was  removed  from  Tyburn,  lest  the  inhabitants  of  the 
“ new  square”  should  be  annoyed  by  them.  The  bronze 
statue  of  William  Pitt  in  the  square  is  by  Chan  trey  (1831). 
Hare,  London,  II.  138. 

Hansa,  The.  Sec  Hanseatic  League. 

Hansard  (han'sard),  Luke.  Born  at  Norwich, 
England,  July  5,  1752:  died  at  London,  Oct. 
29, 1828.  An  English  printer,  best  known  from 
his  publication  of  parliamentary  reports.  Ho 
printed  the  “Journal  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons” from  1774. 

Hanseatic  League  (han-se-at'ik  leg),  or  the 
German  Hanse  or  Hansa.  A medieval  con- 
federation of  cities  of  northern  Germany  and 
adjacent  countries,  called  the  Hanse  towns,  at 
one  timo  numbering  about  90,  with  affiliated 
cities  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Europe,  for  the  pro- 
motion of  commerce  by  sea  and  land,  and  for 
its  protection  against  pirates,  robbers,  and  hos- 
tile governments.  At  the  height  of  its  prosperity  it 
exercised  sovereign  powers,  made  treaties,  and  often  en- 
forced its  claims  by  arms  in  Scandinavia,  England,  Portu- 
gal, and  elsewhere.  Its  origin  is  commonly  dated  from 
a compact  between  Hamburg  and  Liibeck  in  1241,  al- 
though commercial  unions  of  German  towns  had  existed 
previously.  The  league  held  triennial  general  assem- 
blies (usually  at  Liibeck,  its  chief  seat) ; and,  after  a long 
period  of  decline  and  attempts  at  resuscitation,  the  last 
general  assembly,  representing  6 cities,  was  held  in  1669. 
The  name  was  retained,  however,  by  the  union  of  the  free 
cities  of  Liibeck,  Hamburg,  and  Bremen,  which  are  now 
members  of  the  German  Empire. 

Hansen  (hiin'sen),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Haders- 
leben,  Schleswig,  Nov.  23,  1821 : died  at  Copen- 
hagen, July  11,  1890.  A Danish  architectural 
painter. 

Hansen,  Peter  Andreas.  Born  at  Tondern, 
Schleswig,  Dec.  8,  1795:  died  at  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, March  28,  1874.  A noted  German  as- 
tronomer (originally  a watchmaker),  director 
of  the  observatory  at  Gotha  from  1825.  He 

wrote  “ Methode  zur  Berechnung  der  absoluten  Stbrun- 
gen  derkleinen  Planeten  ”(1856-69),  “Tables  de  la  lune" 
(1857),  “ Tables  du  soldi”  (with  Olafsen,  1854-57),  etc. 

Harisi  (hau'se).  A town  in  the  Panjab,  India, 
80  miles  northwest  of  Delhi.  Population,  over 
16,500. 

Hansom  (han'som),  Joseph  Aloysius.  Born 
at  York,  England,  Oct.  26,  1803 : died  at  Lon- 
don, June  29, 1882.  An  English  architect,  inven- 
tor of  a patent  safety  cab  which  wasnaraed  from 
him  the  “ Hansom.”  The  principal  feature  of  the 
original  vehicle  was  the  “ suspended  ’’  axle.  It  had  no  out- 
side seat. 

Hansteen  (han'stan),  Christopher.  Bom  at 

Christiania,  Norway,  Sept.  26,  1784:  died  at 
Christiania,  April  15,  1873.  A Norwegian  as- 
tronomer and  physicist,  noted  especially  for 
his  researches  in  terrestrial  magnetism.  He 
published  “ Untersuehungen  iiber  den  Magnetismus  der 
Erde"  (1819),  “ Resultate  magnetischer,  etc.,  Beobachtun- 
gen  ” (1863),  etc. 

Hanswurst  (hans'vorst).  [G.,‘ Jack  Sausage.’] 
A conventional  buffoon  in  old  German  comedy. 
See  Gottsched. 

He  was  servant,  messenger,  spy,  intrigant,  and  conjuror, 
and  was  dressed  in  motley  and  provided  with  a crack- 
ing whip,  like  the  old  gleeman.  He  was  obscene  and  vul- 
gar, a great  eater  and  drinker,  a braggart  and  a coward. 
He  was  the  hero  of  farce  and  the  jester  of  tragedy,  and  he 
even  forced  his  way  into  Hamburg  Opera.  ...  He  went 
under  different  names  at  different  periods,  Pickelhering, 
Harlequin,  and  Hanswurst  being  the  most  frequent.  . . . 
As  earty  as  1708  a German  theatre  was  established  in  the 
imperial  capital,  and  its  founder,  Joseph  Stranitzky,  a Si- 
lesian, made  extensive  use  of  the  characters  and  plots  of 
Italian  farce:  he  himself  acted  Harlequin,  to  whom  he 
gave  the  old  German  name  of  Hanswurst,  a title  borne 
occasionally  by  the  clown  of  the  earlier  drama.  He  made 
him  appeal  more  directly  to  the  Viennese.  His  Hanswurst 
came  from  Salzburg,  just  as  the  Italian  Arlecchino  came 
from  Bergamo,  and  both  were  made  to  speak  in  their  na- 
tive dialect.  As  Arlecchino  has  his  own  special  costume, 
made  of  triangular  patches  of  cloth,  so  Hanswurst  always 
appeared  as  a peasant  with  the  characteristic  green  pointed 
hat.  Scherer , Hist.  German  Lit.  (trans.),  I.  398. 


480 

Hantiwi(hiiu-te'we),  or  Hantewa  (hiin-ta/wii). 
An  almost  extinct  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians. See  Palailmihan. 

Hants.  Bee  Hampshire. 

Hanuman  (ha ' no  - miin).  [Skt.,  lit.  ‘having 

(large)  jaws.’]  In  Hindu  mythology,  a monkey 
chief  wlio  is  a conspicuous  figure  in  the  Rama- 
yana.  He  and  the  other  monkeys  who  assisted  Rama  in 
his  war  against  Havana  were  of  divine  origin  and  superhu- 
man powers.  Hanuman  jumped  from  India  to  Geylon  in 
one  bound,  tore  up  trees,  carried  away  the  Himalayas,  and 
performed  other  wonderful  exploits.  Accompanying  Rama 
on  his  return  to  Ayodhya,  he  received  from  him  the  reward 
of  perpetual  life  and  youth.  His  exploits  are  favorite 
topics  among  Hindus  from  childhood  to  old  age,  paintings 
of  them  are  common,  and  there  are  temples  for  his  worship. 
Hanumannataka  (haiT'6-man-nat'a-ka).  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  a drama,  by  various  hands, 
on  the  subject  of  the  adventures  of  the  mon- 
key tdtief  Hanuman,  written  in  the  10th  or  11th 
century. 

Hanway  (han'wa),  Jonas.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  Aug.  12,  1712:  died  at  London,  Bept. 
5, 1786.  An  English  traveler  and  philanthropist. 
He  became  the  partner  of  an  English  merchant  in  St. 
Petersburg  in  1743;  and  1743-44  made  a mercantile  jour- 
ney to  Persia,  in  which  lie  suffered  many  misfortunes. 
He  published  an  account  of  it  in  1753.  His  later  years 
were  occupied  witli  various  philanthropic  schemes,  espe- 
cially in  behalf  of  poor  children.  He  advocated  the  es- 
tablishment of  Sunday-schools.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  habitually  to  cany  an  umbrella  in  the  streets  of 
London. 

Hanyang  (hiin-yiing').  A large  city  in  China, 
nearly  adjoining  Hankow  (which  see). 
Haparanda  (ha-pii-riin'da),  properly  Haapa- 
ranta  (ha-pa-r&n'ta).  A small  town  in  the  laen 
of  Norrbotten,  Sweden,  situated  at  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  opposite  TorneJ,  on  the 
boundary  of  Sweden  and  Finland,  in  lat.  65° 
51'  N.,  long.  24°  2'  E. 

Hapi  (ha'pe).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  Nile 
as  a deity;  the  god  Nilus. 

We  can  more  easily  understand  the  worship  of  the  god 
Hapi,  theNile.  Wecan  readily  realise  that  the  Egyptians 
paid  divine  honours  to  the  river  that  brought  them  all 
blessings.  It  is  true  no  special  temples  seem  to  have  been 
erected  to  this  god,  but  we  find  that  gifts  were  presented 
to  him  everywhere,  and  lie  was  worshipped  as  a god  in 
hymns  and  was  identified  with  other  gods. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion  (trans.),  p.  411. 

Hapitu.  See  Tusayan. 

Happy  Valley,  The.  In  Johnson’s  “ Rasselas,” 
a garden  of  peace  where  the  Prince  of  Abyssinia 
lived.  It  was  almost  impossible  to  get  into  or 
out  of  it.  See  Rasselas. 

Hapsburg  (haps'Mrg;  G.  pron.  liaps'borG),  or 
Habsburg(haps'borG), House  of.  [G. Hapsburg, 
Habsburg,  orig.  Habichtsburg , hawk’s  castle.]  A 
German  princely  family  which  derived  its  name 
from  the  castle  of  Hapsburg  (which  see),  and 
which  has  furnished  sovereigns  to  the  Holy  Ro- 
man Empire,  Austria,  and  Spain.  The  title  Count 
of  Hapsburg  was  assumed  by  Werner  I.,  who  died  in  1096. 
Count  Rudolf  was  elected  emperor  as  Rudolf  I.  in  1273 
and  acquired  Austria,  and  founded  the  imperial  line  which 
reigned  1273-91,  1298-1308,  1438-1740.  The  title  archduke 
of  Austria  was  revived  in  1453.  In  1477  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.  acquired  the  domain  (except  the  duchy)  of  the 
ducal  house  of  Burgundy  by  marriage  with  the  heir- 
ess Mary,  and  in  1490  had  all  the  Hapsburg  possessions 
united  in  his  hands  by  the  abdication  of  Count  Sigismund. 
His  son  Philip  the  Fair  married  Joanna  the  Insane,  queen 
of  Aragon  and  Castile.  Their  eldest  son  became  king  of 
Spain  as  Charles  I.  in  1516,  and  emperor  as  Charles  V.  in 
1519 ; their  second  son  Ferdinand  received  the  Austrian 
crown,  to  which  he  added  by  election  the  kingdoms 
of  Bohemia  and  Hungary.  The  Spanish  line  was  continued 
by  Charles's  son  Philip  II.,  and  reigned  1516-1700.  On  the 
abdication  of  the  imperial  crown  by  Charles  V.  in  1556,  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Ferdinand,  who  continued 
the  imperial  line,  the  last  male  representative  of  which 
was  Charles  VI.  On  the  death  of  Charles  VI.  in  1740,  his 
daughter  Maria  Theresa  succeeded  to  the  Austrian  inher- 
itance by  virtue  of  the  pragmatic  sanction  (which  see). 
Site  married  Francis  I.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  of  the  house 
of  Lorraine,  who  became  emperor  in  1745,  and  founded 
the  Hapsburg-Lorraine  line,  members  of  which  ruled  as 
emperors  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  until  its  abolition  in 
1806,  and  have  since  ruled  as  emperors  of  Austria. 

Hapsburg  Castle.  See  the  extract. 

Hapsburg  is  a castle  (built  about  A.  D.  1020)  in  the  Aar- 
gau  on  the  banks  of  the  Aar,  and  near  the  line  of  railway 
from  Olten  to  Zurich,  from  a point  on  winch  a glimpse  of 
it  maybe  had.  “Within  the  ancient  walls  of  Viudonissa," 
says  Gibbon,  “the  castle  of  Hapsburg,  the  abbey  of  Konigs- 
felden,  and  the  town  of  Brugg  have  successively  arisen. 
The  philosophic  traveller  may  compare  the  monuments  of 
Roman  conquests,  of  feudal  or  Austrian  tyranny,  of  monk- 
ish superstition,  and  of  industrious  freedom.  If  he  be 
truly  a philosopher,  he  will  applaud  the  merit  and  happi- 
ness of  his  own  time.”  Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  213. 

Hapur  (ha-por').  A town  near  Meerut,  India. 
Har.  Same  as  Hormakhu. 

Hara  (ha'ra).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a name  of 
Shiva. 

Haraforas.  See  Alfures. 

Harald.  See  Harold. 

Haran  (ba'ran).  [Heb.  Horan , Assyro-Baby- 


Hardee 

Ionian  Harranu,  Gr.  Xappav,  L.  Carrie  or  Char- 
ra.]  A city  in  Mesopotamia,  situated  on  the 
Belias  (Belich,  ancient  Bilichus),  a small  afflu- 
ent of  the  Euphrates,  10  hours  southeast  from 
Edessa.  The  Assyrian  meaning  of  the  name  is  ‘road,’ 
probably  so  called  as  the  crossing-point  of  the  Syrian,  As- 
syrian, and  Babylonian  trade  routes.  In  t he  Old  Testament 
it  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  patriarchs,  and 
Ezekiel  (xxvii.  23)  speaks  of  it  as  a considerable  trading 
center.  It  is  often  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions. It  was  an  ancient  seat  of  the  worship  of  the  moon- 
god  Sin ; and  Nabunaid,  the  last  Babylonian  king  (555- 
538  B.  c.),  relates  that  Sin,  in  a dream,  commanded  him 
to  restore  his  temple  E-hul-huI  ('house  of  joy  ’)  in  Haran, 
which  was  destroyed  by  the  Scythians  during  their  inva- 
sion under  AsurbanipaL  Nabunaid  thereupon  restored 
or  rather  completed  the  restoration  of  the  temple,  and 
adorned  the  city.  Haran  became  famous  among  the 
Romans,  being  near  the  scene  of  tire  defeat  of  Crassus  by 
the  Parthians.  About  the  time  of  the  Christian  era  it  ap- 
pears to  have  formed  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Edessa.  After- 
ward it  came  with  that  kingdom  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Romans.  In  the  4th  century  it  was  the  seat  of  a bishop. 
At  present  it  is  a small  village  inhabited  by  a few  Arab 
families. 

Harar  (ha-rar'V,  or  Hurrur  (hor-ror7).  1.  A 
email  state  In  the  Galla  country,  Abyssinia. — 
2.  The  capital  of  Harar,  situated  about  lat.  8° 
45'  N.,  long.  42°  E.  Population,  about  50,000. 

Harari  (ha-ra're),  or  Adari  (a-dii're).  A Se- 
mitic dialect, mixed  with  Hamitic  words,  spoken 
only  in  the  important  city  and  small  state  of 
Harar.  Tho  language  is  allied  with  Geez  and 
Amharic.  The  people  are  Mohammedans. 

Harbour  Grace  (hiir'bor  gras).  A seaport  in 
southeastern  Newfoundland,  situated  on  Con- 
ception Bay  29  miles  west-northwest  of  St. 
John’s.  Population,  5,184. 

Harburg  (har'borG).  A river  port  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  tho 
southern  arm  of  the  Elbe  6 miles  south  of  Ham- 
burg. It  is  increasing  in  importance.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  56,238. 

Harcourt  (har'kort).  1.  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “Henry  TV.,”  part  2. — 2.  A character 
in  Wycherley’s  play  “ The  Country  Wife.” 

Harcourt,  Simon,  first  Viscount  Harcourt.  Born 
about  1661:  died  at  Loudon,  July  29,  1727.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  attorney-general  1707-08, 
and  again  in  1710 ; became  keeper  of  the  great  seal  in  1710  ; 
and  was  appointed  lord  chancellor  in  1713.  He  lost  his 
office  in  1714.  He  was  a friend  of  Pope,  Swift,  Gay,  and 
other  literary  men  of  his  day. 

Harcourt,  Simon,  first  Earl  Harcourt.  Born 
1714:  diedatNuneham,  Sept.  16,  1777.  An  Eng- 
lish politician  and  general.  He  was  appointed  am- 
bassador at  Paris  in  1768,  and  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land Oct.,  1772  -Jan.,  1777. 

Harcourt,  William,  third  Earl  Harcourt.  Born 
March  20, 1743:  died  June  18,  1830.  An  English 
Soldier.  He  took  part  in  the  Revolutionary  War  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  in  1776  captured  General  Charles  Lee 
in  his  own  camp  (a  service  for  which  he  was  promoted 
colonel);  and  became  major-general  in  1782,  general  in 
1796,  and  field-marshal  in  1820. 

Harcourt,  Sir  William  George  Granville  Ven- 
ables Vernon.  Born  Oct.  14, 1827 : died  Oct.  1, 
1904.  An  English  statesman,  grandson  of  Ed- 
ward Vernon  Harcourt.  archbishop  of  York. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  called 
to  the  bar  in  1854.  He  entered  Parliament  (for  Oxford)  in 
1868,  sat  for  Derby  1880-96,  and  for  West  Monmouthshire 
1895-1904.  He  was  solicitor-general  1873-74,  home  secre- 
tary 1880-85,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1886, 
1892-94,  and  1894-95.  From  March,  1894,  to  Dec.,  1898,  he 
was  leader  of  the  Liberal  party  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
He  wrote  in  the  “Times,”  under  the  signature  of  llistori- 
cus,  a series  of  letters  on  international  law,  which  were 
republished  in  1863. 

Hardanger  Fjord  (har'dang-er  fyord).  One  of 
the  most  famous  fjords  of  Norway,  off  the  south- 
western coast,  about  lat.  60°  N.  It  extends,  under 
various  names,  northeastward  and  then  southward.  It  is 
inclosed  by  mountains  and  snow-fields,  and  is  noted  for  its 
grandeur.  Near  it  are  the  Eolgefond  and  the  Vijringsfos. 
Length,  75  miles. 

Hard  Cash.  See  Very  Hard  Cash. 

Hardcastle  (hard'kas-l),  Kate.  In  Goldsmith’s 
play  “ She  Stoops  to  Conquer,”  the  lively  daugh- 
ter of  Squire  Hardcastle.  She  takes  the  part  of  a 
barmaid  in  order  to  win  Marlowe,  who  is  afraid  of  ladies, 
and  so  “stoops  to  conquer.” 

Hardcastle,  Squire  and  Mrs.  Characters  in 
Goldsmith’s  play  “She  Stoops  to  Conquer.”  Tho 
squire  is  an  English  country  gentleman  of  the  old  school, 
fond  of  everything  old.  Mrs.  Hardcastle,  his  second  wife, 
is  an  extremely  “genteel  ” lady  who  devotes  herself  to  tho 
spoiling  of  her  ungrateful  hobbledehoy  of  a son,  Tony 
Lumpkin. 

Hardee  (liiir'de),  William  J.  Born  at  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  Oct.  10, 1815 : died  at  Wytheville,  Va., 
Nov.  6,  1873.  An  American  soldier.  He  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1838,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Mexican  war.  lie  entered  the  Confederate  army  with 
the  rank  of  colonel  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War ; com- 
manded a corps  at  Shiloh;  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the 
Confederate  army  at  Perryville,  Oct.  8, 1862 ; was  appointed 
lieutenant-general,  and  in  Dec.,  1864,  commanded  the  army 
which  defended  Savannah  against  Sherman. 


Hardenberg 

Hardenberg  (httr'don-bera),  Georg  Friedrich 
Philipp  von:  pseudonym  Novalis.  Horn  at 
Wiederstlidt,  notir  Mnnsfeld,  Prussia,  May  2, 
1772:  died  at  Weissenfels,  Prussia,  March  25, 
1801.  A noted  Gorman  poet  and  litterateur.  Ho 
wrote  the  novel  ** Heinrich  von  Ofterdingen,"  and  lyric 
poouiB.  II in  works  wore  published  in  1802. 

Hardenberg,  Prineo  Karl  August  von.  Horn 
at  Essenroua,  Hannover,  Prussia,  May  31, 1750 : 
diedatGenoa,  Nov.  26,  1822.  A Prussian  states- 
man.  He  entered  the  Prussian  ministry  in  1701;  was 
minister  of  foreign  all  airs  1804-00  and  1807  ; and  was  made 
chancellor  in  1810,  and  president  of  the  council  in  1817. 
His  memoirs  were  edited  by  Von  Kanke  in  1877. 
Harderwijk  (hfix'der-wik).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  Zuyder  Zee  31  miles  east  of  Amsterdam,  it 

w as  formerly  an  important  Hanseatic  port,  and  the  seat  of 
a university' from  1048  to  1818.  Population,  7,327. 

Hardicanute  (Mr^di-ka-nut').  [Also  Harde- 
canute,  Hardacnut,  Harthacnut;  ML.  Hurdi- 
canutus,  AS.  Harthacnut.']  Born  about  1019: 
died  at  Lambeth,  near  London,  June  8,  1042. 
King  of  England  1040-42,  sou  of  Canute  and 
Emma  of  Normandy.  He  became  king  of  Denmark 
in  1036,  ami  nominal  king  of  the  West  Saxons  in  the  same 
year,  hie  half-brother  Harold  being  king  of  the  north.  See 
Harold. 

Harding  (hiir'ding),  Chester.  BornatConway, 
Mass.,  Sept.  1,  1792:  died  at  Boston,  April  1, 
I860.  An  American  portrait-painter. 
Harding,  James  Dumeld.  Born  at  Deptford, 
Kent,  1798 : died  at  Barnes,  Surrey,  1863.  An 
English  landscape-painter,  and  writer  on  art. 
He  was  a successful  teacher  of  his  art,  and  pub- 
lished educational  works  upon  it. 

Harding,  John.  See  Hardyng. 

Hardinge  (hiir'ding),  Sir  Henry,  first  Viscount 
Hardinge  of  Lahore.  Bom  at  Wrotham,  Kent, 
March  30,  1785:  died  near  Tunbridge  Wells, 
Sept.  24,  1856.  An  English  general,  distin- 
guished throughout  the  Peninsular  war  and  at 
Ligny.  He  was  secretary  at  war  under  Wellington  July, 
1328,-July,  1830;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  July-Nov., 
1830,  and  1834-35 ; secretary  at  war  1841-44  ; and  governor- 
general  of  India  1814-48,  serving  as  second  in  command 
under  Gough  in  the  first  Sikh  war.  He  was  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  anny  1852-66,  and  was  made  field- 
marshal  in  1855. 

Hardoi  (hur'do-e).  A western  district  in  the 
Lucknow  division,  United  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  30'  N.,  long.  80° 
10'  E.  Area,  2,331  square  miles.  Population, 
1,092,834. 

Hardouin  (ard-oan'),  Jean.  Born  at  Quim- 
per,  1646:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1729.  A French 
Jesuit  classical  scholar,  numismatist,  andchro- 
nologist.  He  maintained  in  the  “Prolegomena  ad  cen- 
suram  veterum  scriptornm  ” the  paradox  that,  with  a few 
exceptions,  all  the  works  ascribed  to  classical  antiquity 
had  been  forged  by  monks  in  the  13th  century,  under  the 
direction  of  a certain  Severus  Archontius.  He  also  at- 
tacked the  genuineness  of  ancient  coins  and  of  all  church 
councils  before  that  of  Trent. 

Hardt  (hart)  Mountains.  A continuation  of 
the  Vosges  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria. 
Hard  Times.  A novel  by  Dickens,  published 
originally  in  “Household  Words”  in  1854.  It 
was  published  entire  in  one  volume  in  1854. 
Hardwar,  or  Hurdwar  (hur-dwar').  [Skt.  Ha- 
ridvdra,  gate  of  Hari,  i.  e.  Vishnu.]  An  ancient 
city  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ganges  where  the 
river  breaks  through  into  the  plain,  it  is  an  im- 
portant place  of  annual  pilgrimage,  while  every  twelfth 
year  a peculiarly  sacred  feast  called  a kumbh-mela  takes 
place.  The  concourse  of  pilgrims  (yearly  100,000 ; at  the 
kumbh-mela  300,000)  has  given  rise  to  an  important  fair. 
Also  called  Ganyadwara  (‘  gate  of  the  Ganges  ’).  Popula- 
tion, 25,597. 

Hardwick  (liard'wik),  Charles.  Bora  at  Slings- 
by,  Yorkshire,  Sept.  22,  1821:  died  near  Ba- 
gneres-de-Luchon,  France,  Aug.  18, 1859.  An 
English  clergyman  (archdeacon  of  Ely)  and  ec- 
clesiastical historian.  Among  his  works  are  “A  His- 
tory of  the  Christian  Church,  Middle  Age”  (1853-56), 
“Christ  and  other  Masters  ” (1855-69).  He  was  killed  by 
^.falling  over  a precipice  in  the  Pyrenees. 

Hardy  (har'di),  Arthur  Sherburne.  Born  at 
Andover,  Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1847.  An  American 
novelist.  He  gr  aduated  at  West  Point  in  1869,  and  was 
assistant  instructor  of  artillery  tactics  there  till  1870;  was 
professor  of  civil  engineering  and  mathematics  at  Grinneil 
College,  Iowa,  1870-73 ; professor  of  civil  engineering  in 
the  Chandler  Scientific  School,  Dartmouth,  N.  H.,  1874; 
and  professor  of  mathematics  in  Dartmouth  College  1878. 
He  was  United  States  minister  to  Persia  in  1897-99,  to 
Greece  1899-1901,  to  Switzerland  1901-02,  and  to  Spain 
1902-05.  Among  his  works  are  “ But  yet  a Woman  ” (1883), 
“ The  Wind  of  Destiny  " (1886),  “ Passe-Rose  ” (1889). 

Hardy,  Gathorne  Gathorne-,  first  Earl  of 
Cranbrook.  Bora  at  Bradford,  Oct.  1,  1814: 
died  Oct.  30,  1906.  A British  politician. 
He  entered  Parliament  as  Conservative  member  for 
Leominster  in  1847,  and  was  returned  for  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1865,  defeating  Mr.  Gladstone.  He  was  home  sec- 
C.— 31 


481 

rotary  1807-68,  secretary  for  war  1874-78,  secret  ary  for  India 
1878-80,  and  lord  president  of  the  council  1886  -86  and  1886 
1892.  lie  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Viscount  Cranbrook 
in  1878,  and  was  created  earl  of  Cranbrook  in  1892. 
Hardy,  Laetitia.  In  Mrs.  Cowley's  comedy  “ The 
Belle’s  Stratagem,”  n young  girl  betrothed  to 

Dorieourt.  She  is  piqued  byhls  Indifference  Into  playing 
Huccessfully  a part  which  lie  hates  in  order  to  turn  his  indif- 
ference in  to  hatred,  which  can  more  easily  be  turned  to  love. 
Hardy,  Thomas.  Bora  in  Dorset,  Juno  2,  1840. 
An  English  novelist.  Ilia  works  include  “Desperate 
Remedies”  (1869),  “Under  the  Greenwood  Tree  ” (1872), 
“A  Pair  of  Blue  Eyes  ” (1878),  “Ear  from  the  Madding 
Crowd  ” (1874),“  The  Hand  of  Etlielberta  "(1876),“  The  Re- 
turn of  the  Native  "(1878),  “ The  Trumpet-Major  ” (1880), 
“Two  on  a Tower” (1882),  “A  Group  of  Nolde  Dames” 
(1891),  “Teas  of  the  D'Urbervliles " (1892),  “Life's  Little 
Ironies”  (1894),  “Jude  the  Obscure"  (1896:  serially  in 
“ Harper's  Magazine  ” ns  “ Hearts  Insurgent”  1895),  “The 
Well-Beloved”  (serially,  1892;  1897),  “Wessex  Poems" 
(1898),  “Poems  of  the  Past  and  Present”  (1901),  “The 
Dynasts : a Drama  " (1903-08). 

Hardyng,  or  Harding  (hiir'ding),  John.  Born 
1378 : died  about  1465.  An  English  chronicler. 
As  a youth  he  was  a member  of  the household  of  Harry 
Percy  (Hotspur),  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Shrews- 
bury. He  fought  also  at  the  battle  of  Homildon  and  at 
Agincourt.  He  was  constable  of  Sir  Robert  Umfreville’s 
castle  at  Kyme,  Lincolnshire,  from  1436.  His  chronicle  is 
written  in  English  verse,  and  comes  down  to  about  1436. 
He  forged  certain  documents  relating  to  the  feudal  rela- 
tions of  the  Scottish  and  English  crowns. 

Hare  (bar),  The.  A constellation.  See  Lepus. 
Hare,  Augustus  John  Cuthbert,  Bom  at 

Rome,  March  13,  1834:  died  at  St.  Leonards, 
Jan.  22,1903.  An  English  author,  nephewofJ.C. 
and  A.  W.  Hare.  He  wrote  “Walks  in  Rome”  (1871), 
“Memorials  of  a Quiet  Life”  (1872),  “Wanderings  in 
Spain”  (1873),“  Days  near  Rome”  (1874), “Cities  of  North- 
ern and  Central  Italy  ” (1876),  “Walks  in  London  ” (1878), 
“ Cities  of  Southern  Italy,  etc.”  (1883),  “ Cities  of  Central 
Italy  ” (1884),  “ Studies  in  Russia  ” (1885),  “ Paris  ” (1887). 

Hare,  Augustus  William.  Born  at  Rome,  Nov. 
17, 1792 : died  at  Rome,  Feb.  18, 1834.  An  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  brother  of  J.  C.  Hare,  and  his 
collaborator  in  “Guesses  at  Truth.” 

Hare,  Julius  Charles.  Born  at  Valdagno, Italy, 
Sept.  13, 1795 : died  at  Hurstmonceaux,  Sussex, 
England,  Jan.  23, 1855.  An  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  archdeacon  of  Lewes  1840. 
He  held  the  living  of  Hurstmonceaux  from  1832.  Among 
his  works  arc  “Mission  of  the  Comforter"  (1846) ; “The 
Contest  with  Rome”(1852);  “Vindication  of  Luther  ” (1854); 
conjointly  with  A.  W.  Hare,  “Guesses  at  Truth”  (1827). 

Hare,  Robert.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  17, 
1781:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  15,  1858.  An 
American  chemist.  He  was  professor  ol  chemistry  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
1818-47.  He  invented  the  calorimotor  in  1816.  Rewrote 
“Chemical  Apparatus  and  Manipulations  ” (1836),  etc. 

Harefoot,  Harold.  See  Harold. 

Harfleur  (ar-fler').  A seaport  in  the  department 
of  Seine-Inferieure,  northern  France,  situated 
on  the  Lezarde,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  6 
miles  east  of  Havre.  This  was  formerly  an  important 
seaport.  It  was  twice  occupied  by  the  English  in  the  15th 
century.  Population,  commune,  3,118. 

Hargraves  (har'gravz),  Edmund  Hammond. 

Born  Oct.  7,  1816:  died  Oct.  29,  1891.  An 
English  farmer  and  miner,  the  discoverer  of 
the  gold-fields  of  Australia  in  1851. 

Hargreave  (har'grev),  Charles  James.  Bom 
at  Wortley,  near  Leeds,  Dec. , 1820 : died  at  Bray, 
near  Dublin,  April  23, 1866.  An  English  jurist 
and  mathematician.  He  was  one  of  thecommissioners 
appointed  to  sit  in  Dublin  to  receive  applications  for  the 
sale  of  estates  under  the  Encumbered  Estates  Act  of  1849, 
and  was  a judge  of  the  Landed  Estates  Court  from  its  es- 
tablishment in  1868.  He  published  numerous  mathemat- 
ical papers. 

Hargreaves  (har'grevz),  James.  Born  prob- 
ably at  Blackburn,  Lancashire : died  at  Not- 
tingham, April,  1778.  An  English  mechanic, 
inventor  of  the  spinning-jenpy.  The  invention 
was  made  about  1764,  and  was  patented  July  12,  1770.  It 
has  been  claimed  for  Thomas  Highs,  but  on  insufficient 
evidence.  Hargreaves  established,  in  partnership  with  a 
Mr.  James,  a cotton-mill  in  Nottingham. 

Hari  (hur'e).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a name  com- 
monly designating Vislmu, hut  sometimes  given 
to  other  gods. 

Harihara  (ha-ri-har'a).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
combination  of  the  names  of  Vishnu  and  Shiva, 
representing  the  union  of  the  two  deities. 
Hari-Rud.  See  Heri-Rud. 

Haring  (ha'ring),  Wilhelm:  pseudonym  Wili- 
bald  Alexis.  Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  June 
29,  1798 : died  at  Arnstadt,  Thuringia,  Dee.  16, 
1871.  A German  novelist.  His  works  include  “ Wal- 
ladmor  ” and  “ Schloss  Avalon  ” (whicli  he  issued  in  1823 
and  1827  respectively,  under  the  name  of  Walter  Scott). 
“ Cabanis  ” (1832),  “ Der  Roland  von  Berlin  ” (1840),  and 
other  romances  from  German  history. 

Harington  (har'ing-ton),  Sir  John.  Born  at 
Kelston,  near  Bath,  England,  1561 : died  there, 
Nov.  20,  1612.  An  English  poet.  His  chief  work 
was  a translation  of  the  “Orlando  Furioso”  (1591).  He 


Harless 

aluo  wrote  u number  of  political  tracts.  He  is  best  known 
now  as  the  author  of  Urn  couplet 

"Treason  doth  never  prosper  : what ’s  the  reason? 

For  if  it  prosper,  none  dare  call  it  treason." 

Harington,  John.  Died  at  Worms,  Aug.  23,1613. 
An  English  nobleman, the  first  Lord  Harington. 
He  was  the  cousin  of  Hir  John  Harington.  In  1603  he  re- 
ceived the  charge  of  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  who  resided 
witli  his  family  at  Combe  Abbey.  He  saved  her  in  1605 
from  the  conspirators  of  the  “Gunpowder  Plot," escaping 
with  her  to  Coventry.  In  1613  he  had  a royal  patent  for 
coining  brass  farthings  for  3 years,  granted  to  reimburse 
him  for  expenses  incurred  by  her  extravagance.  These  to- 
kens were  called  “ ilaringtons"  in  ordinary  conversation, 
lie  went  abroad  as  royal  commissioner  to  settle  the  joint- 
ure of  the  princess,  and  died  on  the  journey  home. 

Hariri  (ha-re're),  the  surname  of  Abu  Moham- 
med Kasim  ben  Ali.  [Ar.  harirt,  silk-mer- 
chant.] Born  at  Basra  about  1054 : died  there, 
about  1122.  An  Arabian  poet.  The  most  famous 
of  hiB  workB  are  Ilia  Makamat  (‘  assemblies ' or  'stances  ’), 
consisting  of  60oratorical,  poetical,  moral,  encomiastic,  and 
satirical  discour  ses,  supposed  to  have  been  spoken  or  read 
in  public  assemblies.  It  is  considered  among  the  Arabs 
as  a literary  classic  next  only  to  the  Koran.  It  was  in  part 
translated  into  English  by  Preston  and  Olienery ; a free 
German  translation  of  the  whole  work  by  Riickert  exists, 
and  there  is  an  edition  of  the  original  by  Silvestre  de  Sacy. 

Harishchandra  (ha-rish-chan'dra).  In  Hindu 
mythology,  the  twenty-eighth  king  of  the  so- 
lar race,  celebrated  for  his  piety  and  justice. 
He  is  the  subject  of  legends  in  the  Aitareyabrahmana, 
Mahabharata,  and  Markandeyapurana.  The  first  tells 
the  story  of  his  purchasing  Shunahshephas  to  be  offered 
up  as  a vicarious  sacrifice  for  his  own  son. 

Harit  (har'it),  or  Harita  (har'i-ta).  [Skt., ‘ fal- 
low,’ ‘ yellow,’ 4 green.’]  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  mares  of  Indra,  or  the  sun,  typical  of  his 
rays:  according  to  Max  Muller,  the  prototype 
of  the  Greek  Charites. 

Harivansha  (ha-ri-van'sha).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature, ‘ Hari’s  (i.e.  Vishnu-Krishna’s)  race’: 
the  title  of  a poem  of  16,374  verses,  it  purports 
to  be  a part  of  the  Mahabharata,  but  is  of  much  later 
date.  The  first  part  treats  of  the  creation  and  of  the  pa- 
triarchal and  regal  dynasties  ; the  second,  of  the  life  and 
adventures  of  Krishna;  the  third, of  the  future  of  the  world 
and  the  corruptions  of  the  Kali  age.  It  was  probably  writ- 
ten in  the  south  of  India. 

Harkaway(hark'a-wa//), Grace.  InDionBouci- 
cault’s  comedy  “London  Assurance,”  a young 
woman  of  fortune. 

Harlan  (hiir'lan),  James.  Born  in  Illinois, 
Aug.  26,  1820:  died  at  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa, 
Oct.  5,  1899.  An  American  Republican  (orig- 
inally a Whig)  politician.  He  was  United  States 
senator  1855-65  and  1866-73;  secretary  of  the  interior 
1865-66;  and  editor  of  the  “Washington  Chronicle.” 

Harlan,  John  Marshall.  Born  in  Boyle  Coun- 
ty, Ky.,  June  1,  1833:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Oct.  14,  1911.  An  American  jurist.  He 
graduated  from  the  law  department  of  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity in  1853,  was  attorney-general  of  Kentucky  1863- 
1867,  and  became  associate  justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  in  1877. 

Harland  (har'land),  Marion.  The  pseudonym 
of  Mrs.  Terhune  (Mary  Virginia  Hawes). 

Harlaw  (har-la').  A place  18  miles  northwest 
of  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  Here  the  Highlanders  who 
invaded  Aberdeenshire  under  Donald,  lord  of  the  Isles, 
were  defeated  by  the  Earl  of  Mar,  1411. 

Harlech  (bar 'lech).  The  ancient  capital  of 
Merionethshire,  Wales,  situated  on  the  coast 
21  miles  south  of  Carnarvon,  its  castle  was  cap- 
tured from  the  Lancastrians  by  the  Yorkists  in  1468,  and 
held  out  long  for  Charles  1.  The  national  Cambrian  war- 
song,  “ The  March  of  the  Men  of  Harlech,”  is  said  to  have 
originated  during  the  former  of  these  sieges.  Grove. 

Harleian  Manuscripts  and  Miscellany.  See 

Harley,  Robert. 

Harlem  (har'lem).  1.  See  Haarlem. — 2.  The 
part  of  the  city  of  New  York  situated  in  the 
northern  part  of  Manhattan  Island,  and  in- 
cluded between  the  East  and  Harlem  rivers, 
Eighth  Avenue,  and  106th  street. 

Harlem  River.  A channel  separating  Manhat- 
tan Island  from  the  mainland  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  and  communicating  with  the  East 
River  on  the  east,  and  through  Spuyten  Duyvil 
creek  with  the  Hudson  on  the  west.  Length, 
about  7 miles.  The  Harlem  Canal,  connecting  with  the 
Hudson  River,  was  officially  opened  June  17,  1895. 

Harlequin  (har'le-kin  or  -kwin).  [It.  Arlec- 
chino,  F.  Harlequin .]  A conventional  clown  in 
the  improvised  Italian  comedy,  or  commedia 
dell’  arte.  He  was  the  servant  of  Pantalone,  or  Panta- 
loon, was  noted  for  his  agility  and  gluttony,  and  carried 
a sword  of  lath.  He  was  the  descendant  of  the  old  Roman 
sannio  (zany) ; the  German  Hanswurst  was  borrowed  from 
him.  In  English  pantomime  Harlequin  was  dignified  and 
made  popular  by  the  acting  of  Rich,  Woodward,  O'Brien, 
and  Grimaldi.  He  hardly  exists  now  save  in  Christmas 
pantomimes,  improvised  Italian  plays,  and  puppet-shows. 

Harless  (har'les),  Gottlieb  Christoph  Adolf 
von.  Born  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Nov.  21, 
1806 : died  at  Munich,  Sept.  5, 1879.  A German 


Harless 

Protestant  theologian.  His  works  include  “Kom- 
mentar  uber  den  Brief  an  die  Epheser  ” (1S34),  “ Theolo- 
gische  Encyklopadie  und  Methodologie  ” (1837),  “ Die 
christliche  Ethik  ” (1842),  etc. 

Harlethi  har'letk),  Gwendolen.  The  principal 
female  character  in  George  Eliot’s  novel  “Dan- 
iel Deronda.” 

Harley  (har'li).  The  “man  of  feeling”  in  Mac- 
kenzie’s novel  of  that  name  : a sensitive,  irres- 
olute person,  too  gentle  to  battle  with  life. 

Harley,  Robert,  first  Earl  of  Oxford.  Born  at 
London,  Deo.  5,  1661:  died  May  21,  1724.  An 
English  Tory  (originally  Whig)  statesman.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1689;  was  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  1701-05 ; was  secretary  of  state  1704-08 ; was 
made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1710 ; was  raised  to 
the  peerage  in  1711 ; was  lord  treasurer  and  premier  1711- 
1714 ; was  impeached  for  high  treason  in  1715,  and  acquitted 
in  1717.  He  left  a valuable  collection  of  manuscripts, 
which  was  increased  by  his  son  Edward  Harley,  and  even- 
tually acquired  by  the  government  for  the  British  Museum. 
A selection  of  rare  pamphlets,  etc.,  from  his  library  was 
published  under  the  title  of  “ The  Harleian  Miscellany  ” 
in  1744-46. 

Harlingen  (har'ling-en),  Friesian  Harns 
(harnz).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Fries- 
land, Netherlands,  situated  on  the  North  Sea 
in  lat.  53°  11'  N.,  long.  5°  24'  E. : the  chief  com- 
mercial place  of  Friesland.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,267. 

Harlot’s  Progress,  The.  A series  of  6 satiri- 
cal pictures  by  William  Hogarth,  completed  in 
1733.  Five  of  them  were  burned  at  Fonthill  in  1755 ; the 
sixth  is  at  Gosford  House,  near  Edinburgh,  owned  by  the 
Earl  of  Wemyss.  Cyc.  Painters  and  Paintings. 

Harlow  (har'lo),  George  Henry.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, June  10,  1787 : died  at  London,  Feb.  4, 
1819.  An  English  painter  of  portraits  and  his- 
torical subjects.  His  most  notable  work  is  a portrait 
of  Mrs.  Siddons  as  Queen  Catharine  in  the  trial  scene  in 
Shakspere’s  “Henry  VIII. " 

Harlowe,  Clarissa.  See  Clarissa  Harlowe. 

Harmachis,  or  Harmais.  See  Eormalchu. 

Harmand  (ar-mon' ),  Frangois  Jules.  Born  at 
Saumur,  France,  Oct.,  1845.  A French  explorer. 
He  served  in  the  campaign  against  the  Kabyles  in  1871, 
and  subsequently  attached  himself  to  the  scientific  expe- 
dition under  Delaporte,  whose  objective  points  were  Tong- 
king  and  Cambodia.  As  the  other  members  of  the  expe- 
dition fell  sick  on  the  way,  he  proceeded  to  Tongking  with 
Gamier  as  his  only  companion.  He  visited  Cambodia  and 
explored  the  tributaries  of  the  Mekong  River  1875-81,  and 
in  1883-84  rendered  important  services  to  the  French  in 
the  contest  for  Tongking. 

Harmensen  (har'men-sen),  Latinized  Armini- 
US,  Jakobus.  Born  at  Oudewater,  South  Hol- 
land, 1560:  died  at  Leyden,  Oct.  19, 1609.  ADutch 
theologian,  leader  of  the  Arminian  movement 
in  theology.  See  Remonstrants.  He  studied  at  Ley- 
den, Geneva,  and  Basel ; preached  in  Amsterdam ; and 
was  professor  of  theology  in  Leyden  1603-09.  His  works 
were  published  in  Latin  in  1629. 

Harmer  (har'mer),  Thomas.  Born  at  Norwich, 
England,  Oct.,  1714  (?) : diedat  Wattisfield,  Suf- 
folk, England,  Nov.  27, 1788.  An  English  clergy- 
man of  the  Independent  Church,  pastor  at  Wat- 
tisfield. He  was  the  author  of  “ Observations 
on  Various  Passages  of  Scripture”  (1764),  etc. 

Harmodius  (har-mo'di-us)  and  Aristogiton 
(a-ris-to-ji'ton).  Killed  514  B.c.  Two  Athenian 
youths  who  killed  Hipparchus,  tyrant  of  Athens, 
in  514.  They  are  represented  as  entertaining  a strong 
affection  for  each  other,  which  remained  unaltered  despite 
the  endeavors  of  Hipparchus  to  withdraw  that  of  the  young 
and  beautiful  Harmodius  to  himself.  Enraged  at  the  in- 
difference of  Harmodius,  Hipparchus  put  a public  insult 
upon  him  by  declaring  his  sister  unworthy  of  carrying  the 
sacred  baskets  at  a religious  procession,  in  revenge  for 
which  the  youths  organized  a conspiracy  to  overthrow 
both  Hipparchus  and  his  brother  Hippias.  Harmodius 
and  Aristogiton  slew  the  former  on  the  festival  of  the 
great  Panathenaea,  but  their  precipitancy  prevented  the 
cooperation  of  the  other  conspirators.  Harmodius  was  cut 
down  by  the  guard.  Aristogiton  was  captured,  and,  when 
put  to  the  torture  to  reveal  his  accomplices,  named  the 
principal  friends  of  Hippias,  who  were  executed.  When 
pressed  for  further  revelations,  he  answered  that  there  re- 
mained no  one  whose  death  he  desired,  except  the  tyrant. 
They  are  represented  in  a group  now  in  the  Museo  Nazio- 
nale,  Naples.  The  statues  are  copies  of  the  famous  archaic 
bronze  originals  which  stood  on  the  ascent  to  the  Athe- 
nian Acropolis.  Both  figures  are  striding  forward  ; Aris- 
togiton,  a little  behind,  extends  his  left  arm,  over  which 
his  chlamys  is  wrapped,  to  cover  Harmodius's  right  side. 
Harmodius,  wholly  undraped,  with  right  arm  raised,  is 
about  to  strike  down  the  tyrant.  Aristogiton's  head, 
though  antique,  is  much  later  than  the  body. 

Harmon  (har'mon),  John,  otherwise  John 
Rokesmith  or  Julius  Handford.  In  Dick- 
ens’s “ Our  Mutual  Friend,”  the  heir  to  the  Har- 
mon property. 

Harmonia  (har-mo'ni-a).  [Gr.  'Apfiovia.']  1.  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Ares  and  Aphro- 
dite, or,  according  to  another  version,  of  Zeus 
and  Electra.  She  was  given  by  Zeus  in  marriage  to 
Cadmus  of  Thebes.  All  the  gods  of  Olympus  were  present 
at  her  wedding,  and  she  received  either  from  Cadmus  or 
from  one  of  the  gods  a robe  and  a necklace  which  proved 
fatal  to  every  person  who  successively  possessed  them. 


482 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  40)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt at  Paris,  March  31,  1856. 

Harmonious  Blacksmith,  The.  An  air  upon 
which  Handel  wrote  variations,  and  which  since 
his  death  has  been  known  as  “Handel’s  Har- 
monious Blacksmith.”  The  original  air  has  been 
attributed  to  various  persons. 

Harmonists  (har'mo-nists).  A communistic 
religious  body  organized  by  George  Rapp  in 
Wiirtemberg  on  the  model  of  the  primitive 
church,  andconducted  by  him  to  Pennsylvania 
in  1803 : their  settlement  there  was  called  Har- 
mony (whence  their  name).  They  removed  to  New 
Harmony  in  Indiana  in  1815,  but  returned  to  Pennsylvania 
in  1825,  and  formed  the  township  of  Economy  on  the  Ohio 
near  Pittsburgh,  and  later  a new  village  of  Harmony.  They 
disbanded  in  1904.  They  were  communistic,  holding  all 
property  in  common ; discouraged  marriage  and  sexual 
intercourse;  and  held  that  the  second  coming  of  Christ 
and  the  millennium  are  near  at  hand,  and  that  the  whole 
human  race  will  be  saved.  Also  Itappist  and  Economite. 

Harmony  Society.  See  Harmonists. 

Harms  (harmz),  Klaus.  Born  at  Fahrstedt, 
Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  May  25, 1778 ; died 
at  Kiel,  Schleswig-Holstein,  Feb.  1,  1855.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian  and  preacher 
at  Kiel.  He  published  “ Pastoral theologie” 

*-(1830-34),  volumes  of  sermons,  etc. 

Harnack  (hiir'nak),  Adolf.  Born  at  Dorpat, 
May  7, 1851.  A noted  German  Protestant  theo- 
logian, professor  successively  at  Leipsic,  Gies- 
sen, Marburg,  and  (1888)  Berlin.  His  most  ira- 
portant  work  is  in  the  department  of  the  history  of  the 
ancient  church.  He  hns  published  “Lelirbuch  der  Dog- 
mengeschichte  ” (1886-90),  etc.,  and  contributed  largely 
to  the  “ Encyclopaedia  Britannica.” 

Harnack,  Theodosius.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Jan.  3, 1817 : died  at  Dorpat,  Sept.  23, 1889.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  of 
theology  at  Dorpat  1845-75  (except  1853-66, 
when  lie  was  professor  at  Erlangen) : author  of 
various  historical  and  theological  works. 

Harney  (har'ni),  William  Selby.  Born  at 
Haysboro,  Tenn.,  Aug.  27,  1800:  died  May  9, 
1889.  An  American  general.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1818,  served  as  a colonel  in  the  Mexican  war  (ob- 
taining the  brevet  of  brigadier-general  for  gallantry  at 
Cerro  Gordo),  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  1858. 
While  in  command  of  the  Department  of  Oregon,  he  took 
possession  in  1859  of  the  island  of  San  Juan,  which  was 
claimed  by  the  English  ; and  was  in  consequence  recalled. 

Harney  Peak.  [Named  from  W.  S.  Harney.] 
The  highest  summit  of  the  Black  Hills,  South 
Dakota.  Height,  about  7,216  feet. 

Haro  (a'ro).  A town  in  the  province  of  Lo- 
grono,  northern  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ebro 
24  miles  west-northwest  of  Logrono.  It  has 
some  trade.  Population,  7,914. 

Haro,  Don  Luis  de.  Born  1599:  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Nov.  26,  1661.  A Spanish  politician  and 
Courtier.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Marquis  of  Carpio,  and 
a nephew  of  the  Duke  of  Olivares,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1643  as  prime  minister  and  favorite  of  Philip  IV.  He  car- 
ried on  an  unsuccessful  war  against  France,  Portugal,  and 
the  Dutch,  which  was  concluded  by  the  treaty  of  the  Pyre- 
nees in  1659.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  ablest  minister 
which  Spain  produced  in  the  17th  century.  His  public 
services  were  rewarded  by  the  erection  of  the  ruarquisate 
of  Carpio  into  a dukedom. 

Harold  (har'old),  surnamed  “ Blue-tooth  ” (Har- 
ald  Blaatand).  Died  about  985.  King  of  Den- 
mark, son  of  Gorm  the  Old  whom  he  succeeded 
about  935.  He  obtained  the  overlordship  of  Norway 
on  the  death  of  Harold  Harfagr,  but  was  forced  to  recog- 
nize the  suzerainty  of  the  emperors  Otto  I.  and  Otto  II., 
by  whom  he  was  made  to  accept  Christianity.  He  was 
expelled  by  his  son  Svend  Forked-beard  at  the  head  of 
the  pagan  party,  and  was  killed  in  the  flight. 

Harold  I.,  surnamed  “ Harefoot.”  [ME.  Harold , 
Harald,  AS.  Harold,  Harald,  from  ODan.  Har- 
ald,  Icel.  Haraldr .]  Died  at  Oxford,  March  17, 
1040.  King  of  the  English  1035-40,  illegitimate 
son  of  Canute  by  JElfgifu  of  Northampton.  At 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1035,  he  became  a candidate 
for  the  English  crown  before  the  witan  in  opposition  to 
Canute’s  legitimate  son  Hardicanute,  king  of  Denmark. 
He  obtained  by  a compromise  the  region  north  of  the 
Thames,  while  Hardicanute  obtained  that  to  the  south. 
The  absence  of  Hardicanute  in  Denmark,  however,  enabled 
him  to  gain  many  of  the  latter’s  adherents,  including  God- 
win, earl  of  Wessex,  and  in  1037he  was  chosen  king  overall 
England.  He  died  during  the  preparations  of  Hardicanute 
for  an  invasion  of  England. 

Harold  II.  Born  about  1022 : died  Oct.  14, 1066. 
Kiugof  the  English  Jan.  6-Oct.  14, 1066,  son  of 
Godwin,  earl  of  Wessex,  and  Gytha.  He  became 
earl  of  East  Anglia  about  1045  ; was  banished  with  his  fa- 
ther by  Edward  the  Confessor  in  1051,  and  was  restored 
with  him  in  1052 ; succeeded  his  father  as  earl  of  Wessex 
in  1053  (giving  up  his  earldom  of  East  Anglia) ; and  was  the 
chief  minister  of  Edward  1053-66.  Probably  in  1064  he 
was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Normandy  and  fell  into 
the  hands  of  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  who  compelled 
him  to  take  an  oath  whereby  he  promised  to  marry  Wil- 
liam’s daughter  and  to  assist  him  in  securing  the  succes- 
sion in  England.  He  married  about  this  time,  probably  on 
his  return  to  England,  Ealdgyth  or  Aldgyth,  widow  of 
Gruffydd,  and  sister  of  Eadwine,  earl  of  the  Mercians ; 


Harpies 

and  on  the  death  of  Edward  procured  his  own  election  as 
king,  Jan.  6,  1066.  He  defeated  his  brother  Tostig  (who 
had  been  deposed  from  his  earldom  of  Northumbria  and 
outlawed  in  the  previous  reign)  and  Harold  Hardrada,  king 
of  Norway,  at  Stamford  Bridge,  Sept.  25,  1066 ; and  was 
defeated  by  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  and  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Hastings  or  Senlac,  Oct.  14,  1066.  His  mu- 
tilated body  is  said  to  have  been  recognized  among  the 
slain  by  his  former  mistress  Edith  Swan-neck,  and  to 
have  been  buried  by  William’s  order  on  the  coast  which 
he  sought  to  defend,  the  grave  being  marked  by  a cairn  of 
stones. 

Harold  I.,  surnamed  Harfagr  or  Haarfager 

(‘  Fair-haired’).  Died  in  933.  King  of  Norway 
860-930,  son  of  Halfdan  the  Black.  He  completed 
the  conquest  of  the  jarls,  or  petty  kings,  begun  by  his  fa- 
ther, and  repressed  freebooting,  which  caused  a migration 
of  many  of  the  most  famous  vikings  to  Iceland  and  Nor- 
mandy (Rollo).  In  930  he  divided  hisr  kingdom  among  his 
sons,  of  whom  the  eldest,  Eric  Blodoxe,  retained  the  over- 
lordship. 

Harold  II.,  surnamed  Graafeld  (‘Gray-skin’). 

, Died  in  969.  King  of  the  Norwegians  about 
960-969,  son  of  Eric  Blodoxe. 

Harold  III.,  surnamed  Hardrada  (‘the 
Stern  ’).  Died  Sept.  25,  1066.  King  of  Nor- 
way 1046-66.  He  entered  the  military  service  at  Con- 
stantinople in  1033,  became  commander  of  the  imperial 
guard,  and  defeated  the  Saracens  in  18  battles  in  Africa. 
He  invaded  England  in  alliance  with  Tostig,  the  outlawed 
brother  of  Harold  II.  of  England,  in  1066,  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  at  the  battle  of  Stamford  Bridge. 

Harold,  or  The  Last  of  the  Saxon  Kings.  A 

historical  romance  by  Bulwer,  published  in 
1848.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  time  of  Harold  II. 

Harold  en  Italie.  A symphony  composed  by 
Berlioz  in  1834.  It  is  the  fourth  of  his  five  sym- 
phonies, and  the  idea  is  from  “ Childe  Harold.” 

Haroun-al-Rashid.  See  Harun-al-Rashid. 

Harp  (harp),  The.  A constellation.  See  Lyra. 

Harpagon  (ar-pa-goh').  A character  in  Mo- 
liere’s  comedy  “ L’Avare”  (taken  from  Plautus’s 
“Euclio”),  a miser. 

Harpagon  does  not  absolutely  starve  the  rats ; he  pos- 
sesses horses,  though  he  feeds  them  ill ; he  has  servants, 
though  he  grudges  them  clothes : he  even  contemplates  a 
marriage-supper  at  his  own  expense,  though  he  intends 
to  have  a bad  one.  He  has  evidently  been  compelled  to 
make  some  sacrifices  to  the  usages  of  mankind,  and  is  at 
once  a more  common  and  a more  theatrical  character  than 
Euclio.  Hallam. 

Harpagus  (har'pa-gus).  A general  of  Cyrus. 
According  to  Herodotus,  he  was  descended  from  a noble 
Median  house,  and  was  the  confidential  attendant  of  As- 
tyages,  who  charged  him  with  the  duty  of  exposing  Cyrus. 
(See  Mandane.)  Instead,  however,  of  performing  that  duty 
in  person,  he  delegated  it  to  the  herdsman  Mitradates, 
who  substituted  a still-born  child  of  which  his  wife  had 
just  been  delivered.  When  the  identity  of  Cyrus  was  dis- 
covered, Astyages  punished  Harpagus  by  serving  up  to 
him  at  a banquet  the  flesh  of  his  own  son.  Harpagus 
waited  until  Cyrus  had  grown  to  manhood,  then  incited 
him  to  rebel  against  Astyages,  and  effected  the  downfall 
of  the  latter  by  deserting  with  the  army  to  Cyrus.  He 
was  afterward  one  of  the  most  trusted  generals  in  Cyrus’s 
service,  and  acted  a prominent  part  in  the  conquest  of 
Asia  Minor. 

Harper  (har'per),  James.  Born  at  Newtown, 
L.  I.,  April  13,  1795:  died  at  New  York,  March 
27,  1869.  An  American  publisher  and  printer, 
founder  of  the  firm  of  Harper  and  Brothers. 
He  was  associated  in  business  with  his  brothers 
Joseph  Wesley  ( 1801-70)  and  Fletcher  ( 1806-77) . 
Harper,  William  Rainey.  Born  at  New  Con- 
cord, Ohio,  July  26, 1856:  died  at  Chicago,  Jan. 
10,  1906.  An  American  scholar  and  educator, 
first  president  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 

Harper’s  Ferry  (har'p^rz  fer'i).  A town  in 
Jefferson  County,  West  Virginia,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Shenandoah  with  the  Poto- 
mac, 49  miles  northwest  of  Washington.  It  is 
noted  for  picturesque  scenery.  It  was  seized  by  John 
Brown  Oct.  16, 1859.  The  Confederates  held  it  from  April 
to  J une,  1861.  Here  the  Federal  commander  Miles  surren- 
dered to  the  Confederates  (with  Federal  loss  of  11,783) 
Sept,  15,  1862. 

Harpies  (hiir'piz).  [Gr. " Apnvuu,th.e  snatchers.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  winged  monsters,  raven- 
ous and  filthy,  having  the  face  and  body  of  a 
woman  and  the  wings  of  a bird  of  prey,  with 
the  feet  and  fingers  armed  with  sharp  claws  and 
the  face  pale  with  hunger,  serving  as  ministers 
of  divine  vengeance,  and  defiling  everything 
they  touched.  The  Harpies  were  commonly  regarded 
either  as  two  (Aello  and  Ocypete)  or  three  in  number,  but 
occasionally  several  others  were  mentioned.  They  were 
originally  conceived  of  simply  as  storm-winds  sent  by  the 
gods  to  carry  off  offenders,  and  were  later  personified  as 
fair-haired  winged  maidens,  their  features  and  character- 
istics being  more  or  less  repulsive  at  different  times  and 
places.  The  Harpies  have  been  to  some  extent  confounded 
by  modern  scholars  with  the  Sirens,  who,  though  of  kin- 
dred origin,  were  goddesses  of  melody,  even  if  of  a sweet- 
ness that  was  harmful  to  mankind,  and  were  represented 
as  women  in  the  upper  parts  of  their  bodies  and  as  birds 
below. 

The  mummy  lies  on  the  bier,  attended  by  Anubis,  the 
jackal-headed  god  of  embalmment.  The  Soul,  grasping 
in  one  hand  a little  sail,  the  emblem  of  breath,  in  the 


Harpies 

other  hand  the  “ankh,"or  emblem  of  life,  hovers  over 
the  face  of  the  corpse.  Now  this  Soul,  this  “Ba,"  is  a 
loving  visitant  to  the  dead  man.  It  brings  a breath  of  the 
sweet  north  wind,  and  the  cheering  hope  of  immortality 
in  the  sunny  Fields  of  Aahlu.  The  Greeks,  however,  mis- 
apprehending its  nature  and  functions,  conceived  of  it  as 
a malevolent  emissary  of  the  gods,  and  converted  it  into 
the  Harpy.  We  have  next  the  Greek  conception  of  a 
Harpy,  from  a fragment  of  early  Greek  painted  ware  found 
at  Daphnae.  But  we  have  a still  finer  example  in  the 
illustration  reproduced  from  the  famous  Harpy  Tomb  in 
the  British  Museum.  The  Harpy  is  carrying  off  one  of 
the  daughters  of  Pandarus.  She  wears  a fillet  and  pendant 
curls,  and,  besides  the  claws  of  a bird,  she  has  human 
arms  like  the  Egyptian  “Ba,”  wherewith  to  clasp  her 
prey.  The  monument  from  which  this  group  is  copied 
was  discovered  by  Sir  Charles  Fellows  at  Xanthus,  in  Lyeia, 
and  it  dates  from  about  five  hundred  and  forty  years  be- 
fore our  era.  Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  187. 

Harpignies  (ar-pen-ye'),  Henri  Joseph.  Born 
at  Valenciennes,  July,  1819.  A noted  French 
landscape-painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Achard,  and 
first  exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1853.  A number  of  his  works 
are  in  the  Luxembourg,  Douai,  Lille,  and  other  museums. 

Harpin  (ar-pah')-  A character  in  Moliere’s 
“Comtesse  d’Escarbagnas,”  an  attack  upon  the 
financiers  of  the  time. 

Harpocrates  (har-pok'ra-tez).  A deity  of  Egyp- 
tian origin,  identified  with  Horus,  adopted  by 
the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

Harpocration  (har-po-kra'shi-on),  Valerius. 
Lived  2d  (4th  ?)  century.  A Greek  rhetorician 
of  Alexandria,  author  of  a lexicon  of  the  works 
of  the  Attic  orators  (edited  by  Dindorf  1853). 

All  that  we  know  of  Valerius  Harpocration  is  contained 
in  the  brief  statement  by  Suidas  that  he  was  a rhetorician 
of  Alexandria ; and  that  besides  the  “Lexicon  to  the  Ten 
Orators,”  which  has  come  down  to  us,  he  wrote  a book  of 
elegant  extracts,  which  is  lost.  Even  the  age  at  which 
he  flourished  is  quite  uncertain  ; for  while  some  identify 
him  with  the  Harpocration  who  taught  Greek  to  the  em- 
peror L.  Verus,  others  recognize  in  him  either  the  con- 
temporary and  friend  of  Libanius,  or  the  physician  of 
Mendes,  mentioned  by  Athenseus. 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  383. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Harpoot,  Harput.  See  Kharput. 

Harring  (har'ring),HarroPaul.  Bornatlbens- 
dorf,  near  Husum,  Prussia,  Aug.  28, 1798 : com- 
mitted suicide  in  Jersey,  Channel  Islands,  May 
25, 1870.  A German  writer  and  radical  agitator, 
author  of  the  novel  “Dolores”  (1858-59),  etc. 
Harrington  (har'ing-ton),  James.  Born  at 
XJpton,  Northamptonshire,  Jan.  7,  1611:  died 
at  London,  Sept.  11, 1677.  An  English  political 
writer.  His  chief  work  was  a treatise  on  civil  govern- 
ment, “The  Commonwealth  of  Oceana”  (1656). 

Harrington,  Sir  John.  See  Harington. 
Harriot,  or  Harriott  (liar ' i - ot),  Thomas. 
Born  at  Oxford,  England,  1560:  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  2,  1621.  An  English  mathematician 
and  astronomer.  His  “Artis  analytic®  praxis  ad  aequa- 
tiones  algebraicas  resolvendas  ” was  published  posthu- 
mously in  1631.  He  did  much  for  the  advancement  of 
algebra,  especially  by  enunciating  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciple that  an  equation  is  the  product  of  as  many  simple 
equations  as  there  are  units  in  its  highest  power. 

Harris  (har'is).  A district  in  the  Outer  Heb- 
rides, Scotland.  It  comprises  the  southern  part  of  the 
largest  island  (Lewis  being  the  northern  and  larger  part) 
and  a few  smaller  islands. 

Harris,  James.  Born  at  Salisbury,  July  20, 
1709:  died  there,  Dec.  22,  1780.  An  English 
classical  scholar  and  politician.  He  became  a lord 
of  the  admiralty  in  1763,  and  a few  months  later  a lord  of 
the  treasury,  retiring  in  1765.  He  wrote  “Hermes,  or  a 
Philosophical  Enquiry  concerning  Universal  Grammar” 
(1761),  etc. 

Harris,  James,  first  Earl  of  Malmesbury.  Born 
at  Salisbury,  England,  April  21,  1746:  died  at 
London,  Nov.  20,  1820.  An  English  diploma- 
tist and  politician.  He  was  made  secretary  of  embassy 
at  Madrid  in  1768;  became  minister  at  Berlin  in  1772,  at 
St.  Petersburg  in  1776,  and  at  The  Hague  in  1784 ; and  ne- 
gotiated the  marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  1794.  He 
wrote  “ Diaries  and  Correspondence  ” (4  vols.,  edited  by  the 
■A-third  Earl  of  Malmesbury,  1844),  “Letters”  (edited  1870). 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler.  Born  at  Eatonton, 
Ga.,  Dec.  8, 1848:  died  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  3, 
1908.  An  American  writer  and  journalist, 
from  1876  on  the  staff  of  the  “ Atlanta  Consti- 
tution.” ne  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  books  on 
negro  folk-lore  : “Uncle  Remus:  his  Songs  and  his  Say- 
ings" (1880),  “Nights  with  Uncle  Remus"  (1883),  “Mingo 
and  other  Sketches”  (1884),  “Free  Joe,  etc.”  (1887), 
“ Daddy  Jake,  the  Runaway ” (1889). 

Harris,  John.  Born  about  1667:  died  Sept.  7, 
1719.  An  English  divine  and  scientific  writer. 

He  was  elected  a fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1696/  and 
its  secretary  in  1709,  and  delivered  the  Boyle  lectures  in 
St.  Paul’s  in  1698.  He  published  “Lexicon  technicum,  or 
an  Universal  English  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences" 
(1704),  the  first  of  its  kind  in  English. 

Harris,  John.  Born  at  Ugborough,  Devonshire, 
March  8,  1802:  died  near  London,  Dec.  21, 
1856.  An  English  Congregationalist  clergyman. 
He  wrote  “ The  Great  Teacher  ” (1835),  “ Mam- 
mon” (1836),  “Man  Primeval”  (1849),  etc. 


483 


Hartford  Convention 


Harris,  Joseph.  An  English  actor  (played  from  Harrodsburg  (har'odz-berg).  The  capital  of 
1661  to  1681).  He  was  successful  in  both  tragedy  and  Mercer  County,  Kentucky,  situated  30  miles 
comedy.  [Not  to  be  confounded  with  a more  common-  south  of  Frankfort.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  Ken- 
place  actor  named  Joseph  Harris,  who  flourished  from  tucky,  and  a place  of  resort  on  account  of  its  mineral  wa- 
1661-99,  and  who  wrote  several  plays.]  ters.  Population,  3,147,  (1910). 

Harris,  Mrs.  In  Dickens’s  “ Martin  Chuzzle-  Harrogate,  or  Harrowgate  (har'6-gat).  A 
wit,”  an  entirely  imaginary  person,  constantly  town  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
quoted  by  Sairey  Gamp  as  one  for  whose  opin-  land,  situated  near  the  Nidd  18  miles  west  by 
ions  she  has  great  respect,  in  order  to  lend  north  of  York.  It  is  noted  for  chalybeate,  sulphurous, 
greater  weight  to  her  own.  and  saline  springs,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  watering- 

TT  • JJ  TTT-11-"  T->  , T,  places  in  England.  Population,  28,423. 

Harris,  Thaddeus  William.  Born  at  D°r-  Harrow-on-the-Hiil  (har'o-on-THe-hil'),  or 
Chester,  Mass.,  Nov.  12,  L9o  : died  at  Cam-  Harrow.  A village  in  Middlesex,  England,  11 
bridge,  Mass  Jan.  lb, .1856.  An  American  en-  mileB  northwe8t  of  London,  its  school  for  boys 
tomologist.  He  published  Catalogue  or  the  (founded  by  John  Lyon  ill  1571,  opened  in  1611)  is  one  of 
Insects  of  Massachusetts, v etc.  the  great  public  schools  of  England.  Population,  10,220. 

H.ar™,  wmiam.  Born  at  Springfield,  Mass,  Harry  (har'i).  Blind,  or  Henry  the  Minstrel. 
April  29,  176o  : died  Oct.  18,  18^9.  An  Amen-  Lived  about  1470_92.  A Scottish  ministrel,  au- 
can  clergyman  and  educator  president  of  Co-  thorof  apoemonWilliamWallace(printedl570). 
lumbia  College  (New  York)  1811-29  A completemanuscript,  dated  MS^is  in  the  Ad- 

orns, William  Torrey.  Born  at  KiUmgly,  vocates-  Library,  Edinburgh.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 
Conn,  Sept  10,  183..  : died  Nov.  5 1909.  An  Harry,  Earl  of  Moreland,  History  of.  See 
American  philosophical  writer  and  educator.  Fool  0f  Quality  J 

He  was  superintendent  of  the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis  ttov„_*t  . T 

1867-80,  founded  the  “Journal of  Speculative  Philosophy”  ~^rry  ijOrreqUGr.  A novel  by  Charles  Lever, 
in  1867,  and  was  United  States  commissioner  of  education  nrst  published  in  the  u Dublin  Magazine  v in 
1889-1906.  1837. 

Harrisburg  (har'is-berg)  A city,  the  capital  Hart  (hart),  James  McDougal.  Born  at  Kil- 
of  Pennsylvania  and  ot  Dauphin  County,  situ-  marnock  Scotland,  May  10,  1828:  died  at  Brook- 


ated  on  the  Susquehanna  in  lat.  40°  16'  N, 
long.  76°  53'  W.  It  has  important  manufactures, 
especially  of  iron  and  steel.  It  became  the  State  capital 
in  1812.  Population,  64,186,  (1910). 

Harrison  (bar 'i -son).  A town  of  Hudson 


lyn,  N.  Y,  Oct.  24,  1901.  An  American  land- 
scape-painter, brother  and  pupil  of  William 
Hart : noted  for  landscapes  and  paintings  of 
cattle  and  sheep. 

County,  New  Jersey,  adjoining  Newark.  It  has  T.  Born  in  Clarke  County,  Ky. , 

manufacturing  interests.  It  was  settled  in  the  ™ . : died  at  Florence,  March  1,  1877.  An 

17th  century.  Population,  14,498,  (1910).  American  sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  “Angelina," 

Harrison,  Benjamin.  Born  in  Virginia  about  Henry  Clay030'  “Wolnail  Triumphant,”  and  statues  of 
1740 : died  April  1791.  An  American  politi-  Hart,  John.  Born  at  Hopewell,  N.  J.,  1708 : died 
man,  a delegate  to  Congress  1774-77,  and  gov-  there,  1780.  An  American  patriot,  delegate  to 
ernor  of  Virginia  1(  82-85.  Congress  from  New  Jersey  1776,  and  a signer  of 

Harrison, Benjamin.  BornatNorthBend,Ohio,  *the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Aug.  20,  1833:  died  at  Indianapolis,  March  13,  Hart,  Sir  Robert.  Born  in  1835:  died  Sept.  20.4 
1901.  Twenty-third  President  of  the  United  19U.  A British  diplomat.  He  entered  the  consular  ' 

States,  grandson  of  President  W.  H.  Harrison.  

He  graduated  at  Miami  University  in  1852  ; studied  law, 
and  practised  in  Indianapolis;  was  elected  (Republican) 
reporter  of  the  Indiana  Supreme  Court  in  1860 ; served  in 
the  Civil  War  1862-65  as  commander  of  a regiment  and 
brigade ; was  brevetted  brigadier-general ; took  an  active 
part  in  the  battles  of  Resaca  and  Peach  Tree  Creek  in  1864 ; 


service  in  China  in  1854,  was  inspector-general  of  customs 
in  China  1863-85,  and  was  director  of  Chinese  imperial 
maritime  customs  1885-1908.  Created  a baronet  in  1893. 

Hart,  Solomon  Alexander.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
1806:  died  at  London,  June  12, 1881.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter,  of  Hebrew  descent, 
and  was  reelected  reporter  in  1864,  but  declined  reelection  Hart,  William.  Bom  at  Paisley,  Scotland, 
in  1868.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate  March  31, 1823:  diedat  Mount  Vernon, N.Y.,  June 


for  governor  of  Indiana  in  1876 ; was  Uni  ted  States  senator 
1881-87 ; as  Republican  candidate  wa3  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency in  1888 ; and  served  as  President  1889-93.  He  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  reelection  in  1892. 

Harrison,  Doctor.  A clergyman,  in  Fielding’s 
“Amelia, "somewhat  resembling  Parson  Adams. 

Harrison,  Frederic.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  18, 
1831.  An  English  jurist,  essayist,  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  has  been  a frequent  contributor  to 
the  “Nineteenth  Century  ” and  other  periodicals,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Positivist  school  in  1870.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Order  and  Progress  ” (1874),  “ Social  Stat- 
ics” (1875),  “Present  and  Future”  (1880),  “The  Choice  of 
Books,  etc.”  (1886),  “The  Creed  of  a Layman"  (1907), 
“Autobiographic  Memoirs"  (1911),  “Among  my  Books” 
(1912). 

Harrison,  John.  Born  at  Fonlby,  Yorkshire, 
March  31,  1693:  died  at  London,  March  24, 
1776.  An  English  mechanician  and  inventor. 
He  invented  the  “gridiron”  compensating 
pendulum  and  the  chronometer. 


17, 1894.  An  American  landscape-  and  animal- 
painter,  brother  of  James  McDougal  Hart. 
Harte  (hart),  Francis  Bret.  Born  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  25, 1839:  died  at  Camberley,  Surrey, 
England,  May  5,  1902.  An  American  poet  and 
novelist.  He  removed  to  California  in  1854,  and  founded, 
the  “ Overland  Monthly  "(Sail  Francisco)  in  1868.  In  1870 
he  was  made  professor  of  recent  literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  California,  hut  resigned  and  removed  to  New  York 
in  1871.  He  was  United  States  consul  at  Crefeld, Germany, 
1878-80,  and  at  Glasgow  1880-85,  and  afterward  lived  in 
England.  Among  his  many  works  are  “ The  Ldck  of  Roar- 
ing Camp"  (1863),  “The  Outcasts  of  Poker  Flat  ” (1869)  .both 
appearing  in  the  “Overland  Monthly";  “Condensed  Novels, 
etc.”(1870) ; “The  Heathen  Chinee"(in  verse,  1870  : origi- 
nally appearing  as  “Plain  Talk  from  Truthful  James”  in 
the  “Overland  Monthly”);  “Poems  ”(1871);  “Stories of  the 
Sierras  "(1872) ; “Tales  of  the  Argonauts  ” (1875) ; “Gabriel 
Conroy  ”(1876) ; “ Thankful  Blossom  ” (1877);  “Two  Men  of 
Sandy  Bar”  (a  drama,  1877);  “California  Stories  ” (1884)  ; 
“ A Millionaire  of  Rough  and  Ready  "(1887);  “A  Drift  from 
Redwood  Camp  ” and  “A  Phyllis  of  the  Sierras  ” (1888). 


delphia,  Jan.  17,  1853.  An  American  marine 
and  landscape  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Bastien 
Lepage  and  of  Gerdnie  at  the  Eeole  des  Beaux  Arts.  He 
was  elected  a member  of  the  National  Academy  in  1902, 
and  has  been  awarded  many  medals. 


Harrison.  Thomas  Alexander.  BornatPhila-  Hartenstein  (har'ten-stin),  Gustav.  Born  at 

Plauen,  8axony,  March  18,  1808  : died  at  Jena, 
Feb.  2,  1890.  A German  philosophical  writer 
of  the  Herbartian  school,  professor  of  philos- 
ophy at  the  University  of  Leipsic  1834-58.  He 

Harrison,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Berkeley,  s.,vI0i1^s  aAn<^  Herbert's.  A ., 

Charles  (’ity  County,  Va.  Feb.  9, 1773:  died  at  Hartfell  (hart'fel).  A hill  m Scotland,  on  the 
Washington,  D.  C.,  April  4,  1841.  The  ninth  border  of  Peeble_s  and  Dumfries. 

President  of  the  United  States,  son  of  Benja-  Har£ord  (ha,rt 
min  Harrison.  He  was  a delegate  to  Congress  from  the 
Northwest  Territory  1799-1800 ; was  governor  of  Indiana 
Territory  1801-13 ; and  gained  the  victory  of  Tippecanoe 


in  1811,  and  that  of  the  Thames  in  1813.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  Ohio  1816-19,  United  States  senator  1825- 
1828,  and  United  States  minister  to  Colombia  1828-29.  In 
1836  he  was  defeated  as  Whig  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency, but  was  elected  (in  the  ‘"log  cabin  and  hard-cider 
campaign  ”)  in  1840.  He  was  President  for  one  month  only, 
being  inaugurated  March  4, 1841. 

Harrison’s  Landing.  A landing  on  the  lower 
James  River  in  Virginia,  often  mentioned  in  the 
Civil  War. 


necticut  and  of  Hartford  County,  situated  on 
the  Connecticut  in  lat.  41°  46'  N.,  long.  72°  41' 
W.,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  it  is  noted  for  its 
wealth,  and  is  an  important  center  of  insurance  business 
and  manufactures  (automobiles,  firearms,  bicycles,  etc.). 
It  is  the  seat  of  a theological  seminary  (Congregational), 
of  Trinity  College  (which  see),  and  of  the  American  Deaf 
and  Dumb  Asylum,  Hartford  Orphan  Asylum,  and  other 
benevolent  institutions.  The  State  capital  is  a notable 
building.  It  was  settled  in  1635,  and  was  the  scene  of 
the  attempt  of  Andros  to  secure  the  colonial  charter  (hid- 
den in  the  “Charter  Oak")  in  1688.  It  was  sole  capital 
1665-1701,  and  capital  jointly  with  New  Haven  1701-1873. 
Population,  98,915,  (1910). 


Harrisse  (har-es'),  Henri.  Born  in  Paris,  of  Hartford  Convention.  A political  assembly 


Russian  Hebrew  parents,  1830:  died  in  1909. 
A critic,  bibliographer,  and  historian.  He  be- 
came a naturalized  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  for 
some  years  practised  law  in  New  York.  He  traveled  in 
America  and  in  many  parts  of  Europe  in  search  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  early  history  of  the  New  World. 
Among  his  important  publications  are  “ Bibliotheca 
Americana  Vetustissima  ” (1866),  “Cristophe  Colomb"  (2 
vols.  1884-85),  “ Jean  et  Sebastian  Cabot"  (1883),  etc. 


which  met  at  Hartford  Dec.  15, 1814, -Jan.  5, 1815. 

It  was  composed  of  12  delegates  from  Massachusetts  (in- 
cluding its  president,  George  Cabot),  7 from  Connecticut, 
and  4 from  Rhode  Island  (appointed  by  the  legislatures  of 
these  States),  and  2 from  New  Hampshire  and  1 from  Ver- 
mont (appointed  by  counties),  all  Federalists.  It  published 
a report  protesting  against  the  war  with  England  and 
against  the  action  of  the  United  States  government  in  re- 
fusing to  pay  the  expenses  of  defending  Massachusetts  and 


Hartford  Convention 

Connecticut  because  those  States  refused  to  place  their  mi- 
litias under  the  control  of  the  Federal  government,  and  rec- 
ommended, among  other  things,  the  restriction  of  the 
powers  of  Congress  pertaining  to  war  and  to  the  laying  of 
embargos.  Its  proceedings  were  carried  on  in  secret,  and 
the  convention  was  suspected  at  the  time  of  treason. 

Hartington  (har'ting-ton),  Marquis  of.  See 

Cavendish,  Spencer  Compton. 

Hartlepool.  See  East  Hartlepool. 

Hartley  (hart Ti),  David.  Born  1705 (exact  date 
uncertain) : died  at  Bath,  England,  Aug.  28, 
1757.  An  English  materialistic  philosopher.  His 
chief  work  is  “Observations  on  Man,  his  Frame,  his  Duty, 
and  his  Expectations  ” (1749).  He  explained  all  mental 
processes  as  founded  upon  minute  nervous  vibrations, 
which  he  called  “ Vibratiuncles.”  He  was  the  founder  of 

★ the  English  associational  psychology. 

Hartmann  (hart'miin),  Karl  Robert  Eduard 
von.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  23,  1842 : died  at 
Grosslichterfelde,  npar  Berlin,  June  5,  1906. 
A German  philosophical  writer.  He  wrote  “Die 
Philosophic  des  Hnbewussten  " (“  Philosophy  of  the  Uncon- 
scious," 1863),  “ Phiinomenologie  des  sittlichen  Bewusst- 
seins”  (1879),  “Das  religiose  Bewusstsein  der  Menschheit,” 
“Die  Religion  des  Geistes"  (1882),  “Ethische  Studien” 
(1898),“  Die  Weltanschauung  der  modemen  Physik”  (1902), 
etc. 

Hartmann,  Moritz.  Born  at  Duschnik,  Bohe- 
mia, Oct.  15,  1821 : died  at  Oberdobling,  near 
Vienna,  May  13, 1872.  A German  poet  and  nov- 
elist. Among  his  works  are  “Der  Krieg  um 
den  Wald”  (1850),  and  the  poem  “Adam  und 
Eva  ” (1851). 

Hartmann  von  Aue  (hart'man  fon  ou'e).  Born 
in  Swabia  about  1170:  died  between  1210  and 
1220.  A Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He  was 
a liegeman  of  the  noble  house  of  Aue.  He  was  well  edu- 
cated, according  to  the  measure  of  the  time,  and  had  re- 
ceived instruction  in  Latin  and  French.  He  took  part  in 
the  Crusade  of  1197.  At  various  times  he  wrote  lyrics  and 
two  poetical  love-letters,  or  “ Buchlein  ” (“ Booklets  ”).  His 
epics  are  “Gregorius,"  thelegend  of  St.  Gregory,  based  on 
a French  poem  ; “ Der  arme  Heinrich  " (“  Poor  Henry  ’),  a 
pious  tale  from  a Latin  story  ; and  two  romances  from  the 
so-called  cycle  of  King  Arthur,  “ Erec  ” and  “ Iwein,”  both 
free  versions  of  originals  of  the  French  poet  Chrestien  of 
Troyes.  “ Erec  " and  “ Gregorius  " were  written  before 
1197,  “Der  arme  Heinrich”  and  “Iwein"  after,  probably 
in  the  order  given.  In  “ Erec  ” he  introduced  tiie  Arthur- 
ian legend  into  German  literature. 

Hartranft  (har'trauft),  John  Frederick.  Born 
at  New  Hanover,  Montgomery  County,  Pa.,  Dec. 
16, 1830:  died  at  Norristown,  Pa.,  Oct.  17,  1889. 
An  American  general  and  politician,  governor 
of  Pennsylvania  1873-79. 

Hartt  (hart),  Charles  Frederic.  Born  at  Fred- 
ericton, New  Brunswick,  Aug.  23, 1840:  died  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  March  18,  1878.  An  American 
geologist.  He  studied  under  Agassiz,  and  accompanied 
him  to  Brazil  in  1865  ; subsequently  he  was  professor  of 
geology  at  Vassar  College  and  Cornell  University.  He 
made  repeated  excursions  to  Brazil,  and  in  1875  organized 
the  Brazilian  Geological  Commission,  under  the  govern- 
ment of  that  country  : its  work  was  cut  short  by  his  death. 
He  published  “ Geology  and  Physical  Geography  of  Brazil  ” 
(1870),  and  numerous  important  papers  on  geology,  pale- 
ontology, and  ethnology. 

Hartwick  (hiirt'wik).  A township  iu  Otsego 
County,  central  New  York,  63  miles  west  of  Al- 
bany : seat  of  Hartwick  Theological  Seminary 
(Lutheran).  Population,  1,813,  (1910). 

Hartz.  See  Harz. 

Hartzeabusch  (liarts'en-bosh),  Juan  Eugenio. 
Born  at  Madrid,  Sept.  6,  1806 : died  at  Madrid, 
Aug.  2,  1880.  A Spanish  dramatic  poet,  of  Ger- 
man descent.  He  published  “Los  amantesde  Teruel  ” 
(1836),  and  other  dramas,  and  edited  critically  Calderon, 
Lope  de  Vega,  etc.  He  wrote  “Cuentos  y Fabulas  ” (1861). 

Harudes  (ha-ro'dez),  or  Charudes(ka-io'dez). 
[L.  (Ccesar)  Harudes,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Xopoidef.) 
A German  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Ctesar  as  in 
the  army  of  Ariovistus.  In  the  campaigns  of  Tiberius 
they  were  situated  on  the  lower  Elbe,  at  the  base  of  the 
Cimbrian  peninsula.  Nothing  is  known  of  their  ultimate 
fate. 

Harun-al-Rashid  (ha-ron'al-rash'id  or  -ra- 
shed ' ) ( ‘Aaron  the  Just ;) . Calif  of  Bagdad  786- 
809,  the  fifth  and  the  most  renowned  of  the  Ab- 
bassides.  Under  him  the  Eastern  califate  attained  the 
height  of  its  splendor  and  power.  All  the  lands  from  the 
Jaxartes  and  the  Indus  to  Gibraltar  obeyed  his  rule,  and 
Bagdad  became  a center  of  learning  and  civilization.  Harun 
made  successful  expeditions  into  the  Greek  empire,  forcing 
the  em  peror  Nicephoru  s to  pay  tribute,  while  he  entertain  ed 
friendly  relations  with  Charlemagne.  He  is,  however,  best 
known  from  the  tales  of  the  “Arabian  Nights,”  in  which 
everything  curious,  romantic,  and  wonderful  is  connected 
with  his  name,  or  is  supposed  to  have  happened  in  his 
reign. 

Harvard  (har'vard),  Joiin.  Born  at  Southwark, 
London,  1607:  died  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Sept. 
14, 1638.  A clergyman  in  the  Massachusetts  col- 
ony, the  first  benefactor  of  Harvard  College,  to 
which  he  bequeathed  his  library  of  about  300 
volumes  and  half  of  his  estate.  He  was  the  son  of 
a butcher  of  Southwark  London  ; graduated  at  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1631;  and  emigrated  to  New  Eng- 
land in  1637.  He  was  for  a time  assistant  pastor  of  the 
First  Church  of  Charlestown. 


484 

Harvard  University.  The  oldest  institution 
of  learning  in  America,  situated  partly  in  Cam- 
bridge and  partly  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 
The  college  was  founded  by  the  general  court  of  the  col- 
ony of  Massachusetts  Bay  in  1636.  Two  years  later  the 
name  Harvard  was  given  to  it  in  memory  of  John  Harvard 
(see  Harvard , «/.).  The  university  includes  Harvard  Col-' 
lege,  the  Graduate  School  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Graduate 
School  of  Applied  Science,  Graduate  School  of  Business 
Administration,  the  Divinity  School,  the  Law  School,  the 
Medical  School,  the  Dental  School,  the  Bussey  Institution, 
and  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  the  first  six  of  which  are  situ- 
ated in  Cambridge,  the  last  four  in  Boston  ; also  the  Uni- 
versity Library,  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  (pop- 
ularly known  as  the  Agassiz  Museum),  the  University 
Museum,  the  Botanic  Gardens,  the  Herbarium,  the  Astro- 
nomical Observatory,  and  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Ameri- 
can Archaeology  and  Ethnology,  all  of  which  are  in  Cam- 
bridge. It  is  governed  by  two  boards — the  corporation, 
consisting  of  the  president,  treasurer,  and  5 fellows,  in 
whom  is  vested  the  title  to  the  property  of  the  university  ; 
and  the  board  of  overseers,  30  in  number  (besides  the 
president  and  treasurer).  Until  1865  the  State  government 
was  represented  in  the  board  of  overseers,  but  since  then 
they  have  been  chosen  exclusively  by  the  alumni  of  the 
college.  The  number  of  teachers  is  over  600  ; of  students 
in  all  departments,  over  4,000  (over  2,200  in  the  college 
proper).  There  were  also  over  1,400  students  in  the  sum- 
mer schools.  The  endowment  of  the  university  is  about 
$23,000,000 ; its  other  property,  including  lands  and  build- 
ings, about  $10,000,000  more.  Its  annual  income  is  over 
$2,000,000.  Its  fellowships  and  scholarships  yield  almost 
$140,000  a year.  The  library  contains  850,000  bound  vol- 
umes, not  including  pamphlets  and  maps. 

Harvey  (har'vi),  Gabriel.  Born  at  Saffron  Wal- 
den, Essex,  1545  (?) : died  there,  1630.  An  Eng- 
lish author.  He  matriculated  at  Christs  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1566,  and  in  1570  was  elected  a fellow  of  Pem- 
broke. While  there  he  became  intimate  with  Edmund 
Spenser,  who  introduces  him  in  “The  Shepherd’s  Calen- 
dar “ as  Hobbinol.  He  exercised  for  some  years  an  influ- 
ence over  Spenser’s  genius,  from  which  the  latter,  who  ad- 
mired him,  freed  himself  with  difficulty.  He  was  of  an 
arrogant,  bitter  spirit,  and  was  continuously  at  war  with 
those  who  surrounded  him.  This  finally  culminated  in  a 
scurrilous  paper  warfare  with  Nashe  and  Greene,  which 
began  with  Greene’s  “Quip  for  an  Upstart  Courtier,”  writ- 
ten in  retaliation  for  contemptuous  references  to  himself 
in  the  writings  of  Harvey's  brother  Richard,  to  which  Har- 
vey replied  in  his  “Four  Letters”  (15-2),  vituperating 
Greene  unmercifully.  Even  the  death  of  Greene,  which 
occurred  soon  after,  did  not  prevent  Harvey’s  attempts  to 
blacken  his  character.  Nashe  now  began,  with  great 
powers  of  invective  and  sarcasm,  to  defend  his  friend's 
memory.  In  his  “Strange  News”  (1593)  he  proclaimed 
“ open  warres  ” against  Harvey  and  his  brother.  Harvey 
replied  with  “ Pierce’s  Supererogation."  The  warfare  con- 
tinued till  in  1596  Nashe,  hearing  that  Harvey  boasted  of 
having  silenced  him,  “ published  his  famous  satire,  ‘Have 
with  you  to  Saffron  Walden,’ which  he  dedicated  by  way 
of  farce  to  ‘Richard  Lichfield,  barber  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ’ ; and  to  this  Harvey  once  more  rejoined  in  his 
‘ Trimming  of  Thomas  Nashe  ’ (1597).  The  scandal  had, 
however,  now  reached  a climax,  and  in  1599  it  was  ordered 
by  authority  ‘that  all  Naslies  bookes  and  Dr.  Harvey's 
bookes  be  taken  wheresoever  they  may  be  found,  and  that 
none  of  the  same  bookes  be  ever  printed  hereafter’  ( Cooper , 
Aihense  Cant.,  ii.  306).”  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.)  Among  his 
works,  besides  those  mentioned,  are  “Rhetor,  sive  2.  Die- 
rum  Oratio  de  Natura,  Ar  te  et  Exercitatione  Rhetorica" 
(1577),  “Ciceronianus,  sive  Oratio  post  Reditum  habita 
Cantabrigian  ad  suos  auditores,”  etc.  (1577),  “ The  Story  of 
Mercy  Harvey”  (1574-75),  “Letters  to  and  from  Edmund 
Spenser  ” (1579-80),  “A  Letter  of  Notable  Contents  ”(1693). 

Harvey,  Sir  George.  Born  at  St.  Ninians,  near 
Stirling,  Feb.,  1806 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  22, 
1876.  A Scottish  painter,  chiefly  of  landscapes 
and  scenes  from  Scottish  history  and  life. 
Harvey,  William.  Born  at  Folkestone,  Kent, 
April  1,  1578 : died  at  London,  June  3,  1657.  A 
celebrated  English  physician,  physiologist,  and 
anatomist : the  discoverer  of  the  circulation  of 
the  blood.  He  was  educated  at  Canterbury  and  Cam- 
bridge (Gonvill j and  Caius  College),  where  he  graduated 
in  1-97  ; studied  at  Padua;  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
medicine  at  Cambridge  in  16C2  ; became  physician  of  St. 
Bartholomew’s  Hospital  in  1609  ; was  Lumleian  lecturer  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  1615-56 ; and  became  physician 
extraordinary  to  James  I.  in  1618.  During  the  civil  war  he 
sided  with  the  Royalists,  was  at  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  and 
went  to  Oxford  with  the  king.  His  chief  works  are  “Ex- 
ercitatio  de  motu  cordis  et  sanguinis ’’(“Essay  on  the  Mo- 
tion of  the  Heart  and  the  Blood,”  1628),  “Exercitationes 
de  generatioue  animalium  " (1651). 

Harvey,  William.  Born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
England,  July  13,  1796:  died  near  Richmond, 
England,  Jan.  13,  1865.  An  English  wood-en- 
graver and  designer.  He  illustrated  Lane’s 
“Arabian  Nights,”  etc. 

Harwich,  (har'ij).  A seaport  in  Essex,  England, 
situated  opposite  the  confluence  of  the  Stour 
and  Orwell,  in  lat.  51°  56'  N.,  long.  1°  17'  E.  it 

is  a summer  resort,  and  the  terminus  of  steam-packet 
lines  to  Antwerp  and  Rotterdam.  Population,  10,070. 

Harwood  (hiir'wud),  Edward.  Born  at  Dar- 
wen,  Lancashire,  1729 : died  at  London,  Jan.  14, 
1794.  An  English  biblical  and  classical  scholar. 
He  wrote  “A  View  of  . . . Editions  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  Classics”  (1775),  etc. 

Harz  (harts),  sometimes  written  Hartz, G.  Harz 
or  Harzgebirge  (harts'ge-ber-ge).  A range  of 
mountains  in  Germany,  situated  in  Brunswick, 
Anhalt,  and  the  provinces  of  Hannover  and  Sax- 


Hasdrubal 

ony  in  Prussia : the  ancient  Silva  Hercynia.  it 
is  divided  into  the  Upper  Harz  in  the  northwest  and  the 
Lower  Harz  in  the  southeast,  and  is  noted  for  mineral 
wealth  and  picturesque  scenery.  Among  the  chief  miner- 
als are  lead,  silver,  iron,  and  copper.  The  highest  summit 
is  the  Brocken  (3,746  feet).  Length  of  the  chain,  60  miles. 
Harzburg  (harts'borG).  A small  town  in  Bruns- 
wick, in  the  Harz  26  miles  south  of  Brunswick. 
It  consists  of  the  villages  Neustadt,  Bundheim,  and  Schle- 
weeke,  and  is  a noted  summer  resort.  Near  it  is  the  Burg- 
berg,  with  the  ruined  castle  of  Harzburg. 

Hasan,  or  Hassan,  and  Husein  (Arabic  pron. 
ha'sen,  ho-san').  Sons  of  Ali  and  Fatima, 
daughter  of  Mohammed.  Ali  was  Mohammed’s  cou- 
sin, and  the  first  person,  after  his  wife,  who  believed  in 
him,  and  was  declared  by  Mohammed  his  brother,  dele- 
gate, and  vicar.  He  married  Fatima,  the  prophet’s  daugh- 
ter, and  his  sons  Hasan  and  Husein  were  favorites  with 
Mohammed,  who  hail  no  sons,  and  was  expected  to  name 
Ali  as  his  successor.  At  Mohammed’s  death  in  632  Ali 
was  passed  over,  and  Abu-B>  kr,  Omar,  and  Othuian  became 
successively  califs.  On  Otliman’s  assassination  (( 55)  Ali 
accepted  the  califate,  but  was  resisted  by  Moawiyah,  who 
had  set  himself  up  as  calif,  and  with  whom  he  fought  a 
bloody  but  indecisive  battle  in  Mssojjotamia.  Shortly  after 
Ali  was  fatally  stabbed  by  an  enthusiast  in  the  mosque  of 
Kufa.  The  Mohammedan  world  is  divided  into  the  two 
great  sects  of  Shiahs  and  Sunis.  The  Shiahs  reject  the 
first  three  califs  as  usurpers,  and  begin  wilh  Ali  as  the  first 
lawful  successor  of  Mohammed;  the  Sunis  recognize  Abu- 
Bekr,  Omar,  and  Othman  as  well  as  Ali,  and  regard  the 
Shiahs  as  impious  heretics.  Husein,  one  of  Alis  sons, 
married  the  daughter  of  Yezdigerd,  the  last  Sassanian  king 
of  Persia,  whence  Persia  became  specially  connected  with 
the  house  of  Ali.  Moawiyahdiedin680.  His  son  Yezid  suc- 
ceeded him  as  calif  at  Damascus.  During  Moawiyah’-; 
reign,  All’s  sons,  the  imams  Hasan  and  Husein,  lived  in 
retirement  at  Medina ; but  when  Moawiyah  died  the  peo 
pie  of  Kufa  sent  offers  to  Husein  to  make  him  calif.  He 
set  out  for  Kufa  with  his  family  and  relatives  to  the  num- 
ber of  80.  Then  ensued  the  tragedy  of  Kerbela,  familiar 
to  every  Mohammedan.  In  a battle  on  the  plain  of  Ker- 
bela, Husein  and  his  men  were  slain.  The  women  and 
children  were  afterward  taken  in  chains  to  Damascus. 
The  sufferings  of  the  “Family  of  the  Tent,”  as  the  imam 
Husein  and  his  companions  at  Kerbela  are  called,  and  the 
death  of  Hasan,  who  was  poisoned  by  his  wife,  form  the 
subject  of  a Persian  tazya(see  Tazya),  or  religious  drama, 
resembling  the  Oberammergau  “Passion  Play.”  This 
drama,  which  has  sprung  up  within  the  present  century, 
plays  a great  pait  in  the  religious  life  of  the  Persia  of  to- 
day. See  “A  Persian  Passion  Play”  in  Matthew  Arnold’s 
“Essays  in  Criticism.” 

Hasbeiya  (lias-ba'ya).  A town  of  tlie  Druses  in 
Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  36  miles  west  by  south  of 
Damascus:  perhaps  the  biblical  Baal-Hermon. 
Hasdrubal  (has'dro-bal),  or  Asdrubal  (as'- 
dru-bal).  A Carthaginian  officer  of  high  rank 
in  the  army  of  Hannibal  in  Italy.  He  contributed 
greatly  to  the  victory  of  Canine  in  216  B.  c.  by  a cavalry 
charge  on  the  rear  of  the  Roman  infantry  after  having  put 
the  Roman  horse  to  rout. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  Died  in  Spain,  221 
B.  c.  A Carthaginian  general  and  politician.  He 
rose  to  prominence  as  a leader  of  the  democratic  party  at 
Carthage  in  the  interval  between  the  first  and  second 
Punic  wars,  and  married  a daughter  of  Hamilcar  Barca, 
whom  lie  accompanied  to  Spain  in  238.  He  subsequently 
returned  to  Africa  to  assume  command  in  a war  against 
the  Numidians,  whom  he  reduced  to  submission.  In  229 
he  succeeded  his  father-in-law  as  commander  in  Spain, 
where  he  founded  the  city  of  New  Carthage,  and  largely 
extended  the  Carthaginian  power.  He  was  assassinated 
by  a slave  whose  master  he  had  put  to  death. 
Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  Died  207  b.  c.  A 
Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Hamilcar  Barca 
and  brother  of  Hannibal.  He  was  left  in  charge  of 
the  Carthaginian  forces  in  Spain  when  Hannibal  set  out 
on  his  expedition  to  Italy  in  218.  He  maintained  the  war 
against  the  Romans  under  the  brothers  tneius  and  Pub- 
lius Scipio  wilh  varied  success  until  212,  when,  having 
been  reinforced  by  two  armies  under  Mago  and  Hasdrubal, 
son  of  Cisco,  he  was  enabled  to  inflict  a decisive  defeat 
upon  Cneius,  who  fell  in  the  battle,  Publius  having  been 
killed  a short  time  previously  in  a cavalry  engagement. 
He  was  defeated  by  Scipio  Africanus  at  Bsecula  in  209,  and 
probably  iu  the  same  year  crossed  the  Pyrenees  on  his  way 
to  join  his  brother  in  Italy.  He  crossed  the  Alps  iu  2u7, 
but  was  attacked  and  defeated  by  the  Romans  under  C. 
Nero  and  M.  Livius  on  the  Metaurus  in  the  same  year  be- 
fore he  could  effect  a junction  with  Hannibal.  He  feU  in 
the  engagement,  and,  according  to  Livy,  his  severed  head 
was  thrown  into  t.ie  camp  of  Hannibal  by  the  victorious 
Romans. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  Died  about  200  b.  c. 
A Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Gisco.  He  was 
sent  to  Spain  with  an  army  in  214,  and  on  the  departure 
about  209  of  Hasdrubal,  son  of  Hamilcar,  on  his  expedition 
to  join  Hannibal  in  Italy  was  left  with  Mago  in  command 
of  the  Carthaginian  forces  in  Spain.  He  was  defeated  witii 
his  colleague  at  Silpia  or  Elinga  by  Scipio  Africanus  in 
206 ; was  in  command  of  an  army  opposed  to  Scipio  in 
Africa  in  204,  when  his  camp  near  Utica  was  fired  by  the 
Romans  and  nearly  the  whole  of  his  army  destroyed ; and 
is  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  taken  poison  to  escape 
the  fury  of  the  Car  thaginian  populace. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  A Carthaginian  gen- 
eral. He  was  commander-in-chief  in  the  war  against 
Masinissa  in  150  B.  c.  Having  sustained  a decisive  de- 
feat, he  was  punished  witii  exile.  He  was,  however,  re- 
called on  tiie  outbreak  of  the  third  Punic  war  in  149,  and 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  forces  outside  the  walls  of 
Carthage.  He  defeated  the  consul  Manilius  in  two  engage- 
ments at  Nepheris  about  148.  He  subsequently  became 
commander  of  the  forces  within  the  city,  which  he  de 
fended  with  great  obstinacy  against  Scipio  in  146.  He 
finally  surrendered,  and,  after  gracing  the  triumph  of 


Hasdrubal 

Scipio,  was  allowed  to  spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in  honor- 
able captivity.  It  is  said  that  at  the  time  of  his  surrender 
his  wife  upbraided  him  with  cowardice,  and  threw  herself 
and  her  children  into  the  flames  of  the  temple  in  which 
she  had  taken  refuge. 

Hase  (ha'ze),  Karl  August.  Born  at  Stein- 
bach,  Saxony,  Aug.  25, 1800:  died  at  Jena,  Jan. 
3, 1890.  A noted  German  Protestant  theologian 
and  church  historian,  professor  at  Leipsie  1829- 
1830,  and  at  Jena  1830—83.  His  chief  works  are  “Evan- 
gelische  Dogmatik  ” (1825),  “Leben  Jesu  ” (1829 : enlarged 
as  “Geschichte  Jesu  ” 1876),  “ Kirchengeschichte  ’’  (1834). 
Hase,  Karl  Benedikt.  Born  at  Suiza,  near 
Weimar,  Germany,  May  11,  1780:  died  at  Paris, 
March  21,  1864.  A German  philologist,  espe- 
cially noted  as  a Hellenist. 

Hasenclever  (ha'zen-kla-ver),  Johann  Peter. 
Born  at  Kemscheid,  Prussia,  May  18, 1810 : died 
at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Dec.  16,  1853.  A Ger- 
man genre  painter. 

Hasenmatt  ( ha ' zen-mat) . A summit  of  the  J ura, 
west  of  Solothurn,  Switzerland.  Height,  4,746 
feet. 

Hasenpflug  (ha'zen-pfloG),  Karl  Georg  Adolf. 

Born  at  Berlin,  Sept.  23,  1802 : died  at  Halber- 
stadt,  Prussia,  April  13, 1858.  A German  archi- 
tectural painter. 

Hasis-Adra  (ha'sis-a'dra).  One  of  the  persons 
in  the  Izdubar  legends,  or  the  Babylonian  Nim- 
rod epic,  ancestor  of  Izdubar  or  Gilgamesh.  He 
is  one  of  the  heroes  of  that  poem,  and  attained  immortality 
and  a life  with  the  gods.  When  Izdubar  comes  to  him  and 
asks  him  how  he  obtained  this  distinction,  he  relates  to 
him  the  story  of  the  deluge,  which  forms  a counterpart  to 
the  accounts  of  Berosus  and  of  Genesis.  He  was  living,  he 
relates,  in  Surripak,  an  ancient  city  on  the  Euphrates  (Sip- 
par  or  Sepharvaim),  when  Ea,  the  god  of  the  ocean,  ap- 
prised him  of  the  decision  of  the  gods  to  cause  a flood, 
and  advised  him  to  build  a ship  and  to  save  himself,  his 
family,  friends,  and  goods.  This  he  did.  When  the  waters 
of  the  flood  disappeared  he  left  the  ship,  which  rested  on 
a mountain,  and  offered  a sacrifice  to  the  gods.  After  this 
he  disappeared,  and  a voice  from  heaven  informed  his  com- 
panions that  he  had  been  translated  to  the  gods  to  live 
forever  as  a reward  for  his  piety.  He  is  therefore  rightly 
termed  the  “Babylonian  Noah.”  In  Berosus  he  is  called 
Xisuthros,  and  is  represented  as  the  last  of  the  first  10 
mythical  kings  of  Babylonia.  His  name  in  the  inscriptions 
is  also  sometimes  read  Shamash-  or  Cit-  or  Pir-Napisthtim, 
(‘sun’  or  ‘fruit’  or  ‘product  of  life’). 

Hasli  (haz'li).  The  valley  of  the  upper  Aare,  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzer- 
land. It  extends  from  near  the  Grimsel  to  the 
Lake  of  Brienz. 

Haslingden  (has'ling-den).  A town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  16  miles  north  by  west  of  Man- 
chester. It  has  manufactures  of  cotton.  Popu- 
lation, 18,543. 

Hasmoneans.  See  Maccabees. 

Haspe  (has'pe).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ennepe 
35  miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  It  has  iron 
manufactures.  Population,  commune,  19,813. 
Hassan  (has'san),  A district  in  Mysore,  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  12°  50'  N.,  long.  76°  E. 
Hassan.  See  Hasan. 

Hassard  (haz'ard),  John  Rose  Greene.  Born 
at  New  York,  Sept.  4, 1836:  died  there,  April  18, 
1888.  An  American  journalist  and  musical  critic. 
In  1866hebecameconnected  wi  th  the  Ne  w York  “ Tribune,” 
and  for  many  years  was  writer  of  editorials,  musical  critic, 
and  reviewer.  After  the  death  of  Horace  Greeley  in  1872, 
he  was  managing  editor.  He  wrote  “Life  of  Archbishop 
Hughes  ’’  (1866),  “Life  of  Pope  Pius  IX.”  (1878),  “History 
of  the  United  States  for  Schools"  (1878),  etc. 

Hasse  (hiis'se),  Faustina  Bordoni.  Born  at 
Venice,  1693:  died  there  in  1786.  Acelebrated 
Italian  singer,  the  wife  of  Johann  Adolf  Hasse. 
Hasse,  Johann  Adolf.  Bom  at  Bergedorf,  near 
Hamburg,  March  25, 1699:  died  at  Venice,  Dec. 
16,  1783.  A noted  German  operatic  composer. 
Hasse,  Karl  Ewald.  Born  at  Dresden,  June 
23,  1810:  died  at  Hannover  in  Sept.,  1902.  A 
German  pathologist,  professor  successively  at 
Leipsie,  Zurich,  Heidelberg,  and  Gottingen. 
His  works  include  “ Anatomische  Beschreibung  der  Krank- 
heiten  der  Cirkulations-  und  Respirationsorgane  ’’  (1841), 
“ Die  Krankheiten  des  Nervenapparats  ” (1855),  etc. 

Hasselquist  (has'sel-kwist),  Fredrik.  Bom 
at  Tomevalla,  in  East  Gothland,  Sweden,  Jan. 
14,  1722 : died  near  Smyrna,  Feb.  9,  1752.  A 
Swedish  naturalist  and  traveler.  He  wrote 
“ Iter  Palfflstinum ” (1757),  etc. 

Hasselt  (has'selt).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Limbourg,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Demer 
43  miles  east  of  Brussels.  Here,  Aug.  6, 1831,  the 
Dutch  under  the  Prince  of  Orange  defeated  the  Belgians 
under  Daine.  Population,  commune,  17,683. 

Hassenpflug  (has'sen-pfloo),  Hans  Daniel 
Ludwig  Friedrich.  Born  at  Hanau,  Prussia, 
Feb.  26,  1794:  died  at  Marburg,  Prussia,  Oct. 
10, 1862.  A German  politician,  noted  as  a re- 
actionary minister  in  Hesse-Cassel  1832-37  and 
1850-55. 


485 

Hassler  (hits ' ler ) , Ferdinand  Rudolph.  Born 
in  Switzerland,  Oct.  6,  1770:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, Nov.  20,  1843.  A Swiss-American  scien- 
tist. He  was  for  some  time  connected  with  the  trigono- 
metrical survey  of  Switzerland,  but  subsequently  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States,  where,  at  the  instance  of 
Albert  Gallatin,  he  became  acting  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  West  Point  in  1807,  a post  which  he  held  until 
1810.  He  was  made  superintendent  of  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  in  1815  or  1816,  and  again,  after  the  discon- 
tinuance of  the  survey  from  about  1818  to  1832,  from  the 
latter  date  till  his  death. 

Hassler  Expedition.  A scientific  expedition 
made  in  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  steamer 
Hassler,  P.  C.  Johnson  commanding,  between 
Dec.  4,  1871,  and  Aug.,  1872.  The  scientific  in- 
vestigations were  carried  on  under  the  charge  of  Prof. 
Louis  Agassiz,  who  had  a number  of  assistants.  Starting 
from  Philadelphia,  the  route  embraced  the  West  Indies, 
Brazilian  coast,  Strait  of  Magellan,  and  the  Pacific  coast 
and  islands  to  San  Francisco,  California.  Deep-sea  dredg- 
ings were  made  at  all  favorable  points. 

Hastenbeck  (has'ten-bek).  A village  in  the 
province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  near  Hameln. 
Here,  July  26,  1757,  the  French  under  Marshal  d’Estrees 
defeated  the  Allies  under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland. 

Hastinapura  (has-ti-na-po'ra).  The  capital  of 
the  Kauravas,  for  which  the  great  war  of  the 
Mahabharata  was  waged.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Hastin,  son  of  the  first  Bharata : but  probably 
the  name  means  ‘elephant  city’  (from  hastin,  elephant). 
The  ruins  are  traceable  about  57  miles  northeast  of  Delhi. 

Hasting  (has'ting).  [AS.  Hsesten,  Dan.  Hasten.'] 
Lived  in  the  9th  century.  A Scandinavian  vi- 
king. He  made  incursions  in  France,  Spain,  England,  and 
elsewhere,  and  was  defeated  by  Alfred  the  Great  in  his 
invasion  of  England  893-897. 

Hastings  (has'tingz) . [ME.  Hastinges, AS.  Hses- 
tingas,  also  *Hsestinga  ceaster  (reflected  in  the 
Bayeux  tapestry  Hestinga  ceastra),  city  of 
the  Hastings,  a patronymic  name.]  A seaport, 
watering-place,  and  parliamentary  borough  in 
Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 54  miles  southeast  of  London,  it  is  one  of 
the  Cinque  Ports,  and  has  a ruined  castle.  It  forms  practi- 
cally one  town  with  St.  Leonard’s.  For  the  battle  fought 
near  Hastings  (1066),  see  Senlac.  Population,  61,146,  (1911). 

Hastings.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Dakota 
County,  Minnesota,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Vermilion  with  the  Mississippi,  19  miles 
southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Population,  3,983,  (1910). 

Hastings.  The  capital  of  Adams  County,  south- 
ern Nebraska.  Population,  9,338,  (1910). 

Hastings,  Francis  Rawdon,  first  Marquis  of 
Hastings.  Born  Dec.  9,  1754:  died  off  Naples, 
Nov.  28, 1826.  An  English  general.  He  served  in 
the  American  war,  during  which  he  defeated  the  Ameri- 
cans at  the  battle  of  Hobkirk’s  Hill  in  1781.  He  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Rawdon  in  1783 ; succeeded  his 
fatherasearl  of  Moira  in  1793;  was  appointed  master-gen- 
eral of  the  ordnance  1806;  was  governor-general  of  India 
1813-23 ; was  created  marquis  of  Hastings  in  1817 ; and 
was  governor  of  Malta  1824-26. 

Hastings,  Warren.  Born  at  Churchill,  Ox- 
fordshire, England,  Dec.  6,  1732 : died  Aug.  22, 
1818.  An  English  statesman.  He  went  out  to 
Calcutta  as  a writer  in  the  East  India  service  in  1750  ; be- 
came a member  of  the  council  at  Calcutta  in  1761 ; re- 
turned to  England  in  1764 ; went  out  as  a member  of  the 
council  at  Madras  in  1769 ; and  became  governor  of  Ben- 
gal in  1772,  and  first  governor-general  of  India  in  1774. 
In  1781  he  expelled  Raja  Chait  Singh,  zemindar  of  Benares, 
who  refused  a demand  for  a war  contribution  against  the 
Mahrattas ; and  in  1782  confiscated  a portion  of  the  lands 
and  treasure  of  the  mother  of  the  Nawabof  Oudh(the  Be- 
gum of  Oudh),  who  had  rendered  assistance  to  Chait  Singh. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1785,  and  in  1787  was  im- 
peached on  the  charge  of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors, 
based  chiefly  on  his  conduct  in  reference  to  Chait  Singh 
and  the  Begum  of  Oudh.  The  trial  opened  before  the 
House  of  Lords  in  1788,  and  resulted  in  an  acquittal  in  1795. 

Hastings,  William,  Lord  Hastings.  Born  about 
1430 : executed  at  the  Tower,  London,  June  14, 
1483.  An  English  Yorkist  nobleman.  His  ser- 
vices in  the  civil  war  were  rewarded  by  Edward  IV.  with 
many  appointments  : he  was  made  master  of  the  mint 
1461,  receiver  of  the  revenues  of  Cornwall  1463,  grand 
chamberlain  of  the  royal  household  1461-63,  chamber- 
lain  of  North  Wales  1461-69,  lieutenant  of  Calais  1471. 
In  1475  he  was  sent  to  France  with  an  invading  army,  and 
a treaty  of  peace  followed.  In  1461  he  was  created  Baron 
Hastings.  He  swore  allegiance  to  Edward’s  eldest  son, 
but  was  on  bad  terms  with  the  queen.  After  the  king’s 
death,  Gloucester,  failing  to  bring  him  to  agree  with  his 
plans,  charged  him  wilh  treason  at  a council  held  in  the 
Tower,  and  he  was  taken  out  and  beheaded  at  once. 
Shakspere  dramatized  Kir  Thomas  More’s  account  of  this 
in  “Richard  III.”  His  grandson  was  the  first  earl  of 
Huntingdon. 

Hatasu  (ha'tii-so),  or  Hatchepset  (hat-chep'- 
set).  A famous  Egyptian  queen,  daughter  of 
Thothmes  I.  of  the  18th  dynasty,  and  sister  and 
wife  of  Thothmes  II.  Afterthe  death  of  the  latter  she 
reigned  as  queen.  She  was  succeeded  by  her  younger 
brother,  Thothmes  III. 

Her  tomb  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Rhind,  in  1841,  exca- 
vated in  the  cliff-side,  in  the  near  vicinity  of  her  temple; 
but  its  identity  appears  since  then  to  have  been  forgotten. 

Edwards , Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  297. 


Hatun  Raymi 

It  has  pleased  historians  to  rank  Thothmes  II.  as  the  im- 
mediate successor  of  Thothmes  I.,  and  to  place  the  reign 
of  Queen  Hatasu  between  the  reigns  of  her  two  brothers, 
Thothmes  II.  and  Thothmes  III.  By  some  she  is  described 
as  Queen  Consort  during  the  reign  of  Thothmes  II.,  and 
as  Queen-regent  during  the  earlier  years  of  the  reign  of 
Thothmes  III.  By  others,  and  most  emphatically  by  Dr. 
Brugsch,  she  is  stigmatized  as  a usurper.  Asa  matter  of 
fact,  however,  Hatasu  was  actually  Queen,  and  Queen-reg- 
nant, during  the  lifetime  of  her  father.  Her  accession, 
therefore,  dates  from  a long  time  preceding  that  of  her 
brother,  Thothmes  II.  An  important  historical  inscrip- 
tion sculptured  on  one  ol  the  pylons  of  the  Great  Temple 
of  Karnak  records  this  event  in  eighteen  columns  of  hiero- 
glyphic text,  which  were  copied  and  translated  by  the 
late  Vicomte  E.  de  Roug6  in  1872. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  261. 

Hatchway  (hach'wa),  Jack.  In  Smollett’s 
“Peregrine  Pickle,”  a retired  naval  officer,  the 
friend  and  companion  of  Commodore  Trunnion. 
Hat  Creek  Indians.  See  A tsuge. 

Hatfield  (hat'feld).  A smalltown  in  Hertford- 
shire, England,  19  miles  north -northwest  of  Lon- 
don. Near  it  is  Hatfield  House,  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury. 

Hatfield  Chase.  A large  tract  of  fenland  (now 
drained)  near  Doncaster  in  Yorkshire. 

Hathaway  (hath'a-wa),  Anne.  See  Shakspere. 

Hathor  (ha'thor).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  an 
important  deity,  a female  counterpart  of  Osiris, 
sometimes  replacing  him,  and  worshiped  in  all 
Egypt.  She  is  with  difficulty  distinguishable  from  Isis, 
like  whom  she  is  the  patroness  of  the  cow  and  wears  the 
solar  disk  with  cow’s  horns.  She  had  a great  number  of 
local  forms  and  names. 

Hathorne  (ha'thorn),  William.  Born  in  Wilt- 
shire, England,  1608:  died  at  Salem,  Mass., 
1681.  An  American  colonial  official.  He  emi 
grated  to  America  in  1630 ; settled  at  Salem  in  1636 ; was  a 
member  of  the  commission  appointed  by  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  to  treat  with  the  French  agent 
D’ Aulney  in  1645 ; was  speaker  of  the  general  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  1644-51 ; and  was  a member  of  the  board  of 
assistants  1662-79.  He  was  one  of  the  five  patriots  whom 
Charles  II.  ordered  to  be  sent  to  England  in  1666  to  an- 
swer to  the  charge  of  refusing  to  submit  to  the  authority 
of  the  royal  commissioners. 

Hatras  (ha-tras'),  or  Hathras  ('hii-thras').  A 
trading  town  in  the  Aligarh  district,  United 
Provinces,  British  India,  situated  in  lat.  27 J 
36'  N.,  long.  78°  4'  E.  It  was  annexed  by  the 
British  in  1803.  Population,  42,578. 

Hatshepsu.  See  Hatasu. 

Hattemists  (hat'em-ists).  A sect  in  the  Nether- 
lands, founded  about  1683  by  a deposed  clergy- 
man, Pontianus  van  Hattem.  The  founder  was  a 
Spinozist  who  denied  the  expiatory  sacrifice  of  Christ  and 
the  freedom  of  the  will,  and  affirmed  that  sin  exists  only 
in  the  imagination,  and  is  itself  its  only  punishment.  The 
sect  disappeared  in  a few  years. 

Hatteraick  (hat'er-ak),  Dirk.  A smuggler  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel  “Guy  Mannering.” 

Hatteras  (hat'er-as),  Cape.  A sandy  point  on 
the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  projecting  into  the 
Atlantic.  Lat.  of  lighthouse,  35°  15'  14"  N. ; 
long.,  75°  31' 17"  W.  Violent  storms  occur  in 
the  vicinity. 

Hattingen  (hiit'ting-en).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  22  miles  northeast 
of  Diisseldorf.  Population,  commune,  10,- 
345. 

Hatto  (hat'to)  I.  Archbishop  of  Mainz  891-913. 
He  became  regent  of  Germany  on  the  accession  of  Lud- 
wig the  Child  in  900,  and  continued  to  exercise  a predomi- 
nant influence  in  German  politics  until  his  death.  He 
sought  to  strengthen  the  royal  authority  at  the  expense 
of  an  unruly  nobility,  a policy  which  caused  him  to  be 
feared  and  hated  by  a considerable  part  of  the  people. 
According  to  a medieval  legend,  he  was  carried  away  by 
the  devil  and  thrown  into  the  crater  of  Etna. 

Hatto  II.  Died  969or  970.  Archbishop  of  Mainz. 
He  became  abbot  of  Fulda  in  942  or  943,  and  in  968  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  emperor  Otto  I.  to  succeed  William  of  Sax- 
ony in  the  archbishopric  of  Mainz.  According  to  a medi- 
eval legend,  which  was  incorporated  with  the  “ Magdeburg 
Centuries,”  he  was  eaten  alive  by  mice  as  a punishment  for 
having  burned  to  the  ground  a barn  full  of  people  caught 
stealing  grain  during  a famine,  whose  dying  shrieks,  he 
likened  to  the  piping  of  mice.  He  is  further  represen  ted  as 
having  built  the  Mouse  Tower  in  the  Rhine  in  a vain  endea- 
vor to  escape  from  his  assailants. 

Hatton,  Sir  Christopher.  Bom  at  Holdenby, 
Northamptonshire,  in  1540 : died  at  Ely  House, 
London,  Nov.  20, 1591.  Lord  Chancellor  of  Eng- 
land. His  relations  with  the  queen  were  intimate.  She 
appointed  him  lord  chancellor  April  25,  1587.  He  was 
called  “the  dancing  chancellor,”  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
he  first  attracted  the  attention  of  Queen  Elizabeth  by  his 
graceful  dancing  at  a mask  at  court, 

Hatuey  (ii-to-ay').  Died  in  1512.  An  Indian 
chief,  originally  of  the  district  of  Guajaba  in 
Haiti.  In  1510  or  1511  he  and  his  followers  fled  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  Spaniards,  and  established  themselves  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Cuba.  They  resisted  Velasquez,  but  were 
soon  defeated,  and  Hatuey  was  captured  and  burned,  nis 
story  is  a favorite  theme  of  Cuban  novelists  and  poets. 

Hatun  Raymi  (ii'ton  ri'me),  or  Raymi.  The 
great  foast  of  the  ancient  Peruvian  Indians, 


Hatun  Raymi 

celebrated  especially  at  Cuzco  at  the  end  of  Au- 
gust. It  was  a thanksgiving  for  the  harvest.  Praises 
were  offered  to  the  supreme  deity  and  to  the  sun,  moon, 
and  lesser  divinities.  There  were  solemn  dances  and  pro- 
cessions from  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  and  the  feasting  and 
rejoicing  lasted  many  days.  Some  authors  state  that  a 
child  or  maiden  was  at  times  sacrificed  during  the  feast, 
but  this  is  very  doubtful. 

Hatun-runas.  See  Piruas. 

Hat  van  (hot' von).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Heves,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Zagyva  32 
miles  east-northeast  of  Budapest.  Population, 
commune,  9,707. 

Hatzfeld  (hats'felt),  Hung.  Zsombolya  (zhom- 
bol'ya).  A town  in  the  county  of  Torontal, 
Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  45°  48'  N.,  long.  20° 
44'  E.  Population,  commune,  10,152. 
Haubourdin  (o-bor-dan').  A manufacturing 
town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  di- 
rectly southwest  of  Lille.  Population,  com- 
mune, 8,828. 

Haucb  (houch),  Johannes  Carsten.  Born 
at  Frederikshald,  Norway,  May  12,  1790  : died 
at  Borne,  March  4, 1872.  A Danish  poet  and 
dramatist.  His  childhood  was  spent  in  Norway.  In 
1803  he  went  to  Copenhagen,  where  he  subsequently  stud- 
ied at  the  university.  After  taking,  in  1821,  the  degree 
of  doctor,  he  traveled  in  Germany,  France,  and  Italy.  Six 
years  later  he  returned  to  Denmark,  and  was  appointed 
lector  at  the  Sorb  Academy.  He  was  subsequently  (1846) 
for  a short  time  professor  in  Kiel.  In  1851  he  was  ap- 
pointed successor  of  Ohlenschlager  as  professor  of  esthet- 
ics in  the  University  of  Copenhagen,  a position  which  he 
held  until  his  death.  His  principal  works  are  the  tragedy 
“Tiberius’1  and  the  drama  “Gregorius  den  Syvende,”  both 
written  during  lii3  first  journey  to  Italy;  the  historical 
novels  “Vilhelm  Zabern’’  (1834),  “Guldmageren  " (“The 
Alchemist,”  1836),  “En  polsk  Familie  ”(“  A PolishFamily," 
1839),  “ Slottet  ved  Rhinen  ” (“The  Castle  on  the  Rhine, ’’ 
1845),  “Robert  Fulton ” (1853),  “Charles  de  la  Bussifere" 
(1869) ; and  thelaterdramas  “Svend  Grathe,"  “Sostrene  paa 
Kinnekullen  ” (“The  Sisters  of  Kinnekullen"),  “Tycho 
Brahes  Ungdom  ” (“  Tycho  Brahe’s  Youth  "),  “ Aeren  tabt 
og  vunden”(“  Honor  Lost  and  Found  ").  A volume  of  lyric 
poems,  “ Lyriske  Digte,”  appeared  in  1842 ; “Lyriske  Digte 
og  Romancer”  (“Lyric  Poems  and  Romances  ”) in  1861; 
and  “ Nye  Digtninger  " (“  New  Poetical  Works  ”)  in  1869. 
Hauck  (hak),  Minnie.  Born  at  New  York,  Nov. 
19, 1852.  An  American  mezzo-soprano  singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  concert  at  New  Orleans 
about  1865 ; in  opera  at  New  York  in  1868.  She  has  sung 
with  great  success  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  She 
made  the  success  of  Bizet’s  opera  “Carmen  ” at  Loudon  in 
1878 : it  had  not  pleased  on  its  first  production. 

Ha, Tiff  (houf),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  29,  1802;  died  at  Stuttgart, 
Nov.  18,  1827.  A German  novelist  and  poet. 
His  works  include  the  novel  “Lichtenstein”  (1826),  the 
tales  “ Die  Bettlerin  vom  Pont-des-Arts,'  “ Phantasien  im 
Bremer  Ratskeller”  (1827)  etc. 

Hang  (houg),  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Niederstotzingen,  Wiirtemberg,  March 
19,  1761:  died  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan. 
30,  1829.  A German  epigrammatic  poet,  author 
of  “ Zweihundert  Hyperbeln  auf  Herrn  Wahls 
ungeheure  Nase”  (1804),  etc. 

Haug,  Martin.  Born  at  Ostdorf,  near  Balingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  30,  1827 : died  at  Bagatz, 
St. -Gall,  Switzerland,  June  3,  1876.  A German 
Orientalist,  collaborator  of  Bunsen  at  Heidel- 
berg in  1856,  professor  of  Sanskrit  at  Poona, 
India,  in  1859,  and  professor  of  Sanskrit  and 
comparative  philology  at  Munich  1868-76.  He 
wrote  “Die  fiinf  Gathas,  etc. ” (1858-60),  “Essays  on  the 
Sacred  Language,  Writings,  and  Religion  of  the  Parsees” 
(1862),  “Old  Zend-Pahlavi  Glossary"  (1868),  “A  Pahlavi- 
Pazand  Glossary  ”(1870),  “Essay  on  the  Pahlavi  Language  ” 
(1870),  “The  Book  of  Arda  Viraf”  (1872-74:  with  E.  W. 
West),  etc.  He  edited  and  translated  the  “Aitareya 
Brahmana  of  the  Rigveda  ” (1863). 

Haugesund  (hou'ge-son).  A town  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Norway,  about  35  miles  northwest 
of  Stavanger.  Population,  7,693. 

Haughton  (ha/ton),  William.  Lived  in  the  last 
half  of  the  16th  century.  An  English  dramatist. 
He  wrote  a number  of  plays,  principally  in  collaboration 
with  Dekker,  Day,  Chettle,  and  others.  In  1602  he  was 
writing  a play  called  “Cartwright."  Nothing  later  is 
known  of  him.  “ Englishmen  for  My  Money,  etc.  ” (printed 
1616),  is  the  only  play  he  is  known  to  have  written  alone. 

Haugwitz  (houg'vits),  Count  Christian  Au- 
gust Heinrich  Kurt  von.  Born  near  Ols,  Si- 
lesia, June  11,  1752:  died  at  Venice,  1831.  A 
Prussian  politician,  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1792-1804  and  1805-06. 

Haupt  (houpt),  Herman.  Born  March  26, 1817 : 
died  Dec.  14, 1905.  An  American  engineer  and 
general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1835  ; was  pro- 
fessor of  civil  engineering  and  mathematics  in  Pennsyl- 
vania College,  Gettysburg,  1844-47;  became  assistant  en- 
gineer of  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Railroad  in  1847  ; 
was  chief  engineer  of  the  Hoosac  tunnel  in  Massachusetts 
1856-62  ; and  during  the  Civil  War  was  aide  to  General  Ir- 
win McDowell,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  chief  of  the 
bureau  of  United  States  military  railways,  in  charge  of 
construction  and  operation.  In  1875  he  became  chief  en- 
gineer of  the  Tide-water  Pipe  Line  Company.  Author  of 
“ General  Theory  of  Bridge  Construction  ” (1852),  etc. 

Haupt,  Moritz.  Born  at  Zittau,  Saxony,  July 


486 

27,  1808 : died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  5,  1874.  A Ger- 
man philologist  and  Latin  poet,  professor  at 
Leipsic  1838-50,  and  at  Berlin  from  1853.  He 

edited  Ovid,  Horace,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  Vergil 
and  other  classics,  and  “Erec  ’’  (1839),“  Derarme  Heinrich  ” 
(1842),  and  other  Middle  High  German  poems. 

Haupt,  Paul.  Born  at  Gorlitz,  Germany,  Nov. 
25,  1858.  A German-American  Assyriologist, 
Semitic  grammarian,  and  Old  Testament  critic. 
He  was  privat-docent  at  the  University  of  Gottingen  1880, 
extraordinary  professor  of  Assyriology  at  the  same  univer- 
sity 1883-89,  and  professor  of  Semitic  languages  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  from  1883.  He  has  pub- 
lished numerousworks  on  Akkadian  and  Assyrian  subjects, 
and  is  joint  editor  of  “ Beitragezur  Assyriologie.”  Among 
his  works  are  “Akkadische  und  sumerische  Keilschrift- 
texte”  and  “Das  babylonische  Nimrodepos.”  He  also 
edited  a text  and  translation  of  the  Bible  printed  in  col- 
ors to  exhibit  the  present  state  of  biblical  criticism 
(1898). 

Hauptmann  (houpt'miin),  Moritz.  Born  at 
Dresden,  Oct.  13, 1792:  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  3, 
1868.  A German  composer  and  writer  on  music. 
He  was  cantor  at  the  Thomasschule  and  professor  of  coun- 
terpoint and  composition  at  the  Conservatory  in  Leipsic. 
He  wrote  “Die  Natur  der  Harmonik  und  der  Metrik" 
(1853),  etc. 

Hauran  (ha-o-ran'  or  hou-ran').  A district  in 
Syria,  intersected  by  lat.  32°  40'  N.,  long.  36° 
30'  E.,  nearly  corresponding  to  the  ancient  Au- 
ranitis  in  Bashan. 

Haureau  (o-ra-o'),  Jean  Barthelemy.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  9,  1812:  died  there,  April  29,  1896. 
A French  historian  and  publicist.  He  became 
editor-in-chief  of  the  “Courrier  de  la  Sarthe ' at  Mans 
about  1838,  which  post  he  retained  7 years,  and  was  direc- 
tor of  the  Imprimerie  Nationale  1870-82. 

Hausa,  or  Haussa  (hou'sa).  A country  and 
nation  situated  north  of  the  junction  of  the 
Niger  with  the  Binue  Biver,  in  central  Sudan. 
Hausa-land  is  almost  coextensive  with  the  modern  king- 
dom of  Sokoto.  The  Hausas  form  the  most  important 
nation  of  the  Sudan.  They  belong  to  the  Nigritic  branch 
of  the  Bantu-negro  race,  slightly  mixed  with  Hamitic  ele- 
ments. According  to  their  own  tradition,  their  father  was 
a negro  and  their  mother  a Berber.  The  Gober  section 
is  of  Coptic  descent.  The  Hausas  are  Mohammedans, 
semi-civilized,  great  traders,  and  able  craftsmen.  In  the 
slaving  times  Hausa  slaves  were  in  great  demand ; to-day, 
Hausa  soldiers  constitute  a large  portion  of  the  British 
and  Kongo  State  forces.  In  the  middle  ages  the  Hausas 
formed  a great  negro  kingdom,  which  subsequently  broke 
up  into  small  states.  About  the  16th  century  the  Fulahs 
or  Fulbe  began  to  get  a foothold  among  them,  and  in  1802 
Othman  dan  Fodio  founded  in  Hausa-land  a great  Fulah 
empire.  From  this,  divided  among  his  sons,  sprang  the 
modern  sultanates  of  Sokoto,  Gando,  and  Adamawa.  The 
Hausa  language  is  spoken  far  beyond  Hausa-land.  It  is 
euphonious,  simple  and  regular  in  structure,  and  eminently 
fit  to  become  a literary  language.  The  principal  dialects 
are  those  of  Katsena  (the  literary  standard),  Kano,  Gober, 
and  Daura. 

Hauser  (hou'zer),  Kaspar.  Died  at  Ansback, 
Bavaria,  Dec.  17,  1833.  A German  foundling. 
He  appeared  at  Nuremberg  in  1828,  and  was  taken  into 
custody  by  the  police,  to  whom  he  gave  his  name  as  Kas- 
par Hauser.  He  carried  on  his  person  a letter,  purporting 
to  have  been  written  by  a Bavarian  laborer,  which  stated 
that  the  bearer  had  been  found  at  the  writer’s  door,  Oct. 
7,  1812.  A note  was  inclosed,  which  purported  to  have 
been  written  by  the  mother.  It  stated  that  the  foundling’s 
name  was  Kaspar ; that  he  was  born  April  30,  1812  ; that 
his  father  was  a captain  in  the  Sixth  Chevau-leger  Regi- 
ment at  Nuremberg;  and  that  his  mother  was  a poor 
girl.  The  boy  said  that  he  had  been  confined  in  a dark 
room  all  his  life,  until  one  night  a man  placed  a letter  in 
his  hand  and  directed  him  on  the  road  to  Nuremberg.  He 
was  placed  by  the  city  under  the  care  of  Professor  G.  Fr. 
Daumer,  and  was  subsequently  adopted  by  Lord  Stanhope, 
who  sent  him  to  Ansbach.  He  died  in  consequence  of  a 
wound  which  he  asserted  he  had  received  at  the  hands  of 
an  unknown  person  who  had  enticed  him  to  a rendezvous 
by  the  promise  of  information  as  to  his  origin.  His  story 
underwent  many  romantic  changes  in  popular  imagination. 

Hausser  (bois'ser),  Ludwig.  BornatKleeburg, 
Lower  Alsace,  Oct.  26,  1818 : died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  March  17, 1867.  A German  histo- 
rian, professor  at  Heidelberg.  He  wrote  “Deutsche 
Geschiclite  vom  Tode  Friedrichs  des  Grossen  bis  zur 
Gnindung  desdeutschenBundes,”  “Geschiclite  der  franzo- 
sischen  Revolution  ”(1867),  “ Geschichte  des  Zeitalters  der 
Reformation”  (1868),  etc. 

Haussmann  (os-man' ) , Baron  Georges  Eugene. 

Born  at  Paris,  March  27, 1809:  died  there,  Jan. 
11,1891.  A French  magistrate.  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar,  but  entered  the  civil  service,  and  in  1853  be- 
came prefect  of  the  Seine,  which  post  he  occupied  until 
1870.  He  carried  out  vast  works  for  the  sanitation  and 
embellishment  of  Paris,  including  the  improvement  of 
the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  the  park  of  Vincennes,  etc.,  and  of 
the  sewer  system  and  water-supply. 

Hausstock  (hous'stok).  A peak  in  the  Todi 
chain  of  the  Alps,  in  Switzerland.  Height, 
10,353  feet. 

Hautecombe  (ot-kohb').  A Cistercian  abbey  in 
the  department  of  Savoie,  France,  about  13  miles 
north-northwest  of  Chambery,  founded  in  1125. 
It  was  plundered  and  desecrated  during  the 
French  Bevolution,  but  was  subsequently  re- 
stored. 

Haute-Garonne  (hot-ga-ron')  (Upper  Garonne) . 
A department  in  southern  France.  Capital, 


Havasupai 

Toulouse.  It  is  bounded  by  Tarn-et-Garonne  on  the 
north,  Tarn,  Aude,  and  Arifege  on  the  east,  Ariege  and 
Spain  on  the  south,  and  Gers  and  Hautes- Pyrenees  on  the 
west,  being  formed  from  portions  of  the  ancient  Languedoc 
and  Gascony.  Area,  2,457  square  miles.  Population, 
442,065. 

Haute-Loire  (hot-lwar')  (Upper  Loire).  A de- 
partment of  France.  Capital,  Le  Puy.  it  is 
bounded  by  Puy-de-Dome  and  Loire  on  the  north,  Ardeche 
on  the  southeast,  Lozfere  on  the  south,  and  Cantal  on  the 
west,  being  formed  from  portions  of  Languedoc  and 
Auvergne,  and  a small  portion  of  Lyonnais.  Area,  1,930 
square  miles.  Population,  314,770. 

Haute-Marne  (hot-marn')  (Upper  Marne).  A 
department  in  northeastern  France.  Capital, 
Chaumont.  It  is  bounded  by  Marne  and  Meuse  on  the 
north,  Vosges  on  the  east,  Haute-Saone  on  the  southeast, 
Cote-d’Or  on  the  southwest,  and  Aube  on  the  west,  being 
formed  chiefly  from  a part  of  the  ancient  Champagne. 
The  leading  industries  are  mining  and  iron  manufacture. 
Area,  2,420  square  miles.  Population,  221,724. 

Hautes-Alpes  (hot-zalp')  (Upper  Alps).  A de- 
partment in  southeasternFrance.  Capital,  Gap. 
It  is  bounded  by  Isere  and  Savoie  on  the  north,  Italy  on 
the  east,  Basses- Alpes  on  the  south,  and  Drome  on  the 
w:st,  being  formed  from  part  of  the  ancient  Dauphine. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  2,178  square  miles. 
Population,  107,498. 

Haute-Saone  (hot-son' ) (Upper  Saone) . A de- 
partment in  eastern  France.  Capital,  Vesonl. 
It  is  bounded  by  Haute-Marne  on  the  northwest,  Vosges 
on  the  north,  Haut-Rhin  on  the  east,  Doubs  and  Jura  on 
the  south,  and  Cote-d’Or  on  the  west,  being  formed  from 
a portion  of  the  ancient  Franche-Comte.  Area,  2,074 
square  miles.  Population,  263,890. 

Haute-Savoie  (hot-sa-vwa/)  (Upper  Savoy).  A 
department  in  eastern  France.  Capital,  Annecy. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  canton  of  Geneva  on  the  northwest, 
the  Lake  of  Geneva  on  the  north,  Valais  on  the  east,  Italy 
on  the  southeast,  Savoie  on  the  south,  and  Ain  on  the  west, 
being  formed  from  the  ancient  Savoy,  ceded  by  Italy  to 
France  1860.  The  surface  is  mountainous  (including 
Mont  Blanc).  Area,  1,774  square  miles.  Population, 
260,617. 

Hautes-Pyrenees  (hot-pe-ra-na')  (Upper  Pyre- 
nees). A department  in  southwestern  France. 
Capital,  Tarbes.  It  is  bounded  by  Gers  on  the  north, 
Haute-Garonne  on  the  east,  Spain  on  the  south,  and  Basses- 
Pyrdnees  on  the  west,  being  formed  from  a portion  of  the 
ancient  Gascony.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Pyrenees  and  off- 
shoots. Area,  1,750  square  miles.  Population,  209,397. 
Haute-Vienne  (hot-vyen')  (Upper  Vienne).  A 
department  in  western  France.  Capital,  Li- 
moges. It  is  bounded  by  Vienne  on  the  northwest,  Indre 
on  the  north,  Creuse  on  the  east,  Correze  and  Dordogne  on 
the  south,  and  Charente  on  the  west,  being  formed  chiefly 
from  portions  of  the  ancient  Limousin  and  Marche.  The 
leading  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  porcelain.  Area, 
2,119  square  miles.  Population,  385,732. 

Hautlein  (ot-lah' ) , Marquis  de.  A gentleman 
of  the  ancient  rdgirne  at  whose  house  Scott 
professed  to  have  gathered  the  materials  of 
“ Quentin  Durward.” 

Hautmont  ( ho-moh' ) . A manufacturing  town 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  on  the 
Sambre  19  miles  east-southeast  of  Valen- 
ciennes. Population,  commune,  13,128. 

Haut-Rhin.  See  Belfort,  Territory  of. 

Haiiy  (a-iie'),  Rene  Just,  Abbe.  Born  at  St.- 
Just,  Oise,  France,  Feb.  28, 1743 : died  at  Paris, 
June  3, 1822.  A celebrated  French  mineralogist, 
the  founder  of  the  science  of  crystallography. 
He  taught  at  the  College  of  Navarre  in  Paris  (from  1764) : 
on  the  opening  of  the  Revolution  was  thrown  into  prison, 
but  was  rescued  by  Geoffroy  Saint-Hilaire ; and  became  a 
member  of  the  commission  of  weights  and  measures  1793, 
professor  of  physics  at  the  Normal  School  1795,  and  pro- 
fessor of  mineralogy  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History 
(1802)  and  the  Faculty  of  Sciences.  He  published  “ Traitd 
de  mindralogle”  (1802),  “Traitd  ('dementaire  de  physique  ” 
(l804),  “ Traite  de  cristallographie,  etc.”  (1822),  etc. 
Haiiy, Valentin.  Born  at  St.-Just.,  Oise,  France, 
Nov.  13,  1745:  died  at  Paris,  March,  1822.  A 
French  instructor  of  the  blind,  brother  of  B.  J. 
Haiiy. 

Havana  (ha-van 'a),  sometimes  Havannah,  Sp. 
La  Habana  (la  j-Ba'na)  or  San  Cristdbal  de 
la  Habana  (‘St.  Christopher  of  the  Haven’), 
F.  La  Havane  (la  ha-van').  A seaport  and 
the  capital  of  Cuba,  situated  on  a fine  bay  on  the 
northern  coast,  in  lat.  23°  9'21"N.,  long.  82°  21' 
30 ' W.  It  is  the  commercial  center  of  the  West  Indies, 
and  one  of  the  principal  commercial  cities  in  America. 
The  chief  exports  are  sugar,  cigars,  and  tobacco ; the  lead- 
ing manufacture  is  tobacco.  Havana  is  divided  into  the 
“old  ’’  and  “ new  ” towns,  the  latter  beyond  the  old  walls, 
and  it  has  several  handsome  suburbs.  It  contains  a cathe- 
dral (begun  1724),  and  many  public  parks  and  promenades. 
It  was  founded  on  its  present  site  in  1519.  It  was  taken 
several  times  in  the  17th  century  by  bucaneers,  and  by  the 
English  in  1762,  but  restored  to  Spain  in  1763.  Popula- 
tion, 297,159. 

Havana  Glen.  A glen  near  the  head  of  Seneca 
Lake,  western  New  York. 

Havasupai  (ha-va-so'pi),  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians,  living  in  northwestern  Ari- 
zona. The  name  is  translated  as  ‘blue  or 
green  water  people.’  They  number  less  than 
200.  See  Yum  an. 


Havel 

Havel  (ha'fel).  A river  in  Prussia,  joining  the 
Elbe  8 miles  northwest  of  Havelberg.  it  traverses 
several  lakes.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Spree.  Length, 
about  220  miles,  nearly  all  of  it  navigable. 

Havelberg  (ha'fel-bero).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  an 
island  in  the  Havel,  59  miles  west-northwest  of 
Berlin.  Population,  commune,  5,988. 
Havelland  (ha'fel -land).  A territory  in  the 
western  part  of  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  lying  between  the  Havel  and  the  lower 
course  of  the  Rhin. 

Havelock  (hav'e-lok),  Sir  Henry.  Born  at 
Bishop- Wearmou’th, England,  April  5,1795:  died 
at  Lucknow,  British  India,  Nov.  24,  1857.  An 
English  general  in  India,  especially  distin- 
guished during  the  Indian  mutiny  of  1857.  He 
relieved  Lucknow  Sept.,  1857. 

Havelock  the  Dane,  The  Lay  of.  An  Anglo- 
Danish  story,  composed  before  1300.  it  contains 
the  legend  of  the  town  of  Grimsby.  There  is  a French  lay 
called  “ Le  lai  d’Havelok  le  Danois.”  It  is  a trans- 
lation of  a French  romance  called  “Le  lai  de  Aveloc,” 
written  in  the  first  half  of  the  12th  century,  and  probably 
founded  on  an  Anglo-Saxon  original.  It  has  been  edited  by 
Sir  F.  Madden  for  the  Roxburghe  Club  (1828),  and  reedited 
for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  by  the  Rev.  IV.  W.  Skeat 
(1868)  Havelock  was  the  son  of  the  Danish  king  Birka- 
been.  He  was  put  to  sea  by  treachery,  and  was  saved  by 
Grim,  a fisherman,  who  brought  him  up  as  his  son.  Grim 
was  rewarded  by  the  king  when  the  truth  was  discovered, 
and  with  the  money  given  him  built  Grimsby,  or  Grim’s 
town. 

Haven  (ha'vn),  Erastus  Otis.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass., Nov.  1, 1820:  died  at  Salem,  Ore.,  Aug.  2, 
1881.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  He  edited  “Zion’s  Herald  ’’(Boston) 
1856-63 ; was  president  of  the  University  of  Michigan  (Ann 
Arbor)1863-69,  and  of  theNorthwestern  University  (Evans- 
ton, Illinois)  1869-72  ; and  became  chancellor  of  Syracuse 
University  in  1874.  He  published  “Rhetoric  ” (1869),  etc. 
Haven,  Gilbert.  Born  at  Malden,  Mass.,  Sept., 
1821:  died  at  Malden,  Jan.  3,  1880.  An  Ameri- 
can bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
He  edited  “Zion’s  Herald”  (Boston)  1867-72. 
Haverford  College  (hav'er-ford  kol'ej).  An  in- 
stitution of  learning  situated  at  Haverford, 
Pennsylvania,  9 miles  west-northwest  of  Phila- 
delphia. It  was  founded  1832,  opened  1833,  and  incor- 
porated 1856  ; it  is  controlled  by  the  Society  of  Friends. 

Haverfordwest  (hav'er-ford -west'),  Welsh 
Hwlffordd  (hol'forTH).  A seaport  and  the 
capital  of  Pembrokeshire,  Wales,  situated  on  the 
West  Cleddau  in^lat.  51°  48'  N.,  long.  4°  57'  W. 
Population,  6,007. 

Havergal  (hav'6r-gal),  Frances  Ridley.  Born 
at  Astley,  Worcestershire,  Dec.  14,  1836:  died 
at  Swansea,  Wales,  June  3, 1879.  An  English  re- 
ligious writer.  She  published  the  “Ministry  of  Song” 
(1870)  and  other  collections  of  devotional  poetry  and  prose. 

Haverhill  (hav'er-il).  A town  in  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land. Population,  4,862. 

Haverhill  (ha'ver-il).  A city  (incorporated 
1870)  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  the  Merrimac  30  miles  north  of  Boston,  it 
is  noted  for  shoe  manufacture.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Whittier.  Population,  44,115,  (1910). 

Haverstraw  (hav'er-stra).  A town  in  Rock- 
land County,  N.  Y.,  situated  on  the  Hudson. 
Population,  village,  5,669,  (1910). 

Haverstraw  Bay.  The  name  given  to  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  Hudson  below  the  Highlands 
and  north  of  Tappan  Sea. 

Have  with  you  to  Saffron  Walden.  See  Saf- 
fron Walden,  etc. 

Havilah  (hav'i-la).  In  the  description  of  Eden 
in  Gen.  ii.,  a land  mentioned  as  encompassed 
by  the  Pishon,  one  of  the  four  rivers  which 
go  out  from  Eden,  and  as  containing  gold  and 
bedolach  and  shoham  stone.  As  Pishon-has  been 
identified  with  almost  all  rivers,  so  Havilah  was  sought 
and  found  in  all  parts  of  the  earth,  notably  in  Armenia 
(Colchis)  and  India.  Frederick  Delitzsch,who  locates  Eden 
in  Mesopotamia  near  Babylonia  (see  Eden),  identifies  Ha- 
vilah with  the  tract  immediately  to  the  south  and  west  of 
the  Euphrates.  Havilah  is  also  enumerated  in  Gen.  x.  7 
among  the  sons  of  Cush,  son  of  Ham  ; in  Gen.  x.  29  among 
the  sons  of  Joktan,  a descendant  of  Shem ; and  in  Gen.  xxv. 
18  it  appears  as  the  southeastern  limit  of  the  Ishmaelite 
Arabs.  It  perhaps  designates  the  east  or  southeast  of 
Arabia  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  in  which  region,  according  to 
Strabo,  a tribe  by  the  name  of  Chaulotfeans  lived,  who  were 
neighbors  of  the  Nabataeans  and  Hazarenes.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  Analitse  of  the  classical  writers  (Pliny,  VI.  28), 
a people  with  a town  Analis  (now  Zeila)  on  the  African 
coast,  south  of  the  Strait  of  Bab  el-Mandeb,  would  answer 
to  the  Cushite  Havilah. 

Haviland  (hav'i-laud),  John.  Born  at  Gunden- 
ham,  Somersetshire,  in  1793 : died  at  Philadel- 
phia. March  28, 1852.  An  English  architect.  lie 
studied  with  James  Elmes.  In  1815  he  went  to  Russia  to 
enter  the  imperial  corps  of  engineers.  The  following  year 
he  went  to  the  United  States,  where  he  made  a specialty  of 
penitentiary  buildings : among  them  were  that  at  Pittsburg, 
the  first  designed  on  the  radiating  principle  advocated  by 
Jeremy  Bentham  ; the  Eastern  Penitentiary  at  Philadel- 
phia; the  Tombs,  New  York;  and  the  State  penitentiaries  of 


487 


Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 


New  Jersey,  Missouri,  and  Rhode  Island.  He  also  designed  Hawke  Bflv  A havm  tb« 

the  United  States  Naval  Asylum  at  Norfolk,  the  United  North  n */  , , eaSt  COa8t  °f  the 

States  Mint  at  Philadelphia,  and  other  public  buildings.  ' oriti  island,  JNcw  Zealand. 

His  prisons  were  considered  standard  at  the  time,  and  were  Hawker  (ha'ker),  Robert  Stephen  Born  at 
visited  by  commissioners  from  England,  France,  Russia,  Stoke  Damerel,  Devonshire,  1803  : died  in  1875 

Havre  Ik' vr),  Le,  or  Havre,  formerly  Havre-  MAorwenst™’  v 

de-Grace  (a'vr-de-gras').  [F.,  ‘the  Haven,’  ^aW£e4bFy  £aksber-i).  A river  of  New 
‘the  Haven  of  Grace’:  a chapel  of  Notre  Dame 


South  Wales  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  north- 
east  of  Sydney ._  Length,  about  330  miles. 

_ Hawkeye  (hak'i)  State.  A popular  name  of  the 

^ loin  . \ (-  T ATTTA  Ti-  L.  ! J i 1 . 


de  Grdce,  ‘our  Lady  of  Grace,’  formerly  existed 

there.]  A seaport  in  the  department  of  Seine-  T„„  T,  . . , , - 

- - - - - State  of  Iowa.  It  is  said  to  be  so  named  from 


Inferieure,  France,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  f , 

- - ’ - *an  Indian  chief  who  once  lived  in  that  region. 


the  Seine  in  lat.  49°  29'  N.,  long.  0°  7'  E.  it  is  WI  ° once  uvea  in  that  region, 

the  seoond  seaport  of  France,  and  the  terminus  of  several  j , ,’lzh  Anthony  Hope.  Born  at 

-i — -j-  — ~ ~ * — : — Rondon,  r cb.  9,  1863.  An  English  novelist 

He  writes  under  the  name  of  Anthony  Hope.  He  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1887.  He  has  written  “A  Man  of 


steamship  lines ; has  about  one  fifth  of  the  whole  foreign 
trade  of  France  (especially  with  America);  and  is  noted 
for  its  docks  and  ship-building  yards.  The  Church  of 
Notre  Dame  and  the  museum  are  of  interest.  Bernardin 
de  Saint  Pierre  and  Casimir  Delavigne  were  born  here. 
The  town  was  founded  by  Louis  XII.  ; was  developed  by 


^ (1S90),“  Father  Stafford,’  “The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,” 
Ihe  Dolly  Dialogues,  ’ “ The  Indiscretion  of  the  Duchess,” 
nupert  Of  Uf>nt.7fin  ” ROnicontZ  ” 


‘Rupert  of  Hentzau,”  “Quisantb, 


Francis  I. ; was  occupied  by  the  English  in  1562-63;  and  HawkillS,  Or  HawkynS  (ha/kinz),  Sir  John 
ulation^ communef  132^430.^  bythe  Eng,Iabin  ^ Po1-  at  Pl^nth,  1532:  died  at  sea  off  Porto 

Havro  de  Grace  (bav'er  de  gras)  A city  in 
Harford  County,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  Sus-  cato  the  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  main  Several  Eng- 
quehanna,  near  its  mouth,  34  miles  northeast  lish  noblemen,  and,  it  is  said,  Queen  Elizabeth,  had  a finan- 
of  Baltimore.  Population,  4,212,  (1910).  cial  interest  in  these  voyages.  The  trade  was  a violation 

Hawaii  (ha-wl'e).  The  largest,  and  southeast-  ° Spanish  He*  f»the“ 
ernmost  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  surface  is  with  difficulty,  after  losing  most  of  his  ships  (Sept  24  1568) 
mountainous.  It  contains  the  volcanoes  Manna  Kea,  In  1573  he  was  made  treasurer  of  the  English  navy  As 
Mauna  Loa,  and  Kilauea.  The  chief  town  is  Hilo.  Area,  rear-admiral  he  took  a prominent  part  in  the  defeat  of  the 
+4,210  square  miles.  Population,  55,382,  (1910).  Spanish  Armada  (Aug.,  1588),  and  was  knighted.  He  was 

Hawaiian  Islands  (ha-wi'yan  l'landz),  or  Ha-  Frobisher  on  the  Portuguese  coast  in  1590,  and  died 
waii,  or  Sandwich  Islands  (sand ' wich  i'-  ^st  indies  1,1  command  iu  Urake'8  exPeditio“  to  the 
landz)  . A group  of  islands  in  the  North  Pacific,  Hawkins,  Sir  John.  Born  at  London,  March  30, 
about  lat.  18°  5o'-22°  lo'  N.,  long.  lo4°  50'-160°  1719  : died  at  Westminster,  May  21,  1789.  An 
io  W.  Capital,  Honolulu.  The  chief  islands  are  Ha-  English  author.  He  was  one  of  Dr.  Johnson’s  execu- 
wan,  Maui,  Oahu,  Kauai,  Lanai,  Rahulaui,  Molokai,  Nil-  tors,  and  wrote  his  life,  which  he  published  with  an  edition 
hau.  The  surface  is  largely  mountainous  and  volcanic,  of  Johnson’s  works  in  1787.  His  chief  work  is  “A  General 
The  chief  export  is  sugar ; other  exports  are  rice,  bananas,  History  of  the  Science  and  Practice  of  Music  ” (1776). 

” ' ‘ Born 


and  rediscovered  in  1778  by  Cook  (who  gave  them  the  name 
Owhyhee).  The  government  was  consolidated  by  Kame- 
hameha  I.  (who  died  in  1819),  and  idolatry  was  abolished 
in  1819 ; the  next  year  the  American  missionaries  arrived. 
A constitution  was  granted  in  1840,  and  a more  liberal  one 
in  1887.  The  government  was  a monarchy,  with  king, 
cabinet,  and  legislature  (consisting  of  a house  of  nobles 
and  house  of  representatives).  The  queen,  Liliuokalani 
(who  ascended  the  throne  in  1891),  on  Jail.  15,  1893,  at- 
tempted to  force  the  cabinet  to  approve  a new  constitu- 
tion designed  to  give  greater  power  to  the  crown  and  to 
the  native  population.  This  they  declined  to  do.  On  Jan 


prises  ; took  part  in  the  defeat  of  the  Armada,  Aug.,  1588, 
and  in  the  descent  on  the  Portuguese  coast  in  1590 ; and  in 
June,  1593,  started  on  a voyage  around  the  world  in  the 
Dainty.  After  touching  in  Brazil,  he  passed  the  Strait  of 
Magellan,  and  took  and  plundered  Valparaiso ; but  he  was 
defeated  and  captured  after  a hard  fight  in  San  Mateo  Bay, 
Peru,  June  22, 1594.  Taken  to  Lima,  he  was  sent  to  Spain 
in  1597  and  imprisoned  until  1602,  when  he  was  ransomed. 
Subsequently  he  was  vice-admiral  of  Devon,  and  second  in 
command  in  Sir  Robert  Mansell’s  fleet  against  the  Alger- 
ine pirates,  1620-21. 


Hawks  (haks),  Francis  Lister  Born  at  New- 

by  Mr.  Sanford  B.  Dole,  which  was  to  retain  office  until  a bern,  N.  O.,  June  10,  1/98  : died  at  New  lork, 
treaty  of  annexation  with  the  United  States  should  he  Sept.,  1866.  An  American  clergyman  of  the 
concluded.  Such  a treaty  was  sent  to  the  Senate  by  Presi-  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  historical, 
dent  Harrison,  but  it  was  withdrawn  by  President  Cleve-  j„  i j l A,, A mono-  bio 

land  on  the  ground  that  the  revolution  in  Hawaii  was  10"  , ’ . miscellaneous  writer.  Among  ins 
wrongfully  accomplished  by  the  aid  of  the  American  min-  "works  is  Contributions  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
ister,  Mr.  Stevens,  and  the  American  naval  force,  and  that  History  of  the  United  States  ” (1836-41). 

the  queen  should  be  reestablished  on  her  throne.  His  ef-  tt„  j o-  - 

fort  to  accomplish  this  end  by  diplomatic  means  failed.  h^WkWOOCl  (hak  wul),  Sir  John.  Bom  m 
A republic  was  proclaimed  July  4, 1894.  The  islands  were  Essex,  England,  about  1320:  died  at  Florence, 
annexed  to  the  United  States  by  act  of  Congress.  July  7.  Italy,  in  1394.  A noted  English  leader  of  con- 
1898,  and  organized  a Territory  June  14,  1900.  Area,  6,449  dnttiAvi  nnrl  cfratomol  v.  , , ,,  , 

sauare  miles  Pomilation  191  909  G9101  UOtlien  ana  strategist.  He  served  under  the  Black 

r l, l, ...  i,  ■ , , Prince  in  France,  and  after  the  peace  of  Bretigny  organ- 

Hawar  (ha-v  or  ).  [At  . al-hawar,  the  intensely  ized  his  famous  White  Company,  whose  services  he  sold  to 
bright.]  _ The  bright  second-magnitude  star  various  Italian  powers.  Hefinally  became  the  permanent 


c Ursse  Majoris,  commonly  known  as  Alioth. 

Hawarden  (har'dn).  A town  in  Flintshire, 
North  Wales,  16  miles  south  of  Liverpool.  Near 
it  is  Hawarden  Castle,  the  residence  of  W.  E.  Gladstone. 

Haweis  (hois),  Hugh  Reginald.  Born  1838 : 
died  1901.  An  English  clergyman  and  author. 
He  published  “Music  and  Morals,”  etc. 

Hawes  (haz),  Stephen.  Born  about  1476:  died 
about  1523.  An  English  poet.  He  wrote  an  alle- 
gorical poem,  “The  Pastime  of  Pleasure”  (about  1506), 
orbited  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1609,  etc. 

Hawes,  William.  Bom  at  London,  1785 : died 


military  adviser  and  captain-general  of  Florence. 

Hawley  (ha/li),  Gideon.  Born  at  Stratford 
(Bridgeport),  Conn.,  Nov.  11, 1727:  diedatMash- 
pee,  Mass.,  Oct.  3, 1807.  An  American  mission- 
ary. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1749,  and  in  1763,  at  the 
instance  of  the  commissioners  of  Indian  affairs,  estab- 
lished a mission  among  the  Iroquois  Indians  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna River,  which  he  abandoned  in  1756  on  account 
of  the  old  French  and  Indian  war.  He  subsequently  served 
as  chaplain  in  Colonel  Richard  Gridley’s  regiment,  and  in 
1757  was  appointed,  by  the  commissioners  of  the  Society 
for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  pastor  of  the  Indian  tribes  at 
Mashpee,  Massachusetts. 


there,  Feb.  18, 1846.  An  English  composer  and  Hawley,  Joseph.  Born  at  Northampton,  Mass., 
Weber’s  “Der  Freischutz”  ‘ ~ 


musician.  He  introduced 
into  England  1824,  after  which  he  adapted  many  operas  for 
the  English  stage. 

Hawes  Water.  A lake  in  the  Lake  District, 
Westmoreland,  England,  9 miles  northeast  of 
Ambleside.  Length,  2\  miles. 

Hawick  (ha'ik).  A town  in  Roxburghshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Teviot  40  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Edinburgh.  It  manufactures  tweeds, 
hosiery,  etc.  Near  it  is  Branxholm  Tower.  Hawick,  Gala- 


died  in  Hampshire  County, 
March  10,  1788.  An  American  patriot. 

Hawley,  Joseph  Roswell.  Born  at  Stewarts- 
ville,  N.  C.,  Oct.  31, 1826:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  March  17,  1905.  An  American  general, 
journalist,  and  politician.  He  graduated  at  Ham- 
ilton  College  in  1847 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850;  be- 
came editor  of  the  Hartford  “Press”  in  1857 ; served  as  a 
brigade  and  division  commander  in  the  Union  army  dur- 
the  Civil  War,  being  brevetted  major-general  in  1865; 


. « xt  . , . . , awicK,(.aja-  was  president  of  the  Republican  National  Convention  in 

shiels,  and  Selkirk  form  the  Hawick  district  of  burghs  (or  1868;  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Connecti- 
the  Border  burghs),  returning  1 member  to  Parliament.  cu^.  ig72-75  and  1879-81 ; was  United  States  senator  1881— 
I opulation,  1 <,303.  1905 ; was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  R-epublican 

JttRWliRDltGS  (liak  a-blts).  A club  of  dissolute  nomination  for  President  in  1884  and  1888;  and  was  presi- 
young  men,  associated  in  London  after  the  Res-  dent  of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission  1873-77. 
toration  for  the  pleasure  of  fighting.  “ a class  of  Hawthornden(ha'th6rn-den).  A glen  or  valley 
ruffianswhosefavoriteamusementwas  to  swagger  by  night  in  Edinburghshire,  Scotland,  8 miles  south  of 
about  town,  breaking  windows,  upsetting  sedans,  beating  Edinburgh.  The  estate  of  Hawtliornden  wa  s 
'nawcuMtes  etC"  ( IV’  166’>  AIso  the  property  of  the  poet  William  Drummond. 

Hawke  (h&k),  Edward,  first  Baron  Ilawke.  HawthorneUm'thorn),  Julian.  BornatBoston, 
Born  at  London,  1705 : died  at  Sunbury,  Middle-  A 11,16  22>  184(\  A“  American  novelist  and  mis- 
Bex,  England,  Oct.  17,  1781.  An  English  ad-  cellanoous  writer  son  of  Nat  lianiel  Hawthorne, 
miral.  He  defeated  the  Fiench  off  Belle-Ile  in  Hawthorne,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass  , 
1747,  and  off  Quiberon  in  1759.  July  4, 1804:  died  at  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  May  19, 


Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 

1664  A celebrated  American  novelist.  He  grad- 
uated at  Bowdoin  College  in  1825  ; served  in  the  custom- 
house at  Boston  1838-41 ; joined  the  Brook  Farm  Associa- 
tion in  1841 ; settled  at  Concord,  Massachusetts,  in  1843 ; 
was  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Salem  1846-49  ; and  was  United 
States  consul  at  Liverpool  1853-57.  In  1861  he  ret  urned  to 
the  United  States.  “Fanshawe,”  his  first  story,  was  pub- 
lished in  1826  at  his  own  expense.  He  wrote  ‘-Twice-told 
Tales"  (1837:  second  series  1842),  “Mosses  from  an  Old 
Manse ” (1846),  “The  Scarlet  Letter”  (1850),  “The  House 
of  the  Seven  Gables ” (1851),  “The  Wonder-Book"  (1851), 
“ The  Blithedale  Romance  ”(1852),“  Snow  Image  and  other 
Twice-told  Tales”  (1852),  “Life of  Franklin  Pierce”  (1852), 
“Tangle wood  Tales  " (1853),  “ The  Marble  Faun  "(I860 : the 
English  edition  was  called  11  Transformation,  or  the  Ro- 
mance of  Monte  Beni,”  also  1860),  “Our  Old  Home”  (1863), 
“Pansie”  (1864:  also  called  “The  Dolliver  Romance"), 
“ Note  Books  ”(1868-72),  “ Sept  imius  Felton  ''(1872),  “Tales 
of  the  White  Hills  ” (1877),  “ Dr.  Grimshawe's  Secret  ’ (a 
fragment,  1883). 

Hawwa  (ha-wa/).  [Ar.  al-hawwa,  tlie  serpent- 
charmer.]  A rarely  used  name  for  the  star 
a Ophiuchi,  commonly  known  as  Bas-alaghue. 

Hay  (ha),  John.  Born  at  Salem,  Ind..  Oct,  8, 
1838:  died  at  Newbury,  N.  H.,  Jtdy  1, 1905.  An 
American  author,  journalist,  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  assistant  private  secretary  to  President  Lincoln 
1861-65 ; first  secretary  of  legation  at  Pari3 1865-67 ; charge 
d’affaires  at  Vienna  1867-68;  secretary  of  legation  at  Ma- 
drid 1868-70 ; assistant  secretary  of  state  1879-81 ; ambas- 
sador to  Great  Britain  1897-98;  secretary  of  state  1898- 
1905.  He  published  “Pike  County  Ballads”  (1871)  and 
“Castilian  Days "(1871),  and  was  the  author,  with  J.  G. 
Nicolay,  of  the  “Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  " (1886-90). 

Hayd6e  (a-da').  An  opera  comique  by  Auber 
(words  by  Scribe),  produced  in  Paris  in  1847. 

Hayden  ( ha/dn), Ferdinand Vandeveer.  Born 
at  Westfield,  Mass.,  Sept.  7, 1829;  died  atPhila- 
delphia,  Dec.  22, 1887.  An  American  geologist. 

He  graduated  atdberlin  College  in  1850,  and  at  the  Albany 
Medical  College  in  1853 ; was  professor  of  geology  and  min- 
eralogy in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1865-72;  and 
was  connected  with  the  geological  and  geographical  sur- 
veys of  the  United  States  1859-86.  He  edited  the  first  8 
reports  (1867-76)  of  the  United  States  geographical  and 
geological  surveys  of  the  Territories,  and  is  the  author  of 
“Sketch  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  United  States 
Geological  and  Geographical  Surveys  of  the  Territories" 
(1877),  “ The  Yellowstone  National  Park  and  the  Mountain 
Regions  of  Idaho,  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Utah  ” (1877). 

Hayden,  Mount,  or  Grand  Teton  (te-ton'). 
The  highest  of  the  Three  Tetons,  Teton  Range, 
western  Wyoming.  Height,  about  13,747  feet. 

Haydn  (ha'dn ; G.  pron.  hl'dn),  Johann  Mi- 
chael. Born  at  Rohrau,  Lower  Austria,  Sept. 
14,  1737 ; died  at  Salzburg,  Aug.  10,  1806.  An 
Austrian  composer,  brother  of  Joseph  Haydn. 

Haydn,  Joseph.  Born  at,  Rohrau,  Lower  Aus- 
tria, March  31,  1732  : died  at  Vienna,  May  31, 
1809.  A celebrated  Austrian  composer.  He  was 
appointed  chapeimaster  to  Prince  Esterh&zy  at  Eisen- 
stadt,  Hungary,  in  1760,  and  resided  in  London  1791-92 
andl794-95.  Hisworks  include  “The  Seven  Words,  etc.” 
(1785:  a cantata),  “The  Creation ” (1798),  “The  Seasons" 
(“  Die  Jahreszeiten,”  1801),  125  symphonies,  83  string  quar- 
tets, sonatas,  etc.,  and  the  Austrian  national  hymn.  See 
his  life  by  Pohl,  1876-82. 

Haydon  (ha' don),  Benjamin  Robert.  Born  at 
Plymouth,  England,  Jan.  26,  1786:  committed 
suicide  at  London,  June  22, 1846.  A notedEng- 
lish  historical  painter.  His  life  was  one  of  struggle 
mid  of  disappointment  because  his  talent  was  not  appre- 
ciated. Anioni?  his  works  are  “ Christ’s  Entry  into  Jeru- 
salem ’ (now  at  Cincinnati),  “ The  Raising  of  Lazarus  " 
(in  the  National  Gallery,  London),  44  The  Judgment  of 
Solomon.”  He  published  “Lectures  on  Painting  and  Re- 
sign ’’(1S44-46).  His  life,  compiled  from  his  autobiogra- 
phy and  journal,  was  published  by  Tom  Taylor  in  1853. 

Haye.  La.  See  Hague,  The. 

Hayel  (ha-yel'),  or  Hail  (ha-el')-  A city  of 
Shomer,  Arabia,  situated  about  lat.  27°  40'  N., 
long.  42°  40'  E. 

Hayes  (haz),  Catherine.  Born  in  Ireland  a*bout 
1825  : died  at  London,  Aug.  11,  1861.  An  Irish 
singer.  She  made  her  debut  in  1845  at  Marseilles,  and 
had  a brilliant  career  in  Italy  and  Austria.  In  1849  she 
appeared  in  London,  but  soon  left  England  for  America, 

1 ndia,  Polynesia,  and  Australia.  She  married  a Mr.  Bush- 
neU  in  1857.  Grove. 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel.  Bom  in  Chester  County, 
Pa.,  March  5,  1832:  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  17, 
1881.  An  American  arctic  explorer.  He  accom- 
j>anied  the  second  Grinnell  expedition  under  E.  K.  Kane 
as  surgeon  1853-55.  Convinced  during  this  expedition  of 
the  existence  of  an  open  polar  sea,  he  solicited  subscrip- 
tions, as  the  result  of  which  he  was  enabled  to  fit  out  an 
expedition,  consisting  of  14  persons,  which  sailed  from  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  July  7,  1860.  He  wintered  in  Foulke 
Fiord,  lat,  78°  18'  N.,  near  Littleton  Island,  and  May  18, 
1861,  reached  a point  which  he  placed  at  lat.  81°  35'  N., 
long.  70°  30'  W.,  although  the  correctness  of  his  observa- 
tions has  been  called  in  question.  He  returned  to  Boston 
Oct.  23,  1861.  In  1869  he  visited  Greenland  with  the  art  ist 
William  Bradford  in  the  Panther.  He  published  “An  Arctic 
Boat-Journey  ” (1860),  “ The  Open  Polar  Sea  ” (1867),  “ Cast 
Away  in  the  Cold  "(1868),  “The  Land  of  Desolation  ”(1872). 

Hayes,  Eutherford  Birchard.  Born  at  Dela- 
ware, Ohio,  Oct.  4,  1822 : died  at  Fremont, 
Ohio,  Jan.  17,1893.  The  nineteenth  President 
of  the  United  States.  He  served  in  the  Union  army 


488 

during  the  Civil  War,  being  brevetted  maior-general  of 
volunteers  in  1865  ; was  a Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  Ohio  1865-67 ; was  governor  of  Ohio  1868-72, 1876-77 ; 
was  a Republican  candidate  for  the  presidency  1e  1876  ; 
was  declared  elected  by  the  Electoral  Commission  March 
2,  1877,  and  served  1877-81.  See  Electoral  Commission. 

Hayley  (ha'li),  William.  Born  at  Chichester, 
England,  Oct.  29,  1745:  died  at  Felpham,  near 
Chichester,  Nov.  12, 1820.  An  English  poet  and 
prose-writer. 

Haym  (him),  Eudolf.  Born  at  Griinberg,  Si- 
lesia, Oct.  5, 1821 : died  Aug.  27, 1901.  A Ger- 
man political  and  philosophical  writer.  His 
works  include  “ Wilhelm  von  Humboldt”  (1856).  “Hegel 
und  seine  Zeit”  (1857),  “Arthur  Schopenhauer”  (1864), 
“Die  romantisclie  Schule”  (1870),  “Herder"  (1877-85). 

Haymarket,  The.  A London  market,  estab- 
lished in  1644  on  the  site  now  partly  covered 
by  the  Criterion  restaurant  and  theater  and 
Lower  Regent  street.  It  was  abolished  in  1830. 
The  place  is  called  Haymarket  Square,  or  the  Haymarket. 

Haymarket  Square  Eiot,  The.  A riot  at  Hay- 
market Square  in  Randolph  street,  immediately 
north  of  Des  Plaines  street,  Chicago,  May  4, 
1886,  in  which  7 policemen  were  killed  and  60 
wounded  while  attempting  to  disperse  a meet- 
ing of  anarchists.  The  injuries  of  thepolicemen  were 
caused  chiefly  by  a dynamite  bomb  thrown  by  some  one 
in  the  crowd,  supposed  to  have  been  a person  named 
Schnaubelt,  who  was  never  arrested.  The  anarchists 
August  Spies,  Adolph  Fischer,  George  Engel,  and  Albert 

R.  Parsons  were  hanged,  Nov.  11,  1887,  for  complicity  in 
the  riot,  while  Louis  Lingg  escaped  the  gallows  by  com- 
mitting suicide  in  prison.  Samuel  Fielden  and  Michael 
Schwab  were  committed  to  prison  for  life,  and  Oscar  W. 
Neebe  for  a term  of  16  years,  but  they  were  pardoned  by 
Governor  John  P.  Altgeld,  June,  1893. 

Haymarket  Theatre.  A London  theater  stand- 
ing in  the  Haymarket  opposite  Charles  street. 
Next  to  Drury  Lane  no  theater  in  London  is  so  rich  in 
theatrical  tradition  as  “the  Little  Theatre  in  the  Hay- 
market.” During  the  patent  monopoly  it  was  a kind  of 
chapel  of  ease  or  training-house  to  Drury  Lane  and  Covent 
Garden.  In  1720  one  John  Potter  purchased  the  site  of 
an  old  inn,  the  King’s  Head,  in  the  Haymarket,  and 
erected  there  a small  theater.  The  house  was  leased  to  a 
company  of  French  actors,  and  opened  with  “La  fllle  a 
la  mode,  ou  le  Badeau  de  Paris,”  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Duke  of  Montague.  For  some  years  after  it  was 
called  “ the  New  French  Theatre."  Fielding’s  is  the  first 
great  name  connected  with  this  theater.  In  1730  he  pro- 
duced “The  Tragedy  of  Tragedies,  or  Tom  Thumb  the 
Great,”  and  became  manager  in  1734.  In  Feb.,  1744, 
Charles  Macklin  opened  the  Haymarket  with  a company 
largely  composed  of  his  own  pupils.  On  April  22,  1747, 
Samuel  Foote  assumed  the  management.  In  1766  he  ob- 
tained a patent  for  the  theater  during  his  lifetime.  In 
1776  Foote  sold  the  theater  to  Colman  the  elder,  who  man- 
aged it  till  1794.  When  Harris  became  manager  in  1820, 
he  demolished  the  old  house  (its  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  ( 'afe  de  l'Europe),  and  erected  a new  one  a little  far- 
ther north.  It  was  opened  July  4, 1821,  with  “The  Rivals.” 
The  present  theater  was  built  in  1880. 

Haymerle  (M'mer-le),  Baron  Heinrich  von. 

Born  at  Vienna,  Dec.  7,  1828  : died  at  Vienna, 
Oct.  10,  1881.  An  Austrian  diplomatist  and 
statesman,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1879-81. 

Haymon.  See  Aymon. 

Haynau.  See  Hainan. 

Haynau  (ki'nou),  Baron  Julius  Jakob  von. 

Born  at  Cassel,  Oct.  14,  1786 : died  at  Vienna, 
March  14,  1853.  An  Austrian  general,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  the  elector  William  I.  of  Hesse-Cas- 
sel.  He  was  commander  in  Italy  1848-49,  and 
in  Hungary  1849-50,  and  was  notorious  for  His 
cruelty. 

Hayne  (han),  Isaac.  Born  in  South  Carolina, 
Sept.  23,  1745 : died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Aug. 
4,1781.  An  American  patriot.  He  served  against 
the  British  at  the  siege  of  Charleston  in  1780,  when  he  was 
taken  prisoner  and  paroled.  He  subsequently  took  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king  on  the  assurance  of  the  Brit- 
ish deputy  commandant  at  Charleston  that  he  would  not 
be  called  upon  to  bear  arms  against  his  country.  Being, 
nevertheless,  summoned  to  join  the  British  army,  he  con- 
sidered himself  released  from  his  oath,  and  became  colonel 
of  an  American  militia  company.  He  was  captured  and 
hanged  by  the  order  of  Colonel  Balfour  and  Lord  Rawdou. 
This  action  gave  rise  to  a sharp  debate  in  the  British  Par- 
liament, and  caused  General  Greene  to  issue  a proclama- 
tion Aug.  26,  1781,  in  which  he  announced  his  intention  to 
make  reprisals. 

Hayne,  Paul  Hamilton.  Born  at  Charleston, 

S.  C.,  Jan.  1, 1831:  died  July  6, 1886.  An  Ameri- 
can poet,  nephew  of  R.  Y.  Hayne.  He  published 
volumes  of  poems  (1854-57),  “Avolio  and  other  Poems" 
(1859),  “ Legends  and  Lyrics  ” (1873),  etc. 

Hayne,  Robert  Y oung.  Born  in  St.  Paul’s  par- 
ish, Colleton  district,  S.  C.,  Nov.  10,  1791:  died 
at  Asheville,  N.  C.,  Sept.  24,1839.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina  1823-32,  and  is  noted  as  an  opponent  of  the  pro- 
tective tariff  and  a leader  of  the  nulliflers,  and  for  his  de- 
bate with  Webster  in  1830.  He  was  governor  of  South 
Carolina  1832-34. 

Haynes  (hanz),  John.  Born  at  Old  Holt,  Essex, 
England:  diedat  Hartford, Conn.,  March  1, 1654. 
An  American  magistrate.  He  emigrated  to  Massa- 
chusetts in  1633.  Inl635liebecamegovernorof  Massachu- 


Hazen 

setts  Bay,  and  in  1639  was  chosen  (first)  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, an  office  to  which  he  was  reelected  in  alternate 
years. 

Hays  (haz),  Isaac.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  July 
5, 1796:  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  13  (12?),  1879. 
An  American  physician  and  scientist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  In  1816,  and  as  M.  D. 
in  1820 ; became  editor  of  “The  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences”  in  1827;  established  the  “Medical 
News”  in  1843;  established  the  “Monthly  Abstract  of 
Medical  Science”  in  1874  ; and  was  president  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  1865-69.  He  edited, 
among  other  books,  Hoblyn’s  “Dictionary  of  Terms  used 
in  Medicine  and  the  Collateral  Sciences  " (1846),  and  Lau- 
rence’s “ Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye  ” (1847). 

Hays,  William  Jacob.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug. 
8, 1830 : died  at  New  York,  March  13,  1875.  An 
American  animal-painter. 

Haystack  (ha'stak),  The.  One  of  the  principal 
summits  of  the  Adirondacks.  Height,  4,918 
feet. 

Hayti.  See  Haiti. 

Hayward  (ha'ward),  Abraham.  Born  at  Lyme 
Regis,  England,  Nov.  22, 1801:  died  at  London, 
Feb.  2,  1884.  An  English  essayist  and  general 
writer.  Among  his  works  are  a translation  of  “Faust” 
(1833),  “Biographical  and  Critical  Essays  ” (1858-73),  etc. 

Hayward,  Sir  John.  Bom  in  Suffolk,  England, 
about  1564:  died  1627.  An  English  historian. 
He  published  “First  Part  of  the  Life  and  Raigne  of  King 
Henrie  the  IV.  ”(1699),  and  other  historical  works.  Parts 
of  his  history  (which  was  issued  under  the  patronage  of 
Essex)  appeared  to  Elizabeth  to  contain  treasonable  sug- 
gestions, and  he  was  brought  before  the  Star  Chamber  and 
imprisoned. 

Hazael  (haz'a-el  or  ha'za-el).  [‘  God  sees.’] 
A Syrian  officer  who,  after  murdering  Ben-ha- 
dadlL, became  king  of  Damascus  about  850  B.  c. 
He  was  engaged  in  hostilities  with  Ahaziah,  king  of 
Israel,  and  .Toram,  king  of  Judah  (2  Ki.  viii.  28),  and  later 
with  Jehu,  king  of  Israel,  and  seems  to  have  held  the  king- 
dom of  Israel  in  a kind  of  dependence.  Toward  the  close 
of  his  life  he  attacked  Judah,  taking  Gath,  and  was  in- 
duced by  Joash  to  retire  from  Jerusalem  only  through 
gifts  (2  Ki.  xii).  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  he  is  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  Haza-ilu.  He  renewed  the  war  with 
Assyria  first  undertaken  by  Ben-hadad  in  alliance  with  Hit- 
tites,  Hamatites,  and  Phenicians,  hut  was  defeated  by  Shal- 
maneser II.  and  besieged  in  his  capital,  Damascus,  in  842. 
Three  years  later  Shalmaneser  again  entered  Syria,  and 
took  some  of  its  strongholds.  Haza-ilu,  as  the  name  of 
Arabian  kings,  occurs  in  the  inscriptions  of  Esarhaddon 
ami  Asurbanipal. 

Hazara,  or  Huzara  (huz'a-ra).  A district  in  the 
Northwest  Frontier  Province,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  long.  73°  15'  E. 
Area,  2,858  square  miles.  Population,  about 
560,200. 

Hazard  (h-zar'),  Desire.  A pseudonym  of  Oc- 
tave Feuillet. 

Hazard  (haz'ard),  Rowland  Gibson.  Bom  at 
South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Oct.  9,  1801:  died  at 
Peacedale,  R.  I.,  June  24,  1888.  An  American 
manufacturer  and  author.  He  accumulated  a fortune 
in  the  woolen  business  at  Peacedale,  Rhode  Island  ; was  a 
member  of  the  Rhode  Island  Assembly  1851-62  and  1864- 
1855  ; and  served  in  the  State  senate  1866-67.  He  wrote  a 
number  of  treatises  on  philosophical  and  politico-economic 
subjects,  including  “Essayson  the  Resources  of  the  United 
States  ” (1864). 

Hazard,  Samuel.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  May 

26,  1784:  died  at.  Philadelphia,  May  22,  1870. 
An  American  antiquarian.  He  published  “Register 
of  Pennsylvania"  (1828-36),  “United  States  Commercial 
and  Statistical  Register"  (1839-42),  “Annals  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  1609-82,”  and  “Pennsylvania  Archives,  1682-1790" 
(1853). 

Hazardville  (haz'iird-vil).  A village  in  the 
township  of  Enfield,  16  miles  north-northeast 
of  Hartford,  Connecticut : noted  for  powder 
manufacture. 

Hazaribagh  (huz-ar-e-bag').  1.  A district, 
in  the  Chota  Nagpur  division,  Bengal,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  N.,  long.  85°  E. 
Area,  7,021  square  miles.  Population,  1,177,- 
961. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Hazari- 
bagh, situated  about  lat.  23°  59'  N.,  long.  85° 
22'  E.  Population,  15,799. 

Hazebrouck  (az-brok').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  23  miles  west-northwest 
of  Lille.  It.  is  a railway  center.  Population, 
commune,  12,819. 

Hazen  (ha'zn),  William  Babcock.  Born  at 

West  Hartford,  Windham  County,  Vt.,  Sept. 

27,  1830:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  16, 
1887.  An  American  soldier.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1855,  and  in  1861  obtained  command  of  a regiment 
of  volunteers,  with  which  he  took  part  in  the  operations  of 
General  Buell  in  Tennessee.  He  took  command  of  the 
19th  brigade  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  Jan.  6, 1862,  and  be- 
came brigadier-general  in  Nov.  He  participated  in  the  bat- 
tles of  Pittsburg  Landing,  the  siege  of  Corinth,  the  battle 
of  Perryville,  the  pursuit  of  General  Bragg's  army  out  of 
Kentucky,  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  the  campaign  in  Mid- 
dle Tennessee,  the  engagements  at  Chickamauga  and  Chat- 
tanooga, and  the  relief  of  Knoxville.  As  commander  of  a 
division  in  Sherman’s  march  to  the  sea,  he  captured  Fort 


489 


Hazen 

McAllister  on  the  Savannah  River,  and  opened  up  com- 
munication between  the  army  and  the  fleet.  He  was 
made  major-general  of  volunteers  April  20,  1865,  the  r ank 
to  date  from  Dec.  13,  1864,  and  was  appointed  chief  officer 
of  the  signal  service  in  1880,  a post  which  he  held  until 
his  death. 

Hazleton  (ha'zl-ton).  A city  in  Luzerne  County, 
eastern  Pennsylvania,  85  miles  northwest  of 
Philadelphia.  It  is  a coal-mining  center.  Popu- 
lation, 25,452,  (1910). 

Hazlitt  (haz'lit),  William.  Born  at  Maidstone, 
Kent,  April  10, 1778 : died  at  London,  Sept.  18, 
1830.  An  English  critic  and  essayist.  His  literary 
work  brought  him  into  contact  with  Leigh  Hunt,  Charles 
Lamb,  Moore,  and  others,  with  all  of  whom  he  quarreled. 
His  peculiar  temper  amt  political  views  led  him  also  to 
attack  his  older  friends  Coleridge,  Southey,  and  Words- 
worth. He  is  perhaps  best  known  by  his  lectures  and  es- 
says on  the  English  drama.  Among  his  works  are  “ Char- 
acters of  Shakspere’s  Plays  ” (18171,  “The  Round  Table" 
(1817),  “ View  of  the  English  Stage  ’’  (1818),  “ Lectures  on 
English  Poetry  ” (1818),  “ Lectures  on  the  English  Comic 
Writers"  (1819),  “Dramatic  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Eliz- 
abeth" (1821),  “ Table  Talk"  (1824),  “Spirit  of  the  Age” 
(1825),  “Life  of  Napoleon  ” (1828),  “Plain  Speaker”  (1826), 
“ Original  Essays,”  and  “ Political  Essays." 

Hazlitt,  William.  Bom  in  Wiltshire,  England, 
Sept.  26,  1811 : died  Peb.  22,  1893.  An  English 
writer,  son  of  William  Hazlitt  (1778-1830),  senior 
registrar  in  the  bankruptcy  court,  andtranslator 
of  French  historical  works.  He  also  edited  Johnson’s 
‘‘Lives  of  the  Poets,”  and  wrote  on  legal  subjects. 

Hazlitt,  William  Carew.  Born  Aug.  22,  1834. 
An  English  author  and  lawyer,  son  of  William 
Hazlitt  (1811-93).  He  has  published  a “History  of 
the  Venetian  Republic,  etc.”  (1858-60),  and  has  edited 
‘Old  English  Jest  Books " (1864),  “Remains  of  the  Early 
Popular  Poetry  of  England ” (1864-66),  “English  Proverbs, 
etc." (1869)  “Works  of  Charles  Lamb”  (1866-71),  “ Mem- 
oirs of  William  Hazlitt  ”(1867),  Warton’s  “History  of  Eng- 
lish Poetrv  ” (1871;  with  others),  Blount's  “Tenures  of 
Land,  etc."  (1874),  “Mary  and  Charles  Lamb,  etc.”  (1874), 
Dodsley’s  “Old  Plays”  (1874-76),  “Shakspere’s  Library” 
(1875),  etc. 

Head  (hed),  Sir  Edmund  Walker.  Born  near 
Maidstone,  England,  1805 : died  at  London,  Jan. 
28,  1868.  An  English  colonial  governor,  and 
writer  on  art.  He  published  a “ Handbook  of  the  Span- 
ish and  French  Schools  of  Painting  ” (1845),  etc. 

Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond.  Bom  near  Roches- 
ter, England,  Jan.  1,  1793:  died  at  Croydon, 
near  London,  July  20, 1875.  An  English  travel- 
er, lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada  (1835- 
Sept.  10,  1837),  and  author,  brother  of  Sir 
George  Head.  Among  his  works  are  “Bubbles  from 
the  Brunnen  of  Nassau"  (1833),  “Stokers  and  Pokers” 
(1849),  “Defenceless  State  of  Great  Britain”  (1850),  “A 
Fagot  of  French  Sticks”  (1852),  “Descriptive  Essays  from 
the  Quarterly  Review"  (1856),  “Mr.  Kinglake"  (1863), 
“The  Royal  Engineer”  (1869),  “Sir  John Burgoyne ”(1872). 
Head,  Sir  George.  Born  near  Rochester,  Eng- 
land, 1782 : died  at  London,  May  2,  1855.  An 
English  traveler.  He  published  “A  Home  Tour 
through  the  Manufacturing  Districts  of  England  in  the 
Summer  of  1835”  (1835-37). 

Headley  (hed'li),  Joel  Tyler.  Bom  at  Wal- 
ton, Delaware  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  30, 1813:  died 
at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1897.  An  Ameri- 
can writer.  He  published  numerous  historical  and  bio- 
graphical works,  including  “Napoleon  and  his  Marshals” 
(1846),  “Life  of  Washington”  (1857),  etc. 

Headley,  Pluneas  Camp.  Bom  at  Walton, 
N.  Y.,  June  24,  1819:  died  Jan.  5,  1903.  An 
Americanclergymanandwriter  on  biographical 
miscellaneous  subjects,  brother  of  Joel  Tyler 
Headley.  His  works  include  ‘ ‘ The  Court  and 
Camp  of  David  ” (1868),  etc. 

Headlong  Hall.  A novel  by  Peacock,  pub- 
lished in  1816. 

Headsman,  The.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1833. 

Headstone  (hed'ston),  Bradley.  In  Dickens’s 
“ Our  Mutual  Friend,”  an  ungainly  and  stiff  but 
excitable  schoolmaster,  madly  in  love  with  Liz- 
zie Hexam,  and  the  deadly  enemy  and  would-be 
murderer  of  Eugene  Wray  bum. 

Healy  (he'li),  George  Peter  Alexander.  Bora 
July  15, 1818:  died  June  24, 1S94.  An  American 
portrait-painter. 

Hearne  (hfern),  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  1745: 
died  1792.  An  English  explorer  in  British  North 
America  1769-72.  He  wrote  an  "Account  of  a Jour- 
ney from  Prince  of  Wales’s  Fort  in  Hudson’s  Bay  to  the 
North-West,  undertaken  . . . for  the  discovery  of  Copper 
Mines,  a North-West  Passage,”  etc.  (1795). 

Hearne,  Thomas.  Born  at  White  Waltham, 
Berks,  England,  1678:  died  June  10,  1735.  An 
English  antiquary.  He  edited  Spelman’s  “Life 
of  Alfred  the  Great,”  Leland’s  “ Itinerary”  and 
“Collectanea,”  Robert  of  Gloucester,  Fordun, 
etc. 

Heart  of  England.  A name  given  to  Warwick- 
shire from  its  central  position. 

Heart  of  Midlothian,  The.  A novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1818:  so  called  from 
VI.  17 


the  popular  name  of  the  Tolbooth,  an  Edinburgh 
prison,  demolished  in  1817.  This  story  is  supposed 
to  have  been  written  by  Peter  Pattieson,  a schoolmaster, 
and  edited  by  his  friend  Jedediah  Cleislibotham  to  defray 
his  funeral  expenses.  It  is  one  of  the  “ Tales  of  my  Land- 
lord.” The  scene  is  laid  in  the  time  of  the  Porteous  riot 
in  the  reign  of  George  II. 

Heart’s  Content.  A seaport  and  cable  termi- 
nus in  Newfoundland,  situated  on  Trinity  Bay 
in  lat.  47°  53'  N.,  long.  53°  22'  W. 

Heath  (heth),  William.  Born  at  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  March  7 (2  ?),  1737 : died  at  Roxbury,  Jan. 
24, 1814.  An  American  general  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  He  was  a member  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress 1774-75  ; was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  Pro- 
vincial army  Dec.  8,  1774 ; and  organized  the  forces  at 
Cambridge  before  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  On  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Continental  army  he  was  commissioned  brig- 
adier-general June  22,  1775,  being  promoted  major-general 
Aug.  9,  1776.  He  wrote  “ Memoirs  of  Major-General  Wil- 
liam Heath  ” (1738). 

Heathcoat  (heth'kot),  John.  Born  at  Duffield, 
near  Derby,  England,  1783 : died  near  Tiverton, 
England,  Jan.,  1861.  An  English  manufacturer, 
inventor  of  a lace-makingmachine  (about  1808). 
Heathfield,  Baron.  See  Eliot,  George  Augustus. 
Heavenfield,  Battle  of  (634*  635).  A battle 
fought  near  the  wall  of  Antoninus  in  the  north 
of  England,  where  Oswald  of  Northumbria  de- 
feated the  Britons  under  Cadwallon  (Cadwalla), 
who  fell  in  the  engagement.  According  to  legend, 
Oswald  entertained  a vision  of  St.  Columba,  the  founder  of 
liii,  in  a dream  the  night  before  the  battle.  The  appari- 
tion shrouded  the  English  camp  with  its  mantle,  and  said 
to  Oswald,  “Be  strong,  and  do  like  a man  : lo  ! I am  with 
thee.”  On  the  morrow  Oswald  communicated  his  dream 
to  the  army,  which,  with  the  enthusiasm  born  of  peril, 
pledged  itself  to  become  Christian  if  it  conquered  in  the 
fight:  for  in  the  whole  Northumbrian  host  only  Oswald 
and  12  nobles  from  Hii  were  Christians.  So  Oswald,  as- 
sisted by  his  soldie-s,  set  tip  a cross  of  wood  as  a standard, 
and  the  field  of  battle  was  in  after  times  called  Heaven’s 
field,  in  allusion  to  the  miraculous  intervention  of  heaven 
of  which  it  was  the  scene. 

Hebbel  (heb'hel),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Wes- 
selhuren,  Schleswig-Holstein,  March  18,  1813 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Dee.  13,  1863.  A German  dra- 
matic and  lyric  poet.  His  chief  dramas  are  “Geno- 
veva”  (1843),  “Maria  Magdalene"  (1844),  “Die  Nibelun- 
gen  ” (1862). 

Hebe  (he'be).  [L.,  from  Gr.  "H/b?,  a personifica- 
tion of  youth.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  youth  and  spring ; the  personifica- 
tion of  eternal  and  exuberant  youth,  and,  until 
supplanted  in  this  office  by  Ganymede,  the  cup- 
bearer of  Olympus.  She  was  a daughterof  Zeus  and 
Hera,  who  gave  her  as  wife  to  Hercules  after  his  deifica- 
tion, as  a reward  of  his  achievements. 

2.  The  sixth  planetoid,  discovered  by  Henke 
at  Driesen  in  1847. 

Hebei  (ha'bel),  Johann  Peter.  Bom  at  Basel, 
Switzerland,  May  10,  1760 . died  at  Schwetzin- 
gen,  Baden,  Sept.  22,  1826.  A German  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  a poor  weaver.  By  the  assistance  of 
friends  he  was  enabled  to  attend  school,  and  subsequently 
studied  theology  at  Erlangen.  He  was  afterward  professor 
in  Karlsruhe,  and  held  various  ecclesiastical  titles.  His 
principal  work  is  his  “Alemannische  Gedichte"  (poems 
in  the  Alamannic  dialect),  which  appeared  in  1803.  A 
number  of  prose  narratives  appeared  first  in  “ Der  rhein- 
ische  Hausfreund  ” 1808-11,  and  were  collected  under 
the  title  “ schatzkastlein  des  rheinischen  Hausfreundes” 
(1811). 

Heber  (he'ber),  or  Eber  (e'ber).  The  epony- 
mous ancestor  of  the  ancient  Hebrews.  See 
Hebrews. 

Hebei’  (he'ber),  Reginald.  Born  at  Malpas, 
Cheshire,  April  21, 1783:  died  at  Trichinopoly, 
British  India,  April  3,  1826.  An  English  prel- 
ate and  hymn-writer,  made  bishop  of  Calcutta 
in  1823.  He  wrote  the  poem  “Palestine,”  which  gained 
the  Oxford  prize  in  1802  (published  1809).  In  the  “ Hymns 
written  and  adapted  to  the  Weekly  Church  Service  of  the 
Year,”  58  are  by  Bishop  Heber,  including  “From  Green- 
land’s Icy  Mountains,”  “Brightestand  Best,”  “Holy,  holy, 
holy,  Lord  God  Almighty,”  etc. 

Heber,  Richard.  Born  at  Westminster,  Eng- 
land, 1773 : died.  Get.,  1833.  An  English  hook- 
collector,  half-brother  of  Reginald  Heber. 
Hebert  (a-bar'),  Antoine  Auguste  Ernest. 
Born  at  Grenoble,  France,  Nov.  3,  1817:  died 
near  Grenoble,  Nov.  5, 1908.  A French  painter. 
Hebert,  Jacques  Rene,  surnamed  Le  P6re 
Duchesne.  Bornat  Alen§on, France,  1755:  died 
at  Paris,  March  24,  1794.  A notorious  French 
revolutionist.  He  was  of  obscure  parentage  and  limited 
education,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  French  Revolution 
was  living  in  poverty  at  Paris,  having  lost  at  least  two 
situations  through  malversation.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
Revolution  he  acquired  influence  in  the  clubs  as  a scurri- 
lous and  violent  but  ready  speaker  and  writer,  and  was 
chosen  to  edit  a new  Revolutionary  paper  called  “ Le  i’i  rc 
Duchesne”  from  a popular  constitutional  paper  of  the 
same  name.  He  became  widely  known  in  the  provinces 
and  in  the  army  under  the  name  of  his  paper ; was  a 
leader  of  the  most  violent  faction  in  the  Revolutionary 
Commune  after  Aug.  10, 1792;  and  was  appointed  substi- 
tute to  the  procureur  syndic  Sept.  2 following.  On  May 
24,  1793,  he  was  arrested  by  order  of  the  more  moderate 


Hecatseus  of  Miletus 

party  in  the  Commune,  but  was  released  in  consequence 
of  a demonstration  in  Ilia  favor  by  the  mob.  He  insti- 
tuted, in  conjunction  with  Chaumette  and  Anacharsis 
Clootz,  the  worship  of  the  goddess  Reason,  and  organized 
the  ultra-revolutionary  party  known  as  the  HCbertists  or 
enrages.  He  was  the  principal  witness  before  the  Revolu- 
tionary tribunal  against  Marie  Antoinette,  whom  he  ac- 
cused of  incest  with  her  son,  and  procured  the  downfall 
of  Fable  d'Eglantine,  Desmoulins,  and  Danton.  He  was 
sent  to  the  guillotine  by  Robespierre,  and  died  amid  the 
jeers  of  the  mob  whose  passion  for  blood  he  had  helped 
to  arouse. 

Hebrew  (he'bro).  The  language  spoken  by  the 
Hebrews,  one  of  the  northern  or  Canaanitic  di- 
visions of  the  Semitic  family  of  languages.  It 
is  the  language  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament  (with 
the  exception  of  portions  of  Daniel  and  Ezra),  and  became 
extinct  as  a vernacular  tongue  3 centuries  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.  It  is  still  the  language  of  the  synagogue,  and  is 
employed  as  a scholars’  language ; has  an  extensive  post- 
biblical  and  even  modern  literature ; and  is  becoming  the 
vernacular  of  the  Jews  of  Palestine. 

Hebrew  Melodies.  A collection  of  poems  by 
Lord  Byron,  published  in  1815. 

Hebrews  (he'broz).  [Aram,  'ebrdyd,  Heb.  'ibri 
(pi.  'ibri?n),  a Hebrew,  referred  to  an  epony- 
mous Eber  or  Heber:  orig.  ‘those  of  the  other 
side’  (of  the  Euphrates).]  The  members  of  that 
branch  of  the  Semitic  family  of  mankind  de- 
scended, according  to  tradition,  from  Heber,  the 
great-grandson  of  Shem,  in  the  line  of  Abra- 
ham, Isaac,  and  Jacob;  the  Israelites ; the  Jews. 

These  tribes,  first  of  all  trans-Euphratian , which  had 
become,  by  crossing  the  stream,  cis-Euphratian,  took  the 
generic  name  of  Hebrew  (Ibrim,  ‘ those  of  the  other  side  ’), 
though  we  do  not  know  whether  they  took  it  when  they 
placed  the  Euphrates  between  themselves  and  their  breth- 
ren who  remained  in  the  Paddan-Aram,  or  whether  it  was 
the  Canaanites  who  called  them  “those  from  beyond,"  or, 
to  be  more  accurate,  “those  who  had  crossed  the  river.” 
Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  76. 

Hebrews,  Epistle  to  the.  One  of  the  books  of 
the  New  Testament,  addressed  to  Christians  of 
Hebrew  birth  dwelling  in  Rome,  or  perhaps  in 
Palestine  or  Alexandria.  Its  chief  object  is  to  pre- 
sent a parallel  between  the  symbolism  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment dispensation  and  the  life-work  of  Christ.  The  author 
is  unknown  — perhaps  Barnabas,  or  less  probably  Apollos. 
The  authorship  has  often  been  ascribed  to  the  -apostle 
Paul,  but  this  view  is  contrary  to  the  weight  of  authority 
of  the  early  church,  and  is  opposed  by  most  modern  schol- 
ars. A probable  date  of  composition  is  about  A.  D.  65. 
Hebrides  (heb'ri-dez),  or  Western  Isles.  [NL. 
Hebrides,  an  error  for  L.  Hebudes  (Pliny), var.  of 
Hebudse,  Gr.  f,E povdai  (Ptolemy),  pi.  of  "EjiovSa, 
applied  to  the  principal  island . ] A group  of  isl- 
ands west  of  Scotland,  the  ancient  Ebudte  (Ptol- 
emy) or  Hebudes  (Pliny),  it  comprises  the  Outer 
Hebrides(Lewis  and  Harris,  which  togetherform  the  largest 
island,  North  Uist,  South  TJist,  Barra,  and  smaller  islands) 
and  theInnerHebrides(Skye,  Mull,  Iona,  Eigg,  Coll,  Tiree, 
Colonsay,  Jura,  Islay,  and  smaller  islands).  Bute  and  Arran 
are  also  sometimes  included  in  the  Hebrides.  The  islands 
are  noted  for  picturesque  scenery.  Politically  they  form 
part  of  Scotland,  Lewis  (or  the  Lewes)  being  in  Eoss-shire, 
and  the  rest  of  the  group  partly  in  Inverness  and  partly  in 
Argyll.  The  early  Celtic  inhabitants  were  Christianized  by 
Columba.  The  islands  were  colonized  from  Norway  in  the 
9th  century ; were  ceded  by  Norway  to  Scotland  in  1266 ; and 
were  ruled  by  the  “Lords  of  thelsles  ” in  the  14th,  15th,  and 
16th  centuries.  The  inhabited  islands  number  about  120. 
Area,  about  3,000  square  miles.  Ponulation,  about  80,000. 

Hebrides,  Hew.  See  New  Hebrides. 

Hebron  (he'bron).  [Heb.,  ‘association’  or 
‘friendship.’]  A city  in  Palestine,  situated  on 
a hill  among  the  mountains  of  Judah,  about  7 
hours  south  of  Jerusalem.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
existing  biblical  towns.  According  to  Hum.  xiii.22,  it  was 
built  7 years  before  Zoan  (I.  e.  Tanis,  the  capital  of  Lower 
Egypt),  and  Josephus  says  that  in  his  day  it  was  2,300  years 
old.  Its  former  name  was  Kiriath  Arba  (Josh.  xiv.  13).  It 
was  the  home  and  burial-place  of  the  patriarchs.  After- 
ward it  became  an  important  city  in  the  territory  of  Judah, 
David  resided  here  the  first  7 years  of  his  reign.  Later 
it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Idumeans,  from  whom 
Judas  Maccabeus  recaptured  it  (1  Mac.  v.  65).  At  pres- 
ent it  has  about  10,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  500  are  Jews : 
the  rest  are  Mohammedans.  As  the  city  of  Abraham  it  is 
called  by  Mohammedans  AI-Halil  (‘City  of  the  Friend  of 
God  ’).  Upon  the  traditional  site  of  the  burial-place  of  the 
patriarchs,  Machpelah,  a magnificent  mosque  is  erected, 
accessible  only  to  Mohammedans : a special  firman  of  the 
sultan  was  required  tor  the  admittance  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  1862,  the  Marquis  of  Bute  in  1866,  and  the  Crown 
Prince  of  Prussia  in  1869.  Dean  Stanley  and  Major  Conder 
have  examined  the  mosque,  and  described  the  supposed 
cave. 

Hebrus  (he'brus).  [Gr.  "E/lpof.]  The  ancient 
name  of  the  river  Maritza. 

Hecatsens  (hek-a-te'us)  of  Abdera.  A Greek 
philosopher  and  historian  who  lived  about  320 
B.  C.  He  was  a pupil  of  the  Skeptic  Pyrrho,  and  appears 
to  have  accompanied  Alexander  the  Great  on  his  Asiatic 
expedition.  He  wrote  a work  on  the  Hyperboreans,  and 
another  on  Egypt.  Some  critics  also  attribute  to  him  a 
work  on  the  Jews.  An  edition  of  the  extant  fragments  of 
his  works  has  been  published  by  P.  Zorn  (“Hecatei  Ab- 
deritae  Fragmenta."  1730). 

Hecatseus  of  Miletus.  Di  ed  about  476  b . c.  A 
Greek  geographer  and  historian.  He  was  the  son 
of  Hegesander,  and  was  descended  from  an  ancient  and 
illustrious  family  at  Miletus.  He  traveled  in  Egypt  and 


Hecataeus  of  Miletus 

elsewhere  to  obtain  materials  for  his  works.  He  tried  to 
dissuade  the  Ionians  from  the  revolt  against  the  Persians 
in  600,  and  subsequently  served  as  ambassador  to  Arta- 
phernes,  whom  he  prevailed  upon  to  treat  the  conquered 
insurgents  with  mildness.  He  wrote  “ Periegesis  ” (jtc- 
pu)7i|o-is),  etc.,  the  extant  fragments  of  which  have  been 
edited  by  R.  H.  Klausen  (“Hecatei  Milesfi  Fragmenta," 
1831). 

Hecate  (hek'a-te).  [Gr.  'E/tdr)?.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a goddess  akin  to  Artemis,  of  Thracian 
origin.  She  combined  the  attributes  of  Demeter  or  Ce- 
res, Rhea,  Cybele,  Artemis  or  Diana,  and  Persephone  or 
Proserpine,  with  whom,  as  a goddess  of  the  infernal  re- 
gions, she  was  to  some  extent  identified,  and  in  this  char- 
acter was  represented  as  practising  and  teaching  through 
her  emissaries  sorcery  and  witchcraft.  She  played  an  im- 
portant part  in  later  demonology. 

Hechingen  (heeh'ing-en).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hohenzollern,  Prussia,  situated  31 
miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart.  Popula- 
tion, about  4,000. 

Hecker  (hek'er),  Friedrich  Karl  Franz.  Born 
at  Eichtersheim,  Baden,  Sept.  28,  1811 : died  at 
St.  Louis,  March  24,  1881.  A German  revolu- 
tionist, leader  with  Struve  of  the  insurrection 
in  Baden  in  1848.  He  settled  in  the  United 
States  in  1849. 

Hecker  (hek'er),  Isaac  Thomas.  Born  at  New 
York  city,  Dec.  18,  1819:  died  there,  Dec.  22, 
1888.  An  American  Roman  Catholic  ecclesias- 
tic. He  was  at  one  time  a member  of  the  Brook  Farm 
Community.  He  became  a priest  in  1849,  founded  in  1858 
the  order  of  the  Paulists,  of  which  he  was  appointed  supe- 
rior, and  established  the  “Catholic  World”  in  1865. 

Heckewelder  (hek'e-wel-der),  John  Gottlieb 
Ernest.  Born  at  Bedford,  England,  March  12, 
1743:  died  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Jan.  21,  1823.  A 
Moravian  missionary  among  the  Indians. 
Heckmondwike  (hek'mond-wik).  A town  in 
the  West  Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  8 miles 
southwest  of  Leeds.  Population,  9,459. 
Hecla,  or  Hekla  (hek'la).  [Ieel.  Hekla,  short 
for  Old  Icel.  Heklu-fjall,  fell  or  hill  of  the  hood 
(sc.  of  snow?):  heklu,  gen.  of  hekla,  a cowled 
or  hooded  frock.]  A volcano  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Iceland,  70  miles  east  of  Reykja- 
vik. It  is  noted  for  the  frequency  and  violence 
of  its  eruptions.  Height,  5,108  feet. 

Hector  (hek'tor).  [Gr.  "Ekto/o.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba:  champion 
of  the  Trojans,  and  the  principal  character  of 
the  Iliad  on  the  Trojan  side.  He  was  slain  by  Achil- 
les, who,  in  his  chariot,  dragged  Hector’s  body  thrice  round 
the  walls  of  Troy.  He  is  introduced  by  Shakspere  in  his 
“Troilus  and  Cressida.” 

Critics,  old  and  new,  have  felt  the  remarkable  contra- 
dictions in  the  drawing  of  this  famous  hero  (Hector),  and 
yet  none  of  them  have  ventured  to  suggest  the  real  ex- 
planation. Even  Mure  and  Mr.  Gladstone  confess  that  in 
our  Iliad  he  is  wholly  inferior  to  his  reputation  ; “ he  is 
paid  off,"  say  they,  “with  generalities,  while  in  actual  en- 
counter he  is  hardly  equal  to  the  second-rate  Greek  he- 
roes.” Yet  why  is  he  so  important  ail  through  the  plot 
of  the  poem?  Why  is  his  death  by  Achilles  made  an 
achievement  of  the  highest  order?  Why  are  the  chiefs 
who  at  one  time  challenge  and  worst  him  at  another  quak- 
ing with  fear  at  his  approach  ? Simply  because  in  the  ori- 
ginal plan  of  the  Iliad  he  was  a great  warrior,  and  because 
these  perpetual  defeats  by  Diomede  and  Ajax,  this  avoid- 
ance of  Agamemnon,  this  swaggering  and  “ hectoring  ” 
which  we  now  find  in  him,  were  introduced  by  the  en- 
largers and  interpolators  in  order  to  enhance  the  merits 
of  their  favourites  at  his  expense.  It  seems  to  me  certain 
that  originally  the  Hector  of  the  Iliad  was  really  superior 
to  all  the  Greeks  except  Achilles,  that  upon  the  retirement 
of  the  latter  he  made  shorter  work  of  them  than  the  later 
rhapsodists  liked  to  admit,  that  he  soon  burst  the  gates 
and  appeared  at  the  ships,  that  Patroclus  was  slain  there 
after  a brief  diversion,  and  that  in  this  way  the  whole  ca- 
tastrophe was  very  much  more  precipitated  than  we  now 
find  it.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  75. 

Hector,  Mrs.  (Annie  French):  pseudonym  Mrs. 
Alexander.  Born  at  Dublin,  1825 : died  at  Lon- 
don, J uly  10,  1902.  A British  novelist,  author 
of  “The  Wooing  O’t”  (1873),  “ Ralph  Wilton’s 
Weird”  (1875),  “Her  Dearest  Foe”  (1876), 
“The  Freres”  (1882),  etc. 

Hector,  or  Ector,  Sir.  The  foster-father  of 
King  Arthur. 

Hector,  or  Ector,  de  Mares,  Sir.  The  brother 
of  Sir  Lancelot,  and  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table. 

Hector  of  Germany,  The.  A surname  of  Joa- 
chim II.  of  Brandenburg. 

Hecuba  (hek'u-ba).  [Gr.  ’E Kafir/.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  second  wife  of  Priam,  daughter  of 
Dymas  of  Phrygia  (according  to  others  of  Cis- 
seus) . She  was  enslaved  after  the  fall  of  Troy ; witnessed 
the  sacrifice  of  her  daughter  Polyxena;  and  saw  the  body 
of  her  last  son,  Polydorus,  who  was  murdered  by  Polymes- 
tor,  washed  to  her  feet  by  the  waves.  On  the  murderer 
she  took  vengeance  by  slaying  his  children  and  tearing  out 
his  eyes. 

Hecuba,  A tragedy  of  Euripides,  exhibited  in 
425  B.  C.  It  portrays  the  misfortunes  of  Hecuba,  widow 
of  Priam,  king  of  Troy,  the  sacrifice  of  her  daughter  Po- 


490 

lyxena  at  the  grave  of  Achilles,  t he  murder  of  her  son  Poly- 
dorus by  Polymestor,  and  the  vengeance  executed  by  her 
upon  the  latter. 

Hedda  Gabler.  A play  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  pro- 
duced in  1890.  It  is  named  from  its  principal 
character. 

Hedemarken  (ha' de- mar -ken).  An  amt  in 
southern  Norway,  bordering  on  Sweden.  Area, 
10,600  square  miles.  Population,  126,182. 

Hedgeley Moor.  AmoornearWooler,  Northum- 
berland, England,  where,  April  25,  1464,  the 
Lancastrians  under  Margaret  of  Anjou  were  de- 
feated by  the  Yorkists  under  Lord  Montacute. 

Hedjaz,  or  Hejaz  (hej-az').  A vilayet  of  the 
Turkish  empire,  situated  in  western  Arabia, 
lying  along  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Akabah, 
north  of  about  lat.  20°  N.  The  chief  towns  are 
Mecca,  Medina,  and  Jiddah.  Area,  96,500 square 
miles.  Population,  about  300,000. 

Hedon  (he'don).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  play  “Cyn- 
thia’s! Revels,”  a voluptuous  coxcomb  and  pol- 
ished courtier.  Marston  felt  that  he  was  ridi- 
culed in  this  character,  but  apparently  without 
reason. 

Hedwig (hed'vig), Hedwige,  or  Jadwiga.  Born 
1371 : died  at  Cracow,  July  17,  1399.  Queen  of 
Poland,  the  daughter  of  Louis  the  Great  of  Hun- 
gary and  P oland.  She  was  chosen  by  the  nobles  of  the 
latter  country  to  succeed  him,  and  was  crowned  in  1384. 
She  married  Jagellon,  grand  duke  of  Lithuania,  in  1386. 

Heem  (ham),  Jan  Davidsz  van,  or  Johannes 

de.  Born  at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  about  1600 : 
died  at  Antwerp  about  1684.  A Dutch  painter 
of  still  life. 

Heemskerk  (hamz'kerk),  Egbert  van.  Born 
at  Haarlem,  1610:  died  1680.  A Dutch  genre 
painter. 

Heemskerk,  Egbert  van.  Born  at  Haarlem, 
1645:  died  at  London,  1704.  A Dutch  painter, 
son  of  the  preceding.  He  lived  in  London. 

Heemskerk,  or  Hemskerk  (hemz'kerk),  Mar- 
ten van  (Marten  van  Veen).  Born  at  Heems- 
kerk, near  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  1498:  died 
at  Haarlem,  Oct.  1,  1574.  A Dutch  historical 
painter. 

Keep  (hep),  Uriah.  In  Dickens’s  “David  Cop- 
periield,”  Mr.  Wickfield’s  swindling  clerk  and 
partner.  He  is  a cadaverous,  red-haired,  osten- 
tatious hypocrite. 

Heer  (har),  Oswald.  Born  at  Nieder-Utzwyl, 
St. -Gall,  Switzerland,  Aug.  31,  1809:  died  at 
Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Sept.  27, 1883.  A Swiss 
naturalist,  director  of  the  botanical  gardens  at 
Zurich  from  1835.  He  published  “Die  Kafer  der 
Schweiz"  (1838-41),  “ Flora  tertiaria  Helvetia; " (1854-59), 
“ Die  Urwelt  der  Schweiz  ” (1865),  etc. 

Heeren  (ha'ren),  Arnold  Hermann  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Arbergen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  25,  1760: 
died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  March  6,  1842.  A 
German  historian,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
later  of  history  at  Gottingen.  He  wrote  “Ideen 
fiber  Politik,  den  Verkehr  und  den  Handel  der  vornehm- 
sten  Volker  der  Alten  Welt "(1793-96),  “Geschichte  des 
Studiums  der  klassischen  Litteratur " (1797-1802),  “Ge- 
schichte der  Staaten  des  Altertums”  (1799),  “Geschichte 
des  europaischen  Staatensystems  und  seiner  Kolonien  " 
(1809),  etc. 

Hefele  (ha'fe-le),  Karl  Joseph  von.  Born  at 
Unterkochen,  near  Aalen,  Wiirtemberg,  March 
15, 1809:  died  at  Rottenburg,  June  5, 1893.  A 
German  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic  (bishop  of 
Rottenburg  1869)  and  church  historian.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  and  Christian 
archaeology  at  Tubingen  in  1840.  Hischiefwork  is“Kon- 
ziliengeschiehte  ” (“  History  of  Church  Councils,”  1855-74). 

IiefFernan  (hef'er-nan),  Mr.  Michael.  The 
pseudonym  of  Samuel  Ferguson,  under  which 
he  wrote  “Father  Tom  and  the  Pope,  or  a Night 
at  the  Vatican.” 

Hegel  (ha/ gel),  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Aug.  27,  1770: 
died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  14,  1831.  A celebrated 
German  philosopher.  He  was  professor  at  Jena  in 
1806 ; edited  a political  journal  at  Bamberg  1806-08;  was 
rector  of  the  gymnasium  at  Nuremberg  1808-16 ; was  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg  1816-18 ; and  succeeded 
Fichte  at  Berlin  in  1818.  His  philosophical  system  was 
during  the  second  quarter  of  the  19th  century  the  lead- 
ing system  of  metaphysical  thought  in  Germany.  It  pur- 
ports to  be  a complete  philosophy,  undertaking  to  explain 
the  whole  universe  of  thought  and  being  in  its  abstractest 
elements  and  minutest  details.  This  it  does  by  means  of 
the  Hegelian  dialectic,  a new  logic,  the  real  law  of  the 
movement  of  thought  (not  a mere  form,  like  syllogistic), 
the  scheme  of  which  is  thesis,  antithesis,  synthesis,  the 
original  tendency,  the  opposing  tendency,  and  their  uni- 
fication in  a new  movement.  By  this  law  the  conceptions 
of  logic  develop  themselves  in  a long  series.  This  law  of 
the  development  of  thought  is  assumed  to  be  necessarily 
the  law  of  the  development  of  being,  on  the  ground  that 
thought  and  being  are  absolutely  identical.  Hegelianism 
is  radically  hostile  to  natural  science,  and  especially  to 
the  Newtonian  philosophy  — that  is,  to  all  the  methods 
and  scientific  results  which  have  sprung  from  the  “Prim 


Heidelberg 

cipia.”  One  of  the  characteristics  of  Hegelianism  is  it* 
constant  readiness  to  recognize  continuity  both  as  a fact 
and  as  acceptable  to  reason,  which  other  metaphysical 
systems  have  often  struggled  to  deny.  He  published 
“Phanomenologie  des  Geistes”  (1807),  ‘ ’ Wissenschaf t der 
Logik"  (“Science  of  Logic,”  1812-16),  “Encyklopadie  der 
philosophischen  W issenschaften  ” (“  Encyclopedia  of  Phil- 
osophical Sciences,”  1817),  “Grundlinien  der  Philoso- 
phic des  Rechts  ” (1821),  etc.  His  complete  works,  includ- 
ing those  on  the  philosophy  of  religion,  esthetics,  the 
philosophy  of  history,  and  the  history  of  philosophy,  were 
published  in  18  volumes  (1832-41). 

Hegel,  Karl.  Born  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria, 
June  7, 1813 : died  at  Erlangen,  Dec.  6, 1901.  A 
German  historian,  son  of  G.  W.F.  Hegel:  profes- 
sor of  history  at  Rostock  (5i841),  and  later  (1856) 
at  Erlangen.  His  chief  work  is  “Geschichte 
der  Stadteverfassung  von  Italien”  (1847). 
Hegesippus  (hej-e-sip'us).  [Gr.  'Hy#(K7nroc.] 
Died  180  a.  d.  The  earliest  historian  of  the  Chris- 
tian church.  He  was  a Jew  by  birth,  but  embraced 
Christianity,  and  lived  at  Rome  in  his  later  years.  He 
wrote  a history  of  the  Christian  church  from  the  passion 
of  Christ  down  to  his  own  time,  fragments  of  which  are 
extant. 

Hegeso  (he-je'so),  Monument  of.  [Gr.  'Hy^crA] 
A monument  in  Athens,  on  the  Street  of  Tombs, 
remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  relief-stele  of 
the  4th  century  B.  C. 

Hegira.  See  Hejira. 

Hehe  (ha'he),  or  Wahehe  (wa-ha'he).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  German  East  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake 
Nyassa,  bordering  on  the  Wasango  and  Ma- 
henge.  The  country,  called  Uhehe,  is  moderately  moun- 
tainous, and  strewn  with  great  boulders.  The  Wahehe  are 
strong  and  warlike,  using  assagais  and  elliptic  shields. 
They  own  cattle,  but  hardly  ever  eat  meat.  The  chief’s 
capital,  Kuirenga,  is  surrounded  by  a quadrangular 
stockade. 

Heiberg  (hi' hero),  Johann  Ludvig.  Born  at  Co. 
penhagen,  Dec.  14,  1791 : died  there,  Aug.  25, 
1860.  A Danish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the 
son  of  the  dramatic  poet  and  satirical  writer  Peter  Andreas 
Heiberg  (1758-1841),  who,  in  consequenceof  several  offenses 
against  the  press  law  of  1799,  was  forced  to  leave  Denmark 
in  1800,  and  fled  to  France,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death.  The  younger  Heiberg  was  educated  in  Denmark, 
studying  at  the  Copenhagen  University,  where  he  took  the 
doctor’s  degree  in  1817.  The  same  year  he  went  to  Paris, 
and  lived  there  with  his  father  until  1822,  when  he  was 
appointed  lector  at  the  University  of  Kiel.  In  1825  he  re- 
turned to  Copenhagen,  and  wrote  a number  of  the  vaude- 
villes that  have  made  his  name  famous  in  the  history  of  the 
Danish  drama.  The  most  important  of  these  are  “Kong 
Solomon  og  Jorgen  Hattemager”(“  King  Solomon  and  Jor- 
gen  the  Hatter”),  “Aprilsnarrene  ” (“  The  April  Fools  A, 
“Recensenten  og  Dyret”  (“The  Critic  and  the  Beast”), 
“ De  Uadskillige  ” (“  The  Inseparable  Ones  ”).  After  1827 
he  edited  the  weekly  journal  “ Den  llyvende  Post  ” (“  The 
Flying  Post  ”)  and  subsequently  the  “Intelligensblade." 
In  1828  appeared  the  national  drama,  the  most  important 
of  his  greater  plays,  “ Elverhoi  ”(“  The  Elf  Hill  ”).  In  1829 
he  was  made  poet  and  translator  to  the  royal  theater.  The 
following  year  he  was  appointed  docent  in  the  new  mili- 
tary academy,  which  post  he  held  until  1836.  From  1849 
to  1856  he  was  the  sole  director  of  the  royal  theater.  Be- 
sides his  dramatic  works  and  the  esthetic  criticism  con- 
tained in  the  journals  mentioned,  he  wrote  many  lyric 
poems  and  romances.  His  poetical  writings,  “Poetiske 
Skrifter,"  appeared  at  Copenhagen  in  1862  in  11  vols.;  his 
prose,  “Prosaiske  Skrifter,”  at  Copenhagen  1861-62,  also 
in  11  vols. 

Heide  (hi 'de).  A town  in  the  province  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein, Prussia,  58  miles  northwest  of 
Hamburg.  Population,  commune,  8,758. 

Heidegger  (hi'deg-er),  John  James.  Born  at 
Zurich  in  1659  (?):  died  at  Richmond,  Surrey, 
Sept.  5, 1749.  A noted  theatrical  manager.  He 
managed  the  Haymarket  with  Handel  1729-34. 

Heidelberg  (hi'del-berG).  A city  in  the  district 
of  Mannheim,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Neckar  12 
miles  southeast  of  Mannheim.  It  has  considerable 
trade,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  picturesque  surroundings. 
The  castle  is  a famous  monument  founded  at  the  end  of 
the  13th  century  by  the  count  palatine  Rudolf  I.,  and  en- 
larged and  strengthened  by  succeeding  electors.  During 
the  16tli  century  it  received  the  architectural  development 
which,  despite  disaster,  makes  it  still  one  of  the  richest 
productions  of  the  German  Renaissance.  In  16S9  and 
1693  it  was  ruined  by  the  generals  of  Louis  XIV.,  but 
was  subsequently  restored.  It  was  finally  destroyed  by 
fire  from  a lightning-stroke  in  1764.  The  ruins  are  the 
most  imposing  in  Germany.  The  picturesque  outer  walls 
and  towers,  now  broken  and  ivy-clad,  inclose  a large  area  ; 
but  the  chief  architectural  attractions  are  grouped  about 
the  inner  court.  The  Otto  Heinrichs  Bau,  dating  from 
1556,  is  the  finest  example  of  the  early  German  Renais- 
sance. It  consists  at  present  of  3 stories  above  the  base- 
ment, with  engaged  columns  and  entablatures,  and  con- 
tinuous ranges  of  ornate  window's  with  central  mullion. 
The  doorway,  surmounted  by  armorial  bearings,  is  very  rich- 
ly treated  : its  two  entablatures  are  supported  by  atlantes 
and  caryatids.  Th  e Friedrichs  Bau,  of  1601,  is  a good  example 
of  late  Renaissance  work  : it  has  4 stories  — Doric,  Tuscan, 
Ionic,  and  Corinthian  — with  statues  of  emperors  and 
electors  in  niches.  This  building  is  now  in  part  restored 
as  a museum.  The  university,  founded  by  the  elector  Ru- 
pert I.  in  1386,  is  the  oldest  in  the  present  German  Empire. 
From  1556  it  came  under  the  control  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Reformation.  The  library  was  plundered  and  sent  to 
Rome  in  1623,  and  partially  returned  in  1816:  it  now 
consists  of  over  400,000  volumes.  The  university  was  re- 
organized by  the  elector  Charles  Frederick  of  Baden  in 
1803.  Heidelberg  was  the  capital  of  the  Palatinate  from 


Heidelberg 

the  13th  century  to  1720.  It  was  sacked  by  Tilly  in  1622, 
and  by  the  French  in  1689,  and  was  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
French  in  1693.  It  passed  to  Baden  in  1803.  Population, 
commune,  49,627. 

Heiden  (hi'den).  A village  and  health-resort 
in  the  canton  of  Appenzell,  Switzerland,  8 
miles  east  of  St.-Gall. 

Heidenheim  (hi'den-him).  A manufacturing 
town  in  the  Jagst  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  on  the 
Brenz  44  miles  east  by  south  of  Stuttgart.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  12,173. 

Heidenmauer  (hi'den-mou-er).  A stone  ram- 
part on  the  summit  of  the  Kastanienberg,  near 
Diirkbeim,  Palatinate,  Germany,  probably  of 
ancient  Teutonic  origin,  noted  in  legend  and 
fiction : also  other  similar  prehistoric  or  Roman 
remains. 

Heidenmauer,  The.  A novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1832. 

Heijn  (hin),  Pieter  Pieterse.  Born  at  Delfts- 
haven,  Netherlands,  1577 : died  1629.  A Dutch 
admiral.  He  served  as  vice-admiral  in  the  fleet  of  Ad- 
miral Willeken  at  the  capture  of  San  Salvador,  Brazil,  in 
1624 ; defeated  the  Spaniards  in  a bloody  naval  battle  in 
All  Saints’  Bay,  Brazil,  in  1626  ; and  captured  the  Spanish 
silver  fleet,  with  treasure  valued  at  12,000,000  gulden,  in 
the  Bay  of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  two  years  later.  He  was  sub- 
sequently placed  at  the  head  of  the  Dutch  navy  by  the 
stadtholder  Frederick  Henry,  and  was  killed  while  block- 
ading Dunkirk  in  1629. 

Heilbronn  (hil'bron).  A town  in  the  Neckar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Neckar  26 
miles  north  of  Stuttgart.  It  has  important  manu- 
factures and  commerce.  The  Rathaus,  Church  of  St.  Kilian , 
and  Deutsches  Haus  are  of  interest.  It  was  formerly  a free 
imperial  city.  Population,  commune,  40,004. 

Heilbronn,  Union  of.  An  alliance  between  the 
Swedes  and  the  German  Protestants  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  war  against  the  Imperialists, 
concluded  at  Heilbronn  in  1633. 

Heil  dir  im  Siegerkranz  (hll  der  im  ze  'ger- 
krants).  [G.,  ‘Hail  to  thee  in  the  conqueror’s 
wreath.’]  The  Prussian  national  hymn,  it  was 
written  by  Heinrich  Harries  in  1790  as  a song  for  the  birth- 
day of  ChristianVII.  of  Denmark,  adapted  to  the  English  air 
“God  save  Great  George  the  King,”  and  was  arranged  in  its 
present  form  for  Prussian  use  by  B.  G.  Schumacher  in  1793. 
Heiligenstadt  (M'lig-en-stat).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Leine  27  miles  east  by  north  of  Cassel.  it  was 
the  capital  of  the  old  principality  of  Eichsfeld.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  7,955. 

Heilsberg  (hilz'berg).  A town  in  the  province 
of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alle  39 
miles  south  of  Konigsberg.  An  indecisive  battle 
was  fought  here  between  the  French  under  Soult  and  the 
Russians  under  Bennigsen,  June  10,  1807.  Population, 
commune,  6,042. 

Heilsbronn,  or  Kloster-Heilsbronn  (kids' ter- 
hilz-bron').  A small  town  in  Middle  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  15  miles  southwest  of  Nuremberg.  It 
contains  the  remains  of  a medieval  Cistercian 
abbey. 

Heim  (am),  Francois  Joseph.  Born  at  Belfort, 
France,  Dec.  16,  1787 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  29, 
1865.  A French  historical  painter. 

Heimdall  (ham'dal).  [ON.  Heimdallr.]  In  Old 
Norse  mythology, theguardianagainst  the  giants 
of  the  bridge  of  the  gods,  Bifrost,  at  the  end  of 
which  he  dwelt  in  Himinbjdrg.  He  was  the  son  of 
the  nine  daughters  of  the  sea-gods  ASgir  and  Ran.  He  pos- 
sessed the  trumpet  Gjallarhorn,  with  which  the  gods  were 
finally  summoned  together  at  Ragnarok,  when  he  and  Loki 
slew  each  other.  As  his  name  and  his  attributes  indicate, 
he  was  a god  of  light. 

This  god  is  briefly  described  by  Vigfusson  and  Powell  as 
follows:  “An  ancient  god  is  Heimdal,  from  whom  the 
Amals  spring.  There  are  strange  lost  myths  connected 
with  him : his  struggle  with  Loki  for  the  Brisinga  necklace ; 
the  fight  in  which  they  fought  in  the  shape  of  seals.  He 
is  ‘the  gods’  warder,'  dwelling  on  the  gods’  path,  the  Rain- 
bow. There  he  sits,  ‘the  white  god,’  ‘the  wind-listening 
god,’  whose  ears  are  so  sharp  that  he  hears  the  grass  grow 
in  the  fields  and  the  wool  on  the  sheep’s  backs,  with  his 
Blast-horn,  whose  trumpet-sound  willring  through  the  nine 
worlds,  for  in  the  later  legends  he  has  some  of  the  attri- 
butes of  the  Angel  of  the  Last  Trumpet.  His  teeth  are  of 
gold;  hence  he  is  ‘stud-endowed.’  Curious  genealogical 
myths  attach  themselves  to  him.  He  is  styled  the  son  of 
nine  mothers ; and  as  Rig’s  father,  or  Rig  himself,  the 
‘walking  or  wandering  god,’  he  is  the  father  of  men  and 
the  sire  of  kings,  and  of  earls  and  ceorls  and  thralls  alike. 
His  own  name  is  epithetic,  perhaps  the  World-bow.  The 
meaning  of  Hallinskidi  [another  name  of  his]  is  obscure.” 
Such  is  a summary  of  the  most  important  passages  referring 
to  Heimdal.  Bhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  82. 

Heimskringla  (hams'kring-la).  [ON.  lieivir, 
world,  and  kringla,  circle.]  The  history  of  the 
Norse  kings,  from  the  earliest  mythical  times 
down  to  the  battle  of  Re  in  1177,  written  by  the 
Icelander  Snorri  Sturluson  (1178-1241).  it  re- 
ceives  its  name  from  its  first  words,  “Kringla  heimsins,” 
the  circle  of  the  world.  In  subject-matter  and  literary 
style  it  is  the  most  important  prose  work  in  Old  Norse 
literature. 

Heine  (hi'ne),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Dusseldorf, 
Prussia,  Dec.  13,  1797:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  17, 
1856.  A celebrated  German  lyric  poet  and  critic, 


491 

of  Hebrew  descent.  Destined  for  a business  career,  he 
was  sent,  against  his  own  desire,  to  his  uncle  Solomon 
Heine,  a banker  in  Hamburg ; but  through  the  latter’s  as- 
sistance he  was  enabled  to  study  jurisprudence  at  Bonn, 
Berlin,  and  Gottingen.  In  1825  he  embraced  Christianity. 
He  lived  alternately  in  Hamburg,  Berlin,  and  Munich. 
After  1831  until  his  death  he  lived  for  the  most  part  in 
Paris,  during  the  last  years  of  his  life  a great  sufferer  from 
an  incurable  malady.  From  1837  to  1848  he  received  an 
annuity  from  the  department  of  foreign  affairs.  The  first 
collection  of  his  poems,  “Gedichte,"  appeared  in  1822,  his 
“Buch  der  Lieder”  (“Book  of  Songs”)  in  1827,  “Neue 
Gedichte  ” (“New  Poem3")  in  1844,  and  “Romanzero”  in 
1851.  Among  his  songs  are  gome  of  the  best-known  lyrics 
of  Germany : for  instance,  “Die  Lorelei,"  “Du  bist  wieeine 
Blume,”  “Nach  Frankreich  zogen  zwei  Grenadier.’’  He 
also  left  a number  of  characteristic  prose  works,  the  most 
celebrated  of  which,  the  "Reisebilder"  (“  Pictures  of  Tra- 
vel ”),  had  appeared  in  4 parts  from  1826  to  1831.  The 
“Romantische  Schule,”  to  which  Heine  himself  as  a writer 
preeminently  belonged,  appeared  in  1836.  His  complete 
works  appeared  in  Hamburg  1861-66,  in  21  volumes. 

Heineccius  (hi-nek'tse-os),  Johann  Gottlieb. 

Born  at  Eisenberg,  Germany,  Sept.  11,  1681 : 
died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Aug.  31,  1741.  A Ger- 
man jurist,  professor  of  philosophy  (1713)  and 
later  of  law  at  Halle.  He  wrote  “ Elementa 
juris  civilis  ” (1725),  “Historia  juris  civilis” 
(1733),  etc. 

Heinecken  (hi'nek-en),  Christian  Heinrich. 

Born  at  Liibeek,  Germany,  Feb.  6, 1721 : died  at 
Liibeck,  June,  1725.  A German  child,  noted  for 
his  extraordinary  precocity.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
weU  versed  in  the  history  of  the  Bible  in  his  second  year, 
and  to  have  learned  French  and  Latin  in  his  third.  He  is 
also  known  as  “ the  Child  of  Liibeck." 

Heinicke  (hi'nik-e),  Samuel.  Born  at  Naut- 
schiitz,  near  Weissenfels,  Prussia,  April  10, 
1727:  died  at  Leipsic,  April  30,  1790.  A Ger- 
man teacher  who  opened  the  first  institution 
for  the  education  of  deaf-mutes  in  Germany  in 
1778. 

Heinrich.  See  Henry. 

Heinrich  von  Meissen  (hin'rich  fon  mis'sen). 
Born  at  Meissen,  1250:  died  at  Mainz,  1318.  A 
Middle  High  German  lyric  poet.  He  was  a wander- 
ing singer.  In  1278  he  was  in  the  army  of  Hapsburg  ; in 
1286  at  Prague.  He  is  said  to  have  founded  at  Mainz  the 
first  school  of  “Master  Singers,”  so  called,  and  himself 
marks  the  transition  from  the  “ Minnesingers  ” to  the  later 
“Master  Singers."  He  is  also  called  Frauenlob,  a name 
given  him  because  of  a declared  preference  in  a poetical 
contest  for  the  title  “ Frau  ” (lady,  mistress)  applied  to 
women,  rather  than  “ Weib  ” (woman,  the  mere  opposite 
of  man).  The  women  of  Mainz  bore  him  to  his  grave, 
where,  at  the  cathedral,  his  monument  is  still  to  be  seen. 

Heinrich  von  Veldeke.  See  Veldeke. 

Heinse  (hin'ze),  Johann  Jakob  Wilhelm. 

Born  atLangewiesen,  Thuringia,  Feb.  16, 1749: 
died  at  Aschaifenburg,  Bavaria,  June  22,  1803. 
A German  romance  writer.  Amonghis  romances 
is  “Ardinghello  und  die  gliickseligen  Inseln” 
(1787). 

Heinsius  (hin'se-os),  Antonius.  Born  at  Delft, 
1641 : died  Aug.,  1720.  A Dutch  statesman, 
grand  pensionary  1689-1720. 

Heinsius,  Daniei.  Born  at  Ghent,  June  9, 1580 : 
died  Feb.  25, 1655.  A Dutch  classical  philologist, 
author  of  Greek  and  Latin  poems,  editions  of 
the  classics,  etc. 

Heinsius,  Nikolaas.  Born  at  Leyden,  July  20, 
1620 : died  at  The  Hague,  Oct.  7, 1681.  A noted 
Dutch  classical  philologist  and  Latin  poet,  son 
of  Daniel  Heinsius. 

Heintzelman  (hint'sel-man),  Samuel  Peter. 

Bom  at  Manheim,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Sept. 
30, 1805 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,May  1, 1880. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1826 ; served  in  the  Mexican  war ; became  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  May  17, 1861;  commanded  a division  of 
McDowell’s  army  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run ; com- 
manded a corps  at  the  battle  of  Williamsburg;  was  made 
major-general  of  volunteers  May  5, 1862  ; participated  in 
the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks ; and  commanded  the  right  wing  of 
Pope's  army  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  subse- 
quently held  command  of  the  Department  of  Washington 
and  of  the  Northern  Department.  He  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  by  a special  act 
of  Congress  April  29,  1869. 

Heir-at-Law,  The.  A comedy  by  Colman  the 
younger,  produced  in  1797,  printed  in  1808. 
Heir  of  Linne,  The.  An  old  ballad  preserved 
in  Percy’s  “Reliques”:  the  story  of  a spend- 
thrift who  finally  regains  his  lands  and  money. 
Heister  (his'ter),  Lorenz.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  Sept.  19, 1683 : died  at  Helmstedt, 
April  18,1758.  A German  surgeon,  professor  of 
surgery  at  Helmstedt  from  1720.  He  was  the 
founder  of  modern  German  surgery. 

Hejaz.  See  Hedjaz. 

Hejira  (hej'i-rii).  [Ar.,  ‘departure.’]  The  era 
which  forms  the  starting-point  of  the  Mohamme- 
dan calendar,  July  15,  622,  commemorative  of 
the  flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca  to  Medina. 
The  actual  date  of  the  flight  was  June  20. 

Hel  (hel).  [ON.,  a personification  of  hel,  the 


Helena,  Saint 

abode  of  the  dead,  = E.  hell.']  In  Old  Norso 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Loki  and  the  giant- 
ess Angurboda  (ON.  Angrbodha),  and  goddess 
of  Niflheim,  or  Niflhel,  the  realm  of  the  dead, 
below  the  earth.  Originally  all  the  dead  went  to  her. 
In  later  mythology  only  she  is  horrible  in  appearance, 
half  blue-black  and  half  flesh-color,  and  her  abode  is  one  of 
misery  to  which  those  alone  go  who  die  of  age  or  illness. 
Helbon  (hel'bon).  An  ancient  name  of  Aleppo. 
Helder  (hel'der),  The.  A fortified  seaport  in 
the  province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands, 
situated  on  the  Marsdiep  40  miles  north  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  is  an  important  commercial  place,  and  a 
Dutch  naval  station.  The  great  Helder  Dyke  defends  it 
from  the  sea.  N ear  it  the  Dutch  under  Ruyter  and  Tromp 
defeated  the  English  in  a naval  engagement  Aug.  21,  1673  ; 
and  near  it  also  the  English  and  Russian  troops  landed  in 
their  unsuccessful  expedition  of  1799.  Population,  com- 
mune, 28,259. 

Helderberg  (hel'der-berg)  Mountains.  A range 
of  hills  west  of  Albany,  New  York,  an  offshoot 
of  the  Catskills. 

Helen  (hel'en).  [Gr. 'E levy,  L.  Helena:  hence 
It.  Elena,  Sp.  Helena,  Elena,  F.  Helene,  E.  Helen, 
Ellen,  G.  Helene.]  1 . In  Greek  legend,  the  wife 
of  Menelaus,  and,  according  to  the  usual  tra- 
dition, the  daughter  of  Zeus  and  Leda,  or,  ac- 
cording to  another,  of  Zeus  and  Nemesis,  cele- 
brated for  her  beauty.  Her  abduction  by  Paris  was 
the  cause  of  the  Trojan  war.  Goethe  introduces  her  in 
the  second  part  of  “Faust,”  and  Faustus,  in  Marlowe's 
play  of  that  name,  addresses  her  thus  : 

“Oh ! thou  art  fairer  than  the  evening  air 
Clad  in  the  beauty  of  a thousand  stars ! ” 

Helen  of  Troy  is  one  of  those  ideal  creatures  of  the  fancy 
over  which  time,  space,  and  circumstance,  and  moral  proba- 
bility, exert  no  sway.  . . . She  moves  through  Greek  he- 
roic legend  as  the  desired  of  all  men  and  the  possessed  of 
many.  Theseus  bore  her  away  while  yet  a girl  from  Sparta. 
Her  brethren,  Castor  and  Polydeukes,  recovered  her  from 
Athens  by  force,  and  gave  to  her  .Ethra,  the  mother  of 
Theseus,  for  bondwoman.  . . . She  was  at  last  assigned 
in  wedlock  to  Menelaus,  by  whom  she  conceived  her  only 
earthly  child,  Hermione.  Paris,  by  aid  of  Aphrodite,  won 
her  love  and  fled  with  her  to  Egypt  and  to  Troy.  In  Troy 
she  abode  more  than  twenty  years,  and  was  the  mate  of  De- 
iphobus  after  the  death  of  Paris.  When  the  strife  raised  for 
her  sake  was  ended,  Menelaus  restored  her  with  honor  to 
his  home  in  Lacedaemon.  There  she  received  Telemachus 
and  saw  her  daughter  mated  to  Neoptolemus.  But  even 
after  death  she  rested  not  from  the  service  of  love.  The 
great  Achilles,  who  in  life  had  loved  her  by  hearsay,  but 
had  never  seen  her,  clasped  her  among  the  shades  upon 
the  island  Leukd,  and  begat  Euphorion. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  124. 
2.  In  Sidney’s  romance  “Arcadia,”  the  queen  of 
Corinth.  She  begs  and  carries  away  the  wounded 
body  of  the  knight  Amphialus,  falsely  sup- 
posed dead.— 3.  A waiting-woman  to  Imogen 
in  Shakspere’s  “ Cymbeline.” — 4.  In  Sheridan 
Knowles’s  play  “ The  Hunchback,”  a lively  girl, 
in  love  with  Modus. 

Helen,  a Tale.  The  last  novel  by  Miss  Edge- 
worth,  published  in  1834. 

Helena  (hel'e-na).  A Greek  painter,  daughter 
of  the  Egyptian  Timon.  She  is  said  to  have  lived  in 
the  time  of  the  battle  of  Issus,  and  to  have  painted  a pic- 
ture of  that  subject.  This  picture  was  hung  by  Vespasian 
in  the  Temple  of  Peace  at  Rome.  The  great  Pompeian 
mosaic  of  the  battle  of  Issus  must  have  been  made  about 
this  time,  and  is  perhaps  a copy  of  the  picture. 

Helena.  1.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  comedy 
‘ ‘All ’s  W ell  that  Ends  Well.” — 2 . In  Shakspere’s 
play  “A  Midsummer  Night’s  Dream,”  an  Athe- 
nian lady  in  love  with  Demetrius. 

Helena,  The.  See  the  extract. 

The  Third  Act  [of  the  second  part  of  Goethe’s  “Faust,” 
in  whicli  Helen  of  Troy  is  introduced]  is  known  in  Ger- 
many as  “The  Helena,”  not  only  because  it  was  separately 
published  in  1827  under  the  title  of  “Helena  : a tlassico- 
Romantic  Phantasmagoria,”  but  also  because  it  is  a com- 
plete allegorical  poem  in  itself,  inserted  in  the  Second 
Part  of  “ Faust  ’’  by  very  loose  threads  of  attachment. 
Goethe  began  its  composition  in  1800. 

B.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust,  part  2. 

Helena.  A tragedy  of  Euripides,  exhibited  in  412 
B.  c.,  based  on  the  story  invented  by  Stesichorus 
that  only  a phantom  of  Helen  appeared  at  the 
siege  of  Troy,  the  real  Helen  being  in  Egypt. 
Helena  (hel'e-na  or  he-le'na).  The  capital  of 
Phillips  County,  Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi 52  miles  southwest  of  Memphis.  It  was 
unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  Confederates 
July  4,  1863.  Population,  8,772,  (1910). 
Helena.  A city,  the  capital  of  Montana  and  of 
Lewis  and  Clarke  County,  situated  in  lat.  46° 
36'  N.,  long.  111°  53'  W.  It  is  an  important  busi- 
ness center,  and  there  are  gold-mines  in  its  vicinity.  It 
was  settled  in  1864.  Population,  12,515,  (1910). 

Helena,  Flavia  Julia,  Saint.  Died  about  328. 
The  mother  of  Constantine  the  Great,  she  was, 
according  to  some  authorities,  the  daughter  of  an  inn- 
keeper at  Drepanum,  Bithynia;  according  to  others,  a 
British  or  Caledonian  princess.  She  became  the  wife  of 
Constantius  Chlorus,  who,  on  his  elevation  to  the  dignity 
of  Cajsar  in  292,  divorced  her  in  order  to  marry  Theodora, 
the  stepdaughter  of  the  Augustus  Maximianus  Hercules. 
Subsequently,  on  the  elevation  to  the  purple  of  Constan* 


Helena,  Saint 

tine,  her  son  by  Constantius,  she  received  the  title  of  Au- 
gusta, and  was  treated  with  marked  distinction.  About 
326  she  made  a pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  where  she  built 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher  and  that  of  the  Nativity. 

Helensburgh  (hel'enz-bur-o).  A town  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Clyde  20  miles  northwest  of  Glas- 
gow. Population,  8,554. 

Helenus  (hel'e-nus).  [Gr.  "EAero?.]  InGreekle- 
gend,  a son  of  Priam,  celebrated  as  a prophet. 
Shakspere  introduces  him  in  “ Troilus  and 
Cressida.” 

Helgoland  (hel'go-lant),  or  Heligoland  (hel'- 
i-  go  -land),  Friesian  Hellige  Land.  [‘Holy 
Land.’]  An  island  in  the  North  Sea,  belonging 
to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
situated  in  lat.  54°  11'  N.,  long.  7°  53'  E.  it  is 
divided  into  the  Oberland  and  Unterland.  Close  by  is  the 
bathing-place,  the  Dune.  It  has  lobster-fisheries,  and  is 
frequented  for  sea-bathing.  The  population  is  of  Friesian 
stock.  Formerly  it  was  a heathen  sanctuary.  It  was  taken 
from  Denmark  by  Great  Britain  in  1807,  and  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  in  1814.  In  1890  it  was  ceded  to  Germany,  and  at- 
tached to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein.  Near  it  the 
Danish  fleet  repulsed  a combined  attack  of  the  Prussians 
and  Austrians,  May  9,  1864.  Length,  a little  over  1 mile. 
Population,  about  2,500. 

Heliand  (Ha'le-and).  [OS.  Heliand,  AS.  Hselend, 
NHG.  Heiland,  the  healer,  i.  e.  the  Saviour.] 
Aji  Old  Saxon  epic  poem  on  the  Saviour,  writ- 
ten in  alliterative  verse  by  an  unknown  author 
between  the  years  822  and  840.  it  is  a Christian 
poem  with  old  Germanic  heathen  elements,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  extensive  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  important 
works  of  early  Germanic  literature. 

Helias,  or  Helis,  or  Helyas.  The  Knight  of  the 
Swan.  See  Swan,  Eniglit  of  the. 

Helicanus  (hel-i-ka'nus).  The  faithful  minis- 
ter of  Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre,  in  Shakspere’s 
play  of  that  name. 

Helicon  (hel'i-kon),  modern  Zagora  (za-go'ra). 
[Gr.  ’EX ikow.J  In  ancient  geography,  a mountain- 
range  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  celebrated  in  mythol- 
ogy as  the  abode  of  the  Muses,  it  contained  the 
fountains  of  Aganippe  and  Hippocrene.  Height,  5,736 
feet  (i). 

Heligoland.  See  Helgoland. 

Heliodorus  (he-li-o-do'rus).  [Gr.  'llhSSupor, 
gift  of  the  sun.]  Born  at  Emesa,  Syria:  lived 
at  the  end  of  the  4th  century.  A Greek  ro- 
mance-writer, a Christian  bishop  of  Trieea  in 
Thessaly,  author  of  the  earliest  Greek  romance, 
the  “zEthiopica.”  See  Tlieagcnes  and  Chariclea. 
Heliogabalus.  See  Elagabalus. 

Heliopolis  (ke-li-op'o-lis),  Egyptian  An  (an), 
the  modern  Matariell  (ma-ta-re'e).  [Gr. 
r n/noinro/.tr,  city  of  the  sun-god.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  Lower  Egypt,  situated  on 
the  Pelusiac  branch  of  the  Nile  in  lat.  30°  8'  N., 
long.  31°  24'  E.  “ It  stood  on  the  edge  of  the  desert, 
about  4}  miles  to  the  east  of  the  apex  of  the  Delta  ; but 
the  alluvial  land  of  the  Delta  extended  5 miles  further  to 
the  eastward  of  that  city,  to  what  is  now  the  Birket-el- 
Hag."  ( Rawlinson .)  It  was  a seat  of  learning  (“  the  uni- 
versity of  Egypt”)  and  of  the  worship  of  the  suu-god  Ra. 

The  site  of  Heliopolis  is  still  marked  by  the  massive 
walls  that  surrounded  it,  and  by  a granite  obelisk  bearing 
the  name  of  Osirtasen  [Usertesen]  I.  of  the  12th  dynasty, 
dating  about  3900  years  ago.  It  was  one  of  two  that  stood 
before  the  entrance  to  the  temple  of  the  Sun,  at  the  inner 
end  of  an  avenue  of  sphinxes  ; and  the  apex,  like  some  of 
those  at  Thebes,  was  once  covered  with  bronze  (doubtless 
gilt),  as  is  shown  by  the  stone  having  been  cut  to  receive 
the  metal  casing,  and  by  the  testimony  of  Arab  histoiy. 
Tradition  also  speaks  of  the  other  obelisk  of  Heliopolis, 
and  of  the  bronze  taken  from  its  apex. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IL  9,  note. 

Heliopolis.  The  ancient  name  of  Baalbec. 
Helios  (he'li-os).  [Gr.  "H/hof,  'HtAioc.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  sun-god  (called  Hyperion  by 
Homer),  son  of  the  Titan  Hyperion  and  the 
TitanessTheia..  He  is  represented  as  a strong  and  beau- 
tiful youth,  with  heavy,  waving  locks  and  a crown  of  rays, 
driving  a four-horse  chariot,  rising  in  the  morning  from 
the  ocean  on  the  east,  among  the  Ethiopians,  driving 
across  the  heavens  in  his  glowing  car,  and  descending  at 
evening  into  the  western  sea.  At  night,  while  asleep,  he 
is  borne  along  the  northern  edge  of  the  earth  in  a golden 
boat  to  his  rising-place  in  the  east.  Also  called  Phaethon 
(Gr.  ■flaeflux')  for  his  brilliancy.  Inlater  times  he  was  iden- 
tified with  A.pollo. 

Helius  (he'li-us).  Died  68  a.  d.  A Roman  court 
favorite.  He  was  a freedman  of  the  emperor  Claudius, 
and  became  steward  of  the  imperial  demesnes  in  Asia.  He 
was  one  of  the  agents  employed  by  Agrippina  in  ridding 
herself  of  M.  Junius  Silanus,  proconsul  of  that  province 
in  55.  He  was  prefect  of  Rome  and  Italy  during  the 
absence  of  Nero  in  Greece  67-68,  being  invested  with  full 
power  of  life  and  death  even  over  the  senatorial  order. 
He  was  put  to  death,  with  Locusta,  the  poisoner,  and 
other  creatures  of  the  late  tyrant,  by  Nero’s  successor,  the 
emperor  Galba. 

Hell  (hel),  Maximilian.  Born  at  Schemnitz, 
Hungary,  May  13,  1720 : died  at  Vienna,  April 
14,  1792.  An  Austrian  astronomer.  He  entered 
the  Society  of  Jesus  about  1738,  and  was  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Vienna  1766-92.  In  June,  1769,  he  made, 
in  Lapland,  a successful  observation  of  the  transit  of  Ve- 


492 

nus,  of  which  he  published  an  account  (“Observatio  tran- 
situs  Veneris,”  1770).  He  is  the  author  also  of  a number 
of  other  works,  including  “ De  parallaxi  solis  ” (1773). 
Hellada.  The  modern  name  of  the  Spercheius. 
Helladians  (he-la'di-anz).  See  the  extract. 

Otherwise,  while  Greek  was  fast  becoming  the  domi- 
nant speech  of  the  Empire,  the  name  of  Hellas  became  a 
geographical  expression,  the  name  of  a single  theme  of 
the  Empire,  while  the  name  of  Hellenes  meant  only  the 
professors  of  the  fallen  faith,  whose  temples  supplied  ma- 
terials for  building  the  temples  of  the  new.  When  the 
people  of  the  theme  of  Hellas,  perhaps  of  a region  a little 
wider  than  the  theme  of  Hellas,  needed  a geographical 
name,  the  new  name  of  Helladians  was  coined  to  express 
them.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  331. 

Hellanieus  (hel-a-ni'kus).  [Gr.  rE /Udr;;cof.]  An 
eminent  Greek  logographer.  He  was  a native  of  My- 
tilene,  Lesbos,  and  lived  about  450  B.  c.  Nothing  is  known 
with  certainty  of  his  personal  history.  According  to  an 
evidently  erroneous  account  by  Suidas,  he  lived  with  He- 
rodotus at  the  court  of  Amyntas.  The  same  doubtful  au- 
thority states  that  he  died  at  Perperene,  on  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  opposite  Lesbos.  He  was  a prolific  writ  er,  and  was 
held  in  high  esteem  by  the  ancients.  His  works,  frag- 
ments only  of  which  are  extant,  included  a history  of  At- 
tica, a history  of  the  iEolians  in  Asia  Minor  and  the  islands 
of  the  iEgean,  and  a history  of  Persia,  Media,  and  Assyria 
from  the  time  of  Ninus  to  his  own  day. 

Hellas  (hel'as).  [Gr.  ’E/Adr.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, originally  a town  and  small  district  in 
Phthiiotis,  Thessaly,  and  later  the  lands  inhab- 
ited by  the  Hellenes  (see  Greece );  in  a restricted 
sense,  Middle  Greece  (south  of  Thermopylae 
and  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth),  or  the  dis- 
tricts south  of  the  Ambracian  Gulf  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Peneius. 

Helle  (hel'o).  [Gr.  "E Alb?.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Athamas  and  Nephele.  She  was 
drowned  in  the  Hellespont,  whence  its  name  (‘‘  Sea  of 
Helle”). 

Hellebore  (hel'e-bor).  A character  assumed  by 
Foote  in  his  part,  of  the  devil,  in  his  play  “ The 
Devil  upon  Two  Sticks  ” : the  president  of  a 
medical  college. 

Hellen  (hel'en).  [Gr.  "E/X^r.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a king  in  Phthia  (in  Thessaly),  eponymous  an- 
cestor of  the  Hellenes. 

Hellenes  (hel'enz).  [Gr.  "EH/l 772^.]  1.  The 
ancient  Greeks ; properly,  the  Greeks  of  pure 
race : traditionally  said  to  be  so  called  from 
Hellen,  son  of  Deucalion  and  Pyrrlia,  the  le- 
gendary ancestor  of  the  true  Greeks,  consisting 
of  the  Dorians,  iEolians.  Ionians,  and  Achteans. 
— 2.  The  subjects  of  the  modern  kingdom  of 
Greece,  or  Hellas. 

Heller  (hel'ler),  Stephen.  Bom  at  Budapest, 
Hungary,  May  13,  1813:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  14, 
1888.  A Hungarian  pianist  and  composer  for 
the  pianoforte. 

Hellespont  (hel'es-pont).  [Gr.  ’E/U^cm-orrof, 
sea  of  Helle.  See  Helle. ] In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  name  of  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles. 
(See  Dardanelles. ) It  is  celebrated  in  the  legend 
of  Hero  and  Leander. 

Hellevoetsluis  (hel-le-vot-slois'),  or  Helvoet- 
sluis  (hel-vot-slois').  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  in  the 
island  Voorne,  on  the  Haringvliet,  17  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Rotterdam.  Here,  in  1688,  Wil- 
liam of  Orange  embarked  for  England. 

Hell  Fire  Clubs.  Clubs  consisting  of  reckless 
and  unscrupulous  men  and  women.  A number 
of  these  have  existed.  Three  such  associations  were  sup- 
pressed in  London  in  1721. 

Hell  Gate  (hel  gat).  A passage  in  the  East 
River,  east  of  the  city  of  New  York,  noted  for 
its  dangers  to  navigation.  Obstructions  were 
removed  by  explosion  at  Hallett’s  Point  in  1876, 
and  at  Flood  Rock  in  1885. 

Hellm  (el-yen').  A town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
bacete,  Spain,  situated  in  lat.  38°  28'  N.,  long. 
1°  39'  W.  It  has  sulphur  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, 12,558. 

Hellowes  (hel'oz),  Edward.  Lived  about  the 
last  half  of  the  16th  century.  An  English  trans- 
lator. In  1597  he  was  groom  of  the  chamber  in  the  royal 
household,  and  in  1600  received  a pension  of  12  shillings 
a day  for  life.  He  translated  three  works  from  the  Span- 
ish of  Guevara. 

Helmer  (hel'mer),  Nora.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Ibsen’s  “A  Doll’s  House.”  Her  husband 
treats  her  as  if  she  were  a child,  and  so  far  unfits  her  for 
real  action  that  when  she  begins  to  meddle  with  realities 
she  commits  a crime.  On  awakening  to  a knowledge  of 
her  real  self,  and  her  husband’s  false  idea  that  he  can  be 
both  will  and  conscience  for  her,  she  leaves  him. 
Helmers  (hel'mers),  Jan  Frederik.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  March  7,  1767 : died  at  Amster- 
dam, Feb.  26,  1813.  A Dutch  poet.  His  chief 
work  is  “De  Hollandsche  Natie”  (“The  Dutch 
Nation,”  1812). 

Helmholtz  (helm'holts),  Hermann  Ludwig 
Ferdinand  von.  Born  at  Potsdam,  Aug.  31, 
1821:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  8, 1894.  A celebrated 


Helsingland 

German  physiologist  and  physicist,  especially 
noted  for  his  discoveries  in  optics  and  acoustics. 
He  became  military  physician  at  Potsdam  in  1843  ; taught 
anatomy  at  the  Academy  of  Art  in  1848  ; was  professor  of 
physiology  atKonigsberg  1849-55;  wasprofessor  of  anatomy 
and  physiology  at  Bonn  1855-58,  and  of  physiology  at  Hei- 
delberg 1858-71  ; and  was  appointed  professor  of  physics  at 
Berlin  in  1871.  He  invented  the  ophthalmoscope  in  1851. 
His  chief  works  are ‘‘Handbuch  der  physiologischen  Op- 
tik”  (“Manual  of  Physiological  Optics,”  1856-66),  “Die 
Lelire  von  den  Tonempfindungen  ’’  (“The  Doctrine  of  the 
Sensations  of  Tone,”  1862),  “liber  die  Erhaltung  der 
Kraft”  (“On  the  Conservation  of  Force,”  1847). 
Helmond  (hel'mont;  F.  pron.  el-mon').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Neth- 
erlands, situated  on  the  river  Aa  in  lat.  51°  28' 
N.,  long.  5°  39'  E.  Population,  commune, 
11,436. 

Helmont  (hel'mont),  JanBaptista  van.  Born 
at  Brussels  in  1577  : died  near  Brussels,  Dec.  30, 
1644.  A Flemish  physician  and  chemist.  He 
spent  a number  of  years  in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Eng- 
land, married  a wealthy  lady  of  Brabant,  and  in  1609  set- 
tled on  an  estate  near  Brussels,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  chemical  investigations.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  to  demonstrate  the  necessity  of  employing  the  bal- 
ance in  chemistry,  and  to  have  introduced  the  word  “gas  " 
in  the  terminology  of  that  science.  A collective  edition  of 
his  works  appeared  as  “Ortus  medicinae”  (1648). 
Helmstadt  (helm'stat).  A village  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  10  miles  west  of  Wiirzburg. 
Here,  in  the  Seven  Weeks’  War,  July  25,  1866,  the  Prus- 
sians defeated  the  Bavarians. 

Helmstedt  (helm'stet).  A town  in  Brunswick, 
Germany,  21  miles  east  of  Brunswick,  formerly 
the  seat  of  a university.  Population,  com- 
mune, 15,415. 

Helmund  (bel'mund),  or  Hilmend  (hil'mend), 
or  Halmand  (hal'mand).  A river  in  Afghanis- 
tan, flowing  in  a generally  southwesterly  direc- 
tion into  Lake  Hamun,  with  no  outlet  to  the 
sea:  the  ancient  Erymanthus  or  Erymandrus. 
Length,  about  600  miles. 

Heloise  (a-lo-ez').  Bom  about  1101:  died  at 
the  Paraclet,  near  Nogent-sur-Seine,  France. 
1161.  A French  abbess,  celebrated  on  account 
of  her  relations  with  Abelard.  She  was  a niece  of 
Fulbert,  canon  of  Notre  Dame.  Abelard  became  her  in- 
structor, and  soon  her  lover  and  seducer.  After  the  birth 
of  her  child  he  proposed  a secret  marriage,  which  was  ac- 
complished only  after  much  opposition  on  the  part  of  He- 
loise, for  she  preferred  to  sacrifice  her  own  future  rather 
than  that  of  Abelard.  She  even  denied  the  marriage  after 
it  was  performed,  and  retired  to  the  conventof  Argenteuil. 
Tlie  enraged  Fulbert  revenged  himself  on  Abelard  by  in- 
flicting on  him  a shameful  mutilation.  He  became  a 
monk,  and  Hfdoise  took  the  veil. 

Heloise.  See  Nouvelle  Heloise,  La. 

Helos  (he'los).  [Gr.  to  "E^of.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  in  Laconia.  Greece,  situated  near 
the  sea  25 'miles  southeast  of  Sparta. 

Helots  (he'lots  or  hel'ots).  [Gr.  ’El/ioirai  or 
EiUtaref.]  A class  of  serfs  among  the  ancient 
Spartans  who  were  owned  by  the  state,  were 
bound  to  the  soil  under  allotment  to  landhold- 
ers, and  fulfilled  all  servile  functions.  The  He- 
lots paid  their  masters  a fixed  proportion  of  the  products 
of  the  ground  cultivated  by  them.  They  served  as  light- 
armed troops  in  war,  and  in  great  emergencies  bodies  of 
them  were  organized  as  regular  or  heavy-armed  troops,  in 
which  case  they  might  be  manumitted  as  a reward  for 
bravery.  They  were  descendants  of  captives  of  war,  most 
of  them  probably  of  the  conquered  Achaean  aborigines  of 
Laconia ; they  were  very  cruelly  treated,  and  often  sys- 
tematically massacred,  to  keep  down  their  numbers  and 
prevent  them  from  organized  revolt. 

Help  (help).  A character,  in  Banyan’s  “Pil- 
grim’s Progress,”  who  pulls  Christian  out  of  the 
Slough  of  Despond. 

Helps  (helps),  Sir  Arthur.  Born  at  Streatham, 
Surrey,  July  10, 1813 : died  at  London,  March  7, 
1875.  An  English  author.  He  occupied  various  gov- 
ernment positions,  and  from  June,  1860,  was  clerk  of  the 
privy  council,  enjoying  thespecial  confidence  of  thequeeD. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  social  essays,  “ Friends  in  Coun- 
cil ” (1847-59 : 3 series),  and  for  his  various  works  on  the 
early  history  of  Spanish  America,  especially  “ The  Spanish 
Conquest  in  America”  (1855-61).  He  also  wrote  several 
dramas  and  romances. 

Helsillgborg  (hel'sing-borg).  A seaport  in  the 
laen  of  Malmohus,  Sweden,  situated  on  the 
Sound,  opposite  Elsinore,  in  lat.  56°  3'  N.,  long. 
12°  42'  E.  Near  it  is  the  old  castle  of  Karnan. 
Population,  32,238. 

Helsingfors  (hel'sing-fors),  Finnish  Helsinki 
(hel'sing-ki).  A seaport,  capital  of  Finland 
and  of  the  laen  of  Nyland,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Finland  in  lat.  6*0°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  57'  E. 

It  is  the  largest  and  chief  commercial  city  of  Finland,  and 
the  seat  of  a university  (removed  from  Abo  in  1827) ; was 
founded  by  Gustavus  Vasa  in  the  16th  century ; was  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  1808 ; and  became  the  capital  in  1819. 
It  is  an  important  naval  station.  Its  fortifications  were 
unsuccessfully  bombarded  by  the  Allies  in  1855.  Popula- 
tion, 117,317. 

Helsingland  (hel'sing-liind).  A district  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  laen  of  Gefleborg,  eastern 
Sweden. 


Helsingor 

Helsingor.  See  Elsinore. 

Heist  ( heist),  Bartholomeus  van  der.  Born  in 
the  Netherlands,  1613 : died  at  Amsterdam,  1670. 
A noted  Dutch  portrait-painter.  Hisbest-known 
work  is  the  “Banquet”  (at  Amsterdam). 
Helston  (hel'ston).  A town  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  river  Cober  9 miles  west- 
southwest  of  Falmouth.  It  is  a center  for 
tourists  to  the  Lizard.  Population,  3,088. 
Helstone  (hel ' ston ),  Doctor Matthewson.  The 
rector  of  Briarfield  in  Charlotte  Bronte’s  “ Shir- 
ley,” an  uncompromising  and  brusk,  but  up- 
right and  conscientious  man.  His  niece  Caro- 
line is  one  of  the  principal  characters. 
Helvellyn  (hel-vel'in).  The  second  peak  in 
height  in  the  Lake  District  in  Cumberland, 
England,  8 miles  north  by  west  of  Ambleside. 
Height,  3,118  feet. 

Helvetia  (hel-ve'shia).  In  later  Latin,  a part 
of  Gaul  corresponding  generally  to  the  western 
and  central  portions  of  the  modern  Switzerland : 
used  also  poetically  for  Switzerland. 
Helvetian  Desert.  See  TJechtland. 

Helvetic  Republic.  [F . Repu  blique  Helvetique.  ] 
A republic  formed  in  1798  by  France  from  the 
larger  portion  of  the  Swiss  Confederation.  The 
former  cantonal  system  was  restored  by  Napoleon  in  1803. 
It  continued  under  Trench  influence  until  1814. 
Helvetii  (hel-ve'shi-i).  A Celtic  tribe  which  in 
the  time  of  Caesar  occupied  a district  east  of  the 
Jura,  north  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  and  west  and 
south  of  the  Rhine.  They  were  defeated  by 
Caesar. 

Helvetius  (el-va-se-us'),  Claude  Adrien.  Born 
at  Paris  in  Jan.,  1715:  died  Dec.  26,  1771.  A 
French  philosopher  and  litterateur.  He  was  ap- 
pointed farmer-general  about  1738,  and  soon  after  became 
chamberlain  to  the  queen.  In  1751  he  married  the  beauti- 
ful Mademoiselle  de  Ligneville,  who  was  afterward  one 
of  the  chief  centers  of  literary  society  in  Paris.  He  retired 
to  his  estate  in  Perche  at  his  marriage,  and  devoted  him- 
self during  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  philosophical 
studies.  He  published  in  1758  a metaphysical  work  en- 
titled " De  l’esprit,"  in  which  he  derived  all  virtue  from 
self-interest,  and  which  was  burned  in  1759  by  order  of 
Parliament.  He  made  a journey  to  England  in  1764,  and 
in  the  following  year  was  entertained  by  Frederick  the 
Great  at  Potsdam.  His  “ (Euvres  completes  ” were  pub- 
lished at  Liege  in  1774,  since  which  time  numerous  other 
editions  have  appeared. 

Helvidius  (hel-vid'i-us).  A pseudonym  of 
James  Madison.  Under  this  signature  he  re- 
plied to  the  letters  of  Pacificus  (Hamilton)  in 
five  essays. 

Helvidius  Priscus.  See  Prisons,  Helvidius. 
Helvoetsluis.  See  Hellevoetsluis. 

Helyot  (al-yo'),  Pierre,  called  Pere  Hippolyte. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1660:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
5, 1716.  A French  monk  and  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian, author  of  “ L’Histoire  des  ordres  mo- 
nastiques,  religieux  et  militaires,  etc.”  (1714- 
1719). 

Hemachandra  (ha-ma-ckan'dra).  A Sanskrit 
lexicographer  and  grammarian,  said  to  have 
lived  a.  d.  1088-1172:  author  of  the  “ Abhidha- 
na-chintamani”  (which  see). 

Hemans  (hem'anz),  Mrs.  (Felicia  Dorothea 
Browne).  Born  at  Liverpool,  Sept.  25,  1793 : 
died  near  Dublin,  May  16,  1835.  An  English 
poet,  best  known  for  her  lyrics.  Among  her  other 
works  are  “The  Vespers  of  Palermo"  (1823b  “The  Forest 
Sanctuary"  (1826).  “Poetical  Works"  edited  by  W.  M. 
Rossetti,  1873. 

Hemel-Hempstead  (hem ' el  -hemp  ' sted).  A 
small  town  in  Hertfordshire,  England,  24  miles 
northwest  of  London. 

Hemes.  See  Jemez. 

Hemicycle  of  Paul  Delaroche,  The.  An  en- 
causticmuralpainting adorning  the  amphithea- 
ter of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  Paris.  In  It  are 
grouped  75  representative  artists  and  figures  typifying  the 
art  of  all  periods.  The  great  Greek  masters  Phidias,  Icti- 
nus, and  Apelles,  enthroned,  form  the  central  group.  The 
figures  are  23  feet  high. 

Heming.or  Hemminge,  J ohn.  Born  at  Shottery, 
1556  (?):  died  at  Aldermanbury,  Oct.  10,  1630. 
An  English  actor.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life,  but 
he  seems  to  have  been  treasurer  of  the  King’s  Company  of 
actors.  He  played  in  the  first  part  of  “Henry  IV.,"  and 
in  Jonson’s  “Volpone,”  “Alchemist,”  and  several  other 
of  his  plays.  With  Condell  he  edited  the  first  folio  of 
Shakspere  in  1623.  To  this  he  owes  his  chief  fame.  He 
was  principal  proprietor  of  the  Globe  Theatre  and  closely 
associated  with  Shakspere,  who  mentions  him  in  his  will. 
Hemling.  See  Mending. 

Hempel  (hem'pel),  Charles  Julius.  Bom  at 
Solingen,  Pmssia,  Sept.  5, 1811:  died  at  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.,  Sept.  25, 1879.  AGerman-Amori- 
<*an  physician.  He  came  to  America  in  1835  ; gradu- 
ated at  tne  medical  department  of  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1845  ; became  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics  in  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  at  Phil- 
adelphia in  1857 ; and  subsequently  practised  medicine  at 


493 


Henricians 


Grand  Rapids,  Michigan.  He  wrote  “ System  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics  ”(1859),  etc. 

Hempstead  (kemp'sted).  A town  in  Nassau 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York.  It  was  for- 


He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Helmstedt  1777-86,  and  ab- 
bot of  Michaelstein,  near  Blankenburg  (1786),  and  of  Ko- 
nigslutter  (1803),  and  later  vice-president  of  the  consistory 
and  curator  of  the  Caroliuum  at  Brunswick.  His  chief 

“r'oS'i  H Jaiob.  Boru 
corporar, ea  in  tne  city  or  i\ew  iork.  ropuia-  at  Furth,  Bavaria,  July  9,  1809:  died  at  Got- 
tingen, May  13,  1885.  A noted  German  physi- 
ologist and  anatomist,  professor  successively  at 


corporated  in  the  city 
tion,  village,  4,964,  (1910). 
Hems.  Bee  Homs. 
Hemskerk,  Marten  van. 


See  Heemskerk. 


Hemsterhliis  ( hem'ster-kois),  Frans.  Born  in  fjqrjo  j1  and  Gottingen 

Netherlands  about  1722  : died  at  The  Hague, 

1790.  A Dutch  philosopher  and  writer  on  es-  “ Handbuch  der  Anatomie  des  Menschen  ” (1855-73),  etc. 
thetics,  son  of  Tiberius  Hemsterhuis.  Henley  (henTi),  John,  generally  called  “Orator 

Hemsterhuis,  Tiberius.  Born  at  Groningen,  Henley.”  Born  at  Melton-Mowbray,  England 
Netherlands,  1685:  died  at  Leyden,  April  7,  Aug.  3,  1692:  died  1756  (1759?).  An  English 
1766.  A Dutch  philologist  and  critic.  His  chief*  preacher,  celebrated  for  his  eccentricities 
™*s  H?.  an  edition  of  the  “Onomasticon  ” of  Pollux  Henley,  William  Ernest.  Born  Aug.  23,  1849 : 
Sphalfestmi)1  ( )’ ar,,i  thU  11,ltUS  of  di?d  Jul7  Ik  1903.  An  English  writer  and 

Henault  (a-no'),  Charles  Jean  Francois.  Bom  th.?» V£cfiotns„  ” 

at  Poric  Q rlioH  of  Pome  \Tnxr  oj.  ware!  the  National  Observer  ) 1888-93  and  of  the  * New 

a*;;ariS’  i • ; -e<i  at  ■Pans’  -^ov*  Review  1893-98.  He  published  “A  Book  of  Verses” 

17/0.  A French  historian.  He  wrote  “Nouvel  (1888),  etc. 

abr£g<$  chronologic] ue  de  rhistoire  de  France”  (1744),  Henley-on-Thames  (hen'li-on-temz'),  or  Hen- 
Portugal  ”^17591  *ete.<1Ue  ‘ ‘ °‘re  d Espagne  et  de  ley.  A town  in  Oxfordshire,  England,  situated 

TTpnriprQ/vn  (he’n/(lpT>-c;nn^  A oitvnnd  flip  pqu-  un  the  Thames  ob  miles  west  of  Londonj  noted 
ifAT“n£oieCo^y,  KenScky'!  situa^d  **  .population,  5,984. 

on  the  Ohio  in  lat.  37°  5U  N.,  long.  87°  35'  W.  Henlopen  (hen-lo  pen),  Cape.  A cape  on  the 
Population  11,452  (1910)  eastern  coast  ot  Delaware^  situated  at  the  en- 

Henderson,’  Alexander.  Born  at  Criech,  Eife-  France  of  Delaware  Bay,  opposite  Cape  May, 
shire,  about  1583:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  19,  ,In  38  4 i N.,  long.  7o  5 W. 

1646.  A Scottish  ecclesiastic  and  diplomatist,  Hennebont  (en-bon  ).  A river  port  m the  de- 
the  most  capable  and  most  prominent  Presby-  kf  rtment  of  MorbiJhan,  Brittany,  France,  situ- 
terian  leader  of  his  time.  He  was  minister  at  Leu-  ^ed  on  the  Biave  7 miles  northeast  of  Lonent. 
chars,  Fifeshire,  1613-38,  and  afterward  at  Edinburgh.  * opuiatron,  commune,  9,1-1. 

The  National  Covenant  (1638)  and  the  Solemn  League  and  HennegaU.  See  Hainaut. 

Covenant  (adopted  in  1643  by  the  Westminster  Assembly,  Hennepin  (hen'e-pin  j F.  pron.  en-pafl'),  Louis, 
which  he  attended  as  a Scottish  commissioner)  were  both  Bom  at  Ath,  Belgium,  about  1640:  died  in  the 

Netherlands  after  1701.  A French  missionary 
blies  (1638,  1641,  and  1618):  at  that  held  at  Glasgow  in  and  explorer.  He  belonged  to  the  order  of  R^collets 

1 AQQ  tllO  Slcottiob  biebnnc!  uropn  JnnoonJ  nn/1  ilia  nhnp/ih  of  St  FruilClO  WPnf  1(1  Cbllljuljl  ill  QDti  fll  1117S  lGltlPd 


1638  the  Scottish  bishops  were  deposed,  and  the  church 
was  reconstituted  as  Presbyterian.  Henderson  had  various 
conferences  and  even  discussions  with  Charles  I.  on  pub- 
lic (especially  ecclesiastical)  affairs. 

Henderson,  James.  Born  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land about  1783 : died  at  Madrid,  Spain,  Sept. 
18,  1848.  An  English  author.  From  1819  to  1821  he 
traveled  in  Brazil.  Subsequently  he  was  British  consul- 
general  at  Bogota  until  1836.  His  principal  work  is  “His- 
tory of  Brazil  ” (London,  1821). 

Henderson,  James  Pinckney.  Born  in  Lin- 


of  St.  Fraucis,  went  to  Canada  in  1673,  and  in  1678  joined 
La  Salle’s  second  expedition  to  the  West.  He  was  de- 
spatched by  La  Salie  from  Fort  Crtvecoeur  with  two  men 
in  a canoe,  Feb.  29, 1680,  to  explore  the  Illinois  River  and 
the  upper  Mississippi.  He  was  captured  by  a party  of 
Sioux  on  the  Mississippi,  April  11,  1680,  and  during  cap- 
tivity discovered  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  He  was  res- 
cued by  Greysolon  du  Lhut,  arrived  at  Quebec  in  1682,  and 
on  returning  to  Europe  was  made  guardian  of  the  con- 
vent of  R.enty  in  Artois.  He  published  “Description  de 
la  Louisiane  ” (1683),  “ Nouvelle  deeouverte  d’un  tres  grand 
pays  ” (1697  : in  which  he  claims  to  have  descended  the 


coin  County,  N.  C.,  March  31,  1808:  died  at  since  shown  l° 

■vxT  i • - r\  t a ioro  a a • be  false),  and  Nouveau  Voyage  (1698). 

Washington,  D.  C.,  June  4, 18o8.  An  American  Hennequin(en-kan'), Philippe  Augustin.  Born 


general  and  politician.  He  was  secretary  of  state 
of  Texas  1837-39,  governor  of  Texas  1846-47,  and  United 
States  senator  1857-58. 

Henderson,  John.  Bom  at  London  in  1747:  died 
there,  Nov.  25, 1785.  An  English  actor.  He  made 
his  first  appearance  at  Bath  in  1772  as  Hamlet,  playing  at 


at  Lyons,  France,  1763:  died  at  Tournay,  Bel- 
gium,May  12,  1833.  A French  historical  painter. 
Among  his  works  are  “Remorseof  Orestes”  (in  the  Louvre), 
“Battle  of  Quiheron"  (Toulouse  Museum),  “Triumph  of 
the  French  People”  (Rouen),  “Saul  and  the  Witch  of  En- 
dor  ” (Lyons). 


the  outset  under  the  name  of  Courtney.  During  his  first  tenner  (en-ar'),  Jean  Jacques.  Born  at  Bern- 
season  he  played  parts  far  beyond  him,  though  he  was  . 


known  as  the  Bath  Roscius  : hut  in  1777  he  played  Shylock 
at  the  Haymarket  with  success,  which  increased  until  he 
stood  next  to  Garrick  in  public  estimation.  He  made  ene- 
mies by  his  talent  for  mimicry,  and  Garrick  is  said  to  have 
been  jealous  of  him.  He  was  particularly  fine  in  solilo- 
quies. His  repertory  included  ail  the  best  tragic  and  many 
comic  roles. 


wider,  Alsace,  March  5, 1829:  died  July  23, 1905. 
A genre-painter,  pupil  of  Drolling  and  Pieot. 
Hegained  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1858,  and  a first-class 
medal  in  1878.  He  was  made  mentor  of  the  Institute  in 
1889.  He  passed  five  years  in  Italy.  Among  his  pictures 
are  “La  Naiade,”  “Le  bon  Samaritain,”  “Idylle,”  “Su- 
zanne,” and  “La  Madeleine.” 


Hendon  (ben'don).  A suburb  of  London,  in  the  Hennersdorf  (ken'ers-dorf),  or  Katholisck- 

county  of  Middlesex.  Population,  22,450.  — • * 

Hendricks  (hen'driks),  Thomas  Andrews. 

Born  near  Zanesville,  Ohio,  Sept.  7,  1819 : died 
at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Nov.  25, 1885.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  In 


Hennersdorf  (ka-to'lish-).  A village  in  north- 
western Silesia,  Prussia,  near  Naumburg-on- 
the-Queiss.  Here,  Nov.  24,  1745,  the  Prussians  under 
Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Saxons  and  Austrians 
under  the  Duke  of  Lorraine. 


diana  1851-55;  United  States  senator  1863-69 ; governor  of  HeimeSSy  (hen'e-si),  William  J.  Born  at  Tho- 
Indiana  1873^77 ; and (unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  mastown,  Ireland,  in  1839.  A landscape- and 
for  Vice-President  in  1876.  He  was  elected  Vice-President  „ ....  ....  . „ . „ . 

in  1884,  and  was  inaugurated  March  4,  1885.  genre-painter.  He  wen  t to  New  York  in  1849,  and  was 

tt-  ■ , , -*T  , , , / \ * elected  national  academician  m 1863.  In  1870  he  went 

Henge(heng  ge),orJMan6nge(iiia-heng  g©)«  A to  London,  but  lives  principally  in  Normandy. 

Bantu  tribe  of  German  East  Africa,  west  of  the  JJenri  (on-re')  I.,  King  of  Haiti.  See  Christophe. 
Rufip  River,  at  the  foot  of  the  central  plateau  Henri  m et  sa  Cour-  A drama  of  the  roman- 
They  are  marauders,  and  imitate  the  ways  and  sehocd  by  Alexandre  Dumas  pere,  produced 
language  of  the  Zulus.  ;n  jggg 

Hengist  (heng  gist).  Died  488.  ^ chief  of  the  Jjgjiyjade  (oii-ryiid').  An  epic  poem  by  Vol- 
Jutes,  joint  founder  With  Horsa  of  the  kingdom  taire>  in  10  cantos.  It  is  a picture  of  war  undertaken 
Ot  went.  They  landed  at  Ebbsfleet  about  449.  Many  )e-  in  the  name  of  religion,  and  was  intended  to  inspire  a ha- 
gends  have  sprung  up  about  their  names,  and  their  exis-  tred  of  intolerance  and  persecution, 
tence  as  historical  personages  has  been  questioned,  with- tt „ . , ■ 

out,  however,  sufficient  grounds.  HenrichemOIlt  (on-iesh-mon  ).  A town  in  the 

Hengstenberg  (heng'sten-berG),  Ernst  Wil-  department  of  Cher,  France.  16  miles  north- 
helm.  Bom  at  Frondenburg,  Westphalia,  Oct.  northeast  of  Bourges.  Population,  commune, 
20,  1802 : died  at  Berlin,  May  28,  1869.  A Ger-  3,450. 

man  Protestant  theologian,  leader  of  the  ortho-  Hennci  (ken-ret  se)  , Jakob.  Born  at  Gross  Kar- 
dox  Lutherans,  professor  of  theology  in  Berlin  lenbach,  Bavaria,  Jan.  1,  1803  : died  at  Econ 


from  1826.  He  wrote  “Christologie  des  Alten  Testa- 
ments” (1829-35),  “ Beitriige  zur  Einleitungins  Alte  Testa- 
ment” (1831-39),  “Kommentar  iiber  die  Psalmen  ” (1842- 
1847),  etc. 

Henin-Li6tard  (a-nan'lya-tiir').  Atowninthe 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  16  miles 
south  of  Lille.  Population,  commune,  16,016. 

Henke  (heng'ke),  Heinrich  Philipp  Konrad. 


omy,  Pa.,  Dec.  25,  1892.  A German-Ameriean 
communist.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1823, 
and  subsequently  joined  the  Harmonist  Society  founded 
by  George  Rapp,  which  was  then  established  at  Harmony 
in  Butler  County,  Pennsylvania,  but  which  was  afterward 
(1824)  removed  to  the  present  village  of  Economy  in  Beaver 
County.  On  the  death  of  Rapp  in  1868  he  succeeded  to 
tile  management  of  the  community  under  the  title  of  first 
trustee,  which  position  he  retained  until  his  death. 


Born  at  Hehlen,  Brunswick,  Germany,  July  3,  Henricians  (hen-rish'anz).  1.  A sect  of  reli- 
1752:  died  at  Brunswick,  May  2,  1809”.  A Ger-  gious  reformers  in  Switzerland  and  southern 
manProtestanttheologianandchurchhistorian.  France  in  the  12th  century,  followers  of  Henry 


Henricians 

of  Lausanne. — 2.  The  followers  or  adherents 
of  the  emperor  Henry  I V. , who  opposed  Gregory 
VII.  in  favor  of  the  antipope  Clement  III. 

Henrietta  Anna  (hen-ri-et'ji  au'a),  Duchesse 
d’Orleans.  [Fern,  and  dim.  of  Henry ; F.  Hen- 
riette,  It.  Enrighetla,  Sp.  Enrique  ta,  Pg.  Hen- 
riqueta,  G.  Henriette.  ] Born  at  Exeter,  England, 
June  16,  1644:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  near  Paris, 
June  30,  1670.  Daughter  of  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land. She  married  the  Due  d’Orl6ans  (brother 
of  Louis  XIV.)  in  1661. 

Henrietta  Maria  (ma-ri'a),  Queen  of  England. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  25,  1609 : died  near  Paris, 
Aug.  21,1669.  Daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

She  married  Charles  I.  of  England  in  1625  ; went  to  Holland 
in  1642  to  obtain  aid  for  the  king  ; returned  in  1643  ; and 
finally  left  England  for  France  in  1644. 

Henrietta  Temple  (tem'pl).  A love-story  by 
Disraeli,  published  in  1837. 

Henriette  (hen-ri-et';  F.  pron.  oh-ryet').  1.  A 
young,  simple,  and  natural  girl  surrounded  by 
the  pedantic  “femmes  savantes,”  in  Moliere’s 
comedy  of  that  name.  She  is  considered  by  the 
French  the  type  of  true  womanliness. — 2.  A 
character  in  Balzac’s  “Lys  dans  la  vallee” 
(“Lily  in  the  Valley”). 

Henriquez,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la  Cueva. 

See  Fernandez  de  la  Cueva  Henriquez. 

Henriquez  de  Almansa  (en-re'keth  da  al-man'- 
sa),  Martin.  Born  in  Alcanizes,  Spain,  about 
1525:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March  15,  1583.  A 
Spanish  administrator.  He  was  the  second  son  of  a 
Marquis  of  Alcanizes.  He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  Nov.  5, 
1568,  to  Oct.  4,  1580,  during  which  period  the  Inquisition 
was  established  (1571),  and  the  great  cathedral  of  Mexico 
was  founded  (1573).  From  Sept.  23,  1581,  he  was  viceroy 
of  Peru.  He  was  an  excellent  ruler. 

Henriquez  de  Guzman  (goth-man'),  Luis. 
Born  about  1600 : died  about  1667.  A Spanish 
administrator.  Hewascountof  Alba  deListe  and  gran- 
dee  of  Spain  ; was  viceroy  of  Mexico  June  28, 1650,  to  Aug. 
1,  1653,  and  of  Peru  Feb.  24,  1655,  to  July  31,  1661.  His 
reign  in  both  countries  was  rather  uneventful.  He  was 
just  and  benevolent,  and  encouraged  learning. 

Henriquez  de  Rivera  (re-va/ra),  Payo.  Born 
at  Seville  about  1610  : died  April  8,  1684.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  statesman.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Augustine  order  ; was  chosen  bishop  of  Guate- 
mala in  1657  ; and  was  translated  to  Michoacan  in  1667, 
but  before  reaching  his  new  diocese  was  made  archbishop 
of  Mexico  (1668).  From  Dec.,  1673,  to  Oct.,  1680,  he  was 
also  viceroy.  Returning  to  Spain,  1681,  he  was  appointed 
president  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies  and  bishop  of  Cuen- 
ca, but  resigned  both  offices  and  died  in  a convent. 

Henry  (hen'ri)  I.  [The  E.  name  Henry,  for- 
merly also  Henrie,  Henri,  assimilated  Herry,  now 
Harry,  is  from  OF.  and  F.  Henri,  Sp.  Enrique, 
Pg.  Henriqae,  It.  Enrico,  from  ML.  Henricus, 
from  OHG.  Hcinrih,  G.  Heinrich,  D.  Hendrik, 
etc.,  chief  of  the  dwelling.]  King  of  Castile 
1214-June,  1217,  son  of  Alfonso  IX.  and  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Henry  II.  of  England. 

Henry  II.  Born  1333:  died  in  May,  1379.  King 
of  Castile  1369-79,  natural  son  of  Alfonso  XI. 
He  was  known  before  his  accession  as  count  of  Tras- 
tamare,  and  ascended  the  throne  by  expelling  his  half- 
brother,  Pedro  the  Cruel,  with  the  aid  of  the  celebrated 
captain  Du  Guesclin. 

Henry  III.,  surnamed  “ The  Sickly.”  Born 
1379  : died  1406.  King  of  Castile  1390-1406,  son 
of  John  I.  He  married  Catharine,  daughter  of  John, 
duke  of  Lancaster,  in  1388,  and  in  1403  recognized  Bene- 
dict XIII.  as  pope  in  opposition  to  Boniface  IX. 

Henry  IV.,  suruamed  “ The  Impotent.”  Bom 
at  Valladolid,  Spain,  Jan.  6,  1425  : died  at  Ma- 
drid, Dec.  12, 1474.  King  of  Castile  1454-74,  son 
of  John  II.  He  married  Joanna  of  Portugal,  the  legiti- 
macy of  whose  daughter,  Joanna,  was  questioned  by  the 
Cortes.  He  therefore  adopted  as  his  heiress  his  sister 
Isabella  of  Castile,  who  married  Ferdinand  of  Aragon  in 
1469. 

Henry  I.,  surnamed  Beauclerc.  [F.,  ‘fine 
scholar.’]  Born  at  Selby  (?),  Yorkshire,  1068: 
died  Dec.  1,  1135.  King  of  England  1100-35, 
fourth  son  of  William  the  Conqueror  and  Ma- 
tilda. ne  was  elected,  on  the  death  of  William  II.,  by  the 
witan  during  the  absence  of  his  elder  brother  Robert, 
duke  of  Normandy,  on  a crusade.  He  restored  the  laws  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  as  modified  by  the  Conqueror,  re- 
called Anselm  (see  Anselm),  and  suppressed  the  great 
feudatories,  for  whom  he  substituted  a class  of  lesser 
nobles.  He  conquered  Normandy  in  1106  by  the  victory 
of  Tenchebrai  over  Robert,  who  was  kept  in  captivity  until 
his  death  (1134).  He  was  twice  married  — firstto  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Malcolm  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  to  Adela, 
or  Adeliza,  daughter  of  Godfrey  VII.,  count  of  Louvain. 
His  only  son,  William  (horn  of  the  first  marriage),  was 
drowned  in  the  White  Ship  in  the  Channel  in  1120. 

Henry  II.  Born  in  1133 : died  July  6,  1189. 
The  first  king  of  England  of  the  house  of  Anjou 
(Plantagenet),  1154-89(  SOn  of  Geoffrey  Plan- 
tagenet,  count  of  Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter 
of  Henry  I.  He  claimed  the  English  throne  in  right  of 
his  mother,  who  had  been  deprived  of  the  succession  by 
Stephen  of  Blois.  In  1153  he  was  adopted  by  Stephen  as 
his  successor  by  the  treaty  of  Wallingford,  and  acceded  to 


494 

the  throne  on  Stephen’s  death,  Oct..  25,  1154.  His  posses- 
sions outside  of  England  included  Normandy  and  the 
suzerainty  of  Brittany,  inherited  from  the  Norman  kings  ; 
Anjou  and  Maine,  inherited  from  his  father;  and  Poitou, 
Guienne,  and  Gascony,  acquired  by  marriage  with  Elea- 
nor of  Aquitaine  (1152).  He  compelled  Malcolm  of  Scot- 
land to  restore  the  English  counties  of  Northumberland, 
Cumberland,  and  Westmoreland,  granted  to  Malcolm  s 
father  by  Stephen,  and  to  do  homage  for  the  Scottish 
crown  (1157);  reduced  the  Welsh  to  obedience  in  3 expe- 
ditions (1158,  1163,  and  1165) ; and  conquered  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Ireland  (1171).  He  consolidated  and  cen- 
tralized the  royal  authority  by  the  institution  of  fiscal, 
judicial,  and  military  reforms,  the  chief  of  which  were  the 
improvement  of  the  coinage  (1158),  the  assignment  of  reg- 
ular circuits  to  itinerant  justices,  the  great  assize  or  trial 
by  a jury  of  twelve  knights  (which  superseded  the  old 
modes  of  trial  by  battle  and  by  compurgation),  the  commu- 
tation of  personal  military  service  for  a money  payment  or 
scutage  (1159),  the  revival  of  the  ancient  fyrd  or  national 
militia  by  the  assize  of  arms  (1181),  and  the  extension  of  the 
j urisdietion  of  the  secular  courts  to  clerical  offenders  by  the 
Constitutions  of  Clarendon  (1164).  His  reforms  were  ve- 
hemently opposed  by  Thomas  Becket,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, in  so  far  as  they  related  to  the  church,  although 
after  the  unauthorized  murder  of  the  archbishop  by  four 
of  Henry’s  knights  (Dec.  29, 1170),  and  Henry’s  consequent 
penance  at  Becket’s  shrine  in  July,  1174,  he  virtually  car- 
ried his  point.  In  the  last  year  of  his  reign  a rebellion 
broke  out  under  his  sons  Richard  and  John,  assisted  by 
Philip  of  France,  during  which  he  died. 

Henry  III.  (of  Winchester).  Bom  at  Winches- 
ter, Oct.  1, 1207 : died  at  Westminster,  Nov.  16, 
1272.  King  of  England  1216-72,  son  of  John 
and  Isabella  of  Angouleme.  He  succeeded  at  the 
age  of  9 years,  under  the  regency  of  William  Marshal,  earl 
of  Pembroke.  His  title  was  disputed  by  Louis,  son  of 
Philip  of  France,  who  had  been  chosen  king  by  the  bar- 
ons opposed  to  John.  The  regent  defeated  Louis’s  army 
at  Lincoln  May  20,  1217,  and  compelled  him  to  abandon 
his  claim  to  the  crown  after  haviug  suffered  the  loss  of  his 
reinforcements  in  a naval  battle  off  Dover,  Aug.  24,  1217. 
After  the  death  of  Pembroke  in  1219,  the  government,  was 
carried  on  by  the  justiciary  Hubert  de  Burgh,  supported 
by  Stephen  Langton,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  until  1227, 
when  Henry  personally  assumed  the  direction  of  affairs. 
He  married  Eleanor  of  Provence,  Jan.  14,  1236.  Of  the 
French  possessions  of  hishouse,  he  retained  only  Aquitaine 
and  Gascony.  His  misgovernment  and  the  favoritism 
which  he  showed  toward  foreigners  provoked  a rising  of 
the  barons,  who  compelled  him  to  accept  the  Provisions 
of  Oxford  in  1258,  whereby  a series  of  reforms  were  carried 
out  by  a commission  of  24  barons.  Henry  subsequently 
repudiated  the  Provisions  of  Oxford,  whereupon  the  bar- 
ons arose  in  arms  under  Simon  de  Montfort,  and  defeated 
the  king  at  the  battle  of  Lewes  May  14,  1264.  He  was  kept 
a virtual  prisoner  by  Montfort  until  the  battle  of  Evesham, 
Aug.  4,  1265,  when  he  was  rescued  by  his  son  Edward. 
Henry  IV.  Born  at  the  castle  of  Bolingbroke, 
near  Spilsby,  Lincolnshire,  April  3,  1367 : died 
at  Westminster,  March  20, 1413.  The  first  king 
of  England  of  the  house  of  Lancaster,  1399-1413, 
son  of  John  of  Gaunt  (fourth  son  of  Edward 

III.  ) and  Blanche,  heiress  of  Lancaster.  He  was 

banished  by  Richard  II.  in  1398,  succeeded  his  father  as 
duke  of  Lancaster  in  1399,  and  in  the  same  year  returned 
to  England  and  captured  and  imprisoned  Richard,  who 
was  deposed  by  Parliament  at  London  Sept.  30,  1399.  He 
put  down  a serious  rising  under  Harry  Percy  (Hotspur!  at 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  July  21, 1403,  in  which  Percy  was 
killed. 

Henry  V.  (of  Monmouth).  Born  at  Monmouth, 
probably  Aug.  9,  1386:  died  at  Vincennes,  Aug. 
31, 1422.  King  of  England  1413-22,  son  of  Henry 

IV.  and  Mary,  daughter  of  Humphrey  de  Bohun, 
earl  of  Hereford.  He  is  said  on  doubtful  authority  to 
have  been  wild  and  dissolute  in  his  youth,  and  is  so  repre- 
sented by  Sliakspere.  As  king  he  was  able,  energetic,  and 
brave.  He  invaded  France  in  1415;  gained  the  brilliant 
victory  of  Agincourt  Oct.  25,  1415  ; married  Catharine  of 
France  June  2,  1420 ; and  concluded  the  peace  of  Troyes 
May  21,  1420,  by  which  he  was  accepted  by  the  French  as 
regent  and  heir  of  France. 

Henry  VI.  (of  Windsor).  Born  at  Windsor, 
Dec.  6,  1421:  died  at  London,  May  21,  1471. 
King  of  England  1422-61,  son  of  Henry  V.  and 
Catharine  of  France.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne 
at  the  age  of  not  quite  9 months,  under  the  protectorship 
of  his  uncle  John,  duke  of  Bedford,  the  protectorship  be- 
ing exercised  by  Bedford's  brother  Humphrey,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  during  Bedford’s  absence  as  regent  in  France. 
He  was  crowned  king  of  France  at  Paris  liec.  16,  1431,  in 
accordance  with  the  peace  of  Troyes  (see  Henry  V.),  but 
by  1453  had  lost  all  his  possessions  in  France,  except  Calais, 
in  consequence  of  the  successes  of  Joan  of  Arc  and  Charles 
VI 1.  He  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Rend,  titular 
king  of  Naples  and  Jerusalem,  April  22,  1445.  In  1453  he 
was  stricken  with  insanity,  and  a contest  for  the  regency 
ensued  between  Queen  Margaret  (supported  by  the  Duke 
of  Somerset)  and  Richard,  duke  of  York.  The  Duke  of 
York  prevailed,  but  fell  into  disgrace  on  the  recovery  of 
Henry  in  1454.  He  thereupon  advanced  claims  to  the 
throne  as  the  descendant  of  Lionel,  elder  brother  of  Henry’s 
ancestor,  John  of  Gaunt,  both  of  whom  were  sons  of  Ed- 
ward III.  War  broke  out  in  1455  (see  Wars  of  the  Roses, 
and  Edward  IV.),  and,  after  many  fluctuations  of  fortune, 
Henry  was  deposed  by  York's  son,  who  was  proclaimed  king 
as  Edward  IV.,  March  4, 1461.  A rising  under  the  Earl  of 
Warwick  against  Edward  in  1470  restored  Henry,  who  had 
been  imprisoned  since  1465  ; but  he  was  recaptured  in  the 
same  year,  and,  after  the  final  defeat  of  his  party  at  the 
battles  of  Barnet  and  Tewkesbury,  was  murdered,  it  is  said, 
in  the  Tower  of  London. 

Henry  VII.  Bora  at  Pembroke  Castle,  Jan.  28, 
1457;  died  at  Richmond,  April  21,  1509.  The 
first  king  of  England  of  the  house  of  Tudor, 


Henry  III. 

1485-1509,  son  of  Edmund  Tudor,  earl  of  Rich- 
mond, and  Margaret  Beaufort,  through  whom 
he  traced  his  descent  from  John  of  Gaunt,  son 
of  Edward  III.  He  became  head  of  the  house  of  Lan- 
caster on  the  death  of  Henry  VI.  in  the  Tower  of  London 
in  1471,  and,  as  an  object  of  jealousy  to  the  kings  of  the 
house  of  York,  spent  the  years  from  1471  to  1485  in  exile, 
chiefly  in  Brittany.  In  1485  he  effected  a landing  in  Eng- 
land, and,  having  gained  the  victory  of  Bosworth  Field, 
Aug.  22, 1485,  in  which  Richard  III.  fell,  was  crowned  king 
Oct.  30,  1485.  He  married  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of 
Edward  IV.,  Jan.  18,  1486,  whereby  he  united  in  his  own 
person  the  titles  of  thehouses  of  Lancaster  and  York.  He 
defeated  the  impostor  Lambert  Simnel  (who  personated 
the  Earl  of  Warwick)  at  Stoke-upon-Trent  June  16,1487, 
and  Nov.  23, 1499,  executed  the  pretender  Perkin  Warbeck, 
who  personated  the  Duke  of  York.  Lord  Daubeney  de- 
feated the  rebel  Thomas  Flammock  atBlackheath  June  17, 
1497.  Henry  married  his  son  Arthur  to  Catharine  of  Ara- 
gon Nov.  14,  1501,  and  his  eldest  daughter  Margaret  to 
James  IV.  of  Scotland  in  1502.  The  Statute  of  Drogheda, 
or  Poynings’s  Law,  was  passed  in  1494,  and  the  Cabots  dis- 
covered North  America  in  1497.  Henry’s  distinguishing 
characterist  ic  was  his  avarice.  He  accumulated  a fortune 
of  £2,000,000,  being  aided  in  his  extortions  by  his  agents 
Empson  and  Dudley. 

Henry  VIII.  Born  at  Greenwich,  June  28, 1491: 
died  at  Westminster,  J an . 28, 1547.  King  of  Eng- 
land 1509-47,  son  of  Henry  VII.  and  Elizabeth 
of  York.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his 
father  April  21,  1509,  and  June  11, 1509,  married  Catharine 
of  Aragon,  widow  of  his  brother  Arthur.  He  joined  the 
Holy  League  (which  see)  against  France  in  1511.  In  1513 
he  took  personal  charge  of  the  war  in  France,  and  gained 
with  the  emperor  Maximilian  the  victory  of  Guinegate 
(called  the  Battle  of  the  Spurs),  Aug.  16, 1513.  During  his 
absence  James  IV.  of  Scotland  made  war  on  England  in 
favor  of  France,  and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Flodden 
Sept.  9,  1513.  He  made  his  favorite  Cardinal  Wolsey  lord 
chancellor  in  1515,  and  in  June,  1520,  met  Francis  I.  of 
France  near  Calais  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.  In 
1521  he  wrote  the  “Assertio  Septem  Sacramentorum  ’’ 
against  Luther,  which  procured  for  him  the  title  of  De- 
fender of  the  Faith  from  Pope  Leo  X.  After  the  capture 
of  Francis  by  the  Imperialists  at  Pavia,  he  concluded  an 
alliance  with  France  as  a counterpoise  against  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  (Aug.  30, 1525).  In  1527  he  instituted  proceed- 
ings for  a divorce  from  Catharine,  alleging  the  invalidity 
of  marriage  with  a deceased  brother’s  wife,  although  a 
papal  dispensation  had  been  properly  granted.  Enraged 
at  Wolsey's  failure  to  obtain  a decree  for  the  divorce  from 
the  Pope,  he  dismissed  him  from  the  chancellorship,  and 
bestowed  it  on  Sir  Thomas  More  (1529).  At  the  instance  of 
Cranmer,  he  obtained  opinions  from  English  and  foreign 
universities  declaring  theinvalidityof  the  marriage  andthe 
incompetency  of  the  Pope  to  grant  a dispensation,  where- 
upon he  secretly  married  Anne  Boleyn  (Jan.  25, 153S),while 
Cranmer  (who  had  been  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  1532)  declared  the  marriage  with  Catharine  void  (May 
23,  1533),  and  that  with  Anne  Boleyn  valid  (May  28,  1533). 
In  1534,  in  consequence  of  the  refusal  of  the  Pope  to  grant 
the  divorce,  he  procured  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  Su- 
premacy, which  severed  the  connection  of  the  English 
church  with  Rome  and  appointed  the  king  and  his  suc- 
cessors protector  and  only  supreme  head  of  the  church 
and  clergy  of  England.  He  executed  More  July  6,  1535, 
for  refusing  to  acknowledge  the  royal  supremacy.  At  the 
instance  of  his  new  adviser  Thomas  Cromwell,  who  was 
made  vicar-general  or  vicegerent  of  the  king  in  matters 
ecclesiastical  in  1535,  he  first  suppressed  the  smaller  (1536) 
and  afterward  (1539)  the  larger  monasteries,  whose  prop- 
erty was  confiscated.  He  beheaded  Anne  Boleyn  on  the 
charge  of  adultery  May  19,  1536.  He  married  Jane  Sey- 
mour May  20, 1536  (she  died  Oct.  24, 1537).  In  1539  he  pro- 
cured the  enactment  of  the  Statute  of  Six  Articles  (which 
see).  He  married  Anne  of  Cleves  Jan.  6, 1540.  A divorce 
and  the  execution  of  Cromwell  followed  in  the  same  year, 
as  well  as  a marriage  with  Catharine  Howard,  who  was 
sent  to  the  block  on  the  charge  of  adultery  Feb.  12,  1542. 
He  married  Catharine  Parr  July  12,  1543. 

Henry  IX.,  King  of  England.  A title  assumed 
by  Cardinal  York  after  the  death  of  his  brother, 
the  “Young  Pretender.” 

Henry  I.  Born  about  1011 : died  Aug.  4,  1060. 

King  of  France  1031-60,  son  of  Robert  H. 
Henry  II.  Born  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, 
March  31, 1519:  died  at  Paris,  Juljr  10, 1559.  King 
of  France  1547-59,  son  of  Francis  I.  He  married 
Catharine  de’  Medici  in  1533 ; conquered  the  bishoprics  of 
Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun  from  Germany  in  1552 ; captured 
Calais  and  Guines,  the  last  English  possessions  in  France, 
in  1558 ; and  was  mortally  wounded  at  a tournament  in 
honor  of  the  marriage  of  his  daughter  Elizabeth  with 
Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

Henry  III.  Bom  at  Fontainebleau,  France, 
Sept.  19,  1551:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  Paris,  Aug. 
2,  1589.  King  of  France  1574-89,  third  son  of 
Henry  II.  and  Catharine  de’  Medici.  He  was,  while 
prince,  styled  Due  d’Anjou ; defeated  the  Huguenots  at  Jar- 
nac  and  Moncontour  in  1569 ; was  elected  king  of  Poland 
in  1573;  and  succeeded  his  brother  Charles  IX.  as  king  of 
France  in  1574.  He  sought  to  maintain  a balance  of  power 
between  the  Huguenots  andthe  Roman  Catholics,  but  the 
favorable  peace  which  he  granted  to  the  former  in  1576 
(the  pair  de  monsieur)  occasioned  the  formation  of  the 
Holy  League  by  the  Roman  Catholics  under  Henry,  duke 
of  Guise,  and  compelled  him  to  take  sides  with  the  Roman 
Catholic  party.  The  death  of  his  brother,  the  Due  d’Alen- 
ijon,  in  1584,  caused  the  question  of  the  succession  to  as- 
sume importance,  as  it  left  Henry  of  Navarre,  the  head  of 
the  Huguenot  party,  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne.  The 
Holy  League  proclaimed  the  cardinal  Charles  de  Bourbon 
heir  presumptive,  which  brought  on  a renewal  of  the  war 
with  the  Huguenots  in  1585.  The  victory  of  Henry  of  Na- 
varre at  Coutras,  Oct.  20, 1587,  was  followed  by  a conspir- 
acy of  the  leading  members  of  the  League  to  depose  the 
king,  whose  sincerity  was  mistrusted.  Henry  caused  the 


Henry  III. 

assassination  of  the  Duke  of  Guise  and  his  brother,  Louis 
de  Lorraine,  cardinal  de  Guise,  but  was  forced  to  take 
refuge  with  Henry  of  Navarre,  in  whose  camp  at  St. -Cloud 
he  was  murdered  by  the  monk  Jacques  Clemen  I . 

Henry  IV.  Born  at  Pau,  France,  Dec.  14(13?), 
1553:  died  at  Paris,  May  14  (13?),  1610.  King 
of  France  1589-1610,  son  of  Antoine  de  Bour- 
bon, king  of  Navarre,  and  Jeanne  d’Albret.  He 

became  the  head  of  the  Huguenot  party  on  the  death  of 
the  Prince  de  Comic  in  1509  ; succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
Navarre  in  1572 ; married  Margaret  of  Valois,  sister  of 
Charles  IX.  of  France,  at  Paris,  Aug.  18,  1572  ; and  escaped 
the  general  massacre  of  his  partisans  inaugurated  on  the 
24th,  during  the  nuptial  festivities.  (See  St.  Bartholomew, 
Massacre  of.)  The  death  of  the  Due  d'Anjou  in  1584  left 
him  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  of  France,  but 
the  Holy  League  refused  to  recognize  his  title,  and  pro- 
claimed the  cardinal  Charles  de  Bourbon  heir  presump- 
tive. War  broke  out  in  consequence  in  1585.  The  car- 
dinal was  proclaimed  king  under  the  title  of  Charles  X.  by 
the  League  on  the  death  of  Henry  III.  in  1589 ; but  after 
defeating  the  Leaguers  under  the  Duke  of  Mayen  ne  at 
Ivry,  March  14,  1590,  and  embracing  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion  at  St.  Denis,  July  25, 1593,  Henry  secured  the  gen- 
eral recognition  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  was  crowned 
at  Chartres,  Feb.  27,  1594,  although  the  war  was  still  con- 
tinued by  the  League  in  alliance  with  Spain.  He  published 
the  Edict  of  Nantes  (which  see)  April  13,  1598,  and  con- 
cluded the  peace  of  Vervins  with  Spain  and  the  League 
May  2, 1598,  which  ended  the  so-called  Wars  of  the  Hugue- 
nots. He  divorced  Margaret  of  Valois  in  1599  and  mar- 
ried Maria  de’  Medici  in  1000.  He  was  assassinated  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  fanatic  Ravaillac. 

Henry  V.  The  name  given  by  the  French  Le- 
gitimists to  the  Comte  de  Chambord. 

Henry  I.,  sumamed  “The  Fowler.”  Born  876: 
died  at  Memleben  on  the  Unstrut,  Prussian 
Saxony,  July  2,  936.  King  of  Germany  919-936, 
son  of  Otto,  duke  of  Saxony.  He  was  elected  king 
on  the  death  of  Conrad  I.,  and  was  the  first  of  the  Saxon 
line  of  the  kings  of  Germany  and  emperors  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.  He  consolidated  the  German  monarchy, 
enlarged  and  improved  the  old  fortresses,  and  put  an  end 
to  the  inroads  of  the  Hungarians,  whom  he  defeated 
(probably  on  the  Unstrut)  in  933. 

Henry  II.,  Saint.  Born  in  Bavaria,  May  6,  972 
(973  ?) : died  at  Grona,  near  Gottingen,  Prussia, 
J uly  13, 1024.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire, son  of  Henry  the  Quarrelsome  of  Bavaria. 
He  succeeded  Otto  III.  as  king  of  Germany  in  1002,  and 
was  crowned  emperor  in  1014.  He  made  two  expeditions 
to  Italy  against  Arduin,  marquis  of  Ivrea,  who  had  been 
elected  king  of  Lombardy  on  the  death  of  Otto.  Arduin 
was  overthrown  in  1013. 

Henry  III.,  “ The  Black.”  Born  Oct.  28,  1017 : 
died  at  Bodfeld,  in  the  Harz,  Germany,  Oct.  5, 
1056.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son 
of  Conrad  II.  whom  he  succeeded  as  emperor 
in  1039.  He  curbed  the  power  of  the  feudatories,  re- 
duced Peter  of  Hungary  to  the  position  of  a vassal,  and 
during  an  expedition  to  Rome  deposed  the  three  popes 
Sylvester  III.,  Benedict  IX.,  and  Gregory  VI.,  and  ap- 
pointed Clement  II.,  by  whom  he  was  crowned  emperor 
on  Christmas  day,  1046.  He  raised  the  imperial  power  to 
its  highest  point. 

Henry  IV.  Bom  at  Goslar,  Prussia,  Nov.  11, 
1050 : died  at  Liege,  Belgium,  Aug.  7, 1106.  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  Henry 
IH.  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Germany  in 
1056.  The  principal  occurrence  of  his  reign  was  the 
struggle  with  Hildebrand  (see  Gregory  VII.).  He  was 
crowned  emperor  in  1084  by  Clement  III. , whom  he  had  ele- 
vated to  the  papal  see  in  opposition  to  Gregory.  On  the 
death  of  Gregory  in  1085,  his  partizans  elected  Victor  III., 
and  Henry  in  1090  made  a new  expedition  to  Italy  to  protect 
Clement.  In  1093  his  son  Conrad  rebelled  against  him, 
having  allied  himself  with  the  papal  party.  Conrad  died 
in  1101,  but  Henry's  younger  son,  Henry,  likewise  allied 
himself  with  the  papal  party,  and  for  a time  imprisoned 
his  father. 

Henry  V.  Born  in  1081 : died  at  Nimwegen, 
Netherlands,  May  23,  1125.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  Henry  IV.  whom 
he  succeeded  as  king  of  Germany  in  1106.  He 
was  crowned  emperor  in  1111,  and  in  1122  concluded  the 
Concordat  of  Worms  (which  see).  He  married  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  in  1114. 

Henry  VI.  Bom  at  Nimwegen,  Netherlands,  in 
1165:  died  at  Messina,  Sicily,  Sept.  28,  1197. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of 
Frederick  Barbarossa  whom  he  succeeded  as 
king  of  Germany  in  1190.  Having  inherited  the  king- 
dom of  the  Two  Sicilies  through  his  wife  Constance  in  1189, 
he  undertook  an  expedition  in  Italy  in  1191  to  rescue  his 
inheritance  from  the  usurper  Tancred  of  Lecce ; but  was 
compelled  toYetire  to  Germany  in  the  same  year  after  an 
unsuccessful  siege  of  Naples.  During  this  expedition  he 
was  crowned  emperor  at  Rome.  He  subdued  the  Sicilies 
in  two  subsequent  expeditions  (1194  and  1197),  and  died  as 
he  was  about  to  undertake  a crusade  to  the  Holy  Land. 

Henry  VII.  Bom  1269  : died  at  Buonconvento, 
near  Siena,  Italy,  Aug.  24,  1313.  Emperor  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  the  Count  of 
Luxemburg:  he  succeeded  Albert  I.  as  German 
king  in  1308.  He  granted  the  Swiss  cantons  docu- 
mentary confirmation  of  their  immediate  feudal  relation 
to  the  empire,  and  their  consequent  independence  of 
Austria,  in  1309.  He  was  crowned  emperor  in  1312. 

Henry  I.  Died  in  July,  1274.  King  of  Navarre 
1270-74. 

Henry  H.  Bom  at  Sanguesa,  Spain,  April,  1503: 


495 

died  at  Pau,  France,  May  25, 1555.  Titular  king 
of  Navarre.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  claimant 
to  the  throne  in  1521. 

Henry  III.,  King  of  Navarre.  See  Henry  IV., 
King  of  France. 

Henry  I.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Jan.  31,  1512:  died 
1580.  King  of  Portugal  ,1578-80. 

Henry,  Due  d’Anjou.  See  Henry  III.,  King  of 
France. 

Henry,  Prince  of  Portugal,  sumamed  “ The 
Navigator.”  Born  at  Oporto,  Portugal,  March 
4, 1394 : died  at  Sagres,  Portugal,  Nov.  13, 1460. 
Younger  son  of  Jolinl.of  Portugal, distinguished 
for  his  encouragement  of  science  and  geograph- 
ical discovery.  His  expeditions  rounded  Cape 
Bojador  in  1433,  discovered  Madeira,  the  Azores, 
the  Senegal,  etc. 

Henry,  Prince  of  Prussia  (G.  Friedrich  Hein- 
rich Ludwig).  Born  at  Berlin,  Jan.  18,  1726  : 
died  at  Rheinsberg,  Prussia,  Aug.  3,  1802.  A 
Prussian  general,  brother  of  Frederick  the 
Great,  distinguished  iu  the  Seven  Years’  War, 
especially  at  Prague  in  1757,  and  Freiberg  in 
1762. 

Henry,  surnamed  “ The  Lion.”  Born  probably  at 
Ravensburg,  Wiirtemberg,  1129:  died  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  Aug.  6, 1195.  Duke  of  Saxony 
and  Bavaria.  He  succeeded  as  duke  of  Saxony  in  1139 ; 
received  Bavaria  in  1155  ; was  deposed  and  his  dominions 
divided  in  1180 ; and  submitted  to  the  emperor  in  1181. 

Henry  of  Ghent.  Born  near  Ghent,  Belgium, 
probably  about  1217 : died  at  Tournay,  Belgium, 
1293.  A scholastic  philosopher,  surnamed  “Doc- 
tor Solennis”  (‘The  Illustrious  Doctor’). 

Henry  of  Huntingdon.  Born  about  1084 : died 
1155.  An  English  historian.  His  early  life  was  spent 
at  Lincoln,  and  he  became  archdeacon  of  Huntingdon  in 
1110. 

At  the  request  of  Alexander,  bishop  of  Lincoln  from 
1123  to  1147  (.Hist.  Anglor.  Prolog.),  he  undertook  an  Eng- 
lish history,  following  Bede  by  the  bishop's  advice,  and 
extracting  from  other  chroniclers.  The  first  edition  of 
this  work  was  carried  down  to  1129,  and  he  continued  to 
add  to  it  at  various  times,  the  last  edition  being  brought 
down  to  1154,  the  year  of  Stephen's  death,  which  could  not 
long  have  preceded  his  own,  as  we  find  a new  archdeacon 
of  Huntingdon  in  1155.  The  early  portion  of  Henry’s  “ His- 
toria  Anglorum  ” is  taken  from  the  usual  sources,  the  “ His- 
toria  Miscella,”  “Aurelius  Victor,  "“Nennius,  "“Bede,  "and 
the  “Anglo-Saxon  Chronicles  ” ; he  enlarges  partly  from 
oral  tradition  (as  in  the  story  of  Cnut  and  the  sea),  and 
partly  from  his  own  invention.  After  1127  he  is  probably 
original,  and  his  narrative  is  written  contemporaneously 
with  the  events  he  describes.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Henry  of  Lancaster.  Born  about  1299 : died  at 
Leicester,  May  13, 1361.  An  English  noble,  son 
of  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster  (1281(?)-1345).  He 
commanded  under  Edward  III.  in  Scotland  in  133G  ; was 
created  earl  of  Derby  in  1337 ; fought  under  Edward  at 
Vironfosse ; took  part  in  the  sea-fight  before  Sluys  ; was 
appointed  captain-general  in  Scotland  in  1341 ; and  was 
lieutenant  and  captain  of  Aquitaine  May,  1345, -Feb.,  1347, 
defeating  the  French  at  Auberoche,  Oct.  21,  1345,  and  gain- 
ing many  other  successes.  In  1349  he  was  created  earl 
of  Lincoln,  and  appointed  vice-regent  of  the  duchy  of  Gas- 
cony and  of  the  duchy  of  Poitou.  In  1351  he  was  created 
duke  of  Lancaster,  and  made  captain  and  admiral  of  the 
western  fleet.  He  was  engaged  in  numerous  military  op- 
erations and  in  diplomatic  missions.  Among  his  contem- 
poraries he  was  famous  as  a model  of  knighthood. 

Henry  of  Lausanne : also  called  Henry  of  Clu- 
gny,  Henry  the  Deacon,  Henry  the  Hermit, 

etc.  Died  about  1148.  AFrencli  itinerant  preach- 
er and  religious  reformer,  founder  of  the  sect  of 
the  Henricians. 

Henry  of  Marlborough.  Flourished  about  1420. 
An  English  chronicler.  He  was  a chaplain  in  Dublin, 
and  held  the  vicarages  of  Balscaddan  and  Donabate  in 
Dublin  County.  His  annals  (in  Latin)  cover  the  history  of 
England  and  Ireland  for  the  period  1133-1421. 

Henry  of  Trastamare.  See  Henry  II. , King  of 
Castile. 

Henry  IV.  A historical  play,  iu  2 parts,  by  Shak- 
spere.  It  was  founded  on  an  old  play,  “The  Famous  Vic- 
tories of  Henry  V.”  The  first  part  was  produced  in  1597 
and  printed  in  1598 ; the  second  part  was  produced  in  1598 
and  printed  in  1600. 

Henry  V.  A historical  play  by  Shakspere,  acted 
in  1599,  printed  1600.  The  material  was  taken  from 
“The  Famous  Victories  of  Henry  V.,”  aud  with  the  two 
previous  plays  completes  a trilogy. 

Henry  VI.  A historical  play  in  3 parts.  The  first 
part  was  acted  as  a new  play  in  1592.  It  was  evidently 
written  in  1588-89  by  several  hands,  with  additions  by  Shak- 
spere. Tile  authors  have  been  said  to  be  Marlowe,  Kyd, 
Peele,  and  Lodge,  and  perhaps  Greene.  ( Plcay .)  The  sec- 
ond part  is  a transcript  of  a play  written  about  1589  and 
published  in  1594  as  “ The  First  Bart  of  the  Contention  be- 
twixt the  two  Famous  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster.”  It 
is  thought  to  have  been  written  by  Greene,  Peele,  Mar- 
lowe, and  Lodge,  some  of  it  being  rewritten  by  Shakspere 
( Fleay ) and  altered  by  some  illiterate  actor.  The  third 
part  followed,  “ The  true  Tragedie  of  Richard  Duke  of 
York,  and  the  Death  of  Good  King  Henry  the  Sixt,  etc.,’’ 
which  was  the  second  part  of  “ The  Contention,  ’’  probably 
mostly  by  Marlowe,  with  touches  by  Shakspere.  These 
three  plays  were  placed  by  Heming  and  Condell  in  the  first 
collected  edition  of  Shakspere's  plays  in  1623. 


Henshavr 

Henry  VIII.  A historical  piay,  partly  by  Shak- 
spere, who  appears  to  have  left  it  unfinished, 
the  rest  being  by  Fletcher  and  Massinger,  it  is 
founded  on  Holinshed’s  “Chronicle  ” and  Fox’s  “Christian 
Martyrs,”  and  was  produced  in  1613.  As  we  have  it,  it  is 
not  the  play  of  that  name  that  was  being  acted  when  the 
Globe  Theatre  was  burned  in  the  same  year. 

Henry,  Joseph.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  17, 
1797:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  May  13,  1878. 
An  American  physicist,  especially  noted  for  in- 
vestigations in  electromagnetism.  He  became 
secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  (Washington)  in 
1846.  Among  his  works  are  ‘ ‘ Contributions  to  Electricity 
and  Magnetism"  (1835-42).  His  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1886. 

Henry,  Matthew.  Born  at  Broad  Oak,  Flint- 
shire, Wales,  Oct.  18,  1662:  died  atNautwich, 
England,  June  22,  1714.  An  English  biblical 
commentator,  son  of  Philip  Henry.  He  became  a 
nonconformist  minister  at  Chester  in  1687,  and  in  1712  re- 
moved to  Hackney.  His  chief  work  is  the  “ Exposition  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament  ” (1708-10).  He  also  wrote 
“A  Method  for  Prayer  ” (1710),  etc. 

Henry,  Patrick.  Born  at  Studley,  Hanover 
County,  Ya.,  May  29,  1736:  died  at  Red  Hill, 
Charlotte  County,  Ya.,  June  6,  1799.  A cele- 
brated American  orator  and  patriot.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  Henry,  a Scotchman,  and  Sarah  Winston,  a de- 
scendant of  the  English  family  of  that  name.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1760.  In  1765  he  entered  the  Virginia 
House  of  Burgesses,  and  immediately  became  the  leader 
in  Virginia  of  the  political  agitation  which  preceded  the 
American  Revolution.  He  offered  a series  of  resolutions 
declaring  the  Stamp  Act  unconstitutional,  May  29,  1765, 
aud  in  May,  1773,  was  associated  with  Thomas  Jefferson, 
R.  H.  Lee,  and  Dabney  Carr  in  procuring  the  passage  of 
tlie  resolution  establishing  a committee  of  correspondence 
for  intercourse  with  the  other  colonies.  He  was  a promi- 
nent member  of  the  Continental  Congress  of  1774,  and  of 
the  Virginia  Convention  of  1775  ; was  governor  of  V irginia 
1776-79  and  1784-86 ; and  in  1788  was  a member  of  the  Rati- 
fy  ing  Convention,  where  he  acted  with  the  Anti-Federalists. 
Henry,  Philip.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  24, 1631 : 
died  at  Broad  Oak,  Flintshire,  June  24,  1696. 
An  English  nonconformist  divine.  His  diaries 
were  published  in  1882. 

Henry,  Robert.  Born  at  Muirton,  Stirling- 
shire, Feb.  18, 1718 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  24, 
1790.  A Scottish  historian,  author  of  a “His. 
tory  of  England”  (1771-93). 

Henry  and  Emma.  A poem  by  Prior  upon  the 
model  of  the  old  ballad  ‘ ‘ The  Nut  Brown  Maid.” 
Henry  Clay  (hen'ri  kla).  An  American  trotting 
stallion,  the  founder  of  the  Clay  family  of  trot- 
ters. He  was  by  Andrew  Jackson,  by  Grand  Bashaw,  a 
supposed  Arabian  imported  from  Algiers. 

Henry  Esmond  (hen'ri  ez'mond).  A novel  by 
Thackeray,  published  in  1852.  The  scene  is  laid 
in  the  time  of  Queen  Anne.  The  book  is  a reproduction  of 
the  manners,  thoughts,  and  literary  style  which  prevailed 
in  England  at  that  period.  Henry  Esmond,  the  principal 
character,  is  a brave,  polished,  true,  and  loyal  gentleman, 
almost  too  self-sacrificing.  He  loves  Beatrix  Esmond,  but 
finally  marriesher  mother,  Lady  Castlewood.  See  Esmond, 
Beatrix. 

Henryson  (hen'ri-son),  Robert.  Born  about 
1430:  died  probably  before  1500  (Morley).  A 
Scottish  poet.  He  wrote  “ Testament  of  Cresseid  ” (a 
sort  of  sequel  to  Chaucer's  “Troilus  and  Cressida"),  “Ro- 
bene  and  Makyne  " (said  to  be  the  earliest  English  pastoral 
poem),  “Fables  of  Esop”  (probably  written  between  1470 
and  1480),  etc.  The  fables  include  “TheTaill  of  theUpon- 
landis  Mous  and  the  Burges  Mous  ” (“  The  Country  Mouse 
and  the  City  Mouse  ”).  His  collected  works  were  edited 
by  D.  Laing  (1865). 

Henry  the  Minstrel.  See  Harry,  Blind. 
Henschel  (hen'shel),  Georg.  Born  at  Breslau, 
Feb.  18,  1850.  A musical  performer  and  con- 
ductor. He  has  a barytone  voice,  and  has  made  a reputa- 
tion as  a concert-singer.  He  married  Lillian  Bailey,  who 
was  also  a singer.  He  went  to  England  in  1877.  In  1881  be 
was  appointed  conductor  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Orches- 
tra. In  1885  he  organized  the  London  Symphony  Concerts, 
and  appear  ed  for  the  first  time  in  London  as  a conductor. 
From  1886  to  1888  he  was  professor  of  singing  in  Madame 
Goldschmidt's  place  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music,  London. 

Hensel(hen'sel),  Madame  (Fanny  Cecile  Men- 
delssohn Bartholdy).  Born  at  Hamburg,  Nov. 
14, 1805 : died  May  17, 1847.  A pianist  and  com- 
poser, elder  sister  of  Felix  Mendelssohn,  and 
wife  (Oct.  3,1829)  of  YV.  Hensel,  a German  paint- 
er. She  published  several  hooks  of  songs. 
Hensel,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Trebbin,  Prussia, 
July  6,  1794 : died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  26,  1861.  A 
German  historical  painter.  In  1828  he  became 
court  painter.  He  married  the  sister  of  Mendels- 
sohn. 

Henselt  (hen'selt),  Adolf  von.  Born  at  Schwa- 
bach,  Bavaria,  May  12,  1814:  died  at  Warrn- 
brunn,  Silesia,  Oct.  10,  1889.  A German  pianist. 

In  1838  he  was  made  court  pianist  and  teacher  of  the  im- 
perial children  at  St.  Petersburg.  He  visited  England  in 
1852  and  1867.  He,  with  Liszt,  invented  and  taught  the 
piano  technic  now  in  use.  lie  is  especially  identilled 
with  the  modern  treatment  of  extensions. 

Henshaw  (hen'sha),  John  Prentiss  Kewley. 

Bora  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  June  13, 1792 : died 
near  Frederick,  Md.,  July  19  (20  ?),  1852.  An 


Henshaw 

American  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  He  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Baltimore,  in 
1817,  and  in  1843  became  bishop  of  Rhode  Island  and  rector 
of  Grace  Church,  Providence.  He  published  a number  of 
theological  works,  including  a volume  of  “Hymns  ” (5th 
ed.  1832). 

Hensiow  (henz'lo),  John  Stevens.  Born  at  Ro- 
chester,  England.  Feb.  6, 1796:  diedatHitcham, 
Suffolk,  May  16, 1861.  An  English  botanist,  pro- 
fessor of  mineralogy  at  Cambridge  1822-27,  and 
professor  of  botany  1827-61.  He  became  rector  of 
Hitcham  in  1837.  He  wrote  a “Catalogue of  British  Plants" 
(1829),  “Principles  of  Descriptive  and  Physiological  Bot- 
any ’(1836),  “ A Dictionary  of  BotanicalTerms”  (1857),  etc. 

Henslowe  (henz'lo),  Philip.  Died  in  1616.  An 
English  theatrical  manager.  He  began  life  as  ser- 
vant of  the  bailiff  of  Viscount  Montague,  whose  town  house 
was  in  Southwark.  Henslowe  took  care  of  the  property 
there,  and  gradually  made  money  and  bought  property. 
He  owned  the  Boar’s  Head  and  other  inns.  In  1585  he 
bought  land  on  the  Bankside,  and  in  1591  built  the  Rose 
Theatre  there.  In  1592  he  began  to  keep  the  accounts  of 
his  theatrical  ventures  in  his  “ Diary.”  In  it  he  gives  the 
dates  of  new  plays  and  the  amounts  he  paid  for  them.  This 
diary  is  of  great  value  to  students  of  the  drama.  In  1600 
he,  with  Alleyn,  built  the  Fortune  Theatre.  His  “ Diary  ” 
was  edited  (with  forged  interpolations)  by  Collier  for  the 
Shakspere  Society  (1840).  , 

Hentz  (bents),  Mrs.  (Caroline  Lee  WMting). 
Born  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  1800:  died  at  Mari- 
anna, Fla.,  1856.  An  American  novelist.  She 
wrote  “Aunt  Patty’s  Scrap-Bag”  (1846),  etc. 
Henzada  (hen-za'aa).  A district  in  the  Ira- 
wadi  division,  Lower  Burma,  intersected  by 
lat.  17°  30'  N.,  long.  95°  30'  E.  Area,  2,870 
square  miles.  Population,  484,558. 

Hepburn  (hep'bern),  Janies,  fourth  Earl  of 
Bothwell.  Born  about.  1536:  died  1578.  A Scot- 
tish noble,  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  He 
took  no  part  in  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  and  aided  Mary,  after 
that  event,  in  her  flight  from  Holyrood,  and  was  her  chief 
supporter.  He  was  the  principal  in  the  assassination  of 
Darnley  ; was  tried  for  the  murder,  under  circumstances 
which  made  his  conviction  practically  impossible,  and  was 
acquitted.  On  .April  24, 1567,  while  the  queen  was  return- 
ing to  Edinburgh,  she  was  met  by  Bothwell,  who,  with  a 
show  of  force,  carried  her  to  his  castle  of  Dunbar.  He 
obtained  a divorce  from  his  wife  early  in  May,  and  mar- 
ried the  queen  soon  after  (May  15,  1567).  They  were  di- 
vorced in  1570.  He  became  a pirate  and  died  insane. 
Hepbsestion  (he-fes'ti-on).  [Gr.  'lltpaiariov.] 
Lived  in  the  2d  century.  An  Alexandrian  gram- 
marian, author  of  a work  on  Greek  meters  (ed- 
ited by  Gaisford  1810). 

Hephsestion.  Died  at  Ecbatana,  325  or  324  b.  c. 
A Macedonian  of  Pella,  the  intimate  friend  and 
companion  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  died  of 
fever  at  Ecbatana,  and  was  mourned  by  the  conqueror  with 
extravagant  demonstrations  of  grief. 

Hepbsstus  (he-fes'tus).  [Gr.  "Hparorof.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  god  of  fire  and  metallic 
arts,  son  of  Zeus  and  Hera,  and  one  of  the  great 
Olympians : identified  by  the  Romans  with  their 
Vulcan,  who  became  assimilated  to  him.  He  was 
the  creator  of  all  that  was  beautiful  and  mechanically  won- 
derful in  Olympus.  Volcanoes  were  held  to  be  his  smithy 
and  the  Cyclopes  were  his  journey  men.  In  art  he  was  rep- 
resented as  a bearded  man,  usually  with  the  short  sleeve- 
less or  one-sleeved  tunic  (ezomvi) and  the  conical  cap,  and 
holding  the  smith's  hammer  and  tongs. 

Hephzibah  (hef'zi-ba).  [Heb.,  'my  delight  is 
in  her.’]  The  wife  of  Hezekiah,  king  of  Judah ; 
also,  a name  to  be  given  to  the  restored  Jeru- 
salem (Isa.  Ixii.  4). 

Heppenkeim  (hep'pen-Mm).  A small  town  iu 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hesse-Darmsfcadt, 
16  miles  south  of  Darmstadt.  Near  it  is  the 
ruined  castle  of  Starkenburg. 

Heptameron  (liep-tam'e  -ron).  [Irreg.  from  Gr. 
lirra,  seven,  and  ypepa,  day.]  A book  contain- 
ing the  transactions  of  seven  days.  The  “Hep- 
tameron” of  Margaret  of  Angouleme,  queen  of  Navarre 
(1492-1549),  is  a collection  of  stories  supposed  to  have  been 
related  during  seven  days,  modeled  on  the  “Decameron” 
of  Boccaccio. 

The  exact  authorship  of  this  celebrated  hook  is  some- 
thing of  a literary  puzzle.  Marguerite  was  a prolific  au- 
thor, if  ail  the  works  which  were  published  under  her  name 
be  unhesitatingly  ascribed  to  her.  Besides  the  poems 
printed  under  the  pretty  title  of  “ les  Marguerites  de  la 
Marguerite,"  sbe  wrote  many  other  works,  and  the  “ Hep. 
tameron,”  which  was  not  given  to  the  world  until  after  her 
death  (1558).  The  house  of  Valois  was  by  no  means  des- 
titute of  literary  talent.  But  that  which  seems  most  likely 
to  be  the  Queen’s  genuine  work  hardly  corresponds  with 
the  remarkable  power  shown  in  the  “Heptameron."  On 
the  other  hand,  Marguerite  for  years  maintained  a literary 
court,  in  which  all  the  most  celebrated  men  of  the  time, 
notably  Marot  and  Bonaventure  des  Pdriers,  held  places. 
If  it  were  allowable  to  decide  literary  questions  simply  by 
considerations  of  probability,  there  could  he  little  hesi- 
tation in  assigning  the  entire  “ Heptameron  ” to  Des  Pe- 
riers  himself,  and  then  its  unfinished  condition  would  be 
intelligible  enough.  The  general  opinion  of  critics,  how- 
ever, is  that  it  was  probably  the  result  of  the  joint  work  of 
the  Queen,  of  Des  Pdriers,  and  of  a good  many  other  men, 
and  probably  some  women,  of  letters. 

Saintfbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  190. 

Heptanomis  (hep-tan'o-mis).  [Gr.  'E-irravo/n'f.] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  part  of  Egypt  ex- 


496 

tending  from  about  lat.  27°  N.  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Delta  : nearly  equivalent  to  Middle 

Egypt- 

The  Heptanomis,  or  region  of  the  seven  provinces  or 
nomes,  the  northernmost  part,  is  far  broader  and  more 
productive  than  the  Thebais,  which  takes  its  name  from 
Thebes,  the  southernmost  district.  In  the  Heptanomis, 
about  seventy  miles  by  the  river  above  Cairo, on  the  western 
bank,  stood  the  city  of  Hanes.  The  site  is  marked  by  the 
extensive  mounds  around  the  Arab  village  of  Ahnds-el- 
Medeeneh,  ‘Ahn&s  the  capital,’  a name  probably  preserv- 
ing the  remembrance  that  in  earlier  times  this  was  the 
chief  town  of  a province.  Poole,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  37. 

Heptarchy  (hep'tar-ki).  [From  Gr.  inra,  seven, 
and  apxv,  rule.]  A name  formerly  loosely  given 
to  the  early  English  kingdoms  prior  to  their 
consolidation.  The  number  of  them,  however,  was  sel- 
dom exactly  seven,  and  their  union  or  confederation  was 
partial  and  temporary.  The  chief  kingdoms  were  Kent, 
Wessex,  Mercia,  East  Anglia,  Deira  and  Bernicia  (united 
as  Northumbria),  and  Sussex.  See  England. 

Heptateuch  (hep  'ta-tfik).  [From  Gr.  iirra, 
seven,  and  an  implement,  a hook.]  The 

first  seven  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  last 
two  (Joshua  and  Judges)  contain  the  history  of  the  Jews 
in  the  promised  land  under  the  theocratic  government 
historically  developed  in  the  preceding  five  (the  Penta- 
teuch). 

Hepworth  (hep'werth),  George  Hughes.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  4,  1833:  died  at  New 
York,  June  7,  1902.  An  American  clergyman, 
lecturer,  and  writer.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  of 
the  Unity  in  Boston  1858-70,  and  of  the  Church  of  the  Mes- 
siah in  New  York  city  1870-72,  when  lie  abandoned  the 
Unitarian  and  entered  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  sub- 
sequently occupied  the  pulpit  of  the  Church  of  the  Disci- 
ples, and  eventually  accepted  an  appointment  on  the  New 
York  “Herald.”  He  wrote  “The  Whip,  Hoe,  and  Sword” 
(1864),“  The  Criminal,  the  Crime,  the  Penalty  ” (1865),  etc. 

Hera,  or  Here  (he'ra,  -re).  [Gr.  "Hpa,  "H p??.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  greatest  feminine  divin- 
ity of  Olympus,  queen  of  heaven,  wife  and  sister 
of  Zeus,  and  inferior  in  power  to  him  alone. 
She  was  the  type  of  virtuous  womanhood,  and  of  the  wife 
and  mother.  In  art  she  is  represented  as  a majestic  wo- 
man, fully  clad  in  flowing  draperies,  characteristically 
with  a crown  on  her  brow,  and  bearing  a long  scepter.  By 
the  Romans  Hera  was  early  identified  with  their  Juno,  ori- 
ginally a distinct  divinity;  and  the  Latin  name  is  often  in- 
correctly given  to  the  Greek  goddess. 

Hsraclea  (her-a-kle'ii).  [Gr.  'Hpd/olera.]  In  an- 
cient. geography,  a city  of  Magna  Grseeia,  sit- 
uated near  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum  about  lat. 
40°  10'  N.,  long.  16°  41'  E.,  near  the  modern 
Policoro.  It  was  a Tarentine  colony,  and  was  the  scene 
of  a victory  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  over  the  Romans 
280  B.  C. 

Heraclea,  smmamed  “Minoa”  (Gr.  M ivaa).  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Sicily,  18  miles  west-northwest  of  Agrigen- 
tum. 

Heraclean  Tables  (her-a-kle'an  ta'.blz),  L.  Tab- 
ulae Heracleenses.  Two  fragmentary  bronze 
tablets  discovered  near  Heracleain  Magna  Gras- 
eia  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  and 
preserved  at  Naples.  They  contain  a Latin  inscrip- 
tion (a  copy  of  the  “Lex  Julia  municipalis  ”),  and  also  a 
much  earlier  Greek  inscription. 

Heraclea  Perintbus.  See  Perinthus. 

Heraclea  Pontica  (pon'ti-ka).  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a city  in  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor,  situ- 
ated on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  17'  N.,  long. 
31°  25'  E. : the  modern  Bender  Erekli. 

Heraclea  Sintica  (sin'ti-ka).  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a town  in  Macedonia,  situated  about 
lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  23°  30'  E. : the  modern 
Zeruokhori. 

Heraclea  Tracldnia  (tra-kin'i-a).  In  ancient 
geography,  a town  in  Malis,  Greece,  10  miles 
west  of  Thermopylae:  a Spartan  colony. 

Heracleidse.  See  Heradidse. 

Heracleitus.  See  Heraditus. 

Hcracleouites  (he-rak'le-on-Its).  The  follow- 
ers of  Heracleon,  a Valentinian  Gnostic  of  the 
2d  century,  noted  as  a commentator  on  the 
Gospel  of  John. 

Heracles.  See  Hercules. 

Heraelian  (he-rak'li-an).  Died  at  Carthage,  413 
A.  D.  A Roman  general.  He  assassinated  Stilicho 
in  403  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor  Honorius,  for  which 
service  he  was  rewarded  with  the  office  of  count  of  Africa. 
He  remained  loyal  to  Honorius  during  the  usurpation  in 
409  and  410  of  Attalus,  the  creatureof  Alaric,  hut  revolted 
in  413,  in  which  year  he  made  an  unsuccessful  invasion 
of  Italy.  He  was  killed  at  Carthage  by  emissaries  of  the 
emperor. 

Heraclidae  (her-a-kli'de).  [Gr. r llpatiHUai.']  1. 
The  descendants  of  Heracles;  specifically,  in 
Greek  legend,  certain  Acha?an  chiefs  claiming 
descent  from  Heracles,  who  in  prehistoric  times 
joined  the  Dorian  migration  to  the  Peloponne- 
SUS.  The  sons  of  Heracles  were  said  to  have  been  ex- 
pelled from  their  heritage  in  the  Peloponnesus  by  Eurys- 
theus,  and  to  have  settled  in  Attica.  The  most  notable 
of  their  descendants  who  joined  the  Dorians  wereTeme- 


Herbert,  George 

nus,  who  in  the  partition  of  the  conquered  territories  ob- 
tained Argos  ; ProclusandEurysthenes,whoobtainedLace- 
dseinon  ; and  Cresphontes,  who  obtained  Messenia.  The 
invasion  of  the  Peloponnesus  by  the  Heraclidse  in  alliance 
with  the  Dorians  was  commonly  referred  to  as  the  return 
of  the  Heraclidse. 

2.  A tragedy  of  Euripides,  exhibited  about  420 
B.  C.  “It  celebrates  the  honourable  conduct  of  Athens 
in  protecting  the  suppliant  children  of  Heracles,  and  her 
victory  over  the  insolent  Argive  king  Eurystheus,  who  in- 
vades Attica  to  recover  the  fugitives.  The  play  was  ob- 
viously intended  as  a political  document,  directed  against 
the  Argive  par  ty  in  Athens  during  the  Peloponnesian  war." 
Mahaffy. 

Heraclitus  (her-a-kll'tus).  [Gr.  ' Ilpd/dUrror.] 
Born  at  Ephesus,  probably  about  535  b.  c. : died 
there,  probably  about  475  B.  c.  A celebrated 
Greek  philosopher. 

Heraclitus.  An  elegiac  poet  of  Halicarnassus, 
a contemporary  and  friend  of  Callimachus. 

Heraclius  (her-a-kli'us).  Born  in  Cappadocia, 
Asia  Minor,  about  575 : died  641.  Emperor  of 
the  East.  He  was  the  son  of  Heraclius,  governor  of 
Africa,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  the  result  of  a con- 
spiracy between  his  father  and  Crispus,  the  son-in-law  of 
the  emperor  Phocas.  In  the  early  years  of  his  reign  the 
empire  was  terribly  ravaged  by  the  inroads  of  the  Avars 
and  the  Persians.  After  having  established  the  Croats  and 
the  Serbs  in  Illyricum  as  a barrier  against  the  former  about 
620,  he  annihilated  the  power  of  the  latter  in  a series  of 
brilliant  campaigns  622-628.  The  subsequent  years  of  his 
reign  were  spent  in  an  inexplicable  inactivity,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  loss  of  Syria,  Palestine,  Mesopotamia,  and 
Egypt  to  the  califs. 

Heraclius  (a-ra-kle-iis').  A play  by  Corneille, 
published  in  1647. 

Heras,  Juan  Gregorio  de  las.  See  Las  Herns. 

Herat  (her-at').  1.  A province  in  western  Af- 
ghanistan, bordering  on  Persia. — 2.  A city  of 
Afghanistan,  situated  near  the  river  Heri-Rud, 
lat.  34°  22'  N.,  long.  62°  9'  E.  It  isaplaceof  strate- 
gic and  military  importance,  defended  by  awall  and  earth- 
work, and  has  been  called  “ the  key  of  India.  ” It  was  often 
captured  in  the  middle  ages;  was  unsuccessfully  besieged 
by  the  Persians  in  1837-38,  and  taken  by  them  in  1856 ; and 
was  taken  by  Dost  Mohammed  in  1863,  and  by  Abdurrah- 
man Khan  in  1881.  It  has  undergone  over  50  sieges.  It 
is  the  center  of  a very  fertile  district,  and  is  a natural 
emporium  of  trade.  Population,  about  10,000-14,000. 

Herault  (a-ro').  1.  A river  in  southern  France, 
flowing  into  the  Mediterranean  31  miles  south- 
west of  Montpellier.  Length,  about  100  miles. 
— 2.  A department  of  southern  France.  Capi- 
tal, Montpellier.  It  is  bounded  by  Aveyron  and  Card 
on  the  north,  Gard  on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  and 
Aude  on  the  south,  and  Tarn  on  the  west,  corresponding 
to  part  of  the  ancient  Languedoc.  Among  the  leading 
products  are  oil  and  wine.  Area,  2.402  square  miles. 
Population,  482,779. 

Herault  de  Sechelles  (a-ro'  de  sa-shel'),  Marie 
Jean.  Born  at  Paris,  1760:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
April  5, 1794.  A French  revolutionist.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  of  the  Conven- 
tion in  1792,  and  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  1793. 

Herbart  (her'bart),  Johann  Friedrich.  Bom 

at  Oldenburg,  Germany,  May  4,  1776:  died  at 
Gottingen,  Prussia,  Aug.  14,  1841.  A noted 
German  philosopher,  professor  at  Konigsberg 
(1809)  and  later  (1833)  at  Gottingen,  the  foun- 
der of  a school  noted  especially  for  its  work  in 
psychology.  He  published  “Lehrbuch  zur  Einleitung 
in  die  Philosophic ” (1813),  “Lehrbuch  zur  Psychologie  ” 
(1816),  “Psychologie”  (1824-25),  “Allgemeine  Metaphy- 
sik”  (1828-29),  “ Eneyklopiidie  der  Philosophic”  (1831). 
His  complete  works  were  edited  by  Hartenstein  (1850-52). 

Herbelin  (erb-lan'),  Madame  (Jeanne  Ma- 
thilde  Habert).  Born  at.  Brunoy,  Seine-et- 
Oise,  Aug.  24, 1820:  died  at  Paris,  April  4, 1904. 
A French  miniature-painter.  She  painted  min- 
iature portraits  of  Guizot,  Rosa  Bonheur,  etc. 

Herbelot  (er-bl5'),  Barthelemy  d\  Born  at 
Paris,  Dec.  4,  1625:  died  there,  Dec.  8,  1695. 
A French  Orientalist.  He  published  “Biblio- 
theque  orientale,  ou  dictionnaire  universel” 
(1697),  etc. 

Herbert  (her'bert),  Edward,  Lord  Herbert  of 
Cherbury.  Born  March  3, 1583 : died  at  London, 
Aug.  20, 1648.  An  English  philosopher,  soldier, 
diplomatist,  and  historian.  His  chief  work  is 
“De  veritate”  (“On  Truth,”  1624). 

Herbert,  George.  Bom  at  Montgomery  Castle, 
Wales,  April  3,  1593:  died  at  Bemerton,  near 
Salisbury,  Feb.,  1633.  An  English  poet,  bro- 
ther of  Edward,  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury.  He 
graduated  B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1613, 
and  M.  A.  in  1616,  when  he  was  elected  fellow.  In  1618 
he  was  prelector  in  the  rhetoric  school  at  Cambridge,  and 
in  1619  he  was  made  public  orator.  He  was  much  in  fa- 
vor at  court,  and  in  his  position  as  orator  it  was  his  duty 
to  write  all  official  letters  to  the  government.  This  brought 
him  much  in  contact  with  public  men.  In  1627  he  resigned 
the  post  on  account  of  ill  health.  In  1630  Charles  I.  pre- 
sented him  to  the  rectory  of  Fugglestone  with  Bemerton, 
Wiltshire.  He  repaired  Bemerton  church,  which  is  said 
to  be  the  smallest  in  England.  It  was  restored  by  Wyatt 
in  1866.  Here  be  wrote  the  religious  poems  for  which  he 
is  principally  remembered,  and  which  were  published  after 
his  death  in  a volume  called  “The Temple  : Saered  Poems 


Herbert,  George 

and  Private  Ejaculations”  (1633).  In  1670  “more  than 
20,000  copies  had  been  sold.”  There  have  been  many  edi- 
tions, the  most  careful  being  that  of  Grosart  in  his  col- 
lected edition  of  Herbert  (1874).  He  also  wrote  “A  Priest 
to  the  Temple,  or  the  Country  Parson,”  in  prose  (1652),  etc. 

Herbert,  Henry  William : pseudonym  Frank 
Forester.  Born  at  London,  April  3,  1807 : com- 
mitted suicide  at  New  York,  May  17,  1858.  An 
Anglo-American  miscellaneous  writer,  author 
of  historical  works,  novels,  translations,  etc. 
He  is  best  known  by  his  works  on  sports  : “ Field  Sports 
of  the  United  StateB”  (1849),  “Frank  Forester  and  his 
Friends"  (1849),  “The  Horse  and  Horsemanship  in  the 
United  States,  etc.”  (1857),  etc. 

Herbert,  John  Rogers.  Born  at  Maldon,  Essex, 
England,  Jan.  23, 1810:  died  at  London,  March 
17,  1890.  An  English  historical  and  portrait 
painter.  He  was  elected  one  of  the  masters  of  the  gov- 
ernment school  of  design  at  Somerset  House  in  1841,  and 
royal  academician  in  1846.  He  decorated  the  peers'  rob- 
ing-room  in  the  House  of  Lords.  His  picture  “Sir  Thomas 
More  and  his  Daughter”  is  in  the  Vernon  collection,  Na- 
tional Gallery. 

Herbert,  Sidney,  first  Lord  Herbert  of  Lea. 
Bom  at  Richmond,  Surrey,  Sept.  16,  1810 : died 
at  Wilton,  England,  Aug.  2,  1861.  An  English 
statesman,  younger  son  of  the  eleventh  Earl  of 
Pembroke.  He  was  secretary  at  war  1845-46, 
1852-55,  and  1859-61,  and  colonial  secretary 
1855. 

Herbert,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  York,  England, 
about  1606 : died  at  York,  March  1,  1682.  An 
English  traveler  and  author.  He  obtained  a place 
in  the  suite  of  Sir  Dodmore  Cotton,  ambassador  to  the  King 
of  Persia,  in  1627.  After  the  death  of  Cotton  in  the  follow - 
ingyear,  he  made  an  extensive  tour  of  the  Persian  domin- 
ions, and  returned  to  England  in  1629.  He  adhered  to  the 
Parliamentary  cause  during  the  civil  war  ; was  appointed 
to  attend  Charles  I.  during  his  confinement  at  Holdenby 
in  1647 ; and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  by  the  king 
as  one  of  his  grooms  of  the  bedchamber.  He  wrote  “ A 
Description  of  the  Persian  Monarchy " (1634  : reprinted 
with  additions  as  “Some  Yeares  Travels  into  Africa  and 
Asia  the  Great  ” in  1638)  and  “Threnodia  Carolina  ” (1678  : 
reprinted  with  additions  as  “ Memoirs  of  the  last  two  years 
of  the  reign  of  that  Unparallell'd  Prince  of  very  blessed 
memory,  King  Charles  I.,"  in  1702). 

Herborn  (her'born).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  39  miles  northeast  of 
Coblenz. 

Herculaneum  (her-kn-la'ne-um).  [Hr.  'H pd- 
kIeiov,  city  of  Hercules.]  An  ancient  city  of 
Campania,  near  the  coast,  6 miles  southeast  of 
Naples,  directly  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius. 

It  was  overwhelmed  like  Pompeii  in  the  eruption  of  79  a.  Ii., 
being  covered  in  this  and  succeeding  eruptions  first  with 
mud  and  then  with  ashes  and  lava  to  a depth  of  from  70  to 
112  feet.  The  ancient  town  was  forgotten,  and  modern 
Itesina  grew  up  over  its  ruins.  In  1709  an  inhabitant  of 
Resina  sunk  a well  which  reached  the  ancient  level  in  the 
stage  structure  of  the  theater,  and  brought  to  light  sculp- 
turesand  marble  facings.  Further  search  was  made,  solely 
for  the  marbles  and  works  of  art,  and  subsequently  exca- 
vations were  undertaken  by  the  government,  but  were  very 
ignorantly  and  irregularly  conducted,  and  the  galleries 
pierced  were  in  great  part  filled  again.  Under  the  French 
rule  (1806-15)  systematic  explorations  were  instituted;  a 
little  was  done  between  1828  and  1837 ; then  nothing  until 
Victor  Emmanuel  caused  the  resumption  of  the  work  in 
1869.  The  most  important  remains  are  the  theater,  basil- 
ica, prison,  some  interesting  private  dwellings,  and  por- 
tions of  several  streets  paved  with  lava.  In  Herculaneum 
were  found  a number  of  carbonized  manuscripts  on  papy- 
rus, some  of  which  have  been  deciphered,  and  some  of  the 
best-known  statues  of  the  Naples  Museum,  including  the 
Agrippina,  Sleeping  Faun,  Aristides,  and  busts  of  Plato  and 
Demosthenes. 

Herculano  de  Carvalho  e Araujo  (er-ko-la'no 
de  kar-val'yo  e a-rou'zho),  Alexandre.  Bom 
at  Lisbon,  March  28,  1810 : died  Sept.  12,  1877. 
A Portuguese  poet,  historian,  and  novelist.  His 
works  include  the  poem  “ A vozdopropheta"  (“The  Voice 
of  the  Prophet,"  1836),  “Historia  de  Portugal  ” (1846-53), 
“ Da  origem  e estabelecimento  da  Inquisiqao  em  Portugal " 
(1854-55),  the  novels  “Eurico ”(1847),  “ O monge de Cister  ” 
(“The  Monk  of  Cister,”  1848),  etc. 

Hercules  (her'ku-lez),  Hr.  Heracles  (her'a- 
klez).  [Gr.  rHpa/cky?.]  In  Greek  and  Roman  my- 
thology, a mighty  hero,  originating  in  Greek  le- 
gend, but  adopted  by  the  Romans,  and  worshiped 
as  the  god  of  physical  strength,  courage,  and  re- 
lated qualities.  According  to  the  mythical  account, 
his  father,  Zeus  (Jupiter),  destined  him  to  the  sovereignty 
of  Tiryns  by  right  of  his  mother,  Alcmene,  granddaughter 
of  Perseus,  but  was  thwarted  by  Hera  (Juno)  After  Her- 
cules had  performed  wonderful  deeds  in  behalf  of  Thebes, 
his  birthplace,  Hera  consented  to  his  being  made  immor- 
tal, on  condition  of  his  accomplishing  certain  superhuman 
feats  for  his  rival  Eurystheus  of  Tiryns,  in  which  he  suc- 
ceeded. These  feats, called  the  “twelve  labors  "of  Hercules, 
were  as  follows  : (a)  the  strangling  of  the  Nemean  lion  ; (6) 
the  killing  of  the  Lernean  hydra ; (c)  the  capture  of  the 
Ceryneian  stag  ; (d)  the  capture  of  the  Erymantliian  boar ; 
(<■)  the  cleaning  of  the  Augean  stables  ; (/)  the  slaughter 
of  the  Stymphalian  birds  ; (if)  the  capture  of  the  Cretan 
bull ; (h)  the  captureof  the  man-eating  mares  of  Diomedes; 
(i)  the  securing  of  the  girdle  of  Hippolyte,  queen  of  the 
Amazons;  (j)  tho  fetching  of  the  red  oxen  of  Geryon;  (/,-) 
the  procuring  of  the  golden  apples  of  the  Hesperides  ; (I) 
the  bringing  to  the  upper  world  of  the  dog  Cerberus,  guar- 
dian of  Hades.  The  subject  of  this  most  famous  of  the 
Herculean  legends  (of  comparatively  late  date)  is  distin- 
guished as  the  Tirynthian  Hercules  from  other  personiflea- 
C.— 32 


497 

tions  of  Hercules  worshiped  in  different  places  and  coun- 
tries (as  the  Cretan  or  the  Egyptian  Hercules,  etc.),  under 
the  same  orother  names,  theattributes  of  these  various  per- 
sonifications being  essentially  thesame, but  their  legendary 
history  being  different.  Hercules  is  represented  as  brawny 
and  muscular,  with  broad  shoulders,  generally  naked,  or 
draped  merely  in  the  skin  of  the  Nemean  lion,  the  head 
of  the  lion  being  often  drawn  overthat  of  the  hero  as  a hel- 
met. He  is  usually  armed  with  a club,  sometimes  with  a 
bow  qnd  arrows.  See  Izdubar  (Gisdhubar). 

It  has  long  been  recognised  that  Herakles  was  the  bor- 
rowed Phoenician  Sun-god  ; we  now  know  that  his  primi- 
tive prototype  had  been  adopted  by  the  Phoenicians  from 
the  Accadians  of  Babylonia.  It  is  not  strange,  therefore, 
that  just  as  in  the  Greek  myth  of  Aphrodite  and  Adonis  we 
find  the  outlines  of  the  old  Chaldean  story  of  Istar  and 
Tammuz,  so  in  the  legends  of  Herakles  we  find  an  echo  of 
the  legends  of  Gisdhubar.  The  lion  destroyed  by  Gisdhubar 
is  the  lion  of  Nemea;  the  winged  bull  made  by  Anu  to 
avenge  the  slight  offered  to  Istar  is  the  winged  bull  of 
Krete  ; the  tyrant  Khumbaba,  slain  by  Gisdhubar  in  “the 
land  of  pine-trees,  the  seat  of  the  gods,  the  sanctuary  of 
the  spirits,”  is  the  tyrant  Geryon  ; the  gems  borne  by  the 
trees  of  the  forest  beyond  “ the  gateway  of  the  sun  "are  the 
apples  of  the  Hesperides  ; and  the  deadly  sickness  of  Gis- 
dhubar himself  is  but  the  fever  sent  by  the  poisoned  tunic 
of  Nessos  through  the  veins  of  the  Greek  hero. 

Sayce,  Assyria,  p.  111. 

Hercules.  One  of  the  ancient  constellations,  be- 
tween Lyra  and  Corona  Borealis,  representing 
a man  upon  one  knee,  with  his  head  toward  the 
south,  and  with  uplifted  arms.  The  ancients  did 
not  identify  the  constellation  with  Hercules;  the  moderns 
place  a club  in  one  hand  and  a branch  of  an  apple-tree, 
with  the  three  heads  of  Cerberus,  in  the  other.  The  con- 
stellation contains  1 star  of  the  second  magnitude,  9 of  the 
third,  and  12  of  the  fourth. 

Hercules.  A British  armored  war-ship,  launched 
in  1867.  Her  dimensions  were — length,  325  feet;  breadth, 
59  feet ; displacement,  8,680  tons.  She  had  a water-line 
belt  of  armor  trom  6 feet  above  to  5 feet  below  the  water- 
line, a single-decked  central  citadel,  and  armored  bulk- 
heads at  each  end.  Thickness  of  armor,  6,  8,  and  9 inches. 
Armament,  8 10-incll,  2 9-inch,  and  4 7-inch  guns. 

Hercules,  Pillars  of.  See  Pillars  of  Hercules. 
Hercules  and  Stag.  A notable  antique  bronze 
from  Pompeii,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Palermo, 
Sicily.  The  figure  of  Hercules  is  slender  and  youthful ; 
he  seizes  the  stag  by  one  horn,  and  forces  him  to  the 
ground. 

Hercules  Buffoon.  See  Lacy,  John. 

Hercules  (Infant)  Strangling  the  Serpents.  A 

painting  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1788),  in  the 
Hermitage  Museum.  St.  Petersburg.  The  child  is 
in  the  act  of  throttling  the  two  serpents ; Iphicles  shrinks 
back,  and  Alcmena  with  attendants  rushes  in;  while  Juno 
appears  in  a dark  cloud  above.  It  was  ordered  by  Catharine 
II.,  and  symbolizes  Paissia’s  struggles,  as  a new  nation, 
with  besetting  troubles. 

Hercynian  Forest  (her-sin'i-an  for'est).  The. 
[L.  Hercynia  Silva,  Gr.  fE pnwia  u/ty.]  In  ancient 
geography, a mountain-range  forming  the  north- 
ern boundary  to  the  then  known  Europe,  and 
seemingly  identified  by  Aristotle  with  the  Al- 
pine mass.  It  has  been  variously  represented  as  in 
central  Germany,  and  as  identical  with  the  Bohmerwald, 
the  Thiiringerwald,  etc.  In  modern  geography  it  is  usu- 
ally made  to  comprise  the  mountain  elevations  of  central 
Germany  (Wesergebirge,  the  Harz,  the  Thuringian  and 
Saxon  highlands.  Giant  Mountains,  etc.). 

Herdecke  (her'de-ke).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  on  the  Ruhr  northeast 
of  Elberfeld-Barmen. 

Herder  (her'der),  Johann  Gottfried  von. 

Born  at  Mohrungen,  in  East  Prussia,  Aug.  25, 
1744:  died  at  Weimar,  Dee.  18,  1803.  A Ger- 
man critic  and  poet  of  the  so-called  classical  pe- 
riod of  German  literature.  He  was  the  son  of  a poor 
school-teacher.  Through  his  own  exertions  he  was  able  to 
attend  the  University  of  Konigsberg,  where  he  supported 
himself  by  giving  private  instruction.  From  1764  to  1769 
he  was  a teacher  in  Riga.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  accepted  the  position  of  companion  to  the 
young  Prince  of  Holstein  on  a journey  to  Italy.  He  ac- 
companied the  latter,  however,  only  as  far  as  Strasburg, 
where  he  remained  the  succeeding  half  year.  In  1771  he 
received  a call  as  pastor  to  Biickeburg,  where  he  lived 
until  1776.  At  the  recommendation  of  Goethe,  whom  he 
had  known  in  Strasburg,  he  was  called  that  year  to  Wei- 
mar as  court  chaplain  and  superintendent  of  the  church 
district,  and  here,  wit  h the  exception  of  a journey  to  Italy 
in  1788,  he  lived  until  his  death.  In  1802  he  was  ennobled 
by  the  Elector  of  Bavaria.  His  first  important  works,  both 
of  which  were  published  in  Riga,  were  “Fragmente  iiber 
die  neuere  deutsche  Literatur”  (“Fragments  concerning 
the  More  Recent  German  Literature,”  1767),  and  “Kri- 
tische  Walder”  (“Critical  Forests,”  1769).  In  1772  appeared, 
further,  the  treatise  “liber  den  Ursprung  der  Sprache” 
(“  On  the  Origin  of  Language  ”).  In  1773  he  published,  in 
collaboration  with  Goethe,  “Von  deutscher  Art und  Iiunst 
einige  fliegende  Blatter”  (“A Few  Flying  Sheets  on  Ger- 
man Style  and  Art”).  In  1774  appeared  “Die  alteste  Ur- 
kunde  des  Menschengeschlechts  ” (“The  Oldest  Record  of 
the  Human  Race”).  The  most  important  of  his  works  writ- 
ten in  Weimar  are  “Volkslieder”  (“Folk-Songs,”  1778  and 
1779),  called  in  later  editions  “Stimmen  der  Volker  in 
Liedern  ” (“Voices  of  the  Nations  in  Songs") : “Tdeen  zur 
Philosophic  der  Geschiehte  der  Menschheit”  (“Ideas  on  the 
Philosophy  of  the  History  of  Mankind,”  1784-91) ; “ Briefe 
zur  Beforderung  der  Ilumanitat”  (“Letters  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Humanity,”  1793-97).  The  poem  “ Der  Cid  ” 
(“  The  Oid  ”),  written  1802-03,  appeared  posthumously  in 
1805.  A complete  edition  of  his  works  was  published  at 
Stuttgart,  1827-30,  in  60  vols. 


Herero 

H6reau  (a-ro'),  Jules.  Born  at  Paris,  1830 : died 
June  26,  1879.  A French  landscape-painter, 
noted  especially  for  his  figures  of  animals. 
Heredia  (a-ra'De-a),  Jose  Maria.  Born  at 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  Dec.  31,  1803:  died  at  To- 
luca, Mexico,  May  7, 1839.  A Spanish- American 
poet.  He  lived  successively  in  various  parts  of  Spanish 
America ; was  banished  from  Cuba  in  1823  for  taking  part 
in  an  attempted  insurrection ; passed  two  years  in  the 
United  States ; and  from  1825  resided  in  Mexico,  where  he 
held  various  judicial  offices.  His  poems  have  had  numer- 
ous editions,  and  many  have  been  translated  into  other 
languages:  his  “ Ode  to  Niagara  ” is  widely  known.  Many 
critics  consider  Heredia  the  greatest  of  the  Spanish- Ameri- 
can poets. 

Heredia,  Pedro  de.  Born  at  Madrid  about  1500 : 
died  near  Cadiz,  Jan.  27, 1554.  A Spanish  sol- 
dier. He  was  the  lieutenant  of  Vadillo,  and  governor  of 
Santa  Marta.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1529,  and  was  au- 
thorized to  colonize  and  govern  the  district  of  Nueva  An- 
dalucia,  corresponding  to  northwestern  Colombia.  He 
founded  Cartagena  (Jan.  14,  1533)  and  other  cities,  made 
many  expeditions  to  the  interior,  and  obtained  a great 
amount  of  gold.  In  1537  he  was  accused  of  irregularities 
and  sent  to  Spain,  but  was  restored  in  1539.  He  was  again 
forced  to  go  to  Spain  to  answer  charges  in  1548  and  1554  : 
on  the  latter  voyage  he  was  shipwrecked  and  drowned. 
Hereford  (her'e-ford).  [ME.  Hereford,  Herford, 
HerfortJi,  AS.  Hereford,  army-ford,  from  here, 
army,  and  ford,  ford.]  1.  A county  of  south 
midland  England.  It.  is  hounded  by  Shropshire  on 
the  north,  Worcester  and  Gloucester  on  the  east,  Glouces- 
ter and  Monmouth  on  the  south,  and  Wales  on  the  west. 
The  chief  industry  is  agriculture.  It  is  noted  for  its  breed 
of  cattle,  and  is  sometimes  called  “the  garden  of  Eng- 
land." Area  (ad.  co.),  842  square  miles.  Population  (pari, 
co.),  114,380. 

2.  The-capital  of  Herefordshire,  situated  on  the 
Wye  in  lat.  52°  4'  N.,  long.  2°  43'  W.  It  has  a 
trade  in  agricultural  produce.  The  cathedral  is 
a highly  interesting  monument,  founded  1079,  but  in  large 
part  built  in  the  course  of  the  12th  century.  The  Lady 
chapel  is  a beautiful  example  of  Early  English,  and  the 
great  square  central  tower  is  effective.  The  lower  part 
of  the  nave  and  choir  retains  its  massive  cylindrical  Nor- 
man piers  and  round  arches  with  chevron-molding.  The 
work  above  is  later,  that  in  the  northwest  transept  being 
of  especial  beauty.  There  are  many  fine  tombs  and  beau- 
tiful old  church  furniture.  The  city  had  formerly  a strong 
castle.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Garrick.  Pop.,  21,382. 
Herencia  (a-ren'the-a).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  77  miles  south  of 
Madrid,,  Population,  5,953. 

Herencia  Ceballos  (a-ren'the-a  tba-bal'yds), 
Mariano.  Born  at  Cuzco,  1820 : died  at  Hua- 
nacu,  Feb.  2, 1873.  A Peruvian  soldier  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  an  advanced  liberal,  took  part  in  vari- 
ous revolts,  and  wasprominent  in  Congress.  He  was  elected 
vice-president  in  the  Balta  administration,  and  was  acting 
president  after  Balta’s  death,  July  26  to  Aug.  2,  1872.  Soon 
after  he  was  condemned  to  banishment,  and  was  shot  hy 
the  soldiers  who  were  conducting  him  to  the  frontier. 
Herens  (a-roh'),Vald’,G.Eringerthal(a'ring- 
er-tal).  An  alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Va- 
lais, Switzerland,  situated  about  20  miles  east 
of  Martigny,  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 
Here  (her)  Prophecy,  The.  A bit  of  old  Eng- 
lish rime,  which  was  preserved  by  Abbot  Bene- 
dict. It  is  connected  with  the  image  of  a hart  set  up 
in  1289  by  Ralph  Fitzstephen  over  his  house  at  Here. 

The  date  of  the  setting  up  the  hart  was  that  of  the  death 
of  Henry  II.  and  the  accession  of  Richard  I.,  and  the 
probable  sense  of  the  lines  is  : “ When  thou  seest  a hart 
reared  up  in  Here,  then  shall  the  English  people  be  divided 
into  three  parts:  one  shall  go  all  too  late  into  Ireland." 
There  John,  who  was  Lord,  removed,  at  his  brother  Rich- 
ard’s succession  to  the  English  crown,  the  fighting  John 
de  Courcy  from  direction  of  affairs,  and  made  him  an 
enemy;  while  Richard's  coming  crusade,  exciting  the 
hopes  of  the  Irish  chiefs,  caused  them  to  patch  up  their 
own  quarrels  and  agree  on  a combined  rising,  of  which  the 
most  notable  result  was  the  destruction  of  the  English 
army  at  Thurles.  The  results  would  have  been  serious  to 
England  if  the  insurgents  had  not  again  fallen  out  among 
themselves.  Then  the  prophecy  proceeds  - “The  other 
into  Apulia,  with  profitable  remaining.”  Oil  his  way  to 
the  Holy  Land,  Richard  remained  at  Messina,  where,  in  a 
quarrel  about  his  sister’s  dower,  he  extorted  from  Tan- 
cred,  the  lastof  the  Norman  kings  of  Sicily,  forty  thousand 
ounces  of  gold,  and  betrothed  his  nephew  Arthur  of  Bre- 
tagne to  Tancred’s  daughter.  Then  of  the  third  division 
the  prophecy  adds — “ The  third  in  their  highest  (?)  oaths, 
all  drawn  to  vengeance.”  That  is  to  say,  by  their  oath  as 
Crusaders  to  avenge  the  desecration  of  the  Holy  Place  hy 
the  infidel.  The  last  line,  as  given  by  Hoveden,  is  a cor- 
ruption. This  is  my  own  guess  at  the  unsolved  riddle  of 
the  last  part  of  the  Here  Prophecy,  and,  if  not  in  every 
word  right,  it  seems  to  give  the  true  general  sense. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  20L 

Horer  o (he  'ra-ro),  or  Ovaherero  ( o-va-h  e 'ra-ro). 
A Bantu  tribe  and  language  of  German  South- 
west Africa,  in  wbat  is  called  Damaraland  or 
Hereroland.  They  called  themselves  Ovaherero,  and 
their  language  Otshiherero.  By  some  they  ere  called 
Cattle-Damaras,  in  distinction  from  the  Hill-Damaras.  The 
whole  life  of  the  Herero  is  engrossed  by  his  herds  of  cat- 
tle, which  he  well  nigh  worships,  and  by  wars  with  the 
Nama-Hottentots,  whose  chief  business  is  periodically  to 
raid  Herero  cattle.  The  Ovaherero  have  been  partly 
Christianized  by  German  missionaries,  who  have  created 
a considerable  literature  in  Otshiherero.  This  language 
belongs  to  the  same  cluster  as  that  of  the  Ovambo  and 
Ovimbundu. 


Hereroland 

Hereroland  (he-ra'i'6-land).  See  Herero. 
Hereward(her'e-ward).  Flourished  about  1070. 
A noted  English  outlaw  and  patriot  who  defended  Ely 
against  the  Normans.  He  was  a Lincolnshire  man,  incor- 
rectly said  to  have  been  a son  of  Leofric,  earl  of  Mercia. 
In  1070  he  joined  the  Danes,  who  had  appeared  in  the 
Humber,  and  attacked  Peterborough  and  sacked  the  ab- 
bey. He  took  refuge  with  his  band  in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  from 
which  he  was  finally  driven  by  William  the  Conqueror. 
Accordingto  Johnof  Peterborough,  he  was  surnamed  “the 
Wake.”  Many  legends  sprang  up  about  his  name. 

Here  ward  the  Wake.  A historical  novel  by 
Charles  Kingsley,  published  in  1866. 

Herford  (her 'ford).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Werre  and  the  Aa,  48  miles  west-south- 
west of  Hannover.  It.  lias  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
flax.  It  is  built  around  an  ancient  nunnery.  Population, 
commune,  28,832. 

Hericourt.  See  Belfort,  Battle  of. 

Bering  (ha/ ring), Constantin.  Born  atOsehatz, 
Saxony,  Jan.  1,  1800:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
July  23, 1880.  A German- American  homeopathic 
physician.  He  published  “ Rise  and  Progress 
of  Homoeopathy  ” (1834),  ‘ ‘ Domestic  Physician  ” 
(1837),  etc. 

Heringsdorf  (ha'rings-dorf).  One  of  the  lead- 
ing watering-places  on  the  Baltic,  situated  in 
the  island  of  Usedom,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  5) 
miles  northwest  of  Swinemiinde. 

Heriot  (her'i-ot),  George.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
1563:  died  at  London,  Feb.,  1623.  A Scottish 
goldsmith  and  philanthropist.  He  founded  Her- 
iot’s  Hospital  at  Edinburgh.  He  is  a prominent 
figure  in  Scott’s  “Fortunes  of  Nigel.” 
Heri-Rud  (her-e-rod'),  or  Herat-Rud,  or  Hari- 
Rud.  A river  in  northern  Afghanistan  and  on 
the  Persian  frontier,  which,  under  the  name  of 
Tejend,  disappears  in  the  Turkoman  steppes, 
Asiatic  Russia,  about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  60° 
E. : the  ancient  Arius.  Length,  about  500  miles. 
Herisau  (ha're-sou).  The  largest  town  in  the 
half-canton  of  Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  river  Glatt  in  lat.  47° 
23'  N.,  long.  9°  16'  E.  It  manufactures  mus- 
lin. Population,  about  14,500. 

Heristal,  or  Heristall.  See  Herstal. 

Herjedal  (her'ye-dal).  A district  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Jemtland,  Sweden. 

Herkimer  (her'ki-mer),  Nicholas.  Died  at 
Danube,  N.  Y.,  in  Aug.,  1777.  An  American 
Revolutionary  general,  of  German  extraction. 
He  commanded  the  militia  of  Tryon  County,  who  in  1777 
marched  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Stanwix  on  the  Mohawk  Riv- 
er, which  was  besieged  by  the  British.  He  defeated  a de- 
tachment of  the  British  at  Oriskany  in  Aug.  of  that  year, 
but  was  himself  wounded  in  the  battle,  and  died  in  con- 
sequence of  an  unskilful  surgical  operation. 

Herkomer  (her'ko-mer),  Sir  Hubert  von.  Born 
at  Waal,  in  Bavaria,  May  26, 1849.  An  English 
landscape,  and  portrait  painter.  He  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1851  with  his  father,  a wood-carver,  but  went  to 
England  in  1857  and  settled  in  Southampton,  where  he  en- 
tered the  School  of  Art.  In  1866  he  visited  Munich,  and  in 
1866  he  entered  the  schools  at  South  Kensington  under 
Frederick  Walker.  He  became  a member  of  the  Institute 
of  Water  Colors  in  1871,  and  associate  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy in  1879.  He  received  the  medal  of  honor,  Paris,  1878. 
In  1873  he  settled  in  Bushey,  Hertfordshire,  where  he  es- 
tablished an  art  school  in  1881.  He  revisited  America  in 
1882,  and  again  in  1883  and  1885.  He  was  appointed  Slade 
professor  of  art  at  Oxford  as  successor  to  John  Ruskin, 
and  became  a member  of  the  Berlin  Academy  in  1885. 
Perkins,  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 
Hermandad  (er-man-daTH').  [Sp.,‘a  brother- 
hood.’] In  Spain,  originally,  a voluntary  organi- 
zation (the  Santa  Hermandad,  or  Holy  Brother- 
hood) for  the  maintenance  of  public  order.  The 

first  Hermandad  was  formed  in  Aragon  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, and  another  in  Castile  and  Leon  a few  years  later, 
chiefly  to  resist  the  exactions  and  robberies  of  the  nobles. 
They  soon  assumed  general  police  and  judicial  powers, 
under  royal  sanction  ; and  at  the  end  of  the  15th  century 
the  organizations  were  united  and  extended  over  the  whole 
kingdom.  The  Hermandad  was  soon  after  reorganized  as 
a regular  national  police,  which  has  been  superseded  in 
later  times  by  a civic  guard  on  the  model  of  the  French 
gendarmerie. 

Hermann.  See  Arminius. 

Hermann  (her'man),  surnamed  “The  Lame” 
(L.  Hermannus  Contractus).  Bom  July  18, 
1013 : died  at  Reichenau,  Lake  Constance,  Sept. 
24,  1054.  A German  historian,  author  of  a 
“ Chronicon,”  edited  by  Pertz  in  “ Monumenta 
Germanise  historica”  (1844). 

Hermann,  Friedrich  Benedikt  Wilhelm  von. 
Born  at  Dinkelsbiihl,  Bavaria,  Dee.  5,  1795 : 
died  at  Munich,  Nov.  23,  1868.  A German  po- 
litical economist  and  statistician.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  political  economy  at  Munich  in  1827, 
and  occupied  various  political  and  official  positions,  among 
them  that  of  head  of  the  statistical  bureau.  His  chief 
work  is  "Staats wirtschaf tliehe  Untersuchungen  ” (“Eco- 
nomic Researches,”  1832  : 2d  ed.  1870). 

Hermann,  J ohann  Gottfried  Jakob.  Born  at 


498 

Leipsic,  Nov.  28, 1772:  died  at  Leipsic,  Dee.  31, 
1848.  A noted  German  classical  philologist, 
professor  at  Leipsic  1798—1848.  Among  his  works 
are  “De  metris  Grsecorum  et  Romanorum  poetarum” 
(1796),  “Handbuch  der  Metrik”  (1799),  “De  metris  Pin- 
dari”  (1817),  “Deemendanda  rationeGrsecmgrammaticse” 
(1801).  He  edited  Euripides,  the  “Clouds”  of  Aristophanes 
(1799),  “ Homeric  Hymns  ” (1806),  Bionand  Mosclius  (1849), 
ASschylus  (1852),  etc. 

Hermann,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  Aug.  4, 1804 : died  at  Gottingen, 
Prussia,  Dec.  31, 1855.  A German  arcliteologist 
and  philologist,  professor  at  Marburg  (1832) 
and  later  (1842)  at  Gottingen.  His  best-known  work 
is  “Lehrbuch  der  griechischen  Antiquitaten  ”(“  Manual 
of  Greek  Antiquities,”  1841-52). 

Hermanns  Denkmal  (her'manz  denk'mal).  A 
monument  of  the  chieftain  Arminius  at  Det- 
mold,  Germany,  dedicated  in  1875.  The  arcaded 
pedestal  is  100  feet  high,  and  the  colossal  statue  measures 
86  feet  to  the  point  of  the  uplifted  sword.  The  figure  is 
of  sheet-copper  secured  to  a framework  of  iron. 

Hermannstadt  (her'man-stat).  [Hung.  Nagy 
Szeben,  Rumanian  Sibiu,  L.  Cibinium. ] The  cap- 
ital of  the  county  of  Hermannstadt,  Transyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  Cibin  in  lat.  45°  48'  N., 
long.  24°  8'  E.  It  was  formerly  an  important  trad- 
ing center.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Ger- 
mans. The  Brukenthal  Palace  (with  collections)  and  the 
Rathaus  are  of  interest.  It  was  founded  by  German  col- 
onists in  the  12th  century;  was  formerly  capital  of  Tran- 
sylvania ; and  was  the  scene  of  several  contests  between 
Hungarians,  Austrians,  and  Russians  in  1849.  Population, 
commune,  29,577. 

Hermann  und  Dorothea  (her'man  ont  dor-o- 
ta'a).  An  idyllic  poem  by  Goethe,  published 
in  1797.  The  scene  is  laid  about  the  year  1796,  and  has 
a basis  of  fact  in  a story  connected  with  the  expulsion 
of  several  hundred  Protestants  from  his  territory  by  the 
Archbishop  of  Salzburg,  which  occurred  in  1731.  Her- 
mann is  an  established  citizen  of  a little  town,  and  repre- 
sents a settled  life  as  contrasted  with  the  wandering  and 
unsettled  one  of  the  fugitive  but  self-reliant  Dorothea  ex- 
iled from  her  home,  whom  he  finally  wins  and  marries. 

Hermanric  (her'man-rik),  or  Ermanaric  (G. 
Hermanrich).  Died  376.  King  of  the  East 

Goths.  He  was  descended  from  the  royal  family  of  the 
Amali,  and  ruled  over  a loosely  welded  Gothic  confederacy 
extending  probably  over  northern  Hungary,  Lithuania, 
and  southern  Russia.  He  was  defeated  by  the  Huns  at 
the  beginning  of  the  migration  of  the  peoples  in  northern 
Europe,  and  fell  upon  his  sword  in  376,  having,  it  is  said, 
attained  an  age  of  over  one  hundred  years. 

Hermaphroditus  (her  - m&f  - ro  - di ' tus) . [Gr. 
'E pyaippddiTog.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  son  of 
Hermes  and  Aphrodite.  With  the  nymph  of  the 
fountain  Salmaeis,  in  Caria,  he  was  united  into 
one  person. 

Hermas,  Shepherd  of.  See  Shepherd  of  Her  mas. 

Hermenegild  (her'me-ne-gild),  Saint.  Died  at 
Tarraco,  April  13,  585.  A West-Gothic  prince. 
He  was  the  son  of  Leovigild,  king  in  Spain,  by  whom  he 
was  admitted  to  a share  in  the  government  in  573.  He 
rebelled  against  his  father  and  was  put  to  death.  He  was 
canonized  by  Pope  Sixtus  V.,  tradition  having  pictured  him 
as  a champion  of  the  Catholic  faith  against  the  Arian,  to 
which  his  father  adhered. 

Hermengyld  (her'men-gild).  The  wife  of  the 
Constable  in  Chaucer’s  “Man  of  Law’s  Tale,” 
of  whose  murder  Constance  (Custance)  was 
falsely  accused. 

Hermes  (her'mez).  [Gr.  'Ep  «?)<;.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  herald  and  messenger  of  the  gods, 
protector  of  herdsmen,  god  of  science,  com- 
merce, invention,  and  the  arts  of  life,  and  patron 
of  travelers  and  rogues:  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  Maia,  born  on  Mount  Cyllene  in  Arcadia. 
He  was  the  guide  (psy  chopompus)  of  the  shades  of  the  dead 
to  their  final  abode.  In  art  he  is  represented  as  a vigor- 
ous youth,  beardless  after  the  archaic  period,  and  usually 
but  slightly  draped,  with  caduceus,  petasus,  and  talariaas 
attributes.  The  Roman  Mercury,  a god  of  much  more 
material  and  solid  character,  became  identified  with  Her- 
mes. The  name  has  also  been  given  to  quicksilver. 

Hermes,  or  a Philosophical  Inquiry  concern- 
ing Universal  Grammar.  A work  by  James 
Harris,  published  in  1751. 

Hermes  (her'mes),  Georg.  Born  at  Dreierwalde, 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  April  22,  1775:  died  at 
Bonn,  Prussia,  May  26, 1831.  A German  Roman 
Catholic  theologian,  founder  of  the  system  of 
Hermesianism,  a rationalizing  theory  of  the  re- 
lation of  reason  to  faith.  He  wrote  “Einleitung  in 
die  christkatholische  Theologie  ” (1819-29),  “Cliristkatho- 
lische  Dogmatik  ” (1834-36). 

Hermesianax  (her-me-si'a-naks).  Born  at 
Colophon,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the  last  part  of 
the  4th  century  b.  c.  A Greek  elegiac  poet. 
Fragments  of  his  works  have  been  edited  by 
Hermann,  Bergk,  etc. 

Hermes  of  Andros.  A statue  so  named,  in  the 
National  Museum,  Athens.  It  is,  in  fact,  a sepul- 
chral statue  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.,  the  finest  existing 
example  of  idealized  portrait-figures  of  this  class. 

Hermes  carrying  the  Infant  Bacchus.  An 

original  statue  by  Praxiteles,  in  the  museum 
at  Olympia,  Greece.  The  left  arm,  with  the  child, 


Hermogenes 

rests  on  a tree-stump,  over  which  is  thrown  the  himation. 
The  right  arm  wras  raised,  and  heid  some  object  to  amuse 
the  child.  It  is  the  finest  rendering  of  a beautiful  youth- 
ful figure  surviving  from  antiquity. 

Hermes  (Mercury)  in  repose.  A beautiful 
Greek  original  bronze  of  the  school  of  Lysip- 
pus, in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  fig- 
ure leans  slightly  forward ; the  expression  is 
one  of  rest  and  amiability. 

Hermes  Trismegistus  (tris-me-jis'tus).  [Lit. 
‘Hermes  the  thrice  greatest.’]  The  Greek 
name  of  the  Egyptian  god  Thoth,  the  reputed 
author  of  42  encyclopedic  works  on  Egypt.  A 
partial  collection  of  Hermetic  writings  was 
translated  into  French  by  Menard  in  1866. 
Hermia  (her'mi-a).  In  Shakspere’s  “A  Mid- 
summer Night’s  Dream,”  an  Athenian  lady,  the 
daughter  of  Egeus : she  is  in  love  with  Lysan 
der. 

Hermione  (her-mi'o-ne).  [Gr.  'Eppidvr/.]  1. 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of  Menelaus 
and  Helen,  and  wife  of  Neoptolemus,  and  later 
of  Orestes. — 2.  The  wife  of  the  jealous  Leon- 
tes  in  Shakspere’s  “ Winter’s  Tale.”  she  is  the 
Bellaria  of  Greene’s  “Pandosto,”  the  story  from  which 
the  “ Winter’s  Tale  ” was  taken. 

3.  A character  in  Racine’s  “ Andromaque,”  said 
to  he  “the  most  personally  interesting  on  the 
French  tragic  stage.” — 4.  The  wife  of  Damon 
in  the  tragedy  “Damon  and  Pythias”  by  Banim 
and  Sheil. 

Hermione,  Lady  (Lady  Erminia  Pauletti).  A 

rich  Genoese  lady  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel 
“The  Fortunes  of  Nigel.” 

Hermiones  (her-mi-6'nez),  Herminones  (her- 
mi-no'nez),  or  Irminones  (er-mi-no'nez).  [L. 
(Tacitus)  Herminones,  the  Latinization  of  a hy- 
pothetical Germanic  fundamental  form  *Er- 
m(e)naz,  a name  of  the  god  *Tiwaz,  *Tiu,  AS. 
The  (in  Tiwesdaeg),  ON.  Tyr,  OHG.  Zio,  L.  Ju- 
piter, Gr.  Zelf.  Cf.  AS.  Tiwesdaeg.']  According 
to  Tacitus,  one  of  the  three  great  divisions  of 
the  West-Germanic  people,  named  from  their 
ancestors,  the  three  sons  of  Mannus,Ingvseones, 
Herminones,  and  Istvseones.  The  Herminones  com- 
prehended, particularly,  the  Upper  German  tribes.  The 
Ingvoeones  lived  by  the  sea,  and  included  the  Lower  Ger- 
man tribes.  The  Istvseones  were  the  tribes  of  the  Rhine 
region  who  ultimately  formed  a principal  part  of  the 
Franks.  The  terms  are,  however,  of  inexact  ethnologic 
application.  Pliny  makes  a fivefold  division  in  that 
he  gives,  besides  the  three  groups  of  Tacitus,  the  Vin- 
dili  and  the  Peueini-Bastarnse.  The  names  were  prob- 
ably in  their  first  use  not  ethnologic,  but  were  originally 
applied  to  Amphictyonic  unions  all  devoted  to  the  cult, 
under  different  attributes,  of  the  old  Germanic  heaven- 
god. 

Hermitage,  The.  1 . A palace  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  founded  by  Catharine  II.,  origi- 
nally in  the  form  of  a pavilion  of  moderate  size, 
but  rebuilt  in  the  19th  century,  especially  for  a 
museum,  in  a neo-Greek  style  of  excellent  ef- 
fect, and  forming  one  of  the  best-designed  mu- 
seums existing.  It  measures  375  by  612  feet,  and  has 
2 interior  courts.  The  entrance  porch  is  supported  by  10 
colossal  human  figures,  and  the  roof  of  the  grand  hall  rests 
on  16  fine  monolithic  columns.  On  one  side  of  the  build- 
ing is  a copy  of  Raphael’s  Loggie  in  the  Vatican,  which  sur- 
vives from  the  old  palace.  The  collections  include  im- 
portant ancient  sculpture,  the  unparalleled  discoveries  of 
Greek  jewelry,  textile  fabrics,  and  other  minor  antiqui- 
ties, from  the  Crimea,  and  one  of  the  great  galleries  of 
paintings  of  Europe. 

2.  A fashionable  resort  at  Moscow,  Russia.  It 
is  a garden  on  the  side  of  a hill. — 3.  A chalet 
built  in  the  valley  of  Montmorency,  France,  by 
Madame  d’Epinay  as  a retreat  for  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau.  He  passed  about  18  months  here  (1756-57), 
writing  then  a part  of  “ La  nouvelle  Ht-loise  ” and  of  his 
“Dictionary  of  Music.”  G re  try  died  here  in  1813. 

4.  An  old  house  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  the 
residence  of  President  Andrew  Jackson. 

Hermite,  Tristan  1’.  See  Tristan. 
Hermocrates  (ker-mok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  fE ppoapa- 
rr/g .]  Died  at  Syracuse  about  407  B.  c.  A Syra- 
cusan general  and  politician.  He  was  oneof  the  three 
generals  who  in  414  were  intrusted  with  the  defense  of 
Syracuse  against  the  Athenians,  and  who  after  several 
spirited  but  unsuccessful  engagements  were  deprived  of 
their  commands.  He  was  one  of  the  commanders  of  the 
Syracusan  squadron  in  the  naval  battle  of  Cynossema  in 
411.  He  was  banished  in  409.  and  was  killed  in  an  attempt 
to  make  himself  master  of  Syracuse. 

Hermodorus  (her-mo-do'rus)  of  Ephesus.  A 

Greek  philosopher  who  is  said  to  have  assisted 
the  decemvirs  in  drawing  up  the  laws  of  the 
Twelve  Tables  at  Rome  in  451  B.  c. 
Hermogenes  (her-moj'e-nez).  [Gr.  rE pyoyhyg.] 
Born  at  Tarsus,  Cilicia : lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  2d  century.  A noted  Greek  rheto- 
rician. His  rhetorical  treatises  were  edited 
(in  the  “ Rhetores  Gneci  ”)  by  Walz. 

The  greatest  technologist  of  the  period  now  under  con- 
sideration was  Hermogenes,  the  son  of  Calippus  of  Tar- 


Hermogenes 

titih.  The  year  of  his  birth  is  not  known,  but  he  was  only 
fifteen  when  the  fame  of  his  precocious  genius  as  an  ex- 
tempore speaker  led  the  emperor  M.  Aurelius  to  send  for 
him ; and  he  introduced  himself  by  saying,  “ Behold,  I am 
come  to  you,  0 prince,  an  orator  requiring  a pedagogue, 
an  orator  still  looking  forward  to  maturity.”  Soon  after 
this  he  became  a public  teacher  of  rhetoric. 

E.  0.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  156. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Hermon  (her'mon).  [Gr.  ’Aepfiwv.']  A mountain- 
ridge  and  the  culminating  point  in  the  range  of 
Anti-Libanus,  Syria,  situated  about  35  miles 
west-southwest  of  Damascus:  the  modern  Je- 
bel-esh-Sheikh.  Height,  9,200  feet. 

Hermonthis  (her-mon'this).  [Gr.  "E p/mvOig.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a town  in  the  Thebaid, 
Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile  8 miles  southwest 
of  Thebes  : the  modern  Erment.  It  was  a seat 
of  ancient  worship,  and  important  ruins  remain,  notably 
those  of  a temple  built  in  the  time  of  Cleopatra. 

Hermopolis.  See  Hermupolis. 

Hermopolis  (her-mop'o-lis),  or  Hermupolis 
(her-mup'6-lis),  Magna.  [Gr.  'Eppov  7roA/g  pe- 
yakrj , great  city  of  Hermes.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  of  Egypt,  situated  near  the  Nile 
in  lat.  27°  45'  N.:  the  modern  Eshmun  or  Ash- 
munein.  Near  it  are  the  tombs  and  grottoes  of 
Beni-Hassan  (which  see). 

Hermosillo  (har-mo-sel'yo).  A city,  capital  of 
the  state  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  river 
Sonora  about  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  110°  45'  W. 
Population,  14,518,  (1910). 

Hermsdorf  (herms'dorf),  Nieder-.  A village 
and  tourists’  resort  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  42  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  11,683. 

Hermunduri  (her-mun'du-ri  or  her-mun-du'rl). 
[L.  (Pliny)  Hermunduri , Gr.  (Strabo)  fE pfi6vdv- 
poi .]  A German  tribe,  a branch  of  the  Suevi, 

first  mentioned  by  Strabo.  They  were  situated  on 
the  Saale  eastward  to  the  middle  Elbe,  and  adjoined  the 
Chatti  on  the  west,  in  the  Harz  region.  They  are  men- 
tioned under  their  old  name  for  the  last  time  in  the  4th 
century.  They  in  all  probability  became,  finally,  the  Thu- 
ringians. 

Hermupolis  (her-mup  'o-lis),  or  Hermopolis 

(her-mop'o-lis),  or  Syra  (se'rii).  [Gr.  'Ep/iov 
•k6\h;,  city  of  Hermes.]  A seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  nomarchy  of  the  Cyclades,  Greece, 
situated  on  the  island  of  Syra,  lat.  37°  26'  N., 
long.  24°  57' E.  Population,  17,773. 

Hermus  (her'mus).  [Gr.  "Ep/ior. ] In  ancient 
geography,  a river  in  western  Asia  Minor,  flow- 
ing into  the  Gulf  of  Smyrna  10  miles  northwest 
of  Smyrna  : the  modern  Ghedis-Tchai  or  Sara- 
bat.  Length,  about  180  miles. 

Hemals  (her-nalz').  A western  suburb  of  Vi- 
enna. 

Hernandez  (ar-nan'dath),  Francisco.  Born  at 
Toledo,  1514 : died  about  1578.  A Spanish  nat- 
uralist. Philip  II.  sent  him  to  Mexico  with  the  cosmog- 
rapher  Francisco  Dominguez,  to  study  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  country.  He  traveled  there  from  1570  to  1576, 
and  prepared  16  folio  volumes  on  plants,  animals,  and 
minerals : portions  of  these  were  published  in  1648,  1651, 
and  1791. 

Hernandez  Cordoba,  Francisco.  See  Cordoba. 
Hernandez  Giron,  Francisco.  See  Giron. 
Hernandez  de  Oviedo  y Valdes,  Gonzalo. 

See  Oviedo  y Valdes. 

Hernani,  ou  l’Honneur  Castilian.  A tragedy 
by  Victor  Hugo,  acted,  after  much  opposition, 
Feb.  25,  1830.  See  Ernani. 

The  main  subject  of  “Hernani”  is  the  point  of  honour 
which  compels  a noble  Spaniard  to  kill  himself,  in  obedience 
to  the  blast  of  a horn  sounded  by  his  mortal  enemy,  at  the 
very  moment  of  his  marriage  with  his  beloved. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  520. 

Herndon  (hern'don),  William  Henry.  Born 
at  Greensburg,  Ky.,  Dec.  28,  1818:  died  near 
Springfield,  111.,  March  18, 1891.  An  American 
lawyer.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Illinois  in  1820, 
and  in  1843  entered  into  law  partnership  with  Abraham 
Lincoln,  which  continued  in  form  until  the  death  of  the 
latter.  He  wrote  a “Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln ’’  (1889). 

Herndon,  William  Lewis.  Bom  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  Oct.  25,  1813 : died  Sept.  12, 1857.  An 
American  naval  officer.  In  1851-52,  being  then  a lieu- 
tenant, he  was  sent  with  Lieutenant  Lardner  Gibbon  to 
make  an  exploration  of  the  river  Amazon  and  its  Peruvian 
tributaries.  The  results  were  published  by  the  United 
States  government  as  “Exploration  of  the  Valley  of  the 
Amazon  "(1853, 2 vols.:  Vol.  I.  by  Herndon,  Vol.  II.  by  Gib- 
bon). Herndon  was  promoted  commander  in  1855 ; took 
service  with  the  Panama  Mail  Steamship  Company  ; and 
perished  in  the  wreck  of  the  Central  America,  which  went 
down  in  a cyclone. 

Herne  the  Hunter.  A traditionary  personage 
supposed  to  range  near  an  old  oak,  known  as 
Herne’s  Oak,  in  Windsor  Park,  it  was  blown  down 
in  18G3,  and  was  supposed  to  be  about  650  years  old. 
Queen  Victoria  planted  a young  oak  on  the  spot. 

Hernici  (her'ni-si).  In  ancient,  history,  au  Ital- 
ian people,  allied  to  the  Sabines,  dwelling  in  the 


499 

Apennines  about  40  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 
Their  capital  was  Anagnia.  They  were  subju- 
gated by  Rome  306  B.  c. 

Hernosand  (her'ne-sand).  A seaport,  capital 
of  the  laen  of  Westernorrland  (or  Hernosand), 
Sweden,  situated  on  the  island  of  Herno,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Angerman,  about  lat.  62° 
37'  N.,  long.  17°  50'  E.  It  has  some  manufac- 
tures. Population,  9,302. 

Hero  (he'ro).  [Gr.  "H pu.']  In  Greek  legend,  a 
priestess  of  Aphrodite  at  Sestos,  on  the  Helles- 
pont, beloved  by  Leander.  See  Hero  and  Le- 
ander. 

Hero.  See  Heron. 

Hero.  The  daughter  of  Leonato,  and  friend  and 
cousin  of  Beatrice,  in  Shakspere’s  “Much  Ado 
about  Nothing.”  The  real  story  of  the  play,  the  slan- 
dering of  Hero,  is  generally  left  out  in  the  stage  version. 
Hero  and  Leander.  1.  A poem  in  340  verses, 
ascribed  to  Mussbus.  “Forgrace  of  diction,  metrical 
elegance,  and  simple  pathos,  which  avoids  all  violations  of 
good  taste,  this  little  canto  stands  far  before  the  other 
poems  of  the  same  age.  We  know  nothing  of  the  history 
of  this  Musjeus,  but  his  imitations  of  the  style  of  Nonnus 
show  that  he  was  later  than  the  poet  of  Panopolis.  He  is 
indirectly  referred  to  by  Agathias,  who  flourished  in  the 
first  half  of  the  sixth  century.”  K.  0.  MiiUer. 

The  poem  of  “Hero  and  Leander”  belongs  rather  to 
erotic  than  to  epic  poetry.  Its  subject  is  the  well-known 
story  of  Hero,  the  beautiful  priestess  of  Venus  at  Sestos,  and 
Leander,  who  was  the  glory  of  Abydos  on  the  other  side  of 
the  water,  and  who  swam  across  the  Hellespont  every  even- 
ing to  his  fair  bride,  till  at  last  he  was  drowned  on  a win- 
ter’s night,  and  his  body  cast  up  at  the  foot  of  Hero's  tower, 
who,  in  despair,  cast  herself  down  from  the  battlements, 
and  died  by  the  side  of  her  lover.  This  tragedy  of  Hero 
and  Leander,  the  Juliet  and  Romeo  of  the  Dardanelles,  was 
of  much  older  date  than  Musseus.  It  was  well  known  to 
Ovid,  Virgil,  and  Statius,  and  had  become  a popular  love- 
tale.  But  Musseus  is  the  author  of  the  most  complete 
version  of  the  story,  and  he  has  told  it  in  a manner  which 
will  bear  criticism.  There  is  no  pause  in  the  brief  narra- 
tive from  the  beginning,  where  the  lovers  meet,  like  the 
hero  and  heroine  of  Heliodorusand  Shakspere,  on  a festive 
occasion,  down  to  the  fatal  issue  of  Hero’s  passion.  The 
poet  does  not,  like  the  other  erotic  writers,  delight  in  his 
opportunity  of  describing  details.  There  is  nothing  to 
shock  the  most  delicate  reader,  and  the  grace  of  the  lan- 
guage is  sometimes  enhanced  by  a conciseness  of  expres- 
sion which  would  have  done  credit  to  a better  age.  The 
“ Hero  and  Leander  ” of  Musseus  is  the  dying  swan-note 
of  Greek  poetry,  the  last  distinct  echo  of  the  old  music  of 
Hellas. 

K.  0.  Muller , Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  370. 

[(Donaldson.) 

2.  A poem  of  Marlowe  and  Chapman,  based  on 
the  poem  of  Musseus.  The  first  edition  consisted  of 
Marlowe’s  portion,  2 sestiads  ; the  second  edition  gave 
the  whole  poem,  the  remaining  4 sestiads  being  written  by 
Chapman  after  Marlowe's  death.  Both  editions  appeared 
in  1598. 

Herod  (her'od)  I.,  suruamed  “ The  Great.”  [Gr. 
fH pudrig.]  King  of  Judea  40-4  b.  c.  Hecameof 
an  Idumean  family  which  was  converted  to  Judaism.  His 
father.  Antipater,  succeeded  during  the  conflict  between 
Hyrcanus  II.  and  his  brother  Aristobulus  II.  in  obtaining 
a hold  in  J udean  politics  and  befriending  the  Romans.  Ac- 
cordingly when  Antipater  was  appointed  by  Caesar  in  47  B.  c. 
procurator  of  Judea,  Herod,  though  only  15  years  old,  was 
made  governor  of  Galilee,  and  shortly  afterward  of  Coele- 
Syria.  In  40  he  had  to  flee  from  Judea  to  Rome,  and  was 
appointed  by  the  senate  king  of  Judea.  In  37  he  took  pos- 
session of  Jerusalem  with  the  aid  of  the  Romans.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  on  the  side  of  Mark  Antony,  but  after 
the  battle  of  Actium  (31 B.  0.)  he  secured  thefavor  of  the  vic- 
torious Octavianus,  who  not  only  confirmed  him  in  his  king- 
dom, but  also  considerably  increased  his  territory,  so  that 
it  extended  from  the  sea  to  Syria,  and  from  Damascus  to 
Egypt.  His  policy  toward  Rome  was  that  of  cringing 
servility,  though  his  secret  aim  may  have  been  the  found- 
ing of  an  independent  monarchy.  His  attitude  toward  the 
people  over  whom  he  ruled  was  characterized  by  entire 
want  of  understanding  of  or  sympathy  with  its  nature, 
ideals,  and  aspirations.  His  rule  was  marked  by  unscrupu- 
lous selfishness  and  bloody  despotism.  In  his  family  rela- 
tionshe  showed  himself  passionate,  jealous,  and  cruel.  At 
the  same  time,  he  was  bold,  prudent,  understanding  his 
opportunities  and  knowing  how  to  avail  himself  of  them, 
liberal,  and  fond  of  pomp  and  display.  To  these  qualities 
may  be  ascribed  his  success,  and  what  popularity  he  ob- 
tained. Thus,  to  strengthen  his  position  he  had  his  bene- 
factor Hyrcanus  II.  executed,  and  it  was  assumed  that  his 
brother-in-law  Aristobulus,  appointed  by  him  high  priest, 
was  drowned  at  his  instigation  for  fear  of  his  great  popular- 
ity with  the  people.  The  people  he  held  in  abeyance  by 
bloody  teiTor.  Even  the  magnificent  temple  begun  20 
B.  0.  and  finished  in  8 years  (Joseph.,  Antiq.,  XV.  11)  could 
not  gain  him  the  hearts  of  the  outraged  people.  At  the 
same  time  with  the  temple,  he  erected  everywhere  thea- 
ters, gymnasia,  and  heathen  temples.  Even  some  cities 
owe  their  origin  to  his  love  of  building,  notably  Caesarea. 
Samaria  was  turned  by  him  into  a fortress,  and  named  Se- 
baste.  In  a fit  of  jealousy  he  executed  his  beautiful  wife 
Mariamne,  granddaughter  of  Hyrcanus  II.,  and  later  his 
two  sons  by  her,  Alexanderand  Aristobulus,  and  fivedays 
before  his  death  his  eldest  son  by  Doris,  Antipater.  His 
last  order,  according  to  a well-known  story,  was  for  the 
massacre  of  the  nobles  immediately  after  his  decease,  so 
that  at  least  his  death  might  cause  mourning  (Joseph. , 
Antiq.,  XVII.  6, 5).  He  died  in  great  agony  from  aloathsome 
disease,  which  drove  him  to  a suicidal  attempt,  4 B.  c.  In 
Mat.  ii.  1 ff.  he  is  represented  as  having  ordered  the  massa- 
cre of  the  infants  of  Bethlehem,  in  order  to  exterminate 
the  child  Jesus,  an  act  which  would  have  been  quite  in 
harmony  with  his  character  as  a superstitious  despot  and 


Heron,  Matilda 

tyrant,  but  the  historicity  of  which  causes  chronological 
difficulties. 

Herod  Agrippa.  See  Agrippa. 

Herod  An tipas  (her'od  an'ti-pas).  Son  of  Herod 
the  Great,  appointed  by  his  father  successor  to 
the  throne,  but  invested  by  the  Romans  with 
only  the  tetrarehy  of  Galilee.  He  first  married  the 
daughter  of  Aretas,  king  of  the  Nabathseans,  but  aban- 
doned her  to  marry  Herodias,  the  wife  of  his  half-brother 
Herod  Philip,  and  was  thus  involved  iu  a war  with  Aretas. 
At  the  instigation  of  his  wife  he  had  John  the  Baptist,  who 
reproached  him  for  his  criminal  marriage,  imprisoned  and 
afterward  executed.  Jesus  called  him  “the  fox.”  When 
his  nephew  Agrippa  I.  was  made  king  of  Judea  by  Caligula, 
Antipas,  urged  by  his  wife,  repaired  to  Rome  also  to  ob- 
tain a kingdom.  Agrippa  accused  him  of  treachery  to  Rome, 
and  Antipas  was  deprived  of  his  principality  and  banished 
to  Lyons.  He  was  followed  thither  by  his  wife,  and  both 
died  in  exile. 

Herodes,  Atticus.  See  Atticus  Herodes. 

Herodians  (he-ro'di-anz).  A party  among  the 
Jews  in  the  time  of  Christ  and  the  apostles,  ad- 
herents of  the  family  of  Herod.  The  Herodians 
constituted  a political  party  rather  than  a religious  sect. 
Some  writers  suppose  that  they  were  for  the  most  part  Sad- 
ducees  in  religion. 

Herodianus  (he-ro-di-a'nus),  orHerodian  (he- 
ro'di-an).  [Gr.  'H ptxkanof.]  Born  about  170  (?) 

A.  D. : died  about  240  (?)  a.  d.  A Greek  histo- 
rian, resident  in  Italy,  author  of  a Roman  his- 
tory for  the  period  180-238  a.  d.  (Corumodus  to 
Gordian). 

Herodianus,  Ajiius.  Born  at  Alexandria : lived 
at  the  end  of  the  2d  century.  A Greek  gram- 
marian, author  of  a work  on  prosody. 

Herodias  (he-ro'di-as).  Lived  in  the  first  half 
of  the  1st  century.  The  sister  of  Herod  Agrip- 
pa I.,  wife  of  Herod  Philip,  and  afterward  sec- 
ond wife  of  Herod  Antipas,  half-brother  of 
Herod  Philip.  See  Herod  Antipas. 

Herodotus (he-rod'o-tus).  [Gr.  H p<5doro<\]  Born 
at  Halicarnassus,  Asia  Minor,  probably  about 
484  B.  C. : died  at  Thurii,  Italy,  probably  about 
424  b.  c.  A celebrated  Greek  historian,  sur- 
named  “the  Father  of  History.”  According  to  the 
commonly  accepted  account  of  hisiife,  gleaned  chiefly  from 
his  own  works,  he  was  the  son  of  Lyxes  and  Dryo,  persons 
of  means  and  station  at  Halicarnassus ; assisted  in  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  tyrant  Lygdamus  from  his  native  city ; trav- 
eled in  the  Persian  empire,  Egypt,  Asia  Minor,  and  Greece ; 
lived 'in  Samos,  and  later  in  Athens ; and  settled  as  a col- 
onist in  Thurii  (probably  in  444) . He  wrote  a history  in 
9 books  (named  after  the  nine  Muses)  of  the  Persian  inva- 
sion of  Greece  down  to  479  B.  o.  It  was  first  printed  in  the 
original  by  Aldus  Manutius  in  1502,  a Latin  version  by 
Valla  having  appeared  as  early  as  1474. 

About  fifteen  manuscripts  of  the  history  of  Herodotus 
are  known  to  critics;  and  of  these,  several  are  not  of 
higher  antiquity  than  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
One  copy,  in  the  French  king’s  library  (there  are  in  that 
collection  five  or  six),  appears  to  belong  to  the  twelfth 
century ; there  is  one  in  the  Vatican,  and  one  in  the  Flor- 
entine library,  attributed  to  the  tenth  century ; one  in  the 
library  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  formerly  the 
property  of  Archbishop  Sancroft,  which  is  believed  to  be 
very  ancient ; the  libraries  of  Oxford  and  of  Vienna  con- 
tain also  manuscripts  of  this  author. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  171. 

Herod  Philip  (her'od  fil'ip).  Died  about  34  A.  D. 
Son  of  Herod  the  Great  and  Cleopatra,  made 
tetrarch  of  Auranitis  and  the  neighboring  re- 
gions in  4 B.  c.  His  wife  Herodias  deserted 
him  for  his  half-brother,  Herod  Antipas. 
Herold  (a-rold'),  Louis  Joseph  Ferdinand. 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1791:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
19,  1833.  A noted  French  composer  of  comic 
operas.  He  took  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  for  his  can- 
tata" Mile,  de  la  Valliere  "in  1812.  His  works  include  “ La 
Gioventii  di  Enrico  Quinto”  (1816),  “Charles  de  France" 
(with  Boieldieu : 1816),  “Les  rosiferes”  (1817),  “Le  pre- 
mier venu”  (1818),  “Les  troqueurs”  (1819),  “L’Amour 
platonique ” (1819),  “Le  muletier”  (1823),  “Le  roi  Rend” 
(1824),  “Le  dernier  jour  de  Missolonghi”  (1828),  “Eme- 
line”  (1828),  “Zanrpa”  (1831),  “La  marquise  de  Brinvil- 
liers”  (183i),  “La  mddecine  sans  mddecin”  (1832),  “Le 
pre  aux  clercs”  (1832),  “Ludovic”  (finished  by  Hal  ivy : 
1833),  etc.  He  also  wrote  a great  deal  of  music  for  the 
pianoforte,  and  a number  of  graceful  ballets. 

Heron  (he'ron),  or  Hero.  [Gr.  “Upon.]  An 
Alexandrian  mathematician  of  the  3d  century 

B.  c.,  the  inventor  of  “Hero’s  fountain,”  in 
which  a jet  of  water  is  maintained  by  condensed 
air,  and  of  a machine  acting  on  the  principle 
of  Barker’s  mill,  in  which  the  motion  is  produced 
by  steam.  Fragments  of  bis  works  on  mechanics 
have  been  preserved. 

Heron,  surnamed  “The  Younger.”  A Byzantine 
mathematician  and  natural  philosopher,  proba- 
bly of  the  7th  century. 

Heron  (her'ou),  Matilda.  Born  at  Londonderry, 
Ireland,  Dec.  1, 1830:  died  at  New  York,  March 
7, 1877.  An  actress.  She  made  her  ddbut  at  Phiiadel- 
phia  (1851),  when  quite  young,  as  Bianca  in  “Fazio.  ’ Her 
principal  part  was  Camille.  In  1857  she  married  Robert 
Stoepel,  a musician,  and  was  divorced  from  him  in  1869. 
Her  daughter,  Bijou,  also  an  actress,  was  born  at  New 
York  in  1863. 


Heroopolites  Sinus 

Heroopolites  Sinus  (her-o-op-o-li'tez  si'nus). 
[Gr/HpoKnro/U-nyf  noX~6g,  gulf  of  Heroopolis,from 
I/ ' 1 1 p/Mv  7r6'/,ic,  city  of  heroes,  a eity  on  the  coast.  ] 
The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez. 
Herophilus(he-rof'i-lus).  [Gr.  fH Born 
at  Chalcedon,  Bithynia : lived  about  300  B.  c. 
A Greek  anatomist  and  physician. 
Herostratus  (he-ros'tra-tus).  [Gr. 'Hpdcrparof.] 
An  Ephesian  who  set  lire  to  the  temple  of  Diana 
(Artemis)  at  Ephesus  (as  it  happened,  on  the 
night  of  the  birth  of  Alexander  the  Great)  in 
order  to  immortalize  himself. 

It  was  remarked  by  Hegesias  the  Magnesian  that  the 
conflagration  was  not  to  be  wondered  at,  since  the  goddess 
was  absent  from  Ephesus,  and  attending  on  the  delivery 
of  Olympias : an  observation,  says  Plutarch,  frigid  enough 
to  have  put  out  the  fire.  The  stroke  of  genius  in  question, 
however,  is  ascribed  by  Cicero,  whose  taste  it  does  not 
seem  to  have  shocked,  to  Timaeus  of  Tauromenium. 

Smith,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Soman  Biography  and 
[Mythology,  II.  439. 

Herrada,  Juan  de.  See  Rada. 

Herran  (ar-ran'),  Pedro  Alcantara.  Born  at 
Bogota,  Oet.  19, 1800:  died  there,  April  26, 1872. 
A Colombian  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
in  the  war  for  independence,  and  in  Peru  1824-2(5.  He 
subsequently  was  prominent  as  a liberal  in  the  civil  wars 
of  New  Granada,  at  times  as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
government  forces,  and  was  president  1841^5.  General 
Herran  was  known  as  the  “ Husar  de  Ayacucho,  ” from  a 
brilliant  charge  which  he  made  in  that  battle. 
Herrenhausen  (her'ren-hou-zen).  A royal  pal- 
ace in  Hannover.  George  I.  and  George  n.  of 
England  resided  there. 

Herrera,  or  Herrera  y Tordesillas  ( er-ra'rii  e 
tor-da-sel'yas),  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Cuellar, 
Segovia,  1549  (1559  ?):  died  at  Madrid,  March 
29,  1625.  A Spanish  historian.  Philip  ii.  made 
him  chief  chronicler  of  America  and  one  of  the  chroniclers 
of  Castile,  offices  which  he  held  until  his  death.  His 
greatest  work  is  the  “ Historia  general  de  los  hechos  de 
los  Castellanos  en  las  isias  y Tierra  Einne  del  Mar  Oceano," 
in  8 decades  (Madrid,  1(501).  This  includes  the  history  of 
America,  written  in  the  form  of  annals,  from  1492  to  1554, 
and  is  the  most  important  of  the  older  works  on  the  sub- 
ject. Herrera  also  published  a history  of  the  world  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Philip  II.,  and  many  other  works. 

Herrera,  Fernando  de.  Bom  at  Seville,  Spain, 
1534:  died  at  Seville,  1597.  A celebrated  Span- 
ish lyric  poet,  surnamed  “the  Divine,”  a friend 
of  Cervantes  who  wrote  a sonnet  in  his  honor. 
His  poetical  works  were  published  by  his  friend,  the 
painter  Francisco  Pacheco,  in  1582  and  1619.  He  also 
wrote  “Relacion  de  la  guerra  de  Chipre,  y suceso  de  la 
batalla  naval  de  Lepanto  " (1572),  and  “ Vida  y Muerte  de 
Tomas  Moro  ” (1592). 

Herrera,  Francisco,  surnamed  el  Viejo  (‘the 
Old’).  Born  at  Seville,  Spain,  about  1576:  died 
at  Madrid,  1656.  A Spanish  painter,  etcher, 
engraver,  and  architect.  Among  his  best  works 
is  a “ Last  Judgment,”  at  Seville. 

Herrera,  Francisco,  surnamed  el  Mozo  (‘the 
Young’).  Born  at  Seville,  Spain,  1622:  died 
at  Madrid,  1685.  A Spanish  painter,  son  of 
Francisco  Herrera. 

Herrera,  Jose  Joaquin  de.  Born  in  Jalapa, 
1792 : died  at  Tacubaya,  Feb.  10,  1854.  A Mexi- 
can general  and  statesman.  An  officer  in  the  Span- 
ish army,  he  followed  the  defection  of  Iturbide  in  1821, 
but  opposed  him  as  emperor.  He  was  several  times  min- 
ister of  war;  was  president  of  the  Supreme  Court;  and  was 
temporary  president  of  therepublic  inl844.  He  was  elected 
president  Sept,  14, 1845,  but  was  compelled  to  resign  Dec. 
30 ; was  second  in  command  under  Santa  Anna  during  the 
war  with  the  United  States;  and  was  again  president  dur- 
ing a peaceful  term,  May  30,  1848,  to  Jan.  15,  1851. 

Herrera  y Obes  (ar-ra'ra  e o'bas),  Julio.  Born 
at  Montevideo  about  1846.  An  Uruguayan 
statesman.  He  was  alawyer  and  journalist;  was  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  in  1872 ; on  the  fall  of  Ellaury  (1875) 
was  banished  ; returned  in  1877 ; and  was  minister  of  gov- 
ernment under  President  Tajes.  At  the  end  of  Tajes’s 
term  Herrera  was  elected  president,  March  1, 1890,  for  the 
term  ending  Feb.  28,  1894. 

Herreros,  Manuel  Breton  de  los.  Born  at 
Quel,  in  Logrono,  Spain,  Dec.  19,  1800:  died  at 
Madrid,  Nov.  13, 1873.  A Spanish  dramatic  and 
satiric  poet,  author  of  150  dramas.  Among  his 
comedies  are  “Losdos  Sobrinos,”  “ El  Ingenuo,”  “ElHom- 
bre  gordo,’*  “Todo  es  farsa  en  este  mundo,”  etc. 

Herrick  (her'ik),  Robert.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.,  1591:  died  at  Dean  Prior,  Devonshire, 
Oct.,  1674.  An  English  lyric  poet.  Inl6l3hewas 

a fellow-commoner  of  St.  John’s,  Cambridge.  In  1616  he 
went  to  Trinity  Hall  to  study  law.  In  1629  he  accepted  the 
living  of  Dean  Prior.  He  was  ejected  in  1647  for  his  roy- 
alist principles,  and  went  to  London.  He  was  restored  in 
1662.  He  published  “Hesperides,  or  the  Works  both  Hu- 
man and  Divine  of  Robert  Herrick,  Esq.  ” (1648).  His  com- 
plete poems  were  edited  by  Grosart  in  1876.  Many  of  bis 
poems  were  published  anonymously. 

Herring  (her'ing),  John  Frederick.  Born  in 
Surrey,  1795:  died  near  Tunbridge  Wells,  Sept. 
23,  1865.  An  English  painter  of  horses.  After 
some  years  of  service  as  a coachman  he  settled  in  Doncas- 
ter. His  best  works  were  portraits  of  race-horses.  He 
possessed  more  than  any  other  painter  of  his  day,  except 


500 

Landseer,  the  keen  sympathy  for  animal  life  which  char- 
acterizes the  English  school.  Many  important  race-borses 
were  painted  by  him.  Rice. 

Herrings,  Battle  of  the.  A name  given  to  the 
engagement  between  the  French  under  the 
Count  of  Clermont  and  the  English  under  Sir 
John  Fastolf  near  Rouvray,  in  Feb.,  1429.  Sir 
John  was  carrying  provisions  to  the  English  army  besieg- 
ing Orleans,  and  these  provisions  consisted  chiefly  of  her- 
rings intended  for  the  Lenten  fast:  hence  the  name. 
Herrnhut  (hern'hot).  A town  in  the  govern- 
mental district  of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  45  miles 
east  of  Dresden : the  chief  seat  of  the  Moravian 
Brotherhood,  founded  1722. 

Herrnhuters  (hern'hot-ers).  A denomination 
of  Moravians  or  United  Brethren  : so  called  in 
Germany  from  the  village  built  by  them  on  the 
estate  of  Count  von  Zinzendorf  in  Saxony, 
named  Herrnhut  (which  see).  See  Moravians. 
Herschel  (her'shel).  A name  given  for  a time 
to  the  planet  now  known  as  Uranus,  discovered 
by  Sir  William  Herschel. 

Herscliel,  Caroline  Lucretia.  Born  at  Han- 
nover. Prussia,  March  16, 1750:  died  there,  Jan. 
9,  1848.  An  English  astronomer,  sister  and  col- 
laborator of  Sir  William  Herschel.  she  published 
a Reduction  and  Arrangement  in  the  Form  of  a Cata- 
logue in  Zones  of  all  the  Star  Clusters  and  Nebul*  observed 
by  Sir  William  Herschel.” 

Herschel,  Sir  John  Frederick  William.  Born 
at  Slough,  near  Windsor,  England,  March  7, 
1792:  died  at  Collingwood,  near  Hawkhurst, 
Kent,  England,  May  11,  1871.  A celebrated 
English  astronomer  and  physicist,  son  of  Sir 
William  Herschel.  He  continued  his  father's  re- 
searches on  double  stars  and  nebulae,  and  conducted  ob- 
servations at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1834-38.  His  chief 
work  is  “ Results  of  Astronomical  Observations  made  1834- 
1838  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope”  (1847).  Among  his  other 
works  are  “Study  of  Natural  Philosophy  ” (1830),  “Out- 
lines of  Astronomy  ”(1849),  “Familiar  Letters  on  Scien- 
tific Subjects”  (1866),  etc. 

Herschel,  Sir  William  (originally  Friedrich 
Wilhelm).  Born  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  Nov. 
15,  1738 : died  at  Slough,  near  Windsor,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  25,  1822.  A celebrated  English  as- 
tronomer, of  German  birth.  He  joined  the  band  of 
the  Hanoverian  Guards  as  oboist  at  the  age  of  14 ; de- 
serted and  went  to  England  in  1757  ; was  engaged  in  the 
teaching  of  music ; and  attained  considerable  success  as  a 
violinist  and  organist.  He  instructed  himself  in  mathe- 
matics and  astronomy ; and  in  1773  constructed  a telescope 
with  which  he  observed  the  Orion  nebula.  In  1775  he 
erected  his  first  large  reflecting  telescope.  On  March  13, 
1781,  he  discovered  the  planet  Uranus,  naming  it,  in  honor 
of  George  III.,  “Georgium  Sidus,”  a name  which  was  not 
accepted  by  astronomers.  He  was  made  court  astronomer 
in  1782.  On  Jan.  11,  1787,  he  discovered  two  satellites  of 
Uranus  (Oberon  and  Titania);  on  Aug.  28, 1789, a sixth  satel- 
lite of  Saturn  (Enceladus),  and  on  Sept.  17,  1789,  a seventh 
(Mimas).  His  great  reflecting  telescope  (tube  39  feet  4 
inches  long)  was  erected  in  1789.  “ In  nearly  every  branch 

of  modern  physical  astronomy  he  was  a pioneer.  He  was 
the  virtual  founder  of  sidereal  science.  As  an  explorer  of 
theheavenshehadbutonerival — his  son.”  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Hersent  (er-son'),  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
10, 1777 : died  there,  Oct.  2, 1860.  A French  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of 
Regnault. 

Hersfeld  (hers'feld).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Geisa  and  Hauno  with  the  Fulda,  32  miles  south 
by  east  of  Cassel.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  old 
Benedictine  abbey.  ItpassedtoHesse-Casselinl648.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  8,688. 

Herstal  (hers'tal),  formerly  Heristal,  or  Her- 
istall  (her'is-tal).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Li&ge,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Meuse  2 miles 
northeast  of  Liege.  It  formerly  contained  a castle, 
the  residence  of  Pepin  of  Heristal,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Pepin  and  of  Charles  the  Great  (?).  Population,  com- 
mune, 22,812. 

Hertel  (her 'tel),  Albert.  Born  at  Berlin,  April 
19, 1843 : died  there,  Feb.  19, 1912.  A Prussian 
landscape-painter,  noted  for  his  coloring. 
Hertford  (hert'ford  or  har'ford),  or  Herts 
(herts).  A county  in  south  midland  England. 
It  is  bounded  by  Bedford  on  the  northwest,  Cambridge  on 
the  north,  Essex  on  the  east,  Middlesex  on  the  south,  and 
Buckingham  on  the  west.  The  leading  industry  is  agri- 
culture. Area  (administrative  county),  632  square  miles. 
Population  (parliamentary  county),  250,152. 

Hertford.  [ME.  Hertford,  AS.  Heortford,  Heo- 
rotford,  hart-ford,  from  heorot,  hart,  and  ford, 
ford.]  The  capital  of  Hertford  County,  situ- 
ated on  tbe  Lea  20  miles  north  of  London.  An 

ecclesiastical  council  called  by  Theodore,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  met  here  in  673.  Population,  9,322. 

Hertford  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, founded  about  1282  by  Elias  de  Hert- 
ford as  Hertford  or  Hart  Hall.  This  foundation 
(Hertford  College  from  1740)  was  dissolved  in  1805 ; and 
the  buildings,  with  other  property,  passed  to  Magdalen 
Hall  in  1822.  In  1874  Magdalen  Hall  was  dissolved  and 
Hertford  College  reincorporated. 

Hertha.  See  Nerthus. 

Hertogenbosch  (her'to-Gen-bosch'*'),  ’S,  or  den 


Herzberg 

Bosch,  G.  Herzogenbusch  (hert'so-gen-bosh), 
F.  Bois-le-Due  (bwaTe-diik').  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Dommel  and  Aa 
in  lat.  51°  42'  N.,  long.  5°  18'  E.  It  contains  a 
noted  cathedral,  and  was  formerly  strongly  fortified.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Fr  ench  in  1794,  and  by  the  Prussians  in 
1814.  Population,  commune,  34,973. 

Herts.  An  abbreviation  of  Hertfordshire.  See 

Hertford. 

Hertz  (herts).  Henrik.  Born  at  Copenhagen, 
Aug.  25,  1798:  died  there,  Feb.  25,  1870.  A 
Danish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of 
Jewish  parents,  but  embraced  Christianity.  He  studied 
jurisprudence  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen.  In  1833 
he  traveled  abroad  at  the  expense  of  the  government,  and 
upon  his  return  was  given  the  title  of  professor,  and  an 
annual  pension.  His  first  important  work  was  a series  of 
rimed  epistles  “Gjengatiger- Breve  eller  poetiske  Epistler 
fra  Paradis”  (“Ghost  Letters,  or  Poetical  Epistles  from 
Paradise  ”),  which  appeared  in  1830,  and  whose  purpose 
was  esthetic  and  critical.  The  same  year  appeared  a com- 
edy in  verse,  “ Amors  Genistreger  ” (“  Amor’s  Clever 
Pranks  ”).  Among  his  many  works  for  the  stage  are  the 
comedies  “Emma”  (1832),  “ Den  enesteFeil ” (“The  Only 
Error  ”),  and  “ Sparekassen”  (“The  Savings  Bank,”  1836); 
the  romantic  plays  “Kong  Rene’s  Datter”  (“King  Rene’s 
Daughter  ”),  “ Svend  Dyrings  Hus  ” (“  The  House  of  Svend 
Dyring  ”);  the  vaudevilles  “ Kjarlighed  og  Politi  ” (“  Love 
and  Politics”),  “Arvingerne”  (“The  Heirs”),  “De  Fat- 
tiges  Dyrehave  ” (“A  Park  for  the  Poor”).  During  1868- 
1859  he  edited  the  weekly  journal  “Ugenlige  Blade.”  TTi« 
poems  (“  Digte  ’’)  were  published  at  Copenhagen  (1851-62) 
in  4 vols. ; his  dramatic  works  (“Dramatiske  Vaerker”)at 
Copenhagen  (1S54-73),  in  18  vols. 

Hertzberg  (herts'berG),  Count  Ewald  Fried- 
rich von.  Bom  at  Lottin,  near  Neustettin, 
Prussia,  Sept.  2,  1725:  died  May  27,  1795.  A 
Prussian  statesman.  He  negotiated  the  peace  of  Hu- 
bertsburg  in  1763,  and  conducted  the  foreign  aifairs  of 
★ Prussia  1763-91. 

Hertzberg,  Gustav  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Halle- 
on-the-Saale,  Prussia,  Jan.  19, 1826:  died  there, 
Nov.  16,  1907.  A German  historian,  professor 
of  history  at  Halle.  His  works  include  “Geschichte 
Griechenlands  miter  der  Herrschaft  der  Romer”  (1866-75), 
“Geschichte  der  Perserkriege ” (1877),  “Geschichte  des 
romischen  Kaiserreichs  ” (1881),  etc. 

Hertzen,  or  Herzen  (hert'sen),  Alexander. 

Born  at  Moscow,  March  25, 1812:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  21,  1870.  A Russian  author  and  political 
agitator.  He  published  in  London  and  Hamburg  in 
Russian,  French,  German,  and  English.  He  founded 
in  London  the  liberal  journal  “Kolokol”  (“The  Bell”)  in 
1856.  Among  his  works  are  the  novel  “Kto  Vinovat” 
(“  Whose  Fault,”  1847),  “ Le  monde  russe  et  la  revolution  ” 
(1860-62),  etc. 

Heruli  (her'u-li),  or  Eruli,  or  g£ruli  (er'u-ll). 
A Germanic  people,  first  mentioned  in  the  3d 
century  as  dwelling  near  the  Black  Sea,  and 
as  allies  of  the  Goths.  They  joined  with  other 
tribes  under  Odoacer  in  overthrowing  the  Western  Empire 
in  476.  Theiroriginalhomewas  probably  on  the  Cimbrian 
peninsula,  whence,  according  to  Jordanes,  they  were  en- 
tirely driven  out  by  the  Danes  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th 
century.  Nothing  is  known  of  their  ultimate  fate. 

Hervas  y Panduro  (ar-vas'  e pan-do'ro),  Lo- 
renzo. Born  at  Cuenca,  Spain,  May  1,  1735 : 
died  at  Rome,  Italy,  Aug.  24,  1809.  A Jesuit 
philologist.  He  taught  philosophy  at  Madrid,  spent 
some  years  in  America,  and  from  1804  was  librarian  of  the 
Quirinal  at  Rome.  He  published  numerous  works  on  com- 
parative philology,  in  Italian  and  Spanish,  besides  books  on 
astronomy,  physics,  etc.,  and  a cosmographical  work  in  21 
vols. 

Serve  (er-va'):  assumed  name  of  Florimond 
Ronger.  Born  at  Houdain,  Pas-de-Calais, 
June  30,  1825:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3,  1892.  A 
French  composer  of  operettas.  According  to  Pon- 
gin  he  claimed  to  be  the  founder  of  the  kind  of  music  ren- 
dered famous  by  Offenbach.  His  works  include  “ L’CEil 
crevd " (1867),  “Le  petit  Faust”  (1869),  etc.  In  1887  he 
was  conductor  of  the  Empire  Theatre,  London. 

Hervey  (her'vi),  John,  Baron  Hervey  of  Ick- 
worth.  Born  Oct.,  1696:  died  Aug.,  1743.  An 
English  politician,  lord  privy  seal  1740-42.  He 
wrote  “Memoirs of  theCourtof  George  n.”(ed. 
by  Croker  1848). 

Hervey  Islands.  See  Cook  Islands. 

Herward.  See  Hereward. 

Herwegh  (her'veG),  Georg.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemfaerg,  May  31,  1817:  died  near  Basel, 
April  7,  1875.  A German  political  poet.  He 

emigrated  from  Wurtemberg  in  his  youth,  and  settled  at 
Zurich,  where,  in  1841,  he  published  a volume  of  poems  of 
a political  tendency,  entitled  “Gedichte  eines  Lebendi- 
gen,”  which  obtained  great  popularity  with  the  Liberal 
party  in  Germany.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  un- 
successful revolution  in  Baden  in  1848. 

Herzberg  (herts'berG),  or  Herzberg-on-the- 
Elster  (el'ster).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Black  Elster 
56  miles  south  of  Berlin. 

Herzberg,  or  Herzberg-in-the-Harz  (harts).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prus- 
sia, on  the  Sieber  19  miles  northeast  of  Got- 
tingen. It  has  an  old  castle,  and  was  a former 
residence  of  the  dukes  of  Brunswick. 


Herzegovina 

Herzegovina  (hert-se-go've-na),  Turk.  Hersek 
(her'sek).  Formerly  a sanjak  of  the  vilayet  of 
Bosnia,  Turkey,  since  1878  administered  by  Aus- 
tria-Hungary. It  is  bounded  by  Bosnia  on  the  north 
and  northeast,  Montenegro  on  the  southeast,  and  Dalmatia 
on  the  west  and  southwest.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
The  inhabitants  are  Slavs,  and  the  language  Servian.  It 
was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  1483 ; was  the  scene  of  an 
insurrection  in  1875-76  ; was  occupied  by  Austria-Hungary 
in  Aug.,  1878 ; and  was  again  the  scene  of  an  insurrection 
(which  proved  unsuccessful)  in  1881-82. 

Herzen,  Alexander.  See  Hertzen. 

Herz,  mein  Herz,  warum  so  traurig?  [G., 

‘ Heart,  my  heart,  why  so  sorrowful  ? ’]  A pop- 
ular German  song.  The  words  were  written  by  J.  R. 
Wyss,  Jr.,  about  1812,  and  the  music  about  1814,  by  J.  L. 
F.  Gliick,  a clergyman. 

Herzog  (hert'soG),  Johann  Jakob.  Bom  at 
Basel,  Switzerland,  Sept.  12,  1805 : died  Sept. 
30,  1882.  A German  Protestant  theologian.  He 
was  professor  at  Lausanne  1835^7,  at  Halle  1847-54,  and 
at  Erlangen  1854-77.  He  edited  the  “Real-Encyklopadie 
fur  protestantische  Theologie  und  Kirche”  (1854-68). 
Herzogenbuchsee  (hert'so-gen-boch-za").  A 
town  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  20 
miles  northeast  of  Bern. 

Herzogenbusch.  See  Hertogenboscli,  ’S. 
Herzog  Ernst  (hert'sog  ernst).  A Middle  High 
Germanpoem, written  in  Bavaria  by  an  unknown 
author  in  the  latter  part  of  the  12th  century,  it 
recounts  the  marvelous  adventures  in  the  Orient  of  the 
banished  Duke  Ernst  of  Swabia,  who  was  at  war  with  his 
stepfather,  the  emperor  Conrad  II. 

Hesekiel  (he-za'ke-el),  Georg  Ludwig.  Born 
at  Halle-on-the-Saale,  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1819: 
died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  26,  1874.  A German  jour- 
nalist and  man  of  letters,  author  of  poems,  his- 
torical novels,  and  a life  of  Bismarck  (1868). 
Heshbon  (hesh'bon).  In  Bible  geography,  a city 
in  Palestine,  about  36  miles  east  of  Jerusalem. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Sihon,  king  of  the  Amorites,  and  af- 
terward belonged  successively  to  the  Israelites  and  to  the 
Moabites.  It  was  tributary  to  Thothmes  III.  It  is  the 
modern  Hesb&n. 

Hesiod  (he'si-od).  [Gr.  'Huiodor.']  A celebrated 
Greek  poet.  He  was,  according  to  a poem  attributed  to 
him,  born  in  the  village  of  Ascra,  inBoaotia,  and  probably 
lived  about  735  B.  C.  His  youth  was,  according  to  the  same 
authority,  spentin  rural  pursuits  at  his  native  village.  He 
appears  to  have  lived  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at 
Orchomenus,  where  he  is  said  to  have  been  buried.  The 
obscurity  in  which  his  life  is  involved  has  led  some  critics 
to  adopt  the  opinion  that  the  name  does  not  represent  an 
actual  person,  but  is  a mere  personification  of  the  Bceotian 
or  Hesiodic  school  of  poetry,  as  opposed  to  the  Homeric 
or  Ionic.  Of  th6  numerous  works  commonly  ascribed  to 
him  the  most  important  are  “Works  and  Days  ” and  “ The- 
ogony.”  The  former  is  chiefly  composed  of  precepts  on 
rural  economy  and  maxims  of  morality ; the  latter  is  an  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  the  world  and  the  birth  of  the  gods. 
Hesione  (he-si'o-ne).  [Gr.  rH aiovy.']  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a daughter  of  Laomedon,  king  of  Troy,  and 
Leucippe.  She  was  exposed,  as  a propitiatory  sacrifice,  to 
he  killed  by  a sea-monster  sent  by  Poseidon  to  devastate 
the  land.  Hercules  slew  the  monster  and  set  her  free,  and, 
when  the  promised  reward  was  refused  him,  took  Troy, 
slew  Laomedon  and  his  sons,  andgave  Hesione  to  his  com- 
panion, Telamon,  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of 
Teucer. 

Hesperia  (hes-pe'ri-a).  [Gr.  'Eonepia.]  Accord- 
ing to  the  ancient  Greeks,  the  region  of  the  west, 
especially  Italy,  and  sometimes, according  to  the 
poets,  the  Iberian  peninsula. 

Hesperides  (hes-per'i-dez).  [Gr/Eo-Trept'ch/r.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  maidens,  guardians  of  the 
golden  apples  which  Gaea  (Earth)  caused  to  grow 
as  a marriage-gift  for  Hera.  They  dwelt  in  the  ex- 
treme west,  or,  according  to  one  accoun  t,  among  the  Hy- 
perboreans. According  to  Hesiod  they  were  daughters  of 
Night : in  later  accounts,  daughters  of  Atlas  and  Hesperis, 
named  iEgle,  Arethusa,  Erytheia,  and  Hesperia. 
Hesperus  (hes'pe-rus).  [Gr."E <77repof.]  The  even- 
ing star,  in  Greek  mythology,  son  of  Astra;  us  and 
Eos  (according  to  Hesiod).  He  was  regarded  as  iden- 
tical with  the  morning  star,  and  was  hence  called  the 
“Light-bringer.”  Compare  Phosphorus. 

Hesperus.  In  Arthurian  legend,  the  name  given 
to  Sir  Pertolope,  the  Green  Knight.  Tennyson 
calls  him  the  “Evening  Star":  his  famous  combat  took 
place  at  dawn.  See  Hesperus,  above. 

Hesperus,  Mount.  See  Banded  Peal:. 

Hess  (hes),  Heinrich  Maria  von.  Born  at  Diis- 
seldorf,  Prussia,  April  19, 1798 : died  at  Munich, 
March  29,  1863.  A German  historical  painter, 
brother  of  Peter  von  Hess : noted  for  his  frescos 
in  Munich. 

Hess,  Johann  Jakob.  Born  at  Zurich,  Switzer- 
land, Oct.  21, 1741 : died  there,  May  29,  1828.  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian.  His  chief  work  is 
“ Lebensgeschiehte  Jesu”  (1781). 

Hess,  Karl  von.  Bom  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia, 
1801:  diedatReichenhall,  Bavaria,  Nov.  16, 1874. 
A German  painter,  brother  of  Peter  von  Hess. 
Hess,  Karl  Adolf  Heinrich.  Born  at  Dresden, 
1769 : died  at  Wilhelmsdorf,  near  Vienna,  July 
3, 1849.  A German  painter  of  horses  and  bat- 
tle-scenes. 


501 

Hess,  Karl  Ernst  Christoph.  Born  at  Darm- 
stadt, Germany,  Jan.  22. 1755 : died  at  Munich, 
July  25,  1828.  A German  engraver.  Among  his 
best- works  are  “A  Charlatan  " after  Dow,  “ Ascension  of  the 
Virgin”  after  Guido  Reni,  portraits  after  Rubens,  and  a 
“Holy  Family  " after  Raphael. 

Hess,  Peter  von.  Bom  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia, 
July  29,  1792 : died  at  Munich,  April  4,  1871. 
A noted  German  painter  of  battles  and  genre 
scenes,  son  and  pupil  of  Karl  Ernst  Christoph 
Hess,  and  pupil  of  the  Munich  Academy.  He 
served  in  the  campaigns  of  1813-15,  and  went  to  Greece  in 
1833  and  to  Russia  in  1839  to  make  studies  for  battl  e pictures 
ordered  by  the  czar.  Among  his  works  are  “ Battle  of  Arcis- 
sur-Aube,"  “Passage  of  the  Beresina,"  “French  Wagon- 
train”  (National  Gallery  in  Berlin),  “Battle  of  Leipsic," 
“Battle  of  Austerlitz,”etc. 

Hesse  (hes),  G.  Hessen  (hes'sen).  A landgravi- 
ate  of  the  German-Roman  Empire,  it  lay  along 
the  Main  and  the  middle  Rhine,  and  extended  northeast- 
ward to  the  Weser.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  the 
Chatti.  The  landgraves  of  Thuringia  became  rulers  in 
Hesse  in  the  12th  century.  On  the  extinction  of  the  Thu- 
ringian  line  in  1247,  various  claimants  appeared.  In 
1263,  by  the  treaty  of  Wettin,  Henry  of  Brabant  acquired 
certain  possessions,  and  styled  himself  landgrave  and 
prince  of  Hesse,  making  Cassel  his  capital  Various  acqui- 
sitionswere  made  (Giessen,  Homburg,  etc.).  Philip  the  Mag- 
nanimous, landgrave  of  Hesse,  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Reformation.  At  his  death  in  1567  the  country  was  divided 
among  his  four  sons,  and  the  lines  of  Hesse-Cassel,  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  Hesse-Rheinfels(extinguished  1583), andHesse- 
Marburg  (extinguished  1604)  were  formed.  See  below. 

Hesse,  Grand  duchy  of.  A grand  dueliy  and 
state  of  the  German  Empire.  It  comprises  mainly 
two  separate  parts  — the  northern,  consisting  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Upper  Hesse  (Oberhessen),  surrounded  by  Prussia ; 
and  the  southern,  consisting  of  the  provinces  of  Starken- 
burg  (east  of  the  Rhine)  and  Rhine  Hesse  (west  of  the 
Rhine),  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  west  and  north,  and 
Bavaria  and  Baden  on  the  east  and  south.  There  are  also 
11  smaller  exclaves.  The  chief  physical  features  are  the 
Odenwald,  the  Vogelsberg,  outliers  of  the  Taunus,  and  the 
plains  of  the  Rhine  and  Main.  Hesse  has  considerable 
production  of  wine  and  flourishing  manufactures.  The 
capital  is  Darmstadt ; the  chief  city  Mainz.  The  govern- 
ment is  ahereditary  constitutional  monarchy  with  a grand 
duke  and  a Landtag  of  2 chambers.  Hesse  has  3 repre- 
sentatives in  the  Bundesrat  and  9 in  the  Reichstag.  The 
religion  of  the  majority  is  Protestant.  The  landgraviate 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt  was  constituted  in  1567.  (See  Hesse, 
above.)  It  lost  to  France  the  territories  west  of  the  Rhine 
in  the  wars  of  the  French  Revolution  ; ceded  various  terri- 
tories in  1803,  but  was  largely  increased  by  territories  from 
Mainz,  the  duchy  of  Westphalia,  etc.;  entered  the  Confed- 
eration of  the  Rhine  in  1806,  and  became  a grand  duchy, 
receiving  territory ; joined  the  Allies  in  1813  ; entered  the 
Germanic  Confederation  in  1815 ; ceded  the  duchy  of  West- 
phalia to  Prussia  in  1815,  and  made  other  cessions,  but 
received  extensive  territories  and  the  towns  ol  Mainz  and 
Worms ; and  received  a constitution  in  1820.  It  sided 
with  Austria  against  Prussia  in  1866,  and  was  obliged  to 
make  contributions  and  cede  Hesse-Homburg  and  por- 
tions of  Upper  Hesse  to  Prussia,  the  grand  duke  beiug 
compelled  to  enter  the  North  German  Confederation  for 
his  territories  north  of  the  Main.  From  that  time  it  has 
usually  been  called  Hesse,  instead  of  Hesse-Darmstadt. 
Area,  2,966  square  miles.  Population,  1,236,285. 

Hesse  (hes'se),  Adolf  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Bres- 
lau, Prussia,  Aug.  30,  1809  : died  there,  Aug.  5, 
1863i  A German  organist  and  composer  for  the 
organ. 

Hesse  (es),  Jean  Baptiste  Alexandre.  Born 
at  Paris,  Sept.  30,  1806 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  7, 
1879.  A French  historical  painter,  nephew  of 
N.  A.  Hesse. 

Hesse,  Nicolas  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris,  1795 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  14,  1869.  A French  histor- 
ical painter. 

Hesse-Cassel  (hes'kas'el),  or  Electoral  Hesse, 
G.  Hessen-Kassel  (hes'sen-kas'sel),  or  Kur- 
hessen  (kor'hes-sen).  A former  landgraviate 
and  electorate  which  lay  north  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt. It  was  formed  in  1567  at  the  division  of  the  Hessian 
lands ; was  occupied  by  the  French  in  the  Seven  Y ears’ W ar ; 
furnished  22,000  troops  for  the  British  service  against  the 
United  States  ; lost  to  France  in  1795  its  territory  westof 
the  Rhine ; received  a few  accessions  and  the  electoral  dig- 
nity in  1803 ; was  seized  by  the  French  in  1806  ; was  allot- 
ted to  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia  in  1807 ; had  its  elector 
restored  in  1813  ; and  received  part  of  the  principality  of 
Fulda  and  other  territories  in  1815,  and  entered  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation.  A constitution  was  proclaimed  in 
1831.  A constitutional  struggle  between  the  liberals  and 
Hassenpflug  in  1850  led  to  the  armed  intervention  of  Aus- 
triainaidof  Hassenpflug.  Hessesided  with  Austria  against 
Prussia  1866,  and  was  annexed  by  Prussia  1866.  The  greater 
portion  forms  part  of  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau. 

Hesse-Darmstadt  (hes'darm'stat).  A landgra- 
viate of  Germany,  formed  in  1567,  now  called 
Hesse.  For  its  history,  seeHesse,  Grand  dueliy  of. 
Hesse-Homburg  (hes'hom'berg),  G.  Hessen- 
Homburg  (hesrsen-hoin'borG).  A former  land- 
graviate of  Germany.  It  included  Homburg-vor-der- 
Hohe  (north  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main)  and  Meisenheim 
(between  theRhinePalatinateandBirkenfeld).  Itbranched 
off  from  Hesse-Darmstadt  in  1696  ; was  made  subordinate 
to  Hesse-Darmstadt  in  1806,  and  independent  in  1815 ; 
received  Meisenheim  in  1816 ; and  entered  the  Germanic 
Confederation  in  1817.  By  extinction  of  the  house  in 
March,  1866,  it  reverted  to  Hesse-Darmstadt,  which  in 
Sept.,  1866,  ceded  it  to  Prussia.  It  now  forms  part  of  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau  and  of  the  Rhine  Province. 


HettstSdt 

Hesse-Nassau  (hes'nas'a),  G.  Hessen-Nassau 

(hes  ' sen-nas  ' sou).  A province  of  Prussia, 
formed  in  1868.  Capital,  Cassel.  it  comprises 
nearly  all  Hesse-Cassel,  nearly  all  Nassau,  part  of  Hesse- 
Homburg,  the  other  cessions  made  by  Hesse  in  1866,  and 
those  made  by  Bavaria  in  1866.  It  is  surrounded  by  the 
Prussian  provinces  of  Saxony,  Hannover,  Westphalia,  and 
the  Rhine,  Hesse,  Bavaria,  YValdeck,  and  Saxe-Weimar: 
and  there  are  also  several  small  exclaves.  It  surrounds 
Upper  Hesse.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly,  and  in  part 
mountainous.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Agriculture 
and  industries  are  flourishing.  There  are  2 government 
districts,  Cassel  and  Wiesbaden.  Area,  6,062  square  miles. 
Population,  2,070,052. 

Hessian  (hesh'an).  The  German  dialect  of  old 
Hessian  territory  about  the  upper  Lahn,  the 
Fulda,  and  the  Eder.  With  Upper  and  Middle  Fran- 
conian and  Thuringian,it  forms  thegroup  specifically  called 
Middle  German. 

Hessians  (hesh'anz).  The  natives  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Hesse  in  Germany.  The  Hessians  as  a race 
are  the  representatives  of  the  ancient  Teutonic  people  the 
Catti  (Chatti);  they  formed  various  minor  states  in  Ger- 
many, of  which  the  chief  have  been  Hesse-Cassel  (an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1866)  and  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse, 
called  Hesse-Darmstadt  previous  to  1866.  • 

Hessus  (hes'sos),  Helius  Eobanus.  Bom  at 
Halgehausen,  Hesse,  Jan.  6, 1488:  died  at  Mar- 
burg, Prussia,  Oct.  4,  1540.  A German  poet. 
Among  his  Latin  poems  are  versions  of  the 
Psalms  and  of  the  Iliad. 

Hestia  (hes'ti-a).  [Gr.  'Ear/a.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  goddess  of  the  hearth,  daughter  of 
Cronos  and  Rhea,  identified  with  the  Roman 
Vesta. 

Hestia.  An  asteroid  (No.  46)  discovered  by  Pog- 
son  at  Oxford,  Aug.  16,  1857. 

Hesvan  (hes'van),  or  Heshvan  (hesh'van). 
[Heb.]  The  eighth  month  of  the  Jewish  year, 
corresponding  to  the  latter  part  of  Oct.  and  a 
part  of  Nov.  It  has  29  or  30  days.  Its  fuller  form 
is  Mar-heshvan,  from  Babylonian  arafy-samna  (with  cus- 
tomary phonetic  change),  eighth  month.  Like  the  other 
names  of  the  Hebrew  months,  it  was  borrowed  from  the 
Babylonians  about  the  time  of  the  exile. 

Hesychasts  (hes'i-kasts).  [Gr.  ycvxarjTrp;,  one 
who  leads  a retired  life.]  A body  of  monks  who 
lived  on  Mount  Athos  during  the  14th  century, 
and  aimed  to  attain,  by  the  practice  of  con- 
templation and  asceticism,  perfect  serenity  of 
mind,  and  hence  supernatural  insight  and  di- 
vine light,  with  knowledge  of  the  Deity. 

Hesychius  (ke-sik'i-us).  [Gr.  'liavxioc.']  Put  to 
death  at  the  beginning  of  the  4th  century.  An 
Egyptian  bishop,  reputed  reviser  of  the  Septua- 
gint  and  the  New  Testament. 

Hesychius.  Lived  in  the  6th  (or  4th  ?)  century. 
A Greek  grammarian  of  Alexandria.  He  com- 
piled a Greek  lexicon,  edited  by  Alberti  and  Ruhnken 
1746-66,  and  by  M.  Schmidt  1857-68. 

The  most  important  Byzantine  lexicon  bears  the  name 
of  Hesychius  of  Alexandria,  who  appears  to  have  lived  iu 
the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  century ; but  has  unquestion- 
ably come  down  to  us  in  modified  form,  including  many 
additions  of  a much  later  date.  Hesychius  himself  was 
probably  a pagan,  and  a large  portion  of  these  additions 
consists  in  Biblical  glosses  which  must  have  proceeded 
from  the  pen  of  some  Christian  grammarian.  The  value 
of  the  work  is  not  much  enhanced  by  these  later  additions. 
But  it  is  an  inestimable  aid  to  the  study  of  the  classical 
authors,  especially  Homer,  because  it  embodies  in  a large 
measure  the  best  traditions  of  the  older  grammarians  of 
Alexandria.  It  was  derived  immediately  by  Hesychius 
from  the  dictionary,  iu  five  books,  by  Diogenianus,  who 
lived  at  Heraclea,  in  the  Pontus,  iu  the  time  of  Hadrian ; 
and  this,  again,  was  an  extract  from  the  great  dictionary, 
in  ninety-five  books,  by  Pamphilus  and  Zopyrion,  of  the 
school  of  Aristarchus. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  384. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Hesychius,  surnamed  “ The  Illustrious.”  Born 
at  Miletus,  Asia  Minor : lived  at  the  beginning 
of  the  6th  century.  A Greek  historical  and 
biographical  writer. 

Hetseria  Philike  (het-a-re'a  fe-le'ke').  [NGr. 
haip'ia  (pi/aicf]  A secret  political  society  founded 
at  Odessa  in  1814  for  the  purpose  of  liberating 
Greece  from  the  Turkish  domination,  iu  1820  it 
chose  as  its  leader  Prince  Alexander  Ilypsilanti,  who  in 
1821  inaugurated  the  Greek  war  for  independence. 

Heth  (heth).  A descendant  of  Canaan  (Gen.  x. 
15);  the  ancestor  of  the  family  from  whom 
Abraham  purchased  the  cave  of  Machpelah 
(Gen.  xx.).  See  Hittites. 

Hettner  (het'ner),  Hermann  Julius  Theodor. 
Born  at  Leisersdorf,  near  Goldberg,  Prussia, 
March  12,  1821:  died  at  Dresden,  May  29, 1882. 
A German  historian  of  literature  and  art.  He  be- 
came professor  at  Jena  in  1851,  and  in  1856  went  to  Dres- 
den  as  director  of  the  royal  collections  of  antiquities,  etc. 
Later  (1868)  he  became  director  of  the  Historical  Museum 
and  of  the  Itietschel  Museum.  His  chief  work  is  “ Lit- 
eraturgeschichte  des  18.  Jahrhuuderts”  (1856-70). 

Hettstadt,  or  Hettstedt  (het'stet).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Wipper  35  miles  south  of  Magdeburg.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  9,230. 


Heuglin 

Heuglin  (hoig'lin),  Theodor  von.  Born  at 

Hirschlanden,  Germany,  March  20,  1824:  died 
at  Stuttgart,  Nov.  5,  1876.  An  African  trav- 
eler and  ornithologist.  He  was  an  able  naturalist, 
linguist,  marksman,  and  draftsman,  and  his  numerous  ex- 
peditions resulted  in  collections  and  published  works  of 
rare  scientific  value.  His  many-sided  explorations  carried 
him  to  Arabia,  Abyssinia,  and  Kordofan  (1850-55);  to  Ba- 
yuda,  Bed  Sea,  and  Somali  coasts  (1856) ; to  Mensa,  Bogos, 
Barea,  Adua,  Gondar,  and  to  Djamma,  Galla-land,  where  he 
met  King  Theodorus  (1861-62) ; and  to  the  land  of  the  Dors 
as  far  as  the  Dembo  River  (1863-64).  In  1858-60,  and  after 
1864,  he  published  7 important  works  on  his  journeys 
and  on  African  ornithology.  In  1870-71  he  visited  Spitz- 
bergen  and  Nova  Zembla,  on  which  regions  he  wrote  3 
volumes,  and  in  1874  he  made  his  last  African  tour  along 
the  Red  Sea  and  among  the  Beni  Amer. 

Heureaux  (e-ro')>  Ulisse.  Born  about  1846: 
assassinated  at  Moca,  Santo  Domingo,  July  26, 
1899.  A general  and  politician  of  the  Domini- 
can Republic.  He  took  an  important  part  in  the  war 
with  the  Spaniards  1866  ; became  president  of  the  republic 
1882-83,  and  again  in  1887:  and  was  afterward  continuously 
reelected,  the  last  time  in  1897. 

Heusch(hesch),orHeus(hes),  Jacob  van.  Born 
at  Utrecht,  1657 : died  there,  1701.  A Dutch 
painter,  nephew  of  Willem  van  Heusch. 
Heusch,  or  Heus,  Willem  van.  Lived  in  the 
17th  century.  A Dutch  landscape-painter. 
Hevelius  (he-ve'li-us ; G.  pron.  ha-fa'le-os),  ori- 
ginally Hewel  (ha'vel),  or  Hewelke  (ha-vel'- 
ke),  Johannes.  Born  atDantzic,  Prussia,  Jan. 
28, 1611 : died  at  Dantzic,  Jan.  28, 1687.  A Po- 
lish astronomer.  After  having  completed  his  studies 
at  Leyden,  he  traveled  in  Holland,  England,  France,  and 
Germany  1630-34,  when  he  returned  to  his  native  city  of 
Dantzic,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  astronomy. 
He  was  elected  a judge  in  1641,  and  a town  councilor  in 
1651.  Among  his  works  are  “Selenographia”  (1647)  and 
“Prodromus  astronomiae  ” (1690). 

Hewitt  (hu'  it),  Abram  Stevens.  Born  at  Hav- 
erstraw,  N.  Y.,  July  31, 1822:  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  18,  1903.  An  American  statesman,  son-in- 
law  of  Peter  Cooper.  He  was  a Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  New  York  1875-79  and  1881-86,  and  mayor 
of  New  York  1887-88. 

Hewitt,  John  Hill.  Born  at  New  York  city, 
July  11,  1801:  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  7, 
1890.  An  American  author,  in  1825  lie  settled  at 
Baltimore,  where  he  engaged  in  literary  work,  aDd  was 
brought  into  rivalry  with  Edgar  Allan  Poe.  His  best-known 
work  is  the  ballad  ‘The  Minstrel's  Return  from  the  War.” 
Hexam  (hek'sam),  Lizzie.  One  of  the  principal 
female  characters  in  Dickens’s  “Our  Mutual 
Friend.” 

Hexapla  (hek'sa-pla).  [Gr.  rd  rfa7r/lo,  sc.  Bi/TUa, 
sixfold  (Bible).]  An  edition  of  the  Bible  in  six 
versions.  The  name  is  especially  given  to  a collection  of 
texts  ofthe Old  Testament  collated  by  Origen.  It  contained 
in  six  parallel  columns  the  Hebrew  text  in  Hebrew  char- 
acters and  in  Greek  characters,  the  Septuagint  with  criti- 
cal emendations,  and  versions  by  Symmachus,  Aquila,  and 
Theodotion.  There  were  also  fragments  of  several  other 
versions. 

Hexapolis  (hek-sap'6-lis),  Dorian.  [Gr.  ’Efan-o- 
Jff,  six  cities.]  In  ancient,  Greek  history,  a name 
given  to  a league  of  six  Dorian  cities  — Lindus, 
Ialysus,Camirus  (all  in  Rhodes),  Halicarnassus, 
Cnidus,  and  Cos. 

Hexateuch  (hek'sa-tuk).  [From  Gr.  six, 
and  TEvxog,  an  implement,  a book.]  The  first 
six  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  sixth  book, 
Joshua,  relating  the  final  settlement  of  the  Jews  in  the 
promised  land,  is  a continuation  of  the  Pentateuch,  and 
apparently  forms  with  it  a complete  work,  homogeneous 
in  both  style  and  purpose. 

Hexham  (hek'sam).  A town  in  Northumber- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  20  miles 
west  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  It  contains  a priory 
church.  Here,  May  15,  1464,  the  Lancastrians  under  the 
Duke  of  Somerset  were  totally  defeated  by  the  Yorkists 
under  Lord  Montacute.  Somerset  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
was  beheaded  after  the  battle.  Population,  7,071. 

Heyden  (hr den),  Jan  van  der.  Born  at  Gor- 
kum,  Netherlands,  1637  (1640?):  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1712.  A Dutch  architectural  painter. 
Heylin,  or  Heylyn  (hi'lin),  Peter.  Born  at  Bur- 
ford,  Oxfordshire,  England,  Nov.  29, 1600 : died 
at  London,  May  8, 1662.  An  English  church  his- 
torian and  controversialist.  Among  his  works  are 
“ Cosmography  ” (1662),  “ Ecclesia  Restaurata  : the  History 
of  the  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  England  " (1661),  etc. 

Heyne  (hl'ne),  Christian  Gottlob.  Born  at. 
Chemnitz,  Saxony,  Sept.  25, 1729:  died  at  Got- 
tingen, Prussia,  July  14, 1812.  A German  clas- 
sical philologist  and  archasologist,  professor  at 
Gottingen  1763—1812.  He  published  "Opuscula  aca- 
demica"  (1785-1812),  and  edited  Tibullus  (1755),  Vergil 
(1767-75),  Pindar  (1773),  the  Iliad  (1802),  etc. 

Heyse  (hi'ze),  Johann  Christian  August.  Born 
at  Nordhausen,  Prussia,  April  21, 1764 : died  at 
Magdeburg,  Prussia,  June  27, 1829.  A German 
grammarian,  teacher  successively  at  Olden- 
burg, Nordhausen,  and  Magdeburg.  He  publish- 
ed “ Ailgemeines  Fremdworterbuch  ” (1804),  “Deutsche 
Grammatik  ” (1814),  “ Deutsche  Schulgrammatik  ’’  (1816), 
etc. 


502 

Heyse,  Johann  Ludwig  Paul.  Born  at  Berlin, 

March  15, 1830.  A German  novelist  and  poet. 
He  is  the  son  of  the  philologist  Karl  Wilhelm  Ludwig 
Heyse.  He  studied  at  Berlin  and  Bonn.  In  1849,  and 
again  in  1852,  he  traveled  in  Italy.  Since  1854  he  has  lived 
in  Munich.  His  principal  works  are  his  “Novellen,  ”13  se- 
ries of  which  have  appeared  from  1855  to  1881  under  vari- 
ous titles.  Besides  these  he  has  published  “ Gesammelte 
Novellen  in  Versen”  (1863),  “Syritha”  (1867),  “Die  Ma- 
donna in  Olwald  ” (“The  Madonna  of  the  Olive  Grove,” 
1879).  The  novels  “DieKinderder  Welt ’’(“The  Children 
of  the  World  ”)  and  “ In  Paradies  ” appeared  in  1873  and 
1875  respectively.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous  dramas 
writtenat  various  times  after  1850.  Anepicpoem,  “Thekla," 
was  published  in  1858.  “ Das  Skizzenbuch  " (“  The  Sketch- 
book”), a volume  of  poems,  appeared  in  1877;  “Der  Sala- 
mander" in  1879;  the  collection  of  poems  “Verse  aus 
Italien”  in  1880.  His  collected  works  (“Gesammelte 
Schriften  ’’)  appeared,  1872-80,  in  14  volumes. 

Heyse,  Karl  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Born  at  Ol- 
denburg, Germany,  Oct.  15,  1797 : died  at  Ber- 
lin, Nov.  25,  1855.  A German  philologist,  son 
of  J.  C.  A.  Heyse:  professor  at  the  University 
of  Berlin.  He  continued  his  father’s  grammatical  works, 
and  wrote  “ System  der  Sprachwissenschaft"  (1866),  etc. 

Heyst  (hist).  A sea-bathing  resort  in  the  prov- 
ince of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  on  the  North 
Sea  9 miles  north  of  Bruges. 

Heywood  (ha' Wild).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  8 miles  north  of  Man- 
chester. Population,  25,458. 

Heywood,  John.  Born  about  1497 : died  at  Mech- 
lin, Belgium,  about  1580.  A noted  English  epi- 
grammatist. He  was  a sort  of  court  jester,  though  of 
good  social  position,  and  amused  by  his  powers  of  repar- 
tee. He  was  a favorite  with  Queen  Mary,  but  when  Eliza- 
beth ascended  the  throne  he  retired  to  Mechlin,  where  he 
is  supposed  to  have  died.  He  wrote  3 interludes  in  which 
for  the  first  time  characters  were  personal  and  not  mere 
abstractions,  and  thus  paved  the  way  for  English  comedy. 
The  best-known  of  the  interludes  is  the  “Eour  P’s:  a 
merry  interlude  of  a Palmer,  a Pardoner,  a Potycary,  and 
a Pedlar,”  printed  between  1543  and  1547.  His  “Epigrams 
and  Proverbs  ” (1562)  show  both  wit  and  humor,  and  were 
very  popular.  He  wrote  also  “The  Play  of  Love,”  “ The 
Play  of  the  Wether,”  etc. 

Heywood,  Thomas.  Born  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land: died  about  the  middle  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. A noted  English  dramatist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer.  He  speaks  of  his  residence  at  Cam- 
bridge in  his  “ Apology  for  Actors,  ” but  there  is  no  record 
of  him  there.  He  was  an  actor,  a member  of  the  Lord 
Admiral’s,  Earl  of  Southampton’s,  Earl  of  Derby’s,  Earl  of 
Worcester’s,  and  the  Queen's  companies.  After  the  death 
of  the  queen  he  went  hack  to  the  Earl  of  Worcester's  com- 
pany. He  was  a prolific  writer.  Among  his  plays  are 
“ The  Four  Prentices  of  London,  etc."  (produced  about 
1600:  printed  1615),  “Edward  IV.”  (in  2 parts),  “If  Yrou 
Knew  not  Me,  You  Knew  Nobody,  etc.”  (1605-00:  in  2 
parts),  “The  Royal  King  and  the  Loyal  Subject  "(printed 
1637 : acted  much  earlier),  “A  Woman  Killed  with  Kind- 
ness” (acted  1603:  printed  1607),  “The  Fair  Maid  of  the 
Exchange  ” (1607),  “The  Golden  Age”  (1611),  “The  Silver 
Age”  (1012),  “The  Brazen  Age"  (1613),  “The  Iron  Age” 
(1632  : 2 parts),  “The  Fair  Maid  of  the  West”  (acted  1617  : 
printed  1631),  “The  English  Traveller”  (printed  1633), 
“Love's  Mistress  ”(1636),  “The  Wise  Woman  of  Hogsden  ” 
(1638),  “ Fortune  by  Land  and  Sea"(with  William  Rowley : 
printed  1655),  “The  Late  Lancashire  Witches”  (with  Rich- 
ard Brome:  1634).  He  wrote  the  lord  mayor’s  pageants 
for  many  years.  Among  his  miscellaneous  works  are  trans- 
lations of  Sallust,  and  selections  from  Lucian,  Ovid,  and 
others;  “Troia  Britannica,”  a long  heroic  poem  (1609); 
“An  Apology  for  Actors”  (1612:  reprinted  with  altera- 
tions by  William  Cartwright  in  1658,  with  the  title  “The 
Actors’ Vindication”) ;“  England'sElizabeth”(1631);  “The 
Hierarchy  of  the  Blessed  Angels,”  a long  didactic  poem 
(1635). 

Hezekiah  (hez-e-ki'a).  [Heb.,‘God  is  my 
strength.’]  King  of  Judah  for  29  years.  The  date 
of  his  accession  to  the  throne  is  variously  given  as  727, 
726,  and  715  B.  c.  He  restored  the  service  of  Jehovah, 
purged  the  country  of  the  idolatry  which  was  spread  under 
his  father  Ahaz,  and  inaugurated  a kind  of  revival  of  the 
theocratic  spirit.  He  obtained  a series  of  victories  over 
the  Philistines.  Concerning  his  relation  to  Assyria,  ac- 
counts are  found  in  the  Old  Testament  as  well  as  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions.  Hezekiah  undertook  to  shake  off 
the  Assyrian  supremacy  underwhich  Judah  had  groaned 
since  Uzziah.  It  would  seem  that  Shalmaneser  IV.  and 
Sargon  were  somehow  prevented  from  punishing  him. 
But  Sennacherib  made  two  invasions  into  Judah.  The  first 
(702)  is  briefly  related  in  2 Ki.  xviii.,  according.to  which, 
after  Sennacherib  had  captured  all  the  fortified  cities  in 
Judah,  Hezekiah  submitted  and  sent  to  the  conqueror  at 
Lachish  300  talents  of  silver  and  30  talents  of  gold.  The 
prism  inscription  of  Sennacherib  relates  more  fully  that 
be  attacked  Hezekiah  because  he  kept  Padi,  king  of  Ek- 
ron,  prisoner  in  Jerusalem  ; that  he  took  46  fenced  cities 
and  many  captives,  and  gave  a part  of  his  territory  to  the 
kings  of  Ekron,  Ashdod,  and  Gaza;  and  that  he  besieged 
Jerusalem,  shutting  up  Hezekiah  in  it  “like  a bird  in  a 
cage.”  Returning  to  Lachish,  Sennacherib  sent  a letter 
through  his  chief  general  (tartan)  and  prime  minister  (rab- 
shake)  to  Hezekiah,  demanding  the  surrender  of  the  cap- 
ital. The  result  of  this  invasion,  as  given  in  the  biblical 
record,  was  that  the  Assyrian  army  of  185,000  troops  be- 
sieging Jerusalem  was  smitten  by  the  angel  of  the  Lord  in 
the  night,  and  were  “all  dead  corpses.”  The  Assyrian  in- 
scriptions contain  no  reference  to  the  catastrophe  of  the 
army,  which  is  mostly  explained  to  have  been  caused  by 
a pestilence;  but  this  omission  is  easily  accounted  for  by 
national  pride.  The  extraordinary  event  is  corroborated 
by  a tradition  preserved  in  Egypt,  and  heard  250 years  later 
by  Herodotus.  The  divergences  between  the  biblical  and 
the  Assyrian  accounts  concern  more  seriously  the  chronol- 


Hicks,  Thomas 

ogy.  According  to  the  biblical  account  Hezekiah  reigned 
727-699 ; for  the  destruction  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel  in 
722  is  represented  as  taking  place  in  his  6th  year,  and 
Sennacherib’s  campaign,  which  fell  in  the  14th  yearof  Heze- 
kiah, would  have  to  be  put  in  713.  But  Sennacherib  did 
not  come  to  the  throne  before  705,  and  the  date  of  the 
campaign  in  the  inscriptions  (701)  is  therefore  preferable. 
Again,  the  illness  of  Hezekiah,  his  recovery,  and  the  con- 
gratulatory embassy  from  Merodach-Baladan,  to  whom  he 
showed  his  rich  treasures,  are  represented  in  the  Bible  as 
happening  after  the  collision  with  Sennacherib.  But  this 
must  have  occurred  before  the  treasury  was  emptied  to 
pay  the  heavy  tribute  to  Assyria  (i.  e.,  704  or  703). 

H.  H.  The  pseudonym  (for  Helen  Hunt)  of  Helen 
Maria  Fiske  (Mrs.  Hunt;  afterward  Mrs.  Jack- 
son). 

Hiawatha  (hi-a-wa'ta  or  hi-a-wa'tha).  A per- 
sonage of  miraculous  birth,  kiiown  by  this  name 
among  the  Iroquois,  and  by  other  names  among 
other  tribes  of  North  American  Indians.  He  was 
sent  among  them  to  teach  them  the  arts  of  peace.  “In  any 
form  the  tale  has  been  known  to  the  whites  less  than  50 
years,  and  the  Onondaga  version  first  had  publicity  through 
Mr.  J.  V.  H.  Clark,  in  a communication  to  the  New  York 
‘Commercial  Advertiser.’  He  obtained  it  from  two  Onon- 
daga chiefs.  Schoolcraft  used  these  notes  before  they 
were  included  in  Clark’s  history,  and  afterward  appropri- 
ated the  name  for  his  Western  Indian  legends,  where  it 
had  no  proper  place.  About  the  same  time,  Mr.  Alfred 
B.  Street  had  a few  original  notes  from  other  Iroquois 
sources,  which  he  used  in  his  metrical  romance  of  ‘Fron- 
tenac,’  along  with  some  from  Schoolcraft.  Thus,  when 
Longfellow’s  ‘Hiawatha’  appeared,  I was  prepared  to 
greet  an  old  friend,  and  was  surprised  at  being  introduced 
to  an  Ojibway  instead  of  an  Iroquois  leader.  ” (IF.  M.  Beau- 
champ, Journal  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  IV.  295.)  Longfellow’s 
poem  “ Hiawatha,"  published  in  1855,  was  based  on  School- 
craft. The  latter’s  “ Myth  of  Hiawatha  ” was  published  in 
1856,  and  dedicated  to  Longfellow. 

Hiazus.  See  Yazoo. 

Hibbert  Lectures.  A foundation  instituted  by 
the  trustees  of  Robert  Hibbert,  a West  India 
merchant,  who  died  in  1849.  For  many  years  the 
trustees  applied  the  funds  mainly  to  the  higher  culture 
of  students  for  the  Unitarian  ministry,  but  in  1878  re- 
solved to  institute  Hibbert  Lectures,  with  a view  to  capa- 
ble and  really  honest  treatment  of  unsettled  problems  in 
theology,  apart  from  the  interest  of  any  particular  church 
or  system.  The  trustees  were  empowered  to  revise  the 
scheme  of  administration  once  in  every  twenty-five  years. 
The  breadth  of  the  trust  was  due  to  the  advice  of  Hib- 
bert’s  counsel.  Among  the  lecturers  have  been  Max 
Muller,  Page  Renouf,  Renan,  Rhys  DavidB,  Kuenen,  Beard, 
Reville,  Pfleiderer,  Rhys,  Sayce,  and  Hatch. 

Hibernia  (hi-ber'ni-a),  or  Ibernia  (i-ber'ni-a), 
or  Ivernia  (I-ver'ni-a).  [L .Hibernia,  Iverna, 
Juverna,  Ier-na,  Ierne ; Gr.  ’I ovepvia,  ltpvr/ : all 
appar.  representing  tbeOld  Celtic  form  otErin, 
Ire-land.']  An  ancient  name  of  Ireland. 
Hibitos  (e-be'tos).  A tribe  of  Peruvian  Indians 
on  the  upper  Huallaga,  apparently  a branch  of 
the  Chunchos.  From  about  1676  to  1790  they 
were  gathered  into  mission  villages ; later  the 
missions  were  broken  up,  the  Hibitos  re- 
turned to  a wild  life,  and  nothing  is  now  known 
of  them.  Also  written  Xibitos. 

Hickathrift  (hik'a-thrift),  Tom.  A mythical 
strong  man. 

Tom  Hickathrift  belongs  to  the  same  series  as  Jack  the 
Giant-killer,  one  of  the  popular  corruptions  of  old  north- 
ern romances.  It  seems  to  allude  to  some  of  the  insur- 
rections in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  such  as  that  of  Hereward, 
described  in  Wright's  Essays,  ii.  91.  Spelman,  however, 
describes  a tradition,  which  he  says  was  credited  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Tylney,  in  which  Hiclcifric  appears  as  the 
assertor  of  the  rights  of  their  ancestors,  and  the  means  he 
employed  on  the  occasion  correspond  with  incidents  in 
the  following  tale.  llalliwell,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

Hickes  (hiks),  George.  Born  at  Newsham,  near 
Thirsk,  Yorkshire,  June  20,  1642:  died  Dec.  15, 
1715.  An  English  nonjuring  divine,  Anglo- 
Saxon  scholar,  and  controversialist.  His  chief 
works  are  “Institutiones  Grammaticse  Anglo-Saxonic®  ” 
(1689),  “Linguarum  veterum  Septentrionalium  Thesau- 
rus” (1703-05). 

Hickok  (hik'ok),  Laurens  Perseus.  Born  at 

Bethel,  Conn.,  Dec.  29, 1798 : died  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  May  7,  1888.  An  American  clergyman 
and  metaphysician.  He  was  president  of  Union  Col- 
lege 1866-68.  Among  his  works  are  “ Rational  Psychology  " 
(1848),  “ Moral  Science  ” (1853),  “ Empirical  Psychology  ” 
(1854),  “Rational  Cosmology  ”(1858),  “Creator  and  Creation 
(1872),  and  “ The  Logic  of  Reason  ” (1876). 

Hickory  (hik'o-ri).  Old.  A nickname  given  to 
General  Andrew  Jackson,  from  the  toughness 
and  strength  of  his  character. 

Hickory  Pole  Canvass.  The  presidential  can- 
vass of  1828  in  behalf  of  Jackson  (“  Old  Hick- 
ory ”). 

Hicks  (hiks),  Elias.  Born  at  Hempstead,  N.  Y., 
March  19, 1748:  died  at  Jericho,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  27, 
1830.  An  American  preacher  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  founder  of  the  denomination  of  the 
Hicksit.es.  He  published  “Observations  on 
Slavery  ”(181 1),  “ Doctrinal  Epistle  ”(1824),  etc. 
Hicks,  George  Edgar.  Born  at  Lymington, 
England,  1824.  An  English  genre-painter. 
Hicks,  Thomas.  Born  at  Newtown,  Bucks  Coun- 
ty, Pa.,  Oct.  18,  1823:  died  at  Trenton  Falls, 


Hicks,  Thomas 

N.  Y.,  Oct.  8, 1890.  An  American  painter,  espe- 
cially of  portraits.  Among  Ms  works  are  “Ed- 
win Booth  as  Iago,”  “ Henry  Ward  Beecher, "etc. 
Hicks  (hiks),  William,  Hicks  Pasha.  Born 
1831 : killed  near  El  Obeid,  Kordofan,  Africa, 
Nov.  4,  1883.  A British  officer.  He  commanded 
the  Egyptian  army  against  the  Mahdi  in  1883,  and  was 
defeated  by  him  Nov.  3,  at  Kashgil,  near  El  Obeid. 

Hicks-Beach  (hiks'beeh'),  Sir  Michael  Ed- 
ward. Born  at  London,  Oct.  23,  1837.  An  Eng- 
lish baronet,  and  Conservative  politician.  He 
was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1874-78 ; colonial  secretary 
1878-80 ; chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the 
House  of  Commons  1885-86 ; chief  secretary  for  Ireland 
1886-87 ; president  of  the  board  of  trade  1888-92 ; and 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1896-1902.  He  was  created 
Viscount  St.  Aldwyn  in  1906. 

Hick  or  Hycke  Scorner.  A morality  printed 
by  Wynkyn  de  Worde. 

Hicksites(hik'sits) . A secedingbodyof  Quakers, 
followers  of  Elias  Hicks,  formed  in  the  United 
States  in  1827,  and  holding  Socinian  doctrines. 
Hicks’s  Hall.  The  sessions  house  of  the  county 
of  Middlesex,  England,  built  in  1612  and  taken 
down  in  1782. 

Hidalgo  de  Cisneros  y Latorre  (e-dal'go  da 
thes-na'ros  e la-tor'ra),  Baltazar.  Born  at  Car- 
tagena about  1755 : died  there,  June  9, 1829.  A 
Spanish  general  and  administrator.  He  com. 
manded  various  ships  and  squadrons  in  the  wars  with  Eng- 
land and  France,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Trafal- 
gar. He  became  lieutenant-general  in  Nov.,  1805.  Ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  Buenos  Ayres  by  the  junta  of  Seville,  he 
took  possession  of  the  office  July  30, 1809,  but  was  deposed 
by  the  revolution  of  May,  1810 : June  21,  1810,  he  was 
forced  to  leave  the  country.  The  Spanish  government 
exonerated  him.  He  held  various  important  posts : was 
minister  of  marine  Sept.,  1818,  and  director-general  of  the 
armada  Dec.,  1818,  until  deposed  by  the  revolution  of  1820. 
The  revolutionists  imprisoned  him  for  some  time.  From 
Nov.,  1823,  he  was  captain-general  of  the  department  of 
Cartagena. 

Hidalgo  y Costilla  (e  kos-tel'ya), Miguel.  Bom 
near  Guanajuato,  May  8,  1753:  died  at  Chihua- 
hua, Aug.  1, 1811.  The  first  leader  of  the  Mexican 
war  for  independence.  He  was  curate  of  the  village 
of  Dolores,  where  he  proclaimed  a revolt  Sept.  16,  1810. 
The  undisciplined  army  which  he  gathered  marched  to- 
ward Mexico  and  defeated  Truxillo  Oct.  30,  1810 ; but  it 
was  beaten  by  Calleja,  and  Hidalgo  fell  back  on  Guadala- 
jara. There  he  raised  his  army  to  100,000  men,  but  was 
again  disastrously  defeated  by  Calleja  at  the  bridge  of  Cal- 
deron, Jan.  17,  1811.  He  resigned,  and  fled  toward  the 
United  States,  but  was  captured,  tried,  and  shot. 
Hidatsa  (he-da'tsa).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  closely  associated  with  the  Man- 
dan  and  Arikara.  They  are  also  called  Minitari,  and 
are  officially  styled  Gros  Ventres.  The  Hidatsa  are  on 
the  Fort  Berthold  reservation,  North  Dakota.  See 
Siouan. 

Hiddekel.  See  Tigris. 

Hidimba  (hi-dim'ba)  (masc.),  Hidimba  (hi- 
dim'ba)  (fern.).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a power- 
ful demon,  a cannibal,  who  dwelt  in  the  forest 
to  wMch  the  Pandavas  retired  after  the  burning 
of  their  house.  He  sent  his  sister  Hidimba  to  lure  them 
to  him,  but  she  fell  in  love  with  Bhima.  Bhima,  refusing 
her  advances,  had  to  fight  with  Hidimba,  whom  he  slew; 
but  he  afterward  married  her. 

Hierapolis  (hl-e-rap'o-lis).  [Gr.  'Vpdiro/jc,  sa- 
cred city.]  1 . An  ancient  city  of  Phrygia,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  about  lat.  37°  57'  N.,  long.  29° 
E.:  the  modern  PambukKalessi.  It  was  held  sacred 
on  account  of  its  hot  springs  and  cave  “Plutonium,"  and 
was  the  birthplace-of  Epictetus. 

2.  An  ancient  city  of  Syria,  situated  in  lat.  36° 
31'  N.,  long.  37°  56'  E. : the  Greek  Bambyce 
(BagfJvKr/),  and  the  modern  Membidj. 

Hierizim  (hi-er'i-ziin).  [Origin  doubtful,  but 
probably  due  to  some  mistake.  ] Riccioli’s  name 
for  the  star  / 3 Cygni,  ordinarily  known  as  Albireo. 
Hiero  (hl'e-ro),  or  Hieron  (hi'e-ron),  I.  [Gr. 
fI£p<jr.]  Hied  at  Catania,  Sicily,  467  B.  C.  Tyrant 
of  Syracuse,  brother  of  Gelon  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded about  478  b.  c.  He  was  noted  as  a pa- 
tron of  literature.  In  474  he  defeated  the  Etrus- 
cans near  Cumse. 

Hiero  II.  Born  about  307  b.  c.  : died  216  b.  c. 
King  of  Syracuse.  He  became  general  of  the  Syracu- 
sans 276  ; king  270  ; ally  of  Carthage  264  ; and  permanent 
ally  of  Home  263. 

Hierocles  (lri-er'5-klez).  [Gr.  ’Iepo/cAijf.]  A na- 
tive of  Caria,  Roman  proconsul  in  Bithynia,  and 
later  in  Alexandria,  during  the  reign  of  Diocle- 
tian: said  to  have  incited  that  emperor  to  his 
persecution  of  the  Christians.  He  wrote  a work  in 
Greek,  now  lost,  entitled  “Truth-loving  Words  to  the 
Christians,”  in  which  Christ  was  unfavorably  compared 
with  Apollonius  of  Tyana.  It  was  answered  by  Eusebius 
of  Caesarea. 

Hierocles.  Lived  in  the  5th  century  a.  d.  An 
Alexandrian  Neoplatonic  philosopher,  reputed 
author  of  an  extant  commentary  on  the  “Golden 
Verses”  of  Pythagoras. 

Hieronymus.  See  Jerome. 

Hierosolyma.  See  Jerusalem. 


503 

Hietan.  See  Comanche. 

Higden  (hig'den),or  Higdon  (big'don),  Ranulf. 
Died  at  Chester  about  1363.  An  English  chron- 
icler. He  took  the  vows  of  a Benedictine  in  the  Abbey 
of  St.  Werburg,  in  Chester,  about  1299.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a general  history  entitled  “ Polychronicon  ” (which 
see). 

Higginson  (hig'in-son),  Francis.  Born  in  Eng- 
land about  1587:  died  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Aug. 
6,  1630.  An  English  clergyman.  He  emigrated 
to  Massachusetts  in  1629,  and -wrote  “New  England’s  Plan- 
tations ” (1630). 

Higginson,  John.  Born  at  Claybrooke,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  Aug.  6,  1616:  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Dec.  9,  1708.  An  American  clergyman, 
son  of  Francis  Higginson. 

Higginson. Thomas  Wentworth.  Born  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Dec.  22,  1823:  died  there,  May 
9,  1911.  An  American  author.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1841,  and  was  ordained  in  1847  ; retired  from 
the  ministry  in  1858  ; and  was  colonel  of  the  first  colored 
regiment  in  the  Civil  War.  He  published  “Outdoor 
Papers  ” (1863),  “ Harvard  Memorial  Biographies  ” (1866), 
“ Malbone  : an  Oldport  Romance  ” (1869),  “ Army  Life  in 
a Black  Regiment"  (1870),  “Atlantic  Essays”  (1871), 
“Young  Folks’  History  of  the  United  States"  (1875), 
“ Larger  History  of  the  United  States"  (1884),  “Hints  on 
Writing  and  Speech-making”  (1887),  etc. 

High  Bridge.  A bridge  built  1842-49  at  175th 
street  in  New  York,  to  carry  the  Croton  aque- 
duct across  the  Harlem  River  into  the  city. 
It  is  1,460  feet  long,  and  has  13  granite  arches.  The 
arches  are  116  feet  high. 

Highflyer  (hi'AFer).  A bay  race-horse  by  Her- 
od, foaled  in  1774.  He  was  the  property  of  Richard 
Tattersall,  founder  of  “ Tattersall’s  ” in  London,  who  made 
£25,000  by  his  purchase.  “TattersaU’s”  has  always  at- 
tributed the  establishment  of  its  fortune  to  the  success 
of  this  horse.  Highflyer  is  in  the  direct  male  line  from 
the  Byerly  Turk,  the  third  great  family  of  English  thor- 
oughbred stallions.  Rice. 

Highgate  (hi'gat).  1.  A suburb  of  London, 
partly  in  Middlesex,  5 miles  N.  W.  of  St.  Paul’s. 

It  is  on  high  land,  its  highest  point  being  about  426  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Thames. 

2.  An  old  gate  formerly  standing  at  the  south 
end  of  King  street,  which  runs  from  Whitehall 
to  Westminster.  The  gate-house  was  taken 
down  in  1723. 

High-Heels  and  Low-Heels.  Two  parties  in 
Lilliput,  in  “Gulliver’s  Travels”  by  Swift,  in- 
tended to  satirize  the  Tories  and  Whigs. 
Highland  Mary.  The  name  given  to  Mary 
Campbell  and  Mary  Morison,  sweethearts  of 
the  poet  Burns. 

Highlands  (hi'landz),  The.  A district  in  north- 
ern and  western  Scotland,  of  vague  limits.  It 
includes  the  Hebrides,  the  counties  of  Argyll,  Inverness, 
Ross  and  Cromarty,  Sutherland,  and  Caithness,  and  parts 
of  Nairn,  Elgin,  Banff,  Aberdeen,  Kincardine,  Forfar, 
Perth,  Stirling,  Dumbarton,  and  Bute.  The  inhabitants 
are  mainly  of  Celtic  stock.  The  Highlands  are  celebrated 
for  romantic  scenery : they  contain  the  highest  mountains 
in  Great  Britain.  The  Highland  clans  took  an  active  part 
on  the  Royalist  side  in  the  civil  wars  of  1642-50,  for  James 
II.  in  1689,  and  in  the  Jacobite  risings  of  1715  and  1745. 

Highlands  of  the  Hudson.  A range  of  hills 
and  low  mountains  in  eastern  New  York,  in 
Orange,  Putnam,  Dutchess,  and  Rockland  coun- 
ties. Prominent  points  are  Fishkill  Mountain,  Storm 
King,  Crow’s  Nest,  Donderberg,  Anthony’s  Nose,  and  West 
Point. 

Highland  Widow,  The.  A story  by  Sir  W alter 
Scott,  published  in  1827. 

High  Life  Below  Stairs.  A comedy  farce  by 
the  Rev.  James  Townley  (1759).  It  was  attrib- 
uted to  Garrick. 

High  Peak  (M  pek).  An  elevated  region  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  Peak,  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 16  miles  east-southeast  of  Manchester, 
noted  for  the  Castleton  caverns. 

High  Peak, or  Mount  Lincoln(mountling'kon). 
One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the  Catskills,  in 
New  York.  Height,  about  3,660  feet. 

Higuay  (e-gwi').  A region  or  so-called  “prov- 
ince ” of  Haiti,  in  the  time  of  Columbus.  It  was 
at  the  eastern  end  of  the  island,  and  was  governed  by  a 
chief  called  Cotubanarad,  who  revolted,  but  was  finally 
subdued  about  1505.  It  is  an  Indian  name.  Also  written 
Higuey  and  Cigumj. 

Hijaz.  See  Hedjaz. 

Hika  (he'ka).  [Ar.  al-haq’a,  the  white  spot.] 
A name  given  to  the  little  group  of  stars  in  the 
head  of  Orion,  in  which  group  A is  the  most  con- 
spicuous. 

Hilarion(hi-la'ri-on),  Saint.  Born atThabatha, 
near  Gaza,  Palestine,  about  300  a.  d.  : died  in 
Cyprus,  371.  A hermit  of  Palestine.  He  intro- 
duced monastieism  into  that  country. 

Hilarius  (hi-la'ri-us).  [L.  Hilarius,  Gv.'lAaptoc, 
cheerful,  merry,  F.  Hilaire,  It.  Ilario,  Sp.  Pg. 
Hilario.\  Born  in  Sardinia:  died  467.  Bishop 
of  Rome  461-467. 

Hilarius,  or  Hilary  (hil'a-ri),  Saint:  surnamed 
Pictaviensis  (‘of  Poitiers’).  Born  probably 


Hildesheim 

at  Poitiers,  France:  died  at  Poitiers,  Jan.  13, 
368  a.  d.  A Gaulish  prelate  and  theologian,  a 
noted  opponent  of  Arianism.  He  became  bishop  of 
Poitiers  about  353.  His  chief  works  are  “ De  Trinitate," 
“De  synodis,"  and  commentaries. 

Hilarius,  or  Hilary,  Saint:  surnamed  Arela- 
tensis  (‘of  Arles’).  Born  in  Gaul  about  401: 
died  May  5, 449.  A Gaulish  prelate.  He  became 
bishop  of  Arles  in  429,  and  was  deprived  by  Leo  the  Great 
of  his  rights  as  metropolitan  in  445. 

Hilary  (hil'a-ri).  See  Hilarius. 

Hilary’s  Day,  St.  A feast  commemorated  on 
Jan.  13  by  the  Church  of  England,  and  on  Jan. 
14  by  the  Church  of  Rome.  The  Hilary  Term  at  Ox- 
ford  begins  on  Jan.  14,  and  ends  on  the  Saturday  next  be- 
fore Palm  Sunday. 

In  law,  the  Hilary  Term  is  one  of  the  four  terms  of  the 
Courts  of  Law  in  England.  It  begins  Jan.  11  and  ends 
Jan.  31.  The  Hilary  sittings  now  begin  Jan.  11,  and  end 
the  Wednesday  before  Easter.  Formerly  the  sittings  of 
the  Courts  of  Chancery  and  Common  Law  were  regulated 
by  the  terms.  Rapalje  and  Lawrence , Law  Diet. 

Hild.  See  Hilda. 

Hilda  (hil'da),  or  Hild  (hild),  generally  called 
Saint  Hilda.  [AS.  Hild,  L.  Hilda.  ] Born  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  614: 
died  at  Whitby,  England,  Nov.  17, 680.  An  Eng- 
lish abbess.  She  was  a descendant  of  the  royal  North- 
umbrian  line,  became  abbess  of  Hartlepool  in  649,  and 
founded  the  monastery  of  Whitby  in  657. 

Hilda.  A New  England  girl,  a painter,  in  Haw- 
thorne’s novel  “The  Marble  Faun.”  A tower, 
with  the  Virgin's  image  before  which  she  is  fabled  to  have 
kept  a perpetual  light  burning,  and  where  the  doves  came 
to  be  fed,  is  shown  as  Hilda's  Tower  in  Rome. 

Hildburghausen  (hilt'boro-hou-zen).  A town 
in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  sit- 
uated on  the  Werra  in  lat.  50°  26'  N.,  long.  10° 
44'  E.  Previous  to  1826  it  was  the  capital  of  the  former 
duchy  of  Saxe-Hildburghausen.  Pop.,  commune,  7,456. 

Hildebert  (hil'de-bert)  of  Tours.  Born  at  La- 
vardin,  near  Vendome,  France,  about  1055: 
died  at  Tours,  France,  1134  (1133?).  A French 
prelate,  theologian,  and  author,  bishop  of  Le 
Mans  (made  archbishop  of  Tours  in  1125). 

Hildebrand  (hil' de-brand).  See  Gregory  VII. 
(Pope). 

Hildebrand.  A celebrated  legendary  character 
of  German  romance.  He  is  an  old  man,  part  of  whose 
stofy  is  told  in  the  “ Hildebrandslied,”  but  who  also  ap- 
pearsin  the  “Nibelungenlied,”  “Dietrich von  Bern,”“Bite- 
rolf,”  the  “ Rosengarten,”  and  the  hero  legends. 

Hildebrandslied (hil'de-brands-led) . [G.,  ‘ Song 
of  Hildebrand.’]  An  Old  High  German  poem  in 
alliterative  verse,  of  unknown  authorship,  pre- 
served in  a fragmentary  form  in  a single  manu- 
script which  dates  from  the  end  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury. It  is  important  as  the  only  extant  example  of  old 
German  heroic  poetry.  Its  subject  is  the  combat  of  Hil- 
debrand with  his  son  Hadubrand. 

Hildebrandt  (hil'de-brant),  Eduard.  Born  at 
Dantzic,  Prussia,  Sept.  9, 1818 : died  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  25,  1868.  A German  landscape-painter. 
Hildebrandt,  Ferdinand  Theodor.  Bom  at 
Stettin,  Prussia,  July  2,  1804:  died  at  Diissel- 
dorf,  Prussia,  Sept.  29,  1874.  A German  his- 
torical painter.  Among  his  best  works  are  “Murder  of 
the  Sons  of  Edward  IV.’’ (1836),  “Othello  relating  his  Ad- 
ventures ” (1847). 

Hildebrandt,  Johann  Maria.  Born  at  Diis- 
seldorf,  Germany,  March  19, 1807:  died  in  Mada- 
gascar, May  29,  1881.  An  African  traveler  and 
botanist.  The  fields  of  his  exploration  were  — in  1872-73 
Bogos  and  Somali-land  ; in  1875  the  tract  between  Mom- 
basa and  Mount  Kenia ; in  1879-81  Madagascar,  where  he 
died  among  the  Ankaratra  Mountains.  Accounts  of  his 
work  appeared  in  the  “Journal  ” of  the  Berlin  Geographi- 
cal Society. 

Hildegard  (hil'de-gard),  Saint.  Born  at  Bockel- 
heim,  diocese  of  Mainz,  Germany,  about  1098 : 
died  at  Rupertsberg,  near  Bingen,  Germany, 
Sept.  17, 1179.  A German  abbess,  noted  for  her 
miraculous  visions.  She  founded  the  convent 
of  Rupertsberg  in  1148.  Her  revelations  were 
published  in  1698. 

Hilden  (hil'den).  A manufacturing  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Itter 
8 miles  east-southeast  of  Diisseldorf.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  13,946. 

Hildesheim  (hil'des-him).  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  In- 
nerste  18  miles  southeast  of  Hannover,  it  is 
renowned  for  its  specimens  of  medieval  and  German  Re- 
naissance buildings.  The  cathedral  is  an  early-Roman- 
esque  monument  with  a late-Pointed  south  aisle  and  north 
transept.  The  interior  has  been  barbarized,  but  preserves 
some  very  fine  church  furniture  and  a noteworthy  sculp- 
tured Renaissance  rood-loft.  The  brass  doors  between  the 
vestibule  at  the  west  end  and  the  nave  date  from  1015,  and 
bear  16  interesting  reliefs  of  the  “Fall"  and  “Redemption.  ’’ 
The  two-storied  cloister  is  decorated  Romanesque.  St. 
Michael’s,  formerly  the  Benedictine  abbey  church,  is  one 
of  the  noblest  Romanesque  monuments  in  Germany.  It 
was  built  early  in  the  11th  century,  and  somewhat  modified 
in  the  12th  and  13th.  There  are  double  transepts,  and  a 


Hildesheim 


504 


Hincmar 


choir  at  each  end,  that  toward  the  west  standing  over 
a columned  crypt.  Every  third  support  of  the  nave  is  a 
massive  pier ; those  intervening  are  columns.  The  nave 
has  a flat  wooden  ceiling  which  is  covered  with  remark- 
able scriptural  paintings  of  the  12th  century.  There  is 
a fine  Romanesque  cloister  with  Pointed  vaulting.  The 
Church  of  St.  Godehard,  one  of  the  most  notable  of  German 
Komanesque  structures,  was  built  in  the  middle  of  the 
12th  century.  The  choir  is  French  in  character.  Three 
massive  towers  characterize  the  exterior,  and  there  is  a 
rich  sculptured  doorway  on  the  northwest.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Kathaus,  Knockenhauer- Amthaus, 
Wedekind  house,  etc.  Hildesheim  became  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  in  818.  and  was  a Hanseatic  town.  Population, 
commune,  47,061. 

Hildesheim,  Bishopric  of.  A bishopric  of 
which  the  city  of  Hildesheim  was  the  capital. 

Its  seat  was  removed  from  Elze  to  Hildesheim  in  818.  It 
was  acquired  bv  Prussia  in  1803,  was  made  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Westphalia  in  1807,  and  was  assigned  to 
Hannover  in  1815. 

Hildreth  (hil'dretb),  Richard.  Born  at  Deer- 
field, Mass.,  June  28,  1807 : died  at  Florence, 
Italy,  July  11,  1865.  An  American  historian 
and  journalist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830, 
but  abandoned  law  in  1832  and  became  a member  of  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  Boston  “Atlas.”  His  chief  work  is  a 
“ History  of  the  United  States"  (6  vols.  1849-56). 

Hilgard  (hil'gard).  Julius  Erasmus.  Born  at 
Zweibriicken,  Bavaria,  Jan.  7,  1825:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  May  8, 1891.  An  American 
physicist.  He  emigrated  with  his  father  from  Germany 
to  the  United  States  in  1835,  and  in  1845  was  appointed  to 
a position  on  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  of  which  he 
was  superintendent  1S81-S5. 

Hilkiah  (hil-kl'a).  [Heb.,  ‘ Jehovab  is  my  por- 
tion.’] The  high  priest  in  the  time  of  Josiali, 
king  of  Judah,  who  discovered  the  hook  of  the 
law  in  the  temple. 

Hill  (hil),  Aaron,  Born  at  London,  Feb.  10, 
1685 : died  Feb.  8, 1750.  An  English  poet,  drama- 
tist, and  general  writer. 

Hill,  Abigail.  See  Masham. 

Hill,  Ambrose  Powell.  Born  in  Culpeper 
County,  Va.,  Nov.  9, 1825  : killed  near  Peters- 
burg,Va.,  April  2,  1865.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847,  fought  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  became  a colonel  in  the  Confederate  army 
iD  1861.  He  served  in  General  Johnston’s  command 
at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Kim  ; commanded  a brigade  at 
the  battle  of  Williamsburg ; became  a major-general  in 
1862  ; participated  in  the  seven  days’  battles  around  Rich- 
mond and  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Pam  ; reinforced 
General  Lee  at  Antietara  ; commanded  the  right  wing  of 
General  Jackson’s  corps  at  Fredericksburg  ; commanded 
the  center  at  Chancellorsville  ; became  lieutenant-general 
in  1863  ; commanded  a corps  at  Gettysburg  ; participated 
in  the  action  at  Bristol  Station  (1863) ; repelled  with  Long- 
street  the  Union  attack  on  the  Weldon  Railroad  ; and  was 
shot  near  Petersburg  by  stragglers  from  the  Union  army. 

Hill,  Daniel  Harvey.  Bom  at  Hill’s  Iron 
Works,  York  district,  S.  C.,  July  12, 1821:  died 
at  Charlotte,  N.  C.,  Sept.  24, 1889.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war ; became  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  military  tactics  in  Washington  College,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1849;  professor  of  mathematics  in  Davidson  Col- 
lege, North  Carolina,  in  1854 ; and  president  of  the  North 
Carolina  Military  Institute  at  Charlotte  in  1859 ; and  was 
commissioned  colonel  in  the  Confederate  army  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  In  Sept.,  1862,  during  the 
Maryland  campaign,  he  held  the  pass  in  the  Blue  Ridge, 
near  Boonesboro,  until  Jackson  had  captured  Harper’s 
Ferry  and  Lee  had  crossed  the  Potomac.  He  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant-general  in  1863,  and  commanded  a corps 
under  Bragg  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 

Hill,  David  Bennett.  Born  at  Havana,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  29,  1843:  died  near  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Oct. 
20,  1910.  An  American  lawyer  and  Demo- 
cratic politician.  He  was  elected  lieutenant-governor 
of  New  York  in  1882 ; became  governor  on  the  election  of 
Cleveland  to  the  presidency ; was  elected  governor  in 
1885,  and  again  in  1888 ; was  U nited  States  sena  tor  1891-97 ; 
and  was  defeated  for  governor  in  1894. 

Hill,  Rowland.  Born  at  Hawkestone,  Shrop- 
shire, England,  Aug.  23,  1744:  died  at  London, 
April  11, 1833.  An  English  preacher.  He  grad- 
uated B.  A.  at  Cambridge  in  1769 ; became  curate  of 
Kingston,  Somerset,  in  1773 ; and  erected  Surrey  Chapel, 
London,  in  1783.  His  most  notable  work  is  "Village  Dia- 
logues ’’  (1810). 

Hill,  Rowland,  first  Baron  Hill.  Born  at 
Prees  Hall,  Shropshire,  Aug.  11,  1772:  died 
at  Hardwicke  Grange,  near  Shrewsbury,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  10, 1842.  An  English  general,  nephew 
of  Rowland  Hill  (1744—1833).  He  entered  the  army 
as  ensign  in  1790 ; was  promoted  lieutenant-general  in 
1809  ; served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  war  and 
at  the  battle  of  Waterloo;  was  created  Baron  Hill  of  Al- 
marez  and  Hawkestone  in  1814  ; was  promoted  general  in 
1825;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army  1828-42 ; 
and  was  created  viscount  in  1842. 

Hill,  Sir  Rowland.  Born  at  Kidderminster, 
England,  Dec.  3, 1795 : died  at  Hampstead,  near 
London,  Aug.  27, 1879.  The  author  of  the  pen- 
ny postal  system.  He  published  in  1837  a pamphlet 
entitled  “ Post  Office  Reform  : its  Importance  and  Prac- 
ticability," in  which  he  recommended  the  adoption 
throughout  the  United  Kingdom  of  a uniform  rate  of  1 
penny  for  letters  not  exceeding  half  an  ounce.  Anactem- 
bodying  this  proposition  was  passed  by  Parliament  in  1839, 


and  the  penny  rate  was  introduced  in  1840.  He  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  the  postmaster-general  in  1846  ; was 
secretary  to  the  post-office  1864-64  ; and  was  knighted  in 
1860. 

Hill,  Thomas.  Born  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
Jan.  7,  1818:  died  at  Waltham,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 
1891.  An  American  educator  and  Unitarian 
clergyman.  He  was  president  of  Antioch  College  1859- 
1862,  and  of  Harvard  College  1862-68  ; and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  had  charge  of  a Unitarian  church  at  Waltham, 
Massachusetts.  He  invented  a number  of  mathematical 
machines,  the  best-known  of  which  is  the  occultator ; and 
was  the  author  of  “ Curvature  ” (1850),  etc. 

Hillah  (hil 'la),  or  Hilleh  (hil'le).  A town  in  the 
vilayet  of  Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on 
the  Euphrates  in  lat.  32°  28'  N.,  long.  44°  48'  E. 
It  is  the  place  situated  nearest  to  the  site  of  ancient  Baby- 
lon, and  is  built  almost  entirely  with  bricks  from  the 
mound  El-Kasr,  i.  e.  the  ruins  of  the  once  gorgeous  palace 
of  Nebuchadnezzar.  Its  inhabitants  carry  on  a brisk  trade 
in  bricks  which  they  dig  out  of  the  mounds  and  sell  as 
building  material.  Population,  estimated,  about  10,000. 

Hillard  (hil'ard),  George  Stillman.  Born  at 
Machias,  Maine,  Sept.  22, 1808 : died  at  Boston, 
Jan.  21, 1879.  An  American  journalist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  published  “Six  Months  in 
Italy  ”(1853),  “Life  and  Campaigns  of  George  B.  McClel- 
lan ” (1864),  school  l eaders,  etc. 

Hillel  (liil'el).  Born  in  Babylonia,  a descendant 
of  the  family  of  David.  President  of  the  San- 
hedrim 30  b.  c.-9  A . D. , appointed  by  Herod  I.  He 
lived  in  poor  circumstances,  and  went  to  Jerusalem  to 
study  the  law  under  Shemaiyah  and  Abtalion,  becoming 
there  the  reorganizer  of  J ewish  life  and  the  founder  of  Tal- 
mudic Judaism.  By  his  introduction  of  the  seven  dialec- 
tical rules  for  the  interpretation  of  the  law,  he  gave  its 
study  a rational  basis.  He  also  enacted  many  reforms 
which  affected  the  whole  social  fabric  of  his  time.  He  was 
the  first  of  the  presidents  of  the  Sanhedrim  to  be  honored 
with  the  title  nasi  (i.  e.,  ‘prince,’ ‘patriarch’), and  the  pa- 
triarchate remained  thenceforth  hereditary  in  his  family 
until  its  extinction.  He  was  particularly  distinguished  for 
his  humility,  gentleness,  and  libera],  humane  spirit.  From 
his  numerous  sayings  and  maxims  may  be  mentioned  “ Do 
not  judge  thy  neighbor  until  thou  hast  stood  in  his  place,” 
“Do  not  believe  in  thyself  till  the  day  of  thy  death,”  and 
the  most  celebrated,  “ Do  not  unto  others  what  thou  wouldst 
not  have  done  unto  thyself.  This  is  the  whole  law:  the 
rest,  go  and  finish.” 

Hillel  II.  Patriarch  360  A.  D.  He  introduced  defl- 
nite  rules  for  the  calculation  and  fixing  of  the  Jewish  calen- 
dar, which  still  form  the  groundwork  of  Jewish  reckoning. 

Hiller  (hil'ler),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  Oct.  24, 1811:  died  at  Cologne,  May 
10, 1885.  An  eminent  German  composer,  pian- 
ist, director,  and  writer  on  music,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent. He  became  municipal  kapellmeister  at  Diissel- 
dorf  in  1847,  and  at  Cologne  in  1850.  He  conducted  the 
Lower  Rhine  festivals  from  1850  whenever  they  were  held 
in  Cologne.  His  works  include  the  oratorio  “ Die  Zersto- 
rung  Jerusalems"  (“The  Destruction  of  Jerusalem,”  18.39), 
symphonies  (notably  his  “ Spring  Symphony  in  E ”),  con- 
certos (notably  the  pianoforte  concerto  in  F minor},  can- 
tatas, choral  works,  songs,  chamber  music,  etc. 

Hiller,  originally  Hiiller  (hul'ler),  Johann 
Adam.  Born  at  Wendischossig,  near  Gorlitz, 
Prussia,  Dee.  25, 1728 : died  at  Leipsic,  June  16, 
1804.  A German  composer  of  operettas,  songs, 
and  church  music,  resident  in  Leipsic  after  1758. 
He  was  the  first  to  compose  the  “ Singspiele”  (operettas), 
and  the  founder  of  a series  of  public  concerts  since  fa- 
mous as  the  “ Gewaudhaus  Concerts  ’’(from  being  given  in 
the  hall  of  the  Gewandhaus  after  1781). 

Hillerod  (hil'le-red).  A town  in  the  island  of 
Zealand,  Denmark,  21  miles  north-northwest  of 
Copenhagen.  It  is  noted  for  the  palace  of  Frederiks- 
borg  (the  historical  museum  of  Denmark),  an  imposing 
Renaissance  structure  of  red  brick  with  towers  and  pedi- 
ments, built  early  in  the  17th  century  by  Christian  IV. 
The  apartments  of  the  interior  are  richly  decorated.  The 
palace  church,  in  which  manv  Danish  kings  have  been 
crowned,  is  excellent  artistically,  despite  its  exuberant 
richness  in  gilding  and  color.  Population,  5,156. 

Hilleviones  (hiFe-vi-o'nez).  The  name  given 
by  Pliny  to  the  Germanic  tribes  of  Scandinavia. 
It  is  of  unknown  etymology  and  uncertain  ap- 
plication. 

Hillhouse  (hil'hous),  James.  Born  at  Mont- 
ville,  Conn.,  Oct.  21,  1754 : died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Dec.  29,  1832.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  (Federalist)  from 
Connecticut  1796-1810. 

Hillliouse,  James  Abraham.  Bom  at  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  Sept.  26,  1789 : died  near  New  Ha- 
ven, Jan.  4,  1841.  An  American  poet,  son  of 
James  Hillliouse.  He  published  “The  Judgment:  a 
Vision  ” (1812),  and  the  dramas  “ Percy's  Masque  ’’  (1820) 
and  “Hadad”  (1825).  In  1839  he  published  his  works  in 
2 volumes. 

Hilliard  (hil'yard),  Henry  Washington.  Bom 

at  Fayetteville,  N.  C.,  Aug.  4, 1808 : died  at  At- 
lanta, Ga.,  Dec.  17, 1892.  An  American  lawyer. 
He  graduated  at  South  Carolina  College  in  1826 ; was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1829;  and  was  a member  of  Congress 
from  Alabama  1845-51,  He  wasappointed  Confederate  com- 
missioner to  Tennessee  by  Jefferson  Davis,  and  held  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  army.  He 
was  United  States  minister  to  Brazil  1877-81.  He  wrote 
“Speeches  and  Addresses  ” (1855),  “De  Vane:  a Story  of 
Plebeians  and  Patricians  ” (1865),  and  “Politics  and  Pen 
Pictures”  (1892). 


Hilliard,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Exeter,  1537 : 
died  at  London,  1619.  An  English  miniature- 
painter. 

Hill  of  the  Nymphs.  See  Nymphseum. 

Hillsdale  (hilz'dal).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Hillsdale  County,  southern  Michigan,  85  miles 
west-southwest  of  Detroit : the  seat  of  Hills- 
dale College  (nou-sectarian).  Population, 
5,001,  (1910). 

Hill  Tipperah  (hil  tip'e-ra).  A tributary  state 
in  Assam,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  23° 
30'  N.,  long.  91°  45'  E.  Area,  4,086  square 
miles.  Population,  173,325. 

Hilo  (he'16).  A seaport  situated  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  the  island  of  Hawaii,  in  lat.  19°  44' 
N.,  long.  155°  4'  W.  Population,  6,745,  (1910). 

Hilversum  (hil'ver-sum).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  16  miles 
southeast  of  Amsterdam.  Population,  com- 


mune, 19,443. 

Himalaya  (him-a'la-ya  or  him-a-la'ya),  or  Him- 
alayas (-yaz).  [Skt.,  ‘snow-abode.’]  A moun- 
tain system  In  Asia,  extending  from  about  long. 
73°  to  98°  E.  along  the  northern  frontier  of  Hin- 
dustan : the  ancient  Emodus,  Imaus,  etc.  it  is 
connected  with  theHindu  Kush  on  the  west,  and  with  the 
plateau  of  Tibet  ou  the  Dorth,  and  contains  the  sources  of 
the  rivers  Indus,  Ganges, and  Brahmaputra.  Themountair.s 
rise  from  the  plain  of  the  Ganges  in  ranges  generally  par- 
alleL  The  two  main  chains  are  the  southern  or  Outer  Hima- 
laya, and  northern  or  Inner  Himalaya ; there  are  also  the 
sub-Himalayan  or  Siwalik  Hills  and  various  other  outer 
ranges.  The  highest  peaks  (the  highest  in  the  world)  are 
Everest  (29,002  feet),  Godwin-Ausien  (28,250  feet),  Kun- 
chinjinga(28,146feet),  Dhwalagiri  (26,826 feet).  Two  peaks 
apparently  higher  than  Mt.  Everest  were  seen  by  Graham 
in  1884.  The  range  is  crossed  by  few  good  passes  (by  none 
except  in  the  western  parts).  Length,  about  1,500  miles. 

Himera  (him'e-ra).  The  ancieut  name  of  two 
rivers  in  Sicily,  one  flowing  south  (the  Salso), 
and  the  other  north  past  Himera. 

Himera.  In  ancient  geography,  a town  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Sicily,  20  miles  southeast  of 
Palermo.  It  was  founded  by  Greek  colonists  in  the  7th 
century  B.  0.  Here,  480  B.  c.,  Gelon  of  Syracuse  defeated 
the  Carthaginians.  It  was  destroyed  about  408  B.  c.  Ther- 
mae (the  modem  Termini)  was  founded  in  the  vicinity. 

Himilco  (hi-mil'ko).  [Gr.  fI/dZ/cui\]  1.  Lived 
about  500  (?)B.  C.  A Carthaginian  navigator.  Ac- 
cording  to  Pliny  he  conducted  a voyage  of  discovery  from 
Gades  northward  along  the  coast  of  Europe.  Itisinferred 
from  passages  in  the  “ Ora  Maritima"  of  Festus  Avienus 
that  the  voyage  of  Himilco  may  have  extended  to  the  Sar- 
gasso Sea. 


With  a little  good  fortune  the  admiral  [Himilco)  would 
have  discovered  America  more  than  2,000  years  before  the 
birth  of  Columbus,  but  “the  magicians  on  board"  were 
too  powerful  to  allow  the  prosecution  of  the  adventurous 
voyage.  They  had  arrived  at  the  Sargasso  Sea. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  21. 

2.  Lived  about  400  B.  c.  A Carthaginian  gen- 
eral in  Sicily. 

Himmel  (him'mel),  Friedrich  Heinrich.  Born 
at  Treuenbrietzen,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov. 
20, 1765 : died  at  Berlin,  June  8,  1814.  A Ger- 
man composer,  author  of  the  opera  “ Fanchon, 
das  Leiermadchen,”  libretto  by  Kotzebue  (1805), 
“Der  Kobold”  (1804),  a number  of  cantatas, 
oratorios,  songs,  etc. 

Himyarites  (bim'ya-rits).  The  former  people 
of  southwestern  Arabia,  or  Yemen,  said  to  be 
so  called  after  an  ancient  king  Himyar:  now 
more  often  known  as  Sabeans. 

Himyar itic  (him-ya-rit'ik).  The  former  lan- 
guage of  southwestern  Arabia,  especially  of  the 
Himyaritic  inscriptions.  It  was  an  Arabic  dialect, 
more  nearly  akin  to  Abyssinian  than  is  the  classical  Ara- 
bic ; it  has  been  crowded  out  of  existence  by  the  latter. 

Hinayana  (hi-na-yii'na).  [Skt.,  ‘ Little  Vehi- 
cle.’] The  southern  school  of  Buddhism.  See 
Great  Vehicle. 

Hinckley  (hingk'li).  A town  in  Leicestershire. 
England,  13  miles  southwest  of  Leicester. 
Population,  11,304. 

Hinckley,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England  about 
1618 : died  at  Barnstable,  Mass.,  April  25,  1706. 
Governor  of  Plymouth  colony.  He  came  to  Scit- 
uate  with  his  parents  in  1635,  and  in  i639  removed  to  Barn- 
stable. He  was  deputy  governor  of  Plymouth  in  1680, 
and,  except  during  the  administration  of  Sir  Edmund  An- 
dros, was  governor  1681-92. 

Hincks  (hingks),  Edward.  Born  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, 1792:  died  at  Killyleagh,  County  Down, 
Ireland,  Dec.  3,  1866.  An  Irish  Assyriologist 
and  Egyptologist. 

Hincks,  Sir  Francis.  Born  at  Cork,  1807 : died 
at  Montreal,  Aug.  18, 1885.  A Canadian  states- 
man. He  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1S32,  founded  the  To- 
ronto “Examiner”  in  1838,  and  the  Montreal  “Pilot”  in 
1844  ; was  premier  of  Canada  1851-54 ; and  was  governor 
of  Barbados  and  the  Windward  Islands  1855-62,  and  of 
British  Guiana  1802-69. 

Hincmar  (hingk'mar).  Bom  about  806 : died 
at  Epernay,  Dec.  21,  882.  A French  prelate. 


Hincmar 

He  was  descended  from  a noble  West  Frankish  family, 
was  educated  at  the  Abbey  of  St.  Denis  under  Hildnin,  and 
was  appointed  archbishop  of  Rheims  by  Charles  the  Bald 
in  845.  He  played  a conspicuous  part  in  the  theological 
movements  of  his  time,  notably  in  the  predestinarian  con- 
troversy, in  which  he  supported  Paschasius  Badbertus. 
His  chief  work  is  the  “Annales  Bertiniani  "(from  801  to 
882).  His  complete  works  were  first  published  by  Sirmond 
in  1645. 

Hind  (hind),  John  Russell.  Born  at  Notting- 
ham, May  12, 1823 : died  Dee.  23, 1895.  An  Eng- 
lish astronomer.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  Nau- 
tical Almanac  Office  for  many  years,  and  discovered  10 
planetoids  and  several  comets.  He  published  “ The  Solar 
System"  (1846),  “Astronomical  Vocabulary  ” (1852),  “Ele- 
ments of  Algebra"  (1856),  etc. 

Hind  and  the  Panther,  The.  A satirical  poem 
by  Dryden,  published  1687 : a defense  of  Roman 
Catholicism.  The  hind  typified  the  Church  of 
Rome ; the  panther,  the  Church  of  England. 
Hindi  (hin'de).  The  Aryan  vernacular  lan- 
guage of  northern  India.  It  has  numerous  dia- 
lects. See  Hindustani, 

Hindley  (hind'li).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  19  miles  northeast  of 
Liverpool.  Population,  23,504. 

Hindley,  Charles.  Died  at  Brighton,  May,  1893. 
An  English  bookseller.  He  wrote  a good  deal  for  the 
press,  and  several  books,  but  is  best  known  as  the  author 
of  “Mother  Shipton’s  Prophecy,”  assumed  to  have  been 
published  in  1448. 

Hindol  (hin-dol').  A tributary  state  of  Orissa, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  20°  40'  N., 
long.  85°  20'  E. 

Hindoos.  See  Hindus. 

Hinduism  (hin'do-izm).  A term  used  to  desig- 
nate the  aggregate  of  the  religious  beliefs  and 
practices  developed  in  modern  times  from  the 
earlier  Brahmanism.  Hinduism  subordinates  the  wor- 
ship of  the  purely  spiritual  Brahman  (nom.  Brahnia)  (see 
Brahma),  with  its  first  manifestation  Brahma  (brahma), 
to  that  of  Shiva  and  Vishnu,  or  of  their  wives,  or  of  some 
form  of  these  deities,  while  each  sect  exalts  its  own  god  to 
the  place  of  the  Supreme.  The  Puranas  (which  see)  are 
its  Bible. 

Hindu  Kush  (hin'do  kosh).  A range  of  moun- 
tains situated  mainly  in  Afghanistan  and  Kafir- 
istan,  extending  from  about  long.  68°  to  74°  E. : 
often  identified  with  the  ancient  Paropamisus. 
It  is  a western  continuation  of  the  Himalaya 
range.  Highest  point,  over  25,000  feet. 
Hindur  (hin-dor').  A native  state  in  the  Pan  jab, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  31°  N.,  long.  76°  45'  E. 
Hindus  (hin'doz),  or  Hindoos.  The  native  race 
in  India  descended  from  the  Aryan  conquerors. 
Their  purest  representatives  belong  to  the  two  great  his- 
toric castes  of  Brahmans  and  Rajputs.  Many  of  the  non- 
Aryan  inhabitants  of  India  have  been  largely  Hinduized. 
The  Hindus  speak  various  dialects  derived  from  Sanskrit, 
as  Hindi,  Hindustani,  Bengali,  Marathi,  etc.  More  loosely, 
the  name  includes  also  the  non-Aryan  inhabitants  of  India. 

Hindustan  (hin-do-stan'),  or  Hindostan  (hin- 
do-stan'),  or  Indostan  (in-do-stan').  The  land 
of  the  Hindus ; the  central  peninsula  of  Asia, 
or,  in  a more  restricted  sense,  that  portion 
north  of  the  Vindhya  Mountains,  or  even  the 
valley  of  the  upper  Ganges.  See  India. 
Hindustani(hin-do-stan'e).  Oneofthelanguages 
of  Hindustan,  a form  of  Hindi  which  grew  up  in 
the  camps  of  the  Mohammedan  conquerors  of 
India,  since  the  11th  century,  as  a medium  of 
communication  between  them  and  the  subject 
population  of  central  Hindustan,  it  is  more  cor- 
rupted in  form  than  Hindi,  and  abounds  with  Persian  and 
Arabic  words.  It  is  the  official  language  and  means  of 
general  intercourse  throughout  nearly  the  whole  penin- 
sula. Also  called  Urdu. 

Hinganghat  (hin-gan-gat').  A small  town  in 
the  Wardha  district,  Central  Provinces,  British 
India,  situated  in  lat.  20°  34'  N.,  long.  78°  51'  E. 
Hingham  (hing'am).  A township  in  Plymouth 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Boston 
harhor  12  miles  southeast  of  Boston.  Popula- 
tion, 4,965,  (1910). 

Hinnom  (hin'om),  The  Valley  of.  See  Gehenna. 
Hinojosa  (e-’no-Ho'sa),  Pedro  de.  Born  at 
Trujillo  about  1490:  died  at  Chuquisaca,  Upper 
Peru,  May  6, 1553.  A Spanish  soldier.  He  was 
a follower  of  Pizarro  in  Peru ; fought  against  the  Alma- 
groB  in  1538  and  1542  ; followed  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo 
Pizarro  in  1645 ; and  as  captain  of  his  ships  took  Panama 
and  Nombre  de  Dios.  Gasca  induced  Hinojosa  to  desert 
to  the  royal  side  with  his  whole  fleet  (Nov.  19,  1546),  and 
this  defection  insured  tiie  defeat  of  the  rebellion.  Gasca 
gave  him  the  command  of  his  army,  and  subsequently  he 
wasynade  governor  of  Charcas,  where  he  received  rich 
grants.  He  was  murdered  there  by  conspirators. 

Hinojosa  del  Duque  (del  do'ka).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  43  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Cordova.  Population,  10,673. 
Hinterland  (bin ' tor-land ; G.  pron.  hin'ter- 
lant).  [G.,‘ back-land.’]  A German  term  used 
specifically  for  regions  in  Africa  inland  from 
the  European  coast  possessions : as,  tho  British 


505 

“Hinterland ” of  the  Gold  Coast,  or  the  German 
“Hinterland”  of  Kamerun. 

Hinter  Rhein  (hin'ter  rin).  [G.,‘  Back  Rhine.’] 
A river  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
uniting  with  the  V order  Rhein  to  form  the  Rhine 
at  Reichenau. 

Hinton  (hin'ton),  James.  Born  at  Reading  in 
1822 : died  Dee.  16, 1875.  An  English  physician 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a 
clothier  at  London  in  183G ; became  a member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  1847 ; began  the  practice  of  medicine 
at  London  in  1850 ; and  was  lecturer  on  aural  surgery  at  Guy’s 
Hospit:  1 1863-74,  when  he  abandoned  medicine  to  devote 
himself  to  philosophical  studies.  Among  his  works  are 
“Man  and  his  Dwelling-Place”  (1859),  “The  Mystery  of 
Pain  ” (1866),  and  “ The  Place  of  the  Physician  ” (1873).  He 
edited  “ Physiology  for  Practical  Use  ” (1874). 

Hinton  (hin'ton),  John  Howard.  Bom  at  Ox- 
ford, England,  March  24, 1791 : died  at  Bristol, 
England,  Dec.  17,  1873.  An  English  Baptist 
clergyman  and  author.  He  had  charge  of  Devonshire 
Square  Chapel,  Bishopsgate  street,  London,  1837-63.  He 
wrote  “Theology,  or  an  Attempt  towards  a Consistent  View 
of  the  whole  Counsel  of  God  ” (1827),  “ The  Work  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  in  Conversion  Considered  ” (1830),  “ Memoir  of 
Jol  Howard  Hinton  ’ (1835),  etc. 

Hiogo  (he-6'go).  A seaport  in  the  main  island 
of  Japan,  situated  in  lat.  34°  40'  N.,  long.  135° 
12'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial  places  of  Japan, 
opened  to  European  commerce  in  1868.  It  was  united  to 
Kobe  in  1892.  Its  original  name  was  Bako.  Population, 
with  Kobe,  378,197. 

Hiouen-Tsang  (he-wen'tsang').  A Chinese 
Buddhist  pilgrim  who  visited  110  countries  and 
places  in  India  629-645  A.  D.  Of  the  two  works  re- 
lating to  his  travels,  neither  was  written  by  himself.  The 
first  is  a bibliographical  notice,  in  which  his  travels  form  a 
principal  feature,  composed  by  two  of  his  pupils,  Hoei-li 
and  Yen-Tsong;  the  second  (“Memoirs  of  the  Countries  of 
the  W est  ”)  was  edited  by  Pien-ki.  These  works,  translated 
into  French  by  Julien,  are  an  invaluable  source  for  the  his- 
tory of  the  times.  Hiouen-Tsang  is  said  to  have  translated 
from  Sanskrit  into  Chinese  657  works. 

Hipparchus (hi-par'lrus).  [Or.  ”I-~ap^nr.]  Died 
at  Athens,  514  B.  C.  A tyrant  of  Athens,  son  of 
Pisistratus.  He  reigned  in  conjunction  with  his  brother 
Hippias  from  527  to  514,  when  he  was  slain  by  Harmodius 
and  Aristogiton.  See  Harmodius. 

Hipparchus.  Bom  at  Nicsea,  Bithynia : lived 
about  160-125  b.  C.  A celebrated  Greek  astron- 
omer, the  founder  of  scientific  astronomy.  He 
catalogued  the  stars;  invented  the  planisphere,  anil  made 
a number  of  most  important  discoveries,  including  the  ec- 
centricity of  the  solar  orbit,  some  of  the  inequalities  of  the 
moon’s  motion,  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  etc. 

Hippel  (hip'pel),  Theodor  Gottlieb  von.  Born 
at  Gerdauen,  East  Prussia,  Jan.  31,  1741:  died 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  April  23, 1796.  A Ger- 
man humorist.  His  works  include  “tiber  die  Ehe  ” (“On 
Marriage,”  1774),  “Lebenslaufe  nach  aufsteigender  Linie” 
(“Careers  according  to  an  Ascending  Line,”  1778-81),  etc. 
His  collected  works  were  published  1827-38. 

Hippias  (hip'i-as).  [Gr.  'I^maf.]  Died  about 
490  B.  c.  A son  of  Pisistratus,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded as  tyrant  of  Athens  (jointly  with  Hippar- 
chus) in  527.  He  was  sole  ruler  from  514,  and 
was  expelled  in  510. 

Hippo,  or  Hippo  Regius  (hip'o  re'ji-us).  [Gr. 

'Ittttuv [SaailiKOg.']  In  ancient  geography,  a city 
of  Numidia,  near  the  site  of  the  modern  Bona. 
Augustine  was  bishop  of  Hippo.  It  was  burned 
by  the  Vandals  in  430. 

Hippocrates  (hi-pok'ra-tez).  [Gr. ' IrTTroKparr/r.] 
Born  in  the  island  of  Cos  about  460  B.  c. : died 
at  Larissa,  Thessaly,  about  377.  A famous 
Greek  physician,  surnamed  “the  Father  of  Med- 
icine.” The  87  treatises  forming  the  so-called  “Hippo- 
cratic Collection  ” have  been  edited  by  Kuhn  1826-27,  by 
Ermerins  1859-65,  and  by  Littrd  1839-61  (with  translation). 
See  the  extract. 

The  life  of  Hippocrates  is  shrouded  in  a strange  mist, 
considering  the  extraordinary  celebrity  of  the  man.  In  the 
late  biographies  which  remain  to  us,  the  following  facts 
seem  worthy  of  record.  A certain  Soranus  of  Kos,  other- 
wise unknown,  is  said  to  have  made  special  researches 
among  the  records  of  the  Asclepiad  guild,  in  which  Hip- 
pocrates was  set  down  as  the  seventeenth  in  descent  from 
the  god  Asclepios,  and  born  on  the  26th  of  the  month  Ag- 
rianus, in  the  year  460  B.  0.  The  inhabitants  were  still 
offering  him  the  honours  of  a hero.  He  seems  to  have 
traveled  about  a good  deal,  particularly  in  the  countries 
around  the  northern  ,'Egean,  and  to  have  died  at  an  ad- 
vanced age,  at  Larissa  in  Thessaly,  leaving  two  sons,  Thes- 
salus  andDrakon.  Many  of  his  descendants  and  followers 
in  the  school  of  Kos  were  called  after  him  — Suidas  enu- 
merates seven  in  all  — so  that  this  additional  uncertainty 
of  authorship  attaches  to  his  alleged  writings.  The  many 
statues  of  him  agreed  in  representing  him  with  his  head 
covered,  a peculiarity  which  excited  many  baseless  and 
some  absurd  conjectures.  Abstracting  carefully  from  the 
numerous  Hippocrates  mentioned  in  contemporary  Attic 
literature,  there  are  two  undoubted  references  to  the  great 
physician  of  Kos  in  Plato,  and  one  in  Aristophanes,  which 
establish  the  epoch  assigned  to  him  in  the  biographies. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  instructed  by  Herodicusof  Selym- 
bria,  and  Gorgias  of  Eeontini,  a legend  arising  merely  from 
the  confusing  of  this  Herodicus  with  another  physician  who 
happened  to  be  the  brother  of  Gorgias.  There  is  no  vestige 
of  either  nerodicus’  practice  or  Gorgias’  rhetoric  in  the  ex- 
tant treatises ; hut  Hippocrates  assuredly,  like  Pericles, 


Hiram 

trained  himself  for  alarge  knowledge  of  his  special  pursuit 
by  a familiarity  with  the  metaphysic  of  the  day.  His  al- 
leged study  of  the  great  plague  at  Athens  is  not  corrobo- 
rated by  a comparison  with  Thucydides’  account.  The 
works  pronounced  genuine  by  Littre  in  the  large  collec- 
tion of  Hippocratic  writings  which  still  survive  are  these  : 
the  treatises  on  “Ancient  Medicine,”  on  “Prognosis” 
(which  includes  our  diagnosis  in  the  largest  sense),  the 
“Epidemics”  (i.  and  iii.),  the  “Treatment  of  Acute  Dis- 
eases,” the  tracts  on  joints,  fractures,  and  surgical  instru- 
ments applied  to  them,  on  head  wounds,  and  the  “Oath” 
and  “Law  ” of  the  guild. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  47. 

Hippocrene  (liip'o-kren  or  hip-o-kre'ne).  [Gr. 

' A fountain  on  Mount  Helicon, Boe- 

otia,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

Hippodamia  (hip^o-da-mi'a),  or  Hippodameia 
(mp//o-da-mi'a).  [Gr. ,lirzo'6ayua.'\  In  Greek  le- 
gend: ( a ) The  daughter  of  (Enomaus,  and  wife 
of  Pelops.  (5)  A daughter  of  Atrax,  one  of  the 
Lapithse.  At  her  marriage  with  Perithous  the 
battle  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithaa  took  place. 
Hippodamus  ( hi-pod'a-mus ) of  Miletus.  [Gr. 
'IxmMa/zof.]  A Greek  sophist,  architect,  and  en- 
gineer, who  laid  out  the  Pirrous,  and  later  con- 
structed Thurion  and  Rhodes.  Bis  work  was  done 
on  definite  principl  es  and  according  to  a carefully  devised 
system  which  was  always  followed  in  laying  out  new  Greek 
cities. 

Hippolita  (hi-pol'i-ta).  1.  See  Hippolyte. — 2. 
In  Shakspere’s  “Midsummer  Night’s  Dream,” 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  betrothed  to  Theseus. 
She  also  appears  as  the  bride  of  Theseus  in 
“ The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen.” — 3.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Wycherley’s  comedy  “ The 
Gentleman  Dancing  Master.” 

Hippolyte  (hi-pol'i-te).  [Gr.  ’iTrnokvTr/.']  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a queen  of  the  Amazons.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Ares  and  Oli-era,  and  wore  as  an  em- 
blem of  her  dignity  a girdle  received  from  her  father.  This 
girdle  was  coveted  by  Eurystlieus,  who  ordered  Hercules 
to  fetch  it.  Hercules  was  kindly  received  at  h er  court,  and 
was  promised  the  girdle  ; but  Hera  roused  the  Amazons 
by  spreading  the  report  that  their  queen  was  being  robbed, 
and  Hercules,  believingthat  Hippolyte  was  plotting  against 
his  life,  killed  her  and  carried  away  the  girdle. 

Hippolyte.  See  Hyppolite. 

Kippolytus  (hi-pol'i-tus).  [Gr.  rl7r7ro/lt)roc.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Theseus  and  Hippolyte 
or  Anfiope,  and  stepson  of  Phaedra.  Phaedra  fell 
in  love  with  him,  but  was  repulsed,  and  in  revenge  falsely 
accused  him  to  Theseus  of  making  improper  proposals  to 
her.  Theseus  called  upon  Poseidon  to  avenge  him,  and, 
accordingly,  as  Hippolytus  was  riding  along  the  shore,  the 
god  sent  a bull  out  of  the  sea  against  him.  His  horses 
were  frightened,  and  he  was  thrown  out  of  his  chariot  and 
dragged  until  he  died.  When  Theseus  discovered  the  in- 
nocence of  his  sou,  Phaedra  killed  herself  in  despair.  See 
Phsedra. 

Hippolytus.  1 . A tragedy  by  Euripides,  exhib- 
ited in  428  B.  c. 

The  “Hippolytus  ” [of  Euripides]  is  our  earliest  example 
of  a romantic  subject  in  the  Greek  drama.  We  are  told 
that  it  obtained  the  first  place  against  Iophon  and  Ion’s 
competition,  but  we  are  not  told  whether  or  what  other 
plays  accompanied  it,  nor  of  the  plays  it  defeated.  The 
earlier  version  of  the  play  was  not  only  read  and  admired, 
but  possibly  copied  in  the  play  of  Seneca ; yet  it  failed  at 
Athens,  chiefly,  it  is  thought,  because  of  the  boldness  with 
which  Phsedra  told  her  love  in  person  to  her  stepson,  and 
then  in  person  maligned  him  to  his  father. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  333. 

2.  A tragedy  by  Seneca,  also  called  “Phaedra,” 
founded  upon  the  same  legend. 

The  “Hippolytus”  of  Seneca,  from  which  the  scene  of 
Phaedra's  personal  declaration  to  Hippolytus  was  adopted 
by  Racine  in  his  famous  play,  is  still  praised  by  French 
critics.  It  was  highly  esteemed,  and  even  preferred  to  the 
Greek  play,  in  the  Renaissance.  It  was  acted  in  Latin  at 
Rome  in  1483,  and  freely  rehandled  by  Gamier  in  a French 
version  in  1573.  The  next  celebrated  French  version  was 
that  of  Gilbert,  Queen  Christina's  French  minister,  in  1646. 
But  his  very  title,  "Hippolyte,  ou  le  Garcjon  insensible,” 
sounds  strange,  and  the  play  is  said  nevertheless  to  have 
admitted  a great  deal  of  gallantry  in  the  hero. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  336. 

Hippolytus  Romanus.  An  ecclesiastical  writer 
of  the  3d  century.  He  was  a pupil  of  Irenaeus  ; appeal  s 
to  have  been  bishop  of  Portus  Romanus  (Porto) ; and  was 
the  leader  of  a disaffected  and  schismatic  party,  orthodox 
in  doctrine  and  rigoristic  in  discipline,  during  the  pontifi- 
cates of  Zephyrinus  (202-218)  and  Callistus  (218-223).  Ac- 
cording to  a late  tradition  he  died  a martyr  in  Sardinia  in 
235  or  236.  He  is  commemorated  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  on  Aug.  22.  His  chief  work  is  “ Philosophumena,” 
written  in  Greek,  a manuscript  of  part  of  which  was  dis- 
covered at  Mount  Athos  in  1842  and  published  by  Em- 
manuel Miller  in  1851. 

Hipponax  (hi-po'naks).  [Gr.  'ItkAi ’<zf.]  Born 
at  Ephesus:  flourished  during  the  second  half 
of  the  6th  century  B.  C.  A Greek  iambic  poet, 
generally  reckoned  as  the  third  (with  Archilo- 
chus and  Simonides) : noted  as  tho  inventor  of 
tho  choliamhus.  He  was  expelled  from  Ephesus  by  the 
tyrants  Athenagoras  and  Comas,  and  thereafter  resided  at 
Clazomente.  He  was  deformed. 

Hiragana.  See  Katakdna. 

Hiram  (Iri'ram),  or  Htiram  (hu'ram).  [Perhaps 
shortened  from  Aln-ram,  exalted  brother.]  1. 
King  of  Tyre  about  1000  B.  C.,  a contemporary 


Hiram 

of  David  and  Solomon.  He  raised  Tyre  to  a leading 
position  in  the  Phenieian  confederacy,  built  many  temples, 
and  subjugated  Cyprus.  He  entertained  amicable  rela- 
tions with  David  and  Solomon,  assisted  at  the  building  of 
the  temple  at  Jerusalem  by  furnishing  materials  and  arti- 
sans, and  entered  with  Solomon  into  a commercial  alliance. 
The  so-called  tomb  of  Hiram  is  shown  about  three  miles 
distant  from  the  modern  Tyre  (Sur),  but  it  is  said  to  have 
been  originally  built  just  outside  the  eastern  gate  of  the 
continental  town,  which  thence  sloped  down  to  the  sea. 
It  is  a “ grey,  weather-beaten  ” structure,  bearing  all  the 
marks  of  a high  antiquity. 

2.  A distinguished  worker  in  brass  brought  by 
Solomon  from  Tyre  (1  Ki.  vii.  13). 

Hiram.  A town  of  Portage  County,  Ohio,  30 
miles  southeast  of  Cleveland,  the  seat  of  Hiram 
College  (Church  of  the  Disciples). 
Hiranyagarbha  (hi-ran-ya-gar  'bha).  [Skt., 
‘ golden  germ  ’ or  ‘ golden  womb.’]  In  the  Rig- 
veda,  a deity  who  is  said  to  have  arisen  in 
the  beginning,  the  one  lord  of  all  beings,  who 
upholds  heaven  and  earth  and  gives  life  and 
breath,  and  whose  command  even  the  gods  obey. 
According  to  Manu  he  was  Brahma,  the  first  male,  formed 
by  the  undiscernible  First  Cause  in  a golden  egg  resplen- 
dent as  the  sun.  After  a year  Brahma  divided  the  egg  into 
2 parts  by  his  mere  thought.  One  part  became  the  heavens, 
the  other  the  earth  ; and  between  them  he  placed  the  sky, 
the  8 regions,  and  the  eternal  abode  of  waters. 

Hiren  (hi'ren).  [A  corruption  of  the  Greek 
Irene.]  A strumpet,  a character  iu  Peele’s  play 
“ The  Turkish  Mahomet  and  Hiren  the  Fair 
Greek.”  The  phrase, “Have  we  not  Hiren  here?”  which 
appears  in  Dekker's  “Satiromastix,”  Chapman's  “ Eastward 
Hoe,"  and  a number  of  17th-century  works,  is  an  allusion 
to  her.  Pistol  in  Shakspere’s  2 “Henry  IV."  appears  to 
apply  the  phrase  to  his  sword.  William  Barksteed  wrote 
a poem  called  “Hiren,  or  the  Fair  Greek  ” in  1611. 
Hirhor  (her'hor).  A high  priest  of  Amun  at 
Thebes,  the  founder  of  the  21st  (illegitimate) 
dynasty  of  Egyptian  kings,  ruling  at  Thebes. 
Brugscb  gives  Ins  date  as  1100  b.  c. 

Hirlas  Horn,  The.  A Welsh  poem,  written  by 
Owain,  prince  of  Powys,  in  the  12th  century. 
The  Hirlas  horn  is  “ a drinking-horn,  long,  blue,  and  sil- 
ver rimmed,”  which  Owain  fills  and  drinks  to  each  of  his 
chiefs,  with  a song. 

Hirpini  (her-pi'ni).  In  ancient  history,  an  Ital- 
ian people,  of  Samnite  stock,  living  in  southern 
Samnium  in  the  district  near  Beneventum. 
Hirsau  (hir'sou),  or  Hirschau  (hir'shou).  A 
village  in  the  Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg, 
situated  on  the  Nagold  21  miles  west  of  Stutt- 
gart. It  was  noted  in  the  middle  ages  for  its  Benedic- 
tine monastery,  built  in  the  9th  century. 

Hirsch  (hirsh),  Baron  Maurice  de  (Baron  Mau- 
rice de  Hirsch  de  Gereuth ).  Born  at  Munich, 
Dee.  9,  1831 : died  at  Ogyalla,  near  Komorn, 
Hungary,  April  21,  1896.  An  Austrian  finan- 
cier, capitalist,  and  philanthropist,  of  Hebrew 
descent.  His  great  wealth  was  partly  inherited  from  his 
father,  partly  increased  by  marriage,  and  to  a great  extent 
gained  by  banking  and  by  transactions  in  railroads,  chiefly 
Turkish.  He  and  his  wife  contributed  upward  of  $80,000,- 
000  for  charitable  purposes,  largely  for  the  education  and 
alleviation  of  the  sulferings  of  the  Jews.  Among  the 
gifts  by  which  he  is  best  known  is  that  to  the  Jewish 
Colonization  Association,  and  the  De  Hirsch  Trust  for  the 
United  States. 

Hirschherg  (hirsh'bero).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Zacken  and  Bober,  60  miles  west-southwest  of 
Breslau.  It  is  the  center  of  trade  in  the  Silesian  Moun- 
tains, and  the  center  of  the  Silesian  linen  manufacture. 
Population,  commune,  19,317. 

Hirson  (er-soit' ).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  on  the  Oise  33  miles  northeast 
of  Laon,  noted  for  basket-making.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  8,541. 

Eirtius  (her'shi-us),  Aulus.  Killed  near  Mu- 
tina,  Italy,  43  B.  O.  A Roman  politician,  a friend 
of  Caesar,  the  reputed  author  of  the  eighth  book 
of  Caesar’s  “Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  War,” 
and  of  the  history  of  the  Alexandrian  war.  As 
consul  with  Pansa  (43)  he  defeated  Antony  at 
Mutina. 

Kispalis  (his'pa-lis),  or  Hispal  (his'pal).  The 
ancient  name  of  Seville. 

Hispania  (his-pa'ni-a).  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Spanish  peninsula. 

Hispaniola.  See  Espaliola  and  Haiti. 

Hissar  (his-sar').  1 . A dependency  of  Bokhara, 
central  Asia,  lying  between  Russian  Turkestan 
on  the  north  and  Afghanistan  (separated  by 
the  Amu  Daria)  on  the  south. — 2.  The  chief 
town  of  Hissar,  situated  on  the  river  Kafirni- 
gan  about  lat.  38°  25'  N.,  long.  68°  28'  E.  Popu- 
lation, about  10,000. 

Hissar.  1.  The  name  of  a former  division  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area,  8,355  square 
miles. — 2.  A district  in  the  Delhi  divi- 
sion, intersected  by  lat.  29°  N.,  long.  76°  E. 
Area,  5,217  square  miles.  Population, 


506 

781,717. — 3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  His- 
sar, situated  in  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  75°  44' 
E.  Population,  17,647. 

Hissarlik.  See  Troy. 

Histisea  (his-ti-e'a).  [Gr.  T ariaia.]  See  Ore  us. 

Histigeus(his-ti-e'us).  [Gr/RmoZof.]  Executed 
at  Sardis,  Asia  Minor,  494  b.  c.  A tyrant  of 
Miletus,  a friend  of  Darius  I.  of  Persia. 

Histoire  Comique  de  Francion  (es-twar'  ko- 
mek'  de  fron-syon').  [F.,  ‘Comic  History  of 
Francion.’]  A fiction  by  Charles  Sorel,  chiefly 
remarkable  for  the  “evidence  it  gives  of  an 
attempt  at  an  early  date  (1623)  to  write  a novel 
of  ordinary  manners.”  Saintsbury. 

Historia  Miscella  (his-to'ri-a  mi-sel'a).  See 
the  extract. 

This  curious  farrago  of  history  forms  the  first  part  of 
Muratori’s  great  collection  of  the  “Scrip tores  Rerum  Itali- 
carum.”  The  first  eleven  books  are  substantially  the  work 
of  Eutropius  (the  familiar  Eutropius  of  our  boyhood),  and 
reach  down  to  the  death  of  Jovian.  The  authorship  of 
the  following  books  is  generally  attributed  to  Paulus  Dia- 
conus,  of  Aquileia,  who  died  in  799,  and  the  completion  of 
the  work  to  Landulf  the  Wise,  who  flourished  in  the  elev- 
enth century.  Without  going  into  the  disputed  question 
as  to  this  authorship,  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  the  writer, 
who  is  confessedly  a mere  compiler,  interweaves  large 
passages  from  Jornandes,  Orosius,  the  Annalists,  and  the 
Ecclesiastical  Historians. 

Hodglein,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  431. 

Histriomastix  (his//tri-6-mas'tiks).  [LL.,  ‘the 
player’s  scourge.’]  A play  by  Marston,  produced 
before  1599,  in  which  year  Jonson  satirized  it 
in  his  “Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour.”  It  was 
printed  in  1610. 

Histriomastix,  the  Player’s  Scourge,  or  Ac- 
tor’s Tragsedie.  Atreatise  by  William  Prynne, 
published  in  1632,  though  dated  1633.  The  book 
was  designed  to  promote  the  total  suppression  of  stage- 
plays.  “Prynne’s  treatise,  as  is  well  known,  led  to  his 
being  summoned  before  the  High  Commission  Court  and 
Star  Chamber,  which  condemned  his  book  to  be  burnt, 
and  the  author  to  be  expelled  from  the  Bar  and  his  Inn,  to 
stand  in  the  pillory,  to  lose  both  his  ears,  to  pay  a fine  of 
£5,000  to  the  King,  and  to  be  perpetually  imprisoned.  . . . 
For,  about  the  time  when  the  hook  was  published  — ac- 
cording to  one  account  on  the  day  before,  according  to  an- 
other but  shortly  afterwards  — the  Queen  and  her  ladies 
had  themselves  acted  in  a Pastoral  at  Whitehall.”  (Ward, 
Hist.  Dram.  Lit.)  In  1649  a mock  retractation,  entitled  “Air. 
William  Prynn  his  Defence  of  Stage- Plays,  or  a Retracta- 
tion of  a former  Book  of  his  called  Histrio-Mastix,”  was 
published. 

Hit  (hit).  A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Bagdad, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Euphrates  about 
70  miles  west-northwest  of  Bagdad:  the  an- 
cient Is.  It  is  famous  for  its  fountain  of  bitu- 
men. Population  (estimated),  2,500. 

Hitchcock  (hich'kok),  Edward.  Born  at  Deer- 
field, Mass.,  May  24,  1793:  died  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1864.  An  American  geologist, 
professor  from  1825  of  chemistry  and  natural 
history  at  Amherst  College,  and  president  of  the 
college  1845-54,  with  the  professorship  of  natu- 
ral theology  and  geology.  Among  his  works  are 
“Geologyof  the  Connecticut  Valley  ” (1823),  “Elementary 
Geology  ” (1840),  “Fossil  Footsteps"  (18481,  “Religion  of 
Geology  ” (1851),  “ Illustrations  of  Surface  Geology  ” (1856), 
“Supplement  to  the  Ichnology  of  New  England”  (1865), 
“Elementary  and  Popular  Treatise  on  Geology”  (with 
Charles  H.  Hitchcock,  1860),  “Anatomy  and  Physiology” 
(with  Edward  Hitchcock,  Jr.,  1860). 

Hitchcock,  Roswell  Dwight.  Born  at  East 
Machias,  Maine,  Aug.  15,  1817 : died  at  Somer- 
set, Mass.,  June  16, 1887.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  theologian.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
church  history  at  U nion  Theological  Seminary  (New  York) 
in  1855,  and  president  in  1880.  He  published  “Complete 
Analysis  of  the  Bible”  (1869),  “Socialism ” (1879),  etc. 

Hitchin  (hich'in).  A town  in  Hertfordshire, 
England,  33  miles  north  by  west  of  London. 
Population,  10,072. 

Hitchiti  (be-che-te').  Adivision  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  The  name  is  from  a Creek  word,  ‘ to  look 
up  ’ (i.  e.,  the  stream).  The  language  was  spoken  on  the 
Chattahoochee  River,  Georgia,  and  spread  to  Flint  River 
through  Georgia  and  Florida.  The  Seminoles  were  a half- 
Creek  and  half-Hitchiti  speaking  people,  and  probably  the 
Yamassi  also.  See  Creek.  Also  Echeetee,  Etchita,  Ichiti. 

Hitopadesha  (hi-to-pa-da'sha).  In  Sanskrit  lite- 
rature, the  book  of  “Good  Counsel.”  It  was  thefirst 
Sanskrit  book  printed  in  Nagari  letters  (see  Devanagari ): 
edited  by  Carey,  and  printed  at  Serampore  in  1803.  It  had 
been  already  translated  by  Wilkins  (Bath,  1787)  and  Sir  Wil- 
liam Jones  (London,  1799).  Itisethico-didactic.and  iswhat 
the  Hindus  call  a nitishastra  or ‘conduct- work.’  The  plan 
is  simple.  The  sons  of  King  Sudarshana  are  vicious.  He 
convokes  the  wise  men,  and  asks  if  any  one  is  able  to  re- 
form his  sons.  Vishnusharman  offers  to  do  so,  takes  them 
in  charge,  and  relates  to  them  the  stories  which  make  up 
the  collection.  The  Hitopadesha  is  not  an  original  work, 
but  an  excellent  compilation  of  ancient  material.  The 
sources  are  expressly  said  to  be  “ the  Panchatantra  and 
another  work.  ” The  author  or  editor  is  said  to  have  been 
Narayana  and  his  patron,  the  prince  Dhavalachandra.  The 
work  is  at  least  500  years  old. 

Hitteren  (hit'ter-en).  An  island  of  Norway, 
west  of  Trondhjem.  Length;  30  miles. 


Hoare,  Sir  Richard  Colt 

Hittites  (hit'its).  An  important  tribe,  descend- 
ed from  Heth,  son  of  Canaan,  the  son  of  Ham, 
settled  in  the  region  of  Hebron  on  the  hill,  and 
often  mentioned  as  one  of  the  seven  principal 
Canaanite  tribes,  and  sometimes  as  comprising 
the  whole  Canaanite  population.  Hittite  kings  are 
mentioned  who  seem  to  have  dwelt  north  of  Palestine. 
About  the  middle  of  the  9th  century  B.  c.  they  disappear 
from  biblical  history.  Some  scholars,  however,  distinguish 
the  latter  as  Syrian  Hittites,  whom  they  consider  a differ- 
ent tribe  from  the  Canaanite  Hittites.  They  have  lately 
been  identified  with  the  Kheta  of  the  Egyptians  and  the 
Chatti  of  the  Assyrian  monuments.  These  monuments 
agree  with  the  notices  of  the  Old  Testament  in  depicting 
the  Hittites  as  a powerful  tribe.  Thothmes  III.,  of  the 
18th  dynasty,  fought  with  them  about  1600  B.  C.  in  Megid- 
do.  Later  Seti  attacked  them  about  1350  B.  C.,  and  Rameses 
II.  (the  supposed  Pharaoh  of  the  oppression),  defeated 
them  not  long  after  at  Kadesh,  on  the  Oroutes.  The 
Kheta  are  also  often  referred  to  in  the  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence of  Tel-el-Amarna.  The  Chatti  are  found  early 
in  collision  with  Assyria.  They  were  defeated  by  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I.  (1120-1100).  Asurnazirpal  (884-860)  carried  their 
princes  into  captivity  Under  Shalmaneser  II.  the  Hit- 
tites entered  into  an  alliance  with  Ben-hadad  of  Syria,  but 
were  defeated  in  the  great  battle  on  the  plains  of  Syria, 
and  their  city,  Carchemish,  was  taken  in  855.  Twelve  Hit- 
tite kings  are  enumerated  as  contemporary  rulers  at  this 
time.  Sargon  finally  put  an  end  to  the  Hittite  indepen- 
dence in  717,  when  the  inhabitants  of  Carchemish  were  de- 
ported to  Assyria  and  the  city  was  repeopled  with  Assyrian 
colonists.  Monuments,  supposed  to  be  Hittite,  have  been 
discovered  since  1872  in  Hamath,  Aleppo,  Carchemish, 
Cappadocia,  Lycaonia,  and  Lydia,  which  would  show  that 
the  Hittite  empire  once  spread  over  the  greater  part  of 
Asia  Minor;  and  it  rnay  be  that  from  there  they  at  one  time 
pushed  their  way  into  northern  Syria.  The  question  whe- 
ther they  formed  one  race  with  the  Hittites  of  the  Canaan- 
ite stock  remains  an  open  one.  The  originators  of  these 
Hittite  monuments  are  considered  by  some  scholars  to 
havebeena“Mongoloid”race.  The  art  exhibited  on  these 
monuments  is  still  of  a primitive,  rude  character.  The  in- 
scriptions, in  hieroglyphic  characters,  have  not  yet  been 
deciphered.  Of  late  there  is  a tendency  among  some  scholars 
to  consider  the  Hittites  as  a race  speaking  a Semitic  lan- 
guage akin  to  Syriac  or  Aramaic,  and  to  regard  the  so- 
called  Hittite  inscriptions  as  the  work  of  another  people 
who  are,  for  the  time  being,  called  “ pseudo-Hittites.  ” 

Hittorff  (hit'torf),  Jacques  Ignace.  Born  at  Co- 
logne, Aug.  20,  1792:  died  at  Paris,  March  25, 
1867.  A French  architect.  His  chief  work  is  the 
Church  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  in  Paris.  He  published  “Ar- 
chitecture antique  de  la  Sicile  ” (1826-30),  “Architecture 
moderne  de  la  Sicile  " (1826-35),  “Architecture  polychrome 
cliez  les  Grecs  ” (1851),  etc. 

Hitzig  (hit'siG),  Ferdinand.  Born  atHauingen, 
Baden,  J une  23, 1807 : died  at  Heidelberg,  Baden, 
Jan.  22,  1875.  A German  exegete,  professor  at 
Zurich  (1833)  and  later  ( 1861)  at  Heidelberg.  He 
published  commentaries  on  Isaiah  (1833),  the  Psalms  (1836- 
1836),  the  minor  prophets  (1838),  Jeremiah  (1841),  etc. 
Hitzig,  Friedrich.  Born  at  Berlin,  April  8, 1811 : 
died  Oct.  11,  1881.  A German  architect. 
Hivites  (hl'vits).  An  ancient  Canaanite  people 
in  northern  Palestine. 

Hjelmaren  (hyel'mar-en),  or  Hjelmar  (hyel'- 
mar).  A lake  in  Sweden,  10  miles  southwest  of 
Lake  Malar,  into  which  it  discharges  its  waters. 
Length,  about  40  miles. 

Hjorring  (hyer'ring).  A townandbathing-place 
at  almost  the  northern  extremity  of  Jutland, 
Denmark.  Population,  8,794. 

Ho.  See  Hwanglio. 

Hoadly,  or  Hoadley  (hdd'li),  Benjamin.  Born 

at  Westerham,  Kent,  England,  Nov.  14,  1676 : 
died  at  Chelsea,  London,  April  17,  1761.  An 
English  divine  and  controversialist,  bishop  suc- 
cessively of  Bangor  (1715),  Hereford  (1721),  Sal- 
isbury (1723),  and  Winchester  (1734).  He  origi- 
nated the  “Bangorian  controversy  ” (which  see)  by  his  ser- 
mon on  the  “Kingdom  of  Christ”  (1717). 

Hoadly,  Benjamin.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  10, 
1706 : died  at  Chelsea,  London,  Aug.  10,  1757. 
An  English  physician  and  author,  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Hoadly.  He  wrote  “ The  Suspicious  Husband  ” 
1747),  and  assisted  Hogartli  in  his  “Analysis  of  Beauty." 

oangho.  See  Hwanqlio. 

Hoar  (hor),  Ebenezer  Rockwood.  Born  at  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  Feb.  21,  1816:  died  there,  Jan.  31, 
1895.  An  American  jurist,  son  of  Samuel  Hoar. 
He  was  judge  of  the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Conrt  1859- 
1869;  United  States  attorney-general  1869-70;  joint  high 
commissioner  on  the  treaty  of  Washington  1871 ; and 
member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1873-75. 

Hoar,  George  Frisbie.  Born  at  Concord,  Mass  , 
Aug.  29, 1826:  died  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Sept.  30, 
1904.  An  American  statesman,  son  of  Samuel 
Hoar.  He  was  a Republican  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1869-77,  a member  of  the  Electoral  Com- 
mission in  1877,  and  United  States  senator  1877-1904. 
Hoar,  Samuel.  Born  at  Lincoln,  Mass.,  May  18, 
1778 : died  at  Concord,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 1856.  An 
American  politician,  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1835-37. 

Hoare  (hor),  Prince.  Born  at  Bath,  about  1755 : 
died  at  Brighton,  Dec.  22, 1834.  A painter  and 
playwright,  son  of  William  Hoare. 

Hoare,  Sir  Richard  Colt.  Born  at  Stourhead, 
Wilts,  England,  Dec.  9,  1758:  died  there,  May 


Hoare,  Sir  Richard  Colt 

19,  1838.  An  English  antiquary  and  topogra- 
pher. His  chief  work  is  “ Ancient  History  of 
North  and  South  Wiltshire  ” (1812-21). 

Hoare, William.  Bornaboutl706 : diedatBath, 
England,  Dec.,  1792.  An  English  historical  and 
portrait  painter. 

Hobart  (ho'biirt),  sometimes  written  Hobarton 
(ho'bar-ton),  or  Hobart  Town  (ho'biirt  toun  or 
ho'bar-ton).  The  capital  of  Tasmania,  situated 
on  Sullivan’s  Cove,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Der- 
went, in  lat.  42°  53'  S.,  long.  147°  21'  E.  It  was 

founded  in  1804,  and  is  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the 
colony.  Population,  24,655. 

Hobart  (ho'biirt),  Augustus  Charles,  Hobart 
Pasha.  Bom  at  Walton-on-the-Wolds, Leicester- 
shire, April  1, 1822  : died  at  Milan,  June  19, 1886. 
An  English  admiral  in  the  Turkish  service,  third 
son  of  the  sixth  Earl  of  Buckinghamshire.  He 
entered  the  British  navy  in  1835  ; became  naval  adviser  to 
the  Sultan  of  Turkey  in  1867  ; suppressed  the  Cretan  re- 
bellion in  1867  ; was  appointed  admiral,  with  the  title  of 
pasha,  in  1869  ; reorganized  the  Turkish  fleet  and  operated 
against  Russia  in  the  Black  Sea  in  1877  ; and  was  promoted 
mushir  or  marshal  of  the  Turkish  empire  in  1881. 

Hobart,  Garret  Augustus.  Born  at  Long 
Branch,  N.  J.,  1844:  died  at  Paterson,  N.  J., 
Nov.  21,  1899.  An  American  lawyer  and  Re- 
publican politician.  He  was  educated  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1869.  He  served  in 
the  State  assembly  of  New  Jersey ; was  elected  a member 
of  the  State  senate,  and  in  1881  its  president ; and  in  1896 
was  elected  Vice-President. 

Hobart,  John  Henry.  Born  Sept.  14,  1775: 
died  Sept.  10  (12?),  1830.  Protestant  Episco- 
pal bishop  of  New  York  1816-30. 

Hobbema  (hob'be-ma),  Meyndert  or  Minder- 

hout.  Born  at  Amsterdam,  or  Koeverdam, 
about  1638 : died  at  Amsterdam,  Dec.,  1709.  A 
Dutch  landscape-painter.  He  was  influenced  in  style 
by  Ruisdael.  He  is  noted  for  his  atmospheric  effects,  tone, 
and  brilliancy.  In  many  of  his  landscapes  figures  have 
been  painted  by  other  noted  artists.  His  picture  of  “The 
Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg  " (1663)  is  owned  by  the  New 
York  Historical  Society. 

Hobbes,  John  Oliver.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Craigie. 

Hobbes  (hobz),  Thomas.  Born  at  Westport 
(now  in  Malmesbury),  Wiltshire,  April  5,  1588: 
died  at  Hardwick  Hall,  Dec.  4,  1679.  A cele- 
brated English  philosopher.  His  father,  Thomas 
Hobbes,  was  vicar  of  Charlton  and  Westport.  In  1603 
Hobbes  entered  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1608.  He  soon  entered  the  service  of  William 
Cavendish  (later  first  earl  of  Devonshire)  as  tutor  to  his 
eldest  son  (later  second  earl  of  Devonshire),  and  retained 
this  position  until  the  death  of  his  pupil  in  1628.  They 
made  a continental  tour  in  1610.  In  1629  he  became  trav- 
eling tutor  to  the  son  of  Sir  Gervase  Clifton,  and  visited 
Paris  and,  probably,  Italy.  He  returned  to  the  service  of 
the  Cavendishes  in  1631  as  tutor  to  the  third  Earl  of  Devon- 
shire, with  whom,  1634-37,  he  made  an  extended  tour  on  the 
Continent,  during  which  he  established  friendly  relations 
with  many  distinguished  men,  including  Galileo,  Gassendi, 
Mersenne,  and  Descartes.  Previous  to  this  time  (before 
1625  ?)  he  had  served  Bacon  as  amanuensis,  and  in  translat- 
ing some  of  his  essays  into  Latin.  He  lived  with  Devon- 
shire until  1640,  when  fear  of  persecution  by  Parliament 
for ‘his  political  opinions  drove  him  to  Paris,  where  lie  re- 
mained until  1651,  when,  in  the  belief  that  his  life  was  in 
danger  from  those  who  accused  him  of  heterodoxy  and  even 
atheism,  he  fled  hack  to  England  and  became  reconciled 
to  the  Cromwellian  government.  Fona  time  in  1646  he 
instructed  the  Prince  of  Wales  (later  Charles  II.)  in  math- 
ematics. After  the  Restoration  he  lived  with  the  Earl 
of  Devonshire.  Hobbes  was  a pronounced  nominalist  in 
philosophy,  an  antagonist  of  scholasticism,  one  of  the 
suggesters  of  the  associational  psychology,  and  a leader 
of  modern  rationalism.  He  insisted  especially  upon  the 
complete  separation  of  theology  and  philosophy,  and  the 
subordination  of  the  church  to  the  state.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  doctrine  that  the  power  of  the  state  is  ab- 
solute as  against  the  individual  — that  it  is  the  “Levia- 
than ’’  that  swallows  all,  a mortal  god  who,  like  the  Deity, 
governs  according  to  his  pleasure,  and  gives  peace  and  se- 
curity to  his  subjects.  His  chief  works  are  a translation  of 
Thucydides, “Decive"(1642),  “Human  Nature,  or  the  Fun- 
damental Elements  of  Policy" (1650),  “De  corpore  politico" 
(1650),  “Leviathan,  or  the  Matter,  Form,  and  Power  of  a 
Commonwealth,  Ecclesiastical  and  Civil  ’’  (1651),  “ Of  Lib- 
erty and  Necessity”(1654).  Hiscollected  works  were  edited 
by  Sir  W.  Molesworth  1839-45,  in  16  vols.  (5  in  Latin). 

Hobhouse  (hob'hous),  John  Cam,  Lord  Brough- 
ton. Born  at  Redland,  near  Bristol,  June  27, 
1786:  died  at  London,  June  3, 1869.  An  Eng- 
lish politician  and  writer.  He  entered  Parliament 
in  1820  ; became  secretary  at  war  in  1832  ; was  appointed 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  March,  1833,  but  soon  resigned 
his  office  and  his  seat ; reentered  Parliament  in  1834  ; and 
was  president  of  the  board  of  control  1835-41,  and  again 
1846-52.  In  1819  he  was  arrested  and  committed  to  New- 
gate for  an  anonymous  pamphlet  (“A  Trifling  Mistake  in 
Thomas,  Lord  Erskine’s  recent  Preface,  etc.”),  (he  publica- 
tion of  which  was  held  to  be  a breach  of  privilege  by  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  was  the  most  intimate  friend  of 
Lord  Byron,  a connection  which  was  formed  at  Cambridge. 
They  traveled  together  on  the  Continent  1809-10.  Hob- 
house  was  one  of  Byron’s  executors.  He  was  created  Lord 
Broughton  in  1851.  He  wrote  “ Historical  Illustrations  of 
the  Fourth  Canto  of ‘Childe  narold’”(2d  ed.  1818),  “A 
Journey  through  Albania,  etc.”  (1813),  etc.  His  “Diaries, 
Correspondence,  and  Memoranda  could  not  he  opened 
until  the  year  1900.  His  “Recollections  of  a Long  Life,” 
edited  by  his  daughter,  were  published  1909-12. 


507 


Hoffmann,  Daniel 


to  block  the  channel  of  the  harbor  of 
June  3,  1898.  He  was  promoted  nava 
23,  1898,  and  captain  Feb.  26,  1901 ; resigned  Feb.,  1903. 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Alabama,  1907-. 


Hobkirk’s  Hill  (hob'kerks  hil).  A place  near  Ology  " (1871-73).  Among  his  other  works  are  “Commen 
Camden,  South  Carolina.  Here,  April  25,  1781,  the  laff.on  {lur'1^,ls.”  0835),  and  essays  republished  from  the 
British  under  Lord  Rawdon  defeated  the  Americans  under  _ "nce  on  Review. 

Greene,  in  what  is  sometimes  called  the  second  battle  of  Hodge,  Hugh  LenOX.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Camden.  ^ _ June  27,  1796:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  26, 

Hoboken(ho'bo-ken).  Acity  in  Hudson  County,  1873.  An  American  physician  and  medical 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  writer,  brother  of  Charles  Hodge.  He  became  in 
New  York,  contiguous  to  Jersey  City.  It  is  the  1835  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
terminus  of  several  steamship  and  railway  lines,  and  the  eylvania,  a position  which  he  retained  until  1863,  when  he 
seat  of  the  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology.  Population,  became  professor  emeritus.  He  wrote  “ Diseases  Peculiar 
70,324,  (1910).  to  Women"  (1859),  “ Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics” 

n , ,,  , , x-r,.,  j-r,  t,  (1864),  and  “Foeticide  "(18691 

A*,’  ^hmond  Pearson.  Born  Hodgson  (hoj'son),  John  Evan.  Born  March  1, 
at  Greensboro,  Ala.,  Aug.  It,  1870.  Au  Amen-  1831.  died  June  19,  1895.  An  English  painter 

i"bl6w:  of  genre,  historical,  and  Moorish  subjects. 

* • • ■ * ,f  Santiago  de  Cuba,  H6d-Mezo-Vasdrhely  (hod  me  - ze  - va  shSr- 

ral  constructor  June  hely).  A city  in  the  county  of  Csongr&d,  Hun- 

gary,  situated  in  lat .46°  27'  N.j  long.  20° 22'E. 
Population,  62,500,  (1910). 

Hobson,  Thomas.  Born  about  1544:  died  Hoe  (ho),  Richard  March.  Born  at  New  York 
1631.  A carrier  and  keeper  of  a livery- stable  city,  Sept.  12,  1812:  died  at  Florence,  Italy, 
at  Cambridge,  England,  in  the  first  half  of  June  7,  1886.  An  American  inventor.  He  per- 
the  17th  century.  His  habit  of  obliging  his  customers  fecte,t  V'184?  ^rotary  printing-press  which  received  the 
to  take  the  horse  which  happened  to  be  nearest  the  door  "am®  of  Ho®  8 1‘gktmng  press,  and  subsequently  invented 
gave  rise  to  the  expression  “Hobson’s  choice”  — that  is,  4be  4,oe  wcb  perfecting-press. 

* this  or  none.’  Hoecke  (ho  ke),  Jan  van  den.  Born  at  Ant- 

Hoche  (osh).  Lazare.  Born  at  Montreuil,  near  werp,  1611:  died  there,  1651.  A historical  and 

Versailles,  France,  June  25, 1768 : died  at  Wetz-  portrait  painter  of  the  Flemish  school.  He  was 
lar,  Prussia,  Sept,  18  (19  ?),  1797.  A French  gen-  court  painter  to  Archduke  Leopold  William  in 
eral.  He  served  with  distinction  in  Alsace  in  1793  ; sup-  1647.  _ . 

pressed  the  Vendean  revolt  1795-96;  and  fought  against  the  Hoecke,  Kobrecht  Van  den.  Born  at  Antwerp, 
Austrians  in  1797.  Nov.  30,  1622  : died  after  1695.  A genre,  land- 

Hochelaga  (ho-shel'a-ga).  A tribe  or  village  of  scape,  and  battle  painter  of  the  Flemish  school, 
North  American  Indians,  on  the  site  of  Mon-  half-brother  of  Jan  van  den  Hoecke. 
treal  when  it  was  discovered  by  Cartier  in  1535.  Hcedi  (he'di).  [L.  hcedi,  the  kids.]  The  two  stars 
It  had  disappeared  in  1603.  The  tribe  was  Iroquoian,  and  q and  C Auriga*. 

was  surrounded  by  Algonquian  tribes.  The  name  is  de-  Hcenir  (he'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 

one  of  the  three  gods  Odin,  Hcenir,  and  Lodur 


rived  from  a word  meaning  ‘beaver  grounds.’  See  Iro 
quoian. 

Hochheim  (ho'hlm ; G.  pron.hoch'him).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia, 
situated  near  the  Main  3 miles  east  of  Mainz, 
celebrated  for  the  Hochheimer  wines. 


(ON.  Lodhurr),  who  created  out  of  trees  in 
Midgard  the  first  man  and  woman,  Ask  and 
Embla.  Odin  gave  them  life,  Hoanir  sense,  and 
Lodur  blood  and  color. 


Hochkirch  (hoch'kirch),  or  Hohkirclien  (ho'-  Hof  (hof),  formerly  Regnitzhof  (reg'nits-hof). 
kirch-en).  A village  in  the  governmental  dis-  A city  in  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated 
trict  of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  6 miles  east-southeast  °n  the  Saale  in  lat.  50°  18'  N.,  long.  11°  55'  E. 
of  Bautzen.  Here  Oct.  14,  1758,  the  Austrians  (about  ft  has  important  manufactures.  Population, 
65,000)  under  Daun  defeated  the  Prussians  (about  42,000)  commune,  36,417. 

under  Frederick  the  Great,  the  loss  of  the  Prussians  being  Hofer  (ho'fer),  Andreas.  Born  at  St.  Leonhard, 
about  9,000,  that  of  the  Austrians  about  6,000.  Passeyr  valley,  Tyrol,  Nov.  22,  1767 : executed 

Hochst  (hechst).  A town  in  the  province  of  at  Mantua,  Italy,  Feb.  20,  1810.  A Tyrolese 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  ou  the  Main  patriot,  the  head  of  the  Tyrolese  insurrection 

t mi  ai?I>  Here,  on  1809.  He  gained  victories  at  Sterling,  Innsbruck,  Isel, 

J une  20  1622,  T illy  defeated  Duke  Christian  of  Brunswick  etc  and  was  the  head  of  the  government  in  1809. 
and  on  Oct.  11, 1<95,  the  Austrians  under  Clerfayt  defeated  o \ 

The  French  under  Jourdan.  Population,  commune,  15,-  Hoffman,  OT  a ReveilgD  IOT  a Father.  A tia- 
833.  gedy  by  Henry  Chettle,  produced  m 1602. 

Hochstadt  (hech'stet).  A small  town  in  the  Hoffman  (hof'man),  Charles  Fenno.  Born  at 
governmental  district  of  Swabia,  Bavaria,  sit-  New  York  city  in  1806 : died  at  Harrisburg,  Pa., 


uated  on  the  Danube  23  miles  northwest  of 
Augsburg.  It  was  the  scene  of  several  battles  : (1)  Sept. 
20,  1703,  defeat  of  the  Imperialists  by  the  Bavarians  and 
French ; (2)  Aug.  13,  1704,  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  called 
the  battle  of  Hochstadt  by  the  Germans ; (3)  June  19, 1800, 
defeat  of  the  Austrians  by  the  French  under  Moreau. 

Hochstetter  (hoch'stet-ter),  Ferdinand  von. 

Born  atEsslingen,Wiirtemberg,  April  30,  1829: 
died  at  Oberdobling,  near  Vienna,  July  18, 1884. 
A German  geologist,  traveler,  and  geographer. 


June  7,  1884.  An  American  poet  and  novelist. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  about  1828,  but  shortly  aban- 
doned the  profession  of  law  in  order  to  devote  himself 
to  literature.  He  established  the  “ Knickerbocker  Maga- 
zine ” in  1833,  and  subsequently  became  proprietor  of  the 
“American  Magazine,”  which  he  edited  for  many  years. 
He  became  insane  in  1849,  and  during  the  rest  of  his  life 
was  confined  in  the  Harrisburg  Insane  Asylum.  The  first 
collection  of  his  poems,  “The  Vigil  of  Faith,  a Legend  of 
the  Adirondack  Mountains,  and  other  Poems,"  appeared 
in  1842.  A complete  edition  was  published  by  E.  F.  Hoff- 
man in  1874. 


He  became  privat-docent  at  the  University  of  Vienna  in  . . , . . _ . . , 

1856,  geologist  to  the  Novara  expedition  in  1857,  and  was  Hoffmann  (hoi  man),  August  HeinriCll.COm- 
professor  of  mineralogy  and  geology  at  the  Vienna  Poly-  monly  called  Hoffmann  VOI1  Fallersleben 


technic  Institute  1860-81.  He  wrote  “Neuseeland  ”(1863), 
“Geologie  von  Neuseeland ’’ (1864),  “ Palaontologie  von 
Neuseeland  ” (1864),  etc. 

Hodeida  (ho-da'da  or  ho-di'da),  or  Hudeide. 
A seaport  in  Yemen,  Arabia,  situated  on  the 
Red  Sea  in  lat.  14°  47'  N. , long.  42°  54'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, about  20,000. 

Hodel  (he'del),  Emil  Heinrich  Max,  called 
Lehmann,  also  Traber.  Born  at  Leipsic,  May 
27,  1857 : executed  Aug.  16,  1878.  A German 
Social  Democrat  who  attempted  to  assassinate 
the  emperor  William  by  firing  two  shots  from  a 
revolver,  neither  of  which  took  effect,  at  Berlin, 
May  11,  1878. 

Hodge.  The  name  given  to  the  typical  peasant 
in  England. 

Hodge  (hoj),  Archibald  Alexander.  Born  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  July  18, 1823:  died  there,  Nov. 
11,  1886.  An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman 
and  theologian,  son  of  Charles  Hodge,  lie  was 
professor  of  didactic  theology  in  Western  Theological  Sem- 
inary, Allegheny,  Pennsylvania,  1864-77,  and  in  1878  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  professor  of  didactic  and  polemic 
theology  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  Among  his 
works  are  “Outlines  of  Theology”  (I860),  “The  Atone- 
ment" (186S),  and  “Manual  of  Forms"  (revised  edition, 
1883). 

Hodge,  Charles.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  28, 
1797:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  June  19,  1878. 


(fon  fal'lers-la-ben).  Born  at  Fallersleben, 
Hannover,  Prussia,  April  2,  1798:  died  at  the 
castle  of  Korvei,  near  Hoxter,  Prussia,  Jau.  19- 
20,  1874.  A German  poet,  philologist,  and  lit- 
erary historian.  He  studied  at  Gottingen  and  Bonn. 
In  1823  he  was  made  custodian  of  the  university  library  at 
Breslau,  and  in  1830  professor  there  of  Germanic  philol- 
ogy. In  1842,  in  consequence  of  the  views  expressed  in 
his“Unpolitische  Lieder  ’’(“Nonpolitical Songs,”  1840-41), 
he  was  deprived  of  his  position,  and  for  several  years  had 
no  settled  place  of  residence.  He  was  finally  rehabilitated 
in  1848,  in  Prussia.  In  1853  he  went  to  Weimar,  where  he 
engaged,  in  collaboration  with  the  Germanist  Oscar  Schade, 
in  the  editorship  of  the  short-lived  “Weimarische  Jahr- 
imeher  fur  deutsche  Sprache,Literatur  und  Kunst”(“  Wei- 
mar Annals  for  Gennan  Language,  Literature,  and  Art  ”). 
After  1860  he  lived  at  Korvei  as  librarian  to  the  Duke  of 
Ratibor.  Among  his  many  poetical  works  are  “Lieder 
und  Romanzen  ’’  (“  Songs  and  Romances,”  1821),  “ Jager- 
lieder”  (“Hunters’  Songs,"  1828),  “Kinderlieder  ” (“Chil- 
dren's Songs,”  1843-47),  “ Deutsche  Gassenlieder”(“  Ger- 
man Street  Songs,”  1843),  “ Liebeslieder ’’  (“Love  Songs," 
1851),  “Soldatenlieder” (“Soldiers’  Songs,”  1851-52),  “Va- 
teriandslieder”(“  Songs  of  Fatherland,"  1871).  Among  his 
equally  numerous  scientific  writings  are  “Fundgruben  fur 
Geschichte  deutscher  Sprache  und  Literatur"  (“Trea- 
sures for  the  History  of  the  German  Language  and  litera- 
ture,” 1830-37),  “Geschichte  des  deutschen  Kirchenlieds 
bis  Luther  ” (“  History  of  the  German  Church  Hymn  down 
to  Luther,"  1832),  “Horse  Belgicse  ” (a  collection  of  Low 
German  folk-songs,  1833-62,  in  12  vols.),  “Deutsche  Phi- 
lologie  im  Grundriss”  (“Sketch  of  German  Philology,” 
1836). 

An  American  Presbyterian ^ theologian.  Ho  was  Hoffmann , Daniel.  Born  at  Halle,  Prussia, 

professor  in  Princeton  theological  Seminary  from  1822,  and  iran.  „+  WolfonBiittol  Gorminv  Kill  A 

was  the  founder  of  the  “Biblical  Repertory  and  Prince-  j,  ' uieu  at  VVoilen buttel,  Germany,  loll,  it 
ton  Review  ” (1825).  His  chief  work  is  “ Systematic  The-  German  Lutheran  controversialist. 


Hoffmann,  Ernst  Theodor  Amadeus 

Hoffmann,  Ernst  Theodor  Amadeus  (origi- 
nally Wilhelm).  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
Jan.  24,  1776  : died  at  Berlin,  July  24, 1822.  A 
German  romance  writer.  His  works  include  “ Phan- 
tasiestiicke  in  Callots  Manier"  (“Phantasy  Pieces  in  Cal- 
lot’s  Manner,"  1814-15),  “ Elixire  des  Teufels”  (1815-16), 
“ Nachtstiicke  ” (1817),  “Die  Serapionsbriider  ” (1819-21), 
“ Eater  Murr  ” (1820-22),  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Friedl'ich.  Born  at  Halle,  Prussia, 
Peb.  19, 1660:  died  at  Halle,  Nov.  12,  1742.  A 
celebrated  German  physician,  author  of  “Sys- 
tema  medieinae  rationalis”  (1718^40).  He  be- 
came the  first  professor  of  medicine  at  Halle  in 
1693. 

Hoffmann,  Ludwig  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 

at  Leonberg,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  30,  1806:  died 
at  Berlin,  Aug.  28, 1873.  A German  Protestant 
clergyman.  He  studied  theology  at  Tubingen,  became 
pastor  at  Stuttgart  in  1833,  and  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  Missionary  Institute  at  Basel  in  1839.  He 
became  in  1852  court  preacher  to  Frederick  William  IV.,  on 
whose  ecclesiastical  policy  he  exerted  a strong  influence. 

Hoffmann,  Richard.  Born  at  Manchester, 
England,  May  24,  1831:  died  Ang.  17,  1909. 
An  Anglo-American  composer,  pianist,  and 
teacher.  Ho  lived  in  New  York  from  1847. 
Hofgeismar  (bof'gis-mar).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Esse  14  miles  north-northwest  of  Cassel. 
Hofhuf  (hof-hof' ),  or  Hofuf  (ho-fof ').  The  capi- 
tal of  El-Hasa,  Arabia,  situated  near  the  Per- 
sian Gulf  about  lat.  25°  20'  N.,  long.  49°  50'  E. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1872.  Popula- 
tion, about  40,000. 

Hofmann  (hof'man),  August  Wilhelm  von. 

Bom  at  Giessen,  Germany,  April  8, 1818:  died 
atBerlin,  May  5, 1892.  A noted  German  chemist. 
He  became  superintendent  of  the  Royal  College  of  Chem- 
istry (afterward  chemical  section  of  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines)  at  London  iu  1848  ; W'arden  of  the  British  mint  in 
1855 ; professor  of  chemistry  at  Bonn  in  1864  ; and  was 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Berlin  from  1865  until  his  death. 
He  published  “Handbook  of  Organic  Analysis"  (1853), 
“ Einleitung  in  die  moderne  Chemie  ” (6th  ed.  1877),  etc. 

Hofmann,  Johann  Christian  Konrad  von. 

Born  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Dec.  21 , 1810 : 
died  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  Dec.  20,  1877.  A 
German  Lutheran  theologian,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Erlangen  in  1841,  ordinary  professor 
at  Rostock  in  1842,  and  at  Erlangen  in  1845. 
Hofwyl  (hof'vel).  An  estate  6 miles  north  of 
Bern,  Switzerland : the  seat  of  the  educational 
institutions  of  Fellenberg. 

Hogarth  (ho'garth),  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  10,  1697 : died  at  London,  Oct.  26, 
1764.  A celebrated  English  painter  and  en- 
graver. In  1712  he  was  apprenticed  to  Ellis  Gamble,  a 
silversmith;  in  1718  he  turned  his  attention  to  engrav- 
ing ; and  in  1726  he  first  became  known  by  his  plates  for 
“ Eudibras.”  In  1729  he  ran  away  witli  Sir  James  Thorn- 
hill's only  daughter,  and  was  married  at  Paddington 
church.  He  published  in  1733  “The  Harlot’s  Progress," 
which  was  soon  followed  by  “The  Rake’s  Progress.”  In 
1735  Hogarth  obtained  the  passage  of  an  act  securing  the 
rights  of  artists  to  their  own  designs.  In  1736  he  painted 
on  the  stairway  of  St.  Bartholomew’s  Hospital  “ The  Good 
Samaritan”  and  “The  Pool  of  Bethesda.”  Among  his 
other  pictures  are  the  “Distressed  Poet "(1736),  the  “ En- 
raged Musician  " (1741),  “ Marriage  a la  Mode  "(1745),  “In- 
dustry and  Idleness  ” (1747).  He  made  a famous  journey  to 
France  in  1748.  In  his  later  years  he  indulged  in  literary 
compositions,  and  wrote  “The  Analysis  of  Beauty.”  He 
painted  a number  of  portraits  of  himself,  the  best  of  which 
is  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Hogarth  is  essentially  a comic  painter ; his  pictures  are 
not  indifferent,  unimpassioned  descriptions  of  human  na- 
ture, but  rich,  exuberant  satires  upon  it.  He  is  carried 
away  by  a passion  for  the  ridiculous.  His  object  is  “ to 
show  vice  her  own  feature,  scorn  her  own  image.”  He  is 
so  far  from  contenting  himself  with  still  life  That  he  is 
always  on  the  verge  of  caricature,  though  without  ever 
falling  into  it.  Hazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  190. 

Hogarth  Club.  A London  club  for  artists,  es- 
tablished in  1870.  It  has  a life  class,  sketching 
club,  and  reading-room. 

Hogg  (hog),  James.  Born  at  Ettrick,  Selkirk- 
shire, 1770:  died  atEltrive  Lake,  Nov.  21,  1835. 
A Scottish  poet,  called  “ the  Ettrick  Shep- 
herd ” from  his  occupation.  In  1790  he  began  to  be 
known  as  a song-maker,  and  in  1796  his  education  had  ad- 
vanced so  far  that  he  began  to  write  his  verses.  In  1802 
he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Scott.  In  1810  he  settled  in 
Edinburgh  with  a view  of  devoting  himself  to  literature, 
but  went  to  Eitrive  Lake  in  Yarrow  about  1816.  He  was 
“the  Shepherd”  in  Wilson’s  “Recreations  of  Christopher 
North.”  Among  his  poems  are  “The  Queen’s  Wake” 
(1813),  “ The  Pilgrims  of  the  Sun  ” (1S15),  “ Madoc  of  the 
Moor  ” (1816),  “ The  Poetic  Mirror,  or  the  Living  Bards  of 
Great  Britain  ” (1816  : parodies),  and  “ Queen  Hynde  ” 
(1826).  Among  his  prose  works  are  “The  Brownie  o’  Bods- 
beck,  etc.”  (1817),  and  “Winter  Evening  Tales"  (1820). 
His  “ Jacobite  Relics,  etc.”  (1819-20),  are  both  prose  auu 
verse. 

Hogue  (bog),  or  Hague  (bag ; F.  pron.  bag), 
La.  A promontory  at  the  northwestern  ex- 
tremity of  the  department  of  Mancbe,  France, 
projecting  into  the  English  Channel,  in  lat. 


508 

49°  43'  N.,  long.  1°  57'  W.  This  cape  is  generaUy 
incorrectly  mentioned  iu  connection  with  the  great  victory 
of  the  English  and  Dutch  over  the  French  May  19  (N.  S. 
29),  1692,  off  the  fort  of  La  Hogue,  or  La  Hougue,  near  the 
northeast  extremity  of  the  peninsula. 

Hoh.  See  Quileute. 

Hohe.  See  Assiniboin. 

Hohe  Acht  (ho'e  acht).  One  of  the  chief  moun- 
tains of  the  Eifel,  western  Germany.  Height, 
2,490  feet. 

Hoheneck  (hd'en-ek).  The  second  highest 
summit  of  the  Vosges,  on  the  frontier  of  France 
and  Alsace, west  of  Minister.  Height, 4, 480feet. 

Hohenelbe  (ho'en-el-be).  A town  in  Bohemia 
situated  on  the  Elbe  62  miles  northeast  of 
Prague.  Population,  7,074,  (1910). 

Hohenems  (ko'en-emz),  orHohenemb3(ho'en- 
embz).  A town  in  Vorarlberg,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  47°  21'  N.,  long.  9°  41'  E. 
Population,  commune,  6,452,  (1910). 

Hohenfriedeberg(h6/,'en-fre'de-berG).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  36 
miles  west-southwest  of  Breslau.  Here,  June  4, 
1745,  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  and 
Saxons  under  Prince  Charles  of  Lorraine.  The  Prussian 
loss  was  about  2,000;  that  of  the  Austrians  and  Saxons 
was  4,000  killed  and  wounded  and  7,000  prisoners. 

.Hohenlimburg  (k6//en-lvm'b6rG).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  near  Ha- 
gen. Population,  commune,  12,790. 

Hobenlinden  (ho//en-lin'den).  A village  in  Up- 
per Bavaria,  19  miles  east  of  Munich.  Here,  Dec. 
3,  1800,  the  French  under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrian 
army  under  the  archduke  John.  The  Austrians  lost  8,000 
killed  and  wounded  and  12,000prisoners,  and  the  battle  vir- 
tually ended  the  war.  The  poet  Campbell  wrote  a lyric 
on  the  battle. 

Hohenlohe  (ho^en-lo'e).  A former  county,  later 
a principality,  of  Germany,  mediatized  in  1806, 
and  now  mainly  included  in  the  circle  of  Jagst, 
Wiirtemberg. 

Hobenlobe-Ingelfingen(ing'el-fing-en), Prince 
of  (Friedrich  Ludwig).  Born  at  Ingelfingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  31, 1746:  died  near  Kosel,  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  Feb.  15,  1818.  A Prussian  gen- 
eral. He  gained  a victory  over  the  French  at  Kaisers- 
lautern in  1794,  but  was  defeat  ed  by  Napoleon  at  Jena,  Oct. 
14,  1806,  and  compelled  to  surrender  with  17,000  men  at 
Prenzlau,  Oct.  28,  1806. 

Hohenlohe-Schillmgsfurst  (shillings -fiirst), 
Prince  of  (Chlodwig  Karl  Victor),  Prince  of 
Ratibor  and  Korvei.  Born  March  31, 1819:  died 
July  6,  1901.  A German  statesman  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  Bavarian  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1866-70;  became  German  ambassador  at  Paris  iu  1874  ; 
and  was  appointed  governor  of  Alsace-Lorraine  in  1885. 
He  was  chancellor  of  the  German  Empire  Oct.,  1894-Oct., 
1900.  succeeding  Caprivi. 

Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfiirst 

(val'den-borG-shil'iings-furst),  Prince  of  (Al- 
exander Leopold).  Born  at  Kupferzell,  near 
Walden  burg,  Wiirtemberg,  Aug.  17,  1794 : died 
at  Voslau,  near  Vienna,  Nov.  14,  1849.  A 
German  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic.  He  was 

ordained  priest  in  1815,  and  became  a member  of  the 
society  of  “ Fathers  of  the  Sacred  Heart  ” about  1816, 
canon  of  Grosswardein  in  1824,  grand  provost  iu  1829, 
and  bishop  of  Sardica  in  partibus  infidelimn  in  1844. 
He  several  times  came  into  conflict  with  the  civil  au- 
thorities as  a practitioner  of  the  prayer-cure.  He  wrote 
“Der  im  Geist  der  Katholischen  Kirche  beteude  Christ  ” 
(1819),  etc. 

Hohenschwangau  (ho//en-shvang'ou).  A medi- 
eval stronghold  in  Swabia,  Bavaria,  56  miles 
southwest  of  Munich,  said  to  have  been  raised 
on  Roman  foundations,  but  entirely  rebuilt  by 
Maximilian  II.  It  is  especially  interesting  for  its  fres- 
cos, which  include  the  “Legend  of  Lohengrin,"  many  his- 
torical subjects,  the  “Life  of  a Medieval  Lady,"  episodes 
of  chivalry,  etc.  Thegarden  exhibitsareproduction  of  the 
Fountain  of  Lions  in  the  Alhambra. 

Hohenstaufen  (ho'en-stou-fen).  A village  in 
Wiirtemberg,  23  miles  east  of  Stuttgart,  its 
former  castle  was  the  seat  of  the  Hohenstaufen  family. 
Height,  2,237  feet. 

Hohenstaufen.  A German  princely  family,  it 
furnished  sovereigns  to  Germany  1138-1208  and  1215-54, 
and  to  Sicily  1194-1266.  Conradin,  last  of  the  line,  was  exe- 
cuted 1268.  See  “ Geschichte  der  Hohenstaufen,”  by  Rau- 
mer. 

Hohenstein-Ernstthal  (ho'en-stin-ernst'tal). 
A town  in  the  governmental  district  of 
Zwickau,  Saxony,  48  miles  west-southwest  of 
Dresden.  Population,  commune,  13,903. 

Hohentwiel  (ho'en-tvel).  A ruined  fortress  in 
Wiirtemberg,  near  Singen.  Height,  2,273  feet. 

Hohenzollern  (ho'en-tsol-lern).  A province 
of  Prussia,  inclosed  by  Wiirtemberg.  Area, 
441  square  miles.  Population,  68,282. 

Hohenzollern.  A castle  nearHechingen,  south- 
ern Germany,  belonging  to  the  Prussian  royal 
family  situated  in  the  Swabian  Alp.  it  was  be- 
gun in  i860,  the  medieval  fortress  having  practically  dis- 
appeared, except  the  chapel  The  exterior  walls  and  bas- 
tions reproduce  the  old  castle.  The  entrance  is  by  com- 


Holberg 

plicated  and  well-defended  ramps.  The  inner  buildings 
consist  of  several  wings  with  5 great  towers.  The  state 
apartments  are  adorned  with  polished  marbles,  gilding, 
and  color,  and  the  vaulting  is  admirable.  The  style  of 
the  14th  century  is  consistently  followed  throughout. 
Height,  2,840  feet. 

Hohenzollern.  A German  princely  family,  it 
ruled  over  Brandehburg  from  1415,  and  has  furnished  the 
kings  of  Prussia  since  1701  (German  emperors  since  1871). 

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen  (sig'mar-ing-en). 
A former  principality  of  Germany,  situated  in 
Wiirtemberg:  incorporated withPrussiain  1850. 
Hohe  Tauern.  See  Tauern. 

Hojeda.  See  Ojeda. 

Holbach  (G.  pron.  hol'bach ; F.  pron.  ol-bak'), 
Paul  Henri  Thiry,  Baron  d’.  Born  at  Hei- 
delsheim,  Baden,  1723 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  21, 
1789.  A French  skeptic  and  materialistic  phi- 
losopher. He  wrote  “Le  Christianisme  d6voil6,  etc.” 
(1707),  “Le  systfeme  de  la  nature ”(“ System  of  Nature," 
1770:  published  in  popular  form  as  “Le  bon  sens,”  1772), 
numerous  articles  in  the  “Encyclopedic,"  etc.  He  re- 
sided in  Paris  from  his  youth,  and  his  home  became  a ren- 
dezvous for  the  free-thinkers  of  his  time.  His  dinners 
were  exceptionally  celebrated,  and  earned  for  him,  from 
the  Abb4  Galiani,  the  title  of  the  “premier  maitre  d’hOtel 
de  la  philosopliie." 

Holbeach  (kol'beck).  A town  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  the  Holland  district.  Population, 
4,755. 

Holbein  (hol'bin),  Hans,  sumamed  “The  Eld- 
er.” Born  at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  about  1460 : 
died  there,  1524.  A German  historical  painter. 
He  represented  the  realistic  tendency  of  the  Swabian 
school,  and  later  was  influenced  by  that  of  the  Italian  Re- 
naissance. His  “Altar  of  St.  Sebastian"  (1616),  in  the  Old 
Pinakothek,  Munich,  is  his  masterpiece. 

Holbein, Hans, surnamed “TheYounger.”  Born 
probably  at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  about  1497 : 
died  at  London,  1543.  A German  historical  and 
portrait  painter  and  wood-engraver,  son  of  Hans 
Holbein  (1460-1524).  He  went  to  Basel  in  1515,  and 
matriculated  in  the  painters’  gild  in  1519.  His  frescos 
in  the  city  hall  at  Basel,  and  the  “Passion”  in  the  Basel 
Museum,  were  painted  about  1521-22,  In  1523  he  painted 
the  portrait  of  Erasmus  at  Longford  Castle.  A bout  1526  he 
visited  Antwerp  to  see  Quentin  Massys,  and  afterward  went 
to  England,  where  he  was  lodged  at  Sir  Thomas  More’s 
bouse,  near  London.  In  1528  he  went  to  Basel,  and  returned 
to  England  in  1532,  where  he  remained  for  the  rest  of  his 
life.  He  became  court  paintei1  to  Henry  VIII.  about  1536. 
Among  his  works  are  a series  of  89  sketches  in  red  chalk 
and  India  ink,  belonging  to  this  period,  now  in  the  Wind- 
sor collection  : a series  of  designs  for  wood-engraving, 
“The  Dance  of  Death,”  engraved  by  Hans  Liitzelburger, 
published  in  1538  and  1547 ; a portrait  of  Sir  Thomas  More 
(1527) ; a portrait  of  Anne  of  Cleves  (1539) ; a number  of 
portraits  of  German  merchant  goldsmiths  of  the  Steel- 
yard, some  of  which  are  in  Germany ; “ The  Ambassadors  " 
(in  the  National  Gallery,  1533);  and  portraits  of  Henry 
VIII.  and  of  the  principal  personages  of  the  time.  He 
also  designed  the  title-pages  to  Coverdale’s  and  Cranmer’s 
Bibles,  and  painted  some  important  works  with  religious 
subjects  (“  The  Last  Supper,”  “ The  Dead  Christ,  "eight  Pas- 
sion pictures,  etc. — all  in  the  museum  at  Basel;  “The  Na- 
tivity ” and  “The  Adoration  of  the  Magi,”  at  Freiburg- 
im-Breisgau;  “Madonna,"  with  the  Meyer  family  at  Darm- 
stadt ; “Madonna  and  Saints,”  at  Solothurn,  etc.). 
Holberg  (hol'bero),  Ludvig  von.  Born  at  Ber- 
gen, Norway,  Dee.  3,  1684 : died  at  Copenhagen. 
Jan.  28, 1754.  The  father  of  the  Danish  drama, 
and  the  greatest  name  in  Danish  literature.  His 
father,  who  had  risen  from  a common  soldier  to  the  rank 
of  colonel,  died  when  he  was  still  an  infant,  and  his  mother 
when  he  was  10  years  old.  He  had  been  intended  for  the 
army,  but  showed  such  an  aptitude  for  study  that  he  was 
sent  to  the  Bergen  Latin  school,  and  in  1702  he  entered 
the  Copenhagen  University.  Being  destitute  of  means,  he 
soon  came  back  again  to  Norway,  and  was  tutor  in  the 
family  of  a clergyman  at  Voss.  A year  later  he  again 
went  to  Copenhagen,  where  he  studied  theology  and  took 
his  examination,  but  shortly  after  ret  urned  to  Norway  and 
was  again  a tutor,  this  time  with  a clergyman  at  Bergen. 
This  latter  had  been  a great  traveler,  and  Holberg,  through 
the  perusal  of  the  journal  he  had  kept,  was  inspired  with  a 
desire  to  see  the  world.  He  accordingly  set  out  for  Hol- 
land, but  went  only  as  far  as  Aix-la-Chapelle.  The  year 
after  he  returned  to  Norway  and  settled  atChristiansand, 
where  he  taught  French  during  the  winter.  The  following 
spring  he  went  to  England  and  remained  2 years,  chiefly  at 
Oxford,  where  he  supported  himself  by  teaching  languages 
and  music.  Returning  to  Copenhagen,  he  established  him- 
self as  docent  at  the  university,  but  soon  after  accepted 
the  post  of  private  tutor,  and  accompanied  his  charge  to 
Germany.  Upon  his  return  to  Denmark  he  was  again  a 
tutor  until  the  year  after  (1710),  when  he  was  admitted  as 
a stipendiary  at  Borch’s  Collegium  in  Copenhagen,  when 
lie  was  finally  enabled  to  devote  himself  to  literary  work. 
In  1711  he  published  his  first  work,  “ Introduction  til  den 
Europaiske  Rigers  Historie  " (“  Introduction  to  the  His- 
tory of  the  Nations  of  Europe  ").  In  1714hewasmadepro- 
fessorextraordinarius,  but  without  a stipend.  Shortly  after, 
however,  he  was  made  the  beneficiary  of  the  “Rosenkrants 
fund,”  and  was  thus  enabled  to  go  abroad.  He  accord- 
ingly sailed  to  Holland ; traveled  on  foot  from  Brussels 
to  Paris,  where  he  remained  for  a year  and  a half ; pro- 
ceeded again,  partly  on  foot,  to  Marseilles  and  Genoa, 
where  he  fell  ill ; arid  afterward  « ent  on  to  Rome,  where 
he  remained  the  whole  winter.  The  following  Feb.  he  set 
out  again  for  Denmark,  making  the  w hole  journey  from 
Rome  to  Paris  on  foot.  In  1718  he  was  made  professor 
of  metaphysics  at  Copenhagen : later  he  became  profes- 
sor of  Latin  and  rhetoric,  and  ultimately  (1730)  of  history 
and  geography.  In  1719-20  appeared,  under  the  pseudo- 
nym Hans  Mikkelsen,  the  first  of  his  characteristic  pro- 


Holberg 

auctions,  the  comic-heroic  poem  “ Peder  Paars."  In  1722 
he  began  to  write  comedies.  Up  to  this  year,  when  the 
Danish  theater  was  opened  with  a translation  of  Moliere's 
“L  Avare,”  there  had  been  French  and  German  but  no 
Danish  theaters  in  Copenhagen.  Holberg  was  applied  to 
to  write  Danish  comedies,  and  this  year  the  first  of  them 
was  produced:  “Den  politiske  Kanderstfiber”  (“The 
Pewterer  Politician  Five  plays  were  furnished  during 
the  year,  and  ultimately  he  had  written  33.  Among  the 
most  notable  of  these,  besides  the  one  mentioned,  are  “Den 
Stundesl0se”  (“The  Busy  Man  "),  “Erasmus  Montanus,” 
“Barselstuen’'(“  The  lying-in  Room  "),  “Jeppe  paa  Bjer- 
get”  (“Jeppe  of  the  Mountain”),  “Jacob  von  Thybo,” 
“Den  Vaegelsindede”  (“  The  Fickle  Woman ’’).  In  1725 
he  again  went  abroad,  and  remained  during  the  winter  in 
Paris.  After  1723,  the  year  of  the  great  conflagration  in 
Copenhagen,  and  during  the  reign  of  Christian  VI.,  no 
more  plays  were  written;  but  when  the  theater  was  re- 
opened in  1747,  on  the  accession  of  Frederick  V.,  several 
more  were  furnished,  inferior,  however,  to  his  earlier  com- 
edies. In  1741  was  published  in  Latin,  at  Leipsic,  “Nieho- 
lai  Klimii  iter  subterraneum” — in  the  Danish  translation 
by  Baggesen  : “ Niels  Klims  underjordiske  Reise  ” (“Niels 
Klim's  Underground  Journey  ’’).  He  was  ennobled  in  1747. 
The  considerable  property  that  he  had  accumulated  was 
left,  at  his  death,  to  the  Sor0  Academy.  He  was  buried 
in  the  Sord  church.  Besides  the  above,  he  wrote  various 
historical  and  other  works,  among  them  “ Danmarks  Riges 
Historie”  (“  The  History  of  the  Kingdom  of  Denmark”) 
in  3 vols.,  an  autobiography  in  3 letters  written  in  Latin, 
and  several  humorou  s epics  and  lyrics.  He  has  been  called 
“the  founder  of  modern  Danish  literature.” 

Holborn  (ho'born).  A borough  (metropolitan) 
of  London.  Population,  49,336,  (1911). 
Holbrook  (hoi ' bruk),  J olm  Edwards.  Born  at 
Beaufort,  S.  C.,  Dec.  31,  1795:  died  at  Norfolk, 
Mass.,  Sept.  8, 1871.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  became  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  Medical  College  of 
South  Carolina  in  1824,  a position  which  he  retained  up- 
ward of  30  years.  His  chief  work  is  “American  Herpe- 
tology ” (1842). 

Holcroft  (hol'kroft),  Thomas.  Bom  at  London, 
Dec.  10  (O.  S.),  1745:  died  there,  March  23, 1809. 
An  English  dramatist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and 
actor.  He  was  ridiculed  by  Gifford  in  the  “Baviad.”  In 
1794,  having  embraced  (he  principles  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution, he  was  indicted  for  high  treason,  but  after  remain- 
ing for  about  two  months  in  Newgate  he  was  discharged 
without  a trial.  Among  his  plays  are  “The  Follies  of  a 
Day,”  a translation  of  Beaumarchais’s  “Mariage  de  Figaro  ” 
(produced  in  1784,  Holcroft  appearing  as  Figaro),  “The 
Road  to  Ruin  ” (1792 : revived  in  1873,  and  translated  into 
Danish  and  German),  “The  Deserted  Daughter,"  founded 
on  Cumberland’s  “Fashionable Lover ”(1795),  etc.  Healso 
wrote  “Tales  of  the  Castle  ” from  the  French  of  Madame 
de  Genlis  (1785),  “Life  of  Baron  Frederic  Trenck,  etc.” 
(1788),  “ A Tale  of  Mystery  ” (the  first  melodrama,  1802), 
with  several  novels  and  translations. 

Holder  (hol'der),  Joseph  Bassett.  Bom  at 
Lynn,  Mass.,  Oct.  26,  1824:  died  in  New  York 
city,  Feb.  28,  1888.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  was  curator  of  invertebrate  zoology,  ichthyology,  and 
herpetology  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
in  New  York  city  from  1870  until  his  death.  He  wrote  a 
“History  of  the  North  American  Fauna ” (1882),  “History 
of  the  Atlantic  Right  Whales  ” (1883),  “ The  Living  World  ” 
(1884),  etc. 

Holderlin  (bel'der-lin),  Johann  Christian 

Friedrich.  Bom  at  Lauifen,  Wurtemberg, 
March  20, 1770:  died  at  Tubingen, Wurtemberg, 
June  7,  1843.  A German  poet,  author  of  the 
romance  “Hyperion”  (1797-99),  lyric  poems 
(1826),  etc. 

Holderness  (hol'der-nes).  The  peninsula  be- 
tween the  North  Sea  and  the  Humber,  in  the 
East  Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England. 

Holger  Danske  (hol'ger  dans'ke).  The  tutelary 
genius  of  the  Danes,  who,  according  to  the  le- 
gend, sleeps  beneath  the  Kronborg  at  Helsingor 
(the  Elsinore  of  Shakspere’s  “Hamlet”),  ready 
to  arise  when  Denmark  is  in  danger.  Local  le- 
gend places  him  also  at  Mogeltondem,  in  North 
Schleswig. 

Holies  (ho'lich).  A town  in  the  county  of  Neu- 
tra,  Hungary,  45  miles  north  of  Presburg.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  5,817. 

Holinshed  (hol'inz-hed),  or  Holiingshead 
(hol'ingz-hed),  Raphael.  Born  probably  at 
Sutton  Downes,  Cheshire:  died  about  1580.  An 
English  chronicler.  He  is  said  to  have  been  educated 
at  one  of  the  universities,  possibly  Cambridge.  His  great 
work,  “Chronicles  of  England,  Scotland, and  Ireland,”  was 
begun  for  Reginald  Wolfe,  a London  printer,  whose  service 
he  entered  as  translator  early  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 
(See  tiie  extract.)  A second  and  enlarged  edition,  edited 
by  John  Hooker,  was  published  after  Holinshed’s  death 
(1587). 

About  1548  Wolfe  designed  a universal  history  and  cos- 
mography, with  maps  and  illustrations.  He  had  inher- 
ited Leland’s  notes,  and  he  himself  began  the  compilation 
of  the  English,  Scottish,  and  Irish  portions.  Holinshed 
worked  for  some  years  under  his  direction,  and  had  free 
access  to  Leland’s  manuscripts.  “ After  fiue-and-twentie 
yeares  travell  spent  therein,  Wolfedied  in  1573.  No  part 
of  the  great  project  was  then  ready  for  publication,  but 
three  well-known  publishers,  George  Bishop,  John  Harri- 
son,and  Luke  or  Lucas  Harrison,  determined  to  persevere 
with  it,  and  Holinshed  continued  his  labours  in  their  ser- 
vice. Alarmed  at  the  size  the  work  seemed  likely  to  a ssume, 
Wolfe’s  successors  resolved  to  limit  their  plan  to  histories 
and  descriptions  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  only, 
and  to  omit  maps.  William  Harrison  was  engaged  to  as- 
sist Holinshed  in  the  descriptions  of  England  and  Scot- 


509 

land,  anti  Richard  Stanihurst  to  continue  from  1509  to  1547 
the  history  of  Ireland,  which  Holinshed  had  compiled 
chiefly  from  a manuscript  by  Edmund  Campion.  At  length, 
on  1 July,  1578,  a license  for  publishing  “Raphael  Hol- 
lingesheds  Cronycle”  was  issued  to  John  Harrison  and 
George  Bishop,  on  payment  of  the  unusually  high  fee  of 
“xxs  and  a copy."  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Holkar  (hol'kar).  A Mahratta  family  in  the  18th 
and  19th  centuries. 

Holkar’s  Dominions.  See  Indore. 

Holland  (hol'and;  D.  pron.hol'lant).  See  Neth- 
erlands. For  Holland,  North,  and  Holland, 
South,  see  North  Holland  and  South  Holland. 

Holland  (hol'and).  A region  in  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  Lincolnshire,  England,  largely  com- 
posed of  fens. 

Holland,  George.  Born  at  London,  England, 
Dec.  6,  1791:  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  20,  1870. 
A comedian.  After  a career  of  some  success  in  Eng- 
land he  came  to  the  United  States  in  1827,  where  he  was  a 
popular  favorite  until  his  death. 

Holland,  Sir  Henry.  Bom  at  Knutsford,  Che- 
shire, England,  Oct.  27,  1788:  died  at  London, 
Oct.  27, 1873.  An  English  physician  and  author. 
He  published  “ Medical  Notes  and  Reflections  ” 
(1839),  etc. 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert.  Born  at  Belcher- 
town,  Mass.,  July  24,  1819:  died  at  New  York, 
Oct.  12,  1881.  An  American  author,  journal- 
ist, and  editor.  He  was  an  editor  of  the  “ Springfield 
Republican  ” 1849-66,  and  editor-in-chief  of  “ Scribner’s 
Monthly  ” (later  “The  Century  Magazine”)  1870-81,  and 
one  of  its  founders.  He  wrote  “Timothy  Titcomb’s  Let- 
ters to  the  Young  "(1858),  “Gold Foil  "(1859),  “Plain Talks 
on  Familiar  Subjects”  (1865);  the  poems  “Bitter-Sweet” 
(1858)  and  “Kathrina”  (1868);  and  the  novels  “Arthur 
Bonnicastle ” (1873),  “Sevenoaks”  (1876),  “Nicholas  Min- 
turn  ” (1877),  etc. 

Holland,  Lord.  See  Fox,  Henry  Richard  Vassal l. 

Holland,  Philemon.  Born  at  Chelmsford,  Es- 
sex, 1552 : died  at  Coventry,  Feb.  9,  1637.  An 
English  writer,  noted  as  a translator.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1571,  and  after  1595 
lived  at  Coventry.  His  translations  include  Livy  (1600), 
the  “Natural  History  ’ of  Pliny  (1601),  the  “Morals"  of 
Plutarch  (1603),  the  “ History  of  the  Caesars  ” of  Suetonius 
(1606),  Camden’s  “Britannia  ” (1610),  and  the  “ Cyropsedia" 
of  Xenophon  (1632). 

Holland  House.  Amansion  in  Kensington , Lon- 
don, especially  noted  as  a social  center  during 
the  life  of  the  third  Lord  Holland,  it  took  its  name 
from  Henry  Rich,  earl  of  Holland,  by  whose  father-in-law, 
Sir  Walter  Cope,  it  was  built  in  1607. 

Hollar  (hol'lar),Wenceslaus  (Vaclav  Holar). 
Born  at  Prague,  July  13, 1607 : died  March  28, 
1677.  An  engraver,  a pupil  of  Matthaus  Merian 
at  Frankfort.  He  traveled  extensively,  making  plates  of 
views  in  the  various  cities  he  visited.  The  Earl  of  Arun- 
del, ambassador  to  the  emperor  in  1635,  discovered  Hollar 
and  brought  him  to  England.  About  1639  he  became 
teacher  of  drawing  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  was  made 
royal  designer  on  the  prince’s  accession  as  Charles  II. 
Hollar  enlisted  with  the  Royalists  in  the  civil  war,  and  was 
made  prisoner  at  Basing  House  in  1645.  On  regaining  his 
liberty  he  joined  the  Earl  of  Arundel  at  Antwerp,  return- 
ing to  England  in  1652.  He  was  afterward  sent  with  Lord 
Howard  to  Tangier  to  make  topographical  drawings.  In 
1640  appeared  26  plates  entitled  “ Ornatus  Muliebris  An- 
glicanus,  or  Several  Habits  of  English  Women,  etc.,”  fol- 
lowed in  1643  by  illustrations  of  feminine  costumes  in  other 
parts  of  Europe.  In  1672  he  made  plates  of  Lincoln,  York, 
etc.  His  rendering  of  architecture  is  especially  fine. 

Hollentlial  (bel'len-tal).  A picturesque  valley 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  Black  Forest,  Ger- 
many, east  of  Freiburg. 

Holies  (holz),  Denzil,  Baron  Holies.  Born  Oct. 
31, 1599 ; died  Feb.  17,  1670.  An  English  states- 
man, second  son  of  the  first  Earl  of  Clare.  He 
was  the  brother-in-law  of  Strafford.  In  1624  he  entered 
Parliament,  and  on  March  2, 1629,  was  one  of  the  two  who 
held  the  speaker  in  his  chair  when  he  attempted  to  adjourn 
the  House  at  the  king’s  order.  Two  days  later  he  was  ar- 
rested and  sent  to  the  Tower.  He  refused  to  acknowledge 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  over  what  was  donein  Parlia- 
ment, and  was  heavily  fined.  The  sum  of  £5,000  was  voted 
to  him  by  the  Long  Parliament  as  compensation  foi  his 
losses  in  the  affair.  He  was  an  influential  member  of  this 
Parliament,  was  one  of  the  members  impeached  by  the  king 
Jan.  3,  1642,  and  fought  for  the  Parliament  at  Edgehill  and 
Brentford.  Later  he  became  a prominent  advocate  of  peace 
and  an  agreement  with  the  king,  was  opposed  to  the  Inde- 
pendents, and  in  1647  was  impeached  with  10  others  by  the 
army.  He  fled  to  France,  and  in  Jan.,  1648,  was  expelled 
from  Parliament.  On  the  Restoration  he  was  created  Baron 
Holies,  and  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1663-66. 

Holies,  John.  Born  at  Haughton,  Nottingham- 
shire, about  1564;  died  there,  Oct.  4, 1637.  An 
English  politician,  created  first  earl  of  Clare  in 
1624. 

Hollidaysburg  (hol'i-daz-berg).  A post-bor- 
ough and  the  capital  of  Blair  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  in  lat.  40° 26'  N.,  long.  78°  25'  W. 
Population,  3,734,  (1910). 

Hollingsworth  (hol'mgz-werth).  A character 
in  Hawthorne’s  “Blithedale  Romance.”  He  is 
the  only  man  of  action  in  the  story. 

Hollins  (hol'inz),  George  Nichols.  Born  at 
Baltimore,  Sept.  20,  1799 : died  there,  Jan.  18, 


Holstein 

1878.  An  American  naval  officer.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1814,  served  under  Decatur  in  the  Algerian  war  in 
1815,  and  became  commander  in  1844.  In  1854,  while  lying 
off  the  Mosquito  Coast,  he  bombarded  Greytown,  whose 
citizens,  it  was  alleged,  had  molested  the  American  resi- 
dents, in  consequence  of  which  hasty  action  serious  diffi- 
culty was  narrowly  averted  with  Great  Britain,  who  claimed 
a protectorate  over  N icaragua.  He  resigned  in  1861,  in  order 
to  accept  a commission  as  commodore  in  the  Confederate 
navy. 

Hollis  (hol'is),  Thomas.  Born  inEngland,  1659 : 
died  1731.  An  English  merchant,  a benefactor 
of  Harvard  College. 

Holo  (ho'lo).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  settled  between  the  Kuangu  and  Luiyi 
rivers.  They  own  many  cattle,  but  live  in  a very 
low  state  of  culture. 

Holloway  (hol'6-wa).  A district  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  London. 

Holloway,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  1748; 
died  at  Coltishall,  near  Norwich,  England,  Feb., 
1827.  An  English  engraver.  His  chief  works  are 
engravings  after  Raphael's  cartoons. 

Holm,  Saxe.  A pseudonym  under  which  a num- 
ber of  popular  stories  were  published  in  1873 
and  (second  series)  18  / 8.  They  have  been  attributed 
to  Helen  Hunt  Jackson. 

Holmhoe  (holm'be),  Kristoffer  Andreas. 

Born  in  the  district  of  Yalders,  southern  Nor- 
way, March  19, 1796:  died  April  2, 1882.  ANorwe- 
gian  philologist.  He  was  appointed  to  a professorship 
in  the  University  of  Christiania  in  1825.  His  works  include 
“ Dasalteste  Mimzwesen  Norwegens  ” (1846),  “ Sanskrit  og 
Oldnorsk”  (1846),  “ Det  oldnorske  Verbum  ” (1848),  etc. 

Holmby  (hom'bi)  House.  An  old  mansion  near 
Northampton  in  England,  in  which  Charles  I. 
was  imprisoned  in  1647. 

Holmes  (homz),  Abiel.  Born  at  Woodstock, 
Conn.,  Dec.  24, 1763:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
June  4,  1837.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman  and,  historical  writer.  He  was  pastor 
of  a church  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1792-1832.  Au- 
thor of  “ Annals  of  America”  (1805:  new  ed.,  bringing  the 
narrative  down  to  1826,  1829). 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Aug.  29,  1809 : died  Oct.  7,  1894.  An 
American  poet,  essayist,  and  novelist,  son  of 
Abiel  Holmes.  He  was  professorof  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology in  the  medical  school  of  Harvard  University  from 
1847  to  1882,  when  he  resigned  and  was  appointed  professor 
emeritus.  He  contributed  to  the  “ Atlantic  Monthly  ” the 
“Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-Table”  (1857-58),  “Professor 
at  the  Breakfast-Table  ” (1859),  “ Poet  at  the  Breakfast- 
Table”(1872),  and  “Over  the  Tea-cups  ” (1891) ; and  wrote 
the  novels  “Elsie  Venner  ” (1861),  “The  Guardian  Angel  " 
(186S),  and  “ A Mortal  Antipathy”  (1885).  His  poems  have 
been  collected  in  “ Songs  in  Many  Keys  ” (1861),  “ Humor- 
ous Poems  ” (1865),  “ Songs  of  Many  Seasons"  (1874),  “Be- 
fore the  Curfew”  (1888).  He  also  wrote  a number  of  vol- 
umes of  essays,  and  memoirs  of  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson 
(1885)  and  of  John  Lothrop  Motley  (1878). 

Holofernes  (hol-o-fer'nez).  [Gr.  '01 otplpvr/g,  also 
’Oil cxpepvyg,  'OpoiplpvriQ.']  A general  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar; the  leading  character  in  the  book  of 
Judith  (Apocrypha).  He  was  killed  by  Judith. 
Holofernes,  orHolophernes.  1.  A conventional 
character  of  Italian  comedy:  a pedant  or  pom- 
pous schoolmaster. — 2.  A pedant  in  Rabelais’s 
“Gargantua  and  Pantagruel.”  He  teaches  Gar- 
gantua  to  say  the  alphabet  backward  in  5 years 
and  3 months. — 3.  A pompous  schoolmaster 
in  Shakspere’s  “Love’s  Labour’s  Lost,”  taken 
from  the  conventional  character  of  Italian 
comedy. 

As  for  the  notion  of  certain  critics,  that  Holofernes  was 
meant  for  a satire  upon  John  Florio,  whose  “ Second  Fruits  ’’ 
appeared  in  1591,  containing  some  reflections  on  the  inde- 
corum of  the  English  stage,  we  cannot  discover  the  slight- 
est ground  for  it.  Shakespeare,  no  doubt,  had  ample  occa- 
sion to  laugh  at  the  pedantry  of  pedagogues  long  before  he 
knew  any  thing  of  Florio. 

Hudson,  Int.  to  Love's  Labour ’s  Lost. 

Holst  (hoist),  Hans  Peter.  Bornat  Copenhagen, 
Oct.  22, 1811:  died  June  2, 1893.  A Danish  poet. 
After  having  been  successively  a teacher  and  a newspaper 
editor,  he  became,  in  1875,  dramaturgist  to  the  royal  thea- 
ter at  Copenhagen.  He  founded  in  1868  the  magazine 
“For  Romantik  og  Historie,” and  was  the  author  of  “ Ude 

-frog  Hjemme,”  “Den  lille  Hornblaeser”  (1849),  etc. 

Holst  (hoist),  Hermann  Eduard  von.  Bom  at 
Fellin,  Livonia,  Russia,  June  19  (N.  S.),  1841: 
died  at  Freiburg,  Jan.  20, 1904.  A German  his- 
torian. He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1866,  and  set- 
tled at  New  York,  where  he  contributed  to  the  press,  and 
in  1869  became  assistant  editor  of  the  “ Deutsch-Ameri- 
kanisches  Conversations-Lexikon."  He  was  professor  of 
history  at  Strasburg  University  1872-74,  at  the  University 
of  Freiburg  1874-92,  and  at  the  University  of  Chicago  1892- 
1899.  Among  his  works  are  “ Verfassungsgeschichte  der 
Vereiniglen  Staaten  von  Amerika"  (1878-85:  translated 
into  English  a3  “ Constitutional  and  Political  History  of 
the  United  States”),  and  “ Life  of  John  C.  Calhoun  " (1884). 

Holstein  (hol'stin).  The  southern  part  of  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  sepa- 
rated from  Schleswig  by  the  Eider  and  the  Baltic 
Canal.  ThechiefplaceisKiel.  The  surface  is  generally 
low.  It  formed  part  of  the  realm  of  Charles  the  Great, 
and  was  for  several  centuries  ruled  by  counts  of  the  house 


Holstein 

of  Schauenberg.  Schleswig  and  Holstein  were  formally 
united  in  1386.  In  1460  they  passed  to  the  kings  of  Den- 
mark (Oldenburg  line).  Holstein  continued  a fief  of  the 
empire ; became  a duchy  in  1474 ; and  was  incorporated 
with  Denmark  in  1806.  The  King  of  Denmark  entered  the 
Germanic  Confederation  for  Holstein  in  1815.  It  received 
representative  government  in  1831 ; rebelled  against  Den- 
mark 1848-50  and  1863-64 ; and  was  annexed  by  Prussia  in 
1866.  See  Schleswig  and  Schleswig-Holstein  Wars. 

Holstein-Gottorp.  See  Oldenburg. 

Holston  (hol'ston).  A river  in  eastern  Tennes- 
see, formed  by  the  North  and  South  Forks  near 
Kingsport.  It  unites  with  the  Clinch  to  form  the 
Tennessee  at  Kingston.  Length,  about  200  miles  (in- 
cluding the  North  Fork,  over  300  miles);  navigable  to 
Knoxville. 

Holtei  (hol'ti),  Karl  von.  Born  at  Breslau,  Jan. 
24,  1798 : died  there,  Feb.  12, 1880.  A German 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  began  the  study  of  jurispru- 
dence, but  soon  abandoned  it  to  go  upon  the  stage,  and 
afterward  was  connected  with  the  theater,  in  various  places, 
as  actor,  director,  and  poet.  He  also  acquir  ed  reputation 
as  a Shaksperian  reader.  A volumeof  poems (“  Gedichte  ”) 
appeared  in  1826.  His  principal  fame,  however,  as  a poet 
rests  upon  his  “Schlesisehe  Gedichte  "(“Silesian  Poems,” 
1830).  Among  his  dramas  are  particularly  to  be  mentioned 
‘‘Lenore,”  “Lorbeerbaum  und  Bettelstab”  (“Laurel  Tree 
and  Beggar  Staff  ”),  “Deralte  Feldherr”  (“The  Old  Gen- 
eral”), “Die  Berliner  in  Wien ” (“The  Berliners  in  Vien- 
na”), “ Die  Wiener  in  Berlin  ” (“The  Viennese  in  Berlin  ”), 
all  of  which  appeared  in  his  “Theater  "(1867)  in  6 vols.  He 
is  also  the  author  of  a number  of  novels,  among  them 
“ Die  Vagabunden ” (“ The  Vagabonds,"  1851),  “Christian 
Lammfell  "(1853), “Ein  armerSchneider  ” (“A  Poor  Tailor,” 
1858),  "Der  letzte  Komodiant”  (“The  Last  Comedian,” 
1863). 

Holty  (hel'ti),  Ludwig  Heinrich  Christoph. 

Born  at  Mariensee,  near  Hannover,  Dee.  21, 
1748:  died  at  Hannover,  Sept.  1,  1776.  A Ger- 
man lyric  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a clergyman.  He 
studied  theology  at  Gottingen,  where  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  poetic  brotherhood,  the  so-called  “ Hain- 
Buud.”  lie  wrote  songs,  odes,  and  elegies,  and  the  patriotic 
idyl  “Das  Feuer  im  Walde”  (“The  Fire  in  the  Forest”). 
His  collected  poems  were  first  published  posthumously  in 
1783. 

Holtzendorff  (holts'en-dorf),  Franz  von.  Born 
at  Vietmannsdorf,  Ukermark,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 
1829:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  5,  1889.  A German 

jurist.  He  wrote  “ Franzosische  Rechtsznstande  ’’  (1859), 
“ Die  Reform  der  Staatsanwaltschaft  in  Deutschland  ” 

★(1864),  “Die  Prinzipien  der  Politik”  (1869).  etc. 

Holub(ho'16b),Emil.  Born  at  Holitz,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  7, 1847  : died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  21,  1902.  An 
African  explorer.  After  practising  medicine  at  the 
diamond-fields  of  South  Africa  (1872),  he  took  to  scientific 
exploration  and  collecting.  He  first  explored  the  Trans- 
vaal (1873-74) ; reached  the  Zambesi  River,  via  Shoshong,  in 
1875 ; and  went  as  far  as  the  Barotse,  returning  to  Europe 
in  1879.  In  1884  he  was  again  at  the  Cape  and  on  his  way 
to  the  Zambesi.  The  looting  of  his  camp  by  the  Mashu- 
kulumbe  obliged  him  to  return  in  1887.  11  is  young  wife 

accompanied  him  on  this  second  exploration  of  the  Zam- 
besi valley,  and  rendered  heroic  service.  He  wrote 
“Seven  Years  in  South  Africa  ” (1880),  etc. 

Holy  Alliance,  The.  A league  formed  by  the 
sovereigns  of  Russia,  Austria, andPrussia  in  per- 
son after  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  signed  at  Paris 
Sept.  26,  1815,  and  afterward  joined  by  all  the 
other  European  sovereigns  except  those  of  Rome 
and  England.  Its  professed  object  was  to  unite  their 
respective  governments  in  a Christian  brotherhood,  but 
its  real  one  was  to  perpetuate  existing  dynasties  by  their 
joint  opposition  to  all  attempts  at  change.  A special 
clause  debarred  any  member  of  the  Bonaparte  family  from 
ascending  a European  throne.  The  league  came  to  an  end 
after  the  French  revolution  of  1830. 

Holy  Bottle.  See  Dive  Bouteille. 

Holy  Coat.  See  Treves. 

Holycross  (ho-li-kros').  A village  in  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Suir  3 miles  south  of 
Thurles.  Holycross  Abbey  is  a very  notable  Cistercian 
foundation,  now  ruined.  The  cruciform  church,  with  cen- 
tral tower,  has  round  arches  on  the  north  side  of  the  nave 
and  pointed  arches  on  the  south  side.  There  is  a beauti- 
ful window  of  6 lights  at  the  west  end  of  the  nave,  and  a 
similar  one  in  the  chevet.  Each  transept  possesses  two 
beautifully  vaulted  and  arcaded  chapels:  those  of  tlte  north 
transept  are  connected  by  an  elegant  vaulted  passage.  In 
the  choir  stands  a very  ornate  14th-century  altar-tomb  to 
a countess  of  Desmond. 

Holy  Dying  and  Holy  Living.  Two  tractates 
by  Jeremy  Taylor. 

Holy  Grail.  One  of  Tennyson’s  “Idylls  of  the 
King.”  See  Grail. 

Holyhead  (hol'i-hed),  Welsh  Caer-Gybi  (ka'- 
er-gib'e).  A seaport  in  Anglesea,  Wales,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  53°  19'  N.,  long.  4°  38'  W.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  the  mail-packet  line  to  Dublin.  Population 
10,079. 

Holy  Island,  or  Lindisfarne  (lin-dis-farn').  1. 
An  island(at  low  water  a peninsula)  in  the  North 
Sea,  2 miles  from  the  coast  of  Northumberland, 
and  10  miles  southeast  of  Berwiek-on-Tweed. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  ruins  of  its  monastery,  founded  by 
Oswald  635,  and  famous  under  St.  Cuthbert.  Length,  3 
miles. 

2.  A name  sometimes  given  to  Riigen,  and  also 
to  other  islands. 

Holy  Land.  Sop  Palestine. 

Holy  League,  The.  1 . A league  between  Pope 


510 

Julius  II.,  Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  and  the  states 
of  Venice  and  Switzerland,  formed  in  1511  for 
the  purpose  of  expelling  Louis  XII.  of  France 
from  Italy.  It  was  subsequently  joined  by  Henry  VIII. 
of  England  and  by  the  emperor  Maximilian.  It  was  dis- 
solved on  the  death  of  Julius  in  1513. 

2.  A league  between  the  emperor  Charles  V., 
the  archbishops  of  Mainz  and  Salzburg,  and  the 
dukes  William  and  Louis  of  Bavaria,  George 
of  Saxony,  and  Eric  and  Henry  of  Brunswick, 
formed  at  Nuremberg  July  10, 1538,  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  in  Germany 
in  opposition  to  the  Smalkaldie  League. — 3. 
A league  formed  by  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
France  in  1576  for  the  purpose  of  annihilating 
the  Huguenot  party  and  elevating  the  Guises 
to  the  throne.  It  owed  its  origin  to  the  dissatisfaction 
among  the  Roman  Catholics  with  the  peace  of  Chastency 
(paix  de  monsieur),  concluded  in  that  year,  which  granted 
the  Huguenots  free  exercise  of  their  religion  in  all  parts 
of  France  except  Paris.  It  was  supported  by  Philip  II.  of 
Spain,  and  was  finally  overthrown  by  Henry  IV.  in  1596. 

Holy  Mother  of  the  Russians.  An  epithet  of 

★Moscow. 

Holyoake  (hol'i-ok),  George  Jacob.  Born  at 
Birmingham,  April  13,  1817 : died  Jan.  22, 
1906.  An  English  reformer.  He  took  a prominent 
part  In  promoting  schemes  for  the  education  of  the  work- 
ing-classes and  for  the  advancement  among  them  of  vari- 
ous forms  of  cooperation.  He  was  an  advocateof  secularism. 
Among  his  Works  are  “ The  History  of  Co-operation  in  Eng- 
land : its  Literature  and  Advocates”  (1875-78)  and  “The 
Rochdale  Pioneers : Thirty- Three  Years  of  Co-operation  in 
Rochdale"  (1858),  of  which  a ninth  edition  appeared  in 
1883  under  the  title  of  “ Self-Help  by  the  People. " 

Holyoke  (hol'yok).  A city  in  Hampden  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  7 
miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  is  noted  for  its  manu- 
factures, especially  of  paper,  being  one  of  the  chief  paper- 
manufacturing  cities  in  the  world.  Population,  57,730, 
(1910). 

Holyoke,  Mount.  The  chief  point  in  a low 
range  (Holyoke  range)  in  western  Massachu- 
setts, southeast  of  Northampton.  Height,  954 
feet. 

Holy  Roman  Empire,  or  German-Roman  Em- 
pire, often  called  the  German  Empire,  G. 
Romisches  Reich  deut  scher  Nation  ( re ' mish- 
es  rich  doich'er  nat-se-on'  ),orDeutsches  Reich 
(doich'es  rich).  The  realm  ruled  by  the  em- 
peror who  claimed  to  be  the  representative  of 
the  ancient  Roman  emperors,  and  who  asserted 
(in  theory)  authority  over  the  nations  of  west- 
ern and  central  Europe : called  “holy”  from  the 
interdependence  of  the  empire  and  the  church. 
It  comprised  in  general  the  German-speaking  peoples  in 
central  Europe,  and  it  had  for  a long  timeaclose  connection 
witlx  Italy.  Various  regions  outside  of  Germany  proper 
were  at  different  times  under  the  empire.  It  began  with 
Chai'les  the  Great,  king  of  the  Franks,  who  was  crowned 
emperor  of  the  West  800,  and  was  succeeded  by  various 
Carolingian  emperors.  By  the  treaty  of  Verdun  (843)  the 
Carolingian  dynasty  continued  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Charlemagne’s  empire  (i.  e.  Germany).  The  German  na- 
tion grew  from  the  union  of  Thuringians,  Franks,  Saxons, 
Bavarians,  Swabians,  Lorrainers,  etc.  The  Saxon  line  of 
German  kings  began  with  Henry  the  Fowler  in  919.  The 
lasting  union  of  Germany  with  the  empire  began  in  962, 
when  Otto  I.,  king  of  Germany,  became  Roman  emperor. 
The  Saxon  line  of  emperors  continued  until  1024.  The 
Franconian  line  (Conrad  IV.,  Henry  III.,  Henry  IV., 
Henry  V.)  reigned  1024  to  1125 ; the  Hohenstaufen  or  Swa- 
bian line(Conrad  III.,  Frederick  Barbarossa,  Frederick  II., 
Conrad  IV.)  1138-1208, 1215-54.  There  was  an  interregnum 
from  1254  to  1273.  Emperors  from  the  Hapsburg,  Luxem- 
burg, and  other  houses  reigned  1273-1437.  The  continuous 
line  of  Hapsburg  emperors,  who  were  powerful  Austrian 
rulers,  began  in  1438.  After  Maximilian  I.  and  Charles  V. 
the  empire  degenerated  through  the  17th  and  18th  centu- 
ries ; andFrancis  II.  (Francis  I.  of  Austria)abdicated  as  the 
last  emperor  in  1S06.  The  empei'ors  were  elected.  The 
number  of  electors  was  fixed  at  seven  by  the  Golden  Bull  of 
13.56  — the  archbishops  of  Mainz,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  the 
Count  Palatine  of  theRhine,  the  King  of  Bohemia,  the  Duke 
of  Saxony,  and  the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg.  Bavaria  and 
Hannover  were  respectively  made  electorates  in  1623  and 
1692,  and  in  the  years  immediately  before  the  fall  of  the  em- 
pire Wiirtemberg,  Hesse-Cassel,  and  Salzburg.  By  Maxi- 
milian I.  the  empire  was  divided  into  10  circles  — Bur- 
gundian, Westphalian,  Lower  Rhine,  Upper  Rhine,  Lower 
Saxon,  Upper  Saxon,  ITanconian,  Swabian,  Bavarian,  and 
Austrian.  See  German  Confederation , Germany , Prussia, 
Saxony,  and  the  different  German  states  ; also  Austria. 

Holyrood  (ho'li-rod)  Palace.  All  ancient  royal 
palace  of  Scotland,  situated  at  Edinburgh,  it 
was  originally  an  abbey,  founded  1128  ; was  several  times 
burned  ; and  was  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Rizzio  1566. 
It  is  a large  and  picturesque  castellated  structure,  in  its 
existing  form  built  chiefly  about  1670.  The  apartments  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  are  preserved.  The  palace  replaced 
Holyrood  Abbey,  to  which  belonged  the  fine  ruined  Early 
English  church,  whose  tracery,  arcades,  and  other  details 
are  admirable.  The  abbey  possessed  the  ancient  privilege 
of  sanctuary,  and  for  debtors  this  survived  until  1880, 
when  imprisonment  for  debt  was  abolished. 

Holy  Sepulcher,  Church  of  the.  A church  at 
Jerusalem,  consecrated  in  336.  The  original  build- 
ing  was  in  the  form  of  a rotunda,  whose  shape,  at  least, 
survives  in  the  existing  complex  structure.  It  assumed 
various  forms  in  the  course  of  t lie  middle  ages,  and  was  in 
great  part  rebuilt  after  a fire  in  1808.  The  chief  entrance 
is  from  a court  on  the  south,  and  has  handsome  recessed 


Homer 

pointed  Norman-Saracenic  arches.  In  the  interior  is  the 
sepulcher  proper,  inclosed  in  a 16-sided  chapel  beneath  a 
dome  65  feet  in  diameter  resting  on  18  piers,  together  with 
a great  number  of  chapels  appropriated  to  different  creeds 
and  nationalities,  or  marking  various  spots  traditionaUy 
connected  with  the  Saviour's  passion.  Much  of  the  12th- 
0601x117  Church  of  the  Crusaders,  originally  distinct  from 
the  Holy  Sepulcher,  is  included  in  the  existing  edifice : it 
presents  beautiful  details  of  the  French  architecture  of  the 
style  of  transition  to  the  Pointed. 

Holy  Thorn.  See  Glastonbury. 

Holy  War,  The.  1.  A work  by  Thomas  Fuller, 
published  in  1639 : bis  first  important  book. — 2. 
A work  by  John  Bunyan,  published  in  1682. 
Holywell  (hol'i-wel).  A town  in  Flintshire, 
North  Wales,  situated  near  the  estuary  of  the 
Dee,  14  miles  southwest  of  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion, 2,652. 

Holywell  street.  A London  street  parallel  to 
the  Strand  from  Newcastle  street  to  St.  Clement 
Danes  Church:  so  named  from  a “holy  well” 
in  that  locality.  It  was  formerly  notorious  as  a place 
of  sale  for  obscene  literature.  Its  site, between  St.  Clement’s 
and  St.  Mary  le  Strand’s,  has  been  thrown  into  the  Strand. 
Holzminden  (holts'min-den).  A town  in  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  on  the  Weser  40  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Hannover.  It  has  a school  of  en- 
gineering. Population,  9,938. 

Homam  (ho-mam').  [Ar.  su’d  al-liomam,  the 
lucky  star  of  the  hero.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  ?)  Pegasi. 

Homberg  (hom'berG),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Ba- 
tavia, Java,  Jan.  8,  1652 : died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
24,1715.  A chemist  of  German  descent.  He  dis- 
covered boracic  acid  and  “Homberg’s  phos- 
phorus.” 

Homburg,  or  Homburg-vor-der-Hohe  (hom'- 
borG-for-der-he'e).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  a spur  of  the  Taunus 
9 miles  north-northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main.  It  is  one  of  the  most  frequented  watering-places 
in  Germany,  noted  for  mineral  springs,  formerly  for  its 
gaming-tables.  It  has  a castle.  It  was  the  capital  to  1866 
of  the  former  landgraviate  of  Hesse-Homburg.  Population, 
commune,  13,740. 

Homburg.  A small  town  in  the  Palatinate, 
Bavaria,  43  miles  southeast  of  Treves. 

Home  (horn),  Sir  Everard.  Born  at  Hull,  Eng- 
land, May  6, 1756 : died  at  London,  Aug.  31, 1832. 
A Scottish  surgeon  and  anatomist.  He  was  a pupil 
of  his  brother-in-law  John  Hunter,  and  later  his  assistant. 
From  1821  he  was  surgeon  to  Chelsea  Hospital.  He  wrote 
“Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy”  (1814-28),  etc. 
Home,  Henry,  Lord  Karnes.  Born  at  Kames, 
Berwickshire,  Scotland,  1696 : died  at  Edin- 
burgh,Dec.  27, 1782.  A Scottish  judge  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  published  “Essays on  the  Princi- 
pies  of  Morality  and  Natural  Religion”  (1751),  “ Elements 
of  Criticism  ” (1762),  and  various  legal  works. 

Home,  John.  Born  at  Leith,  Scotland.  Sept, 
21,  1722:  died  near  Edinburgh,  Sept.  5,  1808. 
A Scottish  clergyman  and  dramatist,  author  of 
“Douglas”  (which  see).  He  was  settled  as  minis- 
ter at  Athelstaneford  in  East  Lothian  in  1747.  His  con- 
nection with  the  stage  aroused  clerical  hostility,  and  pro- 
ceedings against  him  were  begun  in  the  presbytery : but 
he  resigned  in  1757.  He  also  wrote  “ Agis  ” (acted  1758). 
“The  Fatal  Discovery”  (1769),  “Alonzo "(1773),  “Alfred  ” 
(1778). 

Home  as  Found.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1838. 

Home  Counties.  A name  given  to  the  English 
counties  containing  London  and  in  its  imme- 
diate neighborhood.  They  are  Middlesex,  Sur- 
rey, Kent,  Essex,  and  Hertford. 

Homer  (ho'mer).  [L.  Homerus y Gr.  "Ogr/poc,  one 
who  puts  together ; a hostage  ; a pledge  agreed 
upon  between  two  parties.]  The  poet  to  whom 
is  assigned  by  very  ancient  tradition  the  author- 
ship of  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey,  and  of  certain 
hymns  to  the  gods  (“Homeric  Hymns”).  Other 
poems  also,  as  the  “Batrachomyomachia”  (“Battle  of  the 
Frogs  and  Mice”),  were  with  less  certainty  attributed  to 
him.  Of  his  personality  nothing  is  known.  Seven  cities  — 
Smyrna,  Rhodes,  Colophon,  Salamis  (in  Cyprus),  Chios, 
Argos,  and  Athens — contended  for  the  honor  of  being  his 
birthplace  : of  these,  the  best  evidence  connects  him  with 
Smyrna.  He  was  said  to  have  died  on  the  island  of  Ios. 
The  tradition  thathe  lived  on  the  island  of  Chios,  and  in  his 
old  age  was  blind,  is  supported  by  the  Hymn  to  the  Delian 
Apollo.  Modern  destructive  criticism  has  led  tot  lie  doubt 
whether  such  a person  as  Homer  existed  at  all,  the  great 
epics  which  bear  that  name  being  supposed  to  he,  in  their 
existing  form,  of  a composite  character,  the  product  of  vari- 
ous pei^sons  anil  ages,  i t is  altogether  probable,  however, 
that  the  nucleus  of  fixe  Iliad,  at  least,  was  the  work  of  a 
single  poet  of  commanding  genius.  (See  Iliad,  Odyssey, 
and  the  quotation  below.)  Various  dates  have  been  as- 
signed to  Homer.  Acconling  to  Herodotus  he  lived  about 
850  B.  c. ; others  give  a later  date,  and  some  a date  as  early 
as  1200  B.  c.  His  poems  were  sung  by  professional  reciters 
(i  liapsodists),  who  went  from  city  to  city.  (See  Homeridee. ) 
They  were  given  substantially  their  present  form  by  Pisis- 
tratus  or  his  sons  Hipparchus  and  Hippias,  who  ordered 
the  rhapsodists  to  recite  them  at  the  Panathenaic  festival 
in  their  order  and  completeness.  The  present  text  of  the 
poems,  with  their  division  into  books,  is  based  upon  the 
work  of  the  Alexandrine  critics. 


Homer 

We  may  assume  it  as  certain  that  there  existed  in  Ionia 
schools  or  fraternities  of  epic  rhapsodists  who  composed 
and  recited  heroic  lays  at  feasts,  and  often  had  friendly  con- 
tests in  these  recitations.  The  origin  of  these  recitations 
may  be  sought  in  northern  Greece,  from  which  the  fashion 
migrated  in  early  days  to  Asia  Minor.  We  may  assume 
that  these  singers  became  popular  in  many  parts  of  Greece, 
and  that  they  wandered  from  court  to  court,  glorifying  the 
heroic  ancestors  of  the  various  chiefs.  One  among  them, 
called  Homer,  was  endowed  with  a genius  superior  to  the 
rest,  and  struck  out  a plot  capable  of  nobler  and  larger 
treatment.  It  is  likely  that  this  superiority  was  not  recog- 
nized at  the  time,  and  that  he  remained  all  his  life  a singer 
like  the  rest,  a wandering  minstrel,  possibly  poor  and  blind. 
The  listening  public  gradually  stamped  his  poem  with  them 
approval,  they  demanded  its  frequent  recitation,  and  so 
this  Homer  began  to  attain  a great  posthumous  fame.  But 
when  this  fame  led  people  to  inquire  into  his  life  and  his- 
tory, it  had  already  passed  out  of  recollection,  and  men 
supplied  by  fables  what  they  had  forgotten  or  neglected. 
The  rhapsodists,  however,  then  turned  their  attention  to 
expanding  and  perfecting  his  poem,  which  was  greatly  en- 
larged and  called  the  Iliad.  In  doing  this  they  had  recourse 
to  the  art  of  writing,  which  seems  to  have  been  in  use  when 
Homer  framed  his  poem,  but  which  was  certainly  employed 
when  the  plan  was  enlarged  with  episodes.  The  home  of 
the  original  Homer  seems  to  have  been  about  Smyrna,  and 
in  contact  with  both  ASolic  and  Ionic  legends.  His  date  is 
quite  uncertain  : it  need  not  be  placed  before  800  B.  C.,  and 
is  perhaps  later,  but  not  after  700  B.  c. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  81. 

Homer,  Winslow.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  24, 
1836:  died  at  Scarboro,  Me.,  Sept.  28,  1910. 
An  American  landscape-painter.  He  accompanied 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  his  first  oil  pictures  were  war 
scenes : among  them  is  the  famous  “ Prisoners  from  the 
Front."  In  later  years  he  lived  chiefly  in  Maine.  He  was 
elected  national  academician  in  1865.  He  produced  many 
works  in  oils,  in  water-colors,  and  in  black  and  white. 
Among  his  pictures  are  “ The  Life-Line"  (1884),  “ Launch- 
ing the  Boat"  (1884),  etc. 

Homeric  Hymns.  A group  of  Greek  hexameter 
poems,  5 of  considerable  length  and  29  shorter, 
anciently  ascribed  to  Homer.  Each  is  inscribed  to 
and  relates  a legend  concerning  a god  or  goddess.  The 
• most  noted  are  the  “Hymn  to  the  Delian  Apollo,”  in  which 
an  account  is  given  of  the  birth  of  Apollo  and  of  the  an- 
cient festival  at  Delos  (the  author  describing  himself  as 
the  blind  bard  of  rocky  Chios);  the  “Hymn  to  the  Pythian 
Apollo";  and  the  hymns  to  Hermes,  Demeter,  and  Aphro- 
dite. 

The  Homeric  Hymns  are  essentially  secular  and  not  re- 
ligious ; they  seem  distinctly  intended  to  be  recited  in 
competitions  of  rhapsodes,  and  in  some  cases  even  for 
direct  pay ; they  are  all  in  form  preludes  ...  to  longer 
recitations,  apparently  of  epic  poems,  though  the  longer 
five  are  expanded  into  substantially  independent  compo- 
sitions. Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  129. 

Homeridae  (ho-mer'i-de).  See  the  extract  and 
Homer. 

In  fact,  in  addition  to  Creophylus  of  Samos  and  Cynse- 
thus  of  Chios,  both  of  whom  are  mentioned  a3  friends  of 
Homer,  or  early  preservers  of  his  poetry,  the  main  source 
of  early  traditions  about  Homer  seems  to  be  among  the 
clan  of  Homerid®,  at  Chios,  who  claimed  him  as  their 
founder,  and  who  recited  his  epics  through  Greece.  In 
the  Hymn  to  the  Delian  Apollo  one  of  these  bards  speaks 
of  himself,  and  we  know  of  contests  being  held  among 
them,  such  as  are  described  in  the  alleged  contest  between 
Homer  and  Hesiod. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  28. 
Home  Rule  Bills.  Two  bills  introduced  into  the 
British  Parliament  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  provide  a separate  legislature 
for  Ireland.  The  first,  introduced  in  1886,  was  defeated 
on  the  second  reading,  June  7 ; the  second,  introduced  in 
1893,  passed  the  House  of  Commons  Sept.  1,  but  was  thrown 
out  by  the  House  of  Lords  Sept.  8,  by  419  votes  to  41.  A 
third  bill  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Asquith  April  11,  1912. 

Homespun  (hom'spun),  Zekiel  and  Cicely. 

Brother  and  sister  in  Colman  the  younger’s  play 
“ The  Heir-at-Law.”  Their  names  are  almost 
a synonym  for  rustic  worth  and  simplicity. 
Homestead  (hom'sted).  A town  near  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
steel  plates  and  rails.  It  was  the  scene  of  a strike 
and  shutdown  from  July  to  Nov.,  1892,  which  was  at- 
tended with  very  serious  disturbances.  A body  of  de- 
tectives who  attempted  to  gain  access  to  the  steel-works 
in  two  barges  were  attacked  by  the  strikers.  Winchester 
rifles  and  cannon  were  used  in  the  fight,  andoil  was  poured 
on  the  river  and  set  on  tire  to  burn  the  barges.  Many  od 
both  sides  were  killed  or  wounded.  Pop.,  18,713,  (1910). 

Home,  Sweet  Home.  A favorite  English  song. 

The  music  is  in  Bishop's  opera  “Clari,  or  the  Maid  of 
Milan.”  It  is  called  a Sicilian  air,  but  is  probably  Bish- 
op s.  The  words  were  written  by  John  Howard  Payne. 
Homeward  Bound.  A novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1838. 

Homildon  (hom'l-dpn)  Hill.  A height  near 
Wooler,  in  Northumberland,  England,  where 
the  English  under  Percy  defeated  the  Scots  un- 
der Douglas  in  Sept.,  1402. 

Homme  Arme,  L’  (lorn  ar-ma').  [F.,  ‘The 
Armed  Man’;  OF.  Lome  arme,  Lomme  arme. ] 
1 . An  old  French  chanson,  the  melody  of  which 
was  used  by  some  of  the  musicians  of  the  15th 
and  16th  centuries  as  the  canto  fermo  of  a cer- 
tain kind  of  mass  called  the  “ Missa  L’Homme 
arm6.”  The  origin  of  the  song  has  given  rise  to 
much  speculation. — 2.  A French  dance-tune 


511 

said  to  date  from  the  15th  century,  and  printed 
with  sacred  words  at  Antwerp  in  1565.  Grove. 

Homme  qui  Rit,  L’.  [F-,  ‘The  Man  who 

Laughs.’]  A romance  by  Victor  Hugo,  pub- 
lished in  1869. 

Hompesch  (hom'pesh),  Baron  Ferdinand  von. 

Bora  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Nov.  9,  1744:  died 
at  Montpellier,  France,  1803.  The  last  grand 
master  of  the  order  of  St.  John.  He  was  elected 
in  1797,  and  was  exiled  from  Malta  by  the  French 
in  1798. 

Homs  (horns),  Hums  (hums),  Hems  (hems),  or 
Hims  (hims).  A cityin  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Orontes  about  lat.  34°  45'  N., 
long.  36°  43'  E.:  the  ancient  Emesa.  It  was  noted 

in  ancient  times  for  its  Temple  of  the  Sun ; was  frequently 
captured  and  recaptured ; and  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of 
Aurelian  over  Zenobia  in  272,  and  of  a victory  of  Ibrahim 
Pasha  of  Egypt  over  the  Turks  in  July,  1832.  Population, 
about  70,000. 

Honan  (ho-nan').  A province  in  northern 
China.  Area,  67,940  square  miles.  Population, 
35,316,800. 

Honda,  or  San  Bartolomeo  de  Honda  (san 
bar-to-lo-ma'o  da  on'da).  A town  in  the  re- 
public of  Colombia,  situated  on  the  Magdalena, 
at  the  head  of  navigation,  about  lat.  5°  12'  N., 
long.  74°  50'  W.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  in  1808.  Population,  3,718. 

Hondekoeter  (lion'de-ko-ter),  Melchior.  Born 
at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  about  1636:  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, April  3, 1695.  A Dutch  painter  of  ani- 

*mals,  especially  of  fowls. 

Honduras  (hon-do'ras).  [Sp.  Honduras,  lit. 
‘ depths,’  pi.  of  hondur'a,  depth,  from  hondo,  deep, 
iromh.  fundus, bottom.  The  name  is  said  to  refer 
to  the  difficulty  the  first  explorers  had  in  finding 
anchorage  off  the  coast.]  A republic  of  Central 
America,  hounded  by  Guatemala  on  the  north- 
west, the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  north,  Nicaragua 
on  the  southeast  and  south,  the  Pacific  Ocean  on 
the  south,  and  San  Salvador  on  the  southwest. 
Capital,  since  Nov.,  1880,  Tegucigalpa : the  old  capital  was 
Comayagua.  The  surface  is  much  varied,  with  numerous 
mountain-chains,  especially  in  the  west,  and  high,  open 
valleys  and  plateaus  ; on  the  northern  coast  there  are  ex- 
tensive forest-covered  alluvions.  The  climate  of  the  high 
lands  is  temperate  and  healthful ; portions  of  the  coast  are 
hot  and  insalubrious.  The  valleys  are  very  fertile,  and 
the  high  plains  support  large  herds  of  cattle.  Gold,  sil- 
ver, etc.,  are  mined,  though  not  on  an  extensive  scale. 
The  principal  exports  are  fruits,  cabinet  woods,  hides, 
cyanide,  and  precious  metals.  A large  proportion  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Mestizos  or  Indians.  Spanish  is  the  com- 
mon language,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic. The  executive  is  vested  in  a president  elected  for 
four  years ; congress  consists  of  a single  house.  Hondu- 
ras was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1502 ; was  conquered 
by  the  Spanish  1523-36  ; formed  a colonial  intendencia  or 
province  in  the  captaincy  of  Guatemala;  was  a state  in 
the  Central  American  union  1823-38 ; and  has  since  been 
independent.  It  has  suffered  from  political  revolutions 
and  from  wars  with  Salvador,  Guatemala,  and  Nicaragua. 
Area,  46,250  square  miles.  Population,  over  745,000. 

Honduras,  Bay  Of.  An  arm  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  lying  north  of  Honduras  and  east  of  Brit- 
ish Honduras  and  Yucatan. 

Honduras,  British.  See  British  Honduras. 

Hone  (hon),  William.  Born  at  Bath,  England, 
June  3,  1780  (1779  7):  died  at  Tottenham,  near 
London,  Nov.,  1842.  An  English  political  sat- 
irist and  miscellaneous  writer.  His  best-known 
works  are  “ Every-day  Book  ” (1826),  “Table-book  ” (1827- 
1828),  “ Year-book  ” (1829). 

Honesdale  (honz'dal).  Apost-borough  and  the 
capital  of  Wayne  County,  northeastern  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  25  miles  northeast  of  Scran- 
ton. Population,  2,945,  (1910). 

Honest  George.  A nickname  of  George  Monk, 
Lord  Albemarle. 

Honest  Man’s  Fortune,  The.  A play  by  Fletch- 
er, Massinger,  and  others,  acted  in  1613.  it  was 
first  printed  in  the  1647  folio.  Fletcher  wrote  a poem 
“ Upon  an  Honest  Man’s  Fortune,”  printed  with  the  play. 

Honest  Man’s  Revenge,  The.  See  Atheist’s 
Tragedy. 

Honest  Whore,  The.  A play  by  Dekker  and 
Middleton,  in  2 parts.  Part  1 was  printed  in 
1604 ; the  earliest  copy  extant  of  part  2 was 
irinted  in  1630. 

oneycomb  (hun  'i-kom ) , Henry.  A pseudonym 
of  Leigh  Hunt.  He  professes  to  be  a descendant 
of  the  Will  Honeycomb  in  the  “ Spectator.” 

Honeycomb,  Will.  One  of  the  imaginary  club 
publishing  the  “ Spectator.” 

The  characters  of  Will  Wimble  and  Will  Honeycomb  are 
not  a whit  behind  their  friend,  Sir  Roger,  in  delicacy  and 
felicity.  The  delightful  simplicity  and  good-humoured  of- 
ficiousness in  theoneare  setoff  by  the  graceful  affectation 
and  courtly  pretension  in  the  other. 

Uazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  130. 

Honeymoon,  The.  A comedy  by  John  Tobin, 
produced  in  1805.  It  is,  to  some  extent,  based  on  Skak- 


Hooch 

spere’s  “Taming  of  the  Shrew,”  with  ideas  from  Fletcher 
and  Shirley. 

Honeywood.  The  “ good-natured  man”  in  Gold- 
smith’s play  of  that  name.  He  suffers  from  a foolish 
eagerness  to  please,  even  wishing  to  give  up  the  woman  he 
loves  to  a friend  who  also  loves  her.  He  is  cured  by  Sir 
William  Honeywood,  his  uncle. 

Honfleur  (on-fler').  A seaport  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  France,  situated  on  the  estuary  of 
the  Seine  nearly  opposite  Havre,  it  has  consid- 
erable export  trade  to  England.  Formerly  it  was  of  much 
more  importance.  It  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken 
during  the  Hundred  Years'  War.  Population,  commune, 
9,451. 

Hong-Kong  (hong'kong').  [Properly  Hiang- 
Eiang,  fragrant  streams.]  An  island  belong- 
ing to  Great  Britain,  lying  off  the  province  of 
Kwang-tung,  China,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Canton  River,  in  lat.  22°  9'  N.,  long.  114°  10' 
E.  Chief  place,  Victoria.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. It  was  ceded  by  China  to  Great  Britain  in  1842 
(confirmed  in  1843),  and  is  a crown  colony  and  naval  station. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  center  and  free  port.  The 
chief  exports  are  silk,  hemp,  and  drugs.  Area,  29  square 
miles.  Population,  329,650. 

Honiton  (hon'i-ton).  A town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  river  Otter  16  miles 
east-northeast  of  Exeter.  It  has  long  been  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  lace.  Population,  3,271. 

Honnef  (hon'nef).  A small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  8 miles 
southeast  of  Bonn. 

Honolulu  (ko-no-lo'lo).  The  capital  of  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  situated  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Oahu,  in  lat.  21°  18'  N.,  long.  157°  52'  W. 

It  has  the  only  good  harbor  (except  Pearl  Harbor)  in  the 
islands,  and  is  their  chief  seaport  and  seat  of  commerce. 
It  was  the  center  of  the  revolutionary  movement  of  1893. 
Population,  62,183,  (1910). 

Honore,  Rue  St.-  See  Rue  St.-Honore. 

Honoria  (ho-no'ri-a),  Justa  Grata.  A Roman 
princess.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Constantius  III.,  em- 
peror of  the  West,  and  Galla  Placidia,  and  was  born  about 
418  A.  D.  Detected  in  her  seventeenth  year  in  an  intrigue 
with  Eugenius,  a chamberlain  of  the  palace,  she  was  sent 
by  her  mother  to  the  court  of  Theodosius  at  Constantino- 
ple, where  for  sixteen  years  she  was  kept  more  or  less 
closely  guarded.  She  is  said  to  have  sent,  either  before 
or  after  her  disgrace,  a ring  to  Attila,  with  the  request  that 
he  claim  her  as  his  bride.  Subsequently,  in  450,  when 
seeking  a cause  of  quarrel  with  the  Western  Empire,  Attila 
sent  an  embassy  to  Valentinian,  claiming  the  person  of 
Honoria  and  her  share  in  the  empire.  The  date  of  her 
death  is  not  known. 

Honorius  (ko-no'ri-us)  I.  Died  638.  Pope  625- 

638.  He  delivered  an  opinion  favorable  to  Monothelitism 
in  a letter  to  Sergius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  about 
634,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  condemned  by  the 
sixth  ecumenical  council,  held  at  Constantinople  in  681. 

Honorius  II.  (Peter  Cadalous).  Died  1072. 

Antipope.  He  was  elected  by  the  Lombard  bishops, 
acting  under  the  influence  of  the  empress  Agnes,  in  oppo- 
sition to  Alexander  II.,  and  was  deposed  by  the  Council 
of  Milan  in  1064. 

Honorius II. (Lambert di Fagnano).  Died  1130. 
Pope  1124-30.  He  concluded,  while  cardinal-bishop  of 
Ostia,  the  Concordat  of  Worms  with  Henry  V.  (1122).  He 
was  elevated  to  the  holy  see  in  opposition  to  the  anti- 
pope Celestine  III.  by  the  powerful  family  of  the  Frangi- 
pani. He  confirmed  t he  order  of  the  Templars  at  the  Synod 
of  Troyes  in  1128. 

Honorius  III.  (Cencio  Savelli).  Died  1227. 
Pope  1216-27.  He  confirmed  the  order  of  the 
Dominicans  in  1216,  and  that  of  the  Francis- 
cans in  1223. 

Honorius  IV.  (Giacomo  Savelli).  Died  1287. 
Pope  1285-87. 

Honorius,  Flavius.  Born  at  Constantinople, 
Sept.  9, 384  a.  d.  : died  at  Ravenna,  Aug.  27,  423. 
Emperor  of  the  West.  He  was  the  second  son  of  The- 
odosius, whom  he  succeeded  in  the  western  half  of  the  em- 
pire in  395,  while  his  brother  Arcadius  inherited  the  east- 
ern half.  He  was,  by  the  will  of  his  father,  placed  under 
the  guardianship  of  Stilicho,  whose  daughter  Maria  he 
married  in  398.  Stilicho  defeated  Alaric  at  Pollentia  in  403, 
and  in  406  repulsed  the  invasion  of  Radagaisus  (who  pene- 
trated as  far  as  Florence),  but  was  put  to  death  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  emperor  in  408.  In  410  Rome  was  taken  and 
sacked  by  Alaric.  During  the  reign  of  Honorius  the  West 
Goths,  Franks,  and  Burgundians  settled  in  Gaul,  and  the 
Suevi,  Vandals,  and  Alans  in  Spain,  while  Britain  and  Ar- 
morica made  themselves  virtually  independent. 

Hontheim  (hont'him),  Johann  Nikolaus  von. 

Born  at  Trier,  Prussia,  Jan.  27,  1701:  died  at 
Montquintin,  Luxemburg,  Sept.  2, 1790.  A Ger- 
man Roman  Catholic  prelate,  bishop  in partibus 
of  Myrioptus,  and  suffragan  bishop  of  Treves : 
an  opponent  of  Ultramontanism.  His  chief  work 
is  “ De  statu  eeclesiae  et  legitima  potestate  Romani  pontifi- 
cis”  (published  under  the  pseudonym  of  Justinus  Febro- 
nius,  1763). 

Honv6d  (hon'vad).  [Hung.,  lit.  ‘defenders  of 
the  fatherland.’]  Th  e land  vvehr  of  Hungary,  ex- 
clusive of  artillery.  The  name  was  used  in  1848-49  to 
denote,  first  the  volunteers,  and  then  the  entire  revolu- 
tionary army. 

Hooch,  or  Hoogh  (hoch  or  hog),  Pieter  da. 
Born  at  Rotterdam  about  1630 : died  at  Haar- 


Hooch 

lem,  Netherlands,  about  1681.  A Dutch  genre- 
painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Nicolas  Berghem. 
Hoochow,  or  Hu-chau  (ho'chou').  A city  in 
the  province  of  Che-kiang,  China,  53  miles 
north-northwest  of  Hang-chau:  one  of  the 
principal  centers  of  the  silk  industry. 

Hood  (hud),  John  Bell.  Born  at  Owingsville, 
Bath  County,  Ky.,  June  1,  1831:  died  at  New 
Orleans,  Aug.  30, 1879.  A Confederate  soldier 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1853  ; 
entered  the  Confederate  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War ; commanded  a division  of  Lee’s  army  at  Antietam 
and  at  Gettysburg ; commanded  a brigade  under  General 
Bragg  at  Chickamauga;  was  promoted  lieutenant-gen- 
eral ; and  in  1884  succeeded  General  Johnston  as  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  opposed  to  General  Sherman 
in  Georgia.  Abandoning  the  defensive  policy  of  his  prede- 
cessor, he  attacked  General  Sherman  20th,  22d,  and  28th 
of  July,  1864,  but  was  repulsed  wnh  heavy  loss,  and  com- 
pelled to  abandon  Atlanta  Sept.  1, 1861.  lie  was  defeated 
by  General  Thomas  at  the  decisive  battle  of  Nashville,' 
Dec.  16, 1864,  and  was  relieved  of  his  command  in  Jan.,  1805. 
Hood,  Mount.  One  of  the  most  celebrated  sum- 
mits of  the  Cascade  Range,  in  Oregon,  about 
lat.  45°  24'  N.,  long.  121°  4 >'  W.  Height, 
11,225  feet  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey). 

Hood,  Robin.  A traditionary  English  outlaw 
and  popular  hero.  He  is  said  to  have  been  horn  at 
Locksley,  Nottinghamshire,  about  11C0.  He  lived  in  the 
woods  with  his  band,  either  for  reasons  of  his  own  or  be- 
cause he  was  really  outlawed,  his  haunts  being  chiefly 
Sherwood  Forest  and  Barnsdale  in  Yorkshire.  He  is  also 
said  to  have  been  the  outlawed  Earl  of  Huntingdon.  He 
was  extravagant  and  adventurous,  and  though  kind  to  the 
poor  robbed  the  rich.  According  to  one  tradition  the 
prioress  of  Kirkley,  to  whose  care  he  had  intrusted  himself 
to  be  bled  when  he  was  a very  old  man,  treacherously  al- 
lowed him  to  bleed  to  death.  His  companions  were  Friar 

' Tuck, Maid  Marian,  Little  John,  Will  Scarlett,  Allan-a-Dale, 
and  George-a-Greene.  He  is  a favorite  subject  in  ballad 
tradition,  and  in  fact  the  ballads  are  to  all  appearance  the 
original  source  of  the  legends  concerning  him.  He  is  in- 
timately associated  with  the  May-day  festivities.  There 
was  a distinct  set  of  sports  in  vogue  at  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century,  called  the  Robin  Hood  sports.  They  por- 
trayed the  adventures  of  .Robin  and  his  band,  but  were 
finally  absorbed  in  one  of  the  other  sports,  the  “ morris,” 
which,  being  a procession  interspersed  with  dances,  had  a 
tendency  to  absorb  the  characters  of  the  others.  A stop 
was  put  to  the  whole  at  the  Reformation,  when  penalties 
were  imposed  by  act  of  Parliament  upon  the  performers. 
Kitson.  Child. 

Diligent  enquiries  have  been  made  to  ascertain  whether 
the  personage  known  as  Robin  Hood  had  a real  existence, 
but  without  positive  results.  The  story  of  his  life  is  purely 
legendary,  and  the  theories  in  regard  to  him  have  never 
been  advanced  beyond  hypothesis.  It  is  exceedingly  prob- 
able that  such  a man  lived  in  the  12th  or  13th  century,  and 
that  the  exploits  of  other  less  prominent  popular  heroes 
were  connected  with  his  name  and  absorbed  in  his  repu- 
tation. The  noble  descent  which  has  often  been  ascribed 
to  him  is  in  all  likelihood  the  result  of  the  medieval  idea 
that  ihe  great  virtues  existed  only  in  persons  of  gentle 
birth.  Tuclcerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  48. 

Hood,  Samuel,  first  Viscount  Hood.  Born  Dec. 
12, 1724:  died  at  Bath.,  England,  Jan.  27,  1816. 
An  English  admiral.  On  Feb.  21,  1759,  in  command 
of  theVestal,  he  captured  the  French  frigate  Bellona  after 
a fight  of  three  hours.  He  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief in  North  America,  April,  1767,  returning  to  England 
in  1771.  In  1780  he  became  rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  and 
was  sent  to  the  West  Indies  to  reinforce  Rodney.  He  was 
sent  to  blockade  Martinique  in  1781,  but  was  prevented 
from  accomplishing  his  object  by  a French  fleet  under  De 
Grasse.  On  Aug.  28, 1781,  he  joined  Rear-Admiral  Graves 
at  New  York.  He  commanded  the  rear  in  the  fight  with 
De  Grasse,  Sept.  5, 1781,  but  was  not  able  to  get  into  action. 
In  Nov.  he  sailed  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  again 
met  De  Grasse.  He  was  commander-in-chief  in  the  Medi- 
terranean in  1793,  and  took  possession  of  the  harbor  and 
forts  of  Toulon  in  Aug.:  from  this  position  he  was  driven 
by  the  French  in  Dec.  He  captured  Bastia  May  19, 1794. 
Hood,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  May  23,  1799 : 
died  there,  May  3,  1845.  An  English  poet  and 
humorist.  He  began  the  study  of  engraving,  but  soon 
abandoned  the  art,  and  in  1821  became  an  under-editor  of 
the  “London  Magazine.”  In  1830  he  began  the  “Comic 
Annual,”  and  in  1843  “ Hood’s  Magazine."  From  1835  to 
1837  he  lived  at  Coblenz,  and  from  1837  to  1840  at  Ostend. 
He  wrote  “ Whims  and  Oddities  ’’  (1826-27),  “ Plea  of  the 
Midsummer  Fairies,  etc."  (1827),  “Lamia”  (published 
1852),  “Dream  of  Eugene  Aram"  (1829),  “Tylney  Hall,"  a 
novel  (1834),  “ Up  the  Rhine  ” (1840),  “ Song  of  the  Shirt  ” 
(1843),  “ Bridge  of  Sighs,’’  “ Miss  Rilmansegg,”  “ Epistle 
to  Rae  Wilson,”  etc. 

Hood,  Thomas.  Born  at  Wanstead,  near  Lon- 
don, Jan.  19,  1835:  died  Nov.  20,  1874.  An  Eng- 
lish author,  son  of  Thomas  Hood. 

Hooft  (lioft),  Pieter  Corneliszoon.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  March  16, 1581:  died  at  The  Hague, 
May  21,  1647.  A Dutch  poet  and  dramatist. 
He  was  the  son  of  an  Amsterdam  burgomaster.  He  stud- 
ied at  Leyden,  having  previously  traveled  extensively  in 
France,  Italy,  and  Germany  (1598-1601).  In  1609  he  was 
appointed  bailiff  of  Muiden,  and  in  the  following  years 
lived  during  the  summer  at  the  castle  of  Muiden,  and  in 
the  winter  at  Amsterdam,  in  which  places  lie  gathered 
about  him  the  most  renowned  artists,  poets,  and  learned 
men  of  the  day,  since  known  in  Dutch  history  as  “the  Mui- 
den Circle.”  His  lyric  poems  appeared  for  the  first  time 
collected  in  1636.  Among  his  dramas  are  particularly  to 
be  mentioned  the  pastoral  play  “Granida”  (1616),  the  tra- 
gedies “ Geraerdt vanVelzcn  ’(1613),“  Theseus  en Ariadne  ’’ 


512 

(1614),  and  “Baeto"  (1626).  Hisprineipal  work  is  “Neder- 
landsche  Historien  ” (“  History  of  the  Netherlands  ”),  writ- 
ten during  1628-38,  and  published  in  1642  (last  7 vole.  1656). 

Hoog  (hoc),  Joost  van  der.  Born  about  1550  : 
died  after  1613.  A Dutch  captain  who,  in  1580, 
was  the  leader  of  the  first  Dutch  colonists  in 
Guiana.  They  settled  on  the  Essequibo  River,  but  were 
driven  out  by  the  Spaniards  and  Indians.  Returning  in 
greater  force,  they  formed  the  settlement  of  Demerara,  of 
which  Van  der  Hoog  was  the  governor. 

Hoogeveen  (ho-Ge-van').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Drenthe,  Netherlands,  situated  in  lat. 
52°  43'  N.,  long.  6°  28'  E. 

Hoogh.  See  Hooch. 

Hoogllly.  See  Hugli. 

Hoogstraeten  (hoG'stra-ten).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  20  miles 
northeast  of  Antwerp. 

Hoogstraten,  Samuel  van.  Born  at  The 
Hague  (?)  about  1627 : died  at  Dordrecht,  Neth- 
erlands, Oct.  19,  1678.  A Dutch  painter. 

Hook  (huk),  James  Clarke.  Born  at  London, 

, Nov.  21,  1819:  died  April  14,  1907.  An  Eng- 
lish historical,  marine,  and  genre  painter.  He 
was  elected  a royal  academician  in  1860. 

Hook,  Theodore  Edward.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  22,  1788 : died  there,  Aug.  24,  1841.  An 
English  humorist  and  novelist.  He  became  the  ed- 
itor"af  “ John  Bull  ” in  1820.  Among  his  novels  are  “ Max- 
well ”(1830),  “Gilbert  Gurney  "(1835),  “ Jack  Brag ”(1837), 
etc.  He  was  the  original  of  Mr.  Wagg  in  Thackeray’s 
“ Vanity  Fair.” 

Hook,  Walter  Farquliar.  Born  at  London, 
March  13,  1798 : died  at  Chichester,  England, 
Oct.  20, 1875.  An  English  divine  (dean  of  Chi- 
chester) and  writer,  nephew  of  T.  E.  Hook. 
He  published  “A  Dictionary  of  Ecclesiastical  Biography  ” 
(1845-52),  “Church  Dictionary”  (8th  ed.  1859),  “Lives  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  ” (1860-76). 

Hooke  (huk),  Nathaniel.  Bom  in  Ireland 
about  1690 : died  July  19,  1763.  A British  his- 
torian, authorof  a ‘'Roman History”  (1757-71). 
Hooke,  Robert.  Born  at  Freshwater,  Isle  of 
Wight,  England,  July  18, 1635 : died  at  London, 
March  3, 1703.  An  English  natural  philosopher 
and  mathematician.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ Micrographia  ” 
(1664),  etc. 

Hooker  (huk'er  or  hok'er),  Joseph.  Born  at 
Hadley,  Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1814:  died  at  Garden 
City,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  31, 1879.  An  American  soldier, 
sumamed  "Fighting  Joe.”  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1837 ; served  with  distinction  as  a captain  in  the 
Mexican  war ; became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
1861 ; commanded  a division  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac in  the  Peninsular  campaign  ; commanded  a corps  at 
South  Mountain,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg ; was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Jan. 
26, 1863;  was  defeated  by  General  Lee  at  Chancellorsville, 
May  2-4  (when  at  a critical  moment  he  was  stunned  by  a 
cannon-ball);  and  was  relieved  of  his  command  June  28, 
1863.  He  subsequently  served  as  a corps  commander  in 
the  Chattanooga  campaign  in  1863,  and  in  the  march  to 
^.Atlanta  in  1SG4. 

Hooker,  Sir  Joseph  Dalton.  Born  at  Hales- 

worth,  Suffolk,  June  30,  1817 : died  near  Sun- 
ningdale,  Berkshire,  Dee.  10,  1911.  A noted 
English  botanist,  son  of  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker. 
He  published  “Flora  Antarctica ’’  (1845-48),  “Student’s 
Flora  of  the  British  Islands”  (1870),  etc. 

Hooker,  Mount.  A mountain  in  British  Colum- 
bia. Height,  10,505  feet. 

Hooker,  Richard.  Born  at  Heavitree,  Exeter, 
England,  about  1553:  died  at  Bishopsbourne, 
near  Canterbury,  England,  Nov.  2, 1600.  A cele- 
brated English  divine  and  theological  writer. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1574,  and  obtained  a fellow- 
ship in  1577 ; was  presented  to  the  living  of  Drayton- 
Beauchamp,  Buckinghamshire,  in  1584;  was  appointed 
master  of  the  Temple  in  1585 ; became  rector  of  Boscombe, 
Wiltshire,  and  a prebendary  of  Salisbury  in  1591;  and  was 
rector  of  Bishopsbourne  1595-1600.  His  great  work  is  “ Of 
the  Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity  ” (first  ed.,  4 books,  about 
1592 ; fifth  book  1597 : the  remaining  3 books  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death). 

Hooker,  Thomas.  Born  at  Markfield,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  about  1586 : died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  July  7, 1647.  An  English  clergyman.  He 

emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1633,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Connecticut  colony.  He  was  the  author 
(with  John  Cotton)of  the  “ Survey  of  the  Summe  of  Church 
Discipline”  (1648). 

Hooker,  Sir  William  Jackson.  Born  at  Nor- 
wich, England,  July  6, 1785:  died  at  Ivew,  near 
London,  Aug.  12, 1865.  A noted  English  bota- 
nist, appointed  director  of  the  Royal  Botanical 
Gardens  at  Kew  in  1841.  He  published  numerous 
botanical  works,  including  “British  Jungermannise” 
(lain),  ••  Flora  Scotica”  (1821),  “ leones  Plantarum  ” (1837- 
i851),  “Species  Filicum”  (1846-64),  etc. 

Hooker,  Worthington.  Born  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  March  2,  1806:  died  at  New  Haven. 
Conn., Nov.  6, 1867.  An  American  physician, and 
medical  and  scientific  writer.  He  was  prof  essor  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  at  Yale  from  1852  until 
his  death. 

Hookey  V/alker.  See  Wallccr. 


Hopkins,  Mark 

Hoole  (hoi),  John.  Born  at  London,  Dec.,  1727: 
died  near  Dorking,  England,  1803.  An  English 
poet,  known  only  as  the  translator  of  Tasso’s 
“Jerusalem  Delivered”  (1763),  the  “Orlando 
Furioso  ” of  Ariosto  (1773-83),  and  other  Italian 
poems. 

Hoonan.  See  Hunan. 

Hoopah,  See  Hupa. 

Hooper  (hup'or  or  hop'er),  John.  Born  in  Som- 
ersetshire, England,  about  1495 : burned  at  the 
stake  at  Gloucester,  Feb.  9,  1555.  An  English 
Protestant  bishop  and  martyr.  He  fled  from  Eng- 
land to  escape  prosecution  for  heresy  in  1539,  and  resided 
at  Zurich  1547-49.  In  the  latter  year  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  became  chaplain  to  the  protector  Somerset.  He 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  Gloucester  (after  a struggle 
against  the  wearing  of  vestments,  yielding  only  when  he 
was  committed  to  the  Fleet)  in  1551.  In  1552  he  became 
bishop  of  Worcester.  On  the  accession  of  Mary  he  was 
imprisoned,  accused  of  heresy,  and,  having  refused  to  re- 
cant, executed. 

Hooper,  William.  Born  at  Boston,  June  17, 
1742:  died  at  Hillsborough,  N.  C.,  Oct.,  1790. 
An  American  politician,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Hoorn  (horn).  A town  in  the  province  of  North 
Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the  Hoornerhop  (a 
bay  of  the  Zuyder  Zee)  20  miles  north-north- 
east of  Amsterdam.  It  has  several  interesting  old 
buildings,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Schouten,  who  dis- 
covered Cape  Horn.  Near  it  a naval  battle  was  fought  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  the  Spaniards  in  1573.  It  was  for- 
merly the  capital  of  North  Holland.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,714. 

Hoorn  (horn),  or  Hoorne  (hor'ne),  or  Horn 
(horn),  or  Hornes  (orn),  Count  of  (Philip  II. 
of  Montmorency-Nivelle).  Bom  about  1520: 
beheaded  at  Brussels,  June  5,  1568.  A Dutch 
noble.  He  served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  St.- 
Quentin  in  1557,  and  Gravelines  in  1558,  and  was  arrested 
by  the  Duke  of  Alva  Sept.  9,  1567,  and  executed  in  com- 
pany with  the  Count  of  Egmont. 

Hoosac  Mountain  (ho'sakmoun'tan).  An  ex- 
tension in  western  Massachusetts  of  the  Green 
Mountains. 

Hoosac  Tunnel.  A tunnel  of  the  Fitchburg 
Railroad  through  the  Hoosac  Mountain  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, opened  in  1875.  Length,  4-f  miles. 
Hopatcong  (ho-pat'kong).  Lake.  A lake  in 
northern  New  Jersey,  about  50  miles  northwest 
of  New  York.  Length,  8|  miles. 

Hope  (hop),  Alexander  James  Eeresford 
(later  (1854)  Beresford-Hope).  Bom  Jan.  25, 
1820:  died  near  Cranbrook,  Kent,  Oct.  20,  1887. 
An  English  Conservative  politician  and  writer. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1841,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
its  debates  until  a few  years  before  his  death.  In  part- 
nership with  John  Douglas  Cook  he  founded  the  “Satur- 
day Review  ” in  1855.  He  devoted  himself  especially  to 
the  promotion  of  the  interests  of  the  Church  of  England. 
He  wrote  “A  Popular  View  of  the  American  Civil  War” 
(1861),  “Tlie  Results  of  the  American  Disruption"  (1862), 

1 the  novel  “Strictly  Tied  Up”  (ISsO),  etc. 

Hope,  Anthony.  See  Hawkins,  Anthony  Hope. 
Hope,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London  about  1770 : 
died  there,  Feb.  3,  1831.  An  English  novelist 
and  antiquarian.  His  works  include  the  novel  “Anas- 
tasius,  or  Memoirs  of  a Greek:  written  at  the  Close  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century  ” (1819),  “Costume  of  the  Ancients  " 
(1809),  “ Modem  Costumes  " (1S12),  “ Historical  Essay  on 
Architecture  ” (1835),  etc. 

Hopeful  (hop'ful).  A companion  of  Christian 
in  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress.” 

Hope  Theatre,  The.  A playhouse  built  on  the 
Bankside,  Southwark,  London,  in  1613.  It  was 
originally  a bear-garden. 

On  the  same  bank  of  the  great  river  stood  the  Hope,  a 
playhouse  four  times  a week,  and  a garden  for  bear-bait- 
ing on  the  alternate  days.  . . . When  plays  were  sup- 
pressed, the  zealous  and  orthodox  soldiery  broke  into  the 
Hope,  horsewhipped  the  actors,  and  shot  the  bears.  This 
place,  however,  in  its  character  of  Bear  Garden,  rallied 
after  the  Restoration,  and  continued  prosperous  till  nearly 
the  close  of  the  17th  century.  Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  1.  29. 

Hophra.  See  Apries. 

Hopkins  (hop'kinz),  Edward.  Born  at  Shrews- 
bury, England,  1600:  died  at  London,  March, 
1657.  An  English  politician,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut in  alternate  years  from  1640  to  1654. 
The  last  election  occurred  after  his  return  to 
England  (1652). 

Hopkins,  John  Henry.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, Jan.  30, 1792 : died  at  Rock  Point,  Vt.,  Jan. 
9, 1868.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  came  to  America  with  his  pa- 
rents in  1S01 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1818 ; was  or- 
dained in  1824;  and  became  bishop  of  Vermont  in  1832. 
Hopkins,  Lemuel.  Born  at  Watcrbury,  Conn.. 
June  19, 1750 : died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  April  14, 
1801.  An  American  poet.  He  practised  medicine 
at  Litchfield  from  1776  until  1784,  and  at  Hartford  from  1784 
until  hisdeath.  He  was  one  of  the  so-called  Hartford  wits 
associated  in  the  composition  of  “The  Anarchiad.”  He 
wrote  “The  Hypocrite  s Hope  ” and  other  poems. 
Hopkins,  Mark.  Bom  at  Stockbridge,  Mass., 
Feb.  4, 1802  : died  at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  June 


Hopkins,  Mark 

17, 1887.  An  American  educator  and  author.  He 

was  president  of  Williams  College  1836-72,  and  president 
of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions from  1857  until  his  death.  His  works  include  “ Evi- 
dences of  Christianity  ” (1846),  “ The  Law  of  Love,  and  Love 
as  a Law  ” (1869),  and  “An  Outline  Study  of  Man ” (1873). 

Hopkins,  Samuel.  Born  at  Waterbury,  Conn., 
Sept.  17,  1721:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Dec.  20, 
1803.  An  American  theologian,  influential  in 
the  theological  discussions  of  New  England  in 
his  day.  He  settled  at  Housatonic  (now  Great  Barring- 
ton), Massachusetts,  in  1743,  and  at  Newport,  E.  I.,  in  1770. 
His  chief  work  is  a “ System  of  Theology  ”(1791).  His  fol- 
lowers were  known  as  Hopkinsians  (which  see). 

Hopkins,  Stephen.  Born  at  Soituate,  R.  I., 
March  7. 1707:  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  July  13, 
1785.  An  American  politician.  He  was  governor 
of  Ehode  Island  from  1755  to  1768,  with  three  short  inter- 
vals, and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence  as  a 
member  of  Congress  in  1776.  He  wrote  a “History  of  the 
Planting  and  Growth  of  Providence.  ’’ 

Hopkinsians  (hop-kin'zi-anz).  The  adherents 
of  the  theological  system  founded  by  Samuel 
Hopkins  (1721-1803)  and  developed  by  Emmons 
and  others.  Hopkinsianism  was  Calvinistic,  and  a de- 
velopment of  the  system  taught  by  Jonathan  Edwards.  It 
laid  especial  stress  on  the  sovereignty  and  decrees  of  God, 
election,  the  obligation  of  impenitent  sinners  to  submit  to 
the  divine  will,  the  overruling  of  evil  to  the  good  of  the 
universe,  sin  and  holiness  as  not  inherent  in  man’s  nature 
apart  from  his  exercise  of  the  will  and  as  belonging  to  each 
man  exclusively  and  personally,  eternity  of  future  punish- 
ment, etc.  As  a distinct  system  Hopkinsianism  no  longer 
exists,  but  much  of  it  reappears  in  the  so-called  New  Eng- 
land theology. 

Hopkinson  (bop'kin-son),  Francis.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  21,  1737 : died  at  Philadel- 
phia, May  9, 1791.  An  American  politician  and 
author.  He  was  a delegate  to  Congress  from  New  Jersey, 
and  a signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  in  1776. 
He  wrote  the  “Battle  of  the  Kegs’’  (1778),  and  other  hu- 
morous and  political  works. 

Hopkinson,  Joseph..  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
12, 1770 : died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  15, 1842.  An 
American  jurist,  son  of  Francis  Hopkinson : au- 
thor of  “Hail,  Columbia”  (1798). 

Hopkinsville  (hop'kinz-vil).  A city  and  the 
capital  of  Christian  County,  southwestern  Ken- 
tucky, situated  70  miles  northwest  of  Nashville. 
Population,  9,419,  (1910). 

Hop  o’  my  Thumb.  [F.  Le  petit poucet,  the  lit- 
tle thumb.]  The  hero  of  a fairy  tale  of  the  same 
name,  taken  from  the  French  of  Perrault.  He 
should  not  be  confounded  with  Tom  Thumb,  The  story 
is  an  old  one,  taken  partly  from  the  adventures  of  Ulysses 
in  the  cave  of  Polyphemus,  and  partly  from  the  fable  of 
Theseus  and  Ariadne.  Dunlop. 

Hoppin  (hop'in),  Augustus.  Born  at  Provi- 
dence, R.I.,  July  13, 1828:  diedat  Flushing, N.Y., 
April  1, 1896.  An  American  book-illustrator.  He 
illustrated  works  by  many  well-known  authors. 

Hoppner  (hop'ner),  John.  Born  at  London, 
April  4,  1758 : died  Jan.  23,  1810.  An  English 
portrait-painter. 

Hor.  See  Horus. 

Hor  (h6r).  A mountain  in  Arabia  Petrsea,  by 
some  authorities  identified  with  the  modem 
Jebel-Nebi-Harun  (4,780  feet).  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  death  of  Aaron. 

Horace  (hor'as)  (Quintus  Horatius  Flaccus). 
Bom  at  Venusia,  Apulia,  Dec.  8,  65  b.  c.  : died 
at  Rome,  Nov.  27,  8 B.  c.  A famous  Roman  lyric 
and  satirical  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  afreedman ; was 
educated  at  Rome  and  Athens ; served  in  the  republican 
army  at  Philippi  in  42  B.  c.;  and  enjoyed  the  patronage  of 
Maecenas,  by  whom  he  was  presented  with  a farm  or  villa 
in  the  Sabine  Hills  about  34.  His  works  are  “ Satires  ” (first 
book  35  B.  C.,  second  book  about  30),  “Epodes  ”(about30), 
“ Odes  ” (first  3 books  24  or  23,  fourth  book  about  13),  “ Epis- 
tles ” (first  book  about  20,  second  book  and  the  “ Ars  Poe- 
tica”  about  13-8),  and  “Carmen  Secul are ”(17).  Collective 
editions  have  been  published  by  Bentley  (1711),  Meineke, 
Haupt,  L.  Muller,  Orelli,  etc. 

Horace  (o-ras').  A tragedy  by  Pierre  Corneille, 
produced  in  1640:  its  subject  is  the  combat  of 
the  Horatii  and  Curiatii.  Lope  de  Vega  wrote 
& tragedy  with  the  same  subject  and  title. 

Horace  de  Saint- Aubin.  One  of  Balzac’s  early 
pseudonyms. 

Horse  (ho're).  [Gr.  7S2pcu,  L.  Horse,  hours.]  In 
classical  mythology,  goddesses  who  preside  over 
the  changes  of  the  seasons  and  the  accompany- 
ing course  of  natural  growth  and  decay.  Accord- 
ing to  Homer,  they  are  handmaidens  of  Zeus,  who  guard 
the  gates  of  heaven  and  control  the  weather ; according 
to  Hesiod,  they  are  daughters  of  Zeus  and  Themis,  named 
Eunomia  (‘Good  Order’),  Dice  (‘Justice’),  and  Eirene 
(‘  Peace  ■),  guardians  of  agriculture  and  also  of  social  and 
political  order.  Theirnumbervariedfrom  two,  as  at  Athens 
(Thallo,  goddess  of  spring  flowers,  and  Carpo,  goddess  of 
summer  fruits),  to  four.  The  dance  of  the  Horse  was  a sym- 
bolized representation  of  the  course  of  the  seasons. 

Horatia  gens  (bo-ra'shia  jenz).  A Roman 
patrician  gens  whose  surnames  were  Barbatus, 
Codes,  and  Pulvillus. 

Horatii  (ho-ra'shi-i),  The  Three.  In  Roman  le- 
gend, three  brothers  celebrated  in  the  reign  of 
c.— 33 


513 

Tullus  Hostilius  for  their  combat  with  the  three 
Curiatii  of  Alba  Longa.  Two  of  them  were  slain,  but 
the  third  by  pretending  to  flee  vanquished  his  wounded 
opponents  one  at  a time.  On  returning  to  Rome  he  slew 
his  sister  Horatia,  who  expressed  her  grief  for  one  of  the 
Curiatii  to  whom  she  was  betrothed.  For  this  he  was  con- 
demned to  death,  but  escaped  with  a humiliating  punish- 
ment. 

Horatio  (ho-ra/ ski-o).  1.  The  friend  of  Ham- 

let in  Shakspere’s  “Hamlet.”  He  is  the  antithesis 
of  the  wavering  Hamlet.  He  takes  with  equal  thanks  the 
buffets  and  rewards  of  fortune. 

2.  In  Rowe’s  tragedy  “ The  Fair  Penitent,”  the 
friend  of  Altamont. 

Horatius  Codes  (ho-ra'shi-us  ko'klez).  [L., 

‘ One-eyed  Horatius.’]  A Roman  legendary 
hero,  celebrated  with  his  two  companions  for 
the  defense  of  the  bridge  over  the  Tiber  against 
the  Etruscans.  He  is  the  subject  of  a poem  by 
Macaulay. 

Horb  (horb).  A town  in  Wurtemberg,  situated 
on  the  Neckar  33  miles  southwest  of  Stuttgart. 
Horbury  (hor'bur-i).  A town  in  the  West  Rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  England.  Population,  6,736. 
Horde  (her'de).  A manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  3 miles  south- 
east of  Dortmund.  Population,  commune, 
28,457. 

Horeb  (ko'reb).  See  Sinai. 

Horgen  (hor'gen).  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Zurich  9 miles  south  by  east  of  Zurich.  Popu- 
lation, 6,883. 

HorgOS  (hor'gosh).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Csongrad,  Hungary,  15  miles  east  of  Theresien- 
stadt.  Population,  commune,  7,275. 

Horicon  (hor'i-konj.  See  George,  Lake. 
Hormakhu  (hor-mii'kko).  In  Egyptian  my- 
thology, the  rising  sun,  one  of  the  principal 
forms  of  the  sun-god  Ra,  worshiped  at  Heli- 
opolis, and  represented  by  the  great  sphinx  on 
the  southeast  corner  of  the  great  pyramid  at 
Gizeh.  Also  Harmacliis,  Harnais,  Har. 
Hormayr  (hor'mir),  Baron  Joseph  VQR.  Born 
at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Jan.  20, 1782:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Oct.  5, 1848.  A noted  German  historian. 
He  wrote  “Kritisch-diplomatischeBeitvagezurGeschichte 
Tirolsim  Mittelalter(1802-03),“Geschichtedergefursteten 
Grafschaft  Tirol”  (1806-08),  “ Lehensbilder  aus  dem  Be- 
freiungskriege  ” (1841-44),  etc. 

Hormisdas  (hor-mis'das).  Pope  514-523.  He  ef- 
fected the  reunion  of  the  churches  of  Rome  and 
Constantinople  in  519. 

Hormizdas  (hor-miz'das),  or  Hormuz  (hor'- 
muz),  IV.  Killed  about  591.  King  of  Persia, 
son  of  Kkosru  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  579. 
Horn  (horn),  Cape.  The  southern  end  of  a 
rocky  island  in  thePuegian  Archipelago,  and  the 
southernmost  point  of  America,  lat.  55°  59'  S., 
long.  67°  16'  W.  It  was  first  rounded  by  Le  Maire 
and  Schouten  in  1616,  and  named  by  them  from  Hoorn  in 
North  Holland. 

Horn  (horn),  Count  Gustaf.  Born  at  Orbyhus, 
Upland,  Sweden,  Oct.  23,  1592:  died  at  Skara, 
Sweden,  May  10,  1657.  A Swedish  general, 
distinguished  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War. 

Horn,  Otto.  A pseudonym  of  Adolf  Bauerle. 
Hornberg  (horn'berG).  The  old  castle  of  Gotz 
von  Berlichingen.  It  is  situated  on  the  Neckar,  below 
Hassmersheim,  on  an  elevation  200  feet  above  the  river. 
Hornberg.  A town  in  Baden,  in  the  Black  Forest 
23  miles  northeast  of  Freiburg. 

Homcastle  (horn'kas-l).  A town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Bain  18  miles 
east  of  Lincoln.  Population,  4,038. 

Horne  (horn),  George.  Born  at  Otham,  Kent, 
England,  Nov.  1, 1730:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
Jan.  17,  1792.  An  English  bishop,  author  of 
“ Commentary  on  the  Psalms”  (1771),  etc. 
Horne,  Richard  Hengist.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
1,  1803:  died  at  Margate,  England,  March  13, 
1884.  An  English  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
author  of  the  epic  “Orion”  (1843),  the  dramas 
‘ ‘ Cosmo  de’  Medici  ” (1837),  ‘ ‘ Death  of  Marlowe  ” 
(1838),  “Gregory  the  Seventh”  (1840),  etc. 
Horne,  Thomas  Hartwell.  Born  at  London, 
Oct.  20, 1780:  died  at  London,  Jan.  27, 1862.  An 
English  biblical  scholar.  Hi3  chief  work  is  an  “In- 
troduction  to  the  Critical  Study  and  Knowledge  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures  ” (1818). 

Hornellsville  (hor'nelz-vil).  A city  in  Steuben 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Canisteo 
River.  The  name  was  changed  to  Hornell  in 
1906.  Population,  13,617,  (1910). 

Hornemann  (h or 'ne-m tin),  Friedrich  Konrad. 
Born  at  Hildesheim,  Germany,  in  1772  : died  in 
Nwpe  after  1803.  A noted  African  explorer. 
Under  the  auspices  of  the  African  Association  of  London, 
he  crossed  the  African  continent  from  Cairo  over  Murzuk 
to  tiie  lower  Niger  1798-1801.  The  place  and  the  approxi- 
mate date  of  his  death  were  not  ascertained  until  a lew 


Horten 

years  after  he  had  perished.  His  journal  was  published  in 
English,  German,  and  French. 

Horner  (hor'ner),  Francis.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Aug.  12, 1778 : died  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.  8, 1817. 
A British  politician  and  political  economist. 
Hornet  (hor'net).  An  American  ship  of  war. 
She  was  of  18  guns  rating  and  480  tons  burden.  Her 
first  commander  was  Captain  James  Lawrence.  (See  Ches- 
apeake.) On  Dec.  13, 1812,  she  blockaded  the  Bonne  Cito- 
yenne  (18  guns  rating)  at  San  Salvador.  On  Feb.  24, 1813, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Demerara  River,  she  fell  in  with 
the  British  war  brigs  Espingle  (18  guns  rating)  and  Pea- 
cock, and  captured  the  Peacock. 

Horne  Tooke,  John.  See  Tooke. 
Hornisgrinde  (hor'nis-grin-de).  A summit  of 
the  Black  Forest,  Germany,  about  10  miles  south 
of  Baden-Baden.  Height,  3,825  feet. 
Horodenka  (ho-ro-den'ka).  A town  in  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  a tributary  of  the 
Dniester.  Population,  11,250,  (1910). 
Horologium  (hor-o-lo  ji-um).  [L.,  ‘ a clock.’]  A 
southern  constellation  of  12  stars,  inserted  by 
Lacaille  east  of  Eridanus.  Its  brightest  star  is 
of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Hor  rocks,  or  Horrox  (hor'oks) , Jeremiah.  Bom 
at  Toxtetk  Park,  near  Liverpool,  about  1617 : 
diedat  Toxteth,  Jan.  3, 1641.  A celebrated  Eng- 
lish astronomer.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  but  did  not 
take  a degree,  and  was  curate  of  Hoole,  near  Preston,  1639- 
1640.  He  made  the  first  observation  of  a transit  of  Venus 
(1639),  an  account  of  which  is  given  in  his  “Venus  in  sole 
visa  ” (1662).  Other  posthumous  works  were  published  in 
1672.  He  was  the  first  to  assign  to  the  moon  an  elliptical 
orbit  with  the  earth  at  one  of  the  foci,  and  in  a measure 
anticipated  the  Newtonian  theory  of  gravitation. 

Horsa  (hor'sa).  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Ayles- 
ford,  455  (?).  A Jutisk  chief,  brother  of  Hengist 
(whom  see). 

Korschelt  (hor ' shelt) , Theodor.  Born  atMunick , 
March  16,1829:  died  at  Munich,  April  3, 1871.  A 
German  painter  of  genre  scenes  and  battles. 
Horse-Fair,  The.  A large  painting  by  Rosa 
Bonheur,  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art,  New  York.  Itrepresents  a number  of  horses,  some 
ridden,  some  led,  trotting  toward  the  right.  It  appeared 
in  the  Salon  of  1853,  wag  bought  by  Gambart  and  Co.,  Lon- 
don, for  40,000  francs,  and  from  them  by  W.  P.  Wright, 
Weehawken,  New  Jersey,  in  1857:  it  then  passed  to  the 
Stewart  collection.  It  was  bought  and  presented  to  the 
Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York,  by  Cornelius  Vander- 
bilt. Landseer  engraved  it  while  it  was  in  Gambart’s  pos- 
session. Rosa  Bonheur  painted  for  his  use  a reduced  copy: 
this  was  bequeathed  in  1859  to  the  National  Gallery.  She 
painted  other  replicas : the  third  is  in  London ; the  fourth, 
a small  water-color,  is  owned  in  England. 

Horselberg  (lier'sel-berG).  See  Venus , Mountain 
of,  and  Tannhauser. 

HorseilS  (hor'sens).  A seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Jutland,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Hor- 
sens  Fjord  in  lat.  55°  52'  N._,  long.  9°  51'  E. 
Population,  22.327. 

Horse-Shoe  Fall.  See  Niagara. 

Horse-Shoe  Robinson.  A historical  novel  by 
J.  P.  Kennedy.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  South 
during  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Horsford  (hors'ford),  Eben  Norton.  Bom  at 
Moscow,  Livingston  County, N.Y.,  July  27, 1818: 
died  Jan.  1,  1893.  An  American  chemist.  He 
was  Rumford  professor  of  science  applied  to  the  arts  at 
Harvard  1847-63,  when  he  became  president  of  the  Rum- 
ford  Chemical  Works,  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  He  dis- 
covered the  method  of  preparing  baking-powder,  con- 
densed milk,  and  the  medicinal  acid  known  as  “ Eorsford’s 
acid.  ” Among  Iris  works  are  “ The  Theory  and  Art  of  Bread- 
Making  ” (1861),  “The  Discovery  of  America  by  the  North- 
. men  ” (1888),  etc. 

Horsham  (kor'sha.m).  A town  in  Sussex,  Eng- 
land, 34  miles  south-southwest  of  London.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,446. 

Horsley  (hors'li),  Charles  Edward.  Born  at 
London,  1822 : died  at  New  York,  Feb.  28, 1876. 
An  English  composer,  son  of  William  Horsley. 
Horsley,  John.  Born  at  Inveresk,  Midlothian, 
1685:  died  at  Morpeth,  England,  Jan.  12,  1732. 
A British  antiquary,  author  of  “Britannia  Ro- 
mana,  or  the  Antiquities  of  Britain  ” (1732),  etc. 
Horsley,  John  Callcott.  Born  Jan.  29,  1817: 
died  Oct.  18,  1903.  An  English  painter. 
Horsley,  Samuel.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  15, 
1733:  died  at  Brighton,  England, Oct.  4,1806.  An 
English  bishop  (of  St.  Asaph)  and  scholar.  He 
is  notable  for  a controversy  with  Priestley,  in  which  he 
opposed  Socinianism.  Among  his  works  are  “ Biblical  Crit- 
icism on  the  first  fourteen  Historical  Books  of  theOld  Tes- 
tament ” (1820). 

Horsley,  William.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  15, 
1774:  died  June  12, 1858.  An  English  composer, 
especially  noted  for  his  glees  (“  By  Celia’s  Ar- 
bour,” “O  Nightingale,”  etc.). 

Horta  (hor'tii ; Pg.  pron.  or'ta).  A seaport,  the 
capital  of  Fayal,  Azores  Islands. 

Horten  (hor'ten).  A town  in  southern  Norway, 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Christiania  Fjord, 
36  miles  south  by  west  of  Christiania:  a station 
of  the  Norwegian  fleet.  Population,  9,093. 


Hortense 

Hortense  (or -tons')  (Eugenie  Hortense  de 
Beauharnais).  Born  at  Paris,  April  10, 1783 : 
died  at  Arenenberg,  Switzerland,  Oct.  5, 1837. 
The  daughter  of  the  empress  Josephine,  wife 
of  Louis  Bonaparte,  and  mother  of  Napoleon 
HI.  She  was  the  reputed  author  of  the  song 
“Partant  pour  la  Syrie.” 

Hortensia  gens  (hor-ten'shi-a  jenz).  A Roman 
plebeian  gens. 

Hortensian  Law  (hor-ten'shian  la),  The.  [L. 
lex  Hortensia .]  In  the  history  of  ancient  Rome, 
a law,  adopted  probably  in  286  B.  c.,  which  de- 
cided that  the  decrees  of  the  Comitia  Tributa 
should  be  binding  on  all  citizens,  patricians  as 
well  as  plebeians.  It  was  passed  in  consequence  of  a 
dangerous  uprising  of  theplebeians,  and  received  its  name 
from  the  dictator  Hortensius. 

Hortensio  (hor-ten'shi-o).  In  Shakspere’s 
“Taming  of  the  Shrew,”  a suitor  of  Bianca. 
Hortensius  (hor-ten'shi-us),  Quintus.  Born  114 
B.  c. : died  50  B.  C.  An  eminent  Roman  orator, 
a leader  of  the  aristocratic  party. 

Hortibonus  (hor-ti-bo'nus),  or  Hortusbonus 
(hor-tus-bo'nus),  Is.  The  pseudonym  of  Isaac 
Casaubon.  Caseau  in  the  Dauphinois  patois  be- 
ing jardin,  the  pseudonym  is  literally  “bon  jar- 
din  ” ( ‘ good  garden  ’). 

Horus  (ho'rus),  or  Hor  (hor).  In  Egyptian  my- 
thology, a solar  deity,  the  son  of  Osiris  and  Isis, 
and  the  avenger  of  his  father  upon  Set:  called 
by  the  Greeks  Harpoerates.  As  Osiris  was  the  sun  of 
night,  Horus  was  the  sun  of  day.  As  the  opponent  of  Set, 
he  figured  as  the  Elder  Horus ; as  Horus  the  Child,  he  was 
the  rising  sun.  He  was  generally  represented  as  hawk- 
headed, and  is  hardly  distinguishable  from  Ra,  like  whom 
he  was  the  lord  of  Upper  Egypt. 

The  heaven-  or  sun-god  Horus  was  worshipped  almost 
as  generally  as  E a.  He  was  honoured  in  various  shapes  in 
Egypt : as  Haroeri  (the  elder),  Harpechrud  (Harpokrates, 
the  child),  as  the  son  of  Isis,  of  Nut,  or  of  Hathor,  in  many 
places  in  Upper  Egypt  (as  at  Edfu)  and  in  Lower  Egypt. 
His  symbol  is  the  winged  sun-disc,  and  he  fiies  through  the 
air  as  a hawk.  His  chief  myth  is  that  of  the  tight  with 
Set.  But  it  is  difficult  to  trace  his  original  form,  as  he  is 
completely  absorbed  in  the  Osiris  circle,  to  which  he  cer- 
tainly did  not  originally  belong. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Beligion,  p.  408. 

Horus.  A name  given  by  Mariette  to  Hor-em- 
hib,  an  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty. 

After  several  insignificant  kings  came  Horus,  and  with 
him  the  series  of  legitimate  princes  begins  again  ; but  with 
him  there  also  set  in  a violent  reaction  against  the  fanati- 
cal reforms  of  Amenophis  IV.  The  names  of  the  dethroned 
kings  were  everywhere  chiselled  out ; their  buildings  were 
razed  to  t he  ground,  and  the  capital  at  Tell-el-Amarna  was 
so  carefully  and  patiently  demolished  that  not  one  stone 
is  left  standing.  Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  43. 

Horv&th  (hor'vat),  Mib.aly.  Born  at  Szentes, 
Hungary,  Oct.  20,  1809 : died  at  Karlsbad,  Bo- 
hemia, Aug.  19,  1878.  A Hungarian  historian 
and  politician,  minister  of  worship  and  public 
instruction  in  1849.  He  wrote  a “ History  of  the  Hun- 
garians" (1842-46),  “Historical  Monuments  of  Hungary” 
(1867,  etc.),  “History  of  Hungary”  (1859-63). 

Hosea  (ho-ze'a),  or  Hoshea  (ho-she'a).  The  first 
of  the  “ minor  prophets.”  He  flourished  in  the  king- 
dom of  Israelunder  Jeroboam  IT.  and  his  successors.  Inliis 
prophecies,  which  consist  of  14  chapters,  he  represents  the 
relation  of  Israel  to  Yahveh  (Jehovah)  as  that  of  a wife  to 
her  husband,  and  its  apostasy  as  the  faithlessness  of  a wife. 
In  t he  first  division  (i.-iii.),  which  originated  during  thelat- 
ter  part  of  the  reign  of  Jeroboam  II.,  these  ideas  are  sym- 
bolically expressed  and  illustrated  by  the  prophet’s  own 
experiences  in  his  married  life  with  a faithless  woman  ; 
the  second  division  (iv.-xiv.),  belonging  to  the  period  of 
the  kings  following,  contains,  on  the  basis  of  the  same 
ideas,  a series  of  discourses  in  which  the  sins  of  the  peo- 
ple in  all  ranks  are  exposed  and  censured.  Hosea’s  style 
is  characterized  by  short  and  abrupt,  sometimes  obscure, 
sentences,  full  of  fervor  and  strong  feeling. 

Hosea,  Biglow.  See  Biglow  Papers. 
Hoshangabad  (ho-shung'ga-bad),  or  Hushang- 
abad  (hu-shung'gii-bad).  1.  A district  iu  the 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  22°  30'  N.,  long.  77°  30'  E.  Area,  3,676 
square  miles.  Population,  449,165. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Hoshangabad,  situated 
on  the  Nerbudda  about  lat.  22°  46'  N.,  long. 
77°  44'  E.  Population,  14,940. 

Hoshea  (ho-she'a),  or  Hosea  (ho-ze'a).  [Heb., 
‘deliverance,’  ‘salvation.’]  The  last  king  of 
the  ten  tribes,  successor  of  Pekak  son  of  Re- 
maliah,  whom  he  assassinated  in  a revolution, 
and  whose  throne  he  usurped.  According  to  the 
annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  III.,  Pekah  was  killed  by  the  As- 
syrian king,  and  Hoshea  (Assyrian  J«si)  was  appointed  his 
successor.  The  invasion  by  Tiglath-Pileser  of  the  king- 
dom of  Israel,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  many  cities,  the 
inhabitants  of  which  were  deported  to  Assyria,  is  men- 
tioned in  2 Ki.  xv.  29.  Under  Tiglath-Pileser’s  successor, 
Shalmaneser  IV.,  Hoshea “ conspired  “against  the  Assyri- 
ans, seeking  an  alliance  with  the  Egyptian  king  Shabaka 
(biblical  So).  This  led  to  the  destruction  of  Samaria  after 
a three  years’  siege  by  Shalmaneser,  and  the  imprisoning 
of  its  last  king. 

Hosias  (ho'shi-us),  or  Osius  (o'shi-us).  Died 


514 

in  Spain  about  358.  A bishop  of  the  early  Chris- 
tian church  in  Spain.  He  was  appointed  to  the  see  of 
Cordova  about  300,  and  in  324  was  sent  by  Constantine  the 
Great  to  Alexandria,  with  a view  to  composing  the  diffi- 
culties between  Alexander  and  Arius.  He  is  said  by  some 
to  have  drawn  up  the  symbol  of  faith  adopted  at  the  Coun- 
cil of  Nice  in  325. 

Hosius  (ho'se-os),  Stanislaus.  Born  at  Cracow, 
May  5,  1504 : died  near  Rome,  Aug.  5,  1579.  A 
Polish  cardinal,  a leading  opponent  of  Protes- 
tantism iu  Poland. 

Hosmer(hos'mer),  Harriet  G.  Born  at  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1830:  died  there,  Feb.  21, 
1908.  An  American  sculptor.  She  studied  with 

Stevenson  of  Boston,  and  (anatomy)  in  the  School  of  Med- 
icine at  St.  Louis.  In  1852  she  went  to  Rome,  and  studied 
with  Gibson.  After  2 years  she  produced  busts  of  “ Iiaphue  ” 
and  “Medusa.  "Among  her  best-known  works  are  “(Endne" 
(1855),  “ Zenobia  in  Chains”  (1859),  “ The  Sleeping  Faun  " 
(1867),  “The  Waking  Faun,”  “Beatrice  Cenci,”  “Puck” 
(1885).  The  fountain  in  Central  Park,  New  York,  is  by  her. 
Hospenthal  (hos'pen-tal).  A place  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  Pass,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  An- 
dermatt. 

Hospitalers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Order 
of  the.  A body  of  military  monks,  which  took 
its  origin  from  an  earlier  community,  not  mili- 
tary in  character,  under  whose  auspices  a hos- 
pital and  a church  had  been  founded  in  Jerusa- 
lem. Its  military  organization  was  perfected  iu  the  12th 
century.  After  the  retaking  of  J erusalem  by  the  Moslems, 
these  knights  defended  Acre  in  vain,  took  shelter  in  Cy- 
prus, and  inthe  14th  centuryoccupied  the  island  of  Rhodes. 
In  1522  the  island  of  Rhodes  was  seized  by  the  Turks,  and 
the  knights,  after  some  wanderings,  had  possession  given 
them  of  Malta,  the  government  of  which  island  they  ad- 
ministered until  it  was  occupied  by  Napoleon  in  1798. 
The  badge  of  the  order  was  the  cross  of  8 points,  without 
any  central  disk,  and  consisting  in  fact  of  4 barbed  arrow- 
heads meeting  at  their  points — the  well-known  Maltese 
cross.  This  is  modified  in  modern  times,  with  slight  dif- 
ferences for  the  different  nations  in  which  branches  of  the 
order  have  survived.  At  different  times  the  order  has  been 
called  officially  Knights  of  Rhodes  and  Knights  of  Malta. 
It  maintains  to  the  present  day  a certain  independent  ex- 
istence. The  most  famous  grand  master  of  the  order  was 
La  Valette,  who  successfully  defended  Malta  against  the 
Turks  in  1565.  That  branch  of  the  order  called  the  baili- 
wick of  Brandenburg  was  revived  and  recognized  as  a sep- 
arate order  by  the  King  of  Prussia  in  1852.  The  dormant 
langue  of  England  was  revived  1827-31,  and  is  again  lo- 
cated at  St.  John’s  Gate,  Clerkenwell. 

Hotcangara.  See  Winnebago. 

Hotel  de  Cluny  (6-tel'  de  klii-ne').  The  pal- 
ace, in  Paris,  of  the  Abbots  of  Cluny  in  Bur- 
gundy, built  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  and 
now  a museum  of  medieval  and  Renaissance 
decorative  art.  It  is  a picturesque  example  of  the  late- 
Pointed  style,  with  towers,  square  mullioned  windows, 
high  roofs,  and  tracery -framed  dormers.  The  little  chap- 
el is  elaborately  ornamented.  The  palace  occupies  the 
site  of  a Roman  palace  assigned  to  Constantins  Chlorus. 
Of  this  the  baths  survive  in  part,  notably  the  vaulted  frigi- 
darium,  372  by  65  feet  and  59  high,  and  decorated  with 
rostra. 

Hotel  de  B.ambouillet  (de  ron-bo-ya').  A fa- 
mous house  in  Paris,  on  the  Rue  St.  Thomas  du 
Louvre.  It  was  destroyed  together  with  the  street  when 
the  Louvre  was  finished.  It  was  originally  the  Hotel  Pi- 
sani,  the  residence  of  the  father  of  Madame  Rambouillet. 
It  was  noted  as  being  the  center  of  a literary  and  exclusive 
circle  out  of  which  afterward  grew  the  French  Academy. 
This  salon  was  instituted  about  1615  by  the  Marquise  de 
Rambouillet,  who  was  shocked  bythe  puerile  and  immoral 
society  of  the  period.  The  women  assumed  the  title  of 
“Les  pr^cieuses,”and  proposed  to  devulgarize  the  French 
language.  The  men  called  themselves  “Esprits  doux.” 
They  had  a vocabulary  of  their  own,  and  called  all  common 
things  by  uncommon  names.  They  also  had  a conventional 
language  out  of  which  Saumaise  composed  his  “Diction- 
naire  des  precieuses. ’’  Richelieu,  Bossuet,  Corneille,  Des- 
cartes, La  Rochefoucauld,  Balzac,  Madame  de  Sevigne, 
and  others  were  members  of  this  coterie,  and  it  exerted  a 
good  influence.  Pedantry  and  affectation,  however,  in- 
creased, and  the  gatherings  declined  in  interest,  and  never 
recovered  from  the  irony  of  Molifre  in  “Les  precieuses 
ridicules  ’’  and  “ Les  femmes  savantes,”  though  it  was  only 
the  extravagances  of  a few  that  he  attacked.  La  Bruyere 
also  took  occasion  to  quarrel  with  them. 

Hotel  des  Invalides  (o-tel'  da  zan-va-led').  A 
great  establishment  founded  in  1670  at  Paris  for 
disabled  and  infirm  soldiers.  The  monumental  fa- 
cade, about  650  feet  long,  has  3 stories,  and  is  adorned  with 
military  trophies  and  an  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV. 
The  interior  possesses  halls  adorned  with  interesting  mili- 
tary paintings,  and  contains  the  Mus^ed’Artillerie,  which 
includes  a remarkable  collection  of  medieval  and  Renais- 
sance armor..  The  Church  of  the  Invalides  consists  of  2 
parts  — the  Eglise  St.  Louis  and  the  Dome,  since  1840  the 
mausoleum  of  Napoleon  I.  The  nave  of  the  former  is 
adorned  with  captured  battle-flags.  The  Dome  was  built 
by  J.  H.  Mansart  in  1706.  In  plan  it  is  a square  of  198  feet, 
surmounted  by  a gilded  dome  on  a circular  drum  which  is 
86  feet  in  diameter,  and  with  its  cross  and  lantern  344 
high.  The  entrance  is  adorned  with  2 tiers  of  classical 
columns  and  a pediment.  The  tomb  of  Napoleon  is  a 
large  monolithic  sarcophagus  of  red  granite,  placed  be- 
neath the  dome  in  an  open  circular  crypt  20  feet  deep  and 
36  in  diameter.  The  walls  of  the  crypt  bear  allegorical 
reliefs,  and  against  its  12  piers  stand  colossal  Victories. 
In  alternate  intercolumniations  areplaced6trophies,  each 
of  10  flags  taken  in  battle. 

HoteldeVille(6  -tel'devel).  Ahistoric building 


Houdin 

in  Paris,  of  great  size,  burned  by  the  Commune  in 
1871,  but  carefully  restored  and  much  enlarged . 
The  original  structure  was  begun  in  1533  by  an  Italian,  Do- 
menico da  Cortona : this  is  represented  by  the  central  part 
of  the  existing  facade,  which  offers  a picturesque  combina- 
tion of  the  Italian  and  French  Renaissance  styles.  It  is 
of  2 stories,  flanked  by  pavilions  a story  higher,  all  with 
high  hip-roofs,  and  surmounted  by  a high  openwork  cen- 
tral tower.  The  exterior  is  adorned  with  much  sculpture. 
The  rooms  of  state  display  splendid  sculptures  and  wall- 
paintings  by  the  most  distinguished  contemporary  artists. 

Hotho  (ho'to),  Heinrich  Gustav.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, May  22, 1802 : died  there,  Dec.  24, 1873.  A 
German  historian  of  art,  appointed  professor  at 
the  University  of  Berlin  in  1829.  He  was  director 
of  the  collection  of  prints  in  the  Royal  Museum  from  1868. 
He  wrote  “ Geschichte  derdeutschen  und  niederlandischen 
Malerei  ” (1842-43),  “ Die  Malerschule  Huberts  van  Eyck  ” 
(1855-58),  “ Geschichte  der  christlichen Malerei" (1867-72), 
etc. 

Hot  Springs  (hot  springz).  A town  and  water- 
ing-place, capital  of  Garland  County,  Arkansas, 
48  miles  west-southwest  of  Little  Rock.  It  is 
noted  for  its  hot  springs.  Population,  town- 
ship, 19,199,  (1910). 

Hotspur.  See  Percy,  Henry. 

Hottentot-Bushmen  (hot'en-tot-bush'men).  A 
South  African  race.  Ethnically  Lepsius  includes  the 
Hottentots,  Bushmen,  and  Pygmies,  with  the  Bantu,  in  the 
negro  race,  but  he  classes  the  Hottentot  and  Bushman 
languages  with  the  Hamitic  family.  He  derives  the  Hot- 
tentots from  Cushitic  Hamites  blended  with  Bantu  ne- 
groes. Generally  the  Hottentots,  Bushmen,  and  Pygmies 
are  classed  as  one  race  or  two  separate  races.  There 
are  striking  differences  between  the  Hottentots  and  the 
Bushmen  in  structure  and  language,  but  their  physical 
and  linguistic  kinship  seems  to  be  well  established.  In 
the  Bushmen  the  distinctive  features  of  the  Hottentots 
with  regard  to  other  races  are  found  exaggerated.  These 
peculiar  features  are  (a)  the  color,  that  of  the  Bushmen 
being  brown,  that  of  the  Hottentots  yellow ; (6)  the  stat- 
ure, the  Hottentots  being  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
Bantu,  while  the  Bushmen  rank  with  the  Pygmies ; (c)  the 
tufty  hair ; (d)  the  diminutive  and  broad  nose ; (e)  the 
perpendicular  forehead;  (/)  the  tapering  chin  with  promi- 
nent cheek-bones;  (g)  the  wrinkled  skin.  Intellectually, 
the  Hottentots  and  Bushmen  are  fairly  gifted.  By  no 
people  are  the  Bushmen  more  ill-treated  than  by  their 
nearest  of  kin,  the  Hottentots.  The  Hottentots  are  pas- 
toral; the  Bushmen  and  Pygmies  are  exclusively  given  to 
hunting.  The  Hottentots  are  independent,  even  aggres- 
sive ; the  Bushmen  and  Pygmies  are  timid,  and  hover,  as 
Helots,  on  the  skirts  of  the  stronger  Bantu  settlements, 
which  they  supply  with  game.  See  Khoikhoin,  Bushmen, 
and  Africa  (with  subheadings). 

Hottentots  (liot'n-tots).  [Native  name  Khoi- 
khoin. Hottentot  is  supposed  to  be  imitative  of 
stammering,  with  ref.  to  the  clicking  sounds  of 
Hottentot  speech.]  A nickname  given  by  the 
first  colonists  to  the  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  because  of  the  clicks  and  other  strange 
sounds  of  their  language.  The  Hottentots  call  them- 
selves  Khoikhoin,  ‘the  men.’  Sometimes  this  name  is  used 
for  the  Bushmen  and  Pygmies  as  well,  all  three  being  con- 
sidered as  one  race.  In  this  acceptation  the  name  Hotten- 
tot-Bushmen  (which  see)  is  to  be  preferred. 

Hottinger  (hot' ting- er),  Johann  Heinrich. 

Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  March  10,  1620: 
drowned  in  the  river  Limmat,  near  Zurich, 
June  5, 1667.  A Swiss  Orientalist  and  biblical 
scholar.  He  wrote  “Thesaurus  philologicus ” 
(1649),  “ Etymologicum  orientale”  (1661),  etc. 

Houbraken  (hou'brii-ken),  Jacobus.  Born  at 
Dordrecht,  Netherlands,  Dec.  25, 1698  : died  at 
Amsterdam,  Nov.  14,  1780.  A Dutch  engraver 
and  painter. 

Hcuchard  (o-sbar'),  Jean  Nicolas.  Bern  at 
Forbaeh,  Lorraine,  1740 : guillotined  at  Paris, 
Nov.  16,  1793.  A French  general.  He  defeated 
the  Allies  at  Hondschoote  Sept.  6-8, 1793,  but  was  defeated 
at  Courtray  Sept.  15.  This  defeat  was  the  cause  of  his  ar- 
rest and  execution. 

Houdan (6-don'), Luc  de.  Born  atRennes,1811 : 
died  at  Paris,  1846.  A French  hydrographer. 
He  was  a lieutenant  in  the  French  fleet  in  the" Rio  de  la 

- Plata  1840-13,  made  extended  surveys,  and  published  sev- 
eral works  on  the  Plata  and  Parana,  and  on  South  Ameri- 
can hydrography  in  geueraL  „ 

Houdetot  (od-to'),  Comtesse  d’  (Elisabeth 
Fran^oise  Sophie  de  La  Live  de  Bellegarde). 

Born  at  Paris,  1730:  died  Jan.  22,1813.  A French 
lady,  known  from  her  intimacy  with  Rousseau. 
She  is  described  as  Julie  iu  Rousseau’s  “ Nou- 
velle  Ileloise.” 

Houdin  (6-dan'),  Jean  Eugene  Robert.  Born 
at  Blois,  France,  1805 : died  there,  June,  1871.  A 
French  conjurer  and  mechanician.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  watch-making,  but  a friendship  with  a traveling 
juggler  and  a love  of  works  on  natural  magic  turned  his  at- 
tention to  conjuring.  He  constructed  the  most  compli- 
cated toys  and  automata,  and  in  1845  began  a series  of 
juggling  exhibitions.  In  1855 he  received  the  gold  medal 
at  Paris  for  an  application  of  electricity  to  clocks.  In  1856, 
at  the  request  of  the  French  government,  he  went  to  Al- 
geria to  “hoist  with  their  own  petard,”  if  possible,  the 
priests  w ho  were  stirring  up  the  people  with  their  tricks. 
In  this  he  was  successful.  He  publishcd  “ Robert  HoudiD, 
etc.”  (1857),  “ Confidences  ’’  (1859),  and  “Les  tricheries  des 
Grecs  dtjvoilf'es  ” (1861),  exposing  gambling  cheats. 


Houdon 

Houdon  (o-don'),  Jean  Antoine.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  about  1741:  died  at  Paris,  July 
16,  1828.  A noted  French  sculptor.  He  won  the 
prix  de  Rome  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and  remained  in  Italy 
lOyears,  during  the  period  of  Winckelmann  and  the  exca- 
vations at  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum.  While  in  Rome  he 
made  the  famous  statue  of  St.  Bruno  at  Sainte-Marie-des- 
Anges.  On  his  return  to  France  he  exhibited  in  the  Salon 
of  1771  a statuette  of  llorphee,  which  gained  him  entrance 
to,  the  Academy,  and  soon  after  he  made  his  famous 
“ Keurche,"  reduced  copies  of  which  are  well  known  in  the 
drawing-schools.  He  visited  America  with  Franklin,  and 
resided  with  Washington  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  mod- 
eled a bust  from  which  he  afterward  made  his  Richmond 
statue.  In  1773  he  made  busts  of  Catharine  of  Russia  and 
of  Diderot,  and  in  1775  busts  of  Turgot  and  Gluck,  and  a 
statue  of  Sophie  Arnould  as  Iphigenia.  In  the  Salon  of 
1781  he  entered  his  nude  statue  of  Diana  (which  was  ex- 
cluded), the  statue  of  Tourville,  and  the  famous  Voltaire 
of  the  Theatre  Frangais.  He  also  made  busts  of  Molitre, 
Rousseau,  Franklin,  and  D’Alembert.  His  bust  of  Buffon 
is  perhaps  his  finest  work.  In  the  Revolution  he  was  de- 
nounced at  the  tribunal  of  the  Convention  for  having  a 
statue  of  a saint  in  his  atelier,  and  escaped  through  the 
presence  of  mind  of  a member  who  declared  that  the  work 
was  a statue  of  Philosophy. 

Houghton  (hou'ton),  Baron.  See  Milnes,  Rich- 
ard Monckton. 

Houghton-le-Spring  (ho ' ton -le- spring').  A 
town  in  Durham,  England,  7 miles  northeast  of 
Durham.  Population,  7,858. 

Hougomont  (o-go-moh').  A house  near  Water- 
loo, noted  for  its  importance  in  connection  with 
the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

Houlgate.  See  Beuzeval-Houlgate. 
Houndsditch  (hounz'dich).  A district  in  the 
east  of  London,  near  Whitechapel,  occupied 
largely  by  Jews.  It  is  caUed  “Dogsditch”  contemptu- 
ously  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  Its  name  is  a relic  of 
the  old  foss  which  encircled  the  city,  formerly  a recepta- 
cle for  dead  dogs.  Hare. 

Hounslow  (hounz'lo).  A town  in  Middlesex, 
England,  12  miles  west  by  south  of  St.  Paul’  s. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  coaching  center. 
Hounslow  Heath.  A heath  formerly  situated 
west  of  Hounslow  (now  inclosed),  it  was  long 
notorious  as  a resort  of  highwaymen.  A military  camp 
was  formed  here  by  James  H.  in  1686. 

Hours,  The.  See  Horse. 

Housatonic  (ho-sa-ton'ik),  or  Ousatonic  (o-sa- 
ton'ik).  A river  in  the  western  part  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut,  flowing  into  Long 
Island  Sound  13  miles  southwest  of  New  Ha- 
ven. Length,  about  150  miles. 

Household  Words.  A periodical  conducted  by 
Charles  Dickens.  It  first  appeared  March  30, 
1850. 

House  of  Fame,  The.  A poem  by  Chaucer.  The 
influence  of  Dante  is  marked  in  it,  and  Lydgate  speaks  of 
it  as  “Dante  in  English."  Its  general  idea  is  from  Ovid, 
though  the  first  book  follows  V ergil.  Pope  converted  it 
into  “ The  Temple  of  Fame  ” in  1715. 

House  of  the  Faun.  See  Pompeii. 

House  of  Life,  The.  A series  of  sonnets  by 
Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti. 

Admirable  as  are  his  ballads,  “The  House  of  Life,” re- 
cording a personal  experience  transmuted  by  the  imagina- 
tion, is  Rossetti's  highest  achievement  in  verse.  There  are 
two  other  “ sonnet-sequences,  ” and  only  two,  in  English  po- 
etry which  can  take  rank  beside  it,  “The  Sonnets  of  Shak- 
spere"  and  “Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese." 

Dowden,  Transcripts  and  Studies,  p.  229. 

House  of  the  Seven  Gables,  The.  A novel  by 
Hawthorne,  published  in  1851.  it  shows  the  trans- 
mission  of  personal  character  and  the  blighting  influence 
of  evil  action  to  succeeding  generations. 

Houses  of  Parliament,  London.  See  Parlia- 
ment. 

House  that  Jack  Built,  The.  An  accumulative 
tale  given  in  “Mother  Goose’sNurseiy  Rhymes.” 
The  original  of  “ The  house  that  Jack  built  ’’  is  presumed 
to  be  a hymn  in  “Sepher  Haggadah,"  fol.  23.  . . . The 
historical  interpretation  was  first  given  by  P.  X.  Lebe- 
recht,  at  Leipsic,  in  1731,  and  is  printed  in  the  “ Christian 
Reformer,”  vol.  xvii.,  p.  28.  The  original  is  in  the  Chaldee 
language.  Halliwell,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

Houssa.  See  Hausa. 

Houssain,  or  Hussan.  See  Hasan. 

Houssaye  (o-sa'),  orig. Housset,  Arsene.  Born 
at  Bruyeres,  near  Laon,  France,  March  28, 1815 : 
died  Feb.  26,  1896.  A French  critic,  novelist, 
and  litterateur.  In  1848  he  was  for  a short  time  en- 
tangled in  politics.  In  1849  he  became  director  of  the 
Comddie  Fran$aise.  He  resigned  in  1856,  having  put  over 
a hundred  plays  by  the  best-known  dramatists  on  the  stage. 
He  wrote  “ Lagalerie  de  portraits  du  XVIIBsitcle"  (1844); 
“Histoire  de  la  peinture  flamande  et  hollandaise"  (1846); 
“L’Empire,  c’est  la  paix,”  a cantata,  composed  for  Rachel 
after  the  coup  d’etat  of  1851 ; besides  many  novels,  five  or 
six  volumes  of  poems,  a number  of  critical  works,  histories, 
etc.,  among  which  are  “ Le  roi  Voltaire,  etc.”  (1858),  “ His- 
toire de  l’art  franqais " (1860),  “Moliere,  etc.”  (1880),  “Le 
livre  de  rninuit”  (1887),  and  “Confessions,  etc.” (1885-91). 

Houssaye,  Henri.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  24, 
1848:  died  there,  Sept.  24,  1911.  A French 
historian  and  critic,  son  of  Arsene  Houssaye. 
His  chief  work  is  “ Histoire  d’Aleibiade  et 
de  la  r6publique  ath^nienne,  etc.”  (1873). 


515 

Houston  (hus'ton  or  hous'ton).  A city  and  the 
capital  of  Harris  County,  Texas,  situated  on 
Buffalo  Bayou  45  miles  northwest  of  Galveston. 

It  is  an  important  railway,  commercial,  and  manufacturing 
center.  Its  trade  is  chiefly  in  cotton,  cotton-oil,  sugar,  and 
lumber.  It  was  settled  in  1836,  and  was  the  temporary 
capital  of  the  State  in  1837.  Population,  78,800,  (1910). 

Houston  (hus'ton  or  hous'ton),  Sam.  Born 
near  Lexington,  Va.,  March  2,  1793:  died  at 
Huntsville,  Texas,  July  26,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  statesman.  He  served  in  the  War 
of  1812 ; was  a member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee  1823- 
1827  ; was  governor  of  Tennessee  1827-29  ; as  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Texans  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  San  Ja- 
cinto April,  1836 ; was  president  of  Texas  1836-38  and  1841- 
1844  ; was  United  States  senator  from  Texas  1845-59  ; and 
was  governor  of  Texas  1859-61. 

Houyhnhnms  (hou'inmz  or  ho'inmz).  A com- 
munity of  horses  described  as  endowed  with 
reason  and  intelligence,  in  the  fourth  part  of 
“ Gulliver’s  Travels,”  by  Jonathan  Swift. 

The  Houyhnhnms,  beings  endowed  with  reason  but  un- 
disturbed and  untempted  by  the  passions  or  struggles  of 
an  earthly  existence,  are  not  brutes,  and  are  not  to  be  com- 
pared with  men.  Tuckerman , Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  177. 

Hoveden,  Roger  of.  See  Roger. 

Howadji,  The.  A pseudonym  of  George  William 
Curtis. 

Howard  (hou'iird),  Catharine.  ExecutedFeb. 
13,  1542.  Daughter  of  Lord  Edmund  Howard, 
and  fifth  queen  of  Henry  VIII.  whom  she  mar- 
ried July  28,  1540.  She  was  convicted  of  adul- 
tery and  condemned  as  a traitor. 

Howard,  Frederick,  fifth  Earl  of  Carlisle.  Born 
May  28, 1748 : died  at  Castle  Howard,  Yorkshire, 
England,  Sept.  4,  1825.  An  English  politician, 
viceroy  of  Ireland  1780-82.  He  was  chief  of  the 
commissioners  sent  to  America  by  Lord  North 
in  1778. 

Howard,  George  William  Frederick,  seventh 
Earl  of  Carlisle : earlier  Viscount  Morpeth. 
Born  at  London,  April  18,  1802 : died  at  Castle 
Howard,  Yorkshire,  England,  Dec.  5, 1864.  An 
English  st  atesman.  He  was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland 
1835-41;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1860-52; 
and  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1855-58  and  1859-64.  He 
wrote  “Diary  in  Turkish  and  Greek  Waters”  (1854),  and 
other  works  in  prose  and  verse. 

Howard,  Henry,  Earl  of  Surrey.  Born  about 
1517 : beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  London,  Jan.  21, 
1547.  An  English  poet.  He  was  known  in  youth  as 
“ Henry  Howard  of  Keuninghall,”  from  an  estate  owned 
by  his  grandfather  in  Norfolk.  He  received  an  unusually 
good  education,  and  from  1530-32  lived  at  Windsor  with  the 
young  Duke  of  Richmond,  the  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII., 
accompanying  the  king  to  France  in  1532.  He  remained 
at  the  French  court  for  about  a year.  In  1541  he  was  in- 
stalled Knight  of  the  Garter,  and  iu  1543  joined  the  English 
forces  at  Landrecies  with  special  recommendations  from 
Henry  VIII.  to  Charles  V.,  and  a little  later  was  appointed 
cup-bearer  to  the  king.  He  was  present  at  the  surrender 
of  Boulogne,  of  which  he  was  made  governor  in  1545,  but 
was  recalled  to  England  the  next  year.  Henry  VIII.  was 
ill,  and, when  his  death  was  near,  Surrey’s  fattier,  the  Duke 
of  Norfolk,  who  was  premier  duke,  was  suspected  of  aim- 
ing at  the  throne.  A month  before  the  king’s  death  both 
were  arrested,  and  the  Dukeof  Norfolk,  as  peerof  the  realm, 
was  tried  by  his  peers.  The  Earl  of  Surrey,  however,  who 
had  only  a courtesy  title,  was  tried  by  a jury  picked  for 
the  occasion,  who  found  that  he  “falsely,  maliciously,  and 
treacherously  set  up  and  bore  the  arms  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, then  used  by  the  Prince  of  W ales,  mixed  up  and 
joined  with  his  own  proper  arms.”  He  had  borne  these 
arms  without  question  in  the  presence  of  the  king,  as  the 
Howards  before  him  had  done  since  their  grant  by  Richard 
II.  He  was  tried  for  high  treason  and  beheaded.  His  poems 
were  first  printed  as  “Songs  and  Sonetes”  in  “Totters 
Miscellany  ” in  1557,  with  those  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt.  He 
was  the  first  English  writer  of  blank  verse,  translating  the 
second  and  fourth  books  of  the  .'Eneid  into  this  form,  and 
with  Wyatt  he  introduced  the  sonnet  into  English  litera- 
ture. 

Howard,  John.  Born  probably  at  Hackney,  Lon- 
don, Sept.  2, 1726  : died  at  Kherson,  Russia,  Jan. 
20, 1790.  An  English  philanthropist,  celebrated 
for  his  exertions  in  behalf  of  prison  reform.  He 
was  appointed  high  sheritf  of  Bedfordshire  in  1773,  and  the 
acquaintance  with  prison  abuses  which  he  gained  in  the 
office  led  to  his  career  as  a reformer.  After  a careful  per- 
sonal inspection  of  the  prisons  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  he  visited  those  of  Paris,  Holland,  Flanders,  Ger- 
many, and  Switzerland,  and  later  made  a second  tour  in 
England.  He  published  “ The  State  of  the  Prisons  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  etc.”  (1777).  He  made  other  continental 
tours  of  inspection  in  1778, 1781, 1783,  and  1785,  during  the 
last  of  which  he  inspected  the  condition  of  the  lazarettos. 
His  last  journey  was  begun  in  1789,  when  he  went  to  Rus- 
sia for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  military  hospitals. 
While  engaged  in  this  work  he  was  attacked  by  camp-fever 
and  died. 

Howard,  John  Eager.  Born  in  Baltimore 
County,  Md.,  Juno  4,  1752:  died  at  Baltimore, 
Oct.  12,  1 827.  An  American  Revolutionary  offi- 
cer and  politician.  He  served  at  the  Cowpens  in  1781, 
and  was  governor  of  Maryland  1789-92  and  United  States 
senator  1796-1803. 

Howard,  Oliver  Otis.  Born  at  Leeds,  Maine, 
Nov.  8,  1830:  died  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  Oct.  26, 
1909.  A Union  general  in  the  American 
Civil  War.  He  commanded  a brigade  at  the  battles 


Howells 

of  Bull  Run  and  Fair  Oaks,  a division  at  the  battles  of  An- 
tietam  and  Fredericksburg,  and  an  army  corps  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  Gettysburg,  Missionary  Ridge,  and  Chatta- 
nooga ; and  led  the  right  wing  of  Sherman’s  army  in  the 
march  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea.  He  was  chief  of  the  Freed- 
men's  Bureau  1865-74,  and  was  promoted  major-general 
in  1886.  He  retired  in  1894. 

Howard,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Surrey  and  second 
Duke  of  Norfolk.  Born  in  1443:  died  May  21, 
1524.  An  English  soldier  and  politician.  He 
defeated  the  Scots  at  Flodden  Field,  Sept.  9, 
1513. 

Howard,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Surrey  and  third  Duke 
of  Norfolk.  Born  in  1473 : died  at  Keuninghall, 
Aug.  25,  1554.  An  English  soldier  and  politi- 
cian. He  became  lord  high  treasurer  in  1523,  and,  on  the 
marriage  of  his  niece  Catharine  Howard  to  Henry  VIII. 
in  1540,  gained  great  influence  at  court.  Through  the  in- 
fluence of  his  rival  the  Earl  of  Hertford,  he  was  ordered 
for  execution  on  the  charge  of  treason  in  1547,  but  was 
saved  by  the  death  of  Henry  VIII. 

Howard, Thomas,  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk.  Born 
March  10, 1536 : died  June  2, 1572.  An  English 
politician,  son  of  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey. 
He  was  the  first  subject  in  England  under  Elizabeth,  in- 
asmuch as  there  were  no  princes  of  the  blood  and  he  was 
the  possessor  of  the  highest  title  of  nobility.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  of  the  northern  counties  in  1559.  He 
aspired  to  become  the  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  joined  a conspiracy  for  her  liberation,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  was  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Howard,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Arundel.  Born  July 
7,  1586:  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  Oct.  4,  1646.  An 
English  nobleman.  He  was  employed  in  various  dip. 
lomatic  missions ; and  formed  the  first  large  collection 
of  works  of  art  in  England,  part  of  which  was  presented 
to  the  University  of  Oxford  by  his  grandson  under  the 
name  of  the  Arundelian  marbles. 

Howard  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  found- 
ed in  1867,  and  designed  for  the  higher  educa- 
tion of  the  colored  race,  but  open  to  all  races 
and  creeds.  It  comprises  preparatory,  commercial,  nor- 
mal,  collegiate,  theological,  medical,  law,  and  manual  train- 
ing courses.  It  has  about  90  instructors  and  1,100  students. 

Howe  (hou),  Elias.  Born  at  Spencer,  Mass., 
July  9,  1819:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  3, 
1867.  An  American  inventor.  He  completed 
the  first  sewing-machine  in  1845  (patented  in 
1846). 

Howe,  George  Augustus,  Viscount  Howe.  Bom 
1724:  killed  at  Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  July  8, 1758. 
A British  general,  brother  of  Earl  Howe. 

Howe,  John.  Born  at  Loughborough,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  May  17,  1630 : died  at  Lon- 
don, April  2,  1705.  An  English  Puritan  clergy- 
man. He  became  domestic  chaplain  to  Cromwell,  and 
settled  in  London  in  1676.  His  complete  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1724,  including  the  “Living  Temple  of  God" 
1676-1702). 

owe,  Joseph.  Born  near  Halifax,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, Dec.  13, 1804:  died  at  Halifax,  June  1, 1873. 
A Canadian  politician.  He  became  secretary  of  state 
and  superintendent-general  of  Indian  affairs  in  1870,  and 
in  1873  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Howe,  Mrs.  (Julia  Ward).  Born  at  New  York, 
May  27, 1819:  died  at  South  Portsmouth,  R.  I., 
Oct.  17,  1910.  An  American  poet  and  philan- 
thropist, wife  of  S.  G.  Howe.  Her  poems  were  col- 
lected in  “ Passion  Flowers  " (1854),  “Words  for  the  Hour” 
(1856),  and  “Later  Lyrics ” (1b66 : including  “The  Battle 
Hymn  of  the  Republic,"  which  was  written  during  a visit 
to  the  camps  near  Washington  in  1861).  She  also  wrote 
“ Sex  and  Education  ” (1874),  “ Modem  Society  ” (1880), 
“Margaret  Fuller,  etc.”  (1883),  “Reminiscences”  (1899), 
“ At  Sunset,”  poems  (1910),  and  “ Hippolytus,"  a drama. 

Howe,  Richard,  first  Earl  Howe.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, March  8,  1726 : died  Aug.  5, 1799.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral.  He  was  made  vice-admiral  in  1775,  and 
in  Feb.,  1776,  appointed  commander-in-chiel  in  America. 
Here  he  conducted  the  English  naval  operations  after 
the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  until  1778,  when  he  re- 
turned to  England.  He  was  firstlord  of  theadmiralty  1783- 
1788.  On  June  1, 1794,  he  defeated  the  French  off  Ushant. 
In  1796  he  was  promoted  admiral  of  the  fleet. 

Howe,  Samuel  Gridley.  Born  at  Boston,  Nov. 
10,  1801 : died  at  Boston,  Jan.  9, 1876.  An  Amer- 
ican philanthropist.  He  became  superintendent  of 
the  Institute  for  the  Blind  at  South  Boston  in  1832,  and 
was  United  States  commissioner  to  Santo  Domingo  in 
1871.  He  published  “Historical  Sketch  of  the  Greek 
Pee  volution  ” (1828),  etc. 

Howe,  William, Viscount  Howe.  Born  Aug.  10, 
1729:  died  July  12,  1814.  A British  general, 
brother  of  Earl  Howe.  He  succeeded  Gage  as  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  America  1775;  commanded  at  Bunker 
Hill  1775  ; and  gained  the  victories  of  Long  Island,  White 
Plains  (1776),  Brandywine,  and  Germantown  (1777). 

Howell  (hou'el ),  James.  Born  in  Wales  about 
1595 : died  1666.  An  English  author,  best  known 
for  his  “Letters”  (1645-55).  He  edited  the  third 
and  fourth  editions  of  Cotgrave’s  “French  and  English 
Dictionary”  (1650  and  1660),  and  compiled  a polyglot  dic- 
tionary, “Lexicon  Tetraglotton  ” (1660),  with  a classified 

^nomenclator,  lists  of  proverbs,  etc. 

Howells  (hou ' elz),  William  Dean.  Born 
at  Martin  Ferry,  Ohio,  March  1, 


Howells 

1837.  An  American  novelist  and  poet.  He  was 

United  States  consul  at  Venice  1861-65;  editor-in-chief 
of  the  “Atlantic  Monthly”  1871-81;  an  associate  editor  of 
“Harper's  Magazine"  1886-91.  He  published  “Poems  of 
Two  Friends ” (with  J.  J.  Piatt,  1860),  “Venetian  Life” 
(1866),  “Italian  Journeys ”(1869),  “Poems ”(1867),  “London 
Films”  (1905),  etc.  Among  his  novels  are  “Their  Wed- 
ding Journey  "(1872),  “A  Chance  Acquaintance  ”(1873),  “A 
Foregone  Conclusion ”(1874),  “The  Lady  of  the  Aroostook  ” 
(1875),  “The  Undiscovered  Country  ” (1880),  “A  Modern 
Instance”  (1882),  “A  Woman’s  -Reason'’  (1883),  “The  Rise 
of  Silas  Lapham”  (1885),  “The  Minister’s  Charge ”(1886), 
“Annie  Kilbum  ” (18S8),  “ World  of  Chance”  (1893),  “Miss 
Bellard’s  Inspiration  ” (1905).  He  has  also  written  a num- 
ber of  short  comedies  and  farces. 

Howe’s  Cave  (houz  kav).  A large  and  remark- 
able cave  near  Schoharie,  New  York. 

Howitt  (hou'it),  Mrs.  (Mary  Both.  am).  Born  at 
Uttoxeter,  England,  about  1804:  died  at  Rome, 
1888.  An  English  authoress,  wife  and  collabo- 
rator of  William  Howitt.  Among  her  separate  works 
are  translations  from  Frederika  Bremer  and  Hans  Ander- 
sen, and  juvenile  works.  Her  autobiography  was  edited 
by  her  daughter  (1889). 

Howitt,  William.  Born  at  Heanor,  Derbyshire, 
England,  1792:  died  at  Rome,  March  3,  1879. 
An  English  poet  and  miscellaneous  author.  He 

wrote  “Book  of  the  Seasons”  (1831),  “Rural  Life  of  Eng- 
land ” (183SI,  “Visits  to  Remarkable  Places"  (1840-42), 
“Rural  and  Domestic  Life  of  Germany  ” (1842),  “History 
of  the  Supernatural,  etc.”  (1863),  “Northern  Heights  of 
London,  etc.”  (1869),  etc. ; jointly  with  his  wife,  “Litera- 
ture and  Romance  of  Northern  Europe  ” (1852),  “Ruined 
Abbeys  and  Castles  of  Great  Britain " (1862-64),  of  the 
Wye,  etc.  (1863),  of  Yorkshire  (1865),  of  the  Border  (1865). 

Howle-glass.  See  Eulenspiegel. 

Howrah  (hou'ra).  A suburb  of  Calcutta,  sit- 
uated west  of  that  city  on  the  Hugli.  Popula- 
tion, 157,594. 

Howson  (hou 'son),  John  Saul.  Born  at  Giggles- 
wick,  Yorkshire,  England,  May  5,  1816:  died  at 
Bournemouth,  Hants,  England,  Dec.  15,  1885. 
An  English  clergyman  and  author.  He  published, 
jointly  with  W.  J.  Conybeare,  “Life  and  Epistles  of  St. 
Paul  ” (1850-52),  and  wrote  “ Metaphors  of  St.  Paul  ” (1868), 
etc. 

Howth  (houth).  A peninsula  in  County  Dublin, 
Ireland,  on  the  northern  side  of  Dublin  Bay. 

Hoxter  (heks'ter).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Weser  43  miles  south-southwest  of  Han- 
Dover.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Corvei.  It  has  a church 
of  St.  Kilian.  Formerly  it  was  a free  imperial  city  and 
Hanseatic  town.  Population,  commune,  7,699. 

Hoxton  (hoks'ton).  A district  in  Shoreditch 
and  Hackney,  London,  “it  was  sometimes  called 
Hogsdon  and  Hog  Lane.  ...  In  the  ‘Domesday  ’ record 
it  is  entered  as  Hocheston,  and  in  a lease  of  the  time  of 
Edward  III.  it  is  mentioned  as  Hoggeston.  . . . Hoxton 
has  long  been  noted  for  the  numberof  its  charitable  insti- 
tutions.” Walter  Thornburg,  Old  and  New  London, V.  521. 
(Watford.) 

Hoy  (hoi).  An  island  of  the  Orkneys,  southwest 
of  Pomona.  It  is  high  and  picturesque.  Length, 
13  miles. 

Hoyden  (hoi 'den),  Miss.  The  daughter  of  Sir 
Tunbelly  Clumsy  in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “ The 
Relapse,”  a pert  and  amorous  country  girl.  She 
was  a great  favorite  with  both  actresses  and 
audiences. 

Hoyle  (hoil),  Edmund.  Born  1672:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  29,  1769.  An  English  writer  on 
games.  He  published  “Short  Treatise”  on 
whist  (1742:  included  in  his  book  on  games). 

Hoz  (oth),  Pedro  Sanchez  de.  Died  at  Santi- 
ago, Chile,  1548.  A Spaniard  who,  in  1537,  re- 
ceived from  Charles  V.  authority  to  conquer 
and  colonize  Chile.  Pizarro  had  already  given  the 
same  right  to  Valdivia,  and  to  avoid  conflict  he  arranged 
that  the  two  should  be  associated  in  the  enterprise  (1539). 
Valdivia  speedily  became  the  real  leader,  but  Hoz  re- 
ceived rich  grants  of  land  and  Indians.  During  Valdivia’s 
absence  in  Peru  he  plotted  to  seize  the  command : the 
plan  was  discovered  by  Villagra,  and  Hoz  was  beheaded. 

Hrabanus  Maurus.  See  Babanus. 

Hradschin.  See  Prague. 

Hrotsvitha.  See  Roswitha. 

Huaina  Capac,  or  Iiuayna  Ccapac  (wa-e'na 
ka'pak).  Born  at  Tumibamba  about  1450:  died 
Nov.,  1525.  The  eleventh  Inca  ruler  of  Peru. 
According  to  Bias  Valera  he  had  ruled  42  years  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  Balboa  says  33  years.  He  completed  the  con- 
quests of  his  father,  Tupac  Inca  Yupanqui,  penetrating  far 
south  into  Chile  and  subduing  the  province  of  Quito,  where 
he  fought  a memorable  battle.  During  his  reign  the  Inca 
empire  attained  its  greatest  extent  and  splendor.  At  his 
death  it  was  divided  between  his  two  sons,  Huascar  and 
Atahualpa. 

Hualapai.  See  Walapai. 

Huallaga  (wal-ya'ga).  A river  of  Peru  which 
flows  north  and  joins  the  Amazon  about  lat.  5° 
6'  S.,  long.  75°  40'  W.  Length,  about  650  miles. 

Huamanga.  See  (Ruamanga . 

Huancas(wan'kiis).  An  ancient  tribe  of  Peru- 
vian Indians  who  inhabited  a portion  of  the 
present  department  of  Junin  (province  of 
Jauja).  Now  merged  in  the  population  of  Peru. 


516 

Huancavelica  (wan-ka-va-le'kii).  1.  A depart- 
ment of  central  Peru.  It  is  highly  mountain- 
ous and  has  rich  mineral  resources.  Area, 
9,251  square  miles.  Population,  223,796. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Huancavelica, 
situated  about  160  miles  southeast  of  Lima,  at 
an  elevation  of  nearly  12,000  feet,  it  was  for- 
merly one  of  the  richest  cities  in  Peru,  and  was  noted  for 
its  quicksilver  mines,  now  abandoned.  Population,  about 
6,000. 

Huancavillcas  (wan-ka-vel'kas).  A powerful 
tribe  of  Indians  who  formerly  inhabited  the 
lowlands  of  eastern  Ecuador,  between  the  river 
Daule  and  the  sea.  They  were  conquered  by  Huaina 
Capac  about  1500,  and,  under  Inca  domination,  occupied 
the  same  region  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest. 
Their  descendants  are  merged  in  the  general  population 
of  the  Guayaquil  valley. 

Huancayo  (wan-ka'yo).  A city  of  Peru,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  department  of  Junin, 
in  the  valley  of  J auja,  10,880  feet  above  the  sea. 

It  gave  its  name  to  the  constitution  promulgated  there 
Nov.  10,  1839,  which  was  finally  superseded  by  that  of 
Nov.  25,  1860.  Population,  about  6,000. 

Huanta  (wan'ta).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Ayacucbo,  Peru,  about  200  miles  southeast 
of  Lima.  Population,  about  4,000. 

Huanuco  (wa'no-ko),  or  Gudnuco  (gwa'no-ko). 

1.  A central  department  of  Peru,  comprehend- 
ing part  of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Huallaga 
with  the  adjacent  mountains.  The  mountains  are 
rich  in  minerals,  and  the  valleys  near  the  Huallaga  are 
covered  with  forest.  Huanuco  corresponds  to  an  Inca 
province  or  region  of  the  same  name.  It  was  settled  by 
(iomez  de  Alvarado  in  1539.  Area,  14,024  square  miles. 
Population,  145,309. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Hu&nuco, 
situated  near  the  river  Huallaga  170  miles 
north-northeast  of  Lima,  founded  in  1542. 
Population,  about  7,500. 

Hllcinuco  Viejo  (wa'no-ko  ve-a'Ho).  Indian 
ruins  in  central  southern  Peru,  about  40  miles 
west-nortbwest  of  the  present  city  of  Hu&nuco. 

There  is  some  difference  of  opinion  in  regard  to  the  origin 
of  the  Indian  settlement,  some  assigning  the  buildings 
to  a period  anterior  to  Inca  sway.  The  place  was  settled 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1539,  but  abandoned  soon  after  for  the 
present  capital.  Some  silver-mines  in  the  vicinity  were 
worked  in  the  18th  century. 

Huaqui  (wa'ke).  A place  on  the  Desaguadero 
River,  Bolivia.  It  is  notable  for  the  battle  of  June  20, 
1811,  in  which  the  Spanish  forces  under  Goyeneche  de- 
feated the  patriots  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  Upper  Bern  un- 
der Castelli. 

Huaraca  (wa-ra'ka).  In  Quichua,  a sling  ; also 
applied  to  the  ceremony  of  putting  a new 
breech-clout  on  boys  entering  the  period  of 
manhood. 

Huaraz  (wa-rath').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ancachs,  Peru,  situated  on  the  river 
Santa  about  200  miles  north  by  west  of  Lima, 
at  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet.  Population, 
about  7,000. 

Huarina  (wa-re'na).  A plain  at  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  Lake  Titicaca,  Bolivia,  it  gave 
its  name  to  the  battle  of  Oct.  20,  1547,  in  which  Gonzalo 
Pizarro  and  his  lieutenant  Carvaj  al  defeated  Diego  Centeno. 

Huascar  (was'kar),  or  Inti  Cusi  Hualpa  (en'te 
ko'se  wal'pa).  Born  about  1495  (according  to 
Cieza  de  Leon,  in  1500):  died  at  Andamarca, 
Jan.,  1533.  Anlncachief.  At  the  death  of  his  father, 
Huaina  Capac  (N ov. , 1525),  the  empire  was  divided  between 
Huascar  and  his  illegitimate  brother,  Atahualpa.  Huas- 
car had  the  southern  and  larger  part,  with  his  capital  at 
Cuzco.  War  broke  out  between  the  two,  and  Huascar  was 
eventually  defeated  and  captured (1532).  After  Atahualpa 
was  seized  by  Pizarro  he  feared  that  the  Spaniards  would 
interfere  in  favor  of  his  brother,  and  by  his  secret  orders 
Huascar  was  drowned. 

Huastecs  (was'teks).  A tribe  of  Indians  near 
the  coast  of  eastern  Mexico,  in  southern  Tamau- 
lipas  and  northern  Vera  Cruz.  By  their  language 
they  are  allied  to  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan,  and  those  ethnol- 
ogists who  hold  that  the  Mayas  came  from  the  north  be- 
lieve that  the  Huastecs  were  a tribe  left  behind  during 
their  migration.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  lived  in 
villages,  generally  of  wooden  houses,  and  practised  agri- 
culture. They  readily  submitted  to  the  whites,  and  have 
long  been  Christianized.  Also  written  Huastecas,  IJuax- 
tecos,  and  Gualescos. 

Huatusos.  See  Guatusos. 

Huaylas  (wi'las).  A colonial  intendencia  of 
Peru,  now  the  province  of  Ancachs.  Also  writ- 
ten Huailas. 

Huayna  Ccapac.  See  Huaina  Capac. 

Hubbard (hub'iird), William.  BominEngland, 
1621 : died  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Sept.  14, 1704.  An 
American  historian  and  clergyman.  He  wrote  a 
“ History  of  New  England  " (published  1815),  and  a “ Nar- 
rative of  the  Troubles  with  the  Indians  in  New  England” 
(1677). 

Hubbardton  (hub'ard-ton).  A town  in  Rutland 
County,  western  Vermont,  14  miles  northwest 
of  Rutland.  Here,  July  7.  1777,  the  British  under  Fraser 
defeated  the  Americans  under  Francis  and  Warner.  Pop- 
ulation, 455,  (1910). 


Hudibras 

Huber  (ii-bar'),  Francois.  Born  at  Geneva, 
July  2,  1750:  died  near  Geneva,  Dec.  21,  1831. 
A Swiss  naturalist,  best  known  from  his  obser- 
vations on  the  honey-bee.  He  was  the  author  of 
“ Nouvelles  observations  surlesabeilles”  (1792),  “MOmoire 
sur  l’influence  de  Pair  et  des  diverses  substances  gazeuses 
dans  la  germination  des  difffirentes  plantes  ” (1801).  He 
early  became  blind  from  excessive  study,  and  conducted 
his  scientific  work  thereafter  with  the  aid  of  his  wife. 

Huber  (ho'ber),  Johannes.  Born  at  Munich, 
Aug.  18, 1830:  died  at  Munich,  March  20,1879. 
A German  philosophical  writer  and  leader  of 
the  Old  Catholic  party,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy (1855,  extraordinary;  1864,  ordinary)  at 
Munich : author  of  “ Philosophic  der  Kirchen- 
viiter”  (1859),  “Das  Papsttum  und  der  Staat” 
(1870),  “Der  Jesuitenorden”  (1873),  etc. 
Huber,  Johann  Rudolf.  Born  at  Basel,  Switzer- 
land, 1668:  died  1748.  A Swiss  historical  painter, 
sometimes  called  “ the  Tintoretto  of  Switzer- 
land.” 

Huber,  Madame  (Therese  Heyne).  Born  at  Got- 
tingen, Prussia,  May  7, 1764 : died  at  Augsburg, 
Bavaria,  June  15,  1829.  A German  author, 
wife  first  of  G.  Forster,  and  after  his  dea.tli 
of  L.  F.  Huber,  and  daughter  of  C.  G.  Heyne. 
Her  “ Erzahlungen ” (“ Tales”)  were  published 
1830-33. 

Huber,  Victor  Aim6.  Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
temberg,  March  10, 1800:  died  near  Wemigerode, 
in  the  Harz,  July  19, 1869.  A German  literary 
historian  and  publicist,  son  of  L.  F.  Huber.  He 
became  professor  at  Rostock  in  1833,  at  Marburg  in  1836, 
and  at  Berlin  in  1843.  He  retired  in  1850.  He  wrote  “Die 
Gesch  ichte  des  Cid  ” (1829),  “ Chronica  del  Cid  ” (1844),  “Die 
neuromantische  Poesie  in  Frankreich”  (1833),  “Die  eng- 
lischen  Universitaten  ” (1839-40),  etc. 

Hubert  (hu'bfert;  F.  pron.  ii-bar'),  Saint.  [L. 
Hubeftus,  It.  Ubcrto,8]).  Pg.  Huberto, F.  Hubert.'] 
Died  727.  A bishop  of  Liege,  the  traditional 
patron  of  hunters. 

Hubert.  • A character  in  Shakspere’s  “King 
John.”  He  is  Hubert  de  Burgh,  justice  of  Eng- 
land, created  earl  of  Kent.  He  died  1243. 
Hubert  de  Burgh.  See  Burgh. 

Hubertusburg  (ko-ber'tos-borg).  A castle  near 
Wermsdorf,  Saxony,  25  miles  east  of  Leipsic. 
The  peace  of  Hubertusburg  was  concluded  here  between 
Prussia,  Austria,  and  Saxony,  Feb.  15,  1763,  ending  the 
Seven  Years’  War.  Prussia  retained  Silesia. 

Hubli  (hci'bli).  A town  in  Dharwar  district, 
Bombay,  British  India.  Population,  60,214. 
Hiibner  (kiib'ner),  Emil.  Born  1834 : died  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  21,  1901.  A German  philologist, 
son  of  Rudolf  Julius  Hiibner.  He  became  pro- 
lessor  of  classical  philology  at  the  University  of  Berlin 
in  1870,  and  was  editor  of  the  periodical  “Hermes” 
1866-81,  and  of  the  “ Archaologische  Zeitung  ” 1868-73. 
He  published  “Grundriss  zu  Vorlesungen  fiber  die 
romische  Literaturgeschichte  ” (4th  ed.  1878),  “Grundriss 
zu  Vorlesungen  fiber  die  lateinische  Grammatik  ” (2d  ed. 
1881),  etc. 

Hiibner,  Count  J oseph  Alexander  von.  Bom 

at  Vienna,  Nov.  26,  1811 : died  July  30,  1892. 
An  Austrian  diplomatist.  He  was  minister  at  Paris 
1849-59,  and  ambassador  at  Rome  1865-67.  He  has  pub- 
lished “ Sixtus  V.”  (1871),  etc. 

Hiibner,  Karl  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  June  14,1814:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  Prus- 
sia, Dec.  5,  1879.  A German  genre-painter. 
Hiibner,  Rudolf  Julius  Eenno.  Born  at  Ols, 
Silesia,  Prussia,  Jan.  27,  1806:  died  at  Loseh- 
witz,  near  Dresden,  Nov.  7,  1882.  A German 
historical  painter.  Among  his  works  are  “Roland," 
“Samson,”  “Job  and  his  Friends,”  “The  Golden  Age,”  etc. 

Hue  (ilk),  Evariste  Regis.  Born  at  Toulouse, 
France,  Aug.  1,  1813:  died  at  Paris,  March  26, 
1860.  A French  Roman  Catholic  missionary  and 
traveler  in  the  Chinese  empire.  He  published 
“Souvenirs  d’un  voyage  dans  la  Tartarie,  le  Thibet,  et  la 
Chine”  (1850),  “L’Empire  chinois ’’ (1854),  “Le  Christian- 
isme  en  Chine  ” (1857),  etc. 

Huddersfield  ( hud'  erz-f  eld ) . A parliamentari- 
borough  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Colne  15  miles  southwest 
of  Leeds.  It  has  important  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly of  fancy  woolens.  Population,  107,- 
825,  (1911). 

Hudibras  (hu'di-bras).  A satirical  poem  by 
Samuel  Butler,  directed  against  the  Puritans, 
published  1663-78:  so  called  from  the  name  of 
its  hero,  who  is  a Presbyterian  country  justice. 
Accompanied  by  a clerk,  one  of  the  Independents,  he 
ranges  the  country  after  the  manner  of  Don  Quixote,  with 
zealous  ignorance  endeavoring  to  correct  abuses  and  re- 
press superstition. 

The  greatest  single  production  of  wit  of  this  period,  I 
might  say  of  this  country,  is  Butler’s  “ Hudibras.”  It  con- 
tains specimens  of  every  variety  of  drollery  and  satire, 
and  those  specimens  crowded  together  into  almost  every 
page.  The  proof  of  this  is  that  nearly  one-half  of  his  lines 
are  got  by  heart,  and  quoted  for  mottoes. 

Uazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  80. 


Hudibras,  Sir 

Hudibras,  Sir.  A rash  and  melancholy  man  in 
Spenser’s  “ Faerie  Qneene.”  it  is  thought  that  the 
poet  intended  to  shadow  forth  the  Puritans  in  this  char- 
acter. See  Hudibras. 

Hlldiksvall  (ho'diks-val).  A seaport  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Sweden,  south  of  Sundsvall.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,844. 

Hudson  (hud'son).  [Named  from  Henry  Hud- 
son, who  diseoveredit  in  1609.]  A river  in  New 
York, rising  in  the  Adirondacks  in  Essex  County, 
New  York,  flowing  south,  and  entering  New 
York  Bay  in  lat.  40’  42'  N.,  long.  74°  V W.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  picturesque  scenery,  especially  in  its 
course  through  the  Highlands  and  past  the  Palisades.  In 
its  lowest  course  it  is  called  the  North  River.  The  Mohawk 
is  its  chief  tributar  y.  Length,  about  300  miles  ; navigable 
to  Troy,  151  miles.  On  its  banks  are  Troy,  Albany,  Kings- 
ton, Poughkeepsie,  Newburg,  Fishkill,  Cornwall,  West 
Point,  Sing  Sing,  Yonkers,  New  York,  and  Jersey  City. 

Hudson.  A city,  river  port,  and  the  capital  of 
Columbia  County,  New  York,  situated  on  tho 
east  hank  of  the  Hudson,  28  miles  south  of  Al- 
bany. Population,  11,417,  (1910). 

Hudson,  George.  Bom  at  York,  England,  1800 : 
died  at  London,  Dec.  14,  1871.  An  English 
speculator,  known  as  “the  railway  king.” 
Hudson,  Henry.  Died  in  Hudson  Bay  (?),  1611. 
A noted  English  navigator.  He  was,  perhaps, 
grandson  of  Henry  Hudson,  one  of  the  founders  of  tire 
Muscovy  Company  in  1555.  In  1607  he  was  sent  out  by 
that  company,  in  the  Hopeful,  to  sail  across  the  pole  to 
the  Spice  Islands.  He  reached  the  east  coast  of  Greenland 
(lat.  69°-70°)  in  June  ; sailed  northward  along  the  coast  to 
lat.  73° ; thence  went  along  the  ice-barrier  to  Spitsbergen, 
reaching  lat.  80°  23';  and  returned  to  England,  discovering 
Jan  Mayen  (named  by  him  Hudson’s  Touches)  on  the  way. 
In  1608  he  attempted  to  find  a northeast  passage.  On 
March  25,  1609,  he  set  sail  with  the  Good  Hope  and  Half 
Moon,  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company, 
with  the  same  object ; but  his  crews  mutinied,  the  Good 
Hope  returned,  and  with  the  Half  Moon  he  sailed  across 
the  Atlantic  to  Nova  Scotia.  Thence  he  sailed  southward, 
exploring  the  coast  as  far  as  Chesapeake  Bay.  In  Sept, 
he  explored  the  river  afterward  named  for  him,  ascend- 
ing it  nearly  to  the  site  of  Albany.  In  1610  he  sailed  in 
the  Discovery  to  find  a northwest  passage,  and  entered 
Hudson  Strait  and  Hudson  Bay.  He  wintered  on  James 
Bay.  On  his  return  his  crew  mutinied,  and  on  June  23, 
1611,  he  was  bound  and  with  8 others  set  afloat  in  a small 
boat  on  Hudson  Bay.  They  were  never  seen  again. 

Hudson,  Henry  Norman.  Born  at  Cornwall, 
Vt.,  Jan.  28,  1814:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Jan.  16, 1886.  An  American  Shaksperian  scholar 
and  Episcopal  clergyman.  Hepublished  “Lectures 
on  Shakspere  ” (1848),  “ Shakspere  : his  Life,  Art,  and  Char- 
acters, etc."  (1872),  “ Studies  in  Wordsworth  ” (1874),  “ Es- 
says on  Education,  etc.”  (1883).  He  edited  Shakspere  (11 
vols.)  in  1851-56  and  (20  vols.)  in  1880-81. 

Hudson,  Sir  Jeffery  or  Geoffrey.  Born  at  Oak- 
ham, Rutlandshire,  England,  1619:  died  in  1682. 
A famous  English  dwarf.  He  was  hut  18  or  20  inches 
high  till  he  was  about  30  years  of  age,  when  he  grew  to  the 
height  of  3 feet  9 inches.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
served  up  in  a pie  at  the  table  of  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham. After  the  marriage  of  Charles  I.  he  was  a page  in 
the  service  of  the  queen.  He  had  many  adventures ; was 
a captain  in  the  royal  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war;  and  had  his  portrait  painted  by  Vandyck.  Scott  in- 
troduces him  in  “Peveril  of  the  Peak.”  He  was  finally 
arrested  in  1682  upon  some  suspicion  connected  with  the 
Popish  plot,  and  confined  in  the  Gatehouse  prison.  He 
was  released,  and  did  not  die  there  as  Scott  and  others 
state.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Hudson  Bay.  An  inland  sea  in  North  America, 
inclosed  by  British  America  on  the  east,  south, 
and  west,  and  partly  inclosed  by  Southampton 
Island  on  the  north:  called  James  Bay  in  the 
South.  It  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  through  Hud- 
son Strait,  and  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  through  Fox  Channel. 
Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Churchill  and  Nelson.  It  was 
explored  by  Henry  Hudson  in  1610.  Length,  about  1,300 
mile6.  Greatest  width,  about  600  miles. 

Hudson  Bay  Company.  A British  joint-stock 
company  chartered  in  1670  for  the  purpose  of 
purchasing  furs  and  skins  from  the  Indians  of 
British  North  America.  Its  original  possessions, 
called  the  Hudson  Bay  Territory,  were  ceded  to 
the  government  in  1870. 

Hudson  Bay  Territory.  The  territory  wa- 
tered by  the  streams  flowing  into  Hudson  Bay, 

rnted  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  in  1670. 

was  incorporated  with  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  in  1870.  It  is  known  also  as  Rupert’s 
Land. 

Hudson  Strait.  A sea  passage  connecting  Hud- 
son Bay  on  the  southwest  with  the  Atlantic 
on  the  east:  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in 
1517.  Length,  about  500  miles.  Breadth,  about 
100  miles. 

Hud,  or  Hue-fu  (ho-a'fo').  The  capital  of  An- 
nam,  situated  on  the  river  Hu6  about  lat.  16° 
30'  N.,  long.  107°  35'  E.  It  was  fortified  by 
French  engineers.  Population  (estimated),  30,- 
000 ; with  suburbs,  50,000. 

Huelva  (wel'va).  1.  A province  of  Andalusia, 
Spain,  bounded  by  Badajoz  on  the  north,  Se- 


517 

ville  on  the  east,  Cadiz  on  the  southeast,  the 
Atlantic  on  the  south,  and  Portugal  on  the  west. 
Area,  3,913  square  miles.  Population,  260,- 
880. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Huelva, 
situated  on  the  river  Odiel  54  miles  west- 
southwest.  of  Seville.  It  has  sardine  fisheries. 
Near  it  is  the  convent  of  La  Rabida,  where  Columbus  was 
sheltered  and  received  efficient  aid  for  his  voyage.  The 
simple  buildings,  with  the  iron  cross  before  the  door,  the 
two  arcaded  courts  surrounded  with  cells,  and  the  large 
hall  of  the  prior  Marchena,  remain  very  nearly  as  when 
the  discoverer  sojourned  there.  Population,  23,960. 

Huelva,  Alonso  Sanchez  de.  The  name  given 
by  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega  (1609)  to  a sailor  or 
pilot  who  is  said  to  have  discovered  land  west 
of  the  Canary  Islands  about  1484.  According  to 
the  story,  this  man  died  in  the  house  of  Columbus  after 
having  revealed  to  him  the  secret  of  the  discovery.  The 
report,  in  a much  less  definite  form,  and  without  the  name, 
first  appeared  in  Oviedo’s  history  in  1535.  It  is  now  gen- 
erally discredited. 

Huen-Tsang(hwen-tsang').  See  Hhouen-Tsang. 
Huesca  (wes'ka).  1.  A province  of  Aragon, 
Spain,  bounded  by  France  on  the  north,  Lerida 
on  the  east,  Saragossa  on  the  south,  and  Na- 
varre and  Saragossa  on  the  west.  Area,  5,848 
square  miles.  Population,  244,867. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Huesca,  situated 
35  miles  northeast  of  Saragossa.  It  was  occupied 
by  the  Arabs  from  713  to  1096,  and  was  probably  the  an- 
cient Osca.  It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. The  great  recessed  west  door  has  fine  statues  and 
reliefs,  and  the  alabaster  reredos,  sculptured  with  the 
Passion  of  Christ,  is  by  the  master  who  executed  that  in 
the  Pilar  at  Saragossa.  Population,  13,181. 

Huescar  (wes'kar).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guardal  in 
lat.  37°  47'  N.,  long.  2°  33'  W.  Population, 
7,763. 

Huet  (ii-et'),  Pierre  Daniel.  Born  at,  Caen, 
France,  Fell.  8,  1630:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  26, 
1721.  A French  prelate,  bishop  of  Avranches, 
and  a noted  scholar,  ne  wrote  “ Demonstratio  evan- 
gelica”(1679),  “Censura  philosophic  cartesian®”  (“Cri- 
tique of  the  Philosophy  of  Descartes,”  1689),  etc. 

Huexotzinco  (wa-Hot-then'ko).  [A  Nahuatl 
name.]  A town  on  the  eastern  base  of  the  Iz- 
tae-cihuatl,  in  the  state  of  Puebla,  Mexico.  At 
the  time  of  the  conquest  the  tribe  of  Huexotzinco  was  in- 
dependent, and  almost  always  at  war  with  the  Mexicans 
and  their  confederates.  In  1524  a convent  was  established 
there,  parts  of  which  are  still  occupied. 

Hufeland  (ho'fe-lant),  Christoph.  Wilhelm. 

Born  at  Langensalza,  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1762: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  25, 1836.  A noted  German 
physician  and  medical  writer.  He  wrote  “Makro- 
biotik,  oder  die  Kunst  das  menschliche  Leben  zu  ver- 
langern  " (1796),  and  numerous  other  works. 

Hufeland,  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Dantzic,  Prussia, 
Oct.  19,  1760 : died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Feb.  18, 
1817.  A German  jurist  and  political  economist. 
Hug  (hoe),  Johann  Leonhard.  Born  at  Con- 
stance, Baden,  June  1,  1765 : died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  March  11,  1846.  A German  Roman 
Catholic  biblical  critic.  He  wrote  1 ‘ Einleitung 
in  die  Schriften  des  Neuen  Testaments  ” (1808), 
etc. 

Hiigel  (bii'gel),  Baron  Karl  Alexander  An- 
selm von.  Born  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  April 
25,  1796:  died  at  Brussels,  June  2,  1870.  A 
German  traveler  in  Asia,  the  East  Indies,  etc. 

He  published  “ Kaschmir  und  das  Reich  der  Sikhs  ” 
(1840-42),  “ Das  Becken  von  Kabul  ” (1851-62),  etc. 

Huger  (u-je'),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Santee, 
S.  C.,  1805  : died  at  Charleston,  Dec.  7, 1877.  A 
Confederate  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  com- 
manded  a division  under  General  Johnston  at  Fair  Oaks, 
and  under  General  Lee  at  Malvern  Hill. 

Huger,  Francis  Kinloch.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Sept.,  1773 : died  there,  Feb.  14,  1855. 
An  American  officer,  nephew  of  Isaac  Huger. 

He  joined  Dr.  Eric  Bollman  in  the  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  liberate  La  Fayette  from  the  fortress  of  Olmiitz  ir.  1797, 
with  the  result  that  be  was  imprisoned  by  the  Austrian 
government  nearly  eight  months. 

Huger,  Isaac.  Born  on  Limerick  Plantation, 
S.  C.,  March  19,  1742:  died  Oct.  17,  1797.  An 
American  general  in  the  Revolution,  lie  com- 
manded the  left  wing  at  the  battle  of  Rtono,  June  20, 1779 ; 
was  defeated  by  Tarleton  and  Webster  at  Monk’s  Comer, 
South  Carolina;  and  commanded  the  Virginians  at  Guil- 
ford Court  House. 

Huggins  (hug'inz),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Lou- 
don, Feb.  7,  1824:  died  there,  May  12,  1910. 
An  English  astronomer,  noted  for  his  researches 
in  spectrum  analysis.  Ho  was  president  of 
the  Royal  Society  1900-05.  Knighted  1897. 
Hugh  (iiu),  F.  Hugues  (iig),  “the  Great,”  or 
“the  White.”  Died  June  16, 956.  Count  of  Paris 
and  Duke  of  France.  Ife  married  nedwig,  sister  of 
Otto  I.,  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of  Hugh  Capet. 
Lothair  made  him  Duke  of  Burgundy. 

Hugh,  or  Hugo  (hu'go),  of  Lincoln,  or  of  Ava- 
lon, Saint.  Born  at  Avalon,  Franco,  about 


Hugo,  Victor  Marie 

1135:  died  at  London,  Nov.,  1200.  An  English 
prelate,  made  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  1186. 

Hugh  of  Lincoln.  An  English  boy  alleged  to 
have  been  put  to  death  by  Jews  at  Lincoln, 
England,  1255.  He  is  the  subject  of  the  “ Prioress’sTale  " 
in  Chaucer’s  “ Canterbury  Tales,”  and  of  “Alphonsus  of 
Lincoln.” 

Hugh,  or  Hugo,  of  Saint  Cher.  Born  at  St. 
Cher,  near  Vienne,  France,  about  1200 : died  at 
Orvieto,  Italy,  1263.  A French  cardinal  and 
theological  compiler. 

Hugh,  or  Hugo,  of  Saint  Victor.  Born  about 
1097 : died  Feb.  11,  1141.  A French  mystical 
theologian.  His  works  were  edited  in  1648. 

Hugh  Capet  (hiika'pet;  F.  pron.  iig  ka-pa'). 
Died  Oct.  24,  996.  King  of  France  987-996,  son 
of  Hugh  the  Great  whom  he  succeeded  in  the 
duchy  of  France  and  in  the  countship  of  Paris 
in  956.  He  was  elected  king  on  the  extinction  of  the 
direct  line  of  Charles  the  Great  by  the  death  of  Louis  le 
Faineant  without  issue  in  987.  He  found  the  royal  do. 
main  restricted  to  the  region  bounded  by  the  Somme,  the 
Loire,  Normandy,  Anjou,  and  Champagne  ; and  was  pow- 
erless to  resist  the  great  feudatories  — the  dukes  of  Nor- 
mandy, Brittany,  Burgundy,  and  Aquitaine,  and  the  counts 
of  Flanders,  Champagne,  and  Vermandois  — each  of  whom 
surpassed  the  king  in  military  power  and  in  extent  of  ter- 
ritory. He  became  the  founder  of  the  Capetian  dynasty. 

I-Iuglienden  (bu'en-den).  A village  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, England,  31  miles  west-northwest 
of  London.  Hughenden  Manor  was  the  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield. 

Hughes  (huz),  John.  Bom  in  County  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  June  24, 1797 : died  at  New  York,  Jan. 
3,1864.  A Roman  Catholic  prelate.  He  became 
bishop  of  New  York  in  1842,  and  archbishop  in  1850.  He 
founded  St.  John’s  College,  Fordham,  in  1841. 

Hughes,  Thomas.  Born  at  Uppiugton,  Berks, 
Oct.  20, 1822 : died  at  Brighton,  March  22,  1896. 
An  English  author,  reformer,  and  politician. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby  under  Dr.  Arnold,  and  was  later 
associated  with  Canon  Kingsley  and  F.  D.  Maurice  in  the 
movement  for  improving  the  condition  of  the  poor  known 
as  Christian  Socialism.  He  lectured  in  the  United  States 
in  1870  and  in  1880  founded  the  “Rugby  Colony”  in 
Tennessee.  He  was  made  queen’s  counsel  in  1869,  and 
county  court  j udge  in  1882.  (See  Rugby.)  Hewrote“Tom 
Brown’s  School-Days”  (1857),  “The  Scouring  of  the  White 
Horse  ” (1859),  “ Tom  Brown  at  Oxford  ” (1861),  “ The  Man- 
liness of  Christ”  (1879),  “Rugby,  Tennessee  ” (1881),  etc. 

Hugli,  or  Hooghly  (hog'le).  The  westernmost 
channel  of  the  Ganges,  at  its  delta.  Calcutta 
is  situated  on  it.  Length,  120  miles. 

Hugli,  or  Hooghly.  A city  of  Bengal,  on  tho 
Hugli  about  24  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  Pop- 
ulation, about  30,000. 

Hugo.  See  Hugh. 

Hugo  (ho'go),  Gustav.  BornatLorraeh,  Baden, 
Nov.  23, 1764 : died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  Sept. 
15,  1844.  A German  jurist,  author  of  “ Lehr- 
buch  eines  civilistischen  Kursus”  (1792-1821). 
Hugo  (hu'go ; F.  pron.  ii-go'),  Victor  Marie. 
Born  at  Besan9on,  Feb.  26,  1 802 : died  at  Paris, 
May  22,  1885.  A celebrated  French  poet,  the 
recognized  leader  of  the  romantic  school  of  the 
19th  century  in  France.  His  childhood  was  spent 
partly  with  his  mother  in  Paris,  and  partly  in  Corsica,  Elba, 
Italy,  and  Spain  — wherever  his  father,  an  officer  in  the 
French  army,  could  gather  his  family  about  him.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  from  his  mother,  and  also  at  the 
hands  of  an  old  priest,  Larivicre.  In  1815  he  went  to  school, 
and  thence  to  the  Lycde  Louis-le-Grand  in  Paris.  In  1816 
lie  wrote  his  first  tragedy,  “ Irtamfene.”  While  still  at  school 
he  began  another  tragedy,  “ Athelie,”  and  composed  a 
melodrama,  “ Inez  de  Castro,”  and  several  poems.  He  also 
competed  for  a prize  of  the  French  Academy  with  a poem, 
“Sur  les  avantages  de  l’dtude  ” (1817).  Again,  in  1818,  he 
competed  with  his  poems  “Sur  [institution  du  jury  ’’  and 
“ Sur-  les  avantages  de  l’enseignement  mutuel.”  His  suc- 
cess encouraged  him  to  send  to  the  Academy  of  Floral 
Games  at  Toulouse  “ Les  derniers  bardes,”  “ Les  vierges  de 
Verdun,”  and  “Le  r^tablissement  de  la  statue  de  Henri 
IV.”  (1819),  for  which  he  was  awarded  the  principal  prize. 
In  1820  lie  took  another  prize  witli  his  poem  “ Moise  sur 
le  Nil,”  and  was  made  maitre  I s jeux-floraux.  In  1819  he 
hadfounded  a fortnightly  review,  “LeConservateur  Littd- 
raire”:  he  wrote  also  for  “La  Muse Fram;aise.”  Hispoeti- 
cal  compositions  include  “ Odes  et poesies  diverses  ”(1822), 
“NouveUes  odes”  (1824),  “Odes  et  ballades’’  (1826:  of 
which  a revised  and  enlarged  edition  appeared  in  1828), 
“Les  orientaies  ” (1829),  “ Les  feuilles  d’automne  ” (1831), 
“ Les  chants  du  crepuscule  ’’  (1835),  “ Les  voix  interieures  ” 
(1837),  “Les  rayons  et  les  ombres”  (1840),  “Les  chati- 
ments  ” (1853),  “ Les  contemplations  ” (1856-57),  first  series 
of  “La  Kgendedes  si&cles  ” (1859),  “Les  chansons  des  rues 
et  des  bois”  (1865),  “L’Annde  terrible”  (1872),  “L’Art 
d’etre grand-pt  re ” (1877),  second  series  of  “La  legende des 
siicles”  (1877),  “Le  pape  ’’  (1878),“  La  pitie  supreme  ”(1879), 
‘ ‘ L’Ane  ” (1880),  ‘ ‘ Religion  et  religions  ” (1880),  ‘ 'Les  quatre 
vents  de  l’esprit  ” (1881),  third  series  of  “ La  Rgende  des 
siecles”  (1883),  “La  fin  de  Satan”  (1886),  “Dieu”  (1891), 
“Toute  la  lyre  ” (1888-93).  As  a dramatist  Victor  Hugo 
adapted  “Amy  Robsart”  (1828)  from  Scott’s  “Kenil- 
worth,” and  also  wrote  “Cromwell”  (1827),  “Marion  De- 
lorme ” (1829),  “ Hernani  ” (1830),  “ Le  roi  s’amuse  ” (1832), 
“Lucrt'ce Borgia ’’(1833),  “Marie Tudor ’’ (1833),  “Angelo  ’ 
(1835),  “Esmeralda  ”(1836),  “Ruy  Blas”(1838),  “Les  Bur- 
graves  ”(1843),  “Torquemada”  (1882),  “Le  theatre  en  li- 
berie ” (1886),  and  “ la  s jumeaux  ” (1889).  Victor  Hugo  s 
prose  writings  are  “ Han  d'lslande  ’’  (1823),  “ Bug-Jargal  ” 
(1826),  “Le  dernier  jour  d’un  condnmnd ’’  (1829),  “Notre 


Hugo,  Victor  Marie 

Dame  de  Paris  " (1831),  “ Literature  et  philosophie  md- 
16es  " and  “ Claude  Gueux  ’’  (1834),  “ Le  Rhin  ” (1842),  “ Na- 
poleon le  petit " (1852),  “Les  misdrables  " (1862),  “Victor 
Hugo  racontdpar  un  temoin  de  sa  vie”  (1863),  “William 
Shakespeare ” (1864),  “Les  travailleurs  de  la  mer”(1866), 
“ L'Homme  qui  rit”(1869),  “Actes  et  paroles”  (1872-76), 
“ Quatrevingt-treizc  ” (1874),  “ Histoire  d'un  crime  ”(1877- 
1878),  “ Choses  vues  ” (1887),  “ En  voyage  : Alpes  et  Pyre- 
nees " (1890).  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  Jan. 
7, 1841.  His  interest  in  politics  and  journalism  led  him  to 
found  a newspaper,  “L'Evdnement,”  in  1848.  After  the 
revolution  of  this  year  he  was  exiled  (in  1851)  from  France, 
not  to  return  till  the  fall  of  the  empire  in  1870.  He  went 
first  to  Belgium,  in  1852  to  Jersey,  and  in  1855  to  Guernsey. 
Victor  Hugo  was  elected  a life  member  of  the  French  sen- 
ate in  1876,  and  the  last  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to 
literary  work. 

Huguenots  (hu'ge-nots).  [The  name  as  applied 
to  the  Protestants  of  France  was  first  used 
about  1560,  being  apparently  imported  from 
Geneva,  where  it  appears  to  have  been  for  some 
time  in  use  as  a political  nickname.  Its  par- 
ticular origin  is  unknown : no  contemporary 
information  has  been  found.]  The  Reformed 
or  Calvinistic  communion  of  France  in  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries.  The  Huguenots  were  the  Puri- 
tans of  France,  noted  in  general  for  their  austere  virtues 
and  the  singular  purity  of  their  lives.  They  were  perse- 
cuted in  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  and  his  immediate  suc- 
cessors, and  after  1562  were  frequently  at  war  with  the 
Catholics,  under  the  lead  of  such  men  as  Admiral  Coligny 
and  the  King  of  Navarre  (afterward  Henry  IV.  of  France). 
In  spite  of  these  wars  and  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 
(Aug.  24,  1572),  they  continued  numerous  and  powerful, 
and  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  issued  by  Henry  IV.  (1598),  se- 
cured to  them  full  political  and  civil  rights.  Their 
political  power  was  broken  with  the  surrender  of  La 
Rochelle  in  1628,  and  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  by  Louis  XIV.  (1685),  and  the  subsequent  persecu- 
tions, forced  hundreds  of  thousands  into  exile  to  Prussia, 
the  Netherlands,  Switzerland,  England,  etc.  Many  settled 
in  the  colonies  of  New  York,  Virginia,  etc.,  but  especially  in 
South  Carolina.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied  at  the 
present  day  to  the  descendants  of  the  original  Huguenots. 

Huguenots,  Les.  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1836. 

Hugues  (fig),  Victor.  Born  at  Marseilles,  1761 : 
died  near  Bordeaux,  Nov.,  1826.  A French  ad- 
ministrator. He  went  to  Santo  Domingo  in  1778,  was  en- 
gaged in  the  revolution  of  1789,  and  was  deported  to  France. 
The  Convention  made  him  commissioner  to  the  French 
West  Indies  (1794),  where  he  reconquered  Guadeloupe  and 
took  St.  Lucia  and  other  islands  from  the  English.  In  his 
government  of  Guadeloupe  he  showed  extreme  cruelty  to 
those  opposed  to  revolutionary  ideas.  He  fitted  out  several 
privateers  which  preyed  not  only  on  the  English  but  on 
North  American  commerce,  nearly  provoking  a war  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  France  (1798).  Recalled  in 
Dec.,  1798,  he  was  made  governor  of  Cayenne  in  1799,  finally 
surrendering  to  the  English  Jan.  12,  1809.  He  was  again 
governor  of  Cayenne  1817-19. 

Huilliches  (wel-ye-clias').  [Araucanian : ImilU, 
southern,  and  che , people.]  The  name  given  to 
various  hordes  of  Indians  of  the  Araucanian 
stock  who  inhabit  that  portion  of  Chile  near 
the  Gulf  of  Ancud.  See  Araucanians. 

Euitzilihuitl  (wet  - ze  - le  ' wetl),  [Nahuatl, 
‘humming-bird.’]  Died  in  1414.  An  Aztec 
war-chief  of  Tenochtitlan  (Mexico)  from  1403. 
He  was  successor  to  Acampichtli. 

Huitzilopochtli  (wet-zel-o-pock'tle).  The  war- 
god  and  principal  deity  of  the  ancient  Mexi- 
cans: “the  mythic  leader  and  chief  deity  of 
the  Aztecs,  dominant  tribe  of  the  Nahua  na- 
tion” (Bancroft).  He  was  represented  by  a 
hideous  stone  idol,  believed  by  Bandolier  and 
others  to  be  the  one  now  preserved  in  the 
museum  at  Mexico.  As  he  was  supposed  to 
be  of  a very  sanguinary  disposition,  immense 
numbers  of  human  sacrifices  were  made  before 
the  idol.  The  cathedral  on  the  Plaza  de  Ar- 
mas, Mexico  City,  is  on  the  site  of  the  temple 
of  Huitzilopochtli. 

Hulin,  or  Hullin  (fi-lan'),  Comte  Pierre  Au- 
gustin. Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  6,  1758 : died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  9,  1841.  A French  general  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  He  became  adjutant-general  to  Bo- 
naparte in  1796,  and  general  of  division  in  1802.  He  pre- 
sided at  the  court  martial  which  condemned  the  Due  d’En- 
ghien  in  1804,  and  in  1812,  when  governor  of  Paris,  put  down 
the  conspiracy  of  Malet  to  subvert  the  empire. 

Hull  ( hul) , or  Kingston-upon-Hull  ( kin gz 'ton- 
u-pon-hul').  A seaport  in  the  East  Biding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Hull  into  the  Humber,  in  lat.  53°  45'  N., 
long.  0°  19'  W.  After  London  and  Liverpool,  Hull  is 
the  principal  port  in  England.  It  is  an  important  terminus 
of  steam-packet  lines  to  domestic,  continental,  and  Ameri- 
can ports,  and  a center  for  extensive  fisheries.  Trinity 
Chnrch  is  one  of  the  greatest  of  English  parish  churches, 
in  the  Decorated  and  Perpendicular  styles:  it  exhibits 
highly  interesting  tracery.  Hull  became  an  important 
port  under  Edward  I.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  William  Wil- 
berforce.  Population,  278,024,  (1911). 

Hull.  A city  in  Ottawa  County,  Quebec,  on 
the  Ottawa  River  opposite  Ottawa.  Popula- 
tion, 18,222,  (1911). 

Hull,  Isaac.  Born  at  Derby,  Conn.,  March  9, 
1773(1775?):  died  at  Philadelphia, Feb.  13, 1843. 


518 

An  American  commodore.  He  commanded  the 
Constitution,  which  defeated  and  captured  the 
Guerriere  Aug.  19,  1812. 

Hull,  William.  Born  at  Derby,  Conn.,  June 
24,  1753:  died  at  Newton,  Mass.,  Nov.  29,  1825. 
An  American  general . He  served  through  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  ; was  governor  of  Michigan  Territory  1805- 
1814 ; and  surrendered  Detroit  to  the  British  in  1812. 

Hullin.  See  Hulin. 

Hulse  (huls),  John.  Born  at  Middlewich,  Che- 
shire, March  15,  1708:  died  Dec.  14,  1790.  An 
English  cl  ergy  man.  He  bequeathed  estates  to  the  Uni- 
versity  of  Cambridge,  which  form  an  endowment  for  the 
Huisean  professorship  of  divinity,  for  the  Hulsean  lec- 
tures (on  tlie  Christian  evidences,  or  in  explanation  of  diffi- 
cult or  obscure  parts  of  Scripture),  and  for  certain  Hulsean 
prizes. 

Hulst  (hulst).  A town  in  the  Netherlands,  16 
miles  west  by  north  of  Antwerp. 

Huma,  or  Wahuma  (wa-ho'ma).  A pastoral 
tribe  of  Galla  origin  which  has  given  toKaragwe, 
Unyoro,  and  Uganda  their  royal  families,  in 
these  3 kingdoms  they  are  found  as  herdsmen,  giving  wives 
to  their  Bantu  neighbors,  but  keeping  otherwise  separate. 
In  Unyoro  and  Karagwe  they  are  honored ; in  Uganda 
they  are  rather  despised.  Like  the  Galla,  they  are  a fine- 
looking  race.  Everywhere  they  speak  the  Bantu  languages 
of  their  neighbors  in  addition  to  their  own,  which  must 
be  of  Hamitic  structure. 

Humahuacas  (o-ma-wa'kas).  A tribe  of  Indians 
who  inhabited  the  valleys  and  plateaus  of  the 
eastern  Andes,  in  what  is  now  the  Argentine 
province  of  J ujuy  and  southern  Bolivia.  They 
made  a brave  resistance  to  the  Spaniards  from  1592  to  about 
1650,  when  the  remnants  were  taken  to  Rioja,  farther  south ; 
there  they  soon  became  extinct  as  a tribe. 

Humahwi.  See  Hwmawhi. 

Humaita  (o-ma-e-ta').  A town  of  southwestern 
Paraguay,  on  the  river  Paraguay  15  miles  above 
its  confluence  with  the  Parana.  The  river  is  here 
greatly  narrowed.  Humaita  and  an  advanced  post  to  the 
south,  called  Curupaiti,  were  strongly  fortified  by  the 
elder  and  younger  Lopez,  and  they  are  memorable  for  the 
long  siege  which  they  sustained  from  the  Brazilian  and 
Argentine  forces  during  the  war  of  the  Triple  Alliance. 
The  works  were  abandoned  July  25,  1868,  and  were  dis- 
mantled by  the  Brazilians. 

Humawhi  (ho-ma'kwe).  A Shastan  tribe  for- 
merly living  in  Modoc  County,  California. 

Humbaba.  See  Khumbaba. 

Humbe  (liom'be).  A Portuguese  fort  and  county 
capital  ontheKunene  River,  West  Africa.  Sev- 
eral wars  have  been  fought  here  between  the  Portuguese, 
the  Boers,  and  the  natives.  The  native  name  is  Vnlcunibi. 

Humber  (kum'ber).  [ME.  Humber,  Humbre, 
AS.  Humber,  Humbre.']  An  estuary  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  Trent  and  the  Ouse,  England. 
It  lies  between  Yorkshire  on  the  north  and  Lincolnshire 
on  the  south.  Length,  about  40  miles.  The  chief  ports  are 
Hull  and  Grimsby.  It  was  the  boundary  of  ancient  North- 
umbria (Deira)  and  Mercia. 

Humbert  (hum'bert),  It.  Umberto  (om-ber'to), 
I. , Ranieri  Carlo  Emanuele  Giovanni  Maria 
Ferdinando Eugenio.  Born  at  Turin,  March  14, 
1844:  assassinated  at  Monza,  near  Milan,  July 
29, 1900.  King  of  Italy,  son  of  Victor  Emman- 
uel, whom  he  succeeded  in  1878.  He  commanded, 
while  Prince  of  Piedmont,  a division  of  General  Cialdini’s 
army  at  Custozza  June  24, 1866.  The  most  notable  event  of 
his  reign  was  the  formation  of  the  Triple  Alliance  (in  1882). 

Humholdt  (hum ' bolt ; G.  pron.  hom'bolt ) , Baron 
Friedrich  Heinrich  Alexander  vcn.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  14,  1769  : died  there,  May  6, 1859. 
A celebrated  German  scientist  and  author.  He 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  and 
Gottingen,  and  after  traveling  in  Holland,  Belgium,  and 
England  continued  his  studies  at  the  Mining  School  in 
Freiberg.  From  1792  he  was  for  several  years  as- 
sessor of  mines  at  Berlin,  but  resigned  the  position  in 
1797  to  travel  in  Switzerland,  Italy,  and  France.  In  Paris 
he  became  acquainted  with  AimC  Bonpland,  with  whom 
he  undertook  from  1799  to  1804  a scientific  journey  to  South 
America  and  Mexico.  From  1809  to  1827  he  lived  for  the 
most  part  in  Paris,  engaged  hi  scientific  work.  After  1827 
he  took  up  his  permanent  residence  in  Berlin.  In  1829,  at 
the  instance  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  he  undertook  an- 
other scientific  expedition,  to  Siberia  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Subsequently, until  his  death,  he  lived  in  Berlin.  The  re- 
sults of  the  American  journey  were  published  in  a large 
series  of  works  with  the  general  title  “ Voyage  aux  regions 
t'qmnoxiales  du  nouveau  continent."  They  include  "Re- 
lation historique  ” (1814-25,  covering  only  the  first  part  of 
the  trip),  “ Essai  politique  surla  Nouvelle  Espagne  ” (1811), 
“Essai  politique  sur  l'isle  de  Cuba”  (1826-27),  scientific 
monographs,  atlases,  etc.  The  “Asie  Centrale”and  other 
works  describe  the  Asiatic  journey.  The  “Examen  cri- 
tique de  l’liistoire  dela  gfmgraphie  du  nouveau  continent, 
etc.,”  a work  showing  great  research,  was  published 
1814-34,  and  “Kosmos"  1845-58.  The  latter,  perhaps  the 
greatest  of  Humboldt's  books,  was  first  published  in  Ger- 
man. Commonly  known  as  Alexander  von  Humboldt. 

Humboldt,  Baron  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Chris- 
tian Karl  Ferdinand  von,  commonly  known 
as  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt.  Born  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  June  22, 1767:  died  at  Tegel,  near  Ber- 
lin, April  8,  1835.  A German  philologist  and 
author.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder  and  Gottingen.  He  afterward  traveled  extensively 
through  Europe,  and  acquired  a mastery  of  the  principal 
modern  languages.  From  1801  to  1808  he  was  Prussian 


Humphrey 

minister  resident  in  Rome.  The  latter  year  he  returned 
to  Berlin,  where,  as  minister  of  public  instruction,  he  was 
active  in  the  foundation  of  the  new  University  of  Berlin. 
Afterward  he  was  minister  resident  in  Vienna  and  a mem- 
ber of  the  Vienna  Congress.  Later  he  was  minister  resi- 
dent in  London,  and,  finally,  minister  of  the  interior  in 
Berlin.  After  1819  he  lived  for  the  most  part  at  Tegel.  His 
principal  work,  “Ueber  die  Kawisprache  auf  der  Insel 
Jawa  ”(“  On  the  Kawi  Language  of  the  Island  of  Java  ”), 
appeared  posthumously  at  Berlin  1836-40,  in  3 vols.  The 
introduction  to  this  work, “Ueber  die  Verschiedenheit  des 
menschlichen  Sprachbaues  und  ihren  Einfluss  auf  die  geis- 
tige  Entwickelung  desMenschengeschlechts  ” (“  On  the  Dif- 
ference in  the  Construction  of  Language,  and  its  Influence 
upon  the  Intellectual  Development  of  the  Human  Race"), 
has  been  published  several  times  separately.  “Briefe  an 
eine  Freundin”  (“Letters  to  a Friend,"  Charlotte  Diede) 
appeared  first  in  1847.  His  collected  works  were  published 
at  Berlin,  1841-52,  in  7 vols.  Brother  of  the  preceding. 

Humboldt  (hum'bolt)  Lake,  or  Humholdt 
Sink.  A lake  in  the  west  of  Nevada,  with  no 
outlet  to  the  sea. 

Humboldt  Mountains.  A range  of  mountains 

in  the  eastern  part  of  Nevada. 

Humboldt  River.  A river  in  Nevada,  flowing 
into  Lake  Humboldt.  Length,  about  350  miles. 
Its  valley  is  traversed  by  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad. 

Hume  (hum),  David.  [The  name  Hume  is  the 
same  as  Home.]  Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  26 
(O.  S.),  1711 : died  there,  Aug.  25,  1776.  A fa- 
mous Scottish  philosopher  and  historian.  He 
studied  at  Edinburgh  ; went  to  France  in  1734,  where  he 
remained  until  1737,  chiefly  at  La  Fleche  in  Anjou ; retired 
to  Ninewells,  Berwickshire,  in  1740  ; became  a companion 
to  the  Marquis  of  Annandale  in  1745,  and  was  dismissed  in 
1746  ; became  secretary  to  General  St.  Clair,  by  whom  he 
was  appointed  judge-advocate,  and  whom  he  accompanied 
on  an  embassy  to  Vienna  and  Turin;  was  appointed  keeper 
of  the  Library  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  at  Edinburgh  in 
1752  ; visited  France  1763-66  ; and  was  under-secretary  of 
state  1767-68.  He  is  chiefly  celebrated  as  the  expounder 
of  skeptical  views  in  philosophy,  which  have  produced  an 
extraordinary  effect  upon  all  metaphysical  thinking  since 
his  day.  He  wrote  “A  Treatise  of  Human  Nature,  etc." 
(1739^0);  “Essays,  Moral  and  Political”  (1741-42),  “Philo- 
sophical Essays  concerning  Human  Understanding''  (1748  : 
afterward  called  “An  Enquiry  concerning  Human  Under- 
standing ”),  “ Political  Discourses  ” (1751),  “An  Enquiry  con- 
cerning the  Principles  of  Morals”  (1751),  “Four  Disserta- 
tions ” (1757),  “ History  of  England  ” (1754-61),  ‘ ‘ Natural  His- 
tory of  Religion  ”(1757),  “Two  Essays  ”(1777),  “Dialogues 
concerning  Natural  Religion  ” (1779).  Collected  works  ed- 
ited by  Green  and  Grose  (4  vols.,  1874) ; life  by  J.  H.  Burton 
(1846). 

Hummel  (hom'mel),  Johann  Nepomuk.  Born 

at  Presburg,  Hungary,  Nov.  14,  1778 : died  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Oct.  17, 1837.  A noted  Ger- 
man pianist  and  composer  for  the  pianoforte, 
author  of  concertos,  sonatas,  operas  (3),  etc.  He 
was  a pupil  of  Mozart,  kapellmeister  to  Prince  Esterhazy 
1804-11,  conductor  at  Stuttgart  1816,  and  later  (1820)  con- 
ductor at  Weimar. 

Hummums,  The.  See  the  extract. 

In  the  southeast  corner  of  the  market-place  (Covent  Gar- 
den), and  occupying  that  portion  which  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  are  two  hotels,  known  by  the  strange  names  of  the 
“Old  Hummums  ” and  the  “ New  Hummums. ” The  name 
is  a corruption  of  “ Humoun.”  Mr.  Wright,  in  his  “ His- 
tory of  Domestic  Manners  of  England,”  says ; “Among  the 
customs  introduced  from  Italy  was  the  hot  sweating  bath 
which,  under  the  name  of  the  hothouse,  became  widely 
known  in  England.  . . . These  “ Hummums,”  however, 
when  established  in  London,  seem  to  have  been  mostly  fre- 
quented by  women  of  doubtful  repute.  . . . They  soon 
came  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  intrigue,  which  grad- 
ually led  to  their  suppression. 

Thombury,  Old  and  New  London,  III.  251. 

Humorists,  The.  A comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1671.  In  this  play  the  word 
humorist  has  its  early  meaning  of  a capricious 
person. 

Humorous  Lieutenant, The.  A play  by  Fletch- 
er, probably  produced  between  1618  and  1625, 
printed  in  1647. 

Humperdinck  (kom'per-dingk),  Engelbert. 

Born  Sept.  1,  1854.  A noted  German  composer. 
His  opera  “ Hitnsel  und  Gretel”  was  produced  at  Weimar 
Dec.  23, 1893 ; “ Die  Konigskinder  ” was  produced  in  1910. 
He  has  written  (1911)  music  to  Maeterlinck's  “ Blue  Bird." 

Humphrey  (bum'fri),  Duke  of  Gloucester,  called 
“Good  Duke  Humphrey.”  Bom  1391 : died  at 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Feb.  23, 1447.  The  youngest 
sonof  Henry  IV.  by  his  first  wife, Mary  Bohun.  He 

studied  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  was  noted  as  a patron 
of  learning  and  a collector  of  books.  He  was  the  founder, 
by  his  gifts  of  books,  of  the  library  of  that  university.  In 
1420  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  England,  and  held  that 
office  until  the  return  of  Henry  V.  in  1421.  On  Henry's 
death  Gloucester,  though  only  deputy  for  Bedford,  became 
practically  protector  of  the  young  king  Henry  VI.,  through 
Bedford's  occupation  with  affairs  in  France.  In  1422  he 
married  Jacqueline,  only  daughter  of  William  VI.,  count 
of  Hainault,  to  whose  estates  she  had  succeeded,  but  of 
which  she  had  been  deprived;  and  in  1424  conquered  Hai- 
nault and  was  proclaimed  its  count.  In  1428  his  marriage 
with  Jacqueline  was  annulled,  and  he  soon  married  his 
mistress,  Eleanor  Cobham.  His  protectorate,  which  was 
throughout  unfortunate,  was  terminated  by  the  coronation 
of  Henry  VI.,  Nov.  6, 14'29.  In  1441  he  wasdisgraced  through 
the  dealings  of  his  wife  with  the  astrologer  Bolingbroke. 
(See  Cobham,  Eleanor.)  In  1447  he  was  arrested  by  order 
of  the  king,  and  in  a few  days  died. 


Humphrey,  Heman 

Humphrey,  Heman.  Boru  at  West  Simsbury, 
Hartford  County,  Conn.,  March  26,  1779:  died 
at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  April  3,  1861.  An  Ameri- 
can Congregational  clergyman  and  educator, 
president  of  Amherst  College  1823-45.  He  pub- 
lished “Tour  in  Prance,  etc.”  (1838). 
Humphrey  Clinker,  The  Expedition  of.  A 
novel  by  Tobias  George  Smollett,  published  in 
1771.  It  is  -written  in  the  form  of  letters. 

They  [Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brambleon  their  expedition  in  search 
of  health]  pick  up  a postilion  named  Humphrey  Clinker, 
a convert  to  the  new  doctrines  of  Whitefield  and  Wesley, 
who  afterward  turns  out  to  be  a natural  son  of  Mr.  Bramble 
himself,  and  who,  after  converting  Miss  Tabitha  and  Mrs. 
Winifred  [Mrs.  Bramble’s  maid],  marries  the  latter. 
Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  289. 

Humphreys  (hum'friz),  Andrew  Atkinson. 

Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  2,  1810 : died  at 
Washington,  Dec.  27,  1883.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Union  army  in 
the  Civil  War,  commanding  a division  at  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg in  1863,  and  a corps  in  the  operations  about  Peters- 
burg 1864-65.  He  was  chief  of  engineers  in  the  United 
States  army  1866-79. 

Humphreys,  David.  Born  at  Derby,  Conn., 
July,  1752:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  21, 
1818.  An  American  poet  and  diplomatist.  He 
published,  with  Barlow,  Hopkins,  and  Trumbull,  the  “An- 
archiad  “ (1786-88).  His  collected  works  were  published 
1790  and  1804. 

Humphrey’s  Clock,  Master.  See  Master  Hum- 
phrey. 

Humphrey’s  Walk,  Duke.  A name  given  to 
the  middle  aisle  of  St.  Paul’s  Church  in  London, 
on  account  of  the  tomb  of  Duke  Humphrey,  the 
son  of  Henry  IV.,  which  was  said  to  be  there. 
Humpoletz  (hom'pd-lets).  A town  in  south- 
eastern Bohemia,  57  miles  southeast  of  Prague. 
Population,  commune,  5,839,  (1910). 

Humuya  (o-mo'ya),  or  Ulua  (6-lo'a).  A river 
in  Honduras  which  flows  northward  and  falls 
into  the  Gulf  of  Honduras. 

Huna  (ho'na).  Born  212:  died  297.  The  prin- 
cipal of  the  Talmudic  Academy  in  Sora,  Meso- 
potamia. He  was  distinguished  both  for  learn- 
ing and  charity. 

Hunah  (ho'na).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  on  Chichagof  Island,  Alaska. 
They  number  about  500.  See  Koluschan. 

Hu  -nan,  or  Hoonan  (lio-nan').  A province  in 
central  China.  Area,  83,380  square  miles. 
Population,  22,169,673. 

Huncamunca  (hung'ka-mung'ka).  A character 
in  Fielding’s  burlesque  tragedy  “Tom  Thumb 
the  Great.”  She  is  the  daughter  of  King  Arthur  and 
Queen  Dollallolla,  and  is  sweet,  gentle,  and  amorous. 

Hunchback,  The.  A comedy  by  J.  Sheridan 
Knowles,  produced  in  1832. 

Hundred  Days,  The.  The  period  of  about  100 
days,  from  the  middle  of  March  to  June  28, 1815, 
during  which  Napoleon  I.,  after  his  escape  from 
Elba,  made  his  final  effort  to  reestablish  his  em- 
pire. It  ended  in  the  crushing  defeat  at  W ater- 
loo  and  his  abdication. 

Hundred  Years’  War.  The  series  of  wars  be- 
tween England  and  France  about  1338-1453. 
The  English,  generally  victors  in  these  wars  down  to  about 
14. Hi)  (Creey,  Poitiers,  Agincourt,  etc.),  and  rulers  of  a great 
part  of  Prance,  were  finally  expelled  entirely,  except  from 
Calais,  which  they  retained  for  about  a century  longer. 
Hundsriick  (honts'riik).  A mountain-range  in 
western  Germany,  between  the  Moselle  and 
Nahe,  connected  with  the  Vosges. 

Hunfalvy  (hon'fol-ve),  Janos,  Born  at  Gross- 
Schlagendorf,  Zips,  Hungary,  June  9, 1820:  died 
Dec.  6, 1888.  A Hungarian  geographer,  brother 
of  P 41  Hunfalvy.  His  chief  work  is  a “ Phys- 
ical Geography  of  Hungary”  (1863-66). 
Hunfalvy,  Pal.  Bom  at  Gross-Schlagendorf, 
Zips,  Hungary,  March  12,  1810:  died  Nov.  30, 
1891.  A Hungarian  philologist  and  ethnog- 
rapher. 

Hungarian  Insurrection.  A risingin  Hungary 
against  the  tyranny  of  Austria,  1848-49.  Kos- 
suth was  the  chief  leader.  The  overthrow  of  Metternich, 
the  reactionary  minister,  at  Vienna  in  March,  1848,  was 
immediately  followed  by  a revolutionary  movement  in 
Pest.  The  emperor  Ferdinand  was  forced  to  grant  a sepa- 
rate Hungarian  ministry,  but  encouraged  Jellachich,  the 
Ban  of  Croatia,  to  revolt  against  Hungary.  In  Oct.,  1848, 
Hungary  rose  in  insurrection.  The  war  continued  under 
the  reign  of  Francis  Joseph  (who  succeeded  Dec.  2).  The 
chief  Hungarian  generals  were  Gorgei,  Klapka.  Bern,  and 
Dembinski.  In  April,  1849,  the  Hungarians  declared  their 
independence,  and  proclaimed  their  country  a republic, 
with  Kossuth  as  governor.  By  the  aid  of  Hussian  armies 
the  Austrians  conquered  the  country.  Gorgei  surrendered 
the  main  army  at  Vihigos  Aug.,  1849,  and  Kossuth  escaped. 
Austria  restored  the  constitutional  liberties  of  the  king- 
dom in  1867. 

Hungary  (hung'ga-ri).  [ME.  Hungarie , Hon- 
garie , OF.  Hongarie,  F.  Hongrie,  Sp.  Pg.  Hun- 
gria,  It.  Ungheria,  Ongaria,  ML.  Hungaria  (G. 
Vngarn),  from  Hungari,  Ungari,  Ungri,  Ugri, 


519 

MGr.  0 vyypoi,  a name  given  to  the  Magyars.  The 
Magyar  name  of  the  country  is  Magyar  or  ssdg .] 
A country  of  central  Europe : a name  used  in 
three  distinct,  more  or  less  extended  senses. 

(a)  The  Transleithan  division  of  the  Austrian- 
Hungarianmonarchy,includingHungary  proper 
with  Transylvania,  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  and 
Fiume.  In  this  sense  it  is  a kingdom  united  with  Austria 
in  a personal  union  under  the  emperor,  but  having  its  own 
Reichstag  at  Budapest : this  is  composed  of  a Table  of  Mag- 
nates and  a Chamberof  Deputies  (numbering  4, 6H),a;id  legis- 
lates in  general  for  the  Transleithan  division,  and  in  par- 
ticular for  Hungary  and  Transylvania.  In  the  Hungarian 
part  of  the  empire  less  than  one  half  are  Magyar,  the  re- 
mainder being  Rumanians,  Germans,  Slovaks,  Serbo-Croa- 
tians,  Ruthenians,  etc.  As  regards  religion,  the  Roman 
Catholics  are  more  numerous  than  the  Greek  Church,  Prot- 
estants, and  Israelites.  (For  Croatia,  Slavonia , Transylva- 
nia, see  these  names;  for  the  empire  in  general,  see  Aus- 
tria.) Area,  125,430  square  miles.  Population,  20,469,157. 

( b ) Hungary  proper  and  Transylvania  (now 

incorporated  with  it).  This  is  the  main  part  of 
the  Transleithan  division  just  described.  Area,  109,007 
square  miles.  Population,  17,832,298.  (c)  Hun- 

gary proper  — that  is,  the  main  portion  of  the 
Transleithan  division,  less  Transylvania.  See 
Transylvania.  In  this  sense,  Hungary  is  bounded  by 
Moravia  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  northwest, 
Silesia  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  north,  Galicia 
(separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  north  and  northeast, 
Bukowina  and  Transylvania  on  the  east,  Servia (separated 
by  the  Danube)  and  Croatia-Slavonia  (separated  by  the 
Drave)  on  the  south,  and  Styria  and  Dower  Austria  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Leithaand  March)  on  the  west.  The  Carpathi- 
ans are  in  the  north  and  east ; the  Bakony  Wald  and  spurs 
of  the  Alps  are  west  of  the  Danube.  The  leading  physical 
features  are  the  great  plains  of  the  Danube  and  Theiss. 
The  country  produces  large  quantities  of  wheat,  barley, 
rye,  Indian  corn,  wine ; the  mineral  products  are  coal,  salt, 
iron,  lead,  copper,  silver,  gold,  etc. ; the  exports  are  wheat, 
flour,  barley,  live  stock,  etc.  Including  Transylvania,  Hun- 
gary has  63  counties.  The  capital  and  principal  city  is 
Budapest.  The  dominant  people  in  Hungary  proper  are 
the  Magyars.  Hungary  proper  was  in  part  included  in 
Pannoma  and  Daciaf  The  settlement  of  the  Magyars  un- 
der ArpA’d  took  place  about  895.  The  Magyars  made  many 
attacks  on  neighboring  lands,  and  were  defeated  by  Henry 
the  Fowler  and  by  Otto  the  Great  on  the  Lechfeld  (955). 
Hungary  was  Christianized  in  tire  end  of  the  loth  century, 
and  became  a kingdom  under  St.  Stephen  in  1000.  During 
the  next  two  centuries  it  increased  its  territories  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  Slavs.  The  constitution  of  the  “Golden Bull" 
was  granted  in  1222.  The  .country  was  terribly  ravaged  by 
the  Mongols  in  1241.  The  Arpad  dynasty  came  to  an  end  in 
1301,  and  was  followed  by  the  house  of  Anjou  (1309),  under 
which  Hungary  came  to  occupy  a commanding  position. 
Louis  united  the  crowns  of  Hungary  and  Poland  1370-82  ; 
and  they  were  again  united  under  Ladislaus,  who  died  in 
1444.  War  against  the  Turks  was  carried  on  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Hunyady  (1442-56).  Matthias  Corvinus  reigned 
1458-90.  The  crowns  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  were 
united  1490-1526.  On  the  overthrow  of  the  Hungarians  by 
the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Mollies  in  1526,  a great  part  of 
Hungary  passed  to  the  Turks,  and  Ferdinand  of  Hapsburg 
(later  emperor)  became  king  of  the  remainder  (with  Za- 
polya  as  rival  king).  Buda  was  recovered  from  the  Turks  in 
1686.  The  sovereignty  was  made  hereditary  in  the  Hapsburg 
family  in  1687;  and  their  Hungarian  dominions  were  ceded 
by  the  Turks  in  1699  and  1718.  An  eight  years’  rebellion 
terminated  iu  1711.  T he  revolution  of  1848-49,  under  the 
leadership  of  Kossuth,  was  suppressed  with  Russian  assis- 
tance. The  dual  system  of  government  was  established 
under  the  leadership  of  Deak  in  1867.  Area  of  Hungary 
proper,  91,509  square  miles.  Population,  14,381,417. 

Hungerford  (hung'ger-ford),  Mrs.  (Margaret 
Hamilton  Argles).  Died  at  Bandon,  Ireland, 
Jan.  24, 1897.  An  Irisli  novelist.  Most  of  her  books 
have  appeared  under  the  pseudonym  “The  Duchess.” 

Hungu,  or  Mahungu  (ma-hon'go).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  Angola,  west  Africa,  stretching  in 
straggling  settlements  from  the  head  waters  of 
the  Dande  eastward  to  the  Kuangu  River.  The 
Mahungu  grow  coffee,  which  they  sell  at  Dondo,  Loanda, 
and  Ambriz.  They  speak  a dialect  of  Kongo  closely  re- 
lated to  Mbamba,  and  in  a lesser  degree  to  Kiinbundu. 

Hiiningen  (hii'ning-en),  F.  Kuningue  (u- 

nan'g).  A town  and  former  fortress  of  Upper 
Alsace,  on  the  Rhine  3 miles  north  of  Basel. 

Huns  (hunz).  [LL.  Hu/nni,  LGr.  Ovvvot,  also  LL. 
Chunni,  Chuni,  LGr.  Xovvvoi,  Xovvoi ; doubtfully 
identified  with  the  Chinese  Hiongnu  or  Heung- 
noo,  a people  who,  according  to  Chinese  annals, 
constituted  about  the  end  of  the  3d  century 
B.  C.  a powerful  empire  in  central  Asia.]  A 
Mongolian  race  which,  having  crossed  the  Volga 
about  350  and  totally  defeated  the  Alani,  united 
with  them  and  then  attacked  the  Goths,  thus 
compelling  the  irruption  of  the  Goths  into  the 
Roman  Empire  about  375.  The  Huns,  with  various 
subject  tribes,  invaded  Gaul  under  the  leadership  of  Attila, 
and  were  defeated  near  Chalons-sur-Marne  in  451.  (Com- 
pare Attila.)  The  fate  of  the  Huns  is  uncertain.  They 
were  probably  merged  in  the  later  invaders. 

But  for  one  somewhat  disputed  source  of  information, 
all  is  dark  concerning  them.  That  source  is  the  history 
of  China.  If  the  Huns  be  the  Hiong-nu,  whose  ravages 
are  recorded  in  that  history,  then  we  have  a minute  ac- 
count of  their  doings  for  centuries  before  the  Christian  era, 
and  we  know,  in  fact,  far  more  about  them  thanabout  the 
inhabitants  of  Gaul  or  Britain  before  the  time  of  Julius 
Cffisar : if  they  are  not,  our  ignorance  is  complete.  A 
learned  and  laborious  Frenchman,  M.  Deguignes,  in  the 


Huntingdon 

middle  of  last  century,  conceived  the  idea  that  the  Huns 
might  be  thus  identified,  and  with  infinite  pains  has  writ- 
ten out  their  history  from  Chinese  sources,  and  has  exhib- 
ited it  in  its  connection  with  that  of  the  various  Tartar 
conquerors,  who,  since  their  day,  have  poured  down  upon 
the  civilised  kingdoms  of  Europe  and  Asia  and  wasted 
them.  Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  n.  5. 

Huns,  White,  or  Ephthalites.  An  ancient  peo- 
ple in  central  Asia,  near  the  Oxus.  They  were  so 
called  by  the  Greeks  on  account  of  their  civUization.  It 
is  supposed  that  they  became  established  in  the  region 
after  the  great  emigration  of  the  Huns.  They  were  finally 
blended  with  the  Turks. 

Hunt  (bunt),  James  Henry  Leigh.  [The  sur- 
name Hunt,  is  from  ME.  hunte,  AS.  hunta,  a 
hunter.]  Born  at  Southgate,  near  London,  Oct. 
19, 1784 : died  at  Putney,  near  London,  Aug.  28, 
1859.  An  English  essayist,  poet,  and  miscel- 
laneous author.  Ilis  chief  works  are  essays,  the  poem 
“Story  of  Rimini  ” (1816),“  Recollections  of  Lord  Byron " 
(1828),  “Autobiography  ” (1850). 

Hunt,  Richard  Morris.  Born  at  Brattleboro, 
Vt.,  Oct.  21,  1828:  died  July  31,  1895.  An 
American  architect,  brother  of  W.  M.  Hunt. 
He  designed  the  Lenox  Library,  the  Tribune  building 
(New  Vf  irk ),  and  residences  in  Newport,  Boston,  etc. 

Hunt,  Thomas  Sterry.  Born  atNorwich, Conn., 
Sept.  5,  1826 : died  at  New  York  city,  Feb.  12, 
1892.  An  American  chemist,  mineralogist,  and 
geologist.  He  was  chemist  and  mineralogist  to  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada  1847-72,  and  was  professor  of 
geology  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 
1872-78.  He  wrote  “ Chemical  and  Geological  Essays  ” 
(1874),  “The  Domain  of  Physiology”  (2d  ed.  1882),  “A 
New  Basis  for  Chemistry"  (1887),  etc. 

Hunt,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  March 
28, 1790 : died  Feb.  10, 1864.  An  English  painter 
in  water-colors. 

Hunt,  William  Holman.  Born  at  London, 
1827 : died  there,  Sept.  7,  1910.  An  English 
painter,  a leader  of  the  Preraphaelite  school. 
He  first  exhibited  in  1846.  Among  his  works  are  “ Awak- 
ened Conscience”  and  “Lightof  the  World"  (1854),  “ Find- 
ing of  the  Saviour  in  the  Temple  ” (1860),  “ Isabella  and 
the  Pot  of  Basil  ” (1868),  “ The  Shadow  of  Death  " (1873), 
“Portrait  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  ” (1884). 

Hunt,  William  Morris.  Born  at  Brattleboro, 
Vt.,  March  31,  1824:  died  at  Isles  of  Shoals, 
N.  II. , Sept.  8, 1879.  A noted  American  portrait, 
landscape,  and  figure  painter,  a pupil  of  Cou- 
ture and  Millet.  Among  his  works  are  sketches  of 
street  life  in  Paris,  mural  paintings  in  the  Capitol  at  Al- 
bany, New  Yo^k,  etc. 

Hunter  (hun'ter),  David.  Born  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  July  21,  1802  : died  at  Washington, 
Feb.  2,  1886.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  commanded  the  main  column  of  AIcDoweU’s 
army  iu  the  Manassas  campaign,  and  participated  in  the 
battle  of  BuU  Run  July  21,  1861.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  South  in  March, 
1862,  and  May  9,  foUowing,  issued  an  order  liberating 
the  slaves  in  his  department  (G  eorgia,  Florida,  and  South 
Carolina),  which  order  was  annulled  by  the  President  ten 
days  later. 

Hunter,  John.  Born  at  Long  Calderwood,  Lan- 
arkshire, Scotland,  Feb.  13,  1728 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  16,  1793.  A noted  British  surgeon, 
anatomist,  and  physiologist,  brother  of  William 
Hunter.  He  collected  at  London  a museum  of  anatom- 
ical, physiological,  and  pathological  specimens.  He  wrote 
“ Natural  History  of  the  Human  Teeth  " (1771-78),  “Trea- 
tise on  the  Blood,  Inflammation,  and  Gunshot  Wounds" 
(1794),  etc. 

Hunter,  Mrs.  Leo.  The  author  of  an  ode  to 
“an  expiring  frog”:  a character  devoted  to 
celebrities,  in  Dickens’s  “Pickwick  Papers.” 
Hunter,  Robert  Mercer  Taliaferro.  Bom 
April  21,  1809:  died  July  18,  1887.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  was  a member  of  Congress  (Demo- 
cratic) from  Virginia  1837-43  and  1845-47  (speaker  1839- 
1841);  United  States  senator  1847-61 ; Confederate  secre- 
tary of  state  in  1861;  Confederate  senator;  and  peace  com- 
missioner in  1865.  He  became  treasurer  of  Virginia  in 
1874,  and  retired  from  public  life  in  1880.  He  took  a lead- 
ing part  in  the  framing  of  the  tariff  act  of  1857. 

Hunter,  William.  Born  at  Long  Calderwood, 
Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  May  23,  1718 : died  at 
London,  March  30,  1783.  A British  physician, 
anatomist,  and  physiologist.  He  was  noted  as  alec- 
tureron  anatomy,  ami  as  the  collector  of  a museum  (now 
in  the  University  of  Glasgow).  He  wrote  “Anatomy  of 
the  Gravid  Uterus  ” (1774),  etc. 

Hunter,  Sir  William  Wilson.  Born  July  15, 
1840  : died  near  Oxford,  Feb.  6,  1900.  An  Eng- 
lish statistician  and  author.  He  received  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  Indian  civil  service  in  1862,  and  became 
director-general  of  statistics  in  India  in  1871.  He  pub- 
lished “ A Comparative  Dictionary  of  the  Non- Aryan  Lan- 
guages of  India"  (1868),  “The  Imperial  Gazetteer  of 
India”  (1881),  “A  Brief  History  of  the  Indian  People" 
(1882),  “The  Indian  Empire  ” (1895),  “A  History  of  Brit- 
ish India  ” (firBt  two  vols.  1899-1900). 

Huntingdon  (hun 'ting-don).  [ME. Huntyngdon, 
H untendon,  Huntendun,  AS.  Huntandim,  hun- 
ter’s hill.]  1.  A county  in  south  midland  Eng- 
land, also  called  Hunts.  It  is  bounded  by  Cambridge 
on  the  east,  Bedford  on  thesouthand  southwest,  and  North- 
ampton on  the  west  and  north.  The  northern  portion  be- 


Huntingdon 

longs  to  the  Fen  district.  Agriculture  is  the  leading  In- 
dustry. Area  (ad.  co.),  365  square  miles.  Population 
(pari,  co.),  57,771.  Also  Huntingdonshire. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Huntingdon, 
on  the  Ouse  57  miles  north  of  London,  it  was 

the  birthplace  of  Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  residence  of 
Cowper.  Population,  4,261. 

Huntingdon,  Countess  of.  See  Shirley,  Selina. 
Huntingdonians  (hun-ting-do'ni-anz).  A de- 
nomination of  Cal vinistic  Methodists  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  adherents  of  George  Whitefield 
and  Selina,  countess  of  Huntingdon,  after  their 
separation  from  the  Wesleys. 

Huntington  (hun'ting-ton),  Daniel.  Bom  at 
New  York,  Oct.  14,  1816:  died  there,  April  18, 
1906.  An  American  painter,  especially  noted 
for  portraits.  He  was  a pupil  of  Morse  and  of  Inman, 
and  was  elected  national  academician  in  1S40.  He  was  for 
many  years  president  of  the  National  Academy.  Among 
his  paintings  is  “ The  Republican  Court  in  the  Time  of 
Washington." 

Huntington,  Frederick  Dan.  Born  at  Hadley, 
Mass.,  May  28,  1819:  died  there,  July  11,  1904. 
An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church.  He  was  pastor  of  the  South  Congregational 
Church  at  Eoston  1842-55,  and  was  Plummer  professor  of 
Christian  morals  in  Harvard  University  1855-60,  when  he 
withdrewfrom  the  Unitarian  denomination  and  took  orders 
in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  established,  w th 
Dr.  George  M.  Randall,  the  “Church  Monthly  ” in  1861, 
and  in  1869  became  bishop  of  Central  New  York. 
Huntington,  Samuel.  Born  at  Windham, Conn., 
about  1732:  died,  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Jan.  5, 1796. 
An  American  politician,  a signer  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  as  member  of  Congress 
in  1776.  He  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1786- 
1796. 

Hunts  (hunts).  An  abbreviation  of  Huntingdon 
or  Huntingdonshire. 

Huntsville  (hunts'  vil).  A manufacturing  town 
and  the  capital  of  Madison  County,  Alabama. 
Population,  7,611,  (1910). 

Hunyady  (hon'yod-i),  Johannes  Corvinus. 
Born  at  Hunyad,  Transylvania,  1387 : died  at 
Semi  in,  Croatia-Slavonia,  Aug.  11,  1456.  A 
Hungarian  general.  He  became  voivode  of  Transyl- 
vania in  1442,  and  regent  of  Hungary  on  the  death  of  Ladis- 
laus  I.  of  Poland  at  the  battle  of  Varna  in  1444.  His  most 
celebrated  exploit  was  the  successful  defense  of  Belgrad 
against  the  Turks  under  Mohammed  II.  in  1456. 

Hnnyady  was  the  name  the  Christians  conjured  with. 
When  King  Sigismund  of  Hungary  was  flying  from  one  of 
his  unsuccessful  engagements  with  the  Ottoman  armies, 
he  met  and  loved  the  beautiful  Elizabeth  Morsiney,  at  the 
village  of  Hnnyadd,  and  John  Hunyady  was  believed  to  be 
the  fruit  of  this  consolatory  affection.  “Whatsoever  Iris 
parents  were,”  says  Knolles,  ‘‘lie  himself  was  a politic, 
valiant,  fortunate,  and  famous  captain,  his  victories  so 
great  as  the  like  was  never  before  by  any  Christian  prince 
obtained  against  the  Turks;  so  that  his  name  became  unto 
them  so  dreadful  that  they  used  the  same  to  fear  their  cry- 
ing children  withal.”  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  87. 

Hunza  (hon'za).  A small  hill  kingdom,  nom- 
inally tributary  to  Kashmir,  situated  opposite 
Nagar  along  the  Hunza  River,  it  joined  with 
Nagar  in  an  insurrection  crushed  by  British  troops  in  1831. 
It  commands  an  important  route  from  the  Pamirs  and 
Asiatic  Russia. 

Hunza  River,  or  Kanjat.  A small  river,  north 
of  Kashmir,  which  unites  with  the  Gilgit. 
Hucnde Bordeaux (ii-6h'  debor-do').  AFrench 
chanson  de  geste.  It  supplied  Shakspere  with 
some  of  the  dramatis  person®  of  ‘ ‘A  Midsummer 
Night’s  Dream.” 

Huon  de  Board  eaux,  though  written  in  verse  as  far-  back 
as  the  thirteenth  century,  is  not  in  its  present  form  sup- 
posed to  be  long  anterior  to  the  invention  of  printing,  as 
there  are  no  manuscripts  of  it  extant.  It  is  said,  indeed, 
at  the  end  of  the  work,  that  it  was  written  by  the  desire 
of  Charles  Seigneur  de  Rochefort,  and  completed  on  the 
29th  of  January,  1454;  but  it  is  suspected  that  the  conclu- 
sion is  of  a date  somewhat  more  recent  than  the  first  part 
of  the  romance.  The  oldest  edition  is  one  in  folio,  with- 
out date,  and  the  second  is  in  quarto,  1516.  There  are  also 
different  impressions,  in  the  original  language,  of  a more 
recent  period.  Huon  of  Bordeaux,  indeed,  seems  to  have 
been  a favourite  romance  not  only  among  the  French,  but 
also  with  other  nations.  The  English  translation,  executed 
by  Lord  Berners  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  has  gone 
through  three  editions,  and  it  has  lately  formed  the  sub- 
ject of  the  finest  poem  in  the  German  language.  . . . The 
incidents  in  the  Oberon  of  Wieland  are  nearly  the  same 
with  those  in  the  old  French  romance,  and  are  universally 
known  through  the  . . . translation  of  Mr.  Sotheby. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  294. 
Huon  Gulf.  A gulf  in  the  east  of  New  Guinea. 
Hupa  (ho'pa),  or  Hoopah.  A tribe  of  the  Pa- 
cific division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  formerly  in  villages  along 
the  lower  Trinity  River,  California,  now  on  the 
Hoopa  valley  Indian  reservation,  California. 
See  Athapascan. 

Eu-peh  (ho-pa' ),  Hu-piil  (ho-pe'),  etc.  A prov- 
ince in  central  China.  Area,  71,410  square 
miles.  Population.  35,280,685. 

Hupfeld  (hop'feld),  Hermann.  Born  at  Mar- 
burg, Prussia,  March  31,  1796:  died  at  Halle, 


520 

Prussia,  April,  1866.  A German  theologian  and 
Orientalist,  noted  as  a biblical  critic.  He  was  pro- 
fessor  at  Marburg  1825-43,  and  at  Halle  1843-66.  Among 
his  works  are  “tfbersetzung  und  Auslegung  der  Psalmen  ” 
(1855-61),  “Die  Quellen  der  Genesis  aufs  neue  untersucht” 
(1853),  etc. 

Huram.  See  Hiram. 

Hurdwar.  See  Hardwar. 

Hurepoix  (iir-pwa/).  A former  small  territory 
in  northern  France,  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise.  Its  chief  town  was  Dourdan. 

Hurlbut  (herl' but),  Stephen  Augustus.  Born 
at  Charleston.  S.  C.,  Nov.  29, 1815 : died  at  Lima, 
Peru,  March  27,  1882.  An  American  general 
and  politician.  He  became  a brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  the  Union  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  in 
1862 ; was  promoted  major-general  of  volunteers  in  the 
same  year;  and  commanded  a corps  under  Sherman  in  the 
expedition  to  Meridian  in  Feh.,  1864.  He  was  United 
States  minister  to  tile  United  States  of  Colombia  1869-73, 
Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1873-77,  and 
United  States  minister  to  Peru  from  1881  until  his  death. 
Hurlothrumbo  (her-lo-thrum'bo) . A burlesque 
opera  written  and  brought  out  by  Samuel  J ohn- 
son  (1691—1773)  in  1729.  He  played  the  part  of  Lord 
Flame.  The  piece  was  successful,  through  the  imperturb- 
able conceit  of  Johnson,  and  a Hurlothrumbo  Society  was 
formed,  the  word  becoming  proverbial  for  absurdity  and 
nonsense. 

Huron.  See  Wyandot. 

Huron  (liu'ron),  Lake.  One  of  the  5 great  lakes 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  basin.  It  lies  between  Michi- 
gan on  the  west  and  the  province  of  Ontario  on  the  north- 
east and  south.  Its  chief  arms  are  Georgian  Bay,  Saginaw 
Bay,  and  Thunder  Bay  ; the  chief  island,  Grand  Manitou- 
lin.  It  is  connected  with  Lake  Superior  by  St.  Mary's 
River,  and  with  Lake  Michigan  by  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw. 
Its  outlet  is  St.  Clair  River.  It  is  named  from  the  Huron 
tribe  of  Indians.  Length,  270  miles.  Breadth,  excluding 
Georgian  Bay,  105  miles.  Depth,  from  300  to  800  feet. 
Height  above  Bea-level,  581  feet.  Area,  estimated,  23,800 
square  miles. 

Hurrur.  See  Harar. 

Hurst  (herst),  John  Fletcher.  Bom  near  Sa- 
lem, Md.,  Aug.  17,  1834:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  May  4,  1903.  An  American  bishop  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  a writer  on 
church  history.  He  became  professor  of  historical 
theology  in  Drew  Theological  Seminary  (Madison,  New 
Jersey)  in  1871,  of  which  institution  he  was  president 
1373-80,  when  he  was  elected  bishop.  He  published  a 
“ History  of  Rationalism  ” (1865),  an  “ Outline  of  Church 
History  ' (1876),  “Short  History  of  the  Reformation” 
(1884),  “Short  History  of  the  Medieval  Church"  (1887), 
“The  Success  of  the  Gospel,  etc.”  (1888),  etc. 

Hurtado  de  Men£loza(6r-ta'do  da  man-do'tha), 
Andres.  Born  at  Cuenca  about  1490:  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  March  30,  1561.  A Spanish  noble- 
man, marquis  of  Cahete,  who  was  governor  of 
Cuenca,  and  from  June  29, 1556,  viceroy  of  Peru. 
He  took  vigorous  measures  against  those  who  had  been  in 
rebellion,  and  for  tire  first  time  placed  the  government  of 
the  country  on  a secure  footing.  Sayri  Tupac,  the  last  of 
the  Inca  chiefs,  was  induced  to  leave  his  mountain  fast- 
nesses and  resign  his  sovereignty. 

Hurtado  de  Mendoza,  Garcia,  Marquis  of  Ca- 
nute from  1561.  Bom  July  25,  1535:  died  Oct. 
15,  1609.  A Spanish  administrator,  son  of 
Andr6s  whom  he  accompanied  to  Peru  in  1556. 
His  father  made  him  governor  of  Chile  1567-60,  where  he 
carried  on  a successful  war  with  the  Araucanians.  Return- 
ing to  Spain,  he  served  in  the  war  with  Portugal.  He  was 
viceroy  of  Peru  from  Jan.  6,  1590,  to  July  24,  1596.  The 
Marquesas  Islands,  discovered  in  1525  by  an  expedition 
which  he  sent  out,  were  named  in  his  honor. 

Hurtado  de  Mendoza  yLuna  (e  16'nii),  Juan 
Manuel,  -Marquis  of  Montes-Claros.  Born  at 
Seville  about  1560 : died  at  Madrid,  Oct.  9, 1628. 
A Spanish  administrator,  viceroy  of  Mexico 
1603  to  1606,  and  of  Peru  Dec.  21,  1607,  to  Dec. 
18,  1615.  He  was  an  able  and  successful  ruler. 
Often  called  Juan  de  Mendoza  y Luna. 

Hurter  (hor'ter),  Friedrich  Emanuel  von. 
Born  at  Schaffhausen,  Switzerland.  March  19, 
1787 : died  at  Gratz,  Styria,  Aug.  27,  1865.  A 
Swiss  historian.  He  was  Protestant  pastor  at  Schafr- 
hausen  1825-41.  In  1844  he  went  over  to  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  becoming  an  exponent  of  ultramontanism. 
From  184G  (except  1848-52)  he  was  imperial  historiographer 
at  Vienna.  He  wrote  “Geschichte  Papst  Innocenz  III. 
und  seiner  Zeitgenossen  ” G 834-42),  ‘‘Geschichte  Ferdi- 
nands II.  und  seiner  Elterir  (1850-64),  etc. 

Hus,  John.  See  Huss. 

Husar  de  Ayacucho.  See  Herran,  Pedro  Al- 
cantara. 

Husbands  (huz'bandz),  Herman.  Born  in  Penn- 
sylvania: died  near  Philadelphia,  1795.  An 
American  revolutionist.  He  was  a leader  of  the  North 
Carolina  “ Regulators  ” 1768-71,  and  of  the  “ whisky  insur- 
rection  ” in  western  Pennsylvania  in  1794. 

Husch  (bosh),  or  Husi  (ho'se),  or  Hush  (liosh). 
Atown  in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  near  the 
Pruth  38  miles  southeast  of  Jassy.  The  peace  of 
the  Pruth  (which  see)  was  signed  here  in  1711.  Popula- 
tion, 15,625. 

Hushang  (hij-slieng').  According  to  Firdausi, 
the  second  Iranian  king.  He  first  separated  iron  from 


Hutchinsoniaus 

ore,  and  practised  irrigat  ion  and  the  breeding  of  animals. 
Hurling  at  a seipent  demon  a stone  which  struck  a spark 
from  another,  he  was  led  to  ordain  the  worship  of  fire. 

Hushiarpur  (hosh-e-ar-por'),  or  Hoshiarpur 
(hosh-e-ar-por').  1.  A district  in  the  Jalan- 
dhar division,  Panjab,  British  India, intersected 
by  lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  76°  E.  Area,  2,244 
square  miles.  Population,  989,782.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Hushiarpur,  situated 
about  lat.  31°  32'  N.,  long.  75°  52'  E. 
Huskisson  (hus'ki-son),  William.  Bom  at 
Birch  Moreton,  Worcestershire,  England,  March 
11, 1770:  accidentally  killedatEccles,  near  Man- 
chester, Sept.  15, 1830.  An  English  statesman 
and  financier.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  1804-06 
and  1807-09 ; president  of  the  board  of  trade  1823-27 ; and 
colonial  secretary  1827-29. 

Huss  (bus;  G.  pron.  bos),  or  Hus,  John.  Born 
at  Husinetz,  near  Praehatitz,  southern  Bohe- 
mia, July  6, 1369 : burned  at  Constance,  Baden, 
July  6, 1415.  A celebrated  Bohemian  religious 
reformer.  He  was  the  son  of  well-to-do  Czech  peasants, 
and  studied  divinity  and  the  liberal  arts  at  the  University 
of  Prague,  where  he  began  to  lecture  on  the  writings  of 
Wyclif  in  1398.  He  was  appointed  dean  of  the  philosophi- 
cal faculty  in  1401,  and  was  rector  of  the  university  1402- 
1403.  In  1402  he  became  pastor  of  the  Bethlehem  Chapel 
at  Prague,  where  as  a popular  preacher  in  the  Czech  lan- 
guagehe  spread  thedoctrinesof  Wyclif  amongthe  populace, 
and  sought  to  bring  about  a reformation  of  ecclesiastical 
abuses  without  separating  himself  from  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church.  He  was  reelected  to  the  rectorship  of  the 
university  in  1409.  In  1412  he  denounced  the  bull  of  John 
XXIII.  decreeing  a crusade  against  Ladislaus,  king  of 
Naples  and  Hungary,  and  with  his  coadjutor,  Jerome  of 
Prague,  condemned  the  sale  of  indulgences,  with  the  re- 
sult that  he  was  excommunicated  in  1413.  He  was  in  1414 
cited  before  the  Council  of  Constance,  where  he  was  ar- 
rested in  spite  of  a safe-conduct  from  the  emperor  Sigis- 
mund, and  burned  at  the  stake  as  a heretic.  A complete 
edition' of  his  works  was  published  in  1558. 

Hussars  of  Junin.  [Sp.  Husaresde  Junin.']  A 
title  conferred  by  Bolivar  on  the  Peruvian  cav- 
alry which  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Junin. 
They  were  commanded  by  Miller. 

Hussein.  See  Hasan. 

Hussites  (hus'its).  The  followers  of  John  Huss. 
See  Huss.  The  Hussites  organized  themselves  imme- 
diately after  Huss’s  death  into  a politico-religious  party, 
and  waged  fierce  civil  war  from  1419  to  1434.  A compromise 
was  effected  1433-36.  They  were  divided  in  doctrine  into 
radical  and  conservative  sections  called  Taborites  and 
Calixtines.  The  former  finally  became  merged  with  the 
Bohemian  Brethren,  and  the  latter  partly  with  the  Lu- 
therans and  partly  with  the  Roman  Catholics. 

Husum  (ho'som).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  near  the 
Heverstrom  21  miles  west  of  Schleswig.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  9,041. 

Huszt  (host).  A town  in  the  county  of  Mdr- 
maros,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  48°  10'  N., 
long.  23°  17'  E.  Population,  commune,  8,716. 
Hutcheson  (huch'e-spn),  Francis.  Born  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  Aug.  8,  1694:  died  at 
Glasgow,  1746.  A Scottish  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow  1729-46. 
He  wrote  an  “ Inquiry  into  the  Original  of  our  Ideas  of 
Beauty  and  Virtue  ” (1725),  “Nature  and  Conduct  of  the 
Passions  and  Affections”  (1728),  “System  of  Moral  Philos- 
ophy ” (1755),  etc. 

Hutchinson  (huch'in-son).  The  capital  of  Reno 
County,  southern  Kansas,  on  the  Arkansas 
River.  Population,  16,364,  (1910). 
Hutchinson,  Mrs.  (Anne  Marbury).  Born  in 
Lincolnshire,  England,  about  1590:  killed  by 
Indians  near  Hell  Gate,  N.  Y.,  1643.  A reli- 
gious enthusiast,  the  leader  of  an  antinomian 
faction.  She  emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in 
1634,  and  was  banished  from  there  in  1637. 
Hutchinson,  John.  Born  in  Nottingham,  Eng- 
land, 1615:  died  at  Sandown  Castle,  Kent, 
England,  Sept.  11,  1664.  An  English  revolu- 
tionist and  regicide.  An  account  of  his  life 
(written  by  his  wife)  was  published  1806. 
Hutchinson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Boston,  Sept. 
9,  1711:  died  at  Brompton,  near  London,  June, 
1780.  An  American  magistrate  and  historian. 
He  became  acting  governor  of  Massachusetts  1769,  gov- 
ernor 1771,  and  resigned  in  1774.  Author  of  “ Distory  of 
the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay  " (1764-67),  “Collection 
of  Original  Papers  relative  to  the  History  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  ” (1769). 

Hutchinsonians  (hucli-in-so'ni-anz).  1.  Those 
who  held  the  views  of  John  Hutchinson  (1674- 
1737),  a secular  English  writer  on  theology  and 
natural  philosophy.  He  and  his  followers  interpret- 
ed the  Bible  mystically,  regarded  it  as  an  infallible  source 
of  science  and  philosophy,  opposed  the  Newtonian  sys- 
tem, and  laid  great  stresson  the  importance  of  the  Hebrew 
language.  The  Hutchinsonian  school  existed  till  the  19th 
century. 

2.  In  American  history,  the  followers  of  Mrs. 
Anne  Hutchinson  (died  1643),  an  antinomian 
teacher,  in  the  early  days  of  the  colony  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay. 


Hutten 

Hutten  (hot'ten),  Ulrich  von.  Born  at  Castle 
Steckelberg,  near  Fulda,  Prussia,  April  21, 1488 : 
died  on  the  island  of  Ufenau,  Lake  Zurich,  Aug. 
23,  1523.  A German  humanist.  Intended  for  the 
church,  he  was  in  1498  placed  in  the  monastery  of  Fulda, 
whence  he  fled  in  1505.  lie  subsequently  studied  the 
humanities  at  various  German  and  Italian  universities, 
including  those  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  and  Pavia.  He 
served  in  the  imperial  army  in  1513:  was  crowned  poet  by 
the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  at  Augsburg  in  1517;  entered 
the  service  of  the  Archbishop  of  Mentz  in  1518 ; joined  the 
Swabian  League  against  Ulrich,  duke  of  Wiirtemberg,  in 
1519  ; and  in  1522  fought  unsuccessfully  with  Franz  von 
Sickingen  at  the  head  of  the  nobility  of  the  Upper  Rhine 
against  the  spiritual  principalities.  He  was  a friend  and 
supporter  of  Luther;  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  “Epis- 
tolse  Obscurorum  Virorum ’’(which  see);  and  was  one  of 
the  principal  satirical  writers  of  his  time.  Works  edited 
by  E.  Booking  (1859-62) ; life  by  Strauss  (1857). 

Hutton  (hut'ii),  Charles.  Born  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  England,  Aug.  14,  1737:  died  Jan.  27, 
1823.  An  English  mathematician,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  Royal  Academy, Woolwich, 
1773-1807.  Among  his  works  are  “ Mathematical  and 
Philosophical  Dictionary"  (1795),“  Courseof  Mathematics” 
(1798). 

Hutton,  Janies.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  June  3, 
1726:  died  March  26, 1797.  A Scottish  geologist 
and  natural  philosopher.  He  wrote  “Theory 
of  the  Earth,  etc.”  (1795),  etc. 

Hutton,  Richard  Holt.  Born  at  Leeds,  June 
2, 1826  : died  at  Twickenham,  Sept.  9,  1897.  An 
English  journalist  and  essayist,  editor  of  the 
“ Spectator  ” 1861-97. 

Huxley  ( huks'li ) , Thomas  Henry.  Born  at  Eal- 
ing, near  London,  May  4,  1825 : died  at  East- 
bourne, June  29,  1895.  A celebrated  English 
biologist.  He  was  educated  at  Ealing  School  and  at  Char- 
ing Cross  Hospital,  London  ; served  as  assistant  surgeon 
on  board  H.  M.  S.  Rattlesnake  1846-60 ; became  professor 
of  natural  history  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  and  Ful- 
lerian  professor  of  physiology  at  the  Royal  Institution,  in 
1855  : was  installed  lord  rector  of  Aberdeen  University  for 
a term  of  three  years  in  1874  ; was  Rede  lecturer  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1883 ; and  was  president  of  the  Royal  Society  1881- 
1885.  Among  his  works  are  “Oceanic  Hydrozoa  ” (1S59), 
“Evidence  as  to  Man’s  Place  in  Nature  ”(1863),  “ Lectures 
on  the  Elements  of  Comparative  Anatomy  ” (1864),  “ Les- 
sons in  Elementary  Physiology  ”(1866),  “An  Introduction 
to  the  Classification  of  Animals”  (1869),  “Lay  Sermons” 
(1870),  “A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy  of  Vertebrated  Animals” 
(1871),  “Critiques  and  Addresses  ”(1873),  “Physiography” 
(1877),  “A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy  of  Invertebrated  Ani- 
mals” (1877),  “ The  Crayfish  ” (1880),  “Science  and  Culture  ” 
(1881),  “A  Course  of  Practical  Instruction  in  Elementary 
Biology  ” (with  H.  M.  Martin,  1875),  “Essays  upon  some 
Controverted  Questions ’’ (1892),  “Evolution  and  Ethics” 
(1893). 

Huy  (ii-e  ),  Flem.  Hoey.  Atownin  the  province 
of  Liege,  Belgium.  Population,  14,289. 
Huygens,  less  correctly  Huyghens  (hi'genz ; D. 
pron.  hoi' Gens),  Christian.  Bom  at  The  Hague, 
April  14,  1629 : died  there,  June  8,  1695.  A 
celebrated  Dutch  physicist,  astronomer,  and 
mathematician,  son  of  Constantijn  Huygens. 
He  discovered  a satellite  of  Saturn  in  1655,  and  the  ring 
of  Saturn  in  1659 ; invented  the  pendulum  clock  in  1656 ; 
improved  the  telescope ; and  developed  the  wave-theory 
of  light.  He  wrote  “Horologium  Oscillatorium  ” (1673). 

Huygens,  or  Huyghens,  Constantijn : L.  Hu- 
genius.  Born  at  The  Hague,  Sept.  4, 1596 : died 
at  his  estate,  Hofwijk,  March  28, 1687.  A Dutch 
poet,  father  of  Christian  Huygens.  He  was  the 
son  of  a state  secretary.  He  studied  at  Leyden,  and  sub- 
sequently was  sent  upon  various  embassies,  first  to  Eng- 
land, then  to  Venice,  and  afterward  twice  again  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  knighted  in  1622.  In  1625  he  suc- 
ceeded to  his  father’s  position.  His  collected  poems  ap- 
peared for  the  flrst  time  in  1625,  under  the  title  “ Otja,  of 
Ledighe  Uren  ” (“  Otia,  or  Idle  Hours  ”),  later  amplified  as 
“ Korenbloemen  ” (“Cornflowers,”  1658-72)  in  27  books. 
His  later  poems,  “Cluyswerk" (“Cell- Work”),  were  pub- 
lished in  1841. 

Huysuru  (hoi'sum),  Jan  van.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, April  15, 1682 : died  there,  1749.  A noted 
Dutch  painter  of  flowers  and  fruit:  in  this  de- 
partment the  ablest  painter  of  the  18th  century. 

Hwang-ho(hwang'ho),orHuang-ho,orHoang- 

ho,  or  the  Yellow  River.  The  northernmost  of 
the  t wo  chief  rivers  of  China.  It  rises  among  the 
mountains  of  eastern  Tibet,  enters  Kan-su,  traverses  Mon- 
golia, reenters  China,  flowing  south,  east,  and  northeast,  and 
enters  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li.  It  is  called  “China’s  Sorrow” 
from  its  frequent  disastrous  floods.  Length,  2,700  miles. 

Hwen  Tsang.  See  Hiouen-Tsang . 

Hyacinthe  (ya-sant'),  Pere.  See  Loyson, 
Charles. 

HyacintilUS  (hl-a-sm'thus),  [Gr.  fT anivdoc.']  In 
Greek  mythology,  a beautiful  youth,  son  of 
Amyclas,  king  of  Amyclse  in  Laconia,  and  Dio- 
mede. He  typified  the  early  vegetation  of  spring.  He 
was  killed  through  jealousy  by  Apollo  (the  sun)  while  the 
two  were  playing  at  quoits  on  the  hanks  of  the  Eurotas. 
From  his  blood  the  god  caused  the  hyacinth  to  spring,  and 
upon  the  petals  of  the  plant  was  thought  to  be  marked 
the  exclamation  AI  (‘woe!’).  His  festival,  the  Hyacin- 
thia,  was  observed  at  Amyelce  during  three  days  in  .July. 
Hyades  (hi'a-dez).  [Gr.  'Yadef.]  A group  of 
nymphs,  daughters  of  Atlas  and  J3thra,  and  sis- 
ters of  the  Pleiades.  They  nursed  the  infant  Zeus  (or 
VI.  18 


521 

Dionysus),  and  as  a reward  were  transferred  to  the  heav. 
ens  as  a part  of  the  constellation  Taurus.  Their  rising 
with  the  sun  was  associated  with  the  beginning  of  the 
rainy  season.  The  Romans,  through  a mistaken  etymol- 
ogy, called  the  constellation  “ the  little  pigs  ” (Succulte). 

Hybla  Heraea  (hi'bla  he-re'a).  [Gr.  'Hpa/a.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  southern  Sicily, 
about  33  miles  west  of  Syracuse. 

Hybla  Major  (hi'bla  ma/jor)  or  Magna  (mag'- 
nii).  [Gr.  "Yf32.a  ?)  peiZuv  or  iisydh/.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  Sicily,  on  the  southern  slope 
of  Etna,  11  miles  northwest  of  Catania. 

Hybla  Minor  (hi'bla  mi'nor),  or  Megara  Hy- 
blsea  (meg'a-ra  hi-bie'a).  [Gr.  "Y/iXa  ?)  yinpa  or 
ra  M eyapa  t a 'TfiXaia.^  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  of  Sicily,  situated  on  the  east  coast  about 
12  miles  north  of  Syracuse.  It  is  celebrated  for  the 
honey  produced  in  the  vicinity.  Often  confounded  with 
Hybla  Major. 

Hydaspes  (hi-das'pez).  [Gr.  'Yddcrjryc.]  The 
ancient  name  of  the  river  Jhelum. 

Hyde(hid).  A manufacturing  town  in  Cheshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tame  6 miles  east  by 
south  of  Manchester : a market-town  and  muni- 
cipal borough.  Population,  32,766. 

Hyde,  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Clarendon.  Born 
at  Dinton,  Wiltshire,  Peb.  18, 1608  (O.  S.) : died 
at  Rouen,  France,  Dec.  9,  1674.  An  English 
statesman  and  historian.  He  entered  Parliament 
in  1640 ; became  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1643 ; was 
the  chief  adviser  of  Charles  I.  during  the  civil  war,  and  of 
Prince  Charles  during  his  exile ; and  was  lord  chancellor 
of  England  1660-67,  when  he  was  impeached  and  banished 
by  Parliament.  His  chief  works  are  a “True  Historical 
Narrative  of  the  Rebellion  and  Civil  Wars  in  England” 
(generally  termed  “History  of  the  Rebellion,”  1702-04) 
and  “The  Life  of  Edward,  Earl  of  Clarendon,  . . . Writ- 
ten by  Himself  ” (1759). 

Hyde,  Edward,  Viscount  Cornbury  (later  third 
Earl  of  Clarendon).  Died  at  London,  April  1, 
1723.  An  English  politician.  He  was  governor 
of  New  York  1702-08. 

Hyde  Park  (hid  park).  A park  in  Westminster, 
London,  situated  2£  miles  south  by  west  of  St. 
Paul’s.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  London  parks,  ex- 
tending from  Westminster  to  Kensington,  and  covering  an 
area  of  about  390  acres.  It  originally  belonged  to  the  manor 
of  Hyde,  the  property  of  the  monks  of  St.  Peter,  Westmin- 
ster, which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Henry  VIII.  at  the  dis- 
solution of  the  monasteries.  During  the  Commonwealth, 
and  for  10  years  after  the  Restoration,  a large  park  was 
leased  to  private  holders.  In  1670  it  was  inclosed  with  a 
wall  and  restocked  with  deer.  It  is  now  the  principal  rec- 
reation-ground of  London,  and  is  frequented  by  rich  and 
poor.  It  has  9 carriage-entrances  and  many  gates  for  pe- 
destrians. See  Serpentine,  St.  James's  Park,  Rotten  Row, 
and  Ladies'  Mile. 

Hyde  Park.  A former  township  in  Cook  County, 
Illinois,  now  annexed  to  Chicago. 

Hyde  Park.  A township  in  Norfolk  County," 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Neponset  River 
8 miles  south-southwest  of  Boston.  Popula- 
tion, 15,507,  (1910). 

Hyderabad  (hi//der-a-bad'),  or  Haidarabad 
( hi^da-ra-bad' ) , or  The  Nizam’s  Dominions. 
The  principal  Mohammedan  state  and  most  im- 
portant native  state  in  India,  situated  in  the 
Deccan  between  the  British  provinces  of  Bom- 
bay and  Madras.  Capital,  Hyderabad.  The  sur- 
face is  a low  plateau.  The  ruling  people  are  Mohammedans. 
The  prevailing  languages  are  Telugu,  Marathi,  and  Kana- 
rese.  In  1687  it  was  made  a Mogul  province.  About  1713 
the  viceroy  (Nizam-ul-Mulk)  became  independent.  In 
1748  there  was  a disputed  succession,  one  of  the  rivals  be- 
ing supported  by  DupleLx  and  one  by  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. Atreatyof  alliance  with  England  was  made  in  1760. 
In  the  mutiny  of  1857  Hyderabad  sided  with  England. 
Area,  82,098  square  miles.  Population,  11,141,142. 

Hyderabad,  or  Haidarabad.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Hyderabad,  situated  on  the  river 
Musi.  It  is  an  important  commercial  center.  The  can- 
tonment of  Secunderabad  and  the  old  city  Goiconda  are 
in  the  neighborhood.  Population,  with  suburbs,  448,466. 

Hyderabad,  or  Haidarabad.  A city  in  Sind, 
British  India,  near  the  Indus.  It  is  a manu- 
facturing center.  It  was  founded  in  1768.  Pop- 
ulation, 69,378. 

Hyder  Ali  (hi'der  a'le),  or  Haidar  Ali  (M'- 
dar  a'le).  Died  at  Chittore,  British  India,  Dec., 
1782.  A maharaja  of  Mysore.  He  was  of  obscure 
birth;  entered  the  Mysore  army  in  1749;  became  virtual 
ruler  of  Mysore  in  1759 ; and  usurped  the  title  of  maha- 
raja inl766.  The  English  having  formed  aleague  with  the 
Mahrattas  against  him,  in  1767  a war  ensued  which  re- 
sulted in  the  defeat  of  the  English,  who  were  compelled 
to  sue  for  peace  in  1769.  In  alliance  with  the  French  and 
Mahrattas,  he  invaded  the  Carnatic  in  1780,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Sir  Eyre  Coote  at  Porto  Novo,  PollUoor,  and  Sho- 
lingur  in  1781. 

Hydra  (hi'dra).  [Gr.  v6pa,  water-snake.]  l.In 
Greek  mythology,  a monstrous  dragon  of  Lake 
Lerna  in  Argolis,  represented  as  having  9 heads, 
each  of  which,  being  cut  off,  was  immediately 
succeeded  by  2 new  ones  unless  the  wound  was 
cauterized.  The  destruction  of  this  monster  was 
one  of  the  “twelve  labors” of  Hercules. — 2.  An 


Hypatia 

ancient  southern  constellation,  representing  a 
sea-serpent.  It  is  of  Babylonian  origin,  like  most  of 
the  ancient  constellations.  It  is  bounded  by  the  ancient 
constellations  Canis  Minor,  Argo,  Centaurus,  Virgo,  Cor- 
vus,  Crater,  Leo,  and  Cancer,  and  by  the  modern  constel- 
lations Sextans  and  Monoceros  (which  separates  it  from 
Canis  Major).  It  contains  1 star  of  the  second  magnitude, 
and  about  400  stars  visible  to  the  naked  eye. 

Hydra.  [Gr.  "Y dpa.]  An  island  in  the  Greek 
Archipelago,  4 miles  from  the  Peloponnesus. 
It  contains  the  seaport  of  Hydra.  It  was  noted  for  its 
trad e bef ore  the  war  of  independence,  and  took  a leading 
part  in  that  war.  Length,  11  miles.  Population,  about 
7,000. 

Hydriotaphia,  or  Urn-Burial.  A work  by  Sir 
Thomas  Browne,  published  in  1658.  “it  is  a des- 
cant on  the  vanity  of  human  life,  based  on  the  discovery 
of  certain  cinerary  urns  in  Norfolk.” 

Hy&res  (e-ar').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Var,  France,  near  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
Riviera,  10  miles  east  of  Toulon:  the  ancient 
Castrum  Arearum.  It  is  a noted  winter  health-resort. 
It  was  destroyed  in  the  religious  wars.  Massillon  was 
born  there.  Population,  commune,  17,790. 

Hygieia  (hi-ji-e'yii),  or  Hygeia  (hi-je'ya).  [Gr. 
fY yieia,  later  erroneously  fY ytia,  health.]  1. 
The  goddess  of  health.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  iEsculapras. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  10)  dis- 
covered by  De  Gasparis  at  Naples,  April  12, 1849. 
Hyksos  (hik'soz),  or  Shepherd  Kings.  The 
name  given  to  kings  of  Egypt,  of  a foreign  race, 
whose  rule  (about  2000  b.  c.)  fell  between  the 
13th  and  the  18th  dynasty,  and  lasted,  according 
to  Manetho,  for  511  years. 

Hyksos  is  the  Egyptian  hik-shasu,“  chief  of  the  Beduins,” 
or  “Shepherds,”  Shasu  being  the  name  given  to  the  Se- 
mitic nomades  of  Northwestern  Arabia.  The  Hyksos,  how- 
ever, are  called  Men  or  Menti  in  the  inscriptions,  Menti 
being  explained  in  the  geographical  table  of  Edfu  to  be 
the  natives  of  Syria.  In  accordance  with  this,  Manetho 
speaks  of  Jerusalem  as  aHyksos  town,  and  their  Egyptian 
capital,  Zoan  or  Tanis,  is  connected  with  Hebron  in  N umb. 
xiii.  22.  It  is  possible  that  their  leaders  were  Hittite 
princes,  though  Lepsius  believes  them  to  have  come  from 
Punt  or  Southern  Arabia ; at  any  rate,  their  features,  as 
revealed  by  the  few  memorials  of  them  that  exist,  more 
especially  the  lion  of  SJn,  belong  to  a very  peculiar  and 
non-Semitic  type.  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  31. 

The  exact  nationality  of  the  Hyksos  is  still  a matter  of 
dispute.  All  we  know  with  certainty  is  that  they  came 
from  Asia,  and  they  brought  with  them  in  their  train  vast 
numbers  of  Semites  who  occupied  the  northern  part  of 
Egypt.  Comparatively  few  Hyksos  monuments  have  as 
yet  been  discovered.  These  exhibit  a peculiar  type  of 
features,  very  unlike  that  of  the  Egyptians.  The  face  is 
thickly  bearded,  the  hair  being  curly,  with  a pigtail  hang- 
ing behind  the  head.  The  nose  is  broad  and  sub-aquiline, 
the  cheek-bones  high,  the  forehead  square  and  knitted, 
the  lips  prominent  and  expressive  of  intense  determina- 
tion. The  kindly  urbanity  so  characteristic  of  the  Egyp- 
tian face  in  statuary  is  replaced  by  an  expression  of  stern- 
ness and  vigour.  Among  the  ethnological  types  presented 
by  the  Egyptian  sculptures  there  is  only  one  which  can  be 
compared  with  that  of  the  Hyksos  monuments.  This  is 
the  type  peculiar  to  the  inhabitants  of  Northeastern  Syria, 
in  the  district  called  Nahrina  by  the  Egyptians  and  Aram- 
Naharaimin  the  Old  Testament.  It  was  a district  of  winch 
the  centre  was  Mitanni  in  the  fifteenth  and  following  cen- 
turies before  the  Christian  era ; and  since  the  cuneiform 
tablets  recently  discovered  at  Tel  el-Amarna  have  disclosed 
to  us  the  fact  that  the  language  of  Mitanni  was  neither  Se- 
mitic nor  Indo-European,  we  may  perhaps  conclude  that 
the  population  which  spoke  it  was  also  non-Semitic.  How- 
ever this  may  be,  if  we  are  to  regard  the  so-called  Hyksos 
sphinxes  of  Sdn  as  reproducing  the  Hyksos  type  of  coun- 
tenance, it  would  follow  that  the  hordes  which  over- 
whelmed Egypt  in  the  twenty-third  century  B.  c.  were  led 
by  princes  from  Northern  Syria. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  95. 

Hylacomylus.  See  Waldseemiiller,  Martin. 

Hylas  (M'las).  In  classical  mythology,  a boy 
who  was  a favorite  of  Hercules.  He  was  carried 
off  by  the  Naiads,  who  fell  in  love  with  him  while  he  was 
drawing  water  from  a fountain  in  Mysia. 

Hymen  (hi'men),  or  Hymenseus  (hi-me-ne'us). 
[Gr.  'Tyt/v,  'Tyevalop.']  Originally,  a marriage- 
song  among  the  Greeks.  The  names  were  gradu- 
ally personified,  and  Hymen  was  invoked  as  the  god  of 
marriage.  He  is  represented  as  a taller  and  more  serious 
youth  than  Eros,  carrying  a bridal  torch. 

Hymettus  (hl-met'us).  [Gr.  'Yj/yrrdf.]  The  an- 
cient name  of  a mountain  in  Attica,  Greece, 
southeast  of  Athens:  the  modem Trelo  Votmi. 
It  was  celebrated  for  honey,  and  also  noted  for 
its  marble.  Height,  3,368  feet. 

Hymir  (he'mir).  [ON.]  InOldNorsemythology, 
a water-demon,  the  giant  of  the  winter  sea.  He 
dwelt  far  in  the  east,  at  the  end  of  the  heavens,  by  the  sea. 
The  glaciers  resounded  when  he  returned  home  from  the 
chase,  and  his  beard  was  covered  with  ice.  He  was  the 
original  owner  of  the  kettle  in  which  the  gods  brewed  ale. 

Hyogo.  See  Eiorjo. 

Hypatia  (hi-pa'shia).  [Gr.  Tmm'a.]  A Neo- 
platonic philosopher  of  Alexandria,  at  the  end 
of  the  4th  and  the  beginning  of  the  5th  century, 
celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  her  unhappy  fate. 

The  celebrity  of  Theon  is  obscured  by  that  of  his  daugh- 
ter Hypatia,  whose  sex,  youth,  beauty,  and  cruel  fate  have 
made  her  the  most  interesting  martyr  of  philosophy.  After 
receiving  instruction  in  mathematics  from  her  father,  who 
was  a professor  at  the  Museum  in  his  native  city,  she  went 


Hypatia 

to  Athens,  where  she  became  such  a proficient  in  the  Pla- 
tonic philosophy  that,  on  her  return  to  Alexandria,  she 
presided  in  the  public  schools  there,  and  taught  at  once 
the  mathematics  of  Apollonius  and  Diophantus,  and  the 
philosophy  of  Ammonius  and  Plotinus.  Herinfluenceover 
the  studious  and  educated  classes  in  Alexandria,  especially 
the  intimacy  which  subsisted  between  her  and  the  prefect 
Orestes,  excited  the  hatred  and  jealousy  of  the  narrow- 
minded and  unprincipled  archbishop  ; and  Cyril  found  no 
difficulty  in  directing  the  brutal  violence  of  a superstitious 
mob  against  one  who  was  described  as  an  enemy  of  the 
faith  and  its  ministers.  Headed  by  an  ecclesiastic  named 
Peter,  a band  of  fanatics  attacked  Hypatia,  in  the  spring 
of  A.  I).  415,  as  she  was  passing  through  the  streets  in  her 
chariot,  dragged  her  to  one  of  the  churehes,  where  they 
pulled  her  clothes  from  her  back,  and  then  cast  her  out 
into  the  street,  pelted  her  to  death  with  fragments  of  earth- 
enware, tore  her  body  to  pieces,  and  committed  her  mu- 
tilated remains  to  the  flames. 

K.  0.  Muller , Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  351. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Hypatia.  A novel  by  Charles  Kingsley,  pub- 
lished in  1853. 

Hyperboreans  (hi-per-bo're-anz).  [Gr.  'Yirep- 
(36pcot,  those  who  are  beyond  the  north  wind.] 
In  early  Greek  legend,  a people  who  lived  be- 
yond the  noi’th  wind,  and  were  not  exposed  to 
its  blasts,  but  enjoyed  a land  of  perpetual  sun- 
shine and  abundant  fruits.  They  werefree  from  dis- 
ease, violence,  and  war.  Their  natural  life  lasted  a thou- 
sand years,  and  was  spent  in  the  worship  of  Apollo.  In 
later  times  the  Greeks  gave  the  name  to  inhabitants  of 
northern  countries  generally. 

Very  elaborate  accounts  have  been  given  of  the  Hyper- 
boreans both  in  ancient  and  modern  times.  Hecatseus  of 
Abdera,  a contemporary  of  Alexander  the  Great,  wrote  a 
book  concerning  them.  They  are,  however,  in  reality  not 
a historical,  but  an  ideal  nation.  The  North  Wind  being 
given  a local  seat  in  certain  mountains  called  Rhiptean,  it 
was  supposed  there  must  be  a country  above  the  north 
wind,  which  would  not  be  cold,  and  which  would  have  in- 
habitants. Ideal  perfections  were  gradually  ascribed  to 
this  region.  According  to  Pindar,  Hercules  brought  from 
it  the  olive,  which  grew  thickly  there  about  the  sources 
of  the  Danube  (01.  iii.  249).  When  the  country  had  been 
made  thus  charming,  it  was  natural  to  attach  good  quali- 
ties to  the  inhabitants.  Accordingly  they  were  made  wor- 
shippers of  Apollo  (Pindar,  1.  s.  c.j,  observers  of  justice 
(Hellan.  Fr.  96),  and  vegetarians  (ibid.).  As  geographical 
knowledge  grew,  it  was  necessary  to  assign  them  a distinct 
position,  or  to  banish  them  to  the  realms  of  fable.  Herod- 
otus preferred  the  latter  alternative,  Damastes  the  for- 
mer. Damastes  placed  them  greatly  to  the  north  of  Scy- 
thia, from  which  they  were  separated  by  the  countries  of 
the  Issedones  and  the  Arimaspi.  Southward  their  boun- 
dary was  the  (supposed)  Rhipsean  mountain-chain  ; north- 
ward it  was  the  ocean.  (Fr.  1.)  This  arrangement  sufficed 
for  a time.  When,  however,  it  was  discovered  that  no 


522 

mountain-chain  ran  across  Europe  above  Scythia,  and  that 
the  Danube,  instead  of  rising  in  the  north  (compare  Pind. 
01.  iii.  25  with  Isth.  vi.  34),  rose  in  the  west,  a new  posi- 
tion had  to  be  sought  for  the  Hyperboreans,  and  they  were 
placed  near  the  Italian  Alps,  and  confounded  with  the 
Gauls  and  the  Etruscans  or  Tarquinians.  A different  and 
probably  a later  tradition,  though  found  in  an  earlier  writer, 
is  that  which  assigned  them  an  island  as  large  as  Sicily, 
lying  towards  the  north,  over  against  the  country  of  the 
Celts,  fertile  and  varied  in  its  productions,  possessed  of  a 
beautiful  climate,  and  enjoying  two  harvests  a year.  In 
this  island  it  is  not  difficult  to  recognize  our  own  country. 

Rawlimon,  Herod.,  III.  27,  note. 

Hyperides,  or  Hypereides  (hi-per-l'dez).  [Gr. 
fTir epeiSi]^,  fY7r epid^f.]  A celebrated  Attic  ora- 
tor, a contemporary  (and  probably  a younger 
contemporary)  of  Demosthenes,  and  the  son  of 
Glaucippus  of  the  deme  Collytus.  He  supported 
Demosthenes  in  his  opposition  to  the  Macedonian  party ; 
later  (324)  took  part  in  his  prosecution  on  the  charge  of 
bribery  by  Alexander ; was  chief  instigator  of  the  Lamian 
war ; and  was  slain  at  Corinth  in  322. 

Hyperion  (hi-pe'ri-on  or  hi-per-i'on).  [Gr.rY7re- 
ptuv.  ] 1.  In  Greek  mythology,  a Titan,  a son 
of  Uranus  and  Gsea.  By  his  sister  Theia  he  was 
the  father  of  Helios,  Selene,  and  Eos. — 2.  The 
seventh  satellite  of  Saturn,  discovered  by  Bond 
Sept.  16,  1848. 

Hyperion.  1 . A poetical  fragment  by  Keats, 
published  in  1820. — 2.  A prose  romance  by 
Longfellow,  published  in  1839.  The  subjects 
of  the  two  works  are  entirely  different. 
Hyphasis  (hif'a-sis).  [Gr.  "Y^acuf.]  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  river  Sutlej. 

Hypocrite,  L’.  The  name  under  which  “Tar- 
tufe”  was  first  played. 

Hypocrite,  The.  A play  by  Biekerstaffe,  in 
which  Cibber’s  “Non-Juror,”  an  adaptation  of 
“Tartufe,”  survives.  It  was  produced  in  1768. 
Hyppolite  (e-po-let'),  Louis  Mondestin  Flor- 
Vil.  Born  at  Cap  Haitien,  1827 : died  March  24, 
1896.  A Haitian  general  and  politician.  He  was 
a mulatto,  the  son  of  one  of  Soulouque’s  ministers ; first  at- 
tained prominence  in  the  civil  war  of  1865 ; was  the  leader 
of  tlie  sanguinary  revolt  by  which  Legitime  was  defeated ; 
and  in  Oct.,  1889,  was  proclaimed  acting  president.  In 
May,  1890,  he  was  elected  president  for  seven  years. 
Hyrcania  (her-ka'ni-a).  [Gr.  ?/  Y pnavia.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a region  in  Asia  which  bor- 
dered on  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Oxus.  It  cor- 
responded in  part  to  northern  and  northeastern 
Persia. 


Hythe 

Hyrcanus  (her-ka'nus)  I.,  or  John  Hyrcanus. 

A Maccabean  prince  of  Judea  135-105  b.c.  Under 
him  the  political  achievements  of  the  Maccabees  were  con- 
solidated and  extended.  He  cleared  the  young  state  of 
heterogeneous  and  hostile  elements  by  driving  out  the  Hel- 
lenists from  Palestine  and  destroying  the  Samaritan  tem- 
ple on  Mount  Gerizim,  thus  accomplishing  the  dissolution 
of  the  Samaritans  as  a separate  religious  nation.  The  Idu- 
means  he  forced  to  accept  Judaism.  He  also  extended, 
by  successful  wars,  the  boundaries  of  Judea,  and  assured 
its  independence.  With  Rome  he  entertained  friendly  re- 
lations. His  reign  was  compared  to  that  of  Solomon. 
Hyrcanus  II.  The  last  and  most  unfortunate 
of  the  Maccabean  princes.  He  was  of  a weak,  irres- 
olute character,  but,  being  the  elder  of  two  brothers,  was 
at  the  death  of  his  mother,  Salome  Alexandra,  69  B.  c.,  ap- 
pointed king,  while  to  his  more  energetic  but  rash  brother, 
AristobulusII.,  was  bequeathed  the  high-priesthood.  Soon 
a conflict  broke  out  between  the  brothers.  The  helpless 
Hyrcanus  icil  into  the  hands  of  the  crafty  Idumean  An- 
tipater, father  of  Herod,  whom  he  adopted  as  his  guide 
and  counselor.  Antipater's  machinations  brought  Pom- 
pey  to  Jerusalem  in  63  B.  c.,  an  event  which  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  end  of  Judean  independence,  and  resulted  in 
supplanting  the  Maccabean  race  by  that  of  Antipater,  the 
Herodians.  Aristobulus  II.  was  led  as  a prisoner  by  Pom- 
pey  to  Rome,  and  was  there  poisoned.  The  weak  Hyrca- 
nus became  a tool  of  Herod.  Even  of  the  dignity  of  the 
high-priesthood,  to  which  Herod  confined  him,  he  was  de- 
prived in  consequence  of  mutilation  which  he  suffered  at 
the  hands  of  the  invading  Partliians.  He  finally  died  the 
ignominious  death  of  a criminal,  Herod  ordering  his  exe- 
cution on  the  charge  of  conspiracy,  30  B.  0. 

Hysmene  and  Hysmenias  (his'me-ne  and  his- 
me'ni-as).  A Greek  romance  by  a certain 
Eustathius  (or  Emathius,  or  Eumathias),  writ- 
ten not  earlier  than  the  9th  century  a.  d. 

Hystaspes  (his-tas'pez).  [Old  Pers.  VisMdspa.~] 
See  the  extract. 

Hystaspes,  the  son  of  Arsames  and  father  of  Darius — the 
Gustasp  of  Persian  romance  — not  only  occurs  in  the  ge- 
nealogical lists,  Greek  and  native,  but  likewise  appears  in 
the  Behistun  Inscription  as  actually  living  in  the  reign  of 
his  son  and  serving  under  him.  According  to  Ctesias,  he 
was  accidentally  killed  as  he  was  being  drawn  up  by  ropes 
to  examine  the  sculptures  which  Darius  was  having  exe- 
cuted for  his  own  tomb.  I have  already  noticed  the  prob- 
ability that  Hystaspes  was  the  real  heir  to  the  throne,  on 
the  failure  of  male  issue  in  the  line  of  Cyrus,  but  waived 
his  right  in  favour  of  his  eldest  son. 

Rawlimon,  Herod.,  IV.  257. 

Hythe  (IiIth).  [AS.  Hyth,  the  port.]  A town 
in  Kent,  England,  on  the  Strait  of  Dover  11 
miles  west  of  Dover.  It  is  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports, 
and  a military  station.  Population,  5,557. 


acchus(I-ak'us).  [Gr/IaK^of.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  a divin- 
ity peculiar  to  Athens,  and 
important  from  his  intimate 
connectionwith  the  Eleusin- 
ianmysteries.  Hewasasonof 
Demeter  and  Zeus,  and  a brother 
of  Kora  (Proserpine), and  personi- 
fied the  male  element  in  nature, 
as  his  sister  the  female.  At  Eleusis 
he  was  looked  upon  as  an  intermediary  between  the  great 
goddesses  and  their  votar  ies,  and  presided  in  person  (rep- 
resented by  an  image  crowned  with  myrtle  and  bearing  a 
torch)  over  the  splendid  procession  from  the  Eleusinium 
at  Athens  to  the  sekos  at  Eleusis,  and  over  the  mysterious 
rites  in  the  latter  sanctuary.  At  a comparatively  late  date 
Iacchus  became  to  some  extent  confounded  with  a new 
type  of  infant  Bacchus,  who,  as  a son  of  Demeter,  was  en- 
tirely distinct  from  the  older  Dionysus. 

Iachimo  (i-ak'i-mo).  In  Shakspere’s  “Cymbe- 
line,”  a worldly  and  affected  Roman  courtier: 
a brutal  villain.  He  conceals  himself  in  a chest  in  Im- 
ogen’s room,  and  so  furnishes  himself  with  details  which 
seem  to  prove  her  unchastity. 

IagO  (i-a'go).  A character  in  Shakspere’s  tra- 
gedy “ Othello.”  He  is  the  ancient  of  Othello,  and  is 
filled  with  jealousy  of  his  rank  and  power.  His  cool  and 
calculating  villainy,  his  speciousness,  and  his  bitter  sar- 
casm form  an  artistic  contrast  to  the  noble  and  large- 
natured  Othello.  In  order  to  revenge  himself  for  the  loss 
of  the  position  as  Othello’s  lieutenant  which  he  failed  to 
secure,  (and  partly  apparently  from  sheer  love  of  evil),  he 
raises  a whirlwind  of  passion  in  the  latter’s  breast  by 
adroitly  making  him  believe  in  the  unfaithfulness  of  Des- 
demona,  to  the  final  destruction  of  all  three. 

Iakon.  See  Taquina. 

Iamblichus  (jam'bli-kus).  [Gr.  To/z/Mt^o?.] 
Born  at  Chalcis,  Ccele-Syria : died  about  330  a.  d. 
A Syrian  Neoplatonic  philosopher.  He  wrote 
many  philosophical  and  mathematical  works,  of  which 
only  a few  have  survived.  His  “ Life  of  Pythagoras  ” and 
“Exhortation  to  Philosophy  ” were  edited  by  Kiessling 
(1813-15). 

Iapetus  (l-ap'e-tus).  [Gr.  ’I airerof.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a Titan,  son  of  Uranus  and  Gasa, 
and  father  of  Prometheus,  Epimetheus,  Atlas, 
and  Mencetius.  He  was  thrown  by  Zeus  into 
Tartarus. 

Iapygia  (i-a-pij'i-a).  [Gr.  T a-rvyia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a name  used  vaguely  by  the  Greeks 
for  Messapia  or  Apulia. 

Iapygians  (I-a-pij'i-anz).  See  the  extract. 

Under  the  general  name  of  Iapygians  were  commonly 
iucluded  three  distinct  tribes,  the  Messapians,  the  Peuce- 
tians,  and  the  Daunians.  The  first-named  are  spoken  of 
as  the  inhabitants  of  the  Iapygian  peninsula,  eastward  of 
Tarentum  and  Brundusium  (Strab.  vi.  p.  401).  They  were 
generally  derived  from  Crete,  strange  as  it  may  appear 
(Strab.  vi.  p.  405 ; Athen.  xii.  p.  522,  F. ; Plut,  Thes.  c.  16  ; 
Festus,  ad  voc.  Salentini,  etc.).  Probably  they  came  in 
reality,  like  the  other  inhabitants  of  southern  Italy,  from 
the  Peloponnese,  where  there  was  a place  called  Messa- 
pea:.  Rawlin&on , Herod.,  iv.  139,  note. 

Ibadan  (e-ba'dan).  Atown  in  the  Yoruba  coun- 
try, West  Africa,  about  lat.  7°  20'  N.,  long.  4° 
10'  E.  Population,  estimated,  200,000. 

Ibarra  (e-bar'ra).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Imbabura,  northern  Ecuador,  about  50  miles 
northeast  of  Quito.  It  was  destroyed  in  1868 
by  an  earthquake  which  killed  3,000  of  the  in- 
habitants. Population,  10,000. 

Ibea  (i-be'a).  The  part  of  British  East  Africa 
formerly  under  control  of  the  Imperial  British 
East  Africa  Company.  The  name  is  formed 
from  the  initials  of  the  above  words. 

Iberia  (i-be'ri-a).  [L.  Iberia , Gr.  ’I fir/pia,  from 
Iberes,  Hiberes,  Gr.  ’T/b/pcf,  the  inhabitants.] 
In  ancient  geography:  (a)  The  peninsula  of 
southwestern  Europe,  comprising  the  modern 
Spain  and  Portugal,  (b)  The  region  bounded 
by  the  Caucasus  Mountains  on  the  north,  Al- 
bania on  the  east,  Armenia  on  the  south,  and 
Colchis  on  the  west.  It  corresponds  nearly  to 
the  modern  Georgia. 

Iberian  (i-be'ri-an)  Mountains.  A name  some- 
times given  to  the  mountains  in  central  and  east- 
ern Spain. 

Iberian  Peninsula.  The  southwestern  penin- 
sula of  Europe,  comprising  Spain  and  Portugal. 
Iberians  (I-be'ri-anz).  The  ancient  inhabitants 
of  the  Iberian  peninsula.  See  the  extract. 


For  this  short,  dark  dolichocephalic  type  we  may  adopt 
the  usual  and  convenient  name  “Iberian.”  Professor  Rol- 
leston  prefers  the  term  “ Silurian,"  and  it  has  been  vari- 
ously designated  by  other  writers  as  the  Euskarian,  Basque, 
Berber,  or  Mediterranean  race.  By  some  French  writers 
it  is  called  the  “ Cro-Magnon  ’’  type,  from  a skull,  possibly 
of  palaeolithic  age,  found  in  a sepulchral  cavern  at  Cro- 
Magnon  in  Perigord.  . . . Before  the  arrival  of  the  brachy- 
cephalic  Ligurian  race,  the  Iberians  ranged  over  the  great- 
er part  of  France.  We  trace  them  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Seine,  the  Oise,  and  the  Marne,  frequently  in  association 
with  the  remains  of  the  Ligurian  invaders.  If,  as  seems 
probable,  we  may  identify  them  with  the  Aquitani,  one  of 
the  thr  ee  races  which  occupied  Gaul  in  the  time  of  Caesar, 
they  must  have  retreated  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Pyr- 
enees before  the  beginning  of  the  historic  period.  It  is 
in  this  region,  mainly  in  the  valley  of  the  Garonne,  that 
their  sepulchral  caves  are  the  most  numerous.  . . . The 
Iberians,  a short  Southern  dolichocephalic  race,  repre- 
sented in  the  long  barrows  of  Britain  and  the  sepulchral 
caves  of  France  and  Spain.  The  stature  averaged  5 feet  4 
inches,  and  the  cephalic  index  71  to  74.  They  were  orthog- 
nathous  and  swarthy.  They  are  now  represented  by  some 
of  the  Welsh  and  Irish,  by  the  Corsicans,  and  by  the  Span- 
ish Basques.  Their  affinities  are  African. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  pp.  69,  93,  213. 

Iberus  (I-be'rus).  The  Latin  name  of  the  Ebro. 

Iberville  (e-ber-vel'),  Pierre  le  Moyne,  Sieur 
d’.  Born  at  Montreal,  July  16, 1661:  died  at  Ha- 
vana, July  9,  1706.  A French-Canadian  naval 
and  military  commander.  He  entered  the  French 
navy  at  the  age  of  fourteen  ; was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
expedition  against  Schenectady  in  1(390  ; obtained  com- 
mand of  a frigate  in  1092 ; and  took  Forts  Nelson  and  Bour- 
bon on  Hudson  Bay  in  1(394  and  1097  respectively.  In  1099, 
having  been  commissioned  by  the  French  government  to 
establish  direct  intercourse  between  France  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  he  erected  Fort  Biloxi,  at  the  head  of  Biloxi 
Bay,  the  first  post  on  the  Mississippi  River.  He  subse- 
quently established  other  posts  in  the  same  region,  and 
was  preparing  to  attack  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  when 
he  died  of  a fever  at  Havana. 

Ibicuhy,  or  Ibicul  (e-be-kwe').  A river  iu  south- 
ern Brazil,  joining  the  Uruguay  in  the  province 
of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  about  lat.  29°  20'  S. 
Length,  over  300  miles. 

Iblis.  See  Eblis. 

Ibn  Batuta  (ibn  bii-to'ta),  properly  Abu  Ab- 
dallah Mohammed.  Born  at  Tangier,  Mo- 
rocco, about  1304 : died  at  Fez,  Morocco,  about 
1377.  An  Arabian  traveler.  He  visited  northern 
and  central  Africa,  western  and  central  Asia,  Russia,  In- 
dia, China,  etc.  His  “ Travels  ” were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  S.  Lee  in  1829.  and  into  French  by  C.  Defremery 
and  R.  Sanguinetti  1858-59. 

Ibn  Ezra.  See  Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Ezra. 

Ibn  Haukul  (ibn  hou-kul' ).  Died  976  a.  d.  An 
Arabian  geographer  and  traveler.  The  observa- 
tions of  his  twenty  years  of  travel  in  the  countries  of 
Islam  were  put  down  in  the  work  “ Highways  and  Coun- 
tries,” which  was  translated  into  English  by  Sir  William 
Ouseley,  under  the  title  of  “The  Oriental  Geography  of 
Ibn  Haukul,”  in  1800. 

Ibn  Khalddn  (ibn  khal-don'),  patronymic  of 
Abu  Zeid  Abdurrahman.  Born  at  Tunis, 
1332:  died  at  Cairo,  March,  1406.  An  Arabian 
historian.  His  chief  work  is  a universal  history 
which  treats  especially  of  the  Arabs  and  Ber- 
bers. 

Ibn  Khallikan  (ibn  kal'li-kiin).  Born  1211  A.  D. 
at  Arbela:  died  1281  A.  D.  at  Damascus.  An 
eminent  Arabian  scholar  and  writer.  He  was 
scholar,  poet,  compiler,  biographer,  and  historian.  His 
celebrated  biographical  work, “ Deaths  of  Eminent  Men” 
(“  Wafiat-ul-Aiyan  ”),  has  been  translated  into  English  and 
copiously  annotated  by  Baron  MacGuckin  de  Slane  (1842- 
1871). 

Ibn  Sina.  See  Avicenna. 

Ibn  Tofail  (ibn  to'fii-il)  (Abu  Beker  Ibn  el- 
Tofeil).  An  Arabian  philosopher  and  physi- 
cian, a contemporary  of  the  Arabian  philosopher 
and  writer  Averroes.  He  lived  toward  the  close  of 
the  12th  century  in  one  of  the  Arabic  kingdoms  in  Spain. 
He  composed  a philosophical  description  of  the  imaginary 
voyages  of  Ibn  Yokdhan,  translated  into  Hebrew  by  Moses 
Narbonensis,  and  into  Latin  by  Pococke  in  1671.  Several 
English  translations  were  made  from  the  Latin,  and  one 
from  the  original  Arabic  by  Simon  Ockley,  published  in 
1708  under  the  title  “The  Improvement  of  Human  Reason 
Exhibited  in  the  Life  of  Hai  Ebn  Yokdhan,  written  by  Abu 
Jaafer  Ebn  Tophail.”  See  Autodidactus. 

Ibo  (e'bo).  An  island  seaport  and  town  of  Por- 
tuguese East  Africa,  in  lat.  12°  23'  S. 

Ibo  (e'bo),  or  Igbo  (eg'bo).  An  important  Afri- 
can tribe  dwelling  at  the  apex  of  the  Niger  delta, 
523 


and  extending  thence  to  the  north  and  east. 
The  chief  town,  also  called  Ibo,  is  an  emporium  of  the 
palm-oil  trade.  All  the  slaves  exported  from  the  Niger 
used  to  be  called  Ibos  in  North  America.  The  Ibo  tribe 
comprises  some  minor  tribes  speaking  dialects  of  Ibo, 
namely,  Isoama  (the  dialect  used  in  missionary  books), 
Elugu,  Abadja,  and  Abo.  The  Ibo,  being  a trade  language, 
is  used  beyond  the  territory  of  the  tribe.  See  Jgara  and 
Idzo. 

Ibrahim  (ib-ra-hem').  The  Arabic  form  of  Abra- 
ham. 

Ibrahim.  Died  in  1535.  A grand  vizir  of  Tur- 
key. He  was  the  son  of  a sailor  at  Parga ; was  captured 
by  corsairs  in  his  youth  ; was  sold  into  slavery  at  Magne- 
sia, and  became  the  property  of  Solimau  II.,  by  whom  he 
was  made  vizir  in  1523.  He  fought  with  distinction  in  the 
war  against  Hungary  in  1527,  and  was  put  to  death  at  the 
instigation  of  the  sultana  in  1535. 

Ibrahim  of  Aleppo.  Died  in  1549.  A celebrated 
Ottoman  jurist.  He  compiled  the  great  code  of  laws 
known  as “M ulteka-al-Abhar  ” (“Confluence  of  the  Seas ”). 

Ibrahim,  ou  1’Illustre  Bassa.  A romance  by 
Mademoiselle  de  Scudery,  published  in  1641. 
Ibrahim  Pasha  (ib-ra-hem'  pash'a).  Born  at 
Cavalla,  Rumelia,  1789:  died  at  Cairo,  Nov.  9, 
1848.  An  Egyptian  general,  son  (or  adoptee! 
son)  of  Mehemet  Ali.  He  subdued  the  Wahhabees 
1816-18 ; commanded  against  the  Greeks  1824-27 ; stormed 
Acre  May  25,  1832 ; defeated  the  Turks  at  Homs  and 
Konieh  in  1832,  and  atNisib  June  24, 1839 ; and  succeeded 
Mehemet  Ali  as  viceroy  in  1848. 

Ibrail,  or  Ibraila.  See  Braila. 

Ibreez.  See  Ivris. 

Ibsambul.  See  Abu-Simbel. 

Ibsen  (ib'sen),  Henrik.  Born  at  Skien,  Norway, 
March.  20,  1828 : died  at  Christiania,  May  23, 
1906.  A noted  Norwegian  dramatic  poet. 
He  studied  medicine,  but  soon  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
literature.  His  first  dramatic  attempt,  the  three-act 
tragedy  “Katilina,”  was  published  at  Christiania,  in  1850, 
under  the  pseudonym  Brynjolf  Bjarme.  In  the  same  year 
he  went  to  Christiania  University.  With  A.  O.  Vinje 
and  Botten-Hansen  the  bibliographer,  young  men  of 
his  own  age,  he  engaged  in  the  editorship  of  the  short- 
lived weekly  journal  “ Andhrimner,”  to  which  he  contrib- 
uted lyrics  and  satirical  pieces.  A short  saga  piece, 
“ Ksempehojen  ” (“  The  Warrior's  Mound  ”),  written  at  this 
time,  was  produced  upon  the  stage.  On  the  cessation  of 
the  journal  the  following  year,  he  obtained  from  the  vio- 
linist Ole  Bull  the  position  of  manager  in  the  newly 
opened  National  Theater  at  Bergen,  a post  which  he  held 
until  1857.  In  1852,  in  the  interest  of  the  theater,  he  un- 
dertook a short  journey  to  Denmark  and  Germany  to  study 
scenic  art.  From  this  period  is  the  historical  drama  “ Gil- 
det  paa  Solhaug”  (“  The  Banquet  at  Solhaug”).  In  1857 
he  was  called  to  Christiania  as  director  of  the  Norwegian 
Theater...  From  this  year  is  the  historical  drama  “Fru 
Inger  til  Ostraat  ” (“  Mistress  Inger  at  Ostraat  ”),  which  sub- 
sequently, however,  was  almost  wholly  rewritten.  From 
1858  is  the  historical  drama  “Hermaendene  paa  Helge- 
land  ” (“The  Warriors  at  Helgeland”).  “Kjserlighedens 
Komedie  ” (“Love's  Comedy  ”),  the  first  of  the  satirical  so- 
cial plays  that  have  particularly  made  his  name  famous, 
was  the  next  important  work  to  appear  (in  1862).  In  1863 
appeared  the  historic  drama  “Kongs-Emnerne”  (“The 
Pretenders”).  In  1864,  after  writing  the  poem  “En  Broder 
i Nod  ” (“A  Brother  in  Need  ”)  — a demand  to  the  people  to 
take  up  the  cause  of  Denmark,  which,  however,  fell  un- 
heeded— he  left  Norway  in  a sort  of  voluntary  exile.  In 
Rome  in  1866  he  completed  one  of  the  greatest  of  his 
works,  the  drama  “Brand."  This  was  followed  the  suc- 
ceeding year  (1867)  by  the  dramatic  poem  “PeerGynt,” 
also  written  in  Italy.  His  next  work  was  the  satiric  com- 
edy “ De  Unges  Forbund”  (“The  Young  Men’s  Union," 
1867):  like  all  his  later  works,  written  in  prose.  This  was 
followed  in  1871  by  the  long  historic  drama  “Kejser  og 
Galilseer”  (“Emperor  and  Galilean”),  which  consists  of 
twoparts — “Julian’s  Apostasy  ’’and  “Julian  theEmperor.  ” 
In  the  meantime  he  had  changed  his  place  of  residence, 
first  to  Dresden,  and  later  to  Munich,  where  he  lived  un- 
til 1891,  when  he  returned  to  Christiania.  In  1877  ap- 
peared, further,  “Samfundets  Stbtter”  (“The  Pillars  of 
Society  ”),  another  satiric  comedy.  This  was  followed  in 
1879  by  “Et  Dukkehjem”  (“A  Doll’s  House,”  translated 
under  the  name  “Nora”),  in  the  same  vein.  His  latest 
plays  are  “ Gjengangere”  (“Ghosts,”  1881),  “En  Folke- 
fiende”  (“An  Enemy  of  the  People,”  1882),  “Vildanden" 
(“The  Wild  Duck,”  1884),  “Rosmersholm  ” (1886),  “Fruen 
fra  Havet”  (“The  Lady  from  the  Sea,”  1888),  “Hedda 
Gabler”  (1890),  “Bygmester  Solness”  (“Architect  Soi- 
lless,” 1892),  “Lille  Eyolf'’  (“Little  Eyolf,”  1894),  and 
“Nilr  vi  Dode  vagner”  (“When  we  dead  awaken,”  1899). 
Among  his  minor  writings  are  the  epic  “Tcrje  Vigen” 
and  the  long  poem  “Paa  Vidderne  ” (1860). 

Ibycus  (ib'i-kus).  [Gr.  ’'I/hwor.)  A Greek  lyric 
poet  of  the  second  half  of  the  6th  century  B.  c., 
born  at  Rhegiuin,  Italy.  He  lived  for  the  greater  part 
of  his  life  at  the  court  of  Polycrates  of  Samos.  Fragments 


Ibycus 

of  his  poems,  which  were  chiefly  erotic,  have  survived.  Ac- 
cording to  the  legend,  he  was  murdered  at  sea,  and  his 
murderers  were  found  out  through  some  cranes  that  fol- 
lowed the  ship  : hence  the  “cranes  of  Ibycus  ” became  a 
proverb  for  the  agency  of  the  gods  in  revealing  crime. 
Ica,  or  Yea  (e'kii).  A town  in  western  Peru,  160 
miles  south-southeast  of  Lima.  Population, 
about  9,000. 

Ica.  A maritime  department  of  Peru.  Area, 
8,718  square  miles.  Population,  90,962. 

Iga  (e-sa'),  called  Putumayo  (po-to-ml'yo)  by 
Spanish  Americans.  A river  of  South  America 
which  rises  near  Pasto,  southern  Colombia, 
flows  east  and  southeast  through  Colombia  and 
Brazil,  and  joins  the  Amazon  near  lat.  3°  S., 
long.  69°  W.  A portion  of  the  middle  course  is  claimed 
both  by  Ecuador  and  by  Peru.  Length,  about  1,100  miles; 
navigable  for  nearly  900  miles.  Also  written  Izd. 

Icaria  (i-ka'ri-a).  [Gr. ’I nap'ta.~\  1.  A site  in  the 
Rapedosa  valley,  Attica,  Greece,  north  of  Mount 
Pentelicus, excavated  by  the  American  School  at 
Athens  in  1888,  with  the  result  of  the  discovery 
of  architectural  remains  and  interesting  sculp- 
ture, chiefly  archaic,  and  the  definitive  identi- 
fication of  the  site.  It  is  important  because  here,  ac- 
cording to  the  legend,  wine-making  and  the  Dionysiac  cult 
were  introduced  into  Attica  by  Bacchus  himself ; and  here 
was  born  Thespis,  who,  by  the  changes  he  introduced  into 
the  old  dithyrambic  songs,  became  the  originator  of  the 
drama,  of  wliose  first  essays  Icaria  was  the  theater. 

2.  See  Icarian  Sea. 

Icaria.  A cooperative  community  established 
in  1848  in  Texas,  removed  to  Nauvoo,  in  Illinois, 
in  1850,  and  in  1857  to  Adams  County,  Iowa. 
Icarian  Sea.  The  part  of  the  iEgean  Sea  sur- 
rounding Samos  and  the  neighboring  small  isl- 
and of  Icaria.  Compare  Icarus. 

The  Icarian  sea  received  its  name  from  the  island  of 
Icaria  (now  Nikaria),  which  lay  between  Samos  and  Myco- 
nus  (Strab.  xiv.  p.  915).  It  extended  from  Chios  to  Cos, 
where  the  Carpathian  sea  began. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  474,  note. 

Icarus  (ik'a-rus).  [Gr.’'1/capof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  son  of  Dasdalus,  drowned  in  the  Icarian  Sea 
(named,  according  to  the  legend,  from  him),  near 
Samos,  in  his  flight  from  Crete,  by  flying  so  near 
the  sun  that  his  wings  of  wax,  made  by  Dasda- 
+lus,  melted.  See  Daedalus  and  Icarian  Sea. 
Iceland  (Is'land),  Dan.  Island  (es'landj.  [For- 
merly Iseland,  Island,  from  Icel.  Island , Dan. 
Sw.  Island,  land  of  ice.]  An  island  in  the  North 
Atlantic  Ocean,  belonging  to  Denmark,  in  lat. 
63 3 12'-66°  33'  N.,  long.  13°  22'-24c’  35'  W., 
about  160  miles  east  of  Greenland.  Capital, 
Reykjavik.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous. 
Iceland  is  noted  for  its  volcanoes  and  glaciers.  Its  leading 
occupation  is  the  raising  of  cattle.  The  religion  is  Lu- 
theran. The  legislative  government  (according  to  the  con- 
stitution of  1874,  modified  1903)  is  vested  in  the  Althing, 
consisting  of  40  members,  34  elected  by  popular  suffrage  and 
6 nominated  by  the  king.  A minister  for  Iceland,  nomi- 
nated by  the  king,  is  the  responsible  head  of  administration. 
Iceland  was  settled  in  part  by  Irish  monks  (from  about 
795),  and  was  mainly  settled  by  Northmen  about  870-980. 
Christianity  was  introduced  about  1000.  The  island  wa3 
united  to  Norway  in  1262,  and  passed  to  Denmark  in  1380. 
It  was  celebrated  for  it?  literary  productiveness  in  the  12th 
and  13th  centuries.  A new  constitution  was  granted  in  1874. 
Length,  300  miles.  Area,  39,756  sq.  m.  Population,  85,089. 

Iceland,  which  had  remained  undiscovered  till  long  after 
the  days  of  Charles,  was,  down  to  the  year  1262,  the  only 
absolutely  free  republic  in  the  world. 

Bryce,  Holy  P.oman  Empire,  p.  185. 

Iceni  (I-se'ni).  An  ancient  British  tribe,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  England,  whose  queen,  Boadi- 
eea,  headed  a formidable  insurrection  against 
the  Romans  in  61  A.  D. 

Ichabod  (ik'a-bod).  [Heb.,‘ no  glory.’]  A child 
(the  son  of  Phinehas  and  grandson  of  Eli)  so 
named  by  his  mother,  who  died  in  giving  him 
birth  (1  Sam.  iv.  21). 

Ichang  (e-chang'),  or  Y-lin  (e-len').  A treaty 
port  in  the  province  of  Hupeh,  China,  situated 
on  the  Yangtse  about  lat.  30°  45'  N.,  long.  111° 
25' E.  It  was  made  a treaty  port  in  1877.  Popu- 
lation, 55,000. 

Ichiti.  See  Hitchiti. 

Ichlil  (ik-lel').  [Ar.  illil  al-jebbah,  the  crown 
of  the  brow.]  The  third-magnitude  star  /? 
Scorpii. 

Icknield  street  (ik'neld  stret).  An  ancient 
Roman  road  which  ran  through  Derby,  Lich- 
field, Birmingham,  and  Alcester. 

Icolmkill.  See  Iona. 

Iconium  (I-ko'ni-um).  The  ancient  name  of 
Konieh. 

Iconoclast.  The  pseudonym  of  Charles  Brad- 
laugh. 

Iconoclast  Emperors.  Those  Byzantine  em- 
perors who  were  noted  for  their  opposition  to 
the  veneration  of  images  in  the  Eastern  Church. 
The  controversy  began  with  the  edict  of  Leo  the  Isaurian 
in  726,  and  continued  until  the  middle  of  the  9th  century. 


524 

Iconoclasts  (i-kon'o-klasts).  A sect  or  party  in 
the  Eastern  Empire  in  the  8th  and  9th  centuries 
which  opposed  all  use  and  honor  or  worship  of 
icons,  or  images,  and  destroyed  them  when  in 
power.  The  party  of  Iconoclasts  was  originated  by  the 
emperor  Leo  the  Isaurian,  and  afterward  continued  or  re- 
vived by  Constantine  Copronymus  and  other  emperors,  es- 
pecially Leo  the  Armenian  and  Theophilus.  The  emperors 
named  treated  those  who  honored  icons  with  great  cruelty, 
and  after  the  death  of  the  last  of  them  the  party  of  Icono- 
clasts soon  became  extinct. 

Ictinus  (ik-ti'nus).  [Gr.  T/cr«Vof.]  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  A Greek  archi- 
tect, chief  designer  of  the  Parthenon.  He  also  de- 
signed the  temple  of  Demeter  and  Persephone  at  Eleusis, 
and  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Bassai,  near  Phigalia  (the 
sculptures  of  this  temple  are  among  the  treasures  of  the 
British  Museum).  Other  architects  were  associated  with 
him  in  nearly  all  of  these  works.  Ictinus  and  Phidias  were 
identified  with  Pericles  in  the  execution  of  his  great  scheme 
of  public  works. 

Ida  (i'da).  [Gr.  y or  vI<k.]  1.  A mountain- 
range  in  Phrygia  and  Mysia,  Asia  Minor.  At  the 
base  of  it  was  the  Troad.  It  was  famous  in  Greek  legend 
especially  as  a seat  of  the  worship  of  Cybele.  Highest  sum- 
mit, Gargaron  (the  modern  ICaz  Dagh,  5,749  feet). 

Herodotus  appears  to  have  given  the  name  of  Ida  to  the 
highlands  which  close  in  the  valley  of  the  Scamander  on 
the  left,  lying  west  and  south  of  Bunarbashi. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  42,  note. 

2.  The  central  mountain-range  of  Crete : the 
modern  Psiloriti.  It  was  the  scene  of  legends 
of  Zeus.  Highest  point,  about  8,000  feet. 

Ida  (i'da).  Died  559.  A chief  of  the  Angles, 
the  first  king  of  Bernicia.  He  began  to  reign 
in  Northumbria  in  547.  Ida’s  immediate  kingdom 
did  not  probably  extend  south  of  the  Tees,  though  his 
power  may  have  been  felt  beyond  that  river ; for  the  king- 
ship  of  Deira,  between  the  Tees  and  the  Humber,  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  founded  until  his  death.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  Ida's  Bernicia  did  not  extend  as  far  as  the 
Tees.  He  is  said  to  have  had  six  sons  by  queens  and  six 
by  concubines  (Florence).  The  consolidation  and  advance 
of  the  heathen  power  under  him  and  his  sons  caused  a 
wide-spread  apostasy  from  Christianity  among  the  Piets. 
He  reigned  twelve  years,  and  died  in  559.  On  his  death 
-Ella  (died  688)  became  king  in  Deira,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  extended  liis  power  over  Bernicia  (Skene).  Diet. 
Nat.  Biog. 

Ida,  or  Idda  (ed'da).  The  chief  city  of  Igara 
(which  see). 

Idaho  (i'da-ho).  One  of  the  Western  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Boisd 
City.  It  is  bounded  by  British  America  on  the  north, 
Montana  and  Wyoming  on  the  east,  Utah  and  Nevada  on 
the  south,  and  Washington  and  Oregon  on  the  west,  lying 
between  lat.  42°  and  49°  N.,  and  long.  111°  and  117°  101  W. 
It  has  27  counties ; sends  2 senators  and  2 representatives 
to  Congress ; and  has  4 electoral  votes.  It  contains  the 
Salmon  River  Mountains,  and  on  the  eastern  border  the 
Rocky  and  Bitter  Root  Mountains.  The  leading  occupa- 
tions are  mining  of  gold  and  silver  and  lead,  and  cattle- 
raising. It  formed  part  of  the  Louisiana  cession ; was 
originally  part  of  Oregon  Territory,  and  later  of  Washing- 
ton Territory ; and  was  organized  as  a separate  Territory 
in  1863  (including  the  present  Montana  and  part  of  Wyo- 
ming). The  present  boundary  was  settled  in  1868,  and  Idaho 
was  admitted  as  a State  in  1890.  Area,  84,800  square  miles. 
Population,  325,594,  (1910). 

Idaliurn  (I-da'li-um),  orldalia  (i-da'li-a).  [Gr. 
’IddAioh.]  A town  and  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Cyprus,  sacred  to  Aphrodite,  who  was  some- 
times called  Idalia. 

Idar  (e'diir).  A small  town  in  Birkenfeld,  Olden- 
burg, Germany,  about  30  miles  east  of  Treves. 
Iddesleigh,  Earl  cf.  See  Nortlicote. 

Iddhi  (id'd-hi).  [The  Pali  for  the  Skt.  rddhi, 
success.]  In  Buddhist  theology,  the  name  for 
the  extraordinary  powers  over  matter  possessed 
by  the  Arhat  or  Buddhist  in  the  fourth  stage 
of  moral  perfection.  In  this  stage  he  has  gained  the 
Abhinnas,  “ transcendent  faculties  of  knowledge,”  the  in- 
ner eye,  the  inner  ear,  knowledge  of  all  thoughts,  and  recol- 
lection of  previous  existences  and  Iddhi.  Under  Iddhi 
are  included  : (1)  the  faculty  of  reducing  the  body  to  the 
size  of  an  atom ; (2)  increasing  size  or  weight  at  will ; (3) 
making  the  body  light  at  will ; (4)  reaching  any  object, 
however  remote ; (5)  unlimited  exercise  of  will ; (6)  abso- 
lute power  over  one’s  self  and  others;  (7)  subjecting  the 
elements ; (8)  the  suppression  of  all  desires.  See  Monier- 
Williams,  “Buddhism,"  pp.  133-245. 

Iddoa.  See  EdoJwe. 

Ideler  (e'de-ler),  Christian  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Gross-Brese,  Prussia,  Sept.  21,  1766:  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  10,  1846.  A German  astronomer, 
professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1821. 
His  chief  work  is  “ Handbuchder  matliematisclien  und 
technischen  Chronolospe  ” (1825-26). 

Iden  (i'den),  Sir  Alexander.  The  slayer  of  Jack 
Cade.  He  figures  in  Sliakspere’s  2 Henry  IV. 
Idle  ( i'dl).  1.  A town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  Aire  9 
miles  west-northwest  of  Leeds.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woolens.  Population,  7,468. — 2. 
A tributary  of  the  river  Trent,  in  Nottingham- 
shire, England.  Althelfrith,  king  of  North- 
fimbria,  was  defeated  and  slain  in  a battle  on 
its  banks  by  Redwald,  king  of  East  Anglia,  in 
617. 


Iglesias,  Jose  Maria 

Idler,  The.  A series  of  essays  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
published  1758-60  in  a newspaper  called  “The 
Universal  Chronicle.” 

Idomeneus  (I-dom'e-nus).  [Gr.  Tdo/«rri><;.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a king  of  Crete,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing heroes  of  the  Greek  army  in  the  Trojan  war. 
Idria  (id're-a).  A town  in  the  crownland  of 
Carniola,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Idrizza  29  miles  north-northeast  of  Triest : cel- 
ebrated for  its  quicksilver-mines,  discovered 
1497.  Population,  commune,  6,090,  (1910). 
Idrisi  (e-dre'se),  or  Edrisi.  A noted  Arabian 
geographer  of  the  12th  century.  Litfle  is  known 
concerning  his  life.  His  principal  work,  a description  of 
the  world,  is  known  by  various  titles.  It  is  of  great  im- 
portance in  the  history  of  geography. 

Idro  (e'dro).  Lake.  A small  lake  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brescia,  northern  Italy,  9 miles  north- 
west of  Lake  Garda. 

Idstedt  (id'stet).  A village  in  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein, Prussia,  5 miles  north  of  Schleswig.  Here, 
July  24  and  25, 1850,  the  Danes  (38,000)  defeated  the  troops 
of  Schleswig-Holstein  (27,000). 

Idumea.  See  Edom. 

Idun  (e'don).  [ON.  Idliunn.\  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  goddess  who  had  in  her  keeping, 
in  Asgard,  the  apples  eaten  by  the  gods  to  pre- 
serve eternal  youth.  Later  myths  make  her 
the  wife  of  Bragi. 

Idyljs  of  the  King.  A series  of  poems  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  founded  on  the  Arthurian  ro- 
mances. They  comprise  “The  Coming  of  Arthur,"  “Ga- 
reth and  Lynette,”  “Geraint  and  Enid,”  “Merlin  and  Vi- 
vien,” “Lancelot  and  Elaine,”  “The  Holy  Grail,”  “Peileas 
and  Ettarre,”  “The Last  Tournament,”  “ Guinevere,”  and 
“The  Passing  of  Arthur  ” (published  1859-85). 

Idzo  (ed'zo).  A people  which  inhabits  the  Niger 
delta,  West  Africa;  also,  its  language.  The  ter- 
ritoryof  the  Idzo  comprises  the  Bonny  Brass,  New  Calabar, 
Akassa,  and  Okrika  townships  and  dialects,  and  extends  a 
hundred  miles  up  the  Nun  branch  of  the  Niger.  Some- 
times Idzo-  and  Ibo-speaking  settlements  are  found  inter- 
mixed, and  the  two  names  are  easily  confounded.  All  the 
Idzo  and  Ibo  people  are  now  under  British  protection. 
Ierne  (i-er'ne).  An  ancient  name  of  Ireland. 
If  (ef).  A small  island  2 miles  west-southwest 
of  Marseilles,  noted  for  its  fortress,  Chateau  d’lf 
(one  of  the  scenes  of  Dumas’s  novel  “Count  of 
Monte  Cristo  ”).  Mirabeau  and  Philippe  Egalite 
were  confined  here. 

Iffland  (if'fland),  August  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Hannover,  Prussia,  April  19, 1759 : died  at  Ber- 
lin, "Sept.  22,  1814.  A noted  German  actor  and 
dramatist,  director  of  the  national  theater  at 
Berlin  after  1796,  and  general  royal  theatrical 
director  after  1811.  His  best-known  plays  are  “Die 
Jager,”  “Dienstpflicht,”  “Die  Advokaten,”  “Die  Mundel," 
and  “Die  Hagestolzen.” 

Iffley  (if'li).  A village  near  Oxford,  England: 
noted  for  its  church,  which  is  of  small  size,  but  in  many 
ways  remarkable  for  the  interesting  moldings  and  other  de- 
tails of  its  early  Norman  architecture.  It  has  a massive 
square  central  tower,  also  of  Norman  date. 

Igara  (e-ga'ra),  or  Igala  (e-ga'la).  An  African 
tribe,  of  the  Nigritic  branch,  settled  on  the  east- 
ern hank  of  the  Niger,  between  the  Ibo  and  the 
junction  of  the  Niger  and  the  Binue.  Ida  is  the 
capital.  The  language  seems  to  be  a mixture  of  the  native 
Akpotto  with  Yomba  introduced  by  immigrants.  At  Ala, 
Ibo  is  spoken  concurrently  with  Igara.  See  Ibo  and  Idzo. 
Igbira  (eg-be'rii).  A Nigritic  and  pagan  tribe, 
dwelling  on  both  banks  of  the  Binue  River  above 
its  confluence.  Fanda,  or  Panda,  is  the  capital.  The 
Igbira  language  has  two  dialects,  Hima  and  Panda : it 
shows  gr  ater  affinity  with  Nupe  and  Yomba  than  with 
Igara.  The  Panda  people  have  been  driven,  by  the  Fulah 
invasion,  from  the  right  to  the  left  of  the  Binue,  into  the 
Akpotto  territory.  Igu  is  the  chief  town  of  the  Hima,  on 
the  right  bank.  The  Igbira  people  are  semi-civilized, 
peaceful,  industrious,  and  prosperous. 

Igel  (e'gel).  A village  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  near  Treves.  The  Igel  monument,  or  Heiden- 
thurm,  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  Roman  monuments 
in  northern  Europe.  It  is  a funeral  monument  of  the 
Secundini  family,  and  is  assigned  to  the  end  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury. It  consists  of  a tower  16J  feet  square  at  the  base, 
rising  above  the  basement  in  two  stages,  crowned  by  small 
pediments  and  a pyramidal  finial.  Almost  the  whole  sur- 
face is  covered  with  reliefs  which  represent  mythological 
scenes  and  symbols,  and  incidents  of  every-day  life. 
Igerna  (i-ger'na),  or  Igerne  (i-gern'),  or 
Yguerne  (i-gern').  In  the  Arthurian  cycle 
of  romance,  the  wife  of  Gorlois,  and  the  mother, 
by  Uther,  of  Arthur. 

Iglatl  (ig'lou).  A city  in  Moravia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  on  the  Iglawa  48  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Brtinn.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures 
of  textiles,  tobacco,  etc.  A treaty  was  concluded  here 
in  1436  between  the  Hussites  and  Sigismund,  who  was 
recognized  as  king  of  Bohemia.  Population,  25,914,  (1910). 

Iglesias  (e-gla'se-as).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Cagliari,  Sardinia,  Italy,  32  miles  west  by 
north  of  Cagliari.  It  has  a cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 10,411. 

Iglesias,  Jose  Maria.  Born  at  Mexico  City, 
Jan.  5,  1823.  A Mexican  politician,  lawyer,  and 


Iglesias,  Jos6  Maria 

author.  He  was  a member  of  the  cabinet  of  Comonfort 
in  1857,  and  of  that  of  Juarez  in  1863.  He  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1873,  and  by  virtue  of  that 
office  assumed  the  presidency  after  the  downfall  of  Lerdo 
in  1876 ; but  the  success  of  Diaz  compelled  him  to  give  up 
the  office.  He  is  the  author  of  several  works  on  Mexican 
history. 

Iglesias,  Miguel.  Born  at  Cajamarca,  Aug.  18, 
1822 : died  at  Madrid,  Spain,  in  1901.  A Peru- 
vian general  and  statesman.  He  was  minister  of 
war  in  1880;  took  a principal  part  in  the  defense  of  Lima, 
Jan.,  1881 ; and  was  captured  by  the  Chileans,  but  escaped. 
During  the  confusion  of  1883  he  assumed  the  presidency, 
and  signed  (Oct.  20,  1883)  a treaty  of  peace  with  the 
Chileans.  Caeeres  refused  to  recognize  Iglesias,  and  civil 
war  followed.  Caeeres  occupied  Lima  Dec.  1, 1885,  and  both 
the  leaders  resigned  the  government  into  the  hands  of  an 
executive  ministry,  pending  an  election  which  resulted  iu 
favor  of  Caeeres.  Iglesias  then  left  the  country. 

Iglesias  de  la  Casa  (e-gla'se-as  da  la  ka'sa), 
Jos6.  Born  at  Salamanca,  Spain,  Oct.  31, 1748: 
died  Aug.  26,  1791 . A Spanish  poet.  His  col- 
lected poems  were  published  iu  1798.  “Offended  at  the 
low  state  of  morals  in  his  native  city,  he  indulged  himself 
at  first  in  the  free  forms  of  Castilian  satire  : ballads,  apo- 
logues, epigrams,  and  especially  the  half-simple,  half-ma- 
licious letriUas,  in  which  he  was  eminently  successful.” 
Ticknor. 

Iglo  (lg'lo),  or  Meudorf  (noi'dorf).  A mining 
town  in  the  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Hernad  in  lat.  48°  56'  N.,  long.  20°  33'  E. 
Population,  9,301. 

Ignacio  (eg-na'se-o),  Joaquim  Jose,  Marquis 
of  Inhauma  from  Sept.  17,  1867,  and  Viscount 
1868.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  July  30,  1808: 
died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  March  8,  1869.  A Bra- 
zilian naval  officer.  He  distinguished  himself  in 
many  actions  from  1822 ; was  minister  of  marine  1861 ; and 
commanded  the  Brazilian  flotilla  in  the  Paraguayan  war 
1867  and  1868.  His  brilliant  passage  of  Humaita  (Feb.  19, 
1868)  was  his  greatest  exploit.  He  became  full  admiral 
shortly  before  his  death. 

Ignatief  (ig-na'tyef),  Nikolai  Pavlovitch. 
Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  29,  1832:  died 
there,  July  3,  1908.  A Russian  diplomatist. 

He  was  ambassador  at  Peking  1859-1863,  and  at  Constanti- 
nople 1864-77 ; aided  in  negotiating  the  treaty  of  San  Ste- 
fano  in  1878 ; and  was  minister  of  the  interior  1881-82. 

Ignatius  (ig-na'shi-us),  Saint,  surnamed  The- 
ophorus  (L.  Deifer,  lit.  ‘God-bearer').  [L., 
from  Gr.  ’I yvarioc,  ardent,  fiery ; P.  Ignace,  It. 
Ignazio , Sp.  Ignacio,  Inigo,  Pg.  Ignacio,  G.  Ig- 
naz.)  Died  between  104-117  a.  d.  A bishop  of 
Antioch  who,  according  to  the  tradition,  suffered 
martyrdom  under  Trajan.  He  was  the  reputed  author 
of  epistles  to  the  Ephesians,  Romans,  Polycarp,  etc.  (ed- 
ited in  “ Corpus  Ignatianum,”  1849). 

Ignatius  de  Loyola.  See  Loyola. 

Ignoramus  (ig-no-ra'mus).  A famous  academi- 
cal comedy  written  by  George  Ruggle,  1615,  as 
a personal  satire.  It  is  a mixture  of  the  iambics  of 
Plautus  (from  whom  it  was  taken  through  the  Italian)  and 
Latin  and  English  prose. 

Igor  (e'gor),  Song  of  the  Band  of.  A Russian 
epic  poem,  describing  the  straggle  of  Igor, 
prince  of  Novgorod-Severski,  with  the  pagan 
hordes  from  the  southwest.  It  is  supposed  by  some 
authors  to  have  been  inspired  by  Homer.  It  is  the  most 
ancient  of  the  Russian  epics  of  the  middle  ages,  and  the 
prototype  of  all.  The  MS.  was  burned  in  the  great  fire  at 
Moscow  (1812).  The  story  had,  however,  been  edited  by 
Pushkin. 

Igu  (e'go).  See  Igbira. 

Iguala,  Plan  of.  See  Iturbide,  Jgustin  de. 
Igualada  (e-gwa-la'THa).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Noya 
35  miles  northwest  of  Barcelona.  Population, 
10,442. 

Iguvium  (i-gu'vi-um).  An  ancient  name  of 
’Gubbio. 

Ijashne  (i-jash'ne).  [Gujrati  for  the  Pahlavi 
yajishn,  from  yaz,  yas,  to  worship  by  sacrifices 
and  prayers,  kindred  with  Avestan  yasna,  Skt. 
yajna,  sacrifice.]  The  name  of  the  ceremony 
attending,  among  the  Parsees,  the  solemn  recital 
of  the  Yasna.  See  Avesta.  in  it  are  used  conse- 
crated water,  a kind  of  bread,  butter,  fresh  milk,  meat, 
the  branches  of  the  Homa  plant  with  one  of  the  pome- 
granate, the  juice  of  the  Homa  plant,  the  hair  of  an  ox, 
and  a bundle  of  twigs  tied  together  by  means  of  a reed, 
evidently  relics  of  ancient  sacrificial  usages  agreeing  in 
part  with  the  Brahmanic. 

Ikelemba  (e-ka-lem'ba),  or  Ikelembe  (-be).  A 
southern  tributary  of  the  Kongo,  which  it  joins 
near  the  equator. 

Ikenild  Street.  See  Iclmield. 

Ilanz  (e'liints),  Romansh  Glion  (lye-on').  A 
town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  on 
the  Vorder  Rhein  at  the  junction  of  the  Lugnetz 
valley.  17  miles  west  of  Coire.  It  was  the  old 
capital  of  the  Gray  League. 

Ilchester  (ii'ches-ter),  formerly  Ivelchester 
(iv'el-ches-ter).  A small  decayed  town  in  Som- 
erset, England,  situated  on  the  Yeo  31  miles 
southwest  of  Bath.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Roger  Bacon. 


525 

Ilderim  (il'de-rim).  See  Bajazet. 
Ile-de-France  (el-de-fr offs'),  Isle  of  France. 

1.  An  ancient  government  of  France.  Capital, 
Paris.  It  was  bounded  by  Picardy  on  the  north,  Cham- 
pagne on  the  east,  Orleanais  on  the  south,  and  Normandy 
on  the  west ; and  was  so  called  because  included  between 
the  rivers  Seine,  Marne,  Aisne,  Oise,  and  Ourcq.  It  cor- 
responded to  the  department  of  Seine,  with  a large  part  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  Seine-et-Marne,  Aisne,  and  Oise,  and  small 
parts  of  Nijvre  and  Loiret.  It  was  the  portion  of  the 
country  about  Paris  that  was  most  completely  under  the 
control  of  the  kings — i.  e. , the  royal  domain. 

2.  Mauritius. 

Iletzk  (e-letsk').  A town  in  the  government  of 
Orenburg,  Russia,  near  the  jimetion  of  the  Ilek 
and  Ural.  Population,  11,802. 

II  Fiammingo.  See  John  of  Bologna. 
Ilfracombe  (il'fra-kom).  A seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Bristol  Channel  43  miles  northwest  of  Exe- 
ter : formerly  an  important  port.  Population, 
8,557. 

Ilnavo  (el-ya'vo).  A town  in  the  district  of 
Aveiro,  province  of  Beira,  Portugal,  27  miles 
north-northwest  of  Coimbra.  Population,  com- 
mune, 12,617. 

Ilheos  (el-ya'os).  Aformer  hereditary  captaincy 
of  Brazil,  corresponding  to  the  coast  from  Ba- 
hia 50  leagues  southward.  It  was  settled  in  1535, 
prospered  for  a time,  but  fell  into  decay,  and  in  the  18th 
century  was  incorporated  with  Bahia. 

Hi  (e'le).  1.  A river  in  central  Asia,  flowing 
into  Lake  Balkash  about  lat.  45°  40'  N.,  long. 
74°  20'  E.  Length,  from  800  to  900  miles ; nav- 
igable in  its  lower  course. — 2.  A colonial  de- 
pendency of  China,  situated  about  lat.  36°-49° 
N.,  long.  71°— 96°  E.  The  surface  is  elevated.  It  is 
divided  into  the  North  Circuit  (Sungaria)  and  the  South 
Circuit  (East  Turkestan). 

3.  See  Kuldja. 

Iliad  (il'i-ad),  The.  [Gr.  ’I Aide,  from  ”17 \iov,  Ili- 
um, Troy!]  A famous  Greek  epic  poem,  com- 
posed, according  to  tradition,  by  the  poet  Homer 
(see  Homer) : with  its  companion  poem,  the 
Odyssey,  the  greatest  of  epics  and  “among the 
most  ancient,  if  not  the  most  ancient,  works 
of  the  human  spirit  in  a European  tongue” 
( Geddes).  The  subject  of  the  Iliad  is  the  ten  years’  siege 
of  Ilium  or  Troy  by  the  confederated  states  of  Greece 
under  Agamemnon,  king  of  Mycenae,  to  redress  the  injury 
done  to  Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta,  in  the  carrying  off  of  his 
wife,  Helen,  by  the  Trojan  Rads,  to  whom  Helen  was  given 
by  Aphrodite  as  a reward  for  his  decision  in  favor  of  Aphro- 
dite in  the  contest  of  beauty  between  her,  Athene,  and 
Hera.  The  direct  narrative  relates  only  to  a part  of  the 
last  year,  leaving  the  fall  of  the  city  untold.  The  mighty 
deeds  of  the  Greek  Achilles  and  of  the  Trojan  Hector,  son 
of  King  Priam,  supply  some  of  the  chief  episodes  of  the 
poem. 

Iliniza.  See  llliniza. 

Ilissus  (i-lis'tis).  [Gr.  ’Vuaouc.]  A small  river 
in  Attica,  Greece,  flowing  through  Athens. 
Ilithyia  (il-i-thl'yii).  [Gr.  Ei ItiOvia.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  goddess  who  presides  over  child- 
birth: corresponding  to  the  Roman  Lucina. 
Ilium  (il'i-utn).  [Gr.  ”lXiov,  y "I/hof.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a place  in  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  iden- 
tified by  the  Greeks  with  the  legendary  Troy. 
It  was  frequently  destroyed  in  prehistoric  times ; was  re- 
built by  Greek  colonists  in  the  6th  century  B.  C.  ; was  en- 
larged by  Lysimachus  at  the  end  of  the  4th  century  B.  C. ; 
and  continued  (as  New  Ilium)  to  late  Roman  times.  Its 
site  has  been  identified  by  Schliemann  at  Hissarlik,  about 
100  miles  north  by  west  of  Smyrna.  Compare  Troy. 
Ilkeston  (il'kes-tpn).  A town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  8 miles  northeast  of  Derby.  Popula- 
tion, 25,384. 

Ilkley  (ilk'li).  A watering-place  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  on  the  Wharfe  northwest  of  Bradford. 
Population,  7,455. 

Ilkshidites.  See  the  extract. 

Egypt,  during  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries,  was  the 
theatre  of  several  revolutions.  Two  dynasties  of  Turkish 
slaves,  the  Tolunides  and  the  Ilkshidites.  established  them- 
selves in  that  country,  which  was  only  reunited  to  the 
Caliphate  of  Bagdad  for  a brief  period  between  their  usur- 
pations. Freeman,  Hist.  Saracens,  p.  111. 

III  (el).  A river  in  Alsace  which  joins  the  Rhine 
9 miles  below  Strasburg.  Length,  about  125 
miles;  navigable  from  near  Colmar. 

Illa-ticsi  (el'ya-tek'se).  One  of  the  names  or 
titles  given  by  the  ancient  Peruvians  to  a 
mythical  personage  who  is  said  to  have  come 
from  the  south  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Titicaca. 
Ille  (el).  A town  in  the  department  of  Pyr6- 
n6es-Orientales,  France,  on  the  Tet  west  of 
Perpignan.  Population,  commune,  3,183. 
Ille-et-Vilaine  (el-a-ve-lan').  A department 
in  northwestern  France.  Capital,  Rennes. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  English  Channel  and  Manche  on  the 
north,  Mayenne  on  the  east,  Loire- Inf erieure  on  the  south, 
and  C6tes-du-Nord  and  Morbihan  on  the  weBt.  It  formed 
part  of  the  ancient  Brittany.  Area,  2,697  square  mileB. 
Population,  611,805. 


Illyria 

Iller  (il'ler).  A tributary  of  the  Danube,  which 
it  joins  near  Ulm.  It  forms  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Wiirtemberg  and  Bavaria.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Illiberis  (i-lib'e-ris).  An  important  Roman  city 
in  Spain,  near  the  modern  Atarfe  and  Granada. 

Illiez,  Val  d’.  See  Val  d’llliez. 

Illiger  (il'li-ger),  Johann  Karl  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Brunswick,  Germany,  Nov.  19, 1775:  died  at 
Berlin,  May  9-10,  1813.  A German  naturalist. 
He  edited  a ‘ ‘ Magazin  fur  Insektenkunde,”  and 
published  ‘ ‘ Prodromus  systematis  mammalium 
et  avium,”  etc. 

Illima  ni  (el-ye-ma'ne).  A mountain  in  the  Bo- 
livian Andes,  immediately  east-southeast  of  La 
Paz.  Height,  21,030  feet. 

llliniza  (el-ye-ne'tha),  or  Iliniza  (e-le-ne'tha). 
A mountain  in  Ecuador,  about  17,400  feet  high. 
See  the  extract. 

This  mountain  is  probably  seventh  in  rank  of  the  Great 
Andes  of  the  Equator.  It  is  slightly  inferior  in  elevation 
to  Sangai,  and  is  loftier  than  Carihuairazo.  It  has  two 
peaks,  or  rather  it  is  composed  of  two  mountains  that  are 
grouped  together,  the  more  northern  of  which  is  the 
lower,  and  is  called  Little  llliniza.  The  summits  of  both 
are  sharp,  and  during  the  time  of  our  stay  in  Ecuador  they 
were  completely  covered  by  snow. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
[Equator,  p.  130. 

Illinois  (il-i-noi'  or  -noiz').  A confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  occupying 
Illinois  and  adjacent  parts  of  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
and  Missouri.  They  were  allies  of  the  French,  and 
therefore  the  Iroquois  in  1678  began  a long  and  destruc- 
tive war  against  them.  The  name  is  from  Mini,  ‘man’ : 
their  own  plural  uk  was  changed  by  the  French  to  their 
plural  ending  ois.  Their  five  principal  component  tribes 
were  Peoria,  Kaskaskia,  Cahokia,  Tamaroa,  and  Michega- 
mea.  The  assassination  of  Pontiac  by  a Kaskaskia  in  1765 
was  avenged  by  the  Lake  tribes  in  a war  of  destruction. 
There  are  a few  at  the  Quapaw  agency,  Indian  Territory. 
See  Alyonquian. 

Illinois  (il-i-noi'  or  -noiz').  One  of  the  Central 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capital, 
Springfield;  chief  city,  Chicago.  It  is  bounded  by 
Wisconsin  on  the  north  and  Lake  Michigan  and  Indiana 
on  the  east,  and  is  separated  by  the  Ohio  from  Kentucky 
on  the  south,  and  by  the  Mississippi  from  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The 
chief  mineral  products  are  coal  and  petroleum.  It  is  one 
of  the  chief  States  in  the  production  of  corn,  wheat,  and 
oats,  and  has  flourishing  manufactures.  It  is  the  second 
State  in  mileage  of  railways,  and  the  third  in  population ; 
has  102  counties  ; sends  2 senators  and  27  representatives 
to  Congress  ; and  has  29  electoral  votes.  It  was  settled  by 
the  French  at  Kaskaskia  and  elsewhere  in  1682 ; was  ceded 
to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1783 ; 
became  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory  in  1787,  and  part 
of  Indiana  Territory  in  1800;  was  made  a separate  Terri- 
tory in  1809;  and  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1818. 
Among  later  events  were  Black  Hawk’s  war  in  1832,  and  the 
Mormon  troubles,  culminating  in  1844.  Area,  56,650square 
miles.  Population,  5,638,691,  (1910). 

Illinois.  A river  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Des  Plaines  and  Kanka- 
kee in  Grundy  County,  40  miles  southwest  of 
Chicago.  It  joins  the  Mississippi  16  miles  above  Alton, 
and  is  connected  by  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  with 
Lake  Michigan.  Total  length,  about  500  miles ; navigable 
245  miles. 

Illuminated  Doctor,  The,  L.  Doctor  Illumi- 
natUS  (dok'tor  i-lu-mi-na'tus).  A surname 
given  to  the  scholastic  philosopher  Raymond 
Lully  (1235-1315),  and  also  to  the  German  mys- 
tic Johann  Tauler  (1300-1361). 

Illuminati  (i-lu-mi-na/ti).  [L.,  ‘the  enlight- 
ened.'] A name  given  to  different  religious  so- 
cieties or  sects  because  of  their  claim  to  perfec- 
tion or  enlightenment  in  religious  matters.  The 
most  noted  among  them  were  the  Alumbrados  (‘  the  En- 
lightened’) of  Spain  in  the  16th  century;  an  ephemeral 
society  of  Belgium  and  northern  France  (also  called  Gu6- 
rinets)  in  the  17th  century ; and  an  association  of  mystics 
in  southern  France  in  the  18th  century,  combining  the 
doctrines  of  Swedenborg  with  the  methods  of  the  Free- 
masons. 

Illuminator  (i-lu'mi-na-tor).  A surname  given 
to  Gregory  of  Armenia. 

Illusion  Comique  (e-lii-zyon'  ko-mek'),  L’.  A 
tragicomedy  by  Corneille,  issued  in  1636,  “of 
the  extremest  Spanish  type,  complicated  and 
improbable  to  a degree  in  its  action,  which 
turns  on  the  motive  of  a play  within  a play, 
and  produces,  as  the  author  himself  remarks,  a 
division  into  prologue  (Act  i.),  an  imperfect 
comedy  (Acts  ii.-iv.),  and  a tragedy  (Act  v.)" 
(Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  295). 

Illusions  Perdues  (par-dii'),  Les.  [F.,  ‘lost  il- 
lusions.’] A work  by  Balzac,  in  3 parts,  written 
in  1837-39-43.  He  drew  in  it  a picture  of 
the  feuilletonists  which  exasperated  the  press 
against  him. 

Illyria  (i-lir'i-a),  F.  Illyrie  (e-le-re'),  G.  Illy- 
rien  (il-le're-en).  [Gr.  TUI vptq  or  '1/J.vpla.] 
A region  on  the  western  coast  of  the  Balkan 
peninsula,  north  of  Greece  proper,  its  bounda- 
ries are  vague.  It  is  included  now  in  Montenegro  and 


Illyria 

parts  of  the  Austrian  and  Turkish  empires.  The  southern 
part  of  it  came  early  under  Greek  influence.  The  king- 
dom of  Illyria,  with  Scodra  as  its  capital,  was  important  in 
the  3d  century  B.  c.,  and  was  overthrown  by  Rome  in  168 
B.  c.  For  the  ecclesiastical  Illyricum  and  the  modern  Il- 
lyria, see  below. 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  second  branch  of  peo- 
ple occupying  the  north-west  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  the 
Illyrians:  the  last  linguistic  remains  of  this  branch  are  pre- 
served in  modern  Albanian.  According  to  the  probable 
opinion  expressed  by  H.  Kiepert  (Lehrb.  d.  alten  Geogra- 
phic, p.  240,  f.),  this  tribe  in  pre-Hellenic  times  was  widely 
spread  over  Greece  under  the  name  of  Leleges. 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  J evons),  p.  430. 

Illyria.  A titular  kingdom  belonging  to  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  the  Austrian -Hungarian 
monarchy,  comprising  the  five  orownlands  Ca- 
rint.hia,  Carniola,  Istria,  Triest,  and  Gorz  and 
Gradiska,  formed  from  the  Illyrian  Provinces 
ceded  to  Austria  1815. 

Illyrian  (i-lir'i-an)  Provinces.  A state  under 
French  control,  formed  by  Napoleon  in  1809 
out  of  cessions  by  Austria.  It  comprised  Carniola, 
Dalmatia,  Istria,  Fiume,  Trieste,  Gorz  and  Gradisca,  and 
parts  of  Carinthia  and  Croatia.  Restored  1815. 
Illyricum  (i-lir'i-kum).  [Gr.  ’lAAvpiubv.)  1.  One 
of  the  four  great  prefectures  into  which  the 
later  Eoman  Empire  was  divided.  It  comprised 
the  dioceses  of  Macedonia  and  Dacia,  and  corresponded 
generally  to  Greece,  Crete,  Macedonia,  Albania,  and  Servia. 
2.  A diocese  of  the  later  Eoman  prefecture  of 
Italy.  It  comprised  Noricum,  Dalmatia,  and  Pannonia 
(that  is,  nearly  all  of  Bosnia  and  that  part  of  Austria  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Adriatic). 

Ilmen  (il'meu),  Lake.  A lake  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novgorod,  Eussia,  about  100  miles 
south-southeast  of  St.  Petersburg.  It  discharges 
by  the  river  Volkhoff  into  Lake  Ladoga. 
Jlmenau  (il'me-nou).  A town  in  Saxe-Wei- 
mar-Eisenach,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Ilm 
28  miles  southwest  of  Weimar.  It  was  fre- 
quently the  residence  of  Goethe.  Population, 
commune,  11,222. 

Ilminster  (il'min-ster).  A town  in  Somerset, 
England,  situated  on  the  Isle  31  miles  north- 
*east  of  Exeter.  Population,  2,287. 

Iloilo  (e-lo-e'lo).  After  Manila,  the  principal 
port  of  the  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  situated  on  the 
island  of  Pauay.  It  was  captured  from  the  Philippine 
insurgents  by  the  United  States  troops  on  Feb.  11,  1899. 
Population,  about  12,000. 

Iiopango  (e-lo-pan'go).  A lake  near  the  city 
of  San  Salvador,  noted  for  a recent  volcano 
which  has  formed  an  island  in  it. 

Ilori  (e-16're),  or  Ilorin  (e-16'ren).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Ilorin,  Northern  Nigeria, 
West  Africa,  about  lat.  8°  30'  N.,  long.  4°  20' 
E.  Population,  estimated,  70,000. 

Ilse  (il'ze).  In  German  folk-lore,  a princess  who 
was  changed  into  a river. 

Ilsenburg  (il'zen-bora).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  in  the  Harz  18 
miles  west  of  Halberstadt. 

Ilus  (Plus).  [Gr.  ”IX of.]  In  Greek  legend,  the 
son  of  Tros:  the  mythical  founder  of  Ilium. 
Ilva  (il'va).  The  Latin  name  of  Elba. 

Imaus  (im'a-us).  [Gr.  ’'I/raof,  to  ”I/mov  opo f.J 
In  ancient  geography,  the  name  given  to  the 
mountain  system  of  central  Asia,  extending 
east  and  west : later  the  so-called  Bolor  range. 
Imbert  (ah-har'),  Barthelemi.  BornatNimes, 
France,  1747 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  23,  1790.  A 
French  poet,  noted  especially  for  his  fables. 
Imbros  (im'bros).  [Gr.  ’'I/i/Jpof.]  An  island  in 
the  Aigean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated 
in  lat.  40°  10'  N.,  long.  25°  45'  E.  It  was  an  an- 
cient Athenian  possession.  Area,  98  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, about  9,000  (Greeks). 

Imeritia  (e-me-rish'i-a),  or  Imeretia(e-me-ret'- 
sya).  A region  in  the  government  of  Kutais, 
Transcaucasia,  Eussia,  between  Georgia  ou  the 
east  and  Mingrelia  on  the  northwest. 
Imgur-bel  (im'gor-bel).  [‘  Bel  is  favorable.’] 
One  of  the  walls  of  ancient  Babylon.  See  Babel. 
Imhotep  (em-ho'tep).  In  Egyptian  mythology, 
the  first-born  son  of  Ptah  and  Sekhmet,  with 
whom  he  formed  the  Memphic  triad.  He  was  the 
pod  of  knowledge,  akin  to  Thoth,  and  was  identified  by 
the  Greeks  with  jEsculapius. 

Imitation  of  Christ.  See  De  imitatione  Christ!. 
Imlac  (im'lak).  In  Johnson’s  “Easselas,”a  man 
of  learning  who  accompanies  Easselas  from  the 
monotonous  “happy  valley.” 

Immanuel,  Emmanuel (i-,  e-man'fi-el).  [Heb., 
lit.  ‘ God  with  us.’]  A name  that  was  to  be  given 
to  Jesus  Christ  (Mat.  i.  23)  as  the  son  born  of  a 
virgin  predicted  in  Isa.  vii.  14.  As  a personal 
name  also  written  Emanuel. 

Immenstadt  (im'men-stat).  A small  town  in 
Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  near  the  Iller  23 
miles  east  of  Lake  Constance. 


526 

Immermann  (im'mer-man),  Karl  Lebrecht. 

Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  April  24,1796 : died 
at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Aug.  25, 1840.  A German 
dramatist,,  poet,  and  romance-writer.  His  chief 
romances  are  “Die  Epigonen”  (1836),  “ Munchhausen  ” 
(1838-39). 

Imogen  (im'o-jen).  In  Shakspere’s  play  “ Cym- 
beline,”  the  daughter  of  Cymbeline  and  wife  of 
Posthumus.  Her  characteristics  are  fidelity  and 
truth. 

Imogens  (im'o-jen).  See  Alonso  the  Brave. 

Imola  (e'mo-la).  A town  in  the  province  of  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  22  miles  southeast  of  Bologna,  on 
the  river  Santerno : the  ancient  Forum  Comelii. 

It  is  the  center  of  a wine-producing  region.  It  was  founded 
by  Sulla.  Population,  12,174. 

Imola,  Innocenzo  da  (originally  Innocenzo 
Francucci).  Born  at  Imola,  Italy,  about  1494 : 
died  about  1550.  A Bolognese  painter. 

Imperial  (em-pa-re-al').  A former  city  of  south- 
ern Chile  (inthepresentprovince  of  Cautin), near 
the  Eio  de  las  Damas,  about  15  miles  from  the 
Pacific.  Itwas  founded  by  Valdivia  in  March,  1551,  and 
for  half  a century  was  an  important  place,  becoming  the 
seat  of  a bishop  in  1582.  After  withstanding  many  assaults 
from  the  Araucanians,  it  was  destroyed  by  them  in  1600. 
Nueva  Imperial,  a small  modern  town, is  near  the  same  site. 

Imperial  City,  The.  A common  epithet  of 
Eome. 

Imperial  Delegates  Enactment.  [G.  Beichsde- 
putationshauptschluss.']  A convention  drawn  up 
Feb.  25,  1803,  by  delegates  of  the  German  Em- 
pire under  French  and  Eussian  influence,  and 
ratified  by  the  Eeichstag  and  emperor.  The  prin- 
cipal provisions  were : cession  of  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine 
to  France ; indemnification  of  the  secular  powers  who  lost 
possessions  thereby,  partly  by  the  secularizing  of  the  eccle- 
siastical powers(except  theelectorateof  Mainz  and  theTeu- 
tonic  Order  and  the  Order  of  St.  John),  partly  by  mediatiz- 
ing all  the  free  cities  except  Hamburg,  Bremen,  Liibeck, 
Frankfort,  Nuremberg,  and  Augsburg ; certain  territorial 
changes  in  Prussia,  Hannover,  Bavaria,  Baden,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  etc.;  the  abolition  of  the  electorates  of  Cologne  and 
Treves ; and  the  creation  of  the  electorates  of  W iirtemberg, 
Baden,  Hesse-Cassel,  and  Salzburg. 

Impertinents,  The.  See  Shadwell. 

Impey  (im'pi),  Sir  Elijah.  Born  June  13, 1732: 
died  Oct.  1,  1809.  A noted  English  jurist,  the 
first  chief  justice  of  Bengal.  He  assumed  this  office 
in  1774,  and  acted  from  the  first  in  harmony  with  Warren 
Hastings.  In  1775  he  presided  at  the  trial  of  Nand  Kumar 
for  forgery,  and  sentenced  him  to  death.  In  1783  he  was 
recalled  and  impeachment  for  his  conduct  in  this  case  was 
attempted  but,  in  1788,  was  dropped. 

Irnportants  (im-por'tants ; F.  pron.  an-por- 
ton'),  The.  In  French  history,  a political  clique 
formed  after  the  death  of  Louis  XIII.,  1643.  It 
intrigued  against  the  government  unsuccess- 
fully. 

InachllS  (in'a-kus).  [Gr.’TraTof.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  a river  of  Argolis,  flowing  into  the 
Argolic  Gulf  near  Argos.—  2.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  god  of  the  river  Inachus,  son  of 
Oceanus. 

Inagua  (e-na'gwa),  Great,  and  Inagua,  Little. 

Two  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  situated  at  the 
southern  end  of  the  group. 

Inaquito.  Same  as  Anaquito. 

Iliawashiro  (e-na/'wa-she'ro).  One  of  the  two 
largest  lakes  of  Japan,  in  the  main  island,  about 
long.  140°  E.  Length,  about  10  miles. 

Inca  Manco.  See  Manco. 

Incas  (ing'kiis).  The  most  numerous  and  pow- 
erful tribe  speaking  the  Quichua  language  in 
Peru.  It  occupied  the  basin  of  Cuzco, .that  settlement 
being  the  seat  of  the  tribe.  Traditions  about  the  origin  of 
the  Incas  differ,  one  class  of  folk-lore  making  them  origi- 
nal settlers  of  Cuzco,  while  others  place  their  point  of 
departure  on  the  island  of  Titicaca.  Diligent  researches, 
carried  on  at  Cuzco  by  order  of  the  Spanish  authorities  in 
1542,  and  afterward  repeated  at  various  times,  place  the 
beginning  of  tribal  expansion  of  the  Incas  at  about  the 
twelfth  century.  But  the  data  are  vague,  as  the  Incas 
had  only  knotted  strings  (quippus)  as  means  for  pre- 
serving recollections.  lienee  there  is  much  disagreement 
among  the  early  Spanish  authors  concerning  the  list  of 
head  chiefs,  their  names  even,  and  the  duration  of  their 
terms  of  office.  It  is  generally  believed  that  one  “ Manco 
Capac  " was  the  first  war-chief  and  that  the  last  was  Tupac 
Amaru,  who  was  executed  in  1572  at  Cuzco.  The  Incas 
were  governed  by  two  elective  chiefs:  the  “Hatun  Apu" 
or  military  leader,  and  the  “Uillac  Umu"  or  civil  chief 
with  religious  attributes.  These  were  the  executive  offi- 
cers and  they  were  selected  by  the  religions  powers  and 
confirmed  by  the  tribal  council  which  consisted  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  fourteen  (or  sixteen)  dans  that  consti- 
tuted the  tribe.  A war-chief  might  suggest  his  own  suc- 
cessor, but  the  council  was  free  to  adopt  or  reject  that 
suggestion.  While  there  were  many  fetishes,  the  princi- 
pal deities  of  the  Incas  appear  to  have  been  the  spirits 
supposed  to  dwell  in  the  sun  and  moon,  in  lightning  and 
thunder,  and  on  some  of  the  specially  prominent  moun- 
tain-tops. The  seat  of  the  tribal  worship  was  around  the 
central  square  at  Cuzco.  Human  sacrifices  accompanied 
every  important  festivity,  women  and  children  being  pre- 
ferred. When  the  Spaniards  reached  Cuzco  in  1533  the 
basin  had  a population  not  exceeding  seventy  thousand 
souls,  about  one  third  of  whom  resided  in  the  settlement 
of  Cuzco  proper.  That  settlement  was  divided  into  four- 


India 

teen  (some  assert  sixteen)  quarters,  each  occupied  by  a 
localized  clan  or  ayllu  (gens).  Succession  was  in  the  female 
line.  Among  the  arts  which  the  Incas  had  developed  to 
greatest  perfection  were  those  of  weaving,  pottery,  and 
working  in  metal  to  some  extent.  Agriculture  was  primi- 
tive, and  on  the  level  of  that  of  most  sedentary  Indians, 
especially  in  regard  to  irrigation.  Their  architecture  was 
peculiar,  heavy  blocks  of  polished  stone  being  mostly  used. 
About  two  centuries  before  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards 
(in  1525)  the  Inca  tribe  began  to  sally  from  its  home  and 
become  aggressive.  Having  the  use  of  a beast  of  burden 
(the  llama),  they  could  form  supply-trains  and  hence  sustain 
longer  campaigns  than  any  other  American  Indians.  In 
the  course  of  little  more  than  200  years  they  overran  and 
either  exterminated  or  subjected  to  tribute  most  of  the 
natives  of  southwestern  Ecuador,  western  Peru,  and  Boliv- 
ia and  a part  of  Chile.  No  consolidated  state  or  empire 
was  formed.  Women  and  girls  from  subjugated  tribes  were 
sometimes  kept  in  special  buildings  and  close  to  shrines 
where  they  had  to  attend  to  the  manual  work,  and  to  weav- 
ing,  and  were  often  kept  for  sacrifice.  These  houses  of 
captive  females  gave  rise  to  the  fable  of  “vestals”  among 
the  Incas.  Another  fable,  growing  out  of  a misunder- 
standing of  the  system  of  relationship,  is  the  marriage 
between  brother  and  sister  imputed  to  the  Inca  war-chiefs. 
The  wide  area  overrun  by  Inca  raids  w as  one  of  the  causes 
of  the  downfall  of  the  tribe.  It  split  the  tribe  into  two 
groups,  widely  separated  from  one  another,  the  original 
tribe  at  Cuzco  and  a branch  in  Ecuador.  War  ensued — 
not  a war  of  succession,  as  erroneously  reported,  but  merely 
an  intertribal  strife.  Under  such  conditions,  overthrow  of 
the  Inca  influence  by  the  Spaniards  became  feasible. 

Ince-in-Makerfield  (ins'in-ma'ker-feld).  A 
town  in  Lancashire,  England,  17  miles  north- 
east of  Liverpool.  Population,  21,262. 
Inchbald  (ineh'bald),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Simp- 
son). Born  at  Stanningfield,  near  Bury  St. 
Edmunds,  England,  Oct.  15, 1753  : died  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  1,  1821.  An  English  novelist,  dram- 
atist, and  actress.  Among  her  novels  are  “ A Simple 
Story'’  (1791),  “Nature  and  Art"  (1796).  She  also  wrote 
“Such  Tilings  Are  ” (1788),  and  other  plays. 

Inchcape  (inch'kap)  Rock.  See  Bell  Bock. 

Inchcolm  (ineh'kom).  An  islet  in  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  Scotland. 

Inconstant,  The,  or  the  Way  to  Win  Him. 

A comedy  by  George  Farquhar,  produced  in 
1702.  It  is  an  adaptation  of  Fletcher’s  “Wild- 
goose  Chase.” 

Incredible  Things  in  Thule.  An  ancient  ro- 
mance by  Antoni  us  Diogenes  (about  the  1st 
century),  narrating  the  adventures  and  loves 
of  Dimas  and  Dereyllis. 

Ind  (ind).  A poetical  name  of  India  or  the  In- 
dies. 

Independence  (in-de-pen'dens).  The  capital 
of  -Jackson  County,  western  Missouri,  9 miles 
east  of  Kansas  City.  Population,  9,859,  ( 1910). 
Independence  Hall.  A building  in  Chestnut 
street,  Philadelphia,  where  on  July  4, 1776,  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  was  adopted  hv 
Congress  and  read  to  the  people  assembled  oil 
Independence  Square.  The  Continental  Congress 
assembled  here,  and  Washington  was  here  chosen  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  1775.  The  building  is  now  used  as  a 
museum  of  relics  connected  with  the  history  of  the  country. 

Inderab.  See  Anderab. 

Index  Espurgatorius  (in'deks  eks-per-ga-to'ri- 
us).  [‘Expurgatory  Index.’]  Catalogues  of 
books  comprising  respectively  those  which 
Eoman  Catholics  are  absolutely  forbidden  to 
read,  and  those  which  they  must  not  read  unless 
in  editions  expurgated  of  objectionable  pas- 
sages. They  are  prepared  by  the  Congregation  of  the 
Index,  a body  of  cardinals  and  their  assistants.  Pope  Paul 
IV.  published  a list  of  forbidden  books  in  1557  and  1559. 
The  Council  of  Trent  in  1562  attempted  the  regulation  of 
the  matter,  but  finally  referred  it  to  the  Pope.  He  (Pius 
IV.)  published  the  “Index  Tridentinus”  in  1564,  often  re- 
printed, with  additions,  under  the  title  “ Index  Libroruni 
Prohibitorum." 

India  (in'di-a).  [Formerly  also  Indie  (still 
used,  in  the  plural,  in  East  Indies  and  West 
Indies)  and  hide ; F.  Indie,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  India,  G. 
Indien,  from  L.  India,  Gr.  ’I vSia,  from  Indi,  Gr. 
’I v&oi,  the  inhabitants.]  An  extensive  region 
in  southern  Asia.  The  name  India  is  and  has  been 
used  with  very  different  meanings.  With  the  ancients  it 
meant  the  country  of  the  Indus;  later  it  was  extended 
through  the  peninsula,  and  sometimes  mode  to  include 
Further  India  and  the  northern  islands  of  the  Malay  Ar- 
chipelago. In  modern  times  it  may  mean  what  is  some- 
times called  Hither  or  Nearer  India,  the  peninsula  whose 
natural  boundaries  are  the  Indian  Ocean,  the  Suliman 
Mountains,  the  Himalayas,  and  the  hill-ranges  east  of  Ben- 
gal : in  this  sense  it  is  not  so  inclusive  as  the  political  India 
(i.  e.,  British  India),  but  includes  on  the  other  hand  the 
French  and  Portuguese  possessions.  (See  Pondicherry,  Ooa, 
Maht..  Karikal,  Panjim,  Daman,  Diu.)  The  name  India 
is  also  sometimes  used  for  the  two  peninsulas  of  Hither 
and  Further  India,  and  sometimes  as  nearly  equivalent  to 
East  Indies.  The  ordinary  meaning,  however,  is  British 
India,  or  the  Indian  Empire,  officially  called  India.  This 
includes  Assam.  Bengal,  Madras,  Bombay,  Ajmir-Mer- 
wara.  Central  Provinces,  Berar,  Burma,  Coorg,  Northwest 
Frontier  Province,  United  Provinces  of  Agra  and  Oudh, 
Panjab,  Andamans  and  Nicobars,  Baluchistan.  Area. 
1,097.901  sq.  m.  Population,  244.267.542,  (1911).  There 
are  also  the  feudatory  native  states,  including  Hyderabad, 
Mysore,  Kashmir,  Baroda,  states  in  Rajputana,  and 
states  in  connection  with  the  Central  Provinces,  Central 


India 

India,  Panjab,  Bengal,  Madras,  Bombay,  United  Provinces, 
and  Baluchistan.  Their  area  is  691,253  sq.  m.;  pop.,  70,- 
864,995.  Total  area  of  India,  1,789,154  sq.  m.;  pop.,  315,- 
132,537.  India  exports  rice,  cotton,  opium,  oil-seeds, 
jute,  hides,  tea,  lac,  wool,  etc.  The  capital  is  Delhi. 
Government  is  vested  in  a secretary  of  state  for  India  (in 
London),  with  a council  of  about  10  (also  in  London).  In 
India  the  government  is  administered  by  a governor-gen- 
eral, or  viceroy,  appointed  by  the  crown,  a council  of  five 
ordinary  members,  besides  the  commander-in-chief  (ex- 
panded into  a legislative  council  (of  about  68  members)  by 
the  addition  of  other  members  nominated  by  the  viceroy 
or  elected  under  the  Act  of  1909),  with  a centralized  system 
of  governors,  etc.,  for  provinces,  and  commissioners  and 
deputy  commissioners  for  divisions  and  districts.  About 
two  thirds  of  the  inhabitants  are  Hindus  in  religion  ; Mo- 
hammedans come  next  (over  60,000,000).  “ To  them  [the 

Greeks]  for  a long  time  the  word  India  was  for  practical 
purposes  what  it  was  etymologically,  the  valley  of  the 
Indus.  Meanwhile  in  India  itself  it  did  not  seem  so  nat- 
ural as  it  seems  to  us  to  give  one  name  to  the  whole  region. 
For  there  is  a very  marked  difference  between  the  northern 
and  southern  parts  of  it.  The  great  Aryan  community 
which  spoke  Sanscrit  and  invented  Brahminism  spread  it- 
self chiefly  from  the  Punjab  along  the  great  valley  of  the 
Ganges,  but  not  at  first  far  southward.  Accordingly  the 
name  Hindostan  properly  belongs  to  this  northern  region. 
...  It  appears  then  that  India  is  not  a political  name,  but 
only  a geographical  expression  like  Europe  or  Africa. " (./. 
It.  Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  p.  222.)  India,  mentioned 
in  Esther  i.  1,  viii.  9,  as  the  limit  of  the  territories  of  Ahas- 
uerus  on  the  east,  denotes  probably  the  country  surround- 
ing the  Indus,  the  Panjab.  The  name  Indu  (Hindu)  also 
occurs  in  the  cuneiform  inscription  of  Nakhsh-i-Itustem. 
Whether  and  how  India  was  known  to  the  Phenicians,  He- 
brews, and  Assyro-Babylonians  before  the  Persian  kings 
is  uncertain.  The  view  that  Ophir,  whither  the  mercantile 
fleet  of  Solomon  and  Hiram  went,  was  in  India,  has  been 
generally  given  rip.  The  knowledge  of  the  ancients  con- 
cerning India,  before  the  expeditions  of  Alexander  the  Great 
and  Seleucus  I.,  was  in  general  very  limited.  West  India 
( India,  intra  Gangem)  was  to  the  Greeks  and  Homans  the 
land  east  of  the  Iranian  highland  and  south  of  the  Ima- 
us.  Alexander  the  Great  penetrated  India  as  far  as  the 
Hyphasis  in  the  east  and  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  in  the 
south.  The  island  of  Ceylon  was  known  by  the  name  of 
Taprobane,  or  Salike,  the  inhabitants  being  called  Sal®. 
Still  less  comprehensive  and  accurate  was  their  knowledge 
of  East  India  ( India  extra  Gangem).  Alongside  of  a land 
of  gold,  silver,  and  copper  is  mentioned  a golden  penin- 
sula, by  which  probably  Malacca  was  meant.  As  names  of 
the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  occur  “the  island  of 
the  Good  God  ” (ayafloO  Saiju-oros),  perhaps  meaning  Suma- 
tra, and  Jabadin,  doubtless  Java.  The  chief  authenticated 
facts  of  Indian  history  are  the  following  : the  passage  by 
Aryan  tribes  of  the  northern  and  northwestern  mountain 
passes,  and  their  settlement  in  the  plains,  at  an  unknown 
period  ; founding  of  Buddhism,  6th  century  B.  c. ; conquest 
of  the  Panjab  by  Alexander  tlieGreat, 327-325  B.c. ; aGreco- 
Bactrian  kingdom  in  India  down  to  about  the  2d  century 
B.  c.,  the  so-called  Scythian  invasions  following  or  accom- 
panying this ; Buddhism  displaced  by  Brahmanism,  about 
the  6th  century  of  our  era ; invasion  of  Mahmud  of  Ghazni 
(the  first  Mohammedan  invasion),  1001 ; invasion  of  Timur, 
1398  ; expedition  of  Vasco  da  Gama,  1198  ; permanent  set- 
tlement of  the  Portuguese  at  Goa,  1510 ; foundation  of  the 
Mogul  empire  by  Baber,  1526  ; reign  of  Akbar,  1556-1605 ; 
formation  of  the  English  East  India  Company,  1600,  and 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  1602 ; rise  of  the  Mali- 
ratta  power  under  Sivaji,  1657;  death  of  Aurung-Zeb  and 
beginning  of  the  Mogul  decay,  1707;  rivalry  of  French  and 
English  in  India  at  its  heighten  the  time  of  Dupleix,  about 
1748  ; Clive’s  victory  at  Plassey,  1757,  followed  by  the  ac- 
quisition of  Bengal  and  Behar ; acquisitions  made  under 
the  administrations  of  Warren  Hastings  (1772-85), Welles- 
ley, Cornwallis,  Minto,  Marquis  of  Hastings,  Amherst,  Dal- 
housie ; Carnatic  annexed,  1801 ; British  (Lower)  Burma  an- 
nexed, 1826  and  1852;  first  Afghan  war,  1838-42;  annexation 
of  Sind,  1843 ; annexation  of  the  Pan j ab,  1849  ; Sepoy  Mu- 
tiny, 1857  (suppressed,  1858) ; transference  of  the  adminis- 
tration from  the  East  India  Company  to  the  crown,  1858 ; 
Queen  Victoria  proclaimed  Empress  of  India,  1877  ; second 
Afghan  war,  1878-80 ; annexation  of  Upper  Burma,  1886. 
Recent  events  have  been  the  building  of  the  Sind-Quetta 
Railway  toward  the  Afghan  frontier,  the  acquisition  of  cer- 
tain territories  in  Baluchistan,  the  suppression  of  the 
Hunza-Nagar  insurrection,  1891;  the  Manipur  revolt,  1891; 
Chitral  expedition,  1895  ; Tirah  campaign,  1897. 

India,  British.  Same  as  India,  in  the  present 
official  sense ; or,  more  strictly,  that  part  which 
is  under  direct  British  administration,  exclud- 
ing the  native  states.  See  India. 

India,  Further,  or  Indo-China  (in'do-cM'na), 
or  India  beyond  the  Ganges.  The  south- 
eastern peninsula  of  Asia,  including  Burma, 
Siam,  Cambodia,  Cochin-China,  Annam,  Tong- 
king,  Straits  Settlements,  etc. 

India,  Hither  or  Nearer.  The  great  central 
peninsula  in  southern  Asia,  with  the  natural 
boundaries  as  described  under  India. 

Indiana  (in-di-an'a).  [NL.,  ‘land  of  Indians.'] 
One  of  the  Central  States  of  the  United  States. 
Capital,  Indianapolis.  It  is  bounded  by  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  Michigan  on  the  north,  Ohio  on  the  east,  Illinois  on 
the  west,  and  Kentucky  (separated  by  the  Ohio)  on  the  south. 
The  surface  is  generally  level  and  undulating.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  is  agriculture.  Indiana  is  one  of  the  chief 
States  in  the  production  of  wheat,  and  the  ninth  State  in 
population.  It  has  92  counties;  sends  2 senators  and  13 
representatives  to  Congress  ; and  has  15  electoral  votes. 
It  was  settled  by  the  French  at  Vincennes  and  elsewhere 
early  in  the  18tli  century ; was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in 
1763,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1783 ; became  part  of  the 
Northwest  Territory  in  1787  ; and  was  made  a separate 
Territory  in  1800.  The  battle  of  Tippecanoe  occurred 
within  its  limits  in  1811.  It  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
in  1816.  Area,  36,350  square  miles.  Population,  2,700,876. 

(1910).  ’ ’ ’ ’ 


Indiana.  A novel  by  George  Sand,  published 
in  1831. 

Indiana.  A character  in  Steele’s  “Conscious 
Lovers.”  Mrs.  Cibber  made  a great  hit  in  this 
part. 

Indianapolis  (iA'di-a-nap'o-lis).  The  capital 
of  Indiana  and  of  Marion  County,  situated  on 
the  West  Fork  of  White  River,  iu  lat.  39°  48' 
N.,  long.  86°  6'  W.,  nearly  at  the  geographical 
center  of  the  State.  It  is  the  chief  city  in  the  State, 
and  an  important  railway  center,  and  has  a large  trade  in 
grain.  Among  its  chief  industries  are  pork-packing  and 
milling.  It  was  laid  out  in  1821,  and  was  chartered  as  a 
city  in  1847.  Population,  233,650,  (1910). 

Indian  Archipelago.  See  Malay  Archipelago. 
Indian  Council.  See  Council  of  the  Indies. 
Indian  Emperor,  The,  or  the  Conquest  of  Mex- 
ico by  the  Spaniards.  A play  by  Dryden,  a se- 
quel to  “ The  Indian  Queen,”  produced  in  1665. 
Indian  Empire.  Same  as  British  India.  See 
India. 

Indian  Mutiny,  or  Sepoy  Mutiny.  The  revolt 
against  British  authority  in  India  1857-58.  its 
immediate  cause  was  the  introduction  into  the  Sepoy  army 
of  a new  rifle  whose  use  required  the  touching  of  grease 
(on  the  cartridge)  ; this  offended  the  religious  prejudices 
of  the  soldiers.  The  mutiny  began  at  Meerut  May  10.  The 
centers  of  activity  were  Delhi,  Cawnpore  (where  in  July 
a massacre  of  the  Europeans  was  ordered  by  Nana  Sahib), 
and  Lucknow.  Lucknow's  garrison  was  relieved  by  Have- 
lock in  September,  and  again  by  Campbell  in  November ; 
Delhi  was  besieged  and  taken  in  1857 ; Lucknow  wasfinally 
conquered  iu  March,  1858;  and  the  last  resistance  was 
suppressed  in  1858.  The  last  Mogul  (titular  emperor)  was 
banished. 

Indian  Ocean.  The  part  of  the  ocean  lying 
between  Asia  on  the  north,  Africa  on  the  west, 
the  Malay  Archipelago  and  Australia  on  the 
east,  and  an  arbitrary  line  (about  lat.  38°  S.) 
connecting  the  southern  extremities  of  Austra- 
lia and  Africa  on  the  south.  Its  chief  arms  are  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  and  the  Arabian  Sea  (with  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  Red  Sea).  It  contains  Madagascar,  Mascarene  Islands, 
Socotra,  Ceylon,  Andaman  Islands,  Nicobar  Islands,  Lakka- 
dive  Islands,  and  Maidive  Islands.  It  receives  the  drain- 
age of  the  Zambesi,  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  Indus,  Ganges, 
Brahmaputra,  Irawadi,  and  the  rivers  of  the  Deccan. 
Length  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Tasmania,  about 
6,000  miles.  Average  depth,  about  14,000  feet. 

Indian  Queen,  The.  A tragedy  by  Sir  Robert 
Howard  and  John  Dryden,  produced  in  1664. 
Indian  Territory.  A former  territory  of  the 
United  States.  It  was  bounded  by  Kansas  on  the  north, 
Missouri  and  Arkansas  on  the  east,  Texas  on  the  south, 
and  Oklahoma  on  the  west.  Its  area  was  31,209  square 
miles.  Its  surface  is  generally  level  and  rolling.  The  In- 
dian tribes  Cherokees,  Choctaws,  Chickasaws,  Creeks,  and 
Seminoles  conduct  their  own  affairs.  Tahlequah  in  the 
Cherokee  land  is  the  chief  town.  The  region  was  acquired 
in  1803  and  1845.  In  1834  it  was  set  apart  for  the  Indians 
who  were  removed  during  this  period  from  their  original 
homes.  The  portion  north  of  lat.  37°  was  ceded  afterward 
by  the  Indians  to  the  United  States.  An  act  enabling 
Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  to  enter  the  Union  as 
the  State  of  Oklahoma  was  passed  by  Congress  in  June, 

1906,  and  this  State  was  admitted  to  the  Union  Nov.  16, 

1907. 

Indians  (in'di-anz)  (of  North  America).  The 
aboriginal  inhabitants  of  North  America.  They 
were  so  named  on  the  supposition  that  the  lands  discovered 
by  the  early  navigators  were  parts  of  India  : the  errone- 
ous name  has  continued  in  use,  notwithstanding  attempts 
at  its  correction.  Schoolcraft  invented  for  the  North 
Americans  the  names  Algic,  to  denote  the  people  of  the 
eastern  coast ; Abanic,  for  those  west  of  the  Mississippi ; 
and  Ostic , for  those  who  live  between  these  limits : but  no 
other  writer  has  used  them.  A later  attempt,  equally  un- 
successful, called  the  North  American  tribes  Aoneo-Ma- 
railonians — Maraflon  being  a name  for  the  river  Amazon, 
and  Aonco  a word  connected  with  a Northern  myth.  Seri- 
ous mistakes  in  governmental  practice  as  well  as  in  the- 
ories came  from  errors  in  the  names  of  the  ethnic  divi- 
sions of  North  America.  Each  tribe  called  itself  by  a 
name  in  its  own  language  which  often  was  metaphorical 
and  varying ; and  its  several  neighbors  called  it  in  their 
languages  by  other  names,  which,  according  to  their  exist- 
ing relations,  might  be  terms  of  obloquy,  of  friendship,  or 
of  simple  topographic  description.  The  methods  adopted 
by  the  French,  English,  Spanish,  and  Dutch  to  express  the 
native  pronunciation  added  to  the  confusion,  and  a large 
proportion  of  these  various  forms  afterward  appeared  in 
literature  and  in  statistics,  the  population  (which  was  it- 
self multiplied  through  fear  or  through  interest)  being 
sometimes  duplicated  over  and  over  again,  and  thus  vastly 
exaggerated  in  the  best  official  estimates.  Subsequently 
many  of  the  erroneous  names  disappeared,  and  then  it 
was  inferred  that  the  tribes  so  named  had  become  ex- 
tinct. From  these  errors  arose,  mainly,  the  opinion,  still 
generally  entertained,  that  the  rapid  extinction  of  the 
North  Americans  is  without  a parallel  in  history,  and 
that  it  is  due  to  an  inherent  defect,  styled  / era  natura, 
through  which  civilization  is  fatal  to  the  part  of  the 
human  race  found  in  the  western  hemisphere.  The  pres- 
ent number  of  Indians  in  the  United  States  is  about 
300,000.  The  number  in  British  America  is  not  so  accu- 
rately known,  and  that  in  Mexico,  being  more  affected  by 
mixture  of  blood,  is  still  less  determinable.  Besides  the 
actually  ascertained  errors  in  nomenclature,  other  con- 
siderations affect  the  questions  concerning  population, 
habitat,  and  migrations,  upon  which,  together  with  lan- 
guage, a proper  classification  depends.  Before  the  Euro- 
pean invasion  the  North  American  tribes  had  reached  a 
state  of  quasi-equilibrium,  and  were  sedentary  to  the  ex- 


Indo-Europeans 

tent  that  their  territories  were  recognized,  and  though 
many  of  them  held  districts  too  large  for  actual  occu- 
pancy, the  limits  were  substantially  defined.  While  ag- 
riculture had  commenced  in  some  parts  of  the  present 
area  of  the  United  States,  and  was  spreading,  it  nowhere 
sufficed  to  replace  hunting,  which  demands  enormous 
areas  per  capita  for  support ; and  the  population  had  not 
increased,  except  perhaps  in  a small  part  of  California,  so 
as  to  press  upon  the  food-supply.  Contrary  to  the  cur- 
rent opinion,  the  Indians  were  not  nomadic  until  after 
the  arrival  of  Europeans,  who  drove  many  tribes  from 
their  established  seats  to  those  occupied  by  other  tribes ; 
and  from  the  same  Europeans  they  procured  the  horse 
and  firearms,  both  of  which  were  necessary  to  a nomadic 
life  under  the  existing  conditions.  The  wars  witli  the 
invaders  and  those  occasioned  by  their  pressure,  in  which 
firearms  were  used,  were  far  more  destructive  than  the 
former  quarrels  between  tribes.  The  losses  and  gains  of 
most  of  the  tribes  during  recent  decades  are  now  known 
with  sufficient  precision  to  allow  an  estimate  of  the  effect 
of  civilization  upon  them.  In  this  connection  it  must  he 
noted  as  important  that  many  individuals  of  aboriginal 
blood  have  disappeared  from  the  numerical  strength  of 
tribes,  not  by  extinction  but  by  absorption.  From  all 
these  considerations  it  is  concluded  that  the  Indian  pop- 
ulation of  North  America  at  the  time  of  the  Columbian 
discovery  was  not  very  greatly  in  excess  of  that  now  ex- 
tant. The  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  established  by  Congress 
in  1879,  has  brought  the  classification  and  nomenclature 
of  the  Indians  of  North  America  into  system  and  approxi- 
mate accuracy.  The  tribes  in  British  America,  Lower 
California,  and  the  United  States,  including  those  found 
both  north  and  soutli  of  the  Mexican  border  and  exclud- 
ing the  remainder  of  Mexico,  are  divided  into  57  linguistic 
families  or  stocks, fundamentally  differing  from  each  other, 
and  often  apparently  as  distinct  as  the  Aryan  and  Scythian 
linguistic  stocks.  In  all  the  stocks  were  languages,  some- 
times but  one  being  now  known,  sometimes  many,  tire  dif- 
ferences between  which  were  such  that  the  speakers  failed 
either  entirely  or  in  large  part  to  understand  each  other. 
The  names  assigned  to  these  stocks  in  this  work  are  those 
given  by  the  authority  who  first  recognized  each  particular 
stock  in  a publication  ; and  the  termination  an  or  ian  is 
now  added  to  each  to  distinguish  between  the  stock  names 
and  tribal  names,  many  of  which  without  such  distinction 
would  be  identical  and  confusing.  The  57  linguistic  fam- 
ilies or  stocks  in  the  territory  mentioned  are  as  follows  : 
Algonquian,  Athapascan,  Attacapan,  Beothukan,  Cad- 
doan,  Chimakuan,  Chimarikan,  Chimmesyan,  Chinookan, 
Chitimachan,  Chumashan,  Coahuiltecan,  Copehan,  Costa- 
noan,  Eskimauan,  Esselenian,  Iroquoian,  Kalapooian,  Ka- 
rankawan,  Keresan,  Kiowan,  Kitunahan,  Koluschan,  Ku- 
lanapan,  Kusan,  Lutuamian,  Mariposan,  Moquelumnan, 
Muskhogean,  Natchesan,  Palaihnihan,  Piman,  Pujunan, 
Quoratean,  Salinan,  Salishan,  Sastean,  Sahaptian,  Shosho- 
nean,  Siouan,  Skittagetan,  Takilman,  Tanoan,  Timuqua- 
nan,Tonikan,  Tonkawan,Uchean,Waiilatpuan,  Wakashan, 
Washoan,  YVeitspekan,  Wishoskan,  Yakonan,  Yanan,  Yu- 
kian,  Yuman,  and  Zunian.  These  stocks  differ  widely  in 
the  amount  of  teriitory  occupied,  in  the  number  of  com- 
ponent tribes,  and  in  the  number  of  individuals  identified 
as  belonging  to  them.  Some  claimed  the  combined  areas 
of  a number  of  the  present  States  and  Territories  of  the 
United  States,  while  the  known  habitat  of  others  was  not 
more  than  a modern  county  or  township.  Some  are  dif- 
ferentiated by  the  language  of  a single  tribe  now  known  ; 
others  comprise  many  tribes,  those  of  the  Algonquian 
stock  amounting  to  600  separately  named  divisions,  each 
one  of  which  has  been  regarded  by  some  authority  to 
be  a tribe.  Some  are  extinct,  or  are  represented  only 
by  a score  of  living  persons,  while  others  number  tens 
of  thousands.  The  first  subdivision  of  the  linguistic 
stocks,  more  permanent  than  temporary  alliances  or 
leagues  for  special  purposes,  is  the  “confederacy  ” ; but  it 
is  not  a constant  basis  of  classification.  It  is  noticed  in 
certain  stocks  where  several  neighboring  tribes  have  acted 
together  for  a considerable  period  in  an  approach  to  the 
nationality  common  in  civilization.  These  confederacies 
do  not  embrace  all  the  tribes  of  any  stock,  and  are  not 
confined  to  people  speaking  the  same  language ; indeed, 
interpreters  have  been  required  in  the  councils  of  a con- 
federacy between  the  delegates  of  the  component  tribes. 
In  this  connection  it  must  he  noted  that  tribes  of  the 
same  linguistic  family  are  often  bitter  hereditary  enemies, 
so  that  language  does  not  afford  a political  classification. 
The  unit  of  classification  is  the  tribe,  which  often  is  in- 
distinguishable from  the  village.  The  latter  often  ex- 
tended over  a considerable  area,  and  was  normally  com- 
posed of  widely  separated  dwellings,  each  of  them  the 
home  of  a domestic  family,  though  sometimes  several 
families  occupied  the  same  dwelling.  Another  division  is 
the  clan  or  gens  ; but,  as  it  is  neither  political  nor  ethnic, 
and  as  it  interpermeates  all  other  divisions,  its  titles  are 
not  mentioned  in  this  work.  Those  appearing  here  al- 
phabetically as  the  names  of  confederacies  and  tribes  are 
selected  as  having  been  the  most  used  in  literature,  and 
are  not  expressed  in  the  determined  scientific  translitera- 
tion which  is  required  for  the  above-mentioned  57  lin- 
guistic stocks,  but  in  the  form  most  frequently  found  in 
publications. 

Indies  (in'diz),  also  formerly  Indias  (in'di-az). 
The  name  given  by  Columbus  and  early  geogra- 
phers to  the  American  islands  and  mainland, 
then  supposed  to  be  a part  of  Asia : later,  when 
their  true  nature  was  known,  they  were  dis- 
tinguished as  the  West  Indies,  and  the  latter 
term  was  eventually  retained  for  the  islands  now 
bearing  that  name.  Many  writers  of  the  16th  century 
use  the  word  Indies  in  a restricted  sense  for  the  country 
now  included  in  Mexico. 

Indies, Council  of  the.  See  Council  of  the  Indies. 
Indigirka  (in-de-gir'ka).  A river  in  eastern 
Siberia,  flowing  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  about  lat. 
71°40' N.,long.  150° E.  Length, about 900miles. 
Indo-China.  See  India,  Further. 
Indo-Europeans (in'do-u-ro-pe'anz).  Theraces 
speaking  the  Indo-European  languages;  Ar- 
yans (which  see). 


Indo-Europeans 

I am  compelled  to  opine  that  the  absence  of  the  ass  and 
the  camel,  together  with  the  presence  of  the  horse,  in  the 
pastoral  lifeof  the  Indo-Europeans,  is  in  favour  of  our  look- 
ing for  the  original  abode  of  the  Indo-Europeans  rather  in 
the  European  than  the  Asiatic  portion  of  the  steppe  district. 
Further,  the  locality  [banks  of  the  Volga]  proposed  by  us 
for  the  original  home  of  the  Indo-Europeans  affords  the 
simplest  explanation  of  the  manifold  points  of  contact  be- 
tween the  B’innsand  the  Indo-Europeans,  in  language  and 
in  habits,  to  which  we  have  referred  in  various  passages  of 
this  work.  Schrader , Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  J evons),  p.  437. 

Indonesia  (in-do-ne'shia).  [NL.,  ‘Indian  isl- 
ands.’] A name  for  the  Malay  Archipelago. 
Indore  (in-dor').  1.  A native  state  in  India, 
under  the  control  of  the  Central  India  Agency. 
It  consists  of  various  detached  tracts,  partly  in  the  valley 
of  the  Nerbudda.  It  is  also  called  the  Holkar’s  Dominions, 
from  its  Mahratta  ruler  of  the  Holkar  family.  It  was 
founded  by  an  adventurer  in  themiddleof  the  18th  century. 
The  ruler  became  a prince  feudatory  to  Great  Britain  in 
1818.  Area,  9,500  square  miles.  Population,  850,690. 

2.  The  capital  of  Indore  state,  situated  in  lat. 
22°  43'  N.,  long.  75°  54'  E.  Population,  about 

87.000. 

India  (in'dra).  The  god  who,  in  Yedic  theology, 
stands  at  the  head  of  the  deities  of  the  middle 
realm  — that  of  the  air.  The  especial  manifestation  of 
his  power  is  the  battle  which  he  wages  in  the  storm  with 
his  thunderbolt  (vajra)  against  the  demons  Vritra  ( ‘ sur- 
rounder’),  Ahi  ( ‘ conflner ’ ),  Shushna  (‘parcher’),  and 
others,  who  in  the  form  of  mighty  serpents  or  dragons  en- 
compass the  waters  and  shut  off  their  path,  as  well  as  that 
of  the  light,  from  heaven  to  earth.  He  is  originally  not  the 
supreme,  but  the  national  and  favorite,  god  of  the  Indo- 
Aryan  tribes,  and  a type  of  heroic  might  exerted  for  noble 
ends.  Hebecomesmore  prominentas  Varunaisgradually 
obscured.  In  later  times  he  is  subordinated  to  the  triad 
Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Shiva,  but  still  is  the  head  of  the 
heaven  of  the  gods.  He  is  the  subject  of  many  stories  in 
the  great  epics  and  the  Puranas. 

Indraprastha  (in-dra-prast'lia).  The  capital 
city  of  the  Pandu  princes.  The  name  is  still  known 
and  used  for  a part  of  the  city  of  Delhi. 

Indre  (ahd'r).  A river  in  central  France,  join- 
ing the  Loire  17  miles  west-southwest  of  Tours. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Indre.  A department  of  central  France.  Capital, 
Cliateauroux.  It  is  bounded  by  Loir-et-Cher  on  the 
north,  Cher  on  the  east,  Creuse  and  Haute-Vienne  on 
the  south,  Vienne  on  the  west,  and  Indre-et-Loire  on  the 
northwest.  The  surface  is  level.  It  exports  grain.  It  was 
formed  from  the  ancient  Bas-Berry  and  parts  of  Orlbanais 
and  Marche.  Area,  3,664  square  miles.  Population,  about 

290.000. 

Indre-et-Loire  (ahd'r-a-lwar').  A department 
of  France.  Capital,  Tours,  it  is  bounded  by  Sarthe 
on  the  north,  Loir-et-Cher  on  the  northeast,  Indre  on  the 
southeast,  Vienne  on  the  south,  and  Maine-et-Loire  on  the 
west,  and  was  formed  chiefly  from  the  ancient  Touraine. 
The  surface  is  generally  level.  The  department  is  traversed 
by  the  Loire,  whose  valley  here  is  called  “ the  garden  of 
France.”  It  produces  grain,  wine,  hemp,  fruit,  etc.  Area, 
2,377  square  miles.  Population,  337,916. 

Indulgence,  Declarations  of.  In  English  his- 
tory, royal  proclamations  promising  greater 
religious  freedom  to  nonconformists.  The  prin- 
cipal  were : (a)  A proclamation  by  Charles  II.  in  1671  or 
1672,  promising  the  suspension  of  penal  laws  relating  to 
ecclesiastical  matters  which  were  directed  against  noncon- 
formists. It  was  rejected  by  Parliament,  (b)  A proclama- 
tion by  James  II.  in  1687,  annulling  penal  laws  against 
Roman  Catholics  and  nonconformists,  and  abolishing  reli- 
gious tests  for  office.  The  refusal  to  read  thi9  declaration 
by  several  prelates  led  to  their  trial,  and  was  one  of  the 
causes  of  the  revolution  of  1688. 

Indus  (in' dus).  [Skt.  Sindhu.']  One  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  India.  It  rises  among  the  Himalaya  of  Tibet, 
about  lat.  32°  N.,  long.  81°  E.  It  flows  northwest  through 
gorges  in  Tibet  and  Kashmir.  Near  the  northern  part  of 
Kashmir  it  turns  south  and  flows  through  British  India 
(Pan  jab  and  Sind)  into  the  Arabian  Sea  by  a delta  in  about 
lat.  24°  N.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  combined  rivers 
of  the  Panjab  (Jhelum,  Chenab.  Ravi,  and  Sutlej,  through 
the  Panjnad)and  the  Kabul.  In  1008  Dr.  Sven  Iledin  an- 
nounced that  he  had  discovered  its  source.  Length,  about 
1,800  miles  ; navigable  from  Rori. 

Ine  (e'ne),  or  Ini  (e'ne),  or  Ina  (I'na).  Died 
729.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  688-726.  He  con- 
quered Kent  in  694,  defeated  the  Cymry  of  Cornwall  in 
711,  and  between  690  and  693  published  a series  of  laws, 
commonly  called  the  Laws  of  Ine,  which  form  the  earliest 
extant  specimens  of  West-Saxon  legislation.  He  abdicated 
in  725  or  726,  and,  with  his  wife  -Ethelburh,  made  a pil- 
grimage to  Rome,  where  he  died. 

Ines  de  Castro.  See  Castro , Lies  de. 
Inexpiable  War,  The.  A war  between  Car- 
thage and  her  mercenaries,  241-238  B.  C.  The 
latter  were  unsuccessful. 

Infanta  Maria  Teresa.  An  armored  cruiser 
of  7,000  tons,  the  flagship  of  Admiral  Cervera 
in  the  Spanish-American  war.  She  was  sunk  in 
the  battle  of  Santiago,  July  3,  1898 ; was  raised  under  the 
direction  of  Naval-Constructor  Hobson  ; and  was  aban- 
doned in  a gale  north  of  San  Salvador,  Nov.  1, 1898. 

Inferno  (in-fer'no;  It.  pron.  in-fer'no),  The. 
[It.,  ‘hell.’]  The  first  part  of  Dante’s  “Divina 
Commedia.”  It,  is  divided  iuto  34  cantos.  The.poet  is 
conducted  by  Vergil  through  the  realms  of  bell  to  an  exit 
“ where  once  was  Eden."  From  here  he  visits  Purgatory. 

Inferum  Mare  (in'fe-rum  ma're).  [L.,  ‘lower 
sea.’]  See  Tyrrhenian  Sea. 

Inflexible  (in-flek'si-bl).  An  iron-clad  British 


528 

twin-screw  double-turreted  battle-ship,  she  was 
launched  in  April,  1876.  Her  dimensions  are  length,  320 
feet;  breadth,  75  feet;  draught,  25  feet;  displacement, 
11,400  tons.  The  armored  region  consists  of  a submerged 
hull  with  an  armored  deck  5 or  6 feet  below  water-line, 
and  a central  rectangular  redoubt  or  bulwark  carrying  two 
turrets  placed  diagonally  at  opposite  corners.  She  car- 
ries four  80-ton  guns  in  the  turrets. 

Inganos.  See  Mocoas. 

Ingauni  (in-ga'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a Ligu- 
rian tribe  wbicb  dwelt  in  northwestern  Italy,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Genoa. 

Ingelheim  (ing'el-lnm),  Nieder-,  and  Ingel- 

heim,  Ober-.  Two  small  towns  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Khine-Hesse,  Hesse,  8 miles  west  of 
Mainz : formerly  noted  for  a palace  of  Charles 
the  Great. 

Ingelow  (in'je-lo),  Jean.  Born  at  Boston,  Lin- 
colnshire, in  1820:  died  at  London,  July  20, 1897. 
An  English  poet  and  novelist.  Her  works  include 
poems  (1863,  1876,  1885),  “Studies  for  Stories"  (1864), 

‘ Mopsa  the  Fairy”  (1869),  “Off  the  Skelligs  ” (a  novel, 

“ iated  to  be  Free " (1875),  “ Sarah  de  Berenger ” 
(18/9),  “ Don  John”  (1881),  “John  Jerome,  etc.”  (1886),  “ A 
Motto  Changed  ” (1893),  and  a number  of  children’s  books. 
Her  poems  were  collected  in  one  volume  in  1898. 

Ingemann  (ing 'e -man),  Bernhard  Severin. 

Born  at  Torkildstrup,  Ealster,  Denmark,  May 

28,  1789 : died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  24, 1862.  A 
Danish  poet  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  epic  “Val- 
demar  de  Store  og  bans  Mand  ” (1824),  the  historical  novels 
“ValdemarSeier”(182G),  “ Erik  MenvedsBarndom”  (1828), 
“Kong  Erik ” (1833),  “ Prinds  Otto  af  Danmark  ” (1835). 

Ingenhousz  (ing'gen-hous),  Johannes.  Born 
1730:  died  in  England,  1779.  ADutchphysician. 
Ingermanland  (ing'er-man-land),  or  Ingria 
(in'gri-a).  An  ancient  district,  now  forming  a 
large  part  of  the  government  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia.  It  passed  several  times  between  Sweden  and 
Russia,  and  was  acquired  by  Sweden  1617.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Peter  the  Great. 

Ingersoll  (ing'ger-sol).  Atownin  Oxford  Coun- 
ty, Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames 
54  miles  west-southwest  of  Hamilton.  Popu- 
lation, 4,763,  (1911). 

Ingersoll,  Charles  Jared.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Oct.  3, 1782 : died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  4, 

1862.  An  American  politician  and  author,  son 
of  Jared  Ingersoll.  Hewrote  “A  Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Second  War  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain ” (1845-52). 

Ingersoll,  Joseph  Reed.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
June  14, 1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  20, 1868. 
An  American  politician,  son  of  Jared  Ingersoll: 
United  States  minister  to  England  1850-53. 
Ingersoll,  Robert  Green.  Born  at  Dresden, 
N.  Y.,Aug.  11, 1833:  died  at  Dobbs  Ferry,  N.  Y., 
July  21,  1899.  An  American  lawyer,  lecturer, 
and  politician.  He  settled  as  a legal  practitioner  at 
Peoria,  Illinois,  in  1867,  and  became  colonel  of  the  11th 
Illinois  cavalry  in  1862,  and  attorney-general  for  Illinois 
in  1866.  He  published  “ The  Gods,  and  Other  Lectures  ” 
(1876),  “Some Mistakes  of  Moses  ” (1879),  “Great  Speeches” 
(1887),  etc. 

Ingham  (ing'am),  Charles  Cromwell.  Born  at 
Dublin,  about  1796 : died  at  New  York,  Dec.  10, 

1863.  An  English- American  painter.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1816.  He  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

Ingham,  Col.  Frederic.  A pseudonym  used  by 
Edward  Everett  Hale  in  “ The  Ingham  Papers  ” 
and  other  works. 

Inghamites  (ing'am-its).  An  English  denomi- 
nation founded  by  Benjamin  Ingham  (1712-72), 
a Yorkshire  evangelist,  which  combines  ele- 
ments of  Methodism  and  Moravianism.  The  con- 
version of  Ingham  to  Sandemanian  views  led  to  the  disrup- 
tion and  nearly  total  extinction  of  the  denomination. 
Inghirami  (eng-ge-ra'me),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Volterra,  Italy,  1772 : died  at  Florence,  May  17, 
1846.  An  Italian  archaeologist.  Hewrote  “Mon- 
umenti  etruschi  o di  etrusco  nome”  (1820-27), 
etc. 

Inghirami,  Tommaso,  surnamed  Fedra.  Born 
at  Volterra,  Italy,  1470 : died  at  Rome,  Sept.  6, 
1516.  An  Italian  poet,  scholar,  and  orator. 
Ingleby  (ing'gl-bi),  Clement  Mansfield.  Born 
at  Edgbaston,  near  Birmingham,  England,  Oct. 

29,  1823 : died  at  Ilford,  Essex,  Sept.  26,  1886. 
An  English  philosophical  writer  and  Shakspe- 
rian  scholar.  He  wrote  “Outlines  of  Theoretical  Logic” 
(1856),  “The  Shakspere  Fabrications ” (18591,  “Shakspere 
Controversy”  (1861),  “An  Introduction  to  Metaphysics” 
(1864-69),  “ Shakspeare’s  Centurie  of  Prayse,  etc.”  (1874), 
‘ ‘ The  Still  Lion  ” (1874  : a new  edition  1875,  entitled  “Shak- 
spere Hermeneutics"),  “Shakspere:  the  Man  and  the 
Book  ” (1877-81),  etc. 

Inglis  (ing'lz),  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh  in 
1810 : died  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  20,  1891.  A 
Scottish  jurist.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  University 
and  Balliol'  College,  Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish 
bar  in  1835.  He  was  solicitor-general  for  Scotland  in  1852, 
and  lord  advocate  in  1852  and  1858.  In  1858  he  was  ap- 
pointed lord  justice  clerk,  with  thctitle  of  Lord  Glencorse, 


Innes9 

and  from  1867  he  was  lord  justice  general  and  president  of 
the  Court  of  Session. 

Inglis,  Sir  John  Eardley  Wilmot.  Born  in  Nova 
Scotia,  Nov.  15,  1814:  died  at  Hamburg,  Sept, 
27,  1862.  The  defender  of  Lucknow.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  Inglis,  third  bishop  of  Nova  Scotia.  He  served 
in  Canada  in  1837,  and  in  the  Panjab  war  1848-49.  In  the 
Indian  mutiny  of  1857  he  was  second  in  command  to  Sir 
Henry  Lawrence  at  Chinhut  June  30,  and  at  Lucknow, 
where  the  garrison  was  besieged  in  the  residency,  July  1. 
When  Lawrence  was  wounded,  July  2,  Inglis  succeeded  to 
the  command,  and  conducted  the  defense  until  the  arrival 
of  Sir  Henry  Havelock,  Sept.  26, 1857.  On  this  date  also  he 
was  promoted  to  major-general  and  created  K.  C.  B. 

Ingoldsby  Legends  (ing'goldz-bi  lej'endz  or 
le'jendz).  A series  of  satirical  stories  in  prose 
and  verse  by  Richard  Harris  Barham,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Thomas  Ingoldsby,  Esq.  The  earlier 
numbers  were  published  in  “Bentley’s  Miscellany,”  and 
afterward  in  “The New  Monthly  Magazine.”  In  1840  the 
first  series  was  published  collectively : a second  and  third 
series  in  1847. 

Ingolstadt  (ing'ol-stat).  A fortified  town  in 
Upper  Bavaria,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Schutter  with  the  Danube,  44  miles  north  by  west 
of  Munich.  Its  university,  founded  in  1472, was  removed 
to  Landshut  in  1800,  and  to  Munich  in  1826.  Its  fortifica- 
tions were  razed  by  the  French  in  1800.  It  was  besieged 
by  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  1632.  Pop.,  commune,  23,531. 

Ingomar  the  Barbarian.  A play  by  Maria  Anne 
Lovell,  produced  at  Drury  Lane  in  1851.  It  was 
a translation  from  the  German.*  It  has  been  a favorite  on 
account  of  the  character  of  Parthenia. 

Ingraham  (ing'gra-am),  Joseph  Holt.  Born  at 
Portland,  Maine,  1809 : died  at  Holly  Springs, 
Miss.,  Dec.,  1860.  An  American  clergyman  and 
novelist.  Among  his  works  are  “ The  Prince  of  the 
House  of  David  ” (1855),  “ The  Pillar  of  lire  ” (1859). 

Ingres  (ang'r),  Jean  Auguste  Dominique. 

Born  at  Montauban,  Ang.  29, 1780 : died  at  Pa- 
ris, Jan.  13, 1867.  A celebrated  French  histori- 
cal painter.  At  the  age  of  16  he  went  to  Paris  and  en- 
tered the  atelier  of  David.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1801 ; studied  for  5 years  in  Paris ; and  went  in 
1806  to  Italy,  where  he  remained  about  15  years.  In  1824 
the  “ Vow  of  Louis  XIII.”  was  exhibited  in  the  Louvre, 
and  the  artist  returned  to  Paris  in  great  favor.  He  was 
made  a member  of  t he  Institute  in  1825.  Among  his  works 
are  “ CEdipus  and  the  Sphinx  ” (1808),  “Apotheosis  of  Ho- 
mer ” (1826),  “ Martyrdom  of  St.  Symphorian  ” (1834),“  Strat- 
onice”(1839),  “ The  Golden  Age  "(unfinished,  1848),  “Joan 
of  Arc  ” (1854),  ‘ ‘ The  Spring  ” (1856). 

Ingria.  See  Ingermanland. 

Ingvseones  (ing-ve-6'nez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Ingse- 
voncs,  the  Latinization  of  a hypothetical  Ger- 
manic fundamental  form  *Ingvaz,  a name  of 
the  god  * Tiwaz,*  Tin.  Cf.  AS.  (rune  song)  Ing, 
OHG.  Inc,  the  name  of  a rune ; ON.  Yngvi,  Yngvi- 
Freyr,  from  whom  the  Swedish  kings,  the  Yng- 
lingar,  derive  their  descent;  AS.  (Beowulf)  Ing 
wine,  the  Danes.  From  -\figh,  to  implore.]  See 
Hermiones. 

Illhambane  (en-yam-ba'ne).  A seaport  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  belonging  to  Portugal, 
situated  in  iat.  23°  50'  S.  Population,  about 
3,330. 

Inheritance,  The.  A novel  by  Miss  Ferrier,  pub- 
lished in  1824. 

Inimacas.  See  Enimagas. 

Inkerman  (ingk-er-man').  Aruined  tow?)  in  the 
Crimea,  Russia,  near  Sebastopol.  Here,  Nov.  5, 
1854,  the  English  and  French  defeated  the  Russians,  who 
had  made  an  unexpected  attack  on  the  English  camp.  The 
battle  was  severe,  and  the  loss  on  both  sides  great. 

Inkle  andYarico.  Amusical  comedy  by  George 
Column  the  younger,  taken  from  the  “ Specta- 
tor ” (No.  11).  It  was  produced  at  the  Haymar- 
ket  Aug.  4,  1787. 

Inland  Sea.  See  Suwonada. 

Inman  (in'man).,  Henry.  Born  at  Utica,  N.  Y., 
Oct.,  lrfOl : died  at  New  York,  Jan.  17, 1846.  An 
American  painter,  noted  for  portraits. 

In  Memoriam  (in  me-mo'ri-am).  An  elegiac 
poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1850. 
It  is  a philosophic  lament*  for  the  poet's  friend  Arthur 
Henry  Hallam,  and  is  Tennyson’s  most  characteristic  work. 

Inn  (in).  One  of  the  chief  tributaries  of  the  Dan- 
ube, which  it  joins  at  Passau : the  ancient  CEnus. 
It  rises  in  the  Orisons,  Switzerland,  traverses  the  Upper 
and  Lower  Engadine  valleys,  the  Upper  and  Lower  Inn 
valleys  in  Tyrol,  and  Bavaria,  and  forms  part  of  the  boun- 
dary'between  Bavaria  and  Upper  Austria.  Length,  320 
miles  ; navigable  from  Hall. 

Inner  Temple.  See  Inns  of  Court,  and  Temple. 
Innes  (in'es),  Cosmo.  Born  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Sept.  9,  1798:  died  at  Killin,  in  the  Highlands, 
July  31, 1874.  A Scottish  antiquary.  From  1846 
until  his  death  he  was  professor  of  constitutional  law  and 
history  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Among  his  prin 
cipal  works  are  “Two  Ancient  Records  of  the  Bishopric  of 
Caithness’’  (1827),  “The  Book  of  the  Thanes  of  Cawdor” 
(1859),  “Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages ’’ (1860),  “Facsimiles 
of  National  Manuscripts  of  Scotland”  (1867). 

Inness,  George.  Born  at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  May 
1,  1825:  died  at  Bridge  of  Allan,  Scotland,  Aug. 
3,  1894.  A noted  American  landscape-painter. 
He  studied  for  a short  time  with  Regis  Gignoux,  and  also 


Inness 

abroad  at  three  different  periods.  He  was  elected  na- 
tional academician  in  1868.  He  is  noted  for  his  coloring 
and  sensitive  reproduction  of  the  moods  of  nature.  Among 
his  works  are  “ After  the  Storm  ” (1869),  “ View  near  Rome  ” 
(1871),  '‘St.  Peter’s,”  “The  Afterglow  ” (1878),  “Spring” 
(1881),  “Niagara  Falls”  (1883),  “ Sunset ” (1885). 
Innisfail  (in'is-fal).  A poetical  name  of  Ireland. 
Innocent  (in'o-sent)  I.,  Saint.  Died  March  12, 
417.  Bishop  of  Some  402-417.  During  his  pontifi- 

cate  Rome  was  sacked  by  Alaric  (410).  He  is  commemo- 
rated in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  J uly  28. 

Innocent  II.  (Gregorio  de’  Papi  or  Papares- 
chi).  Died  Sept.  23,  1143.  Pope  1130-43.  He 

was  elected  in  an  irregular  manner  by  a minority  of  the 
college  of  cardinals  on  the  death  of  Honorius  II.,  where- 
upon the  majority  of  the  cardinals,  refusing  to  recognize 
the  validity  of  his  election,  chose  Anacletus  II.  as  antipope. 
He  was  forced  to  seek  refuge  in  France,  where  Bernard 
of  Clairvaux  procured  his  recognition  by  the  court  and 
the  clergy.  He  was  installed  in  the  Lateran  at  Rome  by 
the  emperor  Lothair  in  1133,  but  did  not  gain  undisputed 
possession  before  the  death  of  Anacletus  in  1138. 

Innocent  III.  (Giovanni  Lothario  Conti). 

Born  at  Anagni,  Italy,  in  1161 : died  at  Perugia, 
Italy,  July  16, 1216.  Pope  1198-1216.  He  was  the 
son  of  Count  Trasimundo,  of  the  house  of  Conti,  and  Clari- 
cia,  a descendant  of  th  e house  of  Scotti  at  Rome  ; was  edu- 
cated at  Rome,  Paris,  and  Bologna ; became  a canon  of  St. 
Peter's  in  1181,  and  cardinal  deacon  of  St.  Sergius  and  St. 
Bacchus  in  1190 ; and  was  crowned  pope  Feb.  22, 1198.  Fol- 
lowing in  the  footsteps  of  Gregory  VII.,  he  made  it  the 
chief  aim  of  his  ecclesiastical  policy  to  vindicate  the  papal 
claim  of  the  supremacy  of  the  church  over  the  state.  He 
forced  Philip  Augustus  of  France  to  take  back  his  repu- 
diated queen,  Ingeburga  of  Denmark,  in  1200  ; instigated 
the  fourth  Crusade  (1202-04),  the  chief  result  of  which  was 
the  capture  of  Constantinople  from  the  Greeks  and  the 
establishment  of  the  Latin  Empire  ; deposed  Otto  IV.,  em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  in  1215  crowned  his 
former  ward,  Frederick  of  Sicily,  emperor ; compelled  in 
1213  John  of  England,  who  refused  to  accept  Stephen  Lang- 
ton,  the  papal  nominee  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury, to  acknowledge  the  feudal  sovereignty  of  the  Pope 
and  to  pay  an  annual  tribute ; ordered  the  crusade  against 
the  Albigenses  in  1208  ; and  presided  at  the  fourth  Lateran 
Council  in  1215.  During  his  pontificate  the  papal  power 
attained  its  greatest  height. 

Innocent  IV.  (Sinibald  di  Fiescbi).  Died  at 
Naples,  Dec.  7, 1254.  Pope  1243-54.  He  inherited 
from  his  predecessors  a feud  with  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  who  had  been  excommunicated  by  Gregory  IX.  in 
1239.  After  the  death  of  Frederick  in  1250,  and  of  his  son 
the  emperor  Conrad  IV.  in  1254,  the  struggle  was  con- 
tinued with  Manfred,  the  uncle  and  guardian  of  Conrad's 
son,  Conradin  of  Sicily,  who  inflicted  a decisive  defeat  on 
the  papal  troops  5 days  before  Innocent's  death. 

Innocent  V.  (Pietro  di  Tarantasia).  Born  in 
1225:  died  at  Rome,  June  22,  1276.  Pope  Jan. 
20-June  22,  1276.,, 

Innocent  VI.  (Etienne  Aubert).  Born  at 
Mons,  in  Limousin  : died  Sept.  12,  1362.  Pope 
1352-62.  He  kept  his  court  at  Avignon. 
Innocent  VII.  (Cosimo  de’  Migliorati).  Born 
at  Sulmona,  Abruzzi,  Italy,  1336  : died  at  Rome, 
Nov.  6,  1406.  Pope  1404-06.  He  was  opposed 
by  the  antipope  Benedict  XIII.,  who  resided  at 
Avignon. 

Innocent  VIII.  (Giovanni  Battista  Cibo). 

Bom  at  Genoa,  1432 : died  July  25, 1492.  Pope 
1484-92.  He  was  involved  in  war  with  Ferdinand  of  Na- 
ples, whose  crown  he  ottered  to  Renaldus,  duke  of  Lor- 
raine ; and  kept  Zezim,  brother  of  the  sultan  Bajazet,  a 
close  prisoner  in  consideration  of  an  annual  payment  of 
40,000  ducats  and  the  gift  of  the  sacred  spear  said  to  have 
pierced  the  side  of  the  Saviour. 

Innocent  IX.  (Giovanni  Antonio  Facchi- 
netti).  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  1519 : died  Dec. 
30,  1591.  Pope  Oct.  29-Dec.  30;  1591. 
Innocent  X.  (Giovanni  Battista  Pamfili). 
Bom  at  Rome,  1574  : died  Jan.  7,  1655.  Pope 
1644-55.  He  condemned  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  in 
1651,  and  the  Jansenist  heresy  in  1653. 

Innocent  XI.  (Benedetto  Odescalchi).  Born 
at  Como,  Italy,  1611 : died  Aug.  12,  1689.  Pope 
1676-89. 

Innocent  XII.  (Antonio  Pignatelli).  Bom 

at  Naples,  March  13,  1615 : died  Sept.  27, 1700. 
Pope  1691-1700. 

Innocent  XIII.  (Michelangelo  Conti).  Bom 

at  Rome,  May  13,  1655 : died  March  7,  1724. 
Pope  1721-24. 

Innsbruck  (ins'hrok),  orlnnspruck.  The  capi- 
tal of  Tyrol,  Austria,  situated  on  the  Inn  in 
lat.  47°  17'  N.,  long.  11° 24'  E. : the  ancient  CEni 
Pons,  or  CEnipontum.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque 
situation.  The  Franciscan  church,  or  Hofkirche,  is  a Re- 
naissance building,  notable  especially  for  its  magnificent 
monument  to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  The  kneeling 
figure  of  the  emperor,  in  bronze,  on  a great  marble  sar- 
cophagus, is  surrounded  by  28  statues.  The  sides  of  the 
sarcophagus  are  adorned  with  24  reliefs  of  scenes  from 
the  emperor’s  life,  most  of  them  by  Alexander  Colin  of 
Malines.  These  reliefs  are  among  the  finest  3culpture 
of  the  16th  century;  many  of  the  figures  are  portraits. 
The  Schloss  Amras  is  a fine  castle  of  the  13th  century,  re- 
fitted and  enlarged  in  the  16th  by  the  archduke  Ferdinand. 
It  is  now  a museum,  with  very  interesting  collections, 
chiefly  historical,  including  medieval  and  modern  weapons, 
furniture,  industrial  art,  sculpture,  and  portraits.  The 
16th-century  Spanish  saloon  is  notable,  as  is  the  ornate  late- 
Pointed  chapel.  It  has  several  other  castles  and  a univer- 
C.— 34 


529 

sity.  It  was  made  a city  in  1234.  Desperate  fighting  be- 
tween the  Tyrolese  and  Bavarians  occurred  here  iu  1809. 
Population,  53,194,  (1910). 

Inns  of  Chancery.  Inns  subordinate  to  the  Inns 
of  Court  (which  see).  Clifford’s  Inn,  Clement's  Inn, 
and  Lyon’s  Inn  (pulled  down  in  1868,  now  the  site  of  the 
Globe  Theatre)  were  attached  to  the  Inner  Temple  ; New 
Inn  and  Strand  Inn  (which  have  disappeared),  to  the  Mid- 
dle Temple  ; Barnard’s  Inn  and  Staple’s  Inn,  to  Gray’s  Inn ; 
Thavies’  Inn  and  Furnival’s  Inn  (both  demolished),  to  Lin- 
coln’s Inn.  Serjeant’s  Inn,  in  Chancery  Lane,  was  formerly 
used  by  the  Society  of  Serjeants-at-law. 

Inns  of  Court.  Legal  societies  in  London  which 
have  the  exclusive  privilege  of  calling  candi- 
dates to  the  bar,  and  maintain  instruction  and 
examination  for  that  purpose ; also,  the  pre- 
cincts or  premises  occupied  by  these  societies 
respectively.  They  are  the  Inner  Temple,  Middle  Tem- 
ple, Lincoln’s  Inn,  and  Gray’s  Inn.  The  first  two  originally 
belonged  to  the  Knights  Templars  (whence  the  name  Tem- 
ple). These  inns  had  their  origin  about  the  end  of  the 
13th  century.  The  inn  was  originally  the  town  residence 
of  a person  of  quality.  “Before  the  Temple  was  leased  by 
lawyers,  the  laws  were  taught  in  hostels,  hospitia  curioe,  of 
which  there  were  a great  number  in  the  metropolis,  espe- 
cially in  the  neighborhood  of  Holborn  ; but  afterwards  the 
Inns  of  Court  and  Chancery  increased  in  prosperity  till  they 
formed  what  Stow  describes  as  ‘a  whole  university  of  stu- 
dents, practisers  or  pleaders,  and  judges  of  the  law  of  this 
realm,  not  living  on  common  stipends  as  in  the  other  uni- 
versities, as  is  for  the  most  part  done,  but  of  their  own 
private  maintenance.’  ’’  Hare,  London,  I.  69. 

Innuit  (in'u-it).  See  EsTcimauan. 

Innviertel  (in'fer-tel).  The  region  between  the 
Inn,  Danube,  and  Salzach.  It  was  ceded  to 
Austria  in  1779,  to  Bavaria  in  1809,  and  again 
to  Austria  in  1815. 

Inowrazlaw(e-nov-rats'lav),  or  Jung-Breslau 

(yong-bresTou).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Posen,  Prussia,  66miles  east-northeast  of  Posen. 
There  are  salt-works  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  24,471. 

Insatiate  Countess,  The.  A tragedy  acted  in 
1610,  and  attributed  to  Marston,  though  altered 
by  Barksteed.  It  was  sometimes  mentioned  as 
“ Barksteed’s  Tragedy.”  The  play  which  bears  the 
latter’s  name  (in  some  copies)  seems  to  have  been  con- 
densed by  him  from  two  others  — one  a tragedy,  one  a 
comedy.  Marston  probably  wrote  the  play  in  1604.  Fleay, 
Inselsberg  (in'sels-herG).  One  of  the  chief 
summits  of  the  Thiiringerwald,  west  of  Fried- 
richroda.  Height,  3,000  feet. 

Instauratio  Magna  (in-sta-ra'shi-o  mag'na). 
[L.,  ‘the  great  renewal.’]  The  comprehensive 
philosophical  work  planned  and  partially  carried 
out  by  Lord  Bacon,  comprising  the  “Advance- 
ment of  Learning,”  “ Novum  Organum,”  etc. 
See  Bacon,  Francis. 

Insterburg  (in'ster-borG).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Angerapp  and  Inster,  53 miles  east  of  Konigs- 
berg.  Population,  commune,  28,902. 

Institute  of  France.  [F.  Institut  de  France, 
often  simply  Institut .]  An  association  of  the 
members  of  the  five  French  academies,  L’ Aca- 
demic Fran§aise,  L’ Academic  des  Inscriptions 
et  Belles-Lettres,  L’Acad6mie  des  Sciences, 
L’Academie  desBeaux  Arts,  and  L’Acad6mie  des 
Sciences  Morales  et  Politiques.  It  was  established 
by  the  Republican  Convention  in  1795,  and  is  supported 
by  the  government.  Its  purpose  is  “ to  advance  the  sciences 
and  arts  of  research  by  the  publication  of  discoveries  and 
by  correspondence  with  other  learned  societies,  and  to 
prosecute  those  scientific  and  literary  labors  which  shall 
have  for  their  end  general  utility  and  the  glory  of  the  re- 
public.” It  was  originally  called  L’lnstitut  National,  and 
the  name  has  changed  with  the  various  changes  in  the 
government.  At  first  the  association  was  installed  at  the 
Louvre,  but  in  1806  it  was  removed  to  the  College  des 
Quatre  Nations.  There  is  a general  annual  meeting  on 
the  25th  of  October,  the  anniversary  of  its  founding. 

Institutes  of  Justinian.  See  Corpus  Juris. 
Institutes  of  the  Christian  Religion.  [L.  In- 

stitutio  Keligionis  Christiana e.]  A theological 
work  by  Calvin,  published  in  Latin  in  1536,  and 
in  French  in  1540. 

Instituto  Historico  e Geographico  Brazi- 
leiro.  [Pg. , ‘ Brazilian  Historical  and  Geograph- 
ical Society.’]  A society  established  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Brazil,  in  1839,  for  the  encouragement 
of  historical  and  geographical  studies.  Since  its 
foundation  it  has  published  the  “Revista  Trimensal,”  now 
(1894)  numbering  over  65  volumes,  and  containing  docu- 
ments of  the  highest  interest.  It  possesses  a very  valua- 
ble library. 

Insubres  (in'su-brez).  In  ancient  history,  a 
Gallic  people  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  dwelling  north 
of  the  Po,  in  the  vicinity  of  Milan.  They  were 
finally  subjected  to  Rome  in  194  b.  c. 

Interim  (in 't6r-im).  A provisional  arrange- 
ment for  the  settlement  of  religious  differences 
between  Protestants  and  Roman  Catholics  in 
Germany  during  the  Reformation  epoch,  pend- 
ing a definite  settlement  by  a church  council. 
There  were  three  interims : the  Ratisbon  Interim,  pro- 
mulgated by  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  July  29,  1541,  but 


Inverness 

ineffective ; the  Augsburg  Interim,  proclaimed  also  by 
Charles  V.,  May  16, 1518,  hut  not  carried  out  by  many  Prot- 
estants ; and  the  Leipsic  Interim,  carried  through  the  Diet 
of  Saxony,  Dec.  22, 1548,  by  the  efforts  of  the  elector  Mau- 
rice, and  enlarged  and  published  as  the  Greater  Interim 
in  March,  1549  : it  met  with  strenuous  opposition.  Reli- 
gious toleration  was  secured  for  the  Lutherans  by  the  peace 
of  Passau,  1552. 

Interlaken  (in'  t er-lfi-ken ) , or  Inter lachen  (in'- 
ter-laeh-en).  A summer  resort  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  on  the  Aare,  between  Lakes 
Thun  and  Brienz,  27  miles  southeast  of  Bern. 
It  is  a celebrated  tourist  center.  The  chief  avenue  is  the 
Hoheweg.  It  contains  a casino  and  an  old  monastery. 
Population,  about  3,000. 

International  (in-ter-nash'on-al),  The.  A so- 
ciety(in  full,  “Thelnternational  Working-men’s 
Association”),  formed  in  London  in  1864,  de- 
signed to  unite  the  working-classes  of  all  coun- 
tries in  promoting  social  and  industrial  reform 
by  political  means.  Its  chief  aims  were  : (1)  the  sub- 
ordination of  capital  to  labor  through  the  transference 
of  industrial  enterprises  from  the  capitalists  to  bodies  of 
working-men  ; (2)  the  encouragement  of  men  on  strike  by 
gifts  of  money,  or  by  preventing  laborers  of  one  locality 
from  migrating  to  another  when  the  laborers  of  the  latter 
are  on  strike ; (3)  the  overthrow  of  all  laws,  customs,  and 
privileges  considered  hostile  to  the  working-classes,  and 
the  encouragement  of  whatever  aids  them,  as  the  shorten- 
ing of  hours  of  labor,  free  public  education,  etc. ; (4)  the 
end  of  all  wars.  By  1807  the  International  had  become  a 
powerful  organization,  though  strenuously  opposed  by  the 
continental  European  governments  ; but  its  manifestation 
in  1872  of  sympathy  with  the  doings  of  the  Paris  Commune 
in  the  preceding  year,  and  internal  dissensions,  caused  a 
great  loss  of  reputation  and  strength. 

International  African  Association.  An  in- 
ternational commission  provided  for  at  the 
Brussels  Conference  of  1876.  its  object  was  to  be 
the  exploration  and  civilization  of  central  Africa.  National 
committees  were  formed  in  France,  Germany,  Italy,  and 
elsewhere  to  cooperate  in  the  work.  Its  seat  was  Brus- 
sels. Out  of  it  grew  the  Kongo  Committee,  the  Interna- 
tional Association  of  the  Kongo,  and  the  Kongo  Free  State. 
Interpreter,  Mr.  A character  in  Buny  an’s  “Pil- 
grim’s Progress.”  He  is  intended  to  typify  the  Holy 
Ghost.  The  house  of  the  Interpreter  was  just  beyond  the 
Wicket  Gate. 

Intervale  (in'ter-val).  A village  of  Carroll 
County,  New  Hampshire.  It  is  a summer  re- 
sort of  the  White  Mountain  region,  situated 
about  a mile  and  a half  to  the  north  of  North 
Conway,  at  an  altitude  of  550  feet.  It  is  on 
the  Boston  and  Maine  and  Maine  Central  rail- 
roads. 

Intra  (en'trii).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  northern  Italy,  on  the  western  shore 
of  Lago  Maggiore.  Population,  6,902. 
Intransigentists(in-tran'si-jen-tists).  1.  Arad- 
ical  party  in  Spain  which  in  1873-74  fomented 
an  unsuccessful  insurrection. — 2.  A faction  in 
France  whose  parliamentary  program  includes 
various  radical  reforms  and  socialistic  changes. 
Intrepid,  The.  1.  A Tripolitan  vessel,  cap- 
tured and  so  named  by  Americans,  in  which 
Stephen  Decatur  sailed  into  the  port  of  Tripoli 
on  the  night  of  Feb.  16,  1804,  and  recaptured 
and  burned  the  United  States  frigate  Philadel- 
phia, which  had  fallen  into  the  enemy’s  hands. 
The  vessel  was  afterward  blown  up  in  the 
harbor  to  destroy  Tripolitan  cruisers. — 2.  An 
Arctic  exploring  vessel.  She  sailed  under  Com- 
mander Austin  in  1850  from  England. 

IntrigO  (in-tre'go).  A man  of  business  in  Sir 
Francis  Fane’s  comedy  “Love  in  the  Dark,” 
from  which  Mrs.  Centlivre  took  Marplot. 
Intronati  (en-tro-na'te).  A literary  academy 
founded  at  Siena  in  1525. 

Invalides,  Hotel  des.  See  Edtel. 

Inveraray,  or  Inverary  (in-ve-ra/ri).  A sea- 
port and  the  capital  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  Loch  Fyne  40  miles  northwest  of 
Glasgow : noted  for  herring-fishery.  Popula- 
tion, 735. 

Invercargill  (in-v6r-kar-gil').  A town  in  the 
South  Island,  New  Zealand,  on  an  inlet  of  Fo- 
veaux  Strait.  It  exports  mutton,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 9,953. 

Inverlochy  (in-ver-loch'i).  A place  in  Ar- 
gyllshire, Scotland,  situated  near  Loch  Eil  33 
miles  northeast  of  Oban.  Here,  Feb.  2,  1645, 
Montrose  defeated  the  Campbells. 

Inverness  (in-ver-nes').  1.  A county  of  Scot- 
land, hounded  by  Ross  on  the  north,  Nairn  and 
Elgin  on  the  northeast,  Banff  and  Aberdeen  on 
the  east,  Perth  and  Argyll  on  the  south,  and 
the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  It  comprises  also  Harris, 
North  and  South  Uist,  Skye,  and  others  of  the  Hebrides. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  is  noted  for  its  lakes 
and  for  picturesque  scenery.  The  prevailing  language 
is  Gaelic.  Area,  4,211  square  miles.  Population  (civil 
county),  90,182. 

2.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Inverness,  situated  on  the  Noss  in  lat.  57°  28' 
N. , long.  4°  13'  W.  It  has  flourishing  coasting  and  for- 


Inverness 

eign  trade ; is  a tourist  center,  and  the  capital  of  the  north- 
ern Highlands ; and  was  the  ancient  Pictish  capital.  Its 
castle  was  destroyed  by  the  army  of  the  Pretender  in  1746. 
Inverness,  Forres,  Fortrose,  and  Naim  form  the  Inverness 
district  of  parliamentary  burghs.  Population,  21,193. 

Invincible  Armada.  The.  See  Armada. 
Invincible  Doctor,  The,  L.  Doctor  Invincibi- 

lis  (dok'tor  in-vin-sib'i-lis).  A surname  given 
to  the  scholastic  philosopher  William  Occam. 

Invoice  (in'vois).  One  of  the  principal  charac- 
ters in  Foote’s  “Devil  upon  Two  Sticks.” 

Inwood  (in'wud),  Henry  William.  Born  May- 
22,  1794:  supposed  to  have  been  shipwrecked 
March  20,  1843.  An  architect,  the  eldest  son 
of  William  Inwood  (1771-1843).  He  published 
“The  Erechtheum  at  Athens’’  (1827),  “Of  the  Resources 
of  Design  in  the  Architecture  of  Greece,  Egypt,  and  other 
Countries  " (1813). 

Inwood,  William.  Born  at  Higligate  about  1771 : 
died  at  London,  March  16,  1843.  An  English 
architect.  His  chief  work  is  St.  Pancras  New  Church, 
Condon  (1819-22),  which  is  an  adaptation  of  Athenian 
models,  chiefly  the  Erechtheum. 

Io  (i'o).  [Gtr.  T<j.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the 
beautiful  daughter  of  Inachus,  king  of  Argos, 
Greece,  who  was  changed  by  Hera  (Juno),  in  a 
fit  of  jealousy,  into  a white  heifer,  and  placed 
under  the  watch  of  Argus  of  the  hundred  eyes. 
When  Argus  was  killed  by  Hermes  at  the  command  of  Zeus, 
the  heifer  was  maddened  by  a terrible  gadfly  sent  by  Hera, 
and  wandered  about  until  she  arrived  in  Egypt.  She  re- 
covered her  original  shape,  and  bore  Epaphus  to  Zeus. 
Epaphus  became  the  ancestor  of  Hfgyptus,  Damaus,  Ce- 
pheus,  and  Phineus.  According  to  another  legem’.,  Io  was 
carried  off  by  Phenician  traders  who  landed  in  Argos. 
The  myth  is  generally  explained  to  be  Aah  or  the  moon 
wandering  in  the  starry  skies,  symbolized  by  the  hundred- 
eyed Argus;  her  transformation  into  a horned  heifer  repre- 
senting the  crescent  moon. 

Greek  mythology,  too,  knew  her  (Astarte]  as  16  and  Eu- 
ropa,  and  she  was  fitly  symbolised  by  the  cow  whose  horns 
resemble  the  supine  lunar  crescent  as  seen  in  the  south. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  195. 

Iolaus  (l-o-la'us).  [Gr.  T<Waof.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  charioteer  and  companion  of  Hera- 
cles. 

IoldlS  (I-ol'kus).  [Gr.  ’Iw/.xor.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a city  in  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
on  the  Pagassean  Gulf  near  Mount  Pelion : the 
modern  Volo.  It  was  the  point  of  embarkation 
of  the  Argonauts. 

Ion  (i'on).  [Gr.  v Pm. j In  Greek  mythology, 
the  ancestor  of  the  Ionians,  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  by  Euripides. 

Ion.  [Gr.  ”Iwr.]  1.  A play  of  Euripides,  exhib- 
ited about  424  B.  C.  Its  theme  is  the  legend  that  Ion, 
eponymous  founder  of  the  Ionian  race,  was  the  son  of 
Creusa,  daughter  of  Erechtheus,  by  Apollo. 

There  is  no  character  in  all  Greek  tragedy  like  this  Ion, 
who  reminds  one  strongly  of  the  charming  boys  drawn  by 
Plato  in  such  dialogues  as  “Charmides”  and  “Lysis."  In 
purity  and  freshness  he  has  been  compared  to  Giotto’s  chor- 
isters, and  lias  afforded  Racine  his  masterpiece  of  imita- 
tion in  the  Joasof  the  “Athalie.”  But  I would  liken  him 
still  more  to  the  child  Samuel,  whose  ministrations  are 
painted  with  so  exquisite  a grace  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  349. 

2.  A tragedy  by  Thomas  Noon  Talfourd,  pri- 
vately printed  in  1835,  and  produced  the  next 
year  at  Covent  Garden.  It  is  properly  a dra- 
matic poem,  and  is  the  author’s  masterpiece. 

Ion  of  Chios.  Born  at  Chios : died  422  b.  c. 
A Greek  poet.  Fragments  of  his  tragedies  and 
lyrics  have  survived. 

Iona  (i-6'nji),  or  Icolmkill  (i-kom-kil').  [Ori- 
ginally Eii  or  I (Irish,  ‘island’):  written  Ioua 
by  Adaronan,  whence  Iona .]  An  island  of  the 
Inner  Hebrides,  in  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  1J 
miles  southwest  of  Mull,  from  which  it  is  sep- 
arated by  the  Sound  of  Iona.  The  cathedral  is  a 
small  but  very  interesting  building,  now  roofless,  though 
the  masonry  is  complete.  It  was  founded  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury. but  exhibits  some  details  as  late  as  the  16th.  Some 
specimens  of  plate-tracery  in  the  square  central  tower  are 
especially  curious.  St.  Martin’s  and  Maclean’s  crosses  near 
by  are  interesting  examples  of  the  many  sculptured  Runic 
crosses  with  which  Iona  formerly  abounded.  It  was  an 
ancient  seat  of  the  Druids.  Columba  founded  a monastery 
here  about  565,  which  became  a leading  colonizer  in  the 
spread  of  Celtic  missions.  The  Culdees  were  replaced  by 
Benedictines  in  the  13th  century.  The  monastery  was  de- 
molished in  1151.  Length,  3 J miles.  Population,  about  200. 

Ioni.  See  Aienai. 

Ionia  (i-6'ni-a).  [Gr.  ’I ovia.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a maritime  region  on  the  western  coast 
of  Lydia  and  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  with  Chios  and 
Samos  and  the  adjacent  islands.  It  comprised  on 
the  mainland  the  cities  Phocaea,  Clazomenae,  Erythrse, 
Teos,  Lebedus,  Colophon,  Ephesus,  Priene,  Myus,  Miletus, 
and  later  Smyrna.  It  was  colonized  in  prehistoric  times 
by  Ionians  from  European  Greece  ; was  conquered  by 
Croesus  in  the  middle  of  the  6th  century  B.  c. ; passed  later 
to  Persia ; was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  revolt  500- 
494  ; became  on  the  close  of  the  Persian  war  a dependent 
ally  of  Athens  ; and  passed  to  Persia  in  387,  and  to  Mace- 
donia in  334  Later  it  fell  to  Pergamum  and  Rome.  It  was 
celebrated  for  its  wealth,  and  for  the  early  development  of 
art,  music,  philosophy,  and  literature. 


530 

Ionian  Islands  (i-6'ni-an  I'landz).  1.  The  col- 
lective name  of  Corfu,  Santa  Maura,  Cephalo- 
uia,  Zante,  Paxo,  Ithaca,  and  Cerigo,  and  some 
smaller  islands,  belonging  to  Greece.  They  form 
the  modern  nomarehies  of  Corfu,  Cephalonia,  Zante,  and 
part  of  Argolis  and  Corinth.  They  were  acquired  by  Venice 
from  about  1400;  were  annexed  to  France  in  1797;  were 
conquered  by  the  Prussians  and  Turks  in  1799  ; formed  the 
republicof  the  “Seven  United  Islands”  1800-07;  were  an- 
nexed to  France  in  1807 , were  placed  under  a British  pro- 
tectorate in  1815  ; and  were  ceded  to  Greece  in  1864.  See 
Corfu,  Cephalonia,  and  the  other  separate  islands. 

2.  In  ancient  geography,  the  islands  belonging 
to  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor. 

Ionian  Sea.  [L.  Ionium  Mare.]  The  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  between  Greece  and  Albania  on 
the  east  and  Calabria  and  Sicily  on  the  west. 
los(i'os).  [Gr.  ’’Ioc.]  An  island  in  the  iEgean 
Sea,  12  miles  south-southwest  of  Naxos:  the 
modern  Nio.  It  now  belongs  to  Greece.  Popu- 
lation, 2,090. 

Iowa  (i'o-wa).  [PL,  also  Iowas:  ‘Gray’  or 
‘ Dusty  Noses/  a name  given  to  the  Paqotce.] 
A tribe  of  the  Tciwere  division  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  from  which  the  State  of  Iowa  is 
named.  They  are  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma, 
and  number  about  300.  See  Tciwere. 

Iowa  (I'o-wa).  One  of  the  Northwestern  States 
of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Des 
Moines.  It  is  bounded  by  Minnesota  on  the  north  and 
Missouri  on  the  south,  and  is  separated  on  the  east  by  the 
Mississippi  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  Missouri  from  Nebraska  and  by  the  Big  Sioux  from 
Dakota.  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating.  The  chief 
minerals  are  coal  and  clay.  The  chief  occupation  is 
agriculture : it  is  one  of  the  leading  States  in  the  produc- 
tion of  com.  It  has  99  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  11 
representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  13  electoral  votes.  It 
formed  part  of  the  “ Louisiana  Purchase  "and  of  Missouri 
Territory,  part  of  Michigan  Territory  1834-36,  and  part  of 
Wisconsin  Territory  1836-38.  The  first  permanent  settle- 
ments were  made  at  Burlington  and  elsewhere  in  1833. 
Iowa  was  made  a separate  Territory  in  1838,  and  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  in  1846.  Area,  56,025  square  miles. 
Population,  2,224,771,  (1910). 

Iowa.  A river  in  the  State  of  Iowa,  joining  the 
Mississippi  19milessouth  of  Muscatine.  Length, 
about  300  miles ; navigable  from  Iowa  City  (80 
miles). 

Iowa  City.  The  capital  of  Johnson  County, 
Iowa,  situated  on  the  Iowa  River  51  miles  west 
by  north  of  Davenport : State  capital  from  1839 
to  1857.  Population,  10,091,  (1910). 

Iowa  College.  A coeducational  institution  of 
learning, incorporated  in  1847,  opened  at  Daven- 
port, Iowa,  in  1848,  and  removed  to  Grinnell, 
Poweshiek  County,  in  1860.  It  was  founded  by  Con- 
gregationalists,  and  has  about  60  instructors  and  600  stu- 
dents. Known  as  Grinnell  College  since  1909. 

Iowa  State  University.  A coeducational  in- 
stitution of  learning  at  Iowa  City,  Iowa.  It 
was  opened  in  1855,  and  has  over  150  instruc- 
tors and  more  than  2,000  students. 

Ipek  (e-pek'),  Serv.  Pec  (petsh).  A town  in  the 
vilayet  of  Kossovo,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  42° 
35'  N.,  long.  20°  26'  E. : the  ancient  seat  of 
the  Servian  patriarch.  Population,  estimated, 
15,000. 

Ipkicrates  (i-fik'ra-tez).  [Gr.  T^tapar?/?.]  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  4th  century  b.  C.  An 
Athenian  general,  noted  for  his  improvements 
in  the  equipment  of  the  peltasts.  He  defeated 
the  Spartans  near  Corinth  392  B.  C. 

Iphigenia  (if //i-je-nl'ii).  [Gr.’I fayheia.']  InGreek 
legend,  the  daughter  of  Agamemnon  and  CJy- 
temnestra(or  of  Theseus  and  Helena).  Accord- 
ing to  one  legend,  when  the  fleet  which  was  to  sail  against 
Troy  was  becalmed  at  Aulis,  through  the  anger  of  Artemis 
with  Agamemnon,  the  seer  Calchas  (or  the  Delphic  oracle) 
declared  that  the  death  of  Iphigenia  was  the  only  means 
of  propitiating  the  goddess.  Agamemnon  sent  for  his 
daughter,  but  when  she  arrived  Artemis  carried  her  away 
in  a cloud  toTauris.  and  a stag  (or  other  animal,  or  another 
person)  was  substituted  for  her  in  the  sacrifice.  While 
she  was  at  Tauris  as  a priestess  of  Artemis,  her  brother 
Orestes,  accompanied  by  his  friend  Pylades,  came  with  the 
intention  of  carrying  off  the  celebrated  image  of  the  god- 
dess. Iphigenia  saved  him  from  being  put  to  death  as  a 
stranger,  and  tied  with  him  and  the  image.  Herstory  has 
frequently  been  made  the  subject  of  dramatic  poetry. 

There  were  “ Iphigenias  ” by  both  iEschylus  and  Sopho- 
cles, which  were  soon  obscured  by  the  present  play  [of 
Euripides].  Both  Nsevius  and  Ennius  composed  well-known 
tragedies  upon  its  model.  Erasmus  translated  it  into 
Latin  in  1524  ; T.  Sibillet  into  French  in  1549.  Dolce  gave 
an  Italian  version  in  1560.  There  are  obscure  French  ver- 
sions by  Rotrou  (1640),  and  by  Leclerc  and  Coras  (1675),  the 
latter  in  opposition  to  the  great  imitation  of  Racine  in 
1674.  Racine’s  remarkable  play,  written  by  a man  who 
combined  a real  knowledge  of  Euripides  with  poetic  talent 
of  his  own,  is  a curious  specimen  ot  the  effects  of  French 
court  manners  in  spoiling  the  simplicity  of  a great  mas- 
terpiece. . . . An  English  version  of  Racine’s  play,  called 
“Achilles,  or  Iphigenia  in  Aulis,”  was  brought  out  at  Drury 
Lane  in  1700,  and  the  author  in  his  preface  to  the  print 
boasts  that  it  was  well  received,  though  another  Iphigenia 
failed  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields  about  the  same  time.  This 
rare  play  is  bound  up  with  West’s  “Hecuba"  in  the  Bod- 


Iquitos 

leian.  The  famous  opera  of  Gluck  (1774)  is  based  on  Racine, 
and  there  was  another  operatic  revival  of  the  play  in  Dub- 
lin in  the  year  1846,  when  Miss  Helen  Faucit  appeared  as 
the  heroine.  The  version  (by  J.  W.  Calcraft)  was  based  on 
Fotter’s  translation,  and  the  choruses  were  set  to  music, 
after  the  model  of  Mendelssohn,  by  R.  M.  Levey.  I fancy 
this  revival  was  limited  to  Dublin.  Schiller  translated 
Euripides'  play  (17901,  and  there  is  an  English  poetical 
version  by  Cartwright,  about  1867  (with  the  “Medea”  and 
“Iph.  Taur.”). 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  371. 

There  yet  remains  the  very  famous  “ Iphigenia  ” of 
Goethe  for  our  consideration.  This  excellent  play  has  been 
extolled  far  beyond  its  merits  by  the  contemporaries  of  its 
great  author,  but  is  now  generally  allowed,  even  in  Ger- 
many, to  be  a somewhat  unfortunate  mixture  of  Greek 
scenery  and  characters  with  modern  romantic  sentiment. 
It  therefore  gives  no  idea  whatever  of  a Greek  play,  and 
of  this  its  unwary  reader  should  be  carefully  reminded. 
Apart  from  the  absence  of  chorus,  and  the  introduction  of 
a sort  of  confidant  of  the  king,  Arkas,  who  does  nothing 
but  give  stupid  and  unheeded  advice,  the  character  of 
Thoas  is  drawn  as  no  barbarian  king  should  have  been 
drawn  — a leading  character,  and  so  noble  that  Iphigenia 
cannot  bring  herself  to  deceive  him,  a scruple  which  an 
Athenian  audience  would  have  derided.  Equally  would 
they  have  derided  Orestes’  proposal,  of  which  Thoas  ap- 
proves, to  prove  his  identity  by  single  combat,  and  still 
more  the  argument  which  Iphigenia  prefers  to  all  outward 
marks— the  strong  yearning  of  her  heart  to  the  stranger. 
The  whole  diction  and  tone  of  the  play  is,  moreover,  full  of 
idealistic  dreaming,  and  conscious  analysis  of  motive, 
which  the  Greeks,  who  painted  the  results  more  accu- 
rately, never  paraded  upon  the  stage. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  357. 

Iphigenia.  A tragedy  by  John  Dennis,  acted 
at  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields  in  1700.  The  story  is 
taken  from  Euripides’s  “Iphigenia  in  Tauris.” 
Iphigenia  among  the  Tauri.  A play  of  Eu- 
ripides, of  uncertain  date,  but  certainly  belong- 
ing to  the  poet’s  later  period. 

Iphigenia  at  Aulis.  Aplay  of  Euripides,  brought 
out  after  his  death  by  his  son. 

Iphigenie.  A tragedy  by  Racine,  acted  at  court 
in  1674,  in  public  in  1675. 

Iphigenie  auf  Tauris.  A psychological  drama 
by  Goethe,  completed  1787. 

Iphigenie  en  Aulide.  An  opera  by  Gluck,  pro- 
duced at  Paris  in  1774j? 

Iphigenie  en  Tauride.  An  opera  by  Gluck, 
produced  at  Paris  in  1779.  The  story  of  “Iphigenia 
in  Aulis  ” has  been  set  to  music  by  more  than  20  composers 
besides  Gluck,  and  of  “Iphigenia  in  Tauris”  by  9 or  10. 
Ips,  or  Ybbs  (ips).  A town  in  Lower  Austria, 
situated  at  tlie  junction  of  the  Ips  with  the 
Danube,  58  miles  west  of  Vienna.  Population, 
commune,  5,122,  (1910). 

Ipsambul.  See  Abu-Sinibel. 

Ipsara  (ip-sa'ra),  or  Psara  (psa'ra).  A small 
island  in  the  Aegean  Sea,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Scio,  belonging  to  Turkey:  the  ancient  Psyra. 
Ipsus  (ip'sus).  [Gr.  T/>df.)  In  ancient 
geography,  a town  in  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  about 
lat.  38°  41'  N.,  long.  30°  52'  E.  Here,  301  B.  c., 
Lysimaehus  and  Seleueus  defeated  and  slew 
Antigonus. 

Ipswich  (ips'wich).  A seaport  and  the  capital 
of  Suffolk,  England,  on  the  Orwell  64  miles 
northeast  of  London.  It  has  a grammar-school,  re- 
founded  by  Elizabeth,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Wolsey. 
It  was  plundered  by  the  Danes  991  and  1000.  It  returns 
2 members  to  Parliament.  Population,  73,939,  (1911). 

Ipswich.  A river  port  in  Queensland,  Austra- 
lia, situated  on  the  Bremer  about  lat.  27°  35' 
S.,  long.  152°  50'  E.  Population,  8,637. 
Ipswich.  A river  port  in  Essex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ips- 
wich River,  25  miles  north-northeast  of  Boston. 
Population,  5,777,  (1910). 

Iquichanos  (e-ke-cha'nos).  A tribe  of  Peru- 
vian Indians,  in  the  wild  mountain  region  of 
the  department  of  Ayacucho,  west  of  Huanta. 
They  have  retained  a form  of  tribal  independence. 
Iquique  (e-ke'ka).  A seaport  and  the  capital 
of  the  province  of  Tarapaea,  Chile,  in  lat.  20° 
12'  S.,  long.  70°  11'  W.  Near  here,  May  21,  1879, 
occurred  a naval  battle  in  which  the  Chilean  ship  Es- 
meralda was  sunk  by  the  Peruvian  monitor  Huascar. 
Iquique  was  ceded  to  Chile  in  1883.  Population,  40,171. 
Iquitos  (e-ke'tos).  A tribe  of  Indians  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  upper  Amazon,  in  the  re- 
gion disputed  between  Ecuador  and  Peru. 
Formerly  they  were  found  about  the  rivers 
Tigre  and  Nanay,  where  missionaries  preached 
to  them  from  1727  to  1768.  Some,  at  least, 
relapsed  into  barbarism,  and  the  remnants 
live  on  the  left  side  of  the  Napo.  They  are 
naked  savages,  and  use  poisoned  arrows. 
Nothing  is  known  of  their  language.  The 
town  of  Iquitos,  Peru,  was  named  from  them. 
Also  written  Yquitos. 

Iquitos.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Loreto,  Peru,  on  the  Marafion.  Population, 
with  suburbs,  12,000. 


Iraj 

Iraj  (e-rej').  In  the  Shahnamah,  son  of  Faridun 
by  Arnivaz.  In  the  division  of  his  realm  Faridun  gave 
to  Iraj,  though  the  youngest  Iran,  and  to  Salm  and  Tur,  re- 
spectively, the  West  and  Turan.  These  rose  against  Iraj, 
and  Tur  slew  him.  He  was  avenged  by  Minuchihr,  who 
slew  both  Salm  and  Tur.  See  Salm. 

Irak  (e-rak' ).  The  tract  of  land  which  is  called 
Babylonia  by  Ptolemy,  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Mesopotamia,  on  the  west  by  the  Per- 
sian Gulf  and  Susiana,  and  on  the  east  by-  Su- 
siana,  Assyria,  and  Media.  It  was  invaded  by 
the  Arabs  under  the  first  calif,  Abu-Bekr,  632- 
634  a.  D. 

Irak  Ajemi  (e-rak'  aj'e-me)  or  Adjemi.  _ A 
province  of  western  Persia,  lying  west  of  Kho- 
rasan  and  south  of  Azerbaijan,  Ghilan,  and 
Mazanderan.  It  corresponds  generally  to  the 
ancient  Media,  and  contains  Teheran  and  Ispa- 
han. 

Irak-el-Arabi  (e-rak'el-a'ra-be).  Same  as 
Irak. 

Irala  (e-ra'la),  Domingo  Martinez  de.  Born 
at  Vergara,  Guipuzcoa,  1487 : died  at  ltd,  near 
Asuncion,  Paraguay,  1557.  A Spanish  soldier. 
He  went  to  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  with  Mendoza  in  1534,  and 
was  commodore  of  the  fleet  with  which  Ayolas  ascended 
the  i’arand  and  Paraguay  in  1536.  In  1537  he  was  made 
governor  of  the  Spanish  colonies  on  the  Plata  and  Para- 
guay. Succeeded  by  Cabeza  de  Vaca  in  1542,  he  again  be- 
came governor  on  the  latter’s  deposition  in  April,  1544,  and 
remained  in  power  until  his  death.  He  conducted  many 
important  expeditions,  and  first  opened  communications 
between  Paraguay  and  Peru. 

Iran  (e-ran').  1.  Originally,  the  land  of  the  Ar- 
yans.— 2.  The  plateau  including  Persia,  Af- 
ghanistan, and  Baluchistan. — 3.  The  official 
name  of  Persia. 

Iras  (l'ras).  A character  in  Shakspere’s  “An- 
tony ancl  Cleopatra,”  a female  attendant  on 
Cleopatra. 

Irawadi,  or  Irrawaddy  (ir-a-wad'i).  The  chief 
river  of  Burma.  It  is  formed  by  two  head  streams, 
Meh-kha  and  Ma!i-kha,  which  unite  near  Bhamo.  Its 
sources  are  imperfectly  known.  The  Irawadi  flows  into 
the  Bay  of  Bengal  by  a delta  about  lat.  16"  N.  The  chief 
mouths  are  the  Rangoon  and  Bassein.  Ava  and  Mandalay 
are  on  its  banks.  Length,  probably  about  1,500  miles ; 
navigable  from  Bhamo. 

Irbit  (ir-bit').  A towrn  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Irbit  about  lat. 
57°  30'  N.,  long.  63°  20'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its 
fair,  which  has  been  held  (Feb.  1-March  1, 
O.  S.)  since  1643.  Population,  20,300. 

Iredell  (ir'del),  James.  Born  at  Lewes,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  5, 1751:  died  at  Edenton,  N.  C.,  Oct. 
20,  1799.  An  American  jurist,  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1790-99. 

Iredell,  James.  Born  at  Edenton,  N.  C.,  Nov. 
2,  1788:  died  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  April  13,  1853. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician,  son  of  James 
Iredell.  He  was  governor  of  North  Carolina 
k 1827-28,  and  United  States  senator  1828-31. 
Ireland  (ir'land).  [ME.  Ireland,  Irland,  Yrland, 
Erland  (F.  Orlande,  G.  Irland,  from  E.),  AS.  /ra- 
ted, Irland,  land  of  the  Irish,  from  Ira,  gen. 
of  Iras,  Yras,  the  Irish,  from  Ir.  Eire,  Ireland, 
Erin.  See  Erin  and  Hibernia.']  An  island  west  of 
Great  Britain,  forming  with  it  the  United  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Capital,  Dub- 
lin. It  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north, 
we9t,  and  south,  and  separated  on  the  east  from  Great 
Britain  by  the  North  Channel,  Irish  Sea,  and  St.  George’s 
Channel.  It  extends  from  lat.  61"  26'  to  55°  21'  N.,long.  5°23' 
to  10°  28'  W.  There  are  mountains  near  the  coast,  but  the 
interior  is  generally  level,  and  abounds  in  lakes.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  i3  agriculture,  and  chief  products  cereals, 
potatoes,  etc.  The  chief  manufactures  are  linen,  woolen, 
spirits,  etc.  Ireland  is  divided  into  4 provinces  (Ulster, 
Leinster,  Munster,  Connaught),  and  subdivided  into  32 
counties.  Government  is  administered  by  a lord  lieu- 
tenant, appointed  by  the  British  government  for  the  time 
being,  assisted  by  a privy  council  at  Dublin  and  a chief 
secretary  in  Parliament.  The  kingdom  is  represented  by 
103  members  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and  the  peer- 
age, which  at  present  numbers  172  members,  appoints 
28  representative  peers  to  sit  in  the  House  of  Lords.  About 
74  per  cent,  of  the  population  are  Roman  Catholics.  The 
inhabitants  are  mostly  of  Celtic  descent  (except  in  Lister), 
The  colonizations  of  Ireland  by  Firbolgs,  Milesians,  and 
other  races  are  legendary.  The  following  are  the  leading 
events  and  incidents  of  Irish  history:  Christianity  intro- 
duced by  St.  Patrick,  5th  century ; settlements  on  the 
eastern  coasts  by  the  Northmen,  9th  and  10th  centuries ; 
Danish  invasions,  ended  in  1014  by  the  victory  at  Clontarf 
of  the  Irish  chieftain  Brian  Boru ; conquest  of  the  Eng- 
lish Pale  made  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  by  Strongbow,  be- 
ginning in  1169;  expedition  of  Poynings  sent  by  Henry 
VII.,  leading  to  Poynings’s  Act,  1494  ; revolt  of  the  Irish 
under  the  Geraldines  suppressed  by  Henry  VII  I.,  who  took 
the  title  of  King  of  Ireland  ; rebellions  during  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth,  under  the  leadership  of  Shane 'O’Neill,  later 
of  Desmond,  and  later  of  Hugh  O’Neill  (earl  of  Tyrone),  who 
was  defeated  by  Mountjoy  in  1601;  English  and  Scottish 
settlement  made  in  Ulster  by  James  1. ; the  lieutenancy 
of  Stratford,  followed  by  the  “ massacre  of  1641”;  rising  put 
down  (1649-50)  by  Cromwell,  who  made  additional  settle- 
ments of  English  and  Scots ; adherence  of  Ireland  to 
James  II.,  1689  ; battle  of  the  Boyne  July  1, 1690 ; the  Irish 
Parliament  declared  independent,  1782  ; unsuccessful  re- 


531 

hellion,  1798  ; Act  of  Union,  ending  the  separate  Irish  Par- 
liament and  uniting  Ireland  with  Great  Britain,  carried 
through  under  the  lieutenancy  of  Cornwallis  (came  into 
force  Jan.  1,  1801);  unsuccessful  rebellion  under  Emmet, 
1803 ; Catholic  Emancipation  passed,  1829 ; repeal  agita- 
tion under  O’Connell,  1842-44 ; potato  famine  of  1846-47, 
followed  by  great  emigration  to  America ; “ Young  Ire- 
land” rebellion,  1848;  Fenian  outbreaks,  1865  and  1867; 
Land  Act,  1870 ; disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church, 
1871 ; Land  Act,  1881 ; Land  League  suppressed,  1881 ; Na- 
tional League  organized, 1882  ; Phoenix  Park  murders,  1882 ; 
Home  Rule  agitation  under  the  lead  of  Parnell ; introduc- 
tion by  Mr.  Gladstone  of  a Home  Rule  Bill  which  failed 
to  pass  the  House  of  Commons,  1886 ; Home  Rule  Bill 
passed  by  the  House  of  Commons,  but  rejected  by  the 
House  of  Lords,  1893.  Area,  32,360  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 4,381,951,  (1911). 

Ireland,  John.  Born  near  Wem,  Shropshire : 
died  at  Birmingham,  Nov.,  1808.  An  English 
author.  He  worked  as  a watchmaker  in  Maiden  Lane, 
London.  In  1786  he  published  the  “Letters  and  Poems” 
of  John  Henderson  the  actor.  In  1793  he  edited  for  Boy- 
dell  “ Hogarth  Illustrated  ” (1791).  In  1798,  as  a supple- 
mentary volume  of  this  work,  he  published  his  “ Life  of 
Hogarth,”  with  engravings  of  some  hitherto  unpublished 
drawings.  This  is  the  standard  biography  of  Hogarth. 
Ireland,  Jolin.  Born  at  Burnehureh,  County 
Kilkenny,  Ireland,  Sept.  11,  1838.  A Roman 
Catholic  archbishop.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1849 ; was  educated  in  France ; and  was  ordained 
priest  in  St..Paul,  Minn.,  in  1861.  He  was  consecrated  co- 
adjutor to  the  bishop  of  St.  Paul  in  1875,  became  bishop  of 
that  city  in  1884,  and  archbishop  in  1888.  He  lias  written 
“The  Church  and  Modern  Society”  (1896). 

Ireland,  Samuel.  Born  at  London : died  there, 
July,  1800.  An  English  author  and  engraver. 
Originally  a weaver  in  Spitalfields,  London,  he  later  went 
into  business  as  a dealer  in  prints  and  drawings,  instruct- 
ing himself  in  drawing,  etching,  and  engraving.  In  1760 
he  won  a medal  from  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  in  1764  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy  for  the  first  and  only  time. 
From  1780  to  1785  he  etched  many  plates  after  Mortimer 
and  Hogarth,  also  Ruysdael  (1786)  and  Teniers  (1787).  He 
is  best  known  as  the  dupe  of  his  son,  William  Henry  Ire- 
land, in  the  affair  of  the  Shakspere  forgeries. 

Ireland,  William  Henry.  Born  probably  at 
London,  1777 : died  there,  April  17,  1835.  A 
forger  of  Shakspere  manuscripts.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  an  illegitimate  son  of  Samuel  Ireland.  He 
visited  Stratford-on-Avon  about  1794  with  hisfather,  an  ad- 
mirer of  Shakspere,  who  fully  believed  a story  of  the  recent 
destruction  of  Shakspere’s  own  manuscripts.  On  his  re- 
turn to  London  he  began  his  famous  series  of  forgeries  of 
Shakspere  manuscripts.  Among  these  are  a mortgage  deed 
copied  on  old  parchment  from  a genuine  deed  of  1612,  which 
had  been  copied  in  facsimile  by  Steevens;  Shakspere’s 
signature  on  the  fly-leaves  of  old  hooks ; a transcript  of 
“Lear”;  and  extracts  from  “Hamlet”  (the  orthography 
copied  from  Chatterton’s  Rowley  poems).  In  Feb.,  1795, 
these  documents  were  exhibited  by  the  elder  Ireland  at 
his  house  in  Norfolk  street.  On  Feb.  23  Dr.  Parr,  Sir  Isaac 
Heard,  Herbert  Croft,  Pye,  the  poet  laureate,  and  16  others 
signed  apaper  testifying  to  theirbelief  in  their  genuineness. 
To  these  Ireland  added  a new  blank-verse  play,  “ Vortigern 
and  Rowena,”  in  Shakspere’s  autograph,  and  a tragedy, 
“ Henry  II.,”  which  he  said  he  had  copied  from  Shakspere’s 
original,  which  were  examined  by  Sheridan  of  Drury  Lane 
and  Harris  of  Covent  Garden.  On  April  2,  1796,  "Vorti- 
gern ’’  was  produced  by  Kemble  at  Drury  Lane.  Its  com- 
plete failure  led  to  the  exposure  of  the  entire  fraud,  and 
before  the  end  of  the  year  Ireland  published  “An  Authen- 
tic Account  of  the  Shakespearian  MSS.”  He  also  published 
a number  of  ballads,  poems,  novels,  memoirs,  and  transla- 
tions. Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Ireland  Island.  One  of  the  Bermudas. 
Irenseus  (I-re-ne'us),  Saint.  Born  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor : died  at  Lyons,  probably  in  202  A.  D.  A 
celebrated  Greek  church  father.  He  was  a native 
of  Asia  Minor ; heard  Polycarp,  bishop  of  Smyrna ; re- 
moved to  Rome  about  155  ; and  became  bishop  of  Lyons 
in  177.  He  died  a martyr  during  the  persecution  under 
the  emperor  Septimius  Severus.  He  wrote  a Greek  work 
against  heresies,  which  is  extant  in  a Latin  translation  en- 
titled “Contra  hereticos"  (ed.  by  Stieren  1851-53,  and  by 
Harvey  1857). 

Irene  (l-re'ne).  [Gr.  E ipr/vr),  peace.]  Born  at 
Athens  about  752 : died  in  Lesbos,  Aug.  15,  803. 
A Byzantine  empress.  She  became  the  wife  of  the 
emperor  Leo  IV.  in  769,  and  from  780  to  790  was  regent  for 
her  son  Constantine  VI.,  whom  she  dethroned  and  blinded 
in  797.  She  was  deposed  and  banished  by  Nicepliorus  in 
802. 

Irene.  An  astei*oid  (No.  14)  discovered  by  Hind 
at  London,  May  19,  1851. 

Irene.  A tragedy  by  Samuel  Johnson,  it  was 
played  under  the  title  “Mahomet  and  Irene,”  under  Gar- 
rick’s management,  Feb.  6,  1749.  Garrick  played  Deme- 
trius. 

Irene  (e-ran').  A tragedy  by  Voltaire,  produced 
March  16,  1778.  He  was  crowned  with  laurel  in  his  box 
for  this  play  on  the  first  occasion  on  which  he  was  able  to 
attend. 

Ireton  (Ir'ton),  Henry.  Born  in  Nottingham, 
England,  1611:  died  near  Limerick,  Ireland,  Nov. 
26,  1651.  An  English  Parliamentary  general, 
son-in-law  of  Cromwell.  In  1626he became  a gentle- 
man commoner  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  graduating 
B.  A.  in  1629.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  the 
chief  supporter  of  the  Parliamentary  interest  in  Notting- 
hamshire, and  June  30,  1642,  was  made  captain  of  the  Not- 
tingham horse.  He  attached  himself  very  intimately  to 
Cromwell,  witli  whom  lie  had  great  influence ; was  made 
commissary-general  of  the  horse  at  Naseby  ; and  married 
Cromwell’s  daughter  Bridget,  June  15,  1646.  On  Oct.  30, 
1645,  he  was  returned  to  Parliament  for  Appleby.  He  took 


Irnerius 

part  in  the  treaty  between  the  commissioners  of  the  army 
and  Parliament.  He  hoped  to  lay  the  foundation  of  an 
agreement  between  the  king  and  Parliament,  and  to  es- 
tablish the  liberties  of  the  people  on  a permanent  basis. 
When  Charles  I.,  however,  refused  the  “Four  Bills,”  Ire- 
ton  advised  the  settlement  of  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom 
without  him.  In  the  trial  of  the  king  he  sat  regularly  in 
the  High  Court  of  Justice,  and  signed  the  warrant  for  the 
king’s  execution.  On  Aug.  15, 1649,  he  went  with  Cromwell 
to  Ireland  as  second  in  command,  and  became  his  deputy 
May  29,  1650. 

Iriarte,  or  Yriarte  (e-re-ar'ta),  Tomas  de. 
Born  at  Orotava,  TeneiTffe,  Canary  Islands, 
Sept.  18, 1750 : died  near  Cadiz,  Sept.  17,  1791. 
A Spanish  poet.  His  chief  works  are  “La 
musica”(1780),  “Fabulas  literarias” (1780-82). 
Iris  (i'ris).  [Gr.  TI pic.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
female  divinity,  messenger  of  the  gods,  often 
regarded  as  the  personification  of  the  rainbow. 
Iris.  An  asteroid  (No.  7)  discovered  by  Hind  at 
London,  Aug.  13,  1847. 

Insarri(e-re-sa're),  Antonio  Jose  de.  Born  at 
Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  Guatemala,  Feb.  7, 
1786 : died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June  10, 1868.  A 
Spanish-Ameriean  statesman  and  author.  He 
settled  in  Chile,  where  he  took  a prominent  part  in  the 
revolution  1810-18.  Subsequently  he  held  various  diplo- 
matic posts  for  Chile,  and  from  1855  was  minister  of  Gua- 
temala and  Salvador  to  the  United  States.  He  edited  sev- 
eral journals  in  various  Spanish-Ameriean  countries,  pub- 
lished historical  and  philological  works  and  a collection  of 
satirical  poems,  and  was  a well-known  bibliophilist. 
Irish,  (i'rish).  The  language  of  the  native  Celtic 
race  in  Ireland.  It  is  in  age  and  philological  value  the 
most  important  language  of  the  Celtic  family,  though  its 
antiquity  and  importance  have  been  much  exaggerated  by 
tradition  and  patriotism.  The  alphabet  is  an  adaptation 
of  the  Latin.  As  heretofore  printed  the  letters,  like  the 
so-called  Anglo-Saxon  letters,  are  usually  made  to  resem- 
ble a conventionalized  form  of  the  Latin  alphabet  in  use 
in  Britain  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Gaelic  is  a compara- 
tively recent  form  of  the  Irish  spoken  by  the  Celts  of  Scot- 
land. It  differs  but  slightly  from  the  Irish  of  the  same 
age.  Modern  Irish  is  greatly  corrupted  in  pronunciation, 
as  compared  with  the  Old  Irish  ; but  it  retains  in  great 
part  the  old  orthography.  As  a living  speech  it  is  fast  go- 
ing out  of  use,  though  efforts  are  making  to  preserve  it. 
Irish  Sea.  A body  of  water  lying  between  Eng- 
land on  the  east  and  Ireland  on  the  west,  and 
connected  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  North 
Channel  on  the  north  and  St.  George’s  Channel 
on  the  south.  The  Isle  of  Man  is  in  its  center. 
Irish  Widow,  The.  A comedy  by  David  Gar- 
rick, taken  in  part  from  Moliere’s  “ Le  mariage 
force.”  It  was  brought  out  Oct.  23,  1772.  The  widenv 
Brady  was  played  originally  by  Mrs.  Barry,  for  whom  the 
play  was  written. 

Irkalla.  See  TJrugal. 

Irkutsk  (ir-kotsk').  1.  A government  of  Sibe- 
ria, bounded  by  Yakutsk  on  the  north  and  east, 
Trans-Baikal  on  the  southeast,  the  Chinese  em- 
pire on  the  south,  and  Yeniseisk  on  the  west. 
Area,  280,429  square  miles.  Population,  577,- 
700. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Ir- 
kutsk, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Irkut  with 
the  Angara,  in  lat.  52°  17'  N.,  long.  104°  12'  E. 
It  was  founded  in  1652,  and  is  the  chief  commercial  city 
of  Siberia  and  the  seat  of  the  general  government,  and  is 
noted  for  its  tea  trade.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  lire  in 
1879.  Population,  70,000, 

Irmin  (er'min),  or  Irmino  (er'mi-no).  In  Ger- 
manic mythology,  a god,  eponymic  ancestor  of 
the  Herminones. 

Xrminones.  See  Hermiones. 

Irminsul  (er'inin-sol).  A Saxon  idol  cast  down 
by  Charlemagne,  near  Eresburg,  about  772.  Her- 
mann, or  Arminius,  the  hero  of  Teutonic  independence, 
was  the  object  of  the  Saxons’  admiration,  and  they  called 
this  idol  Irmensaule  (Hermann  Saule,  ‘Hermann’s  Pillar’), 
from  afancied  resemblance  of  the  word.  No  real  connec- 
tion of  the  idol  with  Hermann  existed. 

The  Irmin-Sul,  or  Column  of  Hermann,  near  Eresburg, 
the  modern  Stadtberg,  was  the  chosen  object  of  worship 
to  the  descendants  of  the  Cherusci,  the  Old  Saxons,  in  de- 
fence of  which  they  fought  desperately  against  Charle- 
magne and  his  Christianized  Franks.  “Irmin,”  says  Sir 
Francis  Palgrave,  “in  the  cloudy  Olympus  of  Teutonic  be- 
lief, appears  as  a king  and  a warrior;  and  the  pillar,  the 
Irmin-Sul,  bearing  the  statue,  and  considered  as  the  sym- 
bol of  the  deity,  was  the  Palladium  of  the  Saxon  nation 
until  the  temple  of  Eresburg  was  destroyed  by  Charle- 
magne, and  the  column  itself  transferred  to  the  monastery 
of  Corbey,  where  perhaps  a portion  of  the  rude  rock-idol 
yet  remains,  covered  by  the  ornaments  of  the  Gothic  era." 

Philip  Smith,  Hist.  World,  III.  368. 

Irnerius  (er-ne'ri-us),  or  Warnerius  (war-ne'- 
ri-us).  Lived  first  part  of  the  12th  century.  A 
noted  Italian  jurist.  See  the  extract. 

Irnerius,  by  universal  testimony,  was  the  founder  of  all 
learned  investigation  into  the  laws  of  J ustinian.  He  gave 
lectures  upon  them  at  Bologna,  his  native  city,  not  long, 
in  Savigny’s  opinion,  after  the  commencement  of  the  cen- 
tury. And,  besides  this  oral  instruction,  he  began  the 
practice  of  making  glosses,  or  short  marginal  explanations, 
on  the  law-books,  with  the  whole  of  which  lie  was  ac- 
quainted. We  owe  also  to  him,  according  to  ancient  opin- 
ion, though  much  controverted  in  later  times,  an  epitome, 
called  the  Authentica,  of  what  Ora vina  calls  the  prolix  and 
dillicult(salebrosis  atquegarrulis)  Novels  of  Justinian,  ar- 
ranged according  to  the  titles  of  the  Code. 

II  all  am,  Lit.,  p.  63, 


Iron 

Iron  (Fern),  Ralph..  The  nom  de  plume  of  Olive 
Schreiner. 

Iron  Arm,  F.  Bras  de  Fer  (bra  de  far).  A sur- 
name given  to  the  Huguenot  leader  De  Lanoue. 
Iron  Chest,  The.  A play  by  George  Colman 
the  younger, with  music  by  Storace.  it  was  taken 
from"  Godwin’s  “Caleb  Williams,”  and  was  produced  at 
Drury  Lane  March  12,  1796. 

Iron  City,  The.  A name  given  to  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  on  account  of  its  iron  manufac- 
tures. 

Iron  Duke.  A British  war-ship,  launched  i n 1871. 
Her  chief  dimensions  are:  length,  280  feet;  breadth,  64 
feet;  draught,  22.7  feet;  displacement,  6,010  tons;  thick- 
ness of  armor,  8 to  6 inches.  The  armored  region  consists 
of  a belt  at  the  water-line  10  feet  wide,  and  a double-decked 
central  citadel.  The  lower  battery  has  only  broadside  fire 
from  6 12-ton  guns.  The  upper  battery  has  1 12-ton  gun 
and  an  indented  port  at  each  angle  for  fore-and-aft  as  well 
as  broadside  fire.  The  Iron  Duke  ran  into  and  sank  her 
sister  ship  the  Vanguard  off  the  coast  of  Ireland  Sept., 
1875. 

Iron  Duke,  The.  A popular  surname  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington. 

Iron  Gates,  The.  A celebrated  defile  in  the  Dan- 
ube, at  the  confines  of  Hungary,  Servia,  and  Ku- 
mania.  Length,  1^  miles. 

Iron  Man,  The.  See  Tains. 

Iron  Mask,  Man  with  the.  See  Man,  etc. 
Ironmaster,  The.  A play  translated  from  Oh- 
net’s  “Maitre  de  Forges”  (1882)  by  Pinero,  and 
produced  in  1884. 

Iron  Mountain.  A hill,  1,075  feet  in  height,  in 
St.  Francois  County,  eastern  Missouri,  67  miles 
south-southwest  of  St.  Louis,  noted  for  its  de- 
posit of  iron  ore. 

Ironside.  A surname  of  Edmund  H.,  king  of 
England. 

Ironside,  Nestor.  A pseudonym  of  Sir  Richard 
Steele  in  “The  Guardian.” 

Ironsides,  Old.  See  Old  Ironsides. 

Ironsides,  The.  The  famous  regiment  led  by 
Cromwell  in  the  English  civil  war.  The  name 
was  afterward  applied  to  the  entire  army  un- 
der his  control. 

Ironton  (Fern-ton).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Lawrence  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
in  lat.  38°  33'  N.,  long.  82°  30'  W.  It  is  the 
center  of  an  iron  district.  Population,  13,147, 
(1910). 

Iroquoian  (ir-o-kwoi'an).  A linguistic  stockof 
North  American  Indians,  historically  of  great 
importance  though  numerically  inferior  to  sev- 
eral others.  The  conductof apartof  thesetribes, which 
are  collectively  called  Iroquois,  in  the  colouial  period 
markedly  shaped  the  history  of  America  north  of  Mexico, 
as  at  the  first  collisions  they  became  the  aUies  of  the  Eng- 
lish against  the  French,  and  by  their  early  procurement  of 
firearms,  perhaps  more  than  by  the  preeminent  valor  and 
sagacity  imputed  to  them  by  most  writers,  they  mastered 
and  drove  off  from  immense  districts  all  the  tribes  before 
occupying  them  which  would  not  submit  to  their  rule. 
The  St.  Lawrence  River  valley  was  their  earliest  known 
habitat,  whence  they  gradually  moved  southwest  along  the 
shores  of  the  great  lakes.  Cartier  in  1535  found  between 
Quebec  and  Montreal  a people  the  recorded  fragments  of 
whose  language  indicate  that  they  were  Wyandots.  (See 
Iroquois.)  The  Iroquoian  tribes  were  notably  sedentary 
and  to  a considerable  extent  agricultural,  depending  com- 
paratively little  upon  hunting,  and  were  remarkable  for 
their  skill  in  house-building  and  fortification.  The  re- 
maining Indians  of  this  stock,  both  in  the  United  States 
and  in  Canada,  are  distinguished  for  their  advance  into 
civilization.  As  a rule  they  are  prosperous  and  increasing 
in  numbers.  Their  whole  population  now  is  about  43,000, 
of  whom  over  34,000  are  in  the  United  States  and  nearly 
9,000  in  Canada.  They  are  divided  both  linguistically 
and  geographically  into  4 groups,  as  follows;  northern 
group —Wyandot,  Tionontati,  Tohotaenrat,  Wenrorono, 
Neuter,  Hochelaga;  central  group  — Mohawk,  Oneida, 
Onondaga,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Erie,  Conestoga;  southern 
group  — Tuscarora,  Nottoway,  Meherrin,  Chowanoc,  Co- 
ree ; Cherokee  group — Elati  or  Lower  Cherokee,  Middle 
Cherokee,  and  Atali  or  Upper  Cherokee.  The  name  of  the 
linguistic  stock  is  taken  from  the  form  Iroquois,  which  h is 
been  applied  specifically  to  the  confederacy  or  league  also 
called  the  “Five  Nations,”  and  later  the  “Six  Nations." 
Iroquois  (ir-o-kwoi').  [The  name,  given  by 
the  French,  was  derived  from  Algonkin 
Iriakhoiw,  real  adders.]  A well-known  con- 
federacy of  the  North  American  Indians. 
They  calied  themselves  by  a name  meaning  ‘ we  are  of 
the  long  lodge.’  The  Delaware  name  for  them  was 
Mengwe,  corrupted  into  Mingo.  The  English  knew 
them  as  the  Confederates  or  Five  Nations,  and,  after 
the  admission  of  the  Tuscarora,  as  the  Six  Nations. 
The  confederacy  was,  about  1540,  composed  of  five  tribes, 
Mohawk,  Oneida,  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  and  Seneca,  extend- 
ing across  New  York  State,  in  the  order  named,  from  Hud- 
son River  to  Lake  Erie.  According  to  tradition  they  had 
before  lived  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  whence  they  had 
been  driven  by  Algonquian  tribes.  Afterprocuringfirearms 
from  the  Dutch,  they  made  war  upon  all  the  surrounding 
tribes,  driving  off  some,  incorporating  some,  and  making 
others  tributary,  until  their  rule  was  acknowledged  from 
the  Ottawa  River  to  the  Tennessee,  and  from  the  Kennebec 
to  the  Illinois  and  Lake  Michigan.  During  the  Revolution 
these  tribes  sided  with  the  English,  with  whom  they  had 
before  been  allied  against  the  French;  and  afterward  the 
Mohawks  and  Cayugas  followed  Brant  in  abody  to  Canada. 


532 

They,  with  some  individuals  of  other  tribes  of  the  confed- 
eracy, settled  and  still  remain  at  a reservation  on  Grand 
River,  Ontario,  and  atother  points  in  that  province.  Those 
in  the  United  States  are  on  reservations  in  New  York,  ex- 
cept the  Oneidas,  who  are  chiefly  at  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin. 
The  so-called  Senecas  of  the  Indian  Territory  are  really 
“ Mingos  ” collected  from  all  the  Iroquois  tribes,  and  the 
Catholic  Iroquois  at  Caughnawaga,  St.  Regis,  and  Oka  have 
no  connection  with  the  confederacy.  The  numbers  of  the 
latter  are  now  about  16,000,  including  mixed  blood.  See 
Iroquoian. 

Irrawaddy.  See  Irawadi. 

Irredentists  (ir-e-den'tists).  An  Italian  politi- 
cal party,  formed  in  1878  for  bringing  about  the 
‘ ‘ redemption  ” or  the  incorporation  into  the  kin  g- 
dom  of  Italy  of  all  regions  situated  near  Italy 
where  an  important  part  of  the  population  was 
Italian,  but  which  were  still  subject  to  other  gov- 
ernments, andhence  called  Italiairredenta(‘  un- 
redeemed Italy’). 

Irrefragable  doctor,  L.  Doctor  Irrefragabilis 

(dok'tor  i-ref-ra-gab'i-lis).  A surname  given  to 
the  scholastic  philosopher  Alexander  of  Hales. 

Irtysh,  or  Irtish  (ir'tish;  Russ.  pron.  ir-tish'). 
A river  in  Sungaria  and  western  Siberia,  which 
joins  the  Obi  about  190  miles  north  of  Tobolsk. 
It  traverses  Lake  Zaisan.  Its  chief  affluentsare  the  Ishim, 
Tobol,  Bukhtarma  and  Om.  Length,  over  1,600  miles ; 
navigable  to  Lake  Zaisan. 

Iriin,  or  Yrun  (e-ron').  A town  in  the  province 
of  Guipuzeoa,  Spain,  situated  near  the  French 
frontier  19  miles  southwest  of  Bayonne.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,912. 

Irus  (I-rus).  1.  In  Homeric  legend,  a beggar  of 
gigantic  stature  who  kept  watch  over  the  suitors 
of  Penelope,  and  was  e mployed  by  them  as  a mes- 
senger. He  was  celebrated  for  his  voracity. — 
2.  The  Blind  Beggar  of  Alexandriain  Chapman’s 
play  of  that  name.  He  assumes  many  disguises. 

Iruwai  (ir'6-wi).  A tribe  or  division  of  North 
American  Indians  formerly  living  in  Scott  Val- 
ley, Siskiyou  County,  California.  In  1851  it  had 
seven  villages  and  an  estimated  population  of 
420.  See  Sastean. 

Irvine  (er'vin).  A seaport  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  river  Irvine  23>miles  southwest 
of  Glasgow.  Population,  9,603. 

Irving  (er'ving), Edward.  Boru  at  Annan, Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  Aug.  4, 1792 : died  at  Glas- 
gow,Dec.7, 1834.  AScottisli  preacher  and  divine. 
As  a boy  he  was  much  influenced  by  the  services  of  the  ex- 
treme Presbyterians,  seceders  from  the  Church  of  Scotland. 
In  1812  he  obtained  the  mastership  of  the  academy  at  Kirk- 
caldy, where  he  formed  a warm  friendship  for  Thomas  Car- 
lyle. In  1818  he  went  to  Edinburgh  to  obtain  a permanent 
position,  and  Oct.,  1819,  became  assistant  to  Dr.  Chalmers 
in  Glasgow.  He  removed  to  the  little  chapel  in  Hatton 
Garden,  London,  July,  1822,  when  he  immediately  won  ex- 
traordinary popularity.  At  this  time  begin  the  peculiar 
mental  and  religious  aberrations  which  are  associated  with 
his  career.  In  May,1828,he  madeatour  of  Scotland  with  the 
object  of  proclaiming  the  imminence  of  thesecond  advent. 
Another  expedition  to  Scotland  followed,  and  in  1830  his 
tract  on  “The  Orthodoxy  and  Catholic  Doctrine  of  Our 
Lord’s  Human  Nature  ” exposed  him  to  direct  charges  of 
heresy.  The  “unknown tongues,’’ a pentecostal  phenom- 
enon, were  first  heard  in  March,  183J,  from  the  mouth  of 
Mary  Campbell.  They  were  at  first  heard  only  in  private 
assemblies,  but  Oct.  16, 1831,  the  services  of  his  new  Regent 
Square  church  weredisturbed  by  a woman  who  gave  utter- 
ance to  an  outbreak  of  unintelligible  discourse.  An  at- 
tempted prosecution  for  heresy  failed  in  Dec.,  1830 ; but  on 
April23, 1832,  he  was  removed  from  his  church.  On  March 
13, 1833,  he  wascondemned  by  the  Presbytery  of  Annan  on  a 
charge  of  heresy  concerning  the  sinlessness  of  Christ.  This 
practically  terminated  his  career.  The  “Irvingite"  or 
“Catholic  Apostolic  Church  ” still  survives.  Diet.  Nat. 
Biog. 

Irving,  Sir  Henry  (original  name,  John  Henry 
Brodribb).  Born  at  Keinton,  near  Glaston- 
bury, England,  Feb.  6,  1838  : died  at  Bradford, 
Oct.  13,  1905.  A noted  English  actor.  He  made 
his  first  appearance  at  the  Sunderland  Theatre  in  1856. 
After  playing  at  Edinburgh  for  some  time  he  made  his  first 
London  appearance  at  the  Princess’s  Theatre  in  1859.  He 
made  no  distinct  mark  till  1870,  when  he  played  Tigby 
Grant  in  Albery’s  “Two  Roses.”  He  played  with  success 
till  1874,  when  his  performance  of  Hamlet  created  genuine 
interest.  In  1878  he  undertook  the  management  of  the 
Lyceum  Theatre,  where  his  success  was  g’  eat.  He  pro- 
duced a large  number  of  new  plays  and  Shaksperian  re- 
vivals. He  came  frequently  to  the  United  States  with  his 
company,  including  Miss  Ellen  Terry.  He  was  especially 
distinguished  in  “ Hamlet,”  “ Othello,”  “Merchantof  Ven- 
ice,” “Richard  ITT.,”  “Richelieu,”  “The  Bells,”  “Louis 
XI.,”  “ Henry  VIII.,"  “Becket,”  etc.  Knighted  in  1895. 

Irving,  Theodore.  Born  at,  New  York,  May9, 
1809 : died  at  New  York,  Dec.  20,  1880.  Au 
American  clergyman  and  author,  nephew  of 
Washington  Irving. 

Irving,  Washington.  Born  at  N ewYork,  April  3, 
1783 : died  at  Sunnyside,  near  Tarrytown,  N.Y., 
Nov.  28,  1859.  An  American  historian,  essay- 
ist, and  novelist.  He  was  the  son  of  an  Englishman, 
William  Irving,  who  came  from  the  Orkneys.  He  entered 
a law  office  when  quite  young,  and  wrote  literary  squibs 
for  the  “Morning  Chronicle,”  under  the  pseudonym  “Jon- 
athan Oldstyle.”  His  health  obliged  him  to  travel,  and  In 
1804  he  was  sent  abroad  for  two  years.  On  his  return  he 
undertook  the  publication,  with  James  K.  Paulding,  of 


Isabella 

“Salmagundi.”  In  1809  he  published  his  “History  of  New 
York,  by  Diedrich  Knickerbocker.  ” Its  success  established 
his  literary  position.  In  1810  he  became  a partner  in  a com- 
mercial house  established  by  two  of  his  brothers.  In  1815, 
however,  he  went  abroad  again,  and  lived  there  till  1832. 
In  1826  he  was  attache  of  the  United  States  legaiion  at 
Madrid,  and  in  1829  was  made  secretary  of  legation  at 
London.  He  lived  principally  at  Sunnyside  (Wolfert’s 
Roost)  from  1832  till  1842,  when  he  was  appointed  min- 
ister to  Spain.  Re  returned  in  1846  to  Sunnyside,  where 
he  lived  till  his  death.  Besides  the  works  above  mentioned, 
he  \Vrote  “The  Sketch-Book”  (which  came  out  in  parts 
in  1819,  and  collected  in  1820),  “Bracebridge  Hall,  or  the 
Humourists  ” (1822),  “Tales  of  a Traveler”  (1824),  “Life  and 
Voyages  of  Christopher  Columbus”  (1828),  “Chronicle  of 
the  Conquest  of  Granada”  (1829),  “Voyages  of  the  Com- 
panions of  Columbus"  (1831),  “The  Alhambra”  (1832), 
“Crayon  Miscellany ” (including  “Tour  on  the  Prairies,” 
1835),  “ Astoria,  etc.  ” (with  Pierre  M.  Irving,  1836),  “Adven- 
tures of  Captain  Bonneville,  etc.”  (1837),  “Oliver  Gold- 
smith” (1849),  “Mahomet  and  his  Successors”  (1850), 
“Wolfert’s  Roost  ” (1855),  “Life  of  George  Washington” 
(1855-59).  Works  in  the  “Geoffrey  Crayon”  edition  (26 
vols.,  1380);  “Life  and  Letters,"  edited  by  Pierre  Irving 
(1862-64). 

Irvingites  (er ' ving-its).  A religious  denomi- 
nation named  from  Edward  Irving  (1792-1834). 
Irving  was  not  the  founder  of  the  sect  popularly  calied  af- 
ter him,  hut  accepted  and  promoted  the  spread  of  the  prin- 
ciples upon  which,  after  his  death,  the  sect  was  formed. 
Its  proper  name  is  the  Catholic  Apostolic  Church,  and  it 
has  an  elaborate  organization  derived  from  its  twelve 
“apostles,”  the  first  body  of  whom  was  completed  in  1835. 
It  recognizes  the  orders  of  apostles,  prophets,  evangelists, 
pastors  or  “angels,”  elders,  deacons,  etc.  It  lays  especial 
stress  on  the  early  creeds,  the  eucharist,  prophecies,  and 
gift  of  tongues.  It  has  an  extremely  ritualistic  service 
and  an  elaborate  liturgy.  The  adherents  are  not  numerous, 
and  are  found  chiefly  in  Great  Britain.  There  are  some  on 
the  continent  of  Europe  and  in  the  United  States. 

Irwin  (er'win),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  1728: 
died  at  Parma,  May,  1788.  A British  general, 
the  son  of  Alexander  Irwin.  As  lieutenant  in  his 
father’s  regiment  he  was  granted  a year’s  furlough  for  con- 
tinental travel  in  1748,  when  he  commenced  a regular  cor- 
respondence with  Eord  Chesterfield,  which  continued  for 
twenty  years.  He  is  supposed  to  have  suggested  to  Ches- 
terfield his  paper  on  “Good  Breeding,”  which  appeared  in 
the  “ World,”  Oct.  30, 1755.  Irwin  afterward  became  gov- 
ernor of  Gibraltar  (1766-68),  and  commander-in-chief  and 
privy  councilor  in  Ireland  1775. 

Isaac  (i'zak).  [Heb.,‘  the  laugher.’  See  extract 
below.]  A Hebrew  patriarch,  son  of  Abraham 
and  Sarah,  and  father  of  Jacob  and  Esau. 

The  name  of  his  father  Isaak  is  probably  also  an  abbre- 
viation for  “Isaakel,”  ‘He  upon  whom  God  smiles.’  It 
may  be  that  the  holy  tribe  was  so  designated  at  a certain 
epoch ; or  the  Isaakel  may  perhaps  have  been  a Puritan 
group  anterior  to  that  of  the  Jakobel. 

Henan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  90. 

Isaac  I.  Comnenus.  Died  1061.  Byzantine  em- 
peror 1057-59.  He  was  elevated  by  the  army  in  oppo- 
sition to  Michael  VI.,  who  was  defeated  and  compelled  to 
abdicate.  He  resigned  the  crown  to  Constantine  Ducas  in 
consequence  of  an  illness  supposed  to  be  mortal,  and  en- 
tered a convent. 

Isaac  II.  Angelas.  Died  1204.  Byzantine  em- 
peror 1185—95  and  1203-04.  He  succeeded  Androni- 
cus  Comnenus,  who  was  overthrown  by  a popular  revolt. 
He  was  dethroned  and  blinded  by  his  own  brother,  Alex- 
ius III.,  in  1195 ; but,  on  the  latter’s  flight  before  the  Cru- 
saders, was  replaced  by  them  on  the  throne,  together  with 
his  son  Alexias  IV.,  in  1203.  Together  with  his  son,  he  was 
supplanted  by  Alexias  V.  in  1204. 

Isaac,  Sacrifice  of.  A painting  by  Rembrandt, 
in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  Isaac 
lies  bound  on  a heap  of  fagots ; Abraham,  kneeling  over 
him,  with  his  hand  on  the  boy’s  face,  is  about  to  give  the 
fatal  blow,  when  the  angel  strikes  the  knife  from  his  hand. 
The  entangled  ram  is  seen  in  the  wooded  background. 
Isabella  (iz-a-bel'a).  [F.  Isabeau,  Isabelle,  It. 
Isabella,  Sp.  Tsabel,  Pg.  Isabel,  G.and  Dan.  Isa- 
belle.'] Born  1214:  died  at  Foggia,  Dec.  1,  1241. 
German  empress,  wife  of  tbe  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  and  second  daughter  and  fourth  child  of 
John,  king  of  England,  and  Isabella  of  Angou- 
leme.  Her  marriage  with  Frederick  II.  was  concluded 
July  15, 1235.  Her  daughter  Margaret  was  born  Feb.,  1237, 
and  by  marriage  with  Albert,  landgrave  of  Thuringia,  be- 
came ancestress  of  the  Saxe-Coburg-Gotlia  house. 
Isabella  I.,  surnamed  u The  Catholic.”  Born  at 
Madrigal,  April  22, 1451 : died  at  Med  ina  del  Cam- 
po,  Nov.  26,  1504.  Queen  of  Castile  1474-1504, 
daughter  of  John  II.  of  Castile.  She  married,  in  1469, 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  conjointly  with  whom  she  succeeded 
her  brother,  Henry  IV.,  as  monarch  of  Castile  in  1474.  She 
equipped  the  expedition  of  Columbus  in  1492.  See  Fer- 
dinand V.,  King  of  Castile. 

Isabella  II.  (Maria  Isabella  Louisa).  Born  at 

Madrid,  Oct.  10,  1830 : died  at  Paris,  April  9, 
1904.  Queen  of  Spain  1833-68,  daughter  of 
Ferdinand  VII.  whom  she  succeeded  under  the 
regency  of  her  mother,  Maria  Christina.  See 
Maria  Christina,  and  Carlos,  Maria  Jos6  Isi- 
doro  dc  Bourbon,  Don.  She  assumed  personal  con- 
trol of  the  government  in  1843 ; was  deposed  and  banished 
by  a revolution  which  broke  out  at  Cadiz,  Sept.  18,  1868 ; 
and  resigned  her  claim  to  the  throne  in  favor  of  her  eldest 
son  (afterward  Alfonso  XII.),  June  25,  1870. 

Isabella.  1.  A character  in  Ariosto’s  “Orlando 
Furioso,”  loved  by  Zerbino,  and  killed  by  Rodo- 
mont. — 2.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  comedy 


Isabella 

“Measure  for  Measure,”  the  sister  of  Claudio, 
and  object  of  the  base  passion  of  Angelo,  but 
rescued  and  married  by  Vincentio,  the  duke.— 

3.  A character  in  Webster’s  tragedy  “ Yittoria 
Corombona,  or  The  White  Devil”:  the  wife  of  the 
Duke  of  Brachiano,  lover  of  Vittoria.  To  shield 
him  from  the  vengeance  of  her  family  because  of  his  ill 
treatment  of  her,  she  purposely  plays  the  shrew  to  make 
them  think  her  worthless. 

4.  The  “ insatiate  countess  ” in  Marston’s  play 
of  that  name.  She  alternately  attracts  her  lov- 
ers and  induces  their  successors  to  kill  them. — 

5.  The  wife  of  Biron  in  Southerne’s  “Fatal 
Marriage.”  She  marries  Villeroy,  being  deceived  into 
a belief  in  Biron’s  death  ; and  after  his  return  and  actual 
death  she  dies  distracted.  Isabella  was  a favorite  part 
with  Mrs.  Barry,  Mrs.  Siddons,  and  other  tragic  actresses. 
The  play  was  afterward  known  as  “Isabella.” 

6.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Mrs. 
Centlivre’s  comedy  “ The  Wonder.” 

Isabella  of  Angouleme.  Died  at  Fontebrand, 
1246.  Queen  of  King  John  of  England  and 
daughter  of  Eymer,  count  of  Angouleme,  by  Ali- 
cia, daughter  of  Peter  of  Courtenay,  a younger 
son  of  Louis  VI.  of  France.  She  was  married  to 
John  during  his  visit  to  France,  Aug.,  1200.  Her  first  son 
(afterward  Henry  III.)  was  born  Oct.  1,  1207.  In  Dec., 
1214,  she  was  imprisoned  in  Gloucester  by  order  of  John, 
and  was  probably  there  when  he  died.  In  1217  she  re- 
turned to  France,  and  May,  1220,  married  Hugh,  count 
of  La  Marche. 

Isabella  of  France.  Born  1292 : died  at  Hert- 
ford, Aug.  23, 1358.  Queen  of  Edward  H.  of  Eng- 
land, and  daughter  of  Philip  the  Fair,  king  of 
France.  They  were  married  at  Boulogne,  Jan.  25, 1308. 
Her  first  son  (afterward  Edward  III.)  was  born  Nov.  13, 
1312,  at  Windsor.  Edward  II.  treated  her  with  extreme 
unkindness.  Driven  from  England  by  the  influence  of 
the  Despensers,  she  raised  an  army,  anil  with  Roger  Mor- 
timerin  command,  Sept.  24, 1326,  landed  at  Harwich,  begin- 
ning the  campaign  which  terminated  with  the  deposition 
of  Edward  II.  by  the  Parliament  in  London,  Jan.  7,  1327, 
and  the  recognition  of  Edward  III.,  then  14  years  old.  Isa- 
bella and  Mortimer  ruled  in  his  name.  In  1330  Edward 
III.  and  Henry  of  Lancaster  conspired  against  her,  and  she 
was  arrested  with  Mortimer  at  Nottingham,  Oct.  18.  Mor- 
timer was  executed. 

Isabella  Of  France.  Bom  at  the  Louvre,  Paris, 
Nov.  9,1389:  died  at  Blois,  Sept.  13, 1409.  The 
second  daughter  of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and 
second  queen  of  Richard  n.  of  England.  The 
marriage  contract  was  signed  March  9, 1396,  when  she  was 
7 years  old.  After  Richard's  death  she  was  restored  to 
France  (July,  1401),  and  June,  1404,  married  Charles,  count 
of  Angouleme,  the  poet. 

Isabella  (so  called  from  Isabella  of  Castile, 
queen  of  Spain).  The  first  European  city  in 
the  New  World,  founded  by  Christopher  Colum- 
bus, Dee.,  1493,  on  a small  bay  of  the  northern 
shore  of  the  island  of  Espanola  or  Haiti,  25  miles 
west  of  the  present  town  of  Puerto  Plata.  It  was 
abandoned  soon  after  the  founding  of  Santo  Domingo  city, 
and  only  a few’  ruins  now  remain  to  mark  its  site. 

Isabelle  (e-za-bel').  1.  A young  girl  brought  up 
by  Sganarelle  in  Moliere’s  “lScole  des  maris.” 
He  secludes  her  from  all  knowledge  of  the  world  or  of 
pleasure,  intending  to  marry  her.  She  eludes  his  vigi- 
lance and  marries  Valere.  See  Liorwre. 

2.  An  amusing  and  mischievous  girl  in  Dry- 
den’s  “ Wild  Gallant.” 

Isabey  (e-za-ba/ ),  Eugene  Louis  Gabriel.  Bom 
at  Paris,  July  22,  1804:  died  at  Lagny,  Seine- 
et-Marne,  April  27,  1886.  A French  painter, 
son  of  J.  B.  Isabey,  noted  especially  for  his  ma- 
rines. He  went  to  Algiers  in  1830,  as  royal  marine-painter, 
with  the  expedition  of  that  year.  He  received  medals  of 
the  first  class  in  1824, 1827,  1855,  and  became  a member 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1832  and  officer  in  1852. 

Isabey,  Jean  Baptiste.  BornatNancy,  France, 
April  11,  1767 : died  at  Paris,  April  18,  1855. 
A French  miniature-painter,  a pupil  of  Girar- 
det  and  Claudet  (at  Nancy),  and  of  Dumont 
and  David  (at  Paris).  Among  his  portraits  are  those 
of  Josephine,  Napoleon,  his  marshals,  members  of  the 
Congress  of  Vienna,  etc. 

Isabinda  (is-a-bin'da).  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy  ‘ The 
Busybody,”  the  daughter  of  Sir  Jealous  Traffick, 
who  keeps  her  from  the  sight  of  all  men. 

Isseus  (I-se'us).  [Gr.  ’laaioc.]  BornatChalcis 
(at  Athens  ?):  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  4th 
century  b.  c.  One  of  the  ten  Attic  orators.  His 
11  extant  orations,  mainly  on  contested  inheritances,  have 
been  edited  by  Schonmann  (1831),  Biirmann  (1883).  Eng- 
lish translation  by  Sir  William  Jones. 

Isaiah  G-za'ya  or  l-zi'ya).  [Heb., ‘salvation  of 
J ehovah .’]  A Hebrew  prophet  who  prophesied 
from  740  B.  C.  till  701 B.  C.  He  was  the  greatest  of  the 
Hebrew  prophets  and  orators,  a consistent  opponent  of 
the  policy  of  the  Hebrew  kings  to  enter  into  entangling 
alliances  with  foreign  powers.  Once,  however,  the  alli- 
ance with  Assyria  being  formed,  he  counseled  the  keeping 
of  faith,  continually  asserting  that  no  dependence  could 
be  placed  on  Egypt.  Chapters  xl.-lxvi.  of  Isaiah,  which 
relate  to  the  captivity  and  return,  are  considered  by  some 
scholars  the  work  of  a post-exilic  prophet  called  Deutero- 
Isaiah. 


533 

He  was  the  greatest  of  a race  of  giants.  He  gave  their 
final  form  to  Hebrew  ideas.  He  is  not  the  founder  of  Ju- 
daism ; he  is  its  classical  genius.  Semitic  speech  reaches 
in  him  its  highest  combinations. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  II  408. 

Isaiah’s  poetical  genius  is  superb.  His  characteristics 
are  grandeur  and  beauty  of  conception,  wealth  of  imagi- 
nation, vividness  of  illustration,  compressed  energy,  and 
splendor  of  diction.  . 

Driver,  Introd.  to  the  Lit.  of  the  Old  Test.,  p.  215. 

Isandula  (e-san-do'la),  or  Isandlana  (e-sand- 
la'na).  A place  in  Zululand,  South  Africa,  90 
miles  north -north  west  of  Durban.  Here,  Jan.  22, 
1879,  an  overwhelming  force  of  Zulus  under  Cettiwayo  de- 
feated a detachment  of  the  British  army  under  Colonel  Pul- 
leine. 

Isar  (e'zar).  A river  in  northern  Tyrol,  and  in 
Upper  and  Lower  Bavaria,  joining  the  Danube 
near  Deggendorf  : the  ancient  Isarus.  Munich 
and  Landshut  are  on'  its  banks.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Isaure  (e-zor'),  Clemence.  Born  at  Toulouse, 
France,  about  1450 : died  at  Toulouse  about 
1500.  A French  lady,  restorer  of  the  floral 
games  at  Toulouse  (1490). 

Isauria  (i-sa'ri-a).  [Gr.  y Tcavpia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a district  in  Asia  Minor,  bounded 
by  Phrygia  on  the  north,  Lycaonia  on  the  east, 
Cilicia  on  the  south,  and  Pisidia  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  rugged.  The  inhabitants  were  famous  in 
guerrilla  warfare.  They  were  defeated  by  Servilius  in  76 
B.  c.,  and  by  Pompey,  but  continued  unsubdued. 

Isca  (is'ka),  or  Isca  Silurum.  A Roman  city 
in  the  west  of  England,  remarkable  for  its  the- 
ater, its  temples,  and  its  palaces.  Part  of  its 
massive  walls  still  remain  at  Caerleon.  Wright, 
Celt,  etc.,  p.  137. 

Ischalis  (is'ka-lis).  An  important  town  in  an- 
cient Britain  : the  modern  Hchester. 

Ischia  (es'ke-a).  An  island  belonging  to  Na- 
ples, Italy,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of 
Naples,  16  miles  west-southwest  of  Naples : the 
ancient  ZEnaria  (sometimes  Pithecusa  or  Ina- 
rime),  and  medieval  Iscla.  It  contains  several  vol- 
canoes ; is  noted  for  its  fertility  andfor  its  warm  baths ; and 
produces  wine  and  fruit.  The  capital  is  Ischia.  It  was 
visited  by  an  earthquake  in  1883,  causing  a loss  of  about 
1,700  lives.  Area,  26  square  miles.  Population,  26,891. 

Ischl  (ish'l).  A watering-place  in  Upper  Aus- 
tria, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers  Ischl 
and  Traun,  27  miles  east  by  south  of  Salzburg. 
It  is  the  favorite  resort  of  the  Austrian  royal  family  and 
nobility,  and  contains  salt  and  other  baths.  It  is  the  cen- 
tral point  in  the  Salzkammergut.  Population,  commune, 
10,188,  (1910). 

Iseghem  (e'se-Gem).  A town  in  the  province 
of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  25  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Ghent.  It  has  manufactures  of 
linen.  Population,  commune,  14,302. 
Isenbras  (is'en-bras),  or  Isumbras  (is'um- 
bras),  Sir.  A hero  of  medieval  romance. 
Isengrim(is,en-grim),  Sir.  The  wolf  in  “Rey- 
nard the  Fox.” 

Iseo  (e-za'o),  LagO  d\  A lake  in  Lombardy, 
Italy,  15  miles  east  of  Bergamo:  the  ancient 
Lacus  Sebinus.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Oglio. 
Length,  15J  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  607 
feet. 

Isere  (e-zar').  A river  in  southeastern  France, 
joining  the  Rhone  7 miles  north  of  Valence: 
the  ancient  Isara.  Length,  about  175  miles. 
Isere.  A department  of  France.  Capital,  Gre- 
noble. It  is  bounded  by  Ain  on  the  north,  Savoy  on  the 
northeast,  Hautes-Alpes  on  the  southeast,  Drome  on  the 
southwest,  and  Rh6ne  and  Loire  on  the  west,  and  is  formed 
from  the  northern  part  of  the  ancient  Dauphind.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  particularly  in  the  southeast.  The 
chief  occupations  are  agriculture,  working  of  minerals, 
and  the  manufacture  of  gloves,  paper,  etc.  Area,  3,17s 
square  miles.  Population,  502,315. 

Iserlohn  (e-zer-lon').  A town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  on  the  Baar  44  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne.  It  has  alarge  trade,  and  man- 
ufactures wire,  needles,  brassware,  etc.  Near  it  are  cad- 
mia  mines.  Population,  commune,  29,590. 

Isernia  (e-ser'ne-a).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Campobasso,  Italy,  52  miles  north  of  Naples : 
the  ancient  ZEsernia.  It  contains  the  remains 
of  ancient  walls.  Population,  commune,  9,322. 
Iseult  (i-solt',is'olt).  In  Arthurian  romance : (a) 
Daughter  of  Anguish,  king  of  Ireland,  known  as 
Iseult  the  Fair.  She  was  the  wife  of  Mark,  king 
of  Cornwall,  and  loved  Sir  Tristram  or  Tristan. 
(Jj)  The  daughter  of  Hoel  or  Howell,  king  of 
Brittany.  She  was  the  wife  of  Sir  Tristram,  and 
was  known  as  Iseult  of  the  White  Hands.  See 
Tristram. 

Mr.  Leith  (on  the  legend  of  Tristan,  p.  35)  gives  the  fol- 
lowing enumeration  of  the  forms  of  name  : Isolde,  Yseus, 
Yseutz,  Yseut,  Ysseulz,  Izeutz,  Yseul,  Ysou,  Ysolt,  Isault, 
Essyllt,  Ysoue,  Yseult,  Iset,  Ysalde,  Yseuda,  Yzeult, 
Iseulte,  Isot,  Isodda,  Ysoude,  Ysonde,  Ysote,  Isond,  Isot- 


Isidorus  Hispalensis 

ta,  Iseo,  Isawde,  Isowde,  Isod,  Isold,  Ysiaut,  and  Ysoud, 
to  which  Hisolda  may  be  added. 

Dunlop,  History  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  471  (supplementary 

[notes). 

Isfendiyar  (is-fen-di-yar'),  in  Pers.,  correctly, 
Asfandiyar.  (es-fen-di-yar'),  or  Aspandiyar 
(es-pen-di-yar').  A hero  of  the  Shahnamah, 
son  of  King  Gushtasp,  the  Constantine  of  the 
Zoroastrians.  After  many  exploits  he  was  called  to  con- 
quer  Arjasp,  a demon  king,  who  had  taken  captive  two 
daughters  of  Gushtasp,  and  to  restore  his  sisters.  For  this 
he  undertook  his  “seven  labors."  Choosing,  like  Rustam, 
the  shortest  and  most  perilous  way  to  the  enemy’s  strong- 
hold, he  first  slew  two  monstrous  wolves;  secondly,  con- 
quered a fierce  lion  and  his  mate ; thirdly,  slew  a fierce 
dragon ; fourthly,  withstood  the  wilesof  a beautiful  woman 
who,  caught  in  Asfandiyar’s  noose,  became  first  a cat  and 
then  a wolf,  and  finally  a black,  flame-vomiting  demon,  and 
was  then  slain  by  him  ; fifthly,  slew  a Simurgh,  a gigantic 
bird,  which  tried  to  bear  him  away ; sixthly,  brought  his 
troops  through  a furious  storm  of  wind  and  snow' ; and 
seventhly,  traversed  a deadly  desert.  Reaching  the  brazen 
fortress,  Asfandiyar  collected  a hundred  camels  and  en- 
tered it  with  his  warriors  disguised  as  a merchant  caravan, 
when  his  brother  Bishutan  attacked  it  from  without,  as  he 
within.  After  this  success  Gushtasp  wished  Asfandiyar  to 
go  against  Rustam,  to  whom  Kaikhusrau  had  given  Zabul, 
Kabul,  and  Nimruz.  Asfandiyar  pleaded  the  nobility  and 
services  of  Rustam,  but  the  king  was  obdurate.  Rustam 
came  out  to  welcome  Asfandiyar,  but  when  told  the  errand 
of  the  latter  refused  to  yield.  The  heroes  fought  on  two 
successive  days.  Rustam  was  wounded  but  recovered  and, 
guided  by  the  Simurgh  which  had  cared  for  his  infancy,  on 
the  second  day  lodged  an  arrow,  made  by  the  Simurgh’s 
direction  from  the  kazu  tree,  in  the  eye  of  his  antagonist, 
who  fell.  Zal  and  Rustam  both  came  to  offer  sympathy, 
but  Asfandiyar  died,  intrusting  his  son  Bahman  to  the 
care  of  Rustam. 

Isha  (e'sha;  with  Vedic  accent,  e-ska').  [Skt., 
‘ Lord.’]  A title  of  Shiva ; also,  with  a long,  the 
name  of  an  Upanishad  of  which  Ishavasya  is 
the  first  word.  It  is  also  known  as  the  Vajasaneyisan- 
hita  Upanishad.  It  is  translated  by  Muller  in  “Sacred 
Books  of  the  East,”  I.  311. 

Ishbosheth  (ish-bo 'sheth).  [Heb.,  ‘man  of 
shame.’]  A son  of  Saul,  proclaimed  king  of 
Israel  after  his  father’s  death.  See  David. 

In  our  text  of  the  Books  of  Samuel,  Saul’s  son  and  suc- 
cessor is  called  Ishbosheth,  but  in  1 Chronicles  viii.  33  he 
is  called  Eslibaal.  Eslibaal  means  ‘Baal’s man,’ a proper 
name  of  a well-known  Semitic  type,  precisely  similar  to 
such  Arabic  names  as  Imrau-l-Cais,  ‘ the  man  of  the  god 
Cais.’  W.  R.  Smith,  0.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  78. 

Ishim  (ish'im).  A river  of  Siberia  which  joins 
the  Irtish  about  120  miles  southeast  of  Tobolsk. 
Length,  about  1,000  miles. 

Ishmael  (ish'ma-el).  [Heb., ‘God  heareth.’] 
The  sou  of  Abraham  and  Hagar:  regarded  by 
the  Arabs  as  their  ancestor. 

Ishmaelites  (ish'ma-el-its).  The  descendants 
of  Ishmael,  Abraham’s  son,  who,  as  is  related 
in  Gen.  xxi.  14,  was  driven  into  the  wilderness 
with  his  mother,  Hagar.  His  twelve  sons  were 
“princes”  or  heads  of  tribes.  The  Arabs  re- 
gard him  as  their  ancestor. 

Ishperning  (ish'pem-ing).  A city  in  Marquette 
County,  northern  Michigan,  14  miles  west  by 
south  of  Marquette  : the  center  of  an  iron  dis- 
trict. Population,  12,448,  (1910). 

Ishtar  (ish'tiir),  or  Istar  (is'tar).  The  prin- 
cipal and  most  popular  deity  of  the  Assyro- 
Babylonians,  the  goddess  of  love  and  war,  unit- 
ing, as  it  were,  the  Aphrodite  (Venus)  and 
Athene  (Minerva)  of  the  Greeks,  and  corre- 
sponding in  name  and  character  to  Ashtoreth 
(Astarte)  of  the  Syro-Canaanites,  only  that  she 
ruled  the  planet  Venus  while  Ashtoreth  was 
identified  with  the  moon.  In  her  warlike  character 
she  was  conceived  by  the  Babylonians  as  ruling  the  morn- 
ing star;  as  goddess  of  love  she  ruled  the  evening  star. 
In  her  former  character  she  was  also  called  Annuit,  and 
had  her  principal  seat  of  worship  at  Agane,  in  the  temple 
E-ulbar;  in  the  latter  character  she  was  especially  wor- 
shiped at  Erech  (Orchoe  of  the  Greeks,  modern  Warka),  in 
the  temple  E-ana  (‘  House  of  Heaven  ’),  with  a voluptuous 
cult.  With  the  Assyrians  she  was  the  wife  of  Bel,  and 
was  sometimes  called  Relit  (‘Lady’);  they  distinguished 
between  Ishtar  of  Arbela,  who  presided  over  battles,  and 
Ishtar  of  Nineveh,  in  whom  the  voluptuous  aspect  pre- 
dominated. Ishtar  also  occurs  as  an  appellation,  or  generic 
name,  for  a goddess  in  general.  On  the  relation  of  Ishtar 
to  Tammuz,  see  Adonis  and  Izdubar. 

Isidorian  Decretals,  The.  A code  of  native 
and  foreign  canons  which  circulated  in  Spain 
in  the  6th  century,  and  was  afterward  accepted 
throughout  the  Roman  Catholic  Church : so 
called  from  Isidorus  Hispalensis,  who  was  er- 
roneously supposed  to  have  compiled  it.  Also 
called  the  Spanish  Decretals. 

Isidorus  (iz-i-do'rus)  Hispalensis,  or  Isidore 
(is'i-dor)  of  Seville.  Born  at  Cartagena,  Spain, 
about  560:  died  April  4,  636.  A Spanish  eccle- 
siastic and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  became  bish- 
op of  Seville  in  COO.  His  works,  which  were  held  in  high 
esteem  during  the  middle  ages,  include  “Originum  seu 
etymologiarum  libri  xx.,”  “De  ecclesiasticis  offieiis  libri 
duo,”  and  “ Sententiarum  sivede  summo  bono  libri  tres.” 
He  has  been  erroneously  accredited  with  the  compilation 
of  the  so-called  Isidorian  Decretals  (which  see). 


Isidro,  San 

Isidro  (e-se'dro),  San.  See  the  extract. 

His  [Lope’s]  subject  was  well  chosen.  It  was  that  of  the 
great  fame  and  glory  of  San  Isidro  the  Ploughman.  This 
remarkable  personage,  who  plays  so  distinguished  a part 
in  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  Madrid,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  born  in  the  twelfth  century,  on  what  afterwards  be- 
came the  site  of  that  city,  and  to  have  led  a life  so  emi- 
nently pious  that  the  angels  came  down  and  ploughed  his 
grounds  for  him,  which  the  holy  man  neglected  in  order 
to  devote  his  time  to  religious  duties.  From  an  early  pe- 
riod, therefore,  he  enjoyed  much  consideration,  and  was 
regarded  as  the  patron  and  friend  of  the  whole  territory, 
as  well  as  of  the  city  of  Madrid  itself.  But  his  great  honors 
date  from  the  year  1598.  In  that  year  Philip  the  Third 
was  dangerously  ill  at  a neighboring  village  ; the  city  sent 
out  the  remains  of  Isidro  in  procession  to  avert  the  im- 
pending calamity  ; the  king  recovered  ; and  for  the  first 
time  the  holy  man  became  widely  famous  and  fashionable. 

Ticlcnor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  165. 

Isis(I'sis).  1.  [Gr.TI«f.]  In  Egyptian  mythol- 
ogy, the  chief  female  deity,  the  sister,  wife,  and 
female  counterpart  of  Osiris,  and  the  mother  of 
Horus.  She  is  distinguished  by  the  solar  disk  and  cow’s 
horns  on  her  head,  often  surmounted  by  a diminutive 
throne,  and  bears  the  lotus  scepter.  By  the  Greeks  she  was 
identified  with  Io.  Her  worship  in  a modified  form,  as  a 
nature-goddess,  was  introduced  subsequently  to  the  Alex- 
andrine epoch  into  Greece,  and  was  very  popular  at  Borne 
from  the  end  of  the  republic.  The  Greek  and  Roma  n priests 
and  priestesses  of  Isis  wore  aspecial  costume,  and  had  as  an 
attribute  a peculiar  metallic  rattle,  the  sistrnm.  On  her 
statue  was  an  inscription  mentioned  by  Proclus  : “I  am 
that  which  is,  has  been,  and  shall  be.  My  veil  no  one  has 
lifted.  The  fruit  I bore  was  the  Sun”;  hence  the  well- 
known  allusion  to  a mystery  as  “the  veil  of  Isis,”  or  as 
covered  with  “the  veil  of  Isis." 

Isis,  at  once  the  sister  and  wife  of  Osiris,  and  the  mother 
of  Horos.  At  Thebes  she  was  known  as  Mut,‘  the  mother,’ 
with  the  vulture’s  head  ; at  Bubastis  as  Sekhet,  the  bride 
of  Ptah  and  daughter  of  Ra.  As  mother  of  Horos,  she 
was  named  Hathor  or  Athor,  ‘the  house  of  Horos,’  iden- 
tified by  the  Greeks  with  their  Aphrodite,  and  confused 
with  Astoreth  by  the  Semites.  The  cow,  with  its  horns, 
symbolising  the  crescent  moon,  which  in  Egypt  appears  to 
lie  upon  its  back,  was  consecrated  to  her,  indicating  at  how 
early  a time  the  bride  of  Osiris,  the  Sun-god,  was  held  to 
be  the  moon.  She  was  also  identified  with  Sotliis,  the 
dog-star,  and  in  later  days  with  the  planet  Venus.  All 
that  is  good  and  beautiful  among  men  comes  from  her ; 
she  watches  over  the  birth  of  children,  and  rocks  the  cradle 
of  the  Nile.  As  Neit,  too,  she  is  the  authoress  of  weaving 
and  of  the  arts  of  female  life.  Sayck , Anc.  Empires,  p.  64. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  42)  discovered  by  Pogson 
at  Oxford,  May  23,  1856. 

Isis.  A name  sometimes  given  to  the  Thames 
(England)  in  its  upper  course. 

Iskander  (is-kan'der).  [Turk,  form  of  Alexan- 
der. 1 The  pseudonym  of  Alexander  Herzen. 
Iskander  Beg.  See  Scanderbeg. 

Iskanderun  (is-kan-de-ron').  See  Alexandretta. 
Population,  about  2,500. 

Iskanderun,  Bay  of  or  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of 

the  Mediterranean,  at  its  northeastern  angle, 
situated  between  Syria  and  Cilicia. 

Iskardo.  See  Skardo. 

Isla  (es'la),  Jose  Francisco  de.  Born  at  Vi- 
danes,  Leon,  1703 : died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  1781. 
A Spanish  satirist  and  Jesuit  preacher.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  satirical  romance  “ Historia  del  famoso 
predicador  Fray  Gerundio  de  Campazas  ” (“History  of  the 
Famous  Preacher  Friar  Gerundio  of  Campazas,”  1758-70). 

It  was  an  attack  on  the  style  of  popularpreaching,  which, 
originally  corrupted  by  Paravicino,  the  distinguished  fol- 
lower of  Gdngora,  had  been  constantly  falling  lower  and 
lower,  until  at  last  it  seemed  to  have  reached  the  lowest 
point  of  degradation  and  vulgarity.  The  assailant  was 
Father  Isla,  who  was  born  in  1703  and  died  in  1781,  at  Bo- 
logna, where,  being  a Jesuit,  he  had  been  sent  as  an  exile, 
on  the  general  expulsion  of  his  order  from  Spain. 

Ticlcnor , Span.  Lit.,  III.  286. 

Islam  (is'lam).  See  Koran,  Mohammed. 
Islamabad  (is-lam-a-bad').  Atownin  Kashmir, 
situated  on  the  Jhelum  in  lat.  33°  43'  N.,  long. 
75°  17'  E. 

Island  City.  A name  sometimes  given  to  Mon- 
treal. 

Island  Number  10.  An  island  in  the  Missis- 
sippi River, near  the  northwestern  corner  of  Ten- 
nessee. It  was  captured  by  the  Federal  army 
(under  Pope)  and  navy  (under  Foote),  April  7, 
1862. 

Island  of  Saints,  L.  Insula  Sanctorum  (in'su- 
la  sangk-to'rum).  A medieval  name  given  to 
Ireland  as  an  early  stronghold  of  Christianity. 
Island  Princess,  The.  A play  by  Fletcher,  pro- 
duced at  court  in  1621,  printed  1647.  After  being 

several  times  revived  with  alterations,  this  play  was  con- 
verted into  an  opera  by  Motteux  in  1699,  the  music  being 
by  Daniel  Purcell  and  others. 

Islandshire  (I 'land-shir).  Formerly  a part  of 
Durham,  England,  now  a part  of  Northumber- 
land. It  comprises  the  Fame  Islands  and  some 
districts  near  Berwick. 

Islands  of  the  Blest.  See  Fortunate  Islands. 
Islay  (I'la),  or  Isla  (I'la).  An  island  of  the  Heb- 
rides, belonging  to  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  15 
miles  west  of  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire.  It 
manufactures  and  exports  whisky.  Formerly  it  was  the 
seat  of  the  Lords  of  the  Isles.  Length,  25  miles.  Greatest 


534 

width,  17  miles.  Area,  235  square  miles.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Isle  of  Dogs.  See  Fogs. 

Isle  of  France.  See  Mauritius. 

Isle  of  Honey.  See  the  extract. 

The  Welsh  bards  indulged  their  fancy  in  describing  the 
state  of  Britain  before  the  arrival  of  man.  According  to 
the  authors  of  the  earliest  Triads,  the  swarms  of  wild  bees 
in  the  woods  ga^e  its  first  name  to  the  “Isle  of  Honey.’’ 
Elton , Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  2. 

Isle  of  Ladies,  The.  See  Bream,  Chaucer’s. 
Isle  of  Man.  See  Man. 

Isle  of  Pines.  See  Pines. 

Isle  of  Wight.  See  Wight. 

Isle  Royale  (II  roi'al ; F.  pron.  el rwa-yal').  An 
island  in  Lake  Superior,  belonging  to  Michigan, 
intersected  by  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  89°  W.  Length, 
45  miles. 

Isles,  Lord  of  the.  A title  assumed  intermit- 
tently from  the  12th  to  the  16th  century  by 
various  Scottish  chieftains  who  maintained  a 
practical  independence  amongthe  islands  west 
of  Scotland.  Some  of  the  most  notable  were  John  Mac- 
donald (died  1388)  and  Alexander  Macdonald,  and  the  elev- 
enth Earl  of  Ross. 

Isles  of  Shoals  (ilz  ov  sholz).  A group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  10  miles  southeast 
of  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire.  They  belong 
partly  to  Rockingham  County  (New  Hampshire),  partly  to 
York  County  (Maine),  and  comprise  Appledore,  Star  Island, 
etc.  They  are  a noted  summer  resort. 
Isleta(es-la'ta).  [Sp.,‘ little  island.’]  The  name 
of  two  villages  of  the  Tigua  tribe  of  New  Mexico. 
The  first  village  lies  about  12  miles  south  of  the  city  of 
Albuquerque,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
road, near  the  Rio  Grande.  It  is  inhabited  by  about  1,000 
Indians,  mostly  of  Tigua  stock.  The  aboriginal  name  is 
Shiehwhibak.  Isleta  already  existed,  probably,  at  the  time 
of  the  Spanish  discovery  in  1540,  and  a mission  was  estab- 
lished there  previous  to  1629.  Another  Isleta  in  Texas, 
on  the  Rio  Grande  9 miles  south  of  El  Paso,  was  founded, 
about  1682,  by  Indian  refugees  from  New  Mexican  Isleta. 
It  has  a small  population. 

Islington  (i z ' li  n g-ton ) . A metropolitan  an d par- 
liamentary borough  in  the  north  of  London,  2 
miles  north  of  St.  Paul’s.  It  returns  4 memberB 
to  Parliament.  Population  of  metropolitan  borough, 
327,423,  (1911). 

Islip,  Simon.  Died  1366.  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  consecrated  in  1349.  He  derived  his 
name  from  the  village  of  I slip  on  the  Chenvell  near  Oxford. 
Isly  (ez-le').  A small  river  in  eastern  Morocco, 
near  the  Algerian  frontier.  Here,  Aug.  14, 1844, 
the  French  under  Bugeaud  defeated  the  troops 
of  Morocco. 

Ismail  (is-ina-el').  A town  in  the  government  of 
Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  at  the  Kilia  mouth 
of  the  Danube,  in  lat.  45°21'  N.,  long.  28°  46'  E. 
It  was  formerly  a Turkish  fortress  ; was  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1770, 1790  (stormed  by  Suvaroff,  when  38,000  Turks 
were  massacred),  and  1809 ; and  was  ceded  to  Russia  in 
1812,  to  Rumania  in  1856,  and  back  to  Russia  in  1878.  Pop- 
ulation, 33,607. 

Ismail  Pasha  (is-ma-el'  pash'a).  Born  1830 : 
died  1895.  Viceroy  of  Egypt  1863-67,  khedive 
1867-79,  son  of  Ibrahim  Pasha.  He  succeeded 

Said  Pasha  ; annexed  Darfur  in  1874  ; arid  was  compelled 
to  abdicate  iu  favor  of  his  son  Tewfik  Pasha  in  1879. 
Ismailia  (is-ma-e'le-a).  1.  A small  town  in  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez,  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Suez 
Canal  47  miles  south  of  Port  Said ; founded  in 
1863. — 2.  See  Gondolcoro. 
Ismid(is-med'),orIskimid(is-ke-med').  Atown 
in  Asia  Minor,  57  miles  southeast  of  Constanti- 
nople, at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Ismid : the  an- 
cient Nicomedia  (which  see).  Population,  es- 
timated, 25,000. 

Ismi-Dagon  (is'me-da/gon).  [‘  The  god  Dagon 
has  heard  me.’]  The  earliest  known  king  or  pa- 
tesi  (priest,  king,  or  viceroy)  of  Assyria,  in  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  city  of  Ashur  (modern  Kileh-Sher- 
ghat)  were  found  bricks  of  a temple  bearing  his  name,  and 
from  areference  to  him  in  the  annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  I. 
(1120-1100  B.  C.)  it  was  concluded  that  he  lived  about  1840 
B.  C. 

Isnard  (is-nar'),  Maximin.  Born  at  Grasse, 
Var,  France,  Feb.  16,  1751 : died  there,  in  1830. 
A French  Girondist.  He  became  a member  of 
the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1795. 

Isnik.  The  modern  name  of  Nictea. 

Isnik,  Lake.  See  Ascania. 

Isoama.  See  I bo. 

Isocrates  (l-sok'ra-tez).  [Gr/Icox-par^r.]  Born 
at  Athens,  436  B.cV:  died338B.C.  Oneoftheten 
Attic  orators,  distinguished  as  a teacher  of  elo- 
quence after  about  392.  Of  his  ora  tions  twenty- 
one  are  extant. 

Thus  this  remarkable  writer  [Isocrates]  lived  through 
three  of  the  most  eventful  generations  in  Greek  history, 
and,  though  one  of  the  most  prominent  writers  of  his  time, 
may  be  said  to  have  produced  no  influence  whatever  ex- 
cept upon  the  form  of  prose  writing.  For  he  was  in  no 
sense  a thorough-going  man.  He  was  a curious  combination 
of  sophist  and  patriot,  of  would-be  politician  and  philoso- 
pher, of  really  private  and  public  man  at  the  same  time. 
The  candour  and  honesty  of  his  nature  made  him  in  feel- 


Israfeel 

ing  a patriot,  while  his  want  of  appreciation  for  deeper 
politics  prevented  him  from  seeing  the  evils  of  despotism, 
or  taking  any  thorough  interest  in  the  forms  and  varieties 
of  constitutions.  His  bashfulness  compelled  him  to  re- 
main in  private  life,  while  his  vanity  urged  him  to  appear 
in  public ; his  profession  suggested  to  him  the  study  of 
philosophy,  while  his  intellect  was  incapable  of  under- 
standing its  higher  problems.  Thus  his  egregious  vanity 
and  self-complacency  were  perpetually  wounded  by  the 
consciousness  that  he  had,  after  all,  not  made  his  mark 
upon  the  age,  and  that,  though  eminent  and  widely  re- 
spected, he  was  neither  consulted  nor  obeyed  by  the  men 
whom  he  most  desired  to  influence.  He  aspired  to  the  po- 
sition of  a Swift  or  a Junius,  with  the  talents  of  an  Addison 
or  a Pope.  Mahocffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit,,  II.  216. 

Isola  (e'so-la,).  A small  town  in  Italy,  on  the 
Liris  about  60  miles  east-southeast  of  Rome. 
Isola  Bella  (bel'la)  and  Isola  Madre  (ma'dre). 
[It.,  ‘fair  island’  and  ‘mother  island.’]  The 
two  chief  islands  of  the  Borromean  Islands 
• (which  see)  in  Lago  Maggiore. 

Isola  dei  Pescatori  (da'e  pes-ka-to're).  An  isl- 
and in  Lago  Maggiore. 

IsolaGrossa(gr6s'sa),orLunga(l6ng,ga).  [It., 
‘great  island’  or  ‘long  island.’]  Am  island  in 
the  Adriatic  Sea, belonging  to  Dalmatia,  10  miles 
west  of  Zara.  Length,  26  miles. 

Isolde,  Isonde,  Isoud.  See  Iseult. 

Isonzo  (e-son'zo).  A river  in  Gorz  and  Gradiska, 
Austria-Hungary,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Tri- 
est  13  miles  northwest  of  Triest.  Length,  about 
80  miles. 

Isouard  (e-zo-ar'),  or  Isoard  (e-zo-ar'),  Nicolo. 
Born  at  Malta,  Dec.  6, 1775 : died  at  Paris,  March 
23,  1818.  A Maltese  composer,  usually  known 
as  Nicolo.  Author  of  about  33  operas,  among  which  are 
“Michel  Ange”  (1802),  “Cendrillon”  (1810),  “Joconde” 
(1813),  “ Jeannot  et  Colin  ” (1814),  etc. 

Ispahan  (is-pa-han'),  or  Isfahan  (is-fa-han'). 
A city  in  the  province  of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Zenderud  in  lat.  32°  39'  N.,  long. 
51°  45'  E.  The  Great  Mosque  was  built  by  Shah  Abbas 
in  the  16th  century.  The  entrance  to  the  sanctuary  is  by 
a keel-shaped  arch  set  in  a square  panel  adorned  with  in- 
scriptions and  arabesques  in  colored  tiles.  The  archway 
is  flanked  by  a double  tier  of  deeply  recessed  arcades,  and 
behind  it  rises  a large  pointed  bulbous  dome,  whose  sur- 
face is  decorated  witii  arabesques.  Before  the  dome  stand 
two  slender  cylindrical  minarets,  with  a portion  toward  the 
top  corbeled  out  to  a greater  diameter  and  crowned  by 
cylindrical  domed  finjals.  The  interior  is  arcaded  in  two 
tiers.  TheBazarof  the  Tailors  is  a very  rich  and  monumen- 
tal example  of  Persian  architecture.  The  distribution  con- 
sists of  wide  and  high  corridors  divided  into  bays  by  mas- 
sive keel-shaped  arches,  and  covered  with  domes  on  pen- 
dentives  having  open  eyes  for  light  at  the  apex.  The  walls 
are  ornamented  with  colored  tiles,  and  the  arches  and  bal- 
ustradesover  the  square  lateral  booths  are  fiUed  with  geo- 
metric pierced  openwork.  The  Caravansary  of  Amin-Abad, 
on  the  road  to  Shiraz,  is  an  octagon  inclosing  a central 
court.  The  gateway  opens  beneath  a high  keel-shaped  arch 
which  is  flanked  on  each  side  by  two  superposed  deeply 
recessed  arches.  The  court,  in  the  middle  of  which  stands 
a prayer-platform,  is  surrounded  by  chambers  fortravelers, 
behind  which  there  is  a vaulted  corridor  with  quarters  for 
beasts  of  burden.  Ispahan  manufactures  fabrics,  weapons, 
etc.  It  was  captured  by  Tamerlane  1387 ; was  the  capital 
and  an  important  city  of  600,000  inhabitants  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury ; and  was  sacked  by  the  Afghans  in  1722.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  80,000. 

Israel  (iz'ra-el).  [Heb.,‘SoldierofGod,’or ‘Gou 
is  a warrior.’]  A name  given  to  J acob  after  suc- 
cessfully wrestling  with  tlie  angel  (Gen.  xxxii. 
28).  Hence  his  descendants  were  called  the  peo- 
ple of  Israel.  See  Jews. 

Israel.  The  kingdom  of  the  northern  tribes  of 
the  Israelites  who  seceded  from  the  southern 
tribes  in  the  reign  of  Rehoboam,  953  b.  c.  (or 
perhaps  about  975).  Their  first  king  was  Jeroboam. 
Prominent  succeeding  kings  were  Ahab,  Jehu,  Joram,  Jero- 
boam II.,  and  Pekah.  Elijah  and  Elisha  belonged  to  the 
northern  kingdom.  Sargon,  king  of  Assyria,  captured  Sa- 
maria, ended  the  kingdom,  and  carried  a large  part  of  the 
people  into  captivity  in  722  or  721  B.  c.  Their  ultimate 
fate  has  been  the  subject  of  much  speculation,  and  they 
are  frequently  referred  to  as  the  lost  tribes.  They  have 
been  found  in  the  Anglo-Saxons,  the  American  Indians, 
etc.  There  seems  to  be  no  doubt,  however,  that  some 
intermingled  with  the  Assyrians,  others  returned  to  the 
southern  kingdom,  and  still  others  are  to  be  found  in  the 
scattered  Jewish  communities  in  Africa,  Abyssinia,  and 
elsewhere.  Those  remaining  eventually  united  with  As- 
syrian colonists  and  formed  the  Samaritans. 

Israel  in  Egypt.  An  English  oratorio  by  Handel, 
first  performed  April  4,  1739.  The  words  are 
thought  to  have  been  selected  by  Handel  him- 
self from  the  Old  Testament. 

Israels  (ez-ra-als'),  Josef.  Born  at  Groningen, 
1824:  died  at  The  Hague,  Aug.  12,  1911.  A 
genre-painter  of  the  Belgian  school.  Be  studied 
at  Amsterdam  under  Kruseman,  then  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  worked  in  the  atelier  of  Picot.  His  works  have  figured 
at  the  expositions  of  Paris,  Brussels,  and  Rotterdam.  He 
received  a first-class  medal  at  Paris  in  1878,  and  a grand 
prix  at  the  Exposition  Universell  eat  Paris  in  1889.  Among 
his  pictures  are  “Les  dormeuses  ’’  (1868),  “ Retour  ” (1878), 
“Le  pot  au  feu,"  and  “Le  jour  de  repos.” 

Israfeel,  or  Israfil  (es-rii-fel').  The  angel  of 
music.  His  voice  i9  more  melodious  than  that  of  any 
other  creature.  lie  is  to  sound  the  resurrection  trumpet 
the  last  day.  Koran. 


Issachar 

Issachar  (is'a-kjir).  [Heb.;  meaning  doubtful.] 

1 .  One  of  the  patriarchs,  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah. 
— 2.  One  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Palestine,  dwell- 
ing west  of  the  Jordan,  south  of  Zebulon,  and 
north  of  Manasseh.  The  territory  included  the 
valley  of  Esdraelon. 

Issik-Klll  (is'ik-kol).  A lake  in  the  province  of 
Semiryetchensk,  central  Asia,  about  lat.  426  20' 
N.,  long.  77°  30'  E.  Length,  112  miles.  Height 
above  sea-level,  5,300  feet. 

Issoire  ( e-swar' ).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Puy-de-Dome,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Couze  19 
miles  south-southeast  of  Clermont.  It  was  cap- 
tured hy  the  Protestants  in  1574,  and  was  destroyed  by  the 
Catholics  in  1577.  It  contains  a church  of  St.  Paul.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  5,603. 

Issoudun  (e-so-dun').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  France,  situated  on  the  Theols 
17  miles  northeast  of  Chateauroux.  It  has  an 
old  keep  (the  “ Tour  Blanche  ”),  and  has  been 
often  besieged.  Population,  13,949. 

ISSUS  (is'us).  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in 
Cilicia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  near  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Issus  (the  modern  Gulf  of  Iskan- 
derun).  Three  notable  battles  were  fought  in  its  neigh- 
borhood : Alexander  the  Great  defeated  the  Persians  un- 
der Darius  III.,  333  B.  O.  ; Septimius  Severus  defeated  his 
rival  Pescennius  Niger,  194  A.  I>.  ; and  Heraclius  defeated 
the  Persian  army  of  Khusrau,  622. 

Issy  (e-se').  A suburb  of  Paris,  immediately 
southwest  of  the  fortifications.  Population, 
commune,  19,128. 

Istakhr.  See  Persepolis. 

Istambul.or  Istamboul  (es-tam-bol').  A Turk- 
ish name  of  Constantinople. 

Istar.  See  Ishtar. 

Ister  (is'ter).  A Latin  name  of  the  Danube. 
Isthmian  games.  See  Isthmian  sanctuary. 
Isthmian  sanctuary,  The.  A sanctuary  in  the 
Isthmus  of  Corinth,  near  the  eastern  mouth  of 
the  modern  canal.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  Isthmian 
games,  which  were  celebrated  every  two  years,  and  were 
second  in  importance  only  to  those  of  Olympia.  The  sa- 
cred iuclosure,  which  was  strongly  fortified  in  the  time  of 
Augustus,  is  roughly  triangular  in  shape,  about  660  feet 
from  east  to  west,  and  somewhat  more  from  north  to  south. 
Within  it  were  the  temples  of  Poseidon  (Doric)  and  Palse- 
mon  (Ionic),  portions  of  the  architecture  of  both  of  which 
have  been  recovered.  The  northern  wall  of  the  sanctuary 
coincides  with  the  great  defensive  wall  crossing  the  isth- 
mus. Outside  of  the  inclosure,  to  the  south,  lies  the  sta- 
dium, in  which  the  chief  exercises  were  held,  and  to  the 
west  is  the  Roman  theater,  close  behind  which  was  the 
Greek  theater,  and  beyond  the  Sacred  Vale,  with  temples 
to  Demeter  and  Persephone,  Artemis,  and  Bacchus.  Al- 
most all  topographical  knowledge  of  this  historic  sanctu- 
ary is  based  upon  the  exploration  made  in  1883  by  the 
French  School  at  Athens. 

Istib  (is-teb'),  or  Shtiplie  (shte'ple).  A town 
in  the  vilayet  of  Kosovo,  European  Turkey, 
situated  in  lat.  41°  41'  N.,  long.  22°  20'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (estimated),  about  10,000. 

Istria  (is'tri-a),  formerly  Histria  (his'tri-a),  G. 
Istrien  (is'tre-en),  formerly  Histerreich  (his'- 
ter-rich).  [Gr.  ’larpia.']  A margraviate  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  which 
forms  with  Gorz-Gradiska  and  Triest  the  ad- 
ministrative district  of  Kiistenland.  Capital, 
Parenzo.  It  is  a peninsula,  projecting  into  the  Adriatic, 
and  bounded  by  Triest,  Gbrz-Gradiska,  Carniola,  and  Croa- 
tia. The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Fruit  and 
wine  are  produced  in  abundance.  Istria  is  a separate 
crownland,  though  belonging  administratively  to  Kiisten- 
land,  and  has  a Diet  of  33  members.  Two  thirds  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Slavs  (Croats,  Serbs,  and  Slovenes),  and  one 
third  Italians  (cities  and  coast).  It  was  incorporated  with 
Italy  about  the  time  of  Augustus  ; was  largely  settled  by 
Slavs ; became  a margraviate  in  the  11th  century ; was  in 
great  part  acquired  by  Venice  ; passed  with  Venice  to  Aus- 
tria in  1797  ; formed  a part  of  the  Illyrian  Provinces  under 
Napoleon ; and  was  restored  to  Austria  in  1815.  Area, 
1,908  square  miles.  Population,  403,261,  (1910). 

Istria,  or  Istropolis  (is-trop'o-lis).  [Gr.  ’larpia 

or  Torpo7ro/Uf.]  See  the  extract. 

Istria,  Ister,  or  Istropolis,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Danube 
or  Ister,  was  a colony  of  the  Milesians,  founded  about  the 
time  of  the  Cimmerian  invasion  of  Asia  Minor.  (Peripl. 
Pont.  Eux.  p.  157.)  Its  name  remains  in  the  modern  Wis- 
teri,  but  its  site  was  probably  nearer  to  Kostendje. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  67,  note. 

Isturiz  (es-to-reth'),  Francisco  Xavier  de. 

Born  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  1790:  died  April  16, 1871. 
A Spanish  politician  and  diplomatist,  leader  in 
the  revolution  of  1820.  He  was  premier  in  1836  and 
1846,  and  subsequently  ambassador  in  London,  St.  Peters- 
burg,  and  Paris. 

Istvaeones  (ist-ve-6'nez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Is- 
teevones,  the  Latinization  of  a hypothetical  Ger- 
manic fundamental  form  * Istvaz,  a supposed 
name  of  the  god  *Tiwaz,  *Tiu.  From  -\/  idh, 
to  shine.]  See  Hermiones. 

Itaborahy  (e-tiL-bo-ra-e'),  Viscount  of.  See 
Rodrigues  Torres,  Joaquim  Jos6. 

Italians  (i-tal'yanz).  1.  The  primitive  inhabi- 
tants of  Italy.  See  the  extract. 


535 

But  whatever  we  make  of  the  Etruscans,  the  rest  of 
Italy  in  the  older  sense  was  held  by  various  branches  of 
an  Aryan  race  nearly  allied  to  the  Greeks,  whom  we  may 
call  the  Italians.  Of  this  race  there  were  two  great 
branches.  One  of  them,  under  various  names,  seems  to 
have  held  all  the  southern  part  of  the  western  coast  of 
Italy,  and  to  have  spread  into  Sicily.  Some  of  the  tribes 
of  this  branch  seem  to  have  been  almost  as  nearly  akin  to 
the  Greeks  as  the  Epeirots  and  other  kindred  nations  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Hadriatic.  Of  this  branch  of  the  Italian 
race,  the  most  famous  people  were  the  Latins ; and  it  was 
the  greatest  Latin  city,  the  border  city  of  the  Latins  against 
the  Etruscans,  the  city  of  Rome  on  the  Tiber,  which  became, 
step  by  step,  the  mistress  of  Latium,  of  Italy,  and  of  the 
Mediterranean  world.  The  other  branch,  which  held  a 
much  larger  part  of  the  peninsula,  taking  in  the  Sabines, 
Aequians,  Volscians,  Samnites,  Lucanians,  and  other  peo- 
ple who  play  a great  part  in  Roman  history,  may  perhaps  be 
classed  together  as  Opicans  or  Oscans,  in  distinction  from 
the  Latins  and  the  other  tribes  allied  to  them.  These 
tribes  seem  to  have  pressed  from  the  eastern,  the  Hadri- 
atic, coast  of  Italy,  down  upon  the  nations  to  the  south- 
west of  them,  and  to  have  largely  extended  their  borders 
at  their  expense.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  45. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  Italy  in  general,  ancient 
or  modern. 

Italian  Moli&re,  The.  A surname  sometimes 
given  to  Goldoni. 

Italian  Pindar,  The.  A surname  sometimes 
given  to  Chiabrera. 

Italian  War  of  1859.  A war  between  France 
(under  Napoleon  III.)  and  Sardinia  (under  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel)  allied  against  Austria,  for  the 
liberation  and  unity  of  Italy.  Victories  were  won 
by  the  allies  at  Montebello  May  20, 1859,  at  Magenta  June 
4,  and  at  Solferino  June  24.  Preliminaries  of  peace  were 
negotiated  at  Villafranca  July  11,  and  the  treaty  of  Zurich 
was  signed  Nov.  10.  The  work  of  unifying  Italy,  begun  by 
this  war,  was  continued  in  1860,  1866,  and  1870. 

Italica  (i-tal'i-ka).  An  ancient  Roman  town 
near  Seville  in  Spain.  It  has  ruins  of  an  amphithe- 
ater, and  was  the  birthplace  of  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  The- 
odosius. 

Italiens  (e-ta-lyan'),  Boulevard  des.  A fa- 
mous street  in  the  central  part  of  Paris. 
Italiens,  Les.  See  Thedtre  Italien. 

Italy  (it'a-li).  [Gr.  ’I ralia,  L.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Italia, 
F.  Italie,  G.  Italien. ] 1.  A kingdom  of  south- 

ern Europe,  bounded  by  Switzerland  aud  Aus- 
tria-Hungaryon  the  north,  Austria-Hungary,  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east, 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  France  and 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  west.  Capital,  Rome. 
It  comprises  also  Sicily,  Sardinia,  and  some  smaller  isl- 
ands, and  is  divided  into  69  provinces  (comprising  16  com- 
partimenti).  The  government  is  a hereditary  constitu- 
tional monarchy,  with  a parliament  consisting  of  a senate 
of  about  377  members  and  a chamber  of  508  deputies.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic ; the  prevailing  lan- 
guage Italian.  The  northern  districts  of  the  country  are 
occupied  by  the  Alps.  South  of  these  is  the  valley  of  the 
Po ; and  the  boot-shaped  peninsula  in  the  center  and  south 
i3  traversed  by  the  Apennines.  The  leading  industry  is 
agriculture,  the  chief  products  being  cereals,  wine,  silk, 
olives,  oranges,  lemons,  etc.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
silk ; the  chief  exports  silk,  olive-oil,  fruit,  wine,  and  sul- 
phur. The  following  are  the  leading  events  and  incidents 
in  Italian  history : early  occupied  by  the  Iapygians,  Os- 
cans, Latins,  Volscians,  Sabines,  Etruscans,  Ligurians,  Ve- 
neti(see  Rome , Etruria,  Magna  Greecia) ; entry  of  the  Gauls 
into  northern  Italy  about  the  5th  century  B.  c.  ; the  penin- 
sula consolidated  under  P^oman  rule,  first  half  of  the  3d 
century  B.  c. ; Roman  Empire  of  the  West  overthrown  by 
the  Heruli  and  other  tribes  under  Odoacer,  476  A.  P. ; Odo- 
acer  (who  became  “patrician”)  overthrown  by  the  East- 
Gothic  king  Theodoric,  493 ; Narses  defeated  the  last  Gothic 
king  Teias,  553, and  Italy  became  an  exarchate  of  the  Byzan- 
tine empire ; Lombard  kingdom  under  Alboin  established 
in  568 ; Lombards  in  power  through  a great  part  of  the  pe- 
ninsula, while  part  remained  to  the  empire ; foundation  of 
the  States  of  the  Church  through  grants  by  Pepin  to  the 
Pope  of  the  exarchate  and  Pentapolis  in  756 ; deposition  by 
Charlemagne  of  Desiderius,  last  king  of  the  Lombards,  and 
annexation  of  his  dominions,  774;  Charlemagne  crowned 
emperor  of  the  Romans,  Dec.  25,  800 ; northern  Italy  ruled 
byCarolingians  until  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Fat, 
887 ; southern  Italy  ruled  by  Lombard  dukes  and  by  the 
Byzantine  empire ; rule  of  various  Italian  kings  in  north- 
ern Italy  until  961 ; accession  of  Otto  I.,  king  of  Germany, 
as  king  of  Italy  (961),  and  emperor  (962 : beginning  of  the 
permanent  connection  of  Italy  with  Germany);  rise  of 
the  Italian  cities  Genoa,  Pisa,  Venice,  Milan,  Amalfi,  etc.; 
conquest  of  southern  Italy  by  the  Normans  under  Robert 
Guiscard,  who  was  recognized  by  the  Pope  as  duke  of 
Apulia  and  Calabria  in  1059;  struggle  between  popes  and 
emperors  in  the  11th,  12th,  and  13th  centuries ; quarrels 
of  tire  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines  begun,  12th  century  ; re- 
forms of  Arnold  of  Brescia  suppressed  by  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa,  1155;  Frederick  Barbarossa  worsted  by  the  cities 
of  the  Lombard  League  at  Legnano,  1176 ; end  of  the  Nor- 
man rule  in  southern  Italy,  1194;  participation  of  Venice 
in  the  Crusade,  and  overthrow  of  the  Greek  empire,  1204; 
end  of  the  Swabian  line  in  Italy  with  the  overthrow  of 
Conradin,  1268 ; the  popes  at  Avignon  1309-76 ; spread  of 
the  Renaissance  movement  in  llth  and  15th  centuries  (the 
great  period  of  Italian  literature),  the  chief  Italian  states 
at  this  period  being  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  the  Papal 
States,  the  duchy  of  Milan,  and  the  republics  of  Venice, 
Florence,  and  Genoa;  invasion  by  Charles  VIII.  of  France, 
1494  (beginning  of  the  period  of  foreign  interference); 
the  Two  Sicilies  attached  to  Spain  in  1503,  and  the  Milan- 
ese soon  after,  Spanish  influence  becoming  dominant  in 
Italy,  the  chief  independent  states  being  the  Papal  States, 
Tuscany,  Modena,  Ferrara,  Parma,  Venice,  and  Piedmont ; 
Italy  the  scene  of  Napoleon's  campaigns,  1796  and  1797  ; 
the  Cisalpine,  Ligurian,  and  Tiberine  republics  formed, 


It  is  Never  too  Late  to  Mend 

and  Venetia  granted  to  Austria,  1797;  Napoleon  king  of 
Italy  1805,  his  kingdom  comprising  the  Cisalpine  Repub- 
lic, Venetia,  Valtellina,  the  bishopric  of  Trent,  and  the 
march  of  Ancona ; kingdom  of  Naples  bestowed  on  Joseph 
Bonaparte  in  1806,  and  on  Murat  in  1808;  Eome  annexed 
to  France,  1809 ; the  old  division  nearly  reestablished  by 
the  Congress  of  Vienna  (1815),  the  chief  powers  being  the 
kingdom  of  Sardinia,  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany,  the 
duchies  of  Parma  and  Modena,  the  Papal  States,  and  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  while  Austria  held  Lombardy  and  Ve- 
netia ; unsuccessful  insurrections  in  southern  Italy,  Pied- 
mont, etc.,  1820-21;  revolutions  of  1848-49,  under  the 
lead  of  Mazziui,  suppressed  by  Austria  (battle  of  No- 
vara, March  23,  1849) ; France  and  Sardinia  allied  de- 
feated Austria,  1859 ; Lombardy  annexed  to  Sardinia,  1859 ; 
Tuscany,  Parma,  Modena,  and  Romagna  annexed,  1860; 
Naples  invaded  by  Garibaldi  in  1860,  and  annexed  ; Vic- 
tor Emmanuel,  king  of  Sardinia,  proclaimed  the  first  king 
of  Italy,  1861 ; unsuccessful  attempts  of  Garibaldi  to  lib- 
erate Rome,  1862  and  1867;  capital  removed  from  Turin  to 
Florence,  1865  ; Italy  allied  with  Prussia  against  Austria 
in  the  war  of  1866,  gaining  Venetia  ; occupation  of  Rome 
(which  became  the  capital)  Sept.  20,  1870 ; entry  of  Italy 
into  the  Triple  Alliance  1882.  Other  recent  events  are 
the  acquisition  of  foreign  possessions  in  Africa,  1885-89 ; 
the  increase  of  the  army  and  navy  ; and  the  war  with 
Turkey  in  Tripoli  1911-12.  Area,  110,659  square  miles. 
Pop.,  34,686,683.  Foreign  possessions — colony:  Eritrea,  in- 
cluding the  Dahlak  Archipelago,  about  300,000  inhabitants 
(see  Eritrea) ; protectorates  and  colony : Somaliland ; 
Libya  (former  Turkish  vilayets  of  Tripoli  and  Barca). 

The  name  of  Italy  has  been  used  in  several  meanings  at 
different  times,  but  it  has  always  meant  either  the  whole 
or  a part  of  the  land  which  we  now  call  Italy.  The  name 
gradually  spread  itself  out  from  the  extreme  south  to  the 
north.  At  the  time  when  our  survey  begins,  the  name 
did  not  go  beyond  the  long  narrow  peninsula  itself ; and 
indeed  it  hardly  took  in  the  whole  of  that.  During  the 
time  of  the  Roman  commonwealth  Italy  did  not  reach 
beyond  the  little  rivers  Macraon  one  side,  near  Luna,  and 
Rubico  on  the  other  side,  near  Ariminum.  The  land  to 
the  north,  as  far  as  the  Alps,  was  not  counted  for  Italy 
till  after  the  time  of  Csesar.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  43. 

Northern  Italy  deserves  its  German  appellation  of 
Wiillschland ; for  neither  the  Roman  nor  the  Lombard 
conquest,  nor  the  ravages  of  Goths,  Huns,  or  Vandals, 
ever  rooted  out  the  offspring  of  those  Gallic  hordes  which 
settled  in  the  plain  of  the  Po  four  centuries  before  our 
era.  Raiolinson,  Herod.,  III.  185. 

2.  One  of  the  four  great  prefectures  in  the  later 
Roman  Empire.  It  comprised  the  dioceses  of  Italy, 
Illyrieum,  and  Africa,  corresponding  to  Italy  and  neigh- 
boring islands,  that  part  of  the  Austrian  empire  and  Ger- 
many northward  to  the  Danube,  and  nearly  all  the  western 
part  of  the  Roman  possessions  in  Africa. 

3.  A diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  of 
Italy.  It  comprised  Italy  and  neighboring  islands,  and 
Rhaiia  (Tyrol,  Grisons,  southern  Bavaria),  and  had  17 
provinces. 

Italy.  A descriptive  poem  hy  Samuel  Rogers, 
published  1822-28. 

Itasca  Lake  (i-tas'ka  lak).  A small  lake  in 
northern  Minnesota,  the  source  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, lat.  47°  13'  N.,  long.  95°  12'  W.  Height 
above  sea-level,  1,457  feet. 

Itenez  (e-ta'naz),  or  Ites  (e-taz').  A tribe  of 
Indians  of  northern  Bolivia,  on  the  rivers 
Guapord  and  Mamore.  It  appears  that  they  were 
anciently  found  as  far  east  as  the  Paraguay.  They  are  sav- 
ages of  a low  grade,  and  have  always  been  independent. 
Their  language,  called  Itonama,  has  never  been  classified. 
Also  Itanes. 

Ites.  See  Itenez. 

Ithaca  (ith'a-ka).  [Gr.  ’PAk?/.]  One  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  Greece,  2 miles  northeast  of  Cephalo- 
nia : the  modern  Thiaki.  The  chief  place  is  Vathy. 
It  is  famous  as  the  reputed  home  of  Ulysses,  which,  how- 
ever, is  identified  by  Dorpfeld  with  the  island  of  Leukas. 
Length,  14  miles.  Area,  37  sq.  m.  Pop.,  about  10,000. 

Ithaca.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Tompkins 
County,  New  York,  situated  near  the  head  of 
Cayuga  Lake,  46  miles  south-southwest  of 
Syracuse.  It  is  the  seat  of  Cornell  University 
(which  see).  Population,  14,802,  (1910). 

Ithake.  See  Ithaca. 

Ithamar  (ith'a-mar).  [Heb.;  Gr.  ’lOapap.']  The 
youngest  son  of  Aaron. 

Ithamore  (ith'a-mor).  A Turkish  slave  in  Mar- 
lowe’s “Jew  of  Malta.”  “He  is  an  effective 
picture  of  the  basest  kind  of  villain.”  Ward. 

Ithobal.  See  Ethbaal. 

Ithome  (i-tho'me).  [Gr.  ’I dupy.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a mountain  fortress  of  Messenia, 
Greece,  28  miles  west-northwest  of  Sparta. 

Ithuriel  (i-tho'ri-el).  An  angel,  a character  in 
Milton’s  “Paradise  Lost.”  He  was  sent  by  Gabriel 
to  find  out  Satan.  The  slightest  touch  of  his  spear  ex- 
posed deceit. 

Itineraries  of  Antoninus.  Two  official  lists  of 
the  stations  or  the  roads  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
with  distances  by  land  and  sea. 

Itinerary,  The.  An  account  by  John  Leland 
(1506-52)  of  his  journeys  through  England,  with 
descriptions  of  routes  and  matters  of  antiqua- 
rian interest.  It  was  edited  and  published  by 
Thomas  Hearne  in  1710. 

It  is  Never  too  Late  to  Mend.  A novel  by 
Charles  Reade,  published  in  1856.  He  afterward 
dramatized  it. 


Itius  Portus 

Itius  PortUS  (isk'i-us  por'tus).  [Gr.  to  ”lnov.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  place  from  which 
Csesar  sailed  for  Britain:  generally  identified 
with  Wissant  or  Boulogne. 

Ito  (e'to),  Hirobumi,  Prince.  Born  in  Chosu, 
Japan,  Sept.  2,  1841:  assassinated  at  Harbin, 
Oct.  26,  1909.  A noted  Japanese  statesman: 
premier  1886-88,  1892-96,  Jan. -June,  1898, 
1900-01,  and  resident-general  in  Korea  Decem- 
ber, 1905-09.  He  became  convinced  of  the  advantages 
of  Western  civilization  through  visits  to  Europe  and  the 
United  States,  and  was  the  leader  in  the  introduction  of 
European  ideas  and.  political  methods  into  Japan.  He 
was  the  chief  founder  of  the  Japanese  constitution  of  1889. 
Ituraea  (it-u-re'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
district  lying  northeast  of  Palestine,  its  location 
has  not  been  precisely  determined,  but  it  was  probably 
southwest  of  Damascus  and  southeast  of  Mount  Hermon. 

Iturbide  (e-tor-be'Da),  Agustm  de.  _ Born  at 
Valladolid  (now  Morelia),  Sept.  27,  1783:  died 
at  Padilla,  Tamaulipas,  July  19,  1824.  A Mexi- 
can revolutionist,  afterward  emperor.  He  was  a 
colonel  in  the  Spanish  army,  and  in  1820  was  in  command 
of  the  forces  operating  against  Guerrero  in  the  south.  On 
Feb.  24, 1821,  he  published  the  celebrated  manifesto  known 
as  the  “ Plan  of  iguala,”  in  which  he  proposed  that  Mexico 
should  be  made  independent  under  a Spanish  Bourbon 
prince.  Guerrero  and  other  leaders  quickly  adhered  to 
this  plan ; the  viceroy  was  forced  to  resign ; and  O’Donoju, 
who  succeeded  him,  was  induced  to  recognize  the  inde- 
pendence of  Mexico  in  his  sovereign’s  name.  But  Fer- 
dinand VII.  regarded  the  movement  as  a rebellion,  and 
refused  the  crown  which  was  offered  to  him.  After  much 
quarreling,  Iturbide  himself  was  proclaimed  emperor  May 
18,  1822,  and  was  crowned  July  21.  A strong  opposition 
to  him  was  quickly  manifested.  Santa  Anna  proclaimed 
a republic  at  Vera  Cruz;  an  army  of  insurgents  marched 
on  Mexico;  and  in  March,  1823,  Iturbide  was  forced  to  re- 
sign. He  was  allowed  to  retire  to  Europe  with  a large 
pension,  on  condition  that  he  should  not  return.  At- 
tempting to  enter  the  country  in  July,  1824,  he  was  ar- 
rested and  shot. 

Iturbide,  Agustm  de.  Born  1863.  Grandson 
of  the  emperor  Iturbide.  His  mother  was  a native 
of  the  United  States.  In  1865  he  was  adopted  by  the  em- 
peror Maximilian,  and  made  heir  to  the  Mexican  throne. 
After  Maximilian’s  death  he  was  taken  to  theUnited  States, 
where  he  received  part  of  his  education.  He  is  now  an 
officer  in  the  Mexican  army. 

ItuzaingO  (e-to-za-eng-go').  A plain  and  rivulet 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil : a southern  branch  of 
the  Ibicuy  Here,  Feb.  20,  1827,  the  Brazilians  (6,527) 
under  the  Viscount  of  Barbacena  were  defeated  by  the 
Argentines  (10,557)  under  Carlos  de  Alvear. 

Itys  (i'tis).  In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Tereus 
and  Procne.  See  Tereus. 

Itzeboe  (it'se-ho).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the  Stor  33 
miles  northwest  of  Hamburg.  It  is  the  oldest  place 
in  Holstein,  and  was  formerly  the  place  of  meeting  of  the 
estates.  Population,  commune,  16,195. 

Iuka  (i-u'ka).  The  capital  of  Tishemingo  Coun- 
ty, northeastern  Mississippi,  110  miles  east  by 
south  of  Memphis.  Here,  Sept.  19,  1862,  a battle  was 
fought  between  the  FederaJs  under  Rosecrans  and  the  Con- 
federates under  Price.  Darkness  put  an  end  to  the  fight. 
The  Federal  loss  was  about  700  ; that  of  the  Confederates, 
nearly  1,400.  Population,  1,221,  (1910). 

lulus  (I-uTus).  In  classical  legend,  a son  of 
Ascanius,  or,  according  to  other  accounts,  a sur- 
name of  Ascanius  himself.  See  Ascanius. 
Ivan  (e-van')  I.,  surnamed  Kalita.  [Ivan  is 
Russ,  for  John.']  Died  March  31, 1340.  Grand 
Duke  of  Moscow  1328-40. 

Ivan  II.  Born  in  1326 : died  in  1359.  Grand 
Duke  of  Moscow  1353-59,  son  of  Ivau  I. 

Ivan  III.  , surnamed  “ The  Great.”  Died  at  Mos- 
cow, Oct.  27,  1505.  Grand  Duke  of  Moscow 
1462-1505.  He  subjugated  Novgorod  in  1478, 
and  freed  himself  from  the  suzerainty  of  the 
Tatars  1480. 

Ivan  IV.,  surnamed"  The  Terrible.”  Born  Aug. 
25,  1530  : died  March  18, 1584.  Czar  of  Russia. 
He  was  the  son  of  Vasili  IV.  whom  he  succeeded  as  grand 
duke  of  Moscow  in  1533.  He  assumed  in  1547  the  title  of 
Czar  of  Russia,  which  has  since  been  borne  by  the  monarchs 
of  Russia.  He  annexed  Kazan  in  1552,  Astrakhan  in  1564, 
and  conquered  West  Siberia  near  the  end  of  his  reign. 
Ivan  V.  Born  Aug.  27, 1666:  died  Jan.  29, 1696. 
Czar  of  Russia  1682-89.  He  was  the  half-brother 
of  Peter  the  Great,  to  whom,  being  mentally  and  physically 
unfitted  for  the  conduct  of  the  government,  he  resigned 
the  crown  in  1689. 

Ivan  VI.  Born  Aug.  24, 1740 : died  Dec.  5, 1764 : 
Czar  of  Russia  1740-41,  son  of  Anton  Ulrich  of 
Brunswick  and  Anna  Leopoldovna.  He  was  adopt- 


536 

ed  as  her  successor  by  the  Czarina  Anna  Ivanovna  whom 
he  succeeded  under  the  regency  of  Biron.  He  was  deposed 
by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  put  to  death  in  prison  in  consequence  of  a rev- 
olution in  his  behalf  by  Mirovitch. 

Ivanhoe  (l'van-ho).  A historical  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott J published  in  1820:  named  from  its 
hero,  Wilfred,  knight  of  Ivanhoe.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  England  during  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
(1189-99). 

Ivanoff  (e-va'nof),  Alexander  Andreyevitch. 

Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1806 : died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, July  15,  1858.  A Russian  painter. 
Ivanovo  (e-va'no-vo).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Vladimir,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Uvo- 
da  66  miles  north-northeast  of  Vladimir.  It  is 
noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  calico. 
Population,  64,628. 

Ivens,  Robert.  See  Capello,  II.  A.  de  Brito. 
Iviza  (e've-tha),  or  Ibiza  (e'Be-tka),  or  Iviga 
(e've-tha).  One  of  the  Balearic  Islands,  50 
miles  southwest  of  Majorca : the  ancient 
Bbusus.  The  chief  town  has  the  same  name. 
Length,  25  miles. 

Ivory  Coast.  That  part  of  the  coast  of  Upper 
Guinea,  West  Africa,  lying  west  of  the  Gold 
Coast  and  east  of  the  Grain  Coast:  annexed  by 
France  1892-93. 

Ivory  Gate,  The.  In  classical  mythology,  the 
gate  of  sleep  by  which  false  dreams  are  sent 
from  the  lower  world. 

Ivrea  (e-vra'a).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora  Baltea  29 
miles  north-northeast  of  Turin:  the  ancient 
Eporedia.  It  was  a Roman  colony ; was  for  a time  the 
capital  of  a marquisate  of  Ivrea ; and  was  ceded  to  Savoy 
in  1248.  It  has  a cathedral  and  castle.  Population,  com- 
mune, 11,528. 

Ivris  (i-vres'),  or  Ibreez  (i-brez').  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

More  than  a cent  ury  ago  a German  traveller  had  observed 
two  figures  carved  on  a wall  of  rock  near  Ibreez,  or  Ivris, 
in  the  territory  of  the  ancient  Lykaonia.  One  of  them 
was  a god  who  carried  in  his  hand  a stalk  of  corn  and  a 
bunch  of  grapes ; the  other  was  a man  who  stood  before 
the  god  in  an  attitude  of  adoration.  Both  figures  were 
shod  with  boots  with  upturned  ends,  and  the  deity  wore 
a tunic  that  reached  to  his  knees,  while  on  his  head  was  a 
peaked  cap  ornamented  with  horn-like  ribbons.  A cen- 
tury elapsed  before  the  sculpture  was  again  visited  by  an 
European  traveller,  and  it  was  again  a German  who  found 
his  way  to  the  spot.  On  this  occasion  a drawing  was  made 
of  the  figures,  which  was  published  by  Ritter  in  his  great 
work  on  the  geography  of  the  world.  But  the  drawing 
was  poor  and  imperfect,  and  the  first  attempt  to  do  ad- 
equate justice  to  the  original  was  made  by  the  Rev.  E.  J. 
Davis  in  1875.  He  published  his  copy,  and  an  account  of 
the  monument,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Bib- 
lical Archaeology  the  following  year.  He  had  noticed  that 
the  figures  were  accompanied  by  what  were  known  at  the 
time  as  Hamathite  characters.  Three  lines  of  these  were 
inserted  between  the  face  of  the  god  and  his  uplifted  left 
arm,  four  lines  more  were  engraved  behind  his  worship- 
per, while  below,  on  a level  with  an  aqueduct  which  fed  a 
mill,  were  yet  other  lines  of  half -obliterated  hieroglyphs. 
It  was  plain  that  in  Lykaonia  also,  where  the  old  language 
of  the  country  still  lingered  in  the  days  of  St.  Paul,  the  Hit- 
tite  system  of  writing  had  once  been  used. 

Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  61. 

Ivry-la-Bataille  (ev-re'la-ba-tay').  A village 
in  the  department  of  Eure,  France,  42  miles 
west  of  Paris.  Here,  March  14, 1590,  Henry  IV.  defeated 
the  Catholic  Leaguers  under  the  Duke  of  Mayenne.  A 
memorial  pyramid  has  been  erected  on  the  battle-field. 
Ivry-sur-Seine  (ev-re'sfir-san' ).  A town  in  the 
department  of  Seine,  France,  situated  near  the 
Seine  immediately  south  of  the  fortifications  of 
Paris.  It  has  important  manufactures.  Its  fort 
figured  in  the  war  of  the  Commune,  1871.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  33,198. 

Ixils  (e-kels' ) . A tribe  of  Indians,  of  Maya  stock, 
in  Guatemala. 

Ixion  (iks-i'on).  [Gr.  Tfiwn.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a king  of  the  Lapithae,  father  of  Piritkous,  and 
father  by  a cloud  (which  was  caused  by  Zeus  to 
take  the  form  of  Hera)  of  the  Centaurs.  For  boast- 
ing of  the  favors  of  the  fictitious  goddess,  he  was  punished 
in  the  lower  world  by  being  fastened  to  an  ever-revolving 
wheel. 

Ixion  in  Heaven.  A burlesque  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  published  in  1828. 

Ixtaccihuatl.  See  Iztaccihuatl. 

Ixtapalapa  (es-ta-pii-lii'pa).  A village  of  Mex- 
ico, in  the  Federal  District,  7 miles  southeast  of 


Iztaccihuatl 

Mexico  City.  Before  the  Spanish  conquest  it  was  a place 
of  importance  on  the  canal  between  Lakes  Tezcuco  and 
Chaleo,  and  was  noted  for  its  gardens.  On  an  adjoining 
hill  the  sacred  fire  was  kindled  at  the  beginning  of  each 
cycle  of  52  years.  Population,  about  5,000.  Also  written 
Ixtapalapam  or  Ixtapalapan. 

Ixtlilxochitl  (est-lel-Ho-chet' 1),  or  Ixlilxo- 
chitl  (es-lel-Ho-chet'l).  Born  at  Tezcuco,  Mex- 
ico, about  1500.  A son  of  the  chief  of  Tezcuco, 
in  Mexico,  who,  on  his  father’s  death,  disputed 
the  succession  with  his  brother,  Cacama  (1516). 
The  war  ended  in  a division  of  the  kingdom.  Cortes  sup- 
ported the  pretensions  of  Ixtlilxochitl  and  deposed  Cacama. 
The  former  subsequently  aided  Cortes  in  variouscampaigns. 

Ixtlilxochitl,  Fernando  de  Alvarado.  Born 
about  1568  : died  about  1648.  A Mexican  his- 
torian, of  native  race,  who  claimed  descent 
from  the  last  war-chiefs  of  Tezcuco.  He  was  an 
official  interpreter*  and,  by  order  of  the  viceroy,  wrote 
various  works  on  the  ancient  Mexicans.  His  history  of 
the  Chichimecs  was  published  in  the  Kingsborough  collec- 
tion, and  a French  translation  wTas  printed  by  Ternaux- 
Compans  in  1840. 

Izabal  (e-tha-bal').  A port  of  Guatemala,  cap- 
ital of  the  department  of  the  same  name. 
Izabal,  Lake.  A lake  in  Guatemala,  communi- 
cating with  the  Caribbean  Sea  by  the  Rio  Dulce. 
Length,  about  30  miles.  Also  Golfo  Dulce. 
Izabel  de  Braganpa  (e-za-bel'  de  bra-gan'sa), 
Princess.  Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  July  29, 1846. 
The  eldest  daughter  of  the  emperor  Pedro  II.  of 
Brazil,  and  heiress  to  the  Brazilian  throne  until 
the  abdication  of  her  father  in  1889.  On  Oct.  15, 
1864,  she  married  Louis  Gaston  d’Orldans,  Comte  d’Eu.  by 
whom  she  has  three  living  sons.  During  the  absence  of  the 
emperor  in  Europe  and  America  she  was  three  times  regent 
(1871-72, 1876-77, 1886-89).  She  favored  the  clerical  party. 
Izalco  (e-tkal'ko).  [Nakuatl.]  A volcano  in  the 
western  part  of  Salvador,  4,937  feet  high,  which 
rose  quite  suddenly  in  the  latter  half  of  the  18th 
Century.  Ever  since  that  time  it  has  been  almost  con- 
stantly active,  the  eruptions  occurring  at  very  short  inter- 
vals. Occasionally  there  are  more  violent  outbreaks,  as 
that  of  March  19,  1869. 

Izar  (e-zar').  [Ar.  al-isdr,  the  girdle.]  The 
bright  third-magnitude  star  e Bootis,  a beauti- 
fully colored  double  star  in  the  waist  of  the 
constellation. 

Izard  (iz'ard),  Ralph.  Born  near  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  1742:  died  May  30, 1804.  An  American 
politician,  United  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina  1789-95. 

Izcohuatl  (es-ko-wat'l),  orlzcoatzin  (es-ko-at- 
sen').  [Nahuatl, ‘obsidian  snake.’]  Born  about 
1360:  died  in  1436.  War-chief  or  (so-called) 
emperor  of  ancient  Mexico  from  1427.  Under 
him  the  city  first  rose  into  prominence,  and  became  the 
dominant  power  of  the  lake  valley.  Also  Izcoatl,  Itzcoatl, 
Izicoatl,  etc. 

Izdubar  (iz-do-bar'),  also  called  Gilgamesh 
(gil-ga'mesh).  The  principal  hero  of  certain 
ancient  Babylonian  legends.  They  are  called  the 
Babylonian  “Nimrod  Epic,”  because  Izdubar  was  consid- 
ered the  prototype  of  Nimrod,  who  is  mentioned  in  Gene- 
sis x.  The  exploits  of  Izdubar  are  briefly  as  follows : Erech 
(Orchoe  of  the  Greeks,  modern  Warka),  the  capital  of  Shi- 
nar  (Shumir),  had  been  governed  by  Du’uzu  (l’ammuz, 
Adonis),  the  husband  of  Ishtar.  After  his  tragic  death  it 
was  subjected  by  the  Elamite  invaders.  In  this  emergency 
Izdubar  comes  from  his  native  place,  Marad,  to  Erech,  and. 
with  the  help  of  the  demigod  Ea-bani  kills  the  last  Ela- 
mite usurper,  Khumbaba,  and  delivers  Erech.  Thereupon 
Ishtar  offers  him  her  love  and  hand,  but  is  roughly  re- 
jected by  him  and  reminded  of  her  former  amours,  which 
brought  only  ruin  and  death  to  the  lovers.  The  insulted 
goddess  cries  to  her  father  Anu  for  revenge.  Anu  creates 
a monstrous  bull  and  sends  it  against  Erech,  but  the  ani- 
mal is  easily  killed  by  Izdubar  with  the  assistance  of  his 
friend  Ea-bani.  At  last  Ishtar  prevails  on  her  mother 
Anatu  to  smite  Ea-bani  with  death,  and  Izdubar  with  a 
loathsome  disease,  a kind  of  leprosy.  To  get  rid  of  his 
maladyand  to  bring  backhisfriendtolife,  Izdubar  decides 
to  seek  for  his  ancestor  Hasisadra,  who  was  translated  to 
the  seat  of  the  blessed  and  enjoyed  there  immortality  with 
the  gods.  After  many  adventures  he  reaches  him.  Ha- 
sisadra describes  to  him  the  deluge  which  once  took  place, 
and  how  he  with  his  friends  was  saved  in  a ship  that  he 
had  built  at  the  advice  of  the  god  Ea,  and  then  cures  him 
of  his  disease.  Izdubar  thereupon  returns  to  Erech,  and 
upon  his  lamentation  for  Ea-bani  the  gods  grant  the  lat- 
ter the  privilege  of  returning  from  the  under  world. 

Iztaccihuatl  (es-tak-se'hwatl),  or  Ixtacci- 
huatl. [Nahuatl,  from  iztac,  white,  and  ci- 
huatl,  woman.]  A mountain  in  Mexico,  north 
of  Popocatepetl.  Height,  16, 705feet.  The  name 
originated  on  the  west  side,  where  the  mountain  bears 
some  resemblance  to  a woman  lying  extended  in  a white 
shroud.  The  summit  is  covered  by  glaciers. 


TOgralabalpur  (jub-al-por '),  or 
Jubbulpore(jub-bul-p6r'). 
1 . A division  of  the  Central 
Provinces,  British  India. 
Area,  18,950  square  miles. 
Population,  2,081,499.-2. 
A district  in  the  Jabalpur 
division,  intersected  by 
lat.  23°  N.,  long.  80°  E. 
Area,  3,912  square  miles.  Population,  680,585. 
— 3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Jabalpur, 
about  lat.  23°  10'  N.,  long.  79°  57'  E.  It  is  an 
important  trading  center.  Population,  includ- 
ing cantonment,  90,316. 

Jabbah  (jab'ba).  [Ar.  ikltt  al-jebah,  crown  of 
the  forehead.]"  The  fine  triple  star  v Seorpii, 
of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Jabbok  (jab'ok).  In  Bible  geography,  a moun- 
tain stream  of  Gilead,  Palestine,  joining  the 
Jordan  about  25  miles  north  of  the  Dead  Sea  : 
the  modem  Zurka.  Length,  about  50  miles. 
Jabesh,  or  Jabesh-Gilead  (ja'besh-gil'e-ad). 
[Heb.,  ‘dry.’]  In  Bible  geography,  an  impor- 
tant town  in  Gilead,  Palestine.  Its  situation 
has  not  been  identified. 

Jabez  (ja'bez).  A personmentioned  in  1 Chron. 
iv.  9,  10  as  more  honorable  than  his  brethren. 
Jabin  (ja'bin).  [Heb.,  ‘intelligent.’]  In  Old 
Testament  history:  (a)  A king  of  Hazor  in 
Palestine,  defeated  by  Joshua  by  the  waters 
of  Merom.  Josh.  xi.  1-3.  (6)  A king  of  Hazor, 
whose  general,  Sisera,  was  defeated  by  Barak. 
Judges  iv.  The  accounts  of  these  two  kings  anJ  their 
overthrow  are  very  much  alike,  and  probably  relate  to  the 
same  person  and  event. 

Jablunka  (yab-lon'ka)  Pass.  A pass  across  the 
Carpathians  in  Austria-Hungary.  It  connects  the 
basins  of  the  Olsa  in  Austrian  Silesia  and  theWaag  in 
Hungary,  and  is  traversed  by  a railway.  Height,  1,970 
feet. 

Jabne  (jab'ne),  or  Jabneel  (jab'ne-el  or  jab'- 
nel),  later  Jamnia  (jam'ni-a  or  jam-ni'a).  A 
Philistine  city  which  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  tribe 
of  Dan,  situated  between  Joppa  and  Ashdod, 
about  an  hour  distant  from  the  Mediterranean : 
the  modern  village  of  Yebna  or  Ibna.  it  was 
conquered  by  the  Maccabeans ; given  by  Augustus  to  Her- 
od ; and  by  the  will  of  Salome,  sister  of  Herod,  became  pri- 
vate property  of  the  imperial  house,  but  was  destined  to 
play  an  important  part  in  Jewish  history.  During  the 
siege  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Romans,  Titus  granted  permis- 
sion to  Jochauanben  Zaccai  to  establish  there  a Talmudic 
Bchool.  After  the  fall  of  Jerusalem  a Sanhedrim  was  also 
constituted,  and  Jabne  became  for  centuries  the  center 
and  nursery  of  the  religious  and  natioual  life  of  the  dis- 
persed Jewish  community. 

Jaboatao  (zha-bwa-tan'),  Antonio  de  Santa 

Maria.  Born  near  Pernambuco,  1695 : died  after 
1761.  A Brazilian  Franciscan  author.  He  occu- 
pied various  posts  in  his  order,  of  which  he  was  chronicler 
in  Brazil.  His  most  important  work  is  the  “Orbe  Se- 
raphico  Novo  Brasilico  ” (Part  I,  Lisbon,  1761 ; Part  II, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  1859).  It  is  a history  of  the  Seraphic 
Franciscans  in  Brazil,  and  contains  much  of  general  in- 
terest. 

Jaca  (Ha'ka).  Atown  in  the  province  of  Ilues- 
ca,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Aragon  66  miles 
north-northeast  of  Saragossa.  It  has  a cathe- 
dral, and  was  formerly  important. 

Jachin  (ja'kin).  [Heb., ‘(God)  establishes.’]  1. 
The  fourth  son  of  Simeon.  Gen.  xlvi.  10. — 2. 
A priest,  head  of  the  21st  course,  in  the  time  of 
David. — 3.  A column  set  up  in  the  court  of 
Solomon’s  temple.  Its  companion  was  named 
Boaz. 

The  two  pillars,  Jachin  and  Boaz,  were  regarded  as  Hi- 
ram’s chef  d’oeuvres,  but  were  constructed,  probably,  in 
several  pieces.  The  shafts,  the  capitals,  and  the  bases 
were  certainly  distinct,  and  it  is  not  certain  that  even  the 
shafts  were  in  one  piece.  The  wonderfulness  of  the  pil- 
lars was  in  their  ornamentation  rather  than  in  their  con- 
struction. Each  was  adorned  with  “chain-work”  and 
“ checker- work ’’ (I  Kings  vii.  17),  with  “nets"  and  with 
“ pomegranates,”  two  hundred  of  these,  in  two  rows,  being 
embossed  on  either  column  (I  Kings  vii.  42). 

Jlawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  100. 

Jachin ann  (yach'miin),  Eduard  Karl  Eman- 
uel. Born  at  Dantzic,  Prussia,  March  2, 1822 : 
died  at  Oldenburg,  Oct.  23,  1887.  A German 


Vice-admiral.  He  defeated  the  Danes  near  Jasmund 
March  17,  1864.  He  became  president  of  the  ministry  of 
marine  in  1867,  and  vice-admiral  in  1868,  and  was  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  North  Sea  1870-71. 

Jack  (jak),  Captain.  See  the  extract. 

Another  ally  appeared  at  the  camp.  This  was  a person- 
age long  known  in  Western  fireside  story  as  Captain  Jack, 
the  Black  Hunter,  or  the  Black  Rifle.  It  was  said  of  him 
that,  having  been  a settler  on  the  farthest  frontier,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Juniata,  he  returned  one  evening  to  his 
cabin  and  found  it  burned  to  the  ground  by  Indians,  and 
the  bodies  of  his  wife  and  children  lying  among  the  ruins. 
He  vowed  undying  vengeance,  raised  a band  of  kindred 
spirits,  dressed  and  painted  like  Indians,  and  became  the 
scourge  of  the  red  man  and  the  champion  of  the  white. 
But  he  and  his  wild  crew,  useful  as  they  might  have  been, 
shocked  Braddock’s  sense  of  military  fitness ; and  he  re- 
ceived them  so  coldly  that  they  left  him. 

Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  I.  204. 

Jack,  Colonel.  See  Colonel  Jaclc. 

Jack  and  Jill.  An  English  nursery  song.  Jill  or 
Gill  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  once  common  feminine  name 
Gillian  or  Julian  (L.  Juliana).  In  Icelandic  mythology, 
Jack  and  Jill  are  two  children  kidnapped  by  the  moon, 
while  drawing  water,  which  is  carried  on  their  shoulders 
in  a bucket  suspended  from  a pole.  The  Swedish  peasants 
still  account  for  the  moon-spots  in  this  way.  A play  with 
this  title  was  popular  at  the  English  court  between  1567 
and  1578. 

Jack  and  the  Bean-stalk.  An  English  nur- 
sery tale,  founded  on  a world-wide  myth.  It  is 
found  among  the  Zulus  of  South  Africa  and  the  North 
American  Indians,  as  well  as  among  the  races  of  Aryan 
descent. 

Jack  and  the  Bean-stalk  may  be  added  to  the  series  of 
English  nursery  tales  derived  from  the  Teutonic.  The 
bean-stalk  is  a descendant  of  the  wonderful  ash  in  the 
“Edda.”  Halliwell,  Nursery  Rhymes,  p.  175. 

Jack  the  Giant-killer.  The  hero  of  a nursery 

legend.  The  story  was  originally  in  Walter  Map’s  book, 
and  he  obtained  it  from  France  in  the  12th  century.  It 
was  written  in  British  or  Armoric,  and  translated  into 
Latin  by  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth. 

Jack  Brag.  A novel  by  Theodore  Hook,  pub- 
lished in  1837.  Jack  Brag  is  a vulgar  braggart  who 
contrives  to  get  into  good  society. 

Jack  Horner.  An  old  nursery  rime,  the  hero 
of  which  “sat  in  a corner  eating  his  Christmas 
pie.”  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  this  class  of  rimes. 
A copy  of  his  “pleasant  history  ” is  to  be  found  in  the 
Bodleian  Library,  which  is  in  substance  much  the  same  as 
“The  Fryer  and  the  Boy,”  published  in  London  1617.  Hal- 
liwell says  “ both  are  from  the  more  ancient  ‘Jack  and  his 
Step-dame,’  printed  by  Mr.  Wright.” 
Jack-in-the-Green.  A puppet  character  in  the 
English  May-day  games. 

Jackson  (jak' son).  [The  surname  Jackson 
stands  for  Jack’s  son.]  A city  and  the  capital 
of  Jackson  County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the 
Grand  River  75  miles  west  of  Detroit.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  Popula- 
tion, 31,433,  (1910). 

Jackson.  The  capital  of  Mississippi  and  of 
Hinds  County,  situated  on  the  Pearl  River  in 
lat.  32°  18’  N.,  long.  90°  8'  W.  It  exports  cotton. 
Here,  May  14,  1863,  the  Federals  under  Grant  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  J.  E.  Johnston.  Federal  loss,  300; 
Confederate,  845.  Population,  21,262,  (1910). 

Jackson.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Madison 
County,  Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Forked 
Deer  River  77  miles  northeast  of  Memphis.  It 
exports  cotton.  Population,  15,779,  (1910). 
Jackson,  Andrew.  Bom  at  the  Waxhaw  set- 
tlement, N.  C.,  March  15,  1767:  died  at  the 
Hermitage,  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  8, 1845. 
The  seventh  President  of  the  United  States 
(1829-37).  Hewasmcmberof  Congress  from  Tennessee 
1796-97 ; United  States  senator  1797-98 ; justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Tennessee  1798-1804  ; defeated  the  Creeks 
at  Talladega  in  1813,  and  at  Emuckfau  and  Horseshoe 
Bend  in  1814 ; captured  Pensacola  from  the  English  in 
1814 ; defeated  the  English  under  Sir  Edward  Pakenham 
at  New  Orleans  Jan.  8,  1815;  commanded  against  the 
Seminoles  1817-18 ; was  governor  of  Florida  Territory  in 
1821 ; was  United  States  senator  from  Tennessee  1823-25  ; 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  President  1824 ; was 
elected  as  the  Democratic  candidate  for  President  in  1828 ; 
and  was  reelected  in  1832.  He  inaugurated  the  “spoils 
system"  in  Federal  politics  by  dismissing  about  690  office- 
holders during  the  first  year  of  his  administration,  as 
against  74  removals  by  all  the  preceding  Presidents.  In 
July,  1832,  he  vetoed  a bill  rechartering  the  Bank  of  the 
United  States.  He  published,  Dec.  11, 1832,  a proclamation 
in  answer  to  the  nullification  ordinance  passed  by  South 
Carolina  Nov.  24,  1832,  declaring  void  certain  obnoxious 
537 


duties  on  imports.  In  this  proclamation  he  announced 
his  intention  of  enforcing  the  Federal  laws,  and  ordered 
United  States  troops  to  Charleston  and  Augusta,  with  the 
result  that  the  nullifiers  submitted. 

Jackson,  Charles  Thomas.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
Mass. , J une  21, 1805 : died  at  Somerville,  Mass. , 
Aug.  29, 1880.  An  American  geologist  and  phy- 
sician . He  graduated  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1829,  and  after  having  completed  his  studies  abroad  prac- 
tised medicine  for  a time  at  Boston.  He  eventually  aban- 
doned medicine,  and  in  1838  opened  alaboratory  at  Boston 
for  instruction  in  analytical  chemistry.  He  became  State 
geologist  of  Maine  in  1836,  and  of  Rhode  Island  in  1839, 
and  in  1847  was  appointed  by  Congress  to  survey  the  min- 
eral lands  of  Michigan.  He  constructed  in  1834  a tele- 
graphic apparatus  similar  to  that  patented  by  Morse  in 
1835,  and  in  1852  he  received  a prize  from  the  French  Aca- 
demy for  the  discovery  of  etherization. 

Jackson,  Mrs.  (Helen  Maria  Eiske,  later  Mrs. 
Hunt):  pseudonym  H.  H.  Born  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Oct.  18, 1831 : died  at  San  Francisco,  Aug. 
12,  1885.  An  American  poet  and  novelist.  In 
1883  she  was  appointed  special  commissioner  to  examine 
into  the  condition  of  the  Mission  Indians  of  California. 
Among  her  works  are  “ Mercy  Philbriek’s  Choice  ” (1876), 
“ Hetty’s  Strange  History  ” (1877),  “ A Century  of  Dishonor, 
etc.”  (1881),  and  “ Ramona”  (1884).  She  also  published 
several  volumes  of  poems,  tales, Bits  of  Talk,"  etc.  Re- 
puted author  of  the  stories  by  “ Saxe  Holm.” 

Jackson,  John.  Born  in  Yorkshire,  England, 
1778 : died  at  London,  June  1, 1831.  An  English 
portrait-painter,  afriend  ofWilkieandHaydon. 
One  of  his  best  works  is  the  portrait  of  Canova  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1820. 

Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan,  commonly  called 
Stonewall  Jackson.  Born  at  Clarksburg,  W. 
Va.,  Jan.  21,  1824 : died  near  Chancellorsville, 
Va.,  May  10, 1863-  A noted  Confederate  general 
in  the  American  Civil  War.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1846  ; served  as  a lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war ; 
and  resigned  from  the  army  in  1852,  having  become  (1851) 
professor  of  physics  and  artillery  tactics  in  Virginia  Mili- 
tary Institute.  He  joined  the  Confederate  army  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  War,  and  served  as  a brigadier-general 
at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21, 1861.  Having  at  a 
critical  period  in  this  engagement  been  sent  forward  to  re- 
store the  battle  on  the  Confederate  left,  he  maintained  an 
exposed  position  against  great  odds  until  the  broken  forces 
were  enabled  to  rally.  In  rallying  his  troops  General  Ber- 
nard E.  Bee  cried  : “See,  there  is  Jackson  standing  like  a 
stone  wall ! Rally  on  the  Virginians  ! ” (whence  the  sobri- 
quet Stonewall  Jackson).  He  was  promoted  major-general 
in  Sept.,  1861 ; was  defeated  by  General  Shields  near  Win- 
chester, March  23, 1862 ; defeated  General  Banks  at  Win- 
chester, May  25, 1862 ; fought  an  indecisive  battle  with  Gen- 
eral Fremont  at  Cross  Keys,  June  8, 1862;  commanded  a 
corps  at  the  battles  of  Gaines’s  Mill,  June  27,  and  Malvern 
Hill,  July  1,1862;  defeated  General  Banks  at  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, Virginia,  Aug.  9, 1862  ; captured  Harper’s  Ferry,  Sept. 
15,  1862 ; participated  in  the  battle  of  Antietam,  Sept.  17, 
1862;  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec. 
13, 1862 ; was  promoted  lieutenant-general ; and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  his  own  men  at  the  battle  of  Chancellors- 
ville on  the  evening  of  May  2,  1863,  as  he  was  returning 
from  a reconnaissance  beyond  the  lines. 

Jackson,  William.  Born  at  Exeter,  May  29, 
1730:  died  there,  July  5,  1803.  An  English 
musical  composer,  known  as  Jackson  of  Exe- 
ter. He  wrote  the  music  for  “The  Lord  of  the  Manor" 
(an  opera,  1780),  “ The  Metamorphosis  ’’  (an  opera,  1783), 
and  much  church  music,  settings  for  poems,  songs,  etc., 
and  several  volumes  of  madrigals,  canzonets,  etc. 

Jackson,  William.  Born  at  Masham,  York- 
shire, Jan  9,  1815:  died  at  Bradford,  April  15, 
1866.  An  English  musical  composer.  Besides  a 
number  of  hymns  and  chants,  he  wrote  “The  Deliverance 
of  Israel,  etc. "(an  oratorio,  produced  in  1847),  “ Isaiah  ” (an 
oratorio,  1854),  songs,  and  a good  deal  of  sacred  music. 
His  last  work,  “The  Praise  of  Music,”  was  composed  for 
the  Bradford  festival  (1866).  He  did  not  live  to  conduct  it. 
Jacksonville  (jak  '-son-vil).  A city  and  the 
capital  of  Duval  County,  Florida,  situated  on 
the  St.  John’s  River  in  lat.  30°  20'  N.,  long.  81° 
39'  W.  It  is  a railway,  steamboat,  and  commercial  cen- 
ter, with  trade  in  grain  and  fruit ; is  now  the  largest  city 
in  the  State ; and  is  noted  as  a winter  health-resort.  Pop- 
ulation, 57,699,  (1910). 

Jacksonville.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Morgan 
County,  Illinois,  situated  near  Mauvaiseterre 
Creek  30  miles  west  by  south  of  Springfield,  it 
is  the  seat  of  Illinois  College,  and  has  various  other  educa- 
tional as  well  as  charitable  institutions.  Population,  15,- 
326,  (1910). 

Jack  Sprat.  An  English  nursery  rime. 

Few  children’s  rhymes  are  more  common  than  those  re- 
lating to  Jack  Sprat  and  his  wife,  “Jack  Sprat  could  eat  no 


Jack  Sprat 

fat,”  etc.  ; but  it  is  little  thought  they  have  been  current 
for  two  centuries.  Such,  however,  is  the  fact,  and  when 
Howell  published  his  Collection  of  Proverbs  in  1659,  p.  20, 
the  story  related  to  no  less  exalted  a personage  than  an 
archdeacon : 

“ Archdeacon  Pratt  would  eat  no  fat, 

His  wife  would  eat  no  lean  : 

’Twixt  Archdeacon  Pratt  and  Joan  his  wife. 

The  meat  was  eat  up  clean." 

Halliwell,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

Jack  Tier.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published  in  1848. 
It  is  a recasting  of  ‘‘The  Bed  Bover.” 

Jack  Upland.  An  attack  on  friars,  in  prose, 
added  by  Speght  to  Chaucer’s  works  in  his  1602 
edition,  but  evidently  not  Chaucer’s. 

Jacmel  (zhak-mel').  A seaport  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Haiti,  lat.  18°  14'  N.,  long.  72°  34'  W. 
Population, about  6, 000 ; commune,  over  30,000. 
Jacob  (ja'kob).  [F.  Jacobe,  Sp.  Pg.  Jacobo,  It. 
Jacopo,  Giacoho,  G.  Dan.  Sw.  Jakob  (in  vernacu- 
lar F.  Jacques , Jaques,  whence  E.  Jack),  from 
LL.  Jacobus,  Gr.  ’I asiiji,  Heb.  Taqobh,  of  uncer- 
tain origin,  but  explained  as  ‘ supplanter.’  See 
James.)  The  son  of  IsaacandBebekah  and  twin 
brother  of  Esau : father  of  the  twelve  patriarchs, 
and  ancestor  of  the  Israelites.  The  date  of  his 
immigration  into  Egypt  is  given  by  Brugseh  as 
about  1730  b.  c. 

A kind  of  synonym  of  Israel  was  Jakobel,  “ He  whom  El 
rewards,”  or  “ He  who  follows  El,  who  marches  step  by  step 
In  the  ways  that  He  has  traced. " This  name  was  abridged 
to  Jacob,  as  that  of  Irhamel  was  to  Irham,  or  Calbel  to 
Caleb.  Beni-Jacob  or  Beni-Israel  was  the  name  of  the 
tribe  ; and  in  course  of  time  Jacob  was  taken  to  be  a living 
person,  grandson  of  Abraham. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  90. 

Jacobabad  (ja'kob -a -bad').  [‘Jacob’s  city,’ 
named  from  Gen.  John  Jacob,  1847.]  A town 
and  military  station  in  Sind,  British  India,  about 
lat.  28°  14'  N.,  long.  68°  28'  E. 

Jacob  Faithful.  A novel  by  Marryat,  published 
iu  1834:  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 
Jacobi (ja-ko'bi;  G. pron.ya-ko'be),  Abraham. 
Born  at  Harturn,  Westphalia,  May  6,  1830.  A 
German-American  physician.  He  graduated  M.  D. 
at  Bonn  in  1851,  removed  to  the  United  States  in  1553,  and 
became  professor  of  diseases  of  children  in  the  New  York 
Medical  College  in  1861,  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1867,  and  in  theCol- 
lege  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1870.  He  is  the  author 
of  “Dentition  and  its  Derangements "(1863),  “Infant  Diet” 
(1874),  “A  Treatise  on  Diphtheria  ” (1880),  and  “The  In- 
testinal Diseases  of  Infancy  and  Childhood  ” (1887). 

Jacobi  (ya-ko'be),  Friedrich  Heinrich.  Born 
at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Jan.  25,  1743:  died  at 
Munich,  March  10, 1819.  A noted  German  phi- 
losopher. He  was  the  son  of  a merchant.  After  study- 
ing in  Geneva  he  applied  himself  (1762)  to  his  father's  busi- 
ness. In  1779  he  was  called  to  Munich,  where  he  became 
privy  councilor,  remaining  there  until  1794.  From  that 
date  until  1804  he  resided  in  various  places  in  northern 
Germany,  returning  in  the  latter  year  to  Munich,  where  he 
became  (1807)  president  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  His 
chief  works  are  “Woldemar”  (1779),  “Eduard  Allwills 
Briefsammlung ” (1781),  “Uber  die  Lehre  des  Spinoza" 
(1785),  “David  Hume  uber  den  Glauben”  (1787),  “Send- 
schreiben  an  Fichte”  (1799). 

Jacobi,  Johann  Georg.  Born  at  Diisseldorf, 
Prussia,  Sept.  2,  1740:  died  at  Freiburg,  Baden, 
Jan.  4,  1814.  A German  poet,  elder  brother  of 
F.  H.  Jacobi,  professor  of  philosophy  and  rhet- 
oric at  Halle,  and  later  of  literature  at  Freiburg. 
Jacobi,  Karl  Gustav  Jakob.  Born  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Dec.  10,  1804:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  18, 
1851.  Acelebrated  German  mathematician,  bro- 
ther of  M.  H.  Jacobi,  especially  noted  for  his  dis- 
coveries in  elliptic  functions.  He  was  professor  at 
KonigsberglS27-42,and  later  taught  at  Berlin.  Iiis  “Fun- 
damenta  nova  theorise  functionum  ellipticarum  ” was  pub- 
lished in  1829. 

Jacobi,  Moritz  Hermann.  Bom  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Sept.  21,  1801:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
March  10,  1874.  A German  physicist.  He  went 
to  St.  Petersburg  in  1837,  where  he  later  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  a councilor  of  state. 
He  invented  the  process  of  electrotyping  1839  (described 
in  his  “ Galvanoplastik,”  1840),  and  the  application  of  elec- 
tromagnetism as  a motive  power. 

Jacobini  (ya-kd-be'ne),  Ludovico.  Born  at  Gen- 
zano,  near  Borne,  Jan.  6,  1832:  died  at  Borne, 
Feb.  27, 1887.  An  Italian  cardinal,  papal  secre- 
tary of  state  1880-87. 

Jacobins  (jak'o-binz).  1.  In  France,  the  black 
or  Dominican  friars : so  called  from  the  Church 
of  St.  Jacques  (Jacobus),  in  which  they  were 
first  established  in  Paris. — 2.  The  members  of  a 
club  or  society  of  French  revolutionists  organ- 
ized in  1789  under  the  name  of  Society  of  Friends 
of  the  Constitution,  and  called  Jacobins  from 
the  Jacobin  convent  in  Paris  in  which  they  met. 
The  club  originally  included  many  of  the  moderate  leaders 
of  the  Revolution,  but  the  more  violent  members  speedily 
gained  the  control.  It  had  branches  in  all  parts  of  France, 
and  was  all-powerful  in  determining  the  course  of  govern- 
ment, especially  after  Robespierre  became  its  leader,  sup- 


538 

porting  him  in  the  measures  which  led  to  the  Reign  of  Ter- 
ror. Many  of  its  members  were  executed  with  Robespierre 
in  July,  1794,  and  the  club  was  suppressed  in  November. 

Jacobites  (jak'o-bits).  1.  In  English  history, 
partizans  or  adherents  of  James  II.  after  he  ab- 
dicated the  throne,  or  of  his  descendants.  The 
Jacobites  engaged  in  fruitless  rebellions  in  1715  and  1745, 
in  behalf  of  James  Francis  Edward  and  of  Charles  Edward, 
son  and  grandson  of  James  II.,  called  the  Old  and  Young 
Pretender  respectively. 

2.  A sect  of  Christians  in  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 
etc.,  originally  an  offshoot  of  the  Monophysites. 
The  sect  has  its  name  from  Jacobus  Baradseus,  a'  Syrian, 
consecrated  bishop  of  Edessa  about  541.  The  head  of  the 
church  is  called  the  Patriarch  of  Antioch. 

Jacobs  (yii'kops),  Christian  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm. Born  at  Gotha,  Germany,  Oct.  6,  1764: 
died  at  Gotha,  March  30, 1847.  A German  clas- 
sical scholar  and  author,  librarian  and  director 
of  the  various  art  collections  at  Gotha.  He  pub- 

lished  translations  and  editions  of  the  classics,  juveniles, 
and  “Elementarbuch  der  griechischen  Sprache  ” (1805). 

Jacobs,  Paul  Emil.  Born  at  Gotha,  Aug.  18, 
1802:  died  there,  Jan.  6,  1866.  A German  his- 
torical painter,  son  of  C.  F.  W.  Jacobs. 

Jacob’s  Well.  A well,  near  Shechem,  where 
Jesus  conversed  with  a woman  of  Samaria.  It 
seems  to  be  identical  with  the  Bir  Y'akub,  still  existing 
near  Nablus. 

Jacoby  (ya-ko'bi),  Johann.  Bom  at  Konigs- 
berg,  Prussia,  May  1, 1805:  died  at  Kouigsberg, 
March  6,  1877.  A Prussian  radical  politician, 
of  Hebrew  descent. 

Jacopo  de  Voragine  (ya'ko-po  de  vd-ra'ji-ne). 
Born  at  Viraggio,  near  Genoa,  1230 : died  1298. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  the  compiler  of  the  “ Le- 
genda  aurea”  (ed.  by  Grasse  1846). 

Jacotot  (zha-ko-to'),  Jean  Joseph.  Born  at  Di- 
jon, France,  March  4, 1770:  died  at  Paris,  July, 
1840.  A French  educator,  professor  of  the 
French  language  and  literature  at  Louvain 
1818—40.  He  devised  a method  of  instruction 
which  is  described  in  his  ‘ ‘ L’Enseignement  uni- 
versel”  (1823). 

His  method  of  teaching  is  based  on  three  principles : 1. 
All  men  have  an  equal  intelligence;  2.  Every  man  has  re- 
ceived from  God  the  faculty  of  being  able  to  instruct  him- 
self; 3.  Every  thing  is  in  every  thing.  The  first  of  these 
principles  is  certainly  wrong,  although  Jacotot  tried  to 
explain  it  by  asserting  that,  although  men  had  the  same 
intelligence,  they  diifered  widely  in  the  will  to  make  use 
of  it.  Still,  it  is  important  to  assert  that  nearly  all  men 
are  capable  of  receiving  some  intellectual  education,  pro- 
vided the  studies  to  which  they  are  directed  are  wide 
enough  to  engage  their  faculties,  and  the  means  taken  to 
interest  them  are  sufficiently  ingenious.  The  second  prin- 
ciple lays  down  that  it  is  more  necessary  to  stimulate  the 
pupil  to  learn  for  himself  than  to  teach  him  didactically. 
The  third  principle  explains  the  process  which  Jacotot 
adopted.  To  one  learning  a language  for  the  first  time 
he  would  give  a short  passage  of  a few  lines,  and  encour- 
age the  pupil  to  study  first  the  words,  then  the  letters,  then 
the  grammar,  then  the  full  meaning  of  the  expressions, 
until  by  iteration  and  accretion  a single  paragraph  took 
the  place  of  an  entire  literature.  Encyc.  Brit.,  VII.  677. 

Jacquard  (zha-kar'),  Joseph  Marie.  Born  at 
Lyons,  J uly  7, 1752 : died  at  Oullins,  near  Lyons, 
Aug.  7, 1834.  A French  mechanic,  inventor  of 
the  Jacquard  loom  about  1801. 

Jacqueline  (zhak-len'),  G.  Jakobaa  (ya-ko- 
ba'a),  of  Bavaria  or  of  Holland.  Born  1401 : 
died  at  the  castle  Teilingen,  on  the  Bhine,  1436. 
Daughter  of  William  VI.  of  Holland,  whom  she 
succeeded  in  Holland  and  Hainaut  in  1417.  she 
carried  on  a noted  conflict  with  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  to 
whom  she  surrendered  her  lands  in  1433. 

Jacquernont  (zhak-mon'),  Victor.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.  11,  1801:  died  at  Bombay,  Dec.  7, 
1832.  A French  naturalist  and  traveler  in  In- 
dia (1829-32).  His  journal  and  two  volumes  of 
letters  were  published  after  his  death. 

Jacquerie  (zhiik-re').  [F.,  from  Jacques,  a com- 
mon name  for  a peasant.]  In  French  history, 
a revolt  of  the  peasants  against  the  nobles  in 
northern  France  in  1358,  attended  by  great  de- 
vastation and  slaughter. 

Jacques  (zhak)  I.,  Emperor  of  Haiti.  See  Des- 
salines. 

Jacques  Bonhomme.  [F.,‘  Goodman  James.’] 
Among  the  French,  a general  name  for  a peas- 
ant: used  somewhat  contemptuously. 

Jacquin  (zha-kan'),  Baron  Nikolaus  Joseph 
von.  Born  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  Feb.  16, 
1727 : died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  24, 1817.  Anoted  bota- 
nist, professor  of  botany  and  chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Vienna,  and  author  of  numerous 
scientific  works.  From  1755-59  he  made  exten- 
sive scientific  explorations  in  South  America. 

Jacundas  (zha-kon-das').  A horde  of  Brazilian 
Indians  of  the  Tupi  race,  on  the  river  Tocan- 
tins, below  the  confluence  of  the  Araguaya,  and 
on  the  head  waters  of  the  river  Capim.  Also 
written  Yacundas, 

Jade,  or  Jahde  (yii'de),  Bay  or  Estuary.  An 


Jahangir 

inlet  of  the  North  Sea,  north  of  Oldenburg,  Ger- 
many. 

Jadin  (zha-dan'),  Louis  Emmanuel.  Born  at 
Versailles,  France,  Sept.  21, 1768 : died  at  Paris, 
April  11,  1853.  A French  composer,  author  of 
many  operas,  including  “ Joconde”  (1790)  and 
“ Mahomet  II.” (1803);  “La  bataille  d’Auster- 
litz,”  an  orchestral  piece ; and  many  string  quin- 
tets, nocturnes,  etc. 

Jael  (ja'el).  [Heb. ; Gr.  ’I a;)k.]  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  the  wife  of  Heberthe  Kenite,  and 
the  slayer  of  Sisera  (Judges  iv.  17-22).  See 
Sisera. 

Jaell  (ya'el),  Alfred.  Born  at  Triest,  Austria- 
Hungary,  March  5,  1832:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 
1882.  An  Austrian  pianist  and  composer. 

Jaen  (Ha-en').  1.  A province  in  Andalusia, 

Spain.  Capital,  Ja4n.  It  is  bounded  by  Ciudad  Rea) 
on  the  north,  Albaeete  and  Granada  on  the  east,  Granada 
on  the  south,  and  Cordova  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  Area,  5,203  square  rnileB.  Population,  about 
475,000. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ja4n,  situated 
on  the  river  Ja6n  in  lat.  37°  46'  N.,  long.  3°  49' 
W . It  contains  a castle  and  a cathedral.  It  was  an  im- 
portant Moorish  city  and  the  capital  of  a small  Moorish 
kingdom.  Population,  27,217. 

Jaffa  (jaf'fa  or  yaf'fa),  or  Yafa  (ya'fa),  Heb. 
Japbo  (ja'fo).  A seaport  of  Palestine,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  32°  2'  N.,  long.  34° 
47'  E. : the  ancient  Joppa.  It  is  often  mentioned 
in  biblical  history.  It  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken 
by  the  Crusaders ; was  stormed  by  the  French  under  Na- 
poleon in  1799 ; was  taken  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  in  1832  ; and 
was  restored  to  Turkey  iu  1841.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the 
Jaffa- Jerusalem  Railway.  Population,  about  45,000. 

Jaffier.  A conspirator  in  Otway’s  “Venice  Pre- 
served.” He  is  the  husband  of  Belvidera. 

Jaffna  (jaf'na),  or  Jaffnapatam  (jaFna-pa- 
tam').  1.  An  island  at  the  northern  extremity 
of  Ceylon. — 2.  A seaport  on  the  western  coast 
of  the  island  of  Jaffna,  situated  in  lat.  9°  41' 
N.,  long.  80°  E.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Portuguese 
in  1617,  by  the  Dutch  in  1058,  and  oy  the  British  in  1795. 
Population,  33,879. 

Jagannatha.  See  Juggernaut. 

Jagas(zha-gas').  A Portuguese  name  of  a sav- 
age African  tribe  which  invaded  the  kingdom  of 
the  Kongo  in  the  16th  century.  They  are  called 
Giaghi  by  Italian  writers.  See  Fan  and  Yaka. 

Jagello  (ya-gel'lo),  or  Jagjello.  Died  at  Gro- 
dek,  near  Lemberg,  1434.  Grand  Duke  of  Lith- 
uania from  1381.  He  embraced  Christianity  and  mar- 
ried Hedwig,  queen  of  Poland,  whereby  he  ascended  the 
Polish  throne  as  Wladislaw  II.  in  1386.  He  defeated  the 
Teutonic  Knights  at  Tannenberg  in  1410. 

Jagellons  (ya-gel'onz).  A dynasty,  founded 
by  Jagello,  which  reigned  in  Poland  1386-1572. 
It  furnished  rulers  also  to  Lithuania,  Hungary, 
and  Bohemia. 

Jagemann  (ya'ge-man),  Karoline.  Bom  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Jan.  5,  1778:  died  at  Dres- 
den, July  10, 1848.  A noted  German  singer,  she 
made  her  ddbut  in  1795  at  Mannheim,  and  the  next  year 
at  Weimar  produced  so  great  an  effect  that  both  Goethe 
and  Schiller  interested  themselves  in  her.  In  1801  she  had 
another  success  at  Berlin.  On  her  return  to  Weimar  she 
became  the  mistress  of  the  grand  duke,  but  her  caprice 
was  so  troublesome  that  in  1817  Goethe  gave  up  the  direc- 
tion of  the  theater  to  avoid  her.  She  took  the  name  oi  Ma- 
dame Kegendorf,  and  remained  at  Weimar  till  the  death 
of  the  grand  duke,  when  she  retired  to  Dresden. 

Jagerndorf  (va'gem-dorf).  A manufacturing 
town  in  Silesia,  Austria-Hungary,  on  the  Oppa, 
near  the  Prussian  frontier,  14  miles  northwest  of 
Troppau.  Population,  commune,  14,675. 

Jagersfontein  Excelsior,  The.  The  second 
largest  known  diamond  in  the  world,  found  iu 
the  mine  of  the  De  Beers  Co.,  Jagersfontein, 
Orange  Free  State,  South  Africa,  June  30,  1893. 

Its  weight  was  971  carats  ; its  color  blue- white,  and  almost 
perfect.  In  1904  it  was  cut  into  ten  stones.  See  ★(, 'ullinan 
Diamond. 

Jagictya'gich),  Vatroslav  (Ignatius).  Born 
at  Warasdin,  Croatia,  July  6,  1838.  A Croatian 
philologist,  professor  of  comparative  philology 
at  Odessa  1871-74,  and  later  at  Berlin. 

Jagst  (yagst),  or  Jaxt  (yakst).  1.  A river  in 
WUrtemherg,  joining  theNeckar  6 miles  north 
of  Heilbronn.  Length,  over  100  miles. — 2.  A 
circle  of  northeastern  Wiirtemberg.  Area, 
1,983  square  miles.  Population,  400,126. 

Jaguarao  (zha-gwa-ran').  The  southernmost 
city  of  Brazil,  in  the  state  of  Bio  Grande  do 
Sul,  on  the  river  Jaguarao  near  its  mouth  in 
the  Lagoa  Mirim.  It  has  an  important  trade 
with  Uruguay.  Population,  municipio,  12,172. 

Jahanabad(ja-han-a-bad').  Atown  intheGaya 
district,  Bengal,  British  India,  28  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Patna.  Population,  7,018. 

Jahangir  (ja-lian-ger').  Beigned  1605-27.  A 
Mogul  emperor,  son  of  Akbar. 


Jahde 


539 


Jahde.  See  Jade. 

Jahn  (yan),  Otto.  Bom  at  Kiel,  Prussia,  June 
16,  1813:  died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  Sept.  9, 
1869.  A German  philologist,  archaeologist,  and 
musical  and  art  critic,  director  of  the  archaeo- 
logical museum  at  Leipsic  1847,  and  professor 
at  Bonn  1855-69.  He  published  “ Telephus  und 
Troilus”  (1841),  “Die  hellenische  Kunst”  (1846),  editions 
of  Latin  and  Greek  classics,  a life  of  Mozart  (1856-59),  etc. 

Jaihun  (ji-hon' ).  The  Persian  name  of  the  Oxus. 
Jaimini  (ji'mi-ni).  A Hindu  saint  and  philoso- 
pher, said  to  have  been  the  pupil  of  Vyasa,  to 
have  received  from  him  the  Samaveda,  and 
to  have  founded  the  Purvamimansa  school  of 
Hindu  philosophy. 

Jainas  (jl'naz),  or  Jains  (jinz).  [From  Skt. 
jina,  the  victorious  one.]  A Hindu  sect  which 
numbers  about  380,000,  at  least  half  of  whom 
are  in  the  Bombay  Presidency.  They  are  the  follow.- 
ers  of  Jina,  the  ‘victorious,’  as  the"  Buddhists  of  Buddha, 
the  ‘ awakened.’  A Jina  is  a sage  who  has  reached  omnis- 
cience, and  who  comes  to  reestablish  the  corrupted  law. 
There  have  been  24  Jinas,  as  Buddha  had  24  predecessors. 
They  succeeded  each  other  at  immense  intervals,  their 
stature  and  term  of  life  always  decreasing.  Like  the  Bud- 
dhas, the  Jinas  became  deities.  They  have  goddesses,  Slia- 
sanadevis,  who  execute  their  commands.  Their  images, 
sometimes  colossal,  especially  in  the  Deccan,  are  numer- 
ous in  the  sanctuaries,  which  are  almost  all  of  a distinctive 
and  elegant  type.  N ext  to  the  Jinas  rank  their  immediate 
disciples,  the  Ganadharas,  worshiped  as  guardian  saints, 
and  many  deities  borrowed  from  the  Hindu  pantheon,  but 
who  do  not  share  the  regular  cultus.  This  cultus  is  akin 
to  the  Buddhist  in  having  the  same  offerings  and  acts  of 
faith  and  homage.  Both  use  little  bells.  In  both  women 
have  the  same  rights  as  men,  and  both  practise  confession, 
value  pilgrimages,  and  devote  four  months  of  the  year  es- 
pecially to  fasting,  reading  their  Scriptures,  and  meditation. 
The  Jainas,  like  the  Buddhists,  reject  the  V eda  as  corrupt, 
to  which  they  oppose  their  own  Angas  as  the  true  Veda. 
They  have  no  sacerdotal  caste.  They  observe  the  rules  of 
caste  among  themselves,  but  without  attaching  to  them 
rel  igious  significance.  They  have  promoted  literature  and 
science,  especially  astronomy,  grammar,  and  romantic  lit- 
erature. Like  the  Buddhists  they  are  divided  into  a cler- 
ical body  and  a lay  (Yatis,  ‘ ascetics,’  and  Shravakas, 
‘hearers’),  but  the  monastic  system  is  less  developed. 
They  have  two  principal  sects : the  Shvetambaras,  ‘having 
white  garments,’ and  the  Digambaras,  ‘those  having  the 
air  as  their  garment,’  who  go  naked  — designations  applied 
to  both  clergy  and  laity.  The  first  have  the  highest  rank, 
but  the  second  are  more  ancient.  Both  sects  go  back  per- 
haps to  the  5th  century  A.D.  They  are  rather  rivals  than 
enemies.  Anotherdivisionisthat intoNorthern andSouth- 
ern  Jainas,  which,  originally  geographical,  has  extended  to 
the  canon  and  the  entire  body  of  traditions  and  usages. 
The  Digambara  Yatis  now  practise  nudity  only  at  their 
meals  when  these  are  taken  in  common.  No  Hindu  sect 
is  more  rigorous  in  respect  for  and  abstinence  from  every- 
thing that  has  life,  though  the  Southern  Jainas  frequently 
practised  religious  suicide  in  the  middle  ages.  The  gen- 
eral doctrine  of  the  Jainas  is  nearly  like  that  of  the  Bud- 
dhists. They  are  atheists.  The  world  is  eternal.  They 
deny  the  possibility  of  a perfect  being  existing  from  all 
eternity.  The  Jina  became  perfect.  As  the  Buddhists 
have  their  Adibuddha,  the  Jainas  have  also  returned  to  a 
sort  of  deism  in  their  Jinapati,  a supreme  Jina.  Beings 
are  animate  and  inanimate.  Animate  beings  are  composed 
of  soul  and  body,  and  their  souls  are  eternal — a point  of  de- 
viation from  Buddhism.  Not  existence  but  life  is  evil  to 
the  Jainas,  and  Nirvana  is  to  them  not  annihilation,  but 
entrance  into  endless  blessedness.  The  Jina  reveals  the 
means,  the  Triratna,  the  ‘three  jewels,’  perfect  faith  in 
the  Jina,  perfect  knowledge  of  his  doctrine,  perfect  con- 
duct. The  parallelism  of  BuddhistandJaina  doctrineand 
usage  extends  also  to  the  traditions  in  so  many  points  that 
some  have  believed  Vardhamana  or  Mahavira,  ‘the  great 
hero,’  the  Jina  of  the  present  age,  to  be  identical  with  Gau- 
tama ; but  Biihler  thinks  he  has  discovered  data  which 
prove  that  Mahavira  was  a real  personage,  distinct  from 
Gautama,  whose  real  name  was  Nirgrantha  Jnatiputra, 
i.  e.  the  ascetic  of  the  Jnatis,  a Rajput  tribe.  Still  Jain- 
ism must,  in  view  of  the  affiliation  of  its  doctrines,  be  re- 
garded as  a sect  that  took  its  rise  in  Buddhism.  The 
Scriptures  of  the  Shvetambara  Jainas  are  comprised  in  45 
works,  in  6 groups,  collectively  called  Agamas,  and  written 
in  a Prakrit  dialect  called  Ardhamagadhi ; those  of  the 
Digambaras  are  in  Sanskrit,  and  still  little  known. 
Jaintia  Hills.  See  Khasi  and  Jaintia  Hills. 
Jaipur.  See  Jeypore. 

Jais  ( ja'is).  [Ar.  al-ia'is,  the  goat.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  <5  Draeonis:  the  “Nodus  secun- 
dus”  of  the  old  catalogues. 

Jaisalmir,  or  Jaysalmir  (jl-sal-mer'),  or  Jes- 
almir  (jes-al-mer').  1.  A state  in  Rajpu- 
tana,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long. 
71°  E.  Area,  16,062  square  miles.  Population, 
73,370. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Jaisal- 
mir. Population,  7,137. 

Jajali  (ja'ja-li).  A Brahman  said  in  the  Maha- 
bharata  to  have  acquired  by  asceticism  a super- 
natural power  of  locomotion,  of  which  he  was 
so  proud  that  he  thought  himself  superior  to 
all  men.  When  a voice  from  the  sky  told  him  that  he 
was  inferior  to  Tuladhara,  a Vaishya  and  a trader,  he  went 
to  him  and  learned  of  him. 

Jajce.  See  Jayce. 

Jajpur  (jaj-por'),  or  Jajpore  (jiij-por').  A sa- 
cred town  in  the  Cuttack  district,  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  river  Baitarani  in  lat. 
20°  51'  N.,  long!  86°  20'  E.  Population,  about 
12,000. 


Jakob  (yii'kop),  Ludwig  Heinrich  von.  Born 
at  Wettin,  near  Halle,  Prussia,  Feb.  26,  1759: 
died  at  Lauchstadt,  near  Merseburg,  Prussia, 
July  22, 1827.  A German  philosopher  and  po- 
litical economist,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Halle  1791-1807,  and  of  political  economy  at 
Kharkoff  in  1807,  and  at  Halle  1816-27.  He 
wrote  “Grundriss  der  allgemeinen  Logik” 
(1788),  “Lehrbuch  der  Nationalokonomie  ” 
(1805),  etc. 

Jakutsk.  See  Yakutsk. 

Jalalabad.  See  Jelalabad. 

Jalal  uddin  Rumi  (ja-lal'  od-den'  ro-me'). 
Born  at  Balkh,  1207.  A Persian  poet.  His  father 
was  the  founder  of  a college  at  Iconium,  to  the  direction 
of  which  his  son  succeeded  after  studies  at  Aleppo  and 
Damascus.  The  great  work  of  Jalal  uddin  is  the  Mesnevi, 
a series  of  stories  with  moral  maxims. 

Jalandhar  (jul-un'dhar),  or  Jullunder  (jul- 
lun'der).  1.  A division  in  the  Panjab,  British 
India.  Area,  19,410  square  miles.  Population, 
4,306,662. — 2.  A district  in  the  Jalandhar  di- 
vision, intersected  by  lat.  31°  20'  N.,  long.  76° 
E.  Area,  1,431  square  miles.  Population, 
917,587. — 3.  The  capital  of  the  division  and 
district  of  Jalandhar,  75  miles  east  by  south  of 
Lahore,  between  the  Sutlej  and  the  Beas. 
Population,  67,735. 

Jalapa,  or  Xalapa  (na-la'pa),  Aztec  Xalapan. 
[See  the  extract  below.]  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  situated  about  60 
miles  northwest  of  Vera  Cruz.  Population, 
24,816,  (1910). 

Jalapa  (meaning  ‘ place  of  water  and  sand’)  was  an  In- 
dian town  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest;  and  because  of  its 
position  on  what,  for  a long  while,  was  the  main  road  be- 
tween Vera  Cruz  and  the  City  of  Mexico  it  early  became  a 
place  of  importance.  After  the  organization  of  theRepub- 
lic  it  was  for  a time  capital  of  the  State  of  VeraCruz.  Be- 
tween the  years  1720  and  1777  a great  annual  fair  was  held 
here  for  the  sale  of  the  goods  brought  yearly  by  the  fleet 
from  Cadiz;  whence  is  derived  the  name  Jalapa  de  la 
Feria,  frequently  applied  to  the  city  in  documents  of  the 
last  century.  Janvier,  Mex.  Guide,  p.  435. 

Jalaun  (ja-loun').  1.  A district  in  the  Allaha- 
bad division,  United  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area, 
1,480  square  miles.  Population,  399,726. — 2. 
A town  in  the  district  of  Jalaun,  in  lat.  26°  8' 
N.,  long.  79°  21'  E.  Population,  8,573. 
Jalisco,  or  Xalisco  (Ha-les'ko).  A maritime 
state  of  Mexico,  bounded  by  Durango,  Zacate- 
cas, and  Aguas  Calientes  on  the  north,  Guana- 
juato on  the  east,  Michoacan  and  Colima  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  Capi- 
tal, Guadalajara.  Area,  31,846  square  miles. 
Population,  1,202,802,  (1910). 

Jalna  (jal'na).  A small  town  in  Hyderabad, 
India,  situated  in  lat.  19°  51'  N.,  long.  75°  53'  E. 
Jalpaiguri  (jul-pi-go're),  or  Julpigori  (jul-pe- 
go're).  A district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  long.  88°  40'  E. 
Area,  2,962  square  miles.  Population,  about 
787/100. 

Jamadagni  (ja-mad-a,g'ni).  A rishi  often  men- 
tioned with  Vishvamitra  as  an  enemy  of  Vasish- 
tha,  and  sometimes  as  a descendant  of  Bhrigu. 
In  epic  poetry  he  is  the  son  of  Bliargava  Richika  and  the 
father  of  five  sons,  of  whom  the  most  renowned  was  Pa- 
rashurama.  The  Mahabharata  and  Yishnu  Purana  contain 
.^various  legends  regarding  him. 

Jamaica  (ja-ma'ka).  An  island  of  the  Greater 
Antilles,  West  Indies,  belonging  to  Great  Brit- 
ain, situated  in  the  Caribbean  Sea  90  miles  south 
of  the  eastern  part  of  Cuba.  Capital,  Kingston. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous,  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains in  the  east  rising  to  7,360  feet.  The  island  has  abun- 
dant vegetable  and  some  mineral  resources.  The  chief 
exports  are  sugar,  rum,  coffee,  fruits,  dye-woods,  etc. 
Jamaica  is  a crown  colony,  with  a governor,  privy  council, 
and  legislative  assembly.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus 
May  4,  1494 ; was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1509 ; and 
was  conquered  by  the  English  in  1655.  Many  risings  of  the 
Maroons  (or  runaway  slaves)  occurred  in  the  18th  century. 
The  slaves  were  emancipated  by  purchase  in  1834.  A 
negro  insurrection  in  1865  was  suppressed  by  Governor 
Eyre.  The  Caicos  and  Turks  Islands,  Cayman  Islands, 
and  a few  smaller  islands  are  dependencies  of  Jamaica. 
In  1907  an  earthquake  caused  great  damage  in  Kingston. 
Length,  144  miles.  Greatest  width,  60  miles.  Area,  4,200 
square  miles.  Population,  831,383,  (1911),  of  w'hom  some 
15,600  are  whites. 

Jamaica  (ja-ma'ka).  A villageinQueensCounty, 
Long  Island,  New  York:  incorporated  in  the 
city  of  New  York. 

Jamaica  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  south 
of  Long  Island,  New  York. 

Jaman  (zha-mon'),  Col  de.  A pass  in  the  can- 
ton of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Mon- 
treux  over  the  Dent  de  Jaman  to  the  valley  of 
the  Saane,  Fribourg.  Height,  4,974  feet. 
Jaman,  Dent  de.  See  Dent  de  Jaman. 
Jamasee.  See  Yamasi. 


James  I. 

Jambavat  (jam'ba-vat).  In  Hindu  legend,  the 
chief  of  the  bears  who  with  the  monkeys  were 
allies  of  Rama  in  his  invasion  of  Lanka. 

Jambres.  See  Jannes. 

Jambudvipa  (jam-bo-dwe'pa).  A name  of  In- 
dia in  Sanskrit  poetry,  and  restricted  to  India  in 
Buddhist  writings,  but  strictly  a poetical  name 
for  the  whole  earth,  of  which  India  was  thought 
to  be  the  most  important  part.  In  the  Mahabha- 
rata the  world  is  divided  into  seven  circular  dvipas,  or 
continents,  of  which  Jambudvipa  is  the  first,  surrounded 
respectively  by  seven  oceans  in  concentric  belts,  the  moun- 
tain Meru,  or  abode  of  the  gods,  being  in  the  center  of 
Jambudvipa,  which  again  is  divided  into  nine  Varshas, 
or  countries  separated  by  eight  ranges  of  mountains,  the 
Varsha  called  Bharata  (India)  lying  south  of  the  Himavat 
(Himalaya)  range.  Jambudvipa  is  so  named  from  the 
jambu  (rose-apple)  trees  which  abound  in  it,  or  from  an 
enormous  jambu  tree  on  Mount  Meru. 

Jamburg  (yam/boro).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Luga  68  miles  southwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 
Population,  4,166. 

James  Qamz).  [The  E.  name  James,  dial,  also 
Jeames  (whence  colloq.  Jem  and  Jim),  is  from 
ME.  James,  also  Jam. , from  OF.  James,  another 
form  of  Jaques,  Jacques , from  LL.  Jacobus,  Ja- 
cob. See  Jacob.']  There  are  several  persons  of 
this  name  who  hold  an  important  place  in  New 
Testament  history.  (i)  The  son  of  Zebedee  and 
brother  of  the  apostle  John.  Originally  a fisherman,  he 
was  called  to  be  a disciple  of  Jesus  and  an  apostle.  He 
was  killed  by  Herod  Agrippa  (A.  i>.  44),  and  is  the  only 
apostle  whose  death  is  recorded  in  the  Scriptures.  Accord- 
ing to  one  legend,  he  traveled  and  preached  in  Spain  ; ac- 
cording to  another,  his  body  was  miraculously  conveyed 
toCompostella.inSpain,  and  worshiped  there.  (2)  “James 
the  Lord’s  brother,”  author  of  the  “Epistle  of  James." 
He  is  described  as  holding  office  in  the  church  at  Jerusa- 
lem, and  appears  to  have  been  president  of  the  council 
that  met  there  in  A.  D.  50  or  61.  He  is  also  called  “James 
the  less”  (or  “the  little”)  (Mark  xv.  40),  and  in  early 
church  history  “James  the  Just.”  (3)  An  apostle,  dis- 
tinguished as  “James  the  son  of  Alphseus,”  identified  by 
many  with  “James  the  Lord’s  brother.” 

James,  Tbe  General  Epistle  of.  A New  Tes- 
tament epistle,  written  by  “James  the  Lord’s 
brother.”  It  was  written  from  Jerusalem,  and  is  ad- 
dressed to  the  twelve  tribes  of  the  Dispersion.  Its  main 
object  is  to  inculcate  the  importance  of  practical  morality. 

James  I.  Born  at  Dunfermline,  1394 : died  Feb. 
20,  1437.  King  of  Scotland  1406-37,  son  of 
Robert  IH.  and  Annabella  Drummond.  He  was 
captured  by  the  English  while  on  his  way  to  France,  and 
was  detained  in  captivity  until  1423.  He  repressed  the 
great  feudatories  with  the  assistance  of  the  clergy  and  the 
burghs,  and  maintained  peaceful  relations  both  with  Eng- 
land and  with  France.  He  was  murdered  at  Perth  by  the 
Earl  of  Atholl  and  Robert  Graham. 

James  II.  Born  Oct.  16, 1430:  died  Aug.  3, 1460. 
King  of  Scotland  1437-60,  son  of  James  I.  and 
Jane,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Somerset.  He  con- 
tinued  his  father’s  policy  of  repressing  the  great  feudatories 
with  the  assistance  of  the  clergy  and  the  burghs ; and  on 
Feb.  22,  1452,  stabbed  with  his  own  hand  the  Earl  of  Doug- 
las, who  had  entered  into  a treasonable  alliance  with  the 
Earls  of  Crawford  and  of  Ross,  and  whom  he  had  enticed 
to  Stirling  by  a safe-conduct.  He  was  accidentally  killed 
by  a wedge  from  a bombard  at  the  siege  of  Roxburgh. 

James  III.  Born  July  10,  1451:  died  June  11, 
1488.  King  of  Scotland  1460-88,  son  of  James 
II.  and  Mary  of  Guelders.  He  favored  men  of  in- 
ferior rank  to  the  neglect  of  the  great  feudal  houses,  which 
provoked  a rising  of  the  latter  under  his  son  James.  He 
was  defeated  by  the  rebels  at  Sauchieburn,  June  11,  1488, 
and  was  killed  in  the  flight. 

James  IV.  Born  March  17, 1473:  died  Sept.  9, 
1513.  King  of  Scotland  1488-1513,  son  of  James 

IH.  and  Margaret,  daughter  of  Christian  I.  of 
Denmark.  He  headed  therebellious  nobles  who  defeated 
and  killed  his  father  at  the  battle  of  Sauchieburn,  June 

II,  14S8.  He  maintained  peaceful  relations  with  Henry 

VII.  of  England,  whose  daughter  Margaret  he  married  in 
1502 ; but  was  forced  by  the  aggressive  attitude  of  Henry 

VIII.  to  seek  an  offensive  alliance  with  France.  He  was 
defeated  and  killed  by  the  Earl  of  Surrey  at  Flouden  Field, 
Sept.  9,  1513,  during  an  invasion  of  England  in  Henry's 
absence  in  France. 

James  V.  Born  at  Linlithgow,  April  10,  1512: 
died  Dec.  14,  1542.  King  of  Scotland  1513-42, 
son  of  James  IV.  and  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  VII.  of  England.  During  his  minority  the  re- 
gency was  conducted  first  by  his  mother,  and  afterward  by 
the  Duke  of  Albany.  He  assumed  personal  exercise  of  the 
royal  prerogatives  in  1528.  He  was  a vigorous  adminis- 
trator, protected  the  poor  against  oppression  from  the 
nobles,  and  mingled  freely  with  the  commons  (sometimes 
under  the  incognito  of  “the  Gudeman  of  Ballinbreich ’’), 
whence  he  is  often  called  “the  king  of  the  commons." 
He  became  involved  in  war  with  England  in  1542,  and  suf- 
fered the  loss  of  an  army  under  Sinclair  at  Solway  Moss, 
Nov.  24,  1542. 

James  I.  Born  in  Edinburgh  Castle,  June  19, 
1566:  died  at  Theobalds,  March  27,  1625.  King 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  1603-25,  son 
of  Lord  Darnley  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  He 

became,  on  the  abdication  of  his  mother,  king  of  Scotland 
as  James  VI.  July  24, 1567 ; and  by  virtue  of  his  descent, 
both  through  his  father  and  his  mother,  from  Margaret 
Tudor,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.,  succeeded  to  tbe  English 
throne  on  the  death  of  Elizabeth  without  issue,  March 


James  I. 

24,  1603,  being  crowned  king  of  England  (and  Ireland) 
July  25,  1603.  He  was  a learned  but  pedantic,  weak,  and 
incapable  monarch,  whence  he  was  aptly  characterized 
by  the  Due  de  Sully  as  the  “wisest  fool  in  Europe.’’  In 
domestic  politics  he  sought  to  assert  the  theory  of  the  di- 
vine right  of  kingship  and  of  episcopacy ; in  his  foreign 
relations  he  strove  to  maintain  peace  at  all  hazards,  even 
to  the  prej udice  of  his  natural  allies,  the  Protestant  powers 
on  the  Continent.  He  presided,  in  1604,  over  the  Hampton 
Court  Conference  between  the  bishops  and  the  Puritans, 
at  which  the  latter  sought  but  faded  to  obtain  a relaxa- 
tion of  the  laws  directed  against  nonconformists.  In  the 
same  year  he  concluded  peace  with  Spain,  with  which  he 
had  inherited  a war  from  his  predecessor  in  England ; and 
appointed  a commission  to  revise  the  English  translation 
of  the  Bible,  which  commission  completed  the  so-called 
King  James  version  in  1611.  He  sanctioned  in  1606  penal 
laws  of  increased  severity  against  the  Pujman  Catholics  in 
consequence  of  the  discovery  of  theGunpowder  Plot  (which 
see)  in  the  preceding  year,  and  granted  a patent  organiz- 
ing the  London  and  Plymouth  companies,  the  former  of 
which  founded  the  settlement  of  Jamestown  in  1607,  while 
a band  of  English  separatists  from  Holland  founded,  with- 
out authority,  the  settlement  of  Plymouth  in  the  territory 
of  the  latter  in  1620.  Another  important  event  which  took 
place  in  1606  was  the  restoration  of  episcopacy  in  Scotland. 
He  began  in  1611  negotiations  for  the  marriage  of  hiseldest 
son  Charles  with  a Spanish  princess  ; and  in  the  same  year 
entered  into  a defensive  alliance  with  the  Protestant  Union 
in  Germany,  which  was  followed  in  1613  by  the  marriage 
of  his  daughter  Elizabeth  to  the  elector  palatine  Fred- 
erick V.,  head  of  the  union.  He  refused  to  assist  his  son- 
in-law  in  the  struggle  with  the  emperor  Ferdinand  II.  for 
the  crown  of  Bohemia  (see  Frederick  V elector  palatine, 
Ferdinand  II. , emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and 
Thirty  Years'  War) ; and  after  the  defeat  of  Frederick  by 
the  Imperialists  on  the  White  Hill,  and  the  invasion  of  the 
Palatinate  by  the  Spanish  troops  in  1620,  sought  by  futile 
negotiations  to  induce  Philip  III.  of  Spain  toreinstate  Fred- 
erick in  the  electorate  and  to  assist  in  restoring  peace.  In 
answer  to  a rebuke  from  the  king  for  meddling  in  affairs 
of  state  by  sending  in  a petition  against  popery  and  the 
proposed  Spanish  marriage.  Parliament  passed,  Dec.  18, 
1621,  the  Great  Protestation,  declaring  that  affairs  which 
concerned  the  king  and  the  realm  were  proper  subjects  for 
debate  in  Parliament.  The  king  tore  the  page  containing 
the  protestation  from  the  journal  of  the  Commons.  In 
1623  hereluctantlypermitted  Charles  and  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham to  depart  for  Spain  to  conclude  the  negotiations 
for  a marriage  treaty  which  had  been  kept  up,  with  inter- 
ruptions, since  1611;  but  as  Philip  was  unwilling  to  pro- 
cure the  restoration  of  the  Palatinate,  Charles  and  the 
duke  returned  in  the  same  year,  and  the  negotiations  were 
finally  abandoned. 

James  II.  Born  at  St.  James’s  Palace,  Oct.  14, 
1633:  died  at  St.  Germain,  Sept.  6, 1701.  King 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  1685-88,  son 
of  Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  Maria.  Before  his  ac- 
cession he  was  known  as  the  Duke  of  York.  He  became 
lord  high  admiral  of  England  on  the  accession  of  his  bro- 
ther Charles  II.  in  1660  ; received  a grant  of  the  New  Neth- 
erlands in  1664 ; embraced  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  prob- 
ably before  1672  ; and  was  forced  by  the  Test  Act  to  resign 
the  admiralty  in  1673.  Under  the  guidance  of  Father  Petre, 
his  confessor  and  chief  adviser,  he  aimed  on  his  accession 
to  make  himself  an  absolute  monarch  and  to  restore  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  increased  the  standing  army 
from  6,000  to  about  30,000  men  by  keeping  up  the  military 
force  raised  to  suppress  the  Scottish  rebellion  under  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth  in  1685,  and  granted  commissions  in 
the  new  regiments  to  Roman  Catholics.  He  published  a 
declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience  for  all  denominations 
in  England  and  Scotland  early  in  1687,  and  April  25,  1688, 
ordered  the  declaration  to  be  read  in  all  the  churches.  A 
petition  from  the  primate  and  six  bishops  against  the  order 
was  pronounced  a seditious  libel  by  the  king,  who  sent  the 
seven  bishops  to  the  Tower  and  brought  them  to  trial  before 
the  Court  of  King’s  Bench.  Thetrialresulted  in  acquittal 
•Tune  30,  1688,  and  the  same  day  an  invitation,  signed  by 
the  Earls  of  Dauby,  Devonshire,  and  Shrewsbury,  the  Bish- 
op of  London,  and  others,  was  despatched  to  William  of 
Orange  to  save  England  from  a Roman  Catholic  tyranny. 
William  landed  at  Tor.bay  Nov.  5, 1688,  and  Dec.  22  James 
escaped  to  France,  where  he  was  assigned  the  chilteau  of 
St.  Germain  by  Louis  XIV.  as  a place  of  refuge.  In  1689 
he  made  a descent  on  Ireland,  but  was  t tally  defeated  by 
William  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  July  1,  1690. 

James.  A river  in  Virginia,  formed  near  the 
border  of  Botetourt  and  Alleghany  counties  by 
the  union  of  the  Jackson  and  Cowpasture  rivers, 
and  flowing  by  an  estuary  into  Chesapeake  Bay 
near  Old  Point  Comfort.  It  played  an  important 
strategic  part  in  the  Civil  War.  Length,  about  450  miles ; 
navigable  to  Richmond  (150  miles). 

James  IV.  A play  by  Robert  Greene.  It  was 
written  about  1591,  but  was  not  printed  until  1598.  The 
whole  title  is  “The  Scottish  History  of  James  IV.,  slain  at 
Flodden.”  It  contains  a fairy  interlude  in  which  Oberon 
appears.  Lodge  assisted  Greene  in  this  play. 

James,  Army  of  the.  A Federal  army  in  the 
American  Civil  War,  which  operated  in  1864  in 
conjunction  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  It 
was  commanded  by  General  B.  F.  Butler. 
James,  Duke  of  Berwick.  See  Fitzjam.es,  James. 
James,  George  Payne  Rainsford.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  9,  1801:  died  at  Venice,  May  9, 1860. 
An  English  novelist  and  historical  writer.  While 
still  young  he  traveled  on  the  Continent,  read  history  and 
poetry,  and  became  acquainted  with  Cuvier,  Darwin,  and 
other  distinguished  men.  Under  the  influence  of  Scott’s 
works  he  began  to  write  romances  which  had  great  suc- 
cess. He  was  encouraged  by  Scott  and  Washington  Irving. 
“Richelieu,"  his  first  novel,  was  published  in  1829.  He 
was  a most  prolific  and  mediocre  writer.  He  was  appointed 
historiographer  royal  by  William  IV.,  and  in  that,  capacity 
did  much  historical  work.  In  1850  he  was  appointed  Brit- 
ish consul  to  Boston,  and  in  1852  removed  to  Norfolk,  Vir- 


540 

ginia.  In  1856  he  became  consul-general  to  Venice,  where 
he  died.  James  is  parodied  by  Thackeray  in  “Barbazure, 
by  G.  P.  R.  Jeames,  Esq.” 

James,  Henry.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  June 
3, 1811 : died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  18, 1882. 
An  American  theological  and  philosophical 
writer.  Among  his  works  are  “Moralism  and  Christian- 
ity’’ (1852),  “Christianity  the  Logic  of  Creation”  (1857),  etc. 

James,  Henry.  Born  at  New  York,  April  15, 
1843.  An  American  novelist  and  critic,  son  of 
Henry  J ames.  He  was  educated  principally  in  Europe, 
and  studied  law  at  Harvard.  He  began  to  contribute  to 
periodicals  in  1866.  Since  1869  he  has  lived  mostly  in 
England.  Among  his  works  are  “Transatlantic  Sketches” 
(1875),  “A  Passionate  Pilgrim,  etc.”  (1875),  “The  Ameri- 
can” (1877),  “The  Europeans ” (1878),  “French  Poets  and 
Novelists"  (1878),  “Daisy  Miller"  (1878),  “Hawthorne” 
(English  Men  of  Letters  series,  1879),  “Confidence  ” (1880), 
“ Portrait  of  a Lady  ” (1881),  “ Daisy  Miller  ”(a  comedy , 1883), 
“The  Author  of  Beltraffio,  etc.”  (1885),  “The  Bostonians  ’’ 
(1886),  “ Princess  Casamassima  ” (1886),  “ Partial  Portraits  ” 
(18SS),  “The  Real  Thing,  etc.”  (1893),  “The  Two  Magics” 
(1898),  “ The  Wings  of  the  Dove  ”(1902),  “ The  Golden  Bowl  ” 
(1905),  “The  Finer  Grain  ” (1910),  “The  Outcry”  (1911). 

James,  John  Angell.  Born  at  Blandford,  Dor- 
set, England,  J une  6,  1785:  died  at  Birmingham, 
Oct.,  1859.  An  English  Congregational  clergy- 
man and  religions  writer. 

James,  Thomas.  Born  about  1593 : died  about 
1635.  An  English  navigator.  On  May  3, 1631,  he 
sailed  from  Bristol  in  the  Henrietta  Maria  to  discover  the 
“northwest  passage  into  the  south  sea”  and  circumnavi- 
gate the  globe.  He  reached  Greenland  in  J une,  and  sailed 
on  to  Hudson  Bay,  where  he  wintered.  He  reached  Eng- 
land Oct.  22,  1032. 

James,  William.  Died  at  London,  May  28, 1827. 
A British  writer  on  naval  history.  From  1801  to 
1813  he  was  an  attorney  of  the  supreme  court  of  Jamaica, 
and  proctor  in  the  vice-admiralty  court.  In  1812  he  was 
in  the  United  States,  where  he  was  detained  as  a prisoner. 
In  March,  1810,  he  published  “An  Enquiry  into  the  Merits 
of  the  Principal  Naval  Actions  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States.”  In  1817  this  pamphlet  was  enlarged 
as  “A  Full  and  Correct  Account  of  the  Chief  Naval  Oc- 
currences of  the  Late  War  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States  of  America.  ” He  also  published  “TheNaval 
History  of  Great  Britain  from  the  Declaration  of  War  by 
France  in  1793  to  the  Accession  of  George  IV."  (1822-24: 
second  edition  1826).  It  is  the  standard  work  on  the 
subject. 

James  Bay.  The  southern  portion  of  Hudson 
Bay,  south  of  lat.  55°  15'  N.  Length,  about  250 
miles. 

James  Francis  Edward  Stuart,  surnamed 
“The  Pretender.”  See  Stuart. 

Jameson  (ja'me-son),  Mrs.  (Anna  Brownell 
Murphy).  Born  at  Dublin,  May  17,  1794:  died 
at  Ealing,  Middlesex,  March  17,  1860.  A Brit- 
ish author,  the  eldest  daughter  of  D.  Brownell 
Murphy,  an  Irish  miniature-painter.  From  (he  age 
of  16  to  20  she  was  governess  in  the  family  of  the  Marquis 
of  Winchester.  About  1821  she  entered  upon  the  same  ser- 
vice in  the  family  of  Mr.  Littleton,  afterward  Lord  Ilather- 
ton.  Her  journal  was  published  anonymously  as  “A  Lady’s 
Diary,  ” and  then  as  “ The  Diary  of  an  Lnnuyde  ” in  1826.  In 
1825  she  married  a former  lover,  Robert  Jameson,  barris- 
ter; but  they  soon  separated,  Jameson  going  as  judge  to 
Jamaica.  Her  “Characteristics  of  Women”  appeared  in 
1832.  In  1842  she  began  the  series  of  art  woiks  which 
made  her  famous  with  a “Companion  to  (he  Public  Picture 
Galleries  of  London.”  She  traveled  extensively  in  Europe 
and  America,  and  in  1847  revisited  Italy  to  write  her  chef- 
d’oeuvre,  “Sacred  and  Legendary  Art."  This  appeared  in 
four  parts:  “Legendsof  theSaints”(  848),  “Legends  of  the 
Monastic  Orders ”(1850), “Legends of  the  Madonna ”(1852), 
and  “The  History  of  onr  Lord.”  The  last  was  left  unfin- 
ished, and  was  completed  by  Lady  Eastlake  after  Mrs.  Ja^ 
meson’s  death.  Among  her  other  works  are  “I.oves  of  the 
Poets  ”(1829),  “Celebrated  Female  Sovereigns  ”(1831),  “Vis- 
its and  Sketches”(1834),“  Win  ter  Studies  and  SummerRam- 
bles  in  Canada”  (1838),  “Social  Life  in  Germany,”  a trans- 
lation of  the  dramas  of  Princess  Amelia  of  Saxony  (184C), 
“Memories  of  the  Early  Italian  Painters ” (1845),  and  “Mis- 
cellaneous Essays,”  chiefly  artistic  (1846). 

Jameson,  James  Sligo.  Born  at  Alloa,  Clack- 
mannanshire, Aug.  17,  1856:  died  at  Bangala 
on  the  Kongo,  Aug.  17,  1888.  A British  natu- 
ralist and  explorer.  He  visited  Borneo  in  1877,  South 
Africa  in  1878,  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  1882,  and  Spain  and 
Algeria  in  1884.  On  Jan.  20, 1887,  he  became  the  natural- 
ist of  the  Emin  Pasha  Relief  Expedition  under  Henry  M. 
Stanley,  contributing  £1,000  to  the  funds.  He  was  left  as 
second  in  command  of  the  rear  column  under  Major  Bart  te- 
lot,  and  at  Stanley  Falls  in  1888  witnessed  the  killing  of  a 
gil  l of  10  by  the  cannibals  of  Tippu  Tib. 

Jameson,  Sir  Leander  Starr.  Bora  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1853.  A Scottish  physician.  He  practised 
medicine  in  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony,  and  was  appointed 
administrator  of  the  British  South  Africa  Company;  in 
this  capacity  he  organized  an  attack  upon  the  Matabele 
in  1893.  In  1895,  at  the  instigation  of  Cecil  Rhodes  and 
others,  he  prepared  to  lead  an  armed  force  to  Johannes- 
burg. He  started  (Dec.  29)  from  Pitsani,  Bechuanaland, 
with  about  OOOmen  (chiefly  drawn  from  the  Bechuanaland 
and  Matabele  mounted  police),  before  the  preparations 
were  complete,  and  was  obliged  to  surrender  to  the  South 
African  Republic  at  Doom  Kop,  Jan. 2, 1896.  President 
Krtlger  sent  him  to  Great  Britain  for  trial.  In  July,  1896, 
he  was  condemned  to  serve  a ten  months’  term  of  impris- 
onment for  having  infringed  the  foreign  enlistment  act, 
but  was  released  Dec.  3,  1396,  on  account  of  ill  health. 
Jamesone  (ja'me-son),  George.  Born  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  about  1588 : died  1644.  A Scot- 


Janauschek 

tish  portrait-painter,  a pupil  of  Rubens  with 
Vandyck:  called  the  Scotch  Vandyok.  He  re- 
turned to  Aberdeen  1620,  and  established  himself  in  Edin- 
burgh about  1635.  When  Charles  I.  visited  Scotland  in 
1635  lie  sat  to  Jamesone,  and  paid  him  with  a diamond 
from  his  own  hand.  Several  of  his  portraits  in  Scotland 
pass  for  Vandycks.  In  Aberdeen  are  several  of  his  por- 
traits and  his  picture  of  the  Sibyls.  His  own  portrait  of 
himself  is  in  the  gallery  at  Florence,  and  another  is  at 
Cullen  House,  Banffshire. 

James’s  Palace,  St.  See  St.  James’s  Palace. 
James’s  Park,  St.  See  St.  James’s  rark. 
Jamestown  (jamz'toun).  [Named  from  James 

1. ]  The  first  permanent  English  settlement  in 
thellnited  States,  situated  in  James  City  County, 
Virginia,  on  the  James  River  37 miles  northwest 
of  Norfolk.  It  was  the  site  of  the  Spanish  settlementof 
San  Miguel,  founded  by  Ayllon  1526,  but  soon  abandoned. 
The  colonists  sent  by  the  London  Company  landed  May 
13, 1607  ; the  settlement  grew  slowly  and  suffered  terribly, 
especially  in  the  starving  time  of  1609-10.  It  was  burned 
in  Bacon's  Rebellion,  1676.  The  only  relics  are  the  tower 
of  the  church  and  a few  tombs. 

Jamestown.  A city  and  summer  resort  in  Chau- 
tauqua County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  out- 
let of  Lake  Chautauqua,  57  miles  south-south- 
west of  Buffalo.  Population,  31,297,  (1910). 
Jamestown.  The  only  town  in  the  island  of 
St.  Helena.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Jami  (ja/me).  Bora  1411 : died  1492.  A cele- 
brated Persian  poet.  His  name  was  Nuruddin  Ab- 
durrahman, but  he  is  known  as  Jami  from  his  birthplace, 
Jam  in  Khorasan.  He  began  his  career  as  a general  stu- 
dent, but  later  devoted  himself  especially  to  the  philoso- 
phy of  the  Sufis  under  the  Sheik  ul  Islam  Saaduddin  whom 
he  succeeded.  He  was  the  last  great  poet  and  mystic  of 
Persia,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  author  of  99  works  in 
both  prose  and  verse.  “The  Seven  Thrones  " is  thought  by 
a native  critic  to  combine  the  most  exquisite  compositions 
in  the  Persian  language,  with  the  exception  of  the  “ Five 
Poems”  of  Nizami.  The  7 poems  thus  termed  are  “The 
Chain  of  Gold,”  “Salamanand  Absal,”  “ The  Present  of  the 
Just,”  “The  Rosary,”  “The  Loves  of  Laila  and  Majnun,” 
“Yusuf  and  Zulaikha,”  and  “The  Book  of  Alexander." 
Other  works  are  a “ Spring  Garden  ” (i.  e.  a book  on  ethics 
containing  anecdotes  and  fables  written  in  both  prose  and 
verse),  the  “Magazine  of  Secrets,”  and  a biography  of  the 
Sufis  entitled  “Exhalations  of  Intimacy  or  of  Holiness.” 
He  was  buried  at  Herat,  the  sultans  of  which  were  his  pa- 
trons. 

Jamieson  (ja'mi-son),  John.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
March  3,  1759 : died  at  Edinburgh,  July  12, 1838. 
A Scottish  clei’gyman,  antiquary,  and  philolo- 
gist. He  entered  Glasgow  University  at  the  age  of  9,  and 
was  licensed  to  preach  in  1781.  He  was  settled  in  Edin- 
burgh in  1797.  His  cnief  work  is  “An  Etymological  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Scottish  Language  ” (1808 : supplement  1825). 

Jamnia.  See  Jabne. 

Jamrach  (yam'rach),  Johann  Christian  Carl. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  March,  1815 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  6,  1891.  A dealer  in  wild  animals. 
He  was  the  son  of  a dealer  in  curiosities  in  Hamburg.  He 
became  a dealer  in  wild  animals  in  1840,  and  acquired  a 
monopoly  of  that  trade,  supplying  menageries  and  zoolog- 
ical gardens. 

Jamrad  (jam-rod').  A ruined  fort  9 miles  west 
of  Peshawar,  Panjab,  British  India,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Khyber  Pass. 

Jamshid  (Pers.  pron.  jem-shed').  In  Firdausi, 
the  fourth  king  of  the  Pishdadian  or  earliest  dy- 
nasty. He  reigned  700  years,  the  first  300  of  which  were 
happy  and  beneficent.  He  softened  iron  and  taught  its 
use  in  the  arts,  taught  weaving,  distinguished  castes,  sub- 
dued and  employed  the  devs  or  demons,  discovered  pre- 
cious stones  and  minerals,  invented  medicine,  and  first 
practised  navigation.  In  his  homage  men  fust  celebrated 
the  New  Year.  Death  was  unknown,  but  Jamshid  became 
proud  and  forgot  God.  He  was  forced  to  flee  before  Dahak 
(see  Azld Dahaka),  andremained concealed  100 years,  when 
he  appeared  on  the  shore  of  the  China  Sea  only  to  be  seized 
and  sawn  asunder  by  Dahak.  Jamshid  is  the  Avestan  Yiino 
kshaeto,  ‘Shining  Yima’  (see  Yima),  Sanskrit  Yarna  (see 
Yama).  Also  called  Jem. 

Jamil  (jum-o'),  or  Jummoo  (jum-mo').  A town 
in  Kashmir,  situated  on  the  Tavi  in  lat.  32°  44' 
N.,  long.  74°  55'  E.  Population,  36,130. 
Janaka  (jan'a-ka).  In  Hindu  legend : 1.  Aking 
of  Mithila,  of  the  solar  race.  When  Nimi  died  with- 
out a successor,  the  sages  rubbed  his  body  and  produced 
from  it  a prince  “called  Janaka,  from  being  born  without 
a progenitor.”  He  was  the  first  Janaka,  20  generations 
earlier  than  Janaka  the  father  of  Sita. 

2.  Kingof  Videha,  and  father  of  Sita.  Hewasre- 
markable  for  his  knowledge  and  sanctity.  The  sage  Yajna- 
valk'  a was  his  priest.  He  refused  to  submit  to  the  pre- 
tensions of  the  Brahmans,  and  asserted  his  right  of  per- 
forming sacrifices.  He  succeeded  in  his  contention,  for  it 
is  said  that  by  his  righteous  life  he  became  a Brahman  and 
Rajarshi. 

Janamejaya  (jan-a-ma'ja-ya).  In  Hindu  le- 
gend, a king,  son  of  Parikshit  and  great-grand- 
son of  Arjuna.  He  listened  to  the  Mahabharata,  as  re- 
cited by  Vaishampayana,  and  so  expiated  the  sin  of  kUling 
a Brahman. 

Janauschek  (yii'nou-shek),  Fanny  (originally 
Franziska  Magdalena  Romance).  Born  at 

Prague,  July  20,  1830:  died  at  Amity  ville,  L.  I., 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  28. 1904.  A Bohemian  tragic  actress. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  at  Prague,  and  in  1847  was 
engaged  at  Cologne.  The  next  year  she  went  to  Frankfort, 
"here  she  remained  for  12  years.  She  came  to  the  United 


Janauschek 

States  in  1867,  and  played  successfully  in  theprineipal  cities. 
She  learned  English  at  this  time  in  order  to  play  Sliakspere, 
She  finally  settled  in  the  United  States.  Among  her  prin 
cipal  parts  were  Medea,  Lady  Macbeth,  and  Mary  Stuart, 
Jandal  (jen-del').  In  the  Sliahnamah,  a trav- 
eler, a noble  of  Faridun’s  court,  whom  be  sent 
to  Sarv,  the  King  of  Yemen,  to  seek  his  three 
daughters  in  marriage  for  his  three  sons,  Salm, 
Tur,  and  Iraj. 

Jane  Eyre  (jan  ar).  A noted  novel  by  Charlotte 
Bronte,  published  in  1847  under  the  pseudonym 
Currer  Bell.  Its  title  is  the  name  of  its  principal  char- 
acter, a woman  who  is  made  interesting  in  spite  of  a lack 
of  beauty,  birth,  money,  and  all  the  conventional  attributes 
of  a heroine.  The  book  is  partly  autobiographical,  and 
caused  much  comment,  bringing  its  writer  prominently 
before  the  public. 

Jane  Grey,  Lady.  See  Grey  and  Lady  Jane  Grey. 
Jane  Seymour.  See  Seymour. 

Janes  (janz). Edmund  Storer.  Born  at  Sheffield, 
Mass.,  April  27, 1807:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 
18, 1876.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church. 

Jane  Shore  (jan  shor).  1.  A tragedy  by  Chettle 
and  Day,  entered  in  Henslowe’s  “Diary”  May, 
1603.  Ward  says  it  was  produced  in  1602.  It  was  thought 
to  be  a revision  of  an  older  play. 

2.  A tragedy  by  Kowe  (1714).  See  Shore’s  Wife, 
and  Shore,  Jane. 

The  ballad  of  “ Jane  Shore  ” will  be  found  in  Percy’s 
“Reliques.”  Itis  well  known  that  the  Jane  Shore  of  real 
history  survived  Edward  IV.  for  thirty  years.  The  char- 
acter, which  had  been  rendered  very  popular  by  Church- 
yard’s Legend  of  “Shore’s  Wife  ”in  the“  Mirror  for  Magis. 
trates”  (see  “The  Retume  from  Parnassus,”  i.  2),  appears 
in  a few  scenes  of  “The  True  Tragedie  of  Richard  III.” 
(1594).  Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit. 

Janesville  (janz'vil).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Rock  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Rock 
River  64  miles  west-southwest  of  Milwaukee. 
Population,  13,894:,  (1910). 

Janet  (zhii-na'j,  Paul.  Born  at  Paris,  April  30, 
1823:  died  there,  Oct.  4, 1899.  A French  philos- 
opher. He  was  professorof  philosophy  at  theCollege  of 
Bourges  1845-48,  and  at  Strasburg  1848-57.  He  became 
professorof  logic  at  the  Lyc6e  Louis  le  Grand  in  1857,  and 
was  professor  of  the  history  of  philosophy  at  the  Sor -bonne 
1864-97.  He  was  one  of  the  principal  advocates  ol  liberty 
of  scientific  research.  He  was  the  author  of  “La  famille  ” 
(1856),  “Histoire  de  la  philosophic  morale  et  politique, 
etc."  (1858),  “Etudes  sur  ladialectique  dans  Platon  et  He- 
gel ’’  (1860),  “La  philosophie  du  bonheur”  (1862),  “Le  ma- 
tdrialisme  contemporain  en  Allemagne,  etc. ’’ (1864),  “Les 
problemes  du  X I siecle ” (1872),  “Philosophie  de  la 
revolution  f ran  raise”  (1875),  “Les  causes  finales”  (1876), 
“Saint-Simon,  etc.”(1878),  “ La  philosophie  frangaise  con- 
temporaine"  (1879),  “Les  maitres  de  la  pensde  moderne” 
(18S3),  “Les  origines  du  socialisme  contemporain"  (188  ), 
“Victor  Cousin,  etc.”  (1885),  “Histoire  de  la  philosophie, 
etc.”  (with  G.  Sdailles,  1887),  “Centenaire  de  1789,  etc.” 

S,  “La  philosophie  de  Lamennais  ” (1890),  “Lectures 
;s,  etc.”  (1890),  etc.  He  also  published  several  text- 
books, translated  Spinoza’s  “God,  Man,  and  Happiness” 
and  Leibnitz s “New  Essays  on  Human  Understanding,” 
and  contributed  articles  on  the  liberty  of  thought  to  all 
the  principal  periodicals. 

Janiculum  (ja-nik'u-lum),  or  Mons  Janiculus 

(monz  ja-nik'u-lus).  A long  ridge  or  hill  in 
Rome,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber,  extend- 
ing south  from  the  Vatican,  and  opposite  the 
Capitoline  and  the  Aventine.  it  is  the  highest  of 
the  hills  of  Rome,  attaining  opposite  the  Porta  San  Pan- 
crazio,  at  about  the  middle  of  its  extent,  a height  of  276 
feet  above  the  sea. 

Janik  (ja-nek'),  or  Yanik  (ya-nek').  A district 
in  the  vilayet  of  Trebizond,  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Janin  (zha-nan'),  Jules  Gabriel.  Born  at  St.- 
Etienne,  France,  Feb.  16,  1804:  died  at  Paris, 
June  20, 1874.  A French  novelist,  feuilletonist, 
litterateur,  and  dramatic  critic  in  the  “Journal 
des  Del), 'its.”  He  wrote  “L’Ane  mort  et  la  femme  guil- 
lotinde  ” (1829),  “ Barna  ve  ”(1831),  “ H istoire  de  la  li  ttdrature 
et  de  la  podsie,  etc.”  (1832),  “Histoire  de  France”  for  the 
plates  of  “La  galerie  historique  de  Versailles”  (1837-43), 
“Voyage  en  Italie”  (1839),  “La  Normandie  historique” 
(1843),  “La  Bretagne  historique”  (1844),  “Histoire  de  la 
literature  dramatique ” (from  the  “Ddbats,”  1851-55),“  Bd- 
ranger  et  son  temps”  (1866), “Circe”  (1867),  besides  many 
romances,  novels,  etc. 

Janina  (ya/ne-na).  A vilayet  in  Albania,  Tur- 
key. Area,  6,910  square  miles.  Population, 
527,100.  Also  written  Yanina,  Jannina,  Jvan- 
nina,  etc. 

Janina.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Janina, 
situated  on  the  Lake  of  Janina  in  lat.  39°  48'  N., 
long.  20°  54/  E.  It  has  important  trade,  and  manufac- 
tures of  gold  lace,  etc.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  about 
1431,  and  was  flourishing  in  the  time  of  Ali  Pasha  (1788- 
1822).  Population,  20,000  (largely  Greeks). 

JaRina,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  Albania,  near  Ja- 
nina. Length,  6 miles. 

Janizaries  (jan'i-za-riz).  [From  Turk.,  ‘new 
troops.’]  A former  body  of  Turkish  infantry, 
constituting  the  sultan’s  guard  and  the  main 
standing  army,  first  organized  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, and  until  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury largely  recruited  from  compulsory  con- 
scripts and  converts  taken  from  the  Rayas  or 


541 

Christian  subjects.  In  later  times  Turks  and  other 
Mohammedans  joined  the  corps  on  account  of  the  various 

- privileges  attached  to  it.  The  body  became  large  and  very 
powerful  and  turbulent,  often  controlling  the  destiny  of 
the  government ; and,  after  a revolt  purposely  provoked 
by  the  sultan  Mahmud  II.  in  1826,  many  thousand  Janiza- 
ries were  massacred,  and  the  organization  was  abolished. 

Jankau  (yan'kou).  A village  in  Bohemia,  32 
miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.  Here,  March  6, 
1645,  the  Swedes  under  Torstenson  gained  an  important 
victory  over  the  Imperialists  under  Hatzfeld. 

Jan  Mayen  Island  (yan  mi'en  i'land).  An 
uninhabited  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  it  con- 
tains an  extinct  volcano,  Mount  Beerenberg  (5,836  feet 
high),  situated  in  lat.  71°  4'  N.,  long.  7°  36'  W.  It  was  dis- 
covered  by  the  Dutch  navigator  Jan  Mayen  in  1611. 

Jannseus.  See  Alexander. 

Jamies  (jan'ez)  and  Jambres  (jam'brez). 
Names  given  by  St.  Paul  (2  Tim.  iii.  8)  to  the 
Egyptian  magicians  who  withstood  Moses  at 
Pharaoh’s  court. 

Jansen  (jan'sen;  D.  pron.  yan'sen),  Latinized 
Jansenius  (jan-se'ni-us),  'Cornells.  Born  at 
Acquoi,  near  Gorkuin,  Netherlands,  Oct.  28, 
1585:  died  at  Ypres,  Belgium,  May  6, 1638.  A 
Dutch  Roman  Catholic  theologian,  founder  of  a 
sect  named  for  him.  See  Jansenists.  His  chief 
work  is  “Augustinus,  seu  doctrina  St.  Augustini  de  hu- 
man* n at  (me  sanitate,  segritudine,  medicina,  etc."  (i640). 

Jansenists  (jan'sen-ists).  A body  or  school  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  prominent  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries,  holding  the  doctrines 
of  Cornelis  Jansen.  Jansenism  is  described  by  Cath- 
olic authorities  as  “a  heresy  which  consisted  in  denying 
the  freedom  of  the  will  and  the  possibility  of  resisting 
divine  grace,”  under  “a  professed  attempt  to  restore  the 
ancient  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the  Church  ” (Cath. 
Diet.).  It  is  regarded  by  Protestant  authorities  as  “ a re- 
action within  the  Catholic  Church  against  the  theological 
casuistry  and  general  spirit  of  the  Jesuit  order,”  and  “a 
revival  of  the  Augustinian  tenets  upon  the  inability  of 
the  fallen  will  and  upon  efficacious  grace”  (G.  P.  Fisher, 
Hist.  Reformation,  p.  451). 

Janson  (yan'son),  Kristoffer  Nagel.  Born  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  May  5,  1841.  A Norwegian 
poet  and  novelist,  author  of  poems  and  tales  in 
Norwegian  dialect. 

Janson,  or  Jenson  (zhoh-soh'),  Nicholas. 
Died  about  1481.  A French  printer  and  en- 
graver who  set  up  a printing  establishment  at 
Venice  about  1470.  He  is  known  chiefly  as  the 
introducer  of  the  roman  type. 

Januarius  (jan-u-a'ri-us),  Saint.  A Christian 
martyr  who  was  beheaded  under  Diocletian. 
He  was  bishop  of  Beneventum.  Relics,  which  are  assert- 
ed to  be  his  head  and  some  of  his  blood,  are  preserved  at 
Naples.  The  blood  is  supposed  to  have  the  miraculous 
power  of  becoming  fluid  when  it  is  brought  near  the  head — 
a miracle  which  is  performed  for  the  edification  of  large 
numbers  of  people  several  times  a year.  His  festival  is 
kept  in  the  Roman  Church  Sept.  19. 

January  (jan'u-a-ri).  [L.  Januarius  (sc.  mensis), 
from  Janus.}  The  first  month  of  the  year,  ac- 
cording to  present  and  the  later  Roman  reckon- 
ing, consisting  of  thirty-one  days. 

January  and  May.  Pope’s  version  of  Chau- 
cer’s ‘ ‘ Merchant’s  Tale.” 

Janus  (ja'nus).  [Prob.  connected  with  Gr. 
Zelf.]  A primitive  Italic  solar  deity,  regarded 
among  the  Romans  as  the  doorkeeper  of  heaven 
and  the  especial  patron  of  the  beginning  and 
ending  of  all  undertakings.  As  the  protector  of 
doors  and  gateways,  he  was  represented  as  holding  a 
stall  or  scepter  in  the  right  hand  and  a key  in  the  left; 
and  as  the  god  of  the  sun  s rising  and  setting  he  had  two 
faces,  one  looking  to  the  east,  and  the  other  to  the  west. 
His  temple  at  Rome  was  kept  open  in  time  of  war,  and  was 
closed  only  in  the  rare  event  of  universal  peace. 

Janus.  The  pseudonym  of  Dr.  Johann  Joseph 
Ignaz  von  Dollinger. 

Janus  Quadrifrons,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Ja- 

-k  ms  Quadrifrons. 

Japan  (ja-pan').  [Corrupted  from  Zipanyu  (of 
Marco  Polo),  corrupted  from  native  Niplion  or 
Nippon,  Land  of  the  Rising  Sun ; F.  Japon, 
Sp.  Japon,  G.  and  D.  Japan,  Pg.  Japao.}  An 
empire  of  Asia,  lying  east  of  China  and  Siberia. 
Capital,  Tokio.  It  comprises  five  islands — Hondu, 
Yezo,  Shikoku,  Kiushiu,  and  Taiwan  (Formosa),  with  Cho- 
sen (Korea),  the  southern  half  of  Sakhalin,  and  about  4,000 
small  islands,  including  the  Loochoo  and  Kurile  groups. 
The  surface  is  mountainous  and  hilly,  culminating  in  Fuji- 
san (12,365  feet).  The  loading  occupation  is  agriculture. 
The  chief  exports  are  silk,  tea,  rice,  coal,  copper,  fish,  lac- 
quer, etc.  The  administrative  divisions  are  4 7 piefectures(3 
fu,  43  ken,  and  1 do).  There  is  also  a subdivision  politically 
into  85  provinces.  The  government  is  a limited  monarchy, 
with  an  emperor,  cabinet  and  privy  council, and  an  Imperial 
Parliament  composed  of  a House  of  Peers  and  a nouse  of 
Representatives.  The  prevailing  religions  are  Shintoism 
and  Buddhism.  Authentic  history  begins  about  500  A.  D. 
Korean  influence  began  at  an  early  date,  and  Buddhism 
was  introduced  from  Korea  about  550.  The  shogun  Yori- 
tomo  usurped  the  authority  in  1192.  Marco  Polo  visited 
the  islands  in  the  13th  century.  A system  of  feudal  baron- 
age grew  up : the  Mikados  were  the  emperors,  but  the  real 
power  belonged  to  the  shoguns.  The  Portuguese  traded 
with  Japan  from  1543  till  their  exclusion  in  1638,  and  the 


Jarnac 

native  Christians  were  persecuted  from  1624.  The  Toku- 
gawa  dynasty  of  shoguns  began  in  1603.  Japan  continued 
isolated,  except  for  restricted  trade  with  the  Dutch,  till  the 
American  expedition  under  Perry,  1853:  he  forced  a com- 
mercial treaty,  March  31,  1854,  which  was  followed  by 
commercial  relat  ions  with  other  countries.  Thesliogunate 
wasabolislied  in  1867,  and  a civil  war  ended  in  1868  in  the 
recovery  of  full  power  by  the  Mikado.  More  recent  events 
are  abolition  of  the  feudal  system,  1871 ; annexation  of  the 
Bonin  Islands,  1876,  and  of  the  Loochoo  Islands,  1879 ; sup- 
pression of  the  Satsuma  rebellion,  1877 ; constitution  pro- 
mulgated, 18°9;  first  parliament  met.  1890 ; war  with  China 
and  acquisition  of  Formosa.  1894-95  (see  China)-,  and  war 
with  Russia,  Feb.,  1904-Sept.,  1905.  (See  Russo-Japanese 
War).  Area  (exclusive  of  Formosa  and  the  Pescadores), 
161,113  square  miles.  Population,  49.581.928. 

Japan,  Sea  of.  That  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
which  lies  between  Japan  on  the  east  and  south, 
Korea  on  the  west,  and  Asiatic  Russia  on  the 
north.  It  communicates  with  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  by  the 
Channel  of  Tatary  on  the  north  and  the  Strait  of  La  P6- 
rouse  on  the  northeast,  and  with  the  Pacific  by  the  Chan- 
nel of  Korea  on  the  southwest  and  Sangar  Strait  on  the 
east. 

Japetus.  The  eighth  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  Oct.,  1671. 

Japheth  (ja'feth),  or  Japhet  (ja'fet).  Accord- 
ing to  the  account  in  Genesis,  the  third  son  of 
Noah,  and  the  ancestor  of  various  nations  in 
northern  Asia  and  in  Europe  (in  general,  of  the 
so-called  Indo-European  race).  See  Shem. 

Attempts  have  been  made  to  explain  the  names  of  the 
three  sons  of  Noah  as  referring  to  the  colour  of  the  skin. 
Japhet  liasbeen  compared  with  the  Assyrianippatu,  ‘ white’; 
Shem  with  the  Assyrian  samu,  ‘olive-coloured  ’;  while  in 
Ham  etymologists  have  seen  the  Hebrew  kliam, 1 to  be  hot.  ’ 
But  all  such  attempts  are  of  very  doubtful  value. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  42. 

Japura  (zha-po-ra/),  or  Yapura  (ya-po-ra'), 
called  by  Spanish  Americans  Caqueta  (ka-ka'- 
ta).  A river  in  Colombia  and  Brazil,  it  rises  in 
the  Amies  near  Popayan  and  joins  the  Amazon  through  a 
network  of  channels  extending  from  about  long  63°  to  67° 
W.  Length,  about  1,500  miles ; navigable  nearly  620  miles. 
The  middle  course  lies  in  territory  claimed  by  Ecuador. 

Jaquenetta  (jak-e-net'a).  In  Shakspere’s 
“Love’s  Labour’s  Lost,”  a country  maid  with 
whom  the  ‘ ‘ high  fantastical  Armado  ” is  in  love. 

Jaques  (jaks  or  jaks,  or  as  F.,  zhak;  on  the 
stage  often  pron.  as  if  mod.  L.,  ja'quez).  [F. 
Jaques,  Jacques,  from  LL.  Jacobus,  Jacob.  From 
OF.  Jaques  is  derived  ME.  Jakes,  Jak,  mod.  E. 
Jack.'}  1.  In  Shakspere’s  “As  you  Like  it,” 
a companion  of  the  exiled  duke.  He  is  usually 
spoken  of  as  “the  melancholy  Jaques.”  He  has  not  en- 
tered on  this  life  with  patience,  but  poses  as  a censurer  of 
mankind. 

2.  A younger  son  of  Sir  Rowland  de  Bois  in 
the  same  play  is  also  named  Jaques,  and  is 
spoken  of  sometimes  as  Jaques  de  Bois. — 3.  In 
Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “The  Case  is  Altered,”  a 
miser  with  a likeness  to  Shakspere’s  “ Shylock  ” 
in  the  scenes  with  his  daughter. 

Jaques  (zha'kes),  Christovao.  A Portuguese 
captain  who,  in  1526,  was  sent  with  a squadron 
to  Brazil,  with  the  title  of  governor.  He  captured 
some  French  ships  on  the  coast,  founded  the  first  Portu- 
guese settlement  at  Pernambuco  (1527),  and  explored  as  far 
south  as  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  He  was  recalled  in  1528. 

Jaraes.  See  Charaes. 

Jarasandha  (jar-il-sand'ha).  In  Hindu  legend, 
son  of  Brihadratha,  and  king  of  Magadha.  By 
the  favor  of  Khiva  he  prevailed  over  many  kings,  and  es- 
pecially fought  against  Krishna,  attacking  him  eighteen 
times.  When  Krishna  returned  from  Dvaraka  with  Bhima 
and  Arjuna  to  slay  Jarasandha  and  release  the  captive 
kings,  Jarasandha  was  slain  by  Bhima. 

Jar  chi.  See  Bashi. 

Jardine  (jiir'din),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  23,  1800:  died  at  Sandown,  Isle  of 
Wight,  Nov.  21,  1874.  A Scottish  baronet  and 
naturalist.  His  chief  works  are  “Illustrations  of  Orni- 
thology ” (1830),  “The  Naturalist's  Library ’’(1845 : which  he 
edited  and  in  part  wrote),  “The  Ichnology  of  Annandale” 
(1853),  “Birds  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland"  (18.6),  etc. 

Jarita  (jar'i-ta).  In  the  Mahabharata,  a certain 
female  bird.  The  saint  Mandapala  returned  from  the 
shades  because  he  had  no  son,  became  a male  bird,  bad  by 
her  four  sons,  and  then  abandoned  her.  In  the  burning 
of  the  Khandava  forest  she  devotedly  protected  her  chil- 
dren, who  were  saved  by  the  influence  of  Mandapala  with 
the  god  of  fir  e. 

Jarley  (jar'li),  Mrs.  In  Dickens’s  “Old  Curios- 
ity Shop,”  the  merry,  kind-hearted  owner  and 
exhibitor  of  Jarley’s  wax-works,  “the  delight 
of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  and  the  peculiar  pet 
of  the  royal  family.” 

Jarlsberg  (yarls'bero)  and  Laurvig  (lour'vig). 
A maritime  amt  in  southern  Norway.  Area,  895 
square  miles.  Population,  104,554. 

Jarnac  (zhar-niik').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Charente,  western  France,  situated  on  the 
Charente  17  miles  west  of  Angoulemo.  it  has 

important  trade  in  brandy  and  wine.  There,  March  13, 
1569,  the  Catholics  under  the  Duke  of  Anjou  defeated  the 
Huguenots  under  Cond6  and  Coligny.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,894. 


Jarndyce 

Jarndyce  (jam'dis),  John.  In  Dickens’s  “Bleak 
House,”  the  owner  of  Bleak  House,  and  guar- 
dian of  Richard  Carstone,  Ada  Clare,  and  Esther 
Summerson.  It  is  his  hahit,  when  he  is  disappointed  in 
human  nature,  to  feel  a severe  east  wind. 

Jarnsida  (yarn-se'da).  [ON .Jarnsidha:  Jam , 
iron,  and  sidlia,  side.]  The  first  law  code  of  Ice- 
land under  Norwegian  sovereignty,  compiled 
from  old  Norwegian  laws  and  sent  to  Iceland 
by  King  Magnus  in  1271.  It  is  also  called  Hakon- 
arbok,  having  been  erroneously  ascribed  to  King  Hakon 
Hakonsson.  It  met  with  strong  opposition  in  Iceland,  and 
was  soon  superseded  by  the  Jonsbok. 

Jaromierz  (ya'ro-merts).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  66  miles  east-northeast  of 
Prague.  Population,  commune,  8,213,  (1910). 
Jaroslaff.  See  Yaroslaff. 

Jaroslaw  (ya'ro-slav).  A town  in  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  San  57  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Lemberg.  Population,  commune, 
24,974,  (1910). 

Jarric  (zha-rek'),  Louis  Etienne.  Born  at  Les 
Cayes,  1757 : died  there,  Feb.  21, 1791.  A Hai- 
tian mulatto  who,  in  1789,  was  delegate  to  the 
French  Assembly,  and  organized  there  the  So- 
ciety of  Amis  des  Noirs,  or  Friends  of  the  Blacks. 
Subsequently  he  was  engaged  with  Ogd  in  a revolutionary 
descent  on  Santo  Domingo,  and  was  captured  and  put  to 
death.  See  Og6. 

Jarrow,  or  Jarrow-on-Tyne  (jar'6-on-tin').  A 
mining  and  manufacturing  town  in  Durham, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  6 miles  east  of 
Newcastle.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  a monastery,  found- 
ed  681,  which  was  the  home  of  Bede.  Population,  about 
34,000. 

jarvie  (jar'vi),  Baillie  Nicol.  A magistrate  of 
Glasgow,  a character  in  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel 
“Rob  Roy.” 

Jasher  (ja'sher).  Book  of.  [Heb., ‘upright.’] 
A lost  book  of  Hebrew  national  songs,  narrating 
the  deeds  of  the  heroes  (upright  men).  Two  pas- 
sages in  the  Old  Testament  are  quoted  from  it : the  famous 
song  which  mentions  the  standing  still  of  the  sun  (Josh, 
x.  13),  and  the  lament  of  David  over  Saul  and  Jonathan 
(2  Sam.  i.  18).  It  is  evident  that  the  work  cannot  have 
been  completed  before  the  time  of  David,  although  the 
nucleus  of  the  collection  may  have  been  in  existence  ear- 
lier. There  are  several  Hebrew  works  of  this  title  extant, 
and  one  forgery  which  appeared  in  England  in  1751. 

Jasmin  (zhiis-man'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Agen, 
France,  March  6, 1798 : died  Oct.  4, 1864.  A Pro- 
vencal poet.  He  was  known  as  the  last  of  the  trouba- 
dours and  the  “Barber  Poet.”  His  father  was  a composer 
of  the  burlesque  couplets  used  at  fetes,  charivaris,  etc., 
and  he  accompanied  him  on  his  expeditions.  Put  at  last 
in  a seminary,  he  left  it  abruptly,  and  was  employed  in  a 
barber’s  shop  at  Agen  : later  he  entered  this  businesson  his 
own  account.  His  first  work  was  called  “Charivari  ”(1825). 
He  also  composed  a great  number  of  popular  songs,  patri- 
otic odes,  etc.,  and  “ Mons  Soubenis”  (“  My  Souvenirs”), 
written  in  the  patois  of  Agen,  a dialect  of  the  langue  d’oc. 
The  first  collection  of  his  workswas  published  inl835  under 
the  title,  taken  from  his  profession,  “Papillotes.  ” His  name 
reached  Paris : he  was  presented  to  the  king,  and  received 
the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  and  a pension.  In  1852 
the  Academy  granted  him  a “prix  extraordinaire”  for  his 
Provencal  poems.  His  principal  poemsare  “L’Aveugle  de 
Castel-Cuilld  ” (1836),  translated  by  Longfellow ; “Fiangon- 
netto”  (1840);  “Marthela  folle ” (1814) ; “Les  deux  freres 
jumeaux  ” (1845);  “La  semaine  d’un  fils”  (1849);  etc. 
Jason  (ja'son).  [Gr.  Tattup,  the  healer  or  atoner.] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  leader  of  the  Argonautic 
expedition.  Hewasbornatlolcus.was  a son  of  .-Esonaml 
Polymede,  and  was  brought  up  under  the  instruction  of 
Chiron.  The  legends  concerning  him  are  numerous  and 
varied.  His  greatest  exploit  was  the  expedition  to  Col- 
chis with  the  other  Argonauts  to  obtain  the  Golden  Fleece. 
This  he  secured  by  the  aid  of  the  sorceress  Medea,  daugh- 
ter of  -Eetes,  king  of  Colchis,  who  fell  in  love  with  him. 
She  protected  him  from  the  bulls  breathing  fire  and  hoofed 
with  brass  which  he  was  obliged,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
fleece,  to  yoke  to  the  plow,  and  from  the  armed  men 
who  sprang  up  from  the  dragon's  teeth  which  he  was  re- 
quired to  sow  in  the  fields.  From  other  perils,  also,  she 
saved  him,  and  fled  with  him  and  the  fleece.  Jason  finally 
deserted  Medea.  See  Medea. 

Jassy,  or  Yassy  (yas'se),  or  Jash  (yash).  A 
city  in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Bach- 
lui,  near  the  Pruth,  in  lat.  47°  10'  N.,  long.  27° 
36'  E.  It  is  the  chief  city  of  Moldavia,  and  was  its  capi- 
tal  from  about  1564  to  1861.  It  has  been  frequently  occu- 
pied by  the  Russians,  and  was  nearly  destroyed  by  janiza- 
ries in  1822.  It  has  a university.  A treaty  was  made  here 
between  Russia  and  Turkey  in  1792,  by  which  the  Russian 
frontier  was  extended  to  the  Dniester.  Population,  80,000. 

Jastrow  (yas'tro).  A town  in  the  province  of 
West  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  in  lat.  53°  27' 
N.,  long.  16°  47'  E.  Population,  commune, 
5,396. 

Jasz-Apdthi  (yas'o'pii-ti).  A towu  in  the 
county  of  Szolnok,  Hungary,  52  miles  east  of 
Budapest.  Population,  commune,  10,873. 
Jcisz-Berdny  (yas'be'ranv).  A town  in  the 
county  of  Szolnok,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Zagyva  42  miles  east  of  Budapest.  Population, 
commune,  26,791. 

jataka  (ja'ta-ka).  [Skt.  jataka,  nom.  jatakam, 
nativity,  principles  of  nativity.]  Among  the 


Jean  de  Meun 


Buddhists,  a former  birth  of  Shakyamuni,  and 
a narrative  regarding  it;  “Birth-story.”  The 
Jatakas  are  one  of  the  sacred  books  of  the  Buddhists,  a 
division  of  the  Khuddakanikaya,  or  “collection  of  short 
treatises,”  in  the  Suttapitaka,  or  discourses  for  the  laity. 
There  is  evidence  of  the  existence  of  a collection  so  named 
as  early  as  the  Council  of  Vesali  (about  380  B.  c.).  They  were 
put  into  their  present  form  in  the  Suttapitaka  in  the  5th 
century  A.  D.  There  were  current  among  the  Buddhists 
fables  and  parables  ascribed  to  Buddha,  the  sanctity  of 
which  they  sought  to  increase  by  identifying  the  best  char- 
acter in  any  story  with  Buddha  himself  in  a former  birth. 
Distinguished  by  quaint  humor  and  gentle  earnestness, 
they  teach  the  duty  of  tender  sympathy  with  animals. 
Many,  if  not  all,  of  the  fables  of  the  Hitopadesha  may  be 
identified  with  them.  The  stories  number  550.  They  have 
been  edited  in  the  original  Pali  by  Fausboll,  and  are  being 
translated  by  Rhys  Davids  and  under  his  superintendence. 
Rhys  Davids  terms  them  “the  most  important  collection 
of  ancient  folk-lore  extant.” 

Jatayu  (ja-ta'yo).  In  the  Ramayana,  a bird, 
the  son  of  Vishnu’s  bird  Garuda,  and  king  of 
the  vultures.  As  ally  of  Rama  he  fought,  to  prevent 
the  carrying  away  of  Sita,  against  Ravana  who  mortally 
wounded  him.  In  the  Puranas  Jatayu  is  the  friend  of 
Dasharatha. 

Jativa,  or  Xativa  (Ha'te-va),  or  San  Felipe  de 
Jativa  (san  fa-le'pa  da  Ha'te-va).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Valencia,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Albaida  31  miles  south  by  west  of  Valencia : the 
ancient  Ssetabis.  It  has  a castle ; was  noted  in  Roman 
times  for  linen  manufactures ; and  was  the  birthplace  of 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  and  of  Ribera.  Population,  about 
12,600. 

Jats,  or  Jauts  (jats).  A mysterious  race,  per- 
haps Hinduized  Scythians,  first  mentioned  in 
the  beginning  of  the  11th  century.  They  opposed 
the  invasion  of  Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  by  whom  they  were 
defeated,  though  they  are  said  to  have  gathered  8,000  boats 
on  the  Indus.  In  Aurung-Zeb’s  reign  they  were  banditti 
in  the  mountains  of  the  interior  of  India.  Increasing  in 
strength  under  their  chief  Suraj  Mai  in  the  18th  century, 
they  dictated  the  policy  of  the  Moguls.  Suraj  Mai  was 
killed  when  hunting  in  bravado  in  the  imperial  park  at 
Delhi,  which  city  he  had  undertaken  to  besiege.  After  a 
con  test  between  the  sons  of  Suraj  Mai,  their  survivor,  Ran- 
jit  Singh,  secured  the  chiefship.  When  British  power  was 
established  in  northern  India,  Ran  jit  Singh  was  allowed  to 
retain  his  territories,  viz.  Agra  and  its  district,  granted  to 
Suraj  Mai  by  Ahmad  Shah  as  the  price  of  his  desertion  of 
the  Mahrattas  before  the  battle  of  Paniput.  Disagreements 
arising  between  the  English  and  the  raja,  Lord  Comber- 
mere  stormed  and  captured  the  Jat  fortress  of  DigJan.  18, 
1826,  and  ended  finally  their  power. 

Jaubert  (zho-bar'),  Arnedee  fimilien  Probe. 

Born  at  Aix,  France,  June  3,  1779:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Jan.  20, 1847.  A French  Orientalist,  author 
of  “Elements  de  la  grammaire  turque”  (1823), 
translator  of  Idrisi’s  geography  (1836-40),  etc. 

Jauer  (you'er).  A town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wiitende  Neisse 
37  miles  west  of  Breslau.  It  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  the  ancient  principality  of  Jauer.  Population,  com- 
mune, 13,307. 

Jauja  (Hou'Ha),  or  Xauxa  (nou'Ha).  A town 
of  the  department  of  Junin,  Peru,  in  a valley 
11, 150  feet  above  the  sea,  and  108  miles  east  of 
Lima.  It  was  a large  native  city  at  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest,  and  was  Pizarro’s  temporary  capital  before  the 
founding  of  Lima.  Population,  about  3,000. 

Jaunpur  (joun-por').  1.  A district  in  the  Be- 
nares division,  United  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  25°  40'  N.,  long.  82°  40'  E. 
Area,  1,551  square  miles.  Population,  1,202,- 
920. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Jaunpur, 
situated  on  the  Gumti  35  miles  north-north- 
west of  Benares : formerly  an  important  Mo- 
hammedan capital.  It  includes  several 

mosques.  Population,  42,771. 

Jaunthal  (youn'tal),  or  Jaunertkal  (you'ner- 
tal),  F.  Val  de  Bellegarde  (viil  de  bel-gard'). 
An  alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg, 
Switzerland,  joining  the  valley  of  the  Saane  at 
Broc. 

Jauregui  y Aldecoa  (Hou'ra-ge  e al-da-ko'a), 
AgUStin  de.  Born  ill  Bazan,  Navarre,  1708: 
died  at  Lima,  Peru,  April  27,  1784.  A Spanish 
soldier  and  administrator.  Afterserving  in  the  West 
Indiesand  Portugal,  he  was  captain-general  of  Chile  1773  to 
1779,  and  viceroy  of  Peru  July  20, 1780,  to  April  13, 1784.  The 
revolt  of  Tupac  Amaru  took  place  duriug  Ms  term  in  the 
latter  country.  He  died  from  the  results  of  an  accident  a 
few  days  after  giving  up  his  office. 

Java  (ja'vii).  One  of  the  Sunda  Islands,  and  the 
most  important  island  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 
Capital,  Batavia.  It  is  separated  from  Sumatra  on  the 
northwest  by  Sunda  Strait,  from  Borneo  on  the  north  by  the 
Java  Sea,  and  from  Bali  on  the  east  by  Bali  Strait,  and  bor- 
ders on  the  Indian  Ocean  south.  It  is  traversed  by  moun- 
tains throughout  its  length,  and  contains  many  volcanoes. 
Its  soil  is  noted  for  its  fertility.  The  chief  exports  are 
coffee,  tea,  sugar,  iudigo,  and  tobacco.  It  is  divided  into  17 
residencies,  under  Dutch  “ residents  " and  the  governor- 
general  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  The  inhabitants  aremain- 
ly  Javanese,  Madurese,  and  Sundanese.  Various  Hindu 
states  were  flourishing  here  prior  to  the  introduction  of 
Mohammedanism  in  the  15th  century.  Dutch  rule  com- 
menced in  1610.  The  island  was  taken  by  the  British  in 
1811,  but  restored  to  Holland  in  1816.  There  was  a native 
insurrection  in  1825-30.  Colonial  system  of  enforced  labor 


for  the  natives  was  introduced  in  1830,  modified  by  an 
agrarian  law  in  1870,  and  again  modified  in  1882.  Area, 
including  Madura,  50,554  square  miles.  Greatest  length, 
664  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  about  129  miles.  Popula- 
tion, with  Madura,  30,098,008. 

Javan  (ja'van).  According  to  Genesis,  son  of 
J aphet  and  ancestor  of  Elisha,  Tarshish , Kittim, 
and  Dodanim.  In  Ezek.  xxvii.  13  he  is  mentioned  as 
carrying  on  trade  with  the  Tyrians  (compare  also  Isa.  lxvi. 
19).  In  all  these  passages  the  Ionians  of  Asia  Minor  are 
meant,  with  whom  the  Orientals  were  earliest  and  best 
acquainted.  In  the  annals  of  Sargon  (722-705  B.  c.)  they 
are  mentioned  by  the  name  of  Iavanu  (or,  by  the  frequent 
interchange  of  v and  m in  Assyrian,  Iamanu),  and  figure  as 
pirates  on  the  coasts  of  Phenicia  and  Asia  M inor. 

Javary  (zha-va-re'),  Sp.  Yavary  (ya-va-re'). 
A southern  affluent  of  the  Amazon,  forming 
the  boundary  between  Brazil  and  Peru.  It  rises, 
presumably,  near  lat.  7“  S.  and  long.  74°  W.,  and  after  a 
very  crooked  course  joins  the  Amazon  in  lat.  4°  15'  S., 
long.  69°  56'  W.  (nearly).  Most  of  the  course  is  navi- 
gable. By  existing  treaties,  the  extreme  source  of  the 
Javary  (unknown)  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  boun- 
dary between  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  and  the  northwestern 
terminus  of  that  between  Bolivia  and  Peru.  Also  written 
J avari. 

Java  Sea.  That  portion  of  the  ocean  partly  in- 
closed by  Borneo  on  the  north,  Sumatra  on  the 
west,  Java  on  the  south,  and  Flores  Sea  on  the 
east. 

Javea  (Ha-va'ii).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean 
43  miles  northeast  of  Alicante.  Population, 
6,606. 

Javert  (zha-var').  An  officer  of  the  police  force 
in  “ Les  Miserables,”  by  Victor  Hugo.  He  is 
the  incarnation  of  inexorable  law. 

Jaworow  (ya-vo'rov),  or  Jawardw(ya-vii'rov). 
A town  in  Galicia,  Austria-Hungary,  28  miles 
west  by  north  of  Lemberg.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,208,  (1910). 

Jaxartes  (jak-sar'tez).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Sir-Daria. 

Jaxt.  See  Jagst. 

Jay  (ja),  John.  Bom  at  New  York,  Dec.  12,1745 : 
died  at  Bedford, Westchester  County,  N.Y.,  May 
17,1829.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist.  He 
was  a delegate  to  Congress  from  N ew  York  1774-77  and  1778- 
1779,  and  drew  up  the  constitution  of  N ew  York  in  1777.  He 
was  United  States  minister  to  Spain  1780-82 ; peace  com- 
missioner at  Paris  1782-83;  secretaiy  for  foreign  affairs  1784- 
1789;  contributortothe“Federalist”;  firstcliief  justice  of 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1789-95 ; unsuccessful 
candidat  e for  governor  of  New  York  1792 ; special  minister 
to  Great  Britain  1794-95;  and  governor  of  New  York  1795- 
1801. 

Jay,  William.  Born  at  Tisbury,  Wilts,  May, 
1769:  died  at  Bath,  Dec.  27,  1853.  An  English 
Independent  clergyman  and  religious  writer. 
His  best-known  work  is  “Morning  and  Evening 
Exercises”  (1829-31). 

Jayadratha  (ja-yad'rat-ha).  A prince  of  the 
lunar  race,  and  king  of  Sindhu.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Dhri  tarashtra,  and  was  an  ally  of  the  Kauravas. 
In  the  absence  of  the  Pandavas  he  carried  off  Draupadi. 
Seized  by  them,  he  was  spared,  to  be  slain  by  Arjuna  iu  the 
great  battle. 

Jayce,  or  Jajce  (yit'se),  or  Jaitza  (ylt'sa).  A 
town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the  Verbas  in  lat. 
44°  16'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  towns  in 
Bosnia,  and  contains  a number  of  mosques.  It  has  a noted 
waterfall.  Population,  about  4,000. 

Jay’s  Treaty.  A name  given  to  the  treaty  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  con- 
cluded by  John  Jay  Nov.  19,  1794,  and  ratified 
by  the  United  States  Aug.  18, 1795.  it  contained 
provisions  for  the  surrender  to  the  United  States  of  the 
northwestern  military  posts ; for  the  settlement  of  the  east- 
ern boundary  ; for  the  payment  of  British  debts  .and  Ameri- 
can claims ; for  the  restriction  of  American  trade  in  the 
West  Indies ; and  for  neutrality  at  sea. 

Jazyges  (jaz'i-jez).  A Sarmatian  people  who 
settled  in  Hungary  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era,  and  later  were  merged  in  the 
Magyars. 

Jeaffreson  (jef'er-son),  John  Cordy.  Born  at 
Eramlingham,  Suffolk,  England,  Jan.  14,  1831 : 
died  Feb.  2,  1901.  An  English  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his  works  are  “Isabel, 
the  Young  Wife  and  the  Old  Love,”  “A  Book  about  Doc- 
tors" (186D),  “ Olive  Blake’aGood  Work  ” (1862),  “ Live  it 
Down"  (1863),  “Not  Dead  Yet"  (1864),  “Life  of  Robert 
Stephenson,  etc.”  (1864),  “Journals  and  Journalists,  etc.,” 
“A  Book  about  Lawyers”  (1866),  “A  Book  about  the 
Clergy”  (1870),  “ Annals  of  Oxford”  (1870),  “The  Real 
Lord  Byron,  etc."  (1883),  “The  Real  Shelley,  etc.”  (1885), 
“Lady  Hamilton  and  Lord  Nelson  ” (1887),  etc. 

Jealous  Wife,  The.  A comedy  by  George  Col- 
man  the  elder,  produced  in  1761 . it  is  founded  on 
the  episode  in  Fielding’s  “ Tom  Jones  ” where  Sophia  takes 
refuge  with  Lady  Bellaston. 

Jeames  (jemz).  [J t ames,  formerly  pron.  jainz, 
is  a var.  of  James."]  A conventional  name  for 
a footman  or  flunkey.  Thackeray’s  “ Jeames's  Diary," 
which  appeared  in  “Punch,"  is  the  diary  of  a footman,  and 
he  occasionally  used  the  name  as  a pseudonym. 

Jean  de  Meun  (zhon  de  mun')  (Jean  Clopinel) 
(klo-pe-nel').  Born  at  Meun-sur-Loire,  Origan- 


Jean  de  Meun 

ais,  about  1250 : died  at  Paris  before  Nov.,  1305. 
One  of  the  leading  French  poets  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury. He  is  known  chiefly  as  having  continued,  after  a 
lapse  of  40  years,  “Le  roman  de  la  rose,  "a  poem  undertaken 
about  1237  by  a young  poet,  Guillaume  de  Lorris,  and  left 
incomplete  at  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1277  J ean  de  Meun 
wa9  still  a student  in  Paris.  His  translations  into  French 
include  the  “ De  re  militari”  of  Vegetius  (1284),  the 
correspondence  of  H^loise  and  Abdlard,  and  Gerald 
Barri's  “Topographia  Hibenme."  “L’Amitid  spirituelle,” 
translated  from  the  English  of  the  monk  /Elred,  and  the 
French  translation  of  Boethius’s  “Deconsolationephiloso- 
phica  ” have  both  been  lost.  Between  1291  and  1296  J ean  de 
Meun  wrote  his  “Testament,”  a curious  piece  of  work  re- 
plete with  sarcasm  and  criticism,  especially  of  the  women 
and  of  themendicantordersof  his  day.  Als oJeandeMeung. 

Jeanette,  The.  See  De  Long,  G.  W. 

Jean  Jacques.  See  Bousseau,  Jean  Jacques. 
Jean  Jacques  I.  See  Dessalines. 

Jeanne  d'Albret.  See  Albret. 

Jeanne  d’Arc.  See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Jeanne  d’Arc  (zhan  dark').  An  opera  by  Gou- 
nod, produced  at  Paris  in  1873. 

Jean  Paul.  See  Bichter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich. 
Jebb  (jeb),  Sir  Richard  Ciaverhouse.  Born 
at  Dundee,  Aug.  27,  1841:  died  Dee.  9,  1905. 
A noted  British  scholar.  In  1875  he  became  pro- 
fessor  of  Greek  in  Glasgow  University,  and  in  1889  regius 
professor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge.  He  represented  his 
university  in  the  House  of  Commons  1891-1905. 

Jebeil  (je-bil'),or  Jubeil  (ju-bil'),  or  Jebail  (je- 
bal'  or  je-bil').  A town  in  Syria,  situated  on 
the  Mediterranean  18  miles  north-northeast  of 
Beirut:  the  ancient  Byblus,  and  biblical  Gebal. 
Jeblisites  (jeb'u-zits).  A Canaanitish  nation 
which  long  withstood  the  Israelites.  The  strong- 
hold of  the  Jebusites  was  Jehus  on  Mount  Zion,  a part  of 
the  site  of  Jerusalem,  of  which  they  were  dispossessed  by 
David. 

Jed  (yed).  [Ar.  yed,  the  hand.]  The  two  third- 
magnitude  stars  S and  e Ophiuchi,  which  mark 
the  giant’s  left  hand.  dis  Jed  prior,  and  e Jed 
posterior. 

Jedaya  Penini  (je-da'ya  pe-ne'ne),  or  Bedar- 
shi  (be-dar'she).  A Jewish  poet  and  writer  of 
the  14th  century  in  Provence.  The  best-known  of 
his  works  is  his  didactic  poem,  “ Meditation  on  the  World  ” 
(‘  ‘ Bechinath  Olam  ”).  On  account  of  his  eloquence  and  the 
elegance  of  his  style,  he  was  called  “ the  Jewish  Cicero.” 
Jedburgh  (jed'bur//o).  The  capital  of  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Jed  41 
miles  southeast  of  Edinburgh,  its  abbey  is  one  of 
the  chief  Scottish  ecclesiastical  ruins.  It  was  founded  in 
1118  by  David  I.,  but  the  existing  nave,  well-proportioned 
and  excellent  in  details,  is  Early  English.  What  remains 
of  the  choir  is  massive  Norman.  A Romanesque  doorway 
presents  elaborate  moldings,  in  which  the  chevron  is  con- 
spicuous. The  nave  and  the  central  part  of  the  church  are 
well  preserved  except  that  they  have  lost  their  vaults  and 
part  of  their  side  walls.  Jedburgh  was  famous  in  border 
warfare;  and  Jeddart  justice  was  proverbially  summary, 
hanging  the  culprit  first  and  trying  him  afterward  (also 
called  Jedwood  justice).  Population,  2,222. 

Jeddah.  See  Jiddah. 

Jefferies  (jef'rlz),  John  Richard,  called  Rich- 
ard Jefferies.  Bom  near  Swindon, Wiltshire, 
England.  Nov.  6,  1848:  died  at  Goring,  Sus- 
sex (?),  Aug.  14, 1887.  An  English  miscellane- 
ous writer,  noted  principally  for  his  descriptions 
of  nature.  Author  of  “The  Game-Keeper  at  Home” 
(1878),  “ Wild  Life  in  aSouthern  Country”  (1879),  “Nature 
near  London  ” (1883),  “ Story  of  My  Heart  ” (1883),  “ Life  of 
the  Fields  ” (1884),  “ Red-Deer  ” (1884),  “ Amaryllis  at  the 
Fair  ” (1887),  etc. 

Jefferson  (jef'er-son).  A river  in  Montana, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Beaver  Head  and 
Wisdom  (or  Big  Hole)  rivers  in  Madison 
County.  It  unites  with  the  Madison  and  Gal- 
latin to  form  the  Missouri.  Total  length,  about 
200  miles. 

Jefferson.  The  capital  of  Marion  County,  east- 
ern Texas,  situated  on  Big  Cypress  Bayou 
40  miles  northwest  of  Shreveport,  Louisiana. 
Population,  2,515,  (1910). 

Jefferson,  Joseph.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Feb. 
20,  1829:  died  at  Palm  Beach,  Fla.,  April  23, 
1905.  A noted  American  actor.  He  was  the  fourth 
of  his  family  and  the  third  of  his  name  on  the  stage.  He 
made  his  first  appearance  as  the  child  in  “ Pizarro  ” at  the 
age  of  three  years.  Until  1856  he  played  minor  parts  and 
managed  several  Southern  theaters.  In  1858  he  became 
prominent  as  Asa  Trenehard  in  “Our  American  Cousin.” 
Later  he  became  a “star,”  and  his  Dr.  Pangloss,  Bob 
Acres,  and  Dr.  Ollapod  are  well  known.  He  is  principally 
noted  for  his  performance  of  Rip  Van  Winkle.  His  auto- 
biography was  published  in  1890. 

Jefferson,  Mount.  One  of  the  summits  of  the 
Presidential  Range,  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire.  Height,  5,725  feet. 

Jefferson,  Mount.  Apeak  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, Oregon,  75  miles  southeast  of  Portland. 
Height,  10,200  feet. 

Jefferson,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Shadwell,  Albe- 
marle County,  Va.,  April  13  (N.  S.),  1743  : died 
at  Monticello,  Albemarle  County,  July  4,  1826. 
The  third  President  of  the  United  States  (1801- 


543 

1809).  He  was  a member  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Bur- 
gesses 1769-75  and  1776  78,  and  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress  1775-76,  and  drafted  the  Declaration  ol  Indepen- 
dence 1776.  He  was  governor  of  Virginia  1779-81;  member 
of  Congress  1783-84";  United  States  minister  to  France 
1785-89  ; secretary  of  state  1790-93 ; founder  of  the  Demo- 
cratic-Republican party;  V ice-President  1797-1801 ; and 
President  (elected  as  candidate  of  the  Democratic-Republi- 
can party)  two  terms,  1801-09.  Among  the  chief  events  of 
his  administrations  were  the  war  with  Tripoli,  the  Loui- 
siana Purchase,  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt,  the 
exploration  of  the  West,  and  the  embargo. 

Jefferson  City.  The  capital  of  Missouri  and 
of  Cole  County,  situated  on  the  Missouri  in  lat. 
38°  35'  N.,long.  92°  11'  W.  Population,  11,850, 
(1910). 

Jeffersonville  (jef'er-son-vil).  A city  and  the 
capital  of  Clarke  County,  Indiana,  situated  on 
the  Ohio  at  its  falls,  opposite  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky. Population,  10,412,  (J910) . 

Jeffrey  (jef'ri),  Francis,  Lord  Jeffrey.  Bom 
at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  23, 1773:  died  Jan.  26,  1850. 
A Scottish  critic,  essayist,  and  jurist.  He  was 
the  son  of  George  Jeffrey,  depute  clerk  in  the  Court  of 
Session.  He  studied  at  Queen’s  College,  Oxford,  for  a pm! 
of  one  year,  1791-92,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish 
bar  Dec.  16,  1794.  The  “Edinburgh  B-eview”  was  started 
by  a coterie  of  which  Jeffrey,  Sydney  Smith,  Brougham, 
and  Horner  were  the  chiefs,  at  the  suggestion  of  Smith,  who 
at  first  assumed  control.  He  was,  however,  superseded 
by  Jeffrey,  who  became  responsible  editor.  The  first  num- 
ber was  published  Oct.  10,  1802.  Its  success  was  imme- 
diate. As  Brougham  was  the  principal  political  contribu- 
tor, the  politics  of  the  “Review”  were  those  of  the  Whigs. 
Jeffrey's  legal  practice  continued  to  increase  until  July  2, 
1829,  whenhewas  unanimouslychosen  dean  of  the  Faculty 
of  Advocates,  and  resigned  his  editorship  of  the“Review” 
to  Macvey  Napier.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  lord  advo- 
cate. After  the  passage  of  the  Reform  Bill  he  was  returned 
to  Parliament  for  Edinburgh,  Dec.  19, 1832.  In  May,  1834, 
he  accepted  a seat  in  the  Court  of  Session,  and  became 
Lord  Jeffrey.  Jeffrey  visited  America  in  1813  for  six 
months. 

Jeffreys  ( jef 'riz),  George,  Baron  J effreys.  Bom 
at  Acton,  Denbighshire,  1648 : died  at  London, 
April  18,  1689.  An  English  judge.  He  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1C68,  and  was  appointed  common  sergeant  of 
the  city  of  London  in  1671.  Seeing  no  hope  of  further 
advancement  from  the  popular  party,  with  which  he  had 
hitherto  been  associated,  he  ingratiated  himself  with  the 
Duke  of  York,  with  the  result  that  he  was  appointed 
solicitor-general  to  the  duke,  and  was  knighted  in  1677. 
In  1678  he  was  made  recorder  of  London,  a position  which 
he  was  compelled  by  Parliament  to  resign  in  1680.  He 
became  chief  justice  of  Chester  in  1680,  and  of  England  in 
1683;  was  created  Baron  Jeffreys  of  Wem  in  1685;  and 
was  elevated  to  the  post  of  lord  chancellor  of  England  in 
1685.  He  used  his  position  as  chief  justice  and  as  chan- 
cellor to  transform  the  judiciary  from  a stronghold  of  the 
opposition  to  the  chief  agent  in  furthering  the  attempt 
of  James  II.  to  make  himself  an  absolute  monarch,  and 
rendered  himself  notorious  by  the  flagrant  injustice  and 
brutality  which  he  displayed  on  the  bench.  (See  Bloody 
Assizes.)  He  was  imprisoned  on  the  overthrow  of  James 
II.,  and  died  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

Jehoahaz  (je-hd'a-baz).  King  of  Israel  815-798 
B.  C.  (Duncker),  son  of  Jehu.  He  was  held  in  sub- 
jection by  Hazael,  king  of  Damascus,  who  compelled  him 
to  reduce  his  army  to  50  horsemen,  10  chariots,  and  10,000 
infantry.  2 Ki.  xiii.  1-9. 

Jehoiachln  (je-hoi'a-kin).  King  of  Judah  597 
B.  C.  (Duncker),  son  of  Jehoiakim.  He  was,  after 
a reign  of  three  months  and  ten  days,  carried  into  the 
Babylonian  captivity,  with  10,000  of  his  subjects,  by  Nebu- 
chadnezzar. 

Jehoiada  (je-hoi'a-da).  High  priest  of  Judah. 
When  the  usurper  Queen  Athaliah  slew  the  members  of 
the  royal  house  of  Judah  in  843  B.  c.,  he  saved  the  prince 
Joash,  whom  he  brought  up  in  the  temple.  In  837  he 
headed  a rebellion  by  which  Athaliah  was  overthrown  and 
Joash  placed  on  the  throne. 

Jehoiakim  (je-hoi'a-kim).  King  of  Judah  609- 
597  B.  c.  (Duncker),  son  of  Josiah.  He  succeeded 
his  brother  Jehoahaz,  who  was  deposed  by  Pharaoh-Neclio. 
After  the  defeat  of  Pharaoh-N echo  at  Carchemish  by  N ebu- 
cliadnezzar  in  605,  he  remained  virtually  independent  until 
600,  when  Nebuchadnezzar  invaded  his  kingdom  and  com- 
pelled his  submission. 

Jehol  (ya'hol),  orCheng-te  (cheng'te').  A town 
in  Mongolia,  about  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  118°  E. 
It  contains  a summer  residence  of  the  Chinese 
emperor. 

Jehoram.  See  Joram. 

Jehoshaphat  (je-hosh'a-fat).  King  of  Judah 
about  873-848  B.  C.  (Duncker),  son  of  Asa.  He 

married  his  son  Jehoram  to  Athaliah,  daughter  of  Ahab, 
king  of  Israel,  and  Jezebel;  and  was  defeated  with  Aliab 
at  Ramoth-Gilead  by  the  king  of  Syria.  1 Ki.  xxii.  41-50, 
2 Chron.  xvii.-xx. 

Jehoshaphat,  Valley  of.  The  name  now  given 
to  the  valley  between  Jerusalem  and  the  Mount 
of  Olives. 

Jehovah.  See  Yahveli. 

Jehu  (je'hu),  son  of  Hanani.  A prophet  of 
Judah  in  the  time  of  Jehoshaphat,  873-848  b.  C. 
Jehu,  son  of  Jehoshaphat,  son  of  Nimshi.  King 
of  Israel  843-815  b.  C.,  and  the  founder  of  a new 
dynasty.  He  was  captain  of  the  army  under  Jehoram, 
son  and  successor  of  Ahab,  and  at  the  order  of  the  prophet 
Elisha  was  anointed  king,  and  commissioned  with  the 
execution  of  judgment  on  the  house  of  Ahab.  He  then 
ruthlessly  exterminated  the  old  dynasty,  and  with  it  the 


Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander 

worship  and  worshipers  of  Baal.  In  his  war  with  Hazael 
of  Syria  he  lost  the  East  Jordan  region.  He  is  mentioned 
on  the  black  obelisk  of  Shalmaneser  11.(860-824  B.  C.)  among 
the  kings  paying  tribute. 

Jehu.  A common  name  for  a coachman,  espe- 
cially a reckless  one.  See  2 Ki.  ix.  20. 

Jeisk.  See  Yeisk. 

Jekyll,  Dr.,  and  Mr.  Hyde.  See  Strange  Case, 
etc. 

Jelalabad  (jeFa-la-bad'),  or  Jalalabad  (jaF- 
a-la-bad').  A town  in  Afghanistan,  77  miles 
east  of  Kabul.  It  was  successfully  defended  by  the  Brit- 
ish under  Sale  against  the  Afghans  in  1842,  and  was  held  by 
the  British  1878-80. 

Jelal-ed-dm-Rftmi.  See  Jalal  uddin  Bumi. 
Jeletz.  See  Yelets. 

Jelf  (jelf),  William  Edward.  Born  1811 : died 
Oct.  18,  1875.  An  English  scholar.  He  was 
the  author  of  a Greek  grammar  (1842-45). 
Jellachich  de  Buzim  (yel'la-chich  de  bot'sem), 
Count  Joseph.  Born  at  Peterwardein,  Slavo- 
nia, Oct.  16, 1801 : died  at  Agram,  Croatia,  May 
19,  1859.  A Croatian  general.  He  was  appointed 

ban  of  Croatia  in  1848,  and,  incited  by  the  court  of  Austria, 
took  up  arms  against  the  Hungarians  Sept.,  1848.  He  was 
finally  completely  defeated  in  July,  1849. 

Jellalabad.  See  Jelalabad. 

Jellyby  (jel'i-bi),  Mrs.  In  Dickens’s  “Bleak 
House,”  a strong-minded  woman,  completely 
occupied  with  missionary  and  charitable  work, 
particularly  with  emigration  to  Borrioboola- 
Gha,  and  having  no  time  to  attend  to  her  house- 
hold duties. 

Jemez  (ha/maz),  or  Emmes,  or  Hemes.  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
occupying  the  pueblo  of  Jemez,  on  Jemez 
River  20  miles  N.  W.  of  Bernalillo,  New  Mexico. 
The  pueblo  of  Pecos  was  formerly  occupied  by  the  eastern 
division  of  the  people  speaking  the  Jemez  dialect,  but 
since  1840  the  few  surviving  members  of  the  Pecos  tribe 
have  lived  with  their  kindred  at  Jemez  pueblo.  The  name 
is  an  adaptation  of  the  Keresan  name  of  Jemez  pueblo. 
The  original  name  in  the  Jemez  idiom  is  Uala-tahua. 

Jemmapes,  or  Jemappes  (zhe-map').  A village 
in  the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  3 miles 
west  of  Mons.  It  is  famous  for  the  decisive  victory 
gained  by  the  French  under  Duraouriez  over  the  Austrians 
under  the  Duke  of  Saxe*Teschen,  Nov.  6,  1792.  It  was  the 
first  battle  won  for  the  republic,  and  was  followed  by  the 
occupation  of  Belgium.  Population,  commune,  14,096. 

Jemtland  (yemt'l&nt).  1.  A (former)  province 
of  Sweden,  about  lat.  63°  N. — 2.  A laen  of 
Sweden,  formed  from  the  former  province  of 
Jemtland  andHerjeMalen.  Area,  19,712  square 
miles.  Population,  115,755. 

Jena  (ya/na).  A city  in  the  district  of  Apolda, 
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  situated  on  the  Saale 
45  miles  southwest  of  Leipsic.  It  contains  a castle. 
The  university,  founded  by  the  elector  John  Frederick  of 
Saxony,  was  formally  opened  in  1558,  and  reached  the 
height  of  its  celebrity  in  the  end  of  the  18th  century.  It 
has  a library  of  over  250,000  volumes,  and  the  first  German 
literary  journal  was  published  under  its  auspices  in  1785. 
A victory  was  gained  here  by  the  French  (numbering  about 
100,000)  under  Napoleon  over  the  Prussians  and  Saxons 
(numbering,  with  Riichel,  about  70,000)  under  Prince  Ho- 
henlohe,  Oct.  14, 1806.  The  Prussian  loss  was  12,000  killed 
and  wounded,  and  15,000  prisoners.  The  same  day  at 
Auerstadt,  a few  miles  distant,  Davout  defeated  another 
Prussian  army.  See  Auerstadt.  Population,  commune, 
26,360. 

Jenghiz  Khan, or  Genghis  Khan  ( jen'gis  khan ), 
or  Jinghis  Khan  (jin'gis  khan),  etc.  (originally 
Temuchin).  Born  near  the  river  Onon,  Mongo- 
lia, 1162:  died  in  Mongolia,  1227.  A Mongol 
conqueror,  son  of  Yesukai,  a petty  tribal  chief- 
tain. He  proclaimed  himself  khan  of  the  Mongol  nation 
in  1206;  completed  the  conquest  of  northern  China  with 
the  capture  of  Peking  in  1215  ; and  conquered  central  Asia 
1218-21. 

Jeniguich.  See  Chemelmevi. 

Jenil,  or  Genii  (Ha-nel').  A river  in  Andalusia, 
Spain,  joining  the  Guadalquivir  30  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Cordova.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
Jenkin  (jeng'kin),  Henry  Charles  Fleeming. 
Born  near  Dungeness,  March  25,  1833:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  June  12,  1885.  A British  engineer 
and  electrician.  He  began  his  education  at  the  Edin- 
burgh Academy,  and  entered  the  University  of  Genoa  in 
1848,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  The  practical  part 
of  his  profession  he  learned  in  Fairbairn’s  shops  at 
Manchester.  In  1859  he  began,  with  Sir  William  Thom- 
son, experiments  to  determine  the  resistance  and  insula- 
tion of  electric  cables,  and  from  1858  to  1873  was  especially 
occupied  with  practical  work  in  cable  telegraphy.  The 
reports  to  the  British  Association  of  the  committee  on 
“ electric  standards  ” in  1861  are  largely  his  work.  He  was 
elected  F.  R.  S.  in  1865,  and  professor  of  engineering  in 
University  College,  London,  and  in  1868  to  the  same  chair 
in  Edinburgh  University. 

Jenkins (.jeng'kinz),  Edward.  Born  at  Banga- 
lore, India,  1838 : died  June  4, 1910.  A British 

author.  He  wrote  a number  of  books  and  pamphlets  on 
political  and  social  subjects : the  best-knowu  of  these  is 
“ Giux’s  Baby  ” (1870). 

Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander.  Born  in  Orange 
County ,Va.,  Dee.  11, 1811 : died  at  Washington, 


Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander 

D.  C.,  Aug.  9. 1893.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  was  chief  of  staff  of  Farragut’s  squadron  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  during  the  Civil  War,  and  was  promoted  rear- 
admiral  in  1870. 

Jenkinson  (jeng'kin-son),  Anthony.  Died  at 
Tigfie,  Rutland,  Feb.,  1611.  An  English  sailor, 
merchant,  and  explorer.  He  began  his  career  in  the 
Levant  (1546),  visiting  most  of  the  Mediterranean  coun- 
tries. In  1553  he  met  Soliman  the  Great  at  Aleppo,  from 
whom  he  obtained  privileges  for  trade  in  Turkish  ports. 
In  1557  he  was  appointed  captain-general  of  the  Muscovy 
Company’s  fleet,  and  their  agent  for  three  years.  Their 
fleet  reached  the  Dwina  by  way  of  the  North  Cape  July  12, 
1557,  where  he  left  it  and  proceeded  overland  to  Moscow 
(Dec.  6).  He  was  cordially  received  by  the  Czar,  under 
whose  protection  he  was  enabled  to  proceed  by  way  of  Nijni 
Novgorod,  Astrakhan,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  Khiva  to  Bo- 
khara, where  he  arrived  Dec.  23, 1558.  After  two  months 
he  returned  to  Moscow  and  London  by  the  same  route.  In 
1561  the  journey  was  repeated  as  far  as  Astrakhan  (June, 
1562),  whence  he  made  a somewhat  unsuccessful  detour 
into  Persia.  He  returned  to  Moscow  Aug.  20, 1563,  and  to 
London,  Sept.  28,  1564.  He  was  the  first  Englishman  to 
penetrate  central  Asia. 

Jenkinson,  Charles,  first  Earl  of  Liverpool. 
Boru  at  Winchester,  April  26,  1727:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  17,  1808.  Au  English  politician, 
secretary  at  war  under  Lord  North  1778-82,  and 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  1784-1801.  He 
wrote  “A  Treatise  on  the  Coins  of  the  Realm” 
(1805),  etc. 

Jenkinson,  Ephraim.  A venerable-looking 
swindler  in  Goldsmith’s  “Vicar  of  Wakefield.” 
He  swindles  the  vicar  out  of  his  horse. 
Jenkinson,  Robert  Banks,  second  Earl  of  Liv- 
erpool. Born  June  7, 1770:  died  at  London,  Dec. 
4,  1828.  An  English  politician,  eldest  son  of 
Charles  Jenkinson,  first  Earl  of  Liverpool.  He 
was  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  at  Oxford  (1786-89).  In 
1789  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  the  Bastille.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1790.  In  1796 
he  became  by  courtesy  Lord  Hawkesbury  (Baron  Hawkes- 
bury  1803),  and  in  1799  was  made  master  of  the  mint.  In 
1801  he  entered  the  Foreign  Office  with  a seat  in  the  cabi- 
net. In  1803  he  was  responsible  for  the  failure  to  evacuate 
Malta  according  to  the  treaty  of  Amiens.  On  May  12, 1804, 
he  was  tr  ansferred  to  the  Home  Office,  and  became  leaderof 
the  House  of  Lords.  During  the  Whig  ministry  1806-07  he 
led  the  opposition.  Returning  to  the  Home  Office  March 
25, 1807,  he  opposed  the  Catholic  emancipation  movement ; 
he  became  earl  of  Liverpool  upon  the  death  of  his  father 
(Dec.,  1808).  From  June,  1812,  to  April,  1827,  he  was  pre- 
mier in  a Tory  ministry.  He  was  a prime  mover  in  sending 
Napoleon  to  St.  Helena,  and  in  the  readjustment  of  French 
affairs  in  1815  and  1818.  During  the  reform  struggle  he 
uniformly  followed  the  policy  of  forcible  repression  until 
1826,  when  he  seems  to  have  recognized  the  necessity  of 
modifying  the  Corn  Laws. 

Jenkins’s  Ear,  War  Of.  The  name  popularly 
given  to  the  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
Spain  which  broke  out  in  1739,  and  became 
merged  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession. 
Its  immediate  cause  was  the  grievance  of  an  English  mar- 
iner, P.obert  Jenkins,  who  alleged  that  he  had  been  tortured 
by  the  Spaniards,  with  the  loss  of  his  ear. 

Jenne  (jen'ne),  or  Jinne  (jin'ne).  A town  in 
French  West  Africa,  situated  near  the  Niger 
about  250  miles  southwest  of  Timbuktu. 
Jenner  (jen'er),  Edward.  Born  at  Berkeley, 
Gloucestershire,  May  17, 1749 : died  there,  Jan. 
26, 1823.  An  English  physician,  famous  as  the 
discoverer  of  vaccination,  in  i770hebecameapupil 
of  John  Hunter  in  London,  and  also  studied  at  the  same 
time  in  St.  George’s  Hospital.  In  1773  he  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Berkeley.  His  investigation  of  cowpox  began  very 
early,  and  was  suggested  by  the  local  rustic  tradition  that 
the  dairymaids  who  contracted  the  disease  were  exempt 
from  smallpox.  On  May  14,  1796,  he  vaccinated  a boy  of 
eight  with  lymph  from  the  hand  of  a dairymaid,  and  on 
July  1 inoculated  the  same  boy  with  smallpox.  The  ex- 
periment was  successful:  an  account  of  it  was  published 
June,  1798.  The  practice  of  vaccination  gradually  gained 
ground  until  in  1800  a great  part  of  his  time  was  taken  up 
by  the  distribution  of  lymph,  much  of  it  in  America. 
Honors  came  to  him  from  every  quarter,  and  on  June  2, 1802, 
a grant  of  1610,000  was  made  to  him  by  Parliament. 

Jenner,  Thomas.  Flourished  1631-56.  An  au- 
thor, engraver,  and  publisher,  in  the  reigns  of 
Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.  he  kept  a print-shop  at  the  Royal 
Exchange  which  was  frequented  by  Pepys  and  Evelyn. 
Among  his  works  are  the  “Soul’s  Solace”  with  thirty  curi- 
ous copperplate  engravings  (1631),  “ Directions  for  the 
English  Traveller”  (1643),  “A  Further  Narrative  of  the 
Passages  of  these  Times  ” (1648),  “ London’s  Blame  if  not  its 
Shame  ” (1651).  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Jennings,  Sarah.  See  Marlborough,  Duchess 
of. 

Jenyns  (jen'inz),  Soame.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
1, 1704 : died  there,  Dec.  18, 1787.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer.  In  1722  he  entered  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  leaving  without  a degree  in  1725.  He 
published  anonymously  “The  Art  of  Dancing:  a poem” 
(1727)  and  a collection  of  poems  (1752).  He  was  returned 
to  Parliament  in  1742.  In  1757  he  published  a “Free  En- 
quiry into  the  Nature  and  Origin  of  Evil,”  and  in  1765 
“The  Objections  to  the  Taxation  of  our  American  Colonies 
by  the  Legislature  of  Great  Britain  briefly  considered.”  His 
“View  of  the  Internal  Evidencesof  the  Christian  Religion” 
was  published  in  1776.  “Jenyns’  prose  style  was  regarded 
by  his  contemporaries  as  a model  of  ease  and  elegance.” 
Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Jephthah  (jef'tha).  [Heb.,  ‘(God)  opens’  or 


544 

‘ makes  free.’]  A chieftain  and  judge  of  Israel 
whose  history  is  given  in  Judges  xi.-xii.  When 
he  went  to  battle  against  the  Ammonites,  he  vowed  that 
whatsoever  should  come  forth  from  his  home  to  meet  him 
on  his  return  “in  peace  from  the  children  of  Ammon  ” 
should  be  offered  up  as  a burnt-offering.  The  Ammonites 
were  routed,  and  as  Jephthah  returned  the  first  to  come 
out  to  meet  him  was  his  daughter  and  only  child.  She 
consented  to  the  fulfilment  of  his  vow  after  a respite  of 
two  months. 

Jephthah.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  finished  in 
1751.  It  was  produced  in  1752,  and  was  the  last 
he  composed,  as  he  became  blind  at  this  time. 
Jephthes  (jef'thez),  or  Jephtha.  A play  by 
George  Buchanan,  written  between  1539  and 
1542. 

Jequitmhonha  (zha-ke-ten-yon'ya),  or  Rio 
Grande  do  Belmonte  (re'o  gran'da  do  bal- 
mon'ta).  A river  in  Brazil  which  flows  into 
the  Atlantic  about  lat.  16°  S.,  long.  38°  50'  W. 
Length,  about  500  miles;  navigable  for  84  miles.  The 
Salto  Grande,  about  100  miles  from  the  mouth,  is  one  of 
the  finest  cataracts  in  South  America. 

Jerace  (ya-ra/che),  Francesco.  Born  at  Poles- 
t.ina,  Calabria,  1853.  An  Italian  sculptor. 
Jerba  (jer'ba).  An  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Ca- 
hes,  belonging  to  Tunis:  the  ancient  Meninx. 
It  is  known  as  the  island  of  the  lotus-eaters,  and  was  the 
scene  of  the  massacre  of  18,000  Christians  by  the  Turks, 
May  11, 1560.  Poole. 

Jeremiah  (jer-e-ml'a).  [Heb.,  prob. £ the  Lord’s 
appointed  (or  exalted)  one.’]  The  second  of  the 
greater  prophets  of  Israel.  He  lived  and  prophesied 
during  thereigns  of  the  kingsof  Judah  from  Josiah  to  Zede- 
kiah  (from  629  to  about  680  B.  C.).  The  book  of  his  prophecy 
gives  numerous  details  of  his  personal  history.  It  is  largely 
occupied  with  denunciations  of  the  sins  of  the  nation  and 
warnings  of  evils  to  come  on  account  of  them.  Some  of 
his  prophetic  utterances  were  accompanied  and  illustrated 
by  symbolical  actions. 

Jeremy.  A witty  valet  in  Congreve’s  ‘ ‘ Love  for 
Love.” 

Jeremy  Diddler.  See  Diddler. 

Jerez,  Francisco.  See  Xeres. 

Jerez  (or  Xerez)  de  la  Frontera  ( Ha-re th'  da 
la  fron-ta'ra).  A city  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
diz, Spain,  situated  near  the  Guadalete  14  miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz : probably  the  ancient  Asta 
Regia.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  production  and  export  of 
sherry  wine.  It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  Sara- 
cens under  Tarik  over  the  West  Goths  under  Roderic  in 
711.  Alfonso  X.  recovered  it  in  the  middle  of  the  13th 
century.  Population,  63,473. 

Jerez  de  los  Caballeros  (Ha-reth'da  los  ka-Bal- 
ya'ros).  A town  in  the  province  of  Badajoz, 
Spain,  39  miles  south  of  Badajoz.  Population, 
10,271. 

Jericho  (jer'i-ko).  In  Bible  geography,  a city 
of  Palestine,  situated  west  of  the  Jordan  and 
14  miles  east-northeast  of  Jerusalem,  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  Joshua  and  rebuilt  by  Ahab ; was  the  residence 
of  Herod  the  Great ; was  destroyed  by  Vespasian,  rebuilt  by 
Hadrian,  and  again  destroyed  by  the  Crusaders. 

Jermyn  (jer'min),  Henry,  Earl  of  St.  Albans. 
Bom  in  England  about  1600 : died  at  London, 
Jan.,  1684.  An  English  statesman,  in  1624  he  was 
attached  to  the  British  embassy  in  Paris,  and  was  returned 
to  Parliament  for  Liverpool  in  1628.  On  July  2, 1628,  he  be- 
came vice-chamberlain  to  the  queen.  He  represented  St. 
Edmuudsbury  in  the  Long  Parliament,  and  was  involved  in 
the  “first  army  plot  ” to  overawe  Parliament,  March,  1641. 
In  the  hostilities  which  followed  he  was  engaged  mainly  in 
procuring  war  material  on  the  Continent.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1643,  was  wounded  at  Auburn  Chase  Sept, 
18, 1643,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Jermyn  of 
St.  Edmondsbury,  Sept.  8.  He  returned  to  France  with 
the  queen  in  1644  and  directed  her  correspondence,  the  in- 
terception of  which  exposed  the  king’s  attempt  to  procure 
foreign  aid.  After  the  death  of  Charles  I.  he  remained  in 
France  with  Charles  II.  On  April  27, 1660,  he  was  created 
earl  of  St.  Albans.  At  the  Restoration  Jermyn  received 
many  favors,  his  success  being  largely  due  to  his  influence 
with  the  queen  mother.  He  was  made  ambassador  to  Paris, 
and  employed  himself  in  strengthening  the  influence  of 
Louis  XIV. 

Jeroboam  (jer-o-bo'am)  I.  King  of  Israel  953- 
927  B.  C.  (Duncker),  son  of  Nebat  of  the  tribe 
of  Ephraim.  He  organized  a revolt  of  the  ten  northern 
tribes  against  Rehoboam,  and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Is- 
rael (1  Ki.  xi.-xiv.,  2 Chron.  ix.-xiii.), 

Jeroboam  II.  King  of  Israel  790-749  b.  c. 
(Duncker),  son  of  Joash  whom  he  succeeded. 
He  was  the  most  prosperous  of  the  kings  of  Is- 
rael (2  Ki.  xiv.). 

Jerome  (je-rom'  or  jer'om),  Saint  (Eusebius 
Hieronymus).  [Gr.  fI epuwyos,  sacred  name; 
L.  Hieronymus,  It.  Geronimo,  Girolamo,  Sp.  Jero- 
nimo, Jeromo,  Pg.  Jeronimo,  P.  Jerdme,  G.  Hie- 
ronymus.'] Born  at  Stridon,  Pannonia,  about 
340:  died  at  Bethlehem,  Sept.  30,  420.  A father 
of  the  Latin  Church.  He  studied  at  Rome  under  Do- 
natus  the  grammarian  and  Victorinus  the  rhetorician.  In 
373,  during  a journey  through  the  Orient,  he  was  attacked 
with  a severe  illness,  on  recovering  from  which  he  devoted 
himself  to  an  ecclesiastical  life.  He  became  a presbyter  at 
Antioch  in  379,  and  in  382  removed  to  Rome,  where  he  be- 
came secretary  to  Pope  Damasus.  After  the  death  of  this 
pontiff  he  entered  a monastery  at  Bethlehem.  He  pub- 
lished a Latin  version  of  the  Bible,  known  as  the  Vulgate 


Jerusalem 

(which  see),  and  by  his  knowledge  of  Greek  and  Hebrew 
introduced  the  treasures  of  the  Eastern  Church  into  the 
West.  The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that  by  Vallarsi 
(1734—42). 

Jerome,  King  of  Westphalia.  See  Bonaparte. 
Jerome  in  the  Wilderness.  A painting  by  Ti- 
tian, in  the  Brera  at  Milan.  The  solitary  figure  of  the 
saint  is  broadly  and  vigorously  treated.  The  background 
brings  to  mind  a wild  scene  in  Friuli,  with  its  rocks,  pines, 
and  gnarled  oaks. 

Jerome  of  Prague.  Born  at  Prague,  Bohemia, 
about  1365 : burned  at  Constance,  Baden,  May  30, 
1416.  A Bohemian  religions  reformer,  an  asso- 
ciate and  follower  of  Huss.  He  was  condemned 
for  heresy  by  the  Council  of  Constance,  1415-16. 

Jeronimo  (je-ron'i-mo),  or  Hieronimo  (hi-e- 
ron'i-mo),  The  first  part  of.  A play  by  Thomas 
Kyd.  It  was  acted  in  1588  or  1592.  The  only  version  ex- 
tant was  printed  in  1605.  The  second  part  was  called  “The 
Spanish  Tragedy  ” (which  see).  Jeronimo,  the  hero  of  both, 
is  an  old  man,  the  marshal  of  Spain,  who  goes  mad  with 
grief  over  the  murder  of  his  son.  His  ravings  were  ridi- 
culed by  contemporary  and  later  dramatists,  and  became 
regular  expletives  in  the  slang  of  the  period.  Shakspere 
alludes  to  this  in  his  “Go  by  J eronymy  ” in  his  “ Taming  of 
the  Shrew.” 

Tlie  two  “Jeronimo”  or  “ Hieronimo"  plays  were,  as  has 
been  said,  extremely  popular,  and  it  ispositively  known  that 
Jonson  himself,  and  probably  others,  were  employed  from 
time  to  time  to  freshen  them  up,  with  the  consequence 
that  the  exact  authorship  of  particular  passages  is  some- 
what problematical.  Both  plays,  however,  display,  nearly 
in  perfection,  the  rant,  not  always  quite  ridiculous  but  al- 
ways extra  vagant, from  which  Shakespere  rescued  the  stage. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  74. 

Jerrold  (jer'old),  Douglas  William.  Born  at 
London,  Jan.  3,  1803:  died  there,  June  8, 1857. 
An  English  dramatist,  satirist,  and  humorist. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Samuel  Jerrold,  an  actor,  and  was 
brought  on  the  stage  when  a child.  In  later  life  he  occa- 
sionally acted,  but  was  never  inclined  to  the  profession. 
His  education  was  very  slight:  his  knowledge  of  Latin, 
French,  Italian,  and  English  dramatic  literature  having 
been  acquired  entirely  by  his  own  efforts.  From  1813  to 
1815  he  served  as  midshipman  in  the  royal  navy,  which 
was  engaged  in  operations  against  Napoleon  in  Belgium. 
Returning  to  London  in  1816,  he  maintained  himself  as 
apprentice  to  a printer,  and  by  contributions  to  periodical 
literature.  A play,  “ More  Frightened  than  Hurt,”  was  pro- 
duced in  London  April  30, 1821,  and  later  in  Paris.  “Black- 
eyed  Susan,  or  All  in  the  Downs,”  produced  June  8,  1829, 
at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  was  his  first  important  success.  It 
was  brought  out  also  at  Drury  Lane  in  1835.  In  18:.6  he 
undertook  the  management  of  the  Strand  Theatre  without 
success.  He  now  turned  his  attention  to  the  reviews  and 
magazines,  contributing  to  the  “Athenaeum,”  “Black- 
wood's,” etc.  He  attached  himself  to  “ Punch  ” at  its  ap- 
pearance in  1841,  and  was  a constant  contributor  until  his 
death.  His  articles  were  signed  Q.  His  greatest  success 
was  “Mrs.  Caudle’s  Curtain  Lectures.”  From  1852  until 
his  death  he  edited  “Lloyd’s  Weekly  Newspaper.”  He 
wrote  about  40  plays. 

Jerrold,  William  Blanchard.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  23, 1826:  died  at  Westminster,  March 
10, 1884.  An  English  journalist  and  author,  eld- 
est son  of  Douglas  Jerrold.  On  the  death  of  his 
father  he  succeeded  to  the  editorship  of  “Lloyd’s  Weekly 
Newspaper.”  He  was  a Liberal  in  politics,  and  defended 
the  North  in  the  Civil  War.  His  chief  work  is  a “Life  of 
Napoleon  III.”  (1875-82),  He  wrote  a number  of  plays, 
“Cool  as  a Cucumber”  (1851),  etc. 

Jersey  (jer'zi).  The  largest,  most  important, 
and.  southernmost  of  the  Channel  Islands,  cap- 
ital St.  Helier’s,  situated  in  lat.  49°  10'  N.,  long 
2°  T W.  It  exports  potatoes,  cattle,  fruit,  oysters,  gran- 
ite, etc.  The  government  is  vested  in  a lieutenant-governor 
appointed  by  the  British  crown,  and  the  “states”  (a  local 
legislature).  It  is  the  ML.  C;esarea.  Length,  10  miles. 
Breadth,  5 to  6 miles.  Area,  45  square  mileB.  Population^ 
52,796. 

Jersey  City.  The  capital  of  Hudson  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Hudson  opposite 
New  York.  It  is  the  terminus  of  many  railway  and 
steamer  lines,  and  has  important  manufactures  of  tobacco, 
etc.  It  was  formerly  called  Paulus  Hook,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  the  City  of  Jersey  in  1820,  and  as  Jersey  City  in 
1838.  Population,  267,779,  (1910). 

Jerseys  (jer'ziz),  The.  A collective  name  for 
East  Jersey  and  West  Jersey,  into  which  New 
Jersey  was  temporarily  divided  in  1676. 

Jerusalem  (je-ro'sa-lem).  [Heb.  Yerushdlem 
or  Yerushdlayim,  probably  ‘ city  of  peace  ’ ; in 
the  Assyrian  inscriptions  Ursalimmu;  in  the 
tablets  of  Tel-el-Amarna  Uru-Salim,  Gr.  'lepov- 
aa'/r/fi,  L.  Hicrosolyma.]  The  ancient  capital  of 
Palestine,  regarded  by  the  Jews  still  as  their 
sacred  city,  and  as  a holy  city  by  both  Chris- 
tians and  Mohammedans.  Its  identity  with  Salem 
(Gen.  xiv.  18)  is  disputed.  It  first  appears  as  Jebns,  or  the 
city  of  the  Jebusites,  from  whom  David  captured  it  or  its 
site,  establishing  himself  in  the  “ stronghold  of  Zion,”  and 
making  it  his  capital.  Its  situation  was  suitable  for  a na- 
tional metropolis : it  lay  in  the  territory  of  the  mighty  tribe 
of  Judah,  and  virtually  in  the  center  of  the  country,  33 
miles  from  the  sea  and  about  19  from  the  Jordan,  while  it 
was  the  more  secure  from  being  some  distance  off  the  great 
highroad  of  the  nations.  It  was  also  a mountain  city,  sit- 
uated in  the  heart  of  the  “hill  country,”  surrounded  by 
limestone  hills,  and  itself  on  the  edge  of  the  chain,  its 
highest  point  being  2,582  feet  above  sea-level.  Solomon 
beautified  it  by  erecting  the  temple  as  a stable  national 
sanctuary,  and  otherwise,  and  surrounded  the  city  with  a 


Jerusalem 

real  wall.  The  secession  of  the  ten  tribes  under  Solomon's 
son  Rehoboam  left  Jerusalem  the  capital  of  the  southern 
kingdom  only.  Under  Rehoboam  it  was  invaded  by  the 
Egyptian  king  Shishak,  and  the  temple  and  palace  were 
in  part  despoiled  (about  970  B.  C.).  Under  Joram  (848- 
844)  the  temple  wTas  again  plundered  by  Arabian  and  Phil- 
istine hordes.  Joash,  king  of  Israel,  defeating  King  Am- 
aziah  of  Judah,  made  a wide  breach  in  the  walls  and 
spoiled  the  city.  Under  Uzziah  (792-740)  Jerusalem  and 
all  J udah  enjoyed  prosperity,  but  were  visited  by  an  earth- 
quake. Hezekiah  provided  the  city  with  water  by  means 
of  a subterranean  canal : in  his  reign  it  was  besieged  with- 
out success  by  Sennacherib.  After  Josiah  fell  in  the  battle 
of  Megiddo,  Judah  was  at  the  mercy  of  Egypt.  N echo  took 
Jehoahaz  prisoner,  and  exacted  a heavy  fine  from  the  city 
and  country.  Jerusalem  was  visited  by  Nebuchadnezzar, 
king  of  Babylon,  after  his  victory  over  the  Egyptians  at 
Carchemish : probably  the  city  was  besieged,  as  he  carried 
off  some  of  the  vessels  of  the  temple.  In  597  the  Babylo- 
nians reappeared  before  Jerusalem:  the  city  surrendered, 
the  treasuries  of  the  temple  and  palace  were  pillaged,  and 
King  Jehoiachin,  the  whole  court,  7,000  warriors,  1,000  ar- 
tisans, etc.  (in  all  10,000),  were  carried  off  to  Babylon.  Zed- 
ekiah,  made  king  in  his  stead,  revolted  against  Babylon, 
and  Nebuchadnezzar,  after  a terrible  siege  of  18  months, 
again  captured  Jerusalem  (586).  The  Babylonians  now 
carried  off  all  the  treasures  that  remained;  the  temple 
was  burned,  and  the  city  and  land  deserted  by  all  but  the 
very  poorest  class.  In  536  Cyrus  issued  a decree  authoriz- 
ing the  rebuilding  of  the  temple,  and  a large  colony,  com- 
prising all  classes,  returned  to  Judah.  After  many  delays 
the  temple  was  finished  in  516,  and  the  city  and  its  walls 
were  rebuiltunderNehemiah,  about  445.  In  320  Jerusalem 
was  taken  by  Ptolemy  I.  Soter.  The  high  priest  Simeon  the 
Just  (about  300-270)  effected  many  improvements  in  the 
city.  In  198  Judea  came  under  the  rule  of  theSeleucidas,  and 
Jerusalem  opened  its  gates  to  Antiochus  the  Great.  Un- 
der Antiochus  Epiphanes  (175-164)  it  again  became  a thea- 
ter of  massacre:  in  170  he  slew  the  citizens,  plundered 
the  temple,  and  carried  off  many  captives ; and  in  168  his 
army,  after  a great  slaughter,  plundered  and  burnt  the 
city,  and  destroyed  the  walls.  Antiochus  endeavored  to 
enforce  the  introduction  of  heathen  worship : the  temple 
was  desecrated  and  the  observance  of  Jewish  ceremonies 
was  absolutely  forbidden.  This  persecution  provoked  the 
successful  rising  of  the  Maccabees,  and  the  temple  was  pu- 
rified and  consecrated  anew  in  165.  The  city  enjoyed  pros- 
perity under  John  Hyrcanus  I.  (135-105),  buta  struggle  for 
the  throne  between  two  Maccabees  resulted  in  rompey’s 
coming  to  Jerusalem  in  63  and  reducing  it,  and  in  an  inva- 
sion in  40  by  the  Parthians.  In  37 B.  c.  J erusalem  was  taken 
by  Herod  with  the  aid  of  the  Romans.  Herod  embellished 
it  with  palaces,  theaters,  gymnasia,  etc.,  and  especially  by 
the  rebuildingof  the  temple.  He  also  completed  the  recon- 
struction of  a fortress  built  by  John  Hyrcanus,  naming  it 
Antonia,  after  Mark  Antony.  Soon  after  Herod's  death 
Judea  was  reduced  to  a Roman  province,  and  Jerusalem 
wasoftenthe  sceneof  riots andbloodyencountersbetween 
the  Jews  an  d the  Roman  soldiers.  The  oppressive  rul  e of 
the  procurators,  especially  of  Gessius  Elorus,  led  to  resis- 
tance which  ended  in  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem.  The 
city,  with  its  triple  walls,  was  besieged  first  by  Cestius 
Florus,  the  governor  of  Syria,  and  for  two  years  by  the  em- 
perors Vespasian  and  Titus.  Within  it  was  ravaged  by 
party  quarrels,  famine,  and  pestilence ; and  at  last,  after  a 
most  heroic  resistance,  it  fell  in  70  A.  D.  Its  temple  was 
burned,  and  it  lost  forever  its  political  importance.  For 
more  than  50  years  after  its  destruction  by  Titus,  Jerusa- 
lem ceased  to  exist.  About  130  the  emperor  Hadrian  erected 
a town  on  its  site,  which  he  named  A51ia  Capitolina,  or 
simply  ASlia,  and  settled  with  a colony  of  veterans.  About 
the  same  time  a revolt  under  Bar-Cochba  occurred,  in 
which  the  Jews  became  masters  of  J erusalem  and  attempt- 
ed to  rebuild  the  temple;  and  it  took  Julius  Severus,  the 
greatest  general  of  his  time,  two  years  to  recapture  it.  On 
the  site  of  the  temple  various  heathen  temples  were  now 
erected.  Jews  were  forbidden  to  enter  it  on  pain  of 
death,  and  a swine  was  sculptured  over  the  gate  leading 
to  Bethlehem.  Christian  pilgrimages  to  J erusalem  began 
as  early  as  the  3d  century.  Helena,  mother  of  Constan- 
tine, visited  it  in  326,  and  the  empress  Eudociain  438,  and 
numerous  churches  were  erected  on  the  holy  places.  It 
was  an  episcopal  see  subordinate  to  Cmsarea  till  after  the 
Council  of  Chalcedon  (451),  when  it  became  an  indepen- 
dent patriarchate.  It  was  taken  by  the  Persians  in  614, 
but  was  regained  by  Heraclius  in  628.  In  637  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Saracen  Omar  it  had  then  about  50,00,1  in- 
habitants. In  969  it  passed  over  to  Egyptian  B’atimites. 
From  1099  to  1187  it  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Jerusalem  of  the  Crusaders,  who  slew  most  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan and  Jewish  inhabitants.  Captured  in  1187  by 
Saladin,  it  was  surrendered  in  1229  to  the  emperor  Fred- 
erick II.  Since  1244  it  has  been  in  possession  of  the  Mo- 
hammedans, and  since  1517  under  Turkish  rule.  In  1800 
Napoleon  planned  the  capture  of  Jerusalem,  but  gave  up 
his  intention.  Mehemet  Ali,  pasha  of  Egypt,  took  pos- 
session of  it  in  1832;  in  1834  it  was  seized  and  held  for 
some  time  by  insurgent  Bedouins ; and  in  1841  it  was  again 
restored  to  the  sultan.  Modern  Jerusalem  is  a city  of  the 
vilayet  of  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  31° 47'  N., 
long.  35°  13'  E.  The  Christian  quarter  occupies  the  north- 
west of  it,  the  Mohammedan  the  northeast,  the  Jewish 
the  southeast,  and  the  Armenian  the  southwest.  It  is 
the  residence  of  the  Pasha  of  Palestine,  and  is  now  con- 
nected with  Jaffa  by  railway.  The  TTaram  esh  Sherif  is  on 
the  supposed  site  of  the  temple.  Population,  estimated, 
70,000.  See  Centura  Atlas,  Map  X. 

Jerusalem.  An  opera  Verdi,  produced  at 
Paris  in  1847. 

Jerusalem,  Council  of.  A council  of  tlie  apos- 
tles, elders,  and  brethren,  convened  at  Jerusa- 
lem 50  or  51  A.  d.  for  the  settlement  of  ques- 
tions that  had  arisen  regarding  the  recognition 
of  Gentile  Christians  and  the  obligation  of  their 
being  circumcised.  The  deliverance  of  the  coun- 
cil is  given  in  Acts  xv.  23-29. 

Already  the  peace  of  the  flourishing  community  at  Anti- 
och had  been  disturbed  by  some  of  the  more  zealous  con- 
verts from  Jerusalem,  who  still  asserted  the  indispensable 
necessity  of  circumcision.  Paul  and  Barnabas  proceeded 
C.— 35 


545 

as  delegates  from  the  community  at  Antioch  ; and  what 
is  called  the  Council  of  Jerusalem,  a full  assembly  of  all 
the  apostles  then  present  in  the  metropolis,  solemnly  de- 
bated this  great  question. 

MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  I.  403. 

J erusalem,  Kingdom  of.  A Christian  kingdom 
in  Syria,  1100-87,  largely  under  French  influ- 
ence. It  was  continued  as  a titular  kingdom, 
now  held  nominally  by  the  house  of  Austria. 
Jerusalem  Chamber.  Aroom  at  the  southwest 
side  of  Westminster  Abbey,  dating  from  1376 
or  1386.  Henry  IV.  died  in  this  room.  The  Upper  House 
of  Convocation  of  the  Province  of  Canterbury  meets  in  it. 
It  probably  derives  its  name  from  tapestries  with  the  his- 
tory of  Jerusalem  on  them,  which  hung  on  the  walls. 

Jerusalem  Coffee  House.  An  old  house  in  Corn- 

hill,  London.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  city  news- 
rooms, and  is  frequented  by  merchants  and  captains  con- 
nected with  the  commerce  of  China,  India,  and  Australia. 
Timbs. 

Jerusalem  Delivered,  It.  Gerusalemme  Lib- 
erata.  An  epic  poem  by  Torquato  Tasso,  re- 
lating to  the  deliverance  of  Jerusalem  from  the 
unbelievers  by  the  Crusaders  under  Godfrey  of 
Boiiillon  (published  1581 ; English  translations 
by  Fairfax,  1600,  aDd  James,  1865). 

Jervis  (jer'vis),  John,  Earl  St.  Vincent.  Bora 
at  Meaford,  Jan.  9,  1735:  died  March  14,  1823. 
An  English  admiral.  He  entered  the  royal  navy 
as  able  seaman  Jan.  4,  1749.  Sept.  24,  1787,  he  was  pro- 
moted rear-admiral,  and  in  1790  was  returned  to  Par- 
liament for  Wycombe.  Feb.  1,  1793,  he  became  vice-ad- 
miral, and  on  July  1, 1795,  was  made  admiral.  On  Nov. 
29,  179E>,  he  joined  the  fleet  on  the  coast  of  Corsica  as 
commander-in-chief.  Sept.  25,  1796,  he  was  ordered  to 
abandon  Corsica  and  the  Mediterranean  and  to  defend  the 
Channel.  To  prevent  the  union  of  the  allied  fleet  with  the 
French  squadron  at  Brest,  he  took  up  a position  off  Cape 
St.  Vincent  Feb.,  1797.  On  Feb.  14  a battle  was  fought, 
resulting  in  the  capture  of  four  Spanish  ships.  He  was 
at  once  gazetted  to  an  earldom  with  the  title  of  St.  Vin- 
cent. He  relinquished  his  command  June  15, 1799.  In  the 
summer  of  1800  he  again  entered  the  service  in  command 
of  the  Channel  fleet.  In  1801  he  became  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty.  On  the  collapse  of  the  Addington  ministry  and 
the  return  of  Pitt  to  power,  St.  Vincent’s  retirement  from 
the  admiralty  became  necessary.  After  the  death  of  Pitt 
he  again  entered  the  service  with  the  acting  rank  of  ad- 
miral of  the  fleet,  March,  1806,  but  was  relieved  April  24, 
1807. 

Jervis,  Sir  John.  Bom  Jan.  12,  1802 : died  at 
London,  Nov.  1,  1856.  An  English  jurist,  lord 
chief  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas.  He  was  second 
cousin  of  John  Jervis,  Earl  St.  Vincent.  He  studied  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1824.  From  1826  to  1832  he  reported  in  the  Exchequer 
court.  Dec.,  1832,  he  was  returned  for  Chester  as  a Liberal 
in  the  first  reform  Parliament.  Hewasappointedsolicitor- 
general  in  1846,  and  attorney-general  in  the  same  year. 
July  16,  1850,  he  was  appointed  lord  chief  justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas.  In  1848  were  passed  three  bills  which  bear 
his  name,  regulating  the  duties  of  justices  of  the  peace. 
Jesi  (ya'se).  A city  in  the  province  of  Ancona, 
easternltaly,  situated  on  the  Esino  16  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Ancona  : the  ancient  rEsis  or  2Esi- 
um.  It  has  a cathedral,  and  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of 
the  emperor  Frederick  II.  Population,  commune,  23,208. 
Jesse  (jes'e).  The  father  of  David,  king  of  Is- 
rael. 

Jesse,  John  Heneage.  Bom  1815 : died  at  Lon- 
don, July  7, 1874.  An  English  historical  writer. 
He  published  ‘ ‘ Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  England 
during  the  Reign  of  the  Stuarts  ” (1840),  and 
similar  works. 

Jessel  (jes'el),  Sir  George.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  13, 1824:  died  there,  March  21,  1883.  An 
English  jurist.  He  was  the  son  of  a Jewish  merchant. 
He  graduated  at  London  University  in  1843,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  in  1847.  Jessel  was  returned 
to  Parliament  for  Dover  in  Dec.,  1868,  and  was  appointed 
solicitor-general  in  1871.  During  his  tenure  of  office  oc- 
curred the  Geneva  arbitration.  In  1873  he  was  made  mas- 
ter of  the  rolls. 

Jesselmere.  See  Jaisalmir. 

Jessica  (jes'i-ka).  In  Shakspere’s  “Merchant 
of  Venice,”  thedaughter  of  Shylock.  she  elopes 
with  Lorenzo,  taking  her  father’s  jewels  and  money.  “ A 
most  beautiful  pagan,  a most  sweet  Jew.” 

Jesso.  See  Yezo. 

Jessonda.  An  opera  by  Spohr,  first  produced 
at  Cassel  in  1823,  and  at  London  in  1840. 
Jessor,  or  Jessore  (jes-sor').  A district  in  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  23°  N., 
long.  89°  30' E.  Area,  2,925  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,813,155. 

Jests  of  Goimella.  The  jests  of  the  domestic 
fool  of  Nicolo  d’Este : they  were  printed  in 
1506. 

Jesuits  (jez'u-its).  [So  called  (first,  it  is  said, 
by  Calvin,  about  1550)  from  the  name  given  to 
the  order  by  its  founder  (NL.  Societas  Jesu,  the 
Company  (or  Society)  of  Jesus).]  The  mem- 
bers of  tho  “ Society  of  Jesus”  (or  “Company 
of  Jesus  ”),  founded  by  Ignatius  Loyola  in  1534, 
and  confirmed  by  tho  Pope  in  1540.  its  member- 
ship  includes  two  general  classes  (l:»ymen,  or  temporal  co- 
adjutors, and  priests)  and  six  grades  — namely,  novices, 
formed  temporal  coadjutors,  approved  scholastics,  formed 


Jewel 

spiritual  coadjutors,  the  professed  of  three  vows,  and  the 
professed  of  four  vows.  The  professed  of  the  four  vows 
are  the  most  influential  class : they  form  the  general  con- 
gregation, and  fill  the  highest  offices  and  the  leading  mis- 
sions. The  general  is  elected  for  life  by  the  general  con- 
gregation. They  were  expelled  from  France  in  1594  ; re- 
stored in  1603 ; again  expelled  in  1764,  and  for  the  last 
time  in  1880.  They  were  expelled  from  Spain  in  1767,  and 
at  different  times  from  various  other  countries.  In  1773 
tlie  order  was  suppressed  by  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  but  it 
was  revived  in  1814. 

Jesus  (je'zus).  [Gr.  ’It/covr,  Sfaviour,  from  Heb. 
Jehoshua  or  Joshua,  Jehovah  is  salvation;  used 
in  Acts  vii.  45,  Heb.  iv.  8 for  Joshua.]  The 
personal  name  of  the  founder  of  Christianity, 
often  joined  with  the  official  name  Christ,  the 
Anointed  One  ( Jesus  Christ  or  Christ  Jesus).  He 
is  the  central  figure  in  the  Christian  religion,  belief  in 
him  as  the  Son  of  God  and  the  Saviour  of  men  being  its  dis- 
tinctive characteristic.  His  personality  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  much  controversy.  The  Trinitarian  doctrine  that 
there  is  but  one  God  and  yet  three  equal  subjects  or  “per- 
sons” in  one  Godhead  is  that  now  accepted  generally 
throughout  Christendom,  the  essence  of  the  Father  and 
Son  being  regarded  as  the  same,  as  was  maintained  in  the 
early  church  by  the  Homoousians  in  opposition  to  the 
Homoiousians,  who  held  that  their  natures  are  only  sim- 
ilar, and  the  Heteroousians,  who  held  that  they  are  dif- 
ferent. According  to  the  narratives  of  the  four  gospels, 
Jesus  was  born  of  Mary,  a virgin  of  the  tribe  of  Judah  and 
family  of  David,  in  a stable  at  Bethlehem  ; was  brought 
up  as  a carpenter  in  the  workshop  of  his  reputed  father  ; 
entered,  when  about  30  years  of  age,  on  a public  ministry ; 
traveled  for  two  or  three  years  through  J udea  and  Galilee, 
teaching  and  working  numerous  miracles,  especially  of 
healing,  accompanied  more  or  less  by  twelve  men  whom 
he  had  chosen  as  his  disciples  ; was  thereafter  seized  by  the 
Jews,  subjected  to  an  irregular  trial  on  a charge  of  blas- 
phemy, handed  over  by  the  Jews  to  Pilate,  the  Roman 
governor,  and  ultimately  sent  by  him  to  crucifixion  ; died 
on  the  cross,  was  buried,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  third 
day  rose  again  from  the  dead  ; was  afterward  seen  of  many 
witnesses;  and  forty  days  later  ascended  into  Heaven. 
The  birth  of  Jesus  is  now  generally  believed  to  have  taken 
place  about  four  years  before  the  period  from  which  we 
reckon  our  years  in  the  vulgar  or  Christian  era. 

Jesus,  Raphael  de.  See  Raphael  de  Jesus. 
Jesus  College.  A college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, England,  founded  in  1496  by  John  Al- 
cock,  bishop  of  Ely,  on  the  site  of  a Benedic- 
tine monastery.  The  chapel  is  the  old  convent  church, 
somewhat  cut  down  ; its  architecture  is  Norman  and  Early 
English,  with  some  Perpendicular  interpolations. 

Jesus  College.  A college  of  the  University  of 
Oxford,  founded  in  1571  by  Queen  Elizabeth: 
originally  intended  for  Welsh  students.  It  was 
rebuilt  in  1621-67,  and  restored  in  1856.  The  chapel  (built 
1621)  is  notable  for  its  wainscoting  of  paneled  oak,  and  the 
hall  for  its  portraits  and  Jacobean  screen. 

Jesus  Disputing  with  the  Doctors.  A paint- 
ing by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the  Royal  Museum  at 
Madrid. 

Jethro  (jeth'ro).  [Heb., ‘excellence.’]  A priest 
or  chief  of  the  Midianites  who  inhabited  the 
southern  point  of  Sinai,  the  father  of  seven 
daughters,  one  of  whom,  Zipporah,  was  married 
to  Moses.  In  Ex.  ii.  18,  Num.  x.  29  the  name  is  given  as 
Reuel.  Perhaps  the  latter  was  his  personal  name,  and 
Jethro  an  honorary  title,  or  the  discrepancy  of  the  names 
may  be  due  to  separate  and  independent  narratives.  By 
the  advice  of  Jethro,  Moses  appointed  deputies  to  judge 
the  people  and  to  share  the  burden  of  government  with 
him  (Ex.  xviii.). 

Jeu  de  Paume  (zhe  de  pom),  Hall  of  the.  [F., 

‘ tennis.’]  A building  in  Versailles,  France. 
It  is  famous  for  the  oath  to  form  a constitution  sworn  here 
by  the  representatives  of  the  Third  Estate  June  20, 1789. 

Jeunesse  Doree  (zhe-nes'  do-ra').  [F.,  ‘ gilded 
youth.’]  In  French  history,  a liand  of  young 
men  who  formed  a reactionary  faction  against 
the  Jacobins  after  the  9th  Thermidor,  year  2 
(July  27,  1794). 

Jever  (ya'fer).  A town  in  Oldenburg,  Germany, 
34  miles  north-northwest  of  Oldenburg : former- 
ly the  chief  town  of  Jeverland,  an  old  division 
of  Friesland. 

Jevons  (jev'onz),  William  Stanley.  Born  at 
Liverpool,  Sept.  1,  1835:  drowned  while  bath- 
ing near  Hastings,  Aug.  13,  1882.  An  English 
economist  and  logician.  He  was  the  son  of  a nail- 
maker  and  iron  merchant  of  Liverpool.  He  entered  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  in  1851,  and  studied  chemistry  with 
his  cousin.  Sir  Henry  Itoscoe.  In  1853  he  became  assayer 
to  the  new  mint  at  Sydney,  Australia,  resigning  his  ap- 
pointment in  1859  to  return  to  University  College.  From 
1862  to  1864  he  published  numerous  dissertations  on  cur- 
rency and  finance.  In  1864  appeared  his  “ Pure  Logic,  or 
the  Logic  of  Quality  apart  from  Quantity,"  based  on  the 
work  of  Boole.  In  1865  he  published  a work  on  the  ex- 
haustion of  the  coal-mines.  He  wasappointed  to  the  chair 
of  logic  and  political  economy  at  Owens  College,  Manches- 
ter, in  1866,  and  to  the  professorship  of  political  economy 
at  University  College  in  1876.  This  he  resigned  in  1880. 
He  published  “The  Substitution  of  Similars  "(1869),  “Stud- 
ies in  Deductive  Logic  " (1880),  “The  Principles  of  Sci- 
ence’’(18741,  “ The  Theory  of  Political  Economy"  (1871). 

Jew,  The  Wandering.  See  Wandering  Jew,  The. 
Jewel  (jo'el),  John.  Born  May  24, 1522.  died 
at  Monkton  Farleigb,  Sept.  23,  1571.  Bishop  of 
Salisbury.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Morton  College)  in 
1540,  and  was  elected  fellow  of  Corpus  Chris!  i in  1542.  On 
the  accession  of  Mary  in  1553,  Jewel  was  deprived  of  his 


Jewel 

fellowship,  and  fled  to  Frankfort  March  13, 1555.  On  Mary  s 
death  he  returned  to  England.  His  letters  to  Peter  Mar 
tyrand  other  friends  at  this  time  are  a valuable  source  of 
historical  information.  He  was  appointed  a disputant  at 
the  Westminster  Conference  in  1559,  preacher  at  Paul’s 
Cross  in  June,  1560,  and  bishop  of  Salisbury  in  July,  1560. 
In  1562  appeared  his  “Apologia  pro  Ecclesia  Anglicaua," 
the  first  methodical  statement  of  the  Church  of  England’s 
position  against  the  Church  of  Rome.  Jewel’s  complete 
works  were  collected  under  the  direction  of  Archbishop 
Bancroft  and  published  in  1609. 

Jew  of  Malta,  The.  A play  by  Marlowe,  it  was 

written  after  1588,  and  was  frequently  acted  between  1591 
and  1596.  It  was  revived  in  1601  and  1633,  and  in  1818  Kean 
produced  an  altered  version  at  Drury  Lane.  The  earliest 
English  edition  extant  is  dated  1633,  and  was  edited,  some- 
what altered,  by  T.  Heywood.  It  presents  the  popular 
idea  of  an  avaricious,  murderous  Jew. 

There  was  an  older  play  of  “The  Jew,”  named  by  Ste- 
phen Gosson  in  his  “ School  of  Abuse  ” as  setting  forth 
“the  greediness  of  worldly  choosers  and  the  bloody  minds 
of  usurers,”  which  seems  to  have  been  a treatment  in  one 
play  of  the  two  fables  which  form  the  groundwork  of 
Shakespeare’s  “ Merchant  of  Venice.”  Some  years  after 
the  death  of  Marlowe  we  find  evidence  in  Germany  of  the 
existence  of  a play  in  which  Barabas  of  “ The  Jew  of  Mal- 
ta” is  made  one  with  the  Jew  of  the  other  play.  It  has, 
therefore,  some  rough  features  of  resemblance  to  “The 
Merchant  of  Venice,”  and  in  the  course  of  this  piece  it  is 
to  be  observed  that  Barabas  changes  his  name  to  Joseph. 

Morley , English  Writers,  X.  117. 

Jews  (joz).  [From  Judah.\  Loosely,  t-lie  Se- 
mitic nation  that  was  earlier  called  Hebrews, 
Israelites,  or  the  children  of  Israel;  strictly, 
the  people  descended  from  the  tribes  of  Judah 
and  Benjamin  (see  Judah,  Kingdom  of).  After 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  (70  a.  n.)  these  were  scat- 
tered throughout  other  countries.  They  still  remain  a 
distinct  people,  often  oppressed  and  persecuted,  but  re- 
taining their  nationality  and  distinguished  by  specific 
characteristics.  Their  number  at  the  present  time  is  es- 
timated at  12,000,000,  of  which  about  6,000,000  are  in 
Russia  and  2,000,000  in  the  United  States. 

Jewsbury  (joz'ber-i),  Geraldine  Endsor.  Born 
at  Measham,  Derbyshire,  in  1812 : died  Sept. 
23, 1880.  An  English  novelist.  She  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Jewsbury  of  Manchester.  In  1841  she 
became  associated  with  Thomas  Carlyle  and  his  wife,  and 
removed  to  Chelsea,  to  be  near  them,  in  1854.  Among  her 
novels  are  “ Zoe  ” (1845),  “ The  Half-Sisters ” (1848),  “ Sor- 
rows of  Gentility*’  (1856),  etc.;  and  she  wrote  several 
children’s  stories  and  short  tales. 

Jewsbury,  Maria  Jane  (afterward  Mrs. 
Fletcher).  Born  at  Measham, Derbyshire, Eng- 
land, Oct.  25,  1800:  died  at  Poonah,  India,  Oct. 
4, 1833.  An  English  author,  sister  of  Geraldine. 

She  wrote  “ Phantasmagoria,  etc.,"  “Letters  to  the  Young,” 
“Lays  of  Leisure  Hours,”  etc.  Her  best  work  appeared 
in  the  “Athenaeum.” 

Jeypore  (ji-por'),  or  Jaipur  (ji-por').  1.  A na- 
tive state  in  Rajputana,  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  76°  E.  It  passed  under  British 
protection  in  1818.  Area,  15,579  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 2,658,666. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Jeypore,  situated 
in  lat.  26°  55'  N.,  long.  75°  52'  E.  it  is  the  chief 

city  of  Rajputana,  and  an  important  financial  center,  and 
is  noted  for  its  fine  buildings.  It  was  founded  in  1728. 
Population,  160,167. 

Jezebel  (jez'e-bel).  The  wife  of  Akab,  king  of 
Israel,  whom’she  married  before  his  accession, 
and  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Atha- 
liak,  queen  of  Judah,  and  of  Ahaziah  and  Jo- 
ram,  kings  of  Israel.  She  was  a Phenician  princess, 
daughter  of  Ethbaal,  king  of  the  Sidonians,  and  estab- 
lished the  Phenician  worship  at  the  court  of  Ahab.  She 
was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Jehu. 

Jezreel  (jez're-el),  mod.  Zerin  (ze-ren').  In 
Bible  geography,  a city  in  the  plain  of  J czreel, 
Palestine,  situated  near  Mount  Gilboa,  53  miles 
north  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  the  capital  of  Israel  under 
the  dynasty  of  Ahab.  Ahaziah  and  Joram  were  killed 
here  by  Jehu. 

Jhalawar  (ja/la-war).  A native  state  of  Raj- 
putana, India,  consisting  of  two  separate  por- 
tions, situated  about  lat.  23°-24°N.,  long.  75°- 
76°  E.  It  is  under  British  protection.  Area, 
810  square  miles.  Population,  90,175.  The 
state  was  remodeled  in  1899. 

Jhana  (j-ha'na).  See  Dhyani  Buddha. 

Jhang  (jung).  1.  A district  in  tho  Multan  divi- 
sion, Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
31°  15'  N.,  long.  72°  15'  E.  Area,  6,652  square 
miles.  Population,  1,002,656. — 2.  A town  in 
the  district  of  Jhang,  about  lat.  31°  18'  N., 
long.  72°  23'  E.  Population,  24,382. 

Jhansi  (jan'se).  1.  A district  in  the  Allahabad 
division,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long. 
79°  10'  E.  Area,  3,628  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 616,759. — 2.  A fortified  town  in  Gwa- 
lior, India,  situated  in  lat.  25°  27'  N.,  long.  78° 
35'  E.  It  was  the  Beene  of  a massacre  of  Europeans  in 
1857 ; was  captured  by  the  British  in  1858 ; and  was  ceded 
to  Gwalior  in  1861,  and  restored  to  the  British  in  1886. 
Population,  55,724. 

Jhelum,  or  Jhelam  (je'lum),  or  Jhyluin,  or 

Jhilam  (jl'lum),  etc.  1.  One  of  the  rivers  of 
the  Panjab,  India,  rising  in  Kashmir  and  join- 


546 

ing  the  Chenab  in  lat.  31°  10'  N. : the  ancient 
Hydaspes.  On  its  banks  Alexander  the  Great  defeated 
Porus,  326  B.  C.  Srinagar  in  Kashmir  is  on  its  banks. 
Length,  about  450  miles. 

2.  A district  in  the  Rawal  Pindi  division, 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  33° 
N.,  long.  73°  E.  Area,  2,813  square  miles. 
Population,  501,424. — 3.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Jhelum,  situated  on  the  river  Jhelum 
in  lat.  32°  56'  N.,  long.  73°  47'  E.  Pop.,  14,951. 
Jibaros.  See  Jivaros. 

Jicarilla  (He-ka-rel'ya).  An  Athapascan  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians:  named  for  their 
skill  in  basketry.  They  are  now  on  a reserva- 
tion near  Tierra  Amarilla,  in  northern  New 
Mexico. 

Jiddah  ( jid'da),  or  Jeddah  (jed'da).  A seaport 
in  Arabia,  in  the  vilayet  of  Hedjaz,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, situated  on  the  Red  Sea  in  lat.  21°  28'  N., 
long.  39°  11'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial  cen- 
ters of  Arabia,  and  the  landing-place  for  Mecca  pilgrims. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a massacre  of  the  Christians  1858.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  22,000. 

Jihun.  See  Amu-Daria. 

Jijona  (He-Ho'na).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  eastern  Spain,  12  miles  north  of  Ali- 
cante. Population,  6,901. 

Jilolo.  See  Gilolo. 

Jim  Crow  (jim  kro).  A dramatic  song  and 
negro  dance  brought  out  by  Thomas  D.  Rice, 
the  first  “negro  minstrel,”  in  Washington  in 
1833.  Joseph  Jefferson  appeared  with  him  in 
this  dance  when  only  4 years  old. 

Jimena  de  la  Frontera  (He-ma'na  da  la  fron- 
ts/ra).  A town  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain, 
north  of  Gibraltar.  Population,  7,549. 
Jimenes.  See  Ximenes. 

Jimenez  (He-ma'nath),  Jesus.  Born  at  Cartago, 
June  18, 1823:  died  at  San  Jose,  Feb.  17, 1897.  A 
Costa  Rican  statesman,  president  of  the  repub- 
lic May  8, 1863,  to  May  8, 1865,  and  again  Nov.  1, 
1868,  to  April  28, 1870,  when  he  was  overthrown 
by  a revolution.  He  was  moderate  in  politics, 
and  under  him  the  country  progressed  steadily. 
Jina.  See  Jainas. 

Jingas  (zheng'gas).  See  Ngola. 

Jingle,  Alfred,  otherwise  Charles  Fitz  Mar- 
shall. A swindler  with  an  airy  temperament 
and  a glib  tongue,  in  Dickens’s  “Pickwick  Pa- 
pers.” 

Jinnestan  (jin-es-tan').  An  ideal  region  in  the 
mountains  of  Kaf,  the  abode  of  jinns  and  peris 
and  devs,  in  Persian  mythology. 

Jisdra,  or  Jizdra  (zhez'dra).  A town  in  the 
government  of  Kaluga,  central  Russia,  situated 
on  the  river  Jisdra  82  miles  southwest  of  Kaluga. 
Jitomir.  See  Zhitomir. 

Jivaros  (He-va'ros).  A race  of  Indians  in  Ecua- 
dor and  northern  Peru,  about  the  rivers  flow- 
ing into  the  upper  Amazon.  They  are  still  numer- 
ous, and  are  divided  into  many  petty  hordes  with  differ- 
ent names.  AH  are  savages  of  a rather  low  grade,  living 
mainly  by  hunting,  and  making  waron  other  tribes;  their 
language  has  never  been  classified.  For  arms  they  use 
lances  and  blow-guns  with  poisoned  arrows.  They  dry 
and  preserve  their  enemies’  heads,  and  also  those  of  their 
chiefs : these  heads  are  well  known  in  museums.  Mis- 
sionaries preached  to  the  Jivaros  in  the  16th  century,  but 
they  revolted  in  1599  and  destroyed  many  settlements; 
recently  they  hav-e  received  Italian  missionaries.  Also 
written  Jibaros,  Givaros,  or  Xivaros. 

Joab(jo'ab).  [Heb. , 4 Y aliveh  is  my  father.’]  The 
commander  of  the  Hebrew  army  under  King 
David  (about  1033-993  B.  C.).  He  commanded  in  the 
war  against  Ishboslieth,  the  son  of  Saul,  as  well  as  against 
the  Gentiles.  He  treacherously  slew  Abner,  Saul’s  former 
captain,  after  he  had  become  reconciled  with  David  ; and 
despatched  David’s  rebellious  son  Absalom.  He  was  killed 
by  order  of  Solomon  for  conspiring  with  Adonijah. 
Joachim,  King  of  Naples.  See  Murat. 
Joachim  (yo'a-cliim),  Joseph.  Born  at  Kittsee, 
near  Presburg,  Hungary,  June  28,  1831;  died' at 
Ckarlottenburg,  Aug.  15,  1907.  A celebrated 
German  violinist  and  composer.  He  had  great 
success  as  a solo  and  quartet  player.  In  1849  he  was  made 
leader  of  the  grand  duke’s  band  at  Weimar.  He  was  con- 
ductor of  concerts  and  solo  violinist  to  the  King  of  Han- 
over 1853-66,  and  head  of  the  musical  school  at  Berlin  1868. 
He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of  music  in 
1877  from  Cambridge.  He  was  a master  of  technic.  He 
composed  “Hungarian  Concerto,"  etc. 

Joachimites  (jo'a-kim-its).  The  followers  or 
believers  in  the  doctrines  of  an  Italian  mystic, 
Joachim  (died  about  1200),  abbot  of  Floris. 
The  most  important  feature  of  his  doctrines  was  the  belief 
that  the  history  of  man  will  be  covered  by  three  reigns: 
the  first,  that  of  the  Father,  from  the  creation  till  the  birth 
of  Christ ; the  second,  that  of  the  Son,  from  the  birth  of 
Christ  till  1260;  and  the  third,  that  of  the  Holy  Spirit, 
from  1260  onward.  This  last  view  was  developed  by  his 
adherents  into  the  belief  that  a new  gospel  would  super- 
sede the  revelation  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  These 
views  had  many  supporters  in  the  13th  century. 

Joachirnsthal  (yo'a-chims-tal).  A mining  and 


Joannes  VI.  Palaeologus 

manufacturing  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  in 
lat.  50°  23'  N.,  long.  12°  54'  E.  Its  silver-mines 
were  celebrated  in  the  16th  century.  The  word  thaler, 
dollar,  is  derived  from  this  place.  Population,  commune, 
7,550.  (1910). 

Joan,  surnamed  “The  Fair  Maid  of  Kent.”  [From 
Joanna .]  Born  1328:  died  at  Wallingford  Cas- 
tle, Aug.  7, 1385.  The  wife  of  Edward,  prince  of 
Wales,  ‘ ‘ the  Black  Prince,”  and  mother  of  Rich- 
ard II.,  probably  the  younger  daughter  of  Ed- 
mund of  Woodstock,  earl  of  Kent,  sixth  son  of 
Edward  I.  In  Oct.,  1330,  the  young  queen  Philippa  took 
charge  of  her,  and  she  became  “in  her  time  the  most 
beautiful  of  all  the  kingdom  (?)  of  England  and  the  most 
lovable  ’’  ( Froissart ).  She  was  first  married  to  Sir  Thomas 
Holland,  steward  of  the  household  to  William  de  Monta- 
cute,  second  earl  of  Salisbury.  A few  months  after  his 
death  (Dec.  28,  1360)  she  married  the  Black  Prince.  The 
marriage  was  celebrated  by  Simon  Islip  (whom  see),  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  at  Lambeth,  Oct.  10, 1361.  Between 
1362  and  1371  she  was  with  the  prince  in  Aquitaine,  where 
hertwo  sons  Edward  and  Richard  II.  were  born.  The  Black 
Prince  died  on  June  8,  1376,  and  in  June,  1377,  Richard 
became  king.  At  her  interposition  in  1378  proceedings 
against  Wyclif  at  Lambeth  were  arrested.  She  also  ex- 
erted all  her  influence  to  heal  the  breach  between  Richard 
and  John  of  Gaunt.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Joan,  Queen  of  Scotland,  called  “Joan  of  the 
Tower.”  Born  in  the  Tower,  London,  about 
July,  1321:  died  Aug.  14, 1362.  The  fourth  and 
youngest  child  of  Edward  H.  and  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  France.  In  the  summer 
of  1327  Isabella  and  Mortimer,  in  the  name  of  Edward  III., 
proposed  to  Robert  Bruce,  then  besieging  Norham,  the 
marriage  of  his  son  and  heir  David  to  Joan,  and  the  mar- 
riage was  included  among  the  conditions  of  the  peace  con- 
cluded at  Northampton,  April,  1328.  They  were  married 
at  Berwick,  July  12,  1328.  The  Scots  called  the  princess 
“Joan  Make-peace.”  The  children  were  crowned  at  Scone 
Nov.  24,  1331.  When  Edward  Baliol  seized  the  crown  of 
Scotland  (Sept.  24,  1332),  David  and  Joan  lied  to  Dumbar- 
ton, and  in  1334  to  the  Chateau  GaiHard  in  France  until 
May,  1341,  when  they  returned  to  Scotland. 

Joan.  A mythical  female  pope,  supposed  to 
have  reigned  about  855-858.  She  is  represented  as 
of  English  descent,  although  born  atlngelheim  or  Mainz, 
and  as  having  fallen  in  love  with  a young  Benedictine 
monk,  with  whom  she  fled  in  male  attire  to  Athens.  After 
his  death  she  removed  to  Rome,  where  she  rose  to  the 
rank  of  cardinal.  She  was  elected  pope  as  John  VIII. 
on  the  death  of  Leo  IV.,  and  died  in  childbirth  during  a 
public  procession. 

Joan  of  Arc  (jo-an'  or  jon  ov  ark),  F.  Jeanne 
d’Arc  or  Dare  (zhan  dark),  called  “The  Maid  of 
Orleans.”  Born  at  Domremy,  Jan.  6, 1412 : died 
May  30, 1431.  The  French  national  heroine,  she 
was  the  illiterate  daughter  of  a peasant  proprietor  at  Dom- 
remy. At  the  time  of  her  appearance  in  history  the  English 
were  masters  of  the  whole  of  France  north  of  the  Loire,  and 
the  queen  mother  Isabella  supported  the  pretensions  of  her 
grandson  Henry  VI.  of  England  to  the  throne  of  France 
in  opposition  to  her  son  Charles  VII.  of  France.  Accord- 
ing to  a version  of  a prophecy  by  Merlin,  which  was  cur- 
rent in  her  native  province  and  with  which  she  was  un- 
doubtedly familiar,  France  was  to  he  overwhelmed  with 
calamities,  but  was  to  be  delivered  by  a virgin  out  of  the 
forest  of  Domremy.  She  imagined  that  she  heard  super- 
natural voices  commanding  her  to  liberate  France,  and 
eventually  gained  access  to  the  court  of  Charles  VII.,  who 
intrusted  her  with  the  command  of  an  army.  She  raised 
the  siege  of  Orleans  by  the  English,  May  8, 1429,  and  gained 
the  great  victory  of  Patay,  June  18, 1429,  with  the  result  that 
Charles  VII.  was  enabled,  July  17, 1429,  to  receive  the  con- 
secrated oil  at  Rheims,  where  the  kings  of  France  were 
anciently  accustomed  to  hold  the  coronation  ceremonies. 
She  was  captured  May  24, 1430,  while  defending  Conipicgne 
against  the  Duke  of  Burgundy:  was  sold  by  the  duke  to 
his  allies  the  English;  and  was  burned  at  the  stake  as  a 
heretic  at  Rouen,  May  30,  1431. 

J oan  of  Arc.  A painting  by  Bastien-Lepage,  in 
the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York.  The  maid, 

as  a coarsely  dressed  Lorraine  peasant  girl,  leans  against 
an  apple-tree  amid  rustic  surroundings,  and  looks  upward 
with  a rapt  expression.  Above  float  spectral  figures  of 
angels  and  of  knights  in  armor. 

Joanna  (jo-an'a)  I.  [Fem.  of  Joannes.']  Died 
1382.  Queen  of  Naples  1343-82.  She  procured  the 
murder  of  her  first  husband,  Andrew,  prince  of  Hungary, 
in  1345,  and  in  1346  married  Prince  Louis  of  Tarentum. 
She  was  expelled  by  Louis,  king  of  Hungary,  who  invaded 
Naples  to  avenge  the  death  of  Andrew,  but  was  restored 
in  1352.  Site  was  captured  and  put  to  death  by  the  usurper 
Charles  III.  (whom  see). 

Joanna  II.  Died  1435.  Queen  of  Naples  1414- 
1435. 

Joannes.  See  Marajo. 

Joannes  (jo-an'ez)  I.  Zimiskes.  Died  at  Con- 
stantinople, Jan.  10,  976.  Byzantine  emperor 
969-976.  Heputto death theemperorNicephorusPhocas, 
and  took  possession  of  th6  throne  by  means  of  an  adulterous 
intrigue  with  the  empress  Theopliauo.  He  defeated  the 
Russians  in  971. 

Joannes  II.  Comnenus.  See  Calo-Joannes. 
Joannes  III.  Vatatzes.  Died  at  Nymphaeum, 
Oct.  30,  1255.  Emperor  of  Nicsea  1222-55. 
Joannes  IV.  Lascaris.  Emperor  of  Nicaea 
1259-61,  son  of  Theodore  n.  Lascaris  whom  he 
succeeded.  He  was  deposed  and  blinded  by 
Michael  Palaeologus. 

Joannes  V.  Cantacuzenus.  See  Cantacusenus. 
Joannes VI. Palaeologus.  Born  1332:  died  1391. 
Byzantine  emperor  1341-91,  son  of  Androni- 


Joannes  VI.  Palaeologus 

cus  III.  whom  he  succeeded  under  the  guardian- 
ship of  Joannes  Cantacuzenus.  He  was  forced  to 
share  the  imperial  title  with  Cantacuzenus  in  1347,  but 
became  sole  emperor  on  the  abdication  of  the  latter  in 
1355. 

Joannes  VII.  Palaeologus.  Born  1390:  died 
1448.  Byzantine  emperor  1425-48. 

Joannina.  See  Janina. 

Joannites  (jo-an'Its).  The  adherents  of. John 
Chrysostom^  who  supported  him  after  his  de- 
position from  the  patriarchate  of  Constantino- 
ple in  404. 

Joash  (jo'ash).  King  of  Israel  798-790  b.  C. 
(Duncker),  son  of  Jehoahaz.  He  expelled  the  Syri- 
ans from  his  kingdom,  and  defeated  and  captured  Amaziah, 
king  of  Judah,  and  plundered  the  temple  at  Jerusalem. 
Joash.  King  of  Judah  837-797  B.  C.  (Duncker), 
son  of  Ahaziah.  He  was  the  only  prince  of  the  royal 
house  who  escaped  massacre  on  the  usurpation  of  the 
throne  by  Athaliah  (whom  see).  He  was  proclaimed  by  the 
high  priest  Jehoiada  (whom  see),  who  overthrew  Athaliah, 

‘ n 837.  He  put  to  death  Zechariah,  the  son  of  J ehoiada,  in 
anger  at  being  rebuked  for  restoring  the  worship  of  Baal, 
and  was  murdered  by  his  own  servants  during  an  invasion 
of  the  Syrians. 

Job  (job).  [Heb.  lyob.']  The  hero  of  a book 
of  the  Old  Testament  named  from  him.  ne  is 
a man  of  great  wealth  and  prosperity,  who  is  suddenly 
overtaken  by  dire  misfortunes.  These  give  rise  to  a series 
of  discussions  between  Job  and  a number  of  friends  who 
come  to  visit  him.  The  problem  discussed  is  whether  suf- 
fering is  always  the  punishment  for  sin,  and,  conversely, 
whether  sin  is  always  followed  by  punishment.  Job  as- 
serts his  righteousness,  and  his  friends  assume  that  his 
suffering  must  be  a punishment  for  sin.  A righteous  man 
named  Job  is  mentioned  in  Ezek.  xiv.  14,  but  it  is  gen- 
erally assumed  that  the  book  itself  is  not  historical  in  char- 
acter. This  assumption  is  found  as  far  back  as  the  Talmud. 
The  authorship  has  been  ascribed  to  Moses,  Jeremiah, 
Ezra,  and  other  biblical  writers.  Some  modern  critics 
consider  it  an  Israelitish  production,  and  place  it  directly 
after  the  fall  of  Samaria  (722  B.  c.),  while  others  hold  that 
it  is  a Judaic  production  dating  from  the  period  of  the 
Babylonian  captivity.  The  work  is  poetic  in  form,  with  a 
prose  prologue  and  epilogue.  Some  writers  call  it  a drama, 
others  a didactic  lyric.  It  is  held  by  some  that  the  book 
in  its  present  form  is  not  the  original  poem.  The  prologue 
and  epilogue  are  considered  later  additions.  The  speeches 
of  Elihu  (one  of  the  friends)  are  held  to  be  interpolations 
made  in  the  interest  of  orthodox  beliefs,  and  some  writers 
consider  still  other  passages  interpolations  made  from  the 
san,  - point  of  view.  The  great  literary  merit  of  the  book 
is  recognized  by  all  modern  writers. 

Jocasta  (jo-kas'ta).  A play  by  Gascoigne  and 
Francis  Kinwelmarsb,  acted  in  1566.  it  has  been 
supposed  to  be  the  only  Early  English  play  derived  from 
the  Greek,  but  is  really  a translation  from  the  Italian  of 
Lodovico  Dolce. 

Jocaste  (jo-kas'te),  or  Epicaste  (ep-i-kas'te). 
[Gr.  ’IukAot?/,  Eracsr?.]  In  Greek  legend,  the 
wife  of  Laius,  and  mother  of  (Edipus  whom  she 
afterward  married.  See  CEdipus. 

Jocelin,  or  Joscelin  (jos'e-lin).  Flourished 
1200.  An  English  hagiographer,  a Cistercian 
monk  of  the  abbey  of  Furness  in  Lancashire, 
and  later  of  the  monastery  at  Down,  northern 
Ireland.  He  wrote  “Life  and  Miracles  of  St.  Walthen 
of  Melrose,"  “Life  of  David,  King  of  Scotland,”  “Life 
of  St.  Kentigern,”  “Life  and  Miracles  of  St.  Patrick,”  and 
was  probably  the  author  of  a “Life  of  St.  Helen,”  and  a 
work  “De  Britonum  Episcopis”  mentioned  by  Stowe. 

Jocelin  de  Brakelonde.  Flourished  1200.  A 
native  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  chronicler  of 
St.  Edmund’s  Abbey.  He  entered  the  convent  in 
1173.  His  chronicle  of  the  abbey  covers  the  period  from 
1173  to  1202.  The  graphic  account  of  the  abbot  Samson 
suggested  Carlyle’s  “Past  and  Present”  (1843). 

Jochanan  ben  Zaccai  (jo-ka'nan  ben  zak'ki). 
The  celebrated  founder  of  the  school  of  Jabne 
(which  see),  and  head  of  the  Jewish  community 
after  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Ro- 
mans. He  had  a school  in  Jerusalem.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolution  he  urged  the  maintenance  of  peace  with 
Rome.  Later  he  managed  to  escape  from  the  besieged  city 
into  the  Roman  camp,  being  carried  out  of  the  town  as  a 
corpse.  He  obtained  from  Vespasian  permission  to  open 
a school  in  Jabne,  and  through  the  activity  he  displayed 
as  head  of  the  school  and  president  of  the  Sanhedrim, 
which  likewise  took  up  its  abode  at  Jabne,  became  the  re- 
storer and  regenerator  of  Jewish  national  life  out  of  the 
ruins  of  the  state  and  temple.  His  last  blessing  to  his 
disciples  surrounding  his  death-bed  was:  “May  the  fear  of 
God  influence  your  actions  as  much  as  the  fear  of  man.” 

Jodelle  (zho-del'),  Etienne,  Sieur  de  Lymodin. 
Born  at  Paris,  1532:  died  there,  July,  1573.  A 
French  dramatic  poet,  a member  of  the  Pleiade, 
and  the  founder  of  modern  French  tragedy  and 
comedy.  Ho  wrote  the  tragedies  “CKiopatre 
captive”  (1552),  “ Didon  ” (1553),  the  comedy 
“ Eugene,”  etc. 

Jodhpur  (jod-por').  1.  A native  state  in  Raj- 
putana,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long. 
72°  E. : called  also  Marwar.  It  passed  under  Brit- 
ish  protection  in  1818.  Area,  34,963  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,935,565. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Jodhpur,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  26°  17'  N.,  long.  73°  4'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 79,109. 

Jodrell  (jo'drel),  Richard  Paul.  Born  Nov.  13, 


547 

1745:  died  at  London,  Jan.  26,  1831.  An  Eng- 
lish classical  scholar  and  dramatist,  a friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson.  became  member  of  Parliament 
for  Seaford,  Sussex,  in  1794.  He  wrote  “Philology  of  the 
English  Language  "(1820),  “A  Widow  and  no  Widow  " (pro- 
duced at  the  Haymarket  July  17,  1779),  “The  Persian 
Heroine,"  a tragedy  (printed  1786,  and  acted  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Persian  ambassador  June  2,  1819). 
Joel(jo'el).  [ITeb.,  'Jehovah  is  God.’]  Tliesec- 
ond  in  order  of  the  minor  prophets  of  Israel. 

His  prophecy,  which  consists  of  3 chapters,  is  spoken  partly 
in  his  own  name  and  partly  in  that  of  Jehovah.  It  fore- 
tells judgments  that  are  to  come  in  Israel,  exhorts  the  peo- 
ple to  repentance  and  reform,  and  promises  ultimate  bless- 
ings. Its  date  has  been  much  disputed. 

Jogues  ( zhog),  Isaac.  Born  at  Orleans,  France, 
Jan.  10,  1607:  killed  at  Caughnawaga,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  18, 1646.  A French  Jesuit  missionary.  He 
entered  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  in  1624;  was  ordained 
priest  in  1636 ; and  in  the  same  year  went  to  Canada,  being 
sent  there  as  a missionary  to  the  Hurons.  He  was  cap- 
tured in  1642  by  the  Mohawks,  hut  escaped  with  the  as- 
sistance of  the  Dutch  in  1643.  In  1646  he  voluntarily  re- 
turned to  the  Mohawks,  with  a view  to  establishing  a mis- 
sion ; but  was  looked  upon  as  a sorcerer  and  killed.  He 
wrote  a “Description  of  New  Netherlands,”  a “Notice  of 
Rend  Goupil,”  and  a “Journal”  of  his  captivity,  which 
have  been  published  in  the  “Collections  of  the  New  York 
Historical  Society.” 

Johanna.  See  Joanna. 

Johanna  (jo-han'a)  Island,  or  Anzuan  (an-zo- 
an'),  or  Anjuan  (an-jo-an').  One  of  the  Co- 
moro Islands,  situated  in  Mozambique  Channel, 
east  of  Africa,  in  lat.  12°  16'  S.,  long.  44°  25'  E. 
It  is  governed  by  a sultan  residing  at  the  head 
town,  Johanna.  Population  (estimated),  12,000. 
Johannes  (yo-hlin'nes),  sumamed  Parricida 
(‘  the  Parricide’)  (John  of  Swabia).  Bom 
1290:  died  1368.  A German  prince  He  was  the 
nephew  of  King  Albert  I.,  whom  he  murdered  near  Win- 
disch,  Aargau,  Switzerland,  May  1,  1308,  for  withholding 
his  hereditary  domains. 

Johannesburg  (yo-han'nes-borG).  A town  in 
Transvaal,  South  Africa,  about  300  miles  north- 
east of  Kimberley.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Wit- 
watersrand  gold-fields,  laid  out  in  1886.  Popu- 
lation, 158,580. 

Johannes  Secundus  (jo-lian'ez  se-kun'dus) 
(originallyjan  Everaerts).  Born  at  The  Hague, 
Nov.,  1511:  died  at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  1536. 
ADutchpoet,  noted  for  his  Latin  lyrics,  elegies, 
etc.  His  “Basia”  was  published  in  1539. 
Johanngeorgenstadt  (y6-han//ga-or'gen-stat) . 
A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  in 
the  Erzgebirge,  on  the  Schwarzwasser,  29  miles 
south-southwest  of  Chemnitz.  Population, 
6,230. 

Johannisberg  (yo-han'nis-berG).  A village  of 
Prussia,  on  the  Rhine  near  Wiesbaden.  It  is 
noted  for  its  vineyards,  which  produce  the  Jo- 
hannisberger  wine. 

Johannot  (zho-a-no'),  Alfred.  Boru  at  Offen- 
bach, March  21, 1800 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  7, 1837. 
A French  historical  painter.  He  was  first  known 
as  the  engraver  of  the  pictures  of  Yernet  and 
Ary  Scheffer. 

Johannot,  Tony.  Bom  at  Offenbach,  Nov.  9, 
1803 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  4, 1852.  A French  his- 
torical painter  ami  engraver,  brother  of  Alfred. 
John  (jon),  the  Apostle.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
Jon;  also,  after  the  L.,  Johan ; ME.  Jon  (with 
long  vowel,  as  in  the  gen.  Jones,  whence  the 
mod.  surname  Jones),  also  Johan,  OF.  Johan, 
Jehan,  Jean,  F.  Jean,  Sp.  Juan,  Pg.  Jodo,  It. 
Giovanni,  Gianni,  Gian,  D.  Jan,  G.  Johann,  Russ. 
Ivan,  etc.,  fromLL.  Joannes,  Johannes,  Gr.  ’luav- 
vt/c,  Heb.  Yehohhanan  (in  Eng.  O.  T.  Johanan), 
‘the  Lord  graciously  gave.’  The  form  Jack, 
often  used  as  a familiar  substitute  for  John,  is 
really  a short  form  of  Jacob.)  One  of  the  three 
disciples  of  Jesus  who  were  admitted  to  closest 
intimacy  with  him,  preeminently  “the  disciple 
whom  Jesus  loved.”  He  was  the  son  of  Zebedee,  and 
originally  a fisherman,  nis  brother  James  and  he  were 
designated  “Boanerges,”  sons  of  thunder.  He  leaned  on 
the  bosom  of  Jesus  at  the  last  supper,  and  was  present 
at  the  crucifixion,  when  Jesus  committed  his  mother  to 
John  s special  care.  He  is  generally  believed  to  have  been 
the  author  of  the  gospel  and  the  three  epistles  that  bear 
his  name,  and  also  of  the  Apocalypse  or  Revelation,  though 
the  question  of  the  authorship  of  all  these  has  more  or  less 
been  matter  of  discussion.  Early  ecclesiastical  traditions 
tell  that,  after  an  enforced  or  voluntary  exile  to  the  isle  of 
Patmos,  he  returned  to  Ephesus,  and  died  there  at  a great 
age. 

John,  The  Gospel  of.  The  fourth  gospel,  the 
authorship  of  which  is  generally  attributed  to 
the  apostle  John.  It  has  very  much  less  in  common 
with  the  other  three  gospels  than  they  have  with  each 
other.  Its  main  purpose  is  set  forth  in  the  book  itself : 
"These  are  written  that  ye  might  believe  that  Jesus  is  the 
Christ,  the  Son  of  God,  and  that,  believing,  ye  might  have 
life  through  his  name  ” (xx.  31).  While  it  is  largely  nar- 
rative, the  discourses  and  sayings  of  Jesus  have  promi- 
nence (see  especially  xiv.-xvii.).  The  date  usually  assigned 
to  it  is  from  80  to  90  A.  D. 


John 

John,  the  Baptist.  Bom  about  5 (?)  b.  C. : be- 
headed about  30  A.  D.  The  forerunner  of  Jesus, 
and  the  last  of  the  Hebrew  prophets. 

John  I.,  Saint.  Pope  523-526.  He  was  a native  of 
Tuscany,  and  was  elevated  on  the  death  of  Hormisdas.  In 
526  he  was  sent  by  Theodoric,  king  of  the  East  Goths,  at 
the  head  of  an  embassy  to  the  Byzantine  emperor  to  obtain 
toleration  for  the  Arians,  in  which  he  was  only  partially 
successful.  He  was  suspected  by  Theodoric  of  having 
secretly  opposed  the  object  of  the  mission,  and  was  on  lm 
return  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  died.  He  is  com- 
memorated in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  May  27. 
John  II.,  surnamed  Mercurius  (on  account  of 
his  eloquence).  Pope  532-535. 

John  III.  Pope  560-573.  During  his  pontificate 
Italy  was  ravaged  by  frequent  incursions  of  the 
Lombards. 

J Ohn  IV.  Pope  640-642.  He  was  a native  of  Salona  in 
Dalmatia,  and  condemned  the  Monothelitic  formula  of 
faith  prepared  by  Sergius  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor 
Hc-raclius. 

John  V.  Pope  685-686.  He  was  a native  of 
Antioch  in  Syria. 

John  VI.  Pope  701-705. 

John  VII.  Pope  705-707. 

John  VIII.  Pope  872-882,  a Roman  by  birth.  He 
crowned  the  emperors  Charles  the  Bald  (875)  and  Charles 
the  Fat  (881),  and  paid  tribute  to  the  Saracens. 

John  IX.  Pope  898-900. 

John  X.  Pope  914-928.  He  was  elevated  through  the 
influence  of  his  mistress  Theodora,  a courtezan  at  Rome. 
He  defeated  the  Saracens  near  the  Garigllano  in  916. 
John  XI.  Born  906:  died  936.  Pope  931-932, 
son  of  Marozia  (whom  see)  and  Pope  Sergius 

IH.  He  was  deposed  by  his  brother  Alberic,  and 
died  in  prison. 

John  XII.  Died  964.  Pope  955-963,  son  of  Alberic 

II. ,  patrician  of  Rome,  and  grandson  of  Marozia 
(whom  see).  He  called  to  his  aid  against Berengarius  II. 
of  Italy,  Otto  I.  of  Germany,  whom  he  crowned  emperor 
in  962.  He  presently  conspired  against  the  emperor,  how- 
ever, and  was  deposed  by  him  in  963. 

John  XIII.  Pope  965-972. 

John  XIV.  Pope  983-984.  He  was  elected,  through 
the  influence  of  the  emperor  Otto  II.,  to  succeed  Benedict 
VII.,  but  was  imprisoned  by  the  antipope  Boniface  VII.  in 
984,  and  died  probably  by  poison. 

John  XV.  Pope  985-996. 

John  XVI.  (Philagathus).  Antipope  997-998. 

lie  was  elevated  by  Crescentiuson  the  expulsion  of  Gregory 
V.  in  997,  hut  was  imprisoned  and  blinded  by  the  emperor 
Otto  III.  in  998. 

John  XVII.  (Sicco).  Pope  1003. 

John  XVIII.  (Fanasus  or  Fasanus).  Pope 
1003-09. 

John  XIX.  Pope  1024-33. 

John  XXI.  (or  XX.).  Pope  1276-77. 

John  XXII.  (Jacques  d’Euse).  BomatCahors, 
France,  about  1244:  died  1334.  Pope  1316-34. 
He  made  his  residence  at  Avignon,  and  was  wholly  sub- 
servient to  the  interests  of  the  French  court.  He  opposed 
the  emperor  Louis  the  Bavarian,  whose  imperial  dignity 
he  offered  to  Charles  the  Fair  of  France.  Louis,  however, 
installed  Nicholas  V.  as  antipope  at  Rome  in  1328,  hut  on 
retiring  from  Italy  was  unable  to  prevent  Nicholas  from 
falling  into  the  hands  of  John. 

John  XXIII.  (Baltasare  Gossa).  Bom  at  Na- 
ples about  1360 : died  at  Florence,  Nov.  22, 
1419.  Pope  1410—15.  He  served  as  a corsair  in  his 
youth ; afterward  studied  at  the  University  of  Bologna ; 
was  created  a cardinal  in  1402 ; and  in  1410  succeeded 
Alexander  V.,  whose  death  he  was  suspected  of  having 
encompassed.  He  was  opposed  by  the  antipopes  Bene- 
dict XIII.  and  Gregory  XII.,  along  with  whom  he  was 
deposed  by  the  Council  of  Constance  in  1415. 

John  (Sp.  Juan  (no-an'))  I.  Born  Dec.  27, 
1350 : died  1395.  King  of  Aragon  1387-95,  son 
of  Pedro  IV. 

John  (Sp.  Juan)  II.  Born  June  29,  1397 : died 
Jan.  20,  1479.  King  of  Aragon  1458-79,  son  of 
Ferdinand  I. 

John  (Sp.  Juan)  I.  Born  in  Aug.,  1358:  died 
1390.  King  of  Castile  1379-90,  sonof  Henry  II. 
John  (Sp.  Juan)  II.  Died  in  June,  1454.  King 
of  Castile  1406-54. 

John,  G.  Johann  (yo'han),  surnamed  “The 
Blind.”  Born  about  1296 : killed  at  the  battle 
of  Crecy,  Aug.  26,  1346.  King  of  Bohemia,  of 
the  house  of  Luxemburg,  1310-46.  He  fought 
at  the  battle  of  Muhldorf  in  1322. 

John,  surnamed  Lackland.  Born  probably  at 
Oxford,  Dec.  24,  1167  (?) : died  at  Newark,  Oct. 
19,  1216.  King  of  England  1199-1216,  son  of 
Henry  II.  and  Eleanor.  He  ascended  the  English 
throne  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Richard  I.  without 
issue.  His  succession  was  recognized  also  in  the  duchy 
of  Normandy,  but  the  lords  of  Anjou,  Maine,  and  Tou- 
raine  declared,  according  to  their  custom  of  inheritance, 
in  favor  of  Arthur  as  the  son  of  an  elder  brother.  Having 
put  Arthur  to  death  in  1203,  his  French  fiefs  were  de- 
clared forfeited  by  Philip  II.  of  France,  who  took  Chateau 
Gaillard,  the  last  of  John’s  strongholds  in  France,  March 
6,  1204.  On  the  death  of  Hubert  Walter,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  in  1205,  a disputed  election  for  the  archbish- 
opric was  followed  by  a reference  to  Rome,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  election  of  Stephen  Langton  by  the  com- 
mand of  Pope  Innocent  III.  in  1206.  John  refused  to  rcc- 


John 

ognize  the  new  archbishop,  and  England  was  laid  under 
an  interdict  in  1208.  In  1212  the  Pope  issued  a bull  de- 
posing John  and  intrusting  the  execution  of  the  deposi- 
tion to  Philip  II.  of  France.  John  made  his  peace  with 
the  Pope  by  consenting  to  hold  his  kingdom  in  fief  from 
the  Pope  and  to  pay  an  annual  tribute  of  1,000  marks 
(May  15,  1213).  He  thereupon  invaded  France  in  alliance 
with  the  emperor  Otto  IV.,  the  Flemish,  and  others,  but 
was  defeated  with  his  allies  at  Bouvines  in  1214.  In  the 
mean  time  the  barons,  with  whom  he  had  been  embroiled 
ever  since  his  accession  by  his  exactions  and  misgovern- 
ment,  iiad  combined  to  secure  a reform  in  the  govern- 
ment, and  on  his  return  John  was  compelled  to  sign  the 
Magna  Charta  (which  see)  at  Runnymede,  June  15,  1215. 
He  appealed  to  the  Pope,  who  declared  the  charter  void. 
The  barons  retorted  by  declaring  the  crown  forfeited  and 
bestowing  it  upon  Louis,  son  of  Philip  II.  of  France,  who 
landed  in  England  in  1216.  John  died  during  the  ensuing 
war,  and  his  opportune  death  preserved  the  crown  for 
his  son  Henry  III. 

John  (F.  Jean)  II.,  sm-named  “Le  Bon”  (‘the 
Good’).  Died  at  London,  April  8,  1364.  King 
of  France  1350-64,  son  of  Philip  VI.  He  was  de- 
feated and  captured  by  the  British  under  the  Black  Prince 
at  Poitiers  in  1356,  and  was  restored  to  liberty  by  the 
peace  of  BrCtigny  in  1360. 

John  (Pg.  Joao)  I.,  surnamed  “The  Great.” 
Born  at  Lisbon,  April  22,  1357 : died  Aug.  11, 
1433.  King  of  Portugal  1385-1433,  illegitimate 
son  of  Pedro  I.  He  became  grand  master  of  Aviz  in 
1364,  and  was  in  1385  elected  to  succeed  his  legitimate 
brother  Ferdinand  I.,  to  the  exclusion  of  Ferdinand’s 
daughter  Beatrice,  wife  of  John  I.  of  Castile.  John  of  Cas- 
tile sought  to  enforce  liis  wife’s  claim,  but  suffered  a de- 
cisive defeat  at  Aljubarrota,  Aug.  14, 1385.  John  the  Great 
married  Philippa,  daughter  of  John,  duke  of  Lancaster. 

John  II.,  surnamed  “The  Perfect.”  Died  in 
Oct.,  1495.  King  of  Portugal  1481-95,  sou  of 
Alfonso  V.  During  his  reign  Bartholomeu  Dias 
discovered  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (1486). 

John  III.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  1502:  died  1557. 
King  of  Portugal  1521-57,  son  of  Emanuel  I. 
He  introduced  the  Inquisition  about  1526. 

John  IV.,  surnamed  “The  Fortunate.”  Died 
Nov.  6,  1656.  King  of  Portugal  1640-56.  He 
headed  the  revolution  against  Spain,  whose  authority  he 
threw  off,  although  the  independence  of  Portugal  was  not 
formally  recognized  before  1668.  He  was  the  first  of  the 
house  of  Braganza. 

John  V.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  22,  1689 : died 
July  31, 1750.  King  of  Portugal  1706-50,  son 
of  Pedro  II. 

John  VI.  Born  at  Lisbon,  May  13,  1767 : died 
there,  Mai’ch  10,  1826.  King  of  Portugal  1816- 
1826,  son  of  Queen  Maria  I.  He  assumed  in  1799  the 
title  of  regent  for  his  insane  mother,  whom  lie  succeeded 
in  1816.  Expelled  by  the  French  in  1807,  he  transferred 
the  government  to  Brazil,  where  he  resided  until  1821. 

John  III.  Born  1537:  died  Nov.  17, 1592.  King 
of  Sweden  1568-92,  second  son  of  Gustavus 
Vasa.  He  deposed  and  murdered  his  brother 
Eric  NIV.  whom  he  succeeded. 

John  II.  Casimir.  Born  March  21, 1609:  died 
at  Nevers,  France,  Dec.  16, 1672.  King  of  Po- 
land 1648-68,  son  of  Sigismund  III.  He  succeed- 
ed  his  stepbrother  Ladislaus,  and  waged  war  wi  h Swe- 
den and  Russia,  with  which  powers  lie  concluded  peace 
at  Oliva  May  3,  1660,  and  Andrussov  Jan.  LO,  1667,  respec- 
tively. He  abdicated  Sept.  16,  1668. 

John  III.  Sobiesld.  Born  at  Olesko,  Galicia, 
June  2,  1624:  died  June  17,  1696.  King  of  Po- 
land 1674—96.  He  brought  an  army  of  20,000  Poles  to 
the  relief  of  Vienna,  before  which  he  gained  a celebrated 
victory  over  the  Turks  Sept.  12,  1C83. 

John,  surnamed  “The  Fearless.”  Born  about 
1370:  assassinated  1419.  Duke  of  Burgundy, 
son  of  Philip  the  Bold  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1404.  He  assassinated  the  Duke  of  Orleans  in 
1407,  and  was  at  strife  with  the  dauphin  (Charles 
VII.). 

John,  G.  Johann,  surnamed  “The  Constant.” 
Born  June  30, 1468 : died  Aug.  16, 1532.  Elector 
of  Saxony,  co-regent  with  his  brother  Frederick 
the  Wise  until  the  death  of  the  latter  (May  5, 
1525).  He  was  the  Protestant  leader  at  Spires  1529,  and 
in  the  Smalkaldic  League  1531. 

John,  Don.  1.  In  Shabspere’s  comedy  “Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,”  the  bastard  brother  of 
Don  Pedro  of  Aragon.— 2.  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher’s  comedy  “The  Chances,”  a hare- 
brained but  honorable  Spanish  gentleman. 

John,  Eugenie : pseudonym  E.  Marlitt.  Born 
at  Arnstadt,  Thuringia,  Dec.  5, 1825:  died  there, 
June  22,  1887.  A German  novelist.  Among  her 
novels  is  “Goldelse”  (1866).  See  Marlitt. 

John,  Baron  Franz  von.  Bom  at  Bruek, 
Lower  Austria,  Nov.  20, 1815:  died  at  Vienna, 
May  26, 1876.  An  Austrian  general. 

John,  Little.  See  Little  John. 

John,  Prester.  See  Prester  John. 

John  of  Austria,,  generally  called  Don  Juan  or 
John  of  Austria.  Born  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria, 
Feb.  24,  1547 : died  near  Namur,  Belgium,  Oct. 
].  1578.  A celebrated  Spanish  general,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  by  Barbara 
Blomberg.  He  defeated  the  Moriscos  in  Granada  1569- 


548 

1570 ; gained  a naval  victory  over  the  Turks  at  Lepanto 
Oct.  7, 1571 ; captured  Tunis  1573 ; and  was  governor  of  the 
Netherlands  from  1576  until  his  death.  He  granted  the 
“perpetual  edict”  in  1577,  and  in  1578  declared  war  against 
the  insurgent  provinces  under  William  of  Orange. 

John  of  Beverley,  Saint.  Died  at  Beverley, 
Yorkshire,  721.  An  English  prelate,  bishop  of 
Hexham  687,  and  bishop  of  York  705. 

John  of  Beverley.  Born  at  Beverley,  York- 
shire : executed  at  St.  Giles’s  Fields,  Jan.  19, 
1414.  An  English  Carmelite  theologian,  iden- 
tified with  John  of  Beverley,  the  Lollard. 

John  of  Bologna.  [F-  Jean  de  Boulogne,  It. 
Giovanni  da  Bologna.']  Born  at  Douai  about 
1530:  died  at  Florence,  1608.  A celebrated 
Italian  sculptor.  He  was  surnamed  by  the  Italians  “II 
Fiammingo,”  from  Ms  birth  in  (he  Low  Countries.  L e went 
to  Rome  when  quite  young,  and  submitted  work  to  Michel- 
angelo. Aftertwoyears  he  settled  in  Florence.  Thegreat 
fountain  of  Neptune  in  Bologna  was  begun  in  1563  andfin- 
ishedinl5G6.  From  this  he  derived  his  name.  The  date  of 
the  “ Mercury, ’’now  in  Florence,  his  most  popular  statue, 
is  not  known.  He  also  made  the  “Rape  of  the  Sabines” 
in  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi,  the  equestrian  statue  of  Cosmo  I. 
in  the  Piazza  della  Signoria,  the  fountain  in  the  Boboli 
Gardens  (all  at  Florence)  ; the  giant  statue  of  the  Apen- 
nines at  Pratolino;  a charming  statuette  of  Venus  on  a 
fountain  at  Petraja ; and  the  bronze  doors  of  the  cathedral 
of  Pisa. 

John  of  Damascus  (John  Damascene  or 
Joannes  Damascenus),  surnamed  Chrysor- 
l'hoas.  Born  at  Damascus  at  the  end  of  the  7th 
century:  died  about  760  (?).  A theologian  and 
father  of  the  Eastern  Church.  He  is  the  reputed 
author  of  the  romance  “ Barlaam  and  Josapliat. " Eis  works 
were  edited  by  Le  Quien  (1712). 

John  of  Gamundia.  See  the  extract. 

John  of  Gamundia  was  a mathematician  and  professor  of 
astronomy.  At  his  death,  in  the  year  1442,  he  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  Vienna.  The  calendars  made 
by  him  were  highly  esteemed,  and  were  engraved  and 
printed  for  mauy  years  after  his  death.  In  his  researches 
after  old  prints,  the  late  R.  Z.  Becker,  of  Gotha,  discovered 
one  of  the  original  blocks  of  a placard  or  poster  edition  of 
the  Calendar  of  John  of  Gamundia.  He  describes  it  as 
about  10?  inches  wide,  15  ; inches  long,  and  11  inches  thick. 
The  block  was  engraved  on  both  sides. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  211,  note. 

John  of  Gaunt  (corrupted from  Ghent),  Duke  of 
Lancaster.  Born  at  Ghent,  March,  1340 : died  at 
London,  Feb.  3,  1399.  The  fourth  son  of  Ed- 
ward III.  In  1342  he  wascreated  earl  of  Richmond,  and  in 
1359  married  his  cousin  Blanche,  second  daughter  of  Henry, 
duke  of  Lancaster.  On  the  death  of  Henry  (May,  1361) 
and  his  eldest  daughter  Maud,  duchess  of  Bavaria,  he  suc- 
ceeded by  right  of  his  wife  to  the  rank  and  possessions  of 
the  dukes  of  Lancaster.  In  1367  he  accompanied  the  Elack 
Prince  on  the  Spanish  expedition.  Blanche  died  in  1363, 
and  in  1371  he  married  Constance,  eldest  daughterof  Pedro 
the  Cruel,  the  deposed  king  of  Castile.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land in  1372,  he  s'.yled  himself  King  of  Castile  by  right  of 
his  wife.  Lancaster  was  constantly  engaged  in  the  struggle 
with  France,  but  although  a brave  knight  he  was  never  a 
competent  general,  and  his  repeated  failures  contributed 
much  to  his  increasing  unpopularity.  The  Black  Prince 
died  June  8, 1376,  and  the  Good  Parliament,  which  under 
his  patronage  had  undertaken  to  reform  abuses,  was  dis- 
solved. On  July  6 the  supreme  power  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Lancaster.  His  most  poweiful opponent,  William 
of  Wykeham,  was  disgraced.  In  the  struggle  with  the 
clerical  party  Lancaster  was  drawn  into  an  alliance  with 
the  Reformers,  especially  Wyclif  whom  he  defended  be- 
fore the  convocation  at  St.  Paul’s,  Feb.  19, 1377.  His  brutal 
behavior  excited  a riot  in  London:  his  palace,  the  Savoy, 
was  attacked,  and  he  was  forced  to  take  refuge  with  Prince 
Richard  and  his  mother,  the  widow  of  the  Llack  Prince,  at 
Kennington.  Edward  III.  died  June  21,  1377,  and  Richard 
II.  became  king,  and  Lancaster’s  political  power  declined. 
He  was  engaged  in  futile  expeditions  to  France  and  Scot- 
land. While  absent  in  the  north  his  extreme  unpopularity 
was  shown  by  the  destruction  of  his  palace  of  the  Savoy 
in  Wat  Tyler’s  insurrection,  June  13,  1381.  Richard  II. 
created  him  duke  of  Aquitaine  March  2,  1390,  and  he  as- 
sisted in  negotiating  the  French  treaty  May  24,  1334. 

John  of  Gischala.  Oneof  the  heroes  and  leaders 
in  the  Judean  war  with  Rome.  He  first  gathered 
an  army  of  volunteers,  and  fortified  himself  in  his  native 
place,  Gischala,  a small  city  in  Galilee.  Driven  out  by 
Titus,  he  fled  to  Jerusalem,  and  became  one  of  the  leading 
and  ruling  spirits,  distinguishing  himself  by  undaunted 
courage,  heroism,  and  military  ability.  He  had  at  last  to 
grace  tile  triumphal  procession  of  Titus,  and  perished  in 
a dungeon  at  Rome. 

John  o’  Groat’s  (jon  o grots)  House.  A locality 
in  the  county  of  Caithness,  Scotland,  in  lat.  58° 
38'  N.,  long.  3°  4'  W.,  near  the  northeastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 

John  of  Hexham.  Flourished  1180.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  prior  of  Hexham  before  1178. 
He  continued  the  chronicle  of  Symeon  of  Durham  over 
a period  extending  from  1130-54.  It  deals  mainly  with 
the  church  in  the  north  of  England. 

John  of  Lancaster,  Duke  of  Bedford.  Born 
June  20,  1389:  died  at  Rouen,  Sept.  14,  1435. 
Regent  of  England  and  France.  He  was  the  third 
son  of  Henry  IV.  of  England  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Hum- 
phrey Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford.  He  was  knighted  at  his 
father’s  coronation  as  one  of  the  original  knights  com- 
panions of  the  Bath,  and  in  1403  was  made  constable  of 
England  and  warden  of  the  East  Marches.  In  May,  1414, 
he  was  created  duke  of  Bedford  and  earl  of  Kendal,  and 
later  earl  of  Richmond.  He  commanded  the  troops  in 
the  north  until  the  deatli  of  Henry  IV.  (March,  1413).  On 


John  Nepomuk  Maria  Joseph 

Aug.  16, 1416,  the  fleet  under  his  command  won  the  great 
victory  over  the  French  in  the  Channel,  and  succeeded  in 
relieving  the  besieged  town  of  Harfleur;  and  in  1417  his 
expedition  into  Scotland  was  successful.  At  the  death  of 
Henry  V.  (Aug. , 1422)  he  assumed  the  regency.  To  secure 
the  alliance  of  Philip,  duke  of  Burgundy,  Bedford  married 
his  daughter  Anne  in  1423.  Bis  administration  of  France 
continued  both  successful  and  beneficial  until  the  siege 
of  Orleans  (1428-29),  which  marks  the  appearance  of  Joan 
of  Arc  and  the  decline  of  English  supremacy.  Charles 
VII.  was  crowned  king  of  France  at  Rheims  July  17, 1429, 
and  Joan  of  Arc  unsuccessfully  assaulted  Paris  Sept.  8, 
1429.  She  was  betrayed  to  the  English,  and  executed  May 
30, 1131.  Anne,  duchess  of  Bedford,  died  Nov.  13, 1432,  and 
Bedford  sacrificed  the  alliance  of  Philip,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
by  marrying  Jacqueline,  daughter  of  Pierre,  count  of  St. 
Pol,  April  20,  1433.  Philip  entered  into  an  alliance  with 
the  French  king,  thus  thwarting  Bedford’s  hopes,  and  ter- 
minating the  French  dominion  of  the  English  king. 

John  of  Leyden  (properly  Johann  Bockelson 

or  Bockold).  Born  at  Leyden  about  1510 : put 
to  death  at  Munster,  Westphalia,  Jan.  23, 1536. 
An  Anabaptist  fanatic.  He  succeeded  Matthiesenas 
leader  of  the  Anabaptists  in  Munster  1534,  revolutionized 
the  city,  and  established  a theocracy  or  Kingdom  of  Zion, 
of  which  he  was  crowned  king.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the 
bishop  of  Munster  in  1535.  He  is  the  subject  of  Meyer- 
beer’s opera  “ Der  Prophet.  ” 

John  of  London,  or  John  Sever.  Died  1311. 
An  English  chronicler,  monk  of  Westminster 
Abbey.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Commendatio  lamenta- 
bilis  in  transitum  Magni  Regis  Edwardi  Quarti."  He  is 
supposed  to  have  beentheauthorof  “ Flores  Historiarum  ” 
(from  1265  to  1306). 

John  of  Luxemburg.  See  John,  King  of  Bo- 
hemia. 

John  of  .Nepomuk.  See  Nepomuk. 

John  of  Peterborough.  Flourished  1380.  The 
alleged  author  of  the  “Chronicon  Petrobur- 
gense,”  probably  an  imaginary  person. 

John  of  Salisbury,  surnamed  Parvus  ( ‘ the  Lit- 
tle ’).  Born  at  Salisbury,  Wiltshire,  England, 
about  1115 : died  at  Chartres,  France.  Oct.  25, 
1180.  A noted  English  ecclesiastic,  scholar,  and 
author,  bishop  of  Chartres.  In  1136  he  went  to  Paris 
to  attend  the  lectures  of  Abelard.  He  also  studied  witli 
Alberic  of  Rheims,  Robert  of  Melun,  and  William  of 
Conches.  At  Chartres  he  laid  the  foundation  of  his  classi- 
cal scholarship.  In  1141  he  returned  to  Paris  to  study  the- 
ology under  M aster  Gilbertde  la  l’orrke,  Robert  Pullus,  and 
Simon  de  Poissy.  In  1148  he  attended  the  council  held  by 
Eugeuius  III.  at  Rheims,  and  followed  the  Pope  to  Rome. 
From  1150-64  he  lived  at  the  court  of  Canterbury  with 
Archbishop  Theobald.  He  was  repeatedly  intrusted  with 
delicate  affairs  of  state,  and  frequently  visited  the  papal 
court  in  Italy.  His  close  alliance  with  the  bishops  brought 
him  into  disfavor  with  Henry  II.,  which  obliged  him  to 
abandon  England  in  1164  and  find  shelter  at  Rheims.  He 
later  returned  to  Canterbury,  and  was  present  at  the  mur- 
der of  Archbishop  Thomas  Becket.  His  works  consist  of 
his  letters,  “Policraticus,”  “Metalogicus,”  “Entheticus,” 
“Vita  Sancti  Anselmi,"  “Vita  Sanc'i  Thom®  Cantuar.," 
“Eistoria  I’ontiflcalis.”  His  collected  works  have  been 
edited  by  Giles (1848). 

John  of  Swabia.  See  Johannes  Parricida. 
John  (G.  Johann)  Baptist  Joseph  Fabian 
Sebastian,  Archduke  of  Austria.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, Jan.  20, 1782:  died  at  Gratz,  Styria,  May 
10, 1859.  An  Austrian  general,  younger  son  of 
the  emperor  Leopold  II.  He  was  made  commander- 
in-chi  jf  of  the  Austrian  army  in  Bavaria  in  Sept.,  1800, 
and  was  defeated  by  the  French  under  Moreau  at  Hohen- 
linden,  Dec.  3, 1800.  In  1809  he  obtained  command  of  the 
Austrian  army  in  Italy,  and  gained  a victory  over  the  vice- 
roy Eugene  at  Sacile  April  16,  but  was  defeated  at  Raaii 
June  14,  1839.  He  commanded  on  the  Rhine  in  1815,  and 
was  chosen  administrator  of  the  empire  by  the  German 
National  Assembly  in  1848  (resigned  1849). 

John  Frederick  (jon  fred'er-ik),  G.  Johann 
Friedrich,  surnamed  “The  Magnanimous.” 
Born  at  Torgau,  Prussia,  June  30,  1503:  died 
at  J cna,  March  3, 1554.  Elector  of  Saxony,  son 
of  John  the  Constant  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1532.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Smalkaldic  League. 
At  Muhlberg,  April  24,  15-17,  he  was  defeated  by  tire  em- 
peror  Charles  V.,  captured,  and  forced  to  renounce  the 
electorate.  See  Muhlberg. 

John  George  I.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Born  March 
5, 1585:  died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  8, 1656.  Elector 
of  Saxony,  in  the  Albertine  line,  second  son  of 
the  elector  Christian  I.  and  Sophia,  princess  of 
Brandenburg.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Chris- 
tian II.  in  1611. 

John  George  II.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Born  Mat- 
Si,  1613:  died  at  Dresden,  Aug.  22, 1680.  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  eldest  son  of  John  George  I. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1656. 

John  George  III., G.  Johann  Georg.  Born  Juno 
20, 1647 : died  at  Tubingen,  Sept.  12, 1691.  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  son  of  John  George  II.  whom  ho 
succeeded  in  1680.  Hetookpart  in warsagainst  France, 
aided  the  emperor  against  the  Turks,  and  supported  the 
Venetians  in  the  Morea. 

John  George  IV.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Born  Oct. 
18,  1668 : died  April  27,  1694.  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony, son  of  John  George  III.  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1691. 

John  (G.  Johann)  Nepomuk  Maria  Joseph. 

Born  at  Dresden,  Dec.  12, 1801 : died  at  Pillnitz, 


John  Nepomuk  Maria  Joseph 

near  Dresden,  Oct.  29,  1873.  King  of  Saxony 
1854,  brother  of  Frederick  Augustus  II.  whom 
he  succeeded.  He  sided  with  Austria  in  the  Austro- 
Prussian  war  in  1866,  joined  the  North  German  Confedera- 
tion on  its  formation  in  1866,  and  became  a member  of  the 
German  Empire  in  1871.  He  published  a translation  of 
Dante’s  “Divina  Commedia”  (1839-49). 

John  Bull.  The  English  nation  personified : used 
also  for  an  Englishman. 

John  Bull,  or  The  Englishman’s  Fireside.  A 

comedy  by  Colman  the  younger,  produced  in 
1805. 

John  Bull,  The  History  of.  A satirical  work 
by  Arbuthnot,  issued  originally  as  “Law  is  a 
Bottomless  Pit”  in  1712. 

John  Buncle.  The  title  of  a book  by  Thomas 
Amory  (1691  (?)-1788),  published  1756-66:  so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  hero.  The  latter  mar- 
ries 7 wives  after  extremely  short  intervals.  He  is  “a  pro- 
digious hand  at  matrimony,  divinity,  a song,  and  a peck.” 

John  Company  (jon  kum'pa-ni).  An  old  col- 
loquial designation  for  the  Honourable  East 
India  Company,  in  familiar  use  in  India  and 
England. 

John  Dory.  A favorite  old  ballad  frequently 
referred  to  by  writers  of  the  16th  and  17th  cen- 
turies. 

John  Gilpin.  A ballad  by  William  Cowper,  pub- 
lished in  1785  (printed  anonymously  in  1782) : 
so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 

John  Hyrcanus.  See  Hyrcanus. 

John  Inglesant.  A romance  by  J.  H.  Short- 
house,  published  in  1881. 

John’s  College,  St.  See  St.  John's  College. 

John  Scotus.  See  Erigena. 

John,  St.  (the  Baptist),  in  the  Desert.  1.  A 
painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Accademia,  Venice. — 
2.  A painting  by  Raphael,  in  the  Ufifizi,  Florence. 
St.  John  is  represented  as  a youth  of  15,  with  a panther- 
skin  about  his  loins,  pointing  to  a cross  beside  him.  This 
picture  is  very  familiar  in  engravings,  etc. 

John  the  Baptist,  Life  of.  A series  of  7 frescos 
by  Ghirlandaio  (1490),  in  the  choir  of  Santa 
Maria  Novella,  Florence.  They  begin  with  the  “An- 
gel and  Zacharias,”  and  end  with  the  “Dancing  of  Hero- 
dias,"  and  are  of  high  interest  not  only  for  their  inherent 
merit,  but  also  for  their  portraits  of  contemporary  Floren- 
tines. 

Johns  Hopkins  University.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Baltimore,  Maryland,  founded  by 
Johns  Hopkins,  a capitalist  of  thatcity,  who  died 
in  1873,  leaving  a bequest  of  over  $7,000,000 
to  be  divided  between  the  University  and 
the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  also  at  Balti- 
more. The  university  was  incorporated  Aug. 
24,  1867,  and  was  opened  for  instruction 
in  Sept.,  1876.  It  consists  of  a philosophical  faculty, 
affording  instruction  in  letters  and  science  to  graduate 
students  and  to  undergraduates,  and  a medical  faculty 
organized  in  1893.  It  has  about  200  instructors  and  800 
students,  of  which  about  three  fourths  are  graduate 
students. 

Johnson  (jon'son),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Raleigh, 
N.C.  ,Dec.  29, 1808 : died  in  Carter  County,  Tenn., 
July  31, 1875.  The  seventeenth  President  of  the 
United  States  (1865—69).  He  was  a member  of  Con- 
gress from  Tennessee  1843-53 ; was  governor  of  Tennessee 
1853-57;  was  a United  States  senator  1857-62 ; was  military 
governor  of  Tennessee  1862-64  ; was  elected  as  Republican 
candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1864,  being  inaugurated 
March  4,  1865;  succeeded  Lincoln  as  President  April  15, 
1865 ; and  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  Tennes- 
see in  1875.  He  was  nominated  to  the  vice-presidency  by 
the  Republicans  in  order  to  conciliate  the  war  Democrats, 
and  on  his  unexpected  accession  to  the  presidency  it  was 
found  that  his  Democratic  State-right  convictions  placed 
him  hopelessly  at  variance  with  the  Republican  majority 
in  Congress  on  the  question  of  reconstruction.  The  quar- 
rel with  Congress  came  to  a head  on  his  attempting  to  re- 
move Edwin  M.  Stanton  from  the  secretaryship  of  war 
without  the  consent  of  the  Senate,  contrary  to  the  tenure- 
of-office  act  passed  over  his  veto  March  2,  1867.  He  was 
impeached  for  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors,  but  was 
acquitted  (by  a vote  of  35  to  19,  very  little  short  of  the  two- 
thuds  vote  necessary  to  conviction)  after  a trial  lasting 
from  March  23  to  May  26, 1868. 

Johnson,  Benjamin.  Born  1665  (?) : died  A ng., 
1742.  An  English  actor.  lie  joined  the  Drury  Lane 
Company  as  a scene-painter  in  1695,  and  in  1706  went  to 
the  Haymarket,  where,  Dec.  3,  1706,  he  played  Corbaccio 
in  Ben  Jonson’s  “ Volpone.”  He  played  ffrst  grave-digger, 
Polonius,  and  other  Shaksperian  parts,  but  was  especially 
devoted  to  Ben  Jonson. 

Johnson,  Charles.  Born  in  1679 : died  at  Lon- 
don, March  11,  1748.  An  English  dramatist. 
Among  his  plays  are  “Force  of  Friendship”  (1710),  “Love 
in  a Chest”  (1710),  “The  Wife’s  Relief,  or  the  Husband’s 
Cure ’’ (1711),  “Country  Lasses,  etc. "(1715),  “Ccelia,  orThe 
Perjured  Lover”  (1733),  “The  Cobbler  of  Preston,”  based 
on  the  “Taming of  the  Shrew”  (1716),  etc. 

Johnson,  Captain  Charles.  Flourished  1724-36. 
The  name  (probably  a pseudonym)  of  the  writer 
of  “A  General  History  of  the  Robberies  and  Mur- 
ders of  the  most  notorious  Pyrates,  and  also  their 
Policies, Discipline,  and  Government,  from  their 
first  Rise  and  Settlement  in  1717  to  the  present 


549 

year,  with  the  Adventures  of  two  female  Py- 
rates, Mary  Read  and  Anne  Bonny  ” ( 1724).  Some 
of  the  lives  are  reproduced  in  Howard  Pyle’s  “The  Buca- 
neers  and  Marooners  of  America” (1891).  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Johnson,  Eastman.  Born  July  29, 1824:  died 
April  5,  1906.  An  American  genre-  and  portrait- 
painter.  He  studied  at  Diisseldorf,  and  later  in  Italy, 
Paris,  Holland,  and  The  Hague.  He  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1860.  Among  his  works  are  “ The  Old 
Kentucky  Home”  (1867),  “The  Old  Stage  Coach ” (1871), 
“Husking  Bee"  (1876),  “Cranberry  Harvest  ” (1880). 

Johnson,  Edward.  Born  at  Herne  Hill,  Kent, 
about  1599:  died  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  April  23, 
1672.  A historian  of  New  England.  He  came  to 

America  as  a joiner,  probably  with  Governor  Wintlirop  in 
1630.  From  1643  to  1671  he  was  chosen  annually  (except 
1648)  to  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives,  of 
which  he  was  speaker  in  1655.  He  wrote  a “ History  of 
New  England  from  the  English  Planting  in  1628  until 
1652  ” (London,  1654). 

Johnson,  Esther.  See  Stella. 

Johnson,  Francis.  Born  1796  (?) : died  at  Hert- 
ford, Jan.  29,  1876.  An  English  Orientalist,  in 
1824  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Sanskrit,  Bengali,  and  Telugu 
in  the  East  India  Company’s  college  at  Haileybury.  His 
chief  work  is  a “Persian  Dictionary  ” (1st  ed.  1829 ; 2d  ed. 
1852),  “the  most  important  contribution  to  Persian  lexi- 
cography in  any  European  language  ” (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.). 
Johnson,  Guy.  Born  in  Ireland  about  1740: 
died  in  the  Haymarket,  London,  March  5, 1788. 
An  American  Tory  andmilitia  colonel.  He  served 
in  the  French  war  (1757),  and  under  Jeffrey  Amherst  (1759- 
1760).  He  assisted  his  uncle,  Sir  William  Johnson,  in  the 
Indian  administration,  and  succeeded  him  as  superinten- 
dent at  his  death  in  1774. 

Johnson,  Herschel  V.  Born  in  Burke  County, 
Ga.,  Sept.  18,  1812:  died  in  Jefferson  County, 
Ga.,  Aug.  16,  1880.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Georgia 
1848-49  ; governor  of  Georgia  1853-57;  Democratic  can- 
didate for  the  vice-presidency  in  1860 ; and  Confederate 
senator. 

Johnson,  Isaac.  Born  at  Clipsham,  Rutland- 
shire, England:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  30, 
1630.  One  of  the  founders  of  Massachusetts. 

He  came  to  Salem  with  Winthrop  in  1630,  assisted  in  found- 
ing the  first  church  in  Charlestown  July  39  of  the  same 
year,  and  on  Sept.  7 superintended  the  settlement  of  Shaw- 
mut  or  Boston. 

Johnson,  James.  Died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  26, 
1811.  AScottish  engraver,  publisher,  andmusic- 
dealer.  He  published  at  Edinburgh  “TheScotsMusical 
Museum  ” (1787-1803),  to  which  Burns  contributed  a num- 
ber of  pieces. 

Johnson,  Sir  John.  Born  1742;  died  at  Mon- 
treal, Canada,  Jan.  4, 1830.  A British  general 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  son  of  Sir  William 
Johnson. 

Johnson,  Manuel  John.  Bom  at  Macao,  China, 
May  23,  1805 : died  in  England,  Feb.  28,  1859. 
An  English  astronomer.  In  1829 he  began  observing 
at  St.  Helena,  and  in  1835  published  a catalogue  of  656 
principal  stars  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  winning  the 
Astronomical  Society’s  gold  medal.  On  July  27, 1832,  he 
observed  the  solar  eclipse  at  St.  Helena,  In  1835  he  ma- 
triculated at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  and  graduated  in  1869. 
In  1839  he  succeeded  Rigaud  at  Radcliffe  Observatory, 
and  published  18  volumes  of  “ Radcliffe  Observations.” 

Johnson,  Reverdy.  Born  at  Annapolis,  Md., 
May  21, 1796:  died  there,  Feb.  10, 1876.  A noted 
American  lawyer  and  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  (Whig)  from  Maryland  1845-49  ; attorney- 
general  1849-50;  United  States  senator  1863-68;  andUnited 
States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1868-69.  He  negotiated  a 
treaty  with  England  for  the  settlement  of  the  Alabama 
claims,  which  was  rejected  by  the  Senate. 

Johnson,  Richard.  Bom  at  London,  1573 : died 
1659  (?).  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer. 
His  besr-known  work  is  the“ Famous  Histone  of  theSeaven 
Champions  of  Christendom  : St.  George  of  England,  St. 
Denis  of  France,  St.  James  of  Spain.  St.  Anthony  of  Italy, 
St.  Andrew  of  Scotland,  St.  Patrick  of  Ireland,  and  St. 
David  of  Wales.”  In  1603  he  published  “Anglorum  La- 
chrymse:  in  asad  passion  complayning  of  the  death  of  our 
late  soveraigne  lady  Queene  Elizabeth,  etc.”;  in  1612  “ The 
Crown  Garland  of  Golden  Roses  ”;  etc. 

Johnson,  Richard  Mentor.  Born  near  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  Oct.  17, 1780 : died  at  Frankfort,  Ky., 
Nov.  19, 1850.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1807-19,  United  States 
senator  1819-29,  and  member  of  Congress  1829-37.  He  was 
elected  (Democratic)  Vice-President  in  1837,  and  served 
1837-41,  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  vice- 
presidency in  1840. 

Johnson,  Samuel.  Born  at  Guilford,  Conn.,  Oct. 
14,  1696:  died  at  Stratford,  Conn.,  1772.  An 
American  clergyman  and  educator,  first  presi- 
dent of  King’s  College  (Columbia  College),  New 
York,  1754-63. 

Johnson,  Samuel.  Born  at  Lichfield,  England, 
Sept.  18,  1709:  died  at  London,  Dec.  13, 1784. 
A celebrated  English  lexicographer,  essayist, 
and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Michael  Johnson,  book- 
seller at  Lichfield,  a High  churchman  and  Jacobite.  He 
lost  the  use  of  one  eye  from  scrofula,  and  was  “touched  ” 
by  Queen  Anne,  fiis  uncouth  appearance  and  manner 
were  against  him  through  life.  In  1728  he  entered  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford,  and  resided  there  continuously  until 
Dec.  12,  1729,  and  afterward  at  intervals  until  Oct.  8,  1731. 


Johnston,  Alexander  Keith 

A Latin  translation  of  Pope’s  “Messiah”  (much  admired 
by  Pope)  was  written  at  this  time.  He  began  to  suffer 
from  violent  attacks  of  the  hypochondria  which  followed 
him  throughlife.  In  1732  he becameusherat  Market  Bos- 
worth  school,  but  soon  abandoned  the  place  and  returned 
to  Lichfield  and  Birmingham,  in  which  latter  town  he  mar- 
ried a Mrs.  Porter,  July  9,  1735.  He  established  a school 
at  Edial,  near  Lichfield,  in  1736,  which  soon  failed.  Among 
his  pupils  was  David  Garrick,  with  whom  he  started  for 
London,  March  3,  1737.  In  March,  1738,  a Latin  ode  to 
Sylvanus  Urban  appeared  in  Cave’s  “Gentleman’s  Maga- 
zine,” to  which  he  became  a regular  contributor.  In  May, 
1738,  “ London,”  an  imitation  of  Juvenal,  was  published  by 
Dodsley.  The  “Life  of  Savage”  appeared  in  Feb.,  1744. 
The  plan  of  his  dictionary,  inscribed  to  Lord  Chesterfield, 
was  issued  in  1747.  The  booksellers  agreed  to  pay  £1,575 
for  the  copyright,  including  the  entire  work  of  prepa- 
ration for  the  press.  He  employed  6 amanuenses,  5 of 
whom  were  Scotchmen.  The  book  was  based  on  an  in- 
terleaved copy  of  Nathan  Bailey’sdictionary,  and  appeared 
in  2 volumes,  folio,  April  15, 1755.  In  Jan.,  1749,  he  pub- 
lished the  “Vanity  of  Human  Wishes,”  the  finest  of  his 
poems.  His  tragedy  “ Irene  ” (begun  at  Edial)  was  pro- 
duced Feb.  6,  1749,  with  indifferent  success  by  Garrick  at 
Drury  Lane.  The  “Rambler”  appeared  every  Tuesday 
and  Saturday  from  March  20, 1750,  until  March  14, 1752,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  Nos.  10,  30,  44,  97,  and  100,  was  en- 
tirely his  work  (No.  97  was  written  by  Richardson).  His 
wife  died  March  17,  1752.  On  Feb.  20, 1755,  he  received  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  from  Oxford.  His  work  “Pmsselas  ” was 
written  in  the  evenings  of  one  week  in  1759.  Among  his 
political  tracts  is  “ Taxation  no  Tyranny  ” (1775),  in  answer 
to  the  address  of  the  American  Congress.  After  the  ac- 
cession of  George  III.,  Johnson  received  a pension  of 
£300.  During  his  last  years  he  devoted  himself  almost 
exclusively  to  society  and  conversation,  and  his  sayings 
and  doings  were  carefully  reported  by  Boswell  and  Mrs. 
Piozzi  (Thrale).  In  1773  he  took  his  well-known  journey 
with  Boswell,  an  account  of  which  was  published  in  1775 
as  “ A Journey  to  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland."  He  also 
wrote  nearly  all  the  numbers  of  “The  Idler”  (1758-60), 
and  published  an  edition  of  Shakspere  in  8 volumes,  with 
notes,  in  1765. 

Johnson,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Warrentown, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  1715:  died  near  Johns- 
town, N.  Y.,  July  4, 1774.  ABritish  command- 
er and  magistrate  in  America,  superintendent 
of  Indian  affairs  in  the  colonies.  In  1744  he  was 
appointed  colonel  of  the  Six  Nations  by  Governor  George 
Clinton,  and  in  April,  1755,  by  General  Braddock,  superin- 
tendent of  the  affairs  of  the  Six  Nations  with  the  local  rank 
of  major-general.  He  commanded  the  provincial  forces 
in  the  attack  ag  inst  Crown  Point.  In  1760  he  commanded 
the  Indian  troops  in  the  advance  of  Amherst  on  Montreal. 
He  received  a grant  of  land  in  the  Mohawk  valley  called 
“King’s  land,"  where  he  built  (1743)  Fort  Johnson,  the  vil- 
lage of  Johnson  (now  Johnstown),  and  Johnson  Hall  (1764). 
He  introduced  sheep  and  blooded  horses  into  the  Mohawk 
valley.  He  published,  in  the  “Transactions  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Society,”  a paper  on  the  “Languages,  Custom, 
and  Manners  of  the  Indian  Six  Nations  ” (1772). 

J olmson , W illiam  Samuel.  Born  at  Stratford , 
Conn.,  Oct.  7,  1727 : died  at  Stratford,  Nov.  14, 
1819.  An  American  politician  and  scholar,  son 
of  Samuel  Johnson  (1696-1772),  president  of 
Columbia  College  (1787-1800). 

Johnston  (jon'ston),  Albert  Sidney.  Born  at 
Washington,  Mason  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  3,  1803: 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6, 1862.  An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1826;  was  chief  of  staff  to 
General  Henry  Atkinson  during  the  Black  Hawk  war  in 
1832 ; resigned  from  the  army  in  1834;  enlisted  as  a private 
in  the  Texan  army  in  1836;  succeeded  Felix  Huston  as 
commander  of  the  Texan  army  in  1837 ; was  secretary  of 
war  for  the  republic  of  Texas  1838-40 ; served  as  colonel  in 
the  United  States  army  during  the  Mexican  war ; command- 
ed a successful  expedition  against  the  revolted  Mormons  in 
Utah  in  1857 ; and  was  appointed  command/  rof  the  Depart- 
ment of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  in  the  Confederate  service 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861.  He  occupied 
Bowling  Green,  Kentucky,  in  the  autumn  of  1861,  but  was 
forced  to  retreat  to  Corinth,  Mississippi,  by  the  fall  of  Fort 
Donelson,  Feb.  16,1862.  Having  been  reinforced  by  Gen- 
erals Beauregard  and  Bragg,  he  attacked  General  Grant’s 
army  at  Shiloh,  Apr il  6, 1862,  and  was  killed  about  2 P.  M. 
by  a hall  which  severed  an  artery  of  his  leg.  See  Shiloh, 
Battle  of. 

Johnston,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 1815 : 
died  at  Hampstead,  Feb.  2,  1891.  A Scottish 
portrait- and  figure-painter.  He  is  known  from  va- 
rious portraits,  “The  Interview  of  the  Regent  Murray  with 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ”(1841),  “The  Covenanters’ Marriage" 
(1842),  etc. 

Johnston,  Alexander.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
April  29, 1849 : died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  July  21, 
1889.  An  American  historian.  He  graduated  at 
Rutgers  College  in  1870 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1876 ; 
and  was  professor  of  jurisprudence  and  political  economy 
in  Princeton  College  from  1883  until  his  death.  Among  his 
works  are  “ History  of  American  Politics  ” (1879),  “ The 
Genesis  of  a New  England  State  [Connecticut/]  ” (1883),  “A 
History  of  the  United  States”  (1885),  “Connecticut : a Study 
of  a Commonwealth- Democracy  ” (1887),  and  “ The  United 
States:  its  History  and  Constitution”  (reprinted  from  the 
“ Encyclopajdia  Britannica,”  1887). 

Johnston,  Alexander  Keith.  Born  at  Kirkhill, 
near  Penicuik,  Midlothian,  Dec.  28, 1804  : died 
at  Ben  Rhydding,  Yorkshire,  July  9,  1871.  A 
Scottish  geographer.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University,  and  in  1826  formed  the  firm  of  W.  and  A.  K. 
Johnston  with  his  brother  William  Johnston.  In  1830  his 
first  maps  were  published  in  “A  Traveller’s  Guide  Look. 
On  Feb.  8, 1840,  he  was  made  geographer  in  ordinary  to  the 
queen.  His  chief  publications  were  Heinrich  berghauss 
“ National  Atlas  ”(1843),“  The  Physical  Atlas  ”(1848),“  Die- 


Johnston,  Alexander  Keith 

tiouary  of  Geography  ” (1850),  “ Atlas  of  General  and  De- 
scriptive Geography  " (1852),  “The  Royal  Atlas,  of  Modern 
Geography  ’’  (1861). 

Johnston,  Alexander  Keith.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  24,  1844:  died  at  Berobero,  Zanzi- 
bar, June  28, 1879.  A Scottish  geographer  and 
map-engraver.  In  1869  he  took  charge  of  the  geo- 
graphical department  of  the  London  branch  of  the  John- 
ston house.  From  1873  to  1875  he  accompanied  the  com- 
mission for  the  survey  of  Paraguay.  In  June,  1878,  he  was 
appointed  chief  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society’s  expe- 
dition to  Lake  Nyassa;  arrived  at  Zanzibar  Jan.,  1879;  and 
there  died.  His  best-known  works  are  “The  Library  Map 
of  Africa”  (1866),  “ A Map  of  tne  Lake  Regions  of  Eastern 
Africa,”  “Handbook  of  Physical  Geography  ” (1870),  “The 
Surface  Zones  of  the  Globe  ” (1874). 

Johnston,  George.  Born  at  Simprin,  Berwick- 
shire, July  20, 1797  : died  July  30, 1855.  A Scot- 
tish naturalist.  His  chief  works  are  “History  of  Brit- 
ish Zoophytes”  (1838),  “History  of  British  Sponges  and 
Lithophytes  ” (1842). 

Johnston,  Henry  Erskine.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
May,  1777 : died  after  1830.  An  English  actor: 
he  was  called  ‘ ‘ the  Scottish  Roscius.  ” He  first  ap- 
peared in  London  in  1797,  and  until  1830  was  successful  in 
such  parts  as  Romeo,  Hamlet,  Sir  Edward  Mortimer,  Lo- 
thario, Sir  Archie  Macsarcasm,  Sir  Pertinax  Macsycophant, 
Douglas,  Count  Romaldi,  George  Barnwell,  Alonzo  in  “ Pi- 
zarro,”  etc.  In  1823  he  became  manager  of  the  Caledonian 
Theatre,  Edinburgh,  but  soon  resigned.  In  Oct.,  1830,  he 
played  a short  engagement  there,  after  which  there  is  no 
record  of  him. 

Johnston,  John  Taylor.  Born  at  New  York, 
April  8,  1829 : died  there,  March  24,  1893.  An 
American  business  man  and  philanthropist. 

He  was  president  of  the  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey 
from  its  beginning  till  1877,  when  he  sacrificed  his  fort  une 
in  an  effort  to  sustain  its  credit.  He  assisted  in  organiz- 
ing the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  was  its  first  presi- 
dent, but  in  188!)  his  health  forced  him  to  resign  this  office. 
He  was  connected  with  many  other  educational  and  benev- 
olent institutions. 

Johnston,  Joseph  Eccleston.  Born  near  Farm- 
ville,  Va.,  Feb.  3,  1807:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  March  21,  1891.  An  American  general 
in  the  Confederate  service.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1829 ; was  promoted  captain  in  1846 ; served  in  the 
Mexican  war  1846-47  ; was  commissioned  quarter-master- 
general  of  the  United  States  army  in  1860 ; and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  accepted  a commission  as  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Confederate  service.  In  May,  1861,  he 
took  command  at  Harper's  Ferry,  where  he  was  opposed 
by  General  Patterson.  When  General  Beauregard  was  at- 
tacked byGeneral  McDowell,  July  18,1861,  Johnston  eluded 
Patterson,  and  on  the  20th  or  21st  formed  a junction  with 
Beauregard,  whom,  although  inferior  in  rank,  he  left  in 
tactical  command.  He  was  promoted  general  Aug.  31, 
1861.  He  afterward  (1862)  opposed  McClellan  in  the  Pe- 
ninsular campaign,  and  was  defeated  at  Williamsburg  May 
5,  and  at  Fair  Oaks  May  31, 1862.  He  was  defeated  by  Grant 
at  Jackson  May  14, 1863,  while  attempting  to  relieve  Pem- 
berton at  Vicksburg.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  with  head- 
quarters at  Dalton,  Georgia,  where  he  was  required  to  op- 
pose the  advance  of  Sherman  toward  Atlanta.  He  was 
compelled  to  retreat  across  the  Chattahoochee  early  in  J uly, 
1864,  after  having  fought  unsuccessful  engagements  at  Re- 
saca,  May  15,  and  at  Dallas,  May  28,  and  was  in  consequence 
superseded  in  his  command  by  General  John  B.  Hood,  July 

17,  1864.  Feb.  23,  1865,  he  was  restored  to  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  with  orders  to  oppose  Gen- 
eral Sherman,  to  whom  he  surrendered  at  Durham  Station, 
N.  C.,  April  26, 1865,  General  Lee  having  previously  surren- 
dered to  Grant.  He  published  a “Narrative  of  Military 
Operations  Directed,  during  the  Late  War  between  the 
States,  by  Joseph  E.  Johnston”  (1874). 

Johnston,  Samuel.  Born  at  Dundee,  Scotland, 
Dec.  15,  1733:  died  near  Edenton,  N.  C.,  Aug. 

18,  1816.  An  American  jurist  and  statesman. 
He  went  with  his  father  to  America  in  1736.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress  1781-82 ; governor 
of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  1788-89 ; U nited  States  sen- 
ator 1789-93;  and  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  1800-03. 

Johnston,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Kirkhill,  near 
Penicuik,  Midlothian,  Oet.  27, 1802 : died  there, 
Feb.  7, 1888.  A Scottish  geographer,  in  1826  he, 
with  his  brother  Alexander  Keith  Johnston,  founded  the 
house  of  W.  and  A.  K.  Johnston,  geographical  publishers. 
He  was  lord  provost  of  Edinburgh  (1848-51),  and  was  knight- 
ed in  1851. 

Johnstone  (jon'ston).  A town  in  Renfrewshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Black  Cart  10  miles 
west  by  south  of  Glasgow.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton,  etc.  Population,  10,502. 

Johnstone,  Andrew  James  Cochrane.  Born 
May  24,  1767 : died  some  time  after  July,  1814. 
A British  adventurer  and  swindler.  Hewasamil- 
itary  officer,  member  of  Parliament,  and  colonial  governor. 
After  a career  of  bribery  and  corruption,  he  speculated  in 
the  London  Stock  Exchange  on  fraudulent  reports  of  Na- 
poleon’s death  Feb.  14, 1814,  was  found  guilty  of  conspiracy 
in  June,  and  was  expelled  from  the  House  of  Commons  in 
July. 

Johnstone,  Christian  Isobel.  Born  in  Fife- 
shire,  1781 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  26, 1857.  A 
Scottish  novelist  and  journalist.  Her  chief  works 
are  “Edinburgh  Tales,”  “ Clan  Albin  ”(a  novel), “Elizabeth 
De  Bruce,”  lives  and  voyages  of  Drake,  Cavendish,  and 
Dampier,  “Cook  and  Housewife’s  Manual.” 
Johnstone,  John  Henry.  Born  at  Kilkenny, 
Ireland,  1749:  died  at  London,  Dec.  26,  1828. 
An  Irish  actor  and  vocalist.  He  made  hia  first  ap- 


550 

pearance  in  Dublin  about  1773 ; sang  at  Covent  Garden, 
London,  1783-1803 ; and  played  at  Drury  Lane  1803-2U. 

Johnstone,  William  Borthwick.  Born  at  Ed- 
inburgh, July  21, 1804 : died  there,  June  5, 1868. 
A Scottish  landscape  and  historical  painter, 
better  known  as  a connoisseur  and  as  the  first 
principal  curator  of  the  National  Gallery  of  Scot- 
land. 

Johnstown  (jonz'touu).  A manufacturing  city, 
capital  of  Fulton  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  Cayadutta  Creek  40  miles  northwest  of  Al- 
bany. Population,  10,447,  (1910). 
Johnstown.  A city  in  Cambria  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  on  Stony  Creek  and  Cone- 
maugh  River  58  miles  east  by  south  of  Pitts- 
burg. It  has  manufactures  of  iron.  It  and  the  places 
near  it  were  destroyed  by  the  bursting  of  a reservoir  May 
31,  1889,  with  a loss,  at  the  lowest  estimate,  of  about  3,000 
lives.  Population,  55,482,  (1910). 

Johore  (jo-hor').  A native  state  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  it  is  under 
British  influence.  Area,  9,000  square  miles.  Population, 
estimated,  200,000. 

Joigny  (zliwan-ye').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Yonne 
14  miles  north-northwest  of  Auxerre:  the 
Roman  Joviniacum.  It  has  noted  wines. 
Population,  commune,  6,057. 

Joinville  (zhwan-vel').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Marne5l  miles southeastof  Chalons-sur-Marne. 
It  was  the  seat  of  an  ancient  barony,  later  of  a 
principality.  Population,  commune,  3,680. 
Joinville,  Jean  de.  Born  at  Joinville-sur- 
Marne,  Champagne,  about  1224 : died  on  his 
ancestral  estates,  July  16,  1317.  A French 
chronicler.  His  family  was  noble  and  wealthy,  and 
held  for  four  generations  the  office  of  seneschal  of  Cham- 
pagne. By  virtue  of  his  birth  he  had  access  to  the  court 
circles  of  Champagne  and  France.  He  followed  Louis  IX. 
on  the  seventh  Crusade  with  a retinue  of  700  men,  and 
spent  six  years  in  Egypt  and  Syria  (1248-54).  In  1250,  at 
Saint-Jean-d’Acre,  he  drew  up  the  articles  of  his  religious 
belief,  his  “ Credo,”  which  he  subsequently  revised  in 
1287.  Tlie  great  work,  however,  to  which  he  has  left  his 
name  is  the  “Histoire  de  Saint  Louis.”  The  original  copy, 
presented  in  1309  by  the  author  in  person  to  Louis  le 
llutin,  great-grandson  of  Louis  IX,  is  lost.  A second  copy, 
belonging  to  Joinville,  shared  a like  fate  : this  was  pre- 
sumably used,  however,  in  preparing  the  first  edition  in 
1547.  The  best  modern  edition  was  made  by  Natalis  de 
Wailly  for  the  Socidtd  de  1’Histoire  de  France  in  1868. 

Joinville,  Prince  de  (Francois  Ferdinand 
Philippe  Louis  Marie  d’Orleans).  Born  at 
Neuilly,near  Paris,  Aug.  14, 1818:  died  at  Paris, 
June  16,1900.  The  third  son  of  Louis  Philippe. 
He  was  in  the  French  naval  service  1834-48,  accompanied 
McClellan  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  1862,  and  served 
(incognito)  in  the  war  of  1870-71. 

Jokai  (yo'ko-i),  Mor.  Born  at  Komorn,  Feb.  19, 
1825 : died  May  5,  1904.  A Hungarian  novelist 
and  politician.  Among  his  novels  are  “ A Hungarian 
Nabob  ” (1854),  “ Black  Diamonds"  (1873),  “ The  Romance 
of  the  Coming  Century  " (1874). 

Jokjokarta  (jok-yo-kar'ta).  1.  A residencyin 
the  southern  part  of  Java,  Dutch  East  Indies. — 
2.  The  capital  of  Jokjokarta  residency,  situated 
in  lat.  7°  48'  S.,  long.  110°  21'  E.  Population, 
about  70,000. 

Joktan  (jok'tan).  See  the  extract. 

Arphaxad  was  the  grandfather  of  Eber  or  “Hebrew." 
“UntoEber,”  we  are  told  [in  Genesis],  “were  bom  two 
sons : the  name  of  one  was  Peleg  ; for  in  his  days  was  the 
earth  divided;  and  his  brother’s  name  was  Joktan.’'  The 
tribes  and  districts  of  south-eastern  Arabia  traced  their 
descent  to  Joktau.  Among  them  we  find  Hazannaveth, 
the  modern  Hadhramaut;  Opliir,  the  famous  sea-port  and 
emporium  of  the  goods  of  the  further  east ; Havilali,  ‘the 
sandy  region,’  compassed  by  the  river  Pison  (Gen.  ii.  11), 
and  occupied  by  the  sons  of  Ishmael  (Gen.  xxv.  18);  and 
Amalek  (1  Sam.  xv.  7),  as  well  as  Sheba,  the  Saba  of  the 
native  Inscriptions,  whose  ancient  capital  is  now  repre- 
sented by  the  ruins  of  Mareb  in  the  south-western  corner 
of  Arabia.  Sayce,  Peaces  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  65. 

Joliba.  See  Niger. 

Joliet  (jo'li-et).  A city  and  the  capital  of  Will 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Des  Plaines 
River  34  miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  It  is  a 
railway  and  manufacturing  center,  and  contains 
a State  prison.  Population,  34,670,  (1910). 
Joliet  (zho-lya/),  Charles.  Born  at  St.-Hip- 
polyte,Doubs,  France,  Aug.  8,  1832:  died  Feb., 
1910.  A French  novelist  and  litterateur.  He 
wrote,  under  the  pseudonym  J.  Telio  and  several  others, 
for  “La  Vie  Parisienne,”  “Charivari,”  and  a number  of 
other  journals.  Besides  his  novels  he  wrote  “L’Esprit  de 
Diderot”  (1859),  “Les  pseudonymes  du  jour”  (1867  : 2d 
ed.  1883),  “ Cuiiosites  des  let.tres,  etc."  (1884),  “Le  tresor 
des  curiositCs,  l’argot,  etc.”  (1891). 

Joliet,  or  Jolliet,  Louis.  Born  at  Quebec,  Sept. 
21,  1645  : died  in  May,  1700.  A French-Cana- 
dian  explorer.  He  was  intended  for  the  priesthood, 
and  took  minor  orders  in  1662,  but  abandoned  divinity  in 
1667,  and  became  a merchant.  In  1672  he  was  commissioned 
by  Frontenac,  governor  of  New  France,  to  explore  the  Mis- 
sissippi River ; and,  in  company  with  the  J esuit  missionary 


Jones,  Jacob 

Jacques  Marquette  and  five  other  Frenchmen,  explored  the 
Fox,Wisconsin,  Mississippi,  and  Illinois  rivers  in  1673. 

Jolley  (jol'i),  Sir  Joslin.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Etherege’s  comedy  “She  Would 
if  She  Could”:  a convivial  country  gentleman. 
Jollivet  (zhol-i-va'),  Pierre  Jules.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  27, 1803 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  7, 1871. 
A French  historical  and  genre  painter.  He  was 
a pupil  of  Gros  and  De  Juinne.  Among  his  pictures  are 
“Massacre  of  the  Innocents  ”(1845:  Rouen  Museum), “ Es- 
tablishing the  Magistracy  ” (1855  : bought  by  the  state), 
“ Christ  among  the  Doctors  ’’  (1865 : Prefecture  de  la 
Seine),  etc.,  and  portraits  of  Philip  III.,  Queen  Victoria, 
Prince  Albert,  and  others. 

Jolof.  Same  as  Wolof. 

Jomini  (zhd-me-ne'),  Baron  Henri.  Born  at 
Pay  erne,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  March  6,  1779 : 
died  at  Paris,  March  24,  1869.  A celebrated 
Swiss  military  writer,  in  the  French  military 
service  as  colonel  and  aide  to  Marshal  Ney. 
After  1813  he  was  in  the  Russian  service  as  lieutenant- 
general  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  emperor.  His  works 
include  “TraitC  des  grandes  operations  militaires”(1805), 
“ Principes  de  la  stratdgie  ” (1818),  “ Histoire  critique  et 
militaire  des  campagnes  de  la  revolution  de  1792  a 1801, 
etc."  (with  Koch,  1819-24),  “ Vie  politique  et  militaire  de 
Napoleon  ”(1827),  “ Precis  de  l’art  de  la  guerre  ” (1838),  etc. 

Jommelli,  or  Jomelli  (yo-mel'le),  Niccolb. 
Born  at  Aversa,  near  Naples,  Sept.  10,  1714: 
died  at  Naples,  Aug.  25, 1774.  An  Italian  com- 
poser. He  wrote  the  operas  “ Merope”  (1747), 
“Didone”  (1748),  “Armida”  (1770),  etc.,  and 
cantatas,  oratorios,  and  church  music. 

Jonah  (jo'na).  [Heb.,  ‘a  dove’;  Gr.  ’Iwraf,  E. 
Jonas.']  A Hebrew  prophet  who  flourished  in 
or  before  the  reign  of  Jeroboam  II.  His  story  is 
given  in  the  Book  of  Jonah,  the  date  and  authorship  of 
which  are  unknown.  The  incident  of  the  whale  has  par- 
aUels  in  Babylonian,  Egyptian,  and  Greek  mythology. 
Jonas  (yo'nas),  Justus.  Born  at  Nordbausen, 
Prussia,  June  5,  1493:  died  at  Eisfeld,  Saxe- 
Meiningen,  Oet.  9, 1555.  A German  Protestant 
reformer,  the  friend  and  collaborator  of  Luther. 
Jonathan  (jon'a-than).  [Heb., ‘gift  of Yahveli.’] 
A Hebrew  commander,  son  of  Saul  and  friend 
of  David.  See  David. 

Jonathan,  Brother,  A popular  nickname  for 
the  American  people.  Its  origin  has  been  explained 
in  several  ways,  but  is  not  definitely  known. 

Jonathan  Maccabaeus  (mak-a-be'us).  Killed 
143  B.  c.  The  fifth  son  of  Mattathias,  and  leader 
of  the  Maccabees  after  the  death  of  Judas. 
Jonathan  Wild  the  Great,  The  History  of.  A 
novel  by  Fielding,  published  in  1743. 

Jon  Bee.  See  Badcock , John. 

Jones  (jonz),  Anson.  Born  at  Great  Barring- 
ton, Mass.,  Jan.  20,  1798:  committed  suicide  at 
Houston,  Texas,  Jan.  7,  1858.  A Texan  politi- 
cian, president  of  Texas  1814-45. 

Jones,  Davy.  The  name  given  by  sailors  to  the 
evil  spirit  who  is  supposed  to  rule  over  the  sea- 
demons  (hence  “to  go  to  Davy  Jones’s  locker” 
is  to  drown  or  to  die).  The  name  has  been  said 
to  be  a corruption  of  Jonah. 

Jones,  George.  Bom  Jan.  6, 1786:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  19, 1869.  An  English  painter.  He  en- 
tered the  Royal  Academy  in  1801  and  exhibited  annually. 
He  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  and  in  tlie  occupation  of 
Paris  after  Waterloo.  He  was  most  successful  in  battle- 
pieces. 

Jones,  Henry.  Born  near  Drogheda,  Ireland, 
1721:  died  at  London,  April,  1770.  An  Irish 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  published  “Poems  on  Sev- 
eral Occasions”  (1749),  “The  Earl  of  Essex,”  a tragedy 
(1752),  etc. 

Jones,  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  2,  1831: 
died  there  Feb.  15, 1899.  An  author^  on  whist 
and  other  games  of  cards,  on  which  he  wrote 
under  the  name  of  Cavendish.  He  also  wrote  on 
lawn-tennis,  backgammon,  dominoes,  etc. 

Jones,  Hugh  Bolton.  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
1848.  An  American  landscape-painter.  Among 
his  works  are  “ The  Return  of  the  Cows  ” (Paris  Exposition, 
1878),  “The  Poplars ” (Roy, il  Academy,  London),  “Near 
Maplewood  ” (Metropolitan  Museum,  N ew  York),  “Break- 
ing Flax  ” (Columbian  Exposition). 

Jones,  Inigo.  Born  at  London,  July  15,  1573: 
died  there,  June  21, 1652.  A noted  English  archi- 
tect, styled  “the  English  Palladio.”  He  went  to 
Italy  and  resided  there  many  years,  especially  in  Venice, 
whence  he  was  called  to  Denmark  by  King  Christian  IV. 
In  1620  he  was  appointed  commissioner  of  repairs  of  St. 
Paul's,  which,  however,  were  not  commenced  before  1631. 
In  1643  he  was  thrown  out  of  his  office,  and  in  1646  fined 
£345  for  being  a royal  favorite  and  a Roman  Catholic,  hav- 
ing been  taken  in  arms  at  tlie  capture  of  Basing  House. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  died  of  grief,  misfortune,  and  old 
age  at  old  Somerset  House  on  the  Strand.  He  sat  twice  to 
Vandyck,  and  a portrait  by  this  master  has  been  sent  with 
the  Houghton  collection  to  St.  Petersburg.  Among  his 
works  are  the  banqueting-hall,  Whitehall  (1619-22),  Covent 
Garden  Piazza,  tlie  famous  gateway  of  St.  Mary’s,  Oxford 
(1632),  the  equally  famous  portico  of  old  St.  Paul's  and  the 
reconstruction  of  that  church  (1631-41).  etc. 

Jones,  Jacob.  Born  near  Smyrna,  Del.,  1770: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.,  1850.  An  American 


Jones,  Jacob 

naval  officer,  commander  of  the  Wasp  at  the 
capture  of  the  Frolic  in  1812. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  commonly  known  as  Paul 
Jones.  Born  at  Kirkbean,  Kirkcudbrightshire, 
Scotland,  July  6,  1747 : died  at  Paris,  July  18, 
1792.  A Scottish-American  naval  adventurer. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Paul,  a Scotch  gardener.  In  1773 
he  went  to  Virginia,  and  in  1775,  under  the  assumed  name 
of  Jones,  was  appointed  first  lieutenant  of  the  Alfred,  a 30- 
gun  frigate  in  the  American  navy.  In  1777  he  commanded 
the  Ranger,  a new  20-gun  frigate  ; cruised  in  the  Irish  Sea 
and  on  the  coast  of  Scotland  ; and  on  April  24,  1778,  cap- 
tured the  Drake,  a British  sloop  of  war.  Returning  to 
Brest,  he  was  superseded.  When,  in  July,  1778,  war  began 
between  France  and  England,  an  old  East  indiaman,  the 
Due  (le  Duras,  was  converted  into  a ship  of  war  called  the 
Bonhomme  Richard  (which  see).  She  sailed, under  the  com- 
mand of  Jones,  with  the  Alliance,  Pallas,  Cell  and  Ven- 
geance, Aug.  14, 1779.  They  sailed  around  Ireland  and  Scot- 
land, and  on  Sept.  23  fell  in  with  the  Serapis  (44  guns)  and 
Countess  of  Scarborough  (20  guns).  The  battle  between  the 
Serapis  and  the  Bonhomme  Richard,  one  of  the  greatest 
naval  engagements  in  history,  resulted  in  the  surrender 
of  the  Serapis  to  the  Richard,  and  the  subsequent  sinking 
of  the  latter.  Jones  abandoned  the  American  service,  and 
entered  the  French  and  later  the  Russian  navy.  After 
serving  under  Potemkin  in  the  Black  Sea,  with  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral,  he  returned  to  Paris  in  1790.  The  coffin 
containing  his  body  was  sought  for  by  General  Horace 
Porter,  U aited  States  ambassador  to  France,  in  the  aban- 
doned Saint  Louis  Cemetery  in  Paris,  and  found  March  31, 
1905.  The  body  was  brought  to  the  United  States  for  in- 
terment in  Annapolis. 

Jones,  John  Winter.  Born  at  Lambeth,  Jxrno 
16,  1805 : died  at  Henley,  Sept.  7,  1881.  Libra- 
rian of  the  British  Museum.  He  became  assistant 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum  in  1837.  Upon  the  retire- 
ment of  Panizzi  in  1866,  Jones  was  appointed  principal 
librarian. 

Jones,  Owen.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  15,  1809: 
died  there,  April  19, 1874.  An  English  architect 
and  writer  on  ornament,  son  of  Owen  Jones 
(1741—1814).  In  1851  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  works  and  decorations  of  the  exhibition  in  London. 
He  published  “ Plans,  Elevations,  Sections,  and  Details  of 
the  Alhambra  ” (1842-45),  “ Grammar  of  Ornament  ” (1856), 
“ The  Polychromatic  Ornament  of  Italy  ” (1846),  “ Examples 
of  Chinese  Ornament  ” (1867). 

Jones,  Paul.  See  Jones,  John  Paul. 

Jones,  Richard.  Born  at  Birmingham,  1779: 
died  at  London,  Aug.  30, 1851.  An  English  ac- 
tor and  dramatist.  He  was  successful  in  light  comedy 
parts  and  farce.  He  claimed  the  authorship  of  “ The  Green 
Man  " (1818)  and  of  “ Too  Late  for  Dinner  ” (1820),  which 
was  also  assigned  to  Theodore  Hook. 

Jones,  Thomas  Rymer.  Born  1810:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  10,  1880.  An  English  compara- 
tive anatomist  and  physiologist,  professor  of 
comparative  anatomy  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don 1836-74.  His  chief  work  is  “General  Out- 
line of  the  Animal  Kingdom”  (1838-41). 

Jones,  Tom.  See  Tom  Jones. 

Jones,  T.  Percy.  The  pseudonym  of  Professor 
Aytoun. 

Jones,  William.  Born  in  the  parish  of  Llanfi- 
hangel,  Anglesea,  1675:  died  at  London,  July 
3,  1749.  An  English  mathematician.  He  entered 
the  service  of  a merchant  in  London,  and  visited  the  West 
Indies,  afterward  teaching  mathematics  on  a man-of-war 
and  in  London.  His  “New  Compendium  of  the  Whole 
Art  of  Navigation"  appeared  in  1702,  and  his  “Synopsis 
palmariorum  matheseos,  or  a New  Introduction  to  the 
Mathematics”  in  1706.  In  1711  he  edited  some  tracts  by 
Newton. 

Jones,  William.  Born  at  Lowick,  Northamp- 
tonshire, July  30,  1726:  died  at  Nayland,  Suf- 
folk, Jan.  6,  1800.  An  English  clergyman  and 
theological  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his 
works  are  “Catholic  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity”  (1756)  and 
“Figurative  Language  of  the  Holy  Scripture”  (1786). 
Jones,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Westminster,  Sept. 
28,  1746:  died  at  Calcutta,  April  27,  1794.  A 
noted  English  Orientalist  and  linguist,  young- 
est son  of  William  Jones  the  mathematician. 
He  entered  University  College,  Oxford,  in  1764,  and  be- 
came a fellow  of  that  college  in  1766.  In  1770  he  published 
a translation  into  French  of  the  Persian  life  of  Nadir  Shah, 
brought  to  England  by  Christian  VII.  of  Denmark.  It  was 
followed  (1770)  by  the  “Traitd  sur  la  podsie  orientale.” 
In  1771  he  issued  his  grammar  of  the  Persian  language, 
followed  by  “Poems,  consistingchiefly  of  translations  from 
the  Asiatick  languages,  etc.”  (1772),  “Poeseos  Asiatic® 
Commentariorum  Libri  Sex  ” (1774).  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1774.  In  1778  he  published 
a translation  of  the  “Speeches  of  Isaous  in  Causes  con- 
cerning the  Law  of  Succession  to  Property  at  Athens.”  His 
essay  on  the  “ Law  of  Bailments”  appeared  in  1781,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  issued  the  translation  of  the  “Moalla- 
kat.”  He  was  knighted  March  19,  1783,  and  made  judge 
of  the  high  court  at  Calcutta.  In  1784  he  founded  the 
Bengal  Asiatic  Society.  He  was  the  first  English  scholar 
to  master  Sanskrit,  and  to  recognize  its  importance  for 
comparative  philology.  In  1794  he  began  a complete  di- 
gest of  Hindu  law  with  the  “Institutes  of  Hindu  Law,” 
followed  by  “ Mohammedan  Law  of  Succession  ” and  “ Mo- 
hammedan Law  of  Inheritance.” 

Jonesboro  (jonz'bur//o).  The  capital  of  Clay- 
ton County,  Georgia,  18  miles  south  of  Atlanta. 
Here  Aug.  31, 1864,  the  Federais  under  Howard  repulsed 
the  Confederates  under  Hardee,  with  a Federal  loss 
of  1,149,  and  Confederate  loss  of  about  2,000.  Population, 
970,  (1910). 


551 

Jonkoping  (yen'che-ping).  1.  A laen  in  south- 
ern Sweden.  Area,  4,447  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 211,377. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  laen 
of  Jonkoping,  situated  at  the  southern  end 
of  Lake  Wetter  in  lat.  57°  48'  N.,long.  14°  13'  E. 

It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  matches. 
A peace  between  Sweden  and  Denmark  was  concluded 
here  in  1809.  Population,  24,631. 

Jonsbok  (yons'bok).  [ON.  Jonsbok.']  The  law 
code  of  Iceland  under  Norwegian  sovereignty 
and  later,  brought  from  Norway  to  Iceland,  in 
1280,  by  Jon  Einarsson,  a lawyer,  from  whom 
it  received  its  name.  Like  the  Jarnsida,  which 
it  superseded,  it  was  a compilation  by  King 
Magnus. 

Jonson  (jon'son),  Benjamin,  usually  known  as 
Ben  Jonson.  Born  at  Westminster,  1573  (?): 
died  Aug.  6, 1637.  A celebrated  English  dram- 
atist. His  parentage  is  not  certainly  known.  His  mother 
married,  while  he  was  still  a child,  a master  bricklayer  said 
to  have  been  named  Fowler.  He  was  sent  to  a school  at  St. 
Martin’s-in-the-Fields,  but  was  soon  removed  to  Westmin- 
ster school,  where  William  Camden  befriended  him.  After 
a somewhat  obscure  period  he  began  to  work  for  the  stage  : 
in  1 597  he  appeared  in  Henslowe’s  “ Diary  ” as  a player  and 
a playwright  to  “The  Admiral’s  Men."  During  a break 
with  the  Admiral’s  company  his  first  extant  comedy,  “Every 
Man  in  his  Humour,"  was  offered  to  the  rival  company,  the 
“Lord  Chamberlain’s  Servants.”  It  was  accepted,  and  was 
performed  at  the  Globe  in  1598,  Shakspere  playing  in  it. 
Jonson  ranked  from  this  time  with  the  foremost  drama- 
tists of  the  period.  He  became  involved  in  quarrels  with 
Dekker  and  Marston,  and  in  the  plays  of  the  two  latter 
are  characters  attacking  or  ridiculing  him,  while  he  in 
turn  satirized  them  in  several  of  his  plays.  In  1603  he 
began  to  write  “ Entertainments,”  and  in  1605  the  first 
of  his  series  of  “ Court  Masques."  He  was  in  favor  with 
the  court,  and  his  life  now  entered  its  most  successful 
phase.  The  plays  performed  during  1605-16  (“Epicoene,” 
“The  Alchemist,”  “Catiline,”  “Bartholomew  Fair,”  and 
“The  Devil  is  an  Ass”)  are  among  his  best.  In  1613  he 
went  to  France  as  tutor  to  a son  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
and  in  1618  he  made  his  well-known  pedestrian  journey 
to  Scotland.  About  this  time  he  spent  some  weeks  at 
the  house  of  William  Drummond  of  Hawthornden,  whose 
notes  of  his  talk  are  the  principal  source  of  his  biography. 
On  his  return  he  wrote  a narrative  in  verse  of  his  adven- 
tures (“Underwoods,  No.  62”).  Between  1621  and  1623  the 
king  raised  Jonson ’s  pension  to  £200,  and  the  greatest  ca- 
lamity of  his  private  life  occurred — the  burning  of  his  li- 
brary, which  was  one  of  the  finest  in  England.  In  1626  he 
was  attacked  with  palsy,  followed  by  dropsy,  and  was  con- 
fined to  his  bed  during  his  last  years.  He  was  appointed 
chronologer  to  the  city  of  London  in  1628,  which  increased 
his  income;  but  his  powers  were  failing  and  his  next  play, 
“The  New  Inn,”  was  not  heard  to  the  end,  and  in  1631 
his  salary  as  chronologer  was  withdrawn.  He  brought 
out  more  plays  and  masks,  and  in  1634  his  salary  was  re- 
stored. He  lived  three  years  longer,  during  which  time 
he  wrote  little.  “The  Sad  Shepherd,"  unfinished,  was 
found  among  his  papers.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  in  the  Poets’  Corner.  The  political  crisis  at  this 
time  prevented  the  erection  of  an  elaborate  tomb  which 
was  intended,  and  a casual  visitor,  Sir  John  Young,  caused 
“O  rare  Ben  Jonson”  to  be  cut  on  his  tomb.  Among 
bis  friends  were  all  the  people  of  culture  of  the  time,  no- 
tably Chapman  and  Fletcher.  With  Shakspere  he  was 
less  intimate  : hut  the  theory  of  his  jealousy  of  the  latter 
has  been  completely  refuted  by  Gifford.  Among  his  plays 
are  “Every  Man  in  his  Humour ’’(acted  1598,  printed  1601), 
“The  Case  is  Altered  "(1599,  printed  1609), “Every  Man  out 
of  his  Humour”  (1599,  printed  1600),  “Cynthia’s  Revels” 
(1600), “The  Poetaster,  etc.”  (1601,  printed  1602),“  Sejanus, 
his  Fall,”  with  another  (1603,  printed  1605),  “Eastward  Ho,” 
with  Chapman  and  Marston  (1604,  printed  1605),“  Volpone, 
or  the  Fox’  (1605,  printed  1607),  “Epicoene,  or  the  Silent 
Woman”(1609),“TlieAlchemist”(1610,  prill  ted  1612),  “Cati- 
line, his  Conspiracy  ” (1011),  “ Bartholomew  Fair  ' (1614, 
printed  (folio)  1031),  “ The  Devil  i3  an  Ass  ”(1616,  folio  1631), 
“The  Staple  of  News"  (1625,  folio  1631),  “The  New  Inn, 
etc.”  (1629,  printed  1031),  “ The Magnetick Lady  ” (licensed 
1632,  folio  1640),  “ A Tale  of  a Tub  ” (licensed  1633,  folio 
1640),  “The  Sad  Shepherd,  etc.”  (folio  1641),  etc.  Besides 
these,  he  wrote  a number  of  “Masques,”  “Entertain- 
ments,” and  poems : among  the  latter  are  included  “ Epi- 
grammes” (published  1616)  and  “The  Forest, ” which  con- 
tains his  best  songs,  etc.,  up  to  1616,  most  of  which  were 
subsequently  published  under  the  name  of  “Under- 
woods” (his  own  title)  after  his  death  (1640).  The  lines  to 
the  memory  of  Shakspere  prefixed  to  the  Shakspere  folio 
(1623)  were  first  included  in  Jonson’s  works  by  Gifford. 
He  wrote  several  prose  works,  among  which  are  ‘ ‘ Timber, 
or  Discoveries  made  upon  Men  and  Matter,”  usually 
known  as  “ Discoveries  ” (1641),  and  “ The  English  Gram- 
mar made  by  Ben  Jonson  fob  the  benefit  of  all  strangers” 
(1640),  etc.  His  works  were  first  collected  in  a folio  edition, 
of  which  the  first  volume,  revised  by  himself,  appeared  in 
1616,  the  second  1630-41.  Whalley  (1756)  first  edited  him, 
and  in  1816  Gifford  brought  out  an  edition,  reprinted  by 
Cunningham  in  1876. 

Jonzac  (zhon-zak').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Charente-Inf  6rieure,  France,  45  miles  north  of 
Bordeaux.  Population,  commune,  3,287. 
Joodpoor.  See  Jodhpur. 

Joonpoor.  See  Jauripur. 

Joplin  (jop'lin).  A mining  city  in  Jasper 
County,  southwestern  Missouri,  situated  in 
lat.  37°  3'  N.,  long.  94°  35'  W.  Population, 
32,073,  (1910). 

Joppa.  See  Jaffa. 

Joram  (jo'ram),  or  Jehoram  (je-ho'ram).  King 
of  Israel  85i-843  B.  C.  (Duncker),  son  of  Ahab. 
Joram,  or  Jelioram.  King  of  Judah  848-844 
B.  C.,  son  of  Jehoshaphat. 


Joscelyn 

Jorat  (zho-ra'  or  zho-rat'),  G.  Jurten  (yor'ten). 
A chain  of  heights  in  the  canton  of  Yaud,  Swit- 
zerland, northeast  of  Lausanne.  It  forms  part 
of  the  watershed  between  the  valleys  of  the 
Rhine  and  Rhone. 

Jord  (yerd).  [ON.  Jordh.']  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, the  goddess  Earth,  the  wife  of  Odin  and 
the  mother  of  Thor. 

Jordaens  (yor'diins),  Jakob.  Born  at  Antwerp 
about  1593 : died  there,  1678.  A Flemish  painter 
of  historical  and  genre  scenes  and  portraits. 
Jordan.  See  Jordanes. 

Jordan  (jor'dan).  [Heb.  Yarden,  the  descend- 
er; Gr.  Topciaw/f,  L.  Jordanes,  mod.  Ar.  Ksh- 
Sheriah.']  The  chief  river  of  Palestine,  it  rises 
in  Anti-Libanus,  traverses  Lake  Merorn  (Iluleh)aml  the  Sea 
of  Galilee,  and  flows  into  the  Dead  Sea  19  miles  east  of  Je- 
rusalem. Its  length  is  about  120  miles. 

Jordan.  A river  in  Utah  which  flows  from  Utah 
Lake  into  Great  Salt  Lake.  Length,  about  40 
★ miles. 

Jordan,  David  Starr.  Born  at  Gainesville, 
N.  Y. , Jan.  19, 1851.  An  American  naturalist  and 
educator.  He  studied  at  Cornell  University,  receiving 
the  degree  of  M.  S.  in  1872,  and  of  LL.D.  (honorary)  in  1886. 
In  1875  he  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Indiana  Medical 
College.  He  was  assistant  on  the  United  States  Fish  Com- 
mission 1877-91 ; professor  of  zoology  at  the  Indiana  Uni- 
versity 1879-85,  and  its  president  1885-91 ; was  president 
of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University  1891-1913  and 
chancellor  1913-  He  has  published  “Manual  of  the  Ver- 
tebrates of  the  Northern  United  States”  (1876  and  later 
editions),  “Contributions  to  North  American  Ichthyology  ” 
(1877-83),  “Science  Sketches"  (1888),  etc. 

Jordan,  Mrs.  (assumed  name  of  Dorothy 
Bland).  Born  near  Waterford,  Ireland,  about 
1762:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  France,  1816.  An  Irish 
actress,  known  as  Dolly  Jordan.  She  became 
the  mistress  of  the  Duke  of  Clarence  (William 
IV.)  in  1790. 

As  an  actress  in  comedy  Mrs.  Jordan  can  have  had  few 
equals.  Clenest  says  that  she  had  never  a superior  in  her 
line,  and  adds  that  her  “Hypolita”  will  never  be  excelled. 
Rosalind,  Viola,  and  Lady  Contest  were  among  her  best 
characters.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog . 

Jordan,  Thomas.  Born  at  London  about  1612: 
died  about  1685.  An  English  actor,  dramatist, 
and  poet.  He  supported  himself  by  promiscuous  literary 
work,  largely  plagiarized,  until  1671,  when  he  was  made  part 
of  the  corporation  of  London  in  the  capaeityof  poet  to  that 
body.  Jordan  conducted  the  lord  mayor’s  shows  for  four- 
teen years  with  great  success.  Among  his  works  are  “ Poet- 
icall  Varieties  or  V ariety  of  Fancies  ”(1637),  “A  Pill  to  Purge 
Melancholy "(1637).  “TheTricksof  Youth”(1663),  “ANew 
Droll,  or  the  Counter  Scuffle”  (1663),  “Money  is  an  Asa” 
(1663),  “ Rosary  of  Rarities  ” (1659),  etc. 

Jordan  (yor'dan),  Wilhelm.  Born  Feb.  8, 
1819:  died  June  25,  1904.  A German  poet. 
He  wrote  “Die  Nibelungen ” (1st  part,  “ Sigfridsage," 
1868;  2d  part,  “Hildebrants  Heimkehr,”  1874),  dramas, 
“Demiurgos,  ” a poem  (1852-54),  translations,  etc. 

Jordanes  (j6r-da'nez),or  Jordanis  (jor-da'nis), 
or  (erroneously)  Jornandes  (jor-nan'dez).  A 
Gothic  (Alan)  historian  and  ecclesiastic  of  the 
6th  century:  by  a probably  erroneous  tradition, 
bishop  of  Ravenna.  He  wrote  (in  551)  “De  Origine 
Getarum  ” often  called  the  “Getica,”  a history  of  the  Goths 
compiled  from  Cassiodorus  and  others,  and  “De  suma  tem- 
porum  vel  origine  actibusque  gentis  Romanorum,”  a uni- 
versal chronicle.  The  supposition  that  he  may  have  been 
bishop  of  Croton  in  Italy  is  rejected. 

Jorg  (yerG),  Johann  Christian  Gottfried. 

Born  at  Predel,  near  Zeitz,  Prussia,  Dec.  24, 1779 : 
died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  20, 1856.  A German  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer,  noted  especially  for  his 
works  on  obstetrics. 

Jorg,  Joseph  Edmund.  Born  at  Immenstadt, 
Bavaria,  Dec.  23,  1819 : died  at  Landshut,  Nov. 
18,  1901.  A Bavarian  ultramontane  politician 
and  historian.  His  chief  work  is  “ Geschichte 
des  grossen  Bauernkriegs  ” (1850). 

Jorgenson  (yor'gen-son),  Jorgen.  Born  at  Co- 
penhagen, 1779 : died  in  New  South  Wales  about 
1830.  A Danish  adventurer,  governor  of  Ice- 
land 1809. 

Jornandes.  See  Jordanes. 

Jortin  (jor'tin),  John.  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
23, 1698:  died  there,  Sept.  5,  1770.  An  English 
church  historian  and  critic.  His  father,  Renatus 
Jortin,  was  a nuguenot  exile.  He  was  educated  at  Char- 
terhouse and  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1719.  In  1749  he  was  Boyle  lecturer,  and  became 
archdeacon  of  London  in  1764.  His  chief  works  are  “Lusus 
poetici”  (1722),  “Life  of  Erasmus”  (1758),  and  “Sermons 
and  Charges”  (1771-72). 

Jorullo  (Ho-rol'yo).  A volcano  in  the  state  of 
Michoaean,  Mexico,  160  miles  west  by  south  of 
Mexico,  formed  in  1759.  Height,  4,265  feet. 
Jorundfjord  (ye'ron-fydrd).  One  of  the  most 
noted  fiords  in  Norway,  on  the  western  coast, 
southeast  of  Aalesund. 

Josaphat.  See  Barlaam  and  Josapliat. 
Joscelin.  See  Jocelin. 

Joscelyn,  or  Josselin  (jos'e-lin),  John.  Born 
1529 : died  at  High  Roding,  Essex,  Dec.  28, 1603. 


Joscelyn 


552 


Jovellanos 


One  of  the  earliest  students  of  Anglo-Saxon.  He 
graduated  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge  He  wm  Latin 
secretary  to  Parker,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (1.558),  and 
at  his  suggestion  made  collections  of  Anglo-Saxon  docu- 
ments, which  he  annotated.  . ,, 

Joseffy  (yo-sef  i),  Rafael.  Born  m Hunfalu, 
Hungary,  July  3,  1852.  A noted  Hungarian 
pianist  and  eomposer : a pupil  of  Tausig.  He 
has  published  pieces  for  the  pianoforte. 

Joseph  (jo'zef).  [Heb.,  of  doubtful  meaning: 
perhaps  from  a verb  ‘ to  add’;  Gr.  ’luo?/<p,  h.Jase- 
phus,  F.  Joseph , It.  Giuseppe,  Sp.  Jose,  Josef,  Pg. 
Jose,  Joze,  G.  Joseph .]  The  son  of  Jacob  and 
Rachel.  He  played  an  important  part  in  traditional  He- 
brew history.  He  was  sold  by  his  brethren  as  a slave  into 
Egypt  where  he  became  prime  minister  and  the  progeni- 
tor of  ’two  Israelitish  tribes,  Ephraim  and  Manasseh.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition  his  sale  took  place  in  the  reign  of  the 
Hyksos  or  shepherd  king  Apliobis.  See  Aphobis. 

Joseph.  The  husband  of  Mary  the  mother  of 

Joseph  I.  Born  at  Vienna,  July  26,  1078:  died 
April  17,  1711.  German  emperor,  son  of  Leo- 
pold I.  He  was  crowned  ldng  of  Hungary  in  16S9,  and 
of  the  Romans  in  1090,  and  succeeded  to  the  empire  in 
1705.  He  continued  the  W ar  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 

Joseph  II  Born  at  Vienna,  March  13,  1741: 
died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  20, 1790.  German  empe- 
ror, son  of  Francis  I.  and  Maria  Theresa.  He 
was  crowned  king  of  the  Romans  in  1704  ^succeeded  to  the 
empire  in  1765 ; became  co-regent  with  Maria  Theresa  in 
the  Hapsburg  dominions  in  1765;  took  part  in  the  War  of 
the  Bavarian  Succession  1778-79 ; and  became  sole  ruler  in 
17S0.  He  proclaimed  the  “Edict  of  Tolerance  in  1781; 
abolished  serfdom ; and  joined  with  Russia  against  Tuikey 
in  1788.  , „ 0 

Joseph,  King  of  Naples,  later  of  Spam.  See 

Bonaparte.  _ , _ 

Joseph,  Father  (Francois  Leclerc_du  Trem- 
blay) Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  4,  157i : died  at 
Rueil,  Dee.  18, 1638.  A French  Capuchin  monk, 

confidential  agent  of  Richelieu 

Joseph  of  Arimathea.  A rich  Israelite  who  ap- 
parently was  a member  of  the  Sanhedrim  at  the 
time  of  the  crucifixion.  He  was  afraid  to  confess  his 
belief  in  Jesus  Christ.  After  the  crucifixion,  however  he 
went  and  begged  the  body  of  Jesus  and  buried  it  in  his 
own  tomb.  There  is  a legend  that  he  was  imprisoned  for 
42  years,  which  seemed  but  3 to  him  on  account  of  the 
Hoiy  Grail  which  he  kept  with  him  in  prison;  and  that 
lie  carried  the  Grail,  after  his  release  by  Vespasian,  to 
Britain,  where  he  built  the  abbey  of  Glastonbujy.  There 
isan  alliterative  English  romance  “Joseph  of  Arnnathea 
written  about  1350  (edited  by  Professor  Skeatin  1871). 
Robert  de  Borron  composed  two  versions  of  a Legend  of 
Joseph  of  Arimathea,  or  The  Little  St.  Grail  in  verse  and 
in  prose,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Walter  Map,  who 
wrote  the  “Great  Saint  Grail ” from  them. 

Joseph  of  Exeter,  L.  Josephus  Iscanus. 

Flourished  about  1200.  A native  of  Exeter,  one 
of  the  best  medieval  Latin  poets  in  England.  He 
resided  much  in  France,  and  in  1188  went  with  Archbishop 
Baldwin  on  a crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  returning  to  Lng- 
land  in  1190.  His  chief  work3  are  “De  Bello  Trojano  in 
6 books,  “ Antiocheis,”  a poem  on  the  third  Crusade, 
“Pauegyricus  ad  Henricum.”  .....  f 

Joseph  Andrews  (jo'zef  an  droz).  The  title  of 
a novel  by  Fielding,  published  m 1<42,  and  the 
name  of  its  hero.  He  is  represented  as  a young  foot- 
man of  great  beauty  who  maintains  his  uprightness  and 
chastity  through  a long  series  of  trials.  The  most  promi- 
nent and  famous  character  in  the  book  is  that  of  the  curate 
Parson  Adams.  (See  Adams.)  Thebook  (said  to  have  been 
suggested  by  the  “Paysan  Parvenu  of  Marivaux)  was  at 
first  intended  to  be  merely  a satire  on  Richardson  s Pa- 
mela " but  it  grew  as  its  author  worked  upon  it. 

Joseph  Bechor  Shor  (jo'zef  be-chor  shor  ).  A 
Jewish  scholar  and  biblical  commentator  of  the 
12th  century,  in  the  north  of  France. 

Josephine  (jo'ze-fen)  (Marie  Josephe  Rose 
Tascher  de  la  Pagerie).  Born  at  rrois-llets, 
Martinique,  June  23,  1763:  died  at  Malmaison, 
near  Paris,  May  29,  1814.  First  wife  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  and  empress  of  the  French.  She  removed 
to  France  in  1778;  married,  Dec.  13,  1779,  the  Vicomte  de 
Beauharnais  (who  died  1791) ; and  became  the  wife  of  Na- 
poleon March  9, 1796.  She  was  crowned  empress  in  1804, 
and  was  divorced  in  1809. 

Josephstadt  (yo'zef-stiit).  A fortified  town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Elbe  66  miles  east  by 
north  of  Prague.  Population,  5,438,  (1910). 
Josephus  (jo-se'fus),  Flavius  (Jewish  name 
Joseph  hen  Matthias).  Born  37  a.  d.:  died 
about  95.  A celebrated  Jewish  historian.  He 

was  of  illustrious  priestly  descent,  and  related  to  the  Mac- 
cabean  house.  A visit  to  Rome  in  his  early  years  filled 
him  with  enthusiastic  admiration  for  it  and  its  institutions. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  .1  udeo-Roman  war  he  was  intrusted 
by  the  Sanhedrim  with  the  governorship  of  Galilee,  and  as 
such  took  part  in  the  war  against  Rome.  Hut  lie  weakened 
the  province  under  his  administration  by  sowing  discord  ; 
and  when  the  fortress  Jotapata,  after  a most  heroic  resis- 
tance, was  taken  by  Vespasian,  he  managed  to  save  his 
own  life  after  the  remnant  of  the  besieged  had  died  by 
their  own  hands.  V espasian,  glad  to  have  him  on  his  side 
as  a guide  and  adviser,  received  him  with  courtesy  and 
friendliness,  and  he  remained  with  Vespasian  and  I ltus, 
following  them,  after  the  fall  of  his  people,  to  Rome,  and 
living  in  the  sunshine  of  their  favor.  He  received  large 
tracts  of  land  in  Judea  and  an  annual  pension,  and  adopted 


the  name  of  Flavius  after  that  of  the  imperial  family.  In 
Rome  he  wrote  his  work  “The  Jewish  War,  in  7 books, 
at  first  in  the  Syro-Chaldaic  tongue  and  afterward  in  Greek. 

His  “Antiquities  of  the  Jews,”  a history  of  the  J ewish  peo- 
ple from  the  earliest  times  to  26  A.  D.,  in  20  books,  is  a de- 
fense of  the  Jews  against  Apion,  and  his  own  autobiogra- 
phy In  his  writings  he  displays  a great  love  for  his  nation 
and  religion.  His  works  are  not  only  the  most  compre- 
hensive  and  important  source  of  information  for  the  his- 
tory of  his  times,  but  also  are  distinguished  for  their  ex- 
cellent historical  style,  which  gained  for  him  the  title  of  a 
Hebrew  Livy.  He  died  under  Domitian,  and,  according  to 
some  intimations,  as  a martyr  to  the  faith  of  his  race. 
Joshua  (josh'u-a).  [Heh.  Yehoshua,  whose  help 
is  Yahveh.  SeeJesMS.]  The  successor  of  Moses 
as  leader  of  the  Israelites.  He  was  the  son  of  Nun, 
of  the  tribe  of  Ephraim,  and  was  one  of  the  two  spies  who 
reported  favorably  of  Canaan.  He  was  an  attendant  of 
Moses  who  designated  him  as  his  successor.  He  led  the 
nation  into  the  land  of  promise,  and  was  their  captain  in 
the  wars  that  resulted  in  their  peaceful  occupation  of  it 
The  book  that  bears  his  name  consists  mainly  of  an  account 
of  the  settlement  of  the  Israelites  in  Canaan.  It  is  of 
composite  structure. 

Josiah  (jo-sl'a).  [Heb.,  ‘Yahveh  heals.’]  King 
of  Judah  640-609  B.  c.  (Duncker),  son  of  Amon. 

He  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Pharaoh-Necho  at  the  battle 
of  Megiddo  in  the  valley  of  Esdraelon.  (2  Ki  xxn.-xxiv.  30, 
and  2 Chron.  xxxiv.-xxxv.)  He  brought  about  important  re- 
forms, destroying  all  forms  of  idolatrous  worship.  It  was 
under  his  reign  that  the  priest  Hilkiah  found  the  hook  of 
the  law.  See  Deuteronomy. 

Josika  (yo'she-ko),  Baron  Miklos.  Born  at 
Torda,  Transylvania,  April  28,  1796:  died  at 
Dresden,  Feb.-27, 1865.  A Hungarian  historical 
novelist.  Among  his  chief  novels  are  “Abafi”  (1836), 
“The  Poet  Zrinyi”  (1810),  “The  Last  Bitory  (1838),  The 
Bohemians  in  Hungary  ” (1840),  “A  Hungarian  Famdy  dur- 
ing the  Revolution"  (1851),  “The  Family  Mailly  (1852), 

“ Esther  ” (1853).  . 

Josippon.  The  title  of  a history,  m Hebrew, 
which  originated  in  the  10th  century  in  Italy, 
and  which  the  author  (under  the  pseudonym 
Joseph  ben  Gorion)  claims  to  be  a free  trans- 
lation of  Josephus’s  historical  works.  The  his- 
torical events  are  mingled  with  legends  and  tales  which 
the  author  has  drawn  from  the  rabbinical  literature, 
Hegesippus,  the  oldest  compendium  of  the  authentic 
Josephus,  and  the  patristic  writings.  It  was  written  in 
a kind  of  poetical  prose,  and  was  a great  favorite  with  the 
Jewish  people ; it  has  been  translated  into  many  languages. 

Joscruin  (zhos-kan')  or  Josse Desprez (da-pra'), 
or  De  Pres  (de  pra),  Latinized  to  Jodocus  R 
Pratis  (jo-do' kus  a pra'tis),  or  a Prato,  or 
Pratensis  (pra-ten'sis).  Born  at  or  near  St  - 
Quentin,  Hainault,  about  1450!  died  at  Conue, 
Hainault,  Aug.  27, 1521.  A celebrated  Flemish 
composer,  “one  of  the  greatest  masters  of  the 
Netherland  school,”  author  of  masses,  numerous 
motets,  etc. 

Josse  ( zhos),  Monsieur.  A jeweler  m Moliere  s 
“L’ Amour  medecin.”  When  asked  how  to  cure  a 
love-sick  lady  he  recommends  jewelry  at  once;  hence  the 
sarcastic  phrase  “ Vous  etes  orfevre,  M.  Josse  (‘lou  are 
a jeweler,  Mr.  Josse’)— that  is,  you  advise  others  for  your 
own  benefit.  . . , , , , 

Josselin(zhos-lan').  A town  m the  department 
of  Loire-Inferieure,  France,  on  the  Oust  23 
miles  northeast  of  Vannes.  The  castle,  a seat  of  the 
llohan  family  and  the  former  abode  of  the  Conndtable  de 
Clisson,  is  a fine  medieval  stronghold  with  lofty  walls  over- 
topped by  cylindrical,  conical-roofed  towers.  The  interior 
front,  in  the  Flamboyant  of  the  end  of  the  Pointed  style,  is 
highly  picturesque,  with  gables,  canopied  windows,  open- 
work parapets,  and  flaming  tracery. 

Jost  (yost),  Isaak  Markus.  Born  at  Bernburg, 
Germany,  Feb.  22,  1793:  died  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Nov.  25,  1860.  A German-Hebrew 
historian,  teacher  in  Berlin  and  later  (1835) 
in  Frankfort.  He  wrote  “Geschichte  der  Israeliten” 
(1820-29:  “Neuere  Geschichte  der  Israeliten,”  1846-47), 

“ Geschichte  des  Judentums  und  seinerSekten  " (1857-59), 

Jotapata  (jo-ta-pa'ta).  A fortress  on  the  mod- 
ern hill  Tel  Jefat  in  Galilee.  During  the  Judeo- 
Roman  war  it  was  held  by  Josephus.  Forced  by  want  of 
food  and  water  to  surrender  to  Vespasian,  the  garrison  re- 
tired  to  a cavern  and  died  by  their  own  hands,  with  the  ex- 
ception  of  the  general,  Josephus,  and  one  other 

Jotham  (jo'tham).  King  of  Judah  /40-734  B.  c. 
J6tunheim(ye;t6n-hnn).  [ON  Jotimlieimr:  Jo- 
tunn,  giant,  and  heimr,  world.]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  realm  of  the  giants:  also  called 
Ut<*ard(ON.  tltgardhr),  the  outer  world.  It  was 
conceived  to  he  situated  in  the  extreme  north. 
Jotunheim  (yo'ton-him).  A mountain  region 
in  Norway,  about  lat.  61°  30'  N.  It  contains  the 
highest  summits  in  the  country,  Galdhoppigen  (8,400  feet) 
and  Glittertind. 

Joubert  (zho-bar'),  Barthelemy  Catherine. 

Born  at  Pont-de-Vaux,  Ain,  France,  April  14, 
1769:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Novi,  Italy,  Aug. 
15  1799.  A French  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  Tyrol  in  1797,  and  in  Piedmont  in  1798,  and  suc- 
ceeded Moreau  in  Italy  in  1799.  . , 

Joubert,  Joseph . Born  at  Montignac,  Pengord, 
May  6,  1754 : died  at  Paris,  May  4,  18-4.  A 
French  moralist  and  man  of  letters.  Extracts 
from  his  manuscripts,  under  the  title  “Pensdes,  were 


edited  by  Chateaubriand,  and  later  (1842),  under  the  title 
“Pensdes,  maximes,  et  correspondance,"  by  Paul  Raynal. 

Joueur  (zho-er'),  Le.  A comedy  by  Regnard, 
produced  in  1696.  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  “Gamester” 
was  adapted  from  it, 

Jouffroy  (zho-frwa/),  Theodore  Simon.  Born 
at  Pontets,  Doubs,  France,  July  7,  1796:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  4,  1842.  A noted  French  philo- 
sophical writer,  a pupil  of  Cousin,  professor  at 
various  institutions  in  Paris,  and  after  1838  li- 
brarian of  the  university.  He  translated  Dougald 
Stewart  and  Reid,  and  wrote  “Melanges  philosophiques 1 
(1833),  “Cours  de  droit  naturel”  (1835),  etc. 

Jougne  (zhony).  Col  de.  A pass  over  the  Jura, 
on  the  borders  of  Yaud,  Switzerland,  and  Doubs, 
France,  connecting  Lausanne  with  Pontarlier. 
Joule  (jol),  James  Prescott.  Born  at  Salford, 
England,  Dec.  24,  1818:  died  at  Sale,  Oct.  11, 
1889.  An  English  physicist,  noted  for  his  re- 
searches in  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat. 

His  paper  on  “ Electro-Magnetic  Forces  ” (1840)  describes 
one  of  the  earliest  known  attempts  to  measure  an  electric 
current  by  a definite  unit.  In  a paper  “On  the  Production 
of  Heat  by  Voltaic  Electricity”  (1840)  he  first  announced 
the  law  “that  when  a current  of  voltaic  electricity  is  prop- 
agated along  a metallic  conductor,  the  heat  evolved  in  a 
given  time  is  proportional  to  the  resistance  of  the  con- 
ductor multiplied  by  the  square  of  the  electric  intensity. 

This  discovery  was  largely  suggested  by  Ohm’s  “ Die  gal- 
vanische  Kette”  (1827).  In  a paper  (1843)  “ On  the  Heat 

Evolved  during  the  Electrolysis  of  Water,”  he  demonstrated 

that  the  mechanical  and  heating  powers  of  the  current 
are  proportional  to  each  other.  These  discoveries  led  to 
a long  series  of  experiments  on  the  equivalence  of  heat 
and  energy,  which  occupied  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In 
a paper  “On  the  Calorific  Effects  of  Magnetic  Electricity 
and  the  Mechanical  Value  of  Heat  ” (1843)  it  is  stated  that 
“the  quantity  of  heat  capable  of  increasing  the  tempera- 
ture of  a pound  of  water  by  one  degree  of  Fahrenheit  s 
scale  is  equal  to  ...  a mechanical  force  capable  of 
raising  838  pounds  to  a perpendicular  height  of  one  foot. 
Joule  made  his  final  experiments  in  1878,  and  the  physical 
constant  was  determined  to  be  772.55  foot-pounds. 

Jour  dam  (zhor-dan'),  Alfonse,  Count  of  Tou- 
louse. Bom  in  Syria,  1103 : died  at  Acre,  Pales- 
tine, 1148.  Ruler  of  the  greater  part  of  southern 
• France  1125-48. 

Jourdain,  Monsieur.  In  Moli&re  s Le  bour- 
geois gentilhomme,”  a good,  plain  citizen,  con- 
sumed with  a desire  to  pass  for  a perfect  gentle- 
man. To  this  end  he  endeavors  to  educate  not  only  him- 
eelf  but  all  his  family.  His  astonishment  at  learning  that 
he  had  been  talking  prose  all  his  life  has  passed  into  a 
proverb. 

Jourdan  (zhor-don'),  Comte  Joan  Baptiste. 
Born  at  Limoges,  France,  April  29, 1762:  died  at 
Paris  Nov.  23, 1833.  A French  marshal.  Hewas 
distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  1792-93  ; became  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  n’orth  ; defeated  the  Austrians 
at  Wattignies  Oct.  16,  1793,  and  at  Fleurus  June  2<L179L 
was  victorious  at  Aldenhoven ; was  defeated  at  Hochst 
Oct.  11  1795;  was  commander  of  the  army  of  the  hambre 
and"  Meuse ; was  defeated  at  Amberg  Aug.  24,  and  Wurz- 
burg Sept.  3, 1796 ; was  commander  of  the  army  of  the  Dan- 
ube and  was  defeated  at  Ostrach  March  21  and  Stockach 
March  25.  1799;  was  made  governor  of  Piedmont  in  1800, 
and  marshal  in  1804;  and  attended  Joseph  Bonaparte  in 
Naples  and  Spain.  . , 

Journey  to  London,  A.  The  name  given  by 
Vanbrugh  to  the  unfinished  comedy  afterward 
completed  by  Cibber  and  called  “The  Provoked 
Husband”  (produced  in  1728). 

Jouvenet  (zhov-na/),  Jean.  Born  at  Rouen, 
France,  Aug.  21,  1647:  died  at  Paris,  April  5, 
1717.  AFrenchhistoricalpainter.  Amonghischief 
works  are  “Descent  from  the  Cross.”  “Esther  before  Aha- 
suerus,”  “Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes.” 

Jouvet  (zho-va'),  or  Jovet  (zho-va').  A peak 
of  the  Tarentaise  Alps,  southeastern  France, 
east  of  Moutiers,  noted  for  its  view.  Height, 
8,410  feet.  . , 

Joux  (zho),  Fort  de.  A fortress  m the  depart- 
ment  of  Doubs,  France,  3 miles  south-southeast 
of  Pontarlier.  Mirabeau  was  imprisoned  here 
1775  and  Toussaint  Louverture  died  here  1803. 
Joux,  Lac  de.  A lake  on  the  borders  of  France 
and  Switzerland,  in  the  Val  de  J oux.  Its  outlet 
istheOrbe.  Length,  5 miles. 

Joux  Val  de.  A valley  in  the  Jura,  in  \ aud, 
Switzerland,  on  the  border  of  the  departments 
of  Doubs  and  Jura,  France,  traversed  by  the 
Orbe  and  the  Lac  de  Joux.  . . , 

Jouv  (zho-e'), Victor  Joseph  Etienne  (called 
d e Jouy) . Bom  at  J ouv,  near  V ersailles,  1*  ranee, 
1764  (1769  7) : died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye, 

France,  Sept.  4, 1846.  A French  dramatist  and 
man  of  letters.  Among  his  numerous  writings  are  “ Er- 
mitede  la Chaussde  d’Antin, ou  observations surles mceurs 
“t  ies  usages  frames  an  commencement  du  dix-neuvifsme 
sifecle”  (1812-14),  librettos,  comedies,  tragedies,  etc. 

Jova.  See  Opata. 

Jove  (jov).  See  Jupiter  and  Zeus. 

Jovellanos  (Ho-vel-ya'nos),  or  Jove-Llanos, 
Gaspar  Melchor  de.  Born  at  Gijon,  Asturias, 
Spain,  Jan.  5,  1744:  died  in  Asturias,  Nov.  2/, 
1811.  A Spanish  statesman,  poet,  and  man  of 


Jovellanos 

letters.  He  wrote  the  comedy  “ El  delincuente  honrado  " 
(“The  Honest  Criminal"),  the  tragedy  “Pelayo,”  prose 
works  on  politics  and  political  economy,  etc. 
Jovellanos  (Ho-vel-ya'nos),  Salvador.  Bom  at 
Asuncion,  1833.  A Paraguayan  statesman.  Driven 
out  of  the  country,  he  established  himself  in  the  Argentine 
Republic,  and  in  1865  joined  the  allied  army  against  Lopez. 
At  the  end  of  the  war  he  was  made  a member  of  the  pro- 
visional government,  and  a new  constitution  having  been 
adopted,  he  was  elec  ted  president  in  Oct.,  1871,  serving  from 
Dec.  12,  1871,  to  Nov.  25,  1874.  With  him  began  the  regen- 
eration of  Paraguay. 

Jovial  Crew,  A,  or  the  Merry  Beggars.  A 

comedy  by  Richard  Brome,  produced  in  1641, 
printed  in  1652. 

Jovian.  See  Jovianus. 

Jovianus  (jo-vi-a'nus),  Flavius  Claudius. 

Bom  about  332 : died  at  Dadastana,  Bithynia, 
Feb.  17,  364.  Emperor  of  Rome  363-364.  He  was 
elevated  by  the  army  on  the  death  of  Julian  the  Apostate 
during  a campaign  against  Persia,  and  purchased  the  retreat 
of  himself  and  his  army  by  ceding  to  the  Persian  king  all 
the  5 Roman  provinces  beyond  the  Tigris.  The  chief  event 
of  his  reign  was  the  publication  of  an  edict  restoring  Chris- 
tianity to  the  privileges  granted  by  Constantine  the  Great. 

Jovius.  See  Giovio. 

Jowett  (jou'et),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Camber- 
well, London,  1817 : died  Oct.  1, 1893.  A noted 
English  classical  scholar,  regius  professor  of 
Greek  at  Oxford,  and  master  of  Balliol  College. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  vice-chancellor  of  the  university. 
His  works  include  “ The  Dialogues  of  Plato  translated  into 
English,  with  Analyses  and  Introductions”  (1871,  3d  ed. 
1892),  a translation  of  Thucydides  (1881),  and  a translation 
of  the  "Politics " of  Aristotle  (1885).  In  1860  he  was  tried 
and  acquitted  before  the  chancellor's  court  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  on  a charge  of  heresy. 

Jowf  (jouf),  or  Djof.  A town  and  oasis  in 
Arabia,  about  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  40°  E. 
Joyce’s  Country  (jois'ez  kun'tri).  Adistrictof 
County  Galway,  Ireland,  lying  north  of  Conne- 
mara. 

Joyeuse  (zbwa-yez').  The  sword  of  Charle- 
magne. 

Joyeuse  Garde  (zhwa-yez'  gard),  La,  or  La 
Garde  Joyeuse.  in  medieval  romance,  the  cas- 
tle of  Lancelot  of  the  Lake.  It  was  given  to  him 
by  Arthur  for  his  defense  of  the  queen’s  honor  in  a con- 
flict with  Sir  Mador  who  had  accused  her  of  poisoning  his 
brother.  The  name  was  changed  from  Dolorous  Garde,  or 
La  Garde  Douloureuse,  in  honor  of  his  victory.  It  is  thought 
to  have  stood  at  Berwick-upon-Tweed. 

Berwick,  but  for  the  dulness  within  its  walls,  seems 
almost  as  worthy  of  being  called  Joyeuse  Garde  as,  both 
from  its  real  and  romance  history  of  siege,  conquest,  and 
reconquest,  it  is  of  being  remembered  as  Dolorous  Garde. 

Stuart  Gleruiie,  Arthurian  Localities,  III.  L 

J.  S.  of  Dale.  The  pseudonym  of  F.  J.  Stimson. 
Juan  CHo-an').  Spanish  form  of  John. 

Juan,  Don.  See  Don  Juan. 

Juan,  Don.  See  John  of  Austria. 

Juana.  See  Joanna. 

Juana, or  Juanna(Ho-an'na).  [Namedin  honor 
of  Prince  Juan,  the  son  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella.] The  name  given  by  Columbus  in  1492 
to  Cuba.  After  his  death  it  was  changed,  by  the  king’s 
desire,  to  Fernandina,  and  both  names  appear  in  some 
old  books  and  maps.  They  were  soon  abandoned. 

Juan  de  Arpli  (Ho-an'  da  ar'ple).  Born  at  Leon 
about  1585 : died  at  Madrid  about  the  beginning 
of  the  17th  century.  A Spanish  goldsmith,  the 
most  celebrated  member  of  a numerous  family 
of  goldsmiths:  the  Spanish  Cellini.  Philip II. 
appointed  him  assayer  of  money  at  the  Segovia.  He  left 
various  writings  on  orfevrerie,  sculptur  e,  and  architecture. 
Juan  de  Fuca  (jo'an  de  fu'ka, ; Sp.  pron.  Ho-an' 
da  fo'ka),  or  Fuca,  Strait  of.  A sea  pas- 
sage separating  Vancouver  Island  from  Wash- 
ington, and  connecting  the  Pacific  Ocean  with 
the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  with  Admiralty  Inlet 
and  Puget  Sound. 

Juan  Fernandez  (Ho-an'  fer-nan'deth).  1.  An 
island  belonging  to  Chile,  situated  in  the  South 
Pacific  in  lat.  33°  38'  S.,  long.  78°  53'  W.  The 
surface  is  rocky  and  mountainous.  It  was  discovered  by 
a Spaniard,  Juan  Fernandez,  about  1583  ; was  a resort  of 
bucaneers  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries ; and  is  famous 
for  the  solitary  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk  1704-09. 
Also  called  Mas  a Tierra.  Area,  36  square  miles. 

2.  A group  including  the  above  island,  Mas  a 
Fuera  (100  miles  west  of  it),  and  the  islet  of 
Santa  Clara.  Total  area,  72  square  miles.  The 
population  is  very  small. 

Juarez  (Bo-a'reth),  Benito  Pablo.  Bom  at 
Guelatao,  Oajaca,  March  21, 1806 : died  at  Mex- 
ico, July  18,  1872.  A Mexican  liberal  politi- 
cian, of  pure  Indian  blood.  Banished  by  Santa 
Anna  in  1853,  he  returned  in  1855,  was  minister  of  justice 
under  Alvarez,  and  in  1857  was  elected  president  of  the 
supreme  court  and  vice-president  of  Mexico.  After  the 
fall  of  Comonfort  (Jan.,  1858),  he  became  president  by  suc- 
cession, but  the  reactionists  had  seized  the  government, 
and  Juarez  triumphed  over  them  (Dec.,  1860)  only  after 
a civil  war.  He  was  regularly  elected  president  March, 
1861.  The  invasion  of  Mexico  by  the  French,  English, 
and  Spanish,  ostensibly  in  support  of  foreign  bondholders 
(Dec.,  1861),  ended  in  the  occupation  of  Mexico  by  the 
VI.  19 


553 

French  (June,  1863),  and  the  proclamation  of  an  empire 
under  Maximilian.  Juarez  was  driven  to  the  northern 
frontier,  but  on  the  withdrawal  of  the  French  army  (Jan., 
1867)  quickly  regained  strength,  and  Maximilian  was  cap- 
tured and  shot.  Juarez  entered  Mexico,  and  was  reelected 
president  Aug.,  1867.  Revolts  continued,  and,  though  he 
was  again  elected  in  1871,  the  northern  states  were  in  in- 
surrection when  he  died. 

Juarez  Celman  (sal-man'),  Miguel.  Born  at 
Cordoba,  Sept.  29,  1844.  An  Argentine  politi- 
cian of  the  liberal  party.  He  became  president  Oct. 
12, 1886,  but  was  forced  to  resign  Aug.  6,  1890,  by  a revolu- 
tion brought  on  by  the  financial  panic  of  that  year. 

Juarros  (Ho-ar'ros),  Domingo.  Born  at  Guate- 
mala city,  1752 : died  there,  1820.  A Central 
American  priest  and  historian.  He  wrote  “His- 
toria  de  la  Ciudad  de  Guatemala  ” (2  vols.  1808-18).  There 
is  an  abridged  English  translation  byJohnBailey,  entitled 
“Statistical  and  Commercial  History  of  Guatemala”  (Lou- 
don, 1823).  The  work  is  important  for  the  history  of  Cen- 
tral America. 

Juba  (jo'ba).  A large  river  in  Africa,  which 
flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  near  the  equator. 
Now  proved  not  to  be  the  Omo. 

Juba  (jo'ba)  I.  Committed  suicide, 46  b.c.  King 
of  Numidia,  and  an  ally  of  Pompey.  He  defeat- 
ed the  Caesareans  under  Curio  in  49,  and  was 
defeated  at  Thapsus  in  46. 

Juba  II.  Died  about  19  a.  d.  Son  of  Juba  I., 
made  king  of  Numidia  about  30  B.c.,  and  trans- 
ferred to  Mauretania  in  25  B.  C.  He  was  noted 
as  a historical  and  general  writer. 

Jubal  (jo'bal).  According  to  Genesis,  a son  of 
Lamech  by  Adah,  and  the  inventor  of  stringed 
and  wind  instruments. 

Jubbulpore.  See  Jabalpur. 

Juby  (jo'be),  Cape.  A cape  on  the  western  coast 
of  Africa,  south  of  Morocco. 

Jucar  (Ho'kar).  A river  of  eastern  Spain,  flow- 
ing into  the  Mediterranean  25  miles  south  by 
east  of  Valencia.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Jucunas  (zho-ko-nas').  A tribe  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians,  on  the  river  Japura  near  the  con- 
fines of  Brazil  and  Colombia.  They  are  of  the 
Arawak  linguistic  stock. 

Judaea.  See  Judea. 

Judah  (jo'da).  [Heb.,  ‘praised’;  Gr.  ’I ovdac, 
rarely  ’I ov6a,  Judas.]  1.  One  of  the  Hebrew 
patriarchs,  the  fourth  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah.-- 
2.  The  most  powerful  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Is- 
rael. Its  territory  was  bounded  by  Dan  and  Benjamin  on 
the  north,  the  Dead  Sea  and  Idumea  on  the  east,  Idumea 
and  Simeon  on  the  south,  and  the  Mediterranean  (nomi- 
nally) on  the  west.  It  was  subdivided  into  the  districts  of 
the  mountain  orhill  country,  the  wilderness,  the  south,  and 
the  lowland. 

Judah  I.,  known  as  “ The  Prince”  ( lia-Nasi ),  or 
“The  Holy”  ( ha-Qaddsh ).  Flourished  190-220 
A.  d.  The  seventh  patriarch  and  president  of 
the  Sanhedrim  in  succession  from  Hillel.  He 
resided  first  in  Tiberias,  afterward  in  Sepphoris,  and  was, 
according  to  atradition,  on  friendly  terms  with  the  emperor 
Antoninus.  The  principal  work  of  his  life  consisted  in  the 
compiling  of  the  thousands  of  decisions  (halachoth  : see 
Ualacha)  of  the  teachers  of  the  law,  which  he  arranged 
according  to  subjects  and  redacted  as  the  Mishna  (which 
see)  in  6 orders  or  classes,  each  comprising  the  regulations 
of  a certain  branch  of  religious  or  social  life. 

Judah  II.  Patriarch  about  225  a.  d.,  grandson 
of  Judah  I.  He  moderated  many  laws  bearing  on  the 
relation  of  Jews  to  heathen,  and,  according  to  a tradition, 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  the  emperor  Alexander  Severus. 

Judah,  Kingdom  of.  The  southern  kingdom  of 
the  Jews,  comprising  the  tribes  Judah  and  Ben- 
jamin. The  northern  kingdom  of  Israel  seceded  from 
it  in  the  reign  of  Rehoboam  (about  953  B.  C.).  Among  its 
kings  were  Jehoshapliat,  Joash,  Uzziah,  Hezekiah,  and 
Josiah.  It  was  overthrown  in  686  B.  c.  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar, who  carried  many  of  the  people  to  Babylon. 

Judah  ha  Levi  (jo'da  ha  la've).  Born  about 
1085:  died  about  1140.  A Spanish- Jewish  poet 
and  physician.  In  him  the  Jewish-Spanish  renaissance 
of  poetry  reached  its  height  of  perfection  of  form  and  no- 
bility and  loftiness  of  subject-matter.  Of  his  works  there 
survive  more  than  800  secular  poems,  and  more  than  300 
religious  poems.  He  was  also  the  author  of  an  apolo- 
getical  work  in  Arabic,  “ The  Book  of  Argumentation  and 
Demonstration  for  the  Defense  of  the  Oppressed  Religion,” 
better  known  by  thetitleof  the  Hebrew  translation,  “ Cho- 
zari.”  According  to  a tradition  he  undertook  a pilgrimage 
to  Jerusalem,  and  was  there  trampled  to  death  by  a Saracen 
rider. 

Judas  (jo'das),  sumamed  “TheGaulonite,”  or 
“The  Galilean.”  A Jewish  popular  leader  in 
the  revolt  against  the  census  under  the  prefect 
Quirinus. 

The  sect  of  Judas  the  Gaulonite,  or,  as  he  was  called,  the 
Galilean,  may  be  considered  the  lineal  inheritors  of  that 
mingled  spirit  of  national  independence  and  of  religious 
enthusiasm  which  had  in  early  days  won  the  glorious  tri- 
umph of  freedom  from  the  Syro-Grecian  kings,  and  had 
maintained  a stern  though  secret  resistance  to  the  later 
Asmoneans,  and  to  the Idumean dynasty.  Justbeforethe 
death  of  Herod,  it  had  induced  the  six  thousand  Pharisees 
to  refuse  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king  and  to  his  im- 
perial protector,  and  had  probably  been  the  secret  incite- 
ment in  the  other  acts  of  resistance  to  the  royal  authority. 
Judas  the  Galilean  openly  proclaimed  the  unlawfulness, 


Judson 

the  impiety,  of  God’s  people  submitting  to  a foreign  yoke, 
and  thus  acknowledging  the  subordination  of  the  Jewish 
theocracy  to  the  empire  of  Rome. 

Milman , Hist,  of  Christianity,  I.  141. 

Judas  Iscariot  (jo'das  is-kar'i-ot).  [Heb.  (see 
Judah) ; Gr.  Tourfaf  ’lauapturr/c.  The  surname 
Iscariot  is  from  Kerioth  in  Judah.]  One  of  the 
twelve  apostles,  the  betrayer  of  Jesus. 

Judas  Maccabseus  (jo'das  mak-a-be'us).  Died 
160  B.  C.  The  second  of  the  five  sons  of  Matta- 
thias  the  Hasmonean.  He  succeeded  his  father  in 
166  as  commander  and  leader  in  the  struggle  against  An- 
tiochus  Epiphanes.  In  the  battles  at  Bethhoron  and  Beth- 
zur  (south  of  Jerusalem)  he  gained  a decisive  victory  over 
the  Syrians,  and  on  the  25th  Chisleu  (December),  165,  he 
entered  Jerusalem  and  reconsecrated  the  temple  : in  mem- 
ory of  this  event  the  feast  of  dedication  (hanukah)  was 
instituted.  Later  he  fought  many  battles,  and  at  last  fell 
in  an  encounter  with  the  Syrians  under  Bacchides. 

J udas  Maccabseus.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  pro- 
duced in  London  1747. 

Judd  (jud),  Sylvester.  Born  at  Westhampton, 
Mass.,  July  23,  1813:  died  at  Augusta,  Maine, 
Jan.  20,  1853.  An  American  Unitarian  clergy- 
man and  author.  His  chief  work  is  the  ro- 
mance “Margaret”  (1845). 

Jude  (jod),  or  Judas,  Saint.  [Heb. : see  Judah.  ] 
One  of  the  twelve  apostles,  probably  identical 
with  Thaddeus  and  Lebbseus  (doubtless  a cor- 
ruption of  Thaddeus).  There  are  no  trustwor- 
thy traditions  concerning  him. 

Jude,  Epistle  of.  A book  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, written,  not  by  the  apostle  Jude,  but  pos- 
sibly by  a brother  of  Jesus.  He  describes  himself 
as  a “brother  6f  James,”  by  whom  the  brother  of  Jesus 
may  be  meant.  But  both  authorship  and  date  are  un- 
certain. 

Judea,  or  Judaea  (jo-de'a).  [L.  Judsea,  Gr. 
’I ovdaia,  from  ’I ovdaiog,  J ew,  from  ’lovdac,  Judah.] 

1.  The  southern  division  of  Palestine  in  the 
Roman  period,  lying  south  of  Samaria  and  west 
of  the  Jordan  and  Dead  Sea,  sometimes,  how- 
ever, including  territory  east  of  the  Jordan. — 

2.  An  occasional  name  of  the  land  of  the  Jews, 
or  of  Palestine. 

Judea,  Kingdom  of.  See  Judah. 

Judenburg  (yo'den-borG).  A town  in  Styria, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Mur  36  miles 
west  by  north  of  Gratz.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,904,  (1910). 

Judges,  Book  of.  [Heb.  Sofetim.)  A book  of  the 
Old  Testament : so  named  because  it  gives  an 
account  of  the  history  of  Israel  under  the  rule 
of  a series  of  leaders  called  judges,  it  describes 
the  transition  period  between  the  conquest  of  Canaan  and 
the  growth  of  a strong,  stable  government.  The  judge  was 
chieftain  in  ancient  Semitic  communities,  and  the  chief, 
of  whatever  title,  always  exercised  juridical  functions. 
The  ancient  Carthaginians  called  their  rulers  by  the  same 
name,  suffetes.  The  most  famous  judges  were  Deborah 
and  Barak,  Gideon,  Jephthah,  Samson,  Eli,  and  .Samuel. 
According  to  its  own  chronology,  the  book  covers  a period 
of  410  years,  but  there  are  many  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
the  acceptance  of  this  number. 

Judgment  of  Paris,  The.  1 . A painting  by  Ru- 
bens, in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  three  god- 
desses, accompanied  by  their  attributes,  and  more  or  less 
completely  undraped,  stand  in  the  foreground  of  a wood- 
land. Paris  sits  on  a stone  holding  the  apple,  with  Mer- 
cury at  his  elbow  offering  advice.  This  is  the  original  of 
the  painting  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

2.  A painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London.  Mercury  offers  counsel  to  Paris,  who  is 
seated  on  a rock,  in  shepherd's  costume ; opposite  stand  the 
three  goddesses,  more  or  less  undraped. 

Judith  (jo'dith).  An  Early  English  poem,  prob- 
ably of  the  7th  century,  first  printed  in  1698. 

In  the  same  manuscript,  which  contains  the  only  known 
copy  of  “Beowulf,"  is  a fragment — about  a fourth  part  — 
of  another  First-English  poem,  its  theme  being  the  Bible 
story  of  Judith.  Professor  Stephens  infers,  not  only  from 
its  genuine  poetic  force,  but  from  its  use  of  a variation  in 
the  number  of  accents  marking  changes  of  emotion,  a 
device  found  nowhere  else  in  First-English  except  in 
Ctedmon’s  Paraphrase,  that  the  shaping  of  this  poem  is  to 
be  ascribed  to  Caedmon.  Morley,  English  Writers,  II.  180. 

Judith.  The  name  of  the  heroine  of  the  Book 
of  Judith  (which  see). 

Judith,  Book  of.  One  of  the  apocryphal  hooka 
of  the  Old  Testament.  It  is  a historical  romance 
dating  from  the  Maccabean  period  (probably  from  about 
129  B.  c.),  and  was  apparently  written  in  Hebrew.  The 
original  text  is  no  longer  extant : it  exists  at  present  in  two 
distinct  recensions,  the  Greek  and  the  Latin.  The  hero- 
ine is  named  Judith  (whence  the  name  of  the  book),  and 
is  represented  as  a native  of  Bethulia.  In  order  to  de- 
liver her  native  city,  which  is  besieged  by  Holofernes,  a 
general  of  the  King  of  the  Assyr  ians,  she  enters  the  As- 
syrian camp  under  the  pretense  of  wishing  to  betray  the 
city,  gains  admission  to  the  general’s  tent  through  her  ex- 
traordinary beauty,  and  slays  him  in  his  drunken  sleep, 
Judson  (jud'son),  Adoniram.  Born  at  Malden, 
Mass.,  Aug.  9,  1788 : died  at  sea,  April  12, 1850. 
An  American  Baptist  missionary.  He  settled  in 
Burma  in  1813.  He  translated  the  Bible  into  Burmese  in 
1835,  and  wrote  a Burmese-English  dictionary. 


Juel 

Juel  (yo'el),  Niels.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  May 
8,  1629:  died  at  Copenhagen,  April  8,  1697.  A 
Danish  admiral,  distinguished  in  the  war 
against  Sweden  1675-77. 

Juggernaut  (jug'er-nat).  [A  corruption  of  the 
Skt.  Jagannatha,  Lord  of  the  world.]  A name 
of  Vishnu  or  Krishna,  and  also  of  Rama  and 
Dattatreya,  both  incarnations  of  Vishnu.  He  is 

worshiped  elsewhere  in  India,  but  the  Jagannath  festival 
at  Puri,  near  Cuttack  in  Orissa,  is  especially  celebrated. 
Its  special  feature  is  the  drawing  of  the  great  car.  Such 
cars,  attached  to  every  large  Vishnu  pagoda  in  the  south 
of  India,  typify  the  moving  active  world  over  which  the 
god  presides.  The  Jagannath  festival  takes  place  in  June 
or  July,  and  for  weeks  before  pilgrims  come  into  Puri  by 
thousands.  The  car  is  45  feet  high,  35  feet  square,  and 
supported  on  16  wheels  7 feet  in  diameter.  Balarama,  the 
brother,  andSubhadra,  the  sister  of  Jagannatha,  have  sep- 
arate cars  a little  smaller.  When  the  images  are  placed 
on  the  cars,  the  multitude  kneel,  bow  their  foreheads  in 
the  dust,  and,  rushing  forward,  draw  the  cars  down  the 
broad  street  toward  Jagannath’s  country  house.  The  dis- 
tance is  less  than  a mile,  but  the  journey  takes  several 
days.  When  the  zeal  of  the  pilgrims  flags,  4,200  profes- 
sional pullers  drag  the  cars.  An  error  underlies  the 
commonforeign  conception  of  the  festival.  “In  aclosely- 
packed  eager  throng  of  a hundred  thousand  men  and 
women  under  the  blazing  tropical  sun  deaths  must  occa- 
sionally occur.  There  have  doubtless  been  instances  of 
pilgrims  throwing  themselves  under  the  wheels  in  a 
frenzy  of  religious  excitement,  but  such  instances  have 
always  been  rare,  and  are  now  unknown.  The  few  sui- 
cides that  did  occur  were,  for  the  most  part,  cases  of  dis- 
eased and  miserable  objects,  who  took  this  means  to  put 
themselves  out  of  pain.  The  official  returns  now  place  this 
beyond  doubt.  Nothing  could  be  more  opposed  to  the 
spirit  of  Vishnu-worship  than  self-immolation.  According 
to  Chaitanya,  the  apostle  of  Jagannath,  the  destruction  of 
the  least  of  God  s creatures  is  a sin  against  the  Creator. 
Self-immolation  hewouldhaveregardedwith  horror.”  Sir 
W.  IF.  Hunter,  Statistical  Account  of  Bengal,  XIX  59  ff. 
Juggernaut,  better  Jagannath  (ju-gun-nat'). 
A seaport  in  Orissa,  Bengal,  British  India,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  19°  48'  N.,  long.  85°  49'  E.,  celebrated 
for  its  temple  and  festival  of  the  deity  Jugger- 
naut (which  see).  Also  called  Puri.  Popula- 
tion,  49,334. 

Jugurtha  (jo-ger'tha).  Killed  at  Rome,  104  B.  C. 
King  of  Numidia,  son  of  Mastanabal  and  grand- 
son of  Masinissa.  He  usurped  western  Numidia  in 
117,  and  eastern  Numidia  in  112.  A war  with  Borne  com- 
menced in  111,  and  he  contended  against  Metellus  in  109 
and  108,  and  against  Marius  in  107.  He  was  captured  by 
Sulla  in  106. 

Juif  Errant  (zhfi-ef'  e-roh'),  Le.  [F.,  'The 
Wandering  Jew.']  An  opera  by  Halevy,  first 
produced  at  Paris  1852. 

Juive  (zhiiev'),  La.  [F.,  ‘The  Jewess.']  An 
opera  by  Halevy,  first  produced  at  Paris  1835. 
Jujuy  (Ho-Hwe').  1.  The  northwesternmost 
province  of  the  ArgentineConfederation, bound- 
ed on  the  east  and  south  by  Salta.  Area, 
18,977  square  miles.  Population,  59,075. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Jujuy,  situated 
on  the  Rio  Grande  about  lat.  24°  10'  S.,  long. 
65°  20'  W.  Also  called  San  Salvador  de  Jujuy. 
Population,  10,000. 

Jukes  (jbks),  Joseph  Beete.  Born  at  Birming- 
ham, Oct.,  1811:  died  at  Dublin,  July  29,  1869. 
An  English  geologist.  In  1839  he  became  geological 
surveyor  of  Newfoundland,  and  in  1842  naturalist  to  the 
expedition  to  t he  northeast  coast  of  Australia.  In  1846  he 
joined  the  British  Geological  Survey.  In  1850  he  became 
director  of  the  Irish  branch  of  the  survey,  and  lecturer  on 
geology  at  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  Dublin.  Hischief 
works  are  “Excursions  in  and  about  Newfoundland  ”(1842), 
"Narrative of  theSurveying  Voyageof  H. M. S.  Fly”(1847), 
“A  Sketch  of  the  Physical  Structure  of  Australia”  (1850), 
“The  Geology  of  South  Staffordshire  Coal-fields.” 

Jukovsky(zh6-kof'ske),  Vasili  Andreyevitch. 

Born  Jan.  29,  1783:  died  at  Baden,  1852.  A 
Russian  poet  and  translator.  He  translated  Schil- 
ler’s “Maid  of  Orleans,”  Byron’s  “Prisoner  of  Chillou,” 
Moore’s  “ Paradise  and  the  Peri,”  Gray’s  “ Elegy,”  etc. 
Juli  (Ho'le).  A village  of  Peru,  department  of 
Puno,  on  a terrace  overlooking  the  southwest 
shore  of  Lake  Titicaca,  13,100  feet  above  the 
sea.  It  was  founded  by  the  Jesuits  as  a mission  station 
in  1577,  and  is  celebrated  in  the  history  of  the  order. 
Julia  (jo'lya).  [L.,  fem.  of  Julius.']  Born  39b. c.: 
died  at  Rhegium,  Italy,  14  a.  d.  The  daughter 
of  Augustus  Caesar  and  Scribonia.  She  married  in 
25  M.  Marcellus,  on  whose  death  in  23  she  became  the  wife 
of  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa,  by  whom  she  became  the  mother 
of  C.  and  L.  Caesar,  Agrippa  Postumus,  Julia,  and  Agrippina. 
After  Agrippa’s  death  in  12  B.  c.,  she  married  Tiberius. 
She  was  eventually  divorced  by  Tiberius,  and  banished  by 
her  father,  first  to  the  island  of  Pandatoria,  and  afterward 
to  Rhegium,  on  account  of  her  vices. 

Julia.  Bom  in  83  or  82  b.  c.  : died  in  54  B.  c. 
The  daughter  of  J ulius  Caesar  and  Cornelia,  she 
married  Cornelius  Csepio,  from  whom,  at  her  father’s  com- 
mand,  she  procured  a divorce  in  order  to  become  the  wife 
of  Pompey  the  Great  in  59. 

Julia.  Died  28  a.  d.  The  daughter  of  M.  Vip- 
sanius Agrippa  and  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus 
Caesar.  She  became  the  wife  of  L.  Almilius  Paulus,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  M.  vEmilius  Lepidus  and 
^Emilia,  first  wife  of  the  emperor  Claudius.  She  inherited 


554 

the  vices  of  her  mother,  and  was  banished  by  Augustus 
in  9 A.  D.  to  the  island  of  Tremerus,  where  she  died. 

Julia.  1.  In  Shakspere’s  comedy  “Two  Gentle- 
men of  Verona,”  a girl  loved  by  Proteus. — 2. 
In  Sheridan’s  comedy  “The  Rivals,”  the  long- 
suffering  object  of  the  fractious  jealousy  of  Falk- 
land.— 3.  In  J.  Sheridan  Knowles’s  play  “ The 
Hunchback,”  a type  of  commonplace  senti- 
ment. 

Julia  Domna.  Died  217  a.  d.  A Roman  em- 

press.  She  was  the  wife  of  Septimius  Severus,  whom  she 
married  about  175,  before  his  elevation  to  the  imperial 
throne,  and  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Caracalla 
and  Geta.  She  was  originally  a Syrian  priestess,  and 
through  her  influence  as  empress  made  Oriental  religious 
rites  fashionable  at  Rome. 

Julia  gens(jo'lya  jenz).  A celebrated  patrician 
clan  or  house  in  ancient  Rome,  its  eponymic  an- 
cestor was  Julus,  the  grandson  or,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, the  son  of  -Eneas.  The  Julia  gens  was  one  of 
the  leading  Alban  houses  which  Tullus  Hostilius  re- 
moved to  Borne  on  the  destruction  of  Alba  Longa.  Its 
family  names  in  the  time  of  the  republic  were  Caesar, 
lulus,  Mento,  and  Libo. 

Julian  (jo'lyan),  surnamed  “The  Apostate” 
(Flavius  Claudius  Julianus).  [L.  Julianas, 
sprung  from  or  pertaining  to  Julius;  It.  Giu- 
liano,  Sp.  Julian,  Pg.  Julido,  F.  Julien.']  Born 
at  Constantinople,  probably  Nov.  17,  331  a.  d.  : 
died  June  26,  363.  Roman  emperor  361-363, 
son  of  Julius  Constantius  and  Basilina.  He  was, 
with  the  exception  of  a half-brother,  Gallus,  the  only 
member  of  the  Flavian  family  who  escaped  massacre  on 
the  accession  of  Constantius  II.  He  was  brought  up  in  the 
Christian  faith,  and  received  an  excellent  education,  which 
was  completed  in  the  philosophical  schools  at  Athens. 
He  was  in  355  created  Cicsar  by  Constantius,  whose  sister 
Helena  he  married,  and  by  whom  he  was  invested  with 
the  government  of  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain.  He  made  his 
residence  chiefly  at  Paris,  and  in  357  defeated  the  Ala- 
manni  in  a great  battle  near  Strasburg.  He  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  his  troops  in  361,  and  was  marching  against 
Constantinople  when  the  death  of  Constantius  left  him 
undisputed  master  of  the  empire.  On  his  accession  he 
publicly  announced  his  conversion  to  paganism  (whence 
his  surname),  and  published  an  edict  in  which  he  granted 
toleration  to  ail  religions.  In  363  he  undertook  an  expedi- 
tion against  Persia,  during  which  he  was  killed  by  an  arrow 
while  pursuing  the  enemy  after  a bloody  engagement,  June 
26,  363. 

Julian,  Count.  Ill  Spanish  legend,  a governor 
of  Andalusia  in  the  8th  century.  According  to  the 
story,  his  daughter  Florinda  was  seduced  by  Roderic,  and 
in  revenge  he  betrayed  Ceuta  to  the  Moors. 

Julian  Alps.  The  part  of  the  eastern  Alps  east 
and  southeast  of  the  Carnic  Alps,  situated  in 
Venetia,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  Gorz-Gra- 
diska.  The  culminating  point  is  the  Terglou  (9,394  feet). 
The  pass  over  the  Julian  Alps  into  Italy  was  of  extreme 
importance,  being  traversed  by  the  West-Gothic  invaders, 
by  Radagais,  by  Attila,  and  by  others. 

Julian  Emperors.  A collective  name  for  the 
Roman  emperors  Augustus,  Tiberius,  Caligula, 
Claudius,  and  Nero,  as  members  by  birth  or 
adoption  of  the  family  of  Julius  Caesar. 

julianists  (jo'lyan-ists).  A sect  of  Monophy- 
sites  which  held  the  body  of  Christ  to  be  incor- 
ruptible: so  called  from  Julian,  bishop  of  Hali- 
carnassus early  in  the  6th  century. 

Jiilich  (yu'lich),  F.  Juliers  (zhii-lya').  A town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Roer  16  miles  northeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle : the 
Roman  Juliacum,  and  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  duchy  of  Jiilich. 

Jiilich,  Duchy  of.  A medieval  countship  and 
duchy  of  Germany,  which  lay  west  of  the  elec- 
torate of  Cologne.  Capital,  Jiilich.  it  became 
united  with  Berg  in  1423.  Jiilich,  Berg,  and  Cleves  were 
united  in  1521.  The  extinction  of  the  Cleves  ducal  house 
in  1609  brought  on  the  “Contest  of  the  Jiilich  Succession,” 
settled  in  1666,  when  Brandenburg  received  Cleves,  and 
Jiilich  and  Berg  passed  to  Pfalz-Neuburg.  Jiilich  was  ac- 
quired by  France  in  1801,  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1814-15, 
and  now  belongs  to  the  Rhine  Province. 

Julie  (zhii-lG').  In  Rousseau’s  “Nouvelle  He- 
loise,”  the  wife  of  Volniar,  and  the  mistress  of 
Saint-Preux. 

Julien  (zbii-lyan'),  Stanislas.  Born  at  Orle- 
ans, France,  Sept.  20, 1799:  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
14,1873.  A French  Sinologist.  He  published  vari- 
ous translations  from  the  Chinese,  “Syntaxe  nouvelle  de 
la  langue  chinoise”  (1869-70),  etc. 

Julier  (yol'yer).  A pass  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
sons,  Switzerland,  leading  from  the  Oberhalb- 
stein  valley  to  the  Upper  Engadine.  It  was  used 
by  the  Romans.  Height,  7,500  feet. 

Juliers.  See  Jiilich. 

Juliet  (jo'li-et).  [Dim.  of  Julia.'}  1.  The  hero- 
ine of  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “Romeo  and  Juliet” 
(which  see).  She  is  the  daughter  of  Capulet,  and  loves 
Romeo,  the  heir  of  the  hostile  family  of  Montague. 

2.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  “Measure  for 
Measure,”  a lady  loved  by  Claudio. 

Julius  (jol'yus)  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  337-352. 
He  was  a supporter  of  Athanasius. 

Athanasius  took  up  his  residence  at  Rome,  and,  under 
the  protection  of  the  Roman  prelate,  defied  his  adversaries 


Junagarh 

to  a new  contest,  Julius  summoned  the  accusers  of  Atha- 
nasius to  plead  the  cause  before  a council  in  Rome.  The 
Eastern  prelates  altogether  disclaimed  his  jurisdiction,  and 
rejected  his  pretensions  to  rejudge  the  cause  of  a bishop 
already  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Tyre.  The  answer 
of  Julius  is  directed  rather  to  the  justification  of  Athana- 
sius than  to  the  assertion  of  his  own  authority.  The  synod 
of  Rome  solemnly  acquitted  Athanasius,  Paul,  and  all  their 
adherents.  The  Western  emperor  joined  in  the  sentiments 
of  his  clergy.  A second  council  at  Milan,  in  the  presence 
of  Constans,  confirmed  the  decree  of  Rome. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  421. 

Julius  II.  (Giuliano  della  Revere).  Bom  at 

Albezuola,  1443 : died  Feb.  21, 1513.  Pope  1503- 
1513.  He  joined  the  League  of  Cambrai  against  Venice 
in  1508 ; formed  the  Holy  League  against  France  in  1511 ; 
and  convened  the  fifth  Lateran  Council  in  1512.  He  was  a 
patron  ol  literature  and  art. 

Julius  III.  (Gianmaria  de’  Medici,  later  del 
Monte).  Pope  1550-55. 

Julius  Africanus.  See  Africanus. 

Julius  Csesar.  See  Caesar. 

Julius  Ciesar.  1 . A historical  tragedy  by  Shak- 
spere,  probably  written  in  1600  or  1601.  It  was 
not  printed  till  1623. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Alexander,  earl  of  Stirling,  published  as 
“Caesar"  in  1604,  and  as  “Julius  Caesar”  in 
1607. 

Jullien,  or  Julien  (zhii-lyan'),  Louis  Antoine. 

Born  at  Sisteron,  Basses-Alpes,  France,  April 
23,  1812:  died  near  Paris,  March  14,  1860.  A 
French  composer  and  musical  director,  in  1842 
he  began  his  annual  series  of  concerts  at  the  English  Opera 
House.  His  aim  was  to  “popularize  music.”  He  was  in 
the  United  States  from  1852  to  1854. 

Jullunder.  See  Jalandhar. 

July  (jo-11',  formerly  jo'li).  [From  L.  Julius, 
July,  properly  adj.  (sc.  mensis),  month  of  Julius, 
so  called  after  Julius  Caesar,  who  was  horn  in 
this  month,  and  who  gave  it  this  name  when 
reformingthe  calendar.  It  was  previously  called 
Quintilis,  or  the  fifth  month.  The  name  Julius 
in  ME.  and  early  mod.  E.  was  commonly  July.] 
The  seventh  month  of  the  year,  consisting  of 
thirty-one  days,  during  which  the  sun  enters  the 
sign  Leo. 

July,  Government  Of.  In  French  history,  the 
government  of  Louis  Philippe  (1830—18),  who 
was  called  to  the  throne  in  consequence  of  the 
revolution  of  July  (which  see). 

July,  Revolution  of.  In  French  history,  the  rev- 
olution of  July  27, 28,  and  29, 1830,  by  which  the 
government  of  Charles  X.  and  the  elder  line 
of  the  Bourbons  was  overthrown.  The  younger 
line  (Orleans)  was  soon  called  to  the  throne  in  the  per- 
son  of  Louis  Philippe. 

Jumala  (yo'ma-la).  See  the  extract. 

The  highest  god  amongst  the  Finns  is  called  Jumala,  also 
Num,  or  Jilibeambaertje,  as  protector  of  the  flocks ; but 
this  last  only  amongst  certain  tribes.  The  word  Jumala 
indicates  rather  the  godhead  in  general  than  a divine  in- 
dividual ; the  god  of  the  Christians  is  also  often  called  Ju- 
mala. Therefore  in  the  runes  another  name  is  more  prom- 
inent; namely,  Ukko,  the  old  man,  the  grandfather,  who 
sends  thunder.  Both  are  regarded  by  Castren  as  belong- 
ing to  the  air-gods ; besides  these,  there  are  gods  of  the 
elements,  such  as  water-gods  and  earth-gods. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  303. 

Jumanas  (zho-ma-nas').  A race  of  Indians  in 
northwestern  Brazil  (Amazonas),  on  the  rivers 
Japura  and  led,  sometimes  found  on  the  Ma- 
ranon,  and  probably  extending  into  Colombia, 
where  they  are  called  Tecnnas.  They  belong  to 
the  MaypurO  linguistic  stock,  are  divided  into  many  petty 
hordes,  live  in  fixed  villages,  plant  manioc,  and  are  gener- 
ally peaceful.  Their  faces  are  tattooed  as  a tribal  mark. 
Also  written  Chumanas,  Chimanos,  Shumanas,  Xomanas, 
Ximanas. 

Jumet  (zhti-ma').  A manufacturing  and  min- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium, 
4 miles  northwest  of  Charleroi.  Population, 
commune,  26,636. 

Jumi&ges  (zhii-myazh').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  situated 
on  the  Seine  15  miles  west  of  Rouen.  The  abbey 

church  of  the  Benedictines,  formerly  the  most  important 
monastic  monument  of  this  region,  is  now  a noble  ruin, 
almost  roofless.  The  west  front  has  2 square  towers,  oc- 
tagonal above,  and  a projecting  porch.  The  nave  and 
aisles  are  round-arched,  with  alternate  square  and  circu- 
lar piers,  and  there  is  a great  tower  at  the  crossing. 

Jumilla  (Ho-mel'ya).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Murcia,  Spain,  33  miles  north  of  Murcia. 
Population,  16,446. 

Jumma  Musjid.  See  Ahmcdabad. 

Jumna  (jum'na),  or  Jamuna  (ya'mo-na).  A 
river  of  India,  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Ganges. 
It  rises  in  the  Himalaya,  and  joins  the  Ganges  near  Alla- 
habad. On  its  banks  are  Delhi,  Agra,  and  Allahabad. 
Length,  860  miles. 

Junagarh  (jo-na-gar').  1.  A native  state  in 
India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by 
lat.  21°  N.,  long.  70°  30' E.— 2.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Junagarh,  situated  in  lat.  21°  31' 
N.,  long.  70°  36'  E.  Population,  34,251. 


Junction 

Junction  (jungk'shon)  City.  A city  in  Geary 
County,  eastern  Kansas.  Pop.  5,598,  (1910). 
June  (jon).  [From  L.  Junius,  June,  properly 
adj.  (sc.  mensis),  month  of  the  family  of  Junius, 
from  Junius,  a Eoman  gentile  name,  akin  to 
juvenis,  young.]  The  sixth  month  of  the  year, 
consisting  of  thirty  days,  during  which  the  sun 
enters  the  sign  Cancer. 

June,  Jennie.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Croly. 
Juneau  (jo-no').  A mining  town  in  Alaska, 
the  capital  of  the  Territory  since  1906.  Popu- 
lation, 1,644,  (1910). 

Jung  (yong),  or  Jungius  (jun'ji-us),  Joachim. 
Born  at  Liibeck,  Germany,  Oct.  22,  1587 : died 
at  Hamburg,  Sept.  17,  1657.  A German  philo- 
sophical writer  and  botanist.  He  was  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Giessen  1609-14,  and  at  Rostock  1625-28, 
and  rector  of  the  Johanneum  at  Hamburg  1628-57. 

Jung,  Johann  Heinrich,  generally  called  Stil- 
ling. Born  at  Im-Grund,  Nassau,  Germany, 
Sept.  12,  1740:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  April 
2,  1817.  A German  mystic.  He  was  professor  of 
economics  at  Marburg  1787-1803,  and  later  lived  in  retire- 
ment at  Heidelberg  and  Karlsruhe.  He  wrote  an  autobi- 
ography (published  as  “Heinrich  Stillings  Leben”  1806; 
continued  1817)  and  various  mystical  works. 
Jungbunzlau  (yong-bonts'lou) . A manufactur- 
ing town  in  Bohemia,  on  the  Iser  31  miles  north- 
east of  Prague.  Population,  commune,  16,- 
340,  (1910). 

Jungfrau  (yong'frou).  [G.,  ‘virgin.’]  One 
of  the  chief  mountains  of  the  Bernese  Alps, 
Switzerland,  on  the  border  of  Bern  and 
Valais,  13  miles  south  by  east  of  Interlaken. 
It  was  first  ascended  in  1811.  Height,  13,670 
feet. 

Junghuhn  (yong'hon),  Franz  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Mansfeld,  Prussia,  Oct.  26,  1812:  died  at 
Lembang,  Java,  April  24, 1864.  A German  nat- 
uralist and  explorer  in  Java  and  Sumatra.  Hi3 
chief  work  is  “Java,  seine  Gestalt,  Pflanzendecke,  und  in- 
nere  Bauart " (1852-54). 

Jungmann  (yong'man),  Joseph.  Born  at  Hud- 
litz,  Bohemia,  July  16,  1773:  died  at  Prague, 
Nov.,  1847.  A Bohemian  philologist  and  his- 
torian of  literature.  Hi3  chief  works  are  a “History 
of  Bohemian  Literature  ” (1825),  and  a “ Czech-German 
Dictionary”  (1835-39). 

Juniata  (jo-ni-at'a).  A river  in  Pennsylvania, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Little  Juniata 
and  the  Frankstown  Branch  at  Petersburg,  it 
joins  the  Susquehanna  13  miles  northwest  of  Harrisburg ; 
is  noted  for  picturesque  scenery ; and  has  a total  length 
of  about  150  miles. 

Junin  (Ho-nen').  1.  An  interior  department  of 
Peru,  northeast  of  Lima.  Population,  about 
400,000. — 2.  A town  of  the  department  of  Junin, 
southeast  of  Lake  Chinehay-cocha.  it  gave  its 
name  to  a battle  fought  on  a plain  to  the  south,  Aug.  6, 
1824,  in  which  the  patriots  under  Bolivar  defeated  the 
royalists  of  Canterac.  The  action  was  decided  entirely  by 
the  cavalry,  and  without  th  e use  of  firearms.  Population, 
about  2,000. 

Junius  (jo'nyus).  The  pseudonym  of  the  un- 
known author  of  a series  of  letters  directed 
againstthe  Britishministry,  SirWilliam  Draper, 
the  Duke  of  Grafton,  and  others.  The  letters  ap- 
peared in  the  London  “Public  Advertiser”  from  Nov.  21, 
1768,  to  Jan.  21, 1772.  Their  authorship  has  been  attributed 
to  Edmund  Burke,  Earl  Temple,  and  others;  but  they 
probably  were  written  by  Sir  Philip  Francis. 

Junius  (jo'ni-us),  Franziskus.  Born  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  1589:  died  at  Windsor,  England, 
Nov.  19,  1677.  A German  student  of  the  Teu- 
tonic languages,  son  of  Franziskus  Junius. 
Among  his  works  is  “ Etymologicum  Anglica- 
num”  (ed.  by  Lye  1743). 

Junker  (yong'ker),  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Moscow, 
April  6,  1840 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  13, 
1892.  An  African  explorer.  After  studying  in  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  and  Russia,  Junker  began  his  career  as 
an  explorer  by  tours  in  Algeria  and  Tunis(1873-74),  in  Lower 
Egypt  (1875),  Suakim,  Kassala,  and  Khartum  (1876),  and 
Gondokoro  and  Makaraka  as  far  as  Vau  (1877),  returning  to 
Europe  in  1878.  Accompanied  by  his  assistant  Bohndorff, 
he  returned  in  1879  to  Khartum,  where  they  embarked  on 
the  steamer  Ismailia.  In  1880-83  he  explored  the  Nyam- 
Nyam  and  Mombuttu  countries  in  all  directions.  He 
crossed  and  followed  the  Welle  River  several  times,  and 
reached  Emin  Pasha  at  Ladd,  on  the  upper  White  Nile,  at 
the  close  of  1883.  For  some  time  he  was  held  in  virtual 
captivity  through  the  Mahdi  insurrection,  but  he  finally 
succeeded  (after  the  failure  of  the  relief  expedition  under 
G.  A.  Fischer)  in  making  his  way  from  Wadelai  to  the 
coast,  arriving  in  Zanzibar  in  Dec.,  1886.  In  1887  he  was 
again  in  Europe.  He  published  "Reisen  in  Afrika" 
(1891).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Junkers  (yong'kerz).  The  members  of  the  aris- 
tocratic party  in  Prussia  which  came  into  power 
under  Bismarck  when  he  was  made  prime  min- 
ister in  1862. 

Junkseylon.  Same  as  Salang. 

Juno(jo'no).  1.  In  Roman  mythology, the  queen 
of  heaven,  the  highest  divinity  of  the  Latin 
races  in  Italy  next  to  Jupiter,  of  whom  she  was 


555 

the  sister  and  the  wife.  She  was  the  parallel  of  the 
Greek  Hera,  with  whom  in  later  times  she  became  to  a 
considerable  extent  identified.  She  was  regarded  as  the 
special  protectress  of  marriage,  and  was  the  guardian  of 
woman  from  birth  to  death.  In  Rome  she  was  also  the 
patron  of  the  national  finances,  and  a temple  which  con- 
tained the  mint  was  erected  to  her,  under  the  name  of  Juno 
Moneta,  on  the  Capitoline.  In  her  distinctively  Italic 
character,  Juno  (called  Lanuvina,  from  the  site  at  Lanu- 
vium  of  her  chief  sanctuary,  or  Hospita,  the  Protectress) 
was  a war-goddess,  represented  as  clad  in  a mantle  of  goat- 
skin, bearing  a shield  and  an  uplifted  spear,  and  accom- 
panied, like  Athene,  by  a sacred  serpent. 

2.  The  third  planetoid,  discovered  by  Harding 
at  Lilienthal,  Sept.  1,  1804. 

Junot  (zhii-no'),  Andoche,  Due  d’Abrantes. 
Born  at  Bussy-le-Grand,  Oct.  23, 1771:  died  July 
29,1813.  A French  general.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1792 ; accompanied  Bonaparte  in  his  Italian  and  Egyptian 
campaigns ; became  a general  of  division  in  1800 ; was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Paris  in  1806 ; and  in  1807  commanded 
an  army  which  invaded  Portugal  and  captured  Lisbon. 
Shortly  afterward  he  was  created  duke  of  Abrantts.  He 
was  defeated  by  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  at  Vimeiro  in  Aug., 
1808,  and  compelled  to  evacuate  Portugal. 

Junot,  Madame  (Laure  Pennon),  Duchesse 
d’Abrantes.  Born  at  Montpellier,  Nov.  6, 1784: 
died  at  Paris,  June  7. 1838.  A French  author. 
She  married  General  Junot  about  1800.  She  was  the  author 
of  “ Souvenirs  historiques  sur  Napoldon,  la  Revolution,  le 
Directoire,  le  Consulat,  TEmpire  et  la  Restauration  "(1831- 
1835),  "Histoire  des  salons  de  Paris"  (1837),  etc. 

Junqueira  Freire  (zhon-kay'ra  fray're),  Luiz 
Jose.  Born  at  Bahia,  Dec.  31,  1832 : died  there, 
June  24, 1855.  A Brazilian  poet.  From  1851  to  1854 
he  was  a novitiate  in  a cloister  of  Carmelite  monks,  wTiere 
he  wrote  his  best-known  poems,  collected  in  the  “Iuspira- 
£oes  do  claustro.” 

Junta  (jun'ta).  [Sp.  junta  (orig.  fern,  of  junto), 
from  ii.juncta,  fern,  of  junctus,  joined.]  In 
Spain,  a consultative  or  legislative  assembly, 
either  for  the  whole  country  or  for  one  of  its 
separate  parts.  The  most  celebrated  juntas  in  his- 
tory were  that  convened  by  Napoleon  in  1808  and  the  later 
revolutionary  juntas. 

Junto  (jun'to).  In  English  history,  a group  of 
Whig  politicians  very  influential  in  the  reigns 
of  William  III.  and  Anne.  Its  chief  members  were 
Somers,  Russell,  Wharton,  and  Montague.  They  were  the 
chief  leaders  of  the  party  in  Parliament. 

Jupille  (zhii-pely').  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Li&ge,  Belgium,  3 miles  east  of 
Liege. 

Jupiter  (jo'pi-ter).  [L.,  from  Jovis  (earlier  Bio- 
vis,  Gr.  Zriy,  Ind.  Biaus)  and  pater,  father  Jove.] 

1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  supreme  deity, 
the  parallel  of  the  Greek  Zeus,  and  the  embodi- 
ment of  the  might  and  national  dignity  of  the 
Romans.  The  central  seat  of  his  cult  was  the  Capitoline 
Hill  at  Rome,  where  he  had  the  title  of  Optimus  Maximus 
(‘Best  and  Greatest').  He  was  primarily  a divinity  of  the 
sky,  and  hence  was  considered  to  be  the  originator  of  all 
atmospheric  changes.  His  weapon  was  the  thunderbolt. 
He  controlled  and  directed  the  future,  and  sacrifices  were 
offered  to  secure  his  favor  at  the  beginning  of  every  under- 
taking. He  was  also  the  guardian  of  property,  whether 
of  the  state  or  of  individuals.  White,  the  color  of  the  light 
of  day,  was  sacred  to  him : hence  white  animals  were 
offered  to  him  in  sacrifice,  his  priests  wore  white  caps, 
his  chariot  was  drawn  by  4 white  horses,  and  the  consuls 
were  dressed  in  white  when  they  sacrificed  to  him  upon 
assuming  office.  The  eagle  was  especially  consecrated  to 
him.  The  surviving  artistic  representations  of  Jupiter  are 
comparatively  late,  and  betray  Greek  influence,  imitating 
the  type  of  the  Greek  Zeus.  Also  J ove. 

2.  The  brightest  of  the  superior  planets,  and 
the  largest  body  of  the  solar  system  except  the 
Sun  itself.  Its  sidereal  period  of  revolution  is  11.86198 
Julian  years,  and  its  synodical  period  399  days.  Its  mean 
distance  from  the  sun  is  about  483,000,000  miles.  Its  equa- 
torial diameter  at  its  mean  distance  subtends  an  angle  of 
38",  so  that  its  real  diameter  is  about  one  tenth  that  of 
the  sun  (which  subtends  1,922"),  and  about  11  times  that 
of  the  earth  (the  solar  parallax  being  8''.9).  Jupiter  is 
flattened  at  the  poles  by  no  less  than  one  seventeenth  of 
its  diameter.  Its  mass  is  about  irtrr  of  that  of  the  sun,  or 
304  times  that  of  the  earth,  making  its  mean  density  only 
1.3,  that  of  the  earth  being  taken  at  6.5.  Gravity  at 
its  surface  is  2J  times  that  at  the  earth.  The  most  re- 
markable feature  of  the  appearance  of  this  planet  is  the 
equatorial  fasciae  or  bands  which  cross  its  disk.  These 
fasciae  subsist  generally  for  months  or  even  years,  but 
occasionally  form  in  a few  hours.  They  sometimes  have  a 
breadth  of  one  sixth  of  the  apparent  disk  of  the  planet. 
There  are  also  spots  of  much  greater  permanence.  It  is, 
however,  probable  that  no  solid  matter  can  be  seen,  and 
quite  doubtful  whether  any  exists  in  the  planet  The  spots 
revolve  about  the  axis  in  9 hours,  65  minutes,  and  35  sec- 
onds, but  the  white  clouds  in  6 j minutes  less  time.  From 
his  photometric  observations  Zollner  calculates  the  albedo 
of  Jupiter  to  be  0.6 : so  high  a value  as  to  suggest  that  the 
planet  must  be  self-luminous.  Jupiter  has  8 satellites  or 
moons.  Their  periods  of  revolution  are  as  follows  : lo, 
16d.  16h.  32.2m.  ; Europa,  Id.  18h.  27.6m.  ; Ganymede,  3d. 
13h.  13.7m.;  Callisto,  7d.  3h.  42.6m.;  nameless,  llli. 
57.38m. ; nameless,  253.4d. ; nameless,  260d. ; nameless, 
931  (7)  d.  The  eighth  satellite  was  discovered  at  the 
Greenwich  Observatory  in  1908. 

Jupiter  Amon.  Jupiter  as  identified  with  the 
Egyptian  Amon. 

Jupiter  of  otricoli.  A marble  mask  restored 
as  a bust,  the  finest  surviving  antique  head  of 


Justin,  Saint 

Zeus.  The  features  are  massive  and  imposing ; the  beard 
is  full,  separated  into  locks ; and  the  abundant  hair  rises 
from  the  forehead  and  fails  down  on  both  sides  of  the  face. 

Jupiter-Scapin.  A sobriquet  given  to  Napo- 
leon I.  See  Scapin. 

Jupiter  Stator.  [L.,  ‘he  who  stays’  flight.] 
Jupiter  as  the  giver  of  victory  in  battle. 

Jura  (jo'ra).  A chain  of  mountains  in  eastern 
France  and  western  and  northern  Switzerland  : 
the  ancient  Jura  Mons  or  Jurassus.  it  extends 
from  the  junction  of  the  Ain  and  Rhone  to  the  junction 
of  the  Aare  and  Rhine.  The  designation  is  sometimes  ex- 
tended to  include  the  prolongation  through  Baden,  Wiir- 
temberg,  and  Bavaria  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Main, 
called  the  German  Jura,  and  subdivided  into  the  Swabian 
Jura  and  Franconian  Jura.  The  highest  peaks  are  Dole, 
Mont  Tendre,  Reculet,  CTet  de  la  Neige,  Credoz,  etc.  (over 
5,000  feet).  Length  of  French  and  Swiss  Jura,  about  180 
miles. 

Jura  (zhii-ra/).  A department  of  eastern  France. 
Capital,  Lons-le-Saunier.  it  is  bounded  by  Haute- 
Saone  on  the  north,  Doubs  and  Switzerland  on  the  east,  Ain 
on  the  south,  and  COte-d’Or  and  Saone-et-Loire  on  the 
southeast,  and  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Franche-ComtA. 
Area,  1,951  Bquare  miles.  Population,  257,725. 

Jura  (jo'ra).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
belonging  to  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  it  lies  4 miles 
west  of  the  mainland,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Sound  of  J ura,  and  is  traversed  by  a range  of  hills.  Length, 
27  miles. 

Jura,  Franconian.  See  Franconian  Jura. 

Jura,  Paps  of.  Two  conical  hills  in  the  island 
of  Jura,  Scotland,  about  2,500  feet  in  height. 

Jura,  Sound  of.  A sea  passage  separating  the 
island  of  Jura  from  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland.  • 

Jura,  Swabian.  See  Swabian  Jura. 

Juripixunas.  See  Juris. 

Juris  (zho-res').  [Abbreviated  from  Tupi  ju- 
ripixuna,  black-mouthed,  from  their  custom  of 
tattooing  the  face  so  as  to  form  a black  mark 
about  the  mouth.]  A tribe  of  Indians  in  the  Bra- 
zilian state  of  Amazonas,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
upper  Amazon,  between  the  Japur4  and  I9&,  oc- 
casionally ranging  east  to  the  Rio  Negro.  For- 
merly they  were  the  most  numerous  and  powerful  tribe  of 
this  region,  but  they  are  now  greatly  reduced  in  numbers, 
and  most  of  them  have  been  amalgamated  with  the  country 
population.  They  are  divided  into  various  hordeB,  have 
fixed  villages  and  plantations,  and  are  especially  skilful  in 
the  use  of  the  blow-gun.  They  are  classed  with  the  Maypurd 
stock,  and  are  closely  related  to  the  Passes.  The  name  has 
also  been  given  to  a tribe  of  Argentine  Chaco  of  the  Lule 
stock. 

Jurunas  (zho-ro'nas).  [Tupi  juru,  mouth,  and 
una,  black.]  A tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians  of  the 
Tupi  race,  on  the  river  Xingu  between  4°  and  8° 
S.  lat.  They  were  formerly  very  numerous  and  warlike, 
and  are  said  to  have  been  cannibals.  They  tattooed  a large 
black  patch  on  the  face  (whence  the  name).  The  Jurunas 
still  number  several  thousands,  who  live  in  villages  and 
have  small  plantations.  Also  written  J urunnas  and  Yu- 
runas. 

Jurupary  (zho-ro-pa-re').  Among  Indians  of  the 
Tupi  race  in  Brazil,  a mythical  being  supposed 
to  persecute  and  sometimes  to  kill  men.  He 
dwells  in  the  woods,  and  is  described  under  various  mon- 
strous forms.  The  old  missionaries  identified  him  with  the 
devil. 

Jussieu  (zhii-sye'),  Adrien  de.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.  23,  1797 : died  there,  June  29,  1853.  A 
French  botanist,  son  of  A.  L.  de  Jussieu.  He  wrote 
monographs  on  the  Rutacese , Meliace&,  and  Malpighiacese, 
a “ Cours  <$l£mentaire  de  la  botanique,”  etc. 

Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent  de.  Born  at  Lyons, 
France,  April  12, 1748 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  17, 
1836.  A noted  French  botanist,  nephew  of  Ber- 
nard de  Jussieu.  He  wrote  “Genera  plantarum  secun- 
dum ordines  naturales,  etc.”  (1789),  “ Introductio  in  histo- 
riam  plantarum  ” (1837),  “ Exposition  d’un  nouvel  ordre  de 
plantes,  adopte  dans  les  demonstrations  du  jardin  royal " 
(1774),  etc. 

Jussieu,  Bernard  de.  Born  at  Lyons,  France, 
Aug.  17,  1699:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1776.  A 
noted  French  botanist.  At  first  a physician,  lie  later 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  botany,  and  in  1758  became 
superintendent  of  the  garden  of  the  Trianon.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  natural  system  of  classification  of  plants. 

Jussieu,  Joseph  de.  Born  in  1704  : died  April 
11,  1779.  A French  botanist.  In  1735  he  went  to 
Peru  with  Condamine  and  Godin.  He  spent  15  years  study- 
ing the  botany  of  the  Andean  region,  paying  special  at- 
tention to  cinchona  plants.  His  collections  were  lost 
through  the  dishonesty  of  a servant,  a misfortune  which 
caused  Jussieu  to  lose  his  reason.  In  this  state  he  re- 
turned to  France  in  1771. 

Juste  (zhiist),  Theodore.  Born  at.  Brussels,  Jan. 
11,  1818:  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1888.  A Belgian 
historian.  His  works  include  “Histoire  delaBelgique  ’’ 
(1838),  “Histoire  de  la  revolution  des  Pays-Bas  sous  Phi- 
lippe II.”  (1855-63),  “Les  fondateurs  de  la  monarchie 
beige  ” (1865-84),  etc. 

Justin  (jus'tin).  Lived  before  the  5th  century 
A.  D.  A Roman  historian,  author  of  an  epitome 
of  a lost  history  by  Trogus  (ed.  by  Diibner  1831), 
etc. 

Justin,  Saint,  surnamed  “The Martyr,” or  “ The 
Philosopher.”  Died  probably  about  163  A.  D. 


Justin,  Saint 

A celebrated  Greek  church  father.  He  was  born 
of  Greek  parents  at  Flavia  Neapolis,  a Roman  colony 
built  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Shechem  in  Palestine.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  philosophy,  and  became 
an  adherent  and  a teacher  of  the  Platonic  system.  Origi- 
nally a pagan,  he  afterward  embraced  Christianity,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  scourged  and  beheaded  at  Rome. 
Justin  I.  Died  Aug.  1,  527.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 518-527.  He  was  of  barbarian,  probably  Gothic,  ex- 
traction, and  was  a native  of  Tauresium  in  Dardania.  He 
entered  the  guards  of  the  emperor  Leo  I.,  and  was  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  imperial  guards  in  the  reign  of 
Anastasius,  on  whose  death  in  518  he  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror by  the  soldiers. 

Justin  II.  Died  Oct.  5,  578.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 565-578,  nephew  of  Justinian  I.  whom  he 
succeeded.  During  his  reign  northern  Italy  was  con- 
quered by  the  Lombards,  who  founded  the  Kingdom  of 
the  Lombards  in  5C8;  and  several  important  conquests 
were  made  by  the  Persians  in  the  Asiatic  provinces. 
Justina  (jus-ti'na).  [L.,fem.  of  Justinus.]  Pa- 
troness of  Padua  and  (with  St.  Mark)  of  Venice. 
She  is  said  to  have  been  a native  of  Padua,  and  to  have  suf- 
fered martyrdom  at  that  city  in  304.  Her  supposed  relics, 
said  to  have  been  recovered  in  1177,  are  preserved  at  Pa- 
dua in  a church  which  bears  her  name.  She  is  commem- 
orated by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  Oct.  7. 

Justinian  (jus-tin'i-an)  I.  (Flavius  Anicius 
Justinianus),  surnamed  “The  Great.”  Born  at 
Tauresium,  Dardania,  Illyricum,  probably  May 
11,483:  died  Nov.  14,  565.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 527-565,  nephew  of  Justiu  I.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. He  married  in  525  Theodora,  an  actress,  who 
exercised  great  influence  during  his  reign,  chiefly  in  eccle- 
siastical affairs.  In  532  a fight  broke  out  in  the  hippo- 
drome between  the  Green  and  the  Blue  factions,  the  lat- 
terof  which  favored  the  emperor  and  the  orthodox  church. 
The  fight  spread  from  the  hippodrome  to  the  city,  and 
the  Green  proclaimed  Hypatius,  nephew  of  Anastasius 
I.,  emperor.  The  revolt  was  put  down  by  the  general 
Belisarius  with  the  assistance  of  the  Blue,  but  not  before 
30,000  of  the  insurgents  had  been  slain  and  a large  part  of 
the  city  destroyed,  including  the  Church  of  Saint  Sophia, 
which  was  rebuilt  532-537  with  great  splendor  according  to 
plans  furnished  by  the  architect  Anthemius.  In  the  East 
Justinian  purchased  peace  from  the  Persians  in  631,  but 
in  the  West  the  victories  of  his  generals  Belisarius  and  Nar- 
ses  destroyed  the  Vandal  and  the  Ostrogothic  kingdoms 
in  Africa  and  Italy  respectively,  and  restored  those  coun- 
tries to  the  Byzantine  empire.  An  important  event  of  his 
reign  was  the  publication  of  the  Justinian  Code  (which 
see). 

Justinian  II.,  surnamed  Rhinotmetus  (‘he 
whose  nose  is  cut  off’).  Died  in  Dec.,  711.  By- 
zantine emperor  685-695  and  705-711,  son  of 


556 

Constantine  IV.  He  was  deposed  in  695  by  his  gen- 
eral Leontius,  who  cut  off  his  nose  and  banished  him  to 
Cherson.  He  made  his  escape  from  Cherson,  and  regained 
his  throne  with  the  assistance  of  Terbelis,  the  king  of  the 
Bulgarians,  in  705,  but  was  overthrown  by  Philippicus  in 
711  and  killed. 

Justinian  Code.  The  body  of  Roman  law  com- 
piled and  annotated  at  the  command  of  the  em- 
peror Justinian.  This  consists  of  the  “Pandects," or 
the  condensed  opinions  of  the  jurists,  in  fifty  books  ; the 
“Institutiones”;  and  the  “Novelise"  or  “Novelise  Consti- 
tutiones,”  a collection  of  ordinances — the  whole  forming 
the  “Corpus  Juris  Civilis,”  or  body  of  civil  law,  the  most 
important  of  all  monuments  of  jurisprudence. 

Jiiterbog  (yii'ter-boG),  or  Jiiterbock  (yii'ter- 
bok).  A town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nuthe  40  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Berlin . It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of 
the  Swedes  over  the  Imperialists  in  1644.  Population, 
commune,  7,102. 

Jutes  (jots).  A Low  German  tribe  which,  with 
the  Saxons  and  Angles,  invaded  Great  Britain 
in  the  5th  century.  According  to  tradition  they  were 
invited  by  the  Britons  to  aid  them  against  the  Piets,  and 
landed  at  Ebbsfleet,  under  Hengist  and  Horsa,  about  449. 
They  founded  the  kingdom  of  Kent.  Their  connection 
with  Jutland  has  been  matter  of  dispute.  See  the  extract. 

Now,  as  to  the  first  settlement  of  Jutes  under  Hengist 
and  Horsa  (Horse  and  Mare),  who  established  themselves 
in  Kent,  Hampshire,  and  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  whom 
Bede  distinctly  believed  to  have  come  from  Jutland,  it  is 
to  be  observed  that  Jutland  is  now  occupied  by  Danes, 
and  that  men  from  Jutland  settling  on  our  eastern  coasts 
in  the  days  of  the  Angles  were  called  Danes  ; but  that  in 
this  case  they  are  called  “Jutes,”  not  “ Danes,"  and  do 
not  seem  to  have  been  Danish.  Where  there  has  been  a 
Danish  settlement,  towns  commonly  are  found  with  names 
ending  in  “by.”  Thus  in  Lincolnshire,  within  a dozen 
miles  of  Great  Grimsby,  there  stand  Foresby,  Utterby, 
Fotherby,  Ashby-cum-Fenby,  Barnoldby,  Irby,  Laceby, 
Keelby,  Grasby,  Brocklesby,  Ulceby.  Yet  throughout  this 
“ Jute  “ region  of  Kent,  Hampshire,  and  the  Isle  of  Wight 
there  is  not  even  one  place  to  be  found  that  has  a name 
ending  in  “ by.”  There  is  no  clear  ground  for  asserting, 
although  it  has  been  suggested  as  one  way  of  conquering 
this  difficulty,  that  a Germanic  people  occupied  Jutland 
in  the  middle  of  the  5th  century.  . . . Dr.  Latham  . . . 
argues  that  the  “Jutes "of  the  first  settlement  were,  in 
fact,  Goths;  or  that,  if  Jutes,  they  were  Jutes  who  came 
in  company  with  Goths,  and  that  they  came,  not  out  of  Jut- 
land, but  only  from  the  coast  of  Gaul,  across  the  straits 
that  divide  Gaul  from  Britain. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  I.  244-246. 

Jutliungi  (jo-thun'ji).  [L.  (Ammianus)  Juthun- 
gi.]  A German  tribe,  a branch  of  the  Suevi 


Jyotisha 

and  a part  of  the  Alamanni,  in  the  war  in  Rhrotia 
during  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Caracalla  (a.  d. 
213).  Later  in  the  same  century  they  were  signally  de- 
feated by  Aurelian  on  the  upper  Danube.  The  tribal  ap- 
pellation disappears  in  the  5th  century,  after  which  they 
were  merged  in  the  Suevi.  Their  original  location  is  un- 
known. 

Jutland  (jut'land).  [Dan.  Jylland,  G.  Jutland.'] 
The  continental  portion  of  Denmark,  it  forms 
the  northern  part  of  an  extensive  peninsula  (the  ancient 
Cimbric  Chersonese),  the  southern  part  of  which  belongs 
to  Prussia.  It  is  bounded  by  the  ISorth  Sea  on  the  west, 
the  Skager  Rack  on  the  north,  the  Cattegat  on  tbe  east, 
and  Schleswig-Holstein  on  the  south.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level,  but  hilly  in  the  east.  Its  early  inhabitauts 
are  said  to  have  been  Cimbri.  (Compare  Jutes.)  Area, 
9,904  square  miles.  Population,  1,124,694. 

Juvavia  (jo-va'vi-a),  or  Juvavum  (jo-va'vum). 

The  ancient  name  of  Salzburg. 

Juvenal  (jo've-nal)  (Decimus  Junius  Juve- 
nalis). Lived  about  60-140  A.  d.  A noted 
Roman  rhetorician  and  satirical  poet  of  the  age 
of  Trajan.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  Sixteen  of  his 
satires  (in  five  books)  are  extant. 

Juventas  (jo-ven'tas).  In  Roman  mythology, 
tlie  goddess  of  youth. 

Juxon  (juks'on),  William.  Born  at  Chichester, 
England,  1582 : died  at  Lambeth,  London,  June 
4, 1663.  An  English  prelate,  lord  high  treasurer 
of  England  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in 
1598  he  entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  and  became 
head  of  that  college  by  Laud’s  recommendation  Dec.  10, 
1621.  In  1626  and  1627  he  was  vice-chancellor  of  the 
university.  On  Oct.  3, 1633,  he  was  created  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  on  March  6, 1636,  lord  high  treasurer,  which  office 
he  resigned  on  May  17, 1641.  He  attended  Charles  I.  during 
the  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of  Newport,  during  his  trial, 
and  on  the  scaffold,  Jan.  30, 1649.  In  1649  he  was  deprived 
of  his  see.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  made  archbishop 
of  Canterbury  (Sept.  13,  1660).  As  a churchman  he  was 
devoted  to  Laud. 

Juza(jo'za).  [Ar.  al-juza,  the  central:  though 
the  propriety  of  the  epithet  is  rather  obscure.] 
The  fourth-magnitude  star  J Draconis,  in  the 
tip  of  the  monster’s  tail. 

Jyotisha  (jyo'ti-sha).  [Skt.,  ‘ relating  to  the 
heavenly  bodies,’  astronomy,  astrology.]  The 
name  of  the  Vedic  calendar,  a short  tract  giving 
the  knowledge  required  for  fixing  the  days  and 
hours  of  the  Vedic  sacrifices.  It  has  had  a certain 
significance  from  being  ranked  with  the  Veda,  but  is  of 
very  late  origin,  dating  from  the  4th  or  5th  century  A.  X). 


A high  peak  of  the  Hima- 
laya, now  known  as  Mount 
Godwin-Austen(  which  see). 
Ka(ka).  [Skt.,‘the  who?’] 
The  inexplicable ; the  un- 
known. By  an  erroneous  inter- 
pretation of  the  interrogative  pro- 
noun in  a hymn  of  the  Rigveda 
(x.  121 — kasmai  devaya  havisha 
vidhema,1  what  god  shall  we  wor- 
ship with  the  oblation?')  the  word  far, ‘who,'  is  applied 
as  a name  to  any  chief  god  or  object  of  worship,  as  Praja- 
pati,  Brahma,  Vishnu,  air,  the  sun,  the  soul,  Yama.  It  is 
exalted  into  a deity.  In  the  Puranas,  Ka  as  a recognized 
god  is  even  provided  with  an  independent  genealogy. 

Kaaba,  or  Caaba  (ka'ba  or  ka'a-ba).  [Ar. 
ka’bah,  a square  building.]  A cube-shaped, 
flat-roofed  building  in  the  center  of  the  Great 
Mosque  at  Mecca:  the  most  sacred  shrine  of 
the  Mohammedans.  In  its  southeast  corner  it  con- 
tains the  sacred  black  stone  called  hajar  al  aswud,  said 
to  have  been  originally  a ruby  which  came  down  from 
heaven,  but  now  blackened  by  the  tears  shed  for  sin  by 
pilgrims.  This  stone  is  an  irregular  oval  about  seven 
inches  in  diameter,  and  is  composed  of  about  a dozen 
smaller  stones  of  different  shapes  and  sizes.  It  is  the 
point  toward  which  all  Mohammedans  face  during  their 
devotions.  The  Kaaba  is  opened  to  worshipers  twice  or 
three  times  a year,  but  only  the  faithful  are  permitted  to 
approach  it. 

How  natural  stone-worship  was  amongst  the  Semites 
can  be  seen  in  the  name  Betylia,  which  has  become  the 
general  name  for  all  sacred  stones : we  need  only  remem- 
ber the  numerous  time-honoured  stones  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament,  and  the  Kaabah  at  Mekka. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  85. 
Kaaden  (ka'den).  A town  in  Bohemia.,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eger  54  miles  west-northwest  of 
Prague.  Population,  8,627,  (1910). 

Kaarfca  (karta).  A Fellatah  state  in  west- 
ern Africa,  east  of  Senegambia,  intersected  by 
lat.  15°  N.,  long.  10°  W.  Capital,  Nioro.  It  is 
within  the  French  sphere  of  influence.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  300,000. 

Kabail  (ka-bil'),  or  Kabyles  (ka-bilz').  A feder- 
ation of  Berber  tribes  in  Algeria,  Tunisia,  and  a 
few  oases  of  the  Sahara.  The  name  is  the  plural  of 
the  Arabic  word  for  tribe.  The  principal  dialects  spoken 
by  the  Kabail  are  that  of  Bugi,  the  Zouave,  tire  Showiah  or 
Zenati,  that  of  Tuggurt,  Wargla,  that  of  the  Beni  Mzab, 
and  that  of  the  Shamba.  See  Berber. 

So  far  as  outward  appearance  is  concerned,  the  Kabyles 
or  Riffis  of  to-day  might  be  found  in  an  English  or  Irish 
village.  The  antiquity  of  the  type  which  they  exhibit  is 
evidenced  by  the  monuments  of  Egypt,  where  their  an- 
cestors are  portrayed  with  the  same  blond  features  that 
they  still  display.  Dolichocephalic,  fair  haired,  blue-eyed 
and  white-skinned,  they  might  be  mistaken  for  that 
branch  of  the  Kelts  who  are  distinguished  for  their  gold- 
en hair  and  their  clear  and  freckled  skin.  Professor  de 
Quatrefages  believes  that  they  are  the  lineal  descendants 
of  the  race  whose  remains  have  been  discovered  in  the 
caverns  of  Cro-Magnon  in  the  French  province  of  IVri- 
gord,  along  with  paleolithic  implements  and  the  bones  of 
the  mammoth  and  the  reindeer. 

Saycc,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  119. 

Kabale und  Liebe  (ka-ba'le  ont  Ib'be).  A trag- 
edy by  Schiller,  published  in  1784. 

Kabandba  (ka-band'ha).  In  the  Ram  ay  ana,  a 
monstrous  Rakshasa  slain  by  Rama-  Mortally 
wounded,  he  asked  Rama  to  bum  his  body ; and,  coming  out 
of  the  fire  in  his  real  shape  as  a Gandharva  (which  see),  ad- 
vised Rama  as  to  the  war  with  Havana. 

Kabarda  (ka-bar'da).  A mountainous  region 
on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  belong- 
ing to  the  Terek  territory,  Russia. 

Kabbala,  or  Cabala  (kab'a-la).  [Heb.  qabbalah, 
reception,  the  mysterious  doctrine  received  tra- 
ditionally.] The  theosophy  or  mystic  philoso- 
phy of  the  Hebrew  religion,  which  grew  up  main- 
ly after  the  beginning  of  the  10th  century,  and 
flourished  to  the  present  time.  The  Kabbala  em- 
ployed itself  in  a mystic  explanation  of  Deity  and  cosmog- 
ony, and  in  the  creation  of  hidden  meanings  for  the  sacred 
Hebrew  writings,  thus  drawing  into  its  province  all  the  He- 
brew law  and  philosophy.  Later  Kabbalists  pretended  to 
find  wonderful  meanings  even  in  the  letters  and  forms  of 
the  sacred  texts,  and  made  for  themselves  elaborate  rules 
of  interpretation. 

Kabeiri.  See  Cabiri. 

Kabinda  (kii-ben'da).  See  Cabinda  and  Kongo. 
Kabir  (ke-ber').  [Arabic  kabir,  great-]  A 
Hindu  religious  reformer.  He  was  a weaver,  and 
probably  a Mussulman  by  birth,  who  lived  at  Benares,  and 


also  at  Magar  near  Gorakhpur,  between  1488  and  1512. 
His  teachings  exercised  an  important  influence  in  upper 
India  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  and  formed  the  basis 
of  the  Sikh  movement  in  the  Panjab.  Originally  a Mus- 
sulman, he  became  a pupil  of  Ramananda  and  a Vaishnava 
with  much  of  the  democracy  and  tolerance  of  Buddhism  ; 
but  he  denounced  all  idol-worship,  and  taught  Vaisli- 
navism  as  a form  of  strict  monotheism.  True  religion,  he 
said,  meant  nothing  but  devotion  to  one  God,  whether 
called  Vishnu,  Rama,  or  Hari,  or  by  Mohammedan  names. 
He  rejects  every  malevolent  distinction  of  caste,  religion, 
and  sect.  All  authority  in  faith  and  morals  belongs  to  the 
guru,  or  spiritual  guide,  though  the  rights  of  conscience 
of  the  believer  are  reserved.  Kabir’s  aim  was  evidently 
to  found  a religion  that  should  unite  Hindu  and  Mussul- 
man. 

Kabirpanthis  (ke-ber-pan't-hez).  [‘  Those  who 
follow  the  path  of  Kabir.’]  The  followers  of 
Kabir.  They  now  form  12  principal  branches,  which 
have  remained  in  communion  notwithstanding  some  dif- 
ferences in  faith  and  practice.  Their  center  is  Benares, 
but  they  are  found  in  Gujarat,  Central  India,  and  as  far  as 
the  Deccan.  As  they  take  pains  to  conform  in  unessen- 
tials to  the  usages  about  them,  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain 
their  number.  At  the  end  of  the  last  century  85,000  took 
part  in  a melah  at  Benares.  They  are  influential  rather 
than  numerous. 

Kabrega  (kab-ra'ga).  See  Nyoro. 

Kabul,  or  Cabul  (ka'bul).  1.  A province  or 
division  in  central  Afghanistan. — 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  Afghanistan,  situated  on  the  river  Kabul 
inlat.  34°  30'  N.,  long.  69°  13'  E.,  5,780  ft.  above 
sea-level.  It  is  noted  as  a commercial  and  strategic 
center,  and  is  famous  for  its  fruit.  It  was  taken  by  Timur, 
and  by  Nadir  Shah  (1738).  The  British  occupied  it  in  the 
first  Afghan  war : it  was  evacuated  by  them  in  Jan.,  1842, 
and  retaken  in  Sept.,  1842.  In  the  second  Afghan  war 
(1878-80)  it  was  the  scene  of  Cavagnari’s  murder,  and  was 
captured  by  General  Roberts,  and  evacuated  by  the  British 
in  1880.  Population,  about  150,000. 

3.  A river  which  rises  in  Afghanistan  and 
flows  easterly  past  Kabul,  emptying  into  the 
Indus  in  the  Pan  jab  at  Attok,  east  of  Pesha- 
war. Length,  about  316  miles. 

Kabunga  (ka-bong'ga).  See  Mandingo. 

Kabyles.  See  Kabail. 

Kacha  (ka'cha).  A son  of  Brihaspati  who  in  the 
Mahabharata  becomes  a disciple  of  Shukra,  the 
priest  of  the  Asuras,  to  obtain  a charm  to  restore 
the  dead.  Twice  killed  by  the  Asuras,  Kacha  is  re- 
stored by  Shukra  at  the  intercession  of  Devayani,  his 
daughter.  A third  time  killed,  his  ashes  are  mixed  with 
Shukra's  wine ; but  Shukra  revives  Kacha  within  his  own 
body,  teaches  him  the  charm,  allows  himself  to  be  ripped 
open  for  Kacha’s  exit,  and  is  in  turn  restored  by  Kacha. 
This  incident  is  said  to  have  caused  Shukra  to  prohibit  wine 
to  Brahmans.  When  Kacha  refuses  to  marry  Devayani, 
she  curses  him  with  the  loss  of  the  charm,  and  he  condemn  s 
her  to  be  sought  by  no  Brahman  and  to  wed  a Kshatriya. 

Kachh,  or  Cutch  (kucb).  A native  state  under 
British  control,  south,  of  Sind.  Area,  7,616 
square  miles.  Population,  488,022. 

Kachh,  Gulf  of.  Au  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
south  of  Kachh  and  north  of  Kathiawar. 

Kachh,  Ran  of,  or  Runn  of  Cutch.  A salt  mo- 
rass, flooded  at  times,  situated  in  the  northern 
and  eastern  parts  of  Kachh,  and  communicat- 
ing with  the  Gulf  of  Kachh. 

Kachh  Gundava  (gun-da'va).  A region  in 
eastern  Baluchistan,  east  of  Ivhelat. 

Kadambari  (ka-dam ' ba-rc).  A daughter  of 
Chitraratha  and  Madira,  whoso  name  is  given 
to  a celebrated  Sanskrit  prose  work,  a kind  of 
romance,  written  by  Banabhatta  and  continued 
by  his  son  in  about  the  7th  century. 

Kadapa,  or  Cuddapah  (kud'a-pa).  A district 
in  Madras,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  15° 
N.,  long.  78°  30'  E. 

Kadesh  (ka'desh),  more  fully  Kadesh  Barnea 
(ka'desh  bar'ne-a).  [Heb., ‘sanctuary.’]  1.  A 
place  on  the  southern  boundary  of  the  East  Jor- 
dan territory,  the  modern  Ain  Kadish,  in  the 
country  of  the  Azarime.  It  was  the  headquarters  of 
the  Israelites  in  their  wanderings  in  the  desert.  Miriam, 
the  sister  of  Moses,  died  here ; the  episode  of  the  “ waters 
of  strife"  took  place  here  ; and  from  here  the  spies  were 
sent  out  to  investigate  Canaan. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  Hittites,  on  the  Orontes 
near  Tel  Nebi  Mende.  About  moo  n.  c.  Ramesea  II. 
of  the  19th  dynasty  gained  there  a decisive  victory  over 
the  Hittites. 

Like  Carchemish,  Kadesh  on  the  Orontes,  the  most  south- 
ern capital  the  Hittites  possessed,  was  also  a “holy city.” 
557 


Pictures  of  it  have  been  preserved  on  the  monuments  of 
Rameses  II.  We  gather  from  them  that  it  stood  on  the 
shore  of  the  Lake  of  Homs,  still  called  the  “ Lake  of  Ka- 
desh,” at  the  point  where  the  Orontes  flowed  out  of  the  lake. 
The  river  was  conducted  round  the  city  in  a double  chan- 
nel, across  which  a wide  bridge  was  thrown,  the  space  be- 
tween the  two  channels  being  apparently  occupied  by  a 
wall.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  100. 

Kadiak  (kad-yak'),  or  Kodiak  (kod-yak').  An 
island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  belonging  to  Alas- 
ka, situated  about  lat.  57°  30'  N.,long.  153°  W. 
Length,  about  90  miles.  The  inhabitants  are 
Eskimos. 

Kadijah  (ka-de'ja).  The  wife  of  Mohammed. 

Kadikm  (kad-i-ko'i),  or  Kadikeui  (-ku'e).  A 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  opposite  Constanti- 
nople : the  ancient  Chalcedon. 

Kado  Hadacho  (ka'do  ha-da'cho),  or  Caddo- 
ques,  or  Cadodaquioux.  The  leading  tribe  of 
the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians. See  Caddo. 

Kadom  (ka-dom').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Moksha 
about  125  miles  southwest  of  Nijni  Novgorod. 
Population,  over  6,000. 

Ka  dur,  or  Cadoor  (ka-dor').  A district  in 
Mysore,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  30'  N., 
long.  76°  E.  Area,  2,813  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 362,752. 

Kaempfer.  See  Kdmpfer. 

Kaf  (kiif).  In  Oriental  legend,  a range  of  hills 
encircling  the  earth,  the  chief  abode  of  the 
jinns. 

Kaffa.  See  Feodosia. 

Kaffa  (kaf'fa),  or  Gomara(gd'mii-ra).  A region 
in  eastern  Africa,  about  lat.  6°-8°  N.,  long.  35°- 
38°  E.  It  is  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Abyssinia 

Kaffir,  or  Kafir,  or  Caffre  (kaf'er).  [Ar., ‘un- 
believer,’ ‘ infidel.’]  A name  given  by  the  Arabs 
of  East  Africa  to  all  pagan  African  natives, 
and  adopted  by  the  Portuguese,  Dutch,  and 
English  of  South  and  East  Africa.  In  English  the 
word  has  been  used  to  signify  («)  the  Kaffirs  proper,  con- 
sisting of  the  Xosa,  Pondo,  and  Tembu  tribes ; (It)  the  Zu- 
lus and  the  Kaffirs  proper  taken  collectively,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  Bei  huana,  Hottentots,  and  other  South 
African  natives ; (c)  the  Bantu  family,  or  all  negroes  south 
of  the  equator. 

Kaffraria  (kaf-fra'ri-a).  The  country  of  the 
Kaffirs,  in  South  Africa.  It  is  notan  administrative 
term,  though  Transkei  in  Cape  Colony  is  sometimes  known 
as  Kaffraria  proper,  and  a region  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  Cape  Colony  was  formerly  known  as  British  Kaffraria. 
Kaffirs  are  found  in  Natal  and  neighboring  regions,  as  well 
as  in  Cape  Colony.  The  Kaffirs  have  been  repeatedly  at 
war  with  the  British,  especially  in  1819,  1834-35,  1846-48, 
1850-52,  and  1877. 

Kafiristan  (ka-fe-ris-tan').  A mountainous  re- 
gion in  Afghanistan,  lying  due  north  of  Jelal- 
abad,  in  which  district  it  is  now  included. 
Its  area  is  about  5,000  square  miles.  The  inhabitants 
(estimated  at  about  60,000)  are  various  related  heathen 
tribes. 

Kagoshima  (ka-go'she-ma),  or  Kagosima  (ka- 
go'se-ma).  A seaport  in  the  island  of  Kiusiu, 
Japan,  situated  in  lat.  31°  32'  N.,  long.  130°  30' 

E.  It  is  a very  old  city,  the  “seat  of  the  manufacture  of 
the  celebrated  Satsuma  crackled  faience.”  It  was  bom- 
barded by  the  British  in  1863.  Population,  63,640. 

Kahlenberg,  or  Kalenberg  (ka'len-bera).  A 
spur  of  the  Norie  Alps,  in  Lower  Austria  near 
Vienna.  It  is  now  ascended  by  a mountain  railway. 
Near  this  locality  lived,  in  the  14th  century,  the  tale- writer 
“Pfaffe  von  Kahlenberg”  (“Parson  of  Kahlenberg”). 
Height,  1,43d  feet. 

Kahnis(ka'nis),  Karl  Friedrich  August.  Born 
at  Greiz,  Germany,  Dec.  22,  1814:  diedat.Leip- 
sic,  June  20, 1888.  A German  Protestant  theo- 
logian. Among  liis  works  are  “Der  innere  Gang  des 
deutschen  l'rotestantismus " (1854),  “ Lutherische  Dog- 
matik  " (1861). 

Kahoda  ( ka-ho'da).  A learned  Brahman,  father 
of  Ashtavakra  (which  see). 

Kai  (ki),  pi.  Kayan  (ke-yan').  [Kindred  with 
Skt.  kavi,  wise,  a sage,  poet;  Avestan  lcavan, 
kavya,  kavi,  king.]  A Persian  word,  meaning 
‘ king,’  and  especially  a great  king,  prefixed  to 


Kai 

the  names  of  four  old  Iranian  kings,  Kawus, 
Khusrau,  Qubad,  and  Lukrasp,  to  which  some 
add  Gayumart  (also  spelled  Kayumarth). 
Kaietur  ( ka-e-tor' ) Fall.  A cataract  of  British 
Guiana,  on  the  Potaro,  a western  branch  of  the 
Essequibo.  It  was  discovered  by  C.  B.  Brown 
in  1870,  and  is  822  feet  high  and  370  feet  broad. 
Kaifeng  (ki-feng'),  or  Kai-fung  (ki-fung'). 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Honan,  China, 
situated  near  the  Hwang-ho  about  lat.  34° 
52'  N.,  long.  114°  35'  E.  Population,  about 
150,000. 

Kaigani  (ki-ga'ne).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians,  a division  of  the  Haida. 
They  reside  in  Prince  of  Wales  Island, 
Alaska.  They  number  about  300.  See  , Skit- 
tag  e tan. 

Kaikawus  (ki-ka-wos').  In  the  Skahnamah, 
the  twelfth  Iranian  king,  son  of  Kaiqubad, 
reigning  150  years.  A dev  or  demon,  disguised  as  a 
singer,  sings  before  the  king  the  beauties  of  Mazandaran, 
whence  he  resolves  to  conquer  the  country.  Kaikawus 
succeeds  with  the  aid  of  Rustam,  who  has  his  seven  adven- 
tures during  this  war.  (See  Rustam.)  The  king  next  in- 
vades Hamavaran,  the  king  of  whichyields  to  him  andgives 
him  his  daughter  Saudabah  in  marriage.  The  king  of 
Hamavaran,  however,  treacherously  seizes  Kawus  and  im- 
prisons him,  during  which  time  Afrasyab  attacks  Iran. 
Rustam  defeats  the  three  hostile  kings  and  delivers  Ka- 
wus. The  war  with  Afrasyab  lasts  during  the  whole  reign. 
The  history  of  Kaikawus  contains,  besides  the  account  of 
Rustam's  seven  adventures,  that  of  Suhrab  and  that  of 
Syawaush.  (See  Suhrab,  Syawaush.)  In  his  pride  Kaika- 
wus sought  to  fly  to  the  heavens,  and  harnessed  to  his  throne 
four  eagles.  Wearied,  they  descended  and  threw  the  king 
on  the  ground  near  Amol.  He  escaped  with  his  life,  and, 
pardoned  by  God  for  his  arrogance,  ruled  on.  The  name 
is  the  Eaoses  of  the  Byzantine  historians. 

Kaikeyi  (kl-ka, ' yo).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
princess  of  Kaikeya,  wife  of  King  Dasharatha 
and  mother  of  his  third  son,  Bharata.  Carefully 
tending  Dasharatha  when  wounded,  she  induced  him  to 
promise  any  two  favors.  She  used  this  promise  to  procure 
the  exile  of  Rama  and  the  promotion  of  Bharata. 
Kaikhusrau  (present  Pers.  pron.  ki-khus-rou' ; 
earlier  ki-khos-rou').  [See  Kai.  Khusrau  is  the 
Skt.  sushravas,  Avestan  husravanh  (nom.  liusra- 
va ),  famous,  Gr.  ’Oapayc  and  Chosrocs.\  In  the 
Shahnamah,  the  thirteenth  Iranian  king.  He 
reigned  60  years.  He  was  the  son  of  Syawaush  and  Faran- 
gis,  daughter  of  Afrasyab.  After  the  murder  of  Syawaush 
by  Gurwi,  Afrasyab  was  about  to  slay  Farangis,  that  none 
of  the  offspring  of  Iraj  might  live;  but  Piran  Wisah  per- 
suaded the  king  to  put  her  in  his  care.  Piran  saved  her 
child  when  born,  and  had  him  brought  up  by  shepherds. 
Afrasyab,  frightened  by  a dream  in  which  the  son  of  Sya- 
waush destroyed  him,  summoned  Piran,  who  allayed  the 
fears  of  Afrasyab  by  representing  the  boy  as  an  idiot.  When 
he  warred  with  Kaikawus,  Afrasyab  sent  Farangis  and 
Khusrau  to  a remote  place,  but  Giv  found  them  and  brought 
them  to  Kaikawus,  who  appointed  Khusrau  his  successor. 
Khusrau  continued  the  war,  and  slew  Afrasyab.  The 
name  Kaikhusrau  is  identified  with  that  of  the  elder  Cyrus, 
with  the  legends  of  whom  as  told  by  the  Greeks  there  are 
accordances. 

Kailasa  (M-la'sa).  A mountain  in  the  Hima- 
laya, north  of  take  Manasa.  Shiva’s  paradise 
and  Kuvera’s  abode  are  said  to  be  on  Kailasa. 
Kaiqubad  (earlier  Pers.  pron.  kl-ko-bad';  pres- 
ent Pers.  pron.  kl-ko-bad').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
the  eleventh  Iranian  king,  a descendant  of  Fari- 
dun,  brought  by  Rustam  from  Mount  Alburz  at 
the  bidding  of  Zal  after  the  death  of  Garshasp. 
He  reigned  100  years,  building  cities  after  Rustam,  de- 
feating Afrasyab,  compelled  Pashang  to  sue  for  peace.  He 
left  four  sons,  the  eldest  being  Kaikawus.  See  Qubad. 
Kaira  (kl'ra).  1.  A district  in  the  presidency 
of  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
22°  40'  N.,  long.  72°  50'  E.  Area,  1,595  square 
miles.  Population,  716,332. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Kaira,  about  lat.  22°  45'  N., 
long.  72°  41'  E.  Population,  10,392. 

Kairwan  (kir-wan'),  or  Kirwan  (ker-wan').  A 
city  87  miles  south  of  Tunis.  It  is  a holy  Moham- 
medan city,  founded  about  670.  The  Djamaat  es-Sehebi, 
or  Mosque  of  the  Companion  of  the  Prophet,  is  the  chief 
sanctuary  of  the  city.  Within  the  usual  inclosing  wall 
there  are  four  beautiful  arcaded  courts,  domed  vestibules, 
the  mosque  proper,  and  the  Shrine  of  the  Companion,  Ab- 
dullah ibn-Zemaa  el-Beloui,  a small  domed  structure  with 
ornament  of  heterogeneous  character  and  date.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  monument  abounds  with  the  richest  Arabic 
decoration  in  plaster- work,  inlaid  tiles,  elaborate  carpentry, 
and  color.  The  square  minaret  is  incrusted  with  tiles,  and 
has  an  Ajimez  window  in  each  face  at  the  top.  The  great 
mosque  of  Sidi  Akbar  is  a venerable  monument  occupying 
the  northern  corner  of  the  city.  In  plan  it  is  a rectangle 
which  is  divided  into  three  parts,  the  place  of  worship 
proper,  the  vestibule,  and  the  cloistered  court  in  which 
stands  the  minaret.  The  mosque  proper  consists  of  17 
aisles  of  8 arches  springing  from  coupled  columns  of  mar- 
ble and  porphyry.  These  columns  number  296,  and  in  the 
entire  building  there  are  439,  all  taken  from  old  Roman 
and  Christian  monuments.  The  mihrab  and  mitnbar  are 
beautifully  ornamented.  There  is  a central  dome,  which 
rests  on  porphyry  columns  about  42  feet  high.  The  court 
is  surrounded  by  a double  arcade  with  coupled  columns. 
Population,  estimated,  about  26,000.  Also  Kairoan,  A’ c- 
rouan,  etc. 

Kais.  See  Kenn. 


558 

Kaisariyeh.  See  Cmarea. 

Kaiserhaus.  See  Goslar. 

Kaisersaal  (kl'zer-sal).  See  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Kaiserslautern  (ld'zers-lou-tern).  A city  in  the 
RhinePalatinate,Bavaria,situatedontheLauter 
32  miles  west  of  Mannheim,  it  has  manufactures  of 
iron,  beer,  etc. , and  an  important  fruit-market.  It  was  the 
residence  of  Frederick  Barbarossa.  Here,  November  28- 
30, 1793,  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  Freheh  under 
Hoche,  and  May  23,  1794,  the  Prussians  under  Mollendorf 
again  defeated  the  French.  Pop.,  commune,  52,306. 

Kaiserswerth  (ki'zers-vert).  A town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine 
27  miles  north-northwest  of  Cologne,  itis  theseat 
of  a training-school  for  Protestant  deaconesses,  founded  by 
ITiedner,  and  has  a noted  medieval  church. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  (ki'zer  vil'helm)  Canal.  A 
ship-canal  connecting  the  harbor  of  Kiel  with 
the  mouth  of  the  Elbe  near  Brunsbiittel.  The 
canal  was  begun  June  3,  1887,  and  opened  for  traffic  June 
19, 1896.  Its  breadth  at  the  bottom  is  72  feet,  and  at  the 
surface  213  feet ; depth,  29  feet  6 inches.  The  cost  of  con- 
struction was  estimated  at  about  839,000,000. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  Islands.  A small  group  of 
islands  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  belonging  to 
Graham  Land. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  Land.  A German  protector- 
ate (from  1884)  in  the  northeast  of  New  Guinea. 
Area,  estimated,  about  70,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  110,000. 

Kaithal.  See  Kythul. 

Kaiyuh-Khotana  (ki'yo-cho-ta'na).  A tribe 
of  the  northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  dwelling  on  the 
plains  of  the  Yukon  and  Kuskokwim  rivers, 
in  the  interior  of  Alaska.  They  subsist  chiefly 
by  fishing  and  trading.  See  Athapascan. 

Kakongo  (ka-kong'go).  See  Kongo  Nation. 

Kaku  (ka-ko'),  or  Kakui  (ka-ko-e').  In  the 
Shahnamah,  a grandson  of  Zohak,  who  allied 
himself  with  Salm  in  the  war  of  Faridun  and 
Minuchihr  against  Salm  and  Tur,  and  was  slain 
by  Minuchihr  after  a single  combat  lasting  al- 
most a whole  day. 

Kalabagh  (ka-la-bag').  A town  in  Bannu  dis- 
trict, Panjab,  British  India,  situated  on  the  In- 
dus in  lat.  32°  58'  N.,  long.  71°  36'  E.  It  is  noted 
for  salt-quarries. 

Kalahari  ka-la-bar ' ) . See  Calabar , Efik,  an  d Idzo. 

Kalafat  (ka-la-fat').  A town  in  Wallachia,  Ru- 
mania, situated  on  the  Danube  opposite  Wid- 
din.  It  was  the  scene  of  encounters  between  the  Russians 
and  Turks,  resulting  in  the  retreat  of  the  former,  Jan. 
6-10,  1854.  Population,  7,126. 

Kalah.  See  Calali. 

Kalahari  (ka-la-ha/re)  Desert.  An  elevated  and 
partially  desert  region  in  South  Africa,  north  of 
the  Orange  River,  and  mainly  comprised  within 
the  Bechuanaland  protectorate. 

Kalah  Shergat  (ka'la  sher-gat').  The  mound 
of  ruins  about  50  miles  south  of  Mosul,  repre- 
senting the  ancient  city  of  Assur. 

Kalakaua  (kal-a-kou'a)  I.,  David.  Born  Nov. 
16,  1836:  died  at  San  Francisco,  Jan.  30,  1891. 
King  of  Hawaii  1874-91,  son  of  Kepaakea  and 
Keoliokalole,  niece  of  Kamehameha  I.  He  was 
elected  Feb.  12,  1874,  to  succeed  Lunalilo.  He  was  com- 
pelled by  a revolutionary  movement  to  grant  in  1887  a new 
constitution  imposing  important  restrictions  on  the  royal 
prerogative. 

Kalamata  (ka-la-ma'ta).  The  capital  of  Mes- 
senia,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Nedon,  near  the 
coast,  in  lat.  37°  2'  N.,  long.  22°  8'  E. : the  an- 
cient Pharte  or  Phene.  It,  was  held  by  the  Venetians 
1085-1718,  and  was  sacked  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  in  1825.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  about  20,000. 

Kalamazoo (kaP'a-ma-zo').  Aeityandthe  cap- 
ital of  Kalamazoo  County,  Michigan,  situated 
on  the  Kalamazoo  River  in  lat.  42°  19'  N.,  long. 
85°  34'  W.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and 
is  the  seat  of  Kalamazoo  College.  Population, 
39,437,  (1910). 

Kalamazoo  River.  A river  in  Michigan,  flow- 
ing into  Lake  Michigan  41  miles  northwest  of 
Kalamazoo.  Length,  150  miles. 

Kalamita  (ka-la-me'ta)  Bay.  An  indentation 
of  the  western  coast  of  the  Crimea,  Russia. 

Kalanemi  (ka-la-na'me).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
in  the  Ramayana,  a Rakshasa,  uncle  of  Ravana. 
At  Ravana’s  request  he  tries  to  kill  Hanuman,  assuming 
the  form  of  a hermit  devotee  and  offering  him  food.  11a- 
numan  refuses  and  goes  to  bathe.  His  foot  is  seized  by  a 
crocodile,  which  he  kills.  From  the  body  rises  a lovely 
Apsaras,  who  had  been  cursed  to  live  as  a crocodile  until 
released  by  Hanuman.  She  warns  him  against  Kalanemi, 
who  is  seized  by  Hanuman  and  hurled  to  Lanka,  where  he 
falls  before  the  throne  of  Ravana. 

Kalanos  (kal'a-nos).  The  Greek  name  of  a 
Brahman  (called  in  Latin  Calanus)  who  followed 
Alexander  the  Great  from  India,  and,  becoming 
ill,  burned  himself  alive  before  the  Macedoni- 


Kali 

ans,  three  months  before  Alexander’s  death 
(323  B.  c.),  which  he  had  predicted. 

Kalapooian  (kal-a-po'yan).  Alinguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  embracing  the 
Ahantchuyuk,  Atfalati,  Calapooya,  Chelamela, 
Lakmiut,  Santiam,  Yamil,  and  Yonkala  divi- 
sions, with  their  numerous  bands.  It  formerly  oc- 
cupied the  main  and  tributary  valleys  of  Willamette  River, 
Oregon,  above  the  falls.  The  tribes  were  large  early  in 
the  century,  but  suffered  severely  from  disease  in  1824- 
1825,  and  later  from  the  depredatory  Klikitat.  The  rem- 
nants of  these  tribes  are  on  Grande  Ronde  reservation, 
Oregon,  and  numbered  130  in  1905. 

Kalapooyah.  See  Calapooya. 

Kalarash  (ka-la-rash'),  or  Kalarashi  (ka-la- 
ra'she).  A river  port  in  Wallachia,  Rumania, 
situated  on  the  Danube  10  miles  northeast  of 
Silistria.  Population,  11,077. 

Kalatamareno.  Same  as  Catamarefio.  See 
Calchaquis. 

Kalatch  (ka-lach').  1.  A Cossack  settlement 
in  the  government  of  Voronezh,  Russia,  about 
lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  41°  7'  E. — 2.  A trading 
place  in  the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Don  about  lat.  48°  43' 
N.,  long.  43°  30'  E. 

Kalau  (ka'lou).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  59  miles  south-south- 
east of  Berlin. 

Kalayavana  (ka-la-ya'va-na).  [‘Black  Yava- 
na,’  ‘Greek,’ or  ‘foreigner.’]  AYavana,  or  for- 
eign king,  who  led  an  army  of  barbarians  to 
Mathura  against  Krishna.  Krishna  lured  him  into 
the  cave  of  Mucliukunda,  who  awoke  and  reduced  him  to 
ashes  by  a glance. 

Kalbe  (kal'be).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale  18  miles 
south  by  east  of  Magdeburg.  Population, 
commune,  12, 264. 

Kalckreuth  (kalk'roit),  Count  Friedrich  Adolf 
von.  Born  at  Sottershausen,  near  Sangerhau- 
sen,  Prussia,  Peb.  22, 1737 : died  at  Berlin,  June 
10,1818.  APrussian  field-marshal,  distinguished 
in  the  defense  of  Dantzic  in  1807. 

Kaldu.  See  Chaldea. 

Kalenberg,  or  Calenberg  (ka'len-berG).  A 
former  principality  of  Germany,  now  included 
in  the  circles  of  Hannover,  Weunigsen,  and 
Ilameln,  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 

Kalergis  (ka-ler'gis),  Demetrius.  Born  in 
Crete  about  1803:  died  at  Athens,  April  24, 
1867.  A Greek  general  and  politician. 

Kalevala  (ka-le-va'la),  or  Kalewala  (ka-le- 
va'la).  IKaleva,  heroic;  la,  affix  sig.  ‘abode’: 
‘ abode’  or  ‘ land  of  heroes.’]  The  national  epic 
of  Finland.  The  elements  of  the  poem  are  ancient  pop- 
ular songs,  hitherto  orally  transmitted,  that  have  been  col- 
lected in  different  parts  of  Finnish  territory,  for  the  most 
part  within  the  present  century.  Short  fragments  of  myth- 
ical poetry  had  been  known  in  the  18th  century,  but  the 
first  considerable  collection  was  published  by  Zacharias 
Topelius  in  1822.  The  poem  owes  its  present  coherent 
form  to  Elias  Lonnrott,  who  during  years  of  assiduous  labor 
collected  the  material  in  Finland  proper,  but  principally  in 
Russian  Karelia  eastward  to  the  White  Sea.  Lonnrott’s 
first  edition,  which  appeared  in  1835,  contains  12,000  verses, 
for  the  first  time  systematically  arranged  as  a connected 
whole.  In  1849appeared  asecond  edition, containing  nearly 
23,000  verses,  which  is  the  present  form  of  the  poem.  The 
Kalevala  is  written  in  eight-syllabled  trochaic  verse,  with 
alliteration,  but  without  rime.  The  whole  is  divided  into 
60  cantos  or  runes.  Its  subject-matter  is  mythical,  with  a 
few  Christian  elements.  Its  central  hero  is  Wainamoinen, 
the  god  of  poetry  and  music.  It  is  the  prototype,  in  form 
and  contents,  of  Longfellow’s  “Hiawatha." 

Kalgan  (kal'gan).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Chihli,  China,  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Great 
Wall,  120  miles  northwest  of  Peking.  It  has 
important  transit  trade,  especially  in  tea.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  70,000. 

Kalgueff.  See  Kolgucff. 

Kalhana  (kal'ha-na).  [Skt.]  The  name  of  the 
author  of  the  Rajatarangini,  a history  of  Kash- 
mir, supposed  to  have  lived  about  1148. 

Kali  (ka'li).  In  Sanskrit,  a name  of  the  die  or 
side  of  the  dio  which  is  marked  by  one  point : 
personified  as  an  evil  genius  in  the  poem  of 
Nala.  Finding  that  Damayanti  had  chosen  Nala,  Kali, 
enraged,  entered  into  him,  and  caused  him  to  be  worsted  by 
his  brother  Pushkara  in  the  game  of  dice  in  which  Nala 
lost  his  kingdom,  his  wife,  and  even  his  raiment,  and  in 
consequence  of  which  he  became  an  exile. 

Kali  (ka'le).  [In  the  Vedas  Agni  has  seven 
flickering  tongues  for  devouring  oblations:  of 
these  Kali  is  the  black  or  terrible  tongue. 
The  word  came  to  have  the  following  meaning.] 
In  Hindu  mythology,  the  bloody  consort  of 
Shiva.  (Calcutta  is  Kalighatta,  the  ghat  or  landing- 
place  of  Kali.)  In  her  images  the  body  is  black,  or  dark- 
blue,  the  insides  of  the  hands  red.  Her  disheveled  hair 
reaches  to  her  feet.  She  has  a necklace  of  human  heads 
and  a cincture  of  blood-stained  hands,  while  she  stands  on 
the  body  of  Shiva.  Her  tongue  protrudes  from  her  mouth, 
which  is  marked  with  blood.  Bloody  sacrifices  are  made 


Kali 

to  her.  She  has  a celebrated  temple  at  Kalighat,  near  Cal- 
cutta, which  during  her  festivals  swims  with  blood.  She 
personifies  destroying  Time. 

Kalidasa  (ka-li-da'sa).  The  greatest  poet  and 
dramatist  of  India.  All  that  is  related  of  his  personal 
history  is  that  he  lived  at  Ujjayini  or  Oujein,  and  that  he 
was  one  of  the  9 gems  of  the  court  of  Vikramaditya ; but 
since  there  have  been  several  kings  of  that  name  at  Ujja- 
yini,  his  date  remains  uncertain.  Wilson  believed  this  Vi- 
kramaditya to  be  the  one  whose  era  begins  56  B.  c.  Bhau 
Daji  identifies  him  with  Harsha  Vikramaditya  of  the  mid- 
dle of  the  6th  century.  Monier-Williams  gives  the  begin- 
ning of  the  3d  century  as  the  date  of  Kalidasa ; Lassen, 
the  middle  of  the  2d  ; Kern,  the  first  half  of  the  6th  ; Ja- 
cobi, the  middle  of  the  4th  : Shankar  Pandit,  a time  prior 
to  the  middle  of  the  8th  • and  the  southern  Buddhists,  the 
6th.  Weber  assigns  the  composition  of  Kalidasa’s  three 
dramas  to  a period  from  the  2d  to  the  4 th  century  of  our 
era — the  period  of  the  Gupta  princes,  whose  reigns  corre- 
spond best  to  the  legendary  tradition  of  the  glory  of  Vi- 
krama.  Kalidasa  is  the  undisputed  author  of  the  two 
dramas  Shakuntala  and  Vikramorvashi,  and  Weber  and 
Shankar  Pandit  have  submitted  strong  grounds  for  ascrib- 
ing to  him  also  the  Malavikagnimitra.  The  Raghuvansha, 
Kumarasambhava,  Meghaduta,  Ritusanhara.  Nalodaya,and 
Shrutabodha  have  also  all  been  ascribed  to  him  with  va- 
rying degrees  of  improbability.  He  is  known  to  Euro- 
peans especially  through  the  drama  of  Shakuntala,  which, 
when  first  translated  by  Sir  William  Jones  in  1789,  pro- 
duced such  a sensation  that  the  early  success  of  Sanskrit 
studies  in  England  and  Germany  may  be  ascribed  to  this 
masterpiece.  He  is  characterized  by  consummate  tact  in 
the  use  of  language,  delicacy  of  sentiment,  and  fertility  of 
imagination.  See  the  several  names. 

Kalika  (ka/li-ka).  The  goddess  Kali. 
Kalikapurana(kaHi-ka-po-ra'na).  In  Sanskrit 
literature,  one  of  eighteen  Upapuranas,  or  sec- 
ondary Puranas,  containing  about  9, 000  stanzas, 
the  object  of  which  is  to  recommend  the  worship 
of  Kali,  the  wife  of  Shiva,  in  one  or  other  of  her 
forms.  It  belongs  to  the  Shakta  form  of  Hindu  belief,  or 
the  worship  of  thefemale  powers  of  the  deities.  A remark- 
able feature  of  the  work  is  the  description  of  a number  of 
rivers  and  mountains  in  Assam,  suggesting  to  Wilson  the 
possible  Assamese  origin,  or  origin  in  northeastern  Bengal, 
of  the  Tantrika  and  Shakta  corruptions  of  the  earlier  Hindu 
religion. 

Kalilag  and  Damnag  (ka-le'lag  and  dam'nag). 
The  name  of  the  Syriac  version  of  the  original 
of  the  Panchatantra,  and  an  important  link  in 
the  genealogy  of  Indo-European  folk-lore.  That 
original,  a Buddhist  Sanskrit  work  in  13  chapters  treating 
of  the  conduct  of  princes,  and  inculcating  its  doctrines  in 
the  form  of  beast-fables,  was  translated  from  Sanskrit  into 
Pahlavi  by  a Persian  physician  named  Barzoi  at  the  com- 
mand of  Khusrau  Nushirvan  (531-679  A.D.).  From  the  Pah- 
lavi version,  now  lost,  was  translated,  about  570  A.  D.,the 
older  Syriac  version,  called  after  the  two  jackals,  Kara- 
taka  and  Hamanaka,  who  figured  in  the  introduction  to  the 
Sanskrit  original.  A notice  of  this  Syriac  version  had  been 
preserved  in  a catalogue  of  Syriac  writings  made  by  Ebed- 
jesus,  who  died  in  1318,  and  published  byAssemani  at  Rome 
in  1725.  A Chaldean  bishop,  Georgius  Ebed-jesus  Khay- 
yath,  on  his  way  to  the  ecumenical  council  in  1870,  stum- 
bled upon  a manuscript  of  this  version  in  the  episcopal 
library  at  Mardin.  Through  the  mediation  of  the  Italian 
scholar  Guidi,  and  a wonderful  combination  of  accidents 
and  efforts,  “the  lost  manuscript”  was  made  known  to 
Europe,  and  at  last  published  and  translated  by  Bickell 
(Leipsic,  1876).  Bickell’s  work  contains  an  important  in- 
troduction by  Benfey  resuming  the  results  (already  pub- 
lished in  his  Pantschatantra)  of  his  studies  in  the  history 
of  fable. 

Kalilah.  and  Dimnah.  (ka-le'la  and  dim'na),  or 
Fables  of  Pilpay  (pil' pa).  The  name  of  the 
Arabic  translation  of  the  Pahlavi  translation 
of  the  Sanskrit  original  of  the  Panchatantra. 
It  was  made  by  Abdallah  ibn  al-Moqaffa,  a Persian  convert 
to  Islam,  who  lived  under  the  calif  Al-Mansur  and  died 
about  760.  The  Arabic  was  published  by  He  Sacy  in  1816, 
and  an  English  translation  by  Knatchbull  (Oxford,  181S). 
Kalilah  and  Dimnah  is  also  the  name  of  the  later  Syriac 
version  made  in  the  10th  or  11th  century,  edited  by  Wright 
and  translated  by  Keith-Falconer  (Cambridge,  1885). 
Keith-Falconer’s  introduction  is  a clear  and  full  account 
of  the  history  of  Indo-European  fable.  See  Kalilag  and 
Damnag , and  Pilpay. 

Kalinga  (ka-lin'ga).  An  ancient  kingdom  of 
India,  which  extended  along  the  eastern  coast 
northward  from  the  vicinity  of  Madras,  and 
sometimes  included  Orissa. 

Kalingapatam,  or  Calingapatam  (ka-ling//ga- 
pa-tam').  A small  seaport  in  Ganjam  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Vangsedharainlat.  18° 21'  N.,long.  84° 7'  E. 
Kalir  (ka'ler),  Eleazar  Birrabi.  Lived  proba- 
bly in  the  9th  century  in  Palestine.  The  most 
celebrated  and  productive  writer  of  the  syna- 
gogal  poetry , or  pint.  About  200  of  his  poems  ( piutim) 
are  extant.  His  subjects  are  mostly  taken  from  the  Tal- 
mud. His  style  is  terse  and  perspicuous,  bold  in  the  for- 
mation of  new  words  and  phrases,  and  often  artificial  by 
reason  of  involved  versification,  rimes,  and  acrostics. 
Kalisch(ka'lish),  David.  Born  atBreslau, Prus- 
sia, Feb.  23, 1820:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  21, 1872. 
A German  humorist,  of  Hebrew  descent,  founder 
of  the  comic  journal  “ Kladderadatsch  ” (Ber- 
lin, 1848),  and  author  of  numerous  farces. 
Kalisch,  Marcus.  Born  at  Treptow,  Prussia, 
May  16, 1828 : died  at  Rowsley,  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  23,  1885.  A German  biblical  critic. 
Kalish,  Pol.  Kalisz  (ka'lish).  1 . A government 


559 

of  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on  Prussia.  Area, 
4,377  square  miles.  Population,  1,028,500. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kalish, 
Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the  Prosna  in  lat. 
51°  46'  N.,  long.  18°  10'  E.  : the  ancient  Kalisia. 
Here,  Oct.  29, 1706,  the  Russian  and  Polish  forces  defeated 
the  Swedes  ; and  here  an  offensive  and  defensive  alliance 
between  Russia  and  Prussia  was  concluded  Feb.  28,  1813. 
Population,  24,418. 

Kalitvenskaya  (ka-let-vens'ka-ya).  A camp  in 
the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Donetz  about  81  miles  northeast  of 
Novotcherkask. 

Kaliya  (ka'li-ya).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a five- 
headed  serpent-king  dwelling  in  the  Yamuna. 
His  mouths  vomited  fire.  Krishna,  when  a child,  jumped 
into  his  pool,  and  was  seized  by  Kaliya  and  his  attendants. 
Placing  his  foot  on  the  middle  head  of  Kaliya,  Krishna 
reduced  him  to  submission,  and  compelled  him  to  remove 
to  the  ocean. 

Kaliyuga  (ka-li-yo'ga).  In  Sanskrit,  the  name 
of  the  last  and  worst  of  the  four  yugas  or  ages ; 
the  iron  age.  Their  names,  Kritayuga,  Tretayuga, 
Dvaparayuga,  and  Kaliyuga,  come  from  the  marks  on  dice, 
four  being  reckoned  as  best,  and  one  as  worst.  (See  Kali.) 
The  Kali,  or  fourth  age,  contains  1,200  years  of  the  gods,  or 
432,000  years  of  men,  and  began  Feb.  18,  3102  B.  C.  When 
it  ends,  the  world  is  to  be  destroyed. 

Kalk  (kalk) . A manufacturing  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  opposite  Cologne.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  25,478. 

Kalkbrenner  (kalk'bren-ner),  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm. Born  about  1784:  died  at  Enghien, 
near  Paris,  June  10,  1849.  A German  pianist 
and  composer  for  the  piano. 

Kalki  (kal'ki).  A name  of  Vishnu  in  his  future 
character  of  destroyer  of  the  wicked  and  liber- 
ator of  the  world  from  its  enemies.  This  will  be 
the  tenth  and  last  avatar  or  incarnation  of  Vishnu,  and 
wiU  take  place  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  and  last  age,  the 
Kaliyuga. 

Kallapuya.  See  Calapooya. 

Kallimachos.  See  Callimachus. 

Kalli-Nuddi  (kal'le-nud'de).  A river  in  British 
India,  flowing  into  the  Ganges  47  miles  north- 
west of  Cawnpore. 

Kallundborg  (kal'lond-borG).  A town  on  the 
western  coast  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  Den- 
mark. 

Kalm  (kalm),  Peter.  Born  in  Finland,  1715: 
died  at  Abo,  Finland,  Nov.  16, 1779.  A Swedish 
botanist.  He  published  “ En  resa  til  Norra 
Amerika  ” ( “A  J ourney  to  North  America,”  1753- 
1761),  etc. 

Kalmar,  or  Calmar  (kal'mar).  1.  A maritime 
iaen  of  southeastern  Sweden,  including  the  isl- 
and of  Gland.  Area,  4,443  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 227,752. — 2.  A seaport  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  laen  of  Kalmar,  situated  on  an  island 
in  Kalmar  Sound,  in  lat.  56°  40'  N.,  long.  16° 
22'  E.,  opposite  the  island  of  Oland.  it  has  a 
cathedral  and  an  ancient  castle,  and  is  an  important 
trading  port.  A union  of  the  kingdoms  of  Sweden,  Nor- 
way, and  Denmark  was  concluded  here  July  20,  1397. 
Population,  14,835. 

Kalmar  Sound.  A sea  passage  separating  the 
island  of  Oland  from  the  mainland  of  Sweden. 
Kalmashapada  (kal-ma-sha-pa'da).  In  Hindu 
mythology,  a king  of  the  solar  race,  son  of  Su- 
dasa,  and  a descendant  of  Ikshvaku.  The  Maha- 
hharata  describes  him  as  encountering,  when  hunting, 
Sliaktri,  Vasishtha’s  eldest  son,  whom  he  struck  with  his 
whip.  The  incensed  Vasishtha  cursed  him  so  that  he  be- 
came a cannibal.  After  twelve  years  he  was  restored  by 
Vasishtha.  The  Vishnupurana  varies  and  amplifies  the 
legend. 

Kalmucks,  or  Calmucks  (kal'muks).  A branch 
of  the  Mongolian  family  of  peoples,  divided 
into  four  tribes,  and  dwelling  in  China,  west- 
ern Siberia,  and  southeastern  Russia.  They 
were  nomads,  adherents  of  a form  of  Buddhism,  and  num- 
ber over  200,000. 

Kalna  (kal'na),  or  Culna  (kul'na).  A town  in 
Bardwan  district,  Bengal,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Bhagirathi  47  miles  north  of  Calcutta. 
Kalnoky  (kal'no-ki),  Count  Siegmund  Gustav. 
Born  at  Lettowitz,  Moravia,  Dee.  29, 1832 : died 
in  Moravia,  Austria,  Feb.  13, 1898.  An  Austrian 
statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed  min- 
ister at  Copenhagen  in  1874,  and  ambassador  at  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1880,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1881-95. 

Kalocsa  (ko'loch-o).  A cathedral  city  in  the 
county  of  Pest.-Pilis-Solt  and  Little  Cumania, 
Hungary,  situated  near  the  Danube  67  miles 
south  of  Budapest.  It  is  the  seat  of  a Roman 
Catholic  archbishop.  Population,  commune, 
11,380. 

Kalo-Johannes.  See  Calo-Joanncs. 

Kalpa  (kal'pa).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a day  of 
Brahma,  consisting  of  1,000  yugas,  or  432,000,- 
000  years.  A month  of  Brahma  contains  30  kalpas,  12 
months  constitute  his  year,  and  100  years  his  life.  We  are 
now  in  the  61st  of  his  years.  The  word  also  means  'man- 
ner of  acting,’  practice  prescribed  by  the  Vedas. 


Kamchi 

Kalpasutras  (kal-pa-so'traz).  In  Vedic  litera- 
ture, the  works  which  describe  the  ceremonial 
necessary  in  a Vedic  sacrifice,  expressed  in  short 
technical  rules  (sutras) ; among  the  Jainas,  the 
name  of  their  most  sacred  book,  it  gives  the  his- 
tory  of  Mahavira,  the  last  of  the  24  deified  saints  or  Tirthan- 
karas,  and  that  of  four  others.  Its  author  was  Bhadra  Bahu, 
who  composed  it,  according  to  Stevenson,  411  a.  D.,  while 
another  authority  makes  its  date  632  A.  D.  The  Jainas  de- 
vote to  the  Kalpasutras  five  of  the  eight  days  given  in  the 
middle  of  the  rains  to  reading  their  scriptures. 

Kalpeny  (kal'pe-ni).  [A  Hindu  name  of  un- 
certain meaning.]  The  third-magnitude  star 
8 Aquarii,  more  commonly  known  as  Sadalsund. 

Kalpi  (kal'pe),  or  Culpee  (kul'pe).  A town  in 
Jalaun  district,  United  Provinces,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  J umna  45  miles  southwest 
of  Cawnpore.  The  Indian  rebels  were  de- 
feated here  by  Sir  Hugh  Rose,  May,  1858. 
Population,  10,139. 

Kaluga  (ka-16'ga).  1.  A government  of  Rus- 

sia, surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Moscow, 
Tula,  Orel,  and  Smolensk.  It  has  flourishing 
manufactures.  Area,  11,942  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,336,200. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kaluga,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Yatchenka  with  the  Oka,  in  lat.  54°  31'  N., 
long.  36°  16'  E.  It  has  flourishing  manufac- 
tures and  trade.  Population,  49,513. 

Kalusz  (kal'losh).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Lomnicza  58  miles 
south  by  east  of  Lemberg.  Population,  com- 
mune, 8,660,  (1910). 

Kalvaria  (kal-va're-a).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Suvalki,  Russian  Poland,  situated 
on  the  Shelupa  84  miles  west-southwest  of  Vil- 
na.  Population,  9,900. 

Kalw,  or  Calw  (kalv).  A town  in  the  Black 
Forest  district  of  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Nagold  23  miles  west  of  Stuttgart.  It  was  for- 
merly the  chief  town  of  a countship  of  Kalw. 
Population,  commune,  5,196. 

Kama  (ka'ma).  [Skt.,  ‘wish,’  ‘desire,’  ‘love.’] 
The  Hindu  god  of  love.  In  the  Rigveda,  desire  Is  the 
first  movement  that  arose  in  the  One  after  it  had  come  into 
life  through  the  power  of  fervor  or  abstraction.  It  is  the 
bond  which  connects  entity  with  nonentity.  In  the  Tait- 
tiriyabrahmana  he  is  the  son  of  Dharma,  ‘justice,’  by 
Shraddha,  ‘faith,’  but  according  to  the  Harivansha  the  son 
of  Lakshmi,  ‘fortune.’  Inanotheraccounthespringsfrom 
Brahma’s  heart.  He  is  armed  with  a bow  and  arrows,  the 
bow  being  of  sugar-cane,  the  bowstring  a line  of  bees,  and 
each  of  the  five  arrows  tipped  with  a distinct  flower,  sup- 
posed to  conquer  one  of  the  five  senses.  He  rides  on  a par- 
rot or  sparrow,  attended  by  nymphs,  one  of  whom  bears 
his  banner  displaying  the  Makara,  or  a fish  on  a red  ground. 
His  wife  is  Rati  (‘pleasure’)  or  Priti  (‘affection’),  his 
daughter  Trisha  (‘thirst’  o'-  ‘desire’),  and  his  sou  Ani- 
ruddha  (‘  the  unrestrained  ’). 

Kama  (ka'ma).  A river  in  Russia,  tbe  largest 
tributary  of  the  Volga,  which  it  joins  42  miles 
south  of  Kazan.  Length,  about  1,050  miles; 
navigable  from  Perm  (930  miles). 

Kamadhemi  (ka-ma-d-ha'no).  [Skt.,  ‘ wish- 
cow.’]  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  fabulous  won- 
der-cow that  gratifies  all  wishes.  Also  called 
Kamadhuk  (ka-ma-d-ho'k),  ‘ wish-milking,’  i.  e. 
yielding. 

Kamakura  (ka-ma'ko-ra).  A place  near  Yoko- 
hama, Japan.  It  was  the  seat  of  government 
in  the  last  part  of  the  middle  ages. 

Kamandaki  (kii-man'da-ki).  In  Sanskrit  litera- 
ture, the  author  of  a certain  Nitishastra  (which 
see). 

Kamaran  (ka-ma-ran'),  or  Cameran  (kam-e- 
ran').  An  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  belonging  to  the 
British,  situated  in  lat.  15°  20'  N.,  long.  42°  34' E. 

Kamba  (kam'ba),  orWakamba  (wa-kam'bii). 
An  African  tribe  of  British  East  Africa,  dwell- 
ing north  of  Mount  Kilimanjaro  and  bordering 
on  the  Masai.  The  country  is  called  Ukamba.  the  lan- 
guage Kikamba.  Very  imperfectly  known,  this  tribe  and 
language  are  often  said  to  be  Bantu  ; but  their  democratic 
government,  their  nomadic  and  pastoral  habits,  and  their 
physical  traits  show  Hamitic  affinity.  In  1882  some  Wa- 
kamba  settled  in  Usagara.  The  Kikuyu  people,  northern 
neighbors  of  theWakamba,  are  said  to  speak  a mixture  of 
Kikamba  and  Kwafi,  probably  an  intermediary  dialect 

Kambyses.  See  Cambyses. 

Kamchatka  (kiim-chat'ka).  [F.  Kamtchatka, 
G.  Kamtschatka.\  A large  peninsula  in  the 
Maritime  Province  of  eastern  Siberia,  it  extends 

into  the  Pacific  between  Bex  ingSeaand  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk. 
It  is  traversed  by  volcanic  mountains  (highest  point,  nearly 
16,000  feet).  The  leading  people  are  the  Kamchadales  or 
Kamchatkans,  mostly  Russianized.  Kamchatka  was  occu- 
pied by  Russia  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and  incor- 
porated with  the  Maritime  Province  in  1855.  Population, 
about  9,000. 

Kamchatka,  Sea  of.  See  Bering  Sea. 

Kamchi  (kam'che),  David,  known  as  Radak 
from  the  initials  of  his  name  (Rabbi  David  Kam- 
chi). Lived  1160-1232  in  Narbonne,  France. 
One  of  the  most  influential  Jewish  grammari- 


Karachi 

ans,  lexicographers,  and  oxegetesof  the  middle 
ages.  IliH  Hebrew  grammar  and  dictionary  “The Com- 
piler" (“  Miehlul "),  willi  its  second  part  “ Hoots  ” (“Shura- 
shiin  "),  and  ids  commentaries  Oil  several  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  retain  their  value  to  the  present  time. 

Kamehameha  (ka-maUia-ma'ha  or  kii-me-kii'- 
rne-liii)  I.,  surnamod  “ The  Groat.”  Born  1753 : 
died  at  Kailua,  Hawaii,  May  8,  1819.  King  of 
the  Handwich  Islands  1809-19,  son  of  the  chief 
Keona.  lie  became  ruler  of  the  western  part  of  Hawaii 
in  1781,  and  with  the  aid  of  Europeans  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  all  the  Sandwich  Islands  in  1809.  lie  suppressed  hu- 
man sacrifice,  and  encouraged  commerce  with  Europeans. 

Kamehameha  II.  Bom  in  Hawaii,  1797 : died 
at  London,  July  14,  1824.  King  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  1819-24,  son  of  Kamehameha  I. 
He  permitted  the  establishment  of  an  American  Protes- 
tant mission  in  1820.  He  and  his  wife  died  of  measles 
at  London  during  a visit  to  George  IV. 

Kamehameha  III.  Born  March  17, 1814 : died 
at  Honolulu,  Dec.  15,  1854.  King  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  1824-54,  brother  of  Kamehameha 
II.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  introduced  a con- 
stitutional  form  of  government  in  1840. 
Kamehameha  IV.  Born  Feb.  9, 1834:  died  at 
Honolulu,  Nov.  30,  1803.  Kingof  the  Sandwich 
Islands  1854^63,  nephew  of  Kamehameha  III. 
whom  he  succeeded. 

Kamehameha  V.  Born  Dee.  11, 1830 : died  at 
Honolulu,  Dec.  11, 1872.  King  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands  1863-72,  brother  of  Kamehameha  IV. 
whom  he  succeeded.  Ho  proclaimed  a new  con- 
stitution in  1864. 

Kamenets-Podolski  (ka'me-nets-po-dol'ske). 
The  capital  of  the  government  of  Podolia,  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Srnotriteh  in  lat.  48°  40' 
N.,  long.  26°  35'  E.  It  was  an  ancient  Polish  for- 
tress, and  was  held  by  the  Turks  1672-99.  Popu- 
lation, 35,934. 

Kamenskaya  (kli-men  'skii-yii).  A town  in  the 
province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  70  miles 
north  of  Novotcherkask. 

Kamenz  (ka'ments).  A town  in  the  govern- 
mental district  of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  situated 
on  the  Black  Elster  22  miles  northeast  of  Dres- 
den: the  birthplace  of  Lessing.  Population, 
commune,  11,120. 

Kamerun  (ka-me-ron').  A German  protecto- 
rate in  western  Africa,  extending  from  the 
Bight  of  Biafra  northeastward  to  Lake  Chad. 
It  has  some  trade  in  oil,  ivory,  rubber,  and  cocoa.  Its 
capital  is  Buea.  The  Kamerun  Mountains  reach  a height 
of  13,300  feet.  By  the  Morocco  agreement  of  November, 
1911,  Germany  received  from  France  107,270  square  miles 
of  Kongo  territory,  and  ceded  to  France  6,460  square  miles 
of  Kamerun  territory.  Also  Cameroon. 

Kamerun  River.  A river  of  western  Africa 
which  falls  into  the  Bight  of  Biafra. 

Karnes,  Lord.  See  Home,  Henry. 

Kamienic.  See  Kamenets-Podolski. 
Kammersee.  Same  as  the  Attersee. 

Kammin,  or  Cammin  (kam-men').  A town  in 
the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Kammin  Bodden  and  the  Dievenow  38  miles 
north  by  east  of  Stettin.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,923. 

Kampanerthal.  See  Campanerthal. 

Kampen  (kam'pen).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Overyssel,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Yssel 
45  miles  east-northeast  of  Amsterdam,  it  was 
formerly  a Hanseatic  town  ; has  flourishing  trade  and  man- 
ufactures ; and  has  a theological  school.  Its  Stadhuis,  or 
town  hall,  is  a picturesque  building  of  the  16th  century, 
enlarged  in  1740.  The  older  facade  is  adorned  with  a num- 
ber of  statues  in  Flamboyant  niches.  Population,  com- 
mune, 19,664. 

Kampen,  Nikolaas  Godfried  van.  Born  at 
Haarlem,  Netherlands,  May  15,  1776:  died  at 
Amsterdam,  March  14, 1839.  A Dutch  historian, 
professor  of  the  German  and  Dutch  languages 
and  literatures,  and  later  of  Dutch  history, 
at  Leyden.  His  works  include  “ Geschiedenis  van  de 
fransche  heerschappij  in  Europa  ’’(“History  of  the  French 
Dominion  in  Europe,”  1815-25),  etc. 

Kampfer,  or  Kaempfer  (kemp'fer),  Engel- 
brecht.  Born  at  Lemgo.  Germany,  Sept.  16, 
1651:  died  at  Lemgo,  Nov.  2,  1716.  A German 
physician,  traveler  in  Japan,  the  East  Indies, 
and  western  and  southern  Asia:  author  of  a 
“History  of  Japan  and  Siam”  (London,  1727). 
Kampot  (kam'pot).  The  only  seaport  of  Cambo- 
dia, situated  on  rhe  Gulf  of  Siam  about  lat. 
10°  45'  N.,  long.  103°  47'  E.  Population,  3,000. 
Kampti  (kamp'te).  A town  in  Nagpur  district, 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  situated  in  lat. 
21°  13'  N.,  long.  79°  12'  E.  Population,  38,888. 
Also  Kamptee  or  Kamthi. 

Kamrup  (kam-rop').  A district  in  Assam, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N., 
long.  91°  E.  Area,  3,858  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 589,187. 


560 

Kamthi.  See  Kampti. 

Kamyshin  (ka -me -shin').  A town  in  the 
government  of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Volga  110  miles  south-southwest  of  Sara- 
toff. It  has  a nourishing  trade.  Population, 
20,300. 

Kanada  (ka-nii/da).  The  reputed  founder  of 
the  Vaisheshika  school  of  Hindu  philosophy. 
Kanagawa  (kii-na-gu/wii,).  A seaport  in  Japan, 
adjoining  Yokohama.  It  was  theplaceoriginally  se- 
lected in  1864  as  the  treaty  port,  but  soon  gave  way  to 
Yokohama. 

Kanakas (ka-nak'iiz).  [Native, ‘man.']  The  ab- 
original inhabitants  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 
They  are  a Polynesian  race,  resembling  the  New  Zealand- 
ers, hut  of  lower  stature  and  lighter  frame.  They  are 
brown  in  color,  and  have  (usually)  straight  hair.  In  tem- 
perament they  are  light-hearted  and  indolent.  They  have 
adopted  Protestantism. 

Kananur  (kil-na-nor'),  or  Cananore,  or  Can- 
nanore  (kii-na-nor').  A seaport  ill  Malabar  dis- 
trict, Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  11°  51'  N.,  long.  75°  22'  E. 
It  was  acquired  by  the  British  in  1791,  and  is  an  important 
military  station. 

Kanara,  or  Canara  (kii'na-ra),  North.  A dis- 
trict in  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  15°  N.,  long.  74°  30'  E.  Area,  3,945  square 
miles.  Population,  454,490. 

Kanara,  or  Canara,  South.  A district  in  Ma- 
dras, British  ln(lia,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  N., 
long.  75°  E.  Area,  4,021  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,134,713. 

Kanaris,  Constantine.  See  Canaris. 

Kanauj  ( ka-nouj ' ) . A city  i n Farrakhabad  dis- 
trict, United  Provinces,  British  India,  lat.  27° 
3'  N.,  long.  79°  56'  E.  It  was  an  important  Hindu 
city  early  in  the  middle  ages.  It  contains  two  notable 
Mohammedan  mausoleums.  Population,  18,552. 

Kanawha  River.  See  Great  Kanawha. 
Kanazawa  (kii-na-za'wa).  A town  on  the 
western  coast  of  the  main  island  of  Japan, 
northeast  of  Kioto,  noted  for  its  porcelain 
manufactures.  Population  (1908),  110,994. 
Kanchinjanga.  See  Kunchinjinga. 

Kandahar,  or  Candahar  (kan-da-har'  or  kan- 
da-har').  1 . A province  in  southern  Afghanis- 
tan.— 2.  Thechief  city  of  southern  Afghanistan, 
about  lat.  31°  27'  N.,  long.  65°  43'  E.  it  is  a great 
commercial  center  and  an  important  strategic  point.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great.  It  was 
conquered  by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  and  successively  by 
Jenghiz,  Timur,  Baber,  Abbas,  and  Nadir  Shah.  It  was 
finally  taken  by  Ahmed  Shah  in  1747,  and  was  the  capital 
until  1774.  In  1839-41  it  was  held  by  the  British  under 
! Rawlinson,  and  again  in  1879-81.  Near  it  Roberts  defeated 
Ayub  Khan,  Sept.  1, 1880.  The  British  strategic  Sibi-Pishin 
railway  approaches  its  neighborhood.  Population,  esti- 
mated, about  31,000. 

Kandarv  (ken-derv').  In  the  Shahnamah,  the 
vizir  to  whom  Zohak,  after  his  flight,  intrusted 
his  throne,  and  who  announced  to  Zohak  his  de- 
feat by  Faridun.  See  Gandarewa. 

Kandavu  (kan-da-vo').  One  of  the  Fiji  Islands, 
Pacific  Ocean,  situated  south  of  Viti  Levu. 
Kanderthal  (kan'der-tal).  A valley  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake 
of  Thun. 

Kandu  (kau'do).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a sage 
beguiled  from  his  austerities  by  the  nymph 
Pramlocha,  who  was  sent  by  Indra  from  heaven 
for  this  purpose.  Kandu  lived  with  her  several  hun- 
dred years,  which  seemed  as  one  day,  but  at  length  repudi- 
ated her  and  “ went  to  the  region  of  Vishnu.”  Pramlocha 
bore  to  him  Marisha. 

Kandy,  or  Candy  (kan'de).  A town  in  Ceylon, 
60  miles  northeast  of  Colombo,  it  contains  various 
temples  and  royal  tombs ; was  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
native  kingdom  of  Kandy ; and  was  finally  occupied  by  the 
British  in  1815.  Population,  26,519. 

Kane  (kan),  Elisha  Kent.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Feb.  3,  1820:  died  at  Havana,  Cuba,  Feb. 
16,  1857.  An  American  physician  and  Arctic 
explorer.  He  traveled  extensively  in  South  America, 
Europe,  and  the  East ; accompanied  the  first  Grinnell  ex- 
pedition to  the  Arctic  regions,  1850-51,  in  search  of  Sir 
John  Franklin;  and  commanded  the  second  Grinnell  ex- 
pedition, 1853-55.  He  wrote  “The  U.  S.  Grinnell  Expedi- 
tion” (1854),  and  “The  Second  Grinnell  Expedition" 
(1856).  He  reached  lat.  80°  56'  N.  (Cape  Constitution : by 
★some  placed  at  81°  22'  N.).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  3. 

Kanem  (ka-nem').  A former  vassal  state  of 
Wadai,  Sudan,  Africa,  on  the  northern  and 
eastern  shores  of  Lake  Chad.  It  is  within  the 
French  sphere  of  influence.  Area,  about  30,000 
square  miles.  Population,  about  100,000. 
Kangaroo  (kang-ga-ro')  Island.  An  island  off 
the  coast  of  South  Australia,  about  lat.  36°  S. 
Length,  87  miles. 

Kangra  (kan'gra).  A district  in  the  Jalandhar 
division,  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  32°  N.,  long.  77°  E.  Area,  est.,  9,978  square 
miles.  Population,  768,124. 


Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  The 

Kanin  (kii-nen')  A peninsula  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel,  Russia,  projecting  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  between  the  White  Sea  on  the 
west  and  the  Gulf  of  Tcheskaya  on  the  east. 
It  terminates  in  Cape  Kanin. 

Kanishka  (ka-nish'ka).  The  name  of  one  of 
the  three  Indo-Scythic  kings  Hushka,  Jushka, 
and  Kanishka,  recorded  in  the  Rajatarangini 
as  ruling  in  Kashmir.  Nothing  is  known  of  Jushka 
save  his  name  as  thus  recorded,  but  the  names  of  Hushka 
and  Kanishka  are  found  in  inscriptions  and  upon  coins. 
They  had  considerable  dominions  in  northern  India,  and 
were  zealous  Buddhists.  They  seem  to  have  reigned  just 
before  the  Christian  era  and  during  the  first  century.  Un- 
der Kanishka  the  fourth  I5uddhi6t  council  was  held,  from 
which  arose  the  Mahayana,  ‘Great  Vehicle,’ or  Northern 
School  of  Buddhism. 

Kanizsa  (ko'ne-sho),  Nagy,  G.  Kanischa  (kii- 
ne'shii).  A town  in  the  county  of  Zala,  Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  46°  28'  N.,  long.  17°  E. 
It  was  an  important  fortress  in  the  Turkish 
period.  Population,  commune,  23,978. 
Kanizsa,  0.  [Hung.,  ‘old  Kanizsa.']  A town 
in  the  county  of  Bacs-Bodrog,  Hungary,  situ- 
ated on  the  Theiss  near  Szegedin.  Population, 
commune,  16,532. 

Kanjut.  Same  as  JTunza. 

Kankakee  (ka.ng-ka-ke').  A city  and  the  cap- 
ital of  Kankakee  County,  Illinois,  situated  on 
Kankakee  River  54  miles  south  by  west  of  Chi- 
cago. Population,  township,  17,654,  (1910). 
Kankakee  River.  A river  in  northwestern 
Indiana  and  eastern  Illinois  which  unites  with 
the  Des  Plaines  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois,  to 
form  the  Illinois.  Length,  over  150  miles. 
Kanninefates.  See  Caninefates. 

Kano  fka-no').  Atown  in  Sokoto,  Sudan  (with- 
in the  British  Niger  territories),  about  lat.  12°N., 
long.  8°  E.  It  manufactures  cloth,  shoes,  san- 
dals, etc.  Population, 35, 000.  Compare  Hausa. 
Kansa  (kaii'sa).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a king 
of  Mathura,  son  of  Ugrasena  and  second  cousin 
of  Krishna.  It  being  foretold  that  a son  of  Devaki, 
Krishna’s  mother,  would  destroy  him,  he  tried  to  kill  all 
her  children.  Balarama,  the  seventh,  smuggled  away  to 
Gokula,  was  brought  up  by  Rohiui.  When  Krishna,  the 
eighth,  was  born  his  parents  fled,  upon  which  the  tyrant 
ordered  a general  massacre  of  all  vigorous  male  infants. 
Kansa  became  the  great  persecutor  of  Krishna,  but  was  at 
last  killed  by  him. 

Kansa  (kan'sa),  or  Konza,  or  Kaw.  [Their 

own  name  is  Kanze  (kan'za),  which  contains  a 
reference  to  the  wind.]  A tribe  of  the  Dhegiha 
division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  which  gave  its  name  to  the  State  of 
Kansas  and  to  the  Kansas  River.  They  are  in 
Oklahoma,  and  number  about  200.  See  Dhegiha. 
Kansabadha  (kan-sa-ba'd-ha).  [Skt.,‘the 
slaying  of  Kansa.’]  A Sanskrit  drama  by  She- 
shakrishna,  written  about  two  centuries  ago, 
weak  in  plot  though  good  in  style.  See  Kansa. 
Kansas  (kan'zas).  [Named  from  the  Kansa  In- 
dians.] A North  Central  State  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  Capital,  Topeka.  It  is  hounded 
by  Nebraskaon  the  north,  Missouri  (separated  in  part  by  the 
Missouri  River)  on  the  east,  Oklahoma  on  the  south,  and 
Colorado  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  37°  to  40°  N., 
and  long.  94°  40'  to  102°  W.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and 
the  soil  generally  fertile.  The  chief  mineral  products  are 
coal  and  cement,  and  the  leading  industries  agriculture  and 
stock-raising.  It  has  105  counties ; sends  2 senators  and 
8 representatives  to  Congress;  and  has  10  electoral  votes. 
It  was  part  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  and  was  made  a 
Territory  in  1854.  (See  Kansas-Nebraska  till.)  Itwascol- 
onized  by  both  free-  and  slave-State  settlers,  and  a bloody 
civil  war  broke  out.  The  Topeka  Constitution  prohibiting 
slavery  was  formed  in  1855,  and  the  Lecompton  Constitu- 
tion sanctioning  slaveryin  1857.  John  B"0\vn  took  a prom- 
inent part  as  a partizan  antislavery  leader.  The  Wyan- 
dotte Constitution  forbidding  slavery  was  adopted  in  1859. 
Kansas  was  admitted  as  a State  Jan.  29,  1801.  It  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  Civil  War,  and  suffered  much  from 
raids.  A prohibitory  amendment  to  the  constitution  was 
adopted  in  18S0.  Kansas  has  been  one  of  the  chief  cen- 
ters of  the  Populist  party.  Area,  82,080  square  miles. 
Population,  1,690,949,  (1910). 

Kansas  City,  Kansas.  The  largest  city  of  Kan- 
sas, capital  of  Wyandotte  County,  situated  on 
the  Missouri,  contiguous  to  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri, with  which  it  has  much  in  common. 
Among  the  leading  industries  is  pork -packing. 
Population,  82,331,  (1910). 

Kansas  City,  Missouri.  A city  in  Jackson 
County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Missouri  in 
lat.  39°  5'  N.,  long.  94°  38'  W.  It  is  the  second 
city  of  the  State,  and  au  important  railway  center.  Pop- 
ulation, 248,381,  (1910). 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  The.  An  act  passed 
by  Congress  in  1854,  which  provided  for  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Territories  of  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska. It  introduced  the  principle  of  “squatter  sov- 
ereignty,” or  local  option  on  the  slavery  question,  for  the 
people  of  the  Territories,  thus  abrogating  the  Missouri 
Compromise  of  1820.  It  disrupted  finally  the  Whig  pnrty, 
led  to  the  rise  of  the  R epublican  party,  and  was  an  impor- 
tant link  in  the  chain  of  events  leading  to  the  Civil  War. 


Kansas  River 

Kansas  River.  A river  i n Kansas  ■which  joins  the 
Missouri  near  Kansas  City,  it  is  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork  anil  Solomon  River  near  Abilene. 
The  chief  tributary  is  the  Republican  River.  Length,  In- 
cluding Smoky  Hill  Fork,  about  11(10  miles. 

Kan  -SU  (kiln-sfi').  A province  in  the  nort hwest 
of  China.  Capital,  Lanohow-fu.  it  is  bounded  by 
Mongolia  on  the  north,  Shensi  on  the  east,  Szeohuen  on 
the  south,  and  Tibot  on  the  southwest  and  west.  Aron, 
126, 150  square  miles.  Population,  10.886,370. 

Kant  (kiint),  Immanuel.  Born  at  Konigsborg, 
Prussia,  April  22, 1724 : died  there,  Feb.  12, 1804. 
A celebrated  German  philosopher,  one  of  the 
most,  Influential  thinkers  of  modern  times: 
founder  of  the  “critical  philosophy.”  Ho  was  the 
son  of  a saddler  in  very  moderate  circumstances.  His  early 
education  was  obtained  in  his  native  city,  where  ho  entered 
the  university  in  1740  and  began  the  study  of  theology. 
Subsequently  be  was  tutor  in  several  families,  but  took 
his  degree  in  1765  and  settled  as  docent  at  the  university. 
In  1700  he  received  a small  salaried  position  in  tho  Royal 
Library.  Finally  in  1770  he  was  made  professor  of  logic 
and  metaphysios,  a position  which  ho  held  until  his  death. 
Although  lie  laid  advantageous  calls  to  other  universities, 
he  preferred  to  remain  in  Konigsberg,  and  during  his 
whole  life  is  said  never  to  have  been  further  away  than 
Pillau,  some  30  English  miles  distant.  During  his  uni- 
versity career  he  lectured  not  only  on  logic  and  the  vari- 
ous branches  of  metaphysics,  but  also,  at  various  times, 
on  anthropology,  physical  geography,  and  mathematics. 
His  flrst  treatise,  “Gedanken  von  der  wahren  Schatzung 
der  lebendigen  Kriifte,”  appeared  in  1747.  His  real  liter- 
ary activity  began  in  1766  with  the  treatise  on  cosmic 
physics,  “Allgemeine  Naturgeschiclite  und  Theorie  dcs 
Himmels  ” (“General  History  of  Nature  and  Theory  of  the 
Heavens").  In  1704  appeared  “Beobaclitungen  liber  das 
Gefiihl  des  Schonen  und  Erhabenen”  (“Observations  on 
the  Sense  of  the  Beautiful  and  the  Sublime").  In  1706 he 
published  “Traume  eines  Geistersehers " (“Dreams  of  a 
Ghost-seer  ”).  The  first  of  his  great  philosophical  works, 
the  most  important  in  modern  philosophy,  appeared  in 
1781.  this  is  the  “ Kritik  der  reinen  Vernunft  ’’(“Critique 
of  Pure  Reason"),  in  which  he  endeavors  to  ascertain  the 
nature  of  the  transcendental  ideas  of  the  human  under- 
standing and  to  establish  the  province  of  certain  human 
knowledge.  His  second  great  work,  the  “ Kritik  der  prak- 
tischen  Vernunft”  (“Critique  of  Practical  Reason"),  ap- 
peared in  1788.  This  treats  of  morals  : according  to  it  the 
ideas  of  God,  human  liberty,  and  immortality  are  postu- 
lates of  practical  reason.  Finally,  the  third  “Critique," 
an  inquiry  into  the  faculty  of  judgment,  appeared  in  1790 
under  the  title  “Kritik  der  Urteilskraft”  (“Critique  of  the 
Power  of  Judgment”).  In  addition  to  the  works  men- 
tioned, he  published  a number  of  smaller  treatises  and  es- 
says. To  1784  belongs  the  short  essay  “Was  ist  Aufkla- 
rung?”  (“  What  is  Enlightenment?”),  which  pronounces 
the  century  of  Frederick  the  Great  the  age  of  German  en- 
lightenment. “ Grundlegung  der  Metaphysik  der  Sitten  " 
(“Foundation  of  the  Metaphysics  of  Ethics  ")  appeared  in 
1785,  “Religion  innerhalb  der  Grenzen  der  blossen  Ver- 
nunft" (“Religion  within  the  Limits  of  Mere  Reason”)  in 
1793,  “Metaphysische  Anfangsgriinde  der  Rechtslehre" 
(“Metaphysical  Elements  of  Legal  Science ’0  in  1797.  A 
late  edition  of  his  collected  works  is  that  of  Berlin  (1868- 
1873),  in  8 volumes. 

Kantemir.  See  Cantemir. 

Kanth  (kant).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  13  miles  west-southwest  of 
Breslau.  Here,  May  14,  1807,  the  Prussians  de- 
feated the  Bavarians. 

Kanuri  (ka'nu-ri).  A Nigritic  nation  of  the  cen- 
tral Sudan,  on  the  west  of  Lake  Chad,  in  physi- 
cal appearance  and  in  language  the  Kanuri  people  differ 
considerably  from  the  Hausa.  They  are  very  dark  and 
have  angular  features,  thus  resembling  their  neighbors 
the  Kanembu.  According  to  their  tradition,  corroborated 
by  resemblances,  they  descend  from  the  Tibbu  or  Teda 
in  the  Libyan  desert.  They  accepted  Islam  early,  sub- 
jected neighboring  tribes,  and  formed  the  kingdom  of 
Bornu.  Some  subjugated  tribes,  the  Bedda,  Pika,  and  An- 
yok,  are  still  pagan,  and  retain  their  dialects.  The  Kanuri 
language  has  a literature  written  in  the  Arabic  character. 
Since  the  advent  of  the  present  dynasty,  the  Kanem  is  the 
court  dialect.  Other  dialects  are  the  Munio,  Nguru,  and 
Gazir. 

Kanva  (kan'wa).  [‘Deaf,’  according  to  an  In- 
dian scholiast.^]  1 . One  of  a class  of  evil  beings 
against  whom  a charm  of  the  Atharvaveda  is 
directed. — 2.  A Rishi  regarded  as  the  author  of 
several  hymns  in  the  Rigveda. — 3.  The  founder 
of  a Vedic  school. — 4.  The  sage,  in  Kalidasa’s 
Shakuntala.who  brought  up  Shakuntala  as  his 
daughter. 

Kanva  (kan'wa).  In  Vedic  literature,  the  name 
of  one  of  the  two  recensions  (the  other  being 
the  Madhyandina)  of  the  Vajasaneyisanhita,  or 
WhiteYajurveda,andtheShatapathabrahmana. 
Eanvas  means  properly  ‘the  descendants  of 
Kanva,’  and  so,  followers  of  his  school. 
Kanyakubja  (kan-ya-kob' ja).  The  ancient 
name  of  the  modern  Indian  city  of  Kanauj,  on 
the  Kalinadi,  an  affluent  of  the  Ganges.  Kanya- 
kubja is  the  Canogyza  of  classical  geography.  In  antiquity 
it  ranked  next  to  Ayodhya  in  Oude,  and  its  ruins  are  said 
to  occupy  an  area  greater  than  that  of  London. 

Kapila  (kap'i-la).  The  reputed  founder  of  the 
Sankhya  system  of  Hindu  philosophy. 
Kapilavastu  (kap-i-la-vas'to).  [‘  The  abode  of 
Kapila’  (Weber).]  A town  on  the  Rohini,  an 
affluent  of  the  Rapti : the  capital  of  Shuddho- 
dana,  father  of  Shakyamuni. 
c—  36 


5(51 

Kapnist  (kiip'nist),  Vasili Vasilievitch.  Born 
17o6:  died  Oct.  28,  1823.  A Russian  dramatist 
and  lyric  poet. 

Kapodistrias.  Bee  Capo  d’Istria. 

K&polna  (ka'pol-no).  A village  in  tho  county 
of  Hoves,  Hungary,  59  miles  east-northeast 
of  Budapest.  Here,  Peb.  20  and  27,  1849,  the 
Austrians  defeated  tho  Hungarians  under  Dom- 
binski. 

Kaposv&r  (kop'osh-v&r).  A town  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Siimeg,  Hungary,  situated  on  tho  Kapos 

94  miles  southwest  of  Budapost.  Population, 
commune,  18.218. 

Kapp  (ktip),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Hamm,  Prus- 
sia, April  13, 1824:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  27, 1884. 
A Gorman  historian,  politician,  and  lawyer, 
resident  in  Now  York  1850-70,  where  he  prac- 
tised his  profession.  He  wrote  “Die  Sklavenfrage 
in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten”  (“The  Slavery  Question  in 
the  United  States,”  1854),  “Geschichte  dcrSklaverei  in  den 
Vereinigten  Staaten”  (“History  of  Slavery  in  the  United 
States,’’  1800),  and  other  works  on  American  subjects.  He 
was  a presidential  elector  in  I860,  and  commissioner  of 
emigration  1867-70.  On  his  return  to  Germany  he  became 
a member  of  the  Reichstag. 

Kappadokia.  See  Cappadocia. 

Kappel,  or  Cappel  (kap'pel).  A village  in  the 
canton  of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  10  miles  south 
of  Zurich.  Here,  Oct.  11,  1531,  Zwingli  was  defeated 
and  slain  when  leading  the  Protestant  forces  against  those 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  cantons.  The  civil  wars  between 
the  two  faiths  about  1629  to  1531  were  called  the  Wars  of 
Kappel. 

Kaprutl  (ka'pron)  Valley.  A valley  in  the  Aus- 
trian Alps,  directly  north  of  the  Grossglockner. 
Kapurthala  (ka-por'tha-la).  A native  state 
in  the  Panjab,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  31° 
20'  N.,  long.  75°  20'  E.,  tributary  to  the  British. 
Also  EopurtheUa. 

Kara  (ka'ra).  A valleyin  eastern  Siberia,  about 
. 300  miles  from  Chita.  It  is  noted  for  its  gold- 
mines, worked  by  political  prisoners  and  con- 
victs. 

Karabagh  (ka-ra-bag').  [Turk.,  ‘black  gar- 
den.’] A region  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
government  of  Yelisavetpol,  Transcaucasia, 
Russia. 

Karabel  (ka-ra-bel').  See  the  extract. 

The  Pass  of  Karabel  is  a narrow  defile,  shut  in  on  either 
side  by  lofty  cliffs,  through  which  ran  the  ancient  road 
from  Ephesos  in  the  south  to  Sardes  and  Smyrna  in  the 
north.  The  Greek  historian  Herodotos  tells  us  that  the 
Egyptian  conqueror  Sesostris  had  left  memorials  of  him- 
self in  this  place.  “ Two  images  cut  by  him  in  the  rock” 
were  to  be  seen  beside  the  road  which  led  “from  Ephe- 
sos to  Phokaea  and  from  Sardes  to  Smyrna.  On  either 
side  a man  is  carved,  a little  over  three  feet  in  height,  who 
holds  a spear  in  the  right  hand  and  a bow  in  the  left.  The 
rest  of  his  accoutrement  is  similar,  for  it  is  Egyptian  and 
Ethiopian,  and  from  one  shoulder  to  the  other,  right  across 
the  breast,  Egyptian  hieroglyphics  have  been  cut  which 
declare:  ‘I  have  won  this  land  with  my  shoulders.”’ 
These  two  images  were  the  object  of  my  journey.  One  of 
them  had  been  discovered  by  Renouard  in  1839,  and  shortly 
afterwards  sketched  by  Texier ; the  other  had  been  found 
by  Dr.  Beddoe  in  1856.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  54. 

Kara-Bugaz  (ka-ra'bo-gaz')  (or-Bogaz),  or 
Adji-Daria  (a'je-da're-a).  A gulf  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  nearly  landlocked. 
Length,  110  miles. 

Karachi  (ka-ra'che),orKurrachee  (kur-a'che). 

I.  A district  in  Sind,  British  India,  bordering 
on  Baluchistan  on  the  west,  tho  Arabian  Sea  on 
the  south,  and  the  Indus  on  the  east.  Area, 

II, 970  square  miles.  Population,  446,513. — 2, 
A seaport  and  the  chief  city  of  Sind,  situated 
on  Karachi  Bay  in  lat.  24°  51'  N.,  long.  67°  4'  E. 
It  has  important  foreign  commerce.  It  was  annexed  by 
the  British  in  1843.  Population,  including  cantonment, 
116,663. 

Kara  George,  or  Karadjordje.  See  Czerny. 
Karagwe  (ka-ra/gwe).  An  African  kingdom  of 
German  East  Africa,  southwest  of  Lake  Victo- 
ria, in  a mountainous  and  healthy  country.  The 
population  is  composed  of  two  races — the  Waiiyambo, 
who  are  Bantu,  and  the  ruling  Waliuma,  of  Galla  stock. 
See  Huma  and  Ganda. 

Karahissar,  Afium-.  See  Afium-Earahissar. 
Karahissar  (ka-ra-his-sar'), Eski-.  Atownnear 
Afiu  m-Karahissar,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Syn- 
nada. 

Karaites  (ka'ra -Its).  [Heb.  qaratm,  readers, 
scripturists.]  A sect  among  the  Jews  which 
rejects  the  traditional  law  as  it  is  fixed  in  the 
Talmud,  and  recognizes  only  the  Pentateuch  or 
five  hooks  of  Moses  as  binding.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  Hebrew qdrd,  ‘to  read’ — i.  e.  adherents  of  the 
law  that  was  written  and  read  in  opposition  to  the  tradi- 
tional law  which  originally  was  oral.  The  origin  of  the 
sect  is  ascribed  to  a certain  Anan  ben  David,  of  Babylonia, 
in  the  8th  century  A.  i>. , who  became  leader  of  the  anti- 
Talmudic  movement  in  indignation  at  not  being  chosen 
exiliarch  or  head  of  the  Jewish  community.  The  con- 
troversy between  the  Karaites  and  Talmudists  has  been 
productive  of  an  accurate  and  rational  study  of  the  Bible 


Karczag 

on  both  sides.  The  sect  never  made  great  headway.  Small 
communities  of  it  linger  in  parts  of  Turkey,  Syria  Egypt, 
Galicia  (Austrln),  Lithuania,  and  the  Crimea  (Russia). 

Karajitch  (kii-rii'yitsh),  Vuk  Stephanovitch. 

Born  at  Trschitsch,  Servia,  Nov.  7,  1787:  died 
at  Vienna,  Jan.  26,  1864.  A Servian  scholar, 
lie  published  a “Servian-German- Latin  Lexicon  ” (1818), 
Servian  grammar  (1824),  collection  of  Servian  folk-songs 
(1823-66),  Servian  tales  (1853),  proverbs,  etc. 

Karak  (kii-riik').  A small  island  in  tho  Persian 
Gulf,  lat.  29°  15'  N.,  long.  50°  17'  E.  It  has  a 
free  haven.  Also  Earrack,  Eharuk,  Eerak,  etc. 

Karakal  (ka-ra-ktil').  A town  in  Wallachia, 
Rumania,  situated  in  lat.  44°  8'  N.,  long.  24° 
16'  E,  Population,  12,947. 

Karakoram  (kii-ra-ko'riim).  A ruined  medi- 
eval city,  the  ancient  capital  of  Mongolia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Orkhon  River  about  lat.  47°  N., 
long.  102°  E. 

Karakoram  Pass.  A pass  in  the  Himalaya, 
about  lat.  35°  30'  N.,  long.  78°  E.,  on  the  im- 
portant commercial  route  leading  from  Leh 
in  Kashmir  to  eastern  Turkestan.  Height, 
18,550  feet. 

Karakoram  Range.  A range  of  the  Hima- 
laya. The  preferable  name  is  Mustagh  Range 
(which  see). 

Kara-Kul  (ka-ra-kol').  A large  lake  in  the 
Pamirs,  central  Asia,  west  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Chinese  Turkestan  and  the  Russian  pos- 
sessions. Height  above  sea-level,  13,200  feet. 

Kara -Kurn  (ka'ra-kom' ) . [Turk.,  ‘black  sands.’] 
A sandy  desert  in  Asia,  northeast  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

Karaman,  or  Caraman  (ka-ra-man' ).  A small 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key, 65  miles  southeast  of  Konieh  : the  ancient 
Laranda.  It  was  the  capital  of  a medieval  Turk- 
ish kingdom. 

Karamania,  or  Caramania  (ka-ra-ma'ne-a). 
A region  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor: 
largely  a table-land. 

Karamnasa.  A short  tributary  of  the  Ganges, 
on  the  border  of  Bengal  and  the  Northwest 
Provinces. 

Kara  Mustapha  (ka'ra  mos'ta-fa).  Executed 
1683.  Grand  Vizir  of  the  Turkish  empire  1676- 
1683.  He  was  defeated  before  Vienna  by  Sobi- 
eski  in  1683. 

Karamzin,  or  Karamsin  (ka-ram-zen'  or  -zin' ), 
Nikolai  Mikhailovitck.  Bom  atMikhailovka, 
Orenburg,  Dee.  1 (O.  S.),  1765:  died  near  St. 
Petersburg,  June  3 (N.  S.),  1826.  A Russian  his- 
torian, novelist,  and  poet.  He  founded  the  “Mos- 
cow Journal”  in  1789,  and  in  1802  “The European  Messen- 
ger.” He  wrote  a “ History  of  the  Russian  Empire,  ” Blu- 
dow,  the  minister  of  the  interior,  adding  the  last  volume 
(1816-29:  French  translation  by  St.-Thomas  and  Jauffret), 
etc. 

Karankawan  (ka-ran'ka-wan).  A linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  now  extinct, 
which  once  occupied  the  middle  portions  of 
the  coast  of  Texas.  They  were  remarkably  tall  and 
athletic  (whence  they  were  named  Keles,  ‘wrestlers,’ by 
the  Tonkawe).  They  were  met  by  La  Salle  about  1(  87  un- 
der the  name  of  Clamcoet,  and  were  virtually  destroyed 
by  the  Anglo-American  settlers  of  Texas. 

Karansebes  (ko'ron-she-besli).  A town  in  the 
county  of  Krassd-Szoreny,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Temes  54 miles  east-southeast  of  Temesvar. 
Population,  commune,  6,497. 

Kara  Sea  (ka'ra  se).  'That  part  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean  which  lies  southeast  of  Nova  Zembla, 
northeast  of  European  Russia,  and  northwest  of 
Siberia.  It  is  navigable  for  the  Siberian  trade 
via  the  Yenisei  from  July  to  September. 

Karasu  (ka-ra'so).  [Turk.,  ‘ black  river.’]  The 
modern  Turkish  name  of  various  rivers,  partic- 
ularly of  the  ancient  Strymon  and  of  the  west- 
ern branch  of  the  Euphrates. 

Karasu-Bazar  (ka-ra/so-bii-zar' ).  A town  in  the 
Crimea,  government  of  Taurida.Russia,  28  miles 
east-northeast  of  Simferopol.  Population, 
14,264. 

Karatchef  (ka-ra-chef'  or  -chof').  A town  in 
the  government  of  Orel,  Russia,  48  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Orel.  Population,  15,900. 

Karategin  (ka-ra-ta-gen').  A mountainous  re- 
gion of  central  Asia,  in  Bokhara,  intersected  by 
lat.  39°  N.,  long.  70°  E.  It  was  annexed  to  Bo- 
khara in  1868.  Population,  about  100,000. 

Karauli.  See  Ecranli. 

Karawanken  (kii-ra-vang'ken).  A range  of  the 
Alps  in  Carinthia,  Austria-Hungary,  south  of 
Klagenfurt.  Highest  peak, the  Stou  (7,326  feet). 

Karczag,  or  Kardszag  (kort'sog).  A town  in 
the  county  of  Great  Kumania,  Hungary,  36  miles 
west-southwest  of  Debreczin.  Population,  com- 
mune, 20,896. 


Kar-Duniash 

Kar-Duniash.  [‘  Field  or  park  of  the  god  Dun.’] 
The  name  in  the  earliest  Babylonian  monu- 
ments for  the  district  immediately  adjoining  the 
city  of  Babylon. 

Karelia, or  Carelia  (k&r-a-le'a).  An  ancient  dis- 
trict. in  southeastern  Finland.  It  was  acquired  by 
Sweden  in  the  13tli  century,  and  was  ceded  in  part  to  Rus- 
sia in  1721,  the  remainder  sharing  the  fortune  of  Finland. 

Karen  (ka-ren'),  or  Karens  (ka-renz').  A native 
race  of  Burma  and  Siam,  numbering  400,000  to 

450.000.  Many  of  them  have  been  Christianized. 
Karenina,  Anna.  See  Anna. 

Karia.  See  Caria. 

Kar ikal  ( ka-ri-kal ' ) . A town  and  settlement  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  India,  belonging  to  France, 
situated  in  lat.  10°  55'  N.,  long.  79°  52'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 56,595. 

Karitena.  See  Karytaina. 

Karkar  (kar 'kar).  A locality  in  Syria,  on  the 
Orontes,  where,  in  854  b.  c.,  Shalmaneser  II.  de- 
feated a confederacy  of  western  princes,  includ- 
ing Ahab  and  Ben-hadad. 

Karl  (karl).  The  German  form  of  the  name 
Charles. 

Karli,  or  Carlee  (kitr'le).  A village  in  Bombay, 
British  India, 45miles  east-southeast  of  Bombay . 
The  rock-cut  hall  or  temple  here  is  the  largest  and  ftnest 
of  its  type  surviving  in  India.  The  plan  strongly  resembles 
that  of  a Christian  church,  including  a vestibule,  nave,  and 
aisles  divided  by  columns,  and  rounded  apse  with  dearn- 
bulatory.  Thelengthisl26feet, the  width45i.  Thecolumns 
have  large  vase-formed  bases,  octagonal  shafts,  and  complex 
capitals  whose  leading  feature  is  two  kneeling  elephants 
bearing  human  figures.  The  roof  is  of  approximately  semi- 
circular section.  In  the  place  of  the  Christian  altar  stands 
the  dagoba,  which  has  the  form  of  a plain  dome  on  a cylin- 
drical drum.  Upon  it  stands  a square  tee  or  relic-casket 
which  supports  an  emblematic  wooden  parasol.  The  en- 
trance has  3 portals  surmounted  by  a gallery.  Before  the 
vestibule  stands  a lat,  or  lion  pillar,  no  doubt  one  of  an  origi- 
nalpair.  The  date  is  placed  at  78  B.c.  Somesimilartemples, 
as  at  Ajunta,  exhibit  facades  very  elaborately  sculptured  in 
architectural  forms  with  figure  and  geometrical  decoration. 
Kar  lings  (kar'lingz).  Same  as  Carolingians. 
Karlowitz,  or  Carlowitz  (kar'16-vits).  A town 
in  Croatia-Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  11'  N.,  long.  19°  56'  E. 
It  is  famous  for  its  wine.  A peace  was  concluded  here  Jan. 
26,  1699,  between  Austria,  Russia,  Venice,  and  Poland  on 
one  side  and  Turkey  on  the  other,  whereby  Austria  acquired 
Transylvania  and  Hungary  between  the  Danube  andTheiss; 
Russia,  Azoff ; Venice,  the  Morea  and  conquests  in  Dalma- 
tia ; and  Poland,  Podolia  and  the  Ukraine.  Population, 
about  6,000. 

Karlsbad,  or  Carlsbad  (karls'bad),  or  Kaiser- 
Karlsbad(ki'zer-kiirls'bad).  Atownandwater- 
ing-place  in  Bohemia,  on  the  Tepl,  near  the  Eger, 
68  miles  west  by  north  of  Prague,  it  is  one  of  the 
principal  watering-places  in  Europe.  According  to  tradi- 
tion, its  mineral  springs  were  discovered  by  the  emperor 
Charles  IV.  in  1347.  The  principal  spring  is  the  Sprudel. 
Karlsbad  is  frequented  by  26,000  visitors  annually.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  17,446,  (1910). 

Karlsbad,  Congress  of.  A congress  of  ministers 
representing  Austria,  Prussia,  and  a number 
of  minor  German  states,  held  at  Karlsbad  in 
Aug.,  1819,  to  discuss  the  democratic  movement 
in  Germany.  The  congress  resolved  to  recommend  to 
their  respective  governments  and  to  the  Diet  of  the  Ger- 
man Confederation  the  so-called  “Karlsbad  Decrees,”  the 
most  important  of  which  were  that  the  press  should  be  sub- 
jected to  a rigorous  censorship ; that  a central  commission 
should  be  established  at  Mainz  for  the  investigation  of 
demagogical  intrigues;  that  the  Burschenschaft,  a secret 
organization  among  the  students,  should  be  suppressed; 
and  that  the  universities  should  be  placed  under  govern- 
ment inspection.  These  resolutions  were  adopted  by  the 
Diet  Sept.  20,  1819. 

Karlsburg  (karls ' boro),  formerly  Weissen- 
burg  (vis'sen-boro).  [Hung.  Gyula  Fehervdr.'] 
A fortified  town  in  the  county  of  Unterweissen- 
burg,  Transylvania,  situated  on  the  Maros  in 
lat.  46°  6'  N.,  long.  23°  33'  E.:  the  Roman  Apu- 
lum.  In  the  citadel  are  the  cathedral,  Batthya- 
neum,  episcopal  palace,  etc.  Population,  com- 
mune, 11,507. 

Karlshaann. or  Carlshamn (karls'ham).  Asea- 
port  in  the  laen  of  Blekinge,  Sweden,  situated 
on  the  Baltic  in  lat.  56°  10'  N.,  long.  14°  52'  E. 
Population,  7,288. 

Karlskrona,  or  Carlscrona  (karls'kro-na).  A 
seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  laen  of  Blekinge, 
Sweden,  situated  on  several  islands  in  the  Bal- 
tic, in  lat.  56°  10'  N.,  long.  15°  36'  E.  it  was 
founded  by  Charles  XI. ; is  the  chief  station  of  the  Swed- 
ish fleet;  and  has  extensive  docks.  Population,  about 

27.000. 

Karlsruhe,  or  Carlsruhe  (kiirls'ro-e).  1.  A dis- 
trict of  Baden,  lying  between  Mannheim  on 
the  north  and  Freiburg  on  the  south.  Area, 
993  square  miles. — 2.  The  capital  of  Baden, 
situated  6 miles  from  the  Rhine,  in  lat.  49°  1' 
N.,  long.  8°  24'  E.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  a fan 
radiating  from  the  palace.  It  has  recently  developed 
manufactures,  aud  contains  a noted  polytechnic  Bchool,  a 
hall  of  art,  etc.  Population,  commune,  133,  953,  (1910). 


562 

Karlstad,  or  Carlstad  (karl'stad).  The  capital 
of  the  laen  of  Wermland,  Sweden,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  Klar-Elf  into  Lake  Wener, 
about  lat.  59°  25'  N.,  long.  13°  28'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 16,399. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt  (karl'stat).  A small 
town  in  Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Main  14  miles  northwest  of  Wurzburg. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt.  [Croatian  Karlovac.} 
A fortress  and  royal  free  city  in  Croatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Korana  with  the  Kulpa,  29  miles  southwest  of 
Agram.  Population,  7,396. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt  (originally  Boden- 
stein),  Andreas  Rudolf.  Born  at  Karlstadt, 
Franconia,  Germany,  about  1480:  died  at  Basel, 
Switzerland,  Dec.  25,  1541.  A German  Re- 
former, leader  at  Wittenberg  1521-22,  and  op- 
ponent of  Lutber. 

Karlstein  (karl'stin).  A castle  in  Bohemia, 
about  13  miles  southwest  of  Prague,  built  ( 1348- 
1357)  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  for  the  safe- 
keeping of  the  Bohemian  crown  jewels.  The 
chapel  in  the  great  tower,  in  which  they  were 
kept,  is  richly  adorned  with  inlaying,  gilding, 
and  color. 

Karmamimansa  (kar-ma-me-mah'sa).  [Skt., 

1 inquiry  into  the  karman  (action),’  in  the  sense 
of  ‘ritual,’  of  the  Veda.]  Another  name  of  the 
Purvamimansa  system  of  Hindu  philosophy. 

Karmat  (kar'mat),  surname  of  Hamdan  ben- 
Ashath.  The  founder  of  the  Karmathians 
(which  see).  Also  Carmafh. 

Karmathians  (kar-ma'thi-ans).  [So  named 
from  Karmat,  the  principal  apostle  of  the  sect, 
a poor  laborer,  who  professed  to  be  a prophet.] 
A Mohammedan  sect  which  arose  in  Turkey 
about  the  end  of  the  9th  century.  The  Karmathi- 
ans  regarded  the  Koran  as  an  allegorical  boob,  rejected 
all  revelation,  fasting,  and  prayer,  and  were  communistic, 
even  in  the  matter  of  wives.  They  carried  on  wars  against 
the  califate,  particularly  in  the  loth  century,  but  disap- 
peared soon  after.  According  to  some  accounts  the  Druses 
developed  from  them. 

Kama  (kar'na).  In  Hindu  mythology,  son  of 
Pritha  or  Kunti  by  Surya,  ‘ the  sun,’  before  her 
marriage  to  Pandu,  and  so  the  unknown  half- 
brother  of  the  Pandava  princes.  He  was  born 
equipped  with  arms  and  armor.  The  sage  Durvasas  had 
given  Kunti  a charm  by  which  she  might  have  offspring  by 
any  god  invoked,  and  she  chose  the  sun.  Afraid  of  dis- 
grace, Kunti  exposed  the  child  by  the  Yamuna,  where  it 
was  found  by  the  charioteer  of  Dhritarashtra,  who  had 
it  reared  by  his  wife  Radha.  In  the  war  Kama  took  the 
part  of  the  Kauravas,  and  was  at  last  killed  by  Arjuna.  Af- 
ter his  death,  his  relationship  becoming  known,  great  kind- 
ness was  shown  to  his  family. 

Karnak  (kar'nak).  A village  in  Egypt,  on  the 
eastern  hank  of  the  Nile,  on  the  site  of  Thebes, 
famous  for  its  remains  of  antiquity.  The  Great 
Temple  extends  to  a length  of  about  1,200  feet  from  west 
to  east,  and  is  comparatively  regular  in  plan.  The  double 
pylon  of  the  great  court  is  about  370  feet  wide  ; the  court 
is  colonnaded  at  the  sides,  and  has  an  avenue  of  columns 
in  the  middle.  A second  pylon  follows,  and  opens  on  the 
famous  hypostyle  hall,  170  by  829  feet, with  central  avenue 
of  12  columns  02  feet  high  and  11$  in  diameter,  and  122 
columns  42$  feet  high  at  the  sides.  The  lintel-blocks  of 
the  portal  are  41  feet  long.  A narrow  court  follows,  orna- 
mented with  Osiride  figures  and  containing  two  obelisks, 
one  of  which  is  erect  and  is  971  feet,  high,  being  surpassed 
only  by  that  of  St.  John  Lateran  at  Rome.  This  court, 
precedes  a structure  containing  the  usual  series  of  halls 
and  chambers,  and  an  isolated  cella  or  sanctuary.  Behind 
this  building  is  another  large  open  court,  at  the  back  of 
which  stands  the  columnar  edifice  of  Thothmes  III.,  an 
extensive  building  containing  a large  hypostyle  hall  and 
many  comparatively  small  halls  and  chambers.  The  exist- 
ing temple  appears  to  have  been  begun  by  Usertesen  I. 
(about.  2700  B.  c.),  to  whose  modest  foundation  extensive 
additions  were  madeby  Thothmes  I.  and  III. , Seti  I.,  Raine- 
ses II.  and  III.,  and  Shishak  (about  950  B.  o.).  The  mu- 
ral sculptures  are  vast  in  quantity,  and  highly  interest- 
ing in  character,  particularly  those  which  portray  the 
racial  characteristics  of  various  conquered  Asiatic  peoples. 
A complete  temple  of  Amen,  built  by  Rameses  III.,  extends 
toward  the  south  from  the  great  court.  The  pylon  of 
Ptolemy  Euergetes  is  a conspicuous  monument  at  the 
end  of  the  long  avenue  of  sphinxes  leading  from  Luxor. 
The  pylon  has  a single  large  square  portal,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a frieze  carved  with  the  winged  solar  disk  and 
by  the  overhanging  oornice.  It  is  covered  inside  and  out 
with  bands  of  sculpture  representing  Ptolemy  and  his 
queen  paying  honor  to  his  predecessors  and  to  the  gods. 
In  one  of  the  interior  compartments  Ptolemy  appears  in 
Greek  costume,  an  exceedingly  rare  type.  The  temple  of 
Ivhonsu,  one  of  the  Theban  triad,  was  founded  by  Rame- 
ses III.  It  is  notable  chiefly  for  its  beautiful  hypostyle 
hall,  whose  great  columns  and  epistyle  beams  are  deeply 
cut  with  hieroglyphs  and  with  crelanaglyphic  reliefs  of 
kings  and  divinities.  The  exterior  wall  also  presents 
much  remarkable  sculpture.  Also  Camac. 

Karnal  (kur-nal').  1 . A district  in  the  Pan  jab, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  29°  45'  N., 
long.  77°  E.  Area,  3,153  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 883,225. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Karnal,  in  lat.  29°  41'  N.,  long.  76°  59'  E. 
Population,  23,559. 


Karsten,  Karl  Bernhard 

Karnapravaranas  (kar  //na  - pra  - va ' ra  - naz). 

[Skt. ,‘  having  their  ears  as  a coveriug.’]  A fabu- 
lous people  mentioned  in  the  Mahabharata,  Ra- 
mayana,  and  other  Sanskrit  works. 

Karnata,  or  Karnatas  (kar-na'ta, -taz).  Names 
of  a country  in  India,  and  of  its  inhabitants, 
whence  the  modern  Carnatic.  The  name  Karnata 
was  anciently  applied  to  the  central  districts  of  the  penin- 
sula, including  Mysore,  while  the  modern  Carnatic  is  lim- 
ited to  a not  exactly  defined  region  on  the  east  or  Coro- 
mandel coast  of  India,  from  Cape  Comorin  to  about  16°  N. 
It  is  no  longer  a recognized  division,  and  exists  only  as  a 
designation  for  the  theater  of  the  struggle  between  France 
and  England  for  Indian  supremacy. 

Karnatic.  See  Carnatic. 

Karnten,  or  Karnthen  (karu'ten).  The  Ger- 
man name  of  Carintliia. 

Kariral  (kur-nol').  1.  A district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  15°  30'  N.,  long. 
78°  E.  Area,  7,578  square  miles.  Population, 
872,055. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Karnul,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Hundri  and  Tungabhadra,  in  lat.  15°  49'  N., 
long.  78°  4'  E.  Population,  25,376. 

Karo  (ka'ro),  Joseph  ben  Ephraim.  The 
greatest  Talmudic  authority  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury (1488-1575).  When  a child  he  and  his  parents 
were  exiled  from  Spain,  and  settled  at  different  time9  in 
Nicopolis,  Adrianople,  aud  Palestine.  Of  his  numerous 
works  the  best-known  are  his  commentary,  “House  of 
Joseph”  (“Beth  Joseph"),  on  the  “Four  Rows”  (“Arba 
Turim”)  of  Ben- Asher,  and  especially  his  “Arranged 
Table  " (“  Shulchan  Aruch  ”),  a methodically  arranged  com- 
pendium of  all  the  laws  and  customs  which  regulate  Jewish 
life 

Karolinenthal  (ka'ro-len-en-tal).  A suburb 
of  Prague,  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Moldau 
northeast  of  the  city.  Population,  24,445,  ( 1910) . 

K&roly  (ka'roly),  Nagy-.  A town  in  the  county 
of  Szathm&r,  Hungary,  37  miles  east-northeast 
of  Debreczin.  Population,  commune,  15,382. 

Karpathos.  See  Carpathus. 

Karr  (kar),  Jean  Baptiste  Alphonse.  Born 

at  Paris,  Nov.  24,  1808 : died  at  Saint  Raphael, 
Var,  Sept.  29,  1890.  A French  novelist,  jour- 
nalist, and  satirist.  In  1839  he  became  editor  of  the 
“Figaro  ” and  founded  the  very  successful  little  satirical 
review  “ Les  Guepes.”  He  wrote  “ Voyage  autour  de  mon 
jardin  ” (1845),  and  more  recently  “Hdlfene”  and  “La 
roaison  de  l’ogre  ” (1890).  He  also  wrote  many  political, 
literary,  and  humorous  fragments  and  sketches,  and  a 
large  number  of  novels.  He  lived  at  Nice  for  several 
years  before  his  death. 

Karroo  (kii-ro'), The  Great.  A dry  and  elevated 
region,  partly  desert,  in  Cape  Colony,  between 
the  Zwarteberge  and  the  Nieuweveld  Berge. 
Length,  about  350  miles. 

Kars  (kars).  1.  A province  of  Transcaucasia, 
Russia,  lying  west  of  Erivan,  and  bordering 
on  Asiatic  Turkey.  Area,  7,238  square  miles. 
Population,  359,400. — 2.  A fortress  and  the 
capital  of  the  territory  of  Kars,  situated  on  the 
Kars  Tchai  in  lat.  40°  37'  N.,  long.  43°  8'  E., 
about  6,000  feet  above  sea-level,  it  is  now  an 
almost  impregnable  fortress,  but  was  captured  from  the 
Turks  by  Paskevitch  in  1828 ; was  again  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians Nov.  28,  1855,  after  a six  months’  defense  by  the 
Turks  under  General  Williams  ; was  invested  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1877,  relieved  in  July,  again  besieged,  and  stormed 
by  them  Nov.  18,  1877.  With  its  territory  it  was  ceded  to 
Russia  in  1878.  Population,  20,805. 

Karschin  (karsli'in)  (properly  Karsch),  Anna 
Luise.  Bom  near  Schwiebus,  Prussia,  Dec.  1, 
1722:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  12,  1791.  A German 
poet.  Her  collected  poems  were  published  in 
1792. 

Karshi  (kar'she).  A town  in  Bokhara,  central 
Asia,  98 miles  southeast  of  Bokhara:  an  impor- 
tant trading  center.  Population,  about  25,000. 

Karshvan  (karsh'vaii),  or  Karshvar  (karsh'- 
var).  In  the  Avesta,  the  name  of  each  of  the 
seven  divisions  of  the  world,  corresponding  to 
the  Hindu  dvipas.  (See  Jambudvipa.)  In  Per- 
sian, kishvar. 

Karst  (karst).  [It.  Carso,  Slavic  Eras.\  A des- 
olate limestone  plateau  in  the  Maritime  Prov- 
ince, Austria-Hungary,  north  of  Triest.  in  an 
extended  sense  the  Karst  includes  portions  of  the  Alps  in 
Carniola  and  neighboring  regions. 

All  over  the  Karst  (as  the  high  plateau  behind  Trieste 
is  called)  the  ravages  of  the  Bora,  or  north-east  wind,  have 
long  been  notorious.  Heavily-laden  waggons  have  been 
overturned  by  its  fury,  and  where  no  shelter  is  afforded 
from  its  blasts  houses  are  not  built  and  trees  will  not  grow. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  165. 

Karsten  (kar'sten),  Hermann,  surnaraed  “The 
Younger.”  Born  at  Stralsund,  Nov.  6,  1817: 
died  at  Berlin,  July  13,  1908.  A botanist  and 
traveler  in  South  America,  professor  of  botany 
at  Vienna  1868-1872.  His  works  include  “Beitrage 
zur  Anatomie  und  Phyeiolotrie  der  Pflanzen  ” (1865),  etc. 

Karsten,  Karl  Bernhard.  Born  at  Biitzow, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Nov.  26,  1782:  died  at 


Karsten,  Karl  Bernhard 

SchOneberg,  near  Berlin,  Aug.  22, 1853.  A Ger- 
man mineralogist.  He  wrote  “ System  der  Me- 
tallurgie  ” (1831-32),  etc. 

Kartavirya  (kar-ta-ver'ya).  [Skt.,  ‘sonofKri- 
tavirya.’]  A hero  of  Hindu  mythology,  said  to 
have  been  really  named  Arjuna,  but  usually 
called  by  his  patronymic.  Worshiping  a portion  of 
the  divine  being  called  Dattatreya,  in  whom  a portion  of 
Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Shiva,  or  Vishnu  was  incarnate,  he 
obtained  a thousand  arms,  a golden  chariot  answering  to 
his  will,  the  power  of  restraining  wrong,  the  conquest  of  the 
earth  and  the  disposition  to  rule  righteously,  invincibility, 
and  Anally  death  by  a man  of  world- wide  renown.  He 
ruled  85,000  years  with  unbroken  health  and  prosperity, 
according  to  the  Vishnupurana.  Received  in  Jamadagni’s 
hermitage  by  the  sage's  wife,  he  carried  olf  “the  calf  of 
the  milk-cow  of  the  sacred  oblation,”  whereupon  Parashu- 
rama  cut  off  his  thousand  arms  and  killed  him.  He  is  the 
subject  also  of  other  legends. 

Karttikeya  (kar-ti-ka'ya).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  of  war  and  the  planet  Mars : also 
called  Skanda.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of 
Shiva  or  Rudra,  to  have  been  born  without  a mother,  and 
to  have  been  fostered  by  the  Krittikas  or  Pleiades  ; and  so 
was  known  as  Karttikeya,  ‘ son  of  the  Krittikas.’  He  was 
born  to  destroy  Taraka,  a Daitya,  whose  austerities  had 
made  him  formidable  to  the  gods.  He  is  represented  as 
riding  on  a peacock,  and  holding  a bow  in  one  hand  and  an 
arrow  in  the  other. 

Kartum,  or  Kartoum.  See  Khartum. 

Kanin  (ka-ron').  A river  in  Persia  which  rises 
near  Ispahan,  and  flows  first  west  and  then  south, 
joining  the  Shaft  el-Arab  (Euphrates-Tigris)  at 
Mohammerah.  It  is  navigable  (except  for  rap- 
ids at  Ahwaz)  to  Shuster. 

Karur,  or  Caroor  (ka-ror').  A small  town  in 
Coimbatore  district,  Madras,  British  India, 
situated  on  the  Amrawati  45  miles  west  by 
north  of  Trichinopoli. 

Karwar,  or  Carwar  (kar-war').  A seaport  and 
the  capital  of  North  Kanara  district,  Bombay, 
British  India,  50  miles  south-southeast  of  Goa. 
Population,  16,847. 

Karytaina  (ka-re-ta'na),  or  Karitena  (ka-re- 
ta'na).  A locality  in  Arcadia,  Greece,  on  the 
Alpheus  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Megalopo- 
lis: the  ancient  Brenthe.  The  castle  here,  a great 
fortress  built  by  the  French  13th-century  princes,  is  one  of 
the  most  imposing  of  feudal  strongholds.  The  outer  walls 
with  towers,  the  great  keep,  dwellings,  magazines,  and  cis- 
terns, all  remain. 

Kasan.  See  Kazan. 

Kasan  (kaz'an)  Defile.  A celebrated  defile  in 
the  Danube,  on  the  borders  of  Servia  and  Hun- 
gary, near  the  confines  of  Rumania,  long  in- 
accessible by  land.  It  has  traces  of  a Roman  road  built 
by  Trajan.  Near  it  are  the  Iron  Gates.  Width  of  the 
Danube,  StO  feet.  Depth,  200  feet. 

Kasanlik.  See  Kazanlik. 

Kasbek.  See  Kazbek. 

Kasbin  (k&z-ben'),  or  Kasvin  (kaz-ven').  A 
city  in  the  province  of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  in 
lat.  36°  16'  N.,  long.  50°  3'  E.  It  lias  an  impor- 
tant transit  trade,  since  it  is  on  the  main  route  from  Per- 
sia to  Europe.  It  was  formerly  the  capital.  Population, 
about  30,000.  Also  Cochin,  Kazvin,  etc. 

Kascbau  (ka'shou),  Hung.  Kassa  (kosh'sho). 
A royal  free  city  and  the  capital  of  the  county 
of  Abauj,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Hemad  in 
lat.  48°  42'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  It  is  a commercial 
center,  and  is  noted  for  its  Gothic  cathedral  of  St.  Eliza- 
beth. Here,  Jan.  4,  1849,  the  Austrians  under  Schlik  de- 
feated the  Hungarians  under  M£szaros.  Population,  40,- 
102. 

Kasbaa  (ka-shan').  A city  in  the  province  of 
Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  95  miles  north  by  west  of 
Ispahan  : noted  for  its  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation, 30,000-40,000. 

Kashgar  (kash-giir').  1.  The  capital  of 
Eastern  Turkestan,  situated  on  the  Kizil- 
Su  about  lat.  39°  25 ' N.,  long.  76°  7 ' E. 
It  is  composed  of  an  old  and  a new  city  ; is  an  important 
commercial  and  manufacturing  center ; was  conquered  by 
the  Chinese  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century ; was  the 
scene  of  a successful  revolt  in  1865  ; and  was  reconquered 
by  the  Chinese  1876-77.  Population,  60,000-70,000. 

2.  See  Kashgaria. 

Kashgaria  (kash-ga'ri-a),  or  Kashgar  (kash- 
giir').  That  part  of  Eastern  Turkestan,  in  the 
Tarim  basin,  which  was  independent  of  China 
1865-77. 

Kashgil,  or  Kasgil  (kash-  or  kas-gel ')•  A place 
near  El-Obeid,  Kordofan,  eastern  Africa,  at 
which  the  Mahdi  annihilated  the  Egyptian 
forces  under  Hicks  Pasha  Nov.  3-4,  1883. 
Kashi  (ka'she).  A Sanskrit  name  of  the  mod- 
ern Benares,  the  latter  name  being  the  San- 
skrit Varanasi. 

Kashikhanda  (ka-she-k-han'da).  [Skt.,  ‘Ka- 
shi section.’]  A Sanskrit  poem  forming  part  of 
the  Skandapurana.  It  describes  minutely  the  tem- 
ples of  Shiva  in  and  about  Benares,  and  is  presumed  to 
have  been  written  before  the  Mohammedan  conquest. 
Kashin  (kii-shen').  A town  in  the  government 


563 

of  Tver,  Russia,  75  miles  northeast  of  Tver. 
Population,  7,700. 

Kashkar.  See  Cliitral. 

Kashmir,  or  Cashmere  (kash-mer').  A na- 
tive state  under  British  suzerainty,  bounded  by 
Eastern  Turkestan  on  the  north,  Tibet  on  the 
east,  India  ou  the  south  and  southwest,  and 
Dardistan  and  the  Pamirs  on  the  west  and 
northwest.  Its  capital  is  Srinagar.  Ranges  of 
the  Himalaya  traverse  the  country.  Besides  Kashmir 
proper,  the  state  includes  Baltistan,  Ladak,  Jamu,  and  Gil- 
git.  The  boundaries  toward  China  and  Russia  (Pamirs) 
are  uncertain.  The  beautiful  “Vale  of  Cashmere,"  in- 
closed by  lofty  mountains,  and  occupying  a general  ele- 
vation of  upward  of  5,000  feet,  has  a length  of  about  90 
miles.  The  Jhelum  traverses  it  in  a northwesterly  direc- 
tion. It  is  noted  for  its  agricultural  riches  and  its  manu- 
factures (Cashmere  shawls,  etc.).  Kashmir  is  governed  by 
a maharaja  of  the  Dogra  Sikh  family.  It  was  conquered 
by  Akbar  at  the  close  of  the  16th  century,  by  the  Af- 
ghans in  the  middle  of  the  18th  contury,  and  by  the  Sikhs 
in  1819.  The  British  arranged  the  present  form  of  gov- 
ernment in  1846.  Its  northern  part  was  the  scene  of  the 
Hunza-Nagar  war  against  the  British  in  1891.  Area,  80,900 
square  miles.  Population,  2,905,578. 

Kashshi.  See  Cosseans. 

Kashyapa  (kash'ya-pa).  A sage  to  whom  are 
ascribed  several  Vedic  hymns ; in  later  mythol- 
ogy, the  husband  of  Aditi  and  12  other  daugh- 
ters of  Daksha,  and  father  by  them  of  gods,  de- 
mons, men,  and  all  animals.  He  is  also  regarded 
as  one  of  the  seven  sages,  and  as  the  father  of  V ivasvat  and 
Vishnu.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  a personification 
of  the  race  who  resided  in  the  Caucasus,  on  the  Caspian, 
and  in  Kashmir.  Kashraira,  according  to  Burnouf,  is  for 
Kashyapamira. 

Kasimbazar  (ka//sim-ba-zar'),  or  Cossimbazar 
(kos^sim-ba-zar').  A ruined  town  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  south  of  Murshidabad : formerly 
a flourishing  commercial  center. 

Kasimoff,  or  Kassimoff  (ka-se'mof ).  A town 
in  the  government  of  Riasan,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Oka  about  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  41°  20'  E. 
Population,  14,200. 

Kaskaskia  (kas-kas'ki-ii).  [Prom  an  Indian 
tribe  name  (see  Illinois).']  A river  in  Illinois 
which  joins  the  Mississippi  at  Chester.  Length, 
about  300  miles. 

Kasmark  (kaz'mark),  or  K6smark  (kash'- 
mark).  A small  town  in  the  county  of  Zips, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Popriid  in  lat.  49°  8' 
N.,  long.  20°  28'  E.  It  manufactures  linen. 
Kassaba,  orKasaba,  or Cassaba  (ka-sa'ba).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Aidin,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
about  35  miles  east-northeast  of  Smyrna.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 

Kassai  (ka-si').  A large  southern  tributary  of 
the  Kongo.  Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Sankuru  on 
the  right  and  the  Kuango  on  the  left.  It  traverses  the 
Belgian  Kongo,  and  enters  the  Kongo  River  by  the  Kwa 
mouth. 

Kassala,  or  Kasala  (ka'sa-la).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kassala,  eastern  Africa,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  15°  25'  N.,  long.  36°  14'  E. : formerly 
a commercial  center.  It  was  captured  by  the 
Italians  from  the  Mahdists,  July  17, 1894.  It  was 
ceded  to  Egypt  in  1897.  Population,  about  3,000. 
Kassel.  See  Cassel. 

Kassr-el-Kebir  (kasr'el-ke-ber'),  or  Lxor 
(l-ksor').  [Sp.  Alcazar-Quivir.]  A town  in 
northern  Morocco,  about  60  miles  south  of 
Tangier.  Here,  Aug.  4,  1578,  King  Sebastian 
of  Portugal  was  defeated  and  slain.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  25,000. 

Kastamuni  (kas-ta-mo'ne).  1.  A vilayet  in 
Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  corresponding  to  the  an- 
cient Paphlagonia  and  eastern  Bithynia.  Area, 
19,570  square  miles.  Population,  961,200. — 
2.  Tho  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Kastamuni, 
about  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  33°  42'  E.  Popula- 
tion, about  16,000. 

Kastner  (kest'ner),  Abraham  Gotthelf.  Born 
at  Leipsie,  Sept.  27,  1719:  died  at  Gottingen, 
Prussia,  June  20, 1800.  A German  mathemati- 
cian and  epigrammatist.  He  wrote  “Anfangs- 
griinde  der  Mathematik”  (1758-69),  “Sinnge- 
diehte”  (1781),  etc. 

Kastoria  (kas-to-re'a).  A town  in  the  vilayet 
of  Monastir,  Turkey,  situated  on  Lake  Kastoria 
31  miles  south  of  Monastir:  the  ancient  Cele- 
trum.  It  was  taken  by  Alexius  I.  in  1084. 
Kastri.  See  Delphi. 

Kastril  (kas'tril).  In  Jonson’s  “Alchemist,”  a 
young  country  fellow  anxious  to  learn  the  art 
of  quarreling. 

Kasvin.  See  Kasbin. 

Kataba  (ka-ta'bii),  or  Catawba  (ka-ta'ba).  A 
division  of  North  American  Indians,  which  in- 
cluded in  the  last  century  about  28  confederated 
tribes.  A few  of  these  were  in  North  Carolina,  but  most 
of  them  were  in  South  Carolina.  The  principal  tribe  in  the 
latter  State  was  the  Kataba,  and  the  chief  one  in  the  for- 


Katsena 

mer  was  the  Woccon.  The  few  survivors  of  this  people  are 
on  the  Kataba  reservation  in  York  County,  South  Caro- 
lina. See  Siouan. 

Kataghan  (ka-ta-ghan').  A region  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Afghanistan,  between  the  Hindu- 
Kush  and  the  Amu-Daria. 

Katahdin  (ka-tii'din),  or  Ktaadn  (ktadn), 
Mount.  The  highest  mountain  in  the  State  of 
Maine,  situated  in  Piscataquis  County  80  miles 
north  of  Bangor.  Height  of  west  peak,  5,268 
feet. 

Katak,  or  Kuttack,  or  Cuttack  (ku-tak'). 
1.  A district  in  Orissa,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  20°  30'  N.,  long.  86°  E. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Katak,  situated  on  the 
Mahanadi:  the  chief  city  of  Orissa.  It  was 
taken  from  the  Mahrattas  by  the  British  in 
1803.  Population,  51,364. 

Katakana (kat-a-ka/na).  [Jap.,  from  kata,  side, 
and  kana,  for  Icari-na,  borrowed  names.]  One 
of  the  two  styles  of  wilting  the  syllabary  of  48 
letters  in  use  among  the  Japanese,  the  other 
being  Hiragana.  The  Katakana  letters,  which  are  said 
to  have  been  invented  by  Kibi  Daishi  about  the  middle  of 
the  8th  century,  are  formed  of  a part — one  side— of  square 
Chinese  characters  used  phonetically,  and  are  confined  al- 
most exclusively  to  the  writing  of  proper  names  and  foreign 
words.  In  Katakana  there  is  but  one  form  for  each  letter, 
whereas  in  Hiragana  many  of  the  letters  may  be  written  in 
a variety  of  ways. 

Katana.  See  Catania. 

Katanga  (ka-tiing'ga).  See  Garenganze. 
Katantra(ka-tan'tra).  [Skt.,  lit.  ‘whata’(i.e. 
great)  ‘tahtra’  (‘thread,’  ‘warp,’  ‘fundamental 
doctrine,’  and  then  ‘work’  or  ‘division  of  a 
work’) .]  A Sanskrit  grammar  by  Sarvavarman, 
of  peculiar  interest  in  its  apparent  relation  to 
the  Pali  grammar  of  Kachchayana.  It  is  said  to 
be  the  special  grammar  of  the  Kashmiras,  and  to  have  been 
the  subject  of  numerous  commentaries  from  the  12th  to 
the  16th  century. 

Katha  (ka't-ha).  1.  A Hindu  sage,  the  founder 
of  a school  of  theYajurveda. — 2.  AnUpanishad 
(which  see)  probably  more  widely  known  than 
any  other.  It  forms  part  of  the  Persian  translation  ren- 
dered into  French  by  Anquetil  Duperron,  was  translated 
into  English  by  Rammohun  Roy,  and  is  quoted  by  English, 
French,  and  German  writers  as  a specimen  of  the  mystic 
philosophy  of  the  Hindus.  It  has  been  most  recently  trans- 
lated into  English  by  M filler  (“  Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
Vol.  XV)  and  Whitney  (‘‘Trans,  of  the  American  Philologi- 
cal Association, ”Vol.  XXI).  The  Upanishad  professes  to  be 
an  explanation  of  death  and  of  a future  life,  drawn  against 
his  will  from  the  mouth  of  Death  himself.  Its  interest  is 
increased  by  its  story  of  Nachiketas  (which  see),  which 
also  occurs  in  the  Taittiriyabrahmana. 

Katharnava  (ka-t-har'na-va).  [Skt.,  ‘sea  of 
stories.’]  A collection  of  about  35  compara- 
tively modern  stories,  in  Sanskrit,  attributed 
to  Skivadasa.  From  them  are  said  to  have  come  por- 
tions of  the  Hindi  Baital  Pachisi  and  the  Bengali  Batrish 
Singhasan. 

Kathasaritsagara  ( ka  - 1 - ha  - sa  - rit  - sa'ga  - ra) . 
[Skt.,  ‘ ocean  of  the  streams  of  story.’]  A 
collection  of  stories  in  Sanskrit  by  Somadeva- 
bhatta  of  Kashmir,  drawn  from  a larger  work, 
the  Brihatkatha,  and  made  between  1063  and 
1081  A.  D.  The  work  contains  22,000  distichs,  or  not 
quite  twice  as  much  as  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  together. 
The  text  has  been  edited  by  Brockhaus  (Leipsie,  1839-66), 
and  translated  by  Tawney  (Calcutta,  1880-84). 

Kathay.  See  Cathay. 

Katherine,  or  Katharine.  See  Catharine. 
Katherine  (katli'e-rin).  1 . The  Shrew  in  Shak- 
spere’s  comedy  “The  Taming  of  the  Shrew.” 
She  is  the  daughter  of  Baptista,  and  is  married  to 
Petruehio,  and  tamed  by  his  rough  treatment. 
— 2.  A lady  in  attendance  on  the  Princess  of 
France  in  Shakspere’s  “Love’s Labour’s  Lost.” 
Katherine  and  Petruehio.  A play  condensed 
and  adapted  from  Shakspere’s  “Taming  of  the 
Shrew”by  Garrick,  produced  in  1754.  It  is  still 
played. 

Kathiawar  (kat-e-a-war'),  or  Kattywar  (kat-f- 
war' ).  A peninsula  in  western  India,  projecting 
into  the  Arabian  Sea  between  the  Gulf  of  Kachh 
and  the  Gulf  of  Cambay.  It  comprises  many  na- 
tive  states.  Area,  23,445  square  miles.  Population, 
2,645,805. 

Katishtya.  See  San  Felipe. 

Katkoff  (kiit-kof'),  Mikhail  Nikiforovitch. 

Born  at  Moscow,  1820 : died  near  Moscow,  Aug. 
1,  1887.  A Russian  journalist,  editor  of  the 
‘ ‘ Moscow  Gazette  ” since  1861 : noted  as  a leader 
of  the  Panslavists. 

Katlamat.  See  Cathlamct. 

Katmandu.  See  Kliatmandu. 

Katrine  (kat'rin),  Loch.  A lake  in  southwestern 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  25  miles  north  of  Glasgow. 
It  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  sceneiy.  It  contains  Ellen  s 
Isle,  etc.,  familiar  from  Scott’s  “Lady  of  tho  Lake.”  Tho 
water-supply  of  Glasgow  is  obtained  from  this  lake. 
Length,  8 miles. 

Katsena  (kit-tsa'nii).  See  Hausa. 


Katsena 

Katsena,  or  Katsma  (kat-se'na).  A town  in 
Northern  Nigeria,  Africa-,  about  150  miles  east 
of  Sokoto.  Population,  7,500. 

Kattowitz  (kat'to-vits).  A manufacturing  town 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  57  miles 
southeast  of  Oppeln.  Population,  commune, 
35,772. 

Kattywar.  See  Kathiawar. 

Katunski  (ka-ton'ski),  or  Katun,  Alps.  The 
highest  range  of  the  Altai,  in  the  government 
of  Tomsk,  Siberia.  For  the  highest  summits 
(the  Katunski  Pillars),  see  Altai. 

Katwa,  or  Cutwa  (kut'wii).  A town  in  Bard- 
wan  district,  Bengal,  British  India,  situated  at 
the  ju  notion  of  the  Bhagirathi  and  Ajai,  77  miles 
north  of  Calcutta.  Population,  7,220. 
Katwyk-  or  Katwijk-aan-Zee  (kat'vlk-an- 
za').  A watering-place  in  the  province  of 
South  Holland,  Netherlands,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Old  Rhine  23  miles  southwest  of  Amster- 
dam. Population,  commune,  8,164. 
Katyayana  (kat-ya'ya-na).  [Skt.,‘  descendant 
of  the  Katya  family.’]  The  celebrated  Sanskrit 
author  of  theVarttikas  or  supplementary  rules 
to  Panini,  of  the  Yajurvedapratishakhya,  and 
of  the  Shrautasutras.  Hiouen-Tsang  represents  a 
doctor  Kia  to  yan  na  as  living  at  Tamasavana  in  the  Pan- 
jab 300  years  after  Buddha’s  death,  or  60  B.  C.  (Weber.) 
The  Kathasaritsagara  identifies  him  with  Vararuchi,  amin- 
isterof  Nanda,  father  of  Chandragupta,  according  to  which 
he  flourished  about  350  B.  c. 

Katzbach  (kats'bach).  A small  tributary  of  the 
Oder,  which  it  joins  30  miles  west-northwest  of 
Breslau.  It  is  noted  for  the  battle  fought  Aug.  26, 1813, 
on  its  banks,  near  Wahlstatt,  in  which  the  Allies  (90,000) 
under  Bliicher  defeated  the  French  (100,000)  under  Mac- 
donald. The  French  lost  12,000  in  killed  and  wounded. 
Katzimo  (kat-se'rao).  The  Queres  name  for  a 
mesa  or  table-rock,  in  New  Mexico,  rising  about 
430  feet  above  the  basin  of  Acoma,  and  a few 
miles  from  that  pueblo.  Its  Spanish  name  is  Mesa 
Encantada,  ‘enchanted  mesa.’  The  folk-lore  tells  that 
there  was  once  a village  on  the  top  of  Katzimo,  but  that 
one  part  of  the  rock  fell  in,  and  the  inhabitants,  cut  off 
from  the  valley  beneath,  were  starved  to  death.  Former 
occupation  was  verified  when  the  mesa  was  scaled  in  1897. 
Kauai  (kou-i').  One  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
situated  in  the  northwest  of  the  group,  in  lat. 
22°  N.,  long.  159°  30'  W.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  chief  product  is  sugar.  Area,  647  square  miles. 
Also  Ataui  or  Atooi.  Pop.,  with  Niihau,  191,909,  (1910). 
Kaufbeuren  (kouf'boi-ren).  A town  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Wertach  47  miles  west-southwest  of 
Munich.  It  was  formerly  a free  imperial  city. 
Population,  8,955. 

Kauffmann  (kouf'man),  Marie  Angdlique 
Catharine.  Born  at  Coire,  Orisons,  Switzer- 
land, Oct.  30, 1741 : died  at  Rome,  Nov.  5, 1807. 
A Swiss  historical  and  portrait  painter,  known 
as  Angelica  Kauffmann.  ShewenttoEnglandinl766, 
after  passing  many  years  in  Italy,  where  she  first  attracted 
attention  as  an  artist.  She  made  an  unfortunate  marriage 
with  an  adventurer  who  passed  for  a Count  Horn  whose 
valet  he  had  been.  Her  second  husband  was  an  Italian 
painter  named  Antonio  Zucchi.  In  1781  she  left  London 
and  returned  to  Rome.  She  painted  many  pictures,  which 
are  represented  in  the  principal  galleries  of  London  and 
the  Continent. 

Kaufmann,  or  Kauffmann,  Konstantin  Pe- 
trovitch.  Born  near  Ivangorod,  government 
of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  March  3, 1818 : died  at 
Tashkend,  Asiatic  Russia,  May  16, 1882.  A Rus- 
sian general.  He  was  appointed  military  governor  of 
Turkestan  in  1867  ; conquered  Samarkand  in  1868 ; com- 
manded the  expedition  against  Khiva  in  1873  ; and  con- 
quered Khokand  in  1875. 

Kaulbach  (koul'bach),  Friedrich  August. 

Born  at  Hannover,  June  2, 1850.  A genre-  and 
portrait-painter,  son  and  pupil  of  Friedrich 
Kaulbach.  He  settled  in  Munich  in  1872,  and 
became  director  of  the  Art  Academy  there. 
Kaulbach,  Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Arolsen  in 
Wa-ldeck,  Oct.  15, 1805:  died  at  Munich,  April 
7, 1874.  A historical  painter,  a pupil,  at  the  Diis- 
seldorf  Academy,  of  Cornelius  whom  he  fol- 
lowed in  1825  to  Munich.  In  1839  he  went  to  Some. 
In  1847  he  went  to  Berlin  to  decorate  the  Treppenhaus  of 
the  new  museum,  a work  which  occupied  him  many  years. 
In  1849  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  academy  at 
Munich.  He  made  many  book  illustrations,  particularly 
for  “Reynard  the  Fox,"  Goethe’s  “Faust”  and  other 
works,  and  Shakspere,  Schiller,  and  Wagner,  etc. 

Kaumains.  See  Comanche. 

Kaumodaki  (kou-mo'da-ke).  The  club  of 
Krishna,  given  him  by  Varuna  when  engaged 
witli  him  in  fighting  against  Indra.  and  burning 
the  Khandava  forest. 

Kaunitz  (kou'nits),  Prince  Wenzel  Anton 
von,  Count  of  Rietberg.  Born  at  Vienna,  Feb. 
2,  1711:  died  June  27, 1794.  A noted  Austrian 
statesman.  As  minister  to  France  (1750-52)  he  formed 
an  alliance  between  France  and  Austria.  He  was  state 


564 

chancellor  and  chief  minister  1753-92,  and  formed  the  coa- 
lition against  Frederick  the  Great  1756. 

Kauravas  (kou'ra-vaz).  [Skt.,‘  descendants  of 
Kuru.’]  A patronymic  applied  especially  to 
the  sons  of  Dhritarashtra.  See  Mahabharatn . 
Kaus  (kas).  [Ar.  qaus,  a bow.]  A name  com- 
mon to  the  three  stars  'A,  <S,  and  > Sagittarii.  a,  of 
the  fourth  magnitude,  is  Kaus  Borealis  ; 8,  of  the  third,  is 
Kaus  Media  ; and  e,  of  the  second,  is  Kaus  Australis. 

Kaus.  See  Kusan. 

Kaushambi  (kou-sham'be).  The  capital  of 
Vatsa,  near  the  junction  of  the  Ganges  and  the 
Jumna:  the  scene  of  the  dramaRatnavali  (which 
see). 

Kautilya  (kou'til-ya).  Another  name  of  Cha- 
nakya,  minister  of  Chandragupta.  See  Chana- 
kya. 

Kautsa  (kout'sa).  A rationalistic  Hindu  phi- 
losopher who  regarded  the  Veda  as  devoid  of 
meaning,  and  the  Brahmanas  as  false  interpre- 
tations. He  lived  before  Yaska,  the  author  of 
the  Nirukta,  who  replied  to  him. 

Kavala  (ka-va'la),  or  Kavallo  (ka-val'lo).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Saloniki,  Turkey,  situ- 
ated on  Kavala  Bay  80  miles  east-northeast  of 
Saloniki : the  ancient  Neapolis.  Population, 
about  5,000. 

Kavanagh  (kav'a-nak),  Julia.  Born  at  Thurles, 
Tipperary,  Ireland,  Jan.  7,  1824:  died  at  Nice, 
France,  Oct.  28, 1877.  A British  novelist.  Among 
her  works  are  “ Madeleine  ” (1848),  “Nathalie”  (1850), 

“ Daisy  Burns  ” (1853),  “Grace  Lee”(1856),  “ Queen  Mab  ’’ 
(1863),  “John  Dorrien  ’’  (1875),  etc.  She  also  wrote  “ French 
W omen  of  Letters  ” and  “English  W omen  of  Letters  ” (1862). 
Kavasha  (ka'va-sha).  A Rishi  to  whom  sev- 
eral hymns  of  the  Rigveda  are  ascribed.  The 

Aitareyabrahmana  relates  that  theRishis  when  sacrificing 
on  the  Sarasvati  drove  away  Kavasha  as  the  son  of  a slave, 
and  unworthy  to  drink  the  sacred  water  of  the  river.  When 
Kavasha  was  alone  in  the  desert,  a prayer  was  revealed 
to  him  by  which  he  prevailed  upon  the  Sarasvati  to  sur- 
round him,  whence  the  Rishis,  persuaded,  admitted  him  to 
their  companionship. 

Kaveri,  or  Cavery,  or  Cauvery  (ka've-ri).  A 
river  in  southern  India,  flowing  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  by  a delta  about  lat.  11°  N.  It  is  much 
used  for  irrigation.  Length,  about  475  miles. 
Kavi(ka've).  [From  Skt.  kavi,  poet,  or  kavya, 
poem.]  Tbe  ancient  sacred  language  of  Java. 
Java  has  3 languages — the  vulgar,  the  polite,  and  the  an- 
cient—all  having  words  in  varying  proportions  from  the 
Sanskrit,  Arabic,  and  Telugu,  as  the  result  of  immigration 
and  commerce,  though  the  general  structure  is  Malay. 
The  Sanskrit  is  traced  to  a Hindu  immigration  about  2, 0U0 
years  ago.  In  the  Kavi  is  written  the  Javanese  literature, 
largely  of  Hindu  origin.  The  Kavi  language  and  Hindu- 
ism were  driven  from  Java  to  the  little  island  of  Bali  in  the 
15tli  century.  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  made  a special  study 
of  the  language  1836-40. 

Kaviraja  (ka-vi-ra/ ja).  [Skt.,  ‘the  king  of 
poets.’]  The  author  of  the  Sanskrit  poem  Ra- 
ghavapandaviya,  which  is  highly  esteemed  iu 
India.  It  treats  in  the  same  words  at  once  the  story  of 
the  Ramayana  and  that  of  the  Mahabharata,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  characteristically  artificial  poems  of  its  class. 
Its  date  is  certainly  later  than  the  10th  century. 
Kavirondo  (ka-ve-ron'do).  A tribe  of  British 
East  Africa,  at  the  northeast  end  of  Lake  Vic- 
toria. It  is  split  into  many  clans,  pursues  agriculture, 
herding,  and  fishing,  and  speaks  a language  distinct  from 
Bantu,  and  said  to  resemble  the  Shilluk.  The  tribe  is  not 
yet  satisfactorily  classified. 

Kavyadarsha  (kav-ya-dar'sha).  [Skt.:  kavya. 
poem,  and  Marsha,  mirror — ‘mirror  of  poems.’] 
A Sanskrit  treatise  on  poetics,  written  by  Dan- 
din  in  the  6th  century. 

Kavyani  (ka-vya-ne').  In  Persian  mythology, 
the  standard  of  Kawah:  a leathern  apron  reared 
on  a spear,  used  by  Kawah  as  a standard  when 
he  summoned  Faridun  to  overthrow  Dahak. 
Faridun  adorned  it  with  gold  and  precious  stones,  and  until 
the  Mohammedan  conquest  it  was  the  royal  standard  of 
Persia.  Enlarged  little  by  little  to  receive  the  jewels  added 
by  successive  kings,  it  was  22  feet  by  15  feet  in  size  when 
it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Arabs  at  the  battle  of  Kadisi- 
yali(A.n.  636).  The  soldier  who  took  it  received  in  exchange 
the  armor  of  the  Persian  general  Galenus  and  30,000  pieces 
of  gold.  The  flag  was  cut  up  and  distributed  to  the  army 
with  the  general  mass  of  the  booty. 

Kavyaprakasha  (kav^ya-pra-ka'sha).  [Skt., 

‘ elucidation  of  poems.’]  A Sanskrit  treatise 
on  poetics,  written  by  Mammata  of  Kashmir  in 
the  12th  century. 

Kav/.  See  Kansa. 

Kawah  (ka-we').  In  Persian  mythology,  the 
blacksmith  who  asked  redress  against  Dahak 
(see  Azin  I)ah aka)  for  the  sixteen  sons  slain  to 
feed  Lis  serpents,  and,  on  the  restoration  of  the 
remaining  son,  excited  a rebellion  and  sum- 
moned Faridun  to  restore  justice. 

Kawita.  See  Creek. 

Kay  ( ki).  A village  in  the  province  of  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  5 miles  west  of  Zullichau.  Here, 
in  the  Seven  Years’  War,  the  Prussians  under  Von  Wedell 
were  defeated  by  the  Russians,  with  a loss  of  8,000  (J  uly 
23,  1759). 


Kean,  Edmund 

Kay  (ka),  John.  Born  near  Bury,  Lancashire, 
July  16,  1704:  died,  it  is  said,  in  France,  some 
time  after  1764.  An  English  inventor,  in  1733 
he  was  granted  a patent  for  the  “ fly-shuttle,”  and  in  1745 
anotherpatent  for  a “ power-loom  ” for  narrow  goods.  His 
inventions  were  stolen,  a mob  wrecked  his  house,  and  he 
himself  fled  to  France  where  he  died  in  destitution. 

Kay,  John.  Born  near  Dalkeith,  April,  1742 : 
died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  21,  1826.  A Scottish 
painter  and  etcher.  His  “Portraits  ” are  a col- 
lection of  clever  caricatures  of  the  Edinburgh 
celebrities  of  his  time. 

Kay,  Sir,  called  “The  Rude”  and  “ The  Boast- 
ful.” In  the  Arthurian  tales,  the  foster-brother 
of  Arthur,  who  made  him  his  seneschal.  He 
was  treacherous  and  malicious.  Also  spelled 
Ke,  Kci,  Quenx,  Keux,  etc. 

Kayanian  (ke-ya'ni-a.n).  The  collective  name 
of  several  Iranian  kings  whose  names  begin 
with  Kai.  See  Kai. 

Kayanush  (ke-ya-nush').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
a brother  of  Faridun  who,  in  envy,  with  another 
brother  Purm ayah  tries  to  d estroy  Faridu n . See 
Pur  may  ah. 

Kaye  (ka),  Sir  John  William.  Born  at  Acton, 
Middlesex,  1814  : died  at  London,  July  24, 1876. 
An  English  historical  and  biographical  writer. 
He  succeeded  John  Stuart  Mill  iu  the  political  and  secret 
department  of  the  India  Office.  His  works  include  “ His- 
tory of  the  War  in  Afghanistan  ” (1851),  “ Administration 
of  the  East  India  Company  ” (1853),  “The  History  of  the 
Sepoy  War  in  India  1857-68"  (1864-76). 

Kayes  (kii-yas').  A town  in  the  French  pos- 
sessions of  West  Africa,  011  the  Senegal  about 
lat.  14°  30'  N. 

Kaysersberg  (kl'zers-bers).  A small  town  in 
Alsace,  6 miles  northwest  of  Colmar.  It  was 
an  imperial  residence. 

Kazali  (ka-za'le),  or  Kazala  (-la).  A fortified 
trading  town  in  the  government  of  Sir-Daria, 
Asiatic  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sir-Daria  in  lat. 
45°  45'  N.,  long.  62°  10'  E. 

Kazan,  or  Kasan  (kii-zan').  1.  A government 
of  eastern  Russia,  surrounded  by  Viatka,  Ufa, 
Samara,  Simbirsk,  and  Nijni-Novgorod.  it  is 
traversed  by  the  Volga  and  the  Kama.  Area,  24,587 
square  miles.  Population,  2,592,900. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kazan, 
situated  near  the  Volga  about  lat.  55°  47'  N., 
long.  49°  7'  E.:  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Kip- 
tchak  khanate.  It  is  a flourishing  commercial  center ; 
manufactures  cloth,  leather,  etc.;  and  is  the  seat  of  a uni- 
versity founded  iu  1804.  It  was  conquered  and  annexed 
by  Russia  in  1552.  The  cathedral,  within  the  picturesque 
battlemented  and  towered  inclosure  of  the  Kremlin  cita- 
del, was  built  in  1562,  and  resembles  the  Cathedral  of  the 
Assumption  at  Moscow.  The  curious  belfry,  of  later  date 
than  the  church,  displays  marked  Tatar  characteristics  iu 
its  old  Russian  architecture.  The  Sumbeki  Tower,  be- 
lieved to  he  the  minaret  of  the  mosque  of  the  old  khans 
of  Kazan,  with  subsequent  restorations,  is  the  most  re- 
markable structure  in  Kazan.  It  is  built  of  brick,  and  is 
pyramidal  in  outline,  rising  in  4 stages  to  a height  of  244 
feet.  The  summit  is  crowned  by  the  imperial  arms  sur- 
mounted by  a gilt  ball.  Population,  143,707. 

Kazanlik,  orKasanlik  (ka-zan'lik),  or  Kezan- 
lyk  (ke-zan'lik).  A town  in  Eastern  Rumelia, 
Bulgaria,  situated  near  the  Tuudja  44  miles 
northeast  of  Philippopolis.  It  is  noted  for  the  pro- 
duction of  attar  of  roses.  It  was  captured  in  Jan.,  1878,  by 
the  Russians  from  the  Turks,  who  thereupon  surrendered 
the  Shipka  Pass.  Population,  10,790. 

Kazbek,  or  Kasbek  (kaz'bek).  One  of  the  chief 
peaks  of  the  Caucasus,  overlooking  the  Dariel 
Pass  about  75  miles  north  of  Tiflis.  In  legend 
this  was  the  scene  of  the  punishment  of  Prometheus. 
Height,  16,533  feet. 

Kazerun  (ka-za-ron ' ).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Farsistan,  Persia,  51  miles  west  of  Shiraz. 
Kazinczy  (koz'int-se),  Ferencz.  Born  at  Er- 
Semelyen,  Bihar,  Hungary,  Oct.  27,  1759 : died 
in  the  county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary,  Aug.  22, 
1831.  A Hungarian  author.  He  translated  va- 
rious Greek,  Latin,  German,  French,  and  Eng- 
lish classics  into  Magyar. 

Kazvin.  See  Kashin. 

Kean  (ken),  Charles  John.  Born  at  Waterford, 
Ireland,  Jan.  18,  1811 : died  at  Chelsea,  Jan.  22, 
1868.  An  English  actor,  son  of  Edmund  Kean. 
His  first  appearance  was  as  young  Norval  in  1827,  after 
which  he  played  with  his  father  till  1833.  In  1842  he  mar- 
ried Ellen  Tree.  In  1850  Charles  Kean  leased  the  Prin- 
cess’s Theatre,  at  first  with  Robert  Keeley ; in  1851  he 
began  his  notable  series  of  spectacular  revivals.  He  was 
a careful  hut  not  a great  actor.  His  last  appearance  was 
as  Louis  XI.  at  Liverpool  in  1867. 

Kean,  Edmund.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1787 : 
died  at  Richmond,  May  15, 1833.  A celebrated 
English  actor.  His  father  was  of  Irish  descent ; his 
mother  was  an  itinerant  actress  named  Anne  Carey,  who 
deserted  him.  He  played  children’s  parts  about  1790,  and 
in  1795  lie  ran  away  to  sea.  Under  his  mother's  name 
(Carey)  he  led  the  life  of  a roving  actor  until  lS06,when  he 
first  appeared  in  the  Haymarket  as  Ganein  in  the  “ Moun- 
taineers.” On  Jan.  26,  1814,  he  appeared  at  Drury  Lane, 
when  he  was  very  successful  as  Shylock.  This  was  fol- 


Kean,  Edmund 

lowed  by  Hamlet,  Othello,  Iago,  and  Luke  in  “Riches." 
One  of  his  greatest  successes  was  in  Lear  at  Drury  Lane, 
April,  1820.  His  first  appearance  in  New  York  was  Nov. 
29J829.  He  returned  to  Drury  Lane  in  1821  as  Richard  III. , 
and  played  there  at  intervals  until  1825  when  (Nov.  14)  he 
appeared  at  the  Park  Theater,  New  York.  He  continued 
to  act  at  Drury  Lane,  Covent  Garden,  and  elsewhere  ; but 
the  irregularity  of  his  life  destroyed  his  career.  From  1829 
his  health  continued  to  decline,  and  he  acted  only  occa- 
sionally from  that  time  until  May  15,  1833,  when  he  died. 
He  was  probably  unequaled  as  Richard  III.,  Othello,  Lear, 
and  Sir  Giles  Overreach. 

Kean,  Mrs.  (Ellen  Tree).  Born  1805:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  21,  1880.  An  English,  actress. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  1822-23.  From  1836-39 
she  played  in  America.  In  1842  she  married  Charles  Kean, 
with  whom  she  played  leading  parts,  and  whose  success 
she  greatly  furthered. 

Kearny  (kar'ni),  Philip.  Born  at  New  York, 
June  2,  1815:  killed  at  Chantilly,  Va.,  Sept.  1, 
1862.  An  American  general.  He  became  a second 
lieutenant  in  1837  ; servedas  a volunteer  with  the  French 
in  Algiers,  1839-40 ; took  part  in  the  Mexican  war ; and 
resigned  from  the  army  in  1851.  In  1847  he  was  brevetted 
major  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  Contreras 
and  Churubusco.  He  fought  with  the  French  in  Italy  in 
1859,  particularly  distinguishing  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Solferino.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  of  volunteers  (New  Jersey),  and 
became  major-general  in  18C2.  He  commanded  the  1st 
New  Jersey  brigade  in  Franklin’s  division  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  served  in  the  battles  of  the  Peninsula  with 
the  Army  of  Virginia,  and  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Earn. 
He  was  killed  while  reconnoitering  near  Chantilly. 

Kearsarge  (ker'sarj ) . 1 , A mountain  in  Carroll 
County,  NewHampshire,  5 miles  north  of  North 
Conway.  Height,  about  3,250  feet.  Also  Kiar- 
sarge. — 2.  A mountain  in  Merrimac  County, 
New  Hampshire,  21  miles  northwest  of  Concord. 
Height,  2,943  feet. 

Kearsarge,  The.  A wooden  corvette,  launched 
at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  Sept.,  1861. 
Her  dimensions  were:  breadth  of  beam,  33  feet;  draught, 
15  feet  9 inches.  Her  register  was  1,031  tons.  She  carried 
2 engines  of  400  horse-power  each,  and  her  armament  con- 
sisted of  4 32-pounders,  2 11-inch  rifles,  and  1 30-pounder 
rifle.  She  carried  163  men,  including  officers,  and  was  in 
command  of  Captain  John  A.  Winslow.  On  June  19, 1864, 
off  Cherbourg,  she  sank  the  Confederate  cruiser  Alabama. 
On  Feb.  2,  1894,  she  was  wrecked  upon  Roncador  reef  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea. 

Keats  (kets),  John.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  29, 
1795 : died  at  Rome,  Feh.  23,  1821.  A famous 
English  poet.  He  was  the  eldest  child  of  Thomas  Keats, 
head  ostler  at  the  Swan  and  Hoop,  London.  His  father 
died  in  1804 ; at  the  death  of  his  mother  (Feb.,  1810),  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a surgeon  named  Hammond  at  Edmon- 
ton. In  the  autumn  of  1814  he  went  to  London,  where  he 
attended  hospital  lectures  and  passed  an  examination  at 
Apothecaries’  Hall  (July,  1816),  but  never  practised.  He 
became  intimately  associated  with  Leigh  Hunt,  Shelley, 
and  Haydon.  The  sonnet  “ On  first  reading  Chapman’s  Ho- 
mer” was  written  in  the  summer  of  1815.  Various  poems 
were  published  in  periodicals,  and  in  March,  1817,  a collec- 
tion of  “ Poems  by  John  Keats  ” appeared.  In  April,  1817,  he 
began  “Endymion  ” at  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  finished  it  in 
Dec.  “ Isabella,  or  the  Pot  of  Basil  ’’  was  written  in  Feb., 
1818.  “ Endymion  ’’  appeared  in  May,  1818,  and  was  sharply 
criticized  in  “ Blackwood's  ” (Aug.,  1818)  and  in  the  “ Quar- 
terly ” (Sept. , 1818).  A second  volume  of  his  more  mature 
work,  entitled  “ Lamia,  Isabella,  the  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  and 
other  poems  by  John  Keats,  author  of  ‘Endymion,’”  was 
published  July,  1820.  His  health  now  rapidly  declined, 
and  he  sailed  for  Naples  Sept.  18, 1820.  From  Naples  he 
went  to  Rome(Nov.  12),  where  he  died  attended  by  his  friend 
Severn.  He  was  buried  in  the  Protestant  cemetery. 

Keble  (ke'bl),  John.  Born  at  Fairford,  Glou- 
cestershire, England,  April  25,  1792:  died  at 
Bournemouth,  Hampshire,  England,  March  27, 
1866.  An  English  clergyman  and  religious  poet, 
one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  “ Oxford  move- 
ment.” He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Corpus  Christ!  College), 
and  from  1831  to  1841  was  professor  of  poetry  there.  He 
became  vicar  of  Hursley  (March  9,  1836),  and  remained 
there  thirty  years.  His  influence  was  due  especially  to  his 
hymns,  which  were  published  in  the  “Christian  Year" 
(1827).  He  published  a new  edition  of  Hooker  (1836),  the 
“ Library  of  the  Fathers”  (in  conjunction  with  Newman 
and  Pusey,  begun  1838),  seven  numbers  of  the  “ Tracts  of 
the  Times,”  etc. 

Keble  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, founded  as  a memorial  of  John  Keble,  and 
designed  especially  for  students  with  limited 
means.  It  was  incorporated  in  1870.  The  extensive 
buildings  are  of  brick  of  different  colors,  laid  in  patterns. 
The  chapel  is  in  the  Decorated  medieval  style : the  style 
of  the  other  buildings  is  later.  The  chapel  possesses  Hol- 
man Hunt’s  painting  the  “ Light  of  the  World.” 

Kecskemet  (kech'kem-at).  Atowninthecounty 
of  Pest-Pilis-Sdlt  and  Little  Cumania,  Hungary, 
52  miles  southeast  of  Budapest.  It  has  consid- 
erable trade.  Population,  67,000,  (1910). 

Kedar  (ke'dar).  [Ileb., 1 dark,'  ‘dusky.’]  A son 
of  Ishmael.  His  descendants  the  Kedarenes  were,  next 
to  the  Nabateans,  the  most  important  tribe  of  the  ancient 
Arabs.  They  are  often  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament. 
In  Pliny  (Histor.  Natur.,  V.  12)  they  are  called  Ceclrei. 
Asurbanipal,  king  of  Assy ria  (668-626  B.  C.),  mentions  in  his 
annals  a son  of  Hazilu  (Hazael)  as  king  of  the  country  of 
the  Kadri  or  Kidri.  The  settlements  of  the  Kedarenes 
were  probably  in  northern  Arabia,  between  Arabia  Pe- 
traea  and  Babylonia. 

Kedesh  (ke'desh).  In  Bible  geography,  a town 


565 

in  Galilee,  Palestine,  22  miles  southeast  of 
Tyre. 

Kedor  Laomer.  See  Chedorlaomer. 

Kedron  (ke'dron),  or  Kidron  (kid'ron).  In 
Bible  geography,  a brook  that  passes  to  the 
north  and  east  of  Jerusalem,  and  falls  into  the 
Dead  Sea. 

Keeling  (ke'ling)  Islands,  or  Cocos  (ko'koz) 
Islands.  A group  of  small  coral  atolls  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  12°  6'  S.,  long. 
96°  55'  E.,  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1856. 

Keene  (ken).  A city  and  the  capital  of  Che- 
shire County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the 
Ashuelot  43  miles  southwest  of  Concord.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,068,  (1910). 

Keene,  Charles  Samuel.  Born  at  Hornsey, 
Aug.  10, 1823 : died  at  London,  Jan.  4, 1891.  An 
English  illustrator  and  caricaturist.  He  worked 
for  the  “Illustrated  London  News,”  and  later 
for  “Punch.” 

Keene,  Henry  George.  Born  Sept.  30,  1781: 
died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Jan.  29,  1864.  An 
English  Persian  scholar.  In  1824  he  became  profes- 
sor of  Arabic  and  Persian  at  the  East  India  College  at  Hai- 
leybury,  near  Hertford,  England.  Among  his  works  are 
“Persian  Fables "(1833),  “Persian  Stories ” (1835),  etc. 

Keene,  Laura.  Born  in  England  in  1820:  died 
at  Montclair,  N.  J.,  Nov.  4,  1873.  An  English 
actress.  She  came  to  the  United  States  in  1852,  and  was 
known  as  a brilliant  light-comedy  actress.  She  became 
the  manager  of  the  Varieties  Theater  in  New  York,  and  in 
1855  was  the  lessee  of  the  Olympic  (at  first  called  “ Laura 
Keene's  Theater”)  till  1863.  Here  she  brought  out  many 
new  plays,  among  which  was  “ Our  American  Cousin,” 
with  Jefferson  and  Sothem  in  the  cast. 

Keewatin  (ke-wa'tin).  A former  district  in  Brit- 
ish America,  lying  to  the  north  of  Manitoba, 
and  under  its  government,  in  1912  it  was  divided 
among  Manitoba,  Ontario,  and  the  Northwest  Territories. 

Keff  (kef),  or  El-Keff  (el-kef').  A small  town 
in  Tunis,  95  miles  southwest  of  Tunis. 

Keharna  (ke-ha'ma).  An  Indian  raja,  a char- 
acter in  the  poem  ‘ ‘ The  Curse  of  Keharna,”  by 
Southey. 

Kehl  (kal).  A town  in  the  circle  of  Offenburg, 
Baden,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kinzig 
and  the  Rhine,  opposite  Strasburg.  it  was  for- 
merly a fortified  place,  and  was  bombarded  by  the  French 
in  1870.  Population,  over  4,000. 

Kei  (ka),  Great.  A river  in  South  Africa,  the 
former  boundary  between  Cape  Colony  and 
Kaffraria. 

Kei,  or  Key,  Islands  (ka  i'landz).  A group  of 
small  islands,  under  Dutch  protection,  about 
lat.  5°-6°  S.,  long.  133°  E.  Chief  island,  Great 
Kei.  Population,  estimated,  about  21,000. 

Keighley  (keth'li).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Aire  16  miles  west-northwest  of 
Leeds.  Population,  41,564.  Also  Keithley. 

Keightley  (kit'li),  Thomas.  Born  in  Ireland, 
Oct.,  1789:  died  at  Erith,  Kent,  Nov.  4,  1872. 
An  Irish  writer.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
in  1803,  but  did  not  take  a degree.  He  settled  in  London 
in  1824,  and  was  mainly  occupied  with  the  preparation  of 
university  text-books  on  historical  and  literary  subjects. 
He  wrote  “ Fairy  Mythology  ’’  (1828). 

Keim  (Mm),  Theodor.  Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Dec.  17, 1825:  died  at  Giessen,  Hesse, 
Nov.  17,  1878.  A noted  German  Protestant 
theologian  and  ecclesiastical  historian,  profes- 
sor of  theology  at  Zurich  (1860)  and  at  Giessen 
(1873).  Hewrote  “Geschichte  Jesu von  Nazara”(“His- 
tory  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth,"  1867-72),  works  on  the  Refor- 
mation, etc. 

Keiser  (M'zer),  Reinhard.  Born  at  Leipsic, 
1673 : died  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  12, 1739.  An  emi- 
nent German  operatic  composer. 

Keith  (keth),  George,  fifth  Earl  Marischal.  Born 
about  1553:  died  at  the  Castle  of  Dunnottar, 
April  2,  1623.  The  founder  of  the  Marischal 
College,  Aberdeen.  He  was  educated  at  King’s  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  and  succeeded  to  the  earldom  Oct.  9, 1581. 
In  June,  1589,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
Denmark  to  conclude  the  match  between  the  Scottish 
king  and  Princess  Anne  of  Denmark.  In  1593  he  founded 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen.  * 

Keith,  George.  Born  ill  Scotland  about  1639 : 
died  at  Edburton,  March  27, 1716.  A Christian 
Quaker  and  Anglican  missionary.  He  went  to 
America  and  settled  as  a schoolmaster  in  Philadelphia  in 
1689.  In  1692  he  headed  a separate  faction  called  Chris- 
tian Quakers.  He  returned  to  London  in  1694,  and  in  1700 
he  went  over  to  the  established  church.  In  1702  he  went 
to  America  as  one  of  the  first  missionaries  sent  out  by  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1704,  and  was  made  rector  of  Edburton,  Sussex. 

Keith,  George,  tenth  Earl  Marischal.  Born 
1693  (?) : died  near  Potsdam,  Prussia,  May  28, 
1778.  A Scottish  Jacobite.  He  took  up  arms  for 
the  Pretender,  and  at  Sheriffmuir  commanded  two  squad- 
rons of  horse  In  1719  he  commanded  the  Pretender’s 
Spanish  expedition,  which  was  defeated  at  Glenshiel  April 
1, 1719.  In  1751  he  was  made  Prussian  ambassador  to  Paris, 


Kelly 

and  in  1752  was  made  governor  of  N euchatel.  He  wt 
pardoned  by  George  II.  in  1759  and  restored  to  his  estates. 
In  1764  he  was  recalled  by  Frederick  the  Great. 

Keith,  James  Francis  Edward.  Born  near 
Peterhead,  Scotland,  June  11, 1696 : Mlled  at  the 
battle  of  Hochkirch,  Oct.  14,  1758.  A Scottish 
general  in  the  Russian  and  Prussian  service, 
second  son  of  William,  ninth  Earl  Marischal  of 
Scotland.  He  served  with  his  brother,  George  Keith, 
tenth  Earl  Marischal,  in  the  rebellion  of  17i5.  He  escaped 
to  France,  where  he  resumed  his  studies.  In  1728  he  en- 
tered the  Russian  service  as  a major-general,  served  with 
success  in  the  Turkish  war,  and  was  made  governor  of  the 
Ukraine.  Frederick  the  Great  made  him  a Prussian  field- 
marshal  (1747),  and  later  governor  of  Berlin. 

Keith,  Viscount.  See  Elphinstone,  George  Eeitli. 

Kej  (kej).  A place  in  Baluchistan,  about  lat. 
26°  N.,  long.  62°  50'  E. 

Kelat.  See  Khelat. 

Kelati  Nadiri  (kel-at'ena-de're).  Avery  strong 
fortress  in  Khorasan,  Persia,  near  the  Russian 
frontier. 

Kele  (ke-la/),  or  Bakele  (ba-ke-la').  An  Afri- 
can tribe  of  the  French  Kongo,  on  the  Ogowe 
River,  back  of  the  Mpongwe,  near  the  Crystal 
Mountains.  Their  language  (Dikele)  is  of  Bantu  struc- 
ture, but  the  people  do  not  seem  to  be  of  pure  Bantu  stock. 
About  1826  they  invaded  their  present  territory,  impelling 
the  Shekiani  on  to  the  Mpongwe.  They  are  kinsmen  of  the 
Fan. 

Keler  (ka'ler)  Bela  (real  name  Albert  von 
K61er).  Born  at  Bartfeld,  Hungary,  Feb.  13, 
1820:  died  Nov.  20,  1882.  A Hungarian  com- 
poser and  conductor.  He  composed  popular 
waltzes,  the  “Hurrah  Sturm”  galop,  the 
“Friedrich  Karl”  march,  etc. 

Kelheim  (kel'him).  A small  town  in  Lower  Ba- 
varia, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Altmiihl 
with  the  Danube,  12  miles  southwest  of  Ratis- 
bon.  Near  it  is  the  colossal  Befreiungshalle  (‘Hall  of 
Deliverance  ’),  erected  in  1842-63  as  a memorial  of  the  War 
of  Liberation  (1813-15). 

Kelland  (kel'and),  Philip.  Born  at  Dunster, 
Somerset,  1808:  died  at  Bridge  of  Allan,  Stir- 
lingshire, May7,1879.  ABritish mathematician. 
He  graduated  at  Queen’s  College,  Cambridge,  in  1834,  and 
in  1838  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  in  Edin- 
burgh University. 

Keller  (kel'ler),  Adelbert  von.  Born  at  Plei- 
delsheim,  Wiirtemberg,  July  5,  1812 : died  at 
Tubingen,  Wiirtemberg,  March  13,  1883.  A 
noted  German  philologist,  professor  of  German 
literature  and  librarian  at  Tubingen  after  1841 : 
a student  of  Romance  and  Teutonic  literatures. 

Kellermann  (kel'ler-man),  Francois  Chris- 
tophe  (originally  Georg  Michael  Keller- 
mann),  Due de  Yalmy.  Born n ear Rothenburg, 
Bavaria,  May  30, 1735:  died  Sept.  12, 1820.  A 
French  marshal,  of  German  extraction.  He  en- 
tered the  French  army  inl752,  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Seven  Years’  War,  and  in  1792  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  on  the  Moselle.  He  gained,  with  Du- 
mouriez,  a brilliant  victory  over  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  at 
Valmy,  Sept.  20, 1792.  He  was  created  a senator  in  1804,  and 
in  1806  was  intrust  ed  by  Napoleon  with  the  command  of  the 
reserve  army  on  the  Rhine.  He  was  created  a peer  by  Louis 
XVIII.  in  1814. 

Kellermann,  Francois  Etienne,  Due  de  Yalmy. 
Born  at  Metz,  Lorraine,  1770 : died  June  2, 1835. 
A French  general,  son  of  F.  C.  Kellermann.  He 
served  as  adjutant-general  to  Napoleon  in  Italy  in  1796, 
and  became  a brigadier-general  in  1797.  He  decided  the 
battle  of  Marengo  in  1800  by  a brilliant  charge,  for  which 
service  he  was  promoted  general  of  division.  He  after- 
ward served  with  distinction  at  Austerlitz  (1805)  and  Wa- 
terloo (1816). 

Kelley(kel'i),  William  Darrah.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  12, 1814:  died  atW ashington , D.C., 
Jan.  9,  1890.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1841,  and  was  a Republican  member 
of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  from  1861  until  his  death. 
He  published  “Letters  from  Europe”  (1880),  “The  New 
South”  (1887),  etc. 

Kellgren  (cliel'gran),  Johan  Henrik.  Born  at 
Floby,  West  Gothland,  Sweden,  Dec.  1,  1751 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  April  20,  1795.  A Swedish 
lyric  poet  and  critic.  His  collected  works  were 
published  in  1796. 

Kellogg  (kel'og),  Clara  Louise.  Bom  at  Sum- 
ter ville,  S.  C.,  July  12, 1842.  An  American  opera- 
singer  (soprano),  wife  of  Carl  Strakosch.  Her 
childhood  was  passed  in  New  England.  She  made  her 
first  appearance  in  New  York  in  1861,  and  in  London  in  1867. 
In  1874  she  organized  an  English  opera  company.  With 
this  organization  she  did  much  for  music  in  America. 
Her  repertoire  was  large,  including  about  46  operas. 

Kells  (kelz).  A small  town  in  County  Meath, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blaekwater  37  miles 
northwest  of  Dublin:  noted  for  antiquities. 

Kelly  (kel'i),  John.  Born  at  New  York,  April 
21,  1821:  died  at  New  York,  June  1,  1886.  An 
American  politician,  leader  of  Tammany  Hall. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  New  York 
1855-58 ; comptroller  1876-80 ; and  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  governor  1879. 


Kelso 

Kelso  (kel'8o).  A town  in  Roxburghshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Tweed  43  miles  south- 
east of  Edinburgh.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  an  ab- 
bey founded  by  David  I.  in  the  12th  century.  Near  it 
are  Floors  Castle  (a  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Roxburghe)  and 
ruins  of  Roxburgh  Castle.  Population,  4,006. 

Kelts.  See  Celts. 

Kelung,  or  Killing  (ke-lung').  A small  sea- 
port in  northern  Formosa,  bombarded  by  the 
French  in  1884. 

Kelvin,  Lord.  See  Thomson,  William. 

Kemble  (kem'bl),  Adelaide.  Bom  in  1814: 
died  Aug.  4, 1879.  An  opera-singer, the  daughter 
of  Charles  Kemble.  She  had  little  success  till  1839, 
when  shesang  in  Venice  as  Norma.  Herreputation  contin- 
ued to  increase  till  she  retired  from  the  stage  upon  her 
marriage  to  Edward  John  Sartoris  in  1843.  She  wrote  “ A 
Week  in  a French  Country  House"  (1867). 

Kemble  (kem'bl),  Charles.  Born  atBrecknock, 
Wales,  Nov.  25, 1775:  died  at  London,  Nov.  12, 
1854.  A noted  English  actor.  He  went  on  the  stage 
in  the  winter  of  1792-93,  and  played  Malcolm  in  “ Mac- 
beth ” at  Drury  Lane  in  1794.  He  was  the  original  Count 
Appiani  in  “Emilia  Galotti ” (1794).  He  was  frequently 
associated  with  his  brother  John  Kemble  and  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons  in  the  production  of  new  plays.  On  July  2,  1896,  he 
married  Miss  de  Camp, who  acted  afterward  as  Mrs.  Charles 
Kemble.  In  Aug.,  1832,  he  sailed  with  his  daughter,  Fanny 
Kemble,  to  America,  and  appeared  as  Hamlet  in  New  York, 
Sept.  17,  1832.  In  1835  he  returned  to  the  Haymarket. 
His  last  appearance  was  April  10,  1840. 

Kemble,  Elizabeth.  See  Whitlock,  Mrs. 
Kemble,  Frances  Anne,  generally  known  as 
Fanny.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  27,  1809:  died 
there,  Jan.  15,  1893.  An  Anglo-American  ac- 
tress, Shaksperian  reader,  and  author:  daughter 
of  Charles  Kemble.  She  made  her  first  public  appear- 
ance in  1829,  with  the  intention  of  retrieving  the  fortunes 
of  her  family,  in  which  at  the  end  of  3 years  she  was  suc- 
cessful. She  visited  America  in  1832,  and  married  Pierce 
Butler  in  1834,  from  whom  she  afterward  obtained  a di- 
vorce. She  resumed  her  maiden  name,  and  lived  at  Lenox, 
Massachusetts,  returning  to  Europe  at  intervals.  In  1848^9 
she  gave  her  first  series  of  Shaksperian  readings  in  Boston, 
followed  by  readings  in  other  cities.  In  these  she  was 
very  successful.  In  1851  she  again  went  upon  the  stage  in 
England.  From  1839  to  1873  she  was  also  in  Europe.  She 
wrote  “Journal  of  a Residence  in  America”  (1835),  “The 
Star  of  Seville”  (1837,  a play),  “Poems  ’’  (1844),  “A  Year  of 
Consolation"  (1847),  “P.ecords  of  a Girlhood  ”(1878),  “Notes 
upon  some  of  Shakspere’s  Plays  "(1882),  “Records  of  Later 
Life  ” (1882),  “ Life  on  a Georgia  Plantation  ” (1863). 

Kemble,  George  Stephen.  Born  at  Kington, 
Herefordshire,  May  3,  1758:  died  June  5,  1822. 
An  English  actor,  brother  of  J.  P.  Kemble. 
Kemble,  John  Mitchell.  Born  at  London, 
April  2,  1807 : died  at  Dublin,  March  26,  1857. 
An  English  philologist  and  historian,  son  of 
Charles  Kemble  the  actor,  and  nephew  of  John 
Philip  Kemble  and  Mrs.  Siddons.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  in  1830.  On  Feb.  24, 1840,  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  examiner  of  stage-plays,  and  held  that  office  until 
his  death.  He  edited  “Beowulf”  (1833-37).  His  most 
important  works  are  his  unfinished  “The  Saxons  in  Eng- 
land” (1849),  and  the  “Codex  Diplomaticus  TEvi  Saxo- 
nici  ” (1839-40). 

Kemble,  John  Philip.  Born  at  Prescott,  near 
Liverpool,  Feb.  1,  1757 : died  at  Lausanne, 
Switzerland,  Feb.  26,  1823.  A celebrated  Eng- 
lish tragedian,  son  of  Roger  Kemble,  in  1771  he 
left  a Roman  Catholic  school  in  Staffordshire  for  the  Eng- 
lish collc-ge  at  Douai,  where  he  received  a good  education ; 
but  he  could  not  agree  to  his  father's  plan  of  having  him 
enter  the  church.  He  played  in  his  father’s  company 
while  still  a child,  but  on  Jan.  8,  1776,  he  made  his  real 
dCbut  at  Wolverhampton  as  Theodosius,  and  played  on 
the  York  circuit,  as  well  as  in  Dublin  and  Cork,  with  grow- 
ing success  till  Sept.  30,  1783,  when  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance in  London  at  Drury  Lane  as  Hamlet.  Here  he 
created  a good  deal  of  excitement  and  some  unfriendly 
criticism  : he  had  not  yet  measured  the  full  extent  of  his 
power.  He  remained  with  this  company  for  19  years.  In 
Nov.,  1783,  his  sister,  Mrs.  Siddons,  first  played  with  him 
and  overshadowed  him.  In  1788-89  he  undertook  the 
management  of  Drury  Lane,  and  in  1802  of  Covent  Gar- 
den. It  was  on  the  occasion  of  his  opening  the  New 
Covent  Garden  Theatre,  in  1809,  with  a new  scale  of  prices 
rendered  necessary  by  the  expenses  incurred,  that  the 
famous  “old-price  riots”  occurred.  He  was  a stately  actor, 
with  a somewhat  stilted  and  declamatory  style.  In  Corio- 
lanus  he  was  at  his  best,  but  he  won  applause  as  Richard 
III.,  Hamlet,  Cato,  Wolsey,  Zanga,  Penruddock,  Jaques, 
Pierre,  Brutus,  Hotspur,  Octavian,  etc.  In  comedy  he 
was  not  so  successful. 

Kemosb.  See  Chemosh. 

Kemp,  or  Kempe  (kemp),  John.  Born  at  Olan- 
teign,  near  Ashford,  1380  (?):  died  at  Lambeth, 
March  22,  1454.  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
He  was  a student  and  later  a fellow  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford.  In  1419  he  became  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  was 
translated  to  Chichester  in  1421,  and  to  the  see  of  London 
in  the  same  year.  In  1426  he  became  chancellor  and  arch- 
bishop of  York,  and  resigned  the  chancellorship  in  1432. 
He  was  made  cardinal  in  1439.  In  1452  he  was  translated 
to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury. 

Kempelen(kem'pe-len),  Wolfgang  von.  Born 
at  Presburg,  Hungary,  Jan.  23,  1734:  died  at 
Vienna,  March  26,  1804.  An  Austrian  mechani- 
cian, noted  as  an  inventor  of  automata. 
Kempen  (kem'pen),  or  Kempno  (kemp'no).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  43  miles 


566 

east-northeast  of  Breslau.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,897. 

Kempen.  A town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prus- 
sia, 38  miles  northwest  of  Cologne,  it  haB  a caBtle 
and  an  old  church,  and  is  the  supposed  birthplace  of 
Thomas  a Kempis.  Population,  6,896. 

Kempenfelt  (kem'pen-felt),  Richard.  Born  at 
Westminster,  1718 : sank  with  the  Royal  George 
off  Spit-head,  Aug.  29,  1782.  An  English  rear- 
admiral.  His  father  was  Magnus  Kempenfelt,  a Swede 
in  the  service  of  James  II.  He  served  in  the  West  Indies, 
at  the  capture  of  Portobello,  and  passed  through  various 
grades  to  captain  of  the  Elizabeth  (1757).  In  1780  he  was 
made  rear-admiral  of  the  blue.  When  Lord  Howe  took 
command  of  the  fleet  (April,  1782),  Kempenfelt  was  one  of 
his  junior  admirals,  his  flag  being  on  the  Royal  George  at 
Spithead.  In  refitting  this  ship,  the  guns  were  shifted  to 
one  side  to  give  her  a slight  heel ; but  the  strain  was  too 
great,  and  she  broke  up  and  went  down  with  her  admiral 
aboard. 

Kemper  (kem'per),  Reuben.  Born  in  Fauquier 
County,  Va. : died  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  Oct.  10, 
1826.  An  American  soldier.  He  commanded  in  1812 
a force  of  about  600  Americans  which  cooperated  with 
the  Mexican  insurgents  against  Spain,  and  in  1815  served 
under  General  Jackson  against  the  British  at  New  Orleans. 

Kempis,  Thomas  a.  See  Thomas  a Kempis. 
Kempten  (kemp'ten).  A town  in  the  govern- 
mental district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Iller  65  miles  southwest  of 
Munich:  the  ancient  Campodunum.  Formerly  it 
wa9  the  seat  of  a princely  abbacy.  It  is  the  chief  place  of 
the  Algiiu.  Population,  commune,  20,663. 

Kemys,  or  Keymis  (ke'mis),  Lawrence.  Died 

in  Guiana,  1618.  An  English  ship-captain,  a 
followerof  SirWalter  Raleigh,  andhis  principal 
lieutenant  in  the  expeditions  to  Guiana.  His 
account  of  the  first  voyage  is  given  in  Hakluyt.  Kemys 
committed  suicide  after  a conflict  with  the  Indians  in 
which  Raleigh’s  son  was  killed. 

Ken  (ken),  Thomas.  Born  at  Little  Berkhamp- 
stead,  Hertfordshire,  England,  July,  1637:  died 
at  Longleat,  Wiltshire,  March  19,  1711.  An 
English  bishop  and  hymn-writer.  In  1679  he  was 
chaplain  of  Mary,  sister  of  the  king  and  wifeof  William  II., 
prince  of  Orange.  He  was  created  bishop  of  Bath  and  W ells 
in  1684.  On  Feb.  2,  1685,  he  attended  the  king’s  death-bed. 
In  May,  1688,  he  was  one  of  the  “ seven  bishops  ” to  petition 
the  king  not  to  oblige  theclergy  to  read  the  second  Declara- 
tion of  Indulgence;  and  in  April,  1691,  he  was  deprived  of 
his  see  as  a nonjuror.  His  most  widely  known  hymns 
include  the  morning  and  evening  hymns  “ Awake,  my 
soul,”  and  “Glory  to  Thee,  my  God,  this  night’’  (both  of 
which  end  with  the  familiar  doxology  “ Praise  God,  from 
whom  all  blessings  flow”),  etc. 

Kena(ka'na).  [Skt.,‘ by  whom?’]  Anamegiven 
to  an  Upanishad,also  known  as  the  Talavakara, 
from  a school  of  the  Samaveda.  The  name,  like 
those  of  papal  bulls,  comes  from  the  initial  word  in  the  first 
sentence,  “By  whom  sent  forth  does  the  mind  fly  when  sent 
forth?”  It  is  translated  in  “Sacred  Books  of  the  East,” 
I.  147-153. 

Kendal (ken'dal),  or  Kirkby-Kendal  (kerk'bi- 
ken'dal).  A town  in  Westmoreland,  England, 
situated  on  the  Ken  40  miles  south  of  Carlisle. 

It  has  important  manufactures  of  cloth,  and  was  the  birth- 
place of  Catherine  Parr.  Population,  14,183. 

Kendal,  Mrs.  (Margaret  Brunton  Robertson). 

Born  at  Great  Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  March  15, 
1849.  An  English  actress.  She  is  the  sister  of  the 
dramatist  T.  W.  Robertson,  and  for  some  years  was  known 
to  the  public  as  “ Madge  Robertson,”  assuming  the  stage 
name  of  Kendal  on  her  marriage  with  W.  H.  Grimston  in 
1869.  (See  Kendal,  W.  II  ) She  made  her  first  appearance 
in  London  as  Ophelia  i:i  1865,  and  soon  assumed  a position 
in  the  first  rank  of  her  profession  as  an  actress  of  high  com- 
edy. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal  have  made  several  successful 
tours  In  America  (the  first  in  1889). 

Kendal,  William  Hunter  (the  stage  name  as- 
sumed by  William  Hunter  Grimston).  Born 
in  1843.  An  English  actor.  He  first  appeared  on 
the  stage  in  18ul,and  since  his  marriage  with  MadgeRobert- 
eon  has  played  leading  parts  with  her.  They  have  toured 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada  with  great  success. 
Kendall  ( ken ' dal ) , Amos.  Born  at  Dunstabl  e, 
Mass.,  Aug.  16, 1789 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Nov.,  1869.  An  American  politician,  postmas- 
ter-general 1835-40.  He  was  associated  with 
S.  F.  B.  Morse  in  his  telegraph  patents. 
Kendall,  Henry  Clarence.  Born  in  Ulladalla 
district,  New  South  Wales,  April  18,  1841 : died 
at  Redfern,  near  Sydney,  Aug.  1, 1882.  An  Aus- 
tralian poet.  His’chief  works  are  “ Leaves  from  an  Aus- 
tralian Forest”  (1869),  and  “Songs  from  the  Mountains’’ 
(1880). 

Kenealy  (ke-uel'i),  Edward  Vaugban  Hyde. 

Born  July  2,  1S19 : died  at  London,  April  16, 
1880.  An  Irish  barrister,  in  1850  he  was  impris- 
oned  for  cruelty  to  a natural  son,  six  years  old.  In  April, 
1873,  he  became  leading  counsel  for  the  claimant  in  the 
notorious  Tichborne  trial.  On  account  of  his  conduct  be- 
fore and  after  this  trial,  he  was  expelled  from  the  circuit 
and  disbarred  (1874).  He  was  elected  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Stoke  in  1875,  but  on  contesting  the  seat  in  1880 
was  not  reelected. 

Keneb,  or  Kenneh  (ken'e),  or  Geneb  (gen'e). 
A town  in  Upper  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile 
in  lat.  26°  12'  N.:  the  ancient  Camopolis.  Pop- 
ulation, about  20,000. 


Kenneth  I. 

Kenelm  Chillingly  (ken'elm  chil'ing-li).  A 

novel  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  after  his 
death  in  1873. 

Kenesaw,  or  Kennesaw  (ken-e-sa'),  Moun- 
tain. A mountain  in  Cobb  County,  Georgia, 
25  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta.  It  was  the  scene 
of  fighting  between  the  Federals  under  Sherman  and  the 
Confederates  under  Johnston,  June,  1864. 

Kenesti  (ken'es-te).  A tribe  of  the  Pacific  di- 
vision of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  live  along  the  western  slope  of  the 
Shasta  Mountains  from  North  Eel  River  above  Round 
Valley  to  Hay  Fork  ; along  Eel  and  Mad  rivers  (down  the 
latter  to  Low  Gap);  and  also  on  Dobbins  and  Larrabie 
creeks,  California.  (See  Athapascan.)  Commonly  called 
Wailakki,  though  differing  from  the  Wailakki  proper. 

Kenia  (ka'ne-a),  Mount.  An  isolated  moun- 
tain in  eastern  Africa,  about  lat.  1°  20'  S.,  long. 
37°  35'  E.  Height,  18,000-19,000  feet. 

Kenilworth  (ken'l-werth).  A town  in  War- 
wickshire, England,  5 miles  north  of  Warwick. 
The  castle,  one  of  the  most  admired  of  English  feudal 
monuments,  was  founded  about  1120,  and  was  long  of  note 
as  a royal  residence.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the 
royalists  in  1266  (compare  Kenilworth,  Dictum  of) ; was  the 
prison  of  Edward  II.  in  1327 ; was  granted  to  John  of  Gaunt, 
and  in  1562  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester  ; was  the  scene  of  en- 
tertainments given  to  Queen  Elizabeth  (1575),  of  which  an 
account  is  given  in  Scott’s  non-historical  novel  “Kenil- 
worth ” ; and  was  dismantled  under  CromwelL  Among 
the  notable  features  of  the  ruins  are  the  Norman  keep, 
the  picturesquely  traceried  banqueting-hall,  and  the  many 
towers  of  the  outer  line  of  defense.  It  has  belonged  to  the 
Earls  of  Clarendon  since  the  Restoration.  Pop.,  4,544. 

Kenilworth.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  pub- 
lished in  1821.  The  scene  is  laid  in  England  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  Leicester 
and  Countess  Amy  Robsart  are  introduced. 

Kenilworth,  Dictum  of.  An  award,  designed 
for  the  pacification  cf  the  kingdom,  made  be- 
tween King  Henry  III.  of  England  and  Parlia- 
ment in  1266,  during  the  siege  of  Kenilworth. 

It  re-established  Henry  in  all  his  authority  ; proclaimed 
amnesty  for  the  rebels  on  payment  of  a fine ; annulled  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford  and  the  conditions  recently  forced  on 
the  king;  and  provided  that  the  king  should  keep  the 
charter  which  lie  had -freely  sworn  to. 

Acland  and  Ransome,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  36. 

Kenites  (ke'nits  or  ken'its).  In  Bible  history, 
a nomadic  Midianitish  people,  dwelling  in  the 
Sinaitic  peninsula.  Later  they  were  probably 
absorbed  in  the  Israelites. 

Kenn  (ken),  or  Keish  (kash).  An  island  in  the 
Persian  Gulf,  lat.  26°  33'  N.,  long.  54°  1'  E. : 
formerly  called  Kais  and  Kish.  It  flourished 
in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries. 

Kennan  (ken'an),  George.  Born  at  Norwalk, 
Ohio,  Feb.  16,  1845.  An  American  writer  and 
lecturer.  In  1864  he  was  sent  to  Siberia  by  the  Russo- 
American  Telegraph  Company  to  supervise  the  construc- 
tion of  lines.  He  returned  in  1868,  hut  in  1870-71  he  ex- 
plored the  eastern  Caucasus.  In  1885-86  he  was  sent  by 
“The  Century  ” magazine  to  Russia  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
vestigating the  condition  of  the  Siberian  exiles.  He  trav- 
eled 15,000  miles  in  northern  Russia  and  Siberia,  and  the 
results  of  his  observations  were  published  in  “The  Cen- 
tury ” magazine(1890-91),  and  in  1891  in  book  form,  entitled 
“Siberia  and  the  Exile  System.”  He  has  also  written 
“Tent  Life  in  Siberia”  (1870),  and  has  lectured  in  Eng- 
land and  America  on  the  exile  system. 

Kennebec  (ken-e-bek').  A river  in  Maine  which 
rises  in  Mooseiiead  Lake  and  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  12  miles  south  of  Bath.  Length,  over 
160  miles ; navigable  to  Augusta. 

Kennedy  (ken'e-di),  Benjamin  Hall.  Born  at 
Summer  Hill,  near  Birmingham,  Nov.  6,  1804: 
died  at  Torquay,  April  6,  1889.  An  English 
classical  scholar.  In  1836  he  became  head-master  of 
Shrewsbury  School,  and  in  1867  was  made  regius  profes- 
sor of  Greek  at  Cambridge,  and  canon  of  Ely. 

Kennedy,  Edmund  B.  Died  near  Albany  Bay, 
Australia,  Dec.  13,  1848.  An  Australian  ex- 
plorer and  government  surveyor  in  New  South 
Wales.  In  March,  1847,  he  led  an  expedition  to  trace 
the  course  of  the  Victoria  River.  In  Jan.,  1848,  he  at- 
tempted the  exploration  of  Cape  York,  and  died,  on  his  re- 
turn, between  Weymouth  Bay  and  Albany  Bay. 

Kennedy,  John  Pendleton.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Oct.  25,  1795:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Aug.  18, 
1870.  An  American  statesman  and  author. 

He  was  member  of  Congress  from  M«iryland  1839—15,  and 
secretary  of  the  navy  1852-53.  He  wrote  “ Horse-Shoe 
Robinson  ” (1835),  “Life  of  William  Wirt”  (1849),  “Mr. 
Ambrose's  Letters  on  the  Rebellion  ” (1865). 

Kennesaw  Mountain.  See  Kenesaw  Mountain. 

Kennet,  or  Kennett  (ken'et).  A river  in 
England  which  joins  the  Thames  at  Reading. 
Length,  about  50  miles. 

Kennet,  White.  Bom  at  Dover,  England,  1660 : 
died  at  London,  1728.  An  English  bishop,  anti- 
quarian , and  theological  writer.  His  chief  work 
is  a “Compleat  nistorv  of  England  ” (1706). 

Kenneth  (ken'eth)  I.  MacAlpine.  Died  about 
860.  King  of  the  Scots.  Hewastheeonof  Alpin.king 
of  the  Dalriad  Scots.  Hisfather  died  in  battle  with  the  Piets, 


Kenneth  I. 

July  20, 834.  In  843  he  established  his  rule  over  Alban,  or 
the  united  kingdom  of  the  Piets  and  Scots,  and  fixed  his 
capital  at  Scone. 

Kenneth  II.  Died  995.  A Scottish  king,  son  of 
Malcolm  I.  During  his  reign  the  central  districts 
of  Scotland  were  consolidated  and  defended. 
Kennicott  (ken'i-kot),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Tot- 
nes,  Devonshire,  April  4, 1718  : died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Aug.  18,  1783.  An  English  biblical 
scholar.  He  was  Itadcliffe  librarian  at  Oxford  1767-83. 
His  special  work  was  the  collation  of  Hebrew  manuscripts, 
in  which  he  was  assisted  by  his  wife.  She  founded  two 
Hebrew  scholarships  at  Oxford  in  memory  of  her  husband. 
Kennicott's  chief  work  is  his  “ Vetus  Testamentumhebrai- 
cum  cum  variis  lectionibus  ” (1776-80).  His  collection  of 
manuscripts  is  deposited  at  the  Hew  Museum,  Oxford. 
Kennington (ken'ing-ton).  [‘King’s town.’]  A 
district  in  Lambeth,  London. 

It  was  here  that  (1041)  Hardicanute  died  suddenly  at  a 
wedding-feast.  . . . Nothing  remains  now  of  the  palace. 

Hare,  London,  II.  404. 

Kenora  (ke-no'ra).  See  Rat  Portage. 
Kenosha  (ke-no'sha).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Kenosha  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  34  miles  south  of  Milwaukee  : a trad- 
ing center.  Population,  21,371,  (1910). 
Kensal  Green  (ken'sal  gren).  A cemetery  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  London. 

Kensett  (ken'set),  John  Frederick.  Bom  at 
Cheshire,  Conn.,  March  22,  1818:  died  at  New 
York,  Dec.  16,  1872.  An  American  landscape- 
painter.  He  spent  several  years(184(M7)in  Europe,  paint- 
ing in  England,  Italy,  etc.,  and  was  elected  national  acad- 
emician in  1849.  In  1859  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commission  to  supervise  the  decoration  of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington.  Among  his  works  are  “An  October  After- 
noon ’’  (1864),  “New  Hampshire  Scenery,”  “Afternoon  on 
the  Connecticut  Shore,"  “Lake  George,"  etc. 
Kensington  (ken'sing-ton).  A borough  (met- 
ropolitan) of  London,  north  of  the  Thames,  4 
miles  west-southwest  of  St.  Paul’s.  It  contains 
Kensington  Gardens,  Kensington  Palace,  and  Holland 
House,  and  sends  2 representatives  to  Parliament.  (For 
the  museum,  etc.,  see  South  Kensington  Museum.)  Pop- 
ulation, 172.402,  (1911). 

Kent  (kent).  [ME.  Kent,  AS.  Cent,  Csent,  L.  Can- 
tium,Cantia,Gv.  Kavnov,  fromanOldCeltic  name 
represented  by  W.  Caint.~\  The  southeastern- 
most  county  of  England.  It  is  bounded  by  Essex 
(from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Thames)  and  the  North 
Sea  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  the  Strait  of 
Dover,  the  English  Channel,  and  Sussex  on  the  south,  and 
Surrey  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  undulating.  The  soil 
is  highly  cultivated,  Kent  being  especially  noted  for  hop- 
raising. It  was  the  scene  of  Csesar’s  invasions  in  55  and  54 
B.  c.,  and  of  the  earliest  Teutonic  invasions  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury, and  was  the  seatof  the  Jutish  kingdoms.  Its  conver- 
sion to  Christianity  commenced  under  Augustine  in  597, 
and  it  was  annexed  to  Wessexin  823.  Area  (ad.  co.),  1,520 
square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  935,855;  including 
part  of  London,  1,348,841. 

Kent,  PrinceEdward  Augustus,  Duke  of.  Bom 

at  Buckingham  House,  London,  Nov.  2,  1767 : 
died  at  Sidmouth,  Devonshire,  Jan.  23,1820.  The 
fourth  son  of  George  HI.  of  England,  and  father 
of  Queen  Victoria.  On  May  28,  1818,  he  married  Vic- 
toria Mary  Louisa,  widow  of  Emich  Charles,  prince  of  Lein- 
ingen-Dachsburg-Hardenburg.  Their  only  child,  Victoria, 
was  born  at  Kensington  Palace,  May  24, 1819. 

Kent,  Earl  of.  A characterin  Shakspere’s  “ King 
Lear”:  an  upright  and  faithful  counselor. 
Kent,  Fair  Maid.  of.  See  Joan. 

Kent,  Maid  of  or  Nun  of.  See  Barton,  Elisa- 
beth. 

Kent,  Janies.  Born  at  Philippi,  Putnam  County, 
N.  Y.,  July  31, 1763 : died  at  New  York,  Dec.  12, 
1847.  Anoted  American  jurist.  He  became  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  in  1798  ; was  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  1804-14;  and  was 
chancellor  1814-23.  nis  chief  work  is  “Commentaries  on 
American  Law  " (1826-30). 

Kent,  William.  Born  in  the  North  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  1684:  died  at  London,  April  12, 1748. 
An  English  painter,  sculptor,  architect,  and 
landscape-gardener.  He  studied  in  Rome,  where  in 
1716  he  attracted  the  notice  of  Richard  Boyle,  third  earl  of 
Burlington,  with  whom  he  resided  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 
He  is  best  known  as  the  butt  of  Chesterfield,  Hogarth,  and 
other  wits  of  the  time. 

Kentigern  (ken'ti-gern),  or  Mungo  (mung'go), 
Saint.  Born  at  Culross,  Perthshire,  probably 
518 : died  Jan.  13, 603.  The  apostle  of  the  Strath- 
clyde Britons  in  Scotland,  and  patron  saint  of 
Glasgow. 

Kentish  Town  (ken'tish  toun).  A northern 
suburb  of  London,  3 miles  northwest  of  St. 
Paul’s. 

Kent  Island.  The  largest  island  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  situated  in  Queen  Anne  County,  Maryland, 
7 miles  east  of  Annapolis.  The  first  settlement  in 
Maryland  was  made  here  by  Claiborne  in  1631.  Length, 
15  miles. 

Kent’s  Cavern.  A cave  near  Torquay,  Devon- 
shire, England,  noted  for  the  paleolithic  flint 
tools  and  other  implements,  and  for  the  animal 
remains,  discovered  there. 


567 

Kentucky  (ken-tuk'i).  [Prom  the  river  so 
named.  Ken  tucky  is  an  Indian  word  variously 
explained  as  meaning  ‘ at  the  head  of  a river,’ 
‘ river  of  blood,’  ‘ the  dark  and  bloody  land  ’ or 
‘ground.’]  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Frankfort. 
Largest  city,  Louisville.  It  is  separated  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi from  Missouri  on  the  west,  by  the  Ohio  from  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois  on  the  north,  and  by  the  Big  Sandy 
from  West  Virginia  on  the  east,  and  is  bounded  by  Virginia 
on  the  southeast,  and  by  Tennessee  on  the  south.  It  lies 
between  lat.  36°  3(Y  and  39°  6'  N.,  and  long.  82°  and  89°  38'  W. 
It  is  mountainous  in  the  east;  the  “Blue  Grass  region"  is 
in  the  center.  The  chief  minerals  are  coal  and  iron ; the 
leading  occupations  are  agriculture  and  the  breeding  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  mules.  It  is  the  first  State  in  produc- 
tion of  tobacco  and  hemp.  It  has  119  counties  ; sends  2 
senators  and  11  representatives  to  Congress ; and  has  13 
electoral  votes.  Kentucky,  the  ancient  Indian  hunting- 
ground  (“dark  and  bloody  ground”),  was  explored  by 
Daniel  Boone  in  1769 ; was  settled  at  Harrodsburg  in  1774 ; 
was  formed  into  a county  of  Virginia  in  1776;  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  in  1792;  was  distinguished  in  the  War  of 
1812  and  the  Mexican  war;  was  one  of  the  Slave  States; 
attempted  to  preserve  neutrality  in  the  Civil  War;  was 
occupied  by  Federals  and  Confederates  in  1861 ; and  was 
the  scene  of  various  campaigns  and  raids.  Area,  40,400 
square  miles.  Population,  2,289,905,  (1910). 

Kentucky.  A river  in  the  State  of  Kentucky, 
joining  the  Ohio  45  miles  southwest  of  Cincin- 
nati. Length,  over  250  miles;  navigable  to 
Frankfort. 

Kentucky  Resolutions.  Nine  resolutions  pre- 
pared by  Thomas  Jefferson  and  passed  by  the 
legislature  of  Kentucky  in  1798.  A tenth  was 
passed  in  1799.  They  declared  the  “alien  and  sedition 
laws  ” void,  and  emphasized  the  rights  of  the  several 
States. 

Kenwigs  (ken'svigz),  Morleena.  In  Dic-kens’s 
“ Nicholas  Nickleby,”  a young  lady  with  flaxen 
pigtails  and  white-ruffled  trousers,  who  has  a 
habit  of  fainting  at  intervals. 

Kenyon  (ken'yon),  John.  Born  in  the  parish 
of  Trelawney,  Jamaica,  1784:  died  at  Cowes, 
Isle  of  Wight,  Dec.  3,  1856.  An  English  poet 
and  philanthropist.  He  studied  at  Charterhouse,  and 
in  1802  entered  Cambridge,  leaving  without  a degree  in 
1808.  He  published  a few  poems,  but  is  bestknown  from 
his  charity. 

Kenyon,  Lloyd,  Baron  Kenyon.  Born  at  Gred- 
ington,  Flintshire,  Wales,  Oct.  5,  1732:  died  at 
Bath,  England,  April  4,  1802.  A British  jurist, 
lord  chief  justice  of  England  1788-1802. 

Kenyon  College.  A Protestant  Episcopal  Col- 
lege at  Gambier,  Ohio.  It  is  attended  by  about  125 
students,  and  has  a library  of  over  40,000  volumes. 

Keokuk  (ke'o-kuk).  A city  and  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Lee  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  it  is  a rail- 
way  center  and  canal  terminus,  and  has  iron  manufactures. 
Meat-packing  is  an  important  industry.  A dam  across 
the  Mississippi  River  from  Keokuk  to  Hamilton,  111.,  was 
completed  in  August,  1913.  Population,  14,008,  (1910). 

Kephallenia.  See  Ceplmlonia. 

Kepler  (kep'ler),  Johann  (family  name  origi- 
nally Von  Kappel).  Born  at  Weil  der  Stadt, 
Wiirtemberg,  Dec.  27,  1571:  died  at  Ratisbon, 
Bavaria,  Nov.  15,  1630.  A celebrated  German 
astronomer,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  mod- 
em astronomy.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Gratz  in  1593,  assistant  of  Tycho  at  Prague  in  1600,  aud 
imperial  astronomer  in  1601,  and  was  professor  at  Linz 
1612-26.  His  name  is  especially  associated  with  the  three 
laws  of  planetary  motion  (Kepler's  laws).  The  first  two 
were  announced  in  his  “De  Motibus  Stellse  Martis”  in 
1609,  and  he  discovered  the  third  on  March  8,  1018.  The 
three  laws  are  as  follows : (a)  The  orbits  of  the  planets  are 
ellipses  having  the  sun  at  one  focus.  (6)  The  areas  de- 
scribed by  their  radii  vectores  in  equal  times  are  equal, 
(c)  The  squares  of  their  periodic  times  are  proportional  to 
the  cubes  of  their  mean  distances  from  the  sun.  His  com- 
plete works  were  edited  by  Frisch  (1858-71). 

Keppel  (kep'pel),  Arnold  Joost  van,  first  Earl 
of  Albemarle.  Born  in  the  Netherlands,  1669: 
died  May  30,  1718.  A Dutch  officer  in  the  ser- 
vice of  William  HI.,  and  later  of  the  States- 
General. 

Keppel,  Augustus,  Viscount  Keppel.  Born 
April  25,  1725:  died  Oct.  2,  1786.  An  English 
admiral,  second  son  of  William  Anne  Keppel, 
second  earl  of  Albemarle,  in  1755  he  took  command 
of  the  North  American  squadron  at  Hampton  P.oads.  He 
was  made  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  in  1762,  vice-admiral 
in  1770,  admiral  of  the  blue  in  1778,  and  commander-in- 
chief of  the  fleet  in  1778.  On  July  27, 1778,  he  engaged  the 
French  fleet  in  the  Channel  without  result.  For  his  be- 
havior in  this  battle  he  was  court-martialed  Jan.,  1779, 
and  acquitted.  In  Rockingham's  cabinet  he  was  appointed 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty  (1782),  and  created  Viscount 
Keppel.  He  retired  from  public  life  in  1783. 

Keppel,  George  Thomas,  sixth  Earl  of  Albe- 
marle. Born  June  13,  1799:  died  at  London, 
Feb.  21,  1891.  An  English  general  and  writer 
of  travels,  etc. 

Ker  (ker),  John  Bellenden.  Born  1765  (?) : died 
at  Ramridge,  Hampshire,  June,  1842.  An  Eng- 
lish botanist  and  man  of  fashion.  He  was  the  eldest 
son  of  John  Gawler  of  Ramridge,  and  Caroline,  daughter 


Kermanshah 

of  John,  Baron  Bellenden.  On  Nov.  6,  1804,  he  took,  by 
license  of  George  III. , the  name  of  Ker-Bellenden,  but  was 
known  as  Bellenden  Ker.  In  1801  he  published  “Recensio 
Plantarum.”  Iu  1812  he  became  the  first  editor  of  the 
“Botanical  Register,”  and  served  until  1823.  In  1828  he 
published  his  “Iiidearum  Genera."  A portrait  ot  Ker  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  was  sold  in  1887  for  £2,415. 

Ker  a.  See  Keresan. 

Kerak  (ke-rak').  A town  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, 48  miles  southeast  of  Jerusalem:  the  an- 
cient Kir-Hareseth,  a city  of  the  Moabites. 
The  castle  of  the  Crusaders,  built  here  about  1131  by  King 
Foulques,  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  of  medieval  monu- 
ments. The  walls  and  towers  are  lofty  and  massive ; the 
passages,  colonnades,  cisterns,  and  moats  are  of  great  ex- 
tent and  interest.  A subterranean  chapel  with  frescos  i3 
very  curious.  Population,  estimated,  8,000. 

Keratry  (ka-ra-tre'),  Auguste  Hilarion  de. 

Born  at  Rennes,  France,  Oct.  28,  1769:  died 
Nov.,  1859.  A French  politician  and  miscella- 
neous writer. 

Keratry,  Comte  Emile  de.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
20,  1832 : died  there,  April  7,  1904.  A French 
jolitician  and  publicist,  son  of  the  above, 
erauli  (ker-ou-le'),  or  Karauli  (kar-ou-le'), 
or  Kerowlee  (ker-ou-le').  1.  A native  state  in 
Rajputana,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N., 
long.  77°  E.  It  is  under  British  control. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Kerauli,  about  lat. 
26°  27'  N.,  long.  77°  4'  E.  Population,  about 

24.000. 

Kerbela  (ker 'be -la),  or  Meshhed-Hussein 

(mesh-ed'hus-san').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey,  57  miles  south-south- 
west of  Bagdad : the  sacred  city  of  the  Shiites. 
Population,  estimated,  about  65,000. 

Keres.  See  Keresan. 

Keresan  (ka-re'san).  Alinguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians  which  embraces  the  seden- 
tary tribes  occupying  the  pueblos  or  communal 
villages  of  Acoma,  Laguna,  Cochiti,  Santa  Ana, 
San  Felipe,  Santo  Domingo,  andSia,  in  the  main 
and  tributary  valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande,  New 
Mexico.  The  stock  comprises  two  dialectic  groups : one, 
the  pueblos  of  Lagpna  and  Acoma,  with  their  outlying 
villages ; the  other  or  eastern  pueblos,  which  form  the  Kera 
or  Keres  group,  from  which  the  name  of  the  stock  is  de- 
rived. In  1540  the  tribes  inhabited  seven  villages  ; in  1580 
but  five  iVeie  occupied.  Laguna  was  not  established  as  a 
pueblo  until  1699.  Except  Acoma,  none  of  the  Keresan 
pueblos  is  on  the  site  occupied  at  the  time  of  the  early 
Spanish  explorations.  They  number  about  4,000.  Also 
Kera,  Keres,  Quera,  Queres,  Quirix,  Chuchacas. 

Keresaspa  (ke-re-sas'pa).  [‘  Having  lean,  slen- 
der horses.’]  In  the  Avesta,  a hero  of  the  race 
of  Sama.  He  and  Urvakhshaya  are  sons  of  Thrita.  He 
avenges  the  murder  of  his  brother  by  Hitaspa,  and  slays 
the  dragon  Srvara  and  the  demon  Gandarewa.  In  the 
Shalmamah  the  name  appears  as  Garshasp. 

Keretbim  (ker'e-thim).  See  the  extract. 

David  instituted  a bodyguard  of  Kerethim  and  Peletbim, 
or  rather  of  Cretans  and  Philistines  (2  Sam.  xv.  18),  to 
whom  the  Hebrew  of  2 Sam.  xx.  23  adds  a name  which  lias 
been  obliterated  in  our  English  version,  the  Carians.  These 
foreign  soldiers  were  a sort  of  Janissaries  attached  to  the 
person  of  the  sovereign,  after  the  common  fashion  of 
Eastern  monarclis,  who  deem  themselves  most  secure  when 
surrounded  by  a band  of  followers  uninfluenced  by  family 
connections  with  the  people  of  the  land.  The  constitution 
of  the  bodyguard  appears  to  have  remained  unchanged  to 
the  fall  of  the  Judaean  state. 

IF.  if.  Smith,  0.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  249. 

Kerewe  (ke-ra'we),  orWakerewe  (wa-ke-ra'- 
we).  An  African  tribe  of  German  East  Africa, 
inhabiting  the  island  Ukerewe  and  adjacent 
mainland,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Yictcria. 
Bukindo  is  their  capital.  Though  apparently  Bantu,  their 
dialect  is  said  to  differ  considerably  from  that  of  their 
Wasukuma  neighbors. 

Kerguelen  (kerg'e-len)  Land,  or  Desolation 
Island.  One  of  a group  of  islands  in  the  South- 
ern Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  49°  S.,  long.  69° 
30'  E.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  was  discovered 
by  the  Frenchman  Kerguelen  Tr^marec  in  1772  : annexed 
hy  France  1893.  Length,  about  90  miles. 

Kerkenna  (ker-ken'na)  Islands.  A group  of 

islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Cabes  (Syrtis  Minor),  east 
of  Tunis. 

Kerki  (ker'ke).  A town  in  Russian  central 
Asia,  on  the  Oxus  south  of  Bokhara.  It  is  an 
important  point  on  the  caravan  route,  and  is 
garrisoned  by  Russians. 

Kerkuk  (ker-kok'),  officially  Shahr  Zul  (shar 
zol)  (or  Zor).  A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Mosul, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Adhem  90  miles 
southeast  of  Mosul.  Population,  estimated, 

30.000. 

Kerkyra.  See  Corfu. 

Kermadec  (k6r-ma-dek')  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  about  lat. 
30°  S.,  long.  178°  W. : annexed  by  Great  Britain 
in  1886. 

Kerman.  See  Kirman. 

Kermanshah.  See  Kirmanshahan. 


568 


Kern-baby 


Khazars 


Kem-baby  (kern'ba-bi),  or  Kernababy  (ker'- 
na-ba-bi).  See  the  extract. 

Let  us  take  another  piece  of  folklore.  All  North-country 
English  folk  know  the  Kernababy.  The  custom  of  the 
“ Kernababy  ’’  is  commonly  observed  in  England,  or,  at  all 
events,  in  Scotland,  where  the  writer  has  seen  many  a ker- 
nababy. The  last  gleanings  of  the  last  field  are  bound  up 
in  a rude  imitation  of  the  human  shape,  and  dressed  in 
some  tag-rags  of  finery.  The  usage  has  fallen  into  the 
conservative  hands  of  children,  but  of  old  “the  Maiden” 
was  a regular  image  of  the  harvest  goddess,  which,  with  a 
sickle  and  sheaves  in  her  arms,  attended  by  a crowd  of 
reapers,  and  accompanied  with  music,  followed  the  last 
carts  home  to  the  farm.  It  is  odd  enough  that  the  “ Maid- 
en” should  exactly  translate  the  old  Sicilian  name  of  the 
daughter  of  Demeter.  “The  Maiden  "has  dwindled,  then, 
among  us  to  the  rudimentary  kernababy ; but  ancient  Peru 
had  her  own  Maiden,  her  Harvest  Goddess. 

Lang,  Custom  and  Myth,  p.  17. 

Kemer  (ker'ner),  Andreas  Justinus.  _ Born  at 
Ludwigsburg,  Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  18, 1786:  died 
at  Weinsberg,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  21,  1862.  A 
German  lyric  poet  and  medical  writer.  He  was 
destined  at  the  outset  for  a mercantile  career,  but  ulti- 
mately studied  natural  history  at  Tubingen,  where  he  was 
intimately  associated  with  I' bland  and  Gustav  Schwab, 
with  whom  he  founded  the  so-called  Swabian  school  of  poe- 
try. After  1819  he  was  district  physiciau  at  Weinsberg, 
where  he  died.  His  poems  are  characterized  by  a true 
lyric  quality : one  at  least  of  them,  the  “ Wanderlied  " 
("Wander  Song”),  has  become  a genuine  folk-song.  He 
was  a believer  in  spiritualistic  manifestations,  and  wrote 
several  works  in  this  field,  among  them  “ Die  Seherin  von 
Prevorst’’  (“The  Prophetess  of  Prevorst’’).  His  principal 
prose  work  is  “Reiseschatten  von  dem  Schattenspieler 
Luchs  ” ("  Magic  Lantern  Pictures  of  Travel  by  the  Ex- 
hibitor Luchs,”  1811). 

Keroualle,  or  Querouaille  (ka-ro-aF),  Louise 
Renee  de,  Duchess  of  Portsmouth  and  Aubigny. 
Born  1649:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  14,  1734.  Elder 
daughter  of  Guillaume  de  Penancoet,  sieur  de 
Keroualle.  She  first  appears  as  maid  of  honor  to  Hen- 
rietta, duchess  of  Orleans,  sister  of  Charles  11.,  and  later 
to  Queen  Catharine.  She  became  mistress  of  Charles  II. 
in  1671,  and  on  July  29,  1672,  bore  him  a son,  Charles  Len- 
nox, who  was  created  duke  of  Richmond.  She  was  nat- 
uralized and  in  1673  created  duchess  of  Portsmouth,  and 
made  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  the  queen.  In  1674  she 
was  granted  by  Louis  XIV.  the  fief  of  Aubigny  in  Berry. 
After  the  death  of  Charles  II.  she  retired  to  Aubigny  for 
the  rest  of  her  life. 

Kerr  (ker),  Robert.  Born  at  Bughtridge,  Rox- 
burghshire, 1755:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  11, 
1813.  A Scottish  author.  He  is  best  known  for  his 
“ General  History  and  Collection  of  Voyages  and  Travels  ” 
(28  volumes  : 1811-24). 

Kerry  (ker'i).  A maritime  county  in  Munster, 
Ireland.  It  is  separated  by  the  Shannon  from  Clare  on 
the  north,  and  bounded  by  Limerick  and  Cork  on  the  east, 
Cork  on  the  southeast,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  south- 
west and  west.  It  contains  Macgillicuddy's  Reeks  and 
the  Lakes  of  Killamey.  The  chief  town  is  Tralee.  Area, 
1,859  square  miles.  Population,  165,726 
Kertch  (kerch).  A seaport  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  Crimea,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Yenikale  in  lat.  45°  21'  N.,  long.  36°  28'  E.:  the 
ancient  Pan  ticapteum.  It  is  noted  for  its  antiquities; 
was  an  ancient  Milesian  colony ; was  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Bosporus ; was  occupied  later  by  the  Byzantine 
empire,  Genoese,  Turks,  etc.;  passed  to  Russia  in  1774  ; 
and  was  sacked  by  the  English  and  French  forces  in  1855. 
Population,  with  Yenikale,  about  33,000. 

Keshab  Cbandra  Sen  (ke-shub'  chan'dra  san). 
Born  1838 : died  1884.  The  third  groat  tiieistic 
reformer  of  British  India,  following  Rammohun 
Roy  and  DebeDdranath  Tagore.  Under  ins  leader- 
ship  the  Bnihmasamaj  or  Theistic  Church  wasted  to  break 
with  almost  all  the  traditional  Hindu  usages  spared  by 
his  predecessors,  even  the  distinction  of  caste. 

Kesho.  See  Hanoi. 

Kesmark.  See  Edsmark. 

Kesselsdorf  (kes'sels-dorf).  A village  5 miles 
southwest  of  Dresden.  Here,  Dec.  15,  1745,  the  Prus- 
sians under  Leopold  of  Dessau  defeated  the  Saxons.  The 
peace  of  Dresden,  putting  an  end  to  the  second  Silesian 
war,  immediately  followed. 

Kestenholz  (kes'ten-holts).  A small  town  in 
Alsace,  27  miles  southwest  of  Strasburg. 
Keswhawhay.  See  Eeresan. 

Keswick  (kez'ik).  Atown  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Greta  22  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Carlisle.  It  was  the  residence  of  Southey 
and  Shelley,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  Der- 
wentwater,  Skiddaw,  Borrowdale,  etc.,  are  in  the  neigh- 
borhood.  Population,  4,451. 

Keszthely  (kest'hely).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Zala,  Hungary,  situated  on  Lake  Balaton 
in  lat  46°  47'  N.,long.  17°  15'  E.  Population, 
commune,  6,796. 

Ketch  (kecb),  John,  surnamed  Jack  Ketch. 

Died  Nov.,  1686.  A famous  English  executioner. 

• On  Dec.  2,  1678,  his  name  first  appears  in  a broadside  en- 
titled ‘ The  Plotter’s  Ballad,  being  Jack  Ketch’s  incom- 
parable receipt  for  the  cure  of  Traitorous  Recusants,  etc.” 
“Punchinello”  was  about  the  time  of  his  death  intro- 
duced into  England  from  Italy,  and  his  name  passed  nat- 
urally to  the  executioner  in  the  puppet-show. 

Kete  (ka'te),  or  Bakete  (ba-ka'te).  A widely 
scattered  Bantu  tribe  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  on 
the  Kassai,  Luebo,  and  Lubilashi  rivers.  Their 


towns  arc  intermixed  with  those  of  the  Bashi-lange.  An 
American  Presbyterian  mission  has  settled  among  them. 

Ketteler  (ket'tel-er),  Baron  Wilhelm  Emanuel 

von.  Born  at  Munster,  Prussia,  Dec.  25, 1811 : 
died  at  Burghausen,  Upper  Bavaria,  July  13, 
1877.  A German  ecclesiastic  and  Ultramontane 
leader,  made  bishop  of  Mainz  in  1850. 

Kettering  (ket'er-ing).  A town  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, England,  13  miles  northeast  of  North- 
ampton. Population,  28,653. 

Kettle  (ket'l),  Tilly.  Born  at  London  about 
1740  : died  at  Aleppo,  Syria,  1786.  An  English 
portrait-painter.  His  portraits,  in  the  style  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  have  some  merit. 

Keux.  See  Eay,  Sir. 

Kew  (ku).  A village  in  the  county  of  Surrey, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  9 miles  west 
of  London.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  botanical  gardens. 
These  originated  in  gardens  laid  out  by  Lord  Capel  about 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century.  They  were  extended  by 
George  III.,  and  since  1840  have  been  national  property. 
The  extent  of  the  gardens  is  75  acres,  and  that  of  the  ad- 
joining arboretum  178  acres. 

Kew  Observatory.  The  central  meteorological 
observatory  of  Great  Britain,  it  is  at  Old  Rich- 
mond Park,  between  Kew  and  Richmond,  and  was  built 
by  George  III.  for  the  observation  of  the  transit  of  Venus 
in  1769,  and  called  the  “King’s  Observatory."  About  70 
years  after  this  the  government  determined  to  cease  main- 
taining  it,  and  in  1842  it  was  handed  over  to  the  British 
Association  under  the  name  of  “Kew  Observatory.”  In 
1871  it  was  transferred  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  is  now 
the  central  station  of  the  meteorological  office. 

Keweenaw  (ke'we-na)  Bay.  An  arm  of  Lake 
Superior,  north  of  Michigan,  about  lat.  47°  N., 
long.  88°  W. 

Keweenaw  Point.  A peninsula  in  northern 
Michigan,  projecting  into  Lake  Superior:  noted 
for  its  copper-mines. 

Kew-kiang,  or  Kiu-kiang  (ku-ke-ang').  A 

city  in  the  province  of  Kiangsi,  China,  situated 
on  the  Yangtse,  lat.  29°  42'  N.,  long.  116°  8'  E. 
It  exports  tea.  Population,  about  36.000. 

Key  (ke),  Sir  Astley  Cooper.  Born  1821:  died 
at  Maidenhead,  England,  March  3,  1888.  A 
British  admiral.  He  was  the  son  of  a surgeon,  Charles 
Aston  Key ; entered  the  navy  in  1833  ; and  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant  Dec.  22, 1842.  He  was  made  commander 
at  Obligado  Nov.  20, 1845.  He  commanded  the  Amphion  in 
the  Baltic  in  theRussian  war  1854-55;  went  to  China  in  1857 ; 
was  made  rear-admiral  in  1866 ; organized  the  Royal  Naval 
College  at  Greenwich  in  1872,  and  became  its  president  in 
1873 ; was  made  vice-admiral  in  1873,  and  admiral  in  1878 ; 
and  became  first  naval  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1879. 

Key,  Francis  Scott.  Born  in  Frederick  County, 
Maryland,  Aug.  9,  1780 : died  at  Baltimore, 
Jan  11,  1843.  An  American  poet,  author  of 
“ The  Star-Spangled  Banner.”  His  poems  were 
published  in  1857. 


Kezanlyk,  or  Kezanlik.  See  Eazanlik. 

Kezdi-Vasarhely  (kez'de-va'shar-hely).  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Haromszek,  Transylva- 
nia, Hungary,  34  miles  northeast  of  Kronstadt. 

Khabarovka  (kha-ba-rof'ka).  The  capital  of 
the  Maritime  Province,  Siberia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Ussuri  with  the  Amur,  about  lat. 
48°  30'  N.,  long.  135°  30'  E. 

Khadijah.  See  Eadijah. 

Khafra  (khaf'ra).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the 
4th  dynasty,  builder  of  the  second  of  the  great 
pyramids  of  Gizeh.  His  statue  was  removed 
from  Gizeh  to  Cairo  in  1902.  Also  Eephren, 
Cliephren,  Chabryes.  See  Sphinx,  The. 

The  statue  of  Khafra  [of  polished  green  diorite,  in  the 
Gizeh  palace],  the  founder  of  the  Second  Pyramid,  which 
is  remarkable  not  only  for  its  great  age  — sixty  centuries  at 
least  — but.  for  its  breadth  and  majesty,  as  well  as  for  the 
finish  of  its  details.  It  is  therefore  a rare  object.  It  also 
throws  an  unexpected  light  across  the  history  of  Egyptian 
Art,  and  shows  that  six  thousand  years  ago  the  Egyptian 
artist  had  but  little  more  progress  to  make. 

Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  111. 

Khaibar  Pass.  See  Ehyber  Pass. 

Khairabad,  or  Khyrabad  (kl-ra-bad').  The 
capital  of  Sitapur  district,  United  Provinces, 
British  India,  50  miles  north,  of  Lucknow.  Pop- 
ulation, 13,774. 

Khairpur,  or  Khyrpur  (ldr-por').  A native 
state  in  Sind,  India,  under  British  protection, 
intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  69°  E.  Area, 
6,050  square  miles.  Population,  199,313. 

Khalid  (cha'led),  or  Kaled  (ka'led).  Died  at 
Emesa,  Syria . 642  a.  d.  A Saracen  general,  sur- 
n am ed  “ th e S word  of  God . ” He  com manded  the  Mec- 
can force  which  defeated  Mohammed  at  Ohod  in  626.  He 
a f terward  became  a follower  of  the  prophet,  and  was  placed 
by  Mohammed’s  successor,  Abu-Bekr,  in  command  of  an  ex- 
pedition against  Syria.  He  defeated  the  Byzantine  army 
in  a decisive  battle  on  the  Hieromax  (Yarmuk)  and  cap- 
tured Damascus  in  626. 

Khamil  (cha-mel'),  or  Hami  (ha-me').  A town 
in  Eastern  Turkestan,  about  lat.  42°  50'  N., 
long.  93°  30'  E. 

Khandesh  (khan-desk'),  or  Candeish  (-dash'). 
A district  in  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  21°  N.,long.  75°  E.  Area,  10,041  square 
miles.  Population,  1,427,382. 

Khandwa  (khund'wa),orKhundwa,  or  Cund- 
wah  (kund'wa).  The  capital  of  Nimar  district, 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  situated  in 
lat.  21°  50'  N.,  long.  76°  22'  E. 

Kbania.  See  Canea. 

Khanpur  (khan-por').  A town  in  the  state  of 
Bhawalpur,  India,  situated  in  lat.  28°  39'  N. , 
long.  70°  41'  E. 


Key,  Thomas  Hewitt.^Born  at  London,  March  Khan  Tengri  (khan  ten'gre).  The  highest  peak 
on  i - -1-  - 1 •*’  XT  “ ~'nr7r  4 of  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains,  central  Asia  (24,- 

000  feet). 


20, 1799 : died  there,  Nov.  29,  1875.  An  Eng- 
lish Latin  scholar.  In  1826  he  was  made  professor  of 

mathematics  in  the  University  of  Virginia,  but  returned  Kharezm  (kha-rezm').  A country  of  central 
to  England  in  1827.  In  1828  he  was  appointed  professor  ...  . v , , - - - - - 


of  Latin  in  London  University,  and  in  1842  professor  of 
comparative  grammar.  He  was  also  head-master  of  the 
school  attached  to  University  College  from  1842  until  his 
death.  Hepublisheda“LatinGrammar”(1846).  HisLatin 
dictionary  appeared  in  1888. 

Keyes  (kez),  Erasmus  Darwin.  Born  at  Brim- 
field,  Mass.,  May  29,  1810:  died  Oct.  14,  1895. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1832  ; was  military  secretary  to  General  Scott  1860-61 ; 
and  became  major-general  of  volunteers  in  the  Union  army 
in  1862.  He  commanded  a brigade  at  Bull  Run,  July  21, 
1831,  and  a corps  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  May  31,  1862. 
He  published  “Fifty  Years’  Observation  of  Men  and 
Events"  (1884). 

Key  Islands.  See  Eei  Islands , 


Asia,  lying  about  the  lower  Oxus  and  the  Aral 
and  Caspian  seas.  Its  monarchs  for  a short  period  at 
the  beginning  of  the  13th  century  ruled  over  a large  part 
of  central  Asia.  Also  Khwarezm,  Khoravesmia,  etc. 

Kharkoff  (char-kof ').  1.  A government  of  Rus- 
sia, surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Kursk, 
Voronezh,  Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Ye- 
katerinoslaff,  and  Pultowa.  Area,  21,041  square 
miles.  Population,  3,118,700. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  government  of  Kharkoff,  situated  on  the 
Udyin  lat.  50°  N., long.  36°  11'  E.  it  has  flourish- 
ing fairs,  trade,  and  manufactures,  and  is  the  seat  of  a uni- 
versity. The  city  was  founded  in  1650,  and  has  been  a 
center  of  Nihilism.  Population,  173,989. 


Key  of  Christendom.  A name  once  given  to  Kharput  (char-pot'),  orHarpoot  (har-pot').  A 
Buda,  Hungary,  from  its  strategically  impor-  town  in  Kurdistan,  Asiatic  Turkey,  70  miles 
tant  position  between  Germany  and  Turkey.  northwest  of  Diarbekir.  Population,  estimated, 
Key  of  India.  Herat.  * about  30,000. 

Key  of  Russia.  A name  sometimes  given  to  Khartum,  or  Khartoum  (char-tom').  A city  in 
Smolensk.  Nubia,  situated  at  the  union  of  the  White  Nile 

Key  of  the  Gulf.  A name  sometimes  given  to  and  Blue  Nile,  in  lat.  15°  40'  N.,  long.  32°  35'  E. 
Cuba,  on  account  of  its  position  at  the  entrance  It  was  founded  by JMehemet  Ali  in  1823,  and  was  formerly 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Key  of  the  Mediterranean.  A name  some- 
times given  to  Gibraltar. 


the  capital  of  the  Egyptian  Sudan  and  an  important  com- 
mercial center.  It  was  occupied  by  Gordon  in  1884-85, 
and  taken  by  the  troops  of  the  Mahdi  Jan.  26, 1885.  It  was 
reentered  by  the  British  Sept,  i,  1898.  Population,  25.000. 


^ nat„1-01-  Khasia  and  Jaintia  Hills.  A district  in  As- 

sam, India,  under  British  control,  intersected 
by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  91°  30'  E.  Area,  6,027 
square  miles.  Population,  202,250. 

Khaskioi  (chiis-ki-oi'),  or  Haskovo  (has-ko'- 
vo).  A town  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria, 
about  45  miles  southeast  of  Philippopolis.  Pop- 
ulation, 15,105. 

Khassi.  See  Tigrc. 

Khatmandu,  or  Katmandu,  or  Catmandoo 

(kat-man-do').  The  capital  of  Nepal,  situated 


Pennsylvania,  the  central  State  of  the  original 
thirteen. 

Key  West  (ke  west),  Sp.  Cayo  Hueso  (ki'o 
wa'so)  (‘Bone  Reef’).  1-  -Aji  island,  one  of 
the  Florida  Keys,  belonging  to  Monroe  County, 
Florida,  situated  60  miles  southwest  of  Cape 
Sable.  Length,  7 miles.  The  population  is 
largely  of  Cuban  and  Bahaman  descent. — 2. 
A seaport  and  the  capital  of  Monroe  County,  and 
the  southernmost  town  in  the  United  States, 
situated  on  the  island  of  Key  West  in  lat.  24° 
33'  N.,  long.  81°  48'  W.  It  is  an  important  United 
States  naval  station,  and  manufactures  cigars.  Popula- 
tion, 19,946,  (1910). 


about  lat.  27°  42'  N.,  long.  85°  12'  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  80,000. 

Khazars.  See  Chazars. 


Khelat 

Khelat,  or  Kelat  (ke-lat').  The  capital  of  Balu- 
chistan, situated  about  lat.  29°  2'  N.,  long.  66° 
35'  E.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  1839  anti  1840,  and  in 
1888  Khelat  and  its  territory  were  incorporated  with  Brit- 
ish India.  The  chief  part  of  Baluchistan  is  under  the 
suzerainty  of  the  Khan  of  Khelat.  Population  of  the 
town,  estimated,  2,000. 

Khem  (ehem).  An  Egyptian  divinity.  See  the 
extract. 

Khem,  the  generative  principle  and  universal  nature, 
was  represented  as  a phallic  figure.  He  was  the  god  of 
Coptos  . . . and  the  Pan  of  Chemmis  (Panopolis) — the 
Egyptian  Pan,  who,  as  Herodotus  justly  observes  (ch.  145, 
book  ii.),  was  one  of  the  eight  great  gods. 

Raivlinson,  Herod.,  II.  285. 

Khemnitzer.  See  Chemnitzer. 

Kheraskoff  (che-ras-kof'),  Mikhail.  Born 
Oct.  25,  1733 : died  at  Moscow,  Oct.  9, 1806.  A 
Russian  epic  poet.  He  wrote  “Rossiada”  in 
12  books,  and  “Vladimir”  in  18  books,  besides 
minor  poems. 

Kheri  (khe  -re ' ) . A district  in  the  U nited  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  28°  N., 
long.  81°  E.  Area,  2,963  sq.  m.  Pop.,  905,138. 
Kherson (cher-son').  1.  A government  of  soutb- 
ern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  Black  Sea  and 
the  governments  of  Bessarabia,  Podolia,  Kieff, 
Yekaterinoslaff,  and  Taurida.  Area,  27,337 
square  miles.  Population,  3,348,200. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Kherson,  situ- 
ated on  the  Dnieper  in  lat.  46°  39'  N.,  long. 
32°  35'  E.  It  was  founded  by  Potemkin  in 
1778.  Population,  59,076. 

Kheta.  See  Hittites. 

Kheyr-ed-Din  Barbarossa.  See  Barbarossa. 
Khilidromi  (ke-le-dro'me),  or  Khiliodromia. 

An  island  in  the  gEgeah  Sea,  belonging  to 
Greece,  east  of  Skopelos  and  north  of  Euboea : 
probably  the  ancient  Peparethus  or  Halon- 
nesus.  Length,  13  miles. 

Khita.  See  Hittites. 

Khiva  (che'va).  1.  A khanate  of  central  Asia, 
situated  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Oxus,  bor- 
dering on  Bokhara  on  the  southeast,  and  nearly 
surrounded  by  Russian  territory.  It  is  governed 
by  a khan,  vassal  (since  1873)  of  Russia.  The  leading  races 
are  Uzbegs,  Sarts,  Turkomans,  and  liberated  Persians.  The 
religion  is  Mohammedan.  Khiva  was  part  of  the  ancient 
Kharezm.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Russia  in 
1717  and  1339,  and  conquered  by  Russia  in  1873.  Area, 
estimated,  24,000  square  miles.  Population,  estimated, 
800,000. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  khanate  of  Khiva,  in 
lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  60°  E.  Population,  about 

5,000. 

Khnum.  An  Egyptian  deity.  See  Ita. 
Khodjend,  or  Khojend  (eho-jend').  Atown  in 
Sir-Daria,  Turkestan,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Sir-Daria  76  miles  west-southwest  of 
Khokand.  Population,  31,881. 

Khoi,  or  Choi  (choi).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  Persia,  situated  on  the  Kotur  in 
lat.  38°  32'  N.,  long.  45°  8'  E.  Near  this  place,  in 
1514,  the  Turks  under  Selim  I.  defeated  the  Persians  un- 
der Ismail.  Population,  estimated,  25,000. 

Khoikhoin  (koi-koin').  The  native  name  of  the 
Hottentots.  By  their  Bantu  neighbors  they  are  called 
Balawu  or  Balao.  They  occupy  the  southwestern  ex- 
tremity of  Africa,  mostly  in  German  territory  and  in  the 
Pape  Colony.  (Fortheir  physical  appearance,  see  Hottentot- 
Bushmen.)  Though  involved  in  relentless  wars  with  the 
white  intruders,  with  Bantu  neighbors,  and  with  people 
of  their  own  kin,  they  have  maintained  themselves  to  this 
day,  and  are  not  decreasing.  They  have  subjugated  a 
Bantu  tribe,  the  Hill  Daraara,  forced  upon  it  their  own 
language,  and  almost  destroyed  another  Bantu  tribe,  the 
Ovaherero.  Most  of  them  are  now  semi-civilized.  The 
principal  tribes  are  that  of  the  Cape  (spearing  Dutch), 
the  Korana,  the  Griqua  or  Bastards  (half-breeds  of  mixed 
Hottentot  and  Dutch  blood),  the  Gonaqua  in  the  Eastern 
Province,  and  the  Namaqua  in  German  Southwest  Africa. 
The  last  is  the  strongest  tribe,  numbering  about  350,030. 
The  main  features  of  the  Khoikhoin  language  are  — (1)  In 
phonology : (a)  the  clicks  which  form  an  integral  part  of 
the  words ; (»)  the  musical  tones  by  which  several  mean- 
ings of  a monosyllabic  root  are  differentiated.  (2)  In  mor- 
phology : (c)  monosyllabic  roots  ; (d)  three  grammatic  gen- 
ders and  three  numbers  ; (e)  the  masculine  and  feminine 
letters  identical  with  the  Hamitie ; (/)  the  use  of  post- 
positions as  in  the  Hamitie  family.  Exceedingly  rich  in 
grammatical  forms  and  in  word-store,  the  Khoikhoin  dia- 
lects are  also  well  provided  withfolk-tales,  animal  stories, 
and  proverbs,  many  of  which  have  been  collected,  but  few 
publi  died.  See  Hottentots  and  Bantu. 

Khojend.  See  Khodjend. 

Khokand  (cho-kiind').  1.  A former  khanate 
of  Turkestan,  now  the  territory  of  Ferghana 
in  Asiatic  Russia:  annexed  by  Russia  in  1876. — 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  territory  of  Ferghana, 
Turkestan,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  in  lat.  40° 
32' N.,  long.  70°  50'  E.  It  is  an  important  trad- 
ing center.  Population,  81,354. 

Khons,  or  Chons.  See  Klmns. 

Khonsar  (chon-sar').  A town  in  the  province 
of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  73  miles  northwest  of 
Ispahan.  Population,  about  12,000. 


569 

Khoramabad  (cho-ra-ma-bad').  Thecapitalof 
the  province  of  Luristan,  Persia,  situated  in  lat. 
33°  30'  N.,  long.  48°  25'  E.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 6,000. 

Khorasan,  or  Khorassan  (cho-ra-san').  A 
province  of  northeastern  Persia,  bordering  on 
Asiatic  Russia  on  the  north  and  Afghanistan 
on  the  east.  Capit  al,  Meshhed.  it  is  largely  a des- 
ert, and  has  suffered  from  invasions  at  all  periods  of  his- 
tory. Area,  estimated,  120,000  square  miles.  Population, 
estimated,  800,000  to  900,000. 

Khorsabad  (khor-sa-bad').  A village  with  a 
mound  of  ruins  on  the  site  of  Dur-Sharukin 
(‘wall  or  city  of  Sargon’),  a city  founded  by 
Sargon,  king  of  Assyria,  722-705  B.  c.  it  is  about 
4 hours  distant  from  ancient  Nineveh,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Jebel-el-Maklub,  and  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Mosul. 
Between  the  years  1843  and  1845  Emil  Botta,  then  French 
consul  at  Mosul,  discovered  in  the  mound  the  palace  of 
Sargon,  the  wallsof  which  were  lined  with  bas-reliefs  con- 
taining a full  record  of  Sargon’s  reign  ; and  Botta’s  suc- 
cessor, Victor  Place,  excavated  in  1852  the  gates  of  the 
city,  which  were  supported  by  gigantic  winged  bulls.  The 
sculptures  are  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris. 

Khosru.  See  Khusrau. 

Khotan  (cho-tan'),  or  Ilchi  (el-che').  A town 
in  Eastern  Turkestan,  situated  in  latitude 
37°  10'  N.,  longitude  80°  2'  E.  Population, 
estimated,  40,000. 

Khotin.  See  Chotin. 

Khufu  (ko'fo).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the  4th 
dynasty,  builder  of  the  great  pyramid  at  Gizeh. 
See  Pyramid.  He  lived  about  2800-2700  B.  C.  according 
to  Lepsius  ; about  370J  B.  c.  according  to  Brugsch.  Also 
Cheops,  Kheops,  Chembes,  Euphis. 

Khumbaba  (kum-ba'ba),  or  Chumbaba,  or 
Humbaba.  In  the  Izdubar  legends,  or  “Nim- 
rod Epic,”  represented  as  the  last  Elamitic  ruler 
of  Babylonia  in  Erech,  who  was  slain  by  Izdu- 
bar and  his  friend  Ea-bani  (see  these  names 
and  Nimrod). 

Khu-n-Aten.  See  Amenhotep  IV. 

Khuns  (khons),  or  Khonsu  (khon'so).  In  Egyp- 
tian mythology,  the  son  of  Annm-Ra  and  Mut, 
who  form  with  him  the  Theban  triad.  He  is  a 
lunar  deity,  and  as  such  wears  the  disk  and  crescent  of  the 
moon,  his  inferior  place  being  further  marked  by  the 
child's  plaited  side  lock.  Occasionally,  however,  he  is 
shown  as  hawk-headed,  and  thus  associated  with  the  sun. 

Khons,  the  3rd  member  of  the  Great  Triad  of  Thebes, com- 
posed of  Amun,  Maut,  and  Khons  their  offspring.  He  is 
supposed  to  be  a character  of  Hercules,  and  also  of  the 
Moon.  In  the  Etymologicum  Magnum,  Hercules  is  called 
Chon.  Bawlinson,  Herod.,  II.  286. 

Khurja  (kor'ja).  A town  in  Bulandshahr  dis- 
trict, Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  50 
miles  southeast  of  Delhi.  Population,  about 

29,000. 

Khusrau  (khus-rou'),  or  Khosru  (kos-ro'),  or 
Cbosroes  (kos'ro-ez).  [See  Kaikhusrau.)  As 
Kaikhusrau,  the  thirteenth  Iranian  king  of  the 
Shahnamah  (see  Kaikhusrau );  in  history,  the 
name  of  the  twenty-first  and  twenty -third  Sas- 
Sanian  kings.  Khusrau  I.  (called  Nushirvan,  ‘ the  gen- 
erous mind’)  reigned  531-579.  He  had  several  wars  with 
the  Romans.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  first  in  532  or  533, 
Justinian  purchased  peace  by  an  annual  tribute  of  440,000 
pieces  of  gold.  One  of  the  conditions  imposed  by  Khus- 
rau was  that  seven  Greek  philosophers  who  were  pagans 
should  be  allowed  to  live  in  the  Roman  Empire  wilhout 
persecution.  At  the  close  of  t!  i e second  war  (540-561)  J us- 
tinian  promised  an  annual  tribute  of  40, COO  pieces  of  gold, 
and  received  in  return  the  cession  of  Colchis  and  Lazica. 
Khusrau  died  before  the  end  of  the  third  war,  which  be- 
gan in  571.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  kings  of  Persia. 
His  empire  extended  from  the  Indus  to  the  Red  8c a,  and 
large  portions  of  central  Asia,  perhaps  also  a part  of  east- 
ern Europe,  recognized  him  as  their  king.  He  was  des- 
potic and  cruel  but  firm,  encouraging  agriculture,  trade, 
and  learning.  He  caused  various  Greek,  Latin,  and  San- 
skrit works  to  be  translated  into  Persian.  Khusrau  II. 
(surnamed  Parviz  or  Parveez,  ‘the  generous  ’)  reigned5C0  or 
691-C28.  He  recovered  the  throne  of  hisfatherHormisdas 
IV.  with  the  aid  of  the  Byzantine  emperor  Maurice.  After 
the  murder  of  Maurice,  Khusrau  made  war  upon  the  ty- 
r nt  Phoeas,  conquering  Mesopotamia,  Syria,  Palestine, 
Egypt,  and  Asia  Minor,  finally  encamping  at  Chalcedon, 
opposite  Constantinople.  Heraclius  saved  the  empire,  re- 
covering the  lost  provinces  and  carrying  the  war  into  Per- 
s'a.  Worn  out,  Khusrau  resolved  in  628  to  abdicate  in 
favor  of  his  son  Merdaza;  but  Shirvah  or  Siroes,  his  eldest 
son,  anticipating  the  design,  put  his  father  to  death.  No 
Persian  king  lived  so  splendidly  as  Khusrau  II. 

Khuzistan  (cho-zis-tan').  A province  of  west- 
ern Persia,  bounded  by  Luristan  on  the  north 
andnortheast,  Farsistan  on  the  east,  the  Persian 
Gulf  on  the  south,  and  Turkey  on  the  west.  It 
was  the  ancient  Susiana. 

Khyber  (chl'ber)  Pass.  A narrow  and  difficult 
mountain  pass  in  eastern  Afghanistan,  leading 
from  Fort  Jummd  to  Dakka,  and  commanding 
the  route  from  Peshawar  to  Kabul,  it  has  been 
an  important  strategic  point.  It  was  traversed  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  and  by  many  later  armies,  including  the 
British  forces  in  the  two  Afghan  wars.  Also  Khybar,  Khai- 
bar,  etc. 

Khyrabad.  See  Khairabad. 

Khyrpur.  See  Khairpur. 


Kielce 

Kiakhta  (ke-ach'ta).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment. of  Transbaikalia,  Siberia,  situated  in  lat. 
50°  10'  N.,  long.  106°  50'  E.  It  has  border  trade 
with  China,  particularly  in  tea. 

Kiang-si  (kyang'se').  A province  of  China, 
bounded  by  Hu-peh  and  Ngan-hui  on  the  north, 
Che-kiang  and  Fu-kien  on  the  east,  Kwang- 
tnng  on  the  south,  and  Hu-nan  on  the  west. 
Area,  69,480  square  miles.  Pop.,  26,532,125. 
Kiang-SU  (kyang'so').  A province  of  China, 
bounded  by  Shan-tung  on  the  north,  the  Yellow 
Sea  on  the  east,  Che-kiang  on  the  south,  and 
Honan  and  Ngan-hui  on  the  west.  Area,  38,- 
600  square  miles.  Population,  13,980,235. 
Kiao-chau  (ki-ao-chou').  A city  and  seaport  of 
the  province  of  Shan-tung,  China,  it  was  occupied 
by  Germany  in  1897,  and,  with  adjoining  territory  amount- 
ing  to  about  200  square  miles,  became  a German  protec- 
torate in  1898. 

Kickapoo  (kik'a-po).  [Ph,  also  Kickapoos  : < 
Kiwigapaw,  he  stands  about.]  An  Algonkian 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  of 
the  Ohio  valley,  and  prominent  in  the  history 
of  the  region  to  the  end  of  the  War  of  1812.  in 
1852  many  went  to  Texas  and  afterward  to  Mexico,  and 
in  1873  some  were  brought  back  and  settled  in  the  Indian 
Territory. 

Kidd  (kid),  Captain  William.  Born  probably 
at  Greenock,  Scotland:  hanged  at  Execution 
Dock,  London,  May  23,  1701.  A notorious  pi- 
rate. In  1695,  on  the  recommendation  of  Robert  Living- 
stone, a colonist,  Richard  Coote,  earl  of  Bellamont,  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  Bay,  placed  Kidd  in  command  of  a 
privateer  with  a special  commission  to  suppress  piracy. 
Beilamont,  Orford,  Somers,  Romney,  and  Shrewsbury  were 
to  pay  the  greater  part  of  the  cost.  His  ship,  the  Adven- 
ture, sailed  from  Plymouth  for  New  York,  May,  1696,  and 
from  New  York  to  Madagascar.  It  was  soon  reported,  how- 
ever, that  Kidd  had  become  a pirate  himself,  and  when  he 
returned  to  Boston,  July,  16:  9,  he  was  arrested.  He  pre- 
tended that  he  had  been  overpowered  by  his  crew,  and  that 
acts  of  piracy  had  been  committed  against  his  will,  and 
that  other  ships  had  been  taken  under  French  passes.  He 
failed,  however,  to  give  a satisfactory  account  of  the  Queda 
Merchant,  his  last  prize.  Kidd  and  several  of  his  crew 
were  sent  to  England  and  were  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey  and 
executed.  A portion  of  the  Qaeda  Merchant’s  treasure 
was  buried  on  Gardiner’s  Island,  New  York,  and  is  popu- 
larly supposed  never  to  have  been  recovered,  but  was  re- 
moved by  the  colonial  authorities  in  1699. 
Kidderminster  (kid'er-min-ster).  A town  in 
Worcestershire,  England,  situated  on  the  Stour 
16  miles  southwest  of  Birmingham,  it  is  noted 

for  the  manufacture  of  carpets.  The  town  is  associated 
with  Richard  Baxter.  Population,  24,681. 

Kidnapped.  A novel  byR.  L.  Stevenson,  pub- 
lished in  1886. 

Kidron.  See  Kedron. 

Kieff(ke'ef),orKiev(k§'ev).  1.  Agovernment 
of  southwestern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Volhynia,  Minsk,  Tchernigoff,  Pul- 
towa,  Kherson,  and  Podolia.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile. Area,  19,676  square  miles.  Population, 

4,355,000. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Kieff,  situated  on  the  Dnieper  in  lat.  50°  26' 
N.,  long.  30°  35'  E.  It  is  called  the  “mother  city 
of  Russia.”  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Sophia,  founded  in 
1017  and  restored  in  the  14th  century  after  injury  by  the 
Tatars,  was  finally  put  in  repair  in  1850.  It  was  originally 
a reproduction  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople  on  a scale 
of  one  fourth,  and  this  original  structure  remains  almost 
intact,  but  subsequent  additions  on  all  sides  have  made 
the  church  much  larger.  The  plan  is  almost  a square ; 
the  interior  height  is  73)  feet;  the  height  of  the  cross  on 
the  highestof  the  7 domes,  154  feet.  The  main  part  of  the 
interior  is  a Greek  cross  with  arms  96  feet  long  and  26 
wide.  Nearly  all  the  walls  and  arches  are  covered  with 
mosaics  on  a gold  ground,  some  of  them  Byzantine.  The 
figure  of  the  Virgin  occupying  the  semi-dome  of  the  chief 
apse  is  especially  noteworthy.  There  are  many  curious 
frescos  in  the  galleries  and  subsidiary  parts  of  the  church. 
There  is  a very  fine  old  crypt.  The  Pecherskoi  monastery 
(with  its  catacombs)  and  the  university  are  also  of  inter- 
est. Thecitywas  thecapitalof  the  grand  princes  of  Kieff ; 
was  sacked  by  the  Mongols  in  1240 ; passed  later  to  Lithua- 
nia and  Poland  ; and  was  annexed  to  Prussia  in  the  17th 
century.  Population,  319,000. 

Kieff  (ke'ef),  Grand  Principality  of.  A grand 
rineipality  of  Russia  in  the  middle  ages.  Hn- 
er  Oleg  (about  900)  the  seat  of  the  Varangian  power  was 
transferred  to  Kieff.  After  1054  it  was  regarded  as  the 
head  of  the  other  Russian  principalities.  From  themiddle 
of  the  12th  century  it  lost  its  preeminence.  It  fell  later  to 
the  Tatars  and  Lithuanians,  and  finally  to  Russia. 

Kiel  (kel).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein, Prussia,  situated  on  Kiel  harbor 
in  lat.  54?  19'  N.,  long.  10°  9'  E.  It  is  the  chief 

German  naval  station  in  the  Baltic,  and  the  principal  city 
of  the  province  ; has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  Europe  ; 
and  is  the  terminus  of  a canal  to  the  North  Sea,  opened 
1895.  Docks  and  quays  have  been  recently  greatly  de- 
veloped. It  has  several  art  and  other  museums  and  a 
university.  A peace  was  concluded  here,  Jan.  14, 1814,  by 
which  Denmark  ceded  Norway  to  Sweden  and  Helgoland 
to  Great  Britain,  and  received  Swedish  Pomerania  and 
Riigen  from  Sweden.  Pop.,  commune,  208,845,  (1910). 
Kielce  (ke-elt'se).  1.  A government  of  Poland, 
Russia,  hounded  by  Piotrkoft  and  Radom  on 
the  north,  Austria-Hungary  on  the  east  and 
south,  and  Prussia  on  the  west.  Area,  3,897 


570 


Kielce 

square  miles.  Population,  941,000. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Kielce,  situated 
96  miles  south  by  west  of  Warsaw.  Popula- 
tion, 23,178. 

Kielland  (chel'and),  Alexander  Lange..  Born 

at  Stavanger,  Norway,  Feb.  18,  1849:  died 
April  6, 1906.  A Norwegian  novelist.  He  studied 

at  the  University  of  Christiania,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1872,  but  never  practised  law.  In  1889  he  edited  the 
“ Stavanger  Avis,"  and  in  1891  became  burgomaster  of  Stav- 
anger. Among  his  works  are  “Novelletter”  (1879),  “Nye 
Novelletter”  (1880),  “Garman og  Worse”  (1880),  “Arbeids- 
folk”(1881),  “ Else ” (1881),  “Skipper Worse "(1882),  “Gift" 
(1883),  “Fortuna”  (1884),  “Sne”  (1886),  “Sankt  Hans 
Fest  ” (1887),  “ Jakob  ” (1891). 

Kiepert  (ke'pert),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Berlin, 
July  31,  1818:  died  there,  April  21,  1899.  A 
noted  German  geographer  and  chartographer, 
professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin.  He  pub- 
lished “Atlas  von  Hellas”  (1840-46;  revised  ed.  1871), 
“Karte  von  Kleinasien”  (1843-45),  “Neuer  Handatlasder 
Erde”  (1857-61),  “Atlas  Antiquus”  (revised  ed.  1886),  etc. 

Kiev.  See  Kieff. 

Kiffa  (kif'fa).  [Ar.  lciffa,  a scale-pan.]  A name 
of  two  stars  a and  ft  Librae,  both  of  the  second 
magnitude.  The  former  is  Kiffa  Australis ; the 
latter,  Kiffa  Borealis.  They  are  also  known  as 
Zuben  al-jeniibi  (a)  and  Zuben  al-shemdli  (,3). 

Kikinda  (ke'ken-do),  Nagy.  A town  in  the 
county  of  Torontal,  Hungary.  Population, 
commune,  24,843. 

Kikuyu  (ke-ko'yo).  See  Kamba. 

Kilauea  (ke-lou-a'a).  An  active  volcano  in  the 
island  of  Hawaii,  Hawaiian  Islands,  about  30 
miles  southwest  of  Hilo.  Height,  about  4,000 
feet.  Circumference  of  crater,  about  8 miles. 

Kildare  (kil-dar').  1.  A county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Westmeath  and  Meath 
on  the  north,  Dublin  and  Wicklow  on  the  east, 
Carlow  on  the  south,  and  King’s  County  and 
Queen’s  County  on  the  west.  It  is  famous  for 
its  antiquities.  Area,  654  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 63,566. — 2.  A decayed  town,  of  an- 
cient political  and  ecclesiastical  importance, 
in  County  Kildare. 

Kilham  (kil'am),  Alexander.  Born  at  Ep- 
worth,  Lincolnshire,  July  10, 1762:  died  at  Not- 
tingham, Dec.  20,  1798.  The  founder  of  the 
“Methodist  New  Connection.”  On  Wesley’s  death 
(March  2,  1791),  Kilham  became  a leader  of  the  party  op- 
posed to  the  established  church.  He  was  expelled  from 
the  “Connection,”  and  in  1797,  with  three  Methodist 
preachers  and  a few  laymen,  established  at  Leeds  the 
“ New  Methodist  Connection.” 

Kilhamites  (kil'am-its).  The  members  of  the 
“New  Connection  of  Wesleyan  Methodists”: 
so  called  from  Alexander  Kilham  (1762-98),  the 
founder  of  the  organization. 

Kilia  (ke'le-a).  1.  The  northern  mouth  of  the 
Danube. — 2.  A town  in  the  government  of  Bes- 
sarabia, Russia,  situated  on  the  Kilia  arm  of  the 
Danube,  97  miles  southwest  of  Odessa.  Popu- 
lation, over  12,000. 

Kilikia.  See  Cilicia. 

Kilimanjaro  (kil-e-man-ja'ro),  or  Kilima 
Njaro.  The  highest  known  mountain  of  Africa, 
situated  about  lat.  3°  5'  S.,  long.  37°  15'  E.  it 
has  two  summits,  connected  by  a saddle  of  lava.  It  was 
ascended  by  Meyer  and  Furtscheller  in  1889.  Height, 
19,780  feet. 

Kilkenny  (kil-ken'i).  1 . A county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Queen’s  County  on  the 
north,  Carlow  and  Wexford  on  the  east,  Water- 
ford on  the  south,  and  Tippera ry  on  the  west. 
Area,  801  square  miles.  Population,  79,159. — 
2.  The  capital  of  County  Kilkenny,  situ- 
ated on  the  Nore  63  miles  southwest  of 
Dublin.  Its  chief  buildings  are  the  castle,  founded  in 
the  12th  century  by  Strongbow,  some. of  whose  towers 
still  remain  (now  a seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde)  ; and 
the  cathedral,  founded  in  1180,  a fine  Early  English  build- 
ing of  medium  size.  It  has  a large,  low,  central  tower. 
The  western  facade  presents  a large  window  beneath 
which  are  three  quatrefoils,  and  a fine  doorway  of  two  tre- 
foil-headed openings  and  a traceried  tympanum.  Close 
to  the  south  transept  rises  an  old  Irish  round  tower,  100 
feet  high  and  16  in  base  diameter.  The  entrance  is  8 feet 
above  the  ground.  Population,  10,609. 

Killaloe  (kil-a-lo').  A small  town  in  County 
Clare,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Shannon  12  miles 
northeast  of  Limerick.  It  contains  a cathedral,  a 
handsome  cruciform  12th-century  structure,  with  central 
tower,  and  a recessed  Romanesque  doorway,  elaborately 
sculptured.  In  the  churchyard  stands  a curious  Irish 
stone-roofed  church. 

Killarney  (ki-lar'ni) . A town  in  Co.  Kerry,  Ire- 
land, 46  miles  west-northwest  of  Cork.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood are  the  Lakes  of  Killarney,  a chain  of  three  small 
lakes,  celebrated  for  their  beauty.  Population,  5,656. 

Killiecrankie  (kil-i-krang'ki).  A pass  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  26  miles  northwest  of  Perth. 
Here,  July  17, 1689,  the  Highlanders  under  Viscount  Dun- 
dee (Claverhouse)  defeated  the  government  forces  under 
Mackay.  Dundee  was  killed  in  the  battle. 

Killigrew  (kil'i-gro),  Thomas.  Born  in  Loth- 


bury,  London,  Feb.  7,  1612:  died  at  Whitehall, 
London,  March  19, 1683.  An  English  dramatist, 
brother  of  Sir  William  Killigrew.  Hewasapageof 
Charles  I.,  and  remained  loyal  to  him  and  his  successor. 
He  produced  and  wrote  many  new  plays  and  built  several 
theaters.  He  is,  however,  best  remembered  as  a wit. 
Among  his  plays  are  “Claracilla”  (printed  1641),  “The 
Parson's  Wedding  ” (1644),  etc. 

Killigrew,  Thomas,  known  as  “the  younger.” 
Born  in  Feb.,  1657:  died  July  21, 1719.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  son  of  Thomas  Killigrew  (1612- 
1683).  He  wrote  “ Chit  Chat  ” (1719),  etc. 
Killigrew,  Sir  William.  Baptized  at  Haworth, 
near  London,  May  28,  1606 : died  at  London, 
1695.  An  English  poet  and  dramatist.  Among 
his  works  are  “Three  Playes”  (1665),  “Four 
New  Playes”  (1666),  sonuets,  etc. 

Killington  Peak  (kil'ing-ton  pek).  A peak  of 
the  Green  Mountains  in  Rutland  County, Ver- 
mont, 7 miles  east  of  Rutland:  4,241  feet. 
Killis  (kil'lis).  A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Aleppo, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  34  miles  north  of  Aleppo.  Pop- 
ulation, about  6,000. 

Kilmainham  (kil-man'am).  A western  suburb 
of  Dublin.  In  the  government  prison  here  C.  S. 
Parnell  was  confined  in  1882. 

Kilmansegg  (kil'man-seg),  Miss.  In  Thomas 
Hood’s  humorous  poem  so  named,  an  heiress 
with  a golden  leg. 

Who  can  forget  her  auspicious  pedigree,  her  birth,  chris- 
tening and  childhood,  her  accident,  her  precious  leg,  her 
fancy  ball,  her  marriage  h la  mode,  followed  in  swift  suc- 
cession by  the  Hogarthian  pictures  of  her  misery  and 
death?  ’ E.  C.  Stedman,  V ict.  Poets,  p.  80. 

Kilmarnock  (kil-mar'nok).  A town  in  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  Kilmarnock  Water 
20  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow,  it  manufactures 
carpets,  and  was  formerly  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
“ Kilmarnock  cowls.”  The  town  contains  relics  of  Burns. 
The  Kilmarnock  districtof  burghs,  returning  1 member  to 
Parliament,  comprises  Kilmarnock,  Dumbarton,  Port- 
Glasgoxv,  Renfrew,  and  Rutherglen.  Population,  34,161. 

Kilpatrick  (kil-pat'rik),  Hugh  Judson.  Born 
near  Deckertown,  N.  J.,  Jan.  14,  1836:  died  at 
Valparaiso,  Chile,  Dec.  4, 1881.  A Union  general 
in  the  American  Civil  War.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1861,  and  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
in  1863,  and  major-general  in  1865.  He  commanded  the 
cavalry  of  Sherman’s  army  in  the  march  from  Atlanta  to 
Savannah  in  1864.  He  was  minister  to  Chile  1865-70  and 
1881. 

Kilrush  (kil-rush  ).  A small  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  County  Clare,  Ireland,  situated  on 
the  Shannon  36  miles  west  of  Limerick. 
Kilsyth  (kil-slth ' ) . A town  in  Stirlingshire,  Scot- 
land, 10  miles  northeast  of  Glasgow.  Here,  Aug. 
15,  1645,  the  Royalists  under  Montrose  defeated  the  C'ovo- 
nanters.  Population,  7,331. 

Kilwa  (kel'wii),  or  Quiloa  (ke'lo-a).  A seaport 
in  German  East  Africa,  situated  on  an  island  off 
the  coast,  in  lat.  8°  58'  S.,  long.  39°  31'  E.  it  was 

founded  by  the  Arabs  in  the  10th  century,  and  the  Portu- 
guese became  established  there  in  1508.  Population,  about 
10,000. 

Kilwinning  (kil-win'ing).  A town  in  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Garnoek  22  miles 
southwest  of  Glasgow.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  ab- 
bey, and  as  the  earliest  seat  of  Scottish  freemasonry.  Popu- 
lation, 4,439. 

Kimball  (kim'bal),  Richard  Burleigh.  Born 
at  Plainfield,  N.  H.,  Oct.  11, 1816 : died  at  New 
York,  Dec.  28,  1892.  An  American  author.  He 
founded  tile  town  of  Kimball  in  Texas  ; built  part  of  tile 
first  railroad  in  that  State,  running  from  Galveston,  and 
was  its  president  from  1854-60.  He  wrote  “ St.  Leger,  etc.” 
(1850),  “Lettersfrom  Cuba  ” (1850),  “Undercurrents of  Wall 
Street"  (1861),  “Was  He  Successful ?”  (1863),  “Stories  of 
Exceptional  Life  ”(1887),  etc.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
had  completed  “ Half  a Century  of  Recollections.” 
Kimberley  (kim'ber-li).  [Named  from  the  Earl 
of  Kimberley.  ] The  capital  of  Griqualand  W est, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  has  been  developed  by  the 
diamond-mining  industry.  The  diamond-fields  were  first 
worked  in  1871.  During  the  Boer  War  it  withstood  a 
siege  Oct.  15,  1899-Feb.  15,  1900.  Population,  34,331. 

Kimberley,  Earl  of.  See  Wodehouse. 
Kimblindu  (kem-bon'do).  The  native  language 
of  the  Ambundu,  or  Angola  nation,  spoken  be- 
tween the  Lufuni  (Lifune),  Kuango,  and  Longa 
rivers,  West  Africa.  With  the  civilized  and  semi-civ- 
ilized  Angolans  this  language  has  extended  as  a trade  lan- 
guage throughout  Lunda  and  Lubuku,  and  accompanied 
Portuguese  authorities  and  settlements  to  the  Benguella, 
Mossamedes,  and  Kongo  districts  of  theprovinceof  Angola. 
In  the  islands  of  S.  Thom 6 and  Principe,  just  north  of  the 
equator,  it  is  the  general  language  of  the  plantation  hands, 
being  also  understood  by  the  natives  of  these  islands.  The 
dialects  of  Loanda  and  Mbaka  prevail  for  intertribal  and 
literary  use.  The  other  dialects  are  Kisama,  Lubolo,  Haku, 
Songo,  Umbangala  or  Kasan  j i,  Mbondo,Ngola,  and  Mbam  ba. 
See  these  names  and  Umbundu. 

Kimchi  (kim'ke),  or  Kimhi  (kim'ke),  David. 
See  Karachi. 

Kimmerians.  See  Cimmerians. 

Kimmeridge  (kim'er-ij).  A locality  in  the  Isle 
of  Purbeck,  England,  which  gives  name  to  the 


King  George’s  Sound 

geological  formation  Kimmeridge  clay,  in  the 
Upper  Oolite. 

Kimpolung  (kim-po-long'),  or  Kimpulung 

(kim-po-long').  A town  in  Wallachia,  Rumania, 
81  miles  northwest  of  Bukharest.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood is  the  German  colony  Eisenau.  Pop- 
ulation, 13,439. 

Kinburn  (kin-bom').  A former  fortress  in  the 
government  of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Dnieper  estuary,  39  miles  east  of 
Odessa. 

Kincardine  (kin-kar 'din),  or  The  Mearns 
(marnz).  A maritime  county  of  Scotland, hound- 
ed by  Aberdeen  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on 
the  east,  and  Forfar  on  the  southwest.  Area. 
381  square  miles.  Pop.  (civil  county),  40,918. 
Kinchinjinga.  See  Kunchinjinga. 

Kind-hart’s  Dream.  A pamphlet  written  by 
Henry  Chettle  in  1592.  in  the  preface  is  the  first 
allusion  to  Shakspere  after  that  in  Greene’s  “ Groatsworth 
of  Wit”:  “Because  myselfe  haue  seene  his  demeanor  no 
less  ciuill  than  he  exclent  in  the  qualite  he  professes : be- 
sides diuers  of  worship  haue  reported  his  vprightness  of 
dealing,  which  argues  his  honesty,  and  his  facetious  grace 
in  writ  ting,  that  approues  his  art.” 

Kind  Keeper,  The.  See  Limberham. 

King  (king),  Charles.  Born  atNewYork,  March 
16,  1789  : died  at  Frascati,  Italy,  Sept.  27,  1867 
An  American  journalist  and  educator,  son  of  Ru- 
fus King : president  of  Columbia  College  1849- 
1864. 

King,  Edward.  Born  at  Cork,  Nov.  16, 1795 : died 
at  Dublin,  Feb.  27,  1837.  An  Irish  writer  on 
Mexican  antiquities.  He  was  a son  of  thethird  Earl  of 
Kingston,  and  by  courtesy  had  the  title  of  Viscount  Kings- 
borough.  Most  of  his  active  life  was  devoted  to  his  illus- 
trated work  “Antiquities  of  Mexico  ” (9  vols.  and  a portion 
of  a 10th  vol.,  imperial  folio,  London,  1830-48).  In  this  he 
attempted  to  prove  a Jewish  migration  to  Mexico. 

King,  Francis  S.  Born  in  Maine  in  1850.  An 
American  engraver,  principally  noted  for  wood- 
engraving. He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Society  of  American  Wood-Engravers. 
King,  Philip  Parker.  Born  at  Norfolk  Island, 
Dec.  13,1793:  died  at  Sydney,  NewSouth  Wales, 
Feb.,  1856.  A British  naval  officer.  From  1817  to 
1822  lie  surveyed  and  charted  th  5 greater  part  of  the 
north,  northwest,  and  west  coasts  of  Australia;  and  as 
commander  of  the  Adventure  was  associated  with  Captain 
Fitzroy  in  surveying  the  southern  coasts  of  South  America, 
1826-30.  (See  Fitzroy,  Robert.)  King  published  a narra- 
tive of  his  Australian  survey,  various  charts  and  sailing 
directions  of  the  regions  surveyed  by  him,  and  contributed 
to  Vol.  I of  the  narrative  of  the  voyage  of  the  Ad  venture  and 
Beagle.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  resided  at 
Sydney.  He  became  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list  in  1855. 
King,  Rufus.  Born  at  Scarborough,  Maine, 
March  24, 1755:  died  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island, 
N.  Y.,  April  29,  1827.  An  American  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  a delegate  to  Congress  in  1784 ; 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787, and  of  the 
Massachusetts  ratifying  convention  1787-88 , United  States 
senator  from  N ew  York  1789-96 ; United  States  minister  to 
Great  Britain  1796-1803  ; Federalist  candidate  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency  in  1804  and  1808  ; United  States  senator  1813-25 ; 
and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1825-26.  He 
wrote,  with  Hamilton,  the  '‘Camillus  Letters.” 

King,  Thomas  Starr,  Bom  at  New  York,  Dec. 
16,  1824:  died  at  San  Francisco,  March  4, 1864. 
An  AmerieanUnitarian  clergyman, lecturer, and 
author.  He  wrote  “The  White  Hills : their  Le- 
gends, Landscapes,  and  Poetry”  (1859),  etc. 
King,  William  Rufus.  Born  in  Sampson  County, 
N.  C.,  April,  1786:  died  in  Dallas  County,  Ala. 
April,  1853.  An  American  statesman.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  North  Carolina  1811-16 ; United 
States  senator  from  Alabama  1819-44;  United  States  minis- 
ter to  France  1844—46 ; and  United  States  senator  from  Ala- 
bama 1846-53.  He  was  elected,  as  Democratic  candidate, 
Vice-President  in  1852,  and  took  theoathof  office  at  Havana 
in  1853. 

King  and  No  King,  A.  A play  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  licensed  in  1611  and  printed  in  1619. 
King  Arthur.  An  epic  poem  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 
published  in  1849. 

King  Arthur,  or  The  British  Worthy.  A dra- 
matic opera  by  Dryden,  music  by  Purcell,  per- 
formed and  printed  in  1691. 

King  Cole.  A nursery  rime : a legendary  sat- 
ire on  King  Cole,  who  reigned  in  Britain,  as 
the  old  chroniclers  inform  us,  in  the  3d  century 
after  Christ.  AccordingtoRobertof  Gloucester,  he  was 
the  father  of  St.  Helena;  and  if  so,  Butler  must  be  wrong 
in  ascribing  an  obscure  origin  to  the  celebrated  mother  of 
Constantine.  King  Cole  was  a brave  and  popular  man  in 
his  day,  and  ascended  the  throne  of  Britain  amidst  the 
acclamations  of  the  people.  Halliwell,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

King  Estmere.  A ballad,  preserved  in  Percy’s 
“Reliques,”  relating  the  story  of  Estmere,  king 
of  England,  who  slew  the  Soudan  of  Spain  and 
gained  a wife. 

Kingfisher  (king'fislUfr).  A city  in  Kingfisher 
County,  Oklahoma.  Population,  2,538  (1910). 
King  George’s  Sound.  An  excellent  harbor  at 
the  southwestern  corner  of  West  Australia. 


King  George’s  War 

King  George’s  War.  In  American  history,  the 
war  waged  by  Great  Britain  and  its  American 
colonies  against  France  and  its  Indian  allies, 
being  the  American  phase  of  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession,  1741-48 : so  named  from 
George  II. 

King  Horn.  An  English  “ geste  ” of  the  13th 
century.  It  is  probably  a translation  from  the  French 
of  “Horn  and  Rimenhild,"  written  during  the  same  cen- 
tury; but  the  original  idea  of  the  poem  is  much  earlier. 
Morris. 

King  John,  or  Kyng  Johan.  A morality  with 
which  is  blended  a historical  play  by  John  Bale, 
written  probably  about  1538. 

King  John.  A historical  play  by  Shakspere, 
founded  on  “ The  Troublesome  Reign  of  King 
John.”  It  was  written  before  1598,  and  first 
printed  in  the  1623  folio. 

King  John,  Troublesome  Reign  of.  A play 
classed  as  a chronicle  history,  it  is  in  two  parts, 
partly  prose  and  partly  verse,  probably  acted  in  1588(Fleay), 
printed  in  15J1  (Ward),  reprinted  in  1611  as  “by  W.  Sh.,” 
and  in  1622,  after  Shakspere's  death,  as  “ by  William  Shak- 
spere.” It  is  probably  by  Peele,  with  Lodge,  Greene,  and 
perhaps  Marlowe. 

Kinglake  (king'lak),  Alexander  William. 

Born  Aug.  5, 1809:  died  Jan.  2, 1891.  An  Eng- 
lish historian  of  the  Crimean  war.  In  1S41  he  pub- 
lished “ Eothen,  or  Traces  of  Travel  Brought  Home  from 
the  East.  ” He  went  to  Algiers  in  1845.  In  1854  he  followed 
the  army  to  the  Crimea,  and  stayed  until  the  siege  of  Se- 
bastopol. The  “Invasion  of  the  Crimea”  appeared  in 
eight  volumes  between  1863  and  1887.  He  was  member  of 
Parliament  1857-68.  In  I860  he  vigorously  denounced  the 
annexation  of  .Vice  and  Savoy. 

King  Lear.  A tragedy  by  Shakspere,  written  in 
1605  and  printed  in  1608.  “ King  Lear  was  probably  on 
the  stage  when  the  old  play  of  Leiron  which  it  was  founded 
was  published.  ’’The  latter  is  not  tragical,  and  ends  happily. 
“There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Stafford,  the  publisher,  meant 
to  pass  off  this  old  play  as  Shakspere’s."  It  wa3  pub- 
lished as  “The  true  Chronicle  History  of  King  Leir  and 
his  Three  Daughters,  etc.,  as  it  hath  been  divers  and  sundry 
times  lately  acted,”  and  was  last  acted  in  1594.  Shak- 
spere’s play  was  published  as  “Mr.  William  Shakspere, 
HIS  True  Chronicle  History,  etc.”  The  capital  HIS  is 
thought  to  be  intended  to  distinguish  it  from  the  older 
play.  (Fleay.)  Tate  adapted  Shakspere’s  play  in  1681,  and 
Garrick  produced  “King  Lear  with  restorations  from 
Shakspere  ’’  in  1756.  The  story  of  Lear  was  originally  told 
by  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  and  is  to  be  found  in  Layamon’s 
“Brut”  and  the  “GestaRomanorum.”  Holinshed repeats 
it,  and  Spenser  gives  it  in  the  second  book  of  the  “Faerie 
Queene.”  The  old  ballad  of  “King  Leir  and  his  Three 
Daughters”  is  preserved  by  Percy.  It  is  not  certain 
whether  it  was  written  earlier  or  later  than  the  play. 
King-maker,  The.  A popular  designation  of 
the  Earl  of  Warwick  (1420-71),  on  account  of 
his  influence  in  securing  the  accession  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  and  the  restoration  of  Henry  VI. 
King  of  Bath,  The.  A nickname  of  Richard 
Nash. 

King  of  Dunces.  A name  given  to  Colley  Cib- 
ber in  the  “Duneiad.” 

King  of  Ivetot.  See  Roi  d’Yvetot. 

King  of  Men,  The.  A title  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  of  Agamemnon. 

King  of  the  Beggars.  Bamfylde  Moore  Carew. 
King  of  the  Border,  The.  A nickname  of  Adam 
Scott. 

King  of  the  Markets,  The.  [F.  Lc  roi  des 

lialles .]  A name  given  to  the  Due  de  Beaufort 
(1616-69)  from  his  popularity  with  the  Parisian 
populace. 

King  Philip’s  War.  In  American  history,  the 
war  between  the  New  England  colonists  and 
the  confederated  Indians  (1675-76)  under  the 
lead  of  Philip,  an  Indian  chief.  King  Philip 
was  killed  at  Mount  Hope,  R.  I. 

King  pym.  A nickname  given  to  John  Pym 
from  his  influence  as  a parliamentary  leader. 
King  Richard.  See  Richard. 

Kings,  Books  of.  The  eleventh  and  twelfth 
books  of  the  Bible.  In  Hebrew  manuscripts  they  are 
undivided,  and  form  a continuous  narrative  of  the  Hebrew 
people  from  the  later  days  of  King  David  to  the  captivity 
of  Judah  in  Babylon.  The  division  into  two  books  was  first 
made  in  the  Septuagint  and  retained  in  the  Vulgate,  in 
both  of  which  they  are  named  the  third  and  fourth  books 
of  Kings  (the  two  books  of  Samuel  being  the  first  and 
second);  hence,  in  the  English  Bible,  the  double  title  “The 
first  book  of  the  Kings,  commonly  called  the  third  book  of 
the  Kings,”  etc.  The  period  embraces  the  reigns  of  all  the 
kings  of  Israel  and  Judah,  except  Saul's  and  most  of  David's. 
The  work  was  probably  composed  substantially  before  the 
end  of  the  captivity,  the  compiler  being  supposed  by  some 
to  have  been  a contemporary  of  Jeremiah.  The  author- 
ship is  uncertain. 

Kingsborough,  Viscount.  See  King,  Edward. 
King’s  College.  A college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, founded  in  1441  by  Henry  VI.,  and  fin- 
ished by  Henry  VII.  and  Henry  VIII.  The  charter 
was  granted  July  10, 1443  ; the  buildings  were  begun  July 
26,  1446.  The  great  court  is  open  toward  the  street,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a modern  many-turreted  gate  and 
Perpendicular  screen.  On  the  west  side  stand  the  library 
and  the  provost's  lodge.  On  the  north  side  is  the  chapel, 
the  boast  of  Cambridge,  ranking  as  the  finest  example  of 


571 

ornate  Perpendicular.  It  was  built  between  1446  and  1516. 
The  great  windows  are  filled  with  16th-century  glass  ; the 
fan-vaulting  and  the  carved  stalls  are  remarkable.  The 
chapel  measures  290  by  85  feet.  The  other  buildings  of 
the  college  are  modern. 

King’s  County.  A county  in  Leinster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  Westmeath  and  Meath  on  the  north, 
Kildare  on  the  east,  Queen’s  County  on  the 
south,  Tipperary  on  the  southwest,  and  Galway 
and  Roscommon  on  the  west.  Area,  772  square 
miles.  Population,  60,187. 

Kingsley  (kingz'li),  Charles.  Born  at  Holne, 
Devonshire,  June  12,  1819:  died  at  Eversley, 
Hampshire,  Jan.  23,  1875.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  author.  He  studied  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, and  then  at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.  He 
became  curate  and  later  rector  of  Eversley,  Hampshire, 
and  in  1845  was  made  canon  of  Middleham.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  English  literature  in  Queen’s  College, 
a London  institution,  and  later  became  professor  of  modern 
history  at  Cambridge  (1860),  canon  of  Chester  (1869),  and 
canon  of  Westminster  (1873).  In  1874  he  visited  America. 
As  a leader  in  Christian  socialism  he  published  many 
pamphlets,  and  wrote  two  novels — “Yeast”  (1848)  and 
“Alton  Locke”  (1850).  “St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary,”  a 
drama,  appeared  in  1848,  the  historical  novel  “Hypatia" 
in  1853,  “Westward  Ho”  in  1855,  and  “Hereward  the 
Wake”  in  1866.  In  1859  he  was  made  one  of  the  Queen's 
chaplains  in  ordinary.  Among  his  other  works  are  1 ‘ Glau- 
cus,  or  the  Wonders  of  the  Shore”  (1856),  “Two  Years 
Ago  ” (1857),  “The  Water  Babies ” (1863),  “Prose  Idylls" 
(1873),  “Plays  and  Puritans"  (1873),  etc. 

Kingsley,  Elbridge.  Born  at  Carthage,  Ohio, 
1842.  An  American  wood-engraver.  His  principal 
works  are  engravings  after  Inness,  the  Barbizon  painters, 
and  others,  and  engravings  directly  from  nature. 
Kingsley,  Henry.  Born  at  Barnack,  Northamp- 
tonshire, England,  Jan.  2, 1830:  died  in  Sussex, 
May  24,  1876.  An  English  novelist  and  jour- 
nalist, brother  of  Charles  Kingsley.  He  wrote 
“ Recollections  of  Geoffry  Hamlyn  ” (1859),  “Ravenshoe" 
(1862),  “Austin  Elliott”  (1863),  “The  Hillyars  and  the  Bur- 
tons”(1865),  “Leighton Court ”(1866),  “Silcoteof  Silcotes” 
(1867),  “Stretton  ” (1869),  etc. 

King’s  Lynn.  See  Lynn  Regis. 

King’s  Mountain.  A height  in  York  County, 
South  Carolina,  80  miles  north-northwest  of 
Columbia.  Here,  Oct.  7,  1780,  the  Americans  under 
Sevier,  Shelby,  Campbell,  etc.,  defeated  the  British  under 
Ferguson,  who  was  killed.  The  British  loss  was  456  killed 
and  wounded,  and  648  prisoners. 

Kingston  (king'ston).  A seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Jamaica,  situated  on  the  southern  coast 
in  lat.  17°  58'  N.,  long.  76°  48'  W. : the  chief 
commercial  city  of  Jamaica.  It  was  founded  in 
1693,  and  was  severely  injured  by  a hurricane  in  1880,  and 
by  fire  in  1882.  It  was  largely  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 
Jan.  14,  1907.  Population,  46,542. 

Kingston.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Ulster 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  80 
miles  north  of  New  York,  it  is  an  important  river 
port,  and  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  cement.  It  was 
burned  by  the  British  Oct.  16,  1777.  Rondout  was  united 
with  it  in  1905.  Population,  25,908,  (1910). 

Kingston.  A lake  port  and  the  capital  of  Fron- 
tenac  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the 
site  of  the  French  fort  Frontenac,  at  the  head 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  lat.  44°  11'  N.,  long. 
76°  31'  W.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1762,  and  was 
the  capital  of  Canada  from  1841  to  1844.  It  is  an  impor- 
tant naval  and  military  station.  Among  its  leading  in- 
dustries is  that  of  ship-building.  Pop.,  18,874,  (1911). 

Kingston  (in  St. Vincent).  See  Kingstown. 
Kingston.  Duchess  of  ( Elizabeth  Chudleigh). 
Born  1720:  died  near  Paris,  Aug.  28, 1788.  An 
English  adventuress  who  married  Captain  He  r- 
vey  in  1744  and  the  Duke  of  Kingston  in  1769. 
Foote  satirized  her  in  his  “ Trip  to  Calais.”  She  revenged 
herself  by  securing  the  prohibition  of  the  play.  See  Foote. 

Kingston,  Vvilliam  Henry  Giles.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  28, 1814:  died  at  Willesden,  near  Lon- 
don, Aug.  5 (2?),  1880.  An  English  novelist. 

He  wrote  “The  Circassian  Chief  ”(1844),  “The  Prime  Min- 
ister,” “Lusitanian  Sketches,”  and  numerous  books  for 
boys,  including  travels  and  translations  from  Jules  Verne. 
Kingston-on-Thames  (king'ston-on-temz).  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Surrey,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Thames  12  miles  southwest  of  Lon- 
don. It  was  the  place  of  coronation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
kings  in  the  10th  century.  Population,  34,376. 

Kingston-upon-Hull.  See  Hull. 

Kingstown  (kingz'toun).  A seaport  and  wa  ter- 
ing-place in  County  Dublin,  Ireland,  situated 
on  Dublin  Bay  7 miles  southeast  of  Dublin  : 
formerly  called  Dunleary.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  the  packet  line  from  Holyhead.  Popula- 
tion, 17,377. 

Kingstown.  The  capital  of  St.  Vincent,  Brit- 
ish West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  13°  9'  N.,  long. 
61°  13'  W.  Population,  about  5,000. 
King-teh-chin  (kingte-chin').  A city  in  the 
province  of  Kiangsi,  China,  situated  on  the 
Chang  in  lat.  29°  10'  N„  long.  117°  30'  E. : cele- 
brated for  its  porcelain  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  about  500,000. 


Kiptchak,  Khanate  of 

King  William’s  Town.  A town  in  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  on  the  coast  west  of  East  Lon- 
don. Population,  9,506. 

King  William’s  War.  Ill  American  history,  the 
war  waged  by  Great  Britain  and  its  colonies 
against  France  and  its  Indian  aides,  being  the 
American  phase  of  the  contest  between  vari- 
ous European  powers  and  LouisXIV.  of  France 
(1689-97). 

Kinkel  (kink'el),  Johann  Gottfried.  Born  at 
Oberkassel,  near  Bonn,  Prussia,  Aug.  11, 1815  : 
died  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Nov.  12,  1882.  A 
German  poet,  historian  of  art,  and  revolution- 
ist. He  published  “Gedichte"  (1843),  “Otto  der  Schiitz” 
(1849),  “ .Nimrod  ” (1857),  “Der  Grobschmied  von  Antwer- 
pen ” (1868),  “Geschichte  der  bildenden  Kiinste  ” (1845), 
etc. 

Kinnaird  Head  (ki-nard'  hed).  A promontory 
in  the  northeast  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland, 
lat.  57°  42'  N.,  long.  2°  W. 

Kinross  (kin-ros').  A county  of  Scotland,  ly- 
ing between  Perthshire  on  the  north  and  west 
and  Fife  on  the  south  and  east.  The  surface  is 
generally  level.  Area,  82  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (civil  county),  6,980. 

Kinsale  (kin-sal').  A small  seaport  in  County 
Cork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Bandon  14  miles 
south  of  Cork.  It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  1601  and 
retaken  by  the  English  1602,  and  was  the  place  of  landing 
of  James  II.  in  1689,  and  of  his  embarkation  in  1690. 
Kinsayder.W.  Apseudonym  under  which  Mars- 
ton  published  his  satires  entitled  “ The  Scourge 
of  Villanie.”  In  the  play  “What  you  Will”  he  oddly 
enough  applies  it  to  the  antagonist  he  is  abusing.  In  the 
“Return  from  Parnassus"  he  is  apostrophized  as  “Mon- 
sieur Kinsayder.” 

The  name  was  taken  from  a homely  word  for  the  cure 
of  mad  dogs  by  cropping  their  tails.  Its  root  is  in  the  old 
French  cagnon  or  kignon  (‘a  little  dog’),  applied  also  in 
Picardy  to  a pitiably  deformed  man. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  X.  406. 

Kintyre  (kin-tir'),  or  Cantire  (kan-tir').  A 
peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland,  lying  between  the  Firth  of  Clyde  on 
the  east  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  west. 
Its  southern  point,  the  Mull  of  Kintyre,  is  situated  in  lat. 
55”  19'  N. , long.  5”  48'  W.  Length,  about  40  miles.  Great- 
est breadth,  11  miles. 

Kinzig  (kint'siG)  Pass.  A pass  in  the  canton 
of  Uri,  Switzerland,  which  leads  from  Altdorf 
to  the  Muotta  Thai  in  Schwyz.  it  is  noted  in  con- 
nection with  Suvaroff’s  retreat  in  1799.  Height,  6,790  feet. 
Kinzuani  (ken-zwa'ne).  The  language  of  Yo- 
hanna,  one  of  the  Comoro  Islands,  East  Africa. 
Kinzuani  is  a Bantu  language,  and  coexists  with  other 
Bantu  dialects,  and  with  Malagasy  and  Arabic,  which  are 
spoken  by  the  motley  crowds  of  immigrants.  Also  called 
llinzua  or  Anjuane. 

Kioko  (kyo'ko),  or  Makioko  (ma-kyo'ko).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  the  Upper  Kassai  valley,  also 
called  Chibokwe  or  Kibokwe.  From  the  head  waters 
of  the  Kassai  they  have  recently  extended  down  its  val- 
ley as  far  as  the  confluence  of  the  Luebo  and  Lulua.  Ori- 
ginally subjects  of  the  Lunda  tribe,  they  have  gained  the 
upper  hand  in  the  Lunda  country,  and  depopulated  it  by 
their  slave  raids. 

Kiolen  (kye'len),  or  Kjolen,  Mountains.  A 
part  of  the  chain  of  Scandinavian  Mountains, 
extending  northward  from  about  lat.  63°  N. 
Kioto,  or  Kyoto  (ke-o'to),  sometimes  Miako 
(me-a'ko)  (‘  metropolis ’)  and  Saikio  (sl-ke'o) 
(‘western  capital’).  A city  of  Japan,  on  the 
main  island,  about  lat.  35°  N.,  long.  135°  30' E. 
It  has  manufactures  of  porcelain,  etc.  l<or  centimes  it 
was  the  residence  of  the  mikado  (until  1869).  It  contains 
the  imperial  palace.  The  pagoda  of  Kyomidzu  is  a highly 
picturesque  Buddhist  tower  of  5 stages,  with  widely  pro- 
jecting roofs  curved  upward  at  the  angles,  and  a lofty 
hooped  finial.  Its  carved  woodwork  is  entirely  covered 
with  red  lacquer.  Population,  442,462. 

Kiowan  (ki'o-wan).  [Comanche  Kayowe,  rat.] 
A linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
represented  by  a single  tribe,  the  Kiowa  (Kia- 
way  or  Kayowe).  They  early  lived  about  the  upper 
Yellowstone  and  Missouri,  and  afterward  in  the  valley  of 
the  upper  Arkansas.  They  are  now  in  Oklahoma.  Their 
★lands  have  been  allotted  in  severalty. 

Kipling  (kip'ling),  Rudyard.  Born  at  Bombay, 
India,  in  1865.  An  English  writer.  He  is  the  son 
of  John  Lockwood  Kipling,  formerly  head  of  the  Lahore 
School  of  Industrial  Art.  He  was  educated  in  England, 
and  returned  to  India  in  1880  as  subeditor  of  the  “ Lahore 
Civil  and  Military  Gazette.”  He  returned  to  England 
about  1889,  and  lived  for  several  years  in  the  United  States, 
lie  published  while  in  India  stories,  sketches,  and  poems 
descriptive  of  Indian  and  Anglo-Indian  military  and  civil 
life  : “ Departmental  Ditties,  etc.,”  “Plain  Tales  from  the 
Hills,”  “Mine  Own  People,”  “Soldiers  Three,"  “Barrack- 
room  Ballads,  etc.,’’  and  others  ; and,  after  leaving  India, 
“ The  Light  that  Failed,”  “ The  Naulahka  "(with  Balestier), 
“Many  Inventions,"  “The  Jungle  Book,”  “The  Second 
Jungle  Book,”  “The  Seven  Seas,”  etc. 

Kiptchak  (kip-chiik'),  or  Kaptchak  (kiip- 
chfik' ),  Khanate  of,  or  Kingdom  of  the  Golden 
Horde.  A Mongol  kingdom  in  Europe  and  Asia, 
founded  by  descendants  of  Jenghiz  Khan  in  the 
13th  century.  At  its  greatest  extent  it  reached  from 


Kiptchak,  Khanate  of 

the  Dniester  through  southern  Russia  and  western  Siberia 
to  central  Asia.  The  capital  was  Sarai  on  the  lower  Vol- 
ga. Novgorod  paid  homage  to  it.  It  was  overthrown  by- 
Ivan  III.  of  Russia  in  1480.  “In  the  course  of  the  fifteenth 
century  the  great  power  of  the  Golden  Horde  broke  up  into 
a number  of  smaller  khanats.  . . . The  Golden  Horde  it- 
self was  represented  by  the  khanat  of  Astrakhan."  Free- 
man. 

Kirby  (ker'bi),  William.  Bom  at  Witnesham, 
Suffolk,  England,  Sept.  19,  1759 : died  at  Bar- 
ham, Suffolk,  July  4,  1850.  An  English  ento- 
mologist. His  chief  works  are  “Monographia  Apum 
Anglise  " (1802),  “History,  Habits,  and  Instincts  of  Ani- 
mals "(1835),  “Introduction  to  Entomology  "(with  Spence, 
1815-26). 

Kirchbach  (kirch'bach),  Count  Hugo  Ewald 
von.  Born  at  Neumarkt,  Silesia,  Prussia,  May 
23, 1809 : died  Oct.  6, 1887.  A Prussian  general, 
distinguished  at  Weissenburg,  Worth,  Sedan 
(1870),  and  Mont-VaKirien  (1871). 

Kirchberg  (kirch'bera).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  50  miles 
south  by  east  of  Leipsic.  Pop.,  7,597. 
Kirchheimbolanden  (kirch'him-bo'lan-den). 
A small  town  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria, 
16  miles  west  of  Worms. 
Kirchheim-unter-Teck  (kirch ' him  - on " ter- 
tek').  A town  in  the  Danube  circle,  Wrirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Lauter  15  miles  southeast 
of  Stuttgart.  It  has  an  important  wool-market. 
Population,  commune,  8,830. 

Kirchhoff  (kirch'hof),  Gustav  Robert.  Born 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  March  12,  1824:  died 
at  Berlin,  Oct.  17,  1887.  A noted  German 
physicist.  He  was  professor  of  physics  at  Heidelberg 
1854-74,  and  at  Berlin  from  1874  until  his  death.  He  dis- 
covered (with  Bunsen)  the  method  of  spectrum  analysis 
in  1860.  He  published  “ Untersuchungen  iiber  das  Son- 
nenspektrum  " (1861),  etc. 

Kirchhoff,  Johann  Wilhelm  Adolf.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  6,  1826:  died  there,  Feb.  26, 1908. 
A German  philologist  and  archaeologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin.  He  published  “Die  homerische 
Odys8ee"  (1859),  “Die  umbrischen  Sprachdenkmaler"  (in 
cooperation  with  Aufrecht,  1848-61),  “ Das  Stadtrecht  von 
Bantia"  (1853),  “Corpus  inscriptionura  graecarum  " (Vol. 
I,  1873),  etc. 

Kirghiz  (kir-gez').  A nomadic  people  of  Mon- 
golian-Tatar  race,  dwelling  in  southeastern 
Russia,  western  Siberia,  Russian  central 
Asia,  and  the  western  part  of  China. 
The  chief  divisions  are  Kara-Kirghiz  and  Kirghiz-Kazaks 
(dwelling  on  the  steppes,  and  comprising  the  Great,  Mid- 
dle, Little,  and  Inner  Hordes).  Their  numbers  are  esti- 
mated at  3,000,000. 

Kirghiz  steppe.  An  administrative  division  of 
Asiatic  Russia,  southwest  of  Siberia.  It  com- 
prises Akmolinsk,  Uralsk,  Turgai,  Semipalatinsk,  and  Lake 
Aral.  Area,  755,793  square  miles.  Population,  about 
2,927,900. 

Kirin  (ke'ren').  A town  in  Manchuria, 
situated  on  the  Sungari  about  lat.  44°  N., 
long.  127°  E.  Population,  estimated,  90,000. 
It  was  opened  to  foreign  commerce  in  1907. 
Kiriris  (ke-re-res'),  or  Cariris  (ka-re-res').  A 
tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians,  formerly  numerous 
in  the  interior  of  Bahia  and  Pernambuco,  now 
reduced  to  a few  hundred.  They  were  agricul- 
turists,  and  superior  to  most  Brazilian  tribes. 
Kirjath-jearim  (ker'jath-je'a-rim).  [Heb., ‘for- 
est-town.’] In  Bible  geography,  a town  of  the 
Gibeonites,  7 miles  west-northwest  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

Kirk  (kerk),  John  Foster.  Born  at  Frederic- 
ton, NewBrunswick,  1824:  died  1904.  An  Ameri- 
can historian  and  bibliographer.  He  published  a 
“ History  of  Charles  the  Bold  ” (1863-68),  and  a supplement 
to  Allibone’s  “ Dictionary  of  English  Literature  ” (1891). 

Kirkbride  (kerk'brld),  Thomas  S.  Born  near 
Morrisville,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  July  31,  1809: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  16, 1883.  An  American 
physician,  superintendent  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  1840-83.  He  published 
“Hospitals  for  the  Insane”  (1854),  etc. 
Kirkcaldy  (ker-ka'di).  A seaport  in  Fifeshire, 
Sc  ot land,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  12  miles 
north  of  Edinburgh.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen, 
floor-cloth,  machinery,  etc.,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Adam 
Smith.  Kirkcaldy,  Burntisland,  Dysart,  and  Kinghorn  form 
the  Kirkcaldy  district  of  burghs,  returning  1 member  to 
Parliament.  Population,  22,331. 

Kirkcaldy,  Sir  William,  of  Grange.  Executed 
Aug.  3,  1573.  A Scottish  soldier  and  knight, 
the  eldest  son  of  Sir  James  Kirkcaldy.  He  had 
a prominent  share  in  the  murder  of  Cardinal  Beaton,  May 
29,  1546.  He  was  imprisoned  in  France  in  1647,  but  es- 
caped, and  was  employed  by  Edward  VI.  in  secret  service. 
During  the  reign  of  Mary  he  was  alternately  her  supporter 
and  opposed  to  her.  In  the  end,  when  governor  of  Edin- 
burgh Castle,  he  renewed  his  loyalty,  and  held  the  town 
and  castle  for  her  until  they  were  taken  by  Sir  William 
Drury,  May  28,  1573. 

Kirkcudbright  (kcr-ko'bri).  1.  A maritime 
county  in  the  southwest  of  Scotland,  also  called 
East  Galloway.  It  is  bounded  by  Ayr  on  the  north- 


572 

west,  Dumfries  on  the  northeast,  the  Solway  Firth  and  the 
Irish  Sea  on  the  south,  and  Wigtown  on  the  southwest.  It 
was  part  of  the  ancient  lordship  of  Galloway  ; was  for  a 
time  under  the  rule  of  the  royal  steward  (and  hence  is  still 
called  the  “ Stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright"),  and  afterward 
under  the  Douglases ; and  was  finally  united  to  the  Scottish 
crown  in  1455.  The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  north- 
west. Area,  899  square  miles.  Pop.  (civil  co.),  39,407. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Kirkcudbright, 
situated  on  Kirkcudbright  Bay  in  lat.  54°  50' 
N.,  long.  4°  3'  W.  Population,  2,386. 
Kirkdale  Cave  (kerk'dal  kav).  A cavern  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  west  of 
Pickering,  famous  for  its  remains  of  mammals. 
Kirke  (kerk),  Sir  David.  Born  at  Dieppe, 
France,  1596 : died  at  Ferryland,  Newfoundland, 
1656.  An  English  adventurer  in  Canada  and 
Newfoundland. 

Kirke’s  Lambs.  A name  ironically  given  to 
the  English  infantry  regiment  (Tangier  regi- 
ment) commanded  by  Colonel  Percy  Kirke,  in- 
famous for  its  cruelty  in  the  insurrection  of 
Monmouth,  1685. 

Kirki,  or  Khil'ki  (kir-ke').  A town  in  the 
governorship  of  Bombay,  India,  situated  near 
Poona.  Population,  10,797. 

Kirkintilloch  (kerk-in-til'och).  A town  in 
Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  7 miles  north  of 
Glasgow.  Population,  10,502. 

Kirk-Kilisseh  (kirk-ke-lis'se),  or  Kirk-Kilis- 
sia  (kirk-ke-lis'e-ji).  A town  in  the  vilayet 
of  Adrianople,  Turkey,  33  miles  east  of  Adrian- 
ople.  It  was  captured  by  the  Bulgarian  army, Oct.24, 1912. 

Kirkland  (kerk'land),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  Dee.  1, 1741 : died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  28,  1808.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  a missionary  among  the  Oneidas, 
New  York. 

Kirkup  (ker'kup),  Seymour  Stocker.  Born  at 
London,  1788:  died  at  Leghorn,  Jan.  3,  1880. 
An  English  artist.  In  1816  he  settled  in  Italy,  and  be- 
came a leader  in  the  literary  circle  which  included  Landor, 
the  Brownings,  Trelawney,  Severne,  and  others.  W ith  the 
assistance  of  Bezzi  and  Henry  Wilde,  an  American,  he  dis- 
covered Giotto’s  portrait  of  Dante  in  the  chapel  of  the 
Palazzo  del  Podesta,  and  made  the  sketch  which  was  repro- 
duced by  the  Arundel  Society. 

Kirkwall  (kerk'wal).  A seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  island  of  Pomona  (the  Mainland)  in  lat.  58° 
58'  N.,  long.  2°  58'  W.  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Magnus, 
founded  in  the  12th  century,  in  the  Romanesque  and  early- 
Pointed  styles,  though  not  finished  until  1540,  is  well  pro- 
portioned, and  has  a central  tower  with  good  recessed 
Pointed  windows,  and  roses  in  the  transepts.  This  is  one 
of  the  three  old  cathedrals  in  Scotland  which  have  es- 
caped more  or  lees  complete  ruin.  Population, 
3,660. 

Kirman  (ker-man'),  or  Kerman  (ker-man'). 

I.  A province  of  southern  Persia,  lying  south 
of  Khorasan:  the  ancient  Carmania.  Area, 
about  60  square  miles.  Population,  estimated, 
300,000. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Kirman,  in  lat.  30°  16'  N.,  long.  57°  5'  E.,  for- 
merly of  great  commercial  importance.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  60,000. 

Kirmanshahan  (ker-man-sha-han'),  or  Ker- 
manshah  (ker-man-sha' ).  A city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  district  Kirmanshahan  of  western 
Persia,  situated  in  lat.  34°  18'  N.,  long.  47°  12' 
E.  It  is  a caravan  center.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 30,000. 

Kim  (kirn).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nahe  40  miles  south 
by  west  of  Coblenz.  Population,  commune, 
6,588. 

Kirriemuir  (kir-re-mur').  A burgh  of  barony 
in  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  15  miles  north  of 
Dundee.  The  chief  industry  is  weaving.  It  is  the 
“Thrums”  of  J.  M.  Barrie.  Population,  4,096. 

Kirsanoff  (kir'sa-nof).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Vo- 
rona  60  miles  east  of  Tamboff.  Population, 

II, 400. 

Kisama  (ke-sa'ma).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  between  the  Kuanza  (Quanza)  and 
Longa  rivers  as  far  east  as  Dondo. 

Kisfaludy  (kisb'fo-16-di),  Karoly.  Born  at 
T6t,  County  Raab,  Hungary,  Feb.  5, 1788:  died 
Nov.  21, 1830.  A Hungarian  dramatistand  nov- 
elist, brother  of  Sandor  Kisfaludy : the  founder 
of  the  modern  Hungarian  drama.  Among  his 
plays  are  “The  Tatars  in  Hungary”  (1812), 
“Irene”  (1820),  etc. 

Kisfaludy,  Sandor.  Born  at  Siimeg,  county  of 
Zala,  Hungary,  Sept.  27, 1772 : died  Oct.  28, 1844. 
A Hungarian  lyric  poet,  best  known  as  tlie  au- 
thor of  the  “Love  Poems  of  Hirnfy”  (1801-07). 
Kishangarh  (kish-an-gur'),  or  Kishengarh 
(kish-en-gur').  A native  state  in  Rajputana, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  long.  75°  E. 


Kittim 

*Arca,  858  square  miles.  Population,  90,970. 
Kishinef  (kesh-e-nef'),  Rumanian  Kishla- 
nou  (kesh-la-no'  or  -ngov').  The  capital  of 
the  government  of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Byk  in  lat.  46°  59'  N.,  long.  28° 
49'  E. : an  important  trading  center.  Popu- 
lation, 125,787. 

Kishm  (kishm),  or  Tawilah.  A barren  island 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  belonging 
to  Persia.  Length,  55  miles. 

Kishon  (ki'shon).  In  Bible  geography,  a small 
river  of  Palestine,  flowing  into  the  Bay  of  Acre 
8 miles  south-southwest  of  Acre : the  modem 
Nabr  el-Mukatta.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  vic- 
tory of  Barak  over  Sisera. 

Kislew.  See  Chisleu. 

Kisliar  (kiz-le-ar').  A town  in  the  Terek  Ter- 
ritory, Caucasus,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Terek 
about  lat.  43°  55'  N.,  long.  46°  50'  E.  Popula- 
tion, 7,282. 

Kiss  (kis),  August.  Born  at  Paprotzan,  near 
Pless,  Prussia,  Oct.  11,  1802:  died  at  Berlin, 
March  24,  1865.  A German  sculptor.  Among  his 
chief  works  is  “ Amazon  and  Panther  ” (in  Berlin). 
Kissingen  (kis'sing-en).  A town  and  watering- 
place  in  Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on 
the  Franconian  Saale  29  miles  north  by  east  of 
Wurzburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  iron  and  salt  springs. 
Near  the  town,  July  10,  1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the 
Bavarians ; and  it  was  also  the  scene  of  the  unsuccessful 
attempt  on  the  life  of  Bismarck  in  1874.  Resident  popu- 
lation, commune,  5,199. 

Kistna  (kist'na),  or  Krishna  (krish'na).  1. 
A river  of  the  Deccan,  India,  flowing  into  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  about  lat.  15°  50'  N.  Length, 
about  800  miles. — 2.  A district  in  the  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  British  India,  lying  along  the 
lower  course  of  the  river  Kistna.  Area,  8,498 
square  miles.  Population,  2,154,803. 
Kis-UjsZcLll<is  (kish'oy'sal-lash).  A town  in 
the  county  of  Szolnok,  Hungary,  46  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Debreczin.  It  is  the  seat  of  a dis- 
trict court  and  contains  a gymnasium.  Popu- 
lation, about  14,000. 

Kitchai  (ke'chl),  or  Keechie  (ke'chi).  A tribe 
of  the  Caddoan  stock  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Their  habitat  in  1712  was  northeastern  Texas  and 
the  adjacent  parts  of  Louisiana.  Now  it  is  on  the  Wichita 
reservation,  Oklahoma.  See  Caddoan. 

Kit-Cat  Club,  The.  A London  club  which  flour- 
ished, according  to  the  generally  accepted  ac- 
count, from  1703  to  1733.  Its  meetings  were  held  at 
the  “ Cat  and  Fiddle,”  kept  by  Christopher  Cat,  a noted 
mutton-pieman,  near  Temple  Bar.  It  was  founded  by 
members  of  the  Whig  party,  and  among  its  frequenters 
were  Steele,  Addison,  Lord  Orford,  and  others.  Its  name 
is  thought  to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  the  landlord  of 
the  tavern,  though  the  “Spectator,  "No.  9,  says  it  was  from 
the  name  of  the  pies,  which  were  called  “kit-cats."  The 
club  occasionally  met  in  summer  at  the  house  of  Jacob 
Tonson  at  Barn  Elms,  where  a room  was  built  for  it,  the 
walls  of  which  were  adorned  with  portraits  of  its  members. 
As  the  ceiling  was  low,  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  who  painted 
them,  used  a small  canvas  (36  by  28  inches),  which  has  since 
gone  by  the  name  of  kit-cat  size. 

Kitchen  Cabinet,  The.  In  United  States  poli- 
tics, a group  of  politicians  very  influential  with 
Andrew  Jackson  during  his  administration,  its 
chief  members  were  Major  Lewis  and  Amos  Kendall.  They 
were  “men  with  whom  he  could  smoke  and  converse  at 
random,  without  the  constraint  of  a council  and  clashing 
minds"  ( Schouler , Hist,  of  U.  S.,  III.  496). 

Kitchener  (kich'e-ner),  Horatio  Herbert,Vis- 
count  Kitchener  of  Khartum  and  Aspall.  Born 
June  24,  1850.  A British  general.  He  served  in 
surveys  of  Palestine  and  Cyprus ; was  major  of  Egyp- 
tian cavalry  1882-84  ; served  in  the  Nile  expedition  1884  ; 
was  governor  of  Suakin  1886-88 ; commanded  the  Dongola 
expedition  in  1896  and  the  Khartum  expedition  in  1S98, 
defeating  the  dervishes  in  the  battle  of  Omdurman  Sept. 
2, 1898,  and  establishing  the  authority  of  Great  Britain  in 
the  Sudan,  of  which  he  was  made  governor  Jan.  21,  1899. 
He  was  made  adjutant-general  in  the  Egyptian  army  in 
1888  and  sirdar  in  1892 ; was  promoted  niajor-general  in 
1896,  lieutenant-general  in  1900,  general  in  1902,  and  fleld- 
marshal  in  1909 ; was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1898,  and 
appointed  chief  of  staff  under  Lord  Roberts  in  South 
Africa  in  1899,  and  succeeded  him  in  command  there  in 
Dec.,  1900.  He  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Indian 
army  1902-09.  He  succeeded  Gorst  in  Egypt  in  1911. 
Kit’s  Coty  House.  A noted  cromlech  near 
Aylesford,  Kent,  England. 

Kittatinny  (kit'a-tin-i),  or  Blue  Mountains. 
A range  of  low  mountains  in  southern  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  and  northeastern  Pennsyl- 
vania, belonging  to  the  Appalachian  system. 
It  is  broken  by  the  Delaware  Water  Gap. 
Kittery  (kit'e-ri).  A seaport  in  York  County, 
Maine,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua. 

It  contains  a United  StateB  navy-yard.  Population, 
3.533,  (1910). 

Kittim  (kit'im),  or  Chittim.  In  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, a name  generally  assumed  to  designate 
the  island  of  Cyprus,  where  the  Phenicians 
founded  the  city  of  Citium ; in  a wider  sense, 


Kittim 

the  inhabitants  of  the  islands  and  coast  of  the 
western  Mediterranean.  The  isles  of  Chittim 
are  mentioned  in  Isa.  xxiii.  as  a resort  of  the 
Tyrian  fleet. 

Kittistzu.  See  Ghjidesdzo. 

Kittlitz  (kit'lits),  Baron  Friedrich  von.  Born 
at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Feb.  16, 1799 : died  at  Mainz, 
Germany,  April  10,  1874.  A German  soldier 
(captain),  ornithologist,  and  traveler.  He  wrote 
“Denkwiirdigkeiten  einer  Reise  nach  dem  russischen 
Amerika,  nach  Mikronesien  und  durch  Kamtschatka” 
(1858),  etc. 

Kitto  (kit'o),  John.  Born  at  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  4, 1804:  died  at  Cannstatt,  Nov.  25, 
1854.  An  English  compiler,  author  of  the  “Pic- 
torial Bible.”  He  was  the  son  of  a Cornish  stone-mason. 
In  his  youth  he  fell  from  a ladder  and  became  entirely 
deaf.  The  Church  Missionary  Society  sent  him  to  Malta 
as  a printer  in  1827.  In  1829  he  went  with  a private  mis- 
sion party  to  Bagdad,  returning  in  1832.  He  published 
“The  Lost  Senses  ” (1845),  “ The  Pictorial  Bible  ’’  (1835-38). 
“ Pictorial  History  of  Palestine  and  the  Holy  Land  " (1840), 
“Cyclopedia  of  Biblical  Literature”  (1845),  “Daily  Bible 
Illustrations  ” (1849-54).  Although  a layman,  he  was  made 
D.  D.  by  the  University  of  Giessen  in  1844. 

Kitty  Clive.  See  Clive. 

Kitunahan  (ki-to-na'han),  or  Cootenai,  or  Koo- 
tenay. A linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  as  occupying  the  mountain- 
ous tract  between  the  two  upper  forks  of  the 
Columbia  River,  British  Columbia,  and  the  ad- 
jacent parts  of  the  United  States.  Earlier  they 

probably  inhabited  the  territory  east  of  the  mountains, 
but  were  driven  across  by  the  Blackfeet.  There  are  two 
tribeB,  the  Kitunaha  (Kitonaqa)  or  Upper  Cootenai,  and 
the  Akoklako  or  Lower  Cootenai.  Some  are  in  Montana 
and  others  in  British  Columbia. 

Kitzbiihl  (kits'  biil).  A town  and  summer  re- 
sort in  northeastern  Tyrol,  47  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Innsbruck. 

Kitzbiihler  (kits' bii-ler)  Alps.  A division  of 
the  eastern  Alps,  on  the  confines  of  Tyrol, 
Bavaria,  and  Salzburg.  Its  highest  points  are 
over  8,000  feet. 

Kitzingen  (kit'sing-en).  A town  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  10 
miles  southeast  of  Wurzburg.  It  is  noted  for 
its  beer.  Population,  commune,  8,876. 

Kiukiang.  See  Kew-Kiang. 

Kiung-chau  (ke-ong'chou').  The  capital  of 
the  island  of  Hainan,  China,  situated  near  the 
coast,  in  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  110°  25'  E.  Popu- 
lation, about  42,000. 

Kiuprili.  See  Koprili. 

Kiusiu  (kyo'syo').  The  southernmost  of  the 
five  principal  islands  of  Japan,  southwest  of 
the  main  island  and  of  Shikoku.  Chief  city, 
Nagasaki.  It  contains  also  the  cities  of  Fuku- 
oka, Kagoshima,  Kumamoto,  etc.  The  surface 
is  mountainous.  Area,  16,840  square  miles. 
Population,  7,748,402. 

Kizil-Irmak  (kiz'il-ir-mak').  [Turk.,  ‘red 
river.’]  The  largest  river  of  Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key : the  ancient  Halvs.  its  course  is  first  southwest 
and  then  northerly.  It  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  about  lat. 
41°  40'  N.,  long.  36°  E.  Length,  about  600  miles. 

Kizil-Kum  (kiz'il-kom).  A desert  in  central 
Asia,  southeast  of  the  Sea  of  Aral,  between  the 
Amu-Daria  and  Sir-Daria. 

Kizil-Uzen  (kiz'il-o'zen).  A chief  head  stream 
of  the  river  Sefid,  in  Persia. 

Kizliar.  See  Kisliar. 

Kjobenhavn.  The  Danish  name  of  Copenhagen. 

Kladno  (klad'no).  A town  in  Bohemia,  15  miles 
west-northwest  of  Prague.  It  has  important 
coal-  and  iron-mines.  Pop.,  19,339,  (1910). 

Klagenfurt  (kla'gen-fort).  The  capital  of  Ca- 
rinthia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  46° 
37'  N.,  long.  14°  19'  E.  It  has  manufactures  of  white 
lead,  etc.  Its  most  noted  building  is  the  House  of  the 
Estates.  Population,  28,958,  (1910). 

Klamath  (kla'mat).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  inhabiting  mainly  the  shores  of 
upper  Klamath  Lake  and  Sprague  River,  on 
Klamath  Indian  reservation,  Oregon.  They  num- 
ber about  760,  distributed  in  8 settlements.  Also  Clamet, 
Klamet,  Tlamath,  Tlamatl. 

Klamath  (kla'mat).  A river  in  southern  Ore- 
gon and  California,  traversing  the  two  Klamath 
Lakes  in  southern  Oregon  and  on  the  Californian 
border,  and  flowing  iuto  the  Pacific  about  lat. 
41°  35'  N.  Length,  over  200  miles. 

Klamet.  See  Klamath. 

Klapka  (kiop'ko),  Gyorgy.  Bom  at  Temosvar, 
Hungary,  April  7, 1820:  died  at  Budapest,  May 
17,  1892.  A Hungarian  general,  distinguished 
at  K&polna,  Komoni,  and  elsewhere  in  1849. 
He  capitulated  at  Komorn,  Sept.  27,  1849. 

Klaproth  (klap'rot),  Heinrich  Julius.  Born 
at  Berlin,  Oct.  11,  1783:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  20, 
1835.  A celebrated  German  Orientalist  and  Asi- 
atic traveler,  especially  noted  as  a student  of 


573 

Chinese : son  of  M.  H.  Klaproth.  He  was  professor 
of  Asiatic  languages  at  Paris  1810-36.  He  published  “Asia 
polyglotta,”  a classification  of  the  peoples  of  Asia  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  affinities  of  their  languages,  with  a lan- 
guage-atlas (1823),  and  numerous  philological  and  geo- 
graphical works  and  accounts  of  his  travels. 

Klaproth,  Martin  Heinrich.  Born  at  Werni- 
gerode,  Prussia,  Dee.  1,  1743:  died  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  1,  1817.  A German  chemist,  professor  at 
the  University  of  Berlin. 

Klattau(klat'tou),Bohem.Klatovy(kla'to-ve). 
A town  in  Bohemia,  68  miles  southwest  of 
Prague.  Population,  commune,  14,387,  (1910). 

Klausenburg,  or  Clausenburg  (klou'zen- 
borG),  Hung.  Kolosvar  (ko'losh-var).  The  capi- 
tal of  Kolos  County,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Little  Szamos  in  lat.  46°  44'  N.,  long.  23°  33'  E. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Germans  in  1178,  and  was  taken  by 
the  Hungarians  1848.  It  contains  a Magyar  university,  a. 
Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  and  a citadel.  Population, 
60,400,  (1910). 

Klausen  (klou'zen)  Pass.  An  Alpine  pass  in 
Switzerland,  leading  from  Altdorf,  Uri,  to 
Linththal,  Glarus. 

Klausthal.  See  Clausthal. 

Kleber  (kla-bar'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Strasburg,  1753  (1754?) : assassinated  at  Cairo, 
Egypt,  June  14,  1800.  A noted  French  general. 
He  served  in  the  Vendean  war  in  1793;  in  the  eastern 
armies  1794-96 ; and  at  Mount  Tabor  in  1799 ; succeeded 
Napoleon  as  commander  in  Egypt  in  1799;  and  defeated 
the  Turks  at  Heliopolis  in  1800. 

Klein  (kiln),  Julius  Leopold.  Born  at  Mis- 
kolcz,  Hungary,  1804 : died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  2, 
1876.  A German  dramatist  and  historian  of 
literature.  His  chief  work  is  a “Geschichte  des 
Dramas”  (12vols.  1865-76). 

Kleist  (klist),  Ewald  Christian  von.  Born  at 
Zeblin,  near  Koslin,  Prussia,  March  3,  1715 : 
died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Prussia,  Aug. 
24,  1759.  A German  poet  and  officer  (first  in 
the  Danish  and  then  in  the  Prussian  service). 
He  was  mortally  wounded  at  Kunersdorf  (Aug.  12,  1759). 
His  best-known  poem  is  “ Der  Frtihling  ” (“Spring, ”1749). 

Kleist  (klist),  Heinrich  Bernt  Wilhelm  von. 

Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Oct.  18,  1777 : 
died  at  Wannensee,  near  Potsdam,  Nov.  21, 1811. 
A German  dramatist.  He  entered  the  army  in  1795, 
but  in  1799  left  it  to  study  at  Frankfort  and  Berlin.  In 
1801  he  went  to  Paris,  and  afterward  to  Switzerland,  where 
he  again  traveled  in  1803.  In  1804  he  was  given  a subor- 
dinate government  position  at  Konigsberg,  but  resigned 
it  after  the  disastrous  battle  of  Jena.  In  1807  he  w ent  to 
Dresden,  and  engaged  there  in  editorial  work  on  a news- 
paper. In  1809  he  went  to  Prague,  where  he  wrote  as  a 
pamphleteer  against  France  in  the  war  with  Austria  ; but 
after  the  defeat  of  Wagram  he  returned  to  Berlin  and 
again  took  up  his  work  as  a journalist.  The  first  of  his 
dramas,  the  tragedy  “ Die  Familie  Schroffenstein  ” (“  The 
Family  Schroffenstein  ’’),  appeared  in  1803  ; “Amphitryon  ” 
in  1807  ; the  tragedy  “Penthesilea”  in  1808  ; thechivalric 
drama  “Kathchen  von  Heilbronn  ” in  1810 ; and  the  comedy 
“ Der  zerbrochene  Krug  "(“The  Broken  Jug  ”)  in  1811.  He 
also  wrote  “ Erzahlungen” (“Tales,”  1810-11),  andafew  lyr- 
ics. His  fame  is  almost  wholly  posthumous.  His  literary 
efforts  met  with  but  little  success  during  his  life,  and  he 
at  last  not  only  became  despondent,  but  was  actually 
threatened  with  need.  Afterfirstcarryingout  the  promise 
he  had  made  to  a female  friend,  as  morbid  as  himself,  to 
kill  her,  he  committed  suicide  when  only  34  years  old.  Two 
dramas  were  published  after  his  death  : “ Die  Hermanns- 
schlacht  (“The  Battle  of  Hermann,”*,  e.  Arminius),  and 
“ Der  Prinz  von  Homburg  ” (“  The  Prince  of  Homburg  "). 
“ Robert  Guiscard  ’’  is  a fragment.  His  collected  writings 
were  first  published  at  Berlin,  1826,  in  3 vols. 

Kleist  von  Nollendorf (klist  fon  nol'len-dorf), 
Count  Friedrich  Heinrich  Ferdinand  Emil. 

Born  at  Berlin,  April  9,  1762 : died  at  Berlin, 
Feb.  17, 1823.  A.  Prussian  field-marshal,  distin- 
guished in  the  War  of  Liberation,  1813-14. 

Klemm  (klem),  Friedrich  Gustav.  Born  at 
Chemnitz,  Saxony,  Nov.  12, 1802 : died  at  Dres- 
den, Aug.  26, 1867.  A Doted  German  historian, 
secretary  and  later  librarian  of  the  royal  library 
at  Dresden.  He  wrote  “Die  Geschichte  von  Bayern" 
(1828),  “Allgemeine  Kulturgeschichte  der  Mensehheit” 
(1843-52),  “ Handbucli  der  germanischen  Altertumskunde  ” 
(1835),  “Die  Frauen  ”(1856-58),  etc. 

Klengel  (kleng'el),  Johann  Christian.  Born 
at  Kesselsdorf,  near  Dresden,  May  5, 1751 : died 
at  Dresden,  Dec.  19, 1824.  A German  landscape- 
painter. 

Klenze  (klent'se),  Leo  von.  Born  near  Hildes- 
heim,  Prussia,  Feb.  29,  1784 : died  at  Munich, 
Jan.  27,  1864.  A German  architect.  Among  his 
works  are  the  “ Walhalla  ” (near  Ratisbon),  many  buildings 
in  Munich  (including  the  Glyptothek,  Odeon,  and  Pinako- 
thek),  etc. 

Klephts  (klefts).  Greek  or  Albanian  brigands. 
As  a class,  the  Klephts  were  originally  those  Greeks  who, 
after  the  Turkish  conquest  in  the  15th  century,  formed 
armed  bands  or  communities  in  mountain  fastnesses,  and 
maintained  their  independence,  defying  and  plundering 
the  Turks  and  their  adherents.  They  gave  powerful  aid 
to  the  patriots  in  the  war  of  independence  (1821-28),  after 
which  those  who  kept  up  their  organization  became  mere 
robbers.  They  have  been  suppressed  in  Greece. 

Klettgau  (klet'gou).  A mountainous  region 


Knapp,  Ludwig  Friedrich 

situated  partly  in  the  canton  of  Scbaffhausen, 
Switzerland,  partly  in  the  adjoining  portion  of 
southern  Baden. 

Kleve.  See  Cleves. 

Klikitat  (klik'e-tat).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  wintered  in  1805  on  the  Yakima  and 
Klikitat  rivers,  Washington,  in  the  region  conterminous 
with  the  two  counties  named  after  those  rivers.  At  that 
time  they  numbered  700.  They  are  now  on  the  Yakima 
reservation,  Washington.  See  Shahaptian. 

Klin  (klen).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  Russia,  56  miles  northwest  of  Mos- 
cow: the  ancient  seat  of  the  Romanoffs.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,600. 

Klinger  ( kling'  er) , Friedrich  Maximilian  von. 

Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Feb.  17,  1752 : 
died  March  9,  1831.  A German  dramatic  poet 
and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  play  “ Sturm  und  Drang  " 
(“Storm  and  Stress,"  1775),  which  gave  its  name  to  the 
so-called  “ Sturm  und  Drang  ” period  of  German  literature. 

Klintsi  (klint'se).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  government  of  Tchemigoff,  Russia,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  52°  44'  N.,  long.  32°  16'  E.  Popu- 
lation, over  12,000. 

Klissow  (klis'ov).  Aplace  in  the  government  of 
Kalisz,  Russian  Poland,  near  the  Prussian  fron- 
tier. Here,  J uly  19, 1702,  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden 
defeated  the  Poles  and  Saxons. 

Klissura  (klis-so'ra).  A gorge  made  by  the 
Danube  on  the  frontier  of  Hungary  and  Servia, 
between  Neu-Moldova  and  Orsova. 

Klondike  (klon'dik).  A river  in  the  Yukon 
Territory,  Canada,  which  flows  into  the  Yukon 
at  Dawson,  above  the  64th  parallel  north  lati. 
tude.  It  is  noted  for  the  gold-mines  in  its 
vicinity. 

Klonowicz  (klo-no'vich),  Sebastian  Fabian 
(called  Acernus).  Born  at  Sulmiercyce,  Posen, 
1551 : died  at  Lublin  about  1608.  A Polish  poet. 
He  wrote  both  in  Latin  and  in  Polish.  Among  his  poems 
are  "Roxalana"  (1584),  a translation  of  Cato's  “Disticha 
moralia”  (1602),  etc. 

Klonthal  (klen'tal).  A valley  in  the  canton  of 
Glarus,  Switzerland,  west  of  Glarus. 
Klopstock  (klop'stok),  Friedrich  Gottlieb. 
Born  at  Quedlinburg,  Prussia,  July  2, 1724:  died 
at  Hamburg,  March  14, 1803.  A noted  German 
poet.  Before  1745,  when  he  went  to  Jena  to  study  theol- 
ogy, he  had  already  conceived  the  plan  of  the  religious  epic 
afterward  written  as  the  “ Messias  ” (“The  Messiah  ”).  In 
Leipsic,  in  1748,  he  published  anonymously,  in  the  journal 
“Bremer  Beitrage,”  the  firstthree  cantos  of  thepoem.  This 
same  year  he  went  as  tutor  to  Langensalza.  In  1750  he  ac- 
cepted the  invitation  of  the  poet  and  historian  Bodmer  to 
Zurich,  but  the  succeeding  year  was  summoned  by  the  King 
of  Denmark  to  Copenhagen,  that  he  might  there  find  the 
leisure  to  complete  his  poem.  He  remained  there  until 
1771 ; went  then  to  Hamburg ; in  1775  was  for  a year  in 
Karlsruhe ; and  then  returned  to  Hamburg,  where  he  sub- 
sequently lived.  The  “Messias,"  a poem  consisting  of 
twenty  cantos  written  in  hexameters,  did  not  appear  in  its 
complete  form  until  1773.  “Geistliche  Lieder”  (“Reli- 
gious Songs ”)  appeared  in  1758,  and  “Oden  ” (“Odes  ”) in 
1771.  He  also  wrote  three  dramas  on  biblical  subjects: 
“Der  Tod  Adams  ’’(“The  Death  of  Adam,”  1757),  “ Salomo  " 
(“Solomon”),  and  “ David  ”(1772).  Three  others  were  writ- 
ten on  subjects  from  early  national  history  : “ Hermanns- 
schlaeht ’’(“The  Battle  of  Hermann,"  i.e.  Arminius.  1769), 
“Hermann  und  die  Ftirsten ’’(“Hermann  and  the  Princes," 
1784),  “ Hermanns  Tod”  (“Hermann’s  Death,”  1787).  The 
last  three  dramas  were  in  prose  interspersed  with  bardic 
choruses,  so  called,  and  were  consequently  named  by  him 
“Bardiete.”  Minor  poems  are  the  ode  “An  meineFreunde  ’’ 
(“  To  My  Friends,"  1747),  later  changed  to  “ Wingolf,"  ad- 
dressed to  the  poets  of  the  Saxon  school ; the  “ Kriegslied  ” 
(“War  Song”),  written  in  1749  in  honor  of  Frederick  the 
Great ; and  the  ode  “ Hermann  und  Thusnelda,”  written  in 
1752.  His  principal  prose  work  is  “DieGelehrtenrepublik  ” 
(“  The  Scholars’ P,epublic,”  1744),  an  art  of  poetry  from  his 
own  standpoint.  His  complete  works  appeared  (Leipsic, 
1844-45)  in  11  vols. 

Klosterneuburg  (klos-ter-noi'borG).  A town  in 
Lower  Austria,  6 miles  north-northwest  of  Vi- 
enna. Population,  commune,  14,786,  (1910). 
Kloster-Zeven  (klos'ter-tse'fen),  Convention 

of.  See  Closter-Seven. 

Knabl  (kna'bl),  Joseph.  Born  at  Fliess,  Tyrol, 
July  17,  1819 : died  at  Munich,  Nov.  3,  1881.  A 
Tyrolese  sculptor.  His  works  are  chiefly  in 
Bavaria. 

K’naia-khotana  (knl'a-cho-ta'na),  or  Kenai 
(ke-nl').  A tribe  of  the  northern  division  of  the 
Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
living  in  villages  along  Cook’s  Inlet  and  the 
Kenai  Peninsula,  southern  Alaska. 

Knapp,  Georg  Christian.  Born  at  Halle,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  17, 1753 : died  at  Halle,  Oct.  14, 1825. 
A German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  of 
theology  at  the  University  of  Halle.  He  wrote 
“Vorlesungen  fiber  die  ehristliche  Glaubens- 
lehre”  (1827),  etc. 

Knapp,  Friedrich  Ludwig.  Born  Feb.  22, 
1814:  died  June  8,  1904.  A German  chemist. 
He  became  professor  in  the  University  of  Giessen  in  1841, 
and  of  Munich  in  1853,  and  in  the  Polytechnic  School  at 


Knapp,  Ludwig  Friedrich 

Brunswick  in  1863.  Among  his  chief  works  are  “ Lehr- 
buch  der  ehemischen  Xechnologie"  (1847)  and  “Technol- 
ogische  Wandtafeln  ” (1855-62). 

Knaresborough  (narz'bur//o).  A town  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Nidd  16  miles  west-northwest  of  York.  It 
has  a ruined  castle  and  some  natural  curiosities. 
Population,  4,979. 

Knatchbull-Hugessen  (nach 'bul-hu'ges-en), 
Edward  Hugessen,  Lord  Brabourne.  Born 
April  29,  1829:  died  Feb.  6,  1893.  A British 
politician  and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Oxford,  and  was  Liberal  member  of  Parliament  for 
Sandhurst  from  1857  till  1870,  when  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage.  He  joined  the  Conservative  party  in  1885.  He 
wrote  “ Crackers  for  Christmas  " (1870),  “ Higgledy-Pig- 
gledy ” (1875),  and  numerous  other  books  for  children. 

Knaus  (knous),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Wiesbaden, 
Prussia,  Oct.  5,  1829:  died  Dec.  7,  1910.  A 
noted  German  genre-painter,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  younger  Diisseldorf  school.  He  was  a pupil 
of  Sohn  and  Schadow  at  Diisseldorf  1846-52,  studied  in 
Paris  till  1860,  and  was  professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy 
from  1874  to  1884.  He  received  first-class  medals  in  1855, 
1857,  and  1859,  aud  a medal  of  honor  in  1867. 

Knebel  (kna/bel),  Karl  Ludwig  von.  Bom  at 

Wallerstein,  Bavaria,  Nov.  30,  1744:  died  at 
Jena,  Germany,  Feb.  23,  1834.  A German  au- 
thor, best  known  as  a friend  of  Goethe. 

Knecht  Ruprecht  (kneclit  ro'preeht).  [G., 
‘Knight  Rupert.’]  The  German  genius  of 
Christmas,  corresponding  to  St.  Nicholas,  or 
Santa  Claus.  In  some  parts  of  Germany  he  is  supposed 
to  appear  just  previous  to  Christmas,  with  a hag  on  his 
hack  and  a rod  in  his  hand,  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of 
the  children,  whom  he  rewards  or  punishes  according  to 
their  deserts.  The  actual  dispenser  of  gifts  on  Christmas 
Eve  is,  however,  the  Christ-child. 

Kneller  (nel'er),  Sir  Godfrey  (Gottfried  Knil- 
ler).  Born  at  Liibeck,  Germany,  Aug.  8, 1646 : 
died  at  London,  Oct.  19, 1723.  A German-Eng- 
lish  portrait-painter.  His  father  was  a portrait- 
painter  of  Liibeck.  Godfrey  was  sent  to  Leyden  to  study 
mathematics  and  fortification.  He  abandoned  the  career 
of  a soldier  and  entered  the  atelier  of  Ferdinand  Bol  at 
Amsterdam,  receiving  probably  some  instruction  from 
Rembrandt.  In  1672  he  went  to  Italy ; from  Italy  he  went 
to  Hamburg.  In  1675  he  found  his  way  to  England,  and  to 
the  patronage  of  Mr.  Vernon,  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  later  to  that  of  the  duke  himself,  whose  por- 
trait he  paint  ed,  and  who  recommended  him  to  Charles  II. 
For  Charles  he  painted  the  portrait  of  Louis  XIV.  in  Paris. 
He  succeeded  to  the  patronage  of  James  II.,  William  III., 
and  Anne,  and  was  knighted  March  3,  1691.  Some  of  his 
best  portraits  are  in  the  series  of  admirals.  He  was  con- 
temporary and  rival  of  Sir  Peter  Lely.  He  painted  the  por- 
traits of  ten  reigning  sovereigns. 

Knep.  See  Knipp. 

Knickerbocker’s  History  of  New  York.  A 

burlesque  history  of  New  York,  by  Washington 
Irving,  published  in  1809.  This  he  wrote  under 
the  name  of  Diedrich  Knickerbocker. 

Kniebis  (kne'bis).  A mountain  group  in  the 
Black  Forest,  on  the  borders  of  Baden  and  Wiir- 
temberg,  about  lat.  48°  30'  N. 

Knight  (nit),  Charles.  Born  at  Windsor,  Eng- 
land, March  15, 1791 : died  at  Addlestone,  Sur- 
rey, England,  March  9,  1873.  An  English  pub- 
lisher and  author.  His  chief  work  is  a “Popular 
History  of  England"  (8  vols.  1856-62).  He  edited  “The 
Penny  Magazine ” (1832-45),  “The  Penny  Cyclopaedia” 
(1833-44),  “The  Pictorial  Shakspere ” (1841),  “The  English 
Cyclopaidia,”  etc. 

Knight,  James.  Died  at  Marble  Island,  Hudson 
Bay,  about  1719.  An  English  explorer,  and 
agent  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Fort  Albany  in  1673,  and  of  the  Nelson  River  settle- 
ment in  1714.  In  1718  he  built  the  Prince  of  Wales  Fort 
at  the  mouth  of  Churchill  reiver.  In  June,  1719,  he  sailed 
with  two  of  the  company’s  fleet  to  discover  the  fabled 
Straits  of  An  ian,  and  to  search  for  gold.  The  expedition  did 
not  return,  and  a searching  party  in  1722  failed  to  And  any 
trace  of  it.  The  wreck  of  the  ships  was  discovered  at  Mar- 
ble Island  by  a whaling  party  in  1767.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Knight,  Joseph  Philip.  Born  at  Bradford- 
on-Avon,  July  26,  1812:  died  at  Great  Yar- 
mouth, 1887.  A composer  of  songs,  including 
“ Rocked  in  the  Cradle  of  the  Deep,”  etc. 
Knight,  Richard  Payne.  Born  near  Ludlow, 
Herefordshire,  1750:  died  at  London,  April  23, 
1824.  An  English  numismatist  and  archaeolo- 
gist. About  1767  he  went  to  Italy,  and  again  in  1777  with 
Philip  Hackert,  a German  painter,  and  Charles  Gore.  In 
his  biography  of  Hackert,  Goethe  translated  Knight’s  di- 
ary as  the  “Tagebucli  einer  Reise  nach  Sicilien."  He  was 
again  in  Italy  in  1785,  associated  with  Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton, British  ambassador  at  Naples,  and  began  hiscollection 
of  bronzes  with  Fox.  He  wrote  “An  Account  of  the  Re- 
mains of  the  Worship  of  Priapus  lately  existing  in  Iser- 
nia”  (1786),  “An  Analytical  Essay  on  the  Greek  Alphabet,” 
"An  Inquiry  into  the  Symbolical  Language  of  Ancient  Art 
and  Mythology,”  etc.  He  bequeathed  to  the  British  Mu- 
seum his  collection  of  bronzes,  coins,  gems,  marbles,  and 
drawings. 

Knight,  Thomas  Andrew.  Born  near  Ludlow, 
Herefordshire,  Aug.  12,  1759 : died  at  London, 
May  11,  1838.  An  English  horticulturist  and 
botanist,  brother  of  Richard  Payne  Knight. 


574 

Knight  of  La  Mancha.  Don  Quixote  de  la 
Mancha. 

Knight  of  Malta,  The.  A play  by  Fletcher, 
Massinger,  and  another,  produced  before  1619, 
and  printed  in  1647. 

Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle,  The.  A mock- 
heroic  drama  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1613.  it  was  intended  to 
satirize  such  plays  as  Heywood’s  “Four  Prentices  of  Lon- 
don," in  which  extravagantly  chivalric  and  knightly  lan- 
guage was  put  into  the  mouths  of  the  middle  class.  It 
was  doubtless  suggested  by  “Don  Quixote.” 

Knight  of  the  Rueful  Countenance.  Don 

Quixote:  so  called  by  Sancho  Panza. 

Knight  of  the  Swan.  See  Swan  and  Lohengrin. 

Knights  (nits),  The.  A comedy  of  Aristopha- 
nes, exhibited  in  424  b.  c. 

The  play  [“Knights  ”]  personifies  the  Athenian  Demos  as 
an  easy-going,  dull-witted  old  man,  with  Nikias,  Demos- 
thenes, and  Cleon  among  his  slaves,  among  whom  the  lat- 
ter has  attained  a tyrannical  ascendancy  by  alternate  bully- 
ing his  fellows  and  flattering  his  master.  By  the  advice 
of  oracles,  which  play  a great  part  all  through  the  play, 
and  which  imply  an  earnest  faith  in  religion  among  the 
Athenian  people  of  that  day,  the  former  two  persuade  a 
low  sausage-seller  (Agoracritus)  to  undertake  the  task  of 
supplant  ing  Cleon.  He  is  assisted  by  the  chorus  of  Knights, 
who  are  determined  enemies  of  Cleon,  and  whocome  in  to 
defend  their  friends,  and  attack  the  demagogue,  in  their 
famous  parabasis.  The  greater  part  of  the  remainder  is 
occupied  with  the  brazen  attempts  of  both  demagogues  to 
out-bully  one  another,  and  to  devise  bribes  and  promises 
to  gain  Demos’  favour.  At  last  Agoracritus  prevails  and 
retires  with  Demos,  whom  he  presently  reproduces,  appa- 
rently by  eccyclema,  sitting  crowned,  and  in  his  right 
mind,  heartily  ashamed  of  his  former  follies. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  442. 

Knights,  The.  A comedy  by  Foote,  produced 
in  1749,  printed  in  1754,  in  which  he  played 
Hartop. 

Knightsbridge  (nlts'brij).  1.  In  old  London, 
the  bridge  across  the  Tyburn,  by  which  the  old 
Reading  road  passed : so  called  from  the  manor 
of  Neyte,  near  Kensington.  IF.  J.  Loftie,  West- 
minster Abbey. — 2.  In  modem  London,  the 
street  which  forms  the  southern  boundary  of 
Hyde  Park.  The  cavalry  barracks  are  here, 
near  Rutland  Gate. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle.  A former  secret 
order  in  the  United  States,  in  sympathy  with 
the  Secessionists. 

Knights  of  the  Round  Table.  See  Round 
Table. 

Knight's  Tale  of  Palamon  and  Arcite,  The. 

One  of  Chaucer’s  “Canterbury  Tales.”  it  is  a re- 
casting by  Chaucer  of  hisversionof  Boccaccio’s  “Teseide,” 
which  he  made  before  he  wrote  the  “Legend  of  Good 
Women.” 

The  “Knight’s  Tale,”  in  particular,  naturally  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan  age, 
who  were  always  on  the  lookout  for  suitable  material. 
Upon  it  was  founded  an  early  play  called  “Palemon  and 
Arcite"  that  has  not  come  down.  It  was  the  work  of 
Richard  Edwards,  and  was  produced  in  1566  at  Oxford  Uni- 
versity before  Queen  Elizabeth.  A play  with  this  tide  is 
also  recorded  by  Henslowe  under  the  year  1594  as  having 
been  acted  four  times.  From  the  same  tale  also  was  avow- 
edly taken  the  drama  called  “ The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,” 
which,  when  first  printed  in  1634,  had  on  its  title-page  as 
authors  the  names  of  Shakspeare  and  Fletcher.  Whether 
either  had  anything  to  do  with  it  is  still  a debated  ques- 
tion. Lounsbury,  Chaucer,  III.  68. 

Knight’s  Vision,  The.  An  allegorical  painting 
by  Raphael,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
In  the  foreground  a youth  sleeps,  resting  on  his  shield. 
Beside  him  stand  two  girls : one,  personifying  fame,  hold- 
ing out  a sword  and  a hook ; and  the  other,  representing 
pleasure,  extending  a myrtle-blossom.  The  background  is 
occupied  with  rocks,  hills,  and  towers.  The  work  is  of 
Raphael's  youth,  admirable  in  conception  and  execution. 

Knin  (knen).  A town  in  Dalmatia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  on  the  Kcrka  26  miles  northeast  of 
Sebenieo.  Pop.,  commune,  25,930,  (1910). 

Knipp  (nip),  or  Knep  (nep),  Mrs.  Flourished 
about  1670.  An  English  actress.  She  probably  first 
appeared  as  Epicosne  in  Ben  Jonson’s  “Silent  Woman”  in 
1664,  and  what  is  known  of  her  is  principally  from  the  en- 
tries in  Bepys’s  “Diary.”  She  disappears  from  the  bills  in 
1678. 

Mrs.  Knipp  (or  Knep)  . . . was  a pretty  creature,  with 
a sweet  voice,  a mad  humour,  and  an  ill-looking,  moody, 
jealous  husband,  who  vexed  the  soul  and  bruised  the  body 
of  his  sprightly,  sweet-toned,  and  wayward  wife.  Excel- 
lent company  she  was  found  by  Pepys  and  his  friends, 
whatever  her  horse- jockey  of  a husband  may  have  thought 
of  her,  or  Airs.  Pepys  of  the  philandering  of  her  own  hus- 
band with  the  minx,  whom  she  did  not  hesitate  to  pro- 
nounce a “wench,”  and  whom  Pepys  himself  speaks  of  af- 
fectionately as  a “jade  ” he  was  always  glad  to  see. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  59. 

Knipperdolling  (knip'per-dol-ling),  Bern- 
hard.  Beheaded  at  Munster,  Prussia,  Jan.  23, 
1536.  A German  Anabaptist,  stadtholder  of 
Munster  1534-35,  and  supporter  of  the  revolu- 
tionary acts  of  John  of  Leyden. 

Knistineaux.  See  Cree. 

Knobel  (kno'bel),  August  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Tscheeheln,  near  Sorau,  Prussia,  1807 : died  at 


Knox,  John 

Giessen,  Hesse,  May  25, 1863.  A German  Prot- 
estant exegete,  professor  at  Breslau  and  after- 
ward at  Giessen. 

Knobelsdorff  (kno'bels-dorf),  Baron  Hans 
Georg  Wenzeslaus  von.  Born  near  Krossen, 
Prussia,  Feb.  17,  1699:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  16, 
1753.  A German  architect.  He  planned  the 
castle  of  Sans  Souei,  Potsdam ; the  opera-house, 
Berlin;  etc. 

Knobnoses.  See  Gwamba. 

Knolles  (nolz),  Richard.  Born  probably  at 
Cold  Ashby,  Northamptonshire,  about  1550: 
died  at  Sandwich,  Kent,  1610.  An  English  his- 
torian of  the  Turks.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1565, 
and  became  master  of  the  Sandwich  grammar-school. 
His  chief  work  is  a “Generali  Historic  of  the  Turkesfrom 
the  first  beginning  of  that  Nation  ” (1603). 

Knollys  (nolz),  Sir  Francis.  Born  about  1514: 
died  July  19,  1596.  An  English  statesman,  in 
1542  he  entered  Parliament  for  Horsham.  In  Dec. , 1558, 
he  was  admitted  to  the  privy  council  by  Elizabeth  ; later 
was  made  vice-chamberlain  of  the  household  ; and  in  May, 
1568,  with  Henry  Scrope,  was  charged  with  the  care  of  the 
fugitive  Mary  Stuart  at  Carlisle  Castle.  In  July  he  re- 
moved her  to  Bolton  Castle,  Lord  Scrope’s  seat. 

Knollys,  or  Knolles,  Sir  Robert.  Bom  in 

Cheshire  about  1317 : died  at  Sculthorpe,  Ang. 
15,  1407.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  one  of  the 
principal  leaders  of  the  companies  of  free  lances,  and  in 

1358  commanded  the  “ Great  Company  ”in  Normandy.  In 

1359  he  made  a raid  into  Auvergne  and  threatened  Avi- 
gnon and  the  Pope  (Innocent  VI.).  He  continued  his 
devastations  in  France  until  1367,  when  he  joined  the  Black 
Prince's  Spanish  expedition  with  his  “Great  Company." 
In  1369  he  again  joined  the  Black  Prince  in  Aquitaine. 
In  1370  he  commanded  Edward  III. ’s  expedition  to  Calais, 
ravaged  Artois,  Picardy,  and  Vermandois,  and  on  Sept.  24 
drew  up  in  order  of  battle  between  Villejuif  and  Paris. 
Charles  V.  refused  to  fight,  and  Knollys  retired  into  Nor- 
mandy, where  he  lost  a part  of  his  army  and  was  obliged 
to  return  to  England.  In  Wat  Tyler's  insurrection,  June, 
1381,  Knollys  was  placed  in  command  of  the  forces  of  the 
city  of  London,  and  rode  out  with  Richard  II.  to  the  in- 
terview at  Smithfield. 

Knowell  (no'wel),  The  Elder.  In  Jonson’s 
comedy  “Every  Man  in  bis  Humour,”  a sen- 
tentious old  gentleman.  His  humor  is  a strained 
solicitude  for  his  son’s  morals.  This  character  is  said  to 
have  been  played  by  Shakspere. 

Knowles  (nolz),  Sir  James.  Born  Oct.  13, 
1831:  died  at  London,  Dec.  13,  1908.  An  Eng- 
lish architect  and  editor.  He  edited  the  “ Con- 
temporary Review”  1870-77,  and  the  “Nine- 
teenth Century”  from  1877.  Knighted,  1903. 

Knowles,  James  Sheridan.  Born  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, May  12,  1784:  died  at  Torquay,  England, 
Nov.  30,  i862.  A British  playwright.  His  father, 
James  Knowles,  and  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  were  first 
cousins.  He  served  in  the  militia,  studied  medicine,  went 
on  the  stage,  and  taught  school  at  Glasgow  before  his  first 
play  (“Caius  Gracchus”)  was  produced  in  1815.  In  1850 
he  left  Glasgow  and  settled  near  Edinburgh.  In  183-4  he 
visited  the  Unit  ed  States.  Until  1843  he  continued  to  act 
at  intervals  both  in  his  own  plays  and  others.  He  also 
lectured,  and  in  1844  became  a Baptist  and  preached  at 
Exeter  Hall  and  in  other  places  sermons  against  Roman 
Catholicism,  Cardinal  Wiseman,  etc.  Among  his  chief 
plays  are  “Caius  Gracchus"  (1815),  “Virginius”  (1820), 
“William  Tell”  (1825),  “Alfred  the  Great  ” (1831),  “The 
Hunchback”  (1832),  “The  Wife,  etc.”  (1833),  “The  Beg- 
gar of  Bethnal  Green  ”(1834  : abridged  from  “The  Beggar’s 
Daughter  of  Bethnal  Green,”  1828),  “ The  Love  Chase” 
(1837),  “ Love  ” (1829),  “John  of  Procida,  etc.”  (1840),  etc. 
He  also  wrote  a number  of  poems  and  tales,  and  adapted 
several  plays,  besides  publishing  his  lectures  on  various 
subjects. 

Know-nothing  Party.  See  American  Tarty. 

Knox  (noks),  Henry.  Bom  at  Boston,  July  25, 
1750:  died  at  Thomaston,  Maine,  Oet.  25, 1806. 
An  American  general,  distinguished  as  an  ar- 
tillery general  in  the  Revolution:  secretary  of 
war  1785-95. 

Knox,  John.  Born  at  Haddington,  1505:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Nov.  24,  1572.  A celebrated  Scot- 
tish reformer,  statesman,  and  writer,  in  1522  he 
entered  Glasgow  University,  but  does  not  appear  to  have 
graduated.  He  studied  law  and  acted  as  notary  at  Had- 
dington. In  1544  he  became  tutor  to  Francis  and  John, 
sons  of  Hugh  Douglas  of  Longniddry,  and  Alexander  Cock- 
burn,  eldest  son  of  the  Laird  of  Ormiston.  At  this  time 
George  Wishart,  a Lutheran,  sought  asylum  in  the  houses 
of  Douglas,  Coekburn,  and  Crichton,  and  exercised  a pow- 
erful influence  on  Knox.  On  March  12, 1546,  Wishart  was 
burned  at  St.  Andrews  for  heresy.  His  death  was  avenged 
by  the  murder  of  Cardinal  Beaton  May  29.  Knox  took  ref- 
uge in  April,  1547,  with  his  pupils,  in  the  castle  of  St.  An- 
drews; was  urged  to  become  a preacher;  and  accepted  a 
“ call  ” from  the  congregation  there.  On  July  31, 1547,  St. 
Andrews  capitulated  to  the  French,  and  Knox  was  impris- 
oned in  the  galleys  until  Feb.,  1549,  when  he  was  released 
and  went  to  England.  For  two  years  he  preached  at  Ber- 
wick. In  1550  he  removed  to  Newcastle,  and  in  1551  was 
made  one  of  the  six  royal  chaplains.  As  such  he  assisted 
in  the  revision  of  the  second  prayer-book  of  Edward  VI., 
issued  Nov.  1, 1552.  On  the  accession  of  M ary  Tudor,  Knox 
Bed  to  Dieppe,  and  in  1554  visited  Calvin  at  Geneva  and  Bol- 
linger at  Zurich.  In  Nov.,  1554,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
English  congregation  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  hut  soon 
was  forced  to  ret  urn  to  Geneva.  In  1555  he  returned  to  Ber- 
wick, and  in  the  winter  traveled  about  Scotland  preaching 
and  writing.  On  May  15,  1556,  he  was  summoned  by  the 
bishops  to  appear  at  the  Blackfriars  Kirk  in  Edinburgh. 


Knox,  John 


575 


He  came  with  so  powerful  a following  that  the  prosecution 
was  abandoned.  He  returned  to  Geneva  in  the  summer  of 
1556.  In  1558  he  published  the  first  and  second  “Blasts 
of  the  Trumpet  Against  the  Monstrous  Regiment  of  Wo- 
men," which,  originally  directed  against  Mary  of  Guise, 
regent  of  Scotland,  Mary,  queen  of  England,  and  Catharine 
de’  Medici,  were  destined  to  complicate  his  dealings  with 
Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart.  Knox  returned  to  Edinburgh 
in  1559.  The  regent  Mary  had  at  this  time  renewed  her 
persecution  of  the  Reformation ; a riot  occurred  at  Perth, 
where  Knox  was  preaching ; and  the  struggle  began  which 
ended  in  the  deposition  of  the  regent  by  the  Convention  in 
Edinburgh,  Oct.  21, 1559,  and  her  death  June  10,  1560.  On 
Aug.  17, 1560,  his  “ Confession  of  Faith  ” was  adopted  with- 
out change,  and  Roman  Catholicism  was  abolished  by  the 
Parliament.  Francis  II.  of  France,  the  husband  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  having  died  Dec.  5,  1560,  she  returned  to 
Scotland  Aug.  19,  1561 ; and  in  the  struggle  between  her 
Roman  Catholic  sympathies  and  the  Protestantism  of  her 
people  Knox  had  frequent  dramatic  encounters  with  her. 
He  was,  however,  mainly  occupied  with  the  organization 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Scotland.  His  works,  of 
which  the  chief  is  his  ‘‘Historie  of  the  Reformation  of  Re- 
ligioun  within  the  Realme  of  Scotland,"  collected  and  ed- 
ited by  David  Laing,  were  published  in  6 volumes  in  1864. 

Knox,  Mrs.  (Isa  Craig).  Born  at  Edinburgh  in 
1831 : died  at  Brockley,  Dec.  23, 1903.  A Scot- 
tish writer.  She  was  employed  on  the  Btaff  of  the 
“ Scotsman  ” for  some  time,  removed  to  London  in  1857, 
and  was  secretary  to  the  National  Association  for  the 
Promotion  ot  Social  Science  till  her  marriage.  She  wrote 
“ The  Burns  Festival,"  the  prize  poem  at  the  Crystal  Pal- 
ace celebration  Jan.  25, 1859,  and  published  several  novels, 
“Tales  on  the  Parables"  (1872),  “ The  Little  Folks' History 
of  England  " (1872),  “ In  Duty  Bound  ” (1881),  poems,  etc. 

Knoxville  (noks'vil).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Knox  County,  Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Hol- 
ston  in  lat.  35°  58'  N.,  long.  83°  56'  W.  It  is  the 
chief  commercial  and  industrial  center  of  East  Tennessee, 
and  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Tennessee.  It  was  set- 
tled in  1789.  Abandoned  by  the  Confederates  in  Sept., 
1863,  it  was  occupied  by  the  Federals  under  Burnside,  and 
was  besieged  by  Longstreet  in  November  without  success. 
Population,  36,346,  (1910). 

Knutsford  (nuts'ford).  A small  town  in  Che- 
shire, England,  14  miles  southwest  of  Manches- 
ter. 

Koasati  (ko-a-sa'te),  or  Coosadi,  or  Cooshat- 

ties.  A division  of  the  Creek  Confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians.  Before  1836their  seat  was 
on  the  northern  bank  of  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers,  Ala- 
bama. They  now  number  but  few  individuals,  scattered 
in  Oklahoma  and  on  the  Trinity  River,  Texas.  See  Creek. 

Kobad.  See  Qubad. 

Kobe  (ko'be).  A seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  near  Osaka. 
Population,  378,197. 

Kobell  (ko'bel),  Franz  von.  Born  at  Munich, 
July  19, 1803 : died  there,  Nov.  11, 1882.  A Ger- 
man mineralogist  and  poet,  professor  of  min- 
eralogy at  the  University  of  Munich.  He  wrote 
“Geschichte  der  Mineralogie  1650-1860”  (1864),  and  other 
works  on  mineralogy,  also  poems  in  the  Bavarian  dialect 
and  High  German. 

Kobelyaki  (ko-bel-ya'ke).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Vorskla  38  miles  southwest  of  Pultowa.  Popu- 
lation, 15,500. 

Koberstein  (ko'ber-stln),  Karl  August.  Born 
at  Riigenwalde,  Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1797:  died  at 
Pforta,  Prussia,  March  8,  1870.  A German  his- 
torian of  literature,  professor  in  the  national 
school  at  Pforta.  He  published  “ Grundriss  der  Ge- 
schichte der  deutschen  Nationalliteratur  ’’  (1827  : revised 
ed.  by  Bartsch  1872-74  and  1884),  etc. 

Kobrin  (ko-bren').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Grodno,  Russia,  situated  in  lat.  52°  15'  N., 
long.  24°  24'  E.  Population,  over  10,000. 

Koburg.  See  Coburg. 

Koch  (koch),  Joseph  Anton.  Born  at  Ober- 
giebeln,  Tyrol,  July  27, 1768:  died  at  Rome,  Jan. 
12,  1839.  A German  historical  and  landscape 
painter. 

Koch,  Karl  Heinrich  Emil.  Bom  near  Weimar, 
Germany,  June  6,  1809:  died  at  Berlin,  May  25, 
1879.  A German  botanist  and  Oriental  traveler. 
He  wrote  “Wanderungen  durch  deu  Orient”  (1846-47), 

*“  Dendrologie  " (1869-72),  etc. 

Koch,  Robert.  Born  at  Klausthal,  Dee.  11, 
1843:  died  at  Baden-Baden,  May  27,  1910.  A 
German  physician,  noted  as  the  discoverer  of 
the  bacilli  of  tuberculosis  (1882)  and  of  cholera 


( Ibod).  lie  led  the  German  expedition  to  Egypt  and  In- 
dia in  1883  to  investigate  cholera.  In  1890  he  announced 
the  discovery  of  a cure  for  tuberculosis,  which  has  not 
been  supported  by  further  experience. 

Kochab  (ko-lcab').  [Ar.  kaulcab al-shemali,  the 
star  of  the  north.]  The  bright  third-magnitude 
star  ft  Ursse  Minoris,  one  of  the  two  “ guardians 
of  the  pole,”  and  at  the  time  of  Ptolemy  the 
actual  pole-star,  beingthen  considerably  nearer 
to  the  pole  than  our  present  pole-star. 

Kock  (kok),  Charles  Paul  de.  Born  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  May  21,  1794 : died  at  Paris,  Aug. 
29,  1871.  A French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
He  excelled  In  descriptions  of  the  shady  side  of  lower  mid- 
dle-class life  in  Paris.  He  wrote  “Georgette  "(1820),  “Gus- 


tave, ou  le  mauvais  sujet" (1821),  “Mon  voisin  Raymond" 
(1822),  “ A rid  r 6 le  Savoyard1’  (1825),  “Le  barbier  de  Paris” 
(1826),  “La  maison  blanche”  (1828),  “La femme,  le  mari  et 
l’amant”  (1829),  “Les  moeurs  parisiennes"  (1837),  “La 
famille  Gogo"  (1844),  “La  mare  d’auteuil  ” (1851),  “Les 
enfants  du  boulevard  ” (1863),  etc.,  and  many  other  stories, 
vaudevilles,  etc.  He  wrote,  with  Carmouche,  “Lachouette 
et  la  colombe.”  His  collected  works  tilled  66  volumes  in 
1844-45. 

Kock,  Henri  de.  Born  at  Paris,  1819 : died  at 
Limay,  Seine-et-Oise,  April  14, 1892.  A French 
novelist  and  dramatist,  son  of  Paul  de  Kock 
whose  style  he  imitated. 

Kodungalur.  Same  as  Cranganore. 

Koekkoek  (kok'kok),  Barend  Cornelis.  Born 
at  Middelburg,  Netherlands,  Oct.  11, 1803:  died 
at  Cleves,  Prussia,  April  5, 1862.  A Dutch  land- 
scape-painter. He  was  a member  of  the  Rotterdam 
and  St.  Petersburg  academies  (1840),  and  founded  an 
academy  of  design  at  Cleves  in  1841. 

Kohat  (ko-hat').  1.  A district  of  the  North- 
west Frontier  Province,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  33°  30'  N.,  long.  71°  30'  E.  Area, 
2,973  square  miles.  Population,  217,865. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Kohat,  situated 
in  lat.  33°  35'  N.,  long.  71°  26'  E.  Pop.,  30,762. 

Kohathites  (ko'hath-its).  In  Jewish  history, 
the  descendants  of  Kohath,  the  second  son  of 
Levi.  The  Kohathites  were  one  of  the  three  great  fami- 
lies of  the  Levites,  and  had  charge  of  bearing  the  ark  and 
its  furniture  in  the  march  through  the  wilderness. 

Koh-i-nur  (ko'e-nor').  [‘Mountain  of  light.’] 
A famous  diamond  belonging  to  the  British 
sovereign.  It  was  acquired  by  Nadir  Shah  in  1739,  and 
by  Queen  Victoria  in  1850.  It  then  weighed  1863*5  carats, 
but  has  been  recut,  and  is  now  1063*5  carats.  Also  Koh-i- 
noor. 

Kohistan  (ko-his-tan').  A wild  region  in  cen- 
tral Asia,  near  the  Indus,  west  of  Kashmir. 

Kohl  (kol),  Johann  Georg.  Born  at  Bremen, 
April  28,  1808:  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1878.  A 
German  traveler  and  author.  After  visiting  nearly 
every  country  in  Europe,  he  traveled  extensively  in  the 
United  States  1854-58 ; subsequently  he  resided  in  Bremen, 
where  he  was  state  librarian.  He  published  many  books 
describing  Russia,  Austria-Hungary,  Denmark,  the  British 
Islands,  the  United  States,  etc.,  most  of  which  have  been 
translated  into  English.  In  his  later  years  he  wrote  a 
number  of  important  works  on  early  American  geography 
and  exploration,  the  ones  best  known  being  “Geschichte 
der  Entdeckung  Amerikas  " (1861),  “Die  beiden  altesten 
Karten  von  Amerika”  (I860),  “A  History  of  the  Discovery 
of  the  East  Coast  of  North  America”  (in  collections  of  the 
Maine  Historical  Society,  1869),  and  “Geschichte  der  Ent- 
deckungsreisen  und  Schifffahrten  zur  Magellan’s  Strasse  ” 
(1877). 

Kohlrausch  (kol'roush),  Heinrich  Friedrich 

Theodor.  Born  at  Landolfshausen,  near  Got- 
tingen, Prussia,  Nov.  15,  1780:  died  at  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  Jan.  29-30,  1867.  A German 
historian,  teacher  successively  at  Barmen,  Diis- 
seldorf,  Munster,  and  Hannover.  His  chief  work 
is  “Deutsche  Geschichte”  (1816). 

Kokomo  (ko'ko-mo).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Howard  County,  Indiana,  52  miles  north  of  In- 
dianapolis. Population,  17,010,  (1910). 

Koko-nor  (ko'ko-nor'),  or  Tsing-Hai  (tsing- 
hi').  1.  A lake  in  China,  near  the  border 

of  Tibet  and  Kansu,  about  latitude  37°  N., 
longitude  100°  E.  Length,  66  miles.  Height 
above  sea-level,  about  10,000  feet. — 2.  A dis- 
trict near  the  lake. 

Kola  (ko'la).  1.  A peninsula  in  northern  Rus- 
sia, lying  between  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  the 
White  Sea. — 2.  A small  seaport  in  Lapland, 
government  of  Archangel,  Russia,  about  lat. 
68°  53'  N.,  long.  33°  E. 

Kolaba  (kol-a/ba).  A district  in  the  presidency 
of  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
18°  20'  N.,  long.  73°  20'  E.  Area,  2,131  square 
miles.  Population,  605,566. 

Kolapur,  or  Kolapoor.  See  Kolhapur. 

Kolar,  or  Golar  (ko-lar').  A district  cf  Mysore, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  N.,  long.  78°  15' 
E.  Area,  3,180  square  miles.  Population, 
723,600. 

Kolauza  (ko-la'za).  [Of  doubtful  derivation.] 
Riccioii’s  name  for  the  star  Arcturus : seldom 
used  by  any  one  else. 

Kolb  (kolb),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at  Spires, 
Rhenish  Bavaria,  Sept.  14,  1808:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, May  16,  1884.  A German  statistician, 
journalist,  and  politician.  He  published  ‘ ‘ Hand- 
buch  der  vergleichenden  Statistik”  (1857),  etc. 

Kolbe  (kol'be),  Adolf  Wilhelm  Hermann. 
Born  at  Elliehansen,  near  Gottingen,  Prussia, 
Sept.  27,  1818:  died  at  Leipsic,  Nov.  25,  1884. 
A noted  German  chemist,  assistant  of  Playfair 
in  the  Museum  of  Economic  Geology,  London, 
1845,  and  professor  of  chemistry  at  Marburg 
1851,  and  at  Leipsic  1865:  author  of  “ Ausfiihr- 
lisches  Lehrbuch.  der  organischen  Chemie” 
(1854-69). 


Koltzof 

Kolbe,  Karl  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March 
7,  1781 : died  at  Berlin,  April  8,  1853.  A Ger- 
man historical  painter  and  philologist. 

Kolberg,  or  Oolberg  (kol'bera).  A seaport  and 
watering-place  in  the  province  of  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Persante,  in  the 
Baltic,  66  miles  northeast  of  Stettin.  The  Marien- 
kirche  and  Rathaus  are  of  interest.  It  was  formerly  a 
strong  fortress,  and  is  noted  for  its  sieges.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  1761,  and  was  successfully  defended 
against  the  French  in  1807.  Population,  commune,  about 
23,000. 

Kolcsey  (kel'che-i)  ,Ferencz.  Born  at  Szo-Deme- 
ter,  Middle  Szolnok,  Hungary,  Aug.  8,  1790: 
died  at  Szatkmur,  Hungary,  Aug.  24,  1838.  A 
Hungarian  critic,  orator,  and  poet,  best  known 
as  joint  editor  of  the  periodical  “Life  and  Lit- 
erature” (1826-29). 

Koldaji  (kol-da'je).  An  African  tribe  of  Kor- 
dofan,  west  of  the  Upper  Nile.  Related  to  the 
Nuba,  it  is  both  ethnically  aud  linguistically  of  a mixed 
Hamitic  aud  Nigritic  type. 

Kolding  (kol'ding).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Yeile,  Jutland,  Denmark,  situated  on  the 
Kolding  Fjord  in  lat.  55°  30'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  E. 
Here,  April  23,  1849,  the  troops  of  Schleswig-Holstein 
under  Bonin  defeated  the  Danes  under  Billow.  Popula- 
tion, 13,45L 

Kolguef  (kol-go'yef),  or  Kolgujef  (kol-go'yef). 
An  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  belonging  to  the 
government  of  Archangel,  Russia.  Length, 
about  55  miles. 

Kolhapur  (ko-la-por').  1.  A native  state  in 
southern  India,  under  British  control,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  16°  30'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area, 
3,165  square  miles.  Population,  910,011.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Kolhapur,  situated 
in  lat.  16°  42'  N.,  long.  74°  14'  E.  Population, 
54,373. 

Kolima,  or  Kolyma  (ko-le-ma'  or  ko-le'ma). 
A river  in  the  government  of  Yakutsk,  Siberia, 
flowing  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  about  lat.  69°  30' 
N.,  long.  161°  E.  Length,  about  900-1,000  miles. 

Kolin  ,orKollin(ko-len').  [Bohem.  Kolin Novy .] 
A town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Elbe  34 
miles  east  of  Prague.  In  the  battle  of  Kolin,  June  18, 
1757,  the  Austrians  (about  53,000)  under  Daun  defeated 
the  Prussians  (about  34,000)  under  Frederick  the  Great. 
The  victory  led  to  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Prague  and 
the  evacuation  of  Bohemia.  Population,  commune,  16,442, 
(1910). 

Kolis  (ko'lis).  [Hind.]  An  aboriginal  tribe  in 
the  hills  of  central  India,  whither  they  were 
driven  by  the  early  Aryan  settlers.  They  are  scat- 
tered widely,  as  cultivators  and  laborers,  throughout  south- 
ern India,  but  have  preserved  their  original  language, 
customs,  and  superstitions. 

Kollar  (kol'lar),  Jan.  Born  at  Mossocz,  Thu- 
rocz,  Hungary,  July  29, 1793:  died  at  Vienna, 
Jan.  29, 1852.  A Bohemian  poet,  Slavic  scholar, 

+and  advocate  of  Panslavism. 

Kolliker  (kel'le-ker),  Rudolf  Albert  von. 
Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  6,  1817 : died 
at  Wiirzburg,  Nov.  2,  1905.  A noted  Swiss  anat- 
omist and  physiologist.  He  became  professor  of  phys- 
iology at  Zurich  in  1845,  and  at  Wurzburg  in  1847.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Mikroskopische  Anatomie  ” (1850-54), 
“Handbuch  der  Gewebelehre  des  Menschen"  (1852), 
“ Entwickelungsgeschichte  des  Menschen  ” (1861),  etc. 

Kollin.  See  Kolin. 

Koln  (keln).  The  German  name  of  Cologne. 

Kolokol  (kol-o-kol').  [‘The  Bell.’]  A journal 
founded  by  Alexander  Hertzen  (or  Herzen)  in 
London  in  1857.  it  was  published  in  Russian,  and 
demanded  the  emancipation  of  the  serfs  and  other  reforms. 
It  had  great  influence,  and  many  copies  were  smuggled 
Into  Russia,  though  prohibited  by  the  government.  It 
was  published  till  1865.  In  1868  it  reappeared  in  Geneva, 
published  in  French,  but  without  much  success. 

Kolokol  (kol-6-kol'),  Czar.  The  great  bell  in 
the  Kremlin  at  Moscow.  It  was  cast  in  its  present 
form  in  1733,  but  four  years  later,  owing'  either  to  a flaw  or 
to  a fall,  a large  piece  was  broken  from  the  side.  It  now 
stands  on  a circular  base  of  stone.  The  rings  on  the  sum- 
mit are  surmounted  by  a large  ball  and  cross.  The  total 
height  is  26(  feet,  the  base  circumference  67  feet  11  inches, 
the  greatest  thickness  2 feet,  and  the  weight  about  200  tons. 

Kolokotronis  (kol-6-ko-tro'nis),  Theodoros. 
Born  in  Messenia,  Greece,  April  15,  1770:  died 
at  Athens,  Feb.  26,  1843.  A Greek  patriot. 
He  became,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Greek  war  for  inde- 
pendence in  1821,  one  of  the  chief  leaders  against  Turkey, 
and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus in  1823. 

Kolomea  (ko-16-ma'a),  or  Kolomyia  (ko-lo- 
me'ya).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Pruth  in  lat.  48°  32'  N. , long.  25° 
1'  E.  Population,  commune,  40,520,  (1910). 

Kolomna  (ko-lom'na).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Kolomenka  with  the  Moskva,  60 
miles  southeast  of  Moscow.  Population, 
23,000. 

Koltzoff (kolt-sof'),  Alexei Vasilievitch.  Born 
at  Voronezh,  Oct.  26, 1809:  died  Nov.  12, 1842.  A 


Koltzoff 

Russian  poet,  known  as  “the  Russian  Burns.” 
He  went  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1836.  The  first  edition  of  his 
poems  appeared  after  his  death,  in  1846,  edited  by  Bielinski. 
Some  of  his  poems  have  been  translated  by  Bodenstedt. 

Roluschan  (ko-lush'an).  A linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  Their  name  is  derived  from 
an  Aleut  word,  kalosh  or  kaluga,  meaning  ‘dish,’  alluding 
to  the  dish-shaped  labrets  worn  by  them.  They  are  also 
often  called  Thlinkit or  Tlinkit,  a name  (meaning  ‘ people  ’) 
which  they  apply  to  themselves.  They  occupy  a narrow 
strip  along  the  northwest  coast,  together  with  adjacent 
islands,  from  the  mouth  of  Portland  Canal  in  lat.  66°  N. 
to  that  of  Atna  or  Copper  River  in  lat  60°,  and  are  nearly 
all  in  Alaska.  They  number  about  6,000.  The  chief 
tribes  of  the  stock  are  the  Auk,  Chilcat,  Hanega,  Hood* 
8unu,  Hunah,  Keh,  Sitka,  Stahkin,  Taku,  Tongas,  and 
Yak  u tat. 

Koma-ga-take  (ko-ma-ga-ta'ke).  The  second 
highest  mountain  of  Japan,  in  the  western  part 
of  the  main  island.  Height,  10,300  feet. 

Komensky.  See  Comenius. 

Komorn  (ko'morn),  Hung.  Komarom  (ko'ma- 
rom).  A royal  free  city,  the  capital  of  the 
county  of  Komorn,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Schiitt  at  the  junction  of  the  Waag  and 
Danube,  46  miles  west-northwest  of  Budapest. 

It  is  noted  for  its  strong  fortifications.  The  Hungarian 
insurgents  under  Mack,  Guyon,  and  Klapka  successfully 
withstood  a siege  and  bombardment  by  the  Austrians,  Oct., 
1848,  to  Sept.  2i,  1849,  when  they  were  induced  to  capitu- 
late on  a promise  of  amnesty,  which  was  but  partially  kept. 
Population,  commune,  19,996. 

Komotau  (ko'mo-tou).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
52  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Population, 
commune,  19,545,  (1910). 

Konde  (kon'de),  or  Makonde  (ma-kon'de).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  on  the 
Rovurna  River.  They  tattoo  themselves,  and  the  wo- 
men disfigure  themselves  by  weal  ing  the  pelele,  a piece  of 
wood  stuck  in  the  enormously  distended  upper  lip.  Their 
neighbors,  the  Mavia  and  Matambwe,  speak  dialects  so 
closely  allied  to  Konde  that  all  three  must  be  considered 
as  dialectic  variations  of  one  language. 

Kong  (kong ) . Ahighland  in  West  Africa, back  of 
the  Grain,  Ivory,  and  Gold  coasts,  it  was  largely 
included  in  a French  protectorate  in  1889.  The  Kong 
Mountains  of  former  maps  are  in  reality  a high  plateau. 

Kongo,  or  Congo  (kong' go),  Pg.  Zaire  (za-e're), 
called  by  Stanley  the  Livingstone.  A river  of 
central  Africa.  It  rises  as  the  Luapula  in  the  high- 
land separating  the  basins  of  Lakes  Tanganyika  and  Nyassa 
(about  lat.  10°  S.),  rounds  Lake  Bangweolo  on  the  south, 
flows  northward  through  Lake  Moero  to  Lake  Lanji,  and 
there  receives  the  Lukuga  as  an  affluent  from  Tangan- 
yika. The  united  stream,  now  known  as  the  Lualaba, 
flows  northward  to  Stanley  Falls,  beyond  the  equator, 
whence  to  the  sea,  over  its  main  course,  it  is  called  the 
Kongo.  It  discharges  into  the  Atlantic  t cean  in  lat.  6°S., 
about  240  miles  southwest  of  Stanley  Pool.  It  is  naviga- 
ble by  ocean  steamers  from  its  mouth  to  Matadi  ( 10  miles) 
and  by  river  steamers  from  Stanley  Pool  to  Stanley  Falls. 
These  two  navigable  sections  are  being  connects  by  a 
railroad.  It  is  second  in  volume  to  the  Amazon,  and  is, 
among  African  rivers,  next  to  the  Nile  in  length.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Aruwimi,  Mobangi,  and  Kassai.  It  has 
been  explored  by  Cameron,  Livingstone,  Stanley,  and 

^others.  Length,  estimated,  about  3,000  miles. 

Kongo,  French,  F.  Congo  Francais  (kon-go' 
fran-sa'):  now  French  Equatorial  Africa. 

The  official  name,  1891-1912,  of  the  French 
possessions  between  the  Kongo  and  the  At- 
lantic. Previously  they  were  called  Gaboon,  Gabun,  or 
Gabonie.  The  country  is  fertile,  but  mostly  insalubrious. 
The  coast  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  the  15th 
century,  and  held  by  them  for  a long  period.  In  1842  the 
French  established  their  first  trading-post  on  the  Gaboon 
River,  and  extended  their  authority,  in  1862,  to  Cape  Lopez 
and  the  Ogowe  River.  When  Stanley  revealed  the  course 
of  the  Kongo,  S.  de  Brazza  connected  the  colony  of  Gaboon 
with  Stanley  Pool  and  annexed  large  tracts  of  country.  The 
claims  of  France  were  recognized  by  the  Berlin  Conference 
in  1885.  By  an  agreement  made  with  Germany  in  1894, 
French  Kongo  extends  behind  the  Kamerun  northward 
to  Lake  Chad.  By  the  Morocco  Agreement,  November, 
1911,  new  boundaries  were  made  between  Kamerun  and 

+ French  Equatorial  Africa. 

Kongo  Free  State,  or  Kongo  Independent 
State,  Etat  Independant  du  Congo,  or 
Kongo  State : now  Belgian  Kongo.  A state 
in  western  Africa,  recognized  and  defined  by 
the  conference  of  powers  at  Berlin  in  1885. 
It  lies  mostly  on  the  left  bank  of  the  lower  Kongo  and  the 
Mobangi,  extending  to  the  northeastern  watershed  of  the 
Kongo  basin,  eastward  to  long.30°E.,  and  southward,  main- 
ly on  that  meridian,  to  about  lat.  13°  S.  It  is  the  succes- 
sor of  the  International  African  Association,  founded  by 
Leopold  II.  and  organized  by  Stanley.  This  company  es- 
tablished stations,  annexed  lands,  hoisted  its  own  flag, 
which  was  first  recognized  by  the  United  States,  and  be- 
came so  aggressive  as  to  conflict  with  Portugal,  France, 
and  England.  The  Beilin  Conference  constituted  (Feb. 
26,  1885)  the  Kongo  State,  with  Leopold  II.  as  sovereign. 
The  conditions  under  which  it  received  most  of  the  Kongo 
basin  as  its  sphere  of  influence  were  that  all  nations  and 
religions  should  have  equal  privileges  within  its  borders, 
and  that  free  trade  should  prevail.  The  latter  clause  was 
modified  by  the  Brussels  conferences  of  1890  so  as  to  ena- 
ble the  Kongo  State  and  other  countries  concerned  in  the 
Kongo  Free  Trade  Basin  to  levy  certain  import  duties. 
By  will,  dated  Aug.  2, 1889,  Leopold  II.  bequeathed  to  Bel- 
gium all  his  sovereign  right:-,  and  by  the  convention  of 
July3, 1890  (continued  Aug.  10, 1901),  he  gave  Belgium  the 
right  to  annex  the  Kongo  State  after  a period  of  10  years. 


576 

Government  is  in  the  hands  of  an  administrator  at  Boma 
and  of  bureaus  at  Brussels,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
King  of  the  Belgians.  The  chief  exports  are  ivory,  rub- 
ber, nuts,  coffee,  palm-oil.  The  principal  state  stations 
are  Boma  (the  capital),  Matadi,  Leopoldville,  Equator, 
Bangala,  Stanley  Falls,  and  Luluaburg.  Estimated  area, 
909,654  square  miles.  Population,  about  20,000,000. 

Kongo  Nation.  A great  Bantu  nation  of  West 
Africa,  occupying  both  banks  of  the  lower 
Kongo  River.  In  its  widest  sense  it  consists  of  ail  the 
tribes  between  the  Nyanga  River,  the  upper  Ogowe,  Stanley 
Pool,  the  Kuango,  and  the  mouth  of  the  Lufuni  (Lifune) 
River,  south  of  Ambriz.  The  tribes  north  of  the  Kongo 
River  speak  dialects  of  the  Kongo  language,  the  principal 
being  those  of  Loango,  Kakongo,  and  Ngoio;  and  then- 
beliefs,  customs,  industries,  and  physical  appearance  show 
a common  origin ; but  at  the  time  of  the  Portuguese  dis- 
covery, in  1484,  their  allegiance  to  the  King  of  Kongo  had 
already  become  merely  traditional.  The  Kongo  Nation, 
in  the  st  rict  sense,  was  and  is  composed  of  the  tribes  (called 
duchies  and  counties)  of  Mbamba,  Sundi.Pa  igu,  Sonho, 
Batta,  and  Pemba,  which  to  this  day  recognize  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  King  of  Kongo,  although  they  are  practically 
independent  of  his  control.  At  the  time  of  the  discovery, 
the  nation  of  Angola,  ethnically  and  linguistically  distinct 
from  that  of  Kongo,  though  related,  still  acknowledged  a 
dependence  upon  that  of  Kongo.  The  decadence  of  this 
great  kingdom  was  temporarily  stemmed  by  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Portuguese  and  the  nominal  adoption  of  Chris- 
tianity, which  gave  a new  luster  and  prestige  to  the  court 
of  Kongo.  But  the  relapse  into  heathenism,  constant  civil 
wars,  and  the  suicidal  exportation  of  slaves  to  America 
undermined  the  kingdom  so  thoroughly  that  in  1847  one 
of  the  royal  pretenders  was  installed  by  the  help  of  Portu- 
guese arms,  and  virtually  accepted  a sort  of  protectorate. 
By  the  act  of  the  Berlin  Conference,  1885,  Portugal  was 
allowed  to  occupy  and  hold  most  of  the  Kongo  proper  and 
Ngoio  (Cabinda),  while  most  of  the  tribes  of  Kongo  stock 
dwelling  north  of  the  Kongo  River  were  allotted  to  France, 
and  the  northern  margin  of  the  river  to  the  Kongo  State. 
The  King  of  Kongo  has  become  a Portuguese  vassal,  and  his 
kingdom  has  been  organized  as  a district  of  Angola.  The 
capital  of  the  district  is  Cabinda;  that  of  the  native  king- 
dom is  San  Salvador.  The  Kongo  State,  holding  only  a 
trifling  portion  of  the  old  kingdom  of  Kongo,  was  in  no 
wise  its  successor.  The  Kongo  language,  called  Kishi- 
kongo  in  the  court  dialect,  and  Ki-kongo  in  the  river  dia- 
lect, is  purely  Bantu,  and  closely  related  to  (though  dis- 
tinct from)  Kimbundu,  the  language  of  Angola.  Owing 
to  the  growing  missionary  literature,  the  use  of  Ki-kongo 
is  extending  far  into  the  Belgian  Kongo,  and  it  bids  fair 
to  become  one  of  the  great  literary  languages  of  Africa. 
The  dialects  correspond  to  the  tribes  enumerated  above, 
to  which  might  be  added  Hungu. 

Kongo  State.  See  Kongo  Free  State. 

Kongsberg  (kongs'berG).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Buskerud,  Norway,  situated  on  the 
Laagen  45  miles  southwest  of  Christiania,  it 
contains  government  silver-mines,  discovered  about  1623. 
Population,  5,696. 

Konieh  (ko'ne-e),  or  Koniah  (ko'ne-a).  1.  A 
vilayet  in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey.  Area,  39,410 
square  miles.  Population,  1,069,000. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  situated  in  lat. 
37°  56'  N.,  long.  323  20'  E. : the  ancient  Ieonium. 
It  became  the  capital  of  a Seljuk  sultanate  in  1097  ; was 
taken  by  Frederick  Barbarossa  in  IlfO;  was  incorporated 
with  the  Turkish  empire  in  the  erd  of  the  14th  century. 
Here  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeated  the  Turks  under  Reshid 
Pasha,  Dec.  20,  1832.  Population,  estimated,  60,000. 

Konig  (ke'niG),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Eisleben, 
Prussia,  April  17,  1774:  died  Jan.  17,  1833.  A 
German  printer,  inventor  of  the  steam-press. 
The  first  machine  was  patented  in  England  in  1810.  He 
patented  a cylinder-press  in  1811. 

Konig  (ke'nia),  Heinrich  Josef.  Born  at  Fulda, 
Prussia,  March  19, 1790:  died  atWiesbaden,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  23, 1869.  A German  novelist.  Among 
his  historical  novels  are  “Die  hohe  Braut” 
(1833)  and  “Die  Klubisten  in  Mainz”  (1847). 

Koniggratz  (ke'nig-grats).  [Bohem.  Hradec 
Krdlove.  ] A cathedral  city  in  Bohemia,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Adler  with  the  Elbe,  62 
miles  east  of  Prague.  The  decisive  battle  of  the 
Seven  Weeks’  War  (often  called  the  bat.le  of  Sadowa)  was 
fought  near  Koniggratz,  July  3, 1863.  The  Prussians  (220,- 
984)  under  William  I.,  Crown  Prince  Frederick  William, 
Prince  Frederick  Charles,  and  Herwarth  von  Bittenfeld 
defeated  the  Austrian  army  (about  205 ,000)  under  Benedek. 
The  loss  of  the  Austrians  was  about  40,000,  that  of  the  Prus- 
sians about  1 1,000.  A history  of  the  battle  by  Jahns  ap- 
peared in  1876.  Population,  commune,  11,064,  (1910). 

Koniginhof  (ke'mg-in-hof).  [Bohem.  Dvur 
Krdlove.]  A town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  64  miles  east-northeast  of  Prague.  Here, 
June  29,  1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians. Population,  commune,  15,0L2,  (1910). 

Koniginhof  Manuscript.  A manuscript  con- 
taining old  Bohemian  poems  (date  about  1300), 
discovered  by  Hanka  at  Koniginhof  in  1817. 

Konig  Rother  (ko'nio  ro'ter).  [G.,  ‘King  Bo- 
ther.’] A Middle  High  German  epic  poem,  writ- 
ten, near  the  middle  of  the  12th  century,  by  an 
unknown  author  in  Bavaria.  It  receives  its  name 
from  the  legendary  hero  Rother,  a king  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire, who  wins  the  daughter  of  King  Constantine  of  Con- 
stantinople. Rother’s  historical  prototype  was  Rothari, 
a king  of  the  Longobardi  in  the  7th  century. 

Konigsberg  (ke' nigs -hero),  Pol.  Krolewiec 
(kro-la'vyets).  A seaport  and  fortress  and  the 
capital  of  the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Pregel,  near  the  Frisches  Half, 


Kopitar 

in  lat.  54°  43'  N..  long.  20°  30'  E.  ft  consists  ol 
the  Altstadt,  Kneiphof,  Lobenicht,  and  other  quarters, 
and  has  important  commerce  in  grain,  timber,  hemp,  flax, 
etc.  Pillau  is  its  outer  port.  The  palace  and  cathedra), 
the  statues  of  Kant,  Frederick  I.,  and  Frederick  William 
III.,  and  the  city  museum  are  noteworthy.  The  univer- 
sity, founded  by  Albert  I.,  duke  of  Prussia,  in  1544,  has 
an  important  observatory,  and  a library  of  270,000  volumes. 
Konigsberg  was  founded  by  the  Teutonic  Order  in  1255. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  grand  masters  of  the  Teutonic 
Order  1457-1525,  and  of  the  dukes  of  Prussia  1525-1618. 
Frederick  I.  took  the  title  of  king  here  in  1701.  It  is  associ- 
ated with  the  life  of  Kant.  Population,  commune,  248,- 
059,  (1910). 

Konigsberg-in-der-N  eumark  (ke'nigs-bero- 
in-der-noi'mark).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  52  miles  northeast  of 
Berlin.  Population,  about  6,000. 

Konigshiitte  (ke'nigs-hiit-te).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  in  lat.  50° 
18'  N.,  long.  18°  58'  E.  It  was  founded  in  1797,  and 
is  noted  for  its  iron,  steel,  and  zinc  works.  Population, 
commune,  66,042. 

Konigslutter  ( ke  'nigs-lot-ter) . A town  in  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  13  miles  east  of  Brunswick.  It 
is  the  ancient  seat  of  a Benedictine  abbey,  and 
is  associated  with  Lothaire  II. 

Konigsmark  (ke'nigs-mark),  Countess  Maria 
Aurora  von.  Born  at  Worms,  Esthonia,  Rus- 
sia, 1669:  died  at  Quedlinburg,  Prussia,  Feb. 
16, 1728.  The  mistress  of  Augustus  H.  of  Po- 
land, and  mother  of  Marshal  Saxe. 

Konigsmark,  Count  Philipp  Christoph  von. 
Bom  1662 : assassinated  at  Hannover,  July  1, 
1694.  A Swedish  officer,  brother  of  the  Coun- 
tess von  Konigsmark. 

Konigssee  (ke'nigs-za),  or  Bartholomaussee 

(bar-tol-o-ma'os-sa).  A lake  in  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  Upper  Bavaria,  15  miles  south 
of  Salzburg,  noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery. 
Length,  6 miles. 

Konigsstuhl  (ke'nigs-stol).  A stone  structure 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  6 miles  south  of 
Coblenz.  It  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  Rhen- 
ish electors  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries. 

Konigstein  (ke'nig-stin).  A town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Elbe  18  miles 
southeast  of  Dresden.  Its  fortress  (800  feet 
above  the  Elbe)  is  considered  impregnable. 

Konigswinter  (ke'nigs-vin-ter).  A town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  on  the  Rhine  7 miles 
southeast  of  Bonn.  It  has  stone-quarries,  and  is  a 
center  for  excursions  to  the  Siebengebirge,  especially  to 
the  Drachenfels. 

Konitz  (ko'nits).  A town  in  the  province  of 
West  Prussia,  Prussia,  64  miles  southwest  of 
Dantzie.  Population,  commune,  11,014. 

Konjara  (kon-ja'ra).  An  African  tribe  of  Dar- 
fur, connected  ethnically  with  the  Nubas.  Lin- 
guists are  not  agreed  as  to  the  classification  of 
the  language.  See  Nuba-Fulah. 

Konkan  (kon'kan)  Coast.  A region  on  the 
western  coast  of  India,  between  the  Ghats  and 
the  sea. 

Konotop  (ko-no-top' ).  A town  in  the  go  vernment 
of  Tchernigoff,  Russia,  about  lat.  51°  15'  N., 
long.  33°  15'  E.  Population,  about  20,000. 

Konrad (kon'rad), surnamed “The Priest.”  The 
date  and  place  of  his  birth  and  death  unknown. 
A Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He  wrote  at  the 
court  of  the  Guelph  duke  Henry  the  Proud,  about  1130,  the 
“ Rolandslied  ’ (Middle  High  German  “Ruolantes  liet,” 
“The  Song  of  Roland”),  a free  version  of  the  French 
“Chanson  de  Roland,’’  whose  motive  is  Charlemagne's 
expedition  against  the  Moors  in  Spain.  It  was  published 
by  Wilhelm  Grimm  (Gottingen,  1838),  and  later  by  Karl 
Bartsch  (Leipsic,  1874). 

Konrad  von  Wurzburg  (kon'rad  fon  vurts'- 
borG).  Born  at  Wiirzburg:  died  at  Basel  in  1287. 
A Middle  High  German  poet.  He  was  of  the  burgher 
class.  He  lived  alternately  on  the  Upper  Rhine,  at  Stras- 
burg,  and  at  Basel  where  he  died.  He  was  a prolific  writer. 
His  works  are  “Der  Welt  Lohn  ” (“The  Reward  of  the 
World"),  written  about  1250;  the  legendary  poems  “Otto 
mit  dem  Bart”  (“Otto  with  the  Beard”),  “Schwanritter" 
(“  The  Swan-Knight  ”),  “Engelhard  ’’ ; the  legends  “ Alex- 
ius,” “Silvester,”  “Pantaleon”;  an  encomium  on  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  called  “Goldene  Schmiede”  (“The  Golden 
Smithy”);  the  French  legend  “Herzmare”;  the  romance 
“ Partonopier  imd  Meliur  ” ; a long  poem  left  uncompleted 
and  continued  by  a later  poet,  “Trojanerkrieg”  (“The 
Trojan  War”);  and  an  allegory  called  “Klage  derKunst” 
(“The  Complaint  of  Art  ”). 

Konza.  See  Kansa. 

K6penick,or  Copenick  (ke'pe-nik),or  Kopnick 
(kep'nik).  A town  in  the  province  of  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  situated  on  an  island  at  the  junc- 
tion of  theDahmo  and  Spree,  8 miles  southeast; 
of  Berlin.  Population,  commune,  27,721. 

Kopernick.  See  Copernicus. 

Roping  (clffi'ping).  A small  town  in  Sweden, 
Dear  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Malar. 

Kopitar  (ko'pe-tiir),  Bartholomews.  Bom  at 
Repnje,  Carniola,  Austria-Hungary,  Aug.  23, 


Kopitar 

1780:  died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  11,  1844.  A noted 
Slavic  philologist,  custodian  of  the  Imperial  Li- 
brary: editor  of  “Glagolita  Clozianus”  1836. 
Kopp  (kop),  Joseph  Eutych.  Born  at  Bero- 
miinster,  canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  1793: 
died  Oct.  25,  1866.  A Swiss  historian,  author  of 
• ‘ Geschichte  der  eidgenossischen  Biinde  ” ( 1845- 
1862),  etc. 

Kopparberg  (kop'par-bei’G).  A laen  in  central 
Sweden,  northwest  of  Stockholm:  also  called 
Falun.  It  is  rich  in  minerals.  Area,  11,522 
square  miles.  Population,  231,109. 

Koppen  (kep'pen),  Peter  von.  Born  at  Khar- 
koff,  Russia,  Feb.  19,  1793:  died  at  Karabagh, 
Crimea,  June  4, 1864.  A Russian  archaeologist, 
statistician,  and  scholar.  He  published  an 
“Ethnographical  Map  of  European  Russia” 
(1851),  and  other  works  on  Russia. 
Koppenberg  (kop'eu-berG).  In  the  legend  of 
the  Pied  Piper  of  Hameln  (which  see),  the 
mountain  into  which  the  sorcerer  and  the  chil- 
dren disappeared. 

Kopreinitz  (ko'pri-nits).  A royal  free  town  in 
Croatia,  Hungary,  49  miles  northeast  of  Agram. 
Population,  7,078. 

Koprili  (ke-pre'le).  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Prisrend,  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Vardar  in  lat. 
41°  43'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  E.  Population,  about 
15,000.  Also  Kvprili,  Kiuprili,  Eyopriilii,  etc. 
Korah  (ko'ra).  [Heb.,  ‘ice.’]  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a leader  in  a rebellion  against 
Moses  andAaron.  The  “sons”or  descendants 
“of  Korah” — the  Korahites — were  a gild  of 
Temple  musicians. 

Koran  (ko-riin'  or  ko'ran).  [Also  rarely  Coran, 
Quran,  formerly  also  Core  ; with  the  Ar.  article, 
Alkoran,  Alcoran;  = Turk.  Pers.  qurdn,  from 
Ar.  quran,  qoran,  book,  reading,  from  qdrd, 
read.]  The  sacred  book  of  the  Mohammedans. 

It  is  the  most  important  foundation  on  which  the  Moham- 
medan religion  rests,  and  it  is  held  in  the  highest  venera- 
tion by  all  sects  in  the  Mohammedan  Church.  When  being 
read  it  must  be  kept  on  a stand  elevated  above  the  floor. 
Ho  one  may  read  it  or  touch  it  without  first  making  a 
legal  ablution.  It  is  written  in  the  Arabic  language,  and 
its  style  is  considered  a model.  The  substance  of  the  Ko- 
ran is  held  to  be  uncreated  and  eternal.  Mohammed  was 
merely  the  person  to  whom  the  work  was  revealed.  At 
first  the  Koran  was  not  written,  but  entirely  committed 
to  memory.  But  when  a great  many  of  the  best  Koran 
reciters  had  been  killed  in  battle,  Omar  suggested  to  Abu- 
Bekr  (the  successor  of  Mohammed)  that  it  should  be  written 
down.  Abu-Bekr  accordingly  commanded  Zeid,  an  amanu- 
ensis of  the  prophet,  to  commit  it  to  writing.  This  was 
the  authorized  text  until  23  years  after  the  death  of  the 
prophet.  A number  of  variant  readings  had,  however, 
crep  into  use.  By  order  of  the  calif  Osman  in  the  year 
30  of  the  Hejira,  Zeid  and  three  assistants  made  a careful 
revision  which  was  adopted  as  the  standard,  and  all  the 
other  copies  were  ordered  to  be  burned.  The  Koran  con- 
sists of  114  suras  or  divisions.  These  are  not  numbered, 
but  each  one  has  a separate  name.  They  are  not  arranged 
in  historical  order.  These  suras  purport  to  be  the  ad- 
dresses delivered  by  Mohammed  during  his  career  at  Mecca 
and  Medina.  As  a general  rule  the  shorter  suras,  which 
contain  the  theology  of  Islam,  belong  to  the  Meccan  period; 
while  the  longer  ones,  relating  to  social  duties  and  rela- 
tionships, to  Medina.  The  Koran  is  largely  drawn  from 
Jewish  and  Christian  sources,  theformerprevailing.  Moses 
and  Jesus  are  reckoned  among  the  prophets.  The  biblical 
narratives  are  interwoven  with  rabbinical  legends.  The 
customs  of  the  Jews  are  made  to  conform  to  those  of  the 
Arabians.  Mohammedan  theology  consists  in  the  study  of 
the  Koran  and  its  commentaries.  A very  fine  collection 
of  Korans,  including  one  in  Cuflc(t  heold  Arabic  character), 
is  to  be  found  in  the  Khedival  Library  at  Cairo,  Egypt. 
Korana  (ko-ra/na).  See  Khoiklioin. 

Korat  (ko-rat').  1.  A small  state,  tributary  to 
Siam,  about  lat.  15°  N.,  long.  102°  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  60,000. — 2.  The  chief  town  of 
Korat.  Population,  about  6,000. 

Kordofan  (kor-do-fan').  A province  of  Anglo- 
Egyptian  Sudan  lying  between  the  Nile  and 
Darfur.  Capital,  El-Obeid.  The  surface  is  a steppe. 
It  was  conquered  by  Egypt  in  1821,  and  passed  into  the 
possession  of  the  Mahdi  in  1883,  but  Anglo- Egyptian  au- 
thority was  established  in  1899.  Area,  est.,  130,000  square 
★ miles.  Population,  est.,  500,000. 

Korea,  or  Corea  (ko-re'a),  native  Chosen  and 
Kao-li,  surnamed  “The  Hermit  Nation.”  A 
former  empire  of  Asia.  It  is  bounded  by  Manchu- 
ria on  the  north,  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  northeast,  the  Sea 
of  Japan  on  the  east,  Korea  Strait  on  the  southeast,  and 
the  Yellow  Sea  and  China  on  the  west.  Capital,  Seul.  It 
is  mainly  a peninsula,  and  the  surface  is  mountainous.  It 
exports  cowhides,  beans,  and  rice.  It  became  independ- 
ent of  China  in  1895  (see  China),  and  passed  under  Jap- 
anese control  in  1904.  In  1910  it  was  formally  annexed  to 
Japan  as  the  province  of  Chosen.  It  was  noted  for  its 
exclusiveness,  but  after  1876  concluded  treaties  with  dif- 
ferent foreign  nations.  The  religions  are  Buddhism  and 
Confucianism.  Area,  estimated,  86,000  square  miles. 
Population,  13,125,027,  (1911). 

Korea  (ko-re'a).  A small  native  state  in  India, 
under  British  control,  intersected  by  lat.  23° 
30'  N.,  long.  82°  30'  E. 

Korea  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Yellow  Sea. 

C.— 37 


577 

Koreish  (ko-rish).  The  most  celebrated  and 
influential  of  the  Arab  tribes,  its  position  is  due 
partly  to  the  fact  that  its  chiefs  acquired  as  early  as  the 
5th  century  the  guardianship  over  the  Kaaba  in  Mecca, 
and  partly  to  their  kinship  with  Mohammed. 

Korkyra.  See  Corcyra. 

Korner  (ker'ner),  Karl  Theodor.  Born  at  Dres- 
den, Sept.  23,  1791 : died  on  the  battle-field  at 
Gadebusch,  near  Schwerin,  in  Mecklenburg, 
Aug.  26, 1813.  A German  lyric  poet,  in  his  eigh 
teenth  year  he  went  to  the  mining  school  at  Freiberg,  and 
subsequently  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Berlin.  In  1811  in 
Vienna  he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  and  in  1812  was 
made  poet  to  the  court  theater.  A number  of  dramas  are 
from  this  period,  among  them  the  comedies  “Der  Nacht- 
wachter  ’’  (“  The  W atchman  ”),  “ Der  grime  Domino  ” ( “ The 
Green  Domino”), “Der  Vetter  aus Bremen”  (“The  Cousin 
from  Bremen"),  and  the  two  tragedies  “Rosamunde” 
and  “Zriny."  In  1813  came  the  call  to  arms  by  the  Prus- 
sian king,  and  he  left  Vienna  for  Breslau,  where  he  en- 
tered the  Liitzow  Volunteer  Corps,  and  was  afterward 
lieutenant  and  then  adjutant.  At  Kitzen,  near  Leipsic, 
he  was  severely  wounded,  but  recovered  and  returned  to 
his  corps,  only  to  be  killed  shortly  after  at  Gadebusch. 
Many  of  his  poems  were  written  in  the  field.  His  lyrics 
were  published  in  1814  under  the  title  “ Leier  und 
Schwert  ” (“  Lyre  and  Sword  ”).  His  complete  works  were 
published  in  1834. 

Koros  (ke'resh).  A river  iu  Hungary, ‘formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Swift,  Black,  and  White 
Koros,  and  flowing  into  the  Theiss  near  Cson- 
gr4d.  Total  length,  over  300  miles. 

Koros,  Nagy-.  See  Nagy-Koros. 

Korotcha  (ko'ro-clia).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kursk,  Russia,  77  miles  southeast  of 
Kursk.  Population,  15,900. 

Korsor  (kor'ser).  A town  on  the  western  coast 
of  Zealand,  Denmark.  Population,  7,064. 
Kortetz  (kor'tets),  or  Cortitz  (kor'tets).  An 
island  in  the  Dnieper,  in  the  government  of 
Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  about  40  miles  south 
of  Yekaterinoslaff. 

Kortiim  (kor'tfim),  Johann  Friedrich  Chris- 
toph. Born  at  Eiclihorst,  Meeklenburg-Stre- 
litz,  Germany,  Feb.  24,  1788:  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  June  4,  1858.  A German  histo- 
rian, appointed  professor  of  history  at  Bern  in 
1833,  and  at  Heidelberg  in  1840.  He  wrote 
“Geschichte  des  Mittelalters”  (1836-37),  “Ge- 
schichte Griechenlands”  (1854),  etc. 

Kortum  (kor'tom),  Karl  Arnold.  Born  at 
Muhlheim-on-the-Ruhr,  Prussia,  July  5,  1745: 
died  at  Bochum,  Prussia,  Aug.  16, 1824.  A Ger- 
man poet.  His  best-known  work  is  the  burlesque 
epic  “Jobsiade”  (1784). 

Korvei.  See  Corvei. 

Kos.  See  Cos. 

Kosciuszko  ( kos-i-us'ko ; Pol.  pron.  kos-chosh'- 
ko),  Tadeusz.  Born  at  Mereczowszczyzna, 
Lithuania,  Russia,  Feb.  12,  1746:  died  at  Solo- 
thurn,  Switzerland,  Oct.  15,  1817.  A famous 
Polish  patriot  and  general.  He  served  with  the 
Americans  in  the  Revolution  ; fought  against  the  Russians 
at  Dubienka  in  1792 ; was  commander-in-chief  and  dicta- 
t r in  the  Polish  insurrection  of  1794  ; was  finally  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  at  Maciejowice  Oct.  10,  1794 ; was  re- 
leased in  1796;  and  resided  in  France,  Switzerland,  and 
elsewhere. 

Kosciuszko,  Mount.  The  highest  mountain  of 
Australia,  situated  in  the  Australian  Alps,  New 
South  Wales,  about  lat.  36°  27'  26//  S.,  long. 
148°  20'  E.  Height,  7,336  feet. 

Kosegarten  (ko'ze-giir-ten),  Johann  Gottfried 
Ludwig.  Born  at  Altenkirchen,  Riigen,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  10, 1792:  died  at  Greifswald,  Prussia, 
Aug.  18,  1860.  A German  Orientalist,  son  of 
L.  T.  Kosegarten:  especially  noted  for  works 
on  the  Arabic  language  and  literature. 
Kosegarten,  Ludwig  Theobul.  Bom  at  Grevis- 
miihlen,  Mecklenburg,  Feb.  1,  1758:  died  at 
Greifswald,  Prussia,  Oct.  26,  1818.  A German 
poet  and  novelist. 

Kosel,  or  Cosel  (ko'zel).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  74 
miles  southeast  of  Breslau.  Population,  com- 
mune, 7,499. 

Kosfeld,  or  Koesfeld  (kes'feld).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Berkel  20  miles  west  of  Munster.  Pop- 
ulation, 8,449. 

Kosheish  (ko-shash').  See  the  extract. 

Very  rarely  are  they  built  of  hewn  stone,  like  that  great 
dike  of  Kosheish  which  was  constructed  by  Mena  in  primae- 
val times,  in  order  to  divert  the  course  of  the  Nile  from 
the  spot  on  which  he  founded  Memphis.  (The  remains  of 
this  gigantic  work  may  yet  be  seen  about  two  hours’  dis- 
tance to  the  southward  of  Meydootn.  See  Herodotus,  book 
ii.,  chap.  99. — Translator’s  note.) 

Maspero,  Egyptian  Archaeology  (trans.),  p.  34. 

Koslin,  or  Coslin  (kez'lin).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  in  lat.  54°  13' 
N.,  long.  16°  11'  E.  Pop.,  commune,  21,474. 
Kosloff,  or  Kozloff  (koz-lof').  1.  A town  in 
the  government  of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated 


Kotzebue 

on  the  Lesnoi-Voronezh,  44  miles  west  of  Tam- 
boff. It  has  important  trade.  Population. 
40,297. — 2.  See  Eupatoria. 

KOSOVO  (ko'so-vo).  [‘Plain  of  the  blackbirds.’] 
A plain  in  the  vicinity  of  Prishtina,  European 
Turkey,  near  the  Servian  frontier.  Here,  June  15, 
1389,  the  Turks  under  Amurath  I.  completely  defeated  the 
Servians  and  their  allies  under  King  Lazarus.  Here  also, 
Oct.  18-19,  1448,  the  Hungarians  under  John  Hunyady 
were  defeated  by  the  Turks.  Also  Kassovo,  Kosova,  Cos- 
sova,  etc. 

Kossuth  (kosh'ot),  Lajos  (Eng.  Louis).  Born 
at  Monok,  Zemplin,  Hungary,  Sept.  19,  1802: 
died  at  Turin,  Italy,  March  20, 1894.  A cele- 
brated Hungarian  patriot  and  orator,  leader  of 
the  Hungarian  insurrection  of  1848-49.  He  was 
a member  (as  a proxy)  of  the  Hungarian  Diet  1832-36 ; was 
imprisoned  by  the  Austrian  government  for  political  rea- 
sons 1837-40;  was  editor  of  the  “ Pest  Journal”  1841-44; 
and  was  elected  deputy  to  the  Diet  in  1847.  In  1848  the 
emperor  Ferdinand  was  forced  to  grant  an  independent 
Hungarian  ministry,  of  which  Kossuth,  as  minister  of 
finance,  was  the  virtual  head.  In  the  same  year  the  deal- 
ings of  the  Austrian  court  drove  the  Hungarians  to  insur- 
rection. On  April  14,  1849,  the  Diet  declared  the  inde- 
pendence of  Hungary,  and  appointed  Kossuth  governor. 
On  August  11, 1849,  he  resigned  his  powers  into  the  hands 
of  General  Gorgey  (see  Hungarian  Insurrection).  He 
lived  in  exile  in  Turkey  1849-51 ; visited  the  United  States 
1851-52  ; and  resided  later  in  London  and  Turin.  He  pub- 
lished his  memoirs  in  1881-82,  under  the  name  “Schriften 
aus  der  Emigration.”  His  letters  to  Bern  in  1849  were 
published  by  Makray  at  Pest  in  1872. 

Kostendil  (kos -ten-del ' ) , Kiostendil  ( ky  es-ten- 
del'),  Ghiustendil  (gyos-ten-del'),  etc..  Atown 
in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Struma  42  miles 
southwest  of  Sofia.  Population,  12,334. 
Koster.  See  Coster. 

Kostlin  (kest'lin),  Julius.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg,  May  17,  1826;  died  at  Halle,  May 
12, 1902.  A German  Protestant  theologian,  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Gottingen  (1855),  Bres- 
lau (1860),  and  Halle  (1870).  His  works  include 
“Luthers  Theologie”  (1863),  a biography  of 
Luther  (2  vols.  1875),  etc. 

Kqstomaroff  (kos-to-mii'rof ), Nicholas  Ivano- 
vich. Born  in  1817:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
April  19, 1885.  A Russian  historian.  He  was  made 
assistant  professor  at  Kieff  in  1846,  imprisoned  for  his  dem- 
ocratic sympathies  at  St.  Petersburg  for  a year,  and  then 
banished  to  Saratoff,  and  forbidden  to  publish  or  teach.  He 
was  liberated  from  surveillance  in  1854,  and  published  40 
volumes  of  historical  writings.  From  1858  he  was  profes- 
sor  of  history  at  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg.  He  wrote 
valuable  monographs  on  “Bogdan  Khmielnitsky,”  “The 
False  Demetrius,”  and  “The  Revolt  of  Stenka  Razine,” 
and  “ Studies  of  the  Nationalities  of  Northern  Russia,"  etc. 
A dissertation  on  the  Uniat  schism  was  suppressed  in  1842. 

Kostroma  (kos-tro-ma').  1.  A government  in 
Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Vo- 
logda, Viatka,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Vladimir,  and 
Yaroslaff.  Area,  32,432  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,643,800. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kostroma,  situated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  rivers  Kostroma  and  Volga,  about 
lat.  57°  45'  N.,  long.  40°  55'  E.  It  has  a cathe- 
dral. Population,  41,336. 

Koswig  (kos'viG).  A small  town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  situated  on  the  Elbe  39  miles  north 
of  Leipsic. 

Kotah  (ko'tii).  1.  A native  state  in  Rajputana, 
India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  N.,  long  76°  E.  Area,  5,684  square  miles. 
Population,  544,879. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Kotah,  on  theChambal,  lat.  25°  11'  N., 
long.  75°  51'  E.  Population,  33,657. 

Kothen  (ke'ten).  A city  in  Anhalt,  Germany, 
35  miles  northwest  of  Leipsic.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Anhalt-Kotlien  (definitely 
united  to  Anhalt- Dessau  in  1863),  has  a castle,  and  manu- 
factures beet-root  sugar.  Population,  22,978. 

Kotri  (ko-tre').  A town  in  Karachi  district, 
Sind,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Indus  8 
miles  west  of  Hyderabad.  Population,  7,617. 
Kottbus,  or  Cottbus  (kot'bos).  Atown  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  on  the  Spree 
68  miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  It  is  a railway 
center,  and  has  cloth  manufactures.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  46,270. 

Kotzebue  (kot'se-bo),  Alexander  von.  Born 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  May  28,  1815:  died  at 
Munich,  Feb.  24,  1889.  A Russian  painter  of 
historical  and  battle  scenes,  son  of  A.  F.  F. 
von  Kotzebue.  He  won  the  great  gold  medal  in  1844, 
lived  in  Paris  till  1848,  and  finally  settled  in  Munich. 

Kotzebue,  August  Friedrich  Ferdinand  von. 

Born  at  Weimar,  Germany,  May  3,  1761:  assas- 
sinated at  Mannheim,  Baden,  March  23,  1819. 
A German  dramatist.  He  filled  several  offices  ill  the 
Russian  public  service,  and  besides  his  plays  wrote  many 
tales,  sketches,  historical  works,  etc.  Among  his  plays  are 
“Die  deutschen  Kleinstadter,”  “Pagenstreicne,”  “Die 
beiden  Klingsberg,”  “ Menschenhass  und  Roue"  (known 
in  English  as  “The  Stranger”),  “Der  arme  Poet,"  “Die 
Kreuzfahrer,”  etc.  lie  wrote  in  all  more  than  200  plays. 


Kotzebue 

Kotzebue,  Moritz  von.  Born  May  11,  1789: 
died  at  Warsaw,  Feb.  6, 1861.  A Russian  mili- 
tary officer,  and  traveler  in  Persia,  son  of  A.  F. 
F.  von  Kotzebue.  He  was  captured  by  the  French  in 
the  campaign  of  1812,  and  described  his  experiences  in 
“ Der  russeische  Kriegsgefangene  unter  den  Franzosen” 
(1815). 

Kotzebue,  Otto  von.  Born  at  Reval,  Russia, 
Dec.  30,  1787 : died  at  Reval,  Feb.  15,  1846.  A 
Russian  navigator,  son  of  A.  F.  F.  von  Kotze- 
bue. He  commanded  exploring  expeditions  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  1815-18  and  1823-26,  and  wrote  narratives  of 
both  voyages  (published  1821  and  1830)  He  discovered 
numerous  islands,  and  the  sound  near  Bering  Strait  named 
from  him. 

Kotzebue,  Count  Paul  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Aug.  10,  1801:  died  at  Reval,  Russia,  May  2, 
1884.  A Russian  general,  son  of  A.  F.  F.  von 
Kotzebue. 

Kotzebue  Sound.  An  inlet  of  Bering  Strait, 
in  the  west  of  Alaska. 

Kovalevsky  (ktUval-ef'ski),  Sonya  (Krukov- 
sky).  Born  at  Moscow  in  1850:  died  at  Stock- 
holm, Sweden,  Feb.  10, 1891.  A Russian  mathe- 
matician. She  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  the  University  of  Stockholm. 

Kovno  (kov'nd).  1.  A government  of  Russia, 
bounded  by  Prussia  and  the  governments  of 
Courland,  Wilna,  and  Suwalki.  Area,  15,518 
square  miles.  Population,  1,720,500. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Kovno,  about  lat. 
54°  54'  N.,  long.  23°  53'  E.,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Vilia  with  the  Niemen.  It  has  a flourishing  trade. 
Napoleon’s  army  crossed  the  Niemen  here  June  23-25, 1812. 
The  Poles  were  defeated  here  by  the  Russians  June  26, 
1831.  Population,  73,743. 

Kovroff  (kov-rof').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Vladimir,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Kliazma 
36  miles  northeast  of  Vladimir.  Population, 
16,600. 

Koweyt  (kd-wat').  A seaport  in  Arabia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Persian  Gulf  in  lat.  29°  23'  N.,  long. 
48°  E.  Also  Kuweit , Grave,  etc. 

Koyukukhotana  (k6-yd//kuk-cho-ta,na).  A 
tribe  of  the  northern  division  of  the  Athapas- 
can stock  of  North  American  Indians,  living  in 
villages  along  the  Koyukuk  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries in  the  interior  of  Alaska.  See  Athapas- 
can. 

Koyunjik.  See  Kuyunjilc. 

Koza  (ko'za),  or  Makoza  (ma-ko'za),  or  Kosa. 
A Bantu  tribe  in  eastern  Angola,  West  Africa, 
on  the  Chikapa  River.  They  are  of  Lunda  descent, 
but,  having  settled  in  Kiokoland,  they  have  adopted  Kioko 
customs. 

Kozelsk,  or  Koselsk  (ko-zelsk/).  A town  in 
the  government  of  Kaluga,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Zhizdra  40  miles  southwest  of  Kaluga.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,908. 

Kozloff.  See  Kosloff. 

Kra  (kra).  The  isthmus  which  connects  the  Ma- 
lay peninsula  with  the  rest  of  the  Indo-Chinese 
peninsula. 

Krafft,  or  Kraft  (kraft),  Adam.  BornatNurem- 
berg  (?)  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century: 
died  at  Schwabacli  (?),  near  Nuremberg,  1507. 
A German  sculptor  of  the  Nuremberg  school. 
His  chief  work  is  the  tabernacle  in  St.  Lau- 
rence’s Church,  Nuremberg. 

Krafft,  Peter.  Born  at  Hanau,  Sept.  17, 1780 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  28, 1856.  An  Austrian  his- 
torical painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  the  Hanau  Academy, 
afterward  of  Fuger  in  Vienna.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1802, 
and  became  a follower  of  the  school  of  David.  In  1806  he 
returned  to  Vienna,  but  did  not  become  known  till  1813. 
He  was  elected  member  of  the  Vienna  Academy  in  that 
year,  and  in  1815  of  the  Hanau  Academy;  professor  and  cor- 
rector at  the  Vienna  Academy  in  1823 ; director  of  the  Bel- 
vedere Gallery  in  1828  ; and  in  1839  honorary  member  of 
the  Copenhagen  Academy. 

Krain.  See  Carniola. 

Krajova,  or  Krayova,  or  Crajova  (kra-yo'va). 
A town  in  Rumania,  situated  in  lat.  44°  19'  N., 
long.  23°  49'  E.  Population,  46,000. 

Krakatua  (kra-ka-to'a),  or  Krakatoa  (kra-kii- 
to'a).  A small  island  in  the  Strait  of  Sunda, 
between  Sumatra  and  Java : noted  for  a volcanic 
eruption  which  began  Aug.  26, 1883.  The  accom- 
panying ocean  wave  destroyed  over  30,000  lives ; and  the 
eruption  was  followed  by  extraordinary  atmospheric  phe- 
nomena, visible  over  great  portions  of  the  globe,  attributed 
to  the  presence  of  the  volcanic  dust. 

Kralingen  (krit'ling-en).  A small  fishing-town 
in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands, 
near  Rotterdam. 

Kranach.  See  Cranach. 

Krapf  (krapf),  Johann  Ludwig.  Born  at  Deren- 
dingen,  near  Tubingen,  Germany,  1810:  died  at 
Kornthal,  Nov.  26,  1881.  An  African  mission- 
ary, linguist,  and  explorer.  After  studying  theology 
at  Tubingen  and  Basel, heenteredtheservice  of  the  Church 
Missionary  Society  1837,  and  was  sent  to  Abyssinia.  Ex- 


578 

pelled  with  the  other  missionaries,  he  was  able  to  labor  in 
Shoa  until  1842.  In  1844  he  founded  the  first  mission  sta- 
tion among  the  Wanyika  in  East  Africa.  During  one  of 
his  exploring  tours  in  the  interior  he  discovered  Mounts  Ke- 
niaand  Amboloila,  1849.  He  returned  to  Germany  in  1853, 
but  revisited  Africa  as  interpreter  of  Lord  Napier  on  his 
expedition  to  Abyssinia.  Many  valuable  Abyssinian  man- 
uscripts have  been  secured  through  him,  apd  African  eth- 
nology and  philology  are  indebted  to  him  for  important 
contributions.  He  published  an  account  of  some  of  his 
journeys  in  “Reisen  in  Ostafrika”(18£8).  His  dictionary  of 
Kisuahili  appeared  in  1882,  shortly  after  his  death. 
Krapotkin  (kra-pot'kin),  Prince  Peter.  Born 
at  Moscow,  1842.  A Russian  socialist  and  an- 
archist. He  is  a member  of  the  oldest  Russian  nobility; 
was  brought  up  as  a page  at  court ; studied  geology  and 
geography  at  St.  Petersburg ; became  secretary  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Society  ; and  was  appointed  chamberlain  to  the 
czarina.  He  was  arrested  as  an  anarchistin  1873,  but  made 
his  escape  in  1876.  He  was  imprisoned  in  France  1883-86 
under  a law  directed  against  the  International  Working- 
men’s Association,  of  which  he  was  a member.  He  is 
the  author  of  “In  Russian  and  French  Prisons”  (1887), 
“ Ideals  and  Realities  in  Russian  Literature  ” (1905),  etc. 
Also  written  Krapptlnne , Kropotkin , etc. 

Krasicki  (kra-set'ske),  Ignatius.  Born  at  Du- 
biecko,  Galicia,  Austria-Hungary,  Feb.  3,  1735 : 
died  at  Berlin,  March  14,  1801.  A Polish  poet 
and  man  of  letters.  His  chief  poems  are  “Mys- 
zeis”  (“Mousiad,”  1790),  and  “ Mohomachia  ” 
( “ War  of  the  Monks  ”). 

Krasinski  (kra-sin'ske),  Sigmund.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.  19,  1812:  died  there,  Feb.  24,  1859. 
A Polish  poet.  Among  his  poems  are  “Nie- 
boska  komedva ” ( “ Undivine  Comedy,”  1835- 
1848),  “ Irydion”  (1845),  etc. 

Krasnoi  (kras-noi'),  or  Krasnyi.  A town  in 
the  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  30  miles 
southwest  of  Smolensk.  Here,  Aug.  14,  1812,  the 
French  under  Murat  and  Ney  defeated  the  Russians  under 
Rajevsky;  and  here,  Nov.  16-19, 1812,  the  Russians  under 
Kutusoff  defeated  the  French  under  Napoleon.  An  obe- 
lisk was  erected  in  1843  in  commemoration  of  the  latter 
battle. 

Krasnovodsk  (kras-no-vodsk').  The  capital  of 
the  Transcaspian  Territory,  Asiatic  Russia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Caspian  Sea  about  lat.  40°  N., 
long.  52°  45'  E. 

Krasnoyarsk  (kras-no-yarsk').  The  capital  of 
the  government  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  situated 
on  the  Yenisei  about  lat.  56°  N.,  long.  92°  30'  E. 
Population,  33,337. 

Krasnyi  (or  Krasnoi)  Jar  (kras-noi'yar).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Astrakhan,  Russia, 
situated  on  a mouth  of  the  Volga  27 miles  north- 
east of  Astrakhan.  Population,  11,900. 
Kraszewski  (kra-shev'ske),  J6zef  Ignacy. 
Born  at  Warsaw,  July  26,  1812 : died  at  Ge- 
neva, March  19,  1887.  A Polish  novelist,  poet, 
critic,  historian,  and  general  writer,  author  of 
many  novels  of  Polish  life. 

Kratim  (kra-tem.'),  or  Kratimer  (krat'i-mer). 
The  dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers.  See  the  extract. 

Mahomet  has  somewhat  improved  on  the  story.  He  has 
made  the  Sleepers  prophesy  his  coming,  and  he  has  given 
them  adog  named  Kratim,  or  Kratimer,  which  sleeps  with 
them,  and  which  is  endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophecy. 
As  a special  lavor  this  dog  is  to  he  one  of  the  ten  animals 
to  be  admitted  into  his  paradise,  the  others  being  Jonah's 
whale,  Solomon’s  ant,  Ishmael’s  ram,  Abraham’s  calf,  the 
Queen  of  Sheba’s  ass,  the  prophet  Salech's  camel,  Moses’ 
ox,  Belkis’  cuckoo,  and  Mahomet’s  ass. 

Bariny-Govld,  Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages,  p.  102. 

Krause  (krou'ze),  Gottlob  Adolf.  BornatOck- 
rilla,  near  Meissen,  Germany,  Jan.  5, 1850.  An 
African  traveler.  He  accompanied  Miss  Tinnd  to  the 
Upper  Nile  in  1869,  but  returned  before  her  murder.  About 
1879  he  visited  Sokoto  and  the  Ahaggar  Tuarieks.  When  a 
German  expedition  to  the  Niger  and  Binue  was  contem- 
plated in  1883,  he  was  sent  to  Lagos  in  order  to  prepare  the 
ground.  He  has  written  on  the  Fulah  and  Ghat  languages. 

Krause,  Karl  Christian  Friedrich.  __  Born  at 
Eisenberg,  Saxe-Altenburg,  May  6,  1781 : died 
at  Munich,  Sept.  27, 1832.  A German  philoso- 
pher, and  writer  on  freemasonry. 

Krauss  (krous),  Marie  Gabrielle.  Born  March 
23,  1842:  died  Oct.  12,  1903.  A noted  German 
soprano  opera-singer.  She  made  her  d£but  at  Vienna 
in  1859,  and  san£  with  success  in  all  the  capitals  of  Europe. 

Krauth  (krath),  Charles  Porterfield.  Bom 

at  Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  March  17,  1823:  died 
at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  2,  1883.  An  American 
theologian  of  the  Lutheran  Church,  professor  of 
mental  and  moral  science  and  vice-provost  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  published 
“The  Conservative  Reformation  and  its  Theology  ” (1871), 
etc.,  and  a “Vocabulary  of  the  Philosophical  Sciences,” 
including  William  Fleming's  “Vocabulary  of  Philosophy," 
in  1877. 

Krayova.  See  Krajova. 

Kreek.  See  Creek. 

Krefeld.  See  Crefeld. 

Kremenetz  (kre'mo-nets).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Volhvnia,  Russia,  situated  in  lat. 
50°  7'  N.,  loner.  25°  43'  E.  Pop.,  over  16,000. 
Krementchug  (kra-men-chog').  A town  in  the 


Krishna 

government  of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dnieper  64  miles  west-southwest  of  Pultow? : 
an  important  commercial  center.  Population, 
63,007. 

Kremlin  (krem'lin).  [From  F.  kremlin  (with 
accoui.  F.  term,  -in)  = G.  kreml,  from  Russ. 
kremli,  a citadel,  fortress.]  The  citadel  of  Mos- 
cow, Russia.  Itis  a highly  picturesque  and  interesting 
triangular  inclosure,  about  li  miles  in  circuit,  fortified 
with  battlemented  walls  from  which  project  cylindrical 
and  square  towers,  many  of  them  terminating  in  spires 
behind  which  rise  the  multiform  domes  and  belfries  of  the 
churches,  brilliant  with  gold  and  colors.  The  present 
wails  date  from  1492.  The  Kremlin  contains  the  imperial 
palace,  the  cathedrals  of  the  Assumption,  the  Archangel 
Michael,  and  the  Annunciation,  the  Miracle  monastery, 
the  Ascension  convent,  the  arsenal,  and  the  famous  Great 
Bell.  The  Great  Palace  dates  for  the  most  part  only  from 
the  middle  of  the  present  century,  its  predecessors  having 
repeatedly  been  burned,  the  last  one  by  the  soldiers  of 
Napoleon.  It  is  a lofty  structure  of  little  architectural 
quality  without,  except  for  its  great  size,  but  of  unusual 
richness  within.  Among  the  state  apartments  are  the 
hall  of  St.  George,  the  Alexander  hall,  the  hall  of  St.  An- 
drew, and  the  throne-room,  all  splendidly  adorned  with 
paintings,  sculptures,  and  other  rvorks  of  art,  all  68  feet 
wide,  ranging  from  100  to  200  feet  long,  and  from  58  to  68 
high.  Several  of  the  chapels  also  are  noteworthy,  as 
well  as  the  Red  Staircase,  used  only  for  grand  functions 
and  recalling  many  historic  scenes  from  Ivan  the  Terrible 
and  Peter  the  Great  to  Napoleon.  The  Treasury  is  ex- 
tremely rich  in  ancient  jewels  and  plate,  including  the  old 
regalia : here  also  are  the  thrones  of  the  last  emperor  of 
Constantinople  and  of  the  old  Persian  shahs,  and  the  coro- 
nation-robes. 

Kremnitz  (krem'nits),  Hung.  Kormocz  banya 

(ker'mets  ban'yo).  A royal  free  city  in  the 
county  of  Bars,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  48° 
43'  N.,  long.  18°  55'  E.:  noted  for  its  gold-  and 
silver-mines.  Population,  commune,  5,043. 

Krems  (kremz).  A town  in  Lower  Austria,  sit- 
uated on  the  Danube  38  miles  west-northwest  of 
Vienna.  Population,  commune,  14,385,  (1910). 

Kremsier  (krem'zer),  Slav.  Krcm<Mi2  (kro'- 
myer-zhizh).  A town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  March  22  miles  south 
by  east  of  Olmiitz.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  Aus- 
trian Reichstag  1848-19.  Population,  16,523, 
(1910). 

Kreutzer  (kroit'ser),  Konradin.  Born  near 
Messkirch,  Baden,  Nov.  22,  1780:  died  at  Riga, 
Russia,  Dec.  14, 1849.  A German  composer  and 
conductor.  He  composed  numerous  operas,  including 
“Conradin  von  Schwahen  ” (1812),  “Das  Nachtlager  in 
Granada"  (1834),  and  “Der  Verschwender ’’ ; an  oratorio, 
“ Die  Sendung  Mosis”;  a one-act  drama,  “Cordelia”;  and 
part-songs. 

Kreutzer  (krdt-sar'),  Rodolphe.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Nov.  16, 1766:  died  at  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  J une  6, 1831.  A noted  French  vio- 
linist and  composer.  His  chief  work  is  "IStudes  ou 
caprices  pour  le  violou.”  He  also  wrote  thirty-nine  operas 
and  ballets,  violin  concertos,  sonatas,  etc.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Beethoven,  and  to  him  Beethoven  dedicated  the 
famous  “Kreutzer  Sonata  "for  piano  and  violin,  firetplayed 
by  Beethoven  and  Bridgetower  at  Augarten  in  May,  1803. 

Kreuzburg  (kroits'bore).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Stober, 
52  miles  east  by  south  of  Breslau.  Population, 
commune,  10,919. 

Kreuznach,  or  Creuznach  (kroits'nach).  A 
town  and  watering-place  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nahe  21  miles 
west-southwest  of  Mainz.  It  is  noted  for  its 
springs  (iodine  and  bromine).  Population, 
commune,  22,860. 

Kriemhild.or  Chriemhild  (krem'hild).  [MHG. 
Krimhilt .]  The  legendary  heroine  of  the  “Nibe- 
lungenlied.”  She  was  the  daughter  of  King  Gibich 
(whose  seat  was  at  Worms  on  the  lower  Rhine),  the  sister 
of  the  Burgundian  princes  Gunther,  Gemot,  and  Giselher, 
and  the  wife  of  Siegfried.  Afterward,  as  the  wife  of  Etzel 
(Attila),  king  of  the  Huns,  she  encompassed  the  death  of 
her  brothers,  and  avenged  Siegfried's  murder  at  their 
hands,  but  was  herself  slain.  In  the  Old  Norse  version  of 
the  legend  in  the  “ Volsunga  Saga  ” and  the  “Edda,"  her 
counterpart  is  Gudrun. 

Krik.  A pseudonym  of  Henry  G.  Crickmore,  a 
writer  on  the  turf  and  sporting  matters. 

Kriloff.  See  Kryloff. 

Krimmitschau.  See  Crimmitschau. 

Krimmler  (krim'ler)  Waterfalls.  A series  of 
cascades  in  the  Austrian  Alps,  north  of  the 
Gross-Venediger.  Total  height,  l,300feet. 

Krishna  (krish'na).  [‘  The  black.’]  A Hindu 
deity.  Originally  the  ethnic  god  of  some  powerful  con- 
federation of  Rajput  clans,  by  fusion  with  the  Vishnu  of  the 
older  theology  Krishna  becomes  one  of  the  chief  divini- 
ties of  Hinduism.  He  is  indeed  an  avatar  of  Vishnu,  or 
Vishnu  himself.  In  his  physical  character  mingle  myths 
of  fire,  lightning,  and  storm,  of  heaven  and  the  sun.  In  the 
epic  he  is  a hero  invincible  in  war  and  love,  brave,  but 
above  all  crafty.  He  was  the  son  of  Vasudeva  and  Devaki, 
and  born  at  Mathura,  on  the  Yamuna,  between  Delhi  and 
Agra,  among  the  Yadavas.  Likethat  of  many  solar  heroes, 
his  birth  was  beset  with  peril.  On  the  night  when  it  took 
place,  his  parents  had  to  remove  him  from  the  reach  of  his 
uncle,  King  Kansa,  who  sought  hi6  life  because  he  had 


Krishna 

been  warned  by  a voice  from  heaven  that  the  eighth  son 
of  Devaki  would  kill  him,  and  who  had  regularly  made 
away  with  his  nephews  at  their  birth.  Conveyed  across 
' the  Yamuna,  Krishna  was  brought  up  as  their  son  by  the 
shepherd  Nanda  and  his  wife  Yashoda,  together  with  his 
brother  Balarama,  ‘Rama  the  strong,’  who  had  been  like- 
wise saved  from  massacre.  The  two  brothers  grew  up 
among  the  shepherds,  slaying  monsters  and  demons  and 
sporting  with  the  Gopis,  the  female  cowherds  of  Vrinda- 
vana.  Theirbirthaud  infancy,  their  juvenile  exploits,  and 
their  erotic  gambols  with  the  Gopis  became  in  time  the 
essential  portion  of  the  legend  of  Krishna,  and  their  scenes 
are  to-day  the  most  celebrated  centers  of  his  worship. 
When  grown,  the  brothers  put  their  uncle  Kansa  to  death, 
and  Kr  ishna  became  king  of  the  Yadavas.  He  cleared  the 
land  of  monsters,  warred  against  impious  kings,  and  took 
part  in  the  war  of  the  sons  of  Pandu  against  those  of 
Dhritarashtra,  as  described  in  the  Mahabharata.  He  trans- 
ferred his  capital  to  Dvaraka(‘  the  city  of  gates’),  the  gates 
of  the  West,  since  localized  in  Gujarat.  There  he  and  his 
race  were  overtaken  by  the  final  catastrophe.  After  seeing 
his  brot  her  slain,  and  the  Yadavas  kill  each  other  to  the  last 
man,  he  himself  perished,  wounded  in  the  heel,  like  Achil- 
les, by  the  arrow  of  a hunter.  The  bible  of  the  worship- 
ers of  Vishnu  in  his  most  popular  manifestation,  that  of 
Krishna,  consists  of  the  Bhagavatapurana  and  the  Bha- 
gavadgita.  See  these  words. 

Krishna.  A river  and  district  in  India.  See 
Kistna. 

Krishnagar  (krish-nug'ur),  or  Kishnugur 
(kish-nug'ur).  The  capital  of  Nadiya  district, 
Bengal,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Jalangi 
60  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  Population,  25,547. 
Kriss  Kringle.  See  Criss  Kingle. 
Kristineaux.  See  Cree. 

Kristinehamn,  or  Gristinehamn  (kris-te'ne- 
hamn).  A town  in  the  laen  of  Karlstad,  Sweden, 
situated  on  Lake  Wener  20  miles  east  by  south 
of  Karlstad.  Population,  8,569. 

Kroia  (kroi'a),  or  Akhissar  (iik-his-sar').  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Skutari,  Turkey,  28  miles 
northeast  of  Durazzo:  a stronghold  of  Scan- 
derbeg. 

Krolevetz,  or  Krollevetz  (kro-lye'vets).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Tehernigoff,  Russia, 
88  miles  east  of  Tehernigoff.  Population,  16,- 
646. 

Kronach,  or  Cronach  (kro'nach).  A small 
town  in  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  on  the 
Kronach  55  miles  north  by  east  of  Nuremberg. 
It  wa3  the  birthplace  of  Lucas  Cranach. 
Kronenberg,  or  Cronenberg  (kro'nen-bero). 
A manufacturing  town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  21  miles  north -northeast  of  Cologne. 
Population,  commune,  11,340. 

Kronoberg  (kro'no-berg),  or  Wexjo  (veks'ye). 
A laen  in  southern  Sweden.  Area,  3,825  square 
miles.  Population,  157,801. 

Kronos  (kron'os).  See  Cronus. 

Kronstadt,  or  Cronstadt  (kron'stat),  Hung. 
Brasso  (brosh'sho),  Rumanian  Brasov  (bra'- 
sov).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Kronstadt, 
Transylvania,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  45°  37' 
N.,  long.  25°  30'  E.  It  is  the  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing center  of  Transylvania.  The  chief  building  is 
the  Protestant  or  “ Black  ” church.  It  was  founded  at  the 
beginning  of  the  13th  century,  and  waB  the  center  of  the 
Reformation  in  Transylvania.  Population,  commune, 
36,646. 

Kronstadt,  or  Cronstadt.  A seaport  in  the 
government  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  island  of  Kotlin-Ostroff,  near  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Finland,  in  lat.  60°  N.,  long.  29°  46'  E. 
It  is  the  port  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  the  chief  seaport,  na- 
val fortress,  and  naval  station  of  Russia.  It  has  regular 
communication  (by  steamer)  with  Stockholm,  Stettin,  Lii- 
beck,  Havre,  etc.  It  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great  1710. 
Population,  69,525. 

Krook  (kruk),  Mr.  A drunkard,  in  “Bleak 
House,”  who  dies  by  spontaneous  combustion. 
Kropotkin.  See  Kropotkin. 

Krotoscbin,  Pol.  Krotoszyn  (kro'to-shen).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  54  miles 
south-southeast  of  Posen.  Population,  com- 
mune, 12,665. 

Krozet,  or  Crozet  (kr5-za'),  Islands.  A group 
of  small  uninhabited  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean.  Possession  Island  is  situated  in  lat. 
46°  22'  S.,  long.  51°  30'  E. 

Kru,  or  Croo  (kro).  A tribe  in  Liberia,  West 
Africa,  settled  on  the  seaboard  between  the 
Bassa  and  the  Grebos,  to  whom  they  are  related. 
The  Kru-men,  often  called  Kru-boys,  are  famous  as  a people 
who  never  were  slaves,  as  excellent  sailors,  and  as  thrifty, 
hard-working  laborers.  They  hire  themselves  out  to  all 
points  of  the  West  Coast  for  a period  rarely  exceeding  12 
moons.  They  are  an  athletic  race,  with  strong  chests  and 
arms,  but  rather  weak  legs.  Their  tribal  mark  is  a black 
stripe  tattooed  on  the  forehead  from  the  hair  to  the  nose. 
Since  the  advent  of  the  American  missionaries  the  Kru- 
men  are  beginning  to  abandon  heathenism.  In  addition 
to  their  native  tongue,  they  speak  an  English  Creole  con- 
sisting of  an  adapted  English  vocabulary  combined  with 
Kru  grammar. 

Kru-boys.  See  Kru. 

Kriidener  (krii'de-ner),  Baroness  of  (Barbara 
Juliane  von  Vietingboff-Scheel).  Bom  at 


579 

Riga,  Russia,  Nov.  11  (O.  S.),  1764:  died  at  Ka- 
rasu-Bazar, Russia, Dec.  13  (O.  S.),  1824.  ARus- 
sian  pietist  and  authoress,  friend  of  the  czar 
Alexander  I.  She  published  ‘ ‘ V alerie,  ou  lettres 
de  Gustave  de  Linar  a Ernest  de  G.”  (1803),  etc. 
Krug  (krog),  Wilbelm  Traugott.  Born  at  Ra- 
dis, near  Grafenhainiehen,  Prussia,  June  22, 
1770 : died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  12, 1842.  A German 
philosopher.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder  in  1801,  of  logic  and  metaphysics 
at  Konigsberg  in  1804  (where  he  was  successor  to  Kant), 
and  of  philosophy  at  Leipsic  in  1809.  He  wrote  “ Funda- 
mentalphilosophie ’’  (1803),  “System  der  theoretischen 
Philosophie  ’’  (1806-10),  etc. 

Kruger  (kriig'er),  Franz.  Born  at  Radegast, 
Dessau,  Sept.  3,  1797 : died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 
1857.  A German  portrait-  and  horse-painter, 
often  called  “Pferde  (Horse)  Kruger.” 

Kruger  (kro'ger),  Stepbanus  Johannes  Paul. 
Born  in  Colesberg,  Cape  Colony,  Oct.  10,  1825: 
died  at  Clarens,  Switzerland,  July  14,  1904.  A 
South  African  statesman,  the  president  of  the 
South  African  Republic.  He  was  chosen  a member 
of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Transvaal  in  1872,  and 
four  times  served  as  president  (1883-88,  1888-93,  1S93-98, 
1898-1900). 

Krumau  (kro'mou).  A town  in  southern  Bo- 
hemia, situated  on  the  Moldau  14  miles  south- 
west of  Budweis.  Pop.,  commune,  8,716,(1910). 

Kru-men.  See  Kru. 

Krummacber  (krom  ' maeh  - er),  Friedrich 

Adolf.  Born  at  Tecklenburg,  Westphalia, 
Prussia,  July,  1767 : died  at  Bremen,  April  4, 
1845.  A German  Protestant  clergyman  and  re- 
ligious writer:  best-known  work,  “Parabeln” 
(“Parables,  1805”). 

Krummacber,  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Mors,  Prussia,  Jan.  28,  1796:  died  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Dec.  10,  1868.  A German  Protestant 
clergyman  and  religious  writer,  son  of  F.  A. 
Krummacber.  He  wrote  “Elias  der  Thisbiter  ” 
(1828-33),  “Elisa”  (1837-41),  etc. 
Krummacber,  Gottfried  Daniel.  Born  at  Teck- 
lenburg, Westphalia,  Prussia,  April  1,  1774: 
died  at  Elberfeld,  Prussia,  Jan.  30,  1837.  A 
German  Protestant  clergyman  and  religious 
writer,  brother  of  F.  A.  Krummacber. 

Krupp  ikrop),  Alfred.  Born  at  Essen,  Prussia, 
April  26,  1812:  died  July  14,  1887.  A German 
manufacturer.  He  obtained  control  in  1848  of  an  iron 
forge,  employing  three  men,  which  was  founded  by  his 
father  in  1810  at  Essen,  Prussia.  He  introduced  the  Besse- 
mer-steel  process  into  Germany, was  the  first  German  manu- 
facturer to  makeuseof  thesteam  forging-hammer,  and  took 
a leading  part  in  the  technical  development  of  the  German 
iron  and  steel  industry.  He  left  at  his  death  an  establish- 
ment employing  20,000  people.  It  is  known  throughout 
the  world  for  the  excellence  of  its  cannon-foundry. 

Kruse  (kro'ze),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Stralsund, 
Dec.  15, 1815:  died  at  Biickeburg,  Jan.  13, 1902. 
A German  dramatist.  In  1847  he  became  one  of  the  ed- 
itors of  the  “ Cologne  Gazette  ’’ ; in  1855  its  editor-in-chief ; 
and  in  1872  correspondent  at  Berlin.  Among  his  plays  are 
“ Die  Grafin  " (1868),  “Brutus”  (1874),  “Marino  Faliero” 
(1876),  “ Witzlar  von  Rtigen”  (1882),  “Alexis”  (1882), 
“Arabella Stuart”  (1888),  “ Hans  Waldmann”  (1890), etc. 

Kruseman  van  Elten  (kro'se-man  van  el'ten), 
H.  D.  Born  at  Alkmaar,  Nov.  14,  1829:  died 
in  1904.  A landscape-painter.  He  studied  in 
Haarlem  and  Brussels,  and  settled  in  Amsterdam,  whence 
he  removed  to  New  York  in  1865.  He  was  a member  of 
the  National  Academy  at  New  York. 

Krusenstern  (kro'zen-stern),  Adam  Johann 
von.  Born  at  Haggud,  Esthonia,  Russia,  Nov. 
8 (O.  S.),  1770:  died  at  Ass,  Esthonia,  Aug.  12 
(O.  S.),  1846.  A Russian  admiral  and  navi- 
gator. He  circumnavigated  the  world  1803-06,  and  pub- 
lished “Reise  um  die  Welt  ” (“Journey  Round  the  World,” 
1810-12),  “Atlas  de  l’ocdan  pacifique”  (1824-27),  “Recueil 
de  mdmoires  hydrographiques"  (1824-27),  etc. 

Kryloff,  or  Kriloff  (kre-lof'),  Ivan  Andreye- 
vitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Feb.  13, 1768:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  21, 1844.  A Russian  fabu- 
list. His  ill  success  as  journalist  and  dramatist  induced 
him  in  1797  to  become  the  Russian  tutor  of  the  children 
of  Prince  Galitzin.  In  1812  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
librarians  in  the  Imperial  Public  Library — a position  he 
retained  for  nearly  twenty  years.  His  fables  are  quoted 
in  Russia  as  “ Hudibras  ” was  in  England.  They  were  pub- 
lished in  1809,  1811,  and  1816  (English  translation  by  Ral- 
ston 1868). 

Ktesias.  See  Ctesias. 

Ktesiphon.  See  Ctesiphon. 

Kua  (ko'ii),  or  Makua  (ma-ko'a).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa. 

Kuba  (ko'ba).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Baku,  Caucasus,  Russia,  50  miles  south-south- 
east  of  Derbend.  Population,  15,363. 

Kuba,  or  Bakuba  (ba-ko'ba).  A Bantu  tribe 
of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  dwelling  between  the 
Lulua,  Kassai,  and  Sankuru  rivers. 

Kuba.  or  Makuba  (mii-ko'ba).  A Bantu  tribe 
settled  on  the  lower  Kubango  and  Tshobe  riv 
ers.  They  are  peaceful  fishermen. 


Ku-Klux  Klan 

Kubale  (ko-ba'le),  or  Bakubale  (ba-ko-ba'le). 
A small  Bantu  tribe  of  southern  Angola,  West 
Africa.  They  are  herdsmen,  and  speak  a dia- 
lect of  the  Kunene  cluster. 

Kuban  (ko-ban').  1.  A river  in  Caucasia,  Rus- 
sia, flowing  into  the  Sea  of  Azoff  and  the  Black 
Sea:  the  ancient Vardanes or Hypanis.  Length, 
about  450  miles. — 2.  A territory  in  Ciscauca- 
sia, Russia,  in  the  basin  of  the  river  Kuban. 
Area,  39,277  square  miles.  Population,  1,918,- 
881. 

Kublai  Khan  (kob'll  khan).  Born  about  1216: 
died  1294.  A Mongol  emperor,  grandson  of 
Jenghiz  Kban,  founder  of  the  Mongol  dynasty 
in  China.  He  reigned  (1259-94)  aa  ruler  of  China  and 
large  portions  of  western  and  central  Asia  and  Russia. 
Kuchan,  or  Kushan  (ko-shan').  A town  in  the 
province  of  Khorasan,  Persia,  90  miles  north- 
west of  Meshhed.  Population,  about  20,000. 
Kuch  Behar,  or  Cooch  Behar  (koeh  ba-hiir'). 
A native  state  in  India,  under  British  control, 
intersected  by  lat.  26°  15'  N.,  long.  89°  20'  E. 
Area,  1,307  square  miles.  Population,  about 
567,000. 

Kiicken  (kiik'ken),  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 

at  Bleckede,  Prussia,  Nov.  16,  1810:  died  at 
Schwerin,  Germany,  April  3,  1882.  A German 
composer,  best  known  from  his  songs. 
Kudur-Mabuk  (ko-dor'ma-bok').  An  Elamite 
ruler  who,  about  2272  b.  c.,  invaded  Babylonia 
and  established  his  son  Rim-Sin  as  king  of 
Larsa  in  southern  Babylonia  (the  modern  Sen- 
kereh). 

Kuenen  (kti'nen),  Abraham.  Born  at  Haarlem, 
Netherlands,  Sept.  16,  1828:  died  at  Leyden, 
Dec.  10,  1891.  A noted  Dutch  biblical  critic. 
He  became  extraordinary  professor  of  theology  at  the  U Di- 
versity of  Leydeu  in  1853,  and  ordinary  professor  in  1855. 
He  was  rector  of  the  university  1861-62.  Among  his  works 
are  “ Historisch-kritisch  Onderzoek  naar  het  ontstaan  en 
de  verzamelung  van  de  boeken  des  Ouden  Verbonds” 
(“Historico-Critical  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and  Collection 
of  the  Books  of  the  Old  Covenant,”  1861-65),  “ De  Gods- 
dienst  van  Israel  tot  den  Ondergang  van  den  Joodschen 
Staat”  (1869-70),  etc. 

Kuenlun.  See  Kwanlun. 

Kufstein  (kof'stin).  An  ancient  and  almost  im- 
pregnable fortress  on  the  Inn,  the  boundary  be- 
tween Austria  and  Bavaria. 

Kugler  (kog'ler),  Franz  Theodor.  Born  at 
Stettin,  Prussia,  Jan.  19,  1808:  died  at  Berlin, 
March  18,  1858.  A noted  German  historian  of 
art,  and  poet.  His  chief  work  is  ‘ ‘ Handbuch  der 
Kunstgeschichte”  (“Manual  of  the  History  of 
Art,”  1841-42). 

Kuhn  (kon),  Franz  Felix  Adalbert.  Born  at 
Konigsberg-in-der-Neumark,  Prussia,  Nov.  19, 
1812:  died  at  Kolln  (Berlin),  May  5,  1881.  A 
celebrated  German  philologist  and  mythologist, 
director  of  the  Kollnisches  Gymnasium.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  science  of  comparative  mythol- 
ogy. Among  his  works  are  “Zur  altesten  Geschichte  der 
indogermanischen  Vulker”  (1845),  “Die  Herabkunft  deB 
Feuers  und  des  Gottertranks”  (1859),  etc. 

Kiihner  (kii'ner),  Rafael.  Born  at  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, March  22, 1802 : died  at  Hannover,  Prus- 
sia, April  16, 1878.  A noted  German  philologist, 
teacher  at  the  lyceum  in  Hannover.  He  pub- 
lished “ Ausfiihrliche  Grammatik  der  griechischen 
Sprache”  (“Complete  Grammar  of  the  Greek  Language,” 
1834-35),  “Elementargrammatik  der  griechischen 
Sprache”  (1837),  and  other  Greek  and  Latin  grammars. 

Kuilenburg  (koi'len-borG),  or  Culenborg  (ko'- 
len-borG).  A town  in  the  province  of  Gelder- 
land,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Lek  32  miles 
south-southeast  of  Amsterdam.  Population, 
commune,  8,280. 

Kuitc  (ko-ech'),  or  Lower  Umpqua  (um'kwa). 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  They  for- 
merly lived  in  21  villages  along  the  lower  part  of  Umpqua 
River,  Oregon.  The  few  survivors  are  now  on  the  Siletz 
reservation,  Oregon.  These  Lower  Umpqua  Indians  should 
be  distinguished  from  the  Upper  Umpqua  people,  who  are 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  (which  see).  See  Yakonan. 
Kuka  (ko'ka).  A Nigritic  tribe  of  the  central 
Sudan,  east  of  Lake  Chad  and  northeast  of  Ba- 
ghirrni.  They  are  now  subjected  to  the  Tula  dynasty  of 
Bulala,  which  is  related  to  the  Bornu  dynasty.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  Kuka  is  closely  allied  to  that  of  Baghirmi, 
and  distinct  from  that  of  Wadai,  its  eastern  neighbor. 

Kuka  (ko'ka),  properly  Kukana,  or  Kukawa. 
The  former  capital  of  Boruu,  central  Africa, 
situated  near  Lake  Chad.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1847- 
1848  after  an  army  from  Wadai  had  destroyed  it,  and  was 
again  destroyed  in  Kabah’s  invasion,  1803-94.  It  is  now  a 
garrison  station  of  British  Bornu.  It  had  an  important 
trade,  being  at  the  end  of  the  great  route  across  the  Sahara. 

Ku-Klux  Klan  (ku'kluks  klan).  A former  se- 
cret organization  in  the  southern  United  States, 
of  which  the  object  was  to  intimidate  the  ne- 
groes, carpet-baggers,  and  “scalawags,” and  to 
prevent  them  from  political  action,  it  arose  prob- 


Ku-Klux  Klan 

ably  In  1867  ; was  guilty  of  numerous  outrages  ; and  was 
suppressed  in  consequence  of  an  act  of  Congress  (the 
“force  bill  ”)  passed  in  1871. 

Kukolnik  (ko'koly-nik),  Nestor.  Born  1808: 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  20,  1868.  A Rus- 
sian dramatic  poet  and  historical  novelist. 
Kuku-Kiioto  (ko'ko-ko'to).  A city  in  China, 
about  latitude  40°  50'  N.,  longitude  111° 
35'  E. 

Kulanapan  (ko-la'na-pan).  [From  Iculenapo, 
stone  house.]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  were  also  called  Pomo  (derived 
from  a word  meaning  ‘earth’)  and  Mendocino  Indians. 
They  once  occupied  northwestern  California  from  the  Rus- 
sian River  watershed  to  near  Santa  Rosa,  and  from  Clear 
Lake  on  the  east  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  In  this 
family  more  than  fifty  small  tribes  were  included,  which 
together  made  a large  population ; but  now  only  a few  scat- 
tered individuals  survive. 

Kuldja  (kol'ja).  The  capital  of  Hi,  China, 
situated  on  the  Hi  in  latitude  43°  55'  N.,  longi- 
tude 81°  30'  E.:  an  important  trading  center. 
It  was  held  by  Russia  1871-81.  Population, 
about  12,500. 

Kulikovo  (ko'le-ko-vo).  [Russ., ‘field  of  wood- 
cocks.’] A plain  in  the  government  of  Tula, 
Russia,  near  the  Don.  Here,  in  Sept.,  1380,  the  Rus- 
sians  under  Dmitri  (sur named  “ Donskoi  ” from  this  famous 
“ battle  of  the  Don  ”),  son  of  Ivan  II. , defeated  the  Mongols 
under  Mamai.  The  Mongols  are  said  to  have  lost  100,000 
men. 

Kullu  (ko-lo').  A portion  of  Kangra  district, 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32°  N., 
long.  77°  30'  E. 

Kulluka  (kol-16'ka).  The  name  of  a famous 
Sanskrit  commentator  on  the  so-called  Laws  of 
Manu. 

Kulm  (kolm).  [Bohem.  Chlumec.']  A village  in 
Bohemia,  48  miles  north-northwest  of  Prague. 
Here,  Aug.  29  and  30, 1813,  the  Allies  under  Ostermann  and 
Kleist  defeated  the  lien,  n (about  40,000)  under  Van- 
damme,  who  was  compelled  to  surrender  with  10,000  of 
his  men. 

Kulm,  or  Culm  (kolm).  [Pol.  Chelmno.]  A 
town  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Vistula  70  miles  south  by  west 
of  Dantzic:  the  oldest  town  in  West  Prussia. 
Population,  commune,  11,665. 

Kulmbach,  or  Culmbach  (kolm'bacli).  A town 
in  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
White  Main  48  miles  north-northeast  of  Nu- 
remberg. It  is  noted  for  its  breweries  of  Kulmbacher 
beer,  and  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  margraves  of 
Brandenburg- Kulmbach.  Population,  commune,  10,543. 
Kulpa  (kol'pa).  A river  in  Croatia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  joining  the  Save  32  miles  southeast 
of  Agram.  Length,  over  200  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  Karlstadt. 

Kum  (kom),  or  Kom  (kom).  A sacred  city  in 
the  province  of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  81  miles 
south-southwest  of  Teheran.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 30,000-40,000. 

Kuma  (ko'ma).  A river  in  the  government  of 
Stavropol,  Caucasia,  Russia,  flowing  into  the 
Caspian  Sea  about  lat.  44°  50'  N.  Length, 
about  300  miles. 

Kumamoto  (ko-ma-mo-to').  A town  in  the 
island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan.  Population,  61,233. 

Kumania.  See  Cumania. 

Kumara  (ko-ma'ra).  [Skt.,  ‘new-born  child,’ 
‘youth.’]  The  Youth:  an  epithet  of  the  eter- 
nally youthful  god  of  war  Skandaor  Karttikeya. 
Kumarasambbava  (ko  -ma  - ra  - sam'b  -ha  - va). 
[Skt.,  ‘the  birth  of  Kumara,’  the  war-god.]  An 
“artificial  poem”  ascribed  to  Kalidasa. 
Kumarila  (ko-ma'ri-la).  A celebrated  teacher 
of  the  Mimansa  system  of  Hindu  philosophy, 
and  opponent  of  the  Buddhists,  whom  he  is 
★said  to  have  extirpated  by  force  and  argument. 
Kumassi,  or  Coomassie  (ko-mas'se).  The  cap- 
ital of  Ashanti,  West  Africa,  about  lat.  6°  35' 
N.,  long.  1°  40'  W.  It  was  captured  by  the  British 
in  1874,  and  again  in  1805-96.  It  is  connected  by  railroad 
with  the  coast  at  Sekondi.  Population,  about  6,000. 
Kumaun  (ku-man').  A division  in  the  United 
Provinces,  British  India,  bordering  on  Nepal 
and  Tibet.  Area,  13,725  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,207,030. 

Kumbhakonam  (kom-ba-ko'nam),  or  Comba- 
COnum  (kom-ba-ko'num).  A town  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Tanjore,  Madras,  British  India,  about 
20  miles  northeast  of  Tanjore.  Population, 
59,673. 

Kumpta,  or  Coomptah  (komp'ta),  or  Coomtah 

(kom'ta).  A seaport  in  North  Kanara  district, 
Bombay,  British  India,  situated  in  lat.  14°  26' 
N.,  long.  74°  25'  E.  Population,  10,818. 
Kunch  (koneh).  A town  in  the  United  Prov- 
inces, British  India.  80  miles  southwest  of 
Cawnpore.  Population,  15,888. 

Kunchinjinga  (kon-chin//jing,gil).  One  of  the 


580 

loftiest  peaks  of  the  Himalaya  (once  consid- 
ered the  highest),  between  Nepal  and  Sikhim. 
Height,  28,176  feet.  Also  Kinchinjinga,  etc. 

Kunduz  (kon-doz').  A region  in  Afghan  Turk- 
estan, south  of  the  Amu-Daria  and  west  of 
Badakshan. 

Kunersdorf  (ko'ners-dorf).  A village  4 miles 
east  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Prussia.  Here, 
Aug.  12,  1759,  the  allied  army  ol  Russians  and  Austrians 
(about  60,000)  under  Soltikoff  and  Laudon  totally  defeated 
the  Prussians  (48,000)  under  Frederick  the  Great.  Loss  of 
Prussians,  18,500  ; of  allies,  16,000. 

Kung(kong), Prince  (Kung-Tsin-Wang).  Born 
Jan.  11,  1833:  died  at  Peking,  May  2,  1898.  A 
Chinese  statesman,  brother  of  the  emperor 
Hien-fnng.  He  was  prime  minister  1861-84. 

Kungur  (kong-gor ' ) . A town  in  the  government 
of  Perm,  eastern  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sylva 
55  miles  south-southeast  of  Perm.  Population, 
15,400. 

Kunstmann  (konst'man),  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Nuremberg,  Jan.  4,  1811 : died  at  Munich,  Aug. 
15, 1867.  A German  historical  and  geographical 
writer.  He  was  tutor  of  the  princess  Donna  Amalia  of 
Brazil,  in  Lisbon,  1841-46,  and  from  1847  was  a professor 
in  the  University  of  Munich.  His  best-known  works  are 
“ Afrika  vor  den  Entdeckungen  der  Portugiesen  ” (1853), 
and“DieEntdeckungAmerikasnachdenaltesten  Quellen" 
(Munich,  1859,  with  atlas:  the  latter,  known  as  the  “Mu- 
nich Atlas,”gives  facsimile  copies  of  many  early  maps). 

Kunth  (kont),Karl  Sigismund,  Born  at  Leipsic, 
June  18,  1788:  died  at  Berlin,  March  22,  1850. 
A German  botanist.  He  published  “Nova  genera  et 
species  plantarum"  (1815-25),  “Enumeratio  plantarum 
omnium,  etc.”  (1833-60). 

Kunti  (kon'te).  In  Hindu  mythology,  daughter 
of  the  Yadava  prince  Shura,  whose  capital  was 
Mathura  on  theYamuna.  She  was  the  mother  of 
Kama  by  the  Sun.  (See  Kama.)  Afterward  she  wedded 
Pandu  and  bore  Yudhishthira,  Bhima,  and  Arjuna,  said 
respectively  to  be  the  sons  of  the  gods  Dharma.Vayu,  and 
Indra.  At  the  end  of  the  great  war  she  retired  into  the 
forest  with  Dhritarashtra  and  his  wife  Gandhari,  where 
they  all  perished  by  a forest  fire. 

Kuopio  (ko-6'pe-o).  1.  A laen  of  Finland,  Rus- 
sia. Area,  16,499  square  miles.  Population, 
319,501. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Kuopio, 
situated  on  Lake  Kallavesi  about  lat.  63°  N., 
long.  27°  30'  E.  Population,  14,864. 

Kuprili.  See  Koprili. 

Kur  (kor),  or  Kura  (ko'ra).  A river  of  Trans- 
caucasia, Asiatic  Russia,  flowing  by  a delta  into 
the  Caspian  Sea,  about  70  miles  southwest  of 
Baku : the  ancient  Cyrus.  Length,  about  700 
miles. 

Kural  (ko-ral').  [‘Proverbs.’]  An  admirable 
collection  of  gnomic  stanzas  in  the  Tamil  lan- 
guage, by  Tiruvalluvar  who  lived  about  the  3d 
century  A.  D.  Its  language  is  the  norm  of  literary  ex- 
cellence,  and  it  has  exercised  a great  influence  upon  its 
people.  See  Tiruvalluvar. 

Kurdistan  (kor-dis-tan').  The  country  of  the 
Kurds,  a region  of  vague  boundaries  in  eastern 
Asiatic  Turkey  and  western  Persia,  about  lat. 
34°-39°  N.,  long.  38°-47°  E.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  inhabitants  (the  ancient  Carduchi)  belong 
to  the  Aryan  race,  but  are  Mohammedans  in  creed.  They 
have  a quasi  independence  under  their  chiefs,  and  are 
noted  for  their  robberies.  It  is  estimat  ed  that  they  num- 
ber about  1,600,000  in  Turkey,  and  700,000  in  Persia. 

Kurds  (kordz).  See  Kurdistan. 

Kurg,  or  Coorg  (korg).  A chief-commission- 
ership  of  British  India,  under  the  administra- 
tion of  the  governor-general  of  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  12°  15'  N.,  long.  76°  E.  It  was 
annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1834.  Area, 
1,582  square  miles.  Population,  174,976. 

Kurgan  (kor-gan').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Tobolsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Tobol  about 
lat.  55°  30'  N.,  long.  65°  20'  E.  Population, 
10,301. 

Kuria  Muria  (ko're-a  mo're-a)  Islands.  A 
group  of  small  islands  in  the  Arabian  Sea,  off 
the  Arabian  coast,  in  lat.  17°  32'  N.,  long.  56° 
3'  E. : a British  possession. 

Kurigalzu  (ku-re-gal'zo).  The  name  of  two 
Babylonian  kings  of  the  Cossean  dynasty.  The 
first  (“  the  Great”)  must  have  lived  at  the  beginning  of  the 
15th  century  B.  c. ; the  second  (“the  Small  ”)  was  a son  of 
Burnaburiash,  and  reigned  about  1400-1370  B.  o.  In  a war 
with  Bel-Nirari,  king  of  Assyria,  he  was  defeated,  and  lost 
part  of  his  territory. 

Kurile  (ko'ril)  Islands.  [Jap.  Chishima,  Thou- 
sand Islands.]  A chain  of  islands  (about  32 
in  number)  extending  from  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Kamchatka  to  Yezo.  The  surface  is 
mountainous  and  volcanic.  They  were  discovered  by  the 
Dutch  navigator  DeVrees  in  1634.  By  treaty  with  Russia 
in  1875  t hey  passed  entirely  to  Japan.  The  few  inhabitants 
are  Ainos. 

Kurisches  Half  (ko'rish-es  hiif).  A lagoon 
north  of  the  province  of  East  Prussia.  It  is  sep- 
arated from  the  Baltic  by  sand-dunes,  and  connected  with 
it  by  the  Memel  Deeps.  Length,  about  60  miles. 


Kiissnacht 

Kurland.  See  Courland. 

Kurina  Avatar  (kor'ma  av-a-tar' ).  The  “tor- 
toise incarnation”  of  Vishnu  (his  second).  Hein- 
fused  a portion  of  his  essence  into  an  immense  tortoise  to 
recover  certain  treasures  lost  in  the  deluge.  His  back 
served  as  a pivot  for  the  mountain  Mandara,  round  which 
the  gods  and  demons  twisted  the  serpent  Vasuki.  From 
the  ocean  thus  churned  emerged  fourteen  objects  : Am- 
brosia ; Dhanvantari,  physician  of  the  gods  ; Lakshmi  or 
Shii,  good  fortune,  or  beauty ; Sura,  goddess  of  wine ; 
Chandra,  the  moon  ; Rambha,  prototype  of  lovely  women ; 
Uchchaihshravas,  prototype  of  horses  ; the  wonder-jewel 
Raustubha;  Parijata,  a celestial  tree  yielding  all  desires; 
Ramadhenu,  the  cow  granting  all  boons ; Airavata,  pro- 
totype of  elephants;  Shankha,  a conch  shell  discomfit- 
ing enemies  by  its  sound ; an  unerring  bow  ; and  a deadly 
poison. 

Kurmark  (kor'mark).  The  former  name  for  the 
larger  (northern  and  western)  portion  of  the 
mark  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia.  It  comprised 
the  Altmark,  Mittelmark,  Ukermark,  etc. 

Kurnegalle  (k8r-na-gal'le),or  Kornegalle  (kor- 
na-gal'le).  A sacred  town  in  Ceylon,  53  miles 
northeast  of  Colombo. 

Kuroshiwo  (ko-ro-she'wo).  [Jap.,  from  kuro, 
black,  and  sliiwo,  tide.]  The  Black  Current  or 
Gulf  Stream  of  Japan.  Beginning  about  20°  N.  lati- 
tude, near  the  Bashi  Islands,  between  Luzon  and  Formosa, 
it  flows  northward  along  the  eastern  shores  of  Formosa 
and  the  south  of  Loochoo,  till  it  reaches  the  26th  parallel 
of  latitude,  where  it  divides,  the  main  current  flowing 
northeast  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Kiushiu,  Shikoku,  and 
the  main  island  of  Japan.  About  lat.  38°  it  bends  more  to 
the  east,  and  continues  southward  of  the  Aleutian  Islands 
to  the  North  American  coast,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Pa- 
cific drift.  On  the  coast  of  Japan  its  temperature  is  always 
several  degrees  higher  than  that  of  the  neighboring  waters, 
but  it  decreases  in  temperature  and  depth  as  it  runs  north- 
ward and  eastward.  Its  breadth  increases  as  it  approaches 
the  American  coast. 

Kurrachee.  See  Karachi. 

Kursk  (korsk).  1.  A government  of  Russia, 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Orel,  Voro- 
nezh, Kharkoff,  Pultowa,  and  Tchernigoff : one 
of  the  chief  agricultural  governments  of  Russia. 
Area,  17,937  square  miles.  Population,  2,903,- 
200. — -2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of 
Kursk,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kur  and 
Tuskora,  in  lat.  51°  44'  N.,  long.  36°  15'  E. 
Population,  75,721. 

Kuril  (ko'ro).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a prince  of 
the  lunar  race,  ruling  in  the  northwest  of  India, 
about  Delhi,  and  ancestor  of  Dhritarashtra  and 
Pandu,  though  the  patronymic  Kauravas  is  gen- 
erally used  of  the  sons  of  the  former. 

Kurukshetra  (ko-rok-sha'tra).  [‘Field of  the 
Kurus.’]  A plain,  near  Delhi,  where  the  great 
battle  of  the  Mahabharata,  between  the  Kaura- 
vas and  the  Pandavas,  was  fought.  It  lies  south- 
east of  Thanesar,  not  far  from  Panipat,  and  has  been  the 
scene  of  many  historic  battles. 

Kurz  (korts),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
28,  1805:  died  at  Aarau,  Switzerland,  Feb.  24, 
1873.  A German  historian  of  literature.  From 
1834  he  was  professor  of  the  German  language  and  liter- 
ature in  various  places  in  Switzerland.  He  wrote  “Ge- 
schichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur  ” (1851-72),  etc. 

Kurz,  Hermann.  Born  at  Reutlingen,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  Nov.  30,  1813 : died  at  Tubingen,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Oct.  10,  1873.  A German  poet,  nov- 
elist, and  litterateur. 

Kusai.  See  Strong  Island. 

Kusan  (ko'zan).  [‘Lake,’  ‘lagoon,’  or  ‘inland 
hay.’]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians  who  formerly  lived  on  Coos  Bay  and  at 
the  mouth  of  Coquille  River,  Oregon.  They  are 
now  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  They  were  in  four 
tribes,  occupying  as  many  villages  — namely,  Anasitch  and 
Melukitz,  on  Coos  Bay;  and  Mulluk,  or  Lower  Coquille, 
and  Nacu,  or  Nasumi,  at  the  mouth  of  Coquille  River. 
Also  Cookkoo-oosc,  Kaus,  Kwokwoos,  Coos. 

Kusel  (ko'zel).  A small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Palatinate,  Bavaria,  39  miles  east-southeast  of 
Treves. 

Kushk-i-Nakhud  (koshk'e-na-khod'),  or 
Kashk-i-Nakhud  (kashk'-)’.  A town  in  Af- 
ghanistan, about.  38  miles  west  of  Kandahar. 
Here,  July  27, 1880,  Ayub  Khan  totally  defeat- 
ed a British  army  under  General  Burrows. 

Kusi  (ko'  se) . A northern  tributary  of  the  Ganges, 
which  rises  in  Nepal.  Length,  about  325  miles. 

Kusi-Utah.  Same  as  Gosiute. 

Kuskoquim  (kus'ko-kwim),  Kuskokvim,  etc. 
A river  in  Alaska,  flowing  into  Kuskoquim  Bay 
about  lat.  60°  N.,  long.  162°  15'  W.  Length, 
400-500  miles. 

Kusnetsk,  or  Kuznetsk  (koz-netsk').  A town 
in  the  government  of  Saratoff, . eastern  Russia, 
115  miles  north  by  east  of  Saratoff.  Population, 
23,400. 

Kiissnacht  (kiis  nacht),  or  Kiissnach  (Ms'- 
nach).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Rigi,  7 miles  east-northeast  of 
Lucerne. 


Kustenaus 


581 


Eyzikos 


Kustenaus  (kiis-te-nous').  A tribe  of  Brazilian 
Indians  discovered  by  Von  den  St.einen  on  the 
upper  Xingu  River  in  1885.  They  are  distantly 
related  to  the  Arawaks  of  Guiana. 

Kustendje  (kos-t.end'je),  or  Kiistendje  (kfis- 
tend'je),  Rumanian  Constantza  (kon-stant'- 
sa).  A seaport  and  the  chief  towu  of  the  Do- 
brudja,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in 
lat.  44°  10'  N.,  long.  28°  39'  E.  It  was  the  ancient 
Constantiana,  situated  at  the  end  of  Trajan’s  Wall.  The 
ancient  Tomi  is  in  the  vicinity.  Population,  14,653. 

Kiistenland  (kus'ten-lant),or  Maritime  Prov- 
ince. The  collective  name  for  the  three  crown- 
lands  Gorz  and  Gradiska,  Istria,  and  Triest,  in 
Austria-Hungary. 

Kiistrin,  or  Oiistrin  (kiis-treu').  A town  and 
fortress  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prus- 
sia, situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Warthe 
with  the  Oder,  52  miles  east  by  north  of  Berlin. 

It  was  formerly  capital  of  the  Neumark.  Frederick  the 
Great  was  imprisoned  here  1730-31.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French  in  1806.  Population,  commune,  17,404. 
Kusu(ko'so),  or  Bakusu  (ba-ko'so).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Lualaba  River,  north  of  Nyangwe.  They 
are  agriculturists  and  copper-smelters. 

Kutab  minar  (ko'tab  me-nar ' ).  A lofty  column 
of  red  sandstone  erected  by  the  Mussulmans  at 
Delhi  in  India,  to  commemorate  their  decisive 
victory  over  the  Rajputs  in  1193,  which  gained 
for  them  the  sovereignty  of  the  Panjab.  It  is  50 
feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  13  at  the  top,  and  is  con- 
sidered the  highest  column  in  the  world.  Its  face  is  cov- 
ered with  texts  from  the  Koran.  Named  in  honor  of  Kutab- 
uddin,  the  general  of  the  conqueror. 

Kutahia,  or  Kutaya  (ko-ti'ya).  A town  in  Asia 
Minor,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  39°  28'  N.,  long. 
29°  52'  E.  It  is  a trading  center.  A peace  was  nego- 
tiated here,  May,  1833,  whereby  the  sultan  made  over 
Syria  and  the  province  of  Adana  to  Ibrahim  Pasha.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  40,000-60,000. 

Kutais  (ko-tis').  1 . A government  in  Transcau- 
casia, Asiatic  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Black 
Sea  and  Asiatic  Turkey.  The  territories  of  Sukhum 
and  Batum  were  annexed  to  it  in  1882.  Area,  8,166  squar  e 
miles.  Population,  955,100. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kutais, 
situated  on  the  Rion  in  lat.  42°  16'  N.,  long. 
42°  40'  E.,  acquired  by  Russia  in  1810.  It  is 
one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  Caucasus.  Pop- 
ulation, 32,476. 

Kutchin  (ku-chin').  A general  name  given  to 
many  tribes  of  the  northern  division  of  the  Atha- 
pascan stock  of  North  American  Indians,  who 
live  on  and  near  the  Yukon  River  and  its  trib- 
utaries in  Alaska,  and  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  British  North  America,  west  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie River.  Sometimes  called  Loucheux  and 
Quarrelers.  See  Athapascan. 
Kutchuk-Kainardji  (kot-chok ' ki-nard  'ie), 
Treaty  of.  A treaty  between  Russia  and  Tur- 
key, concluded  at  Kutchuk-Kainardji  (a  place 
in  Bulgaria  15  miles  southeast  of  Silistria)  July 
21,  1774.  Turkey  renounced  sovereignty  over  the  Tatars 
in  southern  Russia ; Russia  acquired  territory  and  strate- 
gical points  in  the  Crimea  and  on  the  Black  Sea. 

Kutno  (kot'no).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Warsaw,  Russian  Poland,  74  miles  west  of  War- 
saw. Population,  13,400. 

Kuttack.  See  Cuttack. 

Kuttenberg  (kot'ten-berG),Bohem.  Hora  Kut- 
n&  (ho'ra  kot'na) . A town  in  Bohemia,  39  milos 
east  by  south  of  Prague.  Its  lead-mines  were 
long  noted  for  their  production  of  silver.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  15,671,  (1910). 

Kutusoff,  or  Kutuzoff  (ko-to'zof),  Mikhail, 
Prince  of  Smolensk.  Born  Sept.  16,  1745 : died 
at  Bunzlau,  Prussia,  April  28, 1813.  A Russian 
field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  Turkish  and  Napole- 
onic wars ; commanded  at  Austerlitz  Dec.  2,  1805 ; suc- 
ceeded Barclay  de  Tolly  as  commander-in-chief  in  1812  ; 
commanded  at  Borodino  in  1812 ; and  was  victorious  at 
Smolensk  Nov.,  1812. 

Kilty  (ko'te).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria-Hun- 


gary. situated  on  the  Czeremosz  in  lat.  48°  16' 
N.,  long.  25°  10'  E.  Population,  commune, 
6,741,  (1910). 

Kuvera  (ko-va'ra).  [Skt. : said  to  be  from  ku, 
what  a (interrogative  and  depreciative),  and 
vera,  body  (in  reference  to  his  ugliness).]  In 
Hindu  my  thology, originally,  the  chief  of  the  evil 
beings  dwelling  in  darkness,  a sort  of  Pluto; 
later,  the  god  of  riches  and  the  regent  of  the 
northern  quarter.  His  city  is  Alaka  in  the  Himalaya, 
and  his  garden  Chaitraratha  on  Mount  Mandara.  He  was 
half-brother  of  Havana,  and  once  possessed  the  city  of 
Lanka  in  Ceylon,  from  which  he  was  driven  by  Ravana. 
He  is  represented  as  white  and  deformed,  having  three 
legs  and  only  eight  teeth. 

Kuyp.  See  Cuyp. 

Kuyunjik  (ko-yon-jek').  Avillageand  amound 
of  ruins  on  the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh,  which 
in  the  reign  of  Sennacherib  (705-681  b.  c.)  was 
the  capital  of  Assyria,  and  remained  such  un- 
til its  destruction  in  608  b.  C. : the  Mespila  of 
Xenophon.  It  represents  the  northern  quarter  of  Nine- 
veh. It  lies  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Tigris,  nearly  op- 
posite to  the  modern  Mosul.  Opposite  to  it  lies  the  other 
mound  of  ruins  Nebbi  Yunus,  representing  the  southern 
quarter  of  Nineveh.  Between  them  flows  the  Chosr,  an 
auxiliary  river  of  the  Tigris  Sir  Henry  Layard,  English 
ambassaaor  at  Constantinople,  discovered  in  Kuyunjik, 
1852,  the  largest  Assyrian  palace  thus  far  known  (the  so- 
called  southwest  palace  of  Sennacherib,  which  contained 
71  rooms);  and  HormuzdRassam,  1854, the  north  palace  of 
Asurbanipal,  with  the  great  collection  of  engraved  tablets 
known  as  “ the  Library  of  Asurbanipal."  See  Nineveh. 

Kwafi  (kwa'fe).  An  African  tribe,  ethnically 
allied  and  conterminous  with  the  Masai,  but 
not  on  friendly  terms  with  them.  Like  the  Masai, 
they  are  split  into  clans,  and  are  warlike,  nomadic,  and 
pagan.  They  are  called  Wakwafl  by  the  Bantu  tribes. 

Kwakiutl  (kwa-ke-otl').  Originally,  the  name 
of  a group  of  closely  related  tribes  or  septs  of 
North  American  Indians,  living  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Ft.  Rupert,  British  Columbia : later 
the  application  of  the  name  has  been  variously 
limited.  The  Kwakiutl  proper  numbers  about 
180.  The  name  is  said  to  signify  ‘ smoke  of 
the  world,’  but  more  probably  “means  ‘beach 
at  the  north  side  of  the  river.’  ” 

Kwakwa  (kwa'kwa),  also  called  Avekvom.  A 
Nigritic  tribe  of  the  Ivory  Coast,  West  Africa, 
between  Liberia  and  Ashanti,  in  the  French 
sphere  of  influence.  Like  the  Kru-men,  they 
are  muscular  and  bold  sailors. 

Kwalhiokwa  (kwal-he-6'kwa).  A tribe  of  the 
Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  on  Willopah 
River,  Washington,  near  the  Lower  Chinook 
Indians : often  confounded  with  the  Owilapsh 
or  Whilpah.  See  Athapascan. 

Kwangsi  (kwang-se').  A province  of  southern 
China,  bounded  by  KweichowandHunan  on  the 
north,  Kwangtung  on  the  east,  Kwangtung  and 
Tongking  on  the  south,  and  Yunnan  on  the  west. 
Area,  77,200  square  miles.  Population,  5,- 
142,330. 

Kwangtung  (kwang-tong').  A province  of 
southern  China,  bounded  by  Hunan  and  Kiangsi 
on  the  north,  Fuhkien  on  the  northeast,  the 
China  Sea  and  Gulf  of  Tongking  on  the  south, 
and  Tongking  and  Kwangsi  on  the  west.  Chief 
city,  Canton.  Area,  99,970  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (with  Hainan),  31,865,251. 

Kwanlun(kwan-liin'),  orKwunlun  (kwun-),  or 
Kuenlun  (kwen-).  A mountain-chain  in 
China  which  separates  Tibet  on  the  south 
from  Eastern  Turkestan  on  the  north.  High- 
est peaks,  about  25,000  feet.  They  were  par- 
tially explored  by  Prjevalski  about  1880. 

Kwapa  (kwa'pa),or  Quapaw  (kwa'pa).  A tribe 
of  the  Dhegiha  division  of  North  American  In- 
dians. The  name  they  give  themselves  is  Ukaqpa,  mean- 
ing ‘those  who  went  down  stream’  or  ‘with  the  current,’ 
the  correlative  of  U manhan.  (See  Omaha.)  Some  of  them 
are  in  the  Indian  Territory  ; others  are  with  the  Osage  in 
Oklahoma.  Their  total  number  is  about  300.  The  Kwapa 
were  called  Akansa  by  the  Illinois;  hence  the  name  Arkan- 
sas. See  Dhegiha. 


Kwatami  (kwa-ta'me),  or  Sixes  (siks'ez).  A 
village  of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  on 
Sixes  Creek,  Oregon,  now  on  the  Siletz  reser- 
vation, Oregon.  See  Athapascan. 

Kweichow  (kwa'chou'),  or  Kui-chau.  A prov- 
ince of  China,  bounded  by  Szechuen  on  the 
north,  Hunan  on  the  east,  Kwangsi  on  the 
south,  and  Yunnan  on  the  west.  Area,  67,160 
square  miles.  Population,  7,650,282. 
Kwichpak.  See  Yukon. 

Kwiliute.  See  Quileute. 

Kwilu,  or  Kuilu  (kwe'lo).  A river  in  the 
French  Kongo,  Africa. 

Kwokwoos.  See  Kusan. 

Kworatem  (kwo'ra-tem).  A division  of  the 
Quoratean  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
embracing  the  Ehnek,  Ikwanek,  Opigoi,  and 
Shiwo  bands  or  villages  on  Salmon  River,  north- 
western California.  The  name  is  also  applied 
by  the  natives  to  the  river.  See  Quoratean. 
Kyaxares.  See  Cyaxares. 

Kybele.  See  Cyhele. 

Kyd  (kid),  Thomas.  Lived  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  16th  century.  An  English  dramatist.  He 
wrote  usually  on  bloodcurdling  subjects,  aud  is  best  known 
by  his  two  plays,  “ The  Fust  Part  of  Jeronimo  or  Hieroni- 
mo,  etc.,’’  published  in  1605,  and  “The  Spanish  Tragedy” 
(licensed  1592,  printed  1599 and  1602),  written  after  the  other, 
though  purporting  to  precede  it.  He  also  translated  Gar- 
nier’s  “ Pompey  the  Great,”  known  as  “ Cornelia, ” and  wrote 
“Solimon  and  Perseda,"  etc.  He  is  said  to  have  died  in 
poverty  in  1595.  ’ 

The  well-known  epithet  of  Jonson,  “sporting”  Kyd, 
seems  to  have  been  either  a mere  play  on  the  poet’s  name, 
or  else  a lucus  a non  lucendo;  for  both  “Jeronimo”  and 
its  sequel  are  in  the  ghastliest  and  bloodiest  vein  of  tra- 
gedy, and  “Cornelia’  is  a model  of  stately  dullness. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  74. 

Kydonia.  See  Cydonia. 

Kyffhauser  (kif'hoi-zer).  A mountain  and  cas- 
tle in  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  31 
miles  north-northwest  of  Weimar.  According 
to  tradition  it  is  the  sleeping-place  of  Freder- 
ick Barbarossa.  Height,  1,395  feet. 

Kygani,  or  Kaigani.  See  Skittagetan. 

Kyle  (kll).  The  central  district  of  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  between  the  Doon  and  the  Irvine. 
Kyme.  See  Cumse. 

Kymry.  See  Gytniry. 

Kynaston  (kin'as-ton),  Edward.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don about  1640 : died  in  Jan.,  1706.  An  English 
actor.  He  was  remarkably  handsome,  and  was  noted  for 
his  impersonation  of  female  parts  in  his  youth,  and  for  his 
demeanor  in  the  parts  of  kings  and  noble  personages  in 
his  later  years. 

Kynaston,  Sir  Francis.  Bom  at  Oteley,  Shrop- 
shire, in  1587 : died  in  1642.  An  English  poet 
and  scholar.  In  1635  he  founded  the  “Musamm  Mi- 
nervse,”  a college  intended  to  give  instruction  to  “our  gen- 
tlemen before  their  taking  long  journeys  into  foreign 
parts.”  It  perished  with  its  founder.  He  published  a 
version  of  Chaucer’s  “Troilus  and  Cressida,”  and  a romance 
in  verse,  “Leoline  and  Sydanis,”  and  other  poems. 

Kyoto.  See  Kioto. 

Kypros.  See  Cyprus. 

Kyrene.  See  Cyrene. 

Kyritz  (ke'rits).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Jaglitz  51 
miles  northwest  of  Berlin.  Population,  over 
8,000. 

Kyrle  (kerl),  John.  Born  at  Dymock,  Glouces- 
tershire, May  22,  1637 : died  at  Ross,  Hert- 
fordshire, Nov.  7,  1724.  A benevolent  and 
public-spirited  man,  a general  mediator  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  estates  he  inherited  from 
his  father.  He  was  known  as  “ the  Man  of  Ross.”  Pope 
has  immortalized  him  in  his  “Moral  Essays,”  iii.  250. 

Kyros.  See  Cyrus. 

Kythul,  or  Kaithal  (ki-thul').  A town  in  Kar- 
nal  district,  Panjab,  British  India,  92  miles 
north-northwest  of  Delhi.  Population,  about 
15,000. 

Kyzikos.  See  Cyzicus. 


aach  (lach).  A small  lake  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
16  miles  west-northwest  of 
Coblenz. 

Laaland  (la'land),  or  Lol- 
land (lol'and).  An  island  of 
Denmark,  south  of  Zealand. 
Itssurfaceislevel.  ItformswithFal- 
ster  the  province  of  Maribo.  Length, 
37  miles.  Area,  445  square  miles. 
La  Antigua  (lit  an-te'gwa).  1.  One  of  the 
names  given  to  the  old  colony  of  Darien:  in 
full,  Santa  Maria  de  la  Antigua  del  Darien. — 2. 
Guatemala  la  Antigua.  See  Guatemala,  Old. 
Laar,  or  Laer  (lar),  Pieter  van.  Born  in  the 
Netherlands  about  1613:  died  at  Haarlem, 
Netherlands,  about  1674.  A Dutch  genre  paint- 
er, called  Bamboccio  (‘cripple’)-  He  painted  with 

much  humor  and  naturalness,  and  his  style  was  imitated 
so  that  “bambocciade  ” became  a special  artistic  term  ap- 
plied to  scenes  of  low  life. 

Labadie,  or  La  Badie  (la  ba-de'),  Jean  de. 
Born  at  Bourg-en-Guienne,  France,  Feb.  13, 
1610:  died  at  Altona,  Prussia,  Feb.  13,  1674.  A 
French  mystic  and  separatist.  Originally  a Jesuit, 
he  joined  the  Reformed  Church  iu  1650,  and  founded  a sect 
known  as  the  Labadists. 

Labadists  (lab'a-dists).  The  followers  of  Jean 
deLabadie.  See  Labadie.  TheLabadistswereChris- 
tian  communists.  Among  their  tenets  were  denial  of  the 
obligation  of  Sabbath  observance,  on  the  ground  that  life 
is  a perpetual  sabbath  ; belief  in  the  direct  influence  of  the 
Holy  Spirit;  and  belief  in  marriage  as  a holy  ordinance 
valid  only  among  believers,  the  children  of  the  regenerate 
being  bom  without  original  sin.  The  sect  disappeared 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 

Laban  (la'ban).  [Heb.,‘ white.’]  A Syrian,  fa- 
ther-in-law of  the  patriarch  Jacob. 

Labanoff  de  Rostoff  (la-ba'nof  de  ros'tof), 
Prince  Alexander.  Born  1788 : died  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, Dec.  8, 1866.  A Russian  general  and 
historian.  He  wrote  “Lettres,  instructions,  et 
memoires  de  Marie  Stuart,  reine  d’Ecosse” 
(1844),  etc. 

La  Barre,  Antoine  le  Fevre  de.  See  Barre. 
Labastida  y Davalos  (la-bas-te  'da  e da'  va-los), 
Pelagio  A ut, on  in  de.  Born  at  Zamora,  Micho- 
acan,  March  21, 1816:  died  at  Mexico  City,  Feb. 
5, 1891.  A Mexican  ecclesiastic,  bishop  of  Pue- 
bla from  July  8, 1855,  and  archbishop  of  Mexico 
from  March  19,  1863.  He  was  a leader  of  the  conser- 
vatives  and  church  party  in  the  struggles  of  1856;  was 
exiled;  subsequently  was  active  in  the  movement  for  an 
empire;  was  one  of  the  regents  in  1863;  and  was  again* 
exiled  by  Juarez  in  1867. 

Labat  (la-ba'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris, 
1663:  died  there,  Jan.  6,  1738.  A French  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author.  From  1694  to  1705 
he  was  stationed  in  the  French  West  Indies.  During  this 
time  he  visited  many  French  and  English  islands  under 
governmentcommission  He  published  “ Nouveau  voyage 
aux  isles  de  l’Amdrique,  etc.”(lst  ed.,  ‘2vols.,  1724;  3d  ed., 
with  additions,  8 vols.,  1742 ; Dutch  and  German  transla- 
tions), etc. 

Labe  (la-ba'),  Louise,  surnamed  La  belle  Cor- 

difere  (‘the  beautiful  ropemaker’).  Bom  at 
Lyons,  France,  1526:  died  at  Lyons,  March, 
1566.  The  most  important  French  female  poet 
of  the  16th  century.  In  her  youth  she  was  a soldier, 
and  was  sometimes  called  Captain  Loys.  She  was  the  au- 
thor of  elegies,  sonnets,  and  a prose  work,  “D6bat  de  la 
folie  et  de  l’amour.” 

Labeatis  Lacus  (la-be-a'tis  la'kus).  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Lake  of  Scutari. 

La  Bella  (la  bel'lil).  [It.,  ‘the  beautiful.’]  A 
portrait  by  Titian,  in  the  Galleria  Pitti,  Flor- 
ence. It  is  a three-quarter  length  of  Eleonora  Gonzaga, 
duchess  of  Urbino,  in  a very  rich  damask  robe  of  blue  and 
gold,  with  white  slashings. 

Labelye  (lab-le'),  Charles.  Born  at  Vevay, 
Switzerland,  Aug.  12,  1705:  died  at  Paris  (?) 
about  1781.  The  architect  of  the  first  West- 
minster bridge.  He  came  to  England  about  1725,  and 
was  appointed  “engineer  "of  the  bridge  in  May,  1738.  The 
bridge  was  opened  to  the  public  Nov.  18, 1760. 

Laberius  (la-be'ri-us),  Decimus.  Born  about 
105  b.  c. : died  at  Puteoli,  Italy,  Jan., 43  b.  c.  A 
Roman  knight,  author  of  mimes  or  popular 
farces,  comic  and  satirical  poems,  an  epic  poem 


on  Ctesar’s  Gallic  war,  and  a prose  work  con- 
taining anecdotes,  etc. 

Labes  (la'bes).  A town  in  the  province  of  Po- 
merania, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Riga  45  miles 
east-northeast  of  Stettin.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,183. 

Labezares  (la-Ba-tba'res),  Guido  de.  Born  in 
Biscay  about  1510:  died  in  the  Philippine  Isl- 
ands about  1580.  A Spanish  commander.  He 
went  to  Mexico ; accompanied  Villalobos  to  the  Spice  Isl- 
ands iu  1542,  returning  in  1549;  was  engaged  in  an  attempt  to 
settle  Florida  1558-62 ; was  royal  factor  of  Legazpe’s  expedi- 
tion to  the  Philippines  in  1564 ; and  after  Legazpe’s  death, 
Aug.  20, 1572,  remained  in  command  of  the  conquests  un- 
til Aug.  24,  1575.  His  reports  on  the  Florida  expedition 
and  on  the  conquest  of  the  Philippines  were  published  in 
the  “Cartas  de  Indias,”  1877.  Also  written  Labazares. 

Labiau  (lii'be-ou).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  26  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Konigsberg.  By  a treaty  concluded 
here  in  1656,  between  Charles  Gustavus  of  Sweden  and 
Frederick  William  tire  Great  Elector,  the  sovereignty  of 
Brandenburg  over  East  Prussia  was  recognized. 

Labiche  (lii -bosh '),  Eugene  Marie.  Born  at 
Paris,  May  5,  1815:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23, 1888. 
A French  dramatist,  author  of  numerous  suc- 
cessful comedies,  farces,  and  vaudevilles.  He 
was  elected  a member  of  the  Academy  in  1880.  A col- 
lected edition  of  his  plays  was  issued  in  1879. 

Labienus  (la-bi-e'nus),  Quintus.  Killed  in 
Cilicia  about  39  B.  C.  A Roman  general,  son  of 
Titus  Labienus.  As  a republican  and  Parthian  com- 
mander he  invaded  Syria  and  Asia  Minor  40  and  39  B.  0. 

Labienus,  Titus.  Killed  at  the  battle  ofMunda, 
Spain,  45  B.  C.  A Roman  general,  distinguished 
as  Ccesar’s  legate  in  the  Gallic  war.  He  joined 
the  Pompeians  in  49  B.  C. 

Labillardi&re  (la-be-yar-dyar'),  Jacques  Ju- 
lien.  Born  at  Alemjon,  France,  Oct.  23,  1755: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1834.  A French  naturalist 
and  traveler.  Hepublished  “ leones plantarum  Syriae  ” 
(1791-1812),  “ Novaj  Hollandise  plantation  specimen"  (1804- 
1806),  “Relation  du  voyage  h la  recherche  de  La  POrouse 
pendant  les  aunbes  1791-1792  ” (1800),  etc. 

Lablache  (la-blash'),  Luigi.  Born  at  Naples, 
Dec.  6, 1794 : died  there,  Jan.  23, 1858.  An  opera- 
singer  of  French-Irish  descent  (his  mother  was 
Irish),  regarded  as  the  chief  basso  of  modem 
times.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in  opera  at  Naples 
in  1812,  and  from  this  time  till  1856,  when  his  health  began 
to  fail,  lie  sang  with  great  success.  His  voice,  “when  he 
chose,  easily  exceeded  the  tones  of  the  instruments  that  ac- 
companied it." 

Laborde  (la-bord'),  Alexandre  Louis  Joseph, 

Comte  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  17,  1773 : died 
there,  Oct.  24, 1842.  A French  scholar  and  man 
of  letters,  son  of  J.  J.  Laborde.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ V oy- 
age  pittoresque  et  historique  en  Espagne” 
(1807-18),  etc. 

Laborde,  Leon  Emmanuel  Simon  Joseph, 

Comte  de.  Born  at  Paris,  June  15,  1807 : died 
there,  March  25,  1869.  A French  archaeologist 
and  traveler  in  Egypt,  Arabia,  and  Asia  Minor, 
son  of  A.  L.  J.  de  Laborde.  He  wrote  ‘ ‘ V oyage 
en  Orient,  etc.”  (1837-64),  etc. 

Labouchere  (la-bo-shar'),  Henry,  Lord  Taun- 
ton. Born  Aug.  15, 1798 : died  at  London,  July 
13,  1869.  An  English  politician,  of  Huguenot 
descent,  created  Baron  Taunton  of  Taunton 
Aug.  18,  1859.  The  Labouchere  family  (of  which  Hen- 
ry’s father  was  the  first  to  live  in  England)  left  France  at 
the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  and  settled  in  Holland. 
He  was  elected  (Whig)  member  of  Parliament  in  1826;  was 
appointed  a lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1832  ; became  master 
of  the  mint  in  1835,  and  a member  of  the  privy  council 
and  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade;  was  under-sec- 
retary of  war  and  the  colonies  and  president  of  the  board 
of  trade  in  1839 ; was  made  chief  secretary  to  the  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  in  1846 ; and  became  secretary  of  state  for 
the  colonies  in  1855.  His  title  became  extinct  on  his  death. 

Labouchere,  Henry.  Born  1831 : died  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  Jan.  16,  1912.  An  English 
journalist  and  advanced  Liberal  politician, 
nephew  of  Henry  Labouchere,  Lord  Taunton. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  diplomatic  service  from  1854  to  1864. 
He  represented  Windsor  in  Parliament  1865-66,  Middle- 
sex 1867-68,  and  Northampton  1886-1905.  He  was  owner 
and  editor  of  the  London  weekly  Journal  “Truth."  His 
“ Diary  of  a Besieged  Resident  in  Paris  ” appeared  in 
187L  He  was  appointed  a privy  councillor  in  1905. 

582 


Laboulaye  (la-bo-la' ) , Edouard  ReneLefebvre 

de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  18, 1811 : died  at  Paris, 
May  25,  1883.  A French  jurist,  historian,  and 
politician.  He  became  professor  of  comparative  legis- 
lation in  the  College  de  France  in  1849,  and  was  made  dep- 
uty in  1871  and  lite  senatqr  in  1875.  His  works  include 
“Histoire  politique  des  Etats-Unis”  (“  Political  History 
of  the  United  States,”  1855-66),  “Les  Etats-Unis  et  la 
France  ” (1862),  “Paris en  Amerique "(1863),  “ Recherches 
sur  la  condition  civile  et  politique  des  femmes  ” (1843), 
translations  of  Channing’s  works,  etc. 

Labourdan  ( la-bor-don'),  or  Labourd  (la-bor'). 
A Basque  district,  situated  mainly  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  department  of  Basses-Pyr6n6es, 
Prance. 

Labourdonnais,  or  Labourdonnaie  (la-bor-do- 
na'),  Bertrand  Frangois  Mahe  de.  Born  at 
St.-Malo,  Prance,  Feb.  11,  1699 : died  Sept.  9, 
1753.  A French  admiral,  governor-general  of 
the  Isle  of  France  and  Isle  of  Bourbon.  He  cap- 
tured Madras  in  1746. 

Labra  (la'bra),  Rafael  Maria  de.  Born  at 
Havana  in  1841.  A Cuban  publicist,  a resident 
of  Madrid,  Spain,  since  1851.  He  has  represented 
Porto  Rico  in  several  legislatures;  was  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  abolition  party  ; and  has  published  many  works  on 
slavery,  emancipation,  and  kindred  topics,  besides  histori- 
cal studies  on  Spanish  America,  etc. 

Labrador  (lab-ra-dor').  In  an  extended  sense, 
a peninsula  comprised  between  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  the  Atlantic,  Hudson  Strait,  and 
Hudson  Bay  (since  1912  included  in  Quebec, 
except  for  the  Atlantic  coast-line,  which  be- 
longs to  Newfoundland);  in  a restricted 
sense,  a dependency  of  Newfoundland,  in- 
cluding the  coast  from  Cape  Chidley  to  the 
Strait  of  Belle-Isle.  The  surface  is  rugged,  the  cli- 
mate rigorous.  Labrador  has  important  fisheries.  The 
inhabitants  are  mainly  Eskimos,  Indians,  and  French.  The 
interior  near  the  Grand  Falls  has  been  recently  explored 
by  American  parties.  It  was  discovered  by  the  Norsemen ; 
and  in  1497  by  the  Cabots.  It  was  named  by  G.  Cortereal 
(1501)  “Terra  de  Lavradores”  (land  of  laborers  or  slaves). 
It  was  also  called  on  some  old  maps  Terra  Oorterealis  (from 
Cortereal),  and  by  Hudson  Magna  Britannia.  Population, 
3,947. 

Labrunie,  Gerard.  See  Gerard  de  Nerval. 

La  Rruyere  (la  brti-yar'),  Jean  de.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.,  1645:  died  at  Versailles,  May  10, 
1696.  A French  moralist.  He  was  educated  in  Paris 
and  studied  law.  He  left  the  bar,  how  ever,  to  fill  an  ad- 
ministrative position  in  Normandy  (1673-87),  but  resided 
in  Paris,  where  he  was  appointed  tutor  to  the  young  Duke 
of  Bourbon  in  1684.  His  claim  to  literary  recognition  rests 
on  his  great  work  “ Les  caractferes,”  which  he  undertook  in 
imitation  of  Theophrastus.  He  had  made  a translation 
of  the  latter’s  work,  and  appended  to  it  notes  on  the  cus- 
toms of  his  own  times.  The  first  edition  was  entitled  “ Ca- 
raetcres  de  Thdophraste,  traduits  du  grec,  avec  les  carac- 
tferes  ou  les  moeurs  de  ce  siFcle  " (1688).  It  contained  386 
“ caracteres  ” ; the  fourth  edition  (1689)  contained  340  ad- 
ditional ones;  the  fifth  added  141,  the  sixth  103,  the  sev- 
enth 110,  and  the  eighth  40.  The  ninth  edition,  contain- 
ing over  1,100  “ caracteres, ” was  in  press  at  the  time  of  La 
+Bruyi.re's  death. 

Labuan  (la-bo-an').  An  island  in  the  East  In- 
dies, situated  about  6 miles  northwest  of  Bor- 
neo, in  lat.  5°  17'  N.,  long.  115°  15'  E.  Capi- 
tal, Victoria.  It  belongs  since  1846  to  Great  Britain, 
and  was  administered  by  the  British  North  Borneo  Com- 
pany 1889-1905.  Area,  30  square  miles.  Population,  over 
8,000. 

Labyrinth  (lab'i-rintli).  [L.  labyrinthus,  from 
Gr.  ^afivpivdoc.']  Amaze;  especially,  a subter- 
ranean structure  having  many  intricate  pas- 
sages. Several  such  mazes  were  famous  in  antiquity. 
The  greatest  was  that  which  lay  near  Lake  Moeris,  in  the 
Fayum,  Egypt,  and  was  probably  built  by  Amenemhat 
III.  (about  2300  B.  C.).  According  to  Herodotus,  it  bad 
3,000  halls  and  chambers,  half  of  them  above  ground  and 
half  below,  and  12  covered  courts.  Only  fragments  of  it 
remain.  (See  the  extract  below.)  Another  famous  laby- 
rinth (that  of  Crete)  was  fabled  to  have  been  built  for  King 
Minos  by  DaMalus,  on  the  model  of  the  Egyptian,  hut  very 
much  smaller.  The  ruins  of  the  Palace  of  Cnosus,  recently 
brought  to  light  by  Dr.  A.  J.  Evans,  are  believed  by  many 
to  be  identical  with  this  Labyrinth.  There  also  was  one 
on  the  island  of  Lemnos  and  one  on  Samos. 

The  Labyrinth  — that  famous  building  of  which  it  was 
Baid  by  Herodotus  that  it  was  “ larger  than  all  the  temples 
of  Greece  put  together,  and  more  wonderful  than  the  pyra- 
mids." The  Labyrinth  wa9  utterly  destroyed  by  order  of 
the  Roman  Government  some  seventeen  or  eighteen  cen- 
turies ago,  and  all  that  remains  of  its  former  magnificence 
is  this  platform,  heaped  six  feet  deep  with  thousands  and 


Labyrinth 

tens  of  thousands  of  tons  of  limestone  and  granite  chips. 
This  tremendous  destruction  was  undoubtedly  wrought 
by  order  of  the  Roman  Government,  and  the  people  who 
smashed  up  and  quarried  out  the  most  splendid  building 
of  the  ancient  world  lived  in  that  little  town  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  platform.  As  they  went  on  clearing 
the  site  they  made  use  of  it  for  a cemetery ; and  so,  in 
course  of  time,  the  last  vestiges  of  the  labyrinth  disap- 
peared, and  the  place  thereof  became  a city  of  the  dead. 
It  was  this  cemetery  which  Mr.  Petrie  explored  during  the 
seasons  of  1887-88  and  1888-89  ; and  it  was  here  that  he  dis- 
covered the  extraordinary  series  of  portraits, some  of  which 
are  here  reproduced  from  his  original  photographs. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  95. 

Lacaille  (la-kay'),  orLaCaille,  Nicolas  Louis 
de.  BornatRumigny,  Ardennes,  Prance,  March 
15,  1713  : died  at  Paris,  March  21, 1762.  A noted 
French  astronomer,  professor  of  mathematics 
in  Mazarin  College.  He  wrote  numerous  scientific 
works,  including  “ Astronomiaj  fundaments,  etc."  (1757), 
“Coelum  australe  stelligerum,  etc."  (a  catalogue  of  over 
10,000  southern  stars,  1763),  “Tabulee  solares”  (giving  cor- 
rections for  planetary  perturbations,  1758),  etc.  In  1739- 
1740  he  was  employed  in  remeasuring  the  french  arc  of 
the  meridian.  He  conducted  a successful  astronomical 
expedition  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1750-54. 

La  Calle  (la  kal  or  la  kal'la).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  40  miles  east 
of  Bona.  Population,  2,625. 

La  CalprenMe  (la  kal-pre-nad'),  Gautier  de 
Costes  de.  Born  at  the  Chateau  de  Tolgon, 
near  Sarlat,  Dordogne,  France,  1610 : died  at 
Grand-Audelv,  Oct.,  1663.  A French  novelist 
and  dramatist.  He  wrote  the  historical  romances 
“Cassandre"  (1642-50),  “La  C16opatre”  (1647-68),  and 
“ Faramond,  ou  1’histoire  de  France"  (1661)  ; and  several 
tragedies,  including  “La  mort  de  Mithridate"  (1637), 
“Bradamante”  (1636),  “Jeanne  d’Angleterre"  (1637),  “Le 
comte  d’Essex  ” (1639),  “ fidouard,  roi  d'Angleterre  " (1640). 

Lacandones  (la-kiin-do'nes).  [F.  Lacandons.'] 
An  Indian  tribe  of  the  Maya  stock,  in  northern 
Guatemala  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico. 
Formerly  they  were  numerous,  and  until  1750  were  hos- 
tile to  the  whites.  At  present  they  are  reduced  to  a few 
thousand.  Those  called  Eastern  Lacandones  are  friendly 
to  strangers,  though  living  in  a state  of  semi-independence 
and  retaining  mostoftheir  ancient  customs.  The  Western 
Lacandones,  on  the  Passion  River,  have  no  intercourse  with 
the  whites. 

Laccadives  (lak'a-dlvz),  or  Laccadive,  or 
Lakkadiv,  Islands.  A group  of  small  coral 
islands,  situated  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  west  of 
British  India,  about  lat.  8°-14°  N.,  long.  71° 
40'-74°  E.  They  belong  partly  to  Great  Britain,  partly 
to  Kanara.  The  leading  product  is  coir.  The  inhabitants 
are  Moplas  ; the  religion  is  Mohammedan.  These  islands 
were  discovered  by  Vasco  da  Gama  1499.  Population, 

★10,274. 

Lacedaemon  (las-e-de'mon).  [Gr.  Aaicf  daifiuv.] 
A name  anciently  given  to  Laconia,  and  some- 
times to  Sparta. 

La^epfede  (la-sa-pad'),  Bernard  Germain 
Etienne  de  la  Ville,  Comte  de.  Born  at 
Agen,  France,  Dec.  26,  1756 : died  at  Epinay, 
near  St.-Denis,  France,  Oct.  6,  1825.  A noted 
French  naturalist.  He  continued  Button’s  “ Histoire 
naturelle  ” under  the  titles  “Histoire  des  quadruples  ovi- 
pares  et  des  serpents  ” (1788-89)  and  “Histoire  naturelle 
des  reptiles  ” (1789).  He  also  published  “ Histoire  natu- 
relle des  poissons  ” (1798-1803),  “ Histoire  des  cdtacds ” 
(1804),  etc.  His  earliest  works  were  an  “ Essai  sur  l elec- 
tricitd  naturelle  et  artiflcielle  ” (1781),  and  the  “ Podtique 
de  la  musique  ’’  (1785).  He  was  an  amateur  musician  of 
ability. 

Lacerda  e Almeida  (lii-sar'da  e al-ma'dii), 
Francisco  Jose  de.  Born  at  Sao  Paulo  about 
1750 : died  near  Tete,  Mozambique,  Africa,  1798. 
A Portuguese-Brazilian  engineer  and  traveler. 
From  1780  to  1790  he  was  engaged  in  northern  and  west- 
ern Brazil  on  the  commission  employed  to  mark  the 
boundaries  of  that  country  with  the  Spanish  colonies.  In 
1797  he  was  sent  to  explore  the  interior  of  Mozambique, 
where  he  died  of  malarial  fever.  Several  of  his  reports 
have  been  published. 

Lacerta  (la-ser'tii).  [L./ the  lizard.’]  A small 
constellation  which  first  appears  in  the  “Pro- 
dromus  Astronomite  ” of  Hevelius,  published  in 
1690.  It  is  bounded  by  Cepheus,  Cygnus,  Pegasus,  and 
Andromeda.  Its  brightest  star  is  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Lachaise,  or  La  Chaise  (la  shaz),  Francois 
d’Aix  de.  Born  at  Aix,  Loire,  France,  Aug.  25, 
1624:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  20, 1709.  A French 
Jesuit,  confessor  of  Louis  XIV. 

Lachaise,  P6re,  Cemetery  of.  See  Pere  La- 

chaise. 

La  0hauss6e  (la  sho-sa'),  Pierre  Claude  Ni- 

velle  de.  Born  at  Paris,  1692  : died  at  Paris, 
March  14,  1754.  A French  dramatist,  the  in- 
troducer or  popularizer  of  the  so-called  pathetic 
comedy  (com6die  larmoyante)  or  sentimental 
play : author  of  “ Le  pr6jug6  a la  mode  ” (1735), 
etc. 

Laches  (la'kez).  [Gr.  Ad^f.]  A dialogue  of 
Plato  : a conversation  on  courage  between  Ly- 
simachus,the  son  of  Aristides,  and  Melesias,t,he 
son  of  the  elder  Thucydides  (who  are  consid- 
ering the  question  of  the  education  of  their 


583 

sons),  the  generals  Nicias  and  Laches,  and 
Socrates. 

Lachesis  (lak'e-sis).  [Gr.  Adjccur,  disposer  of 
lots.]  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  three 
Mcerse  or  Fates.  See  Fates. 

Lachine  (la-shen')  Rapids.  Rapids  in  the  St. 
Lawrence  River,  a few  miles  above  Montreal. 
Lachish  (la'kish).  One  of  the  capitals  of  the 
Canaanites,  conquered  by  Joshua,  situated  on 
an  elevation  between  Gaza  and  Eleutheropolis 
(Bet  Jibrin).  Itseemstohavebeenan  important  fron- 
tier fortress  in  the  direction  of  Egypt.  It  was  conquered 
by  Sennacherib  during  his  invasion  of  Judah  in  701  B.  c. 
A representation  of  its  siege  was  found  on  a slab  in  a hall 
of  Sennacherib’s  palace,  which  was  excavated  in  the  ruins 
of  Kuyunjik.  It  was  again  taken,  after  a long  resistance, 
by  Nebuchadnezzar.  After  the  return  from  captivity  it 
was  restored.  It  is  now  represented  by  the  stone  heaps  of 
Tel-el-Hesy.  This  site  was  excavated  in  1889  and  the  fol- 
lowing years  by  Flinders  Petrie  and  Frederick  Jones  Bliss, 
and  important  ruins,  pottery,  and  a cuneiform  tablet  were 
discovered  there. 

Lachlan  (lak'lan).  Ariverof  New  South  Wales, 
Australia,  joining  the  Murrumbidgee  about 
long.  144°  10'  E.  Length,  400-500  miles. 
Lachmann  (lach'man),  Karl.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  March  4, 1793 : died  at  Berlin, 
March  13,  1851.  A noted  German  philologist 
and  critic,  professor  at  Konigsberg  (1818)  and 
later  (1825)  at  Berlin.  He  wrote  “Zu  den  Nibelun- 
gen  und  zurKlage  ” (1836),  ‘ ‘ Betrachtungen  iiber  die  Ilias  ” 
(1847),  and  published  editions  of  the  “ Nibelungenlied  ” 
(1826),  Walther  von  der  Vogelweide, Wolfram  von  Eschen- 
baeh,  Propertius,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Lucretius,  etc. 
Laclmer  (lach'ner),  Franz.  Born  at  Rain,  Ba- 
varia, April  2,  1803:  died  at  Munich,  Jan.  20, 
1890.  A German  composer  and  noted  musical 
director  at  Munich.  Among  his  operas  are  “Catarina 
Cornaro’’and  “Benvenuto  Cellini.’’  He  also  wrote  two 
oratorios,  etc. 

Lachner,  Ignaz.  Born  at  Rain,  Bavaria,  Sept. 
11,  1807  : died  at  Hannover,  Feb.  24,  1895.  A 
German  composer  and  violinist,  brother  of 
Franz  Lachner.  He  was  kapellmeister,  1861-75,  at 
the  city  theater  in  Frankfort.  Among  his  works  are  the 
operas  “Der  Geisterturm,”  “Die  Kegenbriider,”  and 
“ Loreley,”  and  a favorite  song  “Uberall  Du.” 
Lachner,  Vincenz.  Born  at  Rain,  Bavaria,  July 
19,  1811:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Jan.  21,  1893.  A 
German  composer,  brother  of  Franz  Lachner. 
He  was  kapellmeister  at  Mannheim  from  1836- 
1873. 

Lackawanna  (lak-a-won'a).  A river  in  north- 
eastern Pennsylvania,  joining  the  Susquehanna 
at  Pittston.  Its  lower  valley  is  noted  for  the 
production  of  anthracite  coal.  Length,  about 
55  miles. 

La  Cloche  (F.  pron.  la  klosh),  James.  Born  in 
Jersey,  1647 : date  of  death  unknown.  A nat- 
ural son  of  Charles  II.  of  England.  He  became 
a Jesuit  in  1667. 

Laclos  (la-klo'),  Pierre  Ambroise  Francois 
Choderlos  de.  Born  at  Amiens,  France,  1741 : 
died  at  Taranto,  Italy,  Nov.  5, 1803.  A French 
general  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  the  novel 
“Les  liaisons  dangereuses  ” (1782),  etc. 

La  Condamine  (lakon-da-men'),  Charles  Ma- 
rie de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  28,1701:  died  there, 
Feb.  4,  1774.  A French  scientist  who  in  1735 
was  chosen,  with  Bouguer  and  Godin,  to  mea- 
sure an  arc  of  the  meridian  on  the  plain  of  Qui- 
to, South  America.  The  expedition  occupied  nine 
years,  and  in  1744  La  Condamine  descended  the  Amazon  ou 
his  way  to  Europe.  He  published  several  works  on  the 
measurement,  besides  “Relation  abr^gde  d’un  voyage  fait 
dans  l’intdrieur  do  1 ’Amdrique  meridionale  ” (1745),“  Jour- 
nal d’un  voyage  fait  par  ordre  du  roi  ” (1751),  various 
papers  on  inoculation,  etc.  It  is  said  that  he  carried  the 
first  knowledge  of  india-rubber  to  Europe. 

Laconia  (la-ko'ni-a).  1 . In  ancient  geography, 
the  southeastern  division  of  the  Peloponnesus, 
Greece,  lying  south  of  Argolis  and  Arcadia  and 
east  of  Messenia.  Chief  city,  Sparta.  It  was  nearly 
surrounded  by  mountains  and  the  sea,  and  was  traversed 
by  the  Eurotas. 

2.  A nomarehy  of  modem  Greece,  lying  south- 
west of  Lacedtemon.  Area,  457  square  miles. 
Population,  61,522.^ 

Laconicus  Sinus  (la-kon'i-kus  sl'nus),  G.ulf  of 
Laconia.  In  ancient  geography,  the  arm  of  the 
Mediterranean  south  of  Laconia. 

Lacordaire  (lii-kor-dar' ),  Jean  Baptiste  Henri. 
Born  near  Dijon,  May  12,  1802 : died  at  Sorbze 
(Tarn),  Nov.  22, 1861.  A celebrated  French  di- 
vine. He  entered  the  college  at  Dijon  in  1810,  graduated 
with  honors  in  1819,  studied  law,  and  finally  entered  an 
office  in  Paris.  In  1824  he  gave  up  law  for  theology; 
was  admitted  to  the  seminary  of  Saint-Sulpice  ; and  three 
years  lator  was  ordained  priest.  At  the  time  of  the 
revolution  of  July,  1830,  the  Catholic  element  in  France 
sought  new  means  of  strengthening  its  influence,  and 
thought  to  accomplish  that  end  in  preaching  the  doctrines 
of  liberty.  Lacordaire  eagerly  followed  the  movement,  and 
was  active  in  editing  a paper  called  “ L’Avenir,”  published 
for  the  first  time  Oct.  18, 1830.  He  retired  from  the  staff. 


Lacy,  Hugh  de 

however,  on  account  of  the  condemnation  passed  on  the 
undertaking  by  the  pontifical  court  at  Rome.  He  attaiued 
a great  reputation  as  a preacher  at  Notre  Dame.  On  April 
6, 1840,  he  joined  the  Dominican  order  of  monks,  and  Feb.  2, 
1860,  he  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy.  Some  of  La- 
cordaire’s  works  are  “ Considerations  philosophiques  sur 
le  systfeme  de  M.de  Lamennais  ” (1834),  “ Vie  de  Saint  Do- 
minique ’’  (1840),  “Conferences  de  Notre-Dame  de  Paris  " 
(1835-50),“  Conferences  k Lyon  et  h Grenoble  ’’  (1845),“  Ser- 
mons isolds  et  oraisons  funbbres”  (1844-47),  of  which  the 
finest  was  undoubtedly  the  funeral  oration  preached  over 
the  remains  of  General  Drouot  at  Nancy  on  May  25,  1847  ; 
and  lastly  a voluminous  correspondence.  A complete  edi- 
tion of  Lacordaire’s  works  was  published  in  six  volumes  in 
1858. 

Lacordaire,  Jean  Theodore.  Born  at  Recey- 
sur-Ouree,  Feb.  1,  1801 : died  at  Liege,  Belgium, 
July  18,  1870.  A French  entomologist,  brother 
of  J.  B.  H.  Lacordaire.  From  1825  to  1832  he  made  four 
journeys  in  South  America ; from  1835  he  was  a professor 
at  the  University  of  Lifege.  His  greatest  work  is  the  “Gen- 
era des  coleoptbres  ” (12  vols.  1854-76 : the  last  three  by 
Chapuis).  He  also  published  numerous  works  and  papers 
on  the  Coleoptera,  articles  on  South  America,  and  an  “In- 
troduction a i’entomologie  ” (2  vols.  1837-39). 

La  Coruna.  See  Corunna. 

La  Coruna,  Count  of,  fifth  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 
See  Mendoza,  Lorenzo  Suarez  de. 

La  Cosa,  Juan  de.  ’See  Cosa. 

Lacressoniere  (la-kres-so-nyar'),  stage  name  of 
Louis  Charles  Adrien  Lesot  de  la  Penne- 
terie.  Born  at  Chauny,  Haute-Marne,  Dec.  11, 
1819 : died  June  9, 1893.  A noted  French  actor. 
He  first  played  in  Palis  at  the  Ambigu  in  1842.  In  1847, 
joining  the  Thd&tre  Historique,  he  was  for  a long  time  the 
impersonator  of  the  principal  characters  of  Soulid  and 
Dumas.  He  was  very  successful  in  the  double  role  in  the 
“ Courrier  de  Lyon.’’ 

Lacretelle  (la-kre-tel'),  Jean  Charles  Domi- 
nique de.  Born  at  Metz,  Sept.  3, 1766 : died  at 
Macon,  France,  March  26, 1855.  A French  his- 
torian and  journalist.  Among  his  works  is  “Histoire 
de  France  pendant  le  XVIIIe  sitcle  ” (1808-12 : continued 
for  the  revolution,  consulate  and  empire,  and  restoration). 

Lacroix  (la-krwa/),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb. 
27,  1806 : died  there,  Oct.  16,  1884.  A French 
novelist  and  historical  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter under  the  pseudonym  “ Bibliophile  Jacob.” 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  “Contes  du  Bibliophile 
Jacob,  etc.  ”(1831 : reprinted  in  1844  as  “Rdcitshistoriques 
Ala  jeunesse”),  “LadanceMacabre,  etc.”(1832),  “Convales- 
cence du  vieux  conteur”  (1832-36-38),  “Romans  relatifs  k 
l’histoire  de  France  aux  XV°  et  XVL-  siecles”  (1838),  “Le 
moyen  age  et  ia  renaissance ’’(conjointly  with  S<5r6,  1847- 
1852),  “Curiosites  de  l’histoire  des  arts,  etc.”  (1858),  “Les 
arts  au  moyen  age,  etc.”  (1868),  “Les  moeurs,  usages,  et 
costumes  au  moyen  kge,  etc.  ” (1871),  etc.  He  published 
many  catalogues  and  edited  a number  of  works.  He  also 
wrote  under  the  names  of  Pierre  Dufour  and  Antony 
Dubourg. 

Lacroix,  Sylvestre  Francois.  Born  at  Paris, 
1765 : died  there,  May  25, 1843.  A noted  French 
mathematician.  His  chief  work  is  “ Traits  du 
calcul  differentiel  etdu  calcul  integral”  (1797). 

La  Crosse  (la  kros).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
La  Crosse  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  La  Crosse  and 
Black  rivers,  in  lat.  43°  48'  N.,  long.  91°  14'  W. 
It  has  important  lumber  trade  and  sawmills. 
Population,  30,417,  (1910). 

Lactantius  Firmianus  (lak-tan'shi-us  fer-mi- 
a'nus),  Lucius  Ceelius  (or  Csecilius).  Lived 
at  the  beginning  of  the  4th  century.  A Chris- 
tian apologist,  preceptor  of  Crispus  in  Gaul 
about  313 : called  “the  Christian  Cicero.”  His 
chief  work  is  “Divinarum  institutionum  libri 
septem”  (“Seven  Books  of  the  Divine  Institu- 
tions”). 

La  Cuba  (la  ko'bii).  A castle  at  Palermo,  Italy, 
built  for  recreation  by  King  William  II.  in  1182. 
It  is  square.  Its  lofty  walls  are  ornamented  to  their  full 
height  with  alternately  wide  and  narrow  Saracenic  pointed 
wall-arcades,  beneath  which  open  several  tiers  of  pointed 
windows,  the  highest  single,  the  others  coupled.  The 
castle  is  built  around  an  interior  court.  The  design  pos- 
sesses much  elegance. 

La  Cueva.  See  Cueva. 

Lacunza  (la-kon'sa),  Manuel.  Born  at  Santi- 
ago, Chile,  July  19,  1731:  died  at  Imola,  Italy, 
June  17, 1801.  A Jesuit  author.  After  the  expul- 
sion of  his  order  from  America  (1767),  he  lived  a very  se- 
cluded life  in  Italy.  His  commentary  “ La  venida  del  Me- 
sias  ’’  has  had  many  editions. 

Lacy,  or  Lascy  (las'e),  Count  Franz  Moritz 

von.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  16,  1725 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  24,  1801.  An  Austrian 
field-marshal,  distinguished  in  the  Seven  Years’ 
War. 

Lacy  ( la'si),  Henry  de.  Born  about  1249 : died  at 
London,  Feb.  5,  1311.  An  English  nobleman, 
thirdEarl  of  Lincoln : an  influential  counselor  of 
Edward  I.  and  Edward  II.  ne  took  part  in  the  siege 
of  Bordeaux,  1296,  under  the  Earl  of  Lancaster,  and  on  the 
death  of  the  latter  (June  6)  was  chosen  general. 

Lacy,  Hugh  de.  Murdered  at  Durrow,  Ireland, 
July  25, 1186.  An  English  soldier  and  conqueror 
of  Ireland,  fifth  Baron  Lacy,  and  first  Lord  of 


Lacy,  Hugh  de 

Meath.  In  Oct.,  117I,  he  followed  Henry  II.  to  Ireland. 
In  1172  he  received  the  submission  of  Roderick,  king  of 
Connaught,  and  was  granted  Meath  and  Dublin  Castle. 
He  secured  Meath  by  the  erection  of  numerous  castles. 
In  1173  he  fought  in  France.  His  administration  of  Ire- 
land was  characterized  by  peace  ami  good  order.  He  was 
recalled,  temporarily,  in  1181,  returning  the  next  winter. 
On  July  25,  1186,  while  inspecting  the  new  castle  at  Dur- 
row,  he  was  murdered. 

Lacy,  Hugh  de.  Died  at  Carrickfergus  about 
1242.  An  English  soldier,  created  earl  of  Ulster 
May  29,  1205:  noted  as  a leader  in  the  partizan 
wars  in  Ireland  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th 
century. 

Lacy,  John.  Born  near  Doncaster:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  17,  1681.  An  English  dramatist  and 
actor,  noted  in  his  day  as  a comedian  and  mimic. 
He  was  the  original  Bayes  in  “The  Rehearsal."  Among 
his  plays  are  “The  Old  Troop,  or  Monsieur  Raggou  ’’(about 
1665),  and  “Sir  Hercules  Buffoon,  or  the  Poetical  Squire’’ 
(1684). 

Lacy,  John  William  or  William.  Born  in  the 
last  part  of  the  18th  century:  died  in  Devonshire 
about  1865.  An  English  bass  singer.  He  was  a 
pupil  at  Bath  of  Rauzzini,  and  also  studied  in  Italy.  His 
wife  was  also  a singer  of  some  note.  She  died  in  May, 
1858. 

Lacy,  Peter,  Count  Lacy.  Born  at  Killeedy, 
Limerick,  Sept.  29,  1678 : died  in  Livonia,  May 

II,  1751.  A noted  L’ish  soldier,  made  a field- 
marshal  in  the  Russian  army  in  1736.  He  served 
with  the  Irish  troops  in  France  and  Italy  and  on  the 
Rhine  from  1692  until  the  peace  of  Ryswick ; entered  the 
Russian  service  as  captain  of  infantry,  and  was  employed 
by  Peter  the  Great  in  training  the  Russian  troops ; and 
served,  with  repeated  promotions,  in  the  various  wars  in 
which  Russia  was  engaged  until  his  retirement  in  1743. 
At  the  battle  of  Pultowa  he  commanded  a brigade  of  the 
right  wing.  He  was  governor  of  Livonia  and  Esthonia. 

Ladak,  or  Ladakh  (la-dak').  A province  of 
Kashmir,  southeast  of  Baltistan  and  west  of 
Tibet,  traversed  by  the  Upper  Indus.  It  is  the 
most  elevated  inhabited  country  in  the  world.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Kashmir  in  1834-42.  Population,  over  30,- 
*000. 

Ladd  (lad),  George  Trumbull.  Born  at  Paines- 

ville,  Ohio,  Jan.  19,  1842.  An  American  theo- 
logian and  psychologist,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Bowdoin  College,  and  later  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity. He  has  published  “Doctrine  of  Sacred  Scrip- 
ture, etc."  (1882),  “Elements  of  Physiological  Psychology, 
etc."  (1887),  “What  is  the  Bible?  etc.  ”(1888),  etc.  Healso 
translated  Lotze’s  “Outlines  of  Metaphysics,  etc.”  (1884), 
“ Outlines  of  Practical  Philosophy,  etc.’’  (1885),  “Outlines 
of  the  Philosophy  of  Religion”  (1885),  “Outlines  of  .Es- 
thetics” (1886),  “Outlines  of  Psychology  ’’(1886),  “Outlines 
of  Logic  and  of  Encyclopaedia  of  Philosophy  " (1887). 
Lade  (la'de).  In  ancient  geography,  a small 
island  in  the  Aegean  Sea,  near  Miletus.  Near  it, 
about  495or  494b.  c.,  the  Persian  fleet  defeated 
the  Ionian  Greeks. 

Ladies  i la  Mode.  A play  by  Dryden,  produced 
in  1668. 

Ladies’  Battle,  The.  A comedy  by  Robertson, 
from  the  French  of  Scribe  and  Legouvd.  It  was 
produced  in  1851. 

Ladies’  Mile,  The.  A drive  in  Hyde  Park,  Lon- 
don, on  the  north  side  of  the  Serpentine.  The 
Coaching  and  Four-in-Hand  clubs  meet  there. 
Ladies’  Peace.  [F.  Paix  des  dames.']  See  Cam- 
bray,  Peace  of. 

Ladikieh  (la-deke'e),  or  Latakia  (la-ta-ke'a). 
A seaport  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated 
in  lat.  35°  30'  N.,  long.  35°  47'  E.  : the  ancient 
Laodicea.  It  exports  Ladikiyeh  tobacco.  Pop- 
ulation, about  20,000. 

Ladislaus  (lad'is-las),  or  Ladislas  (lad'is-las). 
Saint.  King  of  Hungary  1077-95,  son  of  B61a  I. 
He  conquered  Croatia  and  Slavonia  in  1087. 
Ladislaus,  or  Lancelot.  Died  at  Naples,  Aug. 
6, 1414.  King  of  Naples  1386-1414,  son  of  Charles 

III. ,  king  of  Naples  and  Hungary.  His  claim  to 
the  throne  was  disputed  by  Louis  II.  of  Anjou,  who  was 
supported  by  the  popes  Urban  VI.  and  Clement  VII.  Boni- 
face IX.  declared  in  his  favor,  however,  and  he  was  ena- 
bled to  take  possession  of  his  capital  in  1400.  In  1403  he 
made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  obtain  the  crown  of  Hun- 
gary. He  attempted  to  unite  all  Italy  under  his  sway,  in 
which  he  was  opposed  by  Boniface's  successors,  Innocent 
VII.  and  John  XXIII.,  the  latter  of  whom  he  expelled 
from  Rome  in  1413.  He  died  before  he  could  consolidate 
his  conquests. 

Ladislaus,  King  of  Poland.  See  Wladislaw. 
Ladislaw,  Will.  ^ One  of  the  principal  charac- 
ters in  George  Eliot’s  novel  “ Middlemarch  ” : 
a young  artist  who  marries  Dorothea  Brooke 
after  the  death  of  her  first  husband,  Mr.  Casau- 
bon. 

Ladmirault  (lad-me-ro'),  Louis  Rend  Paul  de. 
Born  at  Montmorillon, near  Vienne,  France,  Feb. 
17, 1808:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  3, 1898.  A French 
general.  Hecommanded  adivision  at  Solferinoin  1859, 
and  an  army-corps  in  the  Franco-German  war  in  1870.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  engagements  before  Metz, 
and  was  military  governor  of  Paris  1871-78,  when  he  retired 


584 

from  active  service.  He  published  “Bases  dun  projet 
pour  le  recrutement  de  I’annee  de  terre  ” (1871). 

Lado  (la'do).  A town  in  central  Africa,  situ- 
ated on  the  White  Nile,  near  Gondokoro,  about 
lat.  5°  N.:  founded  by  Gordon  in  1874. 

Ladoga  (la'do-ga),  Lake.  The  largest  lake  of 
Europe,  situated  in  northwestern  Russia  be- 
tween the  governments  of  Viborg,  Olonetz,  and 
St.  Petersburg.  Itreceivesthe  waters  of  Lakes  Saima, 
Ilmen,  Onega,  etc.,  and  has  for  its  outlet  the  Neva.  Length, 
130  miles.  Average  breadth,  68  miles.  Area,  6,996  square 
miles. 

Ladon  (la'don).  A name  given  to  the  northern 
head  stream  of  the  Ruphia  (Alpheus)  in  Greece. 
Ladron  de  Guevara  (lad-ron'  da  gwa-va'ra), 
Diego.  Died  in  Mexico,  1718.  A Spanish  prel- 
ate who  was  successively  bishop  of  Panama 
(1689),  Guamanga  (1699),  and  Quito  (1703). 
From  Aug.  30,  1710,  to  March  2,  1716,  he  was  viceroy  of 
Peru.  He  was  superseded  on  the  ground  that  he  had  shown 
too  much  favor  to  the  colonists  in  his  expenditures,  and 
died  while  on  his  way  to  Spain. 

Ladrone  (la-drou')  Islands,  or  Mariana  (ma- 
re-a'na)  (or  Marianne  (ma-ri-an'))  Islands. 
A chain  of  15  islands  in  the  North  Pacific, 
situated  in  lat.  13°-21°  N.,  long.  144°-146°  E. 
They  were  discovered  by  MageUan  1521,  and  were  occupied 
by  Spain  1668.  They  formed  a dependency  of  the  Philip- 
pines. Guahan  now  belongs  to  the  United  States,  and  the 
remainder  of  the  group  was  purchased  by  Germany  in 
1899.  Area,  420  square  miles.  Population  of  Guahan, 
over  11,000 ; of  German  possessions,  about  3,000. 

Lady  Hideous  (la'di  hid'e-us).  See  the  extract. 

On  his  [Perceval's]  arrival  he  takes  vengeance  on  the  sen- 
eschal Kreux,  and  accompanies  Arthur  to  Carlion,  where 
that  prince  holds  a full  court.  Buring  his  stay  there,  he 
one  day  sees  Lady  Hideous  pass,  who  loads  him  with  her 
maledictions.  Her  neck  and  hands,  says  theromance,  were 
brown  as  iron,  which  was  the  least  part  of  her  ugliness; 
her  eyes  were  blacker  than  a Moor’s,  and  as  little  as  those 
of  a mouse  ; she  had  the  nose  of  a cat  or  an  ape,  and  lips 
like  an  ox ; her  teeth  were  red,  like  the  yolk  of  eggs  ; she 
was  bearded  like  a goat,  was  humped  before  and  behind, 
and  had  both  legs  twisted. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  177. 

Lady  in  Fashion,  The.  A play  by  Cibber. 
Lady  Jane  Grey,  The.  1 . A play,  in  two  parts, 

by  Dekker,  Hey  wood,  Wentworth  Smith,  and 
Webster,  and  perhaps  Chettle.  It  was  produced  in 
1602.  The  parts  written  by  Dekker  and  Webster  were  cob- 
bled into  a play  called  “The  Famous  History  of  Sir  Thomas 
Wyatt,"  published  in  1607.  Fleay. 

2.  A tragedy  by  Rowe,  produced  in  1715.  Ma- 
dame de  Stael,  Brifaut,  Soumet,  and  Tenny- 
son have  also  written  tragedies  on  the  subject, 
though  not  all  with  the  same  title. 

Lady  of  England,  The.  A title  given  to  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Henry  I. , wife  of  Geoffrey  V. 
of  Anjou,  and  mother  of  Henry  II. 

Lady  of  Lyons,  The.  A play  by  Bulwer  Ly  tton, 
produced  in  1838.  It  was  originally  written  under  the 
title  of  “The  Adventurer,”  which  was  altered  at  Macready’s 
suggestion  to  “The  Lady  of  Lyons.”  The  chief  incidents 
of  the  plot  were  suggested  by  a tale  named  “The  Bellows 
Menders."  Molloy , Famous  Plays. 

Lady  of  Shalott,  The.  A poem  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1832.  It  is  substantially 
the  same  as  the  story  of  “Elaine.” 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  F.  Dame  du  Lac.  A name 
given,  in  Arthurian  romance,  to  Vivienne,  Vi- 
viane,  or  Vivian,  the  mistress  of  the  enchanter 
Merlin.  She  lived  in  a splendid  palace  in  the  midst  of 
a delusive  lake,  wrhich  apparently  prevented  approach. 
In  the  romance  of  “Perceforet  ” the  name  is  given  to  ,S6bile, 
whose  castle  was  in  the  midst  of  a river  covered  by  a thick 
fog.  See  Vivian,  Merlin,  and  Perceforet. 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  The.  1.  A narrative  poem 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1810.  It  is  so 
called  from  the  surname  of  its  principal  char- 
acter, Ellen  Douglas. — 2.  A cantata  founded 
on  Scott’s  poem,  the  music  by  G.  A.  Macfarren, 
produced  in  1877. — 3.  See  Donna  del  Logo. 
Lady  of  the  Mercians.  A name  applied  to 
./Ethel iked,  daughter  of  Alfred  the  Great,  and 
wife  of  HUthelred,  ealdorman  of  Mercia. 
Lady’s  Last  Stake,  The,  or  The  Wife’s  Re- 
sentment. A comedy  by  Cibber,  produced  in 
1707.  It  is  a kind  of  pendant  to  “The  Careless 
Husband.” 

Ladysmith  (la'di-smith).  A village  in  Natal, 
Soutji  Africa,  about  80  miles  north-northwest 
of  Pietermaritzburg,  at  the  junction  of  two 
railroads,  one  running  into  the  Transvaal  and 
the  other  into  the  Orange  Free  State : an  im- 
portant strategical  point  in  the  Boer  war  of 
1899.  General  White,  with  about  10,000  troops,  was  be- 
sieged  here  by  the  Boers  from  Oct.  29, 1899,  to  Feb.  28, 1900, 
when  he  was  rescued  by  the  British  under  General  Buller. 
Population,  5,568. 

Laeken  (la'ken).  A village  \\  miles  north  of 
Brussels,  noted  for  its  royal  castle. 

L3elius  (le'li-us),  Caius.  Lived  about,  200  b.  c. 
A Roman  general  and  consul,  a friend  of  Scipio 
Africanus,  distinguished  in  the  second  Punic 
war. 


Lafayette 

Lselius,  Caius, sumamed  Sapiens  (‘the  Wise’). 
Lived  about  140  b.  c.  A Roman  orator  and 
philosopher,  a friend  of  the  younger  Scipio 
Africanus.  He  is  the  chief  character  in  the 
“De  Amicitia”  of  Cicero.  See  De  Amicitia. 
Laennec  (le-nek'),  Rend  Theophile  Hya- 
Cinthe.  Born  at  Quimper,  France,  Feb.  17, 1781: 
died  near  Douamenez,  Finistere,  France,  Aug. 
13, 1826.  A French  physician,  professor  at  the 
College  de  France  from  1822.  He  was  the  inventor 
of  the  stethoscope  (described  in  his  “Traits  de  l’ausculta- 
tion  mediate  et  des  maladies  des  poumons  et  du  coeur,” 
1819). 

Laer,  Pieter  van.  See  Laar. 

Laerdal  (lar'dal).  A valley  in  western  Norway, 
east  of  the  Sogne  Fjord,  lat.  61°  N.,  noted  for  its 
picturesque  scenery. 

Laertes  (la-er'tez).  [Gr.  Aaepryg.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  father  of  Ulysses. 

Laertes.  In  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “Hamlet,”  the 
son  of  Polonius  and  brother  of  Ophelia : a manly 
and  resolute  person,  a foil  to  the  irresolute  na- 
ture of  Hamlet. 

Laestrygones  (les-trig'6-nez),  or  Laestrygoni- 
ans(les-tri-go'ni-anz).  * Inthe  Odyssey,  a myth- 
ical race  of  cannibal  giants  visited  by  Ulysses 
in  a northern  country,  where  “the  nights  are  so 
short  that  the  shepherd  driving  his  flock  out 
meets  the  shepherd  who  is  driving  his  flock  in.” 
They  were  placed  by  later  writers  in  Sicily,  south  of  Etna, 
and  by  the  Romans  near  Formise  in  Latium. 

Laet  (lat),  Jan  van  or  Johannes  de.  Died  at 
Antwerp,  1649.  A Dutch  author.  His  best-known 
work  Is  “ De  Nieuwe  Wereld,  of  Beschrijving  van  West  In- 
dien  ” (1626 : enlarged  in  1630  and  edited  in  various  lan- 
guages). _ It  is  a general  description  of  America.  He  ed- 
ited Piso’s  “Historia  Naturalis  Brasilia,”  and  published 
various  controversial  and  other  works. 

Lsetitia  (le-tish'ia).  An  asteroid  (No.  39)  dis- 
covered by  Chacornac  at  Paris,  Feb.  8, 1856. 
Laetitia  Frampul.  See  Frampul. 

La  Farge  (la  farj),  John.  Born  at  New  York  in 
*1835:  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Nov.  14,  1910. 
An  American  landscape-  and  figure-painter, 
decorator,  and  glass-painter.  He  was  a pupil  of 
William  Hunt;  was  elected  national  academician  in  1869; 
and  was  a member  of  the  Society  of  American  Artists. 
He  painted  an  altarpiece  for  St.  Peter’s,  New  York,  in 
1863,  and  decorated  Trinity  Church,  Boston,  1876,  and  the 
chancel  of  St.  Thomas's  Church,  New  York,  1877.  His 
also  are  the  battle  window  in  the  Harvard  Memorial  Hall 
(1880),  and  the  altarpiece  in  the  Church  of  the  Ascension, 
New  York,  and  the  peacock  window  in  the  Worcester 
Museum.  He  designed  the  King  family  monument  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  executed  by  St.  Gaudens. 

Lafaye,  or  Lafaist  (la-fa'),  Pierre  Benjamin. 

Born  at  Mont-Saint-Sulpice,  Yonne,  France, 
1808 : died  at  Aix,  June  5, 1867.  A French  phi- 
lologist, professor  of  philosophy  in  the  faculty 
of  letters  at  Aix.  His  chief  work  is  a “Dic- 
tionnaire  des  synonymes  de  la  langue  fran^aise, 
etc.”  (1858-65). 

Lafayette  (la-fa-yet'),  Gilbert  de.  Born  about 
1380:  died  Feb.  23, 1462.  A marshal  of  France. 
He  was  made  marshal  in  1420,  and  afterward  became  one 
of  the  chief  counselors  of  Charles  VII.  He  contributed 
to  the  victory  of  Joan  of  Arc  at  Orleans  in  1429. 

Lafayette,  or  La  Fayette.  Marquis  de  (Marie 
Jean  Paul  Roch  Yves  Gilbert  Motier).  Bom 

attkeChateaudeChavagniac,  Auvergne, France, 
Sept.  6, 1757:  died  at  Paris,  May  20, 1834.  A cele- 
brated French  general  and  statesman.  Leaving 
France  for  America,  he  entered  the  Revolutionary  army 
as  a volunteer,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  in  1777 ; 
served  at  Brandywine,  Monmouth,  and  Yorktown ; was 
sent  on  a mission  to  France  1779,  and  in  1781  was  present 
at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  He  became  a member 
of  the  Assembly  of  Notables  in  France  in  1787,  and  of  the 
States  General  in  1789;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the 
national  guard  1789-91 ; commanded  an  army  against  the 
Austrians  in  1792,  and  in  the  same  year  left  France  to 
avoid  the  consequences  of  his  opposition  to  the  Jacobins. 
He  was  imprisoned  as  a political  suspect  by  the  Prus- 
sians and  Austrians  1792-97  ; returned  to  France  1800;  re- 
visited America  1824-25 ; and  commanded  the  national 
guard  in  the  revolution  of  1830,  when  he  was  instrumental 
in  placing  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne.  He  has  been 
nicknamed  “Grandison-Cromwell."  See  “ Memoircs  et 
manuscrlts  de  Lafayette  ” (6  vols.  1837-38). 

La  Fayette,  Marie  Madeleine  Pioche  de  la 
Vergne,  Comtesse  de.  Born  at  Paris,  March  16, 
1634 : died  at  Paris,  May,  1693.  A noted  French 
novelist,  daughter  of  Aymar  de  la  Vergne,  gov- 
ernor of  Havre,  and  wife  of  the  Comte  de  La 
Fayette.  Some  time  after  the  death  of  her  husband  she 
formed  aliaison  with  La  Rochefoucauld  (1667-80).  She  was 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  “prdcieuses”  of  the  Hotel 
Rambouillet.  She  wrote  “La  princesse  de  Montpensier" 
(1660),  “Zaide”  (1670:  written  with  and  published  under 
the  name  of  Segrais),  "La  princesse  de  Cleves  ’’  (1677,  with 
La  Rochefoucauld : hermasterpiece),etc.,  “Histoired’Hen- 
riette  d’Angleterre  ” (published  after  her  death),  etc.  Her 
“Letters”  were  published  in  1823. 

Lafayette  (la-fa-et').  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the 
Wabash  60  miles  northwest  of  Indianapolis. 


Lafayette 

It  is  a manufacturing  and  trading  center,  and  the  seat 
of  Purdue  University  (practical  industries).  Population, 
20,081,  (1910). 

Lafayette,  Mount.  The  highest  peak  of  the 
Franconia  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  18 
miles  west-southwest  of  Mount  Washington. 
Height,  5,269  feet. 

Lafayette  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  chartered  in 
1826.  It  is  controlled  by  the  Presbyterians,  and  has 
about  40  instructors  and  about  600  students,  with  a library 
of  30,000  volumes. 

La  F6re  Champenoise.  See  Fbre  Champenoise, 

La. 

Lafeu  (la-fe')-  A sagacious  old  lord  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “All's  Well  that  Ends  Well.” 

Laffitte  (la-fet'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Bayonne, 
France,  Oct.  24,  1767 : died  at  Paris,  May  26, 
1844.  A French  banker  and  statesman,  pre- 
mier and  minister  of  finance  1830-31. 

Lafitau  (la-fe-to'),  Joseph  Francois.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  1670:  died  there,  July  3,  1746.  A 
French  Jesuit  author.  From  1712  to  1717  he  was  a 
missionary  among  the  Iroquois  of  Canada.  He  published 
“Mceurs  des  sauvages  amdriquains”  (1st  ed.  1724),  “His- 
toire  des  dGcouvertes  et  des  conquestes  des  Portugais 
dans  le  nouveau  monde  " (1733),  and  a memoir  on  ginseng. 
Lafitau  argued  for  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  American  race. 
Lafitte  (la-fet'),  Jean.  Bom  in  Franco  about 
1780:  died  probably  in  1826.  A French  privateer 
and  smuggler.  He  was  the  commander  of  a band  of 
adventurers  at  Barataria,  Louisiana,  1813-14,  and  served 
with  the  Americans  at  New  Orleans  in  1815.  He  was  called 
“the  Pirate  of  the  Gulf." 

La  Fl&che.  See  Fleche,  La. 

Lafond  (la-f6n'),  Gabriel,  called  Lafond  de 
Lurcy.  Born  at  Lurcy-Levy,  March  25, 1802: 
died  at  Paris,  April  11,  1876.  A French  sea- 
captain  and  author.  He  visited  various  parts  of  the 
world,  and  from  1849  was  consul-general  of  Costa  Rica  at 
Paris.  He  published  “Voyages  autour  du  monde  et  nau- 
frages  calibres”  (8  vols.  1844),  and  various  works  on  Span- 
ish America  and  on  commerce. 

La  Fontaine  (la  fon-tan' ; F.  pron.  la  fob-tan'), 
Jean  de.  Bom  at  Chateau-Thierry,  Cham- 
pagne, July  8,1621:  died  at  Paris,  April  13, 1695. 
The  most  noted  French  fabulist.  He  left  the  Col- 
lege of  Rheims  at  the  age  of  nineteen  to  study  for  the  min- 
istry, but  he  gave  up  that  pursuit  after  two  years.  He  is 
commonly  said  to  have  given  the  first  evidence  of  his  liter- 
ary genius  when  he  was  twenty-six  years  old.  His  name  is 
chiefly  associated  with  his  fables.  The  first  six  books,  pub- 
lished in  1668,  were  inscribed  to  the  Dauphin  of  Fi  ance. 
The  next  five  books  appeared  in  1678  and  1679,  and  were  pref- 
aced with  a eulogy  of  Madame  de  Montespan.  The  twelfth 
book  was  dedicated  to  the  youngDuke  of  Bourgogne(1694). 
Besides  these  fables,  La  Fontaine  wrote  his  “Contes” 
(1665),  “Amours  de  Psychd  et  de  Cupidon”  (1669),  “Nou- 
veaux  contes  ’’  (1671),  “ La  captivity  de  Saint  M alo  ” (1673), 
and  “Le  Quinquina ”(1682).  His  comedies,  “L’Eunuque” 
(translated  from  Terence),  “Le  Florentin,"  “La  coupe  en- 
chants, ” “ Je  vousprends  sans  vert,"  “Ragotin,"  were  col- 
lected as  “ Pieces  de  theatre  de  J.  de  La  Fontaine  ”(1702).  He 
had  many  generous  patrons  in  the  highest  court  circles, but 
never  won  favor  in  the  eyes  of  Louis  XIV.  La  Fontaine  was 
elected  to  the  French  Academy  in  1683.  The  king,  how- 
ever, did  not  sanction  his  admission  till  several  months 
after  his  election.  Among  his  friends  La  Fontaine  num- 
bered Racine,  Boileau,  and  Molibre. 

La  Foole  (la  fol).  Sir  Amorous.  A “brave  he- 
roic coward”  in  Jonson’s  comedy  “Epiccene.” 
LaForce  (lafors').  An  ancient  Parisian  prison, 
now  suppressed.  It  was  situated  on  the  Rue  Pavde  au 
Marais  and  the  Rue  du  Roi  de  Sicile.  It  was  built  in  1265 
by  Charles,  King  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  and  was  the  residence 
of  the  dukes  of  La  Force  in  the  16th  century.  It  became  a 
prison  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.,  and  was  the  scene  of  the 
massacre  of  Sept.,  1792,  and  of  the  murder  of  the  Princesse 
de  Lamballe  and  other  atrocities  of  the  Reign  of  Terror. 
La  Foret  (la  fo-ra').  The  servant  and  house- 
keeper of  Moli&re.  She  was  an  excellent  critic  of  his 
plays,  and  was  also  the  original  of  Madame  Jourdain  in 
“Le  bourgeois  gentilliomme,”  and  of  Jacqueline  in  “Le 
medecin  malgr6  lui.” 

Lafosse  (la-fos'),  Antoine  de  (Seigneur  d’Au- 
bigny).  Bora  at  Paris  about  1653 : died  there 
in  1708.  A French  poet.  He  wrote  four  plays,  one 
of  which,  “ Manlius  Capitolinus  ” (1698),  is  worthy  of  note. 
In  it  he  gave  Roman  names  and  setting  to  Otway’s  “Venice 
Preserved."  His  works  were  published  in  1311. 

La  Fosse,  or  Lafosse,  Charles  de.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  15, 1640:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  13, 1716. 
A French  historical  painter,  a pupil  of  Chau- 
veau  and  Lebrun.  In  1658  he  wentto  Rome  and  Ven- 
ice, where  he  studied  for  three  years.  He  was  elected 
member  of  the  Academy  in  1673,  and  chancellor  in  1716. 
He  decorated  the  country  house  of  Lord  Montague  in  Eng- 
land. the  cupola  of  the  Church  of  the  Iuvalides  at  Paris, 
the  choir  and  dome  of  the  Assumption,  a part  of  the  palace 
at  V ersailles,  etc. , and  his  pictures  are  in  nearly  all  the  royal 
palaces  and  the  museums.  Most  of  them  have  been  en- 
graved. 

La  Fuente  (la  fwen'te),  Antonio  Gutierrez 

de.  Bomin  Tarapaefi  about  1798.  A Peruvian 
general.  He  was  conspicuous  in  the  civil  wars  1829  to 
1843  ; was  vice  president  under  Gamarra  Aug.,  1829,  to  April 
16, 1831 ; was  one  of  the  claimants  of  the  presidency  1834  ; 
and  led  the  revolt  which  deposed  Menendez  in  1842.  In 
later  years  he  was  senator  and  alcalde  of  Lima. 

Lafuente,  or  La  Fuente  (la  fwen'te),  Modesto. 
VI.  20 


585 

Bom  at  Rabanal  de  los  Caballeros,  Palencia, 
Spain,  1806 : died  Oct.  25, 1866.  A Spanish  his- 
torian. His  chief  work  is  “ Historia  general  de  Espafia  " 
(30  vols.  1850-66).  He  was  known  also  for  his  satirical 
writings  under  the  names  of  Fray  GeruDdio  and  Tira- 
beque  (1844-50). 

Lafuente  y Alcantara,  Miguel.  Born  at  Archi- 
dona,  province  of  Malaga,  Spain,  July  10,  1817 : 
died  at  Havana,  Aug. , 1850.  A Spanish  histo- 
rian, author  of  “Historia  de  Granada”  (1843- 
1848),  etc. 

Lagado  (la-ga'do).  In  “Gulliver’s  Travels,” by 
Swift,  a city  which  figures  in  the  voyage  to  the 
flying  island  of  Laputa. 

Lagamaru  (la-ga-ma'ro).  The  name  of  one  of 
the  deities  of  Elam  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions. It  appears  in  the  name  of  the  Elamite 
king  Chedorlaomer  (Assyrian  Kudur-Lagamar). 

Lagarde  (la-gard')  (originally  B6tticher),Paul 
Anton  de.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Nov.  2, 1827 : died 
at  Gottingen,  Dec.  22, 1891.  A German  Orien- 
talist and  biblical  scholar.  He  held  a profes- 
sorship in  the  University  of  Gottingen  from  1869 
until  his  death. 

La  Gasca,  Pedro  de.  See  Gasca. 

Laghouat  (la-go-at').  A townand  military  post 
in  the  Sahara,  province  of  Algiers,  Algeria, 
about  lat.  33° 50' N.,  long.  2°  53'  E.  Population, 
about  6,000. 

Laghukaumudi  (la-g-ho-kou'mo-de).  [Skt., 

‘ the  Short  Kaumudi.’]  In  Sanskrit  literature, 
the  name  of  an  epitome  by  Varadaraja  of  the 
Siddhantakaumudi  of  Bhattojidikshita. 

La  Gloire  (la  glwar).  A French  war-ship,  the 
first  fully  equipped  iron-clad  ship,  launched  in 
1858.  Her  length  was  254  feet ; breadth,  65  feet;  depth, 
25  feet.  The  Napoleon,  a two-decked  91-gun  ship  of  1867, 
was  razed  to  one  deck,  lengthened  23  feet,  and  armored 
from  stem  to  stern  with  5-inch  iron  plates. 

Lagny  (lan-ye').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Marne 
15  miles  east  of  Paris.  Population,  commune, 
5,560. 

Lago  Maggiore.  See  Maggiore. 

Lagonegro  (la-go-na'gr5).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  38  miles  south  of 
Potenza.  It  was  the  scene  of  a French  victory 
over  the  Neapolitans  in  1806. 

Lagos  (la'gos).  A small  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Algarve,  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°  8'  N.,  long.  8° 
40'  W. : probably  the  ancient  Lacobriga.  it  was 
the  point  of  departure  of  the  expeditions  of  Henry  the 
Navigator.  In  its  bay  the  British  fleet  under  Boscawen 
defeated  the  French,  Aug.  17,  1759. 

Lagos  (la'gos).  1 . A town  on  the  western  coast 
of  Africa,  in  lat.  6°  18'  N.,  loug.  3°  26'  E.:  a com- 
mercial center.  It  was  captured  by  the  British  in  1851 
and  annexed  by  them  in  1861. 

*2.  A British  (former)  protectorate,  situated  be- 
tween Dahomey  (French)  and  Nigeria.  Area, 
over  21,000  square  miles.  Pop.,  about  1,500,000. 

LagOSta  (la-g5s't;i).  A small  island  of  Dalma- 
tia, situated  in  the  Adriatic  Sea  8 miles  south 
of  Curzola. 

Lagrange  (la-grofizli'),  Anna  Caroline  de, 

Countess  of  Stankowitcli.  Bom  at  Paris  in 
1825.  A French  singer,  a pupil  of  Bordogni. 
She  made  her  debut  in  Italy,  and  has  sung  with  success 
in  all  the  great  cities  of  Europe  and  the  United  States.  In 
1843  she  married  Count  Stankowitcli. 

La  Grange,  Charles  Varlet,  Sieur  de.  Born  at 
Amiens : died  at  Paris,  March  1, 1692.  A French 
actor.  He  ran  away  from  his  tutor  and  joined  the  troupe 
of  Moliere,  from  whom  he  received  instruction.  He  after- 
ward became  a public  favorite.  He  edited,  with  Vinot,  the 
first  important  edition  of  Molitre  (1682).  His  wife  was  also 
a popular  actress  of  comedy. 

Lagrange  (la-grofizh'),  Joseph  Louis,  Comte. 
Born  at  Turin,  Jan.  25,  1736:  died  at  Paris, 
April  10,  1813.  A celebrated  mathematician, 
of  French  descent.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  military  school  in  Turin  in  1754,  and 
succeeded  Euler  as  director  of  the  Academy  of  Berlin  in 
1766.  In  1787  he  established  himself  in  Paris.  He  pub- 
lished “ Mecanique  analytique  ” (1788),  “Th6orie  des  fonc- 
tions  analytiques  ’’  (1799),  etc. 

La  Granja  (la  gran'Hii),  or  San  Ildefonso  (el- 
da-fon'so).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Segovia,  Spain,  37  miles  north-northwest  of 
Madrid.  It  contains  a royal  castle  built  by  Philip  V., 
surrounded  by  a splendid  wooded  park  with  elaborate 
fountains  and  waterworks.  The  castle  was  the  scene  of 
the  “revolution  of  La  Granja,"  Aug.,  1836,  by  which  Queen 
MariaChristina  was  compelled  to  restore  the  Constitution 
of  1812. 

Lagthing  (lag'ting).  The  upper  house  of  the 
Norwegian  Storthing  or  parliament,  consisting 
of  one  fourth  of  the  members  of  the  latter  elected 
by  the  whole  body.  See  Storthing. 

La  Guaira  (la.  gwi'rii).  A seaport  of  Vene- 
zuela, situated  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  10° 


Laibach,  Congress  of 

37'  N.,  long.  66°  57'  W. : the  port  of  Caracas. 
Population,  about  10,000. 

Laguna  (la-go'na).  [PI.,  also  Lagunas.  Sp., 
‘ lagoon.’]  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
inhabiting  a group  of  small  pueblos  on  or  near 
the  Rio  San  Josfi,  a western  affluent  of  the  Rio 
Grande  in  New  Mexico.  The  pueblo  was  established 
in  1699,  under  the  name  Kawaiko,  by  Zufii  and  Keresan 
natives.  Since  the  advent  of  white  settlers  there  have 
been  formed  several  new  villages,  the  oldest  and  most 
populous  of  which  is  Paguate.  These  were  formerly  sum- 
mer villages,  but  now  are  permanently  occupied.  See 
Keresan. 

La  Hague.  See  Hogue,  La. 

La  Halle  (la  al),  Adam  de.  Bom  at  Arras, 
France,  about  1230:  died  in  Italy  about  1287. 
A French  poet  and  dramatist,  surnamed  “Le 
Bossu  d’ Arras”  (though  he  appears  not  to  have 
been  a hunchback).  He  was  educated  for  a monk,  but 
left  his  convent  and  married ; later  he  abandoned  his  native 
town  and  his  family,  and  went  first  to  Douai,  and  then  with 
Robert  of  Artois  to  Italy.  “In  ‘Le  jeu  de  la  feuillee  ’ he 
has  left  us  the  earliest  comedy  in  the  vulgar  tongue 
known;  in  the  pastoral  drama  of  ‘Robin  et  Marion,’  the 
earliest  specimen  of  comic  opera.”  Saintsbury. 

Laharpe,  or  La  Harpe  (la  arp),  Fr6d6ric  Ce- 
sar. Bom  at  Rolle,  Switzerland,  April  6, 1754 : 
died  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  March  30, 1838. 
A Swiss  politician,  instructor  of  the  czar  Alex- 
ander I.  He  was  a leader  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Helvetic  Republic  in  1798. 

Laharpe,  or  La  Harpe,  Jean  Francois  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  20, 1739:  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
11,  1803.  A French  critic  and  poet.  His  chief 
work  is  “Lycfie,  ou  cours  de  literature  an- 
cienne  et  modern  e”  (1800-18). 

La  Haye  (la.  a').  The  French  name  of  the 
Dutch ’s  Graven  Hage,  The  Hague. 

Lahidjan  (la-hed-jan' ).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Ghilan,  northern  Persia,  situated  near  the 
Caspian  Sea  30  miles  east-southeast  of  Resht. 
Population,  about  7‘,000. 

La  Hire  (la  er)  (Etienne  Vignoles).  Born 
about  1390:  died  at  Montauban,  Jan.  11, 1443. 
A French  general,  distinguished  in  the  war  of 
Charles  VII.  against  the  English. 

Lahire,  or  Lahyre,  Laurent  de.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ris, Feb.,  1606:  died  there,  Dec.,  1656.  A French 
painter,  chiefly  of  religious  subjects. 

Lahn  (lan).  A river  of  Germany  which  joins 
the  Rhine  4 miles  south  of  Coblenz.  Length, 
135  miles. 

La  Hogue.  See  Hogue,  La. 

Lahontan  (la-ofi-tofi'),  Baron  de  ( Armand 
Louis  de  Delondarce).  Born  near  Mont-de- 
Marsan,  France,  about  1667 : died  at  Hannover, 
1715.  A French  soldier  in  North  America.  He 
came  out  to  Canada,  probably  as  a private,  in  1633,  and 
served  against  the  Iroquois  and  the  English,  becoming 
eventually  theking’slieutenant  in  Newfoundland  and  Aca- 
dia. He  published  “Nouveaux  voyages  de  M.  le  baron  de 
Lahontan  dans  l’Am<5rique  septentrionale"  (170?),  “Dia- 
logue de  M.  le  baron  de  Lahontan  et  d un  sauvage  dans 
l’Amdrique,  avec  les  voyages  du  m£me  en  Portugal  (1704), 
etc. 

Lahore,  or  Lahor  (la-hor').  1.  A division  of 
the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area,  17,154  square 
miles.  Population,  5,598,463. — 2.  A district 
in  the  Lahore  division,  intersected  by  lat.  31° 
30'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area,  3,704  square  miles. 
Population,  1,162,109. — 3.  The  capital  of  the 
Panjab,  and  of  the  district  and  division  of 
Lahore,  situated  near  the  Ravi  in  lat.  31°  35' 
N.,  long.  74°  20'  E.  It  is  an  important  seat  of  trade, 
and  contains  various  educational  institutions.  There  are 
notable  buildings  here  and  in  the  vicinity,  including  the 
tomb  of  Jahangir  and  the  garden  of  Shah  Jehan.  Lahore 
was  long  noted  for  its  carpets.  It  was  held  by  the  Qhaz- 
nevids  from  1023  to  1186  ; was  sacked  by  the  Mongols  in 
1241 ; was  taken  by  Baber  in  1522  ; became  a Mogul  capi- 
tal under  Akbar ; was  flourishing  under  the  Moguls  and 
under  Ranjit  Singh  ; was  occupied  by  the  British  in  1846; 
and  was  annexed  by  them  in  1849.  Population,  including 
cantonment,  202,964. 

Lahr  (lar).  A town  in  the  circle  of  Offenburg, 
Baden,  situated  on  the  Scbutter  17  miles  south 
by  east  of  Strasburg.  It  manufactures  tobacco, 
cigars,  etc.  Population,  commune,  14,752. 
Laianas.  Same  as  Layanas.  See  Guanas. 
Laibach,  or  Laybach  (li'bach).  [Slovenian 
Ljubljana,  It.  Lubiana.']  The  capital  of  Carai- 
ola,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Laibach 
in  lat.  46°  3'  N.,  long.  14°  31'  E. : the  ancient 
Emona.  It  has  a castle  and  a cathedral.  It  was  sacked 
by  the  Huns  in  the  5th  century,  and  by  the  Magyars  in  900; 
passed  to  the  Hapsburgs  in  1276 ; and  was  the  capital  of 
the  Illyrian  Provinces  1809-13,  and  of  the  kingdom  of  Il- 
lyria 1815-49.  Population,  41,711,  (1910). 

Laibach,  Congress  of.  A meeting,  Jam- 
May,  1821,  of  the  emperors  of  Russia  aDd  Aus- 
tria, the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  the  Duke  of 
Modena, and  representatives  from  France, Great 


Laibach,  Congress  of 

Britain,  Prussia,  Sardinia,  etc.,  at  which  armed 
intervention  was  resolved  on  for  the  repression 
of  the  revolutions  in  Piedmont  and  Naples. 

Laidley  Worm  of  Spindlestonheugh,  The.  A 

ballad  by  Duncan  Frasier  of  Cheviot,  made  in 
1270.  The  story  is  of  an  enchanted  lady  who  could  only 
be  released  from  the  form  of  a “laidley  worm  ” or  ‘ loath- 
some serpent”  by  a knight  brave  enough  to  give  her  three 
kisses.  The  same  story  exists  in  other  forms  as  “The 
Worme  of  Lambton,”  “The  Lambton  Worm  of  Durham,” 
“Kempion,”  and  other  old  ballads.  “The  name  ‘Kempion’ 
is  itself  a monument  of  the  relation  of  our  ballads  to  the 
‘Ksempeviser.’”  (Child.)  The  version  preserved  in  Child’s 
“ English  and  Scottish  Ballads”  is  by  Mr.  Robert  Lambe, 
vicar  of  Norham : some  of  the  stanzas,  however,  are  of 
older  origin. 

Laigle  ( lagl).  A manufacturing  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Orne,  Normandy,  France,  33  miles 
northeast  of  Alengon.  Population,  commune, 
5,242. 

Laila  (ll'la)  and  Majmm  (mej-non').  A hero- 
ine and  hero  of  Arab  romance,  whose  story  has 
been  versified  by  several  Persian  poets,  notably 
by  Nizami  (1141-1202).  Kals (called  Majnun,  ‘mad,’ 
after  his  love  cost  him  his  reason)  was  the  son  of  a proud 
chief ; Laila,  a member  of  ahumble  tribe.  Chancing  to  see 
Laila,  Kais  loved  her  and  sought  her  in  a search  in  whicli 
he  became  mad.  His  father  at  last  discovered  the  strong- 
hold of  Laila’s  father,  and  asked  her  hand  for  his  son ; but 
the  father  refused  to  wed  his  daughter  to  a madman, 
Laila  goes  forth  hoping  to  encounter  Majnun  wandering 
in  search  of  her,  and  is  seen  by  a prince,  Ibn  Salam,  whom 
her  father  compels  her  to  wed.  Laila  is  imprisoned  by  Ibn 
Salam,  but  escapes  and  meets  Majnun  in  the  desert.  Not 
able  now  to  make  her  his  wife,  he  sends  her  back.  She 
dies  of  grief,  and  Majnun  also  a little  later  at  her  grave. 
Majnun  is  buried  beside  her.  Zaid,  Laila's  faithful  page, 
sees  a vision  of  the  lovers  happy  in  paradise. 

Laing  (lang),  Alexander  Gordon.  Born  Dec. 
27,  1793:  murdered  by  Arabs  near  Timbuktu, 
Sept.  26,  1826.  An  English  soldier  and  African 
explorer. 

Laing,  Samuel.  Born  at  Kirkwall,  Orkney,  Oct. 
4,  1780 : died  at  Edinburgh,  April  23,  1868.  A 
Scottish  author  and  traveler.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1805,  and  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  under  Sir 
Arthur  Wellesley  and  Sir  John  Moore.  In  1834,  on  the  fail- 
ure of  his  business,  he  left  Orkney  and  traveled  in  Norway 
and  Sweden.  He  published  the  “Journal  of  a Residence 
in  Norway  during  the  Years  1834-1835  and  1836  ”(1836), 
“ A Tour  in  Sweden  ’’(London,  1839).  In  1844  he  published 
his  most  important  work,  the  translation  of  the  “ Heims- 
kringla  or  Icelandic  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  Norway” 
with  a “ Preliminary  Dissertation  ” (1844  : revised  by  Ras- 
mus B.  Anderson  1889). 

Laing’s  Neck.  A pass  in  the  Drakenberg, 
South  Africa : the  scene  of  a Boer  victory  over 
the  British  Jan.  28,  1881. 

Laird  (lard),  Macgregor.  Born  at  Greenock, 
1808:  died  Jan.  9,  1861.  A Scottish  African 
explorer,  younger  sou  of  William  Laird,  ship- 
builder and  founder  of  the  Birkenhead  house  of 
Laird.  He  dissolved  partnership  with  his  father  to  as- 
sist in  forming  a company  in  Liverpool  to  develop  com- 
merce on  the  river  Niger. 

Lais  (la/is).  [Gr.  Aatf.]  The  name  of  two  Greek 
courtezans  celebrated  for  their  beauty.  Theelder, 
probably  a native  of  Corinth,  lived  in  the"  5tli  century 
B.  c.,  and  was  famous  for  the  beauty  of  her  form  and  for 
her  vices.  She  died  at  Corinth,  where  a monument  (a 
lioness  tearing  a ram)  was  erected  to  her.  The  younger 
(born  probably  in  Hyccara,  in  Sicily,  and  brought  to  Cor- 
inth when  a child)  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  4th  century 
ii.  o.  Apelles  is  said  to  have  induced  her  to  follow  the 
life  of  a courtezan.  She  was  slain  in  Thessaly  by  some 
women  whose  jealousy  she  had  aroused. 

Lais,  or  Laish.  See  Dan,  3. 

Laius  (la'yus).  [Gr.  Aaiof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a king  of  Thebes,  husband  of  Jocaste  and  father 
of  (Edipus. 

Laiyang  (11-yang').  A city  in  the  province  of 
Shantung,  China,  about  lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long. 
120°  50'  E.  Population,  estimated,  50,000. 
Laieunesse.  See  Albani. 

Lajeunesse  (la-zhe-nes'),  Gabriel.  The  lover 
of  Evangeline  in  Longfellow’s  poem  of  that 
name. 

Lake  (lak),  Gerard,  Viscount  Lake.  Born  July 
27,  1744:  died  at  London,  Feb.  20,  1808.  Ail 
English  general.  He  commanded  a brigade  against  the 
French  in  Holland  in  1793  ; was  commander-in-chief  in 
Ireland  1797-98  ; became  commander-in-chief  in  India  in 
1800  ; gained  the  victories  of  Aligarh  and  Laswari  in  In- 
dia in  1803 ; captured  Delhi  and  Agra  in  1803 ; and  com- 
manded against  Holkar  1804-05. 

Lakedaimon.  See  Lacedaemon. 

Lake  District.  A region  in  Westmoreland 
and  Cumberland,  England,  which  abounds  in 
lakes  inclosed  by  mountains.  The  lakes  include 
Windermere, Ulswater,  Derwentwater,  and  Bassenthwaite 
Water;  and  Skiddaw,  Helvellyn,  and  Scafell  Pike  are  the 
principal  mountains.  The  district  is  a celebrated  tourist 
center,  and  is  associated  with  the  poetry  of  Wordsworth. 

Lake  of  the  Thousand  Lakes.  A name  given 
to  Lake  Saima  in  Finland. 

Lake  of  the  Woods.  A lake  on  the  frontier 
between  Minnesota  and  Canada.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Winnipeg  River. 


586 

Lake  School.  In  English  literature,  a name 
given  to  a group  of  poets  iucluding  Words- 
worth, Coleridge,  and  Southey,  from  their  resi- 
dence in  or  connection  with  the  lake  country 
of  England  (Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  and 
Lancashire) : first  given  in  derision  in  the 
“ Edinburgh  Review.” 

Lake  state.  A name  sometimes  given  to  Michi- 
gan, which  borders  on  Lakes  Michigan,  Supe- 
rior, Huron,  St.  Clair,  and  Erie. 

Lakewood  (lak'wud).  A town  in  Ocean  County, 
New  Jersey,  31  miles  east  of  Trenton:  noted 
as  a winter  health-resort.  Pop.,  5,149,  (1910). 
Lakhimpur,  or  Luckimpur  (luk-im-por').  A 
district  m Assam,  British  India,  intersected  by 
latitude  26°  30'  N.,  longitude  95°  E.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Brahmaputra  River.  Area.,  4,529 
square  miles.  Population,  371,396. 

Lakhmids  (lak'midz),  Kingdom  of  the.  A 
medieval  realm  in  the  Euphrates  valley  (about 
500  a.  d.).  It  was  a dependency  of  the  new 
Persian  kingdom. 

Lakonike.  See  Laconia. 

Lakmiut  (lak'mut).  A division  of  the  Kala- 
pooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly on  Lakmiut  River,  Oregon,  but  since  1855 
on  Grande  Ronde  reservation.  Their  number  on 
the  reservation  was  28  iu  1905. 

Lakshmana  (laksh'ma-na).  [Skt.,  ‘having 
lucky  marks’;  from  lakshmdn,  mark,  sign.]  In 
Hindu  mythology,  son  of  Dasharatha  by  Sumi- 
tra,  and  twin  brother  of  Shatrughna  and  half- 
brother  and  special  friend  of  Rama.  One  eighth 
of  Vishnu's  divinity  was  manifest  in  him.  A fierce  war 
resulted  from  the  mutilation  by  Lakshmana  of  Shurpa- 
nakha,  Havana’s  sister,  who  had  attacked  Sitaon  being  re- 
pulsed by  both  Hama  and  Lakshmana.  When  Sita  was  car- 
ried off  by  Ravana,  Lakshmana  accompanied  Kama  in  the 
search  for  her.  He  broke  in  upon  Hama’s  interview  with 
Kala,  or  Time,  to  save  him  from  the  curse  of  Durvasas, 
knowing  that  it  would  be  fatal  to  do  so.  When  he  then 
retired,  resigned,  to  the  river  Sharayu,  the  gods  showered 
flowers  upon  him  and  bore  him  to  heaven. 

Lakshmi  (laksh'me).  [Skt.,  ‘mark,’  ‘sign’; 
with  or  without  pdpi,  ‘bad/  ‘a  bad  sign/  ‘mis- 
fortune’; in  the  older  language  usually  with 
punya,  ‘prosperous/  ‘a  good  sign/  ‘good  for- 
tune/ and  then  personified.]  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, the  goddess  of  fortune,  wife  of  Vishnu  and 
mother  of  Kama.  The  Ramayana  describes  her  as 
springing  like  Aphrodite  from  the  foam  of  the  ocean  when 
it  was  churned  by  the  gods  and  Asuras.  (See  Kurina  Ava- 
tar.) She  appeared  in  full  beauty  with  a lotus  in  her 
hand.  Another  legend  represents  her  as  floating  on  alotus 
flower  at  the  creation.  She  is  said  to  have  four  arms, 
typifying  her  bounty,  but  is  generally  depicted  with  only 
two,  as  the  type  of  beauty,  and  holding  a lotus.  The  theory 
of  incarnation  identifies  her  with  the  wives  respectively  of 
Parashurama,  Ramachandra,  and  Krishna. 

Lalande  (la-lohd'),  Joseph  Gerome  Lefran- 
gais  de.  Bom  at  Bourg,  Ain,  Prance,  July  11. 
1732:  died  at  Paris,  April  4,  1807.  A noted 
French  astronomer,  appointed  professor  at  the 
College  de  France  in  1762.  He  wrote  “ Trait  6 
d’astronomie  ” (1764),  etc. 

Lalitavistara  (la-li-ta-vis'ta-ra).  [Skt.,  ‘sim- 
ple,artless  detail.’]  The  standard  Sanskrit  work 
of  the  northern  Buddhists  on  the  life  of  Buddha. 
It  is  full  of  extravagant  fictions  in  his  honor,  hut  is  of 
value  in  the  comparison  of  the  later  Northern  and  earlier 
Southern  traditions.  It  was  probably  composed  in  Nepal 
and  by  some  Buddhist  poet  who  lived  between  600  and 
1,000  years  after  the  death  of  the  Buddha.  It  is  partly  in 
prose,  partly  in  verse,  and  brings  the  life  only  to  the  time 
of  Buddha’s  appearance  as  a teacher. 

Lalitpur,  or  Luliitpur  (lul-lit-por').  A sub- 
division of  the  Jhansi  district  in  the  United 
Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
24°  30'  N.,  long.  78°  30'  E.  Area,  1,945  square 
miles. 

Laila  Rookh  (lal'a.  rok).  A poem  by  Thomas 

Moore.  It  was  composed  about  1815,  and  published  in 
1817.  It  is  a series  of  four  Eastern  stories  connected  with 
a slight  prose  narrative  showing  how  these  poems  were 
recited  to  please  Laila  Bookh,  an  Indian  princess,  on  her 
journey  to  meet  her  betrothed,  the  Sultan  of  Bucharia,  in 
the  vale  of  Cashmere.  (See  Feramorz.)  Fdlicien  David 
produced  an  opera  “Laila  Roukh,” founded  on  this  poem, 
in  1862.  The  words  were  by  Lucas  and  Carr£.  Rubinstein 
also  composed  one,  produced  in  1863.  A number  of  other 
musical  compositions  have  been  based  on  it,  such  as 
Schumann's  “Das  Paradies  und  die  Peri’’  and  Sterndale 
Bennett’s  “Paradise  and  the  Peri.” 

L’Allegro  (liil-la'gro).  A poem  by  Milton,  writ- 
ten about  1632. 

Lally  (la-le'),  Thomas  Arthur,  Baron  de  Tol- 
lendal,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Romaus  Drome  in 
Jan.,  1702:  beheaded  at  Paris,  May  9,  1766.  A 
French  general.  He  was  of  Irish  descent,  entered  in 
his  youth  an  Irish  regiment  in  the  French  service,  and  in 
1745  accompanied  the  pretender  Charles  Edward  to  Scot- 
land. He  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
French  East  Indies  in  1756,  and  in  1768  assumed  the  of- 
fensive in  the  war  with  the  English  in  India.  He  was,  how- 
ever, compelled  to  surrender  to  Sir  E.  Coote  in  1761,  after 
having  sustained  a siege  of  ten  months  at  Pondicherry. 


Lamas 

He  was  executed  by  order  of  the  parliament  of  Paris  on 
the  unj  ust  charge  of  treason  and  cowardice.  The  sentence 
was  aunuUed  by  Louis  XVI.  in  1778. 

Lally-Tollendal  (la-le'to-lon-dal'),  Trophime 
Gerard,  Marquis  de.  Born  at  Paris,  March  5, 
1751 : died  at  Paris,  March  11,  1830.  A French 
politician  and  litterateur,  son  of  Count  de  Lally. 
He  was  a member  of  the  National  Assembly  in 
1789. 

Lalo  (la-lo'),  Edouard.  Born  at  Lille,  Jan.  27, 
1823 : died  at  Paris,  April  22,  1892.  A French 
composer,  of  Spanish  parentage.  Among  his  com- 
positions  are  “Fiesque,"  “Namouna,"  and  “Le  roi  d'Ys,” 
also  a number  of  symphonies  and  concerted  pieces,  a 
divertissement  for  the  orchestra,  and  music  for  a Roman 
pantomime,  entitled  “ Ntron,"  for  the  Hippodrome. 

La-malle.  See  Chelamela. 

Lama-miao.  See  Dolon-nor. 

La  Mancha,  Don  Quixote  de.  See  Don  Quix- 
ote. 

Lamar,  or  Lamar  y Oortezar  (la-mar'  e kor-ta- 
thar'),  Jose.  Born  at  Cuenca  (now  in  Ecuador), 
1778:  died  at  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Oct.  11, 
1830.  A Spanish- American  general.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  governmental  junta  in  1822  ; commanded 
the  Peruvian  troops  at  Ayacucho  Dec.  9,  1824 ; and  on 
Aug.  24,  1827,  was  elected  president  of  Peru.  He  at  once 
demanded  and  obtained  the  deposition  of  Sucre,  president 
of  Bolivia ; provoked  a war  with  Colombia ; was  defeated 
near  Cuenca,  Feb.  26, 1829  ; and  on  June  7,  1829,  was  de- 
posed by  his  own  officers  and  exiled. 

Lamar  (la-mar'),  Lucius  Quintus  Cincinna- 
tus.  Born  in  Jasper  County,  Ga.,  Sept.  1, 
1825:  died  at  Macon,  Ga.,  Jan.  23,  1893.  An 
American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was  a Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Mississippi  1857-61; 
served  in  the  Confederate  military  and  diplomatic  service 
during  the  Civil  War;  was  a member  of  Congress  from 
Mississippi  1873-77 ; was  a United  States  senator  1877-85 ; 
was  secretary  of  the  interior  1885-88  ; and  was  appointed 
an  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  1888. 

Lamar,  Mirabeau  Buonaparte.  Born  at  Louis- 
ville, Ga.,  Aug.  16,  1798:  died  at  Richmond, 
Texas,  Dee.  19, 1859.  An  American  politician 
and  diplomatist,  president  of  Texas  1838-41. 
Lamarck  (la-mark'),  Jean  Baptiste  Pierre 
Antoine  de  Monet  de.  Bom  at  Bazentin, 
Somme,  France,  Aug.  1,  1744 : died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  18,  1829.  A celebrated  French  naturalist. 
He  entered  the  military  service  in  1760 ; soon  abandoned 
this  for  the  study  of  medicine  and  the  natural  sciences  ; 
edited  for  several  years  the  “Annuaire  M^tdorologique  ” ; 
then  devoted  himself  to  botany  and  published  “ Flore  fran- 
gaise  ’’  (1773) ; and  in  1792  became  professor  of  natuial  his- 
tory at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes.  During  the  last  17  years 
of  his  life  he  was  blind.  His  chief  works  are  “Histoire 
naturelle  des  animaux  sans  vertebres”  (1815-22)  and  “Phi- 
losophie  zoologique  ” (1809).  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  doctrine  of  biological  evolution,  but  differed  from 
the  modern  (Darwinian)  theory  especially  in  his  view  of 
the  part  played  by  “ appetency  ” and  the  active  exertion 
of  the  organism. 

La  Marck,  Robert  de.  See  Fleuranges. 

La  Marck,  William  de.  See  March. 

La  Marmora,  or  Lamarmora  (la-mar'mo-ra), 
Marchese  di  (Alfonso  Ferrero).  Born  at  Tu- 
rin, Nov.  18,  1804 : died  at  Florence,  Jan.  5, 
1878.  An  Italian  general  and  statesman.  He 
served  in  the  war  with  Austria  184S-49 ; was  minister  of 
war  1848  and  1849-55  ; commanded  the  Sardinian  contin- 
gent in  the  Crimea  1855 ; was  minister  of  war  1856-59 ; 
served  at  Solferino  in  1859;  was  premier  1859-60  and  1864- 
1866 ; and  was  chief  of  staff  in  1866. 

Lamarque  (la-mark'),  Comte  Maximilian. 
Born  at  St. -Sever,  Landes,  France,  July  22, 
1770:  died  at  Paris,  June  1,  1832.  A French 
general  and  politician.  His  funeral,  which  the  re- 
publicans desired  to  utilize  as  an  occasion  for  a public 
demonstration,  gave  rise  to  an  insurrection  in  Paris. 

Lamartine  (la -mar -ten'),  Alphonse  Marie 
Louis.  Born  at  Macon,  Oct.  21,  1790 : died 
at  Paris,  March  1, 1869.  A celebrated  French 
poet.  Standing  midway  between  the  agesof  classical  and 
Romantic  literature,  Lamartine  combined  a modern  spirit 
with  the  old  form  of  expression.  He  rauks  with  Victor 
Hugo  and  Alfred  de  Musset  among  the  foremost  poets  of 
the  19th  century.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  was  sent  to  for- 
eign countries  to  complete  his  education.  During  a great 
part  of  the  time  he  was  away  he  lived  in  Italy.  Lamartine’s 
first  work  “ Meditat  ions  podtiques  ” (1820)  was  epoch-mak- 
ing in  the  history  of  the  new  Romantic  school.  Its  success 
was  immediate  : it  went  rapidly  through  thirty  editions. 
The  elegy  “ Lelac  ” is  one  of  the  most  perfect  compositions 
of  its  kind  in  French  literature.  Further  poetic  writings 
are  “Les  nouvelles  meditations”  (1823),  “La  inort  de  So- 
crate ” (1S23),  “Dernier chant  du  pelerinage de Childe Har- 
old ” (1825),  “Harmonies  po^tiques  et  religieuses"  (1829X 
“Jocelyn  ”(1836), “La  chute  d’un  ange  ” (183s),“Recueille- 
ments  poetiques  ” (1S39).  In  prose  Lamartine  wrote  “ Le 
voyage  en  Orient”  (1835),  “ Histoire  des  Girondins"  (1847), 
“ Histoire  de  la  revolution  de  fevrier  ” (1849),  “ Graziella  " 
(1852),  “Histoire  de  la  restauration ’’  (1861-63),  and  many 
other  works,  remarkable  at  least  for  their  style.  He  was 
intimately  connected  with  the  political  life  of  his  day,  and 
attained  great  success  as  an  orator.  He  was  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  the  provisional  government  of  1848.  He 
was  received  into  the  French  Academy  in  1830. 

Lamas  (la'mas),  Andrds.  Born  at  Montevideo, 
Nov.  30,  1817.  An  Uruguayan  historian  and 


Lamas 

statesman.  He  haa  held  various  high  civil  and  diplo- 
matic positions,  but  is  best  known  from  his  collection  of 
historical  documents,  portions  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished as  “ Coleccion  de  obras,  documentos,  etc. , para  servir 
& la  historia  del  Rio  de  la  Plata. " 

Lamb  (lam),  Lady  Caroline.  Born  Nov.  13, 1785: 
died  at  Melbourne  House,  Whitehall,  Jan.  26, 
1828.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick Pousonby,  third  earl  of  Bessborough.  In 
1805  she  married  William  Lamb  (afterward  Lord  Mel- 
bourne), from  whom  she  was  separated  in  1825.  She  was 
involved  in  intrigues  with  Byron,  who  left  her  in  1813.  She 
wrote  “ Glenarvon  "(1816),  which  contained  a caricature  of 
Byron,  “ A New  Canto  ” (1819),  “Graham  Hamilton  ” (1822), 
“ Ada  Reis : a Tale  ” (1823). 

Lamb,  Charles.  Born  in  Crown  Office  Row,  in 
the  Temple,  London,  Feb.  10, 1775 : died  at  Ed- 
monton, Dec.  27,  1834.  A noted  English  man 
of  letters,  critic,  and  humorist.  His  father,  John 
Lamb,  was  engaged  in  his  youth  in  domestic  service,  and 
became  the  clerk  of  a bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple.  In 
1782  Charles  entered  Christ’s  Hospital  (Blue-coat  School), 
where  he  remained  until  Nov.,  1789.  Samuel  TaylorCole- 
ridge  was  afellow-pupil  and  lifelong  friend.  In  1789  Lamb 
became  a clerk  in  the  South  Sea  House,  and  in  1792  in 
the  India  House.  The  Lambs  left  the  Temple,  and  in  1796 
lodged  in  Little  Queen  street,  Holborn.  In  1796  Mary  Lamb 
killed  her  mother  in  a fit  of  temporary  insanity,  and  was 
placed  under  the  guardianship  of  her  brother  Charles  (her 
father  being  almost  imbecile),  who  cared  for  her  during  the 
restof  his  life.  In  1796  Coleridge  published  in  “ Poeinson 
Various  Subjects"  four  sonnets  by  Charles  Lamb.  To  a 
second  edition  in  1797  Coleridge  added  poems  by  Charles 
Lamb  and  Charles  Lloyd.  In  1798  was  published  a little 
volume  of  blank  verse  by  Charles  Lamb  and  Charles 
Lloyd,  and  later  a “Tale  of  Rosamund  Gray  and  Old  Blind 
Margaret."  In  1802  appeared  “John  Woodvil,”  a play, 
showing  the  influence  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  and  the 
writers  of  that  period.  “Mr.  H.,”  a two-act  farce,  was  pro- 
duced at  Drury  Lane  Dec.  10, 1805,  and  hopelessly  damned. 
His  first  success  was  in  “Tales  from  Shakspere’'  (1807),  in 
which  Charles  did  the  tragedies  and  Mary  the  comedies. 
This  was  followed  by  “Specimens  of  English  Dramatic 
Poets  Contemporary  with  Shakspere  " (1808),  which  secured 
his  position  as  critic.  His  contributions  to  the  “ London 
Magazine”  Degan  with  “Recollections  of  the  South  Sea 
House, "Aug.,  1820,  signed  “Elia."  Twenty-five  essays  thus 
signed  were  published  in  1823  as  the  “Essays  of  Elia." 
In  1822  Charles  and  Mary  went  abroad.  In  March,  1825,  he 
was  retired  from  the  India  House  with  a pension  of  £441 
a year.  In  1833  were  published  the  “Last  Essays  of  Elia,” 
his  last  literary  work.  He  died  in  the  next  year.  His 
sister  survived  till  1847. 

Lamb,  Mrs.  (Martha  Joanna  Reade  Nash). 

Born  at  Plainfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1829:  died 
at  New  York,  Jan.  2,  1893.  An  American  his- 
torical and  miscellaneous  writer.  She  was  the  ed- 
itor of  the  “ Magazine  of  American  History  "from  1883,  and 
the  author  of  a “History  of  the  City  of  New  York"  (1877- 
1881),  etc. 

Lamb,  Mary  Ann.  Born  in  Crown  Office  Row, 
in  the  Temple,  London,  1764:  died  1847.  An 
English  author,  sister  of  Charles  Lamb  whom 
she  assisted  in  the  “Tales  from  Shakspere” 
(1807).  See  Lamb,  Charles. 

Lamb, William.  Born  March  15, 1779:  died  Nov. 
24,  1848.  An  English  Whig  statesman,  second 
Viscount  Melbourne.  He  was  home  secretary  under 
Grey  1830-34,  and  was  prime  minister  July  17-Nov.  15, 
1834,  and  April,  1835, -Aug.,  1841. 

Larnballe  (lon-bal').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Cdtes-du-Nord,  Brittany,  France,  situa  ted  on 
the  Grouessant  12  miles  east-southeast  of  St.- 
Brieuc.  It  has  a church  of  Notre  Dame.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  4,562. 

Larnballe,  Princesse  de  (Marie  Therfese 
Louise  de  Savoie-Carignan).  Born  at  Turin, 
Sept.  8,  1749:  murdered  at  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1792. 
A French  princess,  the  daughter  of  the  Prince 
de  Carignan.  She  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  who  made  her  superintendent  of  the  royal 
household.  She  proved  her  loyalty  to  the  queen  by  re- 
turning to  France  from  England  after  the  unsuccessful 
flight  from  Versailles,  and  voluntarily  sharing  her  im- 
prisonment for  a week  in  the  Temple.  She  refused  on  Sept. 
3 to  take  the  oath  against  the  monarchy,  and  was  literally 
torn  to  pieces  by  the  mob  as  she  emerged  from  the  court- 
house. 

Lambe(lam),  John, called  Doctor  Lambe.  Died 
June  23, 1628.  An  English  astrologer,  a client 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  killed  by  a London 
mob  on  account  of  his  reputed  magicalinfluence 
over  the  duke  and  others. 

Lamber,  Juliette.  See  Adam,  Mmc.  Edmond. 
Lambert  (lam'bert),  Aylmer  Bourke.  Born 
at  Bath,  Feb.  2,  1761 : died  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1842.  An  English  botanist,  vice-president  of  the 
Linnean  Society.  He  was  the  author  of  works 
on  the  genera  Cinchona  (1797)  and  Finns  ( 1 803— 
1824),  etc. 

Lambert,  Daniel.  Born  at  Leicester,  March  13, 
1770  : died  at  Stamford,  July  21, 1809.  An  Eng- 
lishman celebrated  for  his  corpulency.  At  his 
death  he  was  5 feet  11  inches  in  height,  and 
weighed  739  pounds. 

Lambert,  John  (originally  John  Nicholson). 

Burned  at  Smithfield,  Nov.,  1538.  An  English 
priest  and  Protestant  martyr,  tried  before  the 


587 

king  and  peers  Nov.  16,  1538,  and  condemned 
for  denying  the  real  presence. 

Lambert,  John.  Born  atCalton,  near  Malham 
Tarn,  Yorkshire,  1619  (baptized  Nov.  7):  died 
1683.  An  English  general,  distinguished  in  the 
Parliamentary  service  in  the  civil  war.  He  served 
as  colonel  under  Fairfax  1643-44 ; took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Marston  Moor ; was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a regi- 
ment of  foot  in  the  “New  Model”  Jan.,  1646;  played  a 
prominent  part  as  leader  of  the  discontented  officers  in 
the  disputes  between  the  army  and  Parliament  in  1647; 
was  made  general  of  the  northern  army  in  Aug.,  1647 ; 
served  against  the  Scots  in  1648  (at  Preston  Aug.  17-19); 
received  the  surrender  of  Pontefract  March  22,  1649 ; and 
served  as  second  in  command  under  Cromwell  in  Scotland 
1650,  and  at  Worcester  1651.  He  became  influential  on 
the  appointment  of  Cromwell  as  Protector ; was  a member 
of  his  council  of  state ; advocated  the  making  of  the  pro- 
tectorshipi hereditary ; and  attained  great  civil  and  military 
influence  in  the  state.  But  he  refused  to  assent  to  the  pro- 
posed assumption  by  Cromwell  of  the  title  of  king ; de- 
clined to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  required  by  Parlia- 
ment June  24,  1657 ; and  resigned  his  commission  July, 
1657.  After  Cromwell’s  death  he  entered  Parliament, 
regained  in  great  measure  his  influence  with  the  army  and 
in  the  state,  and  defeated  Sir  George  Booth  at  Winwick 
Bridge  Aug.  19,  1659.  He  was  cashiered  Oct.  12, 1659,  re- 
belled, intimidated  Parliament,  and  became  major-general 
of  the  army,  member  of  the  committee  of  safety,  and  the 
principal  man  in  the  state.  When  Monk  declared  for  the 
Parliament,  Lambert  marched  against  him,  but  his  army 
went  to  pieces  and  he  was  deprived  of  all  his  commands. 
At  the  Restoration  he  was  tried  and  exiled  to  Germany. 
In  1667  he  was  transferred  to  the  island  of  St.  Nicholas  in 
Plymouth  Sound. 

Lambert,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Tisbury,  Wiltshire, 
Feb.  4, 1815:  died  at  London,  Jan.  27, 1892.  An 
English  lawyer,  politician,  and  writer  on  music. 
He  wrote  a “Grammarof  Plain  Chant,”  “Music 
of  the  Middle  Ages,”  etc. 

Lambessa  (lam-bes'sa),  or  Lamb&se  (lon-baz'). 
A small  town  in  the  province  of  Constantine, 
Algeria,  63  miles  south-southwest  of  Constan- 
tine : the  ancient  Lambfesa,  or  Lambese,  and 
native  Tazzut.  It  contains  a convict  establishment 
(since  1850).  It  was  an  old  Roman  military  station,  and  con- 
tains important  remains  of  antiquity.  The  Roman  pre- 
torium  is  arectangular  building  90  feet  long, 65  wide,  and  49 
high.  The  entrance  is  on  the  north  : it  is  flanked  by  two 
smaller  arches,  and  adorned  with  detached  columns  and 
niches  for  statues.  The  south  side  had  a fine  Corinthian 
portico,  with  pilasters  on  the  wall  corresponding  to  the 
columns,  and  there  were  porticos  also  on ‘the  east  and 
west  sides.  The  interior  forms  a great  hall,  with  archi- 
tectural decoration  on  the  walls.  A temple  of  Jupiter, 
with  octastyle  fagade,  has  lately  been  excavated,  and  a 
triumphal  arch  of  Commodus  survives  almost  entire. 
Lambeth  (lam'beth ).  A metropolitan  and  par- 
liamentary borough  of  London,  situated  south 
of  the  Thames.  It  contains  Lambeth  Palace.  The  bor- 
ough returns  4 members  to  Parliament.  Population, 
298,126,  (1911). 

Lambeth,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded  at 
Lambeth  in  1217  between  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke and  Prince  Louis  (Louis  VIII.  of  France), 
whereby  the  latter  agreed  to  leave  England. 
Lambeth  Articles.  Nine  articles  drawn  up  at 
Lambeth  in  1595,  intended  to  embody  the  Cal- 
vinistic  doctrine  respecting  predestination,  jus- 
tification, etc.  They  were  never  approved  by  the  church 
in  any  regular  synod,  and  therefore  possess  no  ecclesiasti- 
cal authority. 

Lambeth  Palace.  The  city  residence  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  situated  in  Lambeth, 
near  the  Thames,  14  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Paul’s.  It  was  acquired  by  the  archbishops  in  1197.  The 
present  building  was  commenced  in  the  13th  century.  It 
contains  a valuable  library.  . 

Lambinet  (lon-be-na'),  Emile  Charles.  Born 
at  Versailles,  Jan.  13,  1815:  died  at  Bougival, 
Jan.  1, 1878.  A noted  French  landscape-painter. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Boiselier,  Drolling,  and  Hor- 
ace Vemet. 

Lambruschini  (lam-bros-ke'ne),  Luigi.  Born 
at  Genoa,  May  16,  1776:  died  at  Rome,  May  12, 
1854.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  politician,  min- 
ister and  state  councilor  under  Gregory  XVI. 
and  Pius  IX. 

Lambton  (lam'ton),  John  George,  first  Earl  of 
Durham.  Born  at  London,  April  12, 1792 : died 
at  Cowes,  Isle  of  Wight,  July  28, 1840.  An  Eng- 
lish Whig  politician  and  diplomatist,  created  Ba- 
ron Durham  in  1828,  and  earl  of  Durham  in  1833. 
He  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  1813-28 ; was  appointed 
lord  privy  seal  Nov.  22, 1830;  took  part  in  the  preparation 
of  the  first,  reform  bill ; was  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
St.  Petersburg  July,  1832,  and  to  Vienna  and  Berlin  Sept., 
1832;  was  minister  to  St.  Petersburg  1836-37;  and  was 
made  high  commissioner  for  the  settlement  of  certain  Ca- 
nadian questions,  and  governor-general  of  the  British 
provinces  in  North  America,  March  31, 1838.  He  resigned 
in  1838. 

Lamech  (la'mek).  In  Old  Testament  history: 
(a)  The  son  of  Methusael,  a descendant  of  Cain, 
and  the  father  of  Tubal-Cain.  His  address  to 
his  wives  (Gen.  iv.  23,  24)  is  probably  the  oldest 
extant  Hebrew  poetry.  (6)  The  sou  of  Methu- 
selah, seventh  in  descent  from  Seth,  and  father 
of  Noah. 


Lamont 

Lamego  (la-ma'go).  A town  in  the  district  of 
Vizeu,  province  of  Beira,  Portugal,  46  miles  east 
of  Oporto.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  alleged  con- 
stitutional cortes  of  1143.  It  has  a cathedral. 

Lame  Lover,  The.  A comedy  by  Foote,  pro- 
duced in  1770. 

Lamennais  (la-me-na/),  Felicite  Robert  de. 

Born  at  St.  Malo,  June  19, 1782:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  27, 1854.  A French  writer  and  philosopher. 
From  earliest  infancy  he  was  dwarfed  in  stature,  nervous, 
and  irritable.  He  studied  under  his  uncle’s  guidance, 
and  taught  himself  Greek,  Latin,  and  several  modern  lan- 
guages. In  time  he  became  strongly  attracted  by  the  philo- 
sophical teachingsof  the  18th  century,  especially  those  of  .1. 
J.  Rousseau.  Afterpublishingan essay,  “Lesphilosophes,” 
in  1802,  he  went  to  live  for  a while  in  the  retirement  of  his 
native  region.  His  “Reflexions  sur  TOtat  de  l’dglise  en 
France  pendant  le  XVIII°  sifecle,  et  sur  sa  situation  ac  tuelle’  ’ 
appeared  in  1808,  but  was  suppressed  by  the  police  until  1814. 
In  1S11  he  taught  mathematics  in  the  Seminary  of  St. 
Malo ; the  following  year  he  took  the  first  orders,  and  in 
1816  became  a priest.  He  published  the  first  volume 
of  his  great  work  “Essai  sur  l’indiffdrence  en  matifere  de 
religion  ” in  1817 ; the  second  volume  is  dated  1820,  and  the 
third  and  fourth  are  from  1822-23.  With  a view  to  spread 
his  religious  ideas,  he  founded  a paper  “L’Avenir"  (1830). 
His  doctrines  favoring  freedom  in  religious  matters  were 
not  approved  by  the  clergy,  and  his  fearless  utterances  led 
to  frequent  censure  and  condemnation  before  the  courts. 
In  1848  he  founded  a new  paper,  “Le  Peuple  Constituant.” 
His  last  appearance  as  a political  writer  was  in  connection 
with  his  management  of  the  journal  “LaRdforme.”  Among 
Lamennais’s  works  are  “Melanges  religieux  et  philoso- 
phiques”  (1819-35),  “ Les  paroles  d’un  croyant,”  “ Le  livre 
du  peuple  ”(1837),  “Questions  politiques  etphilosophiques” 
(1840),“L’Esquisse  d’une  philosophic  "(1842  46).  His  “Dis- 
cussions critiques”  came  out  in  1856,  and  likewise  his 
translation  of  Dante’s  “ Divina  Commedia.” 

Lamentation  of  Mary  Magdalen.  A spurious 
poem  introduced  in  the  early  editions  of  Chau- 
cer. It  was  inserted  under  the  impression  that  it  was  the 
lost  “ Origenes  upon  the  Maudeleyne,"  which  was  prob- 
ably a translation  from  a piece  attributed  to  Origen.  This 
idea  arose  from  Chaucer's  lines  in  the  prologue  to  the  “Le- 
gend of  Good  Women,” 

“He  made  also,  goone  is  a greatt  while, 

Origenes  upon  the  Maudelain.” 

Lamentations  (lam-en-ta'shonz).  A book  of 
the  Old  Testament  of  which  the  authorship  is 
by  tradition  ascribed  to  the  prophet  Jeremiah. 
It  comprises  five  dirges.  Its  date  and  author- 
ship are  matters  of  dispute. 

Lamettrie,  or  La  Mettrie  (la  me-tre'),  Julien 
Off  ray  de.  Born  at  St.-Malo,  France,  Dec.  25, 
1709  : died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  11,  1751.  A French 
materialist.  He  wrote  “Histoire  naturelle  de  lYuue  ” 
(1745:  ostensibly  translated  from  the  English),"  La  faculty 
veng^e  ” (1747 : a satirical  comedy),  “ L’Homme  machine” 
(1748),  “ L’Homme  plante  ” (1748),  “ Reflexions  philoso- 
phiques  sur  l’origine  des  animaux  ” (1750),  “ Les  animaux 
plusquemachines”(1750),  etc.  He  was  the  (eaderof  French 
materialism  in  its  most  extreme  form,  and  was  persecuted 
for  his  opinions.  He  was  driven  from  France  to  Holland, 
and  thence  to  Prussia,  where  he  found  an  asylum  with 
Frederick  the  Great. 

Lamia  (la'ini-a).  [Gr.  Aa/u'a.]  The  capital  of 
the  nomarchy  of  Phthiotis,  Greece,  situated 
in  lat.  38°  54'  N.,  long.  22°  27'  E.  It  was  an 
ancient  city  of  Malis.  The  modern  name  was  until  re- 
cently Zituni,  but  the  old  name  has  been  restored.  An- 
tipater was  besieged  here  323  B.  C.  Population,  9,685. 

Lamia.  1.  In  classical  mythology:  (a)  A 
daughter  of  Poseidon,  the  mother  of  the  sibyl 
Herophile.  (6)  The  daughter  of  Belus.  She  was 
a Libyan  queen,  beloved  by  Zeus,  and  transformed  through 
Juno’s  jealousy  into  a hideous  child-devouring  monster. 

Lilith,  the  nocturnal  female  vampire  of  the  Hebrews, 
mentioned  in  Isaiah,  is  rendered  Lamia  in  the  Vulgate. 
In  the  plural  (Lamise),  they  appear  to  have  corresponded, 
very  nearly,  to  the  witches  of  the  Middle  Ages,  who,  in- 
deed, were  then  frequently  called  Lamias.  Keats’s  poem 
of  “ Lamia  ” (1820),  in  which  the  bride,  recognized  by  the 
keen-eyed  sage,  returns  to  her  original  serpent-form,  rep- 
resents another  of  the  superstitions  attached  to  the  race. 

B.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust,  Pt.  II. 

2.  A celebrated  Athenian  courtezan,  in  the  sea- 
fight  off  Salamis  306  B.  c.  she  fell  into  the  hands  of  Deme- 
trius and  captivated  him.  Her  sway  was  unbroken  for 
many  years,  and  she  was  noted  for  her  extravagance.  The 
Athenians  and  Thebans  consecrated  temples  in  her  honor 
under  the  name  of  Aphrodite. 

Lamian  War.  A war  in  which  Athens  and  its 
allies  were  defeated  by  Macedonia  under  An- 
tipater, 323-322  B.  C. : so  named  from  the  siege 
of  Lamia  by  the  allies. 

Lammermuir(lam-mer-mur,),orLammermoor 

(lam-mer-mor'),  Hills.  A range  of  low  moun- 
tains in  the  counties  of  Edinburgh,  Berwick, 
and  Haddington,  Scotland,  extending  to  the 
North  Sea. 

Lammle  (lam'l),  Alfred.  In  Dickens’s  “ Our 
Mutual  Fri end, ’’amature  young  man,  a swindler 
and  fortune-hunter.  He  marries  Sophroma 
Akershem,  each  of  the  pair  believing,  mis- 
takenly, that  the  other  was  wealthy. 

Lammle,  Mrs.  Alfred.  See  Lammle,  Alfred. 

Lamont  (la'mont),  Johann  von.  Born  at 
Braemar,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  Dec.  13, 
1805 : diod  at  Bogenliausen,  near  Munich,  Aug. 


Lamont 

6, 1879.  An  astronomer  and  magnetician,  direc- 
tor of  the  observatory  at  Bogenhausen.  He 
wrote  “Handbuch  desErdmagnetismns”  (1849), 
“ Handbuch  des  Magnetismus”  (1867),  etc. 
Lamoracke  (Lamerocke,  Lamorake,  etc.), 
Sir.  A Knight  of  the  Round  Table.  He  was  killed 
by  the  sons  of  King  Lot  for  adultery  with  their  mother. 

Lamorici&re  (la-m5-re-syar '),  Ghristophe  Leon 

Louis  Juchault  de.  Born  at  Nantes,  France, 
Feb.  5,  1806:  died  near  Amiens,  France,  Sept. 
11,  1865.  A noted  French  general.  He  entered 
the  array  as  an  engineer ; served  with  distinction  in  Alge- 
ria against  Abd-el-Kadir  ; was  military  governor  of  Paris 
from  Feb.  24  to  June  28,  1848,  and  minister  of  war  from 
June  28  to  Dec.  28  of  the  same  year;  and  was  deputy 
to  the  Legislative  Assembly  1849-51.  He  opposed  the 
schemes  of  Louis  Napoleon,  and  was  arrested  Dec.  2, 1851, 
imprisoned,  and  then  banished.  As  commanderof  the  pa- 
pal forces  he  was  defeated  at  Castelfldardo,  Sept,  18, 1860. 

Lamothe  (la-mot'),  Pierre  Alexandre  Bessot 

de.  Born  at  P6rigueux,  Jan.  8,  1823:  died  at 
Villeneuve-l&s- Avignon,  France,  Oct.,  1897.  A 
French  novelist.  He  is  well  known  for  his  series  of 
romances  for  the  young,  which  have  been  translated  into 
a number  of  languages.  Among  his  other  works  are 
“Coutumes  de  Saint  Gilles  au  XlVe  si£cle  ” (1873),  “ Exe- 
cutions de  Camisards  faites  it  Nimes  de  1702  a 1705" 
(1875),  “Histoire  populaire  de  la  Prnsse”  (1872),  etc. 

LaMotte(la  mot),  Antoine  Houdart  de.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  17, 1672:  died  there,  Dec.  26, 1731. 
A French  poet  and  critic.  He  wrote  “ L'Europe  ga- 
lante,”  a ballet  (1697),  “ Scanderbeg,"  a lyrical  tragedy 
(1735),  “Infes  de  Castro,”  a tragedy  in  one  act,  in  verse 
(1723),  “Fables,”  etc. 

La  Motte-Fouque.  See  Fouque. 

Lampadion  (lam-pa/di-on).  The  conventional 
name  of  a lively,  hot-tempered  courtezan  in 
later  Greek  comedy. 

Lampatho  (lam-pa'tho).  In  Marston’s  play 
“ What  You  Will,”  a cynical  observer  intended 
to  represent  Marston  "himself. 

Lampe  (liim'pe),  John  Frederick.  Born  at 
Helmstadt,  Germany,  about  1703 : died  at  Edin- 
burgh, July  25, 1751.  A German  musician  resi- 
dent in  Great  Britain  from  about  1725,  noted 
as  a bassoonist  and  composer.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  music  for  several  successful  burlesque  operas  and 
masks,  and  for  songs  and  hymns. 

Lampedusa  (lam-pa-do'sa).  A small  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  eastof  Tunis,  situatedinlat. 
35°  30'  N.,long.  12°  36'  E.:  the  ancient  Lopa- 
dussa.  It  belongs  to  the  Italian  province  of  Cirgenti. 
This  is  one  of  the  islands  said  to  be  the  original  of  Shak- 
spere’s  “uninhabited  island”  in  “The  Tempest.” 
Lampertheim  (lam'pert-hlm).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  5 miles 
southeast  of  Worms. 

Lamprecht  (lam'precht),  called  “The  Priest.” 
The  date  and  place  of  his  birth  and  death  un- 
known. A Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He 
wrote,  about  1130,  the  “Alexanderlied  ’’(‘‘Song  of  Alexan- 
der "),  a free  version  of  a French  poem  by  Aubrey  de  Besan- 
con,  whose  subject  is  the  life  and  deeds  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  It  was  published  at  Vienna  in  1860,  and  at  Halle  in 
1884. 

Lampridius  (lam-prid'i-us),  .Allius.  Lived  in 
the  first  part  of  the  4th  century.  One  of  the 
writers  of  the  “Augustan  History”  (which  see). 
LampsacUS(lamp'sa-kus).  [Gr.  Aa^a/cof.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  of  Mysia,  Asia  Minor, 
situated  on  the  Hellespont  in  lat.  40°  20'  N., 
long.  26°  39'  E.,  colonized  by  Ionian  Greeks. 
Lanai  (la'nl).  One  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  7 
miles  west  of  Maui.  Length,  18  miles. 
Lanark  (lan'ark).  1.  An  inland  county  of  Scot- 
land, lying  between  Dumbarton  and  Stirling  on 
the  north,  Linlithgow,  Edinburgh,  Peebles,  and 
Dumfries  on  the  east,  Dumfries  on  the  south, 
and  Dumfries,  Ayr,  Renfrew,  and  Dumbarton  on 
the  west.  It  is  divided  into  the  tipper,  Middle,  and 
Bower  Wards.  The  city  of  Glasgow  is  in  the  Lower  Ward. 
Lanark  is  mountainous  in  the  south  and  east ; is  traversed 
by  the  Clyde  ; and  has  important  manufactures.  Area,  879 
square  miles.  Population  (civil  county),  1,339,289. 

2.  The  county  town  of  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 
on  the  Clyde  22  miles  southeast  of  Glasgow. 
Near  it  are  the  Falls  of  the  Clyde.  William  Wallace  was 
in  hiding  near  the  town.  Robert  Owen  had  mills  on  the 
Clyde  in  its  neighborhood.  Population,  6,440. 
LaNavidad  (lana-ve-THaTH').  The  name  giv- 
en by  Columbus  to  the  fort  built  by  him  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Haiti,  in  Jan.,  1493.  In  it  he  left 
43  (or  36  7)  men,  constituting  the  first  Spanish  settlement  in 
the  New  World.  Before  his  return,  in  Nov.,  the  garrison 
had  all  been  killed  by  Indians,  and  the  fort  destroyed. 
The  site  was  then  abandoned  for  the  more  favorable  one  of 
Isabella.  La  Navidad  was  a short  distance  southeast  of  the 
present  town  of  Cap  Haitien. 

Lancashire(laug'ka-shir).  Amaritime  county  of 
northwestern  England.  It  comprises  a main  portion 
bounded  by  Westmoreland  on  the  north,  Yorkshire  on  the 
east,  Cheshire  on  the  south,  and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west, 
and  a detached  portion  (called  Furness)  west  of  Westmore- 
land. It  is  mountainous  and  picturesque  in  the  north  , is 
celebrated  for  the  production  of  coal,  for  commerce,  and  for 
manufactures  of  linen,  silk,  woolen,  etc.;  and  is  the  chief 


588 

seat  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  the  world.  It  contains 
the  cities  of  Liverpool  and  Manchester.  It  formed  part  of 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Strathclyde  ; was  made  a county 
palatine  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.;  and  sided  with  the 
Royalists  in  the  civil  war.  Area  (ad.  co.),  1,708  square 
miles.  Population  (pari.  co. ),  4,406,409. 

Lancashire  Witches,  The,  and  Tegue  O’Div- 
elly  the  Irish  Priest.  A comedy  by  Shadwell 
(1681).  Compare  Late  Lancashire  Witches. 

Lancaster  (lang'kas-ter).  [From  Lan  (Lime) 
and  ceaster,  camp.]  A seaport  and  the  county 
town  of  Lancashire,  situated  on  the  Lune  in 
lat.  54°  3'  N.,  long.  2°  47'  W.  Itcontains  a castle  on 
the  site  of  an  ancient  Roman  camp.  It  was  twice  burned 
by  the  Scots  In  the  14th  century ; was  taken  and  retaken  in 
the  civil  war ; and  was  entered  by  the  Jacobites  in  1715  and 
1745.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Whewell  and  Sir  Richard 
Owen.  Population,  40,329. 

Lancaster.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Fairfield 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Hocking  28  miles 
southeast  of  Columbus.  Population,  13,093, 
(1910). 

Lancaster.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Lancaster 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Cones- 
toga 62  miles  west  of  Philadelphia.  Itisamanu- 

facturing  and  commercial  center ; is  the  seat  of  Franklin 
and  Marshall  College  and  Theological  Seminary  (Reformed 
Church) ; and  was  State  capital  from  1799  to  1812.  Popu- 
lation, 47,227,  (1910). 

Lancaster,  County  of.  See  Lancashire. 

Lancaster,  Duchy  of.  A possession  of  the  Eng- 
lish royal  family.  John  of  Gaunt  was  made  Duke  of 
Lancaster  in  1361.  * The  revenues  and  title  of  the  duchy 
were  made  hereditary  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  Since 
1873  its  court  has  been  merged  in  the  system  of  the  rest  of 
England. 

Lancaster,  Dukes  of.  See  Henry  of  Lancaster 
and  John  of  Gaun  t. 

Lancaster^  Edmund,  Earl  of,  surnamed 
“Crouchback.”  Born  Jan.  16, 1245:  died  at  Ba- 
yonne, June,  1296.  The  second  son  of  Henry 
III.  of  England  and  Eleanor  of  Provence,  made 
in  his  infancy  king  of  Sicily  and  Apulia  by  Pope 
Innocent  IV.  The  grant  of  the  kingdom  was  annulled 
by  Urban  IV.  July  29,  1263.  Lancaster  took  the  cross  In 
1268,  and  went  to  Palestine  in  1271.  His  nickname  was  due 
either  to  this  crusade  (from  the  cross  on  his  hack)  or  to 
personal  deformity. 

Lancaster,  House  of.  A line  of  English  kings 
descended*  from  John  of  Gaunt,  fourth  son  of 
Edward  III.  The  kings  of  this  house  were  Henry  IV. 
(reigned  1399-1413),  Henry  V.  (reigned  1413-22),  and  Henry 
VI.  (reigned  1422-61). 

Lancaster,  Sir  James.  Died  at  London,  May, 
1618.  An  English  navigator.  He  served  under  Drake 
against  the  Armada;  sailed  in  command  of  the  Edward 
Bonaventure  with  the  first  English  expedition  to  the  East 
Indies  in  1591,  returning  to  England  after  many  adven- 
tures in  May,  1594  ; sailed  with  3 ships  against  the  Portu- 
guese in  1594,  capturing  Pernambuco  in  1595;  and  com- 
manded the  tirst  fleet  of  the  East  India  Company  1600-03. 
From  him  Baffin  named  Lancaster  Sound. 

Lancaster,  Joseph.  Born  at  London,  1778 : died 
at  New  York,  Oct.  24,  1838.  An  English  edu- 
cator. He  founded  in  1801  a private  school  in  the  Borough 
Road,  Southwark,  London,  in  which  he  employed  the 
monitorial  system  of  instruction,  which  obtained  great 
popularity.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1818. 
He  published  “Improvements  in  Education"  (1803),  etc. 

Lancaster  Sound.  [Named  after  Sir  James 
Lancaster.]  A channel  in  the  north  polar  re- 
gions, leading  from  Baffin  Bay  westward  to  Bar- 
row  Strait,  about  lat.  74°  N.  Discovered  by 
Baffin  in  1616:  first  traversed  by  Parry  in  1819. 

Lance  (Ians),  George.  Born  at  Little  Easton, 
near  Dunmow,  Essex,  March  24, 1802 : died  near 
Birkenhead,  June  18, 1864.  An  English  painter, 
a pupil  of  Haydon,  chiefly  known  by  his  paint- 
ings of  fruit  and  flowers. 

Lancelot.  Same  as  Lancelot  du  Lac. 

Lancelot  du  Lac.  A French  Arthurian  romance. 
It  was  probably  the  work  of  Walter  Map  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  12th  century:  a Scottish  metrical  romance  “Lance- 
lot of  the  Laik"  was  made  from  this  at  the  end  of  the  15th 
century.  Chrestien  de  Troyes's  metrical  romance  “ Le  Che- 
valier de  la  Charette”  gives  some  of  Lancelot's  adventures, 
and  was  based  on  Map’s  prose  romance.  Sir  Thomas  Mal- 
ory’s “Morte  d'Arthur”also  does  notgive  his  entire  story. 
Sir  Lancelot  was  the  son  of  Ban,  king  of  Brittany,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  famous  knights  of  the  Round  Table.  He 
received  the  name  “du  Lac”  from  the  fact  that  he  was 
educated  at  the  castle  of  Vivian,  known  as  the  Dame  du 
Lac  or  Lady  of  the  Lake.  The  main  features  of  the  legend 
are  his  guilty  love  for  Guinevere  and  the  exploits  he  per- 
formed in  her  service,  and  the  war  with  Arthur  in  which 
his  passion  involved  him.  Guinevere  retired  to  a convent, 
and  Lancelot  became  a monk  and  a holy  man,  and  died 
saying  masses  for  the  souls  of  his  old  companions  in  arms. 
He  was  the  father  of  Sir  Galahad  by  Elaine,  the  daughter 
of  King  Pelles,  who  is  not  the  Elaine  of  Tennyson’s  poem. 

Lancelot  Greaves.  See  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves. 

Lan-chau  (liin-chou').  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Kan-su,  China,  situated  on  the  Hwang- 
ho  about  lat.  36°  8'  N.,  long.  103°  55'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  100,000. 

Lanciani  (lan-cha'ne),  Rodolfo  Amadeo.  An 
Italian  archaeologist.  He  is  professor  of  archaeology 
at  the  University  of  Rome,  and  director  of  excavations  for 
the  Italian  government.  He  has  published  “Ancient  Rome 


Landnama  B6k 

in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discoveries”  (1888)  and  “Pagan 
and  Christian  Rome”  (1892),  and  is  now  issuing  “Forma 
urbis  Roma;,  etc.,’’  in  eight  parts  (the  tirst  in  1893). 

Lanciano  (lan-cha'no).  Atownin  the  province 
of  Chieti,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  42°  14'  N.,  long. 
14°  25'  E.,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Anxanum 
of  the  Frentani.  Population,  commune,  7,836. 

Landa  (lan'da),  Diego  de.  Born  at  Cienfuentes, 
March  17, 1524:  died  at  Merida,  Yucatan,  April 
30,  1579.  A Spanish  ecclesiastic  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order.  He  was  sent  to  Yucatan  about  1651 ; be- 
came provincial  of  his  order  there  in  1561;  and  in  1572  was 
created  bishop  of  Merida.  His  measures  for  the  extirpa- 
tion of  idolatry  were  excessively  severe,  and  by  his  orders 
hundreds  of  Indian  hieroglyphic  writings  were  destroyed. 
Landa  wrote  “Relacion  de  las  cosas  de  Yucatan,"  first  pub- 
lished in  1864. 

Landau  (lan'dou).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Palati- 
nate, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Queich  18  miles 
southwest  of  Spires.  It  was  often  taken  and  retaken 
in  the  Thirty  Years’ War.  Later  it  belonged  to  France, 
and  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon  it  passed  to  Bavaria.  The 
carriages  named  landaus  were  first  made  here.  Popula- 
tion, 17,165. 

Landeck  (lan'dek).  Atownand  watering-place 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Biela 
54  miles  south  by  west  of  Breslau  : noted  for 
warm  sulphur  springs.  Population,  about4,000. 

Landells  (lan'delz),  Ebenezer.  Born  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  April  13, 1808:  died  at  London, 
Oct.  1, 1860.  An  English  wood-engraver,  a pupil 
of  Bewick,  and  the  projector,  about  1840,  of 
“Punch.” 

Landen  (lan'deu).  A town  in  Belgium,  23  miles 
west-northwest  of  1 <iege.  it  was  the  birthplace  of 
Pepin,  founder  of  the  later  Carolingian  line.  For  the  bat- 
tle of  Landen  (1693),  see  Neerwinden. 

Landen  (lan'den),  John.  Born  at  Peakirk, 
Peterborough,  Jan.  23,  1719:  died  at  Milton, 
Northamptonshire,  Jan.  15,  1790.  An  English 
mathematician,  author  of  “Residual  Analysis” 
(1764:  only  the  first  book  published),  “A  Dis- 
course Concerning  the  Residual  Analysis” 
(1758),  etc. 

Lander  (lan'der),  John.  Bornin Cornwall,  1807  : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  16, 1839.  An  English  ex- 
plorer in  Africa  (1830-31),  younger  brother  of 
Richard  Lander. 

Lander,  Richard  Lemon.  Born  at  Truro,  Corn- 
wall, Feb.  8, 1804:  died  at  Fernando  Po,  Africa, 
Feb.  2 (7?),  1834.  An  English  explorer  in  Africa. 
He  was  in  Cape  Colony  as  servant  to  Major  (later  General) 
Colebrooke  1823-24 ; accompanied  Clapperton  to  western 
Africa  1825-27 ; and  explored  the  Niger  (with  his  brother) 
1830-31  and  1832-34.  He  published  his  journal  pf  Clap- 
perton’s  expedition  (1829),  another  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion (1830),  and  a “Journal  of  an  Expedition  to  Explore  the 
Course  and  Termination  of  the  Niger”  (ed.  1832). 

Landerneau  (lon-der-no').  A town  irrthe  de- 
partment of  Pinistere,  France,  situated  on  the 
Elorn  13  miles  northeast  of  Brest.  It  manufac- 
tures cloth.  Population,  commune,  7,737. 

Landes  (lond).  A department  in  southwestern 
France.  Capital,  Mont-de-Marsan.  it  is  bounded 
by  Gironde  on  the  north,  Lot-et-Garonne  and  Gers  on  the 
east,  Basses-Pyrenees  on  the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
on  the  west,  corresponding  to  parts  of  the  ancient  Guienne, 
Gascony,  and  B(am.  It  comprises  the  sandy  plains  called 
lnnd.es,  and  in  the  southeast  the  district  Chalosse.  It  is 
the  leading  forest  department  in  France.  Area,  3,604 
square  miles.  Population,  293,397. 

Landes,  The.  A plain  in  the  department  of 
Landes,  France.  It  is  largely  composed  of  sands  and 
marshes,  and  much  of  it  is  covered  with  pine  forests. 
Length,  about  120  miles. 

Landeshut  (lan'des-hot).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Bober  51  miles 
southwest  of  Breslau.  It  has  flax  manufactures. 
An  intrenched  camp  here,  held  by  the  Prussians  under 
Fouquet  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  was  stormed  and  taken 
by  the  Austrians  under  Laudon,  June  23,  1760. 

Landi  (lan'de),  Gasparo.  Born  at  Piacenza  in 
1756:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  24, 1830.  An  Italian 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  modern  school  of  Italian  painting. 

Landin  (lan-din').  See  Zulu. 

Land  League,  Irish.  A league  formed  in  Oct., 
1879,  by  the  Irish  Nationalist  party,  under 
which  organized  resistance  was  made  to  the 
payment  of  rent.  It  was  “ proclaimed  ” by  the 
Liberal  government  as  “ an  illegal  and  criminal 
association”  Oct.  20,  1881. 

Landnama  B6k.  See  the  extract. 

The  “Landnama  B6k  ” was  a development  from  the 
work  of  the  priest  Ari  Frdthi,  the  son  of  Thorgil,  and  from 
another  of  the  same  kind.  Its  author  was  Sturla  Thor- 
tharson,  a judge  in  the  Higher  Court,  who  died  in  1284, 
aged  seventy.  His  work  was  edited  by  Hauk  Erlendsen, 
who  was  himself  a judge  in  the  Higher  Court  from  1294 
to  1334,  and  his  “ l andnama  Bdk  ” is  Thortharson’s  with 
addition  of  facts  from  a history  by  Styrmer  the  Learned, 
wherever  Styrmer  had  anything  to  add.  This  “Land- 
nama Bdk  ” (Book  of  the  Taking  of  the  Land),  the  fullest 
of  the  old  Icelandic  chronicles,  is  in  five  parts.  The  first 
treats  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  the  island  and 
the  other  four  are  given  to  a description  of  its  several 


Landnama  Bok 

quarters,  including  detail  as  to  the  families  by  which 
each  was  settled.  This  record  is  of  great  value  for  the 
verification  of  the  Sagas.  Morley,  English  Writers,  I.  271. 

Land  of  Beulah.  See  Beulah. 

Land  of  Cakes.  Scotland:  so  named  (in  jest) 
on  account  of  the  general  use  of  oatmeal  cakes 
as  an  article  of  diet. 

Land  of  Cockaigne.  A popular  poem  assigned 
to  the  latter  part  of  the  13th  century.  See 
Cockaigne. 

A satire  upon  corruptions  in  the  Church,  that  paints  a 
Fool's  Paradise  for  monks,  wherein  all  the  delights  are 
sensual,  and  spiritual  life  passes  for  nothing.  The  Para- 
dise of  this  satire,  which  spread  through  several  countries, 
was  entitled  “the  Land  of  Cockaigne,”  . . . or  the  land  of 
animal  delights  painted  by  popular  satire  as  the  happy 
land  of  monks  who  had  turned  their  backs  upon  thehigher 
life  to  which  they  were  devoted.  An  old  German  poet  de- 
scribed it  as  “Dat  edele  lant  van  Cockoengen. " In  what 
spirit  this  popular  satire  was  written  none  can  doubt 
when  they  find  at  the  close  how  such  a Paradise  as  it  paints 
is  to  be  earned  only  by  seven  years’  wading  chin-deep  in 
swinish  filth.  Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  354. 

Land  o’  the  Leal  (land'  o thc  lei'  )•  A mythical 

land  of  happiness.  Lady  Nairne,in  her  poem  of  that 
name,  uses  it  for  heaven,  and  the  use  has  now  become  an 
accepted  one. 

Land  of  Steady  Habits.  A popular  nickname 
of  Connecticut. 

Land  of  Wisdom.  [F.  Pays  de  sapience.'}  A 
name  given  by  the  French  to  Normandy. 
Landon  (lan'don),  Letitia  Elizabeth  (later 
Mrs.  Maclean) : pseudonym  L.  E.  L.  Born  at 
London  (Chelsea),  Aug.  14, 1802  : died  at  Cape 
Coast  Castle,  Africa,  Oct.  15, 1838.  An  English 
poet  and  novelist,  wife  (June,  1838)  of  George 
Maclean,  governor  of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  she 
was  the  author  of  poems  (collected  1838,  later  editions 
1860,  1873),  the  novels  “ Ilomance  and  Reality  ” (1831), 
“Francesca  Carrara”  (1834),  “Ethel  Churchill”  (1837), 
“Lady  Granard  ” (1842),  etc.  Her  death,  probably  acci- 
dental, was  due  to  a dose  of  a preparation  of  prussic  acid. 

Landor  (lan'dor),  Walter  Savage.  Born  at 
Warwick,  Jan!  30, 1775 : died  at  Florence,  Italy, 
Sept.  17, 1864.  A noted  English  poet  and  prose- 
writer.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  in  1793 ; be- 
came conspicuous  for  his  advocacy  of  republican  princi- 
ples ; and  was  rusticated  in  1794  for  firing  a gun  (without 
damage  to  any  one)  at  the  windows  of  an  obnoxious  Tory. 
For  some  years  he  led  an  unsettled  life,  visiting  Paris 
in  1802,  and  joining  the  Spaniards  at  Corunna  against 
the  French  in  1808.  In  1809  he  purchased  Llanthony  Ab- 
bey, Monmouthshire,  and  in  1811  married  Julia  Thuillier, 
daughter  of  a banker.  A combination  of  troubles  drove 
him  in  1814  to  Jersey,  then  to  Tours,  and  in  1815  to  Italy. 
In  1821  he  settled  in  Florence,  where  he  resided  until  1835, 
when,  separating  from  his  wife,  he  went  to  England.  He 
returned  to  Florence  in  1858.  He  published  “Poems" 
(1796),  “ Gebir  ” (1798),  “ Simonidea  ” (1800  : English  and 
Latin  poems),  “Count  Julian”  (1812),  “Idyllia  Heroica” 
(1814,  enlarged  1820),  “Imaginary  Conversations”  (1824- 
1848),  “ Citation  and  Examination  of  William  Shakespeare 
. . . touching  Deer-stealing,  etc.”  (1834),  “Pericles  and 
Aspasia”  (1836),  “The  Pentameron  ” (1837),  “Andrea  of 
Hungary  and  Giovanni  of  Naples  ” (1839),  " Fra  Rupert  ” 
(1840),  “ Hellenics  ” (1847,  revised  1859),  “Poemata  et  In- 
scriptiones”  (1847),  “Italics"  (1848),  “The  Last  Fruit  of 
an  Old  Tree  " (1853),  “ Dry  Sticks  Fagoted  by  W.  S.  Landor  ” 
(1858),  “ Heroic  Idylls  ” (1863),  etc. 

Landrecies,  or  Landrecy  (lon-dre-se' ).  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on 
the  Sambre  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Valen- 
ciennes. It  was  taken  from  the  French  by  Charles  V. 
in  1543  ; passed  several  times  from  Spain  to  France  and 
back  again  in  the  17th  century ; and  was  besieged  and 
taken  by  the  Allies  in  1794  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1815. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Dupleix.  Population,  commune, 
3,924. 

Landsberg  (lands'berG).  A town  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Lech  32  miles  west  by 
south  of  Munich.  Population,  6,505. 
Landsberg-an-der-W arthe  (lands ' bera  - iin- 
der-var'te).  A town  in  the  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Warthe  78 
miles  east  by  north  of  Berlin.  Population, 
commune,  36,934. 

Landseer  (land'ser),  Charles.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1799:  died  there,  July  22,  1879.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter,  elder  brother  of  Sir  Ed- 
win Landseer. 

Landseer,  Sir  Edwin  Henry.  Born  at  London , 
March  7,  1802 : died  there,  Oct.  1,  1873  (buried 
in  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral).  A celebrated  English 
animal-painter,  youngest  son  of  John  Landseer. 
He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1826, 
and  member  1831,  and  was  knighted  in  1850.  Among  his 
more  noted  paintings  are  “Fighting  Dogs”  (1819),  “Cat’s 
Paw”  (1824),  “Chevy  Chase ” (1826),  “Return  from  Deer- 
stalking" (1827),  “Illicit  Whiskey  Still”  (1828),  “High 
Life"  and  “ Low  Life ”(1831),  “Jack  in  Office  ”(1833),  “Sir 
Walter  Scott  and  his  Dogs”  (1833),  “Suspense"  (1840), 
“Highland  Shepherd’s  Chief  Mourner”  (1837),  “Life ’s  in 
the  Old  DogYet”  (1838),  “Dignity  and  Impudence”  (1839), 
“Stag  at  Bay"  (1846),  “Monarch  of  the  Glen”  (186l), 
“Flood  in  the  Highlands”  (I860),  and  “Titania  and  Bot- 
tom ”(1851). 

Landseer,  John.  Born  at  Lincoln,  England, 
1769:  died  at  London,  Feb.  29,  1852.  An  Eng- 


589 

lish  painter,  engraver,  and  writer  on  art:  father 
of  Sir  Edwin  Landseer. 

Landseer,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  1795: 
died  there,  Jan.  20, 1880.  An  English  engraver, 
eldest  brother  of  Sir  Edwin  Landseer.  He  exe- 
cuted many  engravings  and  etchings  after  his 
brother’s  paintings. 

Land’s  End  (landz  end).  A granite  promon- 
tory, the  southwesternmost  extremity  of  Eng- 
land, in  Cornwall,  situated  in  lat.  50°  4'  N.,  long. 
5°  45'  W. : the  ancient  Bolerium.  Height,  60- 
100  feet. 

Landshut  (liinds'hot).  1.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Lower  Bavaria,  Bavaria,  on  the  Isar 
38  miles  northeast  of  Munich.  The  Church  of  St. 
Martin,  Church  of  St.  Jodocus,  Holy  Ghost  Church,  castle 
of  Trausnitz,  and  new  palace  are  of  interest.  It  was  the 
seat  of  a university  from  1800  to  1826.  Population,  about 
25,000. 

2.  Same  as  Landeshut. 

Landskron  (liinds'kron).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
36  miles  northwest  of  Olmiitz.  Population, 
6,103. 

Landskrona  (lands'kro-na).  A seaport  in  the 
laen  of  Malmohus,  Sweden,  situated  on  the 
Sound  in  lat.  55°  52'  N.,  long.  12°  50'  E.  it  has 
a castle.  Near  this  place,  July  14,  1677,  the  Swedes  de- 
feated the  Danes.  Population,  16,083. 

Landsthing  (lans'ting).  The  upper  house  of 
the  Danish  Rigsdag  or  parliament,  it  consists  of 
66  members,  of  whom  12  are  appointed  for  life  by  the  crown, 
and  the  others  are  elected  for  8 years,  not  directly,  but  by 
delegates  in  each  of  the  64  electoral  districts,  chosen  by 
those  having  the  necessary  property  qualification. 

Landstuhl  (lant'stol).  A town  in  the  Palati- 
nate, Bavaria,  40  miles  west  of  Spires.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  Sickingen  family.  Population, 
6,112. 

Landtag  (lant'taG).  In  Germany,  the  legisla- 
ture of  a country ; a territorial  Diet;  now,  spe- 
cifically, one  of  the  Parliaments  of  the  countries 
constituting  the  German  Empire,  as  Prussia, 
Saxony,  Bavaria,  etc.,  and  of  some  of  the  crown- 
lands  of  Austria-Hungary,  as  Moravia  and  Bo- 
hemia. Compare  Reichstag. 

Lane  (lan),  Edward  William.  Born  at  Here- 
ford, England,  Sept.  17, 1801 : died  at  Worthing, 
England,  Aug.  10,  1876.  A noted  English  Ori- 
entalist and  Egyptologist.  His  works  include  “Ac- 
count of  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Modern  Egyp- 
tians ” (1836 : best  ed.  1860),  a translation  of  the  “Arabian 
Nights”  (1834-40),  an  “ Arabic-English  Lexicon”  (1863-74: 
and,  under  the  editorship  of  S.  Lane-Poole,  1877-92).  Lane 
visited  Egypt  three  times : 1826-28, 1833-36,  and  1842-49. 

Lane,  James  Henry.  Bom  at  Lawrenceburg, 
Ind.,  June  22, 1814:  committed  suicide  at  Leav- 
enworth, Kansas,  July,  1866.  An  American 
politician,  a leader  of  the  Free-State  party  in 
Kansas. 

Lane,  Joseph.  Bom  in  North  Carolina,  1801: 
died  there,  April  19,  1881.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  general,  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
the  vice-presidency  on  the  Breckenridge  ticket 
1860. 

Lane,  Sir  Ralph.  Died  at  Dublin,  Oct.,  1603. 
An  English  adventurer,  a companion  of  Sir 
Richard  Grenville  in  his  expedition  to  the  coast 
of  North  America  in  1585,  and  the  first  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia  then  founded.  The  set- 
tlers soon  removed  to  Roanoke,  and  were  all  taken  back  to 
England  by  Drake,  July,  1586. 

Laneham  (lan 'am),  Robert.  An  English  mer- 
chant in  the  service  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester, 
and  doorkeeper  of  the  council-chamber,  who 
left  an  account,  in  the  form  of  a letter,  of  the 
entertainment  given  by  Leicester  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  at  Kenilworth  July,  1575.  Copies  of  the 
letter  are  in  the  Bodleian  Library  and  the  library  of  the 
British  Museum.  Laneham  appears  in  Scott's  “Kenil- 
worth." 

Lane-Poole  (lan'pol'),  Stanley.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  18, 1854.  AnEnglish  numismatist.  He 
wrote  the  official  “Catalogue  of  the  Oriental  and  Indian 
Coins  ” for  the  British  Museum.  It  appeared  in  14  vol- 
umes in  1875-92.  On  thedeathof  hisgreat-uncleE.W.  Lane, 
the  Orientalist,  in  1876,  he  continued  the  latter’s  Arabic 
lexicon,  the  last  partin  1887.  He  was  sent  to  Egypt  in  1883 
by  the  British  Museum ; in  1886  he  went  to  Russia  and 
Turkey  to  study  numismatics ; he  was  employed  by  the 
Egyptian  government  in  archeological  research  at  Cairo 
1895-97 ; and  was  professor  of  Arabic  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1898-1904.  Among  his  other  works  are  “ Egypt" 
(1881),  “Studies  in  a Mosque"  (1883),  “The  Art  of  the 
Saracens  in  Egypt ” (1886),  “Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  Strat- 
ford Canning,  Viscount  de  Redcliffe”  (1888),  etc. 

Lanfranc  (lan'frangk).  Born  at  Pavia,  Italy, 
about  1005 : died  at  Canterbury,  England,  May 
24, 1089.  A celebrated  prelate  and  scholar,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  He  emigrated  from  Italy 
and  established  a school  at  Avranches,  France,  about  1039 ; 
entered  the  monastery  of  Bee  in  1042 ; and  became  its  prior 
about  1046.  He  opposed  the  marriage  of  William  and 
Matilda,  but  regained  the  friendship  of  William  about 
1050;  was  installed  abbot  of  Caen  in  1066;  and  was  made 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1070.  As  the  chief  counselor 


Langendijk 

of  the  Conqueror,  he  played  an  important  part  in  English 
ecclesiastical  and  civil  affairs.  He  wrote  “ De  corpore  et 
sanguine  Domini,”  etc.  His  works  were  coUected  by  Luc 
d’Achery  in  1648  ; reprinted  by  Giles  1844. 

Lanfrey  ( loa-f ra ' ) , Pierre.  Born  at  Chambery , 
France,  Oct.  26, 1828:  died  atPau,  France,  Nov. 
15, 1877.  A French  historian  and  politician.  He 
published  “Histoire  de  Napoleon  I.”  (1867-75),  “L’Egltse 
*et  les  philosophes  au  XVI II<;  sitcle  ” (1856),  etc. 

Lang  (lang),  Andrew.  Born  at  Selkirk,  March 
31,  1844:  died  at  Banchory,  Kincardineshire, 
July  20, 1912.  A Scottish  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy,  St.  Andrews 
University,  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He  was  elected 
fellow  of  Merton,  Oxford,  in  1868,  and  appointed  Gifford 
lecturer  on  natural  religion  at  St.  Andrews  in  1888.  He 
was  the  author  of  “ Ballads  and  Lyrics  of  Old  France,  etc." 
(1872),  “Oxford,  etc.”  (1880),  “XXII  Ballades  in  Blue 
China”  (1880:  with  additions  1881),  “Theocritus,  Bion,  and 
Moschus  rendered  into  English  Prose”  (1880),  “Helen  of 
Troy”  (1882),  “Ballades  and  Verses  Vain  ” (1884),  “Custom 
and  Myth,  etc.”  (1884),  “Letters  to  Dead  Authors ” (1886), 
“ The  Politics  of  Aristotle  " (1886),  “ Myth,  Ritual,  and  Re- 
ligion " (1887),  “ Grass  of  Parnassus  ” (1888),  “ Aucassin  and 
Nicolette  ” (1887 : a translation),  “ Perrault’s  Fairy  Tales” 
(a  translation),  “The  Blue  Fairy  Tale  Book,"  “The  Red 
Fairy  Tale  Book,”  etc.  He  also  translated  the  Odyssey 
with  Professor  Butcher,  and  the  Iliad  with  Walter  Leaf 
and  Ernest  Myers,  and  published  a series  of  critical  articles 
on  Shakspere’s  plays. 

Lang,  John  Duhmore.  Bom  at  Greenock,  Scot- 
land, Aug.  25,  1799:  died  at  Sydney,  Australia, 
Aug.  8, 1878.  An  Australian  Presbyterian  cler- 
gyman, journalist,  and  politician.  He  was  editor 
of  “The  Colonist"  1835-40  and  “The  Press”  1851-52,  and 
author  of  “An  Historical  and  Statistical  Account  of  New 
South  Wales”  (1834),  “Historical  Account  of  the  Separa- 
tion of  Victoria  from  New  South  Wales  ” (1870),  and  other 
books  and  pamphlets  on  the  Australian  colonies. 

Langbaine  (lang'ban),  Gerard.  Born  at  Bar- 
ton, Westmoreland,  1609:  died  at  Oxford,  Feb. 
10, 1658.  AnEnglish  scholar, provost  of  Queen’s 
College,  Oxford,  1646-58.  He  was  an  ardent 
Royalist  during  the  civil  war,  but  retained  his 
office. 

Langbaine,  Gerard.  Born  at  Oxford,  July  15, 
1656:  died  there,  June  23, 1692.  An  English 
student  of  dramatic  literature,  and  critic:  an  in- 
veterate enemy  of  Dryden.  He  wrote  “ Momus  Tri- 
umphans,  or  the  Plagiaries  of  the  English  Stage  Exposed, 
etc.”  (1687:  reissued  as  “A  New  Catalogue  of  English 
Plays”  1688),  and  “An  Account  of  the  English  Dramatic 
Poets,  etc."  (1691). 

Langdale,  Baron.  See  Bickersteth,  Henry. 
Lange  (lang'ge),  or  Bashi-lange  (ba'she-lang'- 
ge).  See  Luba. 

Lange  (lang'e),  Friedrich  Albert.  Bom  at 

Wald,  near  Solingen,  Prussia,  Sept.  28,  1828: 
died  at  Marburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  21, 1875.  A Ger- 
man writer  on  philosophy  and  economics,  pro- 
fessor at  Marburg  1873-75.  His  principal  work 
is  his  “Geschichte  des  Materialismus ” (“His- 
tory of  Materialism,”  1866). 

Lange,  Helene.  Born  at  Oldenburg  in  1848.  The 
head  of  a training  college  for  teachers  at  Ber- 
lin. She  is  one  of  the  foremost  representatives 
of  the  movement  for  women’s  education  in  Ger- 
many. 

Lange,  Johann  Peter.  Born  at  Sonnborn,  near 
Elberfeld,  Prussia,  April  10, 1802 : died  at  Bonn, 
Prussia.  July  9,  1884.  A German  Protestant 
theologian,  professor  of  theology  at  Zurich 
(1841)  and  later  (1854)  at  Bonn.  He  published  the 

commentary  “ Bibelwerk  * (1856-76 : English  translation  by 
Schaff , etc. ),  “ Das  Leben  Jesu  ” (“  Life  of  J esus,"  1844-47), 
‘ ‘ Christliche  Dogmatik  ”(1849-52),  “Geschichte  der  Kirche” 
(1853-54),  etc. 

Lange,  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Hannover,  Prussia, 
March  4, 1825 : died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  18,  1885. 
A German  archaeologist,  author  of  “Handbueh 
der  romischen  Altertiimer”  (1856-71),  etc. 
Langeland  (liing'e-land).  An  island  of  Den- 
mark, situated  southeast  of  Ftinen  and  west 
of  Laaland.  Itbelongstotheamtof  Svendborg.  Town, 
Rudkjobing.  Length,  32  miles.  Area,  106  square  miles. 
Langenau  (lang'en-ou).  A small  town  in  Wur- 
temberg,  11  miles  northeast  of  Ulm. 
Langenbeck  (lang'en-bek),  Konrad  Johann 
Martin.  Born  at  Horneburg,  Prussia,  Dec.  5, 
1776 : died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  Jan.  24, 1851. 
A noted  German  anatomist  and  surgeon,  pro- 
fessor at  Gottingen  1804,  and  surgeon-general 
of  the  Hanoverian  army. 

Langenberg  (liing'en-berG).  A town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  29  miles  north-north- 
east of  Cologne.  Population,  commune,  9,606. 
Langenbielau(lang'en-be-lou).  Amanufactur- 
ing  town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  35 
miles  south-southwest  of  Breslau.  Popula- 
tion, 19,666. 

Langendijk  (liing'en-dlk),  Pieter.  Born  at 
Haarlem,  1683 : died  there,  1756.  A Dutch  dram- 
atist and  poet.  His  father,  who  was  a mason,  died 
early,  and  his  mother  then  removed  to  The  Hague,  where 
she  supported  herself  and  him  from  the  profits  of  a little 


Langendijk 

shop.  He  worked  at  this  time  as  a damask-weaver  after 
patterns  of  his  own  designing.  Subsequently  he  went  to 
Amsterdam  asadesignertoalarge factory.  Here  appeared 
the  comedies  “ DonQuichot"  (“Don Quixote,"  1711) ; “De 
Zwetser”  (“The  Braggart  ”)  and  “ Het  wederzijds  Huwe- 
lyks  Bedrog  ” (“  The  Mutual  Marriage  Deception  ”),  both 
in  1712;  “Krelis  Louwen"  and  “De  Wiskonstenaars  ” 
("The  Mathematicians”),  both  in  1715,  “ De  Windhande- 
laars”and  “ Arlequijn  Actionist,”  both  in  1720.  In  1721 
hepublished  his  poems  in  two  quarto  volumes,  which  were 
followed  subsequently  by  three  more.  In  1722  he  returned 
to  Haarlem  as  a designer,  and  lived  there  until  his  death. 
In  this  last  period  fall  two  other  comedies,  “Xantippe” 
and  “Papirius,"  and,  finally,  the  comedy  not  quite  com- 
pleted at  his  death,  “Spieghel  der  vaderlandsche  Koop- 
lieden”  (“A  Mirror  of  our  Merchants”).  His  collected 
works  were  published  in  1760. 

Langensalza  (lang'en-zalt-sa).  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Salza  19  miles  northwest  of  Er- 
furt. Near  this  town,  June  27,  1866,  the  Hanoverians 
(18,000)  under  Arendtschildt  defeated  the  Prussians  (8,700) 
under  Von  Flies,  and  the  Prussian  force  (increased  to  40,- 
000,  June  28)  compelled  the  capitulation  of  the  Hanoveri- 
ans June  29.  Population,  commune,  12,545. 
Langenschwalbach  (lang'en-shviil-bach),  or 
Schwalbach  (shviil'baeh).  A small  town  and 
watering-place  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nas- 
sau,  Prussia,  8 miles  northwest  of  Wiesbaden: 
noted  for  its  mineral  springs.  Pop.,  over  2,000. 
Langevin  (lonzh-van'),  Sir  Hector  Louis. 
Born  Aug.  25,  1826:  died  June  11,  1906.  A 
Canadian  minister  of  public  works  1879-91. 
Langey,  Guillaume  du  Bellay,  Seigneur  de. 
Born  at  the  Chateau  de  Glatigny,  1491:  died  near 
Lyons,  1543.  A noted  French  general  and  dip- 
lomat. He  conducted  a number  of  missions  to  the  Pope, 
England,  and  Germany  with  great  success,  and  in  1539  was 
made  viceroy  of  Piedmont  by  Franqois  I.  He  wrote  his 
“ MCmoires  ” under  the  name  of  “Ogdoades  ” (“  liuitaines  ’’), 
because  he  divided  his  work  into  eight  books ; they  were 
not  printed  till  1757.  He  also  wrote  “Epitome  de  l’anti- 
quite  des  Gaules”  (1566),  and  “Instruction  sur  le  faict  de 
la  guerre"  (1588). 

Langham  (lang'am),  Simon.  Died  July  22, 
1376.  An  English  prelate.  He  became  abbot  of 
Westminster  in  1349;  treasurer  of  England  in  1360;  bish- 
op of  Ely  in  1362 ; chanceUor  of  England  1363-66 ; arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  in  1366  (enthroned  March  25,  1367) ; 
and  cardinal  in  1368.  He  resigned  his  archbishopric  Nov. 
27, 1368,  and  went  to  the  papal  court  at  Avignon  in  1369.  He 
filled  a number  of  important  places  in  England  and  in  the 
papal  service ; was  made  cardinal-bishop  of  Preneste  in 
1373  ; and  in  1374  was  again  chosen  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, but  the  Pope  refused  to  confirm  the  election. 
Langholm  (lang'om).  A town  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Esk.  Popula- 
tion, 3,500. 

Langhorne  (lang'horn),  John.  Born  at  Win- 
ton,  in  Westmoreland,  March,  1735:  died  at 
Blagdon,  in  Somersetshire,  England,  April  1, 
1779.  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer,  rec- 
tor of  Blagdon  1765 : best  known  by  his  trans- 
lation of  Plutarch’s  “Lives”  (conjointly  with 
his  brother  William,  1770).  His  poetical  works 
were  collected  and  published  by  his  son  in  1804. 
Langhorne,  Sir  William.  Born  at  London, 
1629:  died  at  Charlton,  Kent,  Feb.  26, 1715.  An 
English  merchant,  governor  of  Madras  1670-77. 
Langiewicz  (lang-gye'vich),  Maryan.  Born 
at  Krotoschin,  Prussia,  Aug.  5,  1827 : died  at 
Constantinople,  May  11, 1887.  A Polish  revolu- 
tionist, insurgent  leader  and  dictator  in  1863. 
Langland  (lang'land),  or  Langley  (lang'li), 
Will  iam.  Born,  probably  in  South  Shrop- 

shire, about  1330 : died  about  1400.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  author  of  the  “ Vision  of  Piers  Plow- 
man,” and  probably  of  a poem  entitled  by 
Skeat  “ Richard  the  Redeless.”  Of  his  life  very 
little  is  definitely  known.  From  passages  in  his  poems 
it  appears  that  his  early  years  were  spent  in  the  western 
midland  counties  of  England  (Worcestershire,  Shropshire); 
that  he  received  a considerable  education,  and  probably 
took  minor  orders ; that  he  was  married  and  had  a daugh- 
ter ; that  he  lived  as  a mendicant  singer ; and  that  most  of 
his  later  life  was  spent  in  London,  where  he  dwelt  in  Corn- 
hill.  See  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman. 

Langlfes  (lon-glas'),  Louis  Matthieu.  Born 
at  Perenne,  near  St.-Didier,  France,  Aug.  23, 
1763  : died  Jan.  28, 1824.  A French  Orientalist, 
author  of  “ Instituts  politiques  et  militaires  de 
Tamerlan,  6crits  par  lui-meme,  en  Mongol” 
(1787),  “Alphabet  Tartare-Mandchon ” (1787), 
etc. 

Langley  (lang'li),  Edmund  de.  Born  at  King’s 
Langley,  Hertfordshire,  June  5,  1341:  died  at 
Langley,  Aug.  1, 1402.  The  fifth  son  of  Edward 
III.  by  Philippa  of  Hainault,  created  first  duke 
of  York  Aug.  6,  1385.  He  became  a member  of  the 
councilof  regency  on  the  accession  of  Richard  II. ; went  in 
July,  1381,  at  the  head  of  an  expedition  to  aid  the  Portu- 
guese  against  the  King  of  Castile,  returning  1382;  and  was 
regent  Sept.,  1394,  and  Sept.,  1396,  during  the  absence  of 
the  king.  Through  his  second  son  Richard,  earl  of  Cam- 
bridge, he  was  great-grandfather  of  Edward  IV. 

Langley,  Samuel  Pierpont.  Born  at  Roxbury, 

Boston,  Aug.  22,  1834:  died  at  Aikon,  S.  C., 


590 

Feb.  27,  1906.  An  American  astronomer. 
He  became  professor  of  astronomy  in  the  Western  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  Pittsburg,  in  1867,  and  in  1887 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
He  published  “Researches  on  Solar  Heat  and  its  Ab- 
sorption by  the  Earth’s  Atmosphere”  (1884);  and  “The 
New  Astronomy”  (1887).  He  was  later  engaged  in 
experiments  tending  to  demonstrate  the  possibility  of 
mechanical  flight;  and  as  a result  of  these  published 
“ Experiments  in  Aerodynamics  ” (1891),  and  “ The  Inter- 
nal Work  of  the  Wind  ” (1894). 

Langlois  (loh-glwa'V,  Jean  Charles.  Born 
July  22, 1789 : died  March  24,  1870.  A French 
painter  of  battle-scenes.  He  was  a pupil  of  Horace 
Vemet,  and  in  1849  became  a colonel  in  the  army.  He  also 
painted  several  panoramas:  “The  Battle  of  Navarino,” 
“Burning  of  Moscow,”  “Capture  of  the  Malakoff,”  etc. 

Langnau  (lang'nou).  The  chief  town  in  the 
Emmenthal,  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ilfis  and  Emme  16  miles  east  of 
Bern.  Population,  4,140. 

Langobardi  (lan-go-bar'di).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Lan- 
gobardi,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Aayu6/3apooi,  (Ptolemy) 
A ayyojiapdoi.']  A people  of  northern  Germany, 
first  mentioned  by  Strabo.  At  the  time  of  Tacitus 
they  were  situated  south  of  the  lower  Elbe,  adjoining  the 
Chauci.  In  568-572,  under  Alboin,  they  conquered  the 
part  of  northern  Italy  still  called  Lombardy,  and  founded 
the  kingdom  of  that  name,  which  was  afterward  extended 
over  a much  larger  territory,  and  was  finally  overthrown 
by  Charlemagne  in  774. 

Langon  (loh-gon').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  on  the  Garonne  24  miles 
southeast  of  Bordeaux.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,836. 

Langres  (longr).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Marne 
in  lat.  47°  53'  N.,  long.  5°  20'  E. : the  ancient 
Andematunn  um.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Lingones ; is  an  important  fortress,  and  a bishopric ; man- 
ufactures cutlery ; and  has  a museum  and  some  antiquities. 
The  cathedral  is  an  important  early-Pointed  monument, 
still  containing  much  that  is  Romanesque.  The  interior 
is  imposing ; the  fluted  pilasters  and  sculptured  scroll- 
ornament  are  imitations  from  the  Roman.  The  chevet  is 
covered  with  a semi-dome.  There  is  a Renaissance  choir- 
screen  and  calvary.  The  flying  buttresses  are  architectu- 
rally interesting  as  presenting  the  earliest  type.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  9,803. 

Langres,  Plateau  of.  A table-land  lying  around 
Langres  (which  see).  It  lies  on  the  watershed 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  North  Sea 
and  English  Channel. 

Langside  (lang-sid').  A village,  now  a suburb 
of  Glasgow,  where,  May  13,  1568,  the  regent 
Murray  defeated  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 
Langson  (lang-son').  A town  in  Tongking, 
about  lat.  21°  40'  N.,  long.  106°  45'  E.  In  its  neigh- 
borhood, Feb.  12, 1885,  the  French  under  De  NAgrier  de- 
feated the  Chinese,  and  March,  1885,  the  Chinese  defeated 
the  French. 

Langstaff  (lang'staf),  Esq.,  Launcelot.  The 

pseudonym  of  Washington  Irving,  William  Ir- 
ving, and  James  Kirke  Paulding  in  “Salma- 
gundi.” 

Langtoft  (lang'toft),  Peter  of.  Born  probably 
at  Langtoft,  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire  (the 
place  from  which  he  was  named):  died  about 
1307.  An  English  chronicler,  author  of  a his- 
tory of  England  to  the  death  of  Edward  I.,  in 
barbarous  French  verse.  The  latter  part  of  it  was 
translated  into  English  by  Robert  of  Brunne.  It  has  been 
published  by  Thorpe  in  the  Rolls  Series  1866  and  1868. 
Langton  (lang'ton),  Bennet.  Born  in  Lincoln- 
shire, 1737 : died  at  Southampton,  Dec.  18, 1801. 
An  English  Greek  scholar,  a graduate  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  an- 
cient literature  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1788;  and  is  now 
known  only  as  the  intimate  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson. 

Langton,  Simon.  Died  1248.  An  English  eccle- 
siastic, archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  brother  of 
Stephen  Langton.  He  was  an  active  partizan  of  the 
barons  against  King  John  and  the  Pope,  but  under  Henry 
III.  possessed  great  influence  both  at  the  court  and  in 
ecclesiastical  affairs. 

Langton,  Stephen.  Died  at  Slindon,  Sussex, 
July  9 (?),  1228.  A celebrated  English  prelate 
and  statesman,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
leader  of  the  confederated  barons  against  John. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Paris,  and  lectured 
there  on  theology  until  1206 ; was  made  cardinal-priest  in 
that  year;  was  elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (as  a 
compromise  between  the  subprior  Reginald,  chosen  by 
the  monks,  and  John  de  Grey,  supported  by  the  king),  and 
consecrated  by  the  Pope  June  17, 1207,  but  prevented  by 
the  king  (in  a long  struggle  with  the  Pope)  from  admission 
to  liissee  until  1213;  and  soon  thereafterbecame  the  leader 
of  the  contest  with  John.  On  April  17,  1222,  he  opened 
a church  council  at  Osney,  the  decrees  of  which  (the  “ Con- 
stitutions of  Stephen  Langton")  are  the  earliest  provin- 
cial canons  still  recognized  as  binding  in  the  English  ec- 
clesiastical courts.  He  was  a voluminous  writer,  and  was 
distinguished  as  a theologian,  biblical  scholar,  historian, 
and  poet. 

Langtry  (lang'tri),  Mrs.  (Lily  Le  Breton). 

Born  at  St.  Heller's,  Jersey,  1852.  An  English 
actress.  After  gaining  celebrity  in  English  society  sb  a 


Lansdown 

beauty,  she  went  on  the  stage  in  1881.  She  has  visited 
the  United  States  several  times. 

Languedoc  ( lang'gwe-dok) . An  ancient  govern- 
ment of  southern  France.  Capital,  Toulouse,  it 
was  bounded  by  Guicnne,  Auvergne,  and  Lyonnais  on  the 
north,  the  Rhone  on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  and  Rous- 
sillon on  the  south,  and  Foix,  Gascony,  and  Guienne  on 
the  west,  and  was  traversed  hy  the  Cevennes  Mountains. 
It  was  named  from  the  langue  d’oc,  or  Provencal,  the  lan- 
guage of  the  south  of  France.  The  departments  of  Haute- 
Loire,  Lozere,  Ardeche,  Gard,  Herault,  Aude,  Tarn,  and 
Haute-Garonne  correspond  to  it.  Haut-Languedoc  was  in 
the  west,  Bas- Languedoc  in  the  east.  Languedoc  formed 
part  of  Gallia  Narbonensis  and  of  the  West-Gothic  king- 
dom. It  was  overrun  by  the  Saracens  in  the 8th  century. 
The  chief  powers  were  the  marquisate  of  Septimania 
(which  became  in  the  10th  century  the  county  of  Tou- 
louse) and  Narbonne.  Narbonne  was  annexed  to  France 
in  1229,  and  Toulouse  in  1270  or  1271. 

Languedoc,  Canal  du.  See  Midi,  Canal  du. 
Languet  (lon-ga'),  Hubert.  Born  at  Viteaux, 
Burgundy,  1518;  died  at  Antwerp,  Sept.  30, 1581. 
A French  political  writer  and  diplomatist,  au- 
thor of  “ Vindiciro  contra  tyrannos”  (1579),  etc. 
Languish,  Lydia.  In  Sheridan’s  comedy  “The 
Rivals,”  a fantastical,  romantic  girl,  unwilling 
to  marry  unless  the  affair  is  conducted  on  the 
most  sentimental  principles.  See  Absolute  and 
Beverley. 

Lanier  (la-ner'),  Sidney.  Born  at  Macon,  Ga., 
Eeb.  3, 1842:  died  at  Lynn,  N.  C.,  Sept.  7, 1881. 
An  American  poet,  critic,  and  litterateur,  in 
1879  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  English  literature  at 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore.  His  works  in- 
clude the  novel  “Tiger  Lilies”  (1867),  “Centennial  Ode” 
(1876),  “Science  of  English  Verse”  (1881),  “The  English 
Novel  and  its  Development  ” (1883),  and  “ Poems  ” (1884). 
He  edited  “Boys’  Froissart ” (1879),  “Boys’ King  Arthur” 
(1880),  “Boys’  Mabinogion”(1881). 

Lanigan  (lan'i-gan),  John.  Born  at  Cashel, 
Ireland,  1758:  died  at  Finglas  (in  an  asylum), 
July  7,  1828.  An  Irish  Roman  Catholic  clergy- 
man, author  of  an  “Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Ireland”  (1822),  etc. 

Lanjuinais  (loh-zhtie-na'),  Jean  Denis,  Comte. 
Born  at  Rennes,  France,  March  12, 1753:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  13, 1827.  A French  politician  and 
political  writer,  deputy  to  the  National  Assem- 
bly in  1789,  and  Girondist  deputy  to  the  Con- 
vention in  1792. 

Lanka  (lang'ka).  The  Sanskrit  name  of  Cey- 
lon or  its  capital,  renowned  as  the  habitation 
of  Ravana  and  his  demons,  whose  conquest  by 
Ramachandra,  after  his  wife  Sita  had  been  car- 
ried off  by  Ravana,  forms  the  subject  of  the 
Ramayana. 

Lankester  (langk'es-ter),  Edwin.  Born  at  Mel- 
ton, Suffolk,  April  23,  1814 : died  Oct.  30,  1874. 
An  English  physician  and  man  of  science.  He 
studied  at  London  University  1834-37,  graduated  M.  D.  at 
Heidelberg  in  1839,  and  settled  in  London  as  a physician 
and  writer  for  the  press  in  1840.  In  1850  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  in  New  College,  London,  and 
in  1859  was  elected  president  of  the  London  Microscopical 
Society.  He  edited  the  work  on  natural  history  in  the 
“Penny”  and  “English"  encyclopedias,  and  published  a 
“Natural  History  of  Plants  yielding  Food ”(1845),  “Me- 
^.morials  of  John  Ray  ” (1845),  etc. 

Lankester,  Sir  Edwin  Ray.  Born  at  London, 
May  15, 1847.  An  English  anatomist  and  zoolo- 
gist, the  eldest  son  of  E.  Lankester.  He  was 
educated  at  St  Paul’s  School,  London,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ; was  professor  of  zoology  in  University  College, 
London,  1874-90;  was  Linacre  professor  of  comparative 
anatomy  at  Oxford  1891-98  ; and  was  director  of  the  natu- 
ral history  departments  of  the  British  Museum  1898-1907. 
He  has  published  many  scientific  papers. 

Lannes  (lan  or  lan),  Jean,  Due  de  Montebello. 

Born  at  Leetoure,  Gers,  France,  April  11, 1769 : 
died  at  Vienna,  May  31,  1809.  A celebrated 
French  marshal.  He  served  with  distinction  in  Italy 
1796-97,  and  in  the  Egyptian  expedition  1798-99 ; gained 
the  victory  of  Montebello  in  1800;  served  with  distinction 
at  Marengo  in  1800,  Austerlitz  in  1805,  Jena  and  Pultusk 
in  1806,  and  Friedland  in  1807 ; gained  the  victory  of 
Tudela  in  1808 ; captured  Saragossa  in  1809 ; and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  at  Aspern,  May,  1809. 

Lannes,  Napoleon  Auguste,  Due  de  Monte- 
bello. Born  July  30,  1801 : died  July  19,  1874. 
A French  diplomatist  and  politician,  son  of 
Marshal  Lannes. 

Lannion  (lan-yon').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Cotes-du-Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Guer 
34  miles  west-northwest  of  St.-Brieuc.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  5,856. 

La  Noue  (land), Francois  de,  sumamed  Bras 
de  Fer  (‘ IronArm’).  Born  1531 : died  at  Mon- 
contour, France,  Aug.  4,  1591.  A noted  French 
Huguenot  gen  eral.  He  was  taken  prisonerat  Jarnacand 
Moncontour  in  1569;  lost  his  arm  at  Fontenay-le-Comtein 
1570  (and  supplied  its  place  with  an  iron  one:  whence  his 
surname);  commanded  the  forces  of  La  Rochelle;  was  im- 
prisoned by  the  Spaniards  1580-85;  and  was  mortally 
wounded  at  Lamballe  in  1591.  He  wrote  “ Discours  poli- 
tiques et  militaires  ” (1587). 

Lansdown  (lanz'doun).  A place  near  Bath, 
England,  where  the  Royalists  under  Sir  R.  Hop- 


Lansdown 

ton  defeated  the  Parliamentarians  under  Sir  W. 
Waller,  July  5, 1643. 

Lansdowne,  Marquis  of.  See  Petty  and  Petty- 
Fitzmaurice. 

Lansing  (lan'sing).  The  capital  city  of  Michi- 
gan, situated  in  Ingham  County,  on  the  Grand 
River,  in  lat.  42°  46'  N. , long.  84°  33 ' W.  it  is  the 
seat  of  the  State  Agricultural  College.  It  became  the  cap- 
ital in  1847.  Population,  31,229,  (1910). 

Lansingburg  (lan'sing-berg).  A former  vil- 
lage in  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  the  Hudson  9 miles  northeast  of  Albany. 
It  is  noted  for  its  brush  manufactures.  Since  1901  it  has 
formed  a part  of  Troy. 

Lantfred  (lant 'fred),  or  Lanfred  ( lan'fred) . An 
English  hagiographer  of  the  10th  century,  a 
monk  of  Winchester : author  of  “ De  Miraculis 
Swithuni.” 

Lanuvium  (la-no'vi-um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a town  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  20  miles  south- 
east of  Rome : the  modern  Civita  Lavinia.  It 
was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Juno  Sospita. 
Lanza  (lan'za),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Vignale, 
near  Casale-Monteferrato,  Italy,  1810 : died  at 
Rome,  March  9,  1882.  An  Italian  statesman, 
premier  1869-73. 

Lanzarote  (lan-tha-ro'ta).  The  easternmost  of 
the  Canary  Islands,  situated  in  lat.  28°  55'  N., 
long.  13°  40'  W.  Capital,  Puerto  del  Arrecife. 
Length,  31  miles.  Area,  311  square  miles.  Population, 
about  18,000. 

Lanzi  (lan'ze),  Luigi.  Born  at  Montolmo,  near 
Macerata,  Italy,  June  13, 1732 : died  at  Florence, 
March  31,1810.  An  Italian  antiquary  and  writer 
on  art.  His  chief  works  are  “ Saggio  di  lingua  etrusca, 
etc.”  (“Essay  on  the  Etruscan  Language,  ' 1789),  “Storia 
pittorica  dell’  Italia,  etc.  ” (“  History  of  Painting  in  Italy,” 
1792),  etc. 

Laocoon  (la-ok'o-on).  [Gr.  Aao/cdor.]  In  Greek 
legend  (post-Homeric),  a priest  of  Apollo  at 
Troy,  who,  because  he  had  offended  the  god, 
was  strangled,  with  one  of  his  sons,  by  two  ser- 
pents while  he  was  offering  a sacrifice  to  Posei- 
don. In  Vergil’s  version  of  the  story  two  of  his 
sons  are  killed  with  him. 

Laocoon.  A famous  antique  group  in  the  Vati- 
can, Rome,  showing  the  Trojan  priest  of  Apollo 
and  his  two  young  sons  enveloped  and  bitten 
to  death  by  serpents.  Tt  is  a masterpiece  of  anatomi- 
cal knowledge  and  skilful  execution.  In  style  it  is  akin 
to  the  Gigantomachy  of  the  Pergamene  altar,  and  it  is  at- 
tributed to  the  contemporaneous  school  of  Rhodes.  The 
outstretched  arms  of  Laocoon  and  one  son  are  falsely  re- 
stored. 

Laocoon.  A critical  treatise  on  art  by  Lessing, 
published  in  1766. 

Laodaxnas  (la-od'a-mas).  [Gr.  AaoSayac.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a son  of  Eteocles,  and  king  of 
Thebes. 

Laodamia  (la-od-a-mi'a).  [Gr.  A a.odayua.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Acastus,  and  wife 
of  Protesilaus  with  whom  she  voluntarily  died. 
Wordsworth  published  a poem  with  this  title. 
Laodicea  (la-od-i-se'a).  [Gr.  Aaodkua.]  1.  An 
ancient  city  in  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  in  the  valley 
of  Lyeus,  an  auxiliary  river  of  the  Meeander  50 
miles  north  of  Aradus.  It  was  one  of  the  most  north- 
ern of  the  Phenician  cities,  and  its  original  name  was 
Ramantha.  It  did  not  attain  great  importance  until  the 
time  of  the  Seleuckhe.  Antiochus  II.  reestablished  it  and 
named  it,  after  his  wife,  Laodicea,  and  it  soon  became  a 
prosperous  city.  In  1402  A.  I>.  it  was  destroyed  by  Timur, 
but  its  great  ruins  at  Eski-Hissar  are  still  witnesses  of  its 
former  splendor.  In  the  Apocalypse  it  is  one  of  the  con- 
gregations to  which  an  epistle  is  addressed. 

2.  See  Ladikiyeh. 

Laodogant.  In  Arthurian  romance,  the  father 
of  Guinevere. 

Laomedon  (la-om'e-don).  [Gr.  Aaoyeduv.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Ilus  and  Eurydice,  and 
father  of  Priam,  founder  and  king  of  Troy.  For 
an  offense  against  Poseidon  he  was  forced  to  offer  his 
daughter  Hesione  to  a sea-monster.  Hercules  found  her 
chained  to  a rock,  and  agreed  to  free  her  for  a pair  of  magi- 
cal horses  which  Zeus  had  given  to  Laomedon  in  exchange 
for  Ganymede.  Laomedon  failed  to  keep  his  promise,  and 
Hercules  captured  his  city  and  slew  him  and  all  his  sons 
except  Priam. 

Laon  (Ion).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Aisne,  France,  situated  in  lat.  49°  33'  N., 
long.  3°  35'  E. : the  Roman  Bibrax,  Laudunum, 
or  Lugdunum  Clavatum.  It  is  a fortified  town.  Laon 
was  the  residence  of  the  early  kings ; was  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  from  about  600  to  the  Revolution ; often  changed 
hands;  and  suffered  in  the  English,  religious,  and  League 
wars.  The  French  under  Marmont  v/ere  defeated  here 
with  heavy  loss  by  the  Allies  under  Bliichcr,  March  9, 
1814.  Laon  surrendered  to  the  Germans  Sept.  9,  1870. 
The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  of  medieval 
monuments,  possessing  the  finest  west  front  after  those 
of  the  cathedrals  of  Rheims,  Paris,  and  Amiens.  The  style 
is  early  Pointed ; the  facade  has  a noble  projecting  porch 
of  3 great  arches,  above  which  are  arcades  in  picturesquely 
broken  ranges,  and  a magnificent  rose,  surmounted  by  2 
fine  towels.  The  chevet  is  square,  with  a splendid  rose 
above  3 lancets.  The  interior  is  admirably  proportioned, 


591 

400  feet  long  and  80  high.  There  is  a double  triforium. 
The  cathedral  was  designed  for  9 towers  and  spires,  most 
of  which  were  completed : but  the  spires  have  all  disap- 
peared, with  some  of  the  towers.  The  accessory  buildings 
are  of  unusual  interest.  Population,  commune,  15,288. 
Laonnais  (la-na').  An  ancient  district  of 
France,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of 
Aisne. 

Laos  (la'os).  Arace  of  Further  India,  northeast 
of  Siam  proper,  allied  to  the  Siamese,  to  whom 
they  are  tributary.  Numbers,  estimated,  1,500,- 
000. 

Lao-tsze  (la'o-tsa').  Born  about  604  b.  c.  A 
Chinese  philosopher,  founder  of  the  system  of 
Taoism,  and  the  reputed  author  of  the  book 
“ Tao-teh  King.” 

La  Palata,  Duke  of.  See  Navarra  y Bocafull. 
La  Paz  (la  path;  local  pron.  la  paz').  i.  A 
department  of  western  Bolivia,  on  the  Peru- 
vian frontier.  Area  variously  estimated.  Pop- 
ulation, 516,914. — 2.  A city  of  Bolivia,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  La  Paz,  situated  in  a 
valley  of  the  Andes,  12,226  feet  above  sea-level, 
in  lat.  16°  30'  S.,  long.  67°  59'  W.  It  has  a con- 
siderable trade  in  agricultural  and  mining  products,  and 
contains  a cathedral  and  a university.  Population, 
78,856. 

La  Paz.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  Lower 
California,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
California  in  lat.  24°  10'  N.,  long.  110°  21'  W. 
Population,  5,456,  (1910). 

La  Perouse  (la  pa-roz'),  Jean  Frangois  de 
Galaup,  Comte  de.  Born  near  Albi,  France, 
Aug.  22,  1741:  lost  at  sea  in  1788.  A French 
navigator.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expedition 
which  set  sail  from  France  in  1785  and  arrived  on  the 
northeastern  coast  of  Asia  in  1787.  He  discovered  the 
Strait  of  Perouse,  Aug.  9,  1787,  and  in  the  following  year 
suffered  shipwreck  and  perished  with  his  whole  expedition 
off  the  island  of  Vanikoro. 

La  Perouse  strait.  [Named  for  the  Count  de 
la  Perouse.]  A sea  passage  separating  the 
islands  of  Saghalin  and  Yezo,  and  connecting 
the  Sea  of  Japan  with  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk. 
Lapham  (lap'am),  Increase  Allen.  Born  at 
Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  March  7,  1811:  died  at  Oeono- 
mowoc,  Wis. , Sept.  14, 1875.  An  American  geol- 
ogist, author  of  various  works  on  Wisconsin. 
Lapithae  (lap'i-the).  [Gr.  AamOat.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a Thessalian  race,  descendants  of  La- 
pithes,  son  of  Apollo  and  Stilbe,  and  brother  of 
Centaurus.  They  were  governed  by  Pirithous,  a half- 
brother  of  the  Centaurs.  On  the  occasion  of  his  marriage 
to  Hippodameia,  a fierce  struggle  took  place  between  the 
Centaurs  (who  had  been  invited  to  the  wedding)  and  the 
Lapithae,  which  ended  in  the  expulsion  of  the  former  from 
Pelion.  The  cause  of  the  quarrel  was  the  attempt  of  a 
drunken  Centaur,  Eurytion,  to  carry  off  the  bride. 

Lapito  (la-pe-to'),  Louis  Auguste.  Born  at 
St.-Maur,  near  Paris,  1805:  died  at  Boulogne- 
sur-Seine,  near  Paris,  April  7,  1874.  A French 
landscape-painter. 

Laplace  (lii-plas'),  Marquis  Pierre  Simon  de. 

Born  at  Beaumont-en-Auge,  Calvados,  France, 
March  28,  1749:  died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1827. 
A celebrated  French  astronomer  and  mathe- 
matician. His  father  was  a farmer.  Laplace  went  to 
Paris  and  obtained,  through  the  influence  of  D’Alembert,  a 
position  asprofessorof  mathematics  in  the  Ecole  Militaire. 
In  1799  Napoleon  made  him  minister  of  the  interior,  a post 
which  he  held  only  six  weeks.  In  1803  he  was  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Senate.  He  was  made  a peer  by  Louis  XVIII. 
and  marquis  in  1817.  Among  his  most  noted  researches 
are  those  on  the  inequality  of  the  motions  of  Jupiter  and 
Saturn,  on  lunar  motions,  on  probabilities,  and  on  the 
tides.  His  most  famous  work  is  the  “ Mecanique  cdleste  " 
(1799-1825:  English  translation  by  Nathaniel  Bowditch). 
He  published  also  “Exposition  du  system e du  monde” 
(1796),  etc. 

Lapland,  or  Lappland  (lap'land).  The  country 
of  the  Lapps,  situated  in  the  extreme  north  of 
Norway,  Sweden,  Finland,  and  the  north-west- 
ern part  of  the  government  of  Archangel, 
Russia.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Lapps  (estimated 
at  28,000),  comprising  Mountain  Lapps  (chiefly  nomadic) 
and  Fisher  Lapps.  The  religions  are  Lutheran  and  Greek 
Church.  The  Lapps  were  reduced  by  the  Russians  in  the 
11th  century,  by  the  Norwegians  in  the  14th,  and  by  the 
Swedes  in  the  16th. 

La  Plata.  See  Bio  de  la  Plata. 

La  Plata  (la.  pla/tii).  One  of  the  old  names  of 
Sucre  or  Chuquisaca,  Bolivia. 

La  Plata  (la  pla'ta).  A port  and  the  capital  of 
the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine  Re- 
public, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  San- 
tiago, an  affluent  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  24  miles 
east-southeast  of  Buenos  Ayres,  it  was  founded  in 
Nov.,  18S2,  and  its  growth  has  been  phenomenal.  It  is  now 
the  most  important  port  of  the  republic,  and  has  a cathe- 
dral, astronomical  observatory,  museum,  and  many  other 
public  institutions.  The  suburb  of  Tolosa  is  the  central 
point  of  the  Argentine  railway  syBtem.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 80,000. 

La  Plata,  The  United  Provinces  of.  The  of- 
ficial namo  of  the  Argentine  Republic  from 


Laramie  Mountains 

1813  to  1830.  Duri  ng  this  period  a federal  system  pre- 
vailed, but  with  many  changes  and  much  confusion. 
Uruguay  was  included  during  a part  of  the  time. 

La  Plata,  Viceroyalty  of.  A division  and  vice- 
royalty of  Spanish  South  America,  established 
in  1776  to  include  the  colonies  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
Tucuman,  and  Paraguay,  the  Banda  Oriental 
(Uruguay),  Charcas  (now  Bolivia),  taken  from 
Peru,  and  Cuyo  (Mendoza,  etc.),  separated  from 
Chile.  It  corresponded  nearly  to  the  present  countries  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and  Bolivia. 
The  viceroyalty  practically  came  to  an  end  in  1810,  and 
during  the  war  for  independence  the  countries  separated. 
Also  called  the  Viceroyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres,  from  the 
capital. 

Lapommeraye  (la-pom-ra'),  Pierre  Henri 
Victor  Berdalle  de.  Born  at  Rouen,  Oct.  20, 
1839:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1891.  A French 
critic  and  lecturer.  In  1881  he  took  charge  of  the 
course  of  dramatic  history  and  literature  at  the  Conser- 
vatory. 

La  Porte  (la,  pdrt').  A city  and  the  capital  of 
La  Porte  County,  Indiana,  51  miles  east-south- 
east of  Chicago.  Population,  10,525,  (1910). 
Lappenberg  (lap'pen-berG),  Johann  Martin. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  July  30, 1794 : died  Nov.  28. 
1865.  A German  historian,  keeper  of  the  ar- 
chives to  the  Hamburg  senate  1823-63.  Hew'rote 
“Geschichte  von  England  ” (“History  of  England,”  1834- 
1837 : continued  by  Pauli,  translated  by  Thorpe),  the  history 
of  Hamburg  and  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  etc. 

Lapps  (laps).  A race  from  which  Lapland  (which 
see  ) takes  its  name.  The  Lapps  are  an  inferior  branch 
of  the  Finnic  race,  physically  dwarfish  and  w eak,  and  low 
in  the  scale  of  civilization. 

Laputa  (la-pu'ta).  A flying  island  in  Swift’s 
“ Gulliver’s  Travels.” 

In  the  voyage  to  Laputa  the  satire  is  directed  against  the 
vanity  of  human  wisdom,  and  the  folly  of  abandoning  use- 
ful occupations  for  the  empty  schemes  of  visionaries.  The 
philosophers  of  Laputa  had  allowed  their  land  to  run  waste, 
and  their  people  to  fall  into  poverty,  in  their  attempts  to 
“soften  marble  for  pillows  and  pin-cushions,”  to  “petrify 
the  hoofs  of  a living  horse  to  prevent  them  from  founder- 
ing,” to  “sow land  with  chaff,” and  to  “extract  sunbeams 
from  cucumbers,  which  were  to  be  put  in  phials  hermeti- 
cally sealed,  and  let  out  to  warm  the  air  in  raw,  inclement 
summers.  ” Tuclcerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  176. 

Lar.  See  Lares. 

Lar  (lar).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Laris- 
tan,  Persia,  situated  about  lat.  27°  31'  N.,  long. 
54°  10'  E.  Population,  estimated,  about  12,000. 
Lara  (la'ra).  The  name  of  a family  belonging 
to  the  Castilian  aristocracy  of  the  10th  century, 
whose  adventures  have  been  made  the  subject 
of  many  ballads.  See  the  extract. 

The  ballads  which  naturally  form  the  next  group  are 
those  on  the  Seven  Lords  of  Lara,  who  lived  in  the  time 
of  Garcia  Fernandez,  the  son  of  Fernan  Gonzalez.  Some 
of  them  are  beautiful,  and  the  story  they  contain  is  one  of 
the  most  romantic  in  Spanish  history.  The  Seven  Lords 
of  Lara,  in  consequence  of  a family  quarrel,  are  betrayed  by 
their  uncle  into  the  hands  of  the  Moors,  and  put  to  death  ; 
while  their  father,  with  the  basest  treason,  is  confined  in 
a Moorish  prison,  where,  by  a noble  Moorish  lady,  he  has 
an  eighth  son,  the  famous'  Mudarra,  who  at  last  avenges 
all  the  wrongs  of  his  race.  On  this  story  there  are  above 
thirty  ballads  : some  very  old  and  exhibiting  either  inven- 
tions or  traditions  not  elsewhere  recorded,  while  others 
seem  to  have  come  directly  from  the  “General Chronicle." 

Ticlmor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  126. 

Lara.  A narrative  poem  by  Lord  Byrou,  pub- 
lished in  1814:  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 
Lara  (la'ra).  Astate  of  north  western  Venezuela, 
between  Falcon  and  Carabobo,  with  a small  ex- 
tent of  coast  on  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Capital, 
Barquisimeto.  Area,  9,296  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (estimated),  260,681. 

Lara  (la'ra),  Juan  Jacinto.  Born  at  Carora, 
Barquisimeto,  1778 : died  at  Barquisimeto,  Feb. 
25, 1859.  A Venezuelan  general  of  the  war  for 
independence.  He  enlisted  in  1810,  and  held  many  im- 
portant commands  in  Venezuela,  Colombia,  and  Peru ; led 
the  Colombian  troops  at  the  battle  of  Ayacucho,  Dec.  9, 
1824 ; and  remained  in  command  of  the  Colombian  con- 
tingent after  Bolivar  left  Peru  in  1826.  On  Jan.  26,  1827, 
his  troops  revolted,  made  him  prisoner,  and  sent  him  to 
Bogota,  where  he  was  released.  This  event  led  to  the  with- 
drawal of  the  Colombians  from  Peru,  and  the  rejection  by 
that  country  of  Bolivar’s  constitution. 

La  Rabida  (la  ra'be-da).  The  name  commonly 
given  to  the  Franciscan  convent  of  Santa  Maria 
de  Rabida,  on  a hill  near  the  town  of  Palos, 
Spain.  It  is  associated  with  several  incidents  in  the  life 
of  Christopher  Columbus.  The  convent,  which  had  fallen 
to  ruins,  was  restored  in  1855. 

Laracke,  or  Larash.  See  El-Araish. 

Laramie  City  (lar'a-me  sit'i).  The  capital  of 
Albany  County,  Wyoming,  situated  on  theUnion 
Pacific  Railroad  45  miles  west-northwest  of 
Cheyenne : a trading  center.  Population, 
8,237,  (1910). 

Laramie  Mountains.  A range  of  mountains 
in  southern  Wyoming  and  northern  Colorado. 
It  extends  east  and  northeast  of  the  Laramie 
Plains. 


Laramie  Peak 

Laramie  Peak.  A peak  of  the  Laramie  Moun- 
tains, situated  in  Wyoming  about  lat.42°  20'  N. 
Height,  about  10,000  feet. 

Laramie  Plains.  A plateau  in  southern  Wyo- 
ming, northwest  of  Cheyenne.  Its  height  is 
about  7,500  feet. 

Laramie  River.  A river  which  rises  in  northern 
Colorado  and  joins  the  North  Platte  at  Port 
Laramie,  eastern  Wyoming.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Laranda  (la-ran'da).  The  ancient  name  of  Ka- 
raman  (which  see). 

La  Ravardidre  (la  ra-var-dyar'),  Daniel  de  la 

Tousche,  Sieur  de.  Born  in  Poitou  about  1570 : 
died  after  1631.  A French  Protestant  soldier. 
About  1609  and  1611  he  made  two  voyages  to  the  coast  of 
northern  Brazil  for  trading  purposes.  Subsequently  he 
joined  with  Francois  de  Razilly  in  establishing  a French 
colony  at  Maranhao  (1612),  from  whence  he  explored  the 
Lower  Amazon.  The  colony  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese 
in  1616,  and  La  E-avardiere  remained  a prisoner  for  9 years. 
In  1630  he  was  vice-admiral,  under  Razilly,  in  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  Barbary  corsairs. 

Lareher(Iar-slia'), Pierre  Henri.  Bornat  Dijon, 
France,  Oct.  12, 1720:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  22, 1812. 
A French  Hellenist,  translator  of  Herodotus 
(1786). 

Larcom  (lar'kom),  Lucy.  Born  at  Beverly 
Farms,  Mass.,  i826:  died  April  17,  1893.  An 
American  poet.  In  her  youth  she  worked  in  a factory 
at  Lowell,  Mass.,  and  was  a contributor  to  the  “ Lowell 
Offering.”  From  1866-74  she  was  editor  of  “Our  Young 
Folks.”  She  was  the  author  of  “ Ships  in  the  Mist,  etc..” 
stories  (1859),  and  4 or  5 volumes  of  poems,  and  compiled 
and  edited  “Roadside  Poems,  etc. ”(1876),  “Hillside  and 
Seaside  in  Poetry  ” (1877),  etc.  Perhaps  her  best-known 
single  poem  is  “Poor  Lone  Hannah." 

Lardner  (lard'ner),  Dionysius.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, April  3, 1793:  died  at  Naples,  April  29, 1859. 
An  English  clergyman  and  scientific  writer,  a 
graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  (1817).  in 
1827  he  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
astronomy  in  London  University.  He  eloped,  1840,  with 
the  wife  of  a cavalry  officer  (afterward  marrying  her) ; vis- 
ited the  United  States  and  Cuba;  and  in  1845  established 
himself  in  Paris.  Among  his  numerous  publications  are 
the  “Cabinet  Cyclopedia"  (1839-49),  to  which  he  contrib- 
uted the  articles  on  hydrostatics,  pneumatics,  arithmetic, 
and  geometry  (and  collaborated  in  others),  “The  Great  Ex- 
hibition and  London  in  1851  ’’  (1852),  and  numerous  works 
and  papers  on  natural  science  and  railway  economics.  He 
is  notable  chiefly  as  a popularizer  of  science. 

Lardner,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Hawkliurst,  Kent, 
June  6, 1684:  died  there,  July  24, 1768.  An  Eng- 
lish nonconformist  divine  and  biblical  scholar, 
author  of  “ The  Credibility  of  the  Gospel  His- 
tory” (1727-57 : anoted  defense  of  Christianity), 
sermons,  etc. 

Laredo  (lii-ra'thS).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Santander,  Spain,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  It  has 
a large  trade  in  fish.  Population,  4,179. 
Lares  (la'rez).  In  Roman  antiquity,  a class 
of  infernal  deities  whose  cult  was  primitive. 
They  were  looked  upon  as  natural  protectors  of  the  state 
and  family,  and  also  as  powerful  for  evil  if  not  duly  re- 
spected and  propitiated.  The  public  Lares,  originaUy  two 
in  number,  were  the  guardians  of  the  unity  of  the  state, 
and  were  honored  with  temples  and  an  elaborate  ceremo- 
nial. After  the  time  of  Augustus,  at  least,  each  division  of 
the  city  had  also  its  own  public  Lares  (Lares  compitales). 
The  private  Lares  differed  for  each  family,  and  were  wor- 
shiped daily  in  the  house,  being  domiciled  either  on  the 
family  hearth  or  in  a special  shrine.  They  received  also 
especial  recognition  upon  every  occasion  of  festivity,  pub- 
lic or  private,  and  on  certain  days  devoted  particularly  to 
them,  and  claimed  tribute  alike  from  the  bride  upon  en- 
tering the  family  and  from  the  youth  upon  attaining  his 
majority.  The  chief  of  the  private  Lares  in  each  family,  the 
domestic  or  household  Lar  (Lar  familiaris)  in  the  fullest 
sense,  was  the  spirit  of  the  founder  of  the  family.  To  the 
family  spirits  were  often  added  in  later  times,  among  the 
household  Lares,  the  shades  of  heroes,  or  other  personal- 
ities who  were  looked  upon  with  admiration  or  awe.  In 
their  character  as  malignant  divinities,  the  Lares  were 
commonly  classed  under  the  title  of  Lemures  or  Larvse. 
Largs  (largz).  A town  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde,  it  was  the  scene 
of  a victory  of  Alexander  III.  over  Haco  of  Norway  in 
12G3.  Population,  5,4y5. 

Larino  (la-re'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Campobasso,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  48'  N., 
long.  14°  55'  E.  Population,  commune,  7,063. 
Larissa,  or  Larisa  (la-res'a:  Gr.  la're-sa).  1. 
Anomarchy  of  northern  Greece,  ceded  by  Tur- 
key in  1881  Area,  since  1899,  1,622  square 
miles.  Population,  95,066. — 2.  The  capital  of 
the  nomarchy  of  Larissa,  situated  on  the  Salam- 
bria  (Peneius)  in  lat.  39°  37'  N.,  long.  22°  22' 
E.:  the  ancient  capital  (underthename  Larissa) 
of  the  district  Pelasgiotis.  Population,  18,001. 
Larissa  Cremaste  (la-ris'ii  kre-mas'te).  In 
ancient  geography,  a town  in  Thessaly,  Greece, 
situated  in  lat.  38°  56'  N.,  long.  22°  50'  E. 
Laristan  (liir-is-tan').  A province  in  southern 
Persia,  hordering  on  the  Persian  Gulf  south- 
east of  Farsistan.  Capital,  Lar.  The  surface  is 
largely  mountainous.  Area,  about  20,000  square  miles. 
Population,  about  90,000. 


592 

Larius  (la'ri-us)  Lacus.  [Gr.  y Adptoc  Aipvr/.] 
The  Roman  name  of  the  Lake  of  Como. 

La  Rive  (la  rev'),  Auguste  de.  Born  at  Ge- 
neva, Oct.  9,  1801:  died  at  Marseilles,  Nov.  27, 
1873.  A Swiss  physicist,  son  of  Charles  Gaspard 
de  La  Rive,  physician  and  chemist  (1770-1834). 
He  was  made  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Acad- 
emy at  Geneva  in  1823;  went  to  Paris  in  1830;  became 
corresponding  member  of  the  Institute;  went  to  London, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Royal  Society ; returned  to  Geneva 
in  1836,  and  conducted  the  “ Biblmtheque  Universelle  de 
Genfeve.”  He  devoted  himself  to  the  investigation  of  the 
specific  heat  of  gases  and  the  conductibiiityof  heat,  but 
especially  to  researches  in  electricity.  His  name  is  asso- 
ciated with  many  original  discoveries  in  magnetism,  elec- 
tro-dynamics, etc.  He  invented  the  process  of  electro-gild- 
ing, and  propounded  a new  theory  of  the  aurora.  Among 
his  published  works  are  “ Momoire  sur  les  caustiques” 
(1824),  “Th^orie  de  la  pile  voltaique”  (1830),  and  a com- 
plete treatise  on  electricity,  regarded  as  authoritative,  en- 
titled “Archives  de  I’^bctricito : Trait e de  l’61ectriciti5 
tlnSorique  et  appliqu^e  ” (1854-58). 

Larivey  (la-re-va'),  Pierre  de.  Born  at  Troyes 
about  1550 : died  about  1612.  A French  drama- 
tist. He  was  of  Italian  birth,  and  translated  his  Italian 
name  Giunti  into  Larivey.  He  may  be  considered  one  of 
the  creators  of  Ftench  comedy.  Both  Molifere  and  R egnard 
were  indebted  to  him.  His  comedies  were  published 
together  by  Viollet-le-Duc  in  1579,  and  several  editions 
followed.  He  also  translated  and  imitated  Straparola's 
“Nights,”  etc. 

Larnaka,  or  Larnaea  (lar'na-ka),  or  Larnica 
(lar'ne-kii).  A town  and  the  chief  seaport  in 
Cyprus,  with  roadstead  in  lat.  34°  55'  N.,  long. 
33°  39'  E. : the  ancient  Citium.  Population, 
8,681. 

Laroche  (la-rosh'),  Madame  (Maria  Sophie  Gu- 
termann).  Bom  atKaufbeuren,  Bavaria,  Dee. 
6, 1731 : died  at  Offenbach,  Hesse,  Fob.  18, 1807. 
A German  novelist.  Her  novels  are  somewhat  after 
the  manner  of  Richardson.  Among  them  are  “Fraulein 
Sternheim  " (1771),  “Rosaliens  Briefe ” (1779),  “Melusinens 
Sommerlieder”  (1806),  etc. 

La  Rochefoucauld  (la  rdsh-fo-ko'),  Francois, 
sixth  Duke  of,  Prince  of  Marcillac.  Boru  at 
Paris,  Dee.  15, 1613 : died  there,  March  17, 1680. 
A French  moralist.  He  is  known  in  literature  through 
his  maxims,  his  memoirs,  and  his  correspondence.  The  first 
edition  of  the  “Maxims”  was  issued  anonymously  under  the 
title  “ Reflexions  ou  sentences  et  maximes  morales  ” (1665). 
The  fifth  edition  (1678),  published  during  the  authors  life- 
time, is  considered  definitive.  A sixth  edition  (1693)  con- 
tains 60  posthumous  maxims.  The  best  modern  edition 
was  made  by  Gilbert  for  the  series  of  the  “ G'-ands  ecri- 
vains  de  la  France  ” ( ! 868).  La  Rochefoucauld’s  memoirs 
were  published  in  1662  under  the  title  “ Mdmoires  sur  la 
r^gence  d'Anne  d’Autriche.”  His  correspondence  was 
made  public  in  1818  through  Belin’s  edition  of  the  great 
moralist’s  works. 

La  Rockefoucauld-Liancourt  (lyon-kor'),Duc 
Franqois  Alexandre  Frederic  de.  Born  J an. 

11,  1747:  died  March  27,  1827.  A French  phi- 
lanthropist and  politician.  Hefounded  onliisestate, 
Liancourt,  near  Clermont,  a model  school  for  the  education 
of  .poor  soldiers’  children,  which  in  1788  received  the  name 
“Ecole  des  Enfants  de  la  Patrie.”  He  emigrated  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and  wascreateda  peer  at  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons  in  1814.  He  wrote  “Voyage 
dans  les  Etats-Unis  d’Amfiriquefait  en  1795-97  ”(1798),  etc. 

La  Rochejacquelein  (la  rosh-zhak-lan'),  Henri 
du  Vergier,  Comte  de.  Born  near  Chatillon, 
Deux-Sevres,  Aug.,  1772:  killed  at  Nouaill6, 
March  4,  1794.  A French  Vendean  leader.  He 
was  made  generalissimo  in  Oct.,  1793 ; was  victorious  at 
Antrain  and  elsewhere ; and  was  defeated  at  Le  Mans  in 
1793. 

La  Rochejacquelein,  Louis  du  Vergier,  Mar- 
quis de.  Bom  at  St.  Aubin,  Deux-Sevres, 
France,  Nov.,  1777 : killed  in  battle  at  Pont- 
des-Mathis,  near  St.-Gilles,  France,  June  4, 
1815.  A French  Vendean  leader,  brother  of  the 
Comte  de  la  Rochejacquelein. 

La  Rochejacquelein,  Marie  Louise  Victoire 
de  Donnisson,  Marquise  de.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Oct.  25, 1772:  died  at  Orleans, 
France,  Feb.  15,  1857.  A French  royalist,  sec- 
ond wife  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Rochejacquelein. 
She  published  “Mfimoires”  (1815). 

La  Rochelle  (la  ro-skel').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Charente-Tn ferieure,  France,  sit- 
uated on  an  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  lat.  46° 
9'  N.,  long.  1°  9'  W. : the  medieval  Rupella.  it 
is  a strong  fortress  and  an  important  seaport.  Its  fisheries 
are  flourishing,  and  its  trade  extensive  in  wine,  brandy, 
coal,  timber,  salt,  grain,  etc.  It  has  a good  harbor,  and 
contains  a cathedral,  several  old  towers,  and  an  interest- 
ing hotel  de  ville.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Aunis. 
After  various  changes  it  was  finally  restored  to  France 
about  1372.  After  1568  it  was  the  Huguenot  headquarters. 
It  was  besieged  by  Richelieu  1627 and  taken  1628  (through 
the  construction  of  a mole,  and  in  spite  of  the  relief  expe- 
dition under  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  in  1627).  The  Eng- 
lish attempted  to  destroy  the  F rench  fleet  here  in  1809. 
Population,  commune,  33,858. 

La  Rochelle,  Peace  of.  A peace  signed  at  ba 
Rochelle,  July  6,  1573,  whereby  Charles  IX, 
granted  the  Protestants  partial  toleration. 

La-Roche-sur-Yon  (la-rosh ' siir-y6n ').  The 


Lasca,  11 

capital  of  the  department  of  Vend6e,  France, 
situated  on  the  Yon  in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  1° 
27'  W.  The  town  was  founded  by  Napoleon,  and  was 
named  Napoleonville  1808-14,  Bourbon-Vendee  1814-48, 
and  NapolCon- Vendee  1848-70.  The  castle  Roche-sur-Yon 
was  formerly  important  in  the  English  and  religious  wars. 
Napoleon  erected  in  the  town  a number  of  buildings  which 
are  not  remarkable.  Population,  commune,  13,685. 

Laromigui&re  (la-ro-me-gyar'),  Pierre.  Born 
at  Livignac-le-Haut,  Aveyron,  France,  Nov.  3, 
1756:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1837.  A French 
philosophical  writer,  author  of  “ Lemons  de 
philosophie  ” (1815-18),  etc. 

La  Rothiere  (la-ro-tyar').  A village  23  miles 
east  of  Troyes,  Aube,  France.  Here,  Feb.  l,  1814, 
the  Allies  (100,000)  under  Bliicher  defeated  the  French 
(45,000)  under  Napoleon. 

Larousse  (la-ros'),  Pierre  Athanase.  Born  at 
Toucy,  Yonne,  France,  Oct.  23,  1817 : died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  3, 1875.  A French  grammarian,  lex- 
icographer, and  author  : editor  of  the  “ Grand 
dictionnaire  universel”  (1866-78). 

Larra  (lar'ra),  Mariano  Jose  de.  Born  at 
Madrid,  March,  1809 : committed  suicide,  Feb. 
13,  1837.  A Spanish  satirist  and  dramatist. 
He  first  attracted  notice  by  his  “ El  duende  Satirico  ” 
(1829)  and  “El  pobrecito  hablador ” (1832).  He  became 
editor  in  chief  of  the  “ Spanish  Review  ” in  1833,  and  wrote 
for  periodicals,  under  the  pseudonym  Figaro,  a variety  of 
humorous  articles  published  in  5 volumes  as  “ Figaro  ” 
after  his  death  in  1837. 

Larrazabal(lar-ra-tha'bal), Felipe.  Born  about 
1822:  died  1873.  A Venezuelan  author.  He  is 
best  known  for  his  “Vida  del  Libertador  Simon  Bolivar," 
first  published  in  1863  (Caracas,  2 vols.),  which  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  Larrazabal  collected  a large 
amount  of  manuscript  material  on  the  history  of  America, 
including  over  8,000  letters  of  Bolivar.  He  wason  his  way 
to  Europe  to  arrange  for  the  publication  of  several  works 
when  he  was  drowned  in  the  wreck  of  the  steamship 
Ville  du  Havre. 

Larrey  (la-ra'),  Dominique  Jean,  Baron.  Born 
near  Bagneres-de-Bigorre,  France,  July,  1766: 
died  at  Lyons,  July  25,  1842.  A noted  French 
Surgeon.  He  served  first  in  the  navy,  and  then  in  the 
army,  and  became  distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  cam- 
paigns as  the  head  of  the  medical  and  surgical  department 
of  the  army.  He  introduced  the  ambulances  volantes  (fly- 
ing ambulances).  He  published  “MCmoires  de  m^decine 
et  de  chirurgie”  (1812-18),  etc. 

Larsa  (lar'sa).  See  Ellasar. 

La  Salle  (la  sal).  A city  of  La  Salle  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois,  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  85  miles  west-southwest  of  Chi- 
cago. Population,  11,537,  (1910). 

La  Salle  (la  sal'),  Antoine  de.  A French  poet. 
See  the  extract. 

Critics  have  vied  with  each  other  in  heaping  unacknow- 
ledged masterpieces  on  his  head.  His  only  acknowledged 
work  is  the  charming  romance  of  “Petit  Jean  de  SaintrA” 
The  first  thing  added  to  this  has  been  the  admirable  satire 
of  the  “Quinze  Joyes  du  Mariage,”  the  next  the  famous 
collection  of  the  “Cent  Nouvelles,”  and  the  last  the  still 
more  famous  farce  of  “Pathelin.”  There  are  for  once  few 
or  no  external  reasons  why  these  various  attributions 
should  notbe  admitted,  while  there  are  many  internal  ones 
why  they  should.  Antoine  de  la  Salle  was  born  in  1398, 
and  spent  his  life  in  the  employment  of  different  kings 
and  princes.  — Louis  III.  of  Anjou,  king  of  Naples,  his 
son  the  good  King  Rend,  the  count  of  Saint  Pol,  and  Philip 
the  Good  of  Burgundy,  who  was  his  natural  sovereign. 
Nothing  is  known  of  him  after  1461.  Of  the  three  prose 
works  w hich  have  been  attributed  to  him  — there  are  others 
of  a didactic  character  in  manuscript — the  “ Quinze  Joyes 
du  Mariage”  is  extremely  brief,  but  it  contains  the  quin- 
tessence of  all  the  satire  on  that  honourable  estate  which 
the  middle  ages  had  elaborated. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  147. 

La  Salle  (la  sal),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Rheims,  France,  April  30,  1651:  died  at  Rouen, 
France,  April  7, 1719.  A French  priest,  founder 
of  the  “Brethren  of  the  Christian  Schools.” 

La  Salle,  Robert  Cavelier,  Sieur  de.  Born 
at  Rouen,  Nov.  22,  1643:  died  in  Texas,  March 
20,  1687.  A French  explorer.  He  was  of  burgher 
descent;  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  with  whom  he  was 
for  a time  connected  ; and  in  1666  went  out  to  Canada.  In 
1669  he  set  out  upon  a tour  of  western  exploration,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  discovered  the  Ohio  River.  In  the 
course  of  another  journey,  a year  or  two  later,  he  explored 
the  upper  part  of  the  Illinois.  He  was  granted  a patent  of 
nobility  in  1673.  In  1679  he  established  Fort  Creveecrur 
on  the  Illinois  River,  near  the  site  of  the  present  Peoria, 
which  was  intended  as  the  starting-point  of  an  expedition 
down  the  Mississippi.  Returning  in  1680  from  a journey 
to  Canada  after  supplies,  he  found  the  fort  destroyed  by 
the  Iroquois.  The  garrison,  under  Henry  de  Tonti,  had 
made  good  its  escape,  however,  and  afterward  rejoined 
La  Salle  at  Mackinaw.  Organizing  a new  expedition,  he 
set  out  from  Fort  F’rontenac  with  Henry  de  Tonti,  thirty 
Frenchmen,  and  a band  of  Indians  in  1681,  and,  reaching 
the  Mississippi  by  way  of  the  Chicago  portage  and  the  Illi- 
nois River,  descended  to  its  mouth,  which  he  reached  April 
9,  16S2.  In  1684  he,led  a band  of  colonists  from  F'rance, 
intending  to  found  a settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. He  landed  at  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  which  he 
mistook  for  a western  outlet  of  the  river,  and  was  on  his 
way  to  Canada  to  procure  provisions  for  his  colony  when 
he  was  assassinated  by  some  oi  his  followers  near  a branch 
of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Lasca,  II.  See  Grazzini. 


Lascaris,  Andreas  Joannes 

Lascaris  (las'ka-ris),  Andreas  Joannes  or 
Janos  or  JanUS.  Bom  at  Rhyndacus,  in  Phry- 
gia, about  1445:  died  at  Rome,  1535.  A noted 
Greek  scholar,  resident  in  Italy  and  France  after 
the  fall  of  Constantinople.  He  first  sought  the  court 
of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  and  after  his  patron's  death  went 
to  Paris  where  he  taught  Greek.  In  1503,  and  again  in 
1505,  he  was  French  ambassador  at  Venice,  and  after  1508 
went  to  Rome.  His  most  notable  work  is  an  edition  of 
the  Greek  anthology  (1494).  He  also  edited  the  Greek 
scholia  on  the  Iliad,  etc. 

Lascaris,  Constantine.  Flourished  in  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  15th  century.  A Greek  scholar, 
settled  in  Italy  after  1453.  He  wrote  a Greek 
grammar  (1476 : the  first  book  printed  in  Greek). 
Lascaris,  Theodore.  See  Theodore  I.  Lascaris. 
Las  Casas,  Bartolome  de.  See  Casas. 

Las  Cases  (liis  kaz),  Comte  Emmanuel  Augus- 
tin Dieudonne  de.  Born  near  Revel,  Haute- 
Garonne,  France,  1766 : died  at  Paris,  May  15, 
1842.  A French  historian,  companion  of  Na- 
poleon at  St.  Helena  1815—16.  He  served  the  royal- 
ist cause  in  the  army  of  Condd  in  1792,  and  then  went  to 
England,  returning  to  France  in  1799.  In  1808  Napoleon 
made  him  a baron,  and  gave  him  a position  in  the  council 
of  state.  When  the  emperor  was  sent  to  St.  Helena,  Las 
Cases,  with  his  eldest  son,  followed  him.  He  was  sent 
away  from  the  island  in  Nov.,  1816,  for  attempting  to  for- 
ward a letter  toLucien  Bonaparte  without  the  knowledge 
of  the  commandant,  and  was  confined  at  the  Cape  for  8 
months.  To  him  Napoleon  dictated  a part  of  his  memoirs. 
He  published  “Memorial  de  8ainte-H61iue"  (1822-23). 

Lascy.  See  Lacy._ 

La  Serena  (la  sa-ra/nii,).  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Coquimbo,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Coquimbo  River,  in  lat.  29°  53'  S.  it  was  founded 
by  V aldlvia  in  1544,  and  was  an  important  point  in  the  early 
history  of  Chile.  Coquimbo,  its  commercial  port,  is  7 miles 
southwest  of  it,  but  the  two  names  are  often  used  inter- 
changeably. Population,  15,996. 

La  Serna  y Hinojosa  (la,  sar'na  e en-o-Ho'sa), 
Jose  de.  Born  at  Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  1770  : 
died  at  Cadiz,  1832.  A noted  Spanish  general. 
In  1816,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  he  was  put  in 
command  of  the  army  in  Upper  Peru.  He  was  defeated 
by  the  patriots  at  Salta  and  Jujuy,  and,  owing  to  disagree- 
ments with  the  viceroy,  resigned  in  1819,  and  was  made 
lieutenant-general  and  president  of  the  council  of  war: 
soon  after  this  he  was  made  commander  of  the  army  against 
San  Martin.  On  Jan.  29, 1821,  the  viceroy  Pezuela  was  de- 
posed by  his  officers,  and  La  Serna  was  put  in  his  place. 
La  Serna  was  forced  to  evacuate  Lima  July  6, 1821,  but  he 
kept  his  ground  in  the  interior  with  great  skill  and  resolu- 
tion, making  his  capital  at  Cuzco.  During  three  years  and 
ahalf  he  was  practically  cutoff  from  Spain.  Hewasfinally 
defeated  by  Sucre  and  captured  with  his  whole  army  at 
the  battle  of  Ayacucho,  Dec.  9,  1824. 

Las  Heras  (las  a'ras),  Juan  Gregorio  de.  Born 
at  Buenos  Ayres,  July  11,  1780:  died  at  Santi- 
ago de  Chile,  Feb.  6,  1866.  A Spanish- Ameri- 
can general.  In  1824  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  from  May  9 of  that  year  until  Feb.  7, 1825,  was 
acting  president  of  the  Argentine  Confederation.  Soon 
after  he  retired  to  Chile,  where  he  resided  until  his  death. 
Lask  (lask).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Piotrkow,  Russian  Poland,  92  miles  southwest 
of  Warsaw.  Population,  over  4,000. 

Lasker  (las'ker),  Eduard.  Born  at  Jarocin, 
Posen,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 1829 : died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  5, 1884.  A German  statesman,  one  of  the 
founders  and  leaders  of  the  National  Liberal 
party.  He  entered  the  Prussian  Landtag  in  1865,  and  the 
German  Reichstag  in  1867,  and  headed  the  secessionists 
from  the  National  Liberal  party  in  1880. 

Lasker,  Emanuel.  Born  at  Berlinchen,  near 
Berlin,  Dec.  24,  1868.  A noted  German  chess- 
player, A match  with  W.  Steinitz  for  the  chess  cham- 
pionship of  the  world,  played  March  15  to  May  26,  1824, 
at  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Montreal,  resulted  in 
favor  of  Lasker  by  10  games  to  5,  witli  4 draws.  He  also 
won  the  return  match  in  1856. 

Laski  (las'ke),  or  a Lasco  (a  las'ko),  John. 
Born  at  the  castle  of  Lask,  Poland,  1499:  died 
at Kalisch, Poland,  Jan.  13, 1560.  APolishProt- 
estant  theologian,  the  second  son  of  Jaroslaw, 
baron  of  Lask.  He  studied  at  Bologna  1515-17 ; was 
ordained  a priest  and  dean  at  Gnesen  1521 ; went  to  Basel 
in  1523,  and  lived  for  a year  with  Erasmus ; returned  to 
Poland  in  Oct.,  1525;  and  became  bishop  of  Vesprim  in 
1529,  and  archdeacon  of  Warsaw  in  1538.  He  became  a re- 
former of  the  Swiss  school.  In  1540  he  settled  in  Emden, 
East  Friesland ; was  appointed  pastor  of  a congregation 
therein  1542 ; went  to  England  on  the  invitation  of  Cranmer 
in  Aug.,  1548, returning  to  Emden  in  March,  1549;  and  re- 
turned to  England  in  May,  1550,  remaining  there  until 
Sept.,  1563.  While  in  England  he  was  superintendent  of 
the  Church  of  Foreign  Protestants  in  London,  and  took  an 
important  part  in  the  discussions  of  ecclesiastical  affairs. 
He  was  a voluminous  writer. 

La  Sorbonne.  See  Sorhonne,  La. 

Las  Palmas.  See  Palmas,  Las. 

Las  Pilas  (las  pe'las).  An  extinct  volcano  in 
Nicaragua,  Central  America,  east-northeast  of 
Leon. 

Lassa.  See  Lhasa. 

Las  Salinas  (las  sa-le'niis).  A place  about  three 
miles  north  of  Cuzco,  Peru : so  called  because 
salt  had  been  obtained  there.  Here  on  April  26 
0.— 38 


593 

1638,  the  forces  of  Diego  de  Almagro  (I  he  elder),  command- 
ed by  his  lieutenant,  Orgonez,  were  defeated  by  Francisco 
Pizarro  s army  under  his  brother,  Hernando.  Almagro 
was  captured  and  executed  soon  after. 

Lassalle( la-sal'),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Breslau, 
April  11,  1825:  died  at  Geneva,  Aug.  31,  1864. 
A German  socialist  and  agitator,  leader  in  the 
social-democratic  movement.  He  published  “ Die 
Philosophie  Herakleitos  ” (1858),  “ Das  System  der  erwor- 
benen  Rechte  ’’  (“System  of  acquired  Rights,"  1861),  etc. 
He  was  killed  in  a duel  growing  out  of  a love-affair. 

Lassalle,  Jean.  Born  at  Lyons,  Dec.  14, 1847 : 
died  at  Paris,  Sept.  7,  1909.  A French  oper- 
atic singer  (barytone).  He  made  his  d6but  in  1871 
at  Brussels,  and  sang  with  great  success  in  Paris,  Lon- 
don, and  Vienna.  In  1893-94  he  came  to  the  United 
States. 

Lassell  (la-sel'),  William.  Born  at  Bolton, 
Lancashire,  June  18, 1799:  died  at  Maidenhead, 
Oct.  5,  1880.  An  English  astronomer,  noted  as 
a constructor  of  reflecting  telescopes  and  as  an 
observer.  He  discovered  the  satellite  of  Neptune  Oct. 
10, 1846,  the  seventh  satellite  of  Saturn  (Hyperion)  Sept.  19, 
1848  (simultaneously  with  Bond),  and  the  two  inner  satel- 
lites of  Uranus(Ariel  and  Umbriel)  Oct.  24, 1851,  and  cata- 
logued a large  number  of  new  nebulae. 

Lassen  (las'sen),  Christian.  Born  at  Bergen, 
Norway,  Oct.  22,  1800:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia, 
May  8,  1876.  A noted  Norwegian  Orientalist, 
professor  at  Bonn  from  1830.  He  published  “In- 
dische  Altertumskunde”  (“Indian  Antiquities,”  1S44-62), 
etc.,  edited  various  Sanskrit  works,  and  deciphered  the 
Cld  Persian  cuneiform  inscriptions  (“Die  altpersischen 
Keiliuschriften,"  1836). 

Lassen,  Eduard.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  April 
13,  1830 : died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  15,  1904.  A Bel- 
gian composer.  He  went  to  Brussels  when  only  two 
years  old,  where  he  received  hi3  musical  education.  In 
1S51  he  took  the  prix  de  Rome.  In  1857  his  opera  “Le 
roi  Edgard”  was  produced  (as  “Landgraf  Ludwigs  Braut- 
fahrt  ’’)  at  Weimar  under  the  care  of  Liszt.  Here  he  was 
made  conductor  of  the  opera  after  the  latter  retired. 
Among  his  other  works  are  “ Frauenlob,"  “Der  Ge- 
fangene,”  and  “ Tristan  and  Isolde  ” — all  operas  ; the  music 
to  Sophocles's  “CEdipus,”  to  Goethe's  “Faust,”  to  Hebbel's 
“ Nibelungen,"  to  Devrient’s  version  of  Calderon's  “Circe," 
and  to  Goethe's  “Pandora."  He  also  wrote  two  sym- 
phonies and  a large  number  of  songs  which  are  famous. 

Lassus  (las'us),  Orlandus:  or  Lasso  (las'so), 
Orlando  (originally  Roland  Delattre).  Born 
at  Mons,  Hainault,  1520  ( 1530  ?) : died  at  Munich, 
J une,  1594.  The  leading  composer  (next  to  Pa- 
lestrina) of  the  16th  century.  In  1556  or  1557  he 
was  made  director  of  chamber-music  to  Albert  V.,  duke 
of  Bavaria,  and  in  1562  was  made  chapel-master.  Here  he 
composed  the  famous  music  for  the  Seven  Penitential 
Psalms.  He  composed  over  2,000  works,  chiefly  sacred, 
including  between  50  and  60  masses,  and  a number  of  mad- 
rigals, songs,  etc. 

Last  (last),  Doctor.  A shoemaker  who  passes 
an  amusing  examination  for  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
in  Foote’s  “ The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks.” 
Lastarria  (las-ta-re'a),  Jose  Victorino.  Born 
at  Rancagua,  1817 : died  at  Santiago,  June  14, 
1888.  A Chilean  publicist  and  author.  He  held 
many  important  civil  positions,  and  published  works  in 
various  branches  of  literature : the  most  valuable  of  these 
relate  to  the  constitutional  history  of  Chile. 

Last  Days  of  Pompeii.  A historical  novel  by 
Bulwer,  published  in  1834.  The  scene  is  laid 
chiefly  at  Pompeii,  79  A.  d. 

Last  Judgment,  The.  Among  the  noted  paint- 
ings with  this  subject  are  the  following,  (a)  A 
painting  by  Fra  Angelico  da  Fiesole,  in  the  Old  Museum 
at  Berlin.  It  is  an  altarpiece  in  3 parts.  ( b ) A famous 
painting  by  Michelangelo,  covering  the  entire  end  wall 
above  the  high  altar  of  the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome.  The 
composition  is  separated  into  5 subdivisions : (1)  above, 
angels  with  the  emblems  of  Christ’s  Passion ; (2)  upper 
middle,  Christ,  with  a gesture  of  condemnation,  as  the  di- 
vine Avenger,  with  Mary  at  his  feet;  (3)  on  both  sides,  the 
chief  of  the  elect;  (4)  at  Christ’s  feet,  the  angel  sounding 
the  trump  of  doom ; (5)  below,  the  fate  of  those  awakened 
from  the  dead,  the  blessed  borne  upward,  and  the  accursed 
dashed  down  by  angels  and  hurled  by  devils  into  torment. 
The  painting  has  suffered  from  incense  and  taper  smoke, 
and  above  all  from  the  clothing,  by  overscrupulous  popes, 
of  many  of  Michelangelo’s  undraped  figures,  (e)  A fresco 
in  the  Campo  Santo,  Pisa,  formerly  ascribed  to  Orcagna, 
but  now  to  the  Lorenzetti  (1350).  The  blessed  and  the 
lost  are  rising  from  their  graves,  and  being  conducted  to 
one  side  or  the  other  1 >y  angels  or  by  devils.  Many  great 
ecclesiastical  and  civil  dignitaries  are  represented  as  in 
the  latter  case.  The  subject  is  powerfully  presented; 
the  gesture  of  condemnation  made  by  Christ  toward  the 
damned  is  famous,  (d)  A very  large  painting  by  Rubens 
(1617),  in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  Three  Per- 
sons of  the  Trinity  occupy  the  central  upper  part  of  the 
canvas.  Christ  sits,  as  Judge,  with  uplifted  right  arm  mo- 
tioning to  the  dead  to  rise.  The  saints  are  gathered  about 
the  Deity.  Below,  the  dead  are  returning  to  life,  and  the 
entire  right  side  is  occupied  by  the  damned,  who  are 
hurled  down  to  perdition  by  the  archangel  Michael  with 
flaming  sword.  (<?)  An  altarpiece  by  Roger  van  der  Wey- 
den (1447),  in  the  hospital  at  Beaune,  France.  It  consists 
of  9 compartments,  with  6 more  on  the  outside  shutters, 
and  contains  portraits  of  Chancellor  Rollin  (the  donor),  of 
Philippe  le  Bon  of  Burgundy,  and  other  personages.  It  is 
one  of  the  finest  of  early  Flemish  pictures,  beautiful  in 
color.  (/)  A paint  ing  by  Fra  A ngelieo,  in  the  Accademia, 
Florence.  Christ  turns  toward  the  blessed,  with  a gesture 
of  doom  to  the  lost,  who,  as  they  rise  from  their  graves, 
are  dragged  off  by  devils  to  their  fate.  Among  the  lost 


Lateran  Council 

appear  monks  and  even  popes.  The  angels  and  the  blessed 
upon  the  flowery  meadows,  and  at  the  gates  of  paradise, 
are  of  the  greatest  beauty  and  charm. 

Last  Judgment,  The.  The  English  version  of 
Spohr’s  oratorio  “Die  letzten  Dinge,” produced 
in  1830. 

Last  of  the  Barons,  The.  A historical  novel 
by  Bulwer,  published  in  1843,  founded  on  the 
life  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick. 

Last  of  the  Fathers,  The.  St.  Bernard. 

Last  of  the  Goths,  The.  Roderick,  the  last 
monarch  of  the  West-Gothic  kingdom  of  Spain. 
Last  of  the  Greeks,  The.  Philopoemen. 

Last  of  the  Knights,  The.  A surname  of  the 
emperor  Maximilian  I. 

Last  of  the  Mohicans,  The.  One  of  the  “Lea- 
therstocking ” series  of  novels  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1826.  It  is  so  called  from  the  nickname 
of  Uncas,  one  of  its  leading  characters. 

Last  of  the  Troubadours,  The.  Jasmin. 

Last  Sigh  of  the  Moor,  The.  See  the  extract. 

There,  at  Padul,  on  a spur  of  the  Alpuxarras,  Boabdil 
stood  and  gazed  back  upon  the  kingdom  he  had  lost : the 
beautiful  Vega,  the  towers  of  the  Alhambra,  and  the  gar- 
dens of  the  Generalife ; all  the  beauty  and  magnificence  of 
his  lost  home.  “Allahu  Akbar,”  he  said,  “God  is  most 
great,"  as  he  burst  into  tears.  His  mother  Ayesha  stood 
beside  him  : “You  may  well  weep  like  a woman,’'  she  said, 
“for  what  you  could  not  defend  like  a man.”  The  spot 
whence  Boabdil  took  his  sad  farewell  look  at  his  city  from 
which  he  was  banished  for  ever,  bears  to  this  day  the  name 
of  “ el  ultimo  sospiro  del  Moro,  ” ‘ the  last  sigh  of  the  Moor.  ’ 
Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  267. 

Last  Supper,  The.  Among  the  noted  repre- 
sentations of  this  subject  are  the  following,  (a) 
A painting  by  Dieric  Bouts (1467),  in  St.  Pierre  at  Louvain, 
Belgium.  This  is  the  central  panel  of  a large  altarpiece. 
The  side  panels  are  in  the  Berlin  Museum.  (6)  A paint- 
ing by  Justus  of  Ghent,  a pupil  of  Van  Eyck,  in  the  Isti- 
tuto  di  belle  Arti  at  Urbino.  It  is  a beautiful  early-Flem- 
ish  picture,  one  of  the  oldest  works  in  oils  in  Italy.  Fede- 
rigo  da  Montefeltro,  with  his  family,  and  the  Persian 
ambassador  are  introduced  as  spectators,  (c)  A painting 
by  Luca  Signorelli  (1512),  in  the  duomo  of  Cortona,  Italy. 
It  represents  Christ  as  distributing  bread  to  3 kneeling 
apostles,  while  the  others  wait  grouped  behind,  (d)  A 
famous  wall-painting  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the  refec- 
toryof  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie  atMilan.  Christ  is  seated 
at  the  middle  of  the  table,  while  the  apostles  are  ranged 
on  each  side  of  him,  full  of  excitement  at  the  announce- 
ment of  his  impending  betrayal.  The  painting  has  suf- 
fered greatly  from  damp,  abuse,  and  repainting. 

Last  Token,  The.  A painting  by  Gabriel  Max, 
in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York. 
It  shows  a beautiful  young  girl  in  the  Roman  arena,  ex- 
posed to  wild  beasts.  Some  spectator  has  thrown  her 
down  a rose.  She  stands  over  it,  resting  her  hand  against 
the  wall,  and,  looking  up,  tries  to  distinguish  the  one  who 
has  pitied  her. 

Last  Tournament,  The.  One  of  the  “Idylls 
of  the  King,”  by  Tennyson. 

Las  Vegas  (las  va'gas).  A city  in  San  Miguel 
County,  New  Mexico,  east  of  Santa  Fe:  a rail- 
road and  manufacturing  center.  Population, 
3,775,  (1910). 

Laswari  (las-war'e).  A place  in  Rajputana, 
India,  78  miles  south  by  west  of  Delhi.  Here, 
Nov.  1,  1803,  the  British  (about  4,000)  under 
Lake  defeated  the  Mabrattas  (9,000). 
Latacunga  (la-ta-kon'ga),  or  Tacunga  (ta- 
koti'gii).  A city,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Leon,  Ecuador,  in  lat.  0°  55'  S.,  long.  78° 45'  W. 

It  was  founded  in  1534  on  the  site  of  an  Indian  village. 
Between  1678  and  1797  it  was  destroyed  four  times  by 
earthquakes.  Population,  about  10,006. 

Latakia,  or  Latakiyah.  See  Ladikiyeh. 

Late  Lancashire  Witches,  The.  A comedy 
by  Heywood,  revived  and  altered  by  Brome, 
acted  at  the  Globe  in  1634.  Heywood’s  part  is  evi- 
dently founded  on  ‘The  Witches  of  Lancaster"  by  T. 
Potts,  1613.  Fleay. 

Lateran  (lat'e-ran)  ,The.  A palace  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Rome.  The  present  edifice  dates  from  the  16tli 
to  18th  centuries.  The  palace  was  originally  named  from 
the  Roman  family  Lateranus  to  which,  until  the  time  of 
Nero,  it  belonged.  Nero  put  the  last  owner,  Plautius 
Lateranus,  to  death,  and  appropriated  the  palace.  It  was 
given  by  Constantine  (who  also  built  a church  in  its  pre- 
cincts) to  the  Bishop  of  Rome.  See  St.John  Lateran  and 
Scala  Santa. 

Till  the  14th  century  the  Lateran  was  the  usual  residence 
of  the  pope ; this  was  once  a very  extensive  building,  cov- 
ering four  times  its  present  area.  The  original  house  is 
said  to  have  belonged  to  the  senator  Plautius  Lateranus  in 
the  reign  of  Nero  ; but  the  existing  part  on  the  line  of  the 
Aurelian  wall  is  of  the  3rd  century.  This  house,  which  had 
become  the  property  of  the  emperors,  was  given  by  Con- 
stantine as  a residence  for  S.  Sylvester ; it  was  very  much 
enlarged  at  many  periods  during  the  next  ten  centuries ; 
in  1308  a great  part  was  burnt,  and  in  1586  the  ancient 
palace  was  completely  destroyed  by  Sixtus  V.,  and  the 
present  palace  built  by  Domenico  Fontana.  The  Capella 
Sancta  Sanctorum  is  the  only  relic  of  the  older  palace. 
The  present  palace  has  never  been  used  as  a papal  resi- 
dence ; in  the  ISth  century  it  was  an  orphan  asylum,  and  is 
now  a museum  of  classical  sculpture  and  early  Christian 
remains.  J.  H.  Middleton,  in  Encyc.  Blit.,  XX.  836. 
Lateran  Council.  The  name  of  a number  of  ec- 
clesiastical councils  held  in  the  Lateran  Church 
at  Rome.  The  following  five  are  regarded  by  the  Roman 


Lateran  Council 

Catholic  Church  as  ecumenical : (1)  The  council  of  1123, 
under  Calixtus  II.,  which  confirmed  the  Concordat  of 
Worms  (which  see)  and  renewed  the  grant  of  indulgences 
promulgated  by  Urban  II.  in  favor  of  the  Crusaders.  (2) 
The  council  of  1139,  under  Innocent  II. , which  condemned 
the  antipope  Anacletus  II.  and  Arnold  of  Brescia.  (3) 
The  council  of  1179,  under  Alexander  III.,  which  declared 
that  the  popes  should  be  elected  exclusively  by  the  college 
of  cardinals,  and  that  a two-thirds  vote  of  the  college 
should  be  necessary  to  form  a valid  election.  (4)  The  coun- 
cil of  1215,  under  Innocent  III.,  which  condemned  the  Albi- 
genses.  (5)  The  council  of  1512-17,  under  Julius  II.  and 
Leo  X.,  which  abrogated  the  canons  of  the  Council  of  Pisa, 

Lateran  Palace.  See  Lateran,  The. 

Latham  (la'tham),  John.  Born  at  Eltliam, 
near  London,  June  27, 1740:  died  Feb.  4,  1837. 

A noted  English  physician  and  ornithologist, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Linnean  Society 
(1788).  His  last  years  were  spent  in  Winchester.  He 
published  “ A General  Synopsis  of  Birds  ” (1781-85),  “In- 
dex Ornithologicus  sive  Systema  Ornithologiae”(1790),  “ A 
General  History  of  Birds  ” (11  vols.  1821-28),  etc. : the  illus- 
trations of  the  last-named  work  were  all  designed,  etched, 
and  colored  by  himself. 

Latham  (la'tham),  Robert  Gordon.  Born  at 
Billingborougli,  Lincolnshire,  March  24,  1812 : 
died  at  Putney,  March  9,  1888.  A noted  Eng- 
lish philologist,  ethnologist,  and  physician.  He 
was  a graduate  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1832  ; pro- 
fessorof  English  in  University  College,  London,  1839 ; and 
lecturer  and  assistant  physician  at  Middlesex  Hospital. 
He  published  “ Norway  and  the  Norwegians  ” (1840),  “The 
English  Language  "(1841),  “An  Elementary  English  Gram- 
mar” (1843),  “A  Handbook  of  the  English  Language" 
(1851),  an  edition  of  Johnson’s  “ Dictionary,”  and  numerous 
works  on  ethnology. 

To  the  late  Dr.  Latham  belongs  the  credit  of  having  been 
the  first  to  call  in  question  the  prevalent  belief  [with  re- 
gard to  the  origin  of  the  Aryans],  As  early  as  1851,  in  his 
edition  of  the  Germania  of  Tacitus,  he  ventured  to  assert 
that  no  valid  argument  whatever  had  been  produced  in 
favour  of  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  Aryans.  He  maintained, 
on  the  other  hand,  that  a European  origin  was  far  more 
probable.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  20. 

Lathbury  (lath'bui'-i),  Thomas.  Born  at  Brack- 
ley,  Northamptonshire,  1798 : died  at  Bristol, 
Feb.  11, 1865.  An  English  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian. He  was  vicar,  after  1848,  of  St.  Simon’s,  Baptist 
Mills,  Bristol,  and  the  author  of  “ A History  of  the  English 
Episcopacy,  etc."  (1836),  “The  State  of  theChurchof  Eng- 
land from  the  Introduction  of  Christianity  to  the  Period 
of  the  Reformation  "(1839),  “A  History  of  the  Convocation 
of  the  Church  of  England,  etc."  (1842),  “A  History  of  the 
Non- Jurors,  etc."  (1845),  “A  History  of  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer  and  other  Books  of  Authority  ” (1858),  etc. 
Lathom  House.  A place  in  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, 13  miles  northeast  of  Liverpool.  The  pres- 
ent  house,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Lathom,  was  built  in  1750. 
The  older  house  was  defended  by  Charlotte  de  la  Trd- 
mouille,  the  Countess  of  Derby,  against  the  Parliamentary 
forces  in  1644,  and  taken  by  them  in  1645. 

Lathrop  (la'throp),  Francis.  Born  at  sea  near 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  June  22,  1849 : died  at 
Woodcliff,  N.  J.,  Oct.  18,  1909.  An  American 
painter,  brother  of  George  Parsons  Lathrop. 

He  assisted  Burne-Jones  and  William  Morris  in  London, 
and  came  to  the  United  States  in  1873.  He  is  best  known 
for  his  portraits  and  mural  paintings,  of  the  last  the  most 
important  being  the  reredos  in  St.  Bartholomew’s  Church, 
New  York. 

Lathrop  (la'throp),  George  Parsons.  Born  at 
Honolulu,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Aug.  25,  1851: 
died  at  New  York,  April  19,  1898.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  miscellaneous  author,  son- 
in-law  of  Hawthorne.  He  was  assistant  editorof  the 
“Atlantic  Monthly”  1875-77.  He  wrote  “A  Study  of 
Hawthorne"  (1876),  “A  Masque  of  Poets”  (1878),  “An 
Echo  of  Passion"  (1882),  “Spanish  Vistas”  (1883),  “New- 
port” (1884),  “Behind  Time"  (1888),  etc. 

Latimer,  Darsie.  See  Redgauntlet  (Sir  Arthur 
Darsie). 

Latimer  (lat'i-mer),  Hugh.  Bom  at  Thurcas- 
ton,  Leicestershire,  about  1485:  burned  at  Ox- 
ford, Oct.  16, 1555.  A celebrated  English  prel- 
ate and  reformer.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at  Cambridge 
in  1510  ; became  a priest ; rose  in  favor  at  court,  especially 
with  Cromwell,  and  obtained  the  benefice  of  West  King- 
ton  (or  Kineton),  Wiltshire ; was  cited  to  appear  before 
the  Bishop  of  London  on  a charge  of  heresy  Jan.  29, 1532 ; 
recanted  April  10 ; was  made  a royal  chaplain  1534,  and 
bishop  of  Worcester  1535;  and  resigned  his  bishopric 
July  1, 1539,  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  Act  of  the 
Six  Articles  (by  his  own  account  at  the  request  of  the 
king).  He  was  ordered  into  the  custody  of  the  Bishop  of 
Chichester,  but  was  soon  released.  During  the  reign  of 
Edward  VI.  he  regained  his  influence  at  court,  and  identi- 
fied himself  more  closely  with  the  Reformation.  On  the 
accession  of  Mary  he  was  arrested  and  committed  to  the 
Tower  (Sept.,  1553) ; was  sent  to  Oxford  with  Ridley  and 
Cranmer  to  defend  their  doctrines  regarding  the  mass  be- 
fore the  divines  of  the  two  universities,  March,  1564  ; was 
excommunicated  April  20 ; and  was  burned  with  Ridley 
“at  the  ditch  over  against  Balliol  College,"  Oct.  16, 1655. 
Latin  America.  A collective  term  for  all  the 
countries  and  islands  of  America  in  which  the 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  or  French  races  are  pre- 
dominant; broadly  speaking,  all  of  South 
America,  Central  America,  Mexico,  and  most 
of  the  West  Indies. 

Latin  Empire,  The.  The  empire  established  by 
the  Crusaders  of  western  and  southern  Europe 


594 

at  Constantinople  in  1204.  It  was  overthrown 
and  succeeded  by  the  (restored)  Byzantine  em- 
pire in  1261. 

Latini  (la-tl'nl).  In  ancient  history,  the  Latins, 
or  people  inhabiting  Latium. 

Latini  (la-te'ne),  Brunetto.  Born  at  Florence, 
1230 : died  there,  1294.  An  Italian  poet,  scholar, 
and  orator.  His  most  noted  work  is  an  ency- 
clopedia (“Tr6sor”)  -written  in  French. 

Latin  League.  A confederation  of  the  cities  of 
Latium,  existing  in  Italy  in  the  earliest  historic 
times,  and  continuing  till  338  B.  c.,  when  the 
Latin  towns  were  finally  incorporated  in  the 
dominion  of  Rome.  According  to  the  earliest  tradi- 
tion, the  league  included  thirty  cities,  among  whicli  Alba 
Longa  held  the  preeminent  place.  After  the  fall  of  Alba, 
Aricia,  Lanuvium,  and  Tusculum,  with  other  important 
communities  not  originally  included,  were  united  with  the 
league.  The  confederation  held  assemblies  in  the  grove 
of  Ferentino,  below  Marino  in  the  Alban  hills,  and  had  a 
common  religious  sanctuary  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  La- 
tiaris  on  the  summit  of  the  Alban  Mount  (Monte  Cavo), 
where  annual  sacrifices  were  celebrated. 

Latin  Quarter.  The  quarter  of  Paris  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Seine,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Sorbonne.  It  has  been  frequented  for  centuries 
by  the  student  class. 

Latin  Union.  A monetary  alliance  of  France, 
Belgium,  Italy,  and  Switzerland,  formed  by  con- 
vention Dec.  23,  1865,  and  joined  by  Greece  in 
1868.  Its  object  was  the  maintenance  and  regulation  of 
a uniform  interchangeable  gold  and  silver  coinage,  based 
on  the  French  franc.  Its  limited  term  was  continued  by 
two  renewals  (1878  and  1885),  Belgium  withdrawing  on  the 
latter  occasion  and  adopting  the  single  gold  standard. 

Latinus  (la-ti'nus).  In  Roman  legend,  a king 
of  Latium,  father  of  Lavinia. 

Latin  War,  The  Great.  A war  between  Rome 
and  Latium,  340-338  B.  C.,  ending  in  the  subju- 
gation of  the  latter. 

Latium  (la'shi-um).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
part  of  central  Italy  lying  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean southeast  of  Etruria  and  northwest  of 
Campan  ia . The  name  was  originally  restricted  to  the  land 
of  the  Latins,  chiefly  comprised  in  the  Roman  Campagna. 
Its  chief  cities  formed  a league,  which  was  at  war  with 
Rome  340-338  B.  C.,  and  was  incorporated  with  Rome  after 
338  B.  C.  In  an  extended  sense  Latium  (also  Latium  Adjec- 
tum  or  Novum)  was  the  region  from  the  Tiber  to  the  Liris 
or  to  Mount  Massicus,  including  the  territories  of  the 
Latins,  Hernicans,  Volscians,  and  Auruncans,  and  (in  part) 
of  the  JJquians. 

LatmUS  (lat'mus).  [Gr.  Aar//of.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a mountain-range  in  Caria,  Asia 
Minor,  east  of  Miletus. 

Latobrigi  (lat-o-bri'ji  or  la-tob'ri-ji).  A Celtic 
people  associated  with  the  Helvetii  in  their  cam- 
paign of  58  B.  c.  They  probably  lived  in  south- 
ern Baden. 

Latona  (la-to'na).  In  classical  mythology,  the 
Roman  name  of  the  Greek  goddess  Leto,  mother 
by  Jupiter  of  Apollo  and  Diana.  See  Leto. 

La  Torre  (la  tor'ra),  Miguel  de.  Died  after 
1823.  A Spanish  general  who  fought  under  Mo- 
rillo  in  Venezuela  and  New  Granada  1815-20, 
and  succeeded  him  in  command  at  the  end  of  the 
latter  year.  He  was  defeated  by  Bolivar  at  Cara- 
bobo  (which  see)  June  24,  1821. 

Latour  (la-tor'),  Louis  Antoine  Tenant  de. 
Born  at  St.-Yrieix,  Haute-Vienne,  France,  Aug. 
30,  1808:  died  at  Seeaux,  Aug.  27,  1881.  A 
French  poet  and  miscellaneous  author. 

Latour,  Tomline.  A pseudonym  of  W.  S.  Gil- 
bert. 

Latour  d’Auvergne  (la-tor'  do-varny'),  The- 
ophile  Malo  Corret  de.  Born  at  Carhaix,  Fin- 
isthre,  France,  Nov.  23,  1743:  killed  at  Ober- 
hausen,  near  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  June  27,  1800. 
A French  soldier,  named  by  Napoleon  “ the  first 
grenadier  of  the  republic”  (he  refused  the  rank 
of  general).  He  was  distinguished  in  the  wars  of  1792- 
1800,  and  was  commander  of  the  “Infernal  Column.”  So 
great  was  the  admiration  with  which  he  was  regarded  that 
from  his  death  to  1814  his  name  was  retained  on  the  roll- 
call  of  his  company  of  grenadiers  as  a mark  of  honor,  the 
color-sergeant  answering,  “Dead  on  the  field  of  honor,” 
when  it  was  called. 

La  Trappe  (la  trap).  A medieval  Cistercian 
abbey  in  the  department  of  Orne,  France,  near 
Mort’agne.  It  was  founded  in  1140,  and  gave 
name  to  the  Trappists.  See  Trappists. 
Latreille  (lii -tray'),  Pierre  Andre.  Born  at 
Brives,  Corrhze.  France,  Nov.  29, 1762:  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  6, 1833.  A noted  French  zoologist. 

Among  his  works  are  “Histoire  des  salamandres”  (1800), 
“Histoire  naturelledes  singes "(1801),  “Histoire  des  four- 
mis  ” (1802),  “Histoire  naturelledes  reptiles”  (1802),  “His- 
toire naturelle  des  crustacds  et  des  insectes  ’’  (1802-05), 
“ Families  naturellesdurfegne animal  ”(1825),  “Coursd  en- 
tomologie  ” (1831),  etc. 

Latrohe  (la-trob').  Charles  Joseph.  Born  at 
London,  March  20. 1801:  died  there,  Dec.  2, 1875. 
An  English  traveler  and  politician,  son  of  the 
musical  composer  C.  I.  Latrobe:  noted  as  an 


Lauenburg 

alpinist.  In  1832-34  he  traveled  in  North  America,  go- 
ing to  Mexico  with  Washington  Irving,  and  in  1839  was 
appointed  superintendent  of  the  Port  Philip  district  of 
New  South  Wales,  and  later  (Jan.  27,  1851)  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Victoria,  a post  which  he  resigned  May  5,  1854. 

He  published  several  works  of  travel. 

Latrohe,  Christian  Ignatius.  Born  at  Leeds, 
Yorkshire,  Feb.  12, 1757 : died  near  Manchester, 
May  6, 1836.  An  English  musical  composer.  He 
took  orders  in  the  Church  of  the  United  Brethren,  and  in 
1795  was  appointed  their  secretary  in  England.  He  com- 
posed a number  of  anthems,  a “Te  Deum,”  a “Miserere,” 
etc.  ; but  his  principal  work  was  his  “ Selection  of  Sacred 
Music  from  the  Works  of  the  most  eminent  Composers  of 
Germany  and  Italy  ” (6  vols.  1806-25). 

Latter-Day  Saints.  The  Mormons : so  called 
by  themselves.  See  Mormons. 

Latude  (la-ttid'),  Jean  Henri  Masers  de.  Bom 

at  Montagnac,  H6rault,  France,  March  23, 1725: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  1, 1805.  A French  officer  of 
engineers.  Not  being  successful  in  his  profession,  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  attracting  public  attention  by  send- 
ing an  imitation  infernal  machine  to  Madame  de  Pompa- 
dour and  going  himself  to  warn  her  not  to  open  it  as  he 
had  discovered  a plot  against  her.  Suspicion  being  aroused, 
he  was  arrested  and  confessed  the  whole  story,  which  was 
not  believed.  By  command  of  Pompadour  he  was  impris- 
oned in  the  Bastille  and  elsewhere  1749-84.  He  was  treat- 
ed with  extraordinary  severity,  but  continued  to  write  his 
memoirs,  which  gave  an  account  of  his  numerous  escapes 
and  arrests, 

Lauban  (lou'ban).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Queis  38  miles  west  by 
south  of  Liegnitz.  It  was  in  former  times  an 
important  town  of  Lusatia.  Population,  com- 
mune, 14,624. 

Laube  (lou'be),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Sprottau, 
Prussia,  Sept.  18, 1806:  died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  1, 
1884.  A German  novelist,  dramatist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous author,  one  of  the  leaders  of  “Young 
Germany.”  Among  his  dramas  are  “ Rococo ’’ (1846), 

“ Struensee  ” (1847),  “Gottsched  und  Gellert  ’(1847),  “ Die 
Karlssch filer  ” (1847),  “Graf  Essex ” (1856) ; and  among  his 
novels,  “Das  junge  Europa ” (1833-37 : comprising  “Die 
Poeten,”  “Die  Krieger,”  “Die Biirger"),  “Reisenovellen ” 
(1834-37),  “ Die  Grafin  Chateaubriand  ”(1843),  “ Der  deutsche 
Krieg  " (1863-66),  etc.  He  also  wrote  “ Das  erste  deutsche 
Parlament  ” (1849). 

Laud  (lad),  William.  Born  at  Reading,  Oct. 
7,  1573:  beheaded  at  London,  Jan.  10, 1645.  A 
celebrated  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  the  son  of  a clothier.  In  1594  he  gr  adu- 
ated at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ; was  made  vicar  of  Stain 
ford  in  Northamptonshire  in  1607,  and  of  Caxton  in  Kent 
in  1610 ; and  was  elected  president  of  St.  John’s  College, 
May  10,  1611.  On  Jan.  22,  1621,  he  became  a prebendary 
of  Westminster,  and  on  June  29  bishop  of  St.  David’s,  re- 
signing the  presidency  of  St.  John’s  in  the  same  year.  He 
was  elected  bishop  of  London  in  1628,  chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbuiy  in 
1633.  Throughout  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  he  was  one  of 
the  foremost  supporters  of  the  king  and  most  influential 
men  of  the  state.  He  was  impeached  by  the  Commons 
(Long  Parliament)  Dec.  18,  1640,  and  committed  to  the 
Tower  March  1, 1641.  His  trial  began  March  12, 1644,  and 
he  was  executed  on  Tower  Hill  Jan.  10,  1645.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  as  a part  of  the  “Library  of 
Anglo-Catholic  Theology”  (1847-60). 

Lauder  (la'der),  Robert  Scott.  Born  at  Silver- 
mills,  Edinburgh,  June  25,  1803:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  21,  1869.  A Scottish  painter  and 
teacher  of  art.  His  subjects  were  taken  chiefly  from 
Scott's  novels,  as  “ The  Trial  of  Effie  Deans  ’’  (1840),  “ The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor”  (1831),  etc. 

Lauder,  William.  Died  in  Barbados  in  1771. 
A Scottish  literary  impostor,  a graduate  of 
Edinburgh  University,  who  rendered  himself 
notorious  by  charging  Milton  with  plagiarism 
(1747),  and  supporting  the  accusation  by  forged, 
garbled,  and  interpolatedquotations  from  mod- 
ern Latin  authors.  The  fraud  was  laid  bare  (1750)  by 
John  Douglas,  and  Dr.  Johnson,  who  had  countenanced 
Lauder's  attack,  forced  him  to  confess  his  guilt. 

Lauderdale,  Earls  and  Dukes  of.  See  Mait- 
land. 

Laudon  (lou'don),  or  Loudon,  Baron  Gideon 
Ernst  von.  Born  at  Tootzen,  Livonia,  Rus- 
sia, Feb.  2,  1717:  died  at  Neutitsekein,  Mora- 
via, July,  1790.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He 
served  at  Prague  and  Kolin  in  1757,  and  at  Hochkireh  in 
1758  • was  Austrian  commander  at  Kunersdorf  in  1759 ; 
commanded  at  Landeshut  and  Liegnitz  in  1760 ; stormed 
Schweidnitz  in  1761;  served  in  (he  War  of  the  Bavarian 
Succession  1778-79 ; and  captured  Belgrad  in  1789. 

Laudonni&re  (lo-do-nyar'),  Rene  de.  A French 
Huguenot  who  was  despatched  by  Coligny  in 
1564  to  carry  aid  to  the  Huguenot  colony  sent 
out  in  1562  under  Ribault.  Finding  Ribault’s  set- 
tlement abandoned,  he  built  Fort  Carolina  on  the  St.  John  - 
River  in  Florida,  in  June,  1564.  The  fort  was  stormed  and 
tlie  garrison  massacred  by  the  Spaniards  under  Menen 
dez  de  Aviles,  Sept.  21, 1565.  Laudonnifere  escaped  with 
a number  of  other  fugitives  to  England,  and  afterward 
returned  to  France.  lie  wrote  “L’Histoire  notable  de  Ir. 
Floride,  contenant  les  trois  voyages  faits  en  icelle  par  des 
capitaines  et  pilotes  fran<;ais  ” (1586). 

Lauenburg  (lou'en-boro).  Acirclein  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  lying  north 
of  the  Elbe,  bordering  on  Hamburg,  Liibeck 


Lauenburg 

Mecklenburg,  and  Hannover,  it  is  fertile,  and 
abounds  in  forests.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Polabs. 
It  formed  part  of  the  old  Saxon  duchy.  On  the  fall  of  Hen- 
ry the  Lion  in  1180  it  fell  to  Bernard  of  Ascania,  and  it 
continued  in  that  family  (with  the  exception  of  a few  years 
at  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  when  it  belonged  to 
Denmark),  under  the  name  of  Saxe- Lauenburg,  until  the 
extinction  of  the  Ascanian  line  in  1689.  There  were  sev- 
eral claimants  to  the  duchy.  It  finally  passed  to  Hano- 
ver in  1705  and  followed  its  fortunes ; was  ceded  in  1815 
to  Prussia,  which  immediately  ceded  it  to  Denmark  in  ex- 
change for  Swedish  Pomerania;  was  taken  from  Denmark 
(see  Schleswig-Holstein  Wars)  in  1864  ; and  was  taken  pos- 
session of  by  Prussia  in  1865.  Bismarck  received  the  title 
of  Duke  of  Lauenburg  in  1890.  Area,  457  square  miles. 
Population,  52,684. 

Lauenburg.  A town  in  the  circle  of  Lauen- 
burg, situated  on  the  Elbe  26  miles  southeast 
of  Hamburg.  Population,  5,178. 

Lauenburg.  A town  in  the  province  of  Pome- 
rania, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Leba  38  miles 
west-northwest  of  Dantzic.  Population,  com- 
mune, 12,502. 

Laufach  (lou'fach).  A village  in  Lower  Fran- 
conia, Bavaria,  28  miles  east-southeast  of  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main.  Here,  July  13, 1866,  the  Prus- 
sians defeated  the  Hessians. 

Laugerie  Basse  (lozh-re'  bas).  See  the  extract. 

Probably  the  very  earliest  record  which  we  possess  of 
any  actual  event  is  the  scene  depicted  on  the  fragment  of 
an  antler  which  was  found  in  the  rock  shelter  at  Laugerie 
Basse,  in  Auvergne.  A primeval  hunter,  naked  save  for 
the  long  hair  which  protects  his  body  from  the  cold,  has 
crept  up  to  a gigantic  Urus  feeding  in  the  grass,  and  is 
seen  in  the  very  act  of  casting  a spear  at  his  unsuspecting 
prey.  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  16. 

Laughing  Philosopher,  The.  A name  given 
to  Democritus  of  Abdera  because  he  was  said 
to  laugh  at  the  follies  of  mankind. 

Laugier  (lo-zhya/),  Cesar  de  Bellecour,  Comte 
de.  Born  at  Porto  Ferrajo,  Elba,  Oct.  5,  1789: 
died  at  Florence,  March  25,  1871.  An  Italian 
general  and  man  of  letters. 

Lauingen  (lou'ing-en).  A town  in  Swabia  and 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube  25  miles 
northwest  of  Augsburg:  the  birthplace  of  Al- 
bertus  Magnus.  Population,  about  4,000. 
Laun  (loun).  A town  in  Bohemia,  on  the  Eger 
40  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Population, 
commune,  10,212. 

Launce  (Ians).  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,”  a servant  of  Pro- 
teus, noted  for  his  remarks  to  his  dog  Crab. 
Launcelot.  See  Lancelot. 

Launceston  (lans'ton).  A town  in  Cornwall, 
England,  situated  near  the  Tamar  20  miles 
north-northwest  of  Plymouth.  It  has  a ruined 
castle.  Population,  4,053. 

Launceston.  The  second  largest  town  in  Tas- 
mania, situated  in  the  northern  part  105  miles 
north  of  Hobart.  Population,  18,077. 

Launfal  (lan'fal),  Sir.  A knight  of  the  Round 
Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance. 
Thomas  Chestre  wrote  a metrical  romance  with  this  title 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  See  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal. 
LaUnion  (la  6-ne-on').  A seaport  in  Salvador, 
Central  America,  situated  on  an  arm  of  Fonseca 
Bay.  Population,  about  2,000. 

Launitz  (lou'nits),  Eduard  Schmidt  von  der. 
Born  at  Grobin,  Courland,  Russia,  Nov.  23, 
1796:  died  at  Frankfort-on-th e-Main,  Dec.  12, 
1869.  A Russo-German  sculptor. 

Launitz,  Robert Eberhard  (Schmidt  von  der). 
Born  at  Grobin,  Courland,  Russia,  Nov.  16, 
1806:  died  at  New  York,  Dee.  13, 1870.  A Rus- 
sian-American  sculptor. 

Laupen  (lou/pen).  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Sense  and  Saane,  10  miles  west-southwest 
of  Bern.  It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  Bern  over 
Fribourg  and  allies  in  1339. 

Laura  (la'ra;  It.  pron.  lou'ra)  (identified  with 
Laur e de  N oves,  later  Madame  de  Sale ) . [L. , 
‘alaurel’;  It., etc., Laura, F. Laure.J  Bornl308: 
died  at  Avignon,  France,  April  6, 1348.  A French 
lady,  beloved  by  Petrarch,  and  celebrated  in 
his  poems. 

When  Petrarch  first  beheld  her,  on  the  sixth  of  April, 
1327,  Laura  was  in  the  church  of  Avignon.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Audibert  de  Noves,  and  wife  of  Hugues  de 
Sale,  both  of  Avignon.  When  she  died  of  the  plague,  on 
the  sixth  of  April,  1348,  she  had  been  the  mother  of  eleven 
children.  Sismondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  282. 

Laura  Matilda.  A writer  of  sentimental  verse 
in  Horace  and  James  Smith’s  “Rejected  Ad- 
dresses.” See  Anna  Matilda. 

Lauraguais  (lo-rii-ga').  An  ancient  division  of 
Languedoc.  France,  situated  near  Castelnau- 
dary.  It  now  forms  parts  of  the  departments 
of  Aude,  Tarn,  and  Haute-Garonne. 

Laurel  (la'rel)  Hill.  A cemetery  near  Fair- 
mount  Park,  Philadelphia. 


595 

Laurel  Ridge.  A range  of  low  mountains,  of 
the  Appalachian  system,  in  southwestern  Penn- 
sylvania, east  of  Chestnut  Ridge. 

Laurence  (la'rens),  Saint.  [Also  Lawrence ; L. 
Laurentius,  laurel-crowned;  F.  Laurent,  It.  Lo- 
renzo, Sp.  Lorenzo,  Pg.  Lourengo,  G.  Lorens.'] 
A Christian  martyr  of  the  3d  century,  roasted 
alive  in  an  iron  chair  at  Rome.  His  festival  is 
celebrated  on  Aug.  10. 

Laurence,  Saint.  A prelate  of  the  early  Eng- 
lish church.  He  succeeded  St.  Augustine  as 
archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Laurence.  See  Lawrence. 

Laurence,  Friar.  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“Romeo  and  Juliet”:  a Franciscan  friar,  the 
adviser  of  Romeo  and  Juliet. 

Laurence,  Samuel.  Born  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
1812 : died  at  London,  Feb.  28,  1884.  An  emi- 
nent English  portrait-painter.  Among  his  works 
are  portraits  of  many  men  of  letters,  including  Carlyle, 
Whewell,  Browning,  F.  D.  Maurice,  Dickens,  Sir  Henry 
Taylor,  Froude,  Thackeray,  Tennyson,  and  Lowell. 

Laurens  (la'rens),  Henry.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  1724:  died  there,  Dec.,  1792.  An  American 
statesman.  He  became  a delegate  to  Congress  in  1776; 
was  president  of  Congress  1777-78 ; and  was  peace  com- 
missioner at  Paris  in  1782. 

Laurens,  John.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  1753: 
killed  at  the  Combahee,  S.  C.,  Aug.  27,  1782. 
An  American  soldier,  son  of  Henry  Laurens, 
distinguished  for  his  gallantry  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War. 

Laurent  (16-ron'),  Francois.  Born  at  Luxem- 
burg, July  8,  1810:  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  11, 
1887.  A Belgian  historian,  author  of  “ Etudes 
sur  l’histoire  de  l’humanit.d”  (1850-70),  etc. 

Laurentian  (la-ren'shi-an)  Mountains.  A 
range  of  mountains  in  the  dominion  of  Canada, 
forming  the  watershed  between  the  Hudson 
Bay  and  St.  Lawrence  River  systems.  Often 
referred  to  as  the  “ Height  of  Land.” 

Laurentie  (lo-ron-te'),  Pierre  Sebastien.  Bom 
at  Houga,  Gers,  France,  Jan.  21,  1793 : died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  9,  1876.  A French  historian  and 
Legitimist  journalist,  author  of  “ Histoire  de 
France”  (1841-43),  etc. 

Laurentius  Valla.  See  Valla,  Laurentius. 

Laurentum  (la-ren'tum).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy a city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
coast,  16  miles  southwest  of  Rome:  the  ancient 
capital  of  Latium. 

Lauria  (lou're-a).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  40°  2'  N.,  long. 
15°  49'  E.  Population,  about  11,000. 

Laurie  (lou'ri),  Robert.  Born  about  1755:  died 
at  Broxboume,  Hertfordshire,  May  19,  1836. 
An  English  mezzotint  engraver.  His  name  was 
variously  written  Lowery,  Lowry,  Lawrie,  etc. 

Laurier  (lo'ri-a),  Sir  Wilfrid.  Born  at  St. 

t Lin,  Quebec,  Nov.  20,  1841.  A Canadian  states- 
man. He  was  minister  of  inland  revenue  1877-78  ; was 
appointed  queen's  counsel  1880 ; became  leader  of  the 
Liberal  party  1887 ; and  was  premier  of  Canada  1896-1911. 
He  was  knighted  in  1897. 

Laurion  (la/ri-on  or  la-ri'on),  or  Laurium  (13/- 
ri-um  or  la-ri'um).  [Gr.  A aiipiov,  Aavpeiov.]  A 
mountain  at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  At- 
tica, Greece.  It  was  celebrated  in  antiquity  for  its  sil- 
ver-mines. Recently  its  mines  have  been  worked,  and 
produce  lead,  zinc,  etc. 

Laurvig  (lour'vig),  or  Larvik  (lar'vik).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Jarlsberg-Laurvig, 
southern  Norway,  63  miles  south-southwest  of 
Christiania,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Laagen  on 
the  Laurvig  Fjord.  Population,  10,401. 

Lausanne  (lo-zan').  The  capital  of  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  near  Lake  Ge- 
neva in  lat.  46°  32'  N.,  long.  6°  38'  E. : the 
Roman  Lausonium.  It  is  an  educational  and  literary 
center,  and  has  a museum  and  a picture-gallery.  The  ca- 
thedral, dating  from  the  middle  of  the  13th  century,  is  by  far 
thefinest  medieval  monument  in  Switzerland.  Thetransepts 
have  low, arcaded  towers  on  the  east  side,  and  the  facades 
exhibit  fine  roseB.  There  is  a tower  at  the  crossing  witha 
slender  spire,  and  a finetoweronthesouthsideof  the  west 
front,  terminating  in  two  tiers  of  arcades  and  angle-pinna- 
cles. The  sculptured  portals  also  are  fine.  The  interior 
is  of  great  symmetry  and  beauty,  with  a noteworthy  trifo- 
rium,  and  contains  many  remarkable  monuments,  among 
them  that  of  Victor  Amadeus  VIII.  of  Savoy.  The  length 
of  the  cathedral  is  352  feet,  length  of  transepts  160,  height 
of  vaulting  66.  The  admirable  restoration  was  planned  by 
Viollet-le-Duc.  Lausanne  was  made  the  seat  of  a bish- 
opric in  the  6tli  century  ; was  conquered  by  Bern  in  1636 ; 
and  became  the  capital  of  the  canton  of  L4man  in  1798,  and 
of  the  canton  of  V and  ip  1803.  Gibbon  was  a resident  of 
the  city.  Population,  40,717. 

Lausitz.  See  Lusalia. 

Lautaro  (lou-ta'ro),  or  Latur  (la-tor').  Born 
about  1535:  died  Feb.  (?),  1557.  An  Arauca- 
nian  Indian  of  Chile.  He  was  the  son  of  a chief ; was 
captured  by  the  Spaniards  ; and  became  a servant  of  the 
governor  Valdivia.  Escaping  in  1553,  he  joined  his  coun- 
trymen, took  part  in  the  battle  of  Tucapel,  in  which  Val- 


Laveleye 

divia  was  killed  (Jan.  1,  1554),  and  during  the  next  three 
years  was  the  most  noted  aud  successiui  of  the  Indian 
leaders.  He  was  eventually  defeated  and  killed  by  Villa- 
gra  at  the  battle  of  Mataquito.  Lautaro’s  deeds  are  cele- 
brated in  the  “Araucana  ” of  Ercilla. 

Lautaro  (lou-ta'ro)  Society.  [Sp.  Sociedad  de 
Lautaro.]  A secret  political  society,  originally 
established  in  various  Spanish  cities  during  the 
first  years  of  the  19th  century,  it  was  affiliated 
with  the  Gran  Reunion  Americana(which  see),  and  had  for 
its  aim  the  emancipation  of  Spanish  South  America.  The 
first  American  branch  (called  the  Lautaro  Lodge)  was 
formed  at  Buenos  Ayres,  by  San  Martin  and  others,  about 
July,  1812.  In  Jan.,  1813,  it  obtained  practical  control  of  the 
government  at  Buenos  Ayres,  and  during  the  succeeding 
years,  until  about  1823,  was  the  hidden  moving  spring  of 
nearly  all  political  action  on  the  patriot  side. 

The  Lodge  of  Lautaro  was  not  a machine  of  government 
or  of  speculative  propaganda,  it  was  an  engine  of  revolu- 
tion, of  war  against  a common  enemy  and  of  defense 
against  internal  dangers.  Under  itsauspices  wascreated 
the  first  popular  assembly  which  gave  form  to  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  people  ; to  it  was  due  that  spirit  of  propa- 
ganda which  characterized  the  Argentine  revolution,  and 
the  maintenance  of  the  alliance  with  Chile,  which  gave 
independence  to  half  the  continent. 

Mitre,  The  Emancipation  of  South  America  (Eng.  trans. 

[of  Pilling,  1893),  pp.  48,  49. 

Lauter  (lou'ter).  F.  Lutter  (lii-tar').  A river 
in  Germany,  forming  in  part  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  Rhine  Palatinate  and  Alsace.  It 
joins  the  Rhine  9 miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe. 
Length,  51  miles. 

Lauterbrunnen  (lou'ter-bron-nen).  A valley 
and  parish  in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzer- 
land, 33  miles  southeast  of  Bern.  It  is  noted  for 
the  Staubbach,  Triimmelbaeh,  and  other  falls. 
Lavagna  (la-van'ya).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  22  miles  east  by  south  of 
Genoa.  Population,  commune,  5,315. 

Laval  (la-val' ).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Mayenne,  France,  on  the  Mayenne  in  lat. 
48°  5'  N.,  long.  0°48'  W.  It  is  noted  for  the  mauufac- 
tureof  ticking,  and  for  its  castle  and  cathedral.  Formerly 
a barony,  it  was  made  a countship  in  14*29.  Near  it  the 
Vendeans  under  La  Roche jacquelein  defeated  the  repub- 
licans Oct.  24-25,  1793.  Population,  commune,  29,751. 

La  Valette,  Jean  Parisot  de.  See  Valette. 
Lavalle  (lii-val'ya),  Juan.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  Oct.  16, 1797 : assassinated  at  Jujuy,  Oet. 
9,1841.  An  Argentinian  general.  He  fought  under 
San  Martin  in  Chile  and  Peru,  and  against  the  Brazilians 
1825-28.  In  Dec.,  1828,  he  deposed  and  shot  Dorrego,  the 
Federalist  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  was  himself 
governor  for  a year.  Subsequently  he  was  the  leader  of 
the  opposition  to  Rosas,  and  in  1839,  at  the  head  of  pro- 
vincial forces,  marched  on  Buenos  Ayres ; but  after  repeated 
defeats  he  was  forced  to  fly  to  Jujuy. 

La  Valliere  (lava-lyar'),  Frantjoise  Louise  de 
La  Baume  Le  Blanc,  Duchesse  de.  Born  at 
Tours,  France,  Aug.  7, 1644 : died  at  Paris,  June 
6,  1710.  A mistress  of  Louis  XIV.,  whose  at- 
tention she  attracted  in  1661.  She  was  created  a 
duchess  In  1666,  and  retired  to  a convent  in  1674,  after 
having  been  superseded  in  the  king’s  affections  by  the 
Marquise  de  Montespan.  She  is  the  reputed  author  of 
“Reflexions  sur  la  raisdricorde  de  Dieu  "(1685). 

Laval-Montmorency  (la-val'mon-mo-ron-se'), 
Francois  de.  Born  at.  Laval,  France,  March  23, 
1622:  died  at  Quebec,  May,  1708.  A French 
prelate  in  Canada. 

Lavater  (la'va-ter),  Johann  Caspar.  Born  at 
Zurich,  Nov.  15,  1741 : died  there,  Jan.  2,  1801. 
A Swiss  poet  and  theologian,  the  founder  of  the 
so-called  science  of  physiognomy.  He  studied 
theology  at  Zurich,  where  he  subsequently  lived  as  a 
clergyman,  and  where  he  died  from  the  effects  of  a wound 
received  from  a French  soldier  at  the  capture  of  the  city 
in  1799.  As  a poet  he  is  chiefly  known  by  his  “Scliwei- 
zerlieder"  (“Swiss  Songs,"  1767).  “Aussichten  in  die 
Ewigkeit " (“Looks into  Eternity  ”)  appeared  the  following 
year.  His  principal  work,  in  which  he  gives  an  account 
of  his  science  of  physiognomy  and  attempts  its  justifica- 
tion, is  “Physiognomische  Fragmente  zur  Beforderung 
der  Menschenkenntniss  und  Menschenliebe  "(“  Physiog- 
nomical Fragments  for  the  Promotion  of  a Knowledge  of 
Marrand  of  Love  of  Man,”  1775-78).  Goethe  contributed 
to  it  a chapter  on  the  skulls  of  animals.  His  complete 
works  were  published  1836-38,  in  6 volumes. 

Lavaur  (la-vor').  A cathedral  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  France,  situated  on  the 
Agout.  20  miles  east-northeast  of  Toulouse.  It 
was  the  leading  town  of  the  Albigenses.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  6,388. 

La  Vaux,  or  Lavaux  (lii-vo'),  G.  Ryffthal 
(ref'tal).  A district  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  north  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva  and 
east  of  Lausanne. 

Lavedan  (liiv-don'),  Henri  Leon  Emile.  Born 
at  Orleans,  April,  1859.  A French  litterateur, 
elected  to  the  Academy  in  1898.  He  writes  for  “La 
Vie  Parisienne  ’’  under  the  name  of  Mancheeourt,  and  is 
the  author  of  comedies,  tales,  etc. 

Laveleyc  (lav-la'),  Emile  Louis  Victor  de. 

Born  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  April  5,  1822:  died 
at  Doyon,  near  Li6ge,  Jan.  3, 1892.  A Belgian 
political  economist  and  political  writer.  Among 
his  works  are  “Do  la  propriety  et  de  ses  formes  prinii- 


Laveleye 

tives"  (1873),  “ Le  parti  clerical  en  Belgique"  (1874),  “Le 
protestantisme  et  le  catholicisme  ’’  (1876),  "Le  socialisme 
con  temporal  n ” (1881),  etc. 

Lavello  (la-vel'lo).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  3'  N.,  long. 
15°  46'  E.  Population,  commune,  7,445. 

La  Vendee.  See  Vendee. 

Lavigerie  (la-vezh-re'),  Charles  Martial  Alle- 
mand.  Born  at  Bayonne,  Oct.  31,  1825 : died 
at  Algiers,  Nov.  26,  1892.  A French  cardinal, 
chiefly  known  as  an  opponent  of  the  slave-trade 
in  Africa.  He  became  bishop  of  Nancy  in  1863,  arch- 
bishop of  Algiers  and  Carthage  in  1867,  and  cardinal  in  1882. 

La  Villemarque  (la  vel-mar-ka'),  Vicomte  de 
(Theodore  Claude  Henri  Hersart).  Born  at 
Quimperld,  FinistOre,  France,  1815:  died  1895. 
A French  philologist,  noted  for  works  on  the 
language  and  literature  of  Brittany. 

Lavinia  (la-vin'i-ii).  1.  In  Roman  legend,  the 
daughter  of  Latinus  and  wife  of  JEneas. — 
2.  The  daughter  of  Titus  Andronicus  in  Shak- 
spere’s  (?)  “Titus  Andronicus.” 

Lavinium  (la-vin'i-um).  Ill  ancient  geography, 
a city  of  Latium,  Italy,  15  miles  south  of  Rome. 
Lavoisier  (la-vwfi-zya'),  Antoine  Laurent. 
Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  16,  1743:  guillotined  at 
Paris,  May  8, 1794.  A celebrated  French  chem- 
ist, the  chief  founder  of  modern  chemistry,  and 
the  reformer  of  chemical  nomenclature.  He  was 
the  son  of  a tradesman,  and  was  educated  at  the  College 
Mazarin.  In  1769  he  was  appointed  farmer-general  of  the 
revenue,  and  in  1776  director  of  the  government  powder- 
mills.  In  May,  1794,  he  was  attacked  in  the  Convention  as 
an  ex-farmer-general,  and  was  sentenced  to  death  by  the 
Revolutionary  tribunal.  He  overthrew  the  old  "phlo- 
gistic "chemistry.  His  chief  work  is  “Traito  tlemcntaire 
de  chimie  ’’  (1789). 

Lavoro,  Terra  di.  See  Cascrta. 

Law  (la),  Edmund.  Born  at  Cartmel,  Lanca- 
shire, June  6,  1703:  died  at  Carlisle,  Aug.  14, 
1787.  Au  English  prelate  (bishop  of  Carlisle) 
and  theological  and  philosophical  writer.  He  was 
made  archdeacon  of  thediocese  of  Carlisle  in  1743 ; master 
of  Peterhouse  in  1756 ; librarian  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1760;  Knightbridge  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy in  1764 ; and  bishop  of  Carlisle  in  1768.  He  published 
an  “ Enquiry  into  the  Idea  of  Space  and  Time  " (1734), 
“Considerations  on  the  State  of  the  World  with  Regard  to 
the  Theory  of  Religion  " (1745),  etc. 

Law,  Edward.  Born  at  Great  Salkeld,  Cum- 
berland, Nov.  16, 1750:  died  at  London,  Dec.  13, 
1818.  A noted  English  jurist,  son  of  Bishop 
Edmund  Law,  made  Baron  Ellenborough  April 
19,  1802.  He  graduated  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  in 
1771;  was  called  to  the  bar  June,  1780;  was  leading  coun- 
sel for  Warren  Hastings,  and  appeared  in  other  famous 
trials ; became  attorney-general  under  Addington,  Feb.  14, 
1801 ; entered  Parliament  March,  1801 ; and  became  lord 
chief  justice  of  England  April  12,  1802.  In  1806  he  ac- 
cepted a seat  in  the  cabinet,  under  Addington,  without 
office.  His  most  important  attempt  in  legislation  was  the 
act  which  bears  his  name  (now  repealed),  by  which  the 
number  of  capital  felonies  was  largely  increased. 

Law,  Edward.  Born  Sept.  8,  1790:  died  Dee. 
22, 1871.  An  English  statesman,  earl  of  Ellen- 
borough,eldest  son  of  Baron  Ellenborough, chief 
justice  of  England.  He  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  St.  John’s 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1809  ; was  appointed  lord  privy  seal 
under  Wellington  in  1828;  was  transferred  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  board  of  control  in  the  same  year,  and  became 
interested  in  Indian  affairs ; went  out  of  office  In  1830 ; and 
was  appointed  governor-general  of  India  (succeeding  Lord 
Auckland)  Oct.  20,  1841,  a post  which  he  held  until  1844. 
During  his  administration  .ie  annexed  Sind  (which  was 
conquered  by  Sir  Charles  Napier)  and  invaded  Gwalior, 
conquering  the  Mahrattas  at  Maharajpore,  Dec.  28,  1843. 
He  succeeded  his  father  as  Lord  Ellenborough  in  1818,  and 
was  advanced  to  an  earldom  in  1844. 

Law  (F.  prom  la'o),  Jacques  Alexandre  Ber- 
nard, Marquis  of  Lauriston.  Born  at  Pondi- 
cherry, India,  Feb.  1, 1768:  died  at  Paris,  .June 
10,  1828.  A French  marshal  and  diplomatist. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  Ragusa,  Wagram, 
Bautzen,  Leipsic,  etc. 

Law  (la),  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  April,  1671: 
died  at  Venice,  March  21,  1729.  A celebrated 
financier  and  projector  of  commercial  schemes, 
the  son  of  a goldsmith  and  banker.  In  April,  1694, 
he  killed  “Beau”  (Edward)  Wilson  in  a duel  in  London 
and  was  condemned  to  death,  but  escaped  to  the  Continent 
where  for  a time  he  led  a roving  life,  largely  that  of  a gam- 
bler: at  the  same  time  endeavoring  to  secure  the  adoption 
t>y  various  governments  of  his  banking  and  other  financial 
schemes, especially  of  his  plans  fortheissueof  paper  money, 
of  which  he  was  an  earnest  advocate.  In  May,  1716,  he, 
with  others,  founded  the  Banque  G6n6rale,  and  succeeded 
in  carrying  out  with  success  his  views  with  regard  to 
paper  currency,  his  notes  being  accepted  in  payment  of 
taxes,  and  commandinga  premium  over  specie.  Soon  after 
this  he  acquired  from  the  French  government  control  of 
the  territory  then  called  “Louisiana  ” for  colonization  and 
trade,  the  “Compagnie  d’Occident”  being  incorporated 
for  this  purpose  in  1717  : an  enterprise  which  became  fa- 
mous under  the  name  of  “The  Mississippi  Scheme"  or 
“ The  System.  ” This  company  soon  absorbed  the  East  In- 
dia and  China  companies  (being  thereafter  known  as  the 
“Compagnie  de9  Indes”),  the  African  Company,  the  mint, 
and  the  power  of  receivers-general,  thus  becoming  supreme 
both  in  the  American  and  Asial  ic  commerce  of  France  and 


596 

in  its  internal  financial  affairs.  Meanwhile,  in  1718,  the 
‘ Banque Gffiffirale  "had  been  transformed  into  the  “Banque 
Royale,”  with  Law  as  director-general  and  its  notes  guar- 
anteed by  the  king.  On  Jan.  5,  1720,  Law  was  made  con- 
troller general  of  finance,  and  on  Feb.  23  the  company 
and  the  bank  were  combined.  For  a while  the  “ System’’ 
prospered,  fortunes  were  made  in  speculation,  and  Law 
possessed  great  power ; but  the  overissue  of  paper  money 
and  the  hostile  action  of  the  government  brought  on  the 
catasrtophe,  and  in  May,  1720,  the  “System  - collapsed. 
Law  was  driven  from  France  and  his  estates  were  confis- 
cated. In  Dec.,  1720,  however,  he  was  invited  by  the  czar 
Peter  to  take  charge  of  the  finances  of  Russia, but  declined. 
Later  (1721)  he  returned  to  England,  remaining  there  until 
1725,  when  he  went  to  Italy. 

Law,  Thomas.  Born  at  Cambridge,  England, 
Oct.  23,  1759:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Oet., 
1834.  The  seventh  son  of  Edmund  Law,  bishop 
of  Carlisle.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1793,  became 
a friend  of  Washington,  and  married,  as  his  second  wife, 
Eliza  Parke  Custis,  granddaughter  of  Martha  Wasliington. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  financial  topics. 

Law, William.  BornatKing’sClifiie,  near  Stam- 
ford, Northamptonshire,  1686:  died  there,  April 
9,  1761.  An  English  controversial  and  devo- 
tional writer,  a graduate  of  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  and  for  a time  tutor  of  Edward  Gib- 
bon, father  of  the  historian : author  of  “A  Se- 
rious Call  to  a Devout  and  Holy  Life  ” (1728), 
etc.  About  1740  he  came  under  the  influence 
of  the  mysticism  of  Jakob  Bohme. 

Lawes  (laz),  Henry.  Born  at  Dinton,  Wiltshire, 
Dec.  (?),  1595:  died  at  London,  Oct.  21, 1662.  An 
English  musician  (a  member  of  the  king’s  band), 
composer  of  the  music  for  Milton’s  “Comus” 
(1634),  and  of  numerous  songs  and  anthems. 
He  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Lawes,  William.  Killed  at  the  siege  of  Chester, 
Sept.,  1645.  Am  English  composer,  elder  brother 
of  Henry  Lawes.  He  wrote  the  music  for  va- 
rious masks,  instrumental  pieces,  etc. 

Lawfeld  (law'feld).  A village  in  the  province 
of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  near  Maastricht.  Here, 
July  2, 1747,  the  French  under  Marshal  Saxe  defeated  the 
allies  under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland. 

Lawgiver  of  Parnassus,  The.  A nickname  of 
Nicholas  Boileau. 

Lawrence.  See  Laurence. 

Lawrence  (la'rens).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Douglas  County,  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Kan- 
sas River  25  miles  east  by  south  of  Topeka. 
It  is  a railway  center,  has  flourishing  manufactures  and 
trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  State  University.  It  was 
founded  by  Free-Soil  settlers  in  1854,  became  an  anti- 
slavery center,  and  was  sacked  and  burned  by  Confederate 
guerrillas  under  Quantrell  in  1863.  Pop.,  12,374,  (1910). 
Lawrence.  A city  and  one  of  the  capitals  of 
Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Merrimac  25  miles  north  of  Boston,  it  was  made 
a city  in  1853,  and  is  one  of  the  leading  cotton  and  woolen 
manufacturing  cities  of  New  England.  A strike  of  18,000 
textile  workers,  led  by  the  Industrial  Workers  of  the 
World,  took  place  Jan.  12-Mar.  24, 1912.  Pop.,  85,892,  (1910). 

Lawrence,  Abbott.  Born  at  Groton,  Mass., 
Dec.  16,  1792:  died  at  Boston,  Aug.  18,  1855. 
An  American  merchant  and  politician,  brother 
of  Amos  Lawrence.  He  was  United  States  minister 
to  Great  P»ritain  1849-52,  and  founded  the  Lawrence  Scien- 
tific School  at  Harvard. 

Lawrence,  Amos.  Born  at  Groton,  Mass., 
April  22,  1786:  died  at  Boston,  Dec.  31,  1852. 
An  American  merchant  and  philanthropist.  He 
gave  about  $20,000  to  the  academy  at  Groton, which  received 
the  name  of  Lawrence  Academy  in  1843. 

Lawrence,  Charles.  Died  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  Oct.  17, 1760.  An  English  general  (com- 
mander of  a brigade  at  the  siege  of  .Louisburg), 
lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia  1754,  and 
governor  1756. 

Lawrence,  George  Alfred.  Born  1827:  died 
Sept.  23,  1876.  An  English  novelist.  He  wrote 
“Guy  Livingstone”  (1857),  etc. 

Lawrence,  Sir  George  St.  Patrick.  Born  at 
Trineomalee,  Ceylon,  March  17,  1804:  died  at 
London,  Nov.  16,  1884.  An  English  general, 
elder  brother  of  Sir  Henry  M.  Lawrence.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  India  from  1822  to  1864,  except 
for  a brief  period,  and  was  made  major-general  in  1861. 
He  wrote  “Forty-three  Years  in  India “(1874). 

Lawrence,  Sir  Henry  Montgomery.  Born  at 
Matura,  Ceylon,  June  28,  1806:  died  at  Luck- 
now, July  4,  1857.  A noted  English  general 
and  administrator  in  India,  newns  the  fourth  son 
of  Colonel  Alexander  Lawrence  (an  Indian  officer),  and 
brother  of  Lord  Lawrence  and  Sir  George  St.  P.  Lawrence. 
He  served  in  India  from  1822,  and  was  appointed  resident 
at  Lahore  Jan.  8,  1S47;  president  of  the  board  of  adminis- 
tration in  the  Panjab  April  14,  1849 ; governor-general’s 
agent  in  Rajputana  1853  ; and  chief  commissioner  of  Oudh 
1857.  When  the  mutiny  broke  out,  May,  1857,  he  was  in 
Lucknow,  the  defense  of  which  he  organized,  and  where 
he  died  from  a wound  received  July  2.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  works  on  India. 

Lawrence,  James.  Bom  at  Burlington,  N.  J., 
Oet.  1,  1781 : died  at  sea,  June  5,  1813.  An 
American  naval  officer.  While  in  command  of  the 


Layamon 

Hornet  he  captured  the  British  ship  Peacock,  Feb.,  1813. 
He  was  defeated  and  mortally  wounded  as  commander  of 
the  Chesapeake  against  the  Shannon,  June  1,  1813.  See 
Chesapeake. 

Lawrence,  John  Laird  Mair,  Lord  Lawrence. 
Born  at  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  England,  March 
4, 1811 : died  June  26, 1879.  Am  English  states- 
man and  administrator  in  India,  younger  brother 
of  Sir  Henry  M.  Lawrence.  He  went  to  India  in 
1S29 ; became  one  of  the  administrators  of  the  Panjab  1849, 
chief  commissioner  1853,  and  governor-general  of  India 
1863-69.  The  services  which  he  rendered  as  governor  of 
the  Panjab,  during  the  Sepoy  mutiny,  earned  for  him  the 
title  of  “savior  of  India.” 

Lawrence,  Slingsby  A pseudonym  of  George 
Henry  Lewes. 

Lawrence,  Stringer.  Born  at  Hereford,  March 
6,  1697 : died  at  London,  Jan.  10,  1775.  An 
English  soldier,  distinguished  by  his  services 
in  India  1748-59,  made  major-general  in  the 
East  Indies  in  1759.  He  went  to  India  as  major  to 
take  command  of  the  troops  of  the  East  India  Company, 
and  at  once  began  the  labors  in  military  organization  which 
earned  for  him  the  title  of  “father  of  the  Indian  army." 
He  was  chiefly  occnp.ed  in  fighting  the  French  and  check- 
ing the  growth  of  their  influence  in  India.  His  last  service 
was  the  defense  of  Fort  St.  George  during  its  famous  siege 
by  the  French  under  Lally,  1758-59. 

Lawrence,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bristol,  May 

4,  1769:  died  at  London,  Jan.  7,  1830.  A cele- 
brated portrait-painter,  son  of  an  innkeeper  of 
Bristol.  He  was  knighted  April  22,  1816,  and  elected 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  to  succeed  Benjamin 
West,  March  20, 1820.  He  was  patronized  by  George  III., 
and  among  his  sitters  were  a large  number  of  notable  per- 
sons. 

Lawrence,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Cirencester, 
England,  July  16,  1783:  died  at  London,  July 

5,  1867.  A noted  English  surgeon  and  anato- 
mist. He  was  appointed  professorof  anatomy  and  surgery 
at  the  College  of  Surgeons  in  1815,  and  in  1829  successor 
of  Abernethy  as  lecturer  ou  surgery  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital.  Of  his  works  his  "Lectures  on  the  Physiology, 
Zoology,  and  Natural  History  of  Man  " are  noted  from  the 
fact  that  the  courts  fled  by  Lord  Eldon)  refused  to  protect 
their  author's  rights  in  them  because  they  were  held  to 
contradict  the  Scriptures. 

Lawrence , W illiam  Beacn.  Born  at  N ew  Y ork, 
Oct.  23, 1800 : died  at  New  York,  March  26, 1881. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician.  Among  his 
works  are  “Law  of  Charitable  Uses” (1845), "Visitation and 
Search  ” (1858),  “Commentaire  sur  les  ^ffiments  du  droit 
international ”(1868-80).  He  edited  Wheaton  s “Elements 
ol  International  Law  ” (1855). 

Laws  of  Candy,  The.  A play  by  Massinger  and 
Fletcher,  printed  in  1647.  It  was  probably  written 
about  1619.  The  plot  is  from  one  of  Cinthio's  novels. 

Lawson  (la/son),  Cecil  Gordon.  Born  at  Wel- 
lington, in  Shropshire,  Dec.  3, 1851 : died  at  Lon- 
don, June  10,  1882.  An  English  landscape- 
painter,  fifth  son  of  the  painter  William  Lawson. 
Lawson,  Sir  John.  Died  at  Greenwich,  June 
29,  1665,  from  a.  wound  received  in  the  action 
off  Lowestoft  June  3.  An  English  sailor,  com- 
mander in  the  service  of  Parliament  1642-56  and 
1659,  and  then  in  that  of  the  king.  He  served  under 
Vice-Admiral  Penn  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  under  Blake 
in  the  North  Sea,  and  became  vice-admiral  in  1653.  In 
1659  he  took,  by  order  of  Parliament,  command  of  the 
fleet  in  the  “Narrow  Seas."  In  1661-64  he  commanded  a 
fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  succeeded  temporarily  in 
coercing  the  corsairs  of  Tunis  and  Algiers. 

Lawson,  John.  Died  1712.  A Scotch  surgeon 
who  came  to  America  as  surveyor-general  of 
North  Carolina  in  1700.  He  traveled  extensively 
through  the  Carolinas  in  the  prosecution  of  his  business, 
writing  down  his  experiences  and  observations  as  he  went. 
He  became  an  object  of  suspicion  to  the  Indians,  and  in 
1712  they  waylaid  and  murdered  him.  His  book  "A  New 
Voyage  to  Carolina,  etc.,”  was  published  in  London  in  1709. 
Lawson,  Sir  Wilfrid.  Born  in  Cumberland, 
Sept.  4,  1829:  died  at  London,  July  1,  1906. 
An  English  baronet  and  Radical  politician. 

He  represented  Carlisle  in  Parliament  1859-65  and  1868- 
85,  sat  for  a division  of  Cumberland  1886-1900  and  in  1906, 
and  for  a division  of  Cornwall  1903-05.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  strenuous  advocates  of  the  cause  of  temperance. 

Lawton  (la'ton),  Henry  W.  Born  at  Toledo, 
Ohio,  March  17,  1843 : died  at  San  Mateo,  near 
Manila,  Philippine  Islands,  Dec.  18,  1899.  An 
American  general.  He  served  as  a volunteer  on  the 
Union  side  in  theCivil  War, rising  to  the  brevet  rank  of  colo- 
nel ; entered  the  regular  army  in  1866 ; served  in  the  West 
against  the  Indians,  and  became  famous  for  his  successful 
operations  against  Geronimo ; was  commissioned  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  in  1898 ; commanded  a division 
in  the  attack  on  Santiago;  captured  El  Caney  July  1 ; was 
promoted  major-general  of  volunteers  July  8;  and  was 
assigned  to  t lie  command  of  a corps  in  the  Philippines  in 
the  same  year. 

Laxenburg  (laks ' en-boro),  or  Lachsenburg 

(laks'en-boro).  A village  in  Lower  Austria, 
9 miles  south  of  Vienna,  noted  for  its  royal 
castle  and  park. 

Layamon  (lii'ya-mon),  or  Laweman  (la'man). 
[ME.  Lagamon.  also  in  a later  text  of  the  poem 
Laweman,  in  other  places  Lagcmann  (ML.  Lage- 


Layamon 

mannus),  from  AS.  Haguman,  lahman  (—  Icel. 
lagamadhr,  logmadhr),  ‘law-man,’  a judge  or 
juror.]  Lived  about  1200.  An  English  priest, 
author  of  a semi-Saxon  paraphrase  of  Wace’s 
“Roman  de  Brut.”  S ee  Brut.  All  that  is  known 
of  his  life  i3  contained  in  a few  passages  of  his  work  which 
refer  to  himself.  From  these  it  appears  that  he  was  a priest 
and  lived  at  “Ernley”—  that  is,  Areley  Regis  in  North 
Worcestershire. 

Layanas  (li-a'nas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Matto 
Grosso,  Brazil,  a branch  of  the  Guanas  (which 
see). 

Layard  (la'ard),  Sir  Austen  Henry.  Bom  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1817 : died  at  London,  July  5, 
1894.  An  English  arclifeologist  and  diploma- 
tist, noted  for  his  archaeological  discoveries  in 
Asiatic  Turkey.  He  was  a member  of  Parliament  for 
Southwark  1860  70 ; under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs 
1861-66 ; commissioner  of  works  1868-69 ; minister  to  Spain 
1869-77  ; and  ambassador  to  Constantinople  1877-80.  He 
published  “Nineveh  and  its  Remains’’  (1848),  “Fresh 
Discoveries  at  Nineveh,  and  Researches  at  Babylon” 
(1853),  “The  Monuments  of  Nineveh"  (1849-53), '“In- 
scriptions in  the  Cuneiform  Character  from  Assyrian 
Monuments  ” (1851),  etc. 

Laybach.  See  Laibach. 

Laycock  (la'kok),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Wetherby, 
Yorkshire,  1812:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  21, 
1876.  An  English  physiologist,  professor  of  the 
practice  of  physic  in  Edinburgh  University.  He 
wrote  “A  Treatise  on  the  Nervous  Diseases  of  Women” 
(1840),  “ Mind  and  Brain  ” (1859),  etc. 

Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel.  A narrative  poem 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1805.  The  scene 
is  laid  on  the  Scottish  border,  16th  century. 
Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,  The.  A volume  of 
poems  by  Macaulay,  published  in  1842. 
Lazarillo(laz-a-rilTo).  1.  A character  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher’s  “The  Woman-Hater,” de- 
scribed as  a voluptuous  “smell-feast”  in  the 
old  dramatis  personae.  He  is  a poor  and  hungry  cour- 
tier, whose  whole  soul  is  given  to  the  subject  of  delicate 
eating,  with  a particular  desire  toward  an  umbrana’s  ( fish’s) 
head,  which  he  pursues  through  the  play  and  finally  ob- 
tains by  marrying  its  possessor. 

2.  A character  in  Middleton’s  play  “Blurt,  Mas- 
ter Constable,”  a Spanish  gentleman  of  exag- 
gerated etiquette. 

Lazarillo  de  Tormes  (la-tha-rel'yo  da  tor'mes). 
A work  by  Diego  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  (first 
known  edition  1553),  the  autobiography  of  a boy, 
“Little  Lazarus,”  who  began  life  as  the  guide  of 
a blind  beggar.  “With  an  inexhaustible  fund  of  good- 
humor  and  great  quickness  of  parts,  he  learns,  at  once,  the 
cunning  and  profligacy  that  qualify  him  to  rise  to  still  great- 
er frauds  and  a yet  wider  range  of  adventures  and  crimes  in 
the  service  successively  of  a priest,  agentleman  starving  on 
his  own  pride,  a friar,  a seller  of  indulgences,  a chaplain, 
and  an  alguazil,  until,  at  last,  from  the  most  disgraceful 
motives,  he  settles  down  as  a married  man ; and  then  the 
story  terminates  without  reaching  any  proper  conclusion, 
and  without  intimating  that  any  is  to  follow.”  ( Ticknor .) 
The  book  enjoyed  great  popularity.  Starvation  is  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  an  art.  It  was  “the  foundation  for  a 
class  of  fictions  essentially  national,  which  under  the  name 
of  the  gusto  picaresco , or  the  style  of  the  rogues,  is  as  well 
known  as  any  other  department  of  Spanish  literature,  and 
one  which  the  ‘Gil  Bias’  of  Le  Sage  has  made  famous 
throughout  the  world.”  Ticknor. 

Lazarus  (laz'a-rus).  1.  In  New  Testament  bis- 
tory, the  brother  of  Mary  and  Martha,  and  friend 
of  Jesus,  who  raised  him  from  the  dead. — 2.  A 
character  in  one  of  the  parables  of  Jesus,  a 
beggar  at  the  gate  of  Dives,  a rich  man. 
Lazarus  (laz'a-rus),  Emma.  BornatNew  York, 
July  22,  1849":  died  there,  Nov.  19,  1887.  An 
American  poet,  of  Hebrew  origin,  she  wrote 
“Admetus”  (1871),  “Songs  of  a Semite”  (1882),  a prose 
work  “ Alide  : an  Episode  of  Goethe’s  Life  ’’  (1874),  etc. 

Lazarusjlat'sa-ros), Moritz.  Born  at  Filehne, 
Posen,  Sept.  15,  1824:  died  at  Meran,  Tyrol, 
April  13, 1903.  A German  philosopher  of  Her- 
bartian  tendencies,  professor  of  psychology  at 
Bern  (1860-66)  and  later  (1873)  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Berlin.  He  wrote  “ Das  Leben  der  Seele  in  Mo- 
nographieniiber  seine  Erscheinungen  und  Gesetze”  (1856— 
1867),  etc.,  and  edited,  with  Steinthal,  the  “ Zeitschriftfur 
Volkerpsychologie  und  Sprachwissenschaft.” 

Lea  (le).  A river  in  England  which  joins  the 
★Thames  near  the  Isle  of  Dogs,  London. 

Lea,  Henry  Charles.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  19,  1825 : died  Oct.  24,  1909.  An  Ameri- 
can author  and  publisher,  son  of  Tsaac  Lea.  He 
published  “ Superstition  and  Force  ” (1866),  “ Sacerdotal 
Celibacy  " (1867),  « Studies  in  Church  History  ” (1869),  “ A 
History  of  the  Inquisition  of  the  Middle  Ages  ” (1887-88), 
etc. 

Lea,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  March 
4,  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  7,  1886.  An 
American  naturalist.  Among  his  works  are  "Contri- 
butions to  Geology  ” (1833),  “ Fossil  Footmarks  ” (1853),  and 
numerous  important  papers  on  conchology. 

Leach  (lech),  William  Elford.  Born  at  Ply- 
mouth, England,  1790 : died  of  cholera  at  the 
Palazzo  San  Sebastiano,  near  Tortona,  Italy, 
Aug.  25, 1836.  An  English  physician  and  natu- 


597 

ralist,  assistant  librarian,  and  later  assistant 
keeper,  of  the  natural-history  department  in  the 
British  Museum : noted  especially  for  his  work 
in  entomology  and  malacology.  He  withdrew  from 
the  museum  in  1821.  He  published  “The  Zoological  Mis- 
cellany ” (1814-17),  “ Malacostraca  podophthalma  Britan- 
nia, or  a Monograph  on  the  British  Crabs,  etc."  (1815-16), 
“Systematic  Catalogue  of  the  Specimens  of  the  Indigenous 
Mammalia  and  Birds  that  are  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  etc.”  (1816),  “A  Synopsisof  the  Molluscaof  Great 
Britain,  etc.  ” (ed.  by  J.  E.  Gray  1852  : but  in  part  printed 
and  circulated  as  early  as  1820). 

Leadbeater  (led'be"t>er),  Mrs.  (Mary  Shackle- 
ton).  Bom  at  Ballitore,  County  Kildare,  Ire- 
land, Dee.,  1758:  died  there,  June  27, 1826.  An 
English  writer,  of  Quaker  birth,  a friend  and 
correspondent  of  Burke.  She  published  “Poems” 
(1808),  “Cottage  Dialogues  among  the  Irish  Peasantry” 
(1811),  “ Cottage  Biography  ” (1822),  “ Annals  of  Ballitore  ” 
(published  1862  as  “The  Leadbeater  Papers”  by  R.  D. 
Webb). 

Leadville  (led'vil).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Lake  County,  Colorado,  situated  about  10,200 
feet  above  sea-level,  78  miles  southwest  of  Den- 
ver. It  is  noted  for  the  mining  of  silver  and  lead  (and 
formerly  of  gold).  Settled  1877.  Pop.,  7,608,  (1910). 

League  (leg)?  The.  [F.  La  Ligue.']  Specifically, 
in  French  history,  the  Holy  League,  formed  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  interest  in  1576.  The  Guise 
family  was  at  its  head,  and  it  carried  on  for  many  years  a 
contest  against  Henry  of  Navarre.  See  Holy  League. 

League  of  the  German  Princes,  The.  [G. 

Der  Fiirstenbund.]  A league  formed  at  the  in- 
stance of  Frederick  the  Great  in  July,  1785,  be- 
tween Prussia,  Hannover,  and  the  electorate  of 
Saxony,  against  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  it  was 
afterward  joined  by  Brunswick,  Mainz,  Hesse-Cassel,  Ba- 
den, Mecklenburg,  Anhalt,  and  the  Thuringian  lands. 

League  of  the  Public  Weal.  [F.  Ligue  du  bien 
publique .]  A union  of  powerful  French  nobles 
formed  against  Louis  XL  about  1465. 

Leah  (le' ji).  [Heb.,  probably  ‘wild cow.’]  Elder 
daughter  of  Laban,  and  first  wife  of  Jacob  (Gen. 
xxix. ) . She  became  the  ancestress  of  the  six  tribes  Reu- 
ben, Simeon,  Levi,  Judah,  Issachar,  and  Zebulon.  She  also 
became  the  mother  of  Dinah,  the  only  daughter  of  Jacob 
mentioned.  She  was  buried  in  the  double  cave  (Mach- 
pelah),  the  family  burial-place  of  the  patriarchs,  at  Hebron. 
Gen.  xlix.  31. 

Leahy  (le'hi),  Edward  Daniel.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1797 : died  at  Brighton,  Feb.  9,  1875.  An 
English  painter,  best  known  from  his  portraits. 
Leake  (lek).  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Rotherhithe, 
England,  1656:  died  at  Greenwich,  Aug.  21, 
1720.  An  English  sailor.  He  was  knighted  Feb.,  1704, 
and  made  rear-admiral  of  Great  Britain  May  20, 1709.  He 
relieved  Barcelona,  April,  1706 ; received  the  submission 
of  Cartagena  in  May  ; and,  with  the  cooperation  of  the  land 
forces,  captured  the  city  of  Alicante,  and  secured  the  sur- 
render of  Majorca  and  Iviza.  He  was  appointed  admiral 
and  commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean  Jan.  15, 
1708,  and  cooperated  in  the  reduction  of  Sardinia  and  Mi- 
norca. In  Dec.  he  again  received  a commission  as  admiral 
and  commander-in-chief.  In  1709  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  lords  of  the  admiralty. 

Leake,  William  Martin.  Bom  at  Londou,  Jau. 
14, 1777 : died  at  Brighton,  Jan.  6, 1860.  A noted 
English  antiquarian  and  classical  topographer. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at  Wool- 
wich ; served  in  the  West  Indies  1794-98  ; went  (with  the 
rank  of  captain)  to  Constantinople  as  instructor  in  artil- 
lery practice  in  1799 ; traveled  through  Asia  Minor  and 
Cyprus  in  1800 ; and  joined  the  Turkish  army  in  Egypt  (via 
Athens,  Cyprus,  and  Syria)  1801.  He  was  employed  in  a 
survey  of  Egypt  until  March,  1802.  In  1805  he  visited 
Greece,  and  remained  there  engaged  in  surveys  and  ex- 
plorations and  diplomatic  negotiations  until  1807.  In 
1808  he  went  to  Greece  on  business  of  the  British  govern- 
ment, returning  to  England  in  1809.  He  was  appointed 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  June  4, 1813.  Among  his  publi- 
cations are  “ The  Topography  of  Athens  ” (1821),  “Journal 
of  a Tour  in  Asia  Minor”  (1824),  “Travels  in  the  Morea” 
(1830),  “Travels  in  Northern  Greece”  (1835),  “Numismata 
Hellenics  " (1854-59). 

Leamington  (lern'ing-ton),  or  Royal  Leaming- 
ton Spa,  formerly  Leamington  Priors.  A town 
and  watering-place  in  Warwickshire,  England, 
situated  on  the  Learn  2 miles  east  of  Warwick. 
Saline  springs  were  discovered  here  about  1786.  It  is  a 
central  point  for  various  excursions  (Warwick,  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  Kenilworth,  Coventry,  etc.).  Population,  20,- 
888. 

Leander  (le-an'der).  [Gr.  AdavSpog.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a youth  of  Abydos,  the  lover  of  Hero. 
Each  night  he  swam  the  Hellespont  to  visit  her  in  her 
tower  at  Lesbos.  One  stormy  night  the  light  in  the  tower, 
by  which  his  course  was  guided,  was  extinguished,  and 
he  perished.  His  body  was  washed  ashore,  and  on  discov- 
ering it  Hero  threw  herself  from  her  tower  and  was  killed. 
Leandre  (la-on'dr).  1.  The  rival  of  L61ie  in 
Moliere’s  comedy  “L’Etourdi.” — 2.  The  son  of 
G6ronte  in  “Les  fourberies  de  Scapin.” — 3. 
The  lover  of  Lucindo  in  “Le  m^decin  malgrd 
lui.” 

Leaning  Tower.  See  Pisa. 

Lear  (ler),  also  Leir,  Lir,  and  Leyr.  A mythi- 
cal king  of  Britain.  See  the  extracts,  and  King 
Lear. 


Lebanon 

“Lir”  was  another  Ocean -god  who  was  worshipped  both 
in  Ireland  and  Britain.  He  appears  in  the  Irish  romance 
on  “ the  fate  of  the  Children  of  Lir  ’’  as  a king  of  the  divine 
race  whose  children  were  turned  into  swans  by  enchant- 
ment : “ and  the  men  of  Erin  were  grieved  at  their  depar- 
ture, and  they  made  a law  and  proclaimed  it  throughout  the 
land,  that  no  one  should  kill  a swan  in  Erin  from  that 
time  forth. ” In  the  Welsh  histories  he  appears  as  “ Lear. ” 
According  to  the  version  in  Geoffrey  of  .Monmouth’s  his- 
tory, which  Shakespeare  adopted  as  the  framework  of  his 
tragedy,  King  Lear  built  the  town  of  Leicester  about  the 
time  when  Amos  was  a prophet  in  Israel ; and  his  daugh- 
ter Cordelia  is  represented  as  burying  him  in  a vault  under 
the  River  Sore,  which  had  been  originally  built  as  a Tem- 
ple of  Janus.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  279. 

After  the  death  of  Brutus  the  author  of  Perceforest  drags 
us  through  the  history  of  his  numerous  descendants.  One 
of  these  monarchs  is  King  Leyr,  whose  story  was  first 
related  of  a Roman  emperor  in  the  Gesta  Romanorum, 
and  was  afterwards  told  of  the  British  monarch  in  the 
Chronicle  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  These  works  were 
the  origin  of  Shakspeare’s  celebrated  tragedy,  which,  how- 
ever, differs  so  far  from  them  that  both  in  Geoffrey’s  Chron- 
icle and  Perceforest  the  events  have  a happy  conclusion, 
as  Cordelia  defeats  her  sisters  and  reinstates  her  father 
on  the  throne.  From  Perceforest  the  tale  had  found  its 
way  into  Fabyan’s  “Concordance  of  Histories,"  written  in 
the  time  of  Henry  VII.,  and  thence  passed  into  various  la- 
mentable ballads  of  the  death  of  King  Leyr  and  his  three 
daughters,  of  which  the  catastrophe  probably  suggested  to 
Shakspeare  the  tragic  termination  which  he  has  given  to 
his  drama.  The  story  of  King  Lear  is  also  in  the  fifteenth 
chapter  of  the  third  book  of  Warner’s  “Albion’s  England,” 
and  in  Spenser’s  “Faery  Queen ’’(hook  2,  canto  10),  where, 
in  conformity  with  the  romance  and  chronicle,  the  war 
against  the  sisters  has  a successful  termination  : 

“So  to  his  crown  she  restored  him  again, 

In  which  he  dyde,  made  ripe  for  death  by  eld.” 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  240. 

Lear,  Edward.  Born  at  London,  May  12, 1812 : 
died  at  San  Remo,  1888.  An  English  artist  and 
writer,  best  known  from  his  ornithological  and 
other  zoological  drawings.  He  assisted  as  drafts- 
man J.  Gould,  Swainson,  Grey,  and  others.  Among  his 
publications  are  “Illustrations  of  the  Family  of  the  Psit- 
tacidse”  (1832),  “Book  of  Nonsense”  (1846),  “Journal  of  a 
Landscape  Painter  in  Corsica”  (1870). 

Lear  of  the  steppe.  A novel  by  Turgenieff. 

Learmont.  Thomas.  See  Thomas  the  Kliymer. 

Learned  Blacksmith,  The.  A name  given  to 
Elihu  Burritt. 

Leatherhead,  Lanthorn.  In  Ben  Jonson’s  com- 
edy ‘ ‘Bartholomew  Fair,”  a toy-man  who  is  said, 
though  on  doubtful  authority,  to  be  intended  to 
ridicule  Inigo  Jones,  with  whom  Jonson  had  a 
continual  quarrel. 

Leatherstocking.  A name  given  to  Natty 
Bumpo  in  some  of  Cooper’s  novels,  which  are 
hence  called  the  “Leatherstocking novels.”  He 
is  also  called  Eawlcey e,  the  Trapper,  the  Path- 
finder, and  the  Deerslayer. 

In  “The  Pioneers,”  “The  Last  of  the  Mohicans,”  “The 
Prairie,”  “The  Pathfinder,”  and  “The  Deerslayer ” figures 
the  character  of  Leatherstocking,  than  whom  no  fictitious 
personage  has  a greater  claim  to  interest.  His  bravery,  reso- 
lution, and  woodland  skill  make  him  a type  of  the  hardy 
race  who  pushed  westward  the  reign  of  civilization. 

Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  Fiction,  p.  307. 

Leau  (la-o' ),  Flem.  Zout-Leeuw.  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brabant,  Belgium,  18  miles  east  of 
Louvain:  noted  for  the  church  of  St.  Leonhard. 

Leavenworth  (lev'en-werth).  A city  and  the 
capital  of  Leavenworth  County,  Kansas,  situ- 
ated on  the  Missouri  in  lat.39°  19'  N.,  long.  94° 
58'  W.  It  is  a railway,  commercial,  and  manufacturing 
center.  It  was  settled  in  1854,  and  was  formerly  the  largest 
city  in  the  State,  but  is  now  the  fourth  in  population. 
Population,  19,363,  (1910). 

Leaves  of  Grass.  A collection  of  poems  by 

Walt  Whitman.  The  first  edition,  containing  12  poems, 
was  published  in  1855 ; the  second  edition  (32  poems),  in 
1856;  the  third,  including  the  first  and  second  editions, 
in  1860. 

Leavitt  (lev'it),  Joshua.  Born  at  Heath,  Mass., 
Sept.  8,  1794:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16, 
1873.  An  American  journalist,  lecturer,  and 
antislavery  politician.  He  founded  the  New  York 
“Evangelist”  in  1831,  and  became  managing  editor  of  the 
New  York  “Independent"  in  1848. 

Lebadeia,  or  Lebadea.  See  Livadia. 

Lebanon  (leb'a-non).  [Heb., ‘the white.’]  The 
lofty  mountain-range  in  the  southern  part  of 
Syria,  which  runs  on  its  western  skirts  from 
northeast  by  north  to  southeast  by  south,  and 
extends  in  one  unbroken  dorsal  ridge  to  a dis- 
tance of  more  than  100  miles : the  classical  Liba- 
nus,andthe  el-Libnan  of  the  Arabs.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Nahr  el-Kebir  (the  classical  Eleuthe- 
rus)  near  Tripolis  and  Homs.  Its  highest  summits  rise  in 
the  north.  Beginning  with  the  Jebcl  el-Akra  (4,500  feet), 
it  rises  till  it  attains  near  Beirut  and  Tripolis  in  the  Jebel 
el-Machmal  the  height  of  10,016  feet,  and  in  the  Dahr  el- 
Kodib  10,052  feet,  which  is  overtowered  by  the  Timarun 
(10,639  feet).  At  the  height  of  7,500  feet  the  French  built 
in  1863  a post-road  leading  from  Beirut  to  Damascus.  From 
this  pass  the  mountain  gradually  slopes  down  to  the  val- 
ley of  the  Litany.  Lebanon  consists  mainly  of  limeBtone. 
It  is  cut  through  by  many  gorges,  ravines,  and  glens,  with 
here  and  there  tremendous  chasms  and  precipices  thatde- 
scend  for  nearly  a thousand  feet.  The  peaks  of  the  Mach- 


Lebanon 

mal  and  Kodibare  clothed  with  snow  eight  months  in  the 
year,  while  in  the  ravines  the  snow  never  melts.  From 
these  snow-peaks  the  name  of  the  mountain  is  derived. 
Of  the  chief  ornament  of  Lebanon  in  ancient  time,  the 
cedars,  there  still  exist  small  groups  on  many  places  in  the 
mountain,  the  largest  consisting  of  about  350  trees,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Machinal.  Lebanon  is  still  covered  with  in- 
dustrious  villages  and  monasteries,  and  adorned  with 
gardens  of  olives,  dates,  figs,  mulberries,  and  other  fruit- 
trees.  It  exhibits  the  greatest  variety  in  its  climatic  con- 
ditions and  the  character  of  its  soil,  so  that  an  Arabian 
poet  has  said  of  it : “The  winter  is  upon  its  head,  the 
spring  upon  its  shoulders,  the  autumn  in  its  bosom,  and 
at  its  feet  slumbers  the  summer.”  Lebanon  is  inhabited 
by  Mohammedans,  Druses,  and  Maronite  Christians.  Op- 
posite Lebanon  on  the  east  side  is  Anti-Lebanon  or  Anti- 
Libanns  (which  see).  Between  the  two  ranges  is  inclosed 
the  great  and  fertile  valley  of  Bik’ah,  called  by  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  Ccele-Syria (‘  hollow  Syria’),  cut  through  by 
the  rivers  Asi  and  Litany  (the  classical  Orontes  and  Leon- 
tes),  and  containing  the  city  of  Baalbec,  with  its  magnifi- 
cent ruins.  In  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  Lebanon  is  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  Libndnu  as  the  chief  source  from 
which  the  Assyrian  kings  procured  costly  woods  for  their 
buildings. 

Lebanon.  A town  in  Grafton  County,  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  about 
50  miles  northwest  of  Concord.  Population, 
5,718,  (1910). 

Lebanon.  A manufacturing  city,  the  capital 
of  Lebanon  County,  Pennsylvania,  25  miles 
east  by  north  of  Harrisburg.  Population, 
19,240,  (1910). 

Lebanon  Springs.  See  New  Lebanon. 

Lebas  (le-ba'),  Philippe.  Born  at  Paris,  1794: 
died  1861.  A French  archteologist  and  philolo- 
gist. He  wrote  ‘ ‘Voyage  archeologique  en  Greee 
et  en  Asie  Mineure,”  etc. 

Lebbaeus  (le-be'us).  [Gr.  A e/3/Satoc.]  A sur- 
name (Mat.  x.  3)  of  Jude,  one  of  the  apostles. 
Lebda  (leb'da).  The  modern  name  of  Leptis 
Magna. 

Le  Beau.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  “As  you 
Like  it,”  a courtier  in  attendance  on  Frederick 
the  usurping  duke. 

Le  Beau  (le  bo),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, Oct.  15, 
1701:  died  at  Paris,  March  13, 1778.  A French 
historian,  professor  of  eloquence  at  the  College 
de  France  1752:  author  of  “Histoire  du  Bas- 
Empire  ” (1756-79),  etc. 

Lebeau,  Jean  Louis  Joseph.  Born  at  Huy, 
Belgium,  Jan.  2,  1794:  died  at  Huy,  March  19, 
1865.  A Belgian  statesman,  prominent  at  the 
time  of  the  Belgian  revolution  (1830).  He  was 
minister  of  justice  1832-34,  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1840-41. 

Lebedin  (leb-e-den').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kharkoff,  Russia,  85  miles  northwest 
of  Kharkoff.  Population,  20,174. 
Lebedos(leb'e-dos).  [Gr.  Ae/Mof.]  In  ancient 
geography,  an  Ionian  seaport  of  Lydia,  Asia 
Minor,  25  miles  northwest  of  Ephesus. 
Lebedyan  (leb-e-dyan').  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Don  106  miles  west  by  north  of  Tamboff. 
Population,  14,400. 

Lebert  (la'bert),  Hermann.  Born  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  June  9, 1813:  died  at  Bex,  Switzerland, 
Aug.  1,  1878.  A German  physician,  noted  as  a 
pathologist.  He  practised  medicine  for  a time  in  Paris, 
and  was  professor  at  Zurich  in  1853-59,  and  at  Breslau 
1859-74.  He  wrote  “Physiologie  pathologique  ” (1845), 
“Anatomie  pathologique”  (1854-62),  “Allgemeine  Patho- 
logie  ” (1865),  etc. 

Leblond  (le-bloh'),  Jacques  (Jacob)  Chris- 

tophe.  Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  in  1670 : 
died  at  Paris  in  1741.  A German  painter  and 
engraver.  He  was  noted  for  his  miniatures,  and  in  1720 
set  on  foot  in  London  a process  of  printing  engravings  in 
color,  which  he  explained  in  “II  Coloretto”  (1730). 

Leblond  (le-bloh.' ) , Jean  Baptiste.  Born  near 
Autun,  Dec.  2,  1747 : died  at  Guzy,  Aug.  15, 
1815.  A French  naturalist  and  traveler.  From 
1767  to  1802  he  resided  in  Guiana,  part  of  the  time  engaged 
in  government  scientific  work.  He  published  “Voyage 
aux  Antilles  et  hl’Amdrique  Meridional e" (1813),  and  works 
on  Guiana,  on  applied  botany,  etc. 

Lebceuf  (16  -bef'),  Edmond.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
6, 1809  : died  near  Argentan,  Orne,  June  7, 1888. 
A French  marshal.  He  was  chief  of  the  artillery  staff 
during  the  Crimean  war ; commanded  the  artillery  of  the 
French  army  in  Italy  in  1859  ; was  minister  of  war  1869- 
1870 ; and  was  made  a marshal  of  France  in  1869.  On  be- 
ing asked  by  the  emperor,  when  war  seemed  imminent 
with  Prussia,  as  to  the  condition  of  the  army,  he  answered 
that  it  was  perfectly  equipped  down  to  the  buttons  on  the 
gaiters.  He  was  compelled  to  resign  when  its  actual  condi- 
tion became  manifest  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  He 
lived  in  retirement  after  the  restoration  of  peace. 

Le  Bossu  (le  bos-sii'),  Rene.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1631 : died  in  1680.  Subprior  of  the  Abbey  of 
St.  Jean  de  Chartres.  He  published  “ Traite  du 
poeme  dpique”  (1675). 

Lebrija  (la-bre'Ha).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Seville,  Spain,  34  miles  south  by  west  of  Seville. 
Population,  9,617. 


598 

Lebrun  (le-brah' ),  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
22,  1619 : died  there,  Feb.  12,  1690.  A noted 
French  historical  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Vouet, 
and  studied  at  Rome  1642-46,  where  he  met  Poussin  who 
instructed  him  in  the  antiquities  of  Rome.  On  his  return 
to  France  he  undertook  notableworks,  and  in  1648  became 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Academic  Royale  de  Peinture. 
In  1660  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  Gobelins,  and  was 
charged  by  Louis  XIV.  with  the  series  of  pictures  from  the 
life  of  Alexander  the  Great  reproduced  in  tapestry.  In  1679 
he  undertook  the  great  works  in  the  Galerie  de  V ersailles. 
Lebrun  exercised  despotic  power  in  art.  After  the  death 
of  Colbert  in  1683  he  met  with  more  opposition. 

Lebrun,  Charles  Franqois,  Due  de  Piacenza. 
Born  at  St.-Sauveur-Landelin,  Manche,  France, 
March  19,  1739 : died  near  Dourdan,  France, 
June  16,  1824.  A French  politician.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  National  Assembly ; was  elected  to  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1795  ; became  third  consul  in 
1799,  archtreasurer  of  the  empire  in  1804,  and  duke  of 
Piacenza  about  1806 ; and  was  governor  of  Holland  1810-13. 

Lebrun, Mme.  (Marie  AnnefUisabeth  Vigee). 

Bom  at  Paris,  April  16, 1755 : died  there,  March 
30,  1842.  A French  portrait,  historical,  and 
landscape  painter.  In  1783  she  was  made  a member 
of  the  French  Academy.  She  was  also  an  associate  mem- 
ber of  the  academies  at  Bologna,  Parma,  Berlin,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Copenhagen,  and  Geneva.  She  left  over  650  por- 
traits, 200  landscapes,  and  15  historical  pictures. 

Lebrun,  Pierre  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov. 
29, 1785 : died  at  Paris,  May  27, 1873.  A French 
lyric  and  dramatic  poet.  Among  his  dramas  is 1 1 Ma- 
rie Stuart  ” (1820).  “Voyage  en  Grice,”  a series  of  epic 
fragments,  reflections,  etc. , was  published  in  1827.  He  al30 
wrote  a number  of  occasional  odes,  etc. 

Lebrun,  Ponce  Denis  Elcouchard,  sumamed 
Pindare.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.ll,  1729:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  2,  1807.  A French  lyric  poet.  His 
works  were  published  (4  vols.)  in  1811. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  glory  of  Delille  as  the  greatest 
poet  of  the  last  quarter  of  the  century  was  shared  by 
a writer  whom  his  contemporaries  sumamed  (absurdly 
enough)  Pindar.  Escouchard  Lebrun  had  a strange  resem- 
blance to  J.  B.  Rousseau,  of  whom,  however,  lie  was  by  no 
means  a warm  admirer.  Like  his  forerunner,  he  divided 
his  time  between  bombastic  lyrics  and  epigrams  of  veiy 
considerable  merit.  Lebrun  was  not  destitute  of  a certain 
force,  but  his  time  was  too  much  for  him. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  398. 

Lecce  (lech'e).  1.  A province  in  the  comparti- 
mento  of  Apulia, Italy : formerly  called  Terra  di 
Otranto.  Area,  2,623  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 770,096. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Lecce,  situated  in  lat.  40°  23'  N.,  long.  18° 
11'  E.  It  stands  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Lupiae,  has 
a cathedral,  and  numbers  tobacco  and  Lecce  oil  among  its 
products.  Population,  commune,  32,687. 

Lecco  (lek'ko).  A town  in  the  province  of  Como, 
Italy,  at  the  southern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Lecco, 
30  miles  north-northeast  of  Milan.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  silk,  cotton,  etc.,  and  is  one  of  the  scenes  of 
Manzoni’s  “ Promessi  Sposi.” 

Lecco,  Lake  of.  The  southeastern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Como,  Italy.  Length,  12  miles. 

Lech  (lech).  A river  in  Tyrol  and  southern  Ba- 
varia, joining  the  Danube  25  miles  north  of 
Augsburg:  the  ancient  Licus.  Length, 177  miles. 
Near  the  mouth  of  the  Lech,  Gustavus  Adolphus  defeated 
the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  (who  was  mortally  wounded 
in  the  battle),  April  15,  1632. 

Lechevalier  (le-she-va-lya'),  Jean  Baptiste. 

Born  near  Coutances,  France,  July  1,  1752 : died 
at  Paris,  July  2,  1836.  A French  archasologist. 
He  wrote  “Voyage  de  la  1’roade,  etc.”  (3d  ed.  1802), 
“Voyage  de  la  Propontide  et  du  Pont-Euxin " (1800), 
“Ulysse-Homer,”  a work  on  the  authorship  of  the  Hiad 
and  Odyssey  (1829),  etc. 

Lechfeld  (lech'felt).  A large  plain  in  Bavaria, 
south  of  Augsburg,  between  the  Lech  and  the 
Wertach.  Here,  Aug.  10,  955,  Otto  I.  defeated 
the  Magyars. 

Lechhausen  (lech'hou-zen).  A town  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Lech  opposite  Augs- 
burg. Population,  commune,  16,892. 

Lechthal  (G.  pron.  lech'tal)  Alps.  A group  of 
the  Alps  near  the  valley  of  the  upper  Lech,  on 
the  borders  of  Bavaria  and  Tyrol. 

Lecky  (lek'i),  William  Edward  Hartpole. 
Born  near  Dublin,  March  26, 1838:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  22,  1903.  A noted  British  historian. 
He  represented  (Unionist)  Dublin  University  in  theHouse 
of  Commons,  1896-1903.  His  works  include  “ The  Leaders 
of  Public  Opinion  in  Ireland”  (1861),  “History  of  the  Rise 
and  Influence  of  the  Spirit  of  Rationalism  in  Europe  ” 
■(1865),  “History  of  European  Morals  from  Augustus  to 
Charlemagne"  (1869),  “History  of  England  in  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century  ” (1878-90). 

Leclerc,  or  Le  Clerc  (16  klar),  Jean.  Born  at 
Geneva,  March  19,  1657 : died  at  Amsterdam, 
Jan.  8,  1736.  A Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 
He  published  biblical  commentaries,  edited  the  “Biblio- 
thbque  universelle  et  historique  ” (1686-93),  etc. 

Leclerc,  Victor  Emmanuel.  Born  at  Pont  oise, 
near  Paris,  March  17,  1772:  died  at  Cap  Hai- 
tien,  Santo  Domingo,  Dec.  2,  1802.  A French 
general.  In  1797  he  married  Pauline,  sister  of  Napoleon 


Leda 

Bonaparte ; accompanied  his  brother-in-law  to  Egypt ; 
and  was  prominent  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Directory.  In 
Dec.,  1801,  he  was  sent  with  25,000  men  and  a large  fleet 
under  Admiral  Villaret-Joyeuse  to  subdue  the  island  of 
Santo  Domingo.  Toussaint  Louverture  made  a desperate 
resistance,  but  finally  capitulated,  and  was  subsequently 
arrested  in  June,  1802,  and  sent  to  France.  New  uprisings 
of  the  blacks  followed, and  the  French  army  was  decimated 
by  yeUow  fever,  of  which  Leclerc  himself  finally  died.  In 
the  end  the  French  were  obliged  to  abandon  the  island, 
having  been  beaten  rather  by  disease  than  by  the  natives. 

Lecocq  (16-kok'),  Alexandre  Charles.  Born 
at  Paris,  June  3, 1832 : died  in  Guernsey,  March, 
1911.  A French  composer.  His  works  include 
“ Fleur  de  the  ” (1868),  “ Le  beau  Dunois  ” (1870),  “ Le 
barbierde  Trouville " (1871),  “La  fllle  de  Madame  Angot" 
(1872),  “Les  pres  St.-Gervais”  (1874),  “ Girofle-Girofla " 
(1874),  “Le  pompon”  (1875),  “La  petite  Mariee ’’ (1876), 

“ Kosiki " (1877),  “ La  Marjolaine  ” (1877),  “ La  petite  Made- 
moiselle ” (1879),  “ La  princesse  dee  Canaries  ” (1883),  etc. 

Lecompton(le-komp'tqn).  Asmallcity  in  Doug- 
las County , Kansas,  situated  onthe  Kansas  River 
16  miles  east  of  Topeka : formerly  the  capital 
of  the  Territory  of  Kansas.  Pop.,  386,(1910). 

Lecompton  Constitution.  A pro-slavery  con- 
stitution framed  during  the  agitation  for  the 
admission  of  Kansas  to  the  Union  by  a consti- 
tutional convention  at  Lecompton,  Sept.  5- 
Nov.  7,  1857,  and  rejected  as  a whole  by  the 
people,  Jan.  4,  1858.  The  clause  sanctioning 
slavery  was  separately  submitted,  Dec.  21, 1857, 
and  adopted. 

Le  Conte  (lekont),  John.  Born  in  Liberty  Coun- 
ty, Ga.,  Dec.  4,  1818:  died  at  Berkeley,  Cal., 
April  29,  1891.  An  American  physicist.  He  was 
professor  of  physics,  industrial  mechanics,  and  physiology 
in  the  University  of  California  from  1869  until  his  death, 
and  president  of  the  university  1876-81.  He  was  the  author 
of  numerous  papers  printed  in  scientific  journals  both  in 
the  United  States  and  abroad. 

Le  Conte,  John  Lawrence.  Born  at  New  York, 
May  13, 1825 : diedatPhiladelphia,Nov.  15,1883. 
An  American  naturalist.  Hemadescientificjourneys 
in  various  pails  of  the  United  States  and  elsewhere;  was  a 
United  States  surgeon  of  volunteers  during  the  Civil  War ; 
and  was  chief  clerk  of  the  United  States  mint  at  Philadel- 
phia from  1878  until  his  death.  He  was  the  authorof  “Clas- 
sification of  the  Coleoptera  of  North  America”  (1862-73: 
later  editions  with  Dr.  G.  H.  Horn),  “List  of  Coleoptera  of 
North  America  ” (1866),  and  many  important  entomological 
papers.  His  collections  were  bequeathed  to  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Le  Conte,  Joseph.  Born  in  Liberty  County,  Ga., 
Feb.  26,  1823:  died  in  the  Yosemite  Valley, 
July  6,  1901.  An  American  physicist.  He  was 
professor  of  geology  and  natural  history  in  the  University 
of  California  1869-1901.  He  published  “Religion  and 
Science"  (1874),  “Elements  of  Geology ” (1878),  “Sight: 
an  Exposition  of  thePrinciplesof  Monocularand  Binocular 
Vision  ” (1881),  “ Compendof  Geology”  (1884),  and  “ Evo- 
lution " (1888). 

Leconte  de  Lisle  (le-kont'  de  lei)  (Charles 
Marie  Ren6).  Born  on  the  lie  Bourbon,  Oct. 
25,  1818:  died  at  Louveciennes,  July  17,  1894. 
A French  poet.  After  graduating  with  honors  he  spent 
some  time  in  India,  then  came  to  France  and  settled  down 
permanently  in  Paris.  His  works  bear  ample  testimony  to 
his  fondness  for  antiquity  .whether  Scandinavian,  Hellenic, 
or  Oriental.  His  first  volume  of  Greek  studies,*'  Pofemes 
antiques,”  appeared  in  1852,  and  was  followed  by  “Poemes 
et  poesies  ” (1854),  “ Le  cliemin  de  la  croix,”  published  in 
the  “ Revue  Fran^aise  ” (1859),  “ Pofemes  barbares  ” (1862), 
“ Kain,”  published  in  “ Le  Parnasse  contemporain  ” (1869), 
and  “ Pot  mes  tragiques  ”(1884).  Leconte  de  Lisle  is  widely 
known  as  a translator : in  this  capacity  he  published 
“L’Hiade”  (1866),  “Hymnes  orphiques”  (1869),  and 
“L’Odyssde”  (1867).  He  translated  Hesiod  in  1869,  Hor- 
ace in  1873,  Sophocles  in  1877,  and  Euripides  in  1885.  He 
made  two  attempts  to  write  for  the  stage : “ Les  Erinnyes  ” 
(1872)  is  a study  of  iEschylus  and  of  the  Greek  tragic  poets, 
and  “ L’Apollonide  ” is  a lyric  drama  based  on  the  “ Ion  "of 
Euripides.  A candidate  for  the  French  Academy  in  1873 
and  1877,  he  was  defeated  in  8pite  of  the  support  of  Victor 
Hugo  ; but  ultimately,  Feb.  11,  1886,  he  was  elected  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  Hugo's  death. 

Lecoq  (le-kok'),  Henri.  Born  at  Avesnes, 
France,  1802 : died  1871.  A French  naturalist. 
His  chief  work  is  “ Etude  de  la  g6ograpbie  bo- 
tanique  de  l’Europe”  (1854—58). 

Lecouvreur  (le-kov-rer')  (originally  Cou- 
vreur),  Adrienne.  Born  at  Damery,  near  Eper- 
nay,  April  5,  1692:  died  at  Paris,  March  20, 
1730.  A noted  French  actress.  She  made  her  dd- 
but  at  the  Comddie  Franqaise  May  14,  1717,  and  attained 
a high  rank  in  both  comedy  and  tragedy.  She  was  one  of 
the  mistresses  of  Maurice  of  Saxony,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  poisoned,  from  jealousy,  by  another,  the  Duchesse  de 
Bouillon.  She  was  buried  secretly.  Voltaire  wrote  a poem 
upon  her  death  and  burial,  and  she  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  a drama  by  Scribe  and  I.egouvd  (1849). 

Le  Creusot,  or  Le  Creuzot.  See  Creusot,  Le. 

Lectoure  (lek-tor').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  France,  situated  on  the  Gers,  lat.  43° 
56'  N.,  long.  0°  38'  E. : the  ancient  Lactora. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Annagnacs  in  1473.  The  church 
was  formerly  a cathedral.  Population,  commune,  4,310. 

Leda(le'da).  [Gr.A^da.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  wife  of  Tyndareus,  and  mother  of  Helen, 
Clytemnestra,  Castor,  and  Pollux.  According  to 
the  later  legends,  she  was  approached  by  Zeus  in  the 


Leda 

form  of  a swan,  and  brought  forth  two  eggs,  from  one  of 
which  came  Castor  and  Clytemnestra,  and  from  the  other 
Pollux  and  Helen. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  38)  discovered  by  Cha- 
cornac  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1856. 

Ledebour  (lfi'de-bor),  Karl  Friedrich  vpn. 

Bom  at  Stralsund,  Prussia,  July  8,  1785 : died 
at  Munich,  July  4,  1851.  A German  botanist, 
professor  of  natural  history  at  Dorpat  1811-36. 
He  wrote  “Flora  Altaica”  (1829-33),  “Flora 
Rossica”  (1841-53),  etc. 

Leddchowski  (led-6-chov'ske),  Count  Mieczys- 
law.  Born  Oct.  29,  1822:  died  at  Rome,  July 
22,  1902.  A Polish  cardinal,  archbishop  of 
Posen  andGnesen  1865-74,  removed  for  opposi- 
tion to  the  May  laws.  In  1892  he  was  made 
general  prefect  of  the  Propaganda. 

Ledru  (le-drii'),  Andrd  Pierre.  Born  at  Chan- 
tenay,  Jan.  22, 1761:  died  at  Mans,  July  11, 1825. 
A French  priest  and  author.  He  was  naturalist  in 
Baudin's  expedition  to  the  Canaries  and  West  Indies  1796- 
1798,  and  published  an  account  of  the  voyage  (2  vols.  1810), 
a “ Histoire  de  la  prise  de  Mans  en  1662,”  an  essay  on  the 
Guanches,  etc. 

Ledru-Rollin  (16-drii'ro-lan'),  Alexandre  Au- 
guste. Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  2,  1808:  died  at 
Fontenay-aux-Roses,  near  Paris,  Dec.  31, 1874. 
A French  Radical  politician  and  advocate  of 
universal  suffrage.  He  was  provisional  minister  of 
the  interior  in  1848,  and  a candidate  for  the  presidency  in 
the  same  year. 

Ledyard  (led' yard),  John.  Bom  at  Groton, 
Conn.,  1751:  died  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  Nov.  17, 1789. 
An  American  traveler.  He  accompanied  Captain 
Cook  on  his  third  voyage  around  the  world  1776-80.  and  in 
1786  setout  on  a journey  through  northern  Europe  and  Asia, 
but  was  arrested  at  Irkutsk  as  a spy  Feb.  24, 1788,  and  com- 
pelled to  abandon  his  project.  Hesetoutonavoyageof  dis- 
covery to  central  Africa,  under  the  patronageof  the  African 
Association,  in  June,  1788,  in  the  course  of  which  he  died. 
Ledyard,  William.  Born  at  Groton,  Conn., 
about  1750:  died  Sept.  6,  1781.  An  American 
Revolutionary  officer.  He  defended  Fort  Griswold, 
near  New  London,  Connecticut,  against  a greatly  superior 
force  of  British  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Eyre,  Sept.  6, 1781. 
The  fort  was  eventually  carried  by  Major  Bromfield,  on 
whom  the  command  had  devolved  by  the  death  of  his  su- 
perior officers.  Ledyard  is  said  tohave  been  run  through  the 
body  with  his  own  sword  by  Bromfield  after  the  surrender. 
Lee  (le).  A town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  the  Housatonic  37  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Springfield:  a summer  resort. 
Population,  4,106,  (1910). 

Lee,  Alfred.  Born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Sept. 
9,  1807:  died  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  April  12, 
1887.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  wrote  a “Life  of  the 
Apostle  Peter”  (1852),  etc. 

Lee,  Alice.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Scott's  “Woodstock.” 

Lee,  Ann.  Bom  at  Manchester,  England,  Feb. 
29, 1736:  diedatWatervliet,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  8, 1784. 
The  foundress  of  the  American  Society  of  Shak- 
ers. She  was  the  daughter  of  a blacksmith ; was  em- 
ployed as  a factory  hand  and  cook ; and  was  entirely  un- 
educated. About  1758  she  joined  the  Shakers,  a band 
of  seceders  from  the  Society  of  Friends ; in  1762  was  mar- 
ried to  a blacksmith,  one  Abraham  Standerin  (Standley,  or 
Stanley);  in  1770  was  imprisoned  as  a Sabbath-breaker  for 
preaching  her  newly  discovered  gospel  of  celibacy,  and 
posed  as  a wonder-worker  and  recipient  of  the  gift  of 
tongues ; in  1774  emigrated  to  America ; and  in  1776  found- 
ed, at  what  was  afterward  Watervliet,  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Shakers.  She  was  called  by  her  followers  “ Mother 
Ann." 

Lee,  Arthur.  Born  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  20,  1740:  died  in  Middlesex  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  12,  1792.  An  American  diplomatist 
and  statesman,  brother  of  R.  H.  Lee.  He  became 
American  agent  in  England  in  1770 ; was  appointed  com- 
missioner to  France  1776;  conducted  negotiations  with 
France,  Spain,  Prussia,  and  Holland ; and  returned  to 
America  in  1780.  He  was  a member  of  Congress  1782-85. 
Lee,  Charles.  Bom  at  Dernhall,  Cheshire,  Eng- 
land, 1731:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  2,  1782. 
A general  in  the  American  Revolutionary  ser- 
vice. He  was  appointed  major-general  by  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1775 ; was  captured  by  the  British  at  his  head- 
quarters at  Basking  Ridge,  New  Jersey,  4 miles  from  his 
army,  in  1776  ; and  was  exchanged  in  1778.  He  disobeyed 
the  orders  of  General  Washington  at  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth in  1778,  and  was  sentenced  by  a court  martial  to 
one  year’s  suspension  from  military  service.  He  was  after- 
ward dismissed  altogether  by  Congress. 

Lee,  Fitzhugh.  Born  in  Fairfax  County,  Va., 
Nov.  19,  1835:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  April 
28,  1905.  An  American  soldier  and  politician, 
nephew  of  General  R.  E.  Lee.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1856;  served  as  cavalry  commander  in  ail  the 
campaignsof  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  (Confederate), 
rising  to  the  rank  of  major-general  in  Aug.,  1863  ; was  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  1886-89 ; and  was  United  States  consul- 
general  in  Havana,  Cuba,  June,  1896, -April,  1898.  He  was 
appointed  major-general  of  volunteers  in  1898. 

Lee,  Francis.  Born  at  Cobham,in  Surrey, March 
12,  1661:  died  at  Gravelines,  Flanders,  Aug.  23, 
1719.  An  English  physician  and  scholar,  a grad- 


599 

uate  of  St.  John’s  College,  Oxford,  especially 
noted  for  his  knowledge  of  Oriental  literature. 
He  was  a voluminous  writer. 

Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot.  Born  at  Stratford, 
Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  Oct.  14,  1734:  died 
at  Richmond,  April  3,  1797.  An  American 
politician,  brother  of  R.  H.  Lee.  He  signed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  as  member  of 
Congress  from  Virginia. 

Lee,  Harriet.  Born  at  London,  1757 : died  at 
Clifton,  near  Bristol,  England,  Aug.  1, 1851.  An 
English  author,  daughter  of  John  Lee  the  actor, 
and  sister  of  Sophia  Lee,  her  collaborator  in  the 
“Canterbury  Tales”  (1797-1805).  she  also  pub- 
lished “The  Errors  of  Innocence,”  a novel  (1786),  “The 
New  Peerage,  or  our  Eyes  may  Deceive  us,”  a comedy  (1787), 
“Clara  Lennox,”  a novel  (1797),  etc.  “Kruitzner,”  one  of 
her  “Canterbury  Tales,”  was  dramatized  by  Lord  Byron  as 
“Werner.” 

Lee,  Henry.  Born  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.,  Jan.  29, 1756:  died  at  Cumberland  Island, 
Ga.,  March  25,  1818.  An  American  general, 
surnamed  “Light  Horse  Harry.”  He  was  distin- 
guished in  the  Revolution  as  the  commander  of  “Lee’s 
Legion”;  was  governor  of  Virginia  1792-95;  took  part  in 
the  suppression  of  the  whisky  insurrection  in  1794 ; and 
was  member  of  Congress  1799-1801.  He  wrote  “Memoirs 
of  the  War  in  the  Southern  Department”  (1809). 

Lee,  Henry.  Born  in  Nottingham,  Oct.  27, 1765: 
died  at  London,  March  30,  1836.  An  English 
Writer  and  actor.  He  was  the  author  of  the  farce 
“ Caleb  Quotem,  ” first  acted,  under  the  title  “ Throw  Physic 
to  the  Dogs,"  at  the  Haymarket,  July  6,  1798. 

Lee,  Holme.  The  pseudonym  of  Harriet  Parr. 
Lee,  John  Edward.  Born  at  Hull,  Dec.  21, 1808: 
died  at  Torquay,  Aug.  18, 1887.  An  English  anti- 
quarian and  geologist.  His  works  include  “Isca  Si- 
lurum,  or  an  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  An- 
tiquities at  Caerleon”  (1862),  “Selections  from  an  Anti- 
quarian’s Sketch-book  ”(1859),  “Note-hook  of  an  Amateur 
Geologist  ” (1881),  etc.,  and  translations  of  several  archaeo- 
logical works. 

Lee, Nathaniel.  BornatHatfield,  1653(f):  died 
at  London,  1692.  An  English  dramatist.  He 
was  a graduate  of  Westminster  School  and  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  wrote  “Nero"  (1675),  “Gloriana” 
(1676),  “ Sophonisba,  or  Hannibal’s  Overthrow  ”(1676),  “ The 
Rival  Queens,  or  the  Death  of  Alexander  the  Great  ” (1677 : 
in  which  appeared  the  line  “When  Greeks  joined  Greeks 
then  was  the  tug  of  war  ”),  “ Mithridates,  King  of  Pontus  ” 
(1678),  “Caesar Borgia ”(1680),  “Theodorus”(1680),  “Lucius 
Junius  Brutus ”(1681,  published  1685);  with  Dryden,  “The 
Duke  of  Guise  ”(1682)  and  “Constantine  the  Great”  (1684). 
Lee  became  insane  in  1684,  and  was  confined  in  an  asylum 
for  5 years.  He  died  in  a fit  of  intoxication. 

Lee,  Patty.  A pseudonym  of  Alice  Cary. 

Lee,  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Stratford,  W est- 
moreland  County,  Va.,  Jan.  20,  1732:  died  at 
Chantilly,  Va.,  June  19,  1794.  An  American 
statesman  and  orator.  He  was  a prominent  member 
of  the  Virginia  house  of  burgesses ; was  a member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  in  1774 ; was  the  authorof  the  memo- 
rial to  the  people  of  British  America,  and  probable  author 
of  the  address  to  the  king  (1774) ; was  a member  of  Congress 
1775 ; wrote  the  address  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain  in 
1775 ; introduced  the  resolutions  for  independence  June 
7,  1776 ; was  several  times  reelected  to  Congress ; and  was 
United  States  senator  from  Virginia  1789-92. 

Lee,  Robert.  Born  at  Tweedmouth,  England, 
Nov.  11, 1804:  died  at  Torquay,  England,  March 
14, 1868.  A clergyman  of  the  established  church 
of  Scotland,  professor  of  biblical  criticism  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  dean  of  the 
chapel  royal  (1847).  He  was  conspicuous,  and  ulti- 
mately successful,  as  an  advocate  of  the  use  of  instrumen- 
tal music  and  other  so-called  “innovations”  in  public 
worship.  He  published  a Reference  Bible  (1854),  “The 
Reform  of  the  Church  in  Worship,  Government,  and  Doc- 
trine (Part  I,  Worship)”  in  1864,  and  various  devotional 
works,  sermons,  etc. 

Lee,  Robert  Edward.  Born  in  Westmoreland 
County,  Va.,  Jan.  19,  1807 : died  at  Lexington, 
Va.,  Oct.  12,  1870.  A celebrated  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  service,  son  of  Henry 
Lee.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1829 ; served  with 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war;  was  superintendent  of 
West  Point  Military  Academy  1852-55;  commanded  the 
forces  opposed  to  John  Brown  in  1859 ; resigned  his  com- 
mission in  the  United  States  army  April,  1861 ; was  ap- 
pointed major-general  of  the  Virginia  forces  in  April, 
1861 ; was  the  third  in  order  of  seniority  of  the  five  Con- 
federate generals  appointed  in  1861 ; was  made  command- 
er of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  June  3,  1862;  com- 
manded in  the  Seven  Days’  Battles  and  in  the  Manassas 
campaign ; invaded  Maryland  and  commanded  at  Antietam 
and  Fredericksburg  in  1862,  and  at  Chancellorsville  in  1863 ; 
invaded  Maiyland  and  Pennsylvania,  and  was  defeated  at 
Gettysburg  in  1863;  was  opposed  to  Grant,  1864-65,  at  the 
Wilderness,  Spotsylvania,  Cold  Harbor,  Petersburg,  etc. ; 
abandoned  Petersburg  April  2,  1865  ; and  surrendered  to 
Grant  at  Appomattox  April  9,  1865.  He  was  president  of 
Washington  College  (Lexington,  Virginia)  1865-70. 

Lee,  Samuel.  Born  at  Longnor,  near  Shrews- 
bury, May  14,  1783:  died  at  Bailey,  Hertford- 
shire, Dec.  16,  1852.  An  English  clergyman 
and  linguist  (originally  a carpenter  by  trade), 
professor  of  Arabic  in  Cambridge  University 
1819,  regius  professor  of  Hebrew  1831-48,  and 
rector  of  Bailey  1838-52.  He  was  the  author  of 


Le  Fanu 

works  (translations  of  parts  of  the  Bible,  etc.)  in  Syriac, 
Malay,  Persian,  Arabic,  Coptic,  and  Hindustani ; a Hebrew 
grammar ; a Hebrew,  Chaldee,  and  English  lexicon ; etc. 
Lee,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Wallis).  Born  at  Colchester, 
Sept.  10, 1791:  died  at  Erith,  Kent,  Sept.  22, 1856. 
An  English  writer  and  artist.  She  was  married  in 
1813  to  the  naturalist  Thomas  Edward  Bowdich  (died  1824), 
and  again  (1829)  to  Robert  Lee.  Author  of  “Taxidermy  ” 
(1820),  “Excursions  in  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo ” (1825), 
“The  Fresh-water  Fishes  of  Great  Britain  ” (1828 : illus- 
trated by  herself),  “ Adventures  in  Australia  ” (1851),  etc. 
She  accompanied  her  first  husband  to  Africa  in  1815. 

Lee,  Sophia.  Born  at  London,  1750:  died  at 
Clifton,  March  13,  1824.  An  English  novelist 
and  dramatist,  a sister  of  Harriet  Lee,  with 
whom  she  collaborated  in  the  production  of  the 
“Canterbury  Tales.”  Author  of  “The  Chapter  of 
Accidents,”  a comedy  (produced  Aug.  5,  1780),  “ The  Re- 
cess,” a novel  (1785),  “Almeyda,  Queen  of  Grenada, ”a 
tragedy  (1796),  etc. 

Lee,  Vernon.  A pseudonym  of  Violet  Paget. 
Lee,  William.  Born  at  Calverton  (?),  Notting- 
hamshire : died  at  Paris  about  1610.  An  Eng- 
lishman, a graduate  of  Cambridge  University: 
the  inventor  of  the  stocking-frame,  in  1598  he 
produced  a pair  of  silk  stockings,  knit  by  his  machine, 
which  he  presented  to  the  queen.  His  invention  was  op- 
posed, in  the  interest  of  the  hand-knitters,  and  he  took  it 
to  France,  only  to  meet  with  failure  there  also.  His  death 
is  said  to  have  been  the  result  of  this  disappointment. 
Leech  (lech),  John.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  29, 
1817:  died  at  London,  Oct.  29,  1864.  A cele- 
brated English  caricaturist,  especially  noted  for 
his  contributions  to  “Punch.”  His  father  was  an 
Irishman,  the  proprietor  of  a coffee  house,  and  a man  of 
some  culture.  John  went  to  Charterhouse  school,  where 
he  gained  the  friendship  of  Thackeray.  He  left  the  school 
at  16,  and  was  apprenticed  to  one  Whittle,  a surgeon,  at 
Haxton,  an  extraordinary  character  who  furnished  him 
with  much  material.  He  continued  his  medical  studies 
with  Dr.  John  Cockle  of  the  Royal  Free  Hospital.  He 
finally  abandoned  medicine,  and  at  18  published  “Etch- 
ings and  Sketches  by  A.  Pen,  Esq.”  When  Seymour  shot 
himself  in  1836,  Leech  applied  to  Dickens  for  the  place  of 
illustrator  of  “Pickwick  Papers,”  but  failed  to  obtain  it. 
It  was  only  about  1840  that  Leech  matured  the  style  aud 
manner  which  afterward  made  him  famous.  In  1841  he 
joined  the  staff  of  “ Punch,”  on  which  he  remained  23 
years. 

Leeds  (ledz).  [ME.  Ledes,  Ledis,  AS.  Loidis  (in 
translation  of  the  L.  text  of  Beda).  The  name 
has  been  attributed  by  conjecture  to  a chief 
named  Leod  ; if  so,  the  proper  AS.  form  woidd 
he  Leodes  (sc.  burh  or  tui\).\  A city  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Aire  in  lat.  53°  48'  N.,  long.  1°  31'  W.  it  is  the 
largest  city  of  Yorkshire,  and  the  fifth  in  point  of  size  in 
England,  the  chief  seat  of  the  English  woolen  manufac- 
ture, and  an  important  railway  center.  The  leading  manu- 
factures are  woolen,  flax,  iron,  machinery,  clothing,  caps, 
leather,  boots.  The  city  contains  Leeds  University,  li- 
brary (founded  by  Priestley),  town  hall,  exchanges,  etc., 
and  has  triennial  musical  festivals.  The  principal 
churches  are  St.  Peter's,  St.  , 'aviour's,  St.  John’s,  and  All 
Souls.  Mill  Hill  Chapel,  which  was  founded  in  1672,  was 
rebuilt  in  1849.  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley  was  its  minister  for 
seven  years.  Population,  445,568,  (1911). 

Leek  (lek).  A town  in  Staffordshire,  England, 
26  miles  south  by  east  of  Manchester.  Popula- 
tion, 15,484. 

Leer  (lar).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Leda,  near  the 
Ems,  in  lat.  53°  14'  N.,  long.  7°  27'  E. : a trad- 
ing town.  Population,  commune,  12^347. 

Lees  (lez),  William  Nassau.  Born  Feb.  26, 
1825:  died  at  London,  March 9, 1889.  An  Eng- 
lish major-general  (Indian  army)  and  Oriental 
scholar,  for  a time  principal  of  the  Mohamme- 
dan College  in  Calcutta.  He  was  the  author  of  nu- 
merous books  and  papers  on  Oriental  subjects. 
Leeu warden  (la' war-den).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  situated  ou 
the  Ee  in  lat.  53°  12'  N.,  long.  5°  47'  E.  it  has 
considerable  trade,  manufactures  gold  and  silyer  wares, 
and  has  several  interesting  buildings.  Population,  about 
37,000. 

Leeuwenhoek  (la'wen-h6k//),  or  Leuwenhoek, 

Antonius  von.  Born  at  Delft, Netherlands,  Oct. 
24, 1632 : died  at  Delft,  Aug.  26, 1723.  A Dutch 
microscopist  and  naturalist.  He  discovered  red 
blood-corpuscles,  infusoria,  spermatozoa,  and  the  capillary 
circulation  of  blood.  His  complete  works  (4  vols.)  were 
published  1719-22. 

Leeuwin  (le'win  or  la'vin),  Cape.  A cape  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Australia. 
Leeward  (lu'ard)  Islands.  A name  applied 
to  three  distinct  groups  of  the  islands  form- 
ing the  West  Indies  (which  see),  (a)  The  group  of 
islands  north  of  Venezuela  aud  west  of  Trinidad  : the 
Leeward  Islands  of  the  Spaniards.  ( b ) Same  as  Greater 
Antilles.  See  Antilles,  (c)  A British  colony  in  the  north- 
ern division  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  West  Indies,  which 
comprises  Antigua,  Barbuda,  Redonda,  St.  Kitts,  Nevis, 
Virgin  Islands,  Montserrat,  Anguilla,  and  Dominica.  They 
are  ruled  by  a governor,  federal  executive  council,  and 
federal  legislative  council.  Area,  701  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 127,434. 

Le  Fanu  (le-fa'nii  or  lef'a-nu),  Joseph  Sheri- 
dan. Born  at  Dublin,  Aug.  28,  1814:  died  at 


Le  Fanu 

Dublin,  Feb.  7,  1873.  An  Irish  journalist  and 
novelist,  of  Huguenot  descent.  As  a journalist  he 
was  connected  with  the  “Dublin  University  Magazine," 
“The  Evening  Mail,”  and  other  journals.  He  wrote  the 
ballads  “Phaudhrig  Crohoore”  and  “Shanms  O'Brien" 
(1837).  Among  his  novels  are  “The  House  by  the  Church- 
yard ” (1863),  “Uncle  Silas”  (1864),  “Guy  Deverell " (1866), 
“The  Tenants  of  Malory”  (1867),  “A  Lost  Name”  (1868), 
“The  Wyvern  Mystery  ” (1869),  “Checkmate"  (1870),  “The 
Kose  and  the  Key"  (1871),  “Chronicles  of  Golden  Friars" 
(1871),  “In  a Glass  Darkly  ” (1872),  etc. 

Lefebvre  (le-favr'),  Francois  Joseph,  Due  de 

Dantzig.  Born  at  Ruft'ach,  Alsace,  Oct.  25, 
1755 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14, 1820.  A French 
marshal.  He  fought  at  Fleurus  in  1794,  Altenkirchen 
in  1796,  and  Stockach  in  1799 ; captured  Danlzic  in  1807 ; 
and  served  throughout  the  Napoleonic  campaigns. 

Lefebvre-Desnouettes  (le-favr ' da-no-et '), 
Comte  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  14,  1773: 
lost  at  sea,  April  22,  1822.  A French  cavalry 
general. 

Lefbbvre  d’Etaples.  See  Faber,  Jacques. 

Le  Fevre  (lefavr).  A poor  lieutenant  in  Sterne’s 
“Tristram  Shandy,”  -with  reference  to  whose 
death  Uncle  Toby  swore  his  famous  oath  which 
the  recording  angel  dropped  a tear  upon  “and 
blotted  it  out  for  ever.” 

Lefkosia.  See  Nicosia. 

Le  Flo  (16  Ho),  Adolphe  Emmanuel  Charles. 
Bom  at  Lesneven,  Finistere,  France,  Nov.  2, 
1804 : died  at  Nechoat,  Nov.  16, 1887.  A French 
general,  politician,  and  diplomatist,  minister 
of  war  1870-71,  and  minister  at  St.  Petersburg 
1871-79. 

Lefroy  (le-froi'),  Sir  John  Henry.  Bom  at 
Ashe,  Hampshire,  Jan.  28,  1817 : died  at  Le- 
warne,  Cornwall,  April  11,  1890.  An  English 
6oldier,  administrator,  and  man  of  science.  He 
was  occupied  in  taking  magnetic  observations  at  St.  He- 
lena 1840-42  ; was  transferred  to  the  observatory  at  Toronto 
in  1842;  journeyed  to  Hudson  Bay,  traveling  by  canoe 
and  on  snow-shoes  about  6,500  miles,  to  observe  magnetic 
phenomena  1843-44,  and  obtained  very  valuable  results ; 
returned  to  England  in  1853 ; was  made  inspector-general 
of  army  schools  in  1857,  colonel  in  1865,  and  director-gen- 
eral of  ordnance  in  1858  ; and  was  appointed  governor  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Bermudas  in  1871,  and  governor 
of  Tasmania  in  1880,  returning  to  England  in  1882.  He 
published  works  on  military  affairs,  and  numerous  scien- 
tific books  and  papers. 

Legare  (la-gre'),  Hugh  Swinton.  Bom  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Jan.  2, 1789:  died  at  Boston, 
June, 1843.  AnAmericanpoliticianand  lawyer. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1837-39, 
attorney-general  1841-43,  and  secretary  of  state  1843. 

Legaspi,  Miguel  Lopez  de.  See  Legazpe. 

Legataire  Universe!,  Le.  A comedy  by  Reg- 
nard,  produced  in  1708. 

Legate  (leg'at),  Bartholomew.  Born  in  Essex 
about  1575 : burned  at  Smithlield,  March  18, 
1612.  An  English  preacher  of  the  Seekers,  a 
sect  of  Mennonite  Baptists:  the  last  person 
burned  for  heresy  at  Smithfield. 

Legations,  Siege  of  the.  See  Siege. 

Legazpe  (la-gath'pa),  or  Legaspi  (la-gas'pe), 
Miguel  Lopez  de.  Born  at  Zumarraga,  Gui- 
puzcoa,  about  1510:  died  at  Manilla,  Aug.  20, 
1572.  The  Spanish  conqueror  of  the  Philip- 
pines. For  some  years  he  was  chief  secretary  of  the  city 
government  of  Mexico.  In  1564  he  was  made  general  of 
the  forces  destined  to  conquer  and  settle  the  Philippine 
Islands.  He  founded  San  Miguel  in  Zebu,  May,  1565  ; took 
possession  of  various  other  islands ; began  the  conquest  of 
Luzon  in  1571 ; and  founded  Manila  in  May  of  that  year. 

Legend,  Sir  Sampson.  In  Congreve’s  “Love 
for  Love,”  an  overbearing  old  man  with  a per- 
verse and  ill-natured  wit. 

Legenda  Aurea.  See  Golden  Legend. 

L6gende  des  Sibcles,  La.  [F.,  ‘ the  legend  of 
the  centuries.’]  A collection  of  short  epic 
poems  by  Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1859-77. 

Legend  of  Good  Women.  An  unfinished  poem 
by  Chaucer,  based  on  stories  from  Ovid,  Livy, 
and  others.  Nearly  all  are  in  Boccaccio’s  “De  Claris 
mulieribus,"  hut  Chaucer  follows  the  original  authorities. 
He  also  borrowed  from  Dante,  Vergil,  and  Guido  da  Co- 
lonna. 

Legend  of  Jubal,  and  other  Poems.  Poems 
by  George  Eliot,  published  in  1874. 

Legend  of  Montrose.  A historical  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1819.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Scotland  in  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century. 

Legendre  (le-zhondr'),  Adrien  Marie.  Born  at 
Toulouse,  Sept.  18,  1752:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1833.  A celebrated  French  mathematician.  He 
became  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  Ecole  Militaire 
and  then  at  the  Ecole  Normale  in  Paris ; was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Academy  in  1783 ; and  in  1787  took  part  in 
measuring  a degree  of  latitude  between  Dunkirk  and  Bou- 
logne. His  chief  works  are  “Elements  de  geometric " 
(1794),  “Essai  snr  la  thdorie  des  nombres"  (1798),  “Traitd 
des  functions  elliptiques  ” (1827-32). 

Leges  Regise  (le'jez  re'ji-e).  [L.,  ‘laws  of  the 
kings.’]  Ancient  laws  which  are  ‘ ‘ supposed  to 


600 

be  decrees  and  decisions  of  the  Roman  kings, 
but  which  in  reality  represent  traditional  laws 
of  a very  high  age,  which  were  not,  however, 
written  down  till  a later  time,  and  were  then 
arbitrarily  assigned  to  single  kings  ” (Teuffel  and 
Seine abe  (trans.)). 

Legge  (leg),  George,  Baron  Dartmouth.  Bom 
1648 : died  in  the  Tower,  Oct.  25,  1691.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral,  grandnephew  of  the  first  Duke  of 
Buckingham.  He  was  created  Baron  Dartmouth  Dec. 
2,  1682,  and  appointed  admiral  and  commander-in-chief 
by  James  II.,  Oct.,  1688,  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  and 
repelling  the  Dutch  fleet.  This  he  failed  to  do.  remaining 
inactive,  and  after  the  flight  of  the  king  submitted  to  the 
Prince  of  Orange  and  was  relieved  of  his  command,  Jan. 
10,  1689.  He  was  accused  of  treason  (conspiracy  to  betray 
the  country  to  the  French  in  the  interestof  James)  and  was 
committed  to  the  Tower  1691. 

Legge  ( Bilson-Legge  after  1754),  Henry.  Bom 

May  29,  1708:  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Aug. 
23,  1764.  An  English  politician,  fourth  son  of 
the  first  Earl  of  Dartmouth.  He  was  private  secre- 
tary to  Sir  Eobert  Walpole;  was  appointed  secretary  for 
Ireland  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  Oct.,  1739 ; entered 
Parliament  in  1740 ; became  a lord  of  the  admiralty  April, 
1745  ; was  appointed  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  King  of 
Prussia  Jan.,  1748  ; became  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
April  6,  1754,  in  Newcastle’s  administration,  retiring  Nov. 
20, 1755 ; resumed  this  office  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire 
Nov.  15, 1756,  retiring  in  April,  1757  ; and  was  appointed  to 
it  a third  time  July  2, 1767.  He  assumed  the  name  Bilson- 
Legge  to  secure  an  inheritance  left  him,  on  this  condition, 
by  a cousin,  Leonard  Bilson. 

Legge,  James.  Born  at  Huntly,  Aberdeenshire, 
Dec.  20, 1815 : died  at  Oxford,  Nov.  29, 1897.  A 
Scottish  sinologist.  He  labored  as  missionary  at  Ma- 
lacca  and  Hongkong  from  ls39  to  1873,  and  in  1876  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Chinese  at  Oxford  University.  He 
published  a noteworthy  ed  tion  of  the  Chinese  classics, 
with  translation,  prolegomena,  and  notes  (1S61-86),  for 
which  he  received  the  Julien  prize  of  the  French  Insti- 
tute in  1875. 

Legge,  Thomas.  Born  at  Norwich,  1535 : died 
at  Cambridge,  July  12, 1607.  An  English  scholar 
and  Latin  dramatist.  He  was  a graduate  and  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  and  later  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  appointed  master  of  Caius  College  June 
27, 1573.  He  was  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  in  1588 
and  1593.  His  best-known  work  is  a Latin  tragedy  “Rich- 
ardus  Tertius”  (“Richard  III."). 

Legge,  William,  Born  Oct.  14, 1672 : died  at 
Blackheath,  Dec.  15,  1750.  An  English  noble- 
man, son  of  the  first  Baron  Dartmouth,  created 
Viscount  Lewisham  and  Earl  of  Dartmouth 
Sept.  5,  1711.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for 
the  southern  department  June  15,  1710. 

Legge,  William,  second  Earl  of  Dartmouth.  Born 
June  20,  1731 : died  at  Blackheath,  Kent,  July 
15,  1801.  An  English  politician  who  was  sec- 
retary of  state  for  the  colonies  1772-75.  He  became 
president  of  the  trustees  of  a fund  collected  in  England 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Indian  charity  school  founded  by 
Eleazar  Wheelock  at  Lebanon,  Connecticut.  Wheelock 
afterward  removed  to  Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  where  lie 
founded  a college  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Dartmouth 
in  1769.  See  Dartmouth  College. 

Leggett  (leg'et ),  William.  Born  at.  New  York, 
1802 : died  at  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. , May  29, 1839. 
An  American  author.  He  was  connected  with  the 
New  York  “ Evening  Post  ” 1829-36.  Among  his  works  are 
“Leisure  Hours  at  Sea”  (1825),“  Tales  of  a Country  School- 
master" (1835),  and  “Naval Stories”  (1835). 

Leghorn  (leg'horn  or  leg-horn').  A province 
in  Tuscany,  Italy.  Area,  133  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 136,665. 

Leghorn,  It.  Livorno  (le-vor'no),  F.  Livourne 

(le-vorn').  [F.  Livourne,  Sp.  Liorna,  It. Livorno, 
ML.  Liburnum,  Liburni  Portus .]  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Leghorn,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Mediterranean  in  lat.  43°  33'  N.,  long.  10°  17'  E. 
Next  to  Genoa  it  is  the  most  important  seaport  in  Italy. 
It  has  a large  trade  with  the  Levant  and  Black  Sea,  and  is, 
engaged  in  iron  ship-building  and  other  manufacturing 
industries.  The  trade  is  in  grain,  cotton,  wool,  silk,  etc. 
It  is  a frequented  watering-place,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
Royal  Naval  Academy.  It  was  acquired  by  Florence  in 
1421 ; rose  to  importance  under  the  Medici ; and  ceased  to 
be  a free  port  in  1867.  Population,  commune,  98,321. 

Legion  of  nonor.  In  France,  an  order  of  dis- 
tinction and  reward  for  civil  and  military  ser- 
vices, instituted  in  May,  1802,  during  the  consul- 
ate, by  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  but  since  modified 
from  time  to  time  in  important  particulars. 
Under  the  first  empire  the  distinctions  conferred  invested 
the  person  decorated  with  the  rank  of  legionary,  officer, 
commander,  grand  officeror  grand  cross.  The  order  holds 
considerable  property,  the  proceeds  of  which  are  paid  out 
in  pensions,  principally  to  wounded  anddisabled  members. 

Legislative  Assembly.  1.  The  collective  title 
of  the  legislature  in  the  State  of  Oregon  and 
the  Territories  of  the  United  States ; also,  the 
title  of  the  lower  house  or  of  the  single  legis- 
lative body  in  many  of  the  British  colonies. — 
2.  In  French  history,  the  legislative  bodies  of 
1791-92  and  1849-51,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Constituent  Assemblies  of  1789-91  and  1848-49. 

Legliago  (len-ya'go).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Verona,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige 


Leibnitz 

22  miles  southeast  of  Verona;  one  of  the  for- 
tresses of  the  “ Quadrilateral.” 

Legnano  (len-ya'no).  Atown  in  the  province  of 
Milan,  Italy,  18  miles  northwest  of  Milan.  Here, 
May  29,  1176,  the  Lombard  League  defeated  Frederick 
Barbarossa. 

Legouve  (R-gd-va/),  Gabriel  Jean  Baptiste 
Ernest  Wilfrid.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  15.  1807 : 

died  there,  March  14,  1903.  A French  drama- 
tist, litterateur,  and  member  of  the  Academy: 
son  of  G.  M.  J . B.  Legouvd.  In  1881  he  received  the 
appointment  of  director  of  studies  at  the  Normal  School 
at  Sevres,  with  the  title  of  inspector-general  of  public  in- 
struction. Among  his  dramas  (written  alone  or  conjointly 
with  Scribe)  are  “ Adrienne  Lecouvreur  ” (1849),  “ Contes 
de  la  reine  de  Navarre”  (1850),  “BataiUe  des  dames” 
(1851),  “ M&lde”  (1855),  “ Les  doigts  de  fCe”  (“Fairy  Fin- 
gers,” 1858),  “Beatrix,”  a comedy  written  to  introduce 
Ristori  in  a French  play  (1861),  “Miss  Suzanne”  (1867), 
“Lesdeuxreinesde France”  (produced in  1872),  “Une Se- 
paration ” (1877),  etc.  His  plays  were  published  1887-90. 
He  also  published  nearly  20  volumes  of  poems,  dramatic 
essays,  etc.  Elected  member  of  the  Academy  in  1865. 

Legouve,  Gabriel  Marie  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom 

at  Paris,  June  23,1764:  died  there,  Aug.  30,1812. 
A French  poet  and  dramatist.  Among  his  plays 
are  “Lamort  d’Abel"(1792),  “Epicharis”(1793),  “Etdocle” 
(1799),  and  “La  mort  de  Henri  IV.”  (1806). 

Legree  (le-gre'),  Simon.  A brutal  slave-dealer 
in  “Uncle Tom’s  Cabin,” by  Mrs.  Stowe. 

Legros  (le-gro'),  Alphonse.  Born  at  Dijon, 
France,  May  8,  1837 : died  Dec.  8,  1911.  An 
historical,  genre,  and  portrait  painter.  He  was 
pupil  of  Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran  and  of  the  Beaux-Arts. 
He  became  professor  of  etching  at  South  Kensington,  and 
was  Slade  professor  of  fine  arts  at  University  College, 
London,  1876-93.  His  portrait  of  his  father  (1857)  and 
“The  Angelus  " (1859)  first  attracted  attention.  Among 
his  other  works  are  “Ex  Voto”  (1861),  “Amende  honor- 
able” (1868),  “Old  Woodburner” (1881),  etc.  He  was  also 
noted  as  an  etcher,  and  for  his  drawings  in  sepia  and  chalk. 

Legros,  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris,  1666 : died  at 
Rome,  1719.  A French  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  the  Vestal  of  the  Tuileries  garden  and  numerous  re- 
ligious groups  in  the  churches  of  Rome  and  Paris. 

Leb,  or  Le  (la).  A chief  town  in  Ladak,  Kash- 
mir, near  the  upper  Indus.  It  is  11,500  feet  above  sea- 
level,  and  an  important  trading  center  for  the  routes 
between  India,  Turkestan,  and  Tibet.  Population,  about 
5,000. 

Lehigh  (le  'hi).  A river  in  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
which  joins  the  Delaware  at  Easton.  Length, 
about  120  miles.  It  is  navigable  to  White  Haven.  Its 
valley  is  noted  for  antliracite  coal. 

Lehigh  University.  An  institution  of  learning 
at  South  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  founded  in 
1866  by  Asa  Packer.  It  is  non-sectarian,  and  has 
about  70  instructors  and  600  students. 

Lehmann  (la'man),  Charles  Ernest  Rodolphe 
Henri.  Born  at  Kiel,  Prussia,  April  14,  1814: 
died  at  Paris,  March  30, 1882.  A noted  German- 
French  historical  painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of  his 
father  Leo  Lehmann  and  of  Ingres.  In  1847  he  was  natural- 
ized at  Paris  as  a French  citizen.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Institute  (1864)  and  of  the  superior  council  of  the  Beaux 
Arts  (1875),  and  also  a professor  there. 

Lehmann,  Lilli.  Born  at  Wurzburg  in  1848.  A 
German  soprano  singer.  She  was  the  pupil  of  her 
mother,  also  an  opera-singer.  She  made  her  debut  at 
Prague,  and  first  appeared  in  Berlin  in  1870.  She  has  sung 
in  German  opera  for  several  seasons  in  the  United  States, 
and  has  been  especially  successful  in  her  rendering  of 
Wagner’s  music.  She  married  II  err  Kalisch,  a tenor  singer. 

Lehnin  (la-nen').  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  30  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin,  noted  for  its  Cistercian  monastery. 

Lehl’te  (ler'te).  A town  and  important  railway 
junction  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
12  miles  east  of  Hannover. 

Leiah,  or  Leia  (la'ya).  A town  in  the  district 
of  Mianwali,  Panjab,  British  India,  situated  in 
lat.  30°  58'  N.,  long.  70°  56'  E.  Population, 
7,546. 

Leibl  (U'bl),  Wilhelm.  Born  Oct.  23,  1844: 
died  Dec.  4, 1900.  A portrait- and  genre-painter, 
a pupil  of  Piloty  in  Munich.  He  went  to  Paris  in 
1869,  and  returned  to  Munich  in  1870.  He  studied  the 
manner  of  Holbein  very  closely. 

Leibnitz,  or  Leibniz  (lib'nits),  Baron  Gottfried 
Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Leipsic,  July  6, 1646: 
died  at  Hannover,  Nov.  14, 1716.  A celebrated 
German  philosopher  and  mathematician.  His 
father  was  professor  of  law  at  Leipsic.  He  entered  the 
university  there  in  1661,  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of 
jurisprudence  and  philosophy;  studied  mathematics  at 
Jena  in  1663 ; returned  to  Leipsic ; and  in  1666  took  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  law  at  Altdorf.  In  1667  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  elector  of  Mainz,  where  he  remained,  occu- 
pied with  literary  and  political  labors,  until  about  1673. 
In  1676  he  established  similar  relations  with  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick-Liineburg,  and  served  him  and  his  successors 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Leibnitz  is  celebrated  for  the 
universality  of  his  genius,  as  well  as  for  his  special  achieve- 
ments in  mathematics  and  philosophy.  In  the  former  he 
was  the  inventor  of  the  differential  and  integral  calculus 
(the  principle  of  which  was  independently  discovered  by 
Newton);  and  in  the  latter,  of  the  doctrine  of  monads  and 
the  preestablished  harmony.  Among  hisnumerousworks 
are  “ De  Arte  combinatoria  ” (1666),  a history  of  the  house 
of  Brunswick  (edited  by  Pertz  18)3-45),  “Codex  juris  gen- 


Leibnitz 

tiumdiplomaticus”(1693),  “Thdodicde”(1710),  “Nouveaux 
essaissur  l’entendement  humain ' ’ (written  1704 : published 
after  Leibnitz's  death!  etc. 

Leicester  (les'ter).  [Formerly  also  Leycester 
(and  in  the  title  and  surname  Lester) ; ME.  Lei- 
cester, Leiceter,  Leyceter,  AS.  Legceaster,  Lega- 
ceaster,  Ligeraceaster,  Ligoraceaster , prob.  orig. 
L.  Legionis  castra,  camp  of  the  legion.]  1. 
The  capital  of  Leicestershire,  on  the  Soar,  lat. 
52°  38'  N.,  long.  1°  8'  W. : the  Roman  Ratoe. 
The  leading  manufacture  is  hosiery,  but  boots,  etc.,  are 
also  manufactured.  The  town  contains  remains  of  a cas- 
tle, several  old  churches,  the  Jewry  Wall,  and  other  Ro- 
man antiquities.  It  was  an  ancient  British  and  Roman 
town,  and  one  of  the  “Five  Boroughs”  of  the  Danes.  It 
was  associated  with  Richard  III.  Stormed  by  Charles  I., 
May,  1645,  it  was  retaken  by  Fairfax,  June,  1645.  It  re- 
turns 2 members  to  Parliament.  Population,  227,242, 
09H). 

2.  A north  midland  county  of  England,  it  is 
bounded  by  Derby  on  the  northwest,  Nottingham  on  the 
north,  Lincoln  and  Rutland  on  the  east,  Northampton  on 
the  southeast,  and  Warwick  on  the  southwest  The  sur- 
face is  undulating  ; the  chief  mineral  coal.  It  manufac- 
tures woolen  hosiery,  and  is  noted  for  Leicester  sheep 
and  aB  a hunting  county.  Area  (ad.  co.),  819  square  miles. 
Population  (pari,  co.),  434,019. 

Leicester,  Earls  of.  See  Mon  tfort,  Dudley,  Sid- 
ney, and  Coke. 

Leicester  Square.  A square  in  the  West  End 

of  London.  It  has  been  the  most  popular  resort  of  for- 
eigners of  the  middle  classes,  especially  of  French  visi- 
tors to  London,  and  draigr6 s.  Till  the  present  century  the 
square  was  known  as  “Leicester  Fields,”  and  until  the 
time  of  Charles  II.  it  continued  to  be  uninclosed  country. 
On  what  is  the  north  side  of  the  square  Leicester  House 
was  built  for  Robert  Sidney,  earl  of  Leicester,  from  whom 
it  was  rented  by  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia — “the 
Queen  of  Hearts  ” — who  died  there  Feb.  13,  1662.  Fred- 
erick, prince  of  Wales,  resided  there  in  1737.  Hare,  Lon- 
don, II.  124. 

Leichhardt  (lich'hart),  Friedrich  Wilhelm 

Ludwig.  Bom  at  Trebatseh,  near  Beskow, 
Prussia,  Oct.  23,  1813:  disappeared  in  Austra- 
lia, 1848.  A German  explorer  in  Australia.  He 
traversed  Queensland  and  Arnhem  Land  1844-45,  and  at- 
tempted to  traverse  the  continent  in  1848.  He  was  last 
heard  from  April  3,  1848,  being  then  on  the  river  Cogoon. 
He  published  a “Journal  of  an  Overland  Expedition  in 
Australia,  from  Moreton  Bay  to  Port  Essington,  during 
the  Years  1844-45"  (1847). 

Leichlingen  (lich'ling-en) . A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wupper  12 
miles  north  by  east  of  Cologne.  Population, 
about  6,000. 

Leidy  (li'di),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  9,  1823:  died  there,  April  30,  1891.  An 
American  naturalist,  professor  of  anatomy 
(1853)  and  director  of  the  department  of  biol- 
ogy (1884)  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  (1882),  and  held  other  offices.  Among 
his  works  are  “Elementary  Treatise  on  Human  Anatomy  ” 
(I860 : rewritten  1889),  “Cretaceous  Reptiles  of  the  United 
States  "(1865),  “ Extinct  Mammalian  Fauna  of  Dakota  and 
Nebraska,  etc.’’  (1870),  “Extinct  Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the 
Western  Territories  ” (V ol.  1, 1874),  ‘ ‘ Description  of  V erte- 
brate  Remains  from  the  Phosphate  Beds  of  South  Carolina  " 
(1877),  “Tape-Worm  in  Birds"  (1887),  etc. 

Leigh  (le).  A manufacturing  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  20  miles  east-northeast  of  Liv- 
erpool. Population,  40,001. 

Leigh,  Edward.  Bom  at  Shawell,  Leicester- 
shire, March  24,  1602:  died  at  Rushall  Hall, 
Staffordshire,  June  2, 1671.  An  English  Puri- 
tan theologian.  He  wrote  “Critica  Sacra,  or  Philolo- 
gicall  and  Theologicall  Observations  upon  all  the  Greek 
Words  of  the  New  Testament,  etc.,”  (1639),  “ Critica  Sacra : 
Observations  on  all  the  Radices  or  Primitive  Hebrew 
Words  of  the  Old  Testament,  etc.”  (1642),  etc. 

Leigh,  Egerton.  Born  in  Cheshire,  1815 : died 
at  London,  July  1,  1876.  An  English  soldier 
(lieutenant-colonel  of  militia)  and  antiquarian: 
author  of  “A  Glossary  of  Words  used  in  the  Di- 
alect of  Cheshire”  (1877). 

Leigh,  Sir  Amyas.  The  principal  character  in 
Kingsley’s  novel  “Westward  Ho!” 

Leighton  (la'ton),  Alexander.  Bom  in  Scot- 
land, 1568:  died  1649.  A Scottish  physician  and 
divine.  He  was  a fierce  opponent  of  Romanism,  and 
was  fined,  mutilated,  and  imprisoned  (1630-40)  for  his  at- 
tack upon  the  episcopacy  and  the  queen,  and  released  and 
recompensed  with  a gift  of  £6,000  by  the  Long  Parliament. 
He  wrote  “ Speculum  Belli  Sacri,  or  the  Looking  Glass  of 
■ War  " (1624),  and  “ An  Appeal  to  the  Parliament,  or  Sion’s 
Plea  against  the  Prelacie  " (1628). 

Leighton,  Alexander.  Born  at  Dundee  in  1800: 
died  Dec.  24, 1874.  A Scottish  writer  and  editor : 
writer,  in  part,  of  the  “ Tales  of  the  Borders.” 
Leighton,  Frederick,  Lord.  Born  Dec.  3, 1830 : 
died  Jan.  25, 1896.  A noted  English  historical 
and  portrait  painter.  When  ll  years  old  he  studied 
drawing  in  Rome  under  Francesco  Meli.  He  studied  at  the 
Berlin  Academy,  the  Florence  Academy,  at  Frankfort,  at 
Brussels,  at  the  Louvre  life  school  at  Paris,  and  finally  for 
three  years  at  Rome.  He  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
“The  Procession  of  Cimabue’s  Madonna"  (1855) : it  is  at 
Buckingham  Palace.  He  then  returned  to  Paris  to  study 
under  Ary  Scheffer,  and  sent  pictures  nearly  every  year  to 
the  Royal  Academy.  He  was  elected  royal  academician  in 


601 

1869,  and  president  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1878,  when  he 
wasknighted.  He  was  made  a baronet  in  1885.  Hetraveled 
extensively  in  Europe,  Egypt,  and  the  East.  He  was  also 
a fine  sculptor  and  musician.  Among  his  paintings  are 
“Romeo  and  Juliet"  (1858),  “Odalisque"  and  “Star  of 
Bethlehem"  (1862),  “Orpheus  and  Eurydice"(1864),  “Her- 
cules wrestling  with  Death”  (1871),  “Industrial  Arts  of 
Peace”  (1873),  “Dapbnephoria”  (1876),  “Wedded"  (1882), 
“ Cymon  and  Iphigenia  ” (1884).  He  also  painted  a triptych 
Illustrating  Music  for  a ceiling  in  Mr.  Marquand’s  house 
in  New  York.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  Jan.  1, 1896. 
Perkins,  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 

Leighton  (la'ton),  Robert.  Bom  1611:  died  at 
London,  June  25,  1684.  A Scottish  prelate, 
originally  a Presbyterian  divine.  He  was  made 
principal  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  and  professor  of 
divinity  in  1663 ; was  bishop  of  Dunblane  (on  the  restora- 
tion of  the  episcopacy)  1661-70 ; and  was  archbishop  of 
Glasgow  1670-74.  His  “Rules  and  Instructions  for  a Holy 
Life  " and  other  works  were  published  posthumously. 

As  saint,  author,  and  peacemaker,  Leighton  presents  a 
combination  of  qualities  which  has  called  forth  almost 
unrivalled  tributes  of  admiration.  Diet.  Nat.  Biop. 

Leighton-Buzzard  (la'ton-buz'ard).  A town 
in  Bedfordshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Ouse 
38  miles  northwest  of  London.  Population  of 
parish,  6,331. 

Leila,  or  the  Siege  of  Granada.  A novel  by 
Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1838. 

Leine  ( li ' ne ) . A river  in  Germany , joining  the  Al- 
ler25milesnorthby  west  of  Hannover.  Length, 
about  120  miles. 

Leiningen  (li'ning-en).  A former  county  of 
Germany,  situated  in  the  modern  nesse  and 
Rhine  Palatinate.  It  was  made  a principality  in  1779; 
an  exchange  of  territories  was  made  in  1803 ; and  the  princi- 
pality was  mediatized  1806. 

Leinster  (len'ster  or  lin'ster).  One  of  the  four 
provinces  of  Ireland,  occupying  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  the  island.  It  is  made  up  of  Leinster 
proper  in  the  south  and  Meath  in  the  north,  and  com- 
prises the  following  counties  : Louth,  Meath,  Westmeath, 
Longford,  King's  County,  Kildare,  Dublin,  Wicklow,  Wex- 
ford, Carlow,  Kilkenny,  and  Queen's  County.  The  king- 
dom of  Leinster  was  under  native  rulers  until  the  Anglo- 
Norman  invasion  in  the  12th  century.  Area,  7,626  square 
miles.  Population,  1,152,829. 

Leipa.  See  Bohmisch-Leipa. 

Leipnik  (lip'nik).  A town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Betschwa  16 
miles  east-southeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population, 
commune,  6,013,  (1910). 

Leipsic  (lip' sik),  G.  Leipzig  (lip 'tsio) . [Of  Slav, 
origin,  from  Up,  lipa,  a linden ; L.  Lipsia.~\  A city 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  El- 
ster,  Pleisse,  and  Parthe  in  lat.  51°  20'  N.,  long. 
12°  23'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  great  commercial  centers  in 
Germany,  the  first  city  in  Saxony,  the  center  of  the  Ger- 
man book  trade,  one  of  the  leading  cities  in  the  world  in 
bookselling  and  publishing,  and  one  of  the  leading  musical 
centers.  Its  annual  fairs  at  Jubilate,  Michaelmas,  and 
New  Year  are  celebrated.  The  sales  at  the  fairs  include 
furs,  cloth,  leather,  linen,  glass,  etc.  There  are  manufac- 
tures of  pianos,  tobacco,  cigars,  etc.  Among  the  objects 
of  interest  are  the  theater,  museum  (with  picture-gallery), 
Augusteum  (seat  of  the  university),  Old  Gewandhaus,  New 
Gewandhaus,  Rathaus,  war  monument,  Marktplatz,  Pleis- 
senburg  (former  citadel),  bourse, Reformation  monument, 
Ethnographical  Museum,  and  Museum  of  the  Book  Trade. 
The  university,  founded  in  1409  on  the  secession  of  German 
students  from  the  University  of  Prague,  ranks  as  the  second 
or  third  in  size  of  the  German  universities.  It  has  about 
5,000  students,  and  a library  of  over 500,000  volumes.  The 
city  is  the  seat  of  the  supreme  courts  of  the  empire.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Leibnitz  and  of  Richard  Wagner. 
Leipsic  was  an  ancient  Slavic  settlement.  It  received 
privileges  from  the  Margrave  of  Meissen  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury, and  developed  into  a great  commercial  center  in  the 
later  middle  ages ; was  besieged  and  taken  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War ; was  the  scene  of  riots  in  1848-49 ; and  was 
occupied  by  the  Prussians  1866.  (For  battles  fought  here, 
see  below.)  Population,  685,743,  (1910). 

Leipsic,  Battles  of.  1 . A victory  gained  Sept. 
7 (O.  S.),  1631,  by  the  Swedes  and  Saxons  un- 
der Gustavus  Adolphus  over  the  Imperialists 
under  Tilly.  Also  called  the  first  battle  of 
Breitenfeld. — 2.  A victory  gained  Oct.  23 
(0.  S.),  1642,  by  the  Swedes  under  Torstenson 
over  the  Imperialists  under  Leopold  of  Austria 
and  Piccolomini.  Also  called  the  second  battle 
of  Breitenfeld. — 3.  A victory  gained  by  the 
Prussians,  Russians,  Austrians,  and  Swedes 
(200,000  at  first,  300,000  later)  under  Schwarz- 
enberg  over  the  French  (about  180,000)  under 
Napoleon,  Oct.  16—19, 1813.  The  loss  of  the  Allies  is 
estimated  at  64,000  killed  and  wounded ; that  of  the  French 
at  40,000  killed  and  wounded  and  30,000  prisoners.  The 
victory  virtually  secured  the  liberation  of  Germany.  Also 
called  “the  Battle  of  the  Nations”  (“Volkerschlacht”). 

Leipsic  Colloquy.  A conference  between  Lu- 
theran and  Reformed  theologians,  held  at  Leip- 
sic in  1631. 

Leipsic  Disputation.  A theological  contro- 
versy between  Luther  and  Karlstadt  on  one 
side  and  Eck  on  the  other,  held  at  Leipsic 
June  27- July  15, 1519. 

Leipsic  Interim.  A statement  of  belief  drawn 
up  by  Melanehthon  and  other  German  Protes- 


Lekain 

tant  theologians,  making  important  concessions 
to  the  Roman  Catholics.  It  was  formally  adopt- 
ed in  Dec.,  1548. 

Leisewitz  (li'ze-vits),  Johann  Anton.  Bom 

at  Hannover,  May  9,  1752 : died  at  Brunswick, 
Germany,  Sept.  10,  1806.  A German  drama- 
tist, author  of  the  tragedy  “Julius  von  Tarent” 
(1776),  etc. 

Leisler  (lis'Rr),  Jacob.  Died  at  New  York, 
May  16,  1691.  An  American  patriot.  He  was  a 
native  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Germany ; came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1660  as  a soldier  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company  ; acquired  a fortune  by  trade  with  the  In- 
dians ; and  became  acaptain  in  the  military  force  stationed 
at  New  York.  He  headed  the  movement  which  deposed 
the  Jacobite  lieutenant-governor  Francis  Nicholson  and 
proclaimed  William  and  Mary  in  June,  1689.  He  assumed 
without  formal  authority  the  functions  of  a royal  lieuten- 
ant-governor, but  laid  down  his  power  on  the  arrival  of 
Henry  Sloughter  as  governor  in  1691,  in  spite  of  which  he 
was  tried  and  executed  for  treason.  The  sentence  was 
so  manifestly  unjust  that  it  is  said  Sloughter  hesitated  to 
sign  the  death-warrant  until  heated  with  wine. 

Leisnig  (lis'niG).  A town  in  Saxony,  situated 
on  the  Freiberger  Mulde  28  miles  southeast  of 
Leipsic. 

Leitch  (lech),  William  Leighton.  Born  at 
Glasgow,  Nov.  22, 1804:  died  April  25, 1883.  A 
Scotch  painter,  vice-president  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Colors,  and  espe- 
cially noted  as  a teacher  of  his  art. 

Leith  (leth).  A seaport  and  parliamentary 
borough  in  the  county  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  north-northeast 
of  Edinburgh,  and  contiguous  to  that  city.  It 
has  important  docks,  ship-building,  and  foreign 
and  coasting  trade.  Population,  78,894. 

Leith,  Sir  James.  Born  at  Leithhall,  Aber- 
deenshire, Aug.  8,  1763 : died  at  Barbados, 
Oct.  16,  1816.  A Scottish  soldier,  appointed 
lieutenant-general  in  1813.  He  served  at  Toulon 
In  1793;  In  Ireland  (as  colonel)  1798-1803  ; at  Lugo  1809; 
at  Corunna,  at  (he  siege  of  Badajoz,  and  at  Salamanca  1812 ; 
and  at  St.  Sebastian  1813.  He  was  appointed  commander 
in  the  West  Indies  and  governor  of  the  Leeward  Islands, 
1S14. 

Leitha  (ll'ta).  A river  in  Lower  Austria  and 
Hungary,  which  joins  the  Danube  near  Unga- 
risch-Altenburg.  Length,  110  miles,  it  forms  in 
part  the  boundary  between  Austria  and  Hungary  (hence 
the  terms  Cisleithan  and  Transleithan). 

Leitmeritz  (lit'mer-its).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  34  miles  north-northwest 
of  Prague.  It  is  the  center  of  a rich  agricultural  region 
(“the  Bohemian  Paradise”),  and  has  manufactures  of 
beer.  Population,  commune,  15,421,  (1910). 

Leitomischl  (li'to-mishl).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Lautschna  46  miles  north  by  west 
of  Briinn.  Population,  commune,  7,795,  (1910). 

Leitrim  (le'trim).  The  northeasternmost 
county  in  Connaught,  Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by 
Donegal  Bay  on  the  northwest,  Fermanagh  and  Cavan  on 
the  northeast,  Longford  on  the  southeast,  and  Roscommon 
and  Sligo  on  the  southwest.  Area,  619  square  miles. 
Population,  69,343. 

Leiva  (lay'va),  Ponciano.  Born  about  1828.  A 
politician  of  Honduras.  Aided  by  Guatemala  and 
Salvador,  he  deposed  Arias,  Jan.,  1874,  taking  the  title  of 
provisional  president ; was  elected  president  Feb.  1, 1876 ; 
put  down  an  insurrection  in  1876 ; and  resigned  .1  une  8, 1876, 
to  prevent  another  civil  war.  Subsequently  he  was  minis- 
ter of  war  under  Bogran,  and  succeeded  him  as  president 
Nov.  10, 1891,  but  resigned  Aug.  3, 1893. 

Leiva  y de  la  Cerda  (lay'va  e da  la  ther'THa), 
Juan  de,  Marquis  of  Leiva  and  Labrada  and 
Count  of  Banos.  Bom  about  1610 : died  after 
1667.  A Spanish  nobleman,  viceroy  of  Mexico 
Sept.  16,  1660,  to  June  28, 1664.  He  was  one  of  the 

worst  rulers  that  the  country  everhad,  and,  when  finally  de- 
posed, he  schemed  to  retain  his  place  until  forced  by  the 
Audience  to  give  it  up.  Returning  to  Spain  in  1666,  he  en- 
tered the  Carmelite  order. 

Lejean  (le-zhoh'),  Guillaume.  Born  at  Plou<5- 
gat-Gu6rand,  Finistere,  France,  1828:  died  at 
Plou6gat-Gu6rand,  Feb.  1,  1871.  A French 
traveler  in  southeastern  Europe,  the  Nile  val- 
ley, and  western  Asia. 

Lejeune  (le-zhen'),  Baron  Louis  Frangois. 

Born  at  Strasburg,  1775:  died  at  Toulouse, 
France,  1848.  A distinguished  French  general, 
and  painter  of  battles. 

Le  Jeune,  Claude  or  ciaudin.  Bom  at  Valen- 
ciennes about  1530  (?) : died  about  1598.  A 
French  composer.  His  fame  rests  on  his  setting  of 
Marot  and  Beza’s  psalms,  printed  after  bis  death.  This 
went  t hrough  many  editions,  and  was  used  in  all  the  Calvin- 
istic  churches,  except  in  Switzerland. 

Lekain  (16-kan')  (originally  Cain),  Henri 
Louis.  Bora  at  Paris,  April  14,  1728:  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  8, 1778.  A noted  French  tragedian. 

He  was  the  son  of  a goldsmith,  and  was  noted  as  a maker  of 
delicate  surgical  instruments.  In  1750  he  created  a rOle  in 
“ l.e  mauvais  riche  ” which  attracted  the  attention  of  Vol- 
taire, who  remained  his  friend.  It  was  the  custom  to  com- 
pare him  with  Garrick,  but  they  had  little  in  common.  He 


Lekain 

left  interesting  memoirs,  with  letters  from  Garrick,  Vol- 
taire, etc.  These  were  published  by  his  son,  and  reedited 
by  Talma  in  1826. 

L.  E.  L.  The  initials  (used  as  a pen-name)  of 
*Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  (Mrs.  Maclean). 
Leland  (le'land),  Charles  Godfrey.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Aug.  15, 1824 : died  at  Florence, 
Italy,  March  20,  1903.  An  American  author. 
He  resided  principally  at  London  1869-80,  and  gave  much 
time  to  the  study  of  the  language  and  customs  of  the  Gip- 
sies. Among  his  works  are  “Hans  Breitmann’s  Party, 
and  Other  Ballads  ” (1868  : burlesque  poems  in  Pennsyl- 
vania Dutch;  there  were  four  series  of  these),  “Poe- 
try and  Mystery  of  Dreams  ”(1865),  “English  Gypsies,  etc." 
(1873),  “Minor  Arts,  etc.”(1880),  “ The  Gypsies ”(1882),  and 
“Practical  Education ” (1888). 

Leland  (lel'and),  or  Leyland,  John.  Born  at 
London  about  1506:  died  April  18,  1552.  A 
noted  English  antiquary.  He  studied  at  Cambridge 
(Christ’s  College,  where  he  proceeded  B.  A. ),  Oxford  (All 
Soul 8 College),  and  Paris,  and  entered  the  church.  He  was 
appointed  king’s  antiquar  y in  1533,  with  a commission  to 
search  for  English  antiquities  in  all  libraries  and  other 
placeB  where  they  might  be  found ; and  for  this  purpose 
journeyed  for  six  years  (1536-42),  through  England,  making 
exhaustive  researches  and  minutely  recording  his  observa- 
tions. He  was  adjudged  insane  in  1650.  Most  of  his  work 
was  left  in  manuscript  at  his  death.  His  “Itinerary”  was 
published  in  1710,  and  his  “Collectanea  ’’  in  1715. 
Leland,  John.  Born  at  Wigan,  England,  Oct. 
18,  1691 : died  at  Dublin,  Jan.  16,  1766.  An 
English  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  controver- 
sialist, pastor  in  Dublin.  He  was  the  author  of  “ A 
View  of  the  Principal  Deistical  Writers  that  have  Appeared 
in  England  During  the  Lastand  Present  Centuries  ”(1754- 
1756),  etc. 

Leland  Stanford  Junior  University.  A co- 
educational institution  of  learningat  Palo  Alto, 
California,  founded  in  1891  by  Leland  Stan- 
ford in  memory  of  bis  son.  It  has  over  150 
instructors  and  more  than  1,600  students. 
Several  of  the  university  buildings  were 
wrecked  by  earthquake  April  18,  1906,  the  loss 
being  estimated  at  $4,000,000. 

Leleges  (lel'e-jez).  In  ancient  history,  a people 
represented  as  living  on  the  coasts  of  Greece, 
Asia  Minor,  and  the  islands  of  the  iEgean. 
Leleux  (le-le'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov. 
15,  1812:  died  there,  July  27,  1891.  A French 
painter  of  landscape  and  genre  scenes. 
Leleux,  Armand.  Born  at  Paris,  1818:  died 
there,  June,  1885.  A French  genre-painter, 
brother  of  Adolphe  Leleux,  and  pupil  of  Ingres. 
Lelewel  (le'le-vel),  Joachim.  Bornat Warsaw, 
March  21, 1786 : died  at  Paris,  May  29, 1861.  A 
Polish  historian,  noted  especially  for  his  studies 
in  the  geography  of  the  middle  ages.  His  works 
include  “ Geographic  des  Arabes”  (1851),  “G^ographie  du 
moyen  Age  " (1352-57),  and  various  works  on  Polish  history 
and  antiquities.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  history  at 
the  University  of  Warsaw  in  1816,  and  soon  after  at  Wilna. 
In  1 824  he  was  deprived  of  his  position  for  political  reasons, 
and  became  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Polish  revolution  of 
1830. 

L61ie  (la-le').  The  “ 6tourdi  ” in  Moliere’s  play 
of  that  name.  His  singular  carelessness  and  dtourde- 
rie  bring  to  naught  all  the  astonishing  schemes  for  his 
benefit  concocted  by  Mascarille,  bis  valet. 

Lely  (le'li),  Sir  Peter  (originally  Van  derVaes 
or  Faes).  Born  at  Soest,  Westphalia,  Sept.  14, 
1618 : died  at  London,  Nov.  30, 1680.  A famous 
Dutch-English  artist,  court  painter  to  Charles 
II.  He  studied  in  Haarlem  under  Franz  Pietersz  de  Grab- 
ber (Grelber),  and  worked  there  until  1641,  when  he  went 
to  England  with  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who  wedded  the 
Princess  Mary  in  that  year.  He  remained  in  England  and 
enjoyed  until  his  death  great  popularity  as  a portrait- 
painter,  his  pictures  of  the  beauties  of  the  court  of  Charles 
II.  being  especially  famous.  He  executed  portraits  of 
William  of  Orange,  of  Mary,  and  of  a large  number  of  the 
most  eminent  men  and  women  in  England  during  his  time. 
The  name  Lely  was  assumed  by  his  father,  who  was  born 
in  a house  bearing  the  sign  of  a lily. 

Lemaire,  or  Le  Maire  (le  mar),  Jean.  Born  at 
Beiges,  or  Baria,  in  Hainant,  1473 : died  about 
1548.  A Belgian  poet  and  historian,  after  1504 
secretary  and  librarian  to  Margaret  of  Austria. 
His  most  important  work  is  his  “ Illustrations 
de  Gaule  Belgique”  (1812). 

Lemaire,  Nicolas  Hloi.  Born  at  Triaucourt, 
Meuse,  France,  Dec.  1, 1767 : died  Oct.  3,  1832. 
A French  classical  scholar.  He  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  Latin  poetry  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters,  Paris,  in 
1811,  of  which  he  became  dean  in  1825.  After  the  Resto- 
ration  he  undertook,  as  chief  editor,  the  publication  of  the 
“ Bibliotheca  classica  latina,”  a series  of  Latin  authors, 
which  he  did  not  live  to  complete. 

Lemaitre  (16-matr'),  Frederic.  Born  at  Havre, 
France,  J uly  21, 1800 : died  at  Paris,  J an.  26, 1876. 
A noted  French  actor.  He  studied  two  years  at  the 
Conservatoire,  but  made  his  first  public  appearance  on  four 
feet  as  the  lion  in  a poor  melodrama,”  Pyrame  et  Thisbd," 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Od6on  refused  to  engage  him 
though  he  was  backed  by  Talma.  He  made  slow  progress, 
but  in  1823,  being  cast  for  the  melodramatic  part  of  Robert 
Macaire  in  a tame  play  in  which  he  feared  he  could  make 
no  impression,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  playing  it  as  a 
comic  part.  From  this  time  his  success  as  a comedian  was 


602 

complete.  He  was  considered  in  France  the  greatest  dra- 
matic artist  of  his  time,  with  the  exception  of  Talma.  His 
play  “Robert  Macaire,”  with  Saint-Amand  and  Antier, 
was  played  over  five  hundred  times  in  succession. 
Ldman  (la-mon').  A French  department  and 
Swiss  canton  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Lake 
of  Geneva  during  the  era  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution. 

Leman,  Lake.  See  Geneva,  Lake  of. 

Lemanlc  Republic.  The  name  assumed  by  the 
canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  Jan.,  1798,  as  an 
independent  state.  It  entered  the  Helvetic  Re- 
public as  the  canton  of  Leman  in  April,  1798. 
Lemannus  (le-man'us),  or  Lemanus  (le-ma'- 
nus),  Lacus.  The  Roman  name  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva. 

Le  Mans.  See  Mans,  Le. 

Le  Marchant  (le  mar-shon'),  John  Gaspard. 

Born  in  Guernsey,  1766 : killed  at  the  battle  of 
Salamanca,  July  22, 1812.  An  English  soldier, 
made  major-general  in  1810.  He  served  in  Flanders 
1793-94  ; was  governor  of  the  Royal  Military  College  1801- 
1810;  and  commanded  a brigade  of  cavalry  in  the  Penin- 
sula 1810-12. 

Le  Marchant,  Sir  John  Gaspard.  Born  1803: 
died  at  London,  Feb.  6,  1874.  A son  of  Major- 
General  J.  G.  Le  Marchant,  appointed  lieuten- 
ant-general in  1864.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of 
Newfoundland  1847-52,  and  of  Nova  Scotia  1852-57  ; gover- 
nor of  Malta  1859-64  ; and  commander-in-chief  at  Madras 
1865-68. 

Lemberg  (lem'berG),  Polish  Lw6w  (lvov).  [L. 
Leopolis,  F.  Leopold]  The  capital  of  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Peltew  in  lat. 
49°  51'  N.,  long.  24°  E.  Its  trade  is  important.  It  is 
an  archiepiscopal  see  of  the  Roman  Catholic,  Armenian, 
and  United  Greek  churches,  and  has  cathedrals  of  these 
churches.  It  also  contains  a university,  a polytechnic 
institution,  and  Ossolinski’s  National  Institute.  It  was 
founded  in  the  13th  century;  conquered  by  Casimir  the 
Great  of  Poland  in  1340 ; besieged  by  the  Cossacks  in  1648, 
and  by  the  Turks  in  1672  ; taken  by  Swedes  in  1704  ; an- 
nexed by  Austria  In  1772  ; and  bombarded  in  the  outbreak 
of  1848.  Population,  206,574,  (1910). 

Lemercier  (le-mer-sya'),  Jacques.  Born  at 
Pontoise  about  1585:  died  at  Paris,  1660.  A 
celebrated  French  architect,  in  1618  he  was  ap- 
pointed architect  du  roi,  and  in  1620  he  rebuilt  the  bridge 
at  Rouen.  In  1624  he  took  charge  of  the  works  at  the 
Louvre,  which  had  not  advanced  beyond  the  constructions 
of  Pierre  Lescot : these  he  doubled  on  the  western  and 
southern  sides,  quadrupling  the  intended  size  of  the  court. 
In  the  middle  of  the  western  side  he  built  the  Pavilion 
d'Orloge,  crowned  by  the  famous  caryatids  of  Jacques  Sar- 
rozin.  In  1627  he  constructed  the  Chateau  de  Lilly.  He 
was  the  favorite  architect  of  Richelieu,  and  in  1629  built 
the  Palais  Richelieu,  later  developed  into  the  Palais  Roy- 
al. About  the  same  time  also  he  built  the  church  and 
buildings  of  the  Sorbonne.  He  superseded  Francois  Man- 
sart as  architect  of  the  Church  of  Val  de  Gr&ce.  In  1636, 
with  Salomon  de  Brosse,  he  built  the  lanterns  of  the  ca- 
thedral of  Troyes.  In  1652  he  succeeded  Clement  Mete- 
zeau  at  the  Oratoire  at  Paris,  and  in  1653  he  built  the  choir 
and  part  of  the  nave  of  St.  Roche. 

Lemercier,  Louis  Jean  Nepomucdne.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  21,1771:  died  June  7, 1840.  AFrench 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  wrote  a number  of  plays, 
among  which  are  “Tartuffer6volutionnaire”(1795),  “Aga- 
memnon” (produced  1794),  “Ophis  "(1798),  “Charlemagne,” 
“ Baudouin,”“St.  Louis,  etc.  Among  his  poems  are  “Pan- 
hypocrisiade,  ou  la  comedie  infernale  du  seizieme  siecle  ” 
(1819),  “ Les  Ages  frangais,”  etc. 

Lemery  (lam-re'),  Nicolas.  Born  at  Rouen, 
France,  Nov.  17,  1645:  died  at  Paris,  June  19, 
1715.  A noted  French  chemist,  author  of 
“Cours  de  chimie”  (1675),  etc. 

Lemgo  (lem'go).  A town  in  the  principality  of 
Lippe,  Germany,  41  miles  southwest  of  Hanno- 
ver. It  has  manufactures  of  meerschaum  pipes. 
Population,  commune,  9,033. 

Lemnos  (lem'nos),  mod.  Limno  (lirn'no), or 
Limni  (lem'ne),  It.  Stalimene  (sta-le-ma'ne). 
[Gr.  A?//trof .]  An  island  in  the  iEgean  Sea,  be- 
longing to  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  39°  50'  N., 
long.  25°  20'  E.  Chief  town,  Kastro.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly.  It  was  long  famous  for  its  earth  (“terra  sigil- 
lata  Lemnia”).  It  was  sacred  to  Hephaestus  in  ancient 
times ; was  conquered  by  Miltiades ; and  was  in  1657  ac- 
quired by  the  Turks  from  the  Venetians.  Length,  about 
20  miles.  Population,  about  30,000  (mainly  Greeks). 

The  myth  ran  that  in  Lemnos  at  the  time  of  the  Argo- 
nautic  expedition  there  were  no  males,  the  women  having 
revenged  their  ill-treatment  upon  the  men  by  murdering 
them  all.  The  Argonauts  touched  at  the  island,  and  were 
received  with  great  favour.  They  stayed  some  months,  and 
the  subsequent  population  of  the  island  was  the  fruit  of 
this  visit.  Hypsipyle,  the  queen,  had  twin  sons  by  Jason. 
Sophocles  wrote  a tragedy,  which  is  lost,  upon  this  piece 
of  ancient  story.  Jlawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  116. 

Lemoine.  See  Le  Moyne. 

Lemoine  (le-moin'),  Henry.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  14,  1756:  died  there,  April  30,  1812.  An 
English  bookseller  and  writer.  He  published  “ Ty- 
pographical Antiquities : the  History,  Origin,  and  Progress 
of  the  Art  of  Printing,  etc.”  (1797),  etc. 

Lemoine,  Jean  Baptiste.  See  Bienville. 
Lemon  (lem'on),  Mark.  Bom  at  London,  Nov. 
30, 1809 : died  at  Crawley,  Sussex,  May  23, 1870. 


Lensea 

An  English  journalist,  dramatist,  and  novelist, 
one  of  the  founders  and  the  first  editor  of 
“Punch”  (1843-70).  Among  his  numerous  plays  are 
“ Hearts  are  Trumps,”  “ Lost  and  Won,"  “Self- Accusa- 
tion,” aud  “Love  and  War.”  He  also  wrote  a number  of 
fairy  tales,  and  published  a “jest-book"  in  1867. 

Lemonnier  (le-mo-nya'),  Pierre  Charles.  Born 
at  Paris,  Nov.  23,  1715 : died  near  Bayeux, 
France,  1799.  A French  astronomer. 

Lemos,  Count  of.  See  Fernandes  de  Castro 
Andrade  y Portugal,  Pedro. 

Le  Moyne  (le  mwanj,  Antoine,  Sieur  de  Cha- 
teauguay.  Born  at  Montreal,  July  7, 1683 : died 
at  Rochefort,  France,  March  21, 1747.  A French- 
Canadian  commander,  son  of  Charles  Le  Moyne. 
He  served  under  Iberville  against  the  English  1705-06  ; was 
made  commandant  of  the  troops  in  Louisiana  in  1717,  and 
king's  lieutenant  of  the  colony  in  1718 ; was  governor  of 
Martinique  1727-44 ; and  became  governor  of  Isle  Royale, 
or  Cape  Breton,  in  1745. 

Le  Moyne,  Charles,  Sieur  de  Longueuil.  Born 
in  Normandy,  France,  1626:  died  at  Villemarie, 
Canada,  1683.  A French  pioneer  in  Canada. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  border  warfare  against  the 
Iroquois  and  the  English,  and  was  ennobled  by  Louis  XIV. 
in  1668. 

Le  Moyne,  Charles,  Baron  de  Longueuil.  Born 
at  Montreal,  Dec.  10,  1656:  died  at  Montreal, 
June  8, 1729.  AFrench-Canadian  commander, 
son  of  Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  made  governor 
of  Montreal  and  created  a baron  in  1700 ; became  comman- 
dant-general of  Canada  in  1711,  and  governor  of  Three 
Rivers  in  1720 ; and  was  reappointed  governor  of  Montreal 
in  1724. 

Le  Moyne,  Jacques,  Sieur  de  Sainte-H61&ne. 
Bornat  Villemarie,  Canada,  April  16, 1659 : died 
at  Quebec,  Oct.,  1690.  AFrench-Canadian  offi- 
cer, son  of  Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  expedition  which  captured  and  plundered 
Schenectady  in  1690.  He  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  mo- 
ment of  victory,  while  defending  the  passage  of  the  St. 
Charles  against  the  British  admiral  Phips. 

Le  Moyne,  Joseph,  Sieur  de  Serigny.  Born  at 
Montreal,  July  22,  1668:  died  at  Rochefort, 
France,  1734.  A French  naval  officer,  son  of 
Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  made  governor  of 
Rochefort  in  1723. 

Le  Moyne,  Paul,  Sieur  de  Maricourt.  Born  at 
Montreal,  Dee.  15,1663:  killed  March  21,1704. 
AFrench-Canadian  commander,  son  of  Charles 
Le  Moyne. 

Le  Moyne,  Pierre.  See  Iberville. 

Lempa  (Rndpa)-  A river  in  San  Salvador,  Cen- 
tral America,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  about  40 
miles  southeast  of  San  Salvador.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Lemprikre  (lem-prer'),  John.  Born  in  Jersey 
about  1765 : died  at  London,  Feb.  1, 1824.  An 
English  classical  scholar.  He  became  assistant  mas- 
ter of  the  grammar-school  at  Reading  in  1788 ; was  master 
of  the  grammar-school  at  Abingdon  1792-1808  ; and  later 
(1809)  was  master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Exeter.  He 
published  “Bibliotheca  Classica,  or  a Classical  Diction- 
ary, etc.”  (1788),  etc. 

Lemuel  (lem'u-el).  [Heb. : etym.  unknown.] 
An  unknown  king  mentioned  in  Prov.  xxxi.  1, 
4.  The  rabbinical  commentators  identified  him 
with  Solomon. 

Lemuria  (le-mu'ri-a).  SclatePs  name  for  a 
land  supposed  to  have  formerly  existed  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  connecting  Madagascar,  the  pen- 
insula of  India,  and  Sumatra. 

Lena  (le'na;  Russ.  pron.  la-na').  One  of  the 
chief  rivers  of  Siberia.  It  rises  near  Lake  Baikal, 
flows  northeast  and  north,  and  empties  by  a delta  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  about  lat.  72°-73°  N.  Yakutsk  is  on  its  banks, 
and  the  chief  tributaries  are  the  Vitim,  Vilui,  and  Aldan. 
Its  delta  was  noted  in  the  De  Long  expedition,  and  is  also 
famous  for  its  mammoth  ivory.  Length,  about  2,800  miles. 

Lenasa  (le-ne'a).  [Gr.  A tjvaia.']  The  “feast  of 
vats,”  an  ancient  Greek  festival  in  honor  of  Dio- 
nysus. It  was  held  at  Athens  in  the  month  Gamelion 
(Jan.-Feb.),  at  the  Lenaeum.  There  was  a great  public 
feast, and  then  the  peoplewentin  procession,  with  jesting 
and  mockery,  to  the  theater. 

Fragments  of  lists  of  dramatic  authors,  and  their  vic- 
tories, are  still  being  found  about  the  acropolis  and  the 
theatre  at  Athens,  and  from  the  publications  of  them  by 
Komanudes  in  the  Athenaion , Bergk  has  endeavoured  to 
reconstruct  the  chronology  of  the  drama.  His  conclusions 
have  been  contested  by  Kohler,  and  are  as  yet  uncertain. 
But  he  has  probably  established  this  much,  that  while  the 
tragic  contests  were  carried  on  at  the  greater  Dionysia, 
in  the  city,  and  in  spring  time,  and  vecorded  since  about 
01.  64,  the  winter  feast  of  the  Lensea  in  the  suburbs  was 
originally  devoted  to  comedy,  which  wTas  not  recognised 
by  the  state  till  about  01.  79.  In  01.  84  new  regulations 
were  introduced,  probably  by  Pericles,  according  to  which 
tragic  contests  were  established  at  the  Lena1  a,  and  comic 
admitted  to  the  greater  Dionysia.  From  this  time  both 
kinds  of  contests  were  carried  on  at  both  feasts,  and  in 
the  great  theatre.  But  as  the  Lemra  was  only  a home  feast, 
and  not  attended  by  strangers,  a victory  gained  there  was 
by  no  means  of  the  same  importance  as  a victory  before 
tiie  great  concourse  of  citizens  and  visitors  in  the  spring, 
and  consequently  they  were  separately  catalogued. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  247. 


Lenau 

Lenau  (la'nou),  Nikolaus.  The  pseudonym  of 
Niembsch  von  Strehlenau. 

Lenbach  (len'bach), Franz  von.  Bora  at  Schro- 
beu  hausen,  Bavaria,  Dec.  13,  1836:  died  May 
6,  1904.  A German  portrait-painter.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  the  Munich  Academy  and  of  Grade  and  Piloty, 
whom  in  1858  he  accompanied  to  Rome.  In  1860  he  be- 
came professor  in  the  Weimar  Art  School,  but  resigned  in 
1862  and  went  to  Italy  and  Spain,  where  he  studied  and 
copied  the  old  masters  for  Baron  Schack’s  gallery  in 
Munich.  After  his  return  to  Munich  he  devoted  himself 
exclusively  to  portraiture.  From  1872  to  1879  he  worked 
in  Vienna,  visited  Morocco,  and  spent  the  winter  of  1875- 
1876  in  Egypt  with  Makart  and  Leopold  Muller.  He  be- 
came a member  of  the  Berlin  Academy  in  1883. 

Lencas  (lan'kiis).  A race  of  Central- American 
Indians  in  central  and  southern  Honduras  and 
northern  Nicaragua.  At  present  they  are  semi-civ- 
ilized. Of  their  history  and  relations  to  the  whites  little 
is  known.  Their  language,  divided  into  several  dialects, 
shows  no  relation  with  those  of  the  surrounding  tribes.  It 
is  known  as  Chontal,  a term  also  applied  to  the  languages 
of  various  other  tribes.  See  Chontals. 

Lenclos  (loh-klo'),  or  L’Enclos,  Anne,  called 
Ninon  de.  Born  at  Paris,  May  15,  1616:  died 
there,  Oct.  17, 1706.  A noted  French  woman  of 
pleasure.  Although  she  gave  herself  up  to  a free  life,  she 
was  never  a public  courtezan.  She  retained  her  beauty  and 
charm  to  very  old  age.  Mademoiselle  Scudery  drew  her  por- 
trait in  “ Cldlie  ’’  under  the  name  of  Clarisse.  She  received 
the  highest  society  in  her  salon,  which  has  been  compared 
for  its  tone  with  the  Hotel  Rambouillet.  Madame  Scar- 
ron  (afterward  de  Maintenon),  Madame  de  Lafayette,  and 
Christina  of  Sweden  were  her  friends.  St.  Evremond, 
La  Rochefoucauld,  D’Estrdes,  the  great  Condd,  and  three 
generations  of  the  family  of  Sdvignd  were  among  her  lov- 
ers. According  to  Voltaire,  Richelieu  was  the  first  of 
these. 

Lendinara  (len-de-na'ra).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Rovigo,  northern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Adigetto  26  miles  southwest  of  Padua. 

Le  Neve  (le  nev),  John.  Born  at  Bloomsbury, 
London,  Dec.  27,  1679 : died  1741.  An  English 
antiquary,  author  of  “Fasti  Eceleshe  Anglica- 
nas  ” (1716),  “Monumenta  Anglicana”  (1717), 
etc. 

Le  Neve,  Peter.  Bom  at  London,  1661 : died 
in  Norfolk,  Sept.  24,  1729.  An  English  anti- 
quary. He  left  extensive  manuscript  collec- 
tions, but  printed  nothing. 

Lenfant  (lon-foh'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Ba- 
zoches,  France,  April  13,  1661 : died  at  Ber- 
lin, Au".  7, 1728.  A noted  French  Protestant 
theologian  and  church  historian,  author  of 
“ Histoire  du  concile  de  Constance”  (1714),  etc. 
Lenguas,orLengoas(lan'gwaz).[Sp., ‘tongues’: 
so  called  from  their  custom  of  inserting  in  the 
lower  lip  a piece  of  wood  which,  at  a distance, 
made  them  appear  as  if  their  tongues  were  pro- 
truded.] A tribe  of  South  American  Indians, 
formerly  numerous  and  formidable  in  the  Gran 
Chaco  region,  west  of  the  river  Paraguay. 

They  appear  to  have  been  an  offshoot  of  the  Chiquitos  of 
Bolivia  (which  see).  They  were  long  at  war  with  the  set- 
tlements, and  were  nearly  exterminated : in  1828  only  about 
300  remained  near  Corrientes.  The  remnants  are  merged 
in  other  tribes. 

Lenk  (lengk).  A town  and  watering-place  in 
the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Simme  35  miles  south  of  Bern. 

Lenkoran  ( leng-ko-ran').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Baku,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Caspian  Sea,  lat.  38°  46'  N.,  long.  48° 
50'  E. : stormed  and  annexed  by  the  Russians 
1813. 

Lennep  (len'nep).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  22  miles  northeast 
of  Cologne.  Population,  commune,  10,323. 
Lennep,  David  Jakob  van.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, July  15,  1774:  died  at  Amsterdam,  Feb. 
10,  1853.  A Dutch  classical  philologist. 
Lennep,  Jacob  van.  Bom  at  Amsterdam,  March 
24, 1802 : died  at  Oosterbeek,  near  Arnhem,  Aug. 
25,  1868.  A Dutch  novelist  and  poet.  He  was 
the  son  of  the  Amsterdam  professor  and  poet  David  Jakob 
van  Lennep.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Leyden,  and 
subsequently  practised  law  in  Amsterdam.  For  a short 
term  he  was  conservative  member  of  the  second  chamber. 
His  “ Academische  Idyllen"  (“  Academic  Idyls  ”),  a collec- 
tion of  poems  on  student  life,  appeared  in  1826.  A second 
volume  of  poems  was  “Nederlandsche  Legenden  ” (“Le- 
gends of  the  Netherlands’’),  upon  which  is  chiefly  based  his 
fame  as  a poet.  He  also  wrote  numerous  dramatic  pieces, 
among  them  the  comedies  “Het  Dorp  an  de  Grenzen” 
(‘‘The  Village  on  the  Frontier")  and  “Het  Dorp  over  de 
Grenzen " (“The  Village  over  the  Frontier”).  His  most 
celebrated  works  are  his  historical  novels,  in  the  manner 
of  Sir  WalterScott.  The  principal  of  them  are  “De  Pleeg- 
zoon”  (“The  Foster-son,”  1829),  “De  Roos  van  Dekama” 
(“The  Rose  of  Dekama,"  1836),  the  series  of  narratives 
under  the  common  title  “Onze  Vooronders”(“Our  Ances- 
tors,” 1838-14),  ‘Ferdinand  lluyck”  (1840),  “Elisabeth 
Mnsch " (1850),  “De  Lotgevallen  van  Klaasje  Zevenster  ” 
(“  The  Adventures  of  Claus  Sevenstars,”  1865).  His  poeti- 
cal works  were  published  1859-72,  in  13  volumes;  his 
romances  1855-72,  in  23  volumes. 

Lenni-Lenape.  See  Delaware. 


603 

Lennox  (len'oks).  An  old  division  of  Scotland. 
It  corresponded’ to  Dumbartonshire,  a large  part  of  Stir- 
lingshire, and  parts  of  Perth  and  Renfrew. 

Lennox,  Charles,  first  Duke  of  Richmond.  Born 
July  29, 1672:  died  at  Goodwood,  in  Sussex,  May 
27,  1723.  A natural  son  of  Charles  II.  and  the 
Duchess  of  Portsmouth.  He  went  to  Paris,  at  the 
Revolution,  in  the  service  of  James,  but  later  changed 
both  his  politics  and  his  religion,  becoming  reconciled  to 
King  William  and  entering  the  Church  of  England.  He 
was  an  unprincipled  adventurer. 

Lennox,  Charles,  third  Duke  of  Richmond  and 
Lennox.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  22,  1735 : died 
at  Goodwood,  Sussex,  Dec.  29,  1806.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  ministerat 
Paris  1765 ; secretary  of  state  for  the  southern  department 
1766 ; and  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  with  aseat  in  the 
cabinet,  1782-95.  He  defended  the  action  of  the  American 
colonies  in  resisting  the  government,  advocated  the  redress 
of  grievances  in  Ireland,  and  pronounced  in  favor  of  uni- 
versal suffrage. 

Lennox,  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Ramsay).  Born  at 
New  York,  1720:  died  iu  England,  Jan.  4, 1804. 
An  English  novelist  and  poet.  She  published 
“The  Female  Quixote”  (1752),  “Shakespeare 
Illustrated”  (1753-54),  etc.,  and  wrote  “The 
Sister,”  a comedy  (to  which  Goldsmith  wrote 
the  epilogue),  acted  Feb.  18,  1769. 

Lennox,  Lord  William  Pitt.  Born  at  Winestead 
Abbey,  Yorkshire,  Sept.  20,  1799:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  18, 1881.  An  English  soldier,  writer, 
and  journalist,  fourth  son  of  the  fourth  Duke  of 
Richmond.  He  wrote  several  novels,  books  on 
sports,  etc. 

Lenoir  (le-nwiir'),  Alexandre  Albert.  Bom 

at  Paris,  1801:  died  there,  Feb.  17,  1891.  A 
French  architect  and  archaeologist,  son  of  M.  A. 
Lenoir.  He  wrote  a number  of  works  on  archi- 
tecture ancient  and  modem. 

Lenoir  (le-nwiir'),  Marie  Alexandre.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Dee.  26,  1761:  died  at  Paris,  June  11, 
1839.  A French  archaeologist.  His  works  include 

“ MusCe  des  monuments  frangais ” (1804),  “Histoire  des 
arts  en  France,  prouv^e  par  les  monument?  ” (1810),  etc. 

Le  Noir,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Anne  Smart).  Bom 

about  1755:  died  at  Caversham,  May  6,  1841. 
An  English  novelist  and  poet,  daughter  of  the 
poet  Christopher  Smart : author  of  ‘ ‘Village  An- 
nals”(1803),  “Village Anecdotes” (1804),  “Mis- 
cellaneous Poems”  (1825),  etc. 

Lenore  (le-nor').  A ballad  by  Burger:  so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  heroine. 

Lenormand  (le-nor-mon'),  Marie  Anne  Ade- 
laide. Bom  at  A lexicon,  France,  May  27, 1772 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  25,  1843.  A celebrated 
French  fortune-teller.  She  wrote  a number 
of  books  on  subjects  connected  with  her  pro- 
fession. 

Lenormant  (le-nor-mon'),  Charles.  Bom  at 

Paris,  June  1,  1802:  died  at  Athens,  Nov.  24, 
1859.  A French  archeologist  and  numisma- 
tist. His  chief  works  (with  collaborators)  are  “ TrCsor  de 
numismatique  et  de  glyptique  ” (1836-50),  “ Elite  des  monu- 
ments c4ramo-graphiques  ” (1844-57). 

Lenormant,  Francois.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  17, 
1837 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1883.  A noted 
French  archeologist  and  historian,  son  of 
Charles  Lenormant.  His  works  include  “ Manuel 
d’histoire  ancienne  de  TOrient”  (1868),  “Lettres  assyrio- 
logiques  et  bpigraphiques " (1871-72),  “Les  sciences  oc- 
cultes  en  Asie"  (1874-75),  “Les  origines  de  l’histoire 
d’aprts  la  Bible  ” (1880-82),  etc. 

Lenotre  (16-notr' ) , Andre.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
12,  1613 : died  at  Versailles,  Sept.  15,  1700.  A 
noted  French  architect  and  landscape-garden  er. 
In  1675  Louis  XIV.  accorded  to  him  letters  of  ennoble- 
ment. His  first  work  was  the  park  and  gardens  of  the 
Chateau  de  Vaux  le-Vicompte.  He  also  designed  the  gar- 
dens and  parks,  wholly  or  iu  part,  at  Versailles,  Rambouil- 
let, Saint-Cloud,  Chantilly,  Meudon,  Fontainebleau,  the 
Ch.'iteau  de  la  Reine  de  Navarre,  etc.  In  England  he  laid 
out  Kensington  Gardens,  St.  James’s  Park,  and  Greenwich 
Park.  In  Rome  he  designed  the  gardens  of  the  Villa 
Ludovisi,  the  Villa  Pamphili,  the  Quirinal,  the  Vatican, 
and  the  Villa  Albani. 

Lenox  (len'oks).  A town  and  summer  resort 
in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
near  the  Housatonic  40  miles  west-northwest 
of  Springfield.  Population,  3,060,  (1910). 
Lenox.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  “ Macbeth,” 
a thane  of  Scotland. 

Lenox,  James.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  19, 
1800:  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1880.  An  American 
bibliophilist  and  philanthropist,  founder  of  the 
Lenox  Library  in  New  York  city. 

Lenox  Library.  A public  reference  library 
founded  in  New  York  in  1870  by  James  Lenox. 
In  1911  the  collections  were  transferred  to  the  New  York 
Public  Library  on  Fifth  Avenue  between  40th  and  42d 
streets,  and  the  building  was  demolished  in  1912.  It  con- 
tained a museum,  ai  t galleries,  library,  and  lecture-room. 
Its  principal  aim  was  in  the  direction  of  American  history 
and  historical  study.  An  annex  was  built  iu  70th  street, 
through  a bequest  from  Mrs.  Robert  L.  Stewart,  to  con- 


Leo  X. 

tain  a collection  of  paintings  given  by  her.  It  has  been 
combined  with  the  Astor  and  the  proposed  Tilden  Library 
★ as  the  New  York  Public  Library. 

Lens  (Ions).  A town  in  the  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  northern  France,  9 miles  north  by 
east  of  Arras.  It  is  in  the  center  of  important  coal- 
fields. Here,  Aug.  20,  1648,  the  French  under  Condo  de- 
feated the  Spauiards  under  the  archduke  Leopold  W illiam. 
Population,  commune,  27,744. 

Lenten  Stuffe.  A pamphlet  by  Nashe,  pub- 
lished in  1599.  It  is  a lively  description  of  Great  Yar- 
mouth, where  he  had  found  a safe  shelter,  with  a pane- 
gyric on  the  red  herring,  its  staple  commodity. 

Lenthall  (lent'al),  William.  Bom  at  Henley- 
on-Thames,  June,  1591 : died  Sept.  3, 1662.  An 
English  lawyer  and  politician.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Short  Parliament  and  speaker  of  the  Long  Par- 
liament (Nov.  3, 1640,- April  20, 1653),  a position  which  he 
filled  with  ability  and  success.  He  became  famous  from 
his  refusal  to  tell  Charles  whether  or  not  any  one  of  the 
“five  members”  was  present  when  the  king  attempted  to 
arrest  them  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  was  also  speaker 
of  the  first  Parliament  summoned  by  Cromwell,  and  was 
a member  of  the  Parliament  of  1656.  When  the  Long 
Parliament  reassembled  he  resumed  his  office  in  it,  and 
later  contributed  to  bring  about  the  Restoration. 
Lentienses  (len-ti-en' sez).  [L.  (Ammianus) 
Lentienses .]  A German  tribe,  a southern  branch 
of  the  Alamanni,  dwelling  in  the  3d  century  in 
the  region  to  the  north  of  the  Boden  See,  where 
Constantius  Chlorus  (298)  led  an  expedition 
against  them. 

Lentini  (len-te'ne).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  21  miles  northwest  of  Syra- 
cuse : the  ancient  Leontini.  It  wasfounded  by  colo- 
nists from  Naxos  in  729  b.  c.,  became  subject  to  Syracuse, 
and  was  a prosperous  Greek  city.  Population,  16,300. 

Lentulus  (len'tii-lus),  Publius  Cornelius,  sur- 
named  Sura,.  Executed  at  Rome,  Dec.,  63  B.  o. 
A Roman  politician,  pretor  and  conspirator 
with  Catiline  in  63  B.  c. 

Lenz  (lents).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  13  miles  south  of  Coire.  It  was 
formerly  a strategic  point. 

Lenz,  Heinrich  Oskar.  Born  at  Leipsic,  April 
13, 1848.  A German  geologist  and  African  trav- 
eler. After  a few  geological  explorations  in  Austria,  he 
accompanied  the  expedition  of  Giissfeldt  to  West  Africa 
(1874),  and  explored  Morocco,  Timbuktu,  andSenegal  (1879). 
Foiled  in  his  attempt  to  determine  the  watershed  of  the 
Nile  and  Kongo  basins  (1885),  he  crossed  the  continent  by 
way  of  Tanganyika  and  Nyassa  lakes,  returning  to  Vienna 
in  1887.  Since  then  he  has  been  professor  of  geography  at 
Prague.  He  wrote “Skizzen  aus  West-Afrika”(1878),“Tim- 
buktu : Reise  durch  Marokko,  Sahara,  und  Sudan  ’’  (1884). 

Lenz,  Jakob  Michael  Reinhold.  Born  at  Sess- 
wegen,  Livonia,  Jan.  12  (N.  S.  23),  1751:  died 
near  Moscow,  May  23-24, 1792.  A German  poet 
of  the  “ Sturm  und  Drang”  period.  His  works 
were  edited  by  Tieck  (1828). 

Lenzburg  (lents'bora).  A small  town  in  the 
canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Aa  east  of  Aarau. 

Lenzen  (lent'sen).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  66  miles  north  of 
Magdeburg.  Here,  Sept.  4,  929,  the  Germans 
defeated  the  Slavs. 

Leo  (le'o).  [L.,  ‘the  lion.’]  An  ancient  zodiacal 
constellation,  the  Lion,  containing  Regulus,  a 
star  of  magnitude  14,  and  two  stars  of  the  second 
magnitude.  It  is  easily  found,  for  the  pointers  of  the 
Great  Bear  point  southerly  to  its  brightest  star,  distant 
about  46  degrees  from  the  southernmost  of  them.  Four 
stars  in  the  body  of  Leo  form  a characteristic  trapezium, 
and  those  about  the  neck  and  mane  make  a sickle.  It  is 
the  fifth  sign  of  the  zodiac,  its  symbol  as  such (.9)  showing 
the  lion’s  mane. 

Leo  I.,  Saint,  surnamed  “The  Great.”  Born 
probably  at  Rome:  died  at  Rome  461.  Pope 
440-461.  He  extended  the  authority  of  the  Roman  see, 
and  in  452  induced  Attila  to  leave  Italy  without  attacking 
Rome.  His  works,  including  sermons  and  letters,  have 
been  edited  by  Ballerini  (1753-57). 

Leo  II.  Pope  682-683. 

Leo  III.  Died  May  25,  816.  Pope  795-816.  He 
crowned  Charles  the  Great  Roman  emperor  in 
800. 

Leo  IV.  Pope  847-855. 

Leo  V.  Pope  903. 

Leo  VI.  Pope  928-929. 

Leo  VII.  Pope  936-939. 

Leo  VIII.  Pope  963-965. 

Leo  IX. (Bruno).  Born  in  Alsace,  June  21, 1002: 
died  at  Rome,  April  19,  1054.  Pope  1049-54. 
He  was  defeated  and  captured  by  the  Normans 
at  Astagnum,  near  Civitella,  June  18,  1053. 
Leo  X.  (Giovanni  de’  Medici).  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, Dec.  11, 1475:  died  at  Rome,  Doe.  1, 1521. 
Pope  1513-21,  second  son  of  Lorenzo  de’  Medici. 
He  expelled  the  petty  tyrants  from  the  ecclesiastical  states, 
added  Perugia,  Sinigaglia,  and  Fermo  to  the  domains  of 
the  church,  and  restored  Parma  and  Piacenza  to  the  holy 
see.  During  his  pontificate  the  Reformation  began  with 
Luther's  protest  against  the  sale  of  indulgences  in  1617. 
(See  I/uther,  Martin,  and  Reformation,  The.)  He  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  art  and  literature. 


Leo  XI. 

Leo  XI.  (Alessandro  de’  Medici).  Bom  1535: 
died  April  27,  1605.  Pope  1605. 

Leo  XII.  (Annibale  della  Genga).  Born  1760: 
died  Feb.  10,  1829.  Pope  1823-29. 

Leo  XIII.  (Giacchino  Peed).  Born  at  Carpi- 
neto,  near  Anagni,  Italy,  March  2,  1810 : died 
at  Rome,  July  20,  L903.  Pope  1878-1903.  He 
was  sent  as  nuncio  to  Brussels  in  1843 ; was  created  arch- 
bishop of  Perugia  in  1846,  and  cardinal  in  1853;  and 
was  elected  successor  of  Pius  IX.  Feb.  20,  1878. 

Leo  I.,  surnamed  “The  Thracian”  and  “The 
Great.”  Born  in  Thrace  about  400:  died  Feb. 
3,  474.  Byzantine  emperor  457-474.  His  army 

under  Anthemius  defeated  the  Huns  at  Sardica  about  466. 
He  afterward  concerted  with  Anthemius,  who  had  in  the 
meantime  been  elected  emperor  of  Rome,  a joint  attack 
on  Genseric  in  Africa,  which  failed  through  the  treachery 
of  the  Byzantine  general  Aspar. 

Leo  II.  Byzantine  emperor  474,  grandson  of 
Leo  I. 

Leo  III.,  surnamed  “The  Isaurian.”  Born  at 
Germanicia,  Armenia  Minor : died  June  18,  741. 
Byzantine  emperor  718-741.  He  successfully  de- 
fended Constantinople  against  the  Arabs  who  besieged 
the  city  717-720.  He  prohibited  the  veneration  of  images 
in  726. 

Leo  V.,  surnamed  “The  Armenian.”  Killed  at 
Constantinople,  820.  Byzantine  emperor  813- 
820.  Defeated  the  Bulgarians  in  814  and  815. 
Leo  VI.,  surnamed  “The  Wise”  and  “The  Phi- 
losopher.” Died  911.  Byzantine  emperor  886- 
911,  son  of  Basil  I. 

L6o  (la-o'))  Andre.  A pseudonym  of  Madame 
Champseix. 

Leo  (la'o),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Rudolstadt,  Ger- 
many, March  19,  1799 : died  April  24,  1878.  A 
German  historian , from  1828  professor  of  history 
atHalle.  His  works  include  “Geschichtederitalienischen 
Staaten"  71829-30),  “Zwolf  Bucher  niederlandischer  Ge- 
schichten  " (1832-35),  ‘ ‘ Lehrbuch  der  Universalgeschichte  ” 
(1835 — 44),  works  on  German  philosophy,  etc. 

Leo,  Leonardo.  Born  at  San  Vito  degli  Schiavi, 
Italy,  1694:  died  1744.  A noted  Neapolitan 
composer  and  professor  of  music.  He  was  the 
authorof  nearly  50  operas  (among  them  “ Sofonisbe,”  1718), 
dramatic  cantatas,  about  100  sacred  compositions,  etc. 
Among  his  sacred  works  is  a celebrated  “Miserere"  com- 
posed in  1739.  For  this  he  received  a pension  from  the 
Duke  of  Savoy. 

Leo  Africanus  (le'o  af-ri-ka'nus)  (Hasan  ibn 
Mohammed).  Died  after  1526.  A Moorish 
geographer,  author  of  a description  of  Africa 
(published  in  Italian  in  1588). 

Leoben  (la-6'ben).  A town  in  Styria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  28  miles  northwest  of  Gratz.  Here, 
April  18, 1797,  Bonaparte  signed  a provisional  treaty  with 
the  Austrians,  secretly  agreeing  to  give  them  the  greater 
part  of  the  mainland  territory  of  Venice  in  return  for  the 
Netherlands.  It  was  modified  by  the  peace  of  Campo- 
Formio  (which  see).  Pop.,  commune,  11,504,  (1910). 
Leobschiitz  (la'op-shiits).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Zinna  73  miles 
south-southeast  of  Breslau.  Population,  com- 
mune, 12,700. 

L£ocadie  (la-o-ka-de').  A lyrical  drama  by 
Scribe  and  Mdlesville,  music  by  Auber.  It  was 
produced  at  the  Opera  Comique  Nov.  4,  1824. 
Leochares(le-ok'a-rez).  [Gr.  Aeoxapyg.]  Lived 
about  the  middle  of  the  4th  century  B.  C.  An 
Athenian  sculptor,  a pupil  of  Scopas  and  asso- 
ciated with  him  on  the  mausoleum  of  Halicar- 
nassus. He  is  probably  represented  by  the  Ganymede 
and  eagle  of  the  Vatican,  supposed  to  he  a copy  of  his 
celebrated  work. 

Leofric  (le-of  'rik).  Died  at  Bromley,  Stafford- 
shire, Aug.  31,  1057.  An  earl  of  Mercia,  son  of 
Leofwine,  ealdorman  of  the  Hwiccas,  a power- 
ful nobleman  who  shared  with  Godwin  and 
Siward  the  chief  influence  in  the  kingdom  dur- 
ing the  reigns  of  Hardicanute  and  Edward  the 
Confessor.  His  wife  was  Godiva  (Godgifu),  the 
subject  of  a well-known  legend.  See  Godiva. 
Leofric.  Died  Feb.  10,  1072.  An  English  prel- 
ate, appointed  bishop  of  Devonshire  and  Corn- 
wall in  1046.  The  seat  of  the  bishopric  was,  at  his  re- 
quest, removed  from  Crediton  to  Exeter  in  1050. 

Leofwine  (le-of 'wi-ne).  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Hastings,  Oct.  14,  1066.  A younger  son  of 
Earl  Godwin.  He  was  governor  after  1057  of  a part  of 
the  kingdom  comprising  Kent,  Surrey,  Essex,  Middlesex 
(except  London),  Hertfordshire,  and  Buckinghamshire. 
He  fell  fighting  under  the  standard.  His  death  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Bayeux  tapestry. 

Leoline  (le'o-lin),  Sir.  A character  in  Coleridge’s 
“Christabel.” 

Leo  Minor  (le'o  ml'nor).  [L.,‘ the  lesser  lion.’] 
A constellation  between  Leo  and  the  Great  Bear, 
first  introduced  in  1690  by  Hevelius. 
Leominster  (lem'ster).  A town  in  Hereford- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Lug  12  miles 
north  of  Hereford.  It  had  formerly  a priory. 
Population,  5,826. 

Leominster  (lem'in-ster).  A town  in  Woreee- 


604 

ter  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Nashua  River  38  miles  west-northwest  of  Bos- 
ton. Population,  17,580,  (1910). 

Le6n  (la-on').  1.  A former  kingdom  in  Spain, 
bounded  by  Asturias  on  the  north,  .Old  Castile 
on  the  east,  Estremadura  on  the  south,  and  Por- 
tugal and  Galicia  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally mountainous.  It  comprised  the  modern  provinces 
of  Leon,  Zamora,  and  Salamanca.  The  name  of  Kingdom 
of  Leon  was  given  to  the  Asturian  dominions  (see  Astu- 
rias) early  in  the  10th  century.  Leon  was  united  with  Cas- 
tile in  1037,  separated  in  1157,  and  finally  reunited  in  1230. 
2.  A province  of  Spain,  bounded  by  Oviedo  ou 
the  north,  Palencia  on  the  east,  Valladolid  on 
the  southeast,  Zamora  on  the  south,  and  Orense 
and  Lugo  on  the  west.  Area,  5,936  square  miles. 
Population,  386,083. — 3.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Leon,  situated  on  the  Torio  and 
Bernesga  in  lat.  42°  37'  N.,  long.  5°  38'  W. : the 
Roman  Legio  Gemina.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the 
finest  in  Spain,  is  of  the  13th  century,  and  evidently  by  a 
French  architect.  There  are  three  great  roses,  and  the 
vaulting  is  bold  and  lofty.  The  triple  recessed  and  sculp- 
tured western  doors  are  the  best  in  Spain.  The  chapel  of 
Santiago  has  Flemish  windows.  Le6n  was  a Roman  fron- 
tier town,  and  was  very  early  reconquered  from  the  Moors. 
Population,  16,807. 

Leon.  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Ledn, 
Nicaragua,  situated  about  lat.  12°  25'  N.,  long. 
863  53'  W.  It  contains  a cathedral.  Founded  on  Lake 
Managua  in  1525,  it  was  removed  to  its  present  site  in  1610. 
Population,  62,569. 

Le6n  (in  Mexico).  See  Leon  de  los  Aldamas. 
Leon  (la-  on').  In  Beaumarchais’s  “La  mere  cou- 
pable,”  the  supposed  son  of  Count  Almaviva : 
really  the  son  of  the  countess  and  Chdrubin  her 
page. 

Leon  (le'on).  A character  in  Fletcher’s  “Rule 
a Wife  and  Have  a Wife.” 

Le6n,  Juan  Ponce  de.  See  Ponce  de  Leon. 
Le6n  (la-on'),  Luis  Ponce  de.  Born  in  Belmonte 
in  1528 : died  in  1591.  A distinguished  Spanish 
scholar,  theologian,  and  poet.  He  was  a monk  of 
the  order  of  St.  Augustine,  and  professor  of  theology  and 
sacred  literature  at  the  University  of  Salamanca.  He  was 
persecuted  by  the  Inquisition  and  imprisoned,  but  finally 
was  set  at  liberty. 

Le6n,  New.  See  Nuevo  Ledn. 

Leon,  Nuevo  Reino  de.  See  Nuevo  Ledn. 
Ledn,  Pedro  de  Cieza  de.  See  Ciesa  de  Ledn. 
Ledn,  Ponce  de.  See  Ponce  de  Leon. 

Leonais.  See  Lyonesse. 

Leonardo  Aretiho.  See  Bruni. 

Leonardo  da  Pisa.  Born  at  Pisa,  1175 : date  of 
death  unknown.  An  Italian  mathematician. 
He  studied  mathematics  in  the  Orient,  and  was  the  first 
to  apply  algebraical  forinulse  to  geometrical  demonstra- 
tions in  his  treatise  “Algebra  et  Almuchabala.’'  His  real 
name  was  Leonardo  Bonacci,  more  frequently  known  as 
Fibonacci  (filius  Bonacci). 

Leonardo  da  Vinci.  See  Vinci. 
Leonato(le-6-na'to).  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“Much  Ado  about  Nothing,”  the  governor  of 
Messina  and  the  uncle  of  Beatrice. 

Leon  de  los  Aldamas  (la-on'  da  los  al-da'mas), 
or  Ledn.  A city  in  the  state  of  Guanajuato, 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  Torbio  about  190 
miles  northwest  of  Mexico.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  leather,  etc.  Population,  63,263. 
Leonforte  (la-on-for'te).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catania,  Sicily,  Italy,  40  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Catania.  Population,  commune, 
19,751. 

Leonhard  (la'on-hart),  Gustav.  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, Nov.  22, 1816:  died  Dec.  27,  1878.  A Ger- 
man geologist  and  mineralogist,  son  of  K.  C. 
von  Leonhard.  He  was  professor  at  Heidelberg.  His 
chief  work  is  “ Handworterbuch  der  topograpluschen 
Mineralogie  ”(1843). 

Leonhard,  Karl  Casar  von.  Born  at  Rumpen- 
heim,  near  Hanau,  Prussia,  Sept.  12,  1779:  died 
at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  Jan.  23, 1862.  A German 
geologist  and  mineralogist,  professor  of  miner- 
alogy and  geognosy  at  Heidelberg  1818-62. 
Leoni  (la-5'ne),  Leone.  Born,  probably  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Arezzo,  about  1509:  died  at 
Milan,  July  22,  1590.  An  Italian  sculptor  and 
medallist.  He  first  appears  in  Venice  associated  with 
Titian  and  Pietro  Aretino.  In  1537  he  met  Benvenuto 
Cellini  at  Padua  in  competition  for  the  medal  of  Beinbo. 
Through  the  good  will  of  Ferrante  Gonzaga  he  entered  the 
service  of  Charles  V.,  and  remained  attached  to  the  impe- 
rial household.  Many  of  his  works  are  in  the  Mus6e  de 
Prado,  Madrid.  He  was  assisted  and  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Pompeo  (d.  1610).  They  executed  the  bronze  groups  of 
Charles  V.  and  Philip  II.  with  their  families  in  the  Escorial. 

Leonidas  (le-on'i-das)  I.  [Gr.  Aeowidaf.]  Killed 
at  Thermopylte,  Greece,  480  B.  c.  A Greek  hero, 
king  of  Sparta,  famous  for  his  defense  of  the 
pass  of  Thermopylte  against  the  Persian  army. 
He  was  slain  in  company  with  300  Spartans  and 
700  Thespians.  See  Thermopylm. 

Leonidas.  An  epic  poem  by  Glover,  published 
in  1737. 


Leopold  I. 

Leonidas  of  Modern  Greece,  The.  A name 

given  to  Markos  Bozzaris. 

Leonine  (le'o-nin).  In  Shakspere’s  “Pericles,” 
the  attendant  of  Dionysia,  employed  to  murder 
Marina:  he,  however,  sells  her  for  a slave. 

Leonine  City.  That  part  of  the  city  of  Rome 
which  is  west  of  the  Tiber  and  north  of  Tras- 
tevere.  It  contains  the  Vatican,  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
and  the  district  between  (known  as  the  Borgo),  and  is  in- 
closed within  a separate  line  of  walls.  It  was  first  forti- 
fied by  Pope  Leo  IV.  (whence  the  name). 

Leonists  (le'o-nists).  A name  sometimes  used 
for  the  members  of  the  religious  body  known 
as  the  Waldenses. 

Leonnatus  (le-5-na'tus).  [Gr.  Aiowdroc.']  Died 
322  b.  c.  A general  of  Alexander  the  Great,  one 
of  the  ablest  of  his  officers.  On  Alexander’s  death, 
Leonnatus  received  the  satrapy  of  Hellespontine  Phrygia. 
He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Athenians  and  their  allies  while 
seeking  to  relieve  Antipater  who  was  blockaded  in  Lamia. 

Leonnoys.  See  Lyonesse. 

Leonore  (la-6-ndr').  In  Moliere’s  “Ecole  des 
maris,”  the  sister  of  Isabelle,  she  has  been  brought 
up  by  Ariste,  the  brother  of  Sganarelle,  on  a system  the 
reverse  of  that  pursued  by  the  latter  with  Isabelle. 

Leonora  d’Este.  The  daughter  of  the  Duke  of 
Ferrara,  with  whom  Tasso  fell  in  love.  For  this 
her  father  imprisoned  him  in  a madhouse  for  seven  years. 

Leonore  (la-6-nor'),  ou  L’ Amour  Conjugal. 

An  opera  by  Bouilly,  music  by  Gaveaux,  pro- 
duced at  the  Opera  Comique  Feb.  19,  1798. 
The  book  was  translated  into  Italian,  composed  by  Paer, 
and  produced  at  Dresden  Oct.  3,  1804.  It  was  also  trans- 
lated into  German  by  Jos.  Sonnleithner  (late  in  1804)  and 
composed  by  Beethoven.  (See  Fidelio.)  The  dates  of 
Beethoven’s  overtures  are  as  follows  : Leonore  No.  2,  in 
C,  for  the  production  of  the  opera,  Nov.  20,  1806 ; L6o- 
nore  No.  3,  in  C,  for  the  production  of  the  modified  opera, 
March  29,  1806;  Leonore  No.  1,  in  C,  for  a performance 
of  the  opera  at  Prague,  May,  1807,  which  did  not  take  place ; 
Fidelio,  in  E,  for  the  second  and  final  revision  of  the  opera, 
May,  1814.  drove. 

Leontes  (le-on'tez).  A prominent  character  in 
Shakspere’s  “Winter’s  Tale,”  the  King  of  Si- 
cily. His  jealousy,  unlike  that  of  Othello,  is  wilful  and  ty- 
rannical. He  is  the  Egistus  of  Greene’s  “ Pandosto,"  from 
which  the  play  was  taken. 

Leontes.  See  Litany. 

Leontini.  See  Lentini. 

Leopardi  (la-6-par'de),  Alessandro.  Borninthe 
second  half  of  the  15th  century : died  some  time 
before  1545.  A Venetian  sculptor  and  architect. 
In  1487  he  was  banished  from  Venice  for  forgery,  but  was 
recalled  about  1490  to  finish  the  Colleoni  statue  begun  by 
Verocchio:  this  he  did  in  1496.  He  signed  his  name  on 
the  girth  of  the  saddle,  and  was  called  ever  after  “del  Ca- 
ballo."  He  also  made  the  pedestal  of  the  statue. 

Leopardi,  Count  Giacomo.  Born  at  Recanati, 
Italy,  June  29,  1798:  died  at  Naples,  June  14, 
1837.  An  Italian  poet  and  philologist.  He  was  from 
his  youth  sickly  and  deformed,  was  educated  at  home,  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  clas- 
sics. He  published  in  1818  an  ode  to  Italy,  in  which  he 
lamented  the  political  and  intellectual  degeneracy  of  his 
country,  and  which  created  a profound  impression.  Other 
odes  in  the  same  vein,  notably  one  occasioned  by  Cardi- 
nal Mai’s  discovery  of  part  of  Cicero’s  “De  republica," 
shortly  secured  for  him  a place  among  the  first  lyric  poets 
of  Italy.  His  writings  are  marked  by  a tone  of  despair 
which  has  placed  him  among  the  leaders  of  modem  pes- 
simism. He  went  in  1822  to  Rome,  where  he  prosecuted 
the  study  of  philology.  He  afterward  resided  during 
short  periods  at  Recanati,  Bologna,  Florence,  Rome,  and 
Naples.  The  first  collective  edition  of  his  poems  was  pub- 
lished in  1824.  A collection  of  miscellaneous  prose  essays, 
which  are  hardly  inferior  to  his  poems  in  point  of  style, 
was  published  in  1827  under  the  title  of  “Operette  mo- 
rali.”  His  works  have  been  edited  by  Ranieri  (“Opere,” 
1846-80)  and  Cugnotii  (“Opere  inedite,”  1878-80). 

Leopold  (le'o-pold)  1.  [G.  Leopold,  Leupold, 

F.  Leopold,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Leopoldo,  from  OHG. 
Liutpald,  Lintbald  (G.  Luitpold),  bold  for  the 
people.]  Born  at  Coburg,  Germany,  Dec.  16, 
1790:  died  at  Laeken,  near  Brussels,  Dec.  10, 
1865.  King  of  the  Belgians  1831-65,  youngest 
son  of  Francis,  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg.  He  married 
Princess  Charlotte,  daughter  of  George  IV.  of  England, 
in  1816 ; refused  the  crown  of  Greece  in  1830 ; was  elected 
king  of  the  Belgians  1831;  and  married  Princess  Louise, 
daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  in  1832. 

Leopold  II.  Born  at  Brussels,  April  9,  1835 : 
died  there,  Dec.  17,  1909.  King  of  tne  Belgians 
1865-1909,  son  of  Leopold  I.  He  founded  in  1876 
the  International  African  Association.  See  also  Kongo 
Free  State  ( Belgian  Kongo). 

Leoppld  (le'o-pold)  I.  Born  June  9, 1640:  died 
at  Vienna,  May  5, 1705.  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  1658-1705,  second  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand III.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  empire,  in  the 
hereditary  Hapsburg  dominions,  and  in  Hungary  in  1668. 
War  broke  out  with  the  Turks  in  1661,  and  lasted  until  1664, 
when  a victory  of  the  imperial  general  Montecucculi,  at  St. 
Gotthai  d on  the  Raab,  secured  the  conclusion  of  a truce  for 
20  years.  In  1672  the  emperor  joined  Brandenburg  in  sup- 
portof  11  ollandagainstLouisXIV.of  France.  Peace  was  con- 
cluded in  1679  at  Nimwegen,  where  the  emperor  was  forced 
to  cede  Freiburg  in  the  Breisgau  to  France.  In  1682  a sec- 
ond war  broke  out  with  the  l urks,  who  were  called  in  by 
the  Hungarian  magnates  under  Tokdly.  The  grand  vizir 
Kara  Mustapha  invested  (July  14, 1683)  Vienna,  which  was 


Leopold  I. 

defended  by  Rudiger  von  Starhemberg.  The  siege  was 
raised  by  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,  and  Charles,  duke 
of  Lorraine,  Sept.  12, 1683.  A victory  by  the  imperial  gen- 
eral Prince  Eugene  at  Zenta,  in  1697,  brought  about  the 
peace  of  Carlowitz  (which  see)  in  1699.  Through  the  claim 
of  his  family  to  the  throne  of  Spain,  vacated  by  the  death 
of  Charles  II.,  he  became  involved  in  the  War  of  the  Span- 
ish Succession  (see  Spanish  Succession,  War  of),  which  was 
continued  under  his  successors  Joseph  I.  and  Charles  VI. 
Leopold  II.  Born  May  5, 1747 : died  March  1, 
1792.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire 
1790-92,  third  son  of  Francis  I.  and  Maria 
Theresa.  He  was  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  1766-90,  and 
succeeded  his  brother  Joseph  II.  as  emperor  in  1790.  He 
formed  an  alliance  with  Prussia,  Feb.  7,  1792,  against 
revolutionary  France,  and  died  just  as  hostilities  were 
about  to  begin. 

Leopold,  Prince  of  Ankalt-Dessau,  called  “Der 
Alte  Dessauer”  (‘The  Old  Dessauer’).  Bom 
at  Dessau,  Germany,  July  3,  1676:  died  at  Des- 
sau, April,  1747.  A Prussian  field-marshal. 
He  was  distinguished  at  Hochstadt  in  1703,  Blenheim  in 
' 1704,  Cassano  in  1705.  Turin  in  1706,  etc.;  was  made  field- 
marshal  in  1712;  captured  Riigen  in  1715;  and  gained  the 
victories  of  Neustadt,  Jagerndorf,  and  Kesselsdorf  in  1745. 
Leopold  I.,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany.  See  Leo- 
pold II.,  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 
Leopold  II.  Born  Oct.  3, 1797;  died  atBrandeis, 
Bohemia,  Jan.  29,1870.  GrandDuke  of  Tuscany 
1824-59,  second  son  of  the  grand  duke  Ferdi- 
nand III.  He  granted  in  1847  a liberal  constitution, 
which,  however,  he  abolished  in  1852.  He  was  expelled  by 
the  democratic  party  in  1859,  and  Tuscany  was  united  with 
Sardinia. 

Leopold  George  Duncan  Albert.  Born  at 
Buckingham  Palace,  April  7, 1853 : died  March 
28,  1884.  Duke  of  Albany,  youngest  son  of 
Queen  Victoria,  noted  for  his  patronage  of  lit- 
erature and  education. 

Leopoldville  (le'o-pold-vil).  A station  in 
Belgian  Kongo,  situated  on  the  Kongo,  at 
Stanley  Pool,  in  lat.  4°  22'  S.,  long.  15°  16'  E. 
It  was  founded  by  Stanley  in  1882.  A railway  has  been 
constructed  between  this  place  and  Matadi. 

Leosthenes  (le-os'the-nez).  [Gr.  Aewadh >%•.] 
Died  323  b.  c.  An  Athenian  general,  command- 
er of  the  combined  Greek  armies  in  the  Lamian 
war,  323  b.  c. 

Leotychides  (le-o-tik'i-dez).  [Gr.  A euTvx^VC-l 
Died  at  Tegea,  Greece,  about  469  B.  c.  A Spar- 
tan king,  victor  at  Mycale  in  479  b.  c. 
Leovigild.  King  of  the  Visigoths  in  Spain  569- 
586.  See  the  extract. 

Leovigild  was  in  many  ways  one  of  the  greatest  kings  of 
his  time.  A bold  and  skilful  general,  he  subdued  the  king- 
dom of  the  Sueves  in  the  northwest  of  Spain,  wrested  from 
the  emperor’s  soldiers  several  of  the  cities  which  they  had 
occupied,  and  brought  the  native  inhabitants  of  the  penin- 
sula into  complete  subjection.  He  built  fortresses  and 
founded  cities,  established  a new  system  of  administration 
of  the  kingdom,  and  made  many  new  laws  suited  to  the 
altered  needs  of  his  people.  It  was  under  his  firm  rule  that 
the  Goths  and  the  Romanised  natives  were  taught  to  feel 
themselves  to  be  the  fellow  subjects  of  one  kingdom,  and 
so  the  process  began  which  ended  in  the  complete  blending 
of  the  two  peoples  into  one.  . . . It  will  be  remembered 
that  Southey,  in  his  poem  of  “Roderick,”  in  the  complete 
blending  speaks  of : 

"The  golden  pome,  the  proud  array 
Of  ermine,  aureate  vests,  and  jewelry, 

With  all  which  Leovigild  for  after  kings 
Left,  ostentatious  of  his  power.” 

The  name  of  Leovigild,  however,  is  best  known  on  account 
of  the  tragic  story  of  the  rebellion  of  his  eldest  son  Ermene- 
gild,  honoured  in  later  ages  as  a saint  and  martyr  of  the 
Catholic  Church.  The  cause  of  trouble  was,  in  this  in- 
stance as  in  many  others  in  Visigoth  history,  a Frankish 
marriage.  The  bride  whom  Leovigild  obtained  for  his  son 
was  Ingunthis,  the  young  daughter  of  Sigebert  and  Brun- 
hild, and  the  wedding  was  celebrated  in  Toledo  with  the 
splendid  ostentation  of  which  the  king  was  so  fond.  Er- 
menegild  had  already  received  from  his  father  a share  in 
the  kingly  dignity,  and  Leovigild  hoped  that  the  marriage 
with  a Frankish  princess  would  help  to  ensure  his  son’s 
succession  to  the  crown.  But  the  young  daughter  of  Brun- 
hild belonged  of  course  to  the  Catholic  faith;  and  Queen 
Goiswintha  (the  widow  of  Athanagild,  whom  Leovigild  had 
married)  was  a bigoted  Arian.  The  Frankish  historian 
Gregory  of  Tours  tells  the  story  that  Goiswintha  dragged 
Ingunthis  to  the  ground  by  her  hair,  beat  her  cruelly,  and 
then  forced  her  to  undergo  baptism  by  an  Arian  priest. 
Very  likely  this  is  pure  fiction,  but  it  seems  to  be  true  that 
Queen  Goiswintha  and  her  daughter-in-law  quarreled  so 
much  that  Leovigild,  for  the  sake  of  peace,  was  glad  to  send 
his  son  to  Seville  as  ruler  of  Southern  Spain. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  pp.  321, 322. 

Lepage,  Bastien-.  See  Bastien-Lepage. 
Lepanto  (le-pan'to).  A small  town  in  the  nom- 
archy  of  Acarnania  and  Hltolia,  Greece,  situ- 
ated on  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto  in  lat.  38°  25'  N., 
long.  21°48'  E. : the  ancient  Naupaetus.  It  was 
an  Athenian  military  station  5th  century  B.  c., 
and  was  taken  from  the  Venetians  by  the  Turks 
in  1499. 

Lepanto,  Battle  of.  A naval  victory  gained  Oct. 
7, 1571,  by  the  Italian  and  Spanish  fleets,  under 
Don  John  of  Austria,  over  the  Turks,  west  of 
Lepanto. 

Lepanto,  Gulf  of . An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Gulf  of 


605 

Patras : the  ancient  Corinthiacus  Sinus  (Gulf  of 
Corinth).  It  separates  Middle  Greece  from  the 
Peloponnesus. 

Lepe  (la'pa),  Diego  de.  Born  in  Spain  about 
1460:  died,  probably  in  Portugal,  before  1515. 
A Spanish  navigator.  In  Dec.,  1499,  he  sailed  from 
Palos  with  two  vessels,  following  nearly  in  the  track  of 
Pinzon  and  reaching  the  coast  of  South  America  south 
of  Cape  St.  Augustine : thence  he  followed  the  shore  to 
Venezuela,  returning  to  Spain  in  June,  1500. 

Lepidus  (lep'i-dus),  Marcus  Almilius.  A Ro- 
man consul  (137  B.  C. ) and  orator.  He  was  sent  into 
Spain  during  his  consulship,  and  conducted  an  unsuccess- 
ful war  against  the  Vaeeaei. 

Lepidus,  Marcus  iEmilius.  Died  about  77  b.  c. 

Father  of  Lepidus  the  triumvir.  He  was  consul  in 
78  B.  c.,  and  was  defeated  by  Pompey  and  Catulus  at  Rome 
77  n.  c. 

Lepidus,  Marcus  iEmilius.  Died  13  b.  c.  A 

Roman  politician,  a member  of  the  triumvirate 
with  Octavian  and  Antony  in  43  B.  C.  He  was 
deposed  in  36. 

Lepontii  (le-pon'shi-i).  In  ancient  geography, 
an  Alpine  people  in  Rhaotia,  chiefly  in  what  is 
now  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland. 

Lepontine  (le-pon'tin)  Alps.  [Named  from 
the  Lepontii.  j That  part  of  the  Alps  which  ex- 
tends from  the  Simplon  Pass  eastward  to  the 
Spliigen  Pass.  It  comprises  the  St.  Gotthard,  Ticino, 
and  Adula  Alps.  Monte  Leone  is  11,660  feet  in  height. 

Leporello  (le-po-rel'15).  The  valet  of  Don  Gio- 
vanni in  Mozart’s  opera  of  that  name.  He  exe- 
cutes the  perfidious  orders  of  his  master,  sympathizes  with 
his  success,  helps  him  out  of  scrapes,  and  is  a physical  and 
moral  coward.  Compare  Mascarille  and  Sganarelle. 

Lepsius  (lep'se-os),  Karl  Richard.  Born  at 
Naumburg,  Prussia,  Dec.  23, 1810:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, July  10, 1884.  A celebrated  German  Egyp- 
tologist and  philologist.  He  conducted  the  Prussian 
expedition  to  Egypt  1842-46,.  Among  his  works  are  “ Denk- 
maler  aus  Agypten  und  Athiopien"  (“Monuments  of 
Egypt  and  Ethiopia,”  1849-59),  “Chronologie  der  Agypter  ” 
(1848-49),  “Briefe  aus  Agypten,  etc.”  (1852),  “ Uber  den 
ersten  agyptischen  Gotterkreis  ” (1851),  etc.  He  also  pub- 
lished “A  Standard  Alphabet  for  reducing  Unwritten 
Languages  and  Foreign  Graphic  Systems  to  a Uniform 
Orthography  in  European  Letters  ” (1S55). 

Leptis  Magna  (lep'tis  mag'na),  or  Neapolis 

(ne-ap'o-lis).  [Gr.  Ah me.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a seaport  in  northern  Africa,  situated  in 
lat.  32°  38'  N.,  long.  14°  13'  E.  : the  modern 
Lebda.  It  was  a Phenieian  colony. 

Lepus  (le'pus).  [L.,‘ the  Hare.’]  An  ancient 
southern  constellation,  situated  south  of  Orion 
and  east  of  Canis  Major.  Its  brightest  star,  of  2.7 
magnitude,  is  in  a line  from  the  middle  star  of  Orion’s 
belt  through  the  sword  of  Orion. 

Le  Puy.  See  Buy. 

Lerdo  de  Tejada  (lar'do  da  ta-Ha'THfi),  Miguel. 
Born  at  Vera  Cruz,  1814 : flied  in  Mexico  City, 
March  22, 1861.  A Mexican  liberal  politician  and 
author.  In  1856  he  was  Comonfort’s  minister  of  the 
treasury ; held  other  important  offices ; was  a judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  from  I860  ; and  was  twice  a presidential 
candidate.  His  best-known  book  is  “ Apuntes  histdricos 
de  la  heroica  ciudad  de  Vera  Cruz  ’’  (5  parts,  1850-55). 

Lerdo  de  Tejada  y Correal  (e  kor-ra-al'),  Se- 
bastian. Born  in  Jalapa,  April  25, 1825  : died 
at  New  York,  April  21, 1889.  A Mexican  states- 
man, brother  of  Miguel  Lerdo  de  Tejada.  He  was 
the  leading  minister  of  Juarez  1863-71.  Elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Supreme  Court,  he  became,  by  virtue  of  that 
office,  president  of  Mexico  on  the  death  of  Juarez  (July  18, 
1872).  He  was  confirmed  in  the  position  by  an  election, 
and  claimed  to  have  been  reelected  in  1876 ; but  in  Nov. 
of  that  year  he  was  driven  from  Mexico  by  the  revolu- 
tionary army  of  Diaz. 

Lerici  (ler'e-che).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Spezia  35  miles  northwest  of  Pisa. 

L6rida  (ler'e-tha).  1.  A province  in  Catalonia, 
Spain,  which  borders  on  France.  Area,  4,690 
square  miles.  Population,  274,590. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Ldrida,  situated  on 
the  Segre  in  lat.  41°  33'  N.,  long.  0°  39'  E. : the 
ancient  Ilerda.  It  is  strongly  fortified ; has  a cathe- 
dral, one  of  the  best  existing  examples  of  early- Pointed 
architecture  ; and  formerly  had  a university.  The  place 
was  the  scene  of  Cfesar’s  victory  over  the  Pompeians  (Afra- 
nius  and  Petreius)  in  49  B.  C.  It  surrendered  to  the  French 
in  1707  and  1810.  Population,  21,815. 

Lerins  (la-ran'),  ties  de.  A group  of  small  isl 
ands  in  the  Mediterranean,  opposite  Cannes, 
southeastern  France.  The  chief  islands  are 
St.-Honorat,  and  Ste. -Marguerite. 

Lermontof  (ler ' mon-tof),  Mikhail  Yurie- 
vitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Oct.  15,  1814:  killed 
in  the  Caucasus,  July  27, 1841.  A Russian  poet 
and  novelist,  surnamed  “the  poet  of  the  Cau- 
casus,” whitkerho  was  twice  exiled  (1837, 1840), 
and  where  he  was  killed  in  a duel.  His  best-known 
works  are  the  novel  “Hero  of  our  Time, ’’and  the  poems 
“ Song  of  the  Tsar  Ivan  Vassilievitch,”  *■  Ismail-Bey,”  and 
“The  Demon.” 

Lerna  (lfer'na).  [Gr.  A epva.]  In  ancient  geog- 


Lesina 

raphy,  a marshy  region  in  Argolis,  Greece,  south 
of  Argos.  It  is  notable  in  Greek  mythology  for 
the  Lernean  hydra.  See  Hercules. 

Lero  (la'ro).  A small  island  of  the  Sporades, 
iEgean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  32 
miles  south  of  Samos : the  ancient  Leros. 
Leroux  (le-ro'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris.  April 
17,  1797 : died  there,  April  12,  1871.  A French 
philosophical  writer,  journalist,  and  socialist, 
leader  of  the  Humanitarians.  His  chief  work 
*is  “De  l’humanit6”  (1840). 

Leroy-Beaulieu  (le-rwa'bo-lye'),  Pierre  Paul. 
Born  at  Saumur,  France,  Dec.  9, 1843.  A French 
political  economist.  He  became  professor  of  political 
economy  at  the  Ecole  Libre  des  Sciences  Politiques  at 
Paris  in  1872,  and  in  the  same  year  founded  “ L’Jicono- 
miste  franfais.”  Among  his  works  are  “De  l’etat  social 
et  mtellectuel  des  populations  ouvriferes”  (1868),  “ Traite 
de  la  science  des  finances  ” (2d  ed.  1879). 

Leroy  de  Saint- Arnaud.  See  Saint-Arnaud. 
Lerwick  (ler'wik  or  ler'ik).  A seaport  and  the 
chief  town  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland, 
situated  in  lat.  60°  9'  N.,  long.  1°  9'  W.  Popu- 
lation, 6,519. 

L6ry  (la-re'),  Jean  de.  Born  at  La  Margelle, 
Burgundy,  1534:  died  at  Bern,  Switzerland, 
1611.  A Protestant  minister  and  author.  He  was 
with  Villegaignon  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  1655-58.  Sub- 
sequently he  preached  in  the  south  of  France ; narrowly 
escaped  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  (1572)  ; and  was 
among  the  Protestants  besieged  in  Sancerre.  His  last 
years  were  passed  in  Switzerland.  He  wrote  “Voyage 
faictenlaterredu  l’.resil  ”(1578,  and  numerous  subsequent 
editions),  and  “Relation  du  siege  de  Sancerre  ” (1674). 

Le  Sage,  or  Lesage  (le-sazk'),  Alain  Renfe. 

Born  at  Sarzeau,  Morbihan,  May  8, 1668 : died 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Nov.  17,  1747.  A noted 
French  novelist  and  dramatist.  He  studied  phi- 
losophy and  law  at  Paris,  and  was  enrolled  as  a parliamen- 
tary advocate,  but  soon  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
His  chief  work  is  the  novel  “Gil  Bias”  (1715-35).  Among 
his  other  works  are  the  novel  “ Le  diable  boiteux  ” (1707)  ; 
the  plays  “Le  point  d’honneur”  (from  the  Spanish  of 
Rojas,  1702),  “ Crispin  rival  de  son  rnaitre  ” (1707),  “Tur- 
caret " (1708),  etc. ; the  short  works  “La  valise  trouvde” 
and  “Une  journec  des  Parques”;  and  “Guzman  d’Alfa- 
rache,"  “ Estdvanille  Gonzales,”  “ Le  bachelier  de  Salaman- 
que,”  and  “Vie  et  aventures  de  M,  de  Beauchene,"  ro- 
mances all  more  or  less  borrowed  from  Spanish  originals. 
He  also  translated  Boiardo’s  “ Orlando  innamorato,"  and 
wrote  for  the  theatre  de  la  foire  (see  the  extract). 

Lesage  is  said  to  have  written  no  less  than  twenty-four 
farce-operettas,  as  they  may  perhaps  best  be  termed,  for 
these  boards  [the  thbfitre  de  la  foire],  and  the  total  number 
which  he  wrote  for  them  as  whole  or  part  author  is  some- 
times put  at  sixty-four  and  sometimes  at  a hundred  and 
one.  Saintsbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  73. 

Lesath  (le-sath').  [Ar.  les'ali,  tke  sting.]  The 
third-magnitude  star  v Scorpii,  at  tke  end  of  tke 
creature’s  tail. 

Lesbia  (lez'bi-a).  The  name  by  which  Clodia, 
the  favorite  of  Catullus,  is  referred  to  in  his 
poems. 

Lesbian  Adventures,  The,  or  Lesbiaca  (les- 
bi'a-ka).  A Greek  romance,  attributed  to  Lon- 
gus.  See  Daphnis  and  Chloe. 

Lesbos  (lez'bos).  [Gr.  Aiafio<;.\  An  island  in 
the iEgean  Sea,  intersected  by  lat.  39°  N. , long. 
26°  20'  E.,  west  of  Mysia,  Asia  Minor:  the  mod- 
ern Metelino.  Chief  town,  Mytilene.  The  surface 

is  mountainous ; soilfertile.  It  was  colonized  by  j-Eolians  ; 
was  celebrated  as  a seat  of  literature  ; and  was  acquired 
by  the  Turks  in  1462.  (See  further  under  Mytilene.) 
Length,  about  43  miles.  Population,  estimated,  about 
145,000  (mainly  Greeks). 

Lesches  (les'kez),  or  Lescheus  (les'kus).  [Gr. 
A'eaxvc,  A eoxevC-]  Born  at  Pyrrha,  near  Myti- 
lene, about  700  b.  c.  One  of  the  so-called  cyclic 
poets,  author  of  an  epic  entitled  “ The  Little 
Iliad  ” (’LAiac/uRpa),  in  four  books.  It  was  designed 
to  be  a supplement  to  the  Iliad  of  Homer,  and  related  the 
events  which  followed  the  death  of  Hector  — namely,  the 
fate  of  Ajax,  the  exploits  of  Ulysses,  the  fall  of  Troy,  etc. 

Lescot,  (les-ko'),  Pierre.  Bora  at  Paris  about 
1510 : died  Sept.  10, 1578.  Anoted  French  archi- 
tect. About  all  that  is  known  of  his  personal  history  is  de- 
rived from  apoem  by  Ronsard,  and  the  accounts  of  the  royal 
buildings.  He  was  practically  the  first  architect  of  France 
to  employ  the  classic  forms  in  a truly  classic  way,  previous 
attempts  being  largely  influenced  by  Gothic  feeling.  His 
work  is  considered  the  best  that  the  Renaissance  produced 
in  France.  He  was  made  architect  of  the  Louvre  Aug.  3, 
1546,  and  retained  the  office  as  long  as  he  lived.  That  part 
of  the  Louvre  which  was  built  by  Lescot  consists  of  the 
western  sidesou  1 h of  the  Tour  d’Orloge,  which  stands  upon 
the  foundations  of  thegreat  hall  of  Philippe  Auguste,  and, 
with  a lower  roof,  remains  just  as  Lescot  left  it;  the  Pa- 
vilion du  Roi,  remodeled ; and  the  western  half  of  the 
south  side,  also  remodeled.  It  is  the  oldest  portion  of  tile 
present  palace,  and  has  furnished  the  type  which  has  been 
followed  throughout  the  building. 

Lesghians  (les'gi-anz).  A collection  of  tribes 
living  in  Daghestan,  Caucasus,  Russia.  Their 
religion  is  a form  of  Mohammedanism.  Num- 
ber estimated  at  about  500,000. 

Lesina  (les'e-na).  1.  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belonging  to  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary, 


Lesina 

intersected  by  lat.  43°  8'  N.,  long.  17°  E. 
Length,  43  miles. — 2.  A seaport  on  the  island 
of  Lesina.  Population,  3,519,  (1910). 
Leskovatz  (les'ko-vats).  A town  in  Servia, 
situated  on  the  Veternitza  in  lat.  42°  56'  N., 
long.  21°  57'  E.  Population,  13,647. 

Leslie  (les'li  or  lez'li),  Alexander,  first  Earl  of 
Leven.  Born  about  1580:  died  at  Balgonie, 
Fif eshire,  April  4, 1661 . A Scottish  general,  long 
in  the  service  of  Charles  IX.  of  Sweden,  and 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  in  the  campaigns  against 
Russia,  Poland,  Denmark,  and  Austria,  in  1628 
he  compelled  Wallenstein  to  raise  the  siege  of  Stralsnnd, 
and  in  1630  seized  the  island  of  Riigen  for  the  Swedish  king. 
He  was  made  field-marshal  in  1636.  He  returned  to  Scot- 
land, and  identified  himself  with  the  Covenanters,  resign- 
ing from  the  Swedish  service  in  1638.  The  organization 
and  command  of  the  Scottish  army  were  intrusted  to  him. 
He  captured  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh  Castle  in  1639,  but 
resigned  in  June  of  that  year  in  order  that  there  might  be 
no  obstacle  to  the  proposed  peace  with  Charles.  On  the 
rupture  of  the  peace,  he  resumed  his  position  as  general 
(April,  1640).  In  1644  he  led  an  army  into  England  to  sup- 
port the  Parliament,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Marston 
Moor,  where  the  troops  under  his  command  were  routed. 
(See  Marston  Moor.)  He  was  relieved  of  his  command 
May  11, 1648,  but  assumed  it  again  in  1648  when  Cromwell 
threatened  Scotland.  In  1651  he  was  surprised  and  cap- 
tured by  a body  of  English  horse,  carried  to  London,  and 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  from  which  he  was  soon  released. 

Leslie,  or  Lesley,  Charles.  Born  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  July  17, 1650 : died  at  Glaslough,  Mona- 
ghan, Ireland,  April  13,  1722.  A British  non- 
juror  (Jacobite)  and  controversialist.  Hewasan 
opponent  of  William  III.  whom  he  attacked  in  a pamphlet 
“GallienusRedivivus.orMurther  will out”(1695 : aprinci- 
pal  authority  on  the  Glencoe  massacre),  of  Burnet(“Tem- 
pora  mutantur,”  1689),  Tillotson,  and  others.  He  also  at- 
tacked the  Quakers  (“The  Snake  in  the  Grass,  or  Satan 
transformed  into  an  Angel  of  Light  ”(1696),  and  other  pam- 
phlets) and  the  Jews,  and  engagedin  political  controversies. 
His  best-known  work  is  “A  short  and  Easy  Method  with 
the  Deists  ” (1698).  He  was  obliged  to  leave  England  (1711) 
to  avoid  arrest  on  account  of  his  political  opinions,  and 
later  joined  the  household  of  the  Pretender,  whom  he  ar- 
dently supported. 

Leslie,  Charles  Robert.  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
19, 1794 : died  there,  May  5, 1859.  A noted  Eng- 
lish painter  and  writer,  son  of  Robert  Leslie, 
an  American.  He  went  to  America  with  his  parents  in 
1799,  returned  to  England  in  1811  to  study  art,  and  became 
a pupil  of  Allston  and  West,  and  a close  friend  of  Consta- 
ble. In  1833  he  was  for  a brief  period  instructor  of  drawing 
at  W est  Point.  He  was  professor  of  painting  at  the  Royal 
Academy  1848-52.  Among  his  works  are  numerous  por- 
traits (Washington  Irving,  Scott,  Dickens  asBobadil,  etc.), 
“SirRogerde  Coverley  going  to  Church”  (1819),  “Among 
the  Gypsies  ”(1829),  illustrations  of  Irving’s  “Sketch-book” 
and  “ Knickerbocker,"  “ May-day  Revels  in  the  Time  of 
Queen  Elizabeth”  (1821),  “The  Taming  of  the  Shrew  ” 
(1831),  “ Columbus  and  the  Egg  ” (1835),  etc.  He  wrote 
“Memoirs  of  John  Constable”  (1845),  “Handbook  for 
Young  Painters  ”(1855),  “Autobiographical  Recollections” 
(edited  by  Taylor,  1865),  “ Life  of  Reynolds  ” (completed  by 
Taylor,  1865). 

Leslie,  David.  Died  1682.  A Scottish  general, 
first  Lord  Newark.  He  was  colonel  of  horse  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  but  returned  to  Scotland  in  1640  to 
support  the  cause  of  the  Covenanters,  and  was  appointed 
maj or-general  in  the  Scottish  army  under  th  e Earl  of  Leven. 
At  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor,  in  which  the  troops  under 
Leven  were  routed  by  Rupert,  he  with  Cromwell  stood 
firm,  and  won  the  day.  His  part  in  the  victory,  which  was 
ignored  by  Cromwell,  has  been  much  discussed,  but  it  was 
certainly  an  important  one.  On  Sept.  13,  1645,  he  defeated 
Montrose.  He  later  supported  the  cause  of  Charles  II., 
and  was  defeated  by  Cromwell  at  Dunbar  Sept.  3,  1650, 
and  again  at  Worcester.  He  was  captured  and  confined 
in  the  Tower  until  1660.  After  the  Restoration  he  was 
created  Lord  Newark. 

Leslie,  Eliza.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.,  1787 : 
died  at  Gloucester,  N.  J.,  Jan.  2,  1858.  An 
American  authoress,  sister  of  C.  R.  Leslie : pub- 
lished “Domestic  Cookery  Book”  (1837),  etc. 
Leslie,  Frank  (the  assumed  name  of  Henry 
Carter).  Born  at  Ipswich,  England,  1821 : died 
at  New  York,  Jan.  10, 1880.  An  American  pub- 
lisher, founder  (1855)  of  “Frank  Leslie’s  Illus- 
trated Newspaper.” 

Leslie,  or  Lesley,  John.  Born  Sept.  29,  1527: 
died  at  Guirtenburg,  near  Brussels,  May  30, 
1596.  A Scottish  Roman  Catholic  prelate  and 
historian,  bishop  of  Ross,  a partizan  and  influ- 
ential adviser  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  her 
agent  in  many  affairs  during  her  imprisonment. 
He  was  involved  in  the  Norfolk  conspiracy,  and  was  con- 
fined in  the  Tower,  and  later  transferred  to  Farnham  Castle. 
In  1573  he  was  released.  He  wrote  a history  of  Scotland, 
partly  in  Latin  (1578)  and  partly  in  Scotch  (published 
1830),  and  various  other  works. 

Leslie,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Largo,  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  April  16,  1766:  died  at  Coates,  near 
Largo,  Nov.  3,  1832.  A Scottish  physicist  and 
geometrician,  made  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Edinburgh  1805.  He  wrote  an  "Inquiry  into  the 
Nature  and  ihoperties  of  Heat”  (1804),  “Elements  of 
Geometry  ” (1809),  “Geometrical  Analysis”  (1821),  “Ele- 
ments of  Physics”  (1823),  etc. 

Leslie,  Thomas  Edward  Cliffe.  Bom  in  Ire- 
land, 1827 : died  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  Jan.  27, 
1882.  A British  political  economist.  He  was  ap- 


606 

pointed  professor  of  jurisprudence  and  political  economy 
in  Queen’s  College,  Belfast,  in  1863.  He  wrote  “ Land 
Systems  and  Industrial  Economy  of  Ireland,  England,  and 
Continental  Countries”  (1870),  “Essays  on  Political  and 
Moral  Philosophy  ” (1879),  etc. 

Lesly,  Ludovic.  In  Scott’s  “ Quentin  Durward,  ” 
an  archer  of  Louis  XI.’s  body-guard. 

Les  Miserables.  See  Miserables , Les. 

Lespinasse  (la-pi-nas'),  Mademoiselle  Julie 
Jeanne  E16onore  de.  Born  at  Lyons  (baptized 
Nov.  19,  1732) : died  at  Paris,  May  22,  1776.  A 
French  letter-writer  and  leader  of  society.  She 
was  the  illegitimate  daughter  of  the  Countess  d’Albon.  In 


Lettres  Edifiantes 

written  by  the  Hamburg  professor  and  philosopher  H.  S. 
Reimarus,  published  from  1774  to  1778,  involved  him  in  a 
bitter  controversy  with  Pastor  Goeze  of  Hamburg.  Against 
him  he  wrote  the  scathing  polemics  contained  in  his  “Anti- 
Goeze,”  which  appeared  also  in  1778.  This  same  year 
was  published  “Ernst  und  Falk,  Gesprache  fur  Frel- 
maurer  ’’  (“  Ernst  and  Falk,  Dialogues  for  Freemasons  ”) 
In  1779  appeared  the  drama  “ Nathan  der  W eise  ” (“  N athan 
the  Wise  ”),  and  in  1780,  finally,  the  treatise  “ Die  Erzie- 
hung  des  Menschengeschlechts  ” (“  The  Education  of  the 
Human  Race”)  — like  the  “Anti-Goeze  ’’papers  and  “Na- 
than,” a result  of  the  theological  controversies  of  the  last 
years  of  his  life.  His  collected  works  were  published  in 
Berlin  1825-28,  in  32  vols. ; and  again,  by  Karl  Lachmann, 
in  Berlin  1838-40,  in  13  vols. 


1754Madamedu Deffand,whohadbecomeblind,iuvitedher  T pccin  cr  TCarl  FrioH-ririh 
i live  with  her  For  ten  rears  they  nresided  toffetherover  -‘-‘ysmiig,  ttilU  XUVUUtU. 


Born  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Feb.  15, 1808:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
June  5,  1880.  A German  historical  and  land- 
scape painter,  grandnephew  of  G.  E.  Lessing. 
Many  of  his  subjects  were  taken  from  scenes  in 
the  life  of  Huss. 


to  live  with  her.  For  ten  years  they  presided  together  over 
their  fashionable  and  literary  salon.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  they  quarreled,  and  Mademoiselle  Lespinasse  estab- 
lished herself  elsewhere  with  D’Alembert,  who  lived  with 
her  in  a curious  sort  of  relationship  till  her  death. 

During  this  time  she  was  a gracious  hostess,  and  a bond 

of  union  to  many  men  of  letters,  especially  those  of  the  T . . ..  . ,.  - . . . _ , ., 

younger  philosophe  school.  But  this  is  not  what  gives  her  LeSSlHia.il  (le-sin  l-an)  Alps.  A group  Of  the 
her  place  here.  Her  claim  rests  upon  a collection  of  love-  Alps  on  the  border  of  Tyrol  and  Italy  , between 
letters,  not  addressed  to  D’Alembert.  She  was  thirty-four  fpe  Adige  and  the  Brenta. 

Lesson  in  Anatomy,  The.  A painting  by  Rem- 
brandt (1632),  m the  museum  at  The  Hague, 
Holland.  It  represents  Nicolaus  Tulp,  a noted  anato- 
mist, demonstrating  the  anatomy  of  the  dissected  arm  of  a 


been  beautiful.  When  she  died  she  was  forty-four,  and 
her  later  letters  are  more  passionate  than  the  earlier. 
Her  first  lover  was  a young  Spaniard, the  Marquis  Gonsalvo 
de  Mora;  her  second,  the  Count  de  Guibert,  a poet  and 
essayist  of  no  great  merit,  a military  reformer  said  to  have 
been  of  some  talent,  and  pretty  evidently  a bad-hearted 
coxcomb.  To  him  the  epistles  we  have  are  addressed. 

Saintsbury,  Short  Hist.  French  Lit.,  p.  417. 
[Published  by  the  widow  of  Guibert  in  1809.] 

Lesseps  (les'eps;  F.  pron.  le-seps'),  Vicomte 
Ferdinand  de.  Born  at  Versailles,  France, 
Nov.  19,  1805:  died  near  Paris,  Dee.  7,  1894. 
A celebrated  French  engineer  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  ambassador  at  Madrid  in  1848,  and  was  sent  on  a 
special  mission  to  Rome  in  1849.  He  is  chiefly  known  as 
the  projector  and  engineer  of  the  Suez  Canal,  work  on 
which  was  commenced  in  1859,  and  which  was  opened  in 
1869.  He  afterward  formed  a company  for  the  purpose  of 
cutting  a canal  through  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  work 
on  the  canal  began  in  1881.  The  scheme  collapsed,  and  a 
judicial  inquiry  into  the  affairs  of  the  company  resulted 
in  a sentence  of  imprisonment  against  De  Lesseps  in  1893, 
which  was  not  carried  into  effect.  He  published  “Lettres, 
etc.,  pour  servir  A l’histoire  du  canal  de  Suez”  (1875). 
See  Suez  Canal,  Panama  Canal. 

Lessines  (les-sen').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dender  26 
miles  west-southwest  of  Brussels.  Population, 
commune,  10,764. 

Lessing  (les'sing),  Gotthold  Ephraim.  Born 


corpse  to  several  students,  in  presence  of  two  members  of 
the  gild  of  surgeons.  All  the  figures  are  portraits. 

Lestocq  (les-tok'),  Count  Johann  Hermann 

von.  Born  at  Celle,  Prussia,  April  29,  1692: 
died  June  23,  1767.  A surgeon  at  the  Russian 
court,  a favorite  and  councilor  of  the  empress 
Elizabeth  1741-48. 

L’Estrange  (les-tranj'),  Sir  Roger.  Born  at 
Hunstanton,  Norfolk,  Dec.  17,  1616:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  11,  1704.  An  English  journalist 
and  royalist  pamphleteer,  licenser  of  the  press 
under  Charles  II.  and  James  II.  He  served  in  the 
royal  army  against  the  Parliament,  and  in  an  attempt  to 
carry  out  a plot  for  the  capture  of  Lynn  was  betrayed, 
arrested,  and  condemned  to  death,  but  remained  at  New- 
gate until  1648,  when  he  escaped  to  Holland.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1653.  In  1663  he  was  appointed  surveyor 
of  printing-offices  and  licenser  of  the  press,  and  founded 
“The  Intelligencer”  (Aug.  31)  and  “The  News,”  both  of 
which  ceased  to  exist  in  1666.  From  1681  to  1687  he  issued 
the  “Observator.”  He  published  a great  number  of  pam- 
phlets political  and  personal,  “The  Fables  of  AEsop  and 
other  Eminent  My  thologists  with  Moral  Reflections  ’’(1692), 
“The  Works  of  Flavius  Josephus  compared  with  the  Origi- 
nal Greek”  (1702),  a translation  of  the  “Vision  of  Queve- 
do,”  etc. 


at  Camenz,  Upper  Lusatia,  Jan.  22,  1729:  died  Lesueur  (le-su-er'),  Eustache.  Born  at  Paris, 


at  Brunswick,  Feb.  15, 1781.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man dramatist  and  critic.  His  father  was  a clergy- 
man. He  attended  school  at  Camenz  and  Meissen,  and 
in  1746  went  to  Leipsic  to  study  theology.  Instead,  how- 
ever, of  pursuing  his  studies  in  this  direction,  he  soon  gave 
his  principal  attention  to  the  theater.  In  1748,  in  his  third 
semester  at  the  university,  was  produced  his  first  comedy, 
“Der  junge  Gelehrte”  (“The  Young  Scholar").  His  asso- 
ciation with  the  theater having  given  offense  to  his  parents, 
he  was  summoned  home.  He  soon,  nevertheless,  returned 


Nov.  19,  1617 : died  there,  April  30,  1655.  A 
French  historical  painter.  His  chief  work  is 
“Life  of  St.  Bruno”  (Louvre). 

Lesueur,  Hubert.  Born  at  Paris  about  1595: 
died  at  London  about  1652.  A French  sculp- 
tor, resident  in  England  after  1628.  He  completed, 
in  1634,  bronze  statues  of  the  king  and  queen,  now  in  St. 
John’s  College,  Oxford,  and  executed  many  works  for  the 
king 


to  Leipsic,  where  lie  matriculated  as  a student  of  medi-  Lesueur,  Jean  Francois.  Born  at  Drucat-Pies- 
cine.  This  same  year  (1748)  he  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  sjei  near  Abbeville,  France,  Feb.  15,  1760: 
supported  himself  by  making  translations  and  writing  1 . p • Oct  6 1837  A French  comnoser 

criticisms,  reviews,  and  original  work.  In  1751  he  went  at  1 ails,  UCt.  0, 1061 . A fi  re nen  Composer, 

to  Wittenberg  to  complete  his  studies  at  the  university,  author  of  the  opera  1j6S  Dardes  (1804),  ©tc. 
After  taking  the  degree  of  master,  he  returned  to  Berlin  LeSZCZynski.  See  Stanislaus  Leszczynski. 
in  1752.  In  1751  he  had  already  published  a collection  of  Lethe  (le'the).  [Gr.  A i/Orj.l  InGreekmythology: 
poems  under  the  title  “Kleimgkeiten  (‘Trifles).  In  . , nowinmfientinii  nf  oblivion  a duiicrh 

1753  he  began  the  publication  of  his  collected  works,  two  \a)  . 51  pci soinlicat  ion  or  ODliyion,  a uaugn 
volumes  of  which  were  issued  that  year,  two  in  1754,  and 
two  more  in  1755,  in  which  year  he  also  wrote  his  first 
tragedy,  “Miss  Sara  Sampson.”  Several  comedies  fall  in 
this  early  period,  namely,  “Der  Misogyn”(“The  Misogy- 
nist”), “Die  Juden” (“The  Jews”),  “Der  Freigeist"  (“The 
Freethinker”),  “Der  Schatz”  (“The  Treasure”).  He  had 

also  written  a number  of  Anacreontic  poems,  poetic  fables,  . 

epigrams,  and  didactic  poems.  In  the  autumn  of  1765  he  Teethe 
returned  once  more  to  Leipsic,  where  with  slight  interrup- 
tions he  remained  until  1757.  In  1758  he  went  back  to 


ter  of  Erls.  (6)  The  river  of  oblivion,  one  of 
the  streams  of  Hades,  the  waters  of  which  pos- 
sessed the  property  of  causing  those  who  drank 
of  them  to  forget  their  former  existence.  Ari- 
osto places  it  in  the  moon,  and  Dante  in  pnrga- 
tory. 

A play  hy  Garrick,  produced  April  15, 
1740,  and  subsequently  enlarged. 

Berlin,  and  began  there  the  following  year,  in  conjunction  Letheby  (leth'bi),  Henry.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
with  Moses  Mendelssohn  and  the  bookseller  Nicolai,  his  1816:  died  at  London,  March  28, 1876.  An  Eng- 
“Litteraturbriefe’  (“Letters on  Literature  ),  winch  were  jjgp  c]lemjst  lecturer  on  chemistry  at  the  Lon- 

continued  down  to  1765.  He  published  too,  at  this  time,  j,  v . . • „ 

a collection  of  prose  fables,  a number  of  odes  in  prose,  and  don  Hospital:  author  ot  rood,  its  v aneties, 
the  one-act  tragedy  “Philotas,”  and  sketched  the  plan  of  etc.”  (1870). 

a “Faust,”  which,  however,  was  never  written.  In  1760  Letmathe  (let'ma-te).  A town  in  the  province 
he  went  to  Breslau  as  secretary  to  General  von  Tauentzien.  f Prnsrin  past  of  Elberfeld-Bar- 

In  1763  he  wrote  the  comedy  “Minna  von  Barnhelm,”  ot  Westpnaua,  Prussia,  cast  01  Pioeneiu  ear 

which  was  not  published  until  1767.  From  Breslau  he  men.  ^ 

returned  in  1765  to  Berlin,  where  he  next  wrote  his  great  Leto  (le'to).  [Gr.  A?/T(j.]  In  Greekmythology, 


critical  work  “Laokoon,”  which  was  published  in  1766. 
The  succeeding  year  he  went  to  Hamburg  in  order  to  take 
part  as  a critic  in  the  foundation  of  a German  national 
theater.  The  result  of  this  undertaking  was  the  series  of 
dramatic  criticisms  published  twice  a week  from  1767  to 
1769  underthetitle“  Hamhurgisclie  Dramaturgie  ” (“  Ham- 
burg Dramaturgy  ").  In  1768  appeared  “Briefe  antiqua- 


the  daughter  of  the  Titan  Coeus  and  Phoebe, 
and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Apollo  and  Artemis.  Ac- 
cording to  the  earlier  form  of  the  myth,  she  was  the  wife 
of  Zeus  before  he  married  Hera;  according  to  the  later 
form,  his  mistress  after  his  marriage  with  Hera.  Her 
ourg  inamaungy  in  i™  appeareu  name  became  Latona  in  Roman  mythology 

rischen  Inhalts”  (“Antiquarian  Letters”),  directed  against  Ii6t0  (lcl  to),  Pomponio.  ill©  nom  deplume  or 
Professor  Klotz  of  Halle.  In  1769  appeared  the  archseo-  the  Marchese  Vitellesehi. 

logical  treatise  “Wie  die  Alton  den  Tod  gebildet (“How  Lg-fton  (let'on),  John.  A printer,  living  in  the 
the  Ancients  depicted  Death”).  In  this  year  lie  received  t.ho  ISP 

a call  as  librarian  to  the  ducal  library  in  Wolfenbuttel,  a 
position 
death.  In 

From  1773  to  1781  were  published  a series  of  “l  ontribu-  ceased'printing  about  1483”  (Diet. 

tions  to  History  and  Literature  from  the  Treasures  of  the  V b . ' ^ 

Wolfenbuttel  Library ’’(“BeitragezurGeschiclite  und  Lit-  Lettres  Edifiantes:  in  full  “Lettres  Ldihantes 
teratur  aus  den  Schatzen  der  Wolfenbuttel.  Bibliothek  ").  et  Curieuses,  Sorites  des  missions  etraugeres  par 
“Fragmente  ernes  Wolfenbiittelschen  XJngenannten,”  mlfiinllPR  missionaires  de  la  eomDavnie  de  J6- 
theological  criticisms  purporting  to  be  extracts  from  the  queiques  nnssionaires  ue  ia  compagme  ue  oe 
writings  of  “an  anonymous  Wolfenbutteler,”  but  really  SUS.  A collection  of  letters  from  Jesuit  mis- 


second  half  of  the  15th  century,  who  was  “the 


3 liuiaiiu.il  tu  111C  UllUll  liuiai  J 1»1  u umuivvi,  “ , . . • • 

which  lie  held  from  the  spring  of  1770  until  his  first  printer  'who  set  up  a printing-press  in 
In  1772  appeared  the  tragedy  “Emilia  Galotti.”  the  city  of  London.  . . . He  probably  died  or 
173  to  1781  were  published  a series  of  “Oontribu-  eeased  printing  about  1483”  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.). 


Lettres  Edifiantes 

sionaries,  principally  in  America  and  Asia,  first 
published  at  Paris,  in  34  vols.  12mo,  1702-76. 
There  are  many  other  editions,  that  of  1780-83  in  26  vols. 
being  generally  preferred ; later  ones  have  various  addi- 
tions ; and  there  is  a second  collection  entitled  “ Nouvelles 
Lettres  Edifiantes  des  missions  de  la  Chine  et  des  Indes 
Orientales  ” (8  vols.  1818-23).  Spanish  and  Italian  editions 
have  been  published,  and  an  abridged  one  in  English. 
Many  of  these  letters  are  of  great  historical  and  ethno- 
graphical interest. 

Letts  (lets).  A branch  of  the  Lithuanian  or 
Lettic  race,  inhabiting  chiefly  the  Russian  prov- 
inces of  Courland,  Livonia,  and  Vitebsk.  The 
Letts  call  themselves  Latvis. 

Letzten  Dinge,  Die.  [G.,  ‘ The  Last  Things.’] 
An  oratorio  by  Spohr,  produced  at  Cassel  on 
Good  Friday,  1826.  It  is  known  in  English  as 
“The  Last  Judgment.” 

Leueadia,  or  Leucas.  See  Santa  Maura. 
Leuciltenberg  (loich ' ten -here;).  Formerly,  a 
small  princely  landgraviate  in  the  Upper  Palati- 
nate. It  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Bavarian  dynasty 
in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  Eugene  de  Beauhar- 
nais  was  made  duke  of  Leuchtenberg  in  1817. 

Leucippe  and  Cleitophon  (lu-sip'e  and  kll'to- 
fon).  A Greek  romance  by  Achilles  Tatius, 
written  in  the  5th  century. 

The  story  [by  Achilles  Tatius]  is  entitled  “the  adven- 
tures of  Leucippe  and  Cleitophon,”  in  eight  books.  Its 
chief  merit  consistsinthe  descriptions  in  which  itabounds; 
the  incidents  are  complicated  and  tedious,  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  hero  is  below  contempt.  The  probability  of 
the  narrative  is  quite  overthrown  by  the  awkward  machin- 
ery. The  hero,  Cleitophon,  tells  his  own  story,  from  the 
third  chapter  of  the  first  book  down  to  the  end  of  the  ro- 
mance, without  any  interruption  from  the  unknown  lis- 
tener, who  happens  to  be  looking,  with  him,  at  a picture 
of  the  rape  of  Europa.  The  dramatis  personae  are  Hippias 
of  Tyre,  who  has  two  children  by  different  mothers,  Cleito- 
phon and  Calligone ; Sostratus,  the  brother  of  Hippias, 
his  wife  Panthia,  and  his  daughter  Leucippe ; Cleinias,  the 
cousin  of  Cleitophon ; a cunning  slave,  Satyrus ; Menelaus, 
an  Egyptian,  whose  acquaintance  Cleitophon  makes  when 
he  runs  away  with  Leucippe  from  Berytus  to  Alexandria; 
certain  pirates  and  soldiers;  Melitte,  a supposed  widow 
of  Ephesus,  but  residing  at  Alexandria,  who  falls  in  love 
with  Cleitophon,  and  induces  him  to  marry  her,  in  the  be- 
lief that  Leucippe  is  dead;  Thersander,  the  husband  of 
Melitte,  who  had  escaped  from  shipwreck  without  her 
knowledge ; and  Sosthenes,  the  slave  of  Thersander.  All 
these  parties  make  their  entries  on  the  stage  with  melo- 
dramatic exactness;  everybody  appears  at  the  critical 
time ; and,  in  spite  of  all  difficulties,  the  lovers  are  united 
at  the  end  of  the  piece. 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  356. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Leucippus  (lu-sip'us).  [Gr.  Aev/cunroc.]  Lived 
about  500  B.  C.  A noted  Greek  philosopher, 
founder  of  the  atomic  school  of  philosophy. 
Leuckart  (loik'art),  Karl  Georg  Friedrich 
Rudolf.  Born  at  Helmstedt,  Germany,  Oct.  7, 
1822 : died  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  6,  1898.  A German 
zoologist,  professor  at  Leipsic  from  1869 : espe- 
cially noted  as  a helminthologist.  He  published 
“Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen”  (1863-76),  etc. 
Leucopetra  (lu-kop'e-tra).  [Gr.  AevKo-rrirpa.] 
In  ancient  geography:  (a)  A promontory  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Italy:  the  mod- 
em Capo  dell’  Armi.  (b)  A village  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Corinth.  Here,  146  B.  C.,  the  Romans 
under  Mummius  defeated  the  Achaean  League 
under  Diseus. 

LeuCOthea  (lu-ko-the'a).  [Gr.  Aeva odea.']  A 

name  of  Ino. 

Leucothea,  or  Leukothea.  An  asteroid  (No. 
35)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  April  19, 1855. 
Leuctra  (luk'tra).  [Gr.  ~a.  Aev/crpa.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a village  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  about 
7 miles  southwest  of  Thebes,  it  is  celebrated  for 
the  victory  gained  here,  371  B.  c.,  by  the  Thebans  under 
Epaminondas  over  the  Spartans  under  Cleombrotus. 

Leuk  (loik),  F.  Loueche  (lo-esh' ).  A village  in 
the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
the  Rhone  14  miles  northeast  of  Sion. 

Leuk,  Baths  of,  G.  Leukerbad  (loi'ker-bad). 
A village  5 miles  north  of  Leuk,  noted  for  its 
hot  mineral  baths. 

Leukas.  See  Santa  Maura. 

Leuthen  (loi'ten).  A village  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  10  miles  west  of  Breslau,  it 
was  the  scene  of  a victory  gained  Dec.  5,  1757,  by  the  Prus- 
sians (30,000)  under  Frederick  the  Great  over  the  Austrians 
(80,000)underPrinceCharles.  The  Austrian  loss  was  about 
7,000  in  killed  and  wounded,  and  many  thousands  were 
taken  prisoners.  The  Prussian  loss  was  about  5,000.  This 
battle  is  a remarkable  instance  of  Frederick's  superiority 
in  tactics. 

Leutkirch  (loit'kirch).  A small  town  in  Wiir- 
temberg,  41  miles  south  of  Ulm. 

Leutschau  (loit'shou),  Hung.  Locse  (le'cha). 
The  capita]  of  the  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  49°  2'  N.,  long.  20°  35'  E.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  7,866. 

Leutze  (loit'se),  Emanuel.  Bom  at  Gmiind, 
Wurtemberg,  May  24,  1816:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  July  18, 1868.  A German -American 


607 

historical  painter  of  the  Diisseldorf  school. 
Among  his  works  are  “Washington  Crossing  the  Dela- 
ware,” “Washington  at  Monmouth,"  “Landing  of  the 
ISorsemen,”  “Cromwell  and  his  Daughter,”  etc. 
Leuwenhoek.  See  Leeuwenhoek. 

Levadia.  See  Livadia. 

Levaillant  (le-va-yon'),  Frangois.  Born  at 
Paramaribo,  Dutch  Guiana,  1753:  died  at  Se- 
zanne, France,  Nov.  22,  1824.  A French  orni- 
thologist, and  traveler  in  southern  Africa  1781- 
1785.  He  published  accounts  of  his  travels 
(1790  and  1796). 

Levambert  (le-von-bar'),  Louis.  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, 1614:  died  1670.  A French  sculptor.  Much 
of  his  work  is  in  the  park  of  Versailles. 

Levan  (la-von'),  Louis.  Born  in  1612:  died  in 
1668.  A noted  French  architect.  His  first  work,  ap- 
parently, was  in  1643  at  the  Ch&teau  de  Vaux-le-Vicompte. 
He  was  afterward  charged  with  the  transformation  of  the 
Chateau  de  Vincennes.  He  succeeded  Lemercieras  archi- 
tect of  the  Louvre  and  Tuileries,  and  completed  the  eastern 
and  northern  sides,  except  the  portico  of  Perrault.  At  the 
Tuileries  Louis  XIV.  ordered  Ldvan  to  remodel  the  pal- 
ace, which  he  did  at  the  expense  of  De  l’Orme’s  work, 
leaving  intact  only  the  order  of  the  Rez  de  Chaussde.  He 
also  built  the  Pavilion  de  Marsan  and  the  old  Pavilion  de 
Flore.  In  1661  he  built  the  Palais  des  Quatres  Nations, 
now  the  Institut.  He  was  also  the  first  architect  of  Saint 
Sulpice,  and  built  the  Chapel  de  la  Salp6trifere,  Saint-Louis 
en  l’ile,  etc.  He  added  two  pavilions  and  an  orangerie  to 
the  old  Chateau  de  Versailles  built  by  Louis  XIII. 
Levana  (le-va'na).  In  Roman  mythology,  a 
goddess,  the  protectress  of  children. 

Levana.  An  educational  treatise  by  Richter, 
published  in  1807. 

Levanna(le-van'na).  A peak  of  the  Graian  Alps, 
on  the  frontier  of  France  and  Italy.  Height, 
11,940  feet. 

Levant  (le-vant'),  The.  [D.  levant,  G.  Levante, 
Dan.  Sw.  levant,  F.  levant,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  leva.nte, 
from  ML.  levan(t-)s,  the  sunrise,  the  east,  the 
orient;  prop,  adj.,  rising:  applied  to  the  sun.] 
The  region,  east  of  Italy,  lying  on  and  near  the 
Mediterranean,  sometimes  reckoned  as  extend- 
ing east  to  the  Euphrates  and  as  taking  in  the 
Nile  valley,  thus  including  Greece  and  Egypt ; 
more  specifically,  the  coast  region  and  islands 
of  Asia  Minor  and  Syria:  a name  originally 
given  by  the  Italians. 

Levantina,  Valle.  See  Leventina. 

Levanto  (le-vau'to).  A small  town  in  north- 
ern Italy,  on  the  Riviera  12  miles  northwest  of 
Spezia. 

Leven,  Earl  of.  See  Leslie,  Alexander. 

Leven  (le'vn),  Loch.  1.  A salt-water  loch  on 
the  boundary  of  Argyll  and  Inverness,  Scotland. 
It  joins  Loch  Linnhe. — 2.  See  Lochleven. 
Leventina  (la-ven-te'na),  or  Levantina  (la- 
van-te'na),  Valle,  G.  Livinenthal  (le-fe'nen- 
tal).  The  valley  of  the  upper  Ticino  from 
Airolo  to  Biasca,  in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Swit- 
zerland. Length,  about  22  miles. 

Lever  (le'ver),  Sir  Ashton.  Born  at  Alkring- 
ton,  near  Manchester,  March  5,  1729 : died  at 
Manchester,  Jan.  24,  1788.  An  English  natu- 
ralist, noted  as  a collector.  His  extensive  collection 
of  various  objects  of  interest — the  Leverian  Museum  — 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  sights  of  London.  It  was 
disposed  of  by  lottery  in  1788,  and  dispersed  by  auction  in 
1806. 

Lever,  Charles  James.  Born  at  Dublin,  Aug. 
31, 1806 : died  at  Triest,  June  1, 1872.  An  Irish 
novelist,  of  English  descent.  He  graduated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin ; studied  medicine  (which  he  prac- 
tised in  Brussels  1840-42)  ; was  editor  of  the  “Dublin  Uni- 
versity Magazine  ” 1842-45 ; settled  in  Florence  in  1847 ; 
and  was  appointed  consul  at  Spezia  in  1857,  and  at  Triest 
in  1867.  He  wrote  “Harry  Lorrequer”  (1837),  “Charles 
O’Malley''  (1840),  “Tom  Burke  of  Ours”  (1844),  “Arthur 
O’Leary ’’ (1844),  “Roland  Cashel ” (1850),  “The  DoddFam- 
ily  Abroad”  (1853-54),  “Con  Cregan"  (1849),  “The  Dal- 
tons” (1852),  “Lord  Kilgobbin”  (1872),  etc. 

Leverett  (lev'er-et),  Frederick  Percival. 

Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Sept.  11,  1803:  died 
at  Boston,  Oct.  6, 1836.  An  American  classical 
scholar,  author  of  a Latin  lexicon  (1837). 
Leverett,  Sir  John.  Born  in  England,  1616: 
died  March  16,  1679.  A colonial  governor  of 
Massachusetts  1673-79. 

Leveridge  (lev'er-ij),  Richard.  Born  in  1670: 
died  March  22, 1758.  An  English  singer.  He  had 
a very  deep  bass  voice,  which  was  unimpaired  for  many 
years.  He  published  a collection  of  songs  with  music  in 
1727.  To  him  is  credited  the  air  of  “Roast  Beef  of  Old 
England." 

Leverrier  (16-va-rya'),  Urbain  Jean  Joseph. 

Born  at  St.-Lo,  France,  March  11, 1811 : died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  23,  1877.  A noted  French  astrono- 
mer, who  shares  with  J.  C.  Adams  the  honor  of 
discovering  the  planet  Neptune  in  1846.  (See 
Neptune.)  He  became  director  of  the  Paris 
Observatory  in  1854. 

Leveson  (lu'son),  Sir  Richard.  Born  1570:  died 
at  London,  July,  1605.  An  English  admiral, 


Levites 

appointed  vice-admiral  of  England  in  1604.  He 
commanded  a squadron  despatched  (unsuccessfully)  to  the 
Azores  to  capture  the  Spanish  treasure-ships  in  1600,  and 
defeated  the  Spaniards  in  the  harbor  of  Kinsale  Oct. , 1601, 
and  in  Cezimbra  Bay  June  3,  1602. 

Leveson-Gower,  Lord  Francis.  See  Egertwt , 
Francis. 

Leveson-Gower  (lu'son-gdr'),  George  Gran- 
ville, first  Duke  of  Sutherland.  Born  at 
London,  Jan.  9,  1758 : died  July  19,  1833.  Ail 
English  nobleman,  eldest  son  of  the  first  Mar- 
quis of  Stafford  by  his  second  wife,  daughter 
of  the  first  Duke  of  Bridgewater:  created  duke 
of  Sutherland  in  1833.  He  was  a member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  1778-98  (except  1784-87),  and  was  am- 
bassador at  Paris  1790-92.  By  inheritance  and  by  marriage 
with  the  Countess  of  Sutherland,  he  became  possessed  of 
vast  wealth. 

Leveson-Gower,  Lady  Georgiana  Charlotte. 

Born  Sept.  23,  1812:  died  Jan.  19,  1885.  An 
English  novelist,  daughter  of  the  first  Earl  Gran- 
ville : after  her  marriage  in  1833  Lady  Georgi- 
ana Fullerton.  She  wrote  “ Life  of  St.  Francis  of  Rome, 
etc.”  (1885),  “Laurentia”  (1861),  “Rose  Leblanc ” (1861), 
“TooStrangenotto  be  True  (1864),  “Constance  Sherwood" 
(1865),  “A  Stormy  Life”  (1867),  “ Mrs.  Gerald's  Niece  ” (1869), 
“A  Will  and  a Way”  (1881),  and  various  lives  of  saints, 
and  translations,  principally  from  the  French. 

Leveson-Gower,  Granville,  first  Marquis  of 
Stafford.  Born  Aug.  4,  1721 : died  Aug.  15, 
1805.  An  English  nobleman.  The  third  son  of  the 
first  Earl  Gower,  he  succeeded  his  father  in  1754,  and  was 
created  marquis  of  Stafford  in  1786.  He  was  a lord  of  the 
admiralty  in  1749,  lord  privy  seal  1755-57  and  1784-94,  and 
president  of  the  council  1767-79  and  1783-84. 

Leveson-Gower,  Granville,  first  Earl  Gran- 
ville. Born  Oct.  12,  1773 : died  at  London,  Jan. 
8,  1846.  An  English  diplomatist,  created  Earl 
Granville  in  1833:  third  son  of  the  first  Mar- 
quis of  Stafford.  He  was  ambassador  extraordinary  at 
St.  Petersburg  1804-05,  minister  at  Brussels  1816,  and  am- 
bassador  at  Paris  1824—41  (with  interruptions). 

Leveson-Gower,  Granville  George,  second 
Earl  Granville.  Born  at  London,  May  11, 1815 : 
died  at  London,  March  31,  1891.  An  English 
Liberal  statesman,  eldest  son  and  successor 
(1846)  of  the  first  Earl  Granville.  He  entered  the 
House  of  Commons  in  1836,  and  the  House  of  Lords  in  1846. 
He  was  under-secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs  1840-41 ; 
vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymaster  of  the 
forces  1848-51  (entering  the  cabinet  1851) ; successor  to 
Palmerston  in  the  foreign  office  1851-52  ; and  president  of 
the  council  1852-54.  In  June,  1859,  he  attempted,  with- 
out success,  to  form  a cabinet,  and  accepted  the  presi- 
dency of  the  council  under  Palmerston.  He  was  appoint- 
ed secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  under  Gladstone  in 
1868,  and  was  secretary  for  foreign  affairs  1870-74.  It  was 
during  this  administration  that  the  treaty  of  Washington 
was  signed.  (See  Alabama  claims,  and  Washington,  Treaty 
of.)  He  reassumed  charge  of  the  foreign  office  under  Glad- 
stone 1880-85. 

Levi  (le'vi).  A son  of  Jacob  and  Leah,  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Levites. 

Levi  (la've  or  le'vi),  Leone.  Born  at  Ancona, 
Italy,  June  6, 1821 : died  May  7, 1888.  A noted 
jurist  and  statistician,  of  Hebrew  descent,  re- 
siding from  1844  in  England.  He  became  professor 
of  commerce  at  King's  College  1852,  and  was  the  author  of 
“Commercial  Law:  its  Principles  and  Administration, 
etc.”  (1850-52),  “Manual  of  the  Mercantile  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  ” (1854),  “Annals  of  British  Legislation,”  “His- 
tory of  British  Commerce  and  of  the  Economic  Progress 
of  the  British  Nation,  1763-1870”  (1872),  etc.  He  early 
became  a member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  England. 

Leviathan,  The.  See  Hobbes. 

Leviathan  of  Literature,  The.  A surname  of 
Dr.  Samuel  Johnson. 

Levico  (lev'e-ko).  A town  in  Tyrol,  Austria- 
Hungary,  9 miles  east-southeast  of  Trent.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  6,682,  (1910). 

Levin,  Rahel.  See  Varnhagen  von  Fuse. 
Levis  (la-ve'  or  lev'is),  or  Point  Levi  (le'vi). 
A river  port  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada, 
situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Quebec. 
Population,  7,452,  (1911). 

Levita,  Elias.  See  Elias  Levita. 

Levites  (le'vits).  1.  In  Jewish  history,  the  de- 
scendants of  Levi,  one  of  the  sons  of  Jacob  ; 
the  tribe  of  Levi. — 2.  Specifically,  a body  of 
assistants  to  the  priests  in  the  tabernacle  and 
temple  service  of  the  Jews.  This  body  was  com- 
posed  of  all  males  of  the  tribe  of  Levi  between  30  (or  25) 
and  50  years  of  age,  exclusive  of  the  family  of  Aaron, 
which  constituted  the  priesthood.  Originally  they  guard- 
ed the  tabernacle,  and  assisted  in  carrying  it  and  its  ves- 
sels, and  in  preparing  the  corn,  wine,  oil,  etc.,  for  sacrifice  ; 
they  furnished  the  music  at  the  services,  and  had  charge 
of  the  sacred  treasures  and  revenues.  After  the  settle- 
ment in  Palestine  they  were  relieved  of  some  of  these 
duties,  but  assumed  those  of  religious  guides  and  teach- 
ers. Later  they  were  also  the  learned  class,  and  became 
scribes,  judges,  etc.  They  were  allowed  no  territorial  pos- 
sessions, except  thirty-five  cities  in  which  they  lived,  sup- 
ported by  tithes  on  the  produce  of  the  lands  of  the  tribes. 
The  Levites  were  divided  into  three  families,  which  bore 
the  names  of  the  sons  of  Levi  — the  Gershonites,  the  Ko- 
hathites,  and  the  Merarites. 


Leviticus 

Leviticus  (le-vit'i-kus).  [‘The  book  of  the  Le- 
vites.’]  A canonical  book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, the  third  book  of  Moses  or  of  the  Pen- 
tateuch, containing  principally  the  laws  and 
regulations  relating  to  the  priests  and  Levites 
and  to  religious  ceremonies,  or  the  body  of  the 
ceremonial  law. 

Levkas  (lev'kas),  Amaxiki,  Amaxicki  (a- 

maks-e'ke),  Santa  Maura  (san'ta  mou'ra), 
Hamaxiki  (ha-maks-e'ke),  etc.  A seaport  and 
the  chief  place  in  the  island  of  Santa  Maura, 
Ionian  Islands,  Greece,  situated  at  the  north- 
eastern extremity  of  the  island.  Population, 
5,419. 

Levkosia.  See  Nicosia. 

Levroux  (le-vro').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Indre,  central  Prance,  13  miles  north  by  west 
of  Chateauroux.  Population,  commune,  about 
4,200. 

Levuka  (la-vo'ka).  A town  in  the  Fiji  Islands : 
formerly  the  capital. 

Levy  (le'vi),  Amv.  Born  at  Clapham,  Nov.  10, 
1861 : committee!  suicide  Sept.  10,  1889.  An 
English  poet  and  novelist,  of  Hebrew  descent. 
She  wrote  several  volumes  of  poems  (“  Xantippe  and  other 
Poems”  (1881),  “A  Minor  Poet”  (1884),  “A  London 
Plane-tree  ” (1889))  and  the  novel  “ Reuben  Sachs  ” (1889). 

Levy  (la-ve'),  Calmann.  Born  at  Phalsbourg, 
Lorraine,  Oct.  19, 1819:  died  June  18, 1891.  A 
French  bookseller  and  editor,  brother  of  Michel 
L6vy,  with  whom  and  a third  brother  he  formed 
the  firm  of  Michel  Levy  freres. 

L6vy  (la-ve'),  Ulmile.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  29, 
1826 : died  there,  April  4, 1890.  A French  genre- 
and  portrait-painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  theEcoledes 
Beaux  Arts,  of  De  Pujol,  and  of  Picot,  and  won  the  grand  prix 
deRcmein  1854.  Among  his  works  are  “ Lerepaslibredes 
martyrs  ” (1859),  ‘ ‘ V ercingetorix  se  rendant  a Cfear  ” (1863), 
“ Venus  ceignant  sa  ceinture”(1863),  “ La mortd’Orph6e” 
(1866),“  Le  jugement  de  Midas”  (1870),“  Le  saule”  (1876), 
“ Jeune  mfcre  ” (1881),  “ Circe " (1889),  “Silfene  ” (1890),  etc. 
He  decorated  the  mairie  of  the  16th  arrondissement  1885- 
1887,  and  had  much  success  in  pasteL 
Levy,  Michel.  Born  at  Phalsbourg,  Lorraine, 
Dec.  20,  1821:  died  at  Paris,  May  6,  1875.  A 
French  bookseller  and  publisher. 

Lewald  (la'  vald),  Fanny,  later  Madame  Stahr. 
Bom  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  March  24,  1811 : 
died  at  Dresden,  Aug.  5,  1889.  A German  nov- 
elist and  writer  of  travels.  Among  her  novels  are 
“Prinz  Louis  Ferdinand”  (1849),  “Von  Geschlecht  zu 
Gesclilecht”  (1863-66). 

Lew-chew  Islands.  See  Loochoo  Islands. 
Lewes  (lu'es).  The  capital  of  Sussex,  England, 
situated  on  the  Ouse  45  miles  south  of  London. 
Here,  May  14,  1264,  Henry  III.  was  defeated  by  the  barons 
under  Simon  de  Montfort.  Henry  and  his  son  gave  them- 
selves up  to  the  barons  after  the  battle.  Population, 
11,249. 

Lewes,  or  Lewis  (lu'is),  Charles  Lee.  Bom  at 
London.  Nov.  29,  1740:  died  July  23  (June  26?), 
1803.  A noted  English  comedian. 

Lewes  (lu'es),  George  Henry.  Born  at  London, 
April  18,  1817 : died  at  London,  Nov.  28,  1878. 
An  English  philosophical  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  largely  influenced  by  the  philosophy  of 
August  Comte.  Lewes  was  married  in  1840,  but  in 
1854  left  his  wife,  living  thereafter  with  Miss  Mary 
Anne  Evans  (George  Eliot).  He  wrote  a “ Biographical 
History  of  Philosophy ” (1845-46),  “The  Spanish  Drama” 
(1847),  “The  Life  of  Goethe " (1855),  “Seaside  Studies” 
(1858),  " Physiology  of  Common  Life  ” (1859-60),  “Studies 
in  Animal  Life  ” (1862),  “Aristotle  ” (1864),  “ Problems  of 
Life  and  Mind  ” (1874-79),  “ Actors  and  the  Art  of  Acting” 
(1875),  “ Physical  Basis  of  Mind  ” (1877).  He  was  the  first 
editor  of  the  “ Fortnightly  Review  ” (1865-66). 

Lewes,  Mise  of.  [From  OF.  mise,  a settling,  a 
judgment.]  An  agreement  between  the  English 
defeated  party  under  Henry  in.  and  the  barons 
under  Simon  de  Montfort,  in  1264,  directly  after 
the  battle  of  Lewes.  It  provided  for  native 
councilors  and  the  reorganization  of  Parlia- 
ment. 

Lewin  (lu'in),  Thomas.  Born  April  19,  1805: 
died  Jan.  5, 1877.  An  English  lawyer,  antiquary, 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  wrote  “A  Practical 
Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Trusts  and  Trustees  ” (1837),  “ The 
Life  and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul  ” (1851),  “An  Essay  on  the 
Chronology  of  the  New  Testament  ” (1854),  etc. 

Lewis  (lu'is),  or  The  Lews  (luz).  The  north- 
ern and  larger  portion  of  the  main  island  of  the 
Hebrides,  Ross-shire,  Scotland,  situated  27 
miles  west  of  the  mainland,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Minch.  Chief  town,  Storno- 
way. Area,  575  square  miles. 

Lewis.  See  Louis. 

Lewis,  Andrew.  Born  in  Donegal,  Belaud, 
about  1720:  died  in  Bedford  County,  Va.,  Sept. 
26,  1/81.  An  American  soldier.  He  was  major  in 
Washington’s  regiment  in  Braddock’s  expedition  in  1755, 
and  commander  of  an  expedition  against  the  Shawnesse 
Indians  in  1756 ; served  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Duquesne  in 
1758,  and  was  captured  and  taken  to  Montreal ; gained  the 


608 

victory  of  Point  Pleasant  over  the  Indians,  Oct.  10,  1774 
(as  major-general) ; and  served  as  brigadier-general  in  the 
Continental  army  March  1,  1776,  to  April  6,  1777. 

Lewis,  Charles.  Born  at  Gloucester,  England, 
1753  : died  at  Edinburgh,  July  12,  1795.  An 
English  painter  of  still  life. 

Lewis,  Charles  George.  Born  at  Enfield,  Mid- 
dlesex, June  13,  1808  : died  June  16,  1880.  An 
English  engraver,  best  known  for  his  engrav- 
ings of  Landseer’s  works. 

Lewis,  David.  Born  in  Wales  about  1683 : died 
at  Low  Leyton,  Essex,  April,  1760.  A British 
poet,  author  of  “Philip  of  Macedon,”  a tragedy 
(1727). 

Lewis,  Dio.  Bom  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  March  3, 
1823 : died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  May  21, 1886.  An 
American  homeopathic  physician,  well  known 
as  a lecturer  on  hygiene  and  an  advocate  of 
various  methods  of  physical  culture.  He  wrote 
“New  Gymnastics”  (1862),  “Weak  Lungs”  (1863),  “Our 
Gilds  ” (1871),  etc. 

Lewis,  Edmonia.  Born  near  Albany,  N.  Y., 
1845.  An  American  sculptor,  of  African  and 
Indian  descent.  Her  first  known  work  was  a bust  of 
Colonel  Shaw  who  commanded  the  first  colored  regiment 
in  the  Civil  War.  She  went  to  Rome  in  1867.  Among  her 
works  are  “The  Death  of  Cleopatra”  (1876),  “The  Old 
Arrow-maker  and  his  Daughters,”  “The  Marriage  of  Hia- 
watha,” etc. 

Lewis,  Mrs.  (Estelle  Anna  Robinson).  Bom 

near  Baltimore  about  1824 : died  at  London, 
Nov.  24,  1880.  An  American  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer.  Among  her  works  is  the  tragedy 
“Sapphoof  Lesbos  ”(1868),  which  was  translated  into  Greek 
and  played  at  Athens. 

Lewis,  Francis.  Bom  at  Llandaff , W ales,  March, 
1713:  diedatNew  York,  Dec.  19, 1803.  An  Amer- 
ican patriot,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence as  member  of  Congress  from  New 
York. 

Lewis,  Frederick  Christian.  Bom  at  London, 
March  14,  1779 : died  at  Enfield,  Dec.  18,  1856. 
An  English  engraver  and  landscape-painter. 
He  engraved  works  of  Raphael,  Michelangelo,  Claude, 
Poussin,  Flaxman,  Turner,  Landseer,  etc. 

Lewis,  Sir  George  Cornewall.  Born  at  London, 
April  21,  1806:  died  at  Harp  ton  Court,  Radnor- 
shire, April  13,  1863.  An  English  statesman, 
scholar,  and  author.  He  was  poor-law  commissioner 
for  England  and  Wales  1839-47 ; under-secretary  for  the 
home  department  1848 ; financial  secretary  to  the  treasury 
1850-52 ; chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1855-68 ; home  sec- 
retary 1859-01 ; and  secretary  for  war  1861-63.  His  chief 
work  is  an  “Enquiry  into  the  Credibility  of  the  Early  Ro- 
man History  " (1855). 

Lewis,  Ida.  Born  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1841: 
died  there,  Oct.  24, 1911.  The  daughter  of  the 
keeper  of  the  Lime  Rock  lighthouse.  She  was 
official  keeper  from  1889.  She  was  noted  for 
her  courage  in  saving  life.  She  married  Wil- 
liam H.  Wilson  in  1870. 

Lewis,  John.  Born  at  Bristol,  Aug.  29,  1675: 
died  Jan.  16, 1747.  An  English  biographer,  an- 
tiquarian, and  bibliographer,  author  of  biogra- 
phies of  Wyclif,  Caxton,  Pecoek,  Fisher,  etc. 
Lewis,  John  Frederick.  Born  at  London,  1805: 
died  at  Walton  on  the  Thames,  Aug.  15,  1876. 
An  English  etcher  and  painter,  at  first  of  ani- 
mals, but  later  of  Highland,  Italian,  Spanish 
(for  which  he  was  called  “Spanish  Lewis”), 
and  Oriental  subjects.  His  latest  (Oriental) 
pictures  are  the  best-known. 

Lewis,  Matthew  Gregory.  Born  at  London, 
July  9, 1775:  died  at  sea  (of  yellow  fever),  May 
14,  1818.  An  English  poet,  dramatist,  and  ro- 
mance-writer, best  known  as  the  author  of  “Am- 
brosio,  or  the  Monk”  (1795),  from  which  he  was 
commonly  known  as  “Monk”  Lewis.  He  visited 
Weimar 1792-93;  became  an  attach^  of  the  British  legation 
at  The  Hague  1794 ; sat  in  the  Houseof  Commons  1796-1802 ; 
and  went  to  Jamaica  (where  he  owned  property)  Nov., 1815, 
and  again  toward  the  end  of  1817.  Healsowrote“Village 
Virtues,”  a satire  (1796),  “The  Castle  Spectre ” (acted  at 
Drury  Lane  Dec.  14,  1797),  “Tales  of  Horror”  (1799),  “Al- 
phonso,  King  of  Castile,”  a tragedy  (1801),  “Adelgitha,”  a 
tragedy  (acted  at  Drury  Lane  April  30,  1807),  etc. 

Lewis,  Meriwether.  Born  near  Charlottesville, 
Va.,  Aug.  18,  1774:  committed  suicide  near 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  Oct.  8,  1809.  An  American 
explorer,  joint  commander  with  Clark  of  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  United  States  1804—06. 

Lewis,  Morgan.  Born  at  New  York,  Oct.  16, 
1754:  died  at  New  York,  April  7,  1844.  An 
American  general,  jurist,  and  politician,  son  of 
Francis  Lewis:  governor  of  New  York  1805-06. 
Lewis,  Tayler.  Born  at  Northumberland,  N.  Y., 
March  27,  1802:  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
May  11, 1877.  An  American  scholar  and  author. 
He  became  professor  of  Greek  at  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1838,  and  at  Union  College  in  1849.  Among  his 
works  are  “Six  Days  of  Creation  ” (18551,  “The  Bible  and 
Science”  (1856),  “i’he  Divine  Human  iu  the  Scripture" 
(I860). 


Leyden,  John 

Lewis,  William  Thomas.  Born  at  Ormskirk, 
Lancashire,  about  1748:  died  at  London,  Jan. 
13,1811.  A noted  English  comedian.  Amongthe 
parts  which  he  created  are  Falkland  in  the  “Rivals,” 
Wyndham  in  the  “Man  of  Reason, "Sir  Charles  Racket  in 
“Three  Weeks  after  Marriage,”  Counsellor  Witmore  in 
Kenrick’s  “Duellist,”  Beverly  in  Colman’s  “ Man  of  Busi- 
ness," Arviragus  in  Mason’s  “Caractacus,"  Millamour  in 
Murphy’s  “Know  your  own  Mind,”  Doricourt  in  the 
“Belle’s  Stratagem,”  and  Egerton  in  the  “Man  of  the 
World.”  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Lewis  River.  See  Snake  River. 

Lewiston  (lu'is-ton).  A city  in  Androscoggin 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscoggin, 
opposite  Auburn,  31  miles  north  of  Portland. 
Its  leading  manufactures  are  woolen  and  cotton.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Bates  College  (undenominational).  Population, 
26,247,  (1910). 

Lexington  (lek'sing-ton).  A city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Fayette  County, Kentucky, 22  miles  south- 
east of  Frankfort.  It  is  a commercial  and  manufac- 
turing center  ; has  a famous  horse-market ; and  is  the  seat 
of  Kentucky  University.  It  was  settled  in  1775.  Popu- 
lation, 35,099,  (1910). 

Lexington.  A small  town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  11  miles  northwest  of  Boston. 
It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of  the  first  bloodshed  of  the  Amer- 
ican revolution,  April  19,  1775.  The  British(8oO  men)  un- 
der Colonel  Smith  left  Boston  on  the  night  of  April  18,  to 
take  the  military  stores  in  Concord.  The  advance  under 
Major  Pitcairn  was  confronted  at  Lexington  Green  by  about 
50  minute-men  under  Captain  Parker,  and  this  force  was 
dispersed  with  the  loss  of  7 Americans  killed.  The  British 
proceeded  to  Concord,  and  a part  of  the  force  was  repulsed 
at  the  Concord  bridge  by  the  minute-men.  Colonel  Smith 
ordered  a retreat,  and  maintained  a running  fight  back  to 
Charlestown  with  the  constantly  increasing  Americans. 
At  Lexington  he  was  reinforced  by  1,200  men  under  Lord 
Percy.  The  British  loss  was  273;  the  American  loss,  88. 
The  fighting  at  Concord  is  often  called  the  battle  of  Con- 
cord, while  the  entire  day’s  fighting  is  called  the  battle  of 
Lexington.  Population,  4,918,  (1910). 

Lexington.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Lafayette 
County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Missouri  40 
miles  east  by  north  of  Kansas  City.  The  Federals 
under  Mulligan  surrendered  here  to  the  Confederates  un- 
der Price,  Sept.  21,  1861.  Population,  6,242,  (1910). 

Lexington.  The  capital  of  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia, situated  on  North  River  108  miles  west 
by  north  of  Richmond.  It  isthe  seat  of  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute  and  of  Washington  and  Lee  University 
(which  see).  Population,  2,931,  (1910). 

Lexington.  A famous  American  bay  race-horse, 
foaled  in  1851. 

Lexinton,orLessington  (les'ing-ton),  Stephen 
de.  Lived  about  the  middle  of  the  i3th  century. 
An  English  ecclesiastic,  abbot  of  Stanley  in 
Wiltshire,  later  abbot  of  Savigny  in  Normandy 
(1229)  and  (1243)  of  Clairvaux. 

Lexovii  (leks-6'vi-i).  In  ancient  history,  a Cel- 
tic people  in  northern  Gaul,  which  lived  near 
the  English  Channel  west  of  the  Seine. 

Ley  (le),  James.  Born  1550;  diedMarchl4, 1629. 
An  English  jurist  and  politician,  created  first 
Earl  of  Marlborough  Feb.  5,  1626.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lord  chief  justice  of  the  King’s  Bench  for  Ireland 
in  1604,  lord  chief  justice  of  England  1622,  and  lord  high 
treasurer  1624.  He  succeeded  Bacon  as  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  and  pronounced  the  judgment  of  the 
Lords  upon  him. 

Leybourn  (le'bern),  William.  Born  1626:  died 
about  1700.  An  English  surgeon  and  mathema- 
tician. He  was  the  author,  with  Vincent  Wing,  of  the 
first  English  treatise  on  astronomy.  “Urania  Practica “ 
(1048).  He  also  published  “ Planometria  " (1650 : repub- 
lished as  “The  Complete  Surveyor"  1653),  “Arithmetick, 
Vulgar,  Decimal,  and  Instrumental"  (1657),  “Census 
Mathematicus  ” (1690),  “ Panarithmologia,”  the  earliest 
English  ready  reckoner  (1693),  etc. 

Leycester  (les'tcr),  Sir  Peter.  Born  at  Nether 
T abley,  Cheshire,  March  3,  1614:  died  there, 
Oct.  11, 1678.  An  English  antiquary,  author  of 
“ Historical  Antiquities”  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  and  particularly  of  Cheshire  (1653). 

Leyden,  or  Leiden  (li'den).  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated 
on  the  Old  Rhine  6 miles  from  the  North  Sea 
and  22  miles  southwest  of  Amsterdam : the  Ro- 
man Lugdunum  Batavorum,  and  the  medieval 
Leithen.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Rembrandt,  Jan 
Steen.  Gerard  Douw,  and  other  painters.  The  university, 
founded  in  1575, is  attended  by  about  1,600  students,  and  has 
valuable  museums  of  natural  history,  ethnography,  archae- 
ology, etc. , an  observatory,  and  a I i brary  of  200,000 volumes. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Stadhuis.  Church  of  St, 
Pancras,  Church  of  St.  Peter,  the  mound  Burg,  Museum  of 
Ant  iquities,  Natural  History  Museum,  Municipal  Museum, 
Ethnographical  Museum,  and  Botanic  Garden.  Leyden 
was  formerly  noted  for  its  cloth  manufacture;  was  unsuc- 
cessfully besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1573-74 ; and  was 
the  residence  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  1609-20.  Population, 
57,919. 

Leyden,  John.  Born  at  Denholm,  Roxburgh- 
shire, Sept.  8, 1775:  died  at  Batavia,  Java,  Aug. 
28,  1811.  A noted  Scottish  poet,  physician, 
and  Orientalist.  He  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon 
at  Madras  1803  ; traveled  extensively  in  India;  settled  in 
Calcutta  in  1806 ; was  made  a«say  master  of  the  mint 
there  iu  1810;  and  went  to  Java  iu  1811,  where  he  died. 


Leyden,  John 

He  published  “A  Historical  and  Philosophical  Sketch  of 
the  Discoveries  and  Settlements  of  the  Europeans  in  North- 
ern and  Western  Africa  at  the  Close  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury” (1799),  an  “Essay  on  the  Languages  and  Literature 
of  the  Indo-Chinese  Nations”  (in  “Asiatic  Researches”), 
etc  His  poetical  remains  were  published  in  1819. 

Leys  (lls  or  la),  Baron  Hendrik.  Born  at  Ant- 
werp, Feb.  18,  1815 : died  there,  Aug.  26, 1869. 
A Belgian  historical  and  genre  painter. 

Leyte  (la'e-ta  or  la'ta).  An  island  of  the  Philip- 
pines, aboutlat.  11° N.,  long.  124°  50'  E.  Length, 
about  115  miles.  Population,  357,641. 
Lhameos.  See  Llameos. 

Lhasa  (lba'sa),  or  Lassa  (las'sa).  The  capi- 
tal of  Tibet,  situated  in  lat.  29°  39'  N.,  long. 
90°  57'  E.,  about  11,900  feet  above  sea-level. 

It  is  an  important  trading  center ; is  celebrated  as  a place 
of  pilgrimage;  and  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  its 
convents.  The  chief  building  is  the  grand  temple.  It  be- 
came the  residence  of  the  dalai  lama  in  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century.  It  has  been  visited  by  very  few  Europeans 
(as  by  Hue  in  1846  and  the  British  political  mission  under 
Col.  Younghusband  in  1904).  Population,  15,000-20,000. 

L’Hopital,  or  L’Hospital  (lo-pe-tal'),  Michel 
de.  B orn  at  Aigueperse,  Puy-de-Dome,  France, 
about  1505 : died  March,  1573.  A noted  French 
statesman.  He  was  in  1547  sent  on  a mission  to  the 
Council  of  Trent,  which  was  at  that  time  sitting  at  Bo- 
logna. He  was  made  superintendent  of  the  royal  finances 
in  1554,  and  in  1560  became  chancellor  of  France.  He 
caused  the  States-General  to  be  assembled  at  Orleans  in 
1560,  and  procured  the  passage  in  1562  of  the  Edict  of 
Jan.,  which  granted  toleration  to  the  Huguenots.  His 
liberal  policy  was,  however,  distasteful  to  the  Guises,  and 
civil  war  broke  out  in  1562  in  spite  of  his  efforts  to  main- 
tain peace.  He  was  dismissed  from  office  in  1568.  His 
complete  works  were  edited  by  Dufey  (1824-25). 

Lhuyd  (loid),  Edward.  Born  1660:  died  June 
30, 1709.  A British  scholar  and  naturalist,  best 
known  from  his  researches  in  Celtic.  He  was  the 
author  of  “ Lithophylacii  Britannici  ichnographia,  etc." 
(1699),  a catalogue  of  the  figured  fossils  of  the  Ashmolean 
Museum,  “ Archfeologia  Britannica”  (1707),  etc.  He  be- 
came a fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1708. 

Liais  (lya),  Emmanuel.  Bom  at  Cherbourg, 
Feb.  15,  1826:  died  there,  March  5,  1900.  A 
French  astronomer.  He  was  attached  to  the  Bureau 
of  Longitudes  from  1852 ; was  sent  to  Brazil  on  a scientific 
mission  in  1858 ; and  had  charge  of  the  Astronomical  Ob- 
servatory at  Rio  de  Janeiro  for  several  years.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  on  Brazilian  geography,  etc.,  and  on 
astronomy. 

Liakhofl;  (le'ach-of).  An  island  in  the  New  Sibe- 
ria group,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
Liancourt-sous-Clermont  (lyon  - kor  'so  - kler- 
mon').  A manufacturing  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  30  miles  north  of  Paris. 
It  contains  a ruined  castle  of  its  dukes.  Population,  3,924. 
Liao-yang  (lyou-yang').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Sheng-king,  Manchuria,  southwest  of 
Mukden.  Here  the  Japanese  under  Marshal  Oyama  de- 
feated the  Russians  under  General  Kuropatkin  Aug.  25- 
Sept.  4,  1904.  It  was  opened  to  foreign  tiade  in  1907. 

Liar,  The.  An  adaptation  by  Foote  of  Cor- 
neille’s “ Le  menteur."  He  himself  played  the 
part  of  Young  Wilding  the  liar. 

Libanius  (li-ba'ni-us).  Bom  at  Antioch,  Syria, 
about  314  a.  d.  A Greek  sophist.  His  ora- 
tions and  declamations  were  edited  by  Reiske 
(1791-97). 

From  his  autobiography  and  letters,  as  well  as  from  the 
numerous  works  which  he  has  left  us,  Libanius  is  better 
known  to  modern  scholars  than  any  sophist  of  the  fourth 
century.  He  was  horn  about  A.  D.  314  at  Antioch  on  the 
Orontes,  of  a distinguished  family,  and  after  receiving 
there  some  part  of  his  early  training,  to  which,  however, 
he  does  not  revert  with  much  respe.ct  or  gratitude,  he  be- 
took himself  to  Athens,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  in  the  ardent 
hope  of  finding  there  all  the  teaching  which  he  required. 
The  account  which  lie  gives  of  his  adventures  in  that  uni- 
versity furnishes  us  with  a curious  picture  of  the  state  of 
learning  in  the  fourth  century.  The  rival  professors  had 
press-gangs  of  students  who  had  sworn  allegiance  to  them, 
and  who  forcibly  seized  on  all  freshmen  and  carried  them 
off  to  their  own  lecture-room.  Although  Libanius  had 
determined  beforehand  which  of  the  sophists  he  wished 
to  attend,  he  was  kidnapped,  as  soon  as  he  entered  the 
city,  by  the  adherents  of  another  teacher,  from  whom  he 
was  again  seized  by  an  opposition  gang  and  obliged  to 
take  the  oath  to  their  master.  In  this  thraldom  he  was 
detained  for  five  years,  when  the  riotous  sophists  were  for 
a time  displaced  and  he  was  promoted  to  one  of  the  chairs. 

K.  O.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  ITI.  294. 

{(Donaldson.) 

Libanus.  The  Latin  name  of  Lebanon. 

Libau  (le'bou),  Lettish  Leepaja  (la'pa-ya).  A 
seaport  in  the  government  of  Courland,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Baltic  Sea  in  lat.  56°  31'  N.,  long. 
21°  E.:  an  important  export  place.  Population, 
64,489. 

Libby  Prison,  Ths.  A notorious  Confederate 
military  prison  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  during 
the  Civil  War:  originally  a tobacco  warehouse. 
It  was  afterward  taken  down,  carried  to  Chi- 
cago, and  there  set  up  as  a war  museum. 
Libelt  (le'belt),  Karol.  Bora  at  Posen,  Prus- 
sia, April  8, 1807 : died  near  Gollantsch,  Prussia, 
a— 39 


609 

June  9,  1875.  A Polish  politician  and  philo- 
sophical writer. 

Liber  (li'bey).  In  Italian  mythology,  a god  of 
wine,  afterward  identified  with  the  Greek  Di- 
onysus (Bacchus). 

Libera  (lib'e-ra).  In  Italian  mythology,  a god- 
dess, wife  of  the  wine-god  Liber,  afterward 
identified  with  the  Greek  Persephone. 

Liberal  Party.  In  British  politics,  the  name 
by  which  the  Whig  party  has  been  known  since 
about  the  time  of  the  first  Reform  Bill.  It  has 
generally  advocated  reforms  in  government  and  extension 
of  power  to  the  peopie,  has  favored  free  trade,  and  has  ad- 
vocated Home  Rule  for  Ireland.  It  has  held  office  under 
Grey,  Melbourne,  Russell,  Aberdeen,  Palmerston,  Glad- 
stone, Rosebery,  Campbell-Bannerman,  and  Asquith  as 
prime  ministers. 

Liberal  Unionists.  In  British  politics,  a party 
formed  in  1886  by  the  secession  from  the  Lib- 
eral party  of  those  who  objected  to  Gladstone’s 
Home  Rule  proposals.  They  act  generally  with  the 
Conservatives. 

Liberation,  War  Of.  [G.  Befremngslcrieg.  ] A 
name  given  by  the  Germans  to  the  war  of  the 
Allies  against  the  French  in  1813-14.  A leading  re- 
suit  was  the  freeing  of  various  German  states  from  French 
occupation  and  influence. 

Liberator,  Tbe.  An  antislavery  paper  pub- 

• lished  at  Boston  1831-65,  edited  by  Garrison. 
Liberator,  Tbe.  1.  [Sp . El  Liber tador.~\  The 

title  of  Simon  Bolivar.  The  municipality  of  Caracas, 
after  he  had  taken  that  city  from  (he  Spaniards,  proclaimed 
him  Oct.  13,  1813,  “Salvador  de  la  Patna,  Libertador  de 
Venezuela”  (‘  Savior  of  the  Country,  and  Liberator  of  Vene- 
zuela ’).  The  title  of  Liberator  of  New  Granada  was  con- 
ferred on  him  after  the  battle  of  BoyacA,  Aug.,  1819  ; and 
that  of  Liberator  of  Peru  after  the  victory  of  Ayacucho  in 
1824. 

2.  A surname  of  O’Connell. 

Liber  de  Hyda  (ll'ber  de  M'da).  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

A circumstantial  account  of  the  foundation  of  the  schools 
of  Oxford  in  the  year  886  is  to  be  found  in  the  Liber  de  Hyda, 
a monastic  record  which  seems  to  have  been  compiled  dur- 
ing the  second  half  of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  professes 
togivealistof  the  original  staff  of  teachers.  St.  Neotand 
St.  Grimbald  are  stated  to  have  given  lectures  on  theology, 
Asser  on  grammar  and  rhetoric,  John, a monk  of  St.  David’s, 
on  logic,  music,  and  arithmetic,  and  another  monk  of  the 
same  name,  on  geometry  and  astronomy.  The  absence  of 
any  allusion  to  lectures  on  medicine  or  lav/  may  be  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  compiler  of  the  Liber  de  Hyda  was  a monk 
who,  as  such,  had  no  interest  in  either  of  these  branches  of 
study.  He  shows  himself  singularly  inaccurate  as  to  the 
history  of  Oxford  in  his  own  -century,  for  he  states  posi- 
tively that  the  University  had  its  abode  outside  the  North 
Gate  until  the  year  13.  4,  and  used  the  church  of  St.  Giles 

A-  as  its  formal  place  of  assembly.  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  241. 

Liberia  (11-be'ri-a).  A negro  republic  on  the 
western  coast  of  Africa,  extending  from  about 
6°  40'  W.  about  400  miles  along  the  coast  to  the 
northwest.  Capital,  Monrovia.  The  coast  is  low. 
Tropical  products  are  exported.  The  government  is  vested 
in  a president  and  a congress  comprising  a senate  and  a 
house  of  representatives.  Liberia  was  founded  by  free 
negroes  sent  by  the  American  Colonization  Society  in  1822, 
and  was  declared  independent  in  1847  Area,  estimated, 
40,000  Bquare  miles.  Population,  1,500,000  to  2,120,000. 

Liber  Pontificalis  (ll'ber pon-tif-i-ka'lis).  [L., 

‘ book  of  the  Pope.*’]  A work  containing  the 
lives  of  the  popes  from  St.  Peter  to  Stephen  VI. 
It  has  been  attributed  to  Anastasius  Bibliothecarius,  but 
without  ancient  authority. 

Liber  Studiorum  (ll'ber  stu-di-6'rum).  [L., 

‘ book  of  studies.’]  A volume  of  studies  by 
Turner,  the  English  landscape-painter.  He  pub- 
lished it  1806-16  with  a desire  to  rival  Claude’s  “ Liber 
Veritatis." 

Libertad  (le-ber-taTH'),  La.  A maritime  de- 
partment in  Peru.  Capital,  Trujillo.  The  old 
department  of  Libertad,  formed  in  1825  from  the  colonial 
intendency  of  Trujillo,  embraced  also  the  present  depart- 
ments of  Amazonas,  Cajamarca,  Lambayeque,  and  Piura, 
which  have  been  separated  from  it  at  different  times. 
Area,  18,765  square  miles.  Population,  over  150,000. 

Libertine,  The.  A tragedy  by  Tbomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1676.  It  is  professedly  derived  from 
“II  Atheisto  Fulminato,”  but  apparently  from  MolRre’s 
“Don  Juan.” 

Liberty  Bell,  The.  A famous  bell  cast  in  Lon- 
don in  1752.  It  bore  the  motto  “Proclaim  liberty 
throughout  the  land  unto  all  the  inhabitants  thereof.”  It 
was  afterward  recast  at  Philadelphia,  with  the  same  in- 
scription, and  it  was  rung  when  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence was  adopted  by  Congress.  It  is  now  in  Independence 
Hall  in  Philadelphia. 

Liberty  Enlightening  tbe  World.  A colossal 
figure  formed  of  plates  of  bronze  on  an  iron 
framework,  supported  on  a high  granite  pedes- 
tal, on  Bedloe’s  Island  in  New  York  Bay.  The 
figure  represents  a robustly  formed  woman,  fully  draped 
in  Greek  tunic  and  mantle,  and  diademed,  holding  a torch 
in  her  uplifted  right  hand.  The  height  of  the  statue  is 
151  feet;  of  the  pedestal,  155.  It  is  by  the  sculptor  Bar- 
tholdi, and  is  a gift  made  to  the  United  States  by  popular 
subscription  by  the  people  of  France.  The  pedestal  was 
designed  Ivy  Richard  M.  Hunt,  and  paid  for  by  popular  sub- 
scription in  the  United  States.  Thestatuewasinaugurated 
in  1886. 

Liberty  Party.  In  United  States  politics,  an 


Lichfield 

antislavery  party,  founded  1839-46.  it  opposed 
the  annexation  of  Texas,  and  nominated  James  G.  Birney 
for  President  of  the  United  States  in  1840,  and  again  in 
1844,  when  he  polled  62,263  votes.  This  vote  incidentally 
caused  the  defeat  of  Henry  Clay  and  the  election  of  James 
K.  Polk. 

Liberty  Tree,  Tbe.  An  elm-tree  formerly  stand- 
ing on  Washington  street,  Boston.  Effigies  of  ob- 
jectionable persons  were  hung  upon  it  during  the  Stamp 
Act  excitement.  A building  now  covers  its  site. 

Liber  Veritatis  (ver-i-ta'tis).  [L.,  ‘book  of 
truth.’]  A collection  of  original  drawings  by 
Claude  Lorraill.  There  are  six  copies  in  existence: 
one  is  at  Chatsworth,  England. 

Libitina  (lib-i-ti'na).  An  ancient  Italian  god- 
dess of  gardens,  vineyards,  and  voluptuous 
pleasures,  identified  with  Venus  as  “Venus  Libi- 
tina.” She  was  also  goddess  of  death  and  of  the  dead, 
and  in  this  aspect  was  later  identified  with  Proserpine.  A 
piece  of  money  was  deposited  in  her  temple  for  every  one 
who  died  in  Rome. 

Libius  Severus  (lib'i-us  se-ve'rus).  A Roman 
emperor,  a Lucanian  by  birth,  proclaimed  em- 
peror at  Ravenna  Nov.  19,  461.  He  died  at 
Rome,  Aug.  15,  465. 

Libollo.  See  Lubolo. 

Libourne  (le-born').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Isle  and  Dordogne,  18  miles  east-north- 
east of  Bordeaux.  It  exports  wine,  brandy,  etc. 
Population,  commune,  19,323. 

Libra  (li'bra).  [L.,  ‘the balance.’]  An  ancient 
zodiacal  constellation,  representing  an  ordi- 
nary pair  of  scales.  This  constellation  was  not  com- 
monly used  among  the  Greeks,  its  place  being  occupied 
by  the  Chelse,  or  Scorpion’s  Claws.  It  is  found,  however, 
in  all  the  Egyptian  zodiacs  going  back  to  600  B.  c. ; but 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  is  not  so  old  as  the  rest  of 
the  zodiac  (that  is,  2,000  years  or  more  B.  c.).  Its  principal 
stars,  K ilia  borealis  and  Kiffa  australis,  2.7  and  3.0  mag- 
nitudes respectively,  are  at  the  base  of  an  isosceles  triangle 
of  which  Antares  forms  the  vertex. 

Libreville  (lebr-vel').  The  capital  of  French 
Kongo,  about  32  miles  north  of  the  equator,  on 
the  Bay  of  G aboon.  It  consists  of  the  French  town, 
where  the  government  buildings,  the  hospital,  and  the 
Catholic  mission  attract  attention,  and  of  the  suburbs 
Glasstown  and  Baraka,  where  foreign  traders  reside  and 
American  Presbyterians  have  their  mission  station.  The 
nucleus  of  the  native  population  was  formed  by  a settle- 
. ment  of  liberated  slaves.  Population,  about  1,500. 
Librode  Tasa3  (ie'bro  data'sas).  [Sp.,  ‘book 
of  rules  ’ or  ‘ laws.’]  A code  of  laws  and  regu- 
lations compiled  under  the  direction  of  the 
viceroy  Toledo  for  the  government  of  Peru. 
They  were  promulgated  at  different  times,  the  first  instal- 
ment being  dated  Oct.  18,  1572.  The  Libro  de  Trasas  was 
founded  on  ancient  Spanish  legislation,  with  a wise  adap- 
tation to  the  customs  and  needs  of  the  Indians,  and  on 
rules  established  by  the  Council  of  the  Indies.  The  coun- 
try was  divided  into  corregimientos  (abolished  in  1784) ; 
the  duties  of  officers  were  defined ; and  it  was  directed 
that  the  Indians  should  be  governed  by  their  own  chiefs, 
subject  to  the  viceroy.  The  mitta,  or  forced  labor  of  the 
Indians,  was  confirmed  and  regulated.  These  rules  were 
the  basis  of  the  Peruvian  colonial  laws. 

Libro  d’Oro  (Ie'bro  do'ro).  [It., ‘book  of  gold.’] 
1 . A roll  or  register  of  the  noble  families  of  a 
state  or  province,  with  the  list  of  their  estates; 
an  institution  of  the  Italian  republics  of  the 
middle  ages,  the  most  famous  being  that  of  Ven- 
ice. Hence — 2.  By  extension  and  in  the  way 
of  allusion,  any  list  or  imaginary  list  of  titles  of 
honor,  or  the  like. 

Liburnia  (11-ber'ni-a).  [Gr.  A i/Sovpv!a.\  In  an- 
cient geography,  a country  in  Illyria,  along  the 
Adriatic,  corresponding  to  the  western  part  of 
modern  Croatia  and  northern  Dalmatia,  and 
neighboring  islands.  The  inhabitants  were 
celebrated  as  navigators  and  pirates. 

Libya  (lib'ia).  [Gr.  At/JD?.]  l.Jn  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a name  of  varying  signification,  denot- 
ing Africa,  or  Africa  excluding  Egypt,  or 
Africa  excluding  Egypt  and  Ethiopia. — 2.  The 
name  given  (1912)  to  the  Italian  province  in 
Africa  formed  from  Tripoli  and  Barca. 

Libyan  Desert.  In  ancient  times,  the  Sahara : 
now  restricted  to  its  eastern  portion. 

Libyan  languages.  See  Berbers  and  Samites. 
Libyan  Sea  (lib'ian  se).  In  ancient  geography, 
that  part  of  the  Mediterranean  which  extends 
from  Africa  proper  eastward  to  Egypt : the  Ro- 
man Libycum  Mare. 

Licata  (le-kii'ta),  or  Alicata  (a-le-ka'ta).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Girgenti,  Sicily.  It 
exports  6ulphur.  Population, commune, 22, 931. 
Lichfield  (Hch'feld).  [‘  The  field  of  the  dead.’] 
A city  in  Staffordshire,  England,  14  miles  north 
by  east  of  Birmingham.  The  cathedral  is  a large 
and  impressive  church,  mostly  of  the  13tli  and  14th  cen- 
turies. The  exterior  is  marked  by  its  three  lofty  spires, 
the  central  one  built  by  Wren.  The  west  front  is  Covered, 
except  the  space  taken  by  the  great  central  window,  with 
arcades  forming  niches  for  about  100  statues.  The  details 
of  the  ornament  are  of  great  beauty.  The  nave  has  a fine 


Lichfield 

triforium;  the  choir  has  none.  The  Lady  chapel  t erminates 
in  a polygonal  chevet,  said  to  be  the  only  example  of  this 
normal  Pointed  form  in  an  English  cathedral.  The  hand- 
some 16th-century  windows  were  brought  from  a convent 
near  Libge.  The  cathedral  measures  403  by  65  feet ; length 
of  transepts,  149;  height  of  vault,  60;  height  of  central 
spire,  260.  There  is  an  interesting  oblong  octagonal  chap- 
ter-house. Lichtield  was  the  birthplace  of  Samuel  John- 
son. It  was  made  a bishopric  about  656,  and  was  an  arch- 
bishopric for  a few  years  at  the  close  of  the  8th  century. 
It  was  besieged  by  the  Parliament  in  1643.  It  manufac- 
tures ale.  Population,  7,902. 

Lichtenberg  (licli'ten-berG).  A former  princi- 
pality of  Germany,  lying  between  the  Rhine 
Palatinate  and  Birkenfeld.  It  was  granted  to  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  in  1816;  was  made  a principality  in 
1819 ; was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1834 ; and  is  now  the  circle 
of  Sankt-Wendel,  Rhine  Province. 

Lichtenberg,  Georg  Christoph.  Born  at  Ober- 
ramstadt,  near  Darmstadt,  Germany,  July  1, 
1742:  died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  24,  1799.  A Ger- 
man physicist  and  satirist,  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottingen.  He  is  best  known  as  the  dis- 
coverer  of  the  electrical  figures  named  from  him.  His 
works  were  published  1800-05. 

Lichtenstein  (lich'ten-stin).  A town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony,  14  miles  west-southwest  of 
Chemnitz.  Population.7,504. 

Lichtenstein,  Martin  Heinrich  Karl.  Born 
at  Hamburg,  Jan.  10,  1780:  died  at  sea,  Sept.  3, 
1857.  A German  African  traveler  and  zoolo- 
gist, appointed  professor  of  zoology  at  Berlin 
in  1811.  He  lived  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1802-06. 
He  wrote  **  Reisen  im  sudlichen  Afrika”  (“Travels  in 
Southern  Africa,”  1810-11). 

Lichterfelde  (lich'ter-fel-de).  A village  6 miles 
southwest  of  Berlin.  It  has  a school  for  cadets. 
Licinia  gens  (11-sin 'i- a jenz).  A celebrated 
plebeian  clan  or  house,  of  uncertain  origin,  in 
ancient  Rome.  The  first  member  of  the  gens  who  ob- 
tained the  consulship  was  C.  Licinius  Calvus  Stolo,  364  B.  C. 
The  Licinii  almost  constant  ly  occupied  high  offices  of  state 
until  in  the4th  century  they  obtained  the  imperial  dignity. 
Their  family  names  are  Calvus  (with  the  agnomens  Esqui- 
Iinus  and  Stolo),  Crassus  (with  the  agnomen  Dives),  Geta, 
Lucullus,  Macer,  Murena,  Nerva,  Sacerdos,  Varus.  The 
following  cognomens  are  more  in  the  nature  of  personal 
surnames  than  family  names:  Arehias,  Ciecina,  Damasip- 
pus.  Imbrex,  Lartius,  Lenticulus,  Nepos,  Proculus,  Regu- 
lus,  Rufinus,  Squillus,  and  Tegula. 

Licinian  (li-sin'i-an)  Laws  or  Rogations.  A 

collection  of  laws  proposed  by  the  Roman  trib- 
unes Licinius  Stolo  and  Sextius  376  B.  C.,  and 
passed  367  after  a long  obstructive  contest.  They 
provided  that  one  of  the  consuls  must  be  a plebeian  ; that 
no  person' could  occupy  more  than  500  jugera  of  the  pub- 
lic land  ; that  interest  on  debts  should  be  deducted  from 
the  principal  and  the  balance  paid  in  three  years;  and 
that  plebeians  should  be  admitted  to  the  College  of  the 
Sibylline  Books.  There  were  provisions  limiting  the  cattle 
on  the  public  lands  and  limiting  the  slave  labor  on  large 
estates. 

Licinius  (ll-sin'i-us)  (Caius  Licinius  Calvus 

Stolo).  A Roman  tribune  who  proposed  the 
Licinian  Laws  (which  see). 

Licinius  (Caius  Flavius  Valerius  Licinia- 
nus).  BorninDacia:  killed  at  Thessalonica,  324 
A.  D.  A Roman  emperor.  He  was  made  Augustus 
by  Galerius  in  307.  In  313  he  married  Constantia,  sister 
of  Constantine  the  Great.  He  defeated  Maximinus  in  the 
same  year,  whereby  he  became  sole  ruler  of  the  East,  In 
314  he  became  involved  in  war  with  Constantine,  who  had 
made  himself  sole  ruler  of  the  West.  Peace  was  shortly 
concluded,  but  a new  war  begun  in  323  ended  in  his  defeat 
and  death. 

Licking  (lik'ing).  A river  in  Kentucky,  join- 
ing the  Ohio  at  Newport,  opposite  Cincinnati. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Lick  (lik)  Observatory.  An  observatory  found- 
ed and  endowed  by  James  Lick,  a wealthy  Cali- 
fornian (1796-1876),  and  transferred  to  the  re- 
gents of  the  University  of  California  in  1888. 
It  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  Mount  Hamilton  in  Santa 
Clara  County,  California,  east  of  San  Josd.  It  is  in  lat.  37° 
21'  8"  N.,  long.  121°  21'  40"  W.  It  contains  a refracting  tele- 
scope of  36-inch  aperture,  made  by  Alvan  Clark  and  Sons. 

Liddell  (lid'el),  Henry  George.  Born  1811: 
died  at  Ascot,  Berks,  Jan.  18,  1898.  An  English 
clergyman  and  classical  scholar,  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1855-92.  HepublishedwithR.  Scott 

a Greek  lexicon  (1843:  7th  ed.  1883),  and  wrote  a “His- 
tory of  Rome”  (1855),  etc. 

Liddesdale  (lid'ez-dal).  The  valley  of  the  Lid- 
del,  a small  tributary  of  the  Esk,  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, Scotland. 

Liddon  (lid'ou),  Henry  Parry.  Born  at  North 
Stoneham,  Hampshire,  Aug.  20,  1829 : died  at 
Weston-super-Mare,  Sept.  9, 1890.  An  English 
High-church  clergyman,  celebrated  as  a preach- 
er. He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church)  1850,  where 
he  identified  himself  with  the  Oxford  (High-church)  move- 
ment. In  1854  he  became  vice-principal  of  the  theological 
college  at  Cuddesdon  (resigning  in  1859),  and  in  1859  vice- 
principal of  St.  Edmund  s Hall,  Oxford.  In  1863  he  was 
appointed  select  preacher  to  the  university  (reappointed 
1870,  1877,  1884) ; in  1870  a canon  of  St.  Paul's,  where  he 
preached  with  great  effect ; and  in  1886  chancellor  of  St. 
Paul’s.  He  published  several  series  of  sermons  and  other 
religious  works. 


610 

Lidkoping  (lid'che-ping).  A town  in  the  laen 
of  Skaraborg,  Sweden,  situated  on  Lake  Wener 
70  miles  northeast  of  Gothenburg.  Population, 
6,660. 

Lie  (le),  Jonas Lauritz Edemil.  BornatDram- 
men,  Norway,  Nov.  6,  1833:  died  at  Bterum, 
near  Christiania,  July  5,  1908.  A Norwegian 
novelist.  He  entered  the  naval  academy  at  Frederiks- 
viern,  but  a year  later  was  forced  to  give  up  this  career 
because  of  near-sightedness.  Subsequently  he  studied 
jurisprudence  at  Christiania,  and  ultimately  Bettled  at 
Kongsviqger  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Here  he 
also  found  time  for  journalistic  work,  and  made  frequent 
contributions  to  journals  and  periodicals.  In  1864  ap- 
peared a first  collection  of  poems.  In  1865  he  removed  to 
Christiania  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  literature. 
His  first  novel,  "Den  Fremsynte"  (“The  Foreseer ”),  ap- 
peared in  1870.  With  government  assistance  he  now  spent 
a summer  in  travel  in  the  north,  the  fruit  of  which  was 
“Fortsellinger  og  Skildringer  fra  Norze”  (“Tales  and  De- 
scriptions of  Norway  ”),  and  then  was  enabled  to  undertake 
a journey  to  Rome.  His  next  novel,  “ Tremasteren  Frem- 
tiden  eller  Liv  nordpaa”  (“The  Bark  Future,  or  Life  up 
North,"  1872),  was  a description  of  Norse  life  at  sea,  the 
direction  in  which  he  made  his  particular  fame.  This 
was  followed  in  1874  by  his  most  widely  known  novel, 
“Lodsen  og  hans  Hustru”  (“The  Pilot  and  his  Wife”). 

• Results  of  his  Italian  journey  were  “Fanfulia,”  “Antonio 
Banniera,”  and  the  lyrical  drama  “Faustina  Strozzi”  (all 
from  1875).  “ Thomas  Ross  ” (1878)  and  “ Adam  Schrader  " 
(1879)  are  novels  of  city  life.  “Rutland"  (1881)  is  a sea 
story.  A three-act  comedy,  “ Grabows  Kat,”  was  success- 
fully produced  in  Christiania  and  Stockholm.  In  his  later 
years  he  lived  much  abroad  (alternately  in  Stuttgart, 
Berchtesgaden,  and  Dresden). 

Liebau  (le'bou).  A manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  54  miles  southwest 
of  Breslau.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Liebenstein  (le'ben-stin).  A watering-place  in 
Saxe-Meiningen,  in  the  Thuringian  Forest  12 
miles  south  of  Eisenach. 

Lieber  (le'ber),  Francis.  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
18, 1800:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  2, 1872.  A Ger- 
man-Ameriean  publicist.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the 
Prussian  authorities  in  1819  and  1824 ; removed  to  the 
United  States  in  1827 ; edited  the  “ Encyclopiedia  Ameri- 
cana” (1829-33) ; and  was  professor  of  history  and  political 
economy  in  South  Carolina  College  1835-56,  and  in  Columbia 
College  1857-72.  His  works  include  “ Manual  of  Political 
Ethics”  (1838),  “Legal  and  Political  Hermeneutics”  (1839), 
“Civil  Liberty  and  Self-Government"  (1853),  “Guerrilla 
Parties”  (1S62),  “Instructions  for  the  Government  of  the 
Armies  of  the  United  States  in  the  Field”  (1863),  etc. 

Lieber,  Oscar  Montgomery.  Born  at.  Boston, 
Sept.  8,  1830  : died  at  Richmond,  Va.,  June  27, 
1862.  An  American  geologist  and  chemist,  son 
of  Francis  Lieber. 

Lieberkiihn  (le'ber-kiin),  Johann  Nathanael. 
Born  1711:  died  at  Berlin,  1765.  A noted  Ger- 
man anatomist.  The  Lieberkuhnian  glands  were 
named  from  him. 

Liebig  (le'bia),  Baron  Justus  von.  Born  at 
Darmstadt,  May  12,1803:  died  at  Munich,  April 
18,  1873.  A celebrated  German  chemist,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  chemistry  at  Giessen  in 
1824,  and  at  Munich  in  1852.  He  established  at 
Giessen  a noted  laboratory  for  researches  in  organic  chem- 
istry and  the  application  of  chemistry  to  agriculture,  food, 
etc.  With  Poggendorlf  he  wrote  the  “Handworterbnch 
der  Chemie  ’ (“Dictionary  of  Chemistry,”  1837-64).  His 
works  include  “Handbuch  der  organischen  Chemie”  (in 
Geiger’s  “Handbuch  der  Pharmacie,”  1839),  “Die  orga- 
nische  Chemie  in  ihrer  Anwendung  auf  Agrikultur  ” (“  Or- 
ganic Chemistry  in  its  Application  to  Agriculture,”  1840), 

‘ ‘ Die  Tierchemie  Oder  oiganische  Chemie  in  ihrer  Anwen- 
dung auf  Physiologic  und  Pathologie  ” (“Animal  Chemistry 
or  Organic  Chemistry  in  its  Application  to  Physiology  anil 
Pathology,  ’’  1842),  “ Chemische  Briefe”(translated  into  Eng- 
lish as  “Familiar  Letters  on  Chemistry,"  1844),  “Grund- 
satze  der  Agrikulturchemie  ” (1855),  “Theorie  und  Praxis 
der  Landwirtlischaft  ” (1856),  “Naturwissenschaftliehe 
Brief e fiber  die  moderne  Landwirthschaft”  (1859),  etc. 

Liebknecht  (lep'knecht),  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Giessen,  Hesse,  March  29,  1826 : died  at  Ber- 
lin, Aug.  7,  1900.  A German  politician  and 
journalist.  He  took  part  in  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment in  Baden  in  1848,  and  lived  in  exile  in  Switzer- 
land and  England  from  1849  to  1862,  when  he  returned  to 
Germany.  He  joined  the  International  in  1864,  became 
the  leader  of  the  Verband  deutscher  Arbeitervereine  in 
1868,  and  was  elected  a member  of  the  Reichstag  by  the 
Social  Democrats  in  1874. 

Liechtenstein  (lech'ten-stin).  An  independent 
principality  of  Europe,  bounded  by  Vorarlberg 
on  the  east,  the  canton  of  Grisons  (Switzerland) 
on  the  south,  and  the  canton  of  St.-Gall  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Vaduz.  The  surface  is  generally  moun- 
tainous. The  government  is  vested  in  the  Prince  of  Liech- 
tenstein and  a Landtag ; they  are  under  Austrian  influence. 
The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  It  was  made  a principality 
in  1719,  and  belonged  to  the  German  Confederation  until 
1866.  Area,  65  square  miles.  Population,  9,477. 

Lieder  ohne  Worte  (le'der  o'ne  vor'te).  [G., 
‘ songs  without  words.’]  A series  of  pianoforte 
pieces  by  Mendelssohn,  six  books,  containing  six 
songs  each,  were  published  before  his  death,  and  two 
others  after  it. 

Liege  (lyazh),  G.  Liittich  (liit'tich),  D.  Luik 
(loik).  1 . A province  of  Belgium,  hounded  by 


Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the 

Limburg  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  north, 
Rhenish  Prussia  on  the  east,  Luxemburg  on  the 
south,  Namur  on  the  southwest,  and  Brabant  on 
the  west.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Walloons. 
Area,  1,117  square  miles.  Population,  826,- 
175. — 2.  [L.  Leodium .]  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Liege,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Ourthe  and  Meuse,  in  lat.  50°  39'  N.,  long.  5°  33' 
E.  It  is  the  center  of  an  important  mining  region  of  coal, 
iron,  etc. ; is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  firearms  ; and 
has  also  manufactures  of  engines,  zinc,  etc.  The  cathedral  is 
of  very  early  foundation,  but  the  existing  nave  was  rebuilt 
in  1528,  and  the  choir  in  1280.  The  dimensions  are  £76  by 
111  feet ; height  of  vaulting,  80.  St.  Jacques  ia  a late- 
Pointed  church  with  polygonal  chevet  and  radiating  chap- 
els, and  a fine  Romanesque  west  tower.  On  the  north  is 
a notable  Renaissance  portal  of  the  16th  century.  The  inte- 
rior is  very  rich,  with  intricately  carved  moldings  around  the 
arches,  color-decoration  on  the  vaulting, 16th-century  glass, 
and  a sculptured  stone  choir-screen.  The  dimensions  axe 
260  by  100  feet ; height  of  vaulting,  75.  The  state  univer- 
sity, founded  in  1817,  has  over  2,600  students.  The  Palais 
de  Justice  was  formerly  the  episcopal  palace.  Liege  was 
sacked  by  Charles  the  Bold  in  1467  and  1468,  and  was  often 
besieged  and  taken.  It  belonged  to  France  from  1794  to 
1814.  Population,  commune,  175,870. 

Li&ge,  Bishopric  of.  A former  bishopric  extend- 
ing northward  and  southwestward  of  the  city  of 
Liege.  It  belonged  to  the  Westphalian  circle  of  the  em- 
pire ; was  acquired  by  France  in  1794 ; passed  by  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  to  the  Netherlands;  and  in  1831  was  ceded 
to  Belgium. 

Liegnitz  (leg' nits).  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Liegnitz,  Silesia,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Schwarzwasser  and 
Katzbach,  in  lat.  51°  13'  N.,  long.  16°  9'  E.  its 
manufactures  are  extensive  and  varied,  and  it  has  a flour- 
ishing trade.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  principality  of 
Liegnitz  down  to  1675,  when  it  was  acquir  ed  by  Austria. 
It  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1742.  Near  it  was  fought  the 
battle  of  Katzbach  1813.  Population,  commune,  59,706. 

Liegnitz,  Battles  of.  1.  A battle  fought  at 
Wahlstatt,  near  Liegnitz,  April  9, 1241.  it  was 
a victory  for  the  Mongols  under  Batu  over  the  Germans 
and  Poles;  but  the  Mongol  advance  into  central  Europe 
was  checked,  and  the  contest  is  hence  regarded  as  one  of 
the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

2.  A victory  gained  near  Liegnitz,  Aug.  15, 
1760,  by  Frederick  the  Great  over  the  Austrians 
under  Laudon.  It  prevented  the  junction  of 
the  Austrians  and  Russians. 

Lierre  (le-ar'),  Flem.  Lier  (le'er).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Great  and  Little  Neethe,  10 
miles  southeast  of  Antwerp,  it  lias  silk  factories, 
and  the  Church  of  St.  Gomarius  is  noteworthy.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  25,612. 

Liestal  (les'tal).  The  capital  of  the  half-ea:  - 
ton  of  Basel-Laud,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
the  Ergolz  8 miles  southeast  of  Basel.  Popu- 
lation, 5,403. 

Lievens,  or  Livens  (le'vens),  or  Lievenz,  Jan. 

Boru  at  Leyden,  Oct.  24, 1607 : died  at  Antwerp 
about  1663.  A Dutch  painter  and  engraver. 
Li6vin  (lya-van').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  northern  Franee,  situated 
near  Lens.  Population,  commune,  22,070. 
Life  Let  US  Cherish.  [G.  Freuteucli  des  Lebens.  ] 
A favorite  German  song,  written  by  Martin  Us- 
teri .of  Zurich,  published  in  1796.  The  music  was 
written  by  Hans  Georg  Nageli  in  1793.  Grove. 
Life  of  Christ,  The.  A remarkable  series  of  six 
paintings  by  Rembrandt,  executed  about  1640 
for  the  Stallholder  of  the  Netherlands,  and  now 
in  the  Old  Pinakothek,  Munich.  The  finest  of  the 
series  is  the  “Entombment,”  whose  chief  group  is  thrown 
into  vigorous  relief  by  a ray  of  strong  light  amid  the  som- 
ber surroundings.  In  the  “ Nativity,”  the  Virgin  sits  be- 
side the  infant  Jesus,  who  lies  on  a bed  of  straw  before  the 
wondering  shepherds.  St.  Joseph  holds  a lamp,  from  which 
all  the  light  of  the  picture  proceeds. 

Liffey  (lif'i).  A river  iii  eastern  Ireland  which 
flows  into  Dublin  Bay  at  Dublin.  Length,  about 
50  miles. 

Ligarius  (li-ga'ri-us),  Quintus.  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A Roman  com- 
mander, an  adherent  of  Pompey,  defended  be- 
fore Caesar  by  Cicero. 

Liger  (li'jer),  or  Ligeris  (-is).  [Gr.  A elyt/p.] 
The  Latin  name  of  the  Loire. 

Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the.  A celebrated 
charge  made  by  the  Light  Brigade  of  670  men, 
under  Lord  Cardigan,  on  a Russian  battery  at 
Balaklava,  Oct.  25,  1854.  The  command  to  charge 
(about  which  there  has  been  much  dispute)  was  given  to 
Lord  Cardigan  by  Lord  Lucan,  in  pursuance  of  orders  is- 
sued by  Lord  Raglan.  There  was  a battery  in  front,  a bat- 
tery on  each  flank,  and  Russian  riflemen  on  both  sides. 
According  to  Cardigan's  account  (Kinglake),"  the  time  oc- 
cupied from  the  movement  of  the  brigade  to  the  attack  to 
the  time  of  re-forming  on  the  same  ground  did  not  exceed 
twenty  minutes  — the  distance  passed  over  was  one  mile 
aiidaquarter,  at  the  lowest  calculat  ion  — and  in  that  space 
of  time  300  men  who  had  gone  into  action  were  killed, 
wounded,  or  missing,  and  396  horses  were  put  horn  de  com- 
bat. Of  the  670  men  who  had  gone  into  action,  only  195 
were  mounted  when  the  brigade  re-formed  on  the  ground 


Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the  611  Lima  e Silva,  Luiz  Alves  de 

from  which  they  had  moved  off,  and  during  the  engage-  cient  geography,  that  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Lillibullero  (lil //  i-bu-le  ' ro),  or  Lilliburlero 
ment  24  officers  were  killed  or  wounded.  ” Tennyson’slyric  w]1jcj1  ijes  uear  Liguria.  (-ber-le'ro).  A political  song  satirizing  James 

on  the  charge  is  well  known.  T i TTnncr  Fhnnir  fie  hone-  chanff)  Born  about  II.  of  England,  who  had  made  an  unwelcome 

Lightfoot  (lit'fut),  John.  Born  at  Stoke-upon-  ,1qoo'|  fn„  m-0tonee  0f  Anhwei  - died  at  Peking  nomination  to  the  lord-lieutenancy  of  Ireland 
Trent,  England,  March  29,  1602 : died  at  Ely,  I , , ppjJpop  statesman’  It  was  written  by  Lord  Wharton  about  1686.  Itisclaimed 

rv,„  R An  ominnnt TTohrn.ist  and  rnhhini-  hi 01 . /,  iJOL.  A noted  Omnese  siai.sman,  that  the  music,  originally  a march  or  quickstep,  was  by 

Henry  Purcell,  but  it  is  also  said  to  have  been  known  in 


Dec.  6, 1675.  An  eminent  Hebraist  and  rabbini- 
cal scholar.  He  was  rector  successively  of  Stone  (Staf- 
ford), St.  Bartholomew’s  (London),  and  Great  Munden 
(Hertfordshire);  a member  of  tile  Westminster  Assembly ; 
and  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University  (1654).  He 
was  appointed  to  a prebend  at  Ely  in  1668.  His  chief  works 
are  “Horse  Hebraicse  et  Talmudicse  ’ (1658-74)  and  a “Har- 
mony of  the  Four  Evangelists,  etc."  (1644). 

Lightfoot,  Joseph  Barber.  Born  at  Liverpool, 
April  13,  1828 ; died  at  Bournemouth,  Dec.  21, 
1889.  An  English  prelate  and  scholar,  made 
bishop  of  Durham  in  1879.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1851,  became 
a fellow  of  Trinity  in  1852,  and  Hulsean  professor  of  divin- 
ity in  1861.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  a canon  of  St.  Panl’s. 
He  was  an  influential  member  of  the  committee  for  the 
revision  of  the  New  Testament.  He  published  commen- 
taries on  St.  Paul's  Epistles  to  the  Galatians  (1865),  the 
Philippines  (1868),  and  the  Colossians  and  Philemon  (1875), 
“A  Fresh  Revision  of  the  New  Testament”  (1871),  an  edi- 
tion of  Ignatius  and  Polycarp  (1885),  sermons,  addresses, 
etc. 

Light-Horse  Harry.  A surname  of  the  Ameri- 
can cavalry  commander  Henry  Lee. 
Lighthouse  of  San  Salvador,  The.  The  Izalco 
volcano,  in  the  republic  of  Salvador,  so  called 
because  the  light  of  its  almost  constant  erup- 


pr 

Nov.  7,  1901.  A noted  Chinese  statesman, 
known  as  “the  Bismarck  of  Asia.”  He  joined 
General  Gordon  in  opposing  the  T'ai-p’ing  rebellion  against 
Tatar  rule : they  were  successful,  both  receiving  the  yellow 
jacket  and  the  three-eyed  peacock's  feather,  the  highest 
orders  bestowed  by  the  emperors.  He  was  appointed 
governor-general  of  Chi-li  province  and  senior  grand  sec- 
retary of  state  in  1870,  remaining  the  intermediary  be- 


Ireland  in  the  first  quarter  of  the  17th  century.  The  son 
is  the  merest  doggerel,  but  contributed  a great  impetus 
to  the  revolution  of  1688.  The  whole  army  and  the  people 
sang  it  constantly.  The  taking  refrain  “ Lilliburlero 
bullen  a la"  was  specially  adapted  to  the  music  of  the 

j ... , „ , quickstep  with  which  the  soldiers  were  familiar. 

tween  China  and  the  world  at  large  until  the  beginning  of  t j-i l;—.. 4.  /inn  vui  t ) A ennutrv  mi  tho  clinro  nf 

the  war  with  Japan.  With  thefirst  reversesof  the  waroi  lilliiput  (JU  l-put).  A COlinuy  on  tne  Shore  01 
1894,  on  the  Chinese  side,  his  enemies  prevailed  upon  the  which  Uulliver  is  wrecked,  in  Swift  S hrulli- 
emperor  to  strip  him  of  his  highest  decorations,  and,  vei^S  Travels. The  inhabitants  (the  Lilliputians)  were 

he  was  obliged  to  share  the  command  of  the  army  with  go  sman  that  Gulliver  was  a giant  to  them. 

Prince  Kunf’were  superseded  in  command^/ the armyb.Y  Lilliput.  A play,  taken  from  ‘ Gulliver's  Trav- 
Liu-kun-yi,  an  enemy  of  Li.  But  at  the  close  of  the  war,  els,”  produced  by  Garrick  m Dec.,  1/56.  It  was 
afterineifectual  efforts  by  others,  Li  Hung  Chang  was  made  played  by  children  whom  he  trained  himself, 
the  high  commissioner  for  China,  with  absolute  powers, -r  .-ii  m . / = \ r<nr,rfTa  Born  near  Mnnrfiolds 

and  brought  about  an  agreement  for  peace  between  his  WUO  (^0^  Oeorgtb  Bom  near  Mooifaelds, 

country  and  Japan.  He  was  the  organizer  of  the  only  body 
of  modem  soldiers  China  employed,  the  founder  of  her  navy 
of  modern  ships,  the  builder  of  her  first  railway.  The  faults 
of  the  Chinese  army  for  which  he  was  degraded  early  in 
the  war  were  due  to  the  weakness  and  ignorance  of  the 
Tsung-li-yamen,  the  board  which  conducted  the  war,  and 
to  which  Li  was  subordinated.  He  was  prime  minister  of 
Chins  1895-98.  He  visited  Europe  and  the  United  States 
in  1896.  In  July, 1900,  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Chi-li, 
and  played  an  important  part  in  the  negotiations  which 
accompanied  and  followed  the  siege  of  the  legations.  He 
was  one  of  the  Chinese  peace  commissioners. 


Feb.  4, 1693:  died  at  London,  Sept.  3, 1739.  An 
English  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of  a Dutch  jew- 
eler (his  mother  was  English),  aud  was  bred  to  his  father's 
trade.  Hewrote  “ Sylvia,  ortheCountry  Burial,”  a ballad- 
opera  (acted  1730) ; “ The  Merchant,”  renamed  “ The  Lon- 
don Merchant,  or  the  History  of  George  Barnwell,”  and 
usually  called  “George  Barnwell  ” (acted  1731),  longa  suc- 
cessful play  ; “Britannia,  or  the  Royal  Lovers  "(acted  1734); 
“The  Christian  Hero”  (acted  1735);  “Fatal  Curiosity" 
(acted  1736) ; and  an  adaptation  of  an  old  play,  “ Arden  of 
Feversham,”  completed  after  Lillo’s  death  by  John  Hoad- 
ley  (acted  1759). 


IGrrht  nf  Asin  The  ^ Anoeui  by  Sir  Edwin  Ar- LilbTlrne  (lil'b6m),  John.  Born  at  Greenwich,  Lilly,  John.  See  Lyly. 

Ii?‘l«78  P England,  about  1614:  died  at  Eltham,  Aug.  29,  Lilly  (lil'i),  William.  Born  at  Diseworth, 


1657.  An  English  political  agitator  and  Puri- 
tan pamphleteer.  He  was  arrested  Dec.  11, 1637,  on  the 
charge  of  printing  unlicensed  books  (Prynne’s  and  others), 
whipped  and  pilloried,  and  imprisoned  until  released  at 
the  opening  of  the  Long  Parliament.  At  the  battle  of  Brent- 
ford he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  was  subsequently  tried  for 
treason,  but  was  exchanged  in  1643,  and  became  (1644)  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  dragoons.  He  was  several  times  im- 
prisoned and  fined  foi  scandalous  attacks  on  persons  of 
authority,  and  finally  tried  for  sedition.  Notwithstanding  T /lil'i)  William 
his  acquittal,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Tower,  thence  to  1 — ’’  -YV 

Elizabeth  Castle,  Guernsey,  and  from  there  to  Dover 
Castle  (Oct.,  1655)  He  became  a Quaker,  and  shortly  after 
that  Cromwell  released  him.  He  wrote  a large  number 
of  controversial  pamphlets. 


nold,  published  in  1878. 

Light  of  the  World,  The.  1.  An  oratorio  in 
two  parts  by  Sir  Arthui  Sullivan,  produced  in 
1873. — 2.  A poem  by  Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  pub- 
lished in  1890. — 3.  A noted  picture  by  Holman 
Hunt.  It  represents  the  Saviour  standing  at  night  be- 
fore a closed  door  with  a lighted  lantern  in  his  hand.  It  was 
presented  to  Keble  College,  Oxford, by  Mrs. Thomas  Combe. 

Ligne  (leny),  Prince  Charles  Joseph  de.  Born 
at  Brussels,  May  12, 1735:  died  at  Vienna,  Dec. 

13,  1814.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He  wrote 
‘ Melanges  militaires,  littoraires,  et  sentimentaires  ” (1795- 
1811)  “ CEuvres  posthumes”  (1817),  etc. 

Lionv  (len-ye').  ^A  village  in  the  province  of  Lilburne,  Robert.  Born  in  Durham,  1613:  died 
" ’ ' 25  miles  south-southeast  of  at  St.  Nicholas  Island,  1665.  An  English  “ regi- 

cide,” brother  of  J ohn  Lilburne.  He  was  an  officer 
(colonel  of  infantry)  in  the  Parliamentary  army  and  in 
Dec.,  1648,  was  appointed  oneof  Charles’s  judges,  and  signed 
his  death-warrant.  In  the  Scottish  campaigns  (1651)  he 
served  with  distinction,  aud  was  rewarded  by  Parliament. 
At  the  Restoration  he  was  tried  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  the  sentence  was  not  executed.  He  died  a prisoner. 
Lili.  See  Schonemann. 

Ligon  (lig'on),  Richard.  An  English  royalist  Lilienstein  (lei'  yen- stin).  Oneof  the  chief 
who,  having  lost  his  fortune,  emigrated  to  Bar-  heights  of  the  Saxon  Switzerland,  southeast  of 
hados  in  1647.  Soon  after  his  return  in  1650,  his  credi-  Dresden.  Height,  1,325  feet, 
tore  cast  him  into  prison,  where  he  died.  He  published  T rTU-1,  tvonoloWI  ‘ nicrhl  mon 

“A  True  and  Exact  History  of  Barbadoes”  (London,  1650),  Lilltll  (ill  ltn).  [Ueb.,  tianslateu  night  mon- 

which  is  the  best  of  the  early  works  on  that  island.  ster  ’ : usually  referred  to  the  Semitic  word  for 

Ligonier  (lig-o-ner'),  John  (Jean  Louis),  Earl  ‘ night.’]  A demon  that  dwells  in  deserted 


Lei- 


Narnur,  Belgium, 

Brussels.  A victory  was  gained  here  by  Napoleon  over 
the  Prussians  under  Bliicher  June  16, 1815.  Loss  of  the  Prus- 
sians, 12,000 ; of  the  French,  8,000. 

Ligny-en-Barrois  (len-ye 'on-ba-rwa').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Meuse,  France,  sit- 
uated 11  miles  southeast  of  Bar-le-Duc,  on  the 
Ornain.  Population,  commune,  5,488. 


Ligonier.  Born  at  Castres,  France,  Nov.  7, 1680 : 
died  April  28,  1770.  A distinguished  English 
soldier,  of  Huguenot  descent,  made  field-mar- 
shal and  Earl  Ligonier  of  Ripley,  Surrey,  in  1766. 
He  came  to  England  in  1697 ; entered  the  army  under  Marl- 


eestershire,  May  1, 1602 : died  at  Hersham,  June 
9, 1681.  A noted  English  astrologer  and  prophet. 
He  was  the  author  of  a series  of  almanacs  (1644-80,  yearly), 
of  many  prophetic  pamphlets,  of  the  “ Christian  Aeti  ology  " 

S,  long  an  authority  on  the  art  (reprinted  as  an  “ Intro- 
on  to  Astrology,”  1852),  of  the  “True  History  of  King 
James  I.  and  King  Charles  I.”  (1651),  and  of  “The  History 
of  Lilly’s  Life  and  Times”  (1715),  an  autobiography.  He 
resided  in  London  1620-66,  and  after  that  at  Hersham. 

Born  at  Odiham,  Hamp- 
shire, England,  about  1468:  died  at  London, 
1522.  A noted  English  grammarian,  a friend  of 
Colet,  Erasmus,  and  More,  and  one  of  the  first 
teachers  of  Greek  in  England.  He  studied  the  class- 
ics  in  Italy  under  Sulpicius  and  Pomponius  Lretus,  ana  in 
1512  was  appointed  high  master  of  Colet’s  school  in  St. 
Paul's  Churchyard.  He  contributed  a Latin  syntax  (“Grain- 
matices  Rudimenta  ”)  to  the  “ Jiditio  ” of  Colet  (1509  ?),  aud, 
with  the  aid  of  Erasmus,  wrote  a syntax  (“Absolutissimus 
de  octo  orationis  partium  constructione  ”),  published  in 
1513.  The  two  (“,-T-Mitio"  and  “Absolutissimus")  were 
revised  and  combined  as  a Latin  grammar  (1540),  entitled 
“Institutio  compendiaria  totius grammaticse,  etc., "which 
was  again  issued,  in  altered  form,  in  1574,  under  the  title 
“A  Short  Introduction  of  Grammar,  etc.”  In  this  form  it 
was  used  and  quoted  by  Shakspere.  It  was  the  national 
Latin  grammar,  and  continued  in  popular  use  in  various 
editions  for  many  years. 

Lilybaeum  (lil-i-be'um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  near  the  promontory  of  Lilybseum  (at  the 
western  extremity  of  Sicily:  now  Cape  Boeo), 
founded  by  Carthage:  the  modern  Marsala 
(which  see).  It  was  besieged  and  finally  taken 
bv  the  Romans  250-241  B.  c. 


places,  mentioned  in  Isa.  xxxiv.  14 : in  rabbin- 
ical literature  depicted  as  a female  roaming  in 

the  night,  and  especially  dangerous  to  children  Lily  Maid  of  Astolat.  The  name  given  to 
and  to  women  in  childbirth.  The  demon  is  proba-  Elaine  in  the  story  of  Sir  Lancelot. 

_ . ....  Ky  £ f.i;eS'lentIy  !“  Lily  of  the  Valley,  The.  See  Ly.s  dans  la  Val- 

borough  in  1702,  and  took  part  in  all  the  military  events  the  incantations.  The  Talmudists  say  that  the  name  of  , - t 

till  1710 ; was  appointed  governor  of  Fort  St.  Philip,  Mi-  Adam  s first  wife  was  Lilith.  . ’ ' A-,  ..-.  mu.  Pi  rn  and  of  the 

norca;  became  brigadier-general  and  major-general  in  Lililiokalani  (le-le-WO-kii-la'ne).  Born  Sept.  2,  Lima  (le  ma).  the  capital  Ot  e ,a  ft  ' 
1739;  commanded  the  English  infantry  at  the  battle  of  ]838.  Th(,  ex-queen  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands:  department  of  Lima,  situated  in  lat.  1-  2 Jm, 

sister  of  King  Kalaka.ua.  She  married  an  American, 

John  O.  Dominis,  who  was  governor  of  Oahu.  He  died  in 
1891,  and  in  the  same  year,  on  the  death  of  the  king,  she 
ascended  the  throne.  In  1893  she  was  deposed.  (See 
Hawaiian  Inlands.)  Her  heiress  presumptive  was  her 
niece,  daughter  of  her  younger  sister  and  A.  S.  Cleghorn, 
governor  of  Oahu  after  the  death  of  Dominis. 


Fontenoy,  May  11,  1745;  and  was  commander-in-chief  of 
the  British  forces  at  the  battle  of  Raucoux,  Oct.  11,  1746. 
He  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Lawfeld,  July  2, 
1747. 

Liguori  (le-gwo're),  Alfonso  Maria  de’.  Born 
at  Marianella,  near  Naples,  Sept  26, 1696:  died 
at  Noeera  dei  Pagani,  Italy,  Aug.  1,  1787.  An 


Italian  theologian,  founder  of  the  order  of  the  Lille  (lei);  formerly  L’lsle  (lei),  Flem.  Ryssel 
n-j 1,700  A~~  'u:  1 (ris'sel).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 


Redemptorists  in  1732.  Among  his  works  are 
“Theologia  moralis”  (1755),  “Homo  apostoli- 
cus”  (1782),  etc. 

Liguria  (li-gu'ri-a).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
country  of  the  Ligurians,  in  northwestern  Italy 
and  southeastern  France.  At  the  time  of  Augustus 
it  was  included  between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  rivers 
Var , Po,  Trebbia,  and  Magra.  Originally  it  extended  be- 
yond these  limits.  It  was  at  war  with  Rome  from  about 
200  B.  C.  to  about  120  B.  0. ; and  waa  finally  subjugated  14 
B.  a 


long.  77°  7'  W.,  7 miles  east  of  its  seaport  Cal- 
lao. It  is  the  leading  commercial  center  of  Peru.  The 
cathedral  is  alarge  building  in  a style  based  on  the  Renais- 
sance. Tlie  university,  chartered  by  Charles  V.  in  1551,  is 
the  oldest  in  America.  Lima  was  founded  by  Pizarro  in 
1535 ; has  been  often  visited  by  earthquakes,  most  disas- 
trously Oct.  28,  1746 ; has  been  the  scene  of  frequent  in- 
surrections ; was  entered  by  the  army  of  San  Martin  1821 ; 
and  was  occupied  bv  the  Chileans  from  Jan.  17,  1881,  to 
Oct.  21,  1883.  Population,  140,884. 

Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Deule  in  lat.  Lima  (li'ma).  A city  and  the  capital  of  Allen 
50°  38' N.,  long  3°  2'  E.  It  is  an  important  fortress;  County,  western  Ohio,  84  miles  northwest  of 
is  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  France,  and  a great  manufac-  Columbus  : noted  as  the  center  of  a petroleum 
turing  center  ; has  grown  largely  in  late  years  ; and  has  ■ Bonn  Inti  on  30  508  (1910) 

manufactures  of  woolen  cotton,  and  linen  goods,  thread,  region.  Population,  ou,ooo,  ( iviv). 

sugar,  mafchinery,  etc.  Lille  was  fortified  by  Baldwin  IV.  Lima  (le'rnii),  Audience  of.  The  supreme  Court 
of  Flanders  (about  1030)  ; passed  to  Burgundy,  and  later  to  of  peru  (l,lri  n tr  the  colonial  period.  It  was  estab- 
the  B ouse  of  Hapsburg ; was  taken  by  Louis  XI V in  1667 ; jn  J544,  and  originally  there  was  no  appeal  from  its 


was  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  in  1708,  but  restored 
to  France  in  1713 ; and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
Austrians  in  1792.  Population,  commune,  205,602. 


Liguria  (It.  pron.  le-go're-a).  Acompartimento  Lillebonne  (lel-bon').  A town  in  the  depart- 
of  modern  Italy,  comprising  the  provinces  of  ment  of  Seine-Inf  erieure,  France,  on  the  Bolbec 
Genoa  and  Porto  Maurizio.  19  miles  east  of  Havre:  the  Roman  Juliobana. 

Ligurian  (li-gfi'ri-an)  Alps.  That  part  of  the  It  contains  a ruined  medieval  castle  and  Roman  antiqui- 
Alps  in  northwestern  Italy  which  extends  from  tie3>  including  a theater  which  is  the  best-preserved  ex- 
tho  fiol  rli  Ginvi  to  tho  Gol  rli  Ten /in  amPle  *>  f:lr  nolUl-  Population,  commune,  6,180. 


That  part  of' the  Apen-  Lillehammer  (lil'le-ham-mer).  A small  town 
rom  the  Ligurian  Alps  m southern  Norway,  situated  on  Lake  Mjosen. 


the  Col  di  Giovi  to  the  Col  di  Tenda. 

Ligurian  Apennines. 

nines  which  extends  fr 0 

to  the  borders  of  Tuscany.  Liliers  (le-lar').  A town  in  the  department  of 

Ligurian  Republic.  The  name  assumed  by  the  Pas-de-Calais,  northern  France,  23  miles  north- 
republic  of  Genoa,  formed  on  the  model  of  west  of  Arras.  It  is  said  to  have  contained 
France,  in  1797.  It  was  annexed  to  France  1805.  Ibe  earliest  artesian  well. 

Ligurian  Sea.  [L.  Ugusticum  Mare.]  In  an-  mune,  7,993. 


decisions  except  in  civil  cases  involving  more  than  10,000 
pesos  de  oro:  later  its  powers  were  somewhat  restricted. 
The  audiences  of  Chile,  Charcas,  etc.,  were  subordinate  to 
it.  The  viceroy  was  ex-officio  president  of  the  audience; 
in  case  of  a vacancy  in  bis  office  one  of  the  auditors  became 
president,  and  acted  ad  interim  as  viceroy. 

Lima  e Silva  (le'ma  e sel'va).  Francisco  de. 

Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  July  5, 1785 : died  there, 
Dec.  2,  1853.  A Brazilian  general  and  states- 
man. In  1824  he  suppressed  the  revolt  at  Pernambuco. 
After  the  abdication  of  Pedro  I.  (April  6,  1831)  he  was  a 
member  of  the  temporary  regency,  and,  by  the  death  of  one 
of  his  colleagues  and  the  retirement  of  the  other,  remained 
the  sole  ruler  until  Oct.  12,  1835.  Soon  after  this  he  was 
elected  senator. 

Population,  com-  Lima  e Silva,  Luiz  Alves  de,  Baron,  Count, 
Marquis,  and,  from  March  23,  1869,  Duko  of 


Lima  e Silva,  Luiz  Alves  de 

Caxias.  Born  at  Bio  de  Janeiro,  Aug.  25,1803: 
died  near  that  city,  May  7, 1880.  A Brazilian  sol- 
dier and  statesman,  son  of  Francisco  de  Lima  e 
Silva.  Aspresidentof  Maranhao(Feb.,  1840,  to  May,  1841), 
Sao  Paulo  (May,  1842,  to  Dec.,  1*42),  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul 
(Dec.,  1842,  to  Oct.,  1846),  he  crushed  rebellions  in  all  those 
provinces.  In  1851-62  he  commanded  the  Brazilian  army 
which,  in  alliance  with  Urquiza,  drove  the  dictator  Rosas 
from  Buenos  Ayres.  A conservative,  he  was  senator  from 
1866;  minister  of  war  June,  1855;  and,  by  the  death  of 
the  Marquis  of  Parand,  premier  Sept.  3,  1856,  to  May  3, 
1857,  and  again  March  3, 1861,  to  May  4, 1862.  From  Oct., 
1866,  to  Feb.,  1869  he  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bra- 
zilian forces  in  Paraguay,  and  during  a portion  of  the  time 
commanded  the  Argentine  forces  also.  This  period  was 
marked  by  the  great  successes  of  the  war,  including  the  oc- 
cupation of  Humaitd,  July,  1868,  and  of  Asuncion,  Jan.  5, 
1869.  He  was  for  a third  time  premier  June  25,  1875,  to 
Jau.  1,  1878;  attained  the  military  rank  of  marshal  Dec., 
1862;  and  was  the  only  duke  created  during  the  empire. 

Limagne  (le-many').  A fertile  district  in  the 
basin  of  the  Allier,  Auvergne,  France,  forming 
part  of  the  department  of  Ptiy-de-Dome. 
Limasol,  or  Limassol  (le-ma-sol').  A seaport 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Cyprus,  situated  in  lat. 
34°  40' N.,  long.  33°  3' E.  It  exports  wine.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,044. 

Limbach  (lim'b&ch),  A town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  8 miles  west-northwest  of  Chem- 
nitz. It  manufactures  stockings,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  13,723. 

Limberham,  or  The  Kind  Keeper.  A play  by 
Dryden,  produced  in  1678.  The  character  of  Lim- 
berham is  said  to  be  a satire  of  the  Duke  of  Lauderdale, 
but  there  were  also  features  of  Shaftesbury  in  it. 

Limborch  (lim'boreh),  Philippus  van.  Born 
at  Amsterdam,  June  19, 1633:  died  there,  April 
30, 1712.  A Dutch  Arminian  theologian,  pastor 
and  later  (1668)  professor  in  the  College  of  the 
Bemonstrants  in  Amsterdam.  He  was  a friend 
of  Locke,  who  addressed  to  him  his  ‘‘Epistola 
de  tolerantia.” 

Limburg  (lan-bor').  A province  of  Belgium, 
bounded  by  the  Netherlands  on  the  north  and 
east.  Capital,  Hasselt.  Area,  931  square  miles. 
Population,  240,796. 

Limburg  (lim'borG).  A province  of  the  Nether- 
lands, bordering  on  Prussia  and  Belgium. 
Capital,  Maestricht.  Area,  850  square  miles. 
Population,  334,586. 

Limburg.  A former  duchy,  corresponding  to 
the  two  provinces  defined  above,  it  passed  to  Bra- 
bant in  128S ; was  divided  between  Spain  and  the  Nether- 
lands in  1648;  was  under  French  rule  from  1794  to  1814  ; 
was  allotted  to  the  Netherlands  in  1814-15 ; joined  Belgium 
in  1830 ; and  in  1839  was  divided  between  Belgium  and  the 
Netherlands. 

Limburg.  A town  in  the  province  of  Li&ge,  Bel- 
gium, on  the  Vesdre  17  miles  east  of  Li^ge.  it 
was  the  former  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Limburg.  Near  it, 
at  Herve,  the  Limburger  cheese  is  manufactured. 
Limburg-on-the-Lahn  (lim'boro-on-THe-lan'). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Lahn  21  miles  east  of  Co- 
blenz: noted  for  its  cathedral  (13th  century), 
and  for  the  ‘ 1 Limburg  Chronicle,”  which  records 
its  history. 

Limburg-on-the-Lenne  (-len').  S eeSohenlim- 
burg. 

Limerick  (lim'e-rik).  1.  A county  in  Munster, 
Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Clare  (separated  by  the  Shan- 
non)aud  Tipperary  on  the  north,  Tipperary  on  the  east,  Cork 
on  the  south,  and  Kerry  on  the  west  The  soil  is  fertile, 
especially  near  the  Shannon  and  in  the  “ Golden  Vale/' 
Area,  1,064  eq.  m.  Pop.  (inch  co.  borough),  146,098. 

2.  The  capital  of  County  Limerick,  situated  on 
the  Shannon  in  lat.  52°  40'  N.,  long.  8°  37'  W. 
It  consists  of  English  Town  (on  an  island),  Irish  Town,  and 
Newtown  Perry,  and  is  an  important  river  port.  The  cathe- 
dral was  founded  in  the  12th  century,  but  modified  through 
the  later  middle  ages.  It  has  no  transepts,  and  possesses  a 
fine  tower  over  the  west  end.  The  exterior  is  battlemented. 
The  nave  has  Early  English  arches,  hut  rouud  arches  in 
the  triforium  ; the  choir  has  a square  chevet  with  a win- 
dowof  early- Pointed  type.  The  aisleshave  been  encroached 
upon  to  form  an  extensive  series  of  chapels.  Limerick  was 
a Danisli  town  in  the  9tli,  10th,  and  11th  centuries ; was  con- 
quered by  the  English  iu  1174  ; was  taken  by  the  English 
under  Ireton  in  1651 ; was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  Wil- 
liam III.  1690 ; and  wa9  the  last  Jacobite  stronghold,  sur- 
rendering to  the  English  Oct.  3,  1691.  It  was  known  as 
“ the  City  of  the  Violated  Treaty  ” (see  below).  Popula- 
tion, 38,151. 

Limerick,  Treaty  of,  or  Pacification  of.  A 

treaty  concluded  between  the  English  com- 
mander Ginkel  and  the  Irish  commander  Sars- 
field,  Oct.,  1691,  granting  amnesty,  liberty,  and 
other  privileges  to  the  Irish  Catholics,  and  per- 
mission to  volunteer  in  the  French  service.  The 
Irish  Parliament,  however,  insisted  on  its  being 
virtually  ignored. 

Limfjord  (lim'fydrd).  A sea  passage  cutting  off 
the  northern  portion  of  Jutland,  Denmark,  from 
the  main  division.  Length,  about  100  miles. 
Limmat  (lim'mat).  A river  in  northern  Swit- 
zerland which  flows  through  the  Lake  of  Zurich 


612 

and  joins  the  Aar  near  Brugg  (Aargau).  It  is 
called  the  Linth  in  its  upper  course.  Total 
length,  about  80  miles. 

Limnse  (lirn'ne).  [L.,  from  Gr.,‘the  marshes.’] 
A region  in  ancient  Athens,  important  as  the 
seat  of  the  earliest  cult  of  Bacchus  and  the  first 
rudimentary  dramatic  performances  in  Athens, 
and  also  important  from  the  standpoint  of  to- 
pography. It  has  long  been  placed  on  the  maps  to  the 
south  of  the  Acropolis  and  the  Dionysiac  theater ; but  Dorp- 
feld  has  adduced  reasons  which  may  be  accepted  as  con- 
clusive for  shifting  it  far  to  the  northwest,  so  that  it  em- 
braces the  neighborhood  of  the  Dipylon  gate. 

Limoges  (le-mozh').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Vienne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Vienne  in  lat.  45°  50'  N.,  long.  1°  16'  E. : the 
Boman  Augustoritum.  its  porcelain  manufactures 
are  celebrated,  and  there  are  also  manufactures  of  textiles 
and  shoes.  Kaolin  is  exported.  The  cathedral  was  begun 
in  the  13th  century,  but  the  nave  was  only  partly  com- 
pleted by  the  16th ; the  remainder  has  lately  been  added. 
The  interior  is  high  and  imposing.  It  possesses,  though 
displaced,  a remarkable  rood-loft  of  1533,  covered  with 
sculptures.  Limoges  was  the  capital  of  the  Lemovices,  and 
was  a flourishing  Roman  city.  It  consisted  of  two  towns 
in  the  middle  ages.  It  suffered  in  the  English  and  Hugue- 
not wars ; was  sacked  by  the  Black  Prince  in  1370 ; was  the 
former  capital  of  Limousin  ; and  suffered  from  plague  and 
fires.  It  was  a center  of  the  enameling  industry  from  the 
12th  to  the  16th  century.  Population,  commune,  88,697. 

Limousin  (le-mo-zan').  An  ancient  government 
of  France.  Capital,  Limoges,  it  was  bounded  by 
Marche  on  the  north,  Auvergne  on  the  east,  and  Guienue 
on  the  south  and  west,  corresponding  generally  to  the 
department  of  Com  ze  and  a large  part  of  Haute-Vienne. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Lemovices.  It  passed 
with  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine  to  Henry  II.  (of  England),  a cen- 
tury later  to  Brittany,  and  in  the  15th  century  to  the  house 
of  Albret.  Henry  IV.  united  it  with  the  French  crown. 

Limousin,  Leonard.  Born  at  Limoges  about 
1505:  died  before  Feb.  10,  1577.  A French 
painter,  enameler,  and  engraver,  the  greatest 
of  the  enamelers  of  Limoges.  His  portraits  are  es- 
pecially celebrated.  At  the  commencement  of  his  work 
Leonard  copied  the  engravers  very  closely.  His  oldest 
known  work  (1532)  is  a copy  of  an  engraving  from  Albrecht 
Diirer.  The  latest  date  given  for  his  enamels  is  1574. 

Limoux  (le-mo').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Aiule,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  Aude 
13  miles  south-southwest  of  Carcassonne.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  7,223. 

Limp,  Sir  Luke.  The  principal  character  in 
Foote’s  play  of  “ The  Lame  Lover,”  played  by 
himself. 

Limpopo  (lim-po'po).  A river  in  southern  Af- 
rica, forming  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  Transvaal,  and  flowing  into  the  Indian 
Ocean  near  lat.  25°  S.  Length,  estimated, 
about  900  miles.  Also  called  Bempe,  Croco- 
dile River,  Ouri,  Inhampura,  etc. 

Linacre  (lin'a-ker),  Thomas.  Born  probably 
at  Canterbury,  England,  about  1460:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  20,  1524.  A noted  English  physi- 
cian and  classical  scholar,  the  projector  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
in  London,  and  the  founder  of  lectureships  at 
Oxford  and  Cambridge.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxford,  in  1484,  and  traveled  and  studied  in 
Italy,  taking  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Padua.  He  returned  to 
Oxford,  and  had  among  his  pupils  in  Greek  More  and  Eras- 
mus. Soon  after  Henry  VIII.  came  to  the  throne,  Linacre 
was  appointed  one  of  his  physicians,  and  thereafter  lived 
chiefly  in  London.  He  received  priest's  orders  in  1520. 
He  published  grammatical  works  and  translations,  espe- 
cially of  Galen,  from  Greek  into  Latin. 

Linares  (le-na'res).  1.  An  interior  province  of 
Chile.  Area,  3,941  square  miles.  Population, 
109,363. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Linares,  situated  90  miles  northeast  of  Concep- 
cion. Population,  11,122. 

Linares.  A town  in  the  province  of  Jaen, 
southern  Spain,  29  miles  north-nortbeast  of 
Jaen:  probably  the  ancient  Silpia.  It  is  the 
center  of  a copper-  and  lead-mining  region. 
Population,  38,245. 

Linares  (le-na'res),  Jose  Maria.  Born  at  Po- 
tosi,  July  10,  1810  : died  at  Valparaiso,  Chile, 
1861.  A Bolivian  statesman.  He  was  minister  of 
the  interior  under  Santa  Cruz ; president  of  the  sena  te  and 
acting  president  of  the  republic  1848 ; and  in  1857  was 
elected  president.  His  rule  was  progressive,  but  he  was 
deposed  by  a revolution  Jan.,  1861. 

Lincei  (lin-eha'e).  The.  [‘Lynxes.’]  An  Italian 
academy,  founded  in  the  latter  part  of  the  16th 
century  by  Frederic  Cesi,  the  son  of  the  Duke 
of  Acqua  Sparta.  Its  special  object  was  the  study  of 
physical  science,  and  its  members  called  themselves  the 
Lynxes  from  their  desire  to  pierce  into  the  depths  of  truth. 
Porta,  Galileo,  Colonna,  and  others  were  members. 

Lincoln  (ling'kon).  A maritime  county  of  Eng- 
land, next  to  Yorkshire  the  largest  in  the  coun- 
try. It  is  bounded  by  Yorkshire  (separated  by  the  Hum- 
ber) on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  Norfolk  on 
the  southeast,  Cambridge  and  Northampton  on  the  south, 
Rutland  on  the  southwest,  Leicester  and  Notts  on  the  west, 
and  Yorkshire  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level.  It  is  partly  occupied  by  the  Fens  (drained 


Lincoln,  Fair  of 

in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries) ; is  an  important  agricul- 
tural county ; and  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  Its  parish 
churches.  It  formed  part  of  ancient  Mercia,  later  of  the 
Danelagh.  Area  (ad.  co.),  2,640  square  miles.  Population 
(pari,  co.),  498,868. 

Lincoln.  The  capital  of  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Witham  in  lat.  53°  14' 
N.,  long.  0°  33'  W.:  the  Boman  Lindum  Colo- 
nia,  or  simply  Lindum.  The  cathedral  is  a grand 
building,  founded  iu  the  11th  century,  but  rebuilt  in  the 
end  of  the  12th  and  the  first  half  of  the  13th.  The  exte- 
rior is  characterized  by  its  3 square  towers  — the  central 
tower  262  feet  high,  and  the  2 of  the  west  front  200  feet 
high.  The  west  front  has  3 great  arches  corresponding 
to  the  nave  and  aisles,  around  which  and  in  front  of  the 
towers  is  built  a wide  arcaded  screen  flanked  by  turrets. 
The  gable  between  the  towers  is  very  richly  ornamented. 
The  portals  are  Norman.  The  squar  e east  end  and  the  lat- 
eral elevations,  with  their  double  transepts,  are  of  beau- 
tiful Early  English.  The  imposing  interior  is  for  the  most 
part  Early  English.  The  choir,  inclosed  by  a Decorated 
screen,  is  Early  English  except  the  5 easternmost  bays  (fin- 
ished 1280),  which  constitute  the  celebrated  Angel  Choir, 
so  called  from  its  sculptured  figures  of  angels.  The  stalls 
are  of  the  14th  century.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral 
are  480  by  80  feet ; length  of  western  transepts,  220  feet ; 
height  of  vaulting,  82.  The  cloister  and  chapter-house  are 
of  the  13th  century.  The  city  contains  many  medieval 
buildings  of  interest.  It  has  some  trade  and  manufac- 
tures agricultural  implements.  It  was  important  in  the 
Roman  and  Saxon  periods,  and  was  a chief  town  of  the 
Danelagh.  Stephen  captured  its  castle,  and  was  defeated 
near  it  by  partizans  of  Matilda  in  1141.  The  castle  was 
taken  by  the  barons  in  1216,  and  by  the  Parliamentarians 
in  1644.  Population,  57,294,  (1911). 

Lincoln.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Logan  Coun- 
ty, central  Illinois,  28  miles  northeast  of  Spring- 
field.  It  is  the  seat  of  Lincoln  University  (Cum- 
berland Presbyterian).  Pop.,  10,892,  (1910). 
Lincoln.  The  capital  of  Nebraska  and  of  Lan- 
caster County,  situated  on  Salt  Creek,  lat.  40° 
49'  N.?  long.  96°  46'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
university  ; is  a railroad  center ; and  has  a trade  in  grain 
and  cattle.  It  was  settled  in  1867.  Population,  43,973, 
(1910). 

Lincoln,  Abraham.  Born  in  Hardin  County, 
Ky.,  Feb.  12,  1809  : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
April  15,  1865.  The  sixteenth  President  of 
the  United  States.  He  was  descended  from  a Quaker 
family,  of  English  origin,  residing  in  the  middle  of  the 
18th  century  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.  His  grand- 
father emigrated  from  Virginia  to  Kentucky  about  1780. 
His  father,  Thomas  Lincoln,  settled  with  his  family 
in  Indiana  in  1816,  and  in  Illinois  in  1830.  His  mother  was 
Nancy  Hanks,  Thomas  Lincoln's  first  wife.  He  left  his 
father’s  home  soon  after  settling  in  Illinois,  and  after  fol- 
lowing various  occupations,  including  those  of  a farm  la- 
borer, a salesman,  a merchant,  and  a surveyor,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1836,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  at 
Springfield  in  1837.  He  served  first  as  a captain  and  after- 
ward as  a private  in  the  Black  Hawk  war  in  1832  ; was  a 
Whig  member  of  the  Illinois  State  legislature  1834-42 ; 
and  was  a Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1S47- 
1849.  In  1858,  as  Republican  candidate  for  United  States 
senator,  he  held  a series  of  joint  discussions  throughout 
Illinois  with  the  Democratic  candidate,  Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las, in  which  he  took  a pronounced  stand  against  the  in- 
stitution of  slavery.  This  debate  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  country,  and  in  1860  he  was  nominated  as  candidate 
for  President  by  the  Republican  party.  The  disunion  of 
the  Democratic  party  secured  for  him  an  easy  victor}’. 
He  received  180  electoral  votes  against  72  for  John  C. 
Breckenridge,  candidate  of  the  Southern  Democrats;  39  for 
John  Bell,  candidate  of  the  Constitutional  Union  party; 
and  12  for  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  candidate  of  the  Northern 
Democrats ; and  was  inaugurated  on  March  4,  1861.  His 
election  was  the  signal  for  the  secession,  one  after  ano- 
ther, of  the  slave  States  of  the  South,  and  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Confederate  States  (which  see).  Hostilities  be- 
gan with  an  attack  by  the  Secessionists  of  South  Carolina 
on  the  Federal  troops  at  Fort  Sumter,  April  12, 1861.  The 
fort  surrendered  on  the  13th.  On  the  15th  a call  was  is- 
sued by  the  President  for  75,000  volunteers,  and  the  con- 
trol of  events  passed  from  the  cabinet  to  the  camp.  (See 
Civil  War.)  He  proclaimed  a blockade  of  the  Southern 
ports  April  19,  1861 ; and  Sept.  22,  1862,  issued  a procla- 
mation emancipating  all  slaves  in  States  or  parts  of  States 
which  should  be  in  rebellion  on  Jan.  1,  1863.  He  was  re- 
elected president  by  the  Republican  party  in  1864,  receiv- 
ing 212  electoral  votes  against  21  for  George  B.  McClellan, 
candidate  of  the  Democratic  party.  He  began  his  second 
term  of  office  March  4,  1865.  He  entered  Richmond  with 
the  Federal  army  April  4, 1865,  two  days  after  the  flight  of 
the  Confederate  government ; and  was  occupied  with  plans 
for  the  reconstruction  of  the  South  when  he  was  shot  by 
John  Wilkes  Booth  at  Ford’s  Theater,  Washington,  April 
14,  1865,  and  died  on  the  following  day.  Numerous  biog- 
raphies of  Lincoln  have  been  published,  the  most  compre- 
hensive of  which  is  that  by  .1.  G.  Nicolay  and  John  Hav 
(1S90). 

Lincoln,  Benjamin.  Born  at  Hingham,  Mass., 
Jan.  24, 1733 : died  there,  May  9, 1810.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  served  through  the  Revolution ; un- 
successfully besieged  Savannah  in  1779 ; and  surrendered 
Charleston  to  the  British  in  1780.  He  was  secretary  of 
war  1781-84,  and  suppressed  Shays’s  rebellion  in  1787. 
Lincoln,  Earls  of.  See  Lacy  and  Clinton. 
Lincoln,  Enoch.  Born  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Dee. 
28,  1788:  died  at  Augusta,  Maine,  Oct.  8,  1829. 
An  American  politician  and  author,  son  of  Levi 
Lincoln.  He  was  governor  of  Maine  1827-29. 
Lincoln,  Fair  of.  A battle  fought  at  Lin- 
coln, England,  1217.  in  which  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke defeated  the  French  under  Louis,  son  of 
Philip  II. 


Lincoln,  Hugh  of 

Lincoln,  Hugh  of.  See  Hugh. 

Lincoln,  Levi.  Bom  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  May 
15,  1749:  died  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  April  14, 
1820.  An  American  politician,  attorney-general 
1801-05,  and  acting  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1808-09. 

Lincoln,  Levi.  Born  at  Worcester.  Mass.,  Oct. 
25, 1782 : died  there,  May  29, 1868.  An  American 
politician,  son  of  Levi  Lincoln  (1749-1820).  He 
was  governor  of  Massachusetts  1825-34,  and 
member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1835- 
1841. 

Lincoln,  Mount.  A peak  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, in  Colorado,  northeast  of  Leadville.  On 
its  summit  is  a meteorological  station.  Height, 
14,297  feet. 

Lincoln,  Robert  Todd.  Born  at  Springfield, 
111.,  Aug.  1, 1843.  An  American  statesman,  son 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  secretary  of  war  1881-85 
and  minister  to  England  1889-93. 

Lincoln  College.  A college  of  the  University 
of  Oxford.  It  was  founded  by  Richard  Fleming,  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  in  1427,  asadefense  of  the  Catholic  faith  against 
heretical  opinions;  and  refounded  in  1478  by  Thomas 
Rotheram,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  later  lord  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land and  archbishop  of  York. 

Lincoln’s  Inn.  One  of  the  London  Inns  of  Court. 

It  takes  its  name  from  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  who  built  his 
town  house  here  i n the  14th  century,  on  property  originally 
belonging  to  the  Black  Friars.  See  Inns  of  Court. 

Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields.  The  largest  square  in 

London.  It  is  near  the  junction  of  High  Holborn  and 
Chancery  Lane,  and  is  surrounded  by  lawyers’  offices,  Lin- 
coln’s Inn,  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  the  Soane 
Museum.  It  was  laid  out  by  Inigo  Jones.  The  spot  for- 
merly bore  an  evil  reputation.  Babington  and  other  con- 
spiratorsfor  MaryQueen  of  Scots  were  “hanged,  bowelled, 
and  quartered”  here  in  1586,  and  William,  Lord  Russell, 
unjustly  suffered  for  high  treason  here  in  1683.  See  Lin- 
coln’/ Inn.  • 

Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields  Theatre.  A theater  for- 
merly standing  on  the  south  side  of  Lincoln’s 
Inn  Fields.  Itwasbuilt  by  Christopher  Richand  opened 
by  John  Rich  in  1714.  In  1734  Italian  operas  were  given 
here.  In  1756  it  was  converted  into  barracks  and  used  for 
other  purposes  till  1848,  when  it  was  demolished  to  make 
room  for  an  addition  to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  Two 
other  theaters  near  its  site,  the  Duke’s  Theatre  (1662-71) 
and  the  theater  in  Little  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields  (1695-1705), 
are  sometimes  confounded  with  it. 

Lind  (lind),  Jenny  (Madame  Goldschmidt). 
Born  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  6, 1820:  died  at  Wynd’s 
Point,  Malvern,  Nov.  2, 1887.  A famous  Swe- 
dish singer.  She  first  appeared  at  the  royal  theater, 
Stockholm,  as  Agatha  in  ‘‘Der  Freisehutz,"  March  7, 1838 ; 
studied  in  Paris  1841-42  ; returned  to  Stockholm  1842-44 ; 
studied  and  sang  in  Germany  1844-A7 ; and  sang  in  England 
1847-49,  and  in  America  1850-52.  She  was  married  to 
Otto  Goldschmidt,  a musical  conductor  and  composer,  in 
Boston,  Feb.  5,  1852.  From  1883-86  she  was  teacher  of 
Binging  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music. 

Lindabrides  (lin'da-bridz).  A character  in  the 
“Mirror  of  Knighthood.”  She  is  often  mentioned  by 
old  writers.  From  her  celebrity  Lindabrides  became  with 
them  a common  name  for  a mistress  or  a courtezan. 

Linda  di  Chamouni  (len'da  de  sha-mo'ni).  An 
opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Vienna 

Lindau  (lin'dou).  A town  in  Swabia,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  two  islands  in  Lake  Constance,  in 
lat.  47°  33'  N.,  long.  9°  42'  E.  Formerly  a free  im- 
perial oity,  it  passed  to  Bavaria  in  1805.  It  is  a favorite 
summer  resort.  Population,  6,531. 

Lindau,  Paul.  Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia, 
June  3,  1839.  A German  critic,  dramatist,  and 
novelist. 

Lindau,  Rudolf.  Born  at  Gardelegen,  Prussia, 
Oct.  10, 1830.  A German  novelist,  journalist, and 
miscellaneous  writer,  brother  of  Paul  Lindau. 
Linde  (lin'de),  Samuel  Bogumil.  Bom  at 
Thom,  Prussia,  1771:  died  at  Warsaw,  Aug.  8, 
1847.  A Polish  lexicographer.  He  published  a 
dictionary  of  the  Polish  language  (6  vols.  1807- 
1814). 

Linden  (lin'den).  A manufacturing  suburb  of 
Hannover,  Prussia.  Population,  57,941. 
Lindesey.  See  Lindsey. 

Lindesna.3.  See  Naze',  The. 

Lindisfarne.  See  Holy  Island. 

Lindley  (lind'li),  John.  Born  at  Catton,  near 
Norwich,  Feb.  5,  1799:  died  Nov.  1,  1865.  A 
noted  English  botanist  and  horticulturist,  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  University  of  London 
(University  College)  1829-60.  Ho  wrote  “Synopsis 
of  the  British  Flora ”(1829),  “Key  to  Structural  and  Sys- 
tematic Botany  ”(1835  : enlarged  as  the  “Elements  of  Bot- 
any " 1841),  “The  Theory  of  Horticulture”  (1840 : enlarged 
as  “The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Horticulture”  1842),  “The 
Vegetable  Kingdom”  (1846),  etc.  He  was  the  editor  of 
the  “Botanical  Register"  (1826),  of  the  “Journal  of  the 
Horticultural  Society”  (1846-55),  and  of  the  “Gardeners’ 
Chronicle”  (1841-65). 

Lindo  (len'do),  Juan.  A Cent.ral-American  poli- 
tician, president  of  Salvador  for  a short  time 
(1841-42),  and  president  of  Honduras  J an. , 1847, 


613 

to  March,  1852.  He  subdued  a revolt  attempted 
by  Guardiola  in  1850. 

Lindor  (lin'dor).  A poetical  name  for  a lover, 
usually  a shepherd  lover. 

Lindpaintner  (lint'  pint- ner),  Peter  Joseph 
von.  Born  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  Dec.  8,  1791: 
died  at  Nonnenhorn,  Lake  Constance,  Aug.  21, 
1856.  A German  composer. 

Lindsay  (lin'za).  The  capital  ofVictoriaCounty, 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Seugog  56  miles 
northeast-  of  Toronto.  Population, 6, 964, (1911). 
Lindsay,  Alexander.  Died  1454.  A Scottish 
noble,  fourth  earl  of  Crawford,  surnamed  “the 
Tiger  Earl”  and  “Earl  Beardie,”  made  heredi- 
tary sheriff  of  Aberdeen  in  1446,  and  warden  of 
the  Marches  in  1451.  He  raised  a force  against  James 
II.,  after  the  murder  of  his  ally  the  Earl  of  Douglas  (Feb. 
21,  1452),  but  was  defeated  at  Brechin  May  18,  1452. 

Lindsay,  Alexander.  Died  June  5,  1607.  A 
Scottish  noble,  created  Lord  Spynio  in  1590, 
second  son  of  the  tenth  earl  of  Crawford,  and 
vice-chamberlain  to  James  VI.  He  was  accidentally 
slain  while  endeavoring  to  stop  a quarrel  between  two 
kinsmen.  Ilis  death  is  the  subject  of  an  old  ballad. 

Lindsay,  Alexander.  Born  Jan.  18, 1752 : died 
near  Wigan,  Lancashire,  May  27, 1825.  A Scot- 
tish noble,  sixth  earl  of  Balcarres  from  1768  and 
twenty-third  earl  of  Crawford  from  1808,  made 
general  of  the  British  army  in  1803.  He  served  as 
commander  of  an  infantry  battal  ion  at  Ticonderoga,  J uly  7, 
1777,  and  was  involved  in  Burgoyne’s  surrender,  remaining 
aprisoner  until  1779.  In  1793(thenmajor-general)he  was 
appointed  commander  of  the  forces  in  Jersey,  and  in  1794 
governor  of  Jamaica,  where  he  remained  till  1801.  He  en- 
gaged in  a duel  with  Benedict  Arnold,  but  refused  to  shoot 
in  his  turn,  preferring,  as  he  said,  to  leave  Arnold  “to  the 
executioner." 

Lindsay,  or  Lyndsay,  Sir  David.  Born  1490: 
died  before  April  18,  1555.  A Scottish  poet, 
appointed  Lyon  king  at  arms  about  1529.  He  was 
the  son  of  David  Lyndsay  of  the  Mount  in  Monimail,  Fife, 
and  of  Garmylton,  near  Haddington.  He  was  the  author 
of  “The  Dreme,”“The  Complaynt  to  the  King ’’ (1629), 
“ The  Complaynt  of  Bagsche,  the  Kingis  auld  Hound,  to 
Bawtie,  the  Kingis  best  belovit  Dog  ” (a  satire  on  the  court), 
“ Ane  Satyre  of  the  Three  Estaits  ’’  (1640 : a dramatic  poem 
satirizing  abuses  in  church  and  state,  acted  again  in  1555), 
“The  Monarchie  ” (154.3 : his  last  and  longest  poem),  “The 
Register  of  t he  Arms  of  the  Scottish  Nobility  and  Gentry  ” 
(first  published  in  1821),  “Kittie’s  Confession ”(a  satire  on 
the  confessional),  etc. 

He  was  a reformer  before  the  Reformation,  and  an  advo- 
cate for  the  "common  well”  before  the  word  common- 
wealth had  a place  in  English  speech. 

Maclcay,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Lindsay,  Patrick.  Died  Dec.  11, 1589.  A Scot- 
tish noble,  sixth  Lord  Lindsay  of  the  Byres,  said 
to  have  been  the  first  of  the  nobles  to  give  open 
support  to  the  cause  of  the  Reformers.  He  played 
a prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  Scotland  during  Mary’s 
reign  and  the  regencies  of  Murray  and  Morton.  He  sup- 
ported the  plot  for  the  murder  of  Rizzio;  was  guardian  with 
Lord  Ruthven  of  Queen  Mary  in  Lochleven  Castle ; was 
deputed  to  obtain  the  signature  to  the  deed  of  abdication ; 
and  decided  by  his  skill  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Lang- 
side,  in  which  she  was  defeated. 

Lindsay,  Robert.  Bom  at.  Pitscottie,  Fifeshire, 
about  1500 : died  about  1565.  A Scottish  writer, 
author  of  a history  of  Scotland,  first  published 
in  1728. 

Lindsey  (lin'zi),  Parts  of.  A district  (riding) 
in  the  northern  and  central  parts  of  Lincoln- 
shire, England. 

Lindum  (lin'dum).  [Gr.  Aivdov.']  The  Roman 
name  of  Lincoln  (England). 

LindllS  (lin'dus).  [Gr.  AMor.\  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Rhodes : 
the  modem  Lindo. 

Line  (lin),  Francis(alias  Hall).  Bom  probably 
at  London,  1595:  died  at  Liege,  Nov.  25,  1675. 
An  English  Jesuit,  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
mathematics  in  the  Jesuit  college  of  Lifege.  He 
wrote  “Refutation  of  the  Attempt  to  Square  the  Circle” 
(1660),  “ Tractatus  de  corporum  inseparabilitate  ’’  (1661), 
“An  Explication  of  the  Diall  set  up  in  the  King’s  Garden 
at  London,  an.  1669,  etc.”  (1673),  “A  Treatise  on  the  Ba- 
rometer,” etc. 

Linet  (li-uet').  In  Arthurian  romance',  the  sister 
of  Liones  of  Castle  Perilous.  In  the  “Morte  d’Ar- 
tbur  ” she  engages  Gareth  to  rescue  LionOs.  He  does  so, 
and  marries  her : but  Tennyson  in  “Gareth  and  Lynette” 
makes  him  marry  Lynette. 

Ling  (ling),  Peter  Henrik.  Bora  at  Ljunga, 
Smaland,  Sweden,  Nov.  15,  1776:  died  at 
Stockholm,  May  3,  1839.  A Swedish  poet,  and 
founder  of  the  so-called  “movement  cure.” 
Linga  Purana  (ling'ga  po-rii'na).  The  Purana 
in  which  Shiva  explains  the  objects  of  life : vir- 
tue, wealth,  pleasure,  and  final  liberation.  It 
contains  11,000  stanzas,  and  is  not  earlier  than 
the  8th  or  9th  centum. 

Lingard(ling'giird),  John.  BornatWinchester, 
England,  Feb.  5,  1771:  died  at  Hornby,  Lan- 
cashire, England,  July  17,  1851.  An  English 
Roman  Catholic  priest  and  historian.  He  was 


Linlithgow 

vice-president  of  the  Roman  Catholic  College  atCrookhall, 
near  Durham  (later  St.  Cuthbert’s  College,  Ushaw),  until 
1811.  From  that  time  until  his  death  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment at  Hornby.  He  wrote  a “History  of  England”  (8 
vols.  1819-30 : last  edition,  revised  by  the  author,  10  vols. 
1849-51),  “ Antiquities  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Church”  (1806: 
enlarged  as  “The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Church,”  1845),  etc. 

Lingen  (ling'en).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ems  36 
miles  northwest  of  Osnabriick.  Population, 
7,004. 

Lingo  (ling'go ) . A character  in  Foote’s  ‘ ‘Agree- 
able Surprise.” 

There  are  in  this  [play]  some  of  the  most  felicitous  blun- 
ders in  situation  and  character  that  can  be  conceived  ; and 
in  Lingo’s  superb  replication,  “ A scholar ! 1 was  a master 
of  scholars,”  he  has  hit  the  height  of  the  ridiculous. 

Bazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  230. 

Lingoa  Geral  (leng'gwa  zha-ral').  [Pg., ‘com- 
mon language.  ’]  The  Indian  language  former- 
ly universal  in  the  settlements  of  the  interior  of 
Brazil,  and  still  spoken  on  the  upper  Amazon. 
At  the  time  of  the  conquest  various  dialects  of  the  Tupi 
tongue  were  spoken  over  the  greater  part  of  Brazil,  and 
the  Jesuits  adopted  them  as  the  medium  for  their  teach- 
ings. These  dialects  became  amalgamated  through  in- 
tercourse between  the  missions:  Indians  of  other  tribes 
brought  into  the  missions  readily  learned  the  Tupi,  and 
modified  it  by  words  from  their  own  languages;  other 
words  were  introduced  from  the  Portuguese ; and  gradually 
a language  was  formed  which,  though  based  on  the  original 
Tupi,  differed  from  it  considerably.  It  is  closely  allied  to 
the  modern  Guarany  of  Paraguay. 

Lingones  (ling'go-nez).  [Gr.  Aqqowr.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a Celtic  tribe  living  in  eastern 
Gaul,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  modem  Langres 
(Haute-Marne). 

Liniers  y Bremont  (Sp.  len-e-ars'  e bra-mont'), 
Santiago  Antonio  Maria  de  (F.  Jacques  An- 
toine Marie  Deliniers-Bremont).  Bom  at 

Niort  (Deux-S&vres),  France,  Feb.  6, 1756;  died 
near  Buenos  Ayres,  Aug.  26,  1810.  A royalist 
in  the  Spanish  naval  service.  He  commanded  a 
force  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  retaking  Buenos  Ayres  from 
the  English  in  1806,  and  defending  it  against  Whitelock  in 
1807.  The  people  deposed  the  weak  viceroy  Sobremont.e, 
and  put  Liniers  in  his  place,  Aug.  14,  1806;  but  he  was 
dismissed  by  the  Spanish  central  junta  in  July,  1809. 
He  retired  to  Cordoba  and,  on  hearing  of  the  revolution  of 
May  10, 1810,  collected  a force  and  attempted  to  reestablish 
royal  authority,  but  was  captured  and  shot. 

Link  (lingk),  Heinrich  Friedrich.  Born  at  Hil- 
desheim,  Prussia,  Feb.  2,  1767 : died  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  1,1851.  A noted  German  botanist.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  natural  history,  chemistry,  and 
botany  at  Rostock  in  1792,  professor  of  chemistry  and  bot- 
any at  Breslau  in  1811,  and  professor  of  botany  and  director 
of  the  botanical  garden  at  Berlin  in  1815. 

Linkinwater  (ling'kin-wa-ter),  Tim.  In  Dick- 
ens’s “Nicholas  Nickleby,”  the  faithful  and 
trustworthy  clerk  of  Cheeryhle  Brothers. 

Linkoping  (lin'che-ping).  The  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Linkoping,  situated  on  the  St&ng&n  107 
miles  southwest  of  Stockholm.  It  is  an  ancient 
town.  The  cathedral  (begun  1150,  finished  1499)  is  Roman- 
esque in  architecture  except  the  fine  Pointed  choir.  Pop- 
ulation, 17,623. 

Linley  (lin'li),  Elizabeth  Ann.  Born  at  Bath, 
England,  1754:  died  at  Bristol  in  1792.  An 
English  soprano  singer.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Thomas  Linley,  and  in  1773  married  R.  B.  Sheridan  under 
romantic  circumstances.  Foote  used  them  for  the  plot  of 
his  “ Maid  of  Bath.”  See  Linnet,  Kitty. 

Linley  (lin'li),  George.  Bom  at  Leeds,  1798: 
died  at  London,  Sept.  10, 1865.  An  English  mu- 
sical composer  and  poet,  best  known  as  the  au- 
thor of  numerous  popular  songs. 

Linley,  Thomas.  Born  at  Wells,  England,  1732: 
died  at  London,  Nov.  19,  1795.  An  English 
composer  and  teacher  of  music.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  music  of  the  opera  “The  Duenna”  with  his  son 
Thomas  (1756-78)  as  collaborator  (1775),  “The  Camp” 
(1778),  “The  Carnival  of  Venice”  (1781),  “The  Strangers 
at  Home,”  etc.  In  1776  he  left  Bath,  where  he  had  lived, 
for  London,  and  with  his  son-in-law,  Sheridan,  and  Rich- 
ard Ford  bought  Garrick’s  share  in  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
where  he  was  director  of  music  for  a number  of  years. 

Linley,  William.  Bom  at  Bath,  1771:  died  at 
London,  May  6,  1835.  An  English  writer  and 
composer,  youngest  son  of  Thomas  Linley,  for 
a time  (1790-96,  and  again  1800-06)  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  East  India  Company  at  Madras.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  operatic  pieces,  glees,  etc., 
“Shakspere’s  Dramatic  Lyrics  ” (1816),  and  several  novels 
and  poems. 

Linlithgow  (lin-lith'go),  or  West  Lothian  (15'- 
THi-an) . A county  in  Scotland,  bounded  by  the 
Forth  on  the  north,  Edinburgh  on  the  east  and 
south,  Lanark  on  the  southwest,  and  Stirling  on 
the  northwest.  The  surface  is  diversified.  The  lead- 
ing industries  are  agriculture  and  coal-mining.  Area,  120 
square  miles.  Population  (civil  county),  65,699. 

Linlithgow.  The  county  town  of  Linlithgow, 
Scotland,  16  miles  west  by  north  of  Edinburgh. 
Its  palace,  a residence  of  the  sovereigns  of  Scotland,  and 
the  birthplace  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  was  built  between 
the  14th  and  the  17th  century,  and  forms  a square  maBS 
with  low  towers  at  the  angles.  Population,  4,279. 


Linnaeus 


614 


Lismore 


Linnaeus  (li-ne'us),  Carolus  (Karl  von  Linne). 

Born  at  R&shult,  Sm&land,  Sweden,  May  13, 
1707 : died  at  Upsala,  Sweden,  Jan.  10,  1778. 
A celebrated  Swedish  botanist  and  naturalist, 
founder  of  the  “Linnean  system”  in  botany. 
He  made  a journey  to  Lapland  in  1732 ; resided  in  the 
Netherlands  1735-38  ; and  became  professor  of  medicine 
(later  of  botany)  at  Upsala  in  1741.  Among  his  works  are 
“Systema  naturae”  (1735),  “Fundamenta  botanica”  (1736), 
“Genera  plantarum  ” (1737),  “Flora  lapponica"  (1737), 
“ Philosophia  botanica  "(1751),  “Species  plantarum  ” (1753). 
Linne  (lin-na').  [Named  from  Linnaeus.]  A 
large  crater  in  the  moon. 

Linnell  (lin'el),  John.  Born  at  London,  June 
16, 1792:  died  at  Redhill,  Surrey,  Jan.  20, 1882. 
A noted  English  painter  in  oil  and  water-color, 
best  known  for  his  landscapes. 

Linnet  (lin'et),  Kitty.  A poor  and  pretty  ac- 
tress, the  chief  character  in  Foote’s  “The  Maid 
of  Bath.” 

Linnhe  (Hn'e),  Loch.  An  arm  of  the  sea  in  Ar- 
gyllshire, Scotland,  connected  with  Loch  Eil 
on  the  northeast,  the  Sound  of  Mull  on  the  west, 
and  the  Firth  of  Lorn  on  the  south.  Length, 
about  20  miles. 

Linos.  See  Linus. 

Linskill(lin'skil),Mary.  Born  at  Whitby,  York- 
shire, Dec.  13,  1840:  died  at  Whitby,  April  9, 
1891.  An  English  novelist  (pseudonym  Stephen 
Yorke) : author  of  “ Tales  of  the  North  Riding” 
(1871),  “Cleveden”  (1876),  “The  Haven  under 
the  Hill”  (1886),  etc. 

Linth  (lint).  The  name  given  to  the  Limmat  in 
its  upper  course. 

Linthtal  (lint'tal).  A small  manufacturing 
town  in  the  canton  of  Glarus,  Switzerland,  on 
the  Linth  10  miles  south  of  Glarus. 

Linton  (lin'tqn),  Mrs.  (Eliza  Lynn).  Born  at 
Keswick,  Feb.  10,  1822:  died  at  London,  July 
14,  1898.  An  English  novelist  and  author, wife 
of  W.  J.  Linton. 

Linton,  William.  Born  at  Liverpool,  April  22, 
1791 : died  at  London,  Aug.  18,  1876.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter  and  writer,  author  of 
“ The  Scenery  of  Greece  audits  Islands”  (1856), 
“Colossal  Vestiges  of  the  Older  Nations” 
(1862),  etc. 

Linton,  William  James.  Born  at  London, 
1812 : died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  29, 1897. 
An  English-American  engraver,  Radical  politi- 
cian, and  author.  He  removed  to  the  United  States 
in  1867,  living  first  at  New  York,  and  then  at  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  where  he  had  an  engraving  establishment. 
His  works  include  “Claribel,  and  Other  Poems"  (1865), 
“ Life  of  Thomas  Paine,"  “ The  English  Republic,"  a “ His- 
tory of  Wood  Engraving  in  America  " (1882),  “ Poems  and 
Translations  " (1889),  etc.  He  edited  “ Golden  Apples  of 
Hesperus,"  which  he  printed  himself  (1882),  “ Rare  Poems 
of  the  16th  and  17th  Centuries  ” (1883),  etc. 

Lintot  (lin'tot),  Barnaby  Bernard.  Born  at 

So uthwater, Sussex, Dec. 1, 1675 : died atLondon, 
Feb.  3, 1736.  An  English  bookseller,  noted  as  the 
publisher  of  the  translations  of  the  Iliad  and 
Odyssy  and  other  works  of  Pope : a prominent 
figure  in  the  literary  anecdotes  of  the  period. 
Linus  (li'nus).  [Gr.  AAof.j  An  exclamation  of 
grief  or  lamentation,  of  Eastern  origin,  per- 
sonified in  ancient  Greek  poetry  through  ig- 
norance of  its  meaning. 

The  words  were  carried  across  the  western  sea  to  men 
of  an  alien  race  and  language.  “ Cry  ailinon,  ailinon  ! 
woe,  woe  ! ’’  says  the  Greek  poet  of  Athens,  and  already  in 
Homeric  days  the  dirge  was  attributed  to  a mythic  Linos 
whose  tragic  fate  was  commemorated  in  its  opening  words: 
“O  Linos,  Linos!"  Linos,  however  had  no  existence  ex- 
cept in  a popular  etymology  ; the  Greek  ailinos  is  in  reality 
the  Phoenician  ailenu,  “alas  for  us!”  with  which  the  la- 
mentations for  the  death  of  the  divine  Adonis  were  wont 
to  begin.  Sayce,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  228. 

Linz  (lints).  The  capital  of  Upper  Austria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Danube  in  lat.  48°  17'  N.,  long.  14° 
17'  E.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade,  and 
contains  a cathedral  and  a museum.  It  was  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  by  insurgent  peasants  in  1626,  and  was 
taken  by  the  Bavarians  in  1741.  Here,  May  17,  1809,  the 
troops  of  Saxony  and  Wiirtemberg  defeated  the  Austrians. 
Population,  67,859,  (1910). 

Linz.  A small  town  i n the  Rhine  Province,  Prus- 
sia, on  the  Rhine  15  miles  southeast  of  Bonn. 
Lion  (le-oh),  Golfe  du.  [F.,  ‘gulf  of  the  lion.’] 
An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  south  of 
France  : erroneously  called  the  Gulf  of  Lyons. 
Lionarte  (li-o-nart').  In  the  romance  of  Ama- 
dis  de  Gaul : (a)  A king  of  England,  father  of 
Oriana.  (b)  A son  of  Esplandian  and  grandson 
of  Amadis. 

Lionel  Lincoln.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1825. 

Lionel  (li'o-nel)  of  Antwerp.  Born  at  Antwerp. 
Nov.  29.1338:  died  at  Alba,  Italy,  Oct.  7, 1368. 
An  English  noble,  earl  of  Ulster  and  duke  of 
Clarence,  third  son  of  Edward  III.  and  Philippa. 


In  1352  he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  de 
Burgh,  lord  of  Connaught  and  earl  of  Ulster,  and  Maud 
of  Lancaster.  By  her  he  had  a daughter,  Philippa,  who  in 
1368  married  Edmund  Mortimer,  third  earl  of  March,  and 
who  thus  transmitted  to  the  Yorkist  house  her  claim  to 
the  throne.  From  1361  to  1366  he  was  the  king's  lieuten- 
ant in  Ireland.  Elizabeth  having  died  (1362),  he  was  again 
married  to  Violante,  daughter  of  Galeazzo  Visconti  of 
Milan,  June  5,  1368. 

Liones.  See  Li  net. 

Lionesse.  See  Lyonesse. 

Lion  Hunt.  A large  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the 
Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich,  a number  of  men, 
mounted  and  on  foot,  are  fighting  two  lions,  which  have 
wounded  or  killed  three  of  their  assailants. 

Lion  of  Charonea.  A recumbent  figure  form- 
ing the  monument  on  the  common  tomb  of  the 
Greeks  who  fell  in  the  battle  against  Philip  of 
Macedon  in  338  B.  C 

Lion  of  God.  A surname  of  the  calif  Ali. 

Lion  of  Lucerne.  See  Lucerne,  Lion  of. 

Lion  of  the  North.  A surname  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus  of  Sweden. 

Lion’s  Mouth.  [It.  Boccadi  Leone.']  A famous 
hole  or  opening  in  the  wall  of  the  antechamber 
of  the  Great  Council  in  the  Doge’s  palace, 
Venice,  through  which  anonymous  accusations 
were  passed  in.  Wheeler. 

Liotard  (lyo-tar'),  Jean  Etienne.  Born  at 
Geneva,  1702:  died  there,  1789.  A noted  por- 
trait- and  genre-painter  of  the  French  school. 
His  portraits  in  pastel  still  preserve  their  color.  Among 
his  works  are  “La  belle  Lisense  ” (1746),  “ La  belle  Choco- 
latiere  ” (1746),  etc.,  and  portraits  of  the  Pope  and  many  of 
the  crowned  heads  of  Europe. 

Lipan  (le-pan').  A tribe  of  the  Apache  group 
of  North  American  Indians.  In  1799  the  Lipan  oc- 
cupied the  central  part  of  Texas,  extending  from  the  Co- 
manche  country  about  Red  River  south  to  the  Rio  Grande. 
More  recently  they  have  moved  southward  into  Mexico, 
where  they  extend  as  far  as  Durango.  See  Apaches. 

Lipara.  See  Lipari. 

Lipari  (le'pa-re).  1.  The  chief  island  of  the 
Lipari  group:  the  ancient  Lipara.  It  was  colo- 
nized by  the  Greeks,  and  was  held  later  by  Carthage  and 
Rome. 

2.  A seaport  on  the  island  of  Lipari : the  chief 
town  of  the  group. 

Lipari  Islands.  A group  of  volcanic  islands 
north  of  Sicily:  the  ancient  zEoliae,  Vulcanise, 
etc.,  Insulae.  The  principal  islands  are  Lipari,  Strom- 
holi,  Panaria,  Vuleano,  Salina,  Filicuri  (or  Filicudi),  and 
Alicuri  (or  Alicudi).  They  are  the  scene  of  ancient  le- 
gends ; were  occupied  by  the  Saracens  and  Normans ; and 
were  finally  annexed  to  Sicily,  now  belonging  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Messina.  Area,  45  square  miles.  Population, 
20,224. 

Lipetsk  (le-petsk').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Tamboft,  central  Russia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Lipovka  with  the  Lesnoi-Vo- 
ronezh,  82  miles  west  by  south  of  Tamboft'.  It 
has  mineral  springs.  Population,  22,500. 
Lippa  (lip'po).  A town  in  the  county  of  Ternes, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Maros  30  miles  north- 
east of  Temesvar.  Population,  7,427. 

Lippe  (lip'pe).  A river  in  Germany  which  rises 
in  the  Teutoburgerwald  and  joins  the  Rhine 
at  Wesel.  Length,  158  miles. 

Lippe,  sometimes  called  Lippe-Detmold  (lip'- 
pe-det'molt).  Apriucipalityof theGerman  Em- 
pire, surrounded  by  the  provinces  of  W estphalia, 
Hesse-Nassau,  Hannover  (Prussia),  and  Wal- 
deck,  and  comprising  also  three  small  enclaves. 
Capital,  Detmold.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Teutoburger- 
wald, and  abounds  in  forests.  Its  govern  mentis  a constitu- 
tional hereditary  monarchy,  aud  it  sends  1 member  to  the 
Bundesratandlmembertothe  Reichstag.  Theprevailing 
religion  is  Protestant.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Che- 
rusci : later  they  were  Saxons.  Lippe  joined  the  Rhine 
Confederation  in  1807,  the  German  Confederation  in  1815, 
and  the  North  German  Confederation  in  1866.  Area,  469 
square  miles.  Population,  145,577. 

Lippe,  Schaumburg-.  See  Schaumh u rg-Lippe. 
Lippi  (lep'pe),  Filippino  or  Lippino.  Born 
about  1460:  died  about  1505.  An  Italian  paint- 
er, illegitimate  son  of  Filippo  Lippi : works 
chiefly  ah  Florence. 

Lippi,  Fra  Filippo.  Born  at  Florence,  1402  (?) : 
died  at  Spoleto,  Italy,  Oct.  9,  1469.  A noted 
Italian  painter.  His  chief  works  are  frescos  in 
Prato. 

Lippi,  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Florence,  1606:  died 
there,  1664.  An  Italian  poet  and  painter. 
Lippincott  (lip'in-kot),  Mrs.  (Sara  Jane 
Clarke) : pseudonym  Grace  Greenwood.  Born 
at  Pompey,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  23,  1823:  died  at  New 
Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  April  20,  1904.  An  American 
author.  Among  her  works  are  “Greenwood  Leaves  ’ 
(1850-52),  “Poems”  (1851),  “Five  Years"  (1867),  “New 
Life  in  New  Lands"  (1873),  etc. 

Lippspringe  (lip'spriug-e).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  6 miles  northeast 
of  Paderborn.  It  is  at  the  source  of  the  Lippe,  and  has 
warm  springs  of  Glauber's  salt..  Population,  over  2,000. 


Lippstadt  (lip'stat).  A townin  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lippe  37 
miles  southeast  of  Munster.  Population,  15,- 
436. 

Lipsia  (lip'si-a).  The  Latin  name  of  Leipsic. 
Lipsius  (lip'se-os),  Justus  (Joest  Lips).  Born 
at  Overyssche,  near  Brussels,  Oct.  18, 1547 : died 
at  Louvain,  Belgium,  March  23, 1606.  A Flemish 
philologist  and  critic.  His  chief  work  is  an 
edition  of  Tacitus  (1575). 

Lipsius,  Richard  Adelbert.  Born  at  Gera,  Ger- 
many, Feb.  14, 1830:  died  at  Jena,  Aug.  19,  1892. 
A German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Jena.  His  chief  work  is  “Lehrbuch  der  evangelisch- 
protestantischen  Dogmatik  ” (1876). 

Lir,  Lyr.  See  Lear. 

Liria  (le're-a).  A town  in  the  province  of  Va- 
lencia, Spain,  12  miles  northwest  of  Valencia. 
Population,  8,733. 

Liris.  See  Gangliano. 

Lisaine  (le-zan').  A small  tributary  of  the  Sa- 
voureuse,  department  of  Haute-Saoue,  eastern 
France.  In  its  vicinity,  near  H(*ri  court,  was  fought  the 
battle  of  Belfort  (wluch  see). 

Lisboa  (lez-bo'ii),  Joao  Francisco.  Born  at 
Iguarfi,  Maranhao,  March  22, 1812:  died  at  Lis- 
bon, Portugal,  April  26,  1863.  A Brazilian  au- 
thor. He  is  best  known  for  his  “ Jornal  de  Timon,”  issued 
in  12  numbers  from  1852  to  1858,  and  consisting  of  satiri- 
cal, political,  and  historical  essays.  His  “Vida  do  Padre 
Antonio  Vieira”  was  published  in  1874. 

Lisbon  (liz'hon),  Pg.  and  Sp.  Lisboa  (lez-bo'a), 
F.  Lisbonne  (lez-bon'),  G.  Lissabon  (lis'sa- 
bon).  The  capital  of  Portugal,  situated  in  the 
province  of  Estremadura,  on  the  Tagus  near 
its  mouth,  in  lat.  38°  43'  N.,  long. 9°  11'  W. : the 
ancient  Olisipo  and  Felicitas  Julia.  Ithasimpor- 
tant  commerce,  especially  with  Great  Britain  and  Brazil, 
and  is  the  terminus  hf  various  steamer  lines.  The  cele- 
brated aqueduct  of  the  Aguas  Livres,  finished  in  1749, 
crosses  the  valley  of  Alcintara  on  a bridge  of  35  pointed 
arches,  the  largest  204  feet  high  with  a span  of  95  feet.  The 
cathedral  was  originally  a fine  Romanesque  building,  but 
has  been  disfigured  by  earthquakes  and  modernization. 
The  royal  palace  of  Ajuda  is  a large  building  in  a com- 
manding situation  above  the  Tagus,  with  a library  con- 
sidered the  finest  in  Portugal.  Lisbon  was  an  ancient  Ro- 
man city;  was  captured  by  the  Saracens  about 716;  was 
taken  from  them  by  Alfonso  I.  in  1147 ; was  made  the  capi- 
tal in  1422 ; was  in  its  most  flourishing  state  about  1520 ; 
was  occupied  by  the  Spaniards  1580-1640 ; was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake  Nov.  1, 1755  (with  a loss  of  about 
40,000  lives) ; was  held  by  the  French  1807-08 ; suffered 
from  a series  of  military  revolts  about  1831,  and  in  1859 
was  ravaged  by  yellow  fever.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  St. 
Anthony  of  Padua,  Camoens,  and  Pope  John  XXI.  Popu- 
lation, 356,009  (1910). 

Lisburn  (lis'bern).  A town  in  the  counties  of 
Antrim  and  Down,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  La- 
gan 8 miles  southwest  of  Belfast.  It  manufac- 
tures linen,  and  has  a cathedral.  Population, 
11,461. 

Liscow  (lis'ko),  Cbristian  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Wittenberg,  Mecklenburg,  April,  1701:  died 
near  Eilenburg,  Germany,  Oct.  30, 1760.  A Ger- 
man satirical  writer. 

Lisieux  (le-zye').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Calvados,  Prance,  at  the  junction  of  the  Orbi- 
quet  and  Touques,  26  miles  east  of  Caen : the 
ancient  Noviomagus.  It  manufactures  woolens  and 
flannels.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of 
Norman  churches,  exhibiting  the  long,  sharp  Norman  lan- 
cets, the  central  lantern,  and  other  characteristic  local 
architectural  and  sculptural  forms.  It  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Lexovii.  Population,  16,239. 

Liskeard  (lis-kard').  A town  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, 16  miles  northwest  of  Plymouth.  Popu- 
lation, 4,010. 

L’lsle-Adam.  See  Villiers  de  L’  Isle- Adam , Phi- 
lippe de. 

Lisle  (HI),  Alice.  Bom  about  1614 : died  Sept. 
2, 1685.  An  Englishwoman,  wife  of  John  Lisle 
the  regicide,  executed  on  the  charge  of  harbor- 
ing a dissenting  minister,  John  Hiekes,  who  was 
accused  of  treason.  Shewas  tried  before  Jeffreys,  and 
her  death  was  a judicial  murder.  Her  second  daughter, 
Bridget,  was  the  wife  of  Leonard  Hoar,  president  of  Har- 
vard College. 

Lisle,  Leconte  de.  See  Leconte  de  Lisle. 
L’Isle,  Rouget  de.  See  Rouget. 

Lisle,  or  L’lsle  (lei),  William.  Born  at  Tand- 
ridge,  Surrey,  about  1579:  died  atWilbraham, 
Sept.,  1637.  An  English  scholar  and  poet,  noted 
especially  for  his  studies  in  Anglo-Saxon.  He 
published  in  1623,  with  an  English  translation,  the  treatise 
on  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  by  vElfric  Grammaticus,  a 
translation  of  parts  of  Du  Bartas’s  “Weeks  ” (1625),  etc.  _ 

Lismahago  (lis-ma-ha'go),  Captain.  A proud, 
disputatious,  but  honorable  Scottish  officer,  in 
Smollett’s  “ Humphrey  Clinker.”  He  marries 
Tabitha  Bramble  after  romantic  adventures 
among  the  Indians. 

Lismore  ( li  z-mor' ) . An  island  in  Loch  Li  nnhe, 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  6 miles  north  of  Oban. 
Length,  nearly  10  miles. 


Lismore 

Lismore.  A small  town  in  the  counties  of  Wa- 
terford and  Cork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Black- 
water  28  miles  northeast  of  Cork.  It  has  a castle 
and  cathedral.  Population,  1,583. 

Lissa  (lis'sa).  1.  An  island  of  Dalmatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, about  lat.  43°  3'  N.,  long.  16°  10' 
E. : the  ancient  Issa.  It  is  famous  for  its  wine.  In 
a naval  battle  fought  near  the  island,  July  20,  1866,  the 
Austrians  under  Tegettholf  defeated  the  Italians  under 
Persano.  length,  11  miles.  Population,  10,107,  (1910). 

2.  A fortified  town  on  the  island  of  Lissa.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  5,159,  (1910). 

Lissa,  Pol.  Leszno  (lyesh'no).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  40  miles  south  by 
west  of  Posen.  It  was  founded  by  the  Moravian  Breth- 
ren in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  and  became  their 
chief  seat  in  Poland.  Population,  commune.  16,021. 
Lissardo  (li-sar'do).  A conceited  man-servant 
in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy  ‘ ‘ The  Wonder.”  His 
voluble  love-affair  with  Flora  forms  the  under- 
plot of  the  play. 

List  (list),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Re  utl inge n,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Aug.  6,  1789:  committed  suicide  at 
Kufstein,  Tyrol,  Nov.  30,  1846.  A noted  Ger- 
man political  economist.  For  an  attack  upon  the 
government  of  Wiirtemberg  he  was  imprisoned  in  1822,  and 
again  in  1824.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1825 ; 
returned  to  Germany  in  1832  ; and  resided  at  Hamburg  and 
later  in  Leipsic,  Paris,  and  Augsburg.  His  chief  works  are 
“Outlines  of  a New  System  of  Political  Economy  ” (1827), 
“Das  nationale  System  der  politischen  Okonomie”  (“The 
National  System  of  Political  Economy,”  1841). 

Lista  y Aragon  (les'ta  e a-ra-gon'),  Alberto. 
Born  at  Triana,  near  Seville,  Spain,  Oct.  15, 
1775:  died  at  Seville,  Oct.  5,  1848.  A Spanish 
★lyric  poet,  critic,  and  mathematician. 

Lister  (lis'ter),  Joseph,  first  Baron  Lister. 
Bom  April  5,  1827 : died  Feb.  10,  1912.  An 
English  surgeon,  noted  for  his  introduction  of 
the  antiseptic  method  of  bandaging.  He  was 
made  a baronet  in  1883,  and  a baron  in  1897. 
Lister,  Joseph  Jackson.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
11, 1786 : died  Oct.  24, 1869.  An  English  wine 
merchant  and  optician,  noted  for  the  improve- 
ments which  he  introduced  in  the  construction 
of  the  object-glasses  of  microscopes,  due  to  his 
discovery  of  the  principle  of  aplanatic  foci. 
Lister,  Thomas  Henry.  Born  near  Lichfield 
in  1800 : died  at  Kent  House,  Knightsbridge, 
June  5, 1842.  An  English  novelist  aud  drama- 
tist, registrar-general  of  England  and  Wales 
(1836).  He  was  the  author  of  “Romance  of  Real  Life,” 
“Flirtation,”  “ Granby,”  “ Epicharis  ” (a  tragedy),  “ Life  and 
Administration  of  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Clarendon  ” (1837- 
1838),  etc. 

Lister  (lis'ter)  and  Mandal  (man'dal).  The 
southernmost  province  of  Norway.  Area,  2,804 
square  miles.  Population,  81,567. 

Liston  (lis'ton),  John.  Born  at  London  about 
1776:  died  there,  March  22, 1846.  A noted  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  played  first  in  the  north  of  England,  ap- 
peared at  the  Haymarket  June  10,  1805,  and  at  Covent 
Garden  Oct.  15,  1806,  and  was  connected  with  these  thea- 
ters for  many  years.  He  acted  later  at  Drury  Lane  and 
the  Olympic,  retiring  in  1837.  He  acted  a large  number 
of  comic  parts,  of  which  the  most  successful  was  his  “Paul 
Pry.”  His  wife  (died  1854)  was  a successful  comic  actress 
and  singer. 

Liston  . . . belonged  rather  to  farce  than  comedy.  Like 
Suett,  he  excited  more  laughter  than  he  ever  enjoyed  him- 
self. He  suffered  from  attacks  of  the  nerves,  and,  in  his 
most  humorous  representations,  was  the  more  humorous 
from  his  humor  always  partaking  of  a melancholy  tone. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  351. 

Liston,  Sir  Robert.  Born  at  Overtoun,  parish 
of  Kirkliston,  Scotland,  Oct.  8, 1742 : died  near 
Edinburgh,  July  15, 1836.  ABritish  diplomatist. 
He  was  secretary  of  embassy  at  Madrid  March,  1783 ; min- 
ister plenipotentiary  there  May,  1783,  to  Aug. , 1788 ; envoy 
extraordinary  at  Constantinople  1793-96 ; and  ambassador 
at  Washington  1796.  He  was  later  envoy  at  The  Hague,  and 
ambassador  at  Constantinople. 

Liston,  Robert.  Born  at  Ecclesmachan,  Lin- 
lithgowshire, Oct.  28, 1794:  died  at  London,  Dec. 
7, 1847.  A Scottish  surgeon,  professor  of  chem- 
ical surgery  in  the  University  of  London  (from 
1835),  noted  especially  for  his  skill  as  an  oper- 
ator, and  as  the  inventor  of  a splint,  named  from 
him,  which  is  used  in  cases  of  dislocation  of  the 
thigh. 

Lisuarte  of  England.  In  the  romance  “ Amadis 
of  Gaul,”  the  King  of  England,  and  the  father  of 
Oriana,  the  wife  of  Amadis. 

Lisuarte  of  Greece.  The  grandson  of  Amadis, 
and  son  of  Esplandian.  Two  of  the  books  of  the 
Amadis  of  Gaul  romance  contain  his  adventures : the 
seventh,  by  Feliciano  de  Silva  (1514);  and  the  eighth,  by 
Juan  Diaz  (152 6). 

Liszt  ( list),  Franz.  Born  at  Raiding,  Hungary, 
Oct.  22,  1811:  died  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria,  July 
31,  1886.  A celebrated  Hungarian  composer, 
and  cue  of  the  greatest  of  pianists.  He  made  his 
first  public  appearance  when  oidy  9 years  old  at  Oden- 
burg.  In  1823  at  a concert  in  Vienna  he  was  received  with 


615 

much  enthusiasm,  aud  Beethoven  kissed  him  after  he  had 
finished  playing.  He  went  to  Paris  to  study,  and  became 
intimate  with  Victor  Hugo,  Lamartine,  George  Sand,  and 
others.  From  1834  to  1844  lasted  his  connection  with  the 
Comtes8e  d'Agoult  (Daniel  Stern),  by  whom  he  had  three 
children,  one  of  whom  married  Von  Billow  and  afterward 
Richard  Wagner.  In  1849  he  became  musical  director  at 
Weimar,  where  he  brought  out  Wagner's  “Tannhauser" 
and  “Lohengrin”  and  Berlioz’s  “ Benvenuto  Cellini."  He 
resigned  Iris  appointment  in  1861  and  divided  his  time  be- 
tween Weimar,  Rome,  and  Budapest.  He  revisited  Eng- 
land in  1886.  In  1879  he  received  the  tonsure,  and  is 
known  as  the  Abbd  Liszt.  Among  his  numerous  works  are 
“ Symphonic  Poems,"  the  oratorios  “ Christus  ” and  “ Saint 
Elizabeth,”  “Rhapsodic  hongroise,"  and  other  arrange- 
ments and  many  pianofdrte  pieces,  etc.  He  published  8 or 
9 books,  among  which  are  “ Die  Zigeuner  und  ihre  Musik  " 
(“The  Gipsies  and  their  Music,”  1861),  “Lohengrin  et 
Tannhauser,"  works  on  Franz,  Chopin,  Schumann,  etc. 

Litany  (le'ta-ne).  A river  of  Syria  which  flows 
into  the  Mediterranean  4 miles  north  of  Tyre : 
the  ancient  Leontes.  It  is  called  near  its  mouth 
the  Nahr-el-Kasimiyeh.  Length,  over  100  miles. 

Litchfield  (licli'feld).  The  capital  of  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut,  27 miles  west  of  Hartford. 
It  was  the  seat  of  a noted  law  school  1784-1838. 
Population,  3,005,  (1910). 

Literary  Club,  The.  A club  founded  in  1764 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson, 
and  others.  It  met  originally  at  the  Turk’s  Head  in 
Gerrard  street,  and  continued  to  meet  there  till  1783.  Af- 
ter several  removals,  in  1799  they  settled  in  the  Thatched 
House  in  St.  James’s  street.  “ So  originated  and  was 
formed,  ” says  Forster,  “ that  famous  club  which  had  made 
itself  a name  in  literary  history  long  before  it  received,  at 
Garrick's  funeral,  the  name  of  the  Literary  Club.”  The 
name  was  changed  to  “the  Johnson  Club,”  and  on  the 
taking  down  of  the  Thatched  House  the  club  removed  to 
the  Clarendon  Hotel  in  Bond  street,  where  it  celebrated 
its  centennial  in  1864.  It  is  still  in  existence.  Chambers; 
Timbs. 

Liternum  (li-ter'num).  In  ancient  geography, 
a town  in  Campania,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
coast  about  14  miles  northwest  of  Naples. 

LithgOW  (lith'go),  William.  Born  at  Lanark, 
1582 : died,  probably  at  Lanark,  about  1645.  A 
Scottish  traveler  in  Europe  and  the  East.  He 
was  the  author  of  “ The  Totall  Discourse  of  the  Rare  Ad- 
ventures and  Painfull  Peregrinations  of  Long  Nineteen 
Years,  etc.”  (London,  1632),  “a  book  of  uncommon  value 
and  interest  for  its  descriptions  of  men  and  manners  even 
more  than  of  places,  . . . probably  the  earliest  authority 
for  coffee-drinking  in  Europe,  Turkish  baths,  etc.”  (Diet. 
Nat.  Biog.). 

Lithuania  (lith-u-a'ni-a).  [Pol.  Litiva,  G.  Li- 
tauen,  F.  Lithuanie,  L.  Lituania.~\  A former 
grand  duchy  of  Europe,  in  its  later  history  unit- 
ed with  Poland.  It  comprised  what  are  now  the  gov- 
ernments of  Kovno,  Grodno,  Vilna,  Minsk,  Mohilelf,  Vi- 
tebsk, and  Suwalki  of  Russia.  The  surface  is  level.  It 
is  noted  for  its  horses,  cattle,  and  game.  Lithuania  proper 
was  the  region  about  Vilna,  which  was  its  capital.  The  in- 
habitants are  principally  Lithuanians  and  White  Russians. 
Lithuania  became  consolidated  in  the  beginning  of  the 
13th  century.  Gedimin  (1315-10)  was  the  real  founder  of 
its  power.  It  made  various  conquests  at  the  expense  of 
the  Russians,  including  Kieff  ; cleared  the  lower  Dnieper 
of  the  Mongols  in  1368;  was  united  with  Poland  under 
Jagello  in  1386;  and  was  also  Christianized  under  Jagello. 
Under  Vitov,  its  grand  prince  (1392-1430),  it  gained  Smo- 
lensk and  acquired  great  power.  It  was  definitely  united 
with  Poland  in  1501,  and  the  union  was  made  closer  by  the 
Diet  of  Lublin  in  1569.  After  that  it  followed  the  fortunes 
of  Poland. 

Litorale.  See  Kiistenland. 

Litta  (let'ta),  Count  Ponipeo.  Born  at  Milan, 
Sept.  27,  1781:  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  17,  1852. 
An  Italian  historian,  author  of  “Famiglie  cele- 
bri  d’ltalia”  (“Celebrated  Families  of  Italy,” 
1819-83),  etc. 

Littell  (li-tel'),Eliakim.  Born  at  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  2,  1797:  died  at  Brookline,  Mass., 
May  17,  1870.  An  American  publisher.  He 
established  the  periodical  “Littell’s  Living 
Age”  (Boston,  1844). 

Little  (lit'l),  Thomas.  A pseudonym  of  Thomas 
Moore.  He  published  a volume  of  amatory  poems  in 
1808  under  this  name.  He  is  also  spoken  of  as  “Master 
Little.” 

Little  Bear.  See  Ursa  Minor. 

Little  Belt.  The  strait  between  Fiinen  and  the 
peninsula  of  J utland.  The  Swedish  army  under 
Charles  X.  marched  across  it  on  the  ice  to  Fiinen 
in  1658. 

Little  Corporal,  The.  See  Corporal. 

Little  Dog.  See  Canis  Minor. 

Little  Dorrit.  A novel  by  Dickens.  It  was  pub- 
lished serially  from  Dee.,  1855,  to  June,  1857. 

Little-endians.  See  Big-endians. 

Little  Falls.  A city  in  Herkimer  County, 
New  York,  situated  at  falls  of  the  Mohawk,  64 
miles  west-northwest  of  Albany.  It  has  man- 
ufactures and  a cheese-market.  Population, 
12,273,  (1910). 

Little  French  Lawyer,  The.  A comedy  by 
Fletcher  and  Massinger,  written  about  1620, 
and  printed  in  1647.  The  plot  is  from  “The  Spanish 
Rogue,”  a novel  which  was  also  used  by  Aleman  in  his 
“Guzman  de  Alfarache.” 


Little  Venice 

Little  Giant,  The.  A popular  surname  of  Ste- 
phen A.  Douglas. 

Littlehampton  (lit-l-hamp'ton).  A watering- 
place  in  the  county  of  Sussex,  England,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  the  Arun,  on  the  English 
Channel,  18  miles  west  of  Brighton.  Popula- 
tion, 7,363. 

Little  Iliad,  The.  A Greek  epic  poem  of  the 
Trojan  cycle,  by  Lesches,  a Lesbian.  It  contin- 
ued the  Iliad  to  the  fall  of  Troy. 

Little  John.  One  of  the  chief  followers  of  Robin 
Hood,  said  to  have  been  one  John  Nailor.  He 
was  enormously  tall  and  strong. 

Littlejohn  (lit'l-jon),  Hugh.  The  name  given 
to  John  Hugh  Lockhart,  son  of  John  Gibson 
Lockhart,  and  grandson  of  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
for  whom  the  latter  wrote  “ Tales  of  a Grand- 
father.” 

Little  Kanawha.  A river  in  West  Virginia 
which  joins  the  Ohio  at  Parkersburg.  Length, 
over  100  miles. 

Little  Mac.  A nickname  of  General  George  B. 
McClellan. 

Little  Magician,  The.  A popular  name  of  Mar- 
tin Van  Buren. 

Little  Marlborough,  The.  A surname  of 
Schwerin. 

Little  Missouri.  A river  in  eastern  Wyoming, 
southeastern  Montana,  and  western  Dakota.  It 
joins  the  Missouri  83  miles  northwest  of  Bismarck.  Length, 
about  400  miles. 

Little  Nell.  A child  character  in  the  novel 
“Old  Curiosity  Shop,”  by  Dickens. 

Littlepage  (lit'l-paj),  Cornelius.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  James  Fenimore  Cooper,  under  which  he 
wrote  “ Satanstoe.” 

Little  Paris.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
Brussels. 

Little  Parliament.  The  Parliament  convened 
by  Cromwell  July  4,  1653:  so  called  from  the 
small  number — about  140 — of  its  members.  It 
constituted  Cromwell  Lord  Protector.  It  is  also  called, 
from  one  of  its  members, “Barebone’s  Parliament.”  See 
Barbon. 

Little  Phil.  A nickname  of  General  Philip  H. 
Sheridan. 

Little  Popo.  [G.  Klein-Popo,  native  name  Ane- 
ho.~\  A district  and  coast  station  of  Togoland, 
western  Africa,  situated  in  lat.  6°  12'  N.,  long. 
1°  46'  E. 

Little  Red  Riding-hood,  F.  Le  Chaperon 
Rouge,  G.  Rothkappchen.  A nursery  tale  of 
a little  girl  who  forgets  her  mother’s  command 
“to  speak  to  no  one  whom  she  meets.”  She  tells  a 
wolf  that  she  is  going  to  her  grandmother’s  cottage  with 
some  wiue  and  bread.  He  reaches  the  cottage  before  her, 
eats  her  grandmother,  and,  when  Little  Red  Riding-hood 
arrives,  devours  her.  Iu  the  German  at  this  point  a hun- 
ter comes  who  rips  open  the  wolf,  and  Red  Riding-hood 
and  her  grandmother  are  restored  to  life.  This  legend  is 
found  in  many  countries,  but  comes  to  us  from  Perrault’s 
French  version,  which  heprobably  derived  from  the  Italian 
stories  of  Straparola  and  the  “Pentamerone.” 

Little  Rock.  The  capital  of  Arkansas  and  of 
Pulaski  County,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River 
about  lat.  34°  44'  N.,  long.  92°  16'  W.  It  has  a 

flourishing  trade  in  cotton.  Population,  45,941,  (1910). 

Little  Russia.  A name  given  to  the  division  of 
Russia  comprising  the  governments  of  Khar- 
koff,  Kieff,  Pultowa,  and  Tchernigoff.  in  some 
classifications  Volhynia  and  Podolia  are  included. 

Little  Tibet.  Same  as  Baltistan. 

Littleton  (lit'l-ton),  Adam.  Born  at  Hales- 
owen, Worcestershire,  Nov.  2,  1627 : died  June 
30, 1694.  An  English  scholar.  He  was  rector  of 
Chelsea  1669,  chaplain  of  Charles  II.  1670,  rector  of  over- 
ton,  Hampshire,  1683,  and  of  the  Church  of  St.  Botolph, 
Aldersgate,  1685-89.  His  principal  work  is  a Latin  dic- 
tionary, “ Linguae  latinae  liber  dictionr.riusquadripartitus  ” 
(London,  1673). 

Littleton,  Edward,  Lord  Littleton.  Born  at 
Munslow,  Shropshire,  1589:  died  at  Oxford, 
Aug.  27,  1645.  An  English  jurist.  He  was  chief 
justice  of  North  Wales  1621 ; recorder  of  London  Dec.  7, 
1631;  solicitor-general  Oct.  17, 1634  ; chief  justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas  Jan.  27, 1640 ; lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal 
Jan.  18, 1641 ; aud  first  commissioner  of  the  treasury  May 
18, 1641.  He  argued  against  Hampden  in  the  ship-money 
case,  and  was  a firm  partizan  of  the  king.  In  May,  1642,  he 
followed  the  king  to  York,  taking  the  seal  with  him. 

Littleton,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Frankiey, 
Worcestershire,  1402:  died  at  Frankiey,  Aug. 
23, 1481.  A noted  English  jurist,  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  Westcote  of  Westeote,  near  Barn- 
staple, and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  de 
Littleton  of  Frankiey.  In  baptism  he  received  his 
mother’s  surname,  ne  was  made  justice  of  the  Common 
Pleas  April  27, 1466,  and  was  the  author  of  a famouswork, 
in  law-French,  on  tenures,  which,  with  Coke’s  commentary, 
was  long  the  authority  on  the  English  law  of  real  property. 

Little  Vehicle.  See  Great  Vehicle. 

Little  Venice.*  A name  sometimes  given  to 
Arendal,  Norway,  on  account  of  its  situation. 


Littlewit 

Littlewit  (lit'l-wit),  John.  A foolish  proctor 
in  Ben  Jonson’s  “Bartholomew  Fair.”  He 
adores  his  hypocritical  wife  Winifred. 

Litton  (lit'on),  Marie  (Mary  Lowe).  Born  in 
Derbyshire,  1847 : died  at  London,  April  1, 1884. 
An  English  actress,  wife  of  Mr.  W.  Robertson, 
successful  as  a player  of  comedy,  and  a theatri- 
cal manager.  She  first  appeared  at  the  Prin- 
cess’s Theatre  March  23,  1868. 

Littorale.  See  Kiistenland. 

Littre  (le-tra'),  Maximilien  Paul  Emile. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  1, 1801:  died  there,  June  2, 
1881.  A French  philologist  and  philosopher.  He 
graduated  with  high  honors  from  college,  and  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine,  which  he  never  completed.  His  decided 
taste  for  literary  labors  induced  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  acquisition  of  Greek,  Arabic,  and  Sanskrit.  As  a jour- 
nalist he  wrote  for  the  “Journal  Hebdomadaire  d • Mdde- 
cine,”“LeNational,”  “Experience,”  “Journaldes  Savants,” 
“ Revue  de  Philosophie  Positive."  etc.  He  was  a fervent 
advocate  of  the  doctrine  of  positivism,  and  greatly  admired 
Auguste  Comte.  At  the  death  of  Comte,  l.ittrf  was  recog- 
nized as  the  head  of  the  positivist  school.  His  great  work 
Is  unquestionably  the  “Dictionnaire  de  la  langue  fran- 
$aise”  (1863-72).  He  made  a French  translation  of  the 
works  of  Hippocrates  (10  vols.  1839-61),  and  also  published 
translations  of  Strauss's  “ Life  of  Jesus  ” (1839-40)  and 
Pliny’s  “ Natural  History  "(1848).  He  edited  the  works  of 
Arrnand  Carrel  (1857),  and  a new  “ Dictionnaire  de  inede- 
cinede  Nysten.”  Besides  a number  of  books  and  papers  on 
positivism,  he  wrote  “Le  cholera  oriental”  (1832),  “His- 
toire  de  la  langue  franyaise  " (1862),  “Etudes  sur  les  bar- 
bares  et  le  moyen-age  ” (i§67),  “Mddecine  et  mddecins” 
(1872),“Restauration  delalbgitimitdetdeses  allies  "(1873), 
“ La  science  au  point  de  vue  philosophique  " (1873),  “ Lit- 
erature et  histoire  " (1875),  “De  l'dtablissement  etla  troi- 
Biime  r 'publique  ” (1880),  etc.  I.ittrC  was  one  of  the  finest 
linguists  and  scientists  of  his  century.  He  was  elected 
to  the  French  Academy,  Dec.  30,  1871. 

Littrow  (lit'trou),  Joseph  Johann  von.  Bom 

at  Bischof-Teinitz,  Bohemia,  March  13,  1781: 
died  Nov.  30,  1840.  An  Austrian  astronomer, 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Vienna,  author  of 
“Die  Wunder  des  Himmels”  (“The  Wonders  of 
the  Heavens,”  1836),  etc. 

Littrow,  Karl  von.  Born  at  Kazan,  Russia, 
July  18, 1811:  died  atVenice,  Nov.  16, 1877.  An 
Austrian  astronomer,  son  of  J.  J.  von  Littrow. 
Liukiu  Islands.  See  Loochoo  Islands. 
Liutprand  (li-ot'prand),  or  Luitprand  (lo'it- 
prand).  King  of  the  Lombards  from  about  712 
to  744. 

Liutprand,  or  Luitprand.  Died  972.  An  Ital- 
ian chronicler.  He  wrote  “Antapodosis  ” and  other 
histories  of  his  time  (ed.  by  Pertz  in  “Monumenta  Ger- 
manise ” 1839,  and  by  Dummler  1877). 

Livadia  (li-va'de-a).  An  estate  and  summer 
resort  of  the  Russian  imperial  family,  situated 
on  the  southern  coast  of  the  Crimea,  about  32 
miles  east-southeast,  of  Sebastopol. 

Livadia  (liv-a-de'a),  or  Levadia  (lev-a-de'a). 
1.  A town  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  57  miles  north- 
west of  Athens  : the  ancient  Lebadeia  (Greek 
A e/3adaa).  It  was  noted  for  its  oracle  of  Tro- 
phonius. — 2.  A name  formerly  given  to  Middle 
Greece. 

Live-Oak  State.  The  State  of  Florida. 
Liverpool (liv'er-pol).  AseaportinLancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey,  3 miles  from 
the  Irish  Sea,  in  lat.  53°  24'  N.,  long.  3°  4'  W. 
It  is  the  principal  seaport  in  England  and  in  the  world, 
and  in  respect  of  population  the  second  city  of  England  ; 
is  the  terminus  of  many  steamship  lines,  especially  trans- 
atlantic (Cunard,  White  Star,  etc.)  to  New  York  ; has  large 
trade  with  the  United  States,  Canada,  India,  China,  Aus- 
tralia, South  America,  Ireland,  etc. ; exports  cotton  goods 
and  other  manufactured  articles,  coal,  etc. ; imports  cot- 
ton, provisions,  cattle,  grain,  timber,  sugar,  tobacco,  etc. ; 
and  has  extensive  shipbuilding,  and  manufactures  of 
ropes,  sugar,  iron,  chemicals,  etc.  St.  George’s  Hall, 
opened  in  1854,  a modern  classical  building,  forms  the 
chief  architectural  ornament.  Other  objects  of  interest 
are  the  cathedral  (now  building),  town  hall,  exchange, 
revenue  buildings,  Liverpool  University  College,  Museum 
of  Japanese  Art,  Walker  and  other  art  galleries,  and  the 
very  extensive  docks.  Liverpool  received  a charter  from 
King  John  in  1207;  was  incorporated  in  1229;  and  was 
taken  by  Prince  Rupert  in  1644.  The  commencement  of 
its  prosperity  dates  from  the  last  half  of  the  17th  century. 
It  was  largely  engaged  in  the  African  slave-trade  and  in 
smuggling.  It  developed  greatly  in  the  18th  and  still 
more  in  the  19th  century.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  W.  E. 
Gladstone  and  Mrs.  Hemans.  Population,  746,566,  (1911). 
Liverpool.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  Queen’s 
County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Mersey, 70  miles  southwestof  Halifax.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,937. 

Liverpool,  Earls  of.  See  Jenlcinson. 

Livia  (liv'i-a).  In  Middleton’s  play  “Women 
beware  Women,”  an  artful  and  malicious  court 
lady  who,  with  consummate  knowledge  of  the 
world,  betrays  Bianca  (hence  the  title  of  the 

jfiay). 

Livia  Dmsilla  (liv'i-a,  dro-sil'la).  Born  about 
56  B.  C. : died  29  a.  d.  The  wife  of  Augustus,  and 
mother  of  Tiberius  and  Drusus.  She  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Livius  Drusus  Claudianus,  anfl  was  married  to  Ti- 
berius Claudius  Nero  (the  father  of  her  sons  Tiberius  and 


616 

Drusus),  who  was  compelled  to  divorce  her  in  order  that 
she  might  become  the  wife  of  the  future  emperor.  She 
was  accused  of  committing  various  crimes,  even  of  hasten- 
ing the  death  of  her  husband  in  her  endeavor  to  secure 
the  succession  to  her  son  Tiberius.  For  a time  after  the 
accession  of  the  latter  she  was  all-powerful  in  the  state, 
but  was  soon  forced  to  retire  from  public  affairs. 

Livigno  (le-ven'yo),  Valle  di,  G.  Welsch-Li- 

vinen  (vclsh'le-ve'nen).  The  upper  valley  of 
the  Spol,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  province 
of  Sondrio,  northern  Italy,  bordering  on  the 
Grisons  (Switzerland). 

Living,  or  Lyfing.  Died  June  12, 1020.  Anarch- 
bishop  of  Canterbury,  the  successor  of  gElflieah . 
He  crowned  Edmund  Ironside  and  Canute. 
Living,  or  Lyfing.  An  Anglo-Saxon  prelate, 
bishop  of  Crediton  (1027),  of  Cornwall  (date  un- 
certain), and  also  of  Worcester  (1038).  He  was 
a councilor  of  Canute,  and  his  companion  in  his  pilgrimage 
to  Rome,  and  was  later  a partizan  of  Earl  Godwin  and  a 
supporter  of  his  house. 

Livingston  (liv'ing-ston),  Brockholst.  Born 
at  New  York,  Nov.  25, 1757:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  March,  1823.  An  American  jurist,  son  of 
William  Livingston.  He  was  a judge  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1806-23. 
Livingston  (liv'ing-ston),  Edward.  Born  at 
Clermont,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.,  May  26, 
1764:  died  at  Rhinebeck,  N.  Y.,  May  23,  1836. 
An  American  jurist  and  statesman,  brother  of 
R.  R.  Livingston.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  1795-1801  ; mayor  of  New  York  1801-03  ; mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1823-29;  United  States 
senator  1829-31 ; secretary  of  state  1831-33 ; aud  United 
States  minister  to  France  1833-35.  He  prepared  a code  of 
criminal  law  and  procedure  (1833).  His  complete  works 
(2  vols.)  were  published  iu  1873. 

Livingston,  John  Henry.  Born  at  Poughkeep- 
sie, N.  Y.,  May  30,  1746:  died  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  Jan.  20, 1825.  An  American  clergy- 
man of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  president 
of  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick. 
Livingston,  Philip.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y. , Jan. 
15,  1716  : died  at  York,  Pa.,  June  12,  1778.  An 
American  politician,  a signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  as  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York,  1776. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.  Born  at  New  York, 
Nov.  27, 1746:  died  Feb.  26, 1813.  An  American 
statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  a member  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress;  chancellor  of  the  State  of  New  York 
1777-1801;  secretary  of  foreign  affairs  1781-83  ; and  United 
States  minister  to  France  1801-06.  He  negotiated  the  Loui- 
siana Purchase  in  1803,  and  was  associated  with  Fulton  in 
furthering  steamboat  navigation. 

Livingston,  "William.  Born  1723 : died  at  Eliza- 
bethtown, N.  J.,  July  25,  1790.  An  American 
politician,  brother  of  Philip  Livingston.  He  was 
governor  of  New  Jersey  1776-90,  and  a member 
of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787. 
Livingstone  (liv'ing-ston).  A name  proposed 
by  Stanley  for  the  Kongo. 

Livingstone,  Alexander.  Died  April  2,  1622. 
A Scottish  noble,  created  first  earl  of  Linlith- 
gow in  Dec.,  1600. 

Livingstone,  Charles.  Born  at  Blantyre,  Lan- 
arkshire, Feb.  28,  1821:  died  near  Lagos,  Oct. 
28, 1873.  A clergyman  and  missionary,  brother 
of  David  Livingstone.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1840  ; graduated  at  the  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary, New  York  city,  in  1850  ; returned  to  England  iu  1857 ; 
and  went  with  his  brother  to  Africa,  remaining  with  him 
until  1863.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  British  consul  at 
Fernando  Po. 

Livingstone,  David.  Born  at  Blantyre,  near 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  March  19, 1813 : died  at  Chi- 
tambo,  central  Africa,  April  30,  1873.  A cele- 
brated African  explorer  and  missionary.  From 
1840-49  he  was  medical  missionary  among  the  Bechuana 
of  South  Africa.  He  discovered  Lake  Ngami  in  1849  ; ex- 
plored the  Zambesi  and  Kuanza  basins  to  Loanda  1851-54 ; 
recrossed  the  continent  from  Loanda  to  Kilimane,  discov- 
ering Victoria  Falls,  in  1855  ; led  a government  expedition 
up  the  Zambesi  and  Shire  rivers,  and  discovered  Lakes 
Shirwa  and  Nyassa,  1-58-59 ; explored  the  Rovuma  val- 
ley in  1868,  the  Cliambezi  in  1867,  and  Lakes  Tanganyika, 
Moero,  and  Bangweolo  1867-68 ; was  at  TJjiji  in  1869  ; navi- 
gated Tanganyika,  and  was  driven  back  by  the  Manyema; 
was  relieved  by  Stanley  at  TJjiji  in  1871 ; parted  with  Stan- 
ley in  Unyanyembe  in  1872,  and  returned  to  Lake  Bang- 
weolo; and  died  at  Chitainbo  from  dysentery  in  1873. 
His  body  was  carried  to  the  coast,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey  April  18,  1874.  He  wrote  “Missionary 
Travels  in  South  Africa ” (1857).  and  a “Narrative of  an 
Expedition  to  the  Zambesi  ” (1865).  His  “Last  Journals  ” 
were  published  in  1874.  See  Century  Atlas,  Hap  109. 
Livius  (liv'i-us),  Saint.  Died  656  (?).  An  ec- 
clesiastic, called  “the  Apostle  of  Brabant,”  con- 
cerning whose  life  (if  indeed  he  existed  at  all) 
little  is  recorded. 

Livius  Andronicus.  See  Andronicus. 

Livny  (liv'ne).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Orel,  central  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sosna  75 
miles  southeast  of  Orel.  Population,  21,100. 
Livonia  (li-vo'ni-a),  G.  Livland  or  Liefland 
(lef'lant),  F.  Livohie  (le-vo-ne').  A govern- 


Llanos  de  Chiquitos 

ment  of  Russia,  one  of  the  Baltic  provinces. 
Capital,  Riga.  It  is  bounded  by  Esthonia  on  the  north. 
Lake  Peipus,  Pskoff,  and  Vitebsk  on  the  east,  Couriand 
(separated  by  the  Duna)  on  the  south,  and  the  Gulf  of  Riga 
on  the  west.  The  island  of  Osel  belongs  to  it.  The  surface 
is  mainly  level.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Letts  and  F.s- 
thonians.  The  nobility  is  German.  The  prevailing  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  Livonia  was  the  nucleus  of  the  do- 
minions of  the  Livonian  (Sword-Bearer)  Knights,  who 
began  their  settlements  in  1201.  In  1237  they  united  with 
the  Teutonic  Order.  The  Prussian  and  Livonian  Knights 
were  separated  in  1521.  After  the  dissolution  of  the  order 
(1558-61)  Livonia  was  for  a short  time  a kingdom.  After 
some  changes  it  became  Polish  in  1582  ; passed  to  Sweden 
1660  (having  been  conquered  by  Sweden  in  1621-25) ; and 
was  annexed  toRussiainl721.  It  is  being  Russified  like  the 
other  Baltic  provinces.  Area,  17,574  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,431,000. 

Livorno.  See  Leghorn. 

Livy  (liv'i)  (Titus  Livius).  Born  at  Patavium 
(Padua),  59  b.  c.  : died  there,  17  a.  d.  The  great- 
est of  Roman  historians,  and  the  most  impor- 
tant prose-  writer  of  the  Augustan  age.  He  wrote 
a comprehensive  history  of  Rome,  from  the  founding  of 
the  city  to  the  death  of  Drusus,  in  142  books,  of  which  only 
35  are  extant  (1-10  and  21-45),  and  also  several  philosophi- 
cal dialogues  and  a work  on  rhetorical  training.  He  spent 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  (over  40  years  of  which  were 
given  to  his  history)  at  Rome. 

Lixouri  (liks-6're).,  A town  in  Cephalonia, 
Greece.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Lizard,  The.  See  Lacerta. 

Lizard  Head,  or  Lizard  Point,  or  Lizard  (liz'- 
ard).  The  southernmost  point  of  England, 
situated  in  Cornwall,  lat.  49°  58'  N.,  long.  5° 
12'  W.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  the 
whole  peninsula. 

Lizars  (li-zarz'),  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh 
about  1787 : died  May  21, 1860.  A Scottish  sur- 
geon, professor  of  surgery  in  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh:  noted  for  the  intro- 
duction of  the  operation  for  the  removal  of  the 
upper  jaw.  He  published  “A  System  of  An- 
atomical Plates  of  the  Human  Body”  (1822), 
etc. 

Llameos  (lya-ma'os).  A race  of  Indians  of 
northern  Pern,  on  the  river  Maranon  near  Nau- 
ta,  the  lower  Huallaga,  and  the  Javary:  formerly 
found  between  the  Tigre  and  Napo.  The  Llameos 
are  rather  undersized,  but  were  formerly  very  warlike. 
They  are  agriculturistsand  industrious.  The  remnants  are 
mostly  merged  in  the  general  country  population.  Their 
language  appears  to  have  no  relation  to  those  of  other 
tribes.  Also  Yameos,  Lamas,  or  Lamistas,  and,  in  Portu- 
guese, Ltiameos. 

Llanberis  (lan-ber'is).  A town  in  Carnarvon- 
shire, Wales,  at  the  base  of  Snowdon,  10  miles 
south  of  Bangor:  a tourist  center. 

Llandaff  (lan-daf').  The  smallest  British  city, 
situated  on  the  Tail  in  Glamorgan,  South  Wales : 
a mere  suburb  of  Cardiff.  Llandaff  is  said  to  be  the 
oldest  episcopal  see  in  Great  Britain.  The  cathedral  is  a 
small  building,  representing  in  its  construction  all  the 
stages  of  medieval  architecture.  It  has  been  thoroughly 
restored  in  the  present  century.  The  fine  west  front  has 
more  of  a French  character  than  is  usual  in  Great  Britain. 
There  are  no  transepts.  The  interior  is  imposing;  the 
Norman  arch  of  the  Lady  chapel  is  notable ; and  there  is  a 
square  chapter-house  with  central  pillar. 

Llandudno  (lan-dud'no).  A watering-place  in 
Carnarvonshire,  North  Wales,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Conway,  on  the  Irish  Sea,  38  miles 
west  of  Liverpool.  There  is  a fine  “marine  drive” 
round  Great  Orme’s  Head.  Population,  7,282. 

Llanelly  (la-neth'li).  A seaport  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, South  Wales.  It  is  situated  on  an  inlet  of  Car- 
marthen Bay,  11  miles  TV.  N.  W.  of  Swansea.  There  are 
manufactures  of  iron,  copper,  tin,  etc.,  and  coal  is  ex- 
ported. Population,  25,617. 

Llaneros  (lya-na'ros),  corrupted  into  Yaneros 
(ya-na'ros).  [‘ People  of  the  plains.’]  An  in- 
definite name  for  the  former  wild  Indians  of 
the  staked  plains  of  western  Texas  and  eastern 
New  Mexico. 

Llangollen  (lan-goth'len).  A town  in  Denbigh- 
shire, North  Wales,  situated  on  the  Dee  31 
miles  south-southwest  of  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion, 3,303. 

Llanos  (Sp.  pron.  lya'nos).  [Sp.,  from  llano, 
a flat  field.]  A name  given  in  many  parts  of 
Spanish  America  to  large  tracts  of  open  land: 
in  a special  manner,  and  in  a geographical  sense, 
to  the  Llanos  del  Orinoco  or  de  Venezuela,  ly- 
ing principally  in  Venezuela,  with  extensions 
into  Colombia.  They  comprise  nearly  all  the  space  be 
tween  the  Orinoco  and  its  delta,  the  coast-range  of  Vene- 
zuela, and  the  Eastern  Cordillera  of  Colombia  as  far  as  the 
Vichada  branch  of  the  Orinoco  (about  lat.  5°  N.).  The 
total  area  is  probably  150,000  square  miles,  and  most  of  i' 
is  quite  flat  and  near  the  sea-level;  but  some  parts  are 
varied  with  table-topped  hills  a few  hundred  feet  high. 
During  the  rainy  season  large  areas  are  overflowed.  The 
llanos  are  thinly  inhabited,  and  the  only  industry  is  grazing, 
immense  herds  of  cattle  being  kept  in  a nearly  wild  state. 

Llanos  de  Chiquitos,  or  Llanos  de  los  Chi- 
quitos (da  los  che-ke'tos).  An  extensive  plain 
in  eastern  Bolivia,  in  the  departments  of  Santa 


Llanos  de  Chiquitos 

Cruz  andChuquisaca,  extendingfrom  the  moun- 
tains of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  nearly  to  the 
river  Paraguay.  It  is  continuous  with  the  Gran  Chaco 
on  the  south,  consists  of  grass-lands  varied  with  woods 
or  with  scattered  trees,  has  occasional  isolated^  hills,  and 
contains  few  inhabitants  except  Indians.  Portions  in  the 
east  are  annually  overflowed. 

Llanos  de  Guarayos  (gwa-ra'yos).  A northern 
extension  of  the  Llanos  de  Chiquitos,  near  the 
river  San  Miguel. 

Llanos  de  Manso  (miin'so)  or  de  Manzo  (man'- 
tho).  A portion  of  the  Chaco  region  of  South 
America,  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of 
Bolivia,  between  the  rivers  Pilcomayo  and 
Paraguay.  In  the  16th  cent  ury  this  region  was 
conceded  to  Andres  Manso  for  colonization. 
Llanquiliue  (Ivan -he'  wa).  A province  of 
Chile,  about  lat.  41°  S.  Capital,  Puerto 
Montt.  Area,  35,390  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 105,043. 

Llerena  (lya-ra'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  southwestern  Spain,  55  miles  north 
of  Seville.  Population,  7,049. 

Llewelyn,  or  Llywelyn  (in  full  Llywelyn  ab 
Gruffydd  (lo-el'in  ab  grii'feTH)).  Died  1282. 
Prince  of  Wales  1246-82,  nephew  of  David  II. 
whom  he  succeeded.  He  supported  the  Eng- 
lish barons  under  Simon  de  Montfort  against 
Henry  HI.,  and  was  defeated  with  them  at 
Evesham  in  1265.  He  refused  to  do  homage  to  Ed- 
ward  L,  whereupon  the  latter  subdued  Wales  in  1277.  He 
subsequently  revolted,  and  fell  in  battle. 

Lloque  Ynpanqui  (lyo'ka  yo-pan'ke).  Third 
head  war-chief  of  the  Incas  of  Peru  in  the 
last  quarter  of  the  14th  century.  He  made 
few  conquests.  Also  written  Loque  Yupan- 
qui,  etc. 

Llorente  (lyo-ran'ta),  Juan  Antonio.  Born 
near  Calahorra,  Aragon,  March  30,  1756:  died 
at  Madrid,  Feb.  5,  1823.  A Spanish  historian. 
He  was  a priest,  though  holding  rationalistic  views,  and 
from  1789  to  1801  was  general  secretary  of  the  Inquisition. 
Under  Joseph  Bonaparte  he  received  charge  of  the  con- 
fiscated property  of  the  Inquisition  and  the  religious  orders, 
and  in  1809  was  ordered  to  examine  the  archives  of  the 
Inquisition  and  write  its  history.  When  the  French  were 
driven  out  of  Spain  he  retired  with  them  to  Paris,  where 
his  history  of  the  Inquisition  was  published  1817-18.  It 
was  strongly  condemned  by  the  Roman  Catholic  authori- 
ties, and  he  was  interdicted  from  performing  priestly  func- 
tions. In  1822  he  published  a French  edition  of  the  prin- 
cipal works  of  Las  Casas,  with  a biography ; and  the  same 
year  a work  on  the  popes,  which  was  condemned  by  the 
government : he  was  ordered  to  leave  Paris.  He  pub- 
lished various  other  works,  principally  on  Spanish  history. 
Lloyd  (loid),  Charles.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
Peb.  12,  1775:  died  at  Chaillot,  near  Versailles, 
Jan.  16,  1839.  An  English  poet,  a friend  (and 
pupil)  of  Coleridge  ( with  whom  he  lived  for  some 
time)  and  of  Lamb.  He  became  insane  about 
1815,  and  died  in  a madhouse. 

Lloyd,  Edward.  Flourished  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century.  The  keeper  of  a cof- 
feeJtouse  in  Tower  street,  London,  and  later 
(1692)  of  “Lloyd’s  Coffee  House”  in  Lombard 
street.  His  coffee  house  became  the  center  of  ship  brok- 
ing and  marineinsurance.  He  published  a paper,  “ Lloyd’s 
News”  (Sept.,  1696, -Feb.,  1697),  which  was  revived  as 
“Lloyd’s  List*’  (1726),  containing  shipping  and  commer- 
cial news.  From  him  the  association  and  the  corporation 
now  known  as  “Lloyd’s”  were  named. 

Lloyd,  Edward.  Born  at  Thornton  Heath,  Sur- 
rey, Feb.  16, 1815:  died  at  Westminster,  April 
8,  1890.  A London  publisher,  founder  (1842) 
of  “Lloyd’sIllustratedLondon  Newspaper, ’’and 
after  1876  proprietor  of  the  “Daily  Chronicle.” 
Lloyd,  Edward.  Born  March  7, 1845.  An  Eng- 
lish tenor  singer.  He  made  his  first  great  success  in 
1871,  at  the  Gloucester  festival,  singing  in  Bach’s  “St.  Mat- 
thew ” passion  music.  He  has  since  been  successful  in 
oratorio  and  concert  music. 

Lloyd,  Henry.  Born  in  Merionethshire  about 
1720:  died  at  Huy,  Belgium,  June  19,  1783.  A 
Welsh  soldier  of  fortune,  for  a time  lay  brother 
in  a religious  house,  and  successively  in  the 
service  of  the  Pretender,  of  France,  of  Austria, 
and  of  Prussia.  He  wrote  a “History  of  the  War  be- 
tween the  King  of  Prussia  and  the  Empress  of  Germany 
and  her  Allies"  (London,  1766-82),  “A  Political  and  Mili- 
tary Rhapsody  on  the  Defense  of  Great  Britain  ” (1779),  etc. 
Lloyd,  Humphrey.  Born  at  Dublin,  April  16, 
1800:  died  there,  Jan.  17, 1881.  A British  man 
of  science,  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1867-81 . He  is  noted  for  his  researches  in  optics  and 
magnetism,  and  particularly  for  his  experimental  discovery 
of  conical  refraction  in  biaxial  crystals,  the  existence  of 
which  had  been  theoretically  determined  by  Sir  W.  R. 
Hamilton.  His  works  include  “A  Treatise  on  Light  and 
Vision”  11831),  “Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Wave  Theory 
of  Light’’  (1857),  “Treatise  on  Magnetism,  General  and 
Terrestrial’1  (1874),  etc. 

Lloyd,  Robert.  Born  at  Westminster,  1733: 
died  in  the  Fleet  Prison,  Dec.  15,  1764.  A Brit- 
ish poet.  He  was  a graduate  of  W estminster  School  and 
VI.  21 


617  ’ 

of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  later  was  usher  at  West- 
minster School.  He  wrote  “The  Actor : a Poetical  Epistle  ” 
(1760),  “The  Tears  and  Triumphs  of  Parnassus,”  etc.  He 
was  imprisoned  for  debt  in  1763. 

Lloyd,  William.  Born  at  Tilehurst,  Aug.  18, 
1627 : died  at  Hartlebury  Castle,  Worcester- 
shire, Aug.  30,  1717.  An  English  prelate,  bishop 
successively  of  St.  Asaph  (1680),  Lichfield  and 
Coventry  (1692),  and  Worcester  (1700).  He  was 
one  of  the'  six  bishops  tried  on  the  charge  of  publishing  a 
seditious  libel,  and  acquitted  June  29,  1688,  and  was  an 
earnest  supporter  of  the  Revolution. 

Lloyd’s  (loidz).  An  association  at  the  Royal 
Exchange,  London,  comprising  underwriters, 
merchants,  shipowners,  and  brokers,  for  the 
furtherance  of  commerce,  especially  for  marine 
instu’anee  and  the  publication  of  shipping  news. 
It  originated  in  meetings  at  Lloyd’s  Coffee  House  about 
1688.  The  present  rooms  include  a restaurant  accessible 
only  to  members  of  Lloyd’s  and  their  friends.  See  Lloyd , 
Edward  (18th  century),  above. 

Lloyd’s,  Austrian.  [It.  Lloyd  Austro- ungarico, 
G.  Osterreichisr.h-Unqarischcr  Lloyd.']  A mer- 
cantile company  in  Triest,  founded  in  1833  for 
the  furtherance  of  Austrian  commerce.  It  com- 
prises 3 sections : (a)  insurance ; ( b ) steamship  lines  in  the 
Mediterranean,  Black,  and  Red  seas,  etc. ; (c)  publication 
of  periodicals. 

Lloyd’s,  North  German.  [G.  Norddeutscher 
Lloyd.]  A company  in  Bremen,  founded  in 
1857,  for  maintaining  regular  steamship  lines 
between  Bremen  and  New  York,  Baltimore,  and 
other  ports:  also  between  New  York  and  va- 
rious Mediterranean  ports. 

Lloyd’s  List.  A periodical  containing  shipping 
intelligence,  issued  by  Lloyd’s  (London)  since 
1716,  as  a daily  since  1800. 

Llywarch  Hen.  A Cymric  poet,  living  in  the 
last  part  of  the  6th  century. 

Llywelyn  ab  Gruffydd.  See  Llewelyn. 
Loadstone,  Lady.  The  “magnetic  lady,”  a char- 
acter in  Ben  Jonson’s  play  of  that  name,  she  is 
magnetic  in  the  sense  of  making  her  house  attractive,  and 
so  drawing  to  it  a variety  of  guests. 

Loaisa,  or  Loaysa  (lo-I'sa),  Garcia  Jofre  de. 

Born  at  Plaeencia,  Caceres,  about  1485:  died 
July  30,  1526.  A Spanish  captain,  commenda- 
dor  of  the  order  of  St.  John,  who,  in  1525,  was 
put  in  command  of  a fleet  destined  to  follow  up 
the  discoveries  of  Magalhaes.  He  left  Spain  with 
7 ships,  July  24,  1525;  reached  the  Strait  of  Magellan  in 
Jan.,  1526;  lost  there  one  of  his  ships;  passed  the  strait 
safely  with  the  rest ; but  died  during  the  voyage  across  the 
Pacific.  One  ship  only  reached  the  Moluccas. 

Loanda  (lo-an'dii),  properly  Sao  Paulo  de 
Loanda  (san  pou'lo  de  lo-an'da).  A seaport 
and  the  capital  of  the  Portuguese  province  of 
Angola,  Africa,  in  lat.  8°  48'  S.,  long.  13°  13'  E. 
Population,  estimated,  about  20,000. 

Loango  (lo-ang'gd).  A region  on  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  extending  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Kongo  to  about  lat.  4°  S.  It  is  now  divided 
between  the  Belgian  Kongo,  Portugal,  and  France. 
Loano  (lo-a'no).  A small  town  in  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  coast  39  miles  southwest  of  Genoa. 
Here,  Nov.  23-24, 1795,  the  French  under  Sche- 
rer defeated  the  Austrians.  The  victory  was 
mainly  due  to  Massena. 

Loayza(lo-i' tha),  orLoaysa  (lo-i'sa) , Geronymo 
de.  Born  at  Traxillo,Estremadura,  Spain,  about 
1500 : died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Oet.  25, 1575.  A Span- 
ish Dominican  ecclesiastic.  He  was  a missionary 
at  Cartagena,  New  Granada,  1526-31,  and  in  1537  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  that  diocese ; became  bishop  of  Lima 
in  1543 ; and  was  the  first  archbishop  in  1548.  During  the 
rebellions  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  and  Giron  he  adhered  to  the 
king,  but  did  his  best  to  prevent  bloodshed.  In  1552  and 
1567  he  presided  over  provincial  councils. 

Lobau  (lo'bou).  An  island  in  the  Danube,  near 
Vienna.  It  was  occupied  by  the  French  after 
the  battle  of  Aspern  in  1809. 

Lobau  (le'bou).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, 41  miles  east  of  Dresden : one  of  the  prin- 
cipal towns  of  ancient  Lusatia.  Population, 
10,683. 

Lobau.  A town  in  the  province  of  West  Prus- 
sia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Sandelle  75  miles 
southeast  of  Dantzic.  Pop.,  commune,  5,048. 
Lobeira  (lo-ba'e-rii),  or  Loveira  (lo-va'e-ra), 
Vasco  de.  Born  at  Oporto,  Portugal,  about 
the  middle  of  the  14th  century:  died  at  Elvas, 
Portugal,  about  1403.  A Portuguese  romance- 
writer  and  soldier  (in  the  service  of  John  I.  of 
Portugal,  by  whom  he  was  knighted  in  1385) : 
reputed  author  of  the  famousromance  “Amadis 
of  Gaul”  (which  see). 

Lobengula  (lo-beng-go'lii).  [‘The  defender.’] 
Bom  about  1833 : died  1894.  King  of  the  Mata- 
bele  (see  Matabele),  a son  of  Mosilikatse.  He  was 
long  feared  as  a powerful  warrior  and  persistent  oppo- 
nent of  Christianity  and  civilization  in  his  kingdom  ; hut 
finally  the  British  South  African  Company  succeeded  in 
obtaining  from  hint,  in  exchange  for  improved  firearms 
and  ammunition,  permission  to  settle  in  Maslionaland  and 


Locke,  John 

to  exploit  its  gold-mines.  As  soon  as  the  company  had 
built  Fort  Salisbury  and  supplied  it  well  with  men,  artil- 
lery, ammunition,  and  provisions,  it  provoked  the  Mata 
bele  with  a view  to  seizing  their  territory.  In  the  war 
which  ensued,  in  1893,  the  brave  Matabele  regiments  were 
mowed  down  by  Maxim  guns  and  dispersed  by  cavalry  in 
several  engagements.  A decisive  battle,  in  which  500 
Matabele  and  only  one  white  man  fell,  was  fought  on  Oct. 
23,  some  thirty  miles  from  Buluwayo,  Lobengula’s  capital. 
The  latter  was  taken  without  further  resistance  and  the 
king  pursued  as  a fugitive.  In  his  flight  he  managed  to 
entrap  and  kill  Major  Wilson  and  his  detachment. 

Lobensteill  (lo'ben-stin).  A town  and  health- 
resort  in  Reuss  (younger  line),  Germany,  39 
miles  south-southeast  of  Weimar.  Population, 
about  3,000. 

Lob-Nor  (lob'nor').  A lake  in  Eastern  Tur- 
kestan, about  lat.  39°  N.,  long.  89°  E.  It  re- 
ceives the  Tarim,  and  has  no  outlet. 

Lobo  (16' bo),  Jeronimo.  Bom  at  Lisbon  about 
1593 : died  at  Lisbon,  Jan.  29,  1678.  A Portu- 
guese Jesuit,  missionary  in  Abyssinia. 

Lobos  (16'bos)  or  Seal  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands  west  of  Peru,  situated  (Lobos  de 
Tierra)  in  lat.  6°  27'  S.,  long.  80°  49'  W.  They 
are  noted  for  guano  deposits. 

Lobositz  (lo'bo-zits).  A town  in  Bohemia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Elbe  35  miles  north-northwest  of 
Prague.  Here,  Oct.  1,  1756,  Frederick  the  Great  de- 
feated the  Austrians  under  Browne.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,076,  (1910). 

Locarno  (lo-kiir'no).  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  situated  on  Lago  Mag- 
giore  11  miles  west  of  Bellinzona.  Annexed 
to  Switzerland  in  1513.  Pop.,  about  4,000. 

Locatelli  (lo-ka-tel'le),  Pietro.  Born  at  Ber- 
gamo, 1693:  died  at  Amsterdam,  1764.  A noted 
violinist.  He  was  a pupil  of  Corelli  at  Rome. 

Lochaber  (loch-a'ber).  Amountainous  district 
in  the  southern  part  of  Inverness-shire,  Scot- 
land. 

Lochaber  No  More.  An  air  claimed  for  both 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  of  which  some  two  or  three 
versions  are  extant.  “The  earliest  known  copy  of 
the  melody  is  one  called  1 King  James’  March  to  Ireland’ 
(Leyden  MS.  about  1692).  . . . Adlan  Ramsay  included  in 
the  second  volume  of  ‘ The  Tea-Table  Miscellany  1 a song  to 
the  tune  of  ‘Lochaber  no  more, ’apparently  written  by  him- 
self. It  is  the  one  now  associated  with  the  melody."  Grove. 

Loches  (losh).  A town  in  the  department  of  In- 
dre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Indre  22 
miles  southeast  of  Tours.  The  chateau,  a residence 
of  the  old  counts  of  Anjou,  of  the  Plantagenet  kings,  and 
of  the  kings  of  France  as  late  as  the  16th  century,  is  a great 
pile  of  massive  walls  and  square  and  cylindrical  towers, 
several  of  which  are  occupied  by  the  grim  dungeons  of 
Louis  XI.  It  was  the  place  of  imprisonment  of  La  Balue, 
Commines,  and  Sforza.  The  palace,  of  the  15th  and  16th 
centuries,  with  fine  Renaissance  front,  is  row  the  sous-pre- 

. fecture.  The  interesting  Chapel  of  St.  Ours,  founded  in 
the  10th  century,  displays  rich  Romanesque  ornament. 
Population,  commune,  5,115. 

Lochiel’s  (loch-elz')  Warning.  A poem  by 
Thomas  Campbell:  so  called  from  its  subject, 
Donald  Cameron  of  Lochiel. 

Lochinvar  (loch-in -var').  A ballad  in  the  poem 
of  “Marmion,”  by  Sir  Walter  Scott:  so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  hero,  the  yotmg  Lochinvar. 

Lochleven(loch-le'vn).  A lake  in  Kinross-shire, 
Scotland,  18  miles  north-northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh. On  an  island  in  it  are  the  remains  of  a castle 
which  was  the  scene  in  1567-6S  of  the  imprisonment  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  The  Leven  carries  its  waters  to  the 
Firth  of  Forth.  Length,  3J  miles. 

Lochliagar  (loch-na-giir').  A mountain  in  the 
southwest  part  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland. 
Height,  3,780  feet. 

Locke  (lok),  David  Ross:  pseudonym  Petro- 
leum V.  Nasby.  Born  at  Vestal,  Brome  County, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  20, 1833 : died  in  1888.  An  Ameri- 
can political  satirist.  He  commenced  in  1860  the  pub- 
lication of  the  “ Nasby  Letters,”  contributed  chiefly  to  the 
“Toledo  Blade.” 

Locke,  John.  Born  at  Wrington,  Somerset,  Aug. 
29, 1632 : died  at  Oates,  High  Laver,  Essex,  Oct. 
28, 1704.  A celebrated  English  philosoph  er,  one 
of  the  most  influential  thinkers  of  modern  times. 
His  father  was  a lawyer,  and  a captain  in  the  Parliamen- 
tary army.  Locke  was  educated  at  Westminster  School  (of 
which  Busby  was  head-master),  and  at  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  graduated  in  Feb.,  1656.  He  continued  to 
reside  at  Oxford,  and  was  for  brief  periods  lecturer  on 
Greek,  lecturer  on  rhetoric,  and  censor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy. In  Dec.,  1665,  and  Jan.,  1666,  he  accompanied  Sir 
W alter  Vane  as  secretary  on  a mission  to  the  Elector  of 
Brandenburg.  On  his  return  he  again  went  to  Oxford  to 
study  medicine,  but  did  not  take  a degree.  In  1667  he  be- 
came a member  of  the  family  of  the  (later)  Ear  l of  Shaftes- 
bury, at  first  as  physician  and  afterward  as  confidential 
agent.  In  1669  he  drew  up  a constitution  for  the  colonists 
of  Carolina,  of  which  Shaftesbury  (then  Ashley)  was  one  of 
the  lords  proprietors.  Through  his  patron  Locke  was  ap- 
pointed‘secretary  of  presentations  in  1672,  and  secretary  of 
the  council  of  trade  1673-76.  He  visited  France  in  1672, 
and  again  1675-79.  After  the  fall  of  Shaftesbury,  I.ocke  be- 
came an  object  of  suspicion,  and  found  it  necessary  (1683) 
to  escape  to  Holland  where  he  remained  until  1689.  In 
this  year  he  became  commissioner  of  appeals.  From  1691 


Locke,  John 

he  resided  at  Oates,  High  Laver,  Essex,  in  the  family  of 
Sir  Francis  Masham.  His  chief  work  is  the  “Essay  con- 
cerning Humane  Understanding”  (1690:  four  subsequent 
editions,  revised  by  Locke,  appeared  1694, 1695, 1700, 1706). 
Among  his  other  writings  are  several  letters  “Concerning 
Toleration”  (1689  (Latin  and  English),  1690),  “Two  Trea- 
tises on  Government”  (1690),  “ Some  Thoughts  concern- 
ing Education  ” (1693),  etc.  Various  collective  editions 
of  his  works  have  been  published.  Locke  was  the  founder 
of  the  English  and  French  “sensational”  philosophy  and 
psychology,  and  the  skeptical  application  of  his  principles 
by  David  Hume  led  Kant  to  the  development  of  the  “ crit- 
ical " philosophy. 

Locker  (lok'er),  Frederick.  Born  1821:  died 
May  30,  1895.  An  English  poet,  writer  of 
“vers  de  societe.”  He  married  as  his  second  wife 
the  daughter  of  Sir  Curtis  Lampson,  and  assumed  the 
name  of  Locker-Lampson.  Among  his  poems  are  “Lon- 
don Lyrics”  (1857  and  1870),  “Patchwork”  (1879).  He 
edited  “Lyra  Elegantiarum  ’ in  1869,  and  contributed  to 
various  periodicals. 

Lockerbie  (lok'er-bi).  A town  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  11  miles  east-northeast  of  Dum- 
fries. Population,  2,358. 

Lockhart  (lok'iirt),  John  Gibson.  Born  at 
Cambusnethan,  Lanarkshire,  July  14,  1794 : 
died  at  Abbotsford,  Nov.  25,  1854.  A Scottish 
author,  noted  as  the  biographer  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  He  became  an  advocate  in  1816 ; joined  the  staff 
of  “Blackwood’s  Magazine"  in  1818;  married  Sophia,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Sir  WalterScott,  in  1820;  and  edited  the 
“Quarterly  Review”  1820-53.  His  principal  work  is  the 
“Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott”  (7  vols.  1836- 
1838).  Among  his  other  publications  are  “Peter’s  Letters 
to  his  Kinsfolk”  (1819);  “Adam  Blair"  (1822)  and  other 
novels ; translations  of  “Ancient  Spanish  Ballads  ” (1823) ; 
and  “The  Ballantyne  Humbug  Handled  ” (1839). 

Lock  Haven  (lok  ha/vn).  A city,  the  capital 
of  Clinton  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  69  miles 
northwest  of  Harrisburg,  it  has  a flourishing  lum- 
ber trade.  Population,  7,772,  (1910). 

Lockport  (lok'port).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Niagara  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
Erie  Canal  22  miles  north-northeast  of  Buffalo. 
It  has  flourishing  manufactures.  Population, 

*17,970,  (1910). 

Lockrpy  (lok-rwa/)  (properly  Simon),  Edou 1 
ard  Etienne  Antoine.  Born  at  Paris,  July- 
18,  1838.  A French  journalist  and  Radical  poli- 
tician, son  of  J.  P.  Lockroy.  He  was  minister  of 
commerce  and  industry  1886-87  ; minister  of  education 
1888-89 ; minister  of  marine  1895-96,  1898,  1898-99. 

Lockroy,  Joseph  Philippe  Simon,  called.  Born' 
at  Turin,  Feb.  17,  1803:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  19, 
1891.  A French  dramatist  and  comedian. 

Locksley  (loks'li).  The  name  assumed  by 
Robin  Hood  at  the  tournament  at  Ashby  de 
la  Zouche,  in  Scott’s  “Ivanhoe.” 

Locksley  Hall.  A poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 

*lished  in  1842. 

Lockyer  (lok'yer),  Sir  (Joseph)  Norman.  Bom 
at  Rugby,  England,  May  17, 1836.  A noted  Eng- 
lish astronomer.  He  has  published  “Elementary  Les- 
sons in  Astronomy  ” (1868),  “ Contributions  to  Solar  Phys- 
ics” (1873),  “The  Spectroscope”  (1873),  “Studies  in  Spec- 
trum Analysis  ” (1878),  ‘ ‘ The  i lawn  of  Astronomy  "(1894 ),  etc. 

Locle  (lok'l),  Le.  A town  in  the  canton  of  Neu- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  10  miles  northwest  of  Neu- 
ehatel.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of 
watches  (established  in  1680)  and  of  lace.  Pop- 
ulation, 12,559. 

Locmariaquer  (lok-ma-rya-kar').  A seaport  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  Prance,  11  miles 
west-southwest  of  Vamies,  celebrated  for  me- 
galithic  monuments. 

Locofocos  (lo-ko-fo'koz).  In  United  States  his- 
tory, the  equal-rights  or  radical  section  of  the 
Democratic  party  about  1835 ; by  extension,  in 
disparagement,  any  of  the  members  of  that 
party.  The  name  was  given  in  allusion  to  an  incident 
which  occurred  at  a tumultuous  meeting  of  the  Democratic 
party  in  Tammany  Hall,  N ew  York,  in  1835,  when  the  radi- 
cal faction,  after  their  opponents  had  turned  off  the  gas, 
relighted  the  room  with  candles  by  the  aid  of  locofoco 
matches.  The  Locofoco  faction  soon  disappeared,  but  the 
name  was  long  used  for  the  Democratic  party  in  general 
by  its  opponents.  Often  abbreviated  Locos. 

Locri Epicnemidii  (lo'krl  e-pik-ne-mid'i-i).  In 
ancient  geography,  a Greek  people  dwelling 
along  the  Maliac  Gidf,  north  of  Phocis:  so 
named  from  Mount  Cnemis. 

Locri  Epizephyrii  (epH-ze-fir'i-i),  or  Locri.  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  in  southern  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  coast  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  16°  15' 
E.  Its  site  is  near  the  modern  Gerace.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Locriansof  Greece;  was  closely  allied  with  Syracuse  in 
the  4th  century  B.  C. ; and  vacillated  between  Rome,  Pyr- 
rhus, and  Carthage  in  the  3d  century  B.  c.  A Greek  Ionic 
temple  of  Persephone,  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.,  has  been 
recovered  by  excavation  here. 

Locrine  (lo'krin).  Amythical  king  of  England. 

He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Brute  or  Brutus,  and  the  father 
of  Sabrina,  celebrated  in  Milton’s  “Conius.”  His  story  is 
told  in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth. 

Locrine.  A tragedy  published  anonymously  in 


618 

1595,  probably  written  by  Peele  and  Tilney 
about  1585.  It  has  been  ascribed  to  Shakspere  (from  the 
initials  W.  S.  on  the  title-page)  and  to  Marlowe.  The 
plot  was  taken  from  Holinshed,  based  on  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

Locri  Opuntii  (o-pun'shi-i).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a Greek  people  living  north  of  Boeotia  and 
opposite  Euboea:  so  named  from  Opus,  their 
chief  town.  The  name  sometimes  includes  the 
country  of  the  Locri  Epicnemidii. 

Locri  Ozolae  (o'zo-le).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
Greek  people  living  along  the  Corinthian  Gulf, 
west  of  Phocis.  The  origin  of  the  name  is 
doubtful. 

Locris  (lo'kris).  In  ancient  geography,  a divi- 
sion of  middle  Greece,  occupied  by  the  Locri 
Epicnemidii  and  Locri  Opuntii,  or  eastern  Lo- 
crians,  and  the  Locri  Ozolas,  or  western  Locrians. 
Locusta  (lo-kus'ta).  A professional  poisoner 
living  at  Rome  about  54  A.  D.  Juvenal  speaks  of 
her  as  the  agent  for  ridding  many  a wife  of  her  husband, 
and  Tacitus  as  “long  reckoned  as  among  the  instruments 
of  government.”  She  was  employed  by  Agrippina  to  pre- 
pare a poison  for  the  emperor  Claudius.  She  was  exe- 
cuted in  the  reign  of  Galba. 

Locteve  (lo-dav').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Hdrault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  Ergue 
29  miles  west-northwest  of  Montpellier:  the 
Roman  Luteva.  It  has  important  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly of  woolen  (military  cloth),  and  contains  a cathe- 
dral. It  was  formerly  ruled  by  viscounts.  Population, 
commune,  7,395. 

Lodge  (loj),  Henry  Cabot.  Born  at  Boston,  May 
12, 1850.  An  American  historian  and  politician. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1871;  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1876 ; was  university  lecturer  on  American  history  at 
Harvard  1874-79 ; was  editor  of  the  “North  American  Re- 
view ” 1873-76,  and  of  the  “ International  Review  ” 1879-81 ; 
and  was  a Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 1886-93,  when  lie  was  transferred  to  the  United 
States  Senate.  He  has  published  * ‘ A Short  History  of  the 
English  Colonies  in  America”  (1881),  “Alexander  Hamil- 
ton ”(1882),  “Daniel  Webster  "(1883),  “Studies  in  History” 
(1884),  etc. 

Lodge,  Thomas.  Born  at  West  Ham,  near  Lon- 
don, about  1556  : died  1625.  An  English  nov- 
elist, dramatist,  lyric  poet,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  Among  his  works  are  the  novel  “Rosalynde: 
Euphues  Golden  Legacie,  etc.”  (1590),  “Euphues  Shadow: 
theBattleof  the  Senses"  (1592),  “TheWoundsof  tlieCivil 
War,”  a tragedy  (1594),  poems  (1589),  "Phillis  ” and  “Life 
and  Death  of  William  Longbeard,  etc.”  (1593),  “ A Fig  for 
Momus,”  satires  (1595).  He  also  wrote,  with  Greene,  an- 
other play,  “A  Looking-glass  for  London  and  England” 
(1594),  which  was  very  popular. 

Lodi  (lo'de).  A city  in  the  province  of  Milan, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Adda  in  lat.  45°  18'  N., 
long.  9°  30'  E.  It  contains  a cathedral,  and  the  church 
Incoronata,  begun  in  1476  from  a design  by  Bramante. 
It  is  especially  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  Parmesan 
cheese  and  of  majolica.  It  was  founded  by  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa,  in  place  of  the  neighboring  Lodi  Veccliio  (the 
Roman  Laus  Pompeia),  destroyed  in  1158.  Population, 
20,730. 

Lodi,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  May  10,  1796, 
by  the  French  under  Napoleon  over  the  Austri- 
ans under  Beaulieu.  Napoleon  himself  led  the  charge 
of  the  grenadiers  (6,000)  across  the  bridge  of  the  Adda. 
The  Austrians,  posted  behind  the  bridge,  numbered,  ac- 
cording to  Thiers,  16,000  (probably  less).  Lannes  was  the 
first  man  across  the  bridge,  Napoleon  (who  won  this  day 
the  epithet  “ Little  Corporal  ”)  the  second.  The  Austrian 
loss  was  2,500;  the  French  loss,  probably  2,000.  The 
battle  is  known  as  “the  terrible  passage  of  the  bridge  of 
Lodi.  ” It  was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Milan. 

Lodomeria  (lo-do-me'ri-a).  The  Latin  name  of 
the  medieval  principality  of  Vladimir  in  Vol- 
hynia,  which  became  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Poland.  The  Emperor  of  Austria-Hungary 
bears  the  title  of  King  of  Galicia  and  Lodo- 
meria. 

Lodore  (lo-d5r').  A cascade  in  Cumberland, 
England,  near  Keswick. 

Lodovico  (lo-do-ve'ko).  A kinsman  of  Braban- 
tio  in  Shakspere’s  “ Othello.” 

Lodz  (lodz).  A city  in  the  government  of  Piotr- 
kow,  Russian  Poland,  67  miles  southwest  of  War- 
saw. It  is  the  center  of  the  Polish  textile  manufacture, 
the  leading  manufacture  being  cotton.  Population, 
351,570. 

Loegres,  Logres.  The  name  by  which  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth  calls  England,  from  Logris  or 
Locrine,  son  of  the  legendary  King  Brute. 
Lolling  (lef Ting),  Peter.  BornatTollforsbruch, 
near  Walbo,  Sweden,  Jan.  31, 1729  : died  in  Ven- 
ezuela, Feb.  22,  1756.  A Swedish  botanist,  a 
pupil  and  friend  of  Linnaeus.  In  1751  he  accom- 
panied a Spanish  scientific  expedition  to  Venezuela,  and, 
after  traveling  extensively  in  the  province  of  Cumana,went 
to  the  missions  of  Guayana,  where  he  died  of  a fever.  An 
account  of  Iris  travels  was  published  in  Swedish,  under  the 
direction  of  Linnajus,  in  1758. 

Lofoten,  (lo-fo'ten)  (less  correctly  Lofoden  or 
Loffoden  (lof-fo'den))  Islands.  A group  of 
islands  belonging  to  the  province  of  Nordland, 
Norway,  situated  west  of  the  mainland  about 
lat.  67°  30'  to  69°  20'  N.  The  surface  is  mountain- 


Logistilla 

ous.  The  chief  islands  are  Hindd,  Lango,  Ando,  Ost-Vaago, 
and  Vest-Vaago.  The  chief  industry  is  the  cod  and  her- 
ring fishery.  Population,  about  40,000. 

Loftus  (lof'tus),  Lord  Augustus  William 
Frederick  Spencer.  Born  Oct.  4,  1817 : died 
March  7,  1904.  An  English  diplomatist,  fourth 
son  of  the  second  Marquis  of  Ely;  ambassador 
to  Russia  1871-79. 

Loftus,  William  Kennett.  Born  at  Rye,  Eng- 
land, about  1820:  died  at  sea,  Nov.,  1858.  An 
English  archteologist.  He  published  “Travels 
and  Research es  in  Chaldtea  and  Susiana  ” ( 1857), 
etc. 

Log  (log),  King.  In  ZEsop’s  “Fables,”  a worth- 
less and  heavy  log  sent  by  Jove  to  the  frogs  who 
prayed  for  a king.  They  complained  to  him 
of  this  inert  monarch,  and  he  sent  them  a stork 
who  ate  them  up. 

Logan  (lo'gan),  George.  Born  at  Stenton,  near 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  9,  1753 : died  there,  April 
9,  1821.  An  American  politician,  grandson  of 
J ames  Logan.  He  went  to  France  in  1798  with 
the  design  of  averting  a war  with  that  country, 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Pennsyl- 
vania 1801-07. 

Logan,  James.  Born  at  Lurgan,  County  Ar- 
magh, Ireland,  Oct.  20,  1674;  died  near  Ger- 
mantown, Pa.,  Oct.  31,  1751.  An  American 
colonial  politician.  He  was  a member  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  and  accompanied  William  Penn  to  America  as 
his  secretary  in  1699.  He  was  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Pennsylvanial731-39,  and  as  president  of  the  coun- 
cil was  for  two  years  acting  governor  of  the  colony  after 
tiie  death  of  Governor  Gordon  in  1736.  He  bequeathed 
over  two  thousand  volumes  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
which  now  form  part  of  the  Philadelphia  Library  under  the 
title  of  the  Loganian  Library.  He  wrote  “ Experimenta  et 
Meletemata  de  Plantarum  Generatione  ” (1739),  etc. 

Logan  (lo'gan),  John,  assumed  name  of  Tah- 
gah-jute.  Bom  about  1725:  killed  near  De- 
troit, 1780.  An  Indian  chief.  He  was  a Cayuga  by 
birth ; lived  many  years  near  Reedsville,  Pennsylvania,  in 
friendly  intercourse  with  the  whites ; aDd  became  a chief 
among  the  Mingoes.  His  family  was  murdered  by  the 
whites  on  the  Ohio  in  1774,  whereupon  he  instigated  a 
war  against  them.  He  was  killed  in  a skirmish  with 
a party  of  Indians. 

Logan,  John.  Born  in  Scotland  in  1748:  died 
at  London,  Dec.,  1788.  A Scottish  lyric  poet. 
He  published  his  poems,  with  those  of  Michael  Bruce,  in 
1770.  The  much-debated  question  whether  the  “Ode  to 
the  Cuckoo  ” is  the  production  of  Bruce  or  of  Logan  is  still 
matter  of  dispute. 

Logan,  John  Alexander.  Born  in  Jackson 
County,  HI.,  Feb.  9,  1826:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Dee.  26, 1886.  An  American  general  and 
statesman,  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate 
for  the  vice-presidency  in  1884.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  war ; was  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1859- 
1861 ; served  with  distinction  in  the  Civil  War  under  Grant 
in  1862,  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign  of  1863,  and  in  north- 
ern Georgia  under  Shennan  in  1864 ; was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Illinois  1867-71 ; and  was  United  States  sena- 
tor 1871-77  and  1879-86.  He  published  “The  Great  Con- 
spiracy ” (1886). 

Logan,  Mount.  A mountain  situated  in  Yukon, 
Canada,  26  miles  northeast  of  Mount  St.  Elias, 
in  lat.  60°  34'  N.,  long.  140°  24'  W.  Height, 
19,514  feet ; after  Mount  McKinley,  probably 
the  highest  in  North  America. 

Logan,  Olive.  See  Sykes. 

Logan’s  Cross  Koads,  or  Mill  Springs.  A 
locality  in  Wayne  County,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Cumberland  River,  where,  Jan.  19,  1862,  the 
Federals  under  Thomas  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates under  Crittenden.  See  Mill  Springs. 
Logansport  (15'ganz-port).  A city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Cass  County,  Indiana,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Eel  and  Wabash  rivers,  70  miles 
north  by  west  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  flourish- 
ing trade  and  car-works.  Population,  19,050, 
(1910). 

Logan  (lo'gou),  Friedrich  von.  Born  in  Silesia, 
1604:  died  at  Lieguitz,  July  25,  1655.  A Ger- 
man poet.  He  was  councilor  to  the  Duke  of  Brieg  and 
Liegnitz.  He  belonged  to  the  first  Silesian  school  of  poets, 
and  was  the  principal  epigrammatist  of  the  period,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  German  literature.  In  1654 
he  published,  under  the  title  “Sinngedichte”  (“Epi- 
grams”), a collection  of  more  than  3,500  poems,  many  of 
which  are,  however,  but  rimed  couplets.  A complete 
edition  was  published  at  Tubingen  in  1872. 

Loggia  dei  Lanzi  (loj'ja  da'e  land'ze).  A me- 
dieval vaulted  portico,  one  of  the  characteristic 
buildings  of  Florence,  begun  1374.  The  front  lias 
tliree  great  round  arches  with  molded  columns,  a rich 
bracketed  cornice  and  balustrade,  and  medallions  of  the 
Theological  Virtues  in  the  spandrels.  In  the  portico  are 
placed  Cellini’s  “Perseus,”  Donatello’s  “Judith, "and  other 
important  Renaissance  and  antique  statues. 

Logic,  Bob.  See  Tom  ami  Jerry. 

Logistilla  (lo-jis-til'la).  In  “ Orlando  Ftirioso,” 
the  sister  of  Alcina  and  Morgana.  She  repre- 
sents reason  or  virtue. 


Logone 

Logone  (lo-go'ne).  A tribe  of  the  central  Sudan, 
southeast  of  Lake  Chad,  between  Bornu  and 
Baghirmi.  They  number  about  250,000.  They  are  vassals 
of  Bornu,  but  are  self-governing ; they  are  related  alike  to 
the  Makaris  and  the  Musgu  ; and  their  language  is  said  to 
have  affinity  with  Hausa  and  Galla. 

Logrono  (lo-gron'yo).  A province  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  Alava  and  Navarre  on  the 
north,  Navarre  and  Saragossa  on  the  east,  Soria  on  the 
south,  and  Burgos  on  the  west.  It  belongs  to  the  Ebro  val- 
ley. Area,  1,946  square  miles.  Population,  189,376. 
Logrono.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Lo- 
grono, situated  on  the  Ebro  about  lat.  42°  26' 
N.,  long.  2°  36'  W. : the  Roman  Julia  Briga. 
Population,  20,983. 

Logrono,  Pedro.  Born  at  Guadalajara,  Spain : 
died,  probably  in  Mexico,  after  1567.  A Span- 
ish priest.  His  “ Manual  de  los  adultos  para  bautizar" 
(known  only  in  a fragment)  is  probably  the  oldest  existing 
book  published  in  America.  It  was  printed  at  Mexico  in 
1540. 

Lohardaga  (lo-har-da'ga),  or  Lohardugga  (16- 
har-dug'ga).  The  name  of  a former  district 
in  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
23°  30'  N.,  long.  85°  E.  Area,  7,140  square 
miles.  Now  included  in  the  Ranchi  district. 
Loheia,  or  Loheyyah  (lo-ha'ya).  A seaport  in 
Yemen,  Arabia,  situated  on  the  Red  Sea  in  lat. 
15°  42'  N.,  long.  42°  39'  E.  Population,  5,000- 
6,000. 

Lohengrin  (lo'en-grin).  [MHG.  Lolierangrin, 
Lohengrin .]  In  German  legend,  the  mythical 
knight  of  the  swan,  the  son  of  Parzival,  and 
a knight  of  the  Holy  Grail.  He  is  carried  in  a boat 
drawn  by  a swan  to  Antwerp,  where  he  becomes  the  hus- 
band of  the  Princess  of  Brabant,  on  the  condition  that  she 
shall  never  ask  his  name.  She  nevertheless  breaks  the 
agreement,  and  the  swan  comes  with  the  boat  and  bears 
him  away  to  the  Grail.  Allusion  is  made  to  his  history  at 
the  end  of  the  poem  “Parzival,”  written  by  Wolfram  von 
Eschenbach  between  1205  and  1215.  He  is  also  mentioned 
in  the  “Titurel,"  written  by  one  Albrecht  between  1260 
and  1270  ; and  the  same  legend  is  the  subject  of  the  poem 
“ Schwamitter ’’  (“The  Swan  Knight”),  by  Konrad  von 
Wurzburg  (died  1287),  who  does  not,  however,  connect 
his  hero  with  the  Grail.  A poem,“  Lohengrin,”  later  re- 
modeled under  the  name  “Lorengel,”  written  by  an  un- 
known author  in  Bavaria  before  1290,  gives  a detailed 
history  of  the  mythical  knight.  The  legend  has  been 
localized  on  the  lower  Khine  as  well  as  on  the  Schelde. 
Lohengrin.  Aromantic  drama,  composed( words 
and  music)  by  Richard  Wagner  in  1847,  founded 
on  the  poem  of  “Lohengrin.”  It  was  first  produced 
at  Weimar  under  the  direction  of  Liszt  in  1850,  and  was 
produced  at  London  May  8,  1875. 

Lohenstein  (lo'en-stin),  Daniel  Kaspar  von. 

Born  at  Nimptsch,  Silesia,  Jan.  25,  1635:  died 
at  Breslau,  April  28, 1683.  A German  poet  of 
the  second  Silesian  school. 

Lohr  (lor).  A town  in  Lower  Franconia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  on  the  Main  40  miles  east  by  south 
of  Frankfort.  Population,  over  4,000. 

Loi  (loi),  or  Baloi  (ba-loi').  A Bantu  tribe  set- 
tled on  the  lower  Mobangi  River  in  the  Kongo 
State  and  French  Kongo. 

Loigny  (lwan-ye' ).  A village  in  the  department 
of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  south  of  Chartres.  It 
gives  name  to  the  battle  of  Loigny-Poupry,  Dec.  2,  1870, 
gained  by  the  Germans  under  the  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg over  the  French  under  Aurelle  de  Paladines,  and 
forming  part  of  the  battle  before  Orleans. 

Loir  (lwar).  A river  of  northwestern  France, 
joining  the  Sarthe  5 miles  north  of  Angers:  the 
Roman  Lidericus.  Length,  about  190  miles. 
Loire  (lwar).  The  largest  river  of  France : the 
Roman  Liger.  It  rises  in  the  Gerbier-des-Joncs,  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  flows  first  toward  the  north  and  then 
toward  the  west,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  at  St.- 
Nazaire,  33  miles  west  of  Nantes.  It  is  noted  for  its  inun- 
dations, and  is  important  in  history.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Allier,  Cher,  Indre,  and  Vienne  on  the  left,  and  the 
Maine  on  the  right.  Length,  over  600  miles  ; navigable 
for  ships  to  Nantes. 

Loire.  A department  of  central  France.  Capi- 
tal, St. -Etienne.  It  is  bounded  by  Allier  on  the  north- 
west, Sadne-et-Loire  on  the  north,  Khdne  and  Isfere  on  the 
east,  Ardtche  on  the  south,  Haute- Loire  on  thesouthwest, 
and  Puy-de-D6me  on  the  west,  and  formed  part  of  the  an- 
cient Lyonnais.  The  surface  is  largely  mountainous.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  river  Loire,  and  has  important  indus- 
tries, especially  coal-mining  and  dependent  manufactures. 
Area,  1,852  square  miles.  Population,  643,943. 

Loire,  Army  of  the.  1 . A French  army  im- 
provised after  the  battle  of  Sedan  (Sept.  1, 
1870)  for  the  relief  of  Paris.  It  was  commanded 
by  Aurelle  de  Paladines. — 2.  After  the  begin- 
ning of  Dec.,  1870,  the  part  of  the  first  army 
commanded  by  Chanzy  (the  remaining  part  be- 
ing commanded  by  Bourbaki). 

Loire,  Haute-.  See  Hauie-Zoire. 
Loire-Inferieure  (lwar'an-fa-ryer').  A depart- 
ment of  western  France.  Capital,  Nantes,  it 
is  bounded  by  Morbihan  and  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the  north, 
Maine-et- Loire  on  the  east,  Vendee  on  the  south,  and  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west,  and  formed  part  of  the  ancient 
Brittany.  The  surface  is  flat.  It  has  flourishing  agricul- 


619 

tural  industries,  commerce,  and  manufactures.  Area, 
2,693  square  miles.  Population,  666,748. 

Loiret  (lwa-ra').  A department  of  central 
France.  Capital,  Orleans.  It  is  bounded  by  Eure- 
et-Loir  on  the  northwest,  Seine-et-Oiseand  Seine-et-Marne 
on  the  north,  Yonne  on  the  east,  Nievre,  Cher,  and  Loir-et- 
Cher  on  the  south,  and  Loir-et-Cher  on  the  west,  being 
formed  principally  from  part  of  the  ancient  Orleanais.  It 
has  flourishing  agricultural  industries  and  manufactures. 
Area,  2,629  square  miles.  Population,  364,999. 

Loir-et-Cher  (lwar'a-shar').  A department  of 
central  France.  Capital,  Blois.  It  is  bounded  by 
Eure-et-Loir  on  the  north,  Loiret  on  the  northeast,  Cher 
on  the  southeast,  Indre  on  tile  south,  Indre-et- Loire  on 
the  southwest,  and  Sarthe  on  the  northwest,  being  formed 
from  parts  of  Orleanais  and  a small  part  of  Touraine.  It 
is  a rich  agricultural  department.  Area,  2,478  square 
miles.  Population,  276,019. 

Loja,  or  Loxa  (lo'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Jenil  29  miles 
west  of  Granada.  It  was  formerly  a strong  fortress. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1486.  Population, 
19,198. 

Loja,  or  Loxa  (lo'Ha).  A town  in  Ecuador, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Loja:  noted  for 
cinchona.  Population,  about  10,000. 

Loka  (lo'ka).  [Skt.,  ‘ world.’]  A world,  in  Hin- 

d u works,  the  triloka,  or  three  worlds,  are  generally  heaven, 
earth,  and  hell.  Another  division  gives  seven,  exclusive  of 
seven  hells  (patalas) . The  upper  worlds  are  (1)  the  earth ; (2) 
the  space  between  earth  and  sun,  the  region  of  the  saints  ; 
(3)  Indra's  heaven,  between  the  sun  and  the  pole  star  ; (4) 
Maharloka,  the  usual  abode  of  Bhrigu  and  other  saints ; 
(5)  the  abode  of  Brahma's  sons,  Sanaka,  Sananda,  and  Sa- 
natkumara ; (6)  the  abode  of  the  Vairagins  ; (7)  the  abode  of 
Brahma.  The  first  three  are  destroyed  at  the  end  of  each 
kalpa,  or  day  of  Brahma;  the  last  four  at  the  end  of  his  life. 
The  Sankhya  and  Vedanta  schools  recognize  eight  lokas: 
(1)  that  of  the  superior  deities ; (2)  that  of  the  Pitris,  Rishis, 
and  Prajapatis ; (3)  that  of  the  moon  and  planets;  (4)  that 
of  the  inferior  deities ; (5)thatof  theGandharvas ; (6)  that 
of  the  Rakshasas  ; (7)  that  of  the  Yakshas ; (8)  that  of  the 
Pishachas.  See  these  words. 

Lokapalas  (lo-ka-paTaz).  [Skt., ‘ guardians  of 
the  world.’]  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  deities 
who  preside  over  the  eight  points  of  the  com- 
pass: i.  e.,  the  four  cardinal  and  four  interme- 
diate. They  are  Indra,  E.  ; Agni,  S.E. ; Yama,  S.  ; Surya, 
S.W.  ; Varuna,  W. ; Vayu,  N.  W. ; Kuvera,  N. ; Soma,  N.  E. 
Each  of  these  has  an  elephant  who  helps  to  protect  the 
region  : these  are  also  known  as  Lokapalas. 

Lokeren  (lo'ker-en).  A town  in  the  province 
of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Durme  23  miles  northwest  of  Brussels.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  22,395. 

Loki  (lo'ke).  [ON.:  I ok,  end;  Ijdka,  luka,  to 
close,  end.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  god 
of  destruction.  His  father  was  the  giant  Farbauti  (ON. 
Fdrbauti),  his  mother  Laufey  or  Nal  (ON.  Nal).  By  the 
giantess  Angurboda  (ON.  Angrbodha)  he  had  3 children : 
the  Midgard-serpent,  the  Fenris-wolf,  and  Hel.  Loki 
had  throughout  a twofold  nature.  He  was  of  handsome 
appearance  but  of  evil  disposition,  and  was  at  the  same 
time  the  friend  and  the  enemy  of  the  gods.  For  his  evil 
deeds  he  was  finally  seized  by  the  gods  and  bound.  Over 
him  was  set  a serpent  whose  poison  would  have  fallen  in 
drops  upon  his  face  had  not  his  wife,  Sigyn,  caught  them 
in  a bowl.  He  was  freed  at  Ragnarok,  when  he  and  Heim- 
dall  slew  each  other. 

Lokman  (lok-man').  [Ar.  Luqman , called  “ The 
Wise.”]  The  reputed  author  of  a collection  of 
fables  in  Arabic.  Luqman  is  the  title  of  the  31st  su- 
rah of  the  Koran,  in  the  11th  verse  of  which  are  found  the 
words  “ We  gave  to  Luqman  wisdom.”  To  this  shadowy 
character  have  been  ascribed  the  circumstances  and  say- 
ings of  a number  of  men  ; hence  Lokman  has  been  rep- 
resented as  a nephew  of  Job  or  Abraham,  a councilor  of 
David  or  Solomon,  Balaam,  an  ugly  Ethiopian  slave,  a king 
of  Yaraan,  a tailor,  a carpenter,  a shepherd.  The  fables 
are  very  like  those  of  H5sop,  and  still  more  like  those  of  Syn- 
tipas.  Many  are  of  Greek  origin,  and  a number  of  them 
go  back,  as  do  the  fables  of  Pilpay,  to  Indian  originals. 
They  were  first  put  into  their  present  form  by  an  Egyptian 
Christian  named  Barsuma,  probably  toward  the  end  of  the 
13th  century.  They  were  first  edited  (with  a Latin  trans- 
lation) by  Erpenius  (Leyden,  1615).  Recent  editions  are  by 
Rodiger  (2d  ed.  1839)  and  Derenbourg  (1850). 

Lola  Montez.  See  Gilbert,  Marie  I).  E.  Tl. 

Lollards  (lol'ardz).  [From  MD.  Lollaerdt,  oue 
who  mumbles  prayers  or  hymns.]  1.  A semi- 
monastic society  for  the  care  of  the  sick  and  the 
burial  of  the  dead,  which  originated  at  Antwerp 
aboutl300.  Also  called  Cellites. — 2.  TheEuglish 
followers  of  Wyclif,  adherents  of  a wide-spread 
mo  vement,  partly  political  and  socialistic,  and  in 
some  respects  anticipating  Protestantism  and 
Puritanism,  in  the  14tli  and  15th  centuries.  They 
were  also  called  Bible  men,  from  their  reverence  for  the 
Bible.  They  differed  on  some  points  both  among  them- 
selves and  from  Wyclif,  but  in  the  main  condemned  the 
use  of  images  in  churches,  pilgrimages  to  the  tombs  of 
saints,  the  temporal  lordship  of  the  clergy,  the  hierarchi- 
cal organization,  papal  authority,  religious  orders,  ecclesi- 
astical decorations,  the  ceremony  of  the  mass,  the  doc- 
trine of  transubstantiation,  waging  of  wars,  and  capital 
punishment.  Some  of  them  engaged  in  seditious  proceed- 
ings, and  they  were  severely  persecuted  for  more  than  a 
hundred  years,  especially  after  the  adoption  of  a special 
statute  (“  De  haeretico  comburendo  ”)  against  them  in 
1401.  Lollards  were  very  numerous  at  the  close  of  the 
14th  century,  and  perhaps  formed  later  part  of  the  Lancas- 
trian party  in  the  VV ars  of  the  Roses. 


Lombard  street 

Lolli  (lol'le),  Antonio.  Born  at  Bergamo,  Italy, 
about  1730  : died  in  Sicily,  1802.  A noted  Ital- 
ian violinist.  He  played  with  success  in  Stuttgart,  St. 
Petersburg,  Palis,  and  infrequently  at  London.  “Owing  to 
the  eccentricity  of  his  style  of  composition  and  execution, 
he  was  regarded  as  a madman  by  most  of  the  audience.” 
Burney,  Hist.  Music,  IV.  680. 

Lollius  (lol'i-us).  An  unknown  author  from 
whomChaueer  professed  to  have  derived  various 
things  in  his  poems.  He  seems  to  stand  for  Petrarch, 
Boccaccio,  and  others,  and  “occupies  in  English  poetry 
very  much  the  same  position  as  Junius  in  English  politics  ” 
( Lounsbury , Studies  in  Chaucer,  II.  411). 

Lolo  (16 ' 16),  or  Balolo  (ba-15'16).  A great 
Bantu  nation  of  the  Kongo  State,  occupying  the 
basins  of  the  Lulongo,  Tshuapa,  and  Lomami 
rivers  in  the  horseshoe  bend  of  the  Kongo  River, 
between  Lake  Leopold  and  Stanley  Falls. 
L’Olonnois  (lo-lo-nwa'),  Francois.  Died  in 
Costa  Rica  about  1668.  A French  bucaneer 
and  pirate,  noted  for  his  ferocity.  He  was  trans- 
ported to  the  West  Indies  for  crimes,  joined  the  buca- 
neers  as  a common  sailor,  rose  to  high  command  among 
them,  and  from  1660  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Central  Ameri- 
ca. He  was  eventually  wrecked,  and  was  killed  by  Indians. 
His  real  name  is  supposed  to  have  been  Jacques  Jean 
David  Nau. 

Lolos  (lo'loz).  A race  of  aborigines  in  west- 
ern China,  on  the  Tibetan  frontier. 

Lom  (lorn).  A river  in  Bulgaria,  joining  the 
Danube  at  Rustehuk.  It  was  the  scene  of  Turk- 
ish victories  over  the  Russians,  Aug.-Sept., 
1877. 

Lomami  (16-ma'me).  One  of  the  great  afflu- 
ents of  the  Kongo  River,  which  it  joins  on  the 
left  bank  midway  between  Stanley  Falls  and 
the  Aruwimi.  It  has  its  source  near  lat.  10°S.,  and  its 
mouth  near  lat.  1“  N.,  running  parallel  with  the  Lualaba 
from  south  to  north.  It  was  discovered  by  Cameron,  and 
is  also  called  Boloko.  Lomami  is  also  the  name  of  an 
abluent  of  the  Sankuru. 

Lombard  (lom'bard),  Peter,  L.  Petrus  Lom- 
bardus  (pe'trus  lom-bar'dus).  Born  at  No- 
vara, Italy,  about  1100 : died  at  Paris,  1160.  An 
Italian  theologian,  appointed  bishop  of  Paris 
m 1159.  He  was  surnamed  “ Master  of  Sentences,”  from 
his  work  “ Sententiarum  libri  IV "(“Four  Books  of  Sen- 
tences ”).  See  Book  of  Sentences. 

Lombardi,  I.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at  La 
Scala,  Milan,  in  1843.  Much  of  the  music  was 
afterward  used  by  him  in  the  opera  “ Gerusa- 
lemme.” 

Lombard  League.  An  association  between  Bres- 
cia, Bergamo,  Mantua,  Verona,  Cremona,  Tre- 
viso, and  other  cities  of  Lombardy  and  north- 
ern Italy,  founded  in  1167  for  protection  against 
Frederick  Barbarossa.  It  rebuilt  Milan,  defeated 
Frederick  at  Legnano  in  1176,  and  secured  liberties  by  the 
peace  of  Constance  in  1183.  It  was  renewed  against  Fred- 
erick II.  in  1226. 

Lombardo  (lom-bar'do),  Pietro . Died  in  1515. 
A Venetian  architect.  The  namt  Lombardo  was  the 
patronymic  of  many  north  Italian  artists  who  nourished  in 
Venice  from  the  middle  of  the  15th  to  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century.  It  is  associated  with  a large  class  of  works 
peculiar  to  the  early  Renaissance  in  Venice.  The  most 
definite  personality  of  the  school  is  Pietro  the  architect, 
to  whom  are  attributed  two  altars  in  the  choir  of  .San 
Marco  (1462,  1471),  the  Church  of  Santa  Maria  dei  Mira- 
coli  (begun  in  1480),  the  monument  to  Dante  (1482)  at  Ra- 
venna, the  Vendramini  palace,  the  tomb  of  Doge  Pietro 
Mocenigo  in  San  Giovanni  e Paolo,  and  the  Moro  chapel 
in  San  Giobbe.  He  was  made  director  of  public  works 
March  15,  1499,  The  anonymous  marbles  which  have  been 
classed  as  belonging  to  the  school  of  the  Lombardi  com- 
prehend nearly  all  the  Renaissance  work  produced  about 
1475-1550.  Martino  Lombardo  is  also  noted  as  having 
built  the  Scuola  di  San  Marco  and  the  San  Zaccaria  in 
Venice.  It  is  not  known  whether  or  not  he  was  the  son 
of  Pietro.  To  the  Lombardi  family  also  belong  Tullio,  An- 
tonio, and  Giulio  (sons  of  Pietro),  Santi,  and  Moro.  The 
last  probably  came  from  Bergamo. 

Lombardo-Venetian  Kingdom.  A kingdom 

constituted  by  Austria  in  1815  out  of  the  Italian 
territories  assigned  to  her  by  the  Congress  of 
Vienna.  It  comprises  Lombardy,  Venetia,  and  Mantua. 
Lombardy  was  ceded  to  Victor  Emmanuel  in  1859.  and 
Venetia  and  Mantua  were  surrendered  to  him  in  1866. 

Lombards  (lom'bardz,  formerly  lum'bardz). 
[Appar.  ‘long-beards.’]  The  natives  or  inhab- 
itants of  Lombardy  in  Italy.  The  name  is  used 
more  specifically  for  the  members  of  the  Germanic  tribe 
(Longobards)  who  about  568,  under  Alboin,  conquered  the 
part  of  northern  Italy  still  called  Lombardy,  and  founded 
the  kingdom  of  that  name,  which  was  afterward  extended 
over  a much  larger  territory,  and  was  finally  overthrown 
by  Charlemagne  in  774.  In  old  London  the  name  Lom- 
bards was  generic,  and  was  applied  to  foreign  merchants 
from  southern  Europe,  hut  more  especially  to  represen- 
tatives of  the  great  houses  of  the  northern  Italian  cities. 
They  also  established  themselves  in  France,  chielly  at 
Nimes  and  Montpellier.  See  Lombard  street. 

Lombard  street.  A street  ill  the  City,  London, 
where  the  Lombard  merchants  of  the  middle 
ages  established  themselves  before  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.  With  the  Germans  of  the  Steelyard  they 
engrossed  the  more  profitable  branches  of  English  trade. 
The  goldsmiths  seem  to  have  had  the  most  ready  money. 
On  occasion  they  lent  money  on  interest,  and  gradually 


Lombard  street 

took  up  the  business  of  banking,  as  it  was  then  understood. 
They  did  not  call  themselves  bankers,  but  kept  “running 
cashes  ” or  current  accounts.  In  1677  there  were  no  less 
than  thirty-seven  goldsmiths  keeping  “running  cashes” 
in  Lombard  street.  The  seizure  by  Charles  I.  of  £200,000 
stored  in  the  Tower  forced  them  to  keep  their  money  in 
circulation,  and  was  practically  the  origin  of  modern  sys- 
tematic banking.  (Compare  Lombards.)  Lombard  street 
is  now  a great  banking  center. 

Lombardy  (lom'bar-di).  A Teutonic  kingdom, 
founded  in  568  by  Alboin,  which  comprised  at 
its  height  a large  part  of  northern  and  central 
Italy.  Its  capital  was  Pavia.  Various  Lombard  duchies 
(as  Benevento)  were  founded  further  south  in  Italy.  See 
Lombards. 

Lombardy.  [It.  Lombardia .]  A compartimento 
in  northern  Italy.  It  includes  the  provinces  Como, 
Milan,  Pavia,  Bergamo,  Sondrio,  Brescia,  Cremona,  and 
Mantua,  comprising  the  alpine  and  subalpine  regions  in 
the  north  and  the  Lombard  plain  of  the  Po. 

Lombardy.  A theme  (province)  of  the  Byzan- 
tine empire,  in  the  early  part  of  the  middle 
ages,  situated  in  southeastern  Italy. 

Lombok,  or  Lomboc  (lom-bok').  An  island  of 
the  Lesser  Sunda  group,  East  Indies:  the  native 
Tanah  Sasak.  It  is  separated  from  Bali  on  the  west  by 
the  Strait  of  Lombok,  and  from  Sumbawa  on  the  east  by  the 
Strait  of  Alias.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous. 
It  is  under  native  rulers,  ami  the  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  Sassaks  (Mohammedan) . Area,  about  2,000  square 
miles. 

Lombroso  (lom-bro'zo),  Cesare.  Born  at  Ven- 
ice, Nov.,  1836:  died  at  Turin,  Oct.  19,  1909. 
A noted  Italian  criminologist  and  alienist. 
Among  his  works  are  “The  Criminal:  an  Anthropological 
and  Medico-legal  Study,”  “The  Man  of  Genius,’'  “ Epilep- 
tic Insanity,”  Political  Crime  and  Revolutions,”  “The 
Physiognomy  of  the  Anarchist,”  etc. 

Lombroso,  Jacob  or  John.  A Jewish  physician 
who  lived  in  the  colony  of  Maryland  1656-65. 
He  practised  his  profession  and  acquired  land ; was  ar- 
rested on  the  charge  of  blasphemy ; but  escaped  through 
the  general  amnestyproclaimed  by  Richard  Cromwell. 

Lome  (lo'ma).  The  principal  port  of  Togoland, 
Slave  Coast,  western  Africa. 

Lome  Arme.  See  Homme  Arme,  L\ 

Lomenie  (lo-ma-ne'),  Louis  Leonard  de.  Bom 
at  St.-Yrieix,  Hante-Vienne,  France,  Dec.  3, 
1815 : died  at  Menton,  France,  April  2,  1878. 
A French  man  of  letters,  author  of  “Galerie 
des  contemporains”  (1840-47),  “Beaumarchais 
et  son  temps  ” (1855),  etc. 
m6nie  de  Brienne  (lo-ma-ne'  do  bre-en'), 
tienne  Charles  de.  Born  at  Paris,  1727:  died 
in  prison,  Feb.  15-16,  1794.  A French  politician 
and  prelate.  Hebecame  archbishop  of  Toulouse  in  1763 ; 
was  a member  of  the  Assembly  of  Notables  in  1787  ; and 
succeeded  Calonne  as  comptroller-general  of  finances  in 

1787.  He  was  made  premier  and  archbishop  of  Sens  in 

1788.  hut  was  forced  to  resign  the  premiership  in  the  same 
year,  after  having  convoked  the  States-Qeneral  for  May  1, 

1789.  He  was  succeeded  by  Necker. 

Lomond  (ld'mond),  Loch.  A lake  in  Scotland, 
the  largest  in  Great  Britain.  It  lies  between  Dum- 
bartonshire on  the  west  and  Stirlingshire  on  the  east,  and 
is  famous  for  its  beauty.  Length,  25  miles.  Greatest  width, 
7 miles.  Its  outlet  is  the  Leven. 
omwe  (lo'mwe).  See  Kua. 
omza  (lom'zha).  1 . A government  of  Russian 
Poland,  borderingon  East  Prussia.  Area,  4,072 
square  miles.  Population,  670,600. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Lomza,  situated 
on  the  Narew  78  miles  northeast  of  Warsaw. 
Population,  20,093. 

Lonato  (lo-na'to).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brescia,  northern  Italy,  14  miles  east-southeast 
of  Brescia.  Here,  Aug.  3,  1796,  the  French  un- 
der Bonaparte  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Wurmser. 

Londinium  (lon-din'i-um).  The  Roman  name 
of  London. 

London  (lun'dqu).  [L.  Londinium,  origin  un- 
certain ; F.  Londres,  It.  Lorulra,  Sp.  Londres. ~\ 
The  capital  of  England  and  seat  of  the  govern- 
ment of  the  British  empire,  the  largest  and  most 
important  city  in  the  world,  and  its  principal 
business  and  financial  center.  It  is  situated  in  the 
counties  of  Middlesex,  Surrey,  ana  Kent,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Thames,  about  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  51°  30' 
48"  N.,  long.  0°6'  48"  W.  (St.  Paul's  Cathedral).  In  its  wid- 
est extent  (the  Metropolitan  Police  District  witli  the  City 
of  London  Police  District,  which  together  form  “Greater 
London")  it  occupies  an  area  of  699.42  square  miles  and 
contains  (1911)  7,252,963  inhabitants.  Of  these,  according 
to  the  census  of  1911,  4,522,961  reside  within  the  “Inner 
Ring"  (see  County  of  London,  below)  or  Registration 
District  and  2,730,002  within  the  “Outer  Ring  ” or  subur- 
ban district.  For  administrative  purposes  this  vast  cen- 
ter of  population  is  variously  subdivided.  The  City  of 
London  proper  (generally  called  “ The  City  ”)  is  little  over 
a square  mile  in  extent,  and  had  in  1911  a population  of 
only  19,657.  It  extends  along  the  north  bank  of  the 
Thames  from  the  Temple  to  the  Tower,  and  northward 
as  far  as  Holborn  and  Finsbury  Circus,  and  is  the  business 
center,  its  “day"  population  exceeding  300,000.  It  has 
a distinct  administration  under  the  lord  mayor,  with 
twenty-five  aldermen  and  a court  of  common  council. 
The  rest  of  “Inner”  London  forms  an  administrative 
county,  which  since  1888  lias  been  under  the  control  of 
the  London  County  Council  of  118  members.  For  par- 


620 

liamentary  purposes  London  is  divided  into  58  constitu- 
encies with  1 member  each,  except  the  City,  which  returns 
2 members  (West  Ham  is  sometimes  included  in  parlia- 
mentary London,  making  60  divisions):  Battersea,  Ber- 
mondsey, Bethnal  Green  (2),  Bow  and  Bromley,  Brixton, 
Camberwell  North,  Chelsea,  City  of  London,  Clapham, 
Deptford,  Dulwich,  Finsbury  (2),  Fulham,  Greenwich, 
Hackney  (3),  Haggerston,  Hammersmith,  Hampstead, 
Holborn,  Hoxton,  Islington  (4),  Kensington  (2),  Lambeth 
(2),  Lewisham,  Limehouse,  Marylebone  (2),  Mile  End, 
Newington  West,  Norwood,  Paddington  (2),  Pecltham, 
Poplar,  Rotherhithe,  St.  George  (Hanover  Square),  St. 
George's-in-the-East,  St.  Paneras  (4),  Southwark  West, 
Stepney,  Strand,  Walworth,  Wandsworth,  West  Ham  (2), 
Westminster,  Whitechapel,  Woolwich.  The  University 
of  London  is  also  represented.  London  was  probably 
an  ancient  British  town.  It  appears  to  have  been  reset- 
tied  by  the  Romans about43  A.  D.,  and  Londinium  (called 
also  Augusta)  was  the  capital  of  Britannia  in  the  last  part 
of  the  Roman  period.  After  the  departure  of  the  Romans 
(about  410)  and  in  the  early  Saxon  period  its  history  is  ob- 
scure, though  there  were  bishops  of  London  from  the  7th 
century.  It  was  plundered  by  the  Danes,  and  rebuilt  by 
Alfred  and  Athelstan,  It  received  a charter  from  Wil- 
liam I.,  and  many  privileges  from  Henry  I.  By  the  14th 
century  its  commerce  had  greatly  developed.  The  insur- 
rection of  Wat  Tyler  occurred  in  1331.  London  sided  with 
the  Yorkists  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  and  with  the  Par- 
liamentarians in  the  civil  war.  It  was  scourged  by  the 
plague  iu  1665,  and  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  the 
great  lire  of  1666.  A financial  panic  happened  in  1720,  and 
the  “No- Popery”  riots  in  1780.  The  “Great  Exhibition” 
of  1851  was  the  first  of  the  international  expositions : it  was 
followed  by  another  in  1862.  (Forvariousobjectsof  inter- 
est (the  British  Museum,  the  Guildhall,  the  Monument, 
the  National  Gallery,  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  Royal 
Academy,  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  the  Tower,  Westminster 
Abbey,  etc.),  and  for  very  many  local  details,  see  the  spe- 
cial headings.)  The  London  Government  Act  of  1899  di- 
vided tile  administrative  county  of  London  (with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  City)  into  28  metropolitan  boroughs  : Battersea, 
Bermondsey,  Bethnal  Green,  Camberwell,  Chelsea,  Dept- 
ford, Finsbury,  Fulham,  Greenwich,  Hackney,  Hammer- 
smith, Hampstead,  Holborn,  Islington,  Kensington,  Lam- 
beth, Lewisham,  Marylebone,  Paddington,  Poplar,  St. 
Paneras,  Shoreditch,  Southwark,  Stepney,  Stoke  Newing- 
ton, Wandsworth,  Westminster,  Woolwich. 

London.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Middle- 
sex County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the 
Thames  in  lat.  43°  N.  It  is  a manufacturing 
and  commercial  center.  Population,  46,300, 
(1911). 

London,  Convention  of.  A convention  con- 
cluded between  England  and  France,  Oct.  22, 
1832,  for  the  purpose  of  coercing  Holland  into 
withdrawing  its  troops  from  Belgium. 

London,  Treaty  of.  The  name  of  a number  of 
treaties  concluded  at  London  between  England 
and  other  powers,  chief  among  which  are  the 
following,  (a)  The  treaty  of  July  6, 1827,  between  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Russia,  whereby  those  powers  agreed 
to  compel  Turkey  and  Greece  to  accept  their  mediation 
with  a view  to  restoring  peace  in  the  East.  Greece  was 
to  be  made  autonomous  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  sul- 
tan, the  Mohammedan  population  was  to  be  removed,  and 
the  Greeks  were  to  receive  possession  of  all  Turkish  prop- 
erty in  Greece  on  the  payment  of  an  indemnity.  The  of- 
fer of  mediation  was  rejected  by  Turkey,  which  resulted 
in  armed  intervention,  (b)  The  treaty  of  Nov.  15,  1831, 
between  Great  Britain,  France,  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Rus- 
sia, for  the  settlement  of  the  Belgian  question.  It  pre- 
scribed, among  other  things,  that  Belgium  and  Holland 
should  bear  separately  the  debts  which  they  had  contracted 
before  the  union,  and  that  they  should  share  the  liabili- 
ties contracted  since.  The  treaty  was  eventually  carried 
out.  (c)  The  treaty  of  1832  between  England,  France, 
Russia,  and  Bavaria,  by  which  the  crown  of  Greece  was 
given  to  Frederick  Otho,  second  son  of  the  king  of  Bava- 
ria. ( d ) The  treaty  of  March  13, 1871,  by  which  the  signa- 
tory powers  of  the  treaty  of  Paris  (which  see)  of  1856  ac- 
ceded to  the  demand  of  Russia  to  strike  out  the  clauses 
★ neutralizing  the  Black  Sea. 

London,  University  of.  An  educational  insti- 
tution, founded  at  London  in  1836,  which  con- 
fers degrees  after  examination,  but,  until  1900, 
provided  no  courses  of  instruction. 

London  Bridge.  The  first  of  the  bridges  across 
the  Thames  at  London,  situated  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  half  a mile  above  the  Tower.  The 
earliest  structure  of  which  there  is  historical  record  was 
destroyed  Nov.  16,  1091,  by  a storm  and  high  tide.  The 
first  stone  bridge  was  built  1176-1209  on  a wooden  founda- 
tion. It  consisted  of  20  arches.  The  roadway  was  926  feet 
long,  60  feet  above  water,  and  40  feet  wide.  Houses  were 
built  upon  it,  and  in  course  of  time  it  became  a continuous 
street  with  3 openings  on  each  side  to  the  river.  A chapel 
of  St.  Thomas  Becket  stood  upon  the  east  side.  The  super- 
structures were  repeatedly  devastated  by  fire,  most  notably 
the  great  fire  of  1666.  The  eleventh  span  from  the  South- 
wark end  formed  a drawbridge  flanked  by  a tower  built  in 
1426,  on  the  top  of  which  were  stuck  the  heads  of  persons 
executed  for  treason.  All  the  superstructures  were  re- 
moved in  1757.  The  present  stone  bridge,  built  by  the 
Rennies,  was  begun  Marcli  15,  1824,  and  opened  Aug.  1, 
1831.  It  stands  about  180  feet  above  the  site  of  the  old 
structure,  which  was  pulled  down  in  1832.  It  is  920  feet 
long,  56  feet  wide,  and  55  feet  high,  and  the  central  span  is 
150  feet. 

London  Company.  A company  of  merchants 
and  others  dwelling  in  and  near  London,  formed 
for  the  purpose  of  planting  colonies  in  Ameri- 
ca. It  was  chartered  in  1606,  founded  a colony 
at  Jamestown  in  1607,  and  was  dissolved  in  1624. 
Londonderry  (lun'don-der-i).  1.  A maritime 
county  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  the  At- 


Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 

lantic  on  the  north,  Antrim  and  Lough  Neagh  on  the  east, 
Tyrone  on  the  south,  Tyrone  and  Donegal  on  the  west.,  and 
Lough  Foyle  on  the  northwest.  Its  chief  manufacture  Is 
linen.  Area,  816  sq.  m.  Pop.,  (including  co.  bor.),  144,404. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Londonderry, 
situated  on  the  Foyle  in  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  7° 
19'  W.:  formerly  called  Derry.  Its  chief  manufac- 
ture is  linen.  It  contains  a cathedral.  A monastery  was 
founded  here  by  Columba  in  546.  The  city  is  celebrated 
for  its  successful  defense  by  the  Irish  Protestants  against 
James  II.  (April-Aug.,  1689).  Population,  39,892. 

Londonderry,  Marquises  of.  See  Stewart  and 
Yane-Tempest-Stewart. 

London  Protocol.  1.  The  protocol  of  May  8, 

1852,  by  which  the  great  powers  recognized 
Prince  Christian  of  Gliicksburg  and  his  male 
descendants  as  heirs  to  Denmark,  including 
Schleswig  and  Holstein.  It  was  not  ratified  by 
the  German  Diet  or  the  estates  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein. — 2.  The  protocol  of  March  31, 1877, 
by  which  the  great  powers  called  upon  Turkey  to 
make  peace  with  Montenegro  and  to  carry  out 
certain  reforms  affecting  the  Christian  popula- 
tions in  the  sultan’s  dominions.  It  was  rejected 
by  the  Porte,  and  Russia  alone  took  up  arms 
against  Turkey. 

London  Wall.  A Roman  wall  built  between  350 
and  369  around  London.  It  inclosed  380  acres.  There 
were  two  gates  in  it  — the  western  gate,  now  Newgate,  for 
the  Pretorian  way  or  Watling  street;  and  the  northern 
gate,  for  the  road  to  York,  or  Ermine  street,  now  Bishops- 
gate.  There  was  also  a gate  at  the  bridge  at  Dowgate,  and 
possibly  one  at  Billingsgate.  During  the  Danish  invasion 
the  waU  was  broken  down,  but  was  restored  by  Alfred  in 
886.  Posterns  were  then  opened  at  Ludgate,  at  Cripple- 
gate,  and  probably  at  what  was  later  Moorgate.  The  wall 
was  kept  up  till  comparatively  modern  times,  and  frag- 
ments of  it  are  still  discernible.  The  most  notable  portion 
is  in  the  street  now  called  London  WaU,  between  Wood 
street  and  Aldermanbury. 

Long,  Charles,  first  Baron  Faruborough.  Born 
1761 : died  at  Bromley  Hill,  Keut,  Jan.  17,  1838. 
An  English  politician  and  connoisseur  of  art. 

He  was  joint-secretary  to  the  treasury  1791-1801,  secretary 
of  state  for  Ireland  1806,  joint-paymaster-general  and 
paymaster-general  1810-26.  He  was  created  Baron  Fara- 
borough  in  1826. 

Long,  Charles  Chaille-.  See  ChailU-Long. 
Long,  Edwin  Longsden.  Bern  at  Bath,  July 
12,  1829 : died  at  Hampstead,  May  15,  1891. 
An  English  painter  and  royal  academician. 
He  excelled  as  a painter  of  Oriental  scenes. 

Long,  George.  Born  at  Poulton,  Lancashire, 
England,  Nov.  4,  1800 : died  at  Chichester,  Aug. 
10, 1879.  An  English  classical  scholar, historian, 
geographer,  and  miscellaneous  author. 

Long,  George  Washington  de.  See  De  Long. 
Long,  John  Davis.  Bom  atBuckfield,  Maine, 
Oct.  27, 1838.  An  American  statesman.  He  was 
a member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives 
1875-78,  and  three  times  speaker  of  the  House  ; lieutenant- 
governor  1879 ; governor  1880-82  ; United  States  congress- 
man 1883-89;  and  secretary  of  the  navy  1897-1902.  He 
published  a translation  of  Vergil's  “U5neid”  iu  1879, 
“ After-dinner  and  Other  Speeches " (1895),  and  “ The 
New  American  Navy  ’’  (1903),  etc. 

Long,  Loch.  An  arm  of  the  Firth  of  Clyde,  be- 
tween Dumbartonshire  and  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land. Length,  17  miles. 

Long  Acre.  A street  in  London,  near  Covent 
Garden,  running  into  Drury  Lane.  It  is  or  was 
the  headquarters  of  carriage-builders. 
Longaville  (long'ga-vil).  A lord  attending  on 
the  King  of  Navarre  in  Shakspere’s  “Love’s 
Labour ’s  Lost.” 

Long  Branch.  A town  in  Monmouth  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  coast  29 
miles  south  of  New  York.  It  is  a fashionable 
seaside  resort.  Population,  13,298,  (1910). 
Long  Bridge.  A bridge  about  a mile  long,  built 
across  the  Potomac  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia.  It  was  the  main  avenue  of  communication 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  strongly  fortified. 

Longchamp,  or  Longchamps  (lon-shon').  A 
race-course  at  the  end  of  the  Boisde  Boulogne, 
west  of  Paris.  It  was  long  noted  for  its  prom- 
enade. An  abbey  formerly  stood  here. 
Longchamp  (lon-shon'),  William  of.  Died 
at  Poitiers,  Jan.  31, 1197.  An  English  prelate, 
bishop  of  Ely  and  chancellor  of  Richard  I. 
Longfellow  (16ng'fel-o),  Henry  Wadsworth. 
Born  at  Portland,  Maine,  Feb.  27,  1807 : died 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  24,  1882.  A dis- 
tinguished American  poet.  He  graduated  at  Bow- 
doin  College  in  1826 ; traveled  in  Europe  1826-29 ; was 
professor  of  modem  languages  at  Bowdoin  1829-36  ; again 
visited  Europe  1835-36;  and  was  professor  of  modern  lan- 
guages and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard  College  1836-64.  ne 
continued  to  reside  at  Cambridge.  His  poetical  works  in- 
clude “Voices  of  the  Night”  (1SS9),  “Ballads  and  other 
Poems  ’ (1841),  “ Poems  on  Slavery  ” (1842),  “ Spanish  Stu- 
dent” (1843),  “Poets  of  Europe"  (1845:  trans.),  “Belfry  of 
Bruges  and  other  Poems ” (1845),  “Evangeline:  a Tale  of 
Acadie " (1847),  “Seasideand  Fireside" (1849),  “The  Gold- 
en Legend  ” (1851),  “ The  Song  of  Hiawatha  " (1865X  " The 


Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 

Courtship  of  Miles  Stand ish  ” (1868),  “Birds  of  Passage" 
(1858-63),  “Tales  of  a Wayside  Inn”  (1863),  “Flower-de- 
Luce  ” (1867),  a translation  of  the  “ Divine  Comedy  ” (1867- 
1870),  “New  England  Tragedies  ”(1868),  “The  Divine  Tra- 
gedy” (1871),  “Three  Books  of  Song” (1872),  “Aftermath” 
(1873),  "Hanging  of  the  Crane”  (1874),  “Morituri  Salu- 
tamus ” (1875),  “Mask  of  Pandora’1  (1876),  “Keramos  and 
other  Poems"  (1878),  “Ultima  Thule”  (1880),  “Hermes 
Trismegistus”(1882),  “In  the  Harbor ”(1882).  His  prose 
works  are  “ Outre-Mer  ” (1835),  and  the  novels  ‘ ‘ Hyperion  ” 
(1839)  and  “ Kavanagh  ” (1849).  He  also  edited  “ Poems 
of  Places  ” (81  vols.  1876-79). 

Longfellow,  Samuel.  Born  at  Portland,  Maine, 
June  18,  1819:  died  there,  Oct.  3,  1892.  An 
American  Unitarian  clergyman  and  hymn-wri- 
ter, brother  of  H.  W.  Longfellow.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1839,  and  at  the  Divinity  School  in  1846.  He 
was  pastor  of  a church  in  Fall  River,  Massachusetts,  1848- 
1853 ; in  Brooklyn  1853-60 ; and  in  Germantown,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1878-82.  He  then  returned  to  Cambridge.  He  edited 
a“Lifeof  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  ” (lS86)and  “Final 
Memorials,”  etc.  (1887),  and  published  a number  of  books 
of  hymns,  and  “ Thalatta : a Book  for  the  Seaside  ” (with 
T.  W.  Higginson,  1853). 

Longford  (long'ford).  1 . A county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Leitrim  on  the  northwest, 
Cavan  on  the  northeast,  Westmeath  on  the  east  and  south, 
and  Lough  Bee  and  Boscommon  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  level.  Area,  421  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 46,672. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Longford,  situ- 
ated on  the  Camlin  68  miles  west-northwest  of 
Dublin.  Population,  3,747. 

Longhi  (long'ge),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Monza, 
near  Milan,  Oct.  13,  1766:  died  at  Milan,  Jan. 
2,  1831.  A noted  Italian  engraver.  His  best- 
known  works  are  engravings  after  Correggio  and  Raphael. 

Longimanus.  See  Artaxerxes  I. 

Longinus  (lon-ji'nus), Dionysius  Cassius.  Born 
about  210  A.  D. : executed  273.  A celebrated 
Greek  critic  and  philosopher,  chief  counselor 
of  Zenobia,  and  the  instructor  of  her  children. 
“To  him  is  ascribed,  though  doubtfully,  the  essay  ‘On 
Sublimity,’  one  of  the  best  pieces  of  literary  criticism  in 
the  language.”  ( Jebb .)  On  the  fall  of  Zenobia,  Longinus 
was  beheaded  as  a traitor  by  the  command  of  the  emperor 
Aurelian. 

Longis  (lon'jis),  or  Longius  (lon'ji-us).  The 
name  given  in  the  middle  ages  to  the  soldier 
who  pierced  the  side  of  Jesus  with  his  lance. 
Long  Island.  An  island  forming  part  of  the 
State  of  New  York.  It  is  separated  from  Connecti- 
cut on  the  north  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  from  the 
mainland  of  New  York  on  the  northwest,  and  Manhattan 
Island  on  thewest,  by  Long  Island  Sound  and  theEastPdver ; 
it  is  also  bordered  on  the  west  by  New  York  Bay  and  the 
Narrows.  The  surface  is  diversified,  and  the  coast-line  is 
much  indented.  It  is  divided  into  4 counties — Suffolk, 
Nassau,  Queens,  and  Kings  (containing  Brooklyn)— and 
contains  many  seaside  resorts.  It  was  discovered  by  the 
Dutch  in  1609,  and  was  first  settled  by  them  about  1632-36. 
Length,  118  miles.  Greatest  width,  23  miles.  Area,  1,682 
square  miles. 

Long  Island,  Battle  of.  A battle  fought  at  the 
western  extremity  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27, 1776, 
in  which  the  British  under  Howe  defeated  the 
Americans  under  the  immediate  command  of 
Sullivan,  Stirling,  and  Putnam. 

Long  Island  City.  A former  city  of  Queens 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  separated  from 
Brooklyn  on  the  south  by  Newtown  Creek:  in- 
corporate din  New York  city  (act  of 1896).  It  com- 
prises Hunter’s  Point,  Astoria,  Kavenswood,  etc.,  and  has 
extensive  manufactures. 

Long  Island  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  which  separates  Connecticut  and  the 
mainland  of  New  York  on  the  north  from  Long 
Island  on  the  south.  It  is  connected  with  the  ocean 
on  the  east  by  the  Bace,  and  with  New  York  Bay  by  the 
East  Kiver  on  the  southwest.  Length,  about  110  miles. 
Greatest  width,  about  20  miles. 

Longjumeau  (lon-zhii-mo').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Oise, France, on  theYvette 
12  miles  south  of  Paris.  A treaty  of  peace  between 
the  Catholics  and  Protestants  was  signed  here  March  23, 
1568,  but  war  broke  out  again  six  months  later.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  2,344. 

Longland.  See  Langland. 

Longman  (ldng'man),  Thomas.  Born  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  1699.  died  at  London,  June  18, 
1755.  An  English  publisher.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  his  uncle,  John  Osborn,  a London  bookseller,  with  whom 
he  later  entered  into  partnership,  and  to  whose  business 
he  ultimately  succeeded  about  1734.  He  was  part  owner  of 
"Chambers’s  Cycloptedia ’’  and  of  Johnson’s  “ Dictionary.'’ 
Longman,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  1730: 
died  near  London,  1797.  An  English  publisher, 
nephew, partner,  and  successor  of  ThomasLong- 
man  (1699-1755). 

Longman,  Thomas  Norton.  Born  at  London, 
1771:  died  at  Hampstead,  Aug.  29,  1842.  An 
English  publisher,  son  and  successor  of  Thomas 
Longman  (1730-97).  He  published,  with  Bees,  Lard- 
ner’s  and  Rees’s  cyclopsedias,  Lindley  Murray’s  “English 
Grammar,”  and  works  of  Scott,  Moore,  Macaulay,  Words- 
worth, Southey,  and  others.  After  1826  they  were  sole 
proprietors  of  the  “Edinburgh  Review.” 

Long  Meg  of  Westminster.  A name  given  to 
a noted  scold  and  procuress  iu  the  time  of  Heury 


621 

VIII.  A play  with  this  name  was  performed  at  the  For- 
tune Theatre  in  1594.  The  name  “ Long  Meg  ” has  since 
been  given  to  a number  of  things  of  unusual  length,  par- 
ticularly to  a column  of  red  freestone  near  Penrith,  Eng- 
land. It  is  15  feet  in  circumference  and  18  feet  high,  and 
is  supposed  to  be  part  of  a Druidical  temple. 

Longobardi,  Longobards.  See  Langobardi. 
Long  Parliament.  The  Parliament  which  as- 
sembled on  Nov.  3,  1640,  and  carried  on  the 
civil  war.  On  its  showing  a disposition  to  come  to  terms 
with  the  party  of  Charles  I.,  it  was  “purged,”  Dec.  6, 1648, 
by  the  expulsion  of  a large  number  of  its  members.  It 
then  abolished  the  House  of  Lords,  and  appointed  the 
High  Court  of  Justice  which  tried  and  condemned  the 
king.  The  Parliament  was  forcibly  dissolved  by  Cromwell 
on  April  20,  1653,  but  was  twice  restored  in  1659,  and  was 
finally  dissolved  in  March,  1660,  after  providing  for  the 
summoning  of  a free  Parliament.  In  its  later  history  it 
was  known  as  the  liump  Parliament. 

Long’s  Peak  (longz  pek).  Apeak  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Colorado,  about  45  miles  northwest 
of  Denver.  Height,  14,270  feet. 

Longstreet  (long'stret),  Augustus  Baldwin. 
Born  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  Sept.  22,  1790:  died  at 
Oxford,  Miss.,  Sept.  9, 1870.  An  American  cler- 
gyman of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  edu- 
cator, and  humorous  writer.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  “Georgia  Scenes”  (1840).  He  also  wrote  “Master 
William  Mitten  ” (1858),  etc. 

Longstreet,  James.  Born  in  Edgefield  district, 
S.  C.,  Jan.  8,1821:  died  at  Gainesville,  Ga.,  Jan. 
2, 1904.  An  American  general  in  the  Confed- 
erate service.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842  ; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war ; entered  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in  1861 ; was  pro- 
moted major-general  in  the  same  year ; commanded  a 
corps  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  ; commanded  the 
right  wing  of  Lee’s  army  at  Antietam ; commanded  a 
corps  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  at  Gettysburg; 
led  the  left  wing  at  Chickamauga;  unsuccessfully  at- 
tacked Burnside  at  Knoxville  in  1863;  and  served  with 
distinction  in  theWilderness  in  1864,  and  before  Richmond 
1864-65.  He  was  United  States  ministerto  Turkey  1880-81. 

Longsword  (long'sord),  Richard.  A son  of 
Henry  II.  Rosamond  Clifford  has  long  been  said  to  be 
his  mother. 

The  evidence  of  Longsword  being  Rosamund’s  son  is 
equally  untrustworthy,  and  the  fact  is  discredited  by  all 
sound  recent  historical  writers.  The  name  of  his  true 
mother  is  unknown  even  in  early  tradition.  The  argu- 
ment, drawn  from  the  grant  made  to  Longsword  by  his 
father,  shortly  before  his  death,  in  1188,  of  the  manor  of 
Appleby  in  Lincolnshire,  rests  on  a confusion  between  that 
manor  and  the  manor  of  Appleby  in  Westmoreland,  which 
was  held  by  Rosamund’s  family,  the  Cliffords. 

Notes  and  Queries,  8th  ser..  III.  293. 

Long  Tom.  A 42-pound  gun,  originally  part  of 
the  armament  of  the  French  line-of -battle  ship 
Hoche,  captured  by  the  English  1798,  and  sold 
to  the  Americans.  It  was  used  during  the  French  at- 
tack on  Haiti  in  1804 ; was  dismounted  till  1812 ; and  was 
placed  on  the  General  Armstrong,  which  ran  the  blockade 
of  the  British  at  New  Orleans,  Sept.  9,  1814.  This  vessel 
ran  into  the  bay  near  Horta,  Fayal,  for  water  after  an  en- 
counter with  a British  squadron,  in  which  she  was  rendered 
helpless.  Long  Tom  was  dismantled,  and  lay  at  Fayal  till 
it  was  brought  back  to  New  York  on  the  steamship  Vega 
April  18, 1893,  through  the  efforts  of  Colonel  Reid,  the  son 
of  the  commander  of  the  General  Armstrong. 

Long  Tom  Coffin.  See  Coffin. 

Long  Tom  Indians.  See  Chelamela. 

Longton  (long'ton).  A town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  34  miles  south  of  Manchester.  It  has 
coal-  and  iron-mines,  manufactures  of  pottery, 
etc.  Population,  35,815. 

Longneville  (long-vel'),  Duchesse  de  (Anne 
Genevieve  de  Bourbon-Conde).  Born  at  Vin- 
cennes, near  Paris,  Aug.  28, 1619 : died  at  Paris, 
April  15,  1679.  Sister  of  the  great  Condfi,  and 
one  of  the  chief  leaders  of  the  Fronde.  She 
was  afterward  a leading  Jansenist. 

Longus  (long'gus).  [Gr.  Adyyof.]  A Greek  ro- 
mancer and  sophist,  probably  of  the  5th  century 
A.  D. : author  of  the  pastoral  romance  “ Daphnis 
and  Ohio©”  (which  see).  Nothing  is  known  of  his 
life,  and  it  is  doubtful  wiiether  the  name  “ Longus  ” has 
been  rightly  assigned  to  him. 

Longus  (the  grammarian).  See  Yelius  Longus. 
Longuyon  (loh-gyon').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Crusne  and  Chiers,  35  miles 
northwest  of  Metz.  It  ha.s  important  hardware 
manufactures.  Pop.,  commune,  3,243. 

Long  Walk,  The.  A straight  avenue,  about  3 
miles  long,  in  Windsor  Park  near  London. 
Longwooa  (long'  wild).  A farm-house  in  the 
interior  of  the  island  of  St.  Helena : the  resi- 
dence of  Napoleon  in  his  exile. 

Longwy  (16n-w6').  A fortified  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  northeastern 
France,  situated  on  the  Chiers  34  miles  north- 
west of  Metz.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Prus- 
sians  in  Aup.,  1792,  ami  Sept.,  1815,  and  by  the  German 
forces  in  1871.  Population,  commune,  9,911. 

Lonigo  (16-ne'go).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Vicenza,  northeastern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Gua  19  miles  east  by  south  of  Verona. 


Lopez,  Carlos  Antonio 

Lonnrot  (len'rot),  Elias.  Born  at  Sammatti, 
Nyland,  Finland,  April  9,  1802 : died  there, 
March  19, 1884.  A Finnish  scholar,  one  of  the 
founders  of  modem  Finnish  literature.  He  ed- 
ited the  “ Kalevala  ” (1835-49),  and  collections  of  Finnish 
poems,  proverbs,  and  riddles,  and  published  a Finnish- 
Swedish  lexicon  (1874-80). 

Lons-le-Saunier  (lon'le-so-nya').  The  capital 
of  the  department  of  Jura,  France,  situated  on 
the  Valliere  in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  5°  33'  E. : 
the  Roman  Ledo  Salinarius.  It  contains  noted  salt- 
springs,  and  has  a museum.  It  was  an  ancient  Gallic  and 
Roman  town.  Rouget  de  1’Isle  was  born  here.  Population, 
commune,  13,133. 

Loockoo  (lo'cho),  or  Liu-kiu  (lyo'kyo'),  or 
Riu-kiu.  (reo'kyo)  Islands.  A group  of  islands 
southwest  of  Japan,  to  which  they  belong.  The 
chief  islands  are  Okinawa  and  Oshima.  The  chief  port  is 
Nafa.  They  were  annexed  to  Japan  in  1874.  Area,  950 
square  miles.  Population,  over  400,000. 

Looking  Backward : 2000-1887.  A story  by 
Edward  Bellamy,  published  in  1888.  in  it  he  sets 
forth  his  views  of  the  “ next  stage  in  the  industrial  and  so- 
cial development  of  humanity.”  His  idea  is  a pure  so- 
cialism. 

Looking-Glass  for  London  and  England,  A 

A play  by  Lodge  and  Greene,  published  in  1594. 
The  plot  is  the  story  of  Jonah  and  the  Ninevites,  with  ap- 
plication to  London  and  England.  It  was  probably  written 
about  1590. 

Lookout  (lnk'out),  Cape.  A cape  in  North  Car- 
olina, projecting  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat. 
34°  37'  N.,  long.  76°  31'  W. 

Lookout  Mountain.  A ridge  in  northwestern 
Georgia  and  adjacent  parts  of  Tennessee  and 
Alabama.  It  is  1,600  feet  above  the  Tennessee 
River. 

Lookout  Mountain,  Battle  of.  A part  of  the 
battle  of  Chattanooga,  a Federal  victory  won 
by  General  Grant  over  the  Confederates  under 
Bragg.  In  the  storming  of  Lookout  Mountain,  Nov.  24, 
1863,  the  Federals  were  under  the  immediate  command 
of  Hooker,  and  advanced  up  the  northern  face.  Owing  to 
the  heavy  mist  on  the  mountain-side,  the  battle  is  often 
called  “the  battle  above  the  clouds." 

Loomis  (lo'mis),  Elias.  Born  at  Willington, 
Conn.,  Aug.  7,  1811 ; died  at  New  Haven,  Ang. 
15,  1889.  An  American  mathematician  and 
physicist.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1830,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Western  Reserve  College  1837-44, 
of  natural  philosophy  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  1844-60,  and  of  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy  at 
Yale  1860-89.  He  published  a series  of  mathematical  text- 
books, including  “Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry” 
(1848),  “Elements  of  Algebra  ” (1851),  “ Elements  of  Geom- 
etry and  Conic  Sections  ” (1851). 

Loos  (los).  A town  in  the  department  of  Nord. 
France,  immediately  west  of  Lille.  Population, 
commune,  10,640. 

Loosjes  (los'yes),  Adriaan.  Born  on  the  island 
of  Texel  in  1761 : died  at  Haarlem  in  1818.  A 
Dutch  novelist  and  poet.  He  was  intended,  at  the 
outset,  for  the  church,  but  became  a bookseller,  a calling 
which  he  followed  until  his  death.  He  wrote  the  volume 
of  poems  “Minnezangen  ’’  (“Love  Songs,”  1783),  the  epic 
“De  Ruyter”  (1784),  and  a number  of  dramas.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is,  however,  his  romances.  These  are  the  his- 
torical novels  “Frank  van  Borselen  en  Jacoba  van  Bei- 
jeren  ” (1790-91),  “Charlotte  van  Bourbon”  (1792),  “Hugo 
de  Groot  en  Maria  van  Reigershergen  ” (1794),  “Louise  de 
Colligny  ” (1803),  “ Johan  de  Witt”  (1805).  They  were  fol- 
lowed by  a series  of  contemporary  character  sketches  in 
three  parts,  under  the  title  “Zedelijke  Vertalen”  (“Moral 
Tales,”  1804-05).  The  novel  “Historie  van  Mejnfvrouw 
Susanna  Bronkhorst”  (“The  History  of  MissSusanna  Bronk- 
horst,"  1806-07)  was  in  epistolary  form.  His  principal 
historical  novel,  “Maurita  Lijnslager,”  was  the  next  to  ap- 
peal- (1808).  This  was  followed,  finally,  by  four  others : 
“ HillegondaBuisman  ”(1808),  “Lotgevallen  van  den  Heere 
R.  J.  van  Golstein”  (“The  Adventures  of  Mr.  R.  J.  van 
Golstein,”  1809-10),  “Robert  Hellemans”  (1815),  and 
“Johan  Wouter  Blommestein  ” (1816). 

Lopamudra  (lo-pa-mo'dra).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, a girl  whom  the  sage  Agastya  formed  from 
the  most  graceful  parts  of  different  animals 
and  introduced  into  the  palace  of  the  King  of 
Vidarbha,  who  believed  her  to  be  his  daughter. 
When  she  was  grown,  Agastya,  who  had  formed  her  that 
he  might  have  a wife  after  his  own  heart,  asked  her  in 
marriage.  Her  name  is  explained  as  meaning  that  the 
animals  suffered  loss  (lopa)  by  her  engrossing  of  their  dis- 
tinctive beauties  (mudra),  such  as  the  eyes  of  the  deer. 

Lope  de  Rueda.  See  Rueda. 

Lope  de  Vega.  See  Vega. 

Lopez  (lo'path),  Cape.  A cape  on  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  situated  in  lat.  0°36'S.,long.  8° 
44'  E. 

Lopez  (lo'path,  locally  lo'paz),  Carlos  Anto- 
nio. Born  near  Asuncion  about  1795:  died 
there,  Sept.  3.0,  1862.  President  of  Paraguay. 
He  was  made  first  consul  March  12, 1841,  and  from  that 
time  was  practically  dictator.  Elected  president  for  10 
years  in  1844,  he  was  reelected  for  3 years  iu  1854,  and  for  7 
years  in  1857 : but  these  elections  were  merely  nominal, 
since  Congress  simply  obeyed  his  orders.  H is  arbitrary  acts 
caused  constant  quaiTels  with  foreign  nations,  and  in  1859 
the  United  States  sent  a squadron  to  the  Plata  to  enforce 
demands  against  him ; in  this  case  he  offered  to  submit 
the  question  of  damages  to  arbitration,  but  subsequently 
evaded  the  claim. 


Lopez,  Francisco  Solano 

Lopez,  Francisco  Solano.  Born  at  Asuncion, 
July  24, 1826  or  1827 : died  near  the  Aquidaban, 
March  1, 1870.  A Paraguayan  soldier  and  states- 
man, son  of  Carlos  Antonio  Lopez.  On  the  death 
of  the  elder  Lopez,  Sept.  10,  1862,  he  assumed  the  execu- 
tive by  virtue  of  his  father’s  will,  and  convoked  a congress 
which  elected  him  president  for  10  years.  Having  pre- 
viously made  secret  preparations  for  war,  he  interfered  in 
the  quarrel  of  Brazil  and  Uruguay,  and  finally,  without 
previous  declaration  of  hostilities,  seized  a Brazilian  mail 
steamer  which  was  ascending  the  river  (Nov.,  1S64).  Soon 
after  this  he  sent  a large  force  to  invade  Matto  Grosso,  a 
Brazilian  province,  and  made  war  on  the  Argentine.  This 
led  to  the  alliance  of  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  Argentina 
against  Paraguay,  and  a long  and  bloody  struggle.  (See 
Triple  Alliance,  War  of  the.)  As  the  events  of  the  war 
turned  against  him,  his  despotism  and  cruelty  bordered  on 
insanity.  In  many  of  his  worst  acts  he  appears  to  have 
been  influenced  by  his  Irish  mistress,  known  as  Madam 
Lynch.  In  18C8  several  hundred  natives  and  foreigners 
were  arrested,  tortured,  and  executed  on  an  entirely  un- 
proved charge  of  conspiracy : they  included  generals, 
ministers,  judges,  bishops,  priests,  merchants, foreign  con- 
suls, and  his  own  brothers  and  brothers-in-law.  The  Amer- 
ican minister,  Mr.  Washburn,  was  only  saved  by  the  timely 
arrival  of  a United  States  gunboat,  and  two  members  of 
the  legation  were  tortured.  Driven  at  length  from  Asun- 
cion, he  retreated  to  the  interior  with  a small  force,  was 
surprised  near  the  river  Aquidaban  by  a Brazilian  force, 
and  was  killed  with  his  eldest  son. 

Lopez,  Hermogenes.  A Y enezuelan  politician, 
president  of  the  republic  Feb.  20,  1886,  to  Feb. 
20, 1888. 

Lopez,  Jose  Hilario.  Born  at  Popayan,  Feb. 
18, 1798:  died  at  Neiva,  Nov.  27, 1869.  A New 
Granadan  (Colombian)  general  and  politician. 
From  March  7,  1849,  to  March  7,  1852,  he  was  president  of 
New  Granada.  Under  him  slavery  was  abolished  (Jan., 
1852),  and  various  changes  were  made  in  the  direction  of 
a federal  form  of  government.  In  1854,  and  again  from 
1859  to  1862,  he  fought  on  the  side  of  the  federalists,  part  of 
the  time  as  commander-in-chief;  and  on  the  triumph  of 
his  party  was  made  a member  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment 1862-63.  Later  he  was  president  of  Tolima,  and  in 
1867  was  named  commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  but  soon 
retired. 

Lopez,  Narciso.  Born  in  Venezuela,  1798  or 
1799 : died  at  Havana,  Cuba,  Sept.  1,  1851.  A 
Spanish-Ameriean  general  and  filibuster.  He 
fought  against  the  patriots  in  Venezuela,  and  subsequently 
against  the  Carlists  in  Spain,  where  he  was  governor  of 
Valencia  1839,  and  became  general  in  1840.  In  1841  he 
went  to  Cuba,  became  involved  in  revolutionary  plots,  and 
in  1849  fled  to  the  United  States.  Thence  lie  organized 
three  filibustering  expeditions.  The  first(1849)  was  stopped 
by  the  United  States  authorities;  the  others  (May,  1850, 
and  Aug.,  1851)  left  New  Orleans  and  reached  Cuba,  but 
resulted  disastrously,  and  Lopez  was  finally  captured  and 
shot  with  many  of  his  followers. 

Lopez,  Vicente  Fidel.  Born  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
1814.  An  Argentine  author,  son  of  Vicente 
Lopez  y Planes.  In  1874  he  was  made  rector  of  the 
University  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Amonghisworks  are  “Bazas 
del  Peril  anteriores  a la  conquista,”  “Tratado  de  derecho 
Romano,”  and  “Historia  de  la  Reptiblica  Argentina.”  He 
edited  the  “Revista  del  Rio  de  la  Plata.” 

Lopez  de  Honiara,  Francisco.  See  Gomara. 
Lopez  de  Villalobos  (da,  vel-ya-16'bos),  Rui. 
Died  at  Amboyna,  East  Indies,  1546.  A Span- 
ish navigator,  a relative  of  Antonio  de  Mendoza, 
viceroy  of  Mexico.  In  Nov.,  1542,  he  sailed  from  the 
west  coast  of  Mexico  with  a small  fleet  destined  to  form  a 
colony  in  the  Philippine  Islands ; but  his  ships  were  scat- 
tered by  storms,  be  quarreled  with  the  Portuguese  of  the 
Moluccas,  and  in  the  end  the  enterprise  was  given  up. 
Most  of  the  members  of  the  expedition  returned  to  Europe 
by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Villalobos  dying  on  the  way. 

Lopez  de  Zuniga  (thon'ye-ga),  Diego  de,  Count 
of  Nieva.  Born  in  Spain  about  1520:  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  Feb.  20,  1564.  Viceroy  of  Peru 
from  April  17,  1561.  He  led  a loose  life,  and, 
as  was  suppose d,  was  assassinated  by  a jealous 
husband. 

Lopez  Pacheco  Cabrera  y Bobadilla  (pa-cha'- 
ko  ka-bra'rti  e bo-ba-THel'yii),  Diego,  Duke  of 
Escalona  and  Marquis  of  Villena.  Died  after 
1643.  A Spanish  administrator.  He  became  vice- 
roy of  Mexico  Aug.  28,  1640.  Owing  to  his  being  related 
to  the  royal  house  of  Portugal,  which  at  this  period  sepa- 
rated from  Spain,  lie  was  an  object  of  suspicion,  and  this 
was  increased  by  his  quarrels  with  the  visitador  Palafox. 
On  June  9,  1642,  he  was  arrested,  and  soon  after  sent  to 
Spain.  There  he  cleared  himself  of  all  charges,  and  was 
appointed  viceroy  of  Sicily. 

Lorbrulgrud  (lor'bml-grud),  The.  The  capital 
of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift’s  “ Gullivers  Travels.” 
Lorca  (lor'ka).  A city  in  the  province  of  Mur- 
cia, southeastern  Spain,  situated  on  the  San- 
gonera  35  miles  southwest  of  Murcia.  It  has 
a castle.  Population,  69,836. 

Lord  (lord),  John.  Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
Dec.  27,  1810:  died  at  Stamford,  Conu.,  Dec. 
15, 1894.  An  American  historian.  He  was  pastor 
of  Congregational  churches  in  New  Marlborough,  Massu- 
chusetts,  and  Utica,  New  York ; lecturer  on  history  at  Dart- 
mouth College  1866-76  ; and  public  lecturer  from  1843.  He 
wrote  “ Modern  History”  (1850),  “ The  Old  Roman  World  ” 
(1867),  “Ancient  States  and  Empires”  (1869),  “Ancient 
History  ” (1876),  “ Beacon  Lights  of  History  ”(1h83-94),  etc. 

Lord  (lord),  Nathan.  Bom  at  Berwick,  Maine, 
Nov.  28,  1793  : died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  Sept.  9, 


622 

1870.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
president  of  Dartmouth  College  1828-63V 
Lord  Cromwell.  A play  once  attributed  to 
Shakspere  on  account  of  * the  initials  W.  S.  on 
the  title-page  of  the  edition  of  1602. 

Lord  Fanny.  See  Fanny. 

Lord  of  Burleigh.  A poem  by  Tennyson,  show- 
ing the  disadvantages  of  an  unequal  marriage. 
Lord  of  the  Age.  A title  of  Soliman  the  Mag- 
nificent, 

Lord  of  the  Isles.  See  Isles,  Lord  of  the. 
Lord  of  the  Isles.  A narrative  poem  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1814.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Scotland  early  in  the  14th  century. 
Lorel  (lo'rel).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  “ Sad  Shepherd,” 
a swineherd,  a rustic  lover  of  Eariue.  There  is 
very  beautiful  rustic  imagery  in  his  part,  taken  from  Ovid's 
song  of  Polyphemus  to  Galatea. 

Lorelei,  or  Loreley  (lo're-li),  or  Lurlei  (lor'H). 
A dangerous  cliff  on  the  Rhine,  between  St. 
Goar  and  Oberwesel,  the  traditional  abode  of  a 
river  siren.  It  is  the  subject  of  poems  by  Heine  and 
others,  and  of  operas  by  Mendelssohn  (fragmentary)  and 
Lachner.  Height  above  the  Rhine,  430  feet. 

Lorelei,  Die.  1.  An  opera  begun  by  Mendelssohn 
in  1847.  The  words  are  by  Geibel.  It  has  since 
been  composed  by  Max  Bruch  (1864). — 2.  An 
opera  by  Lachner,  with  words  by  Molitor,  pro- 
duced at  Munich  in  1846. 

Lorencez  (lo-ron-sa' ),  Comte  de  (Charles  Fer- 
dinand Latrille).  Born  at  Paris,  May  23, 1814: 
died  in  Bearn,  April  25,  1892.  A French  gen- 
eral. He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Crimean  war,  and 
from  April  to  Nov.,  1862,  commanded  the  French  army  of 
invasion  in  Mexico.  On  May  5 he  was  repulsed  at  Puebla. 

Lorente  (lo-ren'te).  Sebastian.  Bom  about 
1820:  died  at  Lima,  Nov.,  1884.  A Peruvian  his- 
torian. From  1845  he  was  professor  of  historyat  the  Uni- 
versity of  San  Marcos.  His  most  important  works  are  “His- 
toria del  Peru  ” (5  vols.  1860)  and  “ Historia  de  ia  Conquista 
del  Peru  ” (1861).  He  contributed  various  important  arti- 
cles to  the  “Revista  Peruana." 

Lorenz  (lo'rents),  Qttokar.  Born  at  Iglau, 
Moravia,  Sept.  17,  1832:  died  at  Jena,  May  13, 
1904.  An  Austrian  historian.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  history  at  Vienna  1860-85,  and  at  Jena 
1885—1904.  His  works  include  “Deutsche  Geschichte 
im  13.  und  14.  Jahrhundert” (1863-67),  with  Scherer“Ge- 
schichte  des  Elsass  " (1871),  etc. 

Lorenzana  y Butron  (lo-ren-tha'na  e bo-tron'), 
Francisco  Antonio.  Born  in  Leon,  Spain, 
Sept.  22, 1722 : died  at  Rome,  April  17, 1804.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  historian.  He  was  bishop  of 
Plasencia  1765  ; archbishop  of  Mexico  1766-72  ; and  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo  and  primate  of  Spain  1772-1809.  In  1789 
he  became  a cardinal.  During  the  French  Revolution 
he  protected  many  banished  priests,  and  by  direction  of 
Charles  IV.  he  accompanied  and  aided  the  Pope  during 
his  French  captivity.  After  18C0 he  resided  at  Rome.  His 
most  important  works  are  “Historia  de  Nueva-Espafia" 
(1770  : founded  on  the  letters  of  Cortes),  and  several  books 
(in  Latin)  on  the  Mexican  ecclesiastical  councils. 
Lorenzo  (lo-ren'zo).  See  Laurence. 

Lorenzo.  1.  AVenetiangeutlemaniulovewith 
Jessica,  in  Sh  akspere’s  ‘ * Merchant  of  V enice.” — 
2.  The  principal  character  in  Shirley’s  tragedy 
“ The  Traitor,”  the  kinsman  and  favorite  of  the 
duke : a subtle  and  traitorous  schemer  for  the 
duke’s  death. 

Lorenzo  de’  Medici.  See  Medici,  Lorenzo  de’. 
Lorenzo  Marques  (lo-ran'so  mar'kes).  The 
capital  of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  situated  ou 
Delagoa  Bay  iu  Tat.  25°  58'  S.;  also,  one  of  the 
five  districts  of  Portuguese  East  Africa. 
Loreto  (lo-ra'to),or  Loretto  (lo-ret'to).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Ancona,  eastern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Musone  13  miles  south  by  east 
of  Ancona.  The  Chiesa  della  Santa  Casa  here  is  a beau- 
tiful late-Pointed  building  of  1465,  with  a Renaissance 
marble  facade  and  three  celebrated  bronze  doors  bearing 
Old  and  New  Testament  reliefs.  The  three-aisled  interior 
incloses  beneath  the  central  dome  the  Santa  Casa,  a famous 
pilgrimage  shrine,  reputed  to  be  the  veritable  bouse  of  the 
Virgin,  transported  by  angels  from  Nazareth  and  miracu- 
lously set  down  in  Italy  ou  Dec.  10, 1294.  The  Santa  Casa 
is  44  feet  long,  29.)  wide,  and  36  high ; it  is  incased  in 
marble,  with  columns  and  niches,  and  panels  sculptured 
by  Sansovino  with  scenes  from  the  life  of  the  Virgin  ; and 
in  its  present  form  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  productions 
of  the  Renaissance.  The  interior  is  disposed  as  a chapel, 
and  displays  the  rough  masonry  of  the  original  structure. 
Loreto.  An  inland  department  of  Peru.  Area, 
288,456  square  miles.  Pop.,  est.,  100,596. 
Lorient,  or  L’Orient  (lo-ryoh').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  France,  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Scorff  and  Blavet  into 
the  ocean,  in  lat.  47°  45'  N.,  long.  3°  22'  W. 
It  is  an  important  seaport,  is  strongly  fortified,  and  has  a 
noted  dockyard  and  arsenal.  It  was  developed  in  the  17th 
century  when  the  French  East  India  Company  founded 
their  ship-building  yards  there.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
attacked  by  the  British  in  1746.  Pop.,  commune,  46,403. 

Loring  (lor'ing),  William  Wing,  called  Lcr- 
ing  Pasha.  Born  in  North  Carolina,  1818: 
died  Dec.  30,  1886.  An  American  soldier.  He 


Lorraine,  Henri  II.  de 

served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  during  the  Civil  War  was 
first  a brigadier-general  and  afterward  a major-general  in 
the  Confederate  army.  He  served  in  the  Egyptian  army 
1869-79,  attaining  the  rank  of  a general  of  division.  He 
published  “A  Confederate  Soldier  in  Egypt”  (1884). 

Lorinser  (lo'rin-ser),  Karl  Ignaz.  Bom  at 
Niemes,  Bohemia,  July  24, 1796 : died  at  Patsch- 
kau,  Silesia,  Oct.  2, 1853.  A German  physician, 
known  from  his  studies  of  contagious  diseases. 
He  wrote  “Untersuchungen  fiber  die  Rinderpest  ” (1831), 
“ Die  Pest  des  Orients  ” (1837),  etc. 

Loris-Melikoff  (lo'ns-mel'i-kof),  Mik1ha.il  Ta- 
rielowitch  Tainoff,  Count.  Born  at  Tiflis, 

Russia,  Jan.  1, 1826 : died  at  Nice,  Dec.  22, 1888. 
A Russian  general  and  statesman,  of  Armenian 
descent.  He  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Russian  army  in  Armenia  in  1877  ; was  defeated  by  Mukh- 
tar  Pasha  at  Zewin  and  at  Guediklar  in  the  same  year; 
stormed  Kars  in  1877  ; was  created  a count  in  1878 ; was 
appointed  governor-general  of  Kharkoff  in  1879  ; and  was 
minister  of  the  interior  1880-81. 

Lorme,  Marion  de.  See  Delorme. 

Lormes  (lorm).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  France,  39  miles  northeast  of  Nevers. 
Population,  commune,  2,576. 

Lorna  Doone  (lor'na  don't,  a Romance  of  Ex- 
moor. A novel  by  R.  D.  Blacktnore,  published 
+ in  1869. 

Lorne  (lorn),  Marquis  of  (John  George  Ed- 
ward Ilenry  Douglas  Sutherland  Camp- 
bell). Born  at  London,  Aug.  6, 1845.  A British 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  the  eighth  Duke  of  Ar- 
gyll: succeeded  to  the  dukedom  April,  1900.  He 
married  the  Princess  Louise,  fourth  daughterof  Queen  Vic- 
toria, in  1871.  He  represented  Argyllshire  in  Parliament 
1868-78,  and  was  governor-general  of  Canada  1878-83. 
Lorrach  (ler'rach).  A town  in  the  district  of 
Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Wiese  6 miles 
northeast  of  Basel.  It  has  considerable  manu- 
factures. Population,  commune,  13,961. 
Lorrain,  Claude.  See  Claude  Lorrain. 
Lorraine  (lo-ran'),G.Lothringen(16t'ring-en), 
L.  Lotharingia  (lo-tha-rin'jia).  Aregion which 
as  a lordship  has  varied  greatly  in  medieval 
and  modern  times,  but  has  always  been  on  the 
border  between  France  and  Germany,  it  was 
originally  the  realm  of  Lothaire(son  of  Lothaire  I.,  empe- 
ror of  the  Romans),  who  inherited  it  ill  855.  This  king- 
dom which  existed  but  for  a few  years,  was  included 
mainly  between  the  Rhine,  Schelde,  Meuse,  Saflne,  and 
the  Alps.  Lorraine  appears  as  a duchy  about  911,  and  be- 
came an  imperial  fief  under  Henry  the  Fowler.  About 
959  the  division  was  made  of  Lower  Lorraine  (which  de- 
veloped into  the  separate  duchies  of  Brabant,  Limburg, 
etc.)  and  Upper  Lorraine.  The  latter  continued  an  im- 
perial fief.  The  bishoprics  of  Metz,  Tool,  and  Verdun 
were  annexed  to  France  1552.  Lorraine  was  several  times 
conquered  by  France  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  given 
to  Stanislaus  of  Poland  in  1737,  and  on  his  death  in  1766 
reverted  to  France.  The  region  thus  annexed  constituted 
a grand  government  with  its  capital  at  Nancy,  and  was 
bounded  by  Luxemburg  and  Prussia  on  the  north,  the 
Palatinate  on  the  northeast,  Alsace  on  the  east,  Franche- 
Comtd  on  the  south,  and  Champagne  on  the  west.  It  was 
afterward  transformed  into  the  departments  of  Meuse, 
Moselle,  Meurthe,  and  Vosges.  In  1871  part  of  it  (Ger- 
man Lorraine)  was  ceded  to  Germany.  This  forms  the 
district  (Bezirk)  of  Lothringen  in  Elsass-Lothringen  (Al- 
sace-Lorraine), with  Metz  as  capital,  having  an  area  of 
2,403  square  miles,  and  a population  of  about  616,000. 
The  remaining  part  (French  Lorraine)  comprises  the  de- 
partments of  Meuse,  of  Meurthe-et- Moselle,  and  also  that 
of  V osges. 

Lorraine,  Cardinal  of  (Charles  de  Guise).  Born 
Feb.  17,  1524:  died  Dec.  26,  1574.  A French 
prelate,  diplomatist,  and  politician,  brother  of 
the  second  Duke  of  Guise.  He  became  archbishop  of 
Rheims  in  1538,  and  cardinal  in  1547,  and  was  minister  of 
finance  under  Francis  II.  and  Charles  IX.  He  was,  with 
his  brother,  the  leader  of  the  Roman  Catholic  party  against 
the  Huguenots. 

Lorraine,  Charles  de,  fourth  Duke  of  Guise. 
Born  Aug.  20, 1571:  died  near  Siena,  Italy,  1640. 
A French  noble,  son  of  the  third  Duke  of  Guise. 
Lorraine,  Claude  de,  first  Duke  of  Guise.  Born 
Oct.  20,  1496:  died  at  Joinville,  France,  April 
12, 1550.  A French  general  and  politician,  son 
of  Rene  II.,  duke  of  Lorraine. 

Lorraine,  Frangois  de,  surnamed  “LeBalafrA,” 
second  Duke  of  Guise.  Born  Feb.  17, 1519 : died 
Feb.  24,  1563.  A French  general  and  states- 
man, son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Guise.  He  defended 
Metz  against  Charles  V.,  1552-53 ; captured  Calais  in  1558 ; 
gained  the  victory  of  Dreux  over  the  Huguenots  in  1562  ; 
and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Orleans,  Feb.  18,  1563. 
Lorraine,  Henri  I.  de,  surnamed  “Le  Balafrfi,” 
third  Duke  of  Guise.  Bom  Dee.  31, 1550:  died 
at  Blois,  France,  Dec.  23  (25?),  1588.  A 
French  general  and  politician,  son  of  the  sec- 
ond Duke  of  Guise.  He  became  head  of  the  Catholic 
League  in  1576 ; and  in  1588  entered  Paris  with  an  army, 
with  a view  to  deposing  the  king,  Henry  III.,  at  whose 
instigation  he  was  assassinated  at  Blois. 

Lorraine,  Henri  II.  de,  fifth  Duke  of  Guise. 
Born  at  Blois,  France,  April  4,  1614:  died  at 
Paris,  June,  1664.  A French  general  and  ad- 
venturer, son  of  the  fourth  Duke  of  Guise.  He 
took  part  in  the  insurrection  at  Naples  1647—48. 


Lorraine,  Louis  de 

Lorraine,  Louis  de,  second  Cardinal  of  Guise. 
Born  at  Dampierre,  Jura,  France,  July  6, 1555 : 
assassinated  at  Blois,  France,  Dec.  24, 1588.  A 
French  ecclesiastic  and  politician,  son  of  the 
second  Duke  of  Guise. 

Lorraine,  Louis  de,  third  Cardinal  of  Guise. 
Bom  about  1580:  died  at  Saintes,  France,  June 
21, 1621.  A French  ecclesiastic,  son  of  the  third 
Duke  of  Guise. 

Lorraine,  or  Hapsburg-Lorraine,  House  of. 

A royal  house  descended  from  Francis  of  Lor- 
raine, who  became  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  in 
1737,  married  Maria  Theresa  (the  last  Haps- 
burg),  and  was  Holy  Roman  emperor  1745-65. 
It  furnished  thenceforth  the  emperors,  Austrian 
sovereigns,  and  rulers  of  Tuscany. 

Lorris  (lo-res'),  Guillaume  de.  Died  about 
1240  (or  1260).  A French  trouv&re,  author  of 
the  beginning  (4,670  lines)  of  the  “ Roman  de  la 
Rose,”  which  was  continued  by  Jean  de  Meun. 
Of  his  life  nothing  is  known. 

Lorsch  (lorsh).  A town  in  the  province  of  Star- 
kenburg,  Hesse,  on  the  Wescknitz  9 miles  east 
of  Worms.  It  is  a very  ancient  town.  The  Mi- 
chaelskapelle  dates  from  the  9th  century.  Pop- 
ulation, about  4,500. 

Lortzing  (lort'sing),  Gustav  Albert.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Oct.  23, 1803 : died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 1851. 
A German  composer  of  comic  opera.  Among 
his  operas  are  “ Zar  und  Zimmermann  ” (1837), 
“ Wildschutz”  (1842),  “Undine”  (1845). 
Losada  (lo-sa'THa),  Diego  de.  Born  in  San 
Lucar  de  Barrameda,  Spain,  about  1520 : died 
at  Tocuyo,  Venezuela,  1569.  A Spanish  soldier. 
He  served  for  several  years  in  Venezuela,  and  in  1567  was 
sent  to  conquer  the  country  of  the  Caracas  Indians;  found- 
ed Caracas  1567  or  1568 ; and  carried  on  a bloody  war  with 
the  Indians,  who  submitted  only  after  the  death  of  their 
chief,  Guaicaipuro.  Quarrelsaboutthedistributionof  en- 
comiendas  led  to  Losada’s  deposition  from  command  in 
1569.  Also  written  Lozada. 

Losada,  or  Lozada,  Manuel.  Born  near  Tepic 
about  1825 : died  there,  July  19, 1873.  A Mexi- 
can bandit.  He  was  of  mixed  blood,  but  always  lived 
among  the  Tepic  Indians,  becoming  their  acknowledged 
chief.  Though  often  engaged  in  cattle-thieving  and  high- 
way robbery,  his  power  made  him  feared,  and  he  was  flat- 
tered by  the  various  governments  : Maximilian  even  ac- 
knowledged his  rank  as  general.  Early  in  1873  he  headed 
an  uprising  in  which,  it  is  said,  20,000  Indians  were  engaged. 
Defeated  by  General  Corona  near  Guadalajara,  Jan.  28, 1873, 
he  was  soon  after  captured  and  shot. 

Los  Altos  (Ids  al'tos).  The  name  given  to  a por- 
tion of  western  Guatemala  which,  on  Feb.  2, 
1838,  seceded  to  form  a sixth  state  of  the  Cen- 
tral American  Confederacy.  It  embraced  the  de- 
partments of  Soldi,  Totonicapan,  and  Quezaltenango,  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  present  departments  of  those 
names,  together  with  Huehuetenango,  San  Marcos,  Retal- 
huleu,  and  Suchitepequez.  A constitution  was  adopted, 
and  Marcelo  Molina  was  elected  president,  Dec.,  1838.  The 
state  was  recognized  by  Salvador,  and  at  first  by  Guatemala, 
but  was  destroyed  by  Carrera  in  Jan.,  1810,  and  reincorpo- 
rated with  Guatemala. 

Los  Angeles  (los  an'ge-les  or  los  an'je-les ; Sp. 
pron.  los  ang'He-les).  A city  and  the  capital 
of  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  situated 
on  the  river  Los  Angeles  in  lat.  34°  3'  M N., 
long.  118°  14'  32 //  W.  It  is  the  center  of  an  orange- 
and  grape-growing  district,  and  is  a winter  health-resort. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  1781,  and  was  taken 
from  the  Mexicans  in  1846.  Population,  319,198,  (1910). 

Los  Angeles,  or  Anjeles.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Biobio,  Chile.  Population,  11,691. 

Losecoat  Field.  The  battle  of  Stamford  (1470) : 
so  called  because  the  defeated  rebels  threw 
awav  their  coats  in  their  flight. 

Los  Herreros.  See  Herreros,  Manuel  Breton  de 
los. 

Los  Lunas  (los  lo'nas).  A settlement  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  F6  Railroad,  23 
miles  south  of  Albuquerque.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  Spanish  families  of  Lima. 

Los  Reyes,  Ciudad  de.  See  Ciudad  de  los  Reyes 
and  Lima. 

Lossing  (los'ing),  Benson  John.  Born  atBeek- 
man,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  1813;  died  near  Dover 
Plains,  N.  Y.,  June  3,  1891.  An  American  his- 
torian and  journalist.  Among  his  works  are  “Pic- 
torial Field-Book  of  the  Revolution  " (1850-52),  “ History 
of  the  United  States ’’  (1854-56),  “History  of  the  Civil  War 
in  the  United  States”  (1866-69),  “Pictorial  Field-Book  of 
the  War  of  1812”  (1869),  etc. 

Lossnitz  (les'nits).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  17  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,929. 

Lost  Leader,  The.  A poem  by  Robert  Browning, 
referring  to  Wordsworth. 

Lost  Tales  of  Miletus,  The.  A volume  of  poems 
by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1866. 

Lot  (lot).  In  Old  Testament  history,  the  son 
of  Haran  and  nephew  of  Abraham. 


623 

Lot.  In  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  a king  of  Nor- 
way; in  Malory’s  “Morte  d’ Arthur,”  a king  of 
Orkney.  In  the  first  he  marries  Anne,  sisterof  Arthur; 
in  the  second  he  marries  Margawse,  the  sister  of  Arthur. 
Tennyson  makes  him  the  husband  of  Bellicent  and  king  of 
Orkney. 

Lot  (16).  A river  in  southern  France,  joining 
the  Garonne  at  Aiguillon.  Length,  300  miles; 
navigable  from  Entraygues  (194  miles). 

Lot.  A department  of  southern  France,  capi- 
tal Cahors,  formed  chiefly  from  the  ancient 
Quercy  in  Guienne.  It  is  bounded  by  Correze  on  the 
north,  Cantal  and  Aveyron  on  the  east,  Tarn-et-Garonne 
on  the  south,  and  Lot-et-Garonne  and  Dordogne  on  the 
west.  The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  Area,  2,017 
square  miles.  Population,  216,611. 

Lot  (lot),  Parson.  A pseudonym  of  the  Rev. 
Charles  Kingsley  1848-56. 

Lot-et-Garonne  (lo-ta-ga-ron').  A department 
of  France,  capital  Agen,  formed  from  parts  of 
the  ancient  Guienne  and  Gascony,  it  is  bounded 
by  Dordogne  on  the  north,  Lot  and  Tarn-et-Garonne  on 
the  east,  Gers  on  the  south,  and  Landes  and  Gironde  on 
the  west.  It  is  mainly  an  agricultural  department.  Area, 
2,078  square  miles.  Population,  274,610. 

Lothair  (lo-thar')  I G.  Lothar  (lo'tar),  F. 
Lothaire  (lo-tar').  Born  about  795:  died  at 
Priim,  Prussia,  Sept.,  855.  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  840-855,  eldest  son  of  Louis  lo 
D6bonnaire.  On  the  death  of  his  father  a war  broke 
out  between  him  and  his  brothers  Louis  the  German  and 
Charles  the  Bald  over  the  division  of  the  empire.  He  was 
defeated  by  them  at  Fontenay  841,  and  consented  to  the 
treaty  of  V erdun  in  843,  by  which  he  was  left  in  possession 
of  the  imperial  title  and  of  the  territory  included  between 
the  Alps,  the  Rhine,  the  Meuse,  the  Saone,  and  the  Rhone. 

Lothair  II.,  called  “The  Saxon.”  Died  near 
Trent,  Tyrol,  Dee.  3, 1137.  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  1125-37.  He  was  made  duke  of  Sax- 
ony in  1106;  was  elected  king  of  Germany  in  1125;  and 
was  crowned  by  the  Pope  in  1133. 

Lothair.  Born  941 : died  986.  King  of  France 
954-986,  son  of  Louis  IV. 

Lothair  (lo-thar').  1.  A Norman  knight  in 
M.  G.  Lewis’s  tragedy  “Adelgitha.”  He  proves 
to  he  Adelgitha’s  son.  The  part  was  played  by 
Maeready. — 2.  The  principal  character  in  Dis- 
raeli’s novel  of  that  name,  published  in  1870. 

Lotharingia.  See  Lorraine. 

Lothario  (lo-tha're-o).  1.  The  principal  male 
character  in  Rowe’s  play  “The  Fair  Penitent.” 
He  is  a libertine  (“that  haughty  gallant,  gay  Lothario  ”), 
the  seducer  of  Calista,  the  fair,  penitent.  His  name  has 
become  the  synonym  for  a fashionable  and  unscrupulous 
rake.  He  was  the  original  of  Richardson’s  Lovelace. 

2.  A German  gentleman  and  aristocrat  in 
Goethe’s  “Wilhelm  MeisteFs  Lehrjahre.”  He 
bears  an  undoubted  resemblance  to  Karl  August,  and  is 
worshiped  by  Wilhelm  Meister. 

Lothian  (lo'THi-an).  A former  division  of  Scot- 
land, reaching  at  one  time  from  the  English  bor- 
der to  the  Forth.  For  East  Lothian,  Midlothian,  and 
West  Lothian, see  Haddington,  Edinburgh,  and  Linlithgow. 

Lothringen.  See  Lorraine. 

Loti  (lo-te'),  Pierre.  See  Viaud,  Louis  Marie 
Julien. 

Lotophagi  (lo-tof'a-jl).  [Gr.  A urotyayot,  lotus- 
eaters.]  The  lotus-eaters;  in  Greek  legend, 
especially  as  given  in  the  Odyssey,  the  name  of 
a people  who  ate  the  fruit  of  a plant  called 
the  lotus,  conjecturally  identified  with  various 
plants  which  have  borne  that  name.  Those  of  the 
followers  of  Odysseus  or  Ulysses  who  ate  of  it  are  described 
as  being  rendered  forgetful  of  then'  friends  and  unwilling 
to  return  to  their  own  land.  In  historical  times  a people 
known  under  the  name  of  Lotophagi  lived  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa  in  Tripoli,  and  on  the  island  of  Meninx 
(Lotophagi tis,  modern  Jerba)  in  Tunis. 

Lotschenthal  (let'shen-tal).  The  valley  of  the 
Lonza,  a right-hand  tributary  of  the  Rhone, 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  about  13  miles 
west-northwest  of  Brieg. 

Lotte.  See  Charlotte. 

Lotus-eaters,  The.  See  Lotophagi. 

Lotze  (lot'se),  Rudolf  Hermann.  BomatBaut- 
zen,  Saxony,  May  21, 1817 : died  at  Berlin,  July 
1,  1881.  A noted  German  philosopher,  psycholo- 
gist, and  physiologist,  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Gottingen  1844—81.  Ill  1881  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Berlin.  He  opposed,  as  a physi- 
ologist, the  theory  of  a “vital  force”;  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  physiological  psychology;  and,  as  a metaphy- 
sician, elaborated  a system  of  ideal-realism  or  teleologi- 
cal idealism.  He  published  notable  articles  in  Wagner’s 
“Handworterbuchder  Bhysiologie,”  “Metaphysilc  ” (1840), 
“Allgemeine  Pathologie  und  Therapie  als  mechanische 
Naturwissenschaften  ” (1842),  “System  der  Philosophic” 
(“  Loglk,"  1843,  revised  1874  ; “Metaphysilc,"  1878),  “ All- 
gemeine Physiologie  des  korperlichen  Ltbens'-  (1861), 
“Medizinische  Psychologic  " (1852),  “Mikrokosmus  ’'(1860- 
1864),  “Geschichte  der  Asthetik  in  Deutschland”  (1868), 
etc. 

Lotzen  (let'sen).  A town  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia,  68  miles  southeast  of 
Konigsberg.  Population,  commune,  6,551. 

Loubet  (lo-ba'),  Emile.  Born  at  Marsanne, 


Louis  II. 

France,  Dec.  31,  1838.  A French  statesman. 
He  was  elected  in  1876  to  the  chamber  as  a Republican,  and 
was  reelected  in  1877  and  1881 ; elected  to  the  senate  in 
1886 ; minister  of  public  works  Dec.,  1887, -April,  1888 ; 
president  of  the  council  and  minister  of  the  interior  1892 ; 
minister  of  the  interior  (under  M.  Ribot)  Dec.  6-10,  1892 ; 
president  of  the  senate  1896-99  ; president  of  France  Feb. 
18,  1899-Feb.  18,  1906. 

Loucheux.  See  Kutclnn. 

Loudon,  Baron  Gideon  Ernst  von.  S eeLaudon. 
Loudon  (lou'don),  John  Claudius.  Born  at 

Cambuslang,  near  Glasgow,  April  8, 1783 : died 
at  Loudon,  Dec.  14,  1843.  An  English  land- 
scape gardener  and  horticulturist.  He  published 
“Encyclopaedia  of  Cottage,  Farm,  and  Villa  Architecture” 
(1832),  “Arboretum  et  Fruticetum  Britannicum”  (1838), 
and  other  encyclopedic  works. 

Loudun  (16-dun').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Vienne,  France,  39  miles  southwest  of  Tours. 
An  edict  or  treaty  was  published  here  1616,  favoring  Cond6 
and  the  malcontent  nobles  and  the  Protestants.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  4,653. 

Lough  (luf),  John  Graham.  Bora  at  Green- 
head,  Northumberland,  England,  about  1804: 
died  at  London,  April  8,  1876.  An  English 
sculptor. 

Loughborough  (luf'bur//6).  A town  in  Leices- 
tershire, Englaud,  10  miles  north  by  west  of 
Leicester.  It  manufactures  hosiery,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 18,196. 

Louhans  (lo-on').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  23  miles  southeast 
of  Chalon-sur-Saone.  Population,  commune, 
4,494. 

Louis  (lo'is  or  lo'e)  I.,  surnamed  “Le  Pieux” 
and  “ Lo  Debormaire.”  [E.  Lewis,  F.  Louis,  It. 
Luigi  or  Lodovico,  Sp.  Luis,  Pg.  Luis,  L.  Ludo- 
vicus,  G.  Ludwig. ] Born  778:  died  on  an  island 
in  the  Rhine,  near  Mainz,  June  20,  840.  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  814-840,  son 
of  Charles  the  Great  whom  he  succeeded.  He  es- 
tablished in  817  an  order  of  succession  in  accordance  with 
which  his  eldest  son  Lothair  was  to  inherit  the  imperial  title 
with  Austrasia  and  the  greater  part  of  Germany,  while  the 
restof  the  empirewas  to  be  divided  amonghis  younger  sons 
Pepin  and  Louis.  He  married  a second  wife  in  819,  and  in 
829  modified  the  order  of  succession  adopted  in  817  in  such 
a manner  as  to  give  Charles,  a child  of  his  second  marriage, 
Alamannia,  with  the  title  of  king.  The  three  elder  sons  re- 
volted in  consequence,  and  he  was  compelled  to  surrender 
by  the  defection  of  his  troops  on  the  Field  of  Lies,  near 
Colmar,  in  Alsace,  in  833.  He  was  liberated  by  Louis  and 
restored  to  the  throne  in  834. 

Louis,  surnamed  “ The  German.”  Bom  about 
804:  died  at  Frankfort,  Aug.  28,  876.  King  of 
Germany  843-876,  son  of  the  emperor  Louis  I. 
(whom  see).  On  the  death  of  his  father  he  united  with 
his  brother  Charles  against  Lothair,  whom  they  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Fontenay  in  841.  By  the  treaty  of  Verdun 
in  843,  which  finally  settled  the  dispute  as  to  the  division 
between  the  brothers,  he  received  the  whole  of  Germany 
east  of  the  PJiine,  and  Mainz,  Spires,  and  Worms  on  the 
west.  He  is  commonly  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
German  kingdom. 

Louis  II.  Born  about  822 : died  875.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  855-875,  son  of  the 
emperor  Lothair  I.  whom  he  succeeded  iu  Italy. 
He  was  crowned  king  of  Lorraine  by  the  Pope  in  872,  in 
opposition  to  his  uncles  Charles  the  Bald  and  Louis  the 
German,  the  throne  of  Lorraine  having  been  vacated  by 
the  death  of  his  brother  Lothair  in  869. 

Louis  III.  Died  929  (917?).  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  901-905,  son  of  Boso,  king  of 
Provence.  Heacceded  to  the  throne  of  Provence  in  890 ; 
was  crowned  emperor  in  901;  and  was  deposed  in  905  by 
Berengarius  I.  of  Italy,  by  whom  he  was  blinded  and  sent 
back  to  Provence. 

Louis,  surnamed  “The  Child.”  Bom  893:  died 
911.  King  of  Germany  900-911,  son  of  the  em- 
peror Arnulf.  He  acceded  at  the  age  of  six,  and  the 
government  was  conducted  chiefly  by  Hatto,  archbishop 
of  Mainz.  During  his  reign  Germany  was  devastated  by 
the  Magyars  or  Hungarians.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Caro- 
liugians  in  Germany. 

Louis  IV.,  surnamed  “ The  Bavarian.”  Bom 
1286 : died  near  Munich,  Oct.  11, 1347.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  1314-47,  son  of  the 
Duke  of  Bavaria.  He  was  opposed  by  Frederick,  duke 
of  Austria,  whom  he  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Miilil- 
dorf  in  1322.  He  was  crowned  emperor  in  1328.  In  1338 
the  electoral  princes  met  at  R.hense,  where  they  adopted 
resolutions  to  the  effect  that  the  emperor  derived  his  right 
to  the  German  and  imperial  crowns  by  virtue  of  his  elec- 
tion by  the  electoral  princes,  independent  of  any  corona- 
tion by  the  Pope. 

Louis  I.  Born  at  Strasburg,  Aug.  25, 1786:  died 
at  Nice,  Feh.  29,1868.  King  of  Bavaria 1825-48, 
son  of  Maximilian  I.  Joseph.  He  was  a patron  of 
art  and  literature.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  in 
1848  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Maximilian  II. 
Louis  II.  Born  at  Nymphenburg,  near  Munich, 
Aug.  25,  1845:  died  June  13,  1886.  King  of  Ba- 
varia 1864-86,  son  of  Maximilian  II.  He  supported 
Austria  against  Prussia  in  1866,  and  Prussia  against  France 
in  1870-71.  He  joined  the  North  German  Zollverein  in 
1867,  and  became  a member  of  the  German  Empire  in  1871. 
He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  patron  of  Richard  Wagner. 


Louis  II.  624  Louisiana 


Having  become  insane,  he  was  confined  in  the  palace  of 
Berg  on  Lake  Starnberg,  near  Munich,  in  1886,  and  com- 
mitted suicide  by  drowning  in  the  lake. 

Louis  I.,  King  of  France.  See  Louis  I.,  Empe- 
ror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Louis  II.,  surnamed  “Le  Begue”  (F.,‘ the  Stam- 
merer’). Born  846:  died  at  Compi^gne,  France, 
April  10,  879.  King  of  France  877-879,  son  of 
Charles  the  Bald. 

Louis  III.  Born  about  863 : died  882.  King  of 
France  (conjointly  with  his  brother  Carloman) 
879-882 , son  of  Louis  II. 

Louis  IV.,  surnamed  “ D’Outre-Mer  ” (F.,  'from 
beyond  seas’).  Born  921:  died  954.  King  of 
France  936-954,  son  of  Charles  the  Simple.  Dur- 
ing his  reign  the  kingdom  was  practically  governed  by 
Hugh  the  Great  and  other  powerful  vassals.  He  received 
his  surname  from  the  fact  that  he  was,  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  carried  to  Englaud  by  his  mother,  Eadgifu,  sister 
of  Athelstan,  kiug  of  England,  to  avoid  falling  into  the 
hands  of  his  rival,  Rudolph  of  Burgundy,  who  had  been 
elected  king  of  France  by  the  nobles.  He  returned  from 
England  on  the  death  of  Rudolph  in  936. 

Louis  V.,  surnamed  "Le  Faineant”  (F.,  ‘the 
Sluggard’).  Born  966:  died  May,  987.  King 
of  France  986-987,  son  of  Lothair.  He  was  the 
last  of  the  Carolingians  in  France. 

Louis  VI.,  surnamed  "Le  Gros”  (F.,‘  the  Fat’). 
Born  about  1078:  died  1137.  King  of  France 
1108-37,  son  of  Philip  I.  He  made  Suger,  abbot 
of  St.  Denis,  his  chief  minister. 

Louis  VII.,  surnamed  “Le  Jeunc”  and  "Le 
Pieux”  (F.,  ‘the  Young’  and  ‘the  Pious’). 
Born  about  1120 : died  1180.  King  of  France 
1137-80,  son  of  Louis  VI.  He  took  part  (1147-49)  in 
the  second  Crusade,  and  in  1152  divorced  his  wife,  Eleanor 
of  Poitou  (whom  see),  who  married  Henry  of  Anjou  (after- 
ward Henry  II.  of  England)  in  the  same  year.  He  retained 
during  the  earlier  part  of  liis  reign  his  father’s  great  min- 
ister, Suger. 

Louis  VIII.,  surnamed  “ Le  Lion.”  Born  1187 : 
died  at  Montpensier,  Auvergne,  France,  Nov.  8, 
1226.  King  of  France  1223-26,  son  of  Philip 
Augustus.  He  married  Blanche  of  Castile,  grand- 
daughter of  Henry  II.  of  England,  in  1200,  and  in  1216  was 
offered  the  English  crown  by  the  barons  in  opposition  to 
John.  He  landed  in  England  in  1216;  but  after  the  death 
of  John  the  barons  gradually  went  over  to  the  court  party, 
which  recognized  John’s  son,  Henry  III.;  and  he  returned 
to  France  in  1217. 

Louis  IX.  (St.  Louis).  Born  at  Poissy,  France, 
April  25, 1215:  died  near  Tunis,  Aug.  25,1270. 
King  of  France  1226-70,  son  of  Louis  VIII.  He 
undertook  a crusade  in  1248;  captured  Damietta  in  1249; 

*'  and  during  an  expedition  against  Cairo  was  defeated  by  the 
Ayoubite  sultan  TooiAnsMb  (Almoaden)  and  captured, 
with  the  whole  French  army,  in  April,  1250.  He  was  liber- 
ated on  the  evacuation  of  Damietta  and  the  payment  of  a 
ransom,  and  returned  to  France  in  1254.  He  surrendered 
Pf'rigord,  the  Limousin,  and  southern  Saintonge  to  Henry 
III.  of  England  in  1259,  in  return  for  which  the  latter  re- 
nounced his  claim  to  Normandy,  Anjou,  Maine,  Touraine, 
Poitou,  and  northern  Saintonge.  He  undertook  a crusade 
against  Tunis  in  1270,  during  which  he  died.  He  was  can- 
onized by  Boniface  VIII.  in  1297. 

Louis  X.,  surnamed  “Le  Hutin”  (F.,  ‘the 
Quarreler’).  Born  1289:  died  1316.  King  of 
France  1314-16,  son  of  Philip  IV.  He  inherited 
the  kingdom  of  Navarre  through  his  mother,  Joan  of  Na- 
varre, in  1305. 

Louis  XI.  Born  at  Bourges,  France,  July  3, 
1423 : died  at  Plessis-les-Tours,  near  Tours, 
France,  Ang.  30, 1483.  King  of  France  1461- 
1483,  son  of  Charles  VII.  He  destroyed  the  power 
of  the  great  feudatories,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
absolute  monarchy  which  afterward  obtained  in  France. 
The  arbitrary  and  perfidious  measures  which  he  adopted 
provoked  a conspiracy  of  the  nobles  under  the  lead  of 
Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy.  The  conspirators  organ- 
ized a “ league  of  the  publicweal/’andfoughtadrawn bat- 
tle at  Montlhery  in  1465,  but  succumbed  to  the  diplomacy 
of  the  king,  who  detached  Charles  the  Bold  and  the  Duke 
of  Berry  by  bribery.  After  having  destroyed  his  less  for- 
midable opponents,  he  made  war  on  Charles,  who  allied 
himself  with  Edward  IV.  of  England.  On  the  death  of 
Charles,  at  the  battle  of  Nancy  against  the  Swiss  in  1477, 
he  united  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  with  the  crown.  In  1481 
he  obtained  possession  of  Provence,  Anjou,  and  Maine  by 
the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Anjou. 

Louis  XII.,  surnamed  “The  Father  of  the  Peo- 
ple.” Born  at  Blois,  France,  June  27,  1462: 
died  Jan.  1,  1515.  King  of  France  1498-1515, 
a descendant  of  the  younger  son  of  Charles  V., 
and  founder  of  the  branch  line  of  Valois-Or- 
16ans.  He  divorced  his  wife,  Jeanne,  daughter  of  Louis 
XI. , and  married  (1499)  Anne  of  Brittany,  widow  of  Charles 
VIII.,  in  order  to  retain  the  duchy  of  Brittany  for  the 
crown.  In  1499  he  expelled  Ludovico  Moro  and  took  pos- 
session of  M ilan,  to  which  lie  laid  claim  as  the  grandson  of 
Valentina  Visconti.  He  conquered  Naples  in  1501  in  alli- 
ance with  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  of  Aragon,  but  disagreed 
with  his  ally  over  the  division  of  the  spoil,  with  the  result 
that  his  army  was  defeated  by  the  Spanish  general  Gon- 
zalvo  de  Cordova  on  the  Garigliano  in  1503.  In  1508  he 
joined  the  emperor  Maximilian,  Pope  Julius  II.,  and  Ferdi- 
nand the  Catholic  in  the  League  of  Cambray  against  Venice. 
The  Pope,  however,  who  feared  the  presence  of  the  French 
in  Italy,  negotiated  in  1511  the  Holy  League  with  Venice 
and  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  for  the  expulsion  of  the  French: 
the  league  wa3  afterward  joined  by  the  emperor  and  Henry 


VIII.  of  England.  Henry  and  the  emperor  defeated 
Longueville  at  Guinegate  in  the  “ battle  of  the  spurs,” 
Aug.  16,  1513,  and  the  French  were  in  the  same  year  ex- 
pelled from  Italy ; but  Louis  succeeded  in  breaking  up  the 
leagueby  diplomacy,  and  was  preparing  to  reconquer  Milan 
when  he  died. 

Louis  XIII.  Born  at  Fontainebleau,  France, 
Sept.  27,  1601:  died  at  St.  Germain-en-Laye, 
France,  May  14,  1643.  King  of  France  1610- 
1643,  son  of  Henry  IV . He  succeeded  under  the 
regency  of  his  mother  Marie  de  Msidieis ; was  declared  of 
age  in  1614 ; and  married  Anne  of  Austria  in  1615.  In  1614 
he  summoned  the  States-General,  which  were  not  sum- 
moned again  before  the  Revolution  of  1789.  In  1024  he 
chose  as  his  prime  minister  Richelieu,  whom  he  main- 
tained in  office  until  Richelieu’s  death  in  1642.  The  chief 
results  of  his  reign,  due  to  the  policy  of  Richelieu,  were 
the  destruction  of  the  political  power  of  the  Huguenots, 
which  was  completed  by  the  siege  and  capture  of  Rochelle 
1627-28  ; the  centralization  of  the  government  in  the  hands 
of  the  king,  who  was  made  independent  of  the  nobles  and 
the  parliament ; and  the  abatement  of  the  power  of  the 
house  of  Austria,  whose  preponderance  in  Europe  was  irre- 
trievably lost  by  the  intervention  of  France  and  Sweden 
in  the  Thir  ty  Years’  War.  See  Richelieu. 

Louis  XIV.,  surnamed  “Le  Grand”  (F.,  ‘the 
Great’).  Born  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, 
Sept.  5 (16  ?),  1638 : died  at  Versailles,  France, 
Sept.  1,  1715.  King  of  France  1643-1715,  son 
of  Louis  XIII.  and  Anne  of  Austria:  He  ascended 

the  throne  underthe  guardianship  of  his  mother,  who  chose 
Cardinal  Mazarin  as  her  chief  minister.  He  was  declared 
of  age  at  fourteen,  but  retained  Mazarin  in  office  until  the 
cardinal's  death  in  1661,  when  he  assumed  personal  con- 
trol of  the  government.  He  assumed  the  direction  of  af- 
fairs at  a time  when  the  policy  inaugurated  by  Richelieu 
and  continued  by  Mazarin  had  made  the  Bourbons  abso- 
lute at  home  and  paramount  abroad.  The  reforms  of  Col- 
bert, his  comptroller-general  of  the  finances  (1661-83), 
swelled  his  treasury  while  p-omoting  industry  and  econ- 
omy; and  those  of  Louvois,  his  minister  of  war  (1666-91), 
transformed  hisarmyinto  themostperfectmilitaryorgani- 
zation  in  Europe.  His  desire  of  conquest  and  dreams  of  a 
French  universal  monarchy  embroiled  him  in  numerous 
wars,  in  which  his  arms  were  sustained  by  Turenne,  Cond6, 
Luxembourg,  Catinat,  Villars,Vend6me,  and  Vauban.  His 
first  war  (1667-6S)  was  fought  with  Spain  on  account  of  the 
Spanish  Netherlands,  which  he  claimed  through  his  wife 
Maria  Theresa,  daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain.  It  was 
ended  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  resulted  in  the 
acquisition  of  a number  of  fortified  towns  on  the  Belgian 
frontier.  His  second  war  (1672-78)  was  directed  against 
Holland  supported  by  the  Empire,  Spain,  Brandenburg, 
and  Sweden,  and  resulted  in  the  acquisition  of  territory 
from  Spain  and  Austria  at  the  peace  of  Nimwegen.  In 
1681  he  annexed  Strnshurg  (see  Reunion.  Chambers  of  ),  and 
in  1685 revoked  theEdictof  Nantes(which  see).  Bis  third 
war  (1688-97)  was  with  England,  the  Netherlands,  the  Em- 
pire, Spain,  and  Savoy,  and  concerned  the  Palatinate,  to 
which  he  laid  claim.  It  was  unsuccessful,  and  was  ended 
by  the  peace  of  Ryswick,  by  which  Alsace  and  Strasburg 
were  formally  ceded  to  France.  His  fourth  war  (1701-14) 
concerned  the  succession  in  Spain,  whose  tlirone  he  claimed 
for  his  grandson,  Philip  of  Anjou.  In  this  war  he  fought, 
after  1703,  almost  single-handed  against  the  bulk  of  Eu- 
rope. (See  Spanish  Succession,  War  of.)  The  peace  of 
Utrecht  (1713)  ami  of  Rastatt  and  Baden  (1714)  secured 
Spain  for  his  grandson,  but  left  Louis  with  an  exhausted 
treasury  and  a broken  army.  As  a result  of  these  wars, 
of  the  vicious  fiscal  policy  which  he  introduced  after  the 
death  of  Colbert,  and  of  liis  bigoted  and  intolerant  policy 
toward  the  Huguenots,  which  drove  50,000  families  from 
France,  the  country  was  prostrated,  and  the  way  prepared 
for  the  Revolution.  The  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  has  been 
styled  the  Augustan  Age  of  France. 

Louis  XV.  Born  at  Versailles,  France,  Feb.  15, 
1710:  died  at  Versailles,  May  10, 1774.  King  of 
France  1715-74,  great-grandson  of  Louis  XIV. 
During  his  minority  the  government  was  administered  by 
the  Duke  of  Orleans.  He  was  declared  of  age  in  1723,  and 
in  1725  married  Marie  Leczinska,  daughter  of  Stanislas, 
the  dethroned  king  of  Poland.  On  the  death  of  the  Duke 
of  Orleans  in  1723,  the  Duke  of  Bourbon  was  appointed 
prime  minister.  He  was  in  1726  superseded  by  Fleury, 
after  whose  death  in  1743  the  government  was  conducted 
by  appointees  of  the  king’s  mistresses  Pompadour  and  Du 
Barry.  In  1741  Louis  joined  the  coalition  against  Maria 
Theresa  of  Austria  (see  Austrian  Succession,  War  of),  and 
was  a party  to  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1748.  In  1754 
hostilities  broke  out  between  the  French  and  the  English 
in  America  without  any  declaration  of  war  (see  French 
and  Indian  War),  and  in  1756  he  became  involved  in  the 
Seven  Years’  War  as  the  ally  of  Maria  Iheresa  and  Russia 
against  Prussia  and  England.  He  lost  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris  in  1763  Canada  and  Louisiana,  and  at  his  death  left 
the  kingdom  impoverished,  oppressed,  and  discontented. 

Louis  XVI.  Born  at  Versailles,  France,  Aug. 
23,  1754:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1793. 
King  of  France  1774—92,  grandson  of  Louis  XV. 
He  married  in  1770  Marie  Antoinette,  daughter  of  Maria 
Theresa  of  Austria,  who  was  at  first  extremely  popular,  but 
afterward  incurred  the  dislike  of  the  people,  and  whose 
influence  was  exerted  for  the  maintenance  of  the  system 
of  favoritism  which  obtained  at  court.  On  ascending  the 
throne  in  1774,  lie  appointed  Turgot  minister  of  finance. 
The  finances  were  in  extreme  disorder,  dating  from  the 
closing  years  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  temper 
of  the  nation  had  been  roused  by  the  waste  and  incompe- 
tence under  Louis  XV.  Turgot  began  a series  of  reforms 
which  were  opposed  by  the  nobility  and  the  ciergy,  with 
the  result  that  he  was  superseded  byNecker  in  1777.  Louis 
recognized  the  independence  of  the  United  States  in  1778, 
and  sent  an  army  and  a fleet  to  their  support,  w hich  ma- 
terially assisted  in  securing  the  peace  of  Paris  between 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  1783.  France  con- 
cluded a separate  treaty  with  Great  Britain  in  the  same 
year.  On  the  conclusion  of  peace,  the  French  troops  which 
had  been  employed  in  America  returned  enthusiastic  for 
freedom  and  a republican  form  of  government.  In  1781 


Necker  resigned,  owing  to  the  failure  of  the  court  to  sup- 
port his  financial  reforms,  and  Calonne  became  minister 
of  finance  in  1783.  He  gratified  the  court  by  securing  new 
loans,  but  the  increasing  deficit  compelled  him  to  resign 
in  1787.  He  was  followed  by  De  Brienne,  who  advised  the 
king  to  convoke  the  States-General,  which  had  not  met 
since  1614.  The  States-General  convened  at  Versailles  in 
May,  1789,  and  enabled  the  nation  to  give  expression  to 
the  revolutionary  tendencies  which  had  been  fostered  by 
generations  of  misrule.  (See  French  Revolution.)  The 
weak  and  vacillating  king,  acting  on  the  advice  of  his 
queen,  refused,  until  too  late,  to  grant  the  demands  of  the 
popular  party,  but  could  not  be  induced  to  adopt  energetic 
measures  to  resist  them.  France  was  declared  a republic 
in  1792,  and  Louis  was  executed  Jan.  21, 1793,  after  a mock 
trial  by  the  Convention. 

Louis  XVII.  Born  at  Versailles , Fran ce , M arch 
27,  1785:  died  in  the  Temple,  Paris,  June  8, 
1795.  Titular  king  of  France,  second  son  of 
Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette.  He  became 
dauphin  in  1789,  was  imprisoned  in  the  Temple  in  1792, 
and  was  proclaimed  king  by  the  dmigrds  on  the  execution 
of  his  father  in  1793,  but  died  in  prison.  See  Williarm,  B. 

Louis  XVIII.  (Stanislas  Xavier).  Bom  at 

Versailles,  France,  Nov.  17, 1755:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  16, 1824.  King  of  France  181-1-24,  young- 
er brother  of  Louis  XVI.  He  emigrated  in  1791,  and 
assumed  the  royal  title  on  the  death  of  Louis  XVII.  (whom 
see)  in  1795.  He  ascended  the  tlirone  on  the  fall  of  Napo- 
leon in  1S14,  and  promulgated  a constitution  based  on  the 
English  model.  He  was  expelled  by  Napoleon  in  March, 
1815  (see  Hundred  Days),  and  was  restored  by  the  allied 
armies  in  June,  1815. 

Louis  XI.  A melodrama  by  Casimir  Delavigne, 
produced  in  1832.  Boucicault  wrote  an  English  ver- 
sion in  1846.  Henry  Irving  is  identified  with  the  character. 

Louis,  Pierre  Charles  Alexandre.  Born  at 
Ai,  Mame,  France,  1787:  died  at  Paris,  1872. 
A French  physician.  He  wrote  “Recherches 
sur  la  fievre  typhoide”  (1828),  etc. 

Louis  Napoleon.  See  Napoleon  III. 

Louis  Philippe  (lo'e  fi-lep'),  surnamed  “Roi 
Citoyen”  (F.,  ‘Citizen  King’).  Born  at  Paris, 
Oct.  6, 1773  : died  at  Claremont,  England,  Aug. 
26,  1850.  King  of  the  French  1830-48,  son  of 
Philippe  Egalitfi,  due  ((’Orleans.  He  favored  the 
Revolution,  and  served  under  Dumouriez  against  the  Aus- 
trians, but  became  involved  in  the  conspiracy  of  his  chief 
against  the  republic,  and  found  himself  compelled  to  join 
the  6migr6s.  He  returned  to  France  on  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons  in  1814,  and  was  restored  to  his  hereditary 
estates.  On  the  deposition  of  Charles  X.  in  1830,  he  was 
elected  by  the  deputies  and  peers  to  the  vacant,  throne, 
chiefly  at  the  instance  of  Lafayette.  He  was  deposed  by 
the  revolution  of  Feb.,  1848. 

Louis  William  I.  Born  at  Paris,  April  8, 1655 : 
died  at  Rastatt,  Baden,  Jan.  4, 17 07.  Margrave 
of  Baden.  He  fought  with  distinction  against  the  Turks 
1683-91,  and  against  the  French  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

Louisa  (lo-e'za),  G.  Luise  (lo-e'ze).  Bom  at 
Hannover,  March  10,  1776:  died  at  Hohenzie- 
ritz,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  July  19,  1810.  A 
celebrated  queen  of  Prussia,  wife  of  Frederick 
William  III. 

Louisa,  or  Luisa,  Miller.  An  opera  by  Verdi, 
first  produced  at  Naples  1849. 

Louisa  Ulrica  (16-e'za  ul-re'ka),  Queen  of  Swe- 
den. Born  July  24,  1720 : died  July  16,  1782. 
Wife  of  Adolphus  Frederick  of  Sweden,  and 
sister  of  Frederick  the  Great : a patron  of  art 
and  science. 

Louisburg  (lo'is-berg  or  lo'e-berg).  A mined 
fortress  on  the  coast  of  Cape  Breton,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, situated  in  lat.  45°  53'  N.,  long.  60°  W.  It 
was  built  by  the  French  after  the  peace  of  Utrecht  (1713) ; 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  a New  England  force  under 
Pepperell,  June  17,  1745 ; was  restored  in  1748 ; and  was 
again  besieged  and  taken  by  the  British  under  Amherst 
July  27,  1758l 

Louise  (lo-ez')  of  Savoy.  Born  at  Pont-d’Ain, 
France,  1476:  died  about  1531.  The  mother  of 
Francis  I.  of  France.  She  was  twice  regent, 
and  negotiated  the  peace  of  Cambray  ( “Ladies’ 
Peace  ”)  in  1529. 

Louisiade  (lo-e-ze-ad')  Archipelago.  An  ar- 
chipelago of  small  islands,  belonging  since  1885 
to  Great  Britain,  southeast  of  Papua,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  11°  S.,  long.  153°  E. 

Louisiana  (lo-e-zi-an'a).  One  of  the  Southern 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capi- 
tal, Baton  Rouge ; chief  city.  New  Orleans.  It  is 
bounded  by  Arkansas  and  Mississippi  on  the  north,  Mis- 
sissippi and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  oirthe  south,  and  Texas  on  the  west.  Its  north- 
ern boundary  is  lat.  33°  N.  It  is  separated  partly  from 
Texas  by  the  Sabine,  and  from  Mississippi  by  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Pearl.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  in  part  oc- 
cupied by  swamps  and  alluvial  lands.  It  abounds  in  for- 
ests. The  chief  industry  is  agriculture.  The  leading  pro- 
ducts are  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  Indian  corn,  and  petroleum.  It 
is  the  leading  State  in  the  production  of  sugar.  It  has  61 
parishes  (corresponding  to  the  counties  of  the  other  States), 
sends  2 senators  and  8 representatives  to  Congress,  and  has 
10  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  De  Soto  in  1541.  by 
Marquette  in  167.3,  and  by  La  Salle  in  1682  ; was  settled  by 
the  French  under  Iberville  and  Bienville  about  1700  ; was 
granted  to  Law’s  company  in  1717,  but  in  1732  reverted  to 
the  crown ; was  ceded  by  Franco  to  Spain  in  1763 ; was 


Louisiana 

retroceded  to  France  in  1800  ; was  purchased  by  the  U nited 
States  in  1803  (see  Louisiana  Purchase) ; was  made  a sep- 
arate Territory  (the  Territory  of  Orleans)  in  1804  ; had  the 
portion  east  of  the  Mississippi  annexed  in  1810 ; was  admit- 
ted to  the  Union  in  1812  ; seceded  Jan.  26, 1861 ; was  large- 
ly occupied  by  the  Federals  1862-63  ; and  was  readmitted 
In  June,  1868.  There  were  rival  State  governments  under 
Kellogg  (Republican)  and  McEnery  (Democrat)  in  1872- 
1874.  The  disputed  electoral  vote  for  President  in  1876 
was  given  to  Hayes  by  the  Electoral  Commission  in  1877. 
Area,  48,720  square  miles.  Population,  1,656,388,  (1910). 

Louisiana  Purchase.  The  territory  which  the 
United  States  in  1803,  under  Jefferson’s  admin- 
istration, acquired  by  purchase  from  France, 
then  under  the  government  of  Bonaparte  as 
first  consul.  The  price  was  .$15,000,000.  The  purchase 
consisted  of  New  Orleans  and  a vast  tract  extending  west- 
ward from  the  Mississippi  River  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  British  America.  See 
Century  Atlas,  Map  XIX. 

Louisiana  Territory.  That  part  of  the  Louisi- 
ana Purchase  which  .is  not  included  in  the  pres- 
ent State  of  Louisiana.  It  was  formed  in  1804. 
Named  Missouri  Territory  in  1812. 

Louisville  (lo'is-vil  or  lo'i-vil).  The  capital  of 
Jefferson  County,  Kent  ucky,  situated  at  thefalls 
of  the  Ohio  River  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  85° 
45'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  Kentucky,  and  has  im- 
portant trade  in  tobacco,  provisions,  and  whisky.  The 
other  leading  industries  are  pork-packing  and  the  manu- 
facture of  agricultural  implements,  leather,  wagons,  ce- 
ment. wood  work,  etc.  It  was  founded  in  1778.  and  is 
often  called  Falls  City.  Population,  223,928,  (1910). 
Loul6  (lo-la').  A town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
garve, Portugal,  situated  in  lat.  37°  4'  N.,long. 
7°  54'  W.  Population,  commune,  22,478. 
Loupgarou  (lo-ga-ro').  [F., ‘a  werwolf.’]  A 
leader  of  the  giants  in  Rabelais’s  “Gargantua 
and  Pantagruel.”  Pantagruel,  becoming  angry  with 
him,  picked  him  up  by  the  ankles  and  used  him  like  a quar- 
ter-staff. 

Loups.  See  Delaware  and  Mohican. 

Lourdes  (lord).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Hautes-Pyren6es,  France,  on  the  Gave  de  Pau 

13  miles  south-southwest  of  Tarbes.  it  contains 
an  ancient  castle,  and  is  famous  as  a place  of  pilgrimage. 
The  basilica  and  the  subterranean  Church  of  the  Rosary 
are  noteworthy,  but  interest  centers  in  the  grotto  in  which 
the  Virgin  is  said  to  have  appeared  to  a peasant  girl,  Ber- 
nadette Soubirous,  in  1858,  and  disclosed  to  her  the  mirac- 
ulous properties  of  the  spring  which  the  pilgrims  visit. 
Population,  commune,  8,364. 

Lourenpo  Marques.  See  Lorenzo  Marques. 
Louth  (Iouth  or  louth).  A maritime  county  in 
Leinster,  Ireland . It  is  bounded  by  Armagh  on  the 
north,  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  east,  Meath  on  the  south,  and 
Meath  and  Monaghan  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating and  in  the  northeast  mountainous.  The  chief  towns 
are  Drogheda  and  Dundalk.  Area,  316  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 65,820. 

Louth.  A town  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lud  24  miles  east-northeast  of 
Lincoln.  Population,  9,518. 

Louvain  (16-van'),  Flem.  Leuven  (le'ven  or 
lii'ven)  or  Loven  (lo'ven),  G.  Lowen  (le'ven), 
L.  Lovania  (lo-va'ni-a).  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brabant,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dyle 
16  miles  east  of  Brussels.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
beer.  The  hotel  de  ville,  or  town  hall,  is  one  of  the  most 
elegant  of  the  characteristic  late-Pointed  Flemish  civic 
edifices.  St.  Pierre  is  a handsome  15th-century  church 
containing  many  fine  paintings,  especially  the  “St.  Eras- 
mus ” and  the  “Bast  Supper  ” of  Dieric  Bouts,  and  a sculp- 
tured tabernacle  60  feet  high.  The  pulpit,  in  the  peculiar 
Flemish  style  (1742),  represents  “St.  Peter’s  Denial"  and 
the  “Conversion  of  St.  Paul,"  with  life-size  figures  beneath 
palm-trees.  The  university,  founded  in  1426,  is  attended  by 
over  2,300  students.  In  the  middle  ages  Louvain  was 
the  capital  of  Brabant,  and  a leading  center  of  cloth 
manufacture.  An  unsuccessful  insurrection  of  the  weav- 
ers against  the  nobility  in  1378  was  followed  soon  after- 
ward by  the  emigration  of  many  citizens.  Population, 
commune,  42,001. 

Louverture,  or  L’  Ouverture,  Toussaint.  See 

Toussaint  Louverture. 

Louvet  de  Couvray  (lo-va'  de  ko-vra'),  Jean 
Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris,  June  11,  1760:  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  25,  1797.  A French  revolution- 
ist and  novelist,  a deputy  to  the  Convention  in 
1792.  He  wrote  the  novel  “Les  amours  du 
chevalier  deFaublas”  (1787-89). 

Louviers  (lo-vya').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  northern  France,  situated  on  the  Eure 

14  miles  south  by  east  of  Rouen.  It  has  flour- 
ishing manufactures,  especially  of  cloth.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  10,302. 

Louvois  (lo-vwa'),  Franqois  Michel  Letellier, 
Marquis  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  18, 1641 : died 
July  16,  1691.  A noted  French  statesman,  min- 
ister of  war  under  Louis  XIV.  1666-91.  He  or- 
ganized the  French  standing  army. 

Louvre  (lovr).  A castle  (in  Paris)  of  the  kings 
of  Frauce  from  or  before  the  13th  century,  and 
the  chief  royal  palace  until  Louis  XIV.  built 
Versailles.  The  existing  palace  was  begun  by  Francis  T. 
In  1541,  and  was  extended  by  his  successors  down  to  Louis 
XIV.,  who  added  much,  including  the  imposing  east  front 
Or — 40 


625 

with  its  celebrated  Corinthian  colonnade,  570  feet  long, 
with  28  pairs  of  coupled  columns.  Napoleon  I.  made  some 
additions,  to  which  Napoleon  III.  added  very  largely ; and 
the  present  republic  has  rebuilt  a large  section  of  the 
north  wing  which  was  burned  by  the  Commune.  The 
whole  forms  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  historically  in- 
teresting buildings  in  the  world.  Thefagade  on  the  west 
side  of  the  court  ranks  as  the  most  perfect  example  of  the 
early  French  Renaissance ; the  additions  of  Catharine  de 
M6dicis  are  also  architecturally  important.  Those  of  Napo- 
leon III.,  while  less  pure  in  style,  are  of  great  richness, 
with  profuse  use  of  sculpture.  In  the  interior  the  splen- 
did Galerie  d’Apollon,  rebuilt  by  Louis  XIV.,  is  one  of  the 
few  apartments  which  retain  their  original  aspect.  A 
great  part  of  the  interior  has  been  occupied  since  1793  by 
the  famous  museum,  and  successive  governments  have 
employed  the  best  artists  at  their  command  for  its  deco- 
ration. 

Lo  vania.  The  Latin  name  of  Louvain. 

Lovat  (lo'vat).  A river  in  Russia,  flowing  into 
Lake  Hmen  opposite  Novgorod.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

Lovat  (lo'vat),  Lord.  See  Fraser,  Simon. 

Lovatz  (lo'vats),  Turk.  Loftcha  (lof'cha).  A 
small  town  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Osma 
about  lat.  43°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  42'  E.  It  was 
stormed  by  the  Russians  Sept.  3,  1877. 

Love.  A play  by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  pro- 
duced in  1839. 

Love  cl  la  Mode.  A farce  by  Macklin,  printed 
in  1793 : written  in  1759. 

Love  and  a Bottle.  A comedy  by  George  Far- 
quhar,  produced  in  1699. 

Love  and  Business.  A miscellany  by  George 
Farqukar,  printed  in  1702. 

Love  and  Death,  and  Love  and  Life.  Com- 
panion paintings  by  George  Frederick  Watts. 
In  the  former  Death,  a white-draped  figure,  crushes  Love 
back  among  garlands  of  roses,  and  forces  his  way  through 
a portal.  In  the  latter  Love  guides  and  aids  Life,  a fair 
young  girl,  undraped,  up  a rough  ascent,  while  flowers 
spring  up  in  his  footsteps.  They  are  in  the  Tate  Gallery 

Love  and  Honour.  A play  by  Davenant,  li- 
censed 1634,  printed  1649,  and  revived  with 
great  success  after  the  Restoration. 

Love  at  a Venture.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre,  printed  in  1706.  It  is  founded  on  T.  Cor- 
neille’s “Le  galant  double.”  See  Double  Gal- 
lant, The. 

Loveby  (luv'bi).  The  wild  gallant  in  Dry  den’s 
play  of  that  name. 

Love  Chase,  The.  A comedy  by  J.  Sheridan 
Knowles,  produced  in  1837. 

Love  for  Love.  A comedy  by  Congreve,  printed 
in  1695. 

Those  who  will  take  the  pains  to  read  this  tedious  drama 
[Otway’s  “Friendship  in  Fashion  ’’[will  perceive  that  Con- 
greve deigned  to  remember  it  in  the  composition  of  his 
exquisite  masterpiece,  “ Love  for  Love.  ” The  hero  in  each 
case  is  named  Valentine,  and  Malagene,  Otway’s  tiresome 
button-holer  and  secret-monger,  is  a clumsy  prototype  of 
the  inimitable  Tattle.  . Gosse. 

Love  in  a Forest.  A play  adapted  from  Shak- 
spere’s  “As  you  Like  it”  by  Charles  Johnson 
in  1723. 

Love  in  a Maze.  A comedy  by  Shirley,  licensed 
in  1631.  The  title  was  borrowed  by  Dion  Bouci- 
cault  for  a comedy  in  1844. 

Love  in  a Riddle.  A pastoral  by  Cibber,  printed 
in  1729.  This  was  written  in  imitation  of  the  “Beggar’s 
Opera,"  and  played  at  Drury  Lane  on  Jan.  7,  1729.  It  was 
hissed  by  Cibber’s  enemies,  and  converted  into  “Damon 
and  Phillida.”  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Love  in  a Tub.  See  Comical  Revenge,  The. 

Love  in  a Village.  A comic  opera  by  Isaac 
Bickerstaffe,  produced  in  1762,  printed  in  1763. 
The  music  is  by  Arne. 

Love  in  a Wood,  or  St.  James’s  Park.  A play 
by  Wycherley,  produced  in  1672. 

Loveira.  See  Lobeira. 

Lovejoy  (luv'joi),  Elijah  Parish.  Born  at  Al- 
bion, Maine,  Nov.  9, 1802 : killed  at  Alton,  111., 
Nov.  7,  1837.  An  American  clergyman  and 
journalist,  an  opponent  of  slavery,  killed  by  a 
pro-slavery  mob  at  Alton. 

Lovejoy,  Owen.  Born  at  Albion,  Maine,  Jan.  6, 
1811 : died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  25,  1864. 
An  American  clergyman  and  antislavery  poli- 
tician, brother  of  E.  P.  Lovejoy.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1857-64. 

Lovel  (luv'el).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “ The 
New  Inn,”  a soldier  and  scholar,  and  a chivalric 
lover.  This  part  contains  some  of  Jonson’s 
most  beautiful  poetry. 

Lovel.  The  name  under  which  Charles  Lamb 
describes  his  father,  John  Lamb,  in  “Old 
Benchers  of  the  Inner  Temple.” 

Lovelace  (luv'las).  The  principal  male  char- 
acter in  Richardson’s  novel  “Clarissa  Har- 
lowe”:  an  unscrupulous  libertine  whose  name 
has  become  a synonym  for  characters  of  that 
nature.  He  is  an  expansion  of  Rowe’s  Lothario. 

Lovelace  (luv'las),  Countess  of  (Augusta  Ada 


Love’s  Cure 

Byron).  Born  Dec.  10, 1815 : died  Nov.  29,1852. 
The  daughter  of  Lord  Byron. 

Lovelace,  Richard.  Born  in  Kent,  1618 : died 
at  London,  1658.  An  English  Cavalier  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Gloucester  Hall, 
Oxford.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the  Parliament  in  1642  ; 
took  part  in  the  siege  of  Dunkirk  in  1646  ; and  was  im- 
prisoned on  his  return  to  England  in  1648.  He  was  released 
after  the  king’s  execution,  but  his  estate  was  spent,  and  he 
died  in  poverty  in  the  purlieus  of  London.  In  1649  he  pub- 
lished “Lucasta"  (from  Lux  Casta,  his  name  for  Lucy 
Sacheverell) : this  was  revised  while  he  was  in  prison. 
After  his  death  his  brother  collected  and  published  his 
poems  as  “ Lucasta ; Posthume  Poems  ”(1659).  His  name 
survives  chiefly  on  account  of  his  lyrics  “ To  Althea  from 
Prison  ” and  “ To  Lucasta  on  going  to  the  Wars.” 

Loveless  (luv'les).  A character  in  Cibber’s 
comedy  “ Love’s  Last  Shift,”  and  in  its  continu- 
ation, Vanbrugh’s  “The  Relapse”:  a debauched 
libertine.  He  grows  weary  of  his  wife,  Amanda,  in  six 
months;  leaves  the  country  and  his  debts  behind  him; 
and  returns  penniless  to  England  to  reform  and  be  for- 
given (after  a “ Relapse  ” with  Berinthia)  by  Amanda  whom 
he  really  loves. 

Loveless,  Elder.  The  principal  male  charac- 
ter in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  play  “The 
Scornful  Lady.”  He  is  a suitor  of  the  lady,  who  scorns 
and  flouts  him  ; but  in  the  end  he  wins  her  by  a trick. 

Loveless,  Young.  The  brother  of  the  elder 
Loveless : a heartless,  callous  prodigal. 

Love  Lies  a Bleeding.  See  Philaster. 

Lovell  (luv'el),  George  William.  Bom  iu  1804 : 
died  at  Hampstead,  May  13,  1878.  An  English 
dramatic  writer.  Among  his  plays  are  “The  Provost 
of  Bruges  ” (1836),  “Love's  Sacrifice  ’’  (1842),  “Look  before 
you  Leap”  (1846),  “The  Wife’s  Secret  ” (1846),  “The  Trial 
of  Love  ” (1852). 

Lovell,  Mansfield.  Born  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Oct.  20, 1822:  died  at  New  York,  June  1, 1884.  An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service. 

Lovel  the  Widower.  A novel  by  Thackeray, 
published  in  1861. 

Lovely  (luv'li),  Ann.  A character  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre’s  comedy  “A  Bold  Stroke  for  a Lover”: 
an  heiress  to  win  whom  Colonel  Fainwell,  her 
lover,  disguises  himself  as  the  real  Simon  Pure 
whom  she  was  intended  by  her  guardian  to 
marry. 

Love  ‘makes  tlie  Man,  or  the  Fop’s  Fortune. 

A comedy  by  Cibber,  made  from  Fletcher  and 
Massinger’s  “ Custom  of  the  Country”  and  “ El- 
der Brother.”  It  was  acted  and  printed  in 
1701. 

Lover  (luv'er),  Samuel.  Born  at  Dublin,  Feb. 
24,  1797 : died  at  St.  Heliers,  July  6,  1868.  An 
Irish  novelist,  song- writer,  and  painter.  His  chief 
novels  are  “Rory  O’More  ” (1837 : it  was  dramatized  and  had 
arun of  108 nights) and  “Handy  Andy  ”(1842).  His  “Songs 
and  Ballads”  were  published  in  1839,  including  “The 
Angel’s  Whisper,”  “The  Low-hacked  Car,”  “The  Four- 
leaved Shamrock,"  “Molly  Bawn,”  “Father  Molloy,”  etc. 

Lovere  (lo-va're).  A town  in  northern  Italy, 
on  the  Lake  of  Iseo  21  miles  north-northwest 
of  Brescia. 

Lover’s  Complaint,  A.  A poem  by  Shak- 
spere,  written  probably  in  1593-94,  but  pub- 
lished with  the  sonnets  in  1609.  Fleay. 

Lover’s  Leap.  A promontory  at  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Leucas  (Santa  Maura), 
Ionian  Islands:  the  traditional  scene  of  the 
death  of  Sappho. 

Lover’s  Life,  Complaint  of  a.  A poem  in- 
serted in  the  16th-century  editions  of  Chaucer, 
and  attributed  to  him.  Manuscript  authority 
gives  it  to  Lydgate. 

Lovers’  Melancholy,  The.  A play  by  Ford , pro- 
duced in  1628,  printed  in  1629.  This  play  contains 
the  celebrated  contention  between  the  nightingale  and  the 
musician  from  Strada. 

Lovers’  Progress,  The.  A play  by  Fletcher  and 
Massinger,  printed  in  1647.  “The  plot  is  token  from 
D’Audignier’s  ‘Histoire  tragi-comique  de  notre  temps,’ 
1616.  . . . This  play  is  unquestionably  a revised  version 
of  the  ‘Wandering  hovel's, ' a play  licensed  6 Dec.,  1623, 
and  may  be  identified  with  the  ‘Tragedy  of  Oleander  ’(as- 
cribed to  Massinger),  which  was  performed  atBlackfriars 
7 May,  1634.  A play  called  ‘The  Wandering  Lovers  or  The 
Picture’  was  entered  in  the  ‘Stationers’  Register’  9 Sept., 
1653,  as  a work  of  Massinger.  In  spite  of  the  puzzling 
after-title  the  entry  probably  refers  to  the  ‘ Lovers'  Pro- 
gress.’” Bullen. 

Lovers’  Quarrels.  A play  by  King,  altered 
from  Vanbrugh’s  “ The  Mistake  ” in  1790. 

Lover’s  Vows.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  Oct.  11, 1798.  It  is 
from  Kotzebue. 

Love’s  Contrivance,  or  Le  Medecin  Malgre 
lui.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  acted  and 
printed  in  1703.  It- was  taken  from  “Le  mCdecin  mal- 
grd  lui  ” and  “Le  mariage  forc6  ” by  Molifcre. 

Love’s  Cure,  or  the  Martial  Maid.  A play, 

probably  by  Massinger  and  Middleton  accord- 
ing to  Bullen.  Fleay  thinks  it  was  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  altered  by  Massinger.  It  was  produced  about 
1623,  printed  1647. 


Love’s  Labour  ’s  Lost 

Love’s  Labour ’s  Lost.  A comedy  by  Shakspere, 

produced  in  1589,  printed  in  1598.  Various  changes 
were  made  in  it  in  1597,  when  it  was  retouched  for  a court 
performance.  The  title  is  “ A pleasant  conceited  Comedy 
as  it  was  presented  before  her  Highness  this  last  Christ- 
mas. Newly  corrected  and  augmented  by  W.  Shakespeare. 
Imprinted  1698.”  This  is  the  first  appearance  of  Shak- 
spere's  name  on  a play  title-page.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
an  earlier  version  existed.  Morley  ; Fleay. 

Love’s  Labour’s  Won.  A lost  play  by  Shak- 
spere, printed  in  1600,  and  entered  in  the  “ Sta- 
tioners’ Register”  Aug.  23, 1600.  It  is  probably  the 
original  of  “Much  Ado  about  Nothing,”  as  it  was  called 
“ Benedict  and  Bettris  ” when  acted  before  King  J ames  in 
1612-13,  although  presented  that  same  Christmas  to  Prince 
Charles,  the  Palatine,  and  Lady  Elizabeth  under  its  proper 
name.  Fleay. 

Love’s  Last  Shift,  or  the  Fool  in  Fashion.  A 

comedy  by  Cibber,  produced  in  Jan.,  1694.  Van- 
brugh’s “ Relapse  ” is  a sequel  to  this.  See  Fop- 
pington,  Lord. 

Love’s  Metamorphosis.  A comedy  by  John 
Lyly,  published  in  1601. 

Loves  of  the  Angels,  The.  A poem  by  Thomas 
Moore,  published  in  1822. 

Loves  of  the  Plants,  The.  The  second  part 
of  the  “ Botanic  Garden,”  a versified  treatise  on 
botany,  by  Erasmus  Darwin,  published  in  1789. 
The  first  part,  “ The  Economy  of  Vegetation,” 
did  not  appear  till  1792. 

Loves  of  the  Triangles,  The.  A satirical  poem 
by  Canning  and  Frere,  published  in  the  “ Anti- 
Jacobin.”  It  was  in  ridicule  of  Erasmus  Dar- 
win and  his  “Loves  of  the  Plants.” 

Love  Spell,  The.  See  Elisire  d’Amore. 

Love’s  Pilgrimage.  A romantic  comedy  by 
Fletcher  and  another,  probably  written  by  1612. 
It  was  printed  in  1647.  The  plot  is  from  a novel  of  Cer- 
vantes, and  a part  of  Jonson's  “ New  Inn  ” is  incorporated 
in  it.  Fleay  identifies  it  with  “The  History  of  Cardenio.” 
Low  (16),  Seth.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
18,  1850.  An  American  educator.  He  was  elected 
mayor  of  Brooklyn  in  1881  and  again  in  1883,  and  president 
of  Columbia  University,  New  York,  in  1890.  In  1901  he 
resigned  the  presidency  of  the  university  and  was  mayor 
of  New  York  1902-3. 

Low,  Will  H.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  31, 
1853.  An  American  figure-painter,  noted  also 
for  his  decorative  work  and  designs  for  stained 
glass,  and  as  an  illustrator.  He  was  a pupil  of 
Carolus  Duran. 

Low  (16)  Archipelago,  or  Paumota  (pou-mo'- 
ta),  or Paumotu  (-to),  or  Tuamotu  (twfi-mo'to) 
Islands.  An  extensive  group  of  small  islands, 
chiefly  coral,  situated  in  the  South  Pacific,  east 
of  the  Society  Islands  and  south  of  the  Marque- 
sas Islands.  They  are  a French  protectorate. 
Low  Countries.  A name  given  (a)  to  the  Neth- 
erlands; (b)  to  the  low  region  near  the  North 
Sea  comprised  in  the  modern  Netherlands  and 
Flanders  (Belgium). 

Lowe  (16),  Sir  Hudson.  Born  at  Galway,  Ire- 
land, July  28,  1769:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1844.  A British  general,  governor  of  St.  He- 
lena during  the  captivity  of  Napoleon,  1815-21. 
Lowe  (le've),  Johann  Karl  Gottfried.  Born 
at  Lobejiin,  near  Halle,  Prussia,  Nov.  30, 1796 : 
died  at  Kiel,  Prussia,  April  20,  1869.  A Ger- 
man composer  of  ballads,  songs,  and  oratorios. 
Lowe,  Johanna  Sophie.  Born  at  Oldenburg, 
Germany,  March  24,  1815:  died  at  Budapest, 
Nov.  29,  1866.  A German  opera-singer. 

Lowe  (16),  Robert,  Viscount  Sherbrooke.  Born 
at  Bingham,  Nottinghamshire,  Dec.  4, 1811:  died 
at  London,  July  27, 1892.  An  English  politician. 
He  was  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymas- 
ter-general 1865-69 ; vice-president  of  the  education  board 
1859-64 ; chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1868-73 ; and  home 
secretary  1873-74.  He  was  a Liberal,  but  opposed  his  party 
as  an  “ Adullamite  ” on  the  question  of  reform  in  1866. 

Lowe  (le've),  Wilhelm,  called  Lowe-Kalhe. 

Born  at  Olvenstedt,  near  Magdeburg,  Prussia, 
Nov.  14,  1814:  died  at  Meran,  Tyrol,  Nov.  2, 
1886.  A German  politician,  member  of  the 
Frankfort  Parliament  (1848),  president  of  the 
Stuttgart  Parliament  (1849),  and,  later,  liberal 
leader  in  the  Reichstag  and  Prussian  Landtag. 
Lowell  (lo'el).  One  of  the  capitals  of  Middle- 
sex County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  falls 
of  the  Merrimac  and  its  junction  with  the  Con- 
cord, 24  miles  north-northwest  of  Boston,  it  is 
noted  for  manufactures,  especially  of  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  and  was  long  the  chief  seat  of  cotton  manufacture 
in  America  (established  1823).  It  is  sometimes  called  the 
“ Manchester  of  America  " and  the  “ Spindle  City."  It 
became  a town  in  1826 ; a city  in  1836.  Pop.,  106,294  (1910). 

Lowell,  Francis  Cabot.  Bom  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  April  7, 1775:  died  at  Boston,  Sept.  2, 1817. 
An  American  merchant,  one  of  the  pioneers  of 
thecottonmanufacture  at  Waltham  andLowell. 
Lowell,  James  Russell.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Feb.  22,  1819:  died  there,  Aug.  12, 1891. 
An  American  poet,  essayist,  scholar,  and  diplo- 


626 

matist,  son  of  Charles  Lowell.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1838.  In  Jan.,  1855,  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  Longfellow,  Lowell  was  elected  to  his  professor- 
ship at  Harvard.  He  did  not  assume  it  at  once,  but  went 
abroad  and  spent  two  years  in  the  study  of  modern  lan- 
guages, and  in  perfecting  himself  in  Old  French  and  Pro- 
vencal poetry.  On  his  return  he  took  the  chair  of  belles- 
lettres.  He  was  editor  of  the  “Atlantic  Monthly”  1857- 
1862,  and  of  the  “North  American  Review”  1863-72.  He 
was  sent  as  United  States  minister  to  Spain  1877-80,  and 
to  Great  Britain  1880-85.  He  delivered  many  public  ad- 
dresses both  in  England  and  in  the  United  States,  and  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  English  dramatists  at  the  Lowell 
Institute  in  1887.  These  were  published  after  his  death. 
Among  his  poetical  works  are  “A  Year’s  Life”  (1841), 
“Poems”  (1844,  1848,  1849,  1854),  "Complete  Poetical 
Works”  (1850,  1858,  1880),  “The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal” 
(1845),  “A  Fable  for  Critics”  (1848),  “The  Biglow  Papers,” 
(two  series,  1848  and  1867),  “Mason  and  Slidell,  etc.” 
(1862),  “Commemoration  Ode”  (1865),  “Under  the  Wil- 
lows, etc.  ” (1868),  “ The  Cathedral  ” (1869),  “Three  Memo- 
rial Poems  ” (1876),  ‘ ‘ Heartsease  and  Rue  ” (1888),  etc.  His 
prose  works  and  essays  are  collected  in  “Conversations  on 
Some  of  the  Old  Poets ” (1845),  “Fireside  Travels”  (1864), 
“Among  my  Books”  (1870  and  1876),  “My  Study  Win- 
dows ” (1871),  “ Democracy  ” (1886),  and  “Political  Essays ” 
(1888).  His  “ Letters  ” were  edited  by  Professor  Norton  in 
1893. 

Lowell,  John.  Born  at  Boston,  May  11,  1799: 
died  at  Bombay,  March  4, 1836.  An  American 
merchant,  son  of  F.  C.  Lowell:  founder  of  the 
Lowell  Institute  at  Boston. 

Lowell,  Mary.  See  Putnam,  Mrs. 

Lowell,  Robert  Traill  Spence.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  8,  1816:  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  12,  1891.  An  American  Episcopal  cler- 
gyman, instructor,  poet,  and  novelist:  son  of 
Charles  Lowell  and  elder  brother  of  James 
Russell  Lowell.  He  published  the  novel  “The  New 
Priest  in  Conception  Bay  ” (1858),  ‘ 1 Fresh  Hearts  that  Failed 
Three  Thousand  Years  Ago,  and  Other  Poems  ” (1860),  “An- 
tony Brode,”  a story  (1874),  etc. 

Lowenberg  (le'ven-berG).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Bober 
64  miles  west  of  Breslau.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,682. 

Lowenburg  (le'ven-borG).  A peak  of  the  Sie- 
bengebirge,  in  the  Rhineland.  Height,  1,505 
feet. 

Lower  Bavaria,  G.  Niederbayern  (ne//der- 
bi'ern).  A government  district  in  the  south- 
east of  Bavaria,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the 
Danube.  Area,  4,148  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 701,866. 

Lower  California.  See  California,  Lower. 
Lower  Canada.  See  Ontario,  Quebec. 

Lower  Chinook.  One  of  the  two  divisions  of 
the  Chinookan  stock  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Its  chief  tribes  are  the  Artsmilsh  (col- 
lective), Chinook  proper,  and  Clatsop.  See  Chi- 
nookan. 

Lower  Coquille.  See  Kusan. 

Lower  Empire.  [F.  Bus-Empire. A name 
given  to  the  Byzantine  empire. 

Under  the  names  of  the  “ Greek  Empire,”  the  “ Lower 
Empire  ” — whatever  may  be  the  exact  meaning  of  that  last 
strange  formula — not  a few  readers  and  writers  are  con- 
tent to  conceal  their  ignorance  of  a thousand  years  of  event- 
ful history.  Freeman , Hist.  Essays,  III.  232. 

Lower  Rhine  Circle,  G.  Niederrheinischer 
Kreis  (ne-der-n'nish-er  kris),  or  Electoral 
Rhine  Circle,  G.  Kurrheinischer  Kreis  (kor- 
ri'nish-er  kris).  One  of  the  ten  circles  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  comprising  electoral 
Mainz,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  the  Rhine  Palati- 
nate, etc. 

Lower  Saxon  Circle,  G.  Niedersachsischer 
Kreis  (ne-der-zek'sish-er  kris).  One  of  the 
ten  circles  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  com- 
prising Magdeburg,  Liineburg,  Wolfenbiittel, 
Liibeck,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Hildesheim,  Hal- 
berstadt,  Mecklenburg,  Holstein,  etc. 

Lower  Spokane.  See  Spolcane. 

Lower  Umpqua.  See  Euitc. 

Lowerzer  See  (lo'vert-ser  za).  A lake  in  the 
canton  of  Sehwyz,  Switzerland,  northeast  of 
the  Lake  of  Lucerne.  Length,  2\  miles. 
Lowestoft  (lo'stoft  or  lo'e-stoft).  A seaport  and 
seaside  resort  in  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on 
the  North  Sea  10  miles  south  of  Yarmouth.  Near 

it  in  1665  tlie  British  fleet  under  the  Duke  of  York  defeated 
the  Dutch.  Population,  29,850. 

Lowicz  (lo'vich).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Warsaw,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Bzura  47  miles  west  by  south  of  Warsaw.  Pop- 
ulation, 13,400. 

Lowin  (lo'win),  John.  Born  1576:  died  1659. 
An  English  actor,  contemporary  with  Shak- 
spere. He  played  some  of  the  greater  characters,  includ- 
ing Hamlet,  and  ended  his  days  keeping  the  Three  Pigeons, 
a tavern  at  Brentford. 

Lowth  (louth),  Robert.  Bom  at  Winchester, 
Nov.  27,  1710:  died  at  Fulham,  near  London, 
Nov.  3,  1787.  An  English  divine  and  scholar, 


Lubbock,  Sir  John 

bishop  of  London.  He  published  “Praelectiones  de 
sacra  poesi  Hebrseorum  ” (“Lectures  on  the  Sacred  Poetry 
of  the  Hebrews,”  1753),  a translation  of  Isaiah  (1778),  etc. 

Loxa.  See  Loja. 

Loyal  (loi'al),  Monsieur.  A catchpoll  in  Mo- 
liere’s  “Tartufe”:  a veiy  small  part  made  fa- 
mous by  Coquelin. 

Loyal  Legion  (official  title:  Military  Order 
of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States). 

A society  organized  at  Philadelphia,  April  15, 
1865,  to  commemorate  the  services  and  perpetu- 
ate the  memory  of  those  who  served  in  the  Union 
army,  and  to  afford  relief  to  soldiers  who  sur- 
vived the  war.  Membership  descends  to  the  eldest 
male  lineal  descendant  according  to  the  rules  of  primo- 
geniture. 

Loyalty  (loi'al-ti)  Islands.  A group  of  small 
islands  belonging  to  Prance,  situated  in  the 
South  Pacific,  east  of  New  Caledonia,  in  lat.  21° 
S.,  long.  167°  E.  The  chief  islands  are  Lifu,  Uea,  and 
Mare  (or  Nengone).  The  group  is  a dependency  of  New 
Caledonia. 

Loyola  (lo-yoTa),  Ignatius  de  (Inigo  Lopez 
de  Recalde).  Born  at  the  castle  of  Loyola, 
Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  1491:  died  at  Rome,  July  31, 
1556.  A Spanish  soldier  and  prelate,  founder 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  He  was  educated  as  a page 
at  the  court  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  and  afterward 
joined  the  army.  While  recovering  from  a severe  wound 
received  at  the  siege  of  Pamplona  by  the  French  in  1521, 
he  was  converted,  and  dedicated  himself  to  the  service 
of  the  Virgin.  He  entered  in  1528  the  University  of  Paris, 
where,  with  a number  of  fellow-students,  among  whom 
were  Laynez,  Bobadilla,  Rodriguez,  and  Pierre  Lefevre,  he 
projected  in  1534  a religious  order,  which  received  the 
name  of  the  Society  or  Company  of  Jesus,  for  the  conver- 
sion of  the  infidels,  and  to  counteract  the  Protestant  Ref- 
ormation. The  order  was  confirmed  by  Pope  Paul  III.  in 
1540,  and  Loyola  became  its  first  general  in  1541,  although 
Laynez  was  from  its  inception  really  the  controlling  spirit 
of  the  organization.  He  remained  in  office  until  his  death. 
He  wrote  in  Spanish  “Constitution  of  the  Order”  and 
1 * Spiritual  Exercises  ” (1548).  His  life  has  been  written  by 
Ribadeneira,  Maffei,  Bouhours,  and  SpuUer. 

Loyola,  Martin  Garcia  Onez  de.  Born  in  Gui- 
puzcoa about  1548 : died  between  Imperial  and 
Angol,  Chile,  Nov.  22,  1598.  A Spanish  cava- 
lier, nephew  of  Ignatius  Loyola.  He  went  to  Peru 
in  1568,  distinguished  himself  in  the  campaign  against  the 
Inca  Tupac  Amaru,  and  finally  captured  him  in  1571.  Sub- 
sequently he  married  the  Inca’s  niece.  In  1592  he  was 
appointed  captain-general  of  Chile.  There  he  prosecuted 
the  Araucanian  war  with  vigor,  but  was  eventually  sur- 
prised by  the  Indians  at  a camp  and  killed  with  60  com- 
panions. In  the  general  Indian  uprising  w hich  followed, 
the  Spaniards  were  driven  beyond  the  Biobio. 

Loyson  (lwa-zoh'),  Charles,  called  Pffi-e  Hya- 
cinthe.  Born  at  Orleans,  March  10, 1827:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  9,  1912.  A French  pulpit  orator. 
He  became  a priest  in  1851,  and  afterward  entered  the 
order  of  the  Carmelites.  About  1865  he  removed  to  Paris, 
where  he  acquired  a reputation  for  eloquence  in  the  pul- 
pit, and  for  boldness  in  denouncing  abuses  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  He  married  in  1872 ; was  chosen  curate 
of  a congregation  of  Liberal  Catholics  at  Geneva  in  1873; 
and  founded  a “Gallican”  congregation  at  Paris  in  1879. 
Loz&re  (lo-zar').  A department  in  southern 
France,  capital  Mende,  formed  chiefly  from  the 
ancient  Gevaudan  in  Languedoc.  It  is  bounded 
by  Cantal  on  the  northwest,  Haute-Loire  on  the  northeast, 
Ardfeche  on  the  east,  Gard  on  the  southeast  and  south,  and 
Aveyron  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area, 
1,996  square  miles.  Population,  128,016. 

Lualaba  (lo-a-la'ba).  A name  given  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  Kongo  and  to  one  of  its  head 
streams. 

Luapula  (lo-a-po'la).  The  main  head  stream 
of  the  Kongo. 

Luba  (lo'ba),  or  Baluba  (ba-16'ba).  A great 
Bantu  nation  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  it  extends  from 
the  confluence  of  the  Kassai  and  Lulua  to  Lake  Tangan- 
yika and  to  Katanga,  and  includes  the  Bashilange,  Ba- 
songe,  Warua  (of  Cameron),  Moluas  (of  the  Portuguese 
authors),  and  the  Baluba  of  Katanga.  All  these  tribes  are 
independent,  and  speak  dialectsof  the  one  Luba  language. 
In  physical  appearance  the  Baluba  are  tall,  well  formed, 
bronze-colored,  and  intelligent.  The  tribe  of  the  Bashi- 
lange, forming  the  western  wing  of  the  nation,  is  said  to 
be  mixed  with  the  first  occupants  of  its  territory.  This  is 
called  Lubuku— i.  e.  ‘friendship’— by  the  people  of  An- 
gola. 

Liibben  (liih'hen).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Spree 
45  miles  south-southeast  of  Berlin.  Popula- 
tion, about  7,000. 

Lubberland.  See  Cockaigne. 

Lubbock  (lub'ok),  Sir  John  William.  Bom  at 
London,  March  26,  1803:  died  near  Farabor- 
ough,  Kent,  June  20,  1865.  An  English  astron- 
omer and  mathematician,  treasurer  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Royal  Society  1830-35.  He  wrote 
“On  the  Theory  of  the'Moon  and  on  the  Perturbations  of 
★ (he  Planets"  (1833).  etc. 

Lubbock,  Sir  John,  first  Baron  Avebury. 
Born  April  30,  1834:  died  in  Kent,  May  28, 
1913.  A noted  English  naturalist  and  politi- 
cian; raised  to  the  peerage  Jan.  22,  1900.  He 
represented  the  University  of  London  1880-1900.  He  was 
president  of  the  Linnean  Society  and  of  the  Institute  of 


Lubbock,  Sir  John 

Bankers,  a trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  a vice-president 
of  the  Royal  Society,  etc.  His  works  include  “ Prehistoric 
Times"  <,18661.  “Origin  of  Civilization  and  the  Primitive 
Condition  of  Mail”  (18701,  “Origin  and  Metamorphoses 
of  Insects  " (1873),  “ On  British  Wild  Flowers,  etc."  (1875), 
“Relations  between  Plants  and  Insects  ” (1878),  “Scienti- 
fic Lectures"  and  “ Addresses  Political  and  Educational" 
(1879),  “ Ants, Bees,  and  Wasps,  etc.”  (1882),  “Fifty  Years 
of  Science"  (1881),  “Chapters  in  Popular  Natural  History" 
(1883),  and  “ On  the  Senses,  Instincts,  and  Intelligence  of 
Animals,  etc.”  (1888). 

Liibeck  (lii'bek).  A state  of  the  German  Em- 
pire, comprising  the  city  of  Liibeck  and  a small 
adjoining  territory,  inclosed  by  the  Baltic, 
Mecklenburg,  Holstein,  and  the  principality  of 
Liibeck  (belonging  to  Oldenburg).  It  is  a repub- 
lic, government  being  administered  by  a senate  of  14  mem- 
bers and  a Biirgerschaft,  or  house  of  burgesses  (120  mem- 
bers). It  has  1 member  in  the  Bundesrat,  and  1 in  the 
Reichstag.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  Area, 
115  square  miles.  Population,  105,857. 

Liibeck.  A free  city  of  Germany,  forming  with 
its  territory  a state  of  the  German  Empire.  The 
city  is  situated  on  the  Trave  and  Wakenitz  in  lat.  53°  62' 
N.,  long.  10°  41'  E.  It  is  among  the  leading  German  sea- 
ports, and  has  a large  trade  in  timber,  tar,  wine,  grain, 
etc.,  with  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark,  and  regular  steam 
communication  with  the  Baltic  ports.  The  cathedral  was 
built  between  the  12th  and  the  14th  century.  The  nave 
and  transepts  are  Romanesque,  the  aisles  and  choir  Point- 
ed. The  spires  are  394  feet  high.  The  Rathaus,  completed 
inl442,  is  a characteristic  example  of  the  style  of  medieval 
brick  building  developed  here.  It  consists  of  two  wings  at 
right  angles,  with  large  gables  and  picturesque  spires.  A 
fine  Renaissance  entrance-hall  and  stair  were  afterward 
added.  The  interior,  late-Pointed  in  character,  contains 
much  that  is  of  artistic  interest.  The  Holsten  Thor  is  a 
picturesque  medieval  gateway,  built  in  1477.  Liibeck  was 
founded  in  1143  ; was  ceded  to  Henry  the  Lion;  became  a 
free  imperial  city  in  1226;  took  the  lead  among  the  cities 
of  the  Hanseatic  League ; sided  with  the  Reformation  in 
1531 ; was  incorporated  with  France  in  1810 ; became  in- 
dependent in  1813;  and  has  been  successively  a member 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  the  North  German  Con- 
federation, and  the  German  Empire.  Population,  98,612, 
(1910). 

Liibeck,  Principality  of.  A district  forming  a 
part  of  the  dominions  of  Oldenburg,  situated 
north  of  the  free  city  of  Liibeck.  Chief  city, 
Eutin.  Under  the  old  German  Empire  it  was 
ruled  by  prince-bishops,  and  in  1803  was 
annexed  to  Oldenburg.  Population,  38,- 
583. 

Liiben  (lii'ben).  A town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  14  miles  north  of  Liegnitz. 
Population,  commune,  6,568. 

Liibke  (ltib'ke),  Wilhelm.  Born  at,  Dortmund, 
Prussia,  Jan.  17,  1826:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  April 
5,  1893.  A noted  German  historian  of  art.  He 
was  professor  of  the  history  of  art  and  of  archaeology  at 
the  polytechnic  school  at  Zurich  1861-66,  at  the  similar 
school  in  Stuttgart  1866-85,  and  at  the  technical  high  school 
atKarlsruhe  1885-93.  Among  his  works  are  “Geschichte 
der  Architektur”(1855),  “Grundrissder  Kunstgeschichte  ” 
(“Outlines  of  the  History  of  Art,”  1860),  “Geschichte  der 
Plastik"  (“History  of  the  Plastic  Art,”  1863),  etc. 
Lublin  (lo'blin).  1.  A government  of  Russian 
Poland,  bordering  on  Galicia  and  the  govern- 
ments of  Volhynia,  Siedlee,  and  Radom.  Area, 
6,499  square  miles.  Population,  1,414,000. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Lublin, 
situated  on  the  Bistrzyca  92  miles  southeast 
of  Warsaw.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  Russian  Poland 
after  Warsaw  and  L6dz,  and  has  manufactures  of  wool- 
ens, etc.  It  was  a place  of  importance  under  the  Jagel- 
lons.  The  union  of  Poland  and  Lithuania  was  proclaimed 
here  in  1569.  The  city  was  taken  by  Charles  in  1703, 
and  was  captured  by  the  Russians  in  1831.  Population, 
50,385. 

Lubolo  (lo-bo'lo).  A country,  tribe,  and  dialect 
of  Angola,  West  Africa,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Kuanza  River,  between  Dondo,  Pungo  Andon- 
go,  and  Bailundo.  The  country  is  mountainous  and 
fertile;  the  tribe  is  independent,  and  governed  by  petty 
chiefs.  The  dialect  belongs  to  the  Kimbundu  language. 

Lubuku  (lo-bo'ko).  See  Luba. 

Luca  Giordano.  See  Giordano. 

Lucan  (lu'kan)  (Marcus  Annaeus  Lucanus). 

Bom  at  Cordova,  Spain,  39  a.  d.:  committed 
suicide  65  a.  d.  A Roman  poet  and  prose-writer, 
author  of  the  “Pharsalia,”in  10  books,  an  epic 
poem  on  the  civil  war  between  Ctesar  and  Pom- 
pey.  See  Pharsalia.  He  was  forbidden  by  Nero, 
through  jealousy,  to  recite  in  public,  and  in  revenge  joined 
the  conspiracy  of  Piso.  He  was  betrayed,  and  by  a promise 
of  pardon  was  induced  to  turn  informer ; but,  after  denoun- 
cing his  mother  and  his  other  accomplices,  he  was  con- 
demned to  death.  He  anticipated  his  punishment  by  caus- 
ing his  veins  to  be  opened. 

Lucan,  Earl  of.  See  Sarsfield,  Patrick. 

Lucan,  Third  Earl  of  (George  Charles  Bing- 
ham). Born  at  London,  April  16,  1800:  died 
Nov.  10, 1888.  A British  general  and  field-mar- 
shal. He  became  a major-general  in  1851,  and  com- 
mandexl  the  cavalry  in  the  Crimean  war.  He  was  largely 
responsible  for  the  charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

Lncania  (lu-ka'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
division  of  southern  Italy,  it  was  bounded  by  Cam- 
panla,  Samnium,  and  Apulia  on  the  north,  the  Gulf  of 


627 

Tarentum  on  the  east,  Bruttium  on  the  south,  and  the 
Tyrrhenian  Sea  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  inhabitants  were  Lucanians  (a  branch  of  the 
Samnites)  and  Greeks  on  the  coast.  It  was  reduced  by 
Rome  in  the  3d  century  B.  c. 

Lucaris  (lo-ka'ris),  Cyrillus.  Born  about  1572: 
murdered  1638.  A reforming  prelate  of  the 
Greek  Church.  He  became  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople in  1621. 

Lucasta.  See  Lovelace,  Richard. 

Lucas  van  Leyden  (lo'kas  van  IP den)  (Lucas 
Jacobsz).  Born  at  Leyden  about  1494:  died 
there,  1533.  A Dutch  engraver  and  painter. 

Lucayans  (lo-ki'anz).  [Sp.  Lucayos , from  some 
Indian  word.]  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of 
the  Bahama  Islands.  They  were  the  first  Americans 
encountered  by  Columbus,  who  described  them  as  a mild 
and  indolent  race,  living  partly  by  agriculture,  and  going 
naked.  It  appears  thatriheir  language  was  related  to  that 
of  Cuba  and  Haiti,  and  probably  they  were  of  Arawak 
stock.  Their foreheadswereartiflcially flattened, asis  shown 
by  recently  discovered  skulls.  Early  in  the  16th  century 
many  thousands  of  them  were  induced,  by  false  promises, 
to  go  to  Espanola,  where  they  were  enslaved;  others  were 
carried  off  by  force,  and  in  a few  years  all  had  perished. 

Lucayos  (lo-ki'os).  The  name  originally  given 
by  the  Spaniards  to  the  Bahama  islands,  from 
the  Indians  who  inhabited  them.  It  is  still  used 
occasionally,  principally  by  Spanish  authors. 

Lucca  (lok'ka).  A province  of  Tuscany,  Italy. 
It  was  made  a principality  by  Napoleon  for  his  sister  Elisa 
Bacciocchi;  was  granted  as  a duchy  to  Maria  Louisa  of 
Spain  in  1815;  and  was  annexed  by  Tuscany  in  1847. 
Area,  568  square  miles.  Population,  340,607. 

Lucca,  I’1.  Lucques  (liik).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Lucca,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  43°  51' 
N.,  long.  10°31'  E. : the RomanLuca.  itisnoted 
especially  for  silk  manufactures,  and  also  for  oil  and 
woolen  manufactures.  The  cathedral  (duomo)  is  a notable 
medieval  church  with  arcaded  exterior.  The  exterior  is 
remarkable  for  its  rich  inlaid  work  in  colored  stone,  repre- 
senting hunting  scenes.  The  interior  has  round  arches 
below  with  massive  piers,  a high  triforium  with  rich  tra- 
cery, and  a low  clearstory  with  circular  windows.  The 
so-called  “Tempietto,”  in  one  aisle,  is  a little  octagonal 
domed  Renaissance  temple,  built  in  1482  to  receive  the 
Oriental  crucifix  called  the  Volto  Santo.  San  Giovanni  is 
an  early  basilica  with  later  medieval  alterations.  The 
chief  portal  has  a fine  Romanesque  relief  of  the  Virgin, 
with  the  apostles  and  angels.  The  fluted  columns  of  the 
nave  are  Roman.  The  old  Lombard  baptistery  is  59  feet 
square ; it  has  a remarkable  14th-century  dome  on  pen- 
dentives.  The  Deposito  di  Mendicity  (poorhouse),  formerly 
the  Palazzo  Borghi,  is  a fine  example  of  an  Italian  medie- 
val palace  (1413)  designed  for  defense.  It  is  of  red  brick, 
with  tracer  ied  windows,  and  has  a high  tower.  There  are 
considerable  remains  existing  of  a Roman  amphitheater, 
of  date  about  100  A.  I).,  though  the  arena  is  occupied  by 
the  Piazza  del  Mercato.  It  had  two  tiers  of  54  arches,  and 
could  seat  about  10,000.  One  of  the  entrance  gates,  in  rus- 
ticated masonry,  survives.  Lucca  was  an  ancient  Italian 
town,  and  became  a Roman  colony  about  177  B.  C. ; was 
the  seat  of  a medieval  duchy,  and  later  of  a republic ; be 
longed  to  Pisa  in  the  14th  century;  and  became  inde- 

?endent  in  1369.  It  was  conquered  by  the  French  in  1797. 
opulation,  commune,  74,971. 

Lucca,  Bagni  di.  [It.,  ‘ baths  of  Lucca.']  A 
watering-place  in  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lima 
14  miles  north  by  east  of  Lucca. 

Lucca,  Pauline.  Born  at  Vienna,  April  26, 1841 : 
died  there,  Feb.  28,  1908.  A noted  German 
Opera-Singer.  Her  parents  were  Italian.  Her  voice  was 
a full  soprauo.  She  made  her  debut  at  Olmiitz  in  1859  as 
Elvira  in  “ Ernani."  In  1861  she  aroused  great  enthusiasm 
at  Berlin,  and  was  engaged  as  court  singer  for  life  there. 
She  was  also  successful  in  London  in  1863,  and  sang  there 
nearly  every  season  till  1872.  In  that  year  she  resigned 
her  position  at  Berlin  and  came  to  the  United  States. 
She  returned  to  Europe  in  1874,  and  sang  in  nearly  all  the 
great  cities  except  Berlin.  She  married  Baron  von  Rah- 
den  in  1869,  and  was  divorced  from  him.  Later  she  mar- 
ried M.  de  Wallhofen  (died  1899). 

Luce  (lbs).  In  Shakspere’s  “ Comedy  of  Er- 
rors,” a female  servant. 

Lucena  (lo-tha'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Caseajar  37 
miles  southeast  of  Cordova.  Pop.,  21,179. 

Lucentio  (lo-sen'shio).  In  Shakspere's  "Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,”  an  accomplished  young  stu- 
dent from  Pisa,  whose  skilful  wooing  of  Bianca 
forms  the  underplot  of  the  play. 

Lucera  (lo-eha'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Foggia,  Italy,  10  miles  west-northwest  of  Fog- 
gia ; the  ancient  Luceria.  It  has  a cathedral  and  a 
castle.  The  latter,  built  on  the  site  of  the  classical  citadel 
by  the  emperor  Frederick  II.,  is  of  great  extent  and  im- 
posing aspect.  Population,  17,515. 

Lucerne  (lu-sern' ; F.  pron.  lii-sarn'),  G.  Lu- 
zern (lo-tsern').  1.  A canton  of  Switzerland, 
hounded  by  Aargau  on  the  north,  Zug  and 
Schwyz  on  the  east,  Unterwalden  on  the  south- 
east, and  Bern  on  the  south  and  west  , its  surface 
is  hilly  and  mountainous.  Itisoneof  the  four  Forest  Can- 
tons, and  sends  7 members  to  the  National  Council.  The 
prevailing  language  is  German,  and  the  religion  Roman 
Catholic.  Lucerne  joined  the  League  of  the  Forest  Cantons 
in  1332.  It  took  part  in  the  battleof  Sempach  in  1386,  and 
annexed  the  Entlebuch  at  the  beginning  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. It  was  part  of  the  Helvetic  Republic.  In  1847  it 
was  the  leading  member  of  the  Sonderbund  (which  see). 
Area,  679  square  miles.  Population,  166,782,  (1910). 


Luciana 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Lucerne,  situ- 
ated at  the  outflow  of  the  Reuss  from  the  Lake 
of  Lucerne,  in  lat.  47°  3'  N.,  long.  8°  18'  E.  it 
is  a central  point  for  tourists.  The  R,euss  is  crossed  here 
by  two  interesting  old  bridges.  The  Kapellbriicke  is  a 
roofed  bridge,  having  154  subjects  painted  on  the  interior 
of  the  roof,  most  of  them  from  the  legends  of  Sts.  Mauritius 
and  Leodegar,  the  patrons  of  Lucerne.  The  picturesque 
medieval  Wasserthurm  stands  in  the  middle  of  the  river, 
beside  the  bridge.  The  Miihlen-  or  Sprener-Briicke  is 
another  roofed  bridge  : the  inner  side  of  its  roof  is  painted 
with  an  elaborate  Dance  of  Death.  Other  objects  of  in- 
terest are  the  Lion  of  Lucerne  (see  below),  Hofkirche, 
Gletseher-Garten,  and  Rathaus  (with  antiquarian  mu- 
seum). Near  the  city  are  the  Rigi,  Pilatus,  etc.  It  was 
founded  on  the  site  of  a monastery.  It  was  occupied  by 
the  federal  troops  in  the  Sonderbund  war  (1847).  Popula- 
tion, 36,200. 

Lucerne,  Lake  of,  or  Lake  of  the  Four  Forest 
Cantons,  G.  Vierwaldstattersee  (fer-valt'- 
stet-ter-za).  A lake  in  Switzerland,  border- 
ing on  the  four  cantons  Lucerne,  Schwyz, 
Uri,  and  Unterwalden.  It  is  irregular  in  shape.  Lo- 
cally it  is  divided  into  the  Luzernersee,  Alpnachersee, 
Kiissnachtersee,  Umersee  or  Bay  of  Uri,  Gersauersee,  and 
Weggisersee.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Reuss,  which  has  its 
outlet  at  Lucerne.  Violent  winds  prevail  on  it.  It  is  bor- 
dered by  lofty  mountains  (Rigi,  etc.),  and  is  famous  for  its 
magnificent  scenery  and  for  the  legendary  history  of  Wil- 
liam Tell.  Length,  23  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  1,435 
feet. 

Lucerne,  Lion  of.  A famous  piece  of  sculpture, 
by  Thorwaldsen,  commemorating  the  heroism 
and  devotion  of  nearly  800  Swiss  guards  who 
died  to  save  Louis  XVI.  in  the  attack  on  the 
Tuileries,  Aug.  10,  1792.  The  colossal  figure  of  the 
crouching  lion,  transfixed  and  dying  but  still  faithfully 
defending  the  lilied  shield  of  France,  is  carved  in  the  round 
in  a recess  in  the  face  of  an  upright,  vine-draped  rock,  in  a 
littlepark,  at  Lucerne.  A cornmemorativeinscription.with 
the  names  of  the  officers  killed,  is  cut  in  the  rock. 
Lucetta  (lo-set'ta).  A waiting-woman  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona.” 

Luchaze  (lb-cka'ze),  orBaluchaze  (ba-16-cha'- 
ze).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa. 
They  live  between  the  head  streams  of  the  Kuito  River, 
southeast  of  Bihe,  in  a beautiful  wooded  country.  They 
are  related  to  the  Ambuela  and  Ngangela  tribes,  file  their 
fore  teeth,  wear  skins  and  baobab  cloth,  and  are  clever 
iron-  and  copper-smiths.  They  obtain  their  pottery  by  bar- 
ter. Their  granaries  are  large,  and  their  villages  clean  and 
well  built. 

Luchon.  See  Bagn&res-de-Luchon. 

Lucia  (lu'shia),  Saint.  [L.,  fern,  of  Lucius',  E. 
Lucy. ] A martyr  of  the  primitive  church  in 
Syracuse,  who  perished  during  the  persecution 
of  Diocletian.  According  to  the  legend,  she  rejected 
a pagan  suitor  whom  her  mother  desired  her  to  marry,  was 
denounced  as  a Christian,  and  was  condemned  to  be  out- 
raged, hut  escaped  this  fate  and  died  in  prison.  She  is  the 
patroness  especially  of  those  who  suffer  from  distemper  of 
the  eyes. 

Lucia.  In  Southerne’s  “ Sir  Antony  Love,  or  The 
Rambling  Lady,”  a young  girl  who  disguises 
herself  as  a man  (Sir  Antony)  and  follows  her 
lover  to  win  him.  She  is  the  “ rambling 
lady.” 

Lucia  di  Lammermoor  (lo-che'a  de  lam-mer- 
mor').  An  opera  by  Donizetti,  produced  at 
Naples  in  1835,  at  Paris  in  1839,  at  London  in 
1838  in  Italian  and  in  English  in  1843.  The 
plot  is  from  Scott’s  “Bride  of  Lammermoor.” 
Lucian  (lii'skian).  [Gr.  AoviuavSc,  L.  Lacianus.~] 
Born  at  Samosata,  Syria,  about  120  a.  d.  : died 
about  200.  A celebrated  Greek  satirist  and 
humorist.  He  was  a free-thinker,  attacking  with  pun- 
gent satire  the  religious  beliefs  of  his  time  ; for  this,  ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  he  was  called  “the  Blasphemer,”  and 
was  torn  to  pieces  by  dogs — doubtless  a pious  invention. 
He  wrote  rhetorical,  critical,  and  biographical  works,  ro- 
mances, dialogues,  poems,  etc. 

Lucian  (160  A.  p.),  a native  of  Samosata  on  the  Euphrates, 
lived  to  write  Attic  prose  which,  though  by  no  means  fault- 
less, was  the  best  that  had  been  written  for  400  years.  His 
“ Dialogues  of  the  Gods,”  almost  Homeric  in  their  freshness 
and  almost  Aristophanic  in  their  fun,  bring  out  the  ludi- 
crous side  of  the  popular  Greek  faith  ; the  “ Dialogues  of 
the  Dead  ” are  brilliant  satires  on  theliving.  In  his  “Auc- 
tion of  Philosophers  ” the  gods  knock  down  each  of  the 
great  thinkers  to  the  highest  bidder ; Socrates  goes  for 
about  £500;  Aristotle  for  a fifth  of  that  sum.  . . . Much 
historical  interest  belongs  to  his  sketch  of  “ Peregrinus,  ” 
a man  whom  he  represents  as  having  been  a Christian.  . . 
His  “Timon,”  the  misanthrope,  is  interesting  in  connec- 
tion with  Shakspere’s  play.  The  “Veracious  History,"  a 
mock  narrative  of  travel,  is  the  original  of  such  books  as 
"Gulliver’s  Travels.”  Lucian  has  much  in  common  with 
Swift,  and  more,  perhaps,  with  Voltaire. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  153. 

Lucian.  Born  at  Samosata,  Syria,  about  240  a.  d.: 
martyred  at  Nicomedia,  Bithynia,  about  312.  A 
theologian  and  biblical  critic,  presbyter  of  An- 
tioch, who  was  put  to  death  as  a Christian  under 
Maximin.  Little  is  known  of  his  career.  He  was  the 
reputed  author  of  a creed  which  was  submitted  to  the 
Synod  of  Antioch  (341)  as  a substitute  for  the  Nicene  Creed, 
and  which  is  said  lo  have  been  adopted  by  a Semi-Arian 
synod  in  Caria  in  367. 

Luciana  (lo-si-a'na).  In  Shakspere’s  “Comedy 
of  Errors,”  the  sister  of  Adriana. 


Lucianists 

Lueianists  (lu-shian-ists).  The  followers  of 
Lucian  or  Lucan,  a Marcionite  leader  in  the 
2d  century,  who  taught  that  the  actual  soul 
and  body  of  a man  would  not  come  forth  in  the 
resurrection,  but  some  representative  of  them. 
Lucifer  (lu'si-fer).  [L., ‘light-bringing.’]  The 
morning  star ; the  planet  Y enus  when  it  appears 
in  the  morning  before  sunrise  : when  it  follows 
the  sun,  or  appears  in  the  evening,  it  is  called 
Hesperus,  or  the  evening  star.  The  name  “ day-star  ” 
is  applied  by  Isaiah  figuratively  to  a king  of  Babylon : 
this  was  rendered  in  the  authorized  version  by  “ Lucifer." 
From  this  passage  (Isa.  xiv.  12)  the  name  was,  by  mistake, 
also  given  to  Satan. 

Parid.cmonium,  city  and  proud  seat 
Of  Lucifer  ; so  by  allusion  call'd 
Of  that  bright  star  to  Satan  paragon'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  425. 

Lucifer.  Died  371  a.  d.  A bishop  of  Caliris 
(Cagliari)  in  Sardinia,  a fierce  controversialist, 
and  founder  of  a sect  of  Lucif erians  named  from 
him,  whose  chief  tenet  was  that  no  bishop  who 
had  conformed  in  any  measure  to  Arianism  could 
retain  his  rank  if  he  rejoined  the  orthodox  party. 
Lucile  (lu-sel').  A narrative  poem  by  the  Earl 
of  Lytton  (Owen  Meredith),  published  in  1860. 
LuciLius  (lu-sil'i-us),  Caius.  Born  at  Suessa 
Aurunca,  Campania,  about  180  b.  c.  : died  at 
Naples,  103  b.  c.  A Latin  satirical  poet,  author 
of  “ Saturse,”  miscellaneous  poems  containing 
a very  free  criticism  of  contemporary  life. 
Lucina  (lu-sl'na).  In  Roman  mythology,  the 
goddess  who  presided  over  childbirth,  consid- 
ered as  a daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  but  fre- 
quently confused  with  Juno  or  with  Diana.  She 
corresponded  more  or  less  closely  to  the  Greek 
goddess  Ilithyia. 

Lucinde  (lii-sand').  1.  The  daughter  of  Sgana- 
relle  in  Moliere’s  “L’ Amour  rnMecin.” — 2.  The 
daughter  of  G6ronte  in  Moliere’s  “Le  medecin 
malgre  lui.”  It  is  to  cure  her  that  Sganarelle  is 
obliged  to  pretend  to  be  a doctor. 

Lucio  (lu'shio).  A fantastic  and  profligate  char- 
acter in  Shakspere’s  “ Measure  for  Measure.” 
Lucius  (lu'shius).  [L.,  ‘pertainingto  the  light  or 
daybreak’;  Gr.  A ovKtog,  It.  Lucio,  Sp .Lucio,  Pg. 
Ljucio,  F.  Luce.']  Bishop  of  Adrianople  in  the 
4th  century.  He  was  expelled  from  his  see  by  the 
Ariaus  about  340;  appealed  to  the  Roman  Council  under 
Julius,  which  ordered  his  restoration  — a decree  which  was 
resisted  by  the  Eusebians  in  his  diocese ; and  was  finally 
reestablished  in  his  see  by  Constantius,  in  accordance  with 
the  decision  of  the  Council  of  Sardica. 

Lucius  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  253-254. 

Lucius  II.  (Gerhard  da  Caccianamichi).  Died 
Feb.  25,  1145.  Pope  1144-45.  He  was  killed 
by  a stone  thrown  during  the  insurrection 
against  the  papal  government. 

Lucius  III.  (Ubaldo  Allucingoli).  Died  Nov. 
24,  1185.  Pope  1181-85. 

Lucius.  1.  In  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “Julius 
Caesar,”  a boy,  a servant  of  Brutus. — 2.  In 
Shakspere’s  “Cymbeline,”  a general  of  the  Ro- 
man forces. — 3.  In  Shakspere’s  (?)  “ Titus  An- 
dronicus,”  the  son  of  Titus.  He  has  a son  who  is 
also  named  Lucius. — 4.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Timon 
of  Athens,”  a flattering  lord ; also,  in  the  same 
play,  a servant  who  waits  on  Timon’s  creditors. 
Lucius  Junius  Brutus.  A tragedy  by  Andrieux, 
produced  at  the  Comedie  Francaise  in  1830. 
Lucius  Junius  Brutus, Father  of  his  Country. 
A tragedy  by  Nathaniel  Lee,  produced  in  1681. 
Lucka  (lok'a).  A small  town  in  Saxe-Altenburg, 
Germany,  situated  on  the  Schnauder  18  miles 
south  of  Leipsie.  Here,  May  31,  1307,  the  Thu- 
ringians  defeated  the  Imperialists  under  Philip 
of  Nassau. 

Luckau  (lok'ou).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Berste 
47  miles  south  by  east  of  Berlin.  Here,  June  4, 
1813  the  Prussians  and  Russians  under  V on  Biilow  defeated 
the  French  under  Oudinot. 

Liicke(lu'ke),  Gottfried  Christian  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Egeln,  near  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Aug. 
23,  1791 : died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  14,  1855.  A 
German  theologian,  professor  successively  at 
Berlin,  Bonn,  and  Gottingen.  He  wrote  “Kom- 
mentar  fiber  die  Scliriften  des  Evangelisten  Johannes " 
(“Commentary  on  the  Writings  of  the  Evangelist  John,” 
1820-32),  etc. 

Luckenwalde  (lo'ken-val-de).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Nuthe  29  miles  south  by  west  of  Berlin.  It 
manufactures  cloth,  etc.  Population,  com- 
mune, 22,263. 

Luckner  (Uik'ner),  Count  Nikolaus.  Born  at 
Cham,  Bavaria,  Jan.,  1722:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Jan.  4, 1794.  A general  in  the  Dutch  and  Ger- 
man and  (after  the  Seven  Years’  War)  in  the 
French  service.  He  became  a marshal  in  1791,  and 


628 

wa3  condemned  and  put  to  death  by  the  Revolutionary  tri- 
bunal on  a charge  of  treason. 

Lucknow,  or  Lakhnau  (luk'nou).  1.  A divi- 
sion in  Oudh,  United  Provinces,  British  India. 
Area,  12,051  square  miles.  Population,  5,977,- 
086. — 2.  A district  in  the  division  of  Luck- 
now, intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  81°  E. 
Area,  967  square  miles.  Population,  793,241. 
— 3.  The  capital  of  Oudh  and  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Lucknow,  situated  on  the  Gumti. 
It  manufactures  gold  and  silver  brocade,  muslin, 
etc.  Among  the  chief  buildings  is  the  mausoleum  Imam- 
bara,  a great  hall  dating  from  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  one  of  the  most  interesting  productions  of  the 
later  Indian-Saracenic  style.  The  plan  is  rectangular,  263 
by  146  feet.  The  fine  central  hall,  162  by  531  feet,  is  ar- 
caded on  both  sides  and  flanked  in  front  by  a porch  and  at 
the  back  by  agallery.  Each  end  presents  an  octagonalroom 
and  two  closed  side  chambers.  The  vaults  are  formed  in 
thick,  solid  masses  of  concrete,  precisely  according  to  the 
ancient  Roman  system.  The  general  effect  is  picturesque 
and  impressive,  though  the  ornamental  details  show  de- 
cadence. Lucknow  was  defended  (at  first  under  Sir  Henry 
Lawrence)  against  the  Indian  mutineers  July-Sept.,  1857 ; 
relieved  by  Havelock  Sept.  25 ; again  relieved  by  Campbell 
Nov.  17 ; and  finally  captured  by  Campbell  March,  1858. 
Population,  with  cantonment,  264,049. 

Luck  of  Eden  Hall,  The.  A drinkiug-cup  long 
preserved  at  Eden  Hall  in  Cumberland.  Accord- 
ing to  “Notes  and  Queries,”  Feb.  18,  1893,  it  is  still  in  ex- 
istence. It  is  a chalice  of  enameled  glass,  and  is  of  10th- 
century  workmanship,  presumably  Venetian.  There  is  a 
legend  that  the  luck  of  the  llusgrave  family  depends  on 
its  preservation : 

“If  this  cup  either  break  or  fall, 

Farewell  the  luck  of  Eden  Hall.” 

Lutjon  (lii-son').  A town  in  tbe  department  of 
Vend£e,  western  France,  20  miles  north  of  La 
Rochelle.  Here,  1793,  the  French  republicans  defeated 
the  Vendeans.  It  has  a cathedral.  Population,  com- 
mune, 6,766. 

LuQOn.  See  Luzon. 

Lucrece  (lu-kres').  [L.  Lucretia.]  A poem  by 
Shakspere,  published  in  1594. 

Lucretia  (lu-kre'shia).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
wife  of  Tarquinius  Collatinus.  Her rapeby  Sextus 
Tarquinius  led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  Tarquins  and  the 
establishment  of  the  republic.  See  Sextos. 

Lucretia,  or  the  Children  of  Night.  A novel 
by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1846. 

Lucretia  gens  (lu-kre'shia  jenz).  A Roman 
patrician,  and  later  also  plebeian,  clan.  Its  sur- 
names were  (patrician)  Triciptinus,  (plebeian) 
Gallus,  Ofella,  Vespillo,  and  Cams. 

Lucretius  (lu-kre'shius)  (Titus  Lucretius  Ca- 
rus). Born  at  Rome,  probably  about  96  b.  C. : 
died  Oct.  15,  55  B.  c.  A celebrated  Roman  phil- 
osophical poet.  He  was  the  author  of  “Be  rerum  na- 
tuia  ’’  (“On  the  Nature  of  Things"),  a didactic  and  philo- 
sophical poem  in  six  books,  treating  of  physics,  of  psy- 
chology, and  (briefly)  of  ethics  from  the  Epicurean  point 
of  view.  He  committed  suicide  probably  in  a fit  of  insan- 
ity. According  to  a popular  but  doubtless  erroneous  tra- 
dition, his  madness  was  due  to  a love-philter  administered 
to  him  by  his  wife. 

Lucrezia  Borgia.  See  Borgia. 

Lucrezia  Borgia  (lo-krat'se-a  bor'ja).  An  opera 
by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Milan  in  1834. 
The  words  were  adapted  from  Victor  Hugo's  play  of  the 
same  name,  produced  at  Paris  in  1833.  The  opera  was 
produced  at  the  Italiens  in  1840,  and  was  at  once  stopped 
by  Victor  Hugo.  The  words  were  rewritten  and  called 
“La  Pduegata.”  Grove. 

Lucrezia  Floriani  (flo-re-a'ne).  A novel  by 
George  Sand,  published  in  1846. 

Lucrine  (lu'krin)  Lake.  In  ancient  geography, 
a small  salt-water  lake  in  Campania,  Italy,  9 
miles  west-northwest  of  Naples:  the  Roman 
Lacus  Lucrinus,  modern  Lago  Lucrino.  It  was 
famous  for  its  oysters. 

Luc-SUr-Mer  (liik'siw-mar').  A watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Calvados,  France,  on  the 
English  Channel  10  miles  north  of  Caen. 
Lucullus  (lu-kul'us),  Lucius  Licinius,  sur- 
named  Ponticus.  Born  probably  about  110 
B.  c.:  died  about  57  b.  c.  A Roman  general. 
He  served  under  Sulla  in  the  East ; was  curule  edile  in  79, 
and  consul  in  74  ; defeated  Mithridates  in  Asia  Minor  74- 
71  ; defeated  Tigranes  near  Tigranocerta  in  69;  and  was  re- 
called to  Rome  in  66.  He  wa3  afterward  famous  for  his 
wealth  and  his  luxury.  His  villas  at  Tusculum  and  near 
Neapolis  were  famous  for  their  splendor,  and  lie  is  said  to 
have  expended  fabulous  sums  on  his  table.  He  was  the 
first  to  introduce  cherries  into  Italy.  He  was  also  a col- 
lector of  books  and  a patron  of  learning. 

Lucy  (lu' si).  [From  L.  Lucia  (which  see).]  1. 
In  Sheridan’s  comedy  “The  Rivals,”  a clever 
waiting-maid  of  great  apparent  simplicity.— 
2.  The  rival  of  Polly  in  Gay’s  “Beggar’s  Opera.” 
Lud  (lud).  In  Gen.  x.,  the  fourth  in  the  list  of 
the  children  of  Shem. 

The  name  Lud,  which  follows  that  of  Arphaxad,  cannot 
be  correct.  The  reading  must  be  corrupt,  though  it  is 
impossible  to  conjecture  what  it  could  originally  have 
been.  Lud  or  Lydia  belongs  to  a different  zone  from  that 
of  the  children  of  Shem,  and,  as  we  have  seen,  is  already 
referred  to  under  the  name  of  Magog. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  64. 


Ludovisi  Ares 

Lud  (lud).  A mythical  king  of  Britain. 

The  association  of  Llfid,  or  “ King  Lud  ” as  he  has  come 
to  be  called  in  English,  with  London,  is  apparently  found- 
ed on  a certain  amount  of  fact : one  of  the  Welsh  names 
for  London  is  Caer  Lfid,  or  Lud’s  Fort,  and  if  this  is  open 
to  the  suspicion  of  having  been  suggested  first  by  Geof- 
frey, that  can  hardly  be  supposed  possible  in  the  case  of 
the  English  name  of  Ludgate  Hill.  The  probability  is 
that,  as  a temple  on  a hill  near  the  Severn  associated  him 
with  that  river  in  the  west,  so  a still  more  ambitious 
temple  on  a hill  connected  him  with  the  Thames  in  the 
east ; and  as  an  aggressive  creed  can  hardly  signalize  its 
conquests  more  effectually  than  by  appropriating  the  fanes 
of  the  retreating  faith,  no  site  could  be  guessed  with  more 
probability  to  have  been  sacred  to  the  Celtic  Zeus  than 
the  eminence  on  which  the  dome  of  St.  Paul  s now  rears 
its  magnificent  form.  Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  129. 

Luddites  (lud'Its).  A name  given  to  tbe  riot- 
ers who  attempted  to  destroy  machinery  at  Not- 
tingham and  elsewhere  in  England,"  1811-12 
and  1816 : so  called  from  a man  named  Lud. 
Luden  (lo'den),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Loxstedt, 
near  Bremen,  April  10, 1780 : died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, May  23,  1847.  A German  historian,  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Jena.  His  chief  work  is  a 
“Geschichte  des  deutschen  Yolks”  (1825-37: 
“ History  of  the  German  People”  to  1237). 
Liidenscheid  (lii'den-shid).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  34  miles  northeast 
of  Cologne.  Population,  28,921. 

Liideritzland  (lii'der-its-land).  The  region 
around  Angra  Pequena,  annexed  by  Germany 
1884.  It  is  now  included  in  German  Southwest 
Africa. 

Liiders  (lii'ders),  Count  Alexander.  Born  Jan. 
26, 1790 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  13,  1874. 
A Russian  general.  He  served  in  the  Turkish  war 
1828-29,  in  the  Polish  insurrection  1831,  and  in  the  Cauca- 
sus ; defeated  the  Hungarians  at  Schassburg  July  31, 1849 ; 
was  commander-in-chief  in  the  Crimea  1856 ; and  was  gov- 
ernor of  Poland  1861-62. 

Ludewig  (lo'de-viG),  Hermann  Ernst.  Born 

at  Dresden,  Oct.  14,  1809:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
Dec.  12,  1856.  A German-American  bibliogra- 
pher. He  published  “ Literature  of  American 
Local  History”  (1846^48),  etc. 

Ludgate  (lud'gat).  [Possibly  from  the  legen- 
dary British  king  Lud.]  An  old  gate  of  the  City 
of  London.  In  the  earlier  history  of  the  city,  all  the  re- 
gion between  the  city  and  W estminster  was  a marsh  or  fen, 
and  the  only  western  egress  was  by  Watling  street  at  New- 
gate. Later  the  fen  was  filled  up,  the  “ Straunde”  road  was 
made,  and  Ludgate  was  built  some  time  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. The  gate  itself  was  for  a long  time  used  as  a prison, 
but  was  abandoned  when  Newgate  was  built.  Ludgate 
was  destroyed  in  1760,  except  the  statue  of  Elizabeth, which 
still  stands  by  St.  Dunstan’s  Church. 

Ludgate  Hill.  A London  street  running  di- 
rectly west  from  St.  Paul’s. 

Ludhiana  (lo-de-a'na).  1.  A district  in  the 
Jullundur  division  of  the  Pan  jab,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  30°  50'  N.,  long.  76°  E. 
Area,  1,455  square  miles.  Population.  673,097. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Ludhiana. 
Population,  48,649. 

Ludington  (lud'ing-ton).  A city  in  Mason 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan, 
at  the  mouth  of  Pere  Marquette  River,  in  lat. 
43°  56'  N.,  long.  86°  26'  W.  Population, 
9,132,  (1910). 

Ludlow  (lud'lo).  A town  in  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Teme  and 
Corve,  25  miles  south  of  Shrewsbury.  The  castle 
is  a magnificent  ruin,  chiefly  of  the  12th  century,  with 
many  huge  square  towers  on  its  outer  walls,  a great  keep 
with  angle- turrets,  and  ruins  of  a circular  Norman  chapel. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  lords  president  of  Wales,  and 
for  a time  a royal  abode.  Ludlow  was  taken  by  the  Par- 
liament in  1646.  Population,  4,552. 

Ludlow,  Edmund.  Born  at  Maiden  Bradley, 
Wilts,  England,  1617  (?) : died  at  Vevay,  Swit- 
zerland, 1692.  An  English  general  and  repub- 
lican politician.  He  was  one  of  King  Charles's  judges 
in  1649,  and  signed  his  death-warrant ; was  deputy  of  Ire- 
land 1651-52;  and  lived  in  exile  after  1660.  His  “Me- 
moirs ” were  published  1698-99. 

Ludlow,  Johnny.  The  pseudonym  of  (Mrs. 
Henry  Wood. 

Ludlow’s  Code.  See  Code  of  1650. 

Ludolf  (lo'dolf),  Hiob.  Born  at  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
1624:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Maiu,  April  8, 
1704.  A German  Orientalist,  noted  especially 
for  his  works  on  the  language  and  history  of 
Abyssinia. 

Ludovisi  Ares  (lo-do-ve'ze  a'rez)  or  Mars.  An 
antique  marble  statue  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi, 
Rome,  discovered  in  the  Renaissance  period 
near  the  Piazza  Campitelli.  The  figure  is  of  colossal 
size.  The  god  is  represented  seated  in  an  easy  position, 
as  if  resting  from  effort,  on  a rock,  against  which  lean  his 
greaves  and  circular  shield.  The  right  leg  is  extended  ; the 
left  is  raised  and  supported  on  the  helmet,  which  rests  on 
the  ground.  The  hands  are  crossed  on  the  left  knee,  the 
left  holding  a sword.  The  face  bears  a calm  expression, 
the  glance  being  directed  forward,  as  in  reflection.  The 
chlamys,  the  only  garment,  has  slid  down  from  the  shoul- 


Ludovisi  Ares 

ders,  and  its  folds  lie  loosely  about  the  hips  and  over 
the  thighs.  An  Eros,  with  quiver  beside  him,  sits  on  the 
ground  behind  the  god’s  right  leg.  From  marks  on  the  left 
shoulder  and  below,  a figure  completing  the  group  appears 
to  be  missing : this  may  have  been  another  Eros,  a Nike, 
or  an  Aphrodite.  The  work  is  held  by  most  authorities  to 
be  a good  copy  of  an  original  of  the  school  of  Lysippus. 
Ludovisi  Juno.  A colossal  head  in  the  Villa 
Ludovisi,  Rome.  It  is  one  of  the  most  impressive  con- 
ceptions of  the  Greek  Hera,  ascribed  by  the  best  critics  to 
an  Attic  artist  of  the  early  4th  century  B.  o.  The  calm  oval 
face  is  crowned  with  an  ornamented  stephane. 

Ludovisi  Palace.  See  Villa  Ludovisi. 

Ludwig.  The  German  form  of  the  name  Louis. 
Ludwig  (ldd'vio),  Karl  Friedrich  Wilhelm. 

Bom  Dec.  29, 1316:  died  April  23, 1895.  A noted 
German  physiologist,  professor  successively  at 
Marburg  (1846),  Zurich  (1849),  Vienna  (1855), 
and  Leipsic  (1865).  He  published  “Lehrbuch  der 
Physiologie  des  Menschen  ” (1852-56),  etc.,  and  numerous 
important  papers. 

Ludwig,  Otto.  Born  at  Eisfeld,  Saxe-Meinin- 
gen,Feb.  11,  1813:  died  at  Dresdeu,  Feb.  25, 
1865.  A German  poet  and  novelist.  His  chief 
works  are  the  tragedies  “ Der  Erbforster ” (1853)  and  “Die 
Makkabaer  ” (1854),  and  the  tale  “Zwischen  Himmel  und 
Erde  ” (1856). 

Ludwigsburg  (lod'viGs-borG).  A town  in  the 
Neckar  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  8 miles 
north  of  Stuttgart.  It  was  founded  at  the  beginning 
of  the  18th  century ; contains  the  second  royal  residence 
and  a noted  royal  palace  ; manufactures  organs,  etc. ; and 
is  an  important  military  station.  Pop.,  commune,  22,585. 
Ludwig’s  Canal.  A canal  in  Bavaria  which 
joins  the  Danube  and  Main,  it  connects  Bamberg 
on  the  Regnitz  with  Dietfurt  on  the  Altmiihl.  Length, 
110  miles. 

Ludwigshafen(lod'viGs-ha-fen).  Atown  in  the 
Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Rhine  opposite  Mannheim:  formerly  called 

Rheiuschanze.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  place  of 
the  Palatinate.  Population,  commune,  72,286. 
Ludwigslied  (lod'vios-led).  [’Song  of  Lud- 
wig.’] A poem,  in  Old  High  German,  on  the 
victory  of  King  Louis  III.  over  the  Normans  in 
881. 

Ludwigslust  (lod'viGs-lost).  [G.,  ‘Ludwig’s 
delight.’]  A town  in  Meeklenburg-Schwerin, 
Germany,  22  miles  south  of  Schwerin,  it  is  the 
second  grand-ducal  residence.  Pop.,  commune,  6,728. 
Lugano  (lo-ga'no).  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Lugano  13  miles  south  by  west  of  Beilin  zona. 

It  is  the  chief  commercial  place  of  the  canton,  and  is  a 
central  point  for  tourists.  It  was  annexed  to  Switzerland 
about  15l£  Population,  9,394. 

Lugano,  Lake  of,  It.  Lago  di  Lugano  (la'go  de 
lo-ga'no)  or  Lago  Ceresio  (che-ra'ze-o).  A 
lake  situated  partly  in  northern  Italy,  partly  in 
the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  its  outlet  is 
the  Tresa  (into  Lago  Maggiore).  It  is  noted  for  its  beauty. 
Length,  20  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  2 miles.  Height  above 
sea-level,  897  feet. 

Lugansk  (lo-gansk').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Lu- 
gan  about  lat.  48°  30'  N.,  long.  39°  25'  E.  It  is 
the  center  of  a coal-mining  region,  and  has  iron  manufac- 
tures. Population,  34,175. 

Luganski,  Kosak.  See  Dahl,  Vladimir. 
Lugdunensis,  or  Gallia  Lugdunensis  ( gal'i-a 
lug-du-nen'sis).  A province  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  situated  in  Gaul.  It  extended  from  Lugdu- 
num  (Lyons),  northward  to  the  line  of  the  lower  Seine  (in- 
cluding Paris),  and  northwestward  through  Brittany  to  the 
ocean,  comprehending  the  upper  course  of  the  Seine  and 
nearly  the  entire  course  of  the  Loire.  It  was  conquered 
by  Jiilius  Caesar  58-51  B.  C. 

Lugdunum  (lug-du'num).  The  Roman  name  of 
Lyons. 

Lugdunum  Batavorum  (bat-a-vo'ruin).  The 
Roman  name  of  Leyden. 

Liigenfeld  (lii'gen-felt).  [G.,  ‘field  of  lies.’] 
The  name  given  to  the  field  near  Colmar  (Al- 
sace) where,  in  833,  Louis  the  Pious  was  led 
by  treachery  to  surrender  to  his  sons. 
Luggnagg  (lug'nag).  An  imaginary  island 
mentioned  in  “Gulliver’s  Travels”  by  Swift. 
Lugii  (lu'ji-i),  or  Lygii  (lij'i-i).  [L.  (Taci- 
tus) Lugii,  Gr.  (Strabo)  A oijyioi.]  The  collective 
name  of  a Germanic  people,  first  mentioned  by 
Strabo,  in  the  region  between  the  middle  anil 
upper  Vistula  and  the  Oder,  in  the  present 
Silesia,  Posen,  and  Poland.  The  Burgundii  formed 
their  northern  part.  The  Burii  and  the  Vandal!  were  also 
Included  under  the  common  name.  The  Lugii  were  early 
in  the  1st  century  under  the  sovereignty  of  Maroboduus, 
the  Marcomannic  king. 

Lugnetz  (log'nots)  Valley.  A valley  in  the 
western  part  of  the  canton  of  Orisons,  Switzer- 
land, south  of  Ilanz.  Length,  18  miles. 

Lugo  (lo'go).  1.  A province  of  Galicia,  Spain. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north,  Oviedo  and 
Leon  on  the  east,  Orense  on  the  south,  and  Pontevedra 
and  Corunna  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally  moun- 
tainous. Area,  3,814  square  miles.  Population,  about 
465,400. 


629 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Lugo,  situated 
on  the  Miuho  in  lat.  42°  59'  N.,  long.  7°  32'  W. : 
the  ancient  Lucus  Augusti . The  cathedral  is  a large 
church  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  From  time  im- 
memorial the  consecrated  host  has  here  been  permanently 
exposed  day  and  night.  The  circuit  of  the  city  walls,  of 
Roman  foundation,  and  still  in  great  part  Roman,  is  com- 
plete. There  are  sulphur  baths  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion, 28,237. 

Lugo.  A small  town  in  the  province  of  Ra- 
venna, Italy,  14  miles  west  of  Ravenna. 

Lugos  (lo'gosh).  The  capital  of  the  county 
of  Krassd-Szoreny,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Temes  32  miles  east  by  south  of  Temesvdr. 
It  was  the  last  place  of  resort  of  the  Hungarian  revolu- 
tionists in  1849.  Population,  commune,  16,126. 

Luhrasp  (Pers.  pron.  loh-rasp').  [According 
to  Oppert,  for  rudraspa,  having  red  or  bay 
horses.]  In  the  Shahnamah,  the  name  of  the 
fourteenth  Iranian  king,  successor  of  Kaikhus- 
rau,  and  a descendant  of  Kaipishin,  third  son  of 
Kaiqubad.  He  is  said  to  have  enlarged  and  beautified 
Balkh,  and  to  have  there  built  a fire-temple  called  Adar 
Burzin.  He  had  two  sons,  Gushtasp  and  Zarir.  To  the 
former,  represented  as  the  patron  of  Zoroaster,  he  left  his 
kingdom,  retiring  to  his  fire-temple  at  Balkh. 

Luimbe  (lwem'be),  or  Ovaluimbe  (o-va-lwem'- 
be).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa, 
east  of  Bihe.  They  are  a good-looking  and  peaceful 
people,  given  to  fishing  and  herding,  and  are  frequently 
harassed  by  their  neighbors  of  Bihe. 

Luini  (lo-e'ne),  or  Luvini  (lo-ve'ne),  Bernar- 
dino. Born  at  Luino,  Italy,  about  1475:  died 
about  1535.  An  Italian  painter  of  the  Lombard 
school.  Many  of  his  works  are  in  Milan. 

Luino  (lo-e'nb),  or  Luvino  (lo-ve'no).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Como,  Italy,  situated 
on  Lago  Maggiore  43  miles  northwest  of  Milan. 

Luitpold  (lo’it-polt),  Prince.  Bom  March  12, 
1821:  died  at  Munich,  Dec.  12,  1912.  Third  son 
of  Louis  I.  of  Bavaria,  and  uncle  of  Louis  II. 
and  Otto  I. : regent  of  Bavaria  from  June,  1886. 

Luitprand.  See  JAutprand. 

Luiz.  See  Louis. 

Luke  (lok).  [L.  Lucas,  Gr.  Aowcfif.]  The  author, 
according  to  tradition,  of  the  third  gospel  and 
also  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.  He  has  been  re- 
garded as  identical  with  the  Luke  several  times  mentioned 
In  the  New  Testament  as  a companion  of  St.  Paul  (called 
in  Colossians  “the  beloved  physician  ”).  Of  his  life  little 
is  known.  According  to  tradition  he  was  a painter  as  well 
as  a physician.  Whether  or  not  he  suffered  martyrdom  is 
uncertain.  His  symbol  is  the  ox  (often  winged),  which 
was  given  him  as  an  emblem  of  sacrifice  and  priesthood 
because  “he  devised  about  the  priesthood  of  Jesus  Christ.  ” 

Luke,  Gospel  of.  The  third  gospel,  attributed 
by  tradition  to  Luke,  the  companion  of  St.  Paul. 

Lukmanier  (lok-man'yer).  A pass  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  cantons  of  Grisons  and  Ticino,  Swit- 
zerland. It  connects  Dissentis,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Rhine,  with  Biasca,  in  the  valley  of  the  Ticino.  Height, 
6,290  feet. 

Lukow  (lo'kov).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Siedlce,  Russian  Poland,  58  miles  east-south- 
east  of  Warsaw.  Population,  11,500. 

Lukoyanoff  (lo-ko-ya'nof).  A small  town  in 
the  government  of  Nijni-Novgorod,  Russia, 
about  80  miles  south  of  Nijni-Novgorod. 

Lukuga  (lo-ko'ga).  The  western  outlet  of  Lake 
Tanganyika  into  the  Kongo  system. 

Lulel  (loTe-a/).  The  capital  of  thelaen  of  Norr- 
botten,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia, at  the  mouth  of  the  Lulea  Elf,  about  lat.  65° 
36'  N.,  long.  22°  10'  E.  It  has  trade  in  timber. 
Population,  9,172. 

Lulea  Elf.  A river  in  northern  Sweden  which 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Lules  (lo'les).  A South  American  Indian  tribe, 
formerly  inhabiting  the  plains  of  the  Gran 
Chaco,  west  of  the  river  Parand,  about  lat.  30° 
S.  The  Jesuit  Barcena  preached  to  them  in  1690,  and 
wrote  a grammar  of  their  language,  which  he  called  Toni- 
cote.  Since  that  time  the  tribe  has  disappeared,  and  is 
either  extinct  or  is  known  by  some  other  name.  Possibly 
the  modern  Vilelas  are  descended  from  it. 

Lule  (lo'le)  stock.  The  name  given  by  some 
ethnologists  to  a group  of  South  American  In- 
dian tribes  of  the  Chaco  region.  The  Vilelas,  Ma- 
taras,  the  ancient  Lules,  and  others  are  included  in  it.  The 
tribes  are  very  imperfectly  known,  and  the  proposed  clas- 
sification is  doubtful. 

Lully,  or  Lulli  (lii-le'),  Giovanni  Battista. 

Born  at  Florence,  1633 : died  at  Paris,  March 
22, 1687.  A noted  French  composer,  chiefly  of 
operas.  Ho  was  the  founder  of  the  French 
grand  opera. 

Lully (lul'i), Raymond.  [L . Raimundus Luttus. ] 
Born  at  Palma,  Balearic  Islands,  about  1235: 
died  on  his  return  from  Africa,  June  30,  1315. 
A Spanish  scholastic  and  alchemist,  missionary 
to  the  Mohammedans.  His  missionary  labors  led  him 
to  Asia,  and  several  times  to  Africa.  He  was  the  author  of 
a system  of  logic,  “Ars  Magna,"  and  of  many  other  works. 


Lundy’s  Lane 

Luloilgo  (lo-long'go).  An  affluent  of  the  Kongo 
River  which  drains  the  country  between  the 
equator  and  the  bend  of  the  Kongo.  The  Lo- 
pori  and  the  Maringa  are  its  principal  arms. 
Lummi  (lum'e).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  now  on  the  Lummi  reservation,  on 
Bellingham  Bay,  Whatcom  County,  Washing- 
ton. They  number  about  400.  See  Salishan. 
Lumpkin  (lump'kin),  Tony.  In  Goldsmith’s 
comedy  “ She  Stoops  to  Conquer,” an  ignorant, 
noisy,  conceited  country  squire,  both  loutish 
and  vicious.  Liston  was  noted  for  his  perf  orm- 
ance  of  this  part. 

The  widow  Blackacre  and  her  son  are  like  her  lawsuit 
— everlasting.  A more  lively,  palpable,  bustling,  ridicu- 
lous picture  cannot  be  drawn.  Jerry  is  a hopeful  lad, 
though  undutiful,  and  gets  out  of  bad  hands  into  worse. 
Goldsmith  evidently  had  an  eye  to  these  two  precious  char- 
acters in  “She  Stoops  to  Conquer."  Tony  Lumpkin  and 
his  mother  are  of  the  same  family,  and  the  incident  of  the 
theft  of  the  casket  of  jewels  and  the  bag  of  parchments  is 
nearly  the  same  in  both  authors. 

Hazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  103. 

Luna  (lu'na).  [L.,  ‘the  moon.’]  The  Italian 
goddess  of  the  moon.  She  had  at  Rome  an  ancient 
sanctuary  on  the  Aventine  and  a temple  on  the  Palatine. 
The  latter  was  illuminated  at  night. 

Luna.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Italy, 
near  the  site  of  the  modern  Spezia. 

Luna  (lo'na),  Alvaro  de.  Bom  1388:  died 
1453.  A Spanish  courtier  and  poet.  He  became 
a page  at  the  courtof  John  II.  of  Castile  1408,  rising  quickly 
to  the  position  of  favorite  and  minister.  He  was  made 
constable  of  Castile  in  1423 ; exiled  through  the  influence 
of  the  grandees  in  1427  ; recalled  in  1430,  and  made  grand 
master  of  the  order  of  St.  James  of  Compostella;  exiled 
1439,  and  recalled  1445 ; and  intrusted  with  the  command 
of  the  army.  Having  lost  the  favor  of  the  king,  he  fell  a 
victim  to  a conspiracy  of  the  court  nobles  ; was  arrested 
in  Burgos  April  5,  1453  ; and  shortly  after  was  executed  at 
Valladolid. 

Luna,  Pedro  de.  See  Benedict  XIII. 

Lunalilo  (lo-na-le'lo).  Born  at  Honolulu, 
Hawaiian  Islands,  Jan.  31,  1835:  died  there, 
Feb.  3,  1874.  King  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
1873-74. 

Luna  y Arellano  (lo'na  e a-ral-ya'no),  Tristan 
de.  Born  in  Aragon  early  in  the  16th  century. 
A Spanish  captain.  He  served  under  Coronado  in 
northern  Mexico  in  1539.  In  1559  he  was  given  command 
of  an  expedition  destined  to  conquer  and  colonize  Florida, 
of  which  he  was  named  governor.  He  sailed  from  Vera 
Cruz  in  June,  with  13  ships  and  a force  variously  given  at 
from  500  to  2,000  men ; and  in  Aug.  formed  a settlement, 
probably  on  Santa  RosaBay.  Mostof  his  ships  were  shortly 
after  lost  in  a hurricane ; the  men,  after  great  suffering, 
mutinied ; and  in  1561  the  enterprise  was  abandoned. 
Luna  went  to  Havana,  and  thence  returned  to  Mexico  in 
1562. 

Lund  (lond).  A city  in  the  laen  of  Malmohus, 
Sweden,  situated  9 miles  northeast  of  Malmo 
and  23  miles  east  of  Copenhagen : the  medieval 
Londinum  Gotliorum.  The  cathedral,  reputed  the 
finest  church  in  Scandinavia,  was  built  about  the  middle 
of  the  11th  century,  and  has  been  well  restored.  In  style 
it  is  Romanesque,  with  a group  of  5 towers  and  a semi- 
circular apse.  The  remarkable  crypt  contains  a monu- 
mental well.  The  university  was  founded  in  1666,  and 
has  about  1,100  students.  Lund  is  an  important  medieval 
city ; was  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  from  1104  to  1636 ; 
and  was  the  scene  of  a defeatof  the  Danes  by  the  Swedes  in 
1676,  and  of  a treaty  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  in  1679. 
It  was  frequently  a royal  residence,  and  was  the  place 
where  Tegner  lived.  Population,  19,675. 

Lund,  Peter  William.  Born  at  Copenhagen, 
Denmark,  June  14,  1801:  died  at  Lagoa  Santa, 
Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  May  5,  1880.  A Danish 
naturalist.  He  traveled  in  Brazil  from  1827  to  1830,  and 
returned  to  that  country  in  1831  on  a scientific  mission 
from  the  government  of  Russia.  In  1834  he  fixed  his  resi- 
dence at  Lag6a  Santa,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  the  exploration  of  the  numerous  limestone  caves 
of  Minas  Geraes,  and  the  study  of  the  fossil  (Quaternary) 
animals  found  in  them.  Of  these  he  discovered  several 
hundred  species. 

Lunda  (lon'da).  A great  Bantu  nation  and 
kingdom,  recently  divided  between  Portuguese 
Angola  and  the  Belgian  Kongo.  Muata-Yamvua,  the 
ruler  of  Lunda,  was  at  one  time  the  head  of  an  empire  ex- 
tending  from  the  Kuango  River  to  the  Lualaba,  including,  at 
the  extreme  northwest  and  southeast,  the  vassal  states  of 
Muene  Putu  Kassongo  and  Muata  Cazembe,  and  in  the 
southwest  the  Kioko  nation.  The  Lunda  tribe  occupies 
the  basins  of  the  upper  Kassai  and  Lulua.  They  have  a fine 
physique,  like  the  Baluba,  and  are  friendly  to  the  whites, 
but  are  lazy  and  given  to  slave-trading.  Weakened  by 
feuds,  they  are  victimized  by  the  Makioko,  their  nominal 
vassals,  and  are  powerless  to  resist  the  encroachments  of 
the  whites.  The  Lunda  language  differs  little  in  struc- 
ture from  KimbundU,  the  language  of  Angola. 

Lundy  (lim'di)  Island.  A small  island  in  the 
Bristol  Channel,  27  miles  west-northwest  of 
Barnstaple,  Devonshire,  England. 

Lundy’s  Lane  (lun'diz  lan).  A road  loading 
westward  from  Niagara  River,  near  Niagara 
Falls.  Here,  July  25,  1814,  a battle  was  fought  (called 
also  the  battle  of  Bridgewater  or  of  Niagara)  between  the 
Americans  (2,600)  under  Brown  and  the  British  (4,600)  un- 


Lundy’s  Lane 

;r  Drummond.  The  British  were  repulsed,  but  afterward 
returned  and  kept  possession  of  the  Held.  American  loss, 
852;  British,  878. 

Luneburg  (lii'ne-borG).  1.  A former  princi- 
pality, now  a government  district  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 
The  surface  is  generally  level.  It  was  the  ancient  inher- 
itance of  the  Welf  family.  The  duchy  of  Luneburg  grew 
into  the  electorate  (later  the  kingdom)  of  Hannover  (which 
see). 

2.  The  capital  of  Liineburg,  situated  on  the 
Ilmenau26  miles  southeast  of  Hamburg.  It  has 
manufactures  of  salt  and  cement.  It  is  an  ancient  Hanse 
town.  The  War  of  Liberation  opened  here  with  a defeat 
of  the  French  under  Morand,  April  2,  1813.  Population, 
2t>,571. 

Liineburg  Heath,  G.  Liineburger  Heide  (lii'- 
ne-boro-er  hi'de).  A moor  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  north  of  Celle. 

Lunel  (lii-nel').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  southern  France,  15  miles  east-north- 
east of  Montpellier.  It  has  trade  in  muscat 
wines.  Population,  commune,  7,489. 
Lundville  (lii-na-vel')-  A city  in  the  department 
of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  near  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Meurthe  and  Vezouze  16  miles 
east-southeast  of  Nancy.  It  is  a commercial  and 
manufacturing  center,  and  contains  a noted  riding-school 
and  a chateau.  It  was  the  capital  of  Lorraine  in  the  18th 
century.  The  emperor  Francis  I.  was  born  here.  Popula- 
tion, 24,266. 

Lundville, Peace  of.  A treaty  which  theemperor 
concluded  with  France  at  Lumiville  Feb.  9,1801. 
France  received  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  The  arrange- 
ments made  with  Austria  by  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio 
were  confirmed  ; Tuscany  was  ceded  to  Parma ; aud  the 
Cisalpine,  Ligurian,  Helvetic,  and  Batavian  republics  were 
recognized.  It  was  the  beginning  of  the  end  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire. 

Lungasi  (long-ga'se).  An  African  river  and 
tribe  of  Kamerun. 

Lupaca  (lo-pa-ka/).  The  dialect  formerly  spoken 
by  a branch  of  the  Aymard  Indians  of  Bolivia. 
See  Aymards. 

Lupercal(lu'per-kal).  [See  Lupercus. ] Agrotto 
near  the  western  angle  of  the  Palatine  Hill,  in 
ancient  Rome,  dedicated, accordingto  tradition, 
by  the  original  Arcadian  settlers  to  Lupercus,  a 
Latin  rustic  deity.  It  was  the  den  of  the  slie-wolf  that 
suckled  Romulus  and  Rem  us.  As  time  went  on  the  Lupercal 
was  adorned  architecturally,  and  its  decoration  was  re- 
newed by  Augustus.  Near  the  Lupercal  was  the  Ficus 
Ruminalis,  the  fig-tree  beneath  which  Romulus  and  Re- 
mus were  left  by  the  retiring  watersof  the  Tiber,  and  above 
it  was  the  primitive  thatched  hut  preserved  to  imperial 
days  as  a relic  of  Romulus. 

Lupercalia  (lu-per-ka'li-a).  [See  Lupercal.'] 
One  of  the  most  ancient  of  Roman  festivals,  cel- 
ebrated every  year  in  the  middle  of  February. 
The  origin  of  the  festival  is  older  than  the  legend  of  Rom- 
ulus and  the  wolf,  with  which,  as  with  the  Greek  cult  of 
Pan,  it  was  sought  later  to  connect  it.  It  was  originally  a 
local  purification  ceremony  of  the  Palatine  city,  in  which 
human  victims  were  sacrificed  in  the  Lupercal  cave  near 
the  Porta  Romana,  after  having  been  conducted  around  the 
walls.  In  historic  times  the  victims  were  goats  and  a dog, 
and  the  celebrants  ran  around  the  old  line  of  the  Palatine 
walls,  striking  all  whom  they  met  with  thongs  cut  from 
the  skins  of  the  slaughtered  animals.  These  blows  were  re- 
puted to  preserve  women  from  sterility.  The  divinity  of 
the  Lupercalia  was  the  old  Etrurian  god  Inuus,  akin  to 
Mars. 

Lupercus  (lu-per'kus).  [L.,  ‘he  who  wards  off 
the  wolves.’]  The  god  Inuus  as  the  protecting 
deity  of  shepherds. 

Lupus  (lu'pus).  [L., ‘a  wolf.’]  An  ancient  south- 
ern constellation,  the  Wolf,  representing  a 
beast  held  by  the  hand  of  the  Centaur.  It  has 
two  stars  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Lur  (lor).  A tribe  of  central  Africa,  occupying 
a wide  district  northwest  of  Albert  Nyanza. 
Their  customs  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Wanyoro,  whose 
nominal  suzerainty  they  acknowledge.  The  "accent  and 
the  ground-words  of  the  Lur  language  are  identical  with 
those  of  the  Shuli,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Madi. 
Both  may  belong  to  one  cluster  with  Shilluk. 

Luray  (lu-ra/)  Cave.  A cave  in  Page  County, 
Virginia,  near  Luray,  78  miles  west  by  south 
of  Washington.  It  consists  of  numerous  chambers 
extending  over  a large  area,  and  is  especially  remarkable 
for  its  enormous  stalactites.  It  was  discovered  in  1878. 
Lure  (liir).  Atownin  the  department  of  Haute- 
Saone,  France,  17  miles  east  by  north  of  Vesoul. 
Population,  commune,  6,473. 

Lurewell  (lur'wel),  Mistress.  A character  in 
Farquhar’s  comedy  “ The  Constant  Couple”  : 
a jilt  with  a strong  desire  to  wreak  vengeance 
on  men  for  the  wrongs  done  her. 

Lurgan  (ler'gan).  A town  in  County  Armagh, 
Ireland,  19  miles  southwest  of  Belfast.  Popu- 
lation, 11,782. 

Luria  (lo're-a),  Isaac.  Born  at  Jerusalem, 
1534 : died  1572.  One  of  the  most  celebrated 
and  influential  Jewish  eabalists  and  mystics. 
His  teachings  were  published  by  his  disciple  Hayim  Vital 
Calabrese  in  the  works  “Tree  of  Life  ” (“Ez  ha-Hayim  "), 
“Book  of  Transmigrations"  (“Seplier  ha-Gilguim  "),  and 
“Book  of  Gleamings  ” (“Sepher  ha-Likutim  ”). 


630 

★ 

Luxistan  (lo-ris-tan').  A province  of  western 
Persia,  bordering  on  Turkey.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  Population,  estimated,  300,000. 

Lurlei.  See  Lorelei. 

Lur  line  (ler-len').  An  opera  by  Wallace,  first 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  in  1860. 

Lusatia  (lu-sa'shia),  G.  Lausitz  (lou'sits).  A 
region  in  Germany,  no  wincludedin  thekingdoms 
of  Saxony  and  Prussia.  Its  early  inhabitants  were 
Slavs,  and,  though  partly  Germanized,  it  still  has  a large 
population  of  Slavs  (Wends).  It  was  a mark  or  march  on 
the  border  of  the  empire.  Upper  Lusatia  (Ober-Lausitz), 
in  the  southern  part,  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  from 
Bohemia  about  1253.  Lower  Lusatia  (N  ieder-Lausit.z),  in 
the  northern  part,  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  early  in 
the  14th  century.  Upper  Lusatia  was  gained  by  Bohemia 
in  1346,  and  Lower  Lusat  ia  in  1373.  Lusatia  belonged  tem- 
porarily to  Hungary  in  the  second  half  of  the  15th  century. 
With  Bohemia  it  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in 
1526.  It  was  ceded  by  Austria  to  Saxony  in  1635.  Lower 
Lusatia  and  part  of  Upper  Lusatia  were  ceded  by  Saxony 
to  Prussia  in  1815. 

Lushais.  A nomadic  race  living  on  the  frontier 
of  Assam,  Bengal,  and  Burma,  about  lat.  24° 
N.,  long.  93°  E. 

Lusiad  (lu' si-ad),  The.  The  national  epic  of 
Portugal,  by  Camoens,  published  in  1572.  it  has 
been  translated  into  English  by  Fanshawe,  Mickle,  Mus- 
grave,  Mitchell,  and  others.  It  is  in  10  cantos,  containing 
1,102  stanzas.  See  the  extract. 

The  poem  on  which  the  general  reputation  of  Camoens 
depends,  usually  known  under  the  name  of  the  Lusiad,  is 
entitled  by  the  Portuguese  “Os  Lusiadas,”or  the  Lusi- 
tanians.  It  appears  to  have  been  the  object  of  the  author 
to  produce  a work  altogether  national.  It  was  the  exploits 
of  his  fellow-countrymen  that  he  undertook  to  celebrate. 
But,  though  the  great  object  of  the  poem  is  the  recital  of 
the  Portuguese  conquests  in  the  Indies,  the  author  has  very 
happily  succeeded  in  embracing  all  the  illustrious  actions 
performed  by  his  compatriots  in  other  quarters  of  the 
world,  together  with  whatever  of  splendid  and  heroic 
achievement  historical  narration  or  popular  fables  could 
supply.  It  is  by  mistake  that  Vasco  da  Gama  has  been 
represented  as  the  hero  of  Camoens, and  that  t hose  portions 
of  the  work  not  immediately  connected  with  that  com- 
mander’s expedition  are  regarded  as  episodes  to  the  main 
action.  There  is,  in  truth,  no  other  leading  subject  than 
his  country,  nor  are  there  any  episodes  except  such  parts 
as  are  not  immediately  connected  with  her  glory. 

Sismondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  II.  480. 

Lusignan  (lii-zen-yon').  A town  in  tbe  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  western  France,  16  miles  south- 
west of  Poitiers.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  castle 
(built,  according  to  fable,  by  the  fairy  M41usine).  The 
family  of  Lusignan  furnished  kings  to  Jerusalem  and 
Cyprus.  Population,  commune,  2,183. 

Lusignan,  Guy  of.  See  Guy  of  Lusignan. 

Lusitania  (lu-si-ta'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  country  of  the  Lusitanians,  comprising  the 
modern  Portugal  to  the  river  Duero,  and  adjoin- 
ingparts  of  western  Spain.  In  a later,  more  extended 
use,  it  was  one  of  the  Roman  provinces  into  which  His- 
pania  was  divided  by  Augustus. 

Lussin  (los-sen').  An  island  in  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
about  lat.  44°  35'  N.,  belonging  to  the  crown- 
land  of  Istria,  Austria-Hungary.  Length,  about 
20  miles. 

Lussin-Piccolo  (los-sen'pik'ko-lo).  A seaport 
on  the  island  of  Lussin,  Istria,  Austria-Hungary. 
Population,  commune,  7,348. 

Lust’s  Dominion,  or  the  Lascivious  Queen. 

A play  published  in  1657.  It  was  attributed  to  Mar- 
lowe, and  was  published  as  his  in  1657 ; but  it  is  probably 
the  same  play  as  “The  Spanish  Moor’s  Tragedy,"  now  at- 
tributed to  Dekker,  Haughton,  and  Day,  published  Feb.  13, 
1600.  Although  the  play  as  it  exists  dates  from  1600,  it 
was  certainly  founded  on  a much  older  one.  Fleay. 

Lute-Player  (lut'pla//er),  The.  A painting  by 
Caravaggio,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. A youth,  who  wears  a white  shirt,  is  seated 
at  a table  singing  to  his  lute.  On  the  table  are  flowers,  fruit, 
and  books. 

Lutetia,  or  Lutetia  Parisior  urn  ( lu-te ' sh  i-a  par- 
is-i-o'rum).  [F .Lutece.]  1.  TheRomannameof 
Paris.  The  town,  the  chief  seat  of  the  Parisii, 
was  an  inconsiderable  place  in  Roman  times. 
— 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  21)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt at  Paris,  Nov.  15,  1852. 

Luther  (lo'ther),  Martin.  Born  at  Eisleben, 
Prussian  Saxony,  Nov.  10,  1483:  died  there, 
Feb.  18, 1546.  A German  reformer  and  trans- 
lator of  the  Bible.  His  father,  who  was  a slate-cutter 
by  trade,  removed  with  his  family  to  Mansfeld  the  year 
after  the  birth  of  the  son.  His  early  education  was  ob- 
tained at  Magdeburg,  and  at  Eisenach  (1498),  where  he 
lived  with  Frau  Ursula  Cotta.  In  1501  he  matriculated  at 
the  University  of  Erfurt  for  the  study  of  jurisprudence. 
He  took  his  examination  in  1505,  and  subsequently  deliv- 
ered lectures  on  the  physics  and  ethics  of  Aristotle.  This 
same  year,  against  the  wishes  of  his  family,  he  determined 
to  become  a monk,  and  entered  the  Augustine  monastery 
at  Erfurt.  In  1507  he  was  consecrated  a priest,  and  in 
1508  was  called  as  professor  of  philosophy  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wittenberg.  In  1510  he  went  to  Rome  on  business 
connected  with  his  monastic  order.  In  1512,  after  his  re- 
turn to  Wittenberg,  he  was  made  doctor  of  theology.  His 
first  important  action  in  the  direction  of  ecclesiastical  re- 
form was  his  publication,  Oct.  31, 1517,  on  the  church  door 
at  Wittenberg,  of  ninety-five  theses  against  the  sale  of 
indulgences  by  the  Dominican  Tetzel.  His  proposit  ions 


Lutuamian 

were  immediately  condemned  as  heretical,  and  violent  at- 
tacks were  made  upon  him  from  various  quarters,  both 
before  and  after  a summons  to  Rome,  which  he  did  not 
obey.  In  1520  he  published  his  famous  “Address  to  the 
Christian  Nobles  of  the  German  Nation,”  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  tract  “On  the  Babylonian  Captivity  of  the 
Church  of  God.”  This  same  year,  together  with  his  adher- 
ents, he  was  formally  excommunicated  by  Leo  X.,  and 
his  writings  were  burned  at  Rome,  Cologne,  and  Louvain. 
He  retaliated  by  publicly  burning,  at  Wittenberg,  the  bull 
of  excommunication  and  the  decretals  of  the  Pope,  to 
whom  he  now  renounced  all  allegiance.  At  the  Diet  of 
Worms,  April,  1521,  whither  he  was  summoned  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  he  made  the  celebrated  speech  which 
ended  with:  “There  I take  my  stand.  I can  do  naught 
else.  So  help  me,  God.  Amen.”  In  spite  of  his  vigorous 
defense  of  his  doctrines,  he  was  proscribed  by  the  em- 
peror. On  his  return  from  Worms,  through  the  Thuringian 
Forest,  he  was,  by  order  of  his  fiiend,  the  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony, ostensibly  taken  prisoner  and  conveyed  to  the  Wart- 
bu’rg,  at  Eisenach,  where  he  remained  in  disguise  the  fol- 
lowing ten  months  under  the  name  of  Junker  Georg. 
During  this  time  he  translated  the  New  Testament  into 
German,  and  had  already  completed  it  when  he  left  the 
Wartburg  in  March,  1522.  At  this  time,  in  spite  of  a new 
proscription  by  the  emperor,  he  returned  to  Wittenberg, 
and  delivered  there  a series  of  sermons  against  the  fanati- 
cism of  the  puritanical  image-breakers.  Here,  too,  was 
published  this  same  year  the  translation  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. He  had  already  begun  the  translation  of  the  Old 
Testameut,  of  which  the  books  of  Moses  were  put  into 
print  in  1523  and  the  Psalms  in  1524 ; and  in  this  latter 
year  appeared  also  his  first  hymn-book.  In  1524,  further, 
he  laid  aside  his  cowl,  and  in  1525  married  Katharina  von 
Bora,  a nun,  who  had  renounced  her  vows  and  left  the 
convent.  From  1526-29  he  was  engaged  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  a new  church  service.  In  this  latter  year,  also,  he 
engaged  in  the  conference  at  Marburg  with  Zwingli  and 
other  Swiss  divines.  The  Lutheran  translation  of  the 
whole  Bible,  completed  in  1532,  was  finally  published  in 
1534.  It  was  revised  in  1541,  and  the  subsequent  editions 
of  1543  and  1545  also  received  a few  amendments.  During 
the  whole  of  his  strugglesfortheReformation,  he  wrote  nu- 
merous polemical  pamphlets  which  exhibitedhim  as  a most 
powerful  though  passionate  controversialist.  His  “Tisch- 
reden"  (“  Table-Talk  ")  contains  his  opinionson  a variety  of 
subjects,  the  principal  source  of  the  material  being  Lau- 
terbach’s  “Tagebuch”  (“Diary”)  from  1538.  In  1530  he 
began  to  make  a new  version,  in  prose,  of  .-Esop’s  and 
other  classical  fables.  Besides  prose,  he  also  wrote  a num- 
ber of  sacred  hymns,  whose  prototype  in  construction  and 
melody  he  found  in  the  folk-songs.  The  “Hymn-Book  "of 
1524  contains  four  hymns  written  by  him ; that  of  1545 
thirty-seven.  In  the  edition  of  1528  was  published  for  the 
first  time  the  most  celebrated  of  his  hymns,  “Ein  feste 
Burg  ist  unser  Gott,”  written  in  1527,  the  melody  of  which 
he  is  also  said  to  have  composed.  Luther  is  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  the  present  literary  language  of 
Germany — that  is,  of  New  High  German,  so  called.  In 
his  “Tischreden"  he  states  his  language  to  be  that  of  the 
Saxon  Chancery,  to  which,  in  reality,  his  early  writings 
closely  conform.  It  is,  however,  not  the  language  of  the 
court,  but  of  the  people,  and  much  of  the  vocabulary  of  the 
Bible  translation  has  been  drawn  from  Low  German  as 
well  as  from  High  German  sources.  In  this  sense  he  is,  as 
he  is  frequently  asserted  to  be,  the  real  creator  of  the 
present  language.  His  own  language,  contrasted  in  his 
early  and  later  writings,  shows  a distinct  progression  to- 
ward a more  consistently  normalized  and  universal  form. 
The  Bible  translation  permanently  established  the  literary 
language  of  Germany.  Books  were  written  afterward,  no- 
tably in  Switzerland,  in  dialect,  but  they  are  in  an  ever  de- 
creasing minority,  and  writers  and  printers  in  all  parts  of 
German-speaking  territory  soon  accepted  the  language  of 
Luther  as  a standard  to  which  they  consciously  or  un- 
consciously conformed.  A good  complete  edition  of  his 
works  is  that  published  at  Erlangen,  1826-57,  in  67  vol- 
umes. 

Liitke  (liit'ke),  Count  Feodor  Petrovitch. 

Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  17  (0,S.),  1797: 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Aug.  8 (O.  S.),  1882. 
A Russian  navigator.  His  narrative  of  his  jour- 
ney around  the  world  was  published  1834-36. 
Luton  (lut'on).  A town  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng- 
land, 30  miles  north-northwest  of  London,  it  is 
the  chief  seat  of  English  straw-plait  manufacture.  Popu- 
lation, 36,404. 

Lutrin  (lu-tran'),  Le.  [F.,  ‘the  lectern.’]  A 
mock-heroic  poem  by  Boileau-Despr^aux,  pub- 
lished in  1674. 

Lutter  am  Barenberge  (lot ' ter  am  bii ' ren- 
berg-e).  A village  in  Brunswick,  Germany,  23 
miles  south-southwest  of  Brunswick.  Here,  Aug. 
27,  1626,  the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  defeated  the  Danes 
under  Christian  IV. 

Lutterworth  (lut'er-werth).  A small  town  in 
Leicestershire,  England,  29  miles  east  of  Bir- 
mingham. Wyclif  was  rector  of  the  parish  for 
the  last  ten  years  of  his  life. 

Liittich  (liit'tich).  The  German  name  of  Liege. 
Liittringhausen  (liit'tring-hou-zen).  A town 
in  tho  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  23  miles  north- 
east of  Cologne.  Population,  commune,  about 
12,000. 

Lutuamian  (lo-to-am'i-an).  A linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  comprising  the  Kla- 
math and  Modoc  tribes  which  formerly  occu- 
pied the  region  of  Little  and  Upper  Klamath 
lakes,  Klamath  marsh,  and  Sprague  River,  Ore- 
gon, extending  into  northern  California.  This 
territory  is  mainly  embraced  by  the  Klamath  reservation, 
where  about  700  survivors  of  the  two  tribes  reside.  There 
are  also  a few  Modocs  in  Oklahoma.  The  name  is  derived 
from  a Pit  ltiver  word  meaning  ‘lake.’ 


Liitzen 

Liitzen  (liit'sen  ).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  11  miles  southwest  of  Leip- 
sic.  Two  important  battles  were  fought  here.  (1)  A 
victory  was  gained  by  the  Swedes  (about  18,000)  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus  over  the  Imperialists  (towards  30,000) 
under  Wallenstein,  Nov.  16,  1632.  The  Swedish  king  was 
killed,  and  was  succeeded  in  command  by  Bernhard  of 
Saxe- Weimar.  (2)  On  May  2, 1813,  a victory  was  gained  by 
the  French  army  (116,000)  under  Napoleon  over  the  allied 
Russians  and  Prussians  (about  70,000)  under  Wittgenstein. 
Napoleon  was  unable  to  follow  up  his  victory.  The  battle 
is  frequently  called  the  battle  of  Grossgorschen. 

Lutzk  (lotsk),  or  Luck  (lotsk).  A town  in  the 
government  of  Volhynia,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Styr  about  lat.  50°  45'  N.,  long.  25°  20'  E. 
Population,  18,200. 

Liitzow  (liit'so),  Baron  Ludwig  Adolf  Wil- 
helm von.  Born  at  Berlin,  Prussia,  May 
18,  1782:  died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  5-6,  1834.  A 
Prussian  general,  commander  of  the  Liitzow 
"free  corps”  or  "black  troop”  in  1813. 

Lux  (loks),  Adam.  Born  at  Obernburg,  Bava- 
ria, 1766:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Nov.  4,  1793.  A 
Girondist  deputy  to  the  Convention  from  Mainz 
in  1793. 

Luxembourg  (liik-son-bor'),  Due  de  (Francois 
Henri  de  Montmorency-Bouteville).  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1628:  diedat  Versailles,  France, 
Jan.  4, 1695.  A French  marshal,  a relative  and 
a companion  of  Conde.  He  served  in  the  wars  against 
Spain  and  Holland ; defeated  the  Prince  of  Waldeck  at 
Fleurus  in  1690 ; and  defeated  William  of  Orange  at  Steen- 
kerke  in  1692,  and  at  Neerwinden  in  1693. 

Luxembourg,  Palace  of  the.  A palace  in  Pa- 
ris, built  by  Debrosse  (1615-20)  for  Maria  de’ 
Medici.  There  are  3 stories,  the  lowest  arcaded,  with 
entablatures  and  coupled  pilasters  between  the  windows. 
The  well-proportioned  fronts  are  marked  by  projecting, 
high-roofed  pavilions.  The  smaller  diameter  of  the  rec- 
tangle is  about  300  feet.  The  large  court  is  now  colonnaded. 
Many  of  the  interior  apartments  are  splendidly  painted 
and  adorned  with  sculpture.  Since  the  Revolution  this 
former  royal  palace  has  served  as  the  House  of  Peers  or  of 
the  Senate,  and  has  long  contained  a museum  of  art.  The 
Museum  of  Modern  Art  is  now  removed  to  anew  building 
on  the  west  of  the  Petit-Luxembourg,  Rue  Vaugirard. 
Luxemburg  (luk'sem-berg ; F.  pron.  luk-soh- 
bor').  A province  of  Belgium.  Capital,  Arlon. 
It  is  bounded  by  Namur  and  Liege  on  the  north,  Rhenish 
Prussia  and  the  grand  duchy  of  Luxemburg  on  the  east, 
France  on  the  south,  and  France  and  Namur  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  hilly.  It  has  important  minerals,  including 
iron  and  slate.  Annexed  to  Belgium  1839.  Area,  1,706 
★square  miles.  Population,  219,210. 

Luxemburg  (luk'sem-berg;  D.  pron.  lok'sem- 
borG),  F.  Luxembourg  (liik-son-bor'),  old  form 
Lutzelburg.  A grand  ducky  of  Europe.  Cap- 
ital, Luxemburg.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince of  Prussia  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Lorraine  on  the 
south,  France  on  the  southwest,  and  Belgium  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  a low  table-land.  It  lies  mainly  in  the  basin 
of  the  Moselle,  which  is  on  its  eastern  border.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  is  agriculture.  Iron  ore  occurs  in  abun- 
dance. The  government  is  a constitutional  monarchy,  ad- 
ministered by  a grand  duke  and  a chamber  of  45  deputies. 
It  belongs  to  the  German  Zollverein.  The  religion  is  Ro- 
man Catholic.  The  prevailing  language  is  German.  Lux- 
emburg formed  part  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  was 
a countship  in  the  middle  ages.  It  furnished  the  empe- 
rors Henry  VII.  (1308),  Charles  IV.  (1347),  Wenceslaus 
(1378),  and  Sigismund  (1411).  It  was  united  in  personal 
union  with  Bohemia  in  1310 ; became  a duchy  in  1354 ; 
and  passed  to  Burgundy  in  1443.  It  passed  with  the  N eth- 
erlands  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg,  and  to  Spain.  Part  of 
it  was  ceded  to  France  in  1659.  It  was  ceded  to  Austria 
in  1713,  and  was  conquered  by  France  1794-95.  By  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  (1815)  it  was  made  a grand  duchy  under 
the  rule  of  the  King  of  the  Netherlands,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation.  It  joined  the 
Belgian  revolt  against  the  Netherlands,  and  continued 
provisionaHy  in  Belgian  hands  until  1839,  when  part  of  it 
was  ceded  to  Belgium,  the  King  of  the  Netherlands  ruling 
as  grand  duke  over  the  remainder.  It  entered  the  Zoll- 
verein in  1842,  and  ceased  to  be  a part  of  Germany  in  1866. 
Its  neutrality  was  guaranteed  by  the  treaty  of  London  in 
1867.  In  1890  the  crown  passed  to  Adolf  of  Nassau. 
Area,  998  square  miles.  Population,  245,838. 
Luxemburg,  formerly  Liitzelburg.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  grand  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  situated 
on  the  Petrusse  and  Alzette  in  lat.  49°  37'  N., 
long.  6°  7'  E.  It  has  a remarkably  picturesque  situa- 
tion,  and  consists  of  the  Oberstadt  and  Unterstadt.  For- 
merly it  was  celebrated  for  its  fortifications,  strengthened 
by  Vauban  and  others  ; and  it  has  often  been  besieged.  It 
was  garrisoned  by  the  Prussians  1815-67.  The  fortifica- 
tions were  in  great  part  demolished  after  the  treaty  of 
1867.  Population,  20,928. 

Luxeuil  (liik-sey').  [L.  Luxovium. ] A town 
in  the  department  of  Haute-Saone,  situated  17 
miles  northeast  of  Vesoul.  It  has  noted  mineral 
springs.  It  had  an  abbey  in  the  middle  ages.  Population, 
commune,  5,474. 

Luxor  (luk'sor  or  lok'sor).  A village  in  Upper 
Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile,  in  lat.  25°  39'  N., 
on  part  of  the  site  of  the  ancient  Thebes,  it  is 
celebrated  for  its  antiquities,  which  include  a very  large 
and  complex  temple  built  by  Amenhotep  III.  and  Raine- 
ses II.  The  buildings  of  Rameses  form  the  present  front 
of  the  temple,  and  were  preceded,  at  the  end  of  a great 
dromos  of  sphinxes  leading  to  Karnak,  by  two  beautiful 
obelisks  of  red  granite,  one  of  which  remains  in  situ,  and 
the  other  stands  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  Paris.  Be- 


631 

fore  the  large  double  pylon  of  Rameses’s  court  are  two  co- 
lossal seated  statues  of  himself.  The  court  is  surrounded 
by  a double  range  of  columns.  Beyond,  the  avenue  to  the 
buildings  of  Amenhotep  makes  a sharp  angle  and  meets 
the  pylon  of  the  court,  which  is  surrounded  by  a double 
colonnade.  The  buildings  behind  the  court  contain  a great 
number  of  chambers  and  an  isolated  sanctuary,  all  pro- 
fusely sculptured  and  colored. 

Luynes  (lii-en'),  Due  de  (Charles  d’ Albert). 

Born  at  Pont-St.-Esprit,  Gard,  France,  Aug.  5, 
1578:  died  Dec.  15,  1621.  A French  courtier, 
a favorite  of  Louis  XIII. 

Luynes,  Due  de  (Honore  Theodoric  Paul  Jo- 
seph d’ Albert).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  15,  1802: 
died  at  Rome,  Dec.,  1867.  A French  archaeolo- 
gist. 

Luz  (loz).  A district  in  southeastern  Balu- 
chistan. 

Luz  (luz).  A town  in  the  department  of  Hautes- 
Pyrenees,  France,  26  miles  south  of  Tarbes.  it 
is  noted  for  its  springs  and  for  its  fortified  church.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  1,518. 

Luzern.  The  German  name  of  Lucerne. 
Luzdn,  or  Lugon  (lo-zon' ; Sp.  pron.  lo-thon'). 
The  largest  island  of  the  Philippines.  The  Bur- 
face  is  largely  mountainous.  It  contains  Manila,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  group.  Area,  40,875  square  miles.  Population, 
3,798,507. 

Luzzara  (lot-sa'ra).  A village  in  the  province 
of  Reggio  nell’  Emilia,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Po  14  miles  south-southwest  of  Mantua,  it  was 
the  scene  of  a drawn  battle  between  the  Imperialists  under 
Prince  Eugene  and  the  French  and  Spanish  forces  under 
Vendome,  Aug.  15,  1702. 

Lvoff  (1-vof'),  Alexei.  Born  at  Reval,  Russia, 
May  25  (N.  S.  June  5),  1799:  died  near  Kovno, 
Russia,  Dec.  16  (N.  S.  28),  1870.  A Russian 
composer,  author  of  the  Russian  national  hymn 
(1833). 

Lyasus(li-e'us).  [Gr.  AuaZof.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  who  frees  from  care : a surname 
of  Bacchus. 

Lyall  (li'al),  Edna.  The  pseudonym  of  Ada 
Ellen  Bayly. 

Lvcabettus  (lik-a-bet'us).  [Gr.  AvKaftr/Troq.  ] 
A red  rocky  bill  rising  amid  the  northeastern 
outskirts  of  Athens  to  a height  of  910  feet  above 
the  sea,  or  670  above  the  city.  It  is  a very  con- 
spicuous object  in  the  landscape,  presenting  from  most 
points  of  the  city  the  general  form  of  an  abrupt,  slightly 
concave  cone ; there  is,  however,  beyond  a slight  depres- 
sion, a long  ridge  behind  it.  Upon  the  top  stands  a small 
chapel  of  St.  George.  The  view  is  very  extensive.  On  the 
southern  slope  is  the  large  reservoir  built  by  Hadrian 
and  Antoninus  Pius,  which  still  supplies  the  city. 
Lycseus  (li-se'us).  [Gr.  A vaaiog,  the  Lyctean; 
from  Mount  Lycseum  in  Arcadia.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a surname  of  Zeus. 

Lycaon  (li-ka'on).  [Gr.  A vk&up.~]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a king  of  Arcadia,  for  his  impiety  changed 
into  a wolf  (or  killed  by  lightning). 

Lycaonia  (lik-a-6'ni-a).  [Gr.  A vnaovia.\  In 
ancient  geography,  a province  of  Asia  Minor. 
Chief  city,  Iconium.  It  was  bounded  by  Galatia  on 
the  north,  Cappadocia  on  the  east,  Cilicia  on  the  south, 
and  Pisidia  and  Phrygia  on  the  west.  Sometimes  it  in- 
cluded Isauria,  and  sometimes  it  was  included  in  Cappa- 
docia. Surface  elevated. 

Lyceius,  Lyceus  (li-se'us).  [Gr.  Afoc«o?,  per- 
haps (from/WAof,  wolf)  ‘wolf-slayer.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  an  epithet  of  Apollo. 

Lyceum  (H-se'um).  [Gr.  Afeioi’.]  Agymnasium 
and  exercise-ground  of  ancient  Athens,  lying 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Uissus,  at  the  place 
now  called  Ilissia,  a short  distance  east  of  the 
palace  garden.  It  was  dedicated  to  Apollo  Lyceius, 
and  was  already  the  chief  gymnasium  of  Athens  in  the 
time  of  Pisistratus.  It  was  noted  for  its  fine  groves  of 
plane-trees.  Aristotle  and  his  disciples  formed  the  habit 
of  discussing  their  philosophy  while  following  the  shady 
walks  of  this  gymnasium,  and  hence  received  the  name  of 
Peripatetics. 

Lycia  (lis'i-ti).  [Gr.  Aw'o.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a division  of  Asia  Minor,  bordering  on 
the  Mediterranean  and  on  Caria,  Phrygia,  Pi- 
sidia, and  Pamphylia.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
The  Lycians  aided  the  Khita  against  Rameses  II.  Its  23 
cities  formed  the  Lycian  League.  It  was  conquered  by 
Persia  in  the  6th  century  B.  o.,  and  afterward  passed  to 
Macedon,  Egypt,  Syria,  and  finally  to  Rome. 

Lycians  (lis'i-anz).  The  inhabitants  of  Lycia; 
especially,  a race  inhabiting  ancient  Lycia,  Ar- 
yan or  Indo-European  in  language,  as  is  shown 
by  important  inscriptions  in  a peculiar  char- 
acter recently  recovered  and  elucidated.  The 
Lycians  seem  to  have  exerted  considerable  influence  in 
early  days  on  the  Greeks,  especially  through  their  worship 
of  Apollo.  Interesting  monuments  of  their  architecture 
and  sculpture  have  been  brought  together  in  the  British 
Museum.  Some  sculptures  found  in  Lycia  vie  in  refine- 
ment with  the  riper  archaic  art  of  Attica. 

Lycidas  (lis'i-das).  A shepherd  in  Vergil’s  third 
Bucolic. 

Lycidas.  An  elegiac  poem  by  Milton  (published 
1637),  commemorating  the  death  of  his  friend 
Edward  King. 


Lyell 

Lyck  (lik).  A town  in  the  province  of  East 
Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  river  and  lake 
Lyck  in  lat.  53°  49'  N.,  long.  22°  21'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  12.397. 

Lycon  (li'kon).  [Gr.  Avkuv.]  Lived  in  the  3d 
century  b.  c.  A Greek  Peripatetic  philosopher. 
Lycophron  (ll'kof-ron).  [Gr.  Avutypov.']  Born 
at  Cnalcis,  Euboea:  lived  in  the  3d  century  B.  c. 
A noted  Alexandrian  tragic  poet  and  gramma- 
rian. His  only  extant  poem  is  the  “Alexandra  ” or  “Cas- 
sandra,”  comprising  about  1,400  iambic  verses,  in  which 
Cassandra  predicts  the  results  of  the  voyage  of  Paris  to 
Sparta. 

Lycopolis  (li-kop'o-lis).  [Gr.  //  Aimuv  rroLr.]  An 
ancient  city  in  Egypt,  whose  ruins  are  near  the 
modem  Siut. 

LycurgUS  (11-ker'gus).  [Gr.  A moupyof.]  Lived 
probably  in  the  9th  century  B.  C.  A Spartan 
legislator,  the  traditional  author  of  the  laws 
and  institutions  of  Sparta. 

Lycurgus.  Born  at  Athens  about  396  b.  c. : died 
about  323  B.  c.  An  Attic  orator,  son  of  Ly- 
cophron of  the  aristocratic  family  of  the  Eteo- 
butadse.  He  was  thrice  appointed  manager  of  the  Athe- 
nian finances  for  terms  of  5 years  each.  Only  one  entire 
oration  of  Lycurgus  is  extant. 

Lydda  (lid'a).  A place  in  the  territory  of  Ben- 
jamin : in  the  Old  Testament  Lod.  In  Acts  it  is 
mentioned  in  connection  with  a miracleperformed  by  Peter. 
During  the  Judeo-Roman  war  it  was  destroyed  by  Cestius 
Gallus.  After  the  uprising  of  Bar-Cochba  it  became  the 
seat  of  a Talmudical  school.  It  was  also  an  episcopal  see, 
and  in  445  a council  was  held  there  at  which  Pelagius  de- 
fended himself.  Tradition  makes  it  the  birthplace  of  St. 
George,  where  he  also  was  buried.  In  1191  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  Saladin,  and  in  1271  sacked  by  the  Mongols.  At 
present  it  is  a village  (Ludd)  with  a church  of  St.  George, 
situated  between  Ramleh  and  Jaffa. 

Lydgate  (lid'gat),  Doctor.  A physician  in 
George  Eliot’s  " Middlemarch.”  He  is  ambitious, 
but  a selfish  wife  takes  the  savor  out  of  his  ambition,  and 
he  dies  a comparatively  young  and  obscure  man. 

Lydgate,  who  has  received  a true  vocation,  whose  intel- 
lectual passion  predestines  him  to  far-resonant  action  in 
the  world  of  scientific  research, — Lydgate,  against  whom 
the  temptations  of  the  flesh  and  the  devil  would  have  been 
idle,  is  subdued  by  that  third  enemy  of  man,  the  world, 
incarnated  in  the  form  of  a creature  [Rosamond]  with 
feminine  voice,  swan-like  neck,  perfectly  turned  shoulders, 
exquisite  curves  of  lip  and  eyelid,  and,  hidden  behind 
these,  the  hardness  of  a little  sordid  soul. 

Dowden,  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  281. 

Lydgate,  John.  Born  at  Lydgate,  near  New- 
market, about  1370 : died  about  1451.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  at  both  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  and  later  in  France  and  Italy  (but  this  is  doubt- 
ful). He  entered  the  church  in  1389.  He  gained  a posi- 
tion as  poet  at  the  court  of  Henry  IV.,  which  he  held  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Henry  V.  and  after  the  accession  of  Henry 
VI.  After  1390  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Chaucer,  and 
often  calls  himself  “Chaucer’s  disciple.”  His  numerous 
works  include  “Falls  of  Princes,"  a narrative  poem  written 
between  1430  and  1438 ; “Troy  Book,”  in  heroic  couplets, 
containing  a panegyric  on  Chaucer  (1412-20 : first  printed 
by  Pynson  in  1513)  ; “The  Story  of  Thebes,"  intended  as 
an  additional  Canterbury  tale  (about  1420);  “The  Life  of 
Our  Lady,"  a religious  narrative  poem,  printed  by  Caxton 
in  1484 ; “ The  Dance  of  Death,”  from  the  French,  printed 
first  in  1554  (also,  with  Holbein’s  drawings,  in  1794) ; “The 
Court  of  Sapience,”  a philosophical  work  printed  by  Cax- 
ton (1481?);  “The  Temple  of  Glass,”  printed  by  Caxton 
(1479?);  and  a number  of  lives  of  saints,  allegories,  fables, 
historical  and  political  poems,  satires,  etc.  “The  Com- 
plaint of  the  Black  Knight,"  which  was  attributed  to  Chau- 
cer, is  by  Lydgate,  and  also  a number  of  the  minor  poems 
which  have  been  attributed  to  Chaucer. 

Lydia  (lid'i-ii).  [Gr.  A txk'a.]  A country  occu- 
pying the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  border- 
ing on  tbe  iEgean  Sea  and  on  Mysia,  Phrygia, 
and  Caria.  The  old  name  of  it  seems  to  have  been 
Mfeonia,  and  its  inhabitants  a division  of  the  adjacent 
Phrygians.  Later  it  was  invaded  by  Semites,  who  gave  it 
the  name  of  Lydia  (compare  the  Old  Testament  Lud,  de- 
scendants of  Shem,  Gen.  x.  22).  The  name  Mseonia  was 
afterward  confined  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  country,  and 
Lydia  to  the  western.  About  700  B.  c.  a revolution  over- 
threw the  Semitic  reign,  and  brought  the  native  dynasty 
of  the  Mermnadse  to  the  throne,  with  Gyges  as  first  king. 
Underthem  Lydia  rose  to  the  position  of  a mighty  kingdom 
extending  from  the  coast  to  the  river  Halys,  with  Sardes  as 
capital.  The  prosperous  Greek  cities  were  brought  either 
to  subjection  or  alliance.  But  under  the  fifth  and  best- 
known  of  the  dynasty,  Croesus,  the  Lydian  empire  was 
brought  to  a sudden  end  by  the  Persian  conqueror  Cyrus, 
who  in  546  B.  c.  captured  Sardes  and  the  king  himself. 
From  the  Persians  Lydia  passed  over,  through  Alexander 
the  Great,  to  Syria,  and  later  to  Eumenes  of  Pergamum. 
During  the  Roman  period  Lydia  formed  a separate  prov- 
ince, with  Sardes  ascapital.  Sardes  was  a prominent  epis- 
copal see  (compare  Rev.  iii.  1),  but  was  destroyed  by  Timur 
in  1402  A.  D.  Lydia  is  now  a Turkish  province,  with  the 
cities  Smyrna,  Manissa  (the  classical  Magnesia),  and  Aidin. 
To  the  Lydians  is  ascribed  the  invention  of  coins,  and  the 
oldest  coins  thus  far  found  are  those  of  Lydia. 

Lye  (II),  Edward.  Born  at  Totnes,  Devonshire, 
1694:  died  at  Yardley-Hastings,  Northampton- 
shire, Aug.  19,  1767.  An  English  philologist, 
author  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  and  Gothic  diction- 
ary (1772). 

Lyell  (ll'el),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Kinnordy, 
Forfarshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  14,  1797 : died  at 


Lyell 

London,  Feb.  22,  1875.  A celebrated  British 
geologist.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College)  in 
1819 ; studied  law ; was  secretary  of  the  Geological  Society 
1823-26 ; traveled  on  the  Continent  with  Murchison  in 
1828 ; became  professor  in  King’s  College,  London,  in  1831 ; 
was  elected  president  of  the  Geological  Society  in  1835  and 
1836,  and  again  in  1819  and  1850 ; traveled  and  lectured 
in  the  United  States  in  1841,  1845-46,  1852,  and  1853;  was 
knighted  in  1848 ; and  was  president  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion in  1864 . He  is  especial  ly  famous  as  an  opponent  of  the 
older  catastrophism  in  geology.  His  works  include  “Prin- 
ciples of  Geology  ” (3  vols.  1830-33),  “ Elements  of  Geology  ” 
(1838;  latereditions  called  “A  Manual  of  Elementary  Geol- 
ogy ”),  “The  Antiquity  of  Man  ’’  (1863),  “Travels  in  North 
America”  (1845),  “A  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States  of 
North  America  " (1849),  “ The  Student’s  Elements  of  Geol- 
ogy ” (1871). 

Lyell,  Mount.  [Namedfrom  Sir  Charles  Lyell.] 
A peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Yosemite.  Height,  13,090 
feet. 

Lyfing.  See  Living. 

Lygdarnis  (lig'da-mis).  Lived  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A Greek  tyrant  of  Naxos. 

Lying  Lover,  The,  or  the  Ladies’  Friendship. 

A comedy  by  Steele,  produced  in  1703.  It  was 
taken  from  P.  Corneille’s  “Le  menteur.” 
Lying  Valet,  The.  A play  by  David  Garrick, 
adapted  by  him  from  Motteux’s  “ Novelty.” 
Lykia.  See  Lycia. 

Lyly  (lil'i),  John.  Born  in  the  Weald  of  Kent 
about  1554:  died  at  London,  Nov.,  1606.  An 
English  dramatist  and  novelist.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in  1573 ; went  to  London,  where 
he  entered  upon  literary  work  and  endeavored  to  establish 
himself  at  court;  championed  the  bishops  in  the  “Martin 
Marprelate”  controversy  ; and  became  a member  of  Par- 
liament in  1589  (reelected  in  1593,  1597,  and  1601).  His 
principal  work  is  “ Euphues,  or  the  Anatomy  of  Wit”(  which 
see),  which  brought  into  prominence  the  affected  style 
named  from  it  “Euphuism."  In  the  Marprelate  contro- 
versy he  wrote  “ Pappe  with  a Hatchet,  etc.”  He  also 
wrote  a number  of  plays,  including  “Alexander  and  Cam- 
paspe,”  “Sapho  and  Phao,”  “Endimion,  the  Man  in  the 
Moon,”  etc. 

Lyly’s  two  secrets  are  in  the  first  place  an  antithesis 
more  laboured,  more  monotonous,  aud  infinitely  more 
pointless  than  Macaulay's  — which  antithesis  seems  to 
have  met  with  not  a little  favour,  and  was  indeed  an  ob- 
vious expedient  for  lightening  up  and  giving  character  to 
the  correct  but  featureless  prose  of  Ascham  and  other 
"Latiners."  The  second  was  a fancy  which  amounts  to  a 
mania  for  similes,  strung  together  in  endless  lists,  and 
derived  as  a rule  from  animals,  vegetables,  or  minerals, 
especially  from  the  Fauna  and  Flora  of  fancy.  It  isimpos- 
sible  to  open  a page  of  “ Euphues  ” without  finding  an  ex- 
ample of  this  eccentric  and  tasteless  trick,  and  in  it,  as 
far  as  in  any  single  thing,  must  be  found  the  recipe  for 
euphuism  pure  and  simple.  As  used  in  modern  language 
for  conceited  and  precious  language  in  general,  the  term 
has  only  a very  partial  application  to  its  original,  or  to  that 
original’s  author.  Indeed  Lyly’s  vocabulary,  except  occa- 
sionally in  his  similes,  is  decidedly  vernacular,  and  he 
very  commonly  mingles  extremely  homely  words  with  his 
highest  flights. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  37. 

Lyme-Regis  (lim're'jis).  A seaport  and  bath- 
ing-place in  Dorset,  England,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  26  miles  east  of  Exeter.  The 
Duke  of  Monmouth  landed  here  in  his  rising  of 
1685.  Population,  2,095. 

Lymfjord.  See  Limfjord. 

Lymington  (lim'ing-toti).  A seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Hampshire,  England,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Lym  with  the  Solent,  13 
miles  southwest  of  Southampton : noted  for 
yacht-building.  Population,  4,165. 

Lvnch  flinch),  Charles.  Born  1736 : died  1796. 
A Virginia  planter  and  colonel.  He  is  said  to  have 
set  himself,  in  conjunction  with  two  neighbors,  to  secure 
good  order  by  punishing  offenders  with  stripes  or  banish- 
ment without  process  of  law.  This  is  said  to  be  the  origin 
of  the  expression  “lynch  law.” 

Lynch,  Patricio.  Bom  at  Santiago,  Chile,  1824 : 
died  at  sea,  May,  1886.  A Chilean  naval  officer, 
of  Irish  descent.  After  entering  the  navy',  1838,  he 
was  permitted  to  take  service  with  the  British  marine 
1840-47.  In  1865  he  fought  against  the  Spaniards.  I11I88O 
he  ravaged  the  northern  coast  regions  of  Peru ; subse- 
quently commanded  a division  in  the  attack  on  Lima; 
and  was  military  governor  of  that  city  for  the  Chileans, 
May  4,  1881,  to  Oct.  22,  1883.  He  deposed  and  imprisoned 
President  Calderon,  Nov.,  1881,  and  in  1883  invested  Igle- 
sias  with  supreme  power.  He  carried  away  a vast  amount 
of  plunder.  From  1884  to  1886  he  was  minister  to  Spain. 
Lynch,  Thomas.  Bora  in  Prince  George  par- 
ish, S.  C.,  Aug.  5,  1749:  lost  at  sea,  1779.  An 
American  politician,  a signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  as  delegate  to  Congress  from 
South  Carolina  in  1776. 

Lynch,  William  F.  Born  in  Virginia,  1801:  died 
at  Baltimore,  Oct.  17, 1865.  An  American  naval 
officer.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expedition  to  the 
Jordan  and  Dead  Sea  in  1848,  and  published  a narrative  of 
the  expedition  (1849).  Later  he  was  in  the  Confederate 
service. 

Lynchburg  (linch'bferg).  A city  in  Campbell 
County,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  James  River 
91  miles  west  by  south  of  Richmond.  The  chief 


632 

industry  is  tobacco  manufacture.  It  \yas  founded  in  1786. 
The  Confederates  used  it  as  a base  of  supplies  in  the  Civil 
War.  Population,  29,494,  (1910). 

Lyndhurst,  Baron.  See  Copley,  John  Singleton. 

Lyndsay.  See  Lindsay. 

Lyngenfjord  (liing'en-fyord).  One  of  the  finest 
fiords  in  Norway,  on  the  northern  coast,  near 
lat.  70°  N.  It  is  hemmed  in  by  mountains  and 
glaciers. 

Lynmouth  (lin'muth).  A village  of  Devon- 
shire, England,  near  Barnstaple  : noted  for  its 
picturesque  situation. 

Lynn  (lin).  A city  in  Essex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  Lynn  harbor  10  miles  north- 
east of  Boston.  It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  manufac- 
ture of  shoes,  and  for  leather  manufacture.  It  was  settled 
in  1629,  became  a city  in  1850,  and  was  devastated  by  fire 
in  1889.  Population,  89,336,  (1910). 

Lynn,  Ethel.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Beers 
(Ethelinda  Eliot). 

Lynn  Regis  (lin  re'jis),  or  King's  Lynn.  A 
seaport  in  Norfolk,  England,  situated  on  the 
Great  Ouse,  near  the  Wash,  in  lat.  52°  45'  N., 
long.  0°  24'  E.  It  has  important  commerce.  It  was  a 
famous  port  in  old  times,  and  was  visited  by  various 
monarchs.  Population,  20,288. 

Lynton  (lin'ton).  A village  of  Devonshire, 
England,  near  Barnstaple:  noted  for  its  pic- 
turesque situation. 

Lynx  (lingks),  The.  A small  northern  constella- 
tion, introduced  by  Hevelius  in  1690,  the  name 
being  chosen  because  the  sharp-sightedness  of  a 
lynx  is  required  to  distinguish  any  of  its  stars. 
It  is  placed  between  the  Great  Bear  and  Auriga,  north  of 
the  Twins.  Its  ten  brightest,  stars  are  of  the  fifth  magni- 
tude. 

Ly6-Baa.  See  Mitla. 

Lyon  (li'on),  Mary.  Born  at  Buckland,  Mass., 
Feb.  28,  ”1797:  died  at  South  Hadley,  Mass., 
March  5, 1849.  An  American  teacher,  founder 
of  Mount  Holyoke  Female  Seminary  (South 
Hadley),  of  which  she  was  principal  1837-49. 

Lyon.,  Matthew.  Born  in  Wicklow  County, 
Ireland,  1746:  died  at  Spadra  Bluff,  Ark.,  Aug. 
1,  1822.  An  American  politician,  member  of 
Congress  from  Vermont  1797-1801,  and  from 
Kentucky  1803-11. 

Lyon,  Nathaniel.  Bom  at  Ashford,  Conn. , July 
14, 1818 : killed  at  Wilson’s  Creek,  Mo.,  Aug.  10, 
1861.  An  American  general.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  ren- 
dered efficient  service  to  the  Union  cause  as  commander 
of  the  United  States  arsenal  at  St.  Louis.  He  captured  a 
force  of  Secessionists  at  Camp  Jackson,  Missouri,  in  May, 
1861 ; was  appointed  commander  of  the  Department  of  Mis- 
souri in  June,  1801 ; defeated  the  Secessionists  at  Boone- 
ville,  June  17,  1861 ; and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Wil- 
son’s Creek,  Missouri,  Aug.  10, 1861. 

Lyonesse  (li-o-nes'),  or  Leonnoys.  A mythi- 
cal region  near  Cornwall,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle 
of  romance.  It  was  the  land  from  which  Arthur  came, 
and  of  which  Meliadus  was  king.  Tristram,  the  son  of  the 
latter,  was  also  born  there.  It  is  said  to  he  more  than  40 
fathoms  under  water  between  the  Land’s  End  and  the  isles 
of  Scilly,  the  sea  having  gradually  encroached  upon  the 
land. 

Lyonnais  (le-6-na').  An  ancient  government 
of  France.  It  was  hounded  by  Burgundy  on  the  north, 
the  Saone  and  Rhone  on  the  east,  Languedoc  on  the  south, 
and  Auvergne  and  Bourbonnais  on  the  west.  It  com- 
prised Lyonnais  proper,  Forez,  and  Beaujolais,  and  formed 
essentially  the  departments  of  Rh&ne  and  Loire.  Lyon- 
nais proper  was  a medieval  county.  It  was  united  to 
France  by  Philip  the  Fair  in  1307. 

Lyons  (ll'onz),  F.  Lyon  (le-6i>').  The  capital 
of  the  department  of  Rhone,  France,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Saone  with  the  Rhone,  in 
lat.  45°  46'  N.,  long.  4°  49'  E. : the  ancient  Lug- 
dunnm.  It  is  the  third  city  in  France,  a fortress,  and 
a great  railway,  commercial,  and  manufacturing  center. 
It  has  the  largest  silk  manufactures  in  the  world.  The  ca- 
thedral, chiefly  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  has  an  ex- 
ceedingly impressive  interior.  There  are  double  aisles, 
and  fine  roses  in  both  transepts  and  in  the  west  front.  The 
medieval  glass  is  magnificent,  and  thetracery  illustrates  the 
entire  development  of  medieval  architecture.  The  exterior 
is  much  masked  by  abutting  buildings,  but  is  admirable 
where  visible.  The  churches  of  Notre  Dame  de  Fourvitres 
(modern),  of  Ainay  (chiefly  Romanesque),  and  of  St.-Ni- 
zier,  the  hotel  de  ville,  the  palais  des  arts  (containing  pic- 
ture-galleries, sculpture,  antiquities,  natural-history  col- 
lections, marbles),  the  bourse,  and  the  Academic  Universi- 
taire  (with  5 faculties)  are  noteworthy.  Lyons  was  founded 
by  Greeks  in  560  B.  c.  ; was  developed  especially  by  the 
Roman  consul  Plancus  41  B.  c. ; was  the  capital  of  Lugdu- 
nensis;  was  made  by  Claudius  a Roman  colony ; was  the 
capital  of  the  first  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  afterward 
passed  to  the  Franks;  was  plundered  by  the  Saracens  in 
the  8th  century ; cameunder  the  power  of  the  Archbishop 
of  Lyons ; and  was  united  to  France  at  the  beginning  of 
the  11th  century.  Two  important  councils  were  held  there 
(1245  and  1274).  Its  silk  industry  suffered  from  the  revo- 
cation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1685.  Revolting  against 
the  Convention,  it  was  besieged  in  1793  and  partly  de- 
stroyed by  Collot  d’Herbois.  Since  then  it  has  been  the 
scene  of  several  insurrections,  especially  in  1834.  A great 
inundation  visited  it  in  1856.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Claudius,  Caracalla,  Stichet,  and  Ampere.  Population, 
commune,  623,796,  (1911). 


Lysippus 

Lyons  (ll'onz).  Aformer  city  in  Clinton  County, 
Iowa,  situated  on  the  Mississippi ; now  incor- 
porated in  the  city  of  Clinton. 

Lyons.  The  capital  of  Wayne  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal  33  miles  east  by 
south  of  Rochester.  Pop.,  village,  4,460,  (1910). 
Lyons,  Edmund,  Lord  Lyons.  Bora  at  Burton, 
Hampshire,  N ov.  29, 1790 : died  at  Arundel  Cas- 
tle, Nov.  24,  1858.  A British  admiral  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  minister  at  the  court  of  Athens  1835-49, 
to  the  Swiss  Confederation  1849-51,  and  then  to  Sweden. 
In  1853  he  was  appointed  (then  a rear-admiral)  second  in 
command  in  the  Mediterranean.  He  played  an  important 
part  in  the  Crimean  war,  becoming  naval  commander-in- 
chief in  Jan.,  1855.  He  was  created  Baron  Lyons  in  1856. 

Lyons,  Gulf  of.  See  Lion,  Golfe  du. 

Lyons,  Richard  Bickerton  Pemell,  first  Earl 
Lyons.  Bora  at  Lymington,  England,  April  26, 
1817:  died  at  London,  Dec.  5,  1887.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  son  of  the  first  Baron  Lyons. 
He  was  minister  to  the  United  States  1858-65,  and  ambas- 
sador to  Turkey  1865-67,  and  to  France  1867-87.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  the  second  Baron  Lyons  in  1858,  and 
was  created  Viscount  Lyons  in  1881  and  Earl  Lyons  in  1887. 
Lyra  (li'ra).  [L.,‘ the  lyre.’]  An  ancient  north- 
ern constellation,  representing  the  lyre  of  Her- 
mes or  of  Orpheus.  Also  called  The  Harp.  The 
brightest  star  of  this  constellation  is  Vega  (a  Lyise).  It 
is  the  seventh  in  order  of  brightness  in  the  heavens,  and 
the  third  brightest  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  being  half 
a magnitude  brighter  than  a standard  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude. It  forms,  with  two  small  stars  near  it,  an  equilat- 
eral triangle,  one  of  the  most  striking  configurations  of 
the  summer  sky.  Vega,  Arcturus,  and  Polaris  form  alarge 
triangle,  nearly  right-angled  at  Vega. 

Lyrical  Ballads.  A collection  of  poems  by 
Wordsworth  and  Coleridge,  including  the  lat- 
ter’s “Ancient  Mariner,”  published  in  1798. 
Lys  (les),  or  Leye  (li'e).  A river  in  northeast- 
ern France  and  western  Belgium,  which  joins 
the  Schelde  at  Ghent.  Length,  127  miles ; navi- 
gable 98  miles. 

Lysander  (li-san'der).  [Gr.  Af>aai;<jpof.]  Killed 
near  Haliartus,  Boeotia,  Greece,  395  b.  C.  A 
Spartan  commander.  He  gained  the  victory  of  No- 
tium  in  407,  and  that  of  jEgospotami  in  405,  and  took  Athens 
and  destroyed  its  walls  in  404. 

Lysander.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Midsummer  Night’s 
Dream,”  a young  Athenian  in  love  with  Hermia. 
Lys  dans  la  Vallee,  Le.  A novel  by  Balzac, 
written  in  1835-36. 

Lysefjord  (lii'se-fyord).  A fiord  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  Norway,  near  Stavanger,  it  is 
inclosed  by  high  mountains,  and  the  scenery  is  of  remark- 
able grandeur.  Length,  23  miles. 

Lysias  (lis'i-as).  [Gr.  Avoiag.]  Died  about 
380  B.  c.  One  of  the  ten  Attic  orators.  He  lived 
at  Thurii  until  about  412,  and  later  at  Athens,  and  lived 
in  exile  under  the  rule  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  404.  See  the 
extract. 

Lysias  did  a great  work  for  Attic  prose,  and  is,  in  his 
own  style,  one  of  its  most  perfect  writers.  He  broke  away 
from  the  stiff  monotony  of  the  old  school,  and  dared  to  he 
natural  and  simple,  using  the  language  of  daily  life,  hut 
with  perfect  purity  and  grace.  His  father  wasa  Syracusan, 
and  Lysias,  though  born  at  Athens,  had  not  the  rights  of 
a citizen.  After  passing  his  youth  and  early  manhood  at 
Thurii  in  south  Italy,  he  settled  at  Athens,  a wealthy  man, 
in  412  B.  C.  In  404  he  fled  from  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  who 
had  put  his  brother  Polemarchus  to  death  ; and,  after  the 
restoration  of  the  Democracy,  impeached  Eratosthenes,  one 
of  the  Thirty,  in  the  most  splendid  of  his  extant  speeches 
(403  B.  c.),  the  only  one  which  we  know  that  he  himself 
spoke  at  Athens.  ' But  in  388  B.  c.  he  addressed  the  as- 
sembled Greeks  at  Olympia,  in  a fine  speech  of  which  we 
have  a fragment,  urging  them  to  unite  against  the  two 
great  foes  of  Greece  — Dionysius,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  in 
the  west,  and  Persia  in  the  east.  The  speech  “Against 
Agoratus  ” (399  B.  C.  7)  was  written  for  the  impeachment  of 
an  informer  who  had  slandered  away  the  lives  of  citizens 
under  the  Thirty  Tyrants.  The  great  majority  of  our  3i 
speeches  were  composed  by  Lysias  for  his  clients  to  speak 
in  public  or  private  causes.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  118. 

Lysicrates  (li-sik'ra-tez),  Choragic  Monument 

of.  The  finest  surviving  example  of  this  class 
of  Greek  monuments.  It  consists,  above  a cubical 
base,  of  a cylindrical  structure  9 feet  in  diameter  with  0 
engaged  Corinthian  columns.  The  roof  is  cut  from  a sin- 
gle block  of  marble,  and  is  crowned  by  a rich  anthemion- 
acroterium.  The  graceful  reliefs  of  the  frieze  represent 
the  chastisement  of  the  Tyrrhenian  pirates  by  Bacchus. 

Lysimachus  (li-sim'a-kus).  [Gr.  Awqnzq-of.] 
Born  at  Pella  (?),  in  Macedonia  (of  Thessalian 
parentage),  about  361  B.  c. : killed  at  the  battle 
on  the  plain  of  Corns,  Asia  Minor,  281  b.  c.  A 
general  of  Alexander  the  Great,.  After  the  latter’s 
death,  he  received  the  kingdom  of  Thrace.  He  joined 
the  league  against  Antigonus  in  315;  assumed  the  title  of 
king  in  306;  was  one  of  the  victors  at  Ipsus  in  301;  re- 
ceived a large  part  of  Asia  Minor ; obtained  Macedonia 
287-286;  and  was  finally  defeated  by  Selcucus  Nicator. 
Lysippus  (li-sip 'us).  [Gr.  A{iff«nrof.]  Flourished 
about  372-316  B.  c.  A Greek  sculptor,  a native 
of  Sicyon.  According  to  Pliny  he  revised  the  canon  of 
Polyclitus,  making  the  head  smaller,  the  legs  longer,  and 
adjusting  details  to  a greater  elongation.  This  new  canon 
has  been  preserved  in  the  Apoxyomenus  of  the  Vatican, 
thought  to  be  discovered  in  1849,  a very  perfect  copy  of 
the  great  bronze  original  placed  by  Agrippa  before  his 


Lysippus 

baths  in  Rome.  Lysippus  also  developed  and  fixed  the 
extreme  athletic  type  in  Hercules,  whom  he  repeatedly 
represented.  A small  table  figure  of  Hercules  in  bronze 
was  made  for  Alexander,  and  carried  about  with  him  in 
his  campaigns.  It  was  afterward  owned  by  Hannibal  and 
Sulla.  The  Torso  Belvedere  is  supposed  to  have  been  copied 
from  this  figure  by  Apollonius  of  Athens.  Through  Chares 
of  Lindus  his  characteristics  were  transmitted  to  the  great 
Rhodian  school  which  produced  the  Laocoon.  Lysippus 
was  the  favorite  sculptor  of  Alexander  the  Great,  and  author 
of  most  of  his  portraits  in  sculpture. 

Lysis  (li'sis).  A dialogue  of  Plato : the  narra- 
tion by  Socrates  of  a conversation  on  friend- 
ship which  took  place  in  a palaestra  outside  the 
walls  of  Athens,  between  himself,  the  boyish 
friends  Lysis  and  Menexenus,  Hippothales,  and 
Ctesippus. 

Lysistrata  (ll-sis'tra-ta).  A comedy  of  Aristo- 
phanes, exhibited  in  411  B.  C. 

Lyskamm  (les'kam).  A peak  of  the  Valais 
Alps,  immediately  west  of  Monte  Eosa.  Height, 
14,890  feet. 

Lysterfjord  (ltis'ter-fyord).  A northeastern 
arm  of  the  Sogne  Fjord,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Norway.  Length,  25  miles. 

Lystra  (lis'tra).  [Gr.  Avarpa.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  in  Lycaonia,  Asia  Minor : position 
undetermined. 


033 

Lyte  (lit),  Henry  Francis.  Born  at  Kelso, 

Scotland,  June  1,  1793:  died  at  Nice,  France, 
Nov.  20, 1847.  A British  hymn-writer,  author 
of  “ Abide  with  me,”  etc. 

Lyttelton  (lit'el-ton),  George,  first  Baron  Lyt- 
telton. Born  at  Hagley,  Worcestershire,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  17,  1709:  died  there,  Aug.  22,  1773. 
An  English  author  and  politician.  He  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  1755-56.  His  chief  works  are  “Ob- 
servations on  the  Conversion  and  Apostleship  of  St.  Paul  ” 
(1747),  “Dialogues  of  the  Dead ”(1760),  “History  of  Henry 
II.  "(1767-71),  and  poems. 

Lytton  (lit-on),  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton 
Bulwer,  first  Baron  Lytton.  Born  at  London, 
May  25,  1803:  died  at  Torquay,  Jan.  18,  1873. 
A noted  English  novelist,  poet,  dramatist,  poli- 
tician, and  orator.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (B.  A. 
1826) ; was  a member  of  Parliament  18:11—41  and  1852-66 ; 
was  colonial  secretary  1858-59 ; and  was  raised  to  the  peer- 
age in  1866.  He  wrote  “ Falkland  "(1827), “Pelham,  or  the 
Adventuresof  aGentleinan”(1828),  “TheDisowned  "(1829), 
“Devereux”(1829),  “Paul Clifford "(1830),  “EugeneAram  ” 
(1832),  “Godolphin  ” (1833),  “England  and  the  English” 
(1833),  “Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine”  (1834),  “LastDaysof  Pom- 
peii" (1834),  “Rienzi”  (1835),  “The  Student"  and  “The 
Crisis”  (1835),  “Ernest  Maltravers”  (1837),  “Alice,  or  the 
Mysteries  "(1838),  “Athens,  its  Rise  and  Fall  ”(1837),  “Leila” 
(1838), “Night  and  Morning” (1841),  “Zanoni ” (1842), “Last 
of  the  Barons  " (1843),  “ Lucretia,  or  the  Children  of  the 


Lytton 

Night ”(1846),  “ Harold  (1848),  ‘ ‘ The  Caxtons ” (1850),  “My 
Novel,  or  Varieties  of  English  Life”  (1853),“  What  will  He 
do  with  It?  ” (1868),  “A  Strange  Story  ”(1861),  “ Caxtoniana” 
(1863),  “Kenelm  Chillingly  ”(1873),  “ The  Parisians  ”(1873), 
“ The  Coming  Race  ” (1871),  “ Pausanias,”  an  unfinished 
romance,  edited  by  his  son  (1876),  Among  his  poems  are 
“ Poems  and  Ballads  of  Schiller  ” (translation,  1844),  “ The 
New  Timon  "(1847),  “ King  Arthur  ” (1849),  “ St.  Stephens  ” 
(1860),  “Lost  Tales  of  Miletus”  (1866),  translation  of  Hor- 
ace’s “Odes”  (1869).  Among  his  dramas  are  “The  Lady 
of  Lyons  ” (1838),  “ Richelieu  ” (1839),  “ Cromwell”  (1842), 
“Money”  (1840),  “Not  so  Bad  as  we  Seem”  (1852),  “The 
Rightful  Heir  ” (1869X 

Lytton,  Edward  Robert  Lytton  Bulwer,  first 

Earl  of  Lytton:  pseudonym  Owen  Meredith. 
Born  at  London,  Nov.  8,  1831:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  24,  1891.  An  English  diplomatist,  poli- 
tician, and  poet:  son  of  the  first  Baron  Lytton. 
He  succeeded  his  father  as  the  second  Baron  Lytton  in 
1873,  and  was  created  earl  of  Lytton  in  1880.  He  was  min- 
ister to  Portugal  1874-76  ; governor-general  of  India  1878- 
1880;  ambassador  to  France  1887-91.  He  wrote  “Clytem- 
nestra”  (1855),  “The  Wanderer”  (1859),  “Lucile ’’  (1860), 
“ Serbski  Pesme : National  Songs  of  Servia ” (1861),  “The 
Ring  of  Amasis”  (1863),  “Chronicles  and  Characters”  and 
“Poems”  (1867),  “Orval”  (1869),  “Julian  Fane”  (1871), 
“Fables  in  Song  ” (1874),  “ Poems ” (1877),  “ The  Life,  Let- 
ters, and  Literary  Remains  of  Edward  Bulwer,  Lord  Lytton,” 
Vols.  I and  II  (1883),  “Glenaveril,  or  the  Metamorphoses" 
(1885),  “After  Paradise”  (1887),  etc.  “King  Poppy”  was 
published  posthumously  in  1892. 


aartens,  Maarten.  The  nom 

de  plume  of  J.M.H.  vander 
Poorten-Schwarz,  a modern 
novelist. 

Maas.  See  Meuse , a river 
in  Franee  and  Belgium. 
Maassluis  (mas'slois),  or 
Maaslandsluis  (mas'lant- 
slois).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated on  the  Meuse  10  miles  west  of  Rotterdam. 

Maastricht.  See  Maestriclit. 

Mab  (mab),  Queen.  [Orig.  Ir.  Medb,  ‘ queen’  of 
Connaught,  mentioned  in  Irish  poems  about  the 
year  1100.  The  ordinary  etym.  from  W.  mab,  a 
child,  has  no  basis  of  fact.  See  Mabinogion. ] 
In  fairy  and  folk  lore,  the  fairies’  midwife.  She 
is  first  mentioned  as  Queen  Mab  in  Shakspere’s  “ Romeo 
and  Juliet,”  i.  4.  Drayton  introduces  her  in  his  “Nym- 
phidia,"  written  several  years  later,  and  Ben  Jonson  in 
his  “Entertainment  of  the  Queen  and  Prince  at  Althrope.” 
Shakspere  represents  her  not  only  as  adroit  in  all  kinds  of 
teasing  and  mischief,  but  as  the  hag  Nightmare  herself. 
She  is  the  fairies’  midwife  — that  is,  the  fairy  whose  duty 
it  is  to  deliver  the  fancies  of  men  and  to  produce  dreams 
by  driving  over  the  sleeper  in  her  chariot.  Titania,  the 
fairy  queen,  is  not  the  same  person.  In  Shelley’s  “Queen 
Mab"  she  has  a wider  sphere,  and  is  made  to  rule  over- 
men's thoughts. 

Maba  (ma/ba).  The  largest  tribe  of  Wadai,  liv- 
ing in  the  northern  portion  of  central  Sudan, 
Africa.  It  is  of  Nigritic  stock,  largely  Mohammedan, 
and  composed  of  22  tribes  (Kodoi,  Malanga,  Madaba,  Mat- 
lamba,  Kondongo,  Kadjanga,  Karanga,  etc.),  all  speaking 
different  dialects  of  Maba,  which  is  understood  beyond  its 
own  territory.  Maba  slaves  used  to  be  exported  to  the  east 
coast,  while  their  neighbors  went  to  the  west  coast.  The 
rnler  of  Wadai  must  be  born  of  a Maba  woman. 

Mabillon  (ma- be -yon'),  Jean.  Born  at  St.- 
Pierremont,  Ardennes,  France,  Nov.  23,  1632: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  27,  1707.  A noted  French 
scholar  and  historian,  a member  of  the  Bene- 
dictine order.  He  lived  after  1664  in  the  Abbey  of  St.- 
Germain-des-Pres  in  Paris.  His  works  include  “Acta  sanc- 
torum ordinis  S.-Benedicti  ” (1668-1702),  “ Vetera  analec- 
ta ” (1675-81),  “ De  re  diplomatica  ” (1681),  “ Musseum  Itali- 
cura  ” (1687-89),  etc. 

Mabinogion  (mab-i-no'gi-on),  The.  The  fairy 
tales  and  romances  of  the  Welsh.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Mabinogion  is  the  plural  of  the  Welsh  word  mabinogi, 
which  means  instruction  for  the  young  — the  word  being 
derived  from  'mab,  a child,  aud  the  same  root  running 
through  many  words  with  a like  sense,  Queen  Mab  herself 
included.  . . . The  great  collection  of  these  tales  is  at 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  in  a MS.  volume  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  known  as  the  Red  Book  of  Hergest,  of  which  the 
tales  have  been  published,  both  in  the  original  Cymric  and 
in  a delightful  English  translation,  as  the  Mabinogion,  by 
Lady  Charlotte  Guest  (now  Schreiber),  who  takes  the  word 
Mabinogion  as  simply  meaning  stories  for  the  young.  The 
Mabinogion  thus  represented  contains  Welsh  versions  of 
three  of  the  French  Arthurian  romances  by  Chrestien  de 
Troyes,  namely,  “ The  Lady  of  the  Fountain,"  and  among 
the  notes  to  it  the  text  of  the  “Chevalier  au  Lion,”  with 
which  that  story  corresponds  ; “Peredur,  the  son  of  Ev- 
rawc,”  corresponding  to  the  “ Percival  le  Gallois  ’’  of  Chres- 
tien ; and  “Geraint,  the  son  of  Erbin,”  which  is  his  “Erec 
and  Enide.”  Besides  these,  in  the  Mabinogion  are  two  Brit- 
ish tales  ascribed  to  the  time  of  King  Arthur,  “ Kilhwch 
and  Olwen”  and  the  “Dream  of  Rhonabwy.”  The  rest  are 
tales  in  which  King  Arthur  does  not  appear,  or  is  named 
only  as  by  interpolation  — namely,  “Pwyll,  Prince  of 
Dyved";  “Branwen,  the  Daughter  of  Llyr”;  “Math,  the 
Son  of  Mathonwy  ’’ ; these  four  being  the  sections  which 
Professor  Rhys  regards  as  the  foundation  of  the  Mabino- 
gion ; the  rest,  being  later  editions,  are,  besides  the  Arthur 
romances  already  named,  the  “Dream  of  Emperor  Maxi- 
mus,’’ “Lludd  and  Llevelys,"  and  the  romance  of  “Ta- 
liesin." Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  257-259. 

Since  the  publication  of  Lady  Charlotte  Guest’s  edition 
of  the  Mabinogion  the  idea  seems  to  prevail  that  any  Welsh 
tale  of  respectable  antiquity  may  be  called  a Mabinogi, 
plural  Mabinogion,  but  there  is  no  warrant  for  so  extend- 
ing the  use  of  the  word ; and,  of  the  eleven  stories  contained 
in  Lady  Charlotte  Guest’s  collection,  only  four  are  entitled 
to  be  called  Mabinogion.  More  strictly  speaking,  they  are 
not  Mabinogion  so  much  perhaps  as  the  “ four  branches  of 
the  Mabinogi.”  The  word  Mabinogi  is  derived  from  Mabi- 
nog,  and  that  was  a term  belonging  to  the  bardic  system, 
meaning  a sort  of  a literary  apprentice  or  young  man  who 
was  receiving  instruction  from  a qualified  bard;  and  the 
lowest  description  of  Mabinog  was  one  who  had  not  ac- 
quired the  art  of  making  verse.  The  inference  to  be  drawn 
Is  that  Mabinogi  meant  the  collection  of  things  which 
formed  the  Mabinog’s  literary  training  and  stock  in  trade, 
so  to  say.  He  was  probably  allowed  to  relate  the  tales 


forming  the  four  branches  of  the  Mabinogi  at  a fixed  price, 
but  he  was  usually  a young  man,  not  a child  in  the  nursery, 
and  it  is  utterly  wrong  to  suppose  the  Mabinogiou  to  be 
nursery  tales.  Rhys,  Arthurian  Legend,  pp.  1,  2. 

Mably  (ma-ble'),  Gabriel  Bonnot,  Abbe  de. 
Born  at  Grenoble,  Franee,  Marc-b  14, 1709 : died 
at  Paris,  April  23, 1785.  A French  publicist, 
elder  brother  of  Condillac.  For  a time  he  was  sec- 
retary to  his  uncle  Cardinal  Tencin,  and  was  occupied  with 
diplomatic  affairs ; but  he  soon  gave  up  his  office,  and  there- 
after lived  in  retirement.  He  wrote  “ ParalUle  des  Ro- 
maics et  des  Frangais  ” (1740),  “ Observations  sur  les  Ro- 
mains”  (1751),  “Observations  sur  lliistoire  de  France” 
(1765),  “Droit  publique  de  1 ’Europe ’’ (1748),  “Entretiens 
de  Phocion  ” (1763),  etc. 

Mabuse.  See  Gossaert. 

Mac.  [Gael,  mac,  Ir.  mac,  W.  map,  mab,  also 
ap,  ah,  a son,  Goth,  magus,  a son.]  An  ele- 
ment, usually  a conjoined  prolix,  in  many 
Scotch  and  Irish  names  of  Celtic  origin,  cog- 
nate with  the  Welsh  Ap-,  signifying  ‘son,’  and 
being  thus  equivalent  to  the  Irish  O’,  the  Eng- 
lish -son  or  -s,  and  the  Norman  Fite-.  The  prefix 
is  either  written  in  full,  Mac-,  or  abbreviated  to  Me-  ovMc-, 
which  in  works  printed  in  the  British  Isles  almost  invari- 
ably appears  as  M‘ — the  abbreviated  form  being  followed 
by  a capital  letter,  while  Mac-  takes  a capital  alter  it  but 
rarely.  Thus  a name  may  be  variously  spelled  as  Macdonald 
(rarely  MacDonald),  McDonald,  or  McDonald  ; so  Mackenzie, 
McKenzie,  or  M'Kenzie,  etc.  In  alphabetical  lists,  names 
with  this  prefix,  however  written,  are  properly  entered  in 
the  place  of  Mac-. 

Macaber,  or  Macabre.  See  Dance  of  Death. 

Macadam  (mak-ad'am),  John  Loudon.  Born 
at  Ayr,  Sept.  21,  1756:  died  at  Moffat,  Nov.  26, 
1836.  A Scottish  engineer,  inventor  of  the  sys- 
tem of  macadamizing  roads. 

Macaire  (ma-kar' ).  A chanson  de  geste,  written 
in  a mixed  French  and  Italian  dialect.  The  MS. 
was  discovered  in  V enice,  and  was  published  in  1866  by  M. 
Guessard  at  Paris.  It  contains  the  original  of  the  weU- 
known  story  of  the  dog  of  Montargis. 

Macaire,  Robert.  A typical  villain  in  French 
comedy,  originally  an  assassin  heavily  loaded 
with  crimes.  He  was  transformed  by  Fr^dSric  Le- 
maitre  into  an  adroit  highwayman  and  fripon,  which  is 
an  amiable  diminutive  of  thief.  See  Robert  Macaire. 

McAllister,  Fort.  See  Fort  McAllister. 

Macao  (ma-kou'  or  nia-ka/o).  A Portuguese 
settlement  and  city,  situated  on  an  island  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Canton  River,  China,  in  lat. 
22°  11'  N.,  long.  113°  33’  E. : formerly  the  seat 
of  important  commerce.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
Portuguese  in  the  second  half  of  the  16th  century.  Popu- 
lation, over  60,000. 

Macarians(ma-ka'ri-anz).  1.  The  followers  of 
the  monastic  system  or  customs  of  the  elder 
Macarius  of  Egypt,  or'of  the  younger  Macarius 
of  Alexandria,  contemporary  monks  of  the  4th 
century,  who  were  noted  for  their  severe  asceti- 
cism.— 2.  The  followers  of  the  Monothelite 
Macarius,  patriarch  of  Antioch  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. 

Macarska.  See  Makarska. 

Me  Arthur  (mak-ar'ther),  Duncan.  Born  in 
Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  June  14,  1772:  died 
near  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  April  28,  1839.  An 
American  pioneer  in  Ohio,  general  in  the  War 
of  1812,  and  governor  of  Ohio  1830-32. 

Macartney  (ma-kiirt'ni),  George,  Earl  Macart- 
ney. Born  at  Lissanoure,  Antrim,  Ireland, 
May,  1737 : died  at  Chiswick,  England,  March 
31,  1806.  A British  diplomatist  and  colonial 
governor,  appointed  the  first  British  envoy  to 
China  in  1792. 

Macassar  (rnii-kas'sar).  1.  A former  native 
kingdom  in  Celebes.  — 2.  A department  in  the 
residency  of  Celebes. — 3.  The  capital  of  the 
residency  of  Celebes,  situated  on  the  coast  in 
lat.  5°  8'  S.,  long.  119°  24'  E.  It  has  a flourishing 
trade,  and  was  made  a free  port  in  1840.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

Macassar,  Strait  of.  A sea  passage  separating 
Borneo  on  the  west  from  Celebes  on  the  east. 

Macaulay  (ma-ka'li),  Mrs.  (Catharine  Saw- 
bridge).  Born  in  Kent,  England,  1733  : died 
June  22, 1791.  An  English  historian,  author  of 
a “History  of  England”  (1763-83),  etc. 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron  Macau- 

634 


lay.  Born  at  Rothley  Temple,  Leicestershire, 
England,  Oct.  25,  1800 : died  at  Kensington, 
London,  Dec.  28,  1859.  A celebrated  English 
historian,  essayist,  poet,  and  statesman.  He  en- 
tered Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1818,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1826.  He  was  a member  of  Parliament  1830- 
1834  ; a member  of  the  supreme  council  in  India  1834-88 ; 
member  of  Parliament  1839-47 ; secretary  at  war  1839- 
1841 ; and  paymaster-general  1846-47.  He  reentered  Par- 
liament in  1852,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1857. 
His  chief  work  is  a ‘ ‘ History  of  England  " (reigns  of  James 
II.  and  William  III.:  Vols.  I and  II  published  1848; 
III  and  IV,  1855;  V,  1861).  He  published  “Lays  of  An- 
cient Rome  ” (1842).  His  complete  works,  including  es- 
says, biographies,  and  speeches,  were  edited  in  8 vols. 
by  Lady  Trevelyan  in  1866.  See  life  by  G.  O.  Trevelyan 
(2  vols.  1876). 

Mapayo.  See  Maceid. 

Macbeth  (mak-beth').  Killed  at  Lumphanan, 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  1057  (1056?).  AScot- 
tish  chieftain.  He  killed  Duncan  1040  (10397),  and  was 
proclaimed  king  of  Scotland.  He  was  defeated  by  Si- 
ward  at  Dunsinane,  Perthshire,  in  1054.  He  is  the  hero 
of  a tragedy  of  the  same  name  by  Shakspere.  See  the 
following. 

Macbeth.  A tragedy  by  Shakspere.  its  first 
recorded  production  is  April  20,  1610,  but  it  is  thought 
to  have  been  played  before,  and  revised  by  Shak- 
spere in  1606.  It  is  thought  to  have  been  reduced 
to  the  form  of  the  1623  folio  by  Middleton  about 
1622  (Fleay).  The  story  is  from  Holinshed.  Davenant 
produced  an  adaptation  printedin  1674 — not  1673,  as  is  usu- 
ally said,  which  is  probably  Betterton's  version  (Furness). 
It  is  not  known  precisely  when  it  was  first  produced,  but 
probably  before  1664.  It  was  more  like  an  opera,  with 
music  by  Matthew  Lock,  and  it  held  the  stage  till  Garrick 
restored  the  Shakspere  version.  In  1773  Macklin  first 
dressed  Macbeth  in  his  native  costume:  Garrick  had  been 
accustomed  to  wear  the  uniform  of  a military  officer  of 
the  time.  The  character  of  Macbeth  is  that  of  a man  of 
acquired  though  not  constitutional  courage,  tempted  by 
ambition  to  treachery  and  murder.  Before  he  commits  the 
crime  he  wavers  and  shudders  at  both  end  and  means ; 
but,  once  made  resolute  through  the  courage  of  his  wife, 
he  goes  forward  to  subsequent  murders  through  fear  of 
discovery  and  defeat.  “ Lady  Macbeth,  like  all  in  Shak- 
spere, is  a class  individualized:  of  high  rank,  left  much 
alone,  and  feeding  herself  with  day-dreams  of  ambition, 
she  mistakes  the  courage  of  fantasy  forthe  power  of  bear- 
ing the  consequences  of  the  realities  of  guilt.  Hers  is  the 
mock  fort  itude  of  a mind  deluded  by  ambition ; she  shames 
her  husband  with  a superhuman  audacity  of  fancy  which 
she  cannot  support,  but  sinks  in  the  season  of  remorse,  and 
dies  in  suicidal  agony.”  Coleridge,  Lects.  on  Shak.,  etc., 
p.  375. 

Macbeth.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  first  produced  at 
Florence  in  1847,  and  at  Paris  in  1865. 
Maccabseus,  Judas.  See  Judas  Maccab&us. 
Maccabees  (mak'a-bez),  The.  [From  Macca- 
bi  (see  below).]  A family  of  heroes  who  be- 
came the  deliverers  of  Judea  and  Judaism  dur- 
ing the  bloody  persecutions  of  the  Syrian  king 
Antiochus  Epiphanes,  175-164  b.  c.,  and  after- 
ward established  a dynasty  of  priest-kings 
which  lasted  until  supplanted  by  Herod  in  40 
B.  C.  The  original  name  of  the  family  was  the  Hasmo- 
neans.  It  consisted  of  the  aged  Mattathias  and  his  five 
sons,  Jochanan,  Simon,  Judas,  Eleazar,  and  Jonathan,  liv- 
ing at  Modin,  a small  town  near  Jerusalem.  When  the 
sufferings  of  the  Judeans  at  the  hands  of  the  Syrians  be- 
came unbearable,  and  the  existence  of  the  Jewish  religion 
was  at  stake,  Mattathias  and  his  sons  became  the  leaders 
of  an  open  rebellion  against  Antiochus.  On  Mattathias 
and  his  sons  being  summoned  by  Apelles,  one  of  the  Syr- 
ian overseers,  to  sacrifice  to  the  gods,  Mattathias  an- 
swered, “ If  all  the  people  in  the  kingdom  obey  the  order 
of  the  monarch  to  depart  from  the  faith  of  their  fathers, 
I and  my  sons  will  abide  by  the  covenant  of  our  forefa- 
thers." When  one  of  the  Judeans  approached  the  altar  to 
sacrifice  to  Jupiter,  Mattathias  rushed  upon  the  apostate 
and  killed  him  at  the  altar.  His  sons  then  fell  upon  Apel- 
les and  his  troops,  killed  them,  and  destroyed  the  altar. 
Gradually  an  army  of  religious  patriots  rallied  around 
these  hero-leaders,  and  carried  on  a kind  of  guerrilla  war- 
fare against  the  oppressing  Syrians.  Mattathias  died  in 
167,  appointing  Judas  as  his  successor  in  the  command, 
and  Simon  as  the  man  of  counsel.  Judas  bore  the  name 
“ Maccabi,”  either  made  up  of  the  initials  from  the  He- 
brew words  mi  kamocha  baelim  Jehovah  (‘Who  is  like 
thee  among  the  gods,  Jehovah?’),  or  derived  from  the  He- 
brew word  makeb,  ‘a hammer,’ expressive  of  his  heroism 
(compare  Charles  Martel),  and  gave  by  his  genuinely  he- 
roic bearing  his  name  to  this  whole  glorious  epoch  of  Jew- 
ish history.  For  the  rest  of  the  history  of  this  race,  with 
which  that  of  Judea  is  intimately  interwoven,  see  Alex- 
ander Jannseus,  Aristobulus,  Uerod,  and  Judas  Mac- 
cabseus. 

Maccabees,  Books  of  the.  The  last  two  books 
of  the  Apocrypha.  They  contain  a record  of  the  he- 


Maccabees,  Books  of  the 

roio  struggles  of  the  Maccabees  from  168  to  136  B.  c.  The 
first  book  was  written  in  Hebrew,  the  second  in  Greek. 

Maccabees,  The,  G.  Die  Makkabaer.  An 

opera  by  Rubinstein,  first  produced  at  Berlin, 
1875. 

Mac  Calain  More  (ma-kal'an  mor).  A name 
given  to  the  earls,  marquises,  and  dukes  of 

Argyll. 

McCall  (ma-kal'),  George  Archibald.  Born  at 
Bhiladelphia,  March  16,  1802:  died  at  West 
Chester,  Ra.,  Feb.  25,  1868.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1822,  and  served  in 
the  Florida  and  Mexican  wars,  and  in  the  Federal  army, 
Virginia,  1861-62.  In  May,  1861,  he  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  commanded  at  the 
battle  of  Mechanicsville,  June  26,  1862,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  on  June  30,  and  confined  for  several  weeks  in 
+ Libby  prison.  He  resigned  in  March,  1863. 

M'Carthy  (ma-kar'thi),  Justin.  Bom  at  Cork, 
Nov.  22,  1830:  died  at  Folkestone,  April  24, 
1912.  An  Irish  journalist,  politician,  historian, 
and  novelist.  He  was  a Home  Rule  member  of  Parlia- 
ment 1879-1900,  and  on  the  fall  of  Parnell  became  the  chair- 
man of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  party  : resigned  Jan.,  1896. 
His  works  include  “ History  of  Our  Own  Times ' 1 (1878-80 : 
completed  1905),  “History  of  the  Four  Georges"  (1884), 
“The  Epoch  of  Reform"  (1882),  “A  Fair  Saxon”  (1873), 
“Donna  Quixote”  (1879),  “Camiola”  (1885),  etc.  With 
Mrs.  Campbell-Praed  he  wrote  the  novels  “The  Right 
Honorable  ” (1886),  “The  Rebel  Rose  ” (1887),  etc. 

Macchiavelli.  See  Machiavelli. 

McClellan  (ma-klel'an),  George  Brinton.  Bom 

at  Bhiladelphia,  Dec.  3, 1826:  died  at  Orange, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  29,  1885.  A celebrated  American 
general  and  statesman.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
In  1846 ; served  in  the  Mexican  war  1846-48 ; was  sent  to 
Europe  during  the  Crimean  war  to  report  on  military  sys- 
tems (1855-56) ; and  was  occupied  with  railroad  business 
1857-6L  In  May,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  major-general 
in  the  United  States  army,  and  was  appointed  commander 
of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio.  His  success  in  West  Vir- 
ginia in  June  and  July  led  to  his  appointment  as  com- 
mander of  the  Department  of  the  Potomac  in  August.  He 
organized  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  ; was  general-in-chief 
of  the  armies  Nov.  1, 1861, -March  11, 1862  ; conducted  the 
Peninsula  campaign  March-August,  1862 ; commanded  at 
Antietam  Sept.  17,  1862  ; and  was  superseded  by  Burnside 
Nov.  10,  1862.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the 
Democratic  party  for  the  presidency  in  1864,  and  was  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  1878-81.  He  wrote  “ McClellan’s 
Own  Story " (1886),  military  reports,  text-books,  etc. 

McClernand  (ma-kler'nand).  John  Alexander. 

Bom  May  30,  "1812:  "died  Sept.  20,  1900. 
An  American  general  and  politician,  a lawyer 
by  profession,  he  joined  the  Federal  army  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War,  and  was  appointed  a brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers.  He  served  at  Belmont  and  at  Fort 
Donelson  (where  he  commanded  the  right  of  the  line,  and 
for  his  services  was  promoted  major-general),  and  led  a 
division  at  Shiloh.  Herelieved  Sherman  in  the  command 
of  the  expedition  against  Vicksburg  in  1863,  and  captured 
Arkansas  Post  in  the  same  year.  He  led  the  13th  army 
corps  until  July,  1863,  and  resigned  in  Nov.,  1864. 

Macclesfield  (mak'lz-feld).  A manufacturing 
town  in  Cheshire,  England,  16  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Manchester.  Population,  34,624. 
M'Clintock  (ma-klin'tok),  Sir  Francis  Leo- 
pold. Born  at  Dundalk,  Ireland,  July  8, 1819: 
died  at  London,  Nov.  17,  1907.  A British  ad- 
miral and  arctic  explorer.  He  took  part  in  various 
Franklin  relief  expeditions,  commanding  the  final  expedi- 
tion 1857-59.  In  1851  he  made  a sledge  journey  of  about 
760  miles  along  the  north  shore  of  Parry  Sound. 

McClintock,  Jobn.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
27, 1814:  died  at  Madison,  N.  J.,  March  4,  1870. 
An  American  clergyman  and  theologian  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Drew 
Theological  Seminary  (Madison,  New  Jersey) 
1867-70.  He  was  the  leading  editor  of  McClintock  and 
Strong’s  “Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical,  Theological,  and  Eccle- 
siastical Literature  ’’  (1867-81). 

McCloskey(ma-klos'ki),  John.  Born  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  March  20,  1810:  died  at  New  York, 
Oct.  10,  1885.  An  American  prelate.  He  was 
president  of  St.  John’s  College,  Fordham,  New  York,  1841- 
1842 ; was  appointed  bishop  inpartibus  in  1844  ; was  bish- 
op of  Albany  1847-64  ; became  archbishop  of  New  York  in 
1864  ; and  was  created  the  first  American  cardinal  in  1875. 
McCluer  Inlet.  An  arm  of  the  sea  on  the  north- 
western coast  of  New  Guinea. 

M'Clure  (ma-klor'),  Sir  Robert  John  Le  Me- 
surier.  Born  at  Wexford,  Ireland,  Jan.  28, 
1807 : died  at  London,  Oct. , 1873.  A British  na- 
val officer  and  arctic  explorer.  He  discovered  the 
northwest  passage  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  1850-54. 

McCook  (ma-kuk'),  Alexander  McDowell. 
Born  April  22,  1831 : died  June  12,  1903.  An 
American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1853 ; served  in  New  Mexico  against  the  Indians  1852-67, 
commanded  the  1st  Ohio  regiment  at  Bull  Run,  and  was 
brevetted  major ; became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
in  Sept.,  1861,  and  major-general  in  1862  ; and  served  at 
Shiloh,  Min  freesboro,  Chickamuuga,  and  elsewhere.  He 
was  brevetted  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  in 
1865.  In  1880  he  became  colonel  of  the  6th  infantry,  and 
later  took  charge  of  the  military  school  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth. Brigadier-general,  U.  S.  A.,  1890 ; major-general 
1894 ; retired  1896. 

McCormick  (rna-kor'mik),  Cyrus  Hall.  Born 


635 

at  Walnut  Grove,  W.  Va.,  Feb.  15,  1809:  died 
at  Chicago,  May  13,  1884.  An  American  manu- 
facturer, the  inventor  of  a reaping-machine. 
McCosh  (ma-kosh'),  James.  Born  at  Carske- 
och,  Ayrshire,  April  1,  1811 : died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  16,  1894.  A Scottish- American 
philosopher  and  educator.  He  was  professor  at 
Belfast,  Ireland,  1851-68  ; president  of  Princeton  College, 
New  Jersey,  1868-88.  Among  his  works  are  “Method  of 
the  Divine  Government  ’’  (18 j0),  “Intuitions of  the  Mind  " 
(1860),  “The  Supernatural  in  Relation  to  the  Natural" 
(1862),  “Examination  of  Mill’s  Philosophy,  etc.”  (1866), 
“ Laws  of  Discursive  Thought  ’’  (1869),  “ Christianity  and 
Positivism  ”(1871),  “The  Scottish  Philosophy  "(1874),  “The 
Development  Theory,  etc.”  (1876),  “Philosophic  Series” 
(1882-86:  republished  as  “Realistic  Philosophy  defended 
iu  a Philosophic  Series,”  1887),  “Psychology,  etc."  (1887), 
“Religious  Aspects  of  Evolution”  (1888). 

McCrea  (ma-kra/),  Jane.  Born  in  New  Jersey, 
1754:  killed  near  Fort  Edward,  N.  Y.,  July  27, 
1777.  An  American  woman,  murdered  (it  is 
said)  by  Indian  allies  of  Burgoyne. 

M'Crie  (ma-kre'),  Thomas.  Born  at  Duns, 
Nov.,  1772 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  5, 1835.  A 
Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  author. 
His  works  includea  “ Life  of  John  Knox  ” (1812),  “ Life  of 
Andrew  Melville”  (1819),  “The  Reformation  in  Italy” 
(1827),  etc. 

McCulloch  (ma-kul'o),  Ben.  Born  in  Ruther- 
ford County,  Tennessee,  Nov.  11,  1811:  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Ark.,  March  7, 1862. 
An  American  general  iu  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice. He  served  in  Texas  under  Houston,  and  in  the 
Mexican  war.  He  commanded  at  Wilson’s  Creek  1861,  and 
led  a corps  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge. 

Macculloch.  (ma-kul'och),  Horatio.  Born  at 
Glasgow  in  Nov.,  1805:  died  at  Edinburgh,  June 
24, 1867.  A Scottish  landscape-painter.  He  be- 
gan to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1829,  and 
was  elected  an  academician  in  1838,  about  which  time  he 
settled  at  Edinburgh.  Among  his  best-known  pictures 
are  “Inverlochy  Castle,”  “Evening,”  and  “A  Lowland 
River’’  — all  in  the  National  Gallery  in  Scotland. 
McCulloch,  Hugh.  Born  at  Kennebunk,  Maine, 
Dec.  7,  1808 : died  May  24,  1895.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  comptroller  of  tlie  currency 
1863-65,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury  1865-69 
and  1884-85.  He  funded  the  national  debt  dur- 
ing his  first  term  as  secretary. 

Macculloch  (ma-kul'och),  John.  Born  in 
Guernsey,  Oct.  6,  1773 : died  Aug.  20,  1835.  A 
Scottish  geologist.  He  graduated  as  M.  D.  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1793  ; became  chemist  to  the  board  of  ordnance 
in  1803 ; practised  medicine  at  Blackheath  1807-11  ; and 
was  employed  by  the  government  in  various  scientific  ca- 
pacities, being  appointed  geologist  to  the  trigonometrical 
survey  about  1814.  He  was  for  a time  lecturer  on  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich, and  afterward  at  the  East  India  Company’s  College 
at  Addiscombe.  Among  his  works  are  “A  Description  of 
the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland,  including  the  Isle  of  Man” 
(1819),  and  “Highlands  and  Western  Isles  of  Scotland” 
(1824). 

M’Culloch,  John  Ramsay.  Born  at  Whithorn, 
Wigtownshire,  March  1,  1789 : died  at  London, 
Nov.  11,  1864.  A Scottish  statistician  and  po- 
litical economist.  He  studied  at  Edinburgh  without 
taking  a degree;  was  editor  of  the  “Scotsman”  1818-20; 
was  professor  of  political  economy  at  the  University  of 
London  (now  University  College)  1828-32 ; and  was  comp- 
troller of  the  stationery  office  from  1838  until  his  death. 
Among  his  chief  publications  are  “The  Principles  of  Polit- 
ical Economy  ” (1825),  “A  Dictionary,  Practical,  Theoreti- 
cal, and  Historical,  of  Commerce  and  Commercial  Naviga- 
tion ”(1832),  and  “AStatistical  Accountof  the  British  Em- 
pire” (1837),  the  last  of  which  was  written  in  collaboration 
with  others. 

McCullough  (ma-kul'o),  John  Edward.  Born 
at  Coleraine,  Ireland,  Nov.  2,  1837 : died  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  8,  1885.  An  American 
tragedian.  He  was  brought  to  the  United  States  in 
1853,  and  in  1855  made  his  first  appearance  at  Philadelphia. 
He  played  much  with  Forrest,  who  left  him  his  manu- 
script plays  and  regarded  him  as  his  histrionic  successor. 
In  1884  he  broke  down  both  mentally  and  physically,  and 
died  insane. 

Macdonald  (mak-do-nal'),  Etienne  Jacques 
Joseph  Alexandre,  Due  de  Tarente.  Born  at 
Sancerre,  Cher,  France,  Nov.  17,1765:  died  at 
his  chateau  Courcelles,  near  Guise,  Loire,  Sept. 
25, 1840.  A French  marshal.  He  adopted  the  cause 
of  the  French  Revolution  ; fought  as  colonel  at  Jemappes 
in  1792,  becoming  brigadier-general  in  the  same  year  and 
general  of  division  in  1795  for  his  services  under  Piche- 
gru  ; fought  on  the  Rhine  and  in  Italy  in  1796 ; was  made 
governor  of  the  Roman  States  in  1798  and  of  Naples  in 
1799;  was  defeated  by  Suvaroff  at  the  Trebbia  June  17-19, 
1799 ; made  the  passage  of  the  Splugen  in  1801 ; was  espe- 
cially distinguished  at  Wagram  July  6,  1809,  where  he 
earned  the  rank  of  marshal ; commanded  the  left  wing  in 
the  Russian  invasion  in  1812  ; and  served  in  the  campaigns 
ol  1813-14.  He  was  defeated  at  Katzbach  in  1813. 

Macdonald  (mak-don'ald),  Flora.  Born  in 
1722:  died  at  Kingsbu^gh,  March  5,  1790.  A 
Scottish  Jacobite  heroine.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Ranald  Macdonald,  a farmer  in  South  Uist,  an  island  of 
the  Hebrides.  She  assisted  Prince  Charles  Edward,  who 
was  a fugitive  after  the  battle  of  Culloden,  to  escape,  dis- 
used as  her  female  attendant,  from  the  island  of  Ben- 
ecula  to  Skye,  June  27,  1716.  In  1750  she  married  Allan 


Macedonia 

Macdonald,  with  whom  she  emigrated  to  North  Carolina 
in  1774,  and  who  became  a brigadier-general  in  the  British 
army  in  the  American  Revolution.  She  returned  in  1779 
to  Scotland,  and  was  afterward  rejoined  by  her  husband. 

MacDonald,  George.  Born  at  Huntly,  Scot- 
land, iu  1824 : died  Sept.  18,  1905.  A Scottish 
novelist  and  poet.  Among  his  works  are  “Phan- 
tastes,”  a poem  (1858),  “ David  Elginbrod  ” (1862),  “ Alec 
Forbes  of  Howglen  ” (1865),  “Annals  of  a Quiet  Neighbor- 
hood” (1866),  “The  Seaboard  Parish"  (1868),  “Robert 
Falconer  ” (1868),  “ Wilfrid  Cumbermede  ” (1871),  “ Mal- 
colm” (1874),  “The  Marquis  of  Lossie”  (1877),  “Sir 
Gibbie"  (1879),  “What’s  Mine ’s  Mine”  (1886),  “The  Elect 
Lady  ” (1888),  etc.  He  also  wrote  a number  of  books  for 
the  young,  and  “Unspoken  Sermons"  (1866-89)  and  “The 
Miracles  of  Our  Lord  ’’  (1870). 

Macdonald,  John.  Died  about  1498.  The  fourth 
and  last  Lord  of  the  Isles,  and  eleventh  Earl  of 
Ross. 

Macdonald,  John,  called  “The  Apostle  of  the 
North.”  Born  at  Reay,  Caithness,  Nov.  12,1779: 
died  at  Urquhart,  April  16,  1849.  A Scottish 
Presbyterian  clergyman . He  was  a man  of  great  in- 
fluence as  a maintainer  and  promoter  of  evangelical  reli- 
gion in  the  north  of  Scotland. 

Macdonald,  Sir  John  Alexander.  Born  at  Glas- 
gow, Jan.  11, 1815:  died  at  his  residence,  Earns- 
cliffe  Hall,  near  Ottawa,  June  6,  1891.  A noted 
Canadian  Conservative  politician.  He  became  re- 
ceiver-general in  1847  ; attorney-general  for  Canada  West 
(an  office  which  he  repeatedly  held)  1854;  prime  minister 
i857-58  (Cartier  assuming  the  premiership  in  the  latter 
year,  the  ministry  being  known  as  the  “Cartier- Macdon- 
ald ” until  its  downfall  in  1862) ; prime  minister  1868-73 ; 
and  again  1878-91.  He  was  one  of  the  British  commis- 
sioners who  signed  the  treaty  of  Washington.  His  great 
political  service  was  the  effecting  of  Canadian  federation. 

Macdonald,  Lawrence.  Born  at  Gask,  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  1798 : died  at  Rome,  March  4, 
1878.  A Scottish  sculptor. 

McDonough  (mak-don'o),  Thomas.  Born  in 
New  Castle  County,  Del.,  Dec.  23, 1783:  died  at 
sea,  Nov.  16, 1825.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  defeated  the  British  squadron  under  Downie  on  Lake 
Champlain  Sept.  11,  1814,  and  was  appointed  captain  in 
that  year. 

McDougall  (mak-do'gal),  Alexander.  Born 

on  the  island  of  Islay,  Scotland,  1731:  died  at 
New  York,  June  8,  1786.  An  American  Revo- 
lutionary general.  He  was  defeated  at  White  Plains 
1776.  In  1777  he  was  pronioted  major-general  He  was 
chosen  a delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  1780  and 
1784. 

McDowell  (mak-dou'el),  Irvin.  Bora  near 
Columbus,  Ohio,  Oct.  15, 1818 : died  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, May  5, 1885.  An  American  major-general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1838,  and  taught  there  1841- 
1845  ; served  in  the  Mexican  war  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen- 
eral Wool,  and  acting  adjutant-general,  being  brevetted 
captain  for  his  services  at  Buena  Vista  ; was  made  briga- 
dier-general May  14,  1861,  and  given  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  Northeastern  Virginia,  and  in  a few  days  (May 
29)  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  commanded  at  Bull 
Run  in  1861 ; was  commander  of  a corps  (Army  of  the  Rap- 
pahannock) in  Virginia  in  1862;  served  at  Cedar  Mountain 
and  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run ; and  was  later  a de- 
partment commander.  He  was  promoted  major-general 
in  the  United  States  army  in  1872. 

Macdowell,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Belfast,  Aug.  12, 
1799:  died  at  London,  Dec.  9,  1870.  An  Irish 
sculptor.  He  studied  under  Pierre  Francois  Chenn,  a 
French  sculptor,  at  London ; first  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1822;  and  became  an  academician  in  1846.  He 
executed  marble  statues  of  William  Pitt  and  the  Earl  of 
Chatham,  and  designed  the  group  typical  of  Europe  for 
the  Albert  memorial  in  Hyde  Park. 

Macduff  (mak-duf').  A Scottish  hero,  thane  or 
earl  of  Fife.  According  to  tradition,  he  was  the  chief 
instrument  in  overthrowing  the  usurper  Macbeth  at  the 
battle  of  Lumphanan  in  Aberdeenshire,  Aug.  15, 1067,  and 
in  restoring  Malcolm  Canmore  to  the  Scottish  throne.  For 
this  service  he  was  granted,  among  other  privileges,  that 
of  a sanctuary  to  which  he  and  his  successors  might  flee  in 
case  of  committing  unpremeditated  slaughter.  This  sanc- 
tuary consisted  of  a cross,  called  the  Cross  Macduff,  which 
stood  north  of  Newburgh,  in  the  pass  leading  to  Strath- 
earn:  its  pedestal  still  remains;  the  cross  itself  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Reformers  in  1559.  He  appears  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “ Macbeth  ”as  a man  once  mild  and  compassionate, 
but  divested  of  the  milk  of  human  kindness  by  the  exter- 
mination of  his  family. 

McDuffie  (mak-duf 'i),  George.  Born  in  Colum- 
bia County  (now  Warren  County),  Ga.,  1788: 
died  in  Sumter  district,  S.  C.,  March  11, 1851. 
An  American  statesman  and  orator,  a promi- 
nent supporter  of  nullification.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1821-34;  governor  of 
South  Carolina  1834-36;  and  United  States  senator  1843- 
1846. 

Macedo  (mii-sa'do),  Joaquim  Manuel  de. 

Born  at  Itaborahy,  province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
June  24,  1820:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  April 
11,  1882.  A Brazilian  author,  in  i860  he  became 
professor  of  history  in  the  Pedro  II.  College.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  romances  “A  Moreninha,"  “O  Forasteiro,” 
etc.,  and  “A  Nebulosa,"  a romance  in  blank  verse  which 
appeared  in  1857.  His  “Corographia  do  Brasil”  (2  vols. 
1873)  had  a wide  circulation. 

Macedon.  See  Macedonia. 

Macedonia  (mas-e-do'ni-ii).  [Gr.  Maw Jovi'a.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a country  of  southeastern 


Macedonia  636 


Europe,  of  vague  limits.  It  lay  north  of  the  /Egean 
Sea  and  Thessaly,  east  of  Illyria,  and  west  of  Thrace,  sepa- 
rated from  Illyria  by  the  Scardus  Mountains.  The  chief 
rivers  were  the  Axius  (Vardar)  and  Strymon;  the  chief 
cities,  Edessa,  Pella,  and  Thessalonica.  Macedonia  was 
not  originally  a part  of  Hellas.  It  first  became  powerful 
under  Philip.  (See  Macedonian  Empire.)  Its  possession 
was  contested  by  Alexander’s  successors,  and  was  finally 
obtained  by  Antigonus  Gonatas  about  278.  The  Macedo- 
nians were  defeated  by  Home  at  Cynoscephalas  in  197,  and 
finally  at  Pydna  in  168,  and  Macedonia  was  made  a Roman 
province  in  146.  It  is  now  a part  of  Turkey,  its  inhabitants 
being  chiefly  Bulgarians,  Greeks,  and  Turks. 
Macedonia.  A diocese  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  later  Roman  prefecture  of  Illyricum  (Mace- 
donia, Epirus,  and  Greece). 

Macedonian  (mas-e-do'ni-an)  Empire.  The 
empire  built  up  by  Philip  (who  reigned  359-336 
b.  c.)  and  Alexander  the  Great  (336-323).  it 
included  at  its  greatest  extent  Macedonia,  Greece,  Thrace, 
Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Egypt,  Mesopotamia,  Babylonia,  As- 
syria, part  of  Armenia,  and  the  countries  comprised  in  the 
modern  Persia,  Afghanistan,  Baluchistan,  western  India, 
and  a large  part  of  central  Asia.  The  empire  was  divided 
under  Alexander’s  successors  — the  chief  divisions  being 
Macedonia,  Egypt,  Syria,  Pergamum,  Bithynia,  Rhodes, 
and  Greek  states. 

Macedonians  (mas-e-do'ni-anz).  1.  The  natives 
or  inhabitants  of  ancient  Macedonia.  The  Macedo- 
nians, the  conquerors  of  Greece  and  of  many  other  coun- 
tries, have  generally  been  regarded  as  not  Hellenes,  or  gen- 
uine Greeks,  although  they  used  the  Greek  language. 

West  of  the  Thracian  district  in  antiquity  was  the  abode 
of  the  Macedonians,  whose  language,  in  spite  of  the  scanty 
remains  in  which  it  is  preserved  to  us,  shows  itself  un- 
doubtedly to  be  Greek  and  nearly  related  to  Doric.  There 
has  then  rightly  been  a tendency,  gathering  strength  of 
late,  to  regard  the  tribe  of  the  Macedonians  as  the  portion, 
left  behind  in  the  north,  of  the  Greek  people,  whose  origi- 
nal abode  was  at  the  foot  of  Olympus,  and  perhaps  even 
further  north  still. 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  431. 
2.  The  followers  of  Macedonius,  bishop  of  Con- 
stantinople in  the  4th  century,  who  denied  the 
distinct  existence  and  Godhead  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  which  he  conceived  to  be  a creature  or 
merely  a divine  energy  diffused  through  the 
universe.  Members  of  this  sect  were  also  known  as 
Marathonians and  Pneumatomachi.  TheSemi-Arians were 
often  called  by  this  name,  and  the  name  of  Semi-Arians 
was  also  given  to  the  Macedonians  in  the  proper  sense. 

Macedonian  Wars.  Wars  between  Rome  and 
Macedonia:  (1)  214-205  b.  c.,  when  Philip  V. 
fought  in  alliance  with  Carthage;  (2)  200-197, 
when  Philip  V.  was  defeated  by  Flamininus  at 
Cynoscephake  (197) ; (3)  171-168,  when  Perseus 
was  defeated  by  rEmilius  Paulus  at  Pydna  (168) ; 
(4)  149-148,  soon  after  which  Macedonia  was 
made  a Roman  province. 

Macedonius  (mas-e-do'ni-us).  Died  about  360. 
Patriarch  of  Constantinople.  He  was  ordained 
by  the  Arian  party  in  341,  and  deposed  in  360. 
Maceio (ma-sa-yo'), orMagayo (ma-si-o').  The 
capital  of  the  state  of  Alagoas,  Brazil,  situated 
near  the  coast,  lat.  (of  lighthouse)  9°  40'  S.,  long. 
35°  45'  W.  Population,  municipio,  33,000. 
McEntee  (mak'en-te),  Jervis.  Born  at  Ron- 
dout,  N.  Y.,  July  14,  1828:  died  there,  Jan.  27, 
1891.  An  American  painter  of  landscapes  and 
figures.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy in  1861.  He  was  particularly  noted  for  his  autumn 
and  winter  landscapes. 

Macerata  (ma-cha-ra'ta).  1.  A province  in 
the  compartimento  of  the  Marches,  Italy. 
Area,  1,087  square  miles.  Population,  259,576. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Macerata, 
situated  in  lat.  43°  18'  N.,  long.  13°  26'  E.  It 
has  a university  and  a cathedral.  Population, 
commune,  22,784. 

Maceroni  (It.  pron.  ma-cha-ro'ne),  Francis. 
Born  at  Manchester  in  1788:  died  at  London, 
July  25,  1846.  An  English  inventor  and  mili- 
tary adventurer.  He  was  of  Italian  extraction  ; was 
an  aide-de-camp,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  to  Murat,  king 
of  Naples,  In  1814 ; and  afterward  received  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  in  the  service  of  the  Republic  of  Colom- 
bia, for  which  he  procured  supplies  of  men  and  arms  at 
Paris  and  London.  He  invented  an  improved  steam-coach 
for  common  roads,  which  was,  however,  rendered  valueless 
by  the  introduction  of  railways.  He  published  “Interest- 
ing Facts  Relating  to  the  Fall  and  Death  of  Joachim  Mu- 
rat, King  of  Naples”  (1817). 

Macfarren  (mak-far'en),  Sir  George  Alexan- 
der. Born  at  London,  March  2,  1813:  died 
there,  Oct.  31, 1887.  An  English  composer  and 
writer  on  music.  He  was  professor  at  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy of  Music  1834,  and  principal  1875.  Among  his 
works  are  the  operas  “The  Devil’s  Opera”  (1838),  “Don 
Quixote  ” (1846),  “ Robin  Hood  ” (18601,  “Jessy  Lea  ’’  (1863), 
etc.,  and  the  oratorios  “St.  John  the  Baptist”  (1873),  “The 
Resurrection ” (1876),  “Joseph”  (1877),  besides  a number 
of  cantatas  aud  numerous  cathedral  services,  etc.  He  also 
published  the  “ Rudiments  of  Harmony  ’’  (I860),  “ Six  Lec- 
tures on  Harmony"  (1866),  etc.,  and  harmonized  Chap- 
pell’s “Popular  Music  of  the  Olden  Time."  His  eyesight 
gradually  failed,  and  from  about  1860  he  was  totally  blind. 

McFingal  (mak-fing'gal).  A Hudibrastic  epic 
poem  by  John  Trumbull.  The  first  canto  was  pub- 


lished in  1775  and  the  whole  in  1782.  It  describes  the  char- 
acter and  manners  of  the  times,  and  contains  an  account, 
of  the  “American  Contest,  ” Many  editions  were  published. 

Macfirbis  (mak-fer'bis),  Duald;  Eng.  Dudley 
Ferbisie,  Ir.  Dubhaltach  MacFirbhisigh. 

Born  in  1585:  died  in  1670.  The  last  of  the 
hereditary  chroniclers  of  Ireland.  His  chief 
work  is  a manuscript  treatise  on  Irish  genealogy, 
completed  in  1650. 

MacFlecknoe,  or  a Satire  on  the  True  Blue 
Protestant  Poet  T.  S.  A satirical  poem  by 
Dryden  (1682),  directed  against  Shadwell:  it 
served  as  a model  for  the  “Dunciad.”  Flecknoe 
was  a Roman  Catholic  priest  very  much  addicted  to  scrib- 
bling verses.  His  name  has  been  chiefly  preserved  by  this 
satire,  in  which  the  author  has  depicted  Shadwell  as  the 
literary  son  and  heir  of  this  “ wretched  poetaster.  ” 

McFlimsey  (mak-flim'zi),  Plora.  The  subject 
of  William  Allen  Butler’s  satirical  poem 
“Nothing  to  Wear.” 

MacGakan  (ma-gan'),  Januarius  Aloysius. 

Born  in  Ohio,  June  12,  1844:  died  at  Constanti- 
nople, June  10,  1878.  An  American  journalist 
and  war  correspondent.  He  was  correspondent  for 
the  “New  York  Herald”  during  the  Frauco-Prussian 
war  1870-71  ; went  on  the  Russian  expedition  against 
Khiva  in  1873,  described  in  “Campaigning  on  the  Oxus, 
and  the  Fall  of  Khiva  ’’ ; accompanied  the  Arctic  expedi- 
tion on  the  Pandora  in  1875,  described  in  “ Under  the 
Northern  Lights.”  In  1876  he  began  a celebrated  series 
of  letters  to  the  London  “Daily  News,”  on  tile  Bulgarian 
atrocities. 

McGee  (ma-ge'),  Thomas  D’Arcy.  Born  at 
Carlingford,  Ireland,  April  13, 1825 : killed  at  Ot- 
tawa, Canada,  April  7, 1868.  An  Irish  journal- 
ist in  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  and 
Canada.  He  wrote  “Irish  Settlers  in  Amer- 
ica” (1851),  “History  of  Ireland”  (1862),  etc. 

MacGillicuddy’s  Reeks  (ma-gil-i-kud'iz  reks). 
The  highest  mountain-range  in  Ireland,  situ- 
ated in  County  Kerry  west  of  the  Lakes  of  Kil- 
larney.  Height,  about  3,400  feet. 

McGiiEvray  (ma-gil'i-vra),  Alexander.  Bom 
in  Alabama  about  1740:  died  at  Pensacola,  Fla., 
Feb.  17, 1793.  A chief  of  the  Creek  Indians. 

MacGillivray,  William.  Born  at  Old  Aber- 
deen, Jan.  25,  1796:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Sept.  4, 
1852.  A Scottish  naturalist,  especially  noted 
as  an  ornithologist.  He  was  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory  in  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  from  1841.  His  chief 
work  is  a “History  of  British  Birds”  (1837-52). 

Macgregor  (ma-greg' or),  John.  Born  atGraves- 
end,  England,  Jan.  24, 1825:  died  at  Boscombe, 
near  Bournemouth,  July  16, 1892.  An  English 
traveler.  He  wrote  “A  Thousand  Miles  in  the  Pmh  Roy 
Canoe  on  Rivers  and  Lakes  in  Europe”  (1860),  “The  Rob 
Roy  on  the  Jordan,  Red  Sea,  and  Gennesareth  ” (1809),  etc. 

Macgregor,  or  Campbell,  Robert,  commonly 
called  Rob  Roy.  Born  in  1671 : died  Dec.  28, 
1734.  A Scottish  freebooter.  See  Rob  Roy. 

Machault,  or  Machaut  (raa-sho'),  Guillaume 
de.  Born  about  1284:  died  after  1370.  A French 
poet  and  musician.  Chaucer’s  indebtedness  to  him  is 
marked.  “ A native  of  Champagne  and  of  noble  birth,  he 
early  entered,  like  most  of  the  lesser  nobility  of  the  period, 
the  service  of  great  feudal  lords.  He  was  chamberlain  to 
Philip  the  Fair,  and  at  his  death  became  the  secretary  of 
John  of  Luxembourg,  the  well-known  king  of  Bohemia. 
After  the  death  of  this  prince  at  Cr&cy,  he  returned  to  the 
service  of  the  court  of  France  and  served  John  and  Charles 

V. ,  finally,  as  it  appears,  becoming  in  someway  connected 
with  Pierre  de  Lusignan,  king  of  Cyprus.  His  works  were 
very  numerous,  amounting  in  all  to  some  80,000  lines,  of 
which,  until  recently,  nothing  hut  a few  extracts  was  in 
print.  In  the  last  few  years,  however,  ‘La  Prise  d’Alexan- 
drie,’  a rhymed  chronicle  of  the  exploits  of  Lusignan,  and 
the  ‘ Voir  Dit,’  a curious  love-poem  in  the  style  of  the  age, 
have  been  printed.  Besides  these,  his  works  include  nu- 
merous ballades,  etc.,  and  several  long  poems  in  tire  style 
of  those  of  Froissart.”  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  102. 

Macheath  (mak-heth'),  Captain.  The  principal 
character  in  Gay’s  ‘ ‘ Beggar’s  Opera  ” : a gay  and 
dissolute  highwayman. 

Machias  (ma-chi'as).  A seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Washington  County,  Maine,  situated  on 
Machias  River  in  lat.  44°  43'  N.,  long.  67°  27' 

W.  Population,  2,089,  (1910). 

Machiavelli  (mak-i-a-vel'li),  Niccolo.  Born  at 

Florence,  May  3,  1469:  died  at  Florence,  June 
22,  1527.  A celebrated  Italian  statesman  and 
author.  He  was  descended  from  a noble  but  impoverished 
family,  and  was  the  son  of  Bernardo  Machiavelli,  a jurist. 
He  is  said  to  have  studied  under  Marcello  Virgilio  Adriani, 
although  little  is  known  of  his  youth  and  education.  He 
was  in  1498  appointed  secretary  to  the  Dieci  di  Liberty  e 
Pace  at  Florence,  by  whom  he  was  employed  in  numerous 
diplomatic  missions  to  the  petty  states  of  Italy,  to  France, 
and  to  Germany.  He  was  deprived  of  office  on  the  return 
of  the  banished  Medici  in  1512,  and  in  1513  was  impris- 
oned and  put  to  the  torture  on  suspicion  of  conspiring 
against  Giovanni  de’  Medici.  He  was,  however,  released 
in  the  same  year,  and  retired  to  a country  estate  near  San 
Caseiano,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits. 
His  chief  works  are  “II  Principe ’’(“The  Prince”),  “Isto- 
rie  florentine’’(“  Horen  tine  History  ”),  “Arte  della  guerra  ” 
(“Art  of  War"),  “Discorsi”  (essays  on  Livy  and  govern- 
ment), “ Mandragola  ” and  other  comedies.  His  complete 
works  were  edited  in  8 Vols.  in  1813.  (See  Principe,  II.) 
Also  Macchiavelli. 


McKean 

Machin  (mak'in),  or  Macham  (-am),  Robert. 
The  legendary  discoverer  of  Madeira.  He  is  rep- 
resented as  an  English  squire  who  fled  from  England  with 
his  inamorata,  Annad’Arsetor  Dorset,  daughterof  a power- 
ful noble  at  the  court  of  Edward  III.  The  vessel  in  which 
he  sailed  was  driven  by  stress  of  weather  to  the  coast  of 
an  unknown  island,  where  he  landed  with  part  of  the  crew 
at  a port  which  they  named  Machico.  During  their  ab- 
sence the  ship  was  driven  out  to  sea,  and  Anna,  who  had 
remained  on  board,  died  of  grief  and  fatigue,  while  Machin 
and  his  companions  made  their  way  to  Spain  and  thence 
to  England.  His  story  incited  the  Spanish  and  the  Portu- 
guese to  search  for  the  island,  which  was  found  by  Gonsal- 
vez  Zarco  in  1419.  The  legend  was  first  printed  in  the 
“ Descobrimentos  ” of  Antonio  Galvano  (1503-57),  of  which 
Hakluyt  published  a translation  in  1601. 

Machpelah  (mak-pe'la).  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a cave  in  Hebron,  Palestine : the  burial- 
place  of  the  patriarchs.  See  Hebron. 

Macias  el  Enamorado  (ma-the'as  el  a-na-mo- 
ra'THo).  [‘  Macias  the  lover.’]  A Spanish  gen- 
tleman and  troubadour  of  the  first  half  of  the 
15th  centiuy.  He  fell  in  love  with  the  wife  of  a knight 
of  Porcuna.  He  expressed  his  passion  in  his  verses,  arid 
was  finally  imprisoned  and  killed  by  the  husband  while  he 
was  singing  her  praises  at  the  window  of  his  prison.  His 
few  poems  were  greatly  admired,  and  constant  allusions 
to  him  and  his  fate  were  made  in  ballads  and  popular 
songs.  Ticknor. 

Maciejowice  (ma-eba-yo-vit'se).  A village  in 
Poland,  about  45  miles  south-southeast  of  War- 
saw. Here,  Oct.  10,  1794,  the  Russians  under 
Fersen  defeated  the  Poles  under  Kosciuszko. 
Maciej  owski  ( m a-eha-yo  v ' ske ) , W aclaw  Alex- 
ander. Born  1793 : died  Feb.  10, 1883.  A Polish 
historian,  professor  at  Warsaw.  He  wrote  a 
“History  of  Slavic  Jurisprudence”  (1832-35), 
etc. 

Maciel  Parente  (ma-se-al'  pa-ran'te),  Bento. 
Bom  about  1570:  died  in  Rio  Grande  do  Norte, 
Feb.,  1642.  A Portuguese  soldier.  Hewaspromi- 
nent  in  the  conquest  of  Maranhao  and  Pari  1616-20.  As 
governor  of  Pari  (1621-26)  he  founded  the  first  Portu- 
guese settlements  of  the  lower  Amazon.  In  1637  the  cap- 
taincy of  Cabo  do  Norte  (Brazilian  Guiana)  was  formed 
and  granted  to  him  in  perpetuity  ; and  in  1638  he  was  made 
governor-general  of  Pari  and  Maranhao.  In  Nov.,  1641,  he 
surrendered  to  the  Dutch  expedition  which  conquered 
Maranhao,  and  shortly  after  died  in  captivity. 

Mcllvaine  (mak-il-van'),  Charles  Pettit.  Bom 
at  Burlington,  N.  J.,  Jan.  18, 1799 : died  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  March  13,1873.  An  American  bishop 
and  theologian  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  He  was  bishop  of  Ohio  1832-73.  His 
best-known  work  is  “Evidences  of  Christian- 
ity” (1832). 

Macintosh  (mak'in-t.osh),  Charles.  Born  at 
Glasgow,  Dec.  29.  1766:  died  at  Dunehattan, 
near  Glasgow,  July  25,  1843.  A Scottish  chem- 
ist and  inventor.  He  introduced  from  Holland  the 
manufacture  of  sugar  of  lead  in  1786 ; started  the  first  alum- 
works  in  Scotland  iu  1797  ; and  in  1828  assisted  J.  B.  Neil- 
son  in  bringing  into  use  his  “hot-blast”  process  for  con- 
verting iron  into  steel.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  inventor 
of  the  water-proof  fabric  called  macintosh  or  mackintosh 
cloth,  patented  in  1823. 

Maelvor  (mak-e'vor),  Fergus.  A Highland 
chief,  a character  in  Scott’s  novel  “ Waverley.” 
He  was  beheaded  after  the  rout  of  the  Jacobite 
army. 

Maelvor,  Flora.  The  sister  of  Fergus  Maelvor, 
and  the  principal  female  character,  in  Scott’s 
novel  “Waverley.”  She  refuses  Waverley,  and 
after  her  brother’s  death  retires  to  a convent. 
Mack  vonLeiberich(makfonli'he-rich), Baron 
Karl.  Born  at  Nenslingen,  Franconia,  Aug.  24, 
1752:  died  at  St.  Polten,  Austria,  Oct.  22,  1828. 
An  Austrian  general.  In  1798  he  commanded  the 
Neapolitan  army  against  the  French.  He  was  sent  as  pris- 
oner of  war  to  Paris,  whence  he  escaped  in  1800  by  violat- 
ing his  parole.  He  capitulated  at  Llm  to  Napoleon  Oct. 
17,  1805. 

Mackay  (ma-M'),  Alexander  Murdoch.  Born 
at  Rhynie,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  Oct.  13, 
1849:  died  in  Usambiro,  Africa,  Feb.  8,  1890. 
A noted  African  missionary.  As  a mechanical  en- 
gineer, he  was  sent  to  Uganda  with  the  first  party  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society  in  1876,  aud  reached  his  post 
in  1878.  He  labored  in  Uganda  uninterruptedly  until  his 
death.  He  had  a great  influence  over  King  Mtesa,  was 
very  popular  among  the  people,  and  rendered  invaluable 
services  as  a pioneer  of  civilization. 

Mackay,  Charles.  Born  at  Perth,  March  27, 
1814:  died  at  London,  Dec.  24,  1889.  A Scot- 
tish poet.  He  was  editor  of  the  “Glasgow  Argus  ”1844- 
1847,  editor  of  the  “Illustrated  London  News"  1852-59, 
and  special correspondentof  theLondon  “Times  at  New 
York  during  the  Civil  War.  He  revealed  in  the  “Times" 
in  1862  the  existence  of  the  Fenian  conspiracy  in  America. 
.Among  his  works  are  “ The  Salamandrine,  or  Love  and  Im- 
mortality ’’(1842),  “Voices  from  the  Crowd  ”(1846),  “ Voices 
from  the  Mountains”  (1847),  and  “History  of  the  Mor- 
mons ” (1851). 

McKean,  or  Mackean  (ma-ken'),  Thomas. 
Born  at  New  London,  Chester  County,  Pa., 
March  19,  1734:  died  at  Philadelphia,  June  24, 
1817.  An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was 


McKean 

a member  of  Congress  from  Delaware  1774-83 ; signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776;  was  chief  justice  of 
Pennsylvania  1777-'j9  ; and  was  governor  of  Pennsylvania 
1799-1808. 

McKeesport  (ma-kez'port).  A borough  in  Al- 
legheny County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  at  the 
junctionof  the  Youghioghenyand  Monongahela, 
10  miles  southeast  of  Pittsburg.  Population, 
42,694,  (1910). 

Mackenna,  Benjamin  Vicuna.  See  Vienna 
Mackenna. 

Mackenzie  (ma-ken'zi).  [Named  for  its  dis- 
coverer, Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie.]  A river  in 
British  North  America.  It  rises  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains as  the  Athabasca,  traverses  Lake  Athabasca,  issues 
thence  as  the  Slave  River,  traverses  the  Great  Slave  Lake, 
and  issues  thence  as  the  Mackenzie.  It  flows  into  the  Arc- 
tic Ocean  about  lat.  69°  N.  Total  length,  over  2,000  miles. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Alexander.  Died  at  Mulnain, 
near  Dunkeld,  March  11,  1820.  A Scottish  ex- 
plorer. He  entered  the  service  of  the  Northwest  Fur 
Company  in  1779,  and  in  1789  commanded  an  exploring  expe- 
dition to  the  Northwest,  during  which  he  discovered  the 
Mackenzie  River,  June  29,  1789.  He  afterward  conducted 
an  expedition  from  Fort  Chippewayan  to  the  Pacific  coast, 
which  he  reached  near  Cape  Menzies,  June  22, 1793,  being 
the  first  white  man  to  make  the  overland  journey.  He  was 
knighted  in  1802.  He  published  “Voyages  on  the  River 
St.  Lawrence  and  through  the  Continent  of  North  America 
to  the  Frozen  and  Pacific  Oceans  in  the  years  1789  and  1793  “ 
(1801). 

Mackenzie,  Alexander.  Born  at  Logierait, 
near  Dunkeld,  Perthshire,  Scotland,  Jan.  28, 
1822:  died  at  Toronto,  April  17, 1892.  A Cana- 
dian politician.  He  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1812  ; be- 
came editor  of  the  “Lambton  Shield”  at  Sarnia  in  1852; 
was  elected  to  the  provincial  parliament  of  Ontario  in 
1861 ; entered  the  first  Dominion  House  of  Commons  in  1867 ; 
and  was  premier  1873-78. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  George.  Born  at  Dundee,  Scot- 
land, 1636:  died  at  London,  1691.  A Scottish 
lawyer.  He  became  king’s  advocate  in  Scotland  1677. 
He  strained  his  powers  as  prosecutor  to  such  excess,  espe- 
cially against  the  Covenanters,  that  he  was  known  as  the 
“Bloody  Mackenzie.” 

Mackenzie,  Henry.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Aug., 
1745:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  14, 1831.  A Scot- 
tish novelist.  He  wrote  “ The  Man  of  Feeling  ” (1771), 
“The  Man  of  the  World  " (1773),  “Julia  de  Roubignd” 
(1777),  etc. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Morell.  Born  at  Leytonstone, 
July  7,  1837 : died  at  London,  Feb.  3,  1892.  A 
Scottish  physician.  He  graduated  (B.  M.)  at  London 
University  in  1861 ; was  assistant  physician  to  the  London 
Hospital  1866-73 ; and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hos- 
pital for  Diseases  of  the  Throat  at  London  in  1863.  He  was 
invited  to  Berlin  in  1887  to  attend  the  Crown  Prince  of  Ger- 
many (afterward  Frederick  III  ),  who  was  attacked  with 
a malady  which  eventually  proved  to  be  cancer  of  the 
throat,  and  which  terminated  fatally  June  1 5, 1888.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Manual  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Nose” 
(1880-84)  and  “ Use  of  the  Laryngoscope  ” (1865). 
Mackenzie,  Robert  Shelton.  Born  at  Drews 
Court,  County  Limerick,  June  22, 1809:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  30,  1880.  An  Irish  author. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1852.  He  wrote  “Titian, 
a Venetian  Art-Novel”  (1843),  “Life  of  Guizot”  (1846), 
“Mornings  at  Matlock”  (1850),  “Tresillian”  (1859),  and 
“ Partnership  ‘en  Commandite,’  ”a  legal  commercial  work 
(1847).  He  edited  with  many  notes  Shell's  “ Sketches  of 
the  Irish  Bar,”  the  “ Noctes  Ambrosian®,”  De  Quiucey’s 
“ Klo8terhoim,”  Dr.  Maginu’s  works,  etc. 

Mackenzie,  William  Lyon.  Born  in  Scotland, 
March  12,  1795:  died  at  Toronto,  Canada,  Aug. 
28, 1861.  A Canadian  politician  and  journalist, 
a leader  of  the  Canadian  rising  1837-38. 
Mackinac,  or  Mackinaw  (mak'i-na),  formerly 
Michilimackinac  (mik'T-li-mak'i-na),  Strait 
of.  A strait  connecting  Lakes  Michigan  and 
Huron,  and  separating  the  northern  and  south- 
ernpeninsulas  of  Michigan. 

McKinley  (ma-kin'li),  William.  Born  at  Niles, 
Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  Jan.  29,  1843  : died  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  14,  1901.  An  American 
statesman.  He  served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the 
rank  of  major;  was  attorney  of  Stark  County,  Ohio,  1869- 
1871;  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio 
1877-91  ; was  chairman  of  tire  platform  committee  in  the 
Republican  National  Conventions  of  1884  and  1888;  was 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  in  Con- 
gress 1889-91 ; was  defeated  as  Republican  candidate  for 
member  of  Congress  in  1890 ; was  elected  governor  of  Ohio 
by  the  Republicans  in  1891 ; was  reelected  in  1893  ; and 
was  elected  President  in  1896,  and  again  in  1900.  On 
Sept.  6,  1901,  while  attending  the  Pan-American  Exposi- 
tion at  Buffalo,  he  was  shot  by  Leon  Czolgosz,  an  an- 
archist. 

McKinley  Act.  A tariff  act,  named  from  the 
chairman  (William  McKinley)  of  the  Ways  and 
Means  Committee,  which  became  law  Oct.,  1890. 

Some  of  its  leading  provisions  are  increased  duties  on  tin- 
plates, and  on  barley  and  some  other  agricultural  products ; 
a general  increase  in  the  duties  on  wool  and  woolen  and 
cotton  manufactures;  and  the  remission  of  the  duty  on  raw 
sugar  (witli  a bounty  to  domestic  sugar  producers).  An- 
other important  part  was  the  reciprocity  feature,  which 
provided  for  the  remission  of  duties  on  sugar,  molasses, 
tea,  coffee,  and  hides  from  countries  which  should  remove 
duties  on  American  imported  products.  Repealed  1894. 


637 

Mackintosh,  Sir  Janies.  Bom  at  Aldourie,  near 
Inverness,  Scotland,  Oct.  24, 1765;  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  30,  1832.  A Scottish  philosopher.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln’s  Inn,  London,  in  1796  ; 
accepted  the  recordership  of  Bombay  in  1803 ; was  com- 
missioned judge  in  the  court  of  vice-admiralty  at  Bombay 
in  1806  ; returned  to  England  in  1811 ; entered  Parliament 
in  1813  ; and  was  professor  of  law  at  Haileybury  1818 .21. 
Among  his  works  are  “Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of 
Ethical  Philosophy  ”(1830)  and  “ History  of  the  Revolution 
in  England  in  1688  ” (1834). 

Macklin  (mak'lin),  Charles.  Born  in  Ireland, 
1697  (?) : died  at  London,  July  11,  1797.  An 
English  actor  and  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of 
William  M’Laughlin,  but  changed  his  name  to  Mechlin, 
afterward  Macklin.  In  1713  he  was  a scout  or  badgemau 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life. 
He  was  playing  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  Theatre  about  1725,  and 
rose  steadily  in  public  favor  till  his  famous  appearance  as 
Shylock  in  1741.  From  this  time  he  played  constantly  in 
tragedy,  comedy,  and  farce  for  nearly  50  years.  When 
about  90  years  old  he  created  the  part  of  Sir  l’ertinax  Mac- 
sycophant  in  his  own  play  “ The  Man  of  the  World,”  one 
of  the  most  arduous  characters  in  his  large  repertory.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  also  wrote  plays,  taught  acting,  and  kept 
a coffee-house  for  some  years  in  Covent  Garden.  His  ex- 
treme quarrelsomeness  embittered  his  lifeandendangered 
his  success.  He  wrote  “King  Henry  VII.”  (produced 
1746),  “Love  a la  Mode”  (1759),  and  “The  Man  of  the 
World  ” (1781 : originally  “ The  True-born  Scotchman,” 
1766). 

Mackonochie  (ma-kon'o-ki),  Alexander  Her- 
iot.  Born  at  Farekam,  Hampshire,  Aug.  11, 
1825 : found  dead  near  Ballachulish,  Scotland, 
Dec.  17, 1887.  An  English  clergyman.  He  was 
prosecuted  from  1867  to  1882  for  ritualistic  practices  at  his 
church,  St.  Albans,  Holborn,  where  for  20  years  he  worked 
among  the  lowest  poor.  He  resigned  in  accordance  with 
the  dying  wish  of  Archbishop  Tait.  The  practices  in  ques- 
tion have  been  generally  allowed  since. 

McLane  (mak-lan'),  Louis.  Born  at  Smyrna, 
Del.,  May  28,  1786:  died  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  7, 
1857.  Ail  American  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  from  Delaware.  1827-29;  United  States  min- 
ister to  Great  Britain  1829-31 ; secretary  of  the  treasury 
1831-33 ; and  secretary  of  state  1833-34. 

McLane,  Robert  Milligan.  Born  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  June  23, 1815;  died  at  Paris,  April  16, 
1898.  An  American  diplomatist,  son  of  Louis 
McLane.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland 
1847-51,  and  United  States  minister  to  China  1863-55,  to 
Mexico  1859-60,  and  to  France  1885-88. 

Maclaren  (ma-klar'en),  Archibald.  Bom  in 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  March  2, 1755 : died 
at  London,  1826.  A Scottish  playwright.  He 
wrote  80  or  90  plays,  opei’as,  farces,  etc.,  many 
of  them  successful. 

Maclaren,  Ian.  Pseudonym  of  Dr.  John  Watson. 
Maclaurin  (mak-la'rin),  Colin.  Born  at  Kil- 
modan,  Argyllshire,  Feb.,  1698:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, June  14, 1746.  A noted  Scottish  mathe- 
matician and  physicist.  He  graduated  at  Glasgow 
about  1713 ; became’  professor  of  mathematics  in  Mari- 
schal  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1717 ; and  in  1724  wasappointed 
a deputy  professor  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
wrote  “ Geometria  Organica,  sive  Descriptio  Linearum  Cur- 
varum  Universalis  ” ( 1 720),  ‘ ' A Treatise  of  Fluxions  ” (1742), 
“A  Treatise  of  Algebra,  with  an  Appendix  De  Linearum 
Geometricarum  Proprietatibus  Generalibus”  (1748),  and 
“An  Account  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton’s  Philosophy  ” (1748). 

McLawS  (mak-laz'),  Lafayette.  Born  at  Au- 
gusta, Ga.,  Jan.  15, 1821:  died  at  Savannah,  Ga., 
July  23, 1897.  An  American  soldier  in  the  Con- 
federate service,  ne  was  promoted  major-general 
May  23, 1862,  and  commanded  a division  at  Gettysburg  and 
in  other  important  battles. 

McLean  (mak-lan'),  John.  Born  in  Morris 
County,  N.  J.,  March  11,  1785:  died  at  Cincin- 
nati, April  4,  1861.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1813- 
1816;  postmaster-general  1823-29 ; associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1829-61 ; and  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination  for  President  in 
1856  and  1860. 

Maclean  (mak-lan'),  John.  Bom  at  London, 
1835  (?) : died  there,  March  15, 1890.  An  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in 
1859.  He  was  a good  but  not  eminent  actor. 
McLennan  (mak-len'an),  John  Ferguson. 
Bom  at  Inverness,  Oct.  14, 1827 : died  at  Hayes 
Common,  Kent,  June  16, 1881.  A Scottish  sociol- 
ogist. He  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar  in  1857,  and 
in  1871  became  parliamentary  draftsman  for  Scotland. 
He  is  known  chiefly  from  his  researches  in  connection  with 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  marriage,  which  led  him  to 
adopt  the  theory,  in  which  he  had  to  some  extent  been  an- 
ticipated by  the  Swiss  jurist  Bachofen,  that  the  primitive 
form  of  marriage  was  exogamy,  of  which  polyandry  and 
polygamous  or  monogamous  monandry  were  successive 
developments.  This  theory  is  expounded  in  his  principal 
work,  “ An  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  the  Form  of  Capture 
in  Marriage  Ceremonies”  (1865). 

McLeod  (mak-loud'),  Alexander.  Born  in 
Mull,  Scotland,  Juno  12, 1774:  died  at  Now  York, 
Feb.  17,  1833.  An  American  clergyman  of  the 
Reformed  Presbyterian  Church,  and  religious 
writer.  He  was  pastor  of  the  First  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church  of  New  York  about  1801-33. 
MacLeod,  Henry  Dunning.  Born  at  Edin- 


Macon 

burgh,  1821:  died  July  16,1902.  A Scotch  polit- 
ical economist.  He  wrote  “Theory  and  Practice  of 
Banking”  (1856), “Elements  of  Political  Economy”  (1858), 
“Dictionary  of  Political  Economy”  (Vol.  1,1862),  “Prin- 
ciples of  Economical  Philosophy”  (1873),  “Elements  of 
Banking”  (1876),  “ Economics'  for  Beginners”  (1878), 
“ Elements  of  Economics”  (1881-86),  “ Theory  and  Prac- 
tice of  Banking”  (1883-86). 

Macleod,  Norman.  Born  at  Campbeltown, 
Argyllshire,  June  3,  1812 : died  at  Glasgow, 
June  16,  1872.  A Scottish  clergyman.  He  was 
parish  minister  successively  of  Loudoun,  in  Ayrshire  ; Dal- 
keith, near  Edinburgh  ; and  Barony  parish,  Glasgow  ; and 
was  editor  of  the  Edinburgh  “Christian  Instructor”  from 
1849,  and  of  “ Good  Words  ” from  1860.  In  1867  he  was 
sent  by  the  General  Assembly  to  visit  the  mission  stations 
in  India.  Among  his  works  are  “ Parish  Papers  ” (1862), 
“Wee  Davie”  (1864),  “The  Starling"  (1867),  “Character 
Sketches  ” (1872),  etc. 

McLeod,  Xavier  Donald.  Born  at  New  York, 
Nov.  17,  1821:  killed  near  Cincinnati,  July  20, 
1865.  An  American  poet  and  miscellaneous 
author,  son  of  Alexander  McLeod. 

McLeod  Case,  The.  The  case  of  a British  sub- 
ject, Alexander  McLeod,  tried  in  New  York 
State,  1841,  for  his  part  in  the  burning  of  the 
steamer  Caroline  in  Niagara  River  in  1837. 
McLeod  was  acquitted. 

Maclise  (mak-les'),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Cork.  Ire- 
land, Feb.  2,  1806:  died  at  London,  April  25, 
1870.  A British  historical  and  figure  painter. 
He  left  a bank  clerkship  for  the  studio  of  the  Cork  Society 
of  Arts.  In  1828  he  entered  the  academy  at  London,  and 
won  the  gold  medal  (1831)  for  his  historic  composition 
“The Choice  of  Hercules.”  He  was  made  an  academician 
in  1840.  He  painted  a portrait  of  Dickens  (1839),  but  his 
later  years  were  chiefly  engrossed  with  the  decorations  of 
the  Houses  of  Parliament,  especially  with  the  famous 
water-glass  pictures  “The  Meeting  of  Wellington  and 
Blucher”and  “The  Death  of  Nelson.”  His  drawings  of 
The  Story  of  the  Norman  Conquest”  are  notable.  He 
also  designed  illustrations  for  many  books,  among  them 
Moore’s  “Irish  Melodies,’’  Lytton’s  “Pilgrims  of  the 
Rhine,"  etc. 

Maclure  (mak-lur'),  William.  Born  at  Ayr, 
Scotland,  1763 : died  at  San  Angel,  near  Mexico, 
March  23, 1840.  An  American  geologist.  Me- 
moirs of  his  geological  survey  of  the  United  States  were 
published  in  1809  and  1817. 

MacMahon  (mak-ma-6n'),  Comte  Marie 
Edme  Patrice  Maurice  de,  Due  de  Magenta. 
Bom  at  Sully,  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  J une  13, 
1808 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17, 1893.  A marshal  of 
France,  and  president  of  the  French  republic. 
He  was  the  descendant  of  an  Irish  family  which  fled  to 
France  on  the  fall  of  the  Stuarts,  and  was  of  noble  birth, 
his  father  being  a peer  of  France.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1825 ; served  in  Algeria  1830-50 ; and  in  the  siege  of  Sebas- 
topol, during  the  Crimean  war,  led  the  division  which 
stormed  the  Malakoff  Sept.  8,  1855.  He  commanded  an 
army  corps  in  Italy  dur  ing  the  war  of  France  and  Sardinia 
against  Austria  in  1859,  in  which  year  he  was  made  a mar- 
shal of  France  and  created  duke  of  Magenta  as  a reward 
for  his  services  at  the  battle  of  that  name.  He  was  gov- 
ernor-general of  Algeria  1864-70,  and  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Franco-Prussian  war  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  first  ar  my  corps.  He  was  totally  defeated  at  Worth, 
Aug.  6,  1870,  and  was  overwhelmed  at  Sedan,  Sept.  1.  He 
was  for  a time  a prisoner  of  war  in  Germany  1870-71, 
suppressed  the  Commune  at  Paris  in  1871,  and  was  presi- 
*dent  of  the  French  republic  1873-79. 

McMaster  (mak-mas'ter),  John  Each.  Bom 
at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1852.  An  American  histo- 
rian. He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1883.  He  has  published  “ A History  of 
the  People  of  the  United  States”  (1883  et  seq  ),  etc. 

MacMonnies  (mak-mun'iz),  Frederick  Wil- 
liam. Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  28,  1863. 
An  American  sculptor.  He  studied  in  New  York, 
Paris,  Munich,  and  London.  Among  his  principal  works 
are  a fountain  at  the  Columbian  Exposition,  “Nathan 
Hale”  (City  Hall  park,  New  Vork),  “Victory”  (West 
Point),  “Diana,”  “ Bacchante,”  and  “Pan  of  Rohallion.” 

McNab  (mak-nab'),  Sir  Alan  Napier.  Born  at 
Niagara,  Canada,  Feb.  19,  1798:  died  at  Toron- 
to, Canada,  Aug.  8,  1862.  A Canadian  states- 
man.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1826  ; was  elected 
to  the  legislature  of  Upper  Canada  in  1830 ; and  as  colonel 
of  militia  repressed  the  rebellion  of  1837-38.  He  was 
knighted  in  1838 ; was  prime  minister  of  the  united  prov- 
inces of  Canada  1854-56 ; and  was  made  a baronet  in  1867, 
and  a member  of  the  legislative  council  in  1860. 

McNiel(mak-nel'),  John.  Bom  at  Hillsborough, 
N.  H.,  1784:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb. 
23, 1850.  An  American  officer,  distinguished  at 
the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Lundy’s  Lane  1814. 
Macnish(mak-nish'),  Robert.  Bom  at  Glasgow, 
Feb.  15,  1802:  died  at  Glasgow,  Jan.  16,  1837. 
A Scottish  medical  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
Macomb  (ma-kom'  or  ma-kom'),  Alexander. 
Bora  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  13,  1782:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  June  25,  1841.  An  Ameri- 
can major-general.  He  defeated  the  British  under 
Prcvost,  at  Plattsburgh,  Sept.  11, 1814,  and  was  command- 
er-in-chief of  the  anny  1828-41. 

Macon  (ma-kon').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the 
Sadne  in  lat.  46°  19'  N.,  long.  4°  49'  F.  : the 
Roman  Matisco  /Fduorum.  It  has  flourishing  com- 


Macon 

merce  and  manufactures,  and  contains  a ruined  cathedral 
and  some  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  a place  of  some  im- 
portance in  the  time  of  Caesar.  It  suffered  in  the  Hugue- 
not wars.  Population,  commune,  19,059. 

Macon  (ma'kon).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Bibb  County,  central  Georgia,  situated  on  the 
Ocmulgee  80  miles  southeast  of  Atlanta.  It  is 

a railway,  commercial,  and  manufacturing  center ; has  a 
large  trade  in  cotton  ; and  is  the  seat  of  various  educational 
institutions.  Population,  40,665,  (1910). 

Maqon  (ma-s6n'),  Le.  A comic  opera  by  Auber, 
words  by  Scribe  and  Delavigne,  produced  in 
1825. 

Macon  (ma'kon),  Nathaniel.  Born  in  Warren 
County,  N.  C.,  1757 : died  there,  June  29, 1837. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  a member  of  Con- 
gress from  North  Carolina  1791-1815,  speaker  1801-06,  and 
United  States  senator  1816-28.  He  was  chosen  president 
; pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  in  1825. 

Maconnais  (ma-ko-na').  A former  district  of 
France,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire.  It  was  united  to  France  under 
Louis  XI. 

Macorix,  or  Macoris.  In  the  early  history  of 
Haiti,  a region  or  “province-”  which,  at  the 
time  of  the  conquest,  was  under  the  chief  Guari- 
onex.  It  was  in  the  interior,  south  of  the  set- 
tlement of  Isabella,  and  included  a large  part 
of  tbe  Vega  Real. 

Macpherson  (mak-fer'son),  James.  Born  at 
Ruthven,  Inverness-shire,  Oct.  27,  1736:  died 
Feb.  17, 1796.  The  alleged  translator  of  the  Os- 
siauic  poems.  In  1759,  while  a schoolmaster  in  his  na- 
tive village,  he  showed  to  “Jupiter”  Carlyle  and  John 
Home  some  fragments  of  Gaelic  verse  with  translations. 
They  were  published  in  1760,  and  excited  so  much  interest 
that  he  was  sent  to  the  Highlands  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
covering more  of  these  poems.  The  result  was  that  he 
published  the  “Poems  of  Ossian,”  consisting  of  “Fingal, 
an  Epic  Poem  in  six  books ” (1762),  and  “Temora,  an  Epic 
Poem  in  eight  books”  (1763).  The  controversy  which  at 
once  arose  as  to  their  genuineness  (as  Gaelic  remains)  has 
not  yet  been  settled,  though  opinion  is  generally  against 
Macpherson.  In  1764  he  was  sent  as  governor-general  to 
the  Eloridas  ; in  1779  was  made  agent  to  the  Nabob  of  Ar- 
cot ; and  in  1780  entered  Parliament,  where  he  sat  for  10 
years.  He  also  wrote  “History  of  Great  Britain " (1775), 
etc. 

Macpherson,  James  Birdseye.  Born  in  San- 
dusky County,  Ohio,  Nov.  14,  1828:  killed  be- 
fore Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  22, 1864.  An  American 
general.  HegraduatedatWestPointinl853;  waschief 
engineer  on  the  staff  of  General  Grant  in  1862 ; was  ap. 
pointed  to  the  command  of  a corps  of  Grant’s  army  in  1863 ; 
and  in  the  same  year  routed  part  of  Joseph  E.  Johnston’s 
army  at  Raymond,  and  with  the  aid  of  Sherman’s  corps 
defeated  Johnston  at  Jackson.  He  also  served  with  dis- 
tinction at  Campion  Hill  and  in  the  assaults  on  Vicksburg 
in  1863,  and  in  1864  took  part  in  Sherman’s  campaign  in 
Georgia  as  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 
Macpherson,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Sleat,  in  the 
Isle  of  Skye,  in  1745:  died  at  Brompton  Grove, 
Jan.  12,  1821.  A Scottish  politician.  He  went 
out  to  Madras  as  purser  in  an  East  India  ship  in  1767  ; re- 
turned to  England  as  a financial  agent  of  the  Nabob  of  the 
Carnatic  in  1768  ; became  a writer  in  the  East  India  Com- 
pany’s service  at  Madras  in  1770 ; was  appointed  to  the  su- 
preme council  at  Calcutta  in  1781;  and  on  Warren  Hast- 
ings’s resignation  succeeded  to  the  governor-generalship 
of  India  as  senior  member  of  the  council  in  1785.  He  was 
created  a baronet  in  1786,  and  in  the  same  year  was  super- 
seded as  governor-general  by  Lord  Cornwallis. 

Macquarie  (ma-kwor'e).  [Named  from  Lach- 
lan Macquarie,  governor  of  South  Wales  1809- 
1821.]  A river  in  New  South  Wales,  which 
flows  through  marshes  into  the  Darling  about 
lat.  30°  15'  S.  Length,  about  400  miles. 
Macquarie  Islands.  A group  of  small  uninhab- 
ited islands  southwest  of  New  Zealand.  The 
northern  end  is  situated  in  lat.  54°  19'  S.,  long. 
158°  56'  E. 

Macquart.  See  Rougon~Hacquart. 
Macready(mak-re'di), William  Charles.  Born 
at  London,  March  3, 1793 : died  at  Cheltenham, 
April  27, 1873.  A noted  English  tragedian.  His 
father  was  an  actor  and  manager  of  the  theater  at  Bir- 
mingham where  Macready  made  his  first  appearance  in 
1810.  In  1816  he  appeared  in  London  at  Covent  Garden. 
In  1837  he  had  advanced  to  the  front  rank  of  his  profes- 
sion, having  for  many  years  struggled  for  supremacy  with 
Kean,  Young,  and  Charles  Kemble.  He  then  undertook 
the  management  of  the  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  and  pro- 
duced Shakspere’s  plays.  After  two  seasons  he  abandoned 
it  and  played  in  the  provinces  and  in  Paris.  He  managed 
the  Drury  Lane  Theatre  1841-43.  He  made  several  visits 
to  America,  during  the  last  of  which  occurred  the  famous 
Astor  Place  riot  (which  see).  In  1851  lie  left  the  stage. 
He  was  noted  for  his  Macbeth,  Cassius,  Lear,  Henry  IV., 
Iago,  Virginius,  Richelieu,  and  other  parts. 

Macrinus  (ma-kri'nus),  Marcus  Opelius.  Born 
at  Csesarea,  Mauretania,  164  a.  d.:  killed  in 
Cappadocia,  218.  Roman  emperor  217-218.  He 
was  of  humble  origin ; was  admitted  to  the  service  of  the 
emperor  Septimius  Severus  at  the  instance  of  the  favorite 
Plautianus;  and  was  appointed  prefect  of  the  pretorians 
by  Caracalla,  whose  murder  he  instigated  and  whom  he 
succeeded.  He  was  signally  defeated  by  the  Parthians  at 
Nisibis,  and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  the  partisans  of 
Elagabalus  who  succeeded  him. 

Macro  (ma'kro),  Naevius  Sertorius.  Killed 


638 

about  38  a.  d.  A prefect  of  the  Roman  pre- 
torians under  Tiberius  and  Caligula. 
Macrobius  (ma-kro'bi-us),  Ambrosius  Theo- 
dosius. Lived  probably  at  the  beginning  of  the 
5th  century.  A Roman  grammarian.  His  extant 
works  are  a collection  of  essays,  “Saturnaliorum  convivi- 
orum  libri  septem  ” (imperfect),  and  a commentary  on 
Cicero’s  “Dream  of  Scipio.” 

MacSarcasm  (mak-sar'kazm),  Sir  Archy.  A 
noted  character  in  Macklin’s  “Love  a la  Mode.” 
Macsycophant  (mak-sik'o-fant),  Sir  Perti- 
nax.  A hard,  worldly  old  man  in  Macklin’s 
“ Man  of  the  World,”  ambitious  for  his  son,  and 
quite  insensible  to  degradation  if  upheld  by 
worldly  influence.  Macklin  created  the  part 
himself  when  about  90  years  old. 

MacTab  (mak-tab' ).  The  Hon.  Miss  Lucretia. 
One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Colman’s 
“ Poor  Gentleman  ” : a proud  and  prudish  old 
maid. 

Macusis  (ma-ko-sez').  A tribe  of  Indians  of  the 
Carib  stock,  inhabiting  the  open  lands  of  south- 
western British  Guiana  and  the  adjacent  parts 
of  Brazil  and  Venezuela.  Formerly  they  ranged 
northwestward  to  the  Orinoco,  and  were  very  numerous  and 
warlike.  They  are  now  reduced  to  a few  thousands,  who 
are  friendly  to  the  whites,  but  are  practically  independent. 
They  are  of  darker  color  than  the  other  Guiana  tribes,  well 
formed  and  athletic,  and  very  cleanly.  Their  houses  are 
grouped  in  small  villages,  and  they  cultivate  manioc  and 

pother  plants.  Also  written  Macuchis  or  ilacuxis. 

MacVeagh  (mak-va'),  Wayne.  Born  at  Phoe- 
nixville,  Chester  County,  Fa.,  April  19,  1833. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1856;  was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1870-71; 
was  United  States  attorney-general  under  President  Gar- 

Afield  in  1881 ; and  was  ambassador  to  Italy  1893-97. 

Madagascar  (mad-a-gas'kar).  An  island  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  east  of  southern  Africa,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mozambique  Chan- 
nel. Capital,  Antananarivo.  It  extendsfrom  about 
lat.  12°  to  25°  35'  S.  The  surface  in  the  interior  is  generally 
elevated  and  mountainous.  The  productions  are  tropical. 
Tamatave  is  the  chief  port.  The  government  was  a mon- 
archy. The  inhabitants  and  language  are  Malagasy.  The 
leading  tribe  is  the  Hovas.  The  state  religion  is  Christian- 
ity. Madagascar  was  early  visited  by  the  Arabs,  and  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1506.  The  introduction 
of  Christianity  under  Radama  1.(1810-28)  was  followed  by 
a persecution  of  the  Christians  under  Queen  Ranavalona  I. 
(1828-61).  A war  with  France  in  1883-85  was  terminated 
by  a treaty  (Dec.  12,  1885)  establishing  a French  protec- 
torate. In  1896  it  became  a French  colony,  and  in  Febru- 
ary, 1897,  the  queen  was  deposed.  Length,  about  980 
miles.  Greatest  breadth,  about  360  miles.  Area,  about 
228,000  square  miles.  Population,  over  2,700,000. 

Madai  (ma'di).  A name  given  in  Genesis  x.  as 
that  of  the  third  son  of  Japhet:  commonly  re- 
garded as  the  eponymic  ancestor  of  the  Medes. 

Madame  Bovary  (bo-va-re').  A novel  by  Flau- 
bert, published  in  1857.  It  is  notable  as  an  ex- 
pression of  “realism.” 

Madan  (mad'an),  Martin.  Born  in  1726:  died 
at  Epsom,  May  2, 1790.  An  English  Methodist 
divine.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1748,  but  shortly 
abandoned  law  in  order  to  enter  the  ministry,  and  was  for 
many  years  chaplain  to  the  Lock  Hospital.  He  is  chiefly 
known  as  the  author  of  “ Telyphthora  ’’  (1780),  in  which  he 
advocated  polygamy. 

Mad  Anthony.  A nickname  often  given  An- 
thony Wayne  on  account  of  his  reckless  bravery. 

Mad  Cavalier,  The.  A surname  of  Prince  Ru- 
pert, nephew  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

Maddaloni  (mad-dh-lo'ne).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italy,  situated  15  miles  north- 
east of  Naples.  Population,  commune,  20,682. 

Madden  (mad'en),  Sir  Frederick.  Born  at 
Portsmouth,  Feb.  16,  1801:  died  at  London, 
March  8, 1873.  An  English  antiquary  and  paleog- 
rapher. He  became  assistant  keeper  of  manuscripts  in 
the  British  Museum  in  1828,  and  head  of  the  manuscript 
department  in  1837.  He  edited  “Havelok  the  Dane  ”(1828), 
Layamon’s  “Brut”  (1847),  Matthew  Paris's  “Historia  An- 
glorum”  (Rolls  Series,  1866-69),  and,  with  Josiah  Forshall, 
Wyclif’s  Bible  (1850). 

Madden,  Sir  George  Allan.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  3,  1771:  died  at  Portsmouth,  Dec.  8,  1828. 
A British  general.  He  entered  the  British  army  in 
1788 ; served  in  Corsica  in  1794,  in  Portugal  1797-1800,  and 
in  Egypt  in  1801 ; aud  was  compelled  to  retire  from  the 
service  about  1802  in  consequence  of  a quarrel  with  a su- 
perior officer.  He  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the 
Portuguese  army  in  1809,  and  commanded  a brigade  of  cav- 
alry at  Fuente  de  Cantos  (Sept.  15,  1810),  where  he  saved 
the  Spanish  army  by  charging  a superior  force  of  French 
hussars.  He  was  made  nmrechal  de  campo  in  the  Portu- 
guese service  in  1813,  and  in  1819  was  promoted  major- 
general  in  the  British  army  (in  which  lie  had  previously 
been  reinstated  in  recognition  of  his  services  in  the  Penin- 
sular war). 

Madeira  (ma-da'e-ra).  The  largest  tributary  of 
the  Amazon,  into  which  it  flows  about  lat.  3°  25' 
S.,  long.  58°  48'  W.  The  chief  head  streams  are  the 
Mamord,  Beni,  and  Itenez  (or  Guapord).  Total  length,  in- 
cluding the  Mam  on),  about  2,000  miles. 

Madeira  (ma-de'rii;  Pg.pron.  ma-da'e-ra).  [So 
called  with  ref.  to  the  forest  which  once  covered 


Madison,  James 

it:  from  Pg.  madeira,  wood,  from  L.  materies, 
matter.]  The  chief  of  the  Madeira  Islands, 
belonging  to  Portugal,  situated  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  west  of  Africa.  The  chief  town  is  Funchal,  lat. 
32°  38'  N.,  long:.  16°  54'  W.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
picturesque.  The  chief  products  are  wine  and  sugar.  The 
inhabitants  are  of  Portuguese  descent.  The  island  is  noted 
as  a health-resort.  1 1 was  visited  by  the  Portuguese  in  1419, 
and  colonized  by  them  about  1420.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
British  in  1801,  and  from  1807  to  1814.  Length,  32  miles. 
Madeira  Islands.  A group  of  islands  forming  a 
Portuguese  province,  including  Madeira,  Porto 
Santo,  and  some  smaller  islands.  Area,  505 
square  miles.  Population,  150,574. 

Madeleine  (mad-lan'),  Church  of  the.  A 
church  in  Paris,  begun  under  Louis  XV.  and 
Louis  XVI. , but  not  finished  until  1842.  At  the 
end  of  the  18th  century  it  was  determined  to  build  the  pres- 
ent church  in  the  Rue  Royale,  to  complete  the  architec- 
tural scheme  of  the  Place  de  la  Concorde;  and  the  first 
stone  was  laid  April  13,  1764.  Coutant  d’lvry,  the  archi- 
tect, died  in  1777,  and  was  succeeded  by  Couture,  who  de- 
molished the  works  already  under  way  and  substituted  a 
plan  of  his  own.  The  Revolution  put  an  end  to  the  work, 
but  the  empire  revived  it  under  the  name  of  the  Temple 
it  la  Gloire ; and  the  work  owes  its  present  character  to 
Vignon.  It  is  a huge  Roman  Corinthian  temple,  measur- 
ing 141  by  354  feet,  and  100  high,  on  a raised  basement. 
It  is  a peripteros  of  8 by  18  columns,  without  windows, 
with  frieze  richly  sculptured  with  garlands,  and  the  tym- 
panum of  the  south  faqade  filled  with  a colossal  group  of 
sculpture  representing  Christ  as  the  judge  of  the  world. 
The  interior  forms  a great  hall  lighted  from  above : it 
is  effective,  and  richly  adorned  with  painting  and  sculp- 
ture. 

Madelon  (mad-lon').  One  of  tbe  “precieuses 
ridicules”  in  Moliere’s  play  of  that  name.  She 
takes  the  more  romantic  name  of  Polixena. 

Mademoiselle,  La  Grande,  or  Mademoiselle. 

See  Montpensier. 

Mademoiselle  de  Belle-Isle.  A play  by  Alex- 
andre Dumas,  produced  in  1839. 
Mademoiselle  de  Maupin.  A novel  by  Theo- 
phile  Gautier,  published  in  1835. 
Madenassana  (ma-den-as-sa'na).  See  Bushmen. 
Maderaner  Thal(ma-de-ra'ner  tal).  An  Alpine 
valley  in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  south 
of  Altdorf.  Length,  8 miles. 

Madge  Wildfire.  A madwoman  in  Scott’s 
“Heart  of  Midlothian.” 

Madhava  (ma'dha-va),  orMadhavacarya  (-va- 
char-ya).  [Skt.,  ‘the  learned  Madhava,’  or 
‘the  teacher  Madhava’;  from  deary  a,  teacher, 
especially  of  the  Veda.]  A great  Hindu  scholar 
of  the  13th  century.  He  was  the  author,  or  reputed 
author,  of  great  commentaries  on  the  Rig-  (in  conjunction 
with  Sayana),  Yajur-,  and  Samaveda,  of  the  Nyayamala- 
vistara,  the  Sarvadarshanasangraha,  the  Parasharasmritiv- 
yakhya,  the  Sankshepashankaravijaya,  the  Kalanirnaya, 
and  other  works.  He  was  the  prime  minister  of  Sangama, 
who  began  to  reign  at  Vijayanagara  about  1336,  and  of 
Bukka  I.,  who  began  to  reign  about  1361.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  90.  The  circumstance  that  so  many  works  are 
ascribed  to  Madhava  and  his  brother  Sayana  is  explained 
by  the  Hindu  practice  according  to  which  works  composed 
by  order  of  a d istinguished  person  bear  his  name.  Accord- 
ing to  Burnell  the  two  names  denote  one  person,  Sayana 
being  the  Bhoganatha  or  mortal  body  of  Madhava,  the 
soul,  identified  with  Vishnu  ; and  the  29  writings  current 
under  the  name  of  Madhava  all  proceed  from  Madhava 
himself,  and  were  composed  during  30  of  the  55  years 
between  1331  and  1386,  which  he  spent  as  abbot  of  the 
monastery  at  Shringeri  under  the  name  of  Vidyaranya,  ‘for- 
est of  knowledge.’  Weber  disputes  the  identification  of 
Madhava  and  Sayana  (“Literarisches  Centralblatt,”  1873, 
p.  1421). 

Mad  Heracles  ( Hercules),  The.  A tragedy  by 
Euripides,  exhibited  about  420  B.  C.  It  portrays 
Heracles’s  rescue  of  his  family  from  Lycus,  a Theban  ty- 
rant ; the  slaughter  of  his  wife  and  children  by  him  in  a 
sudden  attack  of  madness  ; and  his  return  to  sanity. 
Madi  (ma'de).  An  African  tribe  dwelling  on 
tbe  banks  of  the  Nile,  north  of  Albert  Nyanza, 
and  bordering  on  the  Lur  and  Shuli  tribes,  with 
whom  it  is  related  in  physique  and  customs  but 
not  in  language.  The  latter  shows  affinity  with  the 
Makaraka  dialect  of  Nyam-Nyam,  and  also  with  the 
Nyangbara.  It  is  rich  in  monosyllables,  and  has  a jerk- 
ing accent  A subtribe  of  the  Mittu  is  also  called  Madi, 
but  the  two  are  not  related. 

Madison  (mad'i-son).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
38  miles  north-northeast  of  Louisville.  It  has 
pork-packing  and  other  flourishing  industries.  Popula- 
tion, 6,934,  (1910). 

Madison.  A borough  in  the  township  of  Chat- 
ham, Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  23  miles  west 
of  New  York : the  seat  of  Drew  Theological  Sem- 
inary (Methodist).  Population,  4,658,  (1910). 
Madison.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Wisconsin 
and  of  Dane  County,  situated  between  Lakes 
Mendot.a  and  Monona,  in  lat.  43°  5'  N.,  long. 
893  30'  W.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade; 
is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin ; and  is  a health 
and  summer  resort.  Population,  25,531,  (1910). 

Madison,  James.  Born  in  RockingliamCounty, 
Va.,  Aug. 27, 1749:  died  MarchG,  1812.  AnAmer- 


Madison,  James 

ican  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
president  of  William  and  Mary  College  1777- 

1812. 

Madison,  James.  Born  at  Port  Conway,  Va., 
March  16,  1751 : died  at  Montpelier,  Orange 
County,  Va.,  June  28,  1836.  The  fourth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  ( 1809-17) . He  graduated 
at  Princeton  College  in  1771 ; was  a delegate  to  Congress 
from  Virginial780-83,  and  to  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1787  ; was  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  1789-97  ; 
drew  up  the  V irginia  Resolutions  of  1798 ; was  secretary  of 
state  1801-09 ; was  elected  President  as  Democratic  candi- 
date in  1808  ; and  was  reelected  in  1812.  War  was  declared 
with  Great  Britain  in  1812  (see  War  of  1812).  He  was  asso- 
ciated with  Jay  and  Hamilton  in  the  composition  of  the 
“ Federalist  "(which  see).  He  left  many  manuscripts,  some 
of  which  have  been  published  in  “Madison  Papers"  (3 
vols.  1840)  and  “ Letters  and  other  Writings  ’’  (4  vols.  1865). 

Madison  Square.  A public  park,  six  acres  in 
extent,  in  New  York  city,  bounded  by  Fifth 
Avenue,  23d  street,  Madison  Avenue,  and  26th 
street.  It  was  originally  the  junction  of  the  Blooming- 
dale  road  and  old  Boston  road. 

Madison  Square  Garden.  A place  of  amuse- 
ment in  New  York  city,  architecturally  notable 
not  only  for  its  great  size,  but  also  for  its  suc- 
cessful artistic  treatment,  completed  in  1890. 
It  combines  an  amphitheater  300  feet  long  and  200  wide,  a 
theater,  a concert-hall,  a dining-hall,  and  a roof-garden. 
The  architecture  is  a plain  rendering  in  yellow  brick  and 
terra-cotta  of  a good  type  of  the  Spanish  Renaissance,  with 
a single  main  story  of  round-arched  windows  above  the 
basement.  The  front  is  adorned  above  the  cornice  with 
colonnaded  loggias  of  considerable  extent,  and  below  with 
fine  arcades  covering  the  sidewalk  and  springing  from 
shafts  of  polished  granite.  At  the  angles  are  placed  tur- 
rets terminating  in  pavilions,  'which  are  repeated  in  the 
middle  of  the  front  and  at  the  base  of  the  great  square 
tower  which  rises  from  the  south  side.  This  tower  re- 
produces the  famous  Giralda  at  Seville,  upon  a somewhat 
reduced  scale  and  with  the  ornament  greatly  simplified. 
It  is  332  feet  high  to  the  head  of  the  crowning  statue. 

Madler  (mad'ler),  Johann  Heinrich  von.  Born 
at  Berlin,  May  29, 1794 : died  at  Hannover,  March 
14,  1874.  A German  astronomer,  professor  at 
Berlin  1837-40,  and  professor  and  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Dorpat  1840-65.  He  published  a 
map  of  the  moon  (1834-36),  “ Allgemeine  Selenographie  ” 
(1837),  “ Populare  Astronomie”(1841),  “DieCentralsonne” 
(1846),  “Die  Eigenbewegungen  der  Fixsterne"  (1850),  etc. 

Mad  Lover,  The.  A play  by  Fletcher,  produced 
before  1618,  printed  in  1647.  It  is  founded  on  Jo- 
sephus, Ant.,  xviii.  Bandello  has  the  same  story.  It  con- 
tains a fool  quite  in  the  Shaksperian  vein. 

Madman  of  the  North.  A surname  given  to 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden. 

Madoc  (mad' ok).  A legendary  Welsh  prince, 
said  to  have  discovered  America  about  1170. 
He  is  the  subject  of  a poem  by  Southey  (1805). 

Madonna  (ma-don'ii).  fit., ‘my lady’;  specifi- 
cally, ‘ Our  Lady,’  the  Virgin  Mary.]  Of  the 
numerous  pictures  with  this  subject,  the  follow- 
ing are  among  the  most  noted,  (l)  Madonna  and 
Child,  with  St.  John,  sometimes  called  the  Aldobrandini 
or  Garvagh  Madonna  : a painting  by  Raphael,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.  (2)  Madonna  and  Child,  with  St. 
John  and  Angels  : a paintingby  Sandro  Botticelli,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.  The  picture  is  characterized  by 
the  beautiful  roses  of  the  hedge  in  the  background.  (3) 
Madonna  and  Child,  with  SS.  Jerome  and  Sebastian,  called 
the  Madonna  della  Rondinefrom  the  swallow  which  figures 
in  the  composition  : a small  painting  by  Crivelli,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.  (4)  Madonna  and  Child  : a paint- 
ing by  Murillo,  in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  Virgin  sits 
on  a stone  bench,  holding  the  Child,  who  leans  his  head  on 
his  hand  against  her  breast.  (5)  Madonna  and  Child,  with 
SS.  John  and  Catharine : a painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.  (6)  Madonna  degli  Ansidei  (‘of 
the  Ansidei’),  from  the  Marlborough  collection : a paint- 
ing by  Raphael  (1506),  in  the  N atioual  Gallery,  London.  The 
Virgin  is  seated  on  a high  throne,  holding  the  Child  and 
reading  from  a book  ; on  either  side  stand  St.  John  and  St. 
Nicholas  of  Bari.  This  is  the  finest  Raphael  in  Great  Brit- 
ain. It  is  sometimes  called  the  Blenheim  Madonna.  (7) 
Madonna  de  la  Servilleta  (‘  of  the  napkin  ’) : a celebrated 
painting  by  Murillo  (about  1676),  in  the  museum  at  Se- 
ville, Spain.  The  Virgin,  seen  in  half-length,  holds  the 
Child  on  her  left  arm.  He  appears  to  be  struggling  to  es- 
cape. According  to  tradition  it  was  painted,  in  the  absence 
of  canvas,  on  a table-napkin  supplied  by  the  cook.  (8)  Ma- 
donna della  Casa  d’Alba  (‘of  the  house  of  Alva ")  : a small 
but  noted  painting  by  Raphael  (1509),  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The  picture  i3  circular,  with  a 
landscape  background.  TheVirginisseatedontheground ; 
the  Child  rests  partly  on  her  knee,  and  seizes  a cross  held 
by  the  infant  St.  John,  who  kneels  beside  him.  (9)  Ma- 
donna della  Cesta  (‘  of  the  basket  ’) : a painting  by  Correg- 
gio, in  the  National  Gallery,  London.  The  Virgin  is  seated 
on  a grassy  bank,  holding  the  Child  on  her  knee ; in  the 
background  St.  Joseph  is  seen  working.  (10)  Madonna  della 
Rosa  (‘of  the  rose  ’) : a painting  by  Parmigianino,  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  TheVirgin  has  given  the  Child  a rose, 
which  he  holds  as  he  lies  with  one  hand  resting  on  a globe 
typifying  the  earth.  (11)  Madonna  della  Verdura(‘ of  the 
meadow’):  a painting  by  Raphael  (1506),  in  the  Imperial 
Gallery  at  Vienna.  The  Virgin  sits  in  a meadow  studded 
with  flowers  : before  her  are  the  infant  Christ  and  the  boy 
St.  John,  who  kneels  and  presents  a cross  to  Jesus.  The 
type  is  that  of  the  Belle  Jardinitre  and  the  Madonna  del 
Cardellino.  (12)  Madonna  del  Rosario  (‘of  the  rosary  ’) : a 
large  painting  by  Caravaggio,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned;  SS.  Peter  Martyr  and 
Dominic  are  distributing  wreaths  of  roses  among  the  as- 
sembled people.  (13)  Madonna  del  Rosario  (‘of  the  ro- 


639 


Madrid 


sary  ’) : a painting  by  Murillo,  in  the  Dulwich  Gallery,  Eng- 
land. The  Virgin,  seated  among  clouds,  has  the  Child  on 
her  lap.  He  holds  a rosary,  which  the  Virgin  holds  also. 
Beneath  are  angels.  (14)  Madonnadel  Rosario  : one  of  Van 
Dyck’s  finest  paintings  (1623),  in  the  chapel  of  the  same 
name  at  Palermo,  Sicily.  The  Virgin,  surrounded  by  cher- 
ubim and  attended  by  saints,  extends  a rose-garland  to 
St.  Dominic,  while  St.  Rosalie  kneels  before  her.  (15)  Ma- 
donna di  Casa  Tempi : a painting  by  Raphael  (1506),  in 
the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  TheVirgin,  in  half-length, 
stands,  holding  the  Child  in  her  arms,  in  a landscape  with 
a town  in  the  background.  (16)  Madonna  di  San  Sisto,  or 
Sistine  Madonna  : a famous  painting  by  Raphael  (1518),  in 
the  museum  at  Dresden.  It  was  bought  by  the  elector 
Augustus  III.  in  1754  from  the  Benedictine  monastery  at 
Piacenza.  It  represents  the  Virgin,  holding  the  Child,  ad- 
vancing among  clouds,  surrounded  by  cherub  faces ; at  the 
left  Pope  Sixtus  II.  kneels  in  adoration,  and  at  the  right 
St.  Barbara  looks  down  and  out  of  the  picture.  Below,  two 
winged  cherubs,  familiar  in  popular  reproductions,  lean 
on  a parapet  looking  upward.  (17)  Madonna  in  Adoration : 
a painting  by  Francesco Francia  (about  1500),  in  the  Old 
Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  Virgin,  standing,  adores  the 
Child,  who  lies  before  her  in  a bower  of  roses.  (18)  Madon- 
na Niccolini:  a painting  by  Raphael  (1508),  inPanshanger 
House,  England.  The  Virgin  sits  holding  the  Child  on  a 
white  cushion.  Also  called  the  large  Cowper  Madonna. 
(19)  Madonna  of  Burgomaster  Meyer : a famous  painting 
by  Hans  Holbein  the  younger  (about  1525),  belonging  to 
the  Princess  Charles  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.  It  represents 
the  Virgin,  crowned,  standing  in  a niche,  holding  against 
her  breast  the  Child,  whose  left  arm  is  extended  in  bless- 
ing. At  the  Virgin’s  feet  kneel  Burgomaster  Meyer  of 
Basel,  his  first  and  second  wives,  his  daughter,  and  a boy 
who  supports  a nude  child.  An  old  copy  in  the  Dresden 
museum  was  until  1871  held  to  be  the  original.  (20)  Ma- 
donna of  St.  Francis : a painting  by  Correggio  (1514-15), 
in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned  be- 
neath a canopy ; about  her  head  are  a radiant  nimbus  and  a 
circle  of  cherubs.  Before  the  throne  are  ranged  SS.  Francis 
and  Anthony  of  Padua,  and  SS.  John  and  Catharine.  (21) 
Madonna  of  the  Rocks : a painting  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
in  the  National  Gallery,  London.  Itrepresents  the  Virgin 
and  Child,  with  the  adoring  St.  John  and  an  angel,  amid  a 
landscape  of  cliffs.  It  is  a replica,  with  some  modifications, 
of  the  Vierge  aux  Rochers  in  the  Louvre.  (22)  Madonna 
of  the  Cherries : a painting  by  Titian  (about  1508),  in  the 
Imperial  Gallery  at  V ienna.  The  Virgin  sits  behind  a para- 
pet on  which  the  Child  stands  holding  a bunch  of  cherries. 
The  boy  St.  John  stands  below,  and  SS.  Joseph  and  Zach- 
arias  at  the  sides.  (23)  Madonna  of  the  Grapes  : a small 
paintingby  Martin  Sehongauer,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.  The  Virgin,  who  is  seated  on  a bench,  plucks  a 
berry  from  a bunch  of  grapes  and  offers  it  to  Jesus,  who 
stands  in  her  lap  with  his  arms  around  her  neck.  St. 
Joseph,  with  an  ox  and  an  ass,  is  seen  in  the  background. 
(24)  Madonna  with  Saints : a painting  by  Titian,  sometimes 
called  the  Madonna  with  the  White  Lady,  in  the  museum 
at  Dresden.  The  Child  is  held  on  the  Virgin’s  lap  by  St. 
John,  and  adored  by  SS.  Paul  and  Jerome  and  the  Mag- 
dalen. The  Magdalen  is  richly  robed  in  white  (whence  the 
popular  name  of  the  picture).  (26)  Madonna  with  St.  John 
the  Baptist  and  St.  Mark,  and  outside  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Mark  : a triptych  by  Fra  Angelico,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence, 
one  of  his  most  admired  works.  The  Madonna  is  sur- 
rounded by  twelve  angels  playing  on  musical  instruments. 
(26)  Madonna  with  Angels  : one  of  the  most  noted  paint- 
ings of  Sandro  Botticelli,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  The  Vir- 
gin sits  writing,  attended  by  angels,  while  others  support 
a crown  over  her  head.  The  Child  holds  a pomegranate 
and  reaches  out  for  his  mother's  writing  hand.  (27)  Ma- 
donna with  Angels,  Apostles,  and  Saints : a noted  paint- 
ing by  Duccio  di  Buoninsegna  (end  of  13th  century),  in  the 
Duomo  at  Siena,  Italy.  It  is  the  chief  Sienese  painting  of 
itstime,somewhatarchaicintype.  (28)  MadonnadelSacco 
(‘  of  the  sack  ’) : a fresco  by  Andrea  del  Sarto  (1525),  in  the 
Chiostro  dei  Morti  of  Santissima  Annunziata,  Florence.  It 
is  a Holy  Family,  and  is  named  from  the  sack  against 
which  Joseph  is  leaning  reading.  (23)  Madonna  del  Divino 
Amore  (‘of  the  divine  love  ’) : a painting  by  Raphael,  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  Virgin,  with  hands  clasped 
behind  the  Child  pressed  to  her  breast,  is  praying.  Christ 
blesses  the  youthful  Baptist  while  holding  St.  Elizabeth  by 
the  hand.  Joseph  is  walking  slowly  behind  the  group. 
(39)  Madonna  della  Sedia  or  Seggiola  (‘chair’  or  ‘little 
chair')  : a famous  painting  by  Raphael,  in  the  PittI  Gal- 
lery, Florence,  perhaps  the  master’s  most  popular  work. 
The  picture  is  circular.  The  young  mother,  a beautiful 
peasant  girl,  sits  in  an  arm-chair  pressing  her  Child  to  h er 
bosom  with  an  air  of  calm  happiness,  while  the  boy  St. 
John  stands  reverently  at  her  knee.  (31)  Madonna  della 
Scodella  (‘of  the  little  bowl  ’) : a painting  by  Correggio,  in 
the  Pinacoteca  at  Parma,  Italy.  It  is  an  episode  of  rest 
during  the  flight  into  Egypt,  described  as  a painted  poem 
of  family  happiness,  beautiful  in  light,  color,  and  thought, 
and  with  accompaniment  of  Correggio’s  charming  angels. 
(32)  Madonna  della  Misericordia  (‘of  pity ’),  the  Virgin  in- 
terceding for  the  peopleof  Lucca : a beautiful  painting  by 
Fra  Bartolommeo,  in  the  Palazzo  Pubblico  at  Lucca,  Italy. 
Christ  appears  above,  a majestic  figure.  (33)  Madonna  del 
Cardellino  (‘of  the  thistle-finch  ’):  a painting  by  Raphael, 
in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  The  Virgin,  graceful  and  of  very 
sweet  expression,  sits  on  a mossy  bank,  with  the  child 
Christ  and  St.  John  at  her  knee.  (34)  Madonna  del  Bal- 
daccliino  (‘of  the  canopy’):  a painting  by  Raphael,  in  the 
Galleria  Pitti, Florence.  The  Virgin  isenthronedin  adorned 
niche,  beneath  a canopy  whose  draperies  are  supported 
by  two  long-robed  angels.  The  Child  sits  smiling  on  her 
knee,  playing  with  his  toes.  Several  saints  are  in  atten- 
dance. (35)  A painting  by  Cimabue  (1270),  in  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  Florence.  It  was  the  most  notable  painting  of 
its  day,  and  when  finished  was  borne  to  the  church  in  a 
popular  procession.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned,  with  the 
Child  on  her  knee,  and  six  attendant  angels,  the  whole  on 
a gold  ground.  Some  of  the  Byzantine  stiffness  and  con- 
ventionality remains,  but  in  expression  and  in  naturalness 
of  drapery  and  movement  the  picture  justifies  the  admira- 
tion it  excited.  (36)  Madonna  with  two  Angels  playing  on 
musical  instruments:  an  altarpiece  by  Giovanni  Bellini, 
in  Santa  Mariadei  Frari  at  Venice.  The  side  compartments 
contain  St.  Benedict  and  St.  Nicholas,  each  with  a com- 
panion. (37)  Madonna  of  Pesaro:  a votive  picture  over  17 
feet  high,  by  Titian,  in  Santa  Maria  dei  Frari  at  Venice.  In 


technical  perfection  and  splendor  of  color  this  is  one  of 
Titian’s  finest  paintings.  The  seated  Madonna,  holding 
the  Child  on  her  knee,  inclines  graciously  toward  the  kneel- 
ing donor  of  the  picture,  the  senator  Benedetto  Pesaro,  in 
presence  of  St.  Francis,  St.  Anthony  of  Padua,  and  St.  Peter, 
and  of  other  dignitaries  of  the  Pesari.  (38)  Madonna  of  the 
Green  Cushion : a painting  by  Andrea  Solario  of  Milan,  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris.  The  Virgin,  her  head  shrouded  in  white, 
is  suckling  the  Child,  who  lies  on  a green  pillow.  The  land- 
scape background  is  pleasing,  and  the  color  very  brilliant. 

(39)  Madonna  del  Coniglio  ( of  the  rabbit') : a celebrated 
painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  TheVirgin  is 
seated  on  the  ground  with  her  hand  on  a white  rabbit,  to 
the  delight  of  the  inf  an  t Christ,  who  is  held  by  St.  Catharine. 

(40)  Madonna  della  Vittoria  : a beautiful  painting  by  Man- 
tegna, intheLouvre,  Paris.  TheVirgin,  holding  the  infant 
Christ,  sits  in  an  overarched  bower,  between  SS.  Michael 
and  Maurice  ; in  frontare  St.  Elizabeth  with  St.  John,  and 
Francesco  Gonzaga  of  Mantua,  kneeling,  over  whom  the 
Virgin  makes  a gesture  of  blessing.  A relief  of  the  Fall 
of  Man  appears  on  the  pedestal  of  the  Virgin’s  throne.  (41) 
Madonna  with  the  Diadem  : a painting  by  Raphael,  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  Virgin,  wearing  a coronet,  kneels,  with 
the  boy  St.  John  beside  her,  and  lifts  the  covering  from 
the  sleeping  Child.  (42)  Madonna  and  Child  with  St.  Anna  : 
one  of  the  finest  paintings  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  Virgin  is  seated  in  St.  Anna’s  lap,  and 
supports  the  Child,  who  is  playing  with  a lamb,  amid  a fair 
landscape.  (43)  See  Orleans  Madonna. 

Mador  (ma/dor),  Sir.  In  Arthurian  romance, 
a Scottish  knight  slain  by  Sir  Lancelot  of  the 
Lake  on  account  of  his  attack  on  the  reputation 
of  Guinevere. 

Madou(ma-do'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Brus- 
sels, Jan.  26, 1796  : died  there,  April  3, 1877.  A 
Belgian  genre-painter  and  lithographer.  He  pub- 
lished a number  of  illustrated  works,  “Scenes  of  Society," 
“Picturesque  Views,”  etc.,  from  1821-40.  Many  of  his 
pictures  are  humorous. 

Madoz  (ma/doth),  Pascual.  Bom  at  Pam- 
plona, Spain,  May  17, 1806 : died  at  Genoa,  Dec. 
11,  1870.  A Spanish  author  and  liberal  poli- 
tician. He  published  “ Diccionario  geogr&fico, 
estadistico  6 hist6rico  de  Espana  ” (1848-50), 
etc. 

Mad  Parliament.  See  Parliament,  Mad. 

Madras  (ma-dras').  1.  A province  and  presi- 
dency of  British  India,  comprising  the  east- 
ern or  Coromandel  coast,  a large  part  of  the 
interior  of  the  Deccan,  and  part  of  the  western 
or  Malabar  coast.  The  principal  mountains  are  the 
East  and  West  Ghats  ; the  chief  rivers,  the  Godavari,  Ka- 
veri,  and  Kistna.  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture. 
Government  is  administered  by  a governor  and  council 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Hindus.  This  province  was 
formed  from  the  states  of  the  Carnatic,  Tanjore,  parts  of 
Mysore,  etc.,  in  the  last  half  of  the  18th  century  and  the 
beginning  of  the  19th.  Area,  141,705  square  miles.  Pop- 
lation,  38,209,436. 

2.  The  capital  of  Madras,  situated  on  the  coast 
in  lat.  13°  4'  N.,  long.  80°  15'  E.  Its  commercial 
quarter  is  the  Black  Town  (named  George  Town,  1906). 
Madras  is  the  third  in  importance  of  the  seaports  of 
British  India;  exports  coffee,  cotton,  etc.;  and  is  the  seat 
of  various  societies  and  educational  institutions.  It  was 
founded  by  Francis  Day  of  the  East  India  Company  in  1639 ; 
was  made  a presidency  in  1653  ; was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  natives  in  1702  and  1741 ; was  captured  by  Iabour- 
donnais  in  1746,  and  restored  to  the  British  in  1748  ; and 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  French  in  1758-59. 
Its  (exposed)  roads  are  often  visited  by  hurricanes,  most 
disastrously  in  1872.  Population,  609,346. 

Madrazo  (ma-THr8/th5),  Jose  de.  Bom  at  San- 
tander, Spain,  April  28, 1781 ; died  May  8, 1859. 
A Spanish  historical  and  portrait  painter. 

Madrazo,  Rainmndo  de.  Born  at  Rome,  July 
24,  1841.  A genre-  and  portrait-painter,  the 
son  and  pupil  of  Federico  Madrazo.  Among  his 
works  are  “ The  End  of  a Masked  Ball  ” (1878),“  F6te  dur- 
ing Carnival,”  “El  Jaleo,"  “Pierrette”  (1878),  “La  Sou- 
brette  ” (1882),  “The  Domino  ” (1883),  etc. 

Madrazo  (ma  - THra ' tho)  y Kunt,  Federico. 

BornFeb.12, 1815:  diedJunell,1894.  ASpanish 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  son  of  Jos6  de 
Madrazo.  He  studied  at  Paris  with  Winterhalter.  He 
was  court  painter  and  professor  at  the  Madrid  Academy. 
He  founded,  with  Ochoa,  “ El  Artista,"  an  art  journal,  in 
1835,  and  was  made  foreign  associate  of  the  Beaux  Arts  in 
1873.  Among  his  works  are  “ Godefroy  de  Bouillon  pro- 
claimed King  of  Jerusalem  ” (1839),  “Maria  Christina  as 
a Nun,  etc.”(1843),  “ The  Women  at  the  Sepulcher  ”(1845), 
and  many  portraits  of  noted  persons. 

Madre  de  Deus(ma'dro  de  da'os),  Gaspar  da. 
Born  at  Santos,  Sao  Paulo,  1714 : died  in  Sao 
Paulo,  1804.  A Brazilian  Benedictine  monk  and 


historian.  He  is  best  known  for  his  “ Memorias  para  a 
historia  da  Capitania  de  8.  Vicente”  (Lisbon,  1797  ; Rio 
de  Janeiro,  1847),  a work  of  great  historical  value._ 

Madrid  (ma-drid';  Sp.  pron.  ma-dreTii'). 
[Sp.  Madrid,  At.  Majrlt,  ML.  Majoritum.]  1 . 
A province  in  New  Castile,  Spain.  Area,  3,084 
square  miles.  Population,  77  >,034. — 2.  The 
capital  of  Spain  and  of  the  province  of  Ma- 
drid, situated  on  the  Manzanares  in  lat.  40°  25' 
N.,  long.  3°  42'  \V.  It  stands  on  a plateau  2,160  feet 

above  sea-level,  nearly  in  the  geographical  center  MSptun. 
The  Church  of  San  Francisco,  finished  in  1784  }a  a great 
tunda,  witha  dome  163  feet  high,  an  u l>s  e .at ' dt  1 * ‘ ‘ l"1 

chapels  radially  arranged  on  each  side.  The  interior  is  re- 
markable for  its  spaciousness,  and  for  its  prof  usedeco^ 

in  sculpture  and  paintingby  modern  masters.  1 hi  royal  pal 
ace,  begun  in  1737,  is  imposing  from  its  great  size  and  its 


Madrid 

fine  situation  on  a lofty  terrace  above  the  river  Mauza- 
nares.  The  royal  armory  is  a unique  collection  of  splen- 
did medieval  and  Renaissance  armor,  arms,  banners,  and 
trappings,  a large  proportion  of  which  was  actually  used 
by  some  of  the  most  famous  personages  in  Spanish  history 
(Charles  V.,  Philip  II.,  Isabella  the  Catholic,  the  Gran  Capi- 
tan,  Pedro  the  Cruel,  Don  John  of  Austria,  etc.).  The 
bronze  statue  of  Philip  IV.,  by  Montanes  (19  feet  high), 
in  the  Plaza  del  Oriente,  cast  in  Florence  in  1640,  ranks 
as  one  of  the  finest  equestrian  statues  existing  : the  horse 
prances,  with  no  support  but  his  own  hind  legs.  The 
Museo  del  Prado,  or  Royal  Museum,  ranks  as  one  of  the 
great  galleries  of  paintings  of  the  world,  excelling,  more 
especially,  in  the  masterpieces  of  Murillo  and  Velasquez. 
Madrid  was  a Moorish  outpost ; was  taken  from  the  Moors 
in  1083;  became  a favorite  residence  of  Charles  V.,  and 
was  made  the  capital  by  Philip  II.  in  1560 ; was  occupied 
by  the  French  in  1808-13 ; and  has  been  the  scene  of  vari- 
ous insurrections  (1868,  etc.).  Population,  524,150. 

Madrid,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  between  the  em- 
peror CharlesV.  and  Francis  I.of  France, signed 
Jan.  14,  1526.  Francis  was  released  from  captivity  in 
return  for  the  cession  of  Burgundy  and  other  concessions. 

Madridejos  (ma-dre-da  ' hos).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Toledo,  Spain,  37  miles  southeast 
of  Toledo.  Population,  7,158. 

Madrigal  de  las  Altas  Torres  (mad-re-gal'  da 
lasal'tas  tor'ras).  A small  place  near  Medina 
del  Campo,  Spain,  said  by  some  to  be  the 
birthplace  of  Isabella. 

Madura  (mad'u-ra).  An  island  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies, north  of  Java,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Strait  of  Madura.  Length,  about 
100  miles. 

Madura.  1 . A district  in  Madras, British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  10°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area, 
8,701  square  miles.  Population,  2,831,280. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Madura,  situated 
on  the  Vaigai  in  lat.  9°  55'  N.,  long.  78°  7'  E. 

The  great  temple  here  was  built  for  the  most  part  in  the 
early  17th  century.  The  inclosure  forms  a rectangle  720  by 
840  feet,  with  a lofty  pyramidal  gopura  or  pylon  in  the 
middle  of  each  face.  The  choltry,  or  columned  hall,  of 
Tirumulla  Nayak  (about  1650),  built  to  receive  the  chief 
local  divinity  during  his  annual  visitto  the  king,  is  333  feet 
long  and  105  wide,  with  4 ranges  of  cruciform  piers,  all 
richly  sculptured,  and  presents  an  imposing  effect.  The 
piersof  the  faqade  exhibit  figures  in  the  round  of  prancing 
horses  resting  their  fore  feet  and  bodies  on  groups  of  sol- 
diers  beneath  them.  Population,  105,984. 

Madvig  (mad'vig),  Johan  Nicolai.  Bom  at 
Svaneke,  Bornholm,  Denmark,  Aug.  7,  1804: 
died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  13, 1886.  A celebrated 
Danish  philologist  and  statesman.  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  Copenhagen,  at  first  (1829)  of  the  Latin  language 
and  literature,  and  later  of  classical  philology;  minister 
of  public  worship  1848-51 ; and  later  inspector  of  public 
instruction.  His  chief  works  are  a Latin  grammar  (1841), 
“ Adversaria critica’’  (1871-73),  “Die  Verfassung  und  Ver- 
waltung  des  romischen  Staats  ” (1881),  etc. 

Mad  World,  A,  my  Masters.  1.  A dialogue 
by  Nicholas  Breton,  printed  in  1603. — 2.  A 
play  by  Middleton,  probably  produced  in  1606. 
It  was  printed  in  1608.  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  copied  it  in 
“The  City  Heiress,"  and  it  was  used  by  Charles  Johnson 
in  “Country  Lasses.” 

Maeander  (me-an'der).  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Mendere. 

Mseatse  (me-a'te).  A warlike  tribe  in  the  south 
of  Scotland  and  north  of  England,  just  beyond 
the  Roman  wall. 

Maecenas  (me-se'nas),  Cams  Cilnius.  Died  8 
B.  c.  A Roman  statesman  and  patron  of  litera- 
ture. He  was  descended  from  an  ancient  Etruscan  fam- 
ily, and  belonged  to  the  equestrian  order.  He  appears  in 
40  as  the  agent  of  Octavianus  (afterward  emperor  under 
the  title  of  Augustus)  in  negotiating  a marriage  with  Seri- 
bonia,  daughter  of  Libo,  the  father-in-law  of  Sextus  Pom- 
peius.  He  was  intrusted  with  the  administration  of  Rome 
during  the  absence  of  Oetavianns  on  an  expedition  against 
Pompeius  in  36 ; and  after  the  battle  of  Actium  in  31,  when 
Octavianus  made  himself  master  of  the  Roman  world, 
urged  him  to  establish  an  empire  instead  of  restoring  the 
republic.  He  remained,  with  Agrippa,  the  chief  adviser 
of  Augustus  down  to  16,  when  he  became  estranged  from 
his  master  and  retired  to  private  life.  He  was  the  friend 
and  patron  of  Horace  and  Vergil,  and  wrote  a number  of 
works,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant. 

Maelar.  See  Malar. 

Maelstrom  (mal'strom).  A celebrated  whirl- 
pool or  violent  current  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  near 
the  western  coast  of  Norway,  between  the  isl- 
ands Moskenaso  and  Varo,  formerly  supposed 
to  suck  in  and  destroy  anythingthat  approached 
it  at  any  time,  but  now  know::  not  to  be  danger- 
ous except  under  certain  conditions. 

Mteonia  (me-o'ni-a).  The  ancient  name  of 
Lydia,  Asia  Minor. 

Maeonides  (me-on'i-dez).  [Gr.  Mtudwdt??.]  A 
surname  of  Homer,  a native  (according  to  one 
account)  of  Mreonia. 

Maeotis  Palus  (me-6'tis  pa'lus).  [Gr.  ■>)  M aiu- 
ncXiuvTj.']  The  ancient  name  of  the  Sea  of 

Azoff. 

Maerlant  (mar'lant),  Jacob  (de  Coster)  van. 

Born  probably  at  Maerlant,  on  the  island  of 
Voome  (date  unknown) ; died  at  Damme,  near 
Bruges,  after  1291.  A Flemish  poet.  He  was  ap- 


640 

parently  a sacristan  in  Maerlant,  as  is  inferred  from  the 
title  “de  Coster”  given  him  in  one  of  his  works.  He  be- 
came, ultimately,  town  clerk  at  Damme,  where  he  died, 
and  where  a statue  has  been  erected  to  him.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  didactic  school  of  poetry  in  the  N etherlands. 
His  principal  work  is  the  long  poem  (after  a Latin  original) 

‘ * Spieghel  Historiel  ” (“  Mirror  of  History  ”),  begun  in  1283 
and  left  uncompleted  at  his  death.  Among  his  other  works 
are  the  romantic  poems  “Troyen  ” and  “Alexander  ” (after 
French  originals);  “Der  Naturen  Bloeme”  (“Flowers  of 
Nature”).  “Heimelijkheid  der  Heimelijkheiden”  (“The 
Secret  of ' Secrets  ”),  “Rijmbijbel”  (“Rime  Bible'’)— all 
after  Latin  originals ; a strophic  dialogue,  “ Wapene  Mar- 
tijn”;  and  the  poem  “Van  den  Lande  van  over  Zee”  (“Of 
the  Lands  over  the  Sea  ”),  a summons  to  the  Crusades.  He 
has  been  called  “the  father  of  Dutch  poets.” 

Maestricht,  or  Maastricht  (mas'tricht),  G. 
Mastricht  (mas'tricht).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  left  hank  of  the  Meuse,  in  lat.  50°  51'  N., 
long.  5°  42'  E. : the  Roman  Trajectum  Superius, 
and  medieval  Trajectum  ad  Mosam.  it  has  flour- 
ishing manufactures  and  trade.  Formerly  it  was  a very 
strong  fortress.  The  chief  attractions  are  the  old  church 
of  St.  Servatius,  and  in  the  vicinity  the  Petersberg  sand- 
stone quarries.  It  was  a Roman  town,  and  later  frequently 
a Frankish  royal  residence ; was  afterward  held  by  the 
dukes  of  Brabant  and  bishops  of  Liege;  was  taken  by  Alex- 
ander of  Parma  in  1579,  by  Prince  Frederick  Henry  of 
Orange  in  1632,  by  the  French  in  1673  and  1748,  and  again 
by  the  French  under  Kldber  in  1794 ; and  was  held  by  the 
^llutch  against  the  Belgians  in  1830.  Population,  37,550. 

Maeterlinck(ma,'  ter-lingk) , Maurice(Mooris). 

Born  at  Ghent,  Aug.  29,  1862.  A noted  Belgian 
poet.  He  wentto  Paris  in  1886,  where  he  came  under  the 
infiuenceof  Villiers  de  ITsle  Adam.  Among  his  worksare 
“ Serres  chaudes”  (poems),  the  dramas  “Les  aveugles,” 
“LaprincesseMaleine”  “Les  sept  princesses,"  “LTntruse," 
“Pelleas  et  Melisande,”  “La  quenouille  et  la  besace,” 
“Trois  petits  drames  pour  marionnettes,”  and  various 
critical  works. 

Maeviad,  The.  See  Baviaa. 

Maevius.  See  Bavins. 

Mafekillg  (maf'e-king).  A town  in  British  Be- 
*chua,naland,  in  lat.  25°  51'  S.,  long.  23°  41'  E. 
Maffei  (maf-fa'e),  Francesco  Scipione,  Mar- 
quese  di.  Born  at  Verona,  Italy,  June  1, 1675: 
died  at  Verona,  Feb.  11, 1755.  An  Italian  poet, 
archteologist,  and  litterateur.  He  wrote  the  tragedy 
“ Merope  ” (1713),  “ V erona  illustrata  ” (1731-32),  etc.  His 
complete  works  were  published  in  1790. 

Maffia,  or  Mafia  (ma-fe'a).  A formidable  se- 
cret society  in  Sicily,  organized  for  the  purpose 
of  promoting  smuggling  and  protectingits  mem- 
bers against  the  police. 

Mafra  (ma'fra).  A town  in  the  province  of  Es- 
tremadura,  Portugal,  18  miles  northwest  of  Lis- 
bon. The  royal  palace,  founded  in  1717  in  emulation  of 
the  Eseorial,  is  an  enormous  rectangle,  the  long  sides  mea- 
suring 770  feet,  and  contains  866  rooms,  the  finest  of  which 
is  the  great  library.  The  domed  church  is  well  propor- 
tioned and  incrusted  in  good  taste  with  colored  marbles. 
Population,  about  5,000. 

Magadha,  or  Magada  (mag 'a- da).  An  an- 
cient empire  in  India,  corresponding  generally 
to  the  modern  Behar  and  Oudh.  Its  capital  was 
Pataliputra.  It  was  flourishing  about  300  B.  c. 
Magadoxo  (mag-a-dok'so ; Pg.  pron.ma-ga-do'- 
sho).  A town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa, 
situated  in  lat.  2°  2'  N.,  long.  45°  25'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,000-8,000. 

Magalhaes  (ma-gal-yins'),  Benjamin  Con- 
stant Botelho  de,  generally  known  as  Ben- 
jamin Constant.  Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1838 ; 
died  there,  Jan.  22,  1891.  A Brazilian  repub- 
lican, one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolution  of 
Nov.  15,  1889.  He  was  secretary  of  war,  and 
for  a time  of  posts  and  telegraphs,  in  the  pro- 
visional government. 

Magalhaes,  Domingos  Jos4  Gongalves  de, 

Visconde  de  Araguaya.  Born  Aug.  13,  1811: 
died  July  10, 1882.  A Brazilian  poet  and  diplo- 
matist. He  is  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  romantic 
school  in  Brazilian  literature.  Of  his  numerous  poetical 
works  the  best  known  are  “ A Confederac&o  dos  Tamoyos,” 
an  epic  (1857),  “Mysterios”  (1858),  and  “Urania”  (1862). 

Magalhaes,  Fernao  de.  [Sp.  Fernando  de  Ma- 
gallanes;  F.,  G.,  and  E.  generally  Ferdinand 
Magellan.']  Born  at  Saborosa,  Traz-os-Montes, 
Portugal,  aboutl480:  died  on  the  island  of  Mac- 
tan,  Philippines,  April  27,  1521.  The  discoverer 
of  the  Strait  of  Magellan  and  of  the  Philippine 
Islands.  He  served  with  the  Portuguese  in  the  East 
Indies  1505-12,  and  in  Morocco  in  1514.  He  complained 
that  his  services  were  not  properly  rewarded,  and  formally 
renounced  allegiance  to  Portugal  in  1517 ; went  to  Spain  ; 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Ruy  Faleiro,  anotherPortuguese, 
offered  to  find  for  Spain  a western  passage  to  the  Moluc- 
cas, maintaining  that  those  islands  were  outside  of  the 
hemisphere  which,  by  treaty,  had  been  assigned  to  Portu- 
gal for  conquest.  (See  Tordesilhas.)  Charles  V.  accepted 
the  plan,  and  fitted  out  for  the  expedition  a government 
squadron  of  5 ships  and  205  men.  At  first  Magalhaes  and 
Faleiro  were  made  joint  commanders,  but  later  Faleiro 
was  separated  from  the  expedition,  and  Magalhaes  re- 
mained in  full  command.  The  squadron  sailed  from  San 
Luear,  Sept.  20, 1519,  and  touched  at  Madeira.  Soon  after 
the  veedor,  or  inspector,  Juau  de  Cartagena,  refused  to 


Magdalene  College 

obey  commands,  and  was  arrested.  Reaching  the  Bra- 
zilian coast,  they  stopped  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  Bay,  Dec.  13- 
26  ; explored  Rio  de  la  Plata  Jan.  10-Feb.  7,  1520 ; and  on 
March  31  reached  the  port  of  San  Julian  on  the  Patago- 
nian coast,  where  Magalhaes  decided  to  winter.  Three  of 
the  captains,  with  their  ships'  crews,  joined  by  Juan  de 
Cartagena,  mutinied  against  this  order,  but  were  subdued, 
one  being  killed  in  the  struggle  and  another  executed. 
Cartagena  and  a priest  were  abandoned  on  the  coast.  One 
of  the  ships  was  lost  in  a reconnaissance  southward  ; and 
the  Spaniards  had  slight  encounters  with  the  Indians, 
whom  they  described  as  a race  of  giants.  On  Oct.  21  the 
squadron  reached  the  entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan 
(called  by  the  commander  Todos  los  Santos),  and  passed 
through  after  losing  another  ship,  which  became  separated 
and  returned  to  Spain.  They  reached  the  Pacific  (so  called 
by  Magalhaes)  Nov.  28,  1520 ; kept  at  first  to  the  north, 
then  northwest  and  west ; discovered  afew  islands,  among 
others  the  Ladrones ; suffered  greatly  from  bad  food  and 
water,  and  from  scurvy ; and,  misinformed  of  the  position 
of  the  Moluccas,  kept  too  far  north,  discovering  the  Phil- 
ippines March  16,  1521.  The  King  of  Zebu,  one  of  the 
islands,  was  very  friendly  to  the  Spaniards,  made  a formal 
act  of  allegiance  to  Spain,  and  was  baptized  with  several 
hundred  of  hissubjects;  but  in  an  attack  on  the  unfriendly 
natives  of  Mactan,  Magalhaes  was  killed  with  several  of 
his  men.  Soon  after  the  King  of  Zebu  revolted  and  mur- 
dered 27  Spaniards,  including  Serrano  and  Barboza  whom 
they  had  elected  captains.  The  survivors  burned  one  of 
their  vessels,  and  in  the  remaining  two,  after  various  wan- 
derings (in  which  they  discovered  Borneo  and  lost  more 
men),  reached  the  Moluccas.  There  they  loaded  with 
spices ; one  of  the  ships,  the  Trinidad,  attempted  to  reach 
Panama,  but  failed;  and  the  Victoria,  with  18  men,  ar- 
rived in  Europe  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  thus  making 
the  first  voyage  around  the  world.  See  Cano,  J tuxn  Sebas- 
tian del. 

Magalhaes  de  Gandavo,  Pero  de.  See  Gan- 

davo. 

Magallanes  (ma-gal-ya'nes).  A territory  of 
Chile,  comprising  the  region  south  of  about  lat. 
47°  S.,  the  coasts  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  and 
the  western  portion  of  Tierra  del  Fuego.  Area, 
66,174  square  miles.  Population,  17,483. 
Magallanes,  Fernando  de.  See  Magalhaes, 
Fernao  de. 

Magan  (ma-gan'),  or  Makan  (ma-kan').  A geo- 
graphical name  occurring  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions. Its  meaning  is  not  certain,  but  it 
probably  designated  the  Arabian  coast. 
Magarinos  Cervantes  (ma-ga-ren'yos  ther- 
van'tes),  Alejandro.  Bom  in  Montevideo, 
1826.  An  Uruguayan  author.  He  has  published 
“Estudios  histdricos  sobre  el  Rio  de  la  Plata,”  “La  Iglesia 
y el  Estado,”  several  volumes  of  poems,  etc. 

Magdala  (mag'da-la).  [Gr.  M aySala-  prefer- 
ably MayacSw.]  In  biblical  geography,  a town 
in  Palestine,  situated  on  the  western  shore  of 
the  Sea  of  Galilee : the  modem  El-Mejdel.  The 
form  Magadan  is  preferable. 

Magdala  (mag'da-la).  A stronghold  in  Abys- 
sinia, situated  in  lat.  11°  22'  N.,  long.  39°  25'  E. 
It  was  captured  in  1868  by  the  British  under  Sir  Robert 
Napier,  who  in  consequence  was  created  Baron  Napier  of 
Magdala, 

Magdalen  (mag'da-len).  See  Mary  Magdalen. 
Among  the  numerouspaintingsof  this  subject  thefollowing 
are  notable . (1)  A pai  nting  by  Correggio,  in  the  museum  at 
Dresden.  The  Magdalen  lies  on  the  ground  amid  a thickly 
wooded  landscape,  supporting  her  head  on  one  elbow  and 
reading  intently.  Herform  is  wrapped  in  dark-blue  drapery, 
whichleavesthebustandfeetbare.  (2)  A picture  by  Paolo 
Veronese,  by  some  considered  his  masterpiece,  in  the  Pina- 
coteca  at  Turin.  Mary  is  portrayed  anointing  the  Saviour's 
feet.  (3)  A painting  by  Tintoret,  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Roe- 
co  at  V enice.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  wild -landscape  back- 
ground, full  of  stormy  light  and  fantastic  with  tangled 
laurel.  The  figure  of  the  Magdalen  is  small.  (4)  A paint- 
ing by  Titian  (familiar  in  reproductions),  in  the  Pitti  Gallery, 
Florence.  It  is  the  picture  of  a beautiful  woman,  her  un- 
draped  shoulders  and  bust  enveloped  in  her  rich  golden 
hair,  and  with  uplifted,  tearful  face  and  eyes.  (5)  A paint- 
ing by  Titian  (about  1561),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St, 
Petersburg.  The  figure,  seen  half-length,  is  lightly  draped : 
the  partly  exposed  neck  and  breast  are  veiled  by  the  flow- 
ing hair.  The  skull  and  open  book  are  introduced  as  at- 
tributes. (6)  Death  of  the  Magdalen  : a celebrated  paint- 
ing by  Rubens,  in  the  musee  at  Lille,  France. 
Magdalena  (mag-da-la'na).  The  chief  river  of 
Colombia.  It  flows  by  a delta  into  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
about  lat.  IT  N.  Its  chief  tributary  Is  the  Cauca.  Length, 
about  1,050  miles ; navigable  to  the  vicinity  of  Honda  (620 
miles). 

Magdalena.  A department  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  bordering 
on  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  north  and  on  Vene- 
zuela on  the  east.  Capital,  Santa  Marta. 
Magdalen  (mad'lin)  College  : in  full  St.Mary 
Magdalen  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, founded  in  1457  by  Bishop  Waynflete. 
The  charter  was  issued  in  1458,  and  the  founda- 
tion-stone was  laid  May  5,  1474.  The  most 
notable  feature  of  the  college  is  a tower  of 
singular  beauty,  erected  1492-1505.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  built  under  Wolsey. 

Magdalene  (mag'da-len)  College.  A college 

of  Cambridge  University,  England,  founded  in 
1519.  The  Pepysian  Building  in  the  second  court  con- 
tains Pepys’s  library,  the  MS.  of  his  “Diary,”  and  many 
other  literary  treasures  and  curiosities. 


Magdalene  College 

The  College  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  originated  in  two 
messuages  granted  by  Henry  VI.  in  1428  to  the  Benedic- 
tine House  of  Croyland  for  the  convenience  of  those  monks 
who  wished  to  study  at  Cambridge.  Out  of  these  mes- 
suages, or  on  their  site,  a house  was  gradually  constructed 
for  the  general  use  of  the  Benedictine  Order,  “different 
monasteries  building  different  portions ; thus  Ely  built 
one  chamber,  Walden  a second,  Ramsey  a third,'1  says  Dr. 
Caius  ; and  so  late  as  1777  Cole  saw  the  arms  of  Ely  in  the 
spandrels  of  the  door  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  court. 

Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  210. 

Magdalen  (mag'da-len)  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  be- 
longing to  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  northeast 
of  Prince  Edward  Island.  The  chief  occupa- 
tion is  fishing.  Population,  about  5,000. 
Magdeburg  (mag'de-borG).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  in  lat.  52°  8'  N.,  long.  11°  39'  E.  it  con- 
sists of  the  city  proper  and  five  suburbs,  andisapower- 
ful  fortress.  It  is  the  center  of  the  German  sugar  trade : 
is  one  of  the  leading  commercial  centers  in  Germany ; and 
has  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  tobacco,  spirits,  chicory, 
etc.  The  cathedral,  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  with 
later  towers,  measures  390  by  105  feet : height  of  the  spire 
of  the  north  tower,  337  feet.  Thechoirand  radiating  chapels 
recaU  in  style  the  French  Romanesque : the  western  por- 
tions are  Pointed.  The  sculptured  west  portal  is  magnifi- 
cent. There  are  choir-stalls  of  the  14th  century,  and  many 
beautiful  tombs,  especially  that  of  Archbishop  Ernst  by 
the  noted  Vischer,  with  figures  of  the  twelve  apostles. 
Magdeburg  was  founded  in  the  9th  century.  A Benedic- 
tine monastery  was  established  there  by  Otto  the  Great. 
It  became  an  archbishopric  about  967,  and  was  an  impor- 
tant Hanseatic  town.  The  Reformation  was  introduced  in 
1524.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Maurice  of  Saxony  in 
1550-51;  resisted  Wallenstein  in  1629;  was  stormed  and 
sacked  by  Tilly  in  1631  (with  the  massacre,  it  is  said,  of 
30,000  persons) ; was  governed  after  the  Reformation  by 
archbishops  and  administrators;  was  secularized  in  1648 ; 
was  annexed  to  Brandenburg  in  1680 ; was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1806 ; and  was  restored  to  Prussia  in  1814.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  279,644,  (1910). 

Magdeburg,  Centuries  of.  An  ecclesiastical 
history  of  the  first  1,300  years  of  the  Christian 
era,  in  which  the  records  of  each  century  oc- 
cupy a volume.  It  was  compiled  by  a numberof  Prot- 
estants at  Magdeburg,  and  was  published  at  Basel  1560- 
1574. 

Magellan  (ma-jel'an),  Ferdinand.  See  Magal- 
haes,  Fcrndo  de. 

Magellan  (ma-jel'an), ^ ’;rait  of.  Asea  passage 
separating  the  mainland  of  South  America  from 
the  group  of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  and  connecting 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans.  Length,  over 
300  miles.  See  Magalhaes,  Ferndo  de. 
Magellan’s  Sea.  See  Mar  Magallanico. 
Magendie  (ma-zhoh-de'),  Francois.  Bom  at 
Bordeaux,  France,  Oct.  15, 1783 : died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  7, 1855.  A French  physiologist,  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  College  de  France,  especially 
noted  for  experiments  on  the  physiology  of  the 
nerves.  Among  his  works  are  “Precis  t-lementaire  de 
physiologie"  (1816),  “Leeo.ns  sur  les  phenomiSnes  phy- 
siques de  la  vie  ” (1835-38),  “ Lemons  sur  ies  fonctions  et  les 
maladies  du  systfeme  nerveux”  (1839). 

Magenta  (ma-jen'ta).  A small  place  near  the 
river  Ticino  in  Lombardy,  Italy,  about  15  miles 
west  of  Milan.  Here,  June  4,  1859,  a notable  victory 
was  won  by  the  allied  French  and  Sardinians  (55,000  7)  over 
the  Austrians  (75, 000?)under  Gyulai.  The  emperor  Napo- 
leon III.  was  nominally  in  command  of  the  allies,  but  the 
chief  credit  belonged  to  MacMahon,  who  was  afterward 
created  duke  of  Magenta.  The  loss  of  the  victors  was 
4,000 ; that  of  the  Austrians,  10,000,  besides  prisoners.  The 
battle  led  to  the  occupation  of  Milan. 

Magenta,  Due  de.  See  MacMalion. 

Magero  (ma'ge-re).  The  island  of  Norway  on 
which  the  North  Cape  is  situated. 

Maggia  (mad'ja),  Valle.  An  Alpine  valley 
in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  north  of 
Lago  Maggiore. 

Maggiore  (mad-jo're),  Lago,  F.  Lac  Majeur. 
[It.,  ‘greater  lake.']  One  of  the  chief  lakes  of 
northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  border  of  Italy 
and  the  canton  of  Ticino  in  Switzerland:  the 
Roman  Lacus  Verbanus.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Ticino : other  tributaries  are  the  Fosa  and  Maggia.  It 
contains  the  Borromean  Islands,  and  is  famous  for  pictu- 
resque scenery.  On  its  banks  are  Luino,  Locarno,  Intra, 
Pallanza,  etc.  Its  northern  part  is  called  the  Lake  of  Lo- 
carno. Height  above  sea-level,  645  feet.  Length,  37  miles. 

Maghiana  (mii-ge-a'na).  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Jhang,  Panjab,  British  India,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  31°  18'  N.,  long.  72°  20'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, 24,382. 

Maghreb  (ma/greb).  An  Arabic  word  for ‘sun- 
set’ and  ‘ west,’ applied  by  Arabs  to  Morocco 
and  to  all  northwestern  Africa  and  Spain.  Com- 
are Arabic. 

agi  (ma'ji).  [L.,  from  Gr.  M ayot.\  1.  The 
members  of  the  learned  and  priestly  caste  in 
ancient  Persia,  who  had  official  charge  of  the 
sacred  rites,  practised  interpretation  of  dreams, 
professed  supernatural  arts,  and  were  distin- 

S fished  by  peculiarities  of  dress  and  insignia, 
lelr  origin  maybe  traced  to  the  Akkadians,  the  earliest 
C.— 41 


641 

settlers  of  the  lower  Euphrates  valley.  The  first  biblical 
reference  to  the  Magi  occurs  in  Jer.  xxxix.  3,  13,  where  a 
Babylonian  rab-mag,  or  chief  of  the  Magi,  is  mentioned 
in  connection  with  the  siege,  capture,  and  rule  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

2.  The  “wise  men”  who,  according  to  the  Gos- 
pel of  Matthew  (ii.  1,  2),  came  from  the  East  to 
Jerusalem  to  do  homage  to  the  new-born  King 
of  the  J ews.  A tradition  as  old  as  the  2d  century  (rest- 
ing on  Ps.  lxxii.  10,  Isa.  xlix.  7)  makes  them  kings,  and  at 
a later  period  the  names  Melchior,  Kaspar,  and  Balthasar 
became  attached  to  them.  As  the  first  of  the  pagans  to 
whom  the  birth  of  the  Messiah  was  announced,  they  are 
honored  at  the  feast  of  the  Epiphany : in  the  calendar,  how- 
ever, the  three  days  immediately  following  the  first  of  the 
new  year  are  caUed  after  them.  In  works  of  art  the  young- 
est of  them  is  represented  as  a Moor. 

Magians  (ma/ji-anz).  See  Magi,  1. 

Magic  Flute,  The.  See  Zauberflote. 

Maginn  (ma-gin'),  William.  Born  at  Cork, 
July  10, 1793 : died  at  Walton-on-Thames,  Aug. 
21?  1842.  An  Irish  author.  He  graduated  (B.  A.)  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1811 ; conducted  a private  school 
at  Cork  1813-23 ; and  founded  “Fraser’s  Magazine  ” in  1830. 
He  is  known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  “The  City  of  Demons” 
and  “ Bob  Burke’s  Duel  with  Ensign  Brady.”  His  “ Mis- 
cellanies ” were  edited  by  Dr.  Shelton  Mackenzie  1855-57. 

Magister  Sententiarum.  [L.,  ‘master  of  sen- 
tences.’] See  Book  of  Sentences. 

MagliabecM  (mal-ya-bek'o),  Antonio.  Born 
at  Florence,  Oct.,  1633:  died  July  4, 1714.  An 
Italian  bibliophile.  He  was  for  many  years  librarian 
of  Cosmo  III.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany ; and  was  famous 
for  his  vast  and  varied  knowledge  of  languages  and  anti- 
quities. He  bequeathed  to  thegrandduke  a valuablecol- 
lection  of  manuscriptsand  early  editions,  which  now  forms 
part  of  the  Biblioteca  Nazionale  at  Florence. 

Magna  Charta,  or  Magna  Carta  (mag'na  kar'- 
ta).  The  groat  charter  of  the  liberties  (Magna 
Charta  Libertatum)  of  England,  granted  and 
sealed  by  King  John  in  a conference  between 
him  and  his  barons  at  Runnymede,  June  15, 
1215.  Its  most  important  articles  are  those  which  pro- 
vide that  no  freeman  shall  be  taken,  or  imprisoned,  or 
proceeded  against,  except  by  the  lawful  judgment  of  his 
peers  or  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the  land,  and  that 
no  scutage  or  aid  shall  be  imposed  in  the  kingdom  (except 
certain  feudal  dues  from  tenants  of  the  crown),  unless  by 
the  common  council  of  the  kingdom.  The  remaining  and 
greater  part  of  the  charter  is  directed  against  abuses  of 
the  king’s  power  as  feudal  superior.  The  charter  granted 
by  Henry  III.  is  only  a confirmation  of  that  of  his  father, 
King  John. 

Magna  Grsecia  (mag'na  gre'shia).  [L.,  ‘great 
Greece.’]  Iu  ancient  geography,  the  name  given 
to  the  part  of  southern  Italy  colonized  by  Greeks. 
Among  the  leading  cities  were  Cumae,  Crotona,  Sybaris, 
Metapontum,  Locri,  Rhegium,  Tarentum,  Thurii,  Hera- 
clea,  and  Neapolis.  Its  most  flourishing  period  was  the 
7th  and  6th  centuries  B.  0. 

Magnalia  Christi  Americana.  [L.,  ‘the 
mighty  works  of  Christ  in  America.’]  An  ec- 
clesiastical history  of  New  England,  by  Cotton 
Mather,  published  in  1702  (new  ed.  1853). 
Magnan  (man-yoh'),  Bernard  Pierre.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Dec.  7,  1791:  died  at  Paris,  May  29, 
1865.  A French  marshal.  He  repressed  the  insur- 
rection iu  Lyons  in  1849,  and  aided  in  the  coud  d’etat  of 
1851. 

Magnano  (man-ya'no).  A place  in  northern 
Italy,  26  miles  west  of  Parma.  Here,  April  5, 1799, 
the  Austrians  under  Kray  defeated  the  French  under 
Scherer. 

Magnentius  (mag-nen'shius).  Died  353  a.  d. 
Roman  emperor  350-353.  He  murdered  Constans 
and  usurped  the  western  proviuces  of  the  empire  in  350, 
but  was  defeated  by  Constantius  at  Mursa  in  351,  and 
committed  suicide  to  avoid  capture  in  353. 

Magnesia  (mag-ne'shiii).  [Gr.  Mayvycia.  ] In 
ancient  geography,  the  easternmost  district  of 
Thessaly,  Greece,  bordering  on  the  zEgean  Sea 
and  the  Pagasean  Gulf,  it  is  supposed  that  mag- 
neticore  was  first  found  here,  and  that  from  this  the  word 
'magnet  i3  derived. 

Magnesia.  1 . In  ancient  geography,  a city  in 
Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  14  miles  southeast  of  Ephe- 
sus : often  called  Magnesia  ad  Mseandrum.  The 
temple  of  Artemis  Leucophryne,  here,  is  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  of  ancient  monuments,  rebuilt  about  300  B.  C. 
as  an  Ionic  pseudodipteros  of  8 by  15  columns,  measuring 
100  by  180  feet.  The  cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomos 
with  2 columns  in  antis.  The  frieze,  now  in  the  Louvre, 
bears  reliefs  of  combats  between  Greeks  and  Amazons. 
The  temple  stood  in  a splendid  peribolos  surrounded  by 
Doric  porticos.  There  are  also  remains  of  a theater  of 
the  4th  century  B.  c.,  with  later  modifications,  and  of  a 
large  stadium. 

2.  A city  in  Lydia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the 
Hermus  20  miles  northeast  of  Smyrna:  often 
called  Magnesia  ad  Sipylum : the  modern  Ma- 
nissa  (which  see).  Here,  190  b.  c.,  the  Romans  under 
Scipio  Asiaticus  defeated  Antiochus  the  Great. 

Magnetick  Lady,  Tlie,  or  Humours  Recon- 
ciled. A comedy  by  Ben  Jonson.  It  was  li- 
censed and  acted  in  1632,  but  not  published  till 
1640. 

Magnificat  (mag-nif'i-kat).  [L.  magnificat;  as 
used  in  the  Vulgate,  Luke  i.  46,  “Magnificat 


Maguana 

anima  mea  Dominum.”]  The  song  or  hymn  of 
the  Virgin  Mary  in  Luke  i.  46-55,  beginning 
‘ ‘ My  soul  doth  magnify  the  Lord.  ” it  is  very  sim- 
ilar  to  the  song  of  Hannah  (Sam.  ii.  1-10),  which  has  ac- 
cordingly been  called  the  Old  Testament  Magnificat.  The 
Magnificat  was  in  use  in  the  hours  or  daily  service  of  the 
Christian  church  as  early  as  about  500  A.  D.  In  the  Greek 
Church  it  is  called  the  Ode  of  the  Theotocos.  It  was  at 
first  omitted  from  the  American  Prayer-book,  but  was  re- 
stored in  1886. 

Magnin  (man-yan'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  4,  1793:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1862.  A 
French  dramatic  critic.  He  wrote  “Les  origines du 
theatre  en  Europe  ” (1838),  “ Histoire  des  Marionettes  " 
(1852),  etc. 

Magnus  (mag'nus)  I.,  surnamed  “The  Good.” 
King  of  Norway  1035-47,  and  of  Denmark  1042- 
1047,  son  of  St.  Olaf. 

Magnus  III.,  surnamed  “Barfod”  (‘Barefoot’). 
Died  Aug.  24, 1103.  King  of  Norway  1093-1103. 
He  conquered  the  Orkneys  and  the  Hebrides,  and  was 
killed  before  Dublin  during  an  invasion  of  Ireland. 
Magnus  VII.,  surnamed  “Lagabceter”  (‘Re- 
former of  the  Laws’).  Died  May  9, 1280.  King  of 
Norway  1262-80.  He  collected  and  published 
a new  code  of  laws. 

Magnus  II.,  surnamed  “Smek.”  Born  in  1316 : 
died  at  sea,  Dec.  1,  1374.  King  of  Sweden  1319- 
1363.  He  was  deposed  by  the  nobles,  who  ele- 
vated Albert  of  Mecklenburg. 

Magnus  (mag'nos),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  7,  1799:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  8,  1872.  A 
German  portrait-painter  and  writer  on  art. 
Magnus,  Heinrich  Gustav.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
May  2,  1802:  died  at  Berlin,  April  4,  1870.  A 
noted  German  chemist  and  physicist,  professor 
of  physical  technology  at  Berlin  1834-69.  He 
published  in  Poggendorff’s  “ Annalen,”  and  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Berlin  Aeademy  of  Sciences,  a number  of  im- 
portant papers  on  chemistry  and  physical  topics. 

Magnusen,orMagnussen(mag'n6s-sen),Finn. 
Bom  at  Skalholt,  Iceland,  Aug.  27, 1781 : died  at 
Copenhagen,  Dec.  24,  1847.  A noted  Icelandic 
archaeologist,  appointed  professor  at  Copenha- 
gen in  1815.  He  was  the  author  of  important  works  on 
the  elder  Edda,  and  on  Norse  mythology,  literature,  and 
antiquities. 

Magnusson  (mag'nos-son),  Arne  or  Arni.  [L. 

Magneeus.']  Born  in  Iceland,  1663 : died  at  Co- 
penhagen, Jan.,  1730.  A noted  Icelandic  his- 
torian and  archaeologist.  He  became  secretary  of 
the  royal  archives  in  1697,  and  professor  of  history  and 
Danish  antiquities  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen  in 
1713.  He  made  a notable  collection  of  Icelandic  manu- 
scripts. 

Magny  (man-ye'),  Olivier  de.  Bom  at  Cahors : 
died  about  1560.  A French  poet,  author  of 
“Les  amours”  (1553),  “Les  gayetds”  (1554), 
“Les  soupirs”  (1557),  and  “Les  odes”  (1559). 
MagO  (ma'go).  A Carthaginian  general  of  the 
6th  century  b.  c.,  the  reputed  organizer  of  the 
military  system  of  Carthage. 

MagO.  A Carthaginian  naval  commander  of  the 
4th  century  B.  C.,  distinguished  in  the  wars 
with  the  Syracusans  396-392,  and  later  sufCete 
or  king  of  Carthage. 

MagO.  The  commander  of  the  Carthaginian 
forces  in  Sicily  343  b.  c.,  the  ally  of  Hicetas  in 
his  struggle  with  Timoleon.  His  conduct  of  the 
campaign  was  marked  by  cowardice,  and  on  his  return  to 
Carthage  he  committed  suicide. 

MagO.  Died  203  b.  c.  (about  193  b.  c.  ?).  A 
Carthaginian  general,  younger  brother  of  Han- 
nibal. He  accompanied  bis  brother  to  Italy  218  B.  C.,  sup- 
ported Hasdrubal  iu  Spain  215  B.  c. , and  was  defeated  by 
Scipio  at  Silpia  206  B.  0. 

Magog.  See  the  extract,  and  Gog. 

For  an  explanation  of  Magog  we  must  go  to  the  prophet 
Ezekiel.  II e tells  us  (xxxviii.  2)  that  Magog  was  the  land 
of  Gog,  “the  chief  prince  ” of  Tubal  and  Meshech.  Gog 
is  the  Gugu  of  the  Assyrian  inscriptions,  the  Gyges  of  the 
Greeks ; and  in  Magog,  therefore,  we  must  see  a title  of 
Lydia.  The  name  is  evidently  a compound  of  that  of  Gog; 
perhaps  it  represents  the  Assyrian  Mat  Gugi,  or  ‘ country 
of  Gugu.’  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  46. 

Magoon(ma-gon'),  Elias  Lyman.  Born  at  Leb- 
anon, N.  Ef.,  Oct.  20,  1810 : died  at  Philadel- 
phia, Nov.  25, 1886.  An  American  Baptist  clergy- 
man and  writer.  His  works  include  “Orators  of  the 
American  Revolution  ” (1848),  “ Republican  Christianity'* 
(1849),  etc. 

Magruder  (ma-gro'der),  John  Bankhead.  Born 
in  Winchester,  Va.,  Aug.  15,1810:  died  at  Hous- 
ton, Texas,  Feb.  19,  1871.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  service.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1830 ; served  in  the  Mexican  war  1846-17  ; 
served  as  a major-general  at  the  battle  of  Malvern  Hili, 
.1  illy  1, 181 12  ; and  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Texas,  Oct.  16, 1862.  He  afterward  served  under 
the  emperor  Maximilian  of  Mexico. 

Maguana  (ma-gwix'nii).  A region  or  “province” 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  island  of  Haiti 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest.  Its  principal 
cacique  was  Caonabo. 


Maguelonne 

Maguelonne  (mag-lon').  A former  seaport 
on  the  Mediterranean,  about  10  miles  south  of 
Montpellier,  France.  It. was  built  by  the  Phocaeans, 
and  destroyed  by  Charles  Martel  737,  and  finally  by  Louis 
XIII.  1633.  There  is  a ruined  cathedral  on  the  site. 
Magui.  See  Tusayan. 

Maguindanao.  See  Mindanao. 

Maguire  (ma-gwir'),  John  Francis.  Bom  at 
Cork,  Ireland,  1815:  died  at  Cork,  Nov.  1,  1872. 
An  Irish  journalist  and  author.  He  published 
“ The  Pontificate  of  Pius  IX.  ” (1870),  “ The  Irish  in  Amer- 
ica ” (1808),  etc. 

Magyar  (mo'dyor),Laszl6.  Bom  at  Maria-The- 
resiopol,  Austria-Hungary,  1817 : died  at  Cuio, 
near  Benguella,  West  Africa,  Nov.  9,  1864.  An 
African  traveler.  After  many  voyages  as  officer  and 
captain  of  Austrian  and  American  ships,  he  went  to  Bra- 
zil (1844),  and  thence  to  the  Kongo  and  Angola  (1847-48), 
settling  in  Bihe.  He  visited  theMuata  Yamvo  in  1850  and 
the  Kunene  River  in  1852 ; then  entered  the  Portuguese 
service  and  founded  a settlement  at  Lucira  Bay.  Only  the 
first  volume  of  his  “Reisen  in  Siidafrika,  1849-57,”  has 
been  published  (1859). 

Magyars  (mo'dyorz).  [Hung.,  from  Turk,  ma- 
jor.] The  members  of  a race,  of  the  Finno- 
Ugrian  stock,  which  invaded  Hungary  about 
the  end  of  the  9th  century,  and  settled  there, 
where  it  still  forms  the  predominant  element 
of  the  population.  See  Hungary. 
Mahabaleshwar  (ma-ha-ba-lesh-wur').  A 
health-resort  in  Bombay,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Western  Ghats  about  lat.  17°  57'  N., 
long.  73°  40'  E. 

Mahabharata,  (ma-ha-bha/ra-ta).  [ Mahdblid - 

rata-akhyana,  great  Bharata  story;  or,  more 
briefly,  Mahabharata.']  The  name  of  one  of  the 
two  great  epics  of  ancient  India,  the  other  being 
the  Ramayana.  It  contains  over  100,000  distichs,  di- 
vided into  18  parvans  (‘  knots  ’ or  ‘ joints,’  and  then  ‘sec- 
tions,’ ‘ chapters  ’).  It  is  about  eight  times  as  large  as  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  together.  The  tales  originally  compos- 
ing it  were  probably  first  circulated  in  prose,  and  put  later 
into  metrical  form.  They  may  have  existed  several  cen- 
turies before  our  era,  but  there  is  no  satisfactory  evidence 
as  to  their  date.  Neither  is  there  better  as  to  their  au- 
thors. They  are  ascribed  to  Vyasa,  “ the  arranger,”  called 
also  Krishna  Dvaipayana ; but  as  the  same  Vyasa  is  the 
reputed  compiler  of  the  Vedas,  Puranas,  and  other  works, 
no  historical  value  can  be  attached  to  the  detail . Scarcely 
a fourth  of  the  poem  is  taken  up  by  the  main  narrative. 
The  rest  consists  of  inserted  episodes  and  diverse  accre- 
tions, which  are,  aside  from  minor  additions,  either  nar- 
ratives of  the  ancient  or  mythical  history  of  India,  the- 
ogony  and  cosmogony,  or  didactic  and  dogmatic  matter. 
To  the  first  class  belong  the  episodes  of  Nala  and  Shakun- 
tala,  to  the  third  the  Bhagavadgita.  Thus  through  con- 
stant accretion  the  Mahabharata  became  a sort  of  encyclo- 
pedia of  India,  intended  by  the  Brabmanic  authors  for 
the  Kshatriya  or  military  caste.  Krishna  Dvaipayana  is 
said  to  have  taught  the  poem  to  his  pupil  Vaishampayana, 
who  recited  it  at  a festival  before  King  Janamejaya.  The 
leading  subject  is  the  great  war  between  the  Kauravas 
and  the  Pandavas,  who  were  descendants  through  Bharata 
from  Puru,  the  ancestor  of  one  branch  of  the  lunar  race. 
The  following  is  a brief  summary  of  the  main  story  : The 
two  brothers  Dhritarashtra  and  Pandu  were  brought  up  in 
their  royal  home  at  Hastinapura,  about  60  miles  northeast 
of  Delhi.  Dhritarashtra,  the  eider,  being  blind,  Pandu  be- 
came king.  Pandu  had  5 sons  — Yudhishthira,  Bhima,  and 
Arjuna  by  Kunti,  and  Nakula  and  Sahadeva  by  Madri. 
These  are  called  the  Pandavas,  and  are  types  of  heroic  ex- 
cellence. Dhritarashtra  had  100  sons,  of  whom  the  chief 
was  Duryodhana.  These  are  called  the  Kauravas,  aud  are 
represented  as  altogether  bad.  After  Pandu’s  death  the 
Pandavas  were  brought  up  with  the  Kauravas  by  Dhrita- 
rashtra, who  made  his  nephew  Yudhishthira  heir  appa- 
rent. Yudhishthira's  exploits  having  excited  the  ill  will  of 
the  Kauravas,  the  Pandavas  went  to  the  King  of  Panchala, 
whose  daughter  Draupadi  became  their  common  wife. 
After  this  alliance,  in  order  to  reconcile  the  feud,  Dhri- 
tarashtra divided  his  kingdom,  giving  Hastinapura  to  his 
sons,  and  to  his  nephews  a district  in  the  southwest,  where 
they  built  Indraprastha,  the  modern  Delhi.  Here  the 
Pandavas  lived  for  a time  happily  under  the  rule  of  Yu- 
dhishthira. Once,  however,  Dhritarashtra  held  at  his  cap- 
ital a great  assembly  to  which  came  the  Pandavas.  In  a 
game  of  dice  with  Duryodhana,  Yudhishthira  lost  wealth, 
kingdom,  brothers,  and  wife,  when  by  a compromise  the 
Pandavas  agreed  to  give  up  their  portion  of  the  kingdom 
for  12  years  and  remain  incognito  for  a thirteenth.  They 
retired  with  Draupadi  to  the  Kamyaka  forest  on  the  Saras- 
vati,  and  dwelt  there  12  years.  In  the  fourteenth  year  they 
demanded  their  possessions,  but  in  vain ; hence  the  great 
war,  in  which  they  overthrew  the  reigning  house,  slew 
Duryodhana,  aud  got  back  their  kingdom.  In  the  present 
poem  the  story  of  the  combat  is  extended  through  several 
books.  When  Yudhishthira  is  crowned  in  Hastinapura, 
Bhishma,  leader  of  the  Kauravas,  though  mortally  wound- 
ed, instructs  him  on  the  duties  of  kings  through  20,000 
distichs  and  then  dies.  In  the  17th  book  the  Pandavas 
renounce  the  kingdom,  and  in  the  18tli,  the  last,  they  as- 
cend to  heaven  with  Draupadi.  (For  a fuller  account,  see 
Monier-Williams’s  “Indian  Wisdom,’’ xiii.  xiv.)  Thecom- 
plete  text  of  the  Mahabharata  has  been  printed  at  Bom- 
bay and  at  Calcutta.  An  attempt  at  a complete  translation 
into  French  by  Fauche  was  interrupted  by  his  death.  This 
translation  is  in  many  respects  untrustworthy.  Several 
episodes  have  been  often  translated  into  various  modern 
languages,  notably  the  Nala  and  the  Bhagavadgita  (which 
see). 

Mahabhashya  ( ma-ha-bha'shya).  [Skt. , ‘ great 
commentary  contracted  from vyakaranamaha- 
bhdshya,  great  commentary  on  grammar.]  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  Patanjali’s  commentary  on 


642 

the  grammatical  sutras  of  Panini,  written  some 
time  between  B.  c.  140  and  60  A.  d.  it  is  not  a 
full  commentary  on  Panini,  but  with  some  exceptions  a 
commentary  on  the  Varttikas,  or  critical  remarks  of  Katya- 
yana  on  Panini.  It  is  a paramoun  t authority  in  all  matters 
relating  to  classical  Sanskrit  grammar.  There  is  a photo- 
lithographed  edition  by  Goldstiicker  and  a translation  of 
40  pages  by  Ballantyne. 

Mahadeva  (ma-ha-da'va).  [Skt.,  ‘the  great 
god.’]  1.  A name  of  Shiva. — 2.  In  the  history 
of  Buddhism,  a schismatic  teacher  who  is  said 
to  have  lived  200  years  after  Buddha’s  death. 
Mahadevi  (ma-ka-da've).  [Skt.,  ‘the  great 
goddess.’]  A name  of  Devi,  the  wife  of  Shiva. 
★ See  Devi. 

Mahaffy  (ma-haf'i),  John  P.  Bom  in  Switzer- 
land, 1839.  An  Irish  classical  scholar,  professor 
of  ancient  history  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1871-1901.  Hehas written  “SocialLife  in  Greece  "(1874), 
“A History  of  Greek  Classical  Literature”  (1880),  etc. 
Mahakashyapa  (ina-ha//kash'ya-pa).  The  dis- 
ciple of  Buddha  to  whom  are  ascribed  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  Abhidharma  and  the  found- 
ing of  the  Sthavira  division  of  the  Vaibhashika 
★school. 

Mahan  (ma-han'),  Alfred  Thayer.  Borp  Sept. 
27, 1840.  An  American  sailor  and  writer  on  naval 
history.  He  became  midshipman  in  1859,  lieutenant  in 
1861,  lieutenant-commander  in  1865,  commander  in  1872, 
captain  in  1885;  and  retired  in  1896.  He  was  made  lecturer 
on  history,  strategetics,  and  tactics  in,  and  president  of,  the 
United  States  Naval  War  College.  In  1894  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Chicago.  He  has  written  several  important 
works  : “The  Gulf  and  Inland  Waters  ” (1883),  “ Influence 
of  Sea  Power  upon  History  1660-1783”  (1890),  “Influence 
of  Sea  Power  upon  the  French  Revolution  and  Empire  1793- 
1812  ” (1892),  a “Life  of  Admiral  Farragut”  (1894),  and  a 
“ Life  of  Nelson  ” (1897). 

Mahan  (ma-han'),  Asa.  Born  at  Vernon,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  9,  1800:  died  at  Eastbourne,  England, 
April  4,  1889.  An  American  clergyman,  edu- 
cator, and  author.  He  became  president  of  Oberlin 
College  in  1835,  a position  which  he  held  until  about  1850. 
He  afterward  held  similar  positions  at  Cleveland  Univer- 
sity and  Adrian  College,  Michigan.  Among  his  works  are 
“System  of  Intellectual  Philosophy  "(1845),  “Science  of 
Logic  ”(1857),  and  “Critical  History  of  Philosophy  ” (1883). 

Mahan,  Dennis  Hart.  Born  at  New  York,  April 
2,  1802:  died  near  Stony  Point,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  16, 
1871.  An  American  military  engineer.  He  was 
professor  of  engineering  at  West  Point  from  1832  until  his 
death,  holding  also  the  office  of  dean  after  1838.  He  com- 
mitted suicide  by  drowning  in  a fit  of  insanity.  Among 
his  works  are  “Treatise  on  Field  Fortifications”  (1836) 
and  “Military  Engineering”  (1866-67). 

Mahan, Milo.  Born  at  Suffolk,  Va., May  24, 1819: 
died  at  Baltimore,  Sept.  3, 1870.  An  American 
clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
brother  of  D.  H.  Mahan.  His  chief  work  is  a 
“History  of  the  Church”  (1860:  newed.  1872). 
Mahanadi,  or  Mahanuddy  (ma-ha-nud'i).  A 
river  in  British  India,  which  flows  by  a delta 
into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  about  lat.  20°  N. 
Length,  over  500  miles.  It  has  a large  discharge. 
Mahanaim  (ma-ha-na'im).  [Heb.,  ‘double 
camp.’]  In  Old  Testament  geography,  a place 
in  Palestine,  east  of  the  Jordan  and  north  of  the 
Jabbok.  Its  exact  position  is  unknown.  It 
was  taken  by  Sliishak. 

Mahanataka  (ma-ha-na'ta-ka).  [Skt.,  ‘the 
great  drama.’]  In  Sanskrit  literature,  a name 
of  the  Hanumannataka  (which  see). 

Mahanoy  City  (ma-ha-noi'  sit'i).  A borough 
in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  109  miles 
northwest  of  Philadelphia : the  center  of  a coal- 
mining region.  Population,  15,936,  (1910). 
Mahapralaya  (ma-ha-pra'ia-ya).  [Skt.,  ‘the 
great  dissolution.’]  In  Hindu  belief,  the  total 
destruction  of  all  things  at  the  end  of  a kalpa, 
when  the  seven  Lokas  and  their  inhabitants, 
saints,  gods,  and  Brahma  himself,  are  annihi- 
lated. 

Mahapuranas  (ma-ha-po-ra'naz).  [Skt.,  ‘the 
great  Puranas.’]  The  Vishnupurana  and  the 
Bhagavatapurana. 

Maharajpur  (ma-ha-riij-por').  A village  in 
Gwalior,  India,  51  miles  south  of  Agra.  Here, 
Dec.,  1843,  the  British  under  Gough  defeated  the 
Mahrattas. 

Mahavansha (ma-ha-van'sha).  [Skt.,  ‘history 
of  the  great  families’  (of  Ceylon).]  The  name 
of  two  Pali  works  on  the  history  of  Ceylon  from 
the  earliest  times  to  the  death  of  King  Maha- 
sena  (302A.D.).  The  older  work,  probably  composed  by 
monks  at  Anuradhapura  in  Ceylon,  was  read  in  public  by 
command  of  King  Dhatusena  (459-477  A.  D.).  The  younger 
work,  a continuation  of  the  elder,  was  composed  by  Ma- 
hanama,  son  of  an  aunt  of  Dhatusena.  The  Pali  form  of 
the  name  is  Mahavanso,  the  above  the  Sanskrit.  The  first 
volume  of  a text  and  translation  by  Tumour  appeared  at 
Colombo,  1837. 

Mahavira  (ma-hii-ve'ra).  [Skt., ‘great  hero.’] 
A name  of  Rama  and  other  personages,  but  es- 
pecially of  the  24th  or  last  Jina,  or  deified  saint 


Mahon 

of  the  Jainas  (which  see).  His  legendary  history 
is  given  in  the  Kalpasutra  and  the  Mahaviracharitra,  sacred 
books  of  the  Jainas.  The  points  of  contact  between  his 
legend  and  that  of  Buddha  have  led  some  to  identify  the 
two.  According  to  Biihler,  however,  Mahavira  was  a dis- 
tinct personage  whose  real  name  was  Nirgrantha  Jnati- 
putra,  “ the  asceticof  the  Jnatis,”  a Rajput  tribe.  Accord- 
ing to  Williams,  most  scholars  are  now  of  opinion  that  Ma- 
havira was  a contemporary  of  Gautama  Buddha,  and  that 
the  Jainas  were  an  independent  skeptical  sect  a little  ante- 
cedent to  the  Buddhists  and  their  rivals.  Williams’s  “Bud- 
dhism,” p.  529 ; Barth’s  “ Religions  of  India,"  p.  148  if. 

Mahaviracharita  (ma  - ha - ve  -ra- cha ' ri  - ta). 
[Skt.,  ‘ the  exploits  of  the  great  hero  ’ (Rama).] 
1 . A Sanskrit  drama  by  Bhavabhuti,  translated 
by  Wilson  and  Pickford. — 2.  [In  this  sense 
usually  written  -charitra.]  The  exploits  of  Ma- 
havira (the  Arhat),  a work  in  Jaina  Prakrit 
held  in  great  estimation  by  the  Jainas.  See 
Mahavira. 

Mahayana  (ma-ha-ya'na).  See  Great  Vehicle. 
Mahdi  (ma'de).  [Also  sometimes  Mchdee;  lit. 
‘ the  guided  or  directed  one.’]  According  to 
Mohammedan  belief,  a spiritual  and  temporal 
ruler  destined  to  appear  on  earth  during  the 
last  days.  Some  sects  hold  that  the  Mahdi  has  appeared, 
and  in  concealment  awaits  the  time  of  his  manifestation. 
There  have  been  a number  of  pretended  M ahdis,  of  whom 
the  latest  of  importance  was  the  chief  whose  armed  fol- 
lowers resisted  the  advance  of  the  British  troops  into  the 
Sudan  in  1884-85,  and  overthrew  the  Egyptian  power  in 
that  region,  which  they  cont  inued  to  hold.  The  belief  ap- 
parently grew  out  of  the  Jewish  belief  in  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah. 

It  is  from  the  descendants  of  ’Alee  that  the  more  devout 
Moslems  expect  the  Mehdee,  who  is  to  reappear  on  earth, 
in  company  with  the  Prophet  Elias,  on  the  second  coming 
of  Christ.  J.  P.  Brown,  The  Dervishes,  p.  74. 

Mahdi,  or  ‘the  well-guided,’ is  the  name  given  by  the 
Shi'ites  to  that  member  of  the  family  of  'Ali  who,  accord- 
ing to  their  belief,  is  one  day  to  gain  possession  of  the 
whole  world,  and  set  up  the  reign  of  righteousness  in  it. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  570. 

Mahe  (ina-ha/).  The  chief  island  of  the  Sey- 
chelles group,  Indian  Ocean. 

Mahe.  A seaport  and  small  settlement  belong- 
ing to  France,  situated  on  the  Malabar  coast  of 
India,  in  lat.  11°  43'  N.,  long.  75°  33'  E.  Pop- 
ulation. 10,298. 

Mahe  (B.  F.  Mahd  de  Labourdonnais).  See 

Labour  donnais. 

Mahican  (ma-hik'an).  [Native  name:  ‘wolf’ 
according  to  some,  or  ‘ seaside  people  ’ accord- 
ing to  others.]  A tribe  or  a loose  confederacy 
of  North  American  Indians.  When  first  known  they 
occupied  both  banks  of  the  upper  Hudson  River,  extending 
north  nearly  to  Lake  Champlain,  west  to  CatskiU  Creek, 
and  east  into  Massachusetts.  Their  council-fire  was  first  at 
Schodac,  on  an  island  near  Albany  ; but,  owing  to  the  pres- 
sure of  the  Mohawks,  it  was  removed  in  1664  to  the  site  of 
Stockbridge,  Mass.  About  1730  many  of  them  migrated  to 
the  Susquehanna  River  at  and  near  Wyoming  valley, 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  vicinity  of  theDelawares  and  Munsees, 
with  whom  they  afterward  removed  to  Ohio.  In  1736 
those  in  the  Housatonic  valley  were  collected  at  Stock- 
bridge  and  called  by  that  name.  The  French  included 
them  with  other  tribes  under  the  name  Loups.  Their  two 
principal  divisions  known  to  the  English  were  the  Mahican, 
or  Mohican,  on  the  upper  Hudson  and  Housatonic  rivers, 
and  Mohegau  (which  see),  or  Monhegan,  on  the  lower  Con- 
necticut River,  both  of  which  were  often  called  River 
Indians  and  confounded,  though  historically  distinct. 

Mahidpore,  or  Mahedpore.  See  Mehadpur. 
Mahi  Kantha  (ma'he  kan'tha).  A eolleetion 
of  native  states  in  India,  under  the  protection 
of  Great  Britain,  intersected  by  lat. 24°  N.,long. 
73°  E.  Area,  3,125  square  miles.  Population, 
361,545. 

Mahmud  (ma-mod')  I.  [A  form  of  Moham- 
med.] Born  1696:  died  1754.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1730-54,  son  of  Mustapha  II.,  and  nephew  of 
Ahmed  HI.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  compelled 
Austria  to  cede  Belgrad  in  1739. 

Mahmud  II.  Born  July  20,  1785 : died  July  1, 
1839.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1808-39,  brother  of 
Mustapha  IV.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  carried  on 
an  unsuccessful  wrar  against  Russia  1809-12.  In  1821  the 
Greeks  began  a war  of  independence,  and  after  the  defeat 
of  his  fleet  by  the  allied  fleets  of  France,  England,  and 
Russia  at  Navarino  (1827),  and  the  capture  of  Adrianople 
by  the  Russians  (1829),  he  was  compelled  in  1829  to  sign  the 
peace  of  Adrianople,  which  secured  the  independence  of 
Greece.  He  massacred  a large  number  of  the  janizaries 
in  1826  and  reorganized  the  army,  and  at  his  death  was 
engaged  in  a war  with  Mehemet  Ali,  viceroy  of  Egypt 
Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  surnamed  “The  Great.” 
Born  about  971 : died  at  Ghazni,  Afghanistan, 
1030.  Sultan  of  Ghazni  997-1030,  son  of  Su- 
buktigiu.  He  professed  Islam,  and  made  twelve  great 
expeditions  against  the  infidels  of  India,  besides  carrying 
on  important  wars  in  central  Asia.  He  extended  his  vic- 
tories from  the  Tigris  to  the  Ganges,  and  from  the  Indian 
Ocean  to  the  Oxus. 

Mahomet.  See  Mohammed. 

Mahomet.  A play  by  Voltaire , produced  at  Brus- 
sels in  1741. 

Mahometans.  See  Mohammed. 

Mahon.  See  Port  Mahon. 


Mahon,  Charles  James  Patrick 

Mahon  (ma-hon'),  Charles  James  Patrick, 
called  The  O’Gorman  Mahon.  Born  at  Ennis, 
County  Clare,  March  17, 1800 : died  at  London, 
June  15, 1891.  An  Irish  politician  and  adven- 
turer. He  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Ennis  1847-52 ; 
served  under  the  Russian,  Turkish,  and  Austrian  flags ; 
was  a general  in  the  government  army  during  the  civil  war 
in  Uruguay ; commanded  a Chilean  fleet  against  Spain  ; 
was  a colonel  in  the  Brazilian  service;  fought  in  the  Union 
army  during  the  American  Civil  War ; was  a colonel  under 
Louis  Napoleon  ; became  an  intimate  of  Bismarck  ; and 
was  member  of  Parliament  for  Clare  1879-85,  and  for  Car- 
low  from  1887  until  his  death. 

Mahon,  Lord.  See  Stanhope. 

Mahone  (ma-hon'),  William.  Born  in  South- 
ampton County,  Va.,Dec.  1, 1826:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Oct.  8,  1895.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  Confederate  army  during  the 
Civil  War,  obtaining  the  rank  of  major-general;  became 
afterward  the  leader  of  the  Readjuster  party  in  Virginia; 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Virginia  1881-87. 

Mahony  (mah'o-ni),  Francis.  Born  at  Cork, 
Ireland,  about  1804 : died  at  Paris,  May  18, 1866. 
An  Irish  journalist  and  poet,  known  by  the 
pseudonym  of  “Father  Prout.”  He  was  educated 
for  the  priesthood  in  Paris  and  Rome,  and  was  ordained, 
but  about  1834  gave  up  his  calling  and  began  to  write  on 
the  staff  of  “Fraser’s  Magazine."  The  articles  which  he 
contributed  were  published  as  “ Reliques  of  Father  Prout " 
in  1836 : a final  volume  was  published  in  1876  by  Blan- 
chard Jerrold.  He  contributed  to  “Bentley's  Magazine,” 
and  wrote  to  the  “Daily  News”  from  Rome  for  some  years. 
These  letters  were  published  as  “Facts  and  Figures  from 
Italy,  by  Don  Jeremy  Savonarola,  Benedictine  Monk,”  in 
1847.  He  retired  to  a monastery  in  1864,  and  died  there. 

Mahrattas,  or  Marhattas  (ma-rat'az).  Arace 
of  Hindus,  inhabiting  western  and  central  India, 
who  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  conquered 
and  ruled  many  states,  of  which  they  formed  a 
confederation,  but  which  are  now  largely  under 
British  rule.  They  are  Brahmans  in  religion,  but  differ 
physically  from  other  Hindus,  and  have  a distinct  Hindu 
dialect,  the  Mahratti  (Marathi).  Their  power  was  at  its 
height  about  1750.  They  were  defeated  by  Ahmed  Shah 
at  Panipat  in  1761.  The  war  in  which  they  were  engaged 
with  the  British  in  1775-82  was  undecisive  ; in  that  of  1803 
Wellesley  (Wellington)  gained  the  victories  of  Assaye  and 
Argaum,  and  Lake  those  of  Aligarh  and  Laswari ; and  in 
that  of  1816-18  the  Mahrattas  were  again  decisively  beaten. 
They  number  about  20,000,000. 

Mahren(ma'ren).  TheGermannameof  Moravia. 

Mahu.  A fiend  alluded  to  in  Sliakspere’s  ‘ ‘ King 
Lear.” 

Mai  (ma'e  or  mi),  Angelo.  Born  at  Schilpario, 
province  of  Bergamo,  Italy,  March  7, 1782 : died 
near  Rome,  Sept.  9, 1854.  An  Italian  cardinal, 
noted  as  a philologist  and  antiquary.  He  dis- 
covered various  manuscripts  and  palimpsests,  and  edited 
Cicero ’8  “De  republics ’’  (1822),  etc. 

Maia(ma'ya).  [Gr.Maia.]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  eldest  of  the  Pleiades,  mother  by  Zeus 
of  Hermes. — 2.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  Bona 
Dea. — 3.  The  star  20  Pleiadum,  which  is  sur- 
rounded with  an  adhering  nebulosity  that  was 
discovered  by  photography. 

Maida  (mi'da).  A place  in  Calabria,  Italy,  13 
miles  west  of  Catanzaro.  Here,  July  4,  1806, 
the  British  defeated  the  French  under  Reynier. 

Maideh.  See  Maidu. 

Maiden,  The.  A name  given  to  a sort  of  guil- 
lotine which  the  regent  Morton  introduced  into 
Scotland.  He  was  himself  beheaded  by  it  in 

1581. 

Maidenhead  (ma'dn-hed).  A town  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  28  miles 
west  of  London.  Population,  12,980. 

Maiden  Lane.  1 . A street  in  London,  between 
Covent  Garden  and  the  Strand.  Andrew  Marvell, 
Turner  the  landscape-painter,  and  Voltaire  lived  here  at 
different  times.  Thenameis  said  tohavebeen  givenfrom 
an  image  of  the  Virgin  which  once  stood  there. 

2.  A street  in  New  York,  running  from  Broad- 
way, opposite  Cortlandt  street,  southeast  to  the 
East  River. 

Maiden  Queen,  The.  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
land. 

Maid  in  the  Mill,  The.  A comedy  by  Fletcher 
and  Rowley,  produced  in  1623.  “ Theplot  is  taken 
partly  from  Gonqalo  de  Cespides’s  ‘ Gerardo  ' and  partly 
from  a novel  of  Bandello.”  ( liullen .)  A droll,  called  “The 
Surprise,”  was  made  from  this  play,  and  is  in  “ The  Wits.” 

Maid  Marian.  Robin  Hood’s  sweetheart  in  the 
old  ballads.  She  was  the  daughter  of  an  earl,  and  loved 
Robin  Hood  when  hewas  earl  of  Huntingdon.  When  hewas 
banished  to  the  “merry  greenwood,"  she  dressed  herself 
as  a page  and  followed  him,  living  with  his  company  as  a 
virgin  huntress  till  the  marriage  rites  could  be  performed. 
This  is  the  most  popular  of  the  legends  concerning  her. 

Maid  of  Artois,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe,  pro- 
duced in  1836.  It  contains  the  song  “ The  Light 
of  Other  Days.” 

Maid  of  Athens.  The  daughter  of  Theodore 
Macri,  a consul  at  Athens.  She  made  Byron’s  ac- 
quaintance, and  he  is  said  to  have  addressed  to  her  the 
song  beginning  “Maid  of  Athens,  ere  we  part." 

Maid  of  Bath,  The.  A comedy  by  Foote,  pro- 


643 

duced  in  1771.  The  play  holds  up  to  ridicule  (as  Mr. 
Flint)  Mr.  Walter  Long,  who  behaved  shamefully  to  the 
Maid  of  Bath,  the  Miss  Linley  who  afterward  married 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan. 

Maid  of  Honor,  The.  1 . A play  by  Massinger, 
printed  in  1632.  Kemble  altered  and  produced 
it  in  1785,  with  Mrs.  Siddons  in  the  cast. — 2. 
An  opera  by  Balfe,  produced  in  1847.  The  sub- 
ject is  the  same  as  that  of  Flotow’s  “ Martha.” 

Maid  of  Mariendorpt,  The.  A play  in  verse 
by  James  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1838. 

Maid  of  Norway,  The.  A surname  of  Marga- 
ret, queen  of  Scotland  1285-90. 

Maid  of  Orleans,  The.  Joan  of  Arc : so  named 
on  account  of  her  efforts  for  the  relief  of  Or- 
leans. Schiller  produced  a play  with  this  title, 
“ Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans,”  published  1802. 

Maid  of  Sker,  The.  A novel  by  R.  D.  Black- 
more,  published  in  1872. 

Maid  of  the  Mill,  The.  A play  by  Isaac  Bick- 
erstaffe,  printed  in  1765.  It  was  founded  on 
Richardson’s  i ‘ Pamela.” 

Maid  of  the  Mist,  The.  Anne  of  Geierstein 
in  Scott’s  novel  of  that  name. 

Maidstone  (mad'ston).  The  county  town  of 
Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Medway  32 
miles  east-southeast  of  London,  it  has  manu- 
factures of  paper  and  beer.  The  Church  of  All  Saints  and 
the  buildings  of  the  former  College  of  All  Saints  are  note- 
worthy. The  Kentish  Royalists  were  defeated  here  by 
Fairfax,  June  2,  1648.  Population,  33,516. 

Maid’s  Tragedy,  The.  A play  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  first  acted  not  later  than  1611, 
printed  in  1619.  Waller  altered  it  in  1682,  and  Macready 
produced,  with  Sheridan  Knowles,  an  adaptation  called 
“ The  Bridal  ” about  1834. 

Maiella  (mi-el'la)  One  of  the  loftiest  groups 


Maine,  Sir  Henry  Janies  Sumner 

tary  on  the  Mishnah,  written  in  Arabic.  His  greatest  and 
most  comprehensive  work,  on  which  he  labored  for  ten 
years  (1170-80),  is  the  “Repetition  of  the  Law  ”(“  Mishneh 
Torah”),  also  called  the  “Strong  Hand”  (“Yad  Hahaza- 
qah”),  written  in  Hebrew.  It  is  a masterly,  systematic 
exposition  in  14  books  of  the  whole  of  the  Jewish  law  as 
contained  in  the  Pentateuch  and  the  vast  Talmudical  lit- 
erature. It  was  preceded  by  a small  Arabic  introduc- 
tion, “Book  of  the  Command  merits  ” (“  Heferha-Mifvoth”), 
containing  a treatise  on  the  613  precepts  of  the  law.  His 
philosophical  work  par  excellence  is  the  “Guide  of  the 
Perplexed ”(“ Dalalt  al  Hairin’’:  Hebrew  “More  Nebu- 
chim  ’’ ),  written  in  Arabic.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts. 
The  firsttreatsof  t heanthropomorphic  expressions  found  in 
the  Bible,  and  of  the  religio-philosophical  sects ; the  sec- 
ond of  eternity  and  the  creation  of  the  world ; the  thud 
contains  a rational  explanation  of  the  commandments  of 
Scripture.  Of  his  lesser  writings  may  be  mentioned  “An 
Epistle  on  Apostasy”  ( “Iggereth  ha-Shemad”),  in  which 
he  contends  that  Islam  is  not  as  bad  as  paganism,  and 
that  the  feigned  accommodation  to  it  was  not  absolutely 
culpable  ; “An  Epistle  to  Yemen  ” ( “Iggereth  Teman  ”), 
an  exhortation  to  the  Jews  in  South  Arabia  not  to  be  led 
astray  by  false  Messiahs  ; “A  Treatise  of  Moses”  (“lirke 
Mosheh  ’)  on  medical  subjects;  “A  Treatise  on  Happi- 
ness ” (“  Perakim  be-Ha?lachah  ”);  and  “A  Treatise  on  the 
Unity  of  God  ” (“Ma'amar  ha-Yihud”).  He  was  also  the 
first  to  condense  the  dogmatical  tenets  of  Judaism  into  13 
articles  of  faith,  which  found  a place  in  the  Jewish  liturgy. 
His  writings  caused  bitter  disputes.  He  was  condemned 
by  many  as  a heretic,  and  his  works  were  burned.  But 
at  last  he  was  recognized  as  “the  light  of  the  West” 
(ner  ha-ma’arbi)  and  “ the  great  eagle  ” (ha-ne5er  ha- 
gadfil),  and  the  saying  was  applied  to  him  that  “from 
Moses  (the  lawgiver)  unto  Moses  (Maimonides)  there  has 
been  none  like  unto  Moses.” 

Main  (man;  G.  pron.  min),  F.  Mein  (man). 
The  most  important  of  the  riglit-band  tributa- 
ries of  the  Rhine:  the  ancient  Mcenus.  it  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  White  Main  and  Red  Main  near 
Kulmbach,  Bavaria,  and  joins  the  Rhine  opposite  Mainz. 
It  is  navigable  to  its  junction  with  the  Regnitz.  The  chief 
towns  on  its  banks  are  Schweinfurt,  Wiirzburg,  Aschaffen- 


of  the  Apennines,  in  central  Italy,  southwest  of  ,.]iur.g>  °*enbacJ1>^nd  Frankfort,  j-ength,  about  300  miles. 
Chieti  and  south  of  the  Gran  Sasso.  Height,  Ma*n>  Spanish,  See  Spanish  Mam. 

9 170  feet  Mama  (mi  na).  A rugged  peninsula  in  the 

Maienfeld,  or  Mayenfeld  (mi'en-felt).  An  “ft  PF1 the  Pekiponnesus,  Greece,  east 
old  town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  ' lJy,  °*  rk°ron- 

on  the  Rhine  near  Ragatz.  Mamas.  ^ See  Maynas. 

Maikop,  or  Maykop  (rnl'kop).  Afortifiedtown  ^amau  ^mlf  A sn,A,  lsland  m the  Uber- 

in  the  territory  of  Kuban,  Caucasus,  Russia,  situ-  lmSerf  ® of„the  Lake  of  Constance  the  prop- 
ated  on  the  Byelaya  about  65  miles  southeast 


of  Yekaterinodar.  Population,  34,327. 

Mailand.  The  German  name  of  Milan. 

Mailath  (mi'lat),  Count  Janos.  Born  at  Buda- 
pest, Hungary,  Oct.  3,  1786 : committed  suicide 
in  the  Starnbergersee,  Bavaria,  Jan.  3, 1855.  A 
Hungarian  historian  and  poet.  His  chief  works 
are  “Geschichte  der  Magyaren”  (1828-31)  and 
‘ ‘ Geschichte  des  osterreichischen  Kaiserstaats  ” 
(1834-50). 

Maillet  (ma-ya' ),  Jacques  Leonard.  Born  July 
12,1823:  died  Feb.  15, 1894.  A French  sculptor. 
He  studied  with  Pradier,  and  obtained  the  prix  de  Rome 


erty  of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Baden.  It  had  for- 
merly a commandery  of  the  Teutonic  Order. 

Maine  (man).  [F.,  perhaps  from  the  second 
element  of  the  Old  Celtic  name  (L.  Cenomanni) .] 
A former  government  in  northern  France : the 
country  of  the  ancient  Cenomanni.  Chief  city, 
Le  Mans.  Including  Perche,  it  was  bounded  by  Nor- 
mandy on  the  north,  Orli'anais  on  the  east,  Touraine  and 
Anjou  on  the  south,  and  Brittany  on  the  w'est,  correspond- 
ing generally  to  the  departments  of  Mayenne  and  Sarthe. 
It  was  a countship  in  the  middle  ages ; was  conquered  by 
William  of  Normandy  in  1063 ; was  united  to  Anjou  1110, 
and  with  Anjou  became  united  to  England  in  1164;  was 
conquered  by  Philip  Augustus  of  France  about  1204 ; and 
after  several  separations  was  reunited  to  France  in  1481. 


in  1847  with  his  “TcBcimaque.”  He  exhibited  at  the  Salons,  Maine.  A river  in  the  department  of  Maine-et- 
and  executed  a number  of  decorative  groups  at  the  new  T v . . x,  , , ,, 

Louvre,  the  Opera  House,  the  churches  of  Saint  Severin,  Licnie,  r ranee.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Ma- 
Sainte  Clotilde,  Saint  Leu,  etc.  yenneand  Sarthe,  and  joins  the  Loire  near  Angers.  Length, 

Maimansinh  (mi-man-sin'),  or  Mymensing  .‘A'A 7 mUrT-  n,  , , , , , , T 

(mi-men-sing').  A Si.triet  in  Be 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  30'  N.,  long.  90° 


E.  Area,  6,332  square  miles.  Population, 
3,915,068. 

Maimatchin  (mi-ma-chen').  A trading  town 
in  Mongolia,  on  the  Siberian  frontier  opposite 
Kiakhta. 

Maimbourg  (man-hor'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Nancy, 
France,  1610:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13,  1686.  *A 
French  Jesuit  church  historian. 

Maimene  (ml-ma'ne),  or  Maimana  (mi-ma'na). 
1.  A district  in  northern  Afghanistan,  about 
lat.  36°  N.,  long.  64°  40'  E. — 2.  The  chief  town 
of  the  district  of  Maimene. 

Maimonides  (mi-mon'i-dez)  (Moses  ben  Mai- 
mun,  also  called  Maimuni  or,  after  the  initials 
of  his  name  (Rabbi  Moses  ben  Maimun),  Ram- 
bam:  in  Arabic,  Abu  Amram  Musa  ben  Mai- 
mun Obaid  Allah).  Born  at  Cordova,  Spain, 
in  1135:  died  in  1204.  The  most  celebrated 
Jewish  scholar,  philosopher,  and  writer  of  the 
middle  ages.  In  him  the  scientific  development  of  Ju- 
daism in  Spain  reached  its  climax.  He  brought  order  and 
system  into  the  chaotic  masses  of  Talmudic  literature, 
pointed  out  the  aims  and  directions  of  religio-philosophical 
studies,  and  brought-  as  far  as  this  can  be  done — Judaism 
and  philosophy  into  harmony.  Hisfamily  had  to  fly  before 
the  persecutions  of  the  Almohades  to  Fez,  where  for  many 


in  1639  named  “The  Province  or  Countie  of 
Mayne,”  because  regarded  as  a part  of  “the 
Mayne  Lande  of  New  England.”]  The  north- 
easternmost  State  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, and  one  of  the  New  England  States.  Capi- 
tal, Augusta ; chief  city,  Portland,  it  is  bounded 
by  the  province  of  Quebec  on  the  north,  New  Brunswick 
on  the  east,  the  Atlantic  on  the  southeast  and  south,  and 
New  Hampshire  and  Quebec  on  the  west,  extending  from 
lat.  43°  4'  to  47°  28'  N.,  and  from  long.  66°  57'  to  71°  7' 
W.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in  the  northwest  and  north 
mountainous,  the  highest  summit  being  Mount  Katahdin. 
The  chief  lake  is  Moosehead  Lake ; the  chief  rivers,  the 
Saco,  Androscoggin,  Kennebec,  Penobscot,  and  St  John. 
The  coast-line  is  deeply  indented.  The  State  contains 
many  places  of  summer  resort.  The  leading  occupations 
are  agriculture,  fishing,  lumbering,  ship-building,  and  com- 
merce. Among  the  chief  products  are  lumber,  ice,  build- 
ing-stone, and  cotton  goods.  It  is  the  second  State  in  the 
Union  in  fisheries.  It  has  16  counties,  sends  2 senators 
and  4 representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  6 electoral 
votes.  It  was  early  visited  by  the  Cabots,  Verrazano,  Gos- 
nold,  Bring,  and  other  explorers.  Attempts  at  coloniza- 
tion were  made  by  the  French  under  Du  Monts  in  1604, 
and  by  the  English  in  1607.  The  first  permanent  settle- 
ment dates  from  about  1623.  Maine  was  merged  in  the 
“province  of  Massachusetts  Bay”  in  1691,  and  became  a 
separate  State  in  1820.  A boundary  dispute  with  Great 
Britain  was  settled  in  1842  ; and  the  international  boundary 
along  the  southeast  coast  was  fixed  by  treaty  in  1910.  The 
“Maine  liquor  law”  was  passed  in  1851.  Area,  33,040 
square  miles.  Population,  742,371,  (1910). 


years  they  were  obliged  to  conceal  their  religion.  Here--  . , TT  ...  m.,  , , • ,, 

Moses  became,  by  association  with  Mohammedan  schol-  Maine.  A United^  States  battleship,  blown  u| 


ars,  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  Aristotelian  philoso- 
phy. In  1165  the  family  emigrated  from  Fez  by  way  of 
Palestine  to  Egypt,  and  settled  in  Fostat  (old  Cairo),  w here 
the  father  of  Maimun  died.  Moses  first  supported  the 
family  by  trading  in  jewels.  He  next  devoted  himself  to 
medicine,  and  subsequently  became  physician  to  Saladin’s 
successor.  At  the  same  time  he  was  chief  rabbi  of  Cairo. 
Of  his  writings  may  be  mentioned  ashort  scientific  treatise 


in  the  harbor  of  Havana.  Feb.  15, 1898.  she  was 
of  6,682  tons  displacement,  and  was  launched  in  1890.  The 
naval  court  of  inquiry  appointed  by  the  United  States 
government  reported  (March  22)  that  “the  Maine  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  explosion  of  a submarine  mine,  which 
caused  the  partial  explosion  of  two  or  more  of  her  for- 
ward magazines.”  She  was  raised  1910-11,  examined,  and 
sunk  at  sea,  March  16,  1912. 


on  the  Jewish  calendar,  and  another  on  the  terms  used  in  Maine.  Sir  Henrv  James  S’lmner.  Born  Aug. 
logic  (“  Miloth  ldggayon  ’),  written  before  his  twenty-third  1&  ,8$2;  difid  at  Cannes,  Fob.  3,  1888.  A dis- 


year.  In  1168 he  produced  his  first  great  work,  acommen- 


Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 

tinguished  English  jurist.  He  studied  at  Cambridge, 
where,  in  1847,  he  became  regius  professor  of  civil  law,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  1854.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1850  ; became  reader  on  Roman  law  and  jurispru- 
dence at  the  Inns  of  Court,  London,  in  1852 ; was  legal 
member  of  council  in  India  1862-69 ; was  Corpus  professor 
of  jurisprudence  at  Oxford  1869-78;  was  elected  master 
of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1877 ; and  in  1887  became 
Whewell  pi-ofessor  of  international  law  at  Cambridge. 
Among  his  works  are  “Ancient Law  ” (18611,  “Village  Com- 
munities" (1871),  ‘ Early  History  of  Institutions  ” (1875), 
“ Dissertations  on  Early  Law  and  Custom  ” (1883),  “ Popu- 
lar Government”  (1885),  and  “International  Law”  (1888). 

Maine  de  Biran  (man  de  be-ron' ) (Marie  Fran- 
cois Pierre  Gonthier  de  Biran).  Born  Nov. 
29, 1766:  died  at  Paris,  July  16, 1824.  A French 
royalist  politician  and  noted  philosophical  wri- 
ter. He  was  one  of  the  administrators  of  the  department 
of  Dordogne  in  1795,  and  a member  of  the  Council  of  Five 
Hundred  in  1797.  His  works  were  edited  by  Cousin  1834- 
1841,  and  in  1859  were  published  his  “(Euvres  ini'ditea," 
edited  by  F.  Naville  and,  after  his  death,  by  E.  Naville. 

Maine-et-Loire  (man'a-lwar').  A department 
of  western  France.  Capital,  Angers.  It  is  bounded 
by  Mayenne  and  Sarthe  on  the  north,  Indre-et-Loire  on 
the  east,  Vienne,  Deux-Sfevres,  and  Vendee  on  the  south, 
and  Loire-Inferieure  on  the  west,  and  is  formed  chiefly 
from  the  ancient  Anjou.  The  surface  is  hilly.  The  de- 
partment, which  is  traversed  by  the  Loire,  is  rich  In  agri- 
cultural produce  and  has  flourishing  manufactures.  Area, 
2,811  square  miles.  Population,  613,490. 

Maine  Liquor  Law.  A stringent  law  directed 
against  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  as  a bev- 
erage, enacted  in  Maine  in  1851.  It  was  the 
first  prohibitory  law  in  the  United  States. 

Maingau  (min'gou).  A former  district  on  the 
lower  Main,  now  divided  between  Bavaria, 
Hesse,  and  Prussia. 

Mainland  (man'land),  or  Pomona  (po-mo'na). 
The  largest  of  the  Orkney  Islands. 

Mainland.  The  largest  of  the  Shetland  Islands. 

Main  Plot, The.  A conspiracy  in  1603  in  favor  of 
Arabella  Stuart  against  James  I.  of  England. 

Raleigh  was  implicated  in  it,  and  was  imprisoned.  It  was 
the  principal  or  “main  ” plot  of  two  organized  against 
James  on  his  accession.  Compare  Bye  Plot. 

Mainpuri,  or  Mynpurii mm-po ' re ) . 1 . A dis- 
trict in  the  United  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area, 
1,679  square  miles.  Population,  829,357. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Mainpuri,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  27°  14'  N.,  long.  79°  3'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 19,000. 

Ma  in  ten  on  (mant-non').  A small  town  in  the 
department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  situated 
on  the  Eure  37  miles  west-southwest  of  Paris. 
It  was  a place  of  some  importance  in  the  time 
of  Louis  XIV.  and  Louis  XV. 

Maintenon,  Frangoise  d’Aubign6,  Marquise 
de.  Born  in  a prison  at  Niort,  France,  Nov. 
27, 1635:  died  at  St.-Cyr,  near  Versailles,  April 
15,  1719.  The  second  wife  of  Louis  XIV.  She 
was  the  granddaughter  of  Agrippa  d'Aubignd,  and  the 
daughter  of  Constant  d’Aubignd  who  was  imprisoned  as 
a malcontent.  On  the  death  of  her  mother  she  found  her- 
self in  abject  poverty,  and  was  married  in  1652  to  the  kind- 
hearted  wit  and  poet  Scarron,  who  offered  either  to  pay 
for  her  entrance  to  a convent  or  to  make  her  his  wife.  She 
lived  nine  years  with  him,  and  their  salon  was  frequented 
by  the  intellectual  society  of  the  time.  In  1660  he  died, 
and  left  her  again  in  poverty.  Her  pension  was  discon- 
tinued in  1666  at  the  death  of  Anne  of  Austria,  who  had 
augmented  it,  and  it  was  not  till  1669  that  Madame  de 
Montespan  gave  her  the  charge  of  her  son  by  Louis  XIV. 
She  was  given  a large  income  and  a house  at  Vaugirard  in 
which  to  bring  up  this  child  and  another,  horn  later,  in  se- 
crecy. She  was  devoted  to  them,  and  established  an  as- 
cendancy over  the  heart  of  the  king,  who  advanced  her  to 
various  positions  in  the  court.  In  1674  she  purchased  the 
estate  of  Maintenon,  and  in  1678  the  king  made  it  a mar- 
quisate.  In  1685,  two  years  after  the  death  of  the  queen, 
Madame  Maintenon  married  Louis  privately.  Her  influ- 
ence was  almost  unbounded  in  matters  both  of  church  and 
state,  and  she  was  a patroness  of  letters  and  the  fine  arts. 
Her  somewhat  questionable  position  induced  her  to  behave 
with  rigid  propriety,  and  her  reputation  for  orthodoxy  was 
extreme.  She  founded  a home  for  the  daughters  of  poor 
gentlemen  at  St.-Cyr,  and  on  the  death  of  the  king  she  re- 
tired there  for  the  rest  of  her  life. 

Mainz  (mints),  F.  Mayence  (ma-yons'),  E. 
sometimes  Mentz  (ments).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Rhine-Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
left  hank  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Main,  in  lat.  50°  N.,  long.  8°  16'  E. : the  Roman 
Mogontiacum  or  Magontiacum.  It.  is  an  important 
strategic  point,  and  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Ger- 
many; has  extensive  commerce  by  the  river  and  by  rail- 
way, especially  in  wine;  and  has  important  manufactures, 
particular  ly  of  leather  and  furniture.  The  cathedral,  one 
of  the  most  interesting  monuments  of  the  Rhenish  Ro- 
manesque, was  founded  in  975  on  a different  site.  It  has 
been  repeatedly  ruined  by  fire,  and  was  finally  restored 
much  in  its  existing  form  after  the  fire  of  1181.  It  is  a 
large  cruciform  church,  with  pseudo-transepts  at  the  west 
end  also.  Both  east  and  west  ends  are  flanked  by  towers, 
and  larger  polygonal  arcaded  towers  surmount  both  cross- 
ings. The  eastern  apse,  with  its  rich  arcading  beneath 
the  roof  and  its  curious  gables,  is  highly  picturesque.  The 
main  entrance  is  on  the  north  side.  The  interior  has 
been  adorned  with  mural  paintings  designed  by  Veit:  it 
contains  a remarkable  number  of  monumental  tombs  of 


644 

all  ages.  There  are  many  statues  of  -emperors  and  elec- 
tors, ana  some  fine  glass.  The  cathedral  is  366  feet  long 
and  150  wide  ; the  vaulting  is  89  high.  The  cloister  is  of 
the  early  15th  century.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the 
electoral  palace  (with  library,  picture-gallery,  and  collec- 
tions), statue  of  Gutenberg  (a  native  of  Mainz),  Church  of 
St.  Stephen,  and  citadel.  Mainz  was  a Celtic  town  and 
was  the  site  of  a Roman  camp,  and  capital  of  Germania 
Superior.  It  was  ruled  by  the  archbishops  (electors)  of 
Mainz,  except  for  a period  of  about  200  years,  terminating 
in  1462,  during  which  time  it  was  a prominent  member  of 
the  League  of  Rhenish  Towns.  It  was  called  “the  Golden 
Mainz."  Formerly  it  had  a university.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  Swedes  in  i631,  and  by  the  French  in  1644  and  1688  ; 
was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1792.  retaken  after  a siege 
in  1793,  ceded  to  France  in  1801,  and  assigned  to  Hesse- 
Darmstadt  in  1816.  Population,  commune,  113,245,  (1910). 

Mainz,  Electorate  of.  One  of  the  three  ecclesi- 
astical electorates  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

The  archbishopric  of  Mainz  appears  in  the  time  of  Boniface 
(about.  750)  as  the  most  important  in  the  eastern  Frankish 
dominions.  It  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  seven  elec- 
torates in  1356.  In  1801  its  possessions  left  of  the  Rhine 
were  ceded  to  France.  In  1803  Erfurt,  Eichsfeld,  and  the 
Thuringian  possessions  were  ceded  to  Prussia.  Other  pos- 
sessions passed  in  1803  to  Hesse-Cassel,  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
Nassau,  etc.  The  coadjutor  Dalberg  received  Ratisbon, 
Aschaffenburg,  and  Wetzlar,  and  the  archiepiscopal  dig- 
nity passed  to  Ratisbon.  The  elector  renounced  his  pos- 
sessions in  1813.  In  1814-15  the  recent  territories  of 
Mainz  fell  to  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Bavaria,  Nassau;  etc. 

Maipo,  orMaipu(mi'po) : often,  but  incorrectly, 
written  and  pronounced  Maipii  (ml-po').  A 
river  of  Chile,  crossing  the  province  of  Santiago 
about  7 miles  south  of  Santiago  City.  It  gave  its 
name  to  a battle  fought  on  a plain  by  its  northern  bank, 
April  5, 1818,  in  which  5,000  patriots  under  San  Martin  de- 
feated 6,500  Spaniards  under  Osorio.  The  patriots  lost  1,000 
in  killed  and  wounded,  and  1,000  Spaniards  were  killed. 
Osorio  escaped,  but  all  his  principal  officers  and  2,200  men 
surrendered.  This  victory  retrieved  the  defeat  of  Cancha 
Rayada,  and  practically  secured  theindependence  of  Chile. 

Maipures.  See  Maypures. 

Mairet  (ma-ra/),  Jean.  Born  at  Besamjon  in 
1604:  died  there  in  1686.  A French  dramatist. 
He  has  been  called  “the  French  Marston.”  In  1631(1629?) 
his  most  noted  play,  “Sophonisbe,  "was  produced.  Among 
his  other  plays  are  “Sylvie,”  “Virginie,"  “Roland  Furi- 
eux,”  “Sidonie,”  “Sylvanire,"“Ath6nais,”  “Marc  Antoine, 
ou  la  Cl(;op;itre,’’  etc. 

Maison  (ma-zon'),  Marquis  Nicolas  Joseph  de. 

Born  at  Epinay,  near  Paris,  Dec.  19, 1771 : died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  13, 1840.  A French  marshal.  He 
served  in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  and  commanded  the 
expedition  to  the  Morea  1828-29. 

Maison  Carr6e  (ma-zon'  ka-ra').  [F., 1 square 
house.’]  Ad  ancient  building  at  Nimes,  France, 
perhaps  the  most  perfect  of  surviving  Roman 
temples.  It  is  assigned  to  the  2d  century.  It  is  a Co- 
rinthian hexastyle  pseudoperipteros,  with  11  columns  on 
the  flanks,  on  a raised  basement  with  steps  in  front,  and 
measures  40  by  76  feet,  and  40  feet  high.  “It  is  constructed 
with  the  optical  refinement  of  the  curved  horizontal  lines 
hitherto  considered  peculiar  to  the  Parthenon  and  other 
Greek  temples  of  the  6th  and  6th  centuries  B.  C.”  (IF.  II. 
Goodyear,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Archseol.,  X.  1). 

Maison  Doree,  La  (la  ma-zon'  do-ra').  [F.,‘the 
gilded  house.’]  A once  noted  restaurant  in 
Paris,  situated  on  the  Boulevard  des  Italiens. 
It  was  built  by  Lemaire  in  1839. 

Maisonneuve  (ma-zo-nev'),  Jules  Germain 
Francois.  Born  in  1809:  died  in  1894.  A 
French  surgeon,  author  of  many  surgical  works. 

Maisonneuve,  Sieur  de  (Paul  de  Chomedey). 

Died  at  Paris,  Sept.  9,  1676.  Governor  of  Mon- 
treal 1642—64.  He  was  a native  of  Champagne,  entered 
the  French  army  in  his  youth,  and  was  the  leader  of  a 
hand  of  colonists  who  arrived  at  Quebec  in  1641  and  set- 
tled at  Montreal  in  1642.  He  remained  governor  of  the 
colony  at  Montreal  until  1664,  when  he  was  removed  from 
office,  and  returned  to  France. 

Maistre  (mastr),  Joseph  Marie,  Comte  de. 
Born  at  ChamMry,  Savoy,  April  1,  1754 : died 
at  Turin,  Feb.  26,  1821.  A French  statesman, 
writer,  and  philosopher.  Joseph  de  Maistre  was  one 
of  the  greatest  writers  in  the  French  language  since  the 
days  of  Voltaire  and  Rousseau.  His  family  was  of  French 
origin,  but  this  particular  branch  had  settled  in  Savoy  as 
early  as  the  17th  century,  and  had  sworn  allegiance  to  the 
King  of  Sardinia,  The  eldest  of  ten  children,  he  prepared 
to  follow  his  father’s  calling  and  become  a magistrate.  On 
completing  his  classical  studies  under  the  Jesuits,  he  left 
home  and  took  up  the  study  of  law  in  Turin.  In  1788  he 
became  senator  of  Savoy,  but  at  no  time  was  he  in  sympathy 
with  the  judiciary  duties  of  his  office.  He  emigrated  at 
the  time  of  the  French  Revolution,  and  spent  several  years 
in  Switzerland  and  northern  Italy.  After  residing  some 
time  in  Sardinia  in  a diplomatic  capacity,  he  finally  went 
to  St,  Petersburg  as  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  pleni- 
potentiary of  the  King  of  Sardinia  (1802-17):  this  is  by  far 
the  most  brilliant  period  in  his  political  and  literary  life. 
One  of  his  earlier  publications  that  had  made  his  name 
known  throughout  Europe  was  the  “ Considerations  sur  la 
revolution  franpaise  ” (1796).  Duringthe  period  of  his  resi- 
dence at  the  Russian  capital  he  kept  up  a voluminous 
correspondence.  H e wrote  an  “ Essai  sur  le  principe  gdndra- 
teur  des  institutions  humaines"  (1810),  “Des  deiais  de  la 
justice  divine ”(1815),  “Du  pape  ” (1819),  “De  l’dglise  galli- 
cane"  (1821),  “Soirees  de  Saint- Pdtersbourg”  (1821),  and 
“Examen  de  la  philosophic  de  Bacon  ’’  (1835).  On  the  ex- 
minister’s  return  to  Turin,  the  King  of  Sardinia  bestowed 
numerous  honors  upon  him.  Joseph  de  Maistre’s  letters 
were  edited  many  years  after  his  death,  and  afford  a valu- 
able insight  into  the  privacy  of  his  thought  and  life.  Two 


Majlath 

separate  publications  exist : “Lettres  et  opuscules  inedits 
du  Comte  Joseph  de  Maistre  ” (1861)  and  “ Memoires  poli- 
tiques  et  correspondence  diplomatique  de  Joseph  de  Mais- 
tre ’’  (1858). 

Maistre,  Comte  Xavier  de.  Born  at  Chamb6ry, 
Savoy,  Oct. , 1764 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  June 
12, 1852.  A Savoyard  soldier  and  author,  brother 
of  J oseph  de  Maistre . He  served  in  youth  in  the  army 
of  Piedmont,  and,  after  the  occupation  of  Piedmont  by  the 
French  in  1798,  took  part  in  the  Austrian  and  Russian  cam- 
paign in  Italy  (1799).  In  the  same  year  he  went  to  Russia, 
where  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general.  He  wrote 
“Voyage  autour  de  ma  chambre”  (“Journey  round  my 
Room,  ” 1794,  in  the  style  of  Sterne  : written  while  under 
arrest  for  taking  part  in  a duel),  “Le  ldpreux  de  la  citd 
d’Aoste”(1812),  “La  jeune  Sibdrienne”(1815),  “Prisonniers 
du  Caucase’’  (1815),  “Expedition  nocturne  autour  de  ma 
chambre  ” (1825). 

The  chief  merit  of  these  works  [of  de  Maistre],  as  of  the 
less  mannerised  and  more  direct  “Prisonniers  du  Caucase  " 
and  “JeuneSibdrienne,"  resides  in  their  dainty  style,  in 
their  singular  narrative  power  (Sainte-Beuve  says  justly 
enough  that  the  ‘ ‘Prisonniers  duCaucase  "has  been  equalled 
by  no  other  writer  except  Merimde),  and  in  the  remarkable 
charm  of  the  personality  of  the  author,  which  escapes  at 
every  moment  from  the  work. 

Saintsbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  144. 

Maita  Capac.  See  Mayta  Ccapac. 

Maitland  (mat'land).  A town  in  New  South 
Wales,  Australia^  situated  on  Hunter  River  83 
miles  north  by  east  of  Sydney.  Population, 
including  East  and  West  Maitland,  10,073. 

Maitland,  Sir  Frederick  Lewis.  Born  at  Ran- 
keilour,  Fife,  Sept.  7,  1777 : died  off  Bombay, 
Nov.  30, 1839.  A British  rear-admiral.  He  was 

stationed  off  Rochefort  in  command  of  the  Bellerophon  af- 
ter the  battle  of  Waterloo,  under  instructions  to  intercept 
Napoleon,  who  opened  negotiations  with  him  July  10, 1816, 
for  permission  to  sail  for  the  United  States.  He  refused 
his  consent  in  the  absence  of  instructions  from  the  govern- 
ment, but  offered  to  carry  Napoleon  to  England.  Napo- 
leon embarked  in  the  Bellerophon  July  15,  and  Aug.  7 was 
transferred  to  the  Northumberland  off  Berry  Head.  M ait- 
land  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1830,  and  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  the  East  Indies  and  China  in  1837. 
He  wrote  “Narrative  of  the  Surrender  of  Buonaparte  and 
of  his  Residence  on  hoard  H.  M.  S.  Bellerophon,’’  etc. 
(1826). 

Maitland,  John,  Lord  Maitland  of  Thirlestane. 
Born  about  1545 : died  at  Thirlestane,  Oct.  3, 
1595.  A Scottish  politician.  He  became  lord  privy 
seal  of  Scotland  in  1567,  and  spiritual  lord  of  session  in 
1568  ; supported  the  cause  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  against 
the  Presbyterian  party ; in  1587  was  made  chancellor  by 
James  VI.  (afterward  James  I.  of  England);  and  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Maitland  of  Thirlestane  in 
1590.  By  his  advice  James  consented  to  the  act  establish- 
ing the  church  on  a strictly  Presbyterian  basis. 

Maitland,  John,  second  Earl  and  first  Duke  of 
Lauderdale.  Born  at  Lethington,  May  24, 1616 : 
died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Aug.  20(24?),  1682.  A 
Scottish  politician,  son  of  John  Maitland,  first 
Earl  of  Lauderdale.  He  became  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  in  1643,  and  a 
member  of  the  joint  committee  of  the  two  kingdoms  in 
1644 ; afterward  joined  Prince  Charles  in  his  exile : and  on 
the  Restoration  became  the  chief  adviser  of  Charles  II.  in 
Scottish  affairs,  a position  which  lie  used  to  establish  the 
absolutism  of  the  crown  both  in  the  church  and  in  the 
state.  He  was  created  duke  of  Lauderdale  in  1672. 

Maitland,  Samuel  Roffey.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  7, 1792:  died  at  Gloucester,  Jan.  19,  1866. 
An  English  clergyman,  and  theological  and  his- 
torical writer.  He  was  librarian  to  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  1838-48.  Among  his  works  are  “ The  Dark 
Ages  "(1844)  and  “The  Reformation  in  England " (1849). 

Maitland,  Thomas.  The  nom  de  plume  of 

Robert  Buchanan. 

Maitland,  William,  of  Lethington.  Bom 

about  1528:  died  at  Leith,  June  9,  1573.  A 
Scottish  politician.  He  studied  at  the  University  of 
St.  Andrews  and  on  the  Continent,  and  afterward  became 
secretary  to  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  whose  cause  he  sup- 
ported against  the  Scottish  reformers.  He  was  captured 
at  the  surrender  of  Edinburgh  Castle  to  the  English  May 
29, 1573,  and  died  in  prison. 

Maittaire  (ma-tar'),  Michel.  Born  in  France, 
1668 : died  at  London,  Sept.  18, 1747.  A French 
bibliographer  and  classical  editor.  He  wasa  teacher 
in  Westminster  School  1695-1747.  His  chief  work  is  “An- 
nales  typographic!  ” (1719—41). 

Maiwand  (mi-wand').  A locality  west  of  Kan- 
dahar, Afghanistan.  Here,  July  27, 1880,  the  Afghans 
(9,000)  under  Ayub  Khan  defeated  the  British  (2,476)  under 
Burrows.  The  Brit  ish  loss  was  964  killed  and  167  wounded. 
This  has  also  been  called  the  battle  of  Kushk-i-Nakhud. 

Majano  (ma-ya'no),  Benedetto  da.  Born  at 
Majano,  1442  : died  May  24, 1497.  A Florentine 
sculptor  and  architect.  He  began  as  a worker  in  wood 
mosaic.  Early  in  life  he  went  to  Hungary  in  the  service 
of  KingCorvinus.  Afterhis  return  he  designed  the  Strozzi 
palace,  the  corner-stone  of  which  was  laid  in  1489.  In 
1491  he  made  the  monument  to  Filippo  Strozzi  in  Santa 
Maria  Novella.  He  went  to  Faenza  to  sculpture  the  monu- 
mental altarof  San  Savino  for  the  Duomo  1471-72.  On  his 
return  to  Florence  he  made  the  marble  pulpit  of  Santa 
Croce. 

Majano,  Giuliano  da.  Born  at  Majano,  1432: 
died  1490.  A sculptor  and  builder,  elder  bro- 
ther of  Benedetto  da  Majano. 

Majldth.  See  M a Hath. 


Majnrm  645 

Majnun.  See  Lnila  and  Majnun.  ‘messenger  of  Yahveh.’]  The  last  of  the  minor 

Major  (ma'jor),  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Lon-  prophets, 
don,  Oct.  3,1818:  died  at  Kensington,  June  25,  Malachy  (mal'a-ki),  Saint.  Born  in  Armagh, 
1891.  An  English  historian  and  geographer.  Ireland,  about  1094 : died  at  Clairvaux,  France, 
He  was  connected  with  the  British  Museum  library  1844-  Nov.  2,  1148.  An  Irish  prelate,  archbishop  of 
1880  ; was  honorary  secretary  of  the  Hakluyt  Society  1819-  Armagh  and  papal  legate  in  Ireland. 

1868;  and  was  vice-president  of  the  Royal  Geographical  „ . J5  Tmnirmniro  T n TF  ‘the  im-ieinnrv 
Society.  He  published  a “ Life  of  Prince  Henry  of  Portu-  JxLalaCie  imaginaire,  Le.  •>  imaginary 
gal,  surnamed  the  Navigator  " (1868),  “The  Discoveries  of  invalid/]  A comedy  by  Moliere,  produced  m 
Prince  Henry  the  Navigator  and  their  Results”  (1877),  1673. 

Maladetta  jmS-la-det'tS),  or  Monts-Maudits 


Letters  of  Christopher  Columbus  ” (1847)  and  various  other 
works. 

Majorano.  See  Caffarelli. 

Majorca  (ma-j6r'ka),  or  Mallorca  (mal-yor'- 


(mon-mo-de').  A group  of  the  central  Pyre- 
nees, on  the  Spanish  side,  south  of  the  main 
range.  It  contains  the  highest  summit  of  the 
Pyrenees,  the  Pic  de  Nethou. 


ka).  The  largest  of  the  Balearic  Islands,  Spain.  Malaga  (ma'la-gii,  Eng.  mal'a-ga).  1.  A 

n 1 i.  1 T~»_l . . . .v  ii.  T\i>ATrin/io  in  A nnolnoio  fine  in  Tf  in  Vimm  V.,. 


Capital,  Palma.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  northwest. 
Olive-oil,  wine,  etc.,  are  exported.  The  museum  in  the 
castle  of  the  Conde  de  Montenegro  is  a very  remarka- 
ble and  valuable  collection  of  antiquities,  chiefly  Roman, 
formed  by  Cardinal  Despuig  toward  the  close  of  the  18th 
century  by  extensive  excavations  during  ten  years  at  Aric- 
cia,  near  the  Alban  Lake.  The  chief  treasure  is  a head  of 
Augustus.  Area,  about  1,300  square  miles.  See  Balearic 
Islands. 

Majorian.  See  Majorianus. 

Majorianus  (ma-jo-ri-a/nus),  Julius.  Roman 
emperor  of  the  West  457-461.  He  was  elevated  by 
Ricimer  (whom  see)  in  457,  defeated  the  Vandals  on  the 
coast  of  Campania  in  458,  but  lost  his  fleet  through  treach- 
ery at  the  battle  of  Carthagena  in  460.  He  was  forced  to 
abdicate  by  Ricimer,  who  viewed  with  concern  his  grow- 
ing popularity.  He  died  shortly  after,  probably  put  to 
death  by  order  of  Ricimer. 

Majuba  (ma-jo'ba)  Hill.  A height  in  the  Dra- 
kenberge,  South  Africa.  Here,  Feb.  27,  1881,  about 
450  Boers,  with  slight  loss,  defeated  about  700  British. 


province  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  it  is  bounded  by 
Seville  on  the  northwest,  Cordova  on  the  north,  Granada 
on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  Cadiz  on 
the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  mountain-ranges.  The  chief 
products  are  grapes,  sugar,  and  tropical  fruits.  The  area 
iB  2,812  square  miles.  Population,  511,989. 

2.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Malaga,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat. 
36°  43'  N.,  long.  4°  25'  W. : the  ancient  Malaea. 
It  is  the  chief  seaport  of  Spain  after  Barcelona,  exporting 
grapes,  raisins,  wine,  olive-oil,  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  lead, 
etc.  The  cathedral,  begun  in  1538,  but  not  completed 
until  1719,  is  very  large  (the  vaulting  being  130  feet  high), 
but  is  built  in  a heavy  bastard  Corinthian  architecture, 
with  tawdry  d ecoration.  The  carved  wooden  Renaissance 
choir-stalls,  however,  are  superb,  the  68  large  figures  of 
saints  with  their  emblems  being  especially  noteworthy. 
Malaga  was  probably  founded  by  the  Phenicians ; waB 
taken  by  the  Moors  about  711 ; was  besieged  and  taken  by 
Ferdinand  the  Catholic  in  1487  ; and  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1810.  It  figured  conspicuously  in  the  troubles 
of  1868  and  1873.  Population,  153,661. 


Of  the  latter  92  including  Gen.  Sir  G.  P.  Colley,  were  Malagasy  (mal-a-gas'i).  [PI.  and  sing.]  The 
Makah  “S  inhabitants  of  Madagascar.  They  are  an  off- 

Makallah  (ma-kal'la),  orMaculla  (ma-kul'la).  *h°ot  f1'?™  *¥  Majay-Poiynesian  group. 

A seaport  in  Hadramaut,  southern  Arabia,  sit-  Malaglgl  (ma-la-je  je).  In  the  Charlemagne 
uated  in  lat.  14°  32'  N.,  long.  49°  3'  E.  cycle  of  romances,  an  enchanter  and  magician, 

Makari  (ma-ka're).  A Nigritic  tribe  of  Bornu,  the  cousm  of  Rinaldo.  M ,. 

central  Sudan,  which  inhabits  the  province  of  Malagrowther  (mal-a-grou  THer),  Malachi. 
Kotoko  and  the  vassal  kingdom  of  Logone.  A ™m,dnuvm  8"*  Waltfir  Scott  1,1  Thrfifi 


A pseudonym  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  “Three 
Letters  by  Malachi  Malagrowther”  on  paper 
money,  first  published  in  th  e “ Edinburgh  Week- 
ly Journal”in  1826.  In  1830  a fourth  letter  was  added. 
Sir  Mungo  Malagrowther  is  a malicious  old  courtier  in 


They  are  kinsmen  of  the  Gamergu,  Musgu,  and  Mandara; 
are  darker  and  shorter  than  the  Kanuri ; and  profess  Islam- 
ism.  See  Masa. 

Makarief  (ma-ka're-ef).  1.  A town  in  the 
government  of  Kostroma,  Russia,  situated  Scott's  novel  “The  Fortunes .of  Nigel.” 
on  the  Unsha  110  miles  north  of  Nijni-Nov-  Malahlde.  An  ancient  fortified 
gorod.  Population,  8,425.  2.  A small  town 

in  the  government  of  Nijni-Novgorod,  Russia, 


mansion  near 

Dublin,  Ireland,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
Talbot  family,  and  still  in  their  possession.  It 
rituated^on^lTo^  east-southeast  is  one  of  the  best  specimens  of  pure  Norman 

of  Nijni-Novgorod:  formerly  noted  for  its  fair,  architecture  in  the  British  Isles 
Makarska.  or  Macarska  (ma-kars'ka).  a Malakoff,  or Malakhoff  (ma  la-kof).  A forti- 
small  seaport  iu  Dalmatia,  on  the  Adriatic  34  fication  which  formed  one  of  the  principal  de- 
miles southeast  of  Spalato.  tens(Ls  of  Sebastopol,  Crimea.  On  Sept.  8,  1855  the 

Makar  t (mak  art),  Hans.  Boin  at  tealzburg,  commenced  immediately  after  its  capture. 

Austria,  May  28,  1840 : died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  3,  Malaprop  (mal'a-prop),  Mrs.  A vain,  good- 
1884.  A noted  Austrian  historical  and  figure  natured  woman  in  Sheridan’s  “Rivals, ’’remark- 


able for  her  misapplication  of  words. 

Mrs.  Mai.  There,  sir,  an  attack  upon  my  language  ! what 
do  you  think  of  that? — an  aspersion  upon  my  parts  of 
speech ! was  ever  such  a brute  I Sure  if  I reprehend  any- 
thing in  this  world,  it  is  the  use  of  my  oracular  tongue, 
and  a nice  derangement  of  epitaphs. 

Sheridan,  Rivals,  iii.  3. 


painter.  He  studied  at  Vienna  under  Ruben,  and  at 
Munich  under  Piloty,  and  after  visiting  Paris,  Rome,  Ven- 
ice, and  other  cities  finally  settled  in  Vienna  in  1869  at 
the  request  of  the  emperor  Francis  Joseph,  who  in  1879 
gave  him  the  title  of  professor.  Among  his  chief  works 
are  the  “Homage  of  the  Venetians  to  Catarina  Cornaro,” 

“ Entry  of  Charles  V.  into  Antwerp,”  “ Hunt  of  Diana,” 

“Plague  in  Florence,”  “Cleopatra,”  “The  Five  Senses," 

“Ophelia," etc.  Malar,  or  Maelar  (naa'lar),  or  Malaren  (ma'- 

Mako  (mo  ko).  The  capital  of  tlie  county  of  lar-en).  A lake  in  eastern  Sweden,  connecting 
Csanad,  Hungary,  situated  near  the  Maros  15  the  Baltic  at  Stockholm.  It  contains  over  1,200 

miles  east  by  south  of  Szegedm.  Population,  ialands.  Stockholm  is  situated  on  it.  Length,  80  mileB. 
33,722.  .Malaspina  (ma-las-pe'na),  Alejandro.  Born 

Makololo(ma-ko-16T6).  See  Nganga and  Botse.  about  1750 : died  at  Cadiz  about  1810.  A Span- 
Makrisi  (mak-re'ze),  Al-  (Taki-uddin  Ah-  ish  navigator  who,  from  1789to  1794,  command- 
mad).  Born  1366 : died  1442.  An  Arabian  his-  ed  a surveying  expedition  on  the  western  coast 


torian.  The  name  Makrisi  is  derived  from  his  birth- 
place, Makris  near  Baalbec.  His  “ Egyptian  History  and 


of  South  and  North  America.  He  penetrated  to  lat. 
60°  N.  in  search  of  a passage  from  the  Pacific  to  the  At. 


Topography  ” is  still  an  important  work,  and  some  of  his  lantic,  and  subsequently  returned  to  Spain  by  way  of  the 
workB  have  been  translated  into  Latin  and  French.  *East  Indies. 

Makua  (ma-ko'a).  See  Kua.  Malaspina  Glacier.  [Named  in  honor  of  A.  Ma- 

Malabar  (mal-a-bar').  A district  in  Madras,  laspina.]  A glacier  in  Alaska,  between  Mount 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  11°  N.,  long.  St.  Elias  and  the  Pacific. 

76°  E.  Area,  5,795  square  miles.  Population,  Malatesta  (ma-la-tes'ta).  [It.,  ‘had  head.’] 
2,800,555.  An  Italian  family  ruling  in  Rimini,  Italy,  and 

Malabar  Coast.  A name  often  given  to  the  in  other  parts  of  the  Romagna,  from  the  13th 
western  coast  of  British  India,  bordering  on  to  the  15th  century. 

the  Arabian  Sea  : it  is  properly  confined  to  the  Malatia  (ma-la-te'a),  orMalatiyeh(ma-l;i-te'- 
southern  part.  ye).  A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Diarbekir,  Asiatic 

Malacca  (ma-lak'a).  1.  See  Malay  Peninsula.  Turkey,  about  lat.  38°  30' N.,  long.  38°  25' E. : 
— 2.  A territory  in  the  British  colony  of  the  the  ancient  Melitene.  The  Persians  were  defeated 
Straits  Settlements,  Malay  Peninsula.  Area,  here  by  the  Byzantine  forces  in  577.  Pop.,  about  30, 000. 
659  square  miles.  Population,  95,487. — 3.  A Malavikagnimitra  (ma-la-vi-kag-ni'mi-tra). 

' the  territory  of  Malacca,  [Skt.,  ‘Malavika  and  Agnimitra.’]  A Sanskrit 


seaport,  capital  of 
situated  on  the  Strait  of  Malacca  in  lat.  2°  12 
N.,  long.  102°  16'  E.  It  was  formerly  under  Portu- 
guese and  later  under  Dutch  rule.  Pop.,  about  16,000. 

Malacca,  Strait  of.  A sea  passage  separating 


drama,  very  probably  by  Kalidasa,  it  treats  of 
the  loves  of  King  Agnimitra  and  Malavika,  a girl  in  the 
train  of  his  queen  Dharini.  There  is  an  epitome  by  Wil- 
son in  his  11  Hindu  Theatre.”  For  the  plot,  see,  also,  Wil- 
liams’s “ Indian  Wisdom,”  p.  478.  Translation  by  Tawney. 


Sumatra  from  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  con-  Malay  (ma-la/)  Archipelago,  Eastern  Archi- 
necting  the  China  Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean,  pelago,  or  Indian  Archipelago.  An  exten- 
Width,  30-200  miles.  sive  group  of  islands  lying  south  and  southeast 

Malachi  (mal'a-ki).  [Heb.,  ‘ my  messenger,’  or  of  Asia.  It  includes,  among  others,  Sumatra,  Java,  Bor- 


Malcontent,  The 

neo,  Celebes,  Bali,  Lombok,  Sumbawa,  Flores,  Sandalwood 
Island,  Timor,  and  the  Moluccas.  The  Philippines  are 
often  included,  and  sometimes  Papua,  the  Andaman  Isl- 
ands, and  the  Nicobar  Islands.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
of  Malay  or  Papuan  race.  W ith  the  exception  of  the  north- 
ern face  of  Borneo,  almost  the  entire  region  is  under  Dutch 
domination.  The  eastern  half  of  Timor  is  a Portuguese 
^government.  See  the  respective  names. 

Malay  Peninsula,  or  Malacca  (ma-lak'a).  A 
peninsula  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Asia, 
connected  with  the  rest  of  Further  India  by  the 
Isthmus  of  Kva,  and  terminating  in  Cape  Roma- 
nia.. It  lies  between  the  Gulf  of  Siam  and  the  China  Sea  on 
the  east  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and  the  Strait  of  Malacca  on 
the  west;  is  traversed  by  a mountain-range;  and  is  divided 
politically  into  Siamese  possessions,  British  possessions 
(Straits  Settlements),  and  Malay  states(Perak,  Johor,  etc., 
in  alliance  with  Great  Britain).  The  chief  races  are  Malays, 
Siamese,  Chinese,  and  Negritos.  Area,  estimated,  70,000 
square  miles.  Population,  about.  1,000,000. 

Malay-Polynesian  (ma-la, ' pol -i-ne 'sian).  A 
family  of  languages  occupying  most  of  the  isl- 
ands of  the  Pacific,  from  Madagascar  to  Easter 
Island  (not,  however,  Australia  and  Tasmania, 
northe  central  parts  of  Borneo  andNew  Guinea, 
and  of  some  other  of  the  large  islands),  toge- 
ther with  the  Malay  Peninsula.  Its  principal 
branches  are  the  Malayan,vof  the  peninsula  and  the  islands 
nearest  it,  and  the  Polynesian,  of  the  great  mass  of  scat- 
tered islands  (including  Madagascar  and  New  Zealand) ; to 
these  is  added  by  many  the  Melanesian,  of  the  Fiji  Archi- 
pelago and  its  vicinity,  which  others  regard  as  a separate 
family.  The  languages  are  of  extreme  simplicity  in  regard 
both  to  phonetic  and  to  grammatical  structure. 

Malays  (rna-laz').  [E.  Malay,  F.  Malais,  G. 
Malaje,  Russ.  Malax , etc.,  Malay  Orang  Malaga, 
Malay  man.]  The  natives  of  Malacca  or  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  or  of  the  adjacent  islands. 
Malbone  (mal-bon'),  Edward  G.  Born  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  Aug.,  1777 : died  at  Savannah,  Ga., 
May  7,  1807.  An  American  portrait-painter. 
Malbrough  (mal-brok'),  or  Malbrook  (mal- 
hruk').  A celebrated  French  song,  commencing 
“ Malbrough  s’en  va-t-en  guerre.”  The  authorsof 
words  and  music  are  not  certainly  known,  but  it  probably 
dates  from  about  1709.  Marie  Antoinette  took  a fancy  to  it 
in  1781,  and  it  became  popular  throughout  France,  after 
which  Beaumarchais  introduced  it  in  “Le  mariage  de 
Figaro  ” in  1784,  and  Beethoven  repeated  it  in  his  “ Battle 
Symphony  ” (1813),  as  the  symbol  of  the  French  army.  The 
air  is  that  to  which  “We  won't  go  home  till  morning”  is 
sung.  Grove. 

Malchin  (mal-chen').  A town  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  German}',  situated  on  the  Peene  57 
miles  east  by  north  of  Schwerin.  Population, 
over  7,000. 

Malcolm  (mal'kom  or  ma'korn)  I.  [ME.  Mal- 
colm, Malcolyn,  AS.  Mselcolm;  Gael.  Calum .] 
Died  in  954.  King  of  Scotland  943-954.  He  an- 
nexed Moray  to  the  Scottish  kingdom  in  943. 
Malcolm  II.  Mackenneth.  Died  Nov.  25, 1034. 
King  of  Scotland  1005—34.  He  gained  the  throne 
by  defeating  and  killing  Kenneth  III.  at  Monzievaird, 
Perthshire,  in  1005  ; was  repulsed  with  great  slaughter  by 
Uchtred,  son  of  Waltheof,  ealdorman  of  Northumbria,  Id 
an  attack  on  Durham  in  1008  ; and  married  his  daughter 
to  Sigurd,  jarl  of  Orkney,  in  1008.  During  his  reign  Lo- 
thian and  Cumbria  north  of  the  Solway  were  annexed  to 
Scotland. 

Malcolm  III.,  called  Canmore.  Died  Nov.  13, 
1093.  King  of  Scotland  1054-93,  son  of  Dun- 
can I.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  defeat  of  the 
usurper  Macbeth  by  Earl  Siwardof  Northumbria  July  27, 
1064,  which  was  followed  by  his  own  victory  at  Lumpha- 
nan  in  Aberdeenshire,  where  Macbeth  was  slain.  He  was 
crowned  at  Scone  April  25,  1057,  and  in  1058  married  Mar- 
garet as  his  second  wife,  through  whose  influence  the 
Roman  ritual  was  introduced  into  Scotland.  In  1070  he 
supported  the  cause  of  his  brother-in-law,  Edgar  Atheling, 
but  was  obliged  to  do  homage  to  William  the  Conqueror 
at  Abernethy  in  1072.  He  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Mo- 
rel of  Bamborough  near  the  Alne,  at  a place  which  after- 
ward received  the  name  of  Malcolm’s  Cross.  Shakspere 
introduces  him  in  “ Macbeth.” 

Malcolm  IV., surnamed  “The Maiden.”  Born 
in  1141:  died  at  Jedburgh,  Dec.  9, 1165.  King 
of  Scotland  1153-65,  son  of  Henry,  and  grandson 
of  David  I.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  was  compelled 
to  surrender  to  Henry  II.  ot  England  at  Chester  in  1157 
the  fiefs  granted  to  his  grandfather  by  Matilda,  mother  of 
Henry  II.,  in  return  for  the  assistance  of  the  Scots  against 
Stephen,  and  in  1159  served  as  an  English  baron  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Toulouse, 

Malcolm,  Howard.  Born  at  Philadel  phia,  Jan . 
19,  1799:  died  at  Philadelphia,  March  25,  1879. 
An  American  Baptist  clergyman  and  writer. 
Among  his  works  are  a “Dictionary  of  the  Bible”  (1828), 
“ Travels  in  South-eastern  Asia  ” (1839),  etc. 

Malcolm,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Burnfoot,  Dum- 
friesshire, May  2,  1769:  died  May  30,  1833.  A 
Scottish  politician.  He  received  a commission  in  the 
East  India  Company’s  service  in  1781;  was  governor  of 
Bombay  1827-30;  and  was  Tory  member  of  Parliament  for 
Launceston  1831-32.  He  wrote  a “ Political  History  of  In- 
dia” (1811),  a “History  of  Persia"  (1816),  etc. 
Malcontent,  The.  A play  by  Marston,  acted 
in  1601,  printed  in  1604.  Another  edition,  aug- 
mented by  Webster,  appeared  the  same  year. 


Malcontent,  The 

Then  came  Marston’s  completest  work  in  drama,  “The 
Malcontent,  ” an  anticipation,  after  Elizabethan  fashion,  of 
“Le  Misanthrope  ’’  and  “ The  Plain  Dealer."  Though  not 
free  from  Marston’s  two  chief  vices  of  coarseness  and  exag- 
gerated cynicism,  it  is  a play  of  great  merit,  and  much  the 
best  thing  he  has  done,  though  the  reconciliation,  at  the 
end,  of  such  a husband  and  such  a wife  as  Piero  and  Au- 
relia, between  whom  there  is  a chasm  of  adultery  and  mur- 
der, again  lacks  verisimilitude. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  198. 

Malczewski  (mal-chev'ske),  or  Malezeski 
(miil-ches'kf  \ Alltoni.  Born  about  1792:  died 
at  Warsaw,  May  2,  1826.  A Polish  poet.  His 
chief  work  is  a narrative  poem, “Maria”  (1825). 
Maldah  (mal'da).  A district  in  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long. 
88°  E.  Area,  1,899  square  miles.  Population, 
884,030. 

Malden  (mal'den).  A city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts, situated  onMaldenRiverS  miles 
north  of  Boston.  Population,  44,404,  (1910). 
Malden  Island.  A small  island  in  the  Pacific, 
northwest  of  the  Marquesas.  It  is  a British  pos- 
session. 

Maidive  (mal'div)  Islands.  [Native  name  Mal- 
diva,  Muldiua  ; from  mat-  (uncertain)  and  diva, 
Skt.  dvipa,  island.  Cf.  Laccadive  Islands. ] An 
archipelago  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about500miles 
southwest  of  Ceylon.  Capital,  Mali.  The  islands 
comprise  17  atolls,  and  are  ruled  by  a sultan,  tributary  to 
the  British  government  of  Ceylon.  The  religion  is  Moham- 
medan. Population,  about  30,000. 

Maldon  (mal'don).  A river  port  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Blaekwater  37  miles  east- 
northeast  of  London.  Here,  991,  the  Danes 
defeated  the  English.  The  battle  is  described 
in  an  Anglo-Saxon  poem.  Population,  about 
6,000. 

Malea  (ma'le-a).  [Gr.  Ma/ia.]  1.  The  ancient 
name  of  Cape  Malia. — 2.  In  ancient  geography, 
the  southernmost  point  of  the  island  of  Lesbos. 
Male-bolge  (ma'le-bol'je).  In  Dante’s  “In- 
ferno,” the  eighth  circle.  It  was  filled  with  bolgi 
or  pits. 

Malebranche  (mal-bronsh'),  Nicolas.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Aug.  6,  1638:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  13, 
1715.  A French  metaphysician,  a follower  of 
Descartes.  He  sought  to  overcome  the  dualism  of  the 
Cartesian  philosophy  by  the  doctrine  that  God  is  the  real 
ground  of  all  being  and  knowing,  and  that  we  “see  all 
things  in  him.”  His  principal  work  is  “Recherche  de  la 
vdrite”  (“Search  for  Truth,”  1674).  He  also  wrote  “Con- 
versations chretieunes  ” (1677),  “Traite  de  la  nature  et  de 
la  grace ” (1680),  “ Meditations  chrdtiennes  et  metaphy- 
siques ” (1683),  “Traite  de  morale  ” (1684),  “Entretiens  sur 
la  mdtaphysique  et  la  religion"  (1687),  etc. 

Maler  Kotla  (ma'ler  kot'la).  A small  native 
state  in  India,  controlled  by  the  British,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  long.  75°  50'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, 77,506. 

Malesherbes  (mal-zarb').  A small  town  in 
the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  situated  on 
the  Essonne,  eleven  miles  northeast  of  Pitlii- 
viers.  Near  it  are  the  Chateau  de  Malesherbes 
(17th  cent.)  and  the  Chateau  de  Rouville  (15th 
cent.). 

Malesherbes  (mal-zarb'), Chretien  Guillaume 
de  Lamoignon  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  6, 1721 : 
guillotined  at  Paris,  April  22,  1794.  A noted 
French  statesman,  president  of  the  “ cour  des 
aides  ” (1750)  and  director  of  the  press.  He  was 
minister  under  Louis  XVI.  and  his  counsel 
(1792-93)  before  the  Convention.  He  was  ar- 
rested (Dec.,  1793)  and  condemned  to  death  by 
the  Revolutionary  tribunal  on  a charge  of  trea- 
son. 

Malespin  (mii-las-pen'), Francisco.  Born  about 
1800 : died  at  San  Fernando,  Salvador,  1846.  A 
Central  American  soldier  and  politician.  He 
was  commandant-general  of  Salvador  in  1811, 
and  on  Sept.  20  of  that  year  headed  the  revo- 
lution which  deposed  Canas  and  put  the  aris- 
tocratic party  in  power.  Thereafter  he  was 
the  leading  spirit  in  Salvador,  and  became 
resident  Feb.  5,  1844.  He  had  two  wars  with 
uatemala  in  1844,  and  at  the  end  of  that  year,  in  alli- 
ance with  Honduras,  invaded  Nicaragua,  taking  Leon 
after  a terrible  siege  (Jan.  24, 1845),  and  committing  many 
atrocities.  Xn  his  absence  he  was  deposed  (Feb.  2,  1845), 
and,  attempting  to  recover  his  place,  was  captured  and 
shot. 

Malet  (ma-la/),  Claude  Francois  de.  Born  at 
Dole,  France,  June  28, 1754 : executed  at  Paris, 
Oct.  29,  1812.  A French  general,  head  of  an  un- 
successful conspiracy  against  Napoleon  in  Oct., 
1812.  He  was  of  noblefamily,  an  ardent  republican,  and 
entered  the  army  at  the  aye  of  sixteen. 

Malet,  Lucas.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  William 
Harrison,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Charles 
Kingsley.  See  * Harrison. 

Malevole.  The  name  assumed  by  Giovanni 
Altofronto,  formerly  duke  of  Genoa,  a character 


646 

in  Marston’s  play  “The  Malcontent,”  to  which 
he  gives  its  name. 

Malherbe  (mal-arb'),  Frangois  de.  Born  at 
Caen  in  1555 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  16, 1628.  A cele- 
brated French  poet.  His  studies,  begun  in  his  native 
city,  were  continued  at  Paris,  and  completedat  Basel  and 
Heidelberg.  He  was  married  in  1581,  and  spent  much  of  his 
time  in  southern  France.  One  of  his  first  com  positions,  “ Les 
larrnes  de  Saint-Pierre,”  was  published  at  Paris  in  1587. 
Before  the  close  of  the  century  he  had  written  his  ode  to 
Dupdrier  entitled  “Consolation  sur  la  mort  de  sa  fille," 
and  had  addressed  odes  to  Henry  IV.  and  Marie  de 
Medicis.  His  ambition  to  become  court  poet  was  realized 
about  1605.  He  was  presented  to  the  king,  and  remained 
in  residence  at  court  till  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  in  1610, 
and  was  then  further  retained  duringthe  minority  of  Louis 
XIII.  The  best  modern  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of 
Ludovic  Lalanne  and  Ad.  Regnier  for  the  “Collection  des 
grands  ccrivains  de  la  France  ” (Paris,  5 vols.  1862-69).  Mal- 
herbe’s claims  to  recognition  lie  in  the  nicety  of  his  vocabu- 
lary, the  purity  of  his  expression,  and  the  perfection  of  his 
verse.  Buileau,  in  his  “Art  pottique,"  hailed  him  intheoft- 
quoted  words:  “Enfin Malherbe vint.”  Contemporaneous 
writers,  however,  surnamed  Malherbe  “le  tyran  des  mots 
et  des  syllabes”  (‘  the  tyrant  of  words  and  syllables  ’). 

Mali.  See  Mandingo. 

Malia  (ma'le-a),  Cape.  A promontory  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Laconia,  Greece : the 
ancient  Malea. 

Maliacus  Sinus  (ma-li'a-kus  si'nus).  [L.,‘Ma- 
liac  Gulf.’]  In  ancient  geography,  an  arm  of 
the  yEgean  Sea,  south  of  Thessaly,  Greece:  the 
modern  Gulf  of  Lamia. 

Malibran  (ma-le-broh'),  Madame  (Maria  Fe- 
licita  Garcia),  later  Madame  de  Beriot.  Born 
at  Paris,  March  24,  1808 : died  at  Manchester, 
England,  Sept.  23,  1836.  A celebrated  opera- 
siuger,  daughter  and  pupil  of  Manuel  del  Popolo 
Vicente  Garcia.  Her  voice  was  a contralto.  In  1824 
she  appeared  in  public  for  the  first  time  at  a musical  club. 
Her  operatic  debut  was  on  June  7, 1825,  in  London,  where 
she  took  the  place  of  Pasta,  who  was  ill.  She  made  a great 
sensation,  and  wasat  once  engaged  for  therestof  theseason. 
Shortly  after  til  is  she  went  to  Ne  w Y ork  with  her  father.  In 
the  midst  of  a successful  season  there  he  married  her  to 
Mr.  Malibran,  who  soon  became  bankrupt.  In  1827  she  left 
him  and  returned  to  France.  She  sang  with  increasing 
success  in  Paris,  London,  and  other  cities  till  the  time  of 
her  death.  In  1836  she  married  the  violinist  De  BCriot, 
with  whom  she  had  lived  from  1830. 

Malignants  (ma-lig'nants),  The.  In  English 
history,  the  adherents  of  Charles  I.  and  his  son 
Charles  II.  during  the  civil  war ; the  Royalists ; 
the  Cavaliers : so  called  by  the  Roundheads,  the 
opposite  party. 

Malinche.  See  Malintzin. 

Malines.  See  Mechlin. 

Malintzin  (ma-len'tzen).  The  name  given  by 
the  Mexican  Indians  to  Marina,  the  Indian  mis- 
tress of  Hernando  Cortes.  See  Marina.  Either 
her  original  Indian  name  was  Malina,  or  the  Indians  so 
pronounced  her  Spanish  name  ; and  the  suffix  • tzin  (‘  chief,’ 
‘ lady  ’)  was  added  out  of  respect.  Subsequently  Cortes  him- 
self was  called  Malintzin,  the  name  in  this  case  meaning 
‘lord  of  Marina.’  The  Spaniards  corrupted  Malintzin  to 
Malinche. 

Malis  (ma'lis).  [Gr.  i)  MeiUf  y#.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a district  of  Greece,  south  of  Thes- 
saly and  north  of  Doris. 

Mall  (mel  or  mal),  The.  A broad  promenade 
in  St.  James’s  Park,  London,  planted  with  rows 
of  trees.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a somewhat  similar 
promenade  in  the  Central  Park,  N ew  York.  See  Pall  Mall. 

Mallarino  (mal-ya-re'no),  Manuel  Maria. 

Born  in  Cauca,  1798:  died  at  Bogota,  Jan.  6, 
1872.  A politician  of  New  Granada  (Colombia). 
He  was  vice-president  under  Obando  in  1853, 
and  president  1855-57. 

Mallet  (mal'et),  originally  Malloch  (mal'leck), 
David.  Born  at  Crieff,  Perthshire,  about  1700: 
died  in  England,  April  21, 1765.  A Scottish  poet 
and  author.  He  wrote  the  plays  “Mustapha"  (1739), 
“Eurydice”(1731),and “Elvira "(1763).  “Alfred, aMasque," 
was  written  with  Thomson, and  “Rule,  Britannia,”  one  of 
the  songs  contained  in  it,  has  been  claimed  for  both. 
Among  his  poems  were  “ The  Excursion  ” (1728),  “ The 
Hermit”  (1742),  and  several  volumes  of  miscellaneous 
verse. 

Mallet  (ma-la'),  Paul  Henri.  Born  at  Geneva, 
1730:  died  there,  Feb.  8, 1807.  A Swiss  historian 
and  student  of  Scandinavian  antiquities,  pro- 
fessor of  belles-lettres  at  the  Academy  of  Copen- 
hagen 1752-60.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  history 
at  the  Academy  of  Geneva  in  the  latter  year.  He  pub- 
lished an  “Introduction  k l’histoire  du  Danemark,  etc.” 
(1755-56),  “Northern  Antiquities”  (1770),  “ Monuments  de 
la  inythologie  et  de  la  poesie  des  Celtes  et  particulierement 
des  anciens  Scandinaves”(1756),“Histoire  du  Danemark” 
(1758-77),  etc. 

Mallet  du  Pan  (ma-la'  du  poh),  Jacques.  Born 
at  Geneva,  1749:  died  in  England,  May  10, 1800. 
A Swiss  publicist.  He  was  professor  of  French  liter- 
ature at  Cassel  in  1772  ; soon  went  to  London,  where  he  oc- 
cupied himself  with  journalism  ; founded  the  “Mdmoires 
Historiques,  Politiques,  et  Litteraires"  at  Geneva  in  1779  ; 
went  to  Paris  in  1783,  where  he  founded,  with  Pankoucke, 
the  “Journal  Historique  et  Politique,”  later  combined 
with  the  “ Mercure  de  France  ” (suppressed  in  1792) ; fled 


Malone 

from  France  in  1792  ; and  settled  in  London  in  1799,  where 

★ he  founded  the  “Mercure  Britannique." 

Mallock  (mal'ok),  William  Hurrell.  Bom  in 

Devonshire  (?),  1849.  An  English  author.  He 
was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  gained  the 
Newdigate  prize  there  in  1871.  Among  his  works  are  “ The 
New  Republic,  etc.”  (1877),  “ The  New  Paul  and  Virginia, 
etc.”  (1878),  “Lucretius”  (1878),  “Is  Life  worth  living?" 
(1879),  “Poems”  (1880),  “A  Romance  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century ’’ (1881),  “ Social  Equality,  etc.”  (1882),  “ Property 
and  Progress,  etc.”  (1884),  “Landlords  and  the  National 
Income”  (1884),  “Atheism  and  the  Value  of  Life,  etc.” 
GS84),  “ The  Old  Order  Changes  ” (1886). 

Mallorca.  See  Majorca. 

Mallory  ( mal'o-ri),  Stephen  Russell.  Bom  in 

Trinidad,  West  Indies,  1813 : died  at  Pensacola, 
Fla.,  Nov.  9, 1873.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  a Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Florida  1851- 
1861,  when  he  resigned  on  the  secession  of  his  State.  He 
was  in  the  latter  year  appointed  by  President  Davis  sec- 
retary of  the  navy  of  the  Confederate  States,  a position 
which  he  held  until  the  end  of  the  war  in  1865. 

Mallow  (mal'o).  A town  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blaekwater  18  miles 
north-northwest  of  Cork.  It  contains  a warm 
mineral  spring.  Population,  4,542. 

Malmaison  (mal-ma-zon').  A hamlet  a few 
miles  west  of  Paris,  noted  for  its  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  empress  Josephine  1798-1814. 

Malmedy  (mal'me-de).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Warche  25 
miles  south  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Population, 
about  5,000. 

Malmesbury  (mamz'ber-i).  A town  in  Wilt- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Lower  Avon  23 
miles  east-northeast  of  Bristol,  it  formerly  con- 
tained  a Benedictine  monastery.  Hobbes  was  born  there. 
Population,  2,854. 

Malmesbury,  Earl  of.  See  Harris,  James. 

Malmo  (mal'me).  A seaport,  capital  of  thelaen 
of  Malmohus,  situated  on  the  Sound,  nearly  op- 
posite Copenhagen,  in  lat.  55°  36'  N.,  long.  13° 
E.  It  is  the  third  city  of  Sweden  in  importance ; has 
manufactures  of  gloves  ; exports  grain,  etc. ; and  was  for- 
merly one  of  the  leading  northern  seaports.  A truce  be- 
tween Prussia  and  Denmark  was  concluded  here  in  1848. 
Population,  81,120. 

Malmohus  (mal'me-hos).  The  southernmost 
laen  of  Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Baltic,  Sound, 
andCattegat.  Area,  1,866  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 447,274. 

Malmstrom  (malm'strem),  Bernhard  Elis. 

Born  in  Nerike,  Sweden,  March  14, 1816:  died 
at  Upsala,  June  21, 1865.  A Swedish  poet  and 
writer.  He  studied  at  Upsala,  where  in  1843  he  became 
docent,  and  in  1856  professor  of  esthetics  and  the  history 
of  literature.  His  first  work  was  the  epic  poem  “Ariadne,” 
which  appeared  in  1838.  In  1840  he  was  awarded  the  prize 
of  the  Swedish  Academy  for  the  elegiac  cycle  “ Angelica.” 
Among  his  other  poetical  works  are  the  narrative  poem 
“Fiskarflickan  frito  Tunnelso”(“TheFisherMaid of  Tun- 
nelso  ”)  and  a number  of  lyrics.  In  the  field  of  criticism 
he  is  the  author  of  “Literaturhistoriska  Studier”(‘  Studies 
in  Literary  History”)  and  the  collection  of  lectures  “ Grund- 
dragen  af  Svenska  Vitterhetens  Historia’”  (“Elements  of 
the  History  of  Swedish  Literature,"  published  after  his 
death,  1866-68,  5 vols.). 

Maloja  (ma-lo'ya),  It.  Maloggia  (ma-lod'ja). 
A pass  in  the  southern  part  of  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  connecting  the  Upper  En- 
gadine  with  Chiavenna  (in  Italy) . Height,  5,960 

feet. 

Malojaroslavetz,  or  Maloyaroslavetz  (maUo- 
ya-ro-sla'vets).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Kaluga,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Lusha  66  miles 
southwest  of  Moscow.  Here,  Oct.  24, 1812,  Na- 
poleon was  checked  by  the  Russians.  Popula- 
tion, 2,500. 

Malone  (ma-lon').  The  capital  of  Franklin 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Salmon  River, 
42  miles  west  by  north  of  Plattsburg.  Popu- 
lation, 6,467,  (1910). 

Malone,  Edmund.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Oct.  4, 1741 : 
died  at  London,  April  25, 1812.  An  Irish  literary 
critic  and  Shaksperian  scholar.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  in  1763  went  to  London  and  be- 
came alaw  student  in  the  Inner  Temple.  Returning  to  Ire- 
land, he  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1767.  Not  long  after 
this  his  father’s  death  left  him  in  possession  of  a small  estate 
and  sufficient  money  to  live  upon.  He  therefore  returned 
to  London  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  He  soon  entered 
the  best  political  and  literary  society,  and  counted  among 
his  friends  Johnson,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Bishop  Percy, 
Burke,  Canning,  Horace  Walpole,  and  others.  His  edition 
of  Shakspere  was  published  in  17C0,  but  he  had  previously 
writ  ten  an  “ Attempt  to  ascertain  the  order  in  which  the 
plays  of  Shakspere  were  written  ” (1778),  a supplement  to 
Johnson’s  edition  of  Shakspere  (1780),  containing  observa- 
tions on  the  Elizabethan  stage  and  the  text  of  5 plays 
wrongly  ascribed  to  Shakspere,  etc.  He  published  an  edi- 
tion of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  works  in  1797,  and  an  edition 
of  Dryden,  4 volumes  of  which  appeared  in  1800.  Besides 
writing  a number  of  minor  works,  he  found  time  to  devote 
himself  to  book-collecting,  and  accumulated  alargelibi  ary. 
After  his  death  the  greater  part  of  it  was  sent  to  Oxford. 
He  left  material  for  another  edition  of  Shakspere,  which 
was  published  by  James  Boswell  the  younger  in  1821,  and 
is  known  as  the  “third  variorum  Shakspere,”  sometimes 
as  “Boswell’s  Malone. ” 


Malory 

Malory  (mal'o-ri),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  probably 
about  1430:  died  after  1470.  The  author  of  the 
prose  romance  “ Morte  Arthure”  (which  see). 
Little  is  known  of  him. 

Malou(ma-lo'),  Jules.  Born  at  Ypres,  Belgium, 
Oct.  19,  1810:  died  at  Brussels,  July  11,  1886. 
A Belgian  politician  of  the  clerical  party,  pre- 
mier 1871-78  and  1884. 

Malpighi  (miil-pe'ge),  Marcello.  Born  near 
Bologna,  Italy,  March  10,  1628:  died  at  Borne, 
Nov.  29,  1694.  An  Italian  anatomist  and  physi- 
ologist, the  founder  of  microscopic  anatomy. 
He  was  lecturer  on  medicine  at  Bologna  (1656),  professor 
at  Pisa  (1657),  at  Bologna  (1660),  at  Messina  (1662),  and 
again  at  Bologna.  In  1691  he  went  to  Rome  as  physician 
to  Pope  Innocent  XII. 

Malplaquet  (mal-pla-ka').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  France,  near  the  Belgian 
frontier,  20  miles  east  of  Valenciennes,  it  was 

the  scene,  Sept.  11,  1709,  of  a victory  of  the  allied  English, 
Dutch,  and  Austrian  forces  (about  120,000)  under  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  and  PrinceEugene  over  the  French  (about 
90,000)  under  Villars.  The  loss  of  the  Allies  was  about 
20,000 ; that  of  the  French,  probably  from  11,000  to  14,000. 

Malstatt-Burbach  (mal ' stat  - bor ' bach).  A 
town  in  the  Bhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Saar,  opposite  Saarbriicken,  32  miles 
south-southeast  of  Treves.  It  has  iron  manu- 
factures. Population,  commune,  38,554. 
Malstrom.  See  Maelstrom. 

Malta  (mal'ta),  F.  Malte  (malt).  [Probably 
Phenician,  ‘refuge.’]  The  chief  of  the  Maltese 
Islands,  situated  about  lat.  35°  55'  N.,  long.  14° 
30'  E. : the  ancient  Melita.  Chief  town,Valetta. 
The  surface  is  hilly.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point. 
The  island  anciently  belonged  to  the  Pheuicians,  and  later 
to  the  Romans.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  shipwreck  of  St. 
Paul.  (For  further  history,  see  Maltese  Islands.)  Length, 
17  miles.  Breadth,  9 miles.  Area,  about  95  square  miles. 
Malta,  Knights  of.  See  Hospitalers  of  St.  John 
of  Jerusalem,  Order  of  the. 

Malte-Brun  (mal'te-bron;  F.pron.  malt -bruit'), 
Conrad  (originally  Malte  Conrad  Brunn). 
Born  at  Thisted,  Denmark,  Aug.  12,  1775 : died 
at  Paris,  Dee.  14,  1826.  A noted  Danish-French 
geographer  and  publicist,  author  of  “ Precis  de 
g6ographie  universelle  ” (commenced  1810,  con- 
tinued by  Huot),  collaborator  with  Mentelle 
and  Herbin  in  “ Geographic  math6matique, 
etc.”  (1803-07),  and  founder  of  the  “Annales 
des  voyages”  (1808). 

Malte-Brun,  Victor  Adolphe.  Bom  1816: 
died  1889.  A French  geographer,  son  of  Con- 
rad Malte-Brun : general  secretary  of  the  Geo- 
raphical  Society  of  Paris, 
altese  (mal-tes'  or  mal-tez')  Islands.  A 
British  colony  in  the  Mediterranean,  compris- 
ing Malta,  Gozo,  Comino,  and  two  islets.  Capi- 
tal, V aletta.  They  produce  coin,  cotton,  tropical  fruits, 
etc.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Maltese.  The  islands 
were  conquered  by  the  Vandals,  Goths,  and  Saracens  (5th 
to  9th  century) ; belonged  to  Sicily  from  the  12th  to  the 
16th  century ; were  granted  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John  in 
1630  ; resisted  the  Turks  1565,  when  a siege  of  Malta  con- 
ducted by  Mustapha  Pasha  was  successfully  opposed  by  the 
Knights ; were  conquered  by  Bonaparte  in  1798  ; and  were 
taken  by  the  English  in  1800,  their  possession  being  con- 
firmed by  treaty  in  1814.  The  colony  is  administered  by  a 
governor  with  an  executive  council  and  a council  of  gov- 
ernment. Area,  119  square  miles.  Population,  212,888. 

Malthus  (mal'thus),  Thomas  Robert.  Born 
near  Guildford,  Surrey,  Feb.  17,  1766:  died  at 
St.  Catharine’s,  near  Bath,  Dec.  23,  1834.  An 
English  poli  tical  economist.  He  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1788,  and  became  a fellow  of  Jesus  College  in 
1793.  In  1798  he  took  orders,  and  was  made  curate  of  Al- 
bury,  Surrey.  In  1798  he  published  his  first  essay  on  the 
“Principle  of  Population,”  which  he  defines  to  be  that 
population  increases  in  a geometrical  and  means  of  subsis- 
tence in  an  arithmetical  ratio,  and  that  vice  and  crime  are 
necessary  checks  of  this  increase  in  numbers  (the  so-called 
“ Malthusian  doctrine  ”).  He  published  in  1803  a revision 
of  the  “Essay  on  Population.”  In  1805  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  political  economy  at  Haileybury. 
His  other  works  are  “The  Nature  and  Progress  of  Rent  ” 
(1815),  which  stated  the  now  generally  accepted  theory  of 
rent,  and  “ Political  Economy  ”(1820).  In  politics  he  was 
a Whig ; he  supported  the  Catholic  emancipation,  and  ac- 
cepted the  Reform  Bill 

Maltitz  (mal'tits),  Baron  Apollonius  von. 

Bom  at  Gera,  Germany,  June  11,  1795:  died  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  March  2,  1870.  A German 
poet,  dramatist,  and  novelist,  brother  of  F.  I1, 
von  Maltitz. 

Maltitz,  Baron  Franz  Friedrich  von.  Born  at 
Nuremberg,  June  6, 1794 : died  at  Boppard, Prus- 
sia, April  25, 1857.  A German  dramatic  and  lyric 
poet. 

Maltitz,  Baron  Gotthilf  August  von.  Born  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  July  9, 1794:  died  atDres- 
den,  J une  7,  1837.  A German  poet. 

Malton  (mal'tou).  A town  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Derwent  17  miles  northeast 
of  York.  It  comprises  New  Malton,  Old  Malton, 
and  Norton.  Population,  4,758. 


647 

Maltzan  (malt'san),  Heinrich  Karl  Eckardt 
Helmuth  von,  Baron  of  Wartenberg  and  Penz- 
lin.  Born  at  Dresden,  Sept.  6,  1826:  committed 
suicide  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.  22, 1874.  A German 
traveler,  ethnologist,  philologist,  and  archaeolo- 
gist. He  pub]  ished  works  descriptive  of  his  travels  in  Ara- 
bia, northern  Africa,  and  the  East  generally  (including 
“Meine  Wallfahrt  nach  Mekka,"  1865). 

Malula  (ma-16'la).  A village  in  Syria,  situated 
between  Damascus  and  Baalbec . It  is  inhabited  by 
Christians  only,  and  the  Aramaic  dialect  of  the  time  of 
Christ  is  still  spoken  there. 

Malus  (ma-liis'),  E tienne  Louis.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  23,  1775:  died  there,  Feb.,  1812.  A French 
physicist  and  engineer,  noted  for  discoveries  in 
optics,  especially  the  polarization  of  light  by  re- 
flection. 

Malvasia.  See  Monembasia. 

Malvern  (mal'vern).  A health-resort  in  Wor- 
cestershire, England,  7 miles  southwest  of  Wor- 
cester. It  comprises  the  town  of  Great  Malvern  and  sev- 
eral villages.  NearitaretheMalvernHiUs.  It  has  a priory 
church,  and  a college  and  other  schools.  Population, 
16,449. 

Malvern  Hill  (mal'vern  hil).  A plateau  near 
the  James  Biver,  Virginia,  southeast  of  Bich- 
mond.  Here,  July  1,  1862,  the  Federals  under  McClel- 
lan defeated  the  Confederates  under  Lee  (the  last  of  the 
“ Seven  Days’  Battles  ”). 

Malvern  Hills  (mal'vern  hilz).  Arange  of  hills 
on  the  borders  of  Worcestershire  and  Hereford- 
shire, England.  Highest  point,  Worcester  Bea- 
con (1,444  feet). 

Malvolio  (mal-vo'li-o).  In  Shakspere’s  comedy 
“ Twelfth  Night,”  Olivia’s  steward,  a conceited, 
grave,  self-important  personage  forced  into 
comic  positions  by  the  fantastic  nature  of  the 
situation. 

Malwa  (mal' wa) . A former  kingdom  in  central 
India,  and  afterward  a Mogul  province.  It  be- 
longs now  chiefly  to  Indore,  Bhopal,  Sindhia,  and 
other  native  states. 

Malynes,  orMalines  (ma-len'),  or  de  Malines, 
Gerard.  Flourished  1586-1641.  An  English  mer- 
chant and  economist,  the  son  of  an  English  mint- 
master.  He  came  to  England  with  his  father  iu  1561.  In 
1586  he  was  commissioner  of  trade  in  the  Low  Countries, 
and  in  1609  was  appointed  commissioner  of  the  mint.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  English  economists  to  recognize  the 
natural  laws  on  which  modern  economy  is  based.  Among 
his  works  are  “ A Treatise  of  the  Canker  of  England’s  Com- 
monwealth ” (1601),  “St.  George  for  England”  (1601),  “The 
Maintenance  of  Free  Trade”  (1622),  “Consuetudo  vel  lex 
mercatoria”  (1622),  “The  Center  of  the  Circle  of  Com- 
merce, or  the  Balance  of  Trade  ” (1623). 

Mama  Occlo  Huaco  (ma'ma  ok ' 16  wa'ko). 
[Quichua  : mama,  mother.]  According  to  some 
folk-tales,  the  traditional  first  mother  of  the 
Inca  chiefs  of  Peru,  daughter  of  the  sun  and 
sister  and  wife  of  Manco  Capac,  whom  she 
accompanied  in  his  wanderings  until  he 
founded  Cuzco.  Subsequently  she  taught  the 
Indian  women  to  spin  and  weave.  Also 
written  Mama  Oello  Huaca. 

Mamsea,  or  Mamimea  (ma-me'a),  Julia.  Born 
at  Emesa,  Syria.  The  wife  of  Gessius  Mareia- 
nus,  and  the  mother  of  Alexander  Severus.  she 
was  the  first  cousin  of  Caracalla  and  the  aunt  of  Elagabalus. 
She  was  in  many  respects  a woman  of  high  character. 

Mambrino  (mam-bre'no).  A pagan  king  in  an 
old  romance,  “ Innamoramento  di  Binaldo,”  an- 
terior to  Ariosto’s  “Orlando  Furioso.”  He  is 
killed  by  Rinaldo.  No  mention  is  made  in  this  romance  of 
his  helmet,  but  in  “ Orlando  Furioso  ” Riualdo  is  said  to 
have  won  it.  It  is  the  same  helmet  so  frequently  men- 
tioned in  “Don  Quixote,” made  of  pure  gold,  and  rendering 
its  wearer  invisible.  Don  Quixote  took  possession  of  a 
barber's  basin  which  he  conceived  to  be  the  helmet  of  King 
Mambrino. 

Mamelucos  (ma-ma-lo ' kos).  [Pg.  Mameluco, 
a Mameluke;  applied  in  Brazil  to  persons  of 
mixed  Indian  and  negro  blood.]  A name  given 
by  the  Jesuits  of  Paraguay  to  bands  of  Brazil- 
ian (Sao  Paulo)  slave-hunters  who,  in  the  17th 
century,  attacked  their  missions,  carrying  off 
thousands  of  Indians.  Some  of  the  Jesuit  writers  er- 
roneously described  the  Mamelucos  as  an  independent 
race,  forming  what  they  called  the  “ Mameluco  Republic,” 
a mistake  which  has  been  copied  by  various  English  his- 
torians. 

Mamelukes  (mam'e-liiks).  A corps  of  cavalry 
formerly  existing  in  Egypt,  whose  chiefs  were 
long  the  sovereign  rulers  of  the  country.  They 
originated  with  a body  of  Mingrelians,  Turks,  and  other 
slaves,  who  were  sold  by  Jengmz  Khan  to  the  Egyptian 
sultan  in  the  13th  century.  About  1251  they  established 
their  government  in  Egypt  by  making  one  of  their  own 
number  sultan.  Their  government  was  overthrown  by 
Selim  I.  of  Turkey  in  1517,  but  they  formed  part  of  the 
Egyptian  army  until  1811,  when  Mehemet  Ali  destroyed 
most  of  them  by  a general  massacre. 

Mamers  (ma'merz).  An  Italian  (Oscan)  name 
of  the  god  Mars.  He  was  worshiped  by  the  Romans 
as  a rustic  divinity,  one  of  the  rural  Lares. 


Manacicas 

Mamers (ma-mar').  Atowninthe  department 
of  Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Dive  24  miles 
north-uortheast  of  Le  Mans.  Population, 
commune,  5,924. 

Mamertines  (mam'6r-tlnz).  [L.  Mamertini.\ 
In  ancient  history,  a band  of  Campanian  mer- 
cenaries who  became  rulers  of  Messiua  about 
282  B.  C.  Their  request  for  aid  from  the  Romans  and 
Carthaginians  (caused  by  an  attack  from  Hiero  of  Syra- 
cuse) brought  about  the  first  Punic  war,  264  B.  o. 

Mames  (ma'mas),  or  Mams  (mamz).  [Said  to 
be  a corruption  of  the  Cakchiquel  mem,  a stut- 
terer, applied  to  the  Maya-speaking  nations.] 
An  ancient  Indian  tribe  of  Guatemala,  of  the 
Maya  stock.  They  occupied  the  region  now  included 
in  the  department  of  Totonicapan  (northwest  of  Guate- 
mala City),  and  under  their  chief,  Caibil  Balam,  made  a 
brave  resistance  to  the  Spaniards.  They  were  conquered 
by  Gonzalo  de  Alvarado  in  1525,  and  their  descendants  are 
now  amalgamated  with  the  country  population. 

Mamiani  della  Rovere  (ma-me-a'ne  del'laro'- 
ve-re),  Count  Terenzio.  Born  at  Pesaro,  Italy, 
1800:  died  at  Rome,  May  21, 1885.  An  Italian 
philosopher,  poet,  and  statesman  in  the  papal 
and  later  in  the  Italian  service.  He  was  minister 
of  the  interior  to  Pius  IX.  in  1848,  and  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  for  a short  time  in  the  same  year ; professor  of 
philosophy  at  Turin  1857-60 ; and  in  1860  minister  of  pub- 
lic instruction  under  Cavour.  His  works  include  “Rinno- 
vamento  della  filosofia  antica  italiana”  (“Revival  of  the 
Ancient  Italian  Philosophy,”  1834),  “Dialoghi  di  scienza 
prima  ” (1846),  “ Confessioni  d’un  metafisico  ” (1865),  etc. 

Mamilia  gens  (ma-mil'i-a  jenz).  A Roman 
plebeian  gens,  comprising  the  families  Limeta- 
nus,  Turrinus,  and  Vitulus. 

Mamilius  (ma-mil'i-us).  In  Shakspere’s  play 
“ The  Winter’s  Tale,”  a boy,  the  young  prince 
of  Sicilia. 

Mammaea.  See  Mamsea. 

Mammon  (mam'on).  [Syr.  mdmond,  riches.] 
A Syriac  word  used  once  in  the  New  Testament 
as  a personification  of  riches  and  worldliness, 
or  the  god  of  this  world;  hence,  the  spirit  or 
deity  of  avarice ; cupidity  personified. 

Mammon,  Sir  Epicure.  In  Jonson’s  “Alchem- 
ist,” a worldly  sensualist  finally  gulled  by  his 
own  rapacity. 

The  judgment  is  absolutely  overwhelmed  by  the  torrent 
of  magnificent  images  with  which  Mammon  confounds  the 
incredulity  of  Surly,  and  inflames  the  supposed  ambition 
of  Dol.  There  is  a “towering  bravery  ” in  his  sensuality 
which  sets  him  above  all  power  of  imitation.  Gifford. 

Mammoth  Cave  (mam'oth  kav).  The  largest 
known  cave,  situatedin Edmonson  County,  near 
Green  Biver,  Kentucky,  75  miles  south-south- 
west of  Louisville.  It  extends  over  an  area  of  8 or  10 
miles  in  diameter,  and  consists  of  numerous  chambers  con- 
nected by  avenues  which  are  said  to  be  in  the  aggregate 
150  miles  in  length.  The  stalactitic  formations  are  of 
great  beauty,  and  the  animal  inhabitants  are  of  great  in- 
terest. The  cave  was  discovered  in  1809. 

Mamor6  (ma-mo-ra/).  A river  in  Bolivia,  one 
of  the  principal  head  streams  of  the  Madeira. 

Mamre  (mam're).  In  Old  Testament  geogra- 
phy, a place  in  Palestine,  probably  near  He- 
bron. 

Mamun.  See  Al-Mamun. 

Man  (man),  Isle  of.  An  island  in  the  Irish  Sea, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  intersected  by  lat. 
54°  15'  N.,  long.  4°  30'  W.,  17  miles  south  of 
Scotland,  and  nearly  equidistant  from  England 
and  Ireland : the  ancient  Eubonia  and  Manx 
Mannin  or  Yannin.  Capital,  Douglas.  The  cen- 
tral part  is  mountainous,  the  highest  point,  Snaefell,  rising 
to  2,034  feet.  The  government  is  vested  in  a lieutenant- 
governor,  executive  council,  and  House  of  Keys  (forming 
the  Tynwald).  English  is  generally  spoken,  and  the  na- 
tive Manx  is  fast  disappearing.  The  island  was  ruled 
by  Northmen  from  the  9th  or  10th  to  the  13th  century; 
was  annexed  to  Scotland  by  Alexander  III.;  and  was  af- 
terward ruled  by  various  kings.  It  was  ruled  by  the 
Stanley  (Derby)  family  from  the  beginning  of  the  15th 
century  to  1735,  when  it  passed  to  the  earls  of  Athole.  In 
1765  the  British  government  acquired  most  of  the  royal 
rights  of  the  Athole  family,  the  last  rights  falling  to  the 
crown  in  1829.  Length,  32  miles.  Area,  220  square  miles. 
Population,  54,752. 

Manaar,  or  Manar  (ma-nar').  A small  island 
northwest  of  Ceylon. 

Manaar,  Gulf  of.  All  arm  of  the  India-n  Ocean, 
partly  inclosed  by  Ceylon,  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  India,  and  the  chain  of  islands  con- 
necting them. 

Manabi  (ma/na-Be).  A maritime  province  of 
Ecuador,  north  of  Guayaquil.  Capital,  Porto- 
viejo.  Population,  64,123. 

Manacicas  (ma-na-se'kas).  A division  of  the 
Chiquitos  Indians  who,  in  the  17th  century,  oc- 
cupied the  region  now  embraced  by  northeast- 
ern Bolivia,  near  the  river  Paraguay.  They  were 
very  numerous,  and  were  divided  into  many  petty  hordes 
or  villages,  defended  by  stockades.  The  Manacicas  were 
gathered  into  mission  villages  by  the  Jesuits,  and  beoame 
amalgamated  with  the  other  Chiquitos  tribes. 


Manacor 

Manacor  (ma-na-kor').  A town  in  Majorca, 
Balearic  Islands,  Spain,  30  miles  east  of  Palma. 
Wine  is  exported.  Population,  12,408. 
Managua  (ma-na'gwa).  The  capital  of  Nicara- 
gua, situated  on  Lake  Managua  in  lat.  12°  7' 
N.,  long.  86'  12'  W.  Population,  34,872. 
Managua,  Lake.  A lake  in  Nicaragua,  north- 
west of  Lake  Nicaragua,  into  which  it  dis- 
charges its  waters  by  the  Tipitapa.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Manantadi.  A town  in  the  Malabar  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  about  lat.  11° 
49'  N.,  long.  76°  E.  Population,  about  2,000. 
Manaos  (mfe-na'os).  A tribe  of  Indians  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  Amazon,  about  the  lower 
course  of  the  Bio  Negro.  They  are  of  Arawak  stock, 
and  are  closely  allied  to  the  Bares  of  the  same  region. 
An  agricultural  and  pacific  nation,  they  readily  received 
the  Jesuit  missionaries,  and  during  the  18th  century  were 
partly  civilized.  Their  descendants  have  adopted  the  Por- 
tuguese language  and  customs.  The  city  of  ManAos,  for- 
merly a mission  village  and  fort  in  this  territory,  derived 
its  name  from  them.  Also  written  Manaus. 

Manaos  (ma-na'os),  formerly  Barra  do  Rio 
Negro  (bar-'ra.  do  re'o  na'gro).  The  capital 
and  principal  city  of  the  state  of  Amazonas, 
Brazil,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Bio 
Negro,  6 miles  above  its  mouth  In  the  Amazon. 
It  has  an  important  trade,  especially  in  rubber,  and  is 
connected  with  the  upper  Amazon  and  its  branches,  and 
with  Pari,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Europe,  and  the  United  States, 
by  regular  lines  of  steamers.  The  city  is  improving  and 
growing  rapidly.  Population,  about  50,000. 

Manassas  (ma-nas'as).  A village  in  Prince 
William  County,  Virginia,  31  miles  west-south- 
west of  Washington.  The  battles  of  Bull  Run  were 
named  battles  of  Manassas  by  the  Confederates. 
Manasseh  (ma-nas'e).  [Heb./who  causes  for- 
getfulness’ ; Cr.  Mrarccrcrr/f.]  1.  One  of  the  sons 
of  the  patriarch  Joseph. — 2.  One  of  the  ten 
tribes  of  the  Hebrews,  dwelling  partly  east  of 
the  Jordan  and  partly  west  of  the  Jordan  and 
north  of  Ephraim. — 3.  A king  of  Judah,  son  of 
Hezekiah.  He  reigned  697-642  b.  C.  (Duncker). 
Manasseh  ben  Israel  ("ma-nas'e  ben  iz'ra-el). 
Born  in  Portugal,  1604:  died  at  Middleburg, 
Nov.  20,  1657.  A Jewish  theologian  and  states- 
man.  After  the  death  of  Charles  I.  he  undertook  to 
abolish  the  legal  exclusion  of  the  Jews  from  England 
which  had  existed  since  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  Cromwell 
appointed  an  assembly  of  lawyers  and  divines  to  consider 
his  petition.  In  Dec.,  1655,  the  legal  prohibition  was  re- 
moved. More  fully  Manasseh  ben  Joseph  ben  Israel. 
Manayunk  (man-a-yuugk').  A manufacturing 
suburb  of  Philadelphia,  situated  east  of  the 
Schuylkill  and  northwest  of  the  city  proper. 
Manbhuin  (man'bhom).  A district  in  Chota 
Nagpur,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  23° 
30'  N.,  long.  86°  30'  E.  Area,  4,147  square 
miles.  Population,  1,301,364. 

Mancera,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 
Toledo  y Leyva,  Pedro  de. 

Mancha  (man'cha),  La.  A former  province  of 
Spain,  nearly  identical  with  the  modern  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Beal.  In  a wider  sense  it  included 
also  parts  of  Albacete,  Cuenca,  and  Toledo.  It  is  the  coun- 
try celebrated  in  “Don  Quixote,"  and  is  a district  composed 
of  monotonous  steppes  traversed  by  the  rivers  Guadiana, 
Azuer,  Jabalon,  Zancara,  and  Giguela.  It  is  the  most 
sparsely  populated  province  of  Spain. 

Manche  (monsh),  La.  [F.,  lit.  ‘the  sleeve.’]  1. 
The  French  name  for  the  English  Channel. — 2. 
A department  in  northwestern  France,  capital 
Saint-L6,  formed  from  the  ancient  Normandy. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  English  Channel  on  the  west  and 
north,  the  English  Channel,  Calvados,  and  Orne  on  the 
east,  and  Mayenne  and  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the  south.  Its 
surface  is  hilly.  It  produces  cider,  live  stock,  etc.  Area, 
2,476  square  miles.  Population,  487,443. 

Manchester  (man'ches-ter).  A city  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Irwell  in  lat. 
53°  29'  N.,  long.  2°  15'  W.  Salford,  on  the  opposite 
bank,  is  practically  part  of  Manchester.  It  is  the  chief 
manufacturing  place  of  England,  the  center  of  the  Eng- 
lish cotton  manufacture  and  trade,  and  one  of  the  princi- 
pal cotton  centers  in  the  world.  It  has  also  manufactures 
of  woolen,  silk,  machinery,  and  chemicals,  and  has  many 
manufacturing  suburbs.  It  is  connected  with  Liverpool 
by  the  Bridgewater  Canal  and  by  aship-canal.  The  cathe- 
dral has  double  aisles,  and  though  short  is  exceptionally 
wide : it  measures  220  by  112  feet.  It  is  Perpendicular, 
of  t he  early  14th  century,  but  much  restored.  The  choir- 
stalls,  dating  from  1505,  show  excellent  carving,  and  the 
clearstory  is  of  unusual  beauty.  Other  objects  of  interest 
are  the  cotton-factories,  Free-Trade  Hall,  exchange,  town 
hall,  Royal  Infirmary,  Victoria  University,  Rylands  Li- 
brary, Chetham  College,  Athenseum,  several  art  galleries, 
and  the  Assize  Courts.  Manchester  occupies  the  site  of 
the  Roman  Mancunium.  It  was  known  as  a manufactur- 
ing place  by  the  14th  century  ; developed  rapidly  during 
the  last  half  of  the  18th  century  ; was  a leading  center  of  the 
reform  agitation  in  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century  (the 
scene  of  the  “ Peterloo  massacre  ” in  1819),  and  became  the 
center  of  the  anti-corn-law  and  free  trade  movements 
under  the  lead  of  Cobden  and  Bright.  Pop.,  714,427,  (1911). 

Manchester.  A town  in  Hartford  County,  Con- 
necticut, 7 miles  east  of  Hartford.  It  has  manu- 


648 

facturea  of  silk,  paper,  etc.'  Population,  13,641, 
(1910). 

Manchester.  A city  and  formerly  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Hillsborough  County,  New  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  Merrimac  16  miles  south 
by  east  of  Concord.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  the  State, 
and  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  cotton  and  woolen  manufac- 
tures in  the  country,  manufacturing  also  engines,  machin- 
ery, etc.  It  was  incorporated  as  Derryfield  in  1751 ; the 
name  was  changed  to  Manchester  in  1810;  and  it  became 
a city  in  1846.  Population,  70,063,  (1910). 

Manchester,  Earl  of.  See  Montagu,  Edward. 
Manchester  New  College.  A college  at  Oxford, 
founded  originally  at  London  in  the  interest  of 
the  Unitarians. 

Manchester  Poet,  The.  Charles  Swain. 
Manchester  Ship-Canal.  A canal  for  sea-ves- 
sels connecting  Manchester,  England,  with  the 
*Mersey  at  Eastham:  opened  May  21,  1894. 
Manchuria,  orMantchuria(man-cho'ri-a).  A 
dependency  of  China.  It  lips  to  the  northeast  of 
China  proper,  and  borders  also  on  Mongolia,  Siberia,  and 
Korea,  and  is  divided  into  three  provinces  : Shingking,  Ki- 
rin, and  Hilung-chiang.  The  ranges  of  the  Long  White 
Mountains  are  in  the  east  and  center.  The  chief  towns  are 
Mukden,  Kirin,  and  New-chwang.  It  was  occupied  by 
Russia  as  a result  of  the  “ Boxer  ” uprising  in  1900,  but 
was  restored  to  China  by  the  provisions  of  the  Treaty  of 
Portsmouth  (Sept.  6,  1905).  Area,  about  363,610  square 
miles.  Population,  about  16,000,000. 

Manchus,  or  Manehoos  (man-choz').  [Also 
Manchows,  Mantchoos  (Chin.  Mancha),  from 
Manchu  Manchu,  lit.  ‘pure’:  applied  by  the 
founder  of  the  Manchu  dynasty  to  his  family 
or  the  people  over  whom  he  ruled.]  A race  be- 
longing to  the  Tungusic  branch  of  the  Ural- 
Altaic  family,  from  which  Manchuria,  takes  its 
name,  and  which  conquered  China  in  the  17th 
century  and  established  the  last  dynasty. 
Mancilia,  Lucio.  See  Mansilla. 

Mancini  (man-che'ne),  Hortense,  Duchesse  de 
Mazarin.  Born  at  Rome  in  1640:  died  at  Chelsea, 
England,  in  1699.  Sister  of  Laure  and  Olympe 
Mancini,  noted  at  the  court  of  Charles  H.  She 
wasthe  most  beautiful  andintelligent  of  Cardinal  Mazarin’s 
nieces,  and  he  received  many  offers  for  her  hand.  Among 
her  lovers  were  Charles  II.  (not  then  king),  Turenne,  Pe- 
dro II.  the  future  king  of  Portugal,  Charles  of  Lorraine, 
and  others.  He  finally  married  her  to  the  Marquis  de  La 
Meilleraye,  who  took  the  name  and  arms  of  Mazarin.  He 
treated  her  with  gloomy  severity,  and  she  found  a refuge 
from  his  jealousy  in  England,  where  she  engaged  in  an  in- 
trigue with  Charles  II. 

Mancini, Signora(LauraBeatriceOliva).  Bom 

at  Naples,  1823:  died  at  Florence,  July  17, 1869. 
An  Italian  poet,  wife  of  Pasquale  Stanislaus 
Mancini,  best  known  from  her  patriotic  poems. 
Mancini,  Laure,  Duchesse  de  Mercoaur.  Bom 
at  Borne,  1635:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1657.  A 
niece  of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  and  mother  of  the 
Due  de  Vendome. 

Mancini,  Olympe,  Comtesse  de  Soissons  and 
Princesse  de  Carignan.  Born  about  1639:  died 
at  Brussels,  1708.  A sister  of  Laure  Mancini, 
and  mistress  of  Louis  XIV.  she  waa  the  wife  of 
Eugfene  (of  Savoy)  and  mother  of  Prince  Eugene.  She  was 
a kind  of  Lucrezia  Borgia,  aud  fled  from  France  to  escape 
the  consequences  of  her  crimes. 

Mancini,  Pasquale  Stanislao.  Born  at  Cas- 
tel-Baronia,  near  Ariano,  Italy,  March  17, 1817 : 
died  at  Borne,  Dec.  26,  1888.  An  Italian  states- 
man and  jurist  . He  was  minister  of  public  instruction 
March,  1862  ; minister  of  justice  and  worship  1876-78 ; aud 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1881-85. 

Manciple’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Can- 
terbury Tales.”  It  is  partly  from  Ovid's  “ Metamor- 
Xihoses,”  being  the  story  of  the  crow  that  was  turned  white 
for  telling  Apollo  of  the  deceitfulness  of  Coronis. 

Manco  Capac  or  Ccapac  (man'ko  kil-pak'). 
The  traditional  first  father  of  the  Iucas  of  Peru, 
and  founder  of  the  Inca  monarchy.  According  to 
the  legend,  he  was  the  child  of  the  sun,  and  was  sent  with 
his  sister  and  wife,  Mama  Occlo  Huaco,  to  civilize  the  In- 
dians. One  of  the  stories  represents  him  as  advancing 
northward  from  Lake  Titicaca,  with  a golden  wand,  which 
sank  into  the  ground  at  the  place  where,  warned  by  this 
sign,  he  founded  the  city  of  Cuzco.  Another  fable  makes 
him  one  of  four  brothers  who  issued  from  a cave  in  the 
valley  of  the  Vilcamayu.  It  is  believed  that  Manco  Capac 
was  a real  personage,  probably  the  chief  of  a small  tribe 
in  the  Vilcamayu  valley,  whence  by  force  or  policy  he 
reached  Cuzco  (though  he  did  not  found  it),  and,  acquiring 
the  leadership  there,  laid  the  foundations  of  the  Inca 
“ empire. " See  Incas. 

Manco  (man'ko) : called  Manco  Inca,  Inca 
Manco,  Manco  Inca  Yupanqui,  and,  incor- 
rectly, Manco  Capac  or  Ccapac  II.  Born  about 
1500:  died  1544.  Son  of  tbe  Inca  Huaina  Ccapac 
of  Peru,  and  brother  of  Huascar.  After  the  death 
of  Atahualpa  and  ITuascar  be  was  recognized  by  Pizarro 
(Nov.,  1533)  as  the  rightful  sovereign  of  Peru  (according  to 
European  ideas),  and  was  crowned  at  Cuzco  ; but  he  had 
no  real  power,  and  was  virtually  a prisoner.  In  April, 
1536,  he  escaped,  raised  an  army,  and  besieged  Cuzco  and 
other  Spanish  strongholds.  Finally  defeated  in  1537,  he 
retired  to  the  mountains  of  Vilcabamba,  whence  he  kept 
up  a predatory  warfare.  II e was  killed  by  followers  of 
the  younger  Almagro  who  had  taken  refuge  with  him. 


Manetho 

Mandaeans  (man-de'anz).  [From  NL.  Man- 
die  us,  from  Mandaaan  Manda,  knowledge,  gno- 
sis.] A very  ancient  religious  body,  stiU  found, 
though  its  members  are  few,  in  the  southern 
part  of  Babylonia.  The  religion  of  the  Mandseans  ia 
a kind  of  Gnosticism  retaining  many  Jewish  and  Parsee 
elements.  They  worship  as  divine  beings  a number  of 
personifications,  especially  of  the  attributes  or  names  of 
God.  Also  called  Mendaites,  Nasoreans,  and  Sabians,  and, 
by  a misunderstanding,  Christians  of  St.  John. 

Mandalay  (man 'da-la),  or  Mandelay  (man'- 
de-la).  The  capital  of  the  former  kingdom  of 
Burma,  situated  near  the  Irawadi  about  lat. 
22°  N . It  was  founded  in  1856,  and  contains  the  royal 
palace.  Population,  with  cantonment,  183,816. 

Mandan  (man'dan).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  were  originally  in  several  tribes  or  vil- 
lages which  have  been  consolidated  since  the  latter  part 
of  the  18th  century.  They  were  nearly  exterminated  by 
smallpox  in  1837.  The  survivors  occupy  a village  in  com- 
mon with  the  Hirlatsa  and  Arikara  on  the  Fort  Berthold 
reservation,  North  Dakota.  See  Siouan. 

Mandane  (man-da'ne).  [Gr.  M av6avg.~\  The 
mother  of  Cyrus.  According  to  Herodotus,  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Astyages,  king  of  Media,  and  wife  of  Cam- 
byses,  a Persian  noble,  and  on  the  birth  of  Cyrus  Astyages 
was  induced  by  a dream  to  order  the  infant  to  be  put  to 
death.  (See  Harpagus.)  On  discovering  his  grandson, 
ten  years  later,  Astyages  sent  him  to  his  parents  in  Persia. 

Mandara(man-da'ra),orUandala(wan-da'la). 
A Nigritic  (partly  Mohammedan)  tribe,  north  of 
Lake  Chad,  Africa.  Its  language  is  allied  with  that 
of  the  Gamergu.  In  the  Mahdi  wars  the  Mandaras  joined 
the  Baggaras  and  Nuers  in  destroying  Egyptian  posts. 

Mandelay.  See  Mandalay. 

Mandeville  (man ' de  - vil),  Bernard.  Bom  at 
Dordrecht,  Holland,  about  1670:  died  Jan.  21, 
1733.  A Dutch-English  writer.  He  studied  at  the 
Erasmus  school  in  Rotterdam,  took  his  degree  in  medicine 
at  Leyden  in  1691,  and  settled  in  London.  In  1714  he  pub- 
lished his  “Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  Moral  Virtue,”  with 
notes,  under  the  title  “The  Fable  of  the  Bees,  or  Private 
Vices  Public  Benefits,"  which  was  pronounced  a nuisance 
by  the  grand  jury  of  Middlesex  in  1723.  His  other  works 
are  “Treatise  of  Hypochondriack  and  Hysteric  Passions" 
(1711),  “Free  Thoughts  on  Religion  ” (1720),  “A  Modern 
Defense  of  Public  News  ” (1740). 

Mandeville,  Sir  John.  The  reputed  writer  of 
a 14th-century  book  of  travels.  Tbe  author  calls 
himself  Jehan  de  Mandeville,  or  John  Maundevylle,  knight 
of  St.  Aubin  or  St.  Albans,  England,  and  says  that,  starting 
on  Michaelmas  day,  1322  (or  1332),  he  visited  Turkey,  Ar- 
menia, Tatary,  Persia,  Syria,  Arabia,  Egypt,  Libya,  Ethio- 
pia, Chaldea,  Amazonia,  and  India.  The  book  is,  how- 
ever, a compilation  intended  as  a guide  to  pilgrims  to  the 
Holy  Land,  based  upon  William  of  Boldensele  (1336)  and 
Friar  Odoric  of  Pordenone  (1330).  The  original  was  in 
French,  and  the  oldest  manuscript  is  in  thatlanguage,  dated 
137L  The  English  version  was  made  in  the  early  part  of 
the  15th  century  by  an  unknown  hand.  The  manuscripts 
are  numerous. 

Mandeville,  William  de.  Died  at  Rouen, 
Nov.  14,  1189.  Third  Earl  of  Essex  and  Earl  or 
Count  of  Aumale.  In  1177  he  went  on  a crusade  with 
Philip,  count  of  Flanders.  In  1189  he  accompanied  Henry 
II.  in  his  flight  from  Le  Mans. 

Mandingo  (man-deng'go),  orMandenga  (man- 
deng'ga).  An  important  negro  nation  of  West 
Africa.  The  principal  tribes  and  dialects  are  the  So- 
ninke,  Malinke.and  Bambara;  thesmallertribes,  Kabunga, 
Toronka,  and  Jalunka.  The  suffix  -nga  or  -nka  signifies 
‘people.’  The  Mandingos,  though  negroes,  are  less  dark 
than  the  Wolofs,  and  are  good  metal-workers,  agricultur- 
ists, traders,  and  herdsmen.  They  are  mostly  Mohamme- 
dan. In  the  middle  ages  Mali,  on  the  Niger,  was  the 
capital  of  a great  negro  kingdom  which  finally  succumbed 
to  the  attacks  of  the  Mossi,  the  Twarick,  and  the  Sonrhai 
(1500). 

Mandla,  or  Mundlah  (mund'la).  A district 
in  the  Central  Provinces,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  22°  45'  N.,  long.  81°  E.  Area, 
5,054  square  miles.  Population,  317,250. 

Mandogarh.  A ruined  city  in  India,  southwest 
of  Indore.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  kingdom 
of  Malwa. 

Mandricardo  (man  - dri  - kar ' do) . The  son  of 
Agrican  in  Boiardo’s  and  Ariosto’s  “Orlando.” 
He  laid  siege  to  Albracca  for  the  love  of  Angelica,  and 
was  slain  by  Orlando.  He  is  noted  for  his  pride  and  cruelty. 

Mandubii  (man-du'bi-i).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a people  living  in  central  France,  north  of 
the  iEclui.  Their  chief  town  was  Alesia. 

Manduria  (man-do're-a).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  southeastern  Italy,  situated  25 
miles  southwest  of  Brindisi.  Population, 
commune,  13,113,, 

Manet  (mii-na'),  Edouard.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1833 : died  there,  April  30, 1883.  A French  genre- 
painter,  pupil  of  Couture.  He  was  the  founder  and 
head  of  the  Impressionist  school.  His  paintings  “Boy 
with  a Sword  ” (1860)  and  “ Girl  with  a Parrot  ” are  in  the 
Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York. 

Manetho  (man'e-tho).  An  Egyptian  historian 
and  priest.  He  was  a native  of  Sebennytus,  in  Lower 
Egypt,  and  lived  about  250  B.  c.  He  wrote  a history  of 
Egypt  in  Greek,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant. 

Egyptian  by  birth  and  priest  by  profession,  Manetho,  be- 
sides being  instructed  in  all  the  mysteries  of  his  religion, 
must  have  also  been  conversant  with  foreign  literature, 


Manetho 

for  he  was  a Greek  scholar,  and  equal  to  the  task  of  writ- 
ing a complete  history  of  his  own  country  in  that  lan- 
guage. ilariette,  Outlines,  p.  3. 

Manfred  (man'fred).  Born  about  1231:  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Benevento,  Italy,  Feb.  26, 1266. 
King  of  Sicily,  an  illegitimate  son  of  the  em- 
peror Frederick  II.  He  was  prince  of  Tarentum  and 
regent  till  the  accession  of  Conrad  IV.  in  1252 : became  re- 
gent for  Conradin  in  1254 ; was  crowned  king  in  1258 ; and 
was  defeated  and  slain  at  Benevento  by  Charles  of  Anjou. 
Manfred.  The  Prince  of  Otranto,  the  principal 
character  in  Walpole’s  “ Castle  of  Otranto.” 
Manfred.  A dramatic  poe  m by  Lord  Byron , pub- 
lished in  1817.  It  was  so  called  from  the  name  of  its 
hero,  Manfred,  who  in  Byron’s  own  words  is  “ a kind  of  ma- 
gician who  suffers  from  a half-unexplained  remorse.”  He 
Uves  in  a casile  among  the  Alps,  and  is  substantially  alone 
throughout  the  piece.  Schumann  wrote  music  for  this 
drama  and  adapted  it  for  the  stage  himself : it  was  first 
produced  by  Liszt  in  Weimar  in  1852.  It  was  put  on  the 
stage  as  a play  in  England  in  1863,  Mr.  Phelps  playing  Man- 
fred. 

Manfredonia  (man-fre-do'ne-a).  A seaport  in 
the  province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  situated  in  lat. 
41°  38'  N.,  long.  15°  55'  E.  It  is  near  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Sipontum,  whose  inhabitants  were  transferred  to 
Manfredonia  by  Manfred  about  1261.  Population,  com- 
mune, 12,188. 

Manfredonia,  Gulf  of.  An  indentation  of  the 
eastern  coast  of  Italy,  east  of  Manfredonia. 
Mangalia  (man-ga-le'a).  A small  seaport  in 
the  Dobrudja,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Black 
Sea  27  miles  south  of  Kustendji.  Population, 
about  1,500. 

Mangalore(mang-ga-16r'),orMangalur(mang- 
garlor').  A seaport,  the  capital  of  South  Ka- 
nara  district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated 
in  lat.  12°  52'  N.,  long.  74°  51'  E.  it  was  taken 
by  Tippu  Saib  in  1784.  In  1799  it  became  British.  Popu- 
lation, 44,108. 

Mangalore,  Treaty  of.  A peace  concluded 
1784  between  the  British  and  Tippu  Saib,  on  the 
basis  of  a mutual  restitution  of  conquests. 
Mangan  (mang'gan),  James.  Born  at  Dublin, 
May  1,  1803 : died  in  Meath  Hospital,  June  20, 
1849.  Anlrishpoet.  His  chief  works  are  “ Romances 
and  Ballads  of  Ireland”  (1850),  “German  Anthology” 
(1849),  “ Poets  and  Poetry  of  Munster  " (1849). 
Mangbuttu  (mang-bot'to).  See  Mornbuttu. 
Mangi  (mang'ge),  or  Mangu  (mang'go).  A 
country  of  Asia,  described  by  Marco  Polo.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  southern  China. 
Mangoni  (man-go'ne).  See  Zulu. 

Mangues  (man'gas),  or  Chorotegans  (cho-ro- 
ta'gans).  A tribe  of  Indians  which,  at  the  time 
of  the  conquest,  occupied  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Managua  in  Nicaragua.  They  formed  numerous 
populous  villages.  The  Mangues  are  believed  to  have 
been  an  offshoot  of  the  Chiapanecs  (which  see). 

Mangum  (mang'gum),  Willie  Person.  Born  in 
Orange  County,  N.  C.,  1792:  died  at  Red  Moun- 
tain, N.  C.,  Sept.  14, 1861.  An  American  Whig 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
North  Carolina  1831-36  and  1840-53. 
Manhattan  Island  (man-hat'an  i'land).  An 
island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  lying  be- 
tween that  river  on  the  west,  Spuyten  Duyvil 
Creek  and  Harlem  River  on  the  north,  East  River 
on  the  east,  and  New  York  Bay  on  the  south. 
It  forms  the  principal  partof  the  city  of  Hew  York.  Length, 
14  miles.  Greatest  width,  2j  miles.  Area,  about  22  square 
miles. 

Manheim.  See  Mannheim. 

Man!  (ma-ne').  A ruined  place  of  Yucatan,  Mex- 
ico, about  45  miles  south  of  Merida.  According 
to  Indian  accounts  it  was  settled  by  the  Mayas,  under  the 
Totul  Xiu  chiefs,  after  the  abandonment  of  Mayapan.  The 
last  chief  submitted  to  the  Spaniards  in  1541. 

Mani  (ma'ne),  or  Manes  (ma'nez),  or  Mani- 
chaeus  (man-i-ke'us).  The  founder  of  Maniche- 
ism.  The  only  source  of  information  about  him  that  is 
comparatively  credible  i3  the  Mohammedan  tradition.  He 
was  bom  215-216  A.  D.,  and  received  a careful  education 
from  his  father,  Futak,at  Ctesiphon.  Futak  connected  him- 
self later  with  the  sect  of  the  Moghtasilah,  or  ‘Baptists,’ 
in  southern  Babylonia,  which  had  absorbed  Christian  ele- 
ments, and  thus  made  his  son  acquainted  with  different 
forms  of  religion.  Only  at  the  age  of  25  or  30  did  Mani  begin 
to  proclaim  his  new  religion,  and  this  he  did  at  the  court  of 
Sapor  I.  He  undertook  long  journeys  into  Transoxiana, 
western  China,  and  southward  as  far  as  India,  and  sent  forth 
disciples  in  the  interest  of  his  faith.  Returning  to  the  Per- 
sian capital  in  the  last  years  of  Sapor  I.  (about  270),  he  gained 
adherents  even  at  court,  but  was  at  last  imprisoned  and  put 
to  flight  through  the  hostility  of  the  Magians  on  whom  the 
king  was  dependent.  Sapor’s  successor  Hormuz  seems  to 
have  been  more  favorable,  but  Bahrain  T.  abandoned  Mani 
to  the  Magians  and  had  him  crucified  in  the  year  276-277 
A.  D.  Mani  composed  a number  of  works  and  epistles, 
which  were  known  to  the  Mohammedan  historians,  but 
are  now  lost.  The  Fihrist  reckons  seven  principal  works 
— six  in  Syriac  and  one  in  Persian.  The  name  of  the  Per- 
sian work  is  not  given  in  the  extant  form  of  the  Fihrist,  but 
it  is  conjectured  that  it  may  have  been  the  Artang  (pron. 
er-teng-g'),  or  ‘Holy  Gospel,’  of  which  mention  is  made 
in  the  “Acta  Archelai"  and  elsewhere  among  Western 
writers.  These  “Acta,”  extant  in  a Latin  translation  from 
a Greek  original  of  which  some  extracts  are  preserved  in 
VI.  22 


649 

Eplphanius,  purport  to  describe  a dispute  between  Ar- 
chelaus,  bishop  of  Carehar  in  Mesopotamia,  and  Manes. 
They  are  a chief  source  of  the  Western  tradition  as  to 
Manes,  but,  besides  being  of  entirely  uncertain  authorship 
and  date,  bear  upon  their  face  marks  indicating  that  they 
are  only  a polemic  treatise  put  on  literary  grounds  in  the 
form  of  an  alleged  debate.  They  have  the  authority  of  a 
historical  novel,  not  that  of  a history. 

Mania  (ma'ni-a).  An  old  Italian  goddess  of  the 
dead  (Manes),  mother  of  the  Lares  by  Mercury. 
She  was  a daughter  of  the  river-god  Almo,  and  was  origi- 
nally named  Lara.  J upiter  deprived  her  of  her  tongue  for 
betraying  his  secret  amours. 

Manica  (ma-ne'ka).  See  Nika,  Monomotapa, 
and  Maslionaland. 

Manicheans,  or  Manichseans  (man-i-ke'anz). 
The  followers  of  Mani.  See  Mani.  Manicheism 
was  the  old  Babylonian  religion  of  nature,  modified  by 
Christian  and  Persian  elements,  elevated  into  a gnosis,  and 
subjecting  human  life  to  stringent  regulation.  According 
to  Mani,  a realm  of  light  and  a realm  of  darkness  have 
always  been  opposed  to  each  other.  In  the  visible  world 
both  are  mingled.  The  object  of  the  world  is  to  free  the 
lightfrom  the  intermingled  darkness.  Christ  was  sent  for 
this  end,  but  the  apostles  misrepresented  his  doctrine. 
This  Mani  was  sent  to  restore.  The  object  of  Manichean 
ethics  was  to  purify  the  elements  of  light  and  attain  free- 
dom from  those  of  darkness ; hence  the  three  seals  — those 
of  the  mouth,  the  hand,  and  the  bosom.  The  first  forbids 
unclean  food,  such  as  the  flesh  of  animals  and  wine;  the 
second,  any  traffic  in  things  involving  the  elements  of  dark- 
ness ; the  third,  every  gratification  of  sexual  desire,  even 
marriage  being  forbidden.  There  was  a rigorous  system 
of  fasts,  Sunday  being  regularly  and  Monday  generally  so 
observed.  The  Manichean  prayed  4 times  a day,  preceding 
each  prayer  by  ablution,  and  turning  toward  the  sun,  the 
moon,  or  the  north  as  the  seat  of  light.  The  prayers  were 
addressed  to  the  God  of  light,  to  the  whole  kingdom  of  light, 
to  the  angels,  and  to  Mani.  The  rigidity  of  the  system  was 
mitigated  by  distinguishing  between  the  electi  or  perfect! 
(perfect  Manicheans)  and  the  catechumeni  or  audi  tores  (the 
secular  Manicheans).  For  the  latter  the  stringency  of  the 
requirements  was  somewhat  relaxed.  The  churchhad  in  all 
five  gradations:  (1)  the  teachers  Mani  and  his  successors; 
2)  the  administrators,  bishops ; (3)  the  elders,  presbyters ; 
4)  the  electi ; and  (5)  the  auditores.  The  worship  was  sim- 
ple, and  consisted  of  prayers,  hymns,  and  eeremoniesof  ad- 
oration. Manicheism  first  gained  a firm  footing  in  Persia, 
Mesopotamia,  and  Transoxiana.  The  seat  of  its  pope  was 
for  centuries  at  Babylon,  and  then  at  Samarkand.  It  pene- 
trated the  Roman  Empire  in  the  reign  of  Probus  (about  280 
A.  D.),  and  spread  rapidly  after  330,  finding  its  most  numer- 
ous adherents  in  N orth  Africa,  Augustine  being  an  auditor 
for  nine  years.  Traces  of  Manicheism  are  found  in  the 
history  of  the  Catholic  Churcu  until  the  13th  century. 
Manihiki  (ma-ne-he'ke)  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands  in  the  central  Pacific,  between  tbe 
Marquesas  and  Union  Islands. 

Manila  (ma-ne'la),  sometimes  written  Manilla 
(ma-nil'a).  Tlie^capital  of  tbe  Philippine  Isl- 
ands and  of  Luzon,  situated  in  Luzon,  on  Ma- 
nila Bay,  in  lat.  14°  36'  N.,  long.  120°  58'  E.  it 
comprises  the  city  proper,  Binondo,  and  various  suburbs, 
and  was  the  chief  seat  of  Spanish  commerce  in  the  Pacific. 
Hemp,  cigars,  coffee,  sugar,  etc.,  are  exported ; the  lead- 
ing manufacture  is  cigars.  It  contains  a cathedral  and  a 
university.  Manila  was  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  1571; 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1762 ; was  captured  by  the 
United  States  forces  Aug.  13, 1898  ; and  lias  often  been  dev- 
astated by  earthquakes.  The  Spanish  fleet  was  destroyed 
by  a United  States  squadron  under  Commodore  Dewey 
off  Cavite,  near  Manila,  May  1,  1898.  Battles  with  the 
Philippine  insurgents  occurred  near  Manila  Feb.  6.  1899, 
and  later,  in  which  the  American  troops  were  victorious. 
Population,  223,542. 

Manilian  Law  (ma-nil'i-an  la).  In  Roman  his- 
tory, a law  proposed  by  Caius  Manilius  in  66  b.  c. , 
granting  to  Pompey  extraordinary  powers  in 
the  East,  including  the  command  of  the  Mithri- 
datic  war.  It  was  supported  by  Cicero  in  bis 
oration  “ Pro  lege  Manilia  ” ( ‘ ‘ For  the  Manilian 
Law”). 

Manilius  (ma-nil'i-us),  Caius.  Lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A Roman  trib- 
une (66  B.  c.),  proposer  of  the  Manilian  Law. 
Manin  (ma-nen'),  Daniele.  Born  at  Venice, 
May  13,  1804:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  22, 1857.  An 
Italian  patriot.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  revolution 
which  broke  out  against  Austria  at  Venice  in  1848,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  chosen  president  of  the  republic  of  St. 
Mark  proclaimed  by  the  insurgents.  The  city  was,  how- 
ever, compelled  to  surrender  to  the  Austrians  in  1849  after 
a heroic  resistance,  and  he  spent  therestof  his  life  in  exile 
at  Paris. 

Manipur,  or  Mannipur  (man-i-por').  Anative 
state  in  India,  intersected  Tw  lat.  24°  40'  N., 
long.  94°  E.,  under  British  influence.  Capital, 
Manipur.  A serious  rising  against  the  Brit- 
ish occurred  here  in  1891.  Population, 
284,465. 

Manissa  (ma-nis'a),  or  Manisa  (ma-ne'sa).  A 
city  in  the  vilayet  of  Aidin,  Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key, situated  on  tho  Hormus  (Sarabat)  20  miles 
northeast  of  Smyrna : the  ancient  Magnesia  ad 
Sipylum.  (See  Magnesia.)  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton,  etc.  Population,  estimated,  40,000- 
50,000. 

Manistee  ( man-is-to' ).  A river  in  Michigan  Row- 
ing into  Lake  Michigan  at  Manistee.  Length, 
about  130  miles. 

Manistee.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Manistee 


Manlius  Imperiosus  Torquatus 

County,  Michigan,  situatedon  Lake  Michigan,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Manistee  River,  in  lat.  44°  14' 
N • ^ It  is  noted  for  its  manufacture  and  export  of  lumber ; 
it  has  the  largest  shingle  manufactures  in  the  world. 
Population,  12,381,  (1910). 

Manitenerys  (ma-ne-ta-na-res').  A tribe  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians,  living  in  a wild  state  on  the  river 
Purus.  They  have  been  variously  referred  to 
the  Pano,  Carih,  and  Maypure  stocks. 

Manito  (man'i-to),  or  Manitou  (-to).  [Algon- 
kin.]  Among  certain  of  the  American  Indians, 
a spirit  or  other  object  of  religious  awe  or  rev- 
erence, whether  a good  or  evil  spirit  or  a fetish. 
Two  manitos  or  spirits  are  spoken  of  by  preeminence,  the 
one  the  spir  it  of  good,  the  other  the  spirit  of  evil. 

The  Pere  Paul  le  Jeune  remarks,  “The  savages  give  the 
name  of  Manitou  to  whatsoever  in  nature,  good  or  evil,  is 
superior  to  man.  Therefore,  when  we  speak  of  God,  they 
sometimes  call  him  “The  Good  Manitou,”  that  is,  ‘The 
Good  Spirit.’”  The  same  P&re  Paul  le  Jeune  says  that  by 
Manitou  his  flock  meant  un  ange  ou  quelque  nature  puis- 
sante.  II  y’en  a de  bons  et  de  mauvais. 

Lang,  Myth,  etc.,  II.  45. 

Manitoba  (man-i-to'ba  or  manU-td-ba').  A 
province  of  Canada.  It  is  bounded  by  Saskatchewan 
on  the  west,  Northwest  Territories  on  the  north,  Hudson 
Bay  on  the  northeast,  Ontario  on  the  east,  and  the  United 
States  on  the  south.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The 
province  is  noted  for  its  wheat.  It  is  governed  by  a 
lieutenant-governor  and  a legislative  assembly.  The  in- 
habitants are  of  British  origin,  with  many  French  Cana- 
dians and  Russian  Mennonites.  Manitoba  was  a part  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company’s  territory.  It  was  settled  in 
1812,  its  early  name  being  the  Red  River  Settlement.  It 
entered  the  Dominion  in  1870.  The  Riel  insurrection  oc- 
curred in  1869-70.  In  1885  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad 
was  finished.  Capital,  Winnipeg.  Area,  251,832  square 
miles.  Population,  455,614,  (1911). 

Manitoba,  Lake.  A lake  in  Manitoba,  south- 
west of  Lake  Winnipeg.  It  discharges  into 
Lake  Winnipeg.  Length,  130  miles. 

Manitou.  See  Manito. 

Manitou  (man'i-to).  A town  and  summer  resort 
at  the  foot  of  Pike’s  Peak,  Colorado.  Noted  for 
its  mineral  springs.  Population,  1,357,  (1910). 
Manitoulin  (man-i-to'lin)  Islands.  A group  of 
islands  in  Lake  Huron,  comprising  Grand 
Manitoulin  (length  about  80  miles),  Little 
Manitoulin,  Drummond,  etc.  They  belong  to 
Ontario  (except  Drummond,  which  belongs  to 
Michigan). 

Manitowoc  (manU-to-wok').  A city  and  the 
capital  of  Manitowoc  County,  Wisconsin,  situ- 
ated on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Mani- 
towoc River,  76  miles  north  of  Milwaukee. 
Population,  13,027,  (1910). 

Manivas  (ma-ne'vas).  A tribe  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians  on  the  upper  Rio  Negro,  Cassiqui- 
are,  Orinoco,  and  Guaviare.  They  are  of  Maypure 
stock,  live  in  fixed  villages,  subsist  by  agriculture  and 
fishing,  and  are  of  a mild  and  tractable  disposition.  At 
present  most  of  them  are  partly  civilized,  and  they  are 
much  employed  as  rubber-gatherers.  They  still  number 
several  thousands.  Also  written  Maniwas,  Manitivas, 
Banivas. 

Mankato  (man-ka'to).  A manufacturing  city, 
the  capital  of  Blue  Earth  County,  Minnesota, 
situated  on  Minnesota  River  70  miles  south- 
west of  St.  Paul.  Population,  10,365,  (1910). 
Manley  (man'li),  Mrs.  (Mary  de  la  Riviere). 
Born  in  the  isle  of  Jersey,  or  Guernsey,  about 
1672:  died  atLambethHill,  July  11, 1724.  ABrit- 
ish  novelist,  dramatist,  and  political  pamphle- 
teer, daughter  of  Sir  Roger  Manley,  and  biga- 
mous wifeof  John  Manley  of  Truro.  OnMay  26,1709, 
she  published  “ Secret  Memoirs  and  Manners  of  Several 
Persons  of  Quality  of  both  Sexes,  from  the  New  Atalantis," 
usually  known  as  “The  New  Atalantis,"  devoted  entirely 
to  intrigue  and  scandal.  She  was  arrested  for  libel  Oct. 
29,  1709,  and  discharged  Feb.  13, 1710.  She  also  published 
“The  Power  of  Love,  in  Seven  Novels  ” (1720),  ‘ Memoirs 
of  Europe,  etc.”  (1710),  etc.  She  died  at  the  house  of  Bar- 
ber, a printer,  with  whom  she  had  lived  for  some  years. 

Manlius  Capitolinus  (man'li-us  kap"i-to-li'- 
nus),  Marcus.  Died  384  B.  C.  The  deliverer 
of  the  Capitol  at  Rome  from  the  Gauls.  He  was 
a patrician  by  birth,  and  was  consul  In  392.  According  to 
tradition,  he  was  aroused  by  the  cackling  of  geese  one 
night  when  the  Gauls,  who  were  besieging  the  Capitol  un- 
der Brennus  in  390,  attempted  to  surprise  the  fortress,  and, 
collecting  a handful  of  men,  repelled  the  attack.  To  this 
circumstance  the  origin  of  his  surname  Capitolinus  is  com- 
monly ascribed,  although  it  was  also  borneby  his  father  and 
had  already  acquired  the  force  of  a family  name  in  his 
gens.  In  385  he  began  to  champion  the  cause  of  the  ple- 
beians against  the  patricians,  with  a view  to  making  him- 
self tyrant  of  Rome,  and  in  the  following  year  was  arrested 
by  the  dictator  Camillus.  He  was  tried  in  the  Poetelinian 
grove,  instead  of  on  the  Campus  Martius,  which  com- 
manded a view  of  the  Capitol,  and  was  sentenced  to  be 
thrown  from  the  Tarpeian  rock. 

Manlius  Imperiosus  Torquatus  (im-pe-ri-o'- 
sns  tor-kwa/tus),  Titus.  A Roman  hero.  He 
was  a son  of  the  dictator  L.  Manlius  Capitolinas  Imperio- 
sus; was  elected  military  tribune  in  362  B.  o.;  and  in  361 
served  under  the  dictator  T.  Quintius  Pennus  against  the 
Gauls.  During  this  campaign  he  slew  a gigantic  Gaul  In 
single  combat  in  the  presence  of  the  two  armies,  and  de- 


Manlius  Imperiosus  Torquatus 

spoiled  him  of  a chain  (torques),  which  he  placed  around 
his  own  neck  (whence  the  surname  Torquatus).  He  was 
appointed  dictator  in  353,  and  again  in  349,  and  was  consul 
in  347,  344,  and  340.  During  his  third  consulship,  while 
engaged  with  his  colleague,  P.  Decius  Mus,  in  a campaign 
against  the  Latins,  he  put  to  death  his  own  son,  who,  con- 
trary to  orders,  fought  and  killed  in  single  combat  an  ene- 
my from  the  opposing  army. 

Manlius  Torquatus,  Titus.  Died  202  b.  c.  A 

Roman  general.  He  was  consul  in  235  and  224,  and 
dictator  in  208.  During  his  first  consulship  he  conquered 
the  Sardinians,  after  whose  subjugation  the  Romans  en- 
joyed a brief  period  of  universal  peace,  the  temple  of 
Janus  being  closed  for  the  first  time  since  Numa  Pom- 
piiius.  He  opposed  the  ransom  of  the  prisoners  taken  by 
Hannibal  at  Cannse  in  216,  and  gained  a decisive  victory 
over  the  Carthaginians  in  Sardinia  in  215. 

Manlius  Vulso  (vul'so),  Cnseus.  A Roman 
consul  189  B.  c.  He  defeated  the  Galatians  in 
Asia  Minor. 

Manly  (man'li).  1.  In  Jonson’s  “Devil  is  an 
Ass,”  a young  gallant,  the  friend  of  Wittipol. — 
2.  The  “plain  dealer”  in  Wycherley’s  play  of 
that  name.  He  is  a brutalized  caricature  of 
Moliere’s  Alceste. — 3.  In  Vanbrugh  and  Cib- 
ber’s “Provoked  Husband,”  a man  of  worldly 
good  sense. 

Mann  (man),  Sir  Horace.  Bom  1701:  died  at 
Florence,  Italy,  Nov.  6, 1786.  An  English  diplo- 
matist and  virtuoso.  In  1740  he  became  envoy  ex- 
traordinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of 
Florence,  and  retained  that  post  until  his  death.  His  prin- 
cipal duty  was  to  watch  the  Old  Pretender  (James  Stuart, 
prince  of  Wales).  He  is  chiefly  known  from  his  corre- 
spondence with  Horace  Walpole  1741-86. 

Mann,  Horace.  Born  at  Franklin,  Mass.,  May 
4,  1796:  died  at  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  Aug.  2, 
1859.  An  American  educator,  noted  for  his  re- 
forms in  the  Massachusetts  school  system.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823 ; was  secretary  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts board  of  education  1837-48  ; was  a Whig  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1848-53  ; was  presi- 
dent of  Antioch  College  (Yellow  Springs)  1852-69 ; and  was 
unsuccessful  Free-Soil  candidate  for  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1852. 

Mannering  (ma-n'er-ing),  Mas.  A pseudonym 
of  Josiah  Gilbert  Holland. 

Manners  (man'erz),  Charles,  fourth  Duke  of 
Rutland.  Born  March  15, 1754 : died  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  24, 1787.  An  English  statesman,  eldest  son 
of  John  Manners,  marquis  of  Granby.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge  (M.  A.  1774),  and  became 
member  of  Parliament  for  the  University  of  Cambridge  in 
1774.  Id  1775  he  protested  against  the  taxation  of  the 
American  colonies.  He  succeeded  his  grandfather  as 
duke  of  Rutland  May  29,  1779,  and  on  Feb.  11,  1784,  was 
appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  advocated  the 
legislative  union  of  Ireland  with  England. 

Manners,  John,  Marquis  of  Granby.  Born  Aug. 
2,  1721:  died  at  Scarborough,  Oct.  18, 1770.  An 
English  general,  eldest  son  of  John,  third  duke 
of  Rutland.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge. 
In  1741  he  became  member  of  Parliament  for  Grantham  ; 
in  1745  he  was  made  colonel  of  the  “Leicester  Blues  in 
1755  major-general;  in  1759  lieutenant-general,  serving  at 
Minden  (Aug.  1,  1759);  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
British  contingent  in  Germany  Aug.  14,  1759.  He  fought 
with  great  bravery  at  Warburg  (July  31, 1760),  at  Villings- 
hausen  (July  15,  1761),  at  Gravenstein  (June  24, 1762),  and 
at  Homburg  (Aug.  6, 1762).  His  portrait  was  twice  painted 
by  Reynolds. 

Manners,  John  James  Robert,  seventh  Duke 
of  Rutland,  better  known  as  Lord  John  Man- 
ners. Born  Dec.  13,  1818 : died  Aug.  4,  1906. 
An  English  Conservative  politician,  second  son 
of  the  fifth  Duke  of  Rutland.  He  was  commissioner 
of  works  1852,  1858-59,  and  1866-68,  postmaster-general 
1874-80  and  1885-86,  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancas- 
ter 1886-92.  He  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  March  2, 1887. 
He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  “Young  England  ” move- 
ment. Hepublished  “England’s  Trust,  and  Other  Poems” 
(3841),  “Notes  of  a Cruise  in  Scotch  Waters  ” (1850),  etc. 

Manners-Sutton  (man'erz-sut'on),  Charles. 
Born  Feb.  14,  1755:  died  at  Lambeth,  July  21, 
1828.  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  fourth  son 
of  Lord  George  Manners-Sutton,  and  grandson 
of  John,  third  duke  of  Rutland.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Cambridge ; was  rector  of 
Averham-with-Kelham  in  Nottinghamshire  in  1785;  was 
bishop  of  Norwich  in  1791 ; and  was  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  1805. 

Mannheim  (man'hhn).  The  northern  admin- 
istrative district  of  Baden. 

Mannheim,  or  Manheim.  A city  of  Baden,  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Neckar  with  the 
Rhine,  in  lat.  49°  29'  N.,  long.  8°  28'  E.  It  is  very 
regularly  built ; is  the  chief  commercial  center  of  the  up- 
per Rhine;  has  trade  in  grain,  tobacco,  coffee,  petroleum, 
etc.;  and  has  manufactures  of  cigars,  machinery,  mirrors, 
etc.  The  river,  harbor,  and  docks  are  extensive.  The 
chief  building  is  the  grand-ducal  castle  (with  antiquarian 
collections  and  picture-gallery).  There  is  a noted  theater. 
Mannheim  was  founded  in  1606;  was  destroyed  in  the 
Thirty  Years’  War,  and  by  the  French  in  1688 ; became 
the  capital  of  the  Palatinate  in  1720;  was  bombarded  and 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794  ; and  was  ceded  to  Baden  in 
1803.  Population,  commune,  193,379,  (1910). 

Manning  (man'ing),  Daniel.  Born  at  Albany. 
N.  Y.,  Aug.,  1831 : died  at  Albany,  Dec.  24, 1887. 


650 

An  American  Democratic  politician,  secretary 
of  the  treasury  1885-87. 

Manning,  Henry  Edward.  Born  at  Totter- 
idge,  Hertfordshire,  July  15,  1808:  died  at 
Westminster,  Jan.  14, 1892.  An  English  cardi- 
nal. He  was  the  youngest  son  of  William  Manning,  a 
West  India  merchant.  He  entered  Harrow  in  1822,  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  1827,  where  Charles  Wordsworth 
was  his  tutor,  and  William  E.  Gladstone  an  associate.  He 
was  made  a fellow  of  Merton,  Oxford,  in  1832,  and  was  or- 
dained rector  of  Woollavington-cum-Graffham  in  1833.  He 
was  married  Nov.  7,  1833,  and  his  wife  died  July  24,  1837. 
In  1840  he  was  created  archdeacon  of  Chichester.  He  took 
no  part  in  the  secession  of  Ward  and  Newman,  but  con- 
tinued a leader  of  the  High-church  party  until  1848.  In 
May,  1848,  he  visited  Rome,  and  on  his  return  found  him- 
self in  opposition  to  the  established  church.  In  April, 
1850,  he  resigned  his  archdeaconry,  and  on  June  14,  1851, 
was  ordained  a priest  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  In 
1854  he  was  made  D.  D.  by  the  Pope,  and  installed  as  su- 
perior of  the  “Congregation  of  the  Oblates  of  St.  Charles" 
at  Bayswater  (March  31,  1857).  On  April  30, 1865,  he  suc- 
ceeded Cardinal  Wiseman  as  archbishop  of  Westminster, 
and  was  created  cardinal  March  31, 1875.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  “Unity  of  the  Church  ” (1842),  “Temporal  Mission 
of  the  Holy  Ghost  ” (1865),  “ Temporal  Power  of  the  Pope  ” 
(1866),  “ England  and  Christendom  ” (1867),  etc. 

Manning,  Janies.  Born  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
Oct.  22,  1738:  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  July, 
1791.  An  American  Baptist  clergyman,  first 
president  of  Brown  University  (Providence) 
1765-90. 

Manning,  or  Mannyng,  Robert,  or  Robert  of 
Brunne.  Lived  in  the  latter  part  of  the  13th 
and  the  commencement  of  the  14th  century.  An 
English  chronicler  and  poet.  He  was  a native  of 
Brunne  in  Lincolnshire,  and  in  1288  joined  the  Gilbertine 
canons  at  Sempringham.  He  wrote  “ Handlyng  Synue” 
(1303),  a translation  of  the  “Manuel  des  Pechiez  ” of  Wil- 
liam of  Wadington,  who  wrote  in  the  time  of  Edward  I.; 
“The  Chronicle  of  England "(ttnished  in  1338);  and  “Medi- 
tacyuns  of  the  Soper  of  our  Lorde  Ihesus,  etc.”  Hewasin 
no  sense  a historian,  as  his  work  was  not  original ; and  his 
importance  is  entirely  literary.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Manny  (man'i),  or  Mauny,  Sir  Walter,  after- 
ward Lord  de  Manny.  Died  at  London,  Jan. 
15,  1372.  The  founder  of  the  Charterhouse, 
London.  He  was  a native  of  Manny,  near  Valenciennes, 
Ilainaut,  and  a fellow-townsman  of  Froissart.  He  prob- 
ably came  to  England  with  Queen  Philippa  in  1327,  and 
was  knighted  in  1331.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest-  of  the  sol- 
diers of  Edward  III.  In  1371  he  was  licensed  to  found  a 
house  of  Carthusian  monks  to  be  called  “La  Salutation 
M6re  Dieu.  ” This  Chartreuse  became  the  London  Charter- 
house  (which  see). 

Manoa  (ma-no'a).  The  fabled  city  ruled  by  El 
Dorado,  or  the  gilded  king.  According  to  most  of 
the  accounts  it  was  built  on  an  island  in  a lake  called  Pa- 
rima,  or  on  its  shores.  See  El  Dorado. 

Manoah  (ma-no'a).  In  Bible  history,  the  fa- 
ther of  Samson. 

Manoas.  See  Conibos. 

Manoel  (ina-no-el'),  or  Manuel,  I.,  King  of 
Portugal.  See  Emanuel. 

Man  of  Blood,  The.  A name  given  by  the  Eng- 
lish Puritans  to  Charles  I. 

Man  of  Blood  and  Iron,  The.  A name  given 
to  Bismarck. 

Man  of  Business,  The.  A comedy  by  George 
Colman  the  elder,  produced  in  1774. 

Man  of  December,  The.  [F.  L’homme  de  I)e- 
cembre.\  A name  given  to  Napoleon  III.  in 
1870,  when  he  was  deposed,  in  allusion  to  his 
coup  d’dtat  in  Dec.,  1851. 

Man  of  Destiny,  The.  Napoleon  I. 

Man  of  Feeling,  The.  A novel  by  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie, published  in  1771. 

Man  of  Law’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s 
“ Canterbury  Tales.”  Gower  tells  the  story  in  his 
“Confessio  Amantis.”  It  was  taken  from  the  Anglo-Nor- 
man chronicle  of  N icolas  Trivet.  The  prologue  contains 
a list  of  some  of  Chaucer’s  works. 

Man  of  Mode,  The,  or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter. 

A comedy  by  Etherege  (1676). 

Man  of  Ross,  The.  See  Eyrie,  John. 

Man  of  Sedan,  The.  Napoleon  III. 

Man  of  Steel,  The.  An  epithet  (L.  Adaman- 
tius)  given  to  Origen  on  account  of  his  strength 
and  tireless  industry. 

Man  of  the  People,  The.  A name  given  to 
Charles  James  Fox  on  account  of  a satire  by 
George  Colman  the  younger. 

Man  of  the  World,  The."  1.  A novel  by  Mac- 
kenzie, published  in  1773. — 2.  A comedy  by 
Macklin,  first  played  in  1781. 

Manon  Lescaut  (ma-non'  les-ko').  A romance 
written  by  the  Abbd  Provost,  published  in  1733, 
appended  to  “Memoirs  of  a Man  of  Quality.” 

But  he  [Provost!  would  have  been  long  forgotten  had  it 
not  been  for  an  episode  or  postscript  of  the  “ Mi-moires  ” 
entitled  “Manon  Lescaut,"  in  which  all  competent  criti- 
cism recognises  the  first  masterpiece  of  French  literature 
which  can  properly  he  called  a novel.  Manon  is  a young 
girl  with  whom  the  Chevalier  des  Grieux,  almost  as  young 
as  herself,  falls  frantically  in  love.  The  pair  fly  to  Paris, 
and  the  novel  is  occupied  with  the  description  of  Manon’s 


Mansfeld,  Count  Ernst  von 

faithlessness  — a faithlessness  based  not  on  want  of  love 
for  Des  Grieux,  but  on  an  overmastering  desire  for  luxury 
and  comfort  with  which  he  cannot  always  supply  her. 
The  story,  which  is  narrated  by  Des  Grieux,  and  which 
has  a most  pathetic  ending,  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
perfect  simplicity  and  absolute  lifelikeness  of  the  char- 
acter-drawing. Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  420. 

Manosque  (ma-nosk').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Alpes,  France,  40  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Marseilles.  Population,  commune. 
5,017. 

Manresa  (man-ra'sa).  A manufacturing  town 
in  the  province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Cardoner  32  miles  northwest  of  Barce- 
lona. Population,  23,252. 

Man’s  Bewitched,  The,  or  The  Devil  to  Bo 
about  Her.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  pro- 
duced in  1709. 

Mans  (moh),  Le.  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Sarthe  in  lat. 
48°  1'  N.,  long.  0°  11'  E. ; the  ancient  Vindinum 
or  Suindinum.  It  has  a trade  in  poultry  and  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  sail-cloth,  etc.  The  cathedral  has  a massive 
round-arched  12th-century  nave,  and  a very  fine,  light  13th- 
century  choir,  5-aisled,  having  12  radiating  chapels,  beau- 
tiful tracery,  and  a world-famous  display  of  medieval 
glass.  The  Church  of  Notre  Dame  de  la  Couture,  the  an- 
cient abbey  buildings  (containing  the  prefecture,  museum, 
and  library),  and  the  Museum  of  Historical  Monuments  are 
also  of  interest.  Le  Mans  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
AulerciCenomani,  and  the  capital  of  Maine ; was  thehirth- 
place  of  Henry  II.  of  England;  and  was  many  times  be- 
sieged, especially  by  Henry  IV.  in  1689.  Here,  Dec.,  1793, 
the  French  republicans  under  Marceau  defeated  the  Ven- 
deans  under  La  Rochejacquelin  ; and  here,  Jan.  10  and  12, 
1871,  the  Germans  under  Prince  Frederick  Charles  defeated 
the  French  army  of  the  Loire  under  Chanzy.  Population, 
commune,  65,467. 

Mansart,  or  Mansard  (mon-sar'),  Francois. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  23, 1598 : died  there,  Sept.  23, 
1666.  A noted  French  architect.  He  revived  the 
use  of  “Mansard”  roofs  about  1650;  they  had  been  em- 
ployed about  100  years  before  by  Lescot,  but  Mansart's 
name  was  now  given  to  them.  He  built  the  churches  of 
Sainte- Marie  de  Chaillot,  the  Minimes  de  la  Place  Royale, 
the  Visitation  de  Saint-e-Marie  in  the  Rue  Saint- Antoine, 
etc.,  and  numerous  chateaus  : that  known  as  the  Chateau 
de  Maisons-sur-Seine  is  the  most  famous. 

Mansart,  Jules  Hardouin.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
16, 1645;  died  at  Versailles,  May  11, 1708.  Acele- 
brated  French  architect,  nephew  of  Francois 
Mansart-.  He  built  the  Chateau  de  Clagny  for  the  resi- 
dence of  Madame  de  Montespau,  and  was  so  much  of  the 
courtier  as  to  gain  not  only  an  enormous  fortune  but  the 
notice  of  the  king,  who  heaped  honors  upon  him.  He  di- 
rected all  the  principal  architectural  works  of  Louis  XIV., 
including  the  building  of  the  palace  of  Versailles,  the 
Maison  de  Saint-Cyr,  the  Grand  Trianon,  the  dome  of  the 
Hotel  des  Invalides  (perhaps  his  greatest  work),  the  Place 
Venddme,  the  Place  des  Victoires,  etc. 

Mansel  (man'sel),  Henry  Longueville.  Born 
at  Cosgrove,  Northamptonshire,  Oct.  6,  1820: 
died  at  Cosgrove  Hall,  July  30, 1871.  An  Eng- 
lish metaphysician.  He  matriculated  at  St.  John’s 
College,  Oxford,  June  11,1839;  was  ordained  in  1845;  was 
appointed  Bampton  lecturer  in  1858 ; and  in  1868  was  made 
dean  of  St.  Paul's.  In  metaphysics  he  was  a follower  of 
Sir  William  Hamilton,  and  developed  the  latter’s  theory  of 
“ the  conditioned.  ” Among  his  works  are  ‘ ‘ Phrontist  erion, 
orOxford  in  the  Nineteenth  Century, "an  imitation  of  Aris- 
tophanes (1850),  “The  Limits  of  Demonstrative  Science 
Considered  ” (1853),  “ On  the  Philosophy  of  Kant  ” (1856), 
the  article  on  metaphysics  in  the  eighth  edition  of  the 
“ Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ” (1857),  “Bampton  Lectures  ” 
(1858),  etc. 

Mansel,  or  Maunsel  (man'sel),  John.  Died  at 
Florence,  Jan.,  1265.  An  English  military  ec- 
clesiastic, keeper  of  the  seal  and  counselor  of 
Henry  III.  He  was  brought  up  at  court,  and  on  Nov. 
8, 1246,  received  the  custody  of  the  privy  seal.  He  was  one 
of  Heury’s  chief  advisers.  He  held  at  one  time  300  bene- 
fices, with  a rental  of  18,000  marks.  In  the  struggle  with 
the  barons  in  1262  he  fled  to  France,  and  his  holdings  w ere 
taken  from  him. 

Mansfeld  (mans'felt).  1.  A former  county  of 
Germany,  which  lay  west  of  the  Saale,  and  is 
now  in  the  government  district  of  Merseburg, 
Prussian  Saxony.  It  fell  in  1780,  on  the  extinction  of 
the  reigning  house,  partly  to  Prussia  and  partly  to  Saxony. 
Since  the  Napoleonic  period  it  has  belonged  entirely  to 
Prussia. 

2.  A town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prus- 
sia, 38  miles  south  of  Magdeburg,  capital  of  the 
former  county  of  Mansfeld.  Luther  lived  hero 
in  his  early  youth.  Population,  over  2,500. 

Mansfeld,  Count  Ernst  von.  Born  1580:  died 
near  Zara,  Dalmatia,  Nov.  29,  1626.  A cele- 
brated German  general,  natural  son  of  Count 
P.  E.  von  Mansfeld.  He  was  educated  by  his  god- 
father Ernest,  archduke  of  Austria,  and  distinguished  him- 
self as  a soldier  in  the  Spanish  and  in  the  imperial  service. 
In  1610  lie  embraced  the  Reformed  faith,  and  entered  the 
service  of  the  Protestant  Union.  In  1618,  when  the  head 
of  the  union,  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  V.,  was  ele- 
vated to  the  throne  by  the  Protestant  estates  in  Bohemia, 
he  became  commander-in-chief  in  that  country.  After  the 
disastrous  battle  on  the  White  Hill  (which  see),  at  which 
he  was  not  present,  he  maintained  a brilliant  but  unequal 
contest  against  the  Imperialists  in  Germany.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Wallenstein  at  Dessau,  April  25,  1626. 


Mansfeld,  Count  Peter  Ernst  von 

Mansfeld,  Count  Peter  Ernst  von.  Born  July 
10, 1517 : died  May  22,  1604.  A German  general. 
He  served  under  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  under  his  son 
Philip  II.  of  Spain ; was  for  a time  governor  of  Luxem- 
burg ; and  in  1592  succeeded  the  Duke  of  Parma  as  gover- 
nor-general of  the  Netherlands,  a post  which  he  held  two 
years. 

Mansfield  (manz'feld).  A town  in  Nottingham- 
shire, England,  15  miles  north  of  Nottingham. 
Population,  21,445. 

Mansfield.  A city,  capital  of  Richland  County, 
Ohio,  64  miles  north-northeast  of  Columbus.  It 
is  a railway  and  industrial  center.  Population, 
20,768,  (1910). 

Mansfield,  Charles  Blachford.  Born  atRoyner, 
Hampshire,  May  8,  1819 : died  at  London,  Feb. 
26,  1855.  An  English  chemist  and  traveler.  He 
discovered  the  method  of  extracting  benzol  from  coal-tar, 
and  thus  laid  the  foundation  for  the  aniline  industry.  In 
1850  he  traveled  in  Brazil  and  Paraguay.  He  died  from 
the  effects  of  an  explosion  of  naphtha  while  preparing 
benzol.  He  wrote  “ Aerial  Navigation  ’’  (1850),  and  “ Let- 
ters from  Brazil  and  Paraguay  ’’  (posthumous). 

Mansfield,  Earls  of.  See  Murray,  David,  and 
Murray,  William. 

Mansfield,  Joseph  King  Fenno.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  22, 1803 : died  Sept.  18, 1862. 
An  American  general.  He  commanded  at  Washing- 
ton 1861,  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Antietam  1862. 

Mansfield,  Mount.  The  most  noted  summit  of 
the  Green  Mountains,  Vermont,  20  miles  east 
of  Burlington.  It  is  the  highest  of  the  range. 
Height,  4,406  feet. 

Mansfield,  Richard.  Born  in  Helgoland,  in 
1857:  died  at  New  London,  Conn.,  Aug.  30, 
1907.  A German-American  actor.  He  obtained 
success  both  as  tragedian  and  comedian. 
Mansfield  College.  A college  founded  at  Ox- 
ford in  1886,  especially  for  members  of  non-es- 
tablished  churches.  Students  must  be  graduates 
in  arts  of  some  recognized  university. 
Mansfield  Park.  A novel  by  Jane  Austen,  writ- 
ten in  1796,  published  in  1814. 

Mansilla  (man-sel'ya),  Lucio.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1792:  died  1871.  An  Argentine  general, 
brother-in-law  of  the  dictator  Rosas,  in  1845  he 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  under  Rosas,  and  was 
defeated  at  Punta  de  Obligado  by  the  combined  British 
and  French  fleet,  Nov.  20. 

Mansilla  de  Garcia  (man-sel'ya.  da  gar-the'a), 
Eduarda  (n6e  Mansilla).  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1838.  An  Argentine  novelist,  in  1855  she 
married  Manuel  Garcia,  a diplomatist.  She  has  published 
several  novels  of  Argent  ine  customs  and  historical  episodes, 
including  “El  Medico  de  San  Luis, "“Lucia Miranda, "and 
“ Pablo,  6 la  vida  en  las  pampas  ” : the  last  was  translated 
into  French. 

Mansion  House,  The.  The  official  residence 
of  the  lord  mayor  of  London,  situated  $ mile 
east  of  St.  Paul’s.  It  was  begun  in  1739.  The  front 
has  a fine  hexastyle  Corinthian  pedimented  portico.  The 
suite  of  state  apartments  contains  some  excellent  modern 
statues  and  paintings. 

Manso  de  Velasco  (miin'so  da  va-las'ko),  Jose 
Antonio,  Count  of  Superunda.  Born  in  Biscay 
about  1695 : died  after  1762.  A Spanish  soldier 
and  administrator.  He  served  in  the  War  of  Succes- 
sion; was  captain-general  of  Chile  1735-45  ; and  viceroy  of 
Peru  July  12,  1745, -Oct.  12,  1761.  His  administration  in 
the  latter  country  was  longer  than  that  of  any  other  vice- 
roy, and  was  distinguished  for  excellence.  The  great  earth- 
quake which  destroyed  Lima  and  Callao,  Oct.  28,  1746, 
occurred  during  his  rule. 

Manson  (man'son),  George.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Dec.  3,  1850:  died  in  Devonshire,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  27,  1876.  A Scottish  painter  in 
water-colors. 

Mansos  (man'sos).  [Sp.,  from  manso, tame.]  A 
tribe  of  semi-nomadic  aborigines, from  the  banks 
of  the  Rio  Grande  in  southern  New  Mexico, 
who  were  Christianized  by  Fray  Garcia  de  San 
Francisco,  a Franciscan,  in  the  first  half  of  the 
17th  century,  and  in  1659  were  transferred  to 
the  present  site  of  El  Paso  del  Norte  in  northern 
Chihuahua.  There  are  still  a few  families  dwelling  at 
the  latter  place,  but  they  have  adopted  the  mode  of  life 
and  customs  of  the  northern  Mexicans.  Some  of  the  older 
men,  however,  still  preserve  the  language  of  the  tribe  and 
many  of  the  primitive  rites  and  religious  practices. 
Mansur.  See  A l- Mansur. 

Mansurah  (man-so  'ra) . A town  in  Lower  Egypt, 
situated  on  the  Damietta  branch  of  the  Nile, 
50  miles  west  by  south  of  Port  Said.  Near  it,  in 
1250,  Louis  IX.  of  France  was  defeated  by  the  Egyptians. 
Population,  40,279. 

Mant  (mant),  Richard.  Born  at  Southampton, 
England,  Feb.  12,  1776:  died  at  Ballymoney, 
Ireland,  Nov.  2, 1848.  An  English  author,  bishop 
of  Down,  Connor,  and  Dromore  in  Ireland.  He 
was  joint  author  with  D’Oyly  of  an  “ Annotated  Bible  ” 
(1814),  and  published  a “History  of  the  Church  of  Ireland  ” 
0840),  etc. 

Mantalini  (man-ta-le'ne).  The  husband  of  Ma- 
dame Mantalini  in  Dickens’s  “Nicholas  Nickle- 
by,”  a feeble-minded,  elegant  person. 


651 

Mantchuria.  See  Manchuria. 

Mantegna  (man-tan'ya),  Andrea.  Born  near 
Padua,  Italy,  1431 : died  at  Mantua,  Italy,  Sept. 
13, 1506.  A celebrated  Italian  historical  painter 
and  engraver.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Triumph 
of  Caesar  ” (Hampton  Court),  “ Madonna  della  Vittoria  ’’ 
(Louvre),  “Christ  in  the  Garden  ” (Baring  collection),  “St. 
George"  (Venice  Academy),  “The  Dead  Christ"  (Brera, 
Milan),  “ Parnassus,”  “The  Man  of  Sorrows  ” (Copenhagen), 
“The  Crucifixion"  and  “Adoration  of  the  Magi  ” (New 
York  Historical  Society),  “St.  Sebastian”  (Vienna  Mu- 
seum), “Summer  and  Autumn,”  “Samson  and  Delilah," 
“ Triumph  of  Scipio  " (National  Gallery,  London),  etc. 

Mantell  (man'tel),  Gideon  Algernon.  Born 
at  Lewes,  Sussex,  1790:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
10,  1852.  An  English  geologist.  He  was  the  son 
of  a shoemaker,  and  was  apprenticed  to  James  Moore,  a 
surgeon,  at  Lewes,  with  whom  he  later  entered  into  part- 
nership. His  collection  of  fossils  was  sold  to  the  British 
Museum.  Among  his  works  are  “ Fossils  of  the  South 
Downs  " (1822),  “ The  Geology  of  the  Southeast  of  England  " 
(1833),  “Geological  Excursions  round  the  Isle  of  Wight 
and  along  the  Adjacent  Coast  of  Dorsetshire  "(1847),  etc. 
He  was  made  a fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1825. 
Mantes  (mont).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine  35 
miles  west-northwest  of  Paris.  Its  church  of  Notre 
Dame,  of  the  end  of  the  12th  century,  is  interesting  as  a 
reduced  reproduction  (including  the  west  front  with  its 
galleries,  rose,  and  twin  square  towers)  of  Notre  Dame  in 
Paris.  Population,  commune,  8,329. 

Manteuffel  (man'toif-fel),  Baron  Karl  Rochus 
Edwin  von.  Born  at  Dresden,  Feb.  24, 1809: 
died  at  Karlsbad,  Bohemia,  June  17,  1885.  A 
Prussian  field-marshal.  He  became  chief  of  the  mili- 
tary cabinet  in  1857  ; served  in  the  Danish  war  1864 ; was 
governor  of  Schleswig  1865-66 ; as  commander  of  the  Main 
army  defeated  the  South  Germans  at  Hochhausen  and 
elsewhere  in  1866 ; commanded  the  1st  army  corps  at 
Colombey-Nouilly  Aug.  14,  1870,  and  Noisseville  Aug.  31- 
Sept.  1 ; as  commander  in  the  north  defeated  the  French 
at  Amiens  1870;  commanded  the  army  of  the  south  in 
1871,  and  the  army  of  occupation  in  France  1871-73;  and 
was  appointed  governor  of  Alsace-Lorraine  in  1879. 

Manteuffel,  Baron  Otto  Theodor  von.  Born  at 
Liibben,  Prussia,  Feb.  3,  1805 : died  near  Gols- 
sen,  Prussia,  Nov.  26,  1882.  A Prussian  reac- 
tionary politician,  minister  of  the  interior  1848- 
1850,  and  prime  minister  1850-58. 

Mantianus  (man-ti-a'nus),  or  Matianus  (ma-ti- 
a'nus).  An  ancient  name  of  Lake  Urumiah. 
Mantinea  (man-ti-ne'a),  or  Mantineia  (-ni'a). 
[Gr.  M avrtvcca.]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in 
Arcadia,  Greece,  situated  43  miles  southwest  of 
Corinth.  It  was  the  scene  of  several  battles  : in  418  b.  c. 
the  Spartans  defeated  the  Athenians  and  Aigives  ; in  362 
B.  c.  the  Thebans  under  Epaminondas  defeated  the  Spar- 
tans and  allies  ; and  in  207  or  206  B.  c.  Philopoemen,  gen- 
eral of  the  Achaean  League,  defeated  the  Spartans. 
Mantinino  (man-te-ne'no).  An  is!  and  reported 
to  Columbus,  1492-93,  by  the  Indians  of  Haiti. 
He  understood  them  to  say  that  it  was  inhabited  by  Ama- 
zon women.  The  name  was  a corruption  of  the  Carib  Ma- 
dinina,  corresponding  to  the  modern  Martinique. 
Manton  (man'ton),  Joseph.  Born  about  1766 : 
died  at  Maida  Hill,  June  29, 1835.  An  English 
gunsmith.  He  patented  many  improvements  in  large 
and  small  arms,. and  was  a principal  mover  in  the  intro- 
duction of  the  percussion  system. 

Mantua  (man'tu-a).  A province  in  Lombardy, 
Italy.  Area,  903  square  miles.  Population, 
310,469. 

Mantua,  It.  Mantova  (miin'to-va).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Mantua,  Italy,  situated 
on  an  island  in  the  Mincio,  in  lat.  45°  9'  N., 
long.  10°  47'  E.  It  is  a strong  fortress.  Tire  chief  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Church  of  San  Andrea,  cathedral, 
ducal  palace,  museum  of  antiquities,  and  Palazzo  del  Tfe 
(with  works  by  Giulio  Romano).  It  is  noted  in  art  history 
for  its  connection  with  Mantegna  and  Romano,  and  lias  an 
academy  of  sciences  and  arts.  It  was  the  home  of  Vergil, 
who  was  born  in  the  neighborhood.  It  was  a Guelph 
town  ; was  ruled  by  the  Gonzaga  family  ; and  was  capital 
of  the  duchy  of  Mantua.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Imperial- 
ists in  1630;  besieged  by  the  French  under  Bonaparte  in 
1796-97,  and  taken  in  1797 ; and  held  by  the  French  under 
the  Napoleonic  regime  but  restored  to  Austria  in  1814. 
It  was  one  of  the  fortresses  of  the  Austrian  “Quadri- 
lateral." In  1866  it  was  ceded  to  Italy.  Population,  com- 
mune, 29,142. 

Mantua,  Duchy  of.  A former  Italian  marqui- 
sate  and  duchy.  The  territory  was  ruled  by  the  fam- 
ily of  Gonzaga  from  about  1328  to  1708,  and  by  Austria 
1708-97  ; belonged  to  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  kingdom  of 
Italy,  etc.,  1797-1814  ; passed  to  Austria  in  1814  ; and  was 
ceded  to  Italy  in  1859  and  1866. 

Mantuan(mau'tu-an)Bard,orMantuanSwan. 

A surname  of  Vergil  as  a native  of  Mantua. 
Mantuan  War.  A war  for  the  succession  to 
the  duchy  of  Mantua,  1628-30.  TheDukeof  Nevers, 
supported  by  France,  was  confirmed  as  duke  in  opposition 
to  the  Imperialist  candidate. 

Manu  (ma'no).  In  Sanskrit,  man;  man  collec- 
tively; mankind ; the  Demiurge ; one  of  a class 
of  fourteen  demiurgic  beings,  each  of  whom 
presides  over  a Manvantara,  ‘interval  or  period 
of  a Manu.’  The  first  in  order  of  these  is  called  Sva- 
yambhuva,  as  sprung  from  Svayambhu,  the  self-existent, 
identified  with  Brahma,  who  divided  himself  into  two 
persons,  male  and  female,  whence  was  produced  Viraj, 


Manutius,  Paulus 

and  from  him  the  first  Manu.  This  Manu  Svayambhnva 
is  a sort  of  secondary  creator.  He  produced  ten  Praja- 
patis,  ‘lords  of  creatures,'  and  these  again  seven  other 
Manus.  Of  these  the  seventh,  Manu  Vaivasvata,  ‘ the  sun- 
born,’  is  the  Manu  of  the  present  period,  and  is  regarded 
as  the  progenitor  of  the  present  race  of  beings.  He  has 
been  compared  to  Noah,  from  various  legends  of  his  preser- 
vation from  a deluge  by  Vishnu,  or  by  Brahma,  in  the 
form  of  a fish.  He  was  the  founder  and  first  king  of 
Ayodhya,  afterward  reigned  over  by  Ikshvaku,  his  son, 
founder  of  the  solar  race.  Manu  Vaivasvata’s  daughter 
Ila  marr  ied  Budha,  son  of  Soma,  ‘ the  moon,’  and  ancestor 
of  the  lunar  race.  To  Manu  Vaivasvata  are  ascribed  the 
so-called  “Laws  of  Manu"  and  a work  on  Vedic  ritual. 
Upon  the  first  seven  are  to  follow  seven  other  Manus. 

Manu,  Laws  of.  Until  recently,  the  desig- 
nation commonly  employed  for  the  Manava- 
dharmashastra,  which  native  tradition  regarded 
as  the  law-book  of  Manu  (see  Manu),  but  which 
the  scholars  of  to-day  view  as  the  law-book 
of  the  Manavans.  The  works  constituting  the  Veda 
in  its  broader  sense  fall  into  the  three  classes  of  Sanhita, 
Brahmana,  and  Sutra,  or  text,  exposition,  and  brief  rule. 
Chief  among  the  last  are  the  Kalpasutras,  or  ‘ceremony 
rules,’ many  important  families  having  each  its  distinct 
Kalpasutra.  This  Kalpasutra  was  divided  into  Shrauta- 
sutra,  ‘ rules  for  the  fire  sacrifices  ’ ; Grhyasutra,  ‘ domestic 
usages’ ; and  Dharmasutra,  ‘sacred  law.’  The  Sutras  are 
in  mingled  prose  and  verse ; the  Dharmasbastras  are  a 
later  metrical  recast  in  the  ordinary  epic  meter  of  ante- 
cedent Dharmasutras  ; and  the  Manavadharmashastra  is 
such  a recast  of  a Manavadharmasutra,  or  is  the  law- 
book of  the  Manavans.  Out  of  clannish  differences  grew 
various  Caranas,  or  ‘schools,’  in  which  Vedic  traditions 
were  handed  down.  The  Manavans  were  a school  of  the 
Black  Yajurveda.  Of  the  Maitrayaniya  branch  of  the 
schools  of  the  Black  Yajurveda  there  are  still  some  sur- 
vivors in  western  India  who  call  their  Sutras  Manavasu- 
tras.  The  occasion  of  the  recast  was  the  development — 
beside  the  sectarian  schools,  which  studied  exclusively  a 
single  branch  of  theVeda — of  non-sectarian  schools,  whose 
teachings  claimed  validity  for  all  Aryans.  These  compiled 
from  the  only  locally  valid  sectarian  Sutras  a school-book 
intended  to  be  systematic,  complete,  and  generally  valid, 
and  the  Manavan  Dharmasutra  was  chosen  as  its  basis 
from  the  greatness  of  the  name  of  the  legendary  Manu. 
By  interpreting  the  title  as  ‘of  Manu,’  they  had  an  authori- 
tative name  to  commend  their  work.  Perhaps  one  half 
of  the  present  work  consists,  however,  of  additions  to  the 
original,  drawn  from  popular  metrical  maxims,  and  made, 
as  Bidder  thinks,  at  the  date  of  the  recast,  which  he  con- 
siders to  be  between  100  B.  c.  and  the  2d  century  A.  D.  (For 
a general  account  of  the  character  and  contents,  see  Wil- 
liams’s “Indian  Wisdom,”  pp.  211-294.  For  the  literature, 
see  Lanman’s  “Sanskrit  Reader " (Boston : Ginn  and  Co.), 
p.  340,  from  which  the  above  view  is  taken.)  It  was  first 
translated  from  the  original  by  Sir  William  Jones.  The 
most  recent  translations,  accompanied  by  valuable  intro- 
ductions, are  those  of  Bidder  (“Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
vol.  xxv.)  and  Burnell  (Triibner). 

Manuel  (man'u-el).  A tragedy  by  Charles 
Robert  Maturin,  produced  at  Drury  Lane  March 
8,  1817,  with  Kean  in  the  title  role. 

Manuel  I.  Comnenus.  Born  about  1120 : died 
Sept.  24,  1180.  Byzantine  emperor  1143-80, 
son  of  the  emperor  Calo-Joannes.  He  permitted 
the  Crusaders,  under  Conrad  III.,  emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire,  and  Louis  VII.  of  France,  to  pass  through 
his  dominions  in  llt7,  and  in  1148  repelled  an  invasion  of 
Greece  by  the  Normans  under  Roger,  king  of  Sicily.  He 
was  totally  defeated  by  the  Turks  at  Myriocephalus  in 
1176. 

Manuel  II.  Palaeologus.  Died  1425.  Byzan- 
tine emperor  1391-1425,  son  of  John  VII.  Being 
besieged  in  Constantinople  by  the  sultan  Bajazet,  he  im- 
plored the  aid  of  western  Europe,  and  an  army  composed 
of  the  chivalry  of  Fi  ance,  Germany,  and  Hungary  came  to 
his  assistance,  but  was  totally  defeated  by  the  sultan  at 
Nicopolis  in  1396.  Bajazet  was,  however,  compelled  to 
raise  the  siege  in  1402  in  order  to  meet  the  Tatar  con- 
queror Timur,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and  captured  at 
Angora.  Manuel  passed  the  subsequent  years  of  his  reign 
in  peace,  though  in  a state  of  semi-dependence  on  Mo- 
hammed, the  son  of  Bajazet. 

Manuel  (ma -no-el '),  Don  Juan.  Born  1282: 
died  1347.  A Spanish  statesman  and  writer,  of 
the  royal  house  of  Castile  and  Leon.  His  best- 
known  work  is  the  “Conde  Lucanor,”  a collection  of  fifty 
tales  in  the  Oriental  style. 

Manuel  (ma-no-el'),  E.  The  nom  de  plume  of 
Ernest  L’Epine,  a French  writer,  who  is  not  to 
be  confounded  with  Eugene  Manuel,  the  author 
of  “Pages  Intimes,”  etc. 

Manuel  (ma-no-el' ),  Nikolaus.  Born  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  about  1484 : died  at  Bern,  1530.  A 
Swiss  painter  and  poet. 

Manutms  (ma-nfi'shius),  Aldus,  It.  Aldo  Ma- 
nuzio  (al'do  mii-not'se-o)  or  Manucci.  Born 
at  Bassiano,  near  Velletri,  Italy,  about  1450 : 
died  at  Venice,  Feb.  3, 1515.  An  Italian  classi- 
cal scholar  and.  celebrated  printer,  the  founder 
of  the  Aldine  press  at  Venice  about  1490.  He  pub- 
lished editions  of  Aristotle,  Aristophanes,  Herodotus,  De- 
mosthenes, Plato,  and  other  Greek  classics,  and  Latin  and 
Italian  works. 

Manutius,  Aldus,  “The  Younger.”  Born  at 
Venice,  Feb.  13,  1547:  died  at  Rome,  Oct.  28, 
1597.  An  Italian  printer  and  classical  scholar, 
son  of  Paulus  Manutius. 

Manutius,  Paulus.  Bom  at  Venice,  June  12, 
15]  1 : died  there,  April  6, 1574.  An  Italian  clas- 
sical scholar,  author,  and  noted  printer,  son  of 
Aldus  Manutius. 


Man  with  Finks 

Man  With  Pinks.  A notod  painting  by  Jan  van 
Eyck,  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin,  it  is  a bust 

portrait  of  a man  wearing  a fur  lined  cloak  and  a high  fur 
cap,  and  holding  white  pinks  in  one  hand  and  red  in  the 
other. 

Man  with  the  Iron  Mask,  The.  A French  stato 
prisoner,  confined  in  the  Bastille  (where  he  died 
Nov.  ID,  1703),  Pignerol,andotherprisonsinthe 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  His  name  was  never  mentioned, 
bat  he  was  buried  under  that  of  Marehiali,  and  lie  always 
wore  a mask  of  iron(V)  covered  with  black  velvet,  lie  has 
been  supposed  to  be  ( i)  the  Duke  of  V ermandois,  a natural 
son  of  Louis  XIV.  and  Mademoiselle  do  la  Valliero;  (2) an 
elder  brother  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  son  of  Anne  of  Austria 
and  the  Duke  of  Buckingham ; (.'!)  a twin  brother  of  Louis 
XIV.;  (4)  Count  Matthioli,  a minister  of  the  Duke  of  Man- 
tua, imprisoned  for  treachery;  (ft)  a soldier  of  fortune 
named  Marechiel,  the  head  of  a conspiracy  to  assassinate 
the  king  and  his  ministers.  This  last  conjecture  was  consid- 
ered tlie  most  reasonable  until  1891,  when  Captain  Baze- 
rifcs,  of  tho  garrison  of  Nantes,  published  in  the  “Progrcs 
de  Nantes”  (republished  in  “Le  Temps,”  Aug.  7,  1891)  a 
translation  of  some  cipher  despatches  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
of  Louvois,  apparently  showing  that  the  prisoner  was 
Ginbral  de  Bulonde,  who  raised  the  siege  of  Cuneo  unne- 
cessarily and  compromised  the  success  of  the  campaign. 
Louis  shut  him  up  at  Pignerol  for  reasons  of  his  own,  in- 
stead of  dooming  him  to  the  fate  of  a traitor,  which  was 
his  due.  Opinions  still  dilfer  as  to  the  identity  of  the 
prisoner. 

Manx  (mangks).  The  native  language  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  Isle  of  Man,  which  belongs  to 
the  Gadhelic  branch  of  the  Celtic  tongues,  and 
is  thus  closely  allied  to  the  Irish  and  the  Gaelic. 

Manzanares  (man-tha-na'res).  A small  tribu- 
tary of  the  river  Jarama,  in  Spain.  Madrid  is 
situated  on  it. 

Manzanares.  A town  in  the  province  of  Ciu- 
dad Beal,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Azuer  in  lat. 
39°  N.,  long.  3°  27'  W.  Population,  about 
12,000. 

Manzanillo  (man-thii-nel'yd).  A seaport  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Cuba.  It  has  a trade 
in  coffee,  sugar,  and  fruit.  Population,  15,819. 

Manzano  (man-za'no),  El.  [Sp.  manzana,  ap- 
ple-tree.] A settlement  in  central  New  Mex- 
ico, east  of  the  Rio  Grande.  It  lies  on  the 
eastern  border  of  well-known  and  extensive 
deposits  of  rock-salt.  The  white  settlement 
dates  from  1829. 

Manzoni  (man-zo'ne),  Alessandro.  Born  at 
Milan,  March  7,  1785 : died  at  Milan,  May  22, 
1873.  A noted  Italian  novelist  and  poet,  the 
chief  of  the  Italian  romantic  school.  He  went  in 
his  early  youth  to  Paris  with  his  mother,  who  was  a daugh- 
ter of  the  Marquis  Beccaria,  and  who  introduced  him  to 
literary  society.  He  became  acquainted  with  Volney,  Ma- 
dame Condorcet,  Fauriel,  and  others,  and  became  imbued 
with  many  of  their  deistical  and  other  opinions.  In  1807 
he  returned  to  Italy,  and  was  made  a member  of  the 
Italian  senate  in  18G0.  He  wrote  the  historical  novel 
“I  Promessi  Sposi"  (1825-27:  translated  into  English  as 
“ The  Betrothed  Lovers  ").  Among  his  other  works  are 
the  tragedies  “ II  Conte  di  Carmagnola  ” (1820),  “Adel chi " 
(1823),  the  lyric  poem  “II  cinque  Maggio”(“The  5th  of 
May,"  an  ode  on  Napoleon’s  death,  1821),  “Inni  sacri  ” 
(1810:  sacred  lyrics),  “ Osservazioni  sulla  morale  cattoli- 
ca  " (a  vindication  of  Catholic  morality),  “ Storia  della  Co- 
lonna  inf ame  ” (a  historical  treatise,  1842). 

Maoris  (ma'o-riz  or  mou'riz).  [From  maori, 
lit.  ‘ native,’  ‘ indigenous.’]  The  primitive  in- 
habitants of  New  Zealand,  a Polynesian  race  of 
the  Malay  family,  distinguished  for  their  natu- 
ral capacity  and  vigor.  Most  of  them  now  profess 
Christianity,  but  they  have  vigorously  though  unsuccess- 
fully resisted  English  dominion. 

The  Maoris,  when  first  discovered  by  Europeans,  were 
in  a comparatively  advanced  stage  of  barbarism.  Their 
society  had  definite  ranks,  from  that  of  the  Rangatira,  the 
chief  with  a long  pedigree,  to  the  slave.  Their  religious 
hymns,  of  great  antiquity,  have  been  collected  and  trans- 
lated by  Grey,  Taylor,  Bastian,  and  others. 

Lang,  Myth,  etc.,  II.  27. 

Map  (map),  or  Mapes  (maps),  Walter.  Born 
probably  about  1140 : died  about  1210.  A medi- 
eval author  and  satirist.  He  was  of  a Welsh  family 
in  Herefordshire,  and  studied  in  Paris  from  about  1154  to 
1160.  He  was  present  at  the  court  of  Henry  II.,  while 
Thomas  Becket  was  still  chancellor,  as  one  of  the  clerks  of 
the  royal  household,  and  was  employed  as  an  itinerant  jus- 
tice. In  1179  Henry  II.  sent  him  to  the  Lateran  Council 
at  Rome.  In  1197  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Oxford.  The 
only  undoubted  work  extant  by  Map  is  the  “ De  nugis  cu- 
rialium”  (“  Courtiers’  Triflings”),  composed  between  1182 
and  1192.  He  has  also  been  credited  with  a large  share  in 

. the  composition  of  the  Arthurian  romances,  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  “Lancelot”  is  based  on  an  Anglo-French 
poem  by  him.  A great  part  of  the  “ Goliardic”  or  satiri- 
cal verse  of  the  12  th  and  13th  centuries  is  doubtless  by  Map. 

Mapimi  (ma-pe'rae),  Bolson  de.  [Origin  of 
name  unknown.]  A section  of  the  Mexican 
states  of  Chihuahua  and  Coahuila  in  northern 
Mexico,  parts  of  which  are  quite  arid  and  low, 
while  others  are  very  fertile  and  well  watered. 

Mapures.  See  Maypures. 

Magnet  (ma-ka'),  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept. 
13,  1813 : died  at  Saint-M6en,  Jan.  8.  1888.  A 
French  novelist  and  dramatist,  collaborator 


652 

with  the  elder  Dumas  in  some  of  his  chief 
works. 

Maqui.  See  Tusayan. 

Maquiritares  (mii-ke-re-tii'res).  An  Indian 
tribe  of  Venezuela,  on  the  Ventuari,  a branch 
of  the  upper  Orinoco,  ranging  at  times,  it  is 
said,  as  far  east  as  the  coniines  of  British  Gui- 
ana. They  are  of  Carib  stock,  have  rarely  had  any  inter- 
course with  the  whites,  and  still  retain  their  savage  inde- 
pendence. Though  living  in  regular  villages  and  having 
small  plantations,  they  are  much  given  to  wandering.  The 
tribal  relations  are  very  loose. 

Mar  (mar).  A district  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, forming  the  southern  part  of  the  county. 
Tho  Earls  of  Mar  derive  their  title  from  it. 
Mar,  Juan  Manuel  del.  Bom  at  Cuzco,  1806 : 
died  at  Lima,  June  15, 1862.  A Peruvian  states- 
man. He  was  minister  of  war  under  Castilla  1855-60, 
and  in  1859  was  temporarily  in  charge  of  the  executive. 
In  1800  he  was  elected  first  vice-president  under  the  new 
constitution. 

Mara  (ma'ra),  Madame  (Gertrud  Elisabeth 
Schmeling).  Born  at  Cassel,  Germany,  Feb. 
23,  1749:  died  at  Revel,  Russia,  Jan.  20,  1833. 
A noted  German  soprano  singer,  she  studied 
with  Hiller  at  Leipsic,  and  about  1771  made  her  dObut 
at  Dresden,  where  she  had  immediate  success  and  was 
made  court  singer.  In  1784  she  went  to  London,  where 
she  sang  to  enthusiastic  audiences.  She  was  connected 
with  the  opera  in  London  till  1791,  but  was  better  suited 
for  concerts  and  oratorios  on  account  of  her  weak  physique 
and  lack  of  knowledge  of  acting.  After  singing  in  Paris, 
Vienna,  and  the  German  cities  with  success,  she  lost  her 
voice  in  1802  or  thereabouts,  and  supported  herself  by 
teaching.  She  married  Mara  the  violoncellist  about  1771. 
Marabouts  (mar 'a-bots).  [Also  Maraboot. \ 
The  members  of  a Moorish  priestly  order  or  race 
of  northern  Africa,  successors  of  the  Morabits 
or  Almoravides,  a Mohammedan  sect  or  tribe 
who  ruled  Morocco  and  part  of  Spain  in  the  11th 
and  12th  centuries.  The  Marabouts  are  reputed  as 
saints,  prophets,  and  sorcerers,  and  exercise  great  influence 
over  the  Berbers  and  Moslem  negroes. 

Maracaibo,  or  Maracaybo  (ma-ra-kl'bo).  A 
seaport  in  Venezuela,  situated  on  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Maracaibo  about  lat.  10°  48'  N.,  long.  71° 
45'  W.  It  is  an  important  commercial  city,  exporting 
coffee,  hides,  cocoa,  etc.;  is  the  seat  of  a national  college; 
and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a Jesuit  college.  It  was 
founded  in  1571.  Population,  over  30,000. 

Maracaibo,  Gulf  of,  or  Gulf  of  Venezuela. 

An  arm  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  north  of  Vene- 
zuela. Length,  about  150  miles. 

Maracaibo,  Lake.  A large  lake  or  lagoon  in 
northern  Venezuela,  communicating  with  the 
Gulf  of  Maracaibo.  The  water  is  brackish. 
Length,  about  1 10  miles. 

Maragha  (ma-ra'gii).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  Persia,  60  miles  south,  of  Ta- 
briz. Population,  about  15,000. 

Maraguas.  See  Marauas. 

Marah.  (ma'ra).  In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
place  in  the  'peninsula  of  Sinai,  southeast  of 
Suez,  containing  a spring  noted  for  its  bitter- 
ness. 

Marabuas.  See  Marauas. 

Marais  (ma-ra'),  Le.  [F.,‘  the  marsh.’]  In  the 
politics  of  the  first  French  Revolution, the  group 
of  members  who  sat  in  the  lower  part  of  the  as- 
sembly. 

Marais,  Le.  1.  The  name  especially  applied  to 
the  region  lying  east  of  the  Rue  St.-Denis  and 
north  of  the  Rue  St. -Antoine,  -within  the  fortifi- 
cations of  Charles  V.  in  Paris.  It  was  subject  to 
inundation.  A large  part  of  it  was  held  in  the  middle  ages 
by  the  Knights  of  the  Temple. 

2.  A swampy  region  in  the  western  part  of 
France,  near  La  Rochelle.  In  ancient  times  it 
was  an  arm  of  the  sea. 

Marajo  (ma-ra-zho') : formerly  also  Joannes 
(zho-iin'nas).  An  island  between  the  estuaries 
of  the  Amazon  and  the  Para,  belonging  to  the 
state  of  Pard,  Brazil.  Length,  165 miles.  Great- 
est width,  about  100  miles. 

Marandaise.  The  sword  of  Ryance. 
Maranhao,  or  Maranham  (ma-ran-yan').  A 
state  of  Brazil,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the 
north,  Piauhy  on  the  east  and  southeast,  Goyaz 
on  the  southwest  and  west,  and  Para  on  the  west 
and  northwest.  Area,  177,561  square  miles. 
Population,  499,308. 

Maranhao,  or  Maranham,  or  Sao  Luiz  do 
Maranhao  (sah  lo-ezh'  do  ma-ran-yah').  A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  state  of  Maranhao,  situ- 
ated on  the  island  Sao  Luiz  in  lat.  2°  32'  S., 
long.  44°  18'  \V.  It  exports  hides,  cotton,  sugar,  rice, 
etc.  Maranhao  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1612,  but 
was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  three  years  after.  Popula- 
tion, 29,475. 

Maranhao,  State  of.  [Pg.  Estado  do  Maranhao.] 
A colonial  division  of  Portuguese  South  Amer- 
ica. In  1621  Portuguese  America  was  divided  into  two 


Marblehead 

states — Brazil  and  Maranhao.  The  latter  included  at  first 
all  from  Cearii  northward.  Ceari  was  subsequently  sep- 
arated from  it,  and  the  remaining  portion  was  divided  into 
various  captaincies,  eventually  reduced  to  four  which  cor- 
respond to  the  modern  states,  Piauhy,  Maranhao,  Pari, 
and  Rio  Negro  (now  Amazonas).  The  colonial  state  was 
suppressed  in  1774. 

Marandn  (mii-ran-yon').  [Probably  corrupted 
from  the  Tupi  parand,  the  sea,  a name  given  by 
the  Indians  to  this  and  other  great  rivers.]  A 
Spanish-American  name  for  the  Amazon,  it  is 
used  especially  in  Peru,  and  geographers  have  adopted  the 
term,  somewhat  vaguely,  to  indicate  the  upper  or  Peru- 
vian portion  of  the  river. 

Maranones  (mii-ran-yo'nes).  [Lit.  ‘conspira- 
tors’: from  the  Spanish  marafla,  a plot.]  The 
name  adopted  by  the  followers  of  Aguirre.  (See 
Aguirre.)  It  has  been  erroneously  supposed 
that  the  word  Maranon  was  derived  from  it. 
Marash.  (ma-rash').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  Jihun 
100  miles  north  by  west  of  Aleppo,  in  ancienttimes 
It  was  probably  a city  of  the  Hittites.  Numerous  inscrip- 
tions have  been  found  there.  Population,  estimated,  60,000. 

Marat  (ma-ra'),  Jean  Paul.  Bom  at  Boudry, 
Switzerland,  May  24, 1744 : assassinated  at  Pa- 
ris, July  13, 1793.  A French  revolutionist.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Bordeaux ; practised  his  profession 
with  conspicuous  success  at  London  and  at  Paris ; and 
wrote  a number  of  meritorious  scientific  works,  chiefly  on 
electricity  and  optics.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolu. 
tion  in  1789  he  began  to  publish  a paper  entitled  “ L’Ami 
du  Peuple,"  in  which  he  boldly  advocated  a republican 
form  of  government  and  incited  the  populace  to  violence. 
He  was  in  1792  elected  to  the  National  Convention,  in 
which,  as  the  most  ultra-revolutionary  of  the  Jacobin 
party,  he  was  attacked  by  the  Girondists,  who  were  in  a 
majority.  He  was  tried  before  the  Revolutionary  tribu- 
nal, but  was  acquitted  April  24, 1793,  and  with  Dantonand 
Robespierre  overthrew  the  Girondists  June  2,  1793.  He 
was  stabbed  to  death  by  Charlotte  Corday  while  in  his  bath 
seeking  relief  from  a skin-disease. 

Maratea  (ma-rii-ta'fi).  A small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Policastro  in  lat.  39°  59'  N.,  long.  15°  43'  E. 
Marathon  (mar'a-thon).  [Gr.  MapaOuv.]  A 
plain  in  Attica,  Greece,  18  miles  northeast  of 
Athens,  between  Mount  Pentelicus  and  the  sea. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  battle  of  Sept.,  490  B.  C.,  between 
the  Greeks  (10,000  Athenians  and  1,000  Plataeans),  under 
Miltiades,  and  over  100,000  Persians,  under  Datis  and  Ar- 
taphernes.  The  result  was  a Greek  victory,  due  to  the 
tactics  of  Miltiades.  The  Greek  loss  was  192  ; the  Persian, 
6,400.  The  victory  ended  Darius’s  attempt  against  Greece, 
and  is  classed  among  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 
The  conical  mound,  40  feet  high  and  200  in  diameter,  which 
covers  the  Athenian  dead  marks  the  central  point  of  the 
famous  battle.  All  doubt  as  to  its  identification  was  set  at 
rest  by  a recent  excavation  of  the  Archaeological  Society  of 
Athens,  which  disclosed  ashes,  charred  remnants  of  the 
funeral  pyre,  and  fragments  of  pottery  of  the  beginning  of 
the  5th  century  B.  C. 

Maratre  (ma-ra'tr),  La.  A play  by  Balzac, pro- 
duced at  the  Theatre  Historique,  Paris,  in  June, 
1848. 

Maratti  (ma-rat'te),  or  Maratta  (ma-rat'ta), 
Carlo.  Born  near  Ancona,  Italy,  1625 : died  at 
Rome,  Dec.  15, 1713.  An  Italian  painter  of  Ma- 
donnas and  other  religious  subjects. 

Marauas  (ma-ra-was').  A tribe  or  horde  of  In- 
dians of  Brazil  and  Peru,  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Amazon, aboutthe  rivers  Jurafi,  Jutahy,  and 
Javary.  They  are  said  to  be  closely  allied  in  language 
and  customs  to  the  Mayorunas  (which  see).  Formerly, 
according  to  report,  they  were  cannibals.  Most  of  the 
Marauas  have  submitted  to  the  whites,  and  the  missions 
(now  villages)  of  Fonte  Boa  and  CaicAra  were  formed  by 
them.  The  remnants  in  the  forests  still  retain  their  sav- 
age customs.  Also  written  Marahuas,  Maraguas. 
Marbach  (mar' bach).  A small  town  in  Neckar 
circle, Wiirtemberg,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Murr  with  the  Neckar,  12  miles  north  by 
east  of  Stuttgart : the  birthplace  of  Schiller. 
Marbella  (mar-bel'ya).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malaga,  Spain,  30  miles  west-southwest 
of  Malaga.  There  are  rich  iron-mines  in  the 
vicinity.  Population,  9.629. 

Marble  Canon,  The.  A noted  canon  of  the 
Colorado  River,  in  northern  Arizona,  above  the 
Grand  Canon. 

Marble  Faun,  The.  A romance  by  Hawthorne, 
published  in  1860.  The  English  edition,  published  In 
the  same  year,  is  called  “ Transformation,  or  the  Romance 
of  Monte  Beni.”  See  Donatello. 

The  sole  idea  of  the  “Marble  Faun  " is  to  illustrate  the 
intellectually  and  morally  awakening  power  of  a sudden 
impulsive  sin,  committed  by  a simple,  joyous,  instinctive, 
“natural "man.  The  whole  group  of  characters  is  ima- 
gined solely  with  a view  to  the  development  of  this  idea. 

li.  II.  Ilutton,  Essays  in  Lit.  Crit 

Marblehead  (miir'bl-lied).  A seaport  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated on  Massachusetts  Bay  15  miles  northeast 
of  Boston.  It  lias  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes  ; was 
formerly  one  of  the  chief  towns  of  the  Stato ; and  is  noted 
for  its  fisheries.  The  original  settlers  were  largely  from 
the  Channel  Islands.  Population,  7,338,  (1910). 


Marbols 

Marbois  (mlir-bwli'),  Francois.  Marquis  de 
Barb6-.  B orn  at  Metz  in  1745:  (lied  at  Paris  in 
1837.  A French  statesman  and  writer.  In  1803 
ho  conducted  the  treaty  of  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the 
United  States. 

Marburg  (mlir'bOro).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn 
49  miles  north  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It  lias 
manufactures  of  pottery,  etc.  Tho  chief  buildings  nro  tho 
Churcii  of  St.  Ellzabeth(13th  century)  and  tho  castle(noted 
for  its  Kittersaal  (1280-1320)  and  chapel).  Tho  university, 
founded  by  l’liilip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  has  about  2,300 
students,  and  a library  of  over  2.30,000  volumes.  Marburg 
was  tlie  residence  of  St.  Elizabeth  in  the  13th  century, 
became  one  of  tile  capitals  of  Hesse,  and  was  the  scene  of 
outbreaks  of  the  Hessian  peasants  against  the  French  in 
1800  and  1800.  Population,  commune,  20,130. 

Marburg.  A town  in  Styria,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Drave  36  miles  south  by  east  of 
Gratz.  It  is  in  tho  center  of  a fruit  region.  Pop- 
ulation, 27,974,  (1910). 

Marburg  Conference.  A fruitless  conference 
held  at  Marburg,  Prussia,  Oct.,  1529,  between 
Luther  and  others  on  one  side  and  Zwingli  and 
other  Swiss  reformers  on  the  other. 
Marcantonio.  See  Raimondi. 

Marceau  (miir-sd' ),  Francois  S6verin  des  Gra- 
viers.  Born  at  Chartres,  France,  March  1, 1769 : 
died  at  Altenkirchen,  Prussia,  Sept.  23,  1796.  A 
French  general.  He  served  in  Vendee  in  1793,  and  at 
Fleurus  in  1794;  captured  Coblenz  in  1794;  and  served 
along  the  Rhine  1795-96. 

Marcellians  (miir-sel'i-anz).  The  professed 
followers  of  Marcellus,  bishop  of  Ancyra  in  the 
4th  century.  The  Marcellians  held  the  doctrine,  nearly 
agreeing  with  that  of  the  Sabellians,  that  the  Holy  Spirit 
and  the  Word,  or  Logos,  are  merely  impersonal  agencies1 
and  qualities  of  God,  and  that  the  incarnation  of  the  Lo- 
gos is  temporary  only.  It  has  been  doubted  by  some 
whether  Marcellus  held  the  views  ascribed  to  him. 

Marcellinists  (mar-se-lin'ists).  The  adherents 
of  Marcellina,  a female  gnostic  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury, and  a teacher  of  Gnosticism  in  Rome. 
Also  Marcellinians. 

Marcellinus  (miir-se-li'nus).  Bishop  of  Rome 
from  June  30,  296,  to  Oct.  25  (?),  304.  He  is  said 
to  have  yielded  during  the  persecution  under  Diocletian 
to  the  demand  to  offer  incense  to  the  pagan  gods,  and  to 
have  repented  and  suffered  martyrdom. 

Marcellinus,  or  Marcellianus  (mar-sel-i-a'- 
nus).  A Roman  officer,  in  the  5th  century,  who 
became  the  independent  prince  of  Ulyricum,  and 
after  the  death  of  V alent  inian  HI.  an  unsuccess- 
ful aspirant  to  the  throne.  During  the  reign  of  Ma- 
jorian  the  title  “Patrician  of  the  West " (Patricius  Occi- 
dentis)  was  conferred  upon  him,  and  he  aided  that  emperor 
in  defending  Sicily  from  the  Vandals.  He  again  opposed  the 
Vandals  in  Sicily  464-468.  He  was  assassinated  by  his  allies. 
Marcellinus.  A count  of  II  Ivria,  and  one  of  the 
first  ministers  of  Justinian,*  living  in  the  first 
half  of  the  6th  century:  author  of  a chronicle 
of  the  events  from  the  accession  of  Theodosius 
to  the  year  534  (continued  by  a later  hand  to 
566).  It  is  much  fuller  for  the  affairs  of  the 
East  than  for  those  of  the  West. 

Marcellinus,  Anunianus.  See  Ammianus. 
Marcello  (mar-ehel'lo),  Benedetto.  Born  at 
Venice,  July  31  (?),  1686:  died  at  Brescia,  Italy, 
J uly  24,  1739.  A noted  Italian  composer.  His 
most  important  work  is  the  musical  setting  of  50  of  the 
psalms  (1724-27),  paraphrased  by  Girolamo  Giustiniani. 

Marcellus  (mar-sel'us).  [L.,  dim.  of  Marcus.'] 
An  illustrious  Roman  plebeian  family  of  the 
Claudia  gens. 

Marcellus.  An  officer  of  the  guard  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “Hamlet.” 

Marcellus  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  307-309  a.  d. 
Marcellus  II.  Pope  1555. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.  Born  before 
268  B.  c. : slain  near  Venusia,  Apulia,  208  B.  c. 
A celebrated  Roman  general  and  statesman. 
He  was  five  times  consul  (first  in  222) ; defeated  the  Gauls, 
during  his  first  consulship,  at  Clastidium,  slaying  with  his 
ownlrand  their  leader,  Briwmartus ; defended  Nola  against 
Hannibal  216 ; captured  Syracuse  212 ; and,  taking  the  com- 
mand in  Apulia,  contended  against  Hannibal  in  southern 
Italy  until  his  death  in  a skirmish  near  Venusia. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.  Killed  about 
46  b.  c.  A Roman  consul  (51  b.  c.),  an  adher- 
ent of  Pompey. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.  Born  43  b.  c.  : 

died  at  Baite,  Italy,  23  b.  c.  The  son  of  C.  Clau- 
dius Marcellas  and  Octavia,  sister  of  Augustus, 
and  the  adopted  son  and  favorite  of  the  latter, 
whose  daughter  Julia  he  married. 

Marcellus,  Nonius.  A Roman  grammarian 
who  flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the  4th  (?) 
century : author  of  an  extant  treatise,  “ De  eom- 
pendiosa  doctrina  per  litteras  ad  filium.” 

The  work  is  intended  to  assist  in  explaining  the  authors, 
both  as  regards  their  diction  (cap.  1-12)  and  their  subject, 
matter  (cap.  13-20),  and  it  is  invaluable  to  us  on  account 
of  its  numerous  quotations  from  early  Roman  literature, 


653 

In  splto  of  tho  author's  total  want  of  solid  information, 
Judgment,  and  accuracy. 

Teufel  and  Schuiabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

(II.  328. 

March  (rnttrcli).  [From  L.  Martins,  tho  month 
of  Mars.]  The  third  month  of  our  year,  con- 
sisting of  thirty-0110  days.  It  was  tho  first  month 
of  tho  anciout  Roman  year  till  the  adoption  of  the  Julian 
calendar,  which  was  followed  by  the  Gregorian.  Previous 
to  the  latter  it  was  reckoned  flic  first  month  in  many  Eu- 
ropean countries,  and  so  continued  in  England  until  1752, 
tho  legal  yoar  there  before  that  date  beginning  on  tho  25th 
of  March. 

March  (march),  Slav.  Morava  (mo-ra/va).  A 
river  in  Moravia,  and  on  the  boundary  between 
Hungary  on  tho  east  and.  Moravia  and  Lower 
Austria  on  the  west:  the  Roman  Marus.  It  joins 
the  Danube  6 miles  west  of  Presburg.  Length, 
220  miles;  navigable  to  Goding. 

March  (march).  A town  in  Cambridgeshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Nen  24  miles  north  of 
Cambridge.  Population,  7,565. 

March  (mark),  Ausias  or  Augustin.  Born  at 
Valencia  toward  the  end  of  the  14th  century : 
died  about  1460.  A noted  Spanish  poet,  of 
noble  rank,  seignior  of  Beniarjo  and  a member 
of  the  Cortes  of  Valencia  in  1446.  “He  has  been 
called  tlie  Petrarch  of  Catalonia,  and  is  said  to  have 
equalled  the  lover  of  Laura  in  elegance,  in  brilliancy  of  ex- 
pression, and  in  harmony ; and  while,  like  him,  he  contrib- 
uted to  the  formation  of  his  language,  which  he  carried 
to  a high  degree  of  polish  and  perfection,  he  possessed 
more  real  feeling,  and  did  not  suffer  himself  to  be  seduced 
by  a passion  for  concetti  and  false  brilliancy."  Sismondi, 
Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  172. 

March  (march),  Earls  of.  See  Mortimer. 
March,  Francis  Andrew.  Born  at  Millbury, 
♦Mass.,  Oct.  25,  1825 : died  at  Easton,  Pa.,  Sept. 
9,  1911.  An  American  philologist.  He  became 
professor  of  the  English  language  and  comparative  phi- 
lology at  Lafayette  College  in  1858,  and  was  noted  as  an 
Anglo-Saxon  scholar.  Among  his  works  are  “Method  of 
Philological  Study  of  the  English  Language”  (1865),  “Com- 
parative Grammar  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language  ” (1870), 
an  “Anglo-Saxon  Reader”  (1871),  etc. 

Marche  (marsh).  An  ancient  government  of 
Prance.  Capital,  Gudret.  It  is  bounded  by  Berry 
on  the  north,  Bourbonnais  on  the  northeast,  Auvergne  on 
the  east,  Limousin  on  the  south,  and  Poitou  and  Angou- 
mois  on  the  west,  and  corresponds  generally  to  the  modern 
department  of  Creuse  and  part  of  Haute-Vienne.  It  be- 
came a countship  in  the  10th  century,  and  was  a fief  united 
permanently  to  France  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century. 

Marche.  A small  town  in  Belgium,  27  miles 
southeast  of  Namur. 

Marchena  (mar-cha/na).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Seville,  Spain,  32  miles  east  of  Seville. 
Population,  12,468. 

Marches  (march'ez),  It.  Marche  (mar'ke).  A 
compartimento  of  Italy,  lying  along  the  Adri- 
atic Sea  east  of  Umbria,.  It  comprises  the  provinces 
Pesaro-ed-Urbino,  Ancona,  Macerata,  and  Ascoli-Piceno. 
Marches.  The  border  regions  of  England  and 
Wales. 

Marchesi  (mar-ka'se),  Pompeo.  Born  at  Sal- 
trio,  near  Milan,  Aug.  7,  1789:  died  at  Milan, 
Feb.  7, 1858.  An  Italian  sculptor.  His  best-known 
work  is  “The  Good  Mother"  (in  Milan). 

Marchfeld  (march'felt).  A plain  in  Lower 
Austria,  near  Vienna,  between  the  Danube 
and  the  March.  Here,  July  13,  1260,  Ottocar,  king  of 
Bohemia,  defeated  Bela  IV.  of  Hungary ; and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood, Aug.  26,  1278,  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg  defeated  Ot- 
tocar. It  also  contains  the  battle-fields  of  Aspem  and 
Wagram. 

Marchi  (mar'ke),  Giuseppe  Filippo  Liberati. 

Born  at  Rome  about  1735:  died  at  London, 
April  2, 1808.  An  Italian  painter  and  engraver. 
He  came  to  England  in  1752,  studied  in  St.  Martin’s  Lane 
Academy,  and  was  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds’s  chief  assistant. 
He  practised  mezzotint  engraving,  and  from  1766  to  1775 
exhibited  engravings  with  the  Society  of  Artists. 

Marchienne-au-Pont  (mar-shyen'o-pon/).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sambre  31  miles  south  of  Brussels. 
Population,  commune,  21,496. 

Marchioness,  The.  A little  servant  in  the  “ Old 
Curiosity  Shop,”  by  Dickens : so  nicknamed  by 
Dick  Swiveller. 

Marcian.  See  Marcianus. 

Marciana  (mar-cha'na).  A small  town  in  the 
island  of  Elba,  Italy. 

Marcian  Codex.  See  the  extract. 

The  discovery  of  the  Marcian  codex  of  the  Iliad  at  Ven- 
ice, by  Villoison,  and  the  publication  of  its  text  and  scho- 
lia (Venice,  1778),  known  as  Schol.  Ven.  A,  form  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  Homeric  studies.  It  is  from  these  notes 
that  we  derive  all  our  information  about  the  several  old 
editions  used  or  produced  by  the  Alexandrian  critics. 
The  text  is  also  furnished  with  the  critical  marks  of  Aris- 
tarchus and  his  pupils,  which  are  explained  in  a prefatory 
note.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  41. 

Marcianus  (mar-shi-a'nus),  or  Marcian  (mar'- 
shi-an).  Bom  about  391:  died  457.  Emperor 
of  the  East  450— 457.  He  was  raised  to  the  throne  by 
Pulcheria,  widow  of  the  emperor  Theodosius  the  younger, 
whom  he  married  at  her  own  request,  and  is  represented 


Marcy,  Mount 

as  a wise  and  firm  ruler.  He  refused  to  continue  the  trib- 
ute paid  by  his  predecessor  to  Attlla,  saying  to  the  llun- 
nisli  ambassador,  “1  have  iron  for  Attlla,  but  no  gold.” 
Marcion  (milr'shigii).  A noted  heretic  of  the 
2d  cent  ury,  son  of  a bishop  of  Sinope  in  Pontus. 
Ho  founded  an  important  sect  (sec  M arciimites),  and  was 
tiro  author  of  a recension  of  tho  Gospel  of  Luko  and  of  the 
Epistles  of  1’aul. 

Marcionites  (mar'shion-Its).  The  followers 
of  Marcion  of  Sinope,  a Gnostic  religious  teacher 
of  the  2d  century,  and  the  founder  at  Rome  of 
the  Marcionite  sect,  which  lasted  until  tho  7th 
century  or  later.  Marcion  taught  that  there  were  three 
primal  forces : tho  good  God,  first  revealed  by  Jesus  Christ ; 
the  evil  matter,  ruled  by  tlie  devil ; and  the  Demiurge,  the 
finite  and  imperfect  God  of  the  Jews.  He  rejected  the 
Old  Testament,  denied  the  incarnation  and  resurrection, 
and  admitted  only  a gospel  akin  to  or  altered  from  that  of 
St.  Luko  and  ten  of  St.  Raul’s  epistles  as  inspired  and  au- 
thoritative. He  repeated  baptism  thrice,  excluded  wine 
from  the  eucharist,  inculcated  an  extreme  asceticism,  and 
allowed  women  to  minister. 

Marck  (miirk),  William  de  la.  Died  1485.  A 
historical  character  in  Scott’s  novel  “ Quentin 
Durward,”  nicknamed  the  “Boar  of  Ardennes” 
on  account  of  his  resemblance  to  the  animal 
both  in  looks  and  in  disposition. 

Marcke  (mark),  £mile  van.  Bom  at  S&vres, 
Aug.  20, 1827 : died  at  Hyferes  in  1891.  A noted 
French  landscape-  and  animal-painter,  pupil  of 
Troyon.  Many  of  his  works  are  in  America. 
Marcomanni  (mar-ko-man'ni).  [L.  (Caesar) 
Marcomanni,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Mapsofiavoi.]  A 
German  tribe,  a branch  of  the  Suevi,  first  men- 
tioned by  Caesar  as  in  the  army  of  Ariovistus.  In 
the  campaigns  of  Drusus  they  were  on  the  middle  and  up- 
per Main,  but  under  their  king  Maroboduus  they  moved 
eastward  into  Bohemia,  and  werelaterfurtlierto  the  south 
in  the  Danube  region,  between  the  Lech  and  the  Inn.  In 
the  2d  century  they  were  signally  defeated  by  Marcus  Au- 
relius in  the  so-called  Marcomannic  war.  They  were  in 
frequent  conflict  with  the  Romans  down  to  the  4th  cen- 
tury, when  the  name  disappeared. 

Marconi  (mar-ko'ne),  Guglielmo.  Bom  at 

Bologna,  Italy,  April  25,  1874.  An  Italian  elec- 
trician, noted  as  the  perfecter  of  a system  of 
wireless  telegraphy.  He  studied  at  Bologna,  Flor- 
ence, and  Leghorn,  and  for  short  periods  at  Bedford  and 
Riigby,  England.  His  experiments  in  wireless  telegraphy 
were  begun  in  1895,  and  in  March,  1899,  lie  succeeded  in 
Bending  messages  across  the  English  Channel  between 
Dover  and  Boulogne — a distance  later  greatly  increased. 

Marco  Polo.  See  Polo. 

Marcos  de  Obregon  (Vida  del  Escudero).  A 

Spanish  romance  by  Vicente  Espinel  (1618). 
Le  Sage  was  said  by  Voltaire  to  have  based  his  “Gil  Bias  " 
on  it,  but  this  is  an  exaggeration. 

Marcou  (mar-ko'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Salins, 
France,  April  20, 1824 : died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
April  17, 1898.  A French  geologist.  He  explored 
various  points  on  Lake  Superior  with  Agassiz  in  1848,  and 
afterward  many  other  portions  of  the  United  States  both 
alone  and  with  government  expeditions.  Among  his 
works  are  “Geological  Map  of  the  United  States”  (1853), 
“Geology  of  North  America"  (1858),  “Carte  g^ologique 
delaterre"  (1862),  “ Recherches  gtologiques  sur  le  Jura 
salinois”  (184'i),  “ Lias  et  Trias,  ou  le  nouveau  gtos  rouge 
en  Europe,  etc.”  (1859),  " Lettres  sur  les  roches  du  Jura ” 
(1860),  “De  la  science  en  France”  (1869). 
Marcq-en-Barceul  (mark'on-ba-rely').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  near  Lille. 
Population,  commune,  11,520. 

Marcus  (mar'kus).  Bishop  of  Rome  336  A.  D. 
Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  (milr'kus  a-re'- 
li-us  an-to-nl'nus),  originally  Marcus  Arming 
Verus,  commonly  known  as  Marcus  Aurelius. 
Born  at  Rome,  April  20, 121  a.  d.  : died  in  Pan- 
nonia,  March  17,  180.  A celebrated  Roman 
emperor  161—180.  He  was  the  son  of  Annius  Verus, 
and  was  a nephew  of  Antoninus  Pius,  by  whom  he  was 
adopted  in  138,  and  whom  lie  succeeded  as  emperor  in  161, 
with  Lucius  Verus,  also  an  adopted  son  of  Antoninus  Pius, 
as  his  associate  in  the  government.  He  was  a pupil  of 
the  Stoic  Cornelius  Fronto,  and  is  frequently  called  “the 
philosopher”  on  account  of  his  devotion  to  philosophy 
and  literature.  In  162  Verus  undertook  an  expedition 
against  the  Parthians,  but  soon  abandoned  himself  to  dis- 
sipation at  Antiochia.  His  generals,  however,  stormed 
Artaxata,  burned  Seleucia  and  Ctesiphon,  reconquered 
Mesopotamia,  and  enabled  him  to  dictate  terms  of  peace 
in  165.  In  166  a war  broke  out  with  the  Marcomanni  and 
Quadi,  which  was  continued  with  various  fortunes  during 
the  rest  of  the  reign  of  Aurelias.  Verus  died  in  169,  leav- 
ing his  colleague  sole  emperor.  In  175  the  general  Avid- 
ius  Cassius  organized  a revolt  in  Syria,  but  was  killed  by 
his  own  officers  in  the  same  year.  Aurelius  died  in  Pan- 
nonia,  either  at  Vindobona(Vienna)  or  at  Sirmium,  March 
17,  180,  after  a wise  and  prosperous  reign.  He  wrote  a 
work  in  Greek,  entitled  “The  Meditations  of  Marcus  An- 
toninus.” There  is  a bronze  equestrian  statue  of  Marcus 
Aurelius  in  the  Piazza  del  Campidoglio,  Rome,  the  finest 
piece  of  ancient  bronze-work  surviving.  The  emperor, 
simply  robed,  extends  his  arm  in  token  of  peace ; the  horse 
is  of  heavy  build.  It  was  set  on  its  present  pedestal  by 
Michelangelo  in  1538. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  Column  of.  See  Column  of 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Marcy  (mar'si),  Mount,  or Tahawus.  [Named 
from  W.  L.  Marcy.]  The  highest  summit  of  the 
Adirondacks,  New  York,  situated  in  Keene,  Es- 


Marcy,  Mount 

sex  County,  45  miles  south-southwest  of  Platts- 
burg.  Height,  5,344  feet. 

Marcy,  Randolph  Barnes.  Born  at  Greenwich, 
Mass.,  April  9, 1812:  died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  Nov. 
22,  1887.  An  American  general,  father-in-law 
of  General  McClellan.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1832  ; served  in  the  Mexican  war,  during  which  he  was 
promoted  captain;  was  appointed  chief  of  staff  to  General 
McClellan  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861;  was 
commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  same 
year ; and  in  1868  was  made  inspector-general  of  the  United 
States  army,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  being  re- 
tired in  1881.  He  wrote  “Explorations  of  the  Red  River 
in  1852”  (1853),  “The  Prairie  Traveller”  (1859),  “Thirty 
Years  of  Army  Life  on  the  Border”  (1866),  and  “Border 
Reminiscences  ” (1872). 

Marcy,  William  Learned.  Born  at  South- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Dee.  12,  1786:  died  at  Ballston 
Spa,  N.  Y.,  July  4,  1857.  An  American  states- 
man. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812 ; was  United  States 
senator  (Democratic)  from  New  York  1831-33 ; was  gov- 
ernor of  New  York  1833-38  ; was  Mexican  claims  commis- 
sioner 1839-42 ; was  secretary  of  war  1845-49 ; and  was  sec- 
retary of  state  1853-57. 

Mardia  (mar'di-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  in  Thrace,  near  Adrianople.  Here  Con- 
stantine defeated  Licinius  314  A.  D. 

Mardian  (mar'di-an).  An  attendant  of  Cleo- 
patra, a character  in  Shakspere’s  “Antony  and 
Cleopatra.” 

Mardi  gras  (mar'de  gra).  [F.,  lit.  ‘fat  Tues- 
day’: so  called  from  the  French  practice  of 
parading  a fat  ox  (bceufgras)  during  the  cele- 
bration of  the  day.]  Shrove  Tuesday ; the  last 
day  of  carnival;  the  day  before  Ash  Wednes- 
day (the  first  day  of  Lent),  which  in  some  places, 
as  in  New  Orleans,  is  celebrated  with  revelry 
and  elaborate  display. 

Mardin  (mar-den').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Diarbekir,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  about  55 
miles  southeast  of  Diarbekir.  Population  (esti- 
mated), 15,000. 

Mardonius  (mar-do' ni-us).  [Gr.  Mapddwoc, 
OPers.  Marduniya .]  Killed  at  the  battle  of 

Platsea,  479  b.  c.  A Persian  general,  son  of 
Gobyras  and  a sister  of  Darius.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Darius  and  sister  of  Xerxes.  He  commanded 
an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Greece  in  492,  and  was 
commander  in  Greece  after  the  battle  of  Salamis  (480).  He 
was  defeated  and  probably  slain  at  the  battle  of  Plataja. 
According  to  Ctesias  he  was  wounded  at  Platsea,  and,  being 
afterward  sent  by  Xerxes  to  plunder  Delphi,  was  killed 
there  by  hailstones. 

Marduk.  See  Merodach. 

Marduk-idin-achi  (mar ' dok  -i  - den ' a ' eke). 
[‘  Merodach  gave  the  brother.’]  A Babylonian 
king  about  1115—1106  B.  C.  He  engaged  in  war  with 
Tiglath-Pileser  I.,  king  of  Assyria  1120-1100  B.  C.,  and  was 
at  first  victorious,  conquering  Ekalate  (‘city  of  palaces’) 
and  carrying  off  the  images  of  the  god  Ramman  to  Baby- 
lon, where  they  remained  until  the  time  of  Sennacherib 
(705-681 B.  C. ).  In  the  second  year  of  the  war  (1106)  he  was 
defeated  and  lost  his  life.  Tiglath-Pileser  then  took  Baby- 
lon, Sippara,  and  other  Babylonian  cities. 

Marduk-nadin-shum  (mar'dok-na'din-shom). 
[‘  Merodach  is  giver  of  the  name.’]  King  of  Ba- 
bylonia about  852—840  B.  C.  When  his  brother  Mar- 
duk-bel-usati  had  driven  him  out  of  his  kingdom,  he  in- 
voked the  help  of  the  Assyrians.  Thereupon  Shalmaneser 

II.  invaded  Babylonia  (852),  killed  Marduk-bel-usati,  and 
restored  Marduk-nadin-shum  to  the  throne. 

Mare  auDiable.La.  [F.,  ‘the  devil’s  pool.’]  A 
prose  idyl  by  George  Sand,  published  in  1846. 
Maree  (ma-re'),  Loch.  A lake  in  the  western 
part  of  Ross-shire,  Scotland.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Ewe.  Length,  12|- miles. 

Mare  Island  (mar  i'land).  An  island  in  San 
Pablo  Bay,  western  California,  near  San  Fran- 
cisco. It  contains  a United  States  navy-yard. 
Maremma  (ma-rem'mii).  An  unhealthy  swampy 
region  on  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  Italy,  extending 
from  Orbetello  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cecina. 
Marenco  (mii-reng'kd),  Carlo.  Born  at  Cassolo, 
Piedmont,  May  1,  1800:  died  at  Savona,  Italy, 
Sept.  20, 1843.  An  Italian  tragic  poet.  Among 
his  tragedies  are  “ Pia  de’  Tolomei,”  “Corso 
Donati,”  “Arnaldo  da  Brescia,”  etc. 

Marengo  (ma-reng'go).  A village  about  3 miles 
southeast  of  Alessandria,  Italy.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  battle  of  June  14, 1800,  which  completed  Napoleon’s 
campaign  in  northern  Italy.  There  were  really  two  bat- 
tles : in  the  first  the  Austrian  general  Melas  defeated  Na- 
poleon after  seven  hours’  fighting  ; Desaix  arrived  with 
French  reinforcements, and  the  battlewas resumed  at  three 
in  the  afternoon,  and  decided  by  Kellermann’s  cavalry. 
Besides  Desaix  (killed  in  the  battle),  Lannes  was  especially 
distinguished.  The  French  numbered  about  28,000;  the 
Austrians,  about  33,000.  French  loss,  about  7,000;  Austrian 
loss,  10,000  to  12,000.  The  result  was  the  gaining  of  Upper 
Italy. 

Marennes  (mit-ren').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inf6rieure,  western  France, 
situated  near  the  Bay  of  Biscay  23  miles  south 
of  La  Rochelle.  Population,  commune,  about 
6,500. 

Marenzio  (ma-ren'ze-6),  Luca.  Born  at  Cocca- 


654 

glia,  between  Brescia  and  Bergamo,  Italy,  about 
1560 : died  at  Rome,  Aug.  22,  1599.  A noted 
Italian  musician,  best  known  from  his  books  of 
madrigals. 

Mareotis  (ma-re-o'tis).  [Gr.  Mapeurig.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a lake  in  Lower  Egypt,  south 
and  east  of  Alexandria : the  modern  Birket-el- 
Mariut. 

Maret  (ma-ra' ),  Hugues  Bernard,  Duke  of  Bas- 
sano.  Born  at  Dijon,  March  1,  1763:  died  at 
Paris,  May  13,  1839.  A French  publicist,  diplo- 
matist, and  statesman.  After  the  outbreak  of  the  Rev- 
olution be  established  the  “Bulletin  del’Assemblde,"  which 
was  united  with  the  “Moniteur.”  He  was  ambassadorto 
England  in  1792,  and  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Naples  in 
1793,  but  was  arrested  by  the  Austrians  and  imprisoned  for 
nearly  three  years  in  Briinn.  He  was  a confidential  agent  of 
Napoleon,  and  conducted  his  official  correspondence.  In 
1811  he  became  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  Exiled  at  the 
restoration,  he  returned  and  became  a peer  in  1831. 

Marfak  (mar'fak).  [Ar.  al-mirfaq,  the  elbow.] 
A name  given  to  the  two  stars  6 and  //,  Cassio- 
peite,  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  magnitudes  respec- 
tively, situated  in  the  queen’s  right  elbow. 

Marfik  (mar'fik).  [Ar.  al-mirfaq,  the  elbow.] 
The  fourth-magnitude  binary  star  7i  Ophiuchi. 

Marforio  (mar-fo'ri-o).  An  ancient  statue  of  a 
river-god  (thought  to  be  of  Mars),  now  in  the 
Capitoline  Museum  at  Rome.  See  Pasquin. 

Margarelon.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  “Troi- 
lus  and  Cressida”:  a bastard  son  of  Priam, 
king  of  Troy.  He  appears  also  in  Lydgate’s 
“ Book  of  Troy.” 

Margaret  (mar'ga-ret),  Saint.  [Gr.  papyaphr/c, 
a pearl;  It.  Margherita,  Sp.  Margarita,  P g.Mar- 
garkla,  F.  Marguerite.']  Born  between  1038  and 
1057:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  16, 1093.  Queen 
of  Scotland,  daughter  of  Edward,  son  of  Edmund 
Ironside,  and  sister  of  Edgar  iEtheling.  She 
married  Malcolm  HI.  of  Scotland  about  1067. 

Margaret.  Born  at  Windsor,  Oct.  5, 1240 : died 
at  Cupar  Castle,  Feb.  27,  1275.  Queen  of  Scot- 
land, eldest  daughter  and  second  child  of  Henry 
III.  of  England  and  his  queen,  Eleanor  of  Pro- 
vence. At  the  age  of  two  she  was  betrothed  to  Alexander, 
son  of  Alexander  II.  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  Alexander 

III.  After  the  death  of  Alexander  II.  they  were  married 
at  York  (Dec.  26,  1251). 

Margaret,  called  “ The  Maid  of  Norway.”  Born 
in  Norway,  1283:  died  at  sea,  1290.  Queen  of 
Scotland,  daughter  of  Eric  of  Norway,  and 
granddaughter  of  Alexander  HI.  of  Scotland 
whom  she  succeeded  in  1285.  Her  death  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  contests  of  the  families  of  Bruce  aud  Baliol 
for  the  throne. 

Margaret.  Born  about  1282 : died  Feb.  14, 1318. 
Second  wife  of  Edward  I.,  youngest  daughter 
of  Philip  IH.  and  sister  of  Philip  IV.  At  the 
peace  of  Montreuil  in  1299  she  was  betrothed  to  Edward  I. 
of  England,  then  a widower,  and  they  were  married  at  Can- 
terbury Sept.  9, 1299.  She  was  never  crowned  queen. 

Margaret.  Born  1353:  died  Oct.  28,  1412. 
Daughter  of  Waldemar  IV.  of  Denmark,  and 
queen  of  Denmark  (1387),  Sweden  (1388),  and 
Norway  (1388).  She  resigned  the  throne  of 
Sweden  in  1397.  The  Union  of  Kalmar  was  con- 
cluded in  1397. 

Margaret.  1.  In  Shakspere’s  comedy  “Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,”  a gentlewoman  attending 
Hero. — 2.  See  Gretclien. 

Margaret.  Anovelby  Sylvester  Judd,  published 
in  1845.  It  has  been  called  “the  New  England  classic.” 
An  edition  was  published  with  illustrations  in  outline  by 
F.  0.  C.  Darley. 

Margaret  of  Angouleme,  or  of  Valois,  or  of 
Alengon,  or  of  Navarre.  Born  at  Angouleme, 
France,  April,  1492:  died  in  Bigorre,  France, 
1549.  Queen  of  Navarre,  daiighter  of  Charles 
of  Orleans  (due  d’Angouleme)  and  sister  of 
Francis  I.  of  France.  She  married  (1509)  the  Due 
d’AlenQon,  and  later  Henri  d’Albret,  king  of  Navarre.  After 
the  death  of  the  king  in  1544,  she  assumed  the  direction  of 
the  government.  For  a time  she  was  favorably  disposed 
toward  Protestantism,  but  later  abandoned  it.  She  is  es- 
pecially famous  as  a patroness  of  literature  and  as  the 
author  of  the  “ Heptameron  ” (which  see).  A number  of 
her  poems  were  published  (1547)  by  Sylvius  de  la  Haye 
under  the  title  “Marguerites  de  la  marguerite  des  prin- 
cesses, etc.”  Her  letters  were  published  1811-12. 

Margaret  of  Anj  ou.  Born  probably  at  Pont-a- 
Mousson  or  Nancy,  France,  March  23,  1430 : 
died  at  Dampierre,  near  Saurnur,  Aug.  25, 1482. 
Queen  consort  of  Henry  VI.  of  England,  she 
was  the  daughter  of  Rend  of  Anjou  and  Isabella  of  Lor- 
raine, and  was  married  to  Henry  VI.  at  Titchfleld  Abbey, 
April  22,  1445.  The  marriage  was  brought  about  by  Wil- 
liam de  la  Pole,  earl  (afterward  duke)  of  Suffolk,  in  con- 
firmation of  a truce  witli  France,  and  was  extremely  un- 
popular with  the  nation,  which  desired  a conti  nuance  of  the 
war  (the  Hundred  Years’ War).  Margaret,  after  her  mar- 
riage, supported  the  peace  policy  of  Suffolk  and  afterward 
of  the  Duke  of  Somerset.  In  August,  1453,  Henry  was 
seized  with  his  first  attack  of  insanity,  and  in  the  following 
October  the  queen  gave  birth  to  her  only  son,  Edward.  A 
contest  for  the  regency  ensued  between  her  and  the  Duke 


Margitea 

of  York  (until  the  birth  of  Edward  heir  presumptive  to 
the  throne),  who  represented  the  popular  party,  and  who 
was  appointed  protector  of  the  realm  in  March,  1454.  The 
protectorate  came  to  an  end  with  the  king’s  recovery  in 
January,  1455 ; but  the  birth  of  an  heir  apparent  aud  the 
hostile  attitude  of  the  queen  induced  the  Duke  of  York  to 
take  up  arms  in  1455,  thereby  inaugurating  the  series  of 
wars  between  the  houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  known  as 
the  Wars  of  the  Roses  (which  see),  which  ended  in  the  de- 
feat aud  capture  of  Margaret  and  the  death  of  her  son  at 
Tewkesbury,  May  4,  1471,  and  in  the  death  of  her  husband 
in  the  Tower  of  London,  May  21,  1471.  Margaret  was  lib- 
erated in  1475  on  the  renunciation  of  her  claim  to  the 
throne  and  on  the  payment  of  a ransom  by  Louis  XI.  of 
France,  and  returned  to  the  Continent. 

Margaret  of  Austria.  Born  at  Ghent,  Bel- 
gium, Jan.  10,  1480:  died  at  Mechlin,  Belgium, 
Dec.  1,  1530.  Daughter  of  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.,  regent  of  the  Netherlands  1507-30. 
She  married  the  infante  John  of  Spain  in  1497,  and  Phili- 
bert II.  of  Savoy  iu  1501.  She  negotiated  the  peace  of 
Cambray  in  1529. 

Margaret  of  Austria.  See  Margaret  of  Parma. 

Margaret  of  Burgundy.  Born  at  Fotheringay 
Castle,  Nottinghamshire,  May  3,  1446:  died  at 
Mechlin,  1503.  The  third  daughter  of  Richard, 
duke  of  York,  and  sister  of  Edward  IV.  On  July 
3,  1468,  she  married  the  young  duke  Charles  of  Burgundy 
at  Damme.  Caxton  learned  the  new  art  of  printing  in  her 
household. 

Margaret  of  Navarre.  See  Margaret  of  An- 
gouleme. 

Margaret  of  Parma,  or  of  Austria.  Born  1522 : 
died  at  Ortona,  Italy,  1586.  Duchess  of  Parma, 
illegitimate  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
She  married  in  1533  Alexander,  duke  of  Florence,  who 
died  iu  1537.  In  1542  she  married  Ottavio  Farnese,  duke 
of  Parma.  She  was  regent  of  the  Netherlands  1559-67. 

Margaret  of  Scotland.  Born  1425  (?):  died  at 
Chalons,  France,  Aug.  16, 1445.  The  eldest  child 
of  James  I.  of  Scotland,  and  wife  of  the  dauphin 
Louis  (Louis  XI.).  She  was  married  at  Tom’s, 
June  25,  1436.  She  wrote  rondeaux,  and  con- 
sidered herself  a pupil  of  Alain  Chartier. 

Margaret  of  Valois.  See  Margaret  of  Angou- 
leme. 

Margaret  of  Valois,  or  of  France.  Born  at  St.  - 

Germain-en-Laye,  1553:  died  at  Paris,  March 
27,  1615.  Daughter  of  Henry  II.  and  Catharine 
de’  Medici.  She  married  Henry  of  Navarre  (later  Henry 

IV.  of  France)  Aug.  18,  1572.  The  marriage  was  the  pre- 
cursor of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew.  Henry  fled 
from  the  court,  and  Margaret  did  not  rejoin  him  until  1578. 
In  1582  she  abandoned  him,  later  rejoined  him,  and  was 
divorced  in  1599.  In  her  last  years  she  became  a patroness 
of  science  and  literature.  Her  “ Memoires  ’’  were  published 
in  1628. 

Margaret  Beaufort.  See  Beaufort. 

Margaret  Tudor.  Born  at  Westminster,  Nov. 
29, 1489:  died  at  Methven  Castle,  Scotland,  Oct. 
18,  1541.  Queen  of  James  IV.  of  Scotland,  and 
eldest  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  England.  She 
was  married  at  llolyrood,  Aug.  8,  1503.  Dunbar  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  occasion,  and  was  her  constant  attendant. 
Her  fourth  child  (later  James  V.)  was  born  April  10, 1512. 
James  TV.  was  killed  at  Flodden,  1513.  On  Aug.  6,  1514, 
she  married  Archibald  Douglas,  sixth  earl  of  Angus,  and 
on  Oct.  8, 1515,  gave  birth  to  Margaret  Douglas,  later  coun- 
tess of  Lenox  and  mother  of  Lord  Darnley.  She  was  di- 
vorced March  11. 1527,  and  in  March,  152S,  acknowledged 
her  marriage  with  Henry  Stewart,  created  Lord  Methven 
by  James  V. 

Margarita  (mar-ga-re'ta).  A mountainous  isl- 
and belongiug  to  Venezuela,  in  the  Caribbean 
Sea  north  of  Cuman(L.  Capital,  Asuncion,  it 
was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498,  and  was  long  noted 
for  its  pearl-fisheries.  Area,  450 square  miles.  Population, 
about  40,000. 

Margate  (mar'gat).  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Isle  of 
Thanet  64  miles  east  by  south  of  London.  Pop- 
ulation, 23,118. 

Margaux  (mar-go').  A village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the  Gi- 
ronde 16  miles  north-northwest  of  Bordeaux. 
The  vicinity  is  noted  for  the  production  of  Cha- 
teau-Margaux  wines. 

Margelan  (mar-ge-lan'),  Margilan,  or  Mar- 
ghilan  (mar-ge-lan').  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Ferghana,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  about 
lat.  40°  30'  N.,  loDg.  71°  45'  E.  Population, 
36,490. 

Marggrav  (marg'graf),  Georg,  Latinized  Ge- 
orgius Margravius  (je-6r'ji-us  raar-gra'vi-us). 
Born  at  Liebstadt,  Saxony,  1610:  died  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  1644.  A German  naturalist 
who  accompanied  the  Dutch  expedition  of  Nas- 
sau to  Brazil  in  1636,  remaining  in  the  country 
several  years.  He  published  “ Historia  naturalis  Bra- 
silke"  (1640),  “Itinerarium  Brasilia;,”  etc. 

Margiana  (mar-ji-a'nii).  [Gr.  Uapyiavfi.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a region  in  central  Asia, 
east  of  Hyreania. 

Margites  (mar-ji'tez).  [Gr.  Mapylrtfc,  from 
gapyoc,  mad.]  “ The  Booby,”  an  ancient  Greek 
comic  poem  (perhaps  about  700  B.  C.)  “on  a silly 


Margites 

jack-of -all-trades,  lialf  milksop  half  coxcomb.” 
It  was  considered  by  Aristotle  as  the  first  germ 
of  comedy.  Jebb. 

Marguerite.  See  Margaret. 

Margum  (mar'gum).  [Gr.  Map/or.]  An  ancient 
city  of  Mossia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Morava  (Margus)  with  the  Danube,  a battle  was 
fought  here  in  285,  in  which  the  emperor  Carinus,  after 
gaining  an  advantage  over  Diocletian,  was  killed  by  a pri- 
vate enemy. 

Marhattas,  See  Mahrattas. 

Marheineke  (mar-hi'ne-ke),  Philipp  Konrad. 

Born  at  Hildesheim,  Prussia,  May  1, 1780:  died 
at  Berlin,  May  31, 1846.  A German  Protestant 
theologian  and  church  historian.  He  became  uni- 
versity preacher  at  Erlangen  in  1804 ; professor  there  in 
1806;  professor  at  Heidelberg  in  1807;  and  professor  and 
preacher  at  Berlin  in  1811.  He  was  the  author  of  “Ge- 
schichte  der  deutschen  Reformation  ” (1816-34),  etc. 

Maria  (ma-rl'a).  [LL.  Maria,  Mary.]  l.rIn 
Shakspere’s  comedy  “ Twelfth  Night,”  Olivia’s 
witty  waiting-woman. — 2.  In  Shakspere’s  com- 
edy “Love’s  Labour’s  Lost,”  a lady  attending 
the  Princess  of  France. — 3.  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher’s  comedy  ‘ 1 The  Woman’s  Prize,  or  the 
Tamer  Tamed,”  a sequel  to  Shakspere’s  “Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,”  the  daughter  of  Petrovius  and 
second  wife  of  Petruchio,  whom  she  subjugates 
by  a series  of  witty  and  well-planned  attacks,  as 
completely  as  his  first  wife  Katharine  was  tamed 
by  him. — 4.  In  Massinger’s  “Bashful  Lover,” 
the  daughter  of  Octavio.  Disguised  as  a page, 
and  called  Ascanio,  she  resembles  Imogen. — 5. 
In  Sheridan’s  “School  for  Scandal,”  a witty 
young  girl  who  marries  Charles  Surface. 
Maria  (ma-re'a),  Princess.  Said  to  be  an  ille- 
gitimate daughter  of  King  Robert  of  Sicily,  be- 
loved by  Boccaccio  and  portrayed  by  him  under 
the  name  Fiammetta. 

Maria  II.  (Maria  da  Gloria).  Born  at  Rio  do 
Janeiro,  April  4, 1819 : died  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  15, 
1853.  Queen  of  Portugal,  daughter  of  Pedro  I. 
of  Brazil.  On  the  death  of  her  paternal  grandfather, 
John  VI.  of  Portugal,  in  1826,  her  father  resigned  the  Por- 
tuguese crown  in  her  favor.  Before  she  could  assume  the 
throne  it  was  seized  by  her  uncle,  Don  Miguel,  in  1828,  and 
acivil  war  ensued  whichresulted  in  her  restoration  in  1833. 
(See  Pedro  I.  of  Brazil.)  She  was  declared  of  age  in  1834, 
and  married  Augustus,  duke  of  Leuchtenberg,  in  1835,  and 
in  1836  Duke  Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg-Kohary. 

Maria  Christina.  Born  at  Naples,  April  27, 
1806 : died  at  Havre,  Aug.  22,  1878.  Queen  of 
Spain,  wife  of  Ferdinand  VII.  She  was  regent 
for  her  daughter  Isabella  II.  1833-40. 

Maria  Christina.  Born  July  21, 1858.  Queen 
Regent  of  Spain  Nov.,  1885-1902,  mother  of 
Alfonso  XIII.  she  is  the  second  daughter  of  Arch- 
duke Karl  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  married  Alfonso  XII., 
King  of  Spain,  Nov.  29, 1879. 

Maria  del  Occidente.  See  Brooks,  Mrs. 
Maria  de’  Medici  (ma-re'a  da  ma'de-che),  F. 
Marie  de  Medicis  (ma-re'  dema-de-sis').  Bom 
at  Florence,  April  26,  1573:  died  at  Cologne, 
July  3,  1642.  Queen  consort  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Francis  of  Tuscany; 
married  Henry  IV.  in  1600  ; was  regent  of  France  1610-17 ; 
and  was  exiled  by  Richelieu  in  1631. 

Maria  Louisa,  F.  Marie  Louise.  Born  at  Vi- 
enna, Dec.  12, 1791:  died  at  Vienna,  Dec.,  1847. 
Empress  of  the  French,  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Francis  I.  of  Austria,  and  became  the  second  wife  of  Na- 
poleon in  1810.  She  left  France  on  the  overthrow  of  her 
husband  in  1814,  and  was  appointed  ruler  of  the  duchies  of 
Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  by  tbe  Allies.  She  con- 
tracted a morganatic  marriage  with  Count  Neipperg,  her 
chamberlain,  in  1821. 

Maria  stuarda  (ma-re'a  sto-Sr'da).  An  opera 
by  Mereadante,  first  produced  at  Bologua  in 

1821. 

Maria  Stuart.  A tragedy  by  Schiller,  founded 
on  the  fortunes  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  pub- 
lished in  1801. 

Maria  Theresa  (ma-re'a  te-re'sa).  Born  Sept. 
10,  1638:  died  at  Versailles,  France,  July  30, 
1683.  Queen  consort  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  and  married 
Louis  XIV.  in  1660.  She  isfrequently  called  Maria  Theresa 
of  Austria  (i.  e.,  of  the  house  of  Austria  or  Hapsburg). 

Maria  Theresa  (or  Theresia).  Born  at  Vien- 
na, May  13, 1717 : died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  29, 1780. 
Archduchess  of  Austria  and  queen  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles 
VI.  She  married  Francis  of  Lorraine  in  1736,  and  on  the 
death  of  her  father  in  1740  succeeded  to  the  hereditary 
possessions  of  the  house  of  Austria  by  virtue  of  the  Prag- 
matic Sanction.  Her  title  being  disputed,  she  became 
involved  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  which, 
with  the  exception  of  some  unimportant  cessions,  includ- 
ing that  of  Silesia  to  Prussia,  left  her  in  the  possession  of 
her  inheritance.  Her  husband  was  elected  emperor  as 
Francis  I.  in  1745.  Her  desire  to  recover  Silesia  led  to  the 
Seven  Years’  War  (1766-63),  which,  however,  ended  in  a 
confirmation  of  the  cession.  She  made  her  son  Joseph  IT. 
co-regent  in  1765.  See  Pragmatic  Sanction ; Austrian  Suc- 
cession, War  of;  and  Seven  Years'  War. 


655 

Maria  gens  (ma'ri-a  jenz).  A Roman  plebeian 
gens.  Its  most  celebrated  member  was  Caius 
Marius. 

Mariage  de  Figaro,  Le,  ou  La  Folle  Journee  a 
la  Mode.  A comedy  by  Beaumarchais,  produced 
in  1784.  It  is  the  continuation  of  the  “Barbier  de  Se- 
ville.” In  1793  it  was  arranged  to  Mozart’s  music  and  rep- 
resented at  the  Opera  House,  but  in  this  shape  was  not 
successful.  See  Figaro  and  Nozze  di  Figaro. 

Mariage  Force,  Le.  A comedyballet  by  Moliere, 
acted  at  the  Louvre  in  1664.  Louis  XIV.  appeared 
in  it  as  a gipsy,  and  the  play  was  hence  called  the  “ Ballet 
du  roi.  ” See  Sganarelle. 

Mariage  Secret,  Le.  See  Matrimony. i Segrcto. 
Marianme  (ma-ri-am'ne).  [Gr.  M apiagvr/,  a form 
of  the  Heb.  Miriam.']  1.  In  Jewish  history, 
granddaughter  of  Hyrcanus  II.,  daughter  of 
Alexandra,  and  wife  of  Herod  I.,  executed  by 
Herod  in  a savage  fit  of  jealousy.  She  became 
famous  in  history  by  her  beauty,  noble  charac- 
ter, and  tragic  fate. — 2.  A daughter  of  the  priest 
Simon,  and  wife  of  Herod  I.  who  raised  her 
father  to  the  high-priesthood. — 3.  A sister  of 
Agrippa  II. 

Mariamne.  1.  A tragedy  by  Alexandre  Hardy, 
produced  in  1610. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Tristan 
l’Hermite  (1637). — 3.  A tragedy  by  Elijah  Fen- 
ton (1723).— -4.  A tragedy  by  Voltaire  (1724). 
Mariana  (ma-ri-a'na).  In  American  colonial 
history,  the  name  given  by  John  Mason  to  the 
territory  granted  to  him  between  the  Salem 
River  and  the  Merrimac. 

Mariana.  1.  In  “All  ’sWell  that  Ends  Well,” 
by  Shakspere,  a Florentine  girl. — 2.  In  “Mea- 
sure for  Measure,”  by  Sliakspei’e,  a lady  be- 
trothed to  Angelo.  It  was  in  allusion  to  her  that 
Tennyson  wrote  his  “ Mariana  in  the  Moated  Grange  ’’  and 
“Mariana  in  the  South.’’ 

3.  The  principal  character  in  Sheridan  Knowles’s 
play  “ The  Wife,”  a faithful  and  constant  wife 
entangled  in  a mesh  of  circumstantial  evidence. 
Mariana  (ma-re-a'na),  Juan  de.  Bom  at  Tala- 
vera,  Spain,  1536 : died  1623.  A Spanish  histo- 
rian. His  chief  work  is  a “History  of  Spain” 
(published  in  Latin  1592-1605,  in  Spanish  1601). 

From  the  nature  of  their  subjects,  however,  neither  of 
them  [Ribadeneira  and  Siguenza]  rose  to  be  the  great  his- 
torian of  his  country : an  honor  which  belongs  to  Juan 
de  Mariana,  a foundling,  who  was  born  at  Talavera  in  1536, 
and  whose  extraordinary  talents  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  Jesuits,  then  fast  advancing  into  notice  as  a religious 
power.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  176. 

Mariana  Islands.  See  Ladrone  Islands. 
Marianna  (ma-re-a'na).  The  episcopal  city  of 
the  state  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  situated  about 
170  miles  north  by  west  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Population,  munieipio,  52,750. 

Marianne  (mar-yan'),  La.  A French  repub- 
lican secret  society  which  was  formed  to  over- 
turn the  government  instituted  by  the  coup 
d’6tat  of  1851.  It  received  orders  from  the  society  in 
London  of  which  Ledru-Roilin  and  Mazzini  were  members. 
One  of  its  passwords  was  “ Connaissez-vous  Marianne?” 
and  the  answer  was  “De  la  montagne."  In  1854  the  gov- 
ernment arrested  many  members  of  the  society,  and  pun- 
ished them  by  longer  or  shorter  terms  of  imprisonment. 
Also  called,  in  English,  Mary  Ann. 

Marianne,  ou  les  A ventures  de  la  Comtesse 

de.  . . . A novel  by  Marivaux,  published  in 
eleven  volumes  1731-41. 

Marianne  has  been  said  to  be  the  origin  of  “Pamela,” 
which  is  not  exactly  the  fact.  But  it  is  certain  that  it  is 
a remarkable  novel,  and  that  it,  rather  than  the  plays, 
gave  rise  to  the  singular  phrase  “Marivaudage,”  with 
which  the  author,  not  at  all  voluntarily,  has  enriched  lit- 
erature. The  plot  is  simple  enough.  A poor  but  virtu- 
ous girl  has  adventures  and  recounts  them,  and  the  man- 
ner of  recounting  is  extremely  original.  A morally  faulty 
but  intellectually  admirable  contemporary,  Crebillon  the 
younger,  described  this  manner  excellently  by  saying  that 
the  characters  not  only  say  everything  that  they  have  done 
and  everything  that  they  have  thought,  but  everything 
that  they  would  have  liked  to  think  but  did  not. 

Saintsbm-y,  French  Lit.,  p.  418. 

Marianne  Islands.  See  Ladrone  Islands. 
Marias  (ma-re'as),  Las  Tres.  [Sp.,  ‘the  three 
Maries.’]  A group  of  three  small  islands  in 
the  Pacific,  west  of  Mexico,  about  lat.  21°  30'  N., 
long.  106°  30'  W. 

Maria-Theresiopol.  See  Theresienstadt. 
Mariazell  (mii-re-ii-tsel').  A village  in  Styria, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Salzabach 
57  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  It  is  the  most  fre- 
qnented  place  of  pilgrimage  in  the  empire,  on  account  of 
its  shrine  of  the  Virgin.  The  image  was  presented  to  the 
place  in  1157.  Population,  about  1,500. 

Maribois  (ma-rf-bo-es').  A tribe  of  Indians 
which,  at  the  period  of  the  conquest,  inhabited 
Nicaragua,  near  the  present  site  of  Leon.  Prob- 
ably  their  descendants  are  those  now  occupying  the  Indian 
suburb  of  Subtiaba,  adjacent  to  Leon,  and  called  Nagran- 
dians  by  Squier  and  others,  from  the  ancient  name  of  this 
region.  Their  language  appears  to  constitute  a distinct 
stock. 


Mariette 

Maricopa  (ma-re-ko'pa).  [PL,  also Maricopas .] 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  living  in 
Arizona  on  the  middle  course  of  the  Gila  River. 
There  are  several  hundred  at  the  Pima  agency, 
Arizona.  See  Yuman. 

Marie  Amelie  (ma-re'  a-ma-le').  Born  at  Ca- 
serta.  Italy,  1782:  died  at  Claremont,  near  Wind- 
sor, England,  1866.  Queen  consort  of  Louis 
Philippe  of  France.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ferdi- 
nand I.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  married  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, duke  of  Orleans,  who  was  chosen  king  of  the  French 
in  1830.  She  retired  with  her  husband  to  England  on  his 
deposition  in  1848. 

Marie  Antoinette  (mar'i  an-toi-net';  F.  pron. 
ma-re'  an-twa-net'),  Josephe  Jeanne.  Bom 
at  Vienna,  Nov.  2,  1755  : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  16, 
1793.  Queen  of  France,  daughter  of  the  em- 
peror Francis  I.  and  Maria  Theresa,  she  mar- 
ried the  Dauphin  of  France  (afterward  Louis  XVI.)  in  1770. 
After  the  accession  of  her  husband  she  acquired  consid- 
erable influence  in  public  affairs,  which  was  exercised  to 
oppose  the  demands  of  the  popular  party.  She  displayed 
great  fortitude  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  and 
sought  in  vain  to  induce  her  husband  to  take  decisive 
measures  for  the  suppression  of  the  movement.  She  was 
imprisoned  in  Aug.,  1792,  and  was  executed  Oct.  16, 1793. 

Marie  Antoinette  and  her  Children.  A por- 
trait by  Madame  Vigee-Lebrun,  in  the  palace 
of  Versailles. 

Marie  de  France  (ma-re'  de  frons).  Lived  prob- 
ably in  the  first  part  of  the  13th  century.  A 
French  poet.  She  was  born  in  France,  but  lived  in  Eng- 
land. Her  works  include  narrative  poems  (“Lais”),  a col- 
lection of  fables  (“  Ysopet  ”),  and  a poem  on  the  purgatory 
of  St.  Patrick.  Works  edited  by  Roquefort  (1820). 

Marie  de  Medicis.  See  Maria  de ’ Medici. 
Marie  de  Medicis,  Life  of.  A series  of  21  large 
paintings  by  Rubens,  executed  for  the  Luxem- 
bourg Palace,  and  now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 
The  first  painting  shows  the  Fates  spinning  out  the  destiny 
of  the  future  queen,  and  the  series  proceeds  with  her  birth, 
her  youth,  her  marriage  to  Henry  IV.,  the  king’s  death 
and  the  queen's  regency,  the  assumption  of  power  by 
Louis  XIII.,  and  his  quarrel  and  reconciliation  with  his 
mother.  The  subjects  are  treated  allegorically,  with  plen- 
tiful introduction  of  mythology. 

Marie  Galante  (ma-re'  ga-loht').  An  island  of 
the  French  West  Indies,  southeast  of  Guade- 
loupe, of  which  it  is  a dependency.  Area,  58 
square  miles.  Population,  over  15,000. 
Marien  (ma-re-an').  A region  ou  the  north 
coast  of  the  island  of  Haiti:  so  named  when 
Columbus  first  visited  the  isiand.  It  was  gov- 
erned by  Guacanagari. 

Marienbad  (ma-re'en-bad).  A town  and  water- 
ing-place in  Bohemia,  75  miles  west  of  Prague. 
It  is  famous  for  its  salt-springs.  Population, 
commune,  6,279,  (1910). 

Marienberg  ( ma-re  'en-bero).  A town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony,  38  miles  southwest  of  Dres- 
den. Population,  7,603. 

Marienburg  (ma-re'en-borG).  A town  in  the 
province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  on  the  Nogat 
26  miles  southeast  of  Dantzic.  The  castle  of  the  Teu- 
tonic Order,  the  finest  medieval  secular  monument  in 
Germany,  was  founded  in  1274  as  an  outpost  against  the 
heathen  Prussians,  and  soon  became  the  seat  of  the  grand 
master.  In  1335  the  Mittelschloss  was  added.  TheHoch- 
schloss,  next  the  town,  incloses  a quadrangle  surrounded 
by  beautiful  cloisters,  and  includes  the  Marienkirche,  a 
fine  Pointed  church  with  admirable  sculpture.  The  Mit- 
telschloss also  incloses  a quadrangle,  and  measures  about 
300  by  270  feet.  It  contains  the  residence  of  the  grand 
master  and  the  state  apartments.  The  splendid  vaulting  of 
the  great  hall  is  supported  by  a single  column  38  feet  high 
and  only  10  inches  thick.  The  assembly  hall  is  also  ad- 
mirably vaulted,  and  has  3 slender  central  columns.  The 
Vorburg,  the  third  division  of  the  castle,  constituting  the 
outer  defenses,  has  been  in  part  destroyed.  Marienburg 
was  the  residence  of  the  grand  masters  of  the  Teutonic 
Order  1309-1457.  Later  it  belonged  to  Poland.  Population, 
commune,  13,095. 

Marienwerder  (ma-re'en-ver-der).  A town  in 
the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  45  miles 
south  by  east  of  Dantzic.  it  was  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Teutonic  Order,  and  has  a cathedral  and  a castle. 
Population,  commune,  10,258. 

Marietta  (ma-ri-et'a).  A city,  capital  of  Wash- 
ington County,  Ohio,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Muskingum  with  the  Ohio,  94  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Columbus.  It  occupies  the  site  of  pre- 
historic mounds,  and  is  the  oldest  town  in  Ohio  (founded 
in  1788).  It  is  the  seat  of  Marietta  College,  founded  in 
1835.  Population,  12,923,  (1910). 

Mariette  (ma-ryet'  j , Auguste  Edouard.  Born 

at  Boulogne,  Feb.  11, 1821:  died  at  Cairo,  Egypt, 
Jan.  18,  1881.  A French  Egyptologist,  noted 
for  his  discoveries  in  Egypt,  beginning  with  the 
excavation  of  the  Serapeum  and  the  Apis  bulls 
in  1850.  He  founded  the  Egyptian  Museum  at  Bulak, 
near  Cairo  (now  at  Cairo),  the  French  school  of  Egyptoi- 
ogy,  and  the  Egyptian  Institute,  llis  works  include  “Le 
Sdrapdum  de  Memphis  ” (1857-60),  “Karnak,  etc.”  (1876), 
“Aperqu  de  l’histoire  d’Egypte,”  “ Dendcrah  ” (1870-76), 
“ Abydos  ” (1869),  “ Deir-el-Bahari  ’’  (1877),  “Monuments 
divers”  (1876),  “Itindraire  de  la  Iiaute- Egyple,”  and 
“Mastnbas.” 


Marigliano 

Marigliaao  (ma-rel-ya'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italy,  12  miles  east-northeast 
of  Naples.  Pop.,  town,  6,665;  commune,  12,491. 
Marignano.  See  Melegnano. 

Marignolli  (ma-ren-yol'le),  Giovanni  de’.  An 
Italian  traveler  in  China.  He  was  sent  by  Pope 
Benedict  XII.  on  a mission  to  the  Khan  of  Cathay  or  China 
in  1338,  resided  several  years  at  Peking,  and  returned  to  the 
papal  court  at  Avignon  in  1353.  He  became  chaplain  to 
the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in  1354,  and  was  afterward  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Bisignano.  He  incorporated  notes  of 
his  travels  in  a chronicle  of  Bohemia  which  he  compiled 
by  order  of  the  emperor. 

Marihueno  (ma-re-wa-no').  A rocky  hill  on  the 
coast  of  Chile,  fronting  the  bay  of  Arauco  and 
a few  miles  north  of  the  town  of  that  name. 
The  coast  road  passes  along  its  side.  This  hill  wasa  favorite 
stronghold  of  the  Araucanian  Indians,  and  on  or  near  it 
many  of  the  bloodiest  battles  of  the  Araucanian  war  were 
fought,  especially  in  1554, 1563,  and  1568.  A fort  was  built 
on  the  top  of  the  hill  by  Sotomayor  in  1589.  Also  written 
Marygueno. 

Mariinsk  (ma-re-insk'),  or  Marinsk  (ma- 
rinsk').  A small  town  in  the  government  of 
Tomsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Kiya  about  100 
miles  east-southeast  of  Tomsk. 

Marina  (ma-re'na).  Born  in  Goazacoalco  (Mex- 
ico) about  1501:  died  in  Mexico  after  1550. 
A Spanish  name  given  to  the  Indian  woman  who 
became  the  mistress  of  Hernando  Cortes,  and 
was  a prominent  character  in  the  conquest  of 
Mexico.  She  was  sold  as  a slave  to  the  Tabascan  Indians, 
and  was  one  of  the  girls  given  by  them  to  the  Spaniards  in 
1519  : owing  to  her  knowledge  of  the  Mexican  language, 
she  acted  as  interpreter.  She  bore  several  children  to 
1 Cortos.  In  1524  she  was  married  to  a Spanish  captain 
named  Juan  Jaramillo.  The  name  Marina  was  corrupted 
by  the  Indians  to  Medina,  to  which  they  added  the  titular 
suflix  tzin,  making  Malintzin.  This  name  was  also  given 
to  Cortes. 

Marina  (ma-ri'na).  In  Shakspere’s  (?)  “ Peri- 
cles, Prince  of  Tyre,”  the  daughter  of  Pericles 
and  Thaisa.  She  was  sold  by  perfidy  as  a slave 
at  Mytilene,  where  Pericles  found  her. 
Marineo  (ma-re-na'o).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Palermo,  Sicily,  12  miles  south  of  Palermo. 
Population,  9,961. 

Marini  (ma-re'ne),  or  Marino  (ma-re'no),  Gio- 
vanni Battista.  Born  at  Naples,  Oct.  18, 1569 : 
died  at  Naples,  March  25, 1625.  A noted  Italian 
poet,  known  in  Prance  as  Le  Cavalier  Marin. 

His  works  include  “Adone  ” (1623),  “La  strage  degli  inno- 
centi  ” (“The  Massacre  of  the  Innocents,”  1633),  sonnets, 
etc. 

Giovanni  Battista  Marini,  the  celebrated  innovator  on 
classic  Italian  taste,  and  who  first  seduced  the  poets  of 
the  seventeenth  century  into  that  labored  and  affected 
style  which  his  own  richness  and  vivacity  of  imagination 
were  so  well  calculated  to  recommend.  The  most  whim- 
sical comparisons,  pompous  and  overwrought  descriptions, 
with  a speciesof  poetical  punning  and  research,  were  soon 
esteemed,  under  his  authority,  as  beauties  of  the  very  first 
order.  Sismondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  451. 

Marino  (ma-re'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Borne,  Italy,  13  miles  southeast  of  Rome.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  8,177. 

Marino  (ma-ren'  yo),  Santiago.  Born  on  the 
island  of  Margarita  about  1788:  died  at  La  Vic- 
toria, Sept.  4,  1854.  A Venezuelan  general, 
prominent  in  the  war  for  independence.  After 
the  first  defeat  of  the  patriots  he  invaded  eastern  Vene- 
zuela with  only  45  men,  rapidly  gained  ground,  and  was 
soon  master  of  a large  territory ; but  the  rivalry  between 
Marino  and  Bolivar  prevented  them  from  cooperating  until 
forced  to  do  so,  and  eventually  led  to  the  defeat  of  both. 
Marifio  was  prominent  in  later  campaigns  and  at  Carabobo. 

Marino  Faliero  (ma-re'no  fa-le-a'rd).  A tra- 
gedy by  Lord  Byron,  published  in  1820. 
Marinus  (Popes).  See  Martin. 

Mario  (ma're-o),  Marchese  di  Candia.  Born  at 
Cagliari,  Oct.  18,  1810:  died  Dec.  11,  1883.  A 
celebrated  Italian  opera-singer.  His  voice  was  a 
tenor.  He  made  his  d6but  in  1828  as  Robert  le  Diable, 
having  previously  sung  only  in  the  fashionable  society  to 
which  his  noble  birth  admitted  him.  It  was  not  till  1816 
that  he  took  the  high  rank  in  his  profession  which  he 
afterward  held.  He  sang  with  Grisi  for  twenty-five  years 
in  London,  Paris,  and  St.  Petersburg,  and  married  her  on 
the  dissolution  of  her  previous  marriage.  He  left  the 
stage  in  1867.  He  was  considered  the  best  lover  on  the 
operatic  stage. 

Marion  (mar' i- on).  The  capital  of  Marion 
County,  central  Ohio.  Pop.,  18,232,  (1910). 
Marion  (mar'i-on),  Francis.  Born  at  Winyaw, 
near  Georgetown,  S.C.,  1732:  died  near  Eutaw, 
S.  C.,  Feb.  27, 1795.  An  American  Revolution- 
ary general,  distinguished  as  a partizan  leader 
in  South  Carolina  1780-82.  He  served  at  Eutaw 
Springs  in  1781. 

Marion  Delorme  (ma-re-on'  de-lorm').  A play 
by  Victor  Hugo,  produced  in  1831.  Marion  De- 
lorme also  appears  in  Bulwer’s  play  “Riche- 
lieu.” 

Mariotte  ( ma-ryot'),  Edme.  Born  in  Burgundy 
about  1620 : died  at  Paris,  May  12,  1684.  A 
noted  French  physicist,  prior  of  St.-Martin-sous- 


656 

Beaune,  near  Dijon.  He  made  many  discoveries  in 
hydrodynamics.  His  “ Traito  du  mouvement  des  eaux” 
was  published  in  1786.  The  name  “Mariotte’s  law”  has 
been  given  to  the  principle  (earlier  discovered  by  Boyle) 
that  at  any  given  temperature  the  volume  of  a given  mass 
of  gas  varies  inversely  as  the  pressure  which  it  bears. 

Mariposa (ma-re-po'sa).  [Sp.,‘ butterfly’:  first 
applied  to  a county  of  California,  and  afterward 
taken  for  the  stock  name.]  A county  in  the 
central  part  of  California,  east  by  south  of  San 
Francisco.  It  contains  the  Yosemite  Valley  and 
the  Big  Tree  Grove. 

Mariposa  Grove.  A grove  of  gigantic  trees 
( Sequoia ) in  Mariposa  County,  California. 

Mariposan  (mar-i-po'san).  [From  Mariposa.] 
A linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
comprising  the  Yokut  and  Cholovone  divisions, 
which  embraced  about  40  small  tribes.  The  Yo- 
kut, or  southern  division,  formerly  inhabited  that  portion 
of  California  which  is  drained  by  the  Eresno,  the  upper  San 
J oaquin  above  the  Fresno,  Kings,  Kaweah,  and  Tule  rivers ; 
the  northern,  eastern,  and  western  shores  of  Tulare  Lake; 
and  a narrow  strip  in  and  along  the  foot-hills  from  the 
middle  of  the  western  shore  of  the  lake  to  Mount  Pinos  on 
the  south.  The  Cholovone,  or  northern  division,  which  was 
separated  from  the  Yokutshytrihesof  Moquelumnan  stock, 
occupied  the  east  bank  of  the  San  Joaquin  from  the  Stan- 
islaus to  the  point  where  the  former  turns  westward  to 
enter  Suisun  Bay.  In  1850  the  tribes  of  the  stock  contained 
2,000  to  3,000  individuals,  but  the  number  has  gradually 
diminished,  and  the  Cholovone  division  appears  to  be  ex- 
tinct. The  rest  live  on,  or  north  of,  the  Tule  reservation. 

Marischal,  Earls.  See  Keith. 

Marisco  (ma-ris'ko),  or  Marsh  (marsh),  Rich- 
ard de.  Died  at  Peterborough,  May  1,  1226. 
Bishop  of  Durham  and  chancellor.  In  1209  he  was 
appointed  rector  of  Bampton,  Oxfordshire,  and  in  1210  was 
John’s  adviser  in  the  persecutions  of  the  Cistercians.  In 
1212  he  was  sheriff  of  Dorset  and  Somerset,  and  in  1214 
chancellor  (an  office  which  he  retained  after  John's  death). 
In  1217  he  was  made  bishop  of  Durham. 

Maritana  (mar-i-ta'nii).  A tambourine  dancer 
in  “Don Caesar  de  Bazan.”  Don  Caesar  marries 
her  to  save  his  life. 

Maritana.  An  opera  by  Wallace,  first  produced 
at  London  in  1845. 

Maritime  Alps.  A division  of  the  Alps  which 
lies  on  the  border  of  France  and  Italy,  south- 
west of  the  Ligurian  and  the  Cottian  Alps: 
sometimes  made  to  include  the  Ligurian  Alps. 

Maritime  Andes.  The  so-called  branch  of  the 
Andes  on  the  coast  of  Venezuela. 

Maritime  Province,  Russ.  Primorskaya  (pre- 
mor'skl-a).  A province  in  eastern  Siberia,  ex- 
tending along  the  Pacific.  Capital, Khabarovka ; 
chief  port,  Vladivostok.  Area,  712,585  square 
miles.  Population,  289,600. 

Maritime  Province.  See  Kiistenland. 

Maritza(ma-ret'sa).  A river  in  Eastern  Rumelia 
and  European  Turkey:  the  ancient  Hebrus.  it 
flows  past  Philippopolis  and  Adrianople,  and  empties  into 
the  HJgean  Sea  near  Enos.  Length,  270  miles.  Itisnaviga- 
ble  in  its  lower  course. 

In  1364  the  first  encounter  between  the  northern  Chris- 
tians and  the  invaders  took  place  on  the  banks  of  the  Ma- 
ritza,  near  Adrianople,  whither  Louis  I.,  king  of  Hungary 
and  Poland,  and  the  princes  of  Bosnia,  Serbia,  and  Wal- 
lachia,  pushed  forward  to  put  an  end  once  for  all  to  the 
rule  of  the  Ottoman  in  Europe.  Lala  Shahin,  Murad's 
commander-in-chief,  could  not  muster  more  than  half  the 
numberof  troops  that  the  Christians  brought  against  him ; 
but  he  took  advantage  of  the  state  of  drunken  revelry  in 
which  the  too  confident  enemy  was  plunged  to  make  a 
sudden  night  attack,  and  the  army  of  Hungary,  heavy  with 
sleep  after  its  riotous  festivities,  was  suddenly  aroused  by 
the  beating  of  the  Turkish  drums  and  the  shrill  music  of 
their  fifes.  The  Ottomans  were  upon  them  before  they 
could  stand  to  arms.  “ They  were  like  wild  beasts  scared 
from  their  lair,”  says  the  Turkish  historian  Sa’-ud-din ; 
“ speeding  from  the  field  of  fight  to  the  waste  of  flight, 
those  abjects  poured  into  the  stream  Maritza  and  were 
drowned.”  To  this  day  the  spot  is  called  Sirf  Sindughi, 
“Serbs’  rout.”  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  30. 

Mariupol  (mii-re-6'poly).  A seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Sea  of  Azoff,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kalmius, 
about  lat,  47°  V N.,  long.  37°  35'  E.  Popula- 
tion, 31,116. 

Marius  (ma-re-iis').  A character  in  the  novel 
“Les  Miserables,”  by  Victor  Hugo. 

Marius  (ma'ri-us),  Caius.  Born  near  Arpinum, 
Italy,  about  155  b.  C.:  died  86  B.  c.  A celebrated 
Roman  general.  He  served  in  the  Numantine  war  in 
134  ; was  tribune  in  119,  and  pretor  in  115  ; was  legate  un- 
der Metellus  in  the  Jugurthine  war  109-108;  was  consul 
in  107,  104,  103,  102,  10i,  100,  and  86 ; commanded  against 
Jugurtha  107-106,  and  against  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones 
104-101 ; defeated  the  Teutones  at  Aix  in  102,  and  the  Cim- 
bri at  the  Raudian  Fields,  near  Yercellse,  in  101 ; and  de- 
feated the  Marsi  in  the  Social  War  in  90.  His  rivalry  with 
Sulla  caused  the  first  civil  war  in  88.  He  was  driven  from 
Rome  in  that  year,  but  returned,  and  with  Cinna  captured 
Rome  in  87,  and  proscribed  the  aristocrats. 

Marivaux  (mii-re-vo' ) , Pierre  Car  let  de  Cham- 
berlain de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  4, 1688 : died 
Feb.  12, 1763.  A French  dramatist  and  novelist. 
The  plays  he  wrote  previous  to  1720  were  distinct  failures. 
His  best  work  was  done  between  1722  and  1746  : in  that  time 
he  wrote  some  twenty-five  plays,  foremost  among  which 


Markham,  John 

stand  “Le  jeu  de  l’amour  et  du  hasard ” (1730),  “L’Ecole 
des  moeurs  ” (1732),  Les  fausses  confidences  ” (1736),  ‘ Le 
legs  ”(1736),  and  “ L’Epreuve  "(1740).  All  Marivaux’s  plays 
are  more  or  less  alike  in  their  subject-matter.  As  Sainte- 
Beuve  remarks,  the  various  situations  are  effected  not 
through  outside  events,  but  by  the  expression  of  inner 
feelings  on  the  part  of  the  different  characters.  Diffi- 
culties arise  entirely  through  the  fault  of  the  lovers  them- 
selves, either  in  their  curiosity,  their  timidity,  their  ig- 
norance, their  pride,  or  their  pique.  As  a novelist  Mari- 
vaux wrote  “Marianne  ’’(which  see),  his  masterpiece ; also 
“Le  paysan  parvenu ” (1735)  and  “Pharamond,  ou  lesfolies 
romanesques”  (1737).  Marivaux’s  peculiar  style  has  been 
named  for  him  marivaudage.  The  term  is  now  generally 
used  in  a depreciative  sense.  On  the  whole,  Marivaux  is 
original  in  his  conceptions,  and  may  be  ranked  next  to 
Moliere.  He  was  received  into  theFrench  Academy  in  1743. 
Mark  (mark).  An  ancient  countship  of  Ger- 
many, now  comprised  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  in  the  government  district  of 
Arnsberg.  The  countship  arose  in  the  middle  ages,  and 
became  united  with  Cleves  about  1400.  In  1666,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  contest  of  the  Jiilich  succession,  it  passed  to 
Brandenburg.  It  passed  to  France  in  1807,  and  formed  part 
of  the  duchy  of  Berg.  In  1813  it  was  restored  to  Prussia. 
Mark  (mark),  Saint.  [L.  Marcus,  Gr.  Map/cof.] 
The  writer  to  whom  is  assigned  by  tradition  the 
authorship  of  the  second  gospel.  He  has  been  gen- 
erally supposed  to  be  identical  with  the  “ J ohn  whose  sur- 
name was  Mark,”  mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles 
(particularly  as  a companion  of  Paul  and  Barnabas,  and 
after  their  separation  of  Barnabas  alone),  and  with  the 
Mark  whose  name  occurs  in  other  passages  In  the  New 
Testament  (Pauline  Epistles  and  1 Peter).  Probably  the 
person  mentioned  in  the  Acts  and  the  Pauline  Epistles  is 
not  the  same  as  the  one  named  in  the  Epistle  of  Peter. 
Mark, Gospel  of.  The  second  gospel, the  author- 
ship of  which  is  traditionally  assigned  to  Mark. 
It  is  the  most  original  of  the  synoptical  gospels.  It  has 
been  regarded  as  reflecting  especially  the  influence  ol 
Peter. 

Mark,  St.,  Basilica  of.  A famous  Venetian 
basilica,  founded  in  830  to  receive  the  relics  of 
the  evangelist  brought  from  Alexandria,  rebuilt 
in  976,  and  given  its  definitive  form  in  1052. 
It  is  the  most  famed  Byzantine  structure  of  western  Eu- 
rope, cruciform  in  plau,  with  five  great  domes  on  penden- 
tives,  and  many  smaller  domes  in  subordinate  positions. 
The  outer  aisle  or  atrium  was  added  later : with  its  five  deep, 
many-columned  arches,  repeated  and  fantastically  cano- 
pied above,  its  ricli  mosaics,  and  the  wonderful  color  of  its 
incrusted  marbles,  it  gives,  with  the  domes  and  many  pin- 
nacles, to  the  exterior  its  picturesque  and  unique  charac- 
ter. Tlie  four  celebrated  bronze  horses  in  front  of  the 
upper  middle  arch  came  from  Constantinople,  and  prob- 
ably adorned  originally  a Roman  triumphal  arch.  The 
interior,  though  it  measures  only  205  by  164  feet,  is  one  of 
the  most  impressive  in  the  world.  Almost  the  whole  sur- 
face of  walls,  domes,  and  arches  is  covered  with  magnifi- 
cent mosaics,  representing  Old  and  New  Testament  scenes 
on  a gold  ground.  Most  of  the  capitals  of  the  columns  are 
of  the  finest  Byzantine,  though  some  are  classical ; and  the 
rood-screen,  surmounted  by  its  long  row  of  statues,  is  at 
once  beautiful  and  venerable.  Externally  and  internally, 
and  despite  regrettable  restorations,  St.  Mark’s  is  the  most 
superb  piece  of  architectural  coloring  in  the  world. 
Mark.  The  cowardly  and  treacherous  king  of 
Cornwall,  in  Arthurian  romance. 

Mark  appears  in  his  more  general  form  in  the  older  ro- 
mance as  evidence  that  the  later  romance- writer  found  in 
the  king's  treachery  some  sort  of  palliation  for  what  Sir 
Walter  Scott  calls  the  extreme  ingratitude  and  profligacy 
of  the  hero.  Cox,  Pop.  Romances,  Int. , p.  38. 

Markab  (mar'kab).  [Heb.  and  Ar.,  usually  ‘a 
wagon’  or  ‘a  chariot,’  sometimes  ‘a  saddle.’ 
The  name  is  from  the  Alphonsine  tables.]  The 
bright  second-magnitude  star  a Pegasi,  at  the 
base  of  the  horse’s  neck. 

Mark  Antony.  See  Antony. 

Market  Harborough  (mar'ket,  har'bur-o).  A 
town  in  Leicestershire,  England,  12  miles  south 
of  Leicester.  It  is  a hunting  center.  Popula- 
tion, 7,735. 

Markham  (mark'am),  Sir  Clements  Robert. 

Born  at  Stillingfleet,  near  York,  July  20,  1830. 
An  English  traveler,  geographer,  and  historian. 
He  served  in  the  navy  ; took  part  in  an  arctic  expedition 
1851 ; traveled  in  Peru  1852-54  ; and  in  1860  visited  Peru 
and  India  as  commissioner  to  introduce  cinchona  plants 
into  the  latter  country.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  1S63-88,  and  was  attached  to  the 
Abyssinian  expedition  of  1S67-68.  His  works  include 
“ Travels  in  Peru  and  India  ’’  (1862),  “ History  of  the  Abys- 
sinian Expedition  ” (1869),  "The  War  between  Peru  and 
Chile  ” (1882),  “History  of  Peru  ” (1892),  works  on  arctic 
exploration,  etc.  He  has  edited  reprints  of  works  on  South 
America  for  the  Hakluyt  Society.  Knighted  1896. 

Markham,  Frederick.  Born  near  Lewes,  Sus- 
sex, Aug.  16,  1805:  died  at  London,  Dec.  21, 
1855.  An  English  lieutenant-general.  He  served 
as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Panjab  campaign  1848-49.  In 
1854  he  was  made  major-general,  and  in  1856  received  the 
local  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  He  commanded  the  sec- 
ond division  before  Sebastopol. 

Markham,  Gervase  or  Jervis.  Born  about, 
1568:  died  at  London,  Feb.,  1637.  An  English 
author.  He  fought  in  the  Low  Countries  and  in  Ireland, 
and  was  a poet  and  dramatist. 

Markham,  John.  Born  at  Westminster,  June 
13,  1761:  died  at  Naples,  Feb.  13,  1827.  An 
English  admiral,  the  second  son  of  William 


Markham,  John 

Markham,  archbishop  of  York,  in  March,  1775,  he 
entered  the  navy,  and  in  1776  joined  Lord  Howe  in  New 
York.  He  was  made  post-captain  Jan.  3,  1783.  When  in 
Feb.,  1801,  Lord  St.  Vincent  was  appointed  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty,  he  made  Markham  a member  of  the  board. 
Markham,  William.  Born  at  Kinsale,  Ireland, 
April,  1719:  died  at  London,  Nov.  3, 1807.  Arch- 
bishop of  York.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1742.  In 
1763  he  became  head-master  of  Westminster  School;  in 
1767  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; in  1771  bishop  of  Ches- 
ter ; and  in  1777  archbishop  of  York. 

Markneukirchen  (mark//noi'kirch-en).  A town 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  45  miles  southwest 
of  Chemnitz.  It  has  manufactures  of  musical  instru- 
ments. Population,  8,490. 

Mark  Twain.  See  Clemens. 

Marlborough  (marl'bur-o  or  mal'bur-o).  A 
town  in  Wiltshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Kennet  27  miles  east  of  Bath.  It  contains  a school 
(Marlborough  College)  near  the  site  of  its  ancient  castle. 
There  are  megalithic  remains  in  the  neighborhood.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,046. 

Marlborough,  or  Marlboro’  (marl'bur-o).  A 
city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  26 
miles  west  of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots 
and  shoes.  Population,  14,579,  (1910). 

Marlborough,  Dukes  or.  See  Churchill  and 
Spencer. 

Marlborough,  Sarah  Jennings,  Duchess  of. 

Born  near  St.  Albans,  May  29, 1660 : died  (prob- 
ably) at  Marlborough  House,  Oct.  18,  1744.  A 
celebrated  favorite  of  Queen  Anne.  She  married 
John  Churchill,  afterward  Duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1678. 
In  1683  she  was  appointed  one  of  the  ladies  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  Anne,  then  the  princess  Anne,  with  whom  she 
was  very  intimate.  Her  imperious  nature  and  strong  in- 
tellect for  a while  entirely  dominated  the  latter,  but  her 
rule  became  unbearable,  and  she  was  superseded  in  the 
queen’s  affection  by  Mrs.  Masham.  In  1711,  on  the  dis- 
missal of  Marlborough  from  office,  she  retired  from  the 
queen’s  service,  and  passed  the  rest  of  her  life  in  a series 
of  bitter  quarrels.  See  Freeman,  Mrs. 

Marlborough  House.  A London  residence 
belonging  to  the  British  government.  It  is  a 
large  building  of  brick  trimmed  with  stone,  with  exten- 
sive gardens  fronting  on  the  Mall.  It  was  built  for  the 
first  Duke  of  Marlborough  by  Wren  in  1710. 

Marlitt  (mar'lit),  E.,  pseudonym  of  Eugenie 
John.  Born  at  Amstadt,  in  Thuringia,  Dec. 
5,  1825 : died  there,  June  22, 1887.  A German 
novelist.  Her  father  was  a portrait-painter.  In  her 
seventeenth  year  she  was  sent  by  her  foster-mother,  the 
Princess  of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  to  Vienna  to  re- 
ceive instruction  in  vocal  music,  but  beca  me  deaf  and  was 
obliged  to  give  up  a contemplated  musical  career.  Subse- 
quently she  lived  for  eleven  years  at  the  court  of  the 
princess,  but  ultimately  took  up  her  residence  in  her  na- 
tive place.  Beginning  with  “Die  zwolf  Apostel”(“The 
Twelve  Apostles  "),  which  was  published  in  1865,  all  her 
stories  have  first  appeared  in  the  journal  “Die  Garten- 
laube.”  Other  worksare“Goldelse  "(“Gold  Elsie”),  “Blau- 
bart”  (“Blue  Beard’’).  “ Das  Geheimniss  der  alten  Mam- 
sell”  (“The  Old  Mamselle  s Secret"),  all  1868,  “Thuringer 
Erzahlungen”(‘‘Thuringian  Tales,"  1869),  “Reichsgrafin 
Gisela"  (“Countess  Gisela,”  1870),  “ Heideprinzesschen  ” 
(“TheMoorland  Princess, ”1872),  “DiezweiteFrau”(“The 
Second  Wife,”  1874),  “ Im  Haus  des  Kommerzienrats  ’’ 
(“In  the  House  of  the  Counselor,”  1877),  “Im  Schillings- 
hof  ’’  (1879),  etc. 

Marlow,  Great.  See  Great  Marlow. 

Marlow  (mar'lo),  Young.  The  sou  of  Sir  Charles 
Marlow  in  Goldsmith’s  * 4 She  Stoops  to  Conquer.” 
He  is  extremely  shy  with  women  of  reputation  and  virtue, 
but  an  impudent  fellow  among  women  of  another  stamp ; 
hence  Miss  Hardcastle  “ stoops  ” to  the  disguise  of  a bar- 
maid “to conquer”  him. 

Marlowe  (mar'lo),  Christopher.  Born  at  Can- 
terbury (baptized  Feb.  26, 1564):  killed  in  a street 
fight  at  Deptford,  June  1, 1593.  An  English  poet 
and  dramatist,  son  of  John  Marlowe,  a shoe- 
maker of  Canterbury.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  in  1583.  He  may  have  seen 
some  military  service,  but  more  probably  settled  in  London 
at  once,  and  attached  himself  to  the  “Lord  Admiral’s  Com- 
pany ” as  dramatist.  Most  of  his  plays  were  produced  by 
that  company.  “Tamburlaine  ’’  was  licensed  for  publica- 
tion Aug.  14,  1590,  and  is  ascribed  to  Marlowe  on  internal 
evidence  alone.  His  second  play,  “The  Tragedy  of  Dr. 
Faustus,”was  entered  on  the  “Stationers’  Register  ” Jan.  7, 
1601.  Twenty-three  performances  were  given  by  Hens- 
lowe  between  1594  and  1597,  and  by  English  companies  at 
Gratz  in  1608,  at  Dresden  in  1626,  and  frequently  in  Vienna. 
“The  Jew  of  Malta"  was  written  after  1588,  and  was  fre- 
quently acted  between  1591  and  1596,  and  by  English  com- 
panies at  Passau  in  1607  and  Gratz  in  1608.  On  April  24, 
1818,  a version  by  S.  Penley  was  brought  out  by  Edmund 
Kean  at  Drury  Lane.  “Edward  II.”  was  entered  on  the 
“ Stationers'Register”  July  6, 1593.  He  was  also  concerned 
in  “The  Massacre  at  Paris”  and  “The  Tragedy  of  Dido,” 
and  there  are  indications  that  he  assisted  in  writing  some 
of  the  earlier  Shaksperian  plays.  He  wrote  two  sestiads  of 
a paraphrase  of  the  “ Hero  and  Leander  ’’  of  Musreus,  which 
was  finished  by  George  Chapman.  “ Come  live  with  me 
and  be  my  love”  was  first  printed  in  the  “Passionate  Pil- 
grim” in  1599. 

Marlowe,  Owen.  Born  in  England,  Aug.  1, 
1830 : died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  May  19, 1876.  An 
American  actor.  His  first  stage  appearance  in  America 
was  in  Sept.,  1855.  He  was  noted  as  Sir  Lucius  O’Trigger, 
Captain  Hawtree,  etc. 

C.— 42 


657 

Marly-le-Roi  (mar-le'16-rwa').  A village  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated 
on  the  Seine  10  miles  west  of  Paris.  It  was  for- 
merly noted  for  its  chateau  of  Louis  XIV.  Near  it  is 
Marly-la- Machine,  a hamlet  noted  for  its  hydraulic  works 
for  supplying  Versailles  with  water.  Population,  1,428. 

Mar  Magallanico  or  Magalhanico.  [‘  Sea  of 

Magellan.’]  A name  sometimes  given  by 
geographers  of  the  16th  century  to  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Marmande  (mar-mond').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situated 
on  the  Garonne  42  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux. 
Population,  commune,  9,748. 
Mdrmaros-Sziget.  See  Sziget. 

Marmier  (mar-mya'),  Xavier.  Born  at  Pon- 
tarlier,  France,  June  24,  1809:  died  Oct.  11, 
1892.  A French  litterateur,  author  of  travels 
and  translator  from  the  German.  He  made  a jour- 
ney to  Scandinavia  and  Lapland  at  the  expense  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  1836-38;  was  appointed  professor  of  foreign 
literature  at  Rennes  in  1839 ; and  became  librarian  of  the 
ministry  of  public  instruction  at  Paris  in  1841,  and  in  1846 
custodian  of  the  library  of  Sainte-Genevieve.  He  pub- 
lished histories  of  the  German,  Danish,  and  Swedish  lit- 
eratures, a history  of  Iceland,  translations  from  the  Ger- 
man and  Scandinavian,  etc. 

Marmion  (mar 'mi-on).  A narrative  poem  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1808.  Macready 
adapted  it  for  the  stage,  and  played  it  at  his 
benefit. 

Marmion,  Shakerley  or  Shackerley.  Bom 

near  Brackley,  Northamptonshire,  Jan.,  1603: 
died  at  London,  J an.,  1639.  An  English  drama- 
tist and  poet.  He  wrote  “Holland’s  Leaguer  "(licensed 
and  printed  1632),  “A  Fine  Companion  ” (1633),  "The  An- 
tiquary” (his  best-known  play : acted  in  1636,  printed  1641). 
He  also  wrote  “Cupid  and  Psyche,”  and  other  poems. 
Marmol  (mar-mol'),  Jose.  Born  in  Buenos 
Ayres  about  1818:  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1871. 
An  Argentine  author.  He  was  exiled  by  Rosas,  fought 
against  him,  and  was  subsequently  a member  of  Congress 
and  director  of  the  national  library.  His  works  include 
many  poems  and  dramas,  and  “La  Amalia,”  a romance  of 
the  time  of  Rosas,  which  has  been  translated  into  French 
and  German. 

Marmolada  (mar-mo-la/da).  The  highest  sum- 
mit of  the  Dolomite  Alps,  near  the  border  of 
southern  Tyrol  and  Italy.  Height,  11,045  feet. 

Marmolejo,  Alonso  de  Gongora.  See  Gongora 
Marmolejo. 

Marmont  (mar-mon ' ) , Auguste  Frederic  Louis 
Viesse  de.  Due  de  Raguse.  Born  at  Chatillon- 
sur-Seine,  France,  July  20, 1774:  diedatVenice, 
March  2,  1852.  A French  marshal.  He  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  particularly 
at  Marengo  (1800)  and  Ulm  (1805),  and  in  the  campaigns 
of  1809  and  1813-14  ; was  governor-general  of  the  Illyrian 
Provinces  1809-11 ; was  defeated  by  Wellington  at  Sala- 
manca July  22,  1812 ; and  surrendered  his  army  to  the 
provisional  government  April,  1814.  He  unsuccessfully 
attempted  to  suppress  the  revolution  of  1830.  His  “ M<5- 
moires”  were  published  1856-67. 

Marmontel  (mar-mon-tel'),  Jean  Francois. 

Born  at  Bort,  Limousin,  July  11,  1723:  died  at 
Abbeville,  Eure,  Dec.  31, 1799.  A French  writer. 
He  was  brought  up  by  the  Jesuits,  and  destined  for  the 
church.  In  1741  he  was  appointed  substitute  instructor  in 
philosophy  at  Toulouse.  His  first  piece  of  literary  work, 
an  ode  (1743),  proved  a failure.  Encouraged  by  Voltaire’s 
sympathy,  however,  he  came  to  Paris,  and  took  several 
prizes  in  literary  competition  (1745-47).  He  wrote  several 
tragedies,  “Denys  le  tyran  ” (1748),  “Arsitomfene”  (1749), 
“( 'leopfitre  ”(1760),  “Les  HCraclides  ”(1752),  and  “ Egyptus  ’’ 
(1753),  but  his  success  was  not  great  as  a poet.  Then  he 
turned  his  attention  to  prose,  and  contributed  largely  to 
the"  Encyclopedic. " He  recast  several  of  his  articles  and 
published  them  subsequently  in  book  form,  such  as  his 
“Po6tique  framjaise  ”(1763),  and  his  “liifiments  de  litera- 
ture ” (1787) : this  latter  work  places  him  second  to  La  Harpe 
only  as  a propagandist  of  literature  in  the  18th  century. 
He  had  already  acquired  renown  by  his  “Contes  moraux” 
(17G1),  his  philosophical  novel  “B61isaire”  (1767),  and  his 
historical  novel  “ Les  Incas  ” (1777).  He  published  further 
“La  Phan: ale,”  translated  from  Lucan  (1701),  and  wrote 
the  words  for  several  comic  operas,  as  “Le  Huron  " (1768), 
“ Zdmire  et  Azor  ’’  (1771),  “Didon  ”(1783),  and  “ I’ent'lope  ” 
(1785).  Between  1789  and  1792  he  published  in  “ Le  Mer- 
cure  ’’  a second  series  of  “Contes  moraux.”  His  posthu- 
mous works  are  “ Memoires  d’un  pfere  a ses  enfants  ” (1804), 
and  “ Le'-ons  d'un  perc  h ses  enfants  sur  la  langue  fran- 
?aise”  (1806).  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  in 
1763.  He  is  a truly  representative  disciple  of  Voltaire. 
Marmora  (mar'mo-ra).  An  island  in  the  Sea 
of  Marmora,  belonging  to  Turkey,  about  70  miles 
west-southwest  of  Constantinople : the  ancient 
Proconnesus.  Length,  about  11  miles. 
Marmora,  Sea  of.  A sea  between  European 
and  Asiatic  Turkey,  communicating  with  the 
Black  Sea  on  the  northeast  by  the  Strait  of 
Bosporus,  and  with  the  Aegean  Sea  on  the  south- 
west by  ttie  Dardanelles : the  ancient  Propontis. 
Length,  about  170  miles.  Greatest  width,  about 
50  miles. 

Marmore  (mar'mo-ra),  Cascate  delle,  or  Falls 

of  Terni  (ter'ne).  A series  of  cascades  near 
Tomi,  Italy,  in  the  Velino  near  its  mouth  in  the 


Marozia 

Nera,  celebrated  for  its  beauty.  Height  of  the 
falls,  65  feet,  330  feet,  and  190  feet  respectively. 
Marne  (marn).  A river  in  France  which  joins 
the  Seine  2 miles  southeast  of  Paris : the 
Roman  Matrona.  Length,  306  miles  ; naviga- 
ble from  St.-Dizier. 

Marne.  A department  in  France.  Capital, 
Chalons-Slir-Marne.  It  is  bounded  by  Aisue  and  Ar- 
dennes on  the  north,  Meuse  on  the  east,  Haute-Marne  and 
Aube  on  the  south,  and  Aisne  and  Seiue-et-Marne  on  the 
west,  forming  part  of  the  ancient  Champagne.  The  sur- 
face is  partly  level  and  partly  hilly.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Marne.  The  leading  product  is  champagne.  Area,  3,167 
square  miles.  Population,  434,157. 

Marne,  Haute-.  See  Haute-Marne. 

Marnix,  Philipp.  See  Sainte-Aldegonde. 
Marno  (mar'no),  Ernst.  Born  at  Vienna,  1844: 
died  at  Khartum,  1883.  An  African  traveler. 
A specialist  in  zoology,  he  accompanied  Casanova  as  far  as 
Abyssinia  in  1866 ; visited  Khartum  in  1869,  and  Sennaar 
and  Fazogl  in  1870 ; explored  the  Bahr  es-8eraf  1871-72 ; 
and  published  in  1874  “ Reisen  im  Gebiete  des  Blauen  und 
Meissen  Nil.”  Called  again  to  the  Egyptian  Sudan  by  Gor- 
don, he  explored  the  Makaraka  and  Kordofan,  and  returned 
and  wrote  “Reisen  in  der  Aquatorialprovinz  und  in  Kor- 
dofan ” (1876).  In  1879  he  was  again  with  Gordon  fight- 
ing the  slave-traders. 

Maro  (ma'ro).  The  family  name  of  Vergil 
(Publius  Vergilius  Maro). 

Marocco.  See  Morocco. 

Marochetti  (ma-ro-ket'te),  Carlo.  Born  at 
Turin,  1805 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1868.  An 
Italian  sculptor,  royal  academician,  and  baron 
of  the  Italian  kingdom.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Lycde  Napoleon  at  Paris,  and  studied  sculpture  with  Baron 
Bosio.  His  chief  works  are  equestrian  statues  of  the  Duke 
of  Orleans,  the  equestrian  statue  of  Richard  Co:ur  de  Lion 
at  Westminster,  the  equestrian  statues  of  the  Queen  and 
Duke  of  Wellington  at  Glasgow,  and  the  Iukerman  monu- 
ment at  St.  Paul’s. 

Maronites  (mar'o-nits).  A section  of  the  Syrian 
population,  settled  chiefly  on  and  around  Mount 
Lebanon,  from  Tripolis  in  the  north  to  Tyre 
and  the  Sea  of  Galilee  in  the  south.  Their  num- 
ber is  above  200,000.  They  live  by  cattle-breeding,  agri- 
culture, and  silk-culture.  They  form  a separate  ecclesi- 
astical community,  having  been  originally  Monothelites 
(holding  that  in  Christ  there  was  only  one  will).  Since 
1182  they  have  been  gradually  united  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  but  stiH  retain  some  of  their  special  privi- 
leges, as  the  Syrian  liturgy  and  marriage  of  the  lower 
clergy.  They  also  consider  themselves  politically  a sepa- 
rate nation,  being  ruled  by  a Christian  pasha  and  by 
sheiks  chosen  from  their  aristocracy,  and  only  paying  a 
tribute  to  the  Turkish  government.  The  name  Maronites 
is  derived  from  an  old  monastery  which  was  situated  on 
the  Orontes  (modern  al-Azi)  between  Hamah  and  Emesa, 
and  was  so  named  after  a saint  who  lived  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury (mar  meaning  in  Syrian  ‘lord,’  ‘master,’  then  ‘saint’; 
maron,  my  lord).  Some  derive  it  from  a village,  Maronea, 
situated  east  of  Antioch. 

Maroons  (ma-ronz').  The  name  formerly  given 
in  Jamaica  to  bands  of  fugitive  slaves  and 
their  descendants.  They  formed  villages  in  the  moun- 
tains in  the  17th  century.  Early  in  the  18th  century  they 
became  formidable  under  their  leader,  Cudjoe,  attacking 
plantations  and  openly  opposing  government  troops.  In 
1738  Governor  Trelawney  made  a treaty  of  peace  with 
them,  securing  their  freedom  and  granting  them  lands. 
They  rebelled  in  1795,  were  partially  reduced  in  1796,  and 
many  of  them  were  sent  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Sierra  Leone. 
The  last  outbreak  of  the  survivors  was  in  1798.  The  name 
(French  ntyres  marrons)  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  bush 
negroes  of  Guiana. 

Maros  (mor'osh).  A river  in  Transylvania  and 
Hungary  which  joins  the  Theiss  near  Szegedin. 
Length,  about  600  miles ; navigable  from  Karls- 
burg. 

Maros-V£s&rhely  (mor'osh-va'  shar-hely), 
G.  Neumarkt  (noi'markt).  The  capital  of 
the  county  of  Maros-Torda,  Transylvania,  sit- 
uated on  the  Maros  in  lat.  46°  28'  N.,  long.  24° 
35'  E. : the  chief  town  of  the  Szeklers.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  19,522. 

Marot  (ma-ro'),  Clement.  Bom  at  Cahors, 
1497 : died  at  Turin,  1544.  A noted  French  poet. 
He  was  sent  to  Paris  at  an  early  age  to  study  law,  but  the 
work  was  not  to  his  taste,  and  he  soon  gave  it  up.  His 
father  had  been  court  poet  to  the  Queen  of  France,  Anne  de 
Bretagne,  and  through  him  the  son  obtained  access  to  the 
court  circles,  where  he  won  the  good  will  of  Marguerite 
de  Valois.  When  Francis  I.  came  to  the  throne  of  France 
in  1515,  Clement  Marot  attracted  the  king’s  attention  by 
his  poem  “Le  temple  de  Cupidon,”  and  was  retained  by 
him  at  court.  The  poet  followed  his  royal  patron  on  his 
expeditions,  and  led  on  the  whole  an  eventful  life.  Besides 
a great  deal  of  original  poetry,  Marot  translated  portions 
of  Vergil,  Ovid,  and  Petrarch,  also  52  psalms  of  David. 
His  complete  works  have  been  variously  edited  : the  last 
edition  from  the  author’s  lifetime  is  dated  1544.  His 
modern  editors  are  Fresnoy  (1731),  Rapilly  (1824),  Jannet 
(1868-72),  and  Guiffrey,  whose  work  is  still  (1894)  in  course 
of  publication. 

Marozia  (ma-ro'zi-a).  Died  before  945.  A 
Roman  woman  notorious  for  her  profligacy  and 
for  the  influence  she  exercised  over  the  papal 
court.  She  was  the  daughter  of  the  infamous  Theodora 
and  Theophylactus,  became  the  mistress  of  Pope  Sergius 
III.,  and  married  successively  Alberic  I.,  prince  of  Rome, 
her  stepson  Guido,  and  Hugo,  king  of  Italy.  She  was  in- 


Marozia 

strumental  in  raising  three  popes  to  the  throne,  among 
whom  was  her  son  by  Sergius,  John  XI.  She  was  eventu- 
ally imprisoned  by  her  son  Alberic.  See  Alberic  II. 

Marplot,  or  the  Second  Part  of  The  Busy 
Body.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  produced 
in  1710.  Henry  Woodward  altered  it,  and  called  it 
“Marplot  in  Lisbon.”  Martin  Marplot  is  a silly,  cowardly 
fellow,  who  spoils  everything  he  undertakes.  He  differs 
somewhat  from  Mar-all  in  Dryden's  play,  and  is  the  origi- 
nal of  the  more  modern  Paul  Pry. 

Marprelate  Controversy,  The.  A vigorous  and 
vituperative  pamphlet  war  waged  by  the  Puri- 
tans against  the  defenders  of  English  Church 
discipline  about  1589.  The  pamphlets  were  written 
by  a number  of  persons,  but  were  published  under  the 
name  of  Martin  Marprelate.  Udall  was  the  originator  of 
the  controversy,  but  afterward  announced  his  disapproval 
of  the  Martinist  methods.  The  press  which  printed  the 
tracts  was  moved  from  place  to  place  to  avoid  government 
suppression,  and  was  once  seized,  near  Manchester,  but 
the  publications  were  continued.  Penry,  Barrow,  Job 
Throckmorton,  Fenner,  John  Field,  and  others  have  all 
been  supposed  to  be  the  authors  of  the  tracts,  but  some 
think  Martin  Marprelate  to  have  been  a layman  about  the 
court.  The  controversy  was  suppressed  by  the  death  of 
Udall  in  prison,  and  the  execution  of  Penry  and  Barrow 
in  1593. 

So  great  was  the  stir  that  a formal  answer  of  great 
length  was  put  forth  by  “ T.  C.  ” (well  known  to  be  Thomas 
Cooper,  Bishop  of  Winchester),  entitled,  ‘‘An  Admonition 
to  the  People  of  England.”  The  Martinists,  from  their 
invisible  and  shifting  citadel,  replied  with  perhaps  the 
cleverest  tract  of  the  whole  controversy,  named,  with  de- 
liberate quaintness,  Hay  any  Work  for  Cooper?  (“Have 
You  any  Work  for  the  Cooper?"  said  to  be  an  actual  trade 
London  cry).  Thenceforward  the  m SUe  of  pamphlets,  an- 
swers, “replies,  duplies,  quadruples,  ” became,  in  small 
space,  indescribable.  Petheram’s  prospectus  of  reprints 
(only  partially  carried  out)  enumerates  twenty-six,  almost 
all  printed  in  the  three  years  1588-1590 ; Mr.  Arber,  includ- 
ing the  preliminary  works,  counts  some  thirty. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Lit.,  II.  245. 

Marquesas  (mar-ka'sas)  Islands.  [So  named 
from  the  Marquis  of  Caiiete  (see  Hurtado  de 
Mendoza,  Garcia) ; F.  les  Marquises.']  A group 
of  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  north  of  the  Low 
Archipelago,  situated  about  lat.  7°  50'-10° 
30'  S.,  long.  138°  30'-140°  50'  W. : also  called 
the  Mendana  Islands.  Nukahiva  and  Hivaoa  are  the 
largest.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  They  were  discov- 
ered by  Mendafia  in  1595,  and  again  by  Cook  in  1774.  In 
1842  they  became  a French  protectorate.  Area,  480  square 
miles.  Population,  3,424. 

Marquette  (mar-ket').  A city  and  the  capital 
of  Marquette  County,  Michigan,  situated  on 
Lake  Superior  about  lat.  46°  32'  N.,  long.  87° 
26'  W.  It  exports  iron  ore.  Population,  11,- 
503,  (1910). 

Marquette,  Jacques.  Born  at  Laon,  France, 
1637  : died  near  Lake  Michigan,  May  18,  1675. 
A French  Jesuit  missionary  and  explorer.  He 
accompanied  Joliet  in  his  voyage  down  the  "W  isconsin  and 
Mississippi  and  up  the  Illinois  in  1673.  He  died  while 
attempting  to  establish  a mission  among  the  Illinois.  He 
wrote  a description  of  the  expedition  of  1673,  entitled 
“Voyage  et  decouverte  de  quelques  pays  et  nations  de 
l’Amerique  Septentrionale.”  See  Century  Atlas , Map  4. 

Marquez  (mar'keth),  Jose  Arnaldo.  Born 
about  1825:  killed  in  the  defense  of  Lima,  Jan. 
15,  1881.  A Peruvian  poet.  He  took  part  in  the 
early  civil  wars,  was  several  times  banished,  and  traveled 
in  Chile,  Cuba,  and  the  United  States.  In  later  life  he 
occupied  various  consular  and  diplomatic  positions.  Mar- 
quez is  regarded  as  the  best  of  modern  Peruvian  poets, 
especially  in  the  lyric  style.  He  published  a book  of 
travels  in  the  United  States,  and  various  other  prose 
works. 

Marquez,  Jose  Ignacio.  A Colombian  politi- 
cian, president  of  New  Granada  for  a short  time 
in  1832,  and  again  1837-41.  During  the  latter  period 
a civil  war  broke  out,  in  which  Marquez  was  victorious, 
but  which  did  great  injury  to  the  country. 

Marquez, Leonardo.  Born inthecityof Mexico 
about  1820.  A Mexican  general,  prominent  un- 
der Miramon  in  the  struggle  against  Juarez 
(1858-60).  Subsequently  he  sustained  the  French  in- 
tervention ; was  Maximilian’s  minister  to  Constantinople ; 
returned  in  1866,  and  undertook  the  defense  of  Mexico 
(April,  1867) ; was  closely  besieged  by  Diaz,  and  repeatedly 
defeated;  and  resigned  on  June  19,  and  escaped  to  Ha- 
vana. He  was  accused  of  great  cruelty,  and  was  called  “the 
tiger  of  Tacubaya,"  in  allusion  to  his  massacre  of  pris- 
oners at  that  place  in  April,  1859. 

Marquis  (mar'kwis),  The.  1 . In  early  Peruvian 
history,  Francisco  Pizarro,  who  was  created  a 
marquis  by  Charles  V.  in  1535.  There  is  no  rec- 
ord of  a special  designation  for  the  marquisate. 
— 2.  In  early  Mexican  history,  Hernando  Cor- 
tes, marquis  of  the  Valley  of  Oaxaca  from  1529. 
Marquise  (mar-kez').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  14  miles  south- 
west of  Calais.  It  has  marble-quarries.  Pop- 
^ulation,  over  3,000. 

Man*  (mar),  Carl.  Born  at  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
1859.  An  American  figure-painter.  He  studied 
at  Berlin  and  at  Munich.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Mys- 
tery of  Life”  (at  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York), 
“The  Flagellants”  (1889),  and  “1806  in  Germany”  (1890). 

Marracci  (mar-ra'che),  Lodovico.  Born  at 


658 

Lucca,  Italy,  1612 : died  at  Rome,  Feb.  5,  1700. 
A distinguished  Italian  Orientalist.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  an  edition  of  the  Koran  with  a Latin 
translation  (1698),  to  which  he  devoted  nearly  forty  years 

of  labor. 

Marrast  (ma-ra'),  Armand.  Born  at  St.-Gau- 
dens,  France,  June  5, 1801 : died  at  Paris,  March 
10,  1852.  A French  politician  and  journalist. 
He  was  secretary  and  member  of  the  provi- 
sional government  and  mayor  of  Paris  in  1848, 
and  president  of  the  Constituent  Assembly 
1848-49. 

Marriage.  A novel  by  Miss  Susan  Edmonstone 
Ferrier,  published  anonymously  in  1818.  This 
novel  was  begun  in  concert  with  Miss  Clavering,  a grand- 
daughter of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  who  soon,  however,  relin- 
quished her  share  of  the  work,  and  Miss  Ferrier  completed 
it  alone. 

Marriage  a la  Mode.  [F.  manage  d la  mode, 
fashionable  marriage.]  1.  A play  by  Dryden, 
acted  in  1673. — 2.  A series  of  six  paintings  by 
Hogarth(  1745),  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
The  subject  is  the  disastrous  consequences  of  marriage, 
without  love,  in  high  life  ; and  Is  illustrated  through  scenes 
of  hollow  festivity,  profligacy,  dueling,  the  execution  of  the 
victor  for  murder,  and  the  suicide  of  the  guilty  wife. 

Marriage  & la  Mode,  or  the  Comical  Lovers. 

A comedy  by  Colley  Cibber,  a combination  of 
the  comic  scenes  of  Dryden’s  “ Marriage  a la 
Mode”  and  “ The  Maiden  Queen,”  produced  in 
1707. 

Marriage  at  Cana.  1.  A painting  by  Paolo 
Veronese,  in  tlie  museum  at  Dresden.  The  table 
is  in  an  open  court  with  monumental  architecture.  Christ 
is  seated  with  a brilliant  company,  for  the  most  part  in 
Venetian  dress. 

2.  A painting  by  Paolo  Veronese  (1563),  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  picture  measures  32  by  21  feet,  and 
is  throughout  a triumph  of  coloring.  The  subject  istreated 
as  a sumptuous  banquet,  in  a rich  architectural  setting. 
Many  of  the  personages  are  portraits  of  sovereigns  and 
other  distinguished  people  of  the  16tli  cent  ury.  The  musi- 
cians represent  the  chief  Venetian  painters. " 

3.  A famous  picture  by  Tintoret,  iu  the  sa- 
cristy of  Santa  Maria  della  Salute,  Venice. 

Marriage  of  St.  Catharine.  There  are  numer- 
ous paintings  of  the  “Sposalizio,”  or  Mystical 
Marriage  of  St.  Catharine  of  Siena,  thus  desig- 
nated. The  following  are  the  more  important : (1)  A 
masterpiece  by  Correggio (1519),  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The 
child  Christ,  seated  on  the  Virgin's  knee,  holds  St.  Catha- 
rine’s ring-finger,  upon  which  lie  is  about  to  place  a ring. 
St.  Sebastian,  holding  his  arrows,  looks  over  St.  Catharine's 
shoulder.  (2)  Apaiuting(called  the  Piccolo  Sposalizio  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  Louvre  masterpiece)  by  Correggio,  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  (3)  A painting  by  Innocenzo  da 
Imola,  in  San  Giacomo  Maggiore,  Bologna,  Italy.  (4)  A trip- 
tych by  Hans  Memling  (1479),  in  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  at 
Bruges,  Belgium.  The  Virgin,  holding  the  Child,  sits  un- 
der a portico,  attended  by  floating  angels ; St.  Catharine 
kneels,  about  to  receive  the  ring.  At  the  sides  stand  the 
two  Sts.  John,  St.  Barbara,  angels,  and  monks.  On  one 
wing  is  painted  the  story  of  Salome,  on  the  other  the  vi- 
sion of  St.  John  the  Evangelist.  (5)  A painting  by  Murillo, 
in  the  Church  of  Los  Capuchinos  at  Cadiz.  While  at  work 
on  this  picture,  in  1682,  the  painter  fell  from  his  scaffold- 
ing and  received  injuries  which  caused  his  death.  (6)  A 
painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Church  of  the  Augustinians  at 
Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned  ; the  Child 
on  her  knee  leans  toward  St.  Catharine,  extending  the  ring; 
behind  are  St.  Joseph,  several  apostles  and  other  saints, 
and  angels.  (7)  A decorative  painting  by  Paolo  V eronese, 
in  Santa  Caterina  at  Venice.  The  youthful  figure  of  the 
saint  is  especially  beautiful. 

Marriage  of  the  Virgin.  1.  One  of  the  most 
important  paintings  of  Perugino,  in  the  musee 
at  Caen,  France.— 2.  A celebrated  painting  by 
Raphael,  in  the  Brera  at  Milan.  Mary  and  her  at- 
tendant maidens  stand  at  the  Spectator’s  left;  Joseph, 
bearing  the  flowering  staff,  and  behind  him  the  suitors 
with  the  barren  staves,  face  them  at  the  right ; while  the 
venerable  high  priest  in  the  middle  performs  his  function, 
and  a youth  in  the  foreground  breaks  his  dry  staff  across 
his  knee.  The  temple  occupies  the  background,  in  the 
form  of  a domical  16-sided  building  with  an  arcaded  peri- 
style of  16  columns. 

Married  Man,  The.  A play  by  Mrs.  Inehbald, 
produced  in  1789.  It  is  taken  from  “Le  philo- 
sopke  marie  ” of  Destouehes. 

Marrow  Controversy.  A controversy  in  the 
Church  of  Scotland,  about  1719-22,  relating  to 
the  doctrines  which  were  of  the  type  more  re- 
cently called  “evangelical,”  set  forth  in  the 
book  entitled  “ The  Marrow  of  Modern  Divin- 
ity” by  Edward  Fisher  (1644).  Ebenezer  and 
Ralph  Erskine  and  Thomas  Boston  were  among 
the  “Marrow  men.” 

Marrucini  (mar-o-sl'ni).  In  ancient  geography, 
a people  in  Italy,  dwelling  near  the  Adriatic, 
north  of  Samnium.  They  were  allied  to  the 
Marsi. 

Marryat  (mar 'i-at).  Florence.  BornatBrighton 
in  1837:  died  at  London,  Oct.  27, 1899.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  thedaughterof  Frederick  Marryat. 
She  married  first  Colonel  Ross  Church,  and  afterward 
Colonel  Francis  Lean.  She  was  also  known  as  a dramatic 
reader,  she  was  editor  of  “ London  Society  ” 1872-76,  and 
published  many  novels,  and  a life  of  her  father  (1872). 


Marseillaise,  La 

Marryat  (mar'i-at),  Frederick.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, July  10,  1792:  died  at  Langham,  Norfolk, 
Aug.  9,  1848.  A captain  in  the  British  navy, 
and  novelist.  In  1806  he  entered  the  navy,  and  in  1815 
was  made  commander.  He  was  serving  on  the  St.  Helena 
station  when  Napoleon  died.  He  resigned  1830,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  literature.  He  published  “Frank  Mild- 
may,  or  Adventures  of  a Naval  Officer  ” (1829),  “The  King's 
Own”  (1830),  “Peter  Simple"  (1834),  “Mr.  Midshipman 
Easy”  (1836),  “Japhet  iu  Search  of  a Father"  (1836), 
“Snarleyyow”  (1837),  “Jacob  Faithful"  (1834),  “The 
Phantom  Ship"  (1839),  “Masterman  Ready"  (1841),  “The 
Children  of  the  New  Forest”  (1847),  “The  Little  Savage” 
(1848).  He  edited  the  “Metropolitan  Magazine”  from 
1832  to  1835. 

Mars  (marz).  1.  A Latin  deity,  identified  at 
an  early  period  by  the  Romans  with  the  Greek 
Ares,  with  whom  he  originally  had  no  connec- 
tion. He  was  principally  worshiped  as  the  god  of  war, 
and  as  such  bore  the  epithet  Gradivus ; but  he  was  earlier 
regarded  as  a patron  of  agriculture,  which  procured  him 
the  title  of  Silvanus,  and  as  the  protector  of  the  Roman 
state,  in  virtue  of  which  he  was  called  Quirinus.  In  works 
of  art  Mars  is  generally  represented  as  of  a youthful  but 
powerful  figure,  armed  with  the  helmet,  shield,  and  spear ; 
in  other  examples  he  is  bearded  and  heavily  armed. 

2.  The  planet  next  outside  the  earth  in  the  so- 
lar System.  Its  diameter  (about  4, 300  miles)  isonly0.53 
that  of  the  earth,  its  superficies  0.28,  and  its  volume  0.147. 
Its  mean  density  is  0.74  that  of  the  earth,  so  that  the  density 
of  its  crust  may  very  likely  be  the  same  as  the  earth’s ; but  the 
weight  of  a given  mass  at  the  surface  of  Mars  is  only  three 
eighths  of  the  weight  of  the  same  mass  on  the  earth.  The 
strength  of  materials  is  therefore  relatively  much  greater 
there,  and  mountains,  animals,  and  buildings  would  natu- 
rally be  much  lar  ger.  The  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is 
141,500, OOOmiles.  The  eccentricity  of  its  orbit  is  very  much 
greater  than  that  of  the  earth,  being  0.093  as  compared 
with  0.017 ; the  inclination  of  its  equator  to  its  orbit  is 
about  the  same.  Its  day  is  half  an  hour  longer  than  ours. 
Its  year  is  687  of  our  days.  The  surface  of  Mars  has  been 
carefully  mapped,  aud  is  characterized  by  the  predomi- 
nance of  land  and  the  great  number  of  canals  or  straits. 
Its  color  is  strikingly  red.  As  to  its  temperature  and 
climate  widely  divergent  views  prevail.  It  has  two  moons, 
discovered  by  Professor  Asaph  Hall  in  Washington  in  1877, 
conformably  to  the  prediction  of  Kepler,  and  realizing 
the  fancies  of  Swift  and  of  Voltaire.  The  inner  of  these, 
Phobos,  revolves  in  less  than  8 hours,  so  that  to  an  ob- 
server on  the  planet  it  rises  in  the  west  and  sets  in  the 
east ; the  outer,  Deirnos,  revolves  in  30  hours,  so  that  it 
appears  nearly  stationary  for  a long  time.  The  symbol  of 
Mars  is  f,  which  seems  to  show  the  shield  and  spear  of 
the  god. 

Mars  in  Repose.  A colossal  Greek  statue  of 
the  school  of  Lysippus,  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi, 
Rome.  The  god,  iu  the  guiseof  a strong,  healthy  youth, 
sits  quietly  with  both  hands  on  one  raised  knee ; he  holds 
his  sheathed  sword,  and  his  round  shield  stands  beside 
him.  An  Eros  sits  at  his  feet. 

Mars,  Hill  of.  See  Areopagus. 

Mars  (mars),  Mile.  (Anne  Franqoise  Hip- 
polyte  Mars-Boutet).  Born  at  Paris,  Feb. 
9,  1779:  died  there,  March  20,  1847.  A cele- 
brated French  actress,  distinguished  in  comedy. 

She  made  her  debut  at  the  age  of  14  at  the  Theatre  Fey- 
deau, and  shortly  after  entered  the  Comddie  Fyanfaise.  She 
made  her  first  great  success  in  “ L’Abbe  de  l’Epde  ” in  1803, 
and  later  worked  a great  reform  in  stage  costume,  playing 
her  parts  in  dress  of  a proper  date.  Her  manner  in  high 
comedy  was  perfectly  simple  and  true,  and  she  was  un- 
equaled  in  the  precieuses  and  coquettes  of  Moliere  and 
Marivaux.  She  left  the  stage  in  1841  with  a large  fortune. 

Mar  Saba  (mar  sa'ba).  A monastery  of  the 
Greek  Church,  situated  in  the  Kedron  valley  3£ 
hours  distant  from  Jerusalem.  It  derives  its  name 
from  the  founder,  St.  Sabas,  who  was  born  in  Cappadocia 
about  439,  and  died  532. 

Marsala  (raar-sa'la).  A seaport  iu  the  province 
of  Trapani,  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°  47'  N., 
long.  12°  26'  E.  It  occupies  part  of  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Lilybjeum,  is  a cathedral  city,  and  has  an  export 
trade  in  wine.  Garibaldi  landed  Here  iu  1860.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  37,015. 

Marschner  (marsh'ner),  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Zittau,  Saxony,  Aug.  16,  1795:  died  at  Han- 
nover, Dec.  14, 1861 . A noted  German  composer. 
He  was  joint  kapellmeister  with  Weber  and  Morlacchi  of 
the  opera  at  Dresden  (1823-26),  kapellmeister  of  the  Leip- 
sic  theater  (1827-31),  and  court  kapellmeister  at  Hannover 
after  the  last  date.  He  was  the  author  of  the  operas  “ Der 
Vampyr”  (182S),  “ Hans  Heiling  ” (1833),  etc. 

Marsden  (miirz'den),  William.  Born  at  Ver- 
val,  Ireland,  Nov.  16,  1754:  died  near  London, 
Oct.  6. 1836.  An  English  Orientalist  and  numis- 
matist. He  received  an  appointment  in  the  service  of 
the  East  India  Company  at  Sumatra  in  1771.  In  17S5  he 
returned  and  established  an  East  India  agency  in  Gower 
street,  London.  In  1804  he  was  made  first  secretary  of  the 
admiralty.  His  chief  works  are  “History  of  Sumatra” 
(1783),  “Dictionary  and  Grammar  of  the  Malayan  Lan- 
guage” (1812),  “Numismata  illustrata  orientalia”  (1S23- 
1825).  He  presented  his  collection  of  3,447  Oriental  coins 
to  the  British  Museum. 

Marsdiep  (mars  - dep ').  A strait  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, separating  the  island  of  Texel  from 
the  mainland. 

Marseillaise,  La  (la  mar-se-yaz').  A popular 
French  patriotic  song.  The  words  and  music  are  by 
Claude  Joseph  Rouget  de  Lisle,  a captain  of  engineers, 
and  were  composed  at  Strasburg  in  a fit  of  enthusiasm  on 
the  night  of  April  24,  1792.  It  was  first  called  “Chant  de 
guerre  pour  l’armde  du  Rhin.” 


Marseillaise,  La 

The  “Chant  de  guerre”  was  sung  in  Dietrich’s  [the 
mayor’s]  house  on  April  25,  copied  and  arranged  for  a mili- 
tary band  on  the  following  day,  and  performed  by  the  band 
of  the  Garde  Nationale  at  a review  on  Sunday,  the  29th. 
On  June  25  a singer  named  Mireur  sang  it  at  a civic  ban- 
quet at  Marseilles  with  so  much  effect  that  it  was  imme- 
diately printed  and  distributed  to  the  volunteers  of  the 
battalion  just  starting  for  Paris.  They  entered  Paris  on 
July  30,  singing  their  new  hymn ; and  with  it  on  their  lips 
they  marched  to  the  attack  on  the  Tuileries  on  August 
10, 1792.  From  that  day  the  “Chant  de  guerre  pour  l'armee 
du  Rhin  ” was  called  “ Chanson  ” or  “ Chant  des  Marseil- 
lais,” and  finally  “La  Marseillaise.”  The  “Marseillaise" 
has  often  been  made  use  of  by  composers.  Of  these,  two  may 
be  cited : Salieri,  in  the  opening  chorus  of  his  opera  “Pal- 
mira” (1795),  and  Grison,  in  the  introduction  to  the  ora- 
torio “Esther"  (still  in  MS.),  both  evidently  international. 
Schumann  uses  it  in  his  song  of  the  “Two  Grenadiers” 
with  magnificent  effect;  and  also  introduces  it  in  his  over- 
ture to  “Hermann  und  Dorothea." 

Grove,  Diet,  of  Music,  XI.  220. 

Marseilles  (m;ir-salz'),F.  Marseille  (mar-say'). 
[L.  Massilia,  Gr.  M acoMa.]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  43°  18'  N., 
long.  5°  24'  E.  It  is  the  second  city  and  the  principal 
seaport  of  France,  and  also  the  chief  seaport  of  the  Medi- 
terranean. In  Europe  it  ranks  after  London,  Liverpool,  and 
Hamburg.  Its  commerce  is  with  Africa,  Italy,  the  Levant, 
the  Indies,  etc.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Messageries  Mari- 
times  and  other  steamer  lines.  Its  especial  trade  is  in 
grain,  coffee,  hides,  silk,  wool,  and  oil-seeds.  The  leading 
manufacture  is  soap.  It  has  a large  artificial  harbor.  The 
chief  promenade  is  the  Prado.  Among  its  notable  build- 
ings are  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  the  bourse,  the  Palais  de 
Justice,  and  the  cathedral,  a modern  building  by  Vandoyer, 
in  a modified  Byzantine  style,  built  in  alternate  courses  of 
dark  and  light  stone.  The  Palais  de  Longehamp  is  a fine 
modem  Renaissance  building,  forminga  monumental  ter- 
mination to  the  great  Durance  aqueduct.  It  consists  of 
two  wings  which  contain  the  museums  of  painting  and  nat- 
ural history,  and  are  connected  by  a colonnade  wit  h a cen- 
tral pavilion  from  which  issues  a beautiful  fountain  in  the 
form  of  a cascade.  The  city  was  founded  by  Greek  colon- 
ists from  Phocaea  about  600  B.  0. ; became  an  important 
colonizing  and  commercial  center  in  southern  Gaul ; was 
destroyed  by  the  Saracens,  and  rebuilt ; was  ruled  by  vis- 
counts ; was  independent  for  a short  time  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury ; was  deprived  of  its  freedom  by  the  counts  of  Pro- 
vence ; was  united  to  France  in  1481;  had  its  privileges 
taken  away  in  1060 ; was  punished  for  its  royalist  princi- 
ples in  the  Revolution;  and  was  noted  in  1792  for  the 
march  of  its  volunteers  to  Paris  with  the  “ Marseillaise  ” 
(which  see).  It  has  frequently  suffered  from  epidemics, 
it  was  the  birthplace  of  Thiers.  Pop.,  commune,  550,619. 

Marsh  (marsh),  or  de  Marisco,  Adam.  Born 
probably  in  Somerset:  died  about  1257.  A learn- 
ed English  Franciscan  monk.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  later  taught  in  the  Franciscan  school  there. 
He  was  a friend  of  Grosseteste  and  Simon  de  Montfort. 

Friar  Roger  Bacon,  a writer  by  no  means  inclined  to  flat- 
ter the  members  of  his  own  order,  can  hardly  find  words 
strong  enough  to  express  his  admiration  of  his  friend  Adam 
Marsh.  In  one  passage  he  classes  him  with  Solomon,  Aris- 
totle, Avicenna,  and  Grosseteste  as  “perfect  in  all  know- 
ledge ” ; in  another  he  describes  Grosseteste  and  Marsh  as 
“ the  greatest  clerks  of  the  world,  and  men  perfect  in 
knowledge  divine  and  human.  ” Some  of  the  letters  of  “ the 
Illu8triousDoctor,”as  Marsh  was  formerly  styled,  have  been 
preserved,  and,  if  they  scarcely  warrant  the  high  enco- 
mium of  Bacon,  they  are  at  least  interesting  records  of  an 

, unselfish  and  honourable  life.  The  Oxford  friar  had  as  his 
two  chief  correspondents  Robert  Grosseteste,  the  cham- 
pion of  the  English  church,  and  Simon  de  Montfort,  the 
champion  of  the  English  people.  hyte,  Oxford,  p.  51. 

Marsh,  Mrs.  (Anne  Caldwell).  Bom  in  Staf- 
fordshire about  1798 : died  there,  Oct.,  1874.  An 
English  novelist.  Among  her  works  are  “Two  Old 
Men’s  Tales”  (1846),  “Emilia  Wyndham”  (1846  and  1888), 
and  “Norman’s  Bridge.” 

Marsh,  George  Perkins.  Born  at  Woodstock, 
Vt.,  March  15, 1801 : died  at  Vallombrosa,  Italy, 
July  24, 1882.  An  American  philologist,  diplo- 
matist, and  politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Vermont  1842-49 ; and  United  States  ministerto  Tur- 
key 1849-53,  and  to  Italy  18G1-82.  He  published  a “ Com- 
pendious Grammar  of  the  Old  Northern  or  Icelandic  Lan- 
guage ” (1838),  “The  Camel  ’’  (1856),  “ Lectures  on  the  Eng- 
lish Language  ” (1861),  “ Origin  and  History  of  the  English 
Language"  (1862),  “Man  and  Nature”  (1864:  revised  as 
“The  Earth  as  Modified  by  Human  Action,”  1874). 

Marsh,  Herbert.  Bom  1757 : died  at  Peter- 
borough, England,  1839.  Bishop  of  Peterbor- 
ough. His  chief  work  is  a translation  of  the  “Introduc- 
tion  to  the  New  Testament”  by  Michael  is  (1702-1801). 

Marsh,  Othniel  Charles.  Bom  at  Lockport, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  29, 1831 ; died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
March  18,  1899.  A distinguished  American 
paleontologist,  professor  at  Yale  University 
1866-99.  His  special  study  was  the  extinct  vertebrates 
of  the  United  States.  His  works  include  “ Odoutornithes : 
a Monograph  on  the  Extinct  Toothed  Birds  of  North  Amer- 
ica" (1880),  “ Dinocerata : a Monograph  on  an  Extinct 
Order  of  Gigantic  Mammals  ’’  (1884),  etc. 

Marshal  (mar'shal),  William.  Born  about 
1146;  died  at  Caversham,  near  Reading,  May 
14,  1219.  First  Earl  of  Pembroke  and  Striguil 
of  the  Marshal  line,  and  regent  of  England. 
When  King  Stephen  besieged  John  Marshal  at  Newbury 
in  1162,  William  was  made  hostage  for  his  father  at  the 
royal  court.  In  1170  he  was  placed  by  Henry  1 1 . in  charge 
of  his  oldest  son,  Henry.  At  the  death  of  Henry  II.  he 
served  Richard  I.  On  Richard’s  death  Marshal  declared 
for  John.  He  was  present  at  Runnymede,  June  15,  1215. 


659 

John  died  Oct.  19,  1216,  and  on  Nov.  11, 1216,  Marshal  was 
chosen  regent. 

Marshal  Forwards.  A nickname  of  Blucher. 

Marshall  (mar'shal).  A city  and  the  capital  of 
Calhoun  County,  southern  Michigan,  situated 
on  the  Kalamazoo  100  miles  west  of  Detroit. 
Population,  4,236,  (1910). 

Marshall.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Harrison 
County,  eastern  Texas,  situated  about  245  miles 
northeast  of  Austin.  Population,  11,452,  (1910). 

Marshall,  Humphrey.  Born  in  Kentucky,  Jan. 
13,  1812:  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  28, 
1872.  An  American  politician  and  soldier.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1849-52  and  1855- 
1859 ; United  States  commissioner  to  China  1852-53 ; and 
later  a Confederate  general  and  member  of  Congress. 

Marshall,  John.  BorninFauquierCounty,Va., 
Sept.  24,  1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  6, 
1835.  A celebrated  American  jurist.  He  served 
in  the  Revolutionary  War;  was  a member  of  the  Virginia 
convention  to  ratify  the  constitution  in  1788 ; was  a United 
States  envoy  to  France  1797-98 ; was  a member  of  Con- 
gress from  Virginia  1799-1800 ; was  secretary  of  state  1800- 
1801 ; and  was  chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  1801-35.  He  published  a “Life  of  Washington  ” (5 
vols.  1804-07),  the  first  volume  of  which  was  published 
separately  under  the  title  of  “ A History  of  the  American 
Colonies  ” (1824). 

Marshall,  J ohn . Born  at  Ely,  Cambridgeshire, 
Sept.  11,  lSl8:  died  Jan.  1,  1891.  An  English 
anatomist  and  surgeon.  In  1838  he  entered  Univer- 
sity College,  London,  and  in  1844  was  admitted  a member, 
and  on  Dec.  7,  1849,  a fellow,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  sur- 
gery at  University  College  in  1866,  and  of  anatomy  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1873.  In  1883  he  became  president  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 

Marshall,  William.  Flourished  1630-50.  An 
English  engraver.  He  engraved  portraits  of 
Donne,  Milton,  Shalispere,  Bacon,  and  Charles 
I.  on  horseback. 

Marshall,  William  Calder.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1813:  died  June  16,  1894.  A Scottish 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  “Sabrina,”  a statue  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel  (in  Manchester),  decorations  in  the  Houses 
of  Parliament  and  St.  Paul’s,  etc. 

Marshall,  Gent.,  William.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  Horace  Walpole  wrote  “ The  Cas- 
tle of  Otranto.” 

Marshall  Islands.  An  archipelago  of  atolls 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  under  German  protection 
since  1885,  situated  about  lat.  5°-12°  N.,  long. 
161°— 172°  E.  It  comprises  two  main  groups,  Ralik  and 
Ratak.  They  were  discovered  by  Saavedra  in  1529,  and 
explored  by  Marshall  and  Gilbert  in  1788.  Area  (with 
Brown  and  Providence  Islands),  about  150  square  miles. 
Population,  about  15,000. 

Marshall  Pass.  A noted  pass  in  the  Cordil- 
leras of  Colorado,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Gun- 
nison. It  is  traversed  by  a railway.  Height, 
10,846  feet. 

Marshalltown  (ma-r'shal-toun).  A city,  capi- 
tal of  Marshall  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Iowa  River  48  miles  northeast  of  Des  Moines. 
Population,  13,374,  (1910). 

Marshalsea  (miir'shal-se)  Prison.  A prison  in 
Southwark,  London,  used  latterly  for  debtors, 
and  abolished  in  1849.  “This  prison  was  used  for 
persons  guilty  of  offences  on  the  high  seas,  or  within  the 
precincts  of  the  court.  The  marshal  of  this  prison  was 
seized  and  beheaded  by  the  rebels  under  Wat  Tyler  in 
1381.  Connected  with  the  prison  was  the  Marshalsea 
Court,  the  seat  (‘siege’)  of  the  marshal  of  the  king's  house- 
hold, ‘ to  decide  differences  and  to  punish  criminals  within 
the  royal  palace,  or  on  the  verge  thereof,  which  extended 
to  twelve  miles  around  it.’  This  court  was  united  with 
that  of  Queen’s  Bench  in  1842.”  Hare,  London,  I.  465. 

Marshman  (miirsh'man),  John  Clark.  Born 
Aug.,  1794 : died  at  London,  July  8,  1877.  An 
English  historian,  son  of  Joshua  Marshman 
(1768—1837).  He  went  to  Serampore  with  his  father  in 
1800.  He  started  the  first  paper-mill  in  India,  and  estab- 
lished the  Serampore  College  for  the  education  of  the  na- 
tives. He  returned  to  England  in  1852.  He  was  a secular 
bishop  for  20  years.  His  chief  works  are  a “ Dictionary  of 
the  Bengalee  Language,"  abridged  from  Carey’s  diction- 
ary (1827),  “ History  of  India  from  Remote  Antiquity  to 
the  Accession  of  the  Mogul  Dynasty”  (1842),  “Memoirs  of 
Major-General  Sir  Henry  Havelock  ” (1860). 

Marshman  (marsh 'man),  Joshua.  Born  at 
Westbury  Leigh,  Wiltshire,  England,  April  20, 
1768:  died  at  Serampore,  Bengal,  India,  Dec. 
5,  1837.  An  English  Baptist  missionary  and. 
Orientalist,  originally  a weaver  by  trade.  He 
was  missionary  at  Serampore  1799-1837,  and  published 
“The  Works  of  Confucius  ” (1811),  “ Elements  of  Chinese 
Grammar,”  etc. 

Marsi  (miir'sl).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Marsi,  Gr.  (Stra- 
bo) MapfTo/.]  A German  tribe  first  mentioned 
by  Strabo.  They  took  part  in  the  uprising  under  Ar- 
minius,  but  disappear  after  the  campaigns  of  Germanicus. 
They  were  probably  a part  of  the  Sygambri,  whom  they 
adjoined  on  the  southeast,  west  of  the  Cherusci  and 
Chatti. 

Marsic  (mar'sik).  [Ar.,  perhaps  modified  from 
marfiq  or  marfaq , the  elbow.]  The  fiftii-mag- 


Martaban,  Gulf  of 

nitude  double  star  ic  Herculis,  situated  in  the 
right  elbow  of  the  giant  as  usually  drawn. 

Marsico  Nuovo  (mar'se-ko  no-o'vo).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Potenza,  southern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Agri  20  miles  south  of  Potenza. 

Marsic  War.  See  Social  War, 

Marsigli  (mar-sel'ye),  Count  Luigi  Ferdi- 
naudo.  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  June  10,  1658: 
died  there,  Nov.  1,  1730.  An  Italian  soldier, 
naturalist,  and  geographer.  He  was  in  the  Austrian 
military  service,  and  for  the  surrender  of  the  fortress  of 
Altbreisach  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  was 
degraded  by  a court  martial.  He  wrote  a “ Physical  His- 
tory of  the  Sea”  (1711),  “Danubius  Pannonico-Mysicus, 
cum  observationibus  geographicis  ” (1726),  “ Stato  militare 
dell’  imperio  Ottomano  ’’  (1732). 

Marsiglio  (miir-sel'yo),  or  Marsirio,  or  Mar- 
silius,  etc.  A Saracen  king  in  the  Carolingian 
cycle  of  romance. 

Marsivan  (miir-se-van').  A manufacturing 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Sivas,  Asia  Minor,  25  miles 
northwest  of  Amasia.  Population,  about  15,000. 

Mars-la-Tour  (marsTii-tor').  A village  in  the 
department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  14 
miles  west  of  Metz.  For  the  battle  of  Aug.  16, 
1870,  see  Vionville. 

Marston  (mars'tou),  John.  Born  about  1575 : 
died  at  London,  June  25,  1634.  An  English 
dramatist,  satirist,  and  divine.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford  (Brasenose  College)  in  1594,  and  was  rector  of 
Christchurch,  Hampshire,  1616-31,  giving  up  writing  for 
the  stage  after  his  appointment.  He  was  involved  in  the 
endless  quarrels  with  Jonson  and  Dekker  referred  to  in 
their  plays  and  his  ; and  also  attacked  Joseph  Hall  in  his 
satires,  in  reply  to  an  assault  in  Hall’s  “ Virgidemhe.”  He 
wrote  “ The  Metamorphosis  of  Pygmalion’s  Image,”  a 
poem  (1598),  “The  Scourge  of  Villanie,”  three  books  of 
satires  (1598).  Among  his  plays  are  “History  of  Antonio 
and  Mellida”  (1602),  “The  Malcontent”  (1604),  “East- 
ward Ho,”  with  Jonson  and  Chapman  (1605),  “The  Dutch 
Courtezan"  (1605),  “ Parasitaster,  or  the  Fawn”  (1606), 
“ The  Wonder  of  Women,  or  the  Tragedy  of  Sophonisba” 
(1607),  “The  Insatiate  Countess,"  also  attributed  to  W. 
Barksteed  (1613).  He  also  wrote  parts  of  “ Histriomastix  ” 
(1610)  and  “Jack  Drum’s  Entertainment”  (1616). 

Marston,  John  Westland.  Born  at  Boston, 
Lincolnshire,  Jan.  30,  1819 : died  at  London, 
Jan.  5,  1890.  An  English  dramatist.  In  1834  he 
entered  the  office  of  his  uncle,  a London  solicitor.  He  was 
closely  associated  with  a group  of  mystics  corresponding 
somewhat  to  the  Transcendentalists  of  New  England.  He 
wrote  “ The  Patrician’s  Daughter  ’’  (performed  Dec. , 1842), 
“Strathmore  ” (1849), “ Marie  de  Meranie  ” (1850), “ A Life's 
Ransom  ’’  (1857),  “A  Hard  Struggle  ” (1858),  “ Donna  Diana,” 
his  best  play  (1863),  “ The  Favourite  of  Fortune  ” (1866). 
He  contributed  much  poetical  criticism  to  the  “Athe- 
naeum,” including  a review  of  “ Atalanta  in  Calydon.  ’’  In 
1888  appeared  “Our  Recent  Actors”  and  “Recollections 
of  Late  Distinguished  Performers  of  both  Sexes.”  Some 
of  his  smaller  poems  were  very  successful,  especially  that 
on  the  charge  of  Balaklava. 

Marston,  Philip  Bourke.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  13,  1850 : died  Feb.  13, 1887.  An  English 
poet,  son  of  John  Westland  Marston.  From  his 
youth  he  was  almost  totally  blind.  He  published  “Song- 
tide,  and  Other  Poems  ’’  (1871),  “ All  in  All  ” (1875),  and 
“ Wind  Voices  ” (1883).  After  his  death  appeared  “For  a 
Song's  Sake,  and  Other  Stories”  (1887),  “Garden  Secrets  ” 
(1887),  and  “ A Last  Harvest"  (1891).  His  “ Collected 
Poems  ” were  edited  by  Mrs.  Louise  Chandler  Moulton  in 
1892. 

Marston  Moor.  A plain  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 8 miles  west-northwest  of  York.  Here,  July 
2,  1644,  the  Parliamentary  forces  and  Scots  (about  24,000) 
under  the  Fairfaxes,  Leven,  Cromwell,  and  Manchester  de- 
feated the  Royalists  (about  22,000)  under  Prince  Rupert. 

Marstrand  (mar'strand),  Vilhelm.  Born  at 
Copenhagen,  Dec.  24, 1810 : died  at  Copenhagen, 
March  25,  1873.  A Danish  painter  of  historical 
and  genre  subjects.  He  was  professor  at  the 
Academy  of  Copenhagen  from  1848,  and  its  di- 
rector 1853-59. 

Marsus  (mar'sus),  Domitius.  Born  54  (?)  B.  c. : 
died  4 (?)  B.  C.  A Roman  poet  of  the  Augustan 
age,  author  of  a collection  of  epigrams  (“ Ci- 
euta”)  and  comic  tales,  a work  on  oratory,  an 
epic  (“ Amazonis”),  and  erotic  elegies.  He 
was  noted  for  the  severity  of  his  satire. 

Marsyaff(mar'si-as).  [Gr.  Napalm;. ] In  Greek 
mythology, aPhrygian(in  some  accounts  a peas- 
ant, and  in  others  a satyr)  defeated  by  Apollo 
in  a musical  contest.  According  to  the  myth,  Marsyas 
picked  up  the  flute  of  Athene,  which  the  goddess  had 
thrown  away  in  disgust  on  seeing,  from  the  reflectionof  her 
face  in  water,  how  playing  distorted  her  features,  and 
found  that  when  he  blew  it  beautiful  strains  came  forth 
from  it  of  their  own  accord.  He  challenged  Apollo  to  a 
combat,  flute  against  lyre,  and  only  when  he  added  Ins 
voice  to  his  instrument  was  the  god  declared  victor  by  the 
umpires,  the  Muses  (or,  in  some  accounts,  the  Nysseans). 
For  his  presumpl  ion  Apollo  flayed  him  alive.  Chaucer,  in 
his  “ House  of  Fame,”  makes  Marsyas  a woman,  Marcia. 

Martaban  (mar-ta-biin').  A small  town  and 
former  fortress  in  British  Burma,  opposite 
Maulmain:  the  medieval  capital  of  Pegu,  it  was 
stormed  and  taken  by  the  British  Oct.  29, 1825,  and  April 
15, 1852. 

Martaban,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, west  of  Burma,  in  about  lat.  16°  N. 


Martano 


660 


Martano  (mar-ta'no).  A character  in  Ariosto’s  Martin  II„  or  Marinus  I.  Pope  882-884. 

“ Orlando  Furioso,”  evidently  the  original  of  Martin  III.,  or  Marinus  II.  Pope  942-946. 
Spenser’s  Braggadocchio.  Martin  IV.  (Simon  de  Brion).  Born  in  France 

Martel,  Charles.  See  Charles  Martel.  about  1210:  died  at  Perugia,  Italy,  March,  1285. 

Martel  (mar-tel'),  Louis  Joseph.  Bom  at  St.-  Pope  1281-85. 

Omer,  Sept.  15,  1813:  died  at  Evreux,  March  4,  Martin  V.  (family  name  Coloima).  Died  Feb. 
1892.  A French  politician.  He  was  a member  of  20,  1431.  Pope  1417—31.  He  was  elected  by  the 
the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1849;  waselectedmemberof  the  Council  of  Constance  after  the  deposition  of  John  XXIII., 
legislative  bodies  in  1863  and  1869 ; and  was  a member  and  Gregory  XII.,  and  Benedict  XIII. 
vice-president  of  the  National  Assem  bly  (1871),  in  which  he  Martin,  Alexander.  Born  in  New  J ersey  about 
belonged  to  the  left  center.  He  became  a life  senator  in  1740;  died  at  Danbury,  N.  C.,  Nov.,  1807.  An 

187o;  was  minister  of  justice  Dec.,  1876, -May,  18/7 : and  A . i.<>  • / ^ t>  „ s ^ 

was  president  of  the  Senate  in  1879.  American  politician  and  Revolutionary  officer. 

Ma-rtel de JanTrillef n.il.-tol' Si- 

bylle  G-aorielle  Jylarie  AjluOinette  Cie  ICi-  ventionof  1787;  and  served  in  the  United  States  Senate 
quetti  de  Mirabeau,  Comtesse  de.  Born  at  1793-99. 

the  Chateau  de  Koetsal,  Morbihan,  about  1850.  Martin,  Benjamin.  Born  at  Worplesdon,  Sur- 
A French  writer,  known  under  her  pseudonym  rey,  1704:  died  at  London,  Feb.  9,  1782.  An 
“Gyp.”  She  has  written  for  “ La  Vie  Parisienne  ” and  English  mathematician  and  instrument-maker, 
more  recently  for  “ La  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes.  She  He  wrote  “Bibliotheca  Technologica”  (1737),  an  "English 
has  created  several  well-known  types  (notably  Paulette,  Dictionary ” (1749),  “Martin’s  Magazine”  (1755),  “Mathe- 
Loulou,  and  le  petit  Bob),  which  appear  in  her  sketches  matical  Institutions"  (1759-64),  etc. 
and  have  given  titles  to  several  of  her  books.  Among  the  Martin  (mar-tan'),  Bon  Louis  Henri.  Bom  at 
latter  are  “Amour  du  manage  (1883 : dramatized  in  the  St._Quentin>  Aisne,  Feb.  20,  1810 : died  at  Paris, 


same  year  with  M.  Crdmieux),  “Ce  que  femme  vent!” 
(1883),  “Sans  voiles”  (1885),  “Autour  du  divorce”  (1886), 
“Bob  au  salon,”  with  illustrations  by  “Bob”  (1888-90), 
“C’est  nous  qui  sont  1’liistoire”  (1890),  “ Passionette  ” 
(1891),  etc. 

Martens  (mar'tens),  Georg  Friedrich  von. 

Bom  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  22, 1756:  died  atFrank- 
fort-on-the-Main,  Feb.  21, 1821.  A German  pub- 
licist and  diplomatist.  He  became  professor  of  law 
at  Gottingen  in  1784.  His  chief  work  is  “ Recueil  des  trails  ’’ 
(2d  ed.  1817-35). 

Martens  (mar'tens),  Baron  Karl  von.  Born 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  1790 : died  at  Dres- 
den, March  28,  1863.  A German  diplomatist, 
nephew  of  G.  F.  von  Martens.  He  wrote 
“ Guide  diplomatique”  (5th  ed.  1866),  etc. 

Martensen  (mar'ten-sen),  Hans  Lassen.  Born 
Aug.  19, 1808 : died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  4, 1884. 
A Danish  theologian.  He  became  professor  of  theol- 
ogy at  Copenhagen  in  1840,  court  preacher  in  1845,  and 
bishop  of  Zealand  in  1854. 


Dec.  14, 1883.  AneminentFrenchhistorian.  He 
studiedforthebarandservedasclerkinalawofflcein  Paris. 
Through  a happy  concourseof  circumstances,  he  was  led  to 
concentrate  his  energies  on  a “Histoire  de  France  par  les 
principaux  historiens  ”(1834-36),  which  is  merely  a sequence 
of  excerpts  from  the  works  of  leading  chroniclers  and  his- 
torians. Next  he  undertook  a “Histoire  de  France”  on 
his  own  account,  and  the  results  of  his  arduous  andpatient 
investigations  were  published  in  19  volumes  (1837-54).  Im- 
mediately on  completion  of  this  task,  Martin  revised  and 
enlarged  his  work,  and  replaced  the  original  publication 
by  a new  edition  in  16  volumes  (1855-60).  Besides  his 
early  writings  and  his  numerous  contributions  to  periodi- 
cals, he  published  “Minuit  et  Midi”  (1832),  “ Histoire  de 
Soissons”  (1837),  “De  la  France,  de  son  gjnie  et  de  ses 
destinbes”(1847),“  Daniel  Manin”(1859),“  L’Unitditalienne 
et  la  France”  (1861),  “Jean  Reynaud”  (1863),  “Pologne  et 
Moscovie  ” (1863),  a heroic  drama  “ Vercingbtorix  ” (1865), 
“La  Russie  d’Europe”  (1866),  “Histoire de  Fiance  popu- 
late ” (1867-75),  “Etudes  d’areh^ologie  celtique"  (1871), 
and  “Napoleon  et  les  frontibres  de  la  France”  (1874).  He 
served  his  country  in  various  political  capacities,  and  was 
elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1878. 


Martext  (mar'tekst),  Sir  Oliver.  In  Shak-  Martin,  Francois  Xavier.  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
spere’s  comedy  “As  you  Like  it,”  a country  Marchl7, 1764:  died  at  New  Orleans,  Dec.,  1846. 
curate.  The  title  Sir  was  a pontifical  style  sold  by  the  An  American  jtxrist.  He  was  judge  of  the  Supreme 
legates  of  the  Pope  to  those  clergymen  who  could  pay  Court  of  Louisiana  1815-45.  He  published  a history  of 
for  it,  and  was  frequently  bestowed  on  parsons  by  the  old  North  Carolina  (1829)  and  of  Louisiana  (1827). 
dramatists.  Martext  was  perhaps  a satirical  name  forone  Martin  (miir'tin),  Homer  D.  Born  at  Albany, 
whose  style  was  rustic  and  unlearned.  Furness.  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1836 : died  at  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Feb. 

Martha  (mar'tha).  [Aramean,  ‘lady It.  Sp.  12,1897.  An  American  landscape-painter.  He 
Marta , Pg.  Martha , P.  Marthe.j  One  of  the  was  elected  national  academician  in  1875. 
adherents  of  Jesus,  sister  of  Mary  and  Lazarus,  Martin  (mar'tin),  John.  Born  at  Haydon  Bridge, 
whose  house  in  Bethany  Jesus  often  visited,  near  Hexham,  Northumberland,  July  19, 1789 : 


A later  tradition  makes  her  come  with  her  brother  Laza- 
rus to  the  south  of  France.  She  is  the  patron  saint,  of 
good  housewives. 

Martha.  An  opera  by  Flotow,  first  produced 
at  Vienna  in  1847. 


died  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  Feb.  17, 1854.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter  and  engraver.  His  chief 
works  are  “Belshazzar’s  Feast”  (1821),  “The  Fall  of  Nine- 
veh "(1833),  “The  Deluge”  (1837),  “The  Last  Man”  (1839), 
and  “The  Eve  of  the  Deluge”  (1840). 


Martha’s  Vineyard  (mfir'thaz  vin'yard).  An  Martin,  Luther.  Born  at  New  Brunswick,  N.J., 

island  southeast  of  Massachusetts,  to  which  it  ” ~ 

belongs,  forming  the  chief  part  of  Dukes  Coun- 
ty. It  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  Vineyard  Sound 
(about  5 miles  wide),  and  is  a summer  resort.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Gosnold  in  1602,  and  was  named  by  him. 

Length,  21  miles. 

Martial  (mar'shial)  (Marcus  Valerius  Mar- 
tialis).  Born  at  Bilbilis,  Spain,  43  a.  d.  : died 
in  Spain  about  104.  A Latin  poet,  author  of 
14  books  of  epigrams.  He  resided  chiefly  at  Martin,  Mary  Letitia  (Mrs.  Bell).  Born  at 
Borne.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  Ballinahiuch  Castle,  Count}7  Galway,  Ireland, 

Martial  Maid,  The.  See  Love's  Cure.  Aug.  28, 1815:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  7, 1850. 

Martigny  (mar-ten-ye'),  G.  Martinach  (mar'-  A British  novelist,  known  as  Mrs.  Bell  Martin 
te-nach),  Roman  Octodlirum.  A town  in  the  and  the  “Princess  of  Connemara.”  Her  chief 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  near  the  * work  is  “Julia  Howard:  a Romance”  (1850). 
Rhone  in  lat.  46°  7'  N.,  long.  7°  4'  E.  It  con-  Martin,  Sir  Theodore.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
tains  the  communes  Martigny-Ville,  Martigny-Bourg,  and  1816:  died  Aug.  18,  1909.  A British  author. 


1744:  died  at  New  York,  July  10,  1826.  An 
American  lawyer.  He  was  attorney-general  of  Mary- 
land 1778-1805,  and  in  1787  was  a member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  United  States  Constitution.  He  left 
the  convention  to  avoid  signing  the  Constitution.  He  was 
reappointed  attorney-general  in  1818,  but  two  years  later 
was  disabled  by  a stroke  of  paralysis.  In  1822  the  legisla- 
ture of  Maryland  passed  an  act  requiring  every  lawyer  in 
the  State  to  pay  annually  a license  fee  of  $5.00  for  the  bene- 
fit of  Luther  Martin. 


He  settled  in  London  as  a parliamentary  agent  in  1846.  He 
translated  “ Poems  and  Ballads  of  Goethe  ’’  (1858),  Horace’s 
odes  (1860),  Catullus  (1861),  Dante’s  “Vita  nuova " (1862), 
Goethe’s  “Faust”  (1862),  and  wrote  “Life  of  the  Prince 
Consort"  (1874-80),  “Life  of  Lord  Lyndhurst"  (1883),  etc. 


Martigny-Combe,  and  is  a tourist  center. 

Martigues  (mar-teg'),  Les.  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of^Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Etang  de  Berre  18  miles  northwest  

of  Marseilles.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  a small  Martin, ' Sir  Thomas  Byam.  Bom  July  25, 

principality.  Population,  commune,  about  — - • ' ' ~~  ' --  

6,000. 

Martin  (mar'tin),  Saint.  [LL.  Martinus , of 
Mars,  or  little  Mars.]  Born  at  Saharia,  Pan- 
nonia,  about  316:  died  about  397  (400?).  A 


1773:  died  at  Portsmouth,  Oct.  21,  1854.  An 
English  admiral.  As  commander  of  the  Fisgard  he 
captured  the  Immortality  off  Brest,  Oct.  20,  1798 ; in  1808 
and  1809  he  served  in  the  Baltic.  He  was  made  rear-ad- 
miral in  1811,  vice-admiral  in  1819,  and  admiral  in  1849. 

sainToAhe  Roman  Catholic  Chxu-ch.'  He  became  Martin,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
— 1807 : died  at  Torquay,  Nov.  8,  1880.  An  Eng- 

lish scholar  and  jurist.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge 
(St.  John’s  College)  in  1826,  and  was  made  fellow  in  1831. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1836,  and  was  made  chief  justice 
of  New  Zealand  in  1841,  resigning  in  1857.  In  New  Zealand 
he  defended  the  rights  of  the  natives.  Hepublislied  “In- 
quiries concerning  the  Structure  of  the  SemiticLanguages  ” 
0876-78). 


bishop  of  Tours  about  371.  He  founded  the  famous  mon- 
astery of  Marmontier.  His  festival  in  the  Roman  and 
Anglican  churches  is  Nov.  11.  Martinmas  is  the  name 
given  to  the  day  in  England : it  is  the  time  when  cattle  are 
killed  for  winter  use,  and  new  wine  is  drawn  from  the  lees 
and  tasted.  The  celebration  was  common  over  most  of 
Christendom,  and,  being  a somewhat  jovial  occasion,  St. 
Martin  became  a very  popular  saint,  the  patron  saint  of 


publicans  and  tavern-keepers,  the  beggars  being  taken  Martina  (mar-te'na).  A town  in  southeastern 

frrvrvi  him  ATl/l  OM  VftTl  t/1  SL  (rllpR.  ( .ha'lflbcrSi  vinw  V ' 

Italy,  northeast  of  Taranto. 

~ Vtown 

miles  west 

, I, ui  i^i i.  , commune, 

Pope  649-653.  He  condemned  the  Monothelites  at  the  ,,  8 


iron,  mm  a.m  m en  au  ones.  Italy,  northeast  of  Taranto. 

Martin  , Panther’  th0  Martina  Franca  (mar-te'nafrang'ka),  A 

Lutheran  ])4  ty.  Q , in  the  province  of  Lecce,  Italy,  34  miles 


Lateran  Synod  of  649,  in  consequence  of  which  lie  was  de- 
posed  by  the  emperor  Constans  II. 


Martin  Chuzzlewit  (chuz'l-wit).  A novel  by 


Martini,  Giovanni  Battista 

Dickens,  produced  in  20  monthly  parts,  the  first 
Coming  out  in  1843.  It  was  published  in  one  volume 
in  1844,  and  in  Dickens’s  own  words  was  intended  “to  show 
how  selfishness  propagates  itself,  and  to  what  a grim  giant 
it  may  grow  from  small  beginnings.”  See  Chuzzlewit. 

Martin  de  Moussy  (mar-tan'  de  mo-se'),  Jean 
Antoine  Victor.  Born  at  Moussy-le-Vieux, 
J une  26,  1810 : died  near  Paris,  March  26, 1869. 
A French  physician  and  traveler.  He  established 
himself  at  Montevideo  in  1842,  and  from  1855  to  1859  made 
extensive  explorations  of  the  Argentine  provinces  under 
the  auspices  of  the  government.  The  results  were  pub- 
lished as  “Description  g^ographique  et  statistique  de  la 
Confederation  Argentine  ” (Paris,  3 vols.  and  atlas,  1860- 
1864),  and  in  various  scientific  papers. 

Martine  (mar-ten').  The  wife  of  Sganarelle 
in  MoliSre’s  “ Le  medecin  malgre  lui.” 

Martineau  (mar'ti-no),  Harriet.  Born  at  Nor- 
wich, June  12, 1802:  died  at  Clappersgate,  near 
Ambleside,  Westmoreland,  June  27,  1876.  A 
noted  English  author,  sister  of  Dr.  James  Mar- 
tineau. At  the  age  of  16  she  became  very  deaf,  and  she 
never  possessed  the  senses  of  taste  and  smell.  In  1820  she 
became  interested  in  the  writings  of  Hartley  and  Priestley, 
who  exerted  a strong  influence  upon  her  philosophical 
and  religious  beliefs.  Her  first  literary  success  was  with 
a series  of  stories  illustrating  the  political  economy  of  Mal- 
thus,  Ricardo,  and  James  Mill  (1832).  In  1834  she  visited 
America  and  assisted  the  abolitionists.  Among  her  works 
are  “The  Essential  Faith  of  the  Universal  Church,"  “The 
Faith  as  Unfolded  by  Many  Prophets,"  “Providence  Mani- 
fested through  Israel”  (these  were  prize  essays  published 
by  the  Unitarian  Society);  “Society  in  America”  (1836), 
“Retrospect  of  Western  Travel"  (1838),  “Deerbrook,"  a 
novel  (1839),  “Forest  and  Game-Law  Tales”  (1845),  “His- 
tory of  England  during  the  Thirty  Years’  Peace”  (written 
forCharles  Knight,  184S),  “ The  Philosophy  of  Comte,  freely 
translated  and  condensed”  (1853),  “ British  Rule  in  India” 
(1857),  “ The  Endowed  Schools  of  Ireland  "(1859),  “ Health, 
Husbandry,  and  Handicraft”  (1861),  etc.  Her  autobiog- 
raphy was  edited  by  Maria  Weston  Chapman  in  1877. 

Martineau,  James.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
April  21,  1805 : died  at  London,  Jan.  11,  1900. 
An  English  Unitarian  clergyman.  He  removed 
to  London  in  1857,  and  was  principal  of  Manchester  New 
College  1868-85.  He  was  the  author  of  “Endeavours 
after  the  Christian  Life  ” (1843-47),  “ Miscellanies  ” (1852), 
“Studies  of  Christianity"  (1858),  “Essays”  (1866),  “A 
Word  for  Scientific  Theology"  (1868),  “Religion  as  Af- 
fected by  Modern  Materialism  ”"(1874),  “ Modern  Material- 
ism, etc.”  (1876),  “ The  Relation  between  Ethics  and  Reli- 
gion” (1881),  “A  Study  of  Spinoza  ”(1882),  “Types  of  Ethi- 
cal Theory  ” (1885),  "A  Study  of  Religion,  etc.”  (1888),  “The 
Seat  of  Authority  in  Religion  ” (1890),  etc. 

Martinestje,  or  Martinesti  (mar-te-nes'te).  A 
village  in  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Rimnik 
about  37  miles  west  of  Galatz.  Here,  Sept.  22, 1789, 
the  allied  Austrians  and  Russians  under  Suvaroff  defeated 
the  Turks. 

Martinet  (mar-te-na'),  Achille  Louis.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1806:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  11, 
1877.  A French  engraver. 

Martinez  (mar-te'neth),  Enrico.  Born  either  in 
Holland  or  in  Andalusia,  about  1570:  died  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  1632.  An  engineer  who, 
from  1607,  was  engaged  in  works  for  the  drain- 
age of  the  Mexican  lake.  He  wrote  a work  on 
New  Spain. 

Martinez  (mar-te'neth),  Tomas.  Born  in  Leon 
about  1812:  died  at  Managua,  March  12,  1873. 
A Nicaraguan  general  and  statesman.  He  fought 

against  Walker  1856-57;  governed  Nicaragua  conjointly 
with  Jerez,  June-Oct.,  1867  ; commanded  the  army  against 
Costa  Rica;  and  was  president  Nov.  15,  1857, -March  1, 
1867.  This  period  was  the  most  prosperous  in  the  history 
of  the  republic.  From  Sept.,  1862,  to  May,  1863,  Nicaragua 
and  Guatemala  were  engaged  in  a war  with  Honduras  and 
Salvador,  in  which  the  latter  were  victorious. 

Martinez  Campos  (kam'pos),  Arsenio.  Born 
Dec.  14, 1834:  died  Sept.  23,  1900.  A Spanish 
general  and  politician.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  Spain  against  the  Carlists,  and  in  Cuba;  was  premier 
for  a time  in  1879  ; and  in  1881  with  Senor  Sagasta  formed 
a cabinet  which  was  in  power  until  1883.  In  1895  he  was 
charged  with  the  suppression  of  the  Cuban  insurrection. 

Martinez  de  la  Rosa  (da  laro'sa),  Francisco. 

Born  at  Granada,  Spain,  March  10,  1789:  died 
at  Madrid,  Feb.  7,  1862.  A Spanish  statesman 
and  man  of  letters.  He  was  premier  1820-23  and  1834- 
1835,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1844-46.  Among 
his  works  are  “Edipo,”  “LaConjuracionde  Venecia,"  and 
“La  hija  en  casa  y la  madre  en  la  masc&ra." 

Martinez  de  Rozas  (ro'zas),  Juan.  Bora  at 
Mendoza  (then  in  Chile,  no  w in  Argentina ) , 1759 : 
died  there,  March  3, 1813.  A Chilean  patriot. 
He  was  intendente  of  Concepcion,  and  acquired  great  influ- 
ence in  the  south  of  Chile.  Appointed  secretary  of  the 
captain-general  Carrasco  in  1808,  he  virtually  controUed 
his  policy,  preparing  the  way  for  the  revolution.  He  was 
a member  of  the  first  revolutionary  junta  (Sept.,  1810,- 
July,  1811)  and  its  leading  spirit,  but  the  intrigues  of  Car- 
rera eventually  gave  that  leader  the  ascendancy,  and  in 
1812  Rozas  was  banished. 

Martini ( m ar-te ' ne ) , Giovanni  Battista  (ca lied 
Padre  Martini).  Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  April 
24, 1706:  died  at  Bologna,  Aug.  4 (?),  1784.  A 
Franciscan  monk,  noted  as  a writer  on  music, 
nis  principal  works  are  “Storia  della  musica "(1757-81 : 
3 vols.  on  the  history  of  music),  “ Saggio  di  contrapunto  " 
(“  Essay  on  Counterpoint,”  1774-76). 


Martini,  Simone 

Martini,  Simone,  or  Simone  di  Martino : in- 
correctly Simone  Memmi.  Born  at  Siena, 
Italy,  1283:  died  at  Avignon,  France,  1344.  An 
★Italian  painter,  of  the  Sienese  school. 
Martinique  (mar-ti-nek').  An  island  of  the 
Lesser  Antilles,  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
France,  situated  south  of  Dominica  and  north 
of  St.  Lucia,  and  intersected  by  lat.  14°  40'  N., 
long.  61°  10'  W.  Capital,  Fort  de  France ; chief 
port,  St. -Pierre.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  The 
leading  product  is  sugar.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  ne- 
groes and  half-castes.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1502,  and  in  1035  was  colonized  by  the  French.  At  the  end 
of  the  Seven  Years’  War,  and  at  two  periods  in  the  Napo- 
leonic wars,  it  was  held  by  the  British.  On  May  8,  1902, 
an  eruption  of  Montagne  Pel^e,  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  island,  entirely  destroyed  St.  Pierre  and  the  sur- 
rounding district,  with  theloss  of  about  40,000 lives.  Area, 
381  square  miles.  Population,  182,024. 

Martinists  (miir'tin-ists).  The  members  of  the 
school  of  religionists  formed  originally  by  the 
Chevalier  St.-Martin  (1743-1803),  a few  years 
before  the  French  Revolution  broke  out:  a kind 
of  pietistic  imitation  of  freemasonry.  The  Mar- 
tinista  were  transplanted  to  Russia  during  the  reign  of 
Catharine  II.  Blunt,  Diet,  of  Sects. 

Martin  Mar-all.  See  Sir  Martin  Mar-all. 

Martino,  Simone  di.  See  Martini. 
Martinsburg  (mar'tinz-berg).  The  capital  of 
Berkeley  Cotmty,  West  Virginia,  60  miles  north- 
west of  Washington.  Pop.,  10,698,  (1910). 
Martin’s  summer.  Saint.  A period  of  fine 
weather  occurring  about  St.  Martin’s  day 
(Nov.  11). 

Martinus  Scriblerus  (mar-ti'nus  skrib-le'rus), 
Memoirs  Of.  A satire  written  principally  by 
John  Arbuthnot,  published  in  1741.  Pope  and 
Swift  were  also  among  the  contributors  and 
members  of  the  Scriblerus  Club. 

The  famous  Martinus  Scriblerus  Club,  in  which  Pope, 
Swift,  and  Arbuthnot  took  the  leading  parts,  was  formed, 
at  Pope's  suggestion,  for  the  purpose  of  satirizing  broadly 
all  literary  incompetence.  During  the  latest  period  of 
Pope's  career  the  projects  of  Scriblerus  were  constantly 
present  to  the  mind  of  that  poet,  and  “ the  great  and  won- 
derful work  of  ‘The  Dunciad”'  is  the  most  celebrated  of 
his  fragmentary  contributions  to  the  labours  of  the  club. 
Swift,  on  the  other  hand,  was  to  exert  himself  on  the 
creation  of  a satirical  romance,  and  the  fust  intima- 
tion which  the  world  received  of  this  production  was  a 
mysterious  series  of  allusions  in  Pope’s  “Memoirs  of 
Scriblerus,"  in  which  the  four  parts  of  Martin's  Travels 
were  rudely  sketched. 

Oosse,  Eighteenth-Century  Lit.,  p.  159. 

Martin  Vas  (or  Vaz)  (mar-ten'  vfiz).  A group 
of  islets  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated  in 
the  South  Atlantic,  near  Trinidad,  in  lat.  20° 
28'  S.,  long.  28°  53'  W. 

Martius.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  (?)  “ Titus 
Andronicus”:  a son  of  Titus  Andronicus. 
Martius  (mart'se-os),  Karl  Friedrich  Philipp 
von.  Bom  at  Erlangen,  April  17,  1794:  died 
at  Munich,  Dec.  13, 1868.  A Bavarian  natural- 
ist. From  1817  to  1820  he  traveled  with  Spix  in  Brazil, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Bavarian  government.  On  his 
return  he  was  knighted.  In  1826  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  University  of  Munich,  and  in  1832 
conservator  of  the  botanical  garden,  butresigned  bothposi- 
tions  in  1864.  The  results  of  the  Brazilian  expedition  were 
published  at  the  expense  of  the  Bavarian  government  as 
“Reise  in  Brasilien’’  (3  vols.  and  atlas,  1823-31),  and  in  a 
seriesof  richly ^ illustrated  works  on  animals  and  plants,  the 
latter  by  Martius.  His  work  on  palms  was  published  from 
1823  to  1850  in  3 folio  volumes.  He  planned  and  edited 
the  first  volumes  of  the  “Flora  Brasiliensis " (begun  in 
1840),  one  of  the  greatest  botanical  works  ever  under- 
taken. His  contributions  to  Brazilian  ethnology  are  im- 
portant. His  minor  works  embrace  over  160  titles. 
Martos  (miir'tos).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Jae'n,  Spain,  41  miles  north-northwest  of  Gra- 
nada. Population,  17,078. 

Martyn  (mar'tin),  Henry.  Born  at  Truro,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  18, 1781 : died  at  Tokat,  Armenia,  Oct. 
16,  1812.  An  English  missionary.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  (St.  John’s  College)  in  1801,  and  became  a 
fellow  of  his  college  in  1802.  His  career  was  suggested  by 
reading  the  life  of  David  Brainerd.  He  arrived  at  Calcutta 
as  chaplain  of  the  East  India  Company  in  1808,  and  began 
to  preach  to  the  natives  at  Cawnpore.  In  1811  he  visited 
Persia,  and  in  1812  started  on  his  return  to  England  byway 
of  Constantinople.  He  died  on  the  way  at  Tokat.  His 
“Journals  and  Letters  ” appeared  in  1837.  His  works  in- 
clude “The  New  Testament  translated  into  the  Hindoo- 
stanee  Language  from  the  Original  Greek’’  (1814)  and 
“The  New  Testament  translated  into  Persian"  (1827). 
Martyn,  John.  Born  at  London,  Sopt.  12, 1699: 
died  at  Chelsea,  Jan.  29, 1768.  An  English  bot- 
anist, son  of  Thomas  Martyn,  a Hamburg  mer- 
chant. In  1725  he  contributed  the  technical  botanical 
terms  to  Bailey’s  dictionary ; in  1728  issued  the  first  decad 
of  his  “ Historia  plantarum  rariorum  ” ; in  1730  entered 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ; and  in  1732  was  elected 
professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge. 

Martyr,  Justin.  See  Justin,  Saint. 

Martyr,  or  Martir  (miir'ter),  Peter:  com- 
monly called  Peter  Martyr  de  Anghierra  or 
Angleria.  Born  at  Anghierra,  in  the  state  of 
Milan,  Feb.  2,  1455:  died  in  Granada,  1526. 


661 

An  Italian  courtier  and  historian.  In  1487  he  went 
to  Spain  with  the  Count  of  Tendilla,  and  remained  in  the 
service  ol  Queen  Isabella.  In  1492  he  opened  a school  for 
young  nobles  in  Madrid  ; later  he  was  tutor  of  the  Span- 
ish princes;  and  in  1501  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Venice  and  Egypt.  In  1524  he  became  a member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Indies,  and  he  held  other  public  offices. 
“De  Orbe  Novo,"  his  principal  historical  work,  treats  of 
the  first  thirty  years  of  American  discovery.  His  pub- 
lished letters  are  also  of  historical  value. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  George.  A picture  by  Paolo 
Veronese,  over  the  high  altar  of  the  Church  of 
San  Giorgio  in  Braida,  in  Verona. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  Lawrence.  A painting  by 
Rubens,  in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The 
saint  is  being  forced  down  on  the  gridiron  by  an  execu- 
tioner and  a soldier ; an  attendant  is  putting  wood  on  the 
fire,  and  soldiers  and  spectators  complete  the  group.  An 
angel  with  the  martyr’s  crown  and  palm  hovers  above. 

Martyrios  mine  (mar-te're-os  min).  A gold- 
mine said  to  have  been  discovered  in  the  in- 
terior of  Brazil,  in  the  region  now  embraced  in 
northern  Matto  Grosso,  about  1685.  The  know- 
ledge of  the  locality,  if  it,  ever  existed,  was  lost.  Numerous 
expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it,  and  these,  though 
without  the  desired  result,  were  important  in  other  re- 
spects. Search  for  the  mine  is  occasionally  made  even  at 
the  present  day. 

Martyrs,  Les.  [F.,  ‘The  Martyrs.’]  A prose 
epic  on  the  triumph  of  Christianity,  by  Chateau- 
briand (1809). 

The  unequal  but  remarkable  prose  epic  of  “ Les  Martyrs  ” 
[of  Chateaubriand].  This,  the  story  of  which  is  laid  in  the 
time  of  Diocletian,  shifts  its  scene  from  classical  countries 
to  Gaul,  where  the  half-mythical  heroes  of  the  Franks  ap- 
pear, and  then  hack  to  Greece,  Rome,  and  Purgatory. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  427. 

Martyrs,  Les.  An  opera  by  Donizetti,  produced 
at  Paris  in  1840,  in  London  as  “I  Martiri”  in 
1852:  an  adaptation  of  Donizetti’s  “ Poliuto.” 
Marure  (ma-ro'ra),  Alejandro.  Born  near 
Quezaltenango,  1803:  died  in  Guatemala  City, 
1866.  A Guatemalan  politician  and  historian. 
His  principal  works  deal  with  the  history  of  Central 
America  from  1811  to  1844. 

Marvejols  (marv-zhol').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lozere,  southern  France,  situated  on 
the  Colagne  11  miles  west-northwest  of  Mende. 
Population,  commune,  3,643. 

Marvel  (mar'vel),  Ik.  The  pseudonym  of  Don- 
ald Grant  Mitchell. 

Marvell  (mar'vel),  Andrew.  Born  March  31, 
1621 : died  Aug.  18, 1678.  An  English  poet  and 
satirist.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1638.  In  1653  he 
became  tutor  of  Cromwell’s  ward,  William  Dutton,  and  in 
1657  was  appointed  Milton’s  assistant  in  the  Latin  secre- 
taryship. He  is  known  chiefly  for  his  satires  on  Charles 
II.  and  the  Stuarts,  originally  circulated  in  manuscript 
and  collected  in  “Poems  on  Affairs  of  State  ” (1689).  His 
most  notable  poem  is  the  “Horatian  Ode"  to  Cromwell 
(printedl776).  Healso wrote“TheRehearsalTransprosed,” 
a successful  attack  on  Parker  for  his  assaults  on  the  non- 
conformists(1672-73).  Perhaps  the  most  noted  of  his  minor 
poems  is  his  “Nymph  Complaining”  (or  “The  White 
Faun  ’’). 

Marvellous  Boy,  The.  Aname  given  to  Thomas 
Chatterton.  - 
Marwar.  See  Jodhpur. 

Marwood  (mar'  wud),  Mrs.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Congreve’s  comedy  “The  Way  of 
t he  World.” 

Marx  (marks),  Adolf  Bernhard.  Born  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  May  15,  1799:  died  at  Berlin,  May  17, 
1866.  A German  composer  and  writer  on  music, 
author  of  “Lehre  von  der  musikalischen  Kom- 
position”  (1*837 — 47),  etc. 

Marx,  Karl.  Born  at  Treves,  Prussia,  May  5, 
1818 : died  at  London,  March  14,  1883.  A Ger- 
man socialist.  He  studied  jurisprudence,  philosophy, 
and  history  at  Bonn  and  Bei  lin,  and  in  1842  became  editor 
of  the  “Rheinische  Zeitung  ’’  at  Cologne,  on  the  suppres- 
sion of  which  in  1843  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  sociology  and  political  economy. 
He  was  soon  expelled  from  France  at  the  instance  of  the 
Prussian  government,  and  took  refuge  at  Brussels.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Germany 
in  1848,  he  returned  to  Cologne,  where  he  founded  the 
“Neue  Rheinische  Zeitung."  He  was,  however,  expelled 
from  Prussia  again  in  1849,  and  eventually  settled  at  Lon- 
don, where  he  continued  his  socialistic  agitation.  He  was 
the  controlling  spirit  of  the  International  from  its  founda- 
tion in  1864  to  its  disruption  in  1872.  His  chief  work  is 
“ Das  Kapital  ” (1867). 

Mary  (ma'ri).  [Heb.  Miriam,  Gr.  M apia  or 
M api&p,  L.  Maria,  F.  Marie , It.  Sp.  Pg.  G.  Maria. 
See  Miriam. The  mother  of  Jesus.  According 
to  the  Gospel  narrative,  the  angel  Gabriel,  sent  from  God  to 
Mary,  “a  virgin  espoused  to  a man  whose  name  was  Joseph, 
of  the  house  of  David,”  told  her  that  she  was  to  bring  forth  a 
son,  adding  the  explanation  t hat,  the  holy  thing  tobebornof 
her  was  to  be  conceived  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  This  “annuncia- 
tion ” is  commemorated  as  a church  festival  on  March  25, 
which  is  hence  known  as  Lady-day.  In  due  time  she  gave 
birth  to  the  child  Jesus  in  a stable  at  Bethlehem.  Very 
little  is  told  in  the  New  Testament  of  Mary  s personal  his- 
tory. The  doctrine  of  her  immaculate  conception  and  con- 
sequent sinlessness  is  an  article  of  faith  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  promulgated  Dec.  8,  1864,  by  a bull  of 


Mary  of  Egypt,  Saint 

Pope  Pius  IX.  which  declares  that  from  the  first  instant 
of  her  conception  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  was  kept  free 
from  all  taint  of  original  sin  In  that  church,  and  in  the 
Greek  Church,  she  is  regarded  as  the  most  exalted  of  cre- 
ated beings : while  angels  and  saints  have  that  secondary 
veneration  or  worship  paid  to  them  which  is  called  “ dulia," 
she  alone  is  entitled  to  “hyperdulia,’’and  her  intercession 
is  invoked  more  than  that  of  all  others.  She  is  often 
called  “ The  Virgin,"  and  in  art  “The  Madonna.” 

Mary.  The  sister  of  Martha  and  Lazarus,  resi- 
dent at  Bethany. 

Mary  I.  (Mary  Tudor),  called  “Bloody  Mary.” 
Born  at  Greenwich  Palace,  Feb.  18,  1516:  died 
Nov.  17,  1558.  Queen  of  England  and  Ireland, 
only  surviving  child  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Catha- 
rine of  Aragon.  She  was  affianced  first  to  the  dauphin 
in  1518,  and  later  to  Charles  V.  in  1522.  An  attempt  was 
also  made  to  marry  her  to  Francis  I.  in  1526.  At  the  di- 
vorce of  Catharine  in  1533,  Mary  was  adjudged  illegiti- 
mate, but  on  Feb.  7,  1544,  the  crown  was  entailed  upon 
her  after  Edward  or  any  lawful  child  of  the  king.  Edward 
VI.  died  July  6,  1553,  and  on  July  13,  1553,  Mary  was  pro- 
claimed queen  at  Norwich,  and  crowned  at  Westminster 
Oct.  1,  1553.  The  council  proclaimed  Lady  Jane  Grey 
queen ; but  Mary  quickly  overcame  opposition.  She  mar- 
ried Philip  of  Spain  (later  Philip  II.)  at  Winchester,  July 
25,  1554.  An  insurrection  headed  by  the  Duke  of  Suffolk 
in  favor  of  his  daughter,  Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  one  of 
Kentishmen  led  by  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  were  suppressed 
early  in  this  year.  In  1556  Parliament  restored  the  papal 
power,  and  revived  the  penal  laws  against  heresy.  The  first 
martyr  was  burned  at  Smithfield,  Feb.  4,  1555.  After  1556 
her  principal  adviser  was  Cardinal  Pole.  (See  Pole,  Regi- 
nald.) On  Nov.  10,  1558,  the  last  heretics  were  burned  at 
Canterbury,  the  total  number  of  martyrs  during  her  reign 
being  300. 

Mary  II.  Born  at  St.  James’s  Palace,  April  30, 
1662:  (lied  at  Kensington  Palace,  Dec.  28,  1694. 
Queen  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  eldest 
child  of  James  II.  By  the  death  of  her  younger  bro- 
ther, Edgar,  in  1671,  she  became  heiress  presumptive  to  the 
crown,  and  on  Nov.  4,  1677.  married  William,  prince  of 
Orange.  In  the  struggle  with  James  II.  she  identified 
herself  with  her  husband.  On  Dec.  22,  1688,  James  II.  fled 
to  France,  and  on  Feb.  13, 1689,  William  and  Mary  assented 
to  the  "Declaration  of  Right,”  and  were  crowned  joint 
sovereigns.  She  took  little  interest  in  public  business,  and 
in  the  king's  absence  ruled  through  the  counciL 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots  (Mary  Stuart).  Born 
in  Linlithgow  Palace,  Dec.  7 (8?),  1542:  be- 
headed at  Fotheringay,  Feb.  8,  1587.  Third 
child  and  only  daughter  of  James  V.  of  Scot- 
land and  Mary  of  Guise.  By  the  death  of  James 
(Dec.  14, 1542)  she  became  queen,  and  was  crowned  at  Stir- 
ling Castle  Sept.  9,  1543.  On  July  7, 1548,  a marriage  with 
the  dauphin  (Francis  II.)  was  agreed  upon.  She  was  sent 
to  Saint-Germains  on  Oct.  11,  and  educated  with  the  royal 
children  of  France.  They  were  married  at  Notre  Dame 
April  24,  1558.  At  the  death  of  Mary  Tudor  (see  Mary  I.) 
on  Nov.  17,  1558,  Mary  Stuart  laid  claim  to  the  English 
throne,  asgreat-granddaugliter  of  Henry  VII., on  theground 
of  Elizabeth’s  illegitimacy.  Francis  II.  succeeded  Henry 
II.  of  France  on  July  10,  1559,  and  the  union  of  the  three 
kingdoms  seemed  probable  : but  he  died  Dec.  5,  1560.  On 
Aug.  19,  1561,  Mary  landed  at  Leith.  Her  scheme  for  a 
marriage  with  Don  Carlos  of  Spain  having  been  thwarted, 
on  July  29,  1565,  she  married  Lord  Darnley,  son  of  Lady 
Margaret  Douglas,  next  heir  after  Mary  to  the  English 
throne.  She  labored  assiduously  to  restore  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith  in  her  kingdom,  and  to  establish  an  absolute 
royal  authority.  Her  remsal  to  grant  Darnley  the  crown 
matrimonial,  and  his  part  in  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  created 
an  estrangement  which  terminated  in  the  murder  of  Darn- 
ley with  her  consent  Feb.  10, 1567.  She  married  Bothwell, 
the  murderer  of  Darnley,  May  15,  1567;  was  seized  by 
the  lords,  June  15,  1567,  and  imprisoned  in  Lochleven  Cas- 
tle ; and  was  compelled  to  abdicate  in  favor  of  her  son 
(James  VI.)  in  July.  She  escaped  May  2,1668;  wasdefeated 
at  the  battle  of  Langside  May  13,  1568 ; and  fled  to  Eng- 
land. Elizabeth  confined  her  first  at  Carlisle,  and  then  in 
various  other  castles.  She  was  removed  to  Fotheringay 
Sept.  25, 1586 ; tried  Oct.  14-15  on  the  charge  of  conspiring 
against  the  life  of  Elizabeth;  and  beheaded  Feb.  8,  1587. 

Mary  of  Burgundy.  Bom  at  Brussels,  Feb. 
13,  1457 ; died  at  Brussels,  March  27,  1482. 
Daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold.  She  married 
Maximilian  (later  German  emperor)  in  1477. 
Mary  of  Egypt,  Saint.  A half-mythical  African 
saint  whose  history  is  founded  on  that  of  a fe- 
male anchoret  who  lived  and  died  in  a desert 
near  the  river  Jordan  in  Palestine:  she  be- 
wailed her  sins  there  for  many  years,  and  was 
accidentally  discovered.  This  is  a very  ancient  tra- 
dition, and  is  supported  by  contemporary  evidence.  Many 
picturesque  and  miraculous  additions  have  been  made  to 
her  story,  which  in  its  present  form  is  attributed  to  St.  Je- 
rome. She  is  said  by  him  to  have  lived  in  Alexandria 
about  the  year  365,  and  to  have  far  exceeded  Mary  Magda- 
lene, with  whom  she  is  frequently  confounded,  in  the  in- 
famy of  her  early  life  : they  are  sometimes  united  in  pic- 
tures as  joint  emblems  of  female  penitence.  Mary  of 
Egypt  is  distinguished  by  three  loaves  which  she  took  to 
the  desert  with  her  when  she  repented  of  her  sins.  The 
earliest  pictures  of  her  are  thought  to  be  in  a series  on  the 
wall  of  the  chapel  of  the  Bargello,  Florence,  and  there  is 
a celebrated  picture  of  her  by  Tintoretto  at  the  Scuola  di 
San  Rocco,  Venice. 

St.  Mary  of  Egypt  was  early  a popular  saint  in  France, 
and  particularly  venerated  by  the  Parisians,  till  eclipsed 
by  the  increasing  celebrity  of  the  Magdalene.  She  was 
styled,  familiarly.  La  Gipsienne  (the  Gipsy),  softened  by 
time  into  La  Jussienne.  The  street  in  which  Btood  a con- 
vent of  reformed  women  dedicated  to  her  is  still  la  Rne 
Jussienne.  We  find  her  whole  story  in  one  of  the  richly 


Mary  of  Egypt,  Saint 

painted  windows  of  the  cathedral  of  Chartres  ; and  again 
in  the  “ Vitraux  de  Bourges,”  where  the  inscription  under- 
neath is  written  “Segiptiaca.” 

Mrs.  J ameson , Sacred  and  Legendary  Art,  I.  389. 

Mary  of  France.  Born  about  March,  1496 : died 
at  Westhorpe,  Deo.  24, 1533.  The  third  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  VII.  of  England.  On  Oct.  9, 1514,  she 
married  Louis  XIT.  of  France,  who  died  Jan.  1, 1515.  She 
soon  after  married  Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk  : their 
daughter  Frances  was  the  mother  of  Lady  Jane  Grey. 

Mary  of  Guise,  or  of  Lorraine.  Born  at  Bar- 
le-Duc,  Nov.  22, 1515  : died  at  Edinburgh,  June 

10,  1560.  Queen  of  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and 
mother  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots : the  eldest 
daughter  of  Claude,  duke  of  Guise.  On  Aug.  4, 
1534,  she  married  Louis  of  Orleans,  who  died  June  9,  1537. 
She  married  James  V.  of  Scotland  in  June,  1538,  and  Mary 
Stuart  was  born  Dec.  7 (8?),  1542.  James  V.  died  Dec. 
14,  1542.  On  April  12,  1554,  Mary  was  made  regent  of 
Scotland.  In  March,  1559,  Henry  II.  of  France  sent  her 
instructions  to  suppress  heresy  in  Scotland.  A conflict 
with  Knox  and  the  Reformers  resulted  in  her  suspension 
from  the  regency  Oct.  21,  1559. 

Mary  of  Modena.  Born  at  Modena,  Oct.  5, 1658 : 
died  at  Saint-Germain,  Trance,  May  7,  1718. 
Queen  of  James  II.  of  England,  the  only  daugh- 
ter of  Alfonso  IV.  of  Modena  (Este).  Her  mar- 
riage with  the  Duke  of  York  (James  II.)  was  concluded  at 
Dover,  Nov.  21,  1673.  The  Prince  of  Wales  (see  Stuart , 
James  Francis  Edward)  was  born  June  10,  1688  (O.  S.). 
Her  previous  children  had  died  in  infancy,  and  rumors 
of  substitution  were  immediately  credited.  On  the  inva- 
sion of  England  by  William  of  Orange,  she  joined  James 

11.  at  Saint-Germain. 

Mary  Barton.  A novel  by  Mrs.  Gaskell,  pub- 
lished in  1848. 

Mary  de  Medici.  See  Maria  de’  Medici. 

Mary  Magdalene  (mag-da-le'ne,  or  as  English 
mag'da-len),  or  Magdalen  (mag'da-len) 
(Mary  of  Magdala).  A woman  described  by 
Luke,  and  mentioned  elsewhere  in  the  gospels, 
as  a demoniac  from  whom  seven  devils  had  been 
cast  out,  and  who  was  closely  associated  with 
Jesus,  especially  at  the  resurrection,  she  has 
commonly  been  identified,  erroneously,  with  the  woman 
who  was  “a  sinner ’*  mentioned  in  Luke  (vii.  37-50),  and 
also,  with  even  less  ground,  with  Mary  of  Bethany.  See 
Magdalen. 

Mary  Tudor.  See  Mary  I. 

Maryborough  (ma'ri-bur-o).  A seaport  in 
Queensland,  Australia,  situated  on  the  Mary 
River  140  miles  north  of  Brisbane.  Popula- 
tion, 10,159. 

Maryland  (mer'i-land).  [Named  in  honor  of 
Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of  Charles  I.]  One  of  the 
thirteen  original  States  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  comprised  (according  to  the  common 
classification)  in  the  Southern  States.  Capital, 
Annapolis;  chief  city,  Baltimore.  It  is  bounded 
by  Pennsylvania  on  the  north,  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic 
on  the  east,  Chesapeake  Bay  on  the  south,  Virginia  and 
West  Virginia  (separated  by  the  Potomac)  on  the  south 
and  west,  and  West  Virginia  on  the  west.  It  extendsfrom 
lat.  37°  63'  to  39°  43'  N„  and  from  long.  75°  4'  to  79°  33'  W. 
The  boundaries  on  the  south  and  west  are  very  irregular. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts  (the  eastern  called  the  East- 
ern Shore)  by  Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
west.  The  chief  agricultural  products  are  tobacco,  Indian 
corn,  and  wheat;  the  leading  manufactures  are  iron  and 
steel,  and  cotton.  It  is  noted  for  the  production  of  oysters. 
It  contains  24  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  6 representa- 
tives to  Congress,  and  has  8 electoral  votes.  Maryland  was 
formerly  a proprietary  colony  under  the  Baltimore  family 
(patent  issued  1632  ; colony  established  at  St.  Mary’s  1634). 
It  had  serious  disputes  with  Claiborne  in  the  17th  century ; 
was  noted  for  its  religious  tolerance  ; was  governed  as  a 
royal  province  1691-1716;  had  a boundary  dispute  with 
Pennsylvania  which  was  settled  by  the  establishment  of 
“Mason  and  Dixon’s  line"  in  1767;  ratified  the  United 
States  Constitution  in  1788;  was  plundered  by  (he  Brit- 
ish in  1813  and  1814;  was  one  of  the  slave  States;  and 
was  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  Antietam,  and  of  various 
other  engagements  in  the  Civil  War.  Area,  12,210  square 
miles.  Population,  1,295,346,  (1910). 

Maryland!  My  Maryland!  A song  popular 
among  the  Confederates  in  1861-65,  written  by 
J.  R.  Randall  in  1861.  It  was  sung  to  the  col- 
lege tune  of  “Lauriger  Horatius.” 
Marylebone  (ma'ri-le-bdn;  popularly  miir'li- 
bun),  St.  A parliamentary  and  metropolitan 
borough  in  the  N.  W.  of  London,  between  St. 
Pancras  and  Paddington.  It  returns  2 members 
to  Parliament.  Pop.,  met.  bor.,  118,221,(1911). 

Marylebone  Gardens.  A formerly  celebrated 
place  of  entertainment  in  London,  it  consisted 
principally  of  a garden  at  the  back  of  “The  Rose  ” tavern 
on  High  street,  Marylebone.  It  was  in  existence  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  17th  century.  It  was  planted  with  trees  and  had 
a large  bowling-green.  In  1738  an  orchestra  was  added,  and 
morning  and  evening  performances  of  burletta,  etc.,  were 
given.  Thegardenswerealsousedfortea-drinking.  Itspop- 
ularity  gradually  died  out,  and  about  1778  the  site  was  built 
over.  Beaumont  street  and  part  of  Devonshire  Place  now 
cover  it.  The  tavern  was  rebuilt  in  1855,  and  the  Maryle- 
bone Music  Hall  was  built  behind  it.  Grove. 

Mary-le-Bow,  St.  See  St.  Mary  de  Arcubus. 
Maryport  (ma'ri-port).  A seaport  in  Cumber- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Irish  Sea,  at  the 


662 

mouth  of  the  Ellen,  26  miles  southwest  of  Car- 
lisle. Population,  11,897. 

Marysville  (ma'riz-vil).  A city,  capital  of 
Yuba  County,  California,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Yuba  and  Feather  rivers,  110  miles 
north-northeast  of  San  Francisco.  It  has  a 
flourishing  trade,  and  is  a fruit  center.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,430,  (1910). 

Mar  Zutra(mar  zo'tra).  A distinguished  teach- 
er of  the  law  (Talmud)  at  the  Academy  of  Sora, 
and  head  of  the  Jewish  community,  or  Prince 
of  the  Captivity  ( Eesh-galutlia ),  in  Babylonia,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  5th  century. 

Masa  (ma'sa).  An  ethnic  and  linguistic  clus- 
ter of  the  Central  Sudan,  embracing  the  Musgu, 
Makari,  Logone,  Mandara,  Gamergu,  and  Batta 
tribes  and  dialects. 

Masaba  Heights.  A range  of  hills  in  north- 
eastern Minnesota,  famous  for  their  iron-ores. 

Masaccio  (mii-sat'cho ) ( Tommaso  Guidi:  called 
Masaccio, ‘careless  Thomas’).  Born  at  Gastello 
San  Giovanni  di  Valdamo,  Tuscany,  Dec.  21, 
1401:  died  at  Rome  (?)  about  1429.  A noted 
Italian  painter,  of  the  Florentine  school,  called 
the  father  of  modern  art,  as  he  rescued  it  from 
medievalism.  His  most  celebrated  works  are  frescos 
in  the  Brancacci  chapel  in  the  Carmine,  and  in  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  at  Florence,  and  several  pictures  now  in  the  Ber- 
lin Museum.  The  frescos  have  been  a school  of  instruction 
for  all  succeedingpainters:  even  Michelangelo  and  Raphael 
have  been  indebted  to  him. 

Mas  a Fuera  (mas  a fwa'rti).  [Sp.,  ‘ more  out- 
ward.’] A small  island  100  miles  west  of  Juan 
Fernandez. 

Masai  (ma-si'),  or  Elmoran  (el-mo-ran').  An 
African  nation  occupying  the  vast  and  arid  pla- 
teau between  Lake  Baringo  and  Nguru.  Like 
their  northern  neighbors, the  Wakwafi,  they  call  themselves 
Eloikob,  ‘ men.  ’ They  are  of  mixed  Hamitic  and  Negro  type, 
but  are  included  by  some  in  the  Nuba-Fulah  group.  The 
young  and  able-bodied  men  lead  a military  life  in  camp, 
having  women  in  common  ; the  old  men,  children,  and 
women  inhabit  villages  and  tend  the  cattle.  The  despised 
tribe  of  the  Andoroboare  hunters  and  middlemen  between 
their  proud  brethren  and  the  agricultural  Bantu. 

Masalit  (ma-sa'lit).  A Nigritic  tribe  of  the 
Eastern  Sudan,  in  Wadai  and  on  the  borders  of 
Darfur,  found  in  scattered  independent  clans 
who  pretend  they  are  Arabs. 

Masaniello  (ma-sa-nyel'ld),  properly  Tom- 
maso Aniello.  Born  about  1622 : died  at  Na- 
ples, July  16, 1647.  A Neapolitan  insurrectionist, 
lie  was  a fisherman  and  a fruit-vender.  Provoked  by  the 
loss  of  his  scanty  possessions,  which  were  sold  to  pay  a 
fine  imposed  on  his  wife  for  attempting  to  smuggle  a bag 
of  flour  into  the  city,  he  headed  a revolt  of  the  populace  in 
J uly,  1647,  against  tlie  Duke  of  Arcos,  Spanish  viceroy  of  Na- 
ples, who  was  compelled  to  abolish  the  taxes  on  the  neces- 
saries of  life  and  to  restore  the  charter  of  exemption  granted 
by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  He  was  assassinated  by  the 
adherents  of  the  viceroy  after  he  had  given  orders  to  his 
own  followers  to  return  to  their  occupations. 

Masaniello.  See  Muettc  de  Portici. 

Masarwa  (ma-siir'wii).  See  Bushmen. 

Mas  a Tierra(masate-er'ra).  [Sp.,‘ more  land- 
ward.’] Another  name  for  Juan  Fernandez. 

Masaya  (inii-sl'a).  A town  in  Nicaragua,  Cen- 
tral America,  about  20  miles  southeast  of  Mana- 
gua. Population,  13,023. 

Mascagni  (ma.s-kan'ye),  Paolo.  Born  at  Cas- 
telleto,  near  Siena,  Italy,  Feb.  5, 1752 : died  at 
Florence,  Oct.  19, 1815.  ' A noted  Italian  anato- 
mist. He  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Siena  1774-1800,  at 
Pisa  1800-01,  and  at  Florence  (at  the  hospital  of  Santa  Ma- 
ria Meora)  after  1801.  He  is  best  known  from  his  study  of 

+ tile  lymphatics. 

Mascagni,  Pietro.  Born  at  Leghorn,  Dec.  7, 
1863.  An  Italian  musical  composer,  director 
of  the  Philharmonic  Society  at  Cerignola.  Be- 
sides various  orchestral  works  and  songs,  he  has  written 
the  operas  “ Cavalleria  Rusticana,”  “ L’Araico  Fritz,”  and 
“I  Rantzau.” 

Mascali  (mas-kii/le).  A small  townin  the  prov- 
ince of  Catania,  Sicily,  18  miles  north-northeast 
of  Catania. 

Mascara,  or  Maskara  (mas-ka-ra/).  A forti- 
fied town  in  the  department  of  Oran,  Algeria, 
about  50  miles  southeast  of  Oran.  It  became  the 
residence  of  Abd-el-Kader  in  1832;  was  burned  by  the 
French  1835  ; and  was  taken  by  them  in  1841.  Population, 
commune,  18,405. 

Mascarene  (mas-ka-ren')  Islands,  or  Masca- 
renhas  (Pg.  pron.  mas-ka-ren'yiis)  Islands.  A 
name  given  to  Mauritius,  Reunion  (or  Bourbon), 
and  Rodriguez  collectively,  in  the  Indian  Ocean : 
so  called  because  Reunion  was  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese  navigator  Mascarenhas  in  the  16th 
century. 

Mascarille  (mas-ka-rel').  An  adroit,  ingenious, 
unscrupulous  valet  who  appears  in  three  of  Mo- 
lihre’s  plays : “ L’Etourdi,”  “Be  d6pit  araou- 
reux,”  and  “Les  pr6cieuses  ridicules.”  in  the 
last  he  is  at  his  best,  and  assumes  the  role  of  a marquis 


Masks  and  Faces 

to  oblige  his  master.  His  name  has  passed  into  the  lan- 
guage, and  has  become  a synonym  for  skilful  impudence, 
effrontery,  lying,  and  intrigue. 

Mascaron  (mas-ka-rdn'),  Jules.  Born  at  Aix, 
March,  1634:  died  at  Agen,  France,  Nov.  20, 1703. 
A French  ecclesiastic,  bishop  of  Tulle  (1671), 
celebrated  as  a pulpit  orator. 
Mascezel(ma-se'zel ).  A brother of  Gildo, whom 
398commanded  a Roman  army  in  Africa  against 
his  brother,  and  defeated  him.  See  Gildo. 

The  fate  of  Mascezel,  the  re- vindicator  of  Africa,  is  an 
enigma.  The  version  given  by  Zosimus  is  that  generally 
accepted.  He  says  that  he  returned  in  triumph  to  Italy  ; 
that  Stilicho,  who  was  secretly  envious  of  his  reputation, 
professed  an  earnest  desire  to  advance  his  interests ; but 
that  when  the  Vandal  was  going  forth  to  a suburb  (prob- 
ably of  Milan),  as  he  was  crossing  over  a certain  bridge 
with  Mascezel  and  others  in  his  train,  at  a given  signal  the 
guards  crowded  round  the  African  and  hustled  him  off 
into  the  river  below.  “ Thereat  Stilicho  laughed  ; hut  the 
stream,  hurrying  the  man  away,  caused  him  to  perish  for 
lack  of  breath.  ” Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  265. 

Mascogee.  See  Creel:. 

Maseres  (rna-zar'),  Francis.  Born  at  London, 
Dec.  15,  1731:  died  at  Reigate,  May  19,  1824. 
An  English  mathematician,  historian,  and  re- 
former. He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1752,  and  in  1758 
was  called  to  the  bar.  (He  is  introduced  by  Charles  Lamb 
in  his  “Old  Benchers  of  the  Inner  Temple.")  From  1760 
to  1769  he  was  attorney-general  of  Quebec,  and  cursitor 
baron  of  the  exchequer  from  1773  to  1824.  Among  his 
works  are  “Dissertation  on  the  Use  of  the  Negative  Sign 
in  Algebra  ” (1758),  “ Doctrine  of  Permutations  and  Combi- 
nations ” (1795),  ‘ ‘ Scriptores  optici  ’’  (1823),  “ A View  of  the 
English  Constitution  ” (1781),  etc. 

Maserfeld (ma'ser-feld).  Alocality,  apparently 
near  Oswestry,  where,  in  642,  Oswald,  king  of 
Northumbria,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Penda. 
Masers  de  Latude.  See  Latude. 

Mash.  (mash).  In  Babylonian  and  Assyrian  lit- 
erature, the  name  of  the  great  Syrian  and  Ara- 
bian desert  which  forms  the  southern  and  south- 
western border  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris 
territory.  It  is  considered  by  some  to  be  identical  with 
Mesha,  in  Gen.  x.  30,  and  the  small  kingdom  Mesene,  on 
the  Persian  Gulf. 

Masham ( mash'am), Lady(AbigailHill).  Died 
Dec.  6, 1734.  An  intimate  friend  of  Queen  Anne, 
the  daughter  of  Francis  Hill  of  London,  she 

entered  the  service  of  Lady  Rivers,  and  afterward  of  her 
cousin  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  at  St.  Albans,  and  later 
became  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Queen  Anne,  in  whose 
favor  she  at  length  supplanted  the  duchess.  In  1707  she 
married  Samuel  Masham,  who  was  created  Baron  Masham 
in  1712.  In  1711  she  was  given  charge  of  the  privy  purse 
of  Queen  Anne.  She  was  a woman  of  plain  appearance, 
but  intelligent,  and  very  serviceable  to  the  queen,  over 
whom  she  exerted  considerable  influence. 

Mashita  (ma-she'ta).  Alocalityin  Moab, Pales- 
tine, notable  for  a palace  built  by  Khusrau  II. 
in  620.  It  is  a square  of  730  feet  a side.  The  walls  are 
strengthened  by  semicircular  towers,  and  the  interior  con- 
tains spacious  courts,  a series  of  vaulted  halls,  and  a triap- 
sidal  hail  which  was  covered  by  a dome  on  pendentives. 
The  chief  facade,  almost  200  feet  long,  displays  a square 
doorway  between  polygonal  towers.  Though  never  fin- 
ished, this  fagade  is  remarkable  for  its  decoration  of  zig- 
zags, rosettes,  pediments,  etc.,  all  sculptured  with  diaper- 
work  of  vines  and  foliage  combined  with  birds  and  animals, 
as  delicate  in  execution  as  the  ornament  of  the  Alhambra. 
Mashonaland  (ma-sho'na-land  or  ma-sho'na- 
land).  [Named  after  the  Mashonatribe,  which 
is  subject  to  the  Matabele.]  A high,  salubri- 
ous, and  gold-bearing  country  between  the  Ma- 
tabele and  the  Zambesi.  Formerly  considered  Por- 
tuguese, it  was  annexed  by  England  in  1888  and  placed 
under  the  British  South  Africa  Company  in  1889.  The  pio- 
neer expedition  reached  Mount  Hampden  in  1890.  It  is 
now  one  of  the  two  provinces  of  Southern  Rhodesia.  Salis- 
bury is  the  capital  of  Southern  Rhodesia.  The  Rhodesian 
Railway  from  Vryburg  to  Bulawayo  was  opened  in  1897, 
and  the  railway  from  Beira  to  Umtali  was  extended  to 
Salisbury  in  1899.  Bulawayo  is  also  connected  with  Salis- 
bury. Population,  European,  6,364 ; native,  about  461,000. 
For  interesting  ruins  there,  see  Zimbabwe. 

Masinissa,  or  Massinissa  (mas-i-nis'a).  [Gr. 

Mamviooai Maaoavaom/t;.']  Born  about  238  B.  c. : 
died  148  B.  C.  A king  of  Numidia,  ruler  at  first 
of  the  Massylians  in  eastern  Numidia.  He  wasat 
war  with  Syphax ; fought  as  ally  of  the  Carthaginians  in 
Spain ; as  ally  of  Rome  served  with  Scipio  against  Syphax 
204-203 ; and  served  at  Zama  202.  He  became  ruler  of  all 
Numidia  in  201. 

Masis  (ma-ses'),  Mount.  The  native  name  of 
Mount  Ararat. 

Masked  Ball,  The.  See  Ballo  in  Maschera. 
Maskelyne  (mas'ke-lin),  Nevil.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  6,  1732 ; died  at  Greenwich,  Feb.  9, 
1811.  A noted  English  astronomer.  He  grad- 
uated at  Cambridge  in  1754 ; became  curate  of  Barnet  in 
Hertfordshire  in  1755 ; succeeded  Nathaniel  Bliss  as  astron- 
omer royal  Feb.  26,  1765  ; and  established  the  “ Nautical 
Almanac  ” in  1767.  He  is  best  known  from  his  experi- 
ments upon  the  attraction  of  mountains  as  shown  by  de- 
viations of  the  plumb-line. 

Maskoki.  See  Creek. 

Masks  and  Faces.  A dramatic  version  of  Charles 
Reade’s  novel  “ Peg  Woffington,”  by  Reade  and 
Tom  Taylor  (1854). 


Maskwell 

Maskwell  (mask'wel).  The  “double  dealer”  in 
Congreve’s  play  of  that  name : an  unmitigated 
scoundrel,  almost  too  sinister  for  a comedy. 

The  audience  was  shocked  by  the  characters  of  Mask- 
well  and  Lady  Touchwood.  And,  indeed,  there  is  some- 
thing strangely  revolting  in  the  way  in  which  a group  that 
seems  to  belong  to  the  house  of  Laius  or  of  Pelops  is  in- 
troduced into  the  midst  of  the  Brisks,  Froths,  Carelesses, 
and  Plyants.  Macaulay,  Essays,  II.  390. 

Masmiinster  (mas'miin-ster),  or  Massemiin- 
ster  (mas'se-miin-ster),  F.  Massevaux  (mas- 
vo' ).  A small  town  in  Alsace,  17  miles  west  of 
Miilhausen. 

Masnadieri  (maz-na-de-a're),I.  [It.,‘  The  Brig- 
ands.’] An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  in  Lon- 
don in  1847  with  Jenny  Lind  in  the  cast.  The 
libretto  is  by  Malfei  from  Schiller’s  “Rauber” 
Robbers’). 

Masolino  da  Panicale  (ma-so-le'no  da  pa-ne- 
ka/le)  (Tommaso  di  Cristofano  di  Fino). 

Born  at  Panicale  di  Valdese,  near  Florence, 
1383:  died  Oct.,  1440.  A Florentine  painter. 
He  was  a master  of  Masaccio.  He  established  himself  in 
Florence,  where  he  was  received  in  1423  into  the  gild  of 
druggists  or  physicians,  which  included  the  painters.  From 
1423-26  he  worked  on  the  capella  of  the  Carmine.  In 

1427  he  was  in  Hungary  in  the  service  of  the  famous  Flor- 
entine adventurer  Filippo  Scolari  (Pippo  Spano).  From 

1428  to  1435  he  painted  the  frescos  of  the  baptistery  at 
Castiglione  d’Olona.  His  compositions  are  especially  no- 
table for  the  improvement  of  perspective.  His  picture  of 
the  “ Baptism  of  Christ”  at  Castiglione  contains  a group  of 
nude  figures  putting  on  their  garments,  which  suggested 
to  Michelangelo  the  composition  of  his  famous  cartoon. 

Mason  (ma'son),  Charles.  Born  about  1730: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.,  1787.  An  English 
astronomer.  He  was  an  assistant  of  Bradley  at  Green- 
wich 1756-60;  was  sent  by  the  Royal  Society  with  Jere- 
miah Dixon  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  (June  6,  1761) 
in  Sumatra,  but  succeeded  only  in  reaching  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ; and  was  employed  with  Dixon  by  Lord  Balti- 
more and  William  Penn  to  establish  the  boundary  between 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  The  line  fixed  (1763-67)  ran 
to  a point  244  miles  west  from  the  Delaware  River,  in  lat. 
39°  43"  N.  It  is  famous  as  (in  part)  the  boundary  between 
the  free  and  the  former  slave  States.  Resurveyed  in  1900. 

Mason,  Francis.  Born  at  York,  England,  April 
2, 1799:  died  at  Rangoon,  British  Burma,  March 
3,  1874.  An  American  Baptist  missionary  to 
the  Karens  in  Burma.  He  published  “Burmah : its 
People  and  Natural  Productions  ” (2d  ed.  1860),  etc. 

Mason,  George.  Born  at  Doeg’s  Neck,  now  in 
Fairfax  County,  Va.,  1725 : died  there,  Oct.  7, 
1792.  An  American  politician.  He  drafted  the 
Virginia  declaration  of  rights  and  constitution  in  1776; 
was  a member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787, 
where  he  presented  liberal  views,  but  refused  to  sign  the 
Constitution  ; and  with  Patrick  Henry  led  the  opposition 
to  its  ratification  in  the  Virginia  convention  of  1788. 

Mason,  George  Heming.  Born  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  Staffordshire,  March  11,  1818:  died  Oct. 
22,  1872.  An  English  painter.  He  established  his 
studio  in  Rome  in  1845,  and  delighted  in  subjects  from  the 
Campagna. 

Mason,  Janies  Murray.  Born  in  Fairfax  Coun- 
ty, Va.,  Nov.  3,  1798:  died  near  Alexandria, 
Va.,  April, 1871.  An  American  politician,  grand- 
son of  George  Mason.  He  became  United  States  sen- 
ator from  Virginia  in  1847 ; drafted  the  “ fugitive-slave 
law"  in  1850 ; was  expelled  from  the  Senate  in  1861 ; was 
sent  as  Confederate  commissioner  with  Slidell  to  England 
and  France  in  1861 ; and  was  captured  by  Wilkes  on  the 
Trent  Nov.  8, 1861,  and  imprisoned  at  Boston  until  Jan.  2, 
1862.  See  Trent,  The. 

Mason,  Jeremiah.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
April  27,  1768:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  14,  1848. 
An  American  lawyer  and  politician,  United 
States  senator  from  New  Hampshire  1813-17. 
Mason,  John.  Born  at  King’s  Lynn,  England, 
Dec.,  1586:  died  at  London,  Dec.,  1635.  The 
founder  of  New  Hampshire.  He  went  to  Oxford, 
(Magdalen  College)  in  1602 ; soon  entered  the  service  of 
a commercial  house  in  London ; and  in  1610  was  sent  in 
command  of  several  war-ships  to  the  Hebrides  to  assist 
Andrew  Knox.  In  1615  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Newfoundland,  and  in  1622  a patent  for  all  land  between 
the  Nahumheik  and  Merrimac  rivers  in  New  England 
was  granted  to  him.  In  1623  he  established  himself  as 
deputy  governor  at  New  Plymouth,  but  in  1624  returned 
to  England.  In  1629  he  returned  to  New  England  and 
joined  Gorges  and  others  in  forming  the  Laconia  Com- 
pany, the  purpose  of  which  was  the  founding  of  an  agri- 
cultural settlement : this  was  effected  on  a new  grant  on 
the  Piscataqua  River.  His  rights  in  New  Hampshire  were 
sold  to  Governor  Samuel  Allen  in  1691. 

Mason,  John.  Born  in  England,  1600:  died  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  1672.  A colonial  commander. 
He  served  in  New  England  as  early  as  1633.  In  1635  he 
assisted  in  the  migration  of  the  Dorchester  settlers  to 
Windsor,  Connecticut;  and  in  1637  commanded  the  colo- 
nial troops  in  the  Pequot  war.  He  wrote  a ‘‘Brief  His- 
tory of  the  Pequot  War." 

Mason,  John  Young.  Born  in  Greensville  Coun- 
ty, Va.,  April  18,  1799:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  3, 
1859.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a repre- 
sentative from  Virginia  1831-37 ; secretary  of  the  navy 
1844-45;  attorney-general  1845-46 ; secretary  of  the  navy 
1846-49 ; and  United  States  minister  to  France  1853-59. 

Mason,  Lowell.  Born  at  Medfield,  Mass.,  Jan. 


663 

24  (Grove),  1792;  died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  Aug. 
11,  1872.  An  American  musical  composer,  es- 
pecially noted  as  a teacher.  He  published  many 
collections,  principally  of  church  and  Sunday-school  music. 

Mason,  William.  Born  Feb.  12,  1724:  died 
April  7, 1797.  An  English  poet,  a friend  of  the 
poet  Gray . He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's  Col- 
lege)  1745,  and  was  rector  of  Aston,  Yorkshire.  He  pub. 
lished  the  “Life  and  Letters  of  Gray”  (1774),  the  dramas 
“ Elfrida  ’’  (1752),  “ Caractacus  ” (1759),  “English  Garden ’’ 
*(1772-82),  etc. 

Mason,  William.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan. 
24, 1829:  died  July  14, 1908.  An  American  musi- 
cian and  composer.  He  was  a pupil  of  Moscheles, 
Liszt,  and  Dreyschock,  and  published  a pianoforte  method 
and  many  studies,  etc. 

Mason  and  Dixon’s  Line.  See  Mason,  Charles. 
Masovia  (ma-so'vi-a),  or  Mazovia  (ma-zo'- 
vi-a).  A medieval  duchy  in  Poland,  along  the 
middle  Vistula,  in  the  neighborhood  of  and  in- 
cluding Warsaw.  It  was  reunited  with  the 
Polish  crown  in  1526. 

Maspero  (mas-pa-ro'),  Sir  Gaston  Camille 
Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  June  24,  1846.  A 
noted  French  Egyptologist.  In  1874  he  became 
professor  of  archaeology  and  Egyptian  philology  in  the 
College  de  France,  and  continued  the  work  of  Mariette 
as  director  of  the  museum  at  Bulak  (now  at  Cairo).  He 
became  director-general  of  the  Egyptian  department  of 
antiquities  in  1899.  His  works  include  “ Histoire  des 
peuples  de  l’Orient  ” (1875),  “ Art  in  Egypt  ” (1912),  etc. 

Masquerier  (mask-e-rer'),  John  James.  Born 
at  .Chelsea,  Oct.,  1778:  died  at  Brighton,  March 
13, 1855.  An  English  painter,  of  French  parent- 
age. He  is  extensively  represented  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts. 

Massa  (mas'sa).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Massa-e-Carrara,  situated  on  the  Fregido  in 
lat.  44°  3'  N.,  long.  10°  9'  E.  It  has  marble 
quarries.  Population,  town,  10,690 ; commune, 
26,413. 

Massachuset  (mas-a-cho'set).  [Native,' at  the 
great  hills,’  i.  e.  the  Blue  Hills  of  Milton.]  A 
tribe  or  undefined  confederacy  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  formerly  living  about  Massachu- 
setts Bay  from  Plymouth  to  Salem  (including 
the  basins  of  the  Neponset  and  Charles  rivers). 
Their  number  was  much  reduced  by  pestilence  in  1617. 
About  1650  they  were  gathered  into  the  villages  of  the 
Praying  Indians,  and  lost  their  tribal  autonomy.  See  Al- 
yonquian. 

Massachusetts  (mas-a-cho'sets).  [From  the 
Massachuset  Indians.]  One  of  the  New  Eng- 
land States,  and  one  of  the  thirteen  original 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capi- 
tal, Boston.  It  is  bounded  by  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
shire on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  the  Atlantic, 
Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut  on  the  south,  and  New 
York  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  41°  14'  to  42°  53'  N., 
and  from  long.  69°  53'  to  73°  32'  W.  The  surface  is  gener- 
ally hilly  (Taconic  and  Hoosac  ranges  in  the  west),  but  is 
low  in  the  southeast.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Connecti- 
cut, Housatonic,  Merrimac,  and  Charles.  The  leading  oc- 
cupations are  commerce,  manufactures,  and  fisheries.  It 
is  the  first  State  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes 
and  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods.  Massachusetts  contains 
14  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  16  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  18  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  Gos- 
nold  in  1602,  and  by  John  Smith  in  1614,  and  was  settled 
by  the  English  (by  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  in  1620,  and  by 
the  Puritans  at  Salem  in  1628  and  at  Boston  in  1630).  The 
confederate  union  of  the  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  New 
Haven,  and  Connecticut  colonies  existed  from  1643  to  1684. 
King  Philip’s  war  took  place  in  1675-76 ; the  union  with 
Plymouth  Colony  in  1691 ; the  Salem  “ witchcraft”  trials  in 
1692.  The  State  took  an  important  part  ih  the  colonial 
wars,  and  in  the  resistance  to  British  oppression  ; was  the 
scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  in  1775 ; and  was 
the  scene  of  Shays’s  Rebellion  in  1785-87.  Called  the  “ Old 
Bay  State.”  Area,  8,315  square  miles.  Population,  3,366,- 
416,  (1910). 

Massachusetts  Bay.  A colony  founded  at 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  in  1628,  under  John  En- 
dicott,  and  greatly  increased  in  1630  by  the  ar- 
rival of  a large  force  under  Winthrop.  its  capital 
was  removed  to  Boston.  The  Plymouth  Colony  was  in 
1691  incorporated  with  it. 

Massachusetts  Bay  Company.  A colonizing 
company  chartered  in  1629,  and  growing  out  of 
the  Dorchester  Company,  its  immediate  cause  was 
the  danger  to  political  and  religious  freedom  in  England 
under  Charles  I.  Endicott  was  the  first  local  governor. 
In  1630  Winthrop,  as  the  new  governor,  conducted  a large 
expedition,  which  founded  Boston. 

Massacre  of  the  Innocents,  The.  1 . A paint- 
ing by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Roeco 
at  Venice. — 2.  A painting  by  Rubens,  in  the 
Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich. 

Massada  (mas-sa'da).  A stronghold  on  a hill 
in  the  desert  of  Judah,  on  the  western  bank  of 
the  Dead  Sea,  founded  by  the  Maccabees  and 
made  impregnable  by  Herod,  it  played  a great  part 
during  the  war  with  Rome,  holding  out  for  some  time  after 
the  fall  of  Jerusalem.  When  it  had  to  surrender,  its  gar- 
rison, consisting  of  1,000  Zealots  under  the  command  of 
Eleazar,  first  killed  their  wives  and  children,  and  then 
themselves.  There  are  still  ruins  of  a castle  on  the  hill, 
and  their  modern  name  is  Sebbeh. 


Massillon 

Massa-e-Carrara  (mas'sa-a-kar-ra/ra).  Aprov- 
ince  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  formerly  a duchy,  be- 
longing to  Modena.  Capital,  Massa.  Area,  687 
square  miles.  Population,  217,377. 

Massafra  (tnas-sa'fra).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Lecce,  Apulia,  Italy,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Taranto.  Population,  commune,  11,026. 

Massagetse  (ma-saj'e-te).  [Gr.  M aocraySrai.] 
In  ancient  history,  a nomadic  people,  allied  to 
the  Scythians,  dwelling  northeast  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

Massalia  (ma-sa'li-a).  [Gr.  M aacaXia.']  The 
Greek  name  of  Marseilles. 

Massalia.  An  asteroid  (No.  20)  discovered  by 
De  Gasparis  at  Naples,  Sept.  19, 1852. 

Massa-Lubrense  (mas'sa-16-bren'se).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy,  16  miles 
south-southeast  of  Naples. 

Massa  Marittima  (mas'sa  ma-rit'te-ma).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Grosseto,  Italy,  30  miles 
southwest  of  Siena. 

Massaruni.  See  Mazaruni. 

Massasoit  (mas'a-soit).  Born  probably  about 
1580:  died  1662.  A chief  of  the  Wampanoag 
Indians  in  southeastern  Massachusetts  and 
Rhode  Island,  in  alliance  with  the  Plymouth 
colonists  1621-61. 

Masse  (ma-sa'),  Victor  (Felix  Marie).  Born  at 
Lorient,  France,  March  7,  1822 : died  at  Paris, 
July  5, 1884.  A French  operatic  composer.  He 
gained  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1844 ; from  1866-76  was 
professor  of  composition  at  the  Conservatoire  ; and  in  1872 
was  elected  to  the  Institut.  Among  his  works  are  “ Gala- 
We”(1852),  “Les  noces  de  Jeannette”  (1853),  “La  reine 
Topaze”  (1856),  “Les  saisons  ”(1855),“ Fiord’ Aiiza  "(1866), 
“Paul  et  Virginie”  (1876),  etc.  “La  mort  de  Cleopktre,” 
upon  which  he  was  engaged  j ust  before  his  death,  was  per- 
formed in  his  honor  April  25,  1885. 

Massena  (ma-sa-na'),  Andre,  Due  de  Rivoli, 
Prince  d’Essling.  Born  at  or  near  Nice,  May, 
1758 : died  at  Paris,  April  4,  1817.  A French 
marshal.  He  won  the  victory  of  Loano  in  1795;  served  with 
distinction  under  Napoleon  in  Italy;  as  commander-in- 
chief  in  Switzerland  defeated  Korsakoff  at  Zurich,  Sept. 
26,  1799  (see  Zurich,  Battles  of)-,  defended  Genoa  in  1800; 
gained  the  victory  of  Caldiero  Oct.  30, 1805;  captured  Gaeta 
in  1806 ; served  at  Landshut,  Eckmiihl,  Essling,  and  Wa- 

^ gram  in  1809 ; and  commanded  in  the  Peninsula  1810-11. 

Massenet  (mas-na'),  Jules  Emile  Frederic. 

Born  at  Montaud,  near  St.-Etienne,  France, 
May  12,  1842 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13,  1912.  A 
French  composer.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome 
in  1863,  and  in  1878  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  advanced 
composition  at  the  Conservatoire  and  a member  of  the 
Beaux-Arts.  In  addition  to  orchestral  and  pianoforte 
music  (“  Scenes  hongroises,”  etc.),  he  wrote  many  operas, 
among  which  are  “Don  Cesar  de  Bazan  ” (1872),  “Lea 
Erinnyes  ” (1873),  “Leroi  de  Lahore  ”(1877),  “Herodiade  ” 
(1881),  “Manon  ’’  (1884),  “Le  Cid  ” (1885).  He  also  wrote 
several  oratorios:  “Marie  Madeleine”  (1873),  “five” 
(1875),  “LaVierge”  (1879),  etc. 

Massey  (mas'i),  Bartle.  A schoolmaster  in 
the  novel  “Adam  Bede”  by  George  Eliot. 

Massey  (mas'i),  Sir  Edward.  Born  about  1619 : 
died  in  Ireland  about  1674.  An  English  gen- 
eral. At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  of  1642  he  was 
in  the  service  of  the  king,  but  later  became  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  Parliamentary  army,  serving  near  Glouces- 
ter. Later,  in  the  struggle  between  Parliament  aDd  the 
army,  he  served  Parliament,  and  was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral of  the  horse  April  2, 1647.  He  was  impeached  by  the 
army,  and  fled  to  Holland.  Entering  the  service  of  Charles 
II.,  he  assisted  as  lieutenant-general  during  the  invasion, 
and  was  captured  and  confined  in  the  Tower  in  Nov.,  1651. 
He  escaped  to  Holland,  and  assisted  in  the  Restoration. 

Massey,  Gerald.  Bom  at  Tring,  England,  May 
29, 1828:  died  at  South  Norwood,  Oct.  29,  1907. 
An  English  poet.  He  wrote  “ Ballad  of  Babe  Christa- 
bel”  (1854),  “Craigcrook  Castle"  (1856),  “Shakspere’s  Son- 
nets never  before  Interpreted,  etc.”  (1866),  “A  Tale  of 
Eternity  ” (1869),  “ Concerning  Spiritualism  ” (1871),  “ A 
Book  of  the  Beginnings,  etc.”  (1881),  “The  Natural  Gene- 
sis " (1883 : the  second  part  of  “ Book  of  the  Beginnings  ”), 
“The  Secret  Drama  of  Shakspere’s  Sonnets”  (1888),  etc. 
In  1889  he  published  a collection  of  his  poems. 

Massicus  (mas'i-kus),  Mons.  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a range  of  hills  on  the  border  of  Cam- 
pania and  Latium,  Italy:  the  modern  Monte 
Massico.  It  is  famous  for  wines. 

Massilia  (ma-sil'i-ji).  Marseilles. 

Massilians  (ma-sil'i-anz).  The  members  of  a 
Christian  school,  most  numerous  at  Marseilles, 
later  and  more  usually  called  Semi-Pelagians. 

Massillon  (mas'il-on).  A city  in  Stark  County, 
northern  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Tuscarawas  50 
miles  south  of  Cleveland.  It  has  coal-mines  and 
sandstone-quarries.  Population,  13,879,  (1910). 

Massillon  (ma-se-y6n'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom 
at  l lyores,  France,  June  24, 1663:  died  Sept.  18, 
1742.  A noted  French  pulpit  orator,  a member 
of  the  Congregation  of  the  Oratory.  He  lived  for 
many  yeara  in  a monastery  (Sept-Fonts) ; and  in  1696  waa 
called  to  Paris,  where  he  became  director  of  the  seminary 
of  St.-Magloire  and  in  1704  court  preacher,  attaining  great 
celebrity  as  a pulpit  orator.  In  1717  he  waa  made  biahop 


Massillon 


664 


Mathews,  Charles 


of  Clermont,  and  became  an  academician  in  1719.  His 
works  (including  sermons,  funeral  orations,  etc.)  were  pub- 
lished in  15  vols.  1745-48. 

Massina  (ma-se'na).  See  Fulah. 

Massinger  (mas'in-jer),  Philip.  Baptized  at  St. 
Thomas’s,  Salisbury,  Nov.  24,  1583:  died  at  the 
Bankside,  Southwark,  March,  1640.  An  English 
dramatist.  He  entered  Oxford  in  1602,  and  left  in  1606 
(without  a degree),  when  he  went  to  London  and  devoted 
himself  to  writing  plays,  sometimes  working  alone,  but 
more  frequently  in  collaboration  with  Nathaniel  Field, 
Robert  Daborne,  Dekker,  Cyril  Tourneur,  and  Fletcher  : 
with  the  last  he  was  associated  from  1613  to  1625.  He  is 
sole  author  of  15  plays,  among  the  most  important  of  which 
are  “ The  Unnatural  Combat”  (1619), “The  Duke  of  Milan  ’’ 
(1623),  “ The  Bondman  " (1624),  “The  Parliament  of  Love  ” 
(licensed  to  be  played  Nov.  3,  1624),  “ A New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts  ” (1632),  “The  Maid  of  Honour  ” (1632).  In  col- 
laboration with  Fletcher  he  wrote  “The  Honest  Man's 
Fortune  ’’  (acted  1613),  “ The  Knight  of  Malta  ” (acted  be- 
fore 1619),  and  others.  “Henry  VIII."  is  doubtless  the 
work  of  Massinger  and  Fletcher.  “ Sir  John  Van  Olden 
Barnaveldt " is  assigned  by  Bullen  to  these  authors  : it  was 
first  printed  from  manuscript  by  him  in  his  “Old  Plays." 
Thirty-eight  plays  in  all  may  be  attributed  to  Massinger 
alone  and  with  others. 

Massinissa.  See  Masinissa. 

Masson  (rnas'on),  David.  Born  at  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  Dec.  2,  1822:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct. 
6, 1907.  A Scottish  author,  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  English  literature  at  Edinburgh  1865-95. 
His  chief  work  is  his  “Life  of  John  Milton  and  History  of 
his  Time’’  (1859-80).  He  wrote  also  “Essays,  Biographi- 
cal and  Critical  ” (1856-74)  and  “ British  Novelists  and  their 
Styles  ” (1859),  and  for  a number  of  years  was  editor  of 
“Macmillan's  Magazine.” 

Masson,  George  Joseph  Gustave.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1819:  died  at  Ewhurst,  Surrey, 
Aug.  29,  1888.  An  English  educational  writer. 
His  father  had  been  a soldier  under  Napoleon  in  Russia. 
Masson  was  educated  at  Tours,  and  was  made  French  mas- 
ter at  Harrow  in  1855.  He  published  “ Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  French  Literature”  (1860),  “La  lyre  frangaise” 
(1867),  “ The  Huguenots  ” (1881),  “Richelieu  ” (1884),  etc. 
He  was  principally  occupied  with  educational  compila- 
tions and  translations. 

Massorah  (mas-so'ra).  [Heb.,  ‘ tradition.’]  The 
name  given  to  the  work  of  the  Jewish  scholars 
in  establishing  the  traditional  pronunciation 
and  accents  of  the  Hebrew  Old  Testament.  The 
men  who  were  engaged  in  this  work  were  called  Masso- 
retes.  The  work  of  the  Massorah  went  on  for  centuries, 
beginning  soon  after  the  return  from  the  Babylonian  cap- 
tivity, when  the  study  of  the  law  became  the  center  of  the 
life  of  the  Jews.  Of  later  Massoretes  the  most  prominent 
were  the  family  of  Asher,  called  ben  Asher,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  8th  to  the  10th  centuries  A.  D.  The  last  of 
the  family,  Aaron  ben  Moses  ben  Asher  (see  Aaron  ben 
Asher),  in  the  10th  century  brought  the  Massorah  to  a 
close.  Their  rivals  and  opponents  with  regard  to  the  vo- 
calization of  the  text,  originally  merely  consonantal,  were 
the  family  of  Ben  Naftali  in  Babylonia.  The  system  of 
the  ben  Asher  has  prevailed.  The  Massoretes  worked 
with  the  minutest  care  and  conscientiousness.  Their  ob- 
servations they  either  noted  on  the  margin  of  the  text 
(Masora  marginalia,  which  is  distinguished  as  magna  and 
parva)or  in  separate  works.  Where  the  traditional  read- 
ing of  a passage  seemed  to  them  untenable,  they  added 
their  emendation  on  the  margin,  as  “ that  which  is  to  be 
read  ” ( qre ),  opposed  to  “that  which  is  written”  ( kethib ). 

Massowah  (mas-sou'a),  or  Massawa.  The  chief 
seaport  in  the  Italian  colony  of  Eritrea,  Africa, 
situated  on  a small  island  in  lat.  15°  37'  N., 
long.  39°  27'  E.  It  is  the  chief  port  for  Abyssinia  and 
the  neighboring  regions.  It  was  formerly  under  Turkish, 
and  after  1865  under  Egyptian,  rule.  The  Italians  took 
military  possession  in  1885.  Population,  about  2,500. 

Massuccio.  See  Masuccio. 

Massys  (mas-sis'),  or  Matsys  (mat-sis'),  or 
Metsys  ( met-sis' ),  Quentin  or  Quintin.  Bom 
at  Louvain,  Belgium,  about  1466 : died  at  Ant- 
werp, 1530.  A noted  Flemish  painter. 

Mastabat-el-F  araun  (mas-ta'  bat-el-f  a-ra-on' ) . 
See  the  extract. 

The  name  of  Unas  is  not  found  at  the  Wady  Magarah ; 
but  several  small  objects  inscribed  with  it,  probably  de- 
rived from  the  tombs  at  Gizeh,  are  in  the  different  muse- 
ums of  Europe.  He  reigned  thirty-three  years,  and  was 
buried  in  the  long  building  constructed  of  enormous 
blocks  of  limestone,  anciently  inlaid  with  hard  stones,  at 
Sakkarah,  and  known  at  the  present  day  by  the  name  of 
the  “ Mastabat-el-Faraoun " or  “Pharaoh's  board.”  His 
name  has  been  found  upon  a stone  near  the  entrance. 

Birch,  Egypt,  p.  52. 

Master  Adam,  F.  Maitre  Adam.  The  poet 
Adam  Billaut. 

Master  Builder,  The.  A play  by  Ibsen,  pro- 
duced in  1892. 

Master  Humphrey’s  Clock.  A collection  of 
tales  by  Charles  Dickens,  published  iu  1840-41. 
They  included  “The  Old  Curiosity  Shop  "and  “Barnaby 
Rudge.”  The  stories  were  related  by  Master  Humphrey : 
this  part,  however,  was  afterward  taken  out. 

Masterman  Beady.  A sea  story  by  Frederick 
Marryat,  published  in  1841. 

Master  of  Sentences.  Peter  Lombard.  See 

Booh  of  Sentences. 

Masuccio  di  Salerno  (mii-sot'cho  de  sa-ler'no). 
Born  at  Salerno  about  1420:  died  after  1476. 
An  Italian  novelist.  He  was  a man  of  some  rank,  and 
passed  most  of  his  life  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Milan. 


Fifty  of  his  novels,  in  the  Neapolitan  dialect,  were  pub- 
lished in  1476  under  the  title  “ II  Novellino  con  le  largo- 
menti  emorali  conclusioni  d’alcuni  esempli.”  Oneof  these 
is  the  same  as  “Romeo  and  Juliet."  The  scene  is  laid  in 
Siena. 

Masudi  (ma-so'de),  A1-.  Died  957.  An  Arabi- 
an historian.  He  is  called  “the  Herodotus  of  Arabian 
history.”  Of  his  numerous  works  the  principal  one  is 
“Meadows  of  Gold  and  Mines  of  Gems,"  which  has  been 
published  in  9 volumes,  with  the  Arabic  text  above  and 
a French  translation  below,  by  Barbier  de  Meynard  in 
collaboration  with  Pavet  de  Courteille  1861-77.  One 
volume  has  been  translated  into  English  (1841)  by  A. 
Sprenger. 

Masulipatam  (ma-soHi-pa-tam').  A seaport, 
capital  of  the  Kistna  district,  Madras,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Coromandel  coast  in  lat. 
16°  11'  N.,  long.  81°  8'  E.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton,  etc.  Population,  39,507. 

Masym  (ma'sim).  A rarely  used  name  for  the 
fifth-magnitude  star  x Herculis,  in  the  left  hand 
of  the  giant. 

Maat  (mat).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  god- 
dess of  truth,  child  of  the  sun,  wearing  on  her 
head  the  ostrich  plume,  emblematical  of  truth. 
She  was  often  called  “the  Two  Truths."  In  her  haU  the 
souls  of  the  dead  were  j udged  before  Osiris. 

Matabele  (ma-ta-ba'le),  or  Matebele  (ma-te- 
ba'le),  or  Matabeli  (ma-ta-ba'le).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  British  South  Africa,  north  of  the  Trans- 


Mataro  (mii-ta-ro')  A seaport  and  manufac- 
turing town  in  the  province  of  Barcelona,  Spain, 
17  miles  northeast  of  Barcelona.  Pop.,  19,704. 

Matejko  (ma-tay'ko),  Jan.  Bom  at  Cracow, 
July  30,  1838:  died  Nov.  1,  1893.  A Polish  his- 
torical painter.  His  subjects  were  taken  from 
Polish  history. 

Matelica  (ma-tel'e-ka).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Macerata,  eastern  Italy,  22  miles 
west  of  Macerata. 

Matera  (ma-ta'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  southern  Italy,  37  miles  west-north- 
west of  Taranto.  Population,  17,237. 

Mater  Dolorosa  (ma'ter  dol-o-ro'sa).  [L.,  ‘ the 
sorrowful  mother.’]  A painting  by  Titian 
(1554),  in  the  royal  museum  at  Madrid,  it  is  a 
bust  of  the  Virgin,  in  violet  robe,  with  blue  mantle  drawn 
over  the  white  cap  on  her  head,  mourning  her  son  with 
upraised  hands.  It  is  a companion  piece  to  the  master’s 
“ Ecce  Homo"  in  the  same  museum. 

Materna  (ma-ter'na),  Amalie  (Frau  Fried- 
rich). Born  at  St.  Georgen,  Styria,  July  10, 
1845  (Grove).  A noted  German  opera-singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  at  Gratz  about  1864.  In 
1869  she  made  her  first  success  as  Selika  in  “L’Africaine  " 
at  Vienna,  and  in  1876  created  her  great  reputation  as  a 
Wagnerian  singer  by  her  impersonation  of  Brunhild  at  the 
Wagner  festival  at  Bayreuth.  She  has  also  sung  in  Eng- 
land and  the  United  States.  She  retired  in  1897. 


vaal,  claiming  territory  from  about  lat.  20°  S. 
to  the  Zambesi  River,  especially  Mashonaland. 
It  is  organized  on  the  Zulu  model.  See  Loben- 
fjula,  Mashonaland,  Manica.  Also  Tabele,  Tebele. 
Matabeleland  (ma-ta-ba'le-land).  A province 
of  Southern  Rhodesia,  chief  town  Bulawayo.  It 
was  proclaimed  in  1888  to  be  within  the  British 
sphere  of  influence.  It  was  forcibly  taken  possession 
of  by  the  British  South  Africa  Company  1893-94. 

Mataco  (ma-ta-ko'),  or  Mataguaya  (ma-ta- 
gwi'a),  stock.  A linguistic  group  of  South 
American  Indians,  iu  the  Gran  Chaco,  princi- 
pally between  the  rivers  Vermejo  and  Pilco- 
mayo.  It  includes  the  Matacos,  Mataguayas,  Enimagas, 
Ocolos,  and  various  other  hordes,  all  of  more  or  less  wan- 
dering habits  and  dark-skinned. 

Matacos  (ma-ta-kos').  A tribe  of  Indians  of  the 
Argentine  Republic,  in  the  Chaco  region,  about 
the  upper  course  of  the  Rio  Vermejo.  They  have 
considerable  herds  of  cattle  and  horses,  and  migrate  from 
time  to  time  in  search  of  fresh  pastures.  Iu  color  they  are 
dark.  The  Matacos  have  long  been  at  war  with  the  Tobas. 
They  are  friendly  to  the  whites,  and  readily  work  for  them 
on  sugar-plantations  or  as  servants. 

Matagalpan  (ma-ta-gal'pan)  stock.  The  name 
given  by  Dr.  Brinton  to  the  so-called  Chontales 
Indians  in  Nicaragua  (departments  of  Mata- 
galpa,  Segovia,  and  Chontales).  He  regards  their 
language  as  essentially  different  from  that  of  other  known 
stocks. 

Matagorda  Bay  ( mat-a-gor ' da  ha) . An  inlet  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  south  of  Texas,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Colorado,  about  long.  96°  W. 
Matagorda  Island.  An  island  on  the  coast  of 
Texas,  southwest  of  Matagorda  Bay. 
Mataguayas  (ma-ta-gwl'as).  A tribe  of  In- 
dians of  the  Argentine  Republic,  in  the  Chaco 
region  north  of  the  Rio  Vermejo.  They  are  closely 
allied  to  the  Matacos,  but  are  more  savage,  and  have  ad- 
mitted little  intercourse  with  the  whites.  Old  authors 
used  this  name  somewhat  loosely  for  various  tribes  of  the 
Mataco  and  Guaycuru  stocks. 

Matambwe  (ma-tani'bwe).  See  Konde. 
Matamorqs  (mat-a-mo'ros ; Sp.  pron.  ma-ta- 
mo'ros).  A port  and  city  in  the  state  of  Ta- 
maulipas,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Rio  Grande 
opposite  Brownsville  in  Texas.  It  was  taken  by 
Taylor  May  18,  1846.  Population,  8,347. 
Matamoros  (ma-ta-mo'ros),  Mariano.  Born 
about  1770:  executed  at  Valladolid,  Feb.  3, 
1814.  A Mexican  priest  and  patriot,  the  prin- 
cipal lieutenant  of  Morelos  (Dec.,  1811, -Jan., 
1814).  He  gained  the  victory  of  San  Agustin  del  Pal- 
mar (Oct.  14,  1813),  and  shared  in  the  repulse  at  Vallado- 
lid and  the  defeat  at  Puruaran  (Jan.  5, 1814),  where  he  was 
captured. 

Matanzas  (ma-tan'zas;  Sp.pron.  ma-tan'thas). 
A seaport  on  the  northern  coast  of  Cuba,  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay  of  Matanzas  in  lat.  23°  2'  N., 
long.  81°  43'  W.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  city  of 
Cuba  next  to  Havana.  Population,  36,009. 

Matapan  (ma-ta-pan'),  Cape.  A promontory 
at  the  extremity  of  Laconia,  Greece,  situated 
in  lat.  36°  23'  N.,  long.  22°  29'  E.:  the  ancient 
Teenarum.  It  is,  after  Cape  Tarifa,  the  south- 
ernmost point  of  continental  Europe. 

Matape  (mil-ta'pa).  A pueblo  in  central  So- 
nora, known  to  the  Spaniards  in  1540  under 
the  name  Vacapa.  It  was  later  a considerable 
mission  of  the  Jesuits. 

Mataras  (ma-ta'ras).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
Argentine  Republic,  in  the  Chaco  region  on 
the  river  Pilcomayo.  They  are  classed  with 
the  Lule  stock. 


Maternus,  Julius  Firmicus.  See  Firmicus. 

Mather  (maTH'6r),  Cotton.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Feb.  12,  1663:  died  there,  Feb.  13, 1728. 
An  American  Congregational  clergyman,  au- 
thor, and  scholar : son  of  Increase  Mather.  He 
became  the  colleague  of  his  father  in  the  North  Church  in 
Boston  in  1684,  andremained  in  that  pulpit  until  his  death. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  the  persecutions  for  witchcraft. 
His  chief  works  are“Magnalia  Christi  Americana”  (on 
New  England  ecclesiastical  history,  1702;  new  ed.  1853), 
“ Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World  ” (1692),  “ Manuductio 
adMinisterium,”  “Biblia  Americana,  or  Sacred  Scriptures 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  Illustrated  " (in  MS.). 

Mather,  Increase.  Born  at  Dorchester,  Mass., 
1639  : died  at  Boston,  Aug.  23, 1723.  President 
of  Harvard  College,  youngest  son  of  Richard 
Mather.  He  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Harvard  in  1656,  vis- 
ited England  in  1657,  and  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  in  1658.  He  preached  at  Great  Torrington, 
Devonshire,  until  May,  1659,  and  afterward  in  Guernsey. 
At  the  Restoration  he  refused  to  conform,  and  returned  to 
Boston,  where  he  was  ordained  minister  of  the  new  North 
Church  on  May  27, 1664.  In  1680  he  presided  at  the  Synod 
of  Boston.  In  1685  he  was  elected  president  of  Harvard 
College.  In  1687  Mather  was  charged  by  the  New  England 
ministers  to  convey  a vote  of  thanks  to  James  II.  for  his 
declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience,  and  visited  England 
in  1688.  In  1701  he  resigned  the  presidency  of  Harvard 
College,  but  retained  his  Boston  pastorate  until  his  death. 

Mather,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Much  Woolton, 
Lancashire,  March  20, 1631:  died  at  London, 
July  26, 1697.  The  second  son  of  Richard  Math- 
er. He  went  with  his  father  to  America,  and  graduated 
(M.  A.)  at  Harvard  College  in  1647.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land about  1650.  In  1656  he  received  from  the  Protector 
the  vicarage  of  Barnstaple,  Devonshire,  and  at  the  Resto- 
ration became  pastor  of  the  English  church  at  Rotterdam. 
In  1671  he  succeeded  his  brother  Samuel  at  the  church  in 
New  Row,  Dublin,  and  in  1688  took  charge  of  the  Indepen- 
dent church  in  Paved'Alley,  Lime  street.  London.  He  wrote 
“ The  Righteousness  of  God  through  Faith  ” (1694),  etc. 

Mather,  Richard.  Born  at  Lowton,  Lanca- 
shire, 1596:  died  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  April 
22,  1669.  A Congregational  divine.  He  entered 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  May  9,  1618,  but  soon  went  to 
Toxteth  Park,  Liverpool,  preaching  his  first  sermon  Nov. 
30.  In  1634  he  was  suspended  for  nonconformity,  and  went 
to  New  England,  arriving  in  Boston  Aug.  16,  1635.  He  waB 
settled  at  Dorchester.  Aug.  23,  1636,  and  remained  there 
until  his  death.  Among  his  sons  were  Samuel,  Nathaniel 
and  Increase. 

Mathers,  Helen.  See  Reeves,  Mrs. 

Mathew  (math'u),  Theobald,  called  “The 
Apostle  of  Temperance.”  Born  at  Thomastown 
Castle,  near  Cashel,  Ireland,  Oct.  10, 1790:  died  at 
Queenstown,  Dec.  8, 1856.  An  Irish  priest  and 
temperance  advocate.  He  entered  the  college  at 
Maynooth  in  1807,  and  was  ordained  in  the  Franciscan 
order  in  1841.  His  first  charge  was  “the  Little  Friary  "in 
Cork.  On  April  10,  1838,  he  signed  the  total  abstinence 
pledge,  and  began  a temperance  crusade.  As  a result 
nearly  one  half  of  the  adult  population  of  Ireland,  it  is 
said,  joined  him ; and  “ the  duties  on  Irish  spirits  fell  from 
£1,434,573  in  1839  to £852,418  in  1844."  The  results  of  his 
work  were  largely  destroyed  by  the  Irish  famine,  which 
he  also  did  more  than  any  one  else  to  relieve.  Father 
Mathew  visited  America  in  1849. 

Mathews (math'uz),  Charles.  Bornat London, 
June  28,  1776:  died  at  Plymouth,  June  28, 1835. 
An  English  comedian,  son  of  James  Mathews, 
a Wesleyan  preacher.  He  was  educated  at  the  Mer- 
chant Taylors’  School,  London.  After  a successful  tour  of 
the  York  circuit,  he  appeared  in  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
under  George  Colman  the  younger  May  16,  1S03,  and  at 
Drury  Lane  for  the  first  time  Sept.  IS,  1804.  On  March  28, 
1803,  he  married  as  his  second  wife  Anne  Jackson,  an 
actress,  who  often  appeared  in  his  support.  In  1822  and 
again  in  1834  he  visited  New  York.  Mathews  was  espe- 
cially successful  as  a mimic,  and  was  in  his  way  inimitable. 
His  series  of  “At  Homes  " were  his  most  memorable  per- 
formances. They  consisted  of  songs,  recitations,  ventri- 


Mathews,  Charles 

loquial  imitations,  etc.  In  these  his  wife  aided  him.  She 
also  edited  his  memoirs,  and  wrote  “Anecdotes  of  Actors," 
etc. 

Mathews,  Charles  James.  Born  at  Liverpool, 
Dec.  26,  1803:  died  at  Manchester,  June  24, 
1878.  An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of 
Charles  Mathews.  He  was  educated  at  the  private 
school  of  Richardson  the  lexicographer,  and  copied  extracts 
for  his  dictionary.  On  May  4,  1819,  he  entered  the  atelier 
of  Augustus  Pugin  the  architect,  and  continued  to  practise 
architecture  for  several  years.  On  April  26,  1822,  he  ap- 
peared for  the  first  time,  as  an  amateur,  at  the  Lyceum, 
London.  On  July  18, 1838,  he  married  Madame  Vestris,  his 
manager.  In  Oct.,  1842,  they  were  engaged  by  Macready 
at  Drury  Lane,  and  on  Nov.  14, 1842,  they  went  to  the  Hay- 
market.  On  July  4,  1856,  he  was  imprisoned  for  debt  in 
Lancaster  Castle.  Madame  Vestris  died  Aug.  8,  1856;  a 
year  later  he  visited  New  York,  where  he  married  Mrs. 
Davenport,  an  actress  at  Burton’s  Theater.  On  April  9, 
1870,  he  appeared  in  the  Theatre  Royal,  Melbourne.  In 
1875  he  played  in  Calcutta,  and  after  his  return  made  his 
last  appearance  June  8,  1875,  at  Stalybridge.  Among  his 
own  compositions  are  “The  Black  Domino,”  “Dead  for  a 
Ducat,"  “ Married  for  Money,”  “ The  Court  Jester,”  “ My 
Awful  Dad,"  “Little  Toddlekins,”  “Mathews  & Co.,”  etc. 
His  best  parts  were  Sir  Charles  Coldstream,  Sir  Affable 
Hawk,  Lavater,  Puff  in  “ The  Critic,”  etc. 

Mathews,  Lucia  Elizabeth  or  Elizabetta 
(Madame  Vestris).  Bom  at  London,  Jan.,  1797: 
died  there,  Aug.  8,  1856.  An  English  actress, 
daughter  of  Gaetano  Stefano  Bartolozzi.  On 
Jan.  28,  1813,  she  married  Auguste  Armand  Vestris,  bal- 
let-master at  the  King’s  Theatre.  She  had  a fine  contralto 
voice,  and  first  appeared  as  Proserpina  in  Peter  Winter’s 
opera  “ H Ratto  di  Proserpina  "(July  20,  1815).  She  ap- 
peared first  in  English  at  Drury  Lane  on  Feb.  19,  1820, 
and  continued  to  play  until  Jan.  3,  1831,  when  she  under- 
took the  management  of  the  Olympic.  On  Dec.  7,  1835, 
Charles  James  Mathews  made  his  debut  under  her  man- 
agement, and  they  were  married  J uly  18, 1838.  She  under- 
took the  management  of  the  Lyceum  in  1847,  and  appeared 
there  for  the  last  time  July  26,  1854. 

Mathews,  Thomas.  Born  at  Llandaff  Court, 
Oct.,  1676:  died  at  London,  Oct.  2,  1751.  An 
English  admiral.  He  entered  the  navy  about  1690,  and 
in  1703  was  promoted  captain  of  the  Yarmouth.  In  1736 
he  was  made  commissioner  of  the  navy  at  Chatham,  and 
on  March  13, 1742,  was  created  vice-admiral  of  the  red,  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  Mediterranean,  and  minister  to 
Sardinia.  He  resigned  in  Aug.,  1744. 

Mathias  (ma-thl'as).  The  principal  character 
in  “The  Bells,”  dramatized  by  Leopold  Lewis 
from  Ware’s  “The  Polish  Jew”:  a conscience- 
stricken  murderer,  very  powerfully  and  poeti- 
cally drawn.  Henry  Irving  has  been  remark- 
ably successful  in  this  part. 

Mathias  (ma-tln'as),  Thomas  James.  Bom 
about  1754:  died"  at  Naples,  Aug.,  1835.  An 
English  satirist  and  Italian  scholar.  He graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  went  to  Italy  in  1817, 
and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his  life.  His  “ Pursuits  of 
Literature  ” was  begun  in  1794.  Other  satires  are  “ The 
Political  Dramatist  ” (1795),  “ An  Equestrian  Epistle  in 
Verse  to  the  Earl  of  Jersey  ” (1796),  “An  Imperial  Epistle 
from  Kien  Long,  Emperor  of  China,  to  George  III.  in  1794." 
His  “Works  of  Gray  ’’  were  published  in  1814.  In  Italian 
he  wrote  “Poesie  Liriche  ’’  and  “Canzone  Toscane.” 
Mathura(ma'th6-ra).  A celebrated  city  of  India, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Jumna,  the 
name  of  which  survives  in  the  modern  Muttra. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Krishna,  and  one  of  the 
seven  sacred  cities. 

Matilda (ma-til'dii) . [ML. , fromMHG. Malithilt, 
Mahtilt,  Mehtilt,  G.  dial.  Mechtild  (G.  Mathilde, 
F. Matilde,  fromML.),  AS.  Mahtild;  lit. ‘mighty 
in  battle.’  Hence  OF.  Mahald  (whence  late 
AS.  Mahceld,  ME.  Molde),  Makaud,  whence  E. 
Maud.~\  Died  in  Normandy,  Nov.  3, 1083.  Queen 
of  William  the  Conqueror  and  daughter  of 
Baldwin  V.,  count  of  Flanders.  She  married  William 
about  1053,  and  was  crowned  at  Westminster  May  11, 1067. 

Matilda,  or  Maud  (mad).  Born  1080:  died  at 
Westminster,  May  1,  1118.  The  first  wife  of 
Henry  I.  of  England,  and  daughter  of  Malcolm 
HI.,  king  of  Scotland,  and  St.  Margaret,  she 
was  baptized  Eadgyth  (Edith),  but  was  always  known  as 
Matilda  or  Maud.  Malcolm  III.  and  Margaret  died  in 
1093,  and  Matilda  was  sheltered  in  England  by  her  uncle 
Edgar  TEtheling.  On  Nov.  11,  1100,  she  was  married  to 
Henry  I.  at  Westminster  Abbey  by  Anselm.  She  founded 
the  first  Austin  priory  in  England  in  1108.  She  was  pious 
and  learned,  and  had  great  influence- on  the  life  of  the 
time.  She  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Matilda.  Bom  1103  (?) : died  at  Hedingham 
Castle,  May  3,  1152.  Queen  of  Stephen,  king 
of  England.  She  was  the  only  child  of  Eustace  III., 
count  of  Boulogne,  and  Mary,  daughter  of  Malcolm  III.  of 
Scotland  and  St.  Margaret.  Before  1125  she  married 
Stephen  de  Blois,  nephew  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  who 
seized  the  English  crown  in  1135.  In  the  civil  war  which 
followed  the  empress  Matilda’s  invasion,  she  took  the  field 
in  person,  and,  after  Stephen's  imprisonment,  with  her 
general  William  of  Ypresand  the  aid  of  the  citizens  drove 
the  empress  from  London.  In  1148  she  founded  the  hos- 
pital of  St.  Katharine  by  the  Tower. 

Matilda,  or  Maud,  or  Mold  (iEtlielic  or 

Aaliz).  Bom  at  London,  1102:  died  at  Notre 
Dame  des  Pr6s,  near  Rouen,  Sept.  10,  1167. 
Empress,  the  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England 
and  his  first  wife  Matilda.  She  married  the  German 


665 

king  Henry  V.  at  Mainz  Jan.  7,  1114,  and  may  have  been 
with  him  when  he  was  crowned  at  Rome  in  1111.  When 
Henry  V.  died  (1125)  she  returned  to  Normandy,  and  in 
1126  to  England.  On  June  17,  1128,  she  married  Geoffrey 
Plantagenet,  son  of  the  Count  of  Anjou.  Their  first  child 
(Henry  II.)  was  born  March  5, 1133.  On  the  death  of  Henry 
I.  (Dec.  1,  1135)  her  cousin  Stephen  assumed  the  crown. 
On  Sept.  30,  1139,  she  invaded  England,  captured  Stephen 
(Feb.,  1141),  was  acknowledged  lady  of  England  and  Nor- 
mandy (April  8, 1141),  and  established  herself  at  Westmin- 
ster. She  misused  her  power,  was  driven  from  the  city, 
and  fled  to  Oxford.  She  returned  to  Normandy  in  1148. 
After  the  accession  of  her  son  Henry  Plantagenet,  she  set- 
tled at  Notre  Dame  des  Prds,  near  Rouen,  where  she  died. 
Her  most  noted  exploit  was  her  escape  from  Oxford  with 
three  of  her  knights  nt  Christmas  time.  They  clothed 
themselves  in  white,  and  tied  over  the  frozen  river  and 
through  Stephen’s  camp. 

Matilda.  Born  about  1046:  died  about  1115. 
Countess  of  Tuscany,  and  ruler  also  of  a large 
part  of  northern  Italy.  She  was  a supporter  of 
Gregory  VII.  and  other  popes  against  the  em- 
pire. 

Matilda.  Born  1156 : died  at  Brunswick,  Ger- 
many, June  28,  1189.  Duchess  of  Saxony,  the 
third  child  and  eldest  daughter  of  Henry  II.  of 
England  and  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine.  On  Feb.  l, 
1168,  she  married  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  and 
cousin  of  Frederick  Barbarossa. 

Matlatzincas  (mat-lat-zen'kas).  A tribe  of 
Mexican  Indians  who  occupied  the  district  west 
of  the  lakes.  They  were  of  Otomi  stock,  and  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest  had  been  recently  subdued 
by  the  Aztecs.  In  the  war  with  the ‘Spaniards  they  ad- 
hered at  first  to  the  Mexican  chiefs,  and  shortly  before 
Mexico  was  taken  they  were  defeated  by  Sandoval,  and 
their  town  of  Matlalzinco  was  burned.  Their  descendants 
inhabit  the  valley  of  Mexico  and  portions  of  Michoacan. 

Matlock  (mat'lok).  A town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Derwent  15  miles 
north  by  west  of  Derby.  Near  it  is  Matlock 
Bath,  noted  for  hot  springs.  Population,  about 
6,000. 

Matrimonio  Segreto  (ma-tre-mo'ne-o  se-gra'- 
to),  II  (‘  The  Secret  Marriage  ’).  Art  opera  by 
Cimarosa,  first  produced  at  Vienna  in  1792: 
known  in  French  as  “ Le  mariage  secret.” 

Matris  (ma'trez).  [Skt.,  ‘ mothers.’]  In  Hindu 
theology,  the  personified  energies  of  the  great 
gods.  Their  number,  at  first  small,  later  became  count- 
less. They  are  the  special  object  of  the  worship  of  the 
Shaktas  (which  see). 

Matrona  (mat'ro-na).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Marne. 

Matsumai  (miit-so-mi'),  or  Matsumaye  (mat- 
so-mi'a),  or  Fukuyama.  A town  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Yezo,  Japan,  40  miles 
southwest  of  Hakodate. 

Matsya  Avatara  (mat'sya  a-va-ta/ra).  [Skt., 
‘fish  incarnation.’]  The  first  incarnation  of 
Vishnu.  He  is  believed  to  have  infused  a portion  of  his 
essence  into  a fish,  or  to  have  taken  the  form  of  a fish,  to 
save  Manu,  the  primeval  man,  from  the  universal  deluge. 
Conciliating  the  Deity  by  his  piety,  Manu  was  warned  of 
the  deluge  and  commanded  to  build  a ship  and  go  on  board 
with  the  seven  Rishis,  or  patriarchs,  and  the  seeds  of  all 
existing  things.  When  the  flood  came, Vishnu  appeared  as 
a vast  fish  with  a horn  on  its  head,  to  which  the  ship’s  cable 
was  fastened.  The  ship  was  thus  drawn  along  and  secured 
to  a high  crag  till  the  flood  passed. 

Matsya  Purana  (mat'sya  po-ra'na).  In  San- 
skrit literature,  a Purana  of  between  fourteen 
and  fifteen  thousand  stanzas,  compiled  from  va- 
rious materials.  Many  chapters  are  identical  with 
parts  of  the  Vishnu  and  Padma  Puranas,  and  much  is  taken 
from  the  Mahabharata.  It  is  so  called  as  narrated  to  Manu 
by  Vishnu  in  the  form  of  a fish  (mateya). 

Matsys.  See  Massys. 

Matta  (mat'ta),  Guillermo.  Born  in  Copiaud, 
1829:  died  1899.  A Chilean  politician  and  poet. 
His  lyrics  are  popular. 

Mattathias  (mat-a-thl'  as),  surnamed  “The 
Hasmonean.”  [See  Matthew.']  The  father  of 
the  Maccabees.  See  Maccabees. 

Matter  (ma-tar'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Alt-Eck- 
endorf,  Alsace,  May  31, 1791:  died  at  Strasburg, 
June  23, 1864.  A French  historian  and  philos- 
opher. His  works  include  “Histoire  critique  du  gnos- 
ticisms’’  (1828),  “Histoire  universelle  de  l’bglise  chrb- 
tienne”  (1828-35),  “Histoire  de  la  philosophic  dans  ses 
rapports  avec  la  religion  ’’  (1854),  etc. 

Matterhorn  (mat'ter-horn),  F.  Mont  Cervin 

(mon  ser-van'),  It.  Monte  Silvio  (mon'te  sel'- 
ve-o).  A peak  of  the  Pennine  Alps,  situated 
on  the  border  between  Valais  (Switzerland)  and 
Piedmont  (Italy),  west  of  Monte  Rosa,  it  is 
noted  for  its  steepness.  It  was  first  ascended  in  1865  by 
Whymper’s  party,  four  of  whom  lost  their  lives.  Height, 
14,703  feet. 

Matteucci  (mat-ta'6-che),  Carlo.  Bom  at 
Forli,  Italy,  June  20,  1811:  died  at  Leghorn, 
Italy,  June  25,  1868.  An  Italian  physicist  and 
politician.  He  became  professor  at  Bologna  in  1832,  at 
Ravenna  in  1837,  and  at  Pisa  in  1840.  In  1860  he  became 
a senator  and  superintendent  of  the  Italian  telegraph  sys- 
tem, and  later  also  of  the  meteorological  bureau.  For  a 
short  time  in  1862  he  was  minister  of  public  instruction 


Mattiaci 

under  Rattazzi.  He  is  best  known  from  his  works  on 
electricity. 

Mattheson,  or  Math  eson  (mat'e-son),  Johann. 
Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  28,  1681 : died  there, 
April  17 , 1764.  A German  composer  and  writer 
on  music. 

Matthew (math'u),  Saint.  [Heb.,  acontraction 
of  Mattathiah,  gift  of  God ; Gr.  Maddaiog,  Mar- 
Oaiog,  L.  Mattliseus , It.  Matteo,  Sp.  Mateo,  F. 
Matthieu .]  One  of  the  apostles,  and,  according 
to  tradition,  the  author  of  the  gospel  which 
hears  his  name.  He  is  described  as  a tax-gatherer. 
In  Mark  and  Luke  he  is  called  Levi.  According  to  the 
earlier  legends  he  labored  as  a missionary  on  the  shores  of 
the  Black  Sea;  according  to  others, in  Ethiopia.  In  the 
latter  country  he  was  said  to  have  suffered  martyrdom, 
hut  he  was  also  asserted  to  have  died  a natural  death. 

Matthew,  Gospel  of.  The  first  gospel,  attrib- 
uted by  tradition  to  the  apostle  Matthew. 
Matthew,  Master.  In  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy 
“Every  Man  in  his  Humour,”  “a  town-bred 
gull,”  half  fool,  half  coxcomb,  vain  of  his  own 
poetry,  his  affairs  with  women,  and  his  associa- 
tion with  those  above  him  in  rank. 

Matthew,  Sir  Tobie.  Born  at  Salisbury,  Oet. 
3,  1577:  died  at  the  English  College,  Ghent, 
Oet.  13, 1655.  An  English  diplomatist  and  man 
of  letters,  son  of  Tobias  Matthew,  archbishop  of 
York.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church)  in  1594, 
and  was  admitted  of  Gray’s  Inn  iu  1599.  He  became  a 
member  of  Parliament  in  1601.  In  1604  he  visited  Italy, 
and  entered  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  March,  1606. 
He  was  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  prison  for  his  religion  un- 
til Feb.  7,  1608.  He  was  ordained  a priest  at  Rome  in 
1614,  and  remained  in  Italy  until  1617.  He  was  banished 
from  Jan.,  1619,  to  Dec.,  1621.  He  busied  himself  with  vari- 
ous Jesuitical  schemes  until  1640,  when  he  retired  to  Ghent, 
where  he  died.  His  letters  were  published  five  years  after 
his  death. 

Matthew  of  Paris,  or  Matthew  Paris.  Bom 

probably  about  1200 : died  1259.  A celebrated 
English  chronicler.  His  surname  probably  originated 
in  the  circumstance  that  he  studied  at  the  University  of 
Paris.  He  entered  the  Benedictine  monastery  of  St.  Al- 
bans in  1217;  was  present  at  the  nuptials  of  Henry  III. 
and  Eleanor  of  Provence  in  1236;  and  was  sent  on  a mis- 
sion to  the  Benedictine  monastery  of  Holm  (Trondhjem) 
in  1248.  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  Henry  III. , who  admitted 
him  to  his  table  and  to  private  conversations  during  a visit 
of  a week’s  duration  at  St.  Albans  in  March,  1257.  His 
chief  works  are  “Historia  Major”  (also  called  “Chronica 
Majora”)and  “Historia  Anglorum,”  which  is  mainly  com- 
piled from  the  first-mentioned  work.  The  “ Historia  Ma- 
jor ” is  a chronicle  of  events  from  the  creation  of  the  world 
to  the  year  1259.  Down  to  1235  it  is  a modified  transcrip- 
tion of  an  earlier  work,  entitled  “Flores  Historiarum,” 
begun  by  John  de  Celia  and  completed  by  Roger  of  Wen- 
dover ; from  1235  to  1259  it  was  compiled  exclusively  from 
^original  sources. 

Matthews  (math'uz),  James  Brander.  Bom 
at  New  Orleans,  La.,  Feb. 21, 1852.  An  American 
writer ; professor  of  dramatic  literature  at  Co- 
lumbia University,  New  York. 

Matthew’s  Bible.  A folio  Bible,  published  in 
1537,  which  professed  to  be  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Thomas  Matthew.  See  Rogers,  John. 
Matthias  (ma-thi'as  or  mat-tbi'as).  [See  Mat- 
thew.] The  apostle  chosen  to  fill  the  place  of 
Judas  Iscariot. 

Matthias  (ma-t.hi'as ; G.  pron.  mat-te'as).  Bom 
Feb.  24,  1557 : died  March  20,  1619.  Emperor  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire  1612-19,  younger  son  of 
Maximilian  II.  He  intrigued  against  his  brother  the 
emperor  Rudolf  II.,  whom  he  displaced  as  ruler  in  Hun- 
gary, Moravia,  Silesia,  Lusatia,  and  Bohemia  in  1608-11. 
He  was  elected  emperor  on  the  death  of  his  brother  in 
1612.  Being  childless,  he  secured  the  succession  in  Bo- 
hemia and  Hungary  for  his  cousin  Ferdinand,  duke  of 
Styria  (afterward  emperor  Ferdinand  II.),  in  1617  and  1618, 
respectively. 

Matthias  I.  Oorvinus,  surnamed  “The  Great.” 
Born  1443 ; died  at  Vienna,  1490.  King  of  Hun- 
gary 1458-90,  younger  son  of  John  Hunyady. 
He  carried  on  wars  with  the  emperor,  the  Turks,  the 
Bohemians,  and  the  Poles ; conquered  Vienna,  which  he 
made  his  residence ; and  was  a patron  of  learning. 

Matthiesen  (math'i-sen),  Augustus.  Bom  at 
London,  Jan.  2, 1831:  committed  suicide  Oet.  6, 
1870.  An  English  chemist  and  physicist.  After 
1853  he  spent  four  years  with  Bunsen  at  Heidelberg.  He 
was  the  first  to  isolate  calcium  and  strontium  in  the  pore 
state,  and  made  valuable  investigations  on  the  physical 
properties  of  metals  and  alloys.  In  1857  he  fitted  up  a 
laboratory  in  London.  He  was  a lecturer  on  chemistry  at 
St.  Bartholomew’s  Hospital  in  1868. 

Matthisson  (mat'tis-son),  Friedrich  von.  Bom 

at  Hohendodeleben,  near  Magdeburg,  Prussia, 
Jan.  23,  1761:  died  at  Worlitz,  near  Dessau, 
Germany,  March  12, 1831.  A German  lyric  poet. 
Mattiaci  (ma-ti'a-si).  [L.  (Pliny)  Mattiaci.]  A 
German  tribe,  a branch  of  the  Chatti  (first  men- 
tioned by  Pliny),  iu  the  Tauuus  region,  south- 
ward to  the  Main,  about  the  present  Wies- 
baden (called  by  the  Romans  Aquas  Mattiacse). 
They  took  part  iu  the  rising  under  (Jivilis,  but 
were  soon  afterward  subjugated  by  Rome. 


Matto  Grosso 

Matto,  or  Mato,  Grosso  (mat 'to  gros'so).  [Pg., 
‘ great  forest.’]  A western  state  of  Brazil,  bor- 
dering on  Bolivia.  Capital,  Cuyaba.  it  is  rich  in 
agricultural  and  mineral  products.  Area,  532,683  square 
miles.  Population,  118,525. 

Mattocks  (mat'oks),  Isabella.  Born  1746:  died 
at  Kensington,  June  25, 1826.  An  English  ac- 
tress, daughterof  LewisHallam,alowcomedian. 
At  four  and  a half  years  of  age  she  played  children's  parts 
at  Covent  Garden.  She  married  Mattocks  in  1765,  and 
was  chief  support  of  Covent  Garden  until  her  retirement 
in  1808.  Her  best  roles  were  chambermaids  and  old  women. 

Mattoon  (ma-ton').  A city  in  Coles  County, 
eastern  Illinois,  73  miles  east-southeast  of 
Springfield.  Population,  11,456,  (1910). 
Maturin  (mat'u-rin),  Charles  Robert.  Born 
at  Dublin,  1782:  died  there,  Oct.  30,  1824.  An 
Irish  novelist,  of  a French  refugee  family.  He 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1800,  and  became 
curate  of  St.  Peter’s,  Dublin.  He  published  “The  Fatal 
Revenge,  or  the  Family  of  Montorio”  (1807),  “The  Wild 
Irish  Boy"  (1808),  and  the  “Milesian  Chief"  (1812),  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  His  tragedy 
“ Bertram  ” was  brought  out  by  Kean  at  Drury  Lane,  May 
3, 1816.  He  also  wrote  the  tragedies  “ Manuel  ” (1817)  and 
"Fredolfo”  (1817).  His  best  novel,  “Melmoth  the  Wan- 
derer," appeared  in  1820,  and  is  said  to  have  influenced  the 
romantic  school  in  France,  especially  Balzac. 

Matzner  (mets'ner),  Eduard  Adolf  Ferdi- 
nand. Born  at  Rostock,  Germany,  May  25, 1805 : 
died  at  Berlin,  July  14,  1892.  A noted  German 
philologist.  He  taught  at  the  French  gymnasium  in 
Berlin  and  at  the  gymnasium  in  Bromberg  1830-34,  and 
was  director  of  the  “ Luisenschule,"  the  principal  female 
school  in  Berlin,  from  1838.  He  published  “ Englische 
Grammatik  ’’(3d  ed.  1880-85),  “AltenglischeSprachproben” 
(1867-),“Altenglisches  Worterbuch  "(1872-),  and  works  on 
Romance  philology. 

Maubeuge  (mo-bezb').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Sambre, 
near  the  Belgian  frontier,  22  miles  east  by  south 
of  V alenciennes.  It  has  manufactures  of  tools  and 
metal  goods.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Hainaut,  and 
was  fortified  by  Vauban.  It  surrendered  to  the  Prussians 
July  11,  1815.  Population,  commune,  21,520. 

Mauch  Chunk  (mak  chungk).  The  capital  of 
Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Lehigh  74  miles  north-northwest  of  Philadel- 
phia. There  are  importantanthracite-coalmines 
in  its  vicinity.  Pop.  (borough),  3,952,  (1910). 
Maud.  [A  contraction  of  Matilda.']  See  Ma- 
tilda. 

Maud.  A poem  by  Tennyson,  published  in  1855. 
Maud  Muller.  A short  poem  by  Whittier. 
Maud  S.  An  American  trotting  mare,  by  Har- 
old, dam  Miss  Russell.  At  Cleveland  in  1885 
she  made  the  record  of  one  mile  in  2:08|,  but  lost 
it  to  Sunol  (2:081:)  in  1891. 

Maudsley  (madz'li),  Henry.  Born  at  Rome, 
near  Settle,  Yorkshire,  Feb.  5,  1835.  An  Eng- 
lish physiologist.  He  has  been  professor  of  medical 
jurisprudence  at  University  College,  London,  and  editor 
of  the  “ Journal  of  Mental  Science.”  His  chief  works  are 
“ The  Physiology  and  Pathology  of  the  Mind  ’’  (1867),  “Body 
and  Mind’’  (1870),  “Responsibility  in  Mental  Disease" 
(1874),  “The  Physiology  of  Mind”  (1876),  “The  Pathology 
of  Mind  ’’  (1879),  “ Body  and  Will  ” (1883),  “ Natural  Causes 
and  Supernatural  Seemings  ’’  (1886),  “Life  in  Mind  and 
Conduct  ” (1902),  “ Heredity,  Variation  and  Genius  ” (1908). 

Mauer  See  (mou'er  za).  A lake  in  the  province 
of  East  Prussia,  Prussia. 

Maues,  or  Mauhes  (mou-az').  A tribe  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians,  occupying  a region  to  the  south  of 
the  Amazon,  between  the  Tapajos  and  Madeira 
(states  of  Pard  and  Amazonas).  Their  best-known 
villages  are  on  the  Maue-assu.  They  are  classed  with  the 
great  Tupi  stock,  but  are  more  degraded  than  most  of  the 
Tupi  tribes;  they  practise  agriculture,  live  in  fixed  vil- 
lages, and  since  about  1820  have  had  some  intercourse  with 
the  whites.  Much  of  the  drug  called  guarana  ( Paullinia 
sorbilis),  used  as  a beverage  in  western  Brazil  and  Bolivia, 
is  prepared  by  them  and  sold  to  the  traders.  They  still 
number  several  thousands. 

Maugis.  Same  as  Malagigi. 

Mauhes.  See  Maues. 

Maui  (mou'e),  formerly  Mowee  (mou'e).  The 
second  in  size  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  situated 
25  miles  northwest  of  Hawaii.  Chief  town, 
Lahaina.  It  contains  one  of  the  largest  (extinct)  craters 
in  the  world,  on  Mount  Haleakala.  Length,  64  miles. 
Area,  728  square  miles. 

Maui  (mou'e).  A hero  in  New  Zealand  legend. 
See  the  extract. 

Though  all  these  mythical  beings  are  in  a sense  depart- 
mental gods,  they  yield  in  renown  to  a later  child  of  their 
race,  Maui,  the  great  culture-hero,  who  is  an  advanced 
form  of  the  culture-heroes,  mainly  theriomorphic,  of  the 
lower  races.  Maui,  like  many  heroesof  myth,  was  a young- 
est son.  He  was  prematurely  born  (a  similar  story  comes 
in  the  Brahmanic  legend  of  the  Adityas) ; his  mother 
wrapped  him  up  in  her  long  hair,  and  threw  him  out  to 
sea.  A kinsman  rescued  him,  and  he  grew  up  to  be  much 
the  most  important  member  of  his  family  ; like  Qat  in  his 
larger  circle  of  brethren.  Maui  it  was  who  snared  the  sun, 
beat  him,  and  taught  him  to  run  his  appointed  course,  in- 
stead of  careering  at  will  and  at  any  pace  he  chose  about 
the  heavens.  He  was  the  culture-hero  who  invented  barbs 
for  spears  and  hooks  ; he  turned  his  brother  into  the  first 


666 

dog,  whence  dogs  are  sacred ; he  fished  New  Zealand  out 
of  the  sea ; he  stole  fire  for  men.  How  Maui  performed 
this  feat,  and  how  he  “brought  death  into  the  world  and 
all  our  woe,”  are  topics  that  belong  to  the  myths  of  Death 
and  of  the  Fire-Stealer.  Maui  could  not  only  change  men 
into  animals,  but  could  himself  assume  animal  shapes  at 
wilL  Lang,  Myth,  etc.,  II.  30. 

Maul  (mal).  A giant  in  Bunyan’s  "Pilgrim’s 
Progress.” 

Maulbronn  (monl'bron).  A town  in  Wurtem- 
berg,  23  miles  northwest  of  Stuttgart.  It  has  a 
noted  abbey  church  and  a Protestant  theologi- 
cal seminary.  Population,  over  1,000. 

Maule  (mou'la).  1.  A river  of  Chile,  rising  in 
the  Andes  and  reaching  the  Pacific  Ocean  in 
lat.  35°  18'  S.  It  formed  the  southern  limit  of  the  Inca 
conquests,  and  long  separated  the  Spanish  colonies  from 
Araucania.  Length,  145  miles  ; navigable  for  50  miles. 

2.  A maritime  province  in  Chile,  intersected 
by  lat.  36°  S.  Capital,  Cauqudnes.  Area,  2,474 
square  miles.  Population,  110,447. 

Maule,  Fox.  See  Ramsay,  Fox  Maule. 

Mauley  (ma'li),  Sir  Edward.  The  “black 
dwarf”  in  Scott’s  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
also  called  Elsbender  the  Recluse. 

Maulmain  (mal-man'),  or  Moulmein  (moul- 
min').  A seaport  in  Amherst  district,  Burma, 
situated  on  the  river  Salwin  in  lat.  16°  29'  N., 
long.  97°  38'  E.  It  has  been  developed  since  1826,  and 
is  noted  for  its  export  of  timber,  rice,  etc.,  and  for  ship- 
building. Population,  58,446. 

Maumbury  (mam'ber-i)  Rings.  The  best-pre- 
served Roman  amphitheater  in  England.  It  is 
south  of  Dorchester. 

Maumee  (ma-me').  A river  in  Indiana  and  Ohio. 
It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  St.  Mary’s  and  St.  Jo- 
seph’s at  Fort  Wayne,  and  flows  into  Maumee  Bay,  Lake 
Erie,  5 miles  northeast  of  Toledo.  Length  (including  the 
St.  Mary’s),  over  200  miles. 

Maumee  Rapids,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained 
by  the  Americans  under  Wayne  over  the  In- 
dians, in  northwestern  Ohio,  Aug.  20,  1794. 

Mauna  Kea  (mou'naka'a).  An  extinct  volcano 
in  the  island  of  Hawaii.  It  is  the  highest  peak 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Height,  13,823  feet. 

Mauna  Loa  (mou'na  lo'a).  An  active  volcano 
in  the  island  of  Hawaii,  south-southwest  of 
Mauna  Kea.  There  have  been  noted  eruptions  in  1843, 
1859,  1868,  1877,  and  1899.  Height,  13,675  feet. 

Maundeville,  Sir  John.  See  Mandeville. 

Maundrell  (man'drel),  Henry.  Born  at  Comp- 
ton Bassett,  near  Caine,  Wiltshire,  1665:  died 
at  Aleppo,  1701.  An  English  Oriental  traveler. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College)  in  1685,  and  was 
curate  of  Bromley  in  Kent  1689-95.  He  was  made  chap- 
lain of  the  Aleppo  factory  of  the  Company  of  Levant  Mer- 
chants in  1695.  “A  Journey  from  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem  at 
Easter  A.  I>.  1697  ” was  printed  at  Oxford  hi  1703. 

Maupassant  (mo-pa-son' ),  Henri  Rene  Albert 

Guy  de.  Born  at  the  Chateau  de  Miromesnil, 
Seine-Inf 4rieure,  Aug.  5,  1850:  died  at  Passy, 
Paris,  July  6, 1893.  A French  novelist.  He  went 
to  school  at  Yvetot,  and  graduated  from  the  college  of 
Rouen,  while  Gustave  Flaubert,  his  godfather,  looked  after 
his  literary  training.  He  spent  about  ten  years  in  civil 
service  in  the  navy  department.  In  Feb.,  1879,  his  one-act 
play  “ Histoire  du  vieux  temps”  was  performed  in  Paris, 
without,  however,  attracting  any  special  attention.  The 
next  year,  however,  the  success  of  his  short  story  “Boule 
desuif  ” stamped  him  at  once  as  a writer  of  marked  ability. 
Then  he  published  in  rapid  succession  “La  maison  Tel- 
lier"  (1881),  “Mademoiselle  Fifi”(lC82),  “Contes  de  la  b4- 
casse”(1883),  “Une  vie  ”(1883),“Miss  Harriet ’’(1884),  “Les 
sceurs  Rondoli ” (1884),  “Au  soleil ” (1884),  “Clairde  lune” 
(1884),  “Yvette ”(1884),  “Bel-Ami  ”(1885),  “Contes  du  jour 
et  de  la  nuit”(18S5),  “Contes  et  nouvelles”  (18S5),  “M. 
Parent” (1886), “La  petite  Roque” (1886),  “Toine”(1886), 
“Contes  choisis”  (1887),  “Mont-Oriol”  (1887),  “Le  Horla" 
(1887),  “Pierre  et  Jean"  (1S88),  “Sur  l’eau”  (1888),  “Le 
rosier  de  Mine.  Husson  ” (1888),  “Fort  comme  la  mort” 

S,  “La  main  gauche ” (1889),  “Histoire  d’une  fille  de 
s ’’ (1890),  “ Lavieerrante”(1890),  “L’lnutile beauty ” 
(1890),  “Notre  coeur”(1890).  Among  his  other  works  are 
“Trois  contes,”  “Enmer,”  “L’Homme  de  lettres”  (1892), 
and  two  plays  “ Musotte  "(1891)  and  “La  paix  dn  mfinage  ” 
(Com4die  Franqaise,  March  6,  1893).  The  Insanity  and 
death  of  a brother  unbalanced  him,  and  he  attempted 
suicide  during  a fit  of  depression  in  Dec.,  1891 ; general 
paresis  set  in,  and  he  had  to  be  confined  in  a private  asylum. 

Maupeou  (mo-po' ),  Rene  Nicolas  Charles  Au- 
gustin de.  Born  at  Paris,  1714:  died,  near 
Andelvs,  France,  July  29,  1792.  A French  poli- 
tician, chancellor  of  France  1768-74.  He  was  in- 
strumental in  the  overthrow  of  the  Parliament  of  Paris  in 
1771. 

Maupertuis  (mo-per-ttie'),  Pierre  Louis  Mo- 
reau de.  Born  at  St.-Malo,  France,  July  17, 
1698 : died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  J uly  27,  1759. 
A French  mathematician,  astronomer,  and  phi- 
losopher, appointed  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Berlin  in  1740.  His  most  important  scientific  per- 
formance was  his  work  as  head  of  the  expedition  sent  by 
Louis  XV.  to  Lapland  (1736-37)  to  measure  a degree  of 
longitude.  The  results  of  this  expedition  were  published 
by  him  in  “ La  figure  de  la  terre  determinee  par  les  ob- 
servations, etc."  (1738).  He  was  a supporter  of  the  Newto- 
nian theory  against  the  Cartesians.  He  took  part  in  sev- 


Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 

eral  other  controversies,  the  most  notable  being  one  with 
Voltaire,  who  satirized  him  in  the  “Diatribe  du  Docteur 
Akakia.  ” 

Maupin  (mo-pan').  Mademoiselle  de.  Anovel 

by  Theophile  Gautier.  See  Gautier. 

Mauprat  (mo-pra').  A novel  by  George  Sand, 
published  in  1836.  It  was  put  on  the  stage  in 
1853. 

Maurepas  (mo-re-pa'),  Comte  de  (Jean  Frede- 
ric Phelippeaux).  Born  July  9, 1701:  died  Nov. 
21,  1/81.  A French  politician.  He  was  minister 
under  Louis  XV. ; was  banished  from  court  in  1749  through 
the  influence  of  Madame  Pompadour  whom  he  had  at- 
tacked; and  was  made  prime  minister  by  Louis  XVI.  in 
1774.  He  restored  the  Parliament  of  Paris. 

Maurepas  (mor-pa'),  Lake.  A lake  in  eastern 
Louisiana,  west  of  Lake  Pontcliartrain,  with 
which  it  communicates.  Length,  about  14  miles. 
Maurer  (mou'rer),  Georg  Ludwig  von.  Born 
at  Erpolsheim,  Rhine  Palatinate,  Nov.  2, 1790: 
died  at  Munich,  July  9,  1872.  A noted  German 
jurist  and  politician,  member  of  the  regency  in 
Greece  1832-34,  and  Bavarian  minister  of  for- 
eign affairs  and  justice  in  1847.  He  published  “Das 
griechische  Volk  ” (1836),  “Geschichte  der  Dorfverfassung 
in  Deutschland ” (1865-66),  “Geschichte der  Stadteverfas- 
sung  in  Deutschland  ” (1S6&-71),  etc. 

Maurer,  Konrad  von.  Born  April '29,  1823: 
died  Sept.  16,  1902.  A German  writer,  son  of  G. 
L.  von  Maurer  : professor  at  Munich  from  1847. 
His  works  include  “Die  Entstehung  des  islandischen 
Staats  ” (1852),  and  other  books  on  Scandinavian  history, 
literature,  and  law. 

Mauretania  (ma-re-ta'ni-a),  or  Mauritania 

(ma-ri-ta'ni-a).  [Gr.  Mavpiravlaj  from  L.  Mau- 
rus,  Gr.  M avpog,  a Moor.]  In  ancient  geography, 
the  northwestern  part  of  Africa,  corresponding 
to  the  northern  parts  of  Morocco  and  of  western 
Algeria.  Juba  II.  of  Numidia  was  confirmed  king  of 
Mauretania  by  Augustus,  25  B.  c.  It  was  annexed  to  the 
Roman  Empire  by  Claudius  in  42  A.  D.,  and  was  divided 
into  the  provinces  Mauretania  Tingitana  in  the  west  and 
Mauretania  Caesariensis  in  the  east.  It  was  overrun  by 
the  Vandals  in  429. 

Maurice  (ma'ris),  Saint.  [LL.  Mauricius,  Mau- 
ritius, Moorish;  It.  Maurizio,  Sp.  Mauricio,  F. 
Maurice,  G.  Moritz.  Also  Morris.]  A Chris- 
tian martyr.  According  to  the  legend,  he  was  com- 
mander of  the  “Theban  Legion,”  and  was  put  to  death  in 
Valais  (Switzerland)  in  286. 

Maurice  (Flavius  Tiberius  Mauricius).  Born 
in  Cappadocia  about  539;  killed  near  Chalce- 
don,  Asia  Minor,  Nov.,  602.  Byzantine  emperor 
582-602.  He  served  with  distinction  against  the  Persians ; 
was  appointed  by  Tiberius  as  his  successor  ; and  married 
Tiberius’s  daughter  Constantina.  Heproved  himself  a wise 
and  vigorous  ruler.  He  was  deposed  and  murdered  by  the 
general  Phocas,  commander-in-chief  of  an  army  operating 
against  the  Avars. 

Maurice.  Born  at  Freiberg,  Saxony,  March  21, 
1521:  died  at  Sievershausen,  near  Hannover, 
July  11, 1553.  Duke  of  Saxony,  son  of  Henry  the 
Pious.  He  succeeded  to  the  duchy  of  Saxony  in  1541; 
assisted  the  emperor  Charles  V.  against  the  Turks  and 
the  French  1542-43 ; joined  the  emperor  against  the  Smal- 
kaldic  League  in  1546;  was  made  elector  of  Saxony  in 
1547 ; formed  an  alliance  with  France  and  various  German 
states  against  the  emperor  in  1551;  compelled  the  emperor 
to  sign  the  peace  of  Passau  in  1552;  and  was  mortally 
wounded  in  his  victory  over  Albert  of  Brandenburg  at 
Sievershausen,  July  9,  1553. 

Maurice.  Born  at  Dillenhurg,  Prussia,  Nov.  14, 
1567 : died  at  The  Hague,  April  23, 1625.  Prince 
of  Orange  and  Count  of  Nassau,  a younger  son 
of  William  the  Silent.  He  was  elected  stadholderof 
the  provinces  of  Holland  and  Zealand  on  the  assassination 
of  his  father  in  1584,  and  became  stadholder  of  the  Seven 
United  Provinces  in  1587.  He  expelled  the  Spaniards  from 
the  Seven  L'nitedProvincesinaseriesof  brilliant  campaigns 
which  entitle  him  to  a place  among  the  foremost  generals 
of  modern  times.  Groningen,  the  last  stronghold  of  the 
Spaniards,  fell  in  1594.  In  1609  a truce  of  i2  years  was  con- 
cluded with  Spain  at  the  instance  of  Olden-Barneveldt, 
the  head  of  the  aristocratic  republican  party,  who  feared 
that  a continuance  of  the  war  might  enable  Maurice  to 
usurp  the  sovereignty.  A political  contest  ensued,  which 
was  further  embittered  by  religious  strife,  inasmuch  as 
Maurice,  who  was  supported  by  the  populace,  favored  the 
Gomarists,  while  Olden-Barneveldt  favored  the  Arminians 
or  Remonstrants.  This  contest  resulted  in  the  execution 
of  Olden-Barneveldt  in  1619,  and  in  the  victory  of  Maurice, 
who  renewed  the  war  with  Spain  at  the  expiration  of  the 
truce  in  1621. 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison.  Born  at  Nor- 

manston,  near  Lowestoft,  England,  Aug.  29, 
1805 : died  at  London,  April  1,  1872.  A noted 
English  divine.  He  entered  Trinity  College.  Cam- 
bridge, in  1823,  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  in  1830.  He 
was  appointed  curate  of  BubbenhalL  near  Leamington,  in 
1834 ; chaplain  of  Guy’s  Hospital  in  1836 ; and  in  1840  pro- 
fessor of  English  literature  and  history,  and  in  1846  pro- 
fessor of  theology,  at  King’s  College,  London.  From  1839 
to  1841  he  edited  the  “Educational  Magazine.”  In  1848  he 
assisted  in  establishing  Queen’s  College,  London.  During 
the  revolutionary  movement  of  1848  he  became  the  leader 
of  the  “Christian  Socialists."  His  “Theological  Essays,” 
published  in  1853,  excited  so  much  criticism  that  he  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  professorship  at  King’s  College.  On 
Oct  30,  1854,  he  became  principal  o'  St.  Martin’s  Hall, 
Queen  Square,  a working-men’s  college.  On  Oct.  25, 1866, 


Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 

he  was  elected  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Cambridge. 
He  wrote  “ Eustace  Conway,  or  the  Brother  and  Sister : a 
novel"  (1834),  the  article  “Moral  and  Metaphysical  Phi- 
losophy" for  the  “Encyclopaedia  Metropolitana  " (subse- 
quently enlarged  and  published  in  3 volumes:  “Ancient 
Philosophy  ’’  (1850),  “ Philosophy  of  the  First  Six  Centu- 
ries " (1853),  and  “ Mediaival  Philosophy  ’’  (1857)),  “ Modern 
Philosophy  ” (1862),  and  numerous  other  works  on  religious, 
historical,  theological,  and  philosophical  topics. 

Maurice,  or  Mauritz,  Johann.  See  Nassau-Sie- 
gen. 

Maurice,  Thomas.  Born  at  Hertford,  England, 
1754 : died  at  London,  March  30, 1824.  An  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  Orientalist,  and  poet.  He  became 
assistant  keeper  of  manuscripts  at  the  British  Museum, 
aud  vicar  of  Cudham,  Kent,  in  1804.  He  wrote  various 
works  on  India  (“Indian  Antiquities,”  1793-1800,  etc.),  and 
poems  (including  “Kichraond  Hill,”  1807). 

Maurice,  Walter.  A nom  de  plume  of  Walter 
Besant. 

Maurice  of  Nassau,  Governor-General  of  Bra- 
zil. See  Nassau-Siegen. 

Maurice  of  Saxony.  See  Saxe. 

Mauricius,  Emperor  of  the  East.  See  Maurice. 
Maurienne  (mo-ryen').  A small  region  in  the 
department  of  Savoie,  France,  in  the  upper  val- 
ley of  the  Arc,  from  Modane  eastward  to  the 
Italian  frontier.  It  was  a medieval  county,  and 
developed  into  the  county  of  Savoy. 
Mauritania.  See  Mauretania. 

Mauritius  (ma-rish'ius),  formerly  called  Isle 
of  France.  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  be- 
longing to  the  Mascarene  group,  intersected  by 
lat.  20°  15'  S.,  long.  57°  30'  E.  Capital,  Port  Louis. 
Its  surface  is  largely  hilly.  The  chief  export  is  sugar. 
Mauritius,  with  its  dependencies  Rodrigues,  Seychelles, 
and  Diego  Garcia,  is  a British  colony.  The  inhabitants  are 
Hindus,  mixed  races,  and  Europeans  of  French  and  British 
origin.  Mauritius  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1505.  From  1598  to  1710  it  was  held  by  the  Dutch.  In  1715 
the  French  took  possession.  The  island  was  the  scene  of 
“Paul  and  Virginia."  It  was  conquered  by  the  British  in 
1810.  It  has  been  severely  visited  by  epidemics  and  hurri- 
canes. Area,  713  square  miles.  Population,  373,336. 

Maurocordatos,  or  Mavrocordatos  (mav-ro- 
kor-da'tos),  Alexander.  Born  1639 : died  1709. 
A Greek  physician.  He  was  physician  to  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey,  and  dragoman  of  the  Porte. 
Maurocordatos,  Alexander.  Born  at  Constan- 
tinople, Feb.  15, 1791:  died  at  ACgina,  Greece, 
Aug.  18, 1865.  A Greek  statesman,  distinguished 
as  a leader  in  the  war  of  independence,  and  later 
as  a minister  and  diplomatist. 

Maurus  (ma'rus),  Saint,  F.  Maur  (mor).  Died 
584.  The  traditional  founder  and  first  abbot  of 
the  Benedictine  monastery  of  Glanfeuil  or  St.- 
Maur-sur-Loire,  France.  He  was  sent  into  Gaul  by 
St.  Benedict  about  543,  and  established  his  monastery  by  the 
favor  of  King  Theodebert.  His  feast  is  observed  on  Jan.  15. 

Maurus,  Rabanus.  See  Rabanus. 

Maury  (mo-re'),  Jean  Siffrein.  Born  at  Val- 
reas,  France,  June  26,  1746 : died  at  Rome,  May 
11,  1817.  A French  cardinal  and  politician, 
distinguished  as  a royalist  orator  in  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  1789-91.  He  was  archbishop 
of  Paris  1810-14.  His  “Selected  Works” were 
published  in  1842. 

Maury,  Louis  Ferdinand  Alfred.  Bom  at 

Meaux,  France,  March  23, 1817 : died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  12,  1892.  A French  archaeologist  and  li- 
brarian. ne  was  appointed  assistant  librarian  of  the  In- 
stitute in  1841 ; imperial  librarian  of  the  Tuileries  in  1800 ; 
professor  of  history  at  the  College  de  France  in  1862;  and 
general  director  of  the  national  archives  in  1868.  His  works 
include  “Essai  sur  les  lcgendes  pieuses  du  moyen  age” 
(1843),  “Histoire  des  grandes  forets  de  la  Gaule”  (1850), 
“ Histoire  des  religions  de  la  GrCce  antique  ” (1867-60),  etc. 

Maury  (ma'ri),  Matthew  Fontaine.  Born  in 
Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  Jan.  14,  1806:  died 
at  Lexington,  Va..  Feb.  1, 1873.  An  American 
hydrographer,  and  naval  officer.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  hydrographical  office  and  national  observa- 
tory in  Washington  1844-61,  when  he  entered  the  Confed- 
erate navy.  He  established  the  Confederate  naval  sub- 
marine battery  service  at  Richmond  in  1862.  At  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War  he  retired  to  Mexico,  where  he  accepted 
a position  under  the  government  of  Maximilian.  He  was 
afterward  professor  of  physics  in  the  Virginia  Military  In- 
stitute. He  was  the  first  to  give  a complete  description 
of  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  to  mark  out  specific  routes  to  be 
followed  in  crossing  the  Atlantic.  His  chief  work  is  “ Phys- 
ical Geography  of  the  Sea  ” (1855). 

Mausoleum  (ma-so-le'um).  [From  Mausolus.~} 
See  Halicarnassus. 

Mausolus  (ma-sd'lus).  [Gr.  Mabaokoc  or  Mavo- 
g<jXo$ .]  Died  about  353  B.  c.  A king  or  dynast 
of  Caria,  who  first  appears  in  history  in  the  re- 
volt of  the  satraps  against  Artaxorxos  Mnemon 
362  B.  C.  He  married  his  sister  Artemisia,  who  after  his 
death  erected  at  Halicarnassus  in  his  honor  the  celebrated 
monument  named  from  him  the  Mausoleum.  A Greek 
statue  of  Mausolus  from  the  Mausoleum  (352  n.  c.)  is  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  is  admirable  in  its  characterization 
of  the  somewhat  rude  type  of  the  king.  It  was  believed 
that  this  figure  and  the  companion  statue  of  Artemisia 
stood  in  the  chariot  on  the  summit  of  the  monument,  but 
this  view  is  now  considered  erroneous. 


667 

Mauvaises  Terres.  See  Bad  Lands. 

Mauve  (mdv),  Anton.  Born  at  Zaandam, 
North  Holland,  Sept.  18, 1838:  died  at  Arnhem, 
Gelderland,  Feb.  5,  1888.  A celebrated  Dutch 
painter.  He  received  medals  at  Vienna,  Philadelphia, 
Antwerp,  Amsterdam,  and  Paris.  Among  his  principal 
works  are  “Crepuscule”  (formerly  in  the  George  I.  Seney 
and  David  H.  King,  Jr.,  col  lections),  “Cattle  in  the  Haarlem 
Meadows”  (owned  by  S.  Untermyer,  New  York  city),  “A 
Summer  Day  in  Holland  ” (owned  bv  H.  N.  Slater.  Boston). 
“The  Departure  of  the  Flock,”  “Near  Laren,”  “On  the 
Heath,”  “ Returning  to  the  Fold  " (formerly  in  the  Mrs.  F. 
C.  Crosby  collection),  etc. 

Mavia  (ma-ve'a).  See  Eonde. 

Maviti  (ma-ve'te).  See  Zulu. 
Mavrocordatos.  See  Maurocordatos. 

Max  (maks),  Cornelius  Gabriel.  Born  at 

Prague,  Aug.  23,  1840.  A German  historical 
and  genre  painter.  He  is  the  son  of  Joseph  Max,  a 
sculptor,  and  was  a pupil  of  Piloty  at  Munich.  He  was 
professor  at  the  Academy  of  Munich  1879-83.  Among  his 
works  are  “The  Anatomist”  (1869),  “The  Last  Token” 
(1874  : now  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York), 
“Nydia”  (1874),  “The  Lion’s  Bride ’’ (1879),  etc. 
Maxen  (maks'en).  A village  in  Saxony,  10  miles 
South  of  Dresden.  Here,  Nov.  20,  1759,  the  Prussians 
(12,000-13,000)  under  Finck  surrendered  to  the  Austrians 
under  Daun. 

Maxentius,  Circus  of.  See  Circus  of  Romulus. 
Maxentius  (mak-sen'shius),  Marcus  Aurelius 

Valerius.  Drowned  ill  the  Tiber, Oct., 312  A.  D. 
Roman  emperor  306-312,  son  of  Maximianus 
Herculius.  On  the  abdication  of  his  father  andDiocletian 
as  Augusti  and  the  promotion  of  the  Caesars  Constantius 
and  Galerius  in  305,  he  was  passed  over  in  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  new  Ctesars,  the  choice  falling  on  Severus  and 
Maximinus.  In  the  following  year,  however,  he  had  him- 
self proclaimed  Caesar  by  the  pretorians  at  Rome,  and 
witli  the  assistance  of  his  father,  who  resumed  his  former 
rank,  he  overthrew  Severus,  who  had  ruled  in  Italy  and 
Africa.  He  next  banished  his  father,  and  eventually  de- 
clared war  against  Constantine  (the  Great),  son  of  Con- 
stantius, who  had  assumed  the  administration  of  his  fa- 
ther’s provinces  (Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain)  on  the  hitter’s 
death  in  303.  He  was  totally  defeated  by  Constantine  at 
Saxa  Rubra,  Oct.  27,  312,  and  perished  in  the  flight. 
Maxim  (maks'im),  Sir  Hiram  Stevens.  Born 
at  Sangerville,  Me.,  Feb.  5,  1840.  An  Ameri- 
can-Euglish  engineer  and  inventor.  He  invented 
the  automatic  system  of  firearms,  etc.,  and  has  devoted 
much  time  to  the  study  of  explosives  and  of  aerial  navi- 
gation. Knighted  1901. 

Maximes  (mak-sem').  [F.,  ‘ Maxims.’]  A col- 
lection of  moral  maxims  by  La  Rochefoucauld 
(1665). 

Maximian.  See  Maximianus. 

Maximianus  _(mak//sim-i-a'nus),  Marcus  Au- 
relius Valerius,  surnamed  Herculius.  Died 
in  Feb.,  310.  Roman  emperor  286-305  and  306- 
308.  He  was  a Pannonian  peasant  by  birth,  rose  to  the 
highest  offices  in  the  army,  and  was  made  Caesar  by  Dio- 
cletian in  285  and  Augustus  in  286.  (See  Diocletian.)  He 
resigned  the  imperial  dignity  simultaneously  with  Diocle- 
tian in  305,  but  reassumed  it  in  303  at  the  instance  of  bis 
son  Maxentius,  who  had  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed 
Ciesar  by  the  pretorians  at  Rome.  He  captured  Severus 
(who  commanded  in  Italy  and  Africa)  in  307,  but  was  him- 
self expelled  from  Rome  by  Maxentius  in  308,  and  eventu- 
ally found  refuge  with  his  son-in-law  Constantine  at  Arles. 
Having  been  twice  discovered  in  conspiracy  against  his 
son-in-law,  he  was  ordered  to  choose  the  manner  of  his 
death,  and  strangled  himself. 

Maximilian  (mak-si-mil'i-an ; G.  pron.  maks-e- 
me'le-an)  I.  [ML.  Maximilianus  ( —Maxi[mus 
2E~\milianus),  F.  Maximilien.J  Born  March  22, 
1459:  died  at  Weis, Upper  Austria,  Jan.  12, 1519. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  1493-1519, 
Son  of  Frederick  III.  ne  married  Mary,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy,  in  1477,  and  was 
elected  king  of  the  Romans  in  1486.  He  became  emperor 
in  1493.  In  order  to  suppress  the  system  of  private  war  and 
restore  the  imperial  authority,  he  proclaimed  a perpet- 
ual public  peace  in  1495 ; established  the  imperial  chain- 
her  (Reichskammergericht)  in  1495,  and  the  imperial  au- 
lic  council  (Reichshofrat)  in  1501;  and  divided  Germany 
into  six,  and  afterward  (1512)  into  ten,  circles  (Landfried- 
enskreise),  over  each  of  which  was  placed  a captain  with  a 
force  of  standing  troops  for  the  punishment  of  disturbers 
of  the  peace.  In  1499  he  carried  on  an  unsuccessful  war 
against  the  Swiss  Confederacy,  which  resulted  in  the 
practical  independence  of  the  latter.  Through  the  in- 
fluence of  his  second  wife,  Bianca  Sforza,  daughter  of 
the  Duke  of  Milan,  whom  he  married  in  1494,  he  became 
involved  in  a contest  with  France  for  the  sovereignty 
of  Milan  and  Naples.  In  1508  he  joined  the  League  of 
Cambray  against  Venice.  In  1513  he  joined  the  Holy 
League  against  France;  and  in  the  same  year  assisted 
Henry  VIII.  of  England  in  gaining  the  brilliant  victory  over 
the  French  at  Guinegate  (“the  battle  of  the  spurs  ”). 

Maximilian  II.  Born  at  Vienna,  Aug.  1,  1527: 
died  Oct.  12,  1576.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire  1564-76,  son  of  Ferdinand  I.  ne  suc- 
ceeded hisfather  in  1561  as  emperor,  archduke  of  Austria, 
and  king  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia.  At  his  accession 
to  the  imperial  throne  he  found  the  empire  at  war  with 
the  Turks.  He  concluded  a truce  with  Selim  1 1,  in  1568, 
each  party  retaining  its  possessions.  He  was  of  a mild 
and  tolerant  disposition,  and  left  the  Protestants  undis- 
turbed in  the  exercise  of  their  religion. 

Maximilian  I.  Born  at  Landshut,  Bavaria, 


Maxwell,  James  Clerk- 

April  17,  1573:  died  at  Ingolstadt,  Bavaria, 
Sept.  27,  1651.  Duke  of  Bavaria.  He  was  the  chief 
instrument  in  organizing  the  Catholic  League  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  Protestant  Union  in  1600.  As  the  head  of  the 
Catholic  League,  he  assisted  the  emperor  Ferdinand  II. 
against  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  V.  in  the  Thirty 
Years  War  (see  Ferdinand  II.,  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Ro- 
man Empire),  in  return  for  which  he  received  in  1623  the 
electoral  vote  forfeited  by  Frederick,  and  in  1628  was  in- 
vested with  the  Upper  Palatinate. 

Maximilian  II.  Maria  Emanuel.  Born  July 
Hj  1662  : died  F eb.  26, 1726.  Elector  of  Bavaria 
1679-1726.  He  was  allied  with  the  French  in 
the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 
Maximilian  I.  Joseph.  Born  at  Schwetzingen, 
Baden,  May  27,  1756:  diedatthe  castle  of  Nym- 
phenburg,  near  Munich,  Oct.  13,  1825.  King  of 
Bavaria  1806-25.  He  became  elector  of  Bavaria  in 
1799.  In  1805  he  sided  witli  France  against  the  allied 
powers,  with  the  result  that  he  acquired  considerable  ter- 
ritory at  the  peace  of  Presburg,  Dec.  26,  1805.  In  accor- 
dance with  the  same  treaty,  he  assumed  the  title  of  king 
in  1806.  6 

Maximilian  II.  Joseph.  Born  Nov.  28, 1811: 
died  at  Munich,  March  10,  1864.  King  of  Bava- 
ria 1848-64,  son  of  Louis  I.  He  was  a liberal 
patron  of  art  and  literature. 

Maximilian(Ferdinand  Maximilian  Joseph), 

Sp.Maximiliano(mak-se-me-le-a'no).  Born  at 
Vienna,  July  6,  1832  : shot  at  Queretaro,  Mex- 
ico, June  19,  1867.  Archduke  of  Austria,  and 
emperor  of  Mexico  from  1864.  He  was  the  second 
son  of  the  Archduke  Francis  Charles,  aud  brother  of  Fran- 
cis  Joseph  who  became  emperor  of  Austria  in  1848. 
Trained  for  the  navy,  he  was  placed  at  its  head  in  1854. 
On  J uly  27,  1857,  he  married  Princess  Charlotte  of  Belgium 
(see  Charlotte ),  and  during  the  succeeding  two  years  was 
viceroy  of  the  Lombard-Venetian  kingdom.  After  the 
French  had  conquered  Mexico  in  part,  an  assembly  of 
notables,  called  under  French  influence,  and  formed  al- 
most entirely  of  opponents  of  Juarez,  adopted  an  imperial 
form  of  government  for  that  country  (July,  1863),  and  of- 
fered the  throne  to  Maximilian.  He  formally  accepted  on 
April  10,  1864;  reached  Vera  Cruz  May  28,  and  Mexico 
June  12;  and  was  received  with  great  apparent  enthusi- 
asm. Aided  by  the  French,  his  forces  drove  Juarez  over 
the  northern  frontier,  and  on  Oct.  3, 1865,  he  decreed  that 
those  taken  in  arms  against  the  empire  should  be  treated 
as  bandits.  This  decree  was  loudly  condemned,  and  did 
much  to  weaken  the  emperor’s  personal  popularity.  The 
United  States  government  had  refused  to  recognize  the 
empire,  and  on  its  urgent  demand  (note  of  Feb.  12, 1866) 
the  1 rench  troops  were  withdrawn,  contrary  to  the  express 
stipulation  which  Napoleon  III.  had  made  with  Maxi- 
milian. The  latter  at  first  resolved  to  resign,  but  was 
induced  to  remain;  took  personal  command  of  his  army 
at  Queretaro,  Feb.,  1867 ; was  besieged  by  a republican 
army  in  March  ; and  was  forced  to  surrender  May  15. 
Condemned  to  death  by  a court  martial,  he  was  refused 
mercy  on  the  ground  of  his  severe  edict  against  the  Juar- 
ists,  and  was  shot  with  his  generals  Miramon  and  Mejia. 

Maximilian  Alexander  Philipp,  Prince  of 
Neuwied.  See  Neuwied. 

Maximilian  Joseph.  Born  at  Bamberg,  Bava- 
ria, Dec.  4,  1808  : died  at  Munich,  Nov.  15, 1888. 
Duke  in  Bavaria.  He  wrote  “ Wauderung  nach  dem 
Orient,  etc.”  (1839),  and  a number  of  novels  and  dramas. 
He  used  the  pseudonym  Pliantasus. 

Maximin.  See  Maximinus. 

Maximinus  (mak-si-mi'nus),  or  Maximin 
(mak'si-min),  Caius  Julius  Verus,  surnamed 
Thrax  (‘the  Thracian').  Killed  near  Aqui- 
leia,  Italy,  May,  238.  Roman  emperor  235-238. 
He  was  a Thracian  of  extraordinary  size  and  strength,  who 
was  elevated  by  the  soldiers  on  the  Rhine  on  the  murder 
of  Alexander  Severus.  His  cruelty  and  exactions  caused 
a revolt  under  Gordianus  in  Africa.  He  was  killed  by  his 
own  soldiers. 

Maximinus,  or  Maximin,  Galerius  Valerius. 

Born  in  Illyria:  died  at  Tarsus,  Asia  Minor, 
313.  Roman  emperor  308-313,  nephew  of  Ga- 
lerius. He  became  Caesar  in  305,  and  Augustus  in  308 ; 
was  defeated  by  Licinius  in  313 ; and  perished  in  the  flight. 
Maximus  (mak'si-mus),  Saint.  Born  about 
580 : died  in.  Lazica,  Aug.  13,  662.  An  eastern 
theologian,  noted  as  an  opponent  of  the  Mo- 
nothelites. 

Maximus.  See  Petronius  Maximus  and  Pupic- 
nus  Maximus. 

Maximus,  Magnus.  Born  in  Spain:  executed 
at  Aquileia,  Italy,  388  A.  D.  Roman  emperor 
383-388.  He  headed  an  insurrection  of  the  legions  sta- 
tioned in  Britaiu  in  383,  and,  crossing  over  into  Gaul,  de- 
feated Gratian,  who  was  killed  in  the  flight.  He  was 
afterward  recognized  by  Theodosius  and  Valentinian  II. 
as  Augustus  in  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britaiu.  He  conquered 
Italy  from  Valentinian  in  387,  but  was  defeated  and  put 
to  death  by  Theodosius  in  388. 

Maximus,  Valerius.  See  Valerius  Maximus. 
Maximus  Tyrannus  (ti-ran'us).  Killed  at  Ra- 
venna, Italy,  422.  Roman  emperor  409-411.  Ho 
was  elevated  by  the  rebel  Gerontius  about  409,  but  was  de- 
feated and  deposed  by  Constantine,  emperor  in  Britain, 
Gaul,  and  Spain,  in  411.  lie  afterward  raised  an  unsuc- 
cessful insurrection  in  Spain. 

Max  O’Rell.  The  pseudonym  of  Paul  Blouet. 

Maxwell  (maks'wel),  James.  Born  1581:  died 
about  1640.  A Scottish  man  of  letters. 

Maxwell,  James  Clerk-.  See  Clerk- Maxwell. 


Maxwell,  William  Hamilton 

Maxwell, William  Hamilton.  BornatNewry, 
County  Dowd,  Ireland,  1792:  died  at  Mussel- 
burgh, near  Edinburgh,  Dec.  29, 1850.  An  Irish 
novelist.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1807, 
and  in  1812  was  made  captain  in  an  infantry  regiment,  and 
served  in  the  Peninsular  war  and  at  W aterloo.  H e took  holy 
orders  and  was  made  rector  of  Ballagh  in  Connemara.  His 
best-known  works  are  “O’Hara,  or  1798,”  a novel  (1825), 
“Sports  of  the  West,  etc.”  (1832),  “Stories  of  Waterloo” 
(1834),  and  a “Life  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  ” (1839-41). 
He  edited  the  military  and  naval  almanac  for  1840. 

Maxwell,  Sir  William  Stirling-.  See  Stirling- 
Maxicell. 

Maxyes(maks'i-ez).  [Gr.  Mafutr.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a Libyan  tribe. 

About  the  Mashuash  [of  the  Egyptian  inscriptions]  there 
is  no  dispute.  They  are  the  Maxyes  of  Herodotosfiv.  191), 
in  the  modern  Tunisia,  of  whom  we  are  told  that  they  left 
a long  lock  of  hair  on  the  right  side  of  the  head  and 
painted  their  bodies  red.  We  learn  from  the  Egyptian 
texts  that  while  the  Lebu  were  circumcised,  the  Mashuash 
were  not.  The  lock  of  hair  which  characterises  them  on 
the  Egyptian  monuments  is  also  wanting  in  the  case  of 
the  Lebu.  But,  like  the  Lebu,  they  have  a good  deal  of  hair 
on  the  face,  the  eyebrows  are  well  defined,  and  the  nose  is 
straight  and  leptorrhine.  The  forehead  is  high,  the  lips 
thin,  and  the  jaws  orthognathous. 

Sayce,  Baces  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  151. 

May  (rna).  [From  L.  Mains,  Majus  (sc.  mensis), 
the  third  month  of  the  Roman  year,  usually 
associated  with  Maia  or  Maja  (see  Maia).~\ 
The  fifth  month  of  the  year,  consisting  of  thirty- 
one  days,  reckoned  on  the  continent  of  Europe 
and  in  America  as  the  last  mouth  of  spring,  but 
in  Great  Britain  commonly  as  the  first  of  sum- 
mer. 

May,  Thomas.  Born  1595 : died  Nov.  13, 1650. 
An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  (Sidney  Sussex  College)  in  1612,  aud  entered 
Gray’?  Inn  in  1615.  He  turned  to  the  stage,  and  in  1620 
produced  “ The  Heir,”  a comedy.  May  published  several 
plays,  translations  from  the  classics,  a “Continuation  of 
Lucan  " (1630)  in  English  and  Latin,  etc.  He  sided  with 
the  Parliament  against  the  king  in  the  civil  war,  and  in 
1647  published  a “ History  of  the  Long  Parliament”  (Iris 
most  important  work). 

May  Sir  Thomas  Erskine,  Lord  Farnborough. 
Born  at  London,  Feb.  8,  1815 : died  at  West- 
minster Palace,  May  17,  1886.  An  English 
jurist.  He  was  educated  at  Bedford  Grammar  School ; 
was  appointed  in  1831  assistant  librarian  of  the  House  of 
Commons ; and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1838.  He  published 
“A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Law,  Privileges,  Proceedings, 
and  Usage  of  Parliament”  (1844).  After  1871  he  was  clerk 
of  the  House  of  Commons.  In  1854  his  “Buies,  Orders, 
and  Forms  of  Procedure  of  the  House  of  Commons  ” was 
printed  by  order  of  Parliament.  His  other  works  are 
“The  Constitutional  History  of  England  since  the  Acces- 
sion of  George  III.  ” (1861),  “ Democracy  in  Europe”  (1877), 
etc.  He  was  made  Baron  Farnborough  in  1886. 

Mayaguez  (mi-a'gwath).  A seaport  in  Porto 
Rico,  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  18°  14'  N., 
long.  67°  12'  W.  Population,  municipality, 
42,429,  (1910). 

Mayapan  (mi-ya-pan').  A legendary  ancient 
settlement  of  Yucatan.  According  to  tradition  it 
was  founded  by  Maya  Indians.  The  location  is  uncertain 
and  the  date  of  founding  as  well  as  that  of  abandonment 
is  doubtful.  The  latter  was  at  some  time  previous  to  the 
16th  century. 

Mayas  (mi'iiz  or  ma'yaz).  A race  of  Indians 
inhabiting  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan,  Mexico. 
At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  were  divided 
into  a number  of  tribes,  which  were  often  at 
war  with  one  another.  Their  principal  pueblos 
were  well  built,  in  part  of  stone ; they  had 
pictorial  records,  and  preserved  legends  of  for- 
mer greatness.  The  Mayas  were  idolaters. 
Crimes  were  severely  punished.  Several  of 
the  tribes  resisted  the  Spaniards  bravely,  and 
some  of  those  in  the  interior  and  south  have 
never  been  entirely  subdued.  Descendants  of 
the  conquered  Indians  form  the  great  bulk  of 
the  population  of  Yucatan,  and  the  Maya  lan- 
guage is  still  commonly  used  in  country  dis- 
tricts. Under  some  of  their  chiefs  they  rebelled 
(1847-53),  and  for  a short  time  held  possession 
of  a great  part  of  the  peninsula.  S ee  Maya  stock. 
Maya  (mi'a  or  ma/ya)  stock.  A well-marked 
linguistic  group  of  American  Indians,  in  south- 
eastern Mexico  and  Central  America,  it  includes 
among  others  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan,  the  Tzendals  and 
Chinantecs  of  Chiapas,  the  Cakchiquels,  Ixils,  Mames,  and 
Quiches  of  Guatemala,  and  the  outlying  Huastecs  to  the 
north  of  V era  Cruz.  Traces  of  the  stock  are  found  in  Hon- 
duras. Among  American  races  the  Mayas  ranked  with 
the  Aztecs  in  advancement,  and  in  many  respects  were 
their  superiors.  They  excelled  in  sculptured  building,  in 
weaving  (cotton),  feather- work,  etc. ; they  dwelt  in  popu- 
lous cities  (Chichen  Itza,  Peten,  Uxmal,  etc.).  Many  of 
their  strongholds,  especially  in  Guatemala,  were  chosen 
and  fortified  with  great  skill,  and  the  Spaniards  took 
them  only  after  long  sieges.  Chieftainship  was  gener- 
ally elective ; the  laws  were  often  complex  and  severe. 
The  Maya  calendar  resembled  that  of  the  Nalmatl  tribes, 
and  there  was  also  some  resemblance  in  their  compli- 
cated mythology.  The  Mayas,  Quiches,  Cakchiquels, 
and  others  had  pictographic  records  painted  on  pre- 
pared bark  or  sculptured:  a few  of  these  have  sur- 


668 

vived  in  translations,  but  the  original  pictograplis  have 
baffled  modern  research.  The  records  and  traditions  ap- 
pear to  show  that  the  Maya  races  were  formerly  united 
and  very  powerful ; back  of  that  they  go  vaguely  to  a re- 
mote period,  possibly  to  the  beginning  of  the  Christian 
era,  and  speak  of  a migration  from  the  north.  Many  writers 
believe  that  this  connects  them  with  the  ancient  Toltecs, 
said  to  have  occupied  the  highlands  of  Mexico.  Brasseur 
de  Bourbourg  and  others  have  formed  ingenious  theories 
on  Maya  history,  which  have  not  been  generally  accepted. 

Maybole  (ma'bol).  A town  in  Ayrshire,  Scot- 
land, 39  miles  south-southwest  of  Glasgow. 
Population,  5,892. 

May-day  (ma/da).  The  first  day  of  May : a day 
on  which  the  opening  of  the  season  of  flowers 
and  fruit  was  formerly  celebrated  throughout 
Europe : it  is  still  marked  in  some  places  by 
various  festive  observances.  The  chief  features  of 
the  celebration  in  Great  Britain  (where,  however,  it  has 
nearly  disappeared)  are  the  gathering  of  hawthorn-blos- 
soms and  other  flowers,  the  crowning  of  the  May-queen, 
dancing  round  the  May-pole,  etc. 

May  Day.  A comedy  by  Chapman,  acted  in  1601, 
printed  in  1611.  It  is  thought  to  be  founded  on  aplay 
of  ’the  same  name  acted  in  1595.  A play  also  with  the 
same  name  was  produced  in  1775,  and  attributed  to  Gar- 
rick. 

Mayen  (ml'en).  Atown  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nette  17  miles  west 
of  Coblenz.  Population,  commune,  13,435. 

Mayence.  See  Mainz. 

Mayertne  (rnl-en'  or  ma-yen').  A river  in  north- 
western France  which  unites  near  Angers  with 
the  Sarthe  to  form  the  Maine.  Length,  127  miles ; 
navigable  from  Laval. 

Mayenne.  1.  A department  of  northwestern 
France,  capital  Laval,  formed  front  parts  of  the 
ancient  Maine  and  Anjou.  It  is  bounded  by  Manche 
and  Ome  on  the  north,  Sarthe  on  the  east,  Maine-et- Loire 
on  the  south,  and  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the  west.  It  has  im- 
portant agricultural  and  mineral  resources.  Area,  1,986 
square  miles.  Population,  305,457. 

2.  A town  in  the  department  of  Mayenne, 
France,  on  the  Mayenne  17  miles  north  by  east 
of  Laval.  It  has  flourishing  cloth  manufactures,  and 
contains  a castle  and  a church  of  Notre  Dame.  Formerly 
it  was  the  seat  of  a marquisate  aud  duchy.  Population, 
commune,  10,020. 

Mayer  (ma'£r),  Brantz.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Sept.  27,  1809:  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1879.  An 
American  author.  He  was  a lawyer;  was  editor  of  the 
“ Baltimore  American”;  and  in  1841-42 was  secretary  of  the 
United  States  legation  in  Mexico.  During  the  Civil  Warhe 
was  commissioned  colonel  in  the  Federal  army.  He  pub- 
lished “ Mexico  : Aztec,  Spanish,  and  Bepublican  " (2  vols. 
1853);  several  other  works  on  Mexico ; “Captain  Canot,” 
a novel  (1854);  etc. 

Mayer  (ml'er),  Johann  Tobias.  Bom  at  Mar- 
bach,  Wurtemberg,  Feb.  17,  1723:  died  at  Got- 
tingen, Feb  20,  1762.  A German  astronomer, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Gottingen.  He  wrote 
“Theoria  lunre,  etc.”  (1767),  “Tabulse  motuum  solis  et 
lunse”  (revised  edition,  1770). 

Mayer,  Julius  Robert  von.  Born  atHeilbronn, 
Wurtemberg,  Nov.  25, 1814:  died  at  Heilbronn, 
March  20, 1878.  A German  physician.  He  studied 
medicine  at  Tubingen,  Munich,  and  Paris ; and,  after  a 
journey  to  Java  as  ship’s  surgeon  in  1840-41,  settled  as 
a surgeon  at  Heilbronn.  He  is  by  many  regarded  as  the 
originator  of  the  mechanical  theory  of  heat.  A collective 
edition  of  his  works  appeared  in  1867  under  the  title  of 
“Die  Mechanik  der  Warme.” 

Mayer,  Karl.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
March  21, 1799:  died  at  Dresden,  July  2,  1862. 
A German  pianist  and  composer. 

Mayer,  Karl  Friedrich  Hartmann.  Born  at 
Neckarbisehofsheim,  Baden,  March  22,  1786: 
died  at  Tubingen,  Wurtemberg,  Feb.  25,  1870. 
A German  poet.  His  “ Poems  ’’were  published  in  1833 
(later  editions  1839,  1864).  He  also  wrote  “Ludwig  Uh- 
land,  seine  Freunde  und  Zeitgenossen  " (1867),  etc. 

Mayeux  (ma-ye').  One  of  the  types  of  modern 
French  caricature,  very  popular  between  1830 
and  1848.  He  is  a compound  of  Panurge,  Falstaff,  and 
Polichinelle,  deformed,  sensual,  patriotic,  and  witty.  The 
creator  of  .Mayeux  was  Charles  Travies. 

Mayeyes.  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  in  northern  Texas,  near  the 
coast.  See  Tonlcawan. 

Mayfair  (ma'far).  A fashionable  locality  in 
London,  east  of  Hyde  Park.  All  streets  north  of 
Piccadilly  now  lead  into  the  district  of  Mayfair,  which 
takes  its  name  from  a fair  which  used  to  he  held  in  Shep- 
herd’s Market  and  its  surrounding  sheets.  ( Hare .)  The 
fair  became  an  excuse  for  license  and  profligacy,  and  was 
abolished  in  1708,  though  revived  some  years  afterward. 

Mayflower  (ma'flou//6r).  1.  A ship,  of  about 
180  tons  burden,  in  which  the  English  Pilgrims 
sailed  from  Southampton  to  Plymouth,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1620.  Some  of  them  had  left  Leyden  for 
Delfshaven  and  embarked  there  in  the  Speedwell  some 
weeks  before,  joining  the  others  at  Southampton. 

2.  An  American  wooden  center-board  sloop 
yacht,  designed  by  Edward  Burgess,  launched 
May  6,  1886.  The  dimensions  are  : length  over  all,  100 
feet ; length,  load  water  line,  85.7;  beam,  23.6;  beam,  load 
water-line,  22.3;  draught,  10 feet;  displacement,  128 tons. 


Mayorunas 

She  was  selected  to  defend  America's  cup  against  the 
Galatea  in  1886,  on  Sept.  7 and  9,  and  won  both  races. 

Mayhew  (ma'hu),  Experience.  Bom  in  Mar- 
tha’s Vineyard,  Mass.,  Jan.  27, 1673 : died  there, 
Nov.  29, 1758.  An  American  missionary  to  the 
Indians  in  Martha’s  Vineyard. 

Mayhew,  Henry.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  25, 
1812:  died  July  25,  1887.  An  English  journal- 
ist and  writer  of  juveniles  and  miscellaneous 
works.  With  his  brothers  Augustus  and  Horace  (“The 
Brothers  Mayhew  ”)  he  wrote  a number  of  popular  works 
of  fiction.  He  was  one  of  the  originators  and  first  editor 
of  “Punch.”  His  chief  work  is  “London  Labour  and  the 
London  Poor  ” (1851). 

Mayhew,  Jonathan.  Born  in  Martha’s  Vine- 
yard, Mass.,  Oct.  8,  1720:  died  at  Boston,  July 
9,  1766.  An  American  clergyman,  controver- 
sialist, and  advocate  of  liberalism,  son  of  Ex- 
perience Mavhew.  His  writings  were  edited  by 
A.  Bradford *(1838). 

Maykop.  See  Maikop. 

May  Laws.  A series  of  Prussian  laws  passed 
1873-74,  and  modified  in  1887,  regulating  eccle- 
siastical matters.  They  restricted  the  power  of  the 
church  over  individuals  and  property.  So  named  because 
first  promulgated  in  May,  1873 : also  called  Falk  Laws,  from 
the  name  of  the  minister  who  furthered  them. 

Maynard  (ma/nard),  Horace.  Bom  at  West- 
boro,  Mass.,  Aug.  30,  1814;  died  at  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  May  3,  1882.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  congressman  from  Tennessee  ; United  States  min- 
ister to  Turkey  1875-SO;  and  postmaster-general  1880-SL 

Maynas  (mi'nas).  Various  Indian  hordes  of 
northern  Peru  aud  Ecuador,  in  the  forests  of 
the  upper  Maranon  and  on  the  Pastaza  and  Mo- 
rona  affluents.  They  are  very  savage,  lead  a wander- 
ing life,  and  subsist  by  hunting  and  fishing.  A few  have, 
from  time  to  time,  been  gathered  into  the  mission  vil- 
lages. The  different  bands  have  distinct  names  (Chapos, 
Coronados,  Humuranos,  etc.).  All  speak  harsh  and  diffi- 
cult languages.  Brinton  and  others  have  united  them  in 
a single  linguistic  stock,  the  Mayna.  Hervas  believed  that 
they  constituted  two  stocks,  which  he  called  the  Mayna 
and  Chayavita.  Also  written  Mainas. 

Maynas  y Quijos  (mi'nas  e ke'Hos).  A colonial 
intendencia  of  Pern,  subsequently  a depart- 
ment. It  corresponded  to  the  present  departments  of 
Amazonas  and  Loreto,  together  with  a region  north  of  the 
Maranon  which  is  claimed  both  by  Ecuador  and  by 
Peru. 

Maynooth  (ma-noth').  A town  in  the  county 
of  Kildare,  Ireland,  14  miles  west  by  north  of 
Dublin.  It  is  the  seat  of  a Boman  Catholic  college  for  the 
training  of  priests,  founded  1795.  A parliamentary  grant 
to  this  college  was  the  subject  of  keen  discussion  in  1845. 
The  increase  and  perpetuation  of  it  were  eventually  car- 
ried. 

Mayo  (mi'o).  [PI.,  also  Mayos.  'Terminus’: 

“ because  the  Mayo  river  was  the  dividing  line 
between  them  and  their  enemies.”]  A divi- 
sion of  the  Caliita  branch  of  the  Piman  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  inhabiting  the  val- 
leys of  the  lower  Mayo  and  the  Puerte  in 
southern  Sonora  and  northwestern  Sinaloa, 
Mexi  CO.  They  are  peaceable  and  have  been  almost  com- 
pletely Mexicanized.  Their  dialect  closely  resembles  that 
of  the  Yaqui.  The  Mayos  were  easily  brought  to  submis- 
sion in  the  later  years  of  the  16th  century,  and  adopted 
the  Catholic  faith  without  resistance.  Their  original 
number  is  said  to  have  been  about  30,000.  Their  present 
number  is  about  6,600.  See  Caliita. 

Mayo  (ma'o).  A county  in  Connaught,  Ire- 
land, bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  west  and 
north,  Sligo  and  Roscommon  on  the  east,  and 
Galway  on  the  south.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
west.  Area,  2, 156  square  miles.  Pop.,  199,166. 

Mayobanex  (mi-6-ba-naks').  Died  1498  or  1499. 
An  Indian  cacique  of  the  eastern  part  of  the 
island  of  Haiti.  In  1498  he  joined  with  Guarionex  in 
war  on  the  Spaniards,  and  was  captured  and  executed. 
Also  written  Maiobanex. 

Mayon  (ma-yon'j,  or  Albay  (al-bi').  A vol- 
cano in  the  southern  part  of  Luzon,  Philippines, 
near  the  town  of  Albay. 

Mayorga  (mi-or'ga),  Martin  de.  Bom  in  Cata- 
lonia about  1715 : died  at  sea,  1783.  A Spanish 
general  and  administrator.  He  was  captain-general 
of  Guatemala  June,  1773, -April,  1779,  during  which  period 
Old  Guatemala  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  (July  29, 
1773)  and  the  new  city  was  founded.  From  Aug.  23, 1779, 
to  April  29,  1783,  he  was  viceroy  of  Mexico.  He  died 
while  returning  to  Spain,  and  it  was  suspected  that  he  was 
poisoned. 

Mayor  of  Garratt,  The.  A play  by  Foote,  pro- 
duced in  1763.  See  Garratt. 

Mayor  of  Quinborough,  The.  A comedy  by 
Middleton,  printed  in  1661.  It  was  probably  written 
or  sketched  before  1602,  and  owed  its  publication  after  the 
Restoration  to  the  caricature  of  a Puritan. 

Mayorunas  (ma-yo-ro'nas).  [Quichua,  'river- 
men.’]  An  Indian  horde  of  northeastern  Peru 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Brazil,  south  of  the 
Amazon,  and  in  the  forests  about  the  rivers 
Javary,  Ucayale,  and  Tapichl.  They  are  very  sav- 
age, subsist  mainly  by  hunting,  use  poisoned  arrows,  and 


Mayorunas 

have  frequently  attacked  explorers.  They  have  been 
accused  of  cannibalism.  The  men  are  said  to  have 
beards,  and  perhaps  for  this  reason  there  are  traditions 
that  they  are  descended  from  early  Spanish  explorers. 
Their  language  has  been  referred  to  the  Pano  stock, 
and  they  appear  to  be  closely  related  to  the  semi- 
civilized  Marauas.  } 

Mayotte  (ma-yot'),  or  Mayotta  (ma-yot'ta). 
Asmall  island  of  the  Comores  group,  in  the  Mo- 
zambique Channel,  east  of  Africa,  situated  in 
lat.  12°  47'  S.,  long.  45°  20'  E.  It  has  been  a 
French  possession  since  1843. 

Mayow  (ma'o),  or  Mayouwe,  or  Mayo,  John. 

Bom  at  London,  May,  1643:  died  there,  Oct. 
10,  1679.  An  English  physiologist  and  chem- 
ist, discoverer  of  laws  in  regard  to  respiration. 
He  was  graduated  B.C.L.  at  Oxford  (scholar 
of  Wadham  College  and  fellow  of  All  Souls’) 
in  1665,  took  his  D.C.L.  in  1670,  studied  medi- 
cine, and  practised  at  Bath.  He  discovered  the 
double  articulation  of  the  ribs  with  the  spine. 
His  views  on  the  function  of  the  internal  in- 
tercostals  are  still  under  discussion.  They  were 
set  forth  in  his  “Tractatus  quinque  Medico- Physici,” 
published  in  1674.  The  book  contained  his  earlier  work, 
‘‘Tractatus  duo,  de  Respiratione  et  de  Rachitide,”  pub- 
lished at  Oxford  in  1668.  The  five  essays  were  translated 
into  Dutch  (1684),  German  (1799),  and  French  (1840).  lie 
was  elected  a fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1678. 

Maypu.  See  Maipo. 

Maypures  (mi-po-ras').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Venezuelan  Guiana,  on  the  upper  Orinoco  and 
its  affluent,  the  Ventuario.  They  belong  to  the  Ara- 
wak  stock,  are  gentle  in  disposition,  agriculturists,  and 
live  in  fixed  villages.  The  tribe  was  among  the  first  on 
the  upper  Orinoco  to  be  gathered  into  mission  villages. 
Some  of  the  Maypures  have  been  amalgamated  with  the 
country  population  ; others  live  in  a semi-independent 
state  in  the  interior.  Also  written  Maipures  and  Ma- 
pures. 

Maypure  (ml-po-ra')  stock.  See  Ararvaks. 
May  Queen,  The.  1 . A cantata  by  W.  Stern- 
dale  Bennett,  produced  in  1858.  The  words  are 
by  Chorley.  — 2.  A poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 
lished in  1832. 

Mayr  (mir),  or  Mayer  (mi'er),  Johann  Simon. 
Born  at  Mendorf,  Bavaria,  June  14,  1763:  died 
at  Bergamo,  Italy,  Dec.  2, 1845.  A German  op- 
eratic composer.  Donizetti  was  one  of  his  pupils 
at  the  musical  institute  at  Bergamo,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  to  introduce  the  crescendo  of  the  orchestra  to 
which Rossiniowes  somuchof  liisfame.  (Grove.)  Among 
his  operas  are  “ Saffo,”  “ Lodoiska,”  “ Ginevra  di  Seozia,” 
“Lauso  e Lidia,”  “Medea,”  “ Rosa  bianca  e Rosarossa,”  etc. 
Maysville  (maz'vil).  A city,  capital  of  Mason 
County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio  52 
miles  southeast  of  Cincinnati.  It  has  an  im- 
portanttradeinhemp.  Population, 6, 141,  (1910). 
Mayta  Ccapac  (ml'ta  ka'pak).  Died  about 
1300  (according  to  Acosta  in  1255,  and  by  other 
accounts  about  1211).  The  fourth  Inca  war- 
chief  of  Peru.  He  was  the  successor  of  Llo- 
que  Yupanqui  and  made  few  conquests. 
Mazaca  (maz'a-ka).  The  ancient  name  of 
Csesarea  (in  Cappadocia). 

Mazade  (ma-zad'),  Louis  Charles  Jean  Robert 
de.  Born  at  Castel-Sarrazin,  Tarn-et-Garonne, 
in  1820 : died  at  Paris,  April  27, 1893.  A French 
author,  editor,  and  critic,  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy 1882.  Among  his  works  are  “ La  guerre  de  France 
1870-71,”  “ M.  Thiers : cinquaute  ann^es  d’histoire  oontem- 
poraine,"  “L’Espagnemoderne,”  “LTtaliemodeme,”  “La- 
martine, sa  vie  litthraire  et  politique, ’’etc.  He  edited  the 
“Correspondance  du  Mardchal  Davout.” 

Mazamet  (ma-za-ma').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  southern  France,  situated  on  the 
Arnette  50  miles  east  by  south  of  Toulouse. 
It  has  cloth  manufactures.  Population,  com- 
mune, 14,386. 

Mazanderan  (ma-zan-de-ran').  A province  of 
Persia,  south  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  mostly  low 
coast-land,  about  200  miles  long  and  50  broad. 
Capital,  Sari.  Population,  300,000. 
Mazariegos  (ma-tha-re-a'gos),  Diego.  Born  at 
Ciudad  de  la  Mancha  about  1495 : died  after  1565. 
A Spanish  soldier,  conqueror  of  Chiapas  (1524- 
1529).  He  was  governor  of  Cuba  1556-65. 
Mazarin  (maz'a-rin;  F.  pron.  ma-za-ran') 
(properly  Mazarini),  Jules.  Bom  at  Piscina, 
Italy,  July  14,  1602 : died  at  Vincennes,  France, 
March  9, 1661.  A French  statesman.  He  was  de- 
scended from  a noble  Sicilian  family,  studied  at  a Jesuit  col- 
lege at  Rome  and  at  the  University  of  AlcalA,  and  in  1622 
entered  the  papal  military  service.  He  was  afterward  em- 
ployed in  various  diplomatic  missions,  and  attracted  the 
attention  of  Richelieu,  at  whose  instance  he  entered  the 
French  service.  He  became  a naturalized  Frenchman  in 
1639,  and  in  1641  was  made  a cardinal  by  the  Pope  on  the  pres- 
entation of  Louis  XIII.,  although  he  had  never  taken  any- 
thing but  minor  orders.  He  was  appointed  prime  minister 
on  the  death  of  Richelieu  in  1642,  and  was  retained  in  of- 
floe  by  the  queen  regeut,  Anne  of  Austria,  after  the  death 
of  Louis  XIII.  in  1643.  He  continued  the  foreign  policy  of 
Richelieu,  which  looked  to  the  abatement  of  the  power  of 


669 

the  house  of  Austria  by  interfering  in  favor  of  the  Protes- 
tants in  the  Thirty  Years’  War,  and  which  resulted  in  com- 
plete success  at  the  peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648.  At  home 
his  policy  of  centralizing  all  administrative  authority  in  the 
crown  — also  a legacy  from  Richelieu  — was  opposed  by 
the  nobles  and  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  and  gave  rise  to  the 
wars  of  the  Fronde  (which  see),  during  which  he  was  twice 
expelled  by  his  opponents  from  the  court  (1651-52  and 
1652-53).  In  1659  he  concluded  the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees, 
putting  an  end  to  the  hostilities  with  Spain  which  had 
sprung  up  during  the  Thirty  Years’  War,  and  securing  an 
increase  of  French  territory. 

Mazarin  Bible.  An  edition  of  the  Bible  printed 
by  Gutenberg  at  Mainz  in  1450-55,  being  the 
first  hook  ever  printed  with  movable  types.  It 
is  so  named  because  the  first  known  copy  of  it  was  dis- 
covered in  the  Mazarin  library  at  Paris  in  1760. 

Mazarron  (ma-thar-ron').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Medi- 
terranean 30  miles  south  of  Murcia.  Popula- 
tion, 23,284. 

Mazartmi  (ma-za-ro'ne),  or  Massaruni  (ma- 
sa-ro'ne).  Ariver  in  British  Guiana  which  joins 
the  Essequiho  about  45  miles  southwest  of 
Georgetown.  Length,  about  400  miles. 

Mazas  (ma-za/).  .A  prison  in  Paris,  situated  on 
the  Boulevard  Mazas,  opened  in  1850.  it  is  offi- 
cially called  Maison  d’Arret  Cellulaire,  having  renounced 
in  1858,  at  the  request  of  the  family  of  Mazas,  the  name  it 
had  hitherto  borne.  It  is  still,  however,  popularly  called 
the  Prison  Mazas. 

Mazatenango  (mfi-tha-ta-nan'go).  A town  of 
southwestern  Guatemala,  the  capital  of  themod- 
ern  department  of  Suchitepequez,  about  lat.  14° 
45'  N.,  long.  91°  30'  W.  It  was  a stronghold  of  the 
Mames  Indians,  and  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1525. 
Population,  6,970. 

Mazatlan  (ma-sat-lan').  [Nahuatl,  ‘place  of 
the  deer’;  from  mazatl,  a deer.]  A town  of  about 
12,000  inhabitants,  on  the  southern  coast  of  the 
Mexican  state  of  Sinaloa,  in  lat.  23°  10'  "A7"  N. 
The  town  has  been  besieged  a numherof  timesiti  the  course 
of  the  numerous  revolutions  of  Mexico.  In  1847  it  was 
taken  by  the  American  forces.  On  March  31,  1864,  the 
French  corvette  Cordellitre  attacked  the  port  and  was  re- 
pulsed, but  on  Nov.  13  of  the  same  year  a French  fleet  cap- 
tured it  after  a short  bombardment.  On  Nov.  13,  1866,  the 
Mexican  general  Corona  took  the  place  again.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  district  of  the  same  name,  and  the  principal 
port  of  entry  for  the  state  of  Sinaloa. 

Maze  (miiz),  Hippolyte.  Born  at  Arras,  Nov. 
5, 1839 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  25, 1891.  A French 
statesman  and  historian.  Hewas  elected  deputyfor 
V ersailles  in  1879,  and  took  his  seat  with  the  republican  left, 
and  was  reelected  in  1881.  He  was  noted  for  his  speeches 
on  public  education  and  mutual  benefit  associations.  He 
was  elected  senator  in  1886,  and  again  in  1891  at  the  head 
of  the  list  of  four.  Among  his  works  are  “Les  gouverne- 
ments  de  la  Frapce  du  XVII0  an  XIX°  sitcle”  (1864),  “La 
rtpubliquedesEtats  Unis,  etc.  ”(1869),  "La  fin  de  la  revolu- 
tion. etc.”  (1872),  “ La  lutte  contre  la  miscre  ” (1883),  “ Les 
gfineraux  de  la  rdpublique  ” (1889),  etc. 

Mazeppa  (mii-zep'a),  Ivan.  Born  1644:  died  at 
Bender,  1709.  A Cossack  chief.  He  was  descended 
from  a poor  but  noble  family  at  Mazepintzui  in  the 
palatinate  of  Podolia,  and  was  educated  as  a page  at  the 
court  of  John  Casimir,  king  of  Poland.  Having  been  de- 
tected in  an  intrigue  with  a Polish  lady  of  high  rank,  he 
was  by  order  of  the  injured  husband  bound  naked  on  the 
back  of  an  untamed  horse  from  the  Ukraine.  The  horse 
on  being  let  loose  galloped  off  to  its  native  haunts,  where 
it  was  caught  by  some  Cossack  peasants.  Mazeppa  re- 
mained among  the  Cossacks,  whose  hetman  or  chief  he  be- 
came in  1687.  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  Peter  the  Great, 
who  gave  him  the  title  of  Prince  of  the  Ukraine.  With  a 
view  to  making  himself  independent  of  Russia,  he  con- 
spired first  with  Stanislaus  Leszczynski  of  Poland,  and  af- 
terward with  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  Besieged  by  the 
Russians  in  his  capital  Baturin,  he  escaped  to  the  camp  of 
Charles  XII.,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Bender  after  the 
battle  of  Pultovva.  He  committed  suicide  by  taking  poison. 
Lord  Byron  made  him  the  subject  of  a poem  in  1819. 

Maz^res.  See  Haseres. 

Mazillier.  Born  at  Marseilles  in  1797 : died  at 
Paris  in  1868.  A noted  French  dancer  and  com- 
poser of  ballets.  He  began  his  career  at  Bordeaux  in 
1820.  His  pantomime  was  noted  as  particularly  good. 
Among  his  ballets  (in  which  he  performed  at  the  Op6ra 
in  Paris)  are  “Lediable  amoureux  ” (1845),  “Le  diable  a 
quatre  ” (1846),  “ Le  corsaire  ” (1856),  “ Marco  Spada  ’’ 
(1857) , etc.  In  these  he  had  the  collaboration  of  Paul  Fou- 
cher,  St.-Georges,  Th6ophile  Gautier,  and  others. 
Ma2uranic(m8,-zh6-ra'nich),  Ivan.  Born  1814: 
died  1890.  A Croatian  poet,  ban  of  Croatia 
1 873-80.  His  chi  ef  work  is  a n epic  n ation  al  poem. 
Mazzara,  or  Mazzara  del  Vallo  (mat-sa'ra 
del  val'lo).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Tra- 
pani, Sicily,  53  miles  southwest  of  Palermo. 
It  has  a cathedral  and  ruined  castle.  Popula- 
tion, 17,677. 

Mazzarino  (mat-sil-re'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  47  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Catania.  Pop.,  commune,  16,355. 
Mazzini  (mat-se' no),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Genoa, 
June  28  (22?),  1805  (1808  ?) : died  at  Pisa,  Italy, 
March  10,  1872.  An  Italian  patriot  and  revo- 
lutionist. He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Genoa  in 
1826,  became  a member  of  the  bar  of  that  city,  and  joined 
the  Carbonari.  In  1830  he  was  arrested  by  the  authorities 
of  Piedmont  on  the  charge  of  conspiring  against  the  gov- 
ernment, but  after  an  imprisonment  of  six  months  was 


Meade,  Richard  Kidder 

released  for  want  of  sufficient  evidence  to  procure  a con- 
viction. He  thereupon  left  Italy  and  resided  successively 
at  Marseilles,  Paris,  and  London,  whence  he  conducted 
agitations  for  the  liberation  of  Italy.  He  founded  about 
1832  the  secret  revolutionary  society  of  “Young  Italy," 
whose  object  was  the  unification  of  Italy  under  a repub- 
lican government.  He  returned  to  Italy  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolutionary  movements  of  1848,  and  in  1849  be- 
came a member  of  the  triumvirate  in  the  short-lived  re- 
public at  Rome,  being  again  driven  into  exile  on  the  res- 
toration of  the  papal  government  (1849).  He  afterward 
organized  insurrections  in  Mantua  (1852),  Milan  (1853), 
and  Genoa  (1857),  but  played  a subordinate  part  in  the 
movement  which  resulted  in  the  unification  of  Italy  (except 
V eniceand  the  Patriinonium  Petri)underVictor  Emmanuel 
in  1861.  Unwilling  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  a 
monarchy,  he  remained  abroad.  In  1870  he  took  part  in 
an  insurrection  at  Palermo,  during  which  he  was  cap 
tured.  lie  was,  however,  released  by  the  general  am- 
nesty published  by  the  Italian  government  after  the  occu- 
pation of  Rome. 

Mazzola.  See  Parmigiano. 

Mazzolini  (miit-so-le'ne),  Lodovico.  Born 
about  1481:  died  about  1530.  An  Italian  painter, 
the  most  noted  member  of  the  school  of  Fer- 
rara. 

Mazzuola.  See  Parmigiano. 

Mbamba  (mbam'ba).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  dwelling  between  the  Mbidiji  and 
Loji  rivers,  and  scattered  in  small  villages 
around  Malange.  The  Duke  of  Mbamba  was  one  of 
the  great  dignitaries  of  the  kingdom  of  Kongo.  The  mod- 
ern Mbamba  grow  coffee,  which  is  exported  via  Loanda 
and  Ambr  z:  the  Mbamba  of  Malange  are  carriers.  Their 
dialect  is  half  Kimbundu  and  half  Kongo. 

Mbangala  (mbfing-ga'la),  or  Imbangala  (em- 
bang-ga'la).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  dwelling  between  the  Kuangu  River  and 
the  Tala  Mungongo  range : also  called  Kasanji 
or  Cassange,  from  the  title  of  the  head  chief. 
The  dialect  is  Umbangala.  This  tribe  is  independent  and 
enterprising  in  trade,  but  fond  of  rum  and  quarrelsome. 
Mbayas  (mba-yas').  The  Guarany  and  Para- 
guayan name  for  the  Guaycnrus  Indians  and 
other  related  hordes  in  the  Chaco.  See  (Puay- 
curus. 

Mbocobis.  See  Mocobis. 

Mbondo  (mhon'do).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  dwelling  to  the  northeast  of  Ma- 
lange. They  wear  skins,  are  in  a lower  state  of  culture 
than  the  Ngola,  and  speak  a dialect  of  Kimbundu. 
Mbuiyi  (mbwe'ye).  See  JSumbe. 

Mbunda  ( mbon'dii),  or  Mambunda  (miim-bon'- 
da).  A Bantu  tribe  of  the  Barotse  kingdom,  in 
the  upper  Zambesi  valley,  often  confounded 
With  the  dominant  Barotse.  They  are  strong  enough 
to  excite  fear,  and  in  1880  the  Barotse  weakened  them  by 
a massacre. 

Mbundu  (mhon'do).  See  Kimbundu  and  Um- 
bundu. 

Mdewakanton  (mda-wa'kah-ton).  [‘Mysteri- 
ous lake  village.’]  A tribe  of  the  Dakota  di- 
vision of  North  American  Indians:  the  Minda- 
waearton  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  the  original 
Isanyati  or  Santee.  They  were  conspicuous  in  the 
Minnesota  outbreak,  under  the  leadership  of  Little  Crow, 
in  1862.  Most  of  them  are  farmers  in  Nebraska. 

Mead  (med),  Larkin  Goldsmith.  Bom  at 

Chesterfield,  N.  H.,  Jan.  3, 1835  : died  at  Flor- 
ence, Oct.  15,  1910.  An  American  sculptor. 
He  went  to  Florence  in  1862,  and  made  his  residence  there. 
Among  his  works  are  a colossal  statue  of  “ Vermont  ” 
(1857);  “Ethan  Allen  ” (1861),  at  Montpelier,  Vermont'; 
“ Lincoln  ” (1874),  at  Springfield,  Illinois  ; “Ethan  Allen” 
(1874),  at  Washington  ; etc.  He  also  executed  four  colos- 
sal groups  representing  the  different  branches  of  the 
army  and  navy  service. 

Mead,  Richard.  Born  at  Stepney,  London,  Aug. 
11,  1673:  died  at  London,  Feb.  16,  1754.  An 
English  physician.  He  entered  the  University  of 
Utrecht  in  1689,  and  studied  under  Grevius  for  three  years. 
In  1692  he  went  to  Leyden,  and  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Padua  in  1696.  He  was  made  a fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety  in  1703.  In  1703  he  was  elected  physician  at  St. 
Thomas’s  Hospital, London, andinthe  sameyeardiscovered 
the  itch-mite.  He  became  the  most  popular  physician  of 
the  day,  and  a famous  collector  of  books,  coins,  etc.  In 
1727  he  was  made  court  physician  to  George  II.  He  pub- 
lished “ De  Variolis  et  Morbilis"  (1747),  “ Monita  et  Prse- 
cepta  Medica  ” (1751).  He  is  best  known  as  the  friend  of 
Pope,  Johnson,  and  other  famous  men. 

Meade  (med),  George  Gordon.  Born  at  Cadiz, 
Spain,  Dec.  31, 1815:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Nov.  6, 1872.  An  American  general.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1835,  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  a brigade  of  volunteers  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War  in  1861.  He  served  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and 
commanded  a division  at  Antietam  and  a division  at  Fred- 
ericksburg. He  succeeded  General  Hooker  as  commander 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  June  28,  1863,  and  defeated 
General  Lee  at  Gettysburg  July  1-3, 1863.  He  remained  in 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  during  the  rest  of 
the  war.  He  was  promoted  major-general  in  the  regular 
army  Aug.  18,  1864  (having  held  a corresponding  rank  in 
the  volunteer  service  since  1862). 

Meade,  Richard  Kidder.  Born  in  Nansemond 
County,  Va.,  July  14,  1746:  died  in  Frederick 
(now  Clarke)  County,  Va.,  Feb.,  1805.  An 
American  Revolutionary  officer. 


Meadows,  Drinkwater 

Meadows  (med'oz),  Drinkwater.  Born  in 
Yorkshire  or  Wales,  1799 : died  at  Barnes,  June 
12, 1869.  An  English  actor.  After  playing  in  pro- 
vincial  theaters,  he -made  his  first  appearance  in  London 
at  Covent  Garden  in  1821,  and  remained  there  until  1844, 
when  he  went  to  the  Lyceum,  and  later  to  the  Princess’s. 
Meadows,  Sir  Philip.  Born  at  Chattlsham,  Suf- 
folk, 1626:  died  Sept.  16, 1718.  An  English  diplo- 
matist. He  graduated  at  Cambridge,  and  in  Oct.,  1653, 
relieved  Milton  as  Latin  secretary  to  Cromwell’s  council. 
In  1656  he  represented  Cromwell  at  Lisbon  at  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  Anglo-Portuguese  treaty.  In  1657  he  was  sent 
as  envoy  to  Frederick  III.  of  Denmark,  and  afterward 
acted  as  negotiator  between  Sweden  and  Poland.  In  1658 
he  was  knighted  and  made  ambassador  to  Sweden.  At  the 
Restoration  he  retired,  and  in  1677  published  “A  Narra- 
tive of  the  Principal  Actions  occurring  in  the  Wars  betwixt 
Sueden  and  Denmark,”  and  in  1689  “ Observations  concern- 
ing the  Dominion  and  Sovereignty  of  the  Seas.”  At  the 
Revolution  (1688)  he  was  restored  to  favor,  and  in  1692  was 
appointed  commissioner  for  taking  public  accounts. 

Meadville  (med'vil).  A city,  capital  of  Craw- 
ford County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  French 
Creek  84  miles  north  of  Pittsburg,  it  has  flourish- 
ing manufactures  (of  iron  and  woolens)  and  trade,  and  is 
the  seat  of  Allegheny  College  (Methodist  Episcopal)  and  of 
a Unitarian  theological  seminary.  Pop.,  12,780,  (1910). 

Meagher  (ma'Her),  Thomas  Francis.  Born  at 
Waterford,  Ireland,  Aug.  3, 1823 : drowned  near 
Port  Benton,  Montana,  July  1, 1867.  An  Irish- 
American  general.  In  1844  lie  became  an  orator  of 
the  Irish  repeal  association,  andfor  advocating  insurrection 
was  dubbed  “Meagher  of  the  Sword"  by  Thackeray.  In 
July,  1848,  he  was  appointed  to  the  war  directory  of  the 
Irish  Confederation.  He  was  arrested  Aug.  13,  1848,  and 
transported  to  Van  Diemen’s  Land  in  July,  1849.  He  es- 
caped to  New  York  in  1852,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1855.  In  1861  he  entered  the  Federal  army,  orga- 
nized the  Irish  Brigade,  and  was  made  brigadier-general 
Feb.  3,  1862.  He  fought  in  the  first  and  second  battles  of 
Bull  Run,  in  the  Seven  Days’  Battles  before  Richmond,  at 
Antietam,  at  Fredericksburg,  and  at  Chanceilorsville,  re- 
signing in  May,  1863.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  became 
secretary  (1865)  and  governor  (1866)  of  Montana,  where  lie 
died.  With  John  Savage  he  published  “Speeches  on  the 
Legislative  Independence  of  Ireland,  etc.”  (1853).  He  also 
wrote  “Recollections  of  Ireland  and  the  Irish,”  etc. 
Meal-Tub  Plot.  Apretended  conspiracy  against 
the  Protestants,  fabricated  by  Dangerfield  in 
1679 : so  named  because  the  papers  were  kept 
in  a meal-tub.  Dangerfield  subsequently  con- 
fessed, and  was  whipped  and  pilloried. 
Meander.  See  Mseander. 

Meanee.  See  Miani. 

Mearns,  The.  See  Kincardine. 

Measure  for  Measure.  AcomedybyShakspere, 
first  acted  in  1604,  printed  in  1623.  The  play  is 
founded  on  Whetstone’s  “Promos  and  Cassandra ’’ (1582) ; 
the  story  had  previously  appeared  as  the  85th  novel  in  Ciu- 
thio’s  “Hecatommithi.”  Davenant  produced  an  alteration 
of  “ Measure  for  Measure  ” in  1662,  called  “ Law  against 
Lovers,”  in  which  he  introduced  Benedick  and  Beatrice. 
It  was  again  recast  by  Gildon,  and  produced  in  1700  with 
the  second  title  of  “Beauty  the  Best  Advocate.” 

Meath  (meth).  A maritime  county  of  Leinster, 
Ireland.  Capital,  Trim.  It  is  bounded  by  Cavan  and 
Monaghan  on  the  north,  Louth  on  the  northeast,  the  Irish 
Sea  on  the  east,  Dublin  on  the  southeast,  Kildare  on  the 
south.  King's  County  on  the  southwest,  and  Westmeath  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating.  Area, 
906  square  miles.  Population,  67,497. 

Meaux  (mo).  A town  in  the  department  of  Sein  e- 
et-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Marne  27 
miles  east  by  north  of  Paris.  Its  cathedral, begun 
in  the  12th  century,  has  a very  beautiful  choir  of  early- 
Pointed  work,  and  a nave  109  feet  high.  Bossuet  was 
bishop  of  Meaux.  It  was  the  scene  of  disorders  in  the  war 
of  the  Jacquerie  (1358)  and  in  the  religious  wars  (16th 
century).  Population,  commune,  13,921. 

Mehsuta  (meb-so'ta).  [Ar.  ab-mebsutah,  the 
outstretched  (sc.  arm).]  The  third-magnitude 
star  £ Geminorum.  On  some  globes  and  maps 
it  is  written  Meboula.  Neither  name  is  in  very 
common  use. 

Mecca  (mek'a).  The  capital  of  Arabia,  and  the 
most  sacred  city  of  the  Mohammedan  world, 
as  the  birthplace  of  Mohammed  and  the  site  of 
the  Kaaba.  It  is  situated  in  a sandy  valley  70  miles 
from  the  Red  Sea,  about  lat.  21°  25'  N.,  long.  40°  15'  E.  Its 
principal  building  is  the  Great  Mosque,  Masjidu  l-Haram, 
in  the  center  of  which  is  the  Kaaba  (which  see).  Every 
Moslem  is  bound  to  undertake  once  in  his  life  a pilgrimage 
to  Mecca,  and  in  the  rites  performed  on  this  occasion  are 
included  the  circuit  around  the  Kaaba  and  the  kissing  of 
the  black  stone.  Mecca  is  now  governed  by  a sherif,  who 
is  chosen  by  the  people  from  the  descendants  of  the 
prophet,  but  holds  his  authority  from  the  Turkish  sultan. 
Mecca  was  sacked  by  the  Carmathians  in  930,  and  passed 
to  the  Turks  in  1517.  Population,  about  50,000.  See  Me- 
dina. 

Mechain  (ma-shan'),  Pierre  Francois  Andre. 

Born  at  Laon,  France,  Aug.  16,  1744:  died  at 
Castellon  de  la  Plana,  Spain,  Sept.  20,  1804.  A 
French  astronomer,  best  known  as  an  observer 
particularly  of  comets,  of  which  ho  discovered  a 
number.  He  was  employed  in  measuring  the  arc  of  the 
meridian  between  Dunkirk  and  Barcelona. 
Mechanicsville  (me-kan'iks-vil).  A place  in 
Virginia,  7 miles  north  by  east  of  Richmond. 
Here,  June  26, 1862,  a part  of  McClellan’s  army  under  Fitz 


670 

John  Porter  defeated  a part  of  Lee’s  under  Longstreet  and 
A.  P.  Hill.  This  is  also  called  battle  of  Beaver  Dam  Creek, 
and  formed  part  of  the  Seven  Days’  Battles. 

Mechant  (ma-shon'),  Le.  [F.,  ‘The  Wicked 
One/]  A comedy  by  De  Gresset,  produced  in 
Paris  in  1745.  Villemain  says  it  is  the  exact  reflection 
of  the  salons  of  the  18th  century.  The  hero  perhaps  might 
more  properly  be  called  a roue. 

Mechi  (mek'i),  John  Joseph.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, May  22, 1802 : died  Dec.,  1880.  An  English 
agricultural  reformer. 

Mechitar.  See  MeTchitar. 

Mechitarists.  See  Mekhitarists. 

Mechlin  (mek'lin;  D.  pron.  mech'lin).  [Flein. 
Mechelen,  G.  Mecheln,  F.  Halines. \ A city  in 
the  province  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  situated  on 
the  Dyle  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Brussels. 
It  is  arailway  center,  and  still  has  manufactures  of  Mech- 
lin lace  (formerly  very  important).  The  archbishop  is  the 
primate  of  Belgium.  The  cathedral  was  built  chiefly  in  the 
13th  century , but  in  considerable  part  rebuilt  in  the  14  th  and 
15th,  in  consequence  of  a fire.  The  choir  is  unusually  rich. 
The  pulpit,  carved  in  wood,  embodies  a group  represent- 
ing the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul,  flanked  by  Adam  and  Eve, 
and  having  above  St.  John  and  the  holy  women  beneath 
the  cross.  There  are  a number  of  fine  paintings,  includ- 
ing a notable  Crucifixion  by  Vanayck.  The  massive  west 
tower  is  324  feet  high.  The  church  is  306  feet  long  and  89 
high.  The  Tribunal,  several  works  of  art,  and  old  build- 
ings are  also  notable.  Mechlin  was  under  the  rule  of  the 
bishops  of  Liege  from  the  10th  century  to  1333,  and  passed 
later  to  Brabant  and  Burgundy.  Population,  59,218. 
Mechlin  (mek'lin).  The  name  under  which 
Charles  Macklin  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Drury  Lane  as  Captain  Brazen,  Oct.  31,  1733. 
Mechoacan.  See  Michoacan. 

Mecklenburg  (mek'len-bora).  A land  in  north- 
ern Germany,  lying  along  the  Baltic  Sea : it  is 
divided  into  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin  and  Meck- 
lenburg-Strelitz. 

Mecklenburg  (mek'len-berg)  Declaration  of 

Independence.  A declaration  of  independence 
of  England,  said  to  have  been  made  at  Charlotte, 
North  Carolina,  by  the  citizens  of  Mecklenburg 
County,  North  Carolina,  May  20  or  31,  1775. 
Mecklenburg-Sehwerin  (mekTen-borG-shva- 
ren').  A grand  duchy,  a state  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital,  Schwerin.  It  is  hounded  by  the 
Baltic  on  the  north,  Pomerania  and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
on  the  east,  Brandenburg  and  Hannover  on  the  south,  and 
Liibeck,  Ratzeburg,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  on  the  west. 
It  comprises  also  a few  enclaves.  The  surface  is  generally 
level.  Thechief  occupation  is  agriculture.  Thegovernment 
is  a constitutional  hereditary  monarchy(peasan  try  unrepre- 
sented), with  2 members  in  the Bundesrat  and 6 members  in 
the  Reichstag.  The  prevailing  religion  isProtestant.  Meck- 
lenburg was  early  peopled  by  Slavs  ; was  conquered  by  the 
Germans  in  1169 ; and  was  made  a duchy  in  1348.  The 
region  was  variously  divided,  finally  into  Mecklenburg- 
Sehwerin  and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz  in  1701.  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin  joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  in 
1808;  became  a grand  duchy  in  1816;  joined  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  in  1815  ; abolished  serfdom  in  1820  ; 
was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  agitation  to  change  the 
feudal  conditions  in  1848 ; sided  with  Prussia  in  1866 ; 
and  joined  the  North  German  Confederation  in  1867,  and 
the  new  German  Empire  in  1871.  Area,  5,068  square 
miles.  Population,  625,045. 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz  (mek ' len  - boro  - stra'- 
1 its).  A grand  duchy,  one  of  the  statesof  the  Ger- 
manEmpire.  Capital,  Neustrelitz.  it  comprises 
two  divisions : Stargard,  lying  east  of  Mecklenburg- 
Sehwerin  and  northwest  of  Brandenburg  ; and  Ratzeburg, 
lying  northwest  of  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level.  The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  The 
government  is  a constitutional  hereditary  monarchy  (gen- 
eral conditions  as  in  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin),  with  1 mem- 
ber in  the  Bundesrat  and  one  in  the  Reichstag.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  It  became  a separate 
duchy  in  1701,  and  adopted  the  constitution  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin  in  1755.  Its  later  history  is  generally  the 
same  as  that  of  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin.  Area,  1,131 
square  miles.  Population,  103,451. 

Medal,  The.  A satire  by  Dryden,  which  ap- 
peared in  1682. 

Medamothi  (me-da-mo-te').  An  island  iu  Ra- 
belais’s “Life  of  Gargantua  and  Pantagruel.” 
“Thus,  the  first  place  touched  at  (chap,  iv.)  is  the  island  of 
Medamothi  (,u.i)Sa/i.60i,  Nowhere);  and  in  the  account  of  the 
rarities  with  which  this  country  abounds,  the  improbable 
fictions  of  travellers  are  ridiculed.  ’’  Dunlop,  Hist.  Prose 
Fiction,  II.  305. 

Meddle  (med'l).  In  Dion  Boucicault’s  comedy 
“London  Assurance,”  a pettifogging  lawyer. 
Medea  (me-de'a).  [Gr.  M ?)t5eta.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a sorceress,  daughter  of  /Fetes,  king  of 
the  Colehians,  and  wife  of  Jason.  When  Jason  came 
with  the  Argonauts  (see  Jason)  toobtain  theGoldeu  Fleece, 
Medea  aided  him  by  her  magic  arts,  and  escaped  with  him 
to  Corinth,  where,  ten  years  later,  she  murdered  Creusa  or 
Glauce,  daughter  of  King  Creon,  for  whom  Jason  had  de- 
termined to  abandon  her.  From  Corinth  she  fled  to  Athens, 
and  married  iEgeus  (father  of  Theseus),  by  whom  she  had 
a son,  Medus,  regarded  by  the  Greeks  as  the  ancestor  of 
the  Medes.  Having  plotted  against  the  life  of  Theseus,  she 
was  obliged  to  flee,  and  finally  returned  to  Colchis. 
Medea.  1.  Aplay  by  Euripides.  See  the  extract. 

The  “Medea  ’’came  out  in  431  B.  C.  along  with  the  poet’s 
“Philoctetes,”  “Dictys,"  and  the  satyric  “Reapers ’’  (tin- 
last  was  early  lost).  It  was  based  upon  a play  of  Neo- 
phron’s, and  only  obtained  the  third  prize,  Euphorion 


Media 

being  first  and  Sophocles  second.  It  may  accordingly  be 
regarded  as  a failure  in  its  day  — an  opinion  apparently 
confirmed  by  the  faults  (viz.,  ASgeus  and  the  winged 
chariot)  selected  from  it  as  specimens  in  Aristotle’s  “Po- 
etic. ” There  is  considerable  evidence  of  there  being  a sec- 
ond edition  of  the  play,  and  many  of  the  variants,  or 
so-called  interpolations,  seem  to  arise  from  both  versions 
being  preserved  and  confused.  Nevertheless,  there  was 
no  play  of  Euripides  more  praised  and  imitated  by  both 
Romans  and  moderns. 

Mahaffy , Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  329. 

2.  A tragedy  by  Seneca,  written  in  the  1st  cen- 
tury. It  was  inspired  by  Euripides,  but  is  not  a slavish 
translation.  John  Studley  translated  this  for  the  English 
stage  (1566). 

3.  A tragedy  by  Richard  Glover,  published  in 
1761. — 4.  An  opera  by  Mayr,  produced  in  1812. 
— 5.  See  Mt'dee. 

Medecin  malgre  lui  (mad-san'  mal-gra'  liie), 
Le.  [F.,  ‘ The  Doctor  in  Spite  of  Himself.’]  A 
farce-comedy  by  Moliere,  produced  in  1666.  The 
story  is  taken  from  a fabliau  of  the  middle  ages,  “ Le  vilain 
mire.”  (S ee  Sganarelle.)  Gounod  wrote  music  for  an  adap- 
tation of  this  comedy,  and  it  was  produced  in  1858  in  Paris. 
It  was  brought  out  as  “ The  Mock  Doctor  ” in  England  in 
1865.  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  “ Love’s  Contrivance  ” (1703)  is  made 
from  “Le  mbdecin  malgrb  lui”  and  “Le  manage  force.” 

Medecin  Volant  (mad-san'  vo-loh'),  Le.  [F., 

‘ The  Flying  Doctor.’]  An  early  comedy  of  Mo- 
liere, in  the  Italian  style,  acted  in  1659.  Parts 
of  it  were  afterward  incorporated  in  “Le  mbdecin  malgrb 
lui  ” and  “L’ Amour  mbdecin.” 

Medee  (ma-da').  1.  A tragedy  by  La  Peruse, 

played  in  1553.  It  was  the  second  tragedy  played 
in  France. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Pierre  Corneille, 
played  in  1635 : ‘ ‘ incomparably  the  best  French 
tragedy  up  to  its  date”  ( Saintsbury ). — 3.  Alyrie 
tragedy  by  Thomas  Corneille,  with  music  by 
Charpentier,  produced  in  1693. — 4.  An  opera 
by  Cherubini,  produced  in  1797.  The  words  are 
by  Hoffman. — 5.  A tragedy  by  Legouve,  played 
in  1855. 

Medellin  (ma-del-yen').  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Badajoz,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Guadiana  53  miles  east  of  Badajoz.  it  was  the 
birthplace  of  Cortes.  Here,  March  28,  1809,  the  French 
under  Victor  defeated  the  Spaniards. 

Medellin.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Antioquia,  Colombia,  about  40  miles  southeast 
of  Antioquia.  Population,  about  60,000. 

Medelpad  (ma/del-pad).  A territory  in  the  laen 
(province)  of  Westemorrland,  Sweden. 

Medes  (medz).  [Gr.  M?/dot.]  The  inhabitants 
of  Media.  See  the  extract,  and  Media. 

Madai  are  the  Medes,  the  Mada  of  the  Assyrians.  We 
first  hear  of  them  in  the  cuneiform  records  under  the  name 
of  Amada,  about  B.  C.  840,  when  their  country  was  invaded 
by  the  Assyrian  monarch.  They  were  at  that  time  settled 
in  the.  Kurdish  Mountains,  considerably  to  the  east  of  Lake 
Urumiyeh.  Some  fifty  years  later,  however,  we  find  them 
in  Media  Rhagiana,  where  they  are  called  no  longer  Amadd 
but  MadS.  It  was  from  the  latter  form  of  the  name  that 
the  Greeks  took  the  familiar  “Mede.”  The  Medes  proper 
were  an  Aryan  people  who  claimed  relationship  to  the 
Aryans  of  northern  India  and  the  Aryan  populations  of 
Europe,  and  one  of  the  tribes  belonging  to  them  was  that 
of  the  Persians,  who  had  established  themselves  further 
south,  on  the  eastern  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf.  But  in 
classical  times  the  older  inhabitants  of  the  regions  into 
which  the  Medes  migrated  were  classed  along  with  them 
under  the  general  title  of  ‘ ‘ Medes,”  so  that  the  name  ceased 
to  be  distinctive  of  race.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  45. 

Medford  (med'fqrd).  A city  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Mystic 
River  5 miles  northwest  of  Boston  : the  seat  of 
Tufts  College  (non-sectarian).  Population, 
23,150,  (1910). 

Medhurst  (med'herst),  Walter  Henry.  Born 

at  London,  1796:  died  at  London,  Jan.  24,  1857. 
An  English  missionary  in  China  and  the  East 
Indies,  and  Sinologist.  He  translated  the  Bible  into 
Chinese;  edited  the  “Chinese  Repository  ” (1838-51) ; and 
published  “ A Chinese-English  Dictionary  ” (1842-43),  “ An 
Englisli-Chinese  Dictionary ’’ (1847-48),  “China:  its  State 
and  Prospects  ” (1838),  etc. 

Media  (me'di-a).  [Gr.M?/h'a.]  An  ancient  coun- 
try comprising  the  northwest  of  the  Iranian 
highland,  extending  from  the  Caspian  Sea  to 
the  Araxes.  It  was  bounded  on  the  northeast  by  Hyr- 
cania,  on  the  east  by  Parthia,  on  the  south  by  Susiana- 
Persia,  and  nearly  corresponded  to  the  modern  Persian 
provinces  Azerbaijan,  Ardilan,  and  Irak-Ajemi.  Later  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  country  was  called  Great  Media, 
and  the  northwestern,  or  Atropatene,  Little  Media.  The 
Medes  (Hebrew  and  Assyrian  Madai,  Old  Persian  Mada) 
are  enumerated  in  Genesis  x.  2 as  among  the  descendants 
of  Japhet;  and  they,  together  with  the  Persians,  constituted 
the  most  important  and  powerful  Aryan  population  in 
western  Asia.  It  is  assumed  that  the  country-  was  origi- 
nally settled  by  another  (perhaps  Turanian)  tribe,  and  that 
the  Medes  gradually  advanced  from  the  northeast  to  the 
west  and  southwest.  Media  came  into  contact  with  Assyria 
at  least  as  early  as  Ramannirari  III.  (811-782  B.  c.),  who 
mentions  Media  as  a conquered  and  tributary  land.  Tiglath- 
Pileser  III.  was  the  first  Assyrian  king  who  annexed 
Median  territory;  and  Sargon  transplanted  Israelitish  war 
captives  to  Median  cities,  and  claims  in  his  annals  of  713 
B.  C.  to  have  received  tribute  from  45  Median  chiefs. 
Sennacherib  also  received  tribute  from  the  Medes.  Un- 
der Esarhaddon  the  Medes  entered  into  alliance  with  the 


Media 

Mineans  (see  Armenia)  and  the  Cimmerians  against  As- 
syria, apparently  without  success.  But  from  that  time  the 
Medes  grew  more  united  and  more  powerful  against  tyran- 
nical Assyria.  The  Median  kings  of  this  period  are,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  Deioces  (about  700-647),  Phraortes  (647- 
625),  and  Cyaxares  (625-585).  The  first  Median  expedition 
against  Assyria  was  undertaken  by  Phraortes,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  ended  with  the  complete  defeat  of  the 
Medes  and  the  death  of  Phraortes.  Cyaxares  repeated  the 
undertaking,  and  defeated  the  Assyrian  army.  The  attack 
on  the  Assyrian  capital,  Nineveh,  was  delayed  for  a while 
in  consequence  of  the  invasion  of  the  Scythians.  After 
these  were  driven  out,  the  Medes,  in  alliance  with  the 
Babylonians  under  Nabopolassar,  advanced  once  more 
against  Nineveh,  and  brought  about  its  downfall  (608  or 
606  B.  c.).  In  the  division  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  Assyria 
proper  and  Mesopotamia  as  far  as  Haran  fell  to  Media, 
which,  however,  could  not  develop  into  a world's  empire 
on  account  of  the  rise  of  the  new  Babylonian  empire  un- 
der Nabopolassar  and  Nebuchadnezzar.  Even  the  inde- 
pendence of  Media  was  of  but  short  duration,  for  Astyages 
(585-549)  lost  in  549  his  crown  to  Cyrus.  After  that  the 
fate  of  Mediawasboundupin  that  of  Persia.  Still  it  seems 
to  have  preserved  a kind  of  independence  or  particularism 
while  united  to  Persia.  Thus,  the  Old  Testament  writings 
speak  of  an  empire  of  “the  Persians  and  Medes.’’  Only 
the  Book  of  Daniel  seems  to  assume  the  existence  of  a 
Median  empire  between  the  last  Babylonian  king,  Naboni- 
dus  (Belshazzar),  and  Cyrus.  After  the  destruction  of  the 
Persian  empire,  Media  fell,  in  the  division  of  Alexander’s 
empire,  to  Seleucus,  the  founder  of  the  Syrian  monarchy, 
and  later  to  the  Parthian  empire.  Since  the  Mohamme- 
dan conquest,  the  name  of  Media  has  given  place  to  that 
of  Irak  (Arjaka),  also  Irak-Ajemi  (Persian)  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  Arabic  or  Babylonian  Irak.  The  old  Medes 
were,  according  to  the  classical  writers,  a warlike  people  : 
in  Isa.  xiii.  they  are  described  as  hard  and  cruel.  The 
religion  of  the  Medes  was,  according  to  Strabo  (XV.  7,  32), 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Persians,  i.  e.  dualism.  They 
worshiped,  besides  the  sun-god  Mitlioras,  the  moon,  Venus, 
fire,  the  earth,  winds,  and  water.  The  oldest  capital  of 
Media  was  Rhagae,  on  the  site  of  modern  Teheran.  Deioces 
moved  the  capital  to  Ecbatana,  founded  by  himself,  in  the 
western  part  of  the  country,  which  remained  the  summer 
residence  of  the  Persian  and  Parthian  kings.  To  Media 
belonged  also  Behistun  (Baghastana,  ‘ place  of  the  gods’), 
famous  from  the  trilingual  cuneiform  inscription  discov- 
ered there.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  Till. 

Median  Wall  (me'di-an  wal).  [L.  Mediae  mu- 
rws.]  In  ancient  history,  a wall  north  of  Baby- 
lon, extending  from  the  Tigris  to  the  Euphrates, 
built  as  a defense  of  Babylonia. 

Mediasch(ma/ de-ash).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Nagy-Kiikiil  16, Transylvania,  situated  on  the 
river  Nagy-Kukullo  26  milesnorth-northeast  of 
Hermannstadt.  It  has  a trade  in  wine.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  7,954. 

Medicean  stars  (med-i-se'an  starz).  The  name 
given  by  Galileo,  in  honor  of  the  Medici,  to  the 
satellites  of  Jupiter  discovered  by  him. 

Medici  (med'e-che  or  ma'de-che).  [It.,  ‘physi- 
cians.’] An  Italian  family  which  formerly  ruled 
in  Florence  and  Tuscany,  celebrated  for  the  num- 
ber of  statesmen  which  it  produced,  and  for  its 
patronage  of  art  and  letters,  its  origin  is  uncer- 
tain. The  first  member  of  the  family  to  play  a part  in  his- 
tory was  Silvestro  de’  Medici,  who  took  part  in  the  revolt 
of  the  Ciompi  in  1378.  Giovanni  de’  Medici  (died  1429) 
amassed  a large  fortune  as  a banker,  and  became  the 
founder  of  the  political  greatness  of  the  family.  He  ruled 
the  city  by  means  of  his  wealth,  without  holding  office. 
He  left  two  sons  Cosmo  (1389-1404)  and  Lorenzo  (1395- 
1440),  each  of  whom  became  the  founder  of  a branch  line 
of  the  family.  The  elder  branch,  descended  from  Cosmo, 
ruled  in  Florence  until  its  extinction  in  1537,  except  dur- 
ing two  periods  when  it  was  in  exile  (1494-1512  and  1527- 
1530).  Its  rule  was  exercised  under  the  forms  of  republi- 
can institutions  down  to  about  1531,  when  Alessandro  de’ 
Medici  was  made  hereditary  duke  of  Florence  by  the  em- 
peror. Among  the  notable  members  of  this  branch  were 
Cosmo  the  Elder,  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent,  and  the  popes 
Leo  X.  and  Clement  VII.  The  elder  branch  became  ex- 
tinct at  the  death  of  Alessandro  in  1537.  He  was  succeeded 
as  duke  of  Florence  by  Cosmo  I.,  who  represented  the 
younger  branch  of  the  family,  descended  from  Lorenzo. 
Cosmo  I.  obtained  possession  of  Siena  and  its  territories, 
and  in  1569  received  the  title  of  grand  duke  of  Tuscany 
from  the  Pope,  although  the  imperial  confirmation  wa3 
first  received  by  his  successor  Francesco  I.  in  1575.  The 
younger  branch  ruled  as  grand  dukes  of  Tuscany  until  its 
extinction  at  the  death  of  Giovan  Gastone  de’  Medici  in 
1737. 

Medici,  Alessandro  de’.  Assassinated  Jan.  5, 
1537.  First  duke  of  Florence,  illegitimate  son 
of  Lorenzo  (1492-1519).  In  1523  the  head  of  the  Me- 
dici at  Florence,  Cardinal  Giulio,  became  pope  under  the 
title  of  Clement  VII.  He  appointed  his  nephews  Alessan- 
dro and  Ippolito  joint  rulers  of  Florence  in  his  place  un- 
der the  regency  of  Cardinal  Silvio  Passerini.  In  1527  the 
populace  expelled  both  Alessandro  and  Ippolito  ; but  in 
1531  the  former,  who  had  married  Margaret  of  Austria, 
natural  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  was  restored 
by  his  father-in-law  and  made  hereditary  duke  of  Florence, 
the  Medici  having  till  that  time  exercised  power  under  the 
forms  of  republican  institutions. 

Medici,  Catharine  de’.  See  Catharine  do’ Me- 
dici. 

Medici,  Cosmo  or  Cosimo  de’,  surnamed  “ The 
Elder.”  Born  1389:  died  Aug.  I,  1464.  A Flor- 
entine banker,  statesman,  and  patron  of  liter- 
ature, son  of  Giovanni  de’  Medici  (died  1429). 
He  inherited  his  father's  vast  fortune,  and,  like  him,  prac- 
tically ruled  the  republic  through  his  skill  in  securing  the 
elevation  of  his  own  creatures  to  the  chief  offices  in  the 
commonwealth.  He  was  expelled  with  his  whole  family 


671 

by  the  rival  family  of  the  Albizzi  in  1433,  but  returned  in 
1434.  He  was  a magnificent  patron  of  art  and  literature, 
and  his  palace  became  an  asylum  for  Greek  scholars  exiled 
by  the  fall  of  Constantinople  in  1453. 

Medici,  Cosmo  or  Cosimo  de’,  called  “The 
Great.”  Born  1519  : died  1574.  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany,  son  of  Giovanni  de’ Medici  (1498-1526). 
He  represented  the  younger  branch  of  the  Medici,  de- 
scended from  Lorenzo  de’  Medici  (1395-1440),  and  became 
duke  of  Florence  on  the  extinction  of  the  elder  branch  in 
1537.  He  conquered  Siena  in  1555,  and  had  the  title  of 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany  conferred  on  him  by  the  Pope  in 
1569.  See  Medici. 

Medici,  Ferdinand  I.  de’.  Born  about  1549: 
died  1609.  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany  1587-1609, 
younger  son  of  Cosmo  the  Great.  He  succeeded 
his  brother  Francesco  I. 

Medici,  Francesco  I.  de’.  Bom  1541 : died  1587. 
Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany  1574-87,  son  of  Cosmo 
the  Great  whom  he  succeeded. 

Medici,  Giovanni  de’.  Died  1429.  A Floren- 
tine merchant.  He  amassed  an  immense  fortune,  and 
by  his  adroitness  in  procuring  the  elevation  of  his  crea- 
tines to  the  chief  offices  became  virtual  ruler  of  the  repub- 
lic. He  left  two  sons  Cosmo  (1389-1464)  and  Lorenzo  (1395- 
1440),  who  became  the  founders  of  the  elder  and  younger 
branches  of  the  Medici  respectively. 

Medici,  Giovanni  de’.  See  Leo  X. 

Medici,  Giovanni  de’,  called  “Giovanni  delle 
Bande  Nere.”  Born  1498  : killed  in  battle,  1526. 
An  Italian  general.  He  was  a descendant  of  Lorenzo 
de’  Medici  (1395-1440),  founder  of  the  younger  branch  of 
the  Medici. 

Medici,  Giulio  de’.  See  Clement  VII. 

Medici,  Ippolito  de'.  Born  1511 : died  1535. 
An  Italian  cardinal,  grandson  (illegitimate)  of 
Lorenzo  the  Magnificent. 

Medici,  Lorenzo  de’,  surnamed  “II  Magnifico” 
(‘the  Magnificent’).  Born  about  1449:  died  April 
8, 1492.  A celebrated  Florentine  statesman  and 
patron  of  letters,  grandson  of  Cosmo  the  Elder. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  Piero  in  1469,  he  succeeded  to 
the  immense  wealth  and  political  power  of  his  family  con- 
jointly with  a younger  brother  Giuliano.  The  latter  was 
assassinated  by  a rival  family,  the  Pazzi,  in  1478,  leaving 
Lorenzo  sole  ruler  of  Florence.  Like  his  predecessors,  he 
governed  the  republic  without  any  title,  merely  by  a free 
use  of  his  wealth  and  by  his  adroitness  in  procuring  the 
elevation  of  his  own  creatures  to  the  chief  offices  in  the 
state. 

Medici,  Lorenzo  de’.  Born  1492 : died  1519. 
Duke  of  Urbino,  grandson  of  Lorenzo  de’  Me- 
dici (the  Magnificent).  He  became  the  head  of  the 
republic  of  Florence  on  the  elevation  of  his  uncle  to  the 
papal  chair  under  the  title  of  Leo  X.  in  1513,  and  in  1516 
was  appointed  by  the  latter  duke  of  Urbino. 

Medici,  Maria  de’.  See  Maria  de?  Medici. 

Medicine  Bow  Mountains.  A chain  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  in  northern  Colorado  and 
southern  Wyoming. 

Medill  (me-dil'),  Joseph.  Born  at  St.  John, 
New  Brunswick,  April  6,  1823:  died  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  March  16, 1899.  An  American 
journalist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  but 
abandoned  law  and  took  up  journalism  about  1849.  In 
1855  he  became  connected  with  the  Chicago  “Tribune,” 
of  which  he  obtained  control  in  1874. 

Medina  (me-de'na),  Ar.  Medinat-Rasul- Allah 

(me-de'nat-ra-soi'alTa),  or  Medinat-el-Rabi 
(me-de'nat-el-ra'be).  A city  in  Hedjaz,  Ara- 
bia, the  second  holy  city  of  the  Mohammedans, 
situated  about  lat.  24°  30'  N.,  long.  40°  E. : the 
ancient  Yathrib,  called  by  Ptolemy  Lathrippa. 
It  is  celebrated  as  the  place  where  Mohammed  took  refuge 
at  the  flight  (622  A.  r>.) (see  Hejira),  and  where  he  died  and 
was  buried.  From  this  it  is  sometimes  designated  “the  city 
of  the  prophet.”  The  Great  Mosque  contains  Mohammed’s 
tomb.  The  inclosure  measures  about  600  by  390  feet,  and  as 
usual  is  surrounded  by  arcaded  galleries.  The  tomb  is  in  an 
inclosure  in  the  southeastern  corner,  beneath  a conspicuous 
pointed  dome : the  pavement  of  this  part  of  the  mosque  is 
formed  of  beautiful  mosaics.  The  tomb  consists  of  a struc- 
ture of  black  stones,  with  two  pillars : it  is  wholly  concealed 
from  the  eyes  of  the  profane  by  precious  draperies.  The 
actual  buildings  of  the  mosque  are  at  least  in  large  part 
very  modern,  the  arches,  though  of  pointed  horseshoe-form, 
not  being  extradosed,  while  the  columns  are  pseudo-classi- 
cal. Medina  was  the  capital  of  the  Mohammedan  empire 
down  to  the  accession  of  the  Ommiads  (661).  Population, 
estimated,  50,000. 

Medina  (me-di'na).  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene,”  the  second  of  tlie  three  sisters  Elissa, 
Medina,  and  Perissa.  She  far  excelled  the  other  two, 
representing  the  golden  mean,  while  Elissa  was  froward 
and  always  discontented,  and  Perissa  was  loose  and  ex- 
travagant, and  indulgent  in  all  pleasures. 

Medina  (ma-de'nii),  Sir  John  Baptist.  Born  at 
Brussels  in  1659 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  5, 1710. 
A Belgian-English  portrait-painter,  pupil  of 
Francois  Du  Chatel  of  Brussels.  He  was 
knighted  in  1707. 

Medina  (ma-de'nii).  Jos6  Maria.  Born  about 
1815:  died  at  Santa  Rosa,  Feb.  8, 1878.  A Central 
American  politician  .president  of  HondurasFeb. 
15, 1864,  to  Aug. , 1872.  During  this  period  the  country 
was  brought  to  bankruptcy  by  reckless  financiering  in  con- 
nection with  an  interoceanic  railway  scheme.  Salvador 


Mediterranean  Sea 

and  Guatemala  having  made  war  on  Honduras,  Medina 
was  defeated  and  deposed  by  his  own  troops.  He  revolted 
against  Leiva  (Dec.,  1875,  to  May,  1876),  but  was  defeated, 
and  for  a second  attempted  revolt  was  shot. 
Medina-Celi (-tha'le).  Asmalltowninthe prov- 
ince of  Soria,  Spain,  situated  12  miles  north- 
east of  Siguenza  : noted  for  an  ancient  castle. 
Medina  del  Campo  (ma-de'na  del  kam'po). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Valladolid,  Spain, 
situated  ou  the  Zabardiel  25  miles  south-south- 
west of  Valladolid . The  Castillo  de  la  Mota  is  a very  in- 
teresting castle,  built  of  brick  in  1440,  now  ruinous  within 
but  comparatively  perfect  without,  with  its  broad  moat, 
strongly  fortified  gate,  square  keep,  round  angle-towers, 
and  numerous  projecting  bartizans.  Here  Queen  Isabella 
died  in  1504.  Population,  5,971. 

Medina  de  Rio  Seco  (da  re'o  sa'ko).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Valladolid,  Spain,  24  miles 
northwest  of  Valladolid.  Here,  July  14,  1808,  the 
French  under  Bessi&res  defeated  the  Spaniards  under 
Ouesta.  Population,  5,007. 

Medina  Sidonia  (ma-de'na  se-do'ne-a).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  24  miles 
east  by  south  of  Cadiz  : noted  in  Spanish  his- 
tory. Population,  11,040. 

Medinat-ez-Zahra  (me-de'nat-ez-za'ra).  See 
the  extract. 

One  of  his  [the  calif’s]  wives,  whose  name  was  Ez-Zahra, 
‘ the  Fairest,’  to  whom  he  was  devotedly  attached,  once 
begged  him  to  build  her  a city  which  should  be  called 
after  her  name.  The  Great  Khalif,  like  most  Mohamme- 
dan sovereigns,  delighted  in  building,  and  he  adopted  the 
suggestion.  He  at  once  began  to  found  a city  at  the  foot 
of  the  mountain  called  the  “ Hill  of  the  Bride,”  over  against 
Cordova,  and  a few  miles  distant.  Every  year  he  spent  a 
third  of  his  revenues  upon  this  building ; and  it  went  on 
all  the  twenty-five  remaining  years  of  his  reign,  and  fifteen 
years  of  the  reign  of  his  son,  who  made  many  additions  to 
it.  Ten  thousand  workmen  laboured  daily  at  the  task, 
and  six  thousand  blocks  of  stone  were  cut  and  polished 
every  day  for  the  construction  of  the  houses  of  the  new 
city.  Some  three  thousand  beasts  of  burden  were  daily 
used  to  carry  the  materials  to  the  spot,  and  four  thousand 
columns  were  set  up,  many  of  which  were  presents  from 
the  Emperor  of  Constantinople,  or  came  from  Borne,  Car- 
thage, Sfax,  and  other  places,  besides  the  home  marbles 
quarried  at  Tarragona  and  Almeria.  There  were  fifteen 
thousand  doors,  coated  with  iron  or  polished  brass.  The 
Hall  of  the  Khalifs  at  the  new  city  had  a roof  and  walls 
of  marble  and  gold,  and  in  it  was  a wonderful  sculptured 
fountain,  a present  from  the  Greek  Emperor,  who  also  sent 
the  Khalif  a unique  pearl.  In  the  midst  of  the  hall  was  a 
basin  of  quicksilver;  at  either  side  were  eight  doors  set  in 
ivory  and  ebony  and  adorned  with  precious  stones.  When 
the  sun  shone  through  these  doors  and  the  quicksilver 
lake  was  set  quivering,  the  whole  room  was  filled  with 
flashes  like  lightning,  and  the  courtiers  would  cover  their 
dazzled  eyes.  The  Arabian  authors  delight  in  telling  of 
the  wonders  of  this  “City  of  the  Fairest,”  Medinat-ez- 
Zahra,  as  it  was  called,  after  the  Khalif’s  mistress. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  140. 

Medinet-Abu  (me-de'net-a-bo')  or  -Habu  (-ha- 
bo').  One  of  the  villages  on  the  site  of  Thebes, 
Egypt,  noted  for  its  ruins.  The  temple  and  palace 
of  Rameses  III.  here  are  notable.  The  front  buildings, 
facing  the  south,  constitute  the  royal  palace.  Many  of 
the  very  interesting  mural  sculptures  reproduce  the  pri- 
vate life  of  the  king.  From  the  palace  a dromos  265  feet 
long  leads  to  the  massive  outer  pylon  of  the  temple,  which 
opens  on  a court  over  100  feet  square  with  Osirid  figures 
on  the  north  side  and  columns  with  bell-capitals  on  the 
south.  A second  pylon  with  portal  between  pyramidal 
towers  leads  to  an  imposing  court  123  by  133  feet,  sur- 
rounded by  a peristyle  having  Osirid  figures  in  front  and 
rear  and  columns  on  the  sides.  Behind  the  rear  figures  is 
a range  of  8 splendid  columns  with  colored  coelanaglyphic 
sculptures.  The  portal  of  this  court  gives  access  to  the 
hypostyle  hall,  bordered  with  chambers,  behind  which  two 
columned  vestibules  precede  the  sanctuary  and  a laby- 
rinth of  corridors  and  small  chambers.  The  sculptures  of 
this  temple  are  of  great  importance.  They  include  in  the 
interior  ceremonial  scenes  of  the  cult,  the  king’s  corona- 
tion, and  battle-scenes,  many  of  them  very  richly  colored. 
The  exteriorof  the  temple  is  covered  with  sculptures  which 
are  even  more  remarkable,  illustrating  Rameses’s  cam- 
paignsagainst  the  Libyans  and  an  Asiatic  people.  Among 
the  scenes  a naval  battle  is  of  especial  interest. 
Medinet-el-Fayum  (me-de'net-el-fi-om').  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Fayum,  Egypt,  54 
miles  southwest  of  Cairo.  It  is  situated  on  the  ruins 
of  the  ancient  Arsinoe  or  Crocodilopolis.  Population, 
37,320. 

Meding  (ma'ding),  Johann  Ferdinand  Mar- 
tin Oskar : pseudonym  Gregor  Samarow. 

Born  April  11,  1829:  died  July  11,  1903.  A 
German  statesman  and  historical  novelist. 
Mediolanum  (me //  di  - 6 - la ' num) . The  Latin 
name  of  Milan. 

Mediomatrici  (me//di-o-mat'ri-si).  In  ancient 
geography,  a tribe  of  eastern  Gaul,  whose  cap- 
ital was  Metz  (Divodurum  or  Mediomatrica). 
Meditations.  The  name  generally  given  to 
the  philosophical  work  by  the  emperor  Marcus 
Aurelius  (English  translation  by  George  Long, 
1862). 

Mediterranean  Sea  (med//i-to-ra'ne-an  se). 
[F  Mediterrande,  G.  MittelldneliscUes  Meer,  L. 
Mare  Internum,  etc.,  the  midland  sea.]  A sea, 
the  most  important  extension  of  the  Atlantic, 
separating  Europe  on  the  north  from  Africa 
on  the  south,  and  communicating  with  the 


Mediterranean  Sea 

Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  and 
with  the  Black  Sea  by  the  Dardanelles,  Sea  of 
Marmora,  and  Bosporus.  It  is  divided  into  two 
basins,  the  western  reaching  from  Gibraltar  to  Sicily  and 
Tunis,  and  the  eastern  from  there  to  Syria.  Its  chief 
branches  are  the  Golfe  du  Lion,  Gulf  of  Genoa,  Tyrrhenian 
Sea,  Ionian  Sea,  Adriatic  Sea,  iEgean  Sea,  Levant,  Gulf  of 
Sidra,  and  Gulf  of  Cabes.  The  chief  islands  are  the  Balearic 
Islands,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  the  Lipari  Islands,  Sicily,  the 
Maltese  Islands,  the  Ionian  Islands,  Crete,  Cyprus,  and 
the  Grecian  Archipelago.  The  chief  tributary  rivers  are  the 
Ebro,  Rhone,  Po,  and  Kile.  Its  coasts  are  famous  in  the 
history  of  civilization.  Length,  about  2,200  miles.  Great- 
est width  of  sea  proper,  about  700  miles.  Greatest  depth, 
about  14,000  feet.  Area,  about  900,000  square  miles. 

Medjerda,  or  Mejerda  (me-jer'da).  A river  in 
eastern  Algeria  and  Tunis,  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Tunis  24  miles  north  of  Tunis : the  an- 
cient Bagradas.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Medjidi  (me-jed'e).  [Turk.,  ‘glorious.’]  A 
Turkish  order  of  knighthood,  instituted  in  1852 
by  the  sultan  Abdul-Medjid,  and  conferred  on 
many  foreign  olHcers  who  took  part  with  Turkey 
in  the  Crimean  war. 

Medjidieh  (me-je-de'ye).  A Tatar  town  in  the 
Dobrudja,  Rumania,  20  miles  west-northwest 
of  Kustendji.  Population,  3,329. 

Medley  (med'li),  In  Etherege’s  comedy  “The 
Man  of  Mode,”  the  friend  of  Young  Bellair : sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  a portrait  of  Sir  Charles  Sed- 
ley,  by  others  a portrait  of  the  author  himself. 

Medmenham  Abbey.  A ruined  house  near 
Great  Marlow  in  Buckinghamshire,  England, 
formerly  a Cistercian  monastery,  it  acquired  no- 
toriety as  the  scene  of  the  scandalous  orgies  of  a convivial 
association  known  as  the  Monks  of  St.  Francis  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  18th  century. 

M6doc  (rna-dok').  A district  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  extending  along  the  Gi- 
ronde: noted  for  its  production  of  wines. 
Length,  about  48  miles. 

Medusa  (me-do'sa).  [Gr.  Medowra.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Gorgons,  according  to 
some  legends  originally  a beautiful  maiden 
whose  hair  was  transformed  into  serpents  by 
Athene  because  with  Poseidon  (by  whom  she 
was  the  mother  of  Chrysaor  and  Pegasus)  she 
had  violated  one  of  the  temples  of  that  goddess. 
Her  head  was  so  fearful  to  look  upon  that  whoever  saw  it 
was  changed  into  stone.  Accordingly  when  Perseus  sought 
her  to  cut  off  her  head,  he  attacked  her  with  averted  face, 
seeing  only  her  reflection  in  the  shield  of  Athene,  who  also 
guided  his  hand.  See  Perseus. 

Medusa  Rondanini.  An  antique  mask  in  the 
Glyptothek  at  Munich.  It  is  the  well-known  late  type 
of  the  Gorgon,  in  which  the  distorted  grimacing  face  gives 
place  to  calm  regular  features,  and  only  two  serpents  ar- 
ranged as  ornaments  appear  amid  the  locks  of  the  hair. 
Over  each  temple  a small  wing  is  set. 

Medway  (med'wa).  A river  in  southeastern 
England  which  joins  the  Thames  at  Sheemess. 
Length,  about  70  miles ; navigable  to  Maidstone. 

Medyn  (ma-din'),  or  Medysy  (ma-dis'i).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Kaluga,  86  miles 
southwest  of  Moscow.  Population,  about 
5,000. 

Meeanee.  See  Miami. 

Meek  ( mek) , Fielding  Bradford.  Born  in  Iowa, 
Dec.  10,  1817 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec. 
28,  1876.  An  American  geologist  and  paleon- 
tologist. 

Meer  (mar),  Jan  van  der,  the  elder.  Born  at 
Haarlem  about  1632:  died  there,  Aug.,  1691.  A 
Dutch  painter. 

Meer,  Jan  van  der.  Bom  at  Delft,  Netherlands, 
1632:  died  there,  1675.  A Dutch  painter. 

Meer,  Jan  van  der,  the  younger.  Born  at  Haar- 
lem, 1656 : died  May  28, 1705.  A Dutch  painter, 
son  of  Jan  van  der  Meer  (1632-91). 

Meerane(ma-ra'ne).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  35  miles  south  of  Leipsic.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woolen  and  half-woolen  cloth.  Population, 
commune,  25,011. 

Meeraugspitze(mar'oug-spit-se).  A peak  of  the 
Tatra,  Carpathians,  noted  for  its  view.  Height, 
8,230  feet. 

Meercraft  (mer'kraft).  In  Ben  Jonson’s  com- 
edy “The  Devil  is  an  Ass,”  a clever  rogue,  a 
projector  or  speculator  who  carries  about  with 
him  prospectuses  to  suit  all  tastes. 

Meerut  (me'rut),  or Mirat (me'rat),  or  Mirath 
(me'rath).  1.  A division  in  the  United  Prov- 
inces, British  India.  Area,  11,302  square  miles. 
Population,  5,979,711. — 2.  A district  in  the 
division  of  Meerut,  intersected  by  lat.  29°  N., 
long.  77°  45' E.  Area,  2,354  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,540,175. — 3.  The  capital  of  Meerut 
district,  situated  on  a tributary  of  the  Ganges, 
20  miles  northeast  of  Delhi.  It  is  an  important 
military  station,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the 
Sepoy  mutiny,  May  10,  1857.  Population,  including  can- 
tonment, 118,129. 

Meewoc.  See  Miwolc. 


672 

Mefistofele(ma-fes-td'fe-le).  An  opera  by  Boi to 
first  produced  at  Milan  in  1868.  See  Mepliis- 
topheles. 

Megaera  (me-je'ra).  [Gr.  M iyaipa.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Eumenides  (which  see). 
Megalesian  Games  ( meg-a-le ' shi-an  gamz ) . [Gr . 
Meya7J/ma.\  In  Roman  antiquity,  a magnificent 
festival,  with  a stately  procession,  feasting,  and 
scenic  performances  in  the  theaters,  celebrated 
at  Rome  in  the  month  of  April,  and  lasting  for 
6 days,  in  honor  of  “the  great  mother,”  Cybele. 
The  image  of  this  goddess  was  brought  to  Rome  from  Pes- 
sinus  in  Galatia,  about  203  B.  c.,  and  the  games  were  in- 
stituted then  or  shortly  afterward,  in  consequence  of  a 
sibylline  oracle  promising  continual  victory  to  the  Romans 
if  due  honors  were  paid  to  her. 

Megalokastron  (meg-a-16-kas'tron).  A seaport 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Crete. 

Megalopolis  (meg-a-lop'o-lis).  [Gr.  M-eyaMmo- 
/hf,  the  great  city.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  in  Arcadia,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Helis- 
son  in  lat.  37°  25'  N.,  long.  22°  9'  E.  it  was  built 
in  370  B.  c.  as  an  Arcadian  outpost  against  Sparta.  There 
are  extensive  ruins  near  the  modern  Sinanu.  An  ancient 
theater  and  other  structures  were  excavated,  1890-93.  The 
cavea,  475  feet  in  diameter,  is  entirely  supported  by  an 
artificial  embankment  with  massive  retaining  walls.  The 
monastery,  the  most  famous  in  Greece  proper,  was  found- 
ed by  Constantine  Paloeologus.  The  great  building,  five 
stories  high,  is  erected  in  a cave,  100  feet  deep  and  high  and 
200  wide,  in  the  face  of  a cliff  : the  distant  view  is  highly 
picturesque.  The  church  possesses  one  of  the  miracle- 
working  icons  of  the  Madonna,  attributed  to  St.  Luke. 

Megara  (meg'a-rii).  [Gr.  Mh/npa-,  Semitic  Me- 
'drdh,  cave.]  A city  in  Greece,  with  its  ter- 
ritory, Megaris,  situated  between  the  Halcyon 
Sea,  the  Corinthian  Bay,  and  the  Saronic  Gulf. 
The  city  of  Megara,  with  its  port  Hisaea,  was  situated  on 
the  pass  leading  from  central  Greece  to  the  Peloponne- 
sus. Its  primitive  inhabitants  were  Carians.  From  it 
went  out  the  colonies  Byzantium,  Chalcedon,  Heracleia 
on  the  Pontus,  and  Megara  Hyblaea  in  Sicily.  It  had  two 
citadels : on  the  Acropolis  Caria  stood  a celebrated  tem- 
ple of  Demeter  (the  Megaron).  It  fell  later  into  the  hands 
of  the  Macedonians,  and  afterward  of  the  Romans.  The 
modern  Megara,  situated  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  city, 
has  8,082  inhabitants. 

Megara Hyblsea(meg'a-rahl-ble'a).  In  ancient 
geography,  a Megarian  colony  in  Sicily, north  of 
Syracuse.  See  Hybla  Minor. 

Megarics  (me-gar'iks).  The.  A school  of  Greek 
philosophy,  founded  by  Euclid  of  Megara, which 
combined  the  ethical  doctrines  of  Socrates  and 
the  metaphysics  of  the  Eleaties. 

Megaris  (meg'a-ris).  [Gr.  Meyaptf.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a district  in  Greece  which  formed 
part  of  the  isthmus  connecting  the  Peloponne- 
sus with  central  Greece  and  lay  southwest  of 
Attica  and  northeast  of  Corinthia.  Chief  town, 
Megara.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 

Megasthenes  (me-gas'the-nez).  [Gr.  Mcyao- 
Oh’tje.]  Lived  about  300  b.  c.  A Greek  writer, 
a friend  and  companion  of  Seleucus  Nicator, 
and  his  ambassador  to  Sandrocottus,  king  of 
the  Prasii  in  India,  whose  capital,  Palibothra, 
was  probably  near  the  modem  Patna.  He  wrote 
a work  on  India  which  was  the  chief  source  of  the  later 
Greek  information  on  the  subject. 

Megerle,  or  Megerlin.  See  Abraham  a Sancta- 
Clara. 

Meghazil  (me-gha-zel').  See  the  extract. 

The  “ tomb  of  Hiram  ’’has  been  already  described.  Four 
monuments  of  a more  or  less  similar  character  exist  on  the 
Syrian  mainland  opposite  Aradus,  in  the  near  vicinity  of 
Amrit.  Two  are  known  as  “the  MggMzils.”  They  stand 
near  together  on  a low  hill,  at  some  little  distance  from 
the  coast,  between  the  Nahr  Amrit  and  the  Kahr  Kubld. 
The  more  striking  of  the  two  has  been  described  as  a 
“real  masterpiece  in  respect  of  proportion,  elegance,  and 
majesty.’’  It  consists  of  abasement  story,  which  is  circu- 
lar and  flanked  by  four  stone  lions,  whereof  the  effect  is 
admirable,  with  a second  story  of  a cylindrical  shape,  and 
a third  similar  one,  of  smaller  dimensions,  crowned  by  a 
dome  or  half-sphere.  The  whole,  except  the  basement- 
story  or  plinth,  which  consists  of  four  blocks,  is  cut  out  of 
a single  stone.  The  double  cylinder  is  decorated  round 
the  summit  of  each  of  its  parts  with  a row  of  carved  cren- 
ellations  standing  out  about  four  inches  from  the  general 
surface.  The  lions,  whose  heads  and  fore-quarters  alone 
project  from  the  mass  of  the  base,  are  roughly  carved  and 
seem  to  have  been  left  unfinished,  but  the  mouldings,  and 
the  general  dressing  of  the  stone,  have  been  executed  with 
much  care.  The  entire  height  of  the  monument  is  thirty- 
two  feet.  Rawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  260. 

Megi  (ma'ge),  or  Wamegi  (wa-ma'ge).  See 
Sagara. 

Megiddo  (me-gid'o).  [Heb.,  ‘host,’ ‘garrison.’] 
An  ancient  town  in  the  plain  of  Jezreel,  Pales- 
tine, at  the  southeastern  foot  of  Mount  Carmel, 
nowrepresented  by  the  ruins  of  Lej  jun : theLegio 
of  Eusebius.  It  was  one  of  the  Canaanitish  capitals,  and 
became  one  of  the  strongholds  of  the  tribe  of  Manasseh, 
and  the  valley  dominated  by  it  became  a celebrated  battle- 
field in  the  history  of  Israel.  Kear  it  Deborah  and  Barak 
defeated  the  Canaanites  under  Sisera.  Solomon  made  it 
a fortress.  In  609  JB.  c.  Josiah  succumbed  here  to  Pharaoh- 
Neeho  of  Egypt. 

Megna  (meg'nii),  or  Meghna  (megh'na).  The 


Meije 

name  given  to  the  Brahmaputra  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  course,  and  to  the  principal  mouth 
of  the  united  Brahmaputra  and  Ganges : noted 
for  its  bore. 

Megrez  (me'grez).  [Ar.  maghres-al-dub,  the 
root  of  the  bear’s  tail.]  The  bright  third-mag- 
nitude star  6 Ursa:  Majoris,  the  faintest  of  the 
seven  stars  which  form  the  Dipper. 

Mehadia  (me-ha/de-o).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Krasso-Szordny,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Bella-Reka  in  lat.  44°  55'  N.,long.  22°  22'  E. 
Kear  it  are  the  sulphur  “Hercules  Baths,”  celebrated 
since  Roman  times.  It  was  stormed  by  the  Turks  in  1716, 
1738,  and  1789.  Population,  2,497. 

Mehadpur  (me-had-por'),  or  Mahidpore  (ma- 
hid-por'),  or  Mehidpur  (me-hid-por'),  etc.  A 
town  in  central  India,  56  miles  north  of  Indore. 
Here,  Dec.  21, 1817,  the  British  under  Hislop  de- 
feated the  forces  of  Holkar. 

Mehemet  Ali  (ma'he-met  a'le),  or  Moham- 
med Ali  (mo-ham'ed  a'le).  Bom  at  Kavala, 
Macedonia,  about  1769:  died  at  Cairo,  Aug.  2, 
1849.  Viceroy  of  Egypt.  He  went  as  a military  com- 
mander to  Egypt  in  1799 ; was  appointed  governor  of  Egypt 
in  1805 ; massacred  the  Mamelukes  in  1811 ; suppressed 
the  Wahhabee  revolt  in  Arabia  in  1818  ; introduced  vari- 
ous internal  improvements;  conquered  Nubia,  Sennaar, 
and  Kordofan  1820-22 ; assisted  the  Turks  in  the  Greek 
war  of  independence  ; conquered  Syria  1831-32  ; defeated 
Turkey  in  1839 ; and  was  compelled  by  the  European  pow- 
ers to  give  up  Syria  in  1841. 

Mehemet  Ali  Pasha  ( Karl  Detroit).  Born  at 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  18,  1827:  assassi- 
nated in  Diakova,  Sept.  7, 1878.  A Turkish  gen- 
eral. In  1877  he  commanded  the  main  army  in 
Bulgaria,  and  was  successful  against  the  Rus- 
sians on  the  Lorn,  Aug.-Sept.,  but  was  super- 
seded by  Suleiman  Pasha. 

Meherrin  (me-her'in).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  formerly  living  on  the  river  of  the 
same  name  in  southern  Virginia.  In  1710  they 
attacked  the  neighboring  settlements  and  were 
driven  away.  See  Iroquoian. 

Mehul  ( ma-fil') , Etienne  Henri.  Born  at  Givet, 
Ardennes,  France,  June  22,1763 : died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  18, 1817.  A Frencn  composer.  He  wrote  the 
operas  “Stratonice”  (1792),  “ Le  jeune  Henri"  (1797), 
“ Uthal,”  “Gabrielle  d’Estr^es ’’ (1806),  “Joseph”  (1807), 
“La  journ^e  aux  aventures  ”(1816),  etc.,  and  many  patriotic 
songs  and  cantatas  (the  “Chant  du  depart,"  “Chant  du 
retour,”  etc.). 

Mehun-sur-Yevre  (me-un'siir-yav'r).  A town 
in  the  department  of  Cher,  France,  situated  on 
the  Yevre  10  miles  northwest  of  Bourses,  it 

contains  a ruined  castle  (the  place  of  death  of  Charles 
VII.).  Population,  commune,  6,397. 

Meiderich  (mi'der-ich).  A manufacturing  vil- 
lage in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  about  37 
miles  north  of  Cologne.  Population,  40,822. 
Meidoo.  See  Maidu. 

Meidum  (ma-dom').  A locality  in  Egypt,  west 
of  the  Nile.  The  pyramid  here  is  important  not  only 
from  its  peculiar  form,  but  as  the  oldest  dated  monument 
in  Egypt.  It  was  built  by  Sneferu,  of  the  3d  dynasty, 
about  3766  B.  C.  It  stands  on  a small  hill,  and  rises  in 
three  inclined  and  recessed  stages  of  orange-colored 
masonry  to  the  height  of  115  feet.  The  entrance  is  on  the 
north  side;  the  simple  descending  and  ascending  passage 
leads  to  an  empty  chamber.  On  the  east  side  a very  per- 
fect pyramid-temple  lies  before  the  pyramid,  with  which 
it  is  connected  architecturally  by  a court  containing  an 
altar  and  two  small  obelisks. 

Meiggs  (megz),  Henry.  Born  in  Catskill,  N.  Y., 
July  7,  1811:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Sept.  29, 
1877.  An  American  contractor.  He  was  a lumber 
merchant  in  San  Francisco,  but  failed  in  1854,  and  left  the 
country.  He  engaged  in  railway  construction  in  Chile, 
and  after  1867  in  Peru,  where  he  undertook  and  carried 
out  extensive  public  works,  the  greatest  being  the  Oroya 
railroad  over  the  Andes. 

Meigs  (megz),  Fort.  A fort  at  the  Maumee 
Rapids,  northwestern  Ohio,  held  by  the  Ameri- 
cans under  Harrison  against  the  British  and 
Indians,  May  and  July,  1813. 

Meigs,  Montgomery ‘Cunningham.  Born  at 
Augusta,  Ga.,  May  3, 1816:  died  at  Washington, 
Jan.  2,  1892.  An  American  engineer  and  gen- 
eral. He  became  quartermaster-general  of  the  army  in 
1861,  and  was  brevetted  major-general  in  the  United  States 
army  in  1864.  The  plans  of  several  government  buildings  in 
Washington  were  prepared  by  him.  He  retired  in  1882. 

Meigs,  Return  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  Dec.,  1734:  died  at  the* Cherokee  agency, 
Jan.  28, 1823.  An  American  Revolutionary  of- 
ficer. 

Meigs,  Return  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Middletown, 

Conn.,  1765:  died  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  1825.  An 
American  politician  and  jurist,  son  of  R.  J. 
Meigs.  He  was  U nited  States  senator  from  Ohio  1S09-10, 
governor  of  Ohio  1810-14,  and  postmaster-general  1814- 

1823. 

Meije  (mazh).  One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the 
Pelvoux  range,  Dauphine  Alps.  Height,  13,080 
fed . 


Meikle 

Meikle,  or  Mickle,  William  Julius.  See 

Mickle. 

Meilhac  (ma-yak'),  Henri.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
23,  1832:  died  there,  July  6,  1897.  A French 
dramatist  and  author.  Among  his  plays  written  alone 
are  “P4ch6  cach6  ” (1858),  “Un  petit-ills  de  M ascarille  ” 
(1859),  “ Ce  qui  plait  aux  hommes  ” (1860),  “ La  vertu  de  C4- 
limene”  (1861),  “Les  Bourguignonnes  (opdra  comique, 
1862),  “Fabienne”  (1865),  ‘Les  demoiselles  Clocliart’’ 
(1886),  ‘ ‘ D4core  ” (1888),  “ Margot"  (1890),  “ Brevet  supdri- 
eur  " (1892).  From  about  1860  he  wrote  in  collaboration  with 
Ludovio  Haldvy  (see  HaUvy  for  list  of  plays,  < pera  bouffes, 
etc.),  and  also  with  Delavigne(“  L’Echdance,”  “ L’Elixirdu 
Docteur  Cornelius,"  etc.),  with  Narrey(“  Vert-Vert  ”),  with 
Massenet  (“  Manon  Lescaut  ”),  and  with  a u umber  of  others. 
He  also  wrote  adramatic  poem,  “Les  patens,  in  the  “Re- 
vue de  Paris,”  and  a number  of  articles  in  “La  Vie  Pari- 
sienne  ” (signed  Ivan  Baskott),  etc. 

Meineke  (mi'ne-ke),  Johann  Albert  Friedrich 
August.  Born  at  Soest,  Prussia,  Dec.  8,  1790: 
died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  12, 1870.  A German  philol- 
ogist, director  of  the  Joachimsthal  Gymnasium 
at  Berlin  1826-57.  He  edited  fragments  of  the  Greek 
comic  poets  (1839-57),  Horace  (1834),  Strabo  (ISfc’-jP),. Aris- 
tophanes (1860),  etc. 

Meiners  (mi'ners),  Christoph.  Born  near  Ot- 
temdorf,  Hannover,  Prussia,  July  31, 1747 : died 
at  Gottingen,  May  1,  1810.  A German  philo- 
sophical and  historical  writer,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Gottingen. 

Meiningen  (ml'ning-en).  The  capital  of  Saxe- 
Meiningen,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Werra  in 
lat.  50°  34'  N.,  long.  10°  25'  E.  The  ducal  theater 

and  a castle  (with  picture-gallery)  are  of  interest.  It  was 
for  a time  the  residence  of  Richter.  Populat  ion,  commune, 
15,945. 

Meiringen,  or  Meyringen  (mi'ring-en).  A vil- 
lage in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated in  the  valley  of  the  Aare,  38  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Bern.  It  is  the  chief  place  in  the 
Hasli  Thai,  and  a tourist  center. 

Meissen  (mi'sen).  [OHG.  Misna,  MHG.  Misne , 
Missen,  Miszen,  Meiclisen,  G.  Meissen,  ML.  Mis- 
nia.~\  A medieval  margraviate  of  Germany, 
which  developed  in  the  region  around  Dresden 
and  Meissen,  and  was  the  nucleus  of  the  modern 
kingdom  of  Saxony.  It  came  under  the  house  of 
Wettin  (the  present  reigning  house  of  Saxony)  in  1089. 
Its  margrave  Frederick  received  from  Sigismund  the 
Saxon  electorate  in  1423  (confirmed  1425). 

Meissen.  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  13  miles  northwest  of 
Dresden.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of 
porcelain.  The  cathedral  is  of  the  13th  century  and  later. 
The  southeast  tower  and  spire  (254  feet  high)  are  of  the 
15th  century.  The  doors  are  admirably  sculptured.  The 
interior  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  Princes’  Chapel,  in 
which  are  buried  the  medieval  representatives  of  the 
Saxon  royal  family.  Some  of  the  monuments  are  very 
fine,  especially  a brass  designed  by  Diirer.  (For  the  castle, 
s ee  AlbrcchUburg.)  Meissen  is  an  ancient  town.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  medieval  margraviate  of  Meissen,  and  suf- 
fered in  the  Hussite  and  Thirty  Years’ wars.  Population, 
commune,  32,336. 

Meissner  (mis'ner),  Alfred.  Born  at  Teplitz, 
Bohemia,  Oct.  15, 1822 : died  at  Bregenz,  Tyrol, 
May  29,  1885.  A German  novelist,  poet,  and 
dramatist.  His  works  include  the  epic  “Ziska  ’’  (1846), 
the  novels  “Zwischen  Fiirst  und  Volk  ’’  (1855),  “Sansara” 
(1858),  “ Schwarzgelb  ” (1864),  etc. 

Meissonier  (ma-so-m  a,'),  Jean  Louis  Ernest. 

BomatLyons,  Feb.  21, 1815:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
31,  1891.  A celebrated  French  genre  and  his- 
torical painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Cogniet,  and  was 
made  a member  of  the  Beaux  Arts  in  1861.  He  first  made 
himself  known  as  an  illustrator  of  books  (“Les  frau<;ais 
peints  par  eux-m6mes,“  etc.),  but  soon  began  to  paint 
genre-pictures  on  a small  scale,  with  the  microscopic 
detail  and  finish  for  which  he  was  famous.  He  painted 
between  450  and  500  of  these,  about  75  of  which  are 
owned  in  America.  His  favorite  subjects  were  military, 
and  many  of  his  pictures  represent  men  at  arms,  guards, 
cavaliers,  or  soldiers  playing  cards,  drinking,  etc.  The 
most  celebrated  of  his  pictures  are  the  four  known  as 
“The  Napoleon  Cycle.”  One  of  these,  “1807,”  was  pur- 
chased in  1887  for  $66,000,  and  presented  to  the  Metropoli- 
tan Museum  of  Art,  New  York.  Among  his  other  works 
may  be  mentioned  “Le  petit  rnessager"  (1836),  “Reli- 
gieuse  consolant  un  malade  ”(1838),  “Le  liseur”(1840),“La 
partie  d’4checs  ” (1841),  “ Le  peintre  dans  son  atelier  ” (1843), 
“Le  corps  de  garde/’  “ Jeune  homme  regardant  les  des- 
sins,”  “La  partie  de  piquet  ”(1845),  “La  partie des houles  ” 
(1848)  “ Le  fumeur  ” (1849),  “ Les  bravi  ” (1852),  “La  rixe  ” 
(1855)  “Le  hallebardier,”  “NapolCon  III.  a SoUerino,” 
“Un  mariichal-ferrant,”  “Un  musicien,”  “Un  peintre” 
(1861)  “Suite  d’une  querclle  de  jeu  ”(1865),  “ Une  lecture 
chez  Diderot,”  “ Le  capitaine,”  “Cavaliers  se  faisant  ser- 
vir  a boire,”  “L’Ordonnance,"  “Le  general  Desaix  a l’ar- 
m6e  du  Rhin,”  “Le  portrait  de  Monsieur  Delahante” 
(1867),  “Charge  de  cuirassiers"  (1867),  “Madonna  del 
baccio”  (1871),  “Le  billet-doux,”  “Vedette,”  “Le  voya- 
geur,"  and  “L’Adieu”  (1880),  “Le  guide”  (1883).  He 
presented  to  the  state  two  of  his  most  celebrated  pictures, 

‘ ‘ Le  graveur  a l’eau  forte  ” and  “ Le  cavalier  a sa  fenfctre. " 
They  are  now  in  the  Louvre. 

Meistersinger  von  Niirnberg  (mis'ter-zing-er 
fon  niim'berG),  Die.  An  opera  by  Richard 
Wagner,  produced  at  Munich  in  1868  by  Yon 
Biilow. 

Mejerda.  See  Medjcrda. 

c.— 43 


673 

Mejia  (ma-He'ii),  Tomas.  Born  in  Guanajuato 
about  1812 : died  at  Queretaro,  June  19,  1867. 
A Mexican  general,  of  Indian  race.  He  was  con- 
spicuous in  the  civil  wars  as  an  adherent  of  the  conserva- 
tive or  church  party ; was  one  of  the  most  trusted  lieuten- 
ants of  Maximilian  ; and  was  executed  with  him  after  the 
fall  of  Querdtaro. 

Mekbuda  (mek-bu'da).  [Ar.  al-makhbudah,  the 
contracted  (arm),  in  antithesis  to  al-mebsiitah .] 
A seldom  used  name  of  the  fourth-magnitude 
star  C Geminorum. 

Mekhitar  (mek-i-tar'),  Peter.  Born  at  Sebaste, 
Armenia,  Feb.  7,  1676:  died  at  San  Lazzaro, 
near  Venice,  April,  1749.  An  Armenian  eccle- 
siastic, founder  of  a congregation  of  Armenian 
monks  (Roman  Catholic)  at  San  Lazzaro.  Also 
Mechitar. 

Mekhitarists  (mek-i-tar'ists).  An  order  of  Ar- 
menian monks  in  communion  with  the  Church 
of  Rome,  under  a rule  resembling  the  Bene- 
dictine, founded  by  Peter  Mekhitar  at  Con- 
stantino pie  in  1701,  confirmed  by  the  Pope  in 
1712,  and  finally  settled  on  the  island  of  San 
Lazzaro,  near  Venice,  in  1717.  This  is  still  their 

chief  seat,  while  they  have  an  independent  monastery  at 
Vienna,  and  branches  in  Russia,  Fi  ance,  Italy,  Turkey,  etc. 
The  Mekhitarists  are  devoted  to  the  religious  and  literary 
interests  of  the  Armenian  race  wherever  found,  and  have 
published  many  ancient  Armenian  manuscripts  as  well 
as  original  works;  and  their  society  is  also  organized  as 
a literary  academy  which  confers  honorary  membership 
without  regard  to  race  or  religion.  Also  Mechitarists. 

Meknez,  or  Mekinez.  See  Mequinez. 

Mekong,  or  Mekhong  (ma-kong' ),  or  Cambodia 

(kam-bo'di-a).  A river  in  southeastern  Asia, 
it  rises  in  Tibet,  flows  through  Yunnan  (in  China)  Burma, 
Siam,  Cambodia,  and  French  Cochin-China,  and  empties 
by  a delta  into  the  China  Sea  about  lat.  10°  N.  Length,  es- 
timated, about  2,000  miles ; navigable  to  Kratieh  in  Cam- 
bodia. 

Mekran  (mek-ran'),  or  Makran  (mak-ran').  A 
region  on  the  coast  of  the  Arabian  Sea,  in  south- 
western Baluchistan  and  southeastern  Persia, 
corresponding  in  part  to  the  ancient  Gedrosia. 

Mela  ( me'la),  Pomponius.  Born  at  Tingentera 
in  Spain : Sourish ed  about  the  middle  of  the  1st 
century.  A Roman  geographer,  author  of  three 
books  “De  Chorographia,”  a compendium  of 
geography  ana  or  manners  and  customs.  It  is  the 
earliest  extantaccountof  theancientworld  written  inLatin. 

Melampus  (me -lam ' pus).  [Gr.  MeM/tirovs, 
black-footed. J In  Greek  legend,  a sooth- 

sayer, the  son  of  Amythaon  and  Eidomene, 
brother  of  Bias,  the  sage,  and  ancestor  of  the 
Melampodidse,  a family  of  seers.  According  to  the 
myth,  some  serpents  which  he  saved  from  death  cleansed 
his  ears  with  their  tongues  while  he  was  asleep,  and  on 
awakening  he  understood  the  voices  of  birds  and  beasts, 
and  thus  learned  many  secret  things.  Thus,  by  listening 
to  the  worms  in  the  woodwork  of  the  prison  in  which 
he  was  confined,  he  learned  that  it  was  soon  to  fall. 

Melanchthon  (me-langk'thon ; G.  pron.  me- 
lanch'ton),  or  Melanthon  (me-lau'thpn),  Phi- 
lipp.  [Grecized  from  Schwarzerd,  black  earth.  ] 
Born  at  Bretten,  Baden,  Feb.  16,  1497 : died 
at  Wittenberg,  Germany,  April  19,  1560.  A 
German  Reformer,  famous  as  the  collaborator 
of  Luther.  He  was  educated  at  Tubingen ; became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Wittenberg  in  1518 ; revised  the  “Augs- 
burg Confession  ” in  1530,  and  drew  up  the  “Apology  ” in 
1530;  and  took  part  in  the  various  Protestant  conferences 
witli  the  Roman  Catholics.  His  chief  theological  work 
is  the  “Loci  communes”  (1521).  The  best  edition  of  his 
works  is  by  BretschneiderandBindseil  in  the  “Corpus  re- 
formatorum  ” (1834-60). 

Melanesia  (mel-a-ne'shi-a).  [LL.,  ‘islands  of 
the  blacks.’]  A name  given  to  a collection  of 
island  groups  in  the  Pacific,  whose  inhabitants 
are  related.  It  comprises  New  Guinea,  New  Britain, 
New  Ireland,  the  Solomon  Islands,  Santa  Cruz,  the  Banks 
Islands,  the  New  Hebrides,  New  Caledonia,  the  Loyalty 
Islands,  the  Fiji  Islands,  and  some  smaller  groups. 

Melantha  (me-lan'tha).  In  Dryden’s  comedy 
“ Marriage  a la  Mode,”  an  attractive  and  im- 
pertinent fashionable  lady,  said  by  Cibber  to 
exhibit  the  most  complete  system  of  female 
foppery  that  could  possibly  be  crowded  into 
the  tortured  form  of  a fine  lady. 

Melanthus  (me-lan'thus),  or  Melanthius  (me- 
lan'thi-us),  of  Sicyon.  [Gr.  Me'Aavdog,  MeXav- 
Oior.]  A Greek  painter,  especially  noted  as  a 
colorist:  one  of  the  great  Sicyonian  school 
founded  by  Eupompus.  See  Eupompus.  He  was 
a pupil  of  Pamphilus.  Like  his  teacher,  lie  based  his  work 
on  the  scientific  training  which  characterized  the  artistic 
activity  of  the  Peloponnesian  cities.  He  wrote  a work 
much  used  by  Pliny  in  the  compilation  of  his  35th  book. 
Quintilian  distinguishes  Pamphilus  and  Melanthus  for 
“ ratio,”  referring  to  the  intellectual  quality  of  their  work. 

Melantius  (me-lan'ti-us).  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher’s  “ Maid’s  Tragedy,”  a rough,  honest 
soldier,  the  brother  of  Evadne. 

The  Elisabeth  an  drama  lias  few  better  types  of  the  he- 
roic soldier,  jealous  of  his  honour  and  faithful  as  a friend. 


Melegnano 

a man  of  acts  rather  than  of  words,  unflinching  in  pursuit  of 
his  purpose,  but  big  of  heart  withal.  Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit. 

Melas  (ma'las),  Baron  Michael  von.  Born  at 
Schassburg,  Transylvania,  1729 : died  at  Elbe- 
Teinitz,  Bohemia,  May  31,  1806.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  commanded  with  Suvaroff  at  Cassano,  the 
Trebbia  and  Novi  in  1799,  and  alone  at  Genola  in  1799,  and 
Marengo  in  1800. 

Melas  Sinus  (me'las  si'nus).  [Gr.  MElaf  K6X- 
7rof.]  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Saros. 

Melazzo.  See  Milazzo. 

Melba  (mel'ba),  Nellie  (Mitchell).  Bom 

♦near  Melbourne,  May  19,  1859.  A noted  so- 
prano singer.  She  was  a pupil  of  Marches)  and  made 
her  debut  at  Brussels  Oct.  15,  1887,  in  “Rigoletto." 

Melbourne  (mel'bern).  The  capital  of  Victoria, 
and  the  largest  city  of  Australia,  situated  on 
the  Yarra  River  and  Port  Phillip  Bay,  in  lat. 37° 
50'S.,loug.  144°  59'  E.  It  comprises  the  city  proper 
and  numerous  suburbs  (including  Fitzroy,  Richmond, 
Emerald  Hill,  Collingwood,  and  Prahran).  It  has  impor- 
tant commerce  and  general  manufactures,  and  exports 
gold,  wool,  hides,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  seaports  of 
the  southern  hemisphere.  Its  public  buildings  include  the 
university,  national  museum,  mint,  exhibition  building, 
parliament  houses,  treasury,  government  offices,  library, 
etc.  It  was  settled  in  1835,  and  made  the  capital  in  1851. 
Population,  with  suburbs,  591,830,  (1911). 

Melbourne,  Viscount.  See  Lamb,  William. 

Melcarth.  See  Melkarth. 

Melchers  (mel'cherz),  Gari.  Born  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  1860.  An  American  painter.  He  painted 
the  large  frescos  “ The  Arts  of  War  ” and  “ The  Arts  of 
Peace,”  in  the  tympana  of  the  tower  of  the  Liberal  Arts 
Building  at  the  Chicago  Fair.  Among  his  works  are 
“ Maternity  ” (Luxembourg),  “ The  Family  ” (National 
Gallery,  Berlin),  the  mural  decoration  “ Peace  and  War  ” 
(Congressional  Library)  portrait  of  Theodore  Roosevelt 
(Freer  Collection,  Smithsonian  Inst.),  etc. 

Melchiades  (mel-kl'a-dez),  or  Miltiades  (mil- 

ti'a-dez).  Bishop  of  Rome  310-314. 

Melchites  (mel'kits).  [From  Ar.  rnelelc,  king.] 
The  orthodox  Eastern  Christians,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  Monophysites  or  Nestorians. 
The  name  was  originally  given  to  the  orthodox  as  belong- 
ing to  the  imperial  church,  the  title  of  king  being  that 
which  was  commonly  given  in  Greek  and  Oriental  lan- 
guages to  the  Roman  and  to  the  Byzantine  emperor.  Al- 
though the  term  Melchites  is  older  than  the  Council  of 
Chalcedon  (451)  its  wider  use  dates  from  its  adoption  after 
that  council  by  the  Monophysites,  who  rejected  the  de- 
crees of  the  council,  and  employed  this  name  to  represent 
the  orthodox  as  receiving  them  merely  in  submission  to 
the  edict  of  the  emperor  Marcian.  The  name  Melchites 
is  sometimes  given  also  to  members  of  communities  of 
Christians  in  Syria  and  Egypt,  formerly  in  communion 
with  the  Orthodox  Greek  Church,  who  have  submitted  to 
the  Roman  see. 

Melchizedek,  or  Melchisedec  (mel-kiz'e-dek). 

[Heb.,  ‘ king  of  righteousness.’]  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a king  of  Salem  and  priest  of  the 
most  high  God,  who  entertained  and  blessed 
Abraham  and  received  tithes  from  him.  His 
relation  to  Christ  as  a type  is  discussed  in  Heb. 
v.-vii. 

Melchthal  (melch'tal).  A valley  in  the  canton 
of  TJnterwalden,  Switzerland,  south  of  Saraen. 
The  valley  of  Little  Melchthal  lies  west  of 
Melchthal. 

Melchthal,  Arnold  von.  The  youngest  of  the 
three  Swiss  liberators,  representing  Unterwal- 
den.  He  is  one  of  the  principal  characters  in  Schiller’s 
“ Wilhelm  Tell  ” and  in  Rossini’s  opera  “ Guillaume  Tell." 

Melcombe-Regis.  See  Weymouth. 

Meleager  (mel-e-a'jer).  [Gr.  Mr/royp01-'.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a celebrated  hero,  son  of  (Eneus 
of  Calydon  and  Althaea : one  of  the  Argonauts 
and  slayer  of  the  Calydonian  boar.  See  Caly- 
donian Hunt.  He  slew  his  uncles  (brothers  of  Althoea) 
who  attempted  to  rob  Atalantaof  the  boar’s  hide,  and  was 
brought  to  death  through  the  agency  of  his  mother,  who 
in  turn  put  an  end  to  herself. 

Meleager.  Killed  about  323  b.  c.  A Macedo- 
nian general,  distinguished  under  Alexander 
the  Great. 

Meleager.  A Greek  epigrammatist  of  Gadara,, 
in  Palestine,  who  flourished  about  the  middle 
of  the  1st  century  b.  c.  His  collected  epigrams, 
entitled  “Stephanos”  (‘Wreath’),  formed  the 
nucleus  of  the  Greek  Anthology. 

Meleager.  A statue  of  early  imperial  date,  in 
the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  body  of  the  youthful  hunter 
is  nude  except  for  a chiamys  wound  about  the  neck  and 
left  arm.  A hunting-dog  sits  at  his  master’s  feet,  and  a 
boar’s  head  is  introduced  at  one  side  as  a support. 

Meleager,  House  of.  See  Pompeii. 

Meleager  and  Atalanta.  A painting  by  Ru- 
bens, in  the  Old  Pinakothek,  Munich.  Meleager, 
surrounded  by  hunting-dogs,  and  with  attributes  of  the 
chase,  is  offering  the  head  of  the  Calydonian  boar  to  Ata^ 
lanta,  who  is  seated  under  a tree. 

Meleda  (mel'a-da).  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belonging  to  Dalmatia,  situated  in  lat.  42° 
45'  N. : the  ancient  Melita.  Length,  23  miles. 

Melegnano  (ma-len-yit'no),  formerly  Marigna- 
no  (ma-ren-ya'no).  A town  in  the  province 


Melegnano 

of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lamtaro  9 miles 
southeast  of  Milan.  It  is  noted  for  the  victory  gained 
there  by  the  French  under  Francis  I.  over  the  Swiss  Sept. 
13  and  14,  1515,  and  for  the  victory  of  the  French  over  the 
Austrians  June  8,  1859. 

Melema  (me-la'ma),  Tito.  A young  Greek  of 
great  beauty  and  ability,  but  unprincipled  and 
treacherous,  husband  of  Romola,  in  George 
Eliot’s  novel  of  that  name. 

Tito  is  pictured,  not  as  originally  false,  but  as  naturally 
pleasure-loving,  and  swerving  aside  before  every  unpleas- 
ant obstacle  in  the  straight  path,  at  the  instance  of  a 
quick  intelligence  and  a keen  dislike  both  to  personal  col- 
lisions and  to  personal  sacrifices. 

M.  H.  Hutton,  Essays  in  hit.  Crit. 

Melendez  Vald6s  (ma-len'deth  val-das'), 
Juan.  Bom  at  Ribera  del  Fresno,  Spain,  March 
11,  1754:  died  at  Montpellier,  France,  May  24, 
1817.  A Spanish  poet.  His  works,  including 
lyrics  and  pastorals,  were  published  in  1820. 

Melesville.  See  Duveyrier. 

Meletians  (me-le'shanz).  1.  A sect  of  the  4th 
and  5th  centuries,  followers  of  Meletius,  a schis- 
matic bishop  of  Lycopolis  in  Egypt.  After  his 
death  they  adopted  Arian  views.—  2.  Follow- 
ers of  Meletius,  made  bishop  of  Antioch  about 
360.  He  was  supposed  to  be  an  Arian,  but  proceeded 
immediately  to  profess  the  Nicene  faith,  and  the  Arians 
appointed  another  bishoji  in  his  stead.  Among  the  or- 
thodox some  were  adherents  of  Meletius,  and  therefore 
knowD  as  Meletians;  others  remained  separate,  and  were 
known  (from  the  last  canonically  ordained  bishop,  Eusta- 
thius, then  dead)  as  Eustathians.  Further  difficulty  was 
occasioned  by  the  two  orthodox  parties  using  the  word 
“hypostasis"  in  different,  senses.  The  schism  between 
them  continued  till  the  end  of  the  century. 

Melfi  (mel'fe).  A town  in  the  province  of  Po- 
tenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  15° 
39'  E.  It  has  a noted  cathedral.  It  was  made 
the  Norman  capital  of  Apulia  in  1041.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  1L649. 

Melgar (mal-gar'j, Mariano.  Bornat Arequipa, 
1791 : died  at  Cuzco,  March  11,  1815.  A Peru- 
vian poet.  He  joined  the  patriots  under  Vicente  An- 
gulo and  was  taken  prisonei  at  the  battle  of  Umachiri  and 
immediately  shot.  His  songs  are  very  popular  in  Spanish 
America. 

Melgarejo  (mal-ga-ra'Ho),  Mariano.  Born  in 
Cochabamba,  1818 : assassinated  at  Lima,  Peru, 
by  his  son-in-law,  Nov.  23,  1871.  A Bolivian 
general  and  revolutionist.  He  was  involved  in  many 
revolts;  finally  deposed  his  brother-in-law,  General  Achd, 
in  1865,  and  had  himself  made  president.  He  was  driven 
from  La  Paz  in  1865,  but  very  soon  recovered  it,  and 
shot  his  rival  Belzu  with  his  own  hand.  He  ruled  amid 
constant  disorders,  and  on  Jan.  15, 1871,  was  overthrown  by 
an  Indian  revolt  after  a hot  battle  in  the  streets  of  the 
capitah 

Meli(ma'le),  Giovanni.  Bora  at  Palermo, March 
4,  1740 : died  at  Palermo,  Dec.  20,  1815.  A Si- 
cilian poet.  His  works,  including  odes,  sonnets, 
and  pastorals,  were  published  1830-39. 

Meliadus(me-H'a-dus).  In  Arthurian  romance, 
the  father  of  Tristram,  and  king  of  Lyonesse. 

Mellbocus  (me-lib'6-kus).  [Gr.  M>//U/3o/con  opor. ] 
1.  In  ancient  geography,  a mountain-range  in 
Germany,  probably  theHarz. — 2 ( mel-i-bo'kus). 
A mountain  in  the  Odenwald,  Hesse,  10  miles 
south  of  Darmstadt.  Height,  about  1,700  feet. 

Meliboens  (mel-i-be'us).  The  name  of  a shep- 
herd in  Vergil’s  first  eclogue. 

Meliboeus,  The  Tale  of.  One  of  Chaucer’s 
“Canterbury  Tales.”  it  is  a prose  translation  of 
the  Latin  “Liber  consolationis  et  concilii”of  Albertano 
da  Brescia,  through  a free  French  version  of  the  latter,  the 
“ Livre  de  Melibie  et  Dame  Prudence,”  probably  by  Jean 
de  Meung. 

Melicerte  (ma-le-sert').  A pastoral  by  Moliere, 
produced  at  Saint-Germain-en-Laye  in  1666, 
though  unfinished. 

Melicertes  (mel-i-ser'tez).  [Gr.  MeAt/c^p-n??.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  a son  of  Athamas  and  Ino, 
changed,  after  her  death  by  drowning,  into  a 
sea  divinity  with  the  name  of  Pahemon.  He  is 
identified  with  the  Phenician  Melkarth,  and  was  wor- 
shiped on  the  coast,  especially  at  Megara  and  the  Isthmus 
of  Corinth.  By  the  Romans  lie  was  identified  with  Portu- 
nus,  god  of  harbors. 

Melikoff.  See  Loris-Melikoff. 

Melinde  (ma-len'da),  or  Melinda  (ma-len'da). 
A town  in  British  East  Africa,  situated  on  the 
coast  in  lat.  3°  13'  S.,  long.  40°  11'  E.  It  was 
successively  an  Arabian,  Portuguese,  and  Zan- 
zibari trading-place. 

Melissa  (me-lis'a).  [Gr.  MeiWoa.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  wife  of  Periander,  tyrant  of  Corinth. 
Her  husband  murdered  her  in  a fit  of  jealousy. 

Melissa.  An  enchantress  in  Ariosto’s  “Orlando 
Furioso.”  She  assists  Rogero  and  Bradamant, 
and  restores  the  lovers  of  Alcina  to  their  natural 
shapes. 

Melissus  (me-lis'us).  [Gr.  M£W<roc.]  Lived 
about  440  B.  c.  A Greek  philosopher  of  Samos, 


674 

a disciple  of  Parmenides  and  a representative 
of  the  Eleatic  school.  Fragments  of  his  writ- 
ings have  been  preserved. 

Melita  (mel'i-ta).  [Gr.  MeArn?.]  The  ancient 
name  (a)  of  Malta,  and  (b)  of  Meleda. 

Melite  (ma-let').  A comedy  by  Pierre  Cor- 
neille, produced  in  1629. 

Melitene  (mel-i-te'ne).  [Gr.  MLUryi^.]  1.  In 
ancient  geography,  a district  in  eastern  Cappa- 
docia, Asia  Minor. — 2.  The  chief  town  of  Meli- 
tene : the  modern  Malatia. 

Melito  (mel'i-to).  [Gr.  MeXiruv.']  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  2d  century.  A bishop  of 
Sardis,  noted  as  a Christian  writer. 

Melitopol  (me-l^-tfi'poly).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Taurida,  southern  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Molotchna  135  miles  east  of  Kherson. 
Population,  15,489. 

Melkarth  (mel'karth).  [‘City  king.’]  The 
tutelary  god  of  Tyre : the  Greek  Melicertes.  He 
was  merely  another  aspect  of  the  Canaanitish  supreme  god 
Baal.  His  temple  at  Tyre  was  celebrated  for  its  magnifi- 
cence. By  the  Greeks  he  was  identified  with  Hercules,  an 
idea  which  was  caught  by  the  Phenicians,  and  on  their 
later  coins  Baal-Melkarth  is  frequently  represented  as  Her- 
cules. Therefore  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  were  also  called 
“The  Pillars  of  Hercules,”  properly  of  Melkarth,  the  Phe- 
nicians believing  that  they  were  the  boundary  of  him  in 
his  aspect  as  the  sun-god,  and  therefore  also  of  navigation. 

Mellefont  (mel'e-font).  Oue  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Congreve’s  comedy  “ The  Double 
Dealer.”  He  is  in  love  with  Cynthia. 

Mellen  (mel'en ),  Grenville.  Born  at  Biddeford, 
Maine,  June  19,  1799:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 
5,  1841.  An  American  poet. 

Mellifluous  Doctor,  The.  A surname  of  St. 
Bernard. 

Mellill  (mel-len'),  Gustaf  Henrik.  Born  at 
Revolax,  Finland,  April  23,  1803 : died  Aug.  2, 
1876.  A Swedish  novelist,  especially  noted  for 
historical  novels. 

Mellitus  (mel'i-tus).  Died  April  24,  624.  The 
first  bishop  of  London  and  third  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  He  was  sent  by  Pope  Gregory  the  Great 
to  St,  Augustine  in  Canterbury  in  601.  Many  of  Gregory's 
episties  to  Mellitus  are  extant.  He  was  consecrated  bishop 
about  604,  and  in  619  became  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  * 

Mello  (ma'lo).  Custodio  Jose  de.  Born  about 
1845  : died  in  March,  1902.  A Brazilian  naval 
officer  and  revolutionist.  As  captain  in  1889  lie  was 
prominent  in  the  overthrow  of  the  empire;  was  promoted 
to  admiral ; and  for  a time  was  minister  of  marine.  On 
Sept.  6, 1893,  he  secretly  seized  the  Brazilian  war-ships  in 
the  harbor  of  Riode  Janeiro,  and  at  the  head  of  this  force 
declared  against  President  Peixoto.  Some  of  the  har- 
bor forts  yielded  to  him;  an  intermittent  bombardment 
of  the  loyal  forts,  of  Nictlieroy,  and,  to  some  extent,  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  was  kept  up  for  6 months,  and  there  were 
several  sharp  land  engagements.  Foreign  powers  refused 
to  recognize  the  rebels  as  belligerents,  and  they  were  hence 
unable  to  establish  a blockade.  During  much  of  this  time 
Mello  operated  on  the  southern  coasts,  leaving  the  com- 
mand of  the  ships  at  Rio  to  Saldanha  da  Gama.  Santa 
Catharina  was  taken  late  in  Sept.,  1893,  and  a provisional 
government  established  there,  and  communications  were 
opened  with  the  insurgents  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  During 
Mello's  absence  a government  fleet,  which  had  been  hastily 
ordered  from  Europe  and  the  United  States,  arrived  before 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Saldanha  da  Gama  gave  up  the  ships 
there  (March  12, 1894),  taking  refuge  on  a Portuguese  man- 
of-war.  Mello  still  retained  several  of  the  strongest  ves- 
sels, including  the  Republica  and  the  Aquidaban,  as  well 
as  portions  of  the  southern  states.  He  attacked  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  early  in  April,  1894,  but  was  repulsed,  and  on  April 
16  gave  himself  up  to  the  Argentine  authorities  at  Buenos 
Ayres.  On  April  17  the  Brazilian  forces  recovered  Santa 
Catharina,  the  Aquidaban  being  sunk  by  torpedoes. 

Melloni  (mel-16'ne),  Macedonio.  Born  at  Par- 
ma, Italy,  April  11, 1798:  died  near  Naples,  Aug. 
11, 1854.  An  Italian  physicist,  noted  especially 
for  Ms  discoveries  in  radiant  heat. 

Melmoth  (mel'mqth),  Courtney.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Samuel  Jackson  Pratt,  an  English  poet 
and  novelist. 

Melo  (ma'lo),  or  Mello  (mel'lo),  Francisco 
Manuel  de.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  23, 1611: 
died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  13,  1666.  A Portuguese 
historian  and  poet.  He  was  a soldier  in  the  service 
of  Spain  until  1640,  when  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
house  of  Braganza.  He  wrote  “ Historia  de  los  movimien- 
tos,  separacion,  y guerra  de  Catalufia”  (“  History  of  theSedi- 
tions,  Separation,  and  War  of  Catalonia,”  1645),  and  poems 
and  other  works  in  both  Portuguese  and  Spanish. 

Melo  de  Portugal  y Villena  (ma'lo  da  por-to- 
gal'  e vel-ya'na),  Pedro.  Born  about  1725 : died 
at  Montevideo,  April  15, 1797.  A Spanish  naval 
officer  and  administrator,  governor  of  Paraguay 
1778,  and  sixth  viceroy  of  the  Platine  colonies 
from  March,  1795. 

Melos  (me'los),  It.  Milo  (me'lo).  [Gr.  Mt/Zof.] 
A volcanic  island  in  the  nomarchy  of  the  Cyc- 
lades, Greece,  situated  in  lat.  36°  42'  N.,  long. 
24°  30'  E.  It  is  noted  for  the  Venus  of  Melos,  found  in 
the  ruins  of  the  city  of  Melos.  Population,  4,8(>4.  Length, 
13  mile9.  See  Venus  of  Melos. 

Melozzo  da  Forli.  See  Forli. 


Melville,  Sir  Janies 

Melpomene  (mel-pom'e-ne).  [Gr.  Mt/Uro/uin?.] 
1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  tragedy. 
See  Muses.—  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  18)  discovered 
by  Hind  at  London,  June  24,  1852. 

Melpomene.  An  antique  statue  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris,  remarkable  not  only  for  its  excellence, 
but  as  one  of  the  largest  ancient  sculptures  sur- 
viving. It  is  13  feet  high,  carved  in  a single  block  of  Pen- 
telic  marble.  The  Muse  stands,  fully  draped,  with  calm 
expression,  holding  a bearded,  open-mouthed  mask. 

Melrose  (mel'roz).  A village  in  Roxburghshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tweed  29  miles  south- 
east of  Edinburgh.  Abbotsford  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. The  abbey  is  considered  the  finest  ruin  in  Scotland, 
though  more  dilapidated  than  Jedburgh.  The  great  church 
was  founded  by  David  I.,  but  what  remaius  is  almost  en- 
tirely of  the  15th  century.  The  choir  is  characterized  by 
slender  clustered  columns  with  rid.  capitals;  both  the 
square  chevet  and  the  transepts  exhibit  large  traceried 
windows.  A few  bays  retain  their  vaulting. 

Melrose.  A city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 7 miles  north  of  Boston.  Population, 
15,715,  (1910). 

Melton  Mowbray  (mel'ton  mo'bre).  A town 
in  Leicestershire,  England,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Wreak  and  Eye,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Leicester.  It  is  noted  as  a fox-hunting  center,  and 
for  it9  cheese-trade  and  its  pork  pies.  Population,  about 
7,500. 

Melucha  (me-16-cha').  In  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions, a name  designating  probably  the 
west  coast  of  Arabia. 

Melnkitz  (mel-d-kits').  A tribe  of  the  Kusan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians.  It  formerly  had 
a village  on  the  north  side  of  Coos  Bay,  Oregon.  The  sur- 
vivors are  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  See  Kusan. 

Melun  (me-lmi').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Mame,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine 
in  lat.  48°  32'  N,,  long.  2°  39'  E. : the  ancient 
Melodunum.  It  was  taken  by  Labienus  52  B.  c. ; was 
ravaged  by  the  Northmen;  was  an  early  Capetian  resi- 
dence ; and  was  held  by  the  EngliBhfrom  1420  to  1430.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Amyot.  Population,  13,908. 

Melun.  A min  or  character  in  Shakspere’s  “King 
John,”  a French  lord. 

Melusina  (mel-6-si'na),  P.  Melusine  (ma-lii- 
zen').  in  French  legend,  a water-fay  of  great 
power  and  wealth.  She  married  Raymond,  son  of  a 
Comte  de  la  Foret,  who  found  her  near  a fountain  or  spring 
in  the  forest  of  Colombiers,  in  Poitou.  The  mar  riage  took 
place  in  a castle  which  she  built  around  the  fountain.  This 
she  called  Lusinia,  after  herself  — a name  corrupted  into 
Lusignan,  which  the  place  still  bears.  They  lived  happily 
till,  breaking  a promise  he  had  made  before  marriage  that 
he  would  never  intrude  on  her  seclusion  on  Saturdays,  he 
discovered  her,  half  fish  or  serpent  half  woman,  swimming 
in  a bath.  His  breach  of  faith  compelled  her  to  leave  him. 
Until  the  destruction  of  Lusignan  (1574)  she  was  said  to 
appear  on  its  t owers,  and  to  shriek  shrilly  thrice  whenever 
the  head  of  that  family  or  the  King  of  France  lay  dying. 
The  story  of  Jean  d' Arras,  compiled  by  the  order  of  his  mas- 
ter, the  Duke  of  Berry,  in  1387,  differs  somewhat  from  the 
legend.  Stephan,  a Dominican  of  the  house  of  Lusignan, 
developed  the  work  of  Jean  d’Arras,  and  made  the  story  so 
famous  that  the  families  of  Luxembourg,  Rohan,  and  Sas- 
senaye  altered  their  pedigrees  so  as  to  be  able  to  claim 
descent  from  the  illustrious  Melusine.  She  is  connected 
with  the  legends  of  both  the  Banshee  and  the  Mermaid. 
Baring-GovXd. 

Melusine,  Marchen  von  der  schonen.  [G., 
‘ Story  of  the  Beautiful  Melusine.’]  An  over- 
ture by  Mendelssohn,  produced  in  1833. 

Melvill,  Sir  James.  See  Melville,  Sir  James. 

Melville,  or  Melvill  (mel'vil),  Andrew.  Bom 
at  Baldovie,  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  Aug.  1, 1545 : 
died  at  Sedan,  France,  1622.  A Scottish  re- 
former, scholar,  and  Presbyterian  leader,  in  1559 
lie  entered  St.  Mary ’s  College,  St.  Andrews  ; in  1564  went  to 
Paris  and  in  1666  to  Poitiers,  where  he  became  regent  of  the 
College  of  St.  Marceon;  and  in  1569  went  to  Geneva.  He  was 
principal  of  Glasgow  University  1574-80,  of  St.  Mary’s  Col- 
lege, St.  Andrews,  1580-1606.  He  was  an  active  leader  in 
the  organization  of  the  Scottish  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
assisted  in  drafting  the  second  “book  of  discipline”  in 
1581.  He  reorganized  the  Scottish  universities,  particu- 
larly St.  Andrews,  of  which  he  became  rector  in  1590.  In 
the  long  struggle  against  the  spiritual  authority  of  the 
king  and  hierarchy,  he  was  repeatedly  imprisoned.  He  was 
sent  to  the  Tower  of  London  April,  1607.  At  his  release 
he  was  installed  in  the  chair  of  biblical  theology  at  Sedan, 
1611,  and  died  there. 

Melville,  George  John  Whyte-.  See  Whyte- 

Melville. 

Melville,  Herman.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  1, 
1819 : died  there,  Sept.  28, 1891.  An  American 
novelist.  He  had  a roving  spirit,  and  went  to  sea  as  a 
cabin-boy,  returning  but  once  till  1844.  From  1857 to  1S60 
he  lectured  in  the  United  States,  and  traveled  in  England 
and  on  the  Continent.  He  was  a district  officer  in  the  New 
York  custom-house  1866-85.  His  adventures  in  the  Mar- 
quesas Islands  are  described  in  “Typee”  (1846)  and 
“ Omoo  ” (1847),  and  his  other  adventures  in  “Mardi,  etc.” 
(1849),“Redtmrn,  his  First  Voyage"  (1849),  “ White  Jacket, 
or  the  World  in  a Man-Of-War  ” (1850),  “ Moby  Dick,  or  the 
White  Whale”  (1851),  and  “ Pierre,  or  the  Ambiguities” 
(1852).  After  this  his  popularity  declined.  He  published 
several  volumes  of  poems,  “Battle  Pieces,  etc."  (1866), 
“ Clare],  a Poem  ” (1876),  “ Timoleon  " (1891). 

Melville,  Sir  James.  Born  1535:  died  at  his 
estate  of  Hallbill,  Fife,  Nov.  13,  1617.  A Scot- 


Melville,  Sir  James 

tish  soldier,  diplomat,  and  historical  writer.  He 
was  privy  councilor  and  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  later  held  the  same  position  in 
the  court  of  Anne,  queen  of  James  VI.  His  autobiog- 
raphy (“  Memoirs  ")  is  important  historically. 

Melville,  or  Melvill,  James.  Born  July  26, 
1556 : died  at  Berwick-on-Tweed,  Jan.  13, 1614. 
A Scottish  reformer,  nephew  of  Andrew  Mel- 
ville. He  shared  his  uncle’s  fortunes  in  the  struggle  for 
Presbyterianism,  and  when  Andrew  was  confined  in  the 
Tower,  James  was  forbidden  to  enter  Scotland.  He  was 
allowed  to  return  in  1613,  but  died  on  his  way  at  Berwick. 
Among  his  works  are  “ A Spiritual  Propine  of  a Pastor  to 
his  People ” (1598) ; “The  Black  Bastill, ”a  poem;  and  the 
“Diary,"  an  invaluable  historical  record. 

Melville,  Viscount.  See  Dumas. 

Melville  Island.  1.  An  island  north  of  North 
Australia. — 2.  A large  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  75°  N.,  long.  110°  W. 
Melville  Peninsula.  A peninsula  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  British  America,  west  of  Fox  Chan- 
nel, and  separated  from  Cockburn  Island  on  the 
north  by  Fury  and  Hecla  Strait. 

Melville  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
south  of  Melville  Island. 

Melvill  van  Carnbee  (mel'vil  van  karn'ba), 
Baron  Pieter.  Born  at  The  Hague,  May  20, 
1816  : died  at  Batavia,  Oct.  24,  1856.  A Dutch 
geographer,  author  of  works  on  the  hydrography 
and  geography  of  the  East  Indies. 

Membre  (mon-bra''),  Zenobius.  Born  at  Ba- 
paume,  France,  1645:  killed  in  Texas  about  1687. 
A French  missionary,  companion  of  La  Salle  in 
his  exploring  expeditions. 

Memel  (ma'mel).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Dange,  and  at  the  entrance  of  the  Kurisches 
Half,  in  lat.  55°  44'  N.,  long.  21°  7'  E.:  the  north- 
ernmost city  in  Germany.  It  exports  lumber,  grain, 
etc.  It  was  founded  about  1253.  The  Russians  captured 
it  in  1757  and  in  1812.  The  treaty  between  England  and 
Prussia  was  concluded  here  in  1807.  Population,  com- 
mune, 20,685. 

Memel.  The  name  given  to  the  Niemen  in  its 
lower  course. 

Memling  (memTing)  (wrongly  Hemling), 
Hans.  Died  1494.  A Blemish  painter  of  Bruges. 
His  works  include  a “Shrine  of  St.  Ursula”  (Bruges), 
“Seven  Griefs  oi  Mary  ” (Turin),  “Seven  Joys  of  Mary” 
(Munich),  an  altar  at  Bruges,  etc. 

Memmi,  Simone.  See  Martini,  Simone. 
Memmingen  (mem'ing-en).  Atown  in  the  gov- 
ernment district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Ba- 
varia, 42  miles  southwest  of  Augsburg,  it  was  a 
free  imperial  city  from  1286  to  1802,  and  was  one  of  the 
protesting  cities  at  the  Diet  of  Spires,  1529.  Population, 
commune,  11,620. 

Memminger  (mem'min-jer),  Christopher  Gus- 

tavus.  Born  in  Wiirtemberg,  Germany,  Jan. 
17,  1803  : died  March  7,  1888.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Confederate  secretary  of 
the  treasury  1861-64. 

Memnon  (mem'non).  [Gr.  Miuvov. ] An  Ori- 
ental or  Ethiopian  hero  in  the  Trojan  war,  slain 
by  Achilles.  He  was  a solar  hero,  son  of  the  Dawn 
(Eos),  or  of  Day  (Hemera),  symbolized  as  a youth  of  mar- 
velous beauty  and  strength.  The  Greeks  gave  his  name 
to  one  of  the  colossi  of  Amenophis  III.  at  Thebes  in  Egypt, 
“the  vocal  Memnon,”  so  called  because  the  stone,  when 
reached  by  the  rays  of  the  rising  sun,  gave  forth,  it  was 
believed,  a sound  resembling  that  of  a breaking  chord. 

The  fable  of  Memnon  is  one  of  those  in  which  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  discover  any  germs  of  truth.  Memnon,  the  son 
of  Tithdnus  and  Eos  (Dawn)  or  Hemera  (Day),  is,  accord- 
ing to  most  accounts,  an  Ethiopian  king.  His  father  Ti- 
thouus,  however,  reigns  at  Susa,  and  he  himself  leads  a 
combined  army  of  Susianians  and  Ethiopians  to  the  as- 
sistance of  his  father’s  brother,  Priam,  king  of  Troy.  We 
seem  here  to  have  nothing  but  the  wildest  imaginations 
of  pure  romancers.  Homer  makes  very  slight  and  passing 
allusions  to  Memnon.  Hesiod  calls  him  king  of  the  Ethi- 
opians. So  Pindar  (Nem.  iii.  62, 63,  Dissen.).  This  seems 
to  have  been  the  first  form  of  the  legend,  from  which  all 
mention  of  Susa  was  omitted.  The  earliest  author  who  is 
known  to  have  connected  Memnon  with  Susa  is  ASschylus, 
who  made  his  mother  a Cissian  woman.  It  is  clear,  how- 
ever, that  by  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  story  that  he 
built  Susa,  or  its  great  palace,  was  generally  accepted  in 
Greece.  Perhaps  the  adoption  of  this  account  may  be  re- 
garded as  indicating  some  knowledge  of  the  ethnic  connec- 
tion which  really  existed  between  Ethiopia  and  Susiana. 

Rawlinson,  Herod,  III.  254,  note. 

Memnon.  The  “mad lover”  in  Fletcher’s  play 
of  that  name. 

Memnoninm.  See  Thebes  (Egypt). 

Memphis  (mem'fis).  [Egyptian  Mennufer,  Men- 
nofer,  city  of  the  good ; Gr.  Mift<pir.~\  In  ancient 
geography,  the  early  capital  of  Egypt,  it  was 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Nile,  south  of  Cairo.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  built  by  Mcnes.  In  the  4th  dynasty  it  wa3 
the  capital.  It  suffered  from  the  llyksos,  and  in  the  new 
empire  was  second  to  Thebes.  It  was  captured  by  the 
Assyrians  and  stormed  by  Cambyses.  It  continued  to 
exist  under  the  Roman  Empire,  but  was  gradually  aban- 
doned and  ruined  after  the  Mohammedan  conquest.  The 
ruins  of  Sakkara  are  near  it. 

The  new  city  received  a name  which  reflects  the  satis- 
faction of  the  ancient  founder : he  called  it  Mennufre,  ‘ the 


675 

Good’  or ‘Perfect  Mansion.’  This  was  the  civil  name. 
. . . The  civil  name  is  the  parent  of  the  Greek  Memphis 
and  the  Hebrew  Moph,  also  found  in  the  form  Noph. 
Lately,  scholars  have  thought  that  the  famous  capital  of 
Ethiopia,  the  royal  seat  of  l’irliakah,  the  classical  Napata 
and  Egyptian  Nap,  is  intended  by  Noph. 

Poole,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  22. 
Memphis.  A city,  capital  of  Shelby  County, 
Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  in  lat. 
35°  8'  N.,  long.  90°  5'  W. : the  chief  place  on  the 
Mississippi  between  St.  Louis  andNew  Orleans. 
It  has  manufactures  of  lumber,  etc.;  is  one  of  the  chief 
cotton  markets  in  the  United  States;  and  has  important 
river  commerce.  It  was  founded  in  1820.  The  Mississippi 
is  crossed  here  by  the  only  bridge  that  spans  it  below  St. 
Louis  : it  is  built  of  steel,  on  the  cantaliver  system,  with  5 
spans ; is  2,597  feet  long ; and  was  opened  for  traffic  May  12, 
1893.  Near  Memphis  the  Federal  fleet  defeated  the  Con- 
federates June  6, 1862,  and  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Fed- 
erals.  The  Confederates  under  Forrest  raided  it  in  1864. 
It  was  disastrously  ravaged  by  yellow  fever  in  1873,  1878, 
and  1879.  Population,  131,105,  (1910). 

Memphremagog  (mem-fre-ma'gog),  Lake.  A 
lake  on  the  border  of  Vermont  and  the  province 
of  Quebec,  Canada.  It  discharges  by  the  rivers  Ma- 
gog and  St.  Francis  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Length,  about 
35  miles. 

Mena.  See  Menes. 

Mena  (ma'na),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Cordova, 
Spain,  about  1411 : died  1456.  A Spanish  poet. 
He  was  the  author  of  a didactic  allegory  called  “ El  labe- 
rinto"  or  “Las  tres  cieutas,"  published  in  1496. 

Menabrea  (ma-na-bra'a),  Count  Luigi  Fede- 
rigo,  Marche, so  di  Valdora.  Born  at  Cham- 
b6ry,  Sept.  4,  1809:  died  May  26,  1896.  An 
Italian  general  and  statesman.  He  was  appointed 
chief  of  the  engineer  corps  in  the  Sardinian  army  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war  of  Sardinia  and  France  against  Aus- 
tria in  1859 ; was  made  minister  of  marine  in  1861 ; and 
was  prime  minister  1867-69,  ambassador  at  London  1876-82, 
and  ambassador  at  Paris  1882-92. 

Menaechmi  (me-nek'nri).  A celebrated  comedy 
of  Plautus,  the  plot  of  which  turns  upon  the 
comical  mistakes  arising  from  the  resemblance 
of  twin  brothers.  It  was  translated  into  English 
in  1595  by  “W.W.”(  William  Warner).  See  Com- 
edy of  Errors. 

Menage  (ma-nazh'),  Gilles.  Born  at  Angers, 
France,  Aug.  15,  1613 : died  at  Paris,  July  23, 
1692.  A French  philologist.  He  wrote  “ Origines 
do  la  langue  frangaise  ” (1650),  “Origini  della  lingua  itali- 
ana"  (1669),  etc.  “Menagiana”  appeared  in  1693. 
Menaggio  (ma-nad'jo).  A small  town  in  north- 
ern Italy,  on  the  western  bank  of  Lake  Como, 
16  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Menahem  (men'a-hein).  [Heb.,  ‘ comforter. 
King  of  Israel  748—738  B.  C.  He  was  general  under 
Zechariah,  son  of  Jeroboam  II.,  and  obtained  the  throne 
by  a revolution  after  having  killed  Shallum,  the  murderer 
of  Zechariah.  To  secure  his  throne  he  applied  for  support 
to  the  Assyrian  king  Tiglath-Pileser  III.  (in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment called  Phut),  for  which  he  paid  a thousand  talents. 
From  that  time  on  the  northern  kingdom  remained  tribu- 
tary to  Assyria.  In  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  he  is  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  Minihimmi  of  Samirina,  ‘ Menahem 
of  Samaria.’ 

Menai  Strait  (men'!  strat).  A strait  separat- 
ing Anglesea  from  Carnarvonshire, NorthWales, 
and  connecting  Carnarvon  Bay  with  Beaumaris 
Bay.  Length,  about  13  miles.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Bri- 
tannia tubular  bridge  (which  see)  and  the  Menai  bridge. 
The  latter,  built  by  Telford  between  1819  and  1826,  is  580 
feet  long  between  the  piers,  and  the  roadway,  supported 
by  16  chains,  is  100  feet  above  the  liigh-tide  level. 
Menam  (ma-nam').  Ariverin  Siam  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Siam  a few  miles  below  Bang- 
kok. Length,  estimated,  about  600  miles. 
Menander  (me-nan'der).  [Gr.  Mevavdpog.]  Born 
at  Athens,  342  b.  C. : said  to  have  been  drowned 
about  291  b.  c.  A celebrated  Athenian  comic 
poet,  the  chief  of  the  writers  of  the  “new  com- 
edy,” son  of  the  general  Deiopeithes  and  Hege- 
sistrate.  Fragments  of  a few  of  his  plays  have 
been  preserved. 

Menant  (ma-non'),  Joachim.  Born  at  Cher- 
bourg,France,  April  16, 1820:  diedat  Paris,  Aug. 
30,1899.  AFrench  jurist  and  Assyriologist.  He 
published  “LesbriquesdeBabylone”  (1859),  “Les  inscrip- 
tions cunffiformes  ” (1800),  “Inscriptions  de  Hammou- 
rabi " (1864),  “ Expose  de  la  grammaire  de  la  langue  assy- 
rietine  ” (1868),  “ Anuales  des  rois  d’Assyrie”  (1872),  with 
Oppert  “La  grande  inscription  de  Khorsabad ’’  (1863),  etc. 

Menaphon  (men'a-fon) : Camilla’s  Alarom  to 
Slumbering  Euphues.  A love-story  by  Robert 
Greene.  It  was  published  in  1589,  and  as  “Greene’s 
Arcadia,  or  Menaphon  ’’  in  1599.  It  contains  his  best  lyri- 
cal verses.  Sidney’s  “ Arcadia  ’’  was  published  in  1590,  a 
year  after  the  first  appearance  of  “ Menaphon." 
Menapia  (me-na'pi-a).  See  the  extract. 

Tho  forms  “ Menapia  ” and  “ Menevia  ’’  are  applied,  with 
trifling  variations,  to  t ile  city  of  St.  David’s,  the  Isle  of  Man, 
the.Menai  Straits,  and  the  coast  between  Dublin  and  Wick- 
low ; and  we  can  hardly  attribute  their  occurrence  to  any 
contact  with  the  “Menapii  ” of  the  coast  of  Flanders. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  160. 

Menapii  (me-na'pi-I).  In  ancient  history,  a 
people  in  Gallia  Belgica,  living  in  the  modern 
Belgium  and  Netherlands. 


Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 

Menasseh  ben  Israel.  See  Manasseh. 
Mencheres.  See  Menlmura. 

Menchikoff.  See  Menshikoff. 

Mencius  (men ' shi-us),  Latinized  from  Meng-tse 
(meng-tse').  Bom  early  in  the  4th  century  b.  c.  : 
died  about  289  b.  c.  A Chinese  philosopher, 
one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  expounders  of 
Confucianism. 

Mencke  (meng'ke),  Jobann  Burkbard.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  March  27, 1675:  died  at  Leipsic,  April 
1, 1732.  A German  scholar,  son  of  Otto  Mencke : 
professor  of  history  at  Leipsic,  and  historiogra- 
pher to  Frederick  Augustus.  He  published  “Scrip- 
tores  rerum  Germanicarum,  prsecipue  Saxoniearum.” 
Mencke,  Otto.  Born  at  Oldenburg,  Germany, 
March  22,  1644 : died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  29,  1707. 
A German  scholar,  founder  of  the  “Acta  Erudi- 
torum”  in  1682. 

Mendana  de  Neyra  (man-dan'ya,  da  na'e-ra), 
Alvaro.  Born  at  Saragossa,  1541 : died  in  the 
Solomon  Islands,  Oct.  17,  1596.  A Spanish  nav- 
igator. He  went  to  Peru  in  1565,  and  in  1567  his  uncle, 
the  viceroy  Garcia  de  Mendoza,  sent  him  with  two  ships 
to  explore  the  Pacific  Ocean.  He  discovered  and  named 
the  Solomon  Islands,  and  brought  back  exaggerated  re- 
ports of  their  riches.  In  1594  Philip  II.  commissioned 
him  governor  of  one  of  the  islands.  He  sailed  from  Cal- 
lao, April  11,  1595,  to  colonize  it ; discovered  and  named 
the  Marquesas  group ; and  arrived  at  the  Solomon  Islands, 
where  he  died.  The  expedition  then  went  on  to  Manila. 

Mendana  Islands.  See  Marquesas  Islands. 
Mende  (mond).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Lozere,  France,  situated  on  the  Lot  in  lat. 
44°  31'  N.,  long.  3°  29'  E.  Population,  com- 
mune, 7,007. 

Mendelejeff  (tnen-da-la'yef),  Dmitrii  Ivano- 
vitcb.  Born  at  Tobolsk,  Feb.  7,  1834 : died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  2, 1907.  A Russian  chemist, 
professor  at  St.  Petersburg  1866-1907.  He 
discovered  the  periodic  system  of  the  chemical  elements. 

Mendelssohn  (men'dels-son),  Moses.  Born  in 
Dessau,  Germany,  Sept. 6, 1729:  died  Jan.  4,1786. 
A noted  J e wish  philosopher.  Premature  and  severe 
intellectual  labor  weakened  his  health  and  injured  the 
growth  of  his  spine.  In  1743  he  went  to  Berlin,  where  he 
at  first  lived  in  great-  poverty,  devoting  himself  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  knowledge,  until  lie  obtained  a position,  first 
as  tutor  and  then  as  accountant,  with  a rich  silk  manu- 
facturer, and  at  last  became  a partner  in  the  house.  He 
became  acquainted  with  and  was  befriended  by  Lessing, 
Nicoiai,  Herder,  Wieland,  Jacobi,  Lavater,  and  others. 
Lessing,  in  his  great  drama  “Nathan  the  Wise,”  has  erected 
a lasting  memorial  to  his  Jewish  friend.  Mendelssohn 
soon  became  known  as  a writer  upon  esthetic  subjects. 
His  writings  were  distinguished  by  beauty  and  elegance 
of  style,  as  much  as  by  largeness  of  intellect  and  wisdom. 
He  obtained  from  the  Berlin  Academy  the  prize  for  an 
essay  “On  Evidence  in  the  Metaphysical  Sciences,” 
among  his  competitors  being  Immanuel  Kant.  His  best- 
known  works  are  “Jerusalem,"  a sort  of  comprehensive 
survey  of  Judaism  in  its  religious  and  national  aspects, 
published  in  1783 ; and  especially  his  “ Phsedo,”  published 
in  1767,  a summary  of  all  that  religion,  reason,  and  experi- 
ence urge  in  support  of  the  belief  in  the  immortality  of 
the  soul.  For  the  Jews  his  translation  of  the  Pentateuch 
and  the  Psalms  into  pure  German  was  epoch-making,  in- 
asmuch as  it  opened  the  way  for  them  to  German  litera- 
ture and  culture.  He  also  wrote  commentaries  on  several 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  Berlin  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences elected  him  a member,  but  King  Frederick  II.  re- 
fused to  ratify  the  election  of  a Jew.  In  1786  Mendels- 
sohn died,  mourned  by  all  as  “the  German  Socrates.” 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy  ( men'dels  - son  - bar- 
tol'de),  Jakob  Ludwig  Felix.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  3,  1809 : died  at  Leipsic,  Nov.  4, 1847. 
A celebrated  German  composer  and  musician, 
grandson  of  Moses  Mendelssohn.  He  and  bis  sister 
Fanny  (Madame  Hensel)  were  first  taught  music  by  their 
mother ; but  in  1816,  when  they  were  7 and  11  years  old  re- 
spectively, they  were  taken  to  Paris  and  placed  under  the 
instruction  of  Madame  Bigot.  On  the  return  of  Felix  to 
Berlin,  he  studied  with  Berger,  Zelt-er,  and  Henning,  and 
afterward  with  Rietz.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in 
public  Oct.  28, 1818,  and  was  much  applauded  in  the  piano- 
forte part  of  a trio  for  pianoforte  and  two  horns  by  Woelfl. 
He  began  to  compose  regularly  in  his  twelfth  year,  and  the 
symphonies,  quartets,  concertos,  etc.,  which  he  produced 
after  this  time  were  performed  at  the  musical  parties 
which  took  place  at  his  father’s  house  on  alternate  Sunday 
mornings,  his  brother  and  two  sisters  assisting — he,  how- 
ever, always  conducting  and  generally  playing  the  piano- 
forte parts.  Many  great  artists  visited  the  house  on  these 
occasions.  He  visited  Paris  in  1825,  and  ill  1829  trium- 
phantly conducted  Bach’s  “ Passion  Music  ” at  Berlin,  after 
much  opposition,  for  the  first  time  after  the  death  of  the 
composer.  The  same  year  he  went  to  England,  where  he 
was  enthusiastically  received ; and  lie  traveled  there  and  on 
the  Continent  till  July,  1832.  In  1833  he  was  made  musical 
director  at  Dtisseldorf ; in  1834  member  of  the  Berlin  Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts ; and  in  1835  conductor  of  the  Gewand- 
haus  concerts  at  Leipsic,  where  he  became  the  idol  of  the 
town,  lie  became  engaged  toCccile  Charlotte  Sophie  Jean- 
renaud  in  1836  ; was  married  in  1837  ; went  to  Berlin  in 
1841  to  assist  in  founding  an  academy  of  arts  ; and  paid 
his  ninth  visit  to  England  in  1846,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
ducing " Elijah  ’’  (went  again  in  1847).  On  his  return  he 
heard  of  the  death  of  his  sister  Fanny.  This,  with  the 
severe  work  which  was  beginning  to  tell  on  him,  produced 
illness  and  depression  from  which  he  did  not  recover.  lie 
left  between  one  and  two  hundred  works,  among  which 
are  the  opera  “The  Wedding  of  Camacho”  (1825),  songs, 


Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 

chamber  and  orchestral  music,  the  oratorios  " Elijah  “ 
(18461  and  “ St.  Paul  ” (1836),  overture  (1826)  and  music 
(1843) of  “Midsummer Night’s  Dream,”  “Marchen  von  der 
schonen  Melusine"  (“Story  of  the  Beautiful  Melusine," 
1833),  “Die  Hebriden"  (“The  Hebrides  ”),  “Liederohne 
Worte  " (“Songs  without  W ords  ”),  m usic  to  Goethe’s  ‘ ‘ W al- 
purgisnacht,"  “Antigone ”(1841),  “(Edipus  Coloneus,”and 
“Athalie,”  sonatas,  and  fragments  of  the  opera  “Die  Lore- 
lei,"of  the  oratorio  “ Christus,”  etc.  His  letters  from  1830 
to  1832  were  published  in  1861 ; from  1833  to  1847,  in  1863. 
Other  letters  are  in  his  biographies  by  Hiller,  Devrient, 
Benedict,  Schubring,  etc.,  and  in  Hensel's  “ Die  Familie 
Mendelssohn.” 

Menden  (men'den).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Honne  50 
miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,037. 

Mendenhall  (men'den-hal),  Thomas  Corwin. 

Born  near  Hanoverton,  Ohio,  Oct.  4,  1841.  An 
American  physicist.  He  was  professor  of  physics  and 
mechanics  in  Ohio  University  1873-78,  when  he  became 
professor  of  physics  in  the  Imperial  University  at  Tokio, 
Japan.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1881,  and  re- 
sumed his  chair  in  Ohio  University.  He  held  a professor- 
ship in  the  United  States  signal-service  1884-86,  when  he 
became  president  of  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre 
Haute,  Indiana.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  United 
States  Coast  Survey  1889-94,  and  president  of  the  Worces- 
ter Polytechnic  Institute  1894-1901. 
Mendere(men'de-re).  1.  A river  in  western  Asia 
Minor,  which  flows  into  the  iEgean  Sea  65  miles 
south  of  Smyrna:  the  ancient  Mseander.  Its 
windings  are  proverbial.  Length,  about  200 
miles. — 2.  The  modern  nam  e of  the  Scamander. 
Mendes  (men'dez).  In  ancient  geography,  a city 
in  Egypt,  situated  in  the  Delta  about  100  miles 
east  of  Alexandria. 

Mendesian  (men-de'shian)  Goat,  The.  In 

Egyptian  mythology,  oue  of  the  three  most 
famous  sacred  animals,  the  others  being  the 
hulls  Apis  and  Mnevis.  He  was  called  the  Lam,  and 
the  seat  of  his  cult,  which  was  similar  to  that  of  Apis,  was 
Mendes  in  the  Delta.  He  was  held  to  be  a manifestation 
of  Osiris,  with  whom  were  associated  in  him  Ha  and  Shu, 
and  was  a symbol  of  the  productive  force  in  nature. 

Mendez,  or  Mendes,  Pinto.  See  Pinto. 
Mendiburu  ( men-de-bo'ro),  Manuel  de.  Born 
at  Lima,  1805:  died  there,  Jan.  21, 1885.  A Pe- 
ruvian general  and  historian.  He  was  minister  of 
war  under  Gamarra  and  of  finance  under  Echenique,  and 
special  envoy  to  Europe  1851.  His  “Diccionario  histbrico- 
biogrfifico  del  Peril  ” is  a work  of  the  highest  value : only 
the  first  part,  including  the  Inca  and  colonial  periods,  has 
been  published  (8  vols.  1874  et  seq.). 

Mendieta  (men-de-a'ta),  Geronimo  de.  Born 
at  Victoria,  Guipuzcoa,  about  1530:  died  at 
Mexico  City,  May  9,  1604.  A Spanish  Francis- 
can author.  He  resided  in  Mexico  from  1554,  held  high 
positions  in  his  order,  and  was  noted  for  his  wisdom  and 
justice.  He  is  best  known  for  his  “Historia  Eclesiastica 
Indiana,”  first  published  in  1870  with  notes  by  Icazbal- 
ceta : it  is  of  great  historical  value. 

Mendinueta  y Musquiz  (men-de-no-a'ta,  e 
mos-keth'),  Pedro.  A Spanish  administrator, 
viceroy  of  New  Granada  1797-1803. 

Mendip  Hills  (men'dip  hilz).  A range  of  hills 
in  Somerset,  England,  south-southwest  of  Bris- 
tol. Highest  point,  1,065  feet. 

Mendive  (men-de'va),  Rafael  Maria.  Born  at 
Havana,  Oct.  24, 1821:  died  at  Matanzas,  1886. 
A Cuban  poet  and  journalist.  He  was  involved  in 
the  revolts  of  1869,  was  arrested  and  sent  to  Spain,  and  re- 
turned to  Cuba  only  in  1878. 

Meadizabal  (men-de-tha'bal),  Juan  Alva- 
rez y.  Born  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  about  1790:  died 
at  Madrid,  Nov.  3, 1853.  A Spanish  politician, 
several  times  minister  of  finance. 

Mendocino  (men-do-se'no),  Cape.  [For  An- 
tonio de  Mendoza.]  The  westernmost  point 
of  California,  in  lat.40°26'  N.,  long.  124°  25'  W. 
Mendocino  Indians.  See  Kulanapan. 
Mendota  (men-do'ta).  A city  in  La  Salle  Coun- 
ty, northern  Illinois,  80  miles  west  by  south  of 
Chicago.  Population,  3,806,  (1910). 

Mendota,  Lake.  A small  lake  in  Dane  County, 
southern  Wisconsin. 

Mendoza  (men-do'tha).  1.  A province  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  lying 
south  of  San  Juan  and  east  of  Chile,  it  is  moun- 
tainous in  the  west,  but  is  generally  rich  in  agricultural 
products.  Area,  56,502  squar  e miles.  Population,  216,196. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Mendoza,  sit- 
uated about  lat.  32°  50'  S.,  long.  68°  40'  W.,  on 
the  trans-Andean  railroad,  at  the  eastern  base 
of  the  mountains.  It  was  founded  in  1559 ; was  capi- 
tal of  the  former  province  of  Cuyo ; and  was  the  point 
whence  San  Martin  made  his  celebrated  march  over  the 
Andes.  On  March  20,  1861,  it  was  entirely  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake,  in  which  13,000  people  perished,  only  1,600 
surviving.  Population,  32,000. 

Mendoza,  Andres  Hurtado  de.  See  Hurtado. 
Mendoza  (men-do'tha),  Antonio  de.  Born 
about  1590:  died  in  1644.  A Spanish  dramatist 
and  lyric  poet,  secretary  of  state,  and  member 


676 

of  the  Inquisition.  He  wrote  7 or  8 plays,  a “Life  of 
Our  Lady  ” in  about  800  redondillas,  and  a number  of  bal- 
lads and  short  poems. 

Mendoza,  Antonio  de.  Born  about  1485:  died 
at  Lima,  Peru,  July  21,  1552.  A Spanish  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  the  first  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  or 
Mexico,  Oct.,  1535,  to  Nov.,  1649,  and  viceroy  of  Peru  from 
Sept.  23,  1551.  In  the  former  country  settlements  were 
pushed  to  the  north  and  northwest,  and  new  mines  of  great 
wealth  were  discovered.  The  viceroy  evaded  the  execu- 
tion of  the  new  laws  in  favor  of  the  Indians.  In  Peru 
Mendoza  ordered  the  preparation  of  the  code  of  laws 
called  the  “Libro  de  Tasas”  (which  see). 

Mendoza,  Diego  Hurtado  de.  Born  at  Grana- 
da, Spain,  about  1503:  died  at  Valladolid,  1575. 
A Spanish  diplomatist,  politician,  novelist,  his- 
torian, and  poet.  He  studied  at  Granada  and  Sala- 
manca, and  in  Italy ; took  part  in  the  battle  of  Pavia  in 
1525 ; was  ambassador  of  Charles  V.  to  England  in  1537, 
and  to  Venice  in  1538  ; was  imperial  plenipotentiary  at  the 
Council  of  Trent ; and  was  ambassador  to  the  papal  court 
in  1547,  and  governor  of  Siena.  He  lived  at  the  court  of 
Philip  II.  until  1564.  His  works  include  the  novel  “La- 
zarillo  de  Tormes”  (1553),  “Guerra  de  Granada”  (“War 
of  Granada,”  1776),  poems  (1610),  etc.  See  Lazarillo  de 
Tonnes. 

Mendoza,  Garcia  Hurtado  de.  See  Hurtado 
de  Mendoza. 

Mendoza,  Inigo  Lopez  de.  See  Santillana. 

Mendoza,  Juan  Gonzalez  de.  Born  at  Toledo 
about  1540:  died  at  Popayan,  New  Granada, 
1617.  A Spanish  prelate  and  author,  a member 
of  the  Augustine  order.  He  was  in  China  from  1580 
to  1583,  and  on  his  return  spent  two  years  in  Mexico  : sub- 
sequently he  was  bishop  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  of  Chiapas, 
and  of  Popayan.  His  accountof  China,  published  in  1586, 
contains  also  much  of  interest  concerning  America.  An 
English  translation  has  been  published  by  the  Hakluyt 
Society  (1853-54). 

Mendoza,  Lorenzo  Suarez  de,  Count  of  La 
Coruna.  Born  about  1510:  died  at  Mexico,  June 
19, 1582.  A Spanish  nobleman,  viceroy  of  New 
Spain,  or  Mexico,  from  Oct.  4,  1580. 

Mendoza,  Pedro  de.  Born  at  Gaudix,  Grana- 
da, about  1487 : died  at  sea,  1537.  A Spanish 
Captain.  In  1534  he  undertook,  at  his  own  expense,  the 
colonization  of  the  region  about  the  Rio  de  la  Plata; 
sailed  from  San  Lucar,  Sept.  1,  wi  h 14  ships  and  2,650  men ; 
and  founded  the  first  colony  of  Euenos  Ayres  Feb.  2, 1535. 
The  Spaniards  suffered  greatly  from  Indian  attacks  and 
from  famine.  Mendoza  Anally  left  for  Spain  with  a few 
companions,  and  died  a maniac  on  the  voyage.  The  colony, 
removed  to  Asuncion,  subsequently  prospered  and  led  to 
the  settlement  of  that  part  of  South  America. 

Mendoza  Caamano  (ka-a-man'yo),  Jose  An- 
tonio de,  Marquis  of  Villa  Garcia.  Born  about 
1680:  died  1746.  A Spanish  diplomatist  and 
statesman.  He  was  ambassador  to  Venice,  viceroy  of 
Catalonia,  and  from  Jan.  4,  1736,  to  July  12,  1745,  viceroy 
of  Peru.  During  his  rule  New  Granada  was  separated 
from  Peru.  He  died  at  sea  while  returning  to  Spain. 

Mendoza  Codex.  A famous  Aztec  manuscript, 
or,  rather,  a copy  on  European  paper  with  a 
Spanish  translation.  It  was  sent  from  Mexico  by  the 
viceroy  Antonio  de  Mendoza  as  a present  to  Charles  V. ; 
fell  into  the  hands  of  a French  cruiser ; and  after  various 
vicissitudes  was  taken  to  England,  and  was  published  by 
Purchas  in  1625.  Subsequently  it  became  a part  of  the 
Bodleian  Library,  and  was  published  in  the  Kingsborough 
collection.  Other  copies  (one  perhaps  the  original)  are 
known.  The  manuscript  relates  to  the  history  of  the  Az- 
tecs and  their  domestic  and  civil  economy. 

Mendoza  y Luna,  Juan  Manuel  Hurtado  de. 

See  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  y Luna. 

Mendrisio  (men-dre'ze-o).  Asmall  towninthe 
canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  near  the  south- 
ern end  of  the  Lake  of  Lugano. 

Menelaus  (men -e -la 'us).  [Gr.  M evDiaog  or 
MerrAaf.]  In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Atreus, 
brother  of  Agamemnon,  and  husband  of  Helen. 
See  Trojan  War. 

Menelaus.  The  brother  of  Agamemnon,  a char- 
acter in  Shakspere’s  “ Troilus  and  Cressida.” 
Menelaus  with  the  Corpse  of  Patroclus.  An 

antique  group  in  marble,  in  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi, 
Florence.  Menelaus,  lightly  draped  and  wearing  a heavy 
helmet,  lifts  from  the  ground  the  sinking,  nude  body  of  the 
dead  youth.  This  is  a good  Roman  copy  of  a Greek  original. 

Menendez  (ma-nen'deth), Manuel.  Born  about 
1790 : died  after  1845.  A Peruvian  politician. 
He  was  president  of  the  council  of  state  under  Gamarra 
in  1840,  and  on  Gamarra’s  death  (Nov.  20, 1841)  became,  by 
the  constitution,  acting  president  of  Peru.  He  was  de- 
posed by  Torricoin  Aug.,  1842,  but  was  restored  by  Cas- 
tilla in  1844,  and  held  the  post  until  Castilla's  election, 
April  20,  1845. 

Menendez  de  Aviles  (ma-nan'dath  da,  a-ve- 
las'),  Pedro.  Born  at  Aviles,  Asturias,  1519 : 
died  at  Santander,  Sept.  17,  1574.  A Spanish 
Captain.  He  was  captain-general  in  the  navy  under  Philip 
II.,  and  served  that  monarch  in  many  important  enter- 
prises ; was  disgraced  and  imprisoned  in  1563 ; but  re- 
gained favor,  and  in  1565  was  appointed  governor  of  Cuba 
and  Florida,  with  orders  to  colonize  the  latter  country.  He 
sailed  from  Cadiz,  June  29, 1565,  with  19  vessels  and  1,500 
men.  The  fleet  was  scattered  by  a storm,  and  he  reached 
Florida  with  only  7 ships.  HefoundedSt.  Augustine  Sept. 
8,  1565,  captured  a colony  of  French  Protestants  on  the  St. 
John’s  River  and  massacred  nearly  all  of  them,  and,  after 


Mennonites 

the  privations  of  the  first  winter  had  passed,  succeeded  in 
establishing  Spanish  rule  firmly  in  Florida.  In  subse- 
quent voyages  Menendez  founded  apost  on  Port  Royal  Bay, 
now  in  South  Carolina,  and  left  a mission  on  Chesapeake 
Bay.  The  latter  was  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  and  in  1572 
he  ascended  the  Chesapeake  and  Potomac  and  killed  many 
of  them.  In  1574  he  was  put  in  command  of  a large  Span- 
ish fleet  destined  to  make  a descent  on  the  Netherlands, 
but  he  died  soon  after. 

Menenius  Agrippa  (me-ne'ni-us  a-grip'a).  In 
Roman  legend,  the  patrician  ambassador  to  the 
plebeians  during  their  secession  to  the  Sacred 
Mount  (about  494  B.  C.).  He  is  represented  as  hav- 
ing persuaded  the  plebeians  to  accept  a compromise  by 
relating  the  fable  of  the  belly  and  the  members. 

Menephtah,  Menephthah,  Menephthes.  See 

Mineptah. 

Menes  (me'nez),  or  Mena  (me'na),  or  Men 
(men).  [Gr.  M^v.]  The  founder  of  the  1st  dy- 
nasty of  Egyptian  kings.  His  date  is  variously 
given  by  Egyptologists,  from  5702  b.  c.  to  2691. 
Brugscli  gives  it  as  4445. 

Menezes  (me-na'zes),  Luiz  de.  Bom  at  Lis- 
bon, July  22,  1632:  committed  suicide  there, 
May  26, 1690.  A Portuguese  historian,  general, 
and  politician,  third  count  of  Ericeira.  His  prin- 
cipal  work  is  “ Historia  de  Portugal  restaurado  ” (two 
parts,  1G79-98  ; various  subsequent  editions).  It  compre- 
hends the  military  events  in  the  war  between  Portugal  and 
Spain  from  1640  to  1668. 

Menfi  (men'fe),  orMenfrici  (men-fre'che).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situated 
43  miles  southwest  of  Palermo.  Population, 
10,208. 

Mengs  (mengs),  Anton  Raphael.  Bora  at  Aus- 
sig,  Bohemia,  March  12,  1728 : died  at  Rome, 
June  29,  1779.  A German  historical  and  por- 
trait painter.  Augustus  III.,  king  of  Poland,  made  him 
his  court  painter  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  he  went 
soon  after  to  Rome,  where  about  1754  he  was  made  di- 
rector of  the  school  of  painting  then  recently  established 
there.  From  this  time  his  reputation  was  great,  and  in 
1761  he  was  made  court  painter  to  Charles  III.  of  Spain, 
who  had  urged  him  to  go  to  Madrid.  He  worked  chiefly 
in  Rome  and  in  Spain.  Among  his  works  are  decorations 
in  the  banqueting-hall  of  Madrid,  and  various  works  in 
Dresden,  the  chief  of  which  is  an  “Ascension.” 

Mengwe.  See  Iroquois. 

Menm  (me-nah'),  Flem.  Meenen  (ma'nen).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders,  Bel- 
gium, on  the  French  frontier,  situated  on  the 
Lys  32  miles  southwest  of  Ghent.  It  is  the 
center  of  a flourishing  tobacco  trade.  Popula- 
tion, 19.742. 

Menippee,  Satire.  See  Satire  Menippee. 

Menippus  (me-nip'us).  [Gr.  Mei>«nrof .]  Bora  at 
Gadara,  Syria : lived  probably  about  250  B.  c. 
A Cynic  philosopher,  originally  a slave,  noted 
for  iiis  satirical  jests  upon  the  follies  of  man- 
kind, especially  of  philosophers.  His  writings, 
which  combined  prose  and  verse,  are  lost. 

Menkalinan  (men-ka-le-nan'  or  men-kal'i- 
nan).  [Ar.  menkib-di-Vinan , the  shoulder  of 
the  driver.]  The  bright  second-magnitude  star 
f3  Aurigas.  The  star  is  one  of  the  first  discovered  and 
most  remarkable  “spectroscopic  binaries,”  the  two  com- 
ponents moving  in  an  orbit  about  8,000,000  miles  in  diam- 
eter, with  a relative  velocity  of  about  150  miles  a second, 
and  thus  causing  the  alternate  doubling  and  undoubling 
of  the  lines  in  the  spectrum  of  the  star  once  in  two  days. 

Menkar  (men'kar).  [Ar.  al-minkliir,  the  snout.] 
The  24-in»gnitude  star  a Ceti,  in  the  nose  or 
jaw  of  the  sea-monster.  Sometimes  written 
Menkab. 

Menkaura  (men-ka-ra'),  or  Mencheres  (men- 
che'rez).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the  4th  dynasty, 
builder  of  the  third  of  the  great  pyramids  at 
Gizeh.  His  date  is  given  by  Brugsch  as  3633  B.  c. 

Men  kin  (men-kib').  [Ar.  menkib-al-faras,  shoul- 
der of  the  horse.]  A rarely  used  Arabic  name 
for  the  second-magnitude  star  [i  Pegasi,  more 
usually  called  Scheat. 

Menno  (men'no)  Simons,  or  Symons,  or  Si- 
monis.  Born  at  Witmarsum,  Friesland,  1492 : 
died  at  Oldesloe,  Holstein,  Jan.  13,  1559.  A 
Friesian  preacher  and  reformer,  chief  founder 
of  the  Mennonites.  His  works  were  published 
in  1681. 

Mennonites  (men'on-its).  A Christian  denomi- 
nation which  originated  in  Friesland  in  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  century,  and  holds  doc- 
trines of  which  Menno  Simons  (1492-1559)  was 
the  chief  exponent.  The  leading  features  of  the  Men- 
nonite  bodies  have  been  baptism  on  profession  of  faith, 
refusal  of  oaths,  of  civic  offices,  and  of  the  support  of  the 
state  in  war,  and  a t endency  to  asceticism.  Many  of  these 
beliefs  and  practices  have  been  modified.  The  sect  be- 
came divided  in  the  17th  century  into  the  Upland  (Obere) 
Mennonites,  or  Ammanites,  and  the  Lowland  (Untere)  Men- 
nonites, the  former  being  the  more  conservative  and  rigor- 
ous. Members  of  the  sect  are  found  in  the  Netherlands, 
Germany,  Russia,  etc.,  and  especially  in  the  United  States. 
In  the  last-named  country  they  are  divided  into  Untere 
(or  Old)  Mennonites,  Obere  Mennonites  (or  Ammanites), 
New  Mennonites,  Evangelical  Mennonites,  and  Reformed 
Mennonites  (or  lleniaus). 


Meno 

Meno  (me'no),  or  Menon  (me'non).  [Gr.  Me- 
vqv.]  A dialogue  of  Plato  : a conversation  be- 
tween Socrates,  Meno  (Menon),  aslaveof  Meno, 
and  Anytus  upon  the  teachableness  of  virtue. 
Menominee  (me-nom'i-ne).  [PL,  also  Me- 
nominees.  ] A tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
which  since  it  first  became  known  has  occupied 
lands  in  Wisconsin  and  upper  Michigan,  chiefly 
living  upon  Menominee  Kiver  and  the  west  side 
of  Green  Bay,  but  ranging  south  to  Fox  River 
and  west  to  the  Mississippi  River.  The  name  means 
‘wild  rice  men,’  from  their  staple  food,  translated  by  the 
French  to  “ Folles  Avoines,"  by  which  the  tribe  is  known  in 
early  literature.  They  are  now  on  a reservation  near  the. 
head  of  Wolf  river,  Wisconsin.  See  Algonquian. 
Menon  (me'non).  [Gr.  M even/.']  Rilled  about 
399  B.  C.  A Thessalian  mercenary,  one  of  the 
leading  generals  in  the  expedition  of  Cyrus  the 
ounger. 

enorca.  See  Minorca. 

Menon  (me-no'),  Baron  Jacques  Francois  de. 
Bom  at  Boussay,  Touraine,  1750:  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Aug.  13,  1810.  A French  general.  He  be- 
came commander  of  the  army  in  Egypt  in  1800,  and  was 
defeated  at  Alexandria  March  21,  1801,  by  the  English 
under  Abercromby. 

Menshikoff  (men'she-ltof),  Prince  Alexander 
Danilovitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Nov.  16,  1672: 
died  at  Berezoff,  Siberia,  1729  or  1730.  A Rus- 
sian general  and  minister  of  state.  He  was  of  ob- 
scure origin,  became  a page  at  the  court  of  Peter  the  Great, 
served  with  distinction  against  the  Swedes,  and  in  1704 
was  promoted  general.  At  the  instance  of  Peter  the  Great 
he  was  also  appointed  a prince  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire. On  the  death  of  Peter  in  1725  lie  caused  the  empress 
dowager  to  be  proclaimed  empress  under  the  title  of  Cath- 
arine X.  81ie  died  in  1727,  leaving  him  regent  for  her 
grandson  Peter  II.  He  was  about  to  marry  his  daughter 
Mary  to  the  emperor  when  the  latter  revolted  against  hi3 
domination,  and  exiled  him  to  Siberia  in  1727. 

Menshikoff,  Prince  Alexander  Sergevitch. 

Bom  Sept.  11,  1787 : died  May  2, 1869.  A Rus- 
sian general,  diplomatist,  and.  politician,  great- 
grandson  of  Alexander  Danilovitch  Menshikoff. 
He  served  in  the  Napoleonic,  Persian,  and  Turkish  wars, 
and  was  commander  of  the  Russian  naval  and  military 
forces  in  the  Crimea  1804-55.  He  was  defeated  at  the 
Alma  and  at  Inkerman  in  1854. 

Mentana  (men-ta'na).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Rome,  Italy,  13  miles  northeast  of 
Rome.  Here,  Nov.  3, 1867,  the  Italian  insurgents  under 
Garibaldi,  after  gaining  an  advantage  over  the  papal  forces, 
were  defeated  by  the  French  troops  sent  to  the  relief  of 
Pius  IX.  The  former  lost  about  1,000  killed  and  wounded, 
the  latter  only  171. 

Menteith  (men-teth ' ) . A district  in  the  south  of 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  lying  between  the  Teith 
and  the  Forth. 

Menteith.  A thane  of  Scotland,  a minor  char- 
acter, in  Shakspere’s  “Macbeth.” 

Mentel  (men'tel),  Johann.  A German  printer 
of  Strasburg  in  the  15th  century.  He  was  con- 
nected in  business  with  Gutenberg  after  the  latter’s  quar- 
rel with  Fust.  After  his  death  the  claim  that  he  was  the 
Inventor  of  printing  was,  without  ground,  made  for  him  by 
his  grandson. 

The  claim  that  Mentel  was  the  inventor  of  typography 
was  first  made  in  1520  by  John  .Schott,  son  of  Martin  Schott, 
who  had  married  Mentel’s  daughter  and  inherited  his 
business.  In  the  year  1521  Jeromo  Gebweiler,  misled  by 
the  assertions  of  Schott,  undertook  to  controvert  the  pre- 
tensions of  Fust  and  Schoeffer  as  the  first  printers.  He 
writes  that  printing  was  practised  in  Strasburg  by  John 
Mentel,  who  had  obtained  the  new  art  of  chalcography,  or 
of  making  books  with  tin  pens  (types),  about  the  year  1417 ; 
that  Mentel,  and  Eggestcin,  his  partner,  made  an  agree- 
ment that  they  should  keep  secret  the  new  art;  that  John 
Schott,  whom  he  praises,  showed  him  a manuscript  book, 
without  date,  written  by  Mentel,  in  which  were  drawings 
of  typographic  instruments,  and  observations  on  the  man- 
ufacture of  printing-ink.  It  was  by  similar  methods  that 
John  Schott  induced  James  Spiegel  to  declare,  in  a book 
printed  in  1531,  that  John  Mentel  invented  printing  in 
Strasburg  in  the  year  1444. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  488. 

Menteur  (mon-ter'),  Le.  [F.,  ‘The  Liar.’]  A 
comedy  by  Corneille,  produced  in  1642.  it  was 
the  foundation  of  good  comedy  in  France,  and  paved  the 
way  for  Moli&re.  “La  suite  du  menteur  ” (“  The  Sequel  to 
the  Liar”)  came  out  in  1045.  The  characters  are  in  part 
the  same,  but  the  piece  is  not  so  interesting. 

Mentone  (men-to'no),  or  Menton  (mon-ton'). 
A seaport  in  the  department  of  Alpes-Mari- 
times,  France,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean 
15  miles  northeast  of  Nice.  It  is  a leading  winter 
health-resort  of  the  Riviera,  and  has  a trade  in  fruit  and 
essence.  The  noted  hone-caves  of  Mentone,  with  prehis- 
toric remains,  are  in  the  vicinity.  It  belonged  to  Monaco 
prior  to  1848,  was  then  occupied  by  Sardinia,  and  ceded  to 
France  in  1861.  Population,  commune,  13,020. 

Mentor  (men'tpr).  [Gr.  Mtvrop.]  In  Greek 
legend,  an  Ithacan  to  whom  Odysseus,  when 
about  to  depart  for  the  Trojan  war,  intrusted 
the  care  of  his  house  and  the  education  of  his 
son  Telemachus.  His  name  has  become  a syn- 
onym for  a faithful  monitor. 

Mentu  (men'to).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
rising  sun,  a double  of  Ra,  worshiped  at  south- 


677 

ern  An(Hermonthis).  He  was  represented  asRa 
with  the  addition  of  the  tall  plumes  of  Amun. 
Mentu-hotep  (men'to-ho'tep).  An  Egyptian 
king  of  the  11th  dynasty.  He  is  represented  in  a 
bas-relief  carved  on  the  rocks  of  the  island  of  Konono,  near 
Phil®,  above  ancient  Syene  (Assuan).  There  were  several 
kings  of  this  name. 

Mentu-hotep.  Royal  architect  in  the  time  of 
Usurtesen  I.,  an  Egyptian  king  of  the  12th  dy- 
nasty. His  tombstone,  the  inscriptions  on  which 
have  been  deciphered,  is  in  the  Gizeh  Museum. 
Mentz.  See  Mains. 

Menu.  See  Mann. 

Menza  (men'za).  See  Tigre. 

Menzaleh  (men-za'le),  Lake.  A lagoon  or  arm 
of  the  Mediterranean,  situated  in  the  Delta, 
Egypt,  east  of  the  Damietta  branch  of  the  Nile. 
Menzel  (ment'sel),  Adolf  Friedrich  Erd- 
mann von.  Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Dec.  8, 
1815:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  9,  1905.  A noted 
German  historical  and  genre  painter.  He  first 
made  a name  as  an  illustrator.  His  subjects  were  taken 
chiefly  from  Prussian  history. 

Menzel,  Karl  Adolf.  Born  at  Griinberg,  Prus- 
sia, Dec.  7, 1784:  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Aug. 
19, 1855.  A German  historian,  professor  at  Bres- 
lau. He  wrote  “Geschichte  der  Deutschen”  (1815-23), 
“Neuere  Geschichte  der  Deutschen  ” (1826—48),  etc. 
Menzel,  Wolfgang.  Born  atWaklenburg,  Prus- 
sia, June  21,  1798 : died  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
temberg,  April  23,  1873.  A German  historian, 
critic,  poet,  and  novelist.  He  wrote  “Geschichte 
der  Deutschen  ”(1824-25),“  Die  deutscheLitteratur  "(1828), 
and  historical  works  on  modern  times,  the  wars  of  1866 
and  1870-71,  etc. 

Meopham  (mep'am),  or  Mepeham,  Simon. 

Bom  probably  at  Meopham,  near  Rochester, 
Kent  (date  unknown) : died  Oct.  12, 1333.  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  ; 
was  elected  archbishop  against  tho  opposition  of  Queen 
Isabella  and  Mortimer;  and  was  consecrated  in  1328  at 
Avignon.  He  was  involved  in  constant  quarrels  with  his 
clergy,  which  finally  resulted  in  his  excommunication  in 
1333. 

Mephibosheth(me-fib'o-sheth;  Heb.  pron.  mef- 
i-bo'sheth).  In  Old  Testament  history,  the  son 
of  Jonathan,  and  grandson  of  Saul. 
Mephistopheles  (mef-is-tof'e-lez).  [Written 
Mephostophilus  in  Shakspere,  Fletcher,  etc., 
Mcphostophilis  in  Marlowe,  but  now  generally 
Mephistopheles,  as  in  Goethe : a made-up  name, 
like  most  of  the  names  of  the  medieval  devils, 
hut  supposed  by  some  to  be  formed  (irregularly) 
from  Gr.  nr/,  not,  <j>ac  (<jxjr-),  light,  and  if  Mr,  lov- 
ing.] A familiar  spirit  mentioned  in  the  old  le- 
gend of  Sir  John  Faustus,  and  a principal  agent 
in  Marlowe’s  play  “Dr.  Faustus”  and  in  Goethe’s 
“ Faust.”  “He  is  frequently  referred  to  as  ‘the  Devil,’ 
but  it  was'well  understood  that  he  was  only  a devil.  Goethe 
took  only  the  name  and  a few  circumstances  connected 
with  the  first  appearance  of  Mephistopheles  from  the  le- 
gend : the  character,  from  first  to  last,  is  his  own  creation ; 
and,  in  his  own  words, ‘on  account  of  the  irony  and  know- 
ledge of  the  world  it  displays,  is  not  easily  comprehended.’ 
Although  he  sometimes  slyly  used  it  (though  less  fre- 
quently than  Faust)  as  a mask  through  which  to  speak  with 
liis  own  voice,  he  evidently  drew  the  germ  of  some  char- 
acteristics from  his  early  associate,  Merck.  . . . The  ori- 
ginal form  of  this  name  was  Mephostophiles.  There  has 
been  much  discussion  in  regard  to  its  meaning,  but  Diint- 
zen’s  conjecture  is  probably  correct, — that  it  was  imper- 
fectly formed  by  some  one  who  knew  little  Greek,  and  was 
intended  to  signify  ‘not  loving  the  light.’”  li.  Taylor, 
Notes  to  Faust. 

Meppel  (mep'pel).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Drenthe,  Netherlands,  59  miles  east-northeast 
of  Amsterdam.  It  has  considerable  manufac- 
tures and  trade.  Population,  commune,  10,154. 
Meppeix  (mep'pen).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Haase  and  Ems,  43  miles  northwest  of  Osna- 
briick:  chief  town  of  the  duchy  of  Arenberg- 
Meppen.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Mequinez  (mek'i-nez),  or  Meknez  (mek'nez), 
or  Mekinez  (mek'i-nez).  A city  in  Morocco, 
about  35  miles  west-southwest  of  Fez : one  of 
the  royal  residences.  Population,  about  30,000. 
Merak  (me'rak).  [Ar.  mvrdq  al-dub,  the  loin 
of  the  bear.]  The  second-magnitude  star  fi 
Ursae  Majoris,  the  southern  of  the  two  “point- 
ers.” 

Meran  (ma-ran'),  A town  in  Tyrol,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Passer,  near  the 
Adige,  44  miles  south  by  west  of  Innsbruck. 
It  is  a noted  health-resort,  with  grape-cure  and  whey-cure 
establishments.  Near  it  are  several  noted  castles,  includ- 
ing that  of  Tyrol.  Population,  commune,  11,570,  (1010). 

Merbal  (mdr'bal).  King  of  Tyre  about  556-552 
B.  c.  Before  bis  accession  to  tho  throne  he 
was  a hostage  in  Babylon. 

Mercadante  (mer-ka-dan'te),  Saverio.  Born 
at  Altamura,  Italy,  in  1795:  died  at  Naples, 
Dec.  13,  1870.  An  Italian  operatic  composer. 
Being  suddenly  dismissed  from  his  position  as  leader  of 


Mercia 

the  orchestraof  the  Collegio  di  San  Sebastiano  near  Naples, 
where  he  was  educated,  he  began  composing  for  the  stage  : 
his  first  work,  a cantata,  was  written  in  1818.  He  became 
maestro  di  capella  at  the  cathedral  of  N ovara  in  1833,  and 
director  of  the  Conservatorio  at  Naples  in  1840.  In  1862 
he  became  totally  blind.  Among  bis  operas  are  “Elisa  e 
Claudio”  (1821),  “I  Briganti  ” (1836),  “11  Giuramento 
(1837). 

Mercadet  (mer-kit-da').  A play  by  Balzac, 
produced  at  the  Gymnase,  Paris,  in  1851.  The 
original  play  was  called  “Lefaiseur” (“The  Speculator”), 
and  was  not  played  in  the  author's  lifetime.  After  his  death 
it  was  shortened  and  brought  out  under  its  present  title. 
Mercator  (mer-ka'tor;  D.  pfon.  mer-ka'tor) 
(properly  Gerhard  Kremer).  [L.  Mercator, 
equiv.  to  D.  Kramer,  LG.  Kremer,  G.  Kramer, 
merchant,  peddler.]  Born  at  Rupelmonde,  Bel- 
gium, March  5, 1512  : died  at  Duisburg,  Prussia, 
Dec.  2, 1594.  A Flemish  geographer.  He  studied 
philosophy  and  mathematics  at  the  University  of  Louvain, 
and  afterward  devoted  himself  to  geography.  Through 
the  influence  of  Cardinal  Granvella,  he  received  a com- 
mission from  the  emperor  Charles  V.  to  manufacture  a 
terrestrial  globe  and  a celestial  globe,  which  are  said  to 
have  been  superior  to  any  that  had  then  appeared.  Ha 
took  np  his  residence  at  Duisburg  in  1559,  and  eventually 
became  cosmographer  to  the  Duke  of  Jiilich  and  Cleves. 
He  invented  the  Mercator  system  of  projection.  His  chief 
works  are  “ Tabula;  geographies;  ” (1578-84)  and  “Atlas  ” 
(1595). 

Merced  (mer-sad' ) River.  A river  in  California. 
It  traverses  the  Yosemite  Valley,  and  joins  the  San  Joaqnin 
86  miles  east-southeast  of  San  Francisco.  Length,  about 
150  miles. 

Mercedes  (mer-tha'THes),  or  Soriano  (so-re-a'- 
no).  A town  in  Uruguay,  situated  on  the  Rio 
Negro  20  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
Uruguay.  Population,  about  9,000. 

Mercedes  of  Castile.  A novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1840. 

Mercedonius  (mer-se-dd'ni-us),  or  Mercedinus 

(mer-se-di'nus).  In  the  Roman  calendar  com- 
monly ascribed  to  Nurna  Pompilius,  second  king 
of  Rome,  an  intercalary  month  inserted  every 
second  year  between  the  23d  and  the  24th  of 
February,  and  having  22  or  23  days. 

Mercer  (mer'ser),  Charles  Fenton.  Bom  at 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  June  6,  1778:  died  near 
Alexandria,  Va.,  May  4,  1858.  An  American 
politician,  Federalist  and  Whig  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Virginia  1817—39. 

Mercer,  Hugh.  Born  in  Scotland  about  1721: 
died  near  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  12,  1777.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  French  and  In- 
dian war ; was  distinguished  at  Trenton  1776;  and  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Princeton  1777. 

Merchant  of  Bruges,  The.  An  alteration,  by 
Kinnaird,  of  “The  Beggar’s  Bush”  by  Fletcher 
and  others,  produced  in  1815,  Kean  taking  the 
part  of  Flores. 

Merchant  of  Venice,  The.  A comedy  by  Shak- 
spere, entered  on  the  “Stationers’  Register” 
in  1598,  published  in  quarto  in  1600,  1637, 1652. 
See  Jew  of  Malta,  and  Barlaam  and  Josaphat. 

There  can  he  no  doubt  that  the  play  was  new  in  1598. 
The  two  stories  interwoven  by  it  are  medneval  myths  ; the 
germ  of  each  is  in  Latin  in  the  collection  of  the  “Gesta 
Romanorum,”  and  the  story  of  the  Jew  was  developed  in 
the  direction  of  Shakespeare’s  play  as  the  "Adventures  of 
Giannetto”  in  a collection  of  Italian  tales  called  the  “Pe- 
corone,"  produced  in  1378  by  one  of  the  imitators  of  Boc- 
caccio’s “Decameron,”  Ser  Giovanni  Fiorentiuo.  This  is 
an  Italian  collection  of  which  there  is  no  known  translation 
into  English  that  could  have  been  seen  by  Shakespeare.  In 
1579,  in  his  pamphlet  against  the  stage  as  “The  School  of 
Abuse,”  Stephen  Gosson  referred  to  a play  known  as  “ The 
Jew,"  which  set  forth  “ the  greediness  of  worldly  choosers, 
and  the  bloody  minds  of  usurers.”  So  it  may  be  that  a pre- 
vious play,  now  lost,  had  interwoven  the  tales  of  thecaskets 
and  the  pound  of  flesh,  and  that  the  transmuting  power 
of  Shakespeare’s  genius  was  exercised  upon  this. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  X.  238. 
[Poor  versions  and  adaptations  of  “The  Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice ’’  were  made  by  Dryden,  Otway.  Shadwell,  Lansdowne, 
and  others,  which  held  the  stage  until  1741,  when  Macklin 
restored  Shakspere.  See  Shy  lock.] 

Merchant’s  Tale,  The.  Oneof  Chaucer’s  “Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  the  story  of  the  deception  of  an 
old  husband  by  a young  wife  with  the  friendly  assistance 
of  an  enchanted  tree.  The  original  is  Eastern  : an  ac- 
count of  the  Indo-Persian,  Turkish,  Arabian,  Singhalese, 
and  other  versions  of  it  is  given  in  the  Chaucer  Society’s 
“Originals  and  Analogues.”  The  Latin  versions  are  Boc- 
caccio's and  Caxton’s  ; the  immediate  source  of  Chaucer’s 
version,  however,  is  thought  to  lie  the  Latin  fable  of 
Adolphe  (about  1315).  Tope  modernized  it  as  “January 
and  May.’ 

Mercia  (mer'shiii).  [ML.,  from  AS.  Mierce, 
Myrce,  Mcrce,  pi.,  tho  people,  Miercna  land  or 
rice,  tho  land  of  tho  Mercians,  from  mearc, 
mark,  border.]  An  anedent  Anglian  kingdom 
in  the  interior  of  England,  which  lay  south  of 
Northumbria  and  north  of  Wessex,  and  reached 
westward  to  the  Welsh  “Mark.”  it  was  founded 
probably  in  the  second  half  of  the  6th  century  ; was  flour- 
ishing under  Penda  and  his  successors  in  the  7th  century  ; 
attained  the  overlordship  under  Ethelbald  and  Offa  in  the 
8tli  century ; passed  under  the  supremacy  of  Wessex  about 
827 ; and  later  was  one  of  the  great  earldoms  until  the 
Norman  conquest. 


Mercie 

Mercia  (mer-sya'),  Marius  Jean  Antoine. 

Bom  at  Toulouse,  Oct.  30,  1845.  A French 
sculptor,  a pupil  of  Falguiere  and  Jouifroy. 
He  gained  the  prix  de  Rome  in  1868.  Among  his  works 
are  the  statue  of  “David  "(1872),“Dalila’’ (XS7H  : a bust  in 
bronze),  “Gloria  victis”  (1874:  bought  by  the  state  and 
placed  in  the  Square  Montholon),  “Le  loup,  la  mere  et 
tenfant”  (1876:  a bas-relief),  “David  avant  le  combat" 
and  “Fleur  de  Mai"  (1876),  “Le  genie  des  arts”  (1877 : for 
the  Guichet  des  Tuileries),  tomb  of  Michelet  at  Ptre-la- 
Chaise  (1879),  and  “Judith  " (1880:  a portrait). 

Mercier  (mer-sya'),  Louis  Sebastien.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  6,  1740:  died  at  Paris,  April  25, 
1814.  A French  litt4rateur  and  politician. 
Mercier,  Philip.  Born  at  Berlin,  1689 : died  at 
London,  July  .18,  1760.  An  English  portrait- 
painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Antoine  Pesne  at  Berlin ; 
went  to  London  1716  ; and  was  appointed  court  painter 
and  librarian  in  1727.  He  was  a clever  painter  inthe  style 
of  Watteau.  His  portrait  of  Peg  Woffington  is  in  the  Gar- 
rick Club. 

Merciless  Parliament,  The.  An  English  par- 
liament of  1388:  so  named  on  account  of  the 
cruelty  exercised  by  it  toward  the  adherents  of 
Richard  II. 

Merck  (merk),  Johann  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  April  11, 1741:  committed 
suicide,  June  27, 1791.  A German  literary  critic 
and  author,  a friend  of  Herder  and  Goethe.  He 
exercised  great  influence  upon  the  life  of  the 
latter. 

Mercurius  Aulicius  (mer-ku'ri-us  a-lish'i-us). 
A journal  in  the  Royalist  interest  which  was 
written  and  published  by  Sir  John  Birkenhead 
at  Oxford  while  the  king  and  court  were  there. 
The  first  number  was  issued  in  Jan.,  1642,  and  it  appeared 
continuously  till  1645,  after  which  it  was  issued  occasion- 
ally as  a weekly.  It  has  never  been  reprinted  or  edited. 
Birkenhead  received  very  little  help  from  others.  In  lit- 
erary quality  it  is  far  superior  to  the  “Mercurius  Britan- 
nicus."  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Mercury  (mer'ku-ri).  [L.  Mercurius,  Mercury 
(the  deity  and  the  planet) : so  called  (apparent- 
ly) as  the  god  of  trade,  from  merx,  merchan- 
dise.] 1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  name  of 
a Roman  divinity  who  became  identified  with 
the  Greek  Hermes.  He  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Maia,  and  was  the  herald  and  ambassador  of  Jupiter.  As 
a god  of  darkness,  Mercury  is  the  tutelary  deity  of  thieves 
and  tricksters ; he  became  also  the  protector  of  herdsmen, 
the  god  of  science,  commerce,  and  the  arts  and  graces 
of  life,  and  the  patron  of  travelers  and  athletes.  It  was 
he  who  guided  the  shades  of  the  dead  to  their  final  abid- 
ing-place. He  is  represented  in  art  as  a young  man,  usu- 
ally wearing  a winged  hat  and  the  talaria  or  winged  san- 
dals, and  bearing  the  caduceus  or  pastoral  staff,  and  often 
a purse. 

2.  The  innermost  planet  of  the  solar  system. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  0.387  that  of  the  earth. 
The  inclination  (7  degrees)  and  the  eccentricity  (0.2056)  of 
its  orbit  are  exceeded  only  by  some  of  the  minor  planets. 
Its  diameter  is  only  3,000  miles,  or  about  | of  that  of  the 
earth  ; its  volume  is  to  that  of  the  earth  as  I to  18.5.  It 
performs  its  sidereal  revolution  in  88  days,  its  synodical 
in  116.  Its  proximity  to  the  sun  prevents  its  being  often 
seen  with  the  naked  eye.  The  mass  of  Mercury,  though 
as  yet  not  very  precisely  determined,  is  less  than  that  of 
any  other  planet  (asteroids  excepted).  According  to  Schia- 
parelli it  rotates  on  its  axis  in  the  same  way  as  the  moon 
does,  once  in  each  orbital  revolution. 

Mercury,  Belvedere.  A Greek  statue  of  the 
period  of  full  development  of  Hellenic  sculp- 
ture, in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  statue  is  undraped 
except  for  a himation  wound  about  the  left  arm  and  shoul- 
der. 

Mercury  Fastening  his  Sandal.  An  antique 
marble  statue,  undraped,  in  the  Glyptothek  at 
Munich. 

Mercutio  (mer-ku'shio).  In  Shakspere’s  “Ro- 
meo and  Juliet,”  the  friend  of  Romeo.  He  is 
endowed  with  courage,  an  easy  mind,  wit,  fancy, 
and  a light  heart. 

Mercutio  is,  I think,  one  of  the  best  instances  of  such  a 
comic  person  as  may  reasonably  and  with  propriety  be 
admitted  into  tragedy. 

Scott,  Life  of  Dryden  (Vol.  I.  of  Works),  p.  193. 

Mercy  (mer'si).  In  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Pro- 
gress,” the  friend  and  companion  of  Christiana. 
Mercy  (mer-se'),  Claudius  Florimond,  Count. 
Born  in  Lorraine,  1666 : killed  near  Parma,  Italy, 
June  29,  1733.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He 
served  in  Italy  in  1706,  at  Peterwardein  in  1716,  and  at 
Temesvar  in  1717.  In  1720  he  became  governor  of  Temes- 
v;lr,  and  in  1733  was  appointed  commander  in  Italy. 

Mercy,  Baron  Franz  von.  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Nordlingen,  Aug.  3, 1645.  A Bavarian  field- 
marshal  in  the  imperial  service.  He  defeated 
Turenne  at  Mergentheim  May  5,  1645. 

Mer  de  Glace  (mar  de  glas).  [F.,‘sea  of  ice.’] 
A glacier  on  the  northern  slope  of  Mont  Blanc, 
above  the  valley  of  Chamonix.  The  Arveyron 
conveys  its  waters  to  the  Arve. 

M6re  coupable,  La,  ou  L’ Autre  Tartufe.  A 
comedy  by  Beaumarchais,  played  in  1792:  a 
sequel  to  the  “Barbierde  Seville  ” and  “Mariage 
de  Figaro.” 


678 

★ 

Meredith  (mer'e-dith),  George.  Bom  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  Feb.  12,  1828 : died  at  London, 
May  18,  1909.  An  English  novelist  and  poet. 
He  was  educated  in  Germany,  and  studied  law.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Poems  " (1851),  “ The  Shaving  of  Shagpat," 
a burlesque  tale  (1856),  “The  Ordeal  of  Richard  Feverel," 
a novel  (1859),  “Modern  Love,  etc.,”  poems  (1862), 
“Rhoda  Fleming,”  a story  (1865),  “Vittoria,”  a novel 
(1866),  “Beauchamp’s  Career”  (1875),  “The  Egoist,  a Com- 
edy in  Narrative"  (1879),  “The  Tragic  Comedians,  etc." 
(1880),  “ Poems  ” (1883),  “ Diana  of  the  Crossways  " (1885), 
“Ballads,  etc.,  ” (1887),  “A  Reading  of  Earth,"  a poem 
(1888),  “ One  of  our  Conquerors  ” (1891),  “Lord  Onnont  and 
his  Aminta"  (1894),  “The  Amazing  Marriage”  (1895),  etc. 

Meredith,  Owen.  The  pseudonym  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Lytton. 

Meres  (rnerz),  Francis.  Born  in  Lincolnshire, 
1565 : died  at  Wing,  Rutland,  Jan.  29, 1647.  An 
English  divine  and  author.  He  was  a graduate  of 
Cambridge  (Pembroke  College),  became  rector  of  Wing  in 
1602,  and  kept  a school  there.  Among  his  works  is  “ Pal- 
ladis  Tamia,  Wits  Treasury ; being  the  second  part  of  Wits 
Commonwealth  ” (1598),  one  of  a series  of  volumes  of  col- 
lected apothegms,  etc. 

Meres  passes  in  review  all  literary  effort  from  the  time 
of  Chaucer  to  his  own  day,  briefly  contrasting  each  Eng- 
lish author  with  a writer  of  like  character  in  Latin,  Greek, 
or  Italian.  In  other  sections,  on  “ Bookes,”  “Reading  of 
Bookes,”  “Philosophie,”  “Poets  and  Poetrie,”  he  makes 
casual  references  to  contemporary  English  authors,  and 
in  his  section  on  “ Painting  ” and  “Music  ” he  supplies  a 
few  commentson  contemporary  English  paintersand  musi- 
cians. He  thus  commemorates  in  all  125  Englishmen  ; and 
his  list  of  Shakespeare's  works,  with  his  commendation  of 
the  great  dramatist’s  "fine  filed  phrase,”  and  his  account 
of  Marlowe’s  death  are  loci  classici  in  English  literary  his- 
tory. The  work  was  reissued  in  1634  as  “ Wits  Common- 
wealth, the  second  part : A Treasurie  of  Diuine,  Moral, 
and  Phylosophical  Similes,  generally  useful,  but  more  par- 
ticularly for  the  use  of  schools.”  Did.  Nat.  Biog. 

Mergentheim  (mer'gent-Mm),  formerly  Mari- 
enthal  (ma-re'en-tiil).  A town  in  the  Jagst 
circle,  Wurtemberg,  situated  on  the  Tauber  56 
miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart.  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
grand  master  of  the  Teutonic  Order  from  1527  to  1809. 
Here,  May  5, 1645,  the  Imperialists  under  Mercy  defeated 
the  French  under  Turenne.  Population,  about  5,000. 
Mergui  (mer-ge').  1.  A maritime  district  in 
the  division  of  Tenasserim,  British  Burma,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  12°  N.  Area,  9,798  square 
miles.  Population,  88,744. — 2.  The  capital  of 
Mergui  district  and  a seaport,  situated  on  an 
island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tenasserim,  in  lat. 
12°  27'  N.,  long.  98°  35'  E.  Population,  about 
12,000. 

Mergui  Archipelago.  A group  of  islands  west 
of  the  southern  part  of  British  Burma,  to  which 
they  belong. 

Merian  (ma're-an),  Maria  Sibylla  (Frau 
Graff).  Born  at  Frankfort,  Germany,  April  2, 
1647 : died  at  Amsterdam,  Jan.  13, 1717.  A Ger- 
man naturalist  and  artist.  In  1665  she  married  a 
Nuremberg  artist  named  Graff,  but  she  is  generally  known 
as  Madame  Merian.  Her  best -known  work  is  on  the  meta- 
morphoses of  insects  of  Surinam,  the  result  of  a visit  to 
that  country  1699-1701.  It  was  first  published  in  Latin, 
1705,  and  republished  in  French  after  her  death,  together 
with  a similar  work  on  the  insects  of  Europe.  The  large 
plates  illustrating  these  books  are  among  the  best  of  early 
zoological  drawings,  and  the  accompanying  observations 
are  generally  very  accurate. 

Merian,  Matthaus,  surnamed  “The  Elder.” 
Bom  atBasel, Switzerland, 1593:  diedat  Schwal- 
bach,  June  19,  1650.  A Swiss  engraver. 
Merian,  Matthaus,  surnamed  “The  Younger.” 
Born  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  1621:  died  at  Frank- 
fort, 1687.  A Swiss  portrait-painter,  son  of  M. 
Merian  (1593-1650). 

Meribah  (mer'i-ba).  [Heb.,  ‘strife.’]  In  Old 
Testament  geography,  the  name  of  two  places 
in  the  wilderness  south  of  Palestine,  noted  in 
the  history  of  Moses. 

There  are  a few  palm-trees  and  a little  water,  but  the 
name  of  these  pools  is  characteristic,  for  they  were  called 
the  waters  of  Meriba,  that  is  “ of  strife,"  on  account  of  the 
incessant  fights  which  took  place  there  between  the  Bed- 
ouins when  they  came  to  let  their  flocks  drink  of  them. 

ltcnan , Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  154. 

Merida  (mer'e-THa).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiana  30 
miles  east  of  Badajoz:  the  Roman  Emerita  Au- 
gusta. It  is  noted  for  many  relies  of  antiquity,  including 
a Roman  bridge  (built  by  Trajan,  consisting  of  81  arches, 
and  2,675  feet  in  length),  a ruined  castle,  the  Roman  arch 
of  Santiago,  an  aqueduct,  the  Circus  Maximus,  an  amphi- 
theater, and  a theater.  There  are  Roman  reservoirs  in 
the  vicinity.  A very  old  church  and  museum  of  antiqui- 
ties are  also  noteworthy.  Merida  was  founded  about  25 
B.  0.,  and  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Lusitania.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Arabs  about  712,  and  retaken  by  the  Span- 
iards about  1230.  Population,  11,168. 

Merida.  A colonial  intendencia  of  New  Spain, 
or  Mexico,  founded  in  1786,  and  continued 
until  the  independence.  It  corresponded  to  the  older 
province  of  Yucatan,  and  to  the  modem  states  of  Y ucatan, 
Campeche,  and  Tabasco. 

Merida.  A city  in  Venezuela,  capital  of  the 
state  of  Merida,  situated  about  lat.  8°  16' 


Merlin 

N.,  long,  71°  10'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1558. 
Population,  estimated,  over  12,000. 

Merida.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Yucatan, 
Mexico,  situated  about  lat.  20°  58'  N.,  long. 
89°  40'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1542  on  the  Bite  of  a 
Maya  town  ; has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade ; and 
has  a cathedral  and  many  educational  institutions.  Pop- 
ulation, 61,999,  (1910). 

Meriden  (mer'i-den).  A city  in  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  18  miles  north-northeast 
of  New  Haven.  It  is  the  seat  of  flourishing  manufac- 
tures,  and  is  especially  noted  for  Britannia-metal  wares. 
Population,  27,265,  (1910). 

Meridian  (me-rid'i-an).  A city,  capital  of  Lau- 
derdale County,  eastern  Mississippi,  86  miles 
east  of  Jackson.  Population,  23,285,  (1910). 
Merimee  (ma-re-ma'),  Prosper.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  28, 1803 : died  at  Cannes,  Sept.  23, 1870.  A 
French  author, archaeologist, historian,  andliter- 
ary  critic.  After  spending  some  time  in  the  study  of  law, 
he  entered  public  life,  and  rose  finally  to  the  dignity  of  sena- 
tor under  the  empire  (1853).  His  achievements,  however, 
in  this  line  of  life  were  surpassed  by  liissuccess  in  literature. 
He  first  published  two  apocryphal  works,  “ ThAatre  de  Clara 
Gazul  ’’  (1825)  and  “LaGuzla”(1827).  He  gave  further  evi- 
dence of  his  talent  in  “La  Jacquerie ’’(1828)  and  “Lafamille 
Carvajal."  He  wrote  a novel,  “Chronique  du  temps  de 
Charles  IX.”(1829).  which  testiflestocarefulhistorical  prep- 
aration ; and  in  1830  he  published  “Colomba,”  his  master- 
piece, which  deals  with  the  Corsican  vendettas.  From 
1835  to  1843  11  or im 6e  published  a number  of  works  de- 
scribing his  travels  in  Fi  ance.  As  a historian  he  wrote  an 
“ Essai  sur  la  guerre  sociale’’(1841),  “ Histoire  de  Don  Pe- 
dre"  (1843),  “La  conjuration  de  Catilina”(1844),  and  “Les 
faux  DAmAtrius  ” (1852).  He  appears  as  a translator  from 
the  Russian  of  stories  by  Pushkin,  Turgenieff,  and  Gogol. 
In  1856  he  edited  the  works  of  Brantome  and  Agrippa 
d’Aubignd.  He  wrote  frequently  for  “ La  Revue  de  Paris,” 
“La  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,”and  “LeMoniteur.”  These 
articles  and  other  papers  by  Merinuie  have  appeared  in 
book  form,  as,  for  instance,  “Melanges  historiques  et 
littdraires”  (1855),  “ Nouvelles,"  “ Der nitres  Nouvelles  ” 
(1873),  “ Portraits  historiques  et  littAraires  ”(1874),  “ Etudes 
sur  les  arts  au  moyen  Age”  (1874).  Another  posthumous 
publication  is  “ Lettres  h une  inconnue  ” (1873) : who  this 
“inconnue  " was  has  not  yet  been  determined.  M(5rim6e 
was  elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1844. 

Merino  (ma-re'no),  Ignacio.  Born  at  Piura, 
1819.  A Peruvian  painter.  He  was  principal  of  the 
Academy  of  Design  at  Lima  1841-50,  and  in  1851  took  up 
his  residence  at  Paris.  Among  his  best-known  works  are 
“Columbus  and  the  Council  of  the  Indies,”  purchased  by 
the  Peruvian  government,  and  “Hamlet,”  exhibited  at  the 
exposition  of  1872. 

Merioneth  (mer-i-on'etb).  A county  of  North 
Wales.  Capital,  Dolgelly.  It  is  bounded  by  Carnar- 
von  and  Denbigh  on  the  north,  Denbigh  and  Montgomery 
on  the  east,  Montgomery  on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  Bay 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area  (ad.  co.), 
659  square  miles.  Population  (pail,  co.),  49,149. 

Merivale  (mer'i-val),  Charles.  Born  at  Barton 
Place  in  Devonshire,  1808 : died  Dec.  27,  1893. 
An  English  historian  and  divine,  brother  of 
Herman  Merivale.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St. 
John’s  College);  was  rector  of  Lawford,  Essex,  1848-69; 
and  became  dean  of  Ely  in  1869.  His  chief  work  is  the 
“History  of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire  ” (1850-62).  He 
also  wrote  “A  General  History  of  Rome  ”(1875),  “Lectures 
on  Early  Church  History  ” (1879),  “ Contrast  between  Chris- 
tiau  and  Pagan  Society”  (1880),  a translation  of  the  Hiad 
in  rimed  verse,  etc. 

Merivale,  Herman.  Born  at  Dawlish,  Devon- 
shire, Nov.  8,  1806:  died  at  London,  Feb.  9, 
1874.  An  English  lawyer,  author,  and  politician, 
brother  of  Charles  Merivale.  He  was  professor  of 
political  economy  at  Oxford  1837-42;  assistant  under-secre- 
tary of  state  for  the  colonies  in  1847,  and  under-secretary 
1848-59 ; and  under-secretary  for  India  1859-74.  He  wrote 
“ Historical  Studies  ’’  (1865),  etc. 

Merivale,  J ohn  Herman.  Born  at  Exeter , Aug. 
5, 1779 : died  April  25, 1844.  An  English  scholar 
and  poet.  He  studied  at  St.  John’s  College,  Cambridge ; 
entered  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1798  ; and  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  1804.  In  1831  he  was  appointed  commissioner  in  bank- 
ruptcy. In  1814  he  published  “ Orlando  in  Roncesvalles  ” ; 
a collection  of  his  “ Poems  ” appeared  in  1838.  Byron  was 
his  friend  and  admir  er. 

Merle  d’AuTbigne  (merl  do-ben-ya'),  Jean 
Henri.  Born  at  Eaux-Vives,  near  Geneva,  Aug. 
16,1794:  died  at  Geneva,  Oct.  20, 1872.  A cele- 
brated Swiss  Protestant  church  historian,  after 
1830  professor  of  historical  theology  at  the  Ecole 
de  Th6ologie  Evang61ique  at  Geneva.  He  wrote 
“ Histoire  de  la  reformation  ” (“  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion,” 1835-53),  continued  in  “Histoire  de  la  reformation 
au  temps  de  Calvin  ” (“History  of  the  Reformation  in  the 
Time  of  Calvin,”  1863-76),  etc. 

Merlin  (mer'lin),  or  Myrddliin.  A half -legen- 
dary bard  of  the  6th  century,  to  whom  a number 
of  poems  (none  genuine)  are  attributed.  In 
the  course  of  time  popular  imagination  and  confusion  with 
another  of  the  same  name  made  him  the  enchanter  Mer- 
lin, hut  “more  associated  with  fable  than  even  Taliesin. 
The  true  history  of  Merlin  seems  to  be  that  he  was  born 
between  the  years  470  and  480,  during  the  invasion  of  the 
Saxons,  and  took  the  name  of  Ambrose,  which  preceded 
his  surname  of  Merlin,  from  the  successful  leader  of  the 
Britons,  Ambrosius  Aurelianus,  who  was  his  first  chief,  and 
from  whose  service  he  passed,  as  bard,  into  that  of  King 
Arthur,  the  southern  leader  of  the  Britons.  After  he  had 
been  present  in  many  battles,  on  one  disastrous  day  be- 
tween the  years  560  and  574,  in  a field  of  horrible  slaughter 


Merlin 

on  the  Solway  Firth,  he  lost  his  reason,  broke  his  sword, 
and  forsook  human  society,  finding  peace  and  consolation 
only  in  his  minstrelsy.  He  was  at  last  found  dead  on 
the  bank  of  a river”  ( Morley , English  Writers,  I.  218). 
The  enchanter  Merlin  of  Arthurian  romance  also  held  the 
position  of  companion  and  counselor  to  Arthur,  but  his 
adventures  and  the  manner  of  his  death  differ  from  the 
above.  The  romances  state  that  he  was  of  miraculous 
birth,  was  an  adept  in  magic,  and  was  beguiled  by  the  en- 
chantress Nimue  or  Ninive,  who  buried  him  under  a rock 
from  which  he  could  not  escape;  also  that  his  mistress, 
Vivien,  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  left  him  .spellbound  in  the  tan- 
gled branches  of  a thorn-bush,  where  he  still  sleeps,  though 
sometimes  his  voice  is  heard.  Tennyson,  in  his  “Idylls  of 
the  King,”  adopts  nearly  the  latter  version.  Among  other 
famous  deeds  Merlin  instituted  the  Bound  Table  at  Car- 
duel.  He  first  appears  in  Nennius  as  Ambrosius.  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth’s  “Vita  Merlini"  (1139-49)  wastranslated 
by  W ace  into  French  verse  (1155),  and  was  probably  adapted 
by  Robert  de  Borron  about  1100-70.  About  1200  H61ie 
de  Borron  wrote  the  French  prose  romance  of  Merlin, 
which  contained  what  are  called  Merlin’s  prophecies  in 
the  appendix.  Robert  de  Borron’s  poem  was  translated 
into  Italian  in  1379,  Spanish  in  1498,  and  German  in  1478. 
The  English  prose  romance  of  Merlin  (c.  1450-60)  was  taken 
from  the  French  original  attributed  to  Robert  de  Borron. 
It  was  printed  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society  for  the 
first  time. 

Merlin  de  Douai  (mer-lait'  cl 6 dcj-a'),  Comte 
Philippe  Antoine.  Born  at  Arleux,  near  Douai, 
France,  Oct.  30,  1734:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  26, 
1838.  A French  jurist  and  revolutionary  poli- 
tician. He  was  a member  of  the  National  Assembly ; went 
over  to  the  radical  party  in  1792 ; was  president  of  the  Con- 
vention after  the  Reign  of  Terror ; was  later  minister  of 
justice  ; and  on  the  revolution  of  the  ISth  Fructidor  be- 
came a member  of  the  Directory. 

Merlin  de  Thionville  (tyon-vel'),  Antoine 
Christophe.  Born  at  Thionville,  Lorraine, 
Sept.  13,  1762 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14,  1833.  A 
French  revolutionist,  a member  of  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  1791-92,  and  of  the  Convention 
1792-95. 

Mermaid  Club,  The.  A celebrated  club  said 
to  have  been  established  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
in  1603.  It  met  at  the  Mermaid  Taveru.  Jonson,  Beau- 
mont, Fletcher,  Selden,  and  probably  Shakspere  were 
among  its  members. 

Mermaid  Tavern,  The.  See  Mermaid  Club. 
Mermnadse  (merm'na-de).  The  last  dynasty  of 
the  Lydian  kings,  beginning  with  Gyges  (about 
700  B.  C.)  and  ending  with  Croesus  (560-546). 
Besides  these  kings  it  included  Ardys,  Sadyat- 
tes,  and  Alyattes. 

Merodach  (mer ' 5 - dak).  [In  the  inscriptions 
Marduk.]  One  of  the  12  great  gods  of  the  As- 
syro-Babylonian  pantheon,  son  of  Ea.  His  wife 
was  Zarpaint.  He  was  especially  the  tutelar  divinity  of 
the  city  of  Babylon,  and  during  the  supremacy  of  Baby 
Ionia  his  temple,  Esagila  (‘the  exalted  house’),  restored 
with  great  splendor  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  became  the  na- 
tional sanctuary  of  the  whole  empire.  He  also  had  an 
old  and  famous  sanctuary  at  Sippar.  He  was  especially 
considered  the  compassionate  god  of  mankind,  relieving 
their  ills  with  the  knowledge  and  power  his  father,  the 
god  of  profound  wisdom,  gave  him.  He  was  also  the  pa- 
tron of  the  magi.  His  son  is  Nebo  (Nabu),  the  god  of 
learning.  Of  the  planets,  Jupiter  was  sacred  to  him.  He  is 
mentioned  in  J er.  1.  2,  but  is  referred  to  as  Bel  in  Isa.  xlvL  1 
and  Jer.  1L  44. 

Merodach-baladan  (mer'o-dak-bal'a-dan).  [In 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  Marduk  bal-iddina, 
Merodach  has  given  the  son.]  The  name  of 
several  kings  of  Babylon.  The  most  important  of 
these  appears  first  as  the  ruler  of  Bit  Yakin.  He  submit-/ 
ted  and  paid  tribute  to  the  Assyrian  king  Tiglath-Pileser 
III.  (745-727  B.  C.).  From  722  to  709  he  appears  in  the  in- 
scriptions as  king  of  entire  Babylonia.  Afterward  he  en- 
tered into  alliancewiththeElamitesagainstSargon.  The 
allies  were  defeated  by  the  Assyrian  king,  and  Merodach- 
baladan  saved  himself  otdy  by  flight.  He  reappears  in  the 
first  year  of  Sennacherib  (705),  and  is,  in  all  probability, 
identical  with  the  Merodach-baladan  mentioned  in  Isa. 
xxxix.,  2 Ki.  xx.  12  ff.  (under  the  form  Berodachbaladan) 
as  having  sent  ambassadors  to  Hezekiah  to  congratulate 
him  upon  his  recovery  from  sickness.  This  embassy  was 
also,  no  doubt,  intended  to  draw  Hezekiah  into  an  alliance 
against  Assyiia.  He  was  defeated  by  Sennacherib,  who 
placed  a certain  Belibus  on  the  Babylonian  throne  (702- 
699).  In  699  Merodach-baladan  is  again  found  in  rebellion 
against  Assyria,  and,  again  defeated,  he  escapes  to  Elam. 
He  must  have  died  shortly  afterward,  but  his  descendants 
continued  to  stir  up  rebellions  in  Babylonia  against  As- 
syria. The  last  scion  of  this  house,  when  about  to  be  de- 
livered to  Asurbanipal,  caused  his  armor-bearer  to  slay  him. 
Meroe  (mer'o-e).  [Gr.  Meptb/.J  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, the  capital  of  the  later  kingdom  of 
Ethiopia,  situated  between  the  Nile  and  the 
Atbara,  about  lat.  17°  N. 

Merom  (me'rom),  Waters  of.  A lake  in  Pal- 
estine, 10i  miles  north  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee, 
traversed  by  the  Jordan:  the  modern  Bahr-el- 
Huleh,  and  the  Semechonitis  Lake  of  Josephus. 
Length,  4 miles.  It  was  the  scene  of  a great 
victory  of  Joshua  over  Jabin,  king  of  Hazor. 
Merope  (mer'o-pe).  [Gr.  MepStry.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Pleiades  (which  see). — 2. 
The  4^ magnitude  star  23  Pleiadum.  I tis enveloped 
in  a nebulosity  which  was  discovered  before  the  applica- 
tion of  photography,  but  is  difficult  to  observe  visually. 
M6rope  (ma-rop').  A play  by  Voltaire  (1743). 


679 

Merovingians  (mer-o-vin'ji-anz).  A dynasty  of 
Frankish  kings,  whose  eponymic  ancestor,  Mer- 
wig  or  Merovseus,  lived  in  the  5th  century,  it 
rose  to  power  under  ciovis,  king  of  the  Salian  Franks,  who 
defeated  the  Roman  governor  Syagrius  in  486,  accepted 
the  Roman  faith  in  496,  and  died  in  511,  after  having 
made  himself  sole  ruler  of  all  the  Franks.  His  kingdom 
was  divided  among  his  four  sons,  one  of  whom,  Clotaire 
I.,  reunited  the  several  parts  in  558.  A second  division  of 
the  Frankish  kingdom  took  place  among  the  Merovingians 
on  his  death  in  561.  This  was  also  a quadruple  division. 
In  567  the  parts  were  reduced  to  three  in  number,  whence 
arose  the  kingdoms  of  Austrasia  (capital  Metz),  Neustria 
(capital  Soissons),  and  Burgundy  (capital  Orleans),  of  which 
the  first  contained  a German,  the  last  two  a Romance  pop- 
ulation. Burgundy  was  eventually  united  with  N eustria, 
leaving  two  principal  divisions,  Neustria  and  Austrasia. 
Violent  family  feuds,  as,  for  instance,  that  between  Brune- 
hilde  of  Austrasia  and  Fredegunde  of  Neustria  in  the  6th 
century,  caused  the  power  of  the  Merovingians  to  wane, 
bothin  Neustriaandin  Austrasia,  before  that  of  themayors 
of  the  palace,  until  in  687  Pepin  of  Heristal,  mayor  of  the 
palace  in  Austrasia,  made  himself  practically  ruler  of  both 
kingdoms.  His  grandson,  Pepin  the  Short,  finally  deposed 
the  Merovingians  and  caused  himself  to  be  crowned  king 
of  the  Franks  in  751. 

Merowig  (mer'6-wig),  or  Merwig  (mer'wig). 
[L-  Merovseus.']  An  alleged  chief  or  king  of  a 
part  of  the  Salian  Franks,  and  grandfather  of 
Clovis.  Some  suppose  Merowig  or  Merovseus  to  have 
been  the  patronymic  of  the  family  or  clan  of  Clovis,  de- 
rived from  a more  remote  ancestor. 

Merrick  (mer'ik),  James.  Born  at  Reading, 
Eng.,  1720  : died  there,  1769.  An  English  poet. 
He  wrote  sacred  poems,  and  the  “ Chameleon.” 
Merrifield  (mer ' i - feld),  Charles  Watkins. 
Born  at  London  or  Brighton,  Oct.  20,1827:  died 
at  Brighton,  Jan.  1,  1884.  An  English  mathe- 
matician. About  1867  he  became  principal  of  the  Royal 
School  of  Naval  Architecture  and  Marine  Engineering  at 
South  Kensington.  Among  his  works  are  “ Miscellaneous 
Memoirs  on  Pure  Mathematics"  (1861),  and  “Technical 
Arithmetic  ” (1872).  He  contributed  numerous  papers  to 
the  “Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects.” 

Merrilies(mer'i-lez),  Meg.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s 
novel  ‘ ‘ Guy  Mannering,”  a weird  and  masculine 
gipsy  who  is  devoted  to  Bertram’s  family,  she 
remonstrates  in  vain  against  the  theft  of  Han-y  Bertram, 
and  on  his  return  helps  him  to  his  own  at  the  cost  of  her 
life.  Charlotte  Cushman  was  noted  in  this  part  in  the 
dramatization  of  the  novel. 

Merrimac,  or  Merrimack  (mer'i-mak).  Ariver 
in  New  Hampshire  and  northeastern  Massachu- 
setts. It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Pemigewasset 
and  Winnepiseogee at  Franklin,  New  Hampshire,  andflows 
into  the  Atlantic  4 miles  east  of  Newburyport.  It  furnishes 
water-power  to  Manchester,  Nashua,  Lowell,  Lawrence, 
etc.  Length,  about  120  miles  (including  the  Pemigewasset, 
about  90  miles)  • 

Merrimac.  1 . A 40-gun  screw  frigate  built  for 
the  United  States  government  in  1855.  On  April  19, 
1861,  the  Norfolk  navy-yard  was  abandoned  by  the  Federal 
government,  and  the  ships  there,  including  the  Merrimac, 
were  sunk.  The  hull  was  raised  by  the  Confederates  and 
cut  down  to  the  berth-deck.  On  the  midship  section  a 
casemate  of  timber  170  feet  long  was  built,  protected  by 
a double  iron  plating  4 inches  thick.  The  prow  was  of  cast- 
iron.  She  was  named  the  Virginia,  and  was  commanded 
by  Commodore  Franklin  Buchanan.  On  March  8, 1862,  she 
destroyed  the  Congress  (a  sailing  ship  of  50  guns)  and  the 
Cumberland  (a  sailing  ship  of  30  guns)  at  Newport  News. 
On  March  9 she  attacked  the  Minnesota,  and  was  met  by 
the  Monitor,  which  had  arrived  the  night  before.  The 
battle  lasted  from  8 A.  M.  until  noon,  and  resulted  in  favor 
of  the  Monitor.  See  Monitor. 

2.  A collier  suuk  by  Assistant  Naval-Con- 
structor Hobson  June  3,  1898,  in  an  attempt  to 
block  the  entrance  to  Santiago  harbor. 

Merriman,  Henry  Seton.  The  pseudonym  of 
Hugh  S.  Scott. 

Merritt  (mer'it),  Wesley.  Born  at  New  York, 
June  16,  1836:  died  at  Natural  Bridge, 
Va.,  Dec.  3,  1910.  An  American  general.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy  in 
1860 ; promoted  captain  in  1862,  and  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  June  29,  1863;  brevetted  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers Oct.  19,  1864,  and  major-general  in  the  United 
States  army  March  13,  1865 ; and  appointed  major-general 
of  volunteers  April  1,  1865,  brigadier-general  April,  1887, 
and  major-general  April,  1895.  He  was  superintendent  of 
theU.  S.  Military  Academy  Sept.,  1882, -June,  1887  ; and 
commanded  the  Department  of  the  Missouri  1887-91  and 
1895-97,  the  Department  of  Dakota  1891-95,  and  the  De- 
partment of  the  East  1897-98.  He  was  in  command  at  the 
capture  of  Manila,  Aug.  13,  1898;  retired  June,  1900. 

Merry  (mer'i),  Felix.  A pseudonym  of  Evert 
Augustus  Duyckinck. 

Merry,  Robert.  Born  at  London,  April,  1755: 
died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  14, 1798.  An  Eng- 
lish dilettante.  He  became  a member  of  the  English 
Delia  Cruscan  Academy  at  Florence,  and  his  pseudonym 
“ Della  Crusca  ” gave  its  name  to  the  school.  His  affected 
and  tasteless  style  is  exhibited  in  the  correspondence  with 
“Anna  Matilda,"  which  continued  in  the  “World"  till 
1789,  when  the  writers  met  and  were  disenchanted.  (See 
Anna  Matilda.)  The  best  and  worst  poems  were  collected 
in  the  “British  Album”  in  1789.  Gifford's  “Baviad,”  a 
satire  on  it,  sold  a fourth  edition  of  this  in  1791. 

Merry  Dancers.  A name  given  to  tho  aurora. 

The  meteoric  rays  which  have  given  the  name  of  the 
“ Merry  Dancers  ” to  the  flickering  Northern  Lights. 

lilton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  71. 

Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton,  The.  A comedy 


Merton,  Walter  de 

acted  by  the  King’s  Men  at  the  Globe  before 
Oct.  22,  1607.  Fleay  believes  from  internal  evidence 
that  this  play  was  originally  called  “Sir  John  Oldcastle,  ’ 
and  was  written  by  Drayton  for  the  Chamberlain’s  Men 
before  Dec.,  1597.  A prose  tract,  “The  Life  and  Death  of 
the  Merry  DevU  of  Edmonton,  etc.,’’  was  entered  on  the 
4 ‘ Stationers'  Register  ’ ’ in  1608  by  “T.  B.  ” (Thomas  Brewer) . 
The  popularity  of  the  comedy  probably  suggested  this 
tract,  which  does  not  cover  quite  the  same  ground.  The 
latter  has,  however,  been  ascribed  to  Tony  (Antony)  Brewer 
on  the  strength  of  the  initials  in  the  above  entry,  the  tract 
having  been  confounded  with  the  play.  ( Bullen .)  Theplay 
has  also  been  ascribed  without  reason  to  Shakspere,  on  the 
authority  of  Kirkman  the  bookseller. 

Merrygreek,  or  Merigreek  (mer'i-grek),  Mat- 
thew. In  Udall’s  play  “Ralph  Roister  Doister,” 
a parasite  and  mischievous  boon  companion  of 
Ralph.  He  adroitly  gets  his  own  way  by  flattery 
and  abuse. 

Merry  Monarch,  The.  Charles  II.  of  England. 
Merrymount  (mer  'i -mount).  A settlement 
within  the  present  city  of  Quincy,  Massachu- 
setts, made  by  Thomas  Morton  and  others  in 
1625.  The  Pilgrims  of  Plymouth  dispersed  it 
in  1628,  and  it  was  again  dispersed  a few  years 
later. 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  The.  A comedy  by 
Shakspere,  produced  about  1600.  it  was  first  printed 
as  we  know  it  in  the  first  folio,  1623.  In  1602  an  imperfect 
and  probably  unauthorized  version  in  quarto  was  printed 
(reprinted  in  1619).  It  seems  to  have  been  based  on  a 
mangled  repetition  stolen  from  the  theater,  or  else  was  hur- 
riedly written  by  command.  Rowe  in  1709  says,  probably 
without  foundation,  that  Queen  Elizabeth  was  so  pleased 
with  the  Fal  staff  of  “ Henry  IV.”  that  she  commanded  Shak- 
spere to  show  how  he  conducted  himself  when  in  love. 
For  the  plot  he  was  probably  but  little  indebted  to  other 
writers.  “The  Two  Lovers  of  Pisa ’’from  Straparola,  in 
Tarleton’s  “ News  Out  of  Purgatory  ” (1590),  and  a story 
from  “11  Pecorone”  of  Ser  Giovanni  Fiorentino  which 
suggests  the  hiding  of  Falstaff  in  the  soiled  linen,  may  pos- 
sibly have  suggested  some  of  the  incidents.  John  Dennis 
wrote  a play,  “The  Comical  Gallant,  or  the  Amours  of  Sir 
John  Falstaff,”  in  1702,  in  which  “ The  Merry  Wives  ’’  may 
be  recognized;  and  an  opera,  “Die  lustigen  Weiber  von 
Windsor,”  by  Otto  Nicolai,  words  from  Shakspere  by  Mo- 
senthal,  was  produced  at  Berlin  in  1849,  at  London  in  1864, 
and  at  Paris,  as  “ Les  joyeuses  commeres  de  Windsor. "in 
1866. 

Mers  (mars).  A sea-bathing  resort,  a suburb  of 
Le  Treport,  France,  northeast  of  Dieppe. 
Merscheid  (mer'shit).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  17  miles  north  by  east  of  Co- 
logne. Population,  17,865;  commune,  24,257. 
Since  1891  called  Ohligs. 

Merse  (mers),  The.  the  lower  valley  of  the 
Tweed,  Scotland. 

Merseburg  (mer'ze-bora).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale 
16  miles  west  of  Leipsic.  its  chief  buildings  are  the 
cathedral  and  the  castle.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  beer. 
It  was  one  of  the  leading  medieval  German  cities,  the 
seat  of  a bishopric  from  the  10th  to  the  16th  century,  and 
of  the  dukes  of  Saxe-Merseburg  from  1666  to  1738.  Near 
it  Henry  the  Fowler  won  an  important  victory  over  the 
Hungarians  in  933.  Population,  commune,  20,024. 

Mersenne  (mer-sen'),  Marin.  Born  at  La  Soul- 

tiere,  Maine,  France,  Sept.  8,1588:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  1,1648.  A noted  French  theologian,  mathe- 
matician, and  philosopher,  a friend  of  Descartes. 
He  discovered  the  laws  which  show  the  dependence  of  the 
time  of  vibration  of  a string  upon  its  length,  tension,  and 
density—  namely,  that  the  time  varies  directly  as  the  length 
and  as  the  square  root  of  the  density,  and  inversely  as  the 
square  root  of  the  tension. 

Mersey  (mer'zi).  Ariver  in  England,  itisformed 
by  the  union  of  the  Tame  and  Goyt  near  Stockport,  and 
flows  by  an  estuary  into  the  Irish  Sea  below  Liverpool. 
Length, 70  miles;  navigable  to  the  mouth  of  the  Irwell. 

Mertetefs  (mer-te-tafs').  See  the  extract. 

The  oldest  historical  portrait-statue  yet  discovered  is  that 
of  Queen  Mertetefs,  wife  of  Seneferu,  the  last  king  of  the 
Third  Dynasty,  and  wife,  by  her  second  marriage,  toKhufu, 
the  first  king  of  the  Fourth  Dynasty,  who  was  no  less  fa- 
mous a personage  than  the  builder  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 
The  statue  is  one  of  a limestone  group  of  three  figures, 
representing  Queen  Mertetefs,  her  Ka,  and  a priest  named 
Kennu,  who  was  her  private  secretary. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  135. 

Merthyr  Tydfil,  or  Merthyr  Tydvil  (mfr'thcr 
tid'vil;  W.  pron.  mer'ther  tud'vil).  [Said  to 
have  received  its  name  from  a martyred  British 
saint  Tydfil  ( mcrthyr  — E.  martyr).]  A town 
in  Glamorganshire,  South  Wales,  situated  on 
the  Tail  in  lat.  51°  45'  N.,  long.  3°  23'  W.  Its 
importance  is  of  modern  growth.  It  is  the  center  of  an  ex- 
tensive coal  region,  and  is  noted  for  iron  and  steel  manu- 
factures. It  returns  2 members  to  Parliament.  Popula- 
tion, 80,999,  (1911). 

Merton  (mer'ton),  Ambrose.  A pseudonym  of 
W.  J.  Thoms,  theeditorof  “Notes  and  Queries.” 
Merton,  Lower.  A village  in  Surrey,  10  miles 
southwest  of  London. 

Merton  (mer'ton),  Walter  de.  Died  Oct.  27, 
1277.  Bishop  of  Rochester,  and  founder  of  Mer- 
ton College,  Oxford.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  ; in 
1261  was  appointed  chancellor;  and  was  elected  bishop  of 
Rochester  in  1274.  He  originated  the  collegiate  system 
of  the  English  universities  by  the  establishment  in  1264  of 


Merton,  Walter  de 

Merton  College,  the  “final  statutes”  of  which  date  from 
Aug..  1274.  The  chapel  of  the  college  is  marked  by  its  large 
square  pinnacled  Perpendicular  tower : its  choir  was  built 
by  the  founder,  and  the  remainder  is  of  the  early  15th  cen- 
tury. The  library,  as  well  as  the  college,  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  being  the  oldest  in  England.  The  picturesque 
inner  quadrangle  is  Jacobean.  The  Meadow  front  of  the 
buildings,  with  their  long  range  of  gables,  is  characteristic. 

This  system  (which  has  been  beneficial  in  its  effects 
down  to  our  own  time,  for  many  of  our  most  distinguished 
scholars  entered  the  university  as  sizars)  was  part  of  the 
deliberate  purpose  that  animated  the  design  of  W alter  de 
Merton,  who  may  be  called  the  founder  of  the  whole  col- 
legiate system.  He  sought  to  attract  the  most  capable 
men  of  all  classes,  and  so  to  raise  up  secular  schools  which 
should  check  the  influence  of  the  monasteries,  and  through 
them  of  the  pope.  Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  36. 

Meru  (mer'o).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  cen- 
tral mountain  of  the  earth,  of  prodigious  size 
and  precious  material,  having  on  its  summit 
the  abode  of  the  gods. 

Merv  (merv),  or  Merve.  An  oasis  in  Russian 
central  Asia,  lying  along  the  river  Murgab 
about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  62°  E.  Its  inhabitants 

are  Tekke-Turkomans.  From  its  strategic  and  commer- 
cial position  between  Persia,  Bokhara,  and  Herat  it  has 
been  important  from  remote  times.  It  was  conquered  by 
Alexander,  and  belonged  successively  to  the  Parthians, 
Saracens,  and  Seljuks.  It  was  ravaged  by  the  Mongols  in 
1221.  Later  it  belonged  in  turn  to  Uzbegs,  Persians,  and 
Bokharans.  The  Russians  overran  and  annexed  it  in  1883- 
1884.  It  is  now  traversed  by  the  Transcaspian  Rail  way.  Pop- 
ulation, about  120,000.  The  old  city  of  Merv  was  formerly 
a place  of  considerable  size  and  importance.  About  25 
miles  from  it3  ruins  is  New  Merv.  Population,  about9,000. 

Merveilleuse  (mer-va-yez').  [F., ‘marvelous.'] 
The  sword  of  Doolin  of  Mayence. 

Merville  (mer-vel').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Lys  18  miles 
west  of  Lille.  Population,  commune,  about 
8,000. 

Mery  (ma-re'),  Joseph.  Born  near  Marseilles, 
Jan.  21,  1798 : died  at  Paris,  June  17, 1866.  A 
French  litterateur.  Among  his  numerous  works  are 
novels,  books  of  travel,  plays,  and  poems.  Conjointly 
with  Barth^lemy  he  wrote  satirical  verses. 

Meryon  (ma-rydn'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris 
in  1821 : died  at  Charenton,  near  Paris,  in  1868. 
A French  etcher  and  engraver.  Among  his  works 
are  “Le  pont  du  change,”  “La  vieille  morgue,”  “Le  petit 
ont,”  “ La  rue  de  la  Pirouette,”  etc. 
erzig  (mert'siG).  A small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saar  20  miles 
south  by  east  of  Treves. 

Mesa.  See  Mesha. 

MesartilO.  (me-sar'tim).  [Deriv.  uncertain.] 
A commonly  used  name  for  the  44-magnitude 
double  star  y Arietis. 

Mescala(mes-ka'la),orMexcala  (mas-ka'la),or 
Mercala  ( mer-ka'lS),  or  Rio  de  las  Balsas (re'o 
da  las  bal'sas).  A river  in  Mexico  which  flows 
into  the  Pacific  between  the  states  of  Michoa- 
can  and  Guerrero.  Length,  500  miles. 
Mescaleros(mez"ka-la/ros).  [Sp.,  ‘mescal peo- 
ple,’ from  their  habit  of  eating  mescal.]  A 
tribe  of  the  Apache  group  of  North  American 
Indians,  north  of  San  Carlos  agency  in  1883. 
Meschede  (mesh'a-de).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  10  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Arnsberg. 

Mescua  (mes'ko-a),  Antonio  Mirade.  See  the 

extract. 

Contemporary  with  these  events  and  discussions  lived 
Antonio  Mira  de  Mescua,  well  known  from  1602  to  1635  as 
a writer  for  the  stage,  and  much  praised  by  Cervantes  and 
LopedeVega.  He  was  a native  of  Guadix  in  the  kingdom 
of  Granada,  and  in  his  youth  became  archdeacon  of  its  ca- 
thedral; but  in  1610  he  was  at  Naples,  attached  to  the 
poetical  court  of  the  Count  de  Lemos,  and  in  1620  he 
gained  a prize  in  Madrid,  where  he  died  in  1636  while  in 
the  office  of  chaplain  to  Philip  the  Fourth  He  wrote 
secular  plays,  autos,  and  lyrical  poetry. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  329. 

Mesembria.  See  Misivri. 

Meseritz  (ma'ze-rits).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Posen-Prussia,  situated  on  the  Obra  55  miles 
west  of  Posen.  Population,  commune,  5,800. 
Mesha  (me'sha),  or  Mesa  (me'zfi).  [Heb./help/ 
‘ deliverance/]  A king  of  Moab  about  850  B.  C. 
He  is  mentioned  in  2 Ki.  iii.  as  having  been  subject  to 
the  kings  of  Israel,  but  after  Ahab's  death  he  fell  away. 
Hereupon  Joram,  king  of  Israel,  in  alliance  with  Jehosh- 
aphat,  king  of  Judah,  undertook  an  expedition  against 
him,  and  shut  him  up  in  Kir-Haresheth,  situated  a little 
to  the  east  of  the  southern  end  of  the  Dead  Sea.  In  this 
emergency  Mesha  sacrificed  his  first-born  son  to  Chemosh. 
The  Israelites  thereupon  departed  to  their  land.  In 
1868  a stele  was  discovered  near  Dibon,  the  ancient  cap- 
ital of  Moab,  on  which  Mesha  had  recorded  this  event. 
It  is  written  in  the  Moabite  dialect,  which  only  slightly 
differs  from  Hebrew,  with  the  ancient  Hebrew  charac- 
ter, the  so-called  Samaritan  or  Phenician,  and  is  the  oldest 
Semitic  monument  known.  The  stone,  badly  damaged, 
is  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris.  See  Moabite  Stone. 
Mesha.  See  Mash. 

Meshech.  See  Mushi. 

Meshhed  (mesh'hed),  or  Meshed  (mesh'ed),  or 
Mashhad  (mash'had).  The  capital  of  the 


680 

province  of  Khorasan,  Persia,  situated  about 
lat.  36°  18'  N.,  long.  59°  35'  E.  it  is  a commercial 
center,  and  a noted  place  of  pilgrimage.  The  mosque  con- 
tains the  Shiite  shrine  of  the  imam  Riza.  Population, 
estimated,  60,000. 

Meshhed- Ali  (mesh'hed-a'le),  or  Nedjef.  A 

town  in  the  vilayet  of  Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
97  miles  south  of  Bagdad.  It  is  a Shiite  place  of 
pilgrimage,  on  account  of  the  mosque  containing  the  shrine 
of  Ali.  Population,  estimated,  about  5,000. 

Meshhed-Hussein.  See  Kerhela. 

Meshtseraks  (mesh-tse-raks').  A people  of 
Finnish  origin,  living  in  eastern  Russia.  They 
are  in  part  Russianized,  in  part  (about  125,000)  allied  to 
the  Bashkirs  in  language  and  religion. 

Meshtshovsk  (mesh-ehofsk').  A town  in  the 
government  of  Kaluga,  Russia,  42  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Kaluga.  Population,  about 

5.000. 

Mesilla  (ma-sel'ya).  [Sp.,  ‘little  mesa.’]  A 
town  in  southern  New  Mexico,  on  the  Rio 
Grande,  founded  about  1830. 

Mesmer  (mes'mer),  Friedrich  Anton.  Bom 

near  Constance,  Baden,  May  23,  1733 : died  at 
Meersburg,  Baden,  March  5, 1815.  A German 
physician,  originator  of  the  theory  of  mesmer- 
ism or  animal  magnetism.  He  studied  divinity  at 
Dillingen  and  Ingolstadt,  hut  afterward  studied  medicine 
at  Vienna,  where  he  took  his  degree  in  1766.  He  began 
about  1771  an  investigation  into  the  supposed  curative 
powers  of  the  magnet,  which  led  him  to  adopt  the  theory 
of  animal  magnetism.  This  he  made  public  in  1776  in  a 
pamphlet  entitled  “Sendsi  hreiben  an  einen  auswiirtigen 
Arzt  fiber  die  Magnetkur.”  In  1778  he  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  created  a sensation  as  a practitioner  of  mesmer- 
ism. In  1785  the  French  government  appointed  a com- 
mission of  eminent  physicians  and  scientists  to  investi- 
gate his  system.  An  adverse  report  followed,  and  he  fell 
into  disrepute  and  spent  his  last  years  at  Meersburg. 

Mesocco.  See  Misocco. 

Mesolonghi.  See  Missolonghi. 

Mesopotamia  (mes^o-po-ta'ini-a).  [Gr.  Mecotro- 
Ta/iia,  the  land  between  the  rivers.]  The  great 
plain  between  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris : in  the 
Old  Testament  called  Aram  Naharaim.  it  is 
usually  divided  into  Upper  Mesopotamia,  covering  ancient 
Assyria,  and  Lower  Mesopotamia,  comprising  ancient 
Chaldea  and  Babylonia.  It  was  conquered  by  Thothmes 

111.,  Seti  I.,  Rameses  II.,  and  other  Egyptian  monarchs, 
and  has  belonged  at  different  times  to  the  Median,  Per- 
sian, Macedonian,  Syrian,  Parthian,  Roman,  New  Persian, 
Saracenic,  and  Turkish  empires,  and  is  now  a Turkish 
province  with  Bagdad  as  capital.  See  also  Aram  and 
Babylon. 

Mesopotamia,  The  Argentine.  [Sp.  Mesopo- 
tamia Argentina .]  A name  ^frequently  given 
to  that  portion  of  the  Argentine  Republic  which 
lies  between  the  rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay. 
It  includes  the  provinces  of  Entre  Rios  and  Corrientes  and 
the  territory'  of  Missiones. 

Mesrob  (mes-roh'),  or  Miesrob  (myes-roh'). 
Lived  in  the  5th  century  a.  D.  A patriarch  of 
Armenia,  a reputed  founder  of  Armenian  liter- 
ature, who  devised  the  Armenian  alphabet  of 
36  letters,  to  which  after  his  time  two  more  were 
added,  and  the  Georgian  alphabet  of  39  or  40 
letters,  still  in  use. 

Messala  (me-sa'la),  or  Messalla  (me-sal'la), 
Corvinus  Marcus  Valerius.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  1st  century  B.  C.  A Roman 
general,  official,  orator,  historian,  and  patron 
of  literature. 

Messalina,  or  Messallina  (mes-a-U'nfi),  Vale- 
ria. Executed  48  a.  d.  Wife  of  the  emperor 
Claudius.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Marcus  Valerius 
Messala  Barbatus,  and  became  the  third  wife  of  Claudius, 
who  afterward  ascended  the  imperial  throne.  She  was  a 
woman  of  infamous  vices,  and  during  a temporary  absence 
of  her  husband  publicly  married  her  favorite,  C.  Silius. 
She  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Claudius. 

Messana  (me-sa'na).  An  ancient  name  of  Mes- 
sina. 

Messapia  (me-sa'pi-a).  [Gr.  M coca-rvia.]  In 
ancient  geography,  the  peninsula  at  the  south- 
eastern extremity  of  Italy:  often  used  as  synony- 
mous with  Calabria  or  Iapygia. 

Messene  (me-se'ne).  [Gr.  Msaar/vyJ]  1.  Inancient 
geography,  a city  in  Messenia,  Greece,  on  the 
slope  of  Mt.  Ithome  in  lat.  37°  11'  N.,  long.  21° 
56'  E.  It  was  founded  as  a fortress  against  Sparta,  under 
the  influence  of  Epaminondas,  in  369  B.  c.,  and  is  noted  now 
for  its  extensive  ruins  at  the  modern  village  of  Mavromati. 
2.  An  ancient  name  of  Messina. 

Messenger  (mes'en-jer).  A gray  thoroughbred 
horse,  by  Mambrino,  which  was  imported  into 
the  United  States  from  England  about  1788. 

All  the  main  lines  of  trotting-horses  except  the  Morgans 
and  Clays  are  derived  from  him.  The  Hambletonians  trace 
directly  to  him  by  way  of  Hambletonian  (10),  Abdallah, 
and  Mambrino. 

Messenia  (me-se'ni-a).  [Gr.  Meccrrjvia.]  1.  In  an- 
cient geography,  a division  of  the  Peloponnesus. 
It  was  bounded  by  Elis  and  Arcadia  on  the  north,  Laconia 
(separated  by  Mount  Taygetus)  on  the  east,  and  the  sea  on 
the  south  and  west.  It  contained  the  fertile  valley  of  the 
Paralsus  ; was  early  settled  by  Dorians  ; was  at  war  with 


Messina 

Sparta  from  about  743  to  724  B.  c.,  and  was  subjugated ; 
attempted  unsuccessfully  to  shake  off  the  Spartan  yoke 
about  648-631 ; had  its  independence  restored  369  B.  c. ; 
and  was  annexed  to  Rome  about  146  B.  C. 

2.  A nomarchy  of  modern  Greece,  situated  be- 
tween Triphylia  and  Lacedcemon.  Area,  667 
square  miles.  Population,  127,991. 

Messenia,  or  Koron  (ko'ron),  Gulf  of.  An  inlet 
of  the  Mediterranean,  south  and  east  of  Messe- 
nia, Greece. 

Messer  (mes'er),  Asa.  Born  at  Methuen,  Mass., 
1769:  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  11,  1836. 
An  American  educator,  president  of  Brown 
University  1802-27. 

Messiah  (me-si'a).  [Heb.,  ‘anointed’ ; Gr.  M ta- 
aiar.]  A designation  of  Jesus  as  the  Saviour  of 
the  world;  the  Hebrew  equivalent  of  Christ, 
the  Anointed:  from  prophetic  passages  in  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures  (where,  except  in  two  in- 
stances in  Daniel,  it  is  translated  Anointed, 
often  as  a norm)  interpreted  by  Jesus  and  by 
Christians  as  referring  to  him  and  universal  in 
scope,  but  regarded  by  the  Jews  as  promising  a 
divinely  sent  deliverer  for  their  own  race.  This 
belief  in  a coming  Messiah  is  still  held  as  a doctrine  by 
many  Jews;  and  at  various  periods  of  the  Christian  era 
impostors  have  assumed  the  name  and  character,  and  have 
had  many  adherents.  The  title  is  also  applied  figuratively 
to  historical  characters  who  have  been  great  deliverers. 
Sometimes  written,  after  the  Greek  of  the  New  Testament, 
Messias. 

The  connection  of  ideas  in  this  prophecy  is  so  clear,  and 
it  sets  forth  with  so  much  completeness  Isaiah's  whole  view 
of  Jehovah's  purpose  towards  Judah,  that  we  may  regard 
it  as  a typical  exampleof  what  is  usually  called  Messianic 
prediction.  The  name  Messiah  is  never  used  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament in  that  special  sense  which  we  are  accustomed  to  as- 
sociate with  it.  The  Messiah  (with  the  article  and  no  other 
word  in  apposition)  is  not  an  Old  Testament  phrase  at  all, 
and  the  word  Messiah (Mashlah),  or  “anointed  one,"  in  the 
connection  “Jehovah’s  anointed  one”  is  no  theological 
term,  but  an  ordinary  title  of  the  human  king  whom  J eho- 
vah  has  set  over  Israel.  Thus  the  usual  way  in  which  the 
time  of  Israel’s  redemption  and  final  glory  is  called  the 
Messianic  time  is  incorrect  and  misleading.  So  long  as 
the  Hebrew  kingdom  lasted,  every  king  was  “Jehovah's 
anointed,”  and  it  was  only  after  the  Jews  lost  their  inde- 
pendence that  the  future  restoration  could  he  spoken  of 
in  contrast  to  the  present  as  the  days  of  the  Messiah.  To 
Isaiah  the  restoration  of  Israel  is  not  the  commencement 
but  the  continuation  of  that  personal  sovereignty  of  Jeho- 
vah over  His  people  of  which  the  Davidic  king  was  the 
recognised  representative.  As  the  holy  seed  whicli  re- 
peoples the  land  after  the  work  of  judgment  is  done  is  a 
fresh  growth  from  the  ancient  stock  of  the  nation  (vi.  13), 
so  too  the  new  Davidic  kingship  is  a fresh  outgrowth  of 
the  old  stem  of  Jesse.  W e are  apt  to  think  of  the  Messiah 
as  an  altogether  new  and  miraculous  dispensation.  That 
was  not  Isaiah's  view.  The  restoration  of  Jerusalem  is  a 
return  to  an  old  state  of  things,  interrupted  by  national 
sin.  W.  Ii.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  802. 

Messiah,  The.  1.  A sacred  pastoral  hv  Pope, 
published  in  the  “Spectator”  May  14,  i712. 

Technically  this  is  one  of  the  most  faultless  of  Pope's 
writings.  . . . This  poem  is  marked  by  the  broken  pause 
and  by  the  use  of  alexandrines  — features  which  he  had 
hitherto  eschewed.  The  Messiah  is  a dexterous  cento  of 
passages  from  Isaiah  foretelling  the  advent  of  Christ. 
Wordsworth  has  attacked  it  with  great  severity,  and  it  no 
longer  holds  its  former  popularity. 

Gosse,  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,  p.  115. 

2.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  composed  in  1741 
(first  produced  at  Dublin  in  1742).  The  words  are  by 
Charles  Jennens  from  the  Scriptures.  Mozart  composed 
additional  accompaniments  to  it  in  1789.  Probably  no 
musical  composition  has  created  such  lasting  and  deep 
enthusiasm. 

Messias  ( The  Messiah ) . An  epic  poem  by  Klop- 
Stock,  in  20  cantos.  The  first  3 cantos  were  published 
in  1748  in  the  “Bremer  Beitrage,”  but  he  did  not  finish  it 
till  1773.  The  model  before  him  was  Milton's  “Paradise 
Lost,"  but  he  did  not  profit  sufficiently  by  his  example. 
The  poem  suffers  from  excess  of  sentiment,  and  the  lyric 
quality  is  more  nearly  related  to  the  religious  oratorios 
than  to  a genuine  epic. 

Messidor  (mes-si-dor').  [F.,  fromL.  messis, har- 
vest, and  Gr.  diopov,  a gift.]  The  name  adopted 
in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of  the  first 
French  republic  for  the  tenth  month  of  the 
year.  It  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the 
years  1 to  7 with  June  19,  and  in  8 to  13  with 
June  20. 

Messin,  Pays  (pa-e'  me-san').  An  ancient  dis- 
trict of  eastern  France,  whose  chief  town  was 
Metz.  With  Verdunois  it  formed  one  of  the 
small  governments  of  France  prior  to  1790. 
Messina  (mes-se'na).  1.  A province  in  Sicily, 
Italy.  Area,  1,245  square  miles.  Population, 
498,246. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Mes- 
sina, a seaport,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Messi- 
na in  lat.  38°  12'  N.,  long.  15°  34'  E.:  the  ancient 
Messana.  and  earlier  Zancle.  It  had  an  excellent 
harbor  and  a fine  situation ; was  the  second  commercial 
place  in  Sicily;  and  exported  fruit,  olive-oil,  wine,  silk,  etc. 
It  had  a cathedral  and  a university.  It  was  founded  by 
Chalcidians  and  others,  and  received  a colony  of  Messe- 
nians  ; was  destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians  and  rebuilt  by 
Dionysius  ; came  under  the  rule  of  the  Mamertlnes  in  282 
B.  C.  ; gave  rise  to  the  first  Punic  war  and  was  annexed  by 
Rome ; passed  successively  to  the  Saracens,  Normans, 


Messina 

Hohenstaufen,  and  Spaniards ; suffered  from  the  strife 
between  the  French  and  Spaniards  in  1672-78,  from  the 
plague  in  1743,  and  from  an  earthquake  in  1783  ; was  bom- 
barded in  1848;  was  the  last  Sicilian  Btronghold  of  the 
Neapolitans  against  Garibaldi  in  1860-61,  and  was  totally 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  Dec.  28,  1908. 

Messina,  strait  of.  A strait  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, separating  Sicily  from  the  mainland  of 
Italy : the  ancient  Pretum  Sieulum.  Width  in 
narrowest  part,  2^  miles. 

Messkirch  (mes'kirch),  or  Mosskirch  (mes'- 
kirch). A small  town  in  Baden,  24  miles  north 
of  Constance.  Near  it,  May  5, 1800,  the  French  under 
Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Kray. 

Meston  (mes'ton),  William.  Born  in  Aber- 
deenshire about  1688:  died  at  Aberdeen,  1745. 
A Scottish  burlesque  poet.  He  was  educated  at 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  of  which  he  became  a regent 
in  1715.  His  poems  are  mostly  imitations  of  Butler's 
“ Hudibras.”  Among  them  are  “TheKnightof  the  Kirk” 
(1723),  “ Mob  contra  Mob  " (1731),  “ Old  Mother  Grim's 
Tales  " (1737),  etc. 

Mestre  (mes'tre).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Venice,  Italy,  6 miles  northwest  of  Venice. 
Mesurado  (mes-6-ra'dd),  Cape.  A headland  on 
the  coast  of  Liberia,  Africa,  situated  in  lat.  6° 
19'  N.,  long.  10°  50'  W. 

Mesz^ros  (ma'sa-rosh),  Laz&r.  Bom  at  Baja, 
Hungary,  Feb.  20, 1796 : died  at  Eywood,  Here- 
fordshire, England,  Nov.  16, 1858.  A Hunga- 
rian revolutionary  general  and  politician.  He 
was  minister  of  war  1848-49,  and  succeeded  Gor- 
gey  as  commander-in-chief  in  1849. 

Meta  (ma'ta).  A small  town  in  the  province  of 
Naples,  Italy,  east  of  Sorrento. 

Meta.  A river  in  Colombia  and  Venezuela, 
which  joins  the  Orinoco  about  lat.  6°  15'  N., 
long.  67°  45'  W.  Length,  about  750  miles; 
navigable  for  about  400  miles. 

Metamneh  (me-tam'na),  or  Metemneh  (me- 
tem'na).  A place  in  Nubia,  onthe  Nile,  opposite 
Shendy,  about  lat.  16°  41'  N.  It  was  the  objec- 
tive point  of  Stewart’s  division  of  Wolseley’s 
relief  expedition  in  1885. 

Metamorphoses  (met-a-mor'fo-sez).  A poeti- 
cal work  by  Ovid,  based  on  the  principal  classi- 
cal legends. 

Metaphysical  School  of  Poets,  The.  A name 
wrongly  given  by  Dr.  Johnson  to  Donne,  Cow- 
ley, and  other  poets  of  the  17th  century,  who 
were  noted  for  fantastic  language  and  strained 
style. 

Metaphysics  (met  - a - fiz ' iks)  of  Aristotle. 
[From  the  Greek  title  tuv  yera  ra  (pvciKa  A-N, 
‘ The  (Books)  after  the  Physics,  1-50,’  probably 
given  by  Andronicus  of  Rhodes,  in  the  1st  cen- 
tury B.  C.,  to  a group  of  Aristotelian  books  not 
designed  as  a connected  treatise.]  A cele- 
brated work  by  Aristotle.  It  consists  of  13  books, 
more  or  less  disconnected  and  imperfect,  dealing  with  the 
doctrines  of  his  predecessors  and  with  various  metaphys- 
ical topics. 

Metapontom  (met-a-pon'tum),  or  Metapon- 
tium  (met-a-pon'sEi-um).  [Gr.  Merandvriov.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  southern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum  25  miles  south- 
west of  Tarentum.  It  was  one  of  the  flourishing 
cities  of  Magna  Gracia.  Pythagoras  died  here.  Near  the 
modern  Torremare  are  the  ruins  of  a temple  of  Apollo, 
Greek  Doric  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.,  hexastyle,  peripteral, 
with  sculptured  metopes  ; and  of  a temple  called  the  Ta- 
vola  dei  Paladini,  Greek  Doric  of  about  600  B.  c.,  hexastyle, 
with  12  columns  on  the  flanks. 
Metastasio(ma-tas-ta'ze-o):  the  assumed  name 
of  Pietro  Antonio  Domenico  Bonaventura 
Trapassi.  Bom  at  Rome.  Jan.  3, 1698 : died  at 
Vienna,  April  12,  1782.  A noted  Italian  poet, 
court  poet  at  Vienna  1730-82.  He  was  the  author 
of  numerous  lyric  dramas  (various  composers  supplying 
the  music  for  each) : “ Didone  abbandonata  ” (1724),  “ Ca- 
tone  in  Utica,”  “ Ezio,”  “ Semiramide, ' “Alessandro  nell’ 
Indie,”  “Artaserse,”  “Deraetrio,"  “Adriano  in  Siria,” 
“ Olimpiade,”  “ Demofoonte,"  “La  clemenza  di  Tito" 
(1734),  “Achille  in  Sciro,”  “Antigone,”  “II  trionfo  di  Cle- 
lia, ” “ Partenope,"  etc.  He  also  wrote  poems  for  cantatas, 
oratorios,  etc.  Burney  wrote  his  memoirs  (1796). 
Metauro  (ma-tou'ro).  A small  river  in  Italy, 
which  flows  into  the  Adriatic  28  miles  north- 
west of  Ancona:  the  ancient  Metaurus.  The  bat- 
tle of  the  Metaurus  was  a victory  gained  at  the  river,  south 
of  Rimini,  in  207  B.  C.,  by  the  Romans  under  the  consuls 
Livius  and  Nero  over  the  Carthaginians  under  Hasdrubal. 
Nero  had  eluded  Hannibal  in  southern  Italy,  and  made  a 
forced  march  of  250  miles  with  7,000  men.  Hasdrubal 
was  slain,  and  his  army  nearly  annihilated.  This  victory 
is  ranked  as  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

Metcalfe  (met'kaf),  Charles  Theophilus, 

Baron  Metcalfe.  Bom  in  Calcutta,  Jan.  30, 1785: 
died  near  Basingstoke,  Hampshire,  Sept.  5, 1846. 
A British  administrator.  He  was  provisional  gover- 
nor-general of  British  India  1835-36  ; lieutenant-governor 
of  the  Northwest  Provinces  1836-38  ; governor  of  Jamaica 
1839-42  ; and  governor-general  of  Canada  1843-45. 

Metcalfe,  Frederick.  Born  1815 : died  Aug.  24, 
1885.  An  English  Scandinavian  scholar.  Ho 
VI.  23 


681 

published  “The  Oxonian  in  Norway ” (1856),  “The  Oxo- 
nian in  Thelemarken  " (1858),  “ A History  of  German  Lit- 
erature ” (1858),  “ The  Oxonian  in  Iceland  ” (1861),  etc. 

Metellus  (me-tel'us),  Lucius  Csecilius.  Died 
about  221  b.  c.  A Roman  general.  As  pro- 
consul  he  defeated  the  Carthaginians  at  Panor- 
mus  in  250. 

Metellus,  Quintus  Caecilius,  sumamed  Mace- 
donicus  (‘the  Macedonian’).  Died  115  b.  c. 
A Roman  general.  As  pretor  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  victories  in  Macedonia  and  Greece  148-146  B.  c. 
He  was  consul  in  143,  and  censor  in  131. 

Metellus,  Quintus  Caecilius,  sumamed  Nu- 
midicus  (‘the  Numidian’).  Died  99  B.  c.  A 
Roman  general,  nephew  of  Metellus  Mace- 
donicus.  As  consul  and  proconsul  he  defeated 
Jugurtha  in  Numidia  109  and  108  B.  c. 
Metellus,  Quintus  Csecilius,  sumamed  Pius. 
Died  about  64  B.  c.  A Roman  general,  son  of 
Metellus  Numidicus.  He  was  commander  under  Sulla 
in  the  civil  wars ; was  consul  in  80  B.  C.;  and  commanded 
later  in  Spain  against  Sertorius. 

Metellus,  Quintus  Csecilius,  sumamed  Creti- 
CUS  (‘the  Cretan’).  Died  probably  about  56 
B.  c.  A Roman  general.  He  was  consul  in  69, 
and  subdued  Crete  68-67. 

Metellus  Celer  (se'ler),  Quintus  Csecilius. 
Died  59  B.  C.  A Roman  statesman.  He  was 
pretor  in  63 ; opposed  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline ; 
and  was  consul  in  60. 

Metellus  Nepos  (ne'pos),  Quintus  Csecilius. 

Died  about  55  b.  c.  A partizan  of  Pompey, 
tribune  in  62,  and  consul  in  57. 

Metellus  Pius  Scipio  (pi'us  sip'i-o),  Quintus 
Csecilius.  Committed  suicide  46  b.  c.  A son 
of  Scipio  Nasica,  and  adopted  son  of  Metellus 
Pius.  He  was  consul  with  Pompey  in  52  B.  c., 
and  Pompeian  commander  in  Syria  and  Egypt. 
Metemneh.  See  Metamneh. 

Meteora  (me-ta'6-ra).  [From  Gr.  yereoipog, 
lofty.]  A group  of  monasteries,  built  on  nearly 
perpendicular  rocks,  14  miles  northwest  of  Tri- 
kala,  Thessaly. 

Methodius  (me-tho'di-us).  Died  885.  Brother 
of  Cyril,  and  co-laborer  with  him  as  missionary 
among  the  Slavic  peoples  in  the  Danube  basin : 
called  “the  Apostle  of  the  Slavs.” 

Methow  (met-hou').  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  occupied  the  drainage-area 
of  Lake  Chelan  and  that  of  the  Methow  and 
Enteeatook  rivers,  in  what  is  now  Okanogan 
County,  Washington.  See  Salishan. 

Methuen  (me-thii'en).  A town  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  27  miles  north  by  west  of  Bos- 
ton. Population,  11,448,  (1910). 

Methuen  Treaty.  A commercial  treaty  be- 
tween England  and  Portugal,  negotiated  in 
1703  by  Paul  Methuen.  Portuguese  wines  imported 
into  England  were  admitted  for  one  third  less  duty  than 
French  wines. 

Methusael  (me-thu'sa-el).  [Heb.,  ‘ man  of  God.’] 
One  of  the  patriarchs  of  the  race  of  Cain,  fa- 
ther of  Lamech. 

Methuselah  (me-thu'se-la).  [Heb.,  ‘man  of 
the  dart  ’(?),]  According  to  the  account  in 
Genesis,  the  son  of  Enoch.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  969  years,  the  oldest  man  mentioned  in  the 
Bible. 

Methymna  (me-thim'na).  [Gr.  Mr/dv/iva.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  in  Lesbos. 

Metidja  (ma-te'ja).  A fertile  plain  in  Algeria, 
south  and  southwest  of  Algiers. 

Metis  (me'tis).  [Gr.  M yrzc.]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, a goddess  personifying  prudence,  daughter 
of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and  first  wife  of  Zeus. 
— 2.  The  ninth  of  the  planetoids  in  the  order 
of  discovery,  first  observed  by  Graham  at  Mark- 
ree,  Ireland,  in  April,  1848. 

Metkovic  (met'ko-vich).  A town  on  the  fron- 
tier of  Dalmatia  and  Herzegovina,  37  miles 
north  of  Ragusa.  Population,  commune,  5,723, 
(1910). 

Meton  (me'ton).  [Gr.  M trow.]  A Greek  of  the 
5th  century  b.  c.,  the  discoverer  of  the  Metonic 
cycle.  See  the  extract. 

Meton 's  cycle  was  corrected  a hundred  years  later  (330 
B.  C.)  by  Calippus,  who  discovered  the  error  of  it  by  ob- 
serving an  eclipse  of  the  moon  six  years  before  the  death 
of  Alexander.  In  this  corrected  period,  four  cycles  of  19 
years  were  taken,  and  a day  left  out  at  the  end  of  the  76 
years,  in  order  to  make  allowance  for  the  hours  by  which, 
as  already  observed,  6,94p  days  are  greater  than  19  years 
and  than  235  lunations : and  this  Calippic  period  is  used  in 
Ptolemy’s  Almagest  in  stating  observations  of  eclipses. 

Whewell , Ind.  Sciences,  1. 130. 

Metopes  from  the  Temple  of  Hera  at  Selinus. 

Four  metopes  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Palermo, 
Sicily,  representing  Hercules  fighting  an  Ama- 
zon, Zeus  and  Hera,  Actaaon  and  Artemis,  and 
Athene  and  Enceladus.  They  date  from  about  the 


Meulen 

middle  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.,  and  display  consummate 
knowledge  of  the  human  form.  They  are  earlier  in  style 
than  the  Parthenon  marbles. 

Metopes  from  Temple  C at  Selinus.  Three 
metopes  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Palermo,  Si- 
cily. They  are  a quadriga  with  three  personages  (Helios 
and  Hours'?),  Perseus  slaying  Medusa,and  Hercules  bearing 
off  theCercopes.  The  style  is  highly  archaic.  These  met- 
opes are  assigned  to  the  end  of  the  7th  century  B.  c.,  and 
as  early  Dorian  sculpture  are  artistically  important. 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.  An  institu- 
tion organized  in  1870,  and  afterward  incor- 
porated, having  for  its  object  the  collection  of 
works  of  art  and  the  promotion  of  art  culture 
in  New  York  city.  It  is  situated  in  Central  Park,  op- 
posite East  82d  street.  The  building  was  inaugurated 
in  1880,  and  a new  wing  was  added  in  1908.  Near  it 
stands  the  Egyptian  obelisk  known  as  Cleopatra's  Needle. 

Metsu.  See  Metzu. 

Metsys.  See  Massys. 

Metternich-Winneburg  (met'ter-nieh-vin'ne- 
borG),  Prince  Clemens  Wenzel  Nepomuk 
Lothar  von.  Born  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  May 
15,  1773:  died  at  Vienna,  June  11,  1859.  An 
Austrian  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  became 
minister  at  Dresden  in  1801,  at  Berlin  in  1803,  and  at  Pa- 
ris in  1806 ; was  appointed  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in 
1809,  and  chancellor  in  1821 ; and  was  chief  minister  1809- 
1848.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  reactionary  party  in  Eu- 
rope 1815-48;  was  prominent  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna 
1814-15 ; and  was  overthrown  by  the  disturbances  of  1848. 
His  memoirs  (8  vols.)  were  published  1880-84. 

Metternich-Winneburg,  Prince  Richard 
Clemens  Lothar  Hermann  von.  Born  Jan. 
7, 1829 : died  at  Vienna,  March  1, 1895.  An  Aus- 
trian diplomatist,  son  of  C.  W.  N.  L.  von  Metter- 
nich.  He  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1859-71. 
Mettmann  (met'miin).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  22  miles  north  of  Cologne. 
Population,  commune.  9,495. 

Mettray  (met-ra').  An  agricultural  peniten- 
tiary establishment  for  juvenile  criminals,  6 
miles  north  of  Tours,  France,  on  the  Choisille : 
founded  by  Demetz  in  1840. 

Metz  (mets).  The  capital  of  Lorraine,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  Germany,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Seille  with  the  Moselle,  in  lat.  49°  7'  N., 
long.  6°  11'  E. : the  ancient  Mediomatrica  and 
Roman  Divodurum.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  for- 
tresses in  Europe,  with  a large  garrison,  and  is  of  great 
strategic  importance.  Its  commerce  is  considerable.  The 
cathedral  is  a beautiful  light  Pointed  structure  of  the 
14th  century,  with  two  towers  of  openwork  flanking  the 
nave,  one  of  them  crowned  with  a slender  spire.  The  in- 
terior is  370  feet  long  and  141  high.  There  are  practically 
no  walls  : the  architecture  constitutes  merely  frames  for 
the  splendid  windows.  The  town  has  a museum,  and  is 
the  seat  of  several  learned  societies.  A large  colony  of 
Germans  has  recently  settled  there.  Metz  was  an  impor- 
tant Gallic  town  and  Roman  fortress ; was  plundered  by 
the  Vandals  and  Huns ; was  the  capital  of  Austrasia ; and 
later  was  a free  imperial  city.  The  latter  part  of  the 
“Golden  Bull"  was  issued  there  in  1356.  It  was  seized 
by  France  in  1552  and  annexed;  was  defended  against 
Charles  V.  1552-53;  was  formally  ceded  to  France  in 
1648  ; and  figured  very  prominently  in  the  Franco-German 
war  1870-71.  (See  Metz,  Siege  of.)  Pop.,  commune,  60,419. 

Metz,  Bishopric  of.  A medieval  bishopric, 
around  Metz.  It  was  taken  by  France  in  1552, 
and  formally  ceded  to  France  in  1648. 

Metz,  Siege  of.  1 . A noted  siege  by  Charles  V. 
which  occurred  1552-53,  when  the  city  was  suc- 
cessfully defended  by  the  French  under  the 
Duke  of  Guise. — 2.  The  investment  by  the  Ger- 
man army,  as  a result  of  the  battles  of  Cour- 
eelles,  Vionville,  and  Gravelotte,  Aug.  14-18, 
1870,  of  Bazaine’s  army  in  Metz.  On  Oct.  27 
Bazaine  surrendered  the  fortress  and  173,000 
men  to  Prince  Frederick  Charles.  See  Bazaine. 
Metzingen  (met'sing-en).  A town  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Erms  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Stuttgart. 
Population,  commuue,  5,856. 

Metzu  (met'zii),  or  Metsu  (met'sii),  Gabriel. 
Born  at  Leyden  about  1630:  died  at  Amsterdam, 
Oct.  22,  1667.  A noted  Dutch  genre-  and  por- 
trait-painter. He  studied  with  Gerard  Douw,  or  was 
influenced  by  him.  In  1650  he  settled  in  Amsterdam,  and 
received  the  freedom  of  the  city  in  1659.  Among  his  works 
are  “ Music  Lesson  " (National  Gallery),  “ Gentleman  play- 
ing Violoncello”  (Buckingham  Palace),  “Sleeping  Hunts- 
man,” “Corset  Bleu,”  “Corset  Rouge,"  etc.,  all  owned  in 
London.  There  are  also  specimens  of  his  work  in  all  the 
famous  galleries  on  the  Continent. 

Meudon  (me-don').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  5 miles  west-south- 
west of  Paris,  its  castle,  long  a royal  residence,  was 
destroyed  in  the  siege  of  1870-71.  Population,  commune, 
10,289. 

Meulebeke  (md'le-ba-ko).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  20  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Ghent.  Population,  9,425. 

Meulen  (mAlen),  Antoine  Francois  van  der. 

Bom  at  Brussels,  Jan.  11,  1632:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  15,  1690.  A French  battle-painter. 


Meung-sur-Loire 

Meung-sur-Loire  (mun'siir-lwar').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  on  the  Loire 
11  miles  west-southwest  of  Orleans.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  3,048. 

Meursius  (mer'se-os),  Johannes,  surnamed 
“The  Elder”:  Latinized  from  Jan  de  Meurs. 
Born  at  Loosduinen,  near  The  Hague,  Feb.  9, 
1579:  died  at  Soroe,  Denmark,  Sept.  20,  1639. 
A Dutch  classical  philologist  and  antiquarian. 
Meurthe  (inert),  i.  A river  in  eastern  France 
which  joins  the  Moselle  at  Frouard,  northwest 
of  Nancy.  Length,  100  miles. — 2.  A former 
department  of  northeastern  France.  Part  was 
ceded  to  Germany  in  1871 : the  remainder  forms  part  of 
the  department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle. 

Meurthe-et-Moselle  (mert'a-mo-zel').  A de- 
partment of  northeastern  France.  Capital, 
Nancy.  It  is  bounded  by  Belgium  and  Luxemburg  on 
the  north,  German  Lorraine  on  the  northeast  and  east, 
Vosges  on  the  south,  and  Meuse  on  the  west.  It  belongs 
to  the  Moselle  basin  ; is  an  important  manufacturing  de- 
partment ; and  is  the  leading  department  in  the  production 
of  iron  and  salt.  The  department  consists  of  territory  com- 
prised formerly  in  Lorraine  and  the  bishoprics  of  Metz, 
Toul,  and  Verdun.  It  was  formed  in  1871  from  parts  of  the 
former  departments  of  Meurthe  and  Moselle.  Area,  2,036 
square  miles.  Population,  517,508. 

Meuse  (muz ; F.  pron.  mez),  D.  Maas  (mas).  A 
river  in  France,  Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands: 
the  Roman  Mosa.  It  rises  in  the  plateau  of  Langres,  de- 
partment of  Haute- llarne ; unites  with  the  Waal ; divides 
at  Dordrecht  into  two  arms ; and  flows  into  the  North  Sea. 
Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Chiers,  Semoy,  Sambre,  Ourthe, 
and  Roer ; the  chief  cities  on  it  are  V erdun,  Sedan,  Mezieres, 
NSmur,  Lifege,  Maestricht,  Roermond,  Venloo,  Gorkum, 
Dordrecht,  and  Rotterdam.  Length,  500  miles ; navigable 
from  Verdun. 

Meuse.  A department  of  northeastern  France, 
formed  from  parts  of  the  ancient  Lorraine. 
Capital,  Bar-le-Duc.  it  is  bounded  by  Ardennes  and 
Luxemburg  on  the  north,  Meurthe-et-Moselle  on  the  east, 
Vosges  and  Haute-Marne  on  the  south,  and  Marne  and 
Ardennes  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  river  Meuse, 
andcontains  ranges  of  the  Ardennes  and  Argonnes.  Itlias 
considerable  mineral  wealth,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures ; and  the  rearing  of  live  stock  is  an  important  indus- 
try. Area,  2,408  square  miles.  Population,  280,220. 
Mewar.  See  Udaipur. 

Mexicans,  Ancient.  See  Aztecas  and  Nalmas. 
Mexican  War.  A war  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico,  occasioned  by  the  annexa- 
tion of  Texas  in  1845.  War  was  declared  in  May, 
1846,  and  General  Taylor  won  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto 
May  8 and  Resaca  de  la  Palma  May  9,  and  forced  Monterey 
to  surrender  Sept,  24,  1840.  On  Feb.  23, 1847,  he  gained  the 
victory  of  Buena  Vista.  The  next  month  General  Scott 
took  Vera  Cruz,  and  thence  marched  on  Mexico.  He  won 
the  battle  of  Gerro  Gordo  April  18  ; the  battles  of  Contre- 
ras and  Churubuseo  Aug.  20,  Molino  del  Rey  Sept.  8,  and 
ChapultepecSept.  13  ; and  entered  the  city  of  Mexico  Sept. 
14,  1847.  Other  events  were  the  reduction  of  California  by 
Fremont  and  Stockton,  and  the  long  marches  of  Kearny 
and  Doniphan.  Tne  war  was  ended  Feb.  2,  1848,  by  the 
treaty  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo  (which  see). 

Mexico  (mek'si-ko;  Sp.  pron.  ma/He-ko),  F. 
Mexique  (meks-ek'),  officially  Estados  Uni- 
dos  Mexicanos.  A republic  of  North  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  about  lat.  15°  to  32°  42' 
N.,  long.  86°  40°  to  117°  10'  W.  Capital,  Mex- 
ico. It  is  bounded  by  the  United  States  on  the  north, 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  east, British 
Houduras,  Guatemala,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south, 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  It  comprises,  besides 
the  main  portion,  the  peninsulas  of  Lower  California  and 
Yucatan.  The  surface  is  generally  a table-land  traversed 
by  high  mountain-ranges.  The  leading  mineral  products 
are  silver,  gold,  copper,  and  lead.  The  chief  occupations 
are  agriculture  and  the  raising  of  live  stock  (in  the  north), 
the  chief  agricultural  products  being  sugar,  maize,  coffee, 
tobacco,  hemp,  etc.  It  is  divided  into  27  states,  1 federal 
district,  and  3 territories.  The  government  is  republican 
(largely  modeled  on  that  of  the  United  States),  with  a 
president  as  executive,  and  a congress  (senate  of  2 mem- 
bers from  each  state  and  the  federal  district,  and  lower 
house  of  1 member  from  every  40,000  inhabitants).  The  in- 
habitants are  chiefly  creoles  (of  Spanish  descent),  Indians, 
and  mixed  races  (including  Mestizos,  Zambos,  etc.).  The 
prevailing  language  is  Spanish  ; the  prevailing  religion, 
Roman  Catholic.  The  early  inhabitants  were  Aztecs  and 
other  native  races.  The  following  are  the  leading  histori- 
cal events  : invasion  of  Cortes  1519 ; conquest  of  the  capital 
1521;  the  country  made  a Spanish  colony  under  the  name 
of  New  Spain  (a  viceroyalty  after  1535) ; revolution  under 
Hidalgo  begun  1810 ; partially  suppressed  1815 ; guerrilla 
warfare  until  the  revolution  under  Iturbide  in  1821 ; last 
Spanish  viceroy  deposed  1821 ; empire  under  Iturbide  1822- 
1823;  secession  of  Texas  1836;  war  with  the  United  States 
1846-48  (see  Guadalupe- Hidalgo) ; frequent  changes  of  gov- 
ernmentforsome  time ; foreign  intervention  1861 ; war  with 
France  commenced  in  1862 ; empire  under  Maximilian  (up- 
held by  French  troops)  1864-67 ; French  troops  withdrawn 
1867  ; restoration  of  the  republic  1867 ; revolution  under 
Madero  1910-11.  Area,  767,005  sq.  m.  Pop.,  15,063,207. 
Mexico.  A state  in  the  interior  of  the  republic 
of  Mexico.  Capita],  Toluca.  The  Federal  District 
of  473 square  miles,  containing  the  City  of  Mexico,  has  been 
separated  from  it.  Area,  9,247  sq.m.  Pop.,  975,019,  (1910). 

Mexico.  The  capital  of  the  republic  of  Mexico, 
situated  in  the  Federal  District  (473  square 
miles  in  extent)  iu  the  valley  of  Mexico,  in  lat. 
19° 25'  45"  N.,  long.  99°  7'  18"  W., about  7,400feet 
above  sea-level.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  Mexico,  and 


682 

the  finest  in  Spanish  America.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
a square,  and  contains  a cathedral  (a  large  Renaissance 
building  founded  in  1573) , a national  library,  museum,  and 
picture-gallery,  and  various  educational  institutions  and 
learned  societies.  It  was  founded  by  the  Aztecs  about 
1325 ; was  besieged,  taken,  and  destroyed  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1521 ; has  been  several  times  inundated  ; and  has  been 
the  scene  of  various  revolutions.  Battles  were  fought  near 
it  between  the  Mexicans  and  Americans  in  1847,  and  it  was 
occupied  by  the  Americans  in  1847-48.  The  city  was  for- 
merly situated,  on  islands,  within  the  confines  of  Lake  Tez- 
cuco.  Its  ancient  name  was  Tenochtitlan.  Population, 
470,659,  (1910X 

Mexico,  Gulf  of.  A large  gulf  of  the  Atlantic, 
lying  south  of  the  United  States  and  east  of 
Mexico.  It  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  on  the  east 
by  Florida  Strait,  and  with  the  Caribbean  Sea  southeast  by 
the  Channel  of  Yucatan,  and  receives  the  Mississippi,  Rio 
Grande,  and  other  large  rivers.  Length  (east  to  west), 
about  1,000  miles ; width  (north  to  south),  about  800  miles. 

Mexico,  Valley  of.  An  inclosed  basin  of  the 
Mexican  plateau,  in  which  the  city  of  Mexico 
is  situated.  It  is  about  60  miles  long  by  40  miles  wide, 
and  7,400  feet  in  average  elevation  above  the  sea,  and 
shows  many  evidences  of  volcanic  action.  It  contains 
5 principal  lakes;  Xochimilco,  Chaleo,  Tezcuco,  Xaltocan, 
andZumpango.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  these  appear 
to  have  been  much  more  extensive  than  at  present  and 
nearly  confluent,  entirely  surrounding  the  city  pf  Mexico 
or  Tenochtitlan,  which  was  reached  by  causeways. 

Mextli,  or  Mexitl,  or  Mecitl.  See  Huitzilo- 
poclitli. 

Meyer  (ml'er),  Ernst.  [The  common  G.  sur- 
name Meyer  means  ‘steward/  ‘bailiff';  = E. 
mayor , formerly  maire,  ult.  from L.  major.']  Born 
at  Altona,  May  11, 1797 : died  at  Rome,  Feb.  1, 
1861.  A genre-painter,  pupil  of  the  Copen- 
hagen Academy,  and  of  Cornelius  at  Munich. 
Many  of  his  works  are  Italian  in  subject. 

Meyer,  Felix.  Born  at  Winterthur,  Switzer- 
land, Feb.  6,  1653:  died  near  Husen,  1713.  A 
Swiss  landscape-painter,  regarded  as  the  head 
of  that  class. 

Meyer,  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at  Mannheim, 
1735 : died  at  Ermenonville,  Oise,  France,  1809. 
A genre-  and  landscape-painter,  pupil  of  Daniel 
Hien.  Helived  for  a short  time  with  lean  Jacques  Rous- 
seau in  the  park  of  M.  de  Girardin  at  Ermenonville. 

Meyer,  Hans.  Born  at  Hildburghausen,  Ger- 
many, 1858.  An  African  explorer.  He  traveled 
in  America,  Asia,  and  Polynesia ; visited  South  Africa 
in  1886 ; explored  German  East  Africa  in  1887 ; and  as- 
cended Kilimanjaro  to  5,700  meters.  On  anew  expedition 
he  was  made  prisoner  by  the  Arabs,  but  was  ransomed. 
In  1889,  accompanied  by  the  Austrian  alpinist  Purtschel- 
ler,  he  scaled  the  summit  of  Kibo,  the  highest  peak  of 
Kilimanjaro,  to  the  height  of  6,000  meters,  and  discovered 
its  crater  and  glacier.  He  wrote  “ Eine  Weitreise  ”(1885), 
“ Zum  Schneedom  des  Kilima-Ndscharo  ” (1888). 

Meyer,  Heinrich  August  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Gotha,  Germany,  Jan.  10, 1800:  died  June,  1873. 
A German  exegete,  author  of  a commentary  on 
the  New  Testament  (1832-47). 

Meyer,  Johann  Georg,  called  Meyer  von  Bre- 
men. Born  at  Bremen,  Germany,  Oct.  28, 1813 : 
died  there,  Dec.  3, 1886.  A noted  German  genre- 
painter.  He  studied  at  Diisseldorf  with  Karl  Sohn  and 
Schadow,  moved  to  Berlin  in  1852,  and  was  made  professor 
there  in  1863.  Ilis  pictures  of  children  are  among  his  best 
productions.  Many  of  them  are  in  the  United  States. 

Meyer,  Johann  Heinrich.  Born  at  Stafa,  Swit- 
zerland, March  16, 1759 ; died  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Oct.  14,  1832.  A German  writer  on  art, 
one  of  the  editors  of  Winckelmann’s  works. 
He  published  “Geschichte  der  bildenden  Kttnste  bei  den 
Griechen  ” (1824-36),  etc. 

Meyer,  Jiirgen  Bona.  Born  Oct.  25, 1829 : died 
June  22,  1897.  A German  philosophical  writer, 
appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  Bonn  in 
1868.  He  wrote  “KantsPhilosophie”(1869),etc. 

Meyer,  Leo.  Born  at  Bledeln,  Hannover,  July 
3, 1830:  died  June  6,  1910.  A German  philolo- 
gist, professor  at  Dorpat  1865-99,  and  honorary 
professor  at  Gottingen  1899-1910. 

Meyerbeer  (ml'er-bar),  Giacomo  (originally 
Jakob  Meyer  Beer).  Bom  at  Berlin,  Sept.  5, 
1791 : died  at  Paris,  May  2, 1864.  A celebrated 
German  composer  of  opera.  He  lived  chiefly  at 
Paris  after  1826.  He  was  a pupil  of  Lauska,  who  was  a pu- 
pil of  dementi,  and  the  latter  also  gave  him  lessons.  When 
only  7 years  old  he  played  Mozart's  D minor  concerto  in 
public.  He  early  obtained  fame  as  a pianist,  but  his  com- 
positions were  not  successful  till  he  went  in  1815  to  Italy  to 
study  vocal  composition.  There  hebegan  to  produce  operas 
in  the  style  then  recently  introduced  by  Rossini ; and  “H 
Crociato  in  Egitto,”  produced  in  Venice  in  1824,  was  com- 
pletely successful,  while  three  or  four  other  operas  were 
well  received.  From  1831  till  lti49  he  produced  operas  in 
a new  style,  the  result  of  a study  of  French  art.  In  1849 
he  turned  his  attention  to  opdra  comique.  Among  his 
operas  are  “Robert  le  Diable"  (1831),  “ Les  Huguenots" 
(1836),  “ Ein  FeJdlager  in  Schlesien  " (1840),  overture  and 
entr’actes  to  “Struensee”  (1846),  "Le  prophfete”  (1849), 
“L'Etoile  du  Nord"(1854),  “Le  pardon  de  Ploermel”(in 
Italian  “Dinorah,"  1859),  “ L'Africaine  ” (1865).  Among 
his  other  compositions  are  a number  of  cantatas  and  songs, 
and  several  Fackeltanze,  marches,  and  overtures,  besides 
pianoforte  music  some  of  which  has  never  been  published. 


Miani 

Meyerheim  (mi'er-him),  Friedrich  Eduard. 

Born  at  Dantzic,  Prussia,  Jan.  7,  1808;  died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  18, 1879.  A German  genre-painter. 
Meyerheim,  Wilhelm  Alexander.  Born  1815: 
died  at  Berlin,  J an.  13, 1882.  A German  painter 
of  battle-scenes,  horses,  etc. : brother  of  F.  E. 
Meyerheim. 

Meyer  von  Bremen.  See  Meyer,  Johann  Georg. 
Meyr  (mir),  Melchior.  Born  at  Ehringen,  near 
Nordlingen,  Bavaria,  June  28,  1810:  died  at 
Munich,  April  22,  1871.  A German  novelist, 
poet,  and  philosophical  writer. 

Meyrick  (ml'rik),  Hans.  One  of  the  principal 
male  characters  in  George  Eliot’s  novel  “Daniel 
Deronda.” 

Meywar.  See  Udaipur. 

Meze  (maz).  A town  in  the  department  of  He- 
rault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  Etang 
de  Thau  19  miles  southwest  of  Montpellier. 
Population,  commune,  6,017. 

Mezen,  or  Mesen  (mez-any').  A river  in  north- 
ern Russia  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mezen, 
a branch  of  the  White  Sea,  about  lat.  66°  N. 
Length,  about  375  miles. 

Mezentius  (me-zen'shi-us).  A mythical  Etrus- 
can king,  noted  for  his  cruelty,  alleged  to  have 
formed  an  alliance  with  the  Rutulians. 
Mezeray  (maz-ra'),  Frangois  Eudes  de.  Born 
at  Ry,  near  Falaise,  Normandy,  1610 : died  at 
Paris,  July  10,  1683.  A French  historian.  His 
chief  work  isa“HistoiredeFrance”  (1638-51:  published 
as  “ Abtogd  chronologique  de  l’histoire  de  France,”  1668). 
Mezieres  (ma-zyar').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  in  lat.  49°  46'  N.,  long.  4°  42'  E.  it  is  an 
important  fortress  ; was  successfully  defended  by  Bayard 
against  the  Imperialists  in  1521 ; and  was  besieged  and 
taken  by  the  Germans  in  1815  and  in  1870-71.  Population, 
commune,  9,393. 

Mezieres,  Alfred  Jean  Frangois.  Bom  at  Re- 

hon,  Moselle,  France,  Nov.  19,  1826.  A French 
critic,  member  of  the  Academy  from  1874.  He 
took  part  in  the  repression  of  theinsurrection  of  June,  1848 ; 
served  in  the  Franco- Prussian  war;  and  was  elected  as 
republican  member  of  the  legislature  for  the  arrondisse- 
ment  of  Briey  in  1881,  1885,  18S9.  His  works  include 
“ Shakespeare,  ses  oeuvres  et  ses  critiques"  (1861),  “ Prfc- 
drtesseurs  et  contemporains  de  Shakespeare  "(1863 : this 
work  took  the  prix  de  Montyon),  “Contemporains  et  suc- 
cesseurs  de  Shakespeare”  (1864),  “Pdtrarque”  (1867), 
“ Goethe "(1872-73),  “Bn  France,  etc.”  (1883),  “Hors  de 
France,  etc.”  (1883),  “Vie  de  Mirabeau”  (1891). 
Mezo-Tur  (me'ze-tor).  Atownintheeonntyof 
Great-Kumania-Szolnok,  situated  on  the  Beret - 
tyo  80  miles  east-southeast  of  Budapest.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  25,383. 

Mezzofanti  (med-zo-fan'te),  Giuseppe.  Bom 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  17, 1774:  died  at  Rome, 
March  14,  1849.  An  Italian  linguist.  He  was  or- 
dained priest  in  1797  ; became  professor  of  Arabic  at  Bo- 
logna in  1804  ; was  appointed  chief  keeper  of  the  Vatican 
library  in  1833 ; and  was  made  cardinal  in  1838.  He  is  said 
to  have  spoken  58  languages^ 

Mfumbiro  (mffim-be'ro).  A volcano  in  east- 
central  Africa,  west  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza. 
It  falls  within  British  East  Africa.  Height, 
10,000-12,000  feet. 

Mglin  (m-glen').  A town  in  the  government  of 
Tchernigoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sudinka 
128  miles  south  by  east  of  Smolensk.  Popula- 
tion, about  8,000. 

Mhow  (m-hou').  A town  and  cantonment  in 
Indore,  India.  Population,  36,039. 

Miako.  See  Kioto. 

Miall  (mi'al),  Edward.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  May  8, 1809 : died  at  Sevenoaks,  Kent, 
April  29,  1881.  An  English  journalist  and  poli- 
tician. He  studied  for  the  Independent  ministry.  In 
Feb.,  1831,  he  took  charge  of  the  congregation  at  Ware  in 
Hertfordshire.  In  1840  he  established  the  “Nonconfor- 
mist," and  devoted  his  life  to  the  advocacy  of  the  freedom 
of  religion  from  state  control.  In  1852  he  was  elected  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  for  Rochdale,  and  in  1858  served  on  the 
royal  commission  on  education. 

Miami  (mi-am'e).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  about  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century  in  southeastern  Wisconsin.  After 
several  changes  they  settled,  about  1690,  on  the  St.  Joseph 
River  in  southern  Michigan,  and  afterward  in  treaty  nego- 
tiations were  considered  as  owners  of  the  entire  Wabash 
country  and  western  Ohio.  There  is  much  confusion  in 
literature  between  the  Miami  and  the  Illinois.  The  Pot- 
tawottomi  translated  the  name  ‘ crippled,’  and  the  northern 
tribes  called  them  “ walkers  " — the  two  epithets  probably 
referring  to  their  not  using  canoe6.  The  English  called 
them  T wightwees,  derived  from  their  own  name  for  them- 
selves, which  was  an  imitation  of  the  crane's  cry. 

Mi  ami  (mi-ain'i).  Ariverin  Ohio  which  joins  the 
Ohio  at  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  State. 
Length,  over  150  miles. 

Miani,  or  Meanee  (me-a'ne).  A village  near 
Hyderabad,  Sind,  British  India.  Here,  Feb.  17, 
1843,  Sir  Charles  J.  Napier  (with  2,800  men)  de- 
feated the  army  of  Sind  (30,000). 


Miantonomoh 

Mian  ton  om  oh  (mi-an-to-no'mo).  Died  1643. 
A sachem  of  the  Narraganset  Indians,  nephew 
of  Canonicus.  He  maintained  friendly  relations  with  the 
English,  and  in  1637  aided  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts 
in  defeating  the  Pequots.  Having  become  involved  in  a war 
with  IJncas,  sachem  of  the  Mohegans,  he  was  defeated  and 
captured  by  the  latter  in  1643,  and  was  put  to  death  in  the 
same  year,  with  the  approval  of  the  English,  who  claimed 
a protectorate  over  both  tribes. 

Miao-tse  (myou-tza'),  or  Miautse.  A general 
name  of  numerous  Chinese  tribes  dwelling  in 
the  provinces  of  Yunnan,  Kweichow,  Kwangsi, 
and  Kwangtung. 

Miaulis  (me-ou'lis),  Andreas  Vokos.  Born  in 
Negropont,  1772  (1768?):  died  at  Athens,  June 
24, 1835.  A Greek  admiral,  commander-in-chief 
in  the  war  of  independence. 

Miautse.  See  Miao-tse. 

Miava  (me'o-vo).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Neutra,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  river  Miava  46 
miles  northeast  of  Presburg.  Population, 
commune,  10,639. 

Micah(mi'ka).  [Heb., ‘who  is  like  Jehovah?’]  In 
Old  Testament  history:  (a)  An  Ephraimite  who 
stole  1,100  pieces  of  silver  from  his  mother, but, 
alarmed  by  her  imprecations  on  the  thief,  con- 
fessed the  deed  and  returned  the  money:  she 
thereupon  dedicated  it  to  the  Lord,  and  made 
with  it  a graven  and  a molten  image  (teraphim), 
which  Micah  set  up  in  his  house  and  then  hired  a 
Leviteasapriest.  ( b ) A prophet,  a native  of  Mo- 
resheth  of  Gath,  near  Eleutheropolis,  and  a con- 
temporary of  Isaiah.  He  is  reckoned  as  the  sixth  of 
the  minor  prophets  (the  third  in  the  Septuagint).  He  pro- 
phesied near  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Hezekiah. 

Micali(me-ka'le),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Leghorn, 
Italy,  about  1776:  died  at  Florence,  March  27, 
1844.  An  Italian  archaeologist,  author  of  ‘ ‘ Storia 
degli  antichi  popoli  d’ltalia”  (1832),  etc. 
Micawber  (mi-ka/ber),  Wilkins.  One  of  the 
principal  characters  in  Dickens’s  “David  Cop- 
perfield.”  He  is  remarkable  for  his  rapid  alternations  of 
depression  and  elevation  of  spirits,  his  “temporary  em- 
barrassments of  a pecuniary  nature,"  and  his  constant  per- 
suasion that  “ something  will  turn  up.  ’’  His  wife,  as  far  as 
the  elasticity  of  her  spirits  goes,  is  quite  his  equal.  Her 
devotion  to  “the  parent  of  her  children  and  the  father  of 
her  twins  ” induces  her  frequent  well-known  exclamation, 
“I  never  wiU  desert  Mr.  Micawber ! ” The  couple  appear 
to  have  been  suggested  more  or  less  by  Dickens’s  father 
and  mother. 

Michabo.  The  Great  Hare,  in  Algonquian  le- 
gends. 

What  Ioskeha  was  to  the  Iroquois,  Michabo  or  Mani- 
bozho was  to  the  Algonkin  tribes.  There  has  been  a good 
deal  of  mystification  about  Michabo,  or  Manibozho,  or 
Messou,who  was  probably  from  the  first  a hare  sans  phrase, 
but  who  has  been  converted  by  philological  processes  into 
a personification  of  light  or  dawn.  It  has  already  been  seen 
that  the  wild  North  Pacific  peoples  recognise  in  tiled  hero 
and  demiurge  animals  of  various  species : dogs,  ravens, 
muskrats,  and  coyotes  have  been  found  in  this  lofty  esti- 
mation, and  the  Utes  believe  in  “Cin-au-av,  the  ancient 
of  wolveB.  ” It  would  require  some  labour  to  derive  all  the 
ancient  heroes  and  gods  from  misconceptions  about  the 
names  of  vast  natural  phenomena  like  light  and  dawn,  and 
it  is  probable  that  Michabo  or  Manibozho,  the  Great  Hare 
of  the  Algonkins,  is  only  a successful  apotheosised  totem 
like  the  rest.  His  legend  and  his  dominion  are  very  widely 
spread.  Dr.  Brinton  himself  (p.  153)  allows  that  thegreat 
hare  is  a totem.  Perhaps  our  earliest  authority  about  the 
mythical  great  hare  in  America  is  William  Strachey’s  “Tra- 
vaile”  into  Virginia.  Lang,  Myth,  etc.,  II.  64. 

Michael  (ml ' kel  or  ml  'ka-el) . [Heb. , ‘ who  is  like 
God?’  F.  Michel,  It.  Michele,  Sp.  Pg.  Miguel,  G. 
Michael .]  An  archangelmentionedin  the  Bible. 
He  iB  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  whole  host  of  angels, 
and,  owing  to  miraculous  appearances  recorded  in  Roman 
Catholic  legends,  is  considered  by  that  church  to  be  the 
representative  of  the  church  triumphant.  His  feast  occurs 
on  Sept.  29  in  that  church  and  in  the  Anglican  Church 
also.  He  is  spoken  of  five  times  in  the  Bible,  always  as 
fighting:  John  mentions  him  as  fighting  at  the  head  of 
the  angels  against  the  dragon  and  his  host. 

Probably,  on  the  hint  thus  given  by  St.  John,  the  Rom- 
ish church  taught  at  an  early  period  that  Michael  was  em- 
ployed, in  command  of  the  loyal  angels  of  God,  to  over- 
throw and  consign  to  the  pit  of  perdition  Lucifer  and  his 
rebellious  associates  — a legend  which  was  at  length  em- 
balmed in  the  sublimest  poetry  by  Milton.  Sometimes 
Michael  is  represented  as  the  sole  archangel,  sometimes  as 
only  the  head  of  a fraternity  of  archangels,  which  includes 
likewise  Gabriel,  Raphael,  and  someothers.  Heis  usually 
represented  in  coat-armour,  with  a glory  round  his  head, 
and  a dart  in  his  hand,  trampling  on  the  fallen  Lucifer.  He 
has  even  been  furnished,  like  the  human  warriors  of  the 
middle  ages,  with  a heraldic  ensign — namely,  a banner 
hanging  from  a cross.  We  obtain  a curious  idea  of  the 
religious  notions  of  those  ages  when  we  learn  that  the 
red-velvet-covered  buckler  worn  by  Michael  in  his  war 
with  Lucifer  used  to  be  shewn  in  a church  in  Normandy 
down  to  1G07,  when  the  bishop  of  Avranches  at  length  for- 
bade its  being  any  longer  exhibited. 

Cham  hern's  Boole  of  Days , II.  388. 

Michael  I.  Rhangabe  or  Rhagabe.  Died  about 
845.  Byzantine  emperor  811-813.  He  was  the  son 
of  one  of  the  high  functionaries  at  court,  and  was  made 
master  of  the  palace  by  Nicephorus  I.,  whose  daughter 
Procopia  he  married.  He  succeeded  his  wife’s  brother 
Stauraclus.  He  waB  deposed  by  Leo  V.,  and  retired  to  a 
convent. 


683 

Michael  II.  Balbus  (‘the  Stammerer’).  By- 
zantine emperor  820-829.  He  was  of  obscure  origin, 
but  rose  to  the  highest  dignities  under  Leo  V.,  whom  he 
had  assisted  in  deposing  Michael  I.,  and  whom  he  deposed 
in  turn. 

Michael  III.  Byzantine  emperor  842-867,  son 
of  Tbeopbilus.  He  undertook,  with  his  uncle  Bardas, 
an  expedition  against  the  Bulgarians  in  861,  which  resulted 
in  the  conversion  of  the  Bulgarian  king.  In  863  his  uncle 
Petronas  gained  a splendid  victory  over  the  Saracens  in 
Asia  Minor.  He  was  assassinated  in  867  by  Basilius  the 
Macedonian,  whom  he  had  associated  with  himself  in  the 
government  in  866. 

Michael  IV.,  surnamed  “The  Paphlagonian.” 
Byzantine  emperor  1034—41.  He  was  a younger  bro- 
ther of  John  the  Eunuch,  prime  minister  under  Constan- 
tine IX.  and  Romanus  III.  He  became  chamberlain  to 
Zoe,  wife  of  Romanus  III.,  who  in  1034  poisoned  her  hus- 
band in  order  to  marry  Michael.  He  was  a man  of  weak 
character,  and  was  a mere  instrument  in  the  hands  of  his 
brother. 

Michael  V.  Calaphates  (‘the  Calker’).  By- 
zantine emperor  1041-42,  nephew  of  Michael 
IV.  He  banished  his  uncle  John  the  Eunuch,  which  led 
to  an  insurrection  at  Constantinople.  He  was  dethroned, 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  a convent. 

Michael  VI.,  surnamed  “The  Warrior.”  By- 
zantine emperor  1056-57.  He  was  appointed  by  the 
empress  Theodora  as  her  successor  on  account  of  his  mili- 
tary virtues.  He  was,  however,  old  and  feeble,  and  was 
deposed  by  Isaac  Comnenus.  He  was  allowed  to  retire  to 
a convent. 

Michael  VII.  Ducas  or  Parapinaces.  Byzan- 
tine emperor  1071-78,  son  of  Constantine  XI. 

Michael  VIII.  Palseologus.  Born  1234:  died 
in  Dec. , 1282.  Byzantine  emperor  1261-82, grand- 
son (through  his  mother  Irene  Angela)  of  the 
Byzantine  emperor  Alexius  Angelus.  He  became 
commander  of  the  French  mercenaries  in  the  service  of 
the  Emperor  of  Nicsea,  and  in  1259  became,  with  the  patri- 
arch Arsenius,  guardian  of  the  emperor  John  Lascaris. 
He  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  joint  emperor  of  Ni- 
c;ea  in  1260.  In  1261  he  conquered  Constantinople  from 
the  Latins,  thus  restoring  the  Byzantine  empire,  of  which 
he  was  crowned  emperor  in  the  same  year.  He  deposed 
and  blinded  John  Lascaris  in  1261. 

Michael  IX.  Palseologus.  Died  1320.  Byzan- 
tine emperor  1295-1320,  son  and  associate  of 
Andronicus  II.  who  outlived  him. 

Michael.  Czar  of  Russia  1613-45.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  Romanoff  dynasty. 

Michael.  Born  Oct.  13,  1832 : died  at  Cannes, 
Dec.  5,  1909.  Grand  Duke  of  Russia. 

Michael.  A bark  of  25  tons,  one  of  the  ships 
of  Frobisher’s  first  expedition.  It  early  aban- 
doned the  other  ship,  the  Gabriel,  and  returned 
to  England. 

Michael,  Archangel.  A celebrated  painting 
by  Guido  Reni,  in  Santa  Maria  dei  Cappuccini, 
Rome.  Thesaint,  becauseof  his  beauty  of  face  andform 
often  called  “ the  Catholic  Apollo,  ” is  in  the  act  of  enchain- 
ing Lucifer.  The  color  is  vigorous  and  good. 

Michael,  Order  of  Saint.  An  order  instituted 
in  France  by  Louis  XI.,  Aug.  1,  1469. 

Michael  Angelo.  See  Michelangelo. 

Michael  Obrenovitch  (o-bren'6-vieh),  Prince 
of  Servia.  Born  at  Kragujevatz,  Servia,  Sept. 
4, 1825 : murdered  near  Belgrad,  June  10, 1868. 
A younger  son  of  Milosh.  He  reigned  1839-42 
and  1860-68. 

Michaelis  (me-clia-a'lis),  Johann  David.  Born 
at  Halle,  Prussia,  Feb.  27, 1717 : died  at  Gottin- 
gen, Aug.  22, 1791.  A German  biblical  scholar, 
professor  at  Gottingen  1745-91 . His  works  include 
an  introduction  to  the  New  Testament  (4th  edition,  1788), 
“ Supplem  enta  ” to  Hebrew  lexicons  (1784-92),  “ Mosaisches 
Recht’’  (1770-71),  etc. 

Michaelmas  Day.  See  the  extract. 

Michaelmas  Day,  the  29th  of  September,  properly  named 
the  day  of  St.  Michael  and  All  Angels,  is  a great  festival  in 
the  Church  of  Rome,  and  also  observed  as  a feast  by  the 
Church  of  England.  In  England  it  is  one  of  the  four  quar- 
terly terms,  or  quarter-days,  on  which  rents  are  paid,  and 
in  that  and  other  divisions  of  the  United  Kingdom,  as  well 
as  perhaps  in  other  countries,  it  is  the  day  on  which  bur- 
gal  magistracies  and  councils  are  reelected.  The  only 
other  remarkable  thing  connected  with  the  day  is  a widely 
prevalent  custom  of  marking  it  with  a goose  at  dinner. 

Chambers' s Book  of  Days,  II.  387. 

Michaelmas  Terme.  A play  by  Thomas  Mid- 
dleton, licensed  and  printed  in  1607 : a lively 
and  effective  comedy  of  city  intrigue. 

Michaud  (me-sho'),  Joseph  Francois.  Born 
at  Alberts,  Savoy,  June  19, 1767 : died  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  30, 1839.  A French  poet,  his- 
torian, and  Bourbon  publicist.  His  principal  his- 
torical  works  are  “Histoire  des  progr&s  et  de  la  chute  do 
l’empire  de  Mysore,”  etc.  (1801),  “ Histoire  des  croisades” 
(1812-17).  With  his  brother  L.  G.  Michaud  he  edited  the 
“ Biographic  universelle.” 

Michaud,  Louis  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Bourg,  1772: 
died  at  Terries,  March  13,  1858.  A French  lit- 
terateur, brother  of  J.  F.  Michaud,  and  his  col- 
laborator in  editing  the  “Biographic  univer- 
selle.” 

Michaux  (me-sho'),  AndrA  Bom  near  Ver- 


Michelangelo 

sailles,  March  7,  1746:  died  in  Madagascar, 
Nov.  13, 1802.  A French  botanist  and  traveler 
in  Asia  and  America.  He  wrote  a “Histoire  des 
chenes  de  l’Ambrique  Septentrionale  ” (1801),  “Flora  Bo- 
reali- Americana  ” (1803),  etc. 

Michaux,  Francois  Andre.  Bom  at  Versailles, 
France,  1770:  died  near  Pontoise,  France,  1855. 
A French  botanist,  son  of  Andre  Michaux.  Ho 
wrote  “Histoire  des  arbres  forestiers  de  l’Amriique  Sep- 
tentrionale ” (1810-13),  etc. 

Michegamea.  See  Illinois. 

Michel  (mich'el),  or  Cousin  Michel.  A humor- 
ous personification  of  the  German  nation. 
Michel  (mich'el ) of  N orthgate,  Dan.  Abrother 

of  the  cloister  of  St.  Austin  at  Canterbury.  He 
is  noted  as  having  completed  in  1340  a translation  of  “ La 
somme  des  vices  et  des  vertus,”  known  as  “The  Ayenbite 
of  iDwyt  ” (which  see). 

Michel  (me-shel'),  Francisque  Xavier.  Bom 

at  Lyons,  Feb.  18, 1809:  died  at  Paris,  May  18, 
1887.  A French  archaeologist,  philologist,  and 
historian,  professor  at  Bordeaux. 

Michel  (me-shel'),  Louise.  Bom  in  Haute- 
Marne  in  1839 : died  at  Marseilles,  Jan.  9, 1905. 
A French  anarchist.  She  opened  a school  in  the 
Quartier  Montmartre,  Paris,  in  1360.  In  1371  she  took  part 
in  the  uprising  of  the  Commune,  and  for  this  was  sen- 
tenced in  the  same  year  to  deportation  for  life  to  New  Cale- 
donia. She  was  released  by  the  amnesty  of  1880,  and  re- 
turned to  Paris,  where  she  became  prominent  as  an  agitator 
of  anarchism.  In  1883  she  was  sentenced  to  six  years’  im- 
prisonment for  inciting  the  poor  to  plunder  the  haliers’ 
shops.  She  was  released  and  agaiu  imprisoned  in  1886, 
and  later  went  to  live  in  London. 

Michelangelo  (mi-kel-an'je-lo ; It.  pron.  me- 
kel-an'je-lo)  (Michelagnolo  Buonarroti). 
Born  at  Caprese,  March  6,  1475 : died  at  Rome, 
Feb.  18, 1564.  A famous  Italian  sculptor,  paint- 
er, architect,  and  poet.  He  came  of  an  ancient  but 
poor  Florentine  family.  He  was  apprenticed  to  the  painter 
Ghirlandajo  April  1,  1488,  and  with  other  boys  from  the 
atelier  began  soon  after  to  study  the  antique  marbles  col- 
lected by  Lorenzo  de’  Medici  in  the  garden  of  San  Marco. 
Lorenzo  discovered  him  there,  and  in  1489  took  him  into 
his  palace,  where  he  had  every  opportunity  for  improve- 
ment and  study.  The  Centaur  relief  in  the  Casa  Buonar- 
roti was  made  at  this  time,  at  the  suggestion  of  Angelo 
Poliziano.  In  1491  he  came  under  the  influence  of  Savon- 
arola, whom  he  always  held  in  great  reverence.  In  1492 
Lorenzo  died,  and  Michelangelo’s  intimate  relations  with 
the  Medici  family  terminated.  In  1493  he  made  a large 
wooden  crucifix  for  the  prior  of  S.  Spirito,  and  with  the  as- 
sistance of  the  prior  began  the  profound  study  of  anatomy 
in  which  he  delighted.  Before  the  expulsion  of  the 
Medici  he  fled  to  Bologna,  where  he  was  soon  engaged 
upon  the  Area  di  San  Domenico  begun  by  Niccolo  Pisano 
in  1265,  to  which  he  added  the  well-known  kneeling  angel 
of  Bologna.  He  was  probably  much  influenced  by  the 
reliefs  of  Della  Quercia  about  the  door  of  San  Petronio : 
two  of  these  he  afterward  imitated  in  the  Sistine  Chapel. 
In  1495  he  returned  to  Florence,  when  he  is  supposed  to 
have  made  the  San  Giovannino  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 
From  1496  to  1501  he  lived  in  Rome.  To  this  period  are 
attributed  the  Bacchus  of  the  Bargello  and  the  Cupid  of 
the  South  Kensington  Museum.  The  most  important  work 
of  this  time  is  the  Pieth  di  San  Pietro  (1498).  In  1501  he 
returned  to  Florence,  and  Sept.  13  began  the  great  David 
of  the  Signoria,  made  from  a block  of  marble  abandoned 
by  Agostino  di  Duccio,  which  wasplaced  in  position  May  18, 
1504.  The  two  roundels  of  the  Madonna  and  Child  in  Bur- 
lington House  and  the  Bargello  were  probably  made  then, 
and  also  the  picture  of  the  Holy  Family  in  the  Uflizi.  In 
1503  Piero  Soderini,  gonfaloniere,  projected  two  frescos 
for  the  Sala  Grande  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio.  The  commis- 
sion for  one  was  given  to  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  that  for  the 
other  to  Michelangelo  in  1504.  For  it  he  prepared  the 
great  cartoon  of  the  Battle  of  Cascina,  an  incident  in  the 
war  with  Pisa  when,  July  28,  1364,  a band  of  400  Floren- 
tines were  attacked  while  bathing  by  Sir  John  Hawk- 
wood’s  English  troopers.  This  cartoon  contained  288  square 
feet  of  surface,  and  was  crowded  with  nude  figures  in  every 
position.  It  had,  probably,  more  influence  upon  the  art  of 
the  Renaissance  than  any  other  single  work.  To  about 
this  time  may  be  attributed  the  beginning  of  his  poetic 
creations,  of  the  multitude  of  which  undoubtedly  written 
a few  only  have  come  down  to  us.  In  Nov  , 1505,  he  was 
called  to  Rome  by  Pope  Julius  II.  to  design  his  mauso- 
leum, the  history  of  which  runs  through  the  entire  life  of 
the  master.  Repeated  designs  and  repeated  attempts  to 
carry  them  out  were  made,  only  to  he  frustrated  by  the  suc- 
cessors of  the  great  Pope.  The  matter  finally  ended  in 
the  reign  of  Paul  III.  by  the  placing  in  San  Pietro  in  Vin- 
coli  of  the  statue  of  Moses  surrounded  by  mediocre  works 
finished  by  Raffaello  da  Montelupo  and  others.  The  Two 
Captives  of  the  Louvre  are  part  of  the  work  as  originally 
designed.  In  the  spring  of  1506  he  assisted  in  the  discov- 
ery of  the  Laocoon  in  the  palace  of  Titus.  His  favorite 
antique  was  the  Belvedere  Torso,  supposed  to  be  a copy 
of  the  Hercules  Epitrapezius  of  Lysippus.  In  April,  1506 
probably  as  a result  of  the  intrigues  of  Bramante,  he  was 
forced  to  abandon  Rome  for  Florence.  In  the  autumn  he 
joined  the  Pope  at  Bologna,  and  made  (1606-07)  the  bronze 
statue  of  Julius  which  stood  over  the  door  of  San  Petro- 
nio and  was  destroyed  in  1511.  The  ceiling  of  the  Sistine 
Chapel  was  begun  early  in  1508,  and  finished  in  Oct.,  1512. 
Julius  II.  died  Feb.  21,  1513,  and  was  succeeded  by  Cardi- 
nal Giovanni  de’  Medici,  son  of  the  great  Lorenzo,  as  Leo 
X.  Michelangelo  was  diverted  from  the  tomb  of  Julius  by 
Leo,  and  employed  from  161 7 to  1620  in  an  abortive  attempt 
to  build  tire  facade  of  San  Lorenzo  in  Florence,  and  in  de- 
veloping the  quarries  of  Carrara  and  Seravezza.  In  1520 
he  began,  byorderof’Cardinal  Giuliode’ Medici,  thesacristy 
of  San  Lorenzo  and  the  tombs  of  Giuliano  and  Lorenzo  de' 
Medici  with  the  famous  reclining  figures  on  the  sarcoph- 
agi, perhaps  the  most  thoroughly  characteristic  of  all  hia 
works.  Leo  X.  was  succeeded  by  Adrian  VI.  in  1621,  and 


Michelangelo 

he  in  turn  byOlulio  de'  Medici  as  Clement  VII.  in  1528. 
On  April  11,  1520,  Michelangelo  was  appointed  “governor 
and  procurator-general  over  the  construction  and  fortifi- 
cation of  the  city  walls  " in  Florence.  On  Sept.  21,  1529, 
occurred  his  unexplained  (light  to  Venice.  Ife  returned 
Nov.  20  of  the  same  year,  and  was  engaged  In  the  defense 
of  the  city  until  its  capitulation,  Aug.  12,  IT 80.  Before 
the  end  of  the  year  1584  lie  left  Florence,  never  to  return. 
The  statues  of  the  sacristy,  including  the  Madonna  and 
Child,  were  arranged  after  his  departure.  Alessandro 
Farnese  succeeded  Clement  VII.  as  Paul  III.,  Oct.,  1534. 
The  hast  Judgment  was  begun  about  Sept.  1,  1636,  and 
finished  before  Christmas,  1541.  Michelangelo's  friend- 
ship for  Vittoria  Colonna  began  about  1538.  (See  Colonna, 
V Morin.)  The  frescos  of  the  Paulino  Chapel  were  painted 
between  1642  and  1549.  They  represent  the  conversion  of 
St.  Paul  and  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Peter.  He  succeeded 
Antonio  da  Sangallo  in  1640  in  the  offices  which  ho  held, 
and  became  architect  of  St.  Peter’s  Jan.  1, 1547.  From  this 
time  until  his  death  he  worked  on  the  church  without  com- 
pensation. The  dome  alone  was  completed  with  any  regard 
to  his  plans. 

Michelet  (mesh-la'),  Jules.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug. 
21, 1798:  died  at  Hy&res,  southern  Prance,  Fob. 
9,1874.  An  eminent  French  historian.  He  be- 
gan his  literary  studies  under  the  guidance  of  an  old  book- 
seller, and  in  his  spare  moments  helped  his  father,  a print- 
er by  trade,  in  setting  type.  He  went  through  the  College 
Charlemagne,  and  entered  then  on  a highercourse  of  study. 
In  1821  he  graduated  with  the  highest  university  honors, 
and  was  called  at  once  to  the  chair  of  history  in  the 
Collfcge  Rollin  (1821-20).  His  first  works  were  a “Tab- 
leau chronologiijue  de  l’histoire  moderne”  (1825),  “Tab- 
leaux synclironiques  de  l’histoire  moderne”  (1826),  and 
“ Precis  de  l’histoire  moderne  ” (1827).  He  was  appointed 
lecturer  at  the  bcole  Normale  in  1827,  and  published  his 
“Introduction  k l’histoire  universelle”  (1831),  “(Euvres 
choisies  de  Vico"  (1835),  “Origines  du  droit  franfais” 
(1837),  and  “ Histoire  romaine : rdpublique ” (1839),  etc. 
Michelet  began  his  famous  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Col- 
lege de  France  in  1838,  and  wrote  in  that  connection  “Des 
JCsuites ’’ (1843),  “Du  pietre,de  la  femme  etde la  famille” 
(1844),  and  “Du  peuple  ’’  (1845).  The  clergy  succeeded  at 
last  in  silencing  him,  and  he  retired  to  a life  of  study.  The 
publication  of  his  “ Histoire  de  France  ” in  sixteen  volumes 
(1833-67)  was  interrupted  by  his  "Histoire  de  la  revolution 
franQaise  ’’  (1847-53),  “ Le  proces  des  templiers  ’’  (1851),  and 
“L6gendesd6mocratiques  du  Nord”(1854).  Michelet  was 
married  twice.  He  wrote,  further,  “Les  femmes  de  la 
revolution  ” (1854),  “L’Oiseau  ” (1856),  “L’lnsccte”  (18581, 
“L’Amour”  (1859),  “La  femme”  (1860),  “ La  mer”  (1861), 
“La  bible  de  l’humanitd ” (1864).  Michelet  made  a last 
return  to  history  in  attempting  to  bring  his  great,  work 
down  to  date.  Death  stopped  him  after  he  had  published 
but  few  volumes  of  his  “ Histoire  du  XIX“  siecle  ” (1872- 
1873). 

Michelet  (me-she-la'),  Karl  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Dee.  1,  1801 : died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  16, 
1893.  A German  philosophical  (Hegelian)  writer, 
appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin  in 
1829.  He  wrote  works  on  Aristotle,  “Geschichte  der 
letzten  Systeme  der  Philosophie  in  Deutschland  ’’  (1837- 
1838),  “ Entwickelungsgeschichte  der  neuesten  deutschen 
Philosophie”  (1843),  “Die  Personliehkeit  Gottes”  (1841), 
“Die  Epiphanie  der  ewigen  Personliehkeit  des  Geistes” 
(1844-52),  “Geschichte  der  Menschheit"  (1859-60),  “Sys- 
tem der  Philosophie”  (1876-81),  etc. 

Michelis  (me-eha'lis),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Mun- 
ster, Prussia,  July  27,  1815:  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  May  28,  1886.  A noted  German  theo- 
logian and  philosopher,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Old  Catholic  movement. 

Michelozzo  Michelozzi  (me -ke -lot' so  me- 
ke-lot'se),  Bartolommeo  di  Gherardo  di. 
Born  at  Florence,  1396 : died  1472.  An  eminent 
sculptor,  engraver  of  gems,  and  architect.  While 
associated  with  Donatello  in  making  the  monuments  of 
Pope  John  XXIII.,  Cardinal  Brancacci,  and  Bartolommeo 
Aragazzi,  he  was  employed  by  Cosmo  de’  Medici  to  design 
and  build  the  Medici  Palace  — now  called  the  Riccardi  Pal- 
ace, as  it  was  enlarged  by  the  Marcliese  Riccardi  in  the 
17th  century.  He  created  adistinctly Florentine  typewhich 
was  subsequently  followed  in  the  Strozzi  and  other  Flor- 
entine palaces.  During  his  exile(1433-34)  with  Cosmo  de’ 
Medici  in  Venice,  he  built  the  library  of  San  Giorgio  Mag- 
giore,  adjoining  the  Convent  of  San  Marco,  which  Cosmo 
endowed  with  many  precious  manuscripts  and  books.  In 
Milan  he  designed  the  chapel  of  St.  Peter  Martyr  in  Santo 
Eustorgio,  and  other  buildings.  After  his  return  to  Flor- 
ence, Michelozzo  displayed  greatskill  in  restoring  the  lower 
part  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio,  which  had  been  dangerously 
weakened  by  the  weight  of  the  upper  stories.  He  also 
built  the  Villas  Careggi,  Caffagiolo,  and  Mozzi,  and  en- 
larged and  rebuilt  the  Convent  of  San  Marco.  Among  the 
few  remaining  examples  of  his  skill  as  a sculptor  are  a 
silver  statuette  of  St.  John  Baptist  on  the  altar  of  the 
Opera  del  Duomo  in  Florence,  and  a small  St.  John  over 
the  door  of  the  Canonica  opposite  the  Baptistery. 
Michelstadt  (me'chel-stat).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  21  miles  southeast 
of  Darmstadt : the  chief  town  of  the  Odenwald. 
Population,  about  3,500. 

Michigan  (mish'i-gan).  One  of  the  western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  extend- 
ing (exclusive  of  islands)  from  about  lat.  41° 
45'  to  47°  30'  N.,  and  from  long.  82°  25'  to  90° 
30'  W.  Capital,  Lansing ; chief  city,  Detroit. 
It  consists  of  two  peninsulas  (separated  by  the  Strait  of 
Mackinaw).  The  southern  is  bounded  by  Lakes  Huron, 
St.  Clair,  and  Erie  and  St.  Clair  and  Detroit  rivers  on  the 
east,  Lake  Michigan  on  the  west,  and  Ohio  and  Indiana  on 
the  south  ; and  the  northern  lies  between  Lake  Superior 
on  the  north  and  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan  and  the  State 
of  Wisconsin  on  the  south.  The  surface  in  the  south  is  gen- 
erallylevel ; in  the  north  it  is  rugged.  There  isrich  mineral 
wealth  in  the  north.  Michigan  i3  one  of  the  first  States  in 


684 

the  production  of  copper,  salt,  and  iron  ore,  the  fifth  in 
wool,  and  one  of  the  first  in  lumber  and  wheat.  It  pro- 
duces also  apples,  Indian  corn,  etc.,  and  lias  important 
fisheries  of  lake  trout,  whitefish,  etc.  It  has  83  counties, 
sends  2 senators  and  13  representatives  to  Congress,  and 
lias  15  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  the  French  in 
the  17th  contury,  and  first  permanently  settled  by  them 
at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  1668;  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
in  1763;  was  the  scene  of  Pontiac’s  war;  was  formally 
surrendered  to  the  United  States  in  1796;  formed  part  of 
the  Northwest  Territory,  and  later  of  Indiana  Territory; 
and  was  constituted  Michigan  Territory  in  1806.  Detroit 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  1812.  Michigan  was  recovered 
by  the  United  States  in  1813,  and  was  admitted  to  tlic  Union 
in  1837.  Its  name  iB  from  that  of  the  lake.  Area,  68,916 
square  miles.  Population,  2,810,173,  (1910). 

Michigan,  Lake.  [Algonkin,*  great  lake.’]  One 
of  the  five  great  lakes  of  the  United  States, 
inclosed  by  Michigan  on  the  north  and  east, 
Indiana  on  the  south,  and  Illinois  and  Wis- 
consin on  the  west.  Its  chief  bays  are  Green  Bay 
and  Grand  Traverse  Bay ; its  chief  tributaries  the  Fox, 
Menominee,  Manistee,  Muskegon,  Grand,  Kalamazoo,  and 
St.  Joseph.  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  are  the  chief  cities  on 
its  banks.  It  discharges  by  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw  into 
Lake  Huron.  Length,  about  340  miles.  Greatest  width, 
about  85  miles.  Greatest  depth,  870  feet.  Mean  height 
above  sea-level,  682  feet.  Area,  over  22,000  square  miles. 

Michigan,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learning,  for  both  sexes,  situated  at  Ann  Arbor, 
Michigan.  It  is  under  State  control;  was  opened  in 
1841 ; contains  collegiate,  medical,  engineering,  and  law 
departments,  witli  an  observatory,  dental  college,  school 
of  pharmacy,  scientific  museums,  and  library  of  200,000 
volumes ; and  is  attended  by  about  5,400  Btudents. 

Michigan  City.  A city  in  La  Porte  County, 
Indiana,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan  40  miles 
east-southeast  of  Chicago.  It  has  a lumber 
trade.  It  contains  the  State  prison  for  north- 
ern Indiana.  Population,  19,027,  (1910). 
Michilimackinac.  See  Mackinac. 

Michmash  (mik'mash).  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a place  in  Palestine,  7 miles  north  by 
east  of  Jerusalem:  the  modem  Mukhmas. 

“The  historical  interest  of  Hichmmh  is  connected  with 
the  strategical  importance  of  the  position,  . . . which  made 
it  the  headquarters  of  the  Philistines  and  the  centre  of 
their  forays  in  tlieir  attempt  to  quell  the  first  rising  under 
Saul.”  [I  Samuel,  xiv.] 

Cheyne  and  Ulack,  Encyclopaidia  Biblica,  HI.  3077. 

Michoacan  (me-cbo-ii-kan'),  or  Mechoacin 
(ma-cho-a-kan').  A maritime  state  in  Mexico. 
Capital,  Morelia.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  states  of 
Colima,  Jalisco,  Guanajuato,  Queretaro,  Mexico,  and  Guer- 
rero, and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  surface  is  elevated  and 
mountainous.  Area,  22,874  square  miles.  Population, 
991,649,  (1910). 

Micipsa  (mi-sip'sa).  Died  118  b.  c.  A son  of 
Masinissa,  and  chief  ruler  of  Numidia  after  the 
latter’s  death  in  148  b.  c. 

Mickiewicz  (mits-ke-ev'ich),  Adam.  Born  near 
Novogrodek,  Lithuania,  Dec.  24,  1798:  died  at 
Constantinople,  Nov.  26,  1855.  A noted  Polish 

poet.  He  resided  chiefly  at  Paris  after  1828.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  epic  “ Konrad  Wallenrod  ”(18  0:  translated 
into  English  both  in  prose  and  verse).  His  poem  “ Pan 
Tadewsz  ” is  one  of  the  masterpieces  of  Slavonic  literature. 

Mickle  (mik'l),  William  Julius.  Born  at  Lang- 
holm, Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  28,  1735 : 
died  at  Forest  Hill.  Oct.  28,  1788.  A Scottish 
poet.  He  translated  the  “ Lusiad  ” (1775),  and  is  the  re- 
puted author  of  the  song  “ There ’s  nae  luck  aboot  the 
boose.” 

Micmac  (mik'mak).  [Migmak,  allies.]  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  occupying  Nova 
Scotia,  Cape  Breton,  and  Prince  Edward  Island, 
the  north  of  New  Brunswick,  and  adjacent 
parts  of  Quebec,  and  also  ranging  over  New- 
foundland. They  number  about  4,000.  The  French 
called  them  Souriquois,  imitating  words  meaning  ‘good 
canoe-men.’  Also Slikmak.  See  Algonquian. 

Micon  (mi'kon)  of  Athens.  [Gr.  M'ucuv.]  A 
Greek  painter,  a contemporary  of  Polygnoftis, 
known  principally  from  the  works  executed  in 
conjunction  with  the  latter  in  the  Stoa  Poikile, 
Theseum,  and  temple  of  the  Dioscuri  at  Athens. 
He  made  the  statue  of  the  Athenian  Callias,  victor  in 
Olympiad  77(or4G8  B.  C.).  His  methods  were  probably  the 
same  as  those  of  Polygnotus. 

MicromSgas.  A philosophical  romance  by  Vol- 
taire, published  in  1752:  imitated  from  Swift’s 
“Gulliver’s  Travels.” 

Micronesia  (mi-kro-ne'§ia).  [NL.,  ‘ little 
islands.’]  A collection  of  island  groups  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  comprising  principally  the  Car- 
oline, Ladrone,  Gilbert,  and  Marshall  groups. 

The  islands  (except  the  Ladrones)  are  generally  small,  low, 
and  mainly  of  coral  formation.  The  inhabitants  are  re- 
lated in  race  and  language. 

Microscopium  (ini-kro-sko'pi-um).  [LL.,  ‘the 
Microscope.’]  A constellation  south  of  Capri- 
corn, introduced  by  Lacaille  in  1752. 

Mictlan.  See  Mitla. 

Midas  (mi'das).  [Gr.  M«Sar.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a king  of  Phrygia,  son  of  Gordius  and  Cybele. 
According  to  the  common  form  of  the  myth,  the  god  Diony- 


Middleton,  Arthur 

bus,  from  gratitude  for  kindness  which  had  been  shown  to 
his  teacher  Silenus  by  Midas,  promised  to  grant  whatever 
the  latter  might  ask.  Midas,  accordingly,  requested  that 
whatever  he  touched  might  turn  to  gold ; but  when  he  found 
that  even  his  food  was  not  excepted,  and  that  he  was  likely 
to  starve,  he  prayed  that  the  gift  might  be  taken  away,  and 
on  bathing  in  the  Pactolus  was  restored  to  his  natural  con- 
dition. The  sands  of  the  river,  however,  were  ever  after 
full  of  gold.  On  his  refusing  to  award  the  prize  of  a musi- 
cal contest  between  Pan  and  Apollo  to  the  latter,  the  god 
changed  his  ears  into  those  of  an  ass.  These,  which  he  con- 
cealed under  his  cap,  were  discovered  by  his  barber,  who, 
afraid  to  mention  the  secret  to  any  one,  relieved  himself  by 
digging  a bole  in  the  ground,  whispering  into  it  “King 
Midas  has  ass’s  ears,”  and  then  covering  it  up. 
Middelburg  (mid'del-boTG).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  island  of  Walcheren  in  lat.  51°  30'  N.,  long. 
3°  37'  E.  It  has  a noted  town  hall,  an  abbey,  and  some 
collections;  was  formerly  a flourishing  Hanseatic  town; 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  from  the  Spaniards  in  1674  ; ana 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1809.  Population,  commune, 
18,837. 

Middle  Ages.  A period  of  about  a thousand 
years,  between  the  close  of  what  is  technically 
considered  ancient  history  and  the  first  definite 
movements  in  Europe  of  the  distinctively  mod- 
ern spirit  of  freedom  and  enterprise.  Its  begin- 
ning is  synchronous  with  that  of  the  dark  ages,  and  it  is 
variously  reckoned  as  extending  to  the  fall  of  Constan- 
tinople (1453),  the  invention  of  printing,  the  Renaissance, 
or  the  discovery  of  America,  in  the  15th  century,  or  to  the 
Reformation,  in  the  early  part  of  the  16th. 

For,  in  truth,  through  all  that  period  which  we  call  the 
Dark  and  Middle  Ages,  men’s  minds  were  possessed  by  the 
belief  that  all  things  continued  as  they  were  from  the  be- 
ginning, that  no  chasm  never  to  be  recrossed  lay  between 
them  and  that  ancient  world  to  which  they  had  not  ceased 
to  look  back.  We  who  are  centuries  removed  can  see  that 
there  had  passed  a great  and  wonderful  change  upon 
thought,  and  art,  and  literature,  and  politics,  and  society 
itself  : a change  whose  best  illustration  is  to  be  found  in  the 
process  whereby  there  arose  out  of  the  primitive  basilica 
the  Romanesque  cathedral,  and  from  it,  in  turn,  the  endless 
varieties  of  Gothic.  But  so  gradual  was  the  change  that 
each  generation  felt  it  passing  over  them  no  more  than  a 
man  feels  that  perpetual  transformation  by  which  his  body 
is  renewed  from  year  to  year ; while  the  few  who  had  learn- 
ing enough  to  study  antiquity  through  its  contemporary 
records  were  prevented  by  the  utter  want  of  criticism,  and 
of  that  which  we  call  historical  feeling,  from  seeing  how 
prodigious  was  the  contrast  between  themselves  and  those 
whom  they  admired.  There  is  nothing  more  modern  than 
the  critical  spirit  which  dwells  upon  the  difference  between 
the  minds  of  men  in  one  age  and  in  another  ; which  endea- 
vours to  make  each  age  its  own  interpreter,  and  judge 
what  it  did  or  produced  by  a relative  standard. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  260. 

Middleborough  (mid'l-bur-o).  A town  in  Ply- 
mouth County,  Massachusetts,  34  miles  south 
by  east  of  Boston.  Population,  8,214,  (1910). 
Middlebury  (mid'l-berri).  The  capital  of  Ad- 
dison County,  Vermont,  situated  on  Otter 
Creek  33  miles  southwest  of  Montpelier:  the 
seat  of  Middlebury  College  (non-sectarian). 
Population,  2,848,  (1910). 

Middle  Flowery  Kingdom.  A native  appella- 
tion of  China. 

Middlemarch  ( mid'l-m  arch ) . A novel  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1871  in  “Blackwood’s  Mag- 
azine,” and  in  book  form  in  1872. 

Middle  Park.  A plateau  or  elevated  valley  in 
Grand  County, northern  Colorado.  Length,  from 
60  to  70  miles. 

Middlesbrough  (mid'lz-bro),  or  Middlesbor- 

OUgh  (mid'lz-bur-o).  A seaport  and  parliamen- 
tary borough  in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tees,  near  its  month. 
44  miles  north  of  York.  It  is  the  chief  seat 
of  the  English  iron  trade.  Pop.,  104, 787,  (1911). 
Middlesex  (mid'l-seks).  [ME.  Mhldelsexe,  AS. 
Hiddelseaxe,  Middle  Saxons.]  A south  midland 
county  of  England.  It  lies  to  the  south  of  Herts,  and 
is  separated  from  Essex  on  the  east  by  the  Lea,  from  Kent 
and  Surrey  on  the  south  by  the  Thames,  and  from  Bucks 
on  the  west  by  the  Colne.  The  surface  is  generally  level. 
Next  to  Rutland,  it  is  the  smallest  English  county ; but, 
next  to  Lancashire,  it  has  the  largest  population,  over 
2,500,090  of  the  inhabitants  of  London  being  included  in 
it.  It  was  an  ancient  Saxon  kingdom  dependent  on  Essex. 
From  1101  it  was  subject  to  the  city  of  London.  In  1888, 
by  the  Local  Government  Act,  parts  of  Middlesex,  Kent, 
and  Surrey  were  incorporated  into  a county  of  London. 
Area  (ad.  co.),  232  square  miles.  Population,  including 
part  of  London,  3,585,323. 

Middle  States.  A name  given  collectively  to 
the  States  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware,  and  (sometimes)  Maryland. 
Middle  Temple.  See  Inns  of  Court,  and  Temple. 
Middleton  (mid'l-ton).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  tho  Irk  5 miles  north  of 
Manchester.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton, 
etc.  Population,  25,178. 

Middleton.  A small  town  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland,  situated  on  Cork  harbor  13  miles 
east  of  Cork.  Population,  3,361. 

Middleton,  Arthur.  Born  June  26,  1742:  died 
Jan.  1,  1787.  An  American  patriot.  He  was  a 


Middleton,  Arthur 

delegate  from  South  Carolina  to  tlio  Continental  Congress 
in  177(1,  uml  signed  tlio  Declaration  of  Indopomlonco.  Ilo 
silt  lignin  in  Congress  1781-83. 

Middleton,  Charles,  second  Earl  of  Middleton 
and  titular  Earl  of  Monmouth.  Born  about  1040: 
died  1719.  Secretary  of  state  to  James  II.  At 
tlio  Restoration  lie  was  appointed  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Vienna,  became  earl  by  succession  in  1071,  and  on  Aug. 

26,  1081,  succeeded  Qodolpbln  as  secretary  of  state.  After 
the  reign  of  James  II.  taeremained  in  England,  and  in  May, 
161)2,  was  committed  to  the  Tower.  In  1688  ho  joined 
Jnmcs  at  St. -Germain.  At  the  death  of  the  king  he  was 
proclaimed  earl  of  Monmouth  by  the  titular  James  III. 
He  assisted  in  the  Pretender's  Scottish  expedition  in  1708. 

Middleton.  Christopher.  Died  Feb.  12, 1770. 
An  English  naval  commander  and  arctic  ex- 
plorer. About  1720  ho  entered  the  employment  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  In  1721  he  observed  the  variation 
of  tlie  needle  at  Churchill  River.  He  became  a commander 
in  the  navy  in  1741,  and  in  the  same  year  made  a voyage 
of  discovery  in  Honduras  Bay. 

Middleton,  Conyers.  Born  in  Yorkshire,  Dec. 

27,  1683:  died  at  Hildersham,  July  28,  1750.  An 
English  divine.  In  1724  he  went  to  Rome,  and  in  1729 
published  the  “Letter  from  Rome"  upon  pagan  beliefs 
and  ceremonies  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  In  his 
“Letter  to  Waterland  "lie  ridiculed  some  parts  of  the  Book 
of  Genesis,  and  showed  a skeptical  tendency  in  an  “Intro- 
ductory Discourse"  (1747).  Of  his  numerous  works  the 
best-known  is  his  “Life  of  Cicero.” 

Middleton,  Henry.  Born  1771:  died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  June  14, 1846.  An  American  politi- 
cian and  diplomatist,  son  of  Arthur  Middleton. 
He  was  governor  of  South  Carolina  1810-12 ; was  a repre- 
sentative in  Congress  1815-19 ; and  was  minister  to  Russia 
1820-31. 

Middleton,  Thomas.  Born  at  London  (?)  about 
1570 : died  at  Newington  Butts,  1627.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  He  entered  Gray’s  Inn  about  1593,  be- 
came a playwright  about  1599,  and  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  William  Rowley,  Munday,  Drayton,  Webster,  and 
others.  Hearraugedlord  mayor’s  shows  and  court  masks, 
and  in  1620  was  appointed  city  chronologer.  Among  his 
playsare  “The  Old  Law  ” with  Massingerand  Rowley  (print- 
ed 1666),  “The  Mayor  of  Quinborough  "(1661),  “ Blurt,  Mas- 
ter Constable  ” (1602),  “ The  Phoenix  ” (1607),  “ Michaelmas 
Terme"  (1607),  “The  Family  of  Love’’  (licensed  1607),  “A 
Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One”  (licensed  1607),  “Your  Five 
Gallants  ”(1608),  “A  Mad  World,  my  Masters  "(1608),  “The 
Roaring  Girl " with  Dekker  (printed  1611),  “A  Fair  Quar- 
rel ” with  Rowley ’’ (1617),  “The  Changeling"  and  “The 
Spanish  Gipsy  ’’  with  Rowley  (1653),  “ More  Dissemblers 
besides  Women  "with  “Women  beware  Women  "(licensed 
before  1622,  printed  1657),  “ A Game  at  Chess  ’’  (1624).  The 
date  of  the  following  plays  is  conjectural : “A  Chaste  Maid 
in  Cheapside  ’’  (1630),  “ No  Wit,  no  Help  like  a Woman’s  ” 
(1657),  “ The  Witch  ” (which  see)  (first  printed  in  1778), 
“ Anything  for  a Quiet  Life  ” (1662),  “The  Widow  " with 
Ben  Jonson  and  Fletcher  (1652).  He  wrote  also  about  20 
masks,  entertainments,  and  pageants ; some  miscellaneous 
verse,  including  “Microcynicon:  Six  Snarling  Satires” 
(1699) ; and  various  prose  pamphlets,  including  • ‘ The  Black 
Book”  (1604),  “Father  Hubberd’s  Tales,  etc.”  (1604),  etc. 
Middleton’s  works  were  not  collected  till  1840,  when  Dyce’s 
edition  appeared,  which  is  now  out  of  print.  In  1886  Mr. 
Bullen's  edition,  in  8 vols.,  appeared.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw.  Born  at  Ked- 
leston,  Derbyshire,  England,  Jan.  26, 1769:  died 
at  Calcutta,  July  8,  1822.  An  English  scholar 
and  divine,  appointed  first  bishop  of  Calcutta 
in  1814.  He  published  “Doctrine  of  the  Greek  Article 
applied  to  the  Criticism  and  Illustration  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament ” (1808),  etc. 

Middletown  (mid'l-toun).  A city,  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut,  sit- 
uated on  the  Connecticut  15  miles  south  of 
Hartford.  It  is  a port  of  entry,  and  is  the  seat  of  Wes- 
leyan University  (Methodist  Episcopal),  Berkeley  Divinity 
School  (Episcopal),  a State  insane  asylum,  and  an  industrial 
school  for  girls.  Population,  11,851,  (1910). 
Middletown.  A manufacturing  city  in  Orange 
County,  New  York,  54  miles’ north-northwest  of 
New  York  city.  Population,  15,313,  (1910). 
Middlewich  (mid'l-wich).  A town  in  Che- 
shire, England,  26  miles  southeast  of  Liver- 
pool. Population,  4,669. 

Midgard  (mid'gard).  [ON.  Hidligardhr,  Goth. 
Midjungards,  OHG.  Mittilgart,  Mittigart,  OS. 
Middilgard ; AS.  Middangeard,  the  middle  yard 
or  inclosure,  i.  e.  the  earth.]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  abode  of  the  human  race, 
formed  in  the  midst  of  Ginnungagap  out  of 
the  eyebrows  of  the  giant  Ymir,  the  first  created 
being,  and  joined  to  heaven  by  the  rainbow 
bridge  of  the  gods.  The  word  is  common  to 
the  Germanic  languages. 

Midgardsorm  (mid'gard-sorm).  [ON.  Midli- 
gardlisormr : Midhgardhs  and  ortur,  serpent, 
worm.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a water- 
demon,  the  monstrous  serpent  which  lies  about 
the  earth  in  the  encircling  sea.  it  was  the  off- 
spring of  Loki  and  the  giantess  Angurboda(01d  Norse  Angr- 
bodha).  At  Ragnarok  Thor  slays  the  serpent,  but  falls 
dead  from  the  poison  which  the  monster  breathes  forth. 
It  was  also  called  Jormungand  (Old  Norse  Jormungandr). 
Midhat  Pasha  (mid'hat  pash'a).  Born  in  Bul- 
garia, 1822:  died  in  Arabia,  May  8,  1884.  A 
Turkish  politician,  grand  vizir ‘in  1872  and 
1876-77. 


685 

Midhurst  (mid'h^rst).  A small  town  in  Sussex, 
England,  situated  on  the  West  Bother  46  miles 
southwest  of  London. 

Midi  (me-de'),  Canal  du,  or  Canal  du  Langue- 
doc. [F.,  ‘canal  of  the  south’  or  ‘ of  Langue- 
doc.’] A canal  uniting  the  Mediterranean  with 
the  Atlantic.  It  extends  from  the  Garonne,  near  Tou- 
louse, to  the  Etang  do  Thau,  near  Agdc.  It  was  opened 
in  1681-  Length,  149  miles. 

Midian  (mid'i-an).  An  Arabian  tribe  settled  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  Syro-Arabian  desert. 
In  Gen.  xxv.  2 the  Mldianltes  are  represented  as  descen- 
dants of  Abraham  and  Kcturah.  They  harassed  the  Israel- 
ites in  the  period  of  the  judges,  crossing  the  Jordan  with 
their  hordes  and  despoiling  the  country,  until  they  were 
defeated  by  Gideon.  Later  they  disappear  more  and  more 
from  history,  and  are  mentioned  only  as  a trading  people 
(Isa.  lx.  6). 

Midland  (mid' land).  The  district  of  Virginia 
which  extends  from  Tidewater  westward  to  the 
base  of  the  Appalachians. 

Midland  Counties.  A name  given  collectively 
to  nearly  the  whole  of  the  inland  counties  of 
England.  In  the  registration  system  they  are  grouped 
as  South  Midland,  West  Midland,  and  North  Midland 
counties. 

Midlothian,  or  Mid-Lothian  (mid-lo'THi-an). 

The  county  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

Midnapur  (mid-na-por').  1 . A district  in  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  22°  N., 
long.  87°  E.  Area,  5,186  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 2,789,114. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Midnapur,  situated  on  the  Kasai  70 
miles  west  of  Calcutta.  Population,  about 
33,000. 

Midrash  (mid'rash).  [Heb.,  ‘exposition,’  ‘ex- 
planation.’] The  name  for  the  old  rabbinical 
commentaries  on  biblical  books,  which  grew 
out  of  the  popular  discourses  and  lectures  de- 
livered during  the  services  in  the  synagogue. 
Among  the  older  Midrashim  are  Mechilta  on  a part  of  Exo- 
dus, Siphra  on  Leviticus,  and  Siphre  on  Numbers  and  Deu- 
teronomy, all  of  which  belong  to  the  period  of  the  Mishnah 
(which  see).  The  most  popular  of  the  Midrashim  was  that 
of  Rabbah  or  Rabboth  (magnum)  on  the  Pentateuch  and 
the  so-called  “Five  Rolls  ” — i.  e.,  the  books  of  Canticles, 
Ruth,  Lamentations,  Ecclesiastes,  and  Esther — which  was 
composed  between  the  6th  and  12th  centuries. 

Midshipman  Easy,  Mr.  See  Mr.  Midshipman 
Easy. 

Midsummer  Night’s  Dream,  A.  A comedy 
by  Shakspere,  acted  in  1595.  it  is  mentioned  by 
Meres  in  his  “ Palladia  Tamia,"  which  was  issued  in  1598, 
and  was  entered  on  the  “ Stationers’  Register  ” Oct.  8, 1600. 
Two  editions  were  printed  in  that  year — one  by  James 
Roberts,  the  other  by  Thomas  Fisher.  Roberts’s  copy  was 
• used  for  the  folio  reprint. 

Chaucer’s  legend  of  “ Thisbe  of  Babilon,”  and  Golding’s 
translation  of  the  same  story  from  Ovid,  probably  furnished 
the  matter  for  the  Interlude.  So  much  as  relates  to  Bot- 
tom and  his  fellows  evidently  came  fresh  from  nature  as 
she  had  passed  under  the  poet’s  eye.  The  linking  of  these 
clowns  in  with  the  ancient  tragic  tale  of  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe,  so  as  to  draw  the  latter  within  the  region  of 
modern  farce,  thus  travestying  the  classic  into  the  gro- 
tesque, is  not  less  original  than  droll. 

Hudson,  Int.  to  Midsummer  Night’s  Dream. 

Midsummer  Night’s  Dream.  An  overture  by 
Mendelssohn,  written  in  1826.  [The  music  for 
the  drama  was  written  in  1843.] 

Miel  (mel),  or  Meel  (mal),  Jan,  called  Gio- 
vanni della  Vite.  Born  near  Antwerp,  1599: 
died  1664.  A Flemish  painter. 

Mierevelt  (me're-velt),  Janszen  van.  Born  at 
Delft,  May  1, 1567 : died  there,  July  27, 1651.  A 
noted  Dutch  portrait-painter. 

Mierevelt,  Pieter  van.  Born  1596:  died  1632. 
A Dutch  portrait-painter,  son  of  J.  van  Miere- 
velt. 

Mieris  (me'ris),  Frans  van,  the  elder.  Bom 
at  Delft,  April  16, 1635:  died  at  Leyden,  March 
12, 1681.  A Dutch  genre-painter. 

Mieris,  Frans  van,  the  younger.  Born  1689: 
died  1763.  ADutch  painter  and  historian,  grand- 
son of  Frans  van  Mieris  (1635-81). 

Mieris,  Willem  van.  Born  at  Leyden,  1662: 
died  there,  Jan.  24, 1747.  A Dutch  painter,  son 
of  Frans  van  Mieris. 

Mieroslawski  (mya  - ro  - sliiv ' ske),  Ludwig. 
Born  at  Nemours,  France,  1814:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  23, 1878.  A Polish  revolutionist  and  mili- 
tary writer.  He  was  the  leader  in  the  attempted  rising 
of  the  Poles  in  1846,  and  in  the  insurrections  in  Posen  in 
1848,  in  Sicily  and  Baden  in  1849,  and  in  Poland  in  18C3. 
Miers,  John.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  25,  1789: 
died  at  Kensington,  Oct.  17,  1879.  An  English 
engineer  and  botanist.  He  resided  in  Buenos  Ayres 
and  Riode  Janeiro  1819-38 ; made  several  journeys  across 
the  pampas  to  Chile ; and  erected  mints  for  the  govern- 
ments of  La  Plata  and  Brazil.  He  published  “ Travels  in 
Chile  and  La  Plata”  (1825),  and  several  monographs  on 
South  American  plants. 

Mies  (mes).  A mining  town  in  western  Bohe- 
mia, situated  on  the  Mies  65  miles  west-south- 


Mihrgan 

west  of  Prague.  Population,  commune,  4,579, 
(1910). 

Mifflin  (mif'lin),  Thomas.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia. 1744:  died  at  Lancaster,  I’a.,  Jan.  20, 1800. 
An  American  Be  volutionary  general  and  politi- 
cian, a member  of  the  “Conway  Cabal”  (see 
Conway , Thomas ) in  1777.  He  was  president  of  the 
executive  council  of  Pennsylvania  1788-90,  and  governor 
of  Pennsylvania  1790-99. 

Migdol  (mig'dol).  A station  on  the  route  of 
the  Israelites  from  Egypt  to  the  Bed  Sea  (Ex. 
xiv.  2).  The  Migdol  of  Ezekiel  was  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Pelusium. 

Mighty  Dollar,  The.  A play  by  B.  E.  Woolf, 
produced  in  1875. 

Mignard  (men-yiir' ),  Pierre.  Born  at  Troyes, 
France,  Nov.,  1610:  died  at  Paris,  May  13, 1695. 
A French  painter  of  portraits  and  historical 
pieces. 

Migne  (meny),  Jacques  Paul.  Bom  at  Saint- 
Flour,  Cantal,  France,  1800 : died  at  Paris,  Oct. 
25, 1875.  A French  priest,  noted  as  an  editor 
and  publisher  of  religious  works.  He  served  for  a 
time  as  curate  at  Puiseaux  in  the  diocese  of  Orleans; 
but  in  1833  a quarrel  witli  his  bishop  drove  him  to  Paris, 
where  he  founded  “ L’Univers  Religieux,”  and,  having 
soon  sold  this  paper,  established  alarge  publishing  house. 
The  works  issued  by  him  include  “Scriptmas  sacra;  cur- 
sus  completus"  (28  vols.),  “Theologioo  cursus"  (28  vols.), 
“Collection  des  orateurs  saerds  ’’  (100  vols.),  “Patrologiee 
cursus  completus"  (383  vols.),  “ Encyclopddie  thdolo- 
gique  ” (171  vols.). 

Mignet  (men-ya'),  Francois  Auguste  Marie. 

Born  at  Aix,  southern  France,  May  8,  1796: 
died  at  Paris,  March  24, 1884.  One  of  the  fore- 
most French  historians  of  the  19th  century,  in 
1815  he  studied  law  in  his  native  town,  and  enjoyed  there 
the  companionship  of  a young  fellow-student,  M.  Thiers, 
for  whom  he  kept  up  a lifelong  friendship.  In  1830  Mi- 
gnet and  Thiers  founded  a newspaper,  “Le  National”  Mi- 
gnet was  at  heart  a liberal,  and  was  always  ready  to  take  up 
his  pen  in  defense  of  his  ideas.  He  appeared  for  the  first 
time  before  the  public,  in  successful  competition  for  a 
prize  offered  by  the  Academic  des  Inscriptions,  with  an  es- 
say entitled  “De  la  fdodalitd,  des  institutions  de  Saint- 
Louis,  et  de  la  legislation  de  ce  prince"  (1821).  There- 
upon he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  published  his  “Histoire 
de  la  revolution  fraugaise  de  1789  ii  1814”  (1824),  “Ndgo- 
ciations  relatives  a la  succession  d’Espagne  sous  Louis 
XIV.”  (1836-42), “Notices  et  mdmoires  historiques  ” (1843, 
and  again  1853  and  1854),  “Vie  de  Franklin  ” (l848),  “Hi3- 
toire  de  Marie  Stuart”  (1851),  “ Charles-Quint ” (1864), 
“Bloges  historiques"  (1863  and  1877),  various  “Notices 
historiques”  (1872-75),  “Rivalite  de  Francois  I.  et  de 
Charles-Quint’’  (1875),  etc.  As  dramatist  Mignet  wrote 
“Autonio  Perez  et  Philippe  II.”  (1845  and  1846).  He  was 
received  into  the  French  Academy  in  1836. 

Mignon  (men-yon').  In  Goethe’s  “Wilhelm 
Meister’s  Lehrjahre,”  a mysterious  Italian 
maiden,  the  daughter  of  an  old  harper.  She 
loves  Wilhelm,  and  dies  in  despair  when  she 
finds  that  her  love  is  not  returned. 

Two  tragic  figures  are  added  to  these,  wandering  in  a 
twilight  of  mystery  over  the  earth  — Mignon  and  the  harp- 
er ; they  are  daughter  and  father,  unknown  to  each  other, 
exiles  from  then-  native  country,  and  united  to  Wilhelm 
Meister  by  ties  of  love  and  gratitude.  None  of  Goethe's 
creations  appeal  more  strongly  to  the  depths  of  the  human 
soul  than  these  two  characters,  with  their  touching  songs. 
Solemn  echoes  of  old  mysticism  seem  revived  in  these 
songs  full  of  earthly  misery  and  longing  for  heaven  ; the 
laments  of  the  loving  but  unloved  maiden,  the  homeless, 
friendless  child,  who  may  not  reveal  her  inmost  soul  be- 
cause her  lips  are  sealed  by  a vow,  alternate  with  the  tears 
of  the  guilty,  God-forsaken,  lonely,  and  remorseful  old  man. 

Scherer,  History  of  German  Lit.  (trans.),  II.  183. 

Mignon.  An  opera  by  Ambroise  Thomas,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1866,  and  at  London  in 
1870.  The  words,  founded  on  “Wilhelm  Meis- 
ter,” are  by  Carre  and  Barbier. 

Mignon  ( men-yon' ) , Abraham.  Born  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main  about  1640:  died  at  Wetzlar, 
Prussia,  1679.  A noted  painter  of  flowers,  fruit, 
and  still  life. 

Mignot,  Louise.  See  Denis,  Louise. 

Miguel  (rue-gel')  (Maria  Evaristo):  generally 
called  Dom  Miguel.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  26, 
1802 : died  at  Bronnbach,  near  Wertheim,  Baden, 
Nov.  14,  1866.  The  third  son  of  John  VI.  of 
Portugal.  He  was  the  head  of  the  absolutist  party; 
was  expelled  from  the  kingdom  in  1824 ; became  regent 
in  1828;  usurped  the  kingdom  1828-34  ; and  was  deposed 
and  capitulated  at  Evora,  May  26,  1834. 

Migulinskaia  Stanitsa  (me-go-len'ska-ya  sta- 
ne'tsa).  A town  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
government  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  southern  Bus- 
sia,  situated  on  the  Don.  Population,  about 
28,000. 

Mihrgan  (me-her-gan').  Among  the  Persians, 
the  festival  of  the  autumnal  equinox,  begin- 
ning on  the  16th  day  of  the  month  Mihr  (Sep- 
tember), and  lasting  six  days.  Firdausi  ascribes  its 
institution  to  Faridun.  “It  is  he  who  has  instituted  the 
festival  Mihrgan,  and  the  custom  of  resting  then  and  of 
seating  one’s  self  at  the  banquet  comes  from  him.  To-day 
the  month  of  Mihr  still  recalls  his  memory.  Do  not  then 
show  a countenance  anxious  and  sad.”  Shahnamali. 


Mikado,  The 

Mikado,  The.  An  opera  by  Sullivan,  words  by 
W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced  in  London  1885. 
Mikhailovskaia  Stanitsa  (me-<ihi-lov'ska-ya 
sta-ne'tsa).  A town  in  the  government  of  the 
Don  Cossacks,  southern  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Khoper  115  miles  south  of  Tamboff.  Popula- 
tion, about  20,000. 

Miklosich  (mik'lo-zich),  Franz  von.  Born 
near  Luttenberg,  Styria,  Nov.  20,  1813:  died  at 
Vienna,  March  7,  1891.  A noted  Slavic  scholar, 
professor  of  the  Slavic  languages  and  literature 
at  Vienna.  He  published  “ VergleichendeGrammatik 
der  slawischen  Sprachen  ” (“  Comparative  Grammar  of  the 
Slavic  Languages,”  1852-74),  “Etymologisches  Worterbuch 
der  slawischen  Sprachen  " (“  Etymological  Dictionary  of 
the  Slavic  Languages,”  1886),  etc. 

Mikmak.  See  Micmac. 

Miknas.  See  Mequinez. 

Mikono  Tunne  (me-ko-no' tu-ne').  [‘People 
among  the  white  clover  roots.  ’]  One  of  the  vil- 
lages of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  it  was  formerly 
on  the  lower  Rogue  River,  Oregon,  but  is  now  on  the  Siletz 
reservation,  Oregon.  See  Athapascan. 

Milan  (tni-lan'  or  mil'an).  A province  of  Lom- 
bardy, Italy.  Area,  1,221  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,606,948. 

Milan.  A former  duchy  in  Lombardy,  north- 
ern Italy.  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti  was  the  first  duke 
(1395) ; and  the  end  of  the  Visconti  line  came  in  1447. 
The  duchy  was  ruled  by  the  Sforza  family  1450-1535  (pos- 
session being  disputed  rvitli  France  1499-1526) ; passed  to 
Spain  in  15:15,  and  to  Austria  in  1713-14;  was  conquered 
by  France  in  1796  ; formed  part  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic 
from  1797,  of  the  Italian  Republic  from  1802,  and  of  the 
kingdom  of  Italy  from  1805 ; was  ceded  to  Austria  in  1814  ; 
and  was  annexed  to  Sardinia  in  1859. 

Milan,  It.  Milano  (me-la'no),  G.  Mailand  (im'- 
liind).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Milan, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  river  Olona,  in  the  Lom- 
bard. plain,  in  lat.  45°  28'  N.,  long.  9°  11'  E. : 
the  Roman  Mediolanum.  It  is  the  second  city  in 
size  in  Italy,  the  chief  city  in  Lombardy,  and  the  chief  com- 
mercial and  financial  center  of  the  country.  As  the  center 
of  a rich  agricultural  district  it  exports  dairy  and  other 
farm  products.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  furni- 
ture, woolens,  silk,  machinery,  gloves,  etc. ; and  is  noted 
also  as  an  educational,  musical,  and  theatrical  center.  The 
cathedral,  begun  in  its  present  form  in  1387,  is  popularly 
celebrated  for  the  profusion  of  its  sculptured  decoration 
and  pinnacles,  and  the  beauty  of  its  material  (white  mar- 
ble) ; but  as  an  architectural  whole  it  does  not  justify  its 
reputation,  despite  the  beauty  of  such  details  as  the  Flam- 
boyant tracery  of  tiie  great  windows  of  the  apse,  and  the 
majestic  effect  of  the  interior.  The  central  lantern  and 
spire  are  graceful,  but  the  other  parts  are  not  well  propor- 
tioned, and  the  west  front,  with  its  semi-modern  jumble 
of  Pointed  and  classical  forms,  is  barbarous,  while  the 
decoration  is  cold  and  without  the  vigorous  life  of  good 
medieval  art.  There  are  5 aisles.  The  chief  dimensions 
are : length,  486  feet ; breadth,  252  ; transepts,  288  ; height 
of  vaulting,  153 ; height  of  spire,  355.  It  is  surpassed  in 
size  in  Italy  by  St.  Peter’s  only.  The  cathedral  contains 
many  beautiful  tombs.  The  Ospedale  Maggiore,  founded 
by  Francesco  Sforza  in  1456,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
creations  of  Lombard  brick  architecture,  with  two  tiers 
of  rich  Pointed  arches  inclosing  double  Pointed  windows, 
the  lower  tier  inclosed  in  a Corinthian  arcade.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  gallery  Vittorio  Emmanuele,  Bre- 
ra  (with  picture-gallery  and  library),  Museum  Poldi-Pez- 
zoli,  archaeological  and  some  other  museums,  Ambrosian 
library,  Piazza  de’  Mercanti,  the  churches  of  the  Monas- 
tero  Maggiore,  of  SantaMariadelle  Grazie(with  the  “Last 
Supper  ” of  Leonardo  da  Vinci),  of  San  Ambrogio,  and  of 
San  Lorenzo,  the  Arco  della  Pace,  and  the  Scala  theater. 
The  tradition  is  that  Milan  was  founded  by  the  Celtic  prince 
Bellovesus  about  600  B.  C.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  In- 
subrian  Gauls;  was  taken  by  the  Romans  222  B.  o.;  and 
was  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  later  Roman  Empire,  and 
ar.  imperial  residence.  Ambrose  was  bishop  of  Milan  374- 
397.  It  was  sacked  by  Attila  in  452 ; was  destroyed  by  the 
Goths  in  539;  belonged  to  Lombardy  and  later  to  the  em- 
pire ; was  taken  and  nearly  destroyed  by  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa  in  1162;  was  rebuilt  by  the  Lombard  League  in 
1167  ; was  ruled  by  the  Torre,  Visconti,  and  Sforza  fami- 
lies ; and  has  been  the  capital  of  the  Milanese,  or  duchy  of 
Milan  (which  see),  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  the  kingdom 
of  Italy  (1805),  and  the  Lomhardo-Venetian  kingdom.  It 
was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  against  Austrian  rule  in 
1848.  and  of  outbreaks  in  1849  and  1853.  In  1859  it  was 
united  to  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia.  It  has  been  noted  in 
art  as  the  residence  of  Bramante,  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  etc. 
Population,  commune,  584,000. 

Milan  (mil'an)  I.  Born  Aug.  22,  1854:  died 
Feb.  11,  1901.  King  of  Servia  1882-89.  He  be- 
came prince  of  Servia  on  the  assassination  of  his  cousin 
Michael  in  1868,  the  government  being  conducted  by  a 
regency  until  he  became  of  age  in  1872.  He  married 
Natalie,  princess  of  Stourdza,  in  1875.  He  allied  himself 
with  Russia  in  the  Turco-Russian  war  (1877-78),  with  the 
result  that  Servia  was  made  independent  of  Turkey  in  1878. 
He  was  proclaimed  king  in  1882  (Servia  havingbeen  erected 
into  a kingdom),  and  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Alexan- 
der in  1889,  in  consequence  of  a quarrel  with  Queen  Natalie. 
Milan,  Edict  of.  An  edict  proclaiming  toler- 
ation of  the  Christians,  promulgated  by  Con- 
stantine and  Licinius  313. 

Milan  Decree.  A decree  issued  by  Napoleon  at 
Milan,  Dee.  17,  1807.  It  declared  the  forfeiture  of  all 
vessels  bound  to  or  from  British  ports,  and  of  all  which 
paid  licenses  or  duties  to  Great  Britain  or  had  submitted 
to  search  by  British  cruisers. 


686 

Milanese  (mil-an-es'  or  -ez'),  The.  A name 
often  given  to  the  duchy  of  Milan,  or  to  Milan 
and  the  surrounding  district. 

Milages  y Fuentes  (me-lan-as'  e fwen'tes), 
Jose  Jacinto.  Born  at  Matanzas,  Aug.  16, 
1814:  died  there,  Nov.  14, 1863.  A Cuban  poet. 
He  was  poor  and  self-educated.  After  1842  he  suffered 
from  mental  disease,  and  at  length  fell  into  hopeless  mel- 
ancholia. His  verses  are  mostly  lyrics  of  a moral  tone. 
He  published  several  plays,  the  best  being  “El  Conde 
Alarcon,”  a tragedy  (1838).  Next  to  Heredia  he  is  the  most 
popular  of  the  Cuban  poets. 

Milazzo  (me-lat'so),  or  Melazzo  (ma-lat'so). 
A seaport  in  the  province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  18 
miles  west  of  Messina : the  ancient  My  lie.  Near 
this  place  the  Roman  fleet  under  Duilius  gained  its  first 
naval  victory  over  the  Carthaginians  in  260  B.  c.,  and  Agrip- 
pa  defeated  Sextus  Pompey’s  fleet  in  36  B.  c. ; and  here, 
July  20,  1860,  Garibaldi  defeated  the  Neapolitans.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  9,503. 

Milcom.  See  Milkom. 

Mildmay  (mild'ma),  Sir  Walter.  Bom  1520  (?): 
died  at  Hackney,  May  31,  1589.  Chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  founder  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  educated  at  Christ’s  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  entered  Gray’s  Inn  in  1546.  He  was 
a good  financier,  and  was  appointed  examiner  of  the  king’s 
mints  in  1550.  He  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for 
Maldon  in  1553.  Although  a Calvinist,  he  was  employed 
by  Queen  Mary.  On  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  was 
made  treasurer  of  her  household,  and  on  April  21, 1566,  suc- 
ceeded Sir-  Richard  Lockville  as  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer. In  1586  he  was  one  of  the  judges  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  at  Fotheringay.  On  Nov.  23,  1583,  he  bought  the 
site  of  the  Black  Friars’  Monastery  at  Cambridge,  and  on 
Jan.  11, 1584,  was  licensed  to  establish  Emmanuel  College, 
the  statutes  of  which  date  from  Oct.  1, 1585. 

Miles  (mllz).  Bacon’s  servant  in  Greene’s  play 
“Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay.” 

He  plays  the  fool  unabashed  by  either  living  monarchs  or 
supernatural  phenomena,  and  in  the  end  cheerfully  con- 
sents to  be  carried  off  by  a devil,  on  being  given  to  under- 
stand that  in  the  quarters  for  which  he  is  bound  he  will 
find  a lusty  fire,  a pot  of  good  ale,  a “ pair  ” of  cards,  and 
other  requisites  for  a comfortable  life.  Ward. 

Miles,  Nelson  Appleton.  Born  at  Westminster, 
Mass.,  Aug.  8,  1839.  An  American  general.  He 
served  as  a volunteer  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  through- 
out the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  major-general  of 
volunteers.  He  accepted  a commission  as  colonel  in  the 
regular  army  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  promoted 
major-general  in  1890,  and  lieutenant-general  in  1900.  He 
has  conducted  several  campaigns  againsthostile  Indians  on 
the  western  frontiers,  notably  that  against  the  Apaciies  un- 
der Geronimo  and  Natchez,  both  of  whom  surrendered 
Sept.  4,  1886.  In  1895  he  was  appointed  general-in-chief. 
During  the  Spanish-American  war  he  led  a successful 
expedition  to  Porto  Rico,  landing  at  Guanica  July  25, 
1898.  Retired  Aug.,  1903. 

Milesians  (mi-le'shianz  or-zhanz).  1.  The-  in- 
habitants of  Miletus. — 2.  The  natives  of  Ire- 
land: members  of  the  Irish  race.  They  have  been 
so  called  from  the  tradition  of  an  ancient  conquest  and 
reorganization  of  the  country  by  two  sons  of  Milesius,  a 
fabulous  king  of  Spain. 

Milesian  Tales  or  Fables.  Short  stories  of 
a witty  and  obscene  nature,  greatly  in  vogue 
among  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  The  name  has 
arisen  from  a collection  of  tales  by  Anton  ius  Diogenes, 
compiled  by  Aristides  of  Miletus;  they  were  translated 
into  Latin  by  Cornelius  Sisenna  (119-67  B.  c.).  These  tales 
are  now  lost,  but  the  name  is  still  given  to  stories  of  a like 
nature.  Bulwer  published  in  1866  a volume  of  poems  en- 
titled “ The  Lost  Tales  of  Miletus.” 

Miles  Wallingford.  A novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1844. 

Mileto  (me-la'to).  A town  in  Calabria,  Italy, 
43  miles  northeast  of  Reggio. 

Miletus  (mi-le'tus).  [Gr.  Mt/.z/rof.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  situated  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor, 
on  the  Latmic  Gulf,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Mseander,  about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  27°  10'  E. 

The  temple  of  Apollo  Didyimeus  here  was  restored  in  its 
final  form  about  the  time  of  Alexander.  The  ancients  con- 
sidered it  one  of  the  most  splendid  four  existing.  It  was 
an  Ionic  dipteros  of  10  by  21  columns,  on  a stylobate  of  3 
steps,  measuring  160  by  350  feet.  The  columns  were  over 
6 feet  in  base  diameter,  and  64  high.  The  cella,  in  plan 
97  by  290  feet,  had  a deep  pronaos  with  4 columns  in  antis, 
and  2 subordinate  interior  chambers.  The  main  chamber 
was  divided  into  3 aisles  by  ranges  of  columns.  Remains 
exist  of  an  ancient  theater,  entirely  built  of  masonry,  and 
enormous  in  mass : there  is  much  sculptured  ornament, 
including  rich  Composite  capitals  with  Victories  amid  the 
foliage.  It  was  early  colonized  by  Ionian  Greeks ; was 
one  of  the  leading  Greek  cities,  a colonizer,  and  a center 
of  philosophy  and  literature ; headed  the  Ionian  revolt 
against  Persia  in  600  B.  c.;  and  was  stormed  and  sacked 
by  the  Persians  494  B.  C.  It  is  now  a village  (Palatia). 
Milford  (mil'ford).  A seaport  in  Pembroke- 
shire, South  Wales,  situated  on  Milford  Haven 
in  lat.  51°  44'  N.,  long.  5°  3'  W.  It  was  formerly 
an  important  seaport,  and  was  the  landing-place 
of  Henry  VII.  in  1485.  Population,  3,576. 
Milford  (mil ' ford).  A town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  28  miles  southwest  of 
Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots,  etc. 
Population,  13,055,  (1910). 

Milford  Haven.  A landlocked  estuary  in  South 
Wales,  an  arm  of  St.  George’s  Channel.  It  is 


Mill,  John  Stuart 

one  of  the  best  harbors  in  Great  Britain. 
Length,  about  17  miles. 

This  northern  peninsula,  itself  made  up  to  a considera- 
ble extent  of  smaller  peninsulas,  is  cut  off  from  its  south- 
ern fellow  by  the  haven  of  Milford.  Here  again  we  seem 
to  see  a Scandinavian  trace.  The  ford  here  is  surely 
neither  an  English  ford  nor  a Welsh  ffordd,  but  a Scandi- 
navian fiord,  like  Waterford  and  Wexford. 

Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  41. 

Milford  Sound.  An  inlet  on  the  southwestern 
coast  of  the  South  Island,  New  Zealand. 
Milfort  (mil'fort ; F.  pron.  mel-for'),  Le  Clerc. 
Born  near  Mezieres,  France,  about  1750 : died 
at  Mezieres,  1817.  A French  adventurer.  He 
was  a chief  among  the  Creek  Indians,  and  later 
became  a general  under  Napoleon. 

Milhau.  See  Millau. 

Milicz  (me'lich)  of  Kremsier.  Born  at  Krem- 
sier,  Moravia:  died  at  Avignon,  France,  June 
29,  1374.  A Bohemian  preacher,  one  of  the  pre- 
cursors of  the  Reformation. 

Milindapanha  (mi -lin- da -pang 'ha).  [Skt., 
‘ the  questions  of  Melinda.’’]  A Pali  work,  con- 
taining a conversation  between  the  Buddhist 
monk  Nagasena,  supposed  to  have  lived  about 
140  b.  C.,  and  King  Milinda  or  Menander,  the 
powerful  Greco-Bactrian  sovereign.  It  has 
been  edited  in  Pali  and  in  part  translated  into 
English  by  Trenckner. 

Military  Frontier,  The.  [G.  Mili  targrenze.  ] 
Formerly  a part,  of  the  Austrian-Hungarian 
monarchy,  bordering  on  the  Turkish  empire, 
and  under  special  military  regulations.  It  was 
formed  in  the  16th  century  for  defense  against  the  Turks  ; 
made  a crownland  in  1849 ; abolished  and  uuited  in  part  to 
Transylvania  in  1851,  in  part  to  Hungary  in  1872,  and  the 
remainder  to  Croatia-Slavonia  in  1881. 

Milkom  (mil'kom).  The  god  of  the  Ammonites. 
See  Molech. 

Milk  (milk)  River.  A riverin  Montana  and  Brit- 
ish America,  which  joins  the  Missouri  in  Daw- 
son County,  northeastern  Montana.  Length, 
over  400  miles. 

Milky  Way,  The.  In  astronomy,  the  Galaxy, 
a luminous  band  extending  around  the  heavens. 
It  is  produced  by  myriads  of  stars,  into  which  it  is  resolved 
by  the  telescope.  It  divides  into  two  great  branches, 
which  remain  apart  for  a distance  of  150°  and  then  reunite  ; 
there  are  also  many  smaller  branches.  At  one  point  it 
spreads  out  very  widely,  exhibiting  a fan-like  expanse  of 
interlacing  branches  nearly  20°  broad ; this  terminates 
abruptly  and  leaves  a kind  of  gap.  At  several  points  are 
seen  dark  spots  in  the  midst  of  some  of  the  brightest  por- 
tions. 

Mill  (mil),  James.  Born  at  Nortbwater  Bridge, 
Forfarshire,  April  6,  1773  : died  at  Kensington, 
June  23,  1836.  An  English  utilitarian  philoso- 
pher. He  was  the  son  of  a shoemaker.  He  entered  Edin- 
burgh University  in  1790,  and  from  1794  to  1798  studied  di- 
vinity. He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1798.  He  sought 
literary  employment  in  London  in  1802,  and  in  1806  began 
the  “ History  of  India,”  which  was  finished  10  years  later. 
He  also  formed  a close  intimacy  with  Bentham,  whose  dis- 
ciple he  became,  revising  his  writings  and  advancing  his 
principles.  The  “ History  of  India  ’’  appeared  in  1817,  and 
became  a standard  work  immediately.  In  1819  he  entered 
the  India  House.  His  intimacy  with  Ricardo  began  in 
1811.  Other  disciples  were  George  Grote,  Henry  Bicker- 
steth,  John  Black,  and  Albany  Fonblanque.  He  assisted 
in  establishing  the  “Westminster  Review  ” in  1824.  His 
“Analysis  of  the  Human  Mind”  was  published  in  1829, 
his  “Elements  of  Political  Economy”  in  1821. 

Mill,  John.  Born  at  Shap,  Westmoreland, 
England,  about  1645:  died  June  23,  1707.  An 
English  biblical  scholar.  He  published  a criti- 
cal edition  of  the  New  Testament  (1707),  etc. 
Mill,  John  Stuart*  Born  at  London,  May  20, 
1806:  died  at  Avignon,  France,  May  8,  1873. 
A celebrated  English  philosophical  writer, 
logician,  and  economist:  eldest  son  of  James 
Mill.  He  was  a precocious  child,  and  was  put  through  an 
extraordinary  system  of  forcing  by  his  father,  who  took 
entire  charge  of  his  education.  He  was  brought  up  an  ag- 
nostic from  his  infancy,  and  never  acquired  any  religious 
beliefs.  In  1820  he  visited  France,  and  in  1823  entered  the 
India  House  as  his  father’s  assistant.  He  became  chief 
examiner  in  1856.  His  first  important  literary  work  was 
the  editing  of  Buchanan’s  “ Treatise  upon  Evidence  ” (1825). 
His  “Essays  on  Unsettled  Questions  of  Political  Economy” 
were  written  about  1830  (published  1844).  In  1836  the 
“London  Review,”  established  in  1835,  was  amalgamated 
with  the  “Westminster  Review,”  and  Mill  became  practi- 
cally its  superintendent:  he  was  its  proprietor  1837-tO.  In 
1836  he  passed  through  a severe  mental  crisis,  probably  as 
a result  of  his  extraordinary  training,  and  was  led  to  modify 
the  strict  utilitarianism  of  his  father’s  schooL  His  inti- 
macy with  Mrs.  Taylor  (whom  he  married  in  1851)  began 
in  1830.  Mill’s  “ Logic,”  his  first  successful  work,  was 
published  in  1843.  His  r‘  Political  Economy  ” was  pub- 
lished in  1848.  His  most  carefully  written  work,  the 
“Essay  on  Liberty,”  was  published  in  1859.  lie  was  elected 
member  of  Parliament  for  Westminster  in  1865.  His  book 
“ On  the  Subjection  of  Women  ” was  published  in  1869 ; 
his  “Autobiography  ” appeared  in  1S73.  Among  his  other 
publications  are  “ Thoughts  on  Parliamentary  Reform  ” 
(1859),  “ Dissertations  and  Discussions  ” (1859-67),  “ Consid- 
erations on  Representative  Government”  (1861),  “ Utilita- 
rianism ” (1863),  “ Examination  of  Sir  William  Hamilton’s 
Philosophy,  etc.”(1865),  “Auguste  Comte  and  Positivism  ” 


Mill,  John  Stuart 

(1866).  “ England  and  Ireland  " (1868),  “On  the  Irish  Land 
Question "(1870),  “Nature,  the  Utility  of  Religion,  and 
Theism  ” (1874).  , 

Millais  (mil-la'),  Sir  John  Everett.  Born  at 
Southampton,  June  8,  1829:  died  at  London, 
Aug.  13,  1896.  A noted  English  genre-,  land- 
scape-, and  portrait-painter.  He  won  the  silver 
medal  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1843,  and  the  gold  medal 
in  1847.  In  1848,  with  Holman  Hunt,  I).  G.  Rossetti,  and 
others,  he  founded  the  association  which  was  afterward 
known  as  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood  (which  see),  and 
began  to  paint  with  the  precision  and  attention  to  detail 
which  characterize  that  school.  He  became  associate  royal 
academician  in  1854,  royal  academician  in  1863,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1896.  He  was  created  baro- 
net in  1885.  In  1883  he  was  elected  to  the  French  Insti- 
tute. Among  his  works  are  “ Isabella  ” (1849),  “ Christ  in 
the  House  of  his  Parents  "(1850),  “The  Huguenot  ” (1852), 
“ Ophelia ” (1852),  “The  Proscribed  Royalist” (1853),  “The 
Order  of  Release”  (1853),  “ Autumn  Leaves”  (1856),  “Sir 
Isumbras  at  the  Ford ”(1857),  “The  Black  Brunswicker” 
(1860),“  Charlie  is  my  Darling  ” (1864),  “The  Minuet  "(1866), 
“Rosalind  and  Celia  ”(1868),  “The  Gambler’s  Wife”  (1869), 
“The  Boyhood  of  Raleigh  "(1870),  “Chill  October  ” (1871), 
“The  Northwest  Passage  ”(1874),  “ STes or  No  ?”(1875), “Yeo- 
man of  the  Guard  ”(1876),  “Jersey  Lily "(1878),  “Bride of 
Lammermoor ” (1878),  “ Olivia "(1882),  “Idyl of  1746 ”(1884), 
“Lady  Peggy  Primrose”  (1885),  “Dew-drenched  Furze” 
(18901,  “ Dorothy 1 (1891),  etc.  He  also  designed  illustra- 
tions for  a number  of  books,  including  Tennyson’s  poems 
and  some  of  Trollope’s  novels. 

Millamant  (mil' a-mant).  The  principal  female 
character  in  Congreve’s  comedy  “The  Way  of 
the  W Ol’ld.”  She  is  an  incarnation  of  elegance,  indiffer- 
ence, impertinence,  and  affectation ; and,  though  a brilliant 
coquette  and  fine  lady,  is  not  without  heart. 

The  chase  and  surrender  of  Millamant,  superior  to  any- 
thing that  is  to  be  found  in  the  whole  range  of  English 
comedy  from  the  civil  war  downwards. 

Macaulay,  Essays,  II.  403. 

Millau,  or  Milhau  (me-yo').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  southern  France,  situated 
on  the  Tam  54  miles  northwest  of  Montpellier. 
It  has  manufactures  of  kid  gloves.  Population, 
commune,  18,482. 

Millbank  Prison.  A London  penitentiary,  on 
the  Thames,  near  Vauxhall  Bridge,  between 
Chelsea  and  Westminster.  It  was  built  from  de- 
signs by  Jeremy  Bentham,  and  is  now  disused. 

Millbank  Sound  Indians.  See  Haeltzuk,  2. 

Mill-Boy  of  the  Slashes.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  Henry  Clay,  on  account  of  the  circum- 
stances of  his  boyhood. 

Millbury  (mil'bu-ri).  A town  in  Worcester 
County, Massachusetts,  38  miles  west-southwest 
of  Boston.  Population,  4,740,  (1910). 

Milledge  (mil'ej),  John.  Born  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  1757 : died  Feb.  9,  1818.  An  American 
Revolutionary  soldier  and  politician. 

Mllledgeville  (mil'ej-vil).  A city,  capital  of 
Baldwin  County,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  Oco- 
nee 85  miles  southeast  of  Atlanta.  It  was  the 
State  capital  before  1868.  Population,  4,385, 
(1910). 

Millenary  Petition.  A petition  presented  by 
about  a thousand  Puritan  ministers  to  James  I. 
on  his  progress  to  London  in  April,  1603,  ask- 
ing for  certain  changes  in  ceremonial,  etc. 

Miller  (me-ya'),Benigne  Emmanuel  Clement. 
Bom  at  Paris,  1812 : died  at  Nice,  France,  1886. 
A French  Hellenist,  noted  as  a paleographer. 

Miller,  Cincinnatus  Heine.  See  Miller , Joa- 


quin. 

Miller  (mil'er),  Hugh.  Born  at  Cromarty,  Oct. 
10,  1802:  committed  suicide  near  Edinburgh, 
Dec.  24, 1856.  A Scottish  geologist,  editor  from 
1840  of  “ The  Witness,”  an  Edinburgh  news- 
paper. In  his  youth  he  worked  a9  a stone-mason.  In 
1829  he  published  “Poems,  Written  in  the  Leisure  Hours 
of  a Journeyman  Mason.”  In  1834  he  became  an  accoun- 
tant in  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Cromarty.  His  “Scenes 
and  Legends  of  the  North  of  Scotland,”  with  a chapter  on 
geology,  appeared  in  1835.  He  corresponded  with  Murchi- 
son and  Agassiz,  and  published  “ The  Old  Red  Sandstone  ” 
(1841),  “The  Footprints  of  the  Creator,  or  the  Asterolepis 
of  Stromness”  (1847),  “My  Schools  and  Schoolmasters" 
(1862),  etc.  “The  Testimony  of  theRocks,”  explaining  the 
six  days  of  creation  as  six  periods,  was  published  in  1857. 
His  death  occurred  in  a fit  of  insanity  caused  by  excessive 
brain-work. 


Miller,  James.  Bora  at  Peterborough,  N.  H., 
April  25,  1776:  died  at  Temple,  N.  H.,  July  7, 
1851.  An  American  general  and  politician,  dis- 
tinguished at  Lundy’s  Lane  in  1814. 

Miller,  Joaquin  (originally  Cincinnatus  Heine 
Miller).  Born  in  Indiana,  Nov.  10,  1841:  died 
Feb.  17, 1913.  An  American  poet.  He  went  to  Ore- 
gon in  1854  ; was  afterward  a miner  in  California ; studied 
law ; edited  the  “ Democratic  Register  ” in  Eugene,  Ore- 
gon ; and  was  judge  of  Grant  County,  Oregon,  1866-70.  He 
was  led  to  adopt  his  pseudonym  from  having  written  in 
defense  of  Joaquin  Marietta,  a Mexican  brigand.  He  was 
a journalist  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  in 
1887  returned  to  California.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Songs  of 
the  Sierras”  (1871),  “ Songs  of  the  Sun  Lands”  (1872),  “ The 
Ships  in  the  Desert  ” (1875),  “The  First  Families  of  the  Si- 
erras "(1875),  “Songs  ofltaly  "(1878),  “ Shadowsof  Shasta ’’ 
(1881),  “The  Destruction  of  Gotham  ” (1886),  “ Songs  of  the 


687 

Mexican  Seas”  (1887),  “Building  of  the  City  Beautiful” 
(1893),  and  other  works. 

Miller,  Johann  Martin.  Bom  at  Ulm,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Dec.  3, 1750 : died  there,  June  21, 1814. 
A German  novelist  and  lyric  poet,  author  of  the 
novel  “Siegwart”  (1776),  etc. 

Miller,  Joseph.  Bom  1684:  died  at  London, 
1738.  An  English  comedian.  The  collection  of 
jests  known  as  “Joe  Miller’s  Jests  ” appeared  originallyin 
1739  as  “Joe  Miller’s  Jest  Book,  or  the  Wit’s  Vade  Mecum, 
etc.”  Itwas  made  by  John  Mottleyand  received  its  name 
unwarrantably  from  Joseph  Miller,  who  is  popularly  said 
never  to  have  made  a joke  in  his  life,  and  could  neither 
read  nor  write.  It  has  been  many  times  enlarged  and  re- 
printed. Any  stale  jest  is  now  known  as  a “Joe  Miller” 
from  the  fact  that  it  is  supposed  to  have  at  some  time 
emanated  from  this  source. 

Miller,  Samuel  Freeman.  Born  at  Richmond, 
Ky.,  April  5, 1816:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Oct.  13, 1890.  An  Americau  jurist.  He  practised 

medicine  for  a time,  hut  afterward  became  a lawyer,  and 
in  1850  removed  from  Kentucky  to  Keokuk,  Iowa.  He 
was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  by  President  Lincoln  in  1862,  and  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  U nited  States  Electoral  Commission  of  1877.  He 
was  a Republican  in  politics. 

Miller,  Thomas.  Born  at  Gainsborough,  Eng- 
land, 1807 : died  at  London,  Oct.  24,  1874.  An 
English  poet,  novelist,  and  writer  on  rural  life, 
known  as  “the  Basket-maker.”  Among hisworks 
are  “Royston  Gower,”  a novel  (1838),  “Rural  Sketches,” 
in  verse  (1839),  “ Gideon  Giles  the  Roper  ” (1840),  ‘ ‘ Godfrey 
Malvern  ” (1843),  “ H istory  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  etc.  ’’  (1848 : 
this  went  through  five  editions).  He  also  wrote  the  fifth 
volume  of  G.  W.  Reynolds’s  “ Mysteries  of  London  ” (1849), 

Miller,  William.  Born  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  1782: 
died  in  Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  20, 1849. 
An  American  religious  enthusiast,  the  founder 
of  the  Millerites  or  Adventists.  He  commenced 
lecturing  on  the  millennium  in  1831. 

Miller,  William.  Born  at  Wingham,  Kent,  Dec. 
2, 1795 : died  at  Callao,  Peru,  Oct.  31, 1861.  An 
English  general  in  the  service  of  Peru.  He  fought 
with  the  British  in  the  Peninsula  1811-14,  and  in  the  United 
States  in  1816 ; took  service  with  the  patriots  at  Buenos 
Ayres  in  1816;  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  invasion 
of  Chile  1817-19,  and  in  Peru,  where  he  held  independent 
commands  and  led  the  cavalry  at  Junin  (Aug.  6, 1824)  and 
Ayacucho  (Dec.  9,  1824).  He  remained  in  the  service  of 
Peru,  became  grand  marshal  under  Santa  Cruz,  and  on  his 
defeat  (1839)  was  banished.  He  returned  and  was  rein- 
stated in  rank  in  1859.  His  “ Memoirs”  were  published  in 
1829  by  his  brother,  John  Miller:  they  give  one  of  the  best 
accounts  of  the  Spanish-American  revolution. 

Miller,  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  May  28, 
1796:  died  at  Sheffield,  England,  Jan.  20,  1882. 
A Scottish  line-engraver.  He  was  apprenticed  in 
1811  to  William  Archibald,  engraver,  and  in  1819  studied 
with  George  Cook  in  London.  He  returned  to  Edinburgh, 
and  his  first  plates  were  for  Williams’s  “Views  in  Greece” 
(1822).  In  1824  he  began  to  engrave  after  Turner,  of  whom 
he  was  the  chief  interpreter. 

Miller,  William  Allen.  Born  at  Ipswich,  Dec. 
17, 1817 : died  at  Liverpool,  Sept.  30, 1870.  An 
English  chemist.  He  was  educated  at  MerchantTaylors’ 
School  and  at  aQuaker  seminary  at  Ackworth  in  Yorkshire. 
About  1837  he  entered  the  medical  department  of  King's 
College,  London,  and  in  1840  studied  with  Liebig  at  Gies- 
sen. In  1842  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  London,  and  in  1845  he  was  made  an  F.  R.  S. 
His  first  experiments  in  spectrum  analysis  were  pub- 
lished in  a paper  before  the  British  Association  in  1845,  in 
which  diagrams  of  flame  spectra  were  first  shown.  In 
1862  this  was  followed  by  a paper  on  the  “ Photographic 
Transparency  of  Various  Bodies,”  illustrated  by  photo- 
graphs of  the  spectra  of  twenty-five  metals.  With  the  as- 
sistance of  Dr.  Huggins  he  began  in  1862  experiments  on 
the  spectra  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  procuring  the  first 
trustworthy  results  in  solar  chemistry.  They  were  award- 
ed the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  for 
their  results.  In  1851  he  published  a “ Report  on  the  Met- 
ropolitan Water  Supply.”  He  invented  a self-registering 
thermometer  for  deep-sea  soundings. 

Miller’s  Tale  of  the  Carpenter,  The.  One  of 

Chaucer’s  “Canterbury  Tales.”  Its  source  is 
unknown,  hut  it  is  probably  from  some  rough 
jest  of  the  day. 

Millesimo  (mil-la'se-mo).  A village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bormida 
36  miles  west  of  Genoa.  Here,  April  13  and  14, 1796, 
Bonaparte  defeated  the  Austrian  and  Sardinian  forces. 

Millet  (me-la'),  Aime.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  27, 
1819 : died  there,  Jan. 13, 1891.  A French  sculp- 
tor. He  stud  ied  both  painting  and  sculpture,  and  was  for  a 
time  in  the  studio  of  David  d’Angers.  He  first  exhibited 
drawings  at  the  Salon  of  1842,  and  until  1852  his  exhibits 
were  both  paintings  and  statues.  After  that  he  confined 
himself  entirely  to  sculpture.  Among  his  works  are  “ Une 
Bacchante”  (1845);  “Ariane”  (1857),  now  at  the  Luxem- 
bourg ; “ Vercingdtorix,’’  a colossal  statue  in  copper  set  up 
at  Alise-Sainte-Reine,  C6te-d’Or  (1865) ; a number  of  por- 
trait busts,  including  George  Sand  and  Edmotid  Adam; 
“ Tombeau  de  la  ITincesse  Christine  de  Montpensier,”for 
the  city  of  Seville  (1881);  “La  Physique, ’’for  the  Nice  Ob- 
servatory (1881) ; various  colossal  figures  for  public  build- 
ings in  Paris  (1882);  a bronze  statue  of  Edgar  Quinet  (1885) ; 
“ Phidias,"  for  the  Luxembourg  Gardens  (18s7) ; etc. 

Millet  (mil'let),  Francis  Davis.  Born  at  Mat- 
tapoisett,  Mass,,  Nov.  3,  1846:  drowned  on  the 
steamship  Titanic,  April  15, 1912.  An  American 
figure-  and  portrait-painter.  He  studied  at  Antwerp 


Milman 

at  the  Royal  Academy  with  Van  Lerius  and  De  Keyser.  He 
was  correspondent  for  the  London  “Daily  News”  in  the 
war  between  Russia  and  Turkey.  Among  his  works  are 
“Bay  of  Naples ” (1875),  “Bashi  Bazouk ” (1880), “A  Window 
Seat  ”(1885), “The  Handmaid  ” and  “A  Cosy  Corner  "(1886), 
“How  the  Gossip  Grew  ” (1890). 

Millet  (me-la'),  Francois  (Frans  Mille),  often 
called  Francisque.  Born  at  Antwerp,  1642: 
died  at  Paris,  1679.  A Flemish  landscape- 
painter,  a pupil  of  Laurens  Franeken,  and  after- 
ward a follower  of  Poussin. 

Millet,  Jean  Francois.  Born  at  Gruchy,  near 
Greville,  Manche.,  France,  Oct.  4,  1814:  died 
at  Barbison,  near  Fontainebleau,  France,  Jan. 
20,  1875.  A celebrated  French  painter,  noted 
for  his  simple  and  pathetic  representations  of 
peasant  life  in  France.  He  worked  with  his  father, 
a farmer,  as  a farm-laborer  in  hisyouth ; but  in  1832,  having 
shown  ability  in  drawing,  he  was  placed  at  Cherbourg  with 
Mouchel,  who  secured  for  him  an  anuuity  to  enable  him 
to  proceed  with  his  studies.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1837,  and 
studied  with  Paul  Delaroche ; and  in  1840  his  first  work,  a 
portrait,  was  accepted  at  the  Salon.  He  struggled  to  main- 
tain himself  for  some  years,  and  in  1848  fought  at  the  bar- 
ricades in  Paris.  The  next  year  he  settled  at  Baibizon, 
where  he  remained  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  Among  his 
works  are  “ The  Sower  ” (1849),  “ Peasants  Grafting  " (1855), 
“ The  Gleaners  ” (1857),“  The  Angelus  ” (1859 : which  see), 
“Death  and  the  Wood-cutter  ” (1859),“  Waiting  ” and  “The 
Sheep-shearers”  (1860),  “The  Man  with  the  Hoe”  and 
“Wool-Carding”  (1863),  “Shepherdess  and  Sheep  ” (1864), 
“Goose  Girl”  (1867),  “Evening  Prayer”  (1868),  “Potato 
Planters  ” (1868),  etc. 

Millevoye  (mel-vwa'),  Charles  Hubert.  Born 
at  Abbeville,  1782:  died  at  Paris,  1816.  AFrench 
poet.  He  published  a volume  of  poems  in  1801.  His 
article  on  “Le  danger  des  romans”  (1804)  and  a series  of 
his  poems  (1806-12)  were  crowned  by  the  Academy. 

At  the  head  of  the  poets  of  this  minor  band  has  to  be 
mentioned  Millevoye,  who  might,  perhaps  with  equal  or 
greater  appropriateness,  have  found  a place  in  the  pre- 
ceding book.  He  is  chiefly  remarkable  as  the  author  of 
one  charming  piece  of  sentimental  verse,  “La  Chute  des 
Feuilles”;  and  as  the  occasion  of  an  immortal  criticism  of 
Sainte-Beuve’s,  “II  se  trouve  dans  les  trois  quarts  des 
homines  un  poete  qui  meurt  jeune  tandis  qne  l’homme 
survit.”  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  541. 

Milliken’s  Bend  (mil'i-kenz  bend).  A village 
in  Madison  parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  17  miles  northwest  of  Yieksburg.  A 
body  of  3,000  Confederates  was  repulsed  here  by  the  Fed- 
erate June  7,  1863. 

Mill  on  the  Floss,  The.  A novel  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1860. 

Millot  (me-yo'),  Claude  Frangois  Xavier. 

Born  at  Ornans,  France,  March  5,  1726:  died 
at  Paris,  March  21,  1785.  A French  historical 
writer,  a member  of  the  Jesuit  order. 

Mills  (milz),  Charles.  Born  near  Greenwich, 
England,  July  29,  1788:  died  at  Southampton, 
Oct.  9,  1826.  An  English  historian,  author  of 
a “History  of  Mohammedanism ” (1817),  etc. 
Mills,  Clark.  Born  in  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  1,  1815:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan. 
12,1883.  An  American  sculptor.  Hemadeeques- 
trian  statues  of  Jackson  and  Washington  (at  Washington), 
a statue  of  “Liberty”  (Capitol,  Washington),  etc. 

Mills,  Roger  Quarles.  Born  in  Todd  County, 
Ky.,  March  30, 1832:  died  at  Corsicana,  Texas, 
Sept.  2,  1911.  An  American  Democratic  poli- 
tician. He  settled  in  Texas  in  1849,  served  as  a Con- 
federate officer  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  a member  of 
Congress  from  Texas  1873-92.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
Ways  and  Means  Committee  1887-89,  and  as  such  intro- 
duced the  Mills  Bill  (which  see)  in  1888.  He  represented 
Texas  in  the  United  States  Senate  1892-98. 

Mills  Bill.  A tariff  hill,  named  from  the  chair- 
man (R.  Q.  Mills)  of  the  Ways  and  Means  Com- 
mittee, passed  by  the  Democratic  House  in  1888, 
andrejectedby  the  Republican  Senate.  It  placed 
wool,  lumber,  hemp,  and  flax  on  the  free  list,  and  reduced 
duties  on  pig-iron,  woolen  goods,  etc. 

Mill  Springs  (mil  springz).  A village  in  Wayne 
County,  southern  Kentucky,  situated  on  the 
Cumberland  89  miles  south  of  Frankfort.  Near 
it,  Jan.  19, 1862,  the  Federals  under  Thomas  defeated  the 
Confederates  underCrittenden  andZollicoffer.  q'he  Fed- 
eral and  Confederate  losses  were  respectively  about  250 
and  350. 

Millville  (mil'vil).  A cityin  Cumberland  Coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  situated  on  Maurice  River  40 
miles  south  of  Philadelphia..  It  manufactures 
glass,  cotton,  etc.  Population,  12,451,  (1910). 
Milman  (mil 'man),  Henry  Hart.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  10,  1791:  died  near  Ascot,  Sept.  24, 
1868.  An  English  clergyman,  the  third  son  of 
Sir  Francis  Milman,  physician  of  George  III. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  in  1814.  In  1812  he  won  the  Newdi- 
gate  prize  with  an  English  poem  on  the  “Apollo  Belve- 
dere,” and  in  1821  was  elected  professor  of  poetry  at  Ox- 
ford. “Fazio,”  a drama,  composed  at  Oxford,  was  pub- 
lished in  1815,  and  performed  at  Covent  Garden  Feb.  5, 
1818,  with  Miss  O’Neill  in  the  cast.  It  was  also  used  by 
Madame  Ristori  in  1856.  “Samor,”  an  epic,  appeared  in 
1818;  “ The  Fall  of  Jerusalem  ” in  1820  ; and  the  “Martyr  of 
Antioch  ” in  1822.  In  1835  he  published  translations  from 
Sanskrit  poems.  In  1827  he  delivered  the  Bampton  Lec- 
tures. His  “History  of  the  Jews,  ’’which  appeared  in  1880, 


Milman 

treated  them  as  an  Oriental  tribe,  with  little  attention  to 
the  miraculous  element.  In  1835  Sir  Robert  Peel  made 
him  canon  of  Westminster  and  rector  of  St.  Margaret's. 
In  1840  he  published  the  “History  of  Christianity  under 
the  Empire.  ” Although  shunned  by  the  clergy  for  his  un- 
conventional views,  he  was  advanced  to  the  deanery  of  St. 
Paul’s  in  1849.  In  1838  he  edited  Gibbon,  and  in  1855  pub- 
lished the  “History  of  Latin  Christianity  down  to  the 
death  of  Pope  Nicholas  V. " The  remainder  of  his  life  was 
devoted  to  the  administration  of  his  office. 

Milne  Edwards  (mel-na-dwar'),  Alphonse. 
Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  13,  1835:  died  there,  April 
21,  1900.  A French  naturalist,  son  of  Henri 
Milne  Edwards:  director  of  the  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History  of  Paris. 

Milne  Edwards,  Henri.  Born  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium, Oct.  23,  1800:  died  at  Paris,  July  28,  1885. 
A noted  French  naturalist.  Hisworks  include  “la- 
ments de  zoologie  ” (1836),  “ Histoire  naturelle  des  crus- 
tacbs”  (1834-41),  “Recherehes  pour  servir  a l’histoire  na- 
turelle des  mammifferes"  (1864-74),  “Le?ons  sur  la  physi- 
ologic et  l’anatomie  compare  del'homme  et  des  animaux” 
(1857-83),  etc. 

Milner  (mil'ner),  Isaac.  [The  surname  Milner 
is  an  older  form  of  Miller , from  miller .]  Born 
at  Leeds,  Jan.  11,  1751 : died  at  Kensington, 
April  1,  1820.  An  English  mathematician  and 
divine.  He  entered  Queens’  College,  Cambridge,  in  1770 ; 
became  rector  of  St.  Botolph’s,  Cambridge,  in  1778;  and 
first  Jackson  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  1782.  He 
was  made  dean  of  Queens’  College  in  1788,  vice-chancellor 
of  the  university  in  1792,  and  Lucasian  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  1798.  He  was  intimate  with  William  Wilber- 
force,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Kensington  Gore. 

Milner,  John.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  14,  1752 : 
died  at  Wolverhampton,  April  19, 1826.  An  Eng- 
lish bishop  and  vicar-apostolic  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  In  1766  he  entered  the  English  col- 
lege at  Douai ; was  ordained  priest  in  1777 ; and  was  ap- 
pointed pastor  of  the  Catholic  congregation  at  Winchester. 
In  1803  he  was  appointed  by  Pope  Pius  VII.  bishop  of 
Castabala  in  partibus,  and  vicar-apostolic  of  the  Midland 
district.  In  politics  he  opposed  any  plan  for  Catholic  eman- 
cipation which  should  recognize  a right  of  veto  in  the 
English  crown.  As  an  archeologist  he  published  “ The 
History,  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical,  and  Survey  of  the  Anti- 
quities of  Winchester”  (1798-1801).  A “Treatise  on  the 
Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  England  during  the  Middle 
Ages  ” was  published  in  1835. 

Milner,  Joseph.  Born  at  Leeds,  England,  Jan. 
2,  1744:  died  at  Hull,  England,  Nov.  15,  1797. 
An  English  church  historian. 

Milner,  Miss.  The  principal  character  in  Mrs. 
Lnchbald’s  “ Simple  Story.” 

The  tale  of  a young  lady,  Miss  Milner,  left  to  the  care 
of  a Roman  Catholic  priest,  Dorriforth,  with  whom  she 
falls  in  love ; and,  as  he  becomes  theEarl  of  Elmwood,  and 
is  released  from  his  ordination  vows,  she  marries  him  ; aud 
afterward  becomes  unfaithful,  and  dies  in  great  misery. 
Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  172. 

Milnes  (milz),  Richard  Monckton,  first  Lord 
Houghton.  Born  at  London,  June  19,  1809 : 
died  at  Vichy,  Aug.  11, 1885.  An  English  states- 
man, poet,  and  litterateur:  only  son  of  Robert 
Pemberton  Milnes,  member  of  Parliament  for 
Pontefract  in  1806.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trin- 
ity College)  in  1831,  and  was  intimate  there  with  Tenny- 
son, Hallara,  and  Thackeray.  He  visited  Germany,  Italy, 
and  Greece,  and  settled  in  London  in  1835.  He  became 
member  of  Parliament  for  Pontefract  in  1837,  joined  the 
Liberal  party,  and  assisted  in  passing  the  Copyright  Act. 
In  1863  he  was  created  Baron  Houghton.  He  visited  Amer- 
ica in  1875.  He  published  several  volumes  of  poems, “The 
Life  aud  Letters  of  Keats”  (1848),  etc. 

Milo.  See  Melos. 

Milo  (miT5),  or  Milon  (mi'lon).  [Gr.  Mfiltw.] 
Born  at  Crotona,  Magna  Grtecia,  Italy:  lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  6th  century  B.  c.  A Greek 
athlete,  famous  for  his  strength.  He  was  six  times 
victor  in  wrestling  at  the  Olympic  games  and  six  times  at 
the  Pythian,  and  many  stories  were  told  of  his  extraordi- 
naryfeats  of  strength,  of  which  the  best-known  is  his  car- 
rying a heifer,  four  years  old,  on  his  shoulders  through  the 
stadium  at  Olympia,  then  slaying  it  and  eating  the  whole 
of  it  in  a day.  He  is  said  to  have  been  eaten  by  wolves 
which  attacked  him  while  his  hands  were  caught  in  a cleft 
tree  which  he  had  endeavored  to  rend. 

Milo,  Titus  Annius  Papianus.  Killed  in  Lu- 
cania,  Italy,  48  b.  C.  A Roman  part.izan  leader, 
tribune  57  b.  c. : a rival  of  Clodius  whom  he 
killed  at  Bovillas  52.  He  was  exiled  to  Massilia.  The 
oration  of  Cicero  in  his  behalf  which  we  possess  is  not 
the  speech  actually  delivered  (which  was  unsuccessful), 
but  a subsequent  revision  of  it. 

Miloradovitch  (me-16-ra'do-vich),  Count  Mi- 
khail. Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1770:  killed  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  26,1825.  A Russian  general, 
distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

Milosh  Obrenovitch  (mil'osh  d-bren'6-vich). 
Born  at  Dobrinia,  Servia,  1780 : died  at  Belgrad, 
Servia,  Sept.  26, 1860.  The  leader  in  the  second 
Servian  war  of  liberation  ( 1815).  He  became  ruler 
of  Servia  in  1817 ; was  proclaimed  hereditary  prince  in  1827; 
was  compelled  to  abdicate  in  1839;  and  was  again  prince 
1858-f>0. 

Miltiades  (mil-ti'a-dez).  [Gr.  MG-MKb/r.]  Died 
about  489  B.  c.  A celebrated  Athenian  general. 

He  defeated  the  Persians  under  Datis  and  Artaphernes  at 
Marathon  Sept.  12,  490.  Having  failed  in  an  expedition 


688 

against  Paros,  he  was  fined  fifty  talents,  which  he  was  un- 
able to  pay,  and  died  in  prison. 

Milton  (mil'ton),  John.  Born  about  1563 : died 
in  March,  1647.  The  father  of  John  Milton  the 
poet,  and  son  of  Richard  Milton  of  Stanton  St. 
J ohn,  near  Oxford.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  a Protestant.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Company  of  Scriveners  in  London  Feb.  27,  1600. 
He  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Paul  Jeffrey,  a merchant 
tailor.  He  was  a man  of  high  character,  a good  scholar, 
and  devoted  to  music. 

Milton,  John.  BoruatLondon,Dec.9,1608:  died 
there,  Nov.  8, 1674.  A celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Milton,  a scrivener.  His  tutor  was 
Thomas  Young,  graduate  of  St.  Andrews  University,  after- 
ward well  known  as  a Presbyterian  clergyman  and  masfer 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  He  also  attended  St.  Paul’s 
School  until  1624.  At  16  he  entered  Christ’s  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  the  grade  of  pensioner,  and  graduated  in  1629. 
To  this  period  belong  most  of  his  Latin  poems,  the  “ Ode 
on  the  Nativity  ’’  (1629),  the  sonnet  to  Shakspere  (1630),  and 
the  sonnet  to  the  nightingale,  etc.  For  the  next  six  years 
he  devoted  himself  to  literature  at  Horton,  near  Windsor, 
where  he  wrote  “Ad  Patrem,”  “L’Allegro,”  “11  Pensero- 
so,”  “ Comus  ” (1634),  and  “ Lycidas  ” (Nov.,  1637).  In  1638 
he  went  to  Italy,  meeting  Grotius  in  Paris  and  Galileo  in 
Florence.  The  Scottish  war  called  him  back  in  1639.  The 
first  suggestion  of  “ Paradise  Lost,”  in  the  form  of  a tra- 
gedy, dates  from  1640.  After  the  meeting  of  the  Long 
Parliament  (Nov.,  1640),  Milton  joined  in  the  attacks  on 
the  Episcopacy,  and  began  his  political  writings  with  “ Of 
Reformation  touching  Church  Discipline  in  England" 
(1641),  “ The  Reason  of  Church  Government  urged  against 
Prelacy  ” (1642),  and  others.  In  1643  he  married  as  his  first 
wife  Mary  Powell,  of  Forest  Hill,  Oxfordshire.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  a Royalist,  and  was  only  17  years  old  ; she 
found  life  dull  with  him,  and  abandoned  him  a month  later. 
This  desertion  was  the  occasionof  hispamphlets  on  divorce, 
and  the  persecution  which  followed  suggested  the  “ Areo- 
pagitica,”  a plea  for  a free  press  (the  most  popular  of  his 
prose  works).  She  returned  to  him  after  a few  years,  and 
he  forgave  her.  She  died  in  1652.  Of  this  marriage  three 
children,  daughters,  lived  to  maturity.  After  the  execu- 
tion of  Charles  I.,  Milton  was  made  Latin  secretary  to  the 
new  Commonwealth  (March,  1649).  Of  his  political  writ- 
ings during  this  period  the  most  important  are  the  “Ei- 
konoklastes”  (1649),  in  answer  to  the  “Eikon  Basilike  ” of 
John  Gauden,  and  the  famous  “ Defensio  prima’’or  “ Pro 
Populo  Anglicano  Defensio  ” (1650),  an  answer  to  the 
“Defensio  Regia  pro  Carolo  I.”  by  Claude  de  Saumaise  of 
Leyden.  The  “ Defensio  secunda  ” appeared  in  May,  1654. 
By  May,  1652,  he  had  become  totally  blind.  In  1656  he 
married  Catharine  Woodcock,  who  died  in  1658;  and  in  1663 
he  married  Elizabeth  Minshull,  who  survived  him.  Up 
to  the  period  of  his  third  marriage  his  domestic  life  had 
been  rendered  unhappy  by  the  undutifulness  of  his  daugh- 
ters, who  were  impatient  of  the  restraints  and  employ- 
ments his  blindness  imposed  upon  them.  At  the  Restora- 
tion he  was  freed  from  all  legal  consequences  of  his  actions 
by  the  Indemnity  Act  (Oct.,  1660).  “ Paradise  Lost”  was 
actually  begun  in  the  epic  form  in  1658,  finished  before 
July,  1665,  and  published  in  1667.  He  sold  his  rights  in 
the  poem  to  Samuel  Simmons,  printer,  for  £5  down  and 
the  promise  of  three  subsequent  payments  of  £5  each.  It 
was  entered  on  the  “ Stationers’  Register  ” Aug.  20,  1667. 
Suggestions  for  “Paradise  Lost”  may  have  come  from  the 
Anglo-Saxon  poem  attributed  to  Caedmon  (published  in 
1655),  the  “Adamo"  of  Andreini,  and  the  “Lucifer”  of 
Joost  van  Vondel  (1654).  In  1669  appeared  his  history  of 
Britain  to  the  Norman  Conquest,  and  in  1671  “Paradise 
Regained  ” and  “Samson  Agonistes.”  His  numerous  other 
works  in  Latin  and  English  were  mostly  polemical.  His 
last  political  pamphlet,  “ Of  True  Religion,  Heresy,  Schism, 
Toleration,  etc.,"  was  published  in  1673. 

Milton,  The  Anglo-Saxon.  Cjedmon. 

Miltsin  (melt-sen' ).  A peak  of  the  Atlas  Moun- 
tains, Morocco,  S.E.  of  the  city  of  Morocco,  once 
considered  the  culminating  point  of  the  chain. 
Milvian  Bridge.  See  Pons  Milvius. 

Milwaukee  (mil-wa'ke).  The  capital  of  Mil- 
waukee County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Menomi- 
nee rivers,  in  lat.  43°  3'  N.,  long.  87°  56'  W. 
It  was  settled  in  1835;  is  the  largest  city  of  Wisconsin; 
exports  grain  and  flour ; and  is  an  important  rail  way,  manu- 
facturing, and  commercial  center.  Pork-packing  and  the 
manufacture  of  flour  and  beer  are  among  the  leading  in- 
dustries. It  is  sometimes  called  “the  Cream  City,”  from 
the  cream-colored  bricks.  It  has  a very  large  German 
population.  Population,  373,857,  (1910). 

Milyas  (mil'i-as).  [Gr.  Mdtazf.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a region  in  Asia  Minor,  of  varying 
boundaries,  usually  including  parts  of  Lycia 
and  Pisidia. 

Mimas  (mi'mas).  The  first  satellite  of  Saturn, 
discovered  by  Herschel,  Sept.  17,  1789. 

Mimbreno  (mim-bran'yo).  A subtribe  of  the 
Gileno  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  inhab- 
iting the  Mimbres  Mountains.  See  Gileno. 

Mimbres  (mem'bres),  Rio.  [Sp.]  A stream  in 
southern  New  Mexico  which  empties  into  the  in- 
land basin  occupied  by  the  lagoons  of  northern 
Chihuahua. 

Mimbres,  Sierra.  A mountain-range  in  south- 
ern New  Mexico.  Also  called  the  Biack  Range. 

Mimir  (me'mir).  [ON.  Mimir.']  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  a water-demon  in  the  form  of  a 
giant.  He  dwelt  under  the  root  of  the  ash  Yggdrasil  at 
the  so-called  well  of  Mimir  (ON.  Jlimisbrunnr),  the  source 
of  all  wisdom,  from  which  he  drank  with  the  Gjallarhorn. 
Odin,  to  obtain  a drink  from  the  well,  was  obliged  to  leave 
one  of  his  eyes  in  pawn. 

Mimnermus  (mim-uer'mus).  [Gr.  Mipveppo£.] 


Minersville 

A Greek  elegiac  poet  of  Colophon,  who  flour- 
ished about  630-600  B.  C.  His  poetry,  fragments  of 
which  have  been  preserved,  is  of  the  erotic  type.  He  was 
a contemporary  of  Solon.  His  elegiac  poemsform  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  that  form  of  verse.  He  was  the  first  sys- 
tematically to  make  it  the  vehicle  for  plaintive,  mournful, 
and  erotic  strains.  “ His  name  has  passed  into  a proverb 
for  luxurious  verse,  saddened  by  reflexions  on  the  fleeting 
joys  of  youth  and  on  the  sure  and  steady  progress  of  old 
age  and  death."  Symonds. 

Min  (men).  See  Khem. 

Mina  (me'nii),  Francisco  Javier.  Born  at 
Otan,  near  Monreal,  Navarre,  Dec.  3, 1789:  died 
in  tbe  province  of  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  Nov.  11, 
1817.  A Spanish  soldier.  He  was  a noted  guerrilla 
leader  against  the  French(1808-10),  and  against  Ferdinand 
VII.  (1814);  organized  in  England  and  the  United  States 
an  expedition  in  aid  of  the  patriots  of  Mexico  ; landed  in 
Tamaulipas,  April,  1817  ; marched  into  the  interior  and  re- 
peatedly defeated  the  Spanish  forces;  but  was  eventually 
captured  by  surprise  and  shot. 

Minas  (me'nas)  Basin.  The  easternmost  arm 
of  the  Bay  di  Fundy,  Nova  Scotia : noted  for 
its  high  tides.  Length,  about  60  miles. 

Minas  Channel.  A branch  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
connecting  it  with  Minas  Basin. 

Minas  Geraes  (me'nas  zhe-ris').  An  interior 
state  of  Brazil,  between  Sao  Paulo  and  Bahia. 
Capital,  Bello  Horizonte.  It  is  crossed  by  several 
mountain-chains,  and  is  rich  in  metals  and  precious  stones, 
but  most  of  the  mines  are  now  abandoned  and  agriculture 
is  the  principal  industry.  Area,  221,951  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,594,471. 

Minch  ( rninch) . A sea  passage  separating  Lewis 
and  Harris  from  the  mainland  of  Scotland. 
Width,  about  25  to  40  miles. 

Minch,  Little.  A sea  passage  separating  the 
Outer  Hebrides  from  Skye. 

Mincing  (min'sing).  A character  in  Congreve’s 
comedy  “The  Way  of  the  World,”  Millamant’s 
waiting-maid,  a good  specimen  of  her  class. 
Mincing  Lane.  A street  in  London  connecting 
Fenchurch  street  with  Great  Towel1  street : the 
center  of  colonial  (wholesale)  trade,  it  received 
its  name  from  the  ‘minchens”(nuns)ofSt.  Helen’s,  apart 
of  whose  domain  it  once  was. 

Mincio  (min'cho).  A river  in  northern  Italy: 
the  ancient  Mincius.  It  rises  in  Tyrol  as  the  Sarca, 
traverses  the  Lake  of  Garda,  and  falls  into  the  Po  11  miles 
southeast  of  Mantua.  Near  it,  Dec.  25  and  26,  1800,  the 
French  under  Brune  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Belle- 
garde  ; and  in  1814  Engi  ne  de  Beauharnais  defeated  the 
Austrians.  The  battle  of  Solferino  Is  sometimes  called  the 
battle  of  the  Mincio.  The  river  formed  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  dominions  of  Victor  Emmanuel  and  Austria 
from  1859  to  1866.  Total  length,  about  120  miles. 

Mind  (mind),  Gottfried,  called  “The  Bernese 
Friedli ” and  “The  Raphael  of  Cats.”  Born  at 
Bern,  Switzerland,  1768:  died  at  Bern,  Nov.  7, 
1814.  A Swiss  painter,  especially  remarkable 
for  his  pictures  of  cats. 

Mindanao  (men-da-na'o),  or  Maguindanao 

(ma-gen-da-na'o).  One  of  the  southern  islands 
of  the  Philippines.  Next  to  Luzon,  it  is  the  largest 
of  the  group.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  United  States  in  1898.  Area,  36,292 
square  miles.  Population,  499, 631. 

Mindelheim  (min'del-him).  A town  in  Swabia 
and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  on  the  Mmdel  29  miles 
southwest  of  Augsburg.  Pop.,  about  4,500. 
Minden  (min'den).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser  35 
miles  west  by  south  of  Hannover,  it  has  a cathe- 
dral. It  was  under  the  rule  of  bishops  till  1648 ; then  as 
a secular  principality  it  passed  to  Brandenburg.  Near  it. 
Aug.  1,  1759,  the  English  and  German  forces  under  Duke 
Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French  under  Con- 
tades.  Population,  commune,  25,425. 

Mindoro  (men-do'ro).  An  island  in  the  Philip- 
pines, south  of  Luzon,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  San  Bernardino  Strait.  Area,  3,934 
square  miles. 

Mineo  (me-na'o).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  25  miles  southwest  of  Catania. 
Population,  9,828. 

Mineptah  (mi-nep'ta)  II.,  or  Menephthes  (me- 
nef'thez).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the  19th  dy- 
nasty, the  thirteenth  (or  fourteenth  [SayceJ) 
son  of  Rameses  II.,  and  his  successor  (about 
1300  b.  c.).  It  is  supposed  that  tbe  Exodus  took 
place  during  his  reign.  Also  Mcneplitah,  Ain- 
menephthes. 

Miner  (nh'ner),  Alonzo  Ames.  Born  at  Lemp- 
ster,  N.  H.,  Aug.  17.  1814:  died  June  14,  1895. 
An  American  Universalist  clergyman  and  anti- 
slavery  and  total-abstinence  lecturer : president 
of  Tufts  College,  Massachusetts,  1862-74. 
Mineral  Point  (ruin'e-ral  point).  A city  in 
Iowa  County,  Wisconsin, northeastof  Dubuque. 
Population,  2,J25,  (1910). 

Minersville  (mi'nerz-vil).  A borough  in  Schuyl- 
kill County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  west 
branch  of  the  Schuylkill,  81  miles  northwest  of 
Philadelphia.  Population,  7,240,  (1910). 


Minerva 

Minerva  (mi-ner'va).  In  Roman  mythology, 
one  of  the  three  chief  divinities,  the  other  two 
being  Jupiter  and  Juno.  The  chief  seat  of  the  cult 
of  all  three  was  the  great  templeon  the  CapitolineHill.  Mi- 
nerva was  a virgin,  the  daughter  of  Jupiter,  the  supreme 
god,  and  hence  was  identified,  as  the  Romans  came  more 
and  more  under  the  influence  of  Hellenic  culture,  with 
the  Greek  Athene  (or  Athena)  or  Pallas,  the  goddess  of 
wisdom,  of  war,  and  of  the  liberal  arts.  Like  Athene,  Mi- 
nerva was  represented  in  art  with  a grave  and  majestic 
countenance,  armed  with  helmet,  shield,  and  spear,  and 
wearing  long  full  drapery,  and  on  her  breast  the  tegis. 
Minerva.  An  antique  statue  in  marble,  in  the 
Glyptothek  at  Munich.  The  goddess  wears  the  scaled 
segis,  with  tunic  and  himation.  The  helmeted  head,  though 
antique,  does  Dot  belong  to  this  statue,  and  the  right  arm 
is  incorrectly  restored  as  raised  to  hold  a spear  : it  was 
probably  extended,  supporting  a Victory.  See  Famese. 

Minerva  Medica.  [So  called  from  the  contorted 
serpent  at  the  goddess’s  feet.]  An  impressive 
antique  statue  in  Parian  marble,  in  the  V atican, 
Rome.  It  is  a copy  from  a fine  Greek  original,  and  is 
believed  to  have  been  the  cult-statue  of  the  temple  re- 
placed by  Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva.  The  goddess  stands 
erect  as  guardian,  holding  her  spear.  She  is  clad  in  a long 
diploidion-tunic,  with  the  aegis  and  himation,  and  wears  a 
Corinthian  helmet. 

Minerva  Pacifera.  [‘The  peace-bringer.’]  A 
fine  statue  found  at  Velletri,  now  in  the  Capi- 
toline  Museum,  Rome.  The  goddess  holds  her  spear, 
and  wears  diploidion  and  himation  and  Corinthian  hel- 
met, but  no  segis,  and  is  attended  by  no  serpent.  The 
type  is  closely  similar  to  that  of  the  Minerva  Medica. 
Minerva  Press.  A printing-house  in  Leaden- 
hall  street,  London,  which  was  noted  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century  for  the  publication  of  trashy 
sentimental  novels. 

Minervino  Murge  (me-ner-ve'nd  mor'je).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  43 
miles  west  of  Bari.  Population,  17,353. 
Minetta  (mi-net'a).  A flippant  waiting-maid 
in  Mrs.  Cowley’s  comedy  “A  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Husband.” 

Ming  (meng).  The  ruling  dynasty  in  China  from 
1368  to  the  accession  of  the  Manchu  dynasty 
in  1644. 

Minghetti  (men-get'te),  Marco.  Bom  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  Sept.  8,  1818:  died  at  Rome,  Dec. 
10, 1886.  An  Italian  statesman,  political  econo- 
mist,  and  publicist.  He  became  minister  of  the  in- 
terior under  Cavour  in  1860,  and  retained  the  position,  after 
Cavour’s  death,  in  the  cabinet  of  Ricasoli ; was  minister 
of  finance  under  Farini  in  1862 ; and  was  premier  1863-64 
and  1873-76.  Among  his  works  is  “Dell'  economia  pub- 
blica”  (“  On  Public  Economy,"  1859). 

Mingo.  See  Iroquois. 

Mingrelia  (min-gre'li-a).  A former  princi- 
pality, now  a part  of  the  government  of  Kutais, 
Transcaucasia,  Russia.  The  inhabitants  are  allied 
to  the  Georgians.  It  became  feudatory  to  Russia  in  1804, 
and  was  incorporated  with  Russia  in  1867. 

Minho  (Pg.,  men'yq),  Sp.  Mifio  (men'yo).  A 
river  which  rises  in  northwestern  Spain,  forms 
part  of  the  northern  boundary  between  Portu- 
gal and  Spain,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  at  the 
northwestern  corner  of  Portugal:  the  Roman 
Minius.  Length,  about  170  miles. 
Mini6(me-nya'),  Claude  Etienne.  Bornabout 
1804:  died  1879.  A French  infantry  captain, 
and  instructor  in  the  military  school  at  Vin- 
cennes: inventor  of  the  Mini6  rifle  (1849). 
Minieh  (me'ne-e).  A town  in  Middle  Egypt, 
situated  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  28°  7'  N.  Popula- 
tion, 27,221. 

Minims  (min'imz).  [From  L.  minimus,  least.] 
An  order  of  monks,  founded  in  the  middle  of  the 
15th  century  by  St.  Francis  of  Paula,  confirmed 
by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.,  and  again  confirmed  by 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  under  the  name  of  “ Ordo 
Minimorum Eremitarum  S.  Francisci  de  Paula” 
(Order  of  the  Least  Hermits  of  St.  Francis  of 
Paula).  Members  of  this  order,  in  addition  to  the  usual 
Franciscan  vows,  were  pledged  to  the  observance  of  a per- 
petual Lent. 

Minister’s  Wooing,  The.  A novel  by  Mrs.  Har- 
riet Beecher  Stowe,  published  in  1859.  The  scene 
is  laid  chiefly  in  Hew  England  during  the  Revolutionary 
period. 

Minitari.  See  Eidatsa. 

Minna  von  Bamhelm  (min'd  fon  barn'helm). 
A comedy  by  Lessing,  published  in  1767.  it  is 
the  first  German  national  drama  which  deals  with  con- 
temporary events. 

Minneapolis  (tnin-e-ap'o-lis).  [From  Hinne- 
(haha)  and  Gr.  ttomc,  city.]  A city,  capital  of 
Hennepin  County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  north- 
west of  and  adjoining  St.  Paul,  in  lat.  44°  58'  N., 
long.  93°  18'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State ; is 
noted  for  its  manufactures  of  flour  and  lumber,  having  the 
most  extensive  flouring-mills  in  the  world ; has  also  iron- 
works ; and  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  and 
of  Augsburg  Theological  Seminary  (Lutheran).  St.  An- 
thony was  united  with  it  in  1872.  Population,  301,408,  (1910). 
Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul  are  called  “the  twin  cities.” 
C. — 44. 


689 

Minnehaha  (min-e-ha'ha),  Falls  of.  [Amer. 
Ind.  Minnehaha,  said  to  mean  ‘laughing water.’] 
A cascade  in  the  Minnehaha  River,  near  Minne- 
apolis, Minnesota.  Height,  60  feet.  Longfellow 
gave  the  name  Minnehaha  to  the  principal  female  char- 
acter of  “ Hiawatha.” 

Minnesingers  (min 'e -sing- erz).  [G.,  ‘love- 
singers.’]  A class  of  German  lyric  poets  and 
singers  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  so  called 
because  love  was  their  chief  theme.  They  were 
chiefly  or  exclusively  men  of  noble  descent— knights, 
nobles,  princes,  and  even  emperors.  They  sang  their 
pieces  to  their  own  accompaniment  on  the  viol,  and  often 
engaged  in  poetical  contests  for  the  gratification  of  princes 
and  ladies  of  the  court.  Among  the  chief  seats  of  the 
minnesingers  were  Swabia  and  Austria,  and  the  leading 
dialect  used  was  the  Swabian.  The  minnesingers  were 
succeeded  by  the  mastersingers. 

Minnesota  (min-e-so'ta).  A river  in  Minne- 
sota, rising  in  lakes  on  the  South  Dakota  border, 
and  joining  the  Mississippi  about  7 miles  south- 
west of  St.  Paul.  Length,  about  450  miles. 
Minnesota.  One  of  the  North  Central  States 
of  the  United  States,  extending  from  lat.  43° 
30'  to  49°  25'  N.,  and  from  long.  89°  29'  to  97° 
5'  W.  Capital,  St.  Paul.  It  is  bounded  by  British 
America  on  the  north,  Lake  Superior  and  Wisconsin 
on  the  east,  Iowa  on  the  south,  and  the  Dakotas  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  generally  an  undulating  plain.  The 
“ Height  of  Land  ” in  the  north  forms  the  watershed  be- 
tween the  Mississippi,  St.  Lawrence,  and  Hudson  Bay  sys- 
tems. The  chief  rivers  are  the  Mississippi  and  the  Red 
River  of  the  North.  The  leading  industry  is  agriculture, 
this  being  one  of  the  leading  States  in  the  production  of 
wheat.  The  chief  exports  are  wheat,  flour,  and  lumber. 
It  has  86  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  10  representatives 
to  Congress,  and  has  12  electoral  votes.  The  region  was 
first  explored  by  the  French  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 
The  Territory  of  Minnesota,  formed  from  part  of  the  North- 
west Territory  (acquired  1783),  and  from  part  of  the  Loui- 
siana Purchase  of  1803,  was  organized  in  1849.  The  State 
was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1858.  It  was  the  scene  of 
the  Sioux  massacre  and  war  in  1862-63.  The  name  is  from 
that  of  the  river.  Area,  83,365  square  miles.  Population, 
2,075,708,  (1910). 

Minnesota,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
leamingfor  both  sexes, situated  at  Minneapolis. 
It  was  chartered  in  1868,  is  attended  by  about  5,000  stu- 
dents, and  has  a library  of  about  120,000  volumes. 

Minnetonka  (min-e-tong'ka),  Lake.  A small 
lake  about  12  miles  west  of  Minneapolis. 
Minni  (min'I).  In  Jer.  li.  27,  the  name  of  a tribe 
inhabiting  ancient  Armenia,  mentioned  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions. 

Minor,  The.  A comedy  by  Foote,  produced  in 
Dublin  in  1760,  in  which  he  played  Shift. 

In  the  “ Minor,"  the  author  pilloried  Longford,  the  plau- 
sible auctioneer ; Mother  Douglas,  a woman  of  very  evil  life ; 
and,  in  Shift,  the  Rev.  George  Whitefleld,  who  was  nobly, 
and  with  much  self-abnegation,  endeavoring  to  amend  life 
wherever  he  found  it  of  an  evil  quality. 

Doran,  English  Stage,  II.  122. 

Minorca  (mi-nor'ka),  or  Menorca  (Sp.  pron. 
ma-nor'ka).  The  largest  of  the  Balearic  Isl- 
ands next  to  Majorca,  situated  27  miles  north- 
east of  that  island.  Capital,  Port  Mahon,  it 
was  held  by  the  British  1708-56,  1763-82,  and  1798-1802. 
Area,  with  adjacent  small  islands,  293  square  miles. 
Minories  (mi'nor-iz),  The.  A parish  in  London, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Thames,  not  far  from 
the  Tower.  In  old  London,  the  house  of  the  sisters  of 
the  Franciscan  order  without  the  walls  at  Oldgate  was 
called  the  Abbey  of  St.  Clare.  The  nuns  were  called  Poor 
Clares  or  Minoresses,  whence  the  name  Minories.  This  is 
now  part  of  the  Jewish  quarter. 

Minors  (ml'norz).  The  Franciscan  friars : the 
Minorites : so  called  from  a name  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order,  Fratres  Minores,  or  Lesser  Breth- 
ren. 

Minps  (mi'nos).  [Gr.  Mmjf.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a king  of  Crete,  and  lawgiver  of  that  island: 
after  his  death  a judge  in  the  lower  world. 
Minot  (ml'not),  George  Richards.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Dec.  28,  1758:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  2, 
1802.  An  American  jurist  and  historian.  He 
wrote  a “History  of  Shays's  Rebellion”  (1788),  and  con- 
tinued Hutchinson's  “History  of  Massachusetts  Bay" 
(1798-1803). 

Minotaur  (min ' o - tar) . [Gr.  MivtoTavpor,  the 
bull  of  Minos.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  a mon- 
ster represented  as  having  a human  body  and 
the  head  of  a bull,  and  as  the  offspring  of  Pasi- 
phae  (wife  of  Minos)  and  a bull  sent  by  Posei- 
don. He  was  confined  in  the  Cretan  labyrinth  and  fed  with 
human  flesh  ; devoured  the  seven  youths  and  seven  maid- 
ens whom  Minos  compelled  the  Athenians  to  sendhim  peri- 
odically as  a tribute ; and  was  killed  by  the  hero  Theseus, 
a member  of  the  last  company  so  sent,  who  escaped  from 
the  labyrinth  by  the  aid  of  Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos. 

2.  One  of  three  five-masted  iron-clad  British 
ships  built  from  the  same  designs  (Minotaur, 
Northumberland,  and  Agincourt),  launched  in 
1863.  The  dimensions  are:  length,  400  feet;  breadth, 
59 ; displacement,  10,690  tons.  She  has  an  all-round  belt 
of  armor,  protecting  water-line  and  guns,  of  51-inch  plate 
over  9 inch  wooden  backing. 

Minot’s  Ledge  (mi'nots  loj).  A reef  near  the 


Minutoli,  Heinrich 

entrance  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Boston.  It  has  a lighthouse. 

Minsheu  (min'shu),  John.  Flourished  early  in 
the  17th  century.  An  English  lexicographer. 
He  lived  chiefly  in  London  in  great  poverty,  visiting  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge  to  collect  material.  He  wrote  a “ Dic- 
tionary in  Spanish  and  English  ”(1699  and  1623),  “A  Span- 
ish Grammar  ”(1599)  (both  founded  on  the  works  of  Richard 
Percival),  and  a large  English  dictionary,  “Doctor  in  Lin- 
guas,  or  the  Guide  into  Tongues”  (1617, 1625, 1627),  contain- 
ing equivalent  words  in  eleven  languages,  of  great  value 
in  the  study  of  English. 

Minsk  (minsk).  1.  A government  in  western 
Russia  which  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Lithua- 
nia.. It  is  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Vilua,  Vi- 
tebsk, Mohileff,  Tchernigoff,  Kieff,  Volhynia,  and  Grodno. 
It  has  a generally  flat  surface,  and  abounds  in  marshes. 
Area,  35,220  square  miles.  Population,  2,693,900. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Minsk, 
situated  on  the  Svislotch  about  lat.  53°  53'  N., 
long.  27°  33'  E.  Population,  90,912. 

Minstrel,  The.  A poem  by  James  Beattie, 
published  in  1771-74. 

Mintaka  (min'ta-ka).  [Ar.  mintaqah  al-jausd, 
the  belt  of  the  giant.]  The  bright  third-mag- 
nitude star  6 Orionis,  the  westernmost  in  the 
t)6lt 

Minto  (min'to),  First  Earl  of  (Gilbert  Elliot). 

Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  23, 1751 : died  June 
21, 1814.  A British  politician  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  governor-general  of  British  India  1807- 
1813. 

Minto,  Second  Earl  of  (Gilbert  Elliot-Mur- 
ray-Kynynmound).  Bom  at  Lyons,  Nov.  16, 
1782 : died  July  31, 1859.  A British  politician, 
son  of  the  first  Earl  of  Minto.  He  was  lord  privy 
seal  1846-52. 

Minto,  William.  Born  in  Alford  parish,  Aber- 
deenshire, Oct.  10,  1845 : died  at  Aberdeen, 
March  1,  1893.  A Scottish  man  of  letters, 
editor  of  the  London  “Examiner”  1874-78, 
and  professor  of  logic  and  English  literature  in 
the  University  of  Aberdeen  from  1880.  He  wrote 
“English  Prose  Writers ” (1872),  “English  Poets  ” (1874), 
several  novels,  many  of  the  articles  on  English  authors  in 
the  “ Encyclopaedia  Britannica,”and  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  magazines  and  reviews. 

Minturnae  (min-ter'ne).  In  ancient  geography, 
a town  in  Latium,  Italy,  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Liris  (the  modem  Garigliano). 
Minuanes  (me-no-a'naz).  An  extinct  Indian 
tribe  of  the  La  Plata  region  in  South  America. 
They  occupied  a district  between  the  rivers  ParanA  and 
Uruguay,  and  were  closely  allied  to  if  not  identical  with 
the  ChaiTuas  (which  see). 

Minuchihr  (mod.  Pers.  pron.  mi-no^cheh'r). 
[‘Heavenly-faced.’]  In  the  Shalinamah,  an 
Iranian  king,  the  son  of  Iraj  and  father  of 
Naudar.  For  his  life  before  his  accession  to  the  throne 
of  his  great-grandfather  Faridun,  see  Faridun.  Before 
his  death  Faridun  intrusted  the  care  of  Minuchihr  to  his 
trusty  warrior  Sam,  the  son  of  Nariman.  The  story  of  Mi- 
nuehihr’s  reign  is  essentially  that  of  the  birth  and  adven- 
tures of  Zal,  the  son  of  Sam,  including  the  birth  of  Zal’s 
son  Rustam,  and  his  first  two  adventures,  the  slaying  of 
the  white  elephant  and  the  taking  of  Sipand. 

Minucius  Felix  (mi-nu'shi-us  fe'liks),  Marcus. 
A Roman  advocate  and  Christian  apologist, 
probably  a contemporary  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 
His  dialogue  “Octavius"  is  the  earliest  extant  work  of 
Latin  Christian  literature.  The  scene  of  the  conversation 
is  laid  at  Ostia,  and  the  speakers  are  Csecilius  Natalis,  Oc- 
tavius Januarius,  and  the  author.  Csecilius  attacks  Chris- 
tianity on  various  grounds,  and  Octavius  defends  it : at  the 
conclusion  Csecilius  admits  that  he  is  beaten  in  the  argu- 
ment, and  the  author,  who  acts  as  umpire,  declares  that  a 
decision  is  unnecessary. 

Minuit  (min'u-it),  or  Minnewit  (min'e-wit), 
Peter.  Bom  at  Wesel,  Rhenish  Prussia,  about 
1580:  died  at  Fort  Christina,  New  Sweden  (Dela- 
ware), 1641.  A colonial  official  in  the  Dutch  and 
afterward  in  the  Swedish  service  in  America.  He 
was  appointed  governor  of  New  Netherlands  by  the  Dutch 
West  India  Company  Dec.  19,  1625,  and  landed  on  Manhat- 
tan Island  May  4,  1626.  He  purchased  the  island  from  the 
Indians  for  trinkets  valued  at  about  twenty-four  dollars, 
and  erected  Fort  Amsterdam.  He  was  recalled  in  Aug., 
1631.  Having  been  commissioned  by  the  Swedish  West 
India  Company  to  found  a colony  on  the  west  side  of  Del- 
aware Bay,  he  left  Gothenburg  with  a band  of  fifty  colo- 
nists late  in  1637,  and,  after  having  touched  at  Jamestown, 
reached  Delaware  Bay  in  April,  1638.  He  purchased  from 
the  Indians  the  region  between  Cape  Henlopen  and  the 
falls  of  the  Delaware  at  Trenton  (to  which  was  given 
the  name  of  New  Sweden),  and  erected  Fort  Christina. 
He  remained  governor  of  New  Sweden  until  his  death. 
Minungo  (me-nong'go).  A Bantu  tribe  of  An- 
gola, West  Africa,  between  the  Songo  tribe  and 
the  Kuangu  River. 

Minusinsk  (me-no-sinsk').  A town  in  the 
government  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  situated  on 
the  Yenisei  about  lat.  53° 45'  N.,  long.  91° 30'  E. 
Population,  10,231. 

Minutoli  (me-no'to-le),  Heinrich  (Baron  Menu 
von  Minutoli).  Born  at  Geneva,  May  12, 1772: 
died  at  Lausanne,  Sept.  16,  1846.  A German 
archaeologist  and  traveler.  His  chief  work  is  “Reisa 


Minutoli,  Heinrich 

zum  Tempel  des  Jupiter  Ammon  und  naeh  Oberagypten  ” 
(“Journey  to  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon  and  to  Upper 
Egypt,”  1824). 

Minutoli,  Baron  Julius  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Aug.  30,  1804  : died  near  Shiraz,  Persia,  Nov. 
5, 1860.  A Prussian  administrator,  diplomatist, 
and  author,  son  of  Heinrich  Minutoli.  He 
wrote  works  on  Spain  and  Portugal. 
Minyse(min'i-e).  [Gr.  Mivvai.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a semi-mythical  heroic  race,  descendants  of 
Minyas,  who  founded  Orchomenus  and  there 
established  his  family.  Most  of  the  Argonauts 
were  his  descendants.  For  the  so-called  “trea- 
sury of  Minyas,”  see  Orchomenus. 

Minyas  (inin'i-as).  [Gr.  M ivba<;.]  See  Minym. 
Miolan-Oarvalho  (myo-loii'kar-va-lyo'),  Ma- 
dame Marie  Caroline  Felix.  Born  Dec.  31, 
1827:  died  J uly  10, 1895.  A noted  French  singer, 
the  wife  of  Leon  Carvalho,  whom  she  married 
in  1853.  She  first  went  to  London  in  18G0,  and  sang 
with  great  success  both  there  and  in  Paris.  She  retired 
from  the  stage  before  her  death. 

Mionnet  (myo-na'),  Theodore  Edme.  Born  at 
Paris,  Sept.  2, 1770 : died  there,  May  7, 1842.  A 
French  numismatist.  His  principal  work  is 
“Description  des  medailles  grecques  et  ro- 
maines”  (18  vols.  1806-39). 

Miot  (myo),  Andre  Frangois,  Comte  de  Melito. 
Born  at  Versailles,  France,  1762:  died  at  Paris, 
1841.  A French  diplomatist,  politician,  and 
author. 

Miquel  (me-kel'),  Friedrich  Anton  Wilhelm. 

Born  at  Neuenhaus,  Hannover,  Oct.  24,  1811: 
died  at  Utrecht,  Jan.  23, 1871.  A noted  German 
botanist,  and  physician,  professor  of  botany  at 
Utrecht  from  1859.  He  published  numerous 
botanical  works. 

Miquel,  Johannes.  Born  at  Neuenhaus,  Han- 
nover, Feb.  21,  1829:  died  Sept.  8,  1901.  A 
German  politician.  He  was  a National  Liberal  mem- 
ber of  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies  from  1867  to  1882, 
when  he  entered  the  Upper  Chamber.  He  was  a member 
of  the  Iteichstag  1867-77,  reentered  it  in  1887,  and  was 
Prussian  minister  of  finance  1890-1901. 

Miquelon  (mek-lon').  A small  island  south  of 
Newfoundland,  belonging  to  France. 

Mira  (mi'ra  or  me'ra).  [NL.  Mira,  the  won- 
derful.] The  remarkable  variable  star  o Ceti, 
which  is  sometimes  brighter  than  the  second 
magnitude,  and  sometimes  fainter  than  the 
tenth,  though  its  brightness  at  maximum  now 
seldom  exceeds  the  fourth  magnitude:  its  period 
is  about  eleven  months. 

Mirabeau  (me-ra-bo'),  Vicomte  de  (Andre 
Boniface  Louis  Riquetti).  Born  at  Bignon, 
near  Nemours,  France,  1754:  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  1792.  A French  royalist  deputy  to  the 
National  Assembly,  brother  of  Gabriel  Honore 
de  Mirabeau. 

Mirabeau,  Comte  de  (Gabriel  Honor 6 Ri- 
quetti). Bom  at  Bignon,  near  Nemours, France, 
March  9,  1749:  died  at  Paris,  April  2,  1791. 
The  greatest  orator  of  the  French  Revolution. 
As  a child  he  was  so  unruly  that  his  father  treated  him  with 
great  severity,  and  ended  by  putting  him  through  a course 
of  military  training.  He  entered  the  army,  served  in  Cor- 
sica, and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain  of  dragoons.  He 
married  in  1772,  and  had  soon  spent  the  better  part  of  his 
wife's  fortune.  Various  intrigues,  especially  his  elope- 
ment with  Sophie  de  Ruffey,  the  young  wife  of  the  Marquis 
de  Mounier,  led  to  his  imprisonment  at  different  times: 
he  obtained  final  release  in  Dec.,  1780.  Up  to  that  time 
he  had  written  essays  and  pamphlets,  translated  Eng- 
lish and  German  books,  and  kept  up  a correspondence 
with  Sophie  de  Ruffey,  to  whom  he  had  dedicated  his 
“Erotica  biblion"and  other  works.  After  traveling  in 
Switzerland,  he  went  to  London  (1784-85),  and  then  to 
Berlin  (1785-86).  From  here  he  wrote  home  a series  of 
official  reports,  “Histoire  secrfete  de  la  cour  de  Berlin” 
(1789),  and  he  also  gathered  materials  for  his  “ Monarchie 
prussienne”  (1788).  Mirabeau  was  elected  a delegate  of 
the  third  estate  from  Aix  to  the  convention  of  the  States- 
General  in  Paris  (1789),  and  his  ability  as  an  orator  at  once 
made  him  a political  power.  In  1790  he  became  president 
of  the  Jacobin  Club,  also  (1791)  of  the  National  Assembly. 
His  course  of  life  undermined  his  robust  constitution,  and 
he  died  in  his  forty-third  year. 

Mirabeau,  Marquis  de  (Victor  Riquetti). 

Born  in  Provence,  France,  Oct.  5,  1715:  died  at 
Argenteuil,  France,  July  13,  1789.  A French 
political  economist,  father  of  Gabriel  Honore  de 
Mirabeau : called  “The  Friend  of  Man  ” ( “ L’ami 
deshommes”),  from  the  title  of  one  of  his  works. 
Mirabeau-Tonneau  (-to-no').  [F., ‘Mirabeau 

the  barrel.’].  Andr6  Boniface  Louis  Riquetti, 
Vicomte  de  Mirabeau:  so  nicknamed  on  account 
of  his  size. 

Mirabel,  or  Mirabell  (mir'a-bel).  1 . The  prin- 
cipal character  in  Fletcher’s  play  “The  Wild 
Goose  Chase.”  He  is  a libertine  and  fashionable  rake, 
gaining  his  title  of  “ wild  goose  ” from  his  successful  eva- 
sion of  the  marriage  noose. 

2.  In  Congreve’s  comedy  “The  Way  of  the 


690 

World,”  a brilliant  and  witty  fine  gentleman, 
said  to  be  like  Congreve  himself. 

Mirabel,  Old.  In  Farquhar’s  comedy  ‘ ‘ The  In- 
constant,” a peevish  old  man  with  a fondness 
for  his  son. 

Mirabel,  Tommy.  The  son  of  Old  Mirabel:  “the 
inconstant,”  in  Farquhar’s  play  of  that  name. 
He  is  a gay  and  generous  fine  gentleman,  but  unstable  in 
his  affections.  The  first  four  acts  of  this  play  are  taken 
from  “The  Wild  Goose  Chase”;  and,  though  somewhat 
modified,  the  characters  are  the  same.  All  these  parts 
have  been  general  favorites  both  with  actors  and  with 
audiences. 

Mirabella  (mir-a-bel'la).  A fair  maiden,  ill 
Spenser’s  “ Faerie  Queene,”  who  had  scorned 
many  lovers.  She  was  sentenced  in  Cupid’s  court  to 
ride  on  a wretched  lade,  “accompanied  by  a fool,  till  she 
had  saved  as  many  lovers  as  she  had  slain.” 

Mirach,  or  Mirak  (rnl'rak  or  me'rak).  [Ar. 
mirdq,  the  loins:  but  the  derivation  is  doubtful.] 
The  ordinary  name  of  the  second-magnitude 
star  /3  Andromeda'.  The  name  is  also  applied  to 
the  third-magnitude  star  e Bootis,  which  is  more  usually 
known  as  Izar  (which  see). 

Miracle  of  St,  Anthony  of  Padua,  The.  A 

painting  by  Van  Dyck,  in  the  inusee  at  Lille, 
France.  Before  the  saint,  who  holds  the  Host,  kneels 
a mule,  neglecting  oats  placed  beside  him. 

Miracle  of  St.  Mark,  The.  A noted  painting 
by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Accademia,  Venice.  The 
saint  descends  from  heaven,  and  saves  from  the  heathen  a 
slave  about  to  suffer  martyrdom.  It  is  splendid  in  color, 
treatment  of  light,  drawing,  and  united  variety  and  har- 
mony of  composition. 

Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes,  The,  A paint- 
ing by  Rubens,  in  Notre  Dame  at  Malines,  Bel- 
gium. It  is  vigorously  drawn  and  richly  colored. 
Mirafiores  (me-ra-flo'res).  A village  of  Peru, 
6 miles  south  of  Lima.  It  is  the  residence  of  many 
wealthy  Limenos.  Here  the  Peruvians  established  their 
last  line  of  defense  against  the  Chileans,  and  were  defeated 
after  a bloody  battle,  Jan.  15, 1881. 

Mirafiores,  Marquis  of  (Manuel  de  Pando). 

Bom  at  Madrid,  Dec.  24, 1792 : died  there,  March 
17,  1872.  A Spanish  diplomatist,  politician,  and 
political  writer. 

Miramar  (me-ra-mar').  The  palace  of  the 
archduke  (Mexican  emperor)  Maximilian,  near 
Triest. 

Mirambo  (me-ram'bo).  Died  1885.  A chief  of 
the  Wanyamwezi,  East  Africa,  who  from  the 
rank  of  a common  porter  rose  to  that  of  a pow- 
erful chief  and  conqueror. 

Miramichi  (mirta-mi-she').  1.  Abayforming 
an  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  situated 
east  of  New  Brunswick. — 2.  A river  in  New 
Brunswick  which  falls  into  Miramichi  Bay. 
Length,  about  175  miles. 

Miramion  (me-ra-myon'),  Madame  de  (Marie 
Bonneau).  Born  at  Paris,  1629:  died  there, 
1696.  A Frenchwoman  noted  for  her  good 
works.  After  an  unhappy  youth  she  founded  the  House 
of  Refuge,  the  establishment  of  Ste.-Pdlagie,  and  the  origi- 
nal community  of  12  girls  which  became  later  the  Congre- 
gation des  Miramiones.  Of  this  she  became  the  superior, 
and  left  her  great  fortune  to  this  and  other  benevolent  in- 
stitutions. 

Miramdu  (me-ra-mon'),  Miguel.  Born  at  Mex- 
ico City,  Sept.  29, 1832:  died  at  Quer6taro,  June 
19, 1867.  A Mexican  general.  He  was  prominent 
on  the  side  of  the  reactionists  1856-58 ; succeeded  Zuloaga 
as  president  of  that  faction  Feb.  2,  1859 ; and  during  the 
succeeding  two  years  of  the  “reform  ” war  spent  much  of 
the  time  in  the  field  against  Juarez  and  his  adherents. 
He  was  eventually  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Calpulalpam, 
near  Mexico,  Dec.  22,  1860,  and  fled  from  the  country. 
Maximilian,  to  whom  he  adhered,  made  him  grand  mar- 
shal and  minister  to  Berlin.  He  returned  to  Mexico  in 
1866,  became  one  of  Maximilian's  most  trusted  generals, 
and  was  captured  and  shot  with  him  at  Querdtaro. 
Miranda  (mi-ran’da).  [L., ‘admirable.’]  1.  In 
Shakspere’s  play  “The  Tempest,”  the  daughter 
of  Prospero : she  is  loved  by  Ferdinand. 

The  character  of  Miranda  resolves  itself  into  the  very 
elements  of  womanhood.  She  is  beautiful,  modest,  and 
tender,  and  she  is  these  only ; they  comprise  her  whole 
being,  external  and  internal.  She  is  so  perfectly  unsophis- 
ticated, so  delicately  refined,  that  she  is  all  but  ethereal. 

,1/A  Jameson,  Characteristics  of  Women. 

2.  In  Mrs. Centli vre’s  comedy  “The  Busybody,” 
an  heiress.  Mrs.  Abingdon  made  her  debut  in 
this  character  in  1755. 

Miranda  (me-ran'da).  A northern  state  of 
Venezuela,  between  Bermudez  and  Carabobo, 
and  extending  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  the 
Orinoco.  Capital,  Oeumare  del  Tuy.  It  incloses 
the  Federal  District  and  Caracas.  The  southern  part  lies 
in  the  llanos  and  is  a grazing  country ; the  northern  sec- 
tion is  mountainous  and  agricultural.  Miranda  corre- 
sponds nearly  to  the  extinct  state  of  Guzman  Blanco.  Area, 
S3, 963  square  miles.  Population,  578,363. 

Miranda,  Countess  of.  See  Nilsson,  Christine. 
Miranda  (me-ran'da),  Francisco  Antonio  Ga- 
briel. Born  at  Caracas,  Venezuela,  June  9, 
1756:  died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  July  14,  1816.  A 


Mirror  for  Magistrates,  Tke 

Spanish-American  revolutionist.  He  was  an  offi- 
cer in  the  Spanish  army  1773-82,  and  subsequently  served 
with  the  French  allies  of  the  North  Americans ; was  in  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  received  a pension  from  Catharine 
II. ; fought  in  the  French  republican  army  as  general  of 
division  1792-93;  and  in  the  latter  year  was  accused  before 
the  Revolutionary  tribunal,  but  escaped.  He  spent  many 
years  in  scheming  for  the  emancipation  of  Spanish  South 
America,  and  made  an  unsuccessful  descent  on  the  coast 
of  Venezuela  in  1806,  with  the  design  of  leading  a revolt. 
After  the  revolution  of  1810  he  returned  to  Venezuela,  was 
made  commander  of  the  patriot  army,  and  in  April,  1812, 
was  made  dictator.  The  great  earthquake  of  March  26, 
1812,  left  the  country  impoverished,  and  was  regarded  by 
many  as  a sign  of  divine  wrath : as  a consequence  the  roy- 
alists gained  ground,  and  on  July  25  Miranda  signed  a 
treaty  which  gave  up  the  country  to  them.  He  was  ar- 
rested soon  alter,  sent  to  Spain,  and  died  in  captivity. 
Miranda’s  influence  on  the  Spanish-American  revolution 
was  very  great,  but  mainly  indirect,  through  the  secret 
societies  which  he  established,  and  through  his  influence 
with  European  statesmen.  See  Gran  Reunion  Americana. 
Miranda,  Sa  de.  See  Sd  de  Miranda. 
Mirandola  (me-ran'do-la).  A small  town  in  the 
pro  vince  of  Modena,  Italy,  18  miles  north-north- 
east of  Modena.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  a duchy 
belonging  to  the  Pico  family.  Francesco  Maria,  the  last 
duke,  sold  it  to  Modena  in  1710. 

Mirandola,  Count  of.  See  Pico. 

Miranhas,  Sp.  Miraiias  (me-ran'yaz).  A horde 
of  Indians  in  Brazil  and  Colombia,  principally 
between  the  rivers  I<;a  and  Japiird.  They  number 
at  least  several  thousands,  are  very  savage,  and  are  said  to 
be  cannibals.  Their  linguistic  affinities  are  doubtful. 

Mirbel  (mer-bel'),  Charles  Francois,  called 
Brisseau  de  Mirbel.  Bom  at  Paris,  March  27, 
1776;  died  near  Paris,  Sept.  12,  1854.  A noted 
French  botanist,  professor  at  the  Musee  d’His- 
toire  Naturelle  in  Paris  from  1829.  Among  his 
works  are  “Traitd  d’anatomie  et  de  physiologie  vdgdtale  ” 
(1802),  “ Elements  de  physiologie  vdgdtale  et  de  botanique” 
(1815). 

Mirecourt  (mer-kor').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Madon 
27  miles  south  of  Nancy.  It  has  manufactures 
of  musical  instruments,  lace,  and  embroidery. 
Population,  commune,  5,511. 

Mirecourt,  Eugene  de  (originally  Jacquot). 
Born  at  Mirecourt,  France,  Nov.  19, 1812:  died 
in  Tahiti,  Feb.  13, 1880.  A French  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his  romances  are  ‘ Me- 
moires  de  Ninon  de  Lenclos  ” (1852),  “ Les  confessions  de 
Marion  Delorme”  (1848),  “La  marquise  de  Courcelles  ” 
(1859). 

Mireille  (me-ray').  An  opera  by  Gounod,  li- 
bretto by  Carre,  produced  in  1864.  It  was  taken 
from  Mistral’s  poem  “Mirbio.” 

Mir&io  (me-ra'yo).  A poem  by  Frederic  Mis- 
tral, published  in  1859  in  the  Provencal  dialect 
with  a French  translation.  It  was  translated 
into  English  by  Miss  Harriet  Waters  Preston 
in  1873. 

Miremont  (mer-mon').  A small  place  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne,  France,  18  miles  south- 
east of  Perigueux.  Near  it  is  a celebrated  grotto 
(Trou  de  Granville). 

Mirfak  (mer'fak).  [Ar.  al-mirfak,  the  elbow.] 
The  bright  second-magnitude  star  a Persei: 
often  called  Algenib,  and  sometimes  Alchemb. 
Mirgorod  (mer'go-rod).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Pultowa,  southern  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Khorol  57  miles  northwest  of  Pultowa. 
Population,  13,800. 

Miri.  See  Mirim. 

Miriam  (mir'i-am).  [See  Mary.']  A Hebrew 
prophetess,  sister  of  Moses  and  Aaron,  she  is 

represented  as  giving  a response  to  the  song  of  Moses  sung 
by  the  Israelites  at  the  Red  Sea. 

Miriam.  In  Hawthorne’s  “Marble  Faun,”  a wo- 
man of  warm  andpassionate  nature  and  myste- 
rious origin  and  powers.  She  sanctions  the  crime 
which  Donatello  commits,  and  in  so  doing  binds  herself 
to  him.  See  Dqnatello. 

Mirim  (me-ren'),  Lake.  A lake  on  the  boun- 
dary of  Uruguay  and  the  province  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul,  Brazil.  Length,  about  115  miles.  Also 
Min. 

Miropolie  (me-ro-pol'ye).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kursk,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Psiol 
82  miles  north-northwest  of  Kharkoff.  Popu- 
lation, over  11,090. 

Mirror  for  Magistrates,  The.  A compilation 

of  poems  undertaken  by  William  Baldwin  with 
aid  from  George  Ferrers  and  others.  It  was  begun 
and  partly  printed  in  1555,  hut  was  stopped  by  the  lord 
chancellor,  Stephen  Gardiner.  In  1559  it  was  licensed  and 
first  issued.  It  then  contained  19  metrical  tragedies,  or 
biographies,  of  men  in  high  place  who  had  come  to  violent 
ends,  and  was  an  English  sequel  to  Lydgate's  “Falls  of 
Princes"  from  Boccaccio.  It  has  been  justly  said  to  con- 
nect the  work  of  Lydgate  with  that  of  Spenser.  It  was  re- 
published in  1563,  1574, 1578,  and  1587,  each  time  with  addi- 
tions. The  “Induction  "and  “Complaint of  Buckingham," 
which  were  contributed  by  Thomas  Sackville,  Lord  Buck- 
hurst,  to  the  edition  of  1559,  not  published  till  1563,  out- 
weigh all  the  rest  in  value. 


Mirror  for  Magistrates,  The 


691 


Aldee  published  in  October,  1579,  what  [Anthony]  Mun- 
day  may  well  have  regarded  as  his  first  piece  of  substan- 
tial work,  a religious  companion  to  ' ‘ The  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates," called  “ The  Mirrour  of  Mutabilitie ; or,  principal 
part  of  the  Mirrour  of  Magistrates,  selected  out  of  the  sa- 
cred scriptures.”  Mirrors  were  in  fashion.  There  was  a 
“ Theatre  or  Mirror  of  the  World,"  in  1569 ; a “ Mirror  of 
Madness,”  in  1676;  a “Mirror  of  Modestie  ” [by  Thomas 
Colter]  had  been  licensed  to  Edward  White  in  April,  1679 ; 
there  was  afterwards  a “Mirror of  Mirth,” in  1583  [a  “Mir- 
ror of  Modestie”  was  published  by  Robert  Greene,  1584]; 
a “Mirror  of  Man's  Miseries,"  in  1584  ; a “ Mirror  of  Mag- 
nanimity," in  1699 ; a“Mirror  of  Martyrs, "in  1601;  with 
more  of  the  kind.  Mathematics,  Politics,  and  the  Latin 
Tongue  were  shown  also  in  “Mirrors,”  “The  Mirrourof  Mu- 
tabilitie "was  a series  of  metrical  tragedies  in  two  parts. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  IX.  155. 

Mirror  of  Knighthood,  The.  A translation  of 
the  Spanish  romance  “ Cavallero  del  Febo  or 
Phebo  ” (“  the  Knight  of  the  Sun  ”),  containing 
the  adventures  of  the  Donzel  del  Phebo,  the  fair 
Lindabrides,  etc.  It  belongs  to  the  Amadis  cycle 
of  romances. 

Mirror  of  Modesty,  The.  A pamphlet  by 
Robert  Greene,  published  in  1584.  It  tells  the 
story  of  Susanna  and  the  elders. 

Mirror  of  the  World,  The.  See  the  extract. 

There  was  also,  upon  a hundred  leaves  of  folio,  “The 
Mirrour  of  the  World, "translated  aud  printed  in  the  year 
1481,  with  wood-engravings.  It  was  a book  translated  from 
a Latin  “ Speculum  vel  Imago  Mundi  ” in  1245,  for  the 
Duke  of  Berry,  into  French  verse,  which  was  afterwards 
turned  by  a Maistre  Gossouin  — unless  that  be  only  the 
name  of  a copyist — into  French  prose.  From  that  prose 
Caxton  made  his  translation  in  1481  at  the  request  of  Hugh 
Brice,  of  the  Mercers’  Company,  citizen  and  alderman  of 
London,  and,  like  Caxton,  a Kentish  man,  w ho  wished  for 
the  book  as  a present  to  Lord  Hastings. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  314. 

Mirs  Bay  (merz  ba).  A bay  on  the  southeast- 
ern coast  of  China,  now  included  in  the  British 
colony  of  Hong-Kong. 

Mirza.  See  Vision  of  Mirza. 

Mirzam  (mer-zam').  [Av.  al-mirzam,  the  roar- 
er.] Tlie  third-magnitude  star  [5  Canis  Ma- 
joris,  in  the  paw  of  the  animal.  The  Arabs  gave 
the  same  name  to  three  other  stars : /S’  Canis 
Minoris  and  a and  y Orionis. 

Mirzapur  (mer-za,-p6r').  1.  A district  in  the 
United  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  82°  40'  E.  Area,  5,238 
square  miles.  Population,  1,082,430. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Mirzapur,  situated  on 
the  Ganges  31  miles  west-southwest  of  Benares. 
It  was  long  noted  for  its  cotton  trade.  Popu- 
lation, 79,862. 

Mirza-Schaffy  (mer'za-shaf-fe').  An  Oriental 
poet  who  was  the  teacher  and  friend  of  Friedrich 
Bodenstedt  during  his  residence  in  Tiflis.  The 
“Songs  of  Mirza-Schaffy,  "published  by  Bodenstedt  in  1851, 
are  (with  one  or  two  exceptions)  his  own,  but  are  Oriental 
in  spirit  and  imagery.  They  became,  and  still  are,  extraor- 
dinarily popular.  See  Bodenstedt. 

Misanthrope,  Le  (le  me-zan-trop').  A com- 
edy by  Moliere,  produced  in  1666.  This  play  is  an 
almost  inexhaustible  source  of  allusions,  quotations,  pro- 
verbial sayings,  etc.  Its  principal  interest  lies  in  the  devel- 
opment of  various  pairs  of  opposing  characters  in  even 
their  lightest  shades.  It  is  the  ideal  of  classic  comedy. 

Here  Molibre’s  special  vein  of  satire  was  worked  most 
deeply  and  to  most  profit,  though  the  reproach  that  the 
handling  is  somewhat  too  serious  for  comedy  is  not  un- 
deserved. Alceste  the  impatient  but  not  cynical  hero, 
Celimcne  the  coquette,  Oronte  the  fop,  Eliante  the  rea- 
sonable woman,  Arsinod  the  mischief-maker,  are  all  im- 
mortal types.  Saintsbv.ry,  French  Lit.,  p.  310. 

Mischabelhorner  (me-sha-bel-her'ner).  Spurs 
of  Monte  Rosa,  in  the  Swiss  Alps.  They  are 
the  Dom  (14,940  feet)  and  the  Taschhorn  (14,- 
757  feet). 

Miseno  (me-sa'no),  Cape.  A promontory  at  the 
northwestern  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Naples,  it 
was  the  ancient  Misenum,  or  Promontorium  Misenum; 
and  near  it  there  was  a city  Misenum. 

Misenus  (ml-se'nus).  In  Roman  legend,  a com- 
panion of  .(Eneas. 

Miser,  The.  1.  A comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well  (1671),  founded  on  Moli&re’s  “ L’Avare.” 
— 2.  A comedy  by  Fielding  (1733),  from  the 
same  source. 

Miserables,  Les  (la  xne-za-rabl').  [F.,  ‘The 
Unfortunates.’]  A novel  by  Victor  Hugo,  in 
five  parts:  “Fantine,”  “Cosette,”  “Marius,” 
“L’Idylle  rue  Plumet,”  and  “Jean  Valjean.” 
It  was  published  in  1862. 

Misfortunes  of  Arthur,  The.  A tragedy  writ- 
ten principally  by  Thomas  Hughes,  produced 
in  1587  before  Queen  Elizabeth.  Eight  members  of 
the  Society  of  Gray’s  Inn  cooperated  with  him,  and  the 
“triumphs"  and  dmnb-show  were  devised  principally  by 
Bacon. 

Mishnah  (raish'na).  A collection  of  rabbini- 
cal discussions  on  the  law  of  Moses,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  apply  and  adapt  it  to  the  vary- 
ing circumstances  of  life  and  of  the  times,  and 


to  extend  it  by  logical  conclusions  and  analo- 
gies. The  word  Mishnah  properly  means  ‘repetition,’ 
then  ‘ instruction,’ ‘ learning.  ’ It  was  not  at  first  allowable 
that  these  discourses  should  be  reduced  to  writing  : they 
had  to  be  learned  by  heart,  and  are  called  the  oral  law  as 
opposed  to  the  written  law,  or  the  Pentateuch.  The  be- 
ginning of  the  Mishnah  goes  back  to  the  time  of  the  Mac- 
cabees. It  was  delivered  in  the  schools  orally  from  gen- 
eration to  generation.  At  the  end  of  the  2d  century  A.  I>. 
the  patriarch  Judah  I.  collected,  arranged,  and  codified  the 
accumulated  material  in  its  present  shape.  The  numer- 
ous rules  and  decisious  are  arranged  according  to  subject 
in  6 orders  ( sedarim ) : (1)  seeds  (zeraim),  on  agriculture ; 
(2)  festivals  tinned) ; (3)  women  ( nashim ),  on  connubial 
affairs  ; (4)  damages  (nezildm),  civil  and  criminal  laws;  (5) 
sacrifices  t^odashim) ; (6)  purifications  (tahoroth).  The  6 
orders  are  divided  into  63  tracts,  and  these  again  into  chap- 
ters. The  explanations  of  or  comments  on  the  Mishnah 
are  called  Genutra,  and  both  together  constitute  the  Tal- 
mud (which  see). 

Misiones,  Pg.Missiones(me-se-o'nes).  Aterri- 
tory  forming  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  between  the  Parana, 
and  Uruguay  rivers.  An  easterly  extension,  called  Up- 
per or  Brazilian  Misiones,  held  by  Brazil,  was  claimed  by 
the  Argentine  government.  In  1894  the  claim  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  arbitration  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  was  decided  in  favor  of  Brazil.  Misiones  was 
included  in  the  region  called  Guayra  (which  see) ; was  oc- 
cupied by  flourishing  Jesuit  missions  from  1633  to  1767 ; 
and  is  said  to  have  had  a population  of  130,000.  Area, 
11,282  square  miles.  Population,  42,933. 

Misisaga,  or  Missisauga  (mis-e-sa'ga,  -sa'ga). 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  once  a part 
of  the  Ojibwa,  first  known  in  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century  north  of  Lake  Huron  and  on  Ma- 
ll oulin  Island.  After  the  flight  of  the  Huron  and  Ottawa 
they  spread  over  southern  Ontario.  In  1746  they  were  ad- 
mitted as  the  seventh  tribe  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy. 
The  name  is  translated  ‘great  mouth,’  referring  to  the 
mouth  of  Mississauga  River  emptying  into  Lake  Huron. 
Their  present  number  in  Ontario  is  upward  of  700.  See 
Algonquian. 

Misivri  (me-sev'ie).  A small  town  in  Eastern 
Rumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea 
18  miles  northeast  of  Burgas:  the  ancient  Me- 
sembria.  It  was  a Greek  colony. 

Miskolcz  (mish'kolts).  The  capital  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Borsod,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  48°  6' 
N.,  long.  20°  49'  E.  It  has  flourishing  com- 
merce. Population,  51,500,  (1910). 

Misnia  (mis'ni-ii,).  The  Latin  name  of  Meissen. 

Misocco  (me-zok'ko),  or  Mesocco  (ma-zok'ko), 
Valle,  G.  Misos  (me'zoks).  The  valley  of  the 
Moesa  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
south  of  San  Bernardino.  Length,  about  20 
miles. 

Misogonus  (mi-sog'o-nus).  A rimed  play,  pre- 
sumably by  Thomas  Richards  in  1560.  it  con- 
tains songs,  and  has  some  changes  of  meter,  but  is  mainly 
four-lined  stanzas.  See  “ Gammer  Gurton’s  Needle  ” and 
“Ralph  Roister  Doister.” 

Misol,  or  Mysol  (mi-sol' ).  A small  island  north- 
west of  Papua,  situated  in  lat.  2°  4'  S.,  long. 
130°  12'  E. 

Mispah.  See  Mizpah. 

Miss  Betsy  Thoughtless.  A novel  by  Mrs. 
Haywood,  published  in  1751. 

“Miss  Betsy  Thoughtless”  is  rather  a clever  work  and 
interesting  as  the  first  really  domestic  novel,  according 
to  modern  ideas,  that  exists  in  the  language.  It  has  been 
supposed  that  Miss  Burney  took  it  as  the  model  of  her 
“ Evelina,”  and  it  is  the  only  novel  I know  which  could 
have  served  for  the  purpose. 

Forsyth , Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Century,  p.  204. 

Miss  in  her  Teens,  or  the  Medley  of  Lovers. 

A comedy  by  David  Garrick,  produced  in  1747 
with  Garrick  as  Fribble. 

Missinnippi  (mis-i-nip'i).  A name  given  in 
part  of  its  course  to  the  Churchill  River. 

Missionary  Ridge  (mish'qn-a-ri  rij).  A moun- 
tain on  the  border  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee, 
southeast  of  Chattanooga.  It  was  the  scene  of  the 
final  struggle  in  the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  Nov.  25,  1863. 
The  ridge  was  occupied  by  the  Confederates  in  a strongly 
intrenched  position.  The  Federals  attacked  them  in  three 
divisions  under  Hooker,  Thomas,  and  Sherman,  and  after  a 
longhand-to-hand  fight  succeededin  puttingtbemtoflight. 

Missiones.  See  Misiones. 

Mississippi  (mis-i-sip'i).  [Iud.,  ‘the  great 
river  ’ or  ‘ the  father  of  waters.’]  The  largest 
river  of  North  America.  It  rises  in  or  near  Lake 
Itasca,  northern  Minnesota,  about  lat.  47°  13'  N.,  1,457  feet 
above  sea-level;  traverses  part  of  Minnesota;  forms  the 
boundary  between  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  Louisiana  on  the  west  and  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  Mississippi  on  the  east ; flows  gener- 
ally south ; and  empties  in  Louisiana  into  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico by  5 mouths  about  lat.  29°-29°  10'  N.  It  is  navigable 
for  steamboats  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Minnesota 
(about 2, 000  miles).  The  banks  below  the  river-level  in  Mis- 
sissippi and  Louisiana  have  to  be  protected  by  levees.  The 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Minnesota,  Des  Moines,  Missouri, 
St.  Francis,  White  River,  Arkansas,  and  Red  River  from  the 
west,  and  the  Wisconsin,  Rock,  Illinois,  Ohio,  and  Yazoo 
from  the  east.  It  was  discovered  by  He  Soto  in  1541;  Mar- 
quette and  Joliet  descended  it  in  1673,  and  La  Salle  in 
1681 ; it  formed  the  western  boundary  of  the  United  States 
1783-1803 ; and  its  source  was  discovered  by  Schoolcraft  in 
1832.  St.  Raul,  Minneapolis,  Dubuque,  St.  Louis,  Mem- 


Missouri 

phis,  Vicksburg,  Baton  Rouge,  and  New  Orleans  are  on  its 
banks.  Length  of  the  Mississippi  to  Lake  Itasca,  2,547 
miles.  Length  of  the  lower  Mississippi  with  the  Missouri, 
about  3,900  miles.  Basin,  1,257,545  square  miles.  The 
oombined  river  is  the  longest  stream  in  the  world. 

Mississippi.  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  extending  from  about 
lat.  30°  10'  to  35°  N.,  and  from  long.  88°  5'  to 
91°  40'  W.  Capital,  Jackson,  it  is  bounded  by 
Tennessee  on  the  north,  Alabama  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  Louisiana  on  the  south,  and  is  separated  by 
the  Mississippi  on  the  west  from  Arkansas  and  in  part 
from  Louisiana.  It  is  one  of  the  Gulf  States.  The  surface 
is  hilly  in  part,  but  generally  level.  The  chief  industry  is 
agriculture ; the  State  is  one  of  the  first  in  the  production 
of  cotton.  It  has  78  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  8 rep- 
resentatives to  Congress,  and  has  10  electoral  votes.  The 
region  was  visited  by  De  Soto  in  1540 ; the  Mississippi  River 
was  explored  by  Marquette  and  La  Salle ; an  attempt  at 
settlement  was  made  by  the  French  under  Iberville  at 
Biloxi  in  1699;  and  a settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of 
Natchez  in  1716.  The  territory  was  ceded  by  France  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763,  part  was  ceded  to  the  United  States 
in  1783,  and  the  remainder  was  acquired  in  1811.  Missis- 
sippi Territory  was  organized  in  1798,  and  the  State  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  in  1817.  It  receded  Jan.  9,  1861 ; 
was  the  scene  of  various  conflicts  in  the  Civil  War,  includ- 
ing the  siege  of  Vicksburg  in  1863;  aud  was  readmitted 
Feb.,  1870.  Area,  46,810  square  miles.  Population,  1,797,- 
114,  (1910). 

Mississippi  Scheme,  or  Mississippi  Bubble. 

A speculative  scheme  formed  under  the  lead  of 
John  Law  for  paying  off  the  national  debt  of 
France.  It  resulted  in  a financial  panic  in  1720. 
See  Law,  John. 

Mississippi  Sound.  A part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico lying  south  of  Mississippi,  and  partly  in- 
closed by  a chain  of  islands. 

Mississippi  Valley.  The  region  drained  by  the 
Mississippi  and  its  affluents,  lying  in  general 
between  the  Alleghanies  on  the  east  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains  on  the  west.  The  basin  includes 
the  whole  of  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Oklahoma, 
South  Dakota,  Arkansas,  Indian  Territory,  Kentucky,  and 
Tennessee  ; portions  of  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  North  Dakota, 
Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Texas,  Louisiana,  and  Mis- 
sissippi; and  small  parts  of  New  York,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  New  Mexico,  and 
British  America. 

Miss  Kilmansegg  and  her  Precious  Leg.  A 

poem  by  Thomas  Hood,  which,  “as  a sustained 
piece  of  metrical  humor,  is  absolutely  unique.” 

The  poem  is  full  of  rollicking,  unhampered  fancy ; long 
as  it  is,  the  movement  is  so  rapid  that  it  almost  seems  to 
have  been  written  at  a heat, — at  least,  can  easily  be  read 
at  a sitting.  Though  not  without  those  absurd  lapses 
which  constantly  irritate  iis  in  tire  perusal  of  Hood’s  lighter 
pieces,  it  is  the  most  lusty  and  characteristic  of  them  all. 
Standing  at  the  front  of  its  author’s  facetious  verse,  it 
renders  him  the  leading  poet-humorist  of  his  generation. 

Stedman,  Victorian  Poets,  p.  80. 

Missolonghi  (mis-so-long'ge),  or  Mesolonghi 
(ma-so-long'ge),  mod.  Gr.  Mesolongion  (ma- 
zo-long'ge-on).  A town  in  the  nomarchy  of 
Acarnauia  and  AStolia,  Greece,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Patras  in  lat.  38°  22'  N.,  long.  21°  25'  E. 
It  was  successfully  defended  by  the  Greeks  against  the 
Turks  in  1822  and  1823,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  tlie 
Turks  and  Egyptians  in  1825-26.  Byron  died  there  in  1824. 
Population,  7,718. 

Missoula  (mi-zo'la).  A river  in  western  Mon- 
tana which  unites  with  the  Flathead  to  form 
Clarke’s  Fork.  Its  chief  head  streams  are  the 
Bitter  Root,  Deer  Lodge,  and  Blackfoot  rivers. 

Missouri  (mi-zo'ri).  A tribe  of  the  Tciwere 
division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Indians.  Their  name  for  themselves  is  Niut’atci,  ‘those 
who  reached  the  mouth  ’ (of  the  river) : called  Micudje  by 
the  Kansa,  which  appellation  may  have  been  corrupted 
into  Missouri.  For  many  years  they  have  been  consoli- 
dated with  the  Oto.  See  Tciwere. 

Missouri.  [‘Great muddy.’]  AriverintheUnited 
States,  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  formed  by  the  junction  near  Gallatin,  Montana,  of 
the  Madison  (which  rises  in  the  National  Park)  with  the 
Jefferson ; flows  through  Montana  and  the  Dakotas  ; forms 
in  part  the  boundary  between  Nebraska  and  Kansas  on  the 
right  and  South  Dakota,  Iowa,  and  Missouri  on  the  left ; 
traverses  Missouri;  and  unites  with  the  Mississippi  17 miles 
north  of  St.  Louis.  It  passes  in  Montana  through  the  gorge 
“Gates  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,”  below  which  are  the 
Great  Falls.  Bismarck,  Yankton,  SiouxCity, Omaha, Council 
Bluffs,  St.  Joseph,  Atchison,  Leavenworth,  and  Kansas  City 
are  on  its  banks.  Length  (including  the  Madison),  3,047 
miles;  navigable  to  Fort  Benton  (over  2,400  miles).  For 
the  total  length  of  the  stream  to  the  sea,  see  Mississippi. 

Missouri.  A central  State  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  extending  from  about  lat.  36°  to 
40°  30'  N.,  and  from  long.  89°  2'  to  95°  44'  W. 
Capital,  Jefferson  City ; chief  city,  St.  Louis,  it 
is  bounded  by  Iowa  on  the  north,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and 
Tennessee  on  the  east  (separated  from  all  three  by  the 
Mississippi),  Arkansas  on  the  south,  and  Oklahoma,  Kan- 
sas, and  Nebraska  on  the  west  (separated  in  part  from 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  by  the  Missouri).  The  surface  is  hilly, 
undulating,  and  partly  prairie ; the  Ozark  Mountains  (low) 
are  in  tlie  southwest.  TheStateis  rich  in  mineral  wealth, 
especially  iron  (at  Iron  Mountain,  Pilot  Knob,  Shepherd 
Mountain,  all  in  the  southeast),  zinc,  and  lead.  The 
leading  agricultural  products  are  corn,  hay,  wheat,  and 


Missouri 


692 


Mitre 


oats.  The  State  is  one  of  the  first  in  the  raising  of  live  stock 
and  in  the  production  of  wine  and  corn,  and  has  important 
meat-packing  industries,  manufactures  of  flour,  iron,  etc., 
and  flourishing  domestic  and  foreign  commerce.  It  has  115 
counties,  sends  2 senators  and  16  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  18  electoral  votes.  The  Territory  was  claimed 
by  France  in  virtue  of  exploration ; was  first  settled  at  St. 
Genevieve  by  the  French  about  1755  ; was  ceded  to  Spain 
in  1763 ; was  ceded  back  to  France  in  1800 ; formed  part  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  of  1803  ; and  was  included  in  Loui- 
siana Territory  in  1805.  Missouri  Territory  was  formed  in 
1812,  and  Missouri  was  admitted  to  the  Union  as  a slave 
State  in  1821.  Martial  law  was  proclaimed  there  in  1861. 
It  was  the  scene  of  several  battles  in  the  Civil  War.  Area, 
69,415  square  miles.  Population,  3,293,335,  (1910). 

Missouri,  Great  Falls  of  the.  A cataract  in 


wrote  “Planetary  and  Stellar  Worlds  ” (1848),  “Orbs  of 
Heaven  " (1851),  etc. 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant : pseudonym  Ik  Mar- 
vel. Born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  April,  1822: 
died  at  Edgewood,  Conn.,  Dec.  15,  1908.  An 
American  essayist  and  novelist.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1841 ; studied  law  in  New  York ; was  consul  at 
Venice  1853-55  ; and  later  lived  on  his  farm  Edgewood, 
near  New  Haven,  Connecticut.  He  wrote  “Reveries  of  a 
Bachelor"  (1850),  “Dream  Life"  (1851),  “My  Farm  of 
Edgewood  ’’  (1863),  “ Seven  Stories  with  Basement  and 
Attic”  (1861),  “Wet  Days  at  Edgewood,  etc.”  (1864), 
“ Rural  Studies,  etc."  (1867),  a novel  “ Doctor  Johns,  etc.” 
(1866),  “Bound  Together,  etc.”  (1884),  “Out-of-Town 
Places,”  a reprint  of  “Rural  Studies"  (1884),  “English 
Lands,  etc.”  (1889-90),  etc. 


the  Missouri  River,  in  Montan  a,  above  Port  Ben-  Mitclleli,  Elisha.'  Born  at  Washington,  Conn., 
ton.  Width,  i mile.  Height,  J-  teet.  Aug.  19,  1793:  died  in  the  Black  Mountains, 

Missouri  Compromise.  An  agreement  relative  N_  £ june  27,  1857.  An  American  chemist 
to  the  extension  of  slavery,  embodied  in  a bill  surveyor  and  clergyman, 
passed  by  Congress  March  2 1820,  and  in  the  Mrs.  (Lucy  Myers  Wright).  Born 

act  of  Congress  admitting  Missouri  into  the  at  Unim’iah)  Pe'rsia,  1845:  died  at  Wliii,  Ger- 
many, March  10,  1888.  An  American  archte- 
ologist.  She  married  Samuel  S.  Mitchell,  an  artist,  in 
1867,  and  passed  most  of  her  life  abroad.  She  wrote  “A 

__  ^ , ....  ...  . _ ..  History  of  Ancient  Sculpture ”(1883). 

slave  State.  ' It  was  abrogated  by  the  passage  of  the  Kan-  Mitchell,  Maria.  Born  at  Nantucket,  Mass., 


Aug.  1,  1818:  died  at  Lynn,  Mass.,  June  28, 
1889.  An  American  astronomer,  daughter  of 
William  Mitchell  (1791-1868):  professor  of  as- 
tronomy at  Yassar  College,  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York,  from  1865.  she  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
Dartmouth  in  1852  and  Columbia  in  1887 ; was  the  first  wo- 
man elected  to  the  American  Aca  demy  of  Arts  and  Sciences; 
and  was  a member  of  various  scientific  associations. 


Union,  passed  in  1821.  It  was  enacted  that  in  all  the 
territory  ceded  by  France,  known  as  Louisiana,  north  of 
36“  30'  north  lat.,  excepting  Missouri,  slavery  should  be 
forever  prohibited ; and  on  this  concession  by  the  pro- 
slavery  party  in  Congress,  Missouri  was  admitted  as  a 
slave  State.  It  was  abroj: 
sas-Nebraska  Bill  in  1854. 

Miss  Sara  Sampson.  A play  by  Lessing,  pro- 
duced in  1755. 

Missunde  (mis-son'de).  A small  village  6 miles 
east  of  Schleswig,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Schlei.  It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between  the 
Danes  and  troops  of  Schleswig-Holstein  Sept.  12,  1850,  and 

between  the  Danes.and  Prussians  Feb.  2,  1864.  

Mistake,  The.  A comedy  by  John  \ anbrugh  jjiteliell,  Mount.  The  highest  mountain  in  the 
( 1705) . it  was  taken  in  part  from  Moliere  s “ Le  d£pit  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, situ- 
“ration  by  Kh,g  “ 1,90  aS  L°verS  Quarrel8’  ated  in  the  Black  Mountains,  Yancey  County, 
Mistassini  (mis-tas-se'ne),  Lake.  A lake  in  North  Carolina.  Height,  6,710  feet,  it  is  also 
Canada,  an  expansion  of  the  river  Rupert,  which  Black  Dome.  It  is  named  from  Professor  Elisha 

, tv  T , , 1 , . , Mitchell,  who  perished  while  exploring  the  mountain  1857. 

empties  into  Hudson  Bay.  Length,  about  100  Mitchell>  Silas  Weir.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 

miles  (?).  _ ........  . Feb.  15,  1829.  An  American  physician  and  au- 

Misterbianco  (mes-ter-be-ang  ko).  A small  ^or  noted  for  researches  in  toxicology,  the 
townmSlclly,  west  ofCataina.  . nervous  system,  etc.  He  has  edited  “ Five  Essays : 

Mr.  Fs  Aunt.  A noted  character  m Dickens s - - - • - • ■ - 

“ Little  Dorrit.”  She  is  characterized  by  “extreme 
severity  and  grim  taciturnity  • sometimes  by  a propensity 
to  offer  remarks  . . . totally  uncalled  for  by  anything  said 
by  anybody,  and  traceable  to  no  association  of  ideas.” 

Mr.  H.  A play  by  Charles  Lamb.  This  farce  (in 
two  acts)  was  performed  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London,  in 
Dec.,  1806,  but  did  not  survive  the  first  night  of  its  ap- 
pearance. In  America,  however,  it  was  performed  with 
some  success.  The  point  of  the  play  is  the  anxiety  of  the 
hero  to  conceal  his  name  (Hogsflesh)  and  the  way  in  which 
all  his  devices  to  this  end  are  frustrated  by  his  unhappy 
destiny 


On  the  Cryptogamous  Origin  of  Malarious  Eevers,  etc.” 
(1858),  and  has  written  “Researches  upon  the  Venom  of 
the  Rattlesnake  ” (1860),  “Researches  upon  the  Venoms 
of  Poisonous  Serpents  ” withE.  T.  Reichert  (1886),  “Wear 
and  Tear,  or  Hints  for  the  Overworked"  (1871),  “Injuries 
oftheNerves,  etc.” (1873),  “Fatand Blood”  (1877),  “Heph- 
zibah  Guinness,  and  Other  Stories  ” (1880),  “Lectures  on 
Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,  etc.”  (1881),  “In  War 
Time, "a  novel  (1885),  Poems  (1882  and  1887),  “Doctor  and 
Patient  ” (1887),  “ Characteristics  ” (serially,  1891),  “ When 
all  the  Woods  are  Green  ” (1894),  “ A Madeira  Party  ” (1895), 
“Collected  Poems " (1896),  “ Hugh  Wynne  ” (1897),  “The 
Adventures  of  Francois  ’’  (serially,  1898). 


Mr.  Midshipman  Easy  (e'zi).  A sea  story  by  Mitchell,  Sir  Thomas  Livingstone.  Born  in 


Frederick  Marrvat,  published  in  1836 
Mistra  (mes'tra),  or  Misitra  (mes'e-tra).  A 
fortress  and  town  near  Sparta,  Greece,  built  in 
1248.  The  fortress,  founded  in  the  13th  century  by  the 
prince  of  Achaia,  is  one  of  the  most  curious  and  complete 
memorials  of  medieval  life  now  existing.  On  the  slopes  re- 
main churches,  escutcheoned  palaces,  andfortified  streets, 
and  the  hill  is  crowned  by  a great  castle  with  imposing 
groups  of  battlemented  and  machicolated  towers  and 
* every  defensive  device  of  the  middle  ages. 

Mistral  (mes-tral'),  Frederic.  Born  at  Mail- 


Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  Juue  16,  1792:  died  at 
Carthona,  Darling  Point,  Australia,  Oct.  5, 1855. 
A British  explorer  in  Australia.  At  sixteen  years 
of  age  he  entered  the  Peninsular  army,  and  was  promoted 
lieutenant  Sept.  16,  1813,  and  major  Aug.  29,  1826.  In 
1828  he  was  appointed  surveyor-general  to  the  colony  of 
New  South  Wales.  He  is  best  known  from  his  four  expe- 
ditions into  the  interior  of  Australia,  1831-35  and  1836-45. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  1841.  He  pub- 
lished “Three  Expeditions”  (1838),  “Journal”  of  his 
fourth  expedition  (1848),  “The  Lusiad  of  Camoens  closely 
translated  " (1854),  etc. 


lane,  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  Sept.  8,  1830.  Mitckelstown  (mich  ' elz  -toun).  A town  in 
A Provencal  poet,  belonging  to  the  brotherhood  County  Cork,  Ireland.  It  was  the  scene  of  a riot  be- 
of  modern  Provencal  poets  known  as  “Les  Feli-  tween  the  Home  Rulers  and  police,  Sept.  9,  1887. 
briges.”  Among  his  works  (in  Provencal,  witli  French  Mitchill  (mich  il),  Samuel  Latham.  Born  at 
translations) are “ Mireio”.(“Mireille,”  1859),  “Calendau"  North  Hempstead,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  20,  1(64:  died 
(1867),  “Lis  iselo  d’or”  (“Les  lies  d’or, ” 1875),  “ Lou  Tre-  at  New  York,  Sept.  7, 1831.  An  American  phy- 


sician, naturalist,  politician,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  founded,  with  Dr.  Edward  Miller  and  Dr. 
Elihu  H.  Smith,  the  “New  York  Medical  Repository,” and 
was  its  chief  editor. 


sor  dou  felibrige”  (1879-86:  a Provencal-French  diction- 
ary), “Nerto"  (1884). 

Mistress,  The.  A “ love-cycle”  by  Abraham 
Cowley,  published  in  1647. 

Mistretta  (mes-lret'ta).  A town  in  the  province  Mite,  Sir  Matthew.  The  “ nabob  ” in  Foote’s 
of  Messina,  Sicily,  50  miles  northwest  of  Ca-  • - - 

tania.  Population,  13,481. 

Mita.  See  Weitspekan. 


Mitau  (me'tou),  Lett.  Jelgava  (yel'ga-va), 
Russ.  Mitava  (me-ta'va).  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Courland,  Russia,  on  the  Aa  25 
miles  southwest  of  Riga.  It  was  the  residence 
of  the  dukes  of  Courland  from  the  middle  of 
the  16th  century.  Population,  35,131. 


play  of  that  name.  He  returns  from  a profitable  resi- 
dence in  India  with  ill-gotten  gains,  which  he  uses  to  an- 
noy and  ruin  his  neighbors. 

Foote  brought  on  the  stage  an  Anglo-Indian  chief,  dis- 
solute, ungenerous,  and  tyrannical,  ashamed  of  the  hum- 
ble friends  of  his  youth,  hating  the  aristocracy,  yet  child- 
ishly eagertobe  numbered  among  them,  squandering  his 
wealth  on  pandars  and  flatterers,  tricking  out  his  chair- 
man with  the  most  costly  hot-house  flowers,  and  astound- 
ing the  ignorant  with  jargon  about  rupees,  lacs,  and  ja- 
ghires.  Macaulay , Essays,  I.  282. 


Mitchel  (mich'el),  John.  Bom  at  Dungiven,  Mitford  (mit'ford),  John.  Born  at  Richmond, 


County  Derry,  Ireland,  Nov.  3, 1815:  died  March 
20, 1875.  An  Irish  revolutionist,  a leader  in  the 
“Young  Ireland”  movement.  He  was  convicted 
as  editor  of  the  “United  Irishman”  and  sentenced  to  14 
years'  banishment  in  1848;  escaped  from  Van  Diemen’s 
Land  and  came  to  New  York  in  1854  ; and  lived  in  the 
United  States  fintil  1874,  when  he  returned  to  Ireland  and 
in  1875  was  elected  to  Parliament  for  Tipperary,  but  was 
declared  ineligible.  He  wrote  “Jail  Journal  ” (1854),  “The 
Last  Conquest  of  Ireland  — Perhaps  ” (1861),  etc. 

Mitchel,  Ormsby  McKnight.  Born  in  Union 
County,  Ky.,  Aug.  28,  1810;  died  at  Beaufort, 
S.  C.,  Oct.  30,  1862.  An  American  astronomer 
and  general.  He  became  director  of  the  Cincinnati 
Observatory  in  1845,  and  of  the  Dudley  Observatory  (Al- 
bany) in  1859,  and  served  in  the  Civil  War  1861-62.  He 


Surrey,  Aug.  13,1781:  died  at  Benhall  vicarage, 
April  27,  1859.  An  English  writer  and  clergy- 
man. He  was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Mitford,  commander 
of  a China  merchantman.  He  entered  Oriel  College,  Ox- 
ford, in  1801,  graduating  in  1804.  He  was  licensed  cu- 
rate of  Kelsale,  Suffolk,  in  1809.  From  1834  until  1850  he 
edited  the  “Gentleman’s  Magazine.”  He  assisted  in  ed- 
iting the  Aldine  edition  of  British  poets,  and  wrote  “ Ag- 
nes, the  Indian  Captive,”  a poem  (1811). 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell.  Bom  at  Alresford, 
Hampshire,  Dec.  16,  1787:  died  at  Swallow- 
field,  Jan.  10,  1855.  An  English  author.  Her 
father,  George  Mitford,  was  a physician  who  squandered 
a fortune  and  finally  became  dependent  upon  Iris  daugh- 
ter’s earnings.  At  ten  years  of  age  she  drew  a lottery  prize 
of  £20,000.  In  1810 her  “ Miscellaneous  Poems  ” appeared, 


and  m 1812  “Blanche  of  Castile.”  In  1820  her  father's 
irregularities  obliged  her  to  support  herself  by  literature. 
“Julian,”  a tragedy,  was  accepted  by  Macready  and  per- 
formed atCoventGarden, March  15,1823.  “The  Foscari”was 
produced  by  Charles  Kemble,  Nov.  4,  1826,  and  “Rienzi," 
her  best  tragedy,  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  Oct.  9, 1828. 
The  sketches  entitled  “Our  Village  "began  in  the  “ Lady’s 
Magazine ” in  1819,  and  gained  great  popularity.  “ Belford 
Regis,  etc.,”  a novel,  was  published  in  1835,  and  “Recol- 
lections of  a Literary  Life,  etc.,”  in  1852.  She  also  pub- 
lished a number  of  poems,  sonnets,  stories  of  American 
life,  stories  for  children,  etc. 

Mitford,  William.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  10, 
1744:  died  at  Exbury,  Feb.  10,  1827.  An  Eng- 
lish historian.  He  matriculated  at  Queen’s  College, 
Oxford,  in  1761,  but  left  without  a degree.  He  entered  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1763,  but  never  practised.  The  first 
volume  of  his  “History  of  Greece,"  suggested  by  Gibbon, 
appeared  in  1784 : the  work  was  completed  in  1810.  He 
was  a member  of  Parliament  1785-90,  1796-1806,  and  1812- 
1818. 

Mithra  (mith'ra),  or  Mithras  (mith'ras)-  In 
ancient  Persian  mythology,  the  god  of  light, 
later  of  the  sun.  His  worship  was  introduced 
into  Rome. 

After  Pontus  in  Asia  Minor,  previously  held  by  Persia, 
had  been  conquered  by  Pompey,  the  worship  of  Mithras 
superseded  the  Dionysia,  and  extended  over  the  Roman 
Empire.  The  Emperor  Commodus  was  initiated  into  these 
Mysteries ; and  they  have  been  maintained  by  a constant 
tradition,  with  their  penances  and  tests  of  the  courage  of 
the  candidate  for  admission,  through  the  Secret  Societies 
of  the  Middle  Ages  and  the  Rosicrucians,  down  to  the 
modern  faint  reflex  of  the  latter,  the  Freemasons.  The 
Mithraic  rites  supplied  the  model  of  the  initiatory  cere- 
monies observed  in  those  societies,  and  are  described  by 
Justin  Martyr  and  Tertullian  as  resembling  the  Christian 
Sacraments.  The  believers  were  admitted  by  the  rite  of 
baptism ; they  had  a species  of  Eucharist ; while  the  cour- 
age and  endurance  of  the  neophyte  were  tested  by  twelve 
consecutive  trials  denominated  Tortures,  undergone  with- 
in a cave  constructed  for  the  purpose,  and  lasted  forty 
days  before  he  was  admitted  to  a participation  in  the  Mys- 
teries. The  peculiar  symbol  of  these  rites  have  been  found 
all  over  Europe ; and  the  burial-place  of  the  Three  Kings 
of  Cologne,  Caspar,  Balthasar,  and  Melchior,  was  shown 
as  the  tombs  of  the  Magians  that  visited  Bethlehem. 

Knight,  Symbolical  Language,  p.  xxiv. 

Mithridate  (met-re-dat').  A tragedy  by  Ra- 
cine, produced  Jan.  13,  1673. 

Mithridates  (mith-ri-da'tez)  (more  correctly 
Mithradates  (mith-ra-da'tez))  VI.  Eupator, 
surnamed  “ The  Great.”  Born  about  132  B.  c. : 
died  63  b.  c.  King  of  Pontus  120-63.  He  subju- 
gated the  peoples  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Black  Sea, 
and  conquered  the  Crimea  and  southern  Russia.  He  next 
attacked  Paphlagonia,  Cappadocia,  and  Bithynia,  client 
states  of  Rome,  which  caused  the  interference  of  that 
power.  War  broke  out  in  consequence  in  88.  He  rapidly 
made  himself  master  of  all  the  Roman  possessions  in  Asia 
Minor,  except  Magnesia  on  the  Mceander,  and  caused  a 
general  massacre  of  the  Italian  inhabitants,  said  to  have 
numbered  80,000,  or,  according  to  others,  150,000.  He  also 
instigated  a rising  of  the  European  Greeks,  to  whose  aid 
he  sent  a formidable  land  and  naval  force  under  his  gen- 
eral Archelaus.  Archelaus  was  defeated  by  Sulla  at  Chae- 
ronea  in  86  and  at  Orehomenus  in  85.  Sulla  crossed  the 
Hellespont  to  Asia,  and  dictated  a peace  at  Dardanus  in 
84.  Mithridates  surrendered  his  fleet,  paid  a heavy  war 
indemnity,  and  restored  all  his  conquests,  retaining  Pon- 
tus only.  In  83  a second  war  broke  out,  owing  to  his  fail- 
ure completely  to  evacuate  Cappadocia.  The  propretor 
Murena  invaded  Pontus,  but  was  defeated  and  forced  to 
withdraw.  Peace  was  restored  in  81  on  the  basis  of  the 
treaty  of  Dardanus.  In  74  a third  war  broke  out,  occa- 
sioned by  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  Mithridates  to  take 
possession  of  Bithynia,  which  had  been  bequeathed  to  the 
Romans  by  his  son-in-law  Nicomedes  III. , late  king  of  Bi- 
thynia. Mithridates  defeated  M.  Aurelius  Cotta  at  Chal- 
cedon  in  74,  but  was  expelled  from  his  own  kingdom  by 
Lucullus,  and  took  refuge  with  his  son-in-law  Tigranes, 
king  of  Armenia.  Lucullus  defeated  the  latter  at  Tigra- 
nocerta  in  69,  but  was  unable  to  prevent  Mithridates  from 
reconquering  Pontus  and  ravaging  Bithynia  and  Cappa- 
docia. He  was  superseded  by  Cn.  Pompeius,  who  defeat- 
ed Mithridates  on  the  Lycos  in  66,  and  compelled  the  sur- 
render of  Tigranes  at  Artaxata.  Mithridates  fled  to  Pan- 
tacapseum,  and  was  planning  a new  campaign  when  his 
troops  revolted.  He  was  at  liis  own  bidding  put  to  death 
by  a Celtic  soldier  in  63,  after  having  vainly  sought  to  kill 
himself  by  poison. 

Mithridates,  King  of  Pontus.  A tragedy  by 
Nathaniel  Lee,  produced  in  1678. 

Mithridatic Wars  (mith-ri-dat'ikwaxz).  Three 
wars  between  Rome  and  Mithridates,  king  of 
Pontus.  The  Romans  were  commanded  in  the  first  (88- 
84  B.  C.)  by  Sulla  and  his  lieutenant  Fimbria ; in  the  sec- 
ond (83-81)  by  Murena;  and  in  the  third (74-63)  by  Lncul- 
lus,  later  by  Pompey.  In  the  last  Mithridates  and  his  ally 
Tigranes  were  defeated,  and  Pontus  was  annexed  to  Rome 
in  63. 

Mitla  (met'lii),  or  Mictlan  (mek-tlan').  [Na- 
liuatl,  ‘ place  of  the  dead  called  by  the  Zapotecs 
Lyd-Baa,  entrance  to  the  grave.]  A group  of 
large  ruined  buildings  in  the  state  of  Oajaca, 
Mexico, about  20miles  southeast  of  OaxacaCity. 
They  are  built  of  adobe  and  stone,  and  some  of  them  are 
elaborately  ornamented  with  a kind  of  mosaic  work  pro- 
duced by  stones  set  in  cement.  There  are  also  mural 
paintings.  The  origin  and  purpose  of  the  Mitla  buildings 
are  unknown.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  appear  to 
have  been  occupied  by  Zapotec  Indians.  There  is  a mod- 
ern  village  on  the  site. 

Mitre  (me'tra),  Bartolome.  Born  June  26, 
1821:  died  Jan.  19,  1906.  An  Argentine 


Mitre 

general,  statesman,  journalist,  and  author. 
Banished  by  Rosas,  he  lived  successively  in  Uruguay,  Bo- 
livia, Peru,  and  Chile,  and  was  a noted  journalist  in  all 
those  countries.  HO  served  in  the  Uruguayan  army  1838- 
1846,  and  in  the  Bolivian  army  1847  ; as  colonel  of  artillery, 
took  part  in  the  overthrow  of  Rosas,  1852;  opposed  Ur- 
quiza ; led  the  movement  by  which  Buenos  Ayres  declared 
itself  independent,  Sept.  17,  1852;  was  made  minister  of 
the  interior  and  later  minister  of  war  of  the  Buenos  Ayres 
government ; and  in  the  latter  capacity  commanded  the 
army  which  was  defeated  by  Urquiza  at  Cepeda  Oct.  23, 
1859,  the  result  being  the  reunion  of  Buenos  Ayres  with  the 
Argentine  Confederation.  Mitre  was  then  elected  gov- 
ernorof  Buenos  Ayres,  May,  1860 ; and,  new  difficulties  hav- 
ing arisen  with  the  federal  government,  he  defeated  Ur- 
quiza's  army  at  Pavon,  Sept.  11, 1861.  Soon  after  Mitre 
was  made  president  ad  interim,  and  in  Oct.,  1862,  was 
elected  president  of  the  new  Argentine  Republic  for  six 
years.  With  his  term  opened  an  era  of  great  prosperity. 
During  two  years  he  commanded  the  allied  army  against 
Paraguay.  (See  Triple  Alliance.)  At  the  end  of  his  term 
Mitre  was  made  minister  to  Brazil.  He  was  a presidential 
candidate  in  1874,  and,  being  defeated,  headed  an  abortive 
rebellion.  In  1891  he  was  again  a candidate,  but  subse- 
quently withdrew  his  name.  In  1852  General  Mitre  founded 
“La  Nacion,"  which  became  the  most  important  journal 
of  the  Platine  region,  and  remained  under  his  direction. 
Besides  poems,  essays,  speeches,  etc.,  he  published  two 
historical  works,  the  “ Historia  de  Belgrano (1857  et  seq.) 
and  the  “ Historia  de  San  Martin  ” (1884  : English  abridged 
translation  1893). 

Mitre  (mi't£r),  The.  A noted  London  tavern, 
formerly  standing  in  Mitre  Court,  off  Fleet 
street.  It  was  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson’s  favorite  resort. 
There  were  other  taverns  of  the  name  in  London. 
MitrowitZ  (mit'ro-vits).  A town  in  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Save  in  lat.  44°  58'  N.,  long.  19°  37'  E.  it  oc- 
cupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sirmium.  Population,  11,- 
518. 

Mitscherlich  (mitsh'er-lieh),  Eilhard.  Born 
at  Neuende,  near  Jever,  Germany,  Jan.  7, 1794: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  28,  1863.  A noted  German 
chemist,  professor  at  Berlin  from  1821.  He  dis- 
covered isomorphism  in  1818.  He  wrote  “ Lehrbuch  der 
Chemie  ” (1829-40),  etc. 

Mittelmark  (mit'tel-mark).  A region  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  extending 
from  the  Havel  eastward  to  the  Oder,  it  com- 
prised the  districts  around  Brandenburg,  Berlin,  and  Pots- 
dam, forming  part  of  the  old  possessions  of  Brandenburg, 
and  of  the  original  holding  of  the  house  of  Hohenzollern 
in  1415. 

Mittermaier  (mit'ter-mi-er),  Karl  Joseph 

Anton.  Born  at  Munich,  Aug.  5,  1787 : died 
at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  28,  1867.  A German  jurist 
and  politician,  professor  at  Heidelberg  from 
1821.  He  wrote  works  on  criminal  law,  etc. 
Mittu  (met'to).  An  independent  Nigritic  tribe 
of  the  eastern  Sudan,  between  the  Dinka  and 
the  Nyam-Nyam.  TheMadi,  Abaka, and Lubaaresub- 
tribes.  The  northern  dialects  differ  from  the  southern. 
In  customs  the  Mittu  are  much  like  the  Soli  and  the  Bongo, 
but  are  not  so  hardy.  They  are  agriculturists  in  a fertile 
country,  and  are  good  bowmen  and  musicians. 

Mittweida(mit'vi-da).  A manufacturing  town 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zscho- 
pau  34  miles  west  by  south  of  Dresden.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  17,498. 

Mituas  (me-to'az).  A horde  of  Indians  of  the 
upper  Orinoco  valley,  on  the  llanos  bordering 
the  Guaviare  affluent  (Colombia). 

Mitylene.  See  Mytilene. 

Mivart  (miv'art),  St.  George  Jackson.  Born 
at  London,  Nov.  30,  1827:  died  there,  April  1, 
1900.  An  English  naturalist.  He  was  called  to  the 
baratLincoln’s  Inn  in  1851;  became  a lecturer  in  St.  Mary’s 
Hospital  Medical  School  in  1862 ; was  appointed  professor 
of  biology  in  University  College,  London,  in  1874,  and  pro- 
fessor of  the  philosophy  of  natural  history  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Louvain  in  1890.  He  published  “On  the  Genesis  of 
Species”  (1871),  “Lessons  in  Elementary  Anatomy”  (1873), 
“The  Cat”  (1880),  “Nature  and  Thought”  (1882),  etc. 
Miwok,  or  Meewoc  (me'wok),  The  southern 
division  of  the  Moquelumnan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  comprising  23  small  tribes 
whose  pristine  habitat  extended  from  the  Co- 
sumnes  to  the  Fresno,  and  from  the  snow-line 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  San  Joaquin  River,  ex- 
cept a strip  along  the  latter  occupied  by  the 
Cholovone.  The  name  signifies  ‘men’ or  ‘people’ in 
the  dialect  formerly  spoken  north  of  the  Stanislaus.  See 
Moquelumnan. 

Mixco  (mes'ko).  A city  and  stronghold  of  the 
ancient  Cakchiquel  Indians  of  Guatemala,  about 
25  miles  north  of  the  modern  Guatemala  City. 
It  was  on  a nearly  inaccessible  hill,  and  was  fortified  with 
great  skill.  In  1525  the  Spaniards, under  Gonzalo  Alvarado, 
besieged  it  for  a month,  and  finally  took  it  by  assault  after 
a terrible  fight.  The  town  was  burned,  and  only  its  ruins 
remain ; the  surviving  inhabitants  were  removed  to  the 
modem  village  of  Mixco,  5 miles  east  of  Guatemala. 
Mizes  (me'Haz).  Anlndian  stock  of  southeast- 
ern Mexico,  in  the  mountains  of  the  isthmus  of 
Tehuantepec  (states  of  Oaxaca  and  Chiapas). 
By  language  they  are  related  to  the  Zoques.  Historians 
describe  them  as  very  savage,  and  cannibals  ; but  they 
early  submitted  to  the  whites,  and  are  now  a degraded  but 
peaceful  part  of  the  country  population. 


693 

Mixtecs  (mes-taks'),  or  Mixtecas  (mes-ta'kaz). 
Anlndianstockof  southern  Mexico, inthemoun- 
tains  of  western  Oaxaca  and  the  adjacent  parts 
of  Guerrero  and  Puebla.  At  the  period  of  the  Span- 
ish conquest  they  also  occupied  the  corresponding  parts 
of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  at  one  time  had  extended  east- 
ward to  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  from  which  they 
were  driven  by  the  Zapotecs.  They  were  frequently  at  war 
with  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico.  They  were  considerably  ad- 
vanced in  civilization,  built  adobe  or  stone  houses,  were 
agricultur  ists  but  brave  warriors,  and  had  a form  of  picture- 
writing.  The  Mixtecs  readily  submitted  to  the  Spaniards, 
and  are  now  useful  citizens.  They  number  not  less  than 
200,000.  By  their  language  they  are  allied  to  the  Zapotecs 
(which  see). 

Mizar  (mi'zjjr  or  me'zar).  [Ar.  mizdr,  a waist- 
cloth  or  apron.]  The  familiar  name  of  the 
bright  second-magnitude  double  star  £ Ursa; 
Majoris.  Smyth  says  the  name  was  unknown  to  the 
Arabs,  but  was  introduced  in  consequence  of  a conjecture 
of  Scaliger’s.  The  appropriateness  is  not  evident.  The 
same  name  is  also,  rarely,  applied  to  e Bootis. 

Mizen  (miz'en).  A character  in  Charles  Shad- 
well’s  play  “The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal.” 

In  this  character-piece  Flip,  the  sea-brute,  is  contrasted 
with  Beau  Mizen,  the  sea-fop ; but  the  latter  is,  in  some 
degree,  a copy  of  Baker’s  Maiden,  the  progenitor  of  the 
family  of  Dundreary.  Doran,  English  Stage,  I.  213. 

Mizpah  (miz'pa),  or  Mizpeh  (miz'pe).  [Heb., 
‘watch-tower.’]  The  name  of  several  places 
mentioned  in  Old  Testament  history.  (a)  A place 
in  Gilead  : sometimes  identified  with  Tel  es-Safiyeh  (about 
lat.  32°  5'  N.).  ( b ) A place  in  Benjamin,  Palestine : prob- 
ably  on  thesiteof  Nebi-Samwil,  5miles  northwest  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

Mispeh,  the  culminating  point  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin, 
became  the  meeting-place  of  the  tribes,  the  Washington 
of  the  Israelite  federation.  This  mountain,  which  rises 
nearly  4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the  horizon 
of  Jerusalem,  was  not  made  to  serve  as  the  site  of  a great 
city.  On  the  contrary,  it  was  an  excellent  spot  for  those 
federal  diets  which  were  soon  to  assume  a sacred  charac- 
ter. The  ark  was  never  established  there ; but  the  sofet 
was  induced  to  make  it  his  habitual  residence,  and  no 
doubt  the  political  importance  of  Mispeh  had  some  weight 
in  the  providential  selection  of  Jerusalem  for  such  bril- 
liant destinies.  Jerusalem  is  only  a league  from  Mispeh, 
and  from  the  top  of  the  mountain  the  little  acropolis  ( millo ) 
of  the  Jebusites  on  the  hill  of  Sion  must  have  been  visi- 
ble. Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  302. 

Mizraim  (miz-ra'im).  The  Hebrew  name  of 
Egypt. 

Mizraim,  the  brother  of  Cush,  is  the  Hebrew  name  of 
Egypt.  It  signifies  ‘ the  two  Mazors,’  or  walls  of  fortifica- 
tion. On  the  Asiatic  side  Egypt  was  defended  from  attack 
by  a chain  of  fortresses,  sometimes  called  Shur,  or  ‘ the 
wall,’  by  the  Canaanites,  and  it  was  from  this  line  of  de- 
fence that  the  name  of  Mazor  was  derived.  The  name, 
however,  did  not  apply  to  the  whole  of  Egypt.  It  denoted 
only  Lower  or  Northern  Egypt,  which  extended  from  the 
sea  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  modern  Cairo.  The  rest 
of  the  country  was  Upper  Egypt,  called  Pe-to-Res,  ‘the 
land  of  the  South,’  in  ancient  Egyptian,  the  Pathros  of  the 
Old  Testament  (Isaiah  xi.  11).  The  division  of  Egypt  into 
two  provinces  dated  from  prehistoric  times,  and  has  been 
remembered  through  all  the  vicissitudes  of  Egyptian  his- 
tory down  to  the  present  day.  It  was  essentially  ‘ the 
double  land,’  and  its  rulers  wore  a double  crown.  Hence 
the  use  of  the  dual  form,  “the  two  Mazors,”  in  Hebrew. 
Here  and  there,  where  Lower  Egypt  is  alone  alluded  to, 
the  singular  Mazor  is  employed,  but  otherwise  the  dual 
“Mizraim”  only  is  found  throughout  the  Old  Testament. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  62. 

Mjollnir  (myel'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, Thor’s  hammer,  “the  crusher,”  made 
by  the  dwarfs.  It  was  the  trusty  weapon  of 
Thor  in  his  constant  warfare  against  the  giants. 

Mjosen  (mye'sen),  Lake.  The  largest  lake  in 
Norway,  about  35  miles  northeast  of  Christiania 
at  the  nearest  point.  Length,  62  miles.  Great- 
est depth,  1,500  feet. 

Mlawa  (mla'va).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Plock,  Russian  Poland,  67  miles  north-north- 
west of  Warsaw.  Population,  over  11,000. 

Mnemosyne  (ne-mos'i-ne).  [Gr.  Mvr/fioo'wi),  the 
mother  of  the  Muses.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  memory,  daughter  of  Uranus 
(Heaven)  and  Ge  (Earth),  and  mother,  by  Zeus, 
of  the  Muses. 

Mnesicles  (ne'sik-lez).  [Gr.  Mvym/cXyc.J  Archi- 
tect of  the  Propylseum  (begun  437  B.  C.).  it  was 
5 years  in  building,  and  cost  about  $2,000,000.  An  inscrip- 
tion with  his  name,  but  later  in  time,  has  been  found 
among  the  ruins  of  the  Propylseum. 

Mnevis  (ne'vis).  The  ancient  Egyptian  sacred 
bull  of  Heliopolis. 

Apis  of  Memphis,  Mnevis  of  Heliopolis,  and  Pakis  of 
Hermonthis,  are  all  links  that  bind  together  the  Egypt  of 
the  Pharaohs  and  the  Egypt  of  the  stone  age.  They  were 
the  sacred  animals  of  the  clans  which  first  settled  in  these 
localities,  and  their  identification  with  the  deities  of  the 
official  religion  must  have  been  a slow  process,  never  fully 
earned  out,  in  fact,  in  the  minds  of  the  lower  classes. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  66. 

Moab  (mo'ab).  A Semitic  tribe  settled  at  the 
southeastern  end  of  the  Dead  Sea  (the  modern 
district  of  Kerak).  In  Gen.  xix.  Moab  and  Ammon  are 
represented  as  descendants  of  Lot,  and  their  names  are 
explained  from  their  incestuous  origin.  The  Moabites  ap- 


Mocarabians 

pear  to  have  been  a warlike  tribe,  and  the  Israelites  dur- 
ing their  wanderings  through  the  desert  tried  to  avoid  an 
encounter  with  them.  During  the  period  of  the  Judges 
they  opposed  the  Israelites  until  they  were  routed  by 
Ehud  (J udges  iii.).  Saul  and  David,  whose  ancestress  Ruth 
was  a Moabitess,  subjugated  them.  After  Solomon’s  death 
Moab  fell  to  the  northern  kingdom.  After  Ahab’s  death 
Mesha  refused  to  pay  tribute.  They  were  afterward,  ac- 
cording to  the  cuneiform  inscriptions,  subjected  to  Assyria, 
Shalman,  Camoshnadab,  and  Mussari  being  mentioned  as 
kings  of  Moab  paying  tribute.  They  participated  in  the 
fall  of  Jerusalem  thr  ough  the  Babylonians,  and  Nebuchad- 
nezzar subjected  them  on  his  expedition  against  Egypt. 
They  appear  after  the  exile  as  seeking  to  maintain  friendly 
relations  with  the  Judeans.  Later  they  were  subjected  to 
the  Nabataeans,  the  Maccabees,  and  the  Romans.  Chemosh 
was  their  principal  divinity ; another  was  Baal  Peor.  The 
only  authentic  monument  of  the  Moabite  civilization  thus 
far  known  is  the  so-called  Moabite  Stone.  See  below. 

Moabite  Stone.  A slab  of  black  basalt  bearing 
an  inscription  of  34  lines  in  Hebrew-Pbenician 
characters : the  oldest  monument  of  the  Semitic 
alphabet.  It  was  found  in  1868  at  the  ancient  Dibon  of 
Moab.  Before  it  could  be  removed  it  was  broken  in  many 
pieces,  through  the  jealousies  of  Arab  tribes,  but  a squeeze 
of  the  inscription  had  been  previously  taken,  and  the  chief 
fragments  are  now  in  the  Louvre  Museum.  The  stone  is  the 
most  important  surviving  relic  of  Moabite  civilization,  and 
is  believed  to  date  from  about  850  B.  o.  The  inscription 
records  the  victories  of  King  Mesha  over  the  Israelites. 
See  Mesha. 

Moadoc.  See  Modoc. 

MoallakSt  (mo-al-la-kat').  A collection  of 
seven  Arabic  poems,  composed  by  different  au- 
thors in  the  6th  and  7th  centuries. 

Moaria  (mo-a'ri-a).  [NL.]  A hypothetical 
South  Pacific  continent  of  which  only  New 
Zealand  and  other  Oceanian  or  Polynesian  isl- 
ands remain:  so  named  from  the  supposed 
former  range  of  the  moa.  Its  assumed  existence 
accounts  for  many  features  of  the  present  geographical 
distribution  of  animals  and  plants.  The  name  was  pro- 
posed by  Dr.  Mantell. 

Moatcaht  (mo'ach-at),  or  Mowachaht.  The 

people  to  whom  the  name  Nootka  was  first  ap- 
plied, a tribe  of  North  American  Indians  living 
near  Nootka  Sound,  Vancouver  Island,  British 
Columbia.  They  numbered  254  in  1884.  S eeAht. 

Moawiyah  (mo-a'we-ya).  Governor  of  Syria, 
and,  after  his  victory  over  Ali,  calif  661-680  A.  D. 

He  founded  the  dynasty  of  the  Ommiads,  which  held  the 
califate  for  89  years  (661-750)  with  Damascus  as  capital. 

Mobangi.  Same  as  Ubangi. 

Moberly  (mo'ber-li).  The  capital  of  Randolph 
County,  central  Missouri.  Population,  10,- 
923,  (1910). 

Mobile  (mo-bel').  A river  in  Alabama  which 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Alabama  and 
Tombigbee,  and  falls  into  Mobile  Bay.  Length, 
about  45  miles. 

Mobile.  A city,  capital  of  Mobile  County,  Ala- 
bama, situated  on  Mobile  River  in  lat.  30°  41' 
N.,  long.  88°  2'  W.  It  is  the  only  seaport  and  the  lar- 
gest city  of  the  State.  It  has  a large  trade  in  timber,  naval 
stores,  coal,  etc.,  and  is  one  of  the  leading  ports  in  the 
country  for  the  export  of  cotton.  It  was  founded  by  De 
Bienville  in  1702  ; was  the  capital  of  Louisiana  until  1723  ; 
passed  to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  to  Spain  in  1783  ; was 
taken  by  the  Americans  under  Wilkinson  in  1813 ; and 
became  a city  in  1819.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Federals 
April  12,  1865.  It  has  now  steamer  lines  to  Liverpool  and 
New  York.  Population,  51,521,  (1910). 

Mobile  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  Alabama.  Length, 
about  36  miles. 

Mobile  Bay,  Battle  of.  A naval  victory  gained 
Aug.  5,  1864,  by  the  Federals  (with  7 sloops  of 
war  and  4 iron-clad  monitors),  under  Farragut, 
over  the  Confederates  (with  the  ram  Tennessee, 
which  had  to  surrender,  and  3 gunboats),  under 
Buchanan. 

Mobile  Point.  A sandy  point  at  the  eastern 
entrance  of  Mobile  Bay:  the  site  of  Fort  Mor- 
gan (previously  Fort  Bowyer). 

Mobilian.  See  Creek. 

Mobimas.  See  Movimas. 

Mobius  (m&'be-6s),  August  Ferdinand.  Born 
at  Schulpforta,  Prussia,  Nov.  17, 1790:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Sept.  26, 1868.  A German  mathemati- 
cian and  astronomer,  professor  at  Leipsic  from 
1816.  His  chief  work  is  “ Der  barycentrische 
Kalkul ” (1827). 

Mobius,  Paul  Heinrich  August.  Born  at  Leip- 
sic, May  31, 1825 : died  at  Friedrichroda,  June 
8, 1889.  A German  miscellaneous  writer,  son  of 
A.  F.  Mobius.  He  wrote  tales,  “ Bar-Cocheba”  (a 
tragedy),  a catechism  of  German  literature,  etc. 

Mobius,  Theodor.  Born  at  Leipsic,  June  22, 
1821:  died  there,  April  25,  1890.  A German 
philologist,  son  of  A.  F.  Mobius,  appointed  pro- 
fessor at  Leipsic  in  1859,  and  at  Kiel  in  1865. 
He  published  numerous  works  on  Scandina- 
vian philology  and  literature. 

Mocarabians  (mo-ka-ra'bi-anz).  See  the  ex- 
tract and  Mosarabs. 


Mocarabians 

A complete  toleration  had  been  granted  by  the  first  con- 
querors to  the  Christian  Goths,  who,  under  the  name  of 
Mocarabians  (mixed  Arabians),  lived  in  the  midst  of  the 
Musulmans.  Sismondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  81. 

Mocetenas.  See  Mosetenas. 

Mocha  (rno'ka ; Arab.  pron.  mo'cha).  A sea- 
port in  Yemen,  Arabia,  situated  on  the  Red  Sea 
in  lat.  13°  20'  N.,  long.  43°  13'  E. : long  famous 
for  its  export  of  coffee.  Population,  about 
5,000. 

Mochica.  See  Chimu. 

Mock  Astrologer,  The.  See  Evening’s  Love,  An. 
Mock  Doctor,  The.  1.  A farce  by  Henry  Field- 
ing, slightly  altered  from  Moliere’s  comedy  “ Le 
inedeein  malgrd  lui,”  and  produced  with  Gar- 
rick in  the  cast  about  1736. — 2.  An  English  li- 
bretto of  Gounod’s  “ Le  medecin  malgre  lui,”  by 
Charles  Kenny.  The  opera  was  produced  under 
this  name  at  London  in  1865. 

Mockern  (mek'ern).  A small  town  in  Prussian 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Ehle  14  miles  east  of 
Magdeburg.  Here,  April  5, 1813,  the  Prussians 
under  York  defeated  the  French  under  Eugene 
de  Beauharnais. 

Mockern.  A village  2 miles  northwest  of  Leip- 
sic.  Here,  Oct.  16,  1813,  Bliicher  defeated  the 
French  under  Marmont  (part  of  the  battle  of 
Leipsic). 

Mocoas  (mo-ko'az).  A tribe  of  Indians  in  south- 
ern Colombia,  about  the  upper  Caqueta  or  Ja- 
pur&  and  its  branches.  They  are  an  agricultural  and 
peaceable  race,  and  are  noted  for  their  skill  in  weaving  and 
dyeing  cotton  fabrics,  and  in  other  small  industries.  At 
present  they  are  partially  civilized,  and  speak  a corrupt 
dialect  of  the  Quichua.  Their  own  language,  with  that  of 
the  Mesayas  and  other  neighboring  tribes,  appears  to  con- 
stitute a distinct  stock.  The  Enganos  or  Iugafios,  on  the 
Engano  River,  a branch  of  the  Caqueta,  are  either  identi- 
cal with  the  Mocoas  or  closely  allied  to  them. 

Mocobis  (mo-ko-bez'),  or  Mbocobis.  An  Indian 
tribe  or  group  of  tribes  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  Argentine  Republic  (Gran  Chaco  region), 
about  the  river  Vermejo.  They  are  still  numerous, 
subsist  mainly  by  hunting  and  rapine,  but  have  cattle  and 
horses  derived  from  Spanish  stock.  Their  villages  are 
composed  of  slighthuts,  and  are  frequently  moved  in  search 
of  fresh  pasture.  The  Mocobis  belong  to  the  Guaycuru 
linguistic  stock,  and  are  closely  allied  to  the  extinct  Abi- 
poues  and  to  the  modern  Tobas,  with  whom,  however,  they 
are  almost  constantly  at  war. 

Mocochies,  or  Mucuchies.  See  Timotes. 
Moctezuma.  See  Montezuma. 

Moctezuma.  See  Oposura. 

Moctoby.  See  Biloxi. 

Modena  (mo'de-nii).  A province  in  the  com- 
partimentoof  Emilia,  Italy.  Area,  1,002  square 
miles.  Population,  334,335. 

Modena.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Mo- 
dena, Italy,  situated  between  the  Secchia  and 
the  Panaro,  in  lat.  44°  39'  N.,  long.  10°  56'  E. : 
the  ancient  Mutina.  The  cathedral,  consecrated  in 
1184,  is  a well-designed  Romanesque  structure.  The  west 
facade  is  one  of  the  best  of  its  date  in  Italy  : it  has  three 
round-arched  portals,  a gallery  of  graceful  triple  arcades 
which  is  continued  around  the  church,  a large  wheel-win- 
dow, and  much  interesting  sculpture.  There  are  two 
sculptured  porches  on  the  south  side.  The  three-aisled 
interior  contains  interesting  sculpture  and  tombs.  The 
Ghirlandina  Tower,  the  campanile  of  the  cathedral,  fin- 
ished to  the  spire  in  1315,  is  one  of  the  best  of  its  kind. 
The  height  is  315  feet.  The  massive  square  lower  stage, 
about  200  feet  high,  bears  the  slender  spire,  which  springs 
from  an  octagon  of  two  arcaded  tiers  and  is  pierced  with 
flower-like  openings  (whence  the  name  of  the  tower).  Other 
objects  of  iuterest  are  the  art  academy,  university,  pic- 
ture-gallery, library,  and  ducal  palace.  Modena  became 
a Roman  colony  about  183  B.  c.  It  was  situated  on  the 
JEmilian  Way,  and  was  a flourishing  Roman  city.  It  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Modena,  ruled  by  the 
Este  family,  and  was  famous  in  the  16th  century  for  the 
sculpture  of  terra-cottas.  (See  Mutinensian  War,  and 
Modena,  Duchy  of.)  Population,  commune,  64,843. 

Modena,  Duchy  of.  A former  duchy  of  north- 
ern Italy,  comprising  the  modern  provinces  of 
Modena,  Massa-e-Carrara,  and  Reggio  (in  Emi- 
lia). The  family  of  Este  became  rulers  of  Modena  about 
1290 ; it  was  made  a duchy  in  1452 ; was  annexed  to  the  Cis- 
padane  Republic  in  1796  ; and  passed  to  an  Austrian  line  in 
1814.  There  was  an  unsuccessful  insurrection  in  1848-49  ; 
the  duke  was  deposed  in  1859  ; and  the  duchy  was  united 
to  the  dominions  of  Victor  Emmanuel  in  186U. 

Modern  Athens,  The.  Boston  or  Edinburgh. 
Modern  Babylon,  The.  London. 

Modern  Messalina,  The.  Catharine  II.  of  Rus- 
sia. 

Modern  Painters.  A work  on  art,  by  John  Rus- 
kin  (published  1843,  1846,  1856,  and  1860). 
Modica  (mod'e-ka).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  30  miles  southwest  of  Syra- 
cuse : the  ancient  Motyca.  There  are  remarkable 
prehistoric  caves  in  the  vicinity.  Population,  48,- 
962. 

Modigliana  (mo-del-ya'na).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Florence,  Italy,  37  miles  north- 
east of  Florence. 

Modish  (mo'dish),  Lady  Betty.  In  Cibber’s 


694 

comedy  “The  Careless  Husband,”  a brilliant 
coquettish  woman  of  quality,  wayward  and  sel- 
fish, but  not  heartless:  one  of  the  principal 
characters  in  the  play.  Mrs.  Oldfield  was  cele- 
brated in  the  part. 

Modjeska  (mod-jes'ka),  Helena.  Bom  at  Cra- 
cow, Poland,  Oct.  12,  1840 : died  at  Bay  City, 
Cal.,  April  8,  1909.  A noted  Polish  actress. 
Her  maiden  name  was  Opid.  She  married  Gustave  Mod- 
jeski  when  about  17  years  of  age,  and  with  him  joined  a 
company  of  strolling  players.  In  1868  she  married  the 
Count  Bozenta  Chlapowski.  She  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance in  America  in  1877  as  Adrienne  Lecouvreur,  in  an 
English  version  of  the  play,  at  San  Francisco,  after  a very 
short  study  of  the  language.  She  was  well  received  in 
America,  and  made  a number  of  tours  throughout  the 
country.  Her  roles  were  numerous,  including  Beatrice, 
Ophelia,  etc.  Her  autobiography  was  published  in  1910. 

Modlin.  See  NovogeorgievsJc. 

Modling  (medTing).  A town  in  Lower  Austria, 
9 miles  south-southwest  of  Vienna.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  18,067,  (1910). 

Modoc,  or  Modock  (mo'dok).  [PI.,  also  Mo- 
docs.']  A tribe  of  North  America n Indians  which 
formerly  occupied  the  shores  of  Little  Klamath, 
Modoc,  and  Clear  lakes,  Oregon,  and  the  valleys 
of  Lost  River  and  its  tributaries.  It  also  had  tran- 
sitory  settlements  eastward  to  Goose  and  Warner  lakes,  on 
the  California  border.  After  their  conflict  with  the  United 
States  government  in  1872-73,  through  which  they  became 
well  known,  about  80  of  the  Modoc  were  removed  to  Indian 
Territory.  The  remainder,  about  200,  have  resided  since 
1869  near  Yaneks,  on  Sprague  River,  Klamath  reservation, 
Oregon.  The  name  is  adapted  from  Mbatokni,  signifying 
‘ southerners.’  (See Lutuamian.)  Written  by  some  authori- 
ties Moadvc  and  Modook. 

Modoc  W ar.  A war  between  the  United  States 
government  and  the  Modoc  Indians  led  by  Cap- 
tain Jack.  The  Modocs  refused  in  1872  to  go  to  the 
Klamath  reservation  in  southern  Oregon,  and  went  to  the 
Lava  Beds.  At  a conference  between  General  Canby  and 
the  Indians,  April,  1873,  the  former  was  treacherously 
killed.  War  followed;  the  band  had  to  surrender;  and 
Captain  Jack  was  executed. 

Modred  (mo'dred),  or  Mordred  (mor'dred). 
The  treacherous  nephew  of  King  Arthur:  a 
knight  of  the  Round  Table. 

Modugno  (md-don'yd).  A townin  the  province 
of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  6 miles  west-southwest 
of  Bari.  Population,  town,  10,295;  commune, 
11,885. 

Moe  (mo'e;,  Jorgen  Ingebrektsen.  Born  on 
the  estate  Moe,  Ringerige,  Norway,  1813:  died 
at  Christiansand,  1880.  A Norwegian  poet  and 
theologian.  Hisfatherwasapeasant.  Hestudiedtheology 
in  Christiania  after  1830.  His  first  literary  venture  was  the 
little  “ Samling  af  Sange,  Fol  keviser  og  Stev  i norske  Almue- 
dialecter  ” (“  Collection  of  Songs,  Ballads,  and  Staves  in  the 
Norwegian  Popular  Dialects  ”),  published  in  1840.  With 
public  assistance  he  now  set  about  the  collecting,  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  Norway,  of  popular  literature  of  the  same  char- 
acter; and  in  1841,  in  collaboration  with  Peter  Christian 
Asbjornsen  (born  1812),  published  “ NorskeFolke  Eventyr  " 
(“  Norwegian  Folk-Tales”).  A collection  of  his  later  poems 
appeared  in  1845  underthe  title  “At  hsenge  paa  .Tuletrseet" 
(“To  Hang  on  the  Christmas  Tree”).  His  earlier  poems 
were  collected  and  published  as  “Digte”  (“Poems”)  in 
1849.  In  1853  he  became  a clergyman,  and  ultimately  was 
made  bishop  of  Christiansand.  His  collected  works,  “ Sam- 
lede  Skrifter,”  were  published  at  Christiania  in  1877  in  2 
vols. 

Moen  (me'en).  An  island  in  the  Baltic,  belong- 
ing to  Denmark,  situated  southeast  of  Zealand. 
Chief  town,  Stege.  Area,  81  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 14,213. 

Mosnus  (me'nus).  The  Latin  name  of  the  Main. 
Moerae  (me 're).  [Gr.  Moipao]  The  Greek  god- 
desses of  fate ; the  Fates.  Homer  uses  the  name  in 
the  singular,  as  of  a single  divinity,  and  also  in  the  plural. 
He  also  calls  them  the  “ spinners  of  the  thread  of  life.  ” By 
Hesiod  they  are  spoken  of  both  as  daughters  of  Night  and  as 
daughters  of  Zeus  and  Themis.  They  were  represented  as 
three  in  number : Clotho  (the  spinner),  Lachesis  (disposer 
of  lots),  and  Atropos  (the  inevitable).  The  first  spins  the 
thread  of  life,  the  second  fixes  its  length,  and  the  third  sev- 
ers it.  Also  ilairai. 

Mceris  (me'ris),  Lake.  [Gr.  i)  Molpiog  liuvj], ] 
According  to  Herodotus,  an  artificial  lake  in 
Middle  Egypt,  west  of  the  Nile,  50  miles  south- 
west of  Cairo,  near  the  modern  Lake  Birket  el- 
Kurun.  Its  existence  has  been  doubted.  See 
the  extract. 

A king,  named  Moeris,  desired  to  create  a reservoir  in  the 
Fayoom  which  should  neutralise  the  evil  effects  of  insuf- 
ficient or  superabundant  inundations.  This  reservoir  was 
named,  after  him,  Lake  Moeris.  If  the  supply  fell  below 
the  average,  then  the  stored  waters  were  let  loose,  and 
Lower  Egypt  and  the  Western  Delta  were  flooded  to  the 
needful  height.  If  next  year  the  inundation  came  down 
in  too  great  force.  Lake  Moeris  received  and  stored  the 
surplus  till  such  time  as  the  waters  began  to  subside.  Two 
pyramids,  each  surmounted  by  a sitting  colossus,  one  rep- 
resenting the  king  and  the  other  his  queen,  were  erected 
in  the  midst  of  the  lake.  Such  is  the  tale  told  by  Herodo- 
tus, and  it  is  a tale  which  has  considerably  embarrassed 
our  modern  engineers  and  topographers.  How,  in  fact, 
was  it  possible  to  find  in  the  Fayoom  a site  which  could 
have  contained  a basin  measuring  at  least  ninety  miles  in 
circumference?  The  most  reasonable  theory  is  that  of 
Linant,  who  supposes  Lake  Moeris  to  have  extended  over 


Moguls,  Empire  of  the 

the  whole  of  the  lowlying  land  which  skirts  the  Libyan 
cliffs  between  Illahoun  and  Medinet  el-Fayoom  ; but  re- 
cent explorations  have  proved  that  the  dikes  by  which  this 
pretended  reservoir  was  bounded  aremodem  works,  erect- 
ed probably  wit  hin  the  last  two  hundred  years.  I no  longer 
believe  that  Lake  Moeris  ever  existed.  If  Herodotus  did 
actually  visit  the  Fayoom,  it  was  probably  in  summer,  at 
the  time  of  the  High  Nile,  when  the  whole  district  pre- 
sents the  appearance  of  an  inland  sea.  What  lie  took  for 
the  shores  of  this  lake  were  the  embankments  which  di- 
vided it  into  basins  and  acted  as  highways  between  the 
various  towns.  Maspero,  Egypt.  Arehseol.  (trans.),  p.  35. 

Moero  (mwa'ro),or  Meru  (ma'ro),  Lake.  A 
lake  in  central  Africa,  about  lat.  9°  30'  S.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  upper  Kongo. 

Moesia  (me'shia).  [Gr.  Mixfia.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a province  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
ly  ing  north  of  the  Balkans,  south  of  the  Danube, 
and  west  of  the  Black  Sea,  corresponding  nearly 
to  modern  Bulgaria  and  Servia.  It  was  made  a Ro- 
man  province  about  16  B.  C. ; was  divided  later  into  Moesia 
Superior  (in  the  west)  and  Moesia  Inferior  (in  the  east) ; 
and  was  overrun  by  Goths  in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries. 
Mcesogoths  (me'so-goths).  Those  Goths  who, 
after  their  conversion  to  Christianity  by  Ulfilas 
about  the  middle  of  the  4th  century,  settled  in 
Moesia,  and  there,  under  the  protection  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  devoted  themselves  to  agri- 
cultural pursuits.  See  Goths  and  Ulfilas. 

Mofadhdhal  (mo-fad'dal),  Abul  Abbas  A1-. 
Died  784  A.  D.  An  Arabian  poet,  philologist, 
and  genealogist.  His  principal  work  was  a collection 
of  the  most  celebrated  longer  poems  of  the  Arabs,  128  in 
number,  called  after  him  the  “Mofadhdhaliat,”  which  is 
the  oldest  anthology  of  Arabian  poets.  His  other  works 
were  a book  of  proverbs,  a treatise  on  prosody,  and  a vo- 
cabulary. 

Moffat  (mof 'at).  A watering-place  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  43  miles  south  by  west  of  Ed- 
inburgh. It  has  mineral  springs.  Population, 
2,798. 

Moffat,  Robert.  Born  at  Ormiston,  East  Lo- 
thian, Dec.  21,  1795:  died  at  Leigh,  Aug.  8, 
1883.  A celebrated  Scottish  missionary.  For 
a while  he  was  occupied  as  under-gardener,  but  after  a 
course  of  study  he  was  accepted  by  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society  in  1816,  arrived  at  Cape  Town  Jan.  13, 1817, 
and  labored  among  the  Bechuana  until  1870.  By  1826  he 
had  prepared  a spelling-book  of  the  Bechuana  language. 
Parts  of  the  Scriptures  were  translated  into  Bechuana. 
The  New  Testament  was  completed  and  carried  by  him  to 
London  in  1839.  In  London  he  met  David  Livingstone, 
who  married  his  daughter  in  1844.  The  translation  of  the 
Old  Testament  into  Bechuana  was  finished  in  1857.  He 
returned  to  England  finally  in  June,  1870.  He  published 
“Missionary  Labours  in  South  Africa”  (1842). 

Mogador  (mog-a-dor'),  or  Suera  (swa'ra).  A 
seaport  in  Morocco,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  in 
lat.  31°  30'  N. , long.  9°  43'  W.  It  has  important 
commerce.  The  French  bombarded  it  in  1844.  Popula- 
tion, about  19,000. 

Moghileff.  See  Mohileff. 

Mogilas  (mo-ge'las),  or  Mogila.  (mo-ge'la), 
Peter.  Born  about  1596:  died  1647.  A Rus- 
sian prelate  and  theologian.  He  drew  up  the 
“ Orthodox  Confession,”  the  leading  symbol  of 
the  Eastern  Church. 

Mogollon  (mo-go-lyon'  or  mo-go-yon').  [From 
the  mesa  and  mountains  so  named.]  A sub- 
tribe of  the  Gileno  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  in  the  Mogollon  Mountains, 
Arizona.  See  G ileno. 

Mogollon  Mesa.  [For  J.  I.  F.  Mogollon,  Gov. 
of  N.  Mexico,  1712-15.]  See  the  supplement. 
Mogollons.  The  name  of  a range  of  mountains 
in  southwestern  New  Mexico. 

Mogontiacum  (mo-gon-tl'a-kum).  A Roman 
name  of  Mainz. 

Mogridge  (mog'rij),  George.  Born  at  Ashted, 
near  Birmingham,  Feb.  17,  1787 : died  at 
Hastings,  Nov.  2,  1854.  An  English  writer, 
chiefly  of  juveniles.  He  entered  into  the  japan 
trade  in  Birmingham,  and,  failing  in  business, 
took  to  literature.  He  published  the  “ Juvenile 
Culprits”  (1829),  “Juvenile  Moralists”  (1829), 
the  “ Churchyard  Lyrist”  (1832),  “A  Ramble 
in  the  Woods”  (1840),  “Soldiers  and  Sailors” 
(1842),  etc.  He  used  various  pseudonyms, 
including  “Old  Humphrey,”  “Peter  Parley” 
(first  used  by  S.  G.  Goodrich),  etc. 

Mogul  (mo-gul').  Great.  An  Indian  diamond, 
said  to  have  been  seen  at  the  court  of  Aurung- 
Zeb  in  1665,  and  to  have  weighed  280  carats. 
Moguls  (mo-gulz').  The  Mongols  or  Mongolians; 
specifically,  in  history,  the  subjects  of  the  Mo- 
gul empire  (see  below). 

Moguls  (mo-gulz'),  orMughals  (mo'galz),  Em- 
pire of  the.  A Mohammedan  Tatar  empire  in 
India.  It  began  with  Baber,  conqueror  of  Hindustan, 
1526;  and  was  at  its  height  under  Akbar,  Jahangir,  Shah 
Jehan,  and  Aurung-Zeb.  After  the  deat  h of  the  last-named 
(1707),  the  empire  split  up  and  the  power  passed  to  the 
Mahrattas  and  British.  The  last  (nominal)  emperor  was 
deposed  in  1857  (died  1862). 


Mohacs 

Mohacs  (mo'hach).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Baranya,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube 
in  lat.  45°  58'  N.,  long.  18°  37'  E.  Here,  Aug.  29, 
1526,  the  Turks  under  Soliraan  II.  defeated  the  Hunga- 
rians under  Louis  II. ; and  Aug.  12, 1687,  the  Imperialists 
under  Charles  of  Lorraine  inflicted  a crushing  defeat  on 
the  Turks.  Population,  commune,  15,832. 

Mohammed  (mo-ham  'ed),  or  Mahomet  (ma- 
hom'et).  [‘The  praised  one’:  the  name  is  also 
written  Mahomed,  Muhammad  (the  Arabic 
form),  Mahmoud,  Mehemet,  etc.]  Born  at  Mecca, 
Arabia,  about  570:  died  at  Medina,  Arabia, 
June  8,  632.  Tha  founder  of  Mohammedanism, 
or  Islam  (‘surrender,’  namely,  to  God).  He  was 
the  posthumous  son  of  Abdallah  by  his  wife  Amina,  of  the 
family  of  Hashim,  the  noblest  among  the  Koreish,  and 
was  brought  up  in  the  desert  among  the  Banu  Saad  by  a 
Bedouin  woman  named  Halima.  At  the  age  of  six  he  lost 
his  mother,  and  at  eight  his  grandfather,  when  he  was 
cared  for  by  his  uncle  Abu-Talib.  When  about  twelve 
years  old  (682)  he  accompanied  a caravan  to  Syria,  and 
may  on  this  occasion  have  come  for  the  first  time  in  con- 
tact with  Jews  and  Christians.  A few  years  later  he  took 
part  in  the  “sacrilegious  war"  (so  called  because  carried 
on  during  the  sacred  months,  when  fighting  was  for- 
bidden) which  raged  between  the  Koreish  and  the  Banu 
Hawazin  580-590.  He  attended  sundry  preachings  and 
recitations  at  Okatz,  which  may  have  awakened  his  poeti- 
cal and  rhetorical  powers  and  his  religious  feelings  ; and 
for  some  time  was  occupied  as  a shepherd,  to  which  he 
later  refers  as  being  in  accordance  with  his  career  as  a 
prophet,  even  as  it  was  with  that  of  Moses  and  David.  When 
twenty-five  years  old  he  entered  the  service  of  the  widow 
Khadijah,  and  made  a second  journey  to  Syria,  on  which 
he  again  had  an  opportunity  to  come  in  frequent  contact 
with  Jews  and  Christians,  and  to  acquire  some  knowledge 
of  their  religious  teachings.  He  soon  married  Khadijah, 
who  was  fifteen  years  his  senior.  Of  the  six  children 
which  she  bore  him,  Fatima  became  the  most  famous. 
In  605  lie  attained  some  influence  in  Mecca  by  settling 
a dispute  about  the  rebuilding  of  the  Kaaba.  The  im- 
pressions which  he  had  gathered  from  his  contact  with 
Judaism  and  Christianity,  and  from  Arabic  lore,  began 
now  strongly  to  engage  his  mind.  He  frequently  retired 
to  solitary  places,  especially  to  the  cave  of  Moun  t Hira,  north 
of  Mecca.  He  passed  at  that  time  (he  was  then  about 
forty  years  old)  through  great  mental  struggles,  and  re- 
peatedly meditated  suicide.  It  must  have  been  during 
these  lonely  contemplations  that  the  yearnings  for  a mes- 
senger from  God  for  his  people,  and  the  thought  that  he 
himself  might  be  destined  for  this  mission,  were  born  in 
his  ardent  mind.  During  one  of  his  reveries,  in  the 
month  of  Ramadhan,  610,  he  beheld  in  sleep  the  angel 
Gabriel,  who  ordered  him  to  read  from  a scroll  which 
he  held  before  him  the  words  which  begin  the  96th  sura 
(chapter)  of  the  Koran.  After  the  lapse  of  some  time,  a 
second  vision  came,  and  then  the  revelations  began  to  fol- 
low one  another  frequently.  His  own  belief  in  his  mis- 
sion as  apostle  and  prophet  of  God  was  now  firmly  estab- 
lished. The  first  convert  was  his  wife  Khadijah,  then 
followed  his  cousin  and  adopted  son  Ali,  his  other  adopted 
son  Zeid,  and  Abu-Bekr,  afterward  his  father-in-law  and 
first  successor  (calif).  Gradually  about  50  adherents  ral- 
lied about  him.  But  after  three  years’  preaching  the 
mass  of  the  Meccans  rose  against  him,  so  that  part  of  his 
followers  had  to  resort  to  Abyssinia  for  safety  in  614. 
This  is  termed  the  first  hejira.  Mohammed  in  the  mean- 
while continued  his  meetings  in  the  house  of  one  of  his 
disciples,  Arqaan,  in  front  of  the  Kaaba,  which  later  be- 
came known  as  the  “House  of  Islam.”  At  one  time  he 
offered  the  Koreish  a compromise,  admitting  their  gods 
into  his  system  as  intercessors  with  the  Supreme  Being, 
but,  becoming  conscience-stricken,  took  back  his  words. 
The  conversion  of  Hamza  and  Omar  and  39  others  in  615- 
616  strengthened  his  cause.  The  Koreish  excommuni- 
cated Mohammed  and  his  followers,  who  were  forced  to 
live  in  retirement.  In  620,  at  the  pilgrimage,  he  won  over 
to  his  teachings  a small  party  from  Medina.  In  Medina, 
whither  a teacher  was  deputed,  the  new  religion  spread 
rapidly.  To  this  period  belongs  the  vision  or  dream  of 
the  miraculous  ride,  on  the  winged  horse  Borak,  to  Jeru- 
salem, where  he  was  received  by  the  prophets,  and  thence 
ascended  to  heaven.  In  622  more  than  70  persons  from 
Medina  bound  themselves  to  stand  by  Mohammed.  The 
Meccans  proposed  to  kill  him,  and  he  fled  on  the  20th  of 
June,  622,  to  Medina.  This  is  known  as  the  hejira  (‘the 
flight1),  and  marks  the  beginning  of  the  Mohammedan  era. 
This  event  formed  a turning-point  in  the  activity  of  Mo- 
hammed. He  was  thus  far  a religious  preacher  and  per- 
suader ; he  became  in  his  Medinian  period  a legislator  and 
warrior.  He  built  there  in  623  the  first  mosque,  and  married 
Ayesha.  In  624  the  first  battle  for  the  faith  took  place  be- 
tween Mohammed  and  the  Meccans  in  the  plain  of  Bedr,  in 
which  the  latter  were  defeated.  At  this  time,  also,  Mo- 
hammed began  bitterly  to  inveigh  against  the  Jews,  who 
did  not  recognize  his  claims  to  be  the  “greater  prophet” 
promised  by  Moses.  He  changed  the  attitude  of  prayer 
(kibla)from  the  direction  of  Jerusalem  to  thatof  the  Kaaba 
in  Mecca,  appointed  Friday  as  the  day  for  public  worship, 
and  instituted  the  fast  of  Ramadhan  and  the  tithe  or  poor- 
rate.  The  Jewish  tribe  of  the  Banu  Kainuka,  settled  at 
Medina,  was  driven  out ; while  of  another  Jewish  tribe,  the 
Banu  Kuraiza,  all  the  men,  700  in  number,  were  massacred. 
In  625  Mohammed  and  his  followers  were  defeated  by  the 
Meccans  in  the  battle  of  Ohud.  The  following  years  were 
filled  out  with  expeditions.  One  tribe  after  another  sub- 
mitted to  Mohammed)  until  in  631  something  like  a defi- 
nite Mohammedan  empire  was  established.  In  632  the 
prophet  made  his  last  pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  known  as  the 
“farewell  pilgrimage,”  or  the  pilgrimage  of  the  “an- 
nouncement” or  of  “Islam.”  In  the  same  year  he  died 
while  planning  an  expedition  against  the  frontier  of  the 
Byzantine  empire.  Mohammed  was  a little  above  the 
middle  height,  of  a commanding  figure,  and  is  described  as 
being  of  a modest,  tender,  and  generous  disposition.  His 
manner  of  life  was  very  simple  and  frugal.  He  mended 
his  own  clothes,  and  his  common  diet  was  barley-bread 
and  water.  But  he  enjoyed  perfumes  and  the  charms  of 
women.  His  character  appears  composed  of  the  strongest 
inconsistencies.  He  could  be  tender,  kind,  and  liberal, 


695 

but  on  occasions  indulged  in  cruel  and  perfidious  assassi- 
nations. With  regard  to  his  prophetic  claims,  it  is  as 
difficult  to  assume  that  he  was  sincere  throughout,  or 
self-deceived,  as  that  he  was  throughout  an  impostor.  In 
his  doctrines  there  is  practically  nothing  original.  The 
legends  of  the  Koran  are  chiefly  drawn  from  the  Old 
Testament  and  the  rabbinical  literature,  which  Mo- 
hammed must  have  learned  from  a Jew  near  Mecca, 
though  he  presents  them  as  original  revelations  by  the 
angel  Gabriel.  See  Koran. 

Mohammed  I.,  or  Mahomet.  Sultan  of  the 
Turks  1413-21,  a younger  brother  of  Bajazet  I. 
Mohammed  II.,  surnamed  “The  Conqueror” 
and  “The  Great.”  Born  about  1430 : died  1481. 
Sultan  of  Turkey  1451-81,  son  of  Amurath  H. 
whom  he  succeeded.  He  besieged  and  captured  Con- 
stantinople in  1453 ; and  conquered  the  Morea,  Servia,  Bos- 
nia, and  Albania,  and  made  the  Crimea  a dependency  of 
Turkey  (1475).  He  was  defeated  by  Hunyadi  at  Belgrad 
in  1456,  and  unsuccessfully  besieged  Rhodes  in  1480. 

Mohammed  III.  Died  1603.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1595-1603,  son  of  Amurath  III.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. His  army  defeated  the  Imperialists 
at  Keresztes  in  1596. 

Mohammed  IV.  Born  about  1641 : died  1691. 
Sultan  of  Turkey  1648-87,  son  of  Ibrahim  whom 
he  succeeded.  He  was  deposed  as  a result  of  the  re- 
verses sustained  by  his  arms  at  Vienna  (1683)  and  Mohdcs 
(1687). 

Mohammed  Ali.  See  Mehemet  Ali. 
Mohammedan  Empire.  See  Calif  Moham- 
med. 

Mohammerah  (mo-ham'me-ra) . A small  town 
in  the  province  of  Khuzistan,  Persia,  on  the 
Karun  near  the  Turkish  frontier. 

Moharram.  See  Muharram. 

Mohave  (mo-ha' va).  [PL,  also  Mohaves.  The 
name  means  ‘three  mountains.’]  A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  living,  since  first 
known,  on  the  Colorado  River,  chiefly  on  the 
east  side,  from  the  Needles  (whence  their  name) 
northward  to  the  Black  Canon.  Now  mostly 
under  the  Ft.  Mohave  and  Colorado  Eiver 
school  superintendents.  See  Yuman. 

Mohave  (mo-ha' va.)  Desert.  A low-lying  ba- 
sin in  San  Bernardino  County,  southeastern 
California. 

Mohawk  ( mo 'hak).  [PL,  also  Mohaiclcs.  Narra- 
ganset  Mohowauuck,  they  eat  (animate)  things, 
hence  man-eaters.  They  called  themselves 
Kaniengehaga,  people  of  the  place  of  the  flint.] 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  Their  vil- 
lages were  along  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk  River,  New 
York,  but  they  claimed  the  territory  north  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  south  to  the  Delaware  River  watershed  and  the 
Catskill  Mountains.  They  number  about  1,500. 

Mohawk  (mo'hak).  A river  in  New  York  which 
joins  the  Hudson  9 miles  north  of  Albany,  it 
forms  the  Cohoes  Falls  (70  feet  high)  near  its  mouth. 
Length,  about  176  miles. 

Mohegan (mo-he'gan),  orMonhegan(mon-he'- 
gan ) . A tribe  of  N orth  American  Indians . They 
once  lived  chiefly  on  Thames  River,  Connecticut,  and 
claimed  a large  territory  extending  eastward  into  Massa- 
chusetts and  PJiode  Island  and  west  along  the  coast  to 
Guilford.  After  the  destruction  of  the  Pequots  in  1637 
they  claimed  their  country.  They  had  once  formed  one 
tribe  with  those  Indians  under  Sassacus  against  whom 
Uncas  rebelled  and  led  the  Thames  River  band.  On  the 
fall  of  Sassacus  in  1637,  most  of  the  survivors  of  the  Pe- 
quots came  under  the  Mohegan  chief.  After  the  death 
of  King  Philip  in  1676,  the  Mohegan  were  the  only  im- 
portant body  in  the  region.  They  became  scattered,  some 
joining  the  Brotherton  Indians  in  New  York.  See  Mahican 
and  Algonquian. 

Mohican.  See  Mahican. 

Mohileff,  or  Mogilef  (mo-ge-lef').  A govern- 
ment of  western  Eussia,  surrounded  by  the 
governments  of  Vitebsk,  Smolensk,  Tchemi- 
gofli,  and  Minsk.  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating. 
The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  It  belonged  formerly 
to  Lithuania,  and  was  annexed  by  Russia  in  1772.  Area, 
18,514  square  miles.  Population,  2,114,600. 

Mohileff-  (orMoghileff-)  on-the-Bnieper.  The 

capital  of  the  government  of  Mohilelf,  situated 
on  the  Dnieper  about  lat.  53°  55'  N.,  long.  30° 
12'  E.  It  has  a flourishing  trade.  Near  it,  July  23, 1812, 
the  French  under  Davout  defeated  the  Russians  under 
Bagration.  Population,  47,591. 

Mohileff-  (or  Moghileff-)  on-the-Dniester.  A 

town  in  the  government  of  Podolia,  Eussia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Dniester  about  lat.  48°  25'  N., 
long.  27°  50'  E.  Population,  32,297. 

Mohl  (mol),  Hugo  von.  Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
temberg,  April  8,  1805:  died  at  Tubingen, Wtir- 
temberg,  April  1,  1872.  A German  botanist, 
brother  of  Eobert  von  Mohl : professor  of  botany 
at  Tubingen  from  1835.  He  was  an  authority 
on  vegetable  anatomy  and  physiology. 

Mohl,  Julius  von.  Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  Oct.  28,  1800:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4, 1876. 
A German-French  Orientalist,  brother  of  Eobert 
von  Mohl.  He  became  professor  of  Oriental  literature 
at  Tiibingen  in  1826  ; resided  1826-27  and  1830-31  at  Lon- 


Moivre 

don  and  Oxford ; and  was  appointed  professor  of  Persian 
in  the  Collfege  de  France  in  1845.  He  edited  the  “ Shana- 
mah”  (1838-68),  etc. 

Mohl,  Robert  von.  Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Aug.  17,  1799:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  5, 

1875.  A German  jurist.  He  published  works  on  con- 
stitutional law,  political  science,  etc.,  including  “Ge- 
schichte  und  Litteratur  der  Staatswissenschaft  ” (1855-58), 
“ Staatsrecht,  Volkerrecht  und  Politik  ” (1860-69). 

Mohler  (me'ler),  Johann  Adam.  Born  at  Igers- 
heim,  Wiirtemberg,  May  6,  1796:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, April  12,  1838.  A German  Eoman  Catho- 
lic theologian,  professor  at  Tubingen,  and  after 
1835  at  Munich.  His  chief  work  is  “ Symbolik” 
(1832). 

Mohn  (mon).  A small  island  in  the  Baltic  Sea, 
belonging  to  Livonia,  Eussia,  situated  north- 
east of  Osel. 

Mohoce.  See  Tusayan. 

Mohocks  (mo'hoks).  Buffians  who  infested  the 
streets  of  London  about  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century:  so  called  from  the  Indian  tribe 
Mohawks  or  Mohocks. 

In  1712  a tribe  of  young  men  of  the  higher  classes,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Mohocks,  were  accustomed  nightly 
to  sally  out  drunk  into  the  streets  to  hunt  the  passers-by 
and  to  subject  them  in  mere  wantonness  to  the  most  atro- 
cious outrages.  . . . Matrons  inclosed  in  barrels  were 
rolled  down  the  steep  and  stony  incline  of  Snow  Hill. 
Watchmen  were  unmercifully  beaten  and  their  noses  slit. 
Country  gentlemen  went  to  the  theatre,  as  if  in  time  of  war, 
accompanied  by  their  armed  retainers.  A bishop’s  son  was 
said  to  be  one  of  the  gang,  and  a baronet  was  among  those 
who  were  arrested. 

Leclcy,  England  in  the  18tll  Century,  I.  522,  523. 

Mohotze.  See  Tusayan. 

Mohr  (mor),  Eduard.  Born  at  Bremen,  Feb. 

19,  1828:  died  at  Malange,  Africa,  Nov.  26, 

1876.  A German  traveler.  He  visited  Polynesia, 
the  Bering  Sea,  and  California ; traveled  in  Natal,  Zulu- 
land,  and  Matabeleland  in  1866-67  and  1869-70 ; and  died 
at  Malange,  Angola,  where  he  was  recruiting  carriers  for 
an  exploration  of  Lunda  and  adjoining  countries.  He  pub- 
lished “Reise-  und  Jagdbilder  aus  der  Siidsee”  (1868)  and 
“Nach  den  Victoria  Fallen  des  Zambesi”  (1875). 

Mohr,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Coblenz,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  4,  1806:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Sept. 
27, 1879.  A German  chemist  and  physicist,  pro- 
fessor of  pharmacy  at  Bonn  from  1867. 
Mohrungen  (mo'rong-en).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia, 60  miles  south- 
east of  Dantzic.  Here,  Jan.  25, 1807,  the  French 
under  Bernadotte  defeated  the  Eussiaus. 
Mohs  (mos),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Gernrode,  An- 
halt, Germany,  Jan.  29,  1773 : died  at  Agordo, 
near  Bellimo,  Italy,  Sept.  29,  1839.  A German 
mineralogist,  professor  successively  at  Gratz, 
Freiberg,  and  Vienna.  He  wrote  “Grundriss 
der  Mineralogie”  (1822-24),  etc. 

Mohun  (mo'hun),  Charles,  fifth  Baron  Mohun. 
Born  about  1675 : killed  in  a duel  in  Hyde  Park, 
London,  Nov.  15,  1712.  An  English  desperado, 
the  eldest  son  of  Charles,  fourth  Baron  Mohun. 
On  Dec.  9, 1692,  he  was  associated  with  Captain  Richard  Hill 
in  the  murder  of  William  Mountfort  the  actor.  From  1694 
to  1697  he  served  in  Flanders.  A f ter  1699  he  sat  in  the  House 
of  Lords  as  a stanch  Whig.  He  was  repeatedly  engaged 
in  duels,  and  twice  tried  for  murder  and  acquitted.  In 
1701  he  was  involved  in  a protracted  lawsuit  with  James 
Douglas,  fourth  duke  of  Hamilton,  over  the  estate  of  the 
Earl  of  Macclesfield,  which  resulted  in  a duel  and  the 
death  of  both  parties.  This  duel  (Mohun  being  represented 
by  a fictitious  “Harry”  Mohun)  figures  in  Thackeray’s 
“Henry  Esmond.” 

Mohun,  Michael.  Born  about  1625:  died  at 
London,  Oct.,  1684.  An  English  actor.  Before 
the  civil  war  he  performed  under  Beeston  at  the  Cockpit, 
Drury  Lane.  He  fought  as  captain  in  the  army  of  Charles 
I.  and  in  Flanders.  He  returned  with  Charles  II. , and  was 
with  Killigrew’s  company  1660-63.  Pepys  calls  him  the 
“best  actor  in  the  world,”  and  he  was  said  to  “speak  as 
Shakspere  wrote.”  He  played  at  the  Theatre  Royal  after 
April  8,  1663,  and  in  the  theater  of  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields 
after  1672.  He  was  very  versatile,  and  played  with  equal 
ease  a succession  of  classical  heroes,  modern  rakes,  sim- 
pletons, etc. 

Moigno  (mwan-yo'),  Francois  Napoleon  Ma- 
rie. BornatGu6m6n6,  Morbihan,  France,  April 

20,  1804:  died  at  St.  Denis,  July  13,  1884.  A 
French  mathematician  and  scientist.  He  wrote 
“Le9ons  de  calcul”  (1840-44),  etc. 

Moir  (moir),  David  Macbeth:  pseudonym 
Delta.  Born  at  Musselburgh,  Jan.  5, 1798 : died 
at  Dumfries,  July  6,  1851.  A Scottish  author. 
Among  his  works  are  poems,  the  tale  “ Autobiography  of 
Mansie  Wauch  ” (1828),  **  Sketches  of  the  Poetical  Litera- 
ture of  the  Tast  Half-Century  ” (1S51),  etc. 

Moira,  Earl  of.  See  Hastings,  Francis  liawdon. 
Moirai.  See  Mcerse. 

Moissac  (mwiis-sak').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tam-et-Garonne,  southern  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Tarn  15  miles  northwest  of  Mon- 
tauban.  The  abbey  church.  St.-Pierre  et  St. -Paul,  is  re- 
markable for  the  porch  of  its  narthex  and  for  its  cloister. 
Population,  commune,  8,218. 

Moivre  (mwa-vr),  Abraham  de.  Born  at  Vitry, 
Champagne,  France,  May  26, 1667 : died  at  Lon- 


Moivre 

don,  Nov.  27, 1754.  A noted  French  mathema- 
tician. He  published  “Doctrine  of  Chances”  (1718), 
etc.,  and  invented  the  mathematical  formula  named  from 
him  “ De  Moivre's  theorem.  ” 

Moja.  See  Mojos. 

Moj&car  (mo-Ha'kar).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Almeria,  southern  Spain,  situated  near  the 
coast  100  miles  east  of  Granada.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Moors  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in 
1488.  It  has  a ruined  castle.  Population, 
4,427. 

Mojaisk.  See  Mozhaisk. 

Mojave.  See  Mohave. 

Mojos  (mo'lioz).  An  Indian  tribe  of  northern 
Bolivia,  living  about  the  great  head  streams 
of  the  Madeira  River,  especially  on  the  Ma- 
mor£.  They  were  a mild,  agricultural  race,  readily  re- 
ceived the  Jesuit  missionaries  in  the  17th  century,  and 
have  ever  since  remained  devout  Catholics.  Fifteen  large 
missions  were  established  in  their  territory,  and  still  exist 
as  villages : the  largest,  Trinidad  (founded  1687),  is  now 
the  capital  of  Beni.  The  Mojos  are  much  sought  after  as 
canoemen  and  rubber-gatherers.  The  tribe  has  been 
greatly  reduced,  principally  by  epidemics,  but  is  still  said 
to  number  30,000  (perhaps  too  high  an  estimate,  as  all  the 
mission  Indians  are  classed  with  them).  They  belong  to 
the  great  Arawak  stock.  Also  written  Moxos. 

Mokanna  (mo-kan'nii)  (surname  of  Atha  ben 
Hakem).  [Ar.,‘  veiled.’]  Killed  about  780.  A 
Mohammedan  impostor  in  Khorasan.  He  is  the 
hero  of  the  “Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan  ” in  the  first  part 
of  Moore's  “ Lalla  Itookh.” 

Mokattam  (mo-kat'am)  Hills.  A low  range 
near  Cairo  in  Egypt,  noted  for  its  quarries. 
Moki.  See  Tusayan. 

Moko  (mo'ko).  [PL,  also  Mokos.]  An  African 
tribe  inland  from  Old  Calabar,  between  the 
Kamerun  Mountains  and  the  Cross  River.  In 
America  all  slaves  shipped  from  Old  Calabar 
used  to  be  called  Mokos. 

Mokshan  (mok-shan').  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Penza,  Russia,  about  27  miles 
north-northwest  of  Penza.  Population,  11,600. 
Mola  (mo'la).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Bari, 
Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  12  miles 
southeast  of  Bari.  Pop.,  commune,  13,962. 
Mola,  Pietro  Francesco,  called  Mola  di 
Roma.  Born  at  Coldre,  near  Como,  about 
1621:  died  at  Rome  about  1665.  An  Italian 
landscape-painter. 

Mola  di  Gaeta.  See  Formia. 

Molale  (mo-la'la),  or  Molele  (mo-la'la).  The 
western  tribe  of  the  Waiilatpuan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians  : originally  an  offshoot  of  the 
Cayuse.  They  are  essentially  mountain  Indians,  dwell- 
ing in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  at  various  points 
between  Mount  Hood  (in  Clackamas  County)  and  Mount 
Scott  (in  Klamath  County).  There  are  a few  on  the 
Grande  Ronde  reservation,  Oregon,  and  some  in  the  moun- 
tains west  of  Klamath  Lake.  See  Waiilatpuan. 

Molay,  or  Molai  (mo-la'),  Jacques  de.  Born 
in  Burgundy:  burned  at  Paris,  March  18,  1314. 
The  last  grand  master  of  the  Templars,  1298- 
1314.  See  Templars. 

Molbech  (mol'bech),  Christian.  Bornat  Soroo, 
Denmark,  Oct.  8,  1783:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
June  23, 1857.  A noted  Danish  philologist  and 
historian.  Among  his  philological  works  are  a "Danish 
Dictionary  ” (1833),  a “ Danish  Dialect-Lexicon  " (1833-41), 
etc. 

Molbech,  Christian  Knud  Frederik.  Born  at 
Copenhagen,  July  20,  1821:  died  at  Kiel,  May 
20,  1888.  A Danish  poet  and  dramatist.  He 
studied  at  the  Copenhagen  University  after  1839.  In  1840 
appeared  a first  volume  of  poems,  “Billeder  af  Jesu 
Liv  " (“  Pictures  from  the  Life  of  Jesus”).  The  romantic 
drama “Klintekongens  Brud”(“The  Bride  of  the  Moun- 
tain King  ')  appeared  in  1845,  in  which  year  also  was 
produced  the  drama  “ Venusbjerget  ”(“  The  Venusberg  ”). 
A collection  of  poems  with  the  title  " Dajmring  ”(“  Twi- 
light") appeared  in  185L  “Dante,"  a tragedy,  is  from 
1852.  In  1863  he  was  made  professor  of  the  Danish  lan- 
guage and  literature  at  Kiel,  which  position  he  held  until 
1864,  when  he  returned  to  Copenhagen  and  began  work 
as  a journalist.  In  1863  had  appeared  “Digte  lyriske  og 
dramatiske”  (“Poems  Lyric  and  Dramatic”).  Afterward, 
as  censor  at  the  royal  theater,  he  again  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  drama,  and  wrote  the  comedy  “ Renteskrive- 
ren”  (“The  Financier"),  and  the  dramas  “Ambrosius" 
and  “Faraos  Ring”  (“Pharaoh's  Ring”).  He  was  also 
the  translator  of  Dante’s  “ Divine  Comedy"  (“Guddomlige 
Komedie,”  the  first  part  of  which  appeared  in  1861). 
Mold  (mold).  A town  in  Flintshire,  North 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Alyn  18  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Liverpool.  Population,  4,263.  See 
Hallelujah  Victory. 

Moldau  (mol'dou).  The  principal  river  in  Bo- 
hemia. It  rises  in  the  Bohmerwald,  flows  past  Prague, 
and  joins  the  Elbe  18  miles  north  of  Prague.  Length,  260 
miles. 

Moldavia(mol-da'vi-ii),  G.  Moldau  (mol'dou), 
F.  Moldavie  (mol-d;i-ve').  A former  princi- 
pality, now  a part  of  Rumania.  Chief  city, 
Jassy.  It  is  bounded  by  Bukowina  on  the  north,  Russia 


696 

(separated  by  the  Pruth)  on  the  east,  Wallachia  on  the 
south,  and  Transylvania  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on 
the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  west,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Sereth.  It  was  founded  early  in  the  14th  century 
(9ee  the  extract) ; became  tributary  to  Turkey  early  in  the 
16th  century ; was  ruled  for  more  than  a century  (until  1821) 
by  Fanariot  families ; and  was  frequently  under  Russian  in- 
fluence. Alexander  John  Cusa  was  elected  prince  in  1859.  It 
was  formally  united  with  Wallachia  in  1861.  See  Rumania. 

Another  Rouman  migration,  passing  from  the  land  of 
Marmaros  north  of  Transsilvania,  founded  the  principality 
of  Moldavia  between  the  Carpathians  and  the  Dniester. 
This  too  stood  to  the  Hungarian  crown  in  the  same  shift- 
ing relation  as  Great  Wallachia,  and  sometimes  trans- 
ferred its  vassalage  to  Lithuania  and  Poland. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  452. 

Mole  (mo-la'),  Comte  Louis  Matthieu.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1781:  died  at  his  Chateau 
Champlatreux,  Nov.  25,  1855.  A French  poli- 
tician, minister  of  foreign  affairs  1830,  and  pre- 
mier 1836-39. 

Mole,  Matthieu.  Born  1584:  died  1656.  A 
French  politician.  He  was  appointed  president  of  the 
Parliament  of  Paris  by  Richelieu  in  1641,  a post  which  he 
retained  until  1653.  He  became  keeper  of  the  great  seal 
in  1651. 

Molech  (mo'lek),  or  Moloch  (mo'lok).  [‘King.’ 
In  1 Ki.  xi.  7,  he  is  mentioned  as  an  idol  of  the 
Ammonites,  but  the  worship  of  Molech  was 
spread  among  all  the  Canaanitish  and  Semitic 
tribes.]  A form  of  Baal,  the  sun-god,  or  the 
personification  of  the  male  generative  principle 
in  nature.  Molech  represents  the  sun  in  his  fierce  de- 
structive aspect.  The  worship  of  Molech  consisted  in  of- 
fering human  sacrifices.  The  god  was  represented  with  a 
bull's  head  and  long  arms  to  receive  the  victims,  which 
were  lifted  up  to  an  opening  in  the  breast  of  the  brass 
statue  and  rolled  into  the  furnace  blazing  inside.  Whe- 
ther the  victims  were  first  killed,  or  were  burned  alive,  is 
a disputed  question.  The  worship  of  Molech  was  at  dif- 
ferent periods  introduced  into  Israel,  with  its  principal 
place  in  the  valley  of  Hinnom : so  under  Ahaz  (king  of 
Judah  734-728  B.  C.),  Manasseh  (697-642),  and  Amon  (642- 
640).  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  malik  (‘ruler,’  prop- 
erly ‘decider’)  can  be  the  epithet  of  any  god,  but  it  is  es- 
pecially applied  to  Adar,  who  is  among  others  the  god 
of  the  destructive  south  or  midday  sun,  and  in  the  Old 
Testament  is  called  Adrammelech  (Adar-malik) : to  him 
children  were  sacrificed  (2  Ki.  xvii.  31),  although  in  the 
Assyrian-Babylonian  literature  no  reference  to  human  sac- 
rifices in  honor  of  a divinity  has  been  found.  At  Carthage 
the  bloody  rites  of  Molech  were  officially  suppressed  by 
the  emperor  Tiberius  (14-37  A.  i>.). 

Molele.  See  Molale. 

Molenbeek-Saint- Jean  (mo  - Ion  - bak ' san  - 

zhon').  A northwestern  suburb  of  Brussels. 
Population,  70,926. 

Moleschott  (mo'le-skot),  Jacob.  Born  at  Bois- 
le-Duc,  Netherlands,  Aug.  9, 1822 : died  at  Rome, 
May  20,  1893.  A noted  Dutch-Italian  physiolo- 
gist, professor  of  physiology  successively  at 
Zurich  (1856),  Turin  (1861),  and  Rome  (1879). 
He  was  made  a senator  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1876. 
Among  his  work3  are  “Physiologie  der  Nahrungsmittel  ” 
(“Physiology  of  Food, ”1850),“  Lehre  der  Nahrungsmittel  ” 
(1850 : Eng.  trans.  as  “Chemistry  of  Food  and  Diet,”  1856), 
“ Der  Kreislauf  des  Lebens  ’’  (1852),  etc. 

Mol6son  (mo-la-zon').  A noted  peak  and  point 
of  view  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg,  Switzerland, 
18  miles  east  of  Lausanne.  Height,  6,578  feet. 

Molesworth  (molz'werth),  Richard,  third  Vis- 
count Molesworth.  Born  in  1680:  died  Oct.  12, 
1758.  An  English  field-marshal,  second  son  of 
Robert,  first  Viscount  Molesworth.  He  was  en- 
tered at  the  Temple,  but  abandoned  thelawand  joined  the 
army  in  Holland.  He  was  present  at  Blenheim,  and  was 
one  of  Marlborough’s  aides-de-camp  at  Ramillies  on  May 
23,  1706,  when  he  saved  the  duke's  life.  In  1735  he  was 
made  major-general ; in  1739  lieutenant-general  in  Ireland; 
in  1751  commander-in-cbief  in  Ireland ; and  in  1757  field- 
marshal. 

Molesworth,  Sir  William.  Born  at  London, 
May  23,  1810:  died  there,  Oct.  22,  1855.  An 
English  baronet  and  politician,  son  of  Sir  Ars- 
cott-Ourry  Molesworth.  He  entered  Cambridge,  but 
finished  his  education  at  Edinburgh  University.  He  lived 
in  southern  Europe  until  1831,  when  he  took  part  in  the 
reform  movement , and  was  returned  member  of  Parliament 
for  East  Cornwall  in  1832.  He  associated  himself  with 
Grote  and  J.  S.  Mill,  and  was  disliked  for  his  infidel  opin- 
ions. In  April,  1835,  he  started  the  “London  Review." 
His  special  work  was  in  colonial  policy.  His  edition  of 
Hobbes’s  works  was  published  in  16  volumes  from  1839  to 
1845.  In  July,  1855,  he  was  appointed  colonial  secretary. 

Molesworth,  William  N assau.  Born  at  Mill- 
brook,  near  Southampton,  Nov.  8, 1816:  died  at 
Rochdale,  Dec.  19, 1890.  An  English  historian. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1839,  and  in  1844  w’as  ap- 
pointed vicar  of  Spotland,  near  Rochdale.  He  was  a friend 
of  John  Bright.  His  chief  works  are  a “History  of  Eng- 
land from  1830  ” (1871-73),  a “ History  of  the  Reform  BUI 
of  1832  ” (1864),  a “ History  of  the  Church  of  England  from 
1660  "(1882). 

Molfetta  (mol-fet'ta).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic 16  miles  northwest  of  Bari.  Population, 
40,135. 

Moliere  (mo-lyar'):  the  stage  name  of  Jean 
Baptiste  Poquelin  (pok-lan').  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  15, 1622 : died  there,  Feb.  17, 1673.  A cele- 


Molique 

brated  French  dramatist  and  actor,  the  great- 
est French  writer  of  comedies.  He  graduated 
from  the  Jesuits’ College  in  Paris,  after  spending  five  years 
in  the  companionship  of  Chapelle,  Bernier,  and  Cyrano  de 
Bergerac  (1636-41).  Even  before  graduation  Molitre  was 
promised  the  office  of  tapissier  valet  de  chambre  to  the 
king,  a distinction  already  held  by  his  family  for  two  gen- 
erations. He  was  not  yet  twenty  when  he  followed  the 
court  to  Narbonne  on  the  memorable  trip  that  witnessed 
the  execution  of  Cinq- Mars  and  the  last  victory  of  Riche- 
lieu. At  twenty-three  he  began  to  devote  his  entire  time 
to  acting  and  play-writing.  At  the  head  of  a troop  of  ac- 
tors he  performed  in  Paris  and  the  provinces  (1643-58).  He 
settled  down  finally  at  Paris,  where  he  was  very  successful 
until  1666.  From  that  time  on,  the  enmities  contracted  in 
his  public  career  and  the  troubles  in  his  own  house  embit- 
tered his  life,  told  on  his  work,  and  probably  hastened  his 
death.  He  was  seized  with  illness  while  acting  the  “ Ma- 
lade  imaginaire”  for  the  first  time,  and  died  a few  hours 
later,  at  his  own  house,  from  hemorrhage.  His  comedies 
include  “Les,  prdcieuses  ridicules  ” (1669),  “Lcole  des  ma- 
ria "(1661),  “Ecole  des  femmes  " (1662),  “ Le  mariage  f orcd  " 
(1664),  “Le  misanthrope  "(1666),  “Le  mddecinmalgrb  lui " 
(1668),  “Tartufe”(1667),  “Amphitryon”(1668),  “L’Avare” 
(1668),  “Le  bourgeois  gentilhomme  " (1670),  “Lesfourbe- 
ries deScapin "(1671),  “Les  femmes  savantes " (1672),  “Le 
malade  imaginaire  ” (1673),  etc.  His  works  were  published 
for  the  first  time  as  “ (Euvres  de  M.  Molitre  ” (1674).  The 
first  complete  set,  edited  by  Yinot  and  La  Grange,  was  en- 
titled “G5uvres  de  M.  -Molitre,  revues,  corrigbes  et  aug- 
mentdes  ” (1682).  The  best  modern  edition  of  Molibre’s 
complete  plays  was  made  by  Despois  (finished  by  Paul  Mes- 
nard)  in  the  “Collection  des  grands  dcrivains  ’’  (1873-89). 

Independently  of  the  characters  which  Moliere  shares 
with  aU  the  great  names  of  literature,  his  fertility  and 
justness  of  thought,  the  felicity  of  the  expression  in  which 
he  clothes  it,  and  his  accurate  observation  of  human  life, 
there  are  two  points  in  his  drama  which  belong,  in  the 
highest  degree,  to  him  alone.  One  is  the  extraordinary 
manner  in  which  he  manages  to  imbue  farce  and  burlesque 
with  the  true  spirit  of  refined  comedy.  This  manner  has 
been  spoken  of  by  unfriendly  critics  as  “ exaggerated,” 
but  the  reproach  argues  a deficiency  of  perception.  Even 
the  most  roaring  farces  of  Moliere,  even  9uch  pieces  as  “ M. 
de  Pourceaugnac  ’’  and  the  “Bourgeois  Gentilhomme,”  de- 
mand rank  as  legitimate  comedy,  owing  to  his  unmatched 
faculty  of  intimating  a general  purpose  under  the  cloak  of 
the  merely  ludicrous  incidents  which  aremade  to  surround 
the  fortunes  of  a particular  person.  Thi9  general  pur- 
pose (and  here  we  come  to  the  second  point)  is  invariably 
a moral  one.  Of  all  dramatists,  ancient  and  modern,  Mc- 
ltere  is  perhaps  that  one  who  has  borne  most  constantly  in 
mind  the  theory  that  the  stage  is  a lay  pulpit,  and  that  its 
end  is  not  merely  amusement,  but  the  reformation  of 
manners  by  means  of  amusing  spectacles.  ...  In  bril- 
liancy of  wit  he  is,  among  dramatists,  inferior  only  to  Aris- 
tophanes and  Congreve.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  311. 

Molina  (mo-le'na),  Alonso  de.  Bom  in  Esca- 
lona  about  1510:  died  at  Mexico,  1585  (f).  A 
Spanish  Franciscanmissionary.  He  went  to  Mexico 
when  a child,  early  learned  the  Nahuatl  tongue,  and  acted 
as  interpreter  to  the  first  Franciscan  missionaries,  subse- 
quently joining  the  order.  His  books  on  the  Nahuatl 
language  were  among  the  earliest  printed  in  America,  and 
are  greatly  prized  by  bibliophilists. 

Molina,  Jnan  Ignacio.  Bom  in  Talca,  Chile, 
June  23,  1737 : died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  12, 
1829.  A Jesuit  historian.  After  the  expulsion  of 
his  order  (1767)  he  lived  in  Italy,  and  in  1774  settled  at 
Bologna.  His  principal  works  are  “Saggio  sulla  storia 
naturale  di  Chile  ’’  (1782)  and  “ Saggio  della  storia  civile  di 
Chile  ” (1787).  They  were  widely  read,  and  there  are  many 
editions  in  various  languages. 

Molina,  Luis.  Bom  at  Cuenca,  New  Castile, 
1535 : died  at  Madrid,  Oct.  12, 1600.  A Spanish 
Jesuit  theologian.  He  propounded  in  1588  the  doc- 
trine that  the  efficacy  of  divine  grace  depends  simply  on 
the  will  which  accepts  it  — that  grace  is  a free  gift  to  all, 
but  that  the  consent  of  the  will  is  requisite  in  order  that 
grace  may  be  efficacious.  His  chief  work  is  “Liberi  arbi- 
trii,  etc.,  Concordia”  (1588). 

Molinara  (mo-le-na'ra),  La.  [It.,  ‘ The  Miller- 
ess  or  Mill  Girl.’]  An  opera  by  Paisiello,  pro- 
duced at  Naples  in  1788,  in  London  in  1803. 

Moline  (mo-len' ).  A city  in  Rock  Island  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  near  Rock 
Island.  Population,  24,199,  (1910). 

Molinella  (mo-le-nel'la).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bologna,  Italy,  19miles  N.E.of  Bologna. 
Population,  town,  3,662;  commune,  12,041. 

Molinists  (mo'li-nists).  1.  Those  who  hold  the 
opinions  of  Luis  Molina  in  respect  to  grace, 
free  will,  and  predestination . — 2 . The  Quietists, 
or  followers  of  Miguel  Molinos,  who  taught  the 
direct  relationship  between  the  soul  and  God. 

Molino  del  Rey  (mo-le'no  del  ra').  [Sp., ‘ king’s 
mill.’]  A place  about  4 miles  west  of  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  i mile  from  Chapultepec 
Castle,  which  commands  it.  Here,  in  1847,  were 
several  massive  stone  buildings  used  as  mills  and  foun- 
dries. These  buildings,  defended  by  4,000  Mexicans  under 
Leon  and  Perez,  were  stormed  by  about  the  same  number 
of  United  States  troops  under  Worth,  Sept.  8.  The  battle 
was  one  of  the  hardest  fought  of  the  war,  and  the  loss  on 
both  sides  was  heavy. 

Molinos  (mo-le'nos),  Miguel.  Bom  at  or  near 
Saragossa,  Spain,  Dec.  21,  1640 : died  at  Rome, 
Dec.  29,  1696.  A Spanish  mystic,  founder  of 
t he  Quietists.  He  was  condemned  by  the  Inquisition 
in  1687.  His  most  noted  work  is  • ‘Guida  spirituale  ’’(“Spiri- 
tual  Guide,”  1675). 

Molique  (mo-lek'),  Wilhelm  Bernhard.  Bom 

at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Oct.  7,  1802:  died  at 


Molique 

Cannstatt,  Wiirtemberg,  May  10,  1869.  A Ger- 
man violinist,  and  composer  especially  for  the 
violin.  Spohr  gave  him  a few  lessons,  and  he  studied  at 
Munich  with  Rovelli.  He  was  leader  of  the  royal  band  at 
Stuttgart  1826-49.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to  England, 
where  he  taught  and  passed  the  rest  of  his  professional 
life.  In  1866  he  retired  to  Cannstatt. 

Molise  (mo-le'se).  A former  province  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  now  the  province  of  Campo- 
basso,  in  the  compartimento  of  Abruzzi  and 
Molise,  Italy. 

Moliterno  (mo-le-ter'no).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Basilicata,  southern  Italy. 

Molitor  (mo-le-tor'),  Comte  Gabriel  Jean  Jo- 
seph. Born  at  Hayange,  Lorraine,  March  7, 
1770:  died  at  Paris,  July  28,  1849.  A French 
marshal,  distinguished  throughout  the  Napole- 
onic wars,  especially  at  Essling  and  Wagram  in 
1809. 

Moll  (mol),  Herman.  Died  Sept.  22,  1732.  A 
Dutch-English  geographer.  He  established  himself 
in  London  in  1698.  Among  his  works  are  “ A System  of 
Geography”  (1701),  “A  History  of  the  English  Wars  in 
France,  Spain,  Portugal,  the  Netherlands,  Germany,  etc.” 
(1706),  a “ New  Map  of  the  Earth  and  Water  according  to 
Wright’s,  alias  Mercator’s,  Projection,"  Nieuwe  Kaart  von 
noord-Amerika”  (1720),  and  many  other  maps  (of  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America)  and  charts. 

Moll  Cutpurse.  See  Cutpurse. 

Mollendorf  (mel'len-dorf),  Richard  Joachim 

Heinrich  von.  Born  in  Priegnitz,  Jan.  7, 1724 : 
died  at  Havelberg,  Prussia,  Jan.  28,  1816.  A 
Prussian  field-marshal,  distinguished  in  the 
Seven  Years’  War.  He  was  victorious  over  the 
French  at  Kaiserslautern,  May  23,  1794.  He 
did  not  command  in  the  second  battle. 

Moller  (mol'ler),  Georg.  Born  at  Diepholz, 
Hannover,  Jan.  21,  1784:  died  March  13,  1852. 
A noted  German  architect. 

Moll  Flanders  (mol  flan'dOrz),  The  Life  of. 
A tale  by  Defoe,  published  in  1722. 

“ Moll  Flanders  ” is  a sort  of  English  version  of  “Manon 
Lescaut,”  but  there  is  no  comparison  between  them  as 
works  of  art  and  passion ; from  this  point  of  view  Defoe  is 
as  crude  as  Prdvost  on  this  one  occasion  was  subtle  and 
exquisite.  Gosse,  Eng.  Lit.  in  18th  Century,  p.  181. 

Mdllhausen  (mel'hou-zen),  Balduin.  Born 
Jan.  27,  1825:  died  at  Berlin,  May  28,  1905.  A 
German  traveler  in  the  United  States,  and 
writer  of  novels  and  works  of  travel.  He  pub- 
lished “ Tagebuch  einer  Eeise  vom  Mississippi  naeh  der 
Siidsee  ” (1868  : republished  as  “ Wanderungen  durch  die 
Prairien  und  Wusten  des  westlichen  Nordamerika,” 
(1860),  "Reisen  in  die  Felsengebirge  Nordamerikas  bis 
zum  Hochplateau  von  Neumexiko”  (1861),  etc. 
Mollinedo  y Saravia  (mol-ye-na'THo  e sa-ra- 
ve'a),  Antonio  Gonzalez,  often  called  Anto- 
nio Gonzalez  de  Saravia.  Born  about  1745: 
died  near  Oajaca,  Mexico,  Dec.  2, 1812.  A Span- 
ish general.  He  was  captain-general  of  Guatemala 
July  28, 1801,  to  March  14, 1811 ; and  subsequently  served 
against  the  revolutionists  in  Mexico.  He  was  captured 
when  they  took  Oajaca,  and  shot. 

Molln  (mein).  A town  in  Lauenburg,  province 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  24  miles  east  of 
Hamburg.  Eulenspiegel  is  alleged  to  have  been 
buried  there.  Population,  about  5,000. 
Mollwitz  (mol'vits).  A village  south  of  Brieg, 
in  Silesia.  Here,  April  10,  1741,  was  gained  the  first 
Prussian  victory  in  the  Silesian  wars.  Frederick  the  Great 
was  in  nominal  command,  but  left  the  battle  field,  and 
Schwerin  and  Leopold  of  Dessau  were  the  real  chiefs.  The 
Austrians  were  commanded  by  Neipperg.  Each  army  num- 
bered about  22,000,  and  lost  about  4,600.  Also  Molwitz. 

Molly  Maguires  (mol'i  ma-gwirz').  [A  name 
assumed  (from  Molly,  a familiar  form  of  the 
name  Mary,  and  Maguire,  a common  Irish  sur- 
name) by  the  members  of  the  Irish  organization, 
in  allusion  to  the  woman’s  dress  they  wore  as  a 
disguise.]  1.  A lawless  secret  association  in 
Ireland,  organized  with  the  object  of  defeating 
and  terrorizing  agents  and  process-servers  and 
others  engaged  in  the  business  of  evicting  ten- 
ants.— 2.  A secret  organization  in  the  mining 
regions  of  Pennsylvania,  notorious  for  the  com- 
mission of  various  crimes,  including  murderous 
attacks  upon  the  owners,  officers,  or  agents  of 
mines,  until  their  suppression  by  the  execution 
of  several  of  their  leaders,  in  1877. 

Moloch.  See  Molech. 

Mologa  (mo-16'ga).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Yaroslaff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Mologa, 
near  its  junction  with  the  V olga,  175  miles  north 
of  Moscow.  Population,  4,300. 

Mologa.  A tributary  of  the  Volga.  Length, 
★about  300  miles. 

Molokai  (mo-lo-kl').  One  of  the  Hawaiian  Isl- 
ands, Pacific  Ocean,  situated  southeast  of  Oahu. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  Length,  35  miles. 
Area,  261  square  miles.  Population,  with 
Lanai,  Maui,  and  Kahoolawe,  30,547,  ( 1910). 
Molossians  (mo-losh'ianz).  [Gr.  M o/looaoi]  An 


697 

ancient  tribe  or  race  of  Epirus,  in  northern 
Greece.  They  occupied  at  first  a district  in  the  center, 
but  ultimately  their  kings  ruled  over  all  Epirus.  Their 
breed  of  sheplierd-dogs  was  famous. 

M0l0SSUS(mo-los'us).  [Gr.  Mo/tocmdf.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  son  of  Neoptolemus  and  Andro- 
mache. 

Moltke  (molt'ke),  Count  Hellmuth  Karl  Bern- 
hard  von.  Born  at  Parchim,  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Oct.  26,  1800 : died  at  Berlin,  April 
24,  1891.  A celebrated  Prussian  field-marshal. 
He  was  the  son  of  Fritz  von  Moltke,  an  officer  first  in  the 
Prussian  and  afterward  in  the  Danish  service.  He  gradu- 
ated at  the  military  academy  at  Copenhagen  in  1818 ; re- 
ceived a commission  in  the  Danish  army  in  1819 ; entered 
the  Prussian  army  in  1822 ; completed  his  studies  at  the 
military  academy  at  Berlin  1823-26 ; was  assigned  to  duty 
on  the  general  staff  in  1832 ; and  assisted  the  sultan  Mah- 
mud II.  in  the  reorganization  of  the  Turkish  army  on  the 
Prussian  model  during  a leave  of  absence  1835-39.  He  was 
appointed  chief  of  the  general  staff  in  1868,  and,  in  con- 
formity with  the  determination  of  William  I.  to  raise 
Prussia  to  the  rank  of  a great  military  power,  immediately 
began  a reorganization  of  the  army  on  an  enlarged  plan, 
which,  with  the  parliamentary  support  of  Count  von  Bis- 
marck, the  head  of  the  cabinet,  and  of  General  von  Roon  ,the 
secretary  of  war,  was  completed  in  1863.  He  was  the  chief 
strategist  in  the  war  of  Austria  and  Prussia  against  Den- 
mark in  1864,  in  the  Austro-Prussian  war  in  1866,  and  in 
the  Franco-German  war  1870-71.  He  was  promoted  gen- 
eral of  infantry  in  1866 ; was  created  a count  in  1870  ; was 
made  field-marshal  in  1871,  and  a life  member  of  the  Prus- 
sian Upper  House  in  1872.  He  resigned  his  post  as  chief 
of  staff  in  1888.  Among  his  works  are  “Briefe  uber  Zu- 
stande,  etc.,  in  der  Tiirkei  1836-39”  (1841),  “Der  russisch- 
tiirkische  Feldzug  1828-29”  (1845),  and  “Geschichte  des 
deutsch-franzosischen  Krieges  von  1870-71  ” (1891).  The 
appendix  to  the  last  contains  a fuller  version  of  the  article 
on  the  battle  of  Koniggratz  and  the  war  of  1866  which  ap- 
peared in  1881.  His  ‘ Briefe  ’’  (1892)  cover  a period  of  65 
years,  including,  besides  those  from  Turkey,  letters  from 
Rome  1845-46,  and  Paris  and  Russia  18  8-61.  His  collected 
works,  including  numerous  letters,  essays,  speeches,  auto- 
biographical notes,  and  a novel,  appeared  1891-93.  Hifl 
military  works  were  published  separately  1892-93. 

Moluas  (mo-16'as).  See  Luba. 

Molucca  (mo-lufe'a)  Passage.  A sea  passage 
lying  between  Gilolo  on  the  east  and  the  north- 
ern part  of  Celebes  on  the  west. 

Moluccas  (mo-luk'az),  or  Spice  Islands.  A 
collection  of  islands  belonging  to  the  Dutch, 
situated  in  the  Malay  Archipelago  east  of  Cel- 
ebes and  west  of  Papua.  The  chief  islands  are 
Gilolo,  Ternate,  Amboyna,  Ceram,  Buru,  and  the  Banda 
Islands.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  The 
group  is  noted  for  the  production  of  cloves  and  nutmegs. 
The  inhabitants  are  generally  Alfures,  Malays,  and  Papu- 
ans. The  islands  were  discovered  and  taken  possession  of 
by  the  Portuguese  about  1512,  but  have  been  under  Dutch 
suzerainty  since  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  Area, 
43,864  square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  400,000. 

Molwitz.  See  Mollivitz. 

Molyneux  (mol'i-noks),  William.  Born  at 
Dublin,  April  17,  1656:  died  there,  Oct.  11, 
1698.  An  Irish  philosopher.  He  entered  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  1671,  and  the  Middle  Temple  in  1675. 
He  devoted  himself  especially  to  philosophy  and  mathe- 
matics. His  version  of  Descartes's  ‘‘Meditations’’  was 
published  in  1680.  In  1686  he  published  his  “ Sciotheri- 
cum  Telescopum,”and  the  “DioptricaNova’’in  1692.  He 
enjoyed  the  intimate  friendship  of  John  Locke.  His  best- 
known  work,"  The  Case  of  Ireland’s  being  Bound  by  Acts 
of  Parliament  in  England  Stated,"  was  published  in  1698. 

Mombasa  (mom-ba'sa),  or  Mombaz  (mom- 
bas').  A seaport  in  British  East  Africa,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  4°  4'  S.,  long.  39°  43'  E.:  the  former 
capital  of  the  British  East  Africa  Protectorate. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  in  1505,  and  toward  the 
close  of  the  century  they  built  a fort  there.  They  were 
expelled  in  1698.  Mombasa  was  acquired  by  Zanzibar  in 
1834,  and  in  1890  passed  to  the  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany. It  is  the  terminus  of  a railway  to  the  interior,  and  a 
naval  coaling-station.  Population,  about  30,000. 

Mombuttu  (mom-bot'to).  An  important  tribe  of 
central  Africa,  densely  settled  in  a fertile  tract 
on  the  river  Welle  between  the  Nyam-Nyam  and 
the  Mabode.  The  Mombuttu  are  not  so  black  as  the 
N yam-  Nyam.and  have  long  noses,  which  give  theinaSemitic 
expression.  They  paint  their  bodies,  wear  bark  cloth,  use 
iron  and  copper  as  currency,  are  in  a higher  state  of  culture 
than  other  negroes,  and  yet  they  are  the  worst  cannibals 
of  the  Dark  Continent.  Number  estimated  at  1,000,000. 

Mommsen  (mom'zen),  Theodor.  Born  at  Gard- 
ing,  Schleswig,  Nov.  30,  1817 : died  at  Char- 
lottenburg,  Nov.  1, 1903.  A celebrated  German 
historian.  He  studied  philology  and  jurisprudence  at 
Kiel.  From  1844  to  1847  he  traveled  in  France  and  Italy, 
engaged  in  archaeological  studies.  In  1848  he  was  made 
professor  of  law  at  Leipsic,  a position  which  he  was 
obliged  to  renounce  in  1850  in  consequence  of  his  partici- 
pation in  the  political  movements  of  1848-49.  In  1852  he 
became  professor  of  Roman  law  at  Zurich.  In  1854  he  ac- 
cepted a similar  professorship  at  Breslau,  and  in  1857  was 
made  professor  of  ancient  history  at  the  University  of 
Berlin.  His  principal  work  is  his  “ Romische  Geschichte” 
(“  Roman  History,’  1854-66).  Other  works  are  “ Die  ro- 
mische Chronologic  bis  auf  Cilsar  ’ (“  Roman  Chronology 
down  to  Cajsar,”  1868),  “ Geschichte  des  romischen  Munz- 
wesens  ’’  (“  History  of  Roman  Coinage,”  I860),  “ Romische 
Forschungen  ” (“Roman  Investigations,”  1864-79),  “Ro- 
niischesStaatareclit”  (1871-76),  and  numerous  minorarti- 
cles  and  monographs  on  archaeological  subjects  and  Ro- 
man law.  As  secretary,  after  1873,  of  the  Berlin  Academy, 
he  was  the  editor  of  the  great  “ Corpus  iuscriptionum 


Moncey 

latinarum  ” published  by  that  body.  He  took,  at  various 
times,  an  active  part  in  politics,  and  was  a member  of  the 
Prussian  House  of  Delegates,  where  his  political  views 
were  those  of  the  National  Liberal  party. 

Mompos  (mom'pos),  or  Mompox  (mom-poH'). 
A town  in  Colombia,  department  of  Bolivar, 
situated  on  the  Magdalena  about  lat.  9°  15'  N. 
Population,  7,526. 

MomilS  (mo'mus).  [Gr.  Mw/rof.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a god  personifying  censure  and  mock- 
ery : according  to  Hesiod,  the  son  of  Night. 
Mona  (mo'na).  The  Latin  name  of  Anglesea  : 
used  also  for  the  Isle  of  Man. 

Monaco  (mon'a-ko).  1.  A principality  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean  and  inclosed  by  the 
department  of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  it  pro- 
duces fruits,  olive-oil,  perfumes,  liqueurs,  etc.  The  gov- 
ernment is  a monarchy.  A constitution  was  proclaimed 
January  7,  1911.  It  has  been  successively  under  Spanish, 
Sardinian,  and  French  protection,  and  was  united  to  France 
1793-1814.  Area,  8 square  miles.  Population,  19,121. 

2.  The  capital  of  Monaco,  situated  on  a prom- 
ontory projecting  into  the  Mediterranean  9 
miles  east-northeast  of  Nice:  the  ancient  Her- 
culis  Monoeci  Portus.  Near  it  is  the  gambling 
resort  Monte  Carlo.  Population,  2,410. 
Monadnock  (mo-nad'nok),  or  Grand  Monad- 
nock.  An  isolated  mountain  in  Cheshire 
County,  southwestern  New  Hampshire,  37  miles 
southwest  of  Concord.  Height,  3,186  feet. 
Monagas  (mo-na'gas),  Josd  Gregorio.  Born  at 
Maturin,  1795 : died  at  Maracaibo,  1858.  A 
Venezuelan  soldier  and  politician,  brother  of 
J Os6  Tadeo  Monagas.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  pres- 
idential candidate  in  1846,  and  was  elected  for  the  term 
1851-55 : during  this  period  slavery  was  abolished  (March, 
1854).  After  his  brother's  downfall  he  was  arrested,  and 
died  in  captivity. 

Monagas,  Jose  Tadeo.  Bom  near  Maturin, 
Oct.  28, 1784:  died  at  El  Valle,  near  La  Guaira, 
Nov.  18, 1868.  A Venezuelan  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  under  Bolivar  1813-21 ; headed  an 
unsuccessful  rebellion  1835  ; was  elected  president  for  the 
term  1847-61 ; and  in  1848  assumed  dictatorial  powers,  im- 
prisoning Paez  who  had  declared  against  him.  Succeeded 
by  his  brother  in  1851,  he  took  command  of  the  army,  and 
was  reelected  president  (1856),  but  was  deposed  in  1868 
and  banished.  In  March,  1868,  he  declared  against  Fal- 
con, drove  him  from  the  country,  and  was  elected  presi- 
dent by  Congress,  but  died  before  he  could  assume  office. 
Monaghan  (mon'a-chan).  1.  A county  in  Ul- 
ster, Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Tyrone  on  the  north, 
Armagh  on  the  east,  Louth  on  the  southeast,  Meath  on  the 
south,  and  Cavan  and  Fermanagh  on  the  west  The  sur- 
face is  hilly.  Area,  500  square  miles.  Population,  74,611. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Monaghan,  48 
miles  west-southwest  of  Belfast.  Population, 
2,932. 

Monaldeschi  (mo-nal-des'ke),  Marchese  Gio- 
vanni. Died  at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Nov. 
10,  1657.  An  Italian,  favorite  of  Queen  Chris- 
tine of  Sweden,  murdered  by  her  orders. 
Mona  (Madonna)  Lisa.  A famous  portrait  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris  (stolen 
August,  1911 : recovered  December,  1913). 
It  represents  “La  Gioconda,”  the  wife  of  the  Florentine 
Fr.  del  Giocondo.  The  painter  worked  at  it  for  4 years, 
and  then  proclaimed  it  unfinished. 

Monarcho  (md-nar'ko).  A half-witted  Italian 
who  lived  in  London  in  the  16th  century.  He 
professed  to  be  the  king  of  all  the  world.  Armado,  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “ Love’s  Labour ’s  Lost,  ” is  supposed  to  be  intended 
for  him,  and  indeed  is  once  called  by  his  name. 

Monastery,  The.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
published  in  1820.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Scotland 
in  the  16th  century.  ‘ ‘ The  Abbot  ” is  a sequel 
or  continuation  of  it. 

Monastir  (mo-nas-ter').  A vilayet  in  European 
Turkey.  Area,  11,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 848,900. 

Monastir,  or  Bitolia  (be-to'li-a),  or  Toli-Mo- 
nastir  ( to  'le-mo-n  as-ter ' ) . A t o wn  i n the  vil ay et. 
of  Monastir,  European  Turkey,  situated  in  lat. 
41°  l'N. , long.  21°  17'  E.  It  is  an  important  stra- 
tegic and  commercial  point,  and  was  captured  by  the  Ser- 
vians, Nov.  18,  1912.  Population,  45,000. 

Monastir,  or  Mistir  (mes-ter').  A seaport  in 
Tunis,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Hammamet 
in  lat.  35°  45'  N.,  long.  10°  51'  E.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Monboddo,  Lord.  See  Burnett,  James. 
Monbuttu.  See  Mombuttu. 

Moncada  (mon-ka'THa),  Francisco  de.  Born 
at  V alencia,  Spain,  Dec.  29, 1586 : killed  at  Goch, 
Prussia,  1635.  A Spanish  historian  and  gen- 
eral. lie  wrote  a “History  of  the  Expedition  of  the  Cata- 
lans and  Aragonese  against  the  Turks  and  Greeks  ” (1623). 
Moncalieri  (mon-kii-le-a're).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po  5 
miles  south  of  Turin.  Population,  town,  3,758  ; 
commune,  11,561. 

Moncey  (mon-sa'),  Bon  Adrien  Jeannot  de, 

Due  de  Conegliano.  Born  July  31,  1754:  died 


Moncey 

April  20,  1842.  A French  marshal,  distin- 
guished in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns  in  Italy 
and  Spain. 

Monch  (mench),  or  W eiss-Monch  (vls'mench). 
[G. , ‘the  monk,’  or  ‘white  monk.’]  A peak  of 
the  Bernese  Alps,  situated  on  the  border  of  the 
canteus  of  Bern  and  Valais,  Switzerland,  38 
miles  southeast  of  Bern.  It  was  ascended  first 
in  1857.  Height,  13,465  feet. 

Monck.  See  Monk. 

Monckton  (mungk'ton),  Robert.  Born  June 
24,  1726 : died  May  3,  1782.  An  English  gen- 
eral, the  second  son  of  John  Monckton,  Vis- 
count Galway.  He  served  in  Germany  in  1743,  and  in 
Flanders  in  1745;  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Ponte- 
fract in  1751 ; in  1752  was  sent  to  Nova  Scotia ; and  in  1755 
assisted  in  carrying  out  Braddock’s  scheme  of  driving  the 
French  army  out  of  Nova  Scotia.  On  March  11,  1759,  he 
was  appointed  second  in  command  in  Wolfe's  expedition 
against  Quebec,  and  was  wounded  in  the  assault  of  Sept. 
13.  In  Feb.,  1761,  he  was  made  major-general,  and  in 
March  governor  of  New  York  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  province.  In  the  same  year  he  engaged  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  Martinique.  On  June  2S,  1763,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  appointed  lieutenant-general  April  30, 1770. 
Moncontour  (mon-kon-tor').  A small  town  in 
the  department  of  Vienne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Dive  28  miles  northwest  of  Poitiers.  Here, 
Oct.  3,  1569,  the  French  Catholics  under  the  Due  d'Anjou 
defeated  the  Huguenots  under  Coligny. 

Moncrieff  (mon-kref'),  James.  Born  1744: 
died  at  Dunkirk,  Sept.  7, 1793.  A British  mili- 
tary engineer.  Heservedinthe  Westlndiesand  North 
America  for  many  years.  In  Sept.,  1777,  he  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine,  and  in  1779  distinguished 
himself  with  General  Prevost  in  Carolina,  and  was  chief 
engineer  at  the  investment  of  Charleston  in  1780.  On 
the  declaration  of  war  with  France  in  1793,  he  was  ap- 
pointed quartermaster-general  to  the  army  in  Holland, 
andacted  as  chief  engineer  for  the  British  at  Valenciennes, 
July,  1793.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Dunkirk. 

Moncrieff,  William  Thomas.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  24,  1794:  died  in  the  Charter- 
house,  Dec.  3,  1857.  An  English  dramatist. 
In  1804  he  became  a clerk  in  a solicitor's  office.  As 
manager  of  the  Regency  (later  Prince  of  Wales)  Thea- 
tre, he  wrote  “Moscow,  or  the  Cossack’s  Daughter" 
in  1810;  and  for  the  Olympic  “All  at  Coventry”  (Oct.  20, 
1815),  and  “Rochester,  etc.,”  a musical  comedy  (Nov.  16, 
1818).  He  joined  Elliston  at  Drury  Lane,  and  wrote 
“ Wanted,  a Wife  "(May,  1819),“  Monsieur  Tonson”  (Sept., 
1821),  and  the  “ Spectre  Bridegroom  ” (July  2, 1821).  “ Tom 
and  jerry,  or  Life  in  London  ” was  produced  at  the  Adelphi 
Nov.  26, 1821,  and  ran  continuously  for  two  seasons ; “The 
Cataract  of  the  Ganges  ” at  Drury  Lane  in  1823  : it  intro- 
duced a real  waterfall,  which  was  then  an  innovation.  For 
Charles  Mathews  the  elder  he  wrote  the  “Bashful  Man” 
(1826);  for  the  Surrey  Theatre,  “Old  Heads  and  Young 
Shoulders  ”(1828);  and  forW.  J.  Hammond  of  the  Strand, 
“ Sam  Weller  "(July,  1837).  In  1843  he  became  blind,  and 
was  admitted  as  a brother  at  the  Charterhouse  in  1844.  He 
wrote  more  than  170  plays  in  all,  besides  other  works. 
Moncton  (mungk'ton).  A river  port  in  West- 
moreland County,  New  Brunswick,  Canada,  sit- 
uated on  the  Petitcodiae  82  miles  northeast  of 
St.  John.  Pojiulation,  11,345,  (1911). 
Monday  (mun'da),  [Lit.  ‘moon’s  day.'  The 
day  was  so  called  from  its  name  in  L.,  dies 
lunse. ] The  second  day  of  the  week. 
Mondonedo  (mdn-don-ya'do).  A town  in  tho 
province  of  Lugo,  northwestern  Spain,  31  miles 
north-northeast  of  Lugo.  Population,  10,- 
590. 

Mondovi  (mon-do-ve').  A town  in  tire  province 
of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  on  theEllero  48  miles 
south  of  Turin.  It  has  a cathedral.  Here,  April  22, 
1796,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Sardinian  general  Colli. 
Mondsee  (mont-za').  A lake  in  Upper  Austria, 
15  miles  east  of  Salzburg.  The  Schafberg rises 
from  it.  Length,  7 miles. 

Mone  (mo'ne),  Franz  Joseph.  Born  at  Min- 
golsheim,  Baden,  May  12, 1796 : died  at  Karls- 
ruhe, Baden,  March  12,  1871.  A German  his- 
torian, antiquary,  and  philologist. 
Monembasia  (mo-nem-bii-se'a),  or  Malvasia 
(mal-va-se'a).  Asmall  town  on  the  coast  of  La- 
conia, Greece,  46  miles  southeast  of  Sparta,  it 
was  an  important  medieval  fortress,  and  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  export  of  wine. 

Monemuji  (mo-ne-mo'zhe).  At  the  time  of  the 
Portuguese  discoveries  in  Africa,  a great  na- 
tive kingdom  between  Lake  Tanganyika  and 
the  east  coast : probably  the  modern  Unyam- 
wezi.  See  Nyamwezi. 

Monet  (mo-na'),  Claude.  BornatParis.  A con- 
temporary French  landscape-painter,  belonging 
to  the  group  known  as  Impressionists.  Amonghis 
works  are  “The  Seine  at  Giver  ny,  " “ Bordighera,"  “ Cape 
Martin,"  “The  Orchard,”  “Low  Tide  at  Pourville,”  “A 
Wheat  Field,"  “Snow  at  Port  Villers,”  “Willow  Trees, "etc. 
Money.  AeomedybyBulwer  Lytton,  first  pro- 
duced on  Dec.  8,  1849. 

Moneytrap  (mun'i-trap).  In  Vanbrugh’s  play 
“The  Confederacy,”  a threadbare,  rusty,  rich 
money-scrivener.  This  was  one  of  Doggett’s 
best  characters. 


698 

Monferrato.  See  Montferrat. 

Monge  (monzh),  Gaspard.  Born  at  Beaune, 
France,  May  10,  1746 : died  at  Paris,  July  18, 
1818.  A celebrated  French  mathematician, 
founder  of  the  science  of  descriptive  geometry. 
He  was  minister  of  marine  1792-93  ; and  the  chief  founder 
of  the  Polytechnic  School  in  Paris.  His  best-known  work 
is  “ Gfionrftrie  descriptive  " (1799). 

Monghyr,  or  Monghir  (mon-ger'),  or  Mungir 
(mun-ger'),  or  Mongarh  (mon-gar').  1.  A dis- 
trict in  Behar,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  N.,  long.  86°  E.  Area,  3,922  square  miles. 
Population,  2,068,804. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Monghyr,  situated  on  the  Ganges  in 
lat.  25°  22'  N.,  long.  86°  29'  E. : formerly  a 
fortress.  Population,  35,880. 
Mongolia(mon-go'li-a).  A dependency  of  China, 
lying  in  general  between  Siberia  on  the  north, 
Manchuria  on  the  east,  China  on  the  south,  and 
East  Turkestan  andSnngaria  on  the  west:  some- 
times made  to  include  parts  of  Sungaria  and 
Kokonor.  The  surface  is  a plateau.  It  contains  the 
desert  of  Gobi.  Area,  1,367,600  square  miles.  Population, 
about  2,600,000. 

Mongolian  race.  The  second  in  Blumenbach’s 
classification  of  the  races  of  mankind.  The  chief 
characteristics  are  a brachycephalic  skull,  broad  cheek- 
bones,  low  retreating  forehead,  short  and  broad  nose,  and 
yellowish  complexion.  It  included  the  Chinese,  Turks, 
Tatars,  Indo-Chinese,  Lapps,  Eskimos,  etc. 

Mongols  (mong'golz).  [Said  to  be  ultimately 
from  mong,  brave.]  An  Asiatic  race  nowchiefly 
resident  in  Mongolia,  a vast  region  north  of 
China  proper  and  south  of  Siberia,  forming  a 
possession  of  China.  Mongols  are  also  found  elsewhere 
iu  the  Chinese  republic  and  in  Siberia,  etc.  The  Mongols 
in  the  13th  century  conquered  a large  part  of  Asia  and 
overran  eastern  Europe.  See  Moguls. 

Mongols,  Empire  of  the.  A medieval  Asiatic 

empire.  Itwasfounded  by  Jenghiz  Khan(died  1227);  ex- 
tended over  China,  large  portions  of  central  and  western 
Asia  and  of  Russia ; was  checked  in  its  western  advance  at 
Wahlstatt  (Silesia)  in  1241 ; and  overthrew  the  califatein 
1258.  A Mongol  dynasty  ruled  in  China  from  Kuhlai  Khan 
(about  1259)  to  13:  8.  The  empire  divided  into  various  parts 
(compare  Kiptchak ) at  the  close  of  the  13th  century,  but 
was  temporarily  revived  under  Timur  the  Tatar  about 
1400.  His  descendant  Baber  founded  the  empire  of  the 
Moguls  (which  see). 

Monhegan.  See  Mohegan. 

Monier-Williams,  Sir  Monier.  See  Williams. 
Monikins,  The.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1835. 

Monime  (mo-nem').  The  principal  female  char- 
acter in  Racine’s  “ Mithridate.” 

Monimia  (mo-niin'i-a).  The  chief  female  char- 
acter in  Otway’s  play  “The  Orphan”:  an  orphan 
left  iu  charge  of  old  Acasto,  and  loved  by  both 
his  sons,  Castalio  and  Polydore.  Though  married 
totheformer,  she  became  the  innocent  victim  of  the  latter, 
and  her  woes  have  made  the  character  proverbial  as  a type 
of  suffering  innocence. 

Over  the  character  of  Monimia  probably  more  tears  have 
been  shed  than  over  that  of  any  stage  heroine. 

Gosse,  History  of  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,  p.  55. 

Moniteur  (mo-ne-ter').  The  official  journal  of 
the  French  government  1799-1868.  it,  first  appeared 
in  1789  under  the  name  “Gazette  Nationale,"  and  from  1799 
was  known  as  the  “ Moniteur  Universe!  ” 

Monitor  (mon'i-tor).  An  iron-clad  steam  bat- 
tery, consisting  of  an  iron  hull  covered  by  a pro- 
jecting deck,  and  surmounted  by  a revolving  tur- 
ret protecting  the  guns,  designed  by  John  Erics- 
son. Her  commander  was  Lieutenant  J.  L.  Worden,  and 
her  executive  officer  Lieutenant  S.  D.  Greene.  She  was 
launched  at  Greenpoint,  New  Y’ork,  Jan.  30,  1S62,  and  ar- 
rived at  Fort  Monroe  in  the  evening  of  March  8, 1862.  On 
March  9 occurred  the  battle  between  the  Monitor  and  the 
Merrimac  (see  Merrimac),  which  resulted  in  a draw  that 
was  equivalent  to  a victory  for  the  Monitor.  She  afterward 
joined  theunsuccessful  expedition  commanded  by  Captain 
John  Rodgers  against  Fort  Darling,  near  Richmond,  and  was 
sunk  off  Cape  Hatteras  on  her  way  to  Beaufort,  South  Caro- 
lina, Dec.  29,1862.  Sixty  vessels  were  builtor  projected  on 
her  plan  during  the  war.  The  modern  improved  battle- 
ship is  a combination  of  the  Monitor  and  Merrimac  types. 
Her  dimensions  were : length  of  hull,  124  feet ; beam  of  hull, 
34  feet ; length  of  deck,  172  feet;  width  of  deck,  41  feet ; 
draught,  llfeet;  inside  diameter  of  turret,  20feet;  height 
of  turret,  9 feet ; thickness  of  turret  atmor,  8 inches ; 
thickness  of  side  armor,  5 inches  ; thickness  of  deck  armor, 
1 inch ; thickness  of  pilot-house  armor,  9 inches.  Arma- 
ment, 2 11-inch  Dahlgreu  guns,  throwing  180-pound  shot. 

Monk,  or  Monck  (mtmgk),  George,  first  Duke 
of  Albemarle.  Born  at  Potberidge,  Devonshire, 
Dee.  6, 1608 : died  Jan.  3,  1670.  An  English  gen- 
eral. He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Scottish  war 
in  1640,  and  in  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1642.  In  the  civil  war 
he  entered  the  king’s  service,  was  captured  at  Nantwich, 
and  was  committed  to  the  Tower  for  two  years.  I n 1046  he 
was  released,  and  1647-49  served  Parliament  in  Ireland. 
Tn  1651  he  was  left  in  Scotland  by  Cromwell  as  commander- 
in-chief.  He  was  associated  with  Blake  and  Deane  in  com- 
mand of  the  fleet  in  the  Dutch  war  in  1653.  In  1654  he  sup- 
pressed the  Royalist  insurrection  in  Scotland,  and  was  made 
governor  of  that  country.  He  was  faithful  to  both  the 
Cromwells.  After  the  death  of  Richard  Cromwell,  he  took 
the  part  of  Parliament  and  the  army,  and  on  the  expul- 


Monomotapa 

sion  of  Parliament  by  Lambert  Oct.  13,  1659,  secured  the 
Scottish  fortresses,  advanced  into  England,  scattered  Lam- 
bert’s army,  and  entered  London  Feb.  3, 1660.  On  Feb.  12 
he  ordered  the  guards  to  admit  the  “secluded”  or  Royalist 
members  to  Parliament,  and  a new  council  was  elected  with 
Monk  at  its  head.  A new  parliament  met  April  25, 1660, 
and  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  was  voted  May  1, 1660. 
Monk  met  Charles  II.  at  Dover  May  25.  On  July  7 he 
was  created  earl  of  Torrington  and  duke  of  Albemarle. 
He  served  in  the  Dutch  war-  as  admiral  April,  1666,  and  as- 
sisted in  restoring  order  at  the  great  fire  of  London  (1666), 
and  in  defending  the  Thames  against  the  invading  Dutch 
fleet  (1667). 

Monk,  Ambrosio,  or  the.  A romance  by  M. 
Gr.  Lewis,  published  in  1795.  From  the  popularity 
of  this  hook  he  was  caUed  “Monk ” Lewis. 

Monkey  Indians.  See  Tusayan. 

Monk’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Canter- 
bury Tales.”  It  is  unfinished,  being  stopped  by  the 
knight.  It  contains  the  story  of  llgolino  from  Dante,  and 
follows  Boccaccio’s  “De  casibus  illustrium  virorum”  in  a 
general  way. 

Monkwearmouth  (mungk-wer'mutb).  A sub- 
urb of  Sunderland,  England,  situated  north  of 
the  Wear. 

Monmouth  (mon'muth).  1.  A county  of  west- 
ern England.  It  is  bounded  by  Brecknock  on  the  north- 
west,  Hereford  on  the  northeast,  Gloucester  on  the  east, 
the  estuaiy  of  the  Severn  and  Bristol  Channel  on  the  south, 
and  Glamorgan  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  hilly,  except 
in  the  south.  The  county  has  important  iron-works.  It 
was  included  in  Wales  till,  in  1535,  it  was  made  an  English 
county.  Welsh  is  very  generally  spoken,  and  the  county 
has  more  affinities  with  Wales  than  with  England.  Area, 
(ad.  co.),  599.5square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  292,317. 

2.  The  capital  of  Monmouthshire,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Monnow  and  Wye,  25  miles 
north  of  Bristol.  Population,  5,095. 

Monmouth.  A city  and  the  capital  of  Warren 
County,  western  Illinois,  94  miles  northwest  of 
Springfield.  It  is  the  seat  of  Monmouth  Col- 
lege (United  Presbyterian).  Population,  9,128, 
(1910). 

Monmouth,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  June 
28,  1778,  at  Monmouth  Court  House,  Freehold. 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  by  the  Ameri- 
cans under  Washington  over  the  British  under 
Clint  on.  The  Americans  under  Charles  Lee  were  at  first 
repulsed.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  about  230;  that 
of  the  British,  over  400,  besides  many  deserters.  A consid- 
erable number  of  men  on  both  sides  succumbed  to  the  in- 
tense heat. 

Monmouth,  Duke  of  (James  Fitzroy).  Born 

at  Rotterdam,  April  9,  1649:  executed  at  Lon- 
don, July  15,  1685.  A (reputed)  illegitimate 
son  of  Charles  II.  of  England  and  Lucy  Wal- 
ters. He  was  created  duke  of  Monmouth  in  1663,  and 
treated  as  a prince ; was  made  captain-general  of  the  army 
in  1670;  and  came  to  be  known  as  “ the  Protestant  duke.” 
He  commanded  the  English  forces  sent  to  assist  the  French 
in  the  Dutch  war,  and  afterward  the  army  sent  against  the 
Scottish  Covenanters  (1675-79).  In  1679  hejvent  into  exile. 
He  associated  later  with  the  Whig  leaders ; escaped  to 
Holland  in  1684;  landed  at  Lyme  Regis  June  11,  1685  ; 
headed  an  unsuccessful  insurrection  against  James  II.  ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Sedgeinoor,  J uly  6, 1685,  and  captured 
two  days  after  the  battle. 

Monmouth,  Geoffrey  of.  See  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

Monnica,  or  Monica  (mon'i-kji),  Saint.  Born 
about  332 : died  at  Ostia,  Italy,  387.  The  mo- 
ther of  St.  Augustine. 

Monnier  (mo-nya'),  Henri  Bonaventure. 

Born  at  Paris,  June  6,  1799 : died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
3, 1877.  A French  caricaturist  and  author.  He 

wrote  “Scfenes  populaires’’  (1830),  “ Memoires  de  M.  Jo- 
seph Prudhomme”  (1857),  etc. 

Monnier,  Marc.  Born  at  Florence,  1829 ; died 
at  Geneva,  April  18, 1885.  A French  poet  and 
prose-writer.  His  works  include  poems,  liter- 
ary criticisms,  volumes  on  Italy,  etc. 

Monocacy  (mo-nok'a-si).  A small  tributary  of 
the  Potomac.  Near  it,  in  the  vicinity  of  Frederick  in 
Maryland,  on  July  9,  1864,  the  Confederates  (20,000)  un- 
der Early  defeated  the  Federals  (6,050)  under  Lew  Wallace. 

Monoceros  (mo-nos'e-ros).  [Gr.  Uiwoaepug.  from 
ydvog,  single,  and  idpar,  a horn.]  A constella- 
tion, the  Unicorn,  south  of  the  Twins  and  the 
Crab,  and  between  the  two  Dogs,  introduced 
by  Jacob  Bartsch  in  1624. 

Monod  (mo-no'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Copen- 
hagen, Jan.  21, 1802:  died  at  Paris,  April  6, 1856. 
A French  Protestant  clergyman,  noted  as  a pul- 
pit orator. 

Monod,  Frederic  Joel  Jean  Gerard.  Born  at 

Monnaz,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  May  17, 1794 : died 
at  Paris,  1863.  A French  Protestant  clergy- 
man, founder  of  (he  Free  Church  of  France. 

Mono  (mo'no)  Lake.  A salt  lake  in  Mono  Coun- 
ty, eastern  California,  situated  in  lat.  38°  N.  It 
has  no  outlet.  Length,  14  miles. 

Monomotapa  (mo-no-mo-ta'pa).  An  ancient 
native  African  kingdom  in  the  lower  Zambesi 
basin,  mostly  in  the  present  Mashonaland  and 
district  of  Mauica:  famous  among  old  Portu- 


Monomotapa 

guese  writers  for  its  gold-mines.  All  the  attempts 
of  the  Portuguese  to  colonize  it  failed,  and  moat  of  the  ac- 
counts of  it  were  fantastic. 

Monongahela  (mo-non-ga-he'la).  A river  in 
West  Virginia  and  southwestern  Pennsylvania. 
It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  West  Fork  and  Tygarts 
Valley  River,  and  unites  with  the  Allegheny  at  Pittsburg 
to  form  the  Ohio.  Iu  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela  (some- 
times called  “Braddock's  defeat”),  fought  on  its  banks 
near  Pittsburg,  July  9,  1755,  the  French  and  Indians  de- 
feated the  British  and  colonial  forces  under  Braddock. 
Total  length,  about  300  miles ; navigable  to  Brownsville, 
Pennsylvania. 

Mono  (mo'no)  Pass.  A pass  in  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada Mountains,  California,  situated  about  lat. 
38°  N.  Height,  10,599  feet. 

Monopoli  (mo-nop'6-le).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Adriatic  25  miles  southeast  of  Bari.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  some  antiquities.  Population, 
commune,  22,545. 

Monovar  (mo-no'viir).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Alicante,  Spain,  24  miles  west-northwest  of 
Alicante.  Population,  10,601. 

Monrad  (mon'rad),  Ditlev  Gothard.  Born  at 
Copenhagen,  Nov.  24, 1811:  died  March  28, 1887. 
A Danish  statesman  and  bishop. 

Monreale  (mon-ra-a'le).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Palermo,  Sicily,  Italy,  5 miles  southwest 
of  Palermo.  The  cathedral,  the  finest  building  of  the 
Sicilian  Norman-Saracenic  style,  was  begun  iu  1173.  The 
exterior,  except  the  arcaded  chevet,  is  very  plain ; the 
bronze  north  doors,  with  2S  Romanesque  relief-panels,  and 
the  west  doors,  with  43  Bible  scenes,  are  beautiful.  The 
interior  length  is  335  feet,  the  greatest  width  131 : the  nave 
has  18  Corinthian  columns,  in  part  antique,  with  stilted 
pointed  arches  ; the  three  apses  open  on  the  broad  tran- 
sept. The  roof  is  of  wood,  open-framed.  The  lower  parts 
of  the  walls  are  incrusted  with  marble;  all  the  rest  is 
covered  with  mosaics  on  gold  ground,  of  the  most  gorgeous 
effect,  consisting  of  Old  and  Hew  Testament  scenes  and 
rich  arabesques.  The  cloister,  one  of  the  most  admirable 
creations  of  the  12th  century,  is  a large  quadrangle : it  has 
coupled  columns  with  many  of  the  shafts  inlaid  with  mo- 
saic, beautifully  carved  foliage-  and  figure-capitals,  and 
stilted  arches.  Population,  commune,  17,633. 

Monro  (mua-ro'),  Alexander.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  8,  1697 : died  at  Edinburgh,  July  10, 
1767.  A British  anatomist  and  surgeon.  His 
chief  work  is  “Osteology”  (1726). 

Monro,  orMonroe  (mun-ro' ),  or  Munro,  Henry. 
Born  1768:  hung  at  Lisburn,  Ireland,  June,  1798. 
A United  Irishman,  son  of  a Scotch  Presbyterian 
minister  settled  at  Lisburn.  He  entered  the  linen 
business  about  1788,  and  in  1795  joined  the  United  Irish- 
men. In  the  rebellion  of  1798  he  succeeded  Dickson  in 
command;  was  captured  on  June  15;  and  was  hung  at 
Lisburn. 

Monroe  (mun-ro').  A city,  the  capital  of  Mon- 
roe County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Raisin 
35  miles  south-southwest  of  Detroit.  Popula- 
tion, 6,893,  (1910). 

Monroe,  James.  Bom  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.,  April  28,  1758:  died  at  New  York,  July  4, 
1831.  The  fifth  President  of  the  United  States 
(1817-25).  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War;  entered 
the  Virginia  assembly  in  1782 ; was  a member  of  Congress 
from  Virginia  1783-86;  was  a member  of  the  Virginia  rati- 
fying convention  in  1788 ; was  United  States  senator  from 
Virginia  1790-94;  was  United  States  minister  to  France 
1794-06;  was  governor  of  Virginia  1799-1802  ; was  one  of 
the  negotiators  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  in  1803;  was 
United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1803-07;  was  gov- 
ernor of  V irginia  in  1811 ; was  secretary  of  state  1811-17,  and 
secretary  of  war  1814-15;  and  was  elected  President  as 
candidate  of  the  Democratic-Republican  party  in  1816,  and 
was  reelected  in  1820.  The  period  of  his  administration  is 
known  as  the  “era  of  good  feeling."  Among  its  chief 
events  were  the  acquisition  of  Florida  (1819) : the  Missouri 
Compromise  (1820) ; and  the  promulgation  of  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  (1823). 

Monroe  Doctrine.  In  American  polities,  the 
doctrine  of  the  non-intervention  of  European 
powers  in  matters  relating  to  the  American  con- 
tinents. It  received  its  name  from  statements  contained 
in  President  Monroe’s  annual  message  to  Congress  in  Dec., 
1823,  at  the  period  of  a suspected  concert  of  the  powers 
in  the  Holy  Alliance  to  interfere  in  Spanish  America  in 
behalf  of  Spain.  The  following  are  the  most  significant 
passages  in  the  message : “We  could  not  view  an  inter- 
position for  oppressing  them  [the  Spanish-American  re- 
publics] or  controlling  in  any  other  manner  their  destiny, 
by  any  European  power,  in  any  other  light  than  as  a mani- 
festation of  an  unfriendly  disposition  toward  the  United 
States.  . . . The  American  continents  should  no  longer  be 
subjects  for  any  new  European  colonial  settlement." 
Monrovia  (muu-ro'vi-a).  The  capital  of  Liberia, 
Africa,  situated  on  tlie  coast,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Mesurado,  in  lat.  6°  19'  N.,  long.  10°  49'  W. 
Population,  estimated,  5,000. 

Mons  (m6ns),  Flem.  Bergen  (ber'aen).  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Ilainaut,  Belgium, 
situated  on  the  Trouble  in  lat.  50°  27'  N.,  long. 
3°  58'  L.  It  is  thecenterof  a large  and  rich  coal  region. 
The  cathedral,  in  the  late-Pointed  style,  was  founded  in 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century.  The  exterior  is  rich,  the 
interior  bold  and  graceful,  and  there  is  superb  16th-cen- 
tury glass.  The  hdtel  de  ville  is  a picturesque  late-Pointed 
building,  begun  in  1458.  There  are  several  battle-fields  in 
the  neighborhood.  A fortress  was  founded  on  the  site  of  the 


699 

city  by  Caesar.  Mons  was  taken  by  Louis  of  Nassau  in  May, 
and  by  the  Spaniards  in  Sept.,  1572 ; was  taken  by  the 
French  1691,  and  restored  1697 ; was  held  by  the  French 
in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  ; was  ceded  to  Aus- 
tria in  1714  ; and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1746  and  in 
1792.  Population,  commune,  27,324. 

Mons  Badonicus.  See  Badon. 

Monselice  (mon-sa-Ie'che).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Padua,  Italy,  14  miles  southwest  of 
Padua.  Pop.,  town,  3,557;  commune,  11,509. 

Mons-en-Pev§le  (mons'on-pa-val'),  or  Mons- 
en-Puelle  (mons'on-pii-el').  A village  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  13  miles  south  of 
Lille.  Here,  Aug.  18, 1304,  Philip  IY.  defeated 
the  Flemings. 

Monserrat.  See  Montserrat. 

Monserrat  (mon-se -rat'),  Joaquin  de.  A Span- 
ish general,  marquis  of  Cruillas,  and  viceroy  of 
Mexico  from  Jan.  25,  1761,  to  Aug.,  1766.  He 

was  the  first  to  organize  the  militia  of  the  country,  a mea- 
sure which  had  an  important  bearing  on  subsequent  events. 

Monsieur  (me-sye').  [F.,  ‘ my  lord/ ‘ sir.’]  A 
title  formerly  applied  to  the  eldest  brother  of 
the  King  of  France. 

Monsieur,  Peace  of.  See  Peace  of  Monsieur. 

Monsieur,  Theatre  de.  A theater  existing  in 
Paris,  in  the  Foire  St. -Germain,  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  18th  century.  It  was  founded  by  a coiffeur 
of  Marie  Antoinette  named  Leonard  Autre,  and  was  named 
from  “Monsieur,"  the  king’s  brother,  who  backed  it  (“au 
credit  duquel  il  devait  son  privilege  ”).  Italian  opera  and 
French  comedy  were  played  there,  and  it  had  a brilliant 
existence  from  1789  to  1791,  when  a new  house  was  built 
for  it  in  the  Rue  Feydeau  and  it  received  the  name  of 
Theatre  Feydeau. 

Monsieur  de  Pourceaugnac  (me-sye'  de  pijr- 
son-yak').  A comedy  by  Moliere,  playedinl660: 
“an  ingenious  satire,  pushed  to  the  verge  of 
burlesque  and  farce,  on  the  country  squires  of 
France”  ( Saintsbury ). 

Monsigny  (mfin-sen-ye'),  Pierre  Alexandre. 

Born  near  St.-Omer,  France,  Oct.  17, 1729:  died 
Jan.  14,  1817.  A French  composer.  His  most 
successful  opera  was  “Felix,  ou  l’enfant  trouve  ” 
(1777). 

Mons  Meg  (monz  meg).  An  old  cannon  in  the 
castle  at  Edinburgh.  It  was  made  at  Mons  in 
Flanders. 

Monson  (mun'son),  Sir  William.  Born  1569: 
died  at  Kinnersley,  Feb.,  1643.  An  English 
admiral.  In  1585  he  ran  away  to  sea,  and  in  1588  was 
made  lieutenant  of  the  Charles.  In  1591  he  was  captured 
and  detained  in  the  castle  of  Lisbon.  In  1694  he  took  his 
M.  A.  degree  at  Oxford.  In  1602  he  was  vice-admiral  of 
the  squadron  under  Sir  Richard  Leveson  ; in  1604  was  ap- 
pointed admiral  of  the  Narrow  Seas  ; and  in  1614  was  en- 
gaged in  suppressing  piracy  on  the  coast  of  Ireland.  He 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  Jan.  12, 1615-16,  and  did  not 
serve  again  until  the  Dutch  campaign  of  1635. 

Monstrelet  (mons-tre-la'),  Enguerrand  de. 

Died  1453.  A French  chronicler,  author  of  a 
chronicle  of  contemporary  French  history  (ed- 
ited 1857). 

Monsumma.no  (mon-som-ma'no).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Lucca,  Italy,  22  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Florence.  Near  it  is  a warm  stalactitic 
grotto  noted  as  a health-reBort.  Population,  8,527. 

Montabaur  (mon'ta-bour).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  12  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Coblenz.  Population,  about  3,500. 

Montacute  (mon'ta-kut),  or  Montagu  (mon'- 
ta-gu),  John  de,  third  Earl  of  Salisbury.  Born 
about  1350:  beheaded  at  Cirencester,  Jan.  7, 
1400.  An  English  soldier,  nephew  of  William 
de  Montacute,  second  earl  of  Salisbury.  A promi- 
nent Lollard,  he  attended  their  meetings,  and  kept  a Lol- 
lard chaplain.  In  1397  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom.  He 
was  a favorite  adviser  of  Richard  II.  On  the  landing  of 
the  Duke  of  Lancaster  (Henry  IV.),  he  raised  troops  in  the 
west  to  oppose  him.  On  the  downfall  of  Richard,  and  the 
accession  of  Henry  IV.,  he  was  committed  to  the  Tower. 
He  was  released,  entered  into  a conspiracy  against  Henry, 
was  discovered,  and  was  murdered  by  a mob. 

Montacute,  or  Montagu,  Thomas  de,  fourth 
Earl  of  Salisbury.  Born  iu  1388 : died  at  Meung, 
France,  Nov.  3,  1428.  An  English  general.  He 
was  summoned  to  Parliament  as  Earl  of  Salisbury  in  Oct., 
1409,  and  restored  to  the  dignity  of  his  father  in  1421.  In 
1415  he  served  the  king  in  France,  fighting  at  Harfleur  and 
Agincourt,  and  was  made  lieutenant-general  of  Normandy 
in  April,  1419.  He  continued  to  fight  in  France  as  the  most 
famous  and  skilful  English  general  until  the  siege  of  Or- 
leans, Oct.,  1428.  He  was  wounded  there,  and  died  at 
Meung. 

Montacute,  or  Montagu,  William  de,  third 
Enron  Montacute  and  first  Earl  of  Salisbury. 
Born  1301:  died  Jan.  30,  1344.  Au  English 
soldier,  eldest  son  of  William  de  Montacute, 
second  baron.  In  1327  he  fought  with  Edward  III.  in 
Scotland.  During  the  Parliament  of  Nottingham  (Oct., 
1330)  be  arrested  Mortimer  in  the  queen  mother’s  apart- 
ments. On  March  10,  1337,  he  was  created  earl  of  Salis- 
bury, and  was  appointed  marshal  of  England  Sept.  20, 
1338. 

Montacute,  or  Montagu,  William  de,  second 


Montagu,  Edward 

Earl  of  Salisbury.  Born  June  25,  1328:  died 
June  3, 1397.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  one  of 
the  original  knights  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter  (1350).  In 
1354  he  was  appointed  constable  of  the  king’s  army  in 
France,  and  served  until  the  peace  of  1360.  In  1369  he 
served  under  John  of  Gaunt  in  the  north  of  France.  He 
assisted  at  the  coronation  of  Richard  II.  in  1377,  and  in 
1381  went  with  the  king  to  meet  Wat  Tyler’s  rebels  at 
Smithfield. 

Montagnais  (mon-tan-ya').  [F.,  ‘mountain- 
eers.’] 1.  A collective  name  given  by  the  French 
(and  adopted  by  the  English)  to  the  group  of 
North  American  Indian  tribes  in  Quebec  prov- 
ince, extending  along  the  north  shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  from  near  the  city  of  Quebec  to  the 
Strait  of  Belle  Isle,  and  inland  northwest  and 
northeast.  They  are  divided  into  several  tribes,  among 
which  are  the  Berseamite,  Chisedec,  and  Tadousac.  The 
name  Montagnais  is  from  the  elevated  land  on  which  they 
dwelt,  and  they  are  sometimes  confounded  with  the  tribe 
of  the  same  name  of  an  Athapascan  stock  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  They  number  about  2,000.  See  Algonquian. 
2.  A collective  name  given  to  four  tribes  of  the 
northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  occupying  the  interior 
of  British  North  America.  These  tribes  are  the 
Thilan  ottine  or  Chippewayan  proper,  the  Athapascan 
proper,  the  Ethen  eldeli  or  Caribou-eaters,  and  the  T’atsan 
ottine  or  Yellow  Knives.  They  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  other  Montagnais,  who  belong  to  the  Algonquian 
stock.  See  Athapascan. 

Montagnana  (mon-tan-ya'na).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Padua,  Italy,  24  miles  southwest  of 
Padua.  Pomdation,  commune,  10,364. 

Montagnards  (mon-tiin-yar').  [F.,‘  mountain- 
eers.’] A collective  name  given  to  six  tribes  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  occupying  the  in- 
terior of  British  North  America.  These  tribes  are 
the  Tsa  ottine  or  Beaver,  Sarci,  Altatin  or  Thekenneh, 
Nehaunee,  Ettcha  ottine  or  Mauvais  Monde,  and  Espato- 
tina.  They  number  about  1,016.  See  Athapascan. 

Montagnards.  See  Mountain. 

Montagu.  See  Montacute. 

Montagu  (mon'ta-gu),  Basil.  Born  at  London, 
April  24, 1770  : died  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Nov. 
27,  1851.  An  English  legal  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  son  of  John  Montagu,  fourth  earl  of 
Sandwich,  by  his  mistress  Martha  Ray.  Ac- 
knowledged by  his  father,  he  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house  and  at  Christ’s  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1790.  He  was  admitted  to  Gray’s  Inn,  and  came  to 
London  in  1795.  He  was  intimate  with  Coleridge  and 
Wordsworth.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1798,  and  pub- 
lished in  1801  “A  Summary  of  the  Law  of  Set  Off,”  and 
from  1805  to  1807  prepared  a,  “ Digest  of  the  Bankruptcy 
Laws.”  In  1807  he  was  appointed  a commissioner  in  bank- 
ruptcy. He  also  printed  much  matter  on  the  death-pen- 
alty and  copyright  laws.  In  1825  he  exposed  the  delay  and 
expense  of  the  existing  bankruptcy  procedure,  and  in  1835 
was  made  accountant-general  in  bankruptcy.  Between 
1825  and  1834  he  edited  the  “ Works  of  Lord  Bacon."  His 
“Essays  ” were  published  in  1824. 

Montagu,  Charles,  first  Earl  of  Halifax.  Born 
probably  at  Horton,  Northamptonshire,  April 
16,  1661 : died  May  19,  1715.  Au  English  states- 
man, financier,  and  poet,  grandson  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Manchester.  He  studied  at  Westminster  and 
at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College).  In  1689  he  was  returned 
to  the  Convention  Parliament  for  Maldon.  Iu  March, 
1692,  he  was  appointed  a lord  of  the  treasury,  and  induced 
Parliament  to  raise  a loan  of  a million  in  annuities  based 
on  new  excise  duties.  This  loan  was  the  beginning  of  the 
English  national  debt.  Adopting  Patterson’s  scheme  for 
a national  bank,  he  carried  through  a bill  to  raise  a loan  of 
£ 1,200, 000  based  on  a tonnage  bill,  the  subscribers  to  form 
a corporation  known  as  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the 
Bank  of  England.  On  April  30,  1694,  he  was  made  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer.  With  the  aid  of  Somers,  Locke, 
Newton,  and  Halley  he  reformed  the  currency  in  1695,  and 
for  the  first  time  issued  the  exchequer  bills  by  which  the 
British  government  gets  its  first  credit  from  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  1696  he  carried  his  “general  mortgage” 
scheme,  by  which  a consolidated  fund  was  formed.  In 
1698  he  established  the  society  to  which  a monopoly  of  the 
Indian  trade  was  given.  On  Dec.  13,  1700,  he  was  created 
Baron  Halifax.  He  was  impeached  in  1701  and  acquitted, 
but  was  not  in  office  during  Anne’s  reign.  On  Oct.  19, 
1714,  he  was  created  earl  of  Halifax.  He  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society  from  1695  to  1698.  He  was  the 
collaborator  of  Prior  in  the  “City  Mouse  and  Country 
Mouse”  (1687). 

Montagu,  Edward,  second  Earl  of  Manches- 
ter. Born  1602 : died  May  5, 1671.  An  English 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  Henry  Montagu,  first 
earl  of  Manchester.  He  entered  Cambridge  (Sidney 
Sussex  College)  in  1618,  and  was  elected  memberof  Parlia- 
ment for  Huntingdon  in  1623.  In  1626  lie  was  created 
Baron  Montagu,  while  holding  the  courtesy  title  of  Vis- 
count Mandeville.  In  1640  he  was  one  of  twelve  peers  to 
petition  the  king  to  call  the  Long  Parliament,  and  was  in 
accord  with  Pym,  Hampden,  Fiennes,  and  St.  John.  In 
Jan.,  1642,  he  was  impeached  by  the  king  for  high  trea- 
son ; in  Sept,  commanded  a regiment  of  foot  in  Essex’s 
army  ; and  in  Nov.  became  earl  of  Manchester.  In  Aug., 

1643,  he  was  made  major-general  in  the  eastern  counties. 
At  Marston  Moor  (July  2, 1644)  he  was  general  field-officer 
with  Cromwell  as  commander  of  his  horse.  On  Nov.  25, 

1644,  Cromwell  charged  Manchester  before  the  Commons 
with  neglect  and  incompetency,  and  on  April  2,  1645,  lie 
resigned  his  commission  in  the  army.  On  Jail.  2, 1649,  lie 
opposed  the  ordinance  for  the  king's  trial  in  the  House 


Montagu,  Edward 


700 


Mont  Cenis 


of  Lords,  and  retired  from  public  life  before  the  formation 
of  the  Commonwealth.  On  March  15,  1649,  he  was  made 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  assisted 
in  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  and  in  1660  regained  many 
of  his  offices. 

Montagu,  or  Mountagu,  Edward,  first  Earl  of 
Sandwich.  Born  July  27, 1625 : killed  in  a na- 
val action,  May  28,  1672.  An  English  admiral. 

He  followed  Parliament,  and  in  1643  raised  a regiment  of 
foot  in  Cambridgeshire ; fought  at  Naseby  June  14,  and 
at  Bristol  Sept.  10,  1645 ; but  had  no  share  in  the  king’s 
trial  and  execution.  In  1656  he  was  appointed  Blake's 
colleague  in  command  of  the  fleet.  He  supported  Rich- 
ard Cromwell,  and  was  actively  engaged  in  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.  In  1660  he  was  appointed  general  of  the 
fleet  with  Monk,  and  with  Pepys  (author  of  the  “Diary  ”) 
as  his  secretary.  On  May  23,  1660,  the  ldug  embarked  on 
his  flagship,  and  on  May  25  landed  at  Dover.  He  was  cre- 
ated earl  of  Sand  wich  J uly  12.  In  1661-62  he  was  engaged 
In  Morocco  and  Portugal.  He  was  blown  up  in  his  ship, 
the  Royal  James,  May  28,  in  a battle  with  the  Dutch. 

Montagu,  Edward  Wortley.  Born  in  1713: 
died  in  Italy,  1776.  An  English  author,  son  of 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu : reputed  author 
of  ‘ ‘ Reflections  on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  Ancient 


Republics”  (1759). 

Montagu,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Robinson).  Born 
at  York,  Oct.  2,  1720 : died  at  Montagu  House, 
London,  Aug.  25,  1800.  An  English  author  and 
social  leader.  On  Aug.  5,  1742,  she  married  Edward 
Montagu,  grandson  of  the  first  Earl  of  Sandwich.  After 
1750  she  held  her  salon  in  Hill  street,  Mayfair.  The  epi- 
thet “ blue-stocking  ” was  first  applied  to  her  assemblies. 
Among  her  visitors  were  Lord  Lyttelton,  Burke,  Garrick, 
and  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  Her  younger  associates  in- 
cluded Hannah  More  and  Fanny  Burney.  In  1760  she  con- 
tributed three  dialogues  to  Lyttelton’s  “ Dialogues  of  the 
Dead.’’  She  visited  Paris  after  the  peace  of  1763.  In  1769 
she  wrote  an  essay  on  the  “Genius  of  Shakspere"  in  an- 
swer to  Voltaire.  In  1776  she  built  Montagu  House,  now 
No.  22  Portman  Square,  where  she  died.  (This  was  not 
the  Montagu  House  upon  the  site  of  which  the  British 
Museum  was  built.) 

Montagu,  George.  Born  at  Lackliam,  Wilt- 
shire, 1751:  died  at  Knowle  House,  Kingsbridge, 
Devonshire,  Aug.  28,  1815.  An  English  natu- 
ralist. He  served  as  captain  in  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. He  was  an  early  member  of  the  Linnean  Society 
(established  1788).  Among  his  works  are  “The  Sports- 
man’s Directory  ” (1792),  the  “ Ornithological  Dictionary, 
etc. ’’ (1802),  “Testacea  Britannica ’’ (1803),  etc. 

Montagu,  John,  fourth  Earl  of  Sandwich.  Born 
Nov.  3,  1718 : died  at  London,  April  30,  1792. 
An  English  diplomatist,  eldest  son  of  Edward 
Richard  Montagu,  Viscount  Hinchinbroke.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  but  left  the  univer- 
sity in  1738  without  a degree,  and  traveled  in  Europe  and 
the  East.  In  Dec.,  1744,  he  was  appointed  a lord  com- 
missioner of  the  admiralty  by  the  Duke  of  Bedford.  In 
1748  he  was  plenipotentiary  at  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  In  Feb.,  1748,  he  was  made  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  and  was  dismissed  from  office  June  12, 
1751.  He  disgraced  himself  at  the  notorious  prosecution 
of  John  Wilkes.  In  Dec.,  1770,  he  was  appointed  a secre- 
tary of  state  under  Lord  North,  and  was  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  during  the  American  war,  when  the  lowest 
depths  of  corruption  were  reached  by  the  British  navy. 
He  retired  from  public  life  on  the  fall  of  the  North  ad- 
ministration, March,  1782.  Basil  Montagu  was  his  son  by 
his  mistress,  Miss  Ray,  who  was  murdered  April  7,  1779. 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  W ortley.  Baptized  at  Co- 
vent Garden,  May  26, 1689 : died  inEngland,  Aug. 
21,  1762.  An  English  writer,  eldest  daughter  of 
Evelyn  Pierrepont,  fifth  earl  (later  duke)  of 
Kingston.  She  privately  married  Edward  Wortley  Mon- 
tagu, grandson  of  Edward  Montagu,  first  earl  of  Sandwich, 
on  Aug.  12, 1712.  Her  son  Edward  Wortley  Montagu  was 
horn  in  1713.  She  was  a favorite  of  the  Princess  of  Wales 
(afterwardQueen Caroline).  In  1716 Montagu wasappointed 
ambassador  to  the  Porte.  He  was  recalled  in  Oct.,  1717, 
but  resided  in  Constantinople  until  June,  1718.  An  inter- 
esting account  of  the  visit  appears  in  her  “ Letters.  ” While 
at  Adrianople  she  observed  the  practice  of  inoculation, 
and  assisted  in  introducing  it  into  England.  She  was  very 
intimate  with  Pope,  but  quarreled  with  him  finally,  and  be- 
came an  object  of  his  malignity.  In  1739  she  again  went 
abroad,  and  in  1758  settled  at  Venice,  returning  to  England 
in  1762.  Her  daughter  Mary  (born  in  1718)  became  Lady 
Bute.  She  wrote  “ Town  Eclogues,”  published  as  “Court 
Poems  ” (1716).  Her  “ Letters  ” appeared  in  1763  and  1767. 

Montagu  House.  A mansion  erected  by  Hooke 
for  Ralph  Montagu,  first  duke  of  Montagu, 
“ after  the  French  manner,”  in  the  suburb  of 
Bloomsbury,  London.  It  was  burned  down  in  1686. 
It  was  rebuilt,  but  only  partially  inhabited,  and  was  sold 
to  the  nation  for  £10,000  in  1753,  for  the  reception  of  the 
81oane  collection.  The  last  remnants  of  the  old  house 
were  removed  in  1846  and  replaced  by  the  present  British 
Museum. 

Montague  (mon7fa-gu).  1.  In  Shakspere’s 
tragedy  “Romeo  and  Juliet, ”the  father  of  Ro- 
meo.— 2.  The  “honest  man”  in  Fletcher  and 
Massinger’s  play  “ The  Honest  Man’s  Fortune.” 

Montague,  Henry  James  (the  stage  name  of 
Henry  J.  Mann).  Born  in  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, 1843 : died  at.  San  Francisco,  Aug.  11, 1878. 
An  English- American  actor.  He  played  in  London 
till  1874,  when  he  made  bis  first  appearance  in  New  York. 
He  went  to  San  Francisco  in  1875.  He  was  a graceful  and 
refined  comedian. 


Montague,  Lady.  In  Shakspere’s 
Juliet,  the  mother  of  Romeo. 


“Romeo  and 


Montaigne  (mon-tan7;  F.  pron.  mon-tany7), 
Michel  Eyquem  de.  Born  at.  the  Chateau  Mon- 
taigne, Dordogne,  France,  Feb.  28,  1533:  died 
Sept.  13  (?),  1592.  A celebrated  French  essayist. 
His  early  education  was  carried  on  at  home  under  his  fa- 
ther’s guidance.  After  graduating  from  college  at  Bor- 
deaux, he  studied  law.  In  1559  he  was  at  the  court  of  Fran- 
cis II.,  and  in  1571  became  attached  to  the  person  of  Henry 
III.  In  this  year  Montaigne  published  his  friend  La  Bod- 
tie’s  translations  from  the  Greek,  and  in  1572  edited  the 
latter’s  French  verses.  In  1580  he  traveled  in  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy.  He  left  Rome  in  1581  to  become 
mayor  of  Bordeaux.  Montaigne  is  chiefly  known  from  his 
“Essais"  (Bordeaux,  1580  : the  edition  of  1588  was  the  last 
to bepublishedduringtheauthor’slifetime.  Mademoiselle 
de  Gournay,  a warm  admirer  of  Montaigne,  did  not  have 
access  to  a copy  of  this  last  edition  with  the  author’s  own 
corrections  when  she  edited  the  “ Essais  ” in  1595,  together 
with  some  posthumous  writings  and  notes).  An  English 
translation  was  made  in  1601  by  the  Italian  Giovanni  Florio, 
based  on  Mademoiselle  de  Gournay’s  work.  The  best  classi- 
cal edition  of  Montaigne’s  ‘ 1 Essais  ” is  due  to  J.  V.  Leclerc : 
a reprint  of  it  was  made  in  1865-66.  In  his  essays  Montaigne 
studies  the  men  of  the  society  of  his  day.  He  examines 
everything  in  a skeptical  spirit,  is  inclined  to  doubt,  and 
his  motto  is  Que  sais-je  ? Montaigne’s  ideas  and  influence 
are  to  be  traced  in  many  of  the  best  French  authors  of  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries,  while  outside  of  France  his  essays 
were  diligently  read  by  Bacon  and  Shakspere. 
Montalba  (mont-al'ba) , Clara.  Born  atLondon. 
A contemporary  English  landscape- and  marine- 
painter.  She  is  the  eldest  of  the  four  daughtersof  Antony 
and  Emiline  Montalba ; was  a pupil  of  Isabey  in  Paris ; 
and  was  made  associate  of  the  London  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water  Colors  in  1874,  aud  of  the  Belgian  Society  in  1876. 
Among  her  works  are  several  Venetian  scenes,  one  of  the 
port  of  Amsterdam,  etc.  Her  sisters  Ellen  and  Hilda  are 
portrait-  and  figure-painters. 

Montalba,  Henrietta  Skerrett.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1856:  died  at  Venice,  Sept.  14, 1893.  An 
English  sculptor,  sister  of  Clara  Montalba.  she 
studied  at  South  Kensington,  at  the  Belle  Art!  in  Venice, 
and  with  Jules  Dalou  in  London.  She  exhibited  first  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1876.  Among  her  portrait-busts  is  one 
of  Browning  in  terra-cotta  (1883).  Among  her  other  works 
are  “A  Dalecarlian  Peasant  Woman,”  “The  Raven,  "and  a 
“Venetian  Boy  catching  a Crab  ”(1893 : exhibited  in  Lon- 
don and  at  the  International  Exhibition  at  Chicago). 
Montalcino  (mon-tal-che'no).  A town  in  tbe 
province  of  Siena,  Italy,  52  miles  south  by  east 
of  Florence.  Population,  commune,  8,942. 
Montalembert  (mon-ta -Ion -bar7),  Comte  de 
(Charles  Forbes  de  Montalembert).  Born 
at  London,  May  29,  1810 : died  at  Paris,  March 
13, 1870.  A French  historian,  orator,  publicist, 
and  politician  (representing  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic and  clerical  interest).  His  chief  works  are  “ Vie 
de  Sainte-Elisabetb  de  Hongrie  ” (“  Life  of  St.  Elizabeth  of 
Hungary,"  1836),  “ Les  Moines  d’Occident  ” (“  The  Monks 
of  the  West,”  1860-68). 

Montalembert,  Marquis  Marc  Rene  de.  Born 
at  Angouleme,  France,  July  16,  1714:  died 
March  29,  1800.  A French  military  engineer. 
His  chief  work  is  “La fortification  perpendicu- 
laire,”  etc.  (1776-96). 

Montalvdn  (mon-tal-van7),  Juan  Perez  de. 

Born  at  Madrid,  1602 : died  June  25,  1638.  A 
noted  Spanish  dramatist,  novelist,  and  ecclesi- 
astic, apostolic  notary  of  the  Inquisition. 
Montalvo  (mon-tal'vo),  Francisco.  Born  at 
Havana,  Cuba,  1754:  died  at  Madrid,  Oct.,  1822. 
A Spanish  general.  He  was  acting  viceroy  of  New 
Granada  and  Venezuela,  with  the  title  of  captain-general, 
from  May,  1813,  to  Dec.,  1817.  During  this  period  the  rev- 
olution was  temporarily  subdued,  mainly  by  the  opera- 
tions of  Murillo  (whom  see). 

Montana (mon-tan'ya).  [Sp.,‘ mountain  land.’] 
A name  given  in  Spanish  America,  especially 
in  Peru  and  Bolivia,  to  the  forest-covered  re- 
gion which  forms  the  lower  portion  of  the  east- 
ern slope  of  the  Andes,  and  includes  the  numer- 
ous valleys  of  the  Amazonian  tributaries.  By 

extension  the  term  is  often  used  for  all  forest  land  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  open  sierra,  thus  including  portions 
of  the  plain. 

Montana  (mon-ta,7  na).  One  of  the  Western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capi- 
tal, Helena.  It  is  bounded  by  Canada  on  the  north, 
North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota  on  the  east,  Wyoming  and 
Idaho  on  the  south,  and  Idaho  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  west.  The  eastern  portion 
consists  of  plateaus  and  plains,  and  there  are  fertile  val- 
leys in  the  west.  The  chief  metals  are  copper  and  silver. 
The  leading  industries  are  mining  and  stock-raising.  Mon- 
tana formed  part  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  and  the  greater 
part  of  it  was  included  in  Nebraska  Territory.  Gold  was 
discovered  there  in  1861.  Montana  Territory  was  organ- 
ized in  1864.  It  was  admitted  as  a State  in  1889.  It  has  31 
counties,  sends  2 senators  and  2 representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  4 electoral  votes.  Area,  146,080  square 
miles.  Population,  376,053,  (1910). 

Montanelli  ( mon-ta-nel'le),  Giuseppe.  Born  at 
Fucecchio,  Tuscany,  about  1813:  died  June  17, 
1863.  A Tuscan  revolutionist,  triumvir  in  1849. 
Montanists  (mon'ta-nists).  A sect  of  the  Chris- 
tian church,  now  extinct,  founded  during  the 
2d  century  by  Montanus  of  Phrygia.  The  Mon- 
tanists believed  in  the  divine  and  prophetic  inspiration  of 
Montanus,  the  continuance  of  the  miraculous  gifts  of  the 
apostolic  church,  the  immediate  approach  of  the  second 


advent  of  Christ,  and  the  establishment  of  the  heavenly 
Jerusalem  at  Pepuza  in  Phrygia.  They  practised  rigor- 
ous asceticism. 

Montanus  (mon-ta, 7 nus).  Bom  in  Phrygia, 
Asia  Minor.  Lived  in  the  2d  century.  A schis- 
matic, founder  of  the  Montanist  sect  probably 
about  157.  See  Montanists. 

Montanus,  Arias.  See  Arias  Montanus. 
Montanvert  (mon-ton-var7),  or  Montenvers. 
A height  in  the  Mont  Blanc  group  of  the  Alps, 
east  of  Chamonix,  near  the  Mer  de  Glace.  It 
commands  a fine  prospect.  Height,  6,303  feet. 
Montargis  (mon-tar-zhe7).  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  France,  situated  at  the 
union  of  the  Loing  and  Vernisson,  63  miles 
south  by  east  of  Paris.  It  contains  ruins  of  a castle. 
(For  the  dog  of  Montargis,  see  Aubry  de  Alontdidicr.)  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  13,104. 

Montataire  (mon-ta-tar7).  A manufacturing 
town  in  tbe  department  of  Oise,  France,  30 
miles  north  of  Paris. 

Montauban  (mon-to-boh7).  [L.  Mans  Albanus.'] 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Ga- 
ronne,  France,  situated  on  the  Tarn  in  lat.  44° 
l7  N.,  long.  1°  21'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade  and 
manufactures ; contains  a faculty  of  Protestant  theology ; 
and  was  the  birthplace  of  Ingres.  It  was  founded  in  1144 
on  the  site  of  the  Roman  Mons  Albanus.  It  was  a strong- 
hold of  the  Albigenses  and  the  Huguenots,  and  successfully 
resisted  Louis  XIII.  in  1621.  Population,  commune,  28,688. 

Montauban,  Renaud  de.  See  Rinaldo  (F. 
Renaud). 

Montauk  (mon-tak7).  A tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  formerly  occupying  the  eastern 
end  of  Long  Island,  New  York.  Those  remaining 
about  1788  joined  the  Brotherton  Indians  in  New  York. 
One  translation  of  their  name  is  ‘lookout ’or  ‘place  of  see- 
ing.’ See  Algonquian. 

Montauk  Point.  The  easternmost  point  of 
Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  in  the  town- 
ship of  East  Hampton,  in  lat.  41°  47  N.,  long. 
71°  51 7 W. 

Montbard  (mon-bar7).  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  C6te-d’Or,  France,  40  miles  northwest 
of  Dijon.  Population,  commune,  3,490. 
Montbars  (mon-bar7).  Born  in  Languedoc 
about  1645.  A French  bucaneer,  called  “ the 
Exterminator  ” from  his  ferocity.  He  was  of  good 
family,  and  accompanied  his  uncle,  a naval  officer,  to  the 
West  Indies  in  1663.  His  uncle  having  been  killed  by  the 
Spaniards,  he  joined  the  bucaneers,  rose  to  high  command, 
and  for  several  years  ravaged  the  Spanish  colonies  about 
the  Caribbean  Sea.  There  is  no  record  of  his  subsequent 
life  or  of  his  death. 

Montbeliard  (mon-ba-lyar7).  [G. MdmpeJgard. ] 
A town  in  the  department  of  Doubs,  France, 
situated  near  the  junction  of  the  Allaine  and 
Lisaine,  36  miles  northeast  of  Besancon.  it  has 
manufactures  of  watches,  etc.,  contains  a chateau,  and  was 
the  birthplace  of  Cuvier.  It  was  the  capital  of  a medieval 
countship  ; passed  to  Wtirtemberg;  and  belonged  to  it  un- 
til 1793.  Near  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  Belfort,  Jan.  15- 
17,  1871.  Population,  commune,  10,455. 

Mont  Blanc (monblon).  [F.,‘  white  mountain.’] 
The  highest  mountain  of  the  Alps,  situated  on 
the  frontier  of  France  (department  of  Haute- 
Savoie)  and  Italy  (Piedmont).  The  summit  is 
crossed  by  the  Frencb-Italian  boundary  line.  The  Mont 
Blanc  massif  is  sometimes  classed  with  the  Pennine  Alps, 
but  more  generally  as  a group  by  itself.  The  mountain 
was  first  ascended  in  1786.  A French  observatory  was 
erected  on  its  summit  in  1893.  Its  largest  glacier  is  the 
Mer  de  Glace,  and  the  valley  of  Chamonix  is  at  its  foot. 
Height,  15,781  feet. 

Montbrison  (mon-bre-zon7).  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Vi- 
zezy  38  miles  west-southwest  of  Lyons.  It  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  department.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  7,631. 

Montcalm  Gozon  de  Saint-Veran  (mont- 
kam';  F.  pron.  mon-kalm7  go-zon7  d6  sah-va- 
ron7),  Louis  Joseph,  Marquis  de.  Born  at  the 
Chateau  de  Candiac,  near  Nimes,  France,  Feb. 
29,  1712:  died  at  Quebec,  Sept.  14,  1759.  A 
French  general.  He  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
forces  in  Canada  in  1756;  captured  Fort  Ontario  at  Oswego 
in  1756,  and  Fort  William  Henry  in  1757 ; repulsed  the  Brit- 
ish under  Abercrombie  at  Ticonderoga  in  1758;  repelled 
Wolfe’s  attack  on  Quebec,  July  31,  1759;  and  was  defeated 
and  mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Quebec,  Sept-  13. 

Montceau-les-Mines  (mon-so'la-men7).  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire, 
France,  34  miles  northwest  of  Macon.  It  is 
noted  for  coal-mines  and  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  26,305. 

Mont  Cenis  (moh  se-ne7).  A mountain  pass  of 
the  Graian  Alps,  between  France  and  Italy, 
situated  in  lat.  45°  17'  N.,  long.  6°  507  E.  The 

present  Mont  Cenis  road  was  made  by  Napoleon  I.  (1803- 
1810)  to  connect  the  valley  of  the  I sere  in  France  with 
Susa  in  Italy : it  reaches  the  height  of  6,881  feet.  The 
Mont  Cenis  tunnel,  in  the  Mont  Cenis  railway  route  be- 
tween France  and  Italy,  built  1861-70,  passes  under  the 
Col  de  Frdjus,  14  miles  from  the  Mont  Cenis  road.  Its 
length  is  7§  miles  (the  second  longest  in  the  world),  and 
it  reaches  the  height  of  4,245  feet. 


Montchanin 

Montchanin  (mon-sha-nan').  A mining  and 
manufacturing  town  in  the  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire,  France,  17  miles  southeast  of 
Autun. 

Montchrestien  (mon-kra-tyan'),  Antoine  de. 
See  the  extract. 

We  have  seen  that  the  early  tragedy,  which  was  more  or 
less  directly  reproductive  of  Seneca,  attained  its  highest 
pitch  in  the  work  of  Gamier.  This  pitch  was  on  the  whole 
well  maintained  by  Antoine  de  Montchrestien,  a man  of 
a singular  history  and  of  a singular  genius.  The  date 
of  his  birth  is  not  exactly  known,  but  he  was  the  son  of 
an  apothecary  at  Falaise,  and  belonged  to  the  Huguenot 
party.  Duels  and  lawsuits  succeed  each  other  in  his  story, 
and  by  some  means  or  other  he  was  able  to  assume  the  title 
of  Seigneur  de  Vasteville.  In  one  of  his  duels  he  killed 
his  man,  and  had  to  fly  to  England.  Being  pardoned,  he 
returned  to  Prance  and  took  to  commerce.  But  after  the 
death  of  Henry  IV.  he  joined  a Huguenot  rising,  and  was 
killed  in  October,  1621.  Montchrestien  wrote  a treatise 
on  political  economy  (he  is  even  said  to  have  been  the  first 
to  introduce  the  term  into  Prench),  some  poems,  and  six 
tragedies,  “ Sophonisbe  ” or  “Ea  Cartaginoise,",  “ Les  La- 
■ c&nes,”  “David,”  “ Aman,”  “Hector,”  and  “ L’Ecossaise. ” 
Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  289. 

Montclair  (mont-klar').  A township  in  Essex 
County,  New  Jersey,  13  miles  northwest  of  New 
York.  Population,  21,550,  (1910). 
Mont-de-Marsan  (mon'de-mar-son').  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Landes,  France, 
situatedatthe  junction  of  the  Douze  and  Midou, 
in  lat.  43°  54'  N.,  long.  0°  29'  W.  Population, 
commune,  11,923. 

Montdidier  (mon-de-dya').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the 
Don  20  miles  southeast  of  Amiens.  Population, 
commune,  4,443. 

Mont  Dore,  or  Monts  Dore  (mon  dor) . A moun- 
tain mass  in  Auvergne,  in  the  department  of 
Puy-de-Ddme.  Highest  peak,  Puy-de-Sancy 
(6,185  feet). 

Mont-Dore-les-Bains  (mon-dor'la-ban'),  or 
Bains-du-Mont-Dore.  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puy-de-Dome,  France,  situated  on 
the  Dordogne  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Cler- 
mont-Ferrand : noted  for  its  mineral  springs. 
Monteagndo  (mon  - ta  - a - go ' do),  Bernardo. 
Born  at  Tucuman  (now  in  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic), 1787 : assassinated  at  Lima,  Peru,  Jan.  28, 
1825.  A Spanish- American  republican.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  influential  advocates  of  independence ; 
was  secretary  of  San  Martin  ; and  was  the  leading  spirit 
of  the  first  republican  government  of  Peru,  1821-22,  as 
minister  of  war'  and  marine. 

Montealegre  (mon-ta^a-la'gra),  Jose  Maria. 
Born  at  San  Jos6,  March  19, 1815 : died  at  Mis- 
sion San  Jose,  Cal.,  Sept.  26,  1887.  A Costa- 
Rican  statesman.  After  the  deposition  of  Mora,  he 
was  made  provisional  president  Aug.  14,  1859,  and  was 
regularly  elected  president  May  8,  I860,  holding  office  until 
May  7,  1863. 

Monte  Alegre,  Baron,  Viscount,  and  Marquis 

of.  See  Costa  Carvalho,  Jose  da. 

Monte  Amaro  (mon'te  a-ma'ro).  [It.,  ‘bitter 
mountain.’]  The  highest  summit  of  the  Maiella 
group  of  the  Apennines,  central  Italy.  Height, 
9,170  feet. 

Monte  Argentario  (ar-jen-ta're-o).  [It., ‘silver 
mountain.’]  A promontory  on  the  coast  of  Tus- 
cany, Italy,  near  Orbetello.  Height,  2,090  feet. 
Monte  Baldo  (bal'do).  A chain  of  the  Triden- 
tine Alps,  on  the  border  of  Tyrol  and  northern 
Italy,  separating  the  Lake  of  Garda  from  the 
Adige.  Length,  25  miles.  Height  of  Cinna 
Val  Dritta,  7,275  feet. 

Montebello  (mon-te-bel'lo),  Battle  of.  1.  A 

victory  gained  at  the  village  of  Montebello  (32 
miles  south  of  Milan)  by  the  French  under 
Lannes  over  the  Austrians  under  Ott,  June  9, 
1800.  It  was  speedily  followed  by  the  battle  of 
Marengo. — 2.  A victory  gained  at  Montebello 
May  20,  1859,  by  the  French  under  Forey  over 
the  Austrians  under  Stadion.  It  was  the  open- 
ing battle  of  the  Italian  campaign  of  1859. 
Monte  Carlo  (kar'lo).  A place  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Monaco,  northeast  of  the  town  of  Mo- 
naco. It  is  noted  as  a gambling  resort,  and  also 
as  a sea-bathing  place  and  winter  health-resort. 
Monte-Caseros  (mon'ta-ka-sa/rSs).  A village 
of  the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Argentine 
Republic,  25  miles  west  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Here, 
Feb.  3, 1852,  the  forces  of  Urquiza  and  his  Brazilian  allies 
defeated  the  dictator  Rosas,  forcing  him  from  the  country. 

Monte  Cassino  (kas-se'no).  A monastery  on 
a hill  near  Cassino,  Italy,  about  45  miles  north- 
west of  Naples.  It  was  founded  in  529  by  St.  Benedict, 
and  is  the  cradle  of  the  famous  Benedictine  order.  The 
existing  buildings,  architecturally  plain,  are  imposing  from 
their  enormous  size.  The  arcaded  courts  and  cloister  are 
handsome.  The  great  church,  rebuilt  in  the  17th  century, 
is  not  pure  in  style,  hut  is  almost  inconceivably  rich  in  its 


701 


Montero,  Lizardo 


a national  monument,  with  a renowned  school,  library,  and  Monte  Leone  (mon'te  la-6'ne).  Apeak  of  the 

arcnives.  tti*  > > • * - - 


Valais  Alps,  near  the  Simplon  Pass,  on  the  bor- 
der of  Switzerland  and  Italy.  Height,  11,660 
feet. 

Monteleone  di  Calabria  (de  ka-la'bre-a).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Catanzaro,  Italy,  in  lat. 
38°  44'  N.,  long.  16°  8'  E. : the  ancient  Hippo- 
niurn,  later  Vibo  Valentia.  It  has  an  ancient 

Monte  Cavo  (mon'te  ka'vo),  or  Mount  Albano  Mnn+oT  'to'?1?'*116’  . • 

fnl-hfl/oAt  Tho  Lio-wt  m m i t tK„  Aiw  Monte  Lettere  (mon  telet  te-re).  A mountain 

m the  neighborhood  of  Castellamare,  Naples: 


Montecatini  di  Val  di  Cecina  (mon-te-ka-te'- 
ne  de  val  de  cha-che'na).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Pisa,  Italy. 

Montecatini  di  Val  di  Nievole  (ne-a'vo-le). 
A small  town  in  the  province  of  Lucca,  Italy, 
24  miles  west-northwest  of  Florence.  It  has 
warm  baths. 


(al-ba'no).  The  highest  summit  of  the  Alban 
Mountains,  situated  15  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 
On  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  La- 
tiaris.  Height,  3,145  feet. 

Montecchio  (mon-tek'ke-o).  A town  in  north- 
ern Italy,  20  miles  east  of  Verona. 

Monte  Ceneri  (mon'te  cba/ne-re).  Amountain 
southwest  of  Bellinzona,  in  Switzerland.  It  is 
penetrated  by  a railway  tunnel. 


the  ancient  Mons  Lactarius.  Here,  March,  553,  a 
battle  was  fought  between  Narses  and  Teias,  the  last  king 
of  the  Goths  in  Italy,  in  which  the  latter  was  defeated  and 
slain. 

Mont61imar  (mon-ta-le-mar').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Drome,  France,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Roubion  and  Jabron,  25  miles 
south  of  Valence.  Pop.,  commune,  13,554. 

Monte  Massico.  See  Massicus. 


Montecerboli  (mon-te-cher'bo-le)  A place  in  Montemayor  (mon-ta-ma-yor' ),  Jorge  de  Born 
thejprovmce  of  Pisa,  Italy,  42  miles  southwest  at  Montemayor,  Portugalf  about  1520 “died  at 

Turin,  Feb.  26, 1561.  A Spanish  romancer  and 
poet,  author  of  the  pastoral  romance  “ Diana 
Enamorada  ” (which  see).  “ in  his  youth  he  was  a 
soldier ; but  later,  from  his  skill  in  music,  he  became  at- 
tached to  the  travelling  chapel  of  the  prince  of  Spain, 
afterwards  Philip  the  Second,  and  thus  enjoyed  an  oppor- 
tunity of  visiting  foreign  countries,  especially  Italy  and 
Flanders.”  Tickiwr. 


of  Florence.  It  is  noted  for  boracic  springs  or 
lagoons. 

Monte  Como.  See  Gran  Sasso  d’ltalia. 

Monte  Cristo  (kres'to).  A small  uninhabited 
island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Italy, 
situated  27  miles  south  of  Elba. 

Monte  Cristo.  The  principal  character  in  Du- 
mas’s novel  “Le  Comte  de  Monte  Cristo.”  He  i-  - t ,,  „ . - 

is  originally  Edmond  Dant&s,  an  innocent  youth,  unjustly  "*-OHv6in01in  (mon-ta-mo-Ien  ),  Count  01.  A 
imprisoned.  He  escapes,  becomes  immensely  wealthy,  and  name  assumed  by  Don  Carlos  (1818-61). 
carries  out  an  elaborate  system  of  revenge  in  the  various  Montemorelos.  See  Morelos. 

°£  M°ntC  CriSt°'  Lord  wilmore-  Monte  Motterono  (mot-te-ro'ne).  Amountain 
ana  the  Abbe  Lusom.  in  northern  Italy,  west  of  Stresa  on  Lago  Mtur- 

Montecucull  (mon-te-ko  ko-le),  or  Montecuc-  gi0re:  famous  for  its  view.  Height,  4,890  feet. 
S®1*  (7“‘  4oRk  ko-le),  Count  Raimondo,  Monten  (mon'ten),  Dietrich.  Born  at  Diissel- 
DukeofMelfi.  Born  at  the  castle  of  Montecu-  dorf,  Prussia,  Sept , 1799:  died  at  Munich,  Dec. 
cull,  m the  territory  of  Modena,  Italy,  1608:  . iq  -.040  » }-,  . ,,,  ’ 

died  at  Linz,  Austria,  Oct.  16,  1680.  A noted  'Jt  pa,mt-e?  °J  battle-scenes. 

Austrian  general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  ^fblwna  mVra  1 °Ti!rkD TCni-n  "H  a <r>» 

Thirty  Years' War;  commanded  the  Austrian  array  sent  to  n a £>°  7^1  J£3»ra»  Dagn  (ka  ra  dag) 

the  assistance  of  Poland  against  the  Swedes  and  Transyl-  (all  meaning  black  mountain’).  A kingdom 
vanians  1657-60;  gained  the  victory  of  St.  Gotthard  over  of  Europe,  surrounded  by  Dalmatia,  Herzego- 
the  Turks  Aug.  1,  1664  ; and  opposed  Turenne  and  Cond6  vina  Rascia  fNovi-Bnvni't  Albania  and  t~h„ 
on  the  Rhine  1672-75,  wi thou t fighting  any  decisive  battle.  Adriatic  Sea  ■ • ’ d ™ 


His  works  include  “ Commentarii  bellici  cum  puncto  artis 
bellicse  systemate  ” (1718). 

Monte  dellaDisgrazia(mon'te  del'ladis-grat'- 
se-a).  A peak  of  the  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Italy 
and  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  north- 
west of  Sondrio.  Height,  12,050  feet. 

Montefiascone  (mon-te-fe-as-ko'ne).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  50  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Rome.  It  produces  muscat  wine. 
Population,  town,  3,070;  commune,  9,381. 


Capital,  Cettinje.  The  Biirface  is 
mountainous.  The  chief  occupation  is  the  raising  of  cat- 
tle. The  government  is  a hereditary  constitutional  mon- 
archy. The  prevailing  religion  is  orthodox  Greek.  The 
Montenegrins  are  of  Servian  race,  and  speak  a dialect  of 
that  language.  Montenegro  became  independent  of  Servia 
in  1389 ; came  under  the  rule  of  prince-bishops  in  1516 ; has 
been  under  the  present  dynasty  since  1697  ; became  a secu- 
lar state  under  Danilo  I.  (1851-60);  and  has  been  at  war 
with  the  Turks  for  over  400  years  (recently  in  1852-63, 
1861-62,  1876-78,  Oct.  8,  1912-).  It  acquired  territory  in 
1878  and  in  1880  (including  Dulcigno).  Area,  estimated, 
3,630  square  miles.  Population,  about  250,000. 


SJ5BS: 

gate, July 28, 1885.  .InEegl.sl, -Jewish,, I, il,„. 

tnropist.  He  was  the  son  of  an  Italian- Jewish  merchant  under  D’Argenteau. 

of  London.  He  amassed  a fortune  as  a stockbroker  in  Monte  Pellegrino  (mon'te  pel-le-gre'no).  [It., 
London,  and  retired  in  1824,  devoting  himself  thereafter  to  n, in  An  isolated  mountain 

improving  the  condition  of  the  Jews.  In  Nov.,  1840,  he  mountain.)  ^ An  isolated  mountain 

obtained  a firman  securing  the  rights  of  Jews  throughout  near  P alermo,  m bicily,  on  tne  coast.  It  was 
the  Ottoman  empire.  In  1846  he  secured  the  abrogation  occupied  by  Hamilcar  in  the  first  Punic  war,  and  then 
of  the  ukase  of  the  czar  Nicholas,  removing  the  Jews  on  called  Heircte  or  Ercte.  Formerly  it  was  an  island, 
the  German  and  Austrian  frontier  into  the  interior  of  Rus-  Height,  1,960  feet. 

sia.  OnJunelO,i812,  he  married  Judith,  second  daughter  Montepill  (mdn-ta-pan'),  Xavier  Aymon  de. 
of  Levi  Cohen^brother-in-law  of  Baron  Nathan  Mayer  de  Born  at  Apremont,  Haute-Saone,  France,  March 


Rothschild,  fie  published  a “ Narrative  of  a Forty  Days’ 
Sojourn  in  the  Holy  Land”  (1875). 

Monte  Generoso  (mon'te  je-ne-ro'so).  A 
mountain  southeast  of  the  Lake  of  Lugano,  on 
the  border  of  Switzerland  and  Italy.  It  com. 


18, 1824 : died  at  Passy,  Paris,  April  30,  1902.  A 
French  novelist  and  playwright.  He  wrote  nearly 
100  novels  and  about  30  plays,  and  collaborated  in  1848  on 
anti-revolutionary  journals.  His  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  nearly  ali  languages. 


mands  a fine  prospect,  and  is  ascended  by  a Montepulciano  (mon-te-pol-cha'no).  Acathe- 
rack-and-pinion  railway.  Height,  5,560  feet.  clral  city  in  the  province  of  Siena,  Italy,  55 
Monte  Gennaro  (jen-na/ro).  One  of  the  chief  miles  south-southeast  of  Florence  : famous  for 
peaks  of  the  Sabine  Mountains,  Italy,  7 miles  its  wine.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Poliziano. 
north  of  Tivoli.  Height,  4,160  feet.  Population,  about  3,000. 

Montego  Bay  (mon-te'go  ba).  A seaport  on  the  Montereau  (m6nt-ro').  A town  in  the  depart- 
northern  coast  of  Jamaica.  Population,  about  ment  of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  situated  at 


5,000, 

Montegut  (m6h-ta-gii'),  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph 
£mile.  Bom  June  24, 1825 : died  Dec.  11, 1895. 
A French  litterateur  and  translator  from  the 
English.  About  1847  he  introduced  the  doctrines  of 
Emerson,  then  unknown  in  France,  in  an  article  in  the 


the  junction  of  the  Yonne  and  Seine,  51  miles 
southeast  of  Paris.  It  has  a fine  church.  John  the 
Fearless,  duke  of  Burgundy,  was  assassinated  here  at  the 
instigation  of  the  dauphin  (afterward  Charles  VII.),  Sept. 
10, 1419.  Here,  Feb.  18, 1814,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies 
under  the  Crown  Prince  of  Wiirtemberg.  Population, 
commune,  8,213. 


Revue  desDeux  Mondes.”  In  1850  he  published  a trans-  Monterey  (mon-ta-ra').  [Sp.,  ‘kingmountain.’] 


lation  of  Emerson’s  philosophical  essays ; in  1862  he  became 
literary  critic  of  “ Le  Moniteur  Universel.”  He  also  pub- 
lished volumes  of  literary  criticisms  and  translations. 

Montejo  (mon-ta/no),  Francisco.  Born  in  Sal- 
amanca about  1484 : died  in  Spain  about  1550. 
A Spanish  soldier.  In  1514  he  went  to  Darien  and 


A city,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Nuevo  Le6n, 
Mexico,  situated  near  lat.  25°  40'  N.,  long.  100° 
25'  W.  It  was  taken  by  the  United  States  troops  (6,600) 
under  Taylor  from  the  Mexicans  (about  10,000)  under  Am- 
pudia,  after  3 days’  fighting,  Sept.  24,  1846.  Population, 
81,006,  (1910). 


soon  after  to  Cuba;  was  one  of  Grijalva’s  captains  in  1518;  Monterey  (mon-te-ra').  A city  in  Monterey 

° l r '“  00  County,  California,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Mon- 

terey in  lat.  36°  35'  N.,  long.  121°  53'  W.  it  is 

a noted  winter  and  health  resort.  A Spanish  mission  was 
established  here  in  1770.  It  was  the  capital  of  California 
until  1847.  Population,  4,923,  (1910). 


and  followed  Cortes,  and  was  his  agent  in  Spain  1519-22 
and  1526.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  authorized  to  conquer 
and  govern  Yucatan,  and  sailed  in  1527  with  three  ships  and 
five  hundred  men.  After  much  fighting  with  the  Indians  he 
was  driven  from  the  peninsula  in  1535,  but  conquered  part 
of  Campeche.  From  1537  to  1539  ho  was  governor  of  Hon- 


profusion  of  precious  marbles,  mosaic,  sculpture, and  paint- 
ing. The  walnut  choir-stalls  are  exquisitely  carved.  It  is  catan,  but  was  deposed  on  charges  in  1648. 


duras.  In  1540  he  delegated  his  authority  in  Yucatan  to  Monterey,  Count  Of,  Viceroy  of  Peru  and  Mex- 
his  son  (of  the  same  name)  while  lie  made  an  expedition  jc0.  gee  Zuniqa  V Asevedo,  Caspar  de. 
into  Chiapas.  His  son  having  founded  Merida,  1542,  and  r ;r,  fi1Q 

subdued  most  of  the  peninsula,  Montejo  returned  to  Yu-  Montero  (mon-ta  ro),  Lizardo.  Be  l e 


province  of  Piura,  May  27,  1832.  A Peruvian 


Montero,  Lizardo 

naval  officer  and  politician.  He  joined  the  rebellion 
of  Vivanco  (1856-58)  ; was  prominent  in  the  defense  of  Cal- 
lao in  1866  and  in  the  war  against  Pierola  in  1874,  and  in 
the  latter  year  was  a presidential  candidate ; was  made 
admiral,  but  fought  with  the  land  forces  against  the  Chil- 
eans 1879-81 : and  after  the  fall  of  Lima  was  vice-presi- 
dent in  the  provisional  government,  and  soon  after  presi- 
dent. Calderon  being  imprisoned  by  the  Chileans,  Mon- 
tero assumed  the  executive  power  at  Arequipa.  In  Oct., 
1883,  he  was  driven  into  Bolivia  by  the  Chileans  ; but  soon 
after  returned  and  submitted  to  Iglesias. 

Montero,  Luis.  Died  in  1868.  A Peruvian 
painter.  His  principal  work  is  the  “Funeral 
of  Atahualpa”  (which  see). 

Monte  Rosa  (mon'te  rd'sa).  [It.,  ‘rosy  moun- 
tain.’] The  highest  mountain  of  the  Alps  next 
to  Mont  Blanc.  It  is  situated  on  the  border  of  north- 
ern Italy  and  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  60  miles 
north  of  Turin.  It  was  first  ascended  in  1855.  Height, 
15,217  feet  (Dufour  Spitze). 

Monte  Rotondo  (ro-ton'do).  [It.,  ‘ round  moun- 
tain.’] One  of  the  principal  summits  of  Cor- 
sica, in  the  central  part.  Height,  8,775  feet. 

Montes,  Lola.  See  Gilbert,  Marie  D.  E.  H. 

Monte  San  Giuliano  (san  jo-le-a'no).  [It., 
‘ mount  of  St.  Julian.’]  A mountain  near  Tra- 
pani and  near  the  western  extremity  of  Sicily : 
the  ancient  Eryx.  It  was  the  ancient  shrine  of  Venus 
Erycina,  and  figured  in  the  first  Punic  war.  Height,  2,465 
feet-. 

Monte  San  Salvatore  (sal-va-to're).  [It., 

‘mount  of  the  holy  Saviour.’]  A noted  point 
of  view  near  Lugano  in  Switzerland.  Height, 
2,980  feet. 

Monte  Sant-Angelo  (sant-an' je-lo).  [It., 
‘ mount  of  the  holy  angel.’]  A town  and  place  of 
pilgrimage  in  the  province  of  Foggia,  Apulia, 
Italy,  28  miles  northeast  of  Foggia. 

Montes-Claros,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Mexico 
and  Peru.  See  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  y Luna. 

Montesino  (mon-ta-se'no),  or  Montesinos 
(mon-ta-se'nos),  Antonio.  Died  after  1526. 
A Spanish  Dominican  missionary.  He  went  to 
Espanola  in  1510 ; was  the  first  to  preach  against  Indian 
slavery ; and  in  1511  was  sent  to  Spain  to  appeal  against 
the  evil.  His  representations  resulted  in  the  promulga- 
tion of  the  “laws  of  Burgos.”  Later  he  was  a friend  of  Las 
Casas,  and  was  constantly  engaged  in  helping  the  Indians. 
From  1521  he  preached  in  Porto  Rico,  and  he  is  known  as 
the  apostle  of  that  island.  He  accompanied  Ayllon’s  ex- 
pedition to  Florida  in  1526. 

Montesinos  ( mon-ta-se  'nos) . A character  in  me- 
dieval romance.  Bon  Quixote’s  visit  to  the  cave  of 
Montesinos  (book  ii.,  chap.  23)  is  an  important  part  of  that 
romance. 

Montesinos,  Fernando.  Born  at  Osuna,  Se- 
ville, about  1600:  died,  probably  in  Seville, 
about  1655.  A Spanish  lawyer  and  historian. 
From  1629  to  about  1650  lie  was  in  Peru,  where  he  held 
important  offices  and  made  special  studies  of  mines  and 
of  early  Indian  history.  His  principal  works  are  “Memo- 
rias  antiguas  historiales  del  Peru”  and  “ An  ales  nuevas 
del  Peru,”  first  published  in  French  (1840)  and  in  Spanish 
(1882).  Montesinos  gives  a long  list  of  the  pre-Incarial 
monarchs  of  Peru,  which  he  professes  to  have  received 
from  the  natives. 

Montespan  (mon-tes-poh'),  Marquise  de 
(Franqoise  Athenais  de  Rochechouart). 

Born  1641 : died  at  Bourbon-1’ Archambault, 
France,  May  27, 1707.  Amistress  of  Louis XIV. 
She  was  a daughter  of  the  Due  de  Mortemart,  and  married 
the  Marquis  de  Montespan  in  1663.  She  succeeded  Made- 
moiselle de  la  Vallifere  as  mistress  of  Louis  XIV.  about  1667, 
and  was  in  turn  supplantedby  Madame  de  Main  tenon  three 
years  later,  although  she  was  not  wholly  discarded  before 
1686.  She  eventually  entered  a convent.  She  had  eight 
children  by  the  king,  including  the  Due  de  Maine,  Louis 
CCsar,  the  Comte  de  Vexin,  and  the  Comte  de  Toulouse. 
The  Marquis  d’Antin  wa3  her  son  by  her  husband. 

Montesquieu  (moh-tes-kye',  Anglicized  mon- 
tes-ku'),  Baron  de  laBr&de  et  de  (Charles  de 
Secondat).  Born  at  the  Chateau  de  la  BnVle, 
near  Bordeaux,  Jan.  18,  1689:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  10, 1755.  A celebrated  French  writer.  He 
was  brought  up  at  the  College  of  Juilly,  near  Meaux,  and 
returned  to  his  native  province  to  study  law.  In  1714  he 
was  made  councilor,  and  in  1716  president,  of  the  Bor- 
deaux parliament.  He  was  not  in  sympathy,  however,  with 
the  duties  of  his  position,  and  he  gradually  withdrew  from 
them  and  devoted  his  attention  to  the  study  of  literature 
and  jurisprudence.  In  1721  he  won  fame  in  the  world  of 
letters  with  his  “ Lettres  persanes,"  in  which  he  criticizes 
cleverly  the  French  society  of  his  time.  For  this  work  he 
was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  in  1728.  The  follow- 
ing years  were  spent  in  travel,  and  he  visited  successively 
Austria,  Italy,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Holland,  and  Eng- 
land. On  his  return  to  France  he  gave  up  the  remainder 
of  his  life  to  literary  work.  Among  his  many  productions, 
the  two  which  have  contributed  most  to  his  renown  are 
the  “Considerations  sur  les  causes  de  la  grandeur  et  de  la 
decadence  des  Romains”  (1734),  and  “L’Esprit  des  lois” 
(1748)  (which  see). 

Montes  Rauraci.  See  Abnoba. 

Monte  Testaccio  (mon'te  tes-tii/ehd).  [If., 
‘potsherd  hill.’]  A hill  in  the  extreme  south- 
ern part  of  Rome,  southwest  of  the  Aventine, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  it  is  about  115  feet 
in  height  above  the  surrounding  area,  and  2 500  in  cir- 
cumference, and  is  formed  entirely  of  the  fragments  of  pot- 
tery vases,  chiefly  amphorae,  from  the  extensive  ware- 


702 

houses  which  lined  the  neighboring  quay.  The  potters' 
stamps  on  the  fragments  show  that  this  rubbish-heap  was 
still  used  in  the  4th  century,  and  it  is  believed  to  have  been 
begun  about  the  inception  of  the  empire.  The  view  from 
the  summit  is  celebrated. 

Montevarchi  (mon-te-var'ke).  A small  town 
in  the  province  of  Arezzo,  Italy,  24  miles  south- 
east of  Florence. 

Monte  Velino  (mon'te  ve-le'no).  One  of  the 
principal  summits  of  the  Apennines,  about  50 
miles  east-northeast  of  Rome.  It  was  the  scene 
of  the  defeat  of  Conradin  by  Charles  of  Anjou 
in  1268.  Height,  8,160  feet. 

Monteverde  (mon-te-ver'de),  Claudio.  Born 
at  Cremona,  Italy,  May,  1567:  died  1643.  An 
Italian  composer.  Among  his  works  are  the 
operas  “ Arianna”  (1607)  and  “Orfeo”  (1607). 
Monteverde  (mon-ta-ver'da),  Juan  Domingo. 
Born  in  Teneriife,  Canary  Islands,  about  1772: 
died  in  Spain,  1823.  A Spa  nish  general.  From 
1811  to  the  end  of  1813  he  was  the  most  prominent  royalist 
commander  in  Venezuela,  though  without  legitimate  au- 
thority.  He  received  the  submission  of  Miranda  in  July, 
1812,  and  in  violation  of  his  treaty  sent  him  a prisoner  to 
Spain.  His  cruelty  to  the  subjugated  provinces  led  to 
fresh  rebellions.  He  was  repeatedly  defeated  by  Bolivar, 
and  at  length  besieged  in  Puerto  Cabello,  where  he  was 
deposed  by  his  own  followers  in  Dec.,  1813.  He  returned 
to  Spain  in  1816. 

Monteverde,  Jules.  Born  at  Bistagno,  Italy, 
Oct.  8,  1837.  Am  Italian  sculptor. 

Montevideo  (mon-te-vid'e-o ; Sp.  pron.  mon-ta- 
vd-’iTla'o).  The  capital  of  Uruguay,  situated 
on  the  estuary  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  in  lat.  34° 
54'  'd'd"  S.,  long.  56°  12'  i S W.  It  has  important 
foreign  commerce ; exports  hides,  wool,  tallow,  horns,  etc. ; 
is  the  terminus  of  various  steamship  lines  ; and  has  a uni- 
versity and  a cathedral.  It  was  colonized  by  Spanish  set- 
tlers in  1726 ; taken  by  the  British  in  1807,  but  recovered  the 
same  year ; and  since  1828  has  been  the  capital  of  Uruguay. 
Until  1834,  when  the  walls  were  removed,  it  was  little 
more  than  a fortress.  Population,  with  suburbs,  306,000. 

Monte  Viso  (mon'te  ve'so).  A peak  of  the  Cot- 
tian  Alps,  in  Italy,  near  the  French  border,  42 
miles  southwest  of  Turin.  It  contains  the  source  of 
the  Po,  and  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  peaks  of  the 
western  Alps.  Height,  12,615  feet. 

Monte  Vulture  (vol-to're).  [It.,  ‘Mount  Vul- 
ture.’] An  extinct  volcano  in  southern  Italy, 
near  Melfi.:  the  ancient  Vultur  Mons.  It  was 
on  the  boundary  of  the  ancient  Apulia  and 
Lucania.  Height,  4,365  feet. 

Montez,  Lola.  See  Gilbert,  Marie  I).  E.  It. 

Montezuma  (mon-te-zo'ma),  or  Moteczuma 
(mo-tak-zo'ma):  called  Montezuma I.,  and  sur- 
named  Illmicamina  (el-we-ka-me'fla),  prop- 
erly Motecuhzoma,  ‘ he  who  shoots  arrows  to 
the  sky.’  [Nahuatl,  ‘ angry  chief .’]  Born  about 
1390:  died  1464.  A war-chief  or  “emperor” 
of  ancient  Mexico.  He  was  the  son  of  Huitzilihuit], 
and  succeeded  his  brother  Izcohuatl  in  1436  (formally 
inaugurated  1440).  He  had  wars  with  the  Mixtecs  and 
Tlascalans,  and  is  said  to  have  earned  his  arms  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Also  written  Muteczuma  (Cortes),  Mon - 
tecuma  (Bernal  Diaz  and  Oviedo),  Motezuma  (Acosta), 
Moctezuma , Motecuhzoma,  etc. 

Montezuma,  or  Moteczuma : called  Montezu- 
ma II.,  or  Xocoyotzin  (Ho-ko-yot-zen'). 
Properly  Motecuhzoma  (Nah.,  ‘angry  chief  ’). 
Born  in  1477  (according  to  Bernal  Diaz  in  1479) : 
died  at  Tenochtitlan,  June  30,  1520.  An  Az- 
tec war-chief  or  “ emperor”  of  Mexico  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  He  was  the  son  of 
Axayacatl,  and  succeeded  his  uncle  Ahuizotl  in  1503.  Be- 
sides his  almost  continuous  wars  with  the  Tlascalans  and 
Tarascans,  he  carried  his  arms  far  southward.  Many  cap- 
tives were  brought  back  for  sacrifice.  The  tidings  of 
ships  and  white  men  on  the  coast  excited  his  superstitious 
fears.  When  Cortes  landed  he  sent  him  presents,  but  tried 
to  dissuade  him  from  coming  to  Tenochtitlan.  Cortes  in- 
sisted, and  reached  tile  city  with  his  army  in  Nov.,  1519. 
He  was  well  received  and  given  rich  presents,  but,  fearing 
violence  from  the  natives,  seized  Montezuma  in  his  own 
house  and  confined  him  in  the  Spanish  quarters  as  a hos- 
tage. The  Aztecs  at  length  rose  in  arms  ,.nd  attacked  the 
quarters : Montezuma,  although  deposed  from  office,  at 
the  request  of  Cortes,  appeared  on  the  wall  and  attempted 
to  expostulate  with  them,  but  was  received  with  a shower 
of  stones,  and  died  of  his  wounds  four  days  later.  After 
the  Spanish  conquest  Montezuma  became  a mythical  per- 
sonage among  the  Indians : this  hero  or  hero-god  they 
mention  to  strangers  as  their  principal  deity,  although 
they  do  not  pay  him  the  slightest  worship.  A Montezuma 
worship  does  not  exist. 

Montezuma,  Baths  of.  See  Tezcotzinco. 

Montfaucon  (mon-fo-kon'),  Bernard  de.  Born 
at  the  Chateau  Soulage,  in  Languedoc,  France, 
Jan.  18,  1655:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21,  1741.  A 
French  critic  and  classical  scholar.  Among  his 
works  are  “Paloeographia  Grama  ” (1708),  “ L’Antiquite  ex- 
pliquCe  et  reprCsentee  en  figures "(1719-24),  “Les  monu- 
ments de  la  monarchic  fran?aise  ” (1729-33),  an  edition  of 
Athanasius,  etc. 

Montferrat  (mon-fer-ra'),  It.  Monferrato 

(mon-fer-ra 'to).  [It., ‘iron  mountain.’]  A 

former  marquisate,  later  a duchy,  in  north- 
western Italy,  lying  south  of  the  Po  and  north 
of  the  Ligurian  Apennines  and  Alps.  Capital, 


Montgomery 

Casale.  Its  marquises  from  the  10th  century  ruled  not 
only  in  Italy  but  for  some  time  in  Greece.  A branch  of 
the  Palreologi  ruled  from  1306.  The  marquisate  was  made 
a duchy  and  united  to  Mantua  in  1536.  Its  possession  was 
later  a matter  of  dispute  between  Mantua  and  Savoy.  It 
passed  to  Savoy  in  1703. 

Montfleury  (moh-fle-re'),  Antoine  Jacob, 

called.  Born  at  Paris,  1640 : died  at  Aix,  1685. 
A French  dramatist,  son  of  Zacharie  Jacob, 
also  called  Montfleury,  an  actor.  His  comedy  “La 
femme  juge  etpartie  ” (1669)  is  still  played,  though  reduced 
to  three  acts.  It  was  almost  as  successful  as  “ Tartufe.” 
He  wrote  sixteen  comedies,  partly  on  contemporary  sub- 
jects and  partly  adaptations  of  Spanish  originals.  The  two 
best  are  “La  Femme  Juge  et  Partie”  and  “La  Fille  Capi- 
taine.”  They  belong  to  an  older  style  of  comedy  than 
Moliere’s,  being  both  extravagant  and  coarse,  but  there  is 
considerable  vis  comica  in  them. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  313. 

Montfort  (mon-for'),  Comte  Simon  de.  Killed 
near  Toulouse,  France,  June  25, 1218.  A French 
commander  and  crusader,  leader  of  the  crusade 
against  the  Albigenses  in  1208.  He  was  the 
father  of  the  following. 

Montfort(mont'fprt.;  F.pron.  mon-for'),  Simon 
of,  Earl  of  Leicester.  Born  about  1208:  killed 
at  Evesbam,  Aug.  4,  1265.  A celebrated  Eng- 
lish general  and  statesman.  He  was  the  son  of  Si- 
mon de  Montfort  (see  preceding  name).  The  earldom  of 
Leicester  came  into  the  family  through  his  grandmother, 
Amicia,  daughter  of  Robert  of  Beaumont,  third  earl  of 
Leicester.  In  1238  Montfort  married  Eleanor,  widow  of 
William  Marshal,  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  sister  of  Henry 
III.  In  1240  he  went  on  a crusade.  In  1248  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Gascony.  His  vigorous  administration 
result  ed  in  an  open  quarrel  with  the  king,  and  he  resigned 
his  office  Sept.  29,  1252.  The  ill  feeling  between  the  earl 
and  king  forced  Simon  more  and  more  into  the  popular 
party,  and  he  was  openly  recognized  as  leader  of  the  “ bar- 
ons’ war  ’’  in  1263.  On  May  14, 1264,  he  captured  the  king, 
and  became  virtually  governor  of  the  kingdom.  By  writs 
in  the  king’s  name  (Dec.  14  and  24,  1264)  he  summoned 
to  a parliament,  which  met  in  London  Jan.  30,  1265,  120 
churchmen,  23  lay  barons,  and  2 knights  from  every  shire, 
and  also  2 citizens  from  every  borough  in  England  — the 
first  appearance  of  the  Commons.  At  this  parliament  the 
quarrel  between  Simon  and  Gilbert,  earl  of  Gloucester, 
began,  which  ended  in  the  death  of  Simon  at  Evesham. 

Montfort,  Simon  of.  Born  near  Brindisi,  1240: 
died  near  Siena,  Italy,  1271.  The  second  child 
of  Simon  of  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester.  In  the 
‘ ‘ barons’  war  ” of  1264  he  defended  Northampton  against  the 
king,  and  was  captured  April.  After  his  father’s  victory 
at  Lewes,  May  14, 1264,  he  was  made  constable  of  Porches- 
ter.  He  reached  Evesham  after  the  death  of  his  father, 
Aug.  4,  1265,  and  was  obliged  to  surrender  to  Edward  at 
Christmas.  He  was  banished,  and  was  still  in  France 
March  26,  1268.  On  March  13,  1271,  lie  assisted  in  the 
murder  of  Henry  of  Cornwall. 

Montfort-l’Amaury  (moh-for'la-mo-re').  A 
small  town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise, 
France,  20  miles  west  by  south  of  Paris.  It  con- 
tains the  ruined  castle  of  the  counts  of  Montfort. 

Mont  Genevre  (mon  zhe-navr').  A pass  in 
the  Cottian  Alps,  department  of  Hautes-Alpes, 
France,  7 miles  northeast  of  Briancjon,  on  the 
Italian  border.  It  has  frequently  been  crossed 
by  armies.  Height,  6,100  feet. 

Montgolfier  (mont-gol'fi-er ; F.  pron.  mon-gol- 
fya'),  Jacques  fStienne.  Born  at  Vidalon-lez- 
Annonay,  Ardeche,  France,  Jan.  7, 1745:  died  at 
Servieres,  Aug.  2, 1799.  A French  mechanician 
and  inventor.  Like  his  elder  brother,  Joseph  Michel, 
he  studied  mathematics,  mechanics,  and  physics.  He  was 
tor  a time  an  architect,  but  gave  up  that  prof  ession  in  order 
to  take  charge  with  his  brother  of  his  father’s  paper-manu- 
factory at  Annonay.  Together  with  his  brotherhe  invented 
the  form  of  air-balloon  known  as  the  montgolfier,  a pub- 
lic experiment  with  which  was  made  at  Annonay  in  1782. 
The  experiment  was  repeated  by  J oseph  Montgolfier  before 
the  court  at  Versailles,  Sept.  19,  1783,  and  both  brothers 
were  subsequently  elected  corresponding  members  of  the 
Academy. 

Montgolfier,  Joseph  Michel.  Born  at  Vidalon- 

lez-Annonay,  Ardeche,  France,  1740:  died  at 
Balaruc,  France,  June  26,  1810.  A French 
mechanician,  brother  of  Jacques  Etienne  Mont- 
golfier, with  whom  he  was  associated  iu  the  in- 
vention of  the  air-balloon. 

Montgomerie  (mont-gum'e-ri),  Alexander. 
Born  about  1556 : died  before  1615.  A Scottish 
poet,  a relative  of  the  earls  of  Eglinton.  His 

chief  work  is  the  allegorical  poem  “ The  Cherry  and  the 
Slae”  (1597).  He  also" wrote  “The  Flyting  betwixt  Mont- 
gomery  and  Pol  wart,”  etc. 

Montgomerie,  Archibald  William,  thirteenth 
Earl  of  Eglinton.  Born  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  Sept. 
29,  1812:  died  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  Oct. 
4,  1861.  A British  politician,  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland  in  1852  and  1858-59. 

Montgomery  (mont-gum'e-ri).  1 . A county  in 
W ales.  It  is  hounded  by  Merioneth  and  Denbigh  on  the 
north,  Shropshire  on  the  east,  Radnor  on  the  south,  and 
Cardigan  and  Merioneth  on  the  west.  It  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, and  has  lead-mines  and  flannel  manufactures. 
Area  (ad.  co.),  797  square  miles.  Pop.  (pari,  co.),  54,901. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Montgomery, 
situated  near  the  Severn  21  miles  southwest  of 
Shrewsbury.  Population,  1,034. 


Montgomery 

Montgomery.  A district  of  the  Panjab,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  40'  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
Area,  4,771  square  miles.  Population,  497,- 
706. 

Montgomery.  The  capital  of  Alabama  and  of 
Montgomery  County,  situated  on  the  Alabama 
in  lat.  32°  22' N.,  long.  86°  25'  W.  Ithasaflour- 

ishing  trade,  especially  in  cotton.  It  became  the  State 
capital  in  1847,  and  was  the  capital  of  the  Confederate 
. States  Feb. -May,  1861.  Population,  38,136,  (1910). 

Montgomery(m6n-gom-re '),  Gabriel, Comtede. 
Born  about  1530:  executed  at  Paris,  May  25, 1574. 
A French  commander  who,  by  accident,  mortal- 
ly wounded  Henry  II.  in  a tournament  June  30, 
1559.  He  retired  to  Normandy  and  thence  escaped  to 
England,  where  he  became  a Protestant.  Returning  to 
France  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  took  part  in  the  reli- 
gious wars  of  the  period ; established  himself  about  1574 
in  the  islands  of  Jersey  and  Guernsey,  whence  he  directed 
an  expedition  against  France ; and  was  finally  captured  and 
put  to  death. 

Montgomery  (mont-gum'e-ri),  James.  Born  at 
Irvine,  Ayrshire,  Nov.  4,  1776:  died  April  30, 
1854.  A Scottish  poet,  son  of  John  Montgom- 
ery, a Moravian  clergyman.  In  1792  he  entered  the 
office  of  the  “Sheffield  Register,”  and  in  1795  the  paper 
became  his  property  : the  name  had  been  changed  to  the 
“Sheffield  Iris.”  In  1806  his  poems  “The  Wanderer  of 
Switzerland”  and  “The  Grave”  won  him  recognition. 
The  numerous  hymns  on  which  his  reputation  chiefly  rests 
were  collected  in  1853.  His  lectures  on  poetry  before  the 
Royal  Institution  were  published  in  1833.  Hisotherworks 
are  “The  West  Indies”  (1810),  “The  World  before  the 
Flood  "(1812),  “Greenland  '(1819),  “ Pelican  Island  "(1826). 
Montgomery,  Richard.  Born  at  Swords,  Coun- 
ty Dublin,  Ireland,  Dec.  2,  1736:  killed  before 
Quebec,  Dec.  31,  1775.  An  American  Revolu- 
tionary general.  He  commanded  an  expedition  for  the 
invasion  of  Canada  in  1775,  during  which  he  captured  Fort 
Chambly  and  Montreal.  He  was  killed  while  leading  an 
attack  on  Quebec. 

Montgomery,  Robert.  Bom  at  Bath,  England, 
1807 : died  at  Brighton,  England,  Dec.  3,  1855. 
An  English  poet.  Among  his  poems  are  “The  Stage- 
coach” (1827),  “Omnipresence  of  the  Deity  ’’  (1828),  “Sa- 
tan, etc.”  (1830),  “The  Puffiad”  (1830),  etc.  “With  an 
unfortunate  facility  in  florid  versification  Montgomery 
combined  no  genuinely  poetic  gift.  Macaulay,  in  trying  to 
anticipate  the  office  of  time,  only  succeeded  in  rescuing 
him  from  the  oblivion  to  which  he  was  properly  destined.” 
Diet.  Nat.  Bioy. 

Montgomery  Charter, The.  A charter  granted 
to  the  city  of  New  York  by  John  Montgomery 
( “ Captain  General  and  Governor  in  chief  of  the 
Province  of  New  York  and  the  Province  of  New 
Jersey  and  territories  depending  thereon  in 
America,  and  Vice  Admiral  of  the  same”)  un- 
der George  II. , dated  Jan.  15, 1730.  It  extended 
the  Dongan  Charter,  and  was  in  force  until  1830. 
Montherme  (mon-ter-ma').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  8 miles  north  of  Mezieres.  Population, 
commune,  4,170. 

Montholon  (mon-to-Ion-'),  Comte  Charles  Tris- 
tan de.  Born  at  Paris,  July  21, 1783 : died  Aug. 
21, 1853.  A French  general,  companion  of  Na- 
poleon at  St.  Helena,  and  one  of  his  executors. 
He  published,  with  Gourgaud,  “ Memoires  pour  servir  k 
l’histoire  de  France  sous  Napoleon, dcrits  a Sainte-Hdlene 
sous  sa  dietde  ’’  (1823),  etc. 

Monthyon.  See  Montyon. 

Monti  ( mon'te),  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Fusignano, 
near  Ravenna,  Italy,  Feb.  19.  1754:  died  at 
Milan,  Oct.  13,  1828.  A noted  Italian  poet. 
Cardinal  Borghese  was  so  much  pleased  with  his  “Vision 
of  Ezekiel”  (1776)  that  he  took  him  to  Rome,  where,  after 
winning  praise  as  a poet,  lie  essayed  tragedy  in  imitation 
of  his  friend  Alfieri.  At  this  time  he  was  the  secretary  of 
Cardinal  Braschi,  the  Pope’s  nephew.  His  “Bassevilliana  ” 
(1793)  was  inspired  by  the  massacre  by  the  populace  of  the 
French  envoy  Basseville.  He  was  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Pavia,  and  was  made  historiographer  to  the  court  under 
Napoleon,  and  member  of  the  Italian  Institute.  Among 
his  other  poems  are  “Fanatismo,"  “Musogonia,”  “Mas- 
cherniana,”“Ilritornod’Astrea,”“Superstiziohe,”a  trans- 
lation of  the  Iliad,  etc.  His  tragedies  are  “ Aristodemo” 
(1787),  “Galeotto  Manfredi,”  “Caio  Graeco.”  (Complete 
works,  6 vols.,  1839.) 

Monticello  (mon-te-sel'lo;  It.  mon-te-chel'lo). 
[It.,  ‘little  mount.’]  A mansion  and  estate,  the 
former  residence  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  situated 
in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  near  Charlottes- 
ville. 

Montiel  (mon-te-el').  A small  place  in  La 
Mancha,  Spain,  near  V aldepenas.  Here,  in  March, 
1369,  Henry  of  Trastamare  and  Du  Guesclin  defeated  Pe- 
dro the  Cruel. 

Monti  jo  (mon-te'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  Spain,  14  miles  east  of  Badajoz. 
Population,  7,644. 

Montilla  (mon-tel'ya).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Cordova,  Spain,  22  miles  south  of  Cordova. 
It  is  famous  for  its  wine,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Gon- 
ealvo  de  Cordova.  Population,  13,603. 

Montivilliers  (m6n-te-vel-ya').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  situ- 


703 

ated  on  the  Lezarde  6 miles  east-northeast  of 
Havre.  Population,  commune,  5,492. 

Montjoie  (mon-zhwa').  A small  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Roer 
16  miles  southeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Montjoie.  The  name  of  the  hill  near  Paris 
where  St.  Denis  was  martyred.  Before  1789  it  was 
the  name  of  the  king  at  arms.  In  ancient  tournaments 
“ Montjoie  ” was  the  cry  of  the  French  heralds,  and  “ Mont- 
joie St.  Denis  ’’  the  war-cry  of  the  French  in  battle.  The 
kings  of  England  had  at  one  time  the  war-cry  “ Montjoie  St. 
George.”  It  was  last  used  by  the  French  at  the  siege  of 
Montargis  in  1426.  Larousse. 

Montlbery  (mon-la-re').  A small  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  18  miles 
south  of  Paris.  Here,  July  16,  1465,  the  forces  of  the 
League  of  the  Public  Good  defeated  Louis  XI. 

Montluc  (mon-liik'), Blaise  de  Lasseran-Mas- 
sencome,  Seigneur  de.  Born  near  Condom, 
Guienne,  about  1503 : died  in  the  province  of 
Agenois,  1577.  A noted  French  marshal.  His 
family  was  noble  but  in  moderate  circumstances,  so  that 
he,  the  eldest  of  12  children,  was  soon  called  upon  to  sup- 
port himself.  He  went  into  the  army  and  took  part  in  all 
the  campaigns  of  Francis  I.  against  Charles  V.,  and  also 
became  celebrated  for  iris  exploits  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  ill.  honored  him  with  high 
positions.  In  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  dictated  from 
memory  his  account  of  the  wars  from  1521  to  1574.  His 
work  is  of  great  value  to  historians,  and  is  furthermore 
possessed  of  considerable  literary  merit.  Henry  IV.  paid 
it  a just  tribute  in  calling  it  “la  Bible  du  soldat.”  Mont- 
luc’s  “ Commentaires  ” appeared  first  in  1592  at  Bordeaux, 
and  have  been  reprinted  several  times  since.  The  best 
edition  in  modern  times  was  made  by  M.  de  Ruble  for  the 
Socidtd  de  l’Histoire  de  France. 

MontlllQOn  ( m on-lii-son ' ) . A city  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  central  France,  situated  on  the 
Cher  38  miles  southwest  of  Moulins.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures,  especially  of  mirrors,  and  is 
sometimes  called  “the  Manchester  of  France.”  Popula- 
tion, commune,  34,251. 

Montmartre  (moh  - mar ' tr).  A height  and 
(since  1860)  a quarter  in  the  northern  part  of 
Paris,  formerly  a separate  commune.  It  was 
stormed  by  the  Allies  March  30,  1814,  and  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  Commune  March-May,  1871. 

Montmedy  (mon-ma-de').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Chiers  23  miles  southeast  of  Sedan,  it  has  often 
been  besieged  and  taken  (last  time  by  the  Germans  Nov.- 
Dec.,  1870).  Population,  commune,  2,441. 

Montmirail  (mon-me-ray').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Marne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Petit-Morin  55  miles  east  of  Paris.  Here,  Feb.  11, 
1814,  the  French  under  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies. 
Population,  commune,  2,335. 

Montmorency  (moh-mo-ron-se').  Atownin  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  9 miles 
north  of  Paris.  It  was  the  residence  of  Rousseau. 
Its  castle  was  the  seat,  of  the  Montmorency  family.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  5,997. 

Montmorency,  or  Montmorenci  (mont-mo- 
ren'si ; F.  pron.  mon-mo-ron-se'),  A small  river 
in  the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  which  joins 
the  St.  Lawrence  8 miles  below  Quebec.  It  is 
noted  for  the  cataract  (250  feet  high)  situated 
near  its  mouth 

Montmorency,  or  Montmorenci  (mon-mo-ron- 
se'),  Anne  de.  Born  at  Chantilly,  France, 
March  15, 1492 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  12,  1567.  A 
French  marshal  and  constable,  distinguished  in 
the  wars  in  Italy  and  against  Charles  V.  He  was 
defeated  at  St. -Quentin  in  1557,  and  commanded 
at  Dreux  in  1562,  and  at  St. -Denis  in  1567. 

Montmorency,  Henri  II.,  Due  de.  Born  at 
Chantilly,  France,  April  30,  1595 : executed  at 
Toulouse,  France,  Oct.  30, 1632.  A French  mar- 
shal, grandson  of  Anne  de  Montmorency.  He 
joined  the  rebellion  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  in 
1632. 

Montmorillon  (mon-mo-re-yon').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Vienne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Gartempe  28  miles  east-southeast  of  Poi- 
tiers. Population,  commune,  5,051. 

Montoro  (mon-to'ro).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalqui- 
vir 27  miles  east-northeast  of  Cordova.  Popu- 
lation, 14,581. 

Montorsoli  (mon-lor'so-le),  Giovanni  Angelo. 

Bom  at  Montorsoli,  near  Florence,  about  1500: 
died  at  Florence,  1563.  An  Italian  sculptor  and 
architect,  a pupil  of  Andrea  Ferucci  of  Fiesole. 
He  restored  the  left  arm  of  the  Apollo  Belvedere  and  the 
right  arm  of  the  Laocoon.  He  assisted  Michelangelo  in 
finishing  the  statues  of  Giuliano  and  Lorenzo  de’  Medici, 
and  made  the  statue  oi  San  Cosimo  in  the  sacristy  of  San 
Lorenzo  in  Florence.  His  most  famous  work  is  the  great 
fountain  of  Messina  (1547). 

Montoya  (mon-to'ya),  Antonio  Ruiz  de.  Born 
at  Lima,  Peru,  1583  (?) : died  there,  April  11, 1652. 
A Jesuit  missionary  and  author.  He  spent  many 
yeara  in  the  Gtiarany  missions  of  Paraguay,  and  published 
a history  of  them,  “Conquista  espiritual  hecha  por  los 
religiosos  de  la  Compauia  de  Jesus  en  las  provincias  del 


Montrond 

Paraguay,  etc.” (Madrid,  1639).  His“  Tesoro ” (1639),  “Arte 
y Vocabulario "(1640),  and  “Cateeismo  ” (1640) are  the  best 
authorities  on  the  Guarany  language.  There  are  modern 
editions. 

Montpelier  (mont-pe'lyer).  The  capital  of  Ver- 
mont and  of  Washington  County,  situated  on 
the  Onion  River  in  lat.  44°  17'  N.,  long.  72°  36' 
W.  Population,  7,856,  (1910). 

Montpellier  (mdn-pel-lya').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Hdrault,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lez,  near  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  43°  37'  N., 
long.  3°  53'  E.  Its  trade  is  largely  in  wine  and  brandy ; 
and  it  has  manufactures  of  verdigris,  soap,  cream  of  tartar, 
etc.  Tlie  cathedra],  jardin  des  plantes,  university,  acad- 
emy, and  Mushe  Falire  (one  of  the  best  in  France)  are  note- 
worthy. It  contains  a noted  square,  the  Place  du  Peyrou. 
Its  school  of  medicine  was  founded  in  the  12th  century. 
It  came  into  the  possession  of  Aragon  and  Majorca,  and 
was  acquired  by  France  about  1350.  It  was  a Protestant 
stronghold,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Louis  XIIL  in 
1622.  Comte  was  born  there.  Pop.,  commune,  77,114. 

Montpellier-le-Vieux  (mon-pel-lya'le-vye').  A 
noted  group  of  huge  fantastic  rocks,  discovered 
in  1883  near  Millau,  Aveyron,  southern  France. 
Montpensier  (mon-poii-sya'),  Duchesse  de 
(Anne  Marie  Louise  d’Orleans).  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, May  29, 1627 : died  there,  March  5, 1693.  The 
only  daughter  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  and  the 
Duchesse  de  Montpensier:  commonly  called  La 
Grande  Mademoiselle,  she  was  a cousin  of  Louis 
XIV.  Her  ‘ Memoires  ” were  published  in  1729. 

Personal  and  literary  interest  both  appear  in  a very  high 
degree  in  the  Memoirs  of  Anne  Marie  Louise  de  Montpen- 
sier,  commonly  called  La  Grande  Mademoiselle.  The  only 
daughter  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  and  of  the  Duchesse  de  Mont- 
pensier, she  inherited  enormous  wealth  and  a position 
which  made  it  difficult  for  her  to  marry  any  one  but  a 
crowned  head.  In  her  youth  she  was  self-willed  and  by 
no  means  inclined  to  marriage,  and  prince  after  prince  was 
proposed  to  her  in  vain.  During  the  Fronde  she  took  an 
extraordinary  part  — heading  armies,  mounting  the  walls 
of  Orleans  by  a scaling-ladder,  and  saving  the  routed  troops 
of  Condd,  after  the  battle  of  the  Faubourg  Saint  Antoine, 
by  opening  the  gates  of  Paris  to  them,  and  causing  the 
cannon  of  the  Bastille  to  cover  their  flight. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit,,  p.  339. 

Montpensier,  Due  de  (Antoine  Marie  Phi- 
lippe Louis  d’Orleansj.  Born  at  Paris,  July 
31,  1824 : died  at  San  Luear,  near  Seville,  Feb. 
4,  1890.  The  fifth  son  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  mar- 
ried the  infanta  Maria  Luisa  (sister  of  Queen  Isabella)  in 
1846  ; became  infante  in  1859 ; and  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  Spanish  throne  in  1870.  In  1871  he  was 
exiled  to  the  Balearic  Isles,  hut  soon  returned.  His 
daughter  Mercedes  became  the  wife  of  King  Alphonso 
XII.  of  Spain  in  1873. 

Montpensier,  Duchesse  de  (Catherine  Marie 

de  Lorraine).  Born  1552 : died  about  1594.  The 
daughter  of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise : one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  League. 

Mont  Perdu  (mdh  per-dii'),  Sp.  Monte  Per- 
dido (mon'taper-de'THo).  [‘  Lost  mountain.’] 
One  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Pyrenees,  situ- 
ated in  the  province  of  Huesca,  Spain,  about 
long.  0°.  Height,  10,995  feet. 

Montreal  (mont-re-al').  [‘  Mount  Royal.’]  A 
city  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada, situated  on  Montreal  Island  in  lat.  45°  30' 
N.,  long.  73°  33'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  and  the  chief 
commercial  center  of  Canada,  being  at  the  head  of  ocean 
steamship  navigation.  The  St.  Lawrence  is  crossed  here  by 
the  Victoria  Jubilee  Bridge.  The  city  lias  important  manu- 
factures. TheMcGill  University, theRomanCatholiccathe- 
di  al  and  Church  of  N otre  Dame,  the  English  cathedral,  and 
the  Roman  Catholic  institutions  are  noteworthy.  The  re- 
gion was  visited  byCartierinl536;  asettlement  called  Ville 
Marie  was  made  by  the  French  in  1642.  Montreal  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1760,  taken  by  the  Americans  in  1775,  and 
retaken  by  the  British  in  1776.  Population,  470,480  (1911). 

Montreal  Island.  An  island  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence, at  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa.  Length, 
about  32  miles. 

Montrejeau  (mon-tra-zho').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Haute-Garonne,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Garonne  27  miles  east-southeast  of 
Tarbes.  Population,  commune,  2,724. 
Montretout  (mbn-tr-to').  A height  west  of 
Paris,  near  St. -Cloud.  It  was  tlie  scene  of  an 
unsuccessful  sortie  of  the  French,  Jan.  19,  1871. 
Montreuil-sous-Bois  (mon-trey'so-bwa').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  east 
of  Paris,  near  Vincennes.  Population,  com- 
mune, 35,904. 

Montreuil-Sur-Mer  (-Stir-mar').  Atownin  the 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  20  miles 
south-southeast  of  Boulogne.  Population, 
commune,  3,535. 

Montreux  (mon-tre').  A health-resort  in  the 
canton  of  Valid,  Switzerland,  near  the  eastern 
end  of  theLakeof  Geneva,  16  miles  southeast  of 
Lausanne.  It  comprises  Montreux- Vernex,  Olarene, 
Glion,  etc.  Near  it  is  tlie  castle  of  Chillon.  It  is  a noted 
place  of  residence  for  foreigners. 

Montrond  (mdn-ron').  A small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire 
30  miles  west-southwest  of  Lyons. 


Montrose 

Montrose  (mon-troz').  Aseaport  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  situated  onthe  North  Sea,  at  themouth 
of  the  South  Esk,  26  miles  northeast  of  Dundee. 

It  has  important  flax  and  linen  manufactures,  and  flourish- 
ing trade  and  fisheries.  Population,  12,427. 

Montrose,  Marquises  of.  See  Graham. 
Montrouge  (moh-rozh').  A suburb  of  Paris, 
lying  directly  to  the  south.  Population,  com- 
mune, 19,261. 

Mont-Saint-Jean  (mon-sah-zhoh').  A hamlet 
near  Waterloo,  which  sometimes  gives  name  to 
the  battle. 

Mont-Saint-Michel  (mon-sah-me-shel').  A vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Manehe,  northwestern 
France,  situated  on  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  St.- 
Michel,  6 miles  west  of  Avranehes.  The  mount  is 
in  its  entirety  one  of  the  most  curious  of  medieval  monu- 
ments. It  is  a small  pyramidal  island,  now  connected  with 
the  shore  by  a causeway.  It  is  defended  on  the  sea-level 
by  towered  ramparts,  within  which  nestles  the  village. 
Above  rise,  tier  over  tier,  the  huge  fortified  walls  and 
towers  and  the  extensive  buildings  of  the  monastery,  long 
a fortress  and  afterward  used  as  a prison.  The  rock  is 
crowned  by  the  great  granite  church,  with  Romanesque 
nave.  The  cloister  is  of  great  beauty.  It  has  a double 
range  of  overlapping  lancet  arches,  and  beautifully  sculp- 
tured foliage-rosettes  in  the  spandrels. 

Monts  Dore.  See  Mont  Bore. 

Montserrat  (mont-ser-rat'),  or  Monserrat 
(mon-ser-rat').  [‘ Toothed’  or  ‘ serrate  moun- 
tain.’] A jagged  mountain  about  30  miles 
northwest  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  famous  for  its 
monastery  (founded  880),  noted  for  an  image  of 
the  Virgin.  Height,  about  4,000  feet. 
Montserrat  (mont-se-rat').  An  island  of  the 
British  West  Indies,  situated  southwest  of  An- 
tigua in  lat.  16°  42'  N.,  long.  62°  13'  W.  Chief 
town,  Plymouth.  The  most  important  products  are 
sugar  and  fruits.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493 ; 
settled  by  the  British  in  1632;  and  occupied  temporarily  by 
the  french  in  1664  and  in  1782.  Area,  32£  square  miles. 
Population,  12,215. 

Montt  (mont),  Jorge.  Born  at  Santiago,  1847. 
A Chilean  naval  officer  and  politician,  son  of 
Manuel  Montt.  In  Jan.,  1891,  he  sided  with  Congress 
against  President  Balmaceda;  was  given  temporary  com- 
mand of  the  congressional  forces;  and  was  a member  of 
the  governing  junta.  After  the  fall  of  Balmaceda  he  was 
elected  president,  assuming  office  Nov.  6,  1891.  He  was 
succeeded  in  1896  by  Sefior  ErrAzuriz. 

Montt,  Manuel.  Born  at  Petorca,  Sept.  5, 
1809 : died  at  Santiago,  Sept.  20, 1880.  A Chilean 
statesman.  As  a leader  of  the  conservatives,  he  was 
president  of  the  House  of  Deputies,  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  1840,  minister  of  justice  and  education  1841-45, 
and  minister  of  the  interior  1845-50.  In  1861  he  became 
president  of  Chile,  and  was  reelected  in  1856,  serving  un- 
til Sept.,  1861.  During  this  period  the  country  was  very 
prosperous ; but  the  extreme  conservative  policy  of  the 
government  led  to  revolts  of  the  liberals  in  1851  and 
1858,  and  to  a bloody  civil  war  in  1859.  President  Montt 
resigned  his  office  peacefully  to  his  successor,  and  was 
subsequently  president  of  the  supreme  court  until  his 
death. 

Mont-Tendre  (mon-ton'dr).  A mountain  in 
the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland, 
15  miles  west-northwest  of  Lausanne.  Height, 
5,519  feet. 

Montt- Varistas  (mont'va-res'tas).  Apolitical 
party  in  Chile,  formed  about  1850  by  a division 
of  the  conservative  or  Pelucones  party.  It  de- 
rived its  name  from  President  Manuel  Montt  and  Antonio 
Varas  who  was  his  minister  of  state  1851-56.  The  Montt- 
Varistas  advocate  extreme  conservative  principles,  a semi- 
aristocratic  form  of  government,  and  partial  union  of 
church  and  state. 

Montucla  (mon-tii-kla'),  Jean  Etienne.  Born 

at  Lyons,  Sept.  5, 1725:  died  at  Versailles,  Dec. 
18,  1799.  A noted  French  mathematician.  Hi3 
chief  work  is  a “ Histoire  des  mathdmatiques  ” (1758 : con- 
tinued by  Ealande). 

Montlifar  (mon-to'far),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Gua- 
temala, March  11,  1823.  A Central  American 
jurist,  politician,  and  author.  His  principal 
work  is  “ Memorias  historicas  de  Centro-Am6r- 
ica”  ( 1881).  '■ 

Mont-Val6rien  (mon'va-la-ryan').  A hill  and 
fortress  west  of  the  Seine,  2^  miles  west  of  the 
fortifications  of  Paris.  It  was  an  important  point 
of  defense  in  1870-71.  An  unsuccessful  sortie  was  made 
from  it  by  the  French  Jan.  19,  1871. 

Montyon  (moh-tyoh')  (incorrectly  Monthyon), 
Baron  de  (Antoine  Jean  Baptiste  Robert 
Auget).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.,  1733:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  29,  1820.  A French  philanthropist. 
He  founded  various  prizes  (including  the  Mon- 
tyon  prize  of  virtue). 

Monument,  The.  A column  in  London,  north 
of  the  Thames,  near  London  Bridge,  it  was 
erected  to  commemorate  the  great  fire  of  1666,  and  stands 
close  to  the  spot  where  the  conflagration  started.  It  is 
a fluted  Roman-Doric  column  by  Wren,  standing  on  a 
square  base  ornamented  with  reliefs,  and  supporting  on 
a pedestal  above  the  capital  an  urn  from  which  flames 
issue.  The  height  is  202  feet. 

Monumentum  Ancyranum.  Sec  Ancyra. 
Monza  (mon'za).  A manufacturing  town  in  tho 


704 

province  of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  tho  Lam- 
bro  9 miles  north-northeast  of  Milan : the  an- 
cient Modicia.  It  was  the  residence  of  the  Gothic  and 
Lombard  kings.  The  cathedral  was  founded  by  Queen 
Theodolinda  in  590,  but  reconstructed  in  the  14th  century. 
The  treasury  is  extremely  rich  in  Lombard  and  medieval 
goldsmiths'  work,  its  most  prized  treasure  being  the  fa- 
mous iron  crown  of  Lombardy,  so  called  from  the  thin  rib- 
bon of  iron  within  it,  said  to  be  forged  from  a nail  of  the 
crucifixion. 

Moodkee.  See  Mudki. 

Moody  (mo'di).  1.  The  guardian  of  Peggy,  the 
country  girl,  in  Garrick’s  adaptation  of  Wych- 
erley’s “Country  Wife.” — 2.  In  Dryden’s  play 
“Sir  Martin  Mar-all,”  a swashbuckler  — that 
is,  one  who  retained  the  boisterous  manners 
of  the  period  when  sword  and  buckler  were  in 
common  use  and  brawls  were  frequent. 

Moody,  Dwight  Lyman.  Born  at  Northfield, 
Mass.,  Feb.  5,  1837 : died  Dec.  22,  1899.  An 
American  evangelist.  He  was  engaged  in  missionary 
work  in  Chicago  about  1856;  conducted, with  Ira  D.Sankey, 
various  revival  meetings  in  the  United  States,  and  1873-75 
and  1881-83  in  Great  Britain  ; and  established  a school  for 
Christian  workers  in  Northfield  and  a Bible  Institute  in 
Chicago. 

Mooker  (mok'er),  or  Mook  (mok),  Heath.  A 
place  in  the  Netherlands,  near  the  Meuse, 
south  of  Nimwegen.  Here  (1574)  the  Spaniards 
defeated  the  Dutch  under  Louis  of  Nassau. 

Mooltan.  See  Midtan. 

Moon  (mon).  A heavenly  body  which  revolves 
around  the  earth  monthly,  accompanying  the 
earth  as  a satellite  in  its  annual  revolution,  and 
shining  by  the  sun’s  reflected  light.  Next  to  the 
sun,  the  moon  is  the  most  conspicuous  and  interesting  of 
celestial  objects.  The  rapidity  of  its  motion,  the  variety 
of  its  phases,  and  especially  the  striking  phenomena  of 
its  eclipses,  compelled  the  attention  of  the  earliest  observ- 
ers; and  the  fact  that  the  longitude  can  be  determined 
from  lunar  observations  has  given  the  theory  of  the  moon's 
motion  economic  importance.  Of  all  the  heavenly  bodies 
(meteors  excepted),  the  moon  is  nearest  to  us.  Its  mean 
distance  is  a little  more  than  sixty  times  the  radius  of  the 
earth,  or  238,800  miles.  Its  diameter  is  2,162  miles  (about 
0.273  of  the  earth’s  equatorial  diameter),  and  its  volume 
is  about  of  that  of  the  earth.  It  revolves  around  the 
earth  in  27d.  7h.  43m.  11.5s. ; the  time  from  new  moon  to 
new  moon  is  29d.  12h.  44m.  2.7s.  The  moon  always  pre- 
sents nearly  the  same  face  to  the  earth.  It  has  no  clouds, 
and  shows  no  certain  indications  of  an  atmosphere  or  of 
the  presence  of  water. 

Moon,  Mountains  of  the.  A range  of  moun- 
tains placed  by  Ptolemy  in  the  interior  of 
Africa,  containing  the  sources  of  the  Nile.  They 
were  conceived  afterward  as  traversing  Africa  from  east 
to  west.  They  have  disappeared  from  modern  maps. 

Moonlight  Sonata.  A name  given  to  Beetho- 
ven’s “ Sonata  quasi  una  fantasia”  in  C sharp 
minor,  one  of  the  two  which  form  his  Opus  27, 
published  in  1802.  The  romantic  stories  about  the 
name  and  dedication  appear  to  be  without  foundation. 
Moonstone  (mon'ston),  The.  Anovel  by  Wilkie 
Collins,  published  in  1868. 

Moor,  or  M6r  (mor).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Stuhlweissenburg,  Hungary,  37  miles  west  by 
BOUth  of  Budapest.  Here,  Dec.,  1848,  the  Austrians  de- 
feated the  Hungarians  under  PerczeL  Pop.,  over  10,000. 

Moor  (mor),  Edward.  Bom  in  1771 : died  at 
London,  Feb.  26, 1848.  A writer  on  Hindu  my- 
thology. He  entered  the  Madras  establishment  of  the 
East  India  Company  as  cadet  in  April,  1783,  served  in  the 
war  of  1790-91,  and  was  wounded  Dec.  29,  1791,  at  Gadj- 
moor.  He  went  to  Bombay  April,  1796,  as  brevet  captain, 
and  in  1800  made  a “Digest  of  the  Military  Orders  and  Reg- 
ulations of  the  Bombay  Army.”  He  published  “Hindoo 
Pantheon  ’’  (1810),  “ Hindoo  Infanticide  ” (1811),  “ The  Gen- 
tle Sponge,”  a proposal  for  reducing  the  interest  on  the 
national  debt  (1829),  and  “Suffolk  Words  and  Phrases" 
(1823). 

Moor  (mor),  Karl.  The  principal  character  in 
Schiller’s  play  1 ‘ Die  Riiuber  ” ( “ The  Robbers”). 

The  hero  of  his  first  drama,  the  entnusiastic  young  rob- 
ber, Moor,  like  Goethe's  Gotz,  has  recourse  to  force  on  his 
own  responsibility.  lie  has  all  the  feelings  of  a Werther, 
and,  like  Werther,  he  falls  foul  of  society.  Werther  turns 
the  destroying  weapon  upon  himself,  but  Moor  directs  it 
against  society.  He  is  a rebel,  like  the  Satan  of  Milton 
and  of  KJopstock,  and  a vagabond,  like  Goethe’s  Crugan- 
tino ; but,  while  love  and  reconciliation  lead  Crugantino 
back  to  the  bosom  of  his  family,  the  shameful  intrigues 
of  an  unnatural  brother  Franz  turn  Moor  into  a robber 
anil  a murderer.  Hostile  brothers  had  already  been  de- 
picted by  Fielding  in  romance,  and  by  Leisewitz  and  Klin- 
ger in  tragedy  : the  two  latter  had  introduced  fratricide 
upon  the  stage  itself,  and  Gessner  had  written  a patri- 
archal romance  based  on  the  story  of  Cain  and  Abel ; but 
Schiller  far  surpasses  these  writers  in  power  in  the  grand 
scene  where  the  criminal,  in  fear  of  the  avengers  of  his 
crime,  pronounces  and  carries  out  his  own  sentence. 

Scherer,  History  of  German  Literature,  II.  116. 

Moorcroft  (mor'kroft),  William.  Bom  in  Lan- 
cashire about  1 7 65 : died  in  Afghanistan,  Aug. 
27,  1825.  An  English  veterinary  surgeon  and 
traveler  in  central  Asia  1819-25.  His  “ Trav- 
els” were  published  in  1841. 

Moore  (mor  or  mor),  Albert  Joseph.  Born  at 
York,  Sept.  4, 1841 : died  at  Westminster,  Sept. 
25, 1893.  An  English  painter,  brother  of  Henry 


Moors 

Moore  the  marine-painter.  in  1861  he  exhibited 
“The  Mother  of  Sisera”  and  “Elijah  running  before 
Ahab’s  Chariot.”  He  showed  great  skill  in  decorative 
painting.  In  1864  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  a 
fresco  of  “ The  Seasons,”  and  in  1865  “The  Marble  Seat.” 
Moore,  Alfred.  Born  in  Brunswick  County, 
N.  C.,  May  21, 1755:  died  at  Belfont,  N.  C.,  Oct. 
15, 1810.  An  American  jurist,  associate  justice 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1799-1805. 
Moore,  Clement  Clarke.  Born  at  New  York, 
July  15,  1779  : died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  July  10, 
1863.  An  American  scholar  and  poet.  He  gave 
in  1818  a large  gift  to  the  General  Theological  Seminary 
in  New  York,  on  condition  that  its  buildings  should  be 
erected  on  a part  of  his  property  in  Chelsea  Village  (Ninth 
and  Tenth  avenues  and  20th  and  21st  streets),  where  they 
now  stand.  He  was  professor  of  biblical  learning  there, 
and  afterward  of  Oriental  and  Greek  literature,  1821-50. 
He  published  a “ Hebrew  and  Greek  Lexicon  ’’  (1809), 
“Poems”  (1844),  “George  Castriot,  etc.”  (1852),  etc.,  and 
was  the  author  of  the  verses  “’Twas  the  night  before 
Christmas.” 

Moore,  Edward.  Born  at  Abingdon,  England, 
March  22,  1712 : died  at  South  Lambeth,  Lon- 
don, March  1, 1757.  An  English  dramatist  and 
fabulist,  third  son  of  Thomas  Moore,  a dissent- 
ing clergyman.  He  failed  in  business  as  a linen-draper 
in  London,  and  began  as  a writer  with  his  “ Fables  for  the 
Female  Sex”  in  1744.  “The  Foundling,"  a comedy,  was 
produced  at  Drury  Lane  on  Feb.  13, 1748 ; “Gil  Bias,”  a com- 
edy, in  1751 ; and  “ The  Gamester,”  in  which  Garrick  ap- 
peared (and  which  he  partly  wrote),  at  Drury  Lane  on  Feb. 
7,  1753.  In  1753  he  was  made  editor  of  “The  World,”  a 
popular  paper,  which  had  Lord  Lyttelton,  Lord  Bath,  Lord 
Chesterfield,  Soame  Jenyns,  Horace  Walpole,  and  Edward 
Lovibond  as  contributors.  His  only  son,  Edward,  was 
educated  and  pensioned  by  Lord  Chesterfield. 

Moore,  George  Henry.  Born  at  Concord, 
N.  H.,  April  20,  1823:  died  at  New  York,  May 
5,  1892.  An  American  historical  writer,  son  of 
J.  B.  Moore.  He  became  superintendent  of  the  Lenox 
Library  in  New  York  in  1872.  Among  his  works  are  “Notes 
on  the  History  of  Slavery  in  Massachusetts  ’’  (1866),  “His- 
tory of  the  Jurisprudence  of  New  York  ” (1872),  etc. 

Moore,  Jacob  Bailey.  Born  at  Andover, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  31,  1797 : died  at  Bellows  Falls,  Vt., 
Sept.  1,1853.  An  Amerieanhistorian.  He  wrote 
especially  on  the  history  of  New  Hampshire. 
Moore,  John.  Born  at  Stirling,  Scotland,  1729 : 
died  at  Richmond,  Surrey,  Jan.  21,  1802.  A 
Scottish  physician,  novelist,  and  writer  of  trav- 
els. His  best-known  work  is  the  novel  “ Ze- 
luco”  (1786). 

Moore,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.  13, 
1761 : died  at  Corunna,  Spain,  Jan.  16, 1809.  A 
British  general.  He  was  the  eldest  surviving  son  of 
Dr.  John  Moore,  author  of  “Zeluco.”  In  1776  he  became 
ensign  of  the  51st  foot,  and  served  as  captain-lieutenant  in 
Nova  Scotia  during  the  American  Revolutionary  War.  He 
became  member  of  Parliament  for  Linlithgow  in  1784  ; 
and  served  in  Corsica  1793-94,  but  displeased  Nelson  and 
Elliot  and  was  ordered  home.  In  Nov.,  1797,  he  joined 
Abercromby  in  Ireland.  He  was  made  major-general  in 
1798.  In  July,  1808,  he  sailed  for  Portugal  as  second  in 
command  to  Sir  Henry  Burrard,  and  by  Sept,  the  entire 
command  was  left  to  him.  He  entered  Spain  Nov.  11, 
1808  ; but,  abandoned  by  the  Spaniards  and  threatened  by 
the  actual  presence  of  Napoleon,  was  obliged  to  retreat 
250  miles  to  Corunna.  While  the  troops  were  embarking 
the  French  attacked  them,  and  Moore  was  killed  and 
buried  in  the  citadel  during  the  night  of  Jan.  16-17.  He 
received  a monument  in  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral.  The  “ Bur- 
ial of  Sir  John  Moore,”  by  Rev.  Charles  Wolfe,  is  one  of 
the  most  popular  English  poems. 

Moore,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Dublin,  May  28, 1779 : 
died  at  Bromham,  near  Devizes,  Feb.  25,  1852. 
An  Irish  poet,  son  of  John  Moore,  a grocer  of 
Kerry.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1794, 
where  he  was  intimate  with  Robert  Emmet.  In  1799  he 
entered  the  Middle  Temple,  London,  and  in  1800  published 
his  translation  of  “Anacreon."  In  1803  and  1804  he  trav- 
eled in  America.  In  1806  he  published  his  “Odes  and 
Epistles,”  and  his  “Irish  Melodies"  from  1807  to  1834,  re- 
ceiving from  them  about  £500  a year.  His  lampoons  on 
the  regen  t and  his  favorites  were  extremely  successful,  and 
were  collected  in  1813  in  “ The  Twopenny  Post  Bag.”  On 
March  25,  1811,  he  married  Bessie  Dyke,  an  actress,  and 
in  the  same  year  his  friendship  for  Byron  began.  “ Lalla 
Rookh,"  for  which  Longmans  agreed  to  pay  £3,000  without 
having  seen  it,  was  published  in  1817  ; “National  Airs”  in 
1815;  and  “Sacred  Songs”  in  1816.  His  prose  works,  besides 
the  political  squibs,  are  “Life  of  Sheridan"  (1825),  “The 
Epicurean"  (1S27),  “Life  of  Byron’  (1830),  “History  of 
Ireland, "etc.,  besides  a number  of  collections  of  humorous 
short  papers  like  “The  Fudge  Family  in  Paris,”  all  under 
the  pseudonym  Thomas  Brown  the  Younger.  “ Moore’s 
Memoirs,  Journals,  and  Correspondence  ’’  were  published 
1853-56  by  Earl  Russell. 

Moorfields  (mor'feldz).  A district  of  old  Lon- 
don, outside  tbe  wall,  once  used  as  a place  of 
recreat  ion.  It  received  its  name  from  the  moor  which 
lay  on  the  north  side  of  the  city.  Finsbury  Square  and 
adjacent  streets  now  cover  it. 

Moorgate  (mor'gat).  A postern  gate  in  the  old 
London  city  wall,  built  on  the  moor  side  of  the 
city  in  the  time  of  Henry  V.  (about  1415).  It  was 
rebuilt  in  1472,  and  was  pulled  down  about  1750. 
Moor  of  Venice,  The,  or  the  Tragedy  of  Othel- 
lo. See  Othello. 

Moors  (morz).  [L.  Mauri,  Gr.  Mniyjo/,  dark  men.] 
A dark  race  dwelling  in  Barbary,  in  northern 


Moors 

Africa.  They  derive  their  name  from  the  ancient  Mauri, 
or  Mauretanians ; but  the  present  Moors  are  a mixed  race, 
chiefly  of  Arab  and  Mauretanian  origin.  The  name  is  ap- 
plied especially  to  the  dwellers  in  the  cities.  The  Arab 
conquerors  of  Spain  were  called  Moors. 

Moorshedabad.  See  Murshidabad. 
Moosehead  (mos'hed)  Lake.  The  largest  lake 
in  Maine,  situated  about  lat.  45°  40'  N.  it  is 

the  source  of  the  Kennebec  River.  Length,  about  35  miles. 
Greatest  breadth,  about  10  miles. 

Moosilauke  (mo-si-la'ke).  A mountain  in  Ben- 
ton, New  Hampshire,  30  miles  southwest  of 
Mount  Washington.  Height,  4,810  feet. 
Mopsa  (mop'sa).  1.  A shepherdess  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Winter’s  Tale.” — 2.  In  Sidney’s  ro- 
mance “Arcadia,”  a deformed  country  girl,  the 
daughter  of  Dametas. 

Mopsus  (mop'sus).  [Or.  Moi/’of.]  A seer  in 
Greek  legend,  son  of  Apollo  by  Himantis. 
Moquegna  (m5-ka'gwii).  1.  A southern  lit- 
toral province  of  Peru,  adjoining  Chile  on  the 

south.  Its  capital  is  Moquegua,  which  is  situated  about 
30  miles  from  the  coast.  It.  is  traversed  by  the  main  range 
of  the  Andes.  Area,  5,549  square  miles.  Population, 
about  45,000.  Previous  to  1879  it  included  also  the  prov- 
inces of  Arica  and  Tacna. 

2.  A town,  the  capital  of  this  department,  near 
lat.  17°  15'  S.,  long.  70°  50'  W.  It  has  been  re- 
peatedly destroyed  by  earthquakes,  the  last  time  in  1868. 
Population,  about  5,000. 

Moqaeltimnan  (mo-kel-um'nan),  or  Mutsun. 
[From  Wakalumitoh,  the  Miwok  name  of  a river 
and  hill.]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  comprising  the  Miwok  and  Olamentke 
groups  of  tribes.  The  habitat  of  the  former  was  the 
portion  of  California  between  Cosumnes  and  Fresno  rivers 
on  the  north  and  south  respectively,  and  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  on  the  east  to  San  Joaquin  River  on  the  west,  ex- 
cept a strip  on  the  east  bank  occupied  by  the  Cholovone. 
The  Olamentke  group  occupied  a territory  bounded  on  the 
south  by  San  Francisco  Bay  and  the  western  half  of  San 
Pablo  Bay,  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  from  the  Golden 
Gate  to  Bodega  Head,  on  the  north  by  a line  running  from 
Bodega  Head  to  a point  a few  miles  northeast  of  Santa 
Rosa,  and  thence,  on  the  west,  to  the  northernmost  point 
of  San  Pablo  Bay.  Few  of  the  once  populous  Miwok  tribes 
survive,  and  these  are  scattered;  while  scarcely  any  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Olamentke  division  remain. 

Mora  (md'ra),  Jose  Maria  Luis.  Born  at  Cha- 
macuero,  Michoacan,  Oct.,  1794:  died  at  Paris, 
July  14,  1850.  A Mexican  historian.  He  studied 
theology ; was  ordained  presbyter  in  1819;  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1827,  but  never  practised.  Iturbide  impris- 
oned him,  and  later  he  was  a prominent  member  of  the 
Escocez  party.  After  1834  he  resided  in  Paris.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  “MdjicoysusRevoluciones”(Vols.  I,  III,  and 
IV only  published,  1836).  His  “ Obras  sueltas  ” (2  vols.  1837) 
are  mainly  political  essays. 

Mora,  Juan.  Bom  at  San  Jose,  July  12, 1784: 
died  there,  Sept.,  1854.  A Costa  Bican  states- 
man, jefe  or  president  during  two  terms  (1825- 
1833).  Subsequently  he  held  other  offices,  and 
from  1850  was  president  of  the  supreme  court. 
Mora,  Juan  Rafael.  Born  at  San  Jos6,  Feb. 
8, 1814:  died  at  Puntarenas,  Sept.  30,  1860.  A 
Costa  Rican  politician.  He  was  vice-president  and 
acting  president  in  1848,  and  president  Nov.,  1849,  to  Aug. 
14, 1859,  when  he  was  deposed  and  banished.  Attempting 
a counter-revolution  in  1860,  he  was  captured  and  shot. 

Moradabad.  See  Muradabad. 

Moraes  (mo-ris')  Barros,  Prudente  de.  Born 
at  ltd,  Sao  Paulo,  about  1844:  died  at  Piraci- 
caba,  Dec.  3,  1902.  A Brazilian  politician.  He 
was  a prominent  advocate  of  republican  principles  from 
1871 ; was  one  of  the  three  republicans  elected  to  the  im- 
perial parliament  1885 ; and  after  the  revolution  of  1889 
was  governor  of  Sao  Paulo  1889-90.  In  1891  he  was  a can- 
didate for  the  presidency.  In  1893  he  was  president  of 
the  national  senate,  and  on  Feb.  28,  1894,  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  Brazil.  His  term  of  4 years  began  Nov.  15,  1894. 

Moraes  Silva  (mo-ris'  sel'va),  Antonio  de. 
Bom  at  Bio  de  Janeiro  about  1757:  died  at 
Pernambuco,  1825.  A Brazilian  lexicographer. 
Little  is  known  of  his  life,  a part  of  which  was  passed  in 
Europe.  His  “Diccionario  da  Lingua  Portugueza  "(1st  ed., 
2 vols.,  1789)  was  the  first  and  for  a long  time  the  only 
dictionary  of  the  Portuguese  language,  and  is  still  an  au- 
thority. 

Morakanabad.  The  grand  vizir  of  Vathekin 
Beckford’s  tale  of  that  name. 

Morales  (mo-rii'les),  Augustin.  Bom  at  La 
Paz,  1810:  assassinated  there,  Nov.  28,  1872.  A 
Bolivian  politician  and  general.  He  led  the  revo- 
lution which  overturned  Melgarejo,  Jan.  15, 1871;  was  im- 
mediately proclaimed  president;  and  held  the  post  until 
his  death. 

Morales  (mo-rii'les),  Luis  de.  Bom  at  Badajoz, 
Spain,  about  1509:  died  at  Badajoz,  1586.  A 
Spanish  religious  painter,  surnamed  “El  Di- 
vino”  (‘The  Divine’). 

Morales  Bermudez,  Remijio.  See  Bermudez. 
Morales  de  Toro  (mo-riiTes  da.  to'rd).  A small 
place  in  northwestern  Spain,  near  Toro,  prov- 
ince of  Zamora,  said  by  some  to  have  been  the 
birthplace  of  Isabella  of  Castile. 

Moran  (mo-ran'),  Edward.  Bom  at  Bolton, 

C.  — 45 


705 

England,  Aug.  19,1829:  died  at  New  York,  June 
9,  1901.  An  English-American  marine-  and 
figure-painter.  He  came  to  America  in  1844, 
and  exhibited  in  Paris  and  London. 

Morau,  Leon.  Bom  atPhiladelphiainl863.  An 
American  marine-  and  figure-painter,  son  and 
pupil  of  Edward  Moran.  He  also  studied  at 
the  National  Academy,  New  York. 

Moran,  Percy.  Born  at  Philadelphia  in  1862. 
An  American  genre-painter,  son  and  pupil  of 
Edward  Moran. 

Moran,  Peter.  Born  at  Bolton,  England,  March 
4,  1842.  An  English-American  painter  of  land- 
scape and  animals,  brother  and  pupil  of  Edward 
and  Thomas  Moran. 

Moran,  Thomas.  Born  at  Bolton,  England,  J an. 
12,1837.  An  English-American  landscape-paint- 
er,brotherand  pupil ofEdward Moran.  Hecameto 
America  in  1844.  He  went  to  the  Yellowstone  Park  in  1871, 
and  many  of  his  subjects  are  from  that  region  and  Mexico. 

Morano  (mo-ra'no).  A town  in  southern  Italy, 
northwest  of  Cosenza. 

Morat  (mo-ra'),  G.  Murten  (mor'ten).  A small 
town  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Lake  of  Morat  15  miles  west  of 
Bern.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  gained  near  it,  June 
22,  1476,  by  the  Swiss  over  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. 

Morat  (mo-ra'),  Lake  of.  A lake  in  Switzer- 
land, surroundedby  the  cantons  of  Fribourg  and 
Vaud,  2-J  miles  east  of  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel: 
the  Roman  Lacus  Aventicensis,  later  Uchtsee. 
Its  outlet  is  the  Broye,  falling  into  the  Lake  of 
Neuchatel.  Length.  5-|  miles. 

Moral  alia  (mo-ra-tal'ya).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia,  southeastern  Spain.  Popula- 
tion, 12,689. 

Moratin  (mo-ra-ten'),  Leandro  Fernandezde. 

Bom  at  Madrid,  March  10,  1760 : died  at  Paris, 
June  21,  1828.  A Spanish  dramatist  and  poet, 
son  of  N.  F.  de  Moratin:  called  “the  Spanish 
Moliere.”  His  works  include  the  plays  “El  viejo  y la 
niua”  (“The  Old  Man  and  the  Young  Girl,”  1790),  “La 
comedia nueva”  (1792),  “El  baron  ” (1803),  “Lamogigata” 
(“The  Female  Hypocrite,”  1804),  “El  si  de  las  nifias” 
(“  The  Girl's  Yes,"  1806).  He  also  wrote  a prose  version  of 
Shakspere’s  “Hamlet”  (never  performed),  and  translated 
and  altered  Moliere  s “ llcole  des  maris"  and  “Le  mdde- 
cin  malgre  luL  ” 

Moratin.  Nicolas  Fernandez  de.  Bora  at  Ma- 
drid, July  20,  1737 : died  there,  May  11,  1780. 
A Spanish  poet.  He  wrote  the  first  Spanish  play  con- 
structed according  to  the  Fr  ench  model,  a comedy,  “ Peti- 
metra  ” (“  The  Female  Fribble  ”),  printed  1762.  In  1770  he 
produced  on  the  stage  a tragedy,  “Hormesinda,”  on  the 
canons  of  Racine  and  Corneille.  He  wrote  the  epics  “ De 
las  naves  de  Cortes  destruidas”  (“Destruction  of  Cortes’s 
Ships,”  1785),  “Diana,”  etc. 

Morava  (mo-ra'va).  1.  The  principal  river  of 
Servia.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Western  and 
Southern  Morava,  and  joins  the  Danube  by  two  mouths 
about  30  miles  east-southeast  of  Belgrad.  Total  length, 
about  240  miles. 

2.  The  Slavic  name  of  the  river  March. 
Moravia  (mo-ra'vi-a). , [F.  Moravie,  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  Moravia,  NL.  Moravia  (G.  Mdhren,  etc.), 
named  from  the  river  Morava.  ] A crownland 
of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary. 
Capital,  Brunn.  It  is  bounded  by  Bohemia  (partlysepa- 
rated  by  the  Mahrische  Gebirge)  on  the  west  and  north- 
west, Prussian  Silesia  and  Austrian  Silesia  (separated  by  the 
Sudetic  Mountains)  on  the  north  and  northeast,  Hungary 
(separated  by  the  Little  Carpathians)  on  the  southeast,  and 
Hungary  and  Lower  Austria  on  the  south.  The  surface 
is  largely  mountainous  and  table-land : it  is  drained  in 
great  part  by  the  March.  Moravia  is  to  a great  degree  an 
agricultural  country.  It  produces  rye,  oats,  barley,  fruit, 
vegetables,  etc. ; lias  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen, 
sugar,  and  linen  ; and  has  mines  of  coal  and  iron.  It  has 
49  representatives  in  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  has  a 
Landtag  of  151  members.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Ro- 
man Catholic.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Slava 
in  race  and  language,  closely  allied  to  the  Czechs ; but 
about  30  per  cent,  are  Germans.  The  early  inhabitants 
were  Germanic  tribes.  The  region  was  recolonized  by 
Slavs.  Christianity  was  introduced  from  Constantinople 
in  the  9th  century,  but  the  Moravians  were  subsequently 
brought  within  the  influence  of  Rome.  Under  Svatopluk 
in  the  end  of  the  9th  century  Moravia  was  the  center  of  a 
short-lived  great  Slavic  power,  Great  Moravia,  which  was 
overthrown  by  the  Magyars  in  906.  Moravia  was  perma- 
nently united  with  Bohemia  in  1029,  and  after  that  gener- 
ally shared  the  fortunes  of  that  kingdom.  It  became  a 
margraviate  in  1197 ; passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in 
1526  ; and  became  a crownland  separate  from  Bohemia  in 
1849.  Area,  8, 583  square  miles.  Population,  2,620,914,  (1910). 

Moravians  (mo-ra'vi-anz).  1.  The  natives  or 
inhabitants  of  Moravia  (which  see). — 2.  The 
members  of  the  Christian  denomination  entitled 
the  Unitas  Fratrum,  or  United  Brethren,  which 
traces  its  origin  to  John  IIuss.  Its  members  were 
expelled  from  Bohemia  and  Moravia  in  1627,  but  in  1722 
a remnant  settled  in  Herrnhut,  Saxony  (hence  the  brethren 
are  sometimes,  in  Germany,  called  Herrnhut er).  The  or- 
ganization at  present  has  three  home  provinces  (German, 
British,  and  American  — each  of  which  has  its  own  gov- 
ernment by  synod)  and  several  mission  provinces.  All 


Mordure 

these  are  represented  by  a general  synod  which  meets 
every  10  years  in  Herrnhut.  The  ministers  are  bishops 
(not  diocesan),  presbyters,  and  deacons.  The  worship  is 
liturgical.  The  members  of  the  denomination  believe  in 
the  Scriptures  as  the  only  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  and 
maintain  the  doctrines  of  the  total  depravity  of  human 
nature,  the  love  of  God  the  Father,  the  actual  humanity 
and  godhead  of  Jesus  Christ,  the  atonement,  the  work  of 
the  Holy  Spirit,  good  works  as  the  fruit  of  the  Spirit,  the 
second  coming  of  Christ,  and  the  resurrection  of  the  dead. 
The  Moravians  are  especially  noted  for  their  energy  and 
success  in  missionary  work. 

Moray,  or  Morayshire.  See  Elgin. 

Moray,  Earl  of.  See  Stuart. 

Moray  Firth  (mur'a  ferth).  A large  indenta- 
tion of  the  North  Sea,  inclosed  by  the  coast 
of  Scotland  from  Kinnaird’s  Head  in  the  north- 
east of  Aberdeenshire  to  Duncansby  Head  in  the 
northeast  of  Caithness;  sometimes,  in  a more 
restricted  sense,  the  branch  of  this  between 
Elgin  and  Ross. 

Moraz&n  (mo-ra-than'bFrancisco.  Born  at  Te- 
gucigalpa, Honduras,  Oct.,  1792 : died  at  San 
Jose,  Costa  Rica,  Sept.  15,  1842.  A Central 
American  statesman  and  politician.  He  was  leader 
of  the  liberal-federalists  in  the  revolt  against  the  conser- 
vatives ; defeated  them  in  1827,  and  becameye/e  of  Hondu- 
ras ; by  successive  victories  routed  the  conservatives  in 
Salvador,  1828,  and  Guatemala,  April,  1829  ; and  in  Sept., 
1830,  was  elected  president  of  the  Central  American  Con- 
federation. He  governed  with  wisdom  and  liberality,  and 
was  reelected  in  1834 ; but  opposition  to  the  union  led  to 
numerous  revolts,  and  when  his  second  term  expired  (Feb. 
1,  1839)  there  had  been  no  reelection.  Morazan  made  a 
vain  attempt  to  keep  the  union  together  by  force,  and  was 
supported  by  Salvador ; but  he  was  finally  defeated  by 
Cairera  at  Guatemala,  March  19,  1840,  and  fled  to  Peru. 
In  April,  1842,  he  invaded  Costa  Rica  with  a view  to  mak- 
ing it  the  basis  of  federal  reorganization  : he  was  at  first 
successful,  and  assumed  the  executive  of  Costa  Rica  in 
July,  but  was  deposed  by  a counter-revolution  (Sept.  11), 
captured,  and  shot. 

Morbegno  (mor-ben'yo).  A town  in  northern 
Italy,  on  the  Adda  15  miles  west  of  Sondrio. 

Morbihan  (mor-be-oh').  A department  of  west- 
ern France,  capital  Vannes,  formed  from  part 
of  the  ancient  Brittany.  It  is  bounded  by  COtes-du- 
Nord  on  the  north,  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the  east,  Loire-Infd- 
rieure  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  south,  and  Finis  tire 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  marshy.  Area, 
2,738  square  mile9.  Population,  573,152. 

Morcillo  Rubio  de  Aunon  (mor-sel'yo  ro-be'o 
da  a-on-yon'),  Diego.  Died  at  Lima,  March  12, 
1730.  A Spanish  prelate,  bishop  of  Charcas, 
and  archbishop  of  Lima  from  1723.  In  1716,  and 
again  Jan.  26, 1720,  to  May  14, 1724,  he  was  act- 
ing viceroy  of  Peru. 

Mordaunt  (mor'dant),  Charles,  third  Earl  of 
Peterborough.  Born  1658 : died  at  Li  sbon,  Oct. 
25, 1735.  An  English  general  and  admiral,  son 
of  John,  Viscount  Mordaunt.  He  matriculated  at 
Oxford  (Christ  Church),  April  11,  1674,  and  in  1675  went 
to  the  Mediterranean  in  the  Cambridge.  In  1675  he  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  Viscount  Mordaunt.  He  intrigued 
actively  in  Holland  and  England  against  .Tames  II.,  and  in 
the  former  country  was  intimately  associated  with  John 
Locke.  In  1689  he  was  appointed  councilor  to  William 
III.  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  was  created  earl  of 
Monmouth.  Later  he  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the 
court,  eventually  losing  all  his  places,  and  in  1697  was 
imprisoned  3 months  in  the  Tower.  On  June  19,  1697,  he 
succeeded  his  uncle  as  earl  of  Peterborough,  and  on  the 
accession  of  Anne  was  again  in  favor  at  court.  In  1705  he 
was  appointed  admiral  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
fleet  jointly  with  Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel,  and  was  largely 
responsible  for  the  capture  of  Barcelona  Sept.  28.  In  Jan., 
1708,  his  conduct  in  Spain  was  investigated  by  the  House 
of  Lords,  and  he  was  acquitted.  In  1710  he  was  ambassa- 
dor extraordinary  to  Vienna,  and  in  1711  to  Frankfort.  He 
was  very  eccentric,  and  was  devoted  to  the  society  of  lit- 
erary men,  especially  Swift,  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  and  Gay. 

Mordecai  (mor'de-kl).  [From  the  name  of  the 
Babylonian  god  Marduk  or  Merodach  (which 
see).]  According  to  the  book  of  Esther,  a Jew 
of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  who  lived  in  captivity 
in  the  time  of  Xerxes.  He  accepted  a post  at  the 
court  in  order  to  be  near  his  adopted  daughter,  Esther,  who 
had  been  elevated  to  the  rank  of  queen,  and  with  her  help 
frustrated  the  machinations  of  Haman  which  tended  to  the 
extermination  of  the  Jews  in  the  Persian  empire.  In  re- 
membrance of  this  deliverance  the  feast  of  Purim  is  still 
celebrated  by  the  Jews  in  the  month  of  Adar  (March- 
April). 

Mordecai.  In  George  Eliot’s  novel  “Daniel 
Deronda,”  a Jew  who  believes  himself  inspired 
with  a mission  to  elevate  and  reunite  the  Jew- 
ish people. 

It  might  be  said,  in  answer  to  some  of  these  questions, 
that  as  a fact  Mordecai  is  an  ideal  study  from  a veritable 
Jew,  Cohn  or  Kohn,  one  of  the  club  of  students  who  met 
some  forty  years  since  at  Red  Lion  Square,  Holbom  ; and 
that  recently  a scheme  for  the  redemption  of  Palestine  for 
Israel  was  actually  in  contemplation  among  members  of 
the  Jewish  race.  But  to  criticiso  “ Daniel  Deronda  ” from 
the  literal,  prosaic  point  of  view  , would  be  as  much  a crit- 
ical stupidity  as  to  undertake  the  defence  of  Shakspere’s 
“King  Lear  " from  the  charge  of  historical  improbability. 

Drnvden,  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  298. 

Mordred.  See  Modred. 

Mordure  (mor-dur').  Prince  Arthur’s  enchant- 
ed sword : also  called  Excalibur  or  Calibum. 


Mordvinians 

Mordvinians  (mdrd-vin'i-anz),  or  Mordvins 
(mdrd'vinz).  A people  of  Finnic  origin,  living 
in  Russia,  chiefly  in  the  governments  of  Nijni- 
Novgorod,  Penza,  Samara,  Saratoff,  Simbirsk, 
and  Tamboff.  They  are  largely  Russianized,  and  com- 
prise  two  main  divisions,  the  Moksha  and  the  Erzya.  Their 
number  is  estimated  at  about  1,000,000. 

More  (mor),  Hannah.  Born  at  Stapleton,  Glou- 
cestershire, Feb.  2,  1745 : died  at  Clifton,  Sept. 
7,  1833.  An  English  religious  writer.  She  was 
educated  by  her  father,  and  in  1757  joined  her  other  sis- 
ters in  establishing  a school  in  Bristol.  In  1762  she  pub- 
lished “The  Search  for  Happiness,”  a pastoral  drama.  In 
1773  and  1774  she  visited  London,  and  became  intimate 
with  Garrick  and  his  wife : she  also  met  Reynolds,  Burke, 
Dr.  Johnson,  and  Mrs.  Montagu.  In  1782  she  published 
“Sacred  Dramas."  After  the  death  of  Garrick,  Jan.  20, 
1779,  her  religious  tendencies  became  stronger.  In  1787 
she  was  attracted  by  Wilberforce’s  agitation  against  the 
slave-trade,  and  was  much  interested  in  establishingschools 
among  the  poor  as  an  antidote  to  the  prevailing  atheism. 
She  wrote  in  1792  “Village  Politics,  by  Will  Chip,”  fol- 
lowed by  “Cheap  Repositoiy  Tracts”  (1795-98),  one  of 
which  was  “ The  Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain.”  Some  of 
them  were  illustrated  by  John  Bewick.  The  organization 
which  circulated  them  developed  into  the  Religious  Tract 
Depository  in  1799.  Her  other  works  are  “Thoughts  on 
the  Importance  of  the  Manners  of  the  Great  to  General  So- 
ciety "(1788),  “ Strictures  on  the  Modern  System  of  Female 
Education ’*(1799),  “Ccelebs  in  Search  of  a W if e ” (1809), 
"PraeticalPiety,  etc.”  (1811) , ‘ ‘ Christian  Morals  ” (1813),  et  c. 
More,  Henry.  Born  at  Grantham,  England, 
Oct.  12, 1614 : died  at  Cambridge,  England,  Sept. 
1, 1687.  An  English  philosopliical  writer.  His 
philosophical  works  (largely  mystical  and  Pla- 
tonic) were  published  in  1678.  Flis  chief  work 
in  verse  is  “ The  Song  of  the  Soul.” 

More,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  7, 
1478:  executed  on  Tower  Hill,  July  6,  1535.  An 
English  statesman  and  author.  He  was  the  son  of 
Sir  John  More,  a London  barrister.  At  thirteen  years  of 
age  he  entered  the  service  of  Thomas  Morton,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  In  1492  he  entered  Canterbury  Hall  (later 
merged  in  Christ  Church),  Oxford.  He  entered  the  New 
Inn,  London,  in  1494,  and  Lincoln’s  Inn  in  1496.  In  1497 
he  met  Erasmus  in  Englaud,  and  corresponded  with  him 
through  life.  For  several  years  he  was  absorbed  in  reli- 
gious studies  and  exercises,  and  thought  of  becoming  a 
monk  : but  after  1503  he  devoted  himself  mainly  to  poli- 
tics. He  entered  Parliament  in  1504.  In  1508  he  went 
to  France.  After  his  second  marriage  in  1511  he  moved  to 
Crosby  Place,  Bisliopsgate  Street  Without.  In  May,  1515, 
he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Flanders  to  settle  disputes 
with  the  merchants  of  the  Steelyard.  “Utopia  ” was  pub- 
lished in  1516.  In  1518  he  was  made  master  of  bequests 
by  Henry  VIII.  and  privy  councilor.  In  June,  1520,  he 
was  with  Henry  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  and  met 
Budaeus.  In  1521  he  was  knighted  and  made  subtrea- 
surer to  the  king ; in  April,  1523,  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons ; and  in  1525  high  steward  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity. He  defended  the  papacy  against  Luther,  sug- 
gested the  “Defensio  Septem  Sacramentorum  ” of  Henry 
VIII.,  1521,  and  opposed  Tyndale.  On  Oct.  25,  1629,  he 
succeeded  Wolsey  as  chancellor.  He  opposed  the  reforms 
passed  by  Parliament  of  Nov.  3,  1529,  and  the  projected  di- 
vorce of  the  king  from  Catharine,  and  resigned  May  16, 1532. 
By  act  of  Parliament  in  March,  1534,  an  oath  of  adherence 
to  the  act  which  vested  the  succession  in  the  issue  of  Anne 
Boleyn,  and  of  renunciation  of  the  Pope,  was  imposed. 
This  oath  More  refused  to  take,  and  he  was  committed  to 
the  Tower  April  17, 1635.  On  July  1, 1535,  he  was  indicted  for 
high  treason,  and  was  executed  July  6,  1535.  More  was 
beatified  by  Pope  Leo  XIII.  Dec.  9, 1886.  Among  his  Eng- 
lish works  are  “Life  of  John  Picus,  Earl  of  Mirandula, 
etc.,”  printed  in  1510  by  Wynkyn  de  W orde  (it  was  a trans- 
lation from  the  Latin  of  Giovanni  Francesco  Pico,  1498), 
“ History  of  Richard  III.”  (1513),  a number  of  controver- 
sial works,  meditations,  etc.  Rastell,  the  nephew  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  collected  most  of  his  English  works  and 
printed  them  in  1557.  Among  his  Latin  works  are  the 
“ Utopia  ” (1516 : which  see),  “ Luciani  Dialogi,  etc.  ” (1506), 
“ Epigrammata,  etc.”  (1518),  a number  of  volumes  of  letters 
to  Erasmus  and  others,  dissertations,  etc.  His  Latin  works 
were  first  collected  at  Basel  in  1563.  The  most  complete 
edition  was  that  published  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  and 
Leipsic,  1689. 

More  of  More  Hall.  An  English  legendary  hero 
who  slew  the  Dragon  of  Wantley. 

Morea  ( mq-re'a).  The  name  given  in  modern 
geography  to  tbe  Peloponnesus. 

Called  Morea  by  the  modern  post-Hellenic  or  Romaic 
Greeks,  from  more,  the  name  for  the  sea  in  the  Slavonic 
vernacular  of  its  inhabitants  during  the  heart  of  the  mid- 
dle ages.  M.  Arnold , Study  of  Celtic  Lit.,  p.  79,  note. 

Moreau  (mo-ro'),  Hegesippe.  Born  at  Paris, 
April  9, 1810:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  10, 1838.  A 
French  poet.  His  poems  were  published  under 
the  name  “ Myosotis”  in  1838. 

Moreau,  Jean  Victor.  Born  at.  Morlaix,  France, 
Aug.  11, 1761:  died  at  Laun,  Bohemia,  Sept.  2, 
1813.  A French  general.  He  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  Pichegru’s  army  in  Holland  in  1795,  and  super- 
seded Pichegru  as  commander  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
and  the  Moselle  in  1796.  He  crossed  the  Rhine  at  K I hi 
June  24,  defeated  the  archduke  Charles  at  Ettlingen  July 
9,  and  drove  the  Austrians  back  to  the  Danube,  when 
the  defeat  of  the  army  of  the  Meuse  and  the  Sambre  un- 
der Jourdan  compelled  him  to  retreat.  He  commanded 
in  Italy  in  1799,  being  defeated  by  the  Russians  under  Su- 
varoff  at  Cassano,  April  7.  In  1800  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  by  the  first  consul, 
Bonaparte;  and  in  the  same  year  gained  a decisive  victory 
over  the  Austrians  at  Hohenlinden  (Dec.  3).  Having  placed 
himself  at  thehead  of  a party  of  republicans  and  royalists 


706 

opposed  to  Napoleon,  he  was  in  1804  sentenced  to  two 
years’  imprisonment  on  the  charge  of  complicity  in  Ca- 
doudal  and  Pichegru’s  conspiracy  against  the  first  con- 
sul. The  sentence  was  commuted  to  exile.  He  lived  in 
the  United  States  (near  Trenton,  New  Jersey)  from  1805  to 
1813,  when  he  entered  the  Russian  service.  He  was  mor- 
tally wounded  at  the  battle  of  Dresden,  Aug.  27,  and  died 
Sept.  2,  1813. 

Moreau  de  Saint-Mery  (mo-ro'  de  san'ma-re'), 
Mederie  Louis  Elie.  Born  at  Fort  Royal, 
Martinique,  Jan.  13,  1750:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
28,  1819.  A French  jurist  and  author,  a dis- 
tant relative  of  the  empress  Josephine.  He  was 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  French  Santo  Domingo, 
I78o ; deputy  for  Martinique  at  Paris,  1790;  was  impris- 
oned by  the  Revolutionary  tribunal,  but  escaped  and  lived 
in  the  United  States  until  1800.  From  1800  to  1806  he  was 
councilor  of  state.  He  published  “ Lois  et  constitutions 
des  colonies  francaises  de  I Ainerique  sous  le  vent” 
(Paris,  5 vols.,  1784-85),  and  important  works  on  Santo 
Domingo,  etc. 

Morecambe  (mor'kam).  A watering-place  in 
Lancashire,  England,  on  Morecambe  Bay  three 
miles  west  of  Lancaster. 

Morecambe  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Irish  Sea, 
separating  the  northwestern  detached  part  of 
Lancashire,  England,  from  the  main  division. 
More  Dissemblers  besides  Women.  A com- 
edy by  Thomas  Middleton,  licensed  as  “ an  old 
play”  in  1623,  printed  in  1657  with  ’‘Women 
beware  Women,”  but  certainly  acted  before 
1623. 

Morelia  (mo-ra'le-a),  formerly  Valladolid  (val- 
ya-THo-leTH ').  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Michoacan,  Mexico,  situated  about  125  miles 
west  by  north  of  Mexico : so  named  in  1828  in 
honor  of  the  patriot  Morelos.  It  was  founded 
in  1541.  Population,  39,116,  (1910). 

Morell  (mo-rel'),  Sir  Charles.  The  pseudonym 
of  the  Rev.  James  Ridley,  under  which  he  wrote 
“ The  Tales  of  the  Genii”  (1764). 

Morelia  (mo-ral'ya).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Castellon,  eastern  Spain,  78  miles  southwest 
of  Tarragona : the  Roman  Castra  2Elia.  It  has 
an  old  castle.  Population,  7,335. 

Morellet  (mo-rel-la'),  Andre.  Born  at  Lyons, 
March  7,  1727 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1819.  A 
French  litterateur  and  philosophical  writer. 
He  wrote  “ Melanges  de  litterature  et  de  phi- 
losophic au  XVIII6  si&cle”  (1818),  etc. 
Morelos  (mo-ra'los).  A state  of  Mexico,  situ- 
ated south  of  the  state  of  Mexico.  Capital, 
Cuernavaca,  with  about  10,000  inhabitants. 
Cuautla  has  7,000  inhabitants.  Area,  about 
1,773  square  miles.  Population,  179,814,  (1910). 
Morelos,  or  Montemorelos  ( mon-ta-mo-ra'los). 
A town  in  the  state  of  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico, 
situated  about  55  miles  southeast  of  Monterey. 
Population,  15,279. 

Morelos  y Pavon  (mo-ra'los  e pa-von'),  Jos6 
Maria.  Born  near  Apatzingan,  Michoacan, 
Sept.  30, 1765 : died  near  Mexico,  Dec.  22, 1815. 
A Mexican  patriot.  He  was  a priest;  joined  the  re- 
volt of  Hidalgo  in  1810;  held  separate  commands;  and  at 
first-  was  very  successful,  but  after  Nov.,  1813,  was  re- 
peatedly defeated.  He  was  finally  captured,  Nov.  5,  1815, 
taken  to  Mexico,  and  shot. 

The  last  notable  auto  de  fi  (November  26, 1815)  was  that 
at  which  the  accused  was  the  patriot  Morelos.  The  find- 
ing against  him  was  a foregone  conclusion.  “ The  Pres- 
hitero  Josd  Maria  Morelos,"  declared  the  inquisitors,”  is 
an  unconfessed  heretic  (hcreje  formal  negative),  an  abet- 
tor of  heretics,  and  a disturber  of  the  ecclesiastical  hier- 
archy ; a profaner  of  the  holy  sacraments  ; a traitor  to  God, 
to  the  King,  and  to  the  Pope.”  For  which  sins  he  was 
“condemned  to  do  penance  in  a jjenitent’s  dress  "(after 
the  usual  form),  and  was  surrendered  to  the  tender  mer- 
cies of  the  secular  arm.  Janvier,  Mexican  Guide,  p.  29. 

Morelove  (mdr'luv),  Lord.  The  lover  of  Lady 
Betty  Modish  in  Cibber’s  “Careless  Husband.” 

In  Lord  Morelove  we  have  the  first  lover  in  English 
comedy,  since  licentiousness  possessed  it,  who  is  at  once  a 
gentleman  and  an  honest  man.  Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  p.  200. 

Moreno  (mo-ra'no),  Francisco.  Born  at  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  Oct.  7, 1827.  An  Argentine  explorer 
and  ethnologist.  Since  1872  he  has  made  numerous 
expeditions  to  the  wilder  parts  of  the  country,  with  the 
special  object  of  studying  the  Indian  tribes.  In  1880  he 
was  captured  by  the  Pehuelches  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  escaped. 

Moreno,  Gabriel  Garcia.  See  Garcia  Moreno. 
Moresnet  (mo-ra-na'),  or  Kelmis  (kel'mis). 
A small  neutral  strip  of  land  southwest  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  between  Prussia  and  Belgium,  it 
is  ruled  conjointly  by  officials  of  these  two  countries.  Pop- 
ulation, about,  3,000. 

Moret  (mo-ra').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Loing 
40  miles  southeast  of  Paris.  Popfilation,  com- 
mune, 2,239. 

Moreto  (mo-ra'to),  Agustin.  Born  at  Madrid 
about  1618:  died  1669.  A noted  Spanish  dram- 
atist. He  wrote  “El  valiente  justiciero"  (“The  Brave 
Justiciary ’’),“ El  Undo  Don  Diego”(“The  Handsome  Don 


Morgan,  Lady  (Sydney  Owenson) 

Diego ’’),  “El  desden  con  el  desden”  (“Disdain  with  Dis- 
dain”), etc. 

Of  those  that  divided  the  favor  of  the  public  with  their 
great,  master  [Calderon),  none  stood  so  near  to  him  as 
Augustin  Moreto,  of  whom  we  know  much  less  than 
would  be  important  to  the  history  of  the  Spanish  drama. 
He  was  born  at  Madrid,  and  was  baptized  on  the  9th  of 
April,  1618.  His  best  studies  were  no  doubt  those  he 
made  at  AlcalA  between  1634  and  1639.  Later  he  removed 
to  Toledo,  and  entered  the  household  of  the  Cardinal 
Archbishop,  taking  holy  orders,  and  joining  a brother- 
hood as  early  as  1659.  Ten  years  later,  in  1669,  he  died, 
only  fifty-one  years  old,  leaving  whatever  of  property  he 
possessed  to  the  poor.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  n.  413. 

Moreton  Bay  (mor'ton  ha).  An  inlet  of  the  Pa- 
cific, on  the  coast  of  Queensland,  Australia, 
about  lat.  27°  15'  S.  It  is  40  miles  long  and  17 
miles  wide. 

Morey  (mo'ri)  Letter,  The.  A letter  forged  in 
the  name  of  J.  A.  Garfield,  favoring  Chinese 
cheap  labor.  It  was  published  at  New  York  in  Oct, 
1880  (shortly  before  the  presidential  election),  addressed 
to  a fictitious  H.  L.  Morey. 

Morez  (mo-ra').  A town  in  the  department,  of 
Jura,  Fi  ance,  23  miles  north  by  west  of  Geneva. 
Population,  commune,  5,680. 

Morgagni  (mor-gan'ye),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  Forli,  Italy,  Feb.  25,  1682:  died  at 
Padua,  Italy,  Nov.  5,  1771.  Am  Italian  anato- 
mist, the  founder  of  pathological  anatomy.  He 
was  professor  of  anatomy  in  Padua  from  1711.  His  chief 
work  is  “De  sedibus  et  causis  morborum  per  anatomen 
iadagatis  ” (“On  the  Seat  and  Causes  of  Diseases  investi- 
gated by  Anatomy,”  1761).  He  also  wrote  “Adversaria 
anatom  ica”  (1700-19),  etc. 

Morgaine.  See  Morgana. 

Morgan  (mor'gan).  [Originally  Morgant  or 
Morcant;  Cymric,  ‘sea-brink, ’or  ‘one  born  on 
the  sea-shore.’]  The  earliest  British  ecclesias- 
tical writer.  See  Pelagius. 

Morgan.  1.  See  Belarius. — 2.  A Welsh  surgeon 
in  Smollett’s  “Roderick Random”  and  “Pere- 
grine Pickle.” 

Morgan  (mor'gan),  Daniel.  Born  in  New  Jer- 
sey, 1736:  died  at  Winchester,  Va.,  July  6, 
1802.  An  American  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  expedition  under  Arnold  against  Quebec 
1775-76;  commanded  the  riflemen  at  Saratoga  in  1777;  and 
defeated  Tarleton  at  Cowpens  in  1781.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  major-general. 

Morgan,  Edwin  Dennison.  Born  at  Washing- 
ton, Mass.,  Feb.  8,  1811:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  14, 1883.  An  American  merchant  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  governor  of  New  York  1859-62, 
and  United  States  senator  from  New  Yh>rk 
1863-69. 

Morgan,  Sir  Henry.  Born  in  Wales,  1635  (?) : 
died  in  Jamaica,  1688.  The  most  celebrated 
commander  of  the  bueaneers.  He  ran  away  to 
sea,  went  to  Barbados,  and  thence  to  Jamaica,  where  he 
joined  the  bueaneers,  and  soon  became  a leader.  His 
ravages  extended  over  the  Spanish  coasts  of  the  Carib- 
bean Sea.  He  pillaged  parts  of  Cuba,  and  took  and  ran 
sorned  Puerto  Bello  1668,  and  Maracaibo  1669.  In  1670  he 
collected  37  vessels  and  2,200  men,  captured  a fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chagres  River,  crossed  the  isthmus,  and 
took  Panama,  after  a battle  with  about  3,000  Spanish  sol- 
diers, Jan.,  1671.  The  city  was  sacked  and  burned,  and 
immense  plunder  was  secured.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  the 
Spaniards  were  treated  with  great  inhumanity.  Morgan 
was  prevented  by  royal  orders  from  organizing  another 
expedition.  He  returned  to  England,  where  he  w'as 
knighted  by  Charles  II.  and  made  a commissioner  of  the 
admiralty.  Later  he  resided  in  Jamaica,  where  he  was 
lieutenant-governor  and  commander-in-chief,  and  for  a 
time  was  acting  governor. 

Morgan,  John  Hunt.  Born  at  Huntsville,  Ala., 
June  1, 1826:  died  Sept.  4, 1864.  An  American 
general  in  the  Confederate  service.  He  entered 
tlie  Confederate  army  as  a captain  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War ; was  promoted  major-general  in  1862 ; and  in 
1863  commanded  a cavalry  raid  into  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and 
Indiana,  which  resulted  in  his  capture  and  imprisonment 
in  the  Ohio  penitentiary.  He  made  his  escape  later  in  the 
same  year,  and  undertook  a raid  into  Tennessee.  He  was 
surrounded  and  killed  by  Union  troops  under  General  Al- 
van  C.  Gillem,  near  Greenville,  Tennessee. 

Morgan,  Lewis  Henry.  Born  near  Aurora, 
N.Y.,Nov.21,1818:  died  at  Rochester,  N.Y.,Dec. 
17, 1881.  An  American  ethnologist  and  archae- 
ologist. He  published  “ League  of  t he  Iroquois  ” (1851), 
“Systems  of  Consanguinity  and  Affinity  of  the  Human 
Family,”  “Ancient  Society,”  etc. 

Morgan,  Lady  (Sydney  Owenson).  Bom  at 

Dublin  about  1783 : died  at  London,  April  14, 
1859.  An  Irish  novelist,  daughter  of  an  Irish 
actor.  She  published  a volume  of  poems,  and  a novel, 
“St.  Clair,”  in  1804.  “The  Wild  Irish  Girl,”  a political 
novel,  made  her  reputation  in  1806.  In  1812  she  married 
Sir  T.  C.  Morgan,  M.  D.,  who  was  knighted  in  her  interest. 
Among  her  other  works  are  “O’Donnel ” (1814), “Florence 
Macarthy  ” (1816),  “ France  under  the  Bourbons,  etc.  ” (1817), 
and  its  companion  “Italy,  etc.”  (1821)  (these  excited  furi- 
ous opposition  both  in  England  and  on  the  Continent), 
“Life  and  Times  of  Salvator  Rosa”  (1823),  “Woman  and 
her  Master”  (1840),  “The  Book  Without  a Name”  (with  Sir 
T.  C.  Morgan,  1841),  “ Luxima,  the  Prophetess  ’ (1859), 
"Passages  from  my  Autobiography:  an  Odd  Volume” 
(1859 : this  contains  her  letters  for  the  years  1818-19,  etc.), 
etc. 


Morgan,  Sir  Thomas  Charles 


707 


Moro 


Morgan,  Sir  Thomas  Charles.  Born  at  Lon- 
don about  1783 : died  there,  Aug.  28,  1843.  An 
English  author,  the  husband  of  Lady  Morgan. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  St.  Peter’s,  Cambridge. 
His  works  include  “Sketches  of  the  Philosophy  of  Life” 
(1318)  and  “ Sketches  of  the  Philosophy  of  Morals  ”(1822). 

Morgan,  William.  Died  1826.  A mechanic  of 
Batavia,  New  York,  alleged  to  have  been  ab- 
ducted and  killed  by  Freemasons  for  revealing 
secrets  of  the  order. 

Morgana  ( mor-ga  'nil),  or  Morgaine  (mor-gan ' ) . 
[Morgana  is  the  Breton  equivalent  of  ‘sea-wo- 
man/ from  mar,  sea,  and  given,  splendens  foe- 
mina.]  In  Celtic  legend  and  Arthurian  ro- 
mance, a fairy,  sister  of  King  Arthur.  In  the 
romance  of  “Ogier  the  Dane"  she  receives  Ogier  in  the 
Isle  of  Avalon  when  he  is  over  one  hundred  years  of  age, 
and  restores  him  to  eternal  youth.  She  is  also  known  as 
Morgan  or  Morgue  le  Pay,  and  in  the  Italian  romances  as 
Fata  (.‘fairy’)  Morgana. 

The  fairy  Morgana  [Morgaine,  sister  of  Arthur],  who  is  a 
principal  character  in  this  romance  [“Morte  d’Arthur  ”]  and 
discovered  to  Arthur  the  intrigue  of  Geneura  with  Lance- 
lot, is  a leading  personage  not  only  in  other  tales  of  chiv- 
alry, but  also  in  the  Italian  poems.  In  the  Orlando  Furioso 
she  convinces  her  brother  of  the  infidelity  of  his  queen  by 
means  of  a magical  horn.  About  a flf  tli  part  of  the  Orlando 
Innamorato,  beginning  at  canto  thirty-six,  is  occupied  with 
the  Fata  Morgana.  Siie  is  there  represented  as  dispensing 
all  the  treasures  of  the  earth,  and  as  inhabiting  a splen- 
did residence  at  the  bottom  of  a lake.  Thither  Orlando 
penetrates,  and  forces  her  to  deliver  up  the  knights  she  de- 
tained in  captivity,  by  seizing  her  by  a lock  of  hair  and 
conjuring  her  in  the  name  of  her  master  Demogorgon.  She 
thus  became  a well-known  character  in  Italy,  w here  the 
appellation  of  Fata  Morgana  is  given  to  that  strange  and 
almost  incredible  vision  which,  in  certain  states  of  the  tide 
and  weather,  appears  on  the  sea  that  washes  the  coast  of 
Calabria.  Every  object  at  Reggio  is  then  a thousand  times 
reflected  on  a marine  mirror,  or,  when  vapors  are  thick,  on 
a species  of  aerial  screen,  elevated  above  the  surface  of 
the  water,  on  which  the  groves  and  hills  and  towers  are 
represented  as  in  a moving  picture. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  18G. 

Morgante  Maggiore  (mor-gan'te  raad-jo're). 
[It.]  A serio-burlesque  romantic  poem  by  Luigi 
Pulei  (1485) : so  called  from  its  hero,  the  giant 
Morgante.  There  is  also  a French  romance,  of  the  Car- 
lovingian  cycle,  entitled  “Morgaut  le  Geani,”  which  is 
probably  taken  from  Pulci’s  poem. 

Luigi  Pulci  (1431-1487),  in  his  Morgante  Maggiore,  which 
first  appeared  in  1485,  is  alternately  vulgar  and  burlesque, 
serious  and  insipid,  or  religious.  The  principal  charac- 
ters of  his  romance  are  the  same  which  first  appeared  in 
the  fabulous  chronicle  of  Turpin,  and  in  the  romances  of 
Adenez,  in  the  thirteenth  century.  His  real  hero  is  Or- 
lando rather  than  Morgante.  He  takes  up  the  Paladin  of 
Charlemagne  at  the  moment  when  the  intrigues  of  Gane- 
lon  de  Mayence  compel  him  to  fly  from  the  court.  One 
of  the  first  adventures  of  Orlando  is  a combat  with  three 
giants  who  lay  siege  to  an  abbey.  Two  of  these  he  kills, 
and  makes  the  third,  Morgante,  prisoner : converts  and 
baptizes  him  ; and  thenceforth  selects  him  as  his  brother 
in  arms,  and  the  partaker  in  all  his  adventures. 

Simuyndi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  323. 

Morgarten  (mor-gar'ten).  A mountain  on  the 
border  of  the  cantons  of  Schwyz  and  Zug,  Swit- 
zerland, 17  miles  east  by  north  of  Lucerne.  Here, 
Nov.  15,  1315,  the  Swiss  confederates  of  the  Forest  Can- 
tons Uri,  Schwyz,  and  Unterwalden  (1,400)  defeated  the 
Austrians  (15,000),  creating  a panic  by  rushing  down  on 
them  from  the  heights. 

Morgenstem  (mor'  gen  -stern),  Christian. 
Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  29,  1805 : died  at  Mu- 
nich, Feb.  26, 1867.  A noted  German  landscape- 
ainter. 

orges  (morzh).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva  7 miles 
west  of  Lausanne.  Population,  16,052. 
Morghen  (mor'gen),  Rafaello  Sanzio.  Born 
June  19,  1758 : died  at  Florence,  April  8,  1833. 
An  Italian  engraver.  He  was  a pupil  of  his  father 
Filippo  and  his  uncle  Giovanni  Elia  Morghen.  His  first 
important  plate,  “Masks  of  the  Carnival,”  was  made  in 
1778.  He  continued  his  education  under  Volpato  in  Home. 
In  1781  he  engraved  Raphael’s  “ Poetry  ’’  and  “ Theology  ’’ ; 
in  1787  Guido  Reni’s  “Aurora  and,  later,  Leonardo's  “Last 
Supper”  and  Raphael’s  “Transfiguration.”  He  became 
professor  of  engraving  in  the  Academy  of  Arts  in  Florence 
in  179.1. 

Morgiana  (m&r-gi-a'nii).  A character  in  the 
story  of  “Ali  Baba  and.  the  Forty  Thieves,”  in 
“The  ArabianNights Entertainments”:  a slave 
of  Cassim  and  Ali  Baba.  She  aids  in  the  conceal- 
ment of  Cassim’s  murder,  and  discovers  the  robbers,  who 
are  brought  by  their  captain,  concealed  in  oil-jars,  to  Ali 
Baba’s  house.  She  kills  them  by  pouring  boiling  oil  into 
the  jars.  She  recognizes  their  captain  when,  as  Cogia 
Houssain,  he  dines  with  Ali  Baba,  and  stabs  him  as  she 
dances  the  “dagger  dance.”  Ali  Baba  shows  his  gratitude 
by  marrying  her  to  his  son. 

Morglay  (mdr'gla).  [Same  as  claymore.']  The 
sword  of  Sir  Be  vis  of  Hampton. 

Morhau.lt  (mor'halt),  Sir.  A celebrated  charac- 
ter in  the  romances  of  chivalry.  Also  written 
Marhous,  Moraunt,  Morholf.  etc. 

Morhof  (mor'hof),  Daniel  Georg.  Born  at 
Wisroar,  Germany,  Feb.  6, 1639 : died  at  Liibeck, 
June  30,  1691.  A German  scholar,  appointed 
professor  of  oratory  and  poetry  at  Kiel  in  1665, 


professor  also  of  history  in  1673,  and  librarian 
in  1680.  He  wrote  a work  on  universal  litera- 
ture, entitled  “Polyhistor”  (1688:  best  edition 
1747),  etc. 

Moria  (mo'ri-ii).  A character  in  Ben  Jonson’s 
“Cynthia’s  Bevels.” 

’Tis  Madam  Moria  (folly),  guardian  of  the  nymphs  ; one 
that  is  not  now  to  be  persuaded  of  her  wit ; she  will  think 
herself  wise  against  all  the  judgments  that  come.  A lady 
made  all  of  voice  and  air,  talks  anything  of  anything. 

Act  ii. 

Moriah  (mo-ri'a).  A hill  in  Jerusalem,  the  site 
of  Solomon’s  temple.  Tradition  has  often  identified 
this,  but  on  insufficient  grounds,  with  the  hill  of  Isaac's 
sacrifice  in  the  “ land  of  Moriah  ” (Gen.  xxii.). 

Morier  (mo'ri-er),  James.  Born  1780 : died  at 
Brighton,  England,  March  19,  1849.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  writer  of  travels.  He  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  as  secretary  of  Lord  Elgin.  In  1812 
he  published  “A  Journey  through  Persia,  Armenia,  and 
Asia  Minor  to  Constantinople  1808-9.”  From  1810  to 
1814  he  was  secretary  of  embassy  at  the  court  of  Persia. 
He  published  his  “Second  Journey”  in  1818;  a romance, 
“ The  Adventures  of  Hajji  Baba  of  Ispahan,”  in  1824  ; and 
“Zolirab  the  Hostage"  in  1832. 

Morike  (me'ri-ke),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Ludwigs- 
hui'g,  "Wurtemberg,  Sept.  8, 1804:  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiirtemberg,  June  4,  1875.  A German 
poet  of  the  “Swabian  school,”  and  novelist. 
Among  his  works  are  tho  novel  “ Maler  Nolten” 
(1832),  the  poem  “Idyllevom Bodensee”  (1846), 
etc. 

Morillo  (mo-rel'yo),  Pablo.  Born  at  Fuente  de 
Malva,  1777:  died  at  Rochefort,  France,  July 
27,  1838.  A Spanish  general.  As  field-marshal  he 
commanded  10,600  men  sent  early  in  1815  to  reduce  the 
revolted  provinces  of  Venezuela  and  New  Granada.  At 
first  he  swept  all  opposition  before  him ; occupied  Caracas 
May,  1815 ; took  Cartagena,  after  a siege  of  4 months,  Dec. 
6 : and  on  May  26,  1816,  entered  Bogota,  where  he  executed 
125  prominent  citizens.  In  1817  he  met  with  many  reverses 
in  Venezuela,  and  in  1819  was  outwitted  by  Bolivar,  who 
during  his  absence  gained  the  battle  of  Boyaca  (Aug.  7), 
and  recovered  BogotA.  In  1820  he  signed  a truce  with 
Bolivar,  and  was  recalled  at  his  own  request.  In  1822  he 
sided  with  the  constitutionalists,  and  later  submitted  to 
French  intervention.  In  Aug.,  1823,  he  was  degraded 
by  the  king,  and  retired  to  France.  He  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  American  campaigns  in  1826. 

Morini  (mor'i-ni).  A Celtic  people  of  Gallia 
Belgica,  living  in  the  vicinity  of  the  modern 
Boulogne. 

Moriscos  (mo-ris'koz).  In  Spanish  history,  per- 
sons of  the  Moorish  race ; the  Moors.  The  name 
was  applied  to  the  Moors  after  their  conquest  by  the  Span- 
iards. They  were  expelled  from  Spain  in  1609. 

Morison  (mor'i-son),  James  Augustus  Cotter. 

Born  at  London,  1832 : died  Feb.  26, 1888.  An 
English  author.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Lincoln 
College).  He  was  a positivist  in  philosophy.  He  was  a 
contributor  to  the  “Saturday  Review,"  and  published 
“Life  and  Times  of  St.  Bernard,  etc.,”  in  1863,  and  “The 
Service  of  Man : an  Essay  towards  the  Religion  of  the  Fu- 
ture,” in  1887,  etc. 

Morison,  Robert.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  1620 : died 
Nov.  10,  1683.  A Scottish  botanist.  He  served 
the  king  in  the  civil  war,  and  took  his  doctor’s  degree  at 
Angers  in  1648.  In  1650  he  became  superintendent  of  the 
garden  formed  at  Blois  by  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans.  After 
the  Restoration  he  was  made  botanist  royal,  court  physi- 
cian, and  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford.  He  published 
“Plantarum  Historia  Universalis  Oxoniensis  ” (1680). 

Morlacca  (mor-lak'ka).  The  country  of  the 
Morlaks. 

Morlaix  (mor-la/).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Finistere,  France,  situated  near  the  English 
Channel  42  miles  north-northeast  of  Quimper. 
It  has  a harbor  on  a tidal  river.  Population, 
commune,  15,984. 

Morlaks  (mor'laks).  A Slavic  people  dwelling 
near  the  Adriatic  in  Istria,  Croatia,  and  Dal- 
matia: closely  allied  to  the  Serbs. 

Morland  (mor'land),  Catherine.  The  princi- 
pal character  in  Miss  Austen’s  novel  “North- 
anger  Abbey.” 

Morland,  George.  Born  at  London,  June  26, 
1763:  died  there,  Oct.  27,  1804.  An  English 
painter,  son  of  a painter  and  picture-dealer. 
In  1780  he  married  a sister  of  James  Ward  the  animal- 
painter.  He  painted  moralities  in  the  manner  of  Hogarth, 
also  genre  and  animals,  and  was  noted  equally  for  the  bril- 
liancy of  his  work  and  the  extreme  recklessness  of  his  life. 
Ilis  picture  “ Inside  of  a Stable  ” is  in  the  National  Gallery. 

Morland,  Henry.  In  Column  the  younger’s 
“ Heir-at-Law,”  the  missing  and  finally  reap- 
pearing heir  to  the  title  and  estates  of  Lord 
Duberly.  He  is  in  love  with  Caroline  Dormer. 

Morley  (mor'li).  A municipal  borough  in  the 
West  Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  southwest 
of  Leeds.  Population,  23,636. 

Morley,  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  15, 1822: 
died  May  14,  1 894.  An  English  author.  He  was 

educated  at  the  Moravian  school  at  Neuwied-on-th e-Rhine, 
and  at  King’s  College,  London.  He  practised  medicine  from 
1844  to  1848.  He  wrote  for  “Household  Words”  and  the 
“ Examiner  ’’  from  1850  to  1864,  and  was  editor  of  the  latter 
during  part  of  that  time ; was  professor  of  the  English  lan- 


guage and  literature  from  1805  to  1889at  University  College, 
London  ; held  the  same  position  at  Queen's  College,  London, 
from  1878  ; and  became  principal  of  University  Hall  in  1882. 
He  wrote  “A  Defence  of  Ignorance  ”(1851),  lives  of  Palissy 
(1852),  Cardan  (1854),  Cornelius  Agrippa  (18  .6),  “ Memoirs  of 
Bartholomew  Fair"  (1857),  “English  Writers  before  Chau- 
cer " (1864-67),  ‘ ‘ First  Sketch  of  English  Literature  ” (1873), 
and  “Library  of  English  Literature”;  and  edited  Boswell’s 
“Life  of  Johnson  ” in  1886.  He  began  “English  Writers  " 
in  1887.  Ten  volumes  had  been  issued  at  his  death.  In 
1864-67  a preliminary  book  with  the  same  title  was  pub- 
lished, which  was  afterward  merged  in  the  larger  work. 
Morley,  John,  first  Viscount  Morley  of  Black- 
burn. Born  at  Blackburn,  Lancashire,  Dec. 
24,  1838.  An  English  statesman  and  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham  and  Oxford  (Lincoln  Col- 
lege), and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1873.  From  1867  to  1882 
he  edited  the  “Fortnightly  Review,”  from  1880  to  1883 
the  “ Pall  Mall  Gazette,”  and  from  1883  to  1885  “Macmil- 
lan’s Magazine.”  He  has  been  member  of  Parliament  for 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  1883-95,  and  for  Montrose  Burghs 
1896-1908.  He  was  a supporter  of  Gladstone’s  Irish  and  gen- 
eral policy ; was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1886 ; was 
reappointed  in  1892  ; was  secretary  of  6tate  for  India,  Dec., 
1905-1910,  and  lord  president  of  the  council  1910.  He  has 
written  “Edmund  Burke”  (1867),  “Voltaire”  (1872), 
“Rousseau”  (1876),  “Diderot  and  the  Encyclopedists” 
(1878),  “Richard  Cobden  ” (1881),  “The  Struggle  for  Na- 
tional Education  ” (2d  ed.  1873),  “ Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  " 
(1884). 

Morley,  Mrs.  See  Freeman,  Mrs. 

Morley,  Thomas.  Born  in  England  about  1557 : 
died  at  London  about  1604.  An  English  musi- 
ciau.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  was  a pupil  in  music  of 
William  Byrd.  He  wrote  6 books  of  canzonets  or  madrigals 
(1593-1600),  “ A Plaine  and  Easie  Introduction  to  Practicall 
Musicke”  (1597),  and  edited  “The  Triumphs  of  Orlana” 
(1601 : a collection  of  madrigals  in  honor  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth), and  other  books  of  canzonets,  madrigals,  etc. 

Mormon  (mor'mon),  Book  of.  One  of  the  au- 
thoritative writings  of  the  Mormon  Church.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Mormons,  it  is  the  record  of  certain  ancient 
peoples  in  America,  abridged  by  the  prophet  Mormon,  writ- 
ten on  golden  plates,  and  discovered  by  Joseph  Smith  at 
Cumorah  (western  New  York),  and  translated  by  him.  By 
anti- Mormons  it  is  generally  regarded  as  taken  from  a ro- 
mance written  about  1811  by  Solomon  Spaulding,  whose 
manuscript  was  used  by  Smith  and  Rigdon. 

Mormons  (mor'monz).  The  adherents  of  a re- 
ligious body  in  the  United  States,  which  calls 
itself  “ The  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter- 
day  Saints.”  This  denomination  was  founded  in  1830 
by  Joseph  Smith,  a native  of  Sharon,  Vermont.  The  gov- 
ernment of  the  church  is  a hierarchy  consisting  of  two  or- 
ders of  priesthood,  an  order  of  Melchizedek  (the  higher), 
and  an  Aaronic  or  lesser  order.  The  former  is  presided 
over  by  a president  and  two  counselors  whose  authority 
extends  over  the  entire  church,  and  it  includes  the  twelve 
apostles,  the  seventies,  the  patriarch,  the  high  priests,  and 
the  elders.  The  twelve  apostles  constitute  a traveling 
high  council,  which  ordains  other  officers  and  is  intrusted 
with  general  ecclesiastical  authority ; the  seventies  are  the 
missionaries  and  the  propagandists  of  the  body  ; the  pa- 
triarch pronounces  the  blessing  of  the  church  ; the  high 
priests  officiate  in  the  offices  of  the  church  in  the  absence 
of  any  higher  authorities ; and  the  eiders  conduct  meet- 
ings and  superintend  the  priests.  The  Aaronic  priesthood 
includes  the  bishops,  the  priests,  the  teachers,  and  the 
deacons  : the  two  last  named  are  the  subordinate  orders 
in  the  church.  Thedutiesof  the  bishops  are  largely  secu- 
lar. The  entire  territory  governed  by  the  church  is  di- 
vided and  subdivided  into  districts,  for  the  more  efficient 
collection  of  tithes  and  the  administration  of  the  govern- 
ment. The  Mormons  accept  the  Bible,  the  Book  of  Mor- 
mon, and  the  Book  of  Doctrine  and  Covenants  as  authori- 
tative, and  regard  the  head  of  their  church  as  invested  with 
divine  authority,  receiving  his  revelations  as  the  word  of 
God,  the  Lord.  They  maintain  the  doctrines  of  repentance 
and  faith,  a literal  resurrection  of  the  dead,  the  second 
coming  of  Christ  and  his  reign  upon  the  earth  (having  the 
seat  of  his  power  in  their  territory),  baptism  by  immersion, 
baptism  for  the  dead,  and  polygamy  as  a sacred  duty  for 
those  who  are  capable  of  entering  into  such  marriage. 
The  Mormons  settled  first  at  Kirtland,  Ohio,  then  iu  Mis- 
souri, and,  after  their  expulsion  from  these  places,  in  Nau- 
voo,  Illinois.  In  1847-48  they  removed  to  Utah,  and  have 
since  spread  into  Idaho,  Arizona,  Wyoming,  etc.  They 
have  frequently  defied  the  United  States  government. 
There  is  also  a comparatively  small  branch  of  the  Mormon 
Church,  entitled  “ The  Reorganized  Church  of  Jesus  Christ 
of  Latter-day  Saints,"  which  is  opposed  to  polygamy  and 
is  ecclesiastically  independent  of  the  original  organization. 
Also  Mormonists,  Mormonites. 

Mornay  (mor-na/),  Philippe  de,  Seigneur  du 
Plessis-Marly,  known  as  Duplessis-Mornay. 
Born  at  the  Chateau  Buhy,  Normandy,  Nov.  5, 
1549 : died  at  La  Foret-sur-Sevre,  France,  Nov. 

II,  1623.  A French  diplomatist,  politician,  and 
Huguenot  leader.  His  “ Memories  ” were  pub- 
lished in  1624. 

Mornington,  Earl  of.  See  Wellesley. 

Moray  (mor-ne'),  Charles  Auguste  Louis 
Joseph,  Due  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  23,  1811: 
died  at  Paris,  March  10,  1865.  A French  poli- 
tician, illegitimate  son  of  the  Comte  do  Flaliaut 
and  Queen  Hortense:  half-brother  of  Napoleon 

III.  He  was  a leading  conspirator  in  the  coup  d’6t,at  of 
Dec.,  1851;  minister  of  the  interior  1851-52 ; president  of 
tile  Corps  Ldgislatif  1854-65 ; and  ambassador  to  Russia 
1856-67. 

Moro  (mo'ro),  Attoni  or  Antonis:  called  Sir 
Anthony  More.  Born  at  Utrecht,  Netherlands, 
about  1512:  died  at  Antwerp  about  1578.  A 
Dutch  portrait-painter. 


Moro  Castle 

Moro  Castle.  See  Morro  Castle. 

Morocco  (mo-rok'o),  or  Marocco  (ma-rok'd), 
F.  Maroc  (ma-rok').  A country  in  northwest- 
ern Africa.  Capitals,  Fez  and  Morocco.  It  is 

bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north,  Algeria  on 
the  east,  the  Sahara  on  the  south,  and  the  Atlantic  on 
the  northwest  and  west:  its  southern  boundaries  are 
undefined.  It  is  traversed  from  west  to  east  by  the  At- 
las Mountains.  Government  was  administered  by  a sul- 
tan with  despotic  powers.  The  leading  races  are  the  Moors, 
Berbers,  and  Jews.  The  religion  is  largely  Mohammedan. 
Morocco  corresponds  to  the  ancientMauretania  Tingitana. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Arabs  about  700;  was  under  the 
Almoravides  in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries,  and  under  the 
Almohades  in  the  12th  and  13th  ; was  flourishing  in  the 
16th  century  and  part  of  the  17th ; and  was  defeated  in 
war  with  France  in  1844,  and  in  war  with  Spain  in  1859- 
1860.  The  Riftian  tribes  of  the  north  came  into  collision 
with  Spain  in  1893,  and  again  in  1909  and  1911.  A French 
protectorate  was  established  in  Morocco  in  1912  by  agree- 
ment between  France  and  Germany,  and  a Franco-Span- 
ish  territorial  agreement  was  signed  in  November,  1912. 
Area,  exclusive  of  the  Saharan  tract  and  Tuat,  about 
219,000  square  miles.  The  population  is  variously  esti- 
mated : it  iB  probably  about  5,000,000.  See  ■kAlgeciras 
Conference. 

Morocco,  or  Marocco.  One  of  the  capitals  of 
the  former  sultanate  of  Morocco,  situated  about 
lat.  31°  40'  N.,  long.  7°  35'  W.  It  was  founded 
about  1072,  and  reached  its  greatest  size  and 
prosperity  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  cen- 
turies. It  has  manufactures  of  morocco  leather. 

The  imperial  palace  consists  of  an  irregular  mass  of  build- 
ings covering  about  180  acres  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
city.  Population,  about  50,000. 

Morocco.  See  Banks’s  Horse. 

Mor6n,  or  Moron  de  la  Frontera  (mo-ron'  da 
la  fron-ta'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of  Se- 
ville, Spain,  35  miles  southeast  of  Seville.  Pop- 
ulation, 14,190. 

Morone  (mo-ro'ne),  Giovanni  di.  Born  at  Mi- 
lan, May  25,  1509  : died  at  Borne,  Dec.  1,  1580. 
An  Italian  cardinal  and  diplomatist. 

Moroni  (mo-ro'ne),  or  Morone,  Giambattista. 
Bom  at  Albino,  near  Bergamo,  Italy,  about 
1510 : died  about  1578.  An  Italian  portrait- 
painter. 

Moro  (mo'ro)  Pass.  A pass  leading  from  Ma- 
cngnaga,  in  northern  Italy,  northward  over  the 
Valais  Alps.  Height,  9,390  feet. 

Morose  (mo-ros').  In  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy 
“Epiccene,  or  the  Silent  Woman,”  a melan- 
choly recluse  who  can  bear  no  sound  except 
that  of  his  own  voice.  His  melancholy  degenerates 
into  vice  and  cruelty ; to  disinherit  his  nephew  he  marries, 
as  he  supposes,  a silent  woman,  who  turns  out  to  be  not 
only  a loud  voiced  scold,  but — a boy.  (See  Dauphine  and 
Epiccene.)  Not  only  the  name  and  characterof  Morose,  but 
several  of  his  shorter  speeches,  are  copied  or  imitated  from 
Libanius. 

Morosini  (md-ro-se'ne),  Andrea.  Born  at  Ven- 
ice, Feb.  13, 1558:  died  June  29, 1618.  A Vene- 
tian historian.  He  studied  belles-lettres  at  Padua,  and 
held  various  public  offices  at  Venice,  eventually  obtaining 
a seat  in  the  Council  of  Ten.  He  was  appointed  histo- 
riographer of  the  republic  in  1598.  He  wrote  “Historia 
Veneta  ab  anno  1521  ad  annum  1615  ” (1623),  etc. 

Morosini,  Francesco.  Born  1618:  died  1694. 
A Venetian  general.  He  surrendered  Candia  to  the 
Turks  in  1669,  but  was  distinguished  later  for  his  victories 
over  them,  especially  for  his  conquest  of  the  Morea. 

Morotocos  (md-rd-td'kos).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
eastern  Bolivia,  between  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra 
and  the  Paraguay.  They  are  now  nearly  or  quite  ex- 
tinct, The  Morotocos  were  closely  allied  to  the  Samucus 
(which  see). 

Morpeth  (mor'peth).  A municipal  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  in  Northumberland,  England, 
situated  on  the  Wansbeck  14  miles  north  of 
Newcastle.  It  has  iron-foundries,  collieries,  etc.  Popu- 
lation (municipal  borough),  6,158. 

Morpeth,  Viscount.  See  Howard,  George  TV.  F. 
Morpheus  (mor'fus).  [Gr.  Mopipcbc.]  In  the  later 
Roman  poets,  a god  of  dreams,  son  of  Sleep. 
Morphy  (mor'fi),  Paul  Charles.  Born  at  New 
Orleans,  June  22, 1837:  died  there,  July  10, 1884. 
A distinguished  American  chess-player. 
Morrice  (mor'is),  Gil  or  Childe.  The  chief 
character  of  a noted  Scotch  ballad.  He  is  killed  by 
his  mother's  huBband,  Lord  Barnard,  who  is  not  his  father, 
and  who  supposes  him  to  be  her  lover,  as  she  has  con- 
cealed his  birth,  and  brought  him  up  in  the  “gude  green- 
wood.” 

Morrill  (mor'il),  Justin  Smith.  Born  at  Straf- 
ford, Vt.,  April  14,  1810:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Dec.  28,  1898.  An  American  Republican 
politician.  He  was  a member  of  Congress  from  Vermont 
1865-67,  and  occupied  a seat  in  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate 1867-98.  He  was  chiefly  known  in  connection  with 
the  so-called  Morrill  tariff,  which  was  reported  by  him  in 
the  House  in  1861. 

Morrill,  Lot  Myrick.  Born  at  Belgrade,  Maine, 
May  3,  1813:  died  at  Augusta,  Maine,  Jan.  10, 
1883.  An  American  politician.  He  was  governor 
of  Maine  1868-60,  senator  from  Maine  1861-76,  and  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  1876-77. 


708 

Morris  (mor'is).  The  capital  of  Grundy  County, 
Illinois,  54  miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  Popu- 
lation, 4,563,  (1910). 

Morris,  Clara.  Born  at  Toronto,  March  17, 1849. 
An  Americanactl'ess.  She  was  leading  lady  at  Wood’s 

Theater,  Cincinnati,  in  1869,  and  went  to  New  York  in  1870. 
She  married  Frederick  C.  Harriot  in  1874.  She  was  pecu- 
liarly successful  in  emotional  characters,  and  in  depicting 
death  scenes.  Among  her  best  parts  were  Camille,  Miss 
Multon,  Mercy  Merrick  in  “The  New  Magdalen,"  Renee, 
and  Cora  in  “L’ Article  47.” 

Morris,  Dinah.  The  principal  female  character 
in  George  Eliot’s  “Adam  Bede.”  she  is  a factory 
girl  and  Wesleyan  preacher,  with  a spiritual  clear-sighted 
nature,  and  delicate  sensitiveness  to  the  condition  and 
wants  of  others.  She  is  said  to  be  in  some  particulars  a 
sketch  from  an  aunt  of  the  author,  Elizabeth  Evans. 

Morris,  George  Pope.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Oct.  10,  1802 : died  at  New  York,  July  6,  1864. 
An  American  journalist  and  poet,  with  Samuel 
Woodworth  he  established  the  “New  York  Mirror  "in 
1823 (discontinued  in  1842),  with  N.  P.  Willis  the  “New 
Mirror  ” in  1843,  and  shortly  after  the  “ Evening  Mirror.” 
In  1845  he  founded  the  “National  Press.”  Its  name  was 
changed  in  a few  months  to  “The  Home  Journal.”  Tins 
lie  edited  with  Willis  till  shortly  before  his  death.  He 
wrote  “Briarcliff”(1825),  etc.,  and  edited  “American  Melo- 
dies” and,  with  N.  P.  Willis,  “The  Prose  and  Poetry  of 
America"  (1845).  Among  his  best-known  poems  are 
“Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree”  and  “My  Mother’s  Bible.” 

Morris,  Gouverneur.  Born  at  Morrisania,  N.  Y. , 
Jan.  31,  1752:  died  at  Morrisania,  Nov.  6, 1816. 
An  American  statesman . He  was  a member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  ; one  of  the  committee  on  drafting 
the  Constitution  in  1787  ; United  States  minister  to  France 
1792-94;  and  United  States  senator  from  New  York  1800- 
1803. 

Morris,  Lewis.  Born  at  Morrisania,  N.  Y., 
1726:  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1798.  An  American 
patriot,  brother  of  Gouverneur  Morris : a signer 
★of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Morris,  Sir  Lewis.  Born  at  Carmarthen,  1832: 
died  Nov.  12,  1907.  An  English  poet.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford  (Jesus  College).  He  wrote  the  “Songs 
of  Two  Worlds"  (1871),  the  “Epic  of  Hades"  (his  best- 
known  work,  1876),  “A  Vision  of  Saints"  (1890),  etc. 
Morris,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  8,1833 : 
died  there,  May  12, 1894.  An  English  philologist. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  John’s  College,  Battersea;  was  a 
member  of  the  Chaucer,  Early  English  Text,  and  Philo- 
logical societies,  and  was  president  of  the  latter  in  1874. 
He  published  “The  Etymology  of  Local  Names”  (1857), 
“Specimens  of  Early  English"  (1867),  “ Historical  Outlines 
of  English  Accidence”  (1872),  and  edited  some  of  Chaucer’s 
“Canterbury  Tales  "with  notes. 

Morris,  Robert.  Born  ill  England,  J an.  20, 1734 : 
died  at  Philadelphia,  May  8,  1806.  An  Ameri- 
can financier  and  statesman,  a signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  as  delegate  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress.  He  established  the  Bank  of  North 
America  in  1781 ; was  superintendent  of  finance  1781-84; 
was  a member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787 ; 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania  1789-95. 
Morris,  William.  Born  near  London,  1834 : died 
at  London,  Oct.  3, 1896.  An  English  poet  and 
artistic  decorator.  He  was  educated  at  Marlborough 
College  and  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College),  where  his  intimacy 
with  Burne-Jones  begau.  In  1863  he  established  the  busi- 
ness in  stained  glass  and  decorations  which  hears  his  name. 
In  his  later  years  he  devoted  much  time  to  propagating 
the  doctrines  of  socialism.  Author  of  “Defense  of  Guine- 
vere, and  Other  Poems"  (1858),  “The  Life  and  Heath  of 
Jason"  (1867),  “The  Earthly  Paradise”  (1868-71),  “Love  is 
Enough  ” (1873),  “ Hopes  and  Fears  for  Art  ” (1882).  In  1890 
hebeganpublisliingEnglish  versionsof  the  Icelandic  sagas. 

Morrisania  (mor-i-sa'ni-a).  A former  village 
of  Westchester  County,  New  York,  situated 
north  of  the  Harlem  River:  now  a part  of  New 
York  city. 

Morris  Island.  A sand  island  at  the  southern 
entrance  of  Charleston  harbor,  South  Carolina : 
the  site  of  Fort  Wagner  and  other  fortifications 
during  the  Civil  War. 

Morrison  (mor'i-son),  Robert.  Born  at  Mor- 
peth, Northumberland,  Jan.  5,  1782:  died  at 
Canton,  China,  Aug.  1,  1834.  An  English  mis- 
sionary. He  studied  at  the  Independent  Academy  at 
Hoxton,  and  in  1807  was  sent  by  the  London  Missionary 
Society  to  Canton.  In  1815  he  published  a Chinese  gram- 
mar and  New  Testament;  in  1818  he  founded  the  Anglo- 
Chinese  CoUege  at  Malacca;  and  in  1823  his  Chinese  dic- 
tionary was  published  by  the  East  India  Company. 
Morristown  (mor'is-toun).  A town,  capital  of 
Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Whippany  River  26  miles  west  by  north  of  New 
York:  a summer  resort.  It  was  the  headquarters  of 
the  army  under  Washington  in  the  winters  of  1776-77  and 
1779-80.  Population,  12,507,  (1910). 

Morro' (mor'ro),  El.  [Sp.,  ‘the  promontory.’] 
A picturesque  rock  and  plateau  in  western  Now 
Mexico,  30  miles  east  of  Zuni,  on  the  vertical 
walls  of  which  numerous  inscriptions,  some  of 
them  belonging  to  the  very  early  years  of  Span- 
ish occupation,  still  exist.  It  is  a very  important 
historic  monument.  Many  of  the  older  inscriptions  have, 
however,  disappeared  to  make  room  for  less  important 
modern  ones.  On  the  top  of  the  plateau  or  mesa  are  the 
ruins  of  two  ancient  villages.  Also  called  Inscription 
Hock. 


Mortimer,  Roger 

Morro  Castle.  [Sp.  Gastello  del  Morro,  castle 
of  the  promontory.]  A fort  at  the  entrance 
of  the  harbor  of  Havana,  Cuba,  celebrated  in 
the  history  of  the  island.  The  dungeons  beneath  it 
have  frequently  been  used  for  political  prisoners.  Also  a 
castle  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  similarly  situated. 

Mors  (mors).  An  island  in  the  Limfjord,  north- 
ern Jutland,  Denmark. 

Morse  (mors),  Edward  Sylvester.  Bom  at 

Portland,  Maine,  June  18,  1838.  An  American 
zoologist.  His  early  work  attracted  the  attention  of 
Louis  Agassiz,  who  induced  him  to  study  at  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School,  Harvard,  where  he  was  assistant  till 
1862.  With  others  he  established  the  “American  Natu- 
ralist” at  Salem  about  1866,  and  founded  the  Peabody 
Academy  of  Sciences  there,  of  which  he  was  curator  and 
president  in  1881.  He  was  professor  of  comparative  anat- 
omy and  zoology  at  Bowdoin  1871-74,  visited  Japan  in  1877, 
and  became  professor  of  zoology  in  the  Imperial  Univer- 
sity of  Tokio.  He  returned  later  to  the  United  States.  In 
1885  he  was  made  president  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  Among  his  works  are 
“Fust  Book  in  Zoology ” (1875),  “Japanese  Homes,  etc.” 
(1885),  etc.,  besides  numerous  scientific  and  popular  papers. 
Morse,  Jedidiah.  Born  at  Woodstock,  Conn., 
Aug.  23, 1761:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  June 
9, 1826.  An  American  geographer  and  Congre- 
gational divine,  author  of  a series  of  geogra- 
phies and  gazetteers. 

Morse,  Samuel  Finley  Breese.  Born  at  Charles- 
town, Mass.,  April  27,  1791 : died  at  New  York, 
April  2,  1872.  An  American  artist  and  invent- 
or, son  of  Jedidiah  Morse.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  1810;  studied  art  under  Benjamin  West  in  Eng- 
land ; and,  after  having  tried  with  indifferent  success  to 
establish  himself  as  a portrait-painter  In  various  Ameri- 
can cities,  opened  a studio  at  New  York  in  1823.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  at 
New  York  (1826-42).  He  designed  in  1832  an  electric  tele- 
graph, a working  model  of  which  was  exhibited  in  1835. 
He  applied  for  a patent  inl837,  and  in  1843  Congress  granted 
an  appropriation  for  a line  between  Baltimore  and  Wash- 
ington,  which  was  completed  in  1844. 

Morse,  Sidney  Edwards.  Born  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Feb.  7, 1794 : died  at  New  York,  Dec.  23, 
1871.  An  American  journalist,  geographer,  and 
inventor,  son  of  Jedidiah  Morse.  He  founded  (con- 
jointly with  his  brother  R.  C.  Morse)  the  “New  York  Ob- 
server ” in  1823. 

Mortagne  (mor-tany').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment. of  Orne,  France,  23  miles  east  by  north  of 
Alen§on.  Population,  commune,  3,800. 
Mortara  (mor-ta'ra).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Pavia,  Italy,  26  miles  southwest  of  Milan. 
Here,  March  21,  1849,  the  Austrians  under  Archduke  Al- 
bert defeated  the  Sardinians  under  the  Duke  of  Genoa. 

Morte  Arthure  (mort  ar't.hfer).  A compilation 
of  prose  romances  on  the  life  and  death  of  King 
Arthur  and  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table, 
translated  from  the  French  prose  romances 
which  had  grown  from  the  early  poems,  by  Sir 
Thomas  Malory  and  printed  by  Caxton  in  1485. 
It  was  originally  called  the  “ History  ” or  “ Book  of  Arthur.  ’’ 
There  is  a metrical  English  romance  with  the  title  “Morte 
Arthure,"  said  to  have  been  written  at  the  end  of  the  14th 
century  by  Huchovvne  (Hutchin),  a Scotch  ballad-writer: 
his  authorship  has  been  denied  by  Richard  Morris. 

Mr.  Ritson  imagines  that  the  English  metrical  romance 
of  Morte  Arthur  was  versified  from  the  prose  one  of  the 
same  title;  but,  as  it  differs  essentially  from  Malory's  prose 
work,  and  agrees  exactly  with  the  last  part  of  the  French 
romance  of  Lancelot,  it  is  more  probable  that  it  has  been 
versified  from  this  composition. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  185. 

Morte  d’ Arthur  (mort  dar'ther).  An  idyl  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  included  later  in  the  “Idyll's 
of  the  King”  under  the  title  “The  Passing  of 
Arthur.” 

Morte  d’Artus.  All  early  French  romance  which 
properly  completesthe  French  Arthurian  cycle. 
It  is  probably  by  Walter  Map. 

Morte  de  Pomp6e,  La.  [F.,  ‘ The  Death  of  Pom- 
pey.’]  A tragedy  by  Corneille,  produced  in  1642. 
Morteira  (mor-ta''ra),  Saul  Levi.  Died  1600. 
A rabbi  in  Amsterdam,  Holland.  He  was  one  of 
the  teachers  of  Spinoza.  A collection  of  his  sermons  was 
published  under  the  title  of  “Hill  of  Saul”  (“Gibath 
Shaul  ”). 

Mortier  (mor-tya'),  Edouard  Adolphe  Casi- 
mir  Joseph,  Due  de  Trdvise.  Born  at  Cateau- 
Cambresis,  France,  Feb.  13, 1768 : killed  at  Paris, 
July  28, 1835.  A French  marshal,  distinguished 
throughout  the  Napoleonic  wars,  especially  at 
Fried!  and  in  1807,  in  Spain,  and  in  the  campaigns 
of  1813-14.  He  was  premier  1834-35,  and  was 
mortally  wounded  by  Fieschi’s  infernal  ma- 
chine. 

Mortimer,  Sir  Edward.  A character  in  Col- 
man  the  younger’ s “ Iron  Chest.”  He  labors  under 
a secret  sorrow,  finally  confesses  himself  a murderer,  and 
dies.  He  differs  from  Falkland  in  “Caleb  Williams,”  on 
which  the  play  is  founded,  in  that  his  remorse  proceeds 
from  tlie  assassination  of  his  victim,  while  Falkland's  is 
from  letting  others  suffer  for  him. 

Mortimer  (mdr'ti-mer),  Roger,  Earl  of  March. 
Born  about  1287 : hanged  at  London,  Nov.  29, 


Mortimer,  Roger 


709 


1330.  An  English  politician.  Having  been  thrown  Morvan  (mor-von'),  Le.  A region  in  the  de- 
Into  prison  for  complicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  the  Earl  of  partments  of  Yonne  and  Nievre,  France  It  is 
Lancaster  he  escaped  to  Paris,  where  in  1825 he  intrigued  traversed  by  a chain  of  mountains  from  Avallon  to  Luzy 
with  Isabella  of  h ranee  for  the  deposition  of  her  husband  (about  55  rnile8).  Highest  point,  2,976  feet. 

Ed  ward  II.  of  England.  He  commanded  the  queen  s forces  , A/  . 1 ’ 7. 

in  the  descent  on  England  in  1326,  and  after  the  deposi-  -ulorvcn  (mor  ven).  A mythical  Scottish  king- 
tlon  and  death  of  the  king  in  1327  became  with  his  para-  dom  referred  to  in  the  poems  of  Ossian. 
mour,. the  queen,  v,irTtTuTal  ™ler  of  the  kingdom  during  the  Morvern  (mor'vern).  A peninsula  in  the  north- 

minority  of  Edward  III.  He  was  overthrown  by  the  young  a»  

king,  who  caused  him  to  be  condemned  as  a traitor  by  Par-  __  ‘ Pa7  Argyllshire,  Scotland, 
liament.  JYLOSa  (mo  sa).  The  Latin  name  ot  the  Meuse. 

Mortimer  his  Fall.  A tragedy  by  Ben  Jonson  Mosbach  (mos'baeh).  A town  in  Baden,  21 
(1640).  “The  argument  and  part  of  i.i  were  alone  fln-  miles  east  by  south  of  Heidelberg.  Population, 


ished.  It  was  ‘completed’  by\V.  Mountfort  1731,  with 
satirical  intentions,  it  was  supposed,  towards  Walpole  and 
Queen  Caroline.  A new  dedication  was  subsequently  writ- 
ten by  Wilkes  in  derision  of  Bute."  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Mortimeriados.  See  Barons’  Wars,  The. 
Mortimer’s  Cross.  A place  in  Herefordshire, 
England,  15  miles  north  by  west  of  Hereford. 
Here,  Feb.  2,  1461,  Edward,  earl  of  March  (Ed- 
ward IV.),  defeated  the  Lancastrians. 
Mortlake  (mort'lak).  A parish  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, on  the  Thames  above  London.  The  uni  ver- 
sify boat-race  is  rowed  from  Putney  to  Mortlake. 
Morton,  Fourth  Earl  of  (James  Douglas).  Born 
at  Dalkeith,  1530 : beheaded  at  Edinburgh,  June 
2, 1581.  Regent  of  Scotland,  second  son  of  Sir 
George  Douglas  of  Pittendriech.  in  1553  he  suc- 


about  4,000. 

Mosca  (mos'ka).  [L., ‘ally.’]  In  Ben  Jonson’s 
play  “ Volpoiie,  or  the  Fox,”  a parasite,  in  the 
sense  of  the  classic  drama.  His  pliancy  and  presence 
of  mind  render  him  invaluable  to  his  master,  Volpone, 
upon  whom  he  finally  turns. 


His  inimitable  parasite,  or  (as  the  Greek  and  Eoman 
authors  expressed  it)  his  Fly,  his  Mosca ; and  in  this  fin- 
ished portrait,  Jonson  may  throw  the  gauntlet  to  the  great- 
est masters  of  antiquity  : the  character  is  of  classic  origin  ; 
itisfound  with  thecontemporariesof  Aristophanes,  though 
not  in  any  comedy  of  his  now  existing ; the  Middle  Drama- 
tists seem  to  have  handled  it  very  frequently,  and  in  the 
New  Comedy  it  rarely  failed  to  find  a place ; Plautus  has 
it  again  and  again,  but  the  aggregate  merit  of  aU  his  para- 
sites will  not  weigh  in  the  scale  against  this  single  Fly  of 
our  poet.  Gifford,  Notes  to  Jonson’s  “Fox,”  p.  399. 

ceedeif to  the  earldom  of  Morton  through  marriage  with  MoSCheles(mosh'e-les),IgnaZ.  BornatPrague, 

Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  third  earl.  On  the  return  of  Mav  30  1704-  dioil  at  T oTncio  in  ]U-n 

Queen  Mary  in  1561  he  was  made  privy  councilor,  and  in  * J . 4 ’ (Ue.d  at  EeipSlC,  March  10,  1870. 

1563  lord  high  chanceUor.  He  was  a prime  mover  in  the  AnotedOerman  pianist,  composer  for  the  piano, 

assassination  of  Rizzio,  and  in  securing  the  abdication  of  and  teacher.  Among  his  pupils  was  Mendelssohn.  His  n j ' L. 

Mary  at  Lochleven.  In  Oct.,  1572. he  became  regent  on  works  include  24  etudes,  “Hommage  ii  Handel,”  “Con-  "MOSCOW,  Ixraild  Principality  Of,  Or  MllSCOVy 
the  death  of  the  Earl  of  Mar.  He  resigned  when  James  certo  in  G Minor,”  “Concerto  pat hetique,”  “So’nate  me-  (mus'ko-vi).  A <rrn.nd  nrinoinnlitw  which  orrsw 
VI.  assumed  the  government,  and  was  condemned  on  the  lancolique,”  “ Characteristische  Studien  " etc 

(m«Ui'e->osh>.  Joluum  lOtdiael 
(properly  Mosenrosh).  Born  at  Wilstadt,  Ba- 
den, March  5,  1601:  died  at  Worms,  April  4, 

1669.  A German  author.  He  wrote  an  allegor- 
i co-satirical  work,  “ Philander  von  Sittewald” 

(1643),  etc. 


Moses 

of  the  most  fantastic  architectural  creations  in  existenoe, 
though  it  was  built  by  an  Italian  architect,  who  applied 
in  it,  in  new  combinations,  the  principles  of  the  old  Russo- 
Byzantine  builders.  The  general  outline  is  pyramidal ; 
there  are  11  bulbous  domes  raised  on  high  drums,  all  dif- 
ferent in  surf  ace-ornament  and  in  color.  The  brilliant 
group  of  domes  and  spires  is  completed  by  several  pro- 
jecting porches,  differing  in  form  and  with  high  pyramidal 
roofs.  One  of  these  is  elaborately  arcaded,  and  forms  a 
belfry.  The  Temple  of  the  Saviour,  a national  monument 
in  commemoration  of  the  evacuation  of  Moscow  by  Napo- 
leon, was  built  between  1839  and  1883.  The  church  has 
the  form  of  a Greek  cross,  with  a domed  turret  at  every 
angle.  The  monument  is  crowned  by  a pointed  gilded 
dome  98  feet  in  diameter,  raised  on  a high  arcaded  drum  : 
the  cross  is  340  feet  above  the  ground.  The  tower  of  Ivan 
Veliki  (the  Great),  within  the  Kremlin,  finished  1600,  and 
architecturally  a unique  structure,  consists  of  6 stages, 
5 of  them  octagonal  and  2 of  them  recessed,  and  the  high- 
est cylindrical  and  crowned  by  a bulbous,  metal-sheathed 
dome.  The  third  and  fourth  stages  are  arcaded,  and  in 
every  arch  a bell  is  suspended.  One  of  the  bells  weighs  64 
tons.  The  height  is  325  feet  to  the  top  of  the  cross.  Other 
buildings  of  interest  are  the  theater,  riding-hall,  Hall  of 
the  Nobility,  and  foundling  hospital.  The  university, 
founded  in  1755,  has  a library  of  340,000  volumes,  and  the 
museum  has  a library  of  800,000  volumes.  The  city  was 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  12th  century.  The  principal- 
ity of  Moscow  was  united  with  that  of  Vladimir,  and  Mos- 
cow became  the  capital  of  the  grand  principality  of  Mos- 
cow (see  below)  and  seat  of  the  metropolitan  in  the  first 
part  of  the  14th  century.  It  was  taken  and  burned  by  Lithu- 
anians and  Tatars  in  the  14th  century,  nearly  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1547,  and  burned  by  the  khan  in  1571.  The  cap- 
ital was  removed  to  St.  Petersburg  by  Peter  the  Great 
Moscow  was  burned  by  its  inhabitants  during  its  occupa- 
tion by  the  French  in  Sept.,  1812.  Population,  1,359,254. 


complicity  in  the  death  of  Darnley,  the  king's  father. 

Morton,  John.  Born  at  Milborne  St.  Andrew, 
Dorset,  about  1420 : died  Oct.  12, 1500.  An  Eng- 
lish cardinal.  He  was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  practised  in  the  Court  of  Arches.  He  was  master 
of  the  rolls  and  bishop  of  Ely  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.; 


was  imprisoned  by  Richard  III. ; and  was  made  archbishop  MoSChi  (mos'ki).  [Gr.  Mdoroi.]  In  ancient  ge- 
of  Canterbury  and  chancellor  by  Henry  VII.  . Sir  Thomas  ograph^  a peo',le  Lin  Asiai  liviJllg  southeast  of 


More  began  his  career  as  a page  in  Morton's  house. 

Morton,  John  Madison.  Born  at  Pangbourne, 

Jan.  3,  1811:  died  Dec.  19,  1891.  An  English 
playwright,  son  of  Thomas  Morton  (1764-1838). 

He  was  educated  in  Paris  and  Germany,  and  by  Dr.  Rich-  _Muski  (which  see) 


(mus'ko-vi).  A grand  principality  which  grew 
up  around  Moscow,  and  developed  into  the  Rus- 
sian empire.  It  was  founded  by  Daniel,  son  of  Alexan- 
der Nevski,  about  1295,  and  was  united  with  the  grand 
principality  of  Vladimir  (or  Suzdal)  in  1319.  I van  I. , ruler 
of  Vladimir  and  Moscow,  made  the  city  of  Moscow  the 
seat  of  government.  His  successor  Simeon  took  the  title 
of  “grand  prince  of  all  the  Russias."  The  work  of  con- 
solidation was  greatly  advanced  under  Ivan  III.,  who  an- 
nexed Perm  (1472),  Novgorod  (1478),  Tver  (1482),  Vyatka 
(1489),  etc.  He  freed  Moscow  from  tribute  to  the  Mongols, 
and  by  conquests  from  Lithuania  carried  the  western  bor- 
der to  the  Desna  and  then  to  the  Soya.  For  further  his- 
tory, see  Russia. 


ardson  at  Clapham.  He  wrote  “Box  and  Cox  "(1847),  and  MoSChllS  (mos'kus).  [Gr.  Mdcr^of.]  Lived  about 
about  100  Other  farces.  200  B.  c.  A Greek  bucolic  poet  of  Syracuse. 

g 1 i?n  u Born,  v Shoreham,Vt.,  Moscoso  (mos-ko'so),  Luis  de,  or  Moscoso  de 
May  16,  1824.  A banker  and  Republican  poli-  Alvarado  (mos-ko'so  da  al-va-ra'THo),  Luis, 
tician,  minister  to  France  1881-85,  Vice-Presi-  Born  at  Badajoz  about  1505 : died  about  1560. 


dent  of  the  United  States  1889-93,  governor  of 
the  State  of  New  York  1895-96. 

Morton,  Nathaniel.  Bom  about  1613:  died  at 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  June  29,  1685.  An  American 
historian,  compiler  of  “New  England’s  Memo- 
rial ”(1669).  __ 

Morton,  Oliver  Perry.  Born  in  Wayne  County,  viceroy  Mendoza,  and  in  1551  accompanied  him  to  Peru, 

In  A A,.„  A I goo  . t-  i;_  t_,i  Also  written  Jloscofo  or  Muscogo. 


the  Buxine,  near  Armenia:  probably  the  same 
as  Meshech  in  the  Old  Testament.  They  are 

mentioned  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  as  MosMnEgitto  (mo-za/  in  a-jit'to).  [It., ‘Moses 

in  Egypt.’]  An  opera  by  Rossini,  produced  at 
Naples  in  1818,  and  at  Paris  in  1822.  Itwasagain 
produced  at  Paris  in  1827,  somewhat  modified,  as  “Moise," 
and  called  an  “oratorio”  on  the  bills.  In  1822  it  was  pro- 
duced at  Londou  as  “ Pietro  l’Eremita  ” ; and  in  1833  as  an 
oratorio,  entitled  “Tho  Israelites  in  Egypt,  etc.,”  with 
additions  from  “Israel  in  Egypt.” 


A Spanish  soldier.  He  followed  his  kinsman,  Pedro  Moseley  (moz'li),  Henry.  Bom  at  Newcastle- 

under- Lyme,  July  9,  1801:  died  at  Olveston, 
Gloucestershire,  Jan.  20,  1872.  An  English  sci- 
entific writer.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  was 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy  at  King’s 
College, London,  18 il— 44.  He  wrote  “Lectures  on  A stron- 


de  Alvarado,  to  Guatemala  (1530)  and  Peru  (1534).  Sub 
sequently  he  united  with  Hernando  de  Soto  in  his  expedi- 
tion to  Florida  (1539),  and,  after  the  death  of  that  leader 
near  the  Mississippi  River  (May  21,  1542),  succeeded  him 
in  command.  In  J uly,  1543,  he  descended  the  Mississippi, 
arriving  safely  at  Mexico.  He  was  well  received  by  the 


Ind.,  Aug.  4,  1823:  died  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  „ , 

Nov.  1, 1877.  An  American  statesman.  Hewas  , scfow  (mos  kou ). 


omy  ” (1833),  “Mechanical  Principles  of  Engineering  and 
Architecture  ” (1843),  etc. 


[F.  Moscow,  G.  Moskau,  Moseley,  Henry  Nottidge.  Born  at  Wands- 


Moskwa,  Russ.  Moskva,  named  from  the  river  worth,  1844:  died  at  Clevedon,  Somerset,  Nov. 
Moskva.']  1 . A government  of  central  Russia,  10,1891.  An  English  naturalist : son  of  Henry 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Tver,  Yladi-  Moseley.  Hewasoneofthenaturalistson  the  Challenger 
Morton, Thomas.  BornatYork, England, March  mir,  Ryazan,  Tula,  Kaluga,  and  Smolensk.  The  expedition  (1872-76),  and  became  Linacre  professor  of 
on  16K9.  'U-n  — xt — . x-  surface  is  level  and  undulating.  It  is  the  leadin"  _anatom; 


governor  of  Indiana  1861-67 ; United  States  senator  (Re- 
publican) from  Indiana  1867-77 ; and  a member  of  the 
Electoral  Commission  (1877). 


20,  1564 : died  at  Easton,  Northamptonshire, 
Sept.  22,  1659.  An  English  clergyman,  bishop 
of  Chester  (1615),  of  Lichfield  (1618),  and  of 
Durham  ( 1632 ).  He  was  a graduate  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity and  professor  of  logic  there.  He  was  imprisoned 
in  the  Tower  in  1641.  He  was  a friend  of  Isaac  Casaubon. 

Morton,  Thomas.  Born  in  England  about  1590 : 
died  at  Agamenticus,  Maine,  about  1645.  An 
English  colonist  at  Mount  Wollaston  (Braintree, 


in"  manu)  anatomy  at  Oxford  in  188L 

facturing  province  of  Russia.  Area,  12,847  square  miles.  MoSOllO  (mo-zel  ),  G.  M0S6l  (mo  zel).  A river 
‘ ” in  France,  Alsace-Lorraine,  and  Prussia : the 

Roman  Mosella.  It  rises  in  the  Vosges,  and  joins  the 
Rhine  at  Coblenz.  Among  its  tributaries  are  the  Meurtbe 
and  the  Saar.  The  valley  is  noted  for  its  wines.  Length, 
316  miles ; navigable  to  Frouard  (214  miles). 


Population,  2,816,600. 

2.  The  capital  of  Moscow  government,  on  the 
Moskva  in  lat.  55°  45'  N.,  long.  37°  34'  E. 

It  is  the  second  capital  of  the  empire,  the  place  of  coro- 
nation, and  the  seat  of  the  metropolitan  ; the  chief  com- 
mercial and  railway  center  of  Russia,  with  important  Moselle.  A former  department  of  France.  It 


domestic,  European,  and  Asiatic  trade;  and  the  chief 
manufacturing  city,  having  important  woolen,  cotton,  silk, 
leather,  etc.,  factories.  The  chief  quarters  are  the  Kreml 


Massachusetts).  He  was  a lawyer  of  Clifford’s  Inn,  and  (in  the  center),  Kitai-Gorod  (trading  quarter),  Byeloi-Go 
a leader  of  VVeston’s  Massachusetts  c<  lony  in  1622.  For  rod,  and  Zemlyanoi-Gorod.  Among  the  buildings  (besides, 
unpuritanical  conduct  he  was  sent  back  to  England,  but  those  of  the  Kremlin,  which  see)  are  many  churches. 

' ‘ The  Cathedral  of  the  Annunciation,  within  the  Kremlin, 

has  been  several  times  rebuilt,  the  last  time  after  a fire  in 
1547.  The  plan  is  rectangular,  with  3 shallow  apses,  pro- 
jecting angle-pavilions,  and  a Byzantine  arched  porch. 
The  interior  is  frescoed,  and  is  paved  with  jasper  and 


returned  in  1629,  and  was  again  sent  back  in  1630.  He  pub 
lished  “The  New  English  Canaan  ” (1632).  He  returned 
to  Massachusetts  in  1643,  and  was  imprisoned  for  his  “ scan- 
dalous book.” 

Morton,  Thomas.  Born  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, 1764  : died  at  London,  March  28,  i838.  An 
English  dramatist.  He  entered  Lincoln’s  Inn,  but 
abandoned  law  for  play-writing.  He  wrote  “Speed  the 
Plough  ’’  (1798)  (introducing  the  invisible  Mrs.  Grundy), 
the  “Blind  Girl”  (1801),  “Town  and  Country ’’  (1807) 
“School  for  Grown  Children  ” (1827),  etc. 

Morton,  William  Thomas  Green.  Born  at 
Charlton,  Mass.,  Aug.  9, 1819:  died  at  New  York, 
July  15, 1868.  An  American  dentist.  He  first  ad- 
ministered sulphuric  ether  as  an  anesthetic  to  a patient 
of  his  own  in  1846 ; obtained  a patent  for  its  use  under  the 
name  of  “ letheon  ” in  the  same  year ; and  on  Oct.  16,  1846, 
administered  ether  to  a patient  in  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  at  Boston,  and  Dr.  John  C.  Warren  pain- 
lessly removed  a vascular  tumor  from  the  man’s  neck. 
Several  claimants  opposed  his  right  of  discovery,  notably 
Dr.  Charles  Thomas  Jackson  and  Dr.  Horace  Wells.  The 
French  Academy  of  Sciences  investigated  the  matter  in 
1862,  and  decreed  one  of  the  Montyon  prizes  of  2,600  francs 
to  Dr.  Jackson  for  the  discovery  of  etherization,  and  a sim- 
ilar award  to  Dr.  Morton  for  the  application  of  the  discov- 
ery to  surgical  operations. 

Morns.  See  More,  Sir  Thomas. 


was  ceded  in  large  part  to  Germany  (as  part  of  Alsace 
Lorraine)  in  1871.  The  remainder  forms  part  of  the  French 
department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle. 
buihdings  (besides  Mosen  (mo'zen)  , Julius.  Born  at  Maricney, 
- - Saxony,  July  8,1803:  died  in  Oldenburg,  Oct. 

10, 1867.  A German  poet,  dramatist,  and  novel- 
ist. His  ivories  include  the  poems  “Lied  vom  Ritter 
Wahn”(1831),  “Ahasver  ’’(1838),  “Poems ’’(including  “An- 
dreas Hofer,”1836),  thedramas“ColaRienzi,”  “DieBrhute 
von  Florence,”  “Bernhard  von  Weimar”  (1855),  etc. 


tism  and  marriage  of  the  czars.  The  Cathedral  of  the  As-  VOn.  Boin  at  Cassel,  Piussia,  Jan.  14,  1821: 
sumption,  within  the  Kremlin,  the  church  in  which  the  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  17, 1877.  AGerman  drama- 
czar  is  crowned,  was  founded  in  1326,  and  rebuilt  in  the  tisfc.  Among  his  plays  are  “Deborah”  (1860:  the  original 
n,e?tr,cent-ury' . ) he  size  is  small,  but  as  an  example  of  the  Df  “Leah,  the  Forsaken  ”),  “ Der  Sonnenwendhof  ” (1856), 
old  Russian  style,  and  for  the  gorgeous  magnificence  of  “Duweke  ” (1860)  “ Pietra”  (1866),  etc. 

taining  the  bemaand  parabemata,  and  flanked  by  chapels,  gart,  Wuitemberg,  Jan.  18,  1701 . died  at  otutt- 

>ni 1 — . . , : ..  1 _;h t Oil  1 70S  A 


The  domes  are  supported  by  4 great  cylindrical  pillars 
which  are  covered  with  bands  ot  frescos  on  a gold  ground  : 
the  walls  also  are  resplendent  with  gold.  The  ornaments 
on  the  iconostasis,  together  with  the  church  plate,  amount 
to  106  pounds  of  gold.  The  icons  of  the  iconostasis  and 
many  of  the  shrines  and  offerings  in  the  treasury  are  not 
only  old,  but  inherently  of  high  artistic  value.  The  Cathe- 
dral of  the  Archangel  Michael,  within  the  Kremlin,  was 
founded  1333,  but  rebuilt  in  1509.  It  is  rectangular,  with 
5 gilded  domes,  the  central  one,  which  is  much  the  largest, 


gart,  Sept.  30, 1785.  A noted  German  jurist  and 
publicist,  author. of  “Deutsches  Staatsrecht” 
(1737-54),  etc. 

Moser  (me'zer),  Justus.  Born  at  Osnabriick, 
Prussia,  Dec.  14, 1720:  died  there,  Jan.  8, 1794. 
A German  historian,  critic,  and  miscellaneous 
author.  He  wrote  “Patriotische  Pliantasien” 
(1775-86),  a history  of  Osnabriick  (1768),  etc. 


of  bulbous  form.  In  this  church  are  the  tombs  of  the  Moses  (ino'zez).  [ME.  Moses,  LL.  Moyses,  Mo- 
Ruriks  and  Romanoffs  from  the  date  of  its  founding  to  ses  Qr.  M<jw7)?c,  Maxn/f,  explained  as  ‘ drawn  from 

Peter  the  Great,  including  that  of  Ivan  the  Terrible.  The  . , ’ , i rii  * l,™ 

iconostasis  and  the  treasury  are  remarkably  rich.  The  the  water.  ] In  < >lil  I estame_nt  history,  the  law- 
Cathedrai  of  St.  Basil  the  Beatified,  begun  in  1555,  is  one  giver  of  the  Israelites  and  organizer  ol  the 


Moses 

Israel itish  nation.  After  his  birth  his  mother  kept  him 
concealed  three  months  to  evade  the  command  of  the  king 
of  Egypt  that  all  male  Hebrew  children  be  drowned  in  the 
Nile.  He  was  then  exposed  in  a box  among  the  rashes  on 
the  banks  of  the  Nile,  and  was  found  by  an  Egyptian  prin- 
cess who  adopted  and  reared  him.  After  he  had  grown 
up,  he  one  day  struck  an  Egyptian  whom  he  saw  cruelly 
beating  a Hebrew  slave.  Fearing  punishment,  he  fled  from 
Egypt  into  the  desert,  and  halted  at  an  oasis  inhabited  by 
the  Kenites.  Here  he  married  Zipporah,  the  daughter  of 
Rtuel,  the  priest  of  Midian,  and  tended  the  flocks  of  his 
father-in-law.  It  was  here  that  the  prophetic  spir  it  came 
upon  him,  and  he  decided  to  return  to  Egypt  for  the  pur- 
pose of  delivering  his  brethren  from  slavery.  On  his  re- 
turn his  brother  Aaron  joined  in  his  plans.  His  first  efforts 
in  their  behalf  only  resulted  in  the  infliction  of  more  se- 
vere burdens  and  greater  cruelty.  Presently,  however,  a 
series  of  most  disastrous  and  terrifying  afflictions  visited 
Egypt,  and  the  king  finally  concluded  that  these  had  been 
brought  upon  the  land  by  the  unknown  God  whose  name 
Moses  had  invoked.  He  accordingly  ordered  the  Israel- 
ites to  leave  at  once,  and  they  began  their  departure  on 
the  15th  of  Nisan  (March-April),  an  event  which  is  known 
as  the  Exodus.  Moses  was  the  leader  of  the  Israelites 
during  their  40  years'  journeyings  in  the  wilderness,  which 
period  he  utilized  for  perfecting  a civil  organization  and 
for  the  preparation  of  a code  of  laws  of  a high  ethical,  re- 
ligious, sanitary,  and  political  character.  Jewish  tradition 
ascribes  to  him  the  authorship  of  the  Pentateuch  with  the 
exception  of  the  verses  describing  his  death.  This  tradi- 
tion has  been  generally  accepted  by  the  Christian  and 
Mohammedan  world.  Of  late  biblical  critics  have  denied 
the  Mosaic  authorship  of  the  Pentateuch.  With  few  ex- 
ceptions, however,  they  consider  Moses  as  a historical 
character  and  as  the  organizer  of  the  Hebrew  nation. 

Amongst  all  lawgivers,  founders  of  states,  and  teachers 
of  mankind,  none  has  equalled  Moses.  Not  only  did  he, 
under  the  most  inauspicious  circumstances,  transform  a 
horde  of  slaves  into  a nation,  but  he  imprinted  on  it  the 
seal  of  everlasting  existence : he  breathed  into  the  national 
body  an  immortal  soul.  He  held  before  his  people  ideals 
the  acceptance  of  which  was  indispensable,  since  all 
their  weal  and  woe  depended  upon  the  realisation  or  non- 
realisation of  those  ideals.  Moses  could  well  declare  that 
he  had  carried  the  people  as  a father  carries  his  child. 
His  patience  and  his  courage  had  rarely  deserted  him ; 
his  unselfishness  and  his  meekness  of  disposition  were 
two  prominent  qualities  which,  together  with  his  clear, 
prophetic  vision,  eminently  fitted  him  tobethe  instrument 
of  the  Deity.  Free  from  jealousy,  be  wished  that  all  Is- 
raelites might  be  prophets  like  himself,  and  that  God 
would  endue  them  with  his  spirit.  Moses  became  at  a 
subsequent  epoch  the  unattainable  ideal  of  a prophet. 

Graetz,  History  of  the  Jews  (Amer.  ed.),  I.  30. 

Moses.  1.  A Jew  money-lender  in  Sheridan’s 
“School  for  Scandal.” — 2.  See  Primrose. 

Moses.  An  oratorio  by  A.  B.  Marx  (both  words 
and  music),  performed  at  Breslau  in  1841.  The 
book  was  originally  compiled  by  Mendelssohn  at  Marx's 
request,  though  afterward  rejected.  Grove. 

Moses.  A famous  statue  by  Michelangelo,  in 
San  Pietro  in  Yincoli,  Rome.  The  figure  is  gigan- 
tic and  imposing.  The  right  hand  upholds  the  Tables  of 
the  Law  and  clutches  the  long  beard ; the  left  arm,  pressed 
close  to  the  body,  marks  the  effort  with  which  the  right- 
eous outbreak  against  the  idolatrous  is  restrained. 

Moses  ben  Nacbman  (mo'zez  ben  nach'man): 
called,  after  the  initials  of  his  name,  Ramban. 
Bom  1200:  died  1272.  A Jewish  scholar  and  wri- 
ter of  Gerona,  northern  Spain.  He  wrote  a commen- 
tary on  the  Pentateuch,  and  many  Talmudical  treatises, 
and  also  several  poems.  His  writings  exhibit  the  clear 
and  erudite  thinker,  but  also  his  inclination  to  mysticism. 
In  1263  King  James  I.  of  Aragon,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  Dominican  superior  Raimundo  de  Pefiaforte,  ordered 
Moses  to  engage  in  a religious  disputation  with  the  Do- 
minican Fra  Pablo.  Soon  afterward  Moses  emigrated  to 
Palestine,  where  he  remained  until  the  end  of  his  life. 

Moses  of  Khorni.  Lived  in  the  5th  century. 
An  Armenian  scholar,  the  reputed  author  of  a 
“ History  of  Armenia”  (probably  written  in  the 
7th  century). 

Moses  Striking  the  Rock.  A painting  by  Nico- 
las Poussin  (164’9),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum, 
St.  Petersburg.  Moses,  toward  one  side,  smites  the 
rock,  from  which  an  abundant  stream  gushes.  Aaron  and 
his  priests,  giving  thanks,  complete  the  group.  From  the 
other  side  suffering  men  and  women  rush  toward  the  wel- 
come water. 

Mosetenos  (mS-sa-ta'nos).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Bolivia,  on  the  upper  Beni,  and  between  that 
river  and  the  Mamord.  They  are  light-colored, 
and  are  remarkable  for  the  prevalence  among 
them  of  a disease  (found  also  in  other  tribes) 
which  causes  the  skin  to  turn  white  in  patches, 
but  is  otherwise  harmless.  The  Mosetenos  are  a 
mild  race,  and  have  been  partly  Christianized  ; they  are 
reduced  to  a few  thousands.  Their  language,  with  that 
of  some  small  allied  tribes,  appears  to  indicate  a distinct 
stock. 

Moshaisk.  See  Mozhaisk. 

Mosheim  (urns' him),  Johann  Lorenz  von. 

Born  at  Liibeck,  Oct.  9,  1694:  died  at  Gottin- 
gen, Sept.  9, 1755.  A distinguished  German  Prot- 
estant ecclesiastical  historian,  theologian,  and 
pulpit  orator.  He  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Helmstadt  in  1723,  abbot  at  Marienthal  and  Michaelstein 
in  1726,  and  professor  at  Gottingen  in  1747.  His  chief 
work  is  “Institutiones  historic  ecclesiastic* ” (“Insti- 
tutes of  Ecclesiastical  History,"  1726:  new  ed.  1755).  He 
also  wrote  “ De  rebus  Christianorum  ante  Constantinum 
commentarii  ” (1753),  etc. 

Moskva  (mosk-va').  A river  in  the  government 


710 

of  Moscow,  Russia.  It  joins  the  Oka  near  Kolomna. 
Length,  about  275  miles ; navigable  to  Moscow.  For  the 
battle  on  it,  Sept.  7,  1812,  see  Borodino. 

Moslems  (mos'lemz).  [Turk,  and  Ar.  musli- 
min,  professors  of  submission  (islam)  to  the 
faith.]  The  followers  of  Mohammed;  the  or- 
thodox Mohammedans. 

Mosque  of  Omar.  See  Omar,  Mosque  of. 

Mosquera  (mos-ka'ra),  Tomas  Cipriano.  Born 
at  Popayan,  Sept.  20,  1798:  died  at  Coconuco, 
Oct.  7,  1878.  A Colombian  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  held  high  civil  and  military  offices  under  Boli- 
var and  his  successors,  and  was  president  of  NevC  Granada 
during  a prosperous  term  (1845-49).  He  headed  the  feder- 
alist-democratic revolt  of  1859-61 ; assumed  the  supreme 
power  July,  1861 ; and  called  a constituent  assembly,  which 
created  the  United  States  of  Colombia  and  made  him  dic- 
tator. Continued  civil  wars  forced  him  to  resign  his  power 
into  the  hands  of  a new  assembly,  which  limited  the  presi- 
dential term  to  2 years  and  forbade  reelection.  Under 
this  constitution  he  was  president  1863-64,  and  was  again 
elected  in  1866.  Assuming  dictatorial  powers,  he  was  de- 
posed by  a revolution,  May,  1867,  and  banished  for  3 years. 
Subsequently  he  was  governor  of  Cauca  and  a member  of 
Congress.  He  published  in  1853  a biography  of  Bolivar 
and  a work  on  the  geography  of  New  Granada. 

Mosquitia  (mds-ke-te'a),  or  Mosquito  (mos- 
ke'to)  Coast.  The  region  occupied  by  the  Mos- 
quitos. At  present  the  name  is  restricted  to  a strip  on 
the  east  coast  of  Nicaragua,  from  lat.  11°  30'  N.  northward, 
comprising  probably  less  than  7,000  square  miles.  The 
English  settled  here  about  1660,  and  their  right  s were  rec- 
ognized by  Spain  in  1670.  Great  Britain  recognized  the 
Mosquito  king  and  established  a protectorate  over  the 
country;  but  endless  quarrels  with  Spain  resulted  in  the 
cession  of  the  British  rights  in  exchange  for  Balize,  to 
which  the  colonists  were  transferred  (1786).  The  Span- 
iards were  driven  out  by  the  natives ; later  Great  Britain 
resumed  a nominal  protectorat  e,  which  led  to  quarrels  with 
Nicaragua  (1840-48).  By  the  Bulwer-Clayton  treaty,  signed 
at  Washington  April  19,  1850,  and  by  a subsequent  treaty 
with  Honduras,  Great  Britain  resigned  all  claim  to  Mos- 
quitia. The  country  is  now  a department  (Zelaya)  of 
Nicaragua,  but  the  Mosquitos  obey  their  own  chief.  They 
are  essentially  in  a savage  condition. 

Mosquito  Coast.  See  Mosquitia. 

Mosquito  Reservation.  The  major  part  of 
the  Mosquito  Coast,  reserved  for  the  Mosqui- 
tos, and  belonging  to  Nicaragua. 

Mosquitos  (mos-ke'tos).  The  name  given  by 
the  Spaniards  to  a race  of  mixed  African  and 
Indian  blood,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Nicaragua 
and  Honduras . They  call  themselves  Misskitos,  and 
are  probably  descended  from  Cimarrones,  orf  ugitive  slaves, 
and  native  women  : their  language  is  said  to  be  partly  made 
up  of  African  words.  The  Mosquitos  first  became  promi- 
nent in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century,  when  their  coast 
was  visited  by  bucaneers.  At  that  time  they  were  a savage 
and  warlike  race,  using  bows,  lances,  and  clubs  in  battle. 
They  were  governed  by  chiefs.  At  present  the  Mosquitos 
probably  number  less  than  10,000.  See  Mosquitia. 

Moss  (mos).  A town  in  the  province  of  Smaale- 
nene,  Norway,  situated  on  Christiania  Fjord  35 
miles  south  of  Christiania.  The  Convention 
of  Moss,  Ang.  14,  1814,  ended  the  war  between 
Sweden  and  Denmark.  Population,  8,900. 
Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse.  A collection  of 
stories  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  published  in 
1846,  after  having  appeared  separately  else- 
where. 

Mosskirch.  See  Messkirch. 

Mossley  (mos'li).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  9 miles  east-northeast  of 
Manchester  and  3 miles  southeast  of  Oldham. 
It  has  cotton-  and  woolen-mills  and  iron-foundries.  Popu- 
lation, 13,452. 

Mossop  (mos'op),  Henry.  Born  in  1729:  died 
at  Chelsea,  Dec.  27,  1774.  Anlrish  actor,  son  of 
the  rector  of  Tuani.  Hemadehisfirstappearanceon 
the  stage  Nov.  28,  1749,  as  Zanger  in  Dr.  Young's  tragedy 
“ Kevenge  ’’  at  Dublin.  He  first  appeared  in  'England, 
Sept.  26,  1751,  as  Richard  III.,  in  which  he  was  received 
with  great  enthusiasm.  In  1759  he  appeared  in  England 
for  the  last  time,  and  returned  to  Dublin  as  a star.  He 
played  under,  the  management  of  Barry  for  the  season, 
but  the  next  year  he  undertook  the  management  of  a rival 
theater,  which  ended  in  the  financial  ruin  of  both.  Mos- 
sop died  in  great  poverty. 

Mostaganem  (mos-ta-ga-nem').  A seaport  in 
the  province  of  Oran,  Algeria,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean  43  miles  east-northeast  of  Oran. 
Population,  19,528. 

Mostar  (mos-tar').  The  capital  of  Herzegovina, 
situated  on  the  Narenta  about  lat.  43°  22'  N., 
long.  17°  52'  E.  It  is  the  seat  of  a Greek  and  of  a Ro- 
man  Catholic  bishopric.  A Roman  bridge  across  the  Na- 
renta, ascribed  to  Trajan,  is  a single  splendid  arch,  89  feet 
in  span  and  56  above  the  water.  Population,  14,370. 

Most  Christian  Doctor.  A surname  given  to 
Gerson,  and  also  to  Cusanus. 

Most  Christian  King.  A title  conferred  on 
various  French  kings,  particularly  Louis  XI. 
Most  Learned  of  the  Romans,  The.  Van-o. 

Mosul  (mo'sol).  1.  A vilayet  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, in  the  Tigris  valley.  Area,  35,130  square 
miles.  Population,  351,200. — 2.  A city  in  Meso- 
potamia, the  chief  town  of  the  vilayet  of  Mo- 
sul, situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tigris, 


Motley 

opposite  the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh,  it  ia  the 

seat  of  a pasha,  and  is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
delicate  cotton  tissue  called  muslin  or  mousseline,  to 
which  it  gave  its  name. 

Motagua  (mo-ta'gwa),  or  Rio  Grande.  A river 
of  Guatemala.  It  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
duras. Length,  about  250  miles. 

Motala  (mo-ta'la).  A small  town  in  southern 
Sweden,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Vettern. 
Motanebhi  (mo-ta-neb'be),  or  Motenebbi  (mo- 
te-neb'be).  Born  at  Cufa  about  915:  killed 
near  Shiraz  by  robbers,  965.  An  Arabian  poet. 
Mota  Padilla  (mo'ta  pa-del'ya),  Matiasdela. 
Born  at  Guadalajara,  Oct.  6, 1688 : died  in  July, 
1766.  A Mexican  historian.  He  was  a lawyer,  and 
during  his  last  years  a priest.  His  “Historia  de  la  con- 
quista  de  la  Nueva  Galicia,"  printed  at  Mexico  1870-71,  ia 
a work  of  great  value. 

Moteczuma.  See  Montezuma. 

Moth  (moth).  1.  A fairy  in  Shakspere’s  “ Mid- 
summer Night’s  Dream.”  This  character  was  very 
early  excised  from  the  text  of  the  play,  though  retained 
in  the  dramatis  person*.  Fleay. 

2.  A page  in  Shakspere’s  “Love’s  Labour ’s 
Lost.” — 3.  In  Cartwright’s  play  “The  Ordi- 
nary,” a shallow-brained  antiquary,  whose 
conversation  is  mostly  disjointed  scraps  from 
Chaucer. 

Mothe  Cadillac.  See  Cadillac. 

Mother  Ann,  or  Mother  Lee.  See  Lee,  Ann. 
Mother  Bunch.  See  Bunch,  Mother. 

Mother  Goose.  A name  famous  in  nursery 
literature  through  the  familiar  jingles  called 
“Mother  Goose’s  Melodies.”  it  is  said  that  there 
was  a Mrs.  Goose,  mother-in-law  of  Thomas  Fleet,  an  early 
Boston  ( Mass.)  publisher,  and  that  he  issued  the  collection 
under  this  title  to  avenge  himself  for  her  persistent  and  un- 
melodious  chanting  of  these  ditties  to  his  infant  son.  The 
earliest  known  edition  bears  the  title  “ Songs  for  the  Nur- 
sery, or  Mother  Goose’s  Melodies  for  Children  : printed  by 
T.  Fleet  at  his  printing  house,  Pudding  Lane,  1719.  Price, 
two  coppers.  ” This,  however,  has  been  discredited  by  Mr. 
W.  Wells  Newell,  who  says  Perrault  published  “ Conte3  de 
ma  mere  l’oye”  in  1697  ; but  the  name  was  quoted  by  the 
satirist  Rtjgnier  more  than  a century  before.  Queen  Goose- 
foot  (Reine  Pedance),  or  Bertha  with  the  great  foot  or  goose- 
foot,  appears  as  synonymous  with  Mother  Goose  in  French 
tales.  The  second  day  of  the  year  is  her  festival,  and  is 
kept  as  a children’s  holiday.  (See  Bertha  or  Berthrada.) 
The  “Contes  de  ma  mfere  l’oye,”  by  Charles  Perrault,  were 
published  under  the  name  of  his  infant  son,  Perrault  d’Ar- 
mancourt.  They  consist  of  ten  stories,  seven  of  which  are 
evidently  derived  from  the  “Pentamerone,”  an  earlier 
Italian  collection.  Charles  Dibdin  wrote  a pantomime 
caUed  “ Mother  Goose.  ’’ 

Mother  Hubberd’s  Tale.  A poem  by  Spenser, 
published  in  1591  in  a volume  known  as  “Com- 
plaints,” but  written  much  earlier,  it  is  an  in- 
tentional  imitation  of  Chaucer’s  manner.  It  was  also 
entitled  “Prosopopoia.” 

Mother  of  Cities.  The  ancient  city  of  Balkk, 
central  Asia. 

Mother  of  Diets.  An  epithet  of  the  city  of 
Worms  in  Germany. 

Mother  of  Presidents.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  Virginia,  the  native  State  of  Wash- 
ington, Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  W.  H.  Har- 
rison, Tyler,  and  Taylor. 

Mother  of  states.  A name  occasionally  ap- 
plied to  Virginia,  from  whose  territory  several 
other  States  were  formed. 

Mother  of  the  Gods,  The.  Cybele. 

Mother  Shipton  (ship' ton).  A comedy  by 

T.  T.  (Thomas  Thompson).  This  play  was  acted 
nineteen  times  with  great  applause:  it  is  with- 
out date,  but  before  1668.  ( Fleay .)  A ballad  was 
written  by  George  Colman  in  1771  with  this  title. 
Mother  Shipton’s  Prophecies.  Various  pre- 
tended prophecies  published  in  England  in  the 
15th,  17th,  and  18th  centuries.  Charles  Hindley 
(see  Bindley)  wrote  some  of  them.  Many  of  them  are  at- 
tributed to  T.  Evan  Preece,  a prophetess  of  South  Wales. 
Motherwell  (muTH'er-wel).  A manufacturing 
town  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  11  miles  south- 
east of  Glasgow.  Population,  30,423. 
Motherwell,  William.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Oct. 
13,  1797 : died  there,  Nov.  1,  1835.  A Scottish 
poet  and  antiquary.  He  wrote  “Minstrelsy  Ancient 
and  Modern"  (1827)  and  “Poems  Narrative  and  Lyrical" 
(1832). 

Motilones  (mo-te-lo'nes).  A tribe  of  Indians  of 
northwestern  Venezuela,  to  the  southwest  and 
west  of  Lake  Maracaibo,  and  extending  into 
Colombia.  They  are  of  Carib  stock,  remain  practically 
independent,  and  have  frequent  conflicts  with  the  whites. 
They  number  several  thousands. 

Motilones,  Province  of.  A region  in  northern 
Peru,  on  the  Huallaga  River : so  called  by  the 
Spaniards  who  entered  it,  in  1540,  under  Alonso 

de  Alvarado.  ThefirstSpanishsettlementswerefornied 
in  154L  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  present  province  of 
Huallaga. 

Motley  (mot'li),  John  Lothrop.  Bom  at  Dor- 
chester (now  part  of  Boston),  Mass.,  April  15, 
1814:  died  in  Dorset,  England,  May  29,  1877. 


Motley 

AnAmericanhistoriananddiplomatist.  Hegradu- 
ated  at  Harvard  in  1831,  and,  after  completing  his  general 
education  at  Gottingen  and  Berlin  and  spending  some  time 
in  travel,  returned  to  America  in  1834,  took  up  the  study  of 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  eventually  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  history,  and  lived  mostly  abroad, 
residing  in  England  after  1868.  He  was  United  States 
minister  to  Austria  1801-67,  and  to  Great  Britain  1869-70. 
His  chief  works  are  “llise  of  the  Dutch  Republic”(3  vols. 
1856),  “History  of  the  United  Netherlands"  (4  vols. 
1860-68),  and  “Life  and  Death  of  John  of  Barneveld” 
(1874). 

Motolinia  (mo-to-le-ne'a),  Toribio  de.  Born 
at  Benavente,  Zamora,  about  1500 : died  at 
Mexico,  Aug.  9,  1568.  A Spanish  Franciscan 
missionary  and  author.  His  real  name  appears  to 
have  been  Paredes,  and  he  was  known  as  Toribio  de 
Benavente:  he  adopted  the  name  Motolinia  from  an  Indian 
word  meaning  ‘ poor.  ’ He  went  with  the  first  Franciscans 
to  Mexico  (1524),  and  was  one  of  the  most  successful  mis- 
sionaries. Mostof  hisnnmerous writingsarelost : themost 
important  remaining  is  the  “Historia  de  los  Indios  de  la 
N ueva  Espana,”  published  in  the  Kingsborough  collection, 
and  later  (1858)  by  Icazbalceta.  It  is  reported  that  the 
provincial  library  at  Toledo  has  a copy  of  his  “ Doctrina 
Cristiana  en  lingua  Mexicana  ” (Mexico,  1539),  but  this  is 
probably  a mistake:  it  would  be  the  oldest  known  book 
published  in  America.  See  Logroflo,  Pedro. 

Motril  (mo-trel').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean 34  miles  south  by  east  of  Granada.  It 
has  an  increasing  commerce.  Its  seaport  is 
Calahonda.  Population,  18,528. 

Mott  (mot),  Mrs.  (Lucretia  Coffin).  Born  at 
Nantucket,  Mass.,  Jan.  3,  1793:  died  Nov.  11, 
1880.  An  American  social  reformer,  and 
preacher  in  the  Society  of  Friends.  She  was  ac- 
tive in  behalf  of  abolition,  woman  suffrage,  and  universal 
peace. 

Mott,  Valentine.  Born  at  Glen  Cove,  Long  Isl- 
and, Aug.  20,  1785 : died  at  New  York,  April 
26,  1865.  An  American  surgeon,  known  as  a 
successful  operator.  He  translated  “Velpeau’s  Op- 
erative  Surgery,”  and  wrote  “Travels”  (1842),  “Mott’s 
Cliniques”  (1860),  etc. 

Motte  Cadillac.  See  Cadillac. 

Motteux  (mot-te'),  Peter  Anthony.  Born  in 
Normandy:  died  at  London,  1718.  A French 
Huguenot  merchant  in  London  after  1685.  He 
went  to  England  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
He  was  also  a dramatist  and  translator.  One  of  his  dramas, 
called  “Novelty,”  gives  a distinct  play  in  each  act.  He 
is  better  known  as  the  translator,  with  Urquhart  and  Ozell, 
of  Rabelais’s  works  ; and  he  also,  with  others,  translated 
“Don  Quixote.” 

Motteville  (mot-vel'),  Madame  Langlois  de 
(Framjoise  Bertaud).  Born  about  1621 : died 
1689.  A French  author.  She  was  the  friend  and 
confidante  of  Anne  of  Austria,  and  a noted  “precieuse.” 
Her  “M6moires  pourservir  1 ’histoire d’Anned’Autriche" 
were  not  printed  till  1723. 

Mott  Haven  (mot  ha'vn).  A former  village 
of  Westchester  County,  New  York,  situated 
north  of  the  Harlem  Biver:  now  part  of  New 
York  city. 

Mottley  (mot'li),  John.  Born  at  London,  1692: 
died  there,  Oct.  3,  1750.  An  English  writer, 
author  of  “Joe  Miller’s  Jests,  or  The  Wit’s  Yade 
Mecum”  (1739),  five  dramas,  “The  Lives  of 
Dramatic  Authors”  (1747),  a “History  of  Peter 
the  Great”  (1739),  etc. 

Mottola  (mot'to-la).  A small  town  in  southern 
Italy,  northwest  of  Taranto. 

Mondon  (mo-don').  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Vaud,  Switzerland,  13  miles  northeast  of  Lau- 
sanne: the  Roman  Minodunum.  It  was  once 
the  capital  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud.  Population, 
11,608. 

Monkden.  See  Mukden. 

Mould  (mold),  Jacob  Wrey.  Born  at  Chisel- 
hurst,  England,  Aug.  7, 1825.  An  Anglo-Amer- 
ican architect.  He  studied  and  worked  with  Owen 
Jones  and  Vulliamy  in  London,  and  in  1852  removed  to 
America,  In  1870  he  was  architect  iu  chief  of  the  depart- 
ment of’ public  parks,  and  in  1875  of  the  public  works,  of 
Lima,  Peru. 

Mouldy  (mol'di).  A recruit  in  the  second  part 
of  Shakspere’s  “King  Henry  IV.” 

Moulins  (md-lah').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  France,  situated  on  the  Allier 
in  lat.  46°  34'  N.,  long.  3°  20'  E.  its  cathedral, 
hotel  de  ville  (with  valuable  library),  and  ruined  chateau 
of  the  dukes  of  Bourbon  are  noteworthy,  ft  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Bourbonnais.  Population,  21,888. 
Moulmein.  See  Maulmain. 

Moulton  (mol'ton),  Mrs.  (Ellen  Louise  Chan- 
*dler).  Born  at  Pomfret,  Conn.,  April  10, 1835 : 
died  at  Boston^  Mass.,  Aug.  10,  1908.  An 
American  novelist  and  poet.  She  married  William 
U.  Moulton  in  1855.  Among  her  works  are  “ This,  That,  arul 
The  Other”  (1854),  “Juno  Clifford”  (1855),  “Bed-time 
Stories”  (1873),  “Some  Women’s  Hearts ”(1874),  “Swallow 
Flights,  and  Other  Poems”  (1878),  etc. 

Moultrie  (mol'tri),  Fort.  See  Fort  Moultrie. 
Moultrie,  John.  Born  at  London,  1799:  died 
1874.  An  English  minor  poet.  He  was  educated 


711 

at  Eton  and  Cambridge  (Trinity  College),  and  was  rector 
of  Rugby  from  1828.  He  published  “My  Brother’s  Grave, 
etc.’  (1837)  and  “The  Dream  of  Life,  etc.”  (1843),  “Ser- 
mons ” (1853),  etc. 

Moultrie  (mo'tri  or  mol'tri),  William.  Born 
in  South  Carolina,  1731:  died  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Sept.  27,  1805.  An  American  Revolu- 
tionary general.  He  repulsed  an  attack  on  Sullivan's 
Island  (where  Fort  Moultrie  now  stands)  in  1776  ; defended 
Charleston  in  1779 ; and  was  governor  of  South  Carolina 
1785-87  and  1794-96. 

Mound  City.  St.  Louis. 

Moundsville  (moundz'vil).  The  capital  of  Mar- 
shall County,  West  Virginia,  situated  on  the 
Ohio  13  miles  south  of  Wheeling,  it  is  so  called 
from  a notable  prehistoric  mound  in  its  vicinity.  Popu- 
lation, 8,918,  (1910). 

Mounet-Sully  (mo-na'sti-le'),  Jean  Sully 
Mounet,  called.  Born  at  Bergerac,  Feb.  27, 
1841.  A noted  French  tragedian.  He  entered  the 
Conservatoire  in  1861 ; made  his  driut  at  the  Oddon  in  1868, 
and  at  the  Th<55tre  Frangais  in  1872;  and  was  elected  a 
“socWtaire”  in  1874.  He  has  since  remained  one  of  the 
ablest  representatives  of  classic  French  tragedy.  He 
visited  the  United  States  in  1894. 

Mounier  (mo-nya' ),  Jean  Joseph.  Born  at  Gre- 
noble, France,  1758 : died  1806.  A French  poli- 
tician and  political  writer,  member  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  in  1789. 

Mountain,  The.  [F.  La  Montague.']  A name 
given  to  the  extreme  Revolutionary  party  in  the 
legislatures  of  the  first  French  Revolution.  The 
name  was  derived  from  the  fact  that  they  occupied  the 
higher  part  of  the  hall.  Among  the  chief  Montaguards 
were  Robespierre  and  Danton.  The  name  was  tempo- 
rarily revived  in  the  legislatures  following  the  revolution 
of  1848. 

Mountaineers, The.  Acomedy  taken  from  “ Don 
Quixote  ” by  George  Colman  the  younger,  pro- 
duced Aug.  3,  1793,  printed  1795. 

Mountain  Meadows  Massacre.  A massacre  at 
Mountain  Meadows,  southern  Utah,  of  about  120 
non-Mormon  emigrants,  Sept.  11,  1857.  it  was 
believed  to  have  been  instigated  by  Mormons ; and  John  D. 
Lee  was  condemned  and  executed  in  1877  for  his  share  in  it. 

Mountains  of  the  Moon-.  See  Moon,  Mountains 
of  the. 

Mount  Auburn  (a'bern).  A noted  cemetery  in 
Cambridge  and  Watertown,  Massachusetts. 

Mount  Desert  (de-zert'  or  dez'ert).  An  island 
in  the  Atlantic,  belonging  to  Hancock  County, 
Maine,  situated  30  miles  east  of  Belfast,  about 
1 mile  from  the  mainland.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
picturesque  scenery  and  as  a summer  resort.  It  was 
temporarily  settled  by  the  French  in  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  century.  Its  most  noted  resort  is  Bar  Harbor. 
Length,  14  miles.  Highest  point,  about  1,500  feet  above 
sea-level. 

Mountfort,  Susanna.  See  Verbruggen. 

Mountfort  (mount'fort),  William.  Born  in 
Staffordshire : died  at  London,  Dec.  10, 1692.  An 
English  actor  and  dramatic  writer.  He  was  an 
excellent  representative  of  well-bred  fops.  He  was  killed 
at  the  door  of  Mrs.  Bracegirdle  by  an  adventurer,  Captain 
Hill,  apparently  with  the  complicity  of  Lord  Mohun,  who, 
as  Mountfort  was  aware,  had  designs  oil  the  lady. 

Mount  Holyoke  (hol'yok)  College.  An  insti- 
tution of  learning  for  women  at  South  Hadley, 
Massachusetts,  founded  by  Mary  Lyon,  and 
opened  in  1837. 

Mount  Lebanon.  See  Lebanon  and Neiv Lebanon. 

Mount  of  Olives.  See  Olivet. 

Mount  of  Olives.  The  English  title  of  Beetho- 
ven’s oratorio  “Christus  am  Olberg,”  produced 
in  England  in  1814.  The  title  was  changed  to  “En- 
gedi”  and  the  principal  character  to  David  in  1842,  owing 
to  the  strong  feeling  against  the  appearance  of  the  Saviour 
as  a personage  in  an  oratorio.  The  original  version,  how- 
ever, is  now  given.  Crove. 

Mount  Pleasant  (plez'ant).  A city,  the  capital 
of  Henry  County,  Iowa,  26  miles  west-north- 
west  of  Burlington.  It  is  the  seat  of  Iowa  Wesleyan 
University  and  German  College  (both  Methodist).  Popu- 
lation, 3,874,  (1910). 

Mount  Vernon  (ver'non).  The  capital  of  Posey 
County,  southwestern  Indiana,  situated  on  the 
Ohio  19  miles  west  of  Evansville.  Population, 
5,563,  (1910). 

Mount  Vernon.  A city  in  Westchester  County, 
New  York,  directly  north  of  New  York  city. 
Population,  30,919,  (1910). 

Mount  Vernon.  A city,  capital  of  Knox 
County,  Ohio,  41  miles  northeast  of  Columbus. 
Population,  9,087,  (1910). 

Mount  Vernon.  All  estate  in  Fairfax  County, 
Virginia,  situated  on  the  Potomac  15  miles 
southwest  of  W ashi  ngton.  It  is  notable  as  the  resi- 
dence and  place  of  burial  of  George  Washington.  In  1859 
it  was  purchased  by  the  Mount  Vernon  Ladies’  Association. 

Mount  Zion.  See  Zion. 

Moura  (mo'rii),  Francisco  Rolim  de.  Born 
at  Pernambuco,  1580:  died  at  Lisbon,  1657.  A 
Portuguese  administrator.  From  1624  to  1626  he 


Moyen  de  Parvenir 

was  governor-general  of  Brazil.  During  this  period  the  first 
Dutch  invasion  was  repeUed  and  Bahia  recovered  (1626). 

Mourne  (morn)  Mountains.  A short  range  of 
mountains  in  County  Down,  Ulster,  Ireland, 
2,000  to  2,800  feet  in  height. 

Mourning  Bride,  The.  A tragedy  by  William 
Congreve,  produced  in  1697. 

Mourning  Garment.  A novel  by  Robert  Greene, 
registered  in  1590.  It  is  a paraphrase  of  the 
parable  of  the  prodigal  son. 

Mourt’s  Relation.  A historical  work  relating 
to  the  settlement  of  Plymouth  Colony,  Massa- 
chusetts, edited  by  George  Morton  in  1622. 
Mourzouk.  See  Murzuk. 

Mouse  (mous)  River.  A tributary  of  the  As- 
siniboine,  in  North  Dakota  and  British  North 
America.  Length,  about  500  miles. 

Mouse  Tower.  A medieval  watch-tower  on  a 
rock  in  the  middle  of  the  Rhine  near  Bingen, 
notable  from  its  legendary  connection  with 
Archbishop  Hatto’s  fate.  See  Hatto  II. 
Mouskes  (raos-kas'),  Philippe.  Born  at  Ghent 
about  1215 : died  at  Tournay,  1283.  A Flemish 
prelate  and  historian.  His  chronicles  extend  from  the 
siege  of  Troy  to  1243,  in  30,000  verses.  He  drew  on  the 
chansons  de  gestes  for  his  details. 

Mousqueton  (mosk-tem').  The  vain,  boastful 
lackey  of  Porthos  in  “ The  Three  Musketeers,” 
by  Dumas  pere. 

Moussy,  Jean  Antoine  Victor  Martin  de.  See 

Martin  de  Moussy. 

Moutier  (mo-tya'),  G.  Miinster  (miin'ster).  A 
smalltown  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Birs  23  miles  north  of  Bern. 
Moutiers,  or  Mouthiers  (mo-tya').  A small 
town  in  the  department  of  Savoie,  France,  32 
miles  east  of  Chumbery.  It  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  Tarentaise,  and  has  a cathedral. 
Moutier,  Val,  G.  Miinsterthal  (miin'ster-tal). 
A valley  in  the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  23  miles  north  of  Bern. 

Mouton  (mo-toh'),  Georges,  Comte  de  Lobau. 
Bom  at  Pfalzburg,  Lorraine,  Feb.  21, 1770 : died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  27, 1838.  A French  marshal.  He 

entered  the  army  in  1792,  became  aide-de-camp  to  Napo- 
leon in  1805,  and  in  1809  rendered  important  service  at 
Lobau,  for  which  he  received  the  title  of  Comte  de  Lobau. 
He  took  part  in  the  Russian  campaign  in  1812,  and  fought 
at  Liitzen  and  Bautzen  in  1813,  and  at  Waterloo  in  1815. 
During  the  July  revolution  in  1830  he  favored  the  cause 
of  Louis  Philippe,  who  made  him  a marshal  of  France  in 
1831. 

Movers  (mo'vers),  Franz  Karl.  Bom  at  Koes- 
feld,  Prussia,  July  17,  1806:  died  at  Breslau, 
Sept.  28, 1856.  A German  Orientalist,  professor 
of  Old  Testament  theology  in  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic faculty  at  Breslau  from  1839.  His  chief 
work  is  “Die  Phonizier”  (1840-56). 

Movimas  (mo-ve'mas),  or  Mobinias  (mo-be'- 
mas).  A tribe  of  Bolivian  Indians,  on  and  near 
the  river  Mamord  about  lat.  14°  S.  They  have  long 
been  Christianized,  and  are  associated  with  the  Mojos  at 
the  mission  villages.  They  are  described  as  tall  and  hand- 
some, very  cleanly,  and  exceUent  workmen.  Their  lan- 
guage has  not  been  classified. 

Mo  watt,  Mrs.  S ee  Ritchie,  Mrs.  (Anna  C.  Ogden). 
Mowbray  (mo'bra),  H.  Siddons.  Born  at  Alex- 
andria, Egypt,  Aug.  5, 1858.  An  American  figure- 
painter.  He  studied  at  Paris  with  Leon  Bonnat. 
Mowbray  (mo'bra),  Thomas.  Died  at  Venice, 
1399.  Earl  of  Nottingham  and  Duke  of  Norfolk. 
He  was  created  earl  of  Nottingham  in  1383,  earl  marshal  in 
1384,  and  was  one  of  the  lord  appellants  of  1387,  but  after- 
ward joined  the  king.  He  was  created  duke  of  Norfolk  in 
1397.  Having  been  accused  of  treason  by  Henry  Boling, 
broke,  earl  of  Hereford  (afterward  Henry  IV.),  in  1398,  he 
challenged  the  latter  to  single  combat,  and  the  lists  were 
set  at  Coventry  in  presence  of  Richard  II.,  who  banished 
both  disputants  on  the  eve  of  the  contest,  Norfolk  for  life 
and  Hereford  for  ten  years.  Shakspere  introduces  him  in 
his  “Richard  II.” 

Mowcher  (mou'cher),  Miss.  In  Dickens’s 
“David  Copperfield,”  a merry  talkative  dwarf, 
a hair-dresser. 

Moxa,  Moxos.  See  Mojos. 

Moya  (mo'ya),  Pedro  de.  Born  in  Granada, 
1610 : died  there,  1666.  An  artist  of  the  Span- 
ish school,  pupil  of  Juan  de  Castillo.  He  was  a 
soldier  in  the  army  of  Flanders,  where  he  was  so  charmed 
with  the  works  of  Vandyck  that  he  went  to  London  in  1641 
to  study  under  him.  Vandyck  died  soon  after,  and  Moya 
returned  home,  and  executed  numerous  works,  the  best  of 
which  are  in  Granada. 

Moya  y Oontreras(mo'ya  e kon-tra'ras),  Pedro 
de.  Born  in  the  diocese  of  Cordova  about  1520 : 
died  at  Madrid,  Dee.,  1591.  A Spanish  prelate 
and  administrator.  In  1671  he  established  tiie  Inqui- 
sition in  New  Spain,  and  in  Dec.,  1674,  was  consecrated 
archbishop  of  Mexico.  He  was  acting  viceroy  Sept.  25, 
1684,  to  Oct.  17, 1585.  Later  he  returned  to  Spain,  and  was 
president  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies.  Often  called  Moya 
de  Contreras. 

Moyen  de  Parvenir  (mwa-yau'  de  parv-ner'). 
[F.,  ‘how  to  succeed.’]  See  the  extract. 


Moyen  de  Parvenir 

Much  later  (1610)  the  last — it  may  almost  be  said  the 
first  — echo  of  the  genuine  spirit  of  Rabelais  was  sounded 
in  the  “Moyen  de  Parvenir”  of  B^roalde  deVerville.  This 
eccentric  work  is  perhaps  the  most  perfect  example  of  a 
fatrasie  in  existence.  In  the  guise  of  guests  at  a banquet 
the  author  brings  in  many  celebrated  persons  of  the  day 
and  of  antiquity,  and  makes  them  talk  from  pillar  to  post 
in  the  strangest  possible  fashion.  The  licence  of  language 
and  anecdote  which  Rabelais  had  permitted  himself  is 
equalled  and  exceeded ; but  many  of  the  tales  are  told  with 
consummate  art,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  ribaldry  and  buf- 
foonery remarks  of  no  small  shrewdness  are  constantly 
dropped  as  if  by  accident.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  193. 

Moys  (mo'is).  A village  near  Gorlitz,  Silesia, 
Prussia.  Here,  Sept.  7,  1757,  the  Austrians 
under  Nadi)  sty  defeated  the  Prussians  under 
Winterfeld. 

Moytura.  See  the  extract. 

Many  battles  took  place  between  these  Danaans  and  the 
earlier  Firbolgic  settlers  — the  native  owners,  as  no  doubt 
they  felt  themselves,  of  the  country.  One  of  the  best  sub- 
stantiated of  these,  not,  indeed,  by  history  or  even  tradi- 
tion, but  by  a more  solid  testimony,  that  of  the  stone 
remains  left  on  the  spot,  prove,  at  any  rate,  that  some 
long-sustained  battle  was  at  some  remote  period  fought  on 
the  spot  [sic].  This  is  the  famous  pre-historic  battle  of  Moy- 
tura, rather  the  Southern  Moytura,  for  there  were  two; 
the  other,  situated  not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Sligo, 
retaining  "the  largest  collection  of  pre  historic  remains," 
says  Dr.  Petrie,  “in  any  region  of  the  world  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Carnac.”  This  second  battle  of  Moytura  was 
fought  upon  the  plain  of  Cong,  which  is  washed  by  the 
waters  of  Lough  Mask  and  Lough  Corrib,  close  to  where 
the  long  monotonous  midland  plain  of  Ireland  becomes 
broken,  changes  into  that  region  of  high  mountains  and 
low-lying  valleys  now  called  Connemara,  but  which  in 
earlier  days  was  always  known  as  Iar  Connaught. 

Lawless , Story  of  Ireland,  p.  7. 

Mozambique  (mo-zam-bek').  [F.  Mozambique, 
Sp.  Pg.  Mosambique,  so  called  from  a small 
coral  island  of  this  name  near  the  coast.]  1. 
The  former  name  for  the  Portuguese  posses- 
sions along  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa.  See  East 
Africa,  Portuguese, — 2.  A town  in  Portuguese 
East  Africa,  situated  on  an  island  near  the 
coast,  about  lat.  15°  S.  Population,  4,- 
766. 

Mozambique  Channel.  A sea  passage  separat- 
ing Madagascar  from  the  mainland  of  Africa. 
Width,  250-550  miles. 

Mozarabs  (mo-zar'abz),  or  Mozarabians  (mo- 
za-ra'bi-anz).  Those  Christians  in  Spain  who 
lived  among  and  measurably  assimilated  them- 
selves to  the  Moslems,  but  continued  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  their  own  religion. 

Mozart  (mo'zart;  G.  pron.  mo'tsart),  Leopold. 
Born  at  Augsburg,  Ba  varia,  Nov.  14, 1719:  died 
at  Salzburg,  May  28, 1787.  A German  violinist 
and  musical  writer. 

Mozart,  Wolfgang  Amadeus.  Born  at  Salz- 
burg, Austria,  Jan.  27,  1756:  died  at  Vienna, 
Dec.  5, 1791.  A celebrated  Austrian  composer, 
son  of  Leopold  Mozart.  He  showed  a precocious 
knowledge  of  music  when  only  three  years  old,  and  first 
appeared  in  public  in  a performance  at  the  University  of 
Salzburg,  in  1761,  when  betw'een  five  and  six  years  of  age. 
In  1762  his  father  took  him  with  his  sister  Marianne  on  a 
concert  tour  to  Munich,  Vienna,  and  other  places,  and  in 
the  next  year  to  Paris,  where  they,  especially  Wolfgang, 
excited  great  enthusiasm.  At  London  in  the  next  year  they 
were  equally  successful,  and  remained  in  England  till 
Aug.,  1765.  Mozart  during  this  time  composed  a number 
of  symphonies,  sonatas,  and  the  overtures  for  two  of  his 
concerts : they  also  played  at  their  lodgings  for  such  as 
chose  to  test  their  genius  in  private.  They  finally  arrived 
at  Salzburg  again  in  Nov.,  1766,  and  in  1768  were  received 
at  court  in  Vienna,  where  .Mozart  was  urged  by  the  emperor 
to  compose  an  opera  and  conduct  it.  He  took  the  story  of 
“La  Finta  Semplice,”  and  his  opera  (though  opposed  by 
the  envy  of  other  musicians)  was  finally  performed  at 
Salzburg.  He  succeeded  in  producing  his  “Bastien  und 
Bastienne  ” in  a private  theater  at  Vienna,  and  he  also 
composed  and  conducted  the  music  at  the  ceremonies  of 
the  consecration  of  the  new  church  at  Waisenhaus.  From 
1769  to  1771  they  traveled  in  Italy,  Mozart  winning  fresh 
laurels.  In  1777  he  went  to  Paris  with  his  mother,  where 
he  found  that  the  admiration  accorded  to  a precocious 
child  was  not  so  easily  obtained  by  a mature  musician. 
After  the  death  of  his  mother  he  returned  to  Salzburg,  and 
in  1781  to  Vienna,  where  he  lived  with  the  archbishop. 
He  reaped  but  little  pecuniary  benefit  from  his  composi- 
tions, and  his  health  began  to  fail.  In  1791  he  wrote  his 
three  greatest  symphonies  and  the  “ Magic  Flute,”  and  in 
this  year  received  the  famous  commission  from  a mysteri- 
ous stranger  (afterward  known  to  be  the  steward  of  Count 
Walsegg)  to  write  a requiem  mass  to  be  finished  within  a 
month.  His  enfeebled  health  and  various  circumstances 
connected  with  the  commission  produced  a serious  effect 
on  his  already  troubled  brain,  and  he  imagined  it  to  be  a 
summons  from  the  other  world.  He  began  the  mass,  how- 
ever, and  said  that  it  was  for  his  own  funeral.  As  he  was 
already  dying,  he  was  not  able  to  supervise  the  rehearsal 
of  the  finished  part.  He  died  of  malignant  typhus  fever. 
There  were  no  ceremonies  at  his  grave,  and  even  his  friends 
followed  him  no  farther  than  the  city  gates,  owing  to  a 
violent  storm.  He  was  buried  in  the  common  ground  of 
St.  Marx,  and  the  exact  position  of  his  grave  is  not  known. 
Many  years  after  a monument  was  erected  to  him  by  the 
city  of  Vienna.  He  left  over  six  hundred  compositions, 
which  include  more  than  forty  symphonies,  a number  of 
masses  (mostly  composed  in  his  youth),  sonatas,  quartets, 
“The  Requiem."  etc.  Among  his  operas  are  “ Idomeneo  ” 
(1781),  “Mitridate,”  “La  Finta  Giardiniera,”  “Zaide,"  “Die 
Entfuhrung  aus  dem  Serail  "(1782),  “Le  .Nozze  di Figaro" 


712 

(“The  Marriage  of  Figaro,"  1786),  “ Don  Giovanni"  (1787), 
“Cost  fan  tutte ” (1790),  ‘La  Clemenza  di  Tito  "(1791), 
“Die  Zauberflote"  (“The  Magic  Flute,"  1791),  etc.  Very 
little  of  his  music  was  published  in  his  lifetime. 

Mozcas.  Same  as  Muyscas.  See  Chibchas. 

Mozdok  (moz-dok').  A town  in  the  territory 
of  Terek,  Ciscaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Terek  about  lat.  43°  43'  N.,  long.  44°  42'  E. 
Population,  over  15,000. 

Mozhaisk  (mo-zhisk'),  or  Mojaisk,  or  Mo- 
shaisk.  A small  town  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Moskva  63 
miles  west  of  Moscow.  For  the  battle  here, 
see  Borodino. 

Mozier  (mo'zher),  Joseph.  Born  at  Burlington, 
Vt.,  Aug.  22,  1812:  died  in  Switzerland,  Oct., 
1870.  An  American  sculptor. 

Mozley  (moz'li),  James  Bowling.  Born  at 
Gainsborough,  Sept.  15,  1813:  died  at  Shore- 
ham,  Jan.  4,  1878.  An  English  divine  and 
theologian.  He  was  a graduate  of  Oxford  (Magdalen 
College),  and  became  vicar  of  Old  Shoreham  (1856),  canon 
of  Worcester,  and  (1871)  regius  professor  of  divinity  at 
Oxford.  He  wrote  “On  the  Augustinian  Doctrine  of  Pre- 
destination ” (1855),  “The  Primitive  Doctrine  of  Baptismal 
Regeneration " (1856),  “On  Miracles  " (1865),  etc. 

Mpongwe  (mpong'gwe).  A Bantu  tribe  of  the 
French  Kongo,  settled  around  the  Gabun  estu- 
ary, famous  as  traders  and  middlemen  between 
the  whites  and  the  interior  natives.  Semi-civilized 
and  corrupted  by  prolonged  contact  with  the  whites,  they 
are  dying  out,  but  their  language  will  remain,  since  it  is 
adopted  by  the  inland  natives  who  press  to  the  coast.  The 
Mpongwe  are  divided  into  four  social  classes:  (a)  the 
Mpongwe  of  pure  blood;  (b)  those  descended  from  an 
alien  mother ; (c)  those  bom  of  slave  women ; and  (d) 
slaves. 

Mrichchhakatika  (mrch-eh-ha-ka'ti-ka).  [Skt. 
rnrid,  clay,  and  shakatika,  a small  cart.]  “The 
Little  Clay  Cart,”  a Sanskrit  drama,  it  is  a work 
of  remarkable  power,  comparable  to  the  best  modern  com- 
edies in  plot,  incident,  character  delineation,  and  felicity 
of  diction,  and  extraordinary  in  its  minute  directions  to 
the  actors  and  its  various  scenic  artifices.  It  has  been 
supposed  to  have  been  written  in  the  1st  or  2d  century, 
but  Von  Schroder  puts  it  in  the  6th  or  6th.  Its  authorship 
is  ascribed  in  flattery  to  a king  Shudraka,  who  is  praised 
in  the  prologue.  Pischel,  after  assigning  it  earlier  to  Bhasa, 
believes  its  real  author  to  have  been  Dandin.  The  hero 
is  Charudatta,  a virtuous  Brahman,  reduced  to  poverty  by 
his  generosity ; the  heroine,  Vasantasena,  a beautiful  and 
wealthy  hetaira,  who  loves  him  and  repulses  the  king’s 
brother-in-law,  Samsthanaka.  V asantasena  is  purified  and 
ennobled  by  her  affection,  and  at  last  weds  Charudatta. 
“The  little  clay  cart"  or  “toy  cart,”  from  which  the 
name  comes,  is  a plaything  of  the  little  son  of  Charudatta. 
Visiting  Charudatta  at  his  house,  Vasantasena  finds  his 
child  crying  because  his  toy  cart  is  of  clay  while  the  cart 
of  a neighbor’s  child  is  of  gold.  Vasantasena  fills  the  boy’s 
cart  with  her  jewels,  and  tells  him  to  have  a gold  cart 
made  from  these.  The  Mrichchhakatika  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Wilson,  into  German  by  both  Boht- 
lingk  and  Fritze,  into  French  by  Regnaud,  into  Danish  by 
Brandes,  and  into  Russian  by  Kossowitsch.  A full  account 
of  the  play  is  given  in  Von  Schroder’s  “Indien’s  Literatur 
und  Cultur:  Vorlesung  43.” 

Msidi  (mse'de),  or  Mushidi  (mo-she'de).  See 
Garenganze. 

Mstislavl  (mste-slavl').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Mohileff,  Russia.  57  miles  east  of  Mohi- 
leff.  Population,  over  10,000. 

Mtesa  (mta'sa).  Died  1885.  A king  of  tkeGanda 
tribe,  East  Africa,  made  famous  by  the  visits  at 
his  court  of  Speke,  Grant,  Emin,  and  Stanley. 
He  treated  with  the  khedive  and  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  as 
an  equal.  He  had  many  good  qualities,  but  kept  wavering 
between  paganism,  Islam,  and  Christianity  until  his  death. 

Mtsensk  (mtsensk).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Orel,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Zusha 
34  miles  northeast  of  Orel. 

Muata-Yamvo  (mwaJta-yam'vd).  The  title  of 
the  king  of  the  Lunda  nation  in  central  Africa : 
once  the  greatest  potentate  of  Africa,  now  great- 
ly reduced  by  civil  wars  and  the  raids  of  the 
Makioko. 

Mucedorus  (mu-se-do'rus).  A play,  probably 
by  T.  Lodge,  acted  in  1653,  printed  in  1598.  It 
has  been  assigned  to  Shakspere  without  reason- 
able ground. 

Much  (much).  A miller’s  son,  one  of  Robin 
Hood’s  band,  said  to  have  been  a real  person. 

Much  Ado  about  N othing.  A comedy  by  Shak- 
spere, produced  in  1597-98.  It  was  first  printed 
in  1600.  The  play  was  known  as  "Benedict  and  Bettris” 
in  1613,  and  is  probably  the  same  as  “Love's  Labour ’s 
Won  ” (which  see).  The  story  of  Hero  is  taken  with  some 
variations  from  one  of  Bandello’s  tales,  which  probably  was 
borrowed  from  the  story  of  Geneura  and  Ariodantes  in  the 
“ Orlando  Furioso  ” of  Ariosto.  This  part  of  the  play,  how- 
ever, is  subordinated  by  Shakspere  to  the  loves  of  Bene- 
dick and  Beatrice. 

Mucius  Scsevola.  See  Scsevola. 

Miicke  (miik'ke),  Heinrich  Karl  Anton.  Born 
at  Breslau,  Prussia,  April  9, 1806 : died  at  Diis- 
seldorf,  Jan.  17,  1891.  A German  historical 
painter,  a pupil  of  the  Berlin  and  Diisseldorf 
academies,  and  professor  at  the  latter  from  1844. 

Mucklewrath  (muk'l-riitk),  Habakkuk.  In 


Mugwumps 

Scott’s  novel  ‘ ‘ Old  Mortality,”  a fanatical  leader 
of  the  Covenanters. 

Muckross  (muk'ros).  A peninsular  tract  be- 
tween two  of  the  lakes  of  Killarney,  County 
Kerry,  Ireland,  notable  for  its  abbey,  a Fran- 
ciscanfoundationofthel5thcentury.  The  church 
lias  a low,  square  tower  at  the  crossing,  a recessed  pointed 
doorway  at  the  west  end,  and  a very  beautiful  east  win- 
dow. The  quadrangular  cloister  is  almost  perfect,  about 
50  feet  to  a side,  and  of  great  beauty.  On  two  sides  the 
arches  are  semicircular.  Of  the  secular  buildings  the  dor- 
mitory, refectory,  and  kitchen  are  noteworthy. 

Mucuchies.  See  Timotes. 

Mudania  (mo-da/ne-a).  A town  in  the  vilayet 
of  Khodavendikyar,  Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sea  of  Marmora  50  miles  south  of 
Constantinople.  Population,  estimated,  6,000. 
Mudie  (mu'di),  Charles  Edward.  Bom  at 
Chelsea,  Oct.  18, 1818 : died  at  Hampstead,  Oct. 
28,  1890.  An  English  bookseller,  in  1842  he 
founded  Mudie’s  Library,  which  is  now  the  largest  circu- 
lating library  in  London.  He  wrote  “ Stray  Leaves  ” (1872). 

Mudki,  or  Moodkee  (mod'ke).  A place  in  the 
Panjab,  British  India,  67  miles  south-southeast 
of  Lahore.  Here,  Dec.,  1845,  the  British  under 
Gough  defeated  the  Sikhs. 

Mudrarakshasa  (mo-dra-rak'sha-sa).  [Skt., 
‘ Rakshasa  and  the  Signet-ring.’]  A celebrated 
Sanskrit  political  drama,  in  seven  acts,  by  Vi- 
shakhadatta : ascribed  by  Wilson  to  the  11th  or 
12th  century,  by  Pischel  to  the  beginning  of 
the  11th,  and  by  Kashinath  Trimbak  Telang  and 
Hillebrandt  to  the  7th  or  8th.  it  introduces  chan- 
dragupta  or  Sandrocottus,  the  great  founder  of  the  Maurya 
dynasty,  and  his  minister  Chanakya,  an  Indian  Machia- 
velli.  The  latter  is  represented  as  having  slain  King  Nanda 
and  assisted  Chandragupta  to  the  throne.  The  design  ia 
to  show  how  Chanakya  by  all  possible  means  effects  a rec- 
onciliation between  Rakshasa,  the  minister  of  the  mur- 
dered Nanda,  and  the  persons  on  whose  behalf  he  was 
killed.  It  has  been  translated  into  English  by  Wilson. 

Muerto(mo-ar'to),  Jornada  del.  [Sp.,  ‘journey 
of  the  dead.’]  A very  arid  plateau,  about  65 
miles  long  and  from  20  to  30  broad,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  separated  from  that 
river  by  a series  of  arid  mountains,  the  Sierra 
Fra  Cristobal,  Sierra  del  Caballo,  and  Sierra 
del  Perrillo.  There  is  permanent  water  in  one  locality 
only.  Previous  to  the  construction  of  the  Atchison,  To- 
peka, and  Santa  Fb  Railroad,  the  Jornada  del  Muerto  was 
a much  dreaded  portion  of  the  road  between  El  Paso  del 
Norte  and  Santa  Fb,  both  on  account  of  its  aridity  and  on 
account  of  the  Apaches  who  almost  constantly  infested 
the  region.  Artesian  wells  have  lately  been  sunk  i n various 
places,  and  cattle  are  being  herded  on  some  portions. 

Muette  de  Portici,  La.  An  opera  by  Auber, 
words  by  Scribe  and  Delavigne.  It  was  produced 
at  Paris  in  1828,  and  in  England  as  “Masaniello”  in  English 
in  1829  and  as  “La  Muta  di  Portici"  in  Italian  in  185L 
Mug  (mug),  Matthew.  A character  in  Foote’s 
“Mayor  of  Garratt,”  said  to  be  a satirical  por- 
trait of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle. 

Miigge  (miig'ge),  Theodor.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  8,  1806:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  18, 1861.  A 
German  novelist  and  writer  of  travels.  Among 
his  works  are  “Die  Schweiz”  (“Switzerland,” 
1847),  the  novel  “ Toussaint”  (1840),  etc. 
Muggendorf  (mog'gen-dorf).  A village  inUpper 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Wiesent 
25  miles  north-northeast  of  Nuremberg.  There 
are  celebrated  stalactitie  grottoes  in  the  vicinity. 
Muggleton  (mug'l-ton),  Lodowick  or  Ludo- 
wick.  Born  1609 : died  1697  or  1698.  An  English 
fanatic,  founder,  conjointly  with  John  Reeve, 
of  the  Muggletonians.  His  doctrines  were  pub- 
lished in  “ The  Divine  Looking-Glass”  (1656). 
Muggletonians(mug-l-to'ni-anz).  A sectfound- 
ed  in  England  by  Lodowick  Muggleton  and 
John  Reeve  about  1651.  The  members  of  the  sect 
believed  in  the  prophetic  inspiration  of  its  founders,  as 
being  the  two  witnesses  mentioned  in  Rev.  xi.  3-6,  and 
held  that  there  is  no  real  distinction  between  the  persons 
of  the  Trinity,  that  God  has  a human  body,  and  that  Elijah 
was  his  representative  in  heaven  when  he  descended  to  die 
on  the  cross.  The  last  member  of  the  sect  is  said  to  have 
died  in  1868. 

Mughals.  See  Moguls. 

Mugheir.  See  Ur. 

Mug-house  Club.  A club  which  met  at  Long- 
acre  in  London  in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. Its  name  came  from  the  fact  that  each  member 
drank  his  ale  out  of  his  own  mug.  After  this  a number 
of  mug-houses  were  established  by  the  partizans  of  the 
Hanover  succession,  in  order  that  the  Protestants  might 
rally  in  them  against  the  Jacobite  mobs.  It  was  at  one  of 
these,  in  Salisbury  Court,  Fleet  street,  that  the  most  serious 
of  the  “ Mug-house  riots  ” took  place  (July  23, 1716).  The 
mob  attacked  the  Hanoverians  assembled  there,  the  fight- 
ing continued  all  night,  and  the  ringleader  of  the  mob  was 
killed. 

Mugwumps  (mug'wumps).  [From  Algonquian 
mugquomp,  a chief  or  leader.]  In  United  States 
political  history,  the  independent  members  of 
the  Republican  party  who  in  1884  openly  re- 
fused to  support  the  nominee  (Blaine)  of  that 


Mugwumps 

party  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States, 
and  either  voted  for  the  Democratic  or  the 
Prohibitionist  candidate  or  abstained  from 
voting.  The  word  was  not  generally  known  in  any  sense 
before  this  time,  but  it  took  the  popular  fancy,  and  was  at 
once  accepted  by  the  Independents  themselves  as  an  hon- 
orable title. 

Muharram  (mo-har'am).  [Ar.]  The  first  month 
of  the  Mohammedan  year ; also,  a religious  fes- 
tival held  during  that  month.  The  ceremonies  with 
the  Shiah  Moslems  have  special  reference  to  the  death  of 
Hasan,  grandson  of  Mohammed,  who  is  looked  upon  by 
the  Shiahs  as  a martyr.  With  the  Sunnites  they  have  ref- 
erence to  the  day  of  creation.  Also  Moharram. 
Muhlbach  (miil'bach).  [G-.,  ‘mill-stream.’]  A 
town  in  Transylvania,  8 miles  south  of  Karls- 
burg.  Population,  commune,  7,770. 
Miihlbach,  Luise.  See  Mundt. 

Miihlberg  (mfil'berG).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  35  miles  northwest  of  Dresden.  Here,  April 
24,  1547,  the  Imperialists  under  Charles  V.  defeated  John 
Frederick  I. , elector  of  Saxony. 

Miihldorf  (miil'dorf).  A town  in  Upper  Bava- 
ria, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Inn  44  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Munich.  Here,  Sept.  28,  1322,  the  em- 
peror Louis  the  Bavarian  defeated  Frederick  of  Austria. 
Also  called  battle  of  Ampflng.  Population,  4,157. 

Muhlenberg  (G.  pron.  miiTen-berG),  Heinrich 
Melchior.  Born  at  Einbeck,  Prussia,  Sept.  6, 
1711:  died  at  Trappe,  Pa.,  Oct.  7, 1787.  AGer- 
man-American  clergyman,  chief  founder  of  the 
Lutheran  Church  in  the  United  States. 
Muhlenberg  (mu'len-berg),  Henry  Augustus. 
Bom  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  May  13,  1782:  died  at 
Reading,  Pa.,  Aug.  11,  1844.  An  American 
clergyman  and  Democratic  politician,  son  of 
G.  H.  E.  Muhlenberg.  He  was  minister  to  Aus- 
tria 1838-40. 

Muhlenberg,  John  Peter  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Trappe,  Pa.,  Oct.  1,  1746:  died  near  Philadel- 
phia, Oct.  1, 1807.  An  American  Revolutionary 
general  and  politician,  son  of  H.  M.  Muhlen- 
berg. 

Muhlenberg,  William  Augustus.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  16, 1796:  died  at  New  York, 
April  8,  1877.  An  American  Episcopalian  cler- 
gyman, hymn-writer,  and  hymnologist. 
Miihlhausen  (in  Alsace).  See  Miilhausen. 
Miihlhausen  (miil'hou-zen).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Unstrut  21  miles  northwest  of  Gotha.  It  has  im- 
portant manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen,  etc. ; was  for- 
merly a free  imperial  city  ; and  was  the  headquarters  of 
Thomas  Miinzer  1524-25.  Population,  commune,  34,359. 

Miihlheim.  See  Mulheim. 

Muiopotmos  (moi-6-pot'mos),  or  the  Tale  of 

the  Butterfly.  [Gr.  pvia,  fly,  and  irdr/iog,  lot, 
destiny.]  A poem  by  Spenser,  in  octave  rime, 
published  in  1591  in  the  volume  known  as  “ Com- 
plaints.” 

Muir  (mur),  John.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Feb.  5, 
1810:  died  at  Edinburgh,  March  7,  1882.  A 
Scottish  Sanskrit  scholar.  He  was  educated  at  Glas- 
gow University  and  at  the  East  India  Company’s  College 
at  Haileybury.  From  1829  to  1853  he  held  various  civil  and 
judicial  positions  in  India.  In  1862  he  founded  the  chair 
of  Sanskrit  at  Edinburgh  University.  His  “Original  San- 
skrit Texts,  etc.,’’  appeared  1858-70.  He  published  a vol- 
ume of  metrical  translations  from  Sanskrit  writers. 
Muir,  John.  Born  at  Dunbar,  Scotland,  April 
21,  1838.  An  American  naturalist  and  writer. 
For  a number  of  years  he  made  his  headquarters  in  the 
Yosemite  region,  demonstrating  the  theory  of  its  glacial 
formation,  and  making  a comprehensive  study  of  the  geo- 
logical and  botanical  features  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  In 
1879  he  went  to  Alaska  and  explored  the  region  north  of 
Fort  Wrangel,  discovering  Glacier  Bay  and  the  glacier 
bearing  his  name ; and  in  1881  accompanied  one  of  the 
expeditions  to  the  Arctic  in  search  of  the  lost  Jeanette. 
He  has  published  in  magazines  and  has  also  edited  “Pic- 
turesque California,”  and  published  “The  Mountains  of 
California”  (1894),  “Our  National  Parks”  (1901),  “My 
First  Summer  in  the  Sierra  ” (1911),  etc. 

Muir,  Sir  William.  Born  1819:  died  July  11, 
1905.  A Scottish  Arabic  scholar,  brother  of 
John  Muir.  ne  entered  the  B engal  civil  service  in 
1837.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Northwest 
Provinces  1868-74  ; was  financial  minister  to  the  Indian 
government  1874-76;  and  was  principal  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  1885-1902.  ne  wrote  a “Life of  Mahomet" 
(1858-61),  “ Annals  of  the  Early  Caliphate  ” (1883),  etc. 

Mukden,  or  Moukden  (mok-den'),  or  Shing- 
king  (shing'king').  The  capital  of  Manchuria, 
situated  on  a brunch  of  the  Liao  about  lat.  41° 
45'  N.,  long.  123°  40'  E.  It  is  on  a branch  of 
the  Siberian  Railroad.  Niu-chuang  is  its  sea- 
port. The  Russian  army  under  General  Kuropatkin 
was  defeated  here  hy  the  Japanese  under  Marshal  Oyama, 
Feb.  23-March  10,  1905. 

Mukhtar  (mokh-tar')  Pasha,  Achmed.  Born 
at  Brusa,  Asia  Minor,  Sept.,  1832.  A Turkish 
general.  He  was  appointed  governor-general  of  Bosnia 
in  1875,  and  commander-in  chief  in  Armenia  in  1877.  He 
defeated  the  Russians  at  Zevin  June  25,  and  at  Kizil-Tepe 

VI.  24 


713 

Aug.  25,  but  was  in  turn  defeated  at  Aladja  Oct.  16,  and  at 
Deve-Boyun  Nov.  4,  1877. 

Mula  (mo'la).  A town  in  the  province  of  Mur- 
cia, Spain,  19  miles  west  of  Murcia.  Popula- 
tion, 12,731. 

Mulahacen  (mo-la-a-then'),  or  Mulhac6n  (mol- 
a-then').  The  highest -summit  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains,  Spain,  about  25  miles  east 
by  south  of  Granada.  Height,  about  11, 660feet. 
Mulberries,  The.  See  the  extract. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year  1824,  some  young  men  met 
at  a humble  tavern,  the  Wrekin,  in  the  genial  neighbour- 
hood of  Covent  Garden,  with  Shakspeare  as  their  common 
idol ; and  it  was  a regulation  of  this  club  that  some  paper, 
or  poem,  or  conceit  bearing  upon  Shakspeare  should  be 
contributed  by  each.  Hither  came  Douglas  Jerrold,  and 
he  was  soon  joined  by  Laman  Blanchard.  Upon  Jerrold’s 
suggestion  the  club  was  called  the  Mulberries  and  their 
contributions  Mulberry  leaves.  . . . The  club  did  not, 
however,  die  easily;  it  was  changed  and  grafted  in  times 
nearer  the  present,  when  it  was  called  the  Shakspeare 
Club.  Charles  Dickens,  Mr.  Justice  Talfourd,  Daniel  Mac- 
lise,  Mr.  Maeready,  Mr.  Frank  Stone,  etc.,  belonged  to  it. 
Respectability  killed  it.  Timbs. 

Mulberry  Garden.  A place  of  refreshment  in 
London,  much  frequented  hy  persons  of  quality 
in  the  17th  century.  Sir  Charles  Sedley  produceda 
comedy  with  this  title  in  1668.  It  is  partly  taken  from 
Moliere’s  “Ecoie  des  maris." 

Mulcaster  (mul'kas-ter),  Richard.  Born  at 
Carlisle : died  April  15, 1611.  An  English  philol- 
ogist. He  was  a scholar  in  King’s  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1548,  and  a student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1555. 
He  was  made  master  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  in  1561, 
and  of  St.  Paul’s  School  in  1596,  and  taught  Spenser.  He 
wrote  “ Positions,  etc.,  necessarie  for  the  Training  up  of 
Children,  etc."  (1581),  “The  First  Part  of  the  Elementarie 
. . . of  the  Right  Writing  of  our  English  Tung  ”(1582),  etc. 
Mulciber  (mul'si-ber).  [L.,  ‘the  softener.’]  In 
Roman  mythology,  a surname  of  Vulcan. 
Mulde  (mol'de).  A river  in  Saxony,  Prussia, 
and  Anhalt.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Zwickauer 
Mulde  and  the  Freiberger  Mulde,  and  joins  the  Elbe  3 
miles  north  of  Dessau.  Length  (including  the  Zwickauer 
Mulde),  about  200  miles. 

Mulder  (mol'der),  Gerardus  Johannes.  Born 
at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  Dec.  27,  1802:  died 
at  Utrecht,  April,  1880.  A Dutch  physician 
and  chemist,  professor  of  chemistry  at  Utrecht 
1840-68 : especially  noted  for  his  researches 
on  protein. 

Mule  sans  Frein  (miil  son  fran),La.  [F.,‘  The 
Mule  without  a Bridle.’]  A French  romance 
which  has  hy  some  been  attributed  to  Payans 
Maizieres,  and  by  others  to  Chrestiende  Troyes. 

The  tale  has  been  versified  by  Mr.  Way  and  by  the  Ger- 
man poet  Wieland  [“  Des  Maulthiers  Zaum”]. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  268. 

Mulets  ( mil-la'),  Grands-,  and  Mulets,  Petits-. 

Noted  points  on  the  slope  of  Mont  Blanc. 
Mulford(mul'iqrd),  Elisha.  Born  at  Montrose, 
Pa.,  Nov.  19,  1833:  died,  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Dec.  9,  1885.  An  American  Episcopal  clergy- 
man and  philosophical  writer.  His  works  include 
“The  Nation”  (1870)  and  “The  Republic  of  God"(1881). 

Mulgrave,  Earls  of.  See  Sheffield  and  Plvipps. 
Mulgrave  (mul'grav)  Archipelago.  A name 
given  sometimes  to  the  Marshall  Islands, Pacific 
Ocean,  sometimes  collectively  to  the  Marshall 
and  Gilbert  groups. 

Mulgrave  Islands.  A small  group  of  islands 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Marshall  group, 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Mulhacen.  See  Mulahacen. 

Miilhausen,  or  Miihlhausen  (miil'hou-zen), 
E.Mulhouse(miil-bz').  AcityinUpper Alsace, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  the  111  61  miles 
south-southwest  of  Strasburg.  It  is  the  chief  man- 
ufacturing center  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  being  especially 
noted  for  its  manufactures  of  cotton  goods  (including  mus- 
lins, calicoes,  etc.),  and  has  also  manufactures  of  iron 
wares,  machinery,  chemicals,  and  paper.  It  contains  an 
artisans’  colony  (Arheiterstadt).  Formerly  it  was  a free 
imperial  city.  It  was  in  close  alliance  with  the  Swiss  Con- 
federation 1515-1798 ; was  annexed  to  France  in  1798;  was 
occupied  hy  the  Germans  in  1870 ; and  was  annexed  to  Ger- 
many in  1871.  Population,  commune,  94,498. 

Miilheim-on-the-Rhine(mul'him-on-THe-rin'). 
A town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Rhine  nearly  opposite  Cologne,  it 

has  flourishing  manufactures  and  river  commerce.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  50,811. 

Mulheim-on-the-Ruhr  (-ror').  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ruhr  34  miles  north  of  Cologne. 
Population,  commune,  110,658,  (1910). 
Mulhouse.  Seo  Mulhausen. 

Mull  (mul).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Argyllshire,  Scotland.  Chief  place,  Tobermory. 
It  is  separated  from  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire  by  the 
Sound  of  Mull  and  the  Firth  of  Lorn.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous and  rugged.  Area,  347  square  miles. 

Mull,  Sound  of.  A sea  passage  separating  Mull 
from  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire  on  the  north- 
east. Width,  about  2 miles. 


Muller,  Karl  Otfried 

Miillenhoff  (mfil'len-hof),  Karl  Victor.  Born 

at  Marne,  Holstein,  Sept.  8,  1818 : died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  19,  1884.  A German  philologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1858.  He  published  various 
works  on  Germanic  philology  and  antiquities. 

Mullens  (mul'enz),  or  Mullins  (mul'inz),  Pris- 
cilla. The  wife  of  John  Ahlen,  and  the  heroine 
of  Longfellow’s  poem  “ The  Courtship  of  Miles 
Standish.” 

Muller  (mfi-lar'),  Charles  Louis,  called  Mul- 
ler de  Paris.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  22,  1815 : 
died  there,  Jan.  10,  1892.  A French  historical 
painter.  Amonghis  works  are  the  “Roll  Call  of  the  Last 
Victims  of  the  Reign  of  Terror,”  "Marie  Antoinette  at 
the  Trianon,”  "Charlotte  Corday  in  Prison,”  "Galileo 
before  Cardinal  Barberini,”  etc. 

Muller  (mul  Ter), Eduard.  [The  G.  surname  Mul- 
ler =P,.  Miller. ] Born  at  Brieg,  Prussia,  Nov.  12, 
1804;  died  at  Liegnitz,  Prussia,  Nov.  30,  1875. 
A German  author,  brother  of  K.  O.  Muller. 
Miiller,  Frederick  (Friedrich)  Maximilian, 
generally  called  Max  Miiller.  Born  at  Dessau, 
Germany,  Dec.  6,  1823  : died  at  Oxford,  Oct.  28, 
1900.  A German-English  Sanskrit  scholar  and 
comparative  philologist,  son  of  Wilhelm  Muller. 
He  was  educated  at  Leipsic,  Berlin,  and  Paris,  and  in  1846 
wentto  England,  and  in  1860 settled  atOxford.  He  became 
professor  of  modern  languages  and  literature  there  in  1854, 
and  was  professor  of  comparative  philology  1868-1900.  In 
1856  he  became  connected  with  the  Bodleian  Library,  and 
1865-67  was  curatorof  Oriental  works.  He  edited  and  trans- 
lated the  “ Hitopadesa”  (1844),  and  edited  the  Rig-Veda(6 
vols.  1849-74),  etc.  His  chief  works  are  “ A History  of  An- 
cient Sanskrit  Literature  ” (1859),  “ Lectures  on  the  Science 
of  Language"  (1861-64),  “Handbooks  for  the  Study  ofSan- 
skrit”  (1S65-70:  comprising  grammar,  dictionary,  etc.), 
“Chips  from  a German  Workshop  ” (1868-75),  “Lectures 
on  the  Science  of  Religion”  (1870),  “On  the  Origin  and 
Growth  of  Religion  as  illustrat  ed  by  t he  R-ligions  of  India  ” 
(1878),  and  translations  of  various  Oriental  works. 

Miiller,  Friedrich,  called  Muller  the  Painter, 
or  Maler  Muller.  BornatKreuznach,  Prussia, 
Jan.  13,  1749:  died  at  Rome,  April  23, 1825.  A 
German  poet,  painter,  and  engraver. 

Muller,  Friedrich.  Born  at  Jemnik,  Bohemia, 
March  5, 1834;  died  at  Vienna,  May  25, 1898.  A 
German  comparative  philologist  and  ethnolo- 
gist, professor  at  Vienna  from  1866. 

Miiller,  George.  Born  near  Halberstadt,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  27,  1805 : died  at  Bristol,  March  10, 
1898.  A German-English  philanthropist.  He 
studied  divinity  at  Halle,  and  went  to  London  in  1829.  In 
1836  he  established  the  Orphan  House  of  Bristol,  to  be  sup- 
ported by  unsolicited  contributions.  In  1856  it  contained 
297  children,  and  had  received  £84,441  as  the  result  of 
prayer  alone.  In  1875  it  contained  2,00f)  children.  He 
wrote  "A  Narrative  of  Some  of  the  Lord’s  Dealings  with 
George  Muller  ” (1837). 

Miiller,  Johann.  See  Regiomontanus. 

Muller,  Johann  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born  at 

Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Dec.  11, 1782 : diednear 
Dresden,  May  3, 181 6.  A German  engraver,  son 
of  J.  G.  von  Muller.  His  chief  work  is  the  “ Sis- 
tine  Madonna”  (after  Raphael). 

Miiller,  Johann  Gotthard  von.  Born  at  Bern- 
hausen,  near  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  May  4, 
1747 : died  at  Stuttgart,  March  14, 1830.  A Ger- 
man engraver. 

Muller,  Johann  Heinrich  Jakob.  Born  at 
Cassel,  Prussia,  April  30, 1809 ; died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  Oct.  3,  1875.  A German  physicist,  pro- 
fessor at  Freiburg  from  1844.  His  chief  work  is 
“ Lelirbuch  der  Physik  und  Meteorologie  ” (1842). 

Miiller,  Johannes  or  Johamn  von.  Born  at 
Sehaflhausen,  Switzerland,  Jan.  3, 1752 : died  at 
Cassel,  Prussia,  May  29,  1809.  A noted  Swiss 
historian.  He  held  various  offices  in  the  service  of 
Mainz,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  director-general  of  education  in  the  kingdom  of  West- 
phalia. His  chief  works  are  “ Geschichte  der  Schweizer  ” 
(“  History  of  the  Swiss,"  4 vols.  1780-1806),  and  “ 24  Bucher 
allgemeiner  Geschichte  ’’  (“  24  Books  of  Universal  History,’’ 
1811) . 

Muller,  Johannes.  Born  at  Coblenz,  Prussia, 
July  14, 1801 : died  at  Berlin,  April  27-28,  1858. 
A celebrated  German  physiologist  and  compar- 
ative anatomist,  professor  at  Bonn  1826-33,  and 
at  Berlin  from  1833.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
modern  physiology,  and  exerted  also  a powerful  influence 
upon  other  departments  of  science.  His  chief  work  is 
“ Handbuch  der  Physiologie  des  Menschen.” 

Miiller,  Julius.  Born  at  Brieg,  Prussia,  April 
10,  1801 : died  Sept.  27,  1878.  A noted  German 
Protestant  theologian,  professor  successively 
at  Gottingen  (1834),  Marburg  (1835),  and  Hallo 
(1839).  His  chief  work  is  "Die  christliche  Lehre  von 
der  Siinde”  ("The  Christian  Doctrine  of  Sin,”  1839). 

Miiller,  Karl  Otfried.  Born  at  Brieg,  Prus- 
sia, Aug.  28,  1797 : died  at  Athens,  Aug.  1,  1840. 
A celebrated  German  Hellenist  and  archaeolo- 
gist, professor  of  archaeology  at  Gottingen  fronr' 
1819.  Among  his  works  are  “Geschichte  hellenischei 
StammeundStaaten  (1820-24),  “ Etrusker  ”(1828),“  Hand- 
buch der  Archiiologie  der  Kunst  ” (1830),  “ Prolegomenon 


Miiller,  Karl  Otfried 

zu  elner  wlssenschaftlichen  Mythologie"  (1825),  “Ge- 
schichte  der  griechischen  Litteratur”  (“History  of  Greek 
Literature,  ” 1841),  maps  of  ancient  Greece,  etc. 

Miiller,  Max.  See  Miiller,  Frederick  Maximilian. 
Miiller.  Otto.  Born  at  Schotten,  Hesse,  June 
1,  1816:  died  at  Stuttgart,  Aug.  7,  1894.  A 
German  novelist.  His  works  include  “ Burger  ” 
(1845)  and  “ Charlotte  Ackermann”  (1854). 
Miiller,  Otto  Frederik.  Bom  1730 : died  1784. 
A Danish  naturalist. 

Miiller,  Peder  Erasmus.  Bom  at  Copenha- 
gen, May  29, 1776:  died  Sept.  4, 1834.  A Danish 
theologian  and  archaeologist,  appointed  profes- 
sor of  theology  atCopenhagen  in  1801,  and  bishop 
of  Zealand  in  1830.  He  wrote  “Library  of  the 
Sagas”  (1816-18),  etc. 

Miiller. Wilhelm.  Born  at  Dessau,  Oct.  7, 1794: 
died  there,  Oct.  1,  1827.  A German  lyric  poet. 

He  was  a student  at  Berlin  in  1812,  and,  after  having  fought 
in  the  war  of  liberation  against  France  1813-14,  resumed 
there  his  studies.  From  1817  to  1819  he  traveled  in  Italy. 
In  the  latter  year  he  returned  to  Dessau,  where  he  be- 
came teacher  of  the  classical  languages  at  the  gymnasium, 
and  librarian  of  the  ducal  library.  His  “Lieder  der  Grie- 
chen  ” (“Songs  of  the  Greeks,”  1821-24)  were  written  dur- 
ing the  Greek  struggles  for  independence.  “Gedichteaus 
den  hinterlassenen  Fapieren  eiues  reisenden  Waldhornis- 
ten  ” (“  Poems  from  the  Posthumous  Papers  of  a Travel- 
ing Bugler”) date  from  1821-27,  “Lyrische  Spaziergange  ” 
(“  Lyric  Walks”)  from  1827.  Some  of  his  lyrics,  especially 
those  set  to  music  by  Schubert  (“Mullerlieder”),  enjoy 
great  popularity.  His  “Vermischte  Schriften  ”(“  Mis- 
cellaneous Writings”)  were  published  at  Leipsic  in 
1830  in  5 vols.  A new  edition  of  his  poems,  with  an 
introduction  by  his  son  Max  Miiller,  appeared  at  Leip- 
sic in  1808. 

Miiller  von  Konigswinter  (miil'ler  f on  ke'nigs- 
vin-ter),  Wolfgang.  Bom  at  Konigswinter, 
Prussia, March  15,1816:  diedatNeuenahr, Prus- 
sia, June  29,  1873.  A German  lyric  and  epic 
poet  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  idyl  “Mai- 
konigin”  (1852). 

Mullheim  (miil'him).  A town  in  Baden,  situ- 
ated 16  miles  southwest  of  Preiburg.  Popula- 
tion, over  3,000. 

Mulligan  Letters.  A series  of  business  letters 
written  by  James  G.  Blaine  to  Warren  Fisher 
of  Boston,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Fisher’s 
bookkeeper,  Mulligan.  They  played  an  important 
part  in  the  political  discussions  which  preceded  the  presi- 
dential nominations  in  1876,  and  especially  in  the  presiden- 
tial canvass  of  1884,  in  which  Blaine  was  the  Republican 
candidate,  as  it  was  alleged  by  his  opponents  that  they 
confirmed  charges  of  corruption  brought  against  him  in 
connection  with  certain  railroads  (the  Union  Pacific  and 
the  Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith). 

Mullingar  (mul-in-gar').  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Westmeath,  Ireland,  situated  near 
the  Brosna  46  miles  west -northwest  of  Dublin. 
Population,  4,500. 

Milliner  (mul'ner),  Amadeus  Gottfried  Adolf. 

Born  at  Langendorf,  near  Weissenfels,  Prussia, 
Oct.  18, 1774 : died  at  Weissenfels,  June  11, 1829. 
A German  dramatist.  Among  his  plays  are 
“ Der  neunundzwanzigstePehruar”(1812),  “ Die 
Schuld  ” (1816). 

Mulluk  (mul'vik),  or  Lower  Coquille.  A tribe 
of  the  Kusan  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
It  formerly  had  a village  on  the  north  side  of  Coquille 
River,  Oregon,  at  its  mouth.  The  survivors  are  on  the 
Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  See  Kusan. 

Mulock,  Dinah  Maria.  See  Craik,  Mrs. 
Mulready  (mul'red-i),  William.  Bora  at  En- 
nis, County  Clare,  Ireland,  April  1,  1786:  died 
at  London,  July  7,  1863.  An  Irish  landscape- 
and  figure-painter.  He  was  made  royal  academician 
in  1816.  Hepainted  “ The  Carpenter's  Shop”  (18091,  “The 
Barber’s  Shop ” (1811),  “ Interior  of  an  English  Cottage” 
(1828),“ Choosing  the  Wedding  Gown  ”(1846),  etc.  In  1840 
he  furnished  the  ornamental  design  for  the  outside  of 
Rowland  Hill's  postal  envelop,  known  as  the  Mul- 
ready envelop,  which  resembled  a folded  hall-sheet  of 
letter-paper. 

Multan,  or  Mooltan  (mol-tan').  1 . A division 
in  the  Pan  jab,  British  India.  Area,  29,520  square 
miles.  Population,  3,014,675.— 2.  A district  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
30°  N.,  long.  72°  E.  Area,  6,107  square  miles. 
Population,  710,626. — 3.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Multan,  situated  near  the  Chenab, 
about  lat.  30°  12'  N.,  long.  71°  28'  E.  it  has  an 

extensive  trade.  It  was  stormed  by  the  Sikhs  in  1818,  and 
by  the  British  in  1849.  Population,  including  cantonment, 
87,394. 

Multnoma  (mult-no'ma).  A probably  extinct 
tribe  of  the  Upper  Chinook  division  of  North 
American  Indians.  Itsformerliabitatwasnear Mult- 
nomah River  and  Falls,  in  Multnomah  County,  Oregon, 
south  of  the  Columbia  River.  See  ChinooJean. 

Muluya  (mo-lo'yii).  A river  in  Morocco  which 
flows  into  the  Mediterranean  near  the  border  of 
Algeria.  Length,  over  300  miles. 

Mumbo  Jumbo  (mum'bo  jum'bo).  Originally  a 
bugbear  common  to  Mandingo  towns,  used  by 
the  natives  to  keep  their  women  in  subjection. 
Mungo  Park  describes  it.  The  words  are  now  used  to  de- 


714 

note  various  idols  or  fetishes  fantastically  clothed,  wor- 
shiped by  certain  negro  tribes. 

Mummius  (mum 'i -us),  Lucius,  surnamed 
Achaicus.  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury B.  C.  A Roman  consul  146  B.  c.  He  defeated 
the  Achfean  League  and  captured  Corinth,  completing  the 
Roman  conquest  of  Greece  (146  B.  C.). 

Muncaczy.  See  Munkacsy. 

Munch  (monch),  Andreas.  Born  at  Christiania, 
Oct.  19, 1811:  died  June  30, 1884.  A Norwegian 
poet  and  dramatist.  His  father  was  the  poet  Johan 
Storm  Munch,  bishop  of  Christiansand.  In  1830  he  went 
to  Christiania  to  study  jurisprudence,  hut  returned  home 
the  following  year  and  remained  there  until  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1832,  when  the  family  removed  to  Christiania. 
He  was  now  obliged  to  support  himself  by  his  own  labors, 
and  soon  gave  up  the  idea  of  a legal  career.  His  first  book 
was  the  collection  of  poems  “ Ephemerer  ” (“  Ephemera  ’’), 
which  appeared  in  1837.  This  was  followed  in  the  succeed- 
ing year  by  along  poem  “ Sangerinden ” (“The  Singer”), 
and  by  his  first  drama,  “Kong  Sverres  Ungdom  ” (“King 
Sverre’s  Youth  ”),  which  was  awarded  the  first  prize  and 
the  honor  of  production  at  the  opening  of  the  new  Nor- 
wegian theater.  In  1846  he  gave  up  the  editorship  of  the 
political  journal  “Constitutionelle,”  which  he  had  in  the 
meantime  assumed,  to  travel  in  France,  Italy,  and  Ger- 
many, where  he  was  absent  a year.  After  his  return  he 
published  “Digte  gamle  og  nye  ” (“  Poems  Old  and  New”) 
and  the  prose  “ Biileder  fraNordog  Syd”  (“  Pictures  from 
North  and  South  ”),  both  in  1848,  followed  by  “ Nye  Digte” 
(“New  Poems”)  in  1850.  The  death  of  his  wife  this  last 
year  gave  rise  to  the  collection  of  poems  published  in  1852 
with  the  title  “ Sorg  og  Trost  ” (“Grief  and  Consolation”). 
He  now  turned  his  attention  again  to  the  drama,  and  wrote, 
between  the  years  1854  and  1856,  “Solomon  de  Caus,”  the 
historical  drama  “Eu  Aften  paa  Giske”  (“An  Evening  at 
Giske”),  and  the  tragedy  “Lord  William  Russel.”  Subse- 
quent works  are  “Samlede  Digte”  (“Collected  Poems,” 
1858),  “Nyere  Digte”  (“Recent  Poems,”  1861),  the  cycle 
“Jesu  Biileder”  (“Pictures  of  Jesus,"  1865),  “Eftersom- 
mer  ” (“  Autumn,”  1867).  He  was  the  author  also  of  other 
poems  and  dramas,  besides  translations  from  Sir  Walter 
Scott  and  a version  of  Tennyson's  “Enoch  Arden." 

Munch  (munch),  Ernst  Hermann  Joseph  von. 

Born  at  Rheinf elden,  Switzerland,  Oct.  25, 1798: 
died  at  Rheinfelden,  June  9, 1841.  A Swiss  his- 
torian. 

Munch  (monch) , Peder  Andreas.  Born  at  Chris- 
tiania, Norway,  Dec.  15,  1810 : died  at  Rome, 
May  25, 1863.  A Norwegian  historian,  philolo- 
gist, and  antiquary : cousin  of  Andreas  Munch. 
His  chief  work  is  “ Det  Norske  Folks Historie ” (“History 
of  the  Norwegian  People,"  1852-63). 

Munchausen,  Baron.  See  Miinclihausen. 
Miinch-Bellinghausen  (miinch'bel'ling-hou- 
zen),  Baron  Eligius  Franz  Joseph  von : pseu- 
donym Friedrich  Halm.  Born  at  Cracow,  April 
2, 1806 : died  at  Vienna,  May  21, 1871.  An  Aus- 
trian dramatist.  His  chief  worksare  “ Griseldis  ” (1834), j 
“Der  Sohn  der  Wildnis”  (“The  Son  of  the  Wilderness,’’ 
1843,  played  in  English  as  “ Ingomar  the  Barbarian  ”), 
“Der  Fechter  von  Ravenna”  (“The  Fencer  of  Ravenna,” 
1854),  and  “Wildfeuer”  (1864). 

Miinchen  (miin'ehen).  German  for  Munich. 
Miinchengratz  (muneli'en-grats).  A town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Iser  39  miles  northeast 
of  Prague.  Here,  June  28,  1866,  the  Prussians  under 
PriuceFrederickCharlesdefeatedtheAustriansand  Saxons 
under  Clam-Gallas.  Population,  commune,  3,985,  (1910), 
Miinchhausen  (miinch'hou-zen),  Baron  Karl 
Friedrich  Hieronymus  von.  Born  at  Boden- 
werder, Hannover, Germany, May  11, 1720:  died 
there,  Feb.  22,  1797.  A German  soldier  in  the 
Russian  service  against  the  Turks,  etc.  a col- 
lection  of  stories  ascribed  to  him,  written  by  R.  E.  Raspe, 
was  published  in  English  in  1785 as  “Baron  Munchausen's 
Narrative  of  his  Marvellous  Travels  and  Campaigns  in 
Russia.”  His  name  is  proverbially  associated  with  ab- 
surdly exaggerated  stories  of  adventure,  etc. 

Mancie  (mun'si).  A city,  capital  of  Delaware 
County,  Indiana,  51  miles  northeast  of  Indian- 
apolis. Population,  24,005,  (1910). 

Munda  (mun'da).  In  ancient  geography,  a town 
in  southern  Spain,  of  undetermined  position. 
It  is  noted  for  the  victory  gained  there,  45  B.  C.,  by  Julius 
Caesar  over  the  sons  of  Pompey. 

Mundaka  Upanishad  (mon'da-ka  o-pa-ni'- 
shad).  An  Upanishad  of  the  Atharvaveda. 
It  contains  3 short  chapters  called  Mundakas,  which  are 
said  by  native  exegetes  to  take  their  name  from  Sanskrit 
munda , ‘shorn,’  because  one  who  comprehends  their  doc- 
trine is  shorn  or  liberated  from  all  error.  It  distinguishes 
between  the  higher  science,  or  the  esoteric  wisdom  of  the 
Upanishads,  and  the  lower,  or  the  knowledge  of  the  Vedas 
and  the  Vedangas.  It  has  been  translated  by  Miiller 
(“Sacred  Books  of  the  East,”  XV.  27). 

Munday  (mun'da),  Anthony.  Born  at  London, 
1553:  died  there,  Aug.,  1633.  An  Elizabethan 
writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  John  Allde,  stationer, 
in  1576.  He  was  made  poet  laureate  of  the  City  of  London, 
and  was  the  author  of  pastoral  poems,  journalistic  tracts 
and  pamphlets,  translations,  romances,  plays,  and  pa- 
geants. He  compiled  “The  Mirror  of  Mutabilitie,  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  Mirror  of  Magistrates,  selected  out  of  the 
Sacred  Scripture,”  in  1579.  His  “ English  Romayne  Life  ” 
(1582)  is  an  account  of  his  experiences  among  Romanist 
refugees  in  France  and  Italy.  In  1586  he  published  “Sweet 
Sobs  and  Amorous  Complaints  of  Shepherds  and  Nymphs,” 
and  in  1618  an  enlarged  edition  of  Stow’s  “London." 
Mundella  (mun-delTa),  Anthony  John.  Born 
1825  : died  at  London,  July  21,  1897.  An  Eng- 


Munkacs 

lish  politician.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  council 
on  education  in  the  Liberal  administration  of  1880-85,  and 
president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  the  cabinet  in  1886,  and 
again  on  Gladstone's  return  to  power  in  1892.  He  resigned 
office  in  May,  1894. 

Miinden  (miin'den).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Hannover,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Fulda  and  Werra,  10  miles  northeast  of  Cassel. 
It  has  a ruined  castle.  Pop.,  commune,  10,754. 

Munden  (mun'den),  Joseph  Shepherd.  Born 
at  London,  1758:  died  there,  Peb.  6,  1832.  An 
English  actor.  He  was  chemist’s  assistant,  lawyer’s 
clerk,  and  copyist  in  turn,  until  his  admiration  for  Gar- 
rick determined  him  to  go  on  the  stage.  He  joined  a 
company  of  strolling  players,  making  his  first  appearance 
at  London  in  1790.  His  success  was  complete.  He  was 
the  original  of  Sir  Robert  Bramble,  Ephraim  Smooth,  Caus- 
tic, Old  Rapid,  etc.,  and  made  Old  Dorn  ton  in  “The  Road 
to  Ruin  ” the  great  triumph  of  his  life.  Charles  Lamb 
celebrated  him,  in  the  “Essays  of  Elia,”  as  the  king  of 
broad  comedy.  He  left  the  stage  May  31,  1824. 

Mundequetes  (mon-de-ka'tes).  A name  given 
by  old  Portuguese  writers  to  the  Bateke  around 
Stanley  Pool,  Africa. 

Mundi  (mon'de).  A hill  state  of  India. 

Mundlah.  See  Mandla. 

Mundt  (rnont),  Madame  (Klara Miiller):  pseu- 
donym Luise  Miihlbach.  Born  at  Neubran- 
denburg,  Germany,  Jan.  2,  1814:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Sept.  26, 1873.  A German  novelist,  wife  of 
Theodor  Mundt.  She  wrote  “ Friedrich  derGrosseund 
sein  Hof  ’’  (“  Frederick  the  Great  and  his  Court,  ” 1853),  and 
other  romanceson  Prussian,  Austrian,  French,  etc.,  history. 

Mundt,  Theodor.  Born  at  Potsdam,  Prussia, 
Sept.  19, 1808 : died  at  Berlin,  May  30,  1861.  A 
German  novelist  and  critic,  one  of  the  “Young 
Germany  ” school  of  writers.  He  became  professor 
of  literature  and  history  at  Breslau  in  1848,  and  professor 
and  librarian  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1850.  Besides 
works  of  fiction,  he  wrote  “Kunst  der  deutschen  Prosa" 
(“Art  of  German  Prose,”  1837),  “ Geschichte  der  Litteratur 
der  Gegenwart”  (“History  of  Contemporary  Literature,” 
1842),  etc. 

Mundurucus  (inon-do-ro-kos').  Apowerf ultribe 
of  Brazilian  Indians,  south  of  the  Amazon,  on 
the  river  Tapajos  near  its  lower  falls,  and  ex- 
tending westward  to  the  branches  of  the  Ma- 
deira. They  are  agriculturists  but  bold  warriors,  and 
were  long  enemies  of  the  neighboring  Muras  and  of  the 
whites.  In  1803  they  made  peace  with  the  latter,  and  have 
ever  since  been  their  faithful  friends.  Physically  and  mor- 
ally they  are  one  of  the  finest  of  South  American  races. 
Formerly  they  tattooed  the  face  and  body  in  a peculiar 
pattern.  The  Mundurucus  are  now  partly  civilized,  and  are 
much  employed  as  rubber-gatherers.  They  are  generally 
classified  with  the  Tupi  stock.  Also  written  Mundrucus, 
Mondurocus,  etc. 

Mungo,  Saint.  See  Kentigern. 

Munhaneca  (mo-nya-na'ka).  See  Nyaneka. 

Munich  (mu'nik).  [OHG.  munihha,  pi.,  MHG. 
munichen,  dat.  pi.,  G.  miinchen,  the  monk : from 
a monastery  on  its  site.]  The  capital  of  Ba- 
varia and  of  the  government  district  of  Upper 
Bavaria,  situated  in  a plain  on  the  Isar,  in  lat.  48° 
8'  N.,  long.  11°  35'  E.  It  is  famous  as  an  art,  musical, 
dramatic,  and  educational  center,  and  has  flourishing  com - 
merceandmanufactures,  being  particularly  noted  forbeer- 
brewing.  The  Frauenkirche,  the  archiepiscopal  cathe- 
dral, is  a spacious  15th-century  structure  of  brick  in  a florid- 
Pointed  style.  The  nave  and  aisles  are  of  equal  height, 
with  slender  octagoual  pillars  and  elaborate  vaulting.  The 
cathedral  measures  320  by  117  feet.  Height  of  vaulting, 
108  feet ; of  the  western  towers  (unfinished),  318  feet.  The 
Alte  Residenz,  the  royal  palace,  built  by  the  elector  Maxi- 
milian I.  between  1602  and  1619,  incloses  4 courts,  and  its 
apartments  are  richly  decorated  and  contain  much  that  is 
of  artistic  and  historical  interest.  The  New  Rathaus,  or 
town  hall,  is  alarge  and  picturesque  building  in  the  Pointed 
style,  with  facades  on  the  Marien  Platz  and  the  Diener 
Strasse.  The  Propyhea,  so  called,  on  one  side  of  the  Konigs 
Platz,  form  a magnificent  gateway  completed  in  1862. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  monument  of  Max  Joseph 
I.,  Max  Joseph’s  Platz,  Konigsbau,  national  theater,  court 
chapel,  Festsaalbau,  library  and  museums,  Sieges-Thor 
(Gate  of  Victory),  Bavarian  National  Museum,  monument 
of  Max  IT.,  Maxim ilianeum,  Old  Pinakothek,  New  Pina- 
kothek,  Glyptothek,  Basilica,  Old  Rathaus,  statue  of  Ba- 
varia., and  Ruhmeshalle.  Near  by  is  the  castle  of  Nymphen- 
burg’.  Munich  was  founded  by  Henry  the  Lion,  1158 ; be- 
came the  capital  about  1255 ; was  occupied  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  1632;  and  developed  greatly  under  Louis  I. and 
Maximilian  II.  (1825-64).  Population,  693,053,  (1910). 

Munich,  University  of.  A seat  of  learning 
founded  at  Ingolstadt  in  1472,  and  removed  to 
Landskut  in  1802  and  to  Munich  in  1826.  It 
has  about  7,000  students  and  a library  of  550,- 
000  volumes.  „ _ . , . , 

Munich  Atlas.  See  Kunstmann,  Friedrich. 

Municipio  Neutro.  See  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Munk  (monk),  Salomon.  Born  at  Glogau,  Prus- 
sia, May  14, 1805 : died  Peb.  6, 1867.  A French 
Orientalist,  appointed  (though  blind)  professor 
of  Oriental  languages  at  the  College  de  France 
in  1865:  Ho  translated  from  Maimonides  the 
“More  Nebuchim”  under  the  title  “Le  guide 
des  6gares ” (1856-66),  and  published  “Pales- 
tine” (1845),  etc. 

Munkeics  (mon-kach').  A town  in  the  county 
of  Beregh,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Latorcza 


Munk&cs 

79  miles  northeast  of  Debreczin.  Near  it  is  a 
celebrated  fortress.  Population  (1890),  10,531. 
Munk&csy  (mon'ka-che),  or  Muncaczy  (kat- 
se),  Mihaly  (real  name  Michael  Lieb).  Born 
at  Munkaes,  Hungary,  Feb.  20,  1844:  died  at 
Endenich,  near  Bonn,  May  1,  1900.  A noted 
Hungarian historicalandgenrepainter.  He  stud- 
ied under  a portrait-painter  at  Gyula,  at  the  Vienna  Acad- 
emy, at  Munich  with  Franz  Adam  (wherehe  won  three  first 
prizes),  and  at  Dusseldorf,  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
genre-painting.  In  1869  he  made  a name  with  his  “ Last 
Day  of  a Condemned  Man."  He  went  to  Paris  in  1872,  and 
a few  years  later  began  to  paint  Parisian  scenes.  Here  he 
took  the  medal  of  honor  in  i878,and  later  medals  at  Vienna, 
Munich,  Berlin,  etc.  He  was  ennobled  by  the  Austrian 
government.  He  was  elected  to  the  Munich  Academy  in 
1881,  and  visited  New  York  in  1886.  Among  his  works 
are  “ Milton  dictating  Paradise  Lost " (1878),  “ Christ  be- 
fore Pilate”  (1881),  “Christ  on  Calvary"  (1884),  “Last 
Moments  of  Mozart  ” (1885),  etc. 

Miinnich  (mfin'nich),  Count  Burkhard  Chris- 
toph von.  Born  in  Oldenburg,  Germany,  May, 
1683:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  27,  1767.  A 
Russian  general  and  politician,  distinguished 
as  a commander  against  the  Turks.  He  was 
prime  minister  1740-41. 

Munoz  (mon'yoth),  Fernando,  Duke  of  Rian- 
zares.  Born  at  Tarancon,  Spain,  1810 : died  near 
Havre,  France,  1873.  A Spaniard  who  married 
Queen  Maria  Christina  secretly  in  1833,  and 
openly  in  1844. 

Munoz,  Juan  Bautista.  Born  near  Valencia, 
1745:  died  at  Madrid,  1799.  A Spanish  historian. 
In  1779  he  was  commissioned  by  Charles  III.  to  write  a his- 
tory of  America,  and  for  this  purpose  all  public  and  private 
archives  were  placed  at  his  disposal.  He  collected  a vast 
amount  of  material,  but  only  the  first  volume  of  his  “His- 
toria  del  Nuevo  Mundo”  was  published  (Madrid,  1793). 

Munro  (mun-ro'),  Hugh  Andrew  Johnstone. 

Bom  at  Elgin,  Oct.  19,  1819:  died  at  Rome, 
March  30,  1885.  A Scottish  classical  scholar. 
He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ; was  a fellow  of  Trinity  1843 ; and  became  profes- 
sor of  Latin  in  1869.  He  edited  Lucretius  in  1864  and  Horace 
in  1869,  and  wrote  exceUent  Greek  and  Latin  verse. 

Munsee  (mun'se),  or  Minsiu  (min'si-o).  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  belonging  to 
the  Delaware  Confederacy,  but  commonly  re- 
garded as  distinct.  They  formerly  lived  about  the 
head  waters  of  the  Delaware  River  in  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania.  They  early  became  scattered 
and  incorporated  with  other  tribes.  See  Algonquian. 
Munster  (mun'ster).  An  ancient  province  of 
Ireland,  occupying  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
island.  It  comprises  the  counties  Tipperary,  Waterford, 
Cork,  Kerry,  Limerick,  and  Clare.  It  was  an  early  medieval 
kingdom.  The  ancient  capital  was  Cashel.  Population, 
1,076,188. 

Munster  (mun'ster).  [From  L.  monasterium,  a 
cloister.]  A former  bishopric  of  Westphalia 
and  principality  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It 
was  created  in  the  middle  ages.  The  archbishops  of  Co- 
logne became  bishops  of  Munster  in  1719.  The  bishopric 
was  secularized  in  1803,  and  the  territories  divided  be- 
tween Prussia  and  various  minor  states.  They  were  divided 
between  Prussia  and  Hannover  by  the  Vienna  Congress  in 
1814-15. 

Miinster.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  West- 
phalia and  of  the  government  district  of  Mun- 
ster, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Miinstersche  Aa 
in  lat.  51°  57'  N.,  long.  7°  35'  E.  it  has  manufac- 
tures  of  linen,  cotton,  leather,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  chief- 
ly of  the  13th  century,  though  in  many  features  of  style 
and  design  it  appears  older.  The  B,athaus  is  notable  for 
its  Friedenssaal,  in  which  the  peace  of  Westphalia  was 
signed  in  1648,  and  which  contains  many  historic  relics,  and 
for  its  main  facade  of  the  end  of  the  14th  century.  The 
Church  of  St.  Lambert,  Liebfrauen-Kirche,  and  many  old 
buildings  are  of  interest.  It  is  the  seat  of  a university 
(discontinued  in  1818  and  revived  in  1902),  and  was  made 
the  seat  of  a bishopric  by  Charles  the  Great  about  800.  Its 
early  name  was  Mimigardevord.  It  was  a Hanseatic  town, 
and  was  famous  as  the  center  of  the  Anabaptist  excesses 
under  John  of  Leyden,  Matthiesen,  Knipperdolling,  and 
others  in  1534-35.  Bishop  von  Galen  took  forcible  posses- 
sion of  it  in  1661.  It  was  a literary  center  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury. Population,  commune,  81,468. 

Miinster.  Atownin  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  on  the  Fecht  46  miles  southwest 
of  Strasburg.  Formerly  it  was  a free  imperial 
city.  Population,  commune,  6,082. 

Miinster  (in  Switzerland).  See  Moutier. 
Miinster,  Peace  of.  See  Westphalia,  Peace  of. 
Miinster,  Sebastian.  Born  at  Ingelheim,  Ger- 
many, 1489  : , died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  May 
23,  1552.  A German  geographer,  Orientalist, 
and  mathematician,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Basel.  He  wrote  “ Cosmographia  universalis  ” 
(1544),  etc. 

Miinsterberg  (mun'ster-bero).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Ohlan  37  miles  south  of  Breslau.  Population, 
commune,  8,475. 

Miinstertbal  (miin'ster-tal).  [G., 'Miinster  val- 
ley.’] 1.  A valley  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Swit- 
zerland. See  Moutiers,  Val. — 2.  A valley  in 


715 

the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Gri- 
sons,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lower  Enga dine. 

Miinter  (miin'ter),  Balthasar.  Born  at  Lii- 
beck,  March  24, 1735 : died  at  Copenhagen,  Oct. 
5, 1793.  A German  hvmn-writer  and  pulpit  ora- 
tor, preacher  at  Copenhagen  from  1765. 
Miinter,  Friedrich  Christian  Karl  Heinrich. 
Born  at  Gotha,  Germany,  Oct.  14,  1761 : died  at 
Copenhagen,  April  9, 1830.  A German-Danish 
ecclesiastical  historian  and  archaeologist,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  theology  at  Copenhagen  in 
1788,  and  bishop  of  Zealand  in  1808. 

Miinzer  (miint'ser),  Thomas.  Born  at  Stol- 
berg  in  the  Harz,  about  1490:  executed  at 
Miiblhausen,  Prussian  Saxony,  May  30, 1525.  A 
German  religious  enthusiast.  He  studied  at  Halle, 
possibly  also  at  Wittenberg,  and  in  1520  became,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Luther,  an  evangelical  preacher  at 
Zwickau,  where,  in  connection  with  Nicholas  Storch  and 
others,  he  organized  the  Anabaptist  movement.  He  was 
expelled  in  1521,  and,  after  a visit  to  Bohemia  and  various 
German  cities,  became  a preacher  at  Allstedt  in  1523.  Ex- 
pelled in  1524  through  the  influence  of  Luther,  of  whom 
he  was  now  a determined  opponent,  he  became  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  a preacher  in  the  free  city  of  Miiblhausen  in 
Thuringia.  He  made  himself  master  of  the  city,  deposed 
the  city  council,  and  introduced  a d emocratic  communistic 
government.  The  peasant  insurrection  which  broke  out 
in  Swabia  and  Franconia  (1525)  having  reached  Thuringia, 
he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a band  of  8,000  Anabap- 
tists and  insurgent  peasants,  and  inaugurated  a war  of  ex- 
termination against  the  nobility  and  the  clergy.  He  was 
defeated  by  Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  and  George,  dukeof 
Saxony,  at  Frankenhausen,  May  15,  1525  ; was  captured  in. 
the  flight ; and  was  tried  and  executed. 

Munzinger  (mont'sing-er),  Werner.  Born  at  Ol- 
ten,  Switzerland,  April  21, 1832 : died  in  Africa, 
Nov.  16, 1875.  An  African  explorer  and  linguist. 
He  lived  in  Egypt  1852-53,  occupied  with  mercantile  af- 
fairs ; conduct  ed  a trading  expedition  to  the  Bed  Sea  1S54- 
1855;  lived  among  the  Bogos  1855-56,  and  published  “Sit- 
ten  und  P„echt  der  Bogos  " 1859 ; was  with  Heuglin’s  ex- 
pedition in  1861 ; explored  the  land  of  Bazen  and  arrived 
in  Khartum  1862 ; as  chief,  in  Heuglin’s  place,  explored 
Kordofan  ; and  returned  to  Europe.  He  published  “Ost- 
afrikanische  Studien  " (1S64),  “Die  deutsche  Expedition 
in  Ostafrika”  (1865),  “Voeabulaire  de  la  langue  Tigrd” 
(1865).  He  became  British  consul  at  Massowah  in  1865  and 
assistant  of  Lord  Napier ; French  consul  in  1868  ; Egyptian 
governor  in  1370 ; and  governor-general  of  Eastern  Sudan 
in  1872.  He  was  fatally  wounded  in  an  expedition  against 
Abyssinia,  and  died  at  Aussa. 

Muottathal,  orMuotatbal  (mo-ot'a-tiil).  1.  A 
valley  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Switzerland. — 
2.  A town  in  that  valley. 

Muphrid  (mu'frid).  [Ar.  at-mufrid  al-ramih, 
the  solitary  star  of  the  lancer.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  Bootis,  in  the  right  leg  of  the 
giant. 

Mur  (mor).  A river  which,  rising  in  Salzburg, 
flows  through  Styria  and  part  of  western  Hun- 
gary and  joins  the  Drave  27  miles  east  of  Wa- 
rasdin.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Murad.  See  Amwrafh. 

Murad  Effendi  (mo'rad  e-fen'di).  Assumed 
name  of  Franz  von  Werner.  See  Werner. 

Muradabad  (mo-ra-da-bad'),  or  Moradabad 
(mo-ra-da-bad').  1.  A district  in  the  United 
Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
28°  45'  N.,  long.  78°  30'  E.  Area,  2,285  square 
miles.  Population,  1,191,993. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Muradabad,  situated  on  the 
Ramganga  97  miles  east  of  Delhi.  It  is  a trad- 
ing center.  Population,  including  cantonment, 
116,876. 

Muralto  (mo-ral'to),  Onuphrio.  The  fictitious 
canon  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Otranto,  from  whom 
Walpole,  as  William  Marshall,  professed  to 
translate  “ The  Castle  of  Otranto.” 

Murano  (mo-rii'no).  An  island  and  town  in 
the  lagoon  of  Venice,  Italy,  1 mile  north  of  Ven- 
ice. It  hag  been  famous  since  the  14th  century  for  its 
glass  manufactures,  and  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  Mu- 
seo  Civico  (with  Venetian  glass  products). 

Muras  (mo'ras).  A horde  of  Brazilian  Indians 
On  the  middle  Amazon.  Formerly  they  were  numer- 
ous and  powerful  in  the  region  between  the  lower  Xapa- 
jds  and  Madeira.  According  to  vague  tradition  they 
came  from  the  upper  Amazon,  driven  out  by  the  Incas  of 
Peru.  They  were  long  at  war  with  the  Mundurucus,  by 
whom  they  were  finally  conquered  about  1788;  since  then 
they  have  led  a wandering  life  in  the  network  of  lakes  and 
channels  about  the  month  of  the  Madeira,  living  in  miser- 
able huts  or  in  canoes,  and  subsist  ing  by  hunting  and  fish- 
ing. A few  hundreds  remain,  in  a very  degraded  state,  and 
much  crossed  with  negro  blood  from  fugitive  slaves.  They 
are  noted  thieves.  Their  language  is  doubtfully  classed 
with  the  Tupi. 

Murat  (mii-ra/),  Joachim.  Bom  at  Bastido, 
Lot,  France,  March  25, 1771 ; executed  at  Pizzo, 
Calabria,  Italy,  Oct.  13,  1815.  A French  mar- 
shal, and  king  of  Naples,  brother-in-law  of  Na- 
poleon I.:  famous  as  a cavalry  commander.  He 
was  the  son  of  an  innkeeper;  studied  theology  at  Tou- 
louse ; entered  the  army  as  a volunteer ; and  served  with 
distinction  in  Italy  1796-97,  and  in  Egypt  1798-99,  becom- 
ing a general  of  division.  He  aided  the  coup  d’etat  of  Nov., 
1799  ; married  Caroline  Bonaparte  Jan.  20,  1800  ; and  was 


Mure,  Sir  William 

made  governor  of  Paris  and  marshal  in  1804,  and  prince 
and  high  admiral  in  1805.  He  commanded  the  cavalry  at 
Marengo  in  1800,  at  Austerlitz  in  1805,  at  Jena  in  1806,  and 
at  Eylau  and  Friedland  in  1807.  In  1806  he  was  made  grand 
duke  of  Berg  and  Cleves ; commanded  in  Spain  in  1808 ; be- 
came king  of  Naples  as  Joachim  I.  Napoleon  in  1808  ; com- 
manded the  French  cavalry  in  1812  ; was  leagued  with  Aus- 
tria in  1814  ; went  over  to  Napoleon  March,  1815  ; was  de- 
feated by  the  Austrians  at  Tolentino  May  2-3,  1815 ; and 
was  captured  in  making  a landing  in  Calabria  in  Oct.,  1816. 

Murat,  Prince  Napoleon  Lucien  Charles.  Born 
at  Milan,  May  16,  1803 : died  at  Paris,  April  10, 
1878.  Son  of  Joachim  Murat.  He  lived  in  the 
United  States  until  1848,  and  was  later  a poli- 
tician and  prince  in  France. 

Muratori  (mo-ra-to're),  Ludovico  Antonio. 
Born  at  Vignola,  near  Modena,  Italy,  Oct.  21, 
1672 : died  at  Modena,  Jan.  23,  1750.  A cele- 
brated Italian  antiquary,  director  of  the  Ambro- 
sian College  and  Library  at  Milan,  and  later 
librarian  to  the  Duke  of  Modena.  His  chief  works 
are“Berum  Italicarumscriptores”  (1723-51),  “An  tiquita  tea 
Italic®  medii  sevi  ” (1738-42),  “ Annali  d’ltalia"  (1744-49). 

Muratorian  (mu-ra-to'ri-an)  Fragment  or 

Canon,  The.  A summary  of  the  canonical 
books  of  the  New  Testament,  in  popular  and 
illiterate  language,  probably  dating  from  the 
period  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  It  was  first  pub- 
lished by  L.  A.  Muratori  in  1740. 

Muravieff  (mo-ra-ve-ef' ),  Nikolai.  Born  1793 : 
died  Nov.  4, 1866.  A Russian  general.  He  served 
with  distinction  against  the  Poles  in  1831,  and  captured 
Kars  in  1855. 

Muravieff  (mo-ra-ve-ef'),  Nikolai,  Count  Mu- 
ra vieff-Amurski.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1803 
(1810?.):  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  19, 1881.  A Russian 
general.  He  was  appointedlieutenant-governorof  Eastern 
Siberia  in  1848,  and  took  possession  of  the  Amur  territory, 
which  was  ceded  by  China  in  1858.  As  a reward  for  this  ser- 
vicehewascreatedacountandpromotedgeneralof  infantry. 

Murchison  (mer'ki-son),  Sir  Roderick  Impey. 

Born  at  Tarradale,  Ross-shire,  Feb.  19,  1792: 
died  Oct.  22,  1871.  A Scottish  geologist.  He 
was  educated  at  the  grammar-school  at  Durham  and  the 
military  college,  Great  Marlow.  In  1808  he  went  to  Gali- 
cia with  Wellesley,  and  was  with  Sir  John  Moore  in  the  re- 
treat to  Corunna.  After  eight  years’  service  he  left  the 
army  and  traveled  in  Europe.  He  took  up  the  study  of 
geology  at  the  suggestion  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  and  in  1825 
read  his  first  paper  before  the  Geological  Society.  He  was 
associated  with  LyeU  and  later  with  Sedgwick  in  Au- 
vergne and  the  Alps.  His  especial  work  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Silurian  System  in  1831  (“  The  Silurian  Sys- 
tem,” 1838),  and  later  the  Devonian.  In  1845  he  published 
"Russia  and  the  Ural  Mountains.”  In  1855  he  was  ap- 
pointed director-general  of  the  Geological  Survey  and  di- 
rector of  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  and  Geological  Mu- 
seum in  J errnyn  street. 

Murcia  (mer'shi-a;  Sp.  pron.  mor'the-a).  A 
province  of  Spain,  bordering  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. It  is  rich  in  metals.  Area,  4,453  square 
miles.  Population,  577,987. 

Murcia.  A former  Moorish  kingdom  in  Spain, 
comprising  the  provinces  of  Murcia  and  Alba- 
cete.  It  was  conquered  by  Castile  1243-53. 

Murcia.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Mur- 
cia, Spain,  situated  on  the  Segura  in  lat.  37° 
59'  N.,  long.  1°  11'  W.  It  has  silk  manufactures. 
The  cathedral,  of  the  14th  century,  has  a broad  Renaissance 
westf  ront  and  tower.  The  walnut  choir-stalls  are  delicately 
carved  with  saints  and  Bible  scenes.  The  family  chapel  of 
Los  Veles,  with  its  tombs,  is  a remarkable  example  of  the 
florid-Pointed  style.  Murcia  was  taken  by  Castilians  about 
1240,  and  was  plundered  by  the  French  in  the  Peninsular 
war.  Population,  75,128. 

Murdoch  (mer'dok),  James  Edward.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  June  25, 1811:  died  at  Cincinnati, 
May  19,  1893.  An  American  actor,  and  pro- 
fessor of  elocution  at  the  Cincinnati  College  of 
Music.  He  made  his  first  appearance  at  Philadelphia  in 
1829.  He  was  versatile,  and  played  a variety  of  leading 
characters.  In  1840,  while  he  was  stage  manager  of  the 
National  Theater,  Boston,  he  left  the  stage  and  devoted 
five  years  to  study,  reappearing  as  Hamlet  in  New  York. 
He  was  considered  thereafter  as  a leading  actor.  When 
the  Civil  War  broke  out,  he  devoted  his  energies  to  the 
support  of  the  Union  as  nurse  while  his  two  sons  were  in 
the  army,  and  gave  readings  for  the  benefit  of  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission. 

Murdock  (mer'dok),  James.  Born  at  West- 
brook, Conn.,  Feb.  16,  1776:  died  at  Columbus, 
Miss.,  Aug.  10,  1856.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional divine  and  scholar.  He  translated  works 
of  Mosheim,  and  the  New  Testament  from  the 
Peshito  version. 

Murdock,  William.  Born  at  Auchinleck,  Ayr- 
shire, Aug.  21, 1754:  died  at  Birmingham,  Nov. 
15,  1839.  A Scottish  inventor.  He  entered  the 
works  of  Boulton  and  Watts,  Birmingham,  in  1777,  and  in 
1795  made  the  first  practical  use  of  illuminating  gas.  He 
also  invented  the  oscillating  steam-engine. 

Murdstone  (merd'ston),  Edward.  In  Dickens’s 
“ David  Copperfield,”  a black-haired,  violent- 
tempered,  vindictive,  cruel  man:  David  Cop- 
perfield’s  stepfather. 

Mure  (mur),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Rowallan, 
Ayrshire,  1594:  died  1657.  A Scottish  poet.  He 


Mure,  Sir  William 

was  wounded  at  Marston  Moor.  He  wrote  the  “ True  Cruci- 
fix for  True  Catholics  " (1629),  and  a version  of  the  Psalms 
(1639). 

Mure  (mil),  William.  Born  near  Caldwell, 
Ayrshire,  July  9,  1799 : died  at  London,  April 
1,  1860.  A Scottish  historian  of  Greek  litera- 
ture. He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  at 
Edinburgh  and  Bonn  universities.  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament for  Renfrew  1846-55.  His  “Critical  History  of 
the  Language  and  Literature  of  Ancient  Greece  ” (5  vols. 
1850-57)  was  unfinished  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
a colonel  in  the  Renfrewshire  militia. 

Murena  (mu-re'na), Lucius  Licinius.  1 . ARo- 

man  commander  against  Mitkridates  83-82  B.  C. 
— 2.  A son  of  the  preceding.  He  was  elected  consul 
in  62  B.  c.  Having  been  accused  of  bribery  by  an  unsuc- 
cessful rival,  he  was  defended  by  Cicero  and  acquitted. 

Muret  (mii-ra').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Ga- 
ronne 11  miles  southwest  of  Toulouse.  Here,  in 
1213,  Simon  de  Montfort  defeated  the  Albigenses  and  Ara- 
gonese.  Population,  commune,  3,712. 

Muret,  Marc  Antoine,  L.  Muretus  (mu-re'- 
tus).  Born  at  Muret,  near  Limoges,  France, 
April  12, 1526:  died  at  Rome,  June  4,  1585.  A 
celebrated  French  humanist.  He  taught  the  class- 
ics at  Poitiers,  Bordeaux,  Paris,  and  Toulouse ; went  to 
Italy,  where  he  resided  in  Venice,  Padua,  and  Rome  ; and 
after  his  return  (1563)  to  Rome  from  a visit  to  France  in 
the  train  of  the  legate  Cardinal  Hippolito  d’Este,  taught 
civil  law  there  until  1584.  He  edited  Latin  authors,  and 

* wrote  Latin  orations,  letters,  etc. 

Murfree  (mer'fre),  Mary  Noailles:  pseudo- 
nym Charles  Egbert  Craddock.  Born  at  Mur- 
freesboro, Tenn.,  about  1850.  An  American 
novelist.  She  contributed  to  the  “Atlantic  Monthly" 
before  1880,  and  wrote  “In  the  Tennessee  Mountains" 
(1884),  “Where  the  Battle  was  Fought"  (1884),  “The  Pro- 
phet of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains”  (1885),  “In  the 
Clouds”  (1886),  “The  Story  of  Keedon  Bluffs”  (1887),  etc. 

Murfreesboro,  or  Murfreesborough  (mer'frez- 
bur-o).  [Named  from  Colonel  Hardy  Murfree, 
an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War.]  The  capi- 
tal of  Rutherford  County,  Tennessee,  32  miles 
southeast  of  Nashville.  A victory  was  gained  here 
by  the  Federals  (43,400)  under  Rosecrans  over  the  Confed- 
erates (37,712)  under  Bragg.  Heavy  fighting  occurred  on 
Dec.  31,  1862;  on  Jan.  1,  1863,  little  was  done,  but  the 
battle  was  resumed  on  Jan.  2;  the  following  day  a heavy 
rain  fell,  and  on  the  night  of  Jan.  3-4  Bragg  retreated.  Fed- 
eral loss,  13,249,  including  1,730  killed  ; Confederate  loss, 
about  11,000.  Population,  4,679,  (1910). 

Murgab,  or  Murghab  (mor-gab').  A river  in 
northwestern  Afghanistan  and  the  region  about 
Merv,  Asiatic  Russia.  Itislostinswamps  about 
lat.  38°  N. 

Murger  (miir-zkar'),  Henri.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  24,  1822:  died  there,  Jan.  28,  1861.  A 
French  litterateur.  He  was  at  first  a notary’s  clerk, 
and  afterward  secretary  of  Count  Tolstoi.  His  style  is  both 
humorous  and  melancholy.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
sketches  of  Bohemian  life  in  Paris  (“Scfenes  de  la  vie  de 
Boheme,”  1848).  Among  his  other  prose  works  are  “Scfcnes 
de  la  vie  de  jeunesse,”  “Les  Luveurs  d’eau,”  “Le  sabot 
rouge,”  etc.;  and  among  his  poems,  “Les  nuits  d’hiver.” 

Murillo  (mu-ril'o;  Sp.  pron.  mo-rel'yo),  Bar- 
tolom6  Esteban.  Born  at  Seville,  Spain  (bap- 
tized Jan.  1, 1618) : died  there,  April  3, 1682.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  painter,  chiefly  of  religious 
Subjects.  His  first  master  was  Juan  del  Castillo.  In 
1643  he  moved  to  Madrid,  where  he  came  under  the  influ- 
ence of  Velasquez,  then  in  the  zenith  of  his  fame.  He  re- 
turned to  Seville  in  1645,  where  he  spent  several  years 
(1661-74)  in  painting  a series  of  11  pictures  which  at  once 
brought  him  into  notice.  Among  these  are  “ Moses  Strik- 
ing the  Rock,”  “Abraham  and  the  Angels,”  “The  Miracle 
of  the  Loaves  and  Fishes,"  “St.  Peter  Released  from  Pris- 
on," and  “St.  Elizabeth.”  In  1648  he  married.  A favor- 
ite subject  with  Murillo  was  the  Virgin  of  the  Conception  : 
the  most  famous  example  of  this  is  in  the  Louvre.  In  1660 
he  established  the  public  academy  at  Seville.  On  the 
death  of  Philip  IV.,  his  successor,  Charles  II.,  made  Mu- 
rillo court  painter,  though  he  was  not  willing  to  live  in 
Madrid.  He  continued  to  work  at  Seville  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  consequence  of  a fall  from  a scaffold 
while  painting  in  the  Church  of  the  Capuchins.  There  is 
a list  of  481  of  his  pictures,  nearly  200  of  which  are  in  Eng- 
land, 61  in  Madrid,  about  60  in  Seville,  21  in  Paris,  24  in 
Russia,  and  a limited  number  in  the  United  States. 

Murillo-Toro  (mo-rel'yo-to'ro),  Manuel.  Bom 
at  Chaparral,  Tolima,  1815:  died  at  Bogota, 
Dec.,  1880.  A Colombian  statesman.  He  was  a 
lawyer  and  a prominent  journalist,  upholding  the  liberal 
party.  He  held  many  important  civil  and  diplomatic 
positions ; was  repeatedly  member  of  Congress  ; and  was 
twice  president  of  Colombia  (1864-60  and  1872-74). 

Miiritz  (mii'rits),  Lake.  A lake  in  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin,  Germany,  60  miles  north-north- 
west of  Berlin.  Length,  17  miles. 

Murner  (mor'ner),  Thomas.  Born  at  Ober- 
ehnheitn,  near  Strasburg,  Dec.  24,  1475  : died 
at  Obereknheim,  1537.  A German  satirist 
and  opponent  of  the  Reformation.  He  studied  at 
the  Franciscan  school  in  Strasburg ; was  then  a wandering 
scholar  in  France,  Germany,  and  Poland  ; and  afterward 
studied  theology  at  Paris  and  law  at  Freiburg,  where  lie 
lived  in  1499.  He  was  subsequently  custodian  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan monastery  at  Strasburg.  In  1505  he  was  crowned 
poet  by  the  emperor  Maximilian.  About  1509  he  was 
made  doctor  of  theology  at  Verona.  His  satirical  work 


r7~1 

( 1 u 

“Narrenbeschworung ” (“Exorcism  of  Fools”)  was  pub- 
lished at  Strasburg  in  1512,  in  which  year  appeared  also 
his  “Schelmenzunft  " (“Rogues'  Gild”),  consisting  of  ser- 
mons originally  delivered  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  The 
satire,  in  rimed  couplets,  “Von  dem  grossen  Lutherischen 
barren,  wie  ihn  Doktor  Murner  beschworen  hat ’’(“On  the 
Great  Lutheran  Fool : how  Doctor  Murner  has  Exorcised 
Him  ’’),  published  at  Strasburg  in  1522,  is  a virulent  attack 
upon  the  Reformation. 

Muro  Lucano  (mo'ro  lo-ka'no).  A small  town 
in  the  province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  18  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Potenza. 

Muro  y Salazar  (mo'ro  e sa-la-tkar'),  Salvador 
de,  Marquis  of  Someruelos.  Born  at  Madrid, 
1754 : died  there,  Dec.  14, 1813.  A Spanish  gen- 
eral and  administrator.  He  was  governor-general  of 
Cuba,  May,  1799,  to  April,  1812,  a period  which  included 
many  important  events  in  the  history  of  the  island. 

Murphy  (mer'fi),  Arthur.  Born  near  Elphin, 
Roscommon,  Dec.  27,  1727 : died  at  London, 
June  18,  1805.  A British  dramatist.  He  studied 
at  St.-Omer,  France,  and  in  1747  entered  a counting-room 
in  Cork.  In  1752-74  he  published  the  “Gray's  Inn  Jour- 
nal ” in  London.  He  appeared  as  actor  and  dramatist,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1762.  He  wrote  the  “Upholsterer” 
(1757),  “All  in  the  Wrong  ”(1761),  “ Know  Your  Own  Mind" 
(1778),  “Three  Weeks  after  Marriage,”  and  translations  of 
Sallust  and  Tacitus  (1793). 

Murphy,  J ohn  Francis.  Born  at  Oswego,  N.  Y. , 
1853.  An  American  landscape-painter.  Heisa 
member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  and  of  the 
American  Water-Color  Society. 

Murray  (mur'a),  or  Gcolwa  (gol'wa).  [Named 
by  its  explorer,  Sturt,  from  Sir  George  Murray, 
an  Australian  official.]  The  principal  river  of 
Australia.  It  rises  in  the  Australian  Alps,  forms  part  of 
theboumlary  between  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales,  trav- 
erses Lake  Alexandria  (or  Victoria)  in  South  Australia, 
and  falls  into  Encounter  Bay  about  lat.  35°  35'  S.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Darling  and  t lie  combined  Lachlan  and 
Murrumbidgee.  Length,  over  1,000  miles;  navigable  to 
Albury. 

Murray,  Alexander.  Born  at  Chestertown, 
Md.,  1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  6, 1821.  An 
American  naval  officer.  He  served  in  the  Revo- 
lution and  against  Tripoli. 

Murray,  Alexander.  Born  at  Dunkitterick, 
Kirkcudbrightshire,  Oct.  22,1775:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  15,  1813.  A Scottish  philologist. 
He  attended  school  for  a short  time  in  1788,  and  afterward 
by  his  own  efforts  mastered  the  English  language,  the 
classics,  the  European  languages,  Hebrew  and  other  Orien- 
tal tongues,  and  Abyssinian.  In  1812  he  was  chosen  pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  languages  at  Edinburgh.  In  1823  he 
published  “History  of  the  European  Languages.” 

Murray,  David,  second  Earl  of  Mansfield.  Born 
Oct.  9, 1727:  died  Sept.  1, 1796.  A British  noble- 
man. He  succeeded  his  father  as  seventh  Viscount  Stor- 
mont in  the  peerage  of  Scotland  in  1748,  and  his  uncle  as 
second  earl  of  Mansfield  in  1793.  His  wife  at  the  same 
time  succeeded  as  countess  of  Mansfield  in  her  own  right 
by  a separate  creation. 

Murray,  Earl  of.  See  Stuart,  James. 

Murray,  Eustace  Clare  Grenville.  Born  in 
1824:  died  at  Passy,  France,  Dec.  20,  1881.  A 
journalist  and  author,  natural  son  of  the  second 
duke  of  Buckingham.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
became  a student  of  the  Inner  Temple.  In  1851  he  was 
attachd  at  Vienna,  in  1852  at  Constantinople,  and  in  1855 
consul-general  at  Odessa.  He  wrote  the  “ Roving  English- 
man ’’  (1854-55),  “ History  of  the  French  Press  ” (1874),  and 
the  novels  “The  Member  for  Paris ’’ (1871)  and  “Young 
Brown  ” (1874). 

Murray,  Sir  James  Augustus  Henry.  Born 
at  Denholm,  Roxburghshire,  in  1837.  A Scotch 
philologist  and  lexicographer.  Hegraduated  at  Lon- 
don University,  and  has  twice  been  president  of  the  Philo- 
logical Society.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The  Dialect  of  the 
Southern  Counties  of  Scotland  ” (1873),  and  of  a “ Synopsis 
of  the  Hor®  Paulina’,  etc.”  (1879),  etc.  ; edited  “The  .Ro- 
mance and  Prophecies  of  Thomas  of  Ercildoune,  etc.,”  in 
1875 ; and  in  1879  entered  upon  the  editorship  of  the  Philo- 
logical Society’s  “New  English  Dictionary,"  succeeding 
Herbert  Coleridge  and  Dr.  Furnivall.  Since  1890  Henry 
Bradley  and  since  1901  William  C'raigie  have  been  joint 
editors.  This  work  was  begun  by  Dr.  Murray  at  Mill 
Hill,  near  London,  and  continued  at  Oxford,  where  Part 
I.  was  issued  in  1884.  Knighted,  1908. 

Murray,  John.  Born  at  Alton,  Dec.  10,  1741: 
died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  3, 1815.  An  Amer- 
ican Universalist clergyman,  called  “the  father 
of  American  Universalism.” 

Murray,  originally  M‘Murray,  J ohn.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  1745:  died  Nov.  6,  1793.  An  Eng- 
lish publisher,  of  Scottish  birth.  He  obtained  a 
commission  in  the  Royal  Marines  in  1762,  and  in  1768 
bought  the  businessof  WilliamSandbyin  London.  He  pub- 
lished the  “English  Review,"  D’lsraeli’s  “ Curiosities  of 
Literature,”  etc. 

Murray,  John.  Born  about  1778 : died  J uly  22, 
1820.  A Scottish  chemist  and  physician.  He 
wrote  “Elements  of  Chemistry"  (1801),  “Elements  of  Ma- 
teria Medica  and  Pharmacy  ” (1804),  “A  System  of  Chemis- 
try” (1806),  etc. 

Murray,  John.  Bom  Nov.  27, 1778:  died  June 
27,  1843.  An  English  publisher,  son  of  John 
Murray  (1745-93).  Hestartedthe  “Quarterly  Review” 
(Feb.  1,  1809)  in  opposition  to  the  “Edinburgh  Review,” 
an  undertaking  in  which  he  had  the  cooperation  of  Can- 
ning, Scott,  Heber,  Ellis,  and  Barrow.  He  published  the 


Muscatine 

works  of  Byron,  Crabbe,  Moore,  Campbell,  Irving,  etc. 
His  business  has  been  continued  by  his  son  (1808-92)  ami 
bis  grandson,  both  of  the  same  name. 

Murray,  Lindley.  Born  at  S watara,  Pa. , 1745 ; 
died  in  England,  Feb.  16,  1826.  An  American 
grammarian.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1765,  after- 
ward accumulated  a fortune  in  commercial  pursuits,  and 
in  1784  settled  in  England,  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
literature.  His  chief  works  are  “The  Power  of  Religion 
on  the  Mind  ” (1787)  and  “English  Grammar”  (1795). 

Murray, William,  first  Earl  of  Mansfield.  Born 
at  Scone,  Scotland,  March  2, 1705:  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  20, 1793.  A celebrated  British  jurist 
and  statesman.  He  was  solicitor-general  1742-54,  at- 
torney-general  1754-56,  and  became  famous  as  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  King’s  Bench  1756-88.  After  1756  he  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  cabinet,  lie  has  been  called 
“the  founder  of  English  commercial  law." 

Murray,  William  Henry  Harrison.  Bom  at 
Guilford,  Conn.,  April  26,  1840:  died  there, 
March  3,  1904.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  pastor  of  the  Park  Street  Congre- 
gational Church  1868-74.  He  published  “Camp  Lift- 
in  the  Adirondack  Mountains  ’’  (1868),  “ The  Perfect  Horse  ’’ 
(1873),  sermons  (1874),  and  “Tales”  (1877  and  1887). 

Murray  Hill.  A district  in  New  York  city,  it  is 

on  high  ground,  beginning  at  about  34th  street  and  Fifth 
Avenue,  and  extending  north  to  about  40th  street.  It  was 
named  from  a Quaker  family  who  owned  an  estate  on  it. 

Murree,  or  Marri  (mur-re').  A health-resort 
in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  about  lat.  33°  53' 
N.,  long.  73°  20'  E. 

Miirren  (miir'ren).  A summer  resort  in  the 
Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  in  the  upper 
Lauterbrunnen  valley,  south  of  Interlaken. 
Mursa  (rner'sa).  In  ancient  geography,  a Ro- 
man town  of  Pannonia:  themodernEssek  (which 
see).  Here,  Sept,  28,  351,  Constantius  gained  a notable 
victory  over  the  usurper  Magnentius : 64,000  are  said  to 
have  been  slain. 

Murshidabad  (mor-ske-da-bad'),  or  Moorshe- 
dabad  (mor-ske-da-bad').  1.  A district  in  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  15'  N., 
long.  88°  15'  E.  Area,  2,143  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulatiou,  1,333,184. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Murskidabad,  situated  on  the  Bkagi- 
rathi  112  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  It  is  a trading 

and  manufacturing  center,  and  was  the  capital  of  Bengal 
in  the  18tli  century.  Population,  15,168. 

Murten.  See  Morat. 

Murviedro  ( mor-ve-  a'  THro ) . A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Valencia,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Palancia  15  miles  north-northeast  of  Valencia  : 
the  ancient  Saguntum  (which  see).  Here,  Oct. 
25, 1811,  the  French  under  Suchet  defeated  the 
Spaniards  under  Blake. 

Murzuk,  or  Mourzouk  (mor-zok').  The  capi- 
tal of  Fezzan,  situated  about  lat.  25°  50'  N., 
long.  14°  10'  E.  Population,  estimated,  6,500. 
Mus.  See  Decius,  Mus. 

Musa  (mo'sa).  Born  at  Mecca  about  660:  died 
about  718.  A Saracen  viceroy  of  Egypt.  He  con- 
quered northern  Africa,  and  conquered  Spain 
(with  the  aid  of  Tarik)  711-713. 
Musaeus(mu-se'us).  [Gr.  Movadiog,  (servant)  ‘of 
the  Muses.’]  A legendary  Greek  poet  of  Attica, 
son  of  Eumolpus  and  Selene.  To  him  were  at- 
tributed various  poems  connected  with  the  mysteries  of 
Demeter  at  Eleusis,  over  which  he  was  said  to  have  pre- 
sided. 

Musseus.  Lived  about  the  5th  century  a.  d.  A 
Greek  grammarian,  author  of  a celebrated  poem 
on  Hero  and  Leander.  Of  this  poem  340  verses 
have  been  preserved.  It  was  imitated  by  Mar- 
lowe. 

Musagetes  (mu-saj'e-tez).  [Gr.  Movmytrr/r, 
leader  of  the  Muses.]  An  epithet  of  Apollo. 
Musaus  (mo-sa'os),  Johann  Karl  August. 

Bom  at  Jena,  Germany,  1735  : died  at  Weimar, 
Germany,  Oct.  28, 1787.  A German  author.  His 
chief  work  is  “ Volksmarehen  der  Deutscken” 
(“  Folk -Tales  of  the  Germans,”  17S2-86). 
Musca  (mus'ka).  [L.,‘the  fly.’]  A name  given 
to  the  constellation  also  called  Apis,  the  Bee. 
It  is  situated  south  of  the  Southern  Cross,  and  east  of  the 
Chameleon,  and  contains  one  star  of  the  third  and  three  of 
the  fourth  magnitude.  The  name  was  also  .formerly  given 
to  a constellation  situated  north  of  Aries. 

Muscat,  or  Muskat  (mus-kat').,  or  Maskat. 
1.  A name  sometimes  given  to  Oman  (which 
see). — 2.  The  capital  of  Oman,  Arabia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Gulf  of  Oman  in  lat.  23°  30'  N., 
long.  58°  30'  E. : one  of  the  chief  commercial 
centei’S  of  Arabia.  It  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese 
under  Albuquerque  about  1508,  and  was  recovered  from 
them  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 25,000. 

Muscatine  (mus-ka-ten').  A city,  capital  of 
Mnscatine  County,  Iowa,  on  the  Mississippi,  26 
miles  west  by  south  of  Davenport.  It  has  meat- 
packing aud  lumber  trade.  Pop.,  16,178,  (1910). 


Muscle  Shoals 

Muscle  Shoals  (mus'l  sholz).  A succession  of 
rapids  in  the  Tennessee  River,  in  northern  Ala- 
bama, east  of  Florence. 

Muscovy  (mus'ko-vi).  [From  ML.  Muscovia, 
Russia,  from  Russ.  Moskva:  see  Moscow.']  A 
name  often  given  formerly  to  Russia. 

Musee  des  Antiquites  Rationales  (mfi-za'  da 
zon-te-ke-ta  na-se-o-nal').  A museum  estab- 
lished in  the  chateau  of  St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
near  Paris.  It  contains  objects  of  the  prehistoric  flint 
or  bone  period,  collections  of  sculptures,  bas-reliefs,  war 
chariots,  armor,  coins,  and  relics  from  the  earliest  civiliza- 
tion of  trance  to  the  Carolingian  period. 

Musee  du  Louvre.  See  Louvre. 

Musee  du  Luxembourg.  See  Luxembourg, 
Palace  of  the. 

Muses  (mu'zez).  [Gr.  M ovoai.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  daughters  of  Zeus  and  Mnemosyne, 
who  according  to  the  earliest  writers  were  god- 
desses of  memory,  then  inspiring  goddesses  of 
song,  and  according  to  later  ideas  divinities 
presiding  over  the  different  kinds  of  poetry,  and 
over  the  sciences  and  arts,  while  at  the  same 
time  having  as  their  especial  province  springs 
and  limpid  streams.  Their  number  appears  in  the 
Homeric  poems  not  to  be  fixed  ; later  it  seems  to  have  been 
put  at  three,  but  afterward  they  were  spoken  of  as  nine: 
Clio,  the  Muse  of  heroic  exploits,  or  of  history  ; Euterpe,  of 
Dionysiac  music  and  the  double  flute ; Thalia,  of  gaiety, 
pastoral  life,  and  comedy ; Melpomene,  of  song  and  har- 
mony, and  of  tragedy ; Terpsichore,  of  choral  dance  and 
song  ; Erato,  of  erotic  poetry  and  the  lyre ; Polymnia  or 
Polyhymnia,  of  the  inspired  and  stately  hymn ; Urania,  of 
astronomical  and  other  celestial  phenomena ; and  Calliope, 
the  chief  of  the  Muses,  of  poetic  inspiration,  of  eloquence, 
and  of  heroic  or  epic  poetry.  The  Muses  were  intimately 
associated  in  legend  and  in  art  with  Apollo,  who,  as  the 
chief  guardian  and  leader  of  their  company,  was  called 
Musagetes. 

Muses’  Looking-Glass,  The.  A play  by  T. 
Randolph,  originally  acted  under  the  title  of 
“ The  Entertainment.”  It  was  printed  in  1638.  Of 
the  date  of  the  present  play  there  can  be  no  doubt,  for  the 
device  of  draining  the  Fens  by  Dutch  windmills,  in  1632, 
is  alluded  to  as  contemporary.  Fleay. 

Museum  (mu-ze'um).  [Gr.  Movaelov,  from 
M ovaa,  Muse.]  1.  A hill  almost  directly  south 
of  the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  the  furthest  east  of 
the  group  of  hills  on  the  southwestern  side  of 
the  city : named  from  the  existence  on  it  of  an 
old  shrine  of  the  Muses.  On  its  summit  stands  a 
conspicuous  monument,  ornamented  with  niches,  Corin- 
thian columns,  statues,  and  a relief-frieze,  to  Philopappus, 
the  last  king  of  Commagene,  who  became  an  Athenian 
citizen  after  his  dethronement  by  Vespasian.  The  slopes 
of  the  hill,  particularly  on  its  southern  extension,  abound 
with  curious  rock-cuttings,  for  the  most  part  vestiges  of 
prehistoric  Athens.  These  include  house  foundations, 
stairs,  meeting-places  with  seats,  and  the  so-called  prison 
of  Socrates  and  tomb  of  Cimon.  Between  this  hill  and 
the  Pnyx  passed  the  road  to  the  Piraeus  between  the  Long 
Walls.  The  rock  is  deeply  cut  with  the  ruts  of  chariot- 
wheels  and  an  artificial  water-channel. 

2.  An  institution  of  learning  in  ancient  Alexan- 
dria. See  the  extract. 

King  Ptolemy  I.,  surnamed  S6ter,  ‘the  Preserver  ’(306- 
285  B.  c.),  founded  the  Museum,  or  Temple  of  the  Muses, 
which  was  somewhat  like  amodern  university.  The  build- 
ing included  galleries  of  art,  lecture-rooms,  and  dining- 
halls.  Distinguished  men  of  learning  were  maintained  at 
the  Museum  ; and  the  beautiful  gardens,  with  their  shady 
walks,  their  statues  and  fountains,  became  famous  as  the 
haunt  of  Alexandrian  poets  and  scholars. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit,,  p.  133. 

Musgu  (mos'go).  See  Masa. 

Musidora  (mu-si-do'ra).  The  coy  sweetheart 
of  Damon  in  Thomson’s  “ Seasons.”  His  delicacy 
on  the  occasion  of  seeing  her  bathing  won  her  affections. 
She  is  the  subject  of  a painting  by  Gainsborough,  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London.  The  maid,  lightly  draped,  sits 
on  the  bank  of  a woodland  stream : one  foot  is  already  in 
the  water,  and  she  is  removing  the  sandal  from  the  other. 

Muskegon  (mus-ke'gon).  A city,  capital  of 
Muskegon  County,  Michigan,  situated  onMuske- 
gon  Lake,  near  Lake  Michigan,  in  lat.  43°  15' 
jN.,  long.  86°  13'  Vi.  The  leading  industry  is  the  lum- 
ber manufacture  and  trade.  Population,  21,062,  (1910). 

Muskhogean  (musk-ho'ge-an).  An  important 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
named  from  the  chief  tribe  of  the  Creek  Confed- 
eracy. Its  divisions  occupied  nearly  the  whole  State  of 
Mississippi,  the  western  half  of  Tennessee,  a small  area  in 
eastern  Kentucky,  all  of  Alabama,  most  of  Georgia,  and, 
in  later  times,  nearly  all  of  Florida.  The  following  is  a 
linguistic  classification  of  the  tribes:  (a)  The  western 
group  (the  main  people,  the  Choctaw,  branched  out  into 
the  Chicasa,  the  Choctaw  Gulf  tribes  ( e . g.  Pascagoula)  in 
the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  a few  in  lower  Louisiana  and 
Alabama),  (b)  The  Alibamu group(Alibamu  villages,  Muk- 
lasa,  Odshiapofa,  Koassati,  Oktchoyi : all  near  the  junction 
of  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers,  Alabama),  (c)  The  cen- 
tral or  Creek  group  (Upper  Creeks,  on  the  Coosa  and  Talla- 
poosa rivers  and  in  the  central  district  between  the  two; 
the  Creek  portion  of  the  Seminoles,  Yamasi,  and  Yama- 
craw  ; Lower -Creeks,  on  middle  Chattahoochee  River  and 
east  of  it).  (<Z)  The  Hitchiti  group  (the  tribes  speaking 
Hitchiti  dialects  on  lower  Chattahoochee  River  and  east  of 
it,  as  Hitchiti,  Sawokli,  Odshisi,  Tutalosi,  and  the  Hitchiti 
portion  of  the  Seminoles  and  of  the  Yamasi  and  Yatna- 
craw).  (e)  The  Apalachi  group  (formerly  near  St.  Mark’s 


717 

River,  Florida).  The  principal  tribes  are  the  Alibamu, 
Apalachi,  Chicasa,  Choctaw,  Creek  or  Maskoki  proper. 
Hitchiti,  Koasati,  Pensacola,  Seminole,  Yamacraw,  Ya- 
masi,  and  Yazoo.  Of  these  tribes  the  Choctaw  on  the  west 
were  short  and  heavy,  the  Creeks  taller  and  more  active. 
The  Chicasa  were  the  most  warlike  and  the  best  hunters, 
the  Choctaw  the  most  agricultural  and,  together  with  the 
Creeks,  the  most  advanced  in  culture.  All  the  tribes  had 
fixed  villages,  the  larger  fortified  by  palisades  and  em- 
bankments. Several  confederacies  were  established  within 
the  stock,  of  which  the  Creek  was  the  most  widely  known. 
The  present  number  of  the  stock  is  over  60,000. 

Muski  (mos'ke).  Apeople  often  mentioned  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions,  settled  somewhere  north 
of  Cappadocia  . They  are  identified  with  the  Moschi 
of  the  Greek  writers,  and  the  Meshech  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. In  the  Bible  Meshech  is  usually  combined  with 
Tubal,  and  similarly  in  the  inscriptions  the  Muski  with 
Tabal.  The  Muski  came  in  hostile  contact  with  the  As- 
syrians under  Tiglath-Pileser  I.  (1120-1100),  Asurnazirpal 
(884-860),  and  Sargou  (722-705). 

Muskingum  (mus-king'gum).  A river  in  Ohio. 
It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Tuscarawas  and  Walhond- 
ing  at  Coshocton,  and  joins  the  Ohio  at  Marietta.  Length, 
including  the  Tuscarawas,  about  240  miles;  navigable 
about  95  miles. 

Muskoki.  See  Creel:. 

Muso  (mo'zo).  A village  in  the  western  part  of 
the  department  of  Boyaed,  Colombia,  on  the 
river  Carare,  nearly  north  of  Bogota,  its  emerald- 
mines  were  long  the  richest  in  the  world,  and  are  still 
worked.  During  the  colonial  period  Muso  was  a wealthy 
city.  Also  written  Muzo. 

Musonius  (mu-so'ni-us),  Caius  Rufus.  Lived 
in  the  1st  century  A.  D.  A Roman  Stoic  philoso- 
pher. 

Musos  (mo'zos).  An  extinct  tribe  of  South 
American  Indians  who,  at  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest, were  found  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mag- 
dalena River,  about  100  miles  north  and  north- 
west of  the  present  city  of  Bogota.  They  were 
much  less  civilized  than  the  Chibchas,  with  whom  they 
were  at  war,  and  they  made  a long  and  valorous  resistance 
to  the  Spaniards,  finally  committing  suicide  in  great  num- 
bers rather  than  submit  to  them.  The  Muso  emerald- 
mines  were  in  their  district. 

Muspellsheim  (mos'pels-him).  [ON.  Muspells- 
lieimr .]  In  the  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  realm 
of  fire  and  warmth  in  the  south.  At  Ragnarok, 
Surt  (Old  Norse  Surtr),  the  ruler  of  Muspellsheim,  comes 
with  his  flaming  sword  at  the  head  of  the  Muspells-sons 
and  destroys  the  world  with  fire.  Also  Muspel  or  Mus- 
pelheim. 

Muspilli.  [OHG.  Muspilli,  OS.  Mudspelli,  Muts- 
pelli , the  end  of  the  world,  Icel.  Muspell,  an 
abode  of  fire  (see  Muspellsheim) ; of  uncertain 
origin,  but  usually  explained  as  from  OHG. 
molta,  AS.  molde,  etc.,  earth  (E.  mould),  and 
*spiltian,  OS.  spildian , AS.  spillan,  destroy  (E. 
spill).]  A fragmentary  Old  High  German  poem 
on  the  end  of  the  world,  of  unknown  authorship, 
written  in  alliterative  verse.  It  exists  in  a single 
manuscript,  from  about  the  year  900,  in  the  Bavarian  dia- 
lect. 

“Muspilli ’’ belongs  to  a time  when  myths  of  the  old 
heathen  mythology  blended  with  the  faith  of  the  new  con- 
verts to  Christianity  Muspel,  in  Scandinavian  mythology, 
was  a great  world  of  firo  that  at  the  end  would  break  out 
and  devour  the  earth  and  all  that  was  upon  it.  “Muspilli'’ 
therefore  served  to  express  the  final  conflagration  of  the 
world ; and  that  is  the  subject  of  this  fragment,  which 
shows  also  an  adaptation  of  pre-Christian  to  Christian 
ideas  in  the  fight  of  Elias  with  Antichrist,  which  may  an- 
swer to  the  contest  between  Thor  and  Surtur. 

Morley.  English  Writers,  II.  97. 

Muspratt  (mus'prat),  James  Sheridan.  Born 
at  Dublin,  March  8,  1821:  died  at  West  Derby, 
April  3, 1871.  A British  chemist.  He  was  educated 
at  Liverpool,  and  studied  with  Liebig  1843-45.  He  founded 
the  Liverpool  College  of  Chemistry,  and  became  professor 
there.  His  works  include  “Outlines  of  Qualitative  Analy- 
sis ’’  (1849),  “ Dictionary  of  Chemistry  ” (1854),  etc. 

MusquitOS.  Same  as  Mosquitos. 
Musschenbroek  (mos'chen-brok),  Pieter  van. 
Born  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  March  14,  1692: 
died  there,  Sept.  19,  1761.  A Dutch  natural 
philosopher  and  mathematician. 

Musselburgh  (mus'l-bur-o).  A burgh  in  the 
county  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  Firth  of  Forth  and  the  Esk  6 miles  east  of 
Edinburgh . It  is  a notable  golfing  resort.  Pop- 
ulation (pari,  burgh),  11,704. 

Musset  (mu-sa/),  Louis  Charles  Alfred  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  11,  1810:  died  there,  May 
1,  1857.  A celebrated  French  poet.  His  father, 
Musset-Pathay,  was  a man  of  letters,  and  encouraged  in 
his  children  the  love  of  letters.  Alfred  de  Musset  gradu- 
ated with  high  honors  from  the  College  Henri  I V.  in  Paris, 
and  had  just  completed  his  twentieth  year  when  he  pub- 
lished his  first  volume  of  poetry,  “Contes  d’Espagne  et 
d’Italie’’(1829).  Two  more  collections  of  poems  established 
his  fame — “Podsies  diverses’’  (1831)  and  “Le  spectacle 
dans  un  fauteuil"  (1832).  In  1833  he  went  to  Italy  with 
George  Sand ; but,  after  an  extended  trip,  fell  out  with  her 
at  Venice,  and  returned  to  France  alone.  His  morbid  state 
of  mind  finds  expression  in  the  “Confession  d un  enfant 
du  sifeclc”  (1836).  During  these  years  (1833-37)  De  Mus- 
set contributed  a number  of  short  plays  to  the  “Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes":  they  have  appeared  since  then  as 
“ComCdies  et  proverbes’’  (1840).  Short  stories  from  the 


Muzaffarpur 

same  magazine  (1837-39)  were  also  reprinted  in  book  form 
(1840).  In  the  same  year  (1840)  appeared  the  first  edition 
of  the  “Podsies  nouvelles.  " One  of  his  last  publications 
is  a volume  of  “Contes”  (1854).  He  was  received  in  the 
French  Academy  in  1852.  Irregular  and  dissolute  living 
sapped  his  intellectual  and  physical  strength,  and  he  died 
at  the  age  of  forty-seven.  His  complete  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1860. 

Musset,  Paul  Edme  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov. 
7,  1804:  died  there,  May  17,  1880.  A French 
novelist  and  litterateur,  brother  of  Alfred  de 
Musset.  He  wrote  “Lui  et  elle”  (1859) , etc. 

Mussulmans  (mus'ul-manz).  [From  Turk. 
Musulman : see  Moslems.]  Mohammedans,  or 
followers  of  Mohammed ; true  believers,  iu  the 
Mohammedan  sense ; Moslems. 

Mustagh  (mos'tagli)  Pass.  A pass  near  Mount 
Godwin-Austen,  in  the  western  Himalaya.  It 
connects  the  upper  Indus  and  Yarkand  valleys. 

Mustagh  Range,  or  Karakorum  Range.  A 
range  of  lofty  mountains  in  Kashmir,  north  of, 
and  parallel  with,  the  main  Himalaya.  Mount 
Godwin-Austen  (K2)  belongs  to  it.  See  A2. 

Mustapha  (mos'ta-fa)  I.  Died  1639.  Turkish 
sultan  1617-18  and  1622-23,  brother  of  Achmet  I. 

Mustapha  II.  Died  Dee.  31,  1703.  Turkish 
sultan  1695-1703,  son  of  Mohammed  IV.  He  was 
defeated  in  person  by  the  Imperialists  under  Prince  Eu- 
gene at  Zenta  in  1697,  and  signed  the  peace  of  Carlowitz  in 
1699.  He  was  deposed  shortly  before  his  death. 

Mustapha  III.  Died  Jan.  21,  1774.  Turkish 
sultan  1757-73,  son  of  Achmet  III.  He  waged 
war  unsuccessfully  with  Russia  1768-74. 

Mustapha  IV.  Killed  Nov.  15, 1808.  Turkish 
sultan  1807-08,  son  of  Abdul-Hamid. 

Mustard-Seed  (mus'tard-sed).  A fairy  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “ Midsummer  Night’s  Dream.” 

Mut  (mot).  InEgyptian  mythology,  ‘the  mother,’ 
the  Theban  consort  of  Amun-Ra,  the  other  mem- 
ber of  the  triad  being  their  son  Kbims.  She 
was  a personification  of  the  female  principle. 

Muta  (mo'ta).  A locality  in  Syria  where,  in 
629,  the  Mohammedans  fought  and  won  their 
first  battle  against  the  Christians. 

Mutanabbi  (mo-ta-nab'be),  A1-.  [Ar.,  ‘the 

pretended  prophet.’]  Died  at  Kufa,  965  a.  d. 
An  Arabian  poet.  His  “Divan”  (collection  of 
poems)  has  been  translated  into  German. 

Muta  Nzige.  The  native  name  of  the  lake  now 
called  the  Albert  Edward  Nyanza  (which  seek 

Mutina.  See  Modena. 

Mutinensian  War  (mu-ti-nen'si-an war).  The 
name  given  to  the  military  operations  iu  and 
near  Mutina  (now  Modena),  Italy,  44-43  b.  c. 
Dedmus  Brutus  was  blockaded  at  Mutina  by  Antony  in  44, 
and  was  relieved  by  Hirtius,  Pansa,  and  Octavius,  who  de- 
feated Antony. 

Mutiny,  The  Indian.  See  Indian  Mutiny. 

Mutiny  Act.  An  act  passed  annually  by  the 
British  Parliament  from  1689  to  1879.  it  pro- 
vided for  the  punishment  of  cases  of  mutiny  and  desertion, 
and  for  the  maintenance  of  a standing  army(without  vio- 
lation of  the  Bill  of  Rights). 

Mutiny  of  the  Bounty.  See  Bounty. 

Mutis  (mo'tes),  Jose  Celestino.  Born  at  Cadiz, 
April  6,  1732:  died  at  Bogota,  New  Granada, 
Sept.  12,  1808.  A Spanish  botanist.  From  1760 
he  resided  in  New  Granada,  where,  under  government 
auspices,  he  traveled  extensively. 

Mutsuhito  (mot-so-he'to).  Born  Nov.  3,  1852: 
died  July  30, 1912.  Emperor  of  Japan.  He  was 
the  123d  of  the  mikados.  He  succeeded  to  the 
throne  Feb.  13,  18t>7,  and  was  identified,  after  the  earlier 
years  of  his  reign,  with  the  development  of  constitutional 
government  and  the  appropriation  by  his  people  of  the 
results  of  Western  civilization. 

Muttra  (mut'tra).  1.  A district  in  the  United 
Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  27° 
30'  N.,  long.  77°  45'  E.  Area,  1,445  square 
miles.  Population,  763,099. — 2.  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Muttra,  situated  on  the  Jumna 
30  miles  north-northwest  of  Agra.  It  contains  a 
Hindu  shrine,  and  has  been  often  plundered  by  Moham- 
medans. Population,  including  cantonment,  60,042. 

Muzaffargarh  (muz-uf-ur-gur').  A district  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India.,  intersected  by  lat. 
30°  N.,  long.  71°  E.  Area,  3,635  square  miles. 
Population,  405,656. 

Muzaffarnagar  (muz-uf-ur-nug'ur),  or  Ivlosuf- 
fernugger  (moz-uf-er-nug'ger).  1.  A district 
in  the  United  Provinces,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  77°  30'  E.  Area, 
1,666  square  miles.  Population,  877,188. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Muzaffarnagar,  65 
miles  north-northeast  of  Delhi.  Population, 
23,444. 

Muzaffarpur  (muz-af-ar-por'),  or  Mozuffer- 
pore  (moz-uf-er-por').  1 . A district  of  Debar, 
British  India,  intersected  by  latitude  26°  N., 
longitude  85°  30'  E.  Area,  3,035  square  miles. 
Population,  2,754,790. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 


Muzaffarpur 

district  of  Muzaffarpur,  situated  on  the  Little 
Gandak  37  miles  north-northeast  of  Patna.  Pop- 
ulation, 45,617. 

Muziano  (mot-se-a'no),  Girolamo.  Born  near 
Brescia,  Italy,  1528 : died  about  1590.  An  Ital- 
ian painter  of  historical  pieces  and  landscapes, 
and  worker  in  mosaics. 

Muzo.  See  Huso. 

Mwanga  (mwang'ga).  The  successor  of  Mtesa 
as  king  of  Uganda.  He  persecuted  the  Christiansand 
ordered  the  murder  of  Bishop  Hannington.  Driven  from 
his  kingdom,  he  became  a Catholic,  and  regained  his  t hrone 
by  the  aid  of  Catholics  and  Protestants ; was  conquered  by 
British  arms,  and  became  a Protestant ; and  was  deported 
to  the  coast,  1899. 

Mycale  (mik'a-le).  [Gr.  Mwcd/b?.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a mountain  in  Lydia,  Asia  Minor, 
north  of  Miletus.  Near  it,  in  Sept.,  479  b.  c.,  on  the 
same  day  as  the  battle  of  Platiea,  the  Greeks  under  Leoty- 
chides  and  Xantippus  defeated  the  Persian  naval  forces. 

Mycenae  (mi-se'ne).  [Gr.  M vtajvai.]  sin  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Argolis,  Greece,  14  miles 
south-southwest  of  Corinth.  It  is  a very  ancient 
settlement,  conspicuous  in  Greek  mythology,  and  supply- 
ing some  of  the  oldest  materials  for  the  study  of  Greek 
architecture  and  art.  It  consisted  of  the  acropolis,  occu- 
pying the  apex  of  a hill,  and  the  lower  town,  whose  con- 
fused ruins  are  spread  over  its  slopes.  The  acropolis  is 
triangular,  and  is  surrounded  by  a massive  wall  of  huge 
stones,  partly  shaped.  It  is  entered  by  the  Gate  of  the 
lions.  This  gate  is  at  the  end  of  a walled  passage.  The 
opening  is  about  10  feet  wide  and  high,  tapering  toward 
the  top,  with  monolithic  jambs  and  a huge  lintel.  Above 
the  lintel  a large  triangular  opening  is  formed  by  corbel- 
ing, and  the  great  slab,  2 feet  thick,  which  fills  this  bears 
the  remarkable  relief  of  two  affronted  rampant  lions  sepa- 
rated by  a column.  Close  inside  of  this  gate,  in  a double 
circle  of  upright  stones  80  feet  in  diameter,  were  found 
the  tombs  containing  golden  ornaments  and  masks,  inlaid 
sword-blades,  and  other,  objects  whose  discovery  aston- 
ished the  scientific  world.  More  recent  excavations  have 
disclosed  on  the  acropolis  a prehistoric  palace  resem- 
bling that  at  Tiryns.  The  most  important  monuments 
ot  the  lower  town  are  the  great  “beehive”  tombs  com- 
monly called  treasuries.  Of  these  the  so-called  treasury 
of  Atreus  is  a typical  example.  The  interior  is  a circle 
about  50  feet  in  diameter  and  the  same  in  height,  covered 
with  a pseudo-dome  formed  by  corbeling  in  the  horizontal 
coursesof  thewall.  A door  opens  into  a square  side  cham- 
ber. The  entrance  to  the  tomb  is  by  an  inclined  passage 
or  dromos,  over  30  feet  long,  leading  to  a door  I9Jfeet  high, 
which  is  spanned  by  an  enormous  lintel.  Over  the  lintel 
there  is  a large  triangular  opening,  which  was  originally 
filled  with  a sculptured  slab.  The  original  fruitful  excava- 
tions were  made  by  Schliemann  in  1876-77,  and  much  work 
has  since  been  done  on  the  site  by  the  Archaeological  Society 
of  Athens.  The  discoveries  at  Mycenae  threw  a flood  of 
light  upon  the  earliest  Greek  art,  particularly  in  the  depart- 
ment of  potteiy.  They  were  the  first  important  finds  of 
their  class,  which  has  since  been  recognized  in  a large  pro- 
portion of  Greek  settlements  of  sufficient  age,  and  is  every- 
where distinguished  as  Mycenaean.  Mycenaean  ornament 
includes  geometric  decoration,  foliage,  marine  and  animal 
forms,  and  the  human  figure.  It  may  be  dated  back  to 
the  12th  century  B.  c.,  and  follows  in  time  the  art  of  the 
“ Homeric  city  ” at  Hissarlik,  which  is  without  painted 
decoration,  and  that  of  Thera.  Mycenaean  art  was  prac- 
tised and  developed  through  several  centuries,  and  existed 
contemporaneously  with  the  succeeding  dipylon  style  of 
decoration,  which  began  about  1000  B.  c.  The  chief  ob- 
jects found  at  Mycenae  are  in  a museum  at  Athens. 

Mycerinus  (mis-e-ri'nus),  or  Mecherinus  (me- 
ke-ri'nus).  King  of  Egypt.  According  to  Herodo- 
tus and  Diodorus,  he  was  the  son  of  Cheops  who  reigned 
about  3700  B.  c.  He  succeeded  his  uncle  Cliephren.  Hav- 
ing been  warned  by  an  oracle  that  he  had  but  six  years  to 
live,  because,  being  a gentle  ruler,  he  had  not  wreaked  the 
vengeance  of  the  gods  on  Egypt,  he  gave  himself  up  to 
pleasure  and  sought  to  double  his  allotted  time  by  turning 
night  into  day. 

Mydas.  See  Midas. 

Myddleton  (mid'l-ton),  Sir  Hugh.  Born  about 
1555 : died  Dec.  10, 1631.  A goldsmith,  capital- 
ist, and  projector  of  the  “ New  River”  water- 


718 

supply  of  London.  In  1605  an  act  was  passed  per- 
mitting him  to  bring  water  into  London  from  New  River 
at  Ware,  Hants. 

My er  (ml ' er ) , Albert  J ames.  Born  at  N ewburg, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  20, 1827:  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  24, 1880.  An  American  meteorologist.  He 
became  chief  signal-officer  in  the  United  States  army  in 
1860,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  Weather  Bureau  in  1870. 
He  published  “Manual  of  Signals”  (1868). 

Mylae  (mi'le).  [Gr.  Mu/ai.]  The  ancient  name 
of  Milazzo  (which  see). 

Mylasa  (mi-la'sa) , or  Mylassa  (mi-las' sa) . [Gr. 
ra  Mv/laua  or  MMaoea.]  In  ancient  geography, 
an  inland  town  of  Caria : the  modern  Melasso. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  later  Carian  kingdom. 

Mylau  (me'lou).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  on  the  Goltzsch  12  miles  south- 
west of  Zwickau.  Population,  7,897. 

Mylitta  (mi-lit'ta).  [‘Generatrix.’]  A by-name 
of  Belit. 

Mymensing,  orMymensingh.  SeeMaimansinh. 
My  Hovel,  or  Varieties  of  English  Life.  A 

novel  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1853. 

Mynpuri,  or  Mynpooree.  See  Hainpuri. 

Myonnesus  (mi-o-ne'sus).  [Gr.  M.v6vvr)oo$.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  27  miles  northwest  of  Eph- 
esus. Near  it,  190  B.  C.,  the  Romans  under  L.  Emilius 
gained  a naval  victory  over  the  Syrians  under  Antiochus 
the  Great. 

Myra  (mi 'ra).  [Gr.  Mvpa  or  Mupwv.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  situ- 
ated near  the  coast  in  iat.  36°  17'  N.,  long.  30° 
3'  E.  An  ancient  theater  here  is  among  the  finest  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  masonry  is  admirable ; the  back  wall  of 
the  stage  is  ornamented  with  Composite  columns,  having 
shafts  of  polished  granite  and  capitals  of  white  marble. 

Myrina  (mi-ri'na).  A very  extensive  Greek 
necropolis,  near  Smyrna,  Asia  Minor,  discov- 
ered about  1870,  and  systematically  excavated 
by  the  Trench  School  at  Athens  between  1880 
and  1882.  It  is  of  importance  for  the  very  abundant 
and  beautiful  terra-cotta  figurines  found,  which  make  it  the 
richest  site  for  art  obj  ect s of  this  nature  after  Tanagra. 
The  Myrina  figurines  are  for  the  most  part  of  the  Hellen- 
istic epoch,  and  in  treatment  and  composition  are  akin  to 
those  of  Tanagra,  though  in  general  less  severe  in  style. 
Many  examples  show  remarkable  grace,  and  the  average 
size  is  larger  than  that  of  the  Tanagra  figurines.  Groups 
and  combinations  of  figures  are  frequent.  The  most  im- 
portant collections  are  in  the  Louvre  and  in  the  museum 
at  Constantinople. 

Myrmidon  (mer'mi-don).  [Gr.  Mvp/uduv.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a son  of  Zeus,  reputed  ances- 
tor of  the  Myrmidons. 

Myrmidons  (iner'mi-donz).  In  Greek  legen- 
dary history,  a race  in  Phthiotis,  Thessaly.  They 
were  led  by  Achilles  in  the  Trojan  war.  According  to 
one  legend,  they  came  originally  from  Higina. 

Myron  (mi'ron).  [Gr.  M vpuv.]  Lived  about  500- 
440  b.  C.  A celebrated  Greek  sculptor,  a native 
of  Eleutherse  in  Bceotia : a pupil  of  Ageladas  of 
Argos.  Polycletus  and  Phidias  were  his  fellow-pupils. 
Like  the  sculptors  of  the  Doric  or  Argive  school,  his  main 
interest  was  centered  in  the  athlete.  He  considered  the 
subject,  however,  more  from  the  standpoint  of  action  than 
of  proportion.  He  represents  the  attitudes  of  the  active 
rather  than  the  beauty  of  the  passive  athlete.  In  this  he 
was  considered  supreme  throughout  antiquity.  His  most 
representative  work  was  probablytheDiscobolus  described 
by  Quintilian  and  Lucian.  Of  this  statue  the  most  per- 
fect replica  is  in  the  possession  of  Prince  Laneelotti  in 
Rome ; another  is  in  the  Vatican,  and  another  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  His  group  of  Athene  and  Marsyas  is  repre- 
sented by  the  Marsyas  of  the  Lateran.  Myron’s  bronze 
cow  on  the  Pnyx  at  A thens  was  one  of  the  favorites  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  world. 

Myrrha  (mir'a).  [Gr.  Mup/ia.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  mother  of  Adonis. 


Mzensk 

In  the  Kyprian  myth  the  name  of  Theias  is  transformed 
into  Kinyras ; but,  like  Theias,  he  is  the  father  of  Adonis 
by  his  daughter  Myrrha.  Myrrha  is  the  invention  of  a 
popular  etymology : the  true  form  of  the  name  was  Smyrna 
or  Myrina,  a name  famous  in  the  legendary  annals  of 
Asia  Minor.  Myrina  or  Smyrna,  it  was  said,  was  an 
Amazonian  queen,  and  her  name  is  connected  with  the 
four  cities  of  the  western  coast — Smyrna,  Kyme,  Myrina, 
and  Ephesos — whose  foundation  was  ascribed  to  Amazo- 
nian heroines.  Sayce,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  236. 

Myrtilus  (mer'ti-lus).  [Gr.  MuprtZof.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  charioteer  of  CEnomaus,  king  of 
Elis,  thrown  by  Pelops  into  the  iEgean  Sea 
(whence  the  name  Hyrtoan  for  that  part  of 
the  iEgean).  While  drowning  he  cursed  the  home  of 
Pelops,  a curse  which  brought  many  woes  upon  the  de- 
scendants of  his  enemy.  He  was  placed  among  the  con- 
stellations as  Auriga  (the  Charioteer). 

Myrtoan  Sea  (mer-to'an  se).  [L.  Mare  Myrto- 
um:  see  Myrtilus.']  In  ancient  geography,  that 
part  of  the  iEgean  Sea  which  lies  south  of  Ar- 
golis, Attica,  and  Euboea. 

Mysia  (misb'ia).  [Gr.  Mvaia,.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a district  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Asia  Minor.  It  was  hounded  by  the  Propontis  on  the 
north,  Bithyniaand  Phrygia  on  theeast,  Lydia  on  the  south, 
the  iEgean  on  the  west,  and  the  Hellespont  on  the  north- 
west,  the  Troad  being  sometimes  excluded.  It  is  traversed 
by  mountain-ranges.  There  were  many  Greek  cities  on 
the  coasts.  It  belonged  successively  to  Lydia,  Persia, 
Macedon,  Syria,  Pergamum,  and  Rome.  The  Mysians  were 
probably  allied  to  the  Lydians.  They  assisted  the  Kbit  a 
against  Raineses  II. 

Myslowitz  (mis'15-vits).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Przemsa 
34  miles  west-northwest  of  Cracow.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  15,838. 

Mysore  (rni-sor'),  or  Maisur  (mi-sor').  1.  A 
native  state  in  the  Deccan,  India,  surrounded 
by  British  territory.  It  is  mountainous  and  hilly  in 
the  west.  It  became  an  important  state  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury ; under  Hyder  Ali  and  Tippu  Saib  was  a formidable 
opponent  of  the  British  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury ; was  ceded  in  part  to  the  British  in  1792  and  1799 ; 
was  taken  under  British  management  in  1831 ; was  re- 
stored to  native  rule  in  1881 ; and  is  governed  by  a maha- 
raja tributary  to  Great  Britain.  Area,  29,433  square  miles. 
Population,  5,539,399. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Mysore,  situated 
ini  at.  12°  18'  N.,  long.  76°  40'  E.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  maharaja.  Population,  about 
70,000. 

Mysteries  of  Udolplio,  The.  A romance  by 
Mrs.  Radcliffe,  published  in  1794. 

Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood,  The.  An  unfinished 
novel  by  Dickens,  the  first  number  of  which  was 
issued  in  April,  1870.  It  was  to  have  been  completed 
in  twelve  monthly  parts,  but  only  about  six  were  written 
when  he  died. 

Mythen  (rne'ten),  The.  Two  peaks  in  the  can- 
ton of  Schwyz,  Switzerland,  20  miles  east  of 
Lucerne.  Height  of  the  Great  Mythen,  6,245 
feet. 

Mytilene,  orMitylene  (mit-i-le'ne).  [Gr.  M vri- 
)Jjvr]  or  ^UTv'/J/vr].]  1 . A name  sometimes  given 

to  the  island  of  Lesbos  (which  see). — 2.  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  chief  city  of  Lesbos,  sit- 
uated on  the  coast.  It  was  an  important  maritime 
power  of  the  iEolian  Greeks.  It  revolted  from  Athens  in 
428  B.  C.,  and  was  subjected  in  427.  Present  population, 
about  20,000. 

Myus  (mi'us).  [Gr.  Mnoif.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, an  Ionian  city  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  Mseander  11  miles  northeast  of 
Miletus. 

Mzab  (mzab).  A district  in  Algeria,  about  lat. 
33°  N.,  long.  4°  E.  There  is  a river  of  the  same 
name.  The  chief  place  is  Gardaia. 

Mzensk.  See  Mtsensk. 


1 


aab,  or  Nab  (nab).  A river 
in  Bavaria  which  joins 
the  Danube  4 miles  west 
of  Ratisbon.  Length,  94 
miles. 

Naaman  (na'a-man).  In 
Old  Testament  history,  a 
Syrian  general  who  was 
miraculously  cured  of  lep- 
rosy on  bathing  in  the  Jordan  at  the  command 
of  the  prophet  Elisha. 

Naarden  (nar'den).  A town  in  the  province  of 
North  Holland,  Netherlands,  13  miles  southeast 
of  Amsterdam.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1572. 

Naas  (nas  or  na'as).  A town  in  County  Kil- 
dare, Ireland,  southwest  of  Dublin.  It  was  the 
former  capital  of  Leinster.  Population,  3,836. 
Naas.  See  Nasqa. 

Nabataeans,  or  Nabateans  (nab-a-te'anz).  An 
Arab  people  dwelling  in  ancient  times  on  the 
east  and  southeast  of  Palestine  : often  identi- 
fied with  the  people  mentioned  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament under  the  name  of  Nebaioth  (Isa.  lx.  7), 
and  (1  Mac.  v.  25)  as  NabatMtes.  Their  ancestor  Ne- 
bajotli  is  spoken  of  as  the  first-born  of  lshmael  (Gen.  xxv. 
13).  They  are  referred  to  in  Assyrian  inscriptions  of  the 
7th  century  B.  c.,  but  the  period  of  their  greatest  histori- 
cal importance  was  the  two  centuries  immediately  pre- 
ceding and  succeeding  the  Christian  era.  They  seem  to 
have  been  for  a long  time  the  chief  traders  between  Egypt 
and  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates.  Important  Nabatsean 
inscriptions  have  been  recovered,  and  the  rock-inscriptions 
in  the  valleys  around  Mount  Sinai  have  been  attributed  to 
them. 

Nabha.  See  Narba. 

Nabi  (na-be').  A Turkish  poet  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. See  the  extract. 

The  next  notable  poet  is  Nabi,  in  the  time  of  Sultans  Ibra- 
him (1640-1648)  and  Mohammed  IV.  (1648-1687).  About 
this  time  the  Persian  Saib  was  introducing  in  his  own  coun- 
try a new  style  of  Ghazel-writing,  marked  by  a philoso- 
phizing, or  rather  a moralizing,  tendency.  Nabi  copied 
him,  and  consequently  brought  this  new  style  into  Turkish 
literature.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  318. 

Nabis  (na'bis).  Killed  192  B.  c.  Tyrant  of 
Sparta  207-192  B.  c.  He  was  conquered  by  the 
Romans  under  Flamininus  195  B.C. 

Nablus  (nab-los'),  or  Nabulus  (na-bo-los').  A 
city  in  Palestine,  32  miles  north  of  Jerusalem. 
It  is  noted  for  manufactures,  particularly  of  soap.  It  oc- 
cupies the  site  of  hnecnem  (which  see),  later  called  Neap- 
olis  (of  which  Nablus  is  a corruption).  Population,  25,000. 

Nabob  (na'bob),  The.  A play  by  Foote,  pro- 
duced in  1772. 

Nabonassar  (nab-o-nas'ar).  King  of  Babylonia 
747-733  B.  C. 

Nabonassar,  Era  of.  An  era  sometimes  used 
in  ancient  chronology,  reckoned  from  the  ac- 
cession of  Nabonassar  (747  B.  c.). 

Nabonidus  (nab-o-ni'dus).  [Babylonian  Nabu- 
na’id,  Nebo  elevated.]  The  last  king  of  Baby- 
lonia (556-538  B.  C.).  He  seems  to  have  belonged  to 
the  priestly  class,  and  was  zealous  in  the  repairing  of  sanc- 
tuaries, but  neglected  Merodach  and  Nabu,  on  account  of 
which  he  estranged  from  himself  the  priesthood  : this  to 
some  extent  facilitated  the  conquest  of  the  empire  by  Cy- 
rus in  538.  According  to  Eusebius,  Nabonidus  after  the 
fall  of  Babylon  fortified  himself  in  Borsippa,  and  when 
this  was  taken  by  Cyrus,  the  conqueror  generously  gave 
him  a region  in  Carmania  as  his  residence.  But  from  a 
cylinder  of  Cyrus  it  seems  that  Nabonidus  was  treacher- 
ously delivered  into  the  hands  of  Gobryas,  the  general  of 
Cyrus,  and  died  in  a mysterious  manner.  It  appears,  from 
inscriptions  of  his  which  have  been  recovered,  that  he  had 
a strong  historical  interest;  and  several  historical  state- 
ments of  great  importance  for  the  chronology  of  the  Baby- 
lonian empire  are  recorded  by  him.  For  the  relation  of 
the  cuneiform  accounts  of  the  last  Babylonian  king  and 
that  of  the  Book  of  Daniel,  see  Belshazzar  and  Cyrus. 
Nabopolassar  (na-bo-po-las'siir).  [Babylonian 
Nabu-bal-uqar,  Nebo  protects  the  son.]  The 
founder  of  the  new  Babylonian  empire  (625-604 
B.  C.).  He  ruled,  it  seems,  first  over  Babylonia  as  viceroy 
of  Assyria.  He  then  entered  into  an  alliance  with  the  Me- 
dian king  Cyaxares,  who  gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to 
his  son  Nebuchadnezzar;  and  by  their  united  efforts  the 
destruction  of  the  Assyrian  empire  was  brought  about  in 
606  B.  o.  Besides  this  little  is  known  about  Nabopolassar's 
person  or  reign. 

Naboth  (na/both).  In  Old  Testament  history, 


a Jezreelite  put  to  death  by  Ahab,  who  coveted 
his  property. 

Nabu.  See  Nebo. 

Nabulus.  See  Nablus. 

Nachen,  The.  A ship  of  200  tons  burden,  com- 
manded by  Edwarde  Brawnde,  which  sailed 
from  Dartmouth,  England,  March  8,  1615,  to 
make  “further  tryall”  of  the  New  England 
coast.  Brawnde  also  went  to  Cape  Cod  to  search 
for  pearls. 

Nachi  (na/che),  or  Nadches,  or  Nahy,  or 

Naguatez.  A tribe  or  confederacy  of  North 
American  Indians,  which  dwelt  on  St.  Cathar- 
ine’s Creek,  east  and  south  of  the  present  city  of 
Natchez,  Mississippi.  The  name  belonged  to  a single 
town,  but  was  used  to  include  a confederacy  of  towns  some 
of  which  were  those  of  alien  peoples  who  had  been  subju- 
gated by  the  Nachi  or  had  taken  refuge  among  them. 
D’Iberville  visited  them  in  1699,  and  gave  a list  of  8 of 
these  towns.  They  had  conflicts  with  the  French,  the  last 
of  which  in  1729  broke  up  the  confederacy,  but  did  not  ex- 
terminate the  people,  as  has  been  generally  stated.  They 
scattered,  however,  and  the  larger  part  were  received  by 
the  Chicasa.  A few  still  live  among  the  Creek  and  Cher- 
okee in  the  Indian  Territory.  See  Natchesan. 

Nachiketas  (na-chi-ka'tas),  or  Nachiketa.  In 
the  Taittiriyabrahmana  and  the  Katha  Upani- 
shad,  the  son  of  Yajashravasa.  Desirous  of  attaining 
blessedness,  the  latter  performed  great  sacrifices.  The  son 
told  him  that  he  had  not  given  all,  for  he,  his  son,  was  left, 
and  said,  “ To  whom  shall  I be  given  ? ” When  he  repeated 
the  question  the  father  angrily  replied,  “ To  death,  ’’and  so 
the  son  went  to  the  abode  of  Yama,  who  was  constrained 
to  offer  him  three  boons.  Nachiketas  prayed  to  see  his 
father  again  and  be  reconciled.  This  boon  granted,  he 
sought  a knowledge  of  the  sacrificial  fire  that  takes  one 
surely  to  immortality,  and  then  asked  that  Yama  should 
solve  the  doubt  that  there  is  in  regard  to  the  existence  of 
a man  that  is  departed,  whereupon  Yama  instructed  him 
as  to  the  duties,  nature,  and  destiny  of  the  soul. 

Nachniani.  See  Abayi. 

Nachcd  (na'chod).  A town  in  northeastern 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Mettau  78  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Prague.  Here,  June  27,  1866,  the  Prus- 
sians under  Von  Steinmetz  defeated  the  Austrians.  Pop- 
dilation,  commune,  11,812,  (1910). 

Nachtigal  (nach'te-gal),  Gustav.  Born  at 
Eichstedt,  Germany,  Feb.  23,  1834:  died  off 
Cape  Palmas,  Liberia,  April  20,  1885.  An  Af- 
rican explorer.  Seeking  a warm  climate  for  his  dis- 
eased lungs,  he  visited  Algeria  and  Tunis  in  1803,  where 
he  became  physician  to  the  bey.  In  1868  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  delivery  of  presents  from  the  Prussian  king  to 
the  Sultan  of  Bornu.  Successively  he  explored  Fezzan 
and  Tibesti  (1870),  Kuka,  Kanem,  Borku,  and  again  Kuka 
(1872),  Baghirmi  and  Wadai  (1873),  and  Darfur  (1874),  and 
in  1875  returned  over  Egypt  to  Germany.  “ Sahara  und 
Sudan”  appeared  in  1879-81.  Until  1S82  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Gesellschaft  fur  Erdkunde  and  of  the  Afrika- 
nischeGesellschaft ; then  he  went  as  consul  to  Tunis,  and 
in  1884  as  German  imperial  commissioner  to  West  Africa. 
Here  he  annexed  Togoland.  Angra  Pequena,  and  Kame- 
run.  He  died  on  board  ship,  and  was  buried  at  Cape 
Palmas,  Liberia.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Nacidoc  (na-she'dosh),  or  Natchitoches.  A 

tribe  of  the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  See  Caddo. 

Nacionales  (nii-the-6-naTaz).  A political  party 
of  Chile,  formed  by  a union  of  conservatives 
and  liberals,  under  the  leadership  of  Francisco 
Ignacio,  Ossa  about  1857.  At  times  it  has  been  very 
prominent,  but  it  has  never  carried  a national  election. 

Nacoleia(nak-o-le'ya),  or  Nacolia  (na-ko'li-ii,). 
In  ancient  geography,  a place  in  the  northern 
part  of  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor.  Here,  366  a.  d., 
the  emperor  Yalens  defeated  Procopius. 

Nacosari  (na-ko-sa're).  A town  in  eastern  So- 
nora, in  the  neighborhood  of  which  are  very 
extensive  copper-mines.  The  high  peak  in  its 
neighborhood  bears  the  name  of  Cerro  de  Nacosari. 

Na?u.  See  Nasumi. 

Nadaaku  (na-da/a-ko),  or  Anadarco,  or  Ana- 

darko.  A tribe  of  the  Caddo  Confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians.  See  Caddo. 

Nadab  (na/dab).  King  of  Israel  927-925  b.  c. 

★(Duncker),  son  of  Jeroboam  I. 

Nadaillac(na-dii-yiik'),  Jean  Frangois  Albert 
du  Pouget,  Marquis  de.  Born  at  Paris,  July 
16,  1818:  died  at  the  Chateau  de  Rougemont, 
Loir-et-Cher,  Oct.  2,  1904.  A French  archaeol- 
ogist. He  was  prefect  of  the  department  of  Basses- 
710 


Pyri'-ni'es  1871-76,  and  of  Indre-et- Loire  1876-77.  He  pub- 
lished “ L’Anciennete  de  l’homme”  (1868),  “Le  premier 
homme  et  les  temps  prehistoriques  ” (1880),  “ L’Amerique 
pr^historique”  (1882),  “L’Homme  tertiajre  ” (1883),  “Nou- 
velles  ddcouvertes  prehistoriques  aux  Etats-Unis  ” (1883), 
“De  la  p^riode  glaciaire”  (1884),  “Les  anciennes  popula- 
tions de  la  Colombie  ” (1885),  “ Decouvertes  dans  la  grotte 
de  Spy  ”(1886),  “Moeurs  et  monuments  des  peuples  pre- 
historiques ” (1888),  “La  science  et  la  politique"  (1880), 
“Leraouvement  democratique  en  Angleterre  ’(1881),  and 
“L  Affaiblissement  de  la  natality  en  France”  (1886). 

Nadaud(na-d5'), Gustave.  BornFeb.  20,1820: 
died  April  28.  1893.  A popular  French  song- 
writer, musician,  and  singer.  His  songs  (ironical, 
equivocal,  and  political,  etc.)have  been  collected  and  pub- 
lished a number  of  times.  He  also  wrote  operettas  “Le 
docteur  Vieux-temps,”  “Porte  et  fenetre,” etc.,  and  “ Uue 
idylle,”  “Solffegepo4tique  et  musical”  (1886),  “ Nouvelles 
chansons  ii  dire  ou  h chanter”  (1889),  etc. 

Nadches.  See  Nachi. 

Nadintu-Bel  (na-den'to-bel).  See  the  extract. 

The  death  of  Kambyses  inspired  the  Babylonians  with 
the  hope  of  recovering  their  independence.  In  B.  c.  521 
they  revolted  under  Nadintu-Bel,  the  son  of  Aniru,  who 
called  himself  Nebuchadrezzar,  the  son  of  Nabonidos.  A 
portrait  of  him,  in  the  Greek  style  and  with  a Greek  hel- 
met, is  carved  on  a cameo  in  the  Beilin  Museum.  But 
Darius  overthrew  the  pretender  in  two  battles  at  Zazan, 
and  pursued  him  into  Babylon,  which  he  closely  besieged 
(November,  B.  c.  521).  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  145. 

Nadir  Shah  (na'der  shah),  or  Kuli  Khan  (ko'~ 
le  khan).  Born  about  1688:  assassinated  June 
19-20,  1747.  Shah  of  Persia  1736-47.  He  was  a 
robber  chieftain,  and  later  Persian  commander  against 
the  Afghans  and  Turks  ; was  crowned  shah  in  1736 ; cap- 
tured Kandahar  and  Kabul  in  1738;  invaded  India  and 
sacked  Delhi  in  1739  ; and  subjugated  Bokhara,  etc.  He 
was  at  war  with  the  Turks  1743-46. 

Nadiya  (nud'e-ya),  or  Nnddea  (nud'e-a).  A 
district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  23°  30'  N.,  long.  89°  E.  Area,  2,793  square 
miles.  Population,  1,667,491. 

Naevius  (ne'vi-us),  Cnseus.  Died  at  Utica, 
Africa,  204  B.  c.  A Roman  dramatic  and  epic 
poet.  He  wrote  comedies,  tragedies,  and  an  epic  ou  the 
first  Punic  war.  (Fragments  edited  by  Klussmann.Vahlen, 
and  Ribbeck.) 

Cn.  Nsevius  (269  ?-204  B.  c.),  a Campanian  of  Latin  ex- 
traction, and  probably  not  a Roman  citizen,  had  in  his  early 
manhood  fought  in  the  first  Punic  war.  At  its  conclusion 
he  came  to  Rome,  and  applied  himself  to  literary  work. 
He  seems  to  have  brought  out  his  first  play  as  early  as  235 
B.  c.  His  work  mainly  consisted  of  translations  from  the 
Greek ; he  essayed  both  tragedy  and  comedy,  but  his  genius 
inclined  him  to  prefer  the  latter. 

Cruttwell,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit.,  p.  38. 

Nafels  (na'fels).  A village  in  the  canton  of 
Glarus,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Linth  31 
miles  southeast  of  Zurich.  Near  it,  April  9, 1388,  the 
forces  of  Glarus  defeated  a superior  force  of  Austrians. 

Naga  Hills  (na'ga  hilz).  A district  in  Assam, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long. 
93°  30'  E.  Area,  3,070  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 102,402. 

Nagasaki  (na-ga-sa/ke).  [Jap.,  ‘Long Point.’] 
A seaport  situated  on  the  western  coast  of  the 
island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan,  in  lat.  32°  44'  N., 
long.  129°  51'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
cities  of  Japan,  exporting  coal,  rice,  tea,  camphor,  tobacco, 
etc.  Near  it  is  the  island  Desima,  a seat  of  Dutch  traders 
from  about  1640  to  1859.  Nagasaki  was  opened  to  foreign 
trade  in  1859.  Population,  176,480. 

Nageli  (na'ge-le),  Karl  Wilhelm  von.  Born 
at  Kilchberg,  March  27,  1817 : died  at  Munich, 
May  10,  1891.  A noted  German  botanist,  pro- 
fessor at  Munich  from  1858.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  studies  in  the  physiology  and  development  of  plants. 

Naggleton  (nag'l-ton),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Char- 
acters appearing  in  “ Punch”  1864-65,  who  are 
always  quarreling  over  trifies. 

Nagina,  or  Nuginah  (nug-e'na).  A town  in 
Bijnaur  district,  United  Provinces,  British 
India,  94  miles  northeast  of  Delhi.  Popula- 
tion, 21,412. 

Naglee  (nag'le),  Henry  Morris.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia. Jan.  15,  1815:  died  at  San  Francisco, 
March  5, 1886.  A Union  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  took  part  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  1862, 
and  commanded  the  7th  army  corps  and  the  district  of 
Virginia  in  1863.  ne  was  mustered  out  of  service  in  1864. 
He  afterward  cultivated  a vineyard  at  San  Jos6,  California. 
The  Naglee  brandy  is  named  from  him. 


Naglfar 

Naglfar  (na'gl-far).  In  Scandinavian  mythol- 
ogy, the  ship  of  the  giants  in  Ragnarok. 
Nagold  (na'golt).  A town  in  Wiirtemberg,  26 
miles  southwest  of  Stuttgart.  Population, 
about  4,000. 

Nagore  (na-gor'),  orNagur  (na-gor').  A town 
in  Jodhpur,  Rajputana,  India,  75  miles  north- 
east of  Jodhpur. 

Nagore,  orNagur.  A town  in  Tanjore  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast  50  miles  east  of  Tanjore. 

Nagoya  (nang'o-ya  or  na'ngo-ya).  A city  in 
the  main  island  of  Japan,  situated  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Owari,  on  Owari  Bay,  165  miles  west 
by  south  of  Tokio.  Pop.,  378,231. 

Nagpur  (nag-por'),  orNagpore  (nag-por').  1. 
A division  in  the  Central  Provinces,  British 
India.  Area,  23,521  square  miles.  Population, 
2,706,695. — 2.  A district  in  the  Nagpur  divi- 
sion, intersected  by  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  79°  E. 
Area,  3,840  square  miles.  Population,  751,844. 
— 3.  The  capital  of  the  Central  Provinces 
and  of  Nagpur  district,  situated  in  lat.  21°  9' 
N.,  long.  79°  7'  E.  It  has  important  manufactures 
and  export  of  cloth.  Population,  127,734. 

Nagrandians,  or  Nagrandans.  See  Maribois. 
Nag’s  Head  Tavern.  An  old  London  tavern 
on  the  comer  of  Friday  street,  not  far  from  the 
Mermaid  and  the  Mitre,  where  the  consecration 
of  the  first  Protestant  bishop  in  1559  was  alleged 
by  the  Romanists  to  have  taken  place : hence 
derisively  called  “The  Nag’s  Head  Consecra- 
tion.” The  ceremony  really  took  place  at  the 
Church  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow.  Chambers. 
Naguatez.  See  Naclii. 

Nagy-Abony.  See  Abony. 

Nagy-Banya  (nody,ban/'yo).  A royal  free  town 
in  the  county  of  Szatmar,  Hungary,  near  the 
Transylvanian  border.  Population,  11,813. 
Nagy-Karoly  (nody'ka/roly).  The  capital  of 
the  county  of  Szatm&r,  Hungary,  37  miles 
east-northeast  of  Debreczin.  Population, 
15,382. 

Nagy-Kords  (nody'ke^resh),  A town  in  the 
county  of  Pest-Pilis-Solt,  Hungary,  48  miles 
southeast  of  Budapest.  Population,  26,638. 
Nagy-Lak  (nody-lok).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Osanad,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Maros  29 
miles  east  by  south  of  Szegedin.  Population, 
commune,  13,631. 

Nagy-Szent-Miklos  (nody-sent-mik'losh).  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Torontal,  Hungary,  26 
miles  southeast  of  Szegedin.  Population, 
commune,  12,639. 

Nagy-Varad.  See  Grosswardein. 

Nahant  (na-hant').  A small  town  in  Essex  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  Massachusetts 
Bay  8 miles  northeast  of  Boston.  It  is  a noted 
summer  resort. 

Nahe  (na'e).  A river  in  Germany  which  joins  the 
Rhine  near  Bingen  in  Hesse.  Length,  69  miles. 
Nahr-el-Kelb  (nar-el-kelb' ).  [Ar., 1 river  of  the 
dog.’]  A river  near  Beirut.  On  a rock  near  the 
mouth  of  this  river  there  are  engraved  the  portrait  and  an 
inscription  of  Esarhaddon,  king  of  Assyria  (0S0-668  B.  C.), 
commemorating  his  victory  over  Egypt  in  671.  On  the 
same  rock  the  Egyptian  king  Rameses  II.  carved  a similar 
monument  commemorating  his  triumph  over  the  Eittites 
in  the  battle  at  Kedesh. 

Nahuas  (na'was),  or  Nahua tlecas(  na-wat-la'- 
kas).  A collective  name  for  the  Indian  tribes 
which  formed  the  dominant  race  of  the  Mexican 
plateau  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest. 
According  to  the  most  generally  credited  traditions,  they 
had  come  from  the  north  or  northwest  some  centuries  be- 
fore. They  were  divided  intomany  petty  tribes,  each  with 
its  pueblo  or  town,  and  these  were  often  at  war  with  each 
other.  Clustered  in  and  about  the  lakes  of  the  valley  of 
Mexico  were  the  pueblos  of  Tenochtitlan  or  Mexico,  Tez- 
cuco,  Chaleo,  Tlacopan  (whose  inhabitants  were  called 
Tecpanecs),  and  Xochimilco.  The  Tlascalans  occupied  a 
mountainous  region,  and  Cholula,  Cuernavaca,  and  other 
pueblos  were  scattered  over  the  plateau.  The  Nahuatl 
language  was  commonly  spoken  over  a large  area,  and 
tended  to  drive  out  other  tongues.  During  the  14th  and 
15th centuries  Tenochtitlan,  Tezcuco,  and  Tlacopan  became 
allies : the  dominant  member  of  the  league  was  at  first 
Tezcuco,  later  Tenochtitlan.  The  confederate  arms  spread 
over  t he  valley  of  Mexico,  and  were  carried  to  the  Gulf,  the 
Pacific,  and  Guatemala : but  within  thisregion  manytribes 
were  unconquered,  and  some  conquests  were  only  tem- 
porary. Opinions  differ  as  to  the  true  status  of  the  con- 
quered  regions,  but  the  tendency  is  to  reject  the  idea  of  an 
Aztec  “ empire.”  It  appears  that  most  of  the  pueblos  and 
tribes  acknowledged  in  some  sort  the  power  of  Mexico, 
and  paid  tribute  to  it,  but  without  being  in  absolute 
subjection.  All  the  Nahuas  built  large  towns,  cultivated 
the  ground,  were  skilful  in  gold-  and  feather-work, 
etc.,  and  used  pictorial  signs  for  certain  records  of  tribute 
and  to  commemorate  events  ; they  were  also  enterprising 
traders  : but  they  were  no  more  advanced  in  civilization 
than  the  Maya  races  to  the  southeast.  Their  religion 
was  degraded  by  revolting  human  sacrifices,  and  it 
appears  that  most  of  their  numerous  wars  were  waged 


720 

to  obtain  victims  for  their  gods.  After  the  fall  of  Tenoch- 
titlan or  Mexico  (1521),  they  made  little  resistance  to  tne 
Spaniards,  and  soon  sank  into  a condition  of  semi-slaveiy. 
About  2,000,000  Indians  of  the  Mexican  plateau  are  now 
classed  as  Nahuas.  The  name  Aztecs  is  sometimes  used 
for  all  the  Nahua  tribes ; more  commonly  it  is  restricted 
to  those  which  formed  the  above-mentioned  league,  or 
to  that  of  Tenochtitlan  alone.  See  Aztecas,  Mexico,  and 
Nahuattecan  stock. 

Nahuatl  (na'watl),  or  Nahua  (na'wa).  The 
language  of  the  Nahuas,  commonly  called  Az- 
tec. It  was  divided  into  various  dialects  differing  but 
slightly  from  each  other.  The  Nahuatl  tongue  is  still 
spoken  by  several  hundred  thousand  Mexican  Indians,  but 
is  gradually  dying  out.  See  Nahuattecan  stock. 

Nahuatlecan  stock  (na-wat-la'kan  stok).  A 
linguistic  stock  or  substock  of  Mexican  and  Cen- 
tral American  Indians.  It  includes  the  Nahua  tribes 
(see  Nahuas ) and  a few  small  scattered  tribes  (theSeguas, 
Nicaraos,  etc.)  as  far  south  as  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica. 
Many  modern  ethnologists  regard  this  as  a branch  of  a 
much  larger  stock  extending  as  far  north  as  Idaho  and 
Oregon,  and  called  by  Brinton  the  Uto-Aztecan  stock. 

Nahuatlecas.  See  Nahuas. 

Nahum  (na'hum).  [Heb.,  ‘compassionate.’] 
The  seventh  in  order  of  the  minor  prophets. 
The  language  of  his  brief  prophecy  is  vivid  and  forcible. 
His  subject  is  the  downfall  of  Nineveh.  He  prophesied 
between  664  and  607  B.  C. 

Nahy.  See  Nachi. 

Naiads  (na'yadz).  [Gr.  Natadec,  L.  Naiades .]  In 
Greek  and  Roman  mythology,  female  deities 
presiding  over  springs  and  streams.  The  Naiads 
were  represented  as  beautiful  young  girls  with  their  heads 
crowned  with  flowers,  light-hearted,  musical,  and  benefi- 
cent. 

Nailor  (na'lor),  John.  One  of  Robin  Hood’s 
band.  He  was  known  as  “Little  John.” 

Nain  (na'in).  In  New  Testament  geography,  a 
town  in  Galilee,  Palestine,  59  miles  north  by 
east  of  Jerusalem  : the  modern  Nein.  it  was  the 
scene  of  a miracle  of  Jesus — the  raising  of  a widow’s  son 
from  the  dead. 

Nairn  (narn).  1.  A maritime  county  of  Scot- 
land. It  is  bounded  by  the  Moray  Firth  on  the  north, 
Elgin  on  the  east,  and  Inverness  on  the  south  and  west. 
It  comprises  also  some  detached  portions.  The  surface  is 
generally  hilly.  Area,  162  square  miles.  Population 
(civil  county),  9,291. 

2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  county  of  Nairn, 
situated  on  the  Nairn,  near  the  Moray  Firth, 
in  lat.  57°  35'  N.,  long.  3°  53'  W.  It  is  a 
summer  resort.  Population,  5,105. 

Nairne  (narn ), Baroness  (Carolina  Oliphant). 
Born  at  the  house  of  Gask,  Perthshire,  Aug.  16, 
1766:  died  there,  Oct.  26,  1845.  A Scottish  poet, 
sometimes  called  “the  Flower  of  Strathearn.” 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Lawrence  Oliphant,  a leading 
Jacobite.  In  June,  1S06,  she  married  William  Murray 
Nairne,  who  became  fifth  Lord  Nairne.  As  “ Mrs.  Bogan 
of  Bogan,”  she  contributed  lyrics  to  the  “Scottish  Min- 
strel" (1821-24).  After  her  death  her  poems  were  pub- 
lished as  “Lays  from  Strathearn.”  Among  her  songs  are 
“ The  Land  o’  the  Leal,"  “ The  Laird  of  Cockpen,”  “ Wha  ’ll 
be  king  but  Charlie?”  “Bonnie  Charlie  ’s  noo  awa’,” 
“Charlie  is  my  Darling,”  “Caller  Herrin’, ” etc. 

Naisha  (na/e-sha).  A tribe  of  the  Apache  group 
of  North  American  Indians,  now  on  the  Washita 
River  in  the  Apache,  Kiowa,  and  Comanche  re- 
serve, Oklahoma.  See  Apaches. 
Naishadhacarita  (ni-sha-d-ha-ka'ri-ta).  [Slit., 
‘ the  adventures  of  the  Nishadan.’]  An  arti- 
ficial Sanskrit  epic,  written  in  the  12th  century 
A.  D.  by  Shri  Harsha,  and  treating  of  Nala, 
king  of  Nishadha  (see  Nala). 

Naissus  ( na-is'us).  Tho  ancient  name  of  Nish. 
Najac  (na-zhiik').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Aveyron,  France,  35  miles  east-northeast 
of  Montauban.  It  has  a noted  castle,  now  in 
ruins.  Population,  commune,  1,623. 

Najera  (na'Ha-rii),  or  Najara  (na'Hii-ra).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Logroiio,  north- 
ern Spain,  situated  on  the  Najeriila  18  miles 
west  by  south  of  Logroiio.  Near  it,  April  3, 1367, 
the  Black  Prince  and  Pedro  the  Cruel  defeated  Henry  of 
Trastamare  and  Du  Guesclin  : this  is  also  called  battle  of 
Navarre te  and  of  Logroiio. 

Nakel  (nii'kel),  or  Naklo  (na'klo).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Netze  60  miles  north-northeast  of  Posen. 
Population,  commune,  8,176. 

Nakhitchevan  (na-che-ehe-van').  1.  A town 
in  the  government  of  Erivan,  Transcaucasia, 
Russia,  about  lat.  39°  12'  N.,  long.  45°  25'  E. 
It  is  an  ancient  Armenian  city,  and  has  often  been  taken 
and  sacked.  Population,  13,401. 

2.  A town  in  the  government  of  Yekaterino- 
slaff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Don  6 miles 
northeast  of  Rost-off.  It  was  founded  by  Armenian 
emigrants  in  1780,  and  has  a flourishing  trade.  Popula- 
tion,  about  30,000. 

Nakhon  Wat  (na-khon'  wat).  A temple  sit- 
uated about  5 miles  south  of  Nakhon  or  Anli- 
hor,  the  ancient  capital  of  Cambodia,  it  is  the 
finest  architectural  creation  of  Cambodia,  dating  from  the 
13th  century.  The  plan  presents  three  concentric  rectan- 
gular inclosures,  the  exterior  one  measuring  570  by  650 


Namouna 

feet,  and  each  rising  above  that  without  it,  so  that  the 
general  form  is  pyramidal,  an  effect  which  is  enhanced  by 
the  flanking  of  the  great  pointed  tooth-battlemented  cen- 
tral tower  by  similar  smaller  side  towers.  The  exterior  is 
colonnaded  with  coupled  square  pillars  on  a raised  base- 
ment, all  the  masonry  being  admirable.  Above  the  pillars 
there  is  an  elaborate  entablature  with  a frieze  of  project- 
ing serpent-heads  and  very  rich  moldings.  In  the  middle 
of  each  face  there  is  a large  triple  portal.  The  back  walls 
of  the  porticos  which  extend  from  these  bear  remarkable 
friezes  in  low  relief,  most  of  the  subjects  being  battle- 
scenes  from  the  Ramayana  or  Mahabharata,  about  6$  feet 
high  and  2,000  in  aggregate  length.  The  entrance-hall 
contains  over  100  square  columns.  The  temple  proper, 
200  by  213  feet,  stands  in  the  central  court;  it  surrounds 
4 large  water-tanks  so  disposed  that  the  middle  portion  of 
the  structure  is  cruciform.  The  plan  is  closely  similar  to 
Indian  types,  but  the  constructive  and  decorative  details 
are  purely  local.  The  capitals  are  almost  classical  in  form, 
and  there  are  no  bracket-capitals. 

Nakkar  (nak'kar),  or  Nekkar  (nek'kar).  [Ar. : 
apparently  from  al-nakkar,  the  digger;  but 
probably  an  error  of  transcription  for  al-bakkar, 
the  herdsman,  as  given  by  Ibn  Junis.]  The 
usual  name  of  the  third-magnitude  star  [i  Bootis, 
in  the  head  of  the  figure. 

Nakskov  (naks'kov),  or  Naskov  (nas'kov).  A 
seaport  on  the  island  of  Laaland,  Denmark,  81 
miles  southwest  of  Copenhagen.  Population, 
8,424. 

Nala  (na'la).  1.  King  of  Nishadha,  and  hus- 
band of  Damayanti.  The  episode  of  Nala  and  Dama- 
yanti  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Mahabharata.  It 
has  been  translated  into  English  by  Milrnan,  and  later  by 
Sir  Edwin  Arnold  in  his  “ Indian  Idylls.”  There  are  atleast 
five  translations  into  German  (by  Bopp,  Holtzmann,  Kose- 
garten,  Meier,  and  Ruckert),  and  it  has  been  translated  into 
Latin  by  Bopp,  and  Swedish  by  Edgren.  A swan  spared 
by  Nala  tells  “the  pearl  of  girls,”  Damayanti,  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Vidarbha,  of  his  graces,  and  she  loves  him. 
King  Bhima  holds  for  his  daughter  a svayamvara  (liter- 
ally ‘self-choice’),  a festival  and  tournament  at  which  a 
gill  of  the  warrior  ( kshatriya ) caste  was  allowed  freely  to 
choose  her  husband.  The  chief  gods  hear  of  it,  and  go. 
On  their  way  they  meet  Nala,  also  going,  and  bid  him  go 
to  Damayanti  and  sue  for  them.  They  enable  the  reluc- 
tant but  obedient  Nala  to  enter  Damayanti’s  chamber, 
where  he  tells  her  that  the  gods  desire  her  hand.  She  in- 
forms Nala  that  she  will  choose  him  even  though  the  gods 
be  present.  At  the  svayamvara  the  four  chief  gods  assume 
the  appearance  of  Nala.  Unable  to  distinguish  the  real 
Nala,  the  princess  prays  to  the  gods  and  they  resume  their 
divine  attributes,  whereupon  she  chooses  Nala  to  the  grief 
of  the  kings  and  the  delight  of  the  gods.  These  give  Nala 
magic  gifts ; the  wedding-feast  is  celebrated ; and  Nala  re- 
turns to  Nishadha  with  his  bride,  where  they  live  happily 
and  have  a son  and  daughter,  Indrasena  and  Indrasena. 
Later,  however,  Nala  loses  everything,  even  his  kingdom, 
by  gambling,  and  wanders  in  the  forest.  Transformed  into 
a dwarf,  he  becomes  the  charioteer  of  Rituparna,  king  of 
Oudh.  Damayanti,  ather  father’s  court  inKundina,suspects 
that  Nala  is  at  Oudh.  She  offers  her  hand  to  Rituparna  if 
he  will  drive  from  Oudh  to  Kundina,  some  500  miles,  in  a 
single  day,  knowing  that  only  Nala  is  equal  to  the  task. 
Nala  drives  Rituparna  there  through  the  air,  and  is  re- 
warded by  perfect  skill  in  throwing  the  dice.  His  wife 
recognizes  him  by  his  magic  command  of  fire  and  water 
and  his  cooking.  He  resumes  his  true  form,  wins  back  all 
he  had  lost,  and  lives  happily  with  Damayanti  ever  after. 
The  story  is  told  by  the  sage  Brihadashva  to  Yudhishthira 
when  Arjuna  had  gone  to  Indra’s  heaven  to  get  divine 
weapons,  leaving  the  other  Bandavas  in  the  forest  with 
Draupadi  lamenting  the  absence  of  Arjuna  and  the  loss  of 
their  kingdom. 

2.  A monkey  chief  who,  in  the  Ramayana,  has 
the  power  of  making  stones  float,  and  builds  the 
bridge  from  the  continent  to  Ceylon,  over  which 
Rama  passes  with  his  army. 

Nalodaya  (na-lo'da-ya).  [Skt.  Nala  and  udaya  : 
‘Nala’s  rise.’]  An  artificial  Sanskrit  poem  as- 
cribed to  a Kalidasa,  probably  not  the  great 
poet  of  that  name,  and  describing  especially 
the  restoration  of  the  fallen  Nala  to  prosperity. 
Nalopakhyana  (na-lo-pa-khya'na).  [Skt.  Nala 
and  upakhyana : ‘ Nala  Episode.’]  The  story  of 
Nala  and  Damayanti  in  the  Mahabharata.  See 
Nala. 

Naltunne  Tunne  (nal-tu-na'  tu-na').  [‘Mush- 
room people.’]  A tribe  of  the  Pacific  division 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians. Its  former  habitat  was  on  the  Pacific  coast  south 
of  Rogue  River,  Oregon  : it  is  now  on  the  Siletz  reserva- 
tion, Oregon.  See  Athapascan. 

Namagan  (na-ma-gan'),  or  Namangan  (na- 
man-gan').  A town  in  Ferghana.  Turkestan, 
Asiatic  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sir-Daria  50 
miles  northeast  of  Khokand.  Population, 
62,017. 

Namaqua  (na-ma'kwa).  See  Khoikhoin. 
Namaqualand  (na-ma'kwa-land),  Great.  A 
region  in  the  southern  part  of  German  South- 
west Africa  (which  see). 

Namaqualand,  Little.  A region  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  Cape  Colony,  south  of  the  Orange 
River. 

Namby  Pamby.  See  Philips,  Ambrose. 
Namouna  (na-mo'nji).  An  enchantress  in 
Moore’s  poem  “ The  Light  of  the  Harem.” 
Namouna  (na-mo-na').  A narrative  poem  by 
Alfred  de  Musset,  published  in  1833. 


Namslau 


721 


Napier,  Jolm 


Namslau  (nams'lou).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weide  29 
miles  east  of  Breslau.  Pop.,  commune,  6,183. 

Namuchi  (na'mo-che).  [Skt. : according  to  Pa- 
nini,  na  and  muchi : ‘not  loosing’ the  heavenly- 
waters,  confining  the  clouds  and  preventing 
rain.]  In  the  Vedas,  a demon  overcome  by 
Indra  and  the  Asvins. 

Namur (na'mor;  F.  pron.na-miir').  [F.  Namur, 
Flem.  Namur,  ML.  Namurra,  Namurcum ; also 
Flem.  Name,  now  Namen,  ML.  Narnia .]  1.  A 

province  of  Belgium.  It  is  bounded  by  Brabant  on 
the  north,  Liege  on  the  northeast,  Luxemburg  on  the  east, 
France  on  the  south,  and  Hainaut  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly  or  level,  and  the  soil  is  fertile.  Area,  1,414 

i square  miles.  Population,  346,512. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Namur,  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Sambre  and  Meuse, 
in  lat.  50°  28'  N.,  long.  4°  52'  E.  it  is  a strategic 

point  of  great  importance,  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of 
a stronghold  of  the  Aduatuci ; has  a flourishing  trade,  and 
noted  manufactures  of  cutlery ; and  contains  a citadel 
(strongly  fortified),  cathedral,  belfry,  and  archaeological 
museum.  It  has  repeatedly  been  besieged  and  captured  : 
by  the  French  under  Louis  XIV.  in  J une,  1692 ; by  the  Al- 
lies under  William  III.  from  the  French  under  Boufflers 
in  1695 ; and  by  the  French  from  the  Austrians  in  1746, 
1792,  and  1794.  It  belonged  to  France  from  1794  to  1814. 
Population,  32,047. 

Namur,  County  Of.  A medieval  county  largely 
comprised  in  the  present  province  of  Namur. 
It  was  acquired  by  Philip  the  Good  1421-29,  and  was  one 
of  the  seventeen  provinces  of  the  Netherlands. 

Nana  (na-na').  A novel  by  Zola,  one  of  the 
Rougon-Macquart  series,  published  in  1880. 

Nanaa  (na'na-a).  An  Assyro-Babylonian  god- 
dess. Her  chief  seat  of  worship  was  at  Erech  (modern 
Warka),  where  she  had  a sanctuary  called  E-an  na,  i.  e. 

‘ house  of  heaven.’  The  Assyrian  king  Asurbanipal  (668- 
626  B.  c.)  relates  in  his  annals  (645)  that  he  restored  the 
image  of  the  goddess  to  her  ancient  seat  Erech,  whence  it 
had  been  carried  away  1,635  years  before  (that  is,  2280  B.  C.) 
by  the  Elamite  invader  Kudur-Nanhundi. 

Nanaimo  (na-ni'mo).  A seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Vancouver,  British  Columbia,  north  of 
Victoria.  It  is  noted  for  its  coal-mines  and 
quarries.  Population,  8,306,  (1911). 

Nanak  (na'nak).  Born  at  Talvandi,  near  La- 
hore, 1469 : died  Oct.  10, 1538.  The  founder  of 
the  Hindu  sect  of  the  Sikhs.  See  Adi-Grantli, 
and  Sikhs.  Originally  a Hindu  in  belief  as  in  birth,  he 
was  influenced  by  the  surrounding  Mohammedans  so  far  as 
to  denounce  idolatry.  He  wished  to  unite  Hindus  and  Mo- 
hammedans on  the  ground  of  a belief  in  one  God,  though 
his  creed  was  rather  pantheistic  than  monotheistic. 

Nana  Sahib  (na'na  sa'hib)  (properly  Dandhu 
Panth).  Born  about  1825:  died  about  1860  (?).  A 
peshwa  of  the  Mahrattas,  and  one  of  the  leaders 
in  the  Sepoy  mutiny  (1857).  He  permitted  the 
massacre  at  Cawnpore  in  1857,  and  continued 
the  war  in  Oudh  and  elsewhere  1857-59. 

Nan-chang  (nan-chang').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  China,  situated  about  lat. 
28°  30'  N.,  long.  116°  E.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 130,000. 

Nancy  (nan'si).  In  Dickens’s  “Oliver  Twist,” 
the  mistress  of  Bill  Sikes,  who  brutally  mur- 
ders her. 

Nancy  (nan'si  ;F.pron.  non-se').  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France, 
situated  on  the  Meurthe  in  lat.  48°  41'  N.,  long. 
6°  11'  E.  it  is  the  seat  of  a bishop,  and  an  important 
commercial  and  manufacturing  center.  The  manufac- 
tures include  embroidery,  cotton,  woolen,  hats,  shoes, 
pottery,  glass,  etc.  It  contains  a university  with  over 
2,900  students,  and  the  only  school  of  forestry  in  Prance. 
The  cathedral  is  a Renaissance  building  finished  in 
1742  ; the  front  has  two  ranges  of  Corinthian  and  Com- 
posite columns  Hanked  by  domed  towers.  The  palace 
of  the  dukes  of  Lorraine  is  a large  and  beautiful 
florid-Pointed  building  begun  in  1502,  now  well  restored 
and  serving  as  a museum.  The  Place  Stanislas,  hotel 
de  ville  (with  museum),  seven  triumphal  arches  (includ- 
ing the  Porte  Royale),  Franciscan  church,  and  various 
institutions  and  societies  are  also  notable.  Nancy  was 
the  ancient  capital  of  Lorraine  ; was  the  scene  of  a battle 
Jan.  5,  1477,  in  which  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Swiss;  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1033,  and  restored  in  1601 ; was  embellished  by 
Leopold  and  Stanislaus  of  Poland ; passed  to  France  in 
1760;  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  military  sedition 
in  1790;  and  was  occupied  by  the  Germans  in  1870. 
Population,  commune,  110,570. 

Nancy  Hanks  (nan'si  hangks).  A fast  Ameri- 
can trotting  mare.  In  1892  she  broke  the  trotting 
record  of  Sunol  (2:08})  by  a mile  in  2:053.  This  she  herself 
lowered  to  2:04  in  Oct.,  1892.  She  is  by  Happy  Medium  by 
Hambletonian  (10),  dam  by  Dictator,  brother  to  Dexter. 

Nanda(nan'da).  [Skt., ‘happiness.’]  l.InSan- 
skrit  mythology,  the  name  of  a cowherd  who 
was  the  foster-father  of  Krishna. — 2.  In  Indian 
history,  a king  or  dynasty  that  reigned  at  Patali- 
putra,  overthrown  by  Chandraguptatho  Maurya 
about  315  B.  C. 

Nanda  Devi.  Apeak  of  the  Himalaya,  in  British 
India,  near  the  sources  of  the  Ganges.  Height, 
25,656  feet. 

C.— 46 


Nanga-Parbat.  A peak  of  the  Himalaya  in 
Kashmir.  Height,  26,629  feet. 

Nangis  (non-zhe').  A small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  36  miles  south- 
east of  Paris.  Here,  Feb.  17,  1814,  Napoleon 
I.  defeated  the  Allies. 

Nanine  (na-nen'),  ou  le  prejuge  vaincu.  [F., 

‘Nanine,  or  Prejudice  Conquered.’]  A comedy 
by  Voltaire,  played  in  1749.  It  is  taken  from 
Richardson’s  “Pamela.” 

Nanking  (nan'king')(Chin., ‘southern  capital’), 
officially  Keangning-fu).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Kiangsu,  China,  situated  on  the 
Yangtse  about  lat.  32°  5'  N.,  long.  118°  50'  E. : 
formerly  called  Killling.  It  contains  an  arsenal ; was 
formerly  a manufacturing  and  literary  center  ; was  long 
noted  for  its  porcelain  tower,  (built  in  the  15th  century, 
destroyed  in  1853) ; was  a royal  residence  1368-1411 ; was 
invested  by  the  British  1842 ; was  taken  by  the  Taipings 
1853 ; and  was  retaken  1S64.  Population,  267,000. 

Nanking,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  between  Great 
Britain  and  China,  concluded  at  Nanking  in 
1842.  Hong-Kong  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain ; Canton, 
Amoy,  Shanghai,  Fuhchow,  and  Ningpo  were  opened  to 
British  commerce ; and  China  paid  an  indemnity. 
Nanna  (nan'na).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  daughter  of  Nep  (ON.  Nejjr),  and  the 
wife  of  Baldur. 

Nansa  (nan'sa),  or  Manansa  (ma-nan'sa).  _A 
tribe  of  Bushmen  who  wander  about  in  the  arid 
^•district  south  of  the  Victoria  Falls. 

Nansen  (nan'sen),  Fridtjof.  Born  near  Chris- 
tiania, Oct.  10, 1861.  A Norwegian  arctic  ex- 
plorer. He  entered,  in  1880,  the  University  of  Christiania, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  zoology.  He 
was  appointed  curator  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  in  1882,  after  having  made  in  the  same 
year  a voyage  to  the  Jan  Mayen  and  Spitzbergen  seas,  and 
the  sea  between  Iceland  and  Greenland,  in  a sealing-ship, 
for  the  purpose  of  observing  animal  life  in  high  latitudes. 
He  took  his  degree  at  the  university  in  18S8,  crossed  south- 
ern Greenland  from  east  to  west  on  snowshoes  in  1888,  and 
was  appointed  curator  of  the  Museum,  of  Comparative 
Anatomy  at  the  University  of  Christiania  in  1889.  He  sailed 
from  Christiania  in  June,  1893,  at  the  head  of  an  arctic 
expedition,  intending  to  drift  in  a specially  constructed 
vessel,  the  Fram,  from  the  Siberian  coast,  across  the 
north  pole,  to  the  coast  of  Greenland.  He  returned  in  1896, 
having  reached  with  sledges  lat.  86°  14'  N.,  2°  50'  further 
than  Lockwood’s  furthest.  In  1905  he  was  appointed  min- 
ister and  later  ambassador  at  the  Court  of  St.  James,  re- 
tiring in  1908.  He  has  written  “Farthest  North"  (1897). 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  3. 

Nansouty  < non-sh-te'),  Comte  Etienne  Marie 
Antoine  Champion  de.  Born  at  Bordeaux, 
France,  May  30,  1768:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  6, 
1815.  A French  cavalry  general,  distinguished 
in  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

Nantasket Beach (nan-tas'ketbech).  A penin- 
sula in  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  pro- 
jecting into  Massachusetts  Bay  8-10  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Boston.  It  is  a noted  summer  resort. 
Nanterre  (non-tar').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine,  France,  3 miles  west-northwest  of  the 
fortifications  of  Paris. s Population,  commune, 
17,434. 

Nantes  (nants;  F.  pron.  nont).  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Lo  ire-inf  erieure,  France, 
on  the  Loire,  at  the  junction  of  the  Erdre  and 
the  S&vre-Nantaise,  inlat.47°  13'  N.,long.l°33' 
W.:  the  ancient  Condivicnum.  it  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing cities  of  France;  has  a trade  in  sugar,  ship-building  in- 
dustries,  and  manufactures  of  sugar,  tobacco,  etc.;  and 
contains  a castle  (where  DeRetzand  Fouquet  were  impris- 
oned), cathedral,  museum  of  natural  history,  picture-gal- 
lery, and  several  striking  squares  and  buildings.  It  was 
the  ancient  capital  of  the  Namnetes ; resisted  the  Vende- 
ans  in  1793  ; and  was  the  scene  of  the  notorious  Noyades 
(which  see)  in  1793-94.  Population,  commune,  133,247. 
Nantes,  Edict  of.  An  edict  issued  by  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  April  13, 1598.  It  ended  the  religious 
wars  of  the  country.  The  Huguenots  were  put  on  an 
equality  with  the  Catholics  in  political  rights.  Certain 
nobles  and  citizens  of  certain  towns  were  allowed  freedom 
of  worship,  although  this  was  prohibited  in  Paris  and  its 
neighborhood  and  in  episcopal  cities.  Military  and  judi- 
cial concessions  were  made  to  the  Huguenots.  See  Revo- 
cation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 

Nanticoke  (nan'ti-kok).  [PI. , also  NanticoTces.'] 
A large  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly on  the  river  of  the  same  name  on  the  east- 
ern shore  of  Maryland.  They  were  conquered  by  the 
Iroquois  about  1680, after  which  they  ceased  to  be  important 
and  became  scattered  among  several  tribes.  They  called 
themselves  Nentego,  from  which  the  form  Nanticoke  is 
corrupted.  Itmeans  ‘tide-waterpeople.’  See  Algonqtiian. 
Nantua  (non-tii-a').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  29  miles  west  of  Geneva.  It 
has  a remarkable  old  church.  Population, 
commune,  2,891. 

Nantucket  (nan-tuk'et).  1.  An  island  in  the 
Atlantic,  88  miles  southeast  of  Boston,  and 
ahotit  20-25  miles  soutli  of  the  mainland  of 
Massachusetts.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  Itwas 
discovered  by  Gosnold  in  1602.  Length,  18  miles.  Area, 
about  45  square  miles. 


2.  A town  and  county  of  Massachusetts,  com- 
prisingthe  island  of  Nantucketand  some  smaller 
neighboring  islands:  a summer  resort,  itwas 
settled  in  1659 ; was  ceded  to  Massachusetts  in  1693 : was 
famous  as  a seat  of  the  whale-fishery  in  the  ISth  century 
and  the  beginning  of  the  19th ; and  was  nearly  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1846.  Population  of  town,  2,962,  (1910). 
Nantucket  Shoals.  A group  of  dangerous 
shoals  in  the  Atlantic,  southeast  of  Nantucket. 
Nantucket  Sound.  That  part  of  the  ocean 
which  lies  between  Nantucket  on  the  south 
and  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
north. 

Nantwich  (nant'wich  or  nan'tich).  A town  in 
Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Weaver  30 
miles  southeast  of  Liverpool.  Here,  Jan.  25, 1644, 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  defeated  the  Royalists  under  Lord 
Byron.  Population,  7,722. 

Naomi  (na/o-mi  or  na-o'ml).  [Heh.,  ‘ my  pleas- 
antness.’] The  widow  of  Elimeleeh,  a ‘ ‘ cer- 
tain man  of  Bethlehem-judah,”  whose  story  is 
told  in  the  Book  of  Ruth.  She  was  the  mother- 
in-law  of  Ruth. 

Naos  (na'os).  [Gr.  Ndo?  = Nave,  the  ship  (Argo 
Navis).]  The  2i -magnitude  star  f Argus. 
Napa  (na'pa).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  in  upper  Napa  valley,  Califor- 
nia. See  Yukian. 

Napa.  The  capital  of  Napa  County,  California, 
situated  on  the  Napa  River  36  miles  north -north- 
east of  San  Francisco.  Pop.,  5,791,  (1910). 
Napata  (na-pa'ta).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  in  Ethiopia,  situated  on  the  Nile  about  lat. 
19 3 N. : the  modern  Jebel  Barkal.  It  contains 
a temple  of  Amenhotep  III. 

Napeanos.  See  Napos. 

Naphtali  (naf'ta-li).  1.  One  of  the  Hebrew 
patriarchs,  a son  of  Jacob  and  Bilhah. — 2.  One 
of  the  tribes  of  Israel.  Its  territory  was  situated  in 
Galilee,  between  the  Jordan  and  Sea  or  Galilee  on  tile  east 
and  Asher  on  the  west. 

Zebulon  and  Naphtali  took  what  was  afterwards  called 
the  “circle  of  the  Gentiles,”  Galilee.  But  their  occupa- 
tion was  in  reality  merely  a cohabitation  with  the  pre- 
viously established  races.  The  towns  of  Kitron  and  Naha- 
lol  remained  Canaanite.  Laish  or  Lesem,  until  the  pos- 
terior invasion  of  the  Danites,  was  an  industrial  and 
trading  town  living  after  the  manner  of  Sidon. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  I.  211. 

Napier  (na'pi-er).  A seaport  in  the  North  Isl- 
and, New  Zealand,  situated  on  Hawke  Bay 
165  miles  northeast  of  Wellington.  Popula- 
tion, 8,774. 

Napier,  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Merehiston  Hall, 
near  Falkirk,  March  6,  1786 : died  Nov.  6,  1860. 
A British  admiral.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Captain 
Charles  Napier,  and  cousin  of  Sir  Charles  James  Napier. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1799,  became  lieutenant  in  1805, 
and  commander  in  1807.  In  1814  he  served  in  the  Potomac 
expedition  in  America.  In  18;;3  he  took  command  of  th6 
Portuguese  fleet.  He  defended  Lisbon  in  1834,  and  was 
created  Count  Cape  St.  Vincent  in  the  peerage  of  Portugal. 
He  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Marylebone  in 
1842,  and  made  rear-admiral  in  1846,  vice-admiral  in  1853, 
admiral  in  1858.  He  commanded  tlie  Baltic  fleet  during  the 
Crimean  war,  and  has  been  much  censured  for  refusing  to 
storm  Cronstadt.  He  wrote  the  “War  in  Syria"  (1842). 

Napier,  Sir  Charles  James.  Born  at  White- 
hall, London,  Aug.  10, 1782:  died  at  Portsmouth, 
Aug.  29, 1853.  A distinguished  British  general. 
In  i803  he  was  aide-de-camp  to  General  Fox  in  Ireland; 
served  under  Lord  Cathcart  in  Denmark  in  1807 ; and  on 
his  return  was  ordered  to  Portugal,  where  he  served  under 
Sir  John  Moore  in  the  retreat  to  Corunna,  where  he  was 
captured.  He  fought  in  Wellington's  Peninsular  cam- 
paigns, and  was  present  atCambray  but  not  at  Waterloo. 
In  1814,  being  on  half  pay,  he  entered  the  military  college  at 
Farnhara.  From  1822  to  1830  ha  was  military  resident  and 
governor  of  Cephalonia.  He  was  made  major-general  in 
1837  and  K.  C.  B.  in  1838.  In  1842  he  undertook  the  con- 
quest of  Sind,  which  was  completed  by  the  victory  of  Hy- 
derabad, March  24,  1843.  He  was  governor  of  Sind  until 
1847.  He  superseded  Lord  Gough  as  commander-in-chief 
after  the  battle  of  Chiilianwalla,  and  in  1851  returned 
finally  to  England.  He  wrote  various  works  on  military 
and  colonial  affairs. 

Napier,  Sir  Francis,  ninth  Baron  Napier.  Bom 
Sept.  15,  1819:  died  Dec.  18, 1898.  An  English 
statesman.  He  was  British  minister  at  Washington 
1867-68,  and  governor  of  Madras  1866-72. 

Napier,  Henry  Edward.  Born  March  5, 1789 : 
died  Oct.  13,  1853.  A British  author,  brother 
of  Sir  Charles  James  Napier.  He  wrote  a 
“Florentine  History”  (1846-47),  etc. 

Napier,  John.  Born  at  Merehiston,  near  Edin- 
burgh, 1550 : died  there,  April  4, 1617.  A Scot- 
tish mathematician,  famous  as  the  inventor  of 
logarithms.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Archibald,  the 
seventh  Napier  of  Merehiston,  hereditary  j ustice-general  of 
Scotland.  He  matriculated  at  St.  Salvator’s  College,  St. 
Andrews,  in  1563,  and  probably  completed  hi3  education 
at  the  University  of  Paris.  His  “ Mirilioi  logarithmorum 
canonis  descriptio,”in  which  his  discovery  was  announced, 
appeared  in  1614.  Napier’s  bones  or  rods,  constructed  to 
simplify  multiplication  and  division,  were  introduced  In 


Napier,  John 

the  “Rabdologia”  (1617).  The  “Constructio,"  or  method 
by  which  the  canon  was  constructed,  was  published  in 
1619  by  his  son  Robert,  edited  by  Henry  Briggs. 

Napier,  Macvey.  Born  at  Kirkintilloch,  Dum- 
bartonshire, April  11, 1776 : died  at  Edinburgh, 
Feb.  11,  1847.  A Scottish  author  and  editor. 
In  1829  he  succeeded  Jeffrey  as  editor  of  the  “Edinburgh 
Review,”  and  was  editor  of  the  7th  edition  of  the  “Ency- 
clopedia Britannica"  (1830-42). 

Napier,  Robert  Cornelis,  Lord  Napier  of  Mag- 
dala.  Born  at  Ceylon,  Dec.  6,  1810 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  14,  1890.  A British  general.  He  was 

educated  at  the  military  college  at  Addiscombe,  and  en- 
tered the  Bengal  Engineers  in  1826.  In  the  mutiny  (1857) 
he  was  chief  engineer  of  Sir  Colin  Campbell’s  army,  and 
for  bravery  at  Lucknow  was  made  C.  B.  lie  served  in 
the  Chinese  war  in  1860.  He  commanded  the  expedition 
to  Abyssinia  and  stormed  the  heights  at  Magdala  (April 
13,  1868).  He  was  commander-in-chief  in  India  1870-76, 
governor  of  Gibraltar  1876-83,  and  field-marshal  1883. 

Napier,  Sir  William  Francis  Patrick.  Born 
, near  Dublin,  Dec.  17,  1785 : died  at  Clapbam 
Park,  London,  Feb.  10,  1860.  A British  military 
historian  and  general,  son  of  Colonel  George 
Napier,  and  brother  of  Sir  Charles  James 
Napier.  He  was  with  Sir  John  Moore  in  the  retreat  to 
Corunna,  and  served  in  the  Peninsular  campaigns.  He 
entered  the  military  college  at  Farnham  with  his  brother 
Charles,  and  commanded  a regiment  in  the  occupation  of 
France  until  1819.  Retiring  on  half-pay,  he  began  his  lit- 
erary career  in  1821.  In  1823  his  “ History  of  the  War  in 
the  Peninsula’’  was  begun  : it  was  published  1828-40.  In 
1844-46he  published  “A  History  of  theConquestof  Scinde," 
in  1851  “A  History  of  the  Administration  of  Scinde,”  and 
in  1857  the  “life  and  Opinions”  of  his  brother,  Sir  C.  J. 
Napier. 

Naples  (na'plz) ; It,  Napoli  (na/po-le).  A prov- 
ince of  Italy.  Area,  351  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,216,918. 

Naples,  It.  Napoli.  [L.  Neapolis,  Gr.  NedroJ<c, 
the  new  city;  F.  Naples. ] Capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Naples,  in  lat.  40°  52' N.,  long.  14°  15'  E.  it  has 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  situations  in  Europe,  and  is  the 
largest  city  and  one  of  the  principal  seaports  in  Italy.  The 
Castel  del  Ovo,  a landmark  of  Naples,  so  named  from  its 
oval  plan,  founded  in  1154  on  a small  island  connected 
with  the  shore  by  a causeway,  was  considered  a mar- 
vel of  strength  iu  the  13tli  century.  It  now  serves  as 
a military  prison.  The  cathedral  was  begun  by  Charles 
of  Anjou  in  1272,  and  retains  many  13th-century  fea- 
tures despite  repeated  restorations  made  necessary  by 
earthquakes.  It  contains  many  granite  columns  and 
marbles  from  the  Roman  temples  of  Neptune  acd  Apollo, 
besides  line  paintings  and  historic  tombs.  The  chapels 
are  of  great  richness,  particularly  that  of  St.  Januarius 
(1608),  where  the  miraculous  blood  is  preserved.  The 
Pointed  canopy  of  the  episcopal  throne,  with  spiral  col- 
umns, has  high  artistic  value.  The  votive  church  of  Sau 
Francesco  di  Paola,  begun  in  1817  by  Ferdinand  I.,  is  a 
partial  imitation  of  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  Its  interior 
is  incrusted  with  precious  marbles,  and  the  dome  is  175 
leet  high.  San  Martino,  the  Certosa,  or  Carthusian  Mon- 
astery, is  remarkable  as  possessing  one  of  the  most  lavishly 
ornamented  interiors  in  existence:  the  piers  and  walls 
are  incrusted  with  precious  marbles  forming  panels  and 
patterns,  and  the  vault  is  frescoed  by  Lanfranco,  Spagno- 
letto,  and  others.  The  floor  is  a mosaic  of  polished  wood, 
and  was  made  by  one  of  the  monks.  Other  objects  of  in- 
terest are  the  university,  royal  palace,  San  Carlo  theater, 
Castel  Nuovo,  triumphal  arch,  Palazzo  di  Capodimonte,  ob- 
servatory, national  museum  (picture-gallery  and  collection 
of  antiquities),  Villa  Nazionale,  aquarium,  Castel  Sant’ 
Elmo,  library,  conservatory  of  music,  and  the  churches 
(besides  those  noticed  above)  of  Santa  Maria  del  Carmine, 
San  Gennaro  (catacombs),  Incoronatav  Monte  Oliveto, 
Santa  Chiara,  San  Domenico,  San  Giovanni,  San  Paolo, 
and  San  Lorenzo.  Near  the  city  are  many  noted  points, 
including  Posilipo,  Cumse,  Lake  Avernus,  Pozzuoli,  Bake, 
Misenum,  Mount  Vesuvius,  Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  Capri, 
and  Ischia.  Naples  was  a Greek  colony  from  Cumae ; be- 
came subject  to  Rome  about  300  B.  c. ; flourished  under 
Roman  rule ; suffered  in  the  barbarian  invasious ; was 
taken  by  Belisarius  in  536,  and  by  Totila  in  543  ; became 
the  capital  of  a duchy;  was  taken  by  the  Normans  in 
1150 ; was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples  and  of  the 
Two  Sicilies  ; was  the  scene  of  a revolt  under  Masaniello 
in  1647 ; and  has  been  the  scene  of  various  revolutionary 
outbreaks,  as  in  1848.  Population,  commune,  723,208. 
Naples,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  tlie  Mediterranean, 
on  the  coast  of  Campania,  Italy,  celebrated  for 
the  beauty  of  its  shores. 

Naples,  Duchy  of.  A duchy  founded  in  the  6th 
century,  dependent  on  the  Byzantine  empire. 
It  became  independent  in  the  beginning  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury, and  was  conquered  by  the  Normans  in  the  11th  and 
12th  centuries. 

Naples,  Kingdom  of.  A former  kingdom  in 
Southern  Italy.  It  was  separated  from  the  kingdom 
of  Sicily  under  Charles  of  Anjou  in  1282;  was  united  with 
Aragon  1442-58;  was  conquered  temporarily  by  Charles 
VIII.  of  France  in  1495;  and  was  under  the  rule  of  Spain 
1503-1707,  and  of  Austria  1707-35.  See  Two  Sicilies. 
Napo  (nii'po).  A river  in  Ecuador,  a northern 
tributary  of  the  Amazon.  Length,  estimated, 
about  700  miles. 

Napoleon  (na-p5'le-on ; F.  pron.  na-po-la-on') 
I.  (Napol4on  Bonaparte  or  Buonaparte1). 

Born  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  Aug.  15,  1769,  or,  ac- 

i The  spelling  Buonaparte  was  used  by  Napoleon’s  father,  and  by 
Napoleon  himself  down  to  170(1,  although  the  spelling  Bonaparte  oc- 

curs in  early  Italian  documents 


722 

cording  to  some,  at  Corte,  Jan.  7,  17682:  died 
at  Longwood,  St.  Helena,  May  5, 1821.  Empe- 
ror of  the  French  1804-14.  He  was  the  son  of  Charles 
Marie  Bonaparte  and  Lsetitia  Ramolino ; studied  at  themil- 
itary  school  of  Brienne  1779-84,  and  at  that  of  Paris  1784-85 ; 
and  received  a lieutenant’s  commission  in  the  French  army 
in  1785.  He  opposed  the  patriot  movement  under  Paoli 
in  Corsica  in  1793  ; commanded  the  artillery  in  the  attack 
on  Toulon  in  the  same  year ; served  in  the  army  in  Italy  in 
1794;  and,  as  second  in  command  to  Barras,  subdued  the 
revolt  of  the  sections  at  Paris  in  Oct.,  1795.  He  married 
Josephine  de  Beauharnais  March  9, 1796.  Toward  the  close 
of  this  month  (March  27)  he  assumed  command  at  Niceof 
the  army  in  Italy, which  he  found  opposed  by  the  Austrians 
and  the  Sardinians.  He  began  his  campaign  April  10,  and, 
after  defeating  the  Austrians  at  Montenotte  (April  12), 
Millesimo  (April  14),  and  Dego  (April  15),  turned  (April  15) 
against  the  Sardinians,  whom  he  defeated  at  Ceva(April  20) 
and  Mondovi  (April  22),  forcing  them  to  sign  the  separate 
convention  of  Cheraseo  (April  29).  In  the  following  month 
he  began  an  invasion  of  Lombardy,  and  by  a brilliant  series 
of  victories,  including  those  of  Lodi  (May  10)  and  Arcole 
(Nov.  15-17),  expelled  the  Austrians  from  their  possessions 
in  the  north  of  Italy,  receiving  the  capitulation  of  Mantua, 
their  last  stronghold,  Feb.  2, 1797.  Crossing  the  Alps,  he 
penetrated  Styria  as  far  as  Leoben,  where  he  dictated  pre- 
liminaries of  peace  April  18.  The  definitive  peace  of  Cam- 
po-Formio  followed  (Oct.  17).  By  the  treaty  of  Campo-For- 
mio  northern  Italy  was  reconstructed  in  the  interest  of 
France,  which  furthermore  acquired  the  Austrian. Nether- 
lands, and  received  a guarantee  of  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine.  Campo-Formio  destroyed  the  coalition  against 
France,  and  put  an  end  to  the  Revolutionary  war  on  the 
Continent.  The  only  enemy  that  remained  to  France  was 
England.  At  the  instance  of  Bonaparte  the  Directory 
adopted  the  plan  of  attacking  the  English  in  India,  which 
involved  the  conquest  of  Egypt.  Placed  at  the  head  of  an 
expedition  of  about  35,000  men,  he  set  sail  from  Toulon 
May 19, 1798;  occupied  Malta  June  12 ; disembarked  at  Alex- 
andria July  2 ; and  defeated  the  Mamelukes  in  the  decisive 
battle  of  the  Pyramids  July  21.  He  was  master  of  Egypt, 
but  the  destruction  of  his  fleet  by  Nelson  in  the  battle  of 
the  Nile  (Aug.  1)  cut  him  off  from  France  and  doomed  his 
expedition  to  failure.  Nevertheless  he  undertook  the  sub- 
jugation of  Syria,  and  stormed  Jaffa  March  7, 1799.  Re- 
pulsed at  Acre,  the  defense  of  which  was  supported  by  the 
English,  he  commenced  a retreat  to  Egypt  May  21.  He  in- 
flicted a final  defeaton  the  Turks  at  Abukir  July26;  trans- 
ferred the  command  in  Egypt  to  Ivl6ber  Aug.  22;  and,  set- 
ting sail  with  two  frigates,  arrived  in  the  harbor  of  Frejus 
Oct.  9.  During  his  absence  a new  coalition  had  been  formed 
against  France,  and  the  Directory  saw  its  armies  defeated 
both  on  the  Rhine  and  in  Italy.  With  the  assistance  of 
his  brother  Lucien  and  of  Sieyfes  and  Roger  Ducos,  he  ex- 
ecuted the  coup  d’dtatof  Brumaire,  whereby  he  abolished 
the  Directory  and  virtually  made  himself  monarch  under 
the  title  of  first  consul,  holding  office  for  a term  of  10 
years.  He  crossed  the  Great  St.  Bernard  in  May,  1800,  and 
restored  the  French  ascendancy  in  Italy  by  the  victory  of 
Marengo  (June  14),  which,  with  that  won  by  Moreau  at 
Hohenlinden  (Dec.  3),  brought  about  the  peace  of  Lund- 
ville  (Feb.  9,  1801).  The  treaty  of  Lundville,  which  was 
based  on  that  of  Campo-Formio,  destroyed  the  coalition, 
and  restored  peace  on  the  Continent.  He  concluded  the 
peace  of  Amiens  with  England  March  27, 1802.  After  the 
peace  of  Lun6ville  he  commenced  the  legislative  recon- 
struction of  France,  the  public  institutions  of  which  had 
been  either  destroyed  or  thrown  into  confusion  during  the 
Revolution.  To  this  period  belong  the  restoration  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  by  the  Concordat  (concluded  July 
15,  1801),  the  restoration  of  higher  education  by  the  erec- 
tion of  the  new  university  (May  1, 1802),  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Legion  of  Honor  (May  19, 1802) : preparation 
had  been  previously  made  for  the  codification  of  the  laws. 
Hewasmadeconsulforlife  Aug.  2,1802;  executed  the  Due 
d’Enghien  March  21, 1804 ; was  proclaimed  hereditary  em- 
peror of  the  French  May  18, 1804  (the  coronation  ceremony 
took  place  Dec.  2, 1804) ; and  was  crowned  king  of  Italy 
May  26, 1805.  In  the  meantime  England  had  been  provoked 
into  declaring  war  (May  18, 1803),  and  a coalition  consist- 
ing of  England,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Sweden  was  formed 
against  France  in  1805 : Spain  was  allied  with  France.  The 
victory  of  Nelson  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  (Oct.  21, 1805) 
followed  the  failure  of  the  projected  invasion  of  Eng- 
land. Breakingup  his  camp  at  Boulogne,  he  invaded  Aus- 
tria, occupied  Vienna,  and  (Dec.  2, 1805)  defeated  the  allied 
Russians  and  Austrians  at  Austerlitz.  The  Russians  re- 
tired from  the  contest  under  a military  convention ; the 
Austrians  signed  the  peace  of  Presburg  (Dec.  26, 1805);  and 
the  coalition  was  destroyed.  His  intervention  in  Germany 
brought  about  the  erection  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  July  12, 1806.  This  confederation,  which  was  placed 
under  his  protection,  ultimately  embraced  nearly  all  the 
states  of  Germany  except  Austria  and  Prussia.  Its  erec- 
tion, together  with  other  provocation,  caused  Prussia  to 
mobilize  its  army  in  Aug.,  and  Napoleon  presently  found 
himself  opposed  by  a coalition  with  Prussia,  Russia,  and 
England  as  its  principal  members.  He  crushed  the  Prus- 
sian army  at  Jena  and  Auerstadt  Oct.  14  ; entered  Berlin 
Oct.  27 ; fought  the  Russians  and  Prussians  in  the  drawn 
battleof  Eylau  Feb.  7-8,1807;  defeated  theRussiansat  the 
battle  of  Friedland  June  14;and  compelled  both  Russia  and 
Prussia  to  conclude  peace  at  Tilsit  July  7 and  9, 1807,  re- 
spectively. Russia  became  the  ally  of  France ; Prussia 
was  deprived  of  nearly  half  her  territory.  Napoleon  was 
now,  perhaps,  at  the  height  of  his  power.  The  imperial 
title  was  no  empty  form.  He  was  the  head  of  a great  con- 
federacy of  states.  He  had  surrounded  the  imperial  throne 
with  subordinate  thrones  occupied  by  members  of  his  own 
family.  His  stepson  Eugfene  de  Beauharnais  was  viceroy  of 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  northern  and  central  Italy ; his 
brother  Joseph  was  king  of  Naples  in  southern  Italy  ; his 
brother  Louis  was  king  of  Holland ; his  brother  Jerome  was 
king  of  Westphalia  ; his  brother-in-law  Murat  was  grand 
duke  of  Berg.  The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  existed  by 
virtue  of  his  protection,  and  his  troops  occupied  dismem- 


2Aug.  15,  1769,  is  the  commonly  accepted  date  of  Napoleon’s  birth, 
and  Jan.  7,  1768,  that  of  the  birth  of  his  brother  Joseph.  It  has  been 
said,  but  without  good  reason,  that  these  dates  were  interchanged  at 
the  time  of  Napoleon  's  admission  to  the  military  school  of  Brienne  in 
1779,  no  candidate  being  eligible  after  10  years  of  age. 


Napoleonic  Wars 

bered  Prussia.  He  directed  the  policy  of  Europe.  Eng- 
land alone,  mistress  of  the  seas,  appeared  to  stand  between 
him  and  universal  dominion.  England  was  safe  from  in- 
vasion, but  she  was  vulnerable  through  her  commerce. 
Napoleon  undertook  to  starve  her  by  closing  the  ports  of 
the  Continent  against  her  commerce.  This  policy,  known 
as  “the  Continental  system,”  was  inaugurated  by  the  Ber- 
lin decree  in  1806,  and  was  extended  by  the  Milan  decree 
in  1807.  To  further  this  policy  he  resolved  to  seize 
the  maritime  states  of  Portugal  and  Spain.  His  armies 
expelled  the  house  of  Braganza  from  Portugal,  and  Nov. 
30, 1807,  the  French  entered  Lisbon.  Under  pretense  of 
guarding  the  coast  against  the  English,  he  quartered  80,000 
troops  iu  Spain,  then  in  1808  enticed  Ferdinand  VII.  and 
his  father  Charles  IV.  (who  had  recently  abdicated)  to 
Bayonne,  extorted  from  both  a renunciation  of  their  claims, 
and  placed  his  brother  Joseph  on  the  Spanish  throne.  An 
uprising  of  the  Spaniards  took  place,  followed  by  a popu- 
lar insurrection  iu  Portugal,  movements  which  found  re- 
sponse in  Germany.  The  seizure  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
provedinthe  end  a fatal  error.  The  war  which  it  kindled, 
known  as  the  Peninsular  war,  drained  him  of  his  resources 
and  placed  an  enemy  in  his  rear  when  northern  Europe 
rose  against  him  in  1813.  The  English  in  1808  landed  an 
army  in  Portugal,  whence  they  expelled  the  French,  and 
penetrated  into  Spain.  Napoleon,  securing  himself  against 
Austria  by  a closer  alliance  with  the  czar  Alexander  at  Er- 
furt (concluded  Oct.  12, 1808),  hastened  in  person  to  Spain 
with  250,000  men,  drove  out  the  English,  and  entered  Ma- 
drid (Dec.  4,  1808).  He  was  recalled  by  the  threatening 
attitude  of  Austria,  against  which  he  precipitated  war  in 
April,  1809.  He  occupied  Vienna  (May  13),  was  defeated 
by  the  archduke  Charles  at  Aspern  and  Essling  (May  21- 
22),  defeated  the  archduke  at  Wagram  (July  5-6),  and  con- 
cluded the  peace  of  Schonbrunn  Oct.  14, 1809.  He  divorced 
Josephine  Dec.  16, 1809,  and  married  Maria  Louisa  of  Aus- 
tria March  11  (April  2),  1810.  He  annexed  the  Papal  States 
in  1809  (the  Pope  being  carried  prisoner  to  France),  and 
Holland  in  1810.  The  refusal  of  Alexander  to  carry  out 
strictly  the  Continental  system,  which  Napoleon  himself 
evaded  by  the  sale  of  licenses,  brought  on  war  with  Russia. 
He  crossed  the  Niemen  June  24, 1812 ; gained  the  victory  of 
Borodino  Sept.  7 ; and  occupied  Moscow  Sept.  14.  His  prof- 
fer of  truce  was  rejected  by  the  Russians,  and  he  was 
forced  by  the  approach  of  winter  to  begin  a retreat  (Oct. 
19).  He  was  overtaken  by  the  winter,  and  his  army  dwin- 
dled before  the  cold,  hunger,  and  the  enemy.  He  left  the 
army  in  command  of  Murat  Dec.  4,  and  hastened  to  Paris. 
Murat  recrossed  the  Niemeu  Dec.  13,  with  100,000  men,  the 
remnant  of  the  Grand  Army  of  600,000  veterans.  The  loss 
sustained  by  Napoleon  in  this  campaign  encouraged  the 
defection  of  Prussia,  which  formed  an  alliance  with  Rus- 
sia at  Kalisch  Feb.  28, 1813.  Napoleon  defeated  the  Rus- 
sians and  Prussians  at  Liitzen  May  2,  and  at  Bautzen  May 
20-21.  Austria  declared  war  Aug.  12,  and  Napoleon  pres- 
ently found  himself  opposed  by  a coalition  of  Russia,  Eng- 
land, Sweden, ^Prussia,  and  Austria,  of  which  the  first  three 
had  been  united  since  the  previous  year.  He  won  his  last 
great  victory  at  Dresden  Aug.  26-27,  and  lost  the  decisive 
battles  of  Leipsic  (Oct.  16,  18,  and  19),  Laon  (March  9-10, 
1814),  and  Arcis-sur-Aube  (March  20-21).  On  March  31  the 
Allies  entered  Paris.  He  was  compelled  to  abdicate  at  Fon- 
tainebleau April  11,  but  was  allowed  to  retain  the  title  of 
emperor,  and  received  the  island  of  Elba  as  a sovereign  prin- 
cipality, and  an  annual  income  of  2,000,000  francs.  He  ar- 
rived in  Elba  May  4.  The  Congress  of  Vienna  convened 
in  Sept.,  1814,  for  the  purpose  of  restoring  and  regulating 
the  relations  between  the  powers  disturbed  by  Napoleon. 
Encouraged  by  the  quarrels  which  arose  at  the  Congress 
between  the  Allies,  N apoleon  left  Elba  Feb.  26, 1815 ; landed 
at  Cannes  March  1 ; and  entered  Paris  March  20,  the  troops 
sent  against  him,  including  Ney  with  his  corps,  having 
joined  his  standard.  At  the  return  of  Napoleon,  the  Allies 
again  took  the  field.  He  was  finally  overthrown  at  Wa- 
terloo June  18, 1815,  and  the  Allies  entered  Paris  a second 
time  July  7.  After  futile  attempts  to  escape  to  America, 
he  surrendered  himself  to  the  British  admiral  Hotham  at 
Rochefort  July  15.  By  a unanimous  resolve  of  the  Allies 
he  was  transported  as  prisoner  of  war  to  St.  Helena,  where 
he  arrived  on  Oct.  16,  1815,  and  where  he  was  detained  the 
rest  of  his  life.  See  Hotel  des  Invalides. 

Napoleon  II.  (Francois  Charles  Joseph  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte,  Due  de  Reichstadt).  Born 
at  Paris,  March  20,  1811 : died  at  Schonbrunn, 
near  Vienna,  July  22, 1832.  Titular  emperor  of 
the  French,  son  of  Napoleon  I.  and  Maria  Louisa. 

He  was  created  duke  of  Reichstadt  in  1818  by  his  grand- 
father, Francis  I.  of  Austria,  at  whose  court  he  resided 
after  his  father  s overthrow. 

Napoleon  III.  (Charles  Louis  Napoleon  Bo- 
naparte). Bom  at  Paris,  April  20,  1808:  died 
at  Chiselhurst,  near  London,  Jan.  9, 1873.  Em- 
peror of  the  French  1852-7 0.  He  was  the  son  of  Louis 
Bonaparte,  king  of  Holland,  and  Hortense  de  Beauhar- 
nais, and  the  nephew  of  Napoleon  I.  He  lived  in  exile  at 
Arenenberg  and  Augsburg  1815-30 ; joined  in  an  unsuc- 
cessful revolt  against  the  Pope  in  the  Romagna  1830-31 ; 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  organize  a revolution 
among  the  French  soldiers  stationed  at  Strasburg  in  1836 ; 
made  a descent  on  France  near  Boulogne  in  1840 ; was  cap- 
tured and  imprisoned  at  Ham  until  1846,  when  he  escaped ; 
was  made  a member  of  the  National  Assembly  after  the  fall 
of  Louis  Philippe  in  1848 ; was  elected  president  of  the  re- 
public Dec.,  1848 ; executed  the  coup  d’etat  of  Dec.  2, 1861 ; 
was  chosen  president  for  10  years  in  Dec.,  1851 ; and  after 
a plebiscite  in  Nov. , 1852,  was  proclaimed  emperor  Dec.  2, 
1852.  He  married  Eugenie  de  Montijo  Jan.  30,  1853 ; took 
part  in  the  Crimean  war  1854-56 ; fought  with  Sardinia 
against  Austria  in  1859,  and  was  present  at  the  battles  of 
Magenta  and  Solferino ; waged  war  in  Mexico  1862-67 ; 
declared  war  against  Germany  in  July,  1870;  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Sedan  Sept.  2 ; was  imprisoned  at  Wilhelms- 
hohe,  near  Cassel,  1870-71 ; and  lived  at  Chiselhurst 
1871-73.  He  was  the  author  of  various  political  and 
military  works,  including  “Histoire  de  Jules  Cesar  ” 
(1865-66). 

Napoleon,  Prince  (Napoleon  Eug&ne  Louis 
Jean  Joseph  Bonaparte).  See  Bonaparte. 
Napoleonic  Wars.  A general  name  for  the  wars 


Napoleonic  Wars 

in  which  Napoleon  Bonaparte  was  the  leading 
figure,  1796-1815.  France  was  opposed  to  Great  Britain, 
and  at  different  times  to  Austria,  Prussia,  Russia,  Spain, 
etc.  The  principal  seats  of  the  wars  were  Italy,  Spain,  Por- 
tugal, Switzerland,  Germany,  Austria,  Russia,  Egypt,  Syria, 
and  the  ocean.  The  wars  at  the  beginning  of  the  period 
form  part  of  those  growing  out  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion (which  see).  The  following  are  the  leading  events 
after  1795 : Napoleon  took  command  of  the  army  of  Italy, 
spring  of  1796  ; battle  of  Lodi,  May  10 ; campaign  of  Moreau 
on  the  Upper  Rhine  (retreat  through  the  Black  Forest), 
1796 ; campaign  of  Jourdan  on  the  Main,  1796 ; battle  of 
Castiglione,  Aug.  6 ; battle  of  Arcole,  Nov.  16-17  ; siege  of 
Mantua,  1796-97 ; battle  of  Rivoli,  Jan.,  1797 ; preliminary 
treaty  of  Leoben,  April  18 ; treaty  of  Campo-Formio,  Oct. 
17 ; French  expedition  to  Egypt,  1798 ; battle  of  the  Pyra- 
mids, July  21 ; battle  of  the  Nile,  Aug.  1 ; battle  of  Mount 
Tabor,  April,  1799 ; French  defeats  in  Italy  (Trebbia,  June, 
and  Novi,  Aug.);  battle  of  Abukir,  July  26  ; Suvaroff’s  re- 
treat in  the  Alps,  1799;  battles  of  Zurich,  1799;  passage  of 
Great  St.  Bernard  by  Napoleon,  May,  1800 ; battle  of  Ma- 
rengo, June  14  ; battle  of  Hohenlinden,  Bee.  3 ; treaty  of 
Lundville,  Feb.  9, 1801 ; battle  of  the  Baltic,  April  2 ; treaty 
of  Amiens,  March  27,  1802  ; renewal  of  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  1803 ; new  coalition  against  France,  1805 ; surrender 
of  Dim,  Oct.  17 ; battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21 ; battle  of  Aus- 
terlitz,  Dec.  2 ; treaty  of  Presburg,  Dec.  26 ; battles  of  Jena 
and  Auerstadt,  Oct.  14,  1806 ; battle  of  Eylau,  Feb.  7,  8, 
1807  ; battle  of  Friedland,  June  14 ; treaties  of  Tilsit,  July  ; 
Peninsular  war  (which  see),  1808-14 ; battle  of  Aspern,  May 
21,  22, 1809 ; battle  of  Wagram,  July  6,  6 ; treaty  of  Vienna, 
Oct.  14 ; invasion  of  Russia,  1812 ; battle  of  Borodino,  Sept. 
7;  burning  of  Moscow,  Sept.;  retreat  from  Russia,  Oct.- 
Dec. ; battle  of  Liitzen,  May  2, 1813 ; battle  of  Bautzen,  May 
20,  21 ; battle  of  the  Katzbach,  Aug.  26 ; battle  of  Dresden, 
Aug.  26, 27 ; battle  of  Dennewitz,  Sept.  6 ; battle  of  Leipsic, 
Oct.  16,  18,  19;  Napoleon's  victories  at  Montmirail.  etc., 
Feb.,  1814;  battleof  Bar-sur-Aube,  Feb.  27 ; battle  of  Laon, 
March  9, 10;  battleof  Arcis-sur-Aube,March20,21;  treaty  of 
Paris,  May  30  ; Napoleon  landed  at  Cannes,  March  1, 1815 ; 
battles  of  Ligny  and  Quatre-Bras,  June  16 ; battle  of  Water- 
loo, June  18 ; treaty  of  Paris,  Nov.  20. 

Napoleon  le  Petit  (na-po-la-on  le  pe-te').  [F., 
‘Napoleon  the  Little.’]  A satire  by  Victor 
Hugo,  directed  against  Napoleon  HI.,  published 
in  1852. 

Napoleon-Vendee.  See  La-Boche-sur-  Ton. 

Napoli  di  Romania.  See  Na  uplift. _ 

Napos  (na/pos),  or  Napeanos  (na-pa-a'nos).  A 
name  given  to  various  semi-civilized  Indians  of 
eastern  Ecuador  and  Peru,  on  the  river  Napo. 
They  are  apparently  derived  from  various  stocks  which 
have  become  amalgamated  in  the  mission  villages.  At 
present  most  of  them  speak  dialects  of  the  Quichua. 

Naquet  (na-ka'),  Alfred  Joseph.  Born  at  Car- 
pentras,  France,  Oct.  6, 1834.  A French  chem- 
ist and  radical  politician.  He  was  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  the  technical  institute  of  Palermo  1863-65,  and 
was  a member  of  the  French  Senate  1882-89.  His  chief 
work  is  “ Principes  de  chimie”  (1865). 

Nara  (na'ra).  A city  in  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  about  25  miles  south  of  Kioto,  it  was  the 
capital  in  the  8tli  century.  A colossal  statue  of  Buddha, 
seated  in  the  Daibouts  temple  here,  is  an  exceedingly  re- 
markable work,  and  the  largest  existing  bronze  casting. 
It  dates  from  739,  and  is  formed  of  several  pieces  skilfully 
soldered  together.  The  god  sits  on  the  symbolic  lotus- 
flower,  with  the  right  hand  open  and  raised,  and  the  ex- 
tended left  resting  on  his  knee.  The  drapery  has  almost 
Greek  breadth  and  lightness,  and  the  anatomy  and  expres- 
sion are  admirable,  as  is  the  technical  finish.  The  height, 
without  the  pedestal,  is  85  feet.  Population,  32,732. 

Naram-Sin  (na-ram'sin).  [‘Beloved  of  the 
moon-god  Sin.’]  King  of  Babylon,  son  of  Sar- 

fonl.  of  Agade.  Following  a notice  of  the  annals  of  Na- 
onidus,  in  which  this  Babylonian  king  states,  in  the  year 
550  B.  c.,  that  while  repairing  the  sun-temple  at  Sippar  he 
discovered  the  foundation  cylinders  of  that  edifice  laid  by 
Naram-Sin,  the  son  of  Sargon,  3,200  years  before,  Assyri- 
ologists  assume  3750  B.  c.  as  the  date  of  Naram-Sin. 
Narasinha  (na-ra-sin'ha).  [Skt.,  ‘the  man- 
lion.’]  The  fourth  avatar  or  incarnation  of 
Vishnu.  He  assumed  the  shape  of  a creature  half  man 
half  lion,  to  deliver  the  world  from  the  tyrant' Hiranyaka- 
shipu,  who  had  obtained  it  as  a boon  from  Brahma  that 
he  should  be  slain  neither  by  god,  nor  man,  nor  animal,  and 
so  was  able  to  usurp  the  dominion  of  the  three  worlds, 
even  appropriating  the  sacrifices  of  the  gods.  When  his 
pious  son  Prahlada  praised  Vishnu,  the  father  tried  to  de- 
stroy the  boy,  whereupon  Vishnu  appeared  suddenly  out  of 
a pillar  in  a shape  neither  god,  nor  man,  nor  animal,  and 
tore  Hiranyakashipu  to  pieces. 

Narba  (nar'ba),  or  Nabha  (na'ba).  A native 
state  in  the  Panjab,  India,  under  British  pro- 
tection, intersected  by  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  long.  76° 
E.  Area,  966  square  miles.  Population,  297,- 
949.  A second  part,  Bawal,  lies  in  the  south- 
east of  the  Panjab. 

Narbonensis,  or  Gallia  Narbonensis  (gal'i-a 
nar-bo-nen'sis).  Aprovince  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire, occupying  the  southern  and  southeastern 
parts  of  Gaul.  It  extended  from  the  Alps  southwest- 
ward  along  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Pyrenees.  The  north- 
ern border  was  near  the  line  of  the  clvennes,  the  Rhone, 
and  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  Its  leading  cities  were  T’olosa, 
Narbo,  Nemausus,  Arelate,  Massilia,  and  Vienna.  Early 
settlements  were  made  by  the  Romans  in  the  Proviticia  in 
the  end  of  the  2d  century  B.  c. — at  Narbo  118  B.  C.,  and  at 
Tolosa  about  the  same  time. 

Narbonne  (nar-bon').  An  ancient  districtnear 
the  city  of  Narbonne,  in  southern  France.  It 
was  governed  by  viscounts  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was 


723 

united  with  the  crown  of  France  in  1507-08.  It  formed 
part  of  Languedoc.  The  name  Narbonne  is  sometimes 
given  to  the  ancient  Septimania  or  Gothia. 

Narbonne.  A city  in  the  department  of  Aude, 
France,  on  the  Canal  de  la  Robine,  situated  5 
miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  43°  11'  N., 
long.  3°  E. : the  Latin  Narbo.  it  has  some  trade 
and  manufactures ; is  celebrated  for  its  honey ; and  has  a 
museum,  a former  cathedral  (now  a church  of  St.  Just), 
and  remains  of  an  archiepiscopal  palace.  It  was  an  early 
Gaulish  center  ; was  colonized  by  Rome  116  or  118  B.  c. ; 
and  became  the  capital  of  Narbonensis.  It  was  an  im- 
portant city  of  the  West  Goths;  was  taken  by  the  Sara- 
cens in  719,  and  taken  from  them  by  the  F’ranks  in  759 ; 
and  was  the  seat  of  the  viscounts  of  Narbonne.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  27,039. 

Narbonne-Lara  (nar-bon 'la-ra'),  Comte  Louis 
de.  Born  at  Colorno,  near  Parma,  Italy,  1755: 
died  at  Torgau,  Prussia,  1813.  A French  gen- 
eral and  diplomatist. 

Narbrough  (nar'bro),  Sir  John.  Died  1688. 
An  English  naval  officer.  He  fought  against  the 
Dutch  off  the  Downs  in  June,  1666,  and  in  1669  sailed  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  In  1672  he 
fought  in  the  battle  of  Southwold  Bay,  and  in  1675  sup- 
pressed the  pirates  of  Tripoli. 

Narcissa  (nar-sis'a).  1.  A beautiful  woman 
whose  early  death  is  commemorated  in  the  third 
night  of  Young’s  ‘ ‘ Night  Thoughts.”  She  is  iden- 
tified with  Miss  Lee  who  married  Henry  Temple,  son  of 
Lord  Palmerston,  and  was  the  daughter  of  Young’s  wife  by 
her  first  husband.  According  to  the  “ Night  Thoughts,”  on 
dying  in  France,  she  was  denied  sepulture  as  a Protestant : 
but  this  was  not  the  fact.  The  book  was  translated  into 
French,  and  the  belief  grew  up  that  she  was  buried  at 
midnight  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Montpellier.  Her 
supposed  grave  was  discovered,  was  visited  by  strangers, 
and  became  one  of  the  sights  of  the  town.  There  was  no 
truth  in  the  story,  as  Mrs.  Temple  died  at  Lyons,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Protestant  cemetery  there. 

2.  The  name  given  to  Mrs.  Oldfield,  the  actress, 
by  Pope  in  his  “Moral  Essays.” 

Narcissus  (nar-sis'us).  [Gr.  N aptuoaor.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a beautiful  youth,  a son  of 
Cephissus  and  the  nymph  Liriope,  metamor- 
phosed into  a flower.  For  his  insensibility  to  love  he 
was  caused  by  Nemesis  to  fall  in  love  with  his  own  image 
reflected  in  water.  Unable  tograsp  this  shadow,  he  pined 
away  and  became  the  flower  which  bears  his  name.  The 
nymph  Echo,  who  vainly  loved  him,  died  from  grief. 
Narcissus.  All  admirable  Greek  original  statu- 
ette, found  at  Pompeii,  and  now  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples.  The  figure  stands  gracefully,  un- 
draped, with  the  head  bent  toward  the  right,  and  the  right 
hand  raised,  as  if  listening.  It  is  also  called  a Faun  and  a 
Satyr. 

Narcissus.  Killed  54  a.  d.  A freedman  of  the 
Roman  emperor  Claudius,  over  whom  he  ac- 
quired a complete  ascendancy.  He  assisted  the  em- 
press Messalina  in  procuring  the  death  of  C.  Appius  Sila- 
nus  and  numerous  other  victims.  Afterward  he  was  the 
chief  instrument  in  bringing  about  the  execution  of  Mes- 
salina herself.  He  was  put  to  death  on  the  accession  of 
Nero. 

Narcissus.  A Roman  athlete  who  strangled 
Commodus  192  A.  D. 

Nardini  (nar-de'ne),  Pietro.  Born  at  Fibiana, 
Tuscany,  1722 : died  at  Florence,  1793.  An  Ital- 
ian violinist,  and  composer  for  the  violin.  He 
was  a pupil  of  Tartini  at  Padua,  and  was  solo  violinist  at 
the  court  at  Stuttgart  1753-67;  returned  to  Italy  in  1767; 
and  was  made  director  of  music  at  the  court  of  the  Duke 
of  Tuscany  in  1770. 

Nardo  (nar-do').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Lecce,  Apulia,  Italy,  34  miles  south  of  Brindisi. 
Population,  town,  13,224;  commune,  14,387. 
Narenta  (na-ren'ta).  A river  in  Herzegovina 
and  Dalmatia,  which  flows  into  the  Adriatic 
about  lat.  43°  N.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
Nares  (narz),  Edward.  Born  at  London,  1762 : 
died  at  Biddenden,  Aug.  20, 1841.  An  English 
clergyman  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  ed- 
ucated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  and  took  orders  in  1792. 
lie  married  a daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  in  1797. 
He  was  regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford  1813- 
1841.  He  wrote  “The  Plurality  of  Worlds”  (1801),  “Me- 
moirs of  William  Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh”  (1828-31),  etc. 

Nares,  Sir  George  Strong.  Born  near  Aber- 
gavenny, Monmouthshire,  April  24,  1831.  A 
British  explorer.  He  commanded  the  Challenger  ex- 
pedition 1872-74,  and  the  arctic  exploring  expedition  of  the 
Alert  and  Discovery  1875-76  (sledge  expedition  reached 
lat.  83“  20'  N.).  He  was  made  K.  C.  B.  in  1876.  He  is  the 
author  of  “The  Naval  Cadet’s  Guide”  (1860),  “Reports  on 
Ocean  Soundings  and  Temperature”  (in  the  Challenger: 
1874-75),  “ The  Official  Report  of  the  Arctic  Expedition  " 
(1876),  etc.  See  Century  Atlas,  Maps  3 and  3$. 

Nares,  James.  Bom  at  Stanwell,  near  London, 
1715:  died  1783.  An  English  composer  of  church 
music.  From  1757-80  he  was  master  of  the  Children  of 
the  Chapel  R,oyal.  He  published  several  series  of  harpsi- 
chord lessons,  morning  and  evening  services,  etc. 
Nares,  Robert.  Bom  at  York,  England,  June 
9,  1753 : died  at  London,  March  23,  1829.  An 
English  clergyman  and  author,  son  of  James 
Nares.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  and 
took  orders  in  1778.  He  was  assistant  librarian  at  the 
British  Museum  1795-1807;  founded  the  “British  Critic" 


Naseby 

and  edited  it  (1793-1813) ; and  published  a “ Glossary,  or  a 
Collection  of  Words,  Phrases,  etc.”  (1822),  etc. 

Narew  (na'rev).  A river  in  western  Russia  and 
Poland,  joining  the  Bug  19  miles  north  of  War- 
saw. Length,  over  200  miles. 

Nariman  (no-re4  man').  In  the  Shahnamah,  a 
warrior  of  Faridun,  killed  in  his  attack  upon 
Sipand,  and  avenged  by  Rustam,  his  great- 
grandson. 

Narifio  (na-ren'yo),  Antonio.  Born  at  Bogota, 
1765 : died  at  Villa  de  Leiva,  Dec.  13, 1823.  A 
New  Granadan  patriot.  He  was  a noted  orator  and 
writer,  and  held  important  oflices  under  the  viceroys,  but 
in  1795  was  imprisoned  for  publishing  a Spanish  translation 
of  the  “ Droits  des  hommes,”  and  did  not  finally  obtain 
his  freedom  until  the  revolution  of  1810.  He  at  once  joined 
the  revolutionists,  and,  as  presidentof  Cundinamarea,  was 
leader  of  the  centralist  republicans  in  the  civil  wars  of 
1811-13.  In  the  latter  year  he  gained  several  victories 
over  the  Spaniards  in  the  south,  but  was  finally  defeated 
at  Pasto,  captured,  and  sent  to  Spain,  where  he  remained 
a prisoner  1816-20.  He  was  vice-president  and  senator  in 
1822. 

Narni  (nar'ne).  A town  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
rugia, Italy,  situated  on  the  Nera  43  miles  north 
of  Rome:  the  ancient  Narnia.  Population, 
town,  5,188;  commune,  12,725. 

Naro  (na'ro).  A town  in  the  province  of  Gir- 
genti,  Sicily,  13  miles  east  of  Girgenti.  Popu- 
lation, 12,866. 

Narraganset  (nar-a-gan'set).  [PL,  also  Nor- 
ragansetts.~]  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
which  occupied  the  part  of  Rhode  Island  west 
of  Narragansett  Bay,  and  claimed  adjacent  ter- 
ritory and  islands.  The  Niantic  were  a subordinate 
tribe-  which  preserved  the  Narraganset  tribal  character 
after  King  Philip’s  war,  in  which  the  tribe,  which  had  sup- 
ported him,  was  nearly  destroyed.  See  Algonquian. 

Narragansett  Bay  (nar-a-gan'set  ba).  An  in- 
let of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  indenting  the  coast 
of  Rhode  Island.  Itcontainsthe  island  of  Rhode 
Island  and  others.  Length,  27  miles. 
Narragansett  Pier.  A seaside  resort  in  South 
Kingston,  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island, 
11  miles  southwest  of  Newport. 

Narrensckiff (nar'en-shif), Das.  [G.,‘TkeShip 
of  Fools.’]  A satirical  poem  by  Sebastian  Brant, 
published  in  1494.  He  illustrated  it  with  his 
own  wood-cuts.  Alexander  Barclay’s  transla- 
tion (1508)  was  published  in  1509. 

Narrows  (nar'oz),  The.  A strait  joining  New 
York  harbor  with  the  lower  bay,  and  separating 
Staten  Island  from  Long  Island.  Width,  about 
1 mile. 

Narses  (nar'sez).  Born  in  Persarmenia  about 
478:  died  at  Rome  about  573.  A general  of  the 
Byzantine  empire,  joint  commander  in  Italy 
with  Belisarius  538-539.  He  was  a eunuch.  He  led 
an  army  to  Italy  against  the  Goths  in  552,  totally  defeat- 
ing them  in  the  battles  of  Tagins  in  552  and  Mons  Lacta- 
rius  in  553,  and  defeated  the  Alamanni  and  Franks  at  Casi- 
linum  in  554.  He  was  prefect  of  Italy  554-567. 

Narva  (nar'va),  or  Narova  (na'ro-va  or  na-ro'- 
va).  A town  in  the  government  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  situated  on  the  river  Narova  86 
miles  southwest  of  St.  Petersburg,  in  a battle 
here,  Nov.  30,  1700,  the  Swedes  (about  8,400)  under  Charles 
XII.  defeated  the  Russians  (about  40,000)  under  the  Due 
de  Croy.  The  place  was  taken  by  storm  by  Peter  the  Great, 
Aug.  20,  1704.  Population,  over  16,000. 

Narvaez  (nar-va'eth),  Panfilo.  Born  at  Valla- 
dolid about  1478 : died  on  the  coast  of  Florida, 
Nov.,  1528.  A Spanish  captain.  He  early  went  to 
America;  was  prominent  in  the  conquest  of  Cuba,  1511; 
and  settled  in  that  island.  Cortes  having  thrown  off  the 
authority  of  Velasquez,  governor  of  Cuba,  the  latter  ap- 
pointed Narvaez  lieutenant-governor  of  the  newly  dis- 
covered lands  in  Mexico,  with  orders  to  imprison  Cortes 
(1520).  Narvaez  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  in  April,  but  on  May 
28  was  defeated  by  Cortes  atCempoala,  wounded,  and  cap- 
tured. He  was  soon  released,  went  to  Spain,  and  in  1526 
obtained  a grant  to  conquer  and  govern  Florida.  Sailing 
from  Cuba  March,  1528,  with  5 vessels  and  400  men,  he 
landed,  apparently,  at  AppalacheeBay,  marched  inland, lost 
half  his  men,  and  finally,  returning  to  the  coast,  could  not 
find  his  ships.  Building  boats,  he  made  his  way  for  some 
distancealongthecoast,  and  was  shipwrecked  and  drowned 
with  nearly  all  his  men.  Cabeza  de  Vaca  (see  Cabeza ) and 
three  others  of  the  expedition  made  their  way  overland, 
reaching  Mexico  in  1536,  the  only  survivors  of  Narvaez’s 
party. 

Narvaez,  Ramon  Maria.  Bora  at  Loja,  Spain, 
Aug.  5, 1800:  died  at  Madrid,  April  23, 1868.  A 
Spanish  statesman  and  general.  He  served  against 
the  brigands  and  Carlists ; landed  at  Valencia  in  the  inter- 
ests of  Maria  Christina  in  1843 ; and  was  premier  1844—16, 
1847,  1849-51,  1856-57,  186-1-65,  and  1866-08. 

Nasby  (naz'bi),  Petroleum  Vesuvius  (earlier 
Volcano).  The  pseudonym  of  D.  R.  Locke. 
Naseby  (naz'bi).  A village  12  miles  north 
of  Northampton,  England.  Here,  June  14, 1645,  the 
Parliamentarians  under  Fairfax  and  CromweU  defeated 
the  Royalists  under  Charles  I.  and  Rupert.  Each  side 
numbered  about  11,000.  The  battle  was  decided  by  Crom- 
well’s cavalry.  About  5,000  Royalists  were  taken  prisoners, 
and  the  army  was  nearly  destroyed.  It  was  the  decisive 
action  of  the  civil  war. 


Nash,  Bean 

Nash,  Beau.  See  Nash,  Richard. 

Nash  (nash),  John.  Born  at  London,  1752: 
died  May  13,  1835.  An  English  architect.  In 
London  he  designed  Regent  street,  the  Hay- 
market.  the  terraces  in  Regent’s  Park,  etc. 
Nash,  Joseph.  Born  Dec.  17,  1809 : died  1878. 
An  English  water-color  painter,  particularly 
noted  tor  architectural  subjects. 

Nash,  Richard.  Born  at  Swansea,  Wales,  Oct. 
18,  1674:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Feb.  3,  1762. 
An  English  leader  of  fashion:  called  “Beau 
Nash,”  and  sometimes  the  “King  of  Bath” 
(from  the  watering-place  of  that  name,  where 
he  was  master  of  ceremonies).  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford  (Jesus  College),  and  studied  law  at  the  Inner 
i Temple.  He  conducted  the  pageant  at  an  entertainment 
given  by  the  Inns  of  Court  to  William  III.  Much  of  the 
success  of  Bath  was  due  to  his  efforts.  He  was  a profes- 
sional gambler.  Goldsmith  wrote  his  life  in  1762. 

Nashe  (nash),  or  Nash,  Thomas.  Born  at 
Lowestoft,  England,  in  1567 : died  about 
1601.  An  English  satirical  pamphleteer,  poet, 
and  dramatist.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Cam- 
bridge (St.  John’s  College)  in  1685.  His  earliest  work  is  a 
preface  to  Greene's  “Menaphon”  (1589);  the  “Anatomy 
of  Absurdity  ’’  appeared  in  1589.  He  edited  Sidney's  poems 
in  1591,  and  published  “ Pierce  Pennilesse,  his  Supplica- 
tion to  the  Devill  ” in  1592.  In  this  year  began  his  “paper 
war  ” with  Gabriel  Harvey.  (See  Harvey.)  In  1589  he  be- 
gan his  Pasquil  pamphlets,  entering  into  the  Marprelate 
controversy  under  this  pseudonym  in  “A  Countercuffe  to 
Martin  Junior,”  “Martin’s  Month’s  Minde,"  and  “ Pas- 
quil’s  Apologie  ” (1590).  Among  his  other  works  are  “ The 
Tragedy  of  Dido,  etc.,”  with  Marlowe  (probably  acted  in 
1591,  printed  in  1594),  “Strange  News”  (1593),  “Christ’s 
Tears  over  Jerusalem  ” (1593),  “ The  Terrors  of  the  Night, 
etc."  (1594),  “The  Unfortunate  Traveller,  or  the  Life  of 
Jack  Wilton”  (1594  : a novel),  “Summer's  Last  Will  and 
Testament”  (1596),  “Haue  with  you  to  Saffron  Walden, 
etc.”  (1596),  “The  Isle  of  Dogs ”(1597 : for  this  he  was  im- 
prisoned), “ Lenten  Stuffe  ” (1599 : in  praise  of  Yarmouth 
and  the  red  herring),  etc. 

Nashua.  See  Pennacoolc. 

Nashua  (nash'u-a).  [From*tke  Indian  tribal 
name.]  A city  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  Hills- 
borough County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Nashua  and  Merrimac  riv- 
ers, 31  miles  south  of  Concord  and40  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Boston.  It  has  various  important  manu- 
factures, but  is  particularly  noted  for  cotton  goods.  The 
Nashua  Manufacturing  Company  was  formed  in  1823.  The 
city  was  incorporated  in  1853.  Population,  26,065,  (1910). 

Nashua  River.  A tributary  of  the  Merrimac  in 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire.  Length, 
about  80  miles. 

Nashville  (nash'vil).  The  capital  of  the  State 
of  Tennessee  and  of  Davidson  County,  situated 
on  the  Cumberland  in  lat.  36°  10'  N.,  long.  86° 
49'  W.  It  is  the  second  city  in  the  State,  and  a rail  way  cen- 
ter ; has  important  commerce,  particularly  in  cotton  and 
tobacco,  and  lumber  manufactures.  The  chief  building  is 
the  Capitol.  It  is  the  seat  of  many  educational  institutions, 
including  Nashville  University,  Vanderbilt  University, 
Bisk  University,  Tennessee  Central  College,  and  Roger 
Williams  University.  It  was  settled  in  1780;  has  been 
the  capital  since  1826  (legally  since  1843) ; and  was  evacu- 
ated by  the  Confederates  under  A.  S.  Johnston  and  occu- 
pied by  the  Federals  in  Feb.,  1862.  Population,  110,304, 
(1910). 

Nashville,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  near 
Nashville,  Dec.  15  and  16,  1864,  by  the  Federals 
under  Thomas  over  the  Confederates  under 
Hood.  The  result  of  the  battle  and  the  pursuit  waB  the 
breaking  up  of  Hood’s  army  as  a fighting  force.  Federal 
loss,  400  killed,  1,740  wounded;  Confederate  total  loss, 
15,000. 

Nasik,  or  Nassick  (na'sik).  1.  A district  in 
the  presidency  of  Bombay,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area,  5,850 
square  miles.  Population,  816,504. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Nasik,  situated  on  the 
Godavari  107  miles  northeast  of  Bombay.  It  is 
a sacred  Hindu  city.  Population,  21,490. 

Nasmyth  (na ' smith),  Alexander.  [The  sur- 
name Nasmyth  (also  Nesmith)  is  a contraction 
of  nailsmith. ] Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  9, 1758 : 
died  there,  April  10,  1840.  A Scottish  portrait- 
painter.  He  became  Allan  Ramsay’s  assistant,  and  went 
with  him  to  London.  He  returned  to  Edinburgh  in  1778, 
and  visited  Italy  in  1782.  The  portrait  of  Burns  in  the 
Scottish  National  Gallery  is  by  him.  He  was  the  father  of 
James  Nasmyth,  the  inventor  of  the  steam-hammer. 

Nasmyth,  James.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Aug. 
19, 1808:  died  at  London,  May  7, 1890.  A Brit- 
ish engineer,  inventor,  and  astronomer:  son  of 
Alexander  Nasmyth.  He  invented  the  steam- 
hammer  in  1839,  but  did  not  patent  it  until 
June,  1842. 

Nasmyth,  Patrick.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Jan. 
7,  1787 : died  at  London,  Aug.  17,  1831.  A Brit- 
ish landscape-painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  his  father, 
Alexander  Nasmyth,  and  a student  of  Claude  and  Richard 
Wilson.  He  was  brother  to  James  Nasmyth,  the  inven- 
tor of  the  steam-hammer. 

Naso.  See  Ovid. 

Nasqa  (nas-cha/), or  Naas,  orNass.  The  smaller 


724 

of  two  divisions  of  the  Chimmesyan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  It  embraces  the  Nasqa  and 
Gyitksan  tribes,  which  comprise  numerous  subtribes,  each 
inhabiting  a single  village,  on  the  Nass  and  upper  Skeena 
rivers,  British  Columbia.  See  Chimmesyan. 

Nasr-ed-Din.  See  Nassr-ed-Din. 

Nass.  See  Nasqa. 

Nassau  (nas'a;  G.  pron.  nas'sou;  F.  pron. 
na-so').  A former  duchy  and  state  of  Germany. 
It  now  forms  the  chief  part  of  the  government  district  of 
Wiesbaden,  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia.  The  family 
of  Nassau  first  appears  at  the  end  of  the  11th  century. 
Iu  1255  a division  was  made  between  the  Ottonian  line 
(see  Nassau,  House  of)  and  the  line  of  Walram(the  recent 
ducal  line).  The  latter  has  been  variously  subdivided. 
The  count  of  the  subline  Nassau-Usingen  became  duke 
in  1803,  and  joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  in  1806, 
the  Allies  in  1813,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815! 
On  the  extinction  of  the  Nassau-Usingen  line  in  1816,  the 
prince  of  Nassau- Weilburg  became  duke  of  the  consoli- 
dated territories.  Exchanges  of  territory  were  made  with 
Prussia  in  1815  and  1816.  Nassau  sided  with  Austria  in 
1866,  and  was  annexed  by  Prussia. 

Nassau.  A town  in  the  province  of  Hesse- 
Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn  10  miles 
east-southeast,  of  Coblenz.  It  has  ruined  castles 
of  Nassau  and  of  Stein.  Population,  2,238. 

Nassau.  A seaport,  capital  of  New  Providence 
and  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  situated  in  lat.  25° 
6'  N.,  long.  77°  22'  W. : a health-resort.  Pop- 
ulation, about  11,000. 

Nassau,  House  of.  A princely  European  family. 
It  is  the  reigning  house  in  the  Netherlands,  descended 
from  the  line  of  Count  Otto  of  Nassau  (13th  century).  The 
first  prominent  member  was  William  the  Silent,  of  Orange. 
Members  of  the  house  succeeded  as  stallholders,  and  from 
1815  reigned  as  kings. 

Nassau,  Maurice  of.  See  Nassau-Siegen. 

Nassau-Dillenburg  (nas ' sou-dil ' len-borG), 
Count  Louis  of.  Born  Jan.  20,1538 : killedatthe 
battle  of  Mooker  Heide,  April  14, 1574.  Brother 
of  William  of  Orange : a partizan  of  the  Dutch 
against  the  Spaniards. 

Nassau  Hall.  See  New  Jersey,  College  of. 

Nassau  (nas'a)  Islands,  or  Poggy  (pog'i)  Isl- 
ands. Two  small  islands  west  of  Sumatra, 
about  lat.  3°  S. 

Nassau-Siegen  (nas'sou-ze'gen),  Joan  Mau- 
ritz,  Count  of:  commonly  called  Mauritz  or 
Maurice  of  Nassau.  Born  near  Delft,  Holland, 
June  17, 1604  (O.  S.) : died  at  Cleves,  Germany, 
Dec.  20, 1679(0.  S.).  A Dutch  general  and  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  governor-general  of  the  Dutch 
conquests  in  Brazil,  Jan.,  1637,  to  May,  1644.  During  this 
period  the  Dutch  power  was  greatly  strengthened  and 
extended,  and  a brilliant  victory  wasgained  over  the  Span- 
ish-Portuguese  fleet  (Jan.,  1640).  After  his  return  he  was 
governor  of  Cleves  from  1647  (appointed  by  the  Elector  of 
Brandenburg),  commanded  the  Netherlands  army  1665,  re- 
pulsing the  Bishop  of  Munster ; and  was  prominent  in  the 
campaigns  of  1672-74.  He  was  a prince  of  the  German  Em- 
pire from  1652. 

Nassau-Siegen,  Prince  Karl  Heinrich  Niko- 
laus Otto  von.  Born  Jan.  5,  1745:  died  at 
Tynna  in  Podolia,  April  22,  1808.  An  adven- 
turer and  naval  commander  in  the  French  and 
Spanish  service,  and  later  a Russian  admiral. 

Nassr-ed-Din,  or  Nasr-ed-Din  (nas’r-ed-den'). 
Born  April  24,  1831:  killed  near  Teheran,  May 
1, 1896.  Shah  of  Persia,  eldest  son  of  the  shah 
Mohammed  whom  he  succeeded  Sept.  10, 1848. 
He  was  at  war  with  England  18f>6-57.  He  visited  various 
European  countries  in  1873  and  1879,  and  was  the  first  Shah 
of  Persia  to  make  such  journeys  to  foreign  countries. 

Nast  (nast),  Thomas.  Born  at  Landau,  Bavaria, 
Sept.  27,  1840:  died  at  Guayaquil,  Ecuador, 
Dec.  7, 1902.  A German-American  caricaturist. 

. He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1846;  went  to  England  as 
special  artist  for  an  illustrated  paper  in  1860 ; and  began 
war  sketches  for  “Harper’s  Weekly”  in  1862.  He  later 
became  noted  for  his  political  caricatures,  directed,  for  the 
most  part,  against  the  Democratic  party.  Appointed  con- 
sul-general to  Ecuador,  May,  1902. 

Nastrond  (na/strend).  In  Scandinavian  my- 
thology, the  place  of  punishment  for  the  wicked. 

Nasumi  (na'so-me),  orNapu  (nii'tho).  A tribe 
of  the  Kusan  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
It  formerly  had  a village  on  the  south  side  of 
Coquille  River,  Oregon,  at  its  mouth.  The  sur- 
vivors are  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon. 
See  Kusan. 

Natal  (na-tal').  [Pg.  Natal,  NL.  Terra  Natalis, 
Christmas  Land:  so  called  by  Vasco  da  Gama, 
who  discovered  it  on  Christmas  day.]  A 
province  of  the  Union  of  South  Africa.  Capi- 
tal, Pietermaritzburg;  seaport,  Durban,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Transvaal  on  the  north,  Portuguese  East 
Afriea  on  the  northeast,  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  south- 
east, the  dependencies  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope  on  the 
southwest,  and  Orange  Free  State  on  the  west.  The 
surface  is  mostly  hilly,  with  the  Drakenberge  Mountains 
in  the  west.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Zulus. 
The  government  is  administered  by  an  administrator, 
assisted  by  a provincial  council  of  'lh  members,  elected 
for  three  years.  There  is  an  executive  council  of  4 
members.  Natal  sends  8 senators  to  the  Union  Senate 
and  17  representatives  to  the  House  of  Assembly.  The 


National  Convention 

province  exports  corn,  dye-stuffs,  hides,  and  wool. 
Sugar,  cotton,  and  tobacco  are  grown.  There  are  ex- 
tensive forests  and  valuable  coal-fields.  It  possesses 
about  1,000  miles  of  government-owned  railroads.  Nata! 
was  discovered  by  Vasco  da  Gama  in  1497.  Settlement 
was  begun  by  the  Boers  in  1837.  It  became  a British 
colony  in  1843,  and  was  made  independent  of  Cape 
Colony  in  1856.  Area  (including  the  province  of  Zulu- 
land,  10,461  sq.  miles,  and  the  Northern  Districts,  6,931 
sq.  miles),  est.,  35,371  sq.  miles.  Population,  1,206,386. 
See  ★ Union  of  South  Africa. 

Natal  (na-tal').  A seaport,  capital  of  the  state 
of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  Brazil,  situated  on  the 
river  Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  5°  47'  S.,  long.  35°  12'  W.  Population. 
16,056. 

Natalie  (nat'a-le ; F.pron.  na-ta-le').  Born  May 
14, 1859.  Queen  of  Milan  I.  of  Servia.  she  is  the 
daughter  of  Pierre  Ivanovitch  Kechko,  and  married  Milan 
(then  prince  of  Servia)  Oct.  17,  1875.  In  Oct.,  1888,  her 
husband  procured  from  the  metropolitan  Theodosius  a 
divorce  which  has  been  pronounced  illegal  by  the  Holy 
Synod,  inasmuch  as  it  was  granted  without  consultation 
with  that  body.  They  became  reconciled  Jan.,  1893. 

Natchesail  (na-che'san).  A linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  dwelling  in 
Louisiana  and  Mississippi.  They  comprised  two 
tribes  or  confederacies,  known  as  Nachi  and  Taensa,  each 
of  which  was  composed  of  a number  of  subtribes  or  vil- 
lages. 

Natchez.  An  Indian  tribe.  See  Nachi. 

Natchez  (nat'ehez ).  [From  the  Indian  tribe  so 
named.]  A city  and  the  capital  of  Adams 
County,  Mississippi,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
in  lat.  31°  34'  N.,  long.  91°  23'  W.  The  chief  in- 
dustry is  the  cotton  trade.  Fort  Rosalie  was  built  here  by 
the  French  in  1716,  destroyed  by  Natchez  Indians  in  1729, 
but  soon  rebuilt.  It  passed  to  the  British  in  1763,  to  Spain 
in  1779,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1798.  It  was  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Territory  (later  the  State)  of  Mississippi  until 
1820.  Population,  11,791,  (1910). 

Natchez,  Les.  A romance  by  Chateaubriand, 
published  in  1826.  It  belongs  to  the  same 
group  with  “ Atala”  and  “Rene.” 
Natchitoches.  See  Naculoc. 

Natchitoches  (nak-i-tosh').  [From  an  Indian 
name.]  The  chief  town  of  Natchitoches  parish, 
Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Red  River  103  miles 
west  of  Natchez.  Population,  2,532,  (1910). 

Nath  (nath),  or  El  Nath  (elnath).  [Ar.  al-natih, 
the  butter,  i.  e.  the  horn.]  The  second-mag- 
nitude star  ft  Tauri,  in  the  tip  of  the  northern 
horn  of  the  hull. 

Nathan  (na'than).  [IJeb./a  gift.’]  A Hebrew- 
prophet  in  the  time  of  David,  a counselor  and 
reprover  of  the  king.  He  was  the  instructor  of  Solo- 
mon, and  is  said  to  have  been  his,  as  well  as  David’s,  his- 
toriographer. 

Nathanael  (na-than'a-el).  [Heb.,  ‘gift  of  God.’] 
One  of  the  disciples  of  Jesus,  generally  identi- 
fied with  Bartholomew. 

Nathan  hen  Jechiel  (na'than  hen  yek'i-el).  A 
Jewish  scholar  (lived  in  Rome  about  1100), 
compiler  of  the  celebrated  Talmudic  lexicon 
“Aruch,”  which  formed  the  basis  of  all  later 
Talmudic  dictionaries. 

Nathan  der  Weise  (na'tan  der  vi'ze).  [G., 
‘Nathan  the  Wise.’]  A drama  by  G.  E.  Les- 
sing, published  in  1779 : so  called  from  the  name 
of  its  principal  character.  Its  tendency  is  toward 
religious  tolerance,  especially  in  the  episode  of  the  three 
rings,  which  was  taken  from  Boccaccio.  Nathan  is  a per- 
secuted but  noble  Jew,  an  ideal  character  resembling 
Moses  Mendelssohn. 

Nathaniel  (na-than'yel),  Sir.  A curate  in 
Shakspere’s  “Love’s  Labour  ’s  Lost.”  See 
extract  under  Evans,  Sir  Hugh. 

Natick  (na'tik).  A town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  16  miles  west-southwest  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  hoots  and  shoes. 
Population,  9,866,  (1910). 

National  Academy  of  Design.  An  organiza- 
tion in  New  York  city,  instituted  in  1826  and 
incorporated  in  1828.  Its  object  is  the  cultivation  of 
the  fine  aits.  The  Society  of  American  Artists  united 
with  it  in  1906. 

National  Assembly.  In  French  history,  the 
first  of  the  Revolutionary  assemblies,  existing 
from  1789  to  1791.  The  States-General,  elected  in 
1789,  were  opened  May  5,  1789,  and  in  June  the  third  es- 
tate assumed  the  title  of  National  Assembly  and  absorbed 
the  two  remaining  estates.  Its  chief  work  was  the  forma- 
tion of  the  constitution,  whence  it  is  also  called  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly.  The  legislatures  organized  in  France 
in  1848  (after  the  February  revolution)  and  in  1871  (after 
the  overthrow  of  the  second  empire)  are  also  known  as 
National  Assemblies. 

National  Cemetery.  A cemetery  at  Arlington, 
Virginia,  3 miles  from  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia.  It  contains  the  graves  of  many  thousand 
Union  soldiers  who  died  in  the  Civil  War  (1861-65). 

National  Convention.  In  French  history,  the 
sovereign  assembly  which  sat  from  Sept.  21, 
1792,  to  Oct.  26, 1795,  and  governed  France  after 
abolishing  royalty. 


National  Covenant 

National  Covenant.  In  Scottish  history,  the 
bond  or  engagement,  subscribed  in  1638,  based 
upon  the  covenant  or  oath  for  the  observance 
of  the  Confession  of  Faith  drawn  up  in  1581 
(preceded  by  a similar  one  in  1557),  which  was 
signed  and  enjoined  upon  all  his  subjects  by 
James  VI.  (afterward  James  I.  of  England), 
and  renewed  in  1590  and  1596.  its  object  was  the 
maintenance  of  the  Presbyterian  or  Reformed  religion 
against  Romanism,  and  its  immediate  cause  was  the  attempt 
of  Charles  I.  to  force  a liturgy  upon  Scotland.  At  the  res- 
toration of  the  episcopacy  in  1662,  the  National  Covenant 
and  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  were  proscribed, 
and  liberty  of  conscience  was  not  regained  until  after  the 
revolution  of  1688. 

National  Gallery.  A picture-gallery  on  the 
north  side  of  Trafalgar  Square,  London,  found- 
ed in  1824  by  the  purchase  for  the  government 
of  the  Angerstein  collection.  The  present  building 
was  opened  in  1838.  It  was  designed  by  Wilkins,  and  is  in 
the  Grecian  style : its  facade  is  about  460  feet  in  length. 
The  buildings  were  altered  and  enlarged  in  1860, 1876, 1887, 
and  1911.  Many  important  collections  have  been  added, 
among  them  the  Vernon  (1847),  Turner  (1856),  and  Peel 
(1871)  collections.  The  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  occupied 
part  of  the  building  for  a long  time  previous  to  its  removal 
to  Burlington  House  in  1869. 

National  Institute.  See  Institute  of  France. 
Nationalist  Party.  In  British  politics,  the  Irish 
arty  formed  for  the  advocacy  of  Home  Buie, 
ee  ParnelUte  Party. 

National  Liberals.  In  German  politics,  a party 
which,  before  the  creation  of  the  German  Em- 
pire in  1871,  advocated,  along  with  progressive 
measures  of  reform,  the  completion  of  govern- 
mental unity  in  Germany.  After  that  time  until 
1879  it  embraced  those  persons  who,  though  of  liberal 
antecedents,  continued  in  support  of  the  later  policy  of 
Bismarck.  Since  the  separation  of  the  anti-protectionist 
members  (Secessionists)  in  1880,  the  strength  of  the  party 
in  the  Reichstag  has  been  greatly  diminished. 

National  Party.  In  United  States  history,  a 
name  of  the  Greenback-Labor  party. 

Nations,  Battle  of  the.  A name  given  to  the 
battle  of  Leipsic,  Oct.  16, 18,  and  19, 1813,  where 
the  French,  Prussians,  Austrians,  Russians, 
Swedes,  Saxons,  etc.,  were  represented.  See 
Leipsic. 

Nativity,  Convent  of  the.  See  Bethlehem. 
Nativity,  On  the  Morning  of  Christ’s.  A 

hymn  or  ode  by  Milton,  written  in  1629. 
Natolia.  See  Anatolia. 

Natty  Bumpo  or  Bumppo.  See  Leather  stocking. 
Natuna  (nii-to'na)  Islands.  A small  group 
of  islands,  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  situated  in 
the  China  Sea  northwest  of  Borneo. 

Natural  Bridge.  An  arch  of  limestone  which 
crosses  a small  river  in  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia,  13  miles  southwest  of  Lexington. 
Height  of  arch,  215  feet.  Similar  bridges  exist 
in  Walker  County,  northern  Alabama;  in  Cali- 
fornia ; and  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 
Nature  and  Art.  A novel  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
published  in  1796. 

Natiirliche  Tochter  (na-tiir'lich-e  toch'ter), 
Die.  [G.,‘  The  Illegitimate  Daughter.’]  A play 
by  Goethe,  performed  at  Weimar,  April,  1803. 
It  was  to  have  formed  the  first  part  of  a trilogy,  and  relates 
to  the  French  Revolution  and  the  state  of  affairs  which  led 
to  it. 

Naucratis  (na'kra-tis).  [Gr.  Nau<cp<m?.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  in  Egypt,  situated  on 
the  Nile  in  the  Delta,  about  midway  between 
Cairo  and  Alexandria,  near  the  modern  village 
of  Nebireh.  It  is  believed  to  have  been  founded  by 
Milesian  colonists  not  later  than  the  7th  century  B.  c., 
and  was  described  by  Athenseus  and  Herodotus  as  cele- 
brated for  its  potters  and  florists.  The  site  remained  un- 
known till  it  was  discovered  by  Petrie  in  1884.  The  very 
extensive  and  important  remains  that  have  been  exca- 
vated, especially  under  the  direction  of  Petrie  and  of  Gardi- 
ner, include  ruinsof  thefaraous  Hellenium  (a  temple  owned 
by  the  Greeks  in  common),  temples  of  Zeus,  Hera,  and 
Aphrodite  (all  known  in  history),  and  pieces  of  pottery  in 
great  variety  and  profusion. 

Naude  (no-da'),  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Paris,  1600: 
died  at  Abbeville,  France,  1653.  AFrench  scholar 
-and  librarian,  the  collector  of  the  Mazarin  Li- 
brary. 

Naudet  (no-da'),  Joseph.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec. 
8, 1786:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13, 1878.  A French 
historical  scholar.  He  wrote  a history  of  the  Gotldc 
monarchy  in  Italy,  works  on  Roman  history  and  adminis- 
tration,  etc. 

Nauen  (nou'en).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  24  miles  west-northwest 
of  Berlin.  Population,  commune,  8,779. 
Naufragium  Joculare  fna-fra'ji-um  jok-u-la'- 
re).  [L.,  ‘ The  Merry  Shipwreck.']  A Latin 
academical  comedy  by  Abraham  Cowley,  acted 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1638. 
Naugatuck  (nA/ga-tuk).  A town  in  New  Ha- 
ven County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Nauga- 


725 

tuck  River  15  miles  north-northwest  of  New 
Haven.  Population,  12,722,  (1910). 

Nauheim,  or  Bad  Nauheim  (had  nou'hlm).  A 
small  watering-place  in  the  province  of  Upper 
Hesse,  Hesse,  17  miles  north  of  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main.  It  is  noted  for  its  salt  baths. 
Naumann  (nou'man),  Emil.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  8,  1827 : died  at  Dresden,  June  23,  1888. 
A German  composer  and  writer  on  music,  son 
of  M.  E.  A.  Naumann.  Among  his  works  is  an 
illustrated  history  of  music. 

Naumann,  Johann  Friedrich.  Born  at  Zte- 
bigk,  near  Kothen,  Germany,  Feb.  14,  1780 : 
died  there,  Aug.  15, 1857.  A German  ornitholo- 
gist, professor  and  inspector  of  the  ornitholo- 
gical museum  of  the  Duke  of  Anhalt-Kothen. 
His  chief  work  is  “Naturgeschichte  der  Vogel  Deutsch- 
lands”  (“Natural  History  of  the  Birds  of  Germany,” 
1820-66). 

Naumann,  Johann  Gottlieb  or  Amadeus. 

Born  at  Blase witz,  near  Dresden,  April  17, 1741: 
died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  23, 1801.  A German  com- 
poser of  operas  and  sacred  music.  He  was  a pupil 
of  Tartini  at  Padua  and  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna.  His 
chief  operas  are  “Amphion  ” (1776),  “Cora” (1780),“  Gustav 
Wasa  ” (1780),  and  “ Orpheus  ” (1785). 

Naumann,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Dresden, 
May  30, 1797 : died  there,  Nov.  26, 1873.  A Ger- 
man mineralogist  and  geologist,  son  of  J.  G. 
Naumann.  He  wa3  professor  of  mineralogy  and  geog- 
nosy  at  Leipsic  1842-71.  He  wrote  “Lehrbucb  der  Geog* 
nosie  ” (“  Manual  of  Geognosy,"  1850-53),  etc. 

Naumann,  Moritz  Ernst  Adolf.  Born  at  Dres- 
den, Oct.  7,  1798:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Oct. 
19,  1871.  A German  physician,  son  of  J.  G. 
Naumann.  He  was  professor  at  Bonn  front  1828.  His 
works  include  “Handbuch  der  mediziuischen  Klinik  ” 
(1829-39),  etc. 

Naumburg(noum'b5rG),orNaumburg-on-the- 
Saale  (zii'le).  A city  in  the  province  of  Sax- 
ony, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale  27  miles 
southwest  of  Leipsic.  It  has  trade  in  wine,  etc.  The 
chief  building  is  the  cathedral.  Itwas  governed  by  bish- 
ops from  the  11th  to  the  16th  century,  and  passed  from 
Saxony  to  Prussia  in  1815.  Population,  commune,  25,057. 
Naupactus.  See  Lepanto. 

Nauplia  (na'pli-a),  Venetian  Napoli  di  Roma- 
nia (na'po-le  de  ro-ma-ne'a).  [Gr.  Nat>7rA/a.] 
A seaport  in  the  nomarchy  of  Argolis  and  Cor- 
inth, Greece,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf 
of  Nauplia,  25  miles  south  by  west  of  Corinth. 
It  was  the  port  of  the  ancient  Argos,  and  was 
the  seat  of  the  Greek  government  1824-34. 
Population,  town,  5,404;  commune,  12,176. 
Nauplia,  Gulf  of,  or  Argolic  (ar-gol'ik)  Gulf. 
An  arm  of  the  riCgean  Sea,  east  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, Greece : the  ancient  Argolicus  Sinus. 
Length,  about  30  miles. 

Nausa.  See  Niagusta. 

Nauset  (na'set).  [PI. , also  Nausetts.]  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  which  once  lived 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Barnstable  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts. They  were  subject  in  historic  times  to  the 
Wampanoags,  and  early  lost  their  identity. 

Nausett  Beach  (na'set  bech).  A long  beach 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Cape  Cod,  southeastern 
Massachusetts. 

Naushon  (na-shon').  The  largest  of  the  Eliza- 
beth Islands,  situated  northwest  of  Martha’s 
Vineyard,  Massachusetts. 

Nausicaa  (na-sik'a-a).  [Gr.  Nami/cda.]  In  the 
Odyssey,  the  daughter  of  Alcinous,  king  of  the 
Phseacians. 

Nauvoo  (na-vo').  A city  in  Hancock  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  42  miles 
north  of  Quincy.  It  was  founded  in  1840  by  the  Mor- 
mons,  who  were  expelled  in  1846.  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
Icarian  community  1850-57.  Population,  1,020,  (1910). 

Navajo  (nav'a-hd),  or  Tennai  (the  name  used 
by  themselves).  [Origin  of  the  name  doubtful.] 
The  leading  tribe  of  the  southern  division  of 
the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Since  first  known  they  have  occupied  the  country 
on  and  south  of  the  San  .Tuan  River  in  northern  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona,  and  extended  into  Colorado  and  Utah. 
They  were  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  cognate  Apache 
tribes,  except  on  the  north,  where  they  met  the  tribes  of 
the  Shoshonean  family.  At  present  the  Navajo  are  on  the 
reservation  bearing  tUeir  name  in  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona. They  number  about  25,000.  See  A thapascan. 

Naval  Academy,  United  States.  An  institu- 
tion for  the  training  of  naval  officers,  situated 
at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  under  government 
control.  It  was  founded  in  1845  through  the  efforts  of 
George  Bancroft,  then  secretary  of  the  navy.  The  number 
of  midshipmen  is  two  for  each  senator,  representative,  and 
delegate  in  Congress,  and  (appointed  by  the  President)  two 
from  the  District  of  Columbia,  five  each  year  at  large,  and 
one  from  Porto  Rico  (nominated  by  the  Governor).  The 
course  is  four  years,  followed  by  two  at  sea. 

Navan  (nav'an).  A small  town  in  County 
Meath,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 


Naxos 

Blackwater  and  Boyne,  27  miles  northwest  of 
Dublin.  Population,  3,839. 

Navarete,  Juan  Fernandez.  See  Navarrete. 
Navarino  (na-va-re'nd),  or  Neocastro  (na-o- 
kas'tro),  or  Pylos  (pe'los).  A small  seaport  in 
the  nomarchy  of  Messenia,  Greece,  situated  on 
the  Bay  of  Navarino  in  lat.  36°  54'  N.,  long.  21° 
43'  E. 

Navarino,  Battle  of.  A battle  fought  Oct.  20, 
1827,  in  which  the  English,  French,  and  Rus- 
sian fleets,  united  for  the  protection  of  Greece, 
entering  the  harbor  of  Navarino  under  the  com- 
mand of  Codrington,  annihilated  the  Turkish- 
Egyptian  fleet. 

Navarino,  Bay  of.  A small  bay  west  of  Mes- 
senia, Greece. 

Navarra  y Rocafull  (na-var'ra  e ro-ka-fol'), 
Melchor  de,  Duke  of  La  Palata.  Born  in  Ara- 
gon : died  at  Porto  Bello,  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
April  13,  1691.  A Spanish  administrator.  He 
was  vice-chancellor  of  Aragon  and  president  of  the  royal 
council  during  the  minority  of  Charles  II.  From  Nov.  20, 
1681,  to  Aug.  15,  1689,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru. 

Navarre  (na-var';  F.  pron.  na-var'),  Sp.  Na- 
varra (na-var'ra).  1.  An  ancient  kingdom 
which  comprised  the  modem  province  of  Na- 
varre in  Spain  and  part  of  the  department  of 
Basses-Pyr6ndes  in  France.  It  arose  about  900,  and 
under  Sanc’ho  the  Great  (1000-1035)  comprised  also  Aragon 
and  Castile.  On  his  death  his  dominions  — Navarre,  Castile, 
etc.— were  separated.  Navarre  was  later  united  to  Ara- 
gon, and  later  still  to  France,  from  which  it  was  separated 
in  1328.  The  part  south  of  the  Pyrenees  was  acquired  by 
Spain  in  1513.  The  part  north  of  the  Pyrenees  was  united 
with  France  under  its  king,  Henry  IV„  in  1589. 

2.  A province  of  Spain.  Capital,  Pamplona.  It 
is  bounded  by  France  on  the  north,  Huesca  and  Saragossa 
on  the  east,  Saragossa  on  the  south , Logrofio  on  the  south- 
west, and  Alava  and  Guipuzcoa  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  generally  mountainous.  Area,  4,055  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 307,669. 

Navarrete  (na-var-ra'ta).  A place  near  Lo- 
groho,  in  Spain,  from  which  the  battle  of  Ndjera 
is  sometimes  named. 

Navarrete,  Domingo  Fernandez.  Born  in 
Spain  about  1610 : died  in  Santo  Domingo,  1689. 
A Spanish  missionary,  author  of  a work  on  China 
(“  Tratados  historicos,”  etc.,  1676).  He  was  arch- 
bishop of  Santo  Domingo  from  1678.  There  is  an  English 
translation  of  his  book  in  Churehill’s  “Voyages.” 

Navarrete,  or  Navarete,  Juan  Fernandez, 

surnamed  El  Mudo  (‘The  Mute’).  Born  at 
Logrono,  Spain,  1526 : died  about  1579.  A Span- 
ish painter  of  religious  subjects. 

Navarrete,  Martin  Fernandez  de.  Born  at 
Avalos,  Logrono,  Nov.  8, 1765:  died  at  Madrid, 
Oct.  8,  1844.  A Spanish  naval  officer  and  his- 
torian. He  attained  the  rank  of  captain  in  1796,  and  sub- 
sequently held  high  ofiices  in  the  department  of  ma- 
rine. In  1789-92  he  was  commissioned  to  collect  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  history  of  the  Spanish  navy.  From 
1823  he  was  director  of  the  hydrographic  department,  and 
from  1824  director  of  the  Madrid  Academy  of  History.  His 
principal  works  are  “ Coleccion  de  los  viages  y descubri- 
mientosquehicieron  pormar  los  Espafioles  desde  fines  del 
siglo  XV.,  etc.”  (7  vols.  1825-65),  and  “Biblioteca  marf- 
tima  espafiola”  (posthumous,  1851).  He  planned  and  ed- 
ited the  first  4 volumes  of  the  great  collection  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  Spanish  history.  During  his  later  years 
he  was  a peer  and  senator. 

Navarro,  Mrs.  See  Anderson,  Mary  Antoinette. 
Navas  de  Tolosa  (na'vas  da  to-lo'sii).  A small 
village  in  the  province  of  Jaen,  southern  Spain, 
43  miles  north  by  east  of  Jaen.  it  is  famous  for 
the  victory  gained  there,  July  16, 1212,  by  the  allied  Chris- 
tian forces  of  Spain  over  the  Almohades  under  Mohammed, 
followed  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  Moorish  empire  in 
Spain. 

Navesink  (nav'e-singk),  or  Neversink  (nev'- 
er-singk),  Highlands  of.  A range  of  hills  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  New  Jersey,  near  Sandy 
Hook. 

Navez  (na-va'),  Francois  Joseph.  Born  at 
Charleroi,  Belgium,  1787 : died  in  1869.  A Bel- 
gian painter.  He  studied  at  Paris  with  David.  He 
was  director  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Beaux  Arts  at  Brus- 
sels, and  professor  of  paintiug  there,  and  also  at  the  Ecole 
Normale.  Among  his  pictures  are  “ Ilagar  in  the  Desert,” 
“Meeting  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,”  “Resurrection  of  Laza- 
rus,” etc. 

Navidad,  La.  See  La  Navidad. 

Navigators’  Islands.  See  Samoan  Islands. 
Nawanagar.  See  Nowanagar. 

Naxera.  See  Ndjcra. 

Naxos  (nak'sos),  or  Naxia  (nak-se'a).  [Gr. 
Naf<5f.]  1.  An  island  in  the  HDgean  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  Cyclades,  Greece,  intersected  by 
lat.  37°  N.,  long.  25°  30'  E.  It  is  the  largest  and  most 
fertile  of  the  Cyclades,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  wine.  It 
was  a member  of  the  Confederacy  of  Delos,  and  revolted, 
but  was  subdued  by  Athens  about  467  B.  o.  Near  it  Athens 
won  a naval  victory  over  Sparta  376  B.  0.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  Venetians  in  1207,  and  was  the  center  of  a duchy 
until  1666.  Area,  104  squaro  miles.  Population,  10,- 
694. 


Naxos 

2.  The  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Naxos,  situ- 
ated on  the  northwestern  coast. 

Naxos,  or  Naxus  (nak'sus).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a seaport  in  Sicily,  26  miles  northeast  of 
Catania.  It  was  the  earliest  Greek  colony  in  Sicily 
(founded  by  Chalcis  in  735  B.  c.),  and  was  destroyed  by  Dio- 
nysius 403  B.  C. 

Naxos,  Duchy  of.  A Latin  duchy  founded  by 
a V enetian  in  1207.  It  comprised  Naxos  and  other  isl- 
ands in  the  /Egean  Sea.  It  was  formally  annexed  by  Tur- 
key in  1579. 

Nayarit  (na-ya-ret').  A mountainous  region  of 
western  Mexico,  long  forming  the  northern  part 
of  the  state  of  Jalisco,  but  now  included  in  the 
territory  of  Tepic. 

Nayarits  (na-ya-rets'),  or  Coras  (ko'ras).  A 
tribe  of  Mexican  Indians  in  the  mountainous 
region  of  the  territory  of  Tepic,  between  Zaca- 
tecas and  the  Pacific.  They  belong  to  the  Sonoran 
stock,  are  agriculturists  and  intelligent  and  bold  warriors, 
and  are  passionately  attached  to  independence.  They  were 
conquered  by  the  Spaniards  only  in  1722,  after  a war  of  20 
years;  and,  though  they  subsequently  received  missionaries 
and  government  officers,  they  remained  practically  free. 
In  1873  they  rebelled  under  Manuel  Losada.  They  still 
number  at  least  30,000. 

Nayler  (na'ler),  or  Naylor  (na'lor),  James. 
Born  at  Ardsley,  Yorkshire,  1617  (?):  died  iu 
Huntingdonshire,  1660.  A Puritan  fanatic.  He 

served  as  quartermaster  in  the  Parliamentary  army  in  1G42, 
and  in  1(351  became  a Quaker.  Under  the  delusion  that  he 
was  a reincarnation  of  Christ,  he  entered  Bristol  Oct., 
1656,  on  horseback,  in  imitation  of  Christ’s  entry  into  Je- 
rusalem. On  Dec.  16, 1656,  he  was  convicted  of  blasphemy 
by  Parliament.  The  punishment  to  which  he  was  sub- 
jected brought  about  a public  confession  in  1659. 

Nazarene  (naz-a-ren').  All  inhabitant  of  Naz- 
areth, a town  in  Galilee,  Palestine  : a name 
given  (in  contempt)  to  Jesus  (with  the  definite 
article),  and  to  the  early  converts  to  Christian- 
ity (Acts  xxiv.  5) ; hence,  a Christian. 
Nazarenes  (naz-a-renz').  A sect  of  Jewish 
Christians  which  continued  to  the  4th  century. 
They  observed  the  Mosaic  ritual,  and  looked  for  a millen- 
nium  on  earth.  Unlike  the  Ebionites,  they  believed  in  the 
divinity  of  Christ.  See  Ebionites.  Also  Nazareans. 

Nazareth  (naz'a-reth),  modern  En-Nasira  (en- 
na-se'ra).  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in 
Galilee,  Palestine, in lat.  32° 42'  N.,long.  35° 20' 
E.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  dwelling-place  of  Jesus  during 
his  childhood  and  early  manhood.  The  Church  of  the  An- 
nunciation  was  founded  by  the  empress  Helena,  but  ruined 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  rebuilt  later.  It  is  well  propor- 
tioned, and,  while  much  of  the  architecture  is  new,  it  pre- 
serves interesting  memorials  of  the  past.  In  the  crypt  is 
the  traditional  place  of  the  Annunciation.  Population, 
about  11,000. 

Nazareth.  A borough  in  Northampton  County, 
Pennsylvania,  56  miles  north  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  noted  for  its  Moravian  academy.  Popu- 
lation, 3,978,  (1910). 

Nazarites  (naz'a-rits).  [From  Heb.  nasar,  sep- 
arate oneself,  vow,  abstain.]  Among  the  an- 
cient Hebrews,  religious  devotees,  set  apart  to 
the  Lord  by  a special  vow  the  terms  of  which 
are  carefully  prescribed  in  Num.  vi.  They  in- 
cluded entire  abstinence  from  wine  and  other  intoxicating 
liquors,  from  all  cutting  of  the  hair,  aud  from  all  approach 
to  a dead  body.  The  vow  might  be  taken  either  for  a lim- 
ited period  or  for  life.  They  first  appear  in  the  time  of  the 
Philistine  oppression. 

Naze  (naz),  The.  A cape  at  the  eastern  extrem- 
ity of  Essex,  England,  projecting  into  the  North 
Sea  64  miles  east-northeast  of  London. 

Naze  (na'ze),  The,  or  Lindesnas  (lin'des-nas). 
A cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Norway, 
projecting  into  the  North  Sea  in  lat.  (of  light- 
house) 57°  59'  N.,  long.  7°  3'  E. 

Ndombe  (ndom'be),  or  Bandombe  (ban-dom'- 
be).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa, 
living  in  a low  state  of  culture  along  the  coast 
between  Benguella  and  Mossamedes.  They 
are  pastoral,  and  speak  a dialect  of  their  own  in 
addition  to  Umbundu. 

Ndonga  (mlong'ga),  or  Ondonga  (on-dong'ga). 
A country  between  Hereroland  and  the  Ku- 
nene  and  Kubango  rivers : a fertile  and  healthy 
plateau,  called  Cimbebasiaby  the  Catholic  mis- 
sionaries. The  inhabitants,  of  the  Bantu  race,  have  no 
national  name.  By  the  Hereros  they  are  called  Ovambo, 
and  then-  language  Otyambo,  because  they  are  agricul- 
turists. Ndonga  is  the  principal  tribe,  and  its  dialect, 
Osbindonga,  is  used  by  the  whites  and  by  native  strangers 
as  a general  language.  The  other  tribes  are  Unkuambi, 
Ongandyela,  Unkualuze,  Ombalantu,  Ondombozora,  Un- 
kuanyama,  Evale,  Ekanda,  Okazima,  and  Ombandya.  The 
Ovashimba  and  Ovarondo  are  kindred  tribes.  Total  pop- 
ulation, about  100,000,  divided  between  the  German  and 
Portuguese  protectorates.  Finnish  Protestant  and  French 
Catholic  missions  are  successful  among  them. 

Ndongo  (ndong'g5).  See  Ngola. 
Ndulu(ndo'lo),  orOndulu  (on-do'lo).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa,  settled  northeast 
of  Bailundo : ethnically,  linguistically,  and  polit- 
ically allied  with  the  Ovimbundu. 


726 

Neaera  (ne-e'ra).  The  name  of  a maiden  in 
classical  Latin  pastoral  poetry.  Milton  uses  the 
name  in  “Eycidas,”  1.  69, — 

To  sport  with  Amaryllis  in  the  shade, 

Or  with  the  tangles  of  Neaera’s  hair, — 
it  is  thought  with  reference  to  a woman  loved  by  the  Scot- 
tish poet  Buchanan,  to  whose  golden  hair  the  latter  makes 
frequent  reference  in  his  poems. 

Neagh  (na ; local  pron.  na'ach),  Lough.  A lake 
in  Ulster,  Ireland,  13  miles  west  of  Belfast,  it 
is  the  largest  lake  in  the  British  Isles.  Its  outlet  is  by  the 
Bann  into  the  North  Channel.  Length,  16  miles.  Area, 
153  square  miles. 

Neal  (nel),  Daniel.  Born  at  London,  Dec.  14, 
1678:  died  there,  April  4,  1743.  An  English 
historian.  He  was  educated  at  the  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  and  at  the  universities  of  Utrecht  and  Leyden.  In 
1706  he  settled  as  an  independent  clergyman  in  London. 
He  wrote  a “History  of  New  England”  (1720),  and  (his 
chief  work)  the  “ History  of  the  Puritans  ” (1732-38). 

Neal,  David  Dolloff.  Born  at  Lowell,  Mass., 
Oct.  20,  1837.  An  American  figure-painter. 
He  studied  with  Ainmuller  and  at  the  Royal  Academy  at 
Munich,  and  later  with  Alexander  Wagner  and  Piloty. 
He  resides  principally  at  Munich.  Among  his  works  are 
“The  First  Meeting  of  Mary  Stuart  and  Rizzio  ” (1876),  “ Oli- 
ver Cromwell  visits  John  Milton  ” (1883). 

Neal,  John.  Born  at  Portland,  Maine,  Aug.  25, 
1793:  died  there,  June  21,  1876.  An  American 
novelist,  poet,  journalist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  Among  his  novels  are  “ Seventy-Six” 
(1823),  “Logan”  (1823),  and  “Down-Easters” 
(1833). 

Neal,  Joseph  Clay.  Born  at  Greenland,  N.  H., 
Feb.  3, 1807 : died  at  Philadelphia,  July  18, 1847. 
An  American  humorist.  He  edited  the  “ Pennsyl- 
vanian ’’  at  Philadelphia  1831-44.  His  works  were  collected 
in  “ Charcoal  Sketches  ” (1837  and  1849),  and  “ Peter  Ploddy 
and  other  Oddities”  (1844). 

Neale  (nel),  John  Mason.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  24, 1818:  died  at  East  Grinstead,  England, 
Aug.  6, 1866.  AnEnglishhymnologist  and  eccle- 
siastical historian.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  became  warden  of  Sackville  College,  East 
Grinstead,  in  1846.  He  belonged  to  the  extreme  High- 
church  party  ; was  inhibited  by  his  bishop  for  14  years ; 
and  was  burned  in  effigy  in  1857.  He  founded  the  sister- 
hood of  St.  Margaret.  His  contributions  to  modern  hym- 
nology  are  notable.  He  wrote  “An  Introduction  to  the 
History  of  the  Holy  Eastern  Church"  (1850),  "Mediae- 
val Hymns  and  Sequences  ” (1851),  “ Essays  on  Liturgiol- 
ogy  "(1863),  “Mediaeval  Preachers"  (1857),  “ Hymns  of  the 
Eastern  Church  ” (1863),  etc.  He  also  tr  anslated  the  me- 
dieval hymn  “ De  contemptu  mundi  ’’  by  Bernard  of 
Cluny,  in  several  parts,  beginning  “Brief  life  is  here  our 
portion,"  “Jerusalem  the  Golden,"  etc. 

Neander  (no -an 'der;  G.  pron.  na-an'der), 
Joachim.  Born  at  Bremen  about  1650:  died 
there,  1680.  A German  hymn-writer. 
Neander,  Johann  August  Wilhelm  (original- 
ly David  Mendel).  Born  at  Gottingen,  Jan. 
16, 1789:  died  at  Berlin,  July  14, 1850.  A noted 
German  Protestant  church  historian  and  theo- 
logian, of  Hebrew  descent:  professor  at  Berlin 
from  1813.  His  chief  work  is  “ Allgemeine  Geschiclite 
der  christliclien  Religion  und  Kirclie ” (“General  History 
of  the  Christian  Religion  and  Church,  ”6  vols.  1825-62). 
Among  his  other  works  are  “Geschichte  der  Piianzung 
und  Leitung  der  Kirclie  durch  die  Apostel”  (1832-33),  and 
“Das  Leben  Jesu”  (“Life  of  Jesus,”  1837). 
Neanderthal  (na-an'der-tal).  A valley  between 
ElberfeldandDusseldorf,  in  Prussia.  Itis  noted 
for  the  prehistoric  skeleton  discovered  there  in 
1857. 

The  celebrated  Neanderthal  skull  (index  72),  found  near 
Diisseldorf  in  1857,  is  less  human  and  more  simian  in  char- 
acter than  any  other  known  skull,  but  is,  nevertheless, 
classed  by  Hamy  and  De  Quatrefages  as  belonging  to  their 
Canstadt  type.  Its  precise  age  is  doubtful,  and  it  would 
be  unsafe  to  regard  it  as  the  type  of  a special  race,  since 
its  characteristics  . . . have  been  occasionally  reproduced 
in  modern  times.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  106. 

Neapolis  (ne-ap'o-lis).  [Gr.  He&TrdTug,  new  city.] 
In  an  cient  geography,  the  name  of  various  cities. 
(a)  The  modern  Naples.  ( b ) In  Palestine,  Shec- 
hem  or  Nablus,  (c)  In  Macedonia,  the  seaport 
of  Philippi. 

Nearchus  (ne-iir'kus).  [Gr.  Nrap^oc.]  Born  in 
Crete : lived  in  the  second  h alf  of  the  4th  century 
B.  C.  A Macedonian  officer,  a friend  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  He  was  admiral  of  the  fleet  in  its 
voyage  from  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  to  that  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, 325-324  B.  c.  An  account  of  his  voyage  is  given 
by  Arrian  in  his  work  on  India. 

Neath  (neth).  A town  in  Glamorganshire,  South 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Neath,  near  its  mouth, 
7 miles  east-northeast  of  Swansea.  It  is  a manu- 
facturing and  mining  center.  Population, 
13,720. 

Nebaioth.  See  Nabataeans. 

Nebi  Yunus  (ne-be'  yo'nus).  1.  A mound  on 
the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh,  particularly  of  the 
palace  of  Asurbanipal  (668-626  b.  c.).  it  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  belief  of  the  Mohammedans  that 
the  prophet  Jonah  is  buried  there,  the  supposed  site  of 
his  tomb  being  now  occupied  by  a mosque. 


Necho 

2.  A place  in  Palestine,  near  the  village  of  Hal- 
hul,  which  is  also  supposed  to  be  the  site  of  the 
tomb  of  Jonah. 

Nebo  (ne'bo).  [Assyra-Babyloiiian  NaM.~\  One 
of  the  principal  gods  of  the  Babylonians  and 
Assyrians,  son  of  Merodach  (Marduk)  and  hus- 
band of  Tashmet,  the  goddess  who  answers 
prayer.  He  was  particularly  the  god  of  learning,  and 
therefore  the  patron  of  the  priests  and  scribes,  as  he  is 
called  the  “creator  of  tablet- writing,"  the  “wise  god,” 
the  “god  of  open  ears  and  wide  mind.”  His  principal 
sanctuary  was  Ezida,  ‘the  eternal  house,’ at  Borsippa  (the 
temple  described  by  Herodotus  as  that  of  Bel);  but  he  had 
also  in  the  temple  of  Merodach  at  Babylon  (Esagila)  a 
magnificently  adorned  chamber.  Like  Merodach,  he  was 
carried  in  procession  through  Babylon  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year.  He  is  mentioned  with  Bel  ( i . e.  Bel-Merodach) 
in  Isa.  xlvi.  1. 

Nebo,  Mount,  modern  Jebel  Neba  (jeb'el  na'- 
ba).  In  Bible  geography,  a summit  of  Abarim, 
Moab  (2,643  feet),  7 miles  northeast  of  the  Dead 
Sea.  It  was  the  place  of  the  death  of  Moses. 
Nebraska  (river).  See  Platte. 

Nebraska  (ne-bras'ka).  One  of  the  Western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  extend- 
ing from  lat.  40°  to  43°  N.,  and  from  long.  95° 
25'  to  104°  W.  Capital,  Lincoln;  chief  city, 
Omaha.  It  is  bounded  by  South  Dakota  (partly  sepa- 
rated by  the  Missouri)  on  the  north,  Iowa  aud  Missouri 
(separated  from  both  by  the  Missouri)  on  the  east,  Kansas 
and  Colorado  on  the  south,  and  Colorado  and  Wyoming  on 
the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Platte.  The  surface  is 
rolling.  The  State  is  especially  fertile  in  the  east.  The 
chief  industries  are  agriculture  and  grazing.  It  is  one  of 
the  leading  States  in  the  production  of  corn.  It  has  90 
counties,  sends  2 senators  and  6 representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  8 electoral  votes.  It  formed  part  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  and  of  Missouri  Territory ; was  settled 
at  Bellevue  in  1847 ; was  made  a Territory  in  1854  (includ- 
ing portions  of  the  present  North  and  South  Dakotas,  Mon- 
tana, Wyoming,  and  Colorado) ; and  was  admitted  to  the 
Union  in  1867.  The  name  is  from  that  of  the  river.  Area, 
77,510  square  miles.  Population,  1,192,214,  (1910). 
Nebraska  City.  The  capital  of  Otoe  County, 
Nebraska,  situated  on  the  Missouri  40  miles 
south  of  Omaha.  Population,  5,488,  (1910). 
Nebuchadnezzar  (neb'/u-kad-nez'ar),  or  Neb- 
uchadrezzar (-rez'ar).  [Babylonian  Nabu- 
lmduri-ugur,  Nebo  protect  the  boundary.]  King 
of  Babylonia  605-562  B.  C.,  the  chief  ruler  of  the 
Neo-Babylonian  empire,  and  one  of  the  great- 
est monarchs  of  the  ancient  world.  He  distin- 
guished  himself  as  a general,  while  still  crown  prince,  in 
the  battle  of  Carchemish  (which  see)  against  the  Egyptian 
king  Necho  in  605.  On  his  return  from  this  campaign  his 
father,  Nabopolassar,  died,  and  he  was  proclaimed  king. 
His  conquest  of  Jerusalem  and  Judea  is  described  under 
Babylonian  Captivity.  Tyre  he  took  after  a siege  of  13 
years(585-572).  He  invaded  Egypt  in  572,  defeated  Hophra 
(Apries),  and  set  Amasis  on  the  throne  in  his  place : an 
inscription  of  Nebuchadnezzar  informs  us  that  four  years 
afterward  he  had  to  subdue  a rebellion  of  Amasis.  Un- 
like most  of  the  Assyrian  conquerors,  Nebuchadnezzar 
devoted  his  energies  to  the  consolidation  of  his  empire. 
The  mighty  canals  and  walls  with  which  he  surrounded 
Babylon,  his  magnificent  palace  (now  represented  by  the 
ruins  of  al-Kasr,  ‘the  castle’),  the  so-called  “hanging 
gardens  of  Semlramis”  which  he  had  constructed  for  his 
Median  wife  Amytis  (Amitu),  his  restoration  of  many  tem- 
ples, especially  Esagila  in  Babylon  and  Ezida  in  Borsippa, 
are  described  in  the  article  Babylon.  A full  description 
of  the  buildings  he  carried  out  is  given  by  himself  in  a 
long  inscription  comprising  620  lines.  There  is  no  men- 
tion in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  of  Nebuchadnezzar’s  in- 
sanity as  related  in  the  Book  of  Daniel  (iv.  26  ff.),  but  it  has  a 
certain  parallel  in  the  narrative  of  Abydenus  (preserved  by 
Eusebius),  according  to  which  the  king  once  ascended  the 
citadel  of  his  palace  and,  inspired  by  a god,  announced 
the  fall  of  his  empire. 

Nebushazban  (neb-u-shaz'ban).  [Babylonian 
Nabu-sesib-anni,  Nebo  preserve  me.]  The  name 
of  the  captain  of  the  eunuchs  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, mentioned  in  Jer.  xxxix.  13. 
Nebuzaradan  (neb-u-zar'a-dan).  [Babylonian 
Nabu-zer-iddina,  Nebo  lias  given  offspring.] 
The  captain  of  the  body-guard  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar who  in  586  B.  C.  was  left  by  him  in  Judea 
to  finish  the  work  of  destruction,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Jer.  lii.  30,  came  in  582  again  to  Judea 
and  carried  away  745  more  Judean  captives. 
Necbes  (neeh'ez)  River.  A river  in  eastern 
Texas  which  flows  into  Sabine  Lake.  Length, 
about  350  miles. 

Necbo  II.  (ne'ko),  or  Neku  (ne'ko).  An  Egyp- 
tian king  of  the  26th  dynasty  (about  610-595  or 
599  B.  C.),  son  of  Psammetichus  I.  He  defeated  Jo- 
siah  at  Megiddo  about  609,  and  was  defeated  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar at  Carchemish  about  605.  He  sent  a Phenician  ex- 
pedition to  circumnavigate  Africa. 

In  B.  o.  609  or  608  Neco,  the  son  of  Psamatik  I.,  having 
recently  ascended  the  Egyptian  throne,  made  an  expedi- 
tion into  Syria  with  the  object  of  re-attaching  to  Egypt 
the  entire  tract  between  the  “Torrens  -Egypt i " and  the 
Euphrates.  At  first  success  crowned  his  efforts : Josiah, 
king  of  Judah,  who  had  ventured  to  oppose  him,  was  de- 
feated and  slain  at  Megiddo ; Palestine  was  conquered 
and  placed  under  a tributary  king  (Jehoiakim) ; Syria  was 
overrun,  and  the  Egyptian  dominion  established  over  the 
entire  region  extending  northward  from  Egypt  to  Amanus, 
and  eastward  to  the  Euphrates  and  Carchemish.  This 


Necho 

tract  remained  under  the  government  of  Neco  for  three 
years  (B.  C.  608-605).  Phoenicia  must  have  submitted  her- 
self. Rawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  165. 

Nechtansmere  (nech'tanz-mer).  A place  near 
Dunnichen.  Forfarshire,  Scotland.  Here,  in  685, 
the  Piets  totally  defeated  the  Northumbrians  under  Eg- 
frith. 

Neckar  (nek'kar).  A river  in  Wiirtemberg  and 
Baden:  the  Roman  Nicer,  it  is  one  of  the  chief 
tributaries  of  the  Ithine,  which  it  joins  at  Mannheim,  and 
is  noted  for  its  romantic  scenery  and  for  the  production 
of  wines  in  its  valley.  Heidelberg  and  Tubingen  are  on  it. 
length,  222  miles ; navigable  for  large  craft  to  Heilbronn. 

Neckar.  On  e of  the  four  circles  of  Wiirtemberg, 
situated  in  the  northwestern  part.  Area,  1,286 
square  miles.  Population,  811,478. 

Necker  (nek'er;  F.  pron.  na-kar'),  Jacques. 
Born  at  Geneva,  Sept.  30,  1732:  died  at  Cop- 
pet,  Switzerland,  April  9,  1804.  A French 
statesman  and  financier.  He  was  for  a time  a banker 
at  Paris;  became  director  of  the  treasury  in  1776,  and  di- 
rector-general of  the  finances  in  1777  ; resigned  in  1781 ; 
was  recalled  to  office  in  1788 ; convened  the  States-General 
in  1789 ; was  dismissed  July  11, 1789 ; was  recalled  in  1789  ; 
and  finally  resigned  in  Sept.,  1790.  He  published  “Compte 
rendu'1  (1781),  “I/Administration  de  Necker”  (1791), 
“Du  pouvoir  exdcutif”  (1792),  “De  la  revolution  fran- 
Caise  ” (1796),  etc. 

Necker,  Madame  (Susanne  Curchod).  Born 
at  Crassier,  Switzerland,  1739 : died  at  Coppet, 
Switzerland,  May,  1794.  The  wife  of  J.  Necker, 
and  a leader  in  literary  circles.  She  was  at  one 
time  engaged  to  the  historian  Gibbon. 

Neckham  (nek'am),  Alexander.  Born  at  St. 
Albans,  Herts,  Sept.,  1157:  died  at  Kempsey, 
Worcestershire,  1217.  An  English  scholar,  fos- 
ter-brother of  Richard  I.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Albans.  In  1180  he  was  distinguished  as  a professor  at 
Paris ; in  1188  he  became  an  Augustinian  canon  at  Ciren- 
cester; and  in  1213  he  was  elected  abbot.  He  wrote  sci- 
entific and  grammatical  treatises,  Latin  poems,  theological 
works,  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  etc.  His  name  was 
punned  upon  as  Nequam . 

Necklace,  Diamond.  See  Diamond  Necklace 
Affair. 

Neco.  See  Necho. 

Nedenas,  or  Nedenes  (na/de-nas).  A province 
in  southern  Norway.  Area,  3,609  square 
miles.  Population,  79,935. 

Nedim  (ne-dem').  See  the  extract. 

During  the  reign  of  Ahmed  III.  (1703-1730)  flourished 
Nedim,  the  greatest  of  all  the  poets  of  the  old  Ottoman 
school.  Nedim  has  a style  that  is  entirely  his  own  : it  is 
altogether  unlike  that  of  any  of  his  predecessors,  whether 
Persian  or  Turkish,  and  no  one  has  ever  attempted  to 
copy  it.  Through  his  ghazels,  which  are  written  with  the 
most  finished  elegance  in  words  of  the  truest  harmony, 
sings  a tone  of  sprightly  gaiety  and  joyous  lighthearted- 
ness, such  as  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  poet  of  his 
nation.  His  numerous  kasidas,  while  they  are  more 
graceful,  are  hardly  less  brilliant  than  those  of  Nef’I,  and 
are  at  the  same  time  in  truer  taste  and  less  burdened  with 
obscure  and  far-fetched  conceits.  Little  is  known  re- 
garding his  life,  save  that  he  resided  at  Constantinople, 
where  the  Grand  Vezir,  Ibrahim  Pasha,  appointed  him 
custodian  of  the  library  which  he  had  founded,  and  that 
he  was  still  alive  in  1727.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  318. 

Nedjed  (ned'jed),  or  Nejd  (nejd).  A large  re- 
gion in  central  Arabia,  lying  between  Shomer 
on  the  north  and  Dahna  on  the  south.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  a plateau.  It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by 
Wahhabees.  See  Arabia. 

Ned  Myers.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1843. 

Needham  (ned'am).  A town  in  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  il  miles  west-southwest  of  Bos- 
ton. Population,  5,026,  (1910). 

Needles  (ne  ' dlz),  The.  A group  of  three 
pointed  rocks  in  the  English  Channel,  west  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight. 

Neefe  (na'fe),  Christian  Gottlieb.  Born  at 
Chemnitz,  Feb.  5,  1748:  died  Jan.  26,  1798.  A 
German  musician.  His  principal  claim  to  notice  is 
that  he  was  the  instructor  of  Beethoven  at  Bonn. 

Neenah  (ne'nil).  A city  in  Winnebago  County, 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  Fox  River  12  miles 
north  of  Oshkosh.  Population,  5,734,  (1910). 

Neer  (nar),  Aart  van  der.  Bom  about  1619: 
•died  after  1692.  A Dutch  landscape-painter. 

Neer,  Eglon  Hendrik  van  der.  Born  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1643:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia. 
May  3, 1703.  A Dutch  painter,  son  of  Aart  van 
der  Neer. 

Neerwinden  (nar'vin-den).  A village  in  the 
province  of  Li&ge,  Belgium,  31  miles  east  by 
south  of  Brussels.  It  is  noted  for  two  battles  : here, 
July  29,  1693,  the  French  under  Luxembourg  defeated  the 
Allies  under  William  III.  of  England  (this  is  also  called  the 
battle  of  Landen);  and  here,  March  18,  1793,  the  Aus- 
trians under  the  Prince  of  Coburg  defeated  the  French 
under  Dumouriez. 

Nees  von  Esenbeck  (nas  fon  a'zen-bek),  Chris- 
tian Gottfried.  Born  in  the  Odenwald,  Hesse, 
Feb.  14,  1776:  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  March 
16,  1858.  A German  botanist  and  zoologist. 
He  became  professor  of  botany  at  Erlangen  in  1818,  at 


727 

Bonn  in  1819,  and  at  Breslau  in  1831.  For  political  rea- 
sons he  was  deprived  of  his  office  in  1852.  Among  his 
works  are  “Handbuch  der  Botanik  ” (1820-21),  and  works 
on  entomology,  philosophy,  etc. 

Nefert  (ne'fert).  [Egypt.,  ‘good’  or  ‘beauti- 
ful.’] An  Egyptian  queen,  wife  of  Amenem- 
hat  II.  A life-size  statue  of  her,  in  black  gran- 
ite, was  found  inthe  ruins  of  Tanis,  Lower  Egypt. 

Nefert  and  Ra-Hotep  (ra-ho'tep).  Two  re- 
markable statues  of  earlv  Egyptian  art,  in  the 
museum  at  Cairo,  Egypt.  The  figures  are  seated, 
carved  in  limestone,  painted,  and  with  inlaid  eyes  of  glass 
and  enamel,  the  effect  being  strangely  lifelike.  The  prince 
wears  a simple  loin-cloth,  the  princess  a close-fitting  white 
garment  with  an  elaborate  necklace  and  a diadem.  The 
statues  came  from  the  vestibule  of  a tomb  at  Meidum. 

Nefertari  (ne-fer-ta'ri)  Aahmes.  [Egypt., 
‘beautiful  wife  of  Aahmes.’]  An  Egyptian 
queen,  wife  of  Aahmes  I.  Her  mummy-case,  “one 
of  the  largest  and  most  magnificent  ever  discovered,"  is 
in  the  museum  at  Cairo. 

Not  only  in  the  rock-caves  of  Thrall  and  Massaarah,  oppo- 
site to  Memphis,  butalso  on  a number  of  public  monuments 
in  the  interior  of  the  sepulchral  chambers  of  the  Theban 
Necropolis,  has  the  name  of  this  queen  been  preserved, 
surrounded  by  laudatory  inscriptions.  Long  after  her  de- 
cease, this  great  ancestress  of  the  New  Empire  was  ven- 
erated as  a divine  being,  and  her  image  was  placed  beside 
those  of  the  eternal  inhabitants  of  the  Egyptian  heaven. 

Brugsch,  Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs,  p.  131. 

Nefi  (nef'e).  See  the  extract. 

During  the  reign  of  Ahmed  I.  (1603-1607),  arose  the  sec- 
ond great  light  of  old  Turkish  poetry.  This  was  Nef’i 
of  Erzerum,  who  is  as  much  esteemed  for  the  brilliancy  of 
his  kasidas,  or  eulogies,  as  Fuzuli  is  for  the  tenderness  of 
his  ghazels.  Like  him,  he  elaborated  a style  for  himself, 
which  found  many  imitators,  the  most  successful  of  whom 
was  Sabri.  Unfortunately  for  himself,  Nef’i  was  an  able 
satirist:  his  scathing  pen  drew  down  upon  him  the  enmity 
of  certain  great  men,  who  prevailed  upon  Sultan  Murad 
IV.  to  sanction  his  execution  (1635). 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  315. 

Negapatam  (neg-a-pa-tam').  A seaport  in  the 
district  of  Tanjore,  Madras,  British  India,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  10°  45'  N.,  long.  79°  51'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 57,190. 

Negaunee  (ue-ga'ne).  A city  in  Marquette 
County,  Upper  Michigan,  11  miles  west-south- 
west of  Marquette.  It  is  the  center  of  an  iron- 
mining district.  Population,  8,460,  (1910). 

Negley  (neg'li),  James  Scott.  Bom  Dec.  22, 
1826:  died  Aug.  7, 1901.  An  American  general 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  defeated  the  Confederates  at 
Lavergne,  Tennessee,  Oct.  7,  1862,  and  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Chickamauga. 

Negrier  (na-gre-a'),  Francois  Oscar  de.  Bom 

at  Belfort,  1839.  A French  general,  distin- 
guished in  the  operations  in  Tongking  and 
Annam  1885. 

Negritos  (ne-gre  'toz).  A diminutive  dark- 
skinned  negro-like  race  found  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  (of  which  they  seem  to  have  been  the 
original  inhabitants),  and  in  New  Caledonia, 
etc.,  according  to  some  authorities.  The  average 
height  of  the  Negritos  of  the  Philippine  Islands  is  about 
4 feet  8 inches.  Also  Negrillos. 

Negro,  Rio.  See  Rio  Negro. 

Negro  race.  A race  of  which  the  physical  char- 
acteristics are  a large  and  strong  skeleton,  long 
and  thick  skull,  prognathic  jaws,  skin  from  dark 
brown  to  black,  woolly  hair,  thick  lips,  and  a 
broad  and  flattened  nose.  It  occupies  in  a compact 
mass  the  African  continent  south  of  the  Sahara.  The  brown 
races  of  South  Africa,  the  pygmies  of  central  Africa,  and 
the  red-brown  races  of  Sudan,  who  live  in  the  same  area, 
are  comparatively  few  in  number,  or  are  intimately  mixed 
with  the  negro  race.  There  is  no  racial  difference  between 
the  Bantu,  speaking  languages  derived  from  one  mother 
tongue,  and  the  negroes  of  Upper  Guinea  and  the  Sudan, 
who  speak  unconnected  languages ; nor  is  there  much  dif- 
ference in  customs.  The  non-Bantu  languages  of  the  Up- 
per Guinea  and  Sudan  negroes  are  called,  in  this  work,  the 
Nigritic  branch,  and  this  word  is  also  applied  to  the  tribes. 
The  negroes  of  North,  Central,  and  South  America  have 
been  deported  from  Africa.  The  Papuans  and  Nigritos  of 
Australasia,  having  all  or  most  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
African  negroes,  are  classed  by  some  with  these,  by  some 
apart.  See  African  ethnography  and  languages  (under 
Africa'),  Bantu,  and  Hottentot-Bushmen. 

Negropont.  The  modern  name  of  Euboea. 

Negros  (na'gros).  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
situated  north  of  Mindanao.  Length,  about  130 
miles.  Population,  460,776 

Nehavend  (na-hii-vend').  A place  in  Persia, 
50  miles  south  of  Hamadan,  noted  for  the  bat- 
tle of  641  (642  ?),  in  which  the  Saracens  totally 
defeated  the  Persians  and  overthrew  the  Per- 
sian kingdom. 

Nehemiah  (ne-he-mi'a).  [Heb.,  ‘comforted  by 
Yahveh.’]  A Hebrew  cup-bearer  of  Artaxerxes 
Longimanus  of  Persia,  appointed  governor  of 
Judea  444  B.  C.  He  rebuilt  the  walls  of  Jerusalem,  and 
restored  the  national  worship.  The  authorship  of  a part 
of  the  Book  of  Nehemiah  is  ascribed  to  him. 

Nehemiah,  Book  of.  A book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, written  probably  in  part  by  Nehemiah. 
See  the  extract. 


Neleus 

The  book  of  Nehemiah,  or,  as  we  have  now  learned  to 
call  it,  in  accordance  with  the  Hebrew  usage,  the  joint 
book  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah,  which  in  all  probability  was 
also  one  book  with  Chronicles,  carries  down  the  list  of 
high  priests  as  far  as  Jaddua,  who  was  in  office  at  the 
time  of  Alexander  (Neh.  xii.  11).  The  book,  therefore, 
was  written,  at  the  earliest,  at  the  very  end  of  the  Persian 
period,  though  it  incorporates  earlier  documents,  such  as 
the  autobiography  of  Ezra  and  the  memoir  of  Nehemiah. 

W.  R.  Smith,  0.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  140. 

Neher  (na'her),  Bernhard  von.  Born  at  Bibe  - 
rack,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  16, 1806:  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, J an.  17, 1886.  A German  historical  painter. 

Neidhart  von  Reuenthal  (nit'hart  fon  roi'en- 
tal).  Place  and  date  of  birth  unknown:  died 
at  Vienna,  date  unknown.  A Middle  High  Ger- 
man lyric  poet  of  the  13th  century.  He  was  a Ba- 
varian knight,  took  part  in  the  crusade  of  Leopold  II.  of 
Austria  1217-19,  and  subsequently  lived  at  Vienna  at  the 
court  of  Duke  Frederick.  His  principal  poems  are  dance- 
songs.  He  is  the  founder  of  the  popular  lyric  poetry  of 
the  courts — poetry,  namely,  that  found  its  material  in  the 
rude  life  and  manners  of  the  peasants,  who  were  held  up 
to  the  ridicule  of  the  nobles.  His  poems  were  published 
at  Leipsic  in  1858. 

Neilgherry  Hills.  See  Nilgiri  Hills. 

Neill  (nel),  Edward  Duffield.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Aug.  9, 1823:  died  at  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Sept.  26, 1893.  An  American  historian.  His  works 
include  “English  Colonization  of  America”  (1871)  and 
other  works  on  American  colonial  history,  “Concise  His- 
tory of  Minnesota  ” (1887),  etc. 

Neilson  (nel'son),  Lilian  Adelaide.  Born  at 
Leeds, Yorkshire,  March  3,  1848:  died  at  Paris, 
France,  Aug.  15, 1880.  A noted  English  actress. 
Her  real  name  was  Elizabeth  Ann  Brown,  and,  her  mother 
having  subsequently  married  a Mr.  Bland,  she  was  known 
as  Lizzie  Bland.  At  the  age  of  17  she  made  her  debut  as 
Juliet.  In  1870  she  made  a conspicuous  success  as  Amy 
Bobsart  in  London,  and  by  1878  she  was  the  acknowledged 
queen  of  the  English  stage.  In  1872  she  performed  for 
the  first  time  in  America  at  Niblo’s  Theater  in  New  York. 
She  made  four  visits  to  America,  her  last  appearance  there 
being  on  May  24,  1880. 

Neilson  (nel'son),  James  Beaumont.  Born 

near  Glasgow,  June  22,  1792:  died  at  Queen’s 
Hill,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Jan.  18, 1865.  A Brit- 
ish engineer  and  inventor.  He  invented  the  use 
of  the  hot  blast  in  smelting-furnaces. 

Neipperg  (nlp'pero),  Count  Adam  Adalbert 
von.  Born  April  8, 1775:  died  Feb.  22, 1829.  An 
Austrian  general  and  diplomatist.  He  married 
Maria  Louisa  after  the  death  of  Napoleon  (1821). 

Neisse  (nis'se).  The  name  of  three  rivers  of 
Germany,  principally  in  Silesia,  (a) Glatzer Neisse, 
joining  the  Oder  35  miles  southeast  of  Breslau.  Length, 
120  miles.  (6)  Wuthende  (‘Furious  ’)  Neisse,  joining  the 
Katzbach  below  Liegnitz.  (e)  Lausi tzer  or  Gorlitzer  Neisse, 
joining  the  Oder  26  miles  south  of  Fraukfort-on-the-Oder. 
Length,  140  miles. 

Neisse.  A fortified  city  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Biela  and  Glatzer  Neisse,  46  miles  south  by  east 
of  Breslau . It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  an  ancient  prin- 
cipality of  Neisse ; repulsed  the  Hussites  in  1428 ; was  taken 
by  Frederick  the  Great  in  1741,  and  made  a strong  fortress ; 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Austrians  in  1758  ; and 
was  taken  by  the  French  June  16,  1807.  Population,  com- 

• mune,  25,390. 

Neith  (ne'ith),  or  Net  (net).  [Gr.  N i)iQ,  Egypt. 
Net.]  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a lofty  personi- 
fication of  the  female  principle,  the  mother  of 
the  8un,  unbegotteu.  She  was  the  chief  divinity  of 
Sals,  single,  supreme,  and  self-producing.  She  was  iden- 
tified by  the  Greeks  with  Athene.  She  was  represented 
as  a woman  wearing  the  crown  of  Lower  Egypt. 

Neiva,  or  Ney  va  (na'e-va).  A town  in  the  Re- 
public of  Colombia,  situated  on  the  Magdalena 
125  miles  southwest  of  Bogota.  Capital  of  the 
department  of  Huila.  Pop.,  about  10,000. 

Nejd.  See  Nedjed. 

Nekayah,  Princess.  The  sister  of  Rasselas,  in 
Johnson’s  work  of  that  name. 

Nekrassoff,  orNekrasoff  (nek-ra'sof),  Nikolai 
Alexeivitch.  Born  in  the  government  of  Ya- 
roslaif,  Russia,  Nov.  22  (O.  S.),  1821:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  27  (O.  S.),  1877.  A distin- 
guished Russian  poet.  He  was  educated  at  the  cadet 
school  at  St.  Petersburg.  He  was  editor  of  “The  Con- 
temporary ” and  “The  Annals  of  the  Country.”  In  1840  he 
published  “Dreams  and  Elves, "a  small  volume  of  poems, 
most  of  which  had  already  appeared  in  “ The  Annals  of 
the  Country”  and  other  journals.  His  poems  are  pub- 
lished in  6 volumes.  Among  them  are  “ Red-nosed  Frost  ” 
(1863),  “ To  Whom  is  Life  in  Russia  Worth  Living?”  (the 
last  canto  of  which,  owing  to  the  censor,  was  not  published 
till  1881),  and  “Russian  Women.”  He  was  essentially  a 
poet  of  the  people. 

Nelaton  (na-la-toh'),  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  17,  1807 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  21, 1873.  A 
noted  French  surgeon,  professor  in  the  medical 
faculty  of  the  University  of  Paris  1851-67.  His 
chief  work  is  “ Elements  de  pathologie  chirurgicale  ” (“Ele- 
ments of  Surgical  Pathology,”  1844-60). 

Neleus  (ne'lus).  [Gr.  N^/lelf.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a son  of  Poseidon  and  Tyro,  founder 
and  king  of  Pylus  in  Messenia.  He  was  the 
father  of  Nestor. 


Nellore 

Nellore  (ne-lor'),  or  Nellur  (ne-lor').  1.  A 
district  in  Madras,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  14°  30'  N.,  long.  80°  E.  Area,  8,761  square 
miles.  Population,  1,496,987. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Nellore,  situated  on  the  Pen- 
nair  109  miles  north  by  west  of  Madras.  Pop- 
ulation, 32,040. 

Nelson  (nel'son).  A name  given  to  the  river 
Saskatchewan  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course. 

N elson.  A seaport  at  the  northern  end  of  South 
Island,  New  Zealand,  situated  in  lat.  41°  15'  S., 
long.  173°  17'  E.  (lighthouse).  Population, 
7,010. 

Nelson,  Horatio,  first  Viscount  Nelson.  Born 
at  Bumham-Thorpe,  Norfolk,  England,  Sept. 
29,  1758:  died  on  board  the  Victory  at  Tra- 
falgar, Oct.  21, 1805.  A celebrated  English  ad- 
miral. He  entered  the  navy  in  1770,  and  was  made  post- 
captain at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  serving  in  the  American 
war.  At  the  declaration  of  war  with  Trance  in  1793,  he 
was  made  captain  of  the  Agamemnon  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, serving  first  under  Lord  Hood  and  afterward 
under  Admiral  Hotham.  On  Feb.  14,  1797,  under  Admiral 
Jervis  (later  Lord  St.  Vincent),  he  fought  in  the  battle  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent.  In  May,  1798,  he  was  sent  by  Lord  St. 
Vincent  to  intercept  Napoleon’s  expedition  to  Egypt.  In 
this  he  failed,  but  destroyed  the  French  fleet  at  anchor 
in  the  harbor  of  Abukir,  Aug.  1-2.  This  engagement  is 
called  “the  battle  of  the  Nile.”  He  retired  to  Naples, 
where  he  became  involved  in  political  complications  and 
in  an  intrigue  with  the  wife  of  Sir  William  Hamilton, 
British  envoy  to  Naples.  In  1800  he  returned  to  England 
and  was  made  vice-admiral  and  a peer.  The  battle  of 
Copenhagen  was  fought  April  2,  1801,  in  order  to  destroy 
the  coalition  of  the  northern  powers  known  as  the  (second) 
Armed  Neutrality.  Nelson  was  made  a viscount  after 
Copenhagen.  The  French  fleet  under  Admiral  Villeneuve 
left  Toulon  in  March,  1805,  and  sailed  to  the  West  Indies 
with  the  intention  of  drawing  off  the  English  fleet  and 
returning  to  support  Napoleon’s  projected  invasion  of  Eng- 
land. Nelson  followed,  and,  after  Napoleon’s  plan  had 
been  thwarted  bv  the  hesitancy  of  Villeneuve,  fought  the 
French-Spanish  fleet  off  Cape  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,  1805.  He 
hoisted  the  signal  “England  expects  that  every  man  will 
do  his  duty  ” at  the  beginning  of  this  fight. 

Nelson,  Samuel.  Born  at  Hebron,  N.  Y.,  Nov. 
10,  1792 : died  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13, 
1873.  An  American  jurist.  He  was  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York  1831-37, 
and  chief  justice  1837-15:  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1845-72;  and  a member  of  the  joint 
high  commission  to  settle  the  Alabama  claims  in  1871. 

Nelson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Yorktown,  Va.,  Dec. 
26,  1738:  died  in  Hanover  County,  Jan.  4,  1789. 
An  American  patriot,  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  in  1776  as  delegate  to  Congress 
from  Virginia.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  and  became  governor  of  Virginia  in  1781. 
Nelson, William.  Born  at  Maysville,  Ky.,  1825 : 
killed  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  Sept.  29,  1862.  An 
American  gen  er al  in  the  Civil  War.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1840,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander  in 
1861.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  organized 
camps  in  Kentucky  for  mustering  Union  soldiers.  Hewas 
made  brigadier-general  in  18G1 ; commanded  the  second 
division  of  Buell’s  army  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh ; and  after- 
ward took  command  of  Louisville.  He  was  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  July,  1862.  He  was  shot  and  killed 
in  an  altercation  with  General  Jefferson  C.  Davis. 

Nelson  Monument.  A Corinthian  column  of 
granite,  145  feet  high,  on  a square  pedestal, 
standing  in  Trafalgar  Square,  London,  it  bears 
a statue  of  the  admiral,  17  feet  high,  and  on  the  sides  of 
the  pedestal  are  bronze  reliefs  portraying  his  chief  exploits. 
Around  the  column  are  placed  four  colossal  reposing  lions 
in  bronze,  by  Landseer. 

NemailSUS  (ne-ma'sus).  The  Roman  name  of 
Nimes. 

Nemea  (ne'me-ii).  [Gr.  Nqirca.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a valley  in  Argolis,  Greece,  11  miles 
southwest  of  Corinth.  It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of 
the  Nemean  games,  and  in  legend  as  the  haunt  of  the 
Nemean  lion. 

Nemean  games  (ne'me-an  or  ne-me'an  gamz). 
One  of  the  four  great  national  festivals  of  the 
ancient  Greeks  (the  others  being  the  Olympian, 
Pythian,  and  Isthmian  games).  These  games  were 
celebrated  at  Nemea  in  the  second  and  fourth  years  of  each 
Olympiad,  near  the  temple  of  the  Nemean  Zeus,  some 
(Doric)  columns  of  which  are  still  standing.  According 
to  the  mythological  story,  the  games  were  instituted  in 
memory  of  the  death  of  the  young  hero  Archemorus  or 
Opheltes  by  the  bite  of  a serpent,  as  the  expedition  of 
“ the  Seven  against  Thebes  ” was  passing  through  the  place. 
The  victor’s  garland  at  the  Nemean  games  was  made  of 
parsley. 

Nemesianus  (ne'1'me-si-a'nus),  Marcus  Aure- 
lius Olympius.  Born  probably  at  Carthage: 
’ lived  at  the  close  of  the  3d  century.  A Roman 
poet.  Fragments  of  his  ‘‘  Cynegetica”  have 
been  edited  by  Haupt  (1838). 

In  the  time  of  Cams  and  his  sons,  M.  Aurelius  Olympius 
Nemesianus  of  Carthage  wrote  his  didactic  poem  on  the 
chase  (Cynegetica),  the  first  325  lines  of  which  have  come 
down  to  us.  They  exhibit  fluency,  ease,  and  command  of 
language  in  the  traditional  style,  the  technique  being  in 
the  main  the  same  as  in  the  four  wordy  eclogues  by  this 
author,  in  which  he  has  taken  as  his  pattern  Calpurnius’s 


728 

bucolic  essay,  but  proves  considerably  inferior  even  to  this 
very  mediocre  model. 

Teuffeland  Schivabe,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  289. 

Nemesis  (nem'e-sis).  [Gr.  Nf/zfw.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a goddess  personifying  allotment, 
or  the  divine  distribution  to  every  man  of  bis 
precise  share  of  fortune,  good  and  had.  It  was 
her  especial  function  to  see  that  the  proper  proportion  of 
individual  prosperity  was  preserved,  and  that  anyone  who 
became  too  prosperous,  or  was  too  much  uplifted  by  his 
prosperity,  should  be  reduced  or  punished : she  thus  came 
to  be  regarded  as  the  goddess  of  divine  retribution.  Some- 
times  Nemesis  was  represented  as  winged  and  with  the 
wheel  of  fortune,  or  borne  in  a chariot  drawn  by  griffins, 
and  confounded  with  Adrasteia,  the  goddess  of  the  inevi- 
table. 

Nemesius  (ne-me'si-us).  [Gr.  Nqufcrtof.]  Lived 
in  the  last  part  of  the  4th  century.  A theo- 
logian, bishop  of  Emesa : author  of  a Greek 
treatise  “On  the  Nature  of  Man.” 

Nemetes  (ne-me'tez).  [L.  (Csssar)  Nemetes, 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  N of  Gallic  origin.]  A 
German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by  Caesar  as  in 
the  army  of  Ariovistus.  They  were  situated  at 
the  left  side  of  the  middle  Rhine,  east  of  the  Vosges,  in 
the  region  about  Spires,  where  they  still  remained  after  the 
defeat  of  Ariovistus  (B.  C.  58).  They  were  probably  merged 
ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 

Nemi  (na'me),  Lake  of.  A small  lake  17  miles 
southeast  of  Rome,  noted  for  its  beauty:  the 
ancient  Lacus  Nemorensis.  It  is  an  extinct 
crater  in  the  Alban  Mountains. 

Nemo(ne'mo).  [L., ‘no  one.’]  The  signature  of 
Hablot  Knight  Browne  to  the  first  two  plates 
illustrating  the  “Pickwick  Papers,”  which  he 
afterward  changed  to  “ Phiz.” 

Nemours  (ne-rnor').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  on  the  Loing 45  miles 
south-southeast  of  Paris.  Population,  5,087. 
Nemours,  Due  de  (Gaston  de  Foix).  Born  in 
1489 : died  April  11,  1512.  A celebrated  French 
general.  He  was  the  son  of  Jean  de  Foix,  vicomte  de 
Narbonne,  and  Marie  d’Orl4ans,  sister  of  Louis  XII.  He 
was  created  duo  de  Nemours  in  1505.  In  1512  lie  con- 
ducted a brilliant  campaign  against  the  Spaniards  in  Italy, 
and  was  killed  in  the  pursuit  after  a great  victory  won  by 
him  at  Ravenna,  April  11,  1512. 

Nemours,  Due  de  (Prince  Louis  Charles  Phi- 
lippe Raphael  d’Orleans) . Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
25, 1814 : died,  at  Versailles,  June  25, 1896.  The 
second  son  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  served  as  gen- 
eral in  the  French  army,  ami  took  part  in  the  expedi- 
tions against  Constantine  (Algeria)  1836-37.  From  1348 
to  1870  he  lived  iu  England,  and  from  1870  to  1886  in 
France.  He  was  expelled  from  the  army  in  1886.  He 
lived  subsequently  in  Belgium. 

Nemours,  Edict  of.  A treaty  concluded  in  ] 585 
at  Nemours,  between  Henry  IH.  and  the  chiefs 
of  the  League. 

Nen(neu),  orNene  (nen).  Ariverin  the  eastern 
counties  of  England.  It  flows  into  the  Wash  9 miles 
west-northwest  of[King's  Lynn.  Length,  90-100  miles. 

Nena  Sahib.  See  Nana  Sahib. 

Menagh  (ne'nii;  local  pron.  ne'nach).  A town 
in  County  Tipperary,  Ireland,  situated  22  miles 
northeast  of  Limerick.  Population,  4,7u4. 
Nennius  (nen'i-us).  The  reputed  author  of  the 
“Historia  Britonum,”  written  probably  in  the 
9th  century. 

Neoplatonists  (ne-o-i>la'to-msts).  [‘NewPla- 
tonists.’]  The  believers  in  a system  of  phil- 
osophical and  religious  doctrines  and  principles 
which  originated  in  Alexandria  with  Ammonius 
Saccas  in  the  3d  century,  and  was  developed  by 
Plotinus,  Porphyry,  Iambliehus,  Hypatia,  Pro- 
clus,  and  others  in  the  3d,  4th,  and  5th  cen- 
turies. The  system  was  composed  of  elements  of  Plato- 
nism and  Oriental  beliefs,  and  in  its  later  development  was 
influenced  by  the  philosophy  of  Philo,  by  Gnosticism,  and 
by  Christianity.  Its  leading  representative  was  Plotinus. 
His  views  were  popularized  by  Porphyry  and  modified  in 
the  direction  of  mysticism  by  Iambliehus.  Considerable 
sympathy  with  Neoplatonism  in  its  earlier  stages  was 
shown  by  several  eminent  Christian  writers,  especially  in 
Alexandria,  such  as  St.  Clement,  Origen,  etc.  The  last 
Neoplatonic  schools  were  suppressed  in  the  6th  century. 

Neoptolemus  (ne-op-tol'e-mus),  or  Pyrrhus 
(pir'us).  [Gr.  Neo7rr(5/lE/MC.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a son  of  Achilles  and  Deidameia  (or,  according 
to  some,  Iphigenia) : one  of  the  heroes  of  the 
Trojan  war.  He  was  one  of  the  hand  which  was  con- 
cealed in  the  wooden  horse  by  means  of  which  the  city 
was  captured,  slew  Priam,  and  married  Andromache,  the 
wife  of  Hector.  He  was  later  in  Epirus,  where  he  carried 
off  Lanassa,  a granddaughter  of  Hercules,  and  plundered 
the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  He  married  Ilermione. 
At  Delphi  he  was  worshiped  as  a hero,  and  was  said  to 
have  protected  that  shrine  from  the  Goths. 
Neoptolemus.  Killed  about  321  b.  C.  A Mace- 
donian general  in  the  service  of  Alexander  the 
Great. 

Neosho  (ne-o'sho).  A river  in  southeastern 
Kansas  and  Indian  Territory,  which  joins  the 
Arkansas  near  Fort  Gibsou.  Length,  300—400 
miles. 


Nerac 

Neot  (ne'ot  or  net),  Saint.  A hermit  of  the  9th 
century,  whose  life,  written  by  a monk  of  the 
abbey  of  St.  Neot,  is  thought  to  have  furnished 
material  for  the  history  of  Alfred. 

The  St.  Neot  mentioned  in  this  argument  was  a kinsman 
of  King  Alfred’s  who,  first  bred  to  arms,  renounced  the 
the  world,  taught  at  Glastonbury,  visited  Rome,  and  desir- 
ing  pious  solitude  became  a hermit  in  the  woods  of  Corn- 
wall. After  seven  years  he  visited  the  Pope  again,  returned 
to  his  hermitage,  converted  it  into  a small  monastic  house 
of  which  he  was  the  first  abbot,  where  also  he  is  said  to 
have  been  sometimes  visited  by  Alfred,  and  died  in  877. 
In  974  his  bones  were  carried  to  the  newly-founded  mon- 
astery of  St.  Neot’s,  Huntingdonshire,  and  after  that  date 
his  life  was  written.  Hurley,  English  Writers,  II.  295. 

Nepal  (ne-pal'),  or  Nipal  (ne-pal'),  or  Nepaul 
(ne-pal').  A country  in  Asia,  situated  mainly 
on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Himalaya  system. 
Capital,  Khatmandu.  It  is  bounded  by  Tibet  on  the 
north,  Sikhim  on  the  east,  and  British  India  on  the  south 
and  west.  It  is  governed  by  a maharaja  and  prime  minis- 
ter. The  ruling  people  are  the  Ghurkas.  The  religion  is 
Buddhism  (blended  with  Hinduism)  and  Hinduism.  Ne- 
pal was  conquered  by  the  Hindus  in  the  14th  century,  and 
by  the  Ghurkas  in  the  18th  century,  and  was  at  war  with 
the  British  in  1814-15.  Area,  about  54,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  4,000,000. 

Nephele  (nef'e-le).  [Gr.  a cloud.]  In 

Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Athamas  and  mother 
of  Phrixus  and  Helle. 

Nephelococcygia  (neF'e-lo-kok-sij'i-a).  [Gr. 

NEQehoKOKKvyia,  Cuckootown-in-the-clouds.]  A 
fictitious  city,  referred  to  in  the  “Birds”  by 
Aristophanes. 

Nepomuk  (na'po-mok),  Saint  John  of.  Born  at 
Pornuk,  Bohemia : thrown  into  the  Moldau  in 
1393  (in  legend  1383).  A Bohemian  ecclesiastic, 
patron  saint  of  Bohemia. 

Nepos  (ne'pos),  Cornelius.  Born  probably  at 
Verona,  Italy  : lived  in  the  1st  century  b.  c.  A 
Roman  historian,  a friend  of  Cicero.  See  the 
extract. 

His  life  may  be  said  to  fall  between  655/99  and  730/24. 
Besides  erotic  poems,  three  books  of  Chronica  were  his 
earliest  work,  but  he  seems  also  to  have  written  a geo- 
graphical treatise.  His  other  writings  show  that  he  was 
influenced  by  Varro,  for  they  were  directed  to  the  history 
of  manners  and  customs  and  had  a biographical  and  moral 
tendency.  In  this  way  he  wrote  five  books  of  Exempla, 
and  the  elaborate  biographies  of  Cato  the  Elder  and  Ci- 
cero, and  especially  his  last  and  most  comprehensive  work, 
“De  virisillustribus,”inatleast  sixteen  hooks,  in  which  the 
lives  of  Romans  and  foreigners  were  placed  iu  parallel 
juxtaposition.  Thepartsof  it  which  we  possess,  the  work 
“De  excellentibusducibus  exterarum  gentium, "and  the  bi- 
ographies of  Cato  and  of  Atticus  (being  an  extract  from  his 
work  “De  historicis  latinis  ”),  are  often  more  valuable  for 
their  lucidity  of  arrangement,  unpretentious  tone,  and  fair 
and  sympathetic  judgments  ; but  they  hardly  attain  even 
a moderate  level  of  accuracy  and  trustworthiness  as  his- 
torical essays,  and  are  equally  inferior  in  style,  owing  to 
the  frequency  of  popular  and  colloquial  idioms. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[I.  341. 

Nepos,  Julius.  Killed  at  Salona,  Dalmatia,  480. 
Emperor  of  the  West  474—475.  He  was  appointed 
emperor  by  Leo  I.,  emperorof  the  East.  He  was  defeated 
and  deposed  by  Orestes,  who  raised  his  own  son  Romulus 
Augustulus  to  the  throne. 

Neptune  (nep'tun).  [FromL.  Neptunus,  a sea- 
god.]  1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  god  of  the 
sea,  who  came  to  he  identified  by  the  Romans 
themselves  with  the  Greek  Poseidon,  whose 
attributes  were  transferred  by  the  poets  to  the 
ancient  Latin  deity.  In  art  Neptune  is  usually  repre- 
sented as  a bearded  man  of  stately  presence,  with  the  tri- 
dent as  his  chief  attribute,  and  the  horse  and  the  dolphin 
as  symbols. 

2.  The  outermost  known  planet  of  the  solar 
system,  and  the  third  in  volume  and  mass,  but 
invisible  to  the  naked  eye.  It  was  discovered  in  the 
autumn  of  1846.  Uranus,  the  planet  next  to  Neptune,  re- 
volving about  the  sun  in  84  years,  was  discovered  in  1781, 
butobservations  of  it  as  a fixed  star  were  scattered  through 
(he  18th  century.  In  1821  Bouvard  found  that  the  ob- 
servations could  not  be  satisfied  by  any  theory  based  on 
the  gravitation  of  known  bodies,  and  hinted  at  an  undis- 
covered planet.  Duringthe  following  20  years  further  ob- 
servations satisfied  astronomers  that  such  a planet  must 
exist.  To  find  its  position  was  the  problem  which  two 
mathematicians,  J.  C.  Adams  in  England  and  U.  J.  J.  Le- 
verrier  in  France,  set  themselves  to  solve  by  mathematics. 
The  calculations  of  Leverrier  assigned  to  it  a position 
within  the  boundaries  of  a not  very  large  region.  In  con- 
sequence of  file  indications  of  Adams,  the  astronomer 
Challis  observed  the  star  Aug.  4 and  12, 1846,  but,  neglect- 
ing to  work  up  his  observations,  failed  to  recognize  it  as  a 
planet;  while,  in  consequence  of  the  indications  of  Le- 
verrier, Galle  of  Berlin  discovered  Neptune  Sept.  23,  1846. 
A satellite  to  Neptune  was  detected  in  Oct.,  1S46,  by  Las- 
sell : its  period  of  revolution  is  5d.  21h.  2.7m.,  and  its  maxi- 
mum elongation  18”.  The  name  Neptune  was  conferred 
by  Encke.  The  diameter  of  the  planet  is  37,000  miles  ; its 
distance  from  the  sun  is  about  2,800,000,000  miles;  and  its 
period  of  revolution  is  about  164  years. 

Nequam.  See  Neck  ham. 

Nera  (na'ra).  A small  river  in  Italy,  a tributary 
of  the  Tiber.  Term  is  situated  on  it. 

Nerac  (na-rak').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Balse 


N6rac 

65  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.  Before  its  capture 
by  Louis  XIII.  it  was  important  as  a Huguenot  center. 
Population,  commune,  6,318. 

Nerbudda  (ner-bud'da),  better  Narbada  (nar- 
ba'da),  or  Narmada  (nar-ma/da).  A river  of 
India  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Cambay  about 
lat.  21°  35'  N.  It  is  one  of  themost  sacred  rivers 
of  India.  Length,  about  800  miles ; navigable 
about  90  miles. 

Nerbudda.  A division  of  the  Central  Provinces, 
British  India.  Area,  18,382  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,785,008. 

Nereids  (ne're-idz).  In  Greek  mythology,  sea- 
nymphs,  the  daughters  of  Nereus  (whence  the 
name)  and  Doris,  generally  spoken  of  as  fifty 
in  number.  The  most  famous  among  them  were  Am- 
phitrite,  Thetis,  and  Galatea.  The  Nereids  were  beautiful 
maidens  hel  pf  ul  to  voyagers,  and  constituted  the  main  body 
of  the  female,  as  the  Tritons  did  of  the  male,  followers  of 
Poseidon  or  Neptune.  They  were  imagined  as  dancing, 
singing,  playing  musical  instruments,  wooed  by  the  Tri- 
tons, and  passing  in  long  processions  over  the  sea  seated 
on  hippocamps  and  other  sea-monsters.  Monuments  of 
ancient  art  represent  them  lightly  draped  or  nude,  in  poses 
characterized  by  undulating  lines  harmonizing  with  those 
of  the  ocean,  and  of  teu  riding  on  sea-monsters  of  fantastic 
forms. 

Nereid  Friezes.  Four  friezes  from  the  Nereid 
monument  at  Xanthus  in  Lycia,  now  in  the 
British  Museum.  The  widest  frieze  represents  a battle 
between  Greeks  and  Asiatics ; the  others  represent  epi- 
sodes of  war,  the  chase,  banquet,  and  sacrifice. 

Nereus  (ne'rus).  [Gr.  Nr/pnV.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a sea-god,  son  of  Pontus  andGtea,  hus- 
band of  Doris,  and  father  of  the  fifty  Nereids. 
Nergal  (ner'gal).  One  of  the  twelve  great  gods 
of  the  Babylonians  and  Assyrians,  mentioned  in 
2 Ki.  xvii.  30  as  the  deity  of  Cuthah,  a statement 
fully  confirmed  by  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. 
See  Cutliall.  He  is  primitively,  like  Adar,  the  sun-god 
in  his  destructive  aspect.  This  is  supposed  to  be  expressed 
inhisname,  Nergal(  Akkadian  Xe-uru-gal), ‘lord  of  thegreat 
city,’  i.  e.  the  grave.  Both  were,  however,  chiefly  consid- 
ered as  the  divinities  of  war  and  the  chase.  Nergal  was 
represented  under  the  symbol  of  colossal  lions,  which 
guarded  the  entrance  of  the  Assyro-Babylonian  temples 
and  palaces. 

Nergalsharezer  (ner'gal-ska-re'zer).  [Babylo- 
nian Ncrgal-shar-iUyUr,  Nergal  protect  the  king.] 
1 . The  name  of  a Babylonian  general  ( Jer.  xxxix. 
3)  and  of  a chief  of  the  Magi  (Jer.  xxxix.  3,  13). 
— 2.  A Babylonian  king  who  ruled  560-556  B.  c., 
between  Evil  Merodach  and  Nabonidus.  He 
was  son-in-law  of  Nebuchadnezzar. 

Neri  (na're),  Filippo  de’  (Saint  Philip  Neri). 
Born  at  Florence,  July  22, 1515 : died  at  Rome, 
May  25,  1595.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  noted  as 
the  founder  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Oratory. 
He  was  canonized  in  1622. 

Neri  (na're),  The.  [It.,  ‘the  Blacks.’]  See 
Bianchi. 

Nerissa  (ne-ris'sa).  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
play  “The  Merchant  of  Venice”:  the  clever 
companion  and  attendant  of  Portia, who  mimics 
her  mistress  with  a good  deal  of  adroitness. 
Nero  (ne'ro)  (originally Lucius  Domitius  Alie- 
nobarbus,  later  Nero  Claudius  Caesar  Dru- 
sus  Germanicus) . Born  at  Antium,  Italy,  Dec. 
15, 37  A.  D.:  committed  suicide  near  Rome,  June 
9,  68.  Roman  emperor  54-68,  son  of  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus  and  Agrippina  (daughter  of  Ger- 
manicus). He  was  adopted  by  his  stepfather,  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  in  50,  and  in  53  married  Octavia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Claudius  by  Messalina.  In  54  Claudius  was  poi- 
soned by  Agrippina,  who  caused  her  son  to  be  proclaimed 
to  the  exclusion  of  Britannicus,  the  son  of  Claudius.  His 
former  tutors,  the  philosopher  Seneca  and  Burrus,  com- 
mander of  the  pretorian  guards,  were  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  government,  and  the  early  years  of  his  reign  were 
marked,  on  the  whole,  by  clemency  and  j ustice.  He  caused 
his  rival  Britannicus  to  be  removed  by  poison  in  65.  In 
69  he  procured  the  assassination  of  his  mother,  of  whose 
control  he  had  become  impatient.  Burrus  died  in  62, 
whereupon  Seneca  retired  from  public  life.  Freed  from 
the  restraint  of  his  former  advisers,  he  gave  free  rein  to 
anaturally  tyrannical  and  cruel  disposition.  He  divorced 
Octavia  in  order  to  marry  Popprea,  and  shortly  afterward 
put  Octavia  to  death  (02).  Popprea  ultimately  died  from 
the  effects  of  a kick  administered  by  her  brutal  husband. 
Having  been  accused  of  kindling  the  fire  which  in  64  de- 
stroyed a large  part  of  Rome,  he  sought  to  divert  attention 
from  himself  by  ordering  a persecution  of  the  Christians, 
whom  he  accused  of  having  caused  the  conflagration.  He 
put  Seneca  to  death  in  65,  and  66-68  visited  Greece,  where 
he  competed  for  the  prizes  as  a musician  and  charioteer  in 
the  religious  festivals.  He  was  overthrown  by  a revolt 
under  Galba,  and  stabbed  himself  to  death  with  the  assis- 
tance of  his  secretary. 

But  the  imperial  Reign  of  Terror  was  limited  to  a com- 
paratively small  number  of  families  in  Rome.  The  prov- 
inces were  undoubtedly  better  governed  than  in  the  later 
days  of  the  Republic,  and  even  in  Rome  itself  the  common 
people  strewed  flowers  on  the  grave  of  Nero. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  6. 

Nero,  Caius  Claudius.  A Roman  consul  207 
B.  c.  He  marched  against  Hasdrubal,  and  (with 


729 

Livius)  defeated  him  in  the  battle  of  the  Metau- 
rus  in  207. 

Nero,  Emperor  of  Rome.  A tragedy  by  Na- 
thaniel Lee,  produced  in  1675. 

Nero  of  the  North.  A name  given,  on  account 
of  his  cruelty,  to  Christian  II.,  king  of  Denmark 
and  Norway  (and  in  his  early  years  of  Sweden). 

Neron  (na-ron').  An  opera  by  Rubinstein,  pro- 
duced at  Hamburg  in  1879. 

Nero’s  Persecution  of  Christians.  A painting 

by  W.  von  Kaulbach.  The  emperor  stands  with  a 
company  of  kindred  spirits  on  a terrace  in  his  gardens,  re- 
ceiving homage  as  a god,  while  a group  of  elderly  men 
and  another  of  German  soldiers  look  on  with  sorrow.  In 
the  foreground  a body  of  Christians  is  undergoing  martyr- 
dom, among  them  St.  Peter,  crucified  head  down,  and  St. 
Paul,  who  breaks  from  his  executioner  and  makes  a pas- 
sionate protest  against  the  outrages  being  enacted. 

Nertchinsk  (ner-chinsk').  A town  in  Trans- 
baikalia, Russia,  situated  on  the  Nertoha  about 
lat.  52°  N.  The  treaty  of  Nertchinsk,  regulating  the 
boundary  between  China  and  Russia,  was  signed  here  in 
1689.  Population,  6,713. 

Nertchinskii-Zavod  (ner-chin'skiy-za-vod').  A 
town  in  Transbaikalia,  Siberia,  situated  near 
the  Argun  about  140  miles  east-southeast  of 
Nertchinsk.  It  is  the  center  of  a silver-  and 
gold-mining  region. 

Nerthus  (ner'thus).  According  to  Tacitus,  a 
German  goddess  of  fertility  and  growth : also 
called  Hertlia.  The  seat  of  her  worship  was 
an  island  which  has  not  been  identified. 

Nerva  (ner'vii),  Marcus  Cocceius.  Born  32 
A.  D. : died  Jan.  27,  98.  Roman  emperor  96-98. 
He  was  consul  with  Vespasian  in  71  and  with  Domitian  in 
90,  and  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  the  murderers  of  the 
latter.  He  was  a mild  and  j ust  ruler.  He  adopted  Trajan 
as  his  successor. 

Nerval,  Gerard  de.  See  Gerard  de  Nerval. 

Nervi  (ner've).  A town  in  the  province  of  Genoa, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  6 miles  east 
of  Genoa.  It  is  a sea-bathing  and  winter  health- 
resort. 

Nervii  (ner'vi-i).  An  ancient  people  of  the  Bel- 
gic  Gauls,  dwelling  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 

• Sambre.  They  were  defeated  by  Julius  Caesar 
57  b.  c. 

Nesle  (nal).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Somme,  France,  28  miles  east-southeast  of 
Amiens.  It  was  important  in  former  times  under  the 
sieurs  of  Nesle.  Population,  commune,  2,602. 

Ness  (nes),  Loch.  A lake  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  6 miles  southwest  of  Inverness.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  N ess  into  Moray  Firth.  Length, 
22J  miles. 

Nesselrode  (nes'sel-ro-de),  Count  Karl  Robert. 
Born  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  14, 1780:  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, March  23, 1862.  A Russian  statesman  and 
diplomatist.  lie  directed  the  foreign  policy  of  Prussia 
(nearly  all  the  time  as  minister  of  foreign  affairs)  1813-56. 
He  conducted  the  negotiationsof  1813-15 ; signed  the  peace 
of  Paris  in  1814 ; was  at  the  congresses  of  Vienna  1814-15, 
Aix-la-Chapelle  1818,  Laibach,  1821,  etc. ; was  made  chan- 
cellor in  1814 ; and  concluded  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1856. 

Nessler  (nes'ler),  Victor.  BornatBaldenheim, 
Alsace,  Jan.  28, 1841:  died  at  Strasburg,  May 
28,  1890.  A German  composer  and  conductor. 
Among  his  operas  are  “ Dornroschens  Brautfahrt ” (1868), 
“Irmingard”  (1876),  “Her  Rattenfanger  von  Hameln  ’’ 
(1879),  “Der  wilde  Jager"  (1881),  “Der  Trompeter  von 
Sackingen’’  (1884),  “Otto  der  Schtitz"  (1886),  etc. 

Nessus  (nes'us).  [Gr.  Ntcroof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a centaur  slain  by  Hercules.  He  carried  Dejanira, 
Hercules’s  wife,  across  the  Evenus ; but  when  he  attempted 
to  run  away  with  her,  Hercules  shot  him  with  a poisoned 
arrow.  He  declared  to  Dejanira  that  his  blood  would  pre- 
serve her  husband's  love,  and  she  took  some  of  it  with  her. 
Later  she  steeped  in  it  a garment  in  which  Hercules  offered 
sacrifice,  and  by  which  he  was  poisoned  from  the  virus  of 
his  own  arrow  ; the  garment  clung  to  his  flesh,  which  was 
torn  off  with  it.  Lichas,  who  brought  the  shirt,  was  cast  by 
the  raging  hero  into  the  sea,  and  Dejanira  hung  herself. 
Hercules  erected  and  ascended  a pile  of  woo  l,  had  it  set 
on  fire,  and  was  carried  off  from  it  to  Olympus. 

Nest  of  Nobles,  A.  A novel  by  Turgenieff, 
published  in  England  under  the  name  of  ‘ 1 Liza.” 

Nestor  (nes'tor).  [Gr.  Nicrop.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a king  of  Pylus,  and  son  of  Neleus,  famous 
asthe  oldest  councilor  of  tkeGreeks  before  Troy. 

Nestorians  (nes-to'ri-anz).  1.  The  followers 
of  Nestorius.  They  denied  the  hypostatic  union  of  two 
natures  in  one  person  in  Christ,  holding  that  he  possesses 
two  distinct  personalities,  the  union  between  which  is 
merely  moral.  After  the  Council  of  Ephesus  the  Nesto- 
rians obtained  possession  of  the  theological  schools  of 
Edessa,  Nisibis,  and  Seleucia,  and  were  driven  by  imperial 
edicts  into  Persia,  where  they  firmly  established  them- 
selves. Later  they  spread  to  India,  Bactria,  and  as  far  a3 
China.  About  H00  the  greater  part  of  their  churches  per- 
ished under  the  persecutions  of  Timur,  and  in  the  16th 
century  a large  part  of  the  remainder  joined  the  Roman 
Catholics.  These  are  called  Chaldeans.  See  def.  2. 

2.  A modern  Christian  body  in  Persia  and  Tur- 
key, the  remnant  of  the  once  powerful  Nesto- 


Nettleship,  Richard  Lewis 

rian  denomination.  They  number  about  140,000,  are 
subject  to  a patriarch  (the  patriarch  of  Urumiah)  and  18 
bishops,  recognize  7 sacraments,  administer  communion 
in  both  kinds,  and  have  many  fasts.  Another  community 
of  Nestorian  origin  still  exists  on  the  Malabar  coast  of  In- 
dia, but  since  the  middle  of  the  I7th  century  these  are 
said  to  have  become  Monophysites. 

Nestorius  (nes-to'ri-us).  Died  after  439.  Pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople  428-431.  He  was  de- 
posed  by  the  Council  of  Ephesus  on  account  of  heresy. 
See  Nestorians. 

Nestucca  (nez-tuk'a).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  formerly  on  Nestucca  River,  west- 
ern Oregon : now  on  the  Grand  Ronde  reserva- 
tion, Oregon.  See  Salishan. 

Netherlands  (neTH'er-landz).  The  Low  Coun- 
tries ; Holland  and  Belgium.  The  former  now 
retains  the  name  Netherlands.  See  below. 
Netherlands,  D.  Nederlanden  (na'der-lan- 
den),  G.  Niederlande  (ne'der-lan-de),F.Pays- 
Bas(pa-e'ha'):  often  calledHolland  (hol'and). 
A kingdom  of  western  Europe.  Capitals,'  Am- 
sterdam and  The  Hague.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  west  and  north,  Prussia  on  the  east,  and 
Belgium  on  the  south.  The  surface  is  generally  flat,  the 
land  having  in  many  parts  been  reclaimed  from  the  sea. 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  Meuse,  and  Schelde.  The 
leading  occupations  are  commerce,  raising  of  live  stock, 
agriculture,  and  manufactures.  The  kingdom  has  11 
provinces : North  Holland,  South  Holland,  Zealand,  North 
Brabant,  Utrecht,  Limburg,  Gelderland,  Overyssel,  Dren- 
the,  Groningen,  and  Friesland.  The  government  is  a he- 
reditary constitutional  monarchy,  administered  by  a queen 
and  States-General  composed  of  an  upper  chamber  of  50 
and  a lower  chamber  of  100  members.  The  inhabitants, 
generally  called  Dutch,  are  chiefly  of  Low  German  race 
(three-branches — Frankish,  Saxon,  and  Friesian).  The  pre- 
vailing language  is  Dutch,  and  the  prevailing  religions 
Dutch  Reformed  and  Roman  Catholic.  The  chief  colonial 
possessions  are  the  Dutch  East  Indies  (including  Java,  the 
Moluccas,  parts  of  Borneo,  New  Guinea,  Sumatra,  and 
Celebes,  and  smaller  islands)  and  the  Dutch  West  Indies 
(including  Dutch  Guiana  and  Curagoa  with  its  depen- 
dencies). The  country  was  inhabited  by  various  German 
peoples  in  Roman  times.  In  the  middle  ages  the  region 
at  present  included  in  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium  was 
divided  among  Brabant,  Flanders,  Gelderland,  Holland, 
Zealand,  and  other  duchies,  countships,  etc.  It  was  united 
with  Burgundy  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries,  passed  to 
the  Hapsburg  family  in  1477,  and  thence  later  to  Spain. 
The  following  are  the  leading  later  incidents  and  events : 
Reformation  introduced  under  Charles  V. ; outbreak  of  the 
revolution  (under  William  of  Orange ; Spanish  leader,  the 
Duke  of  Alva),  1567;  pacification  of  Ghent,  1576  ; northern 
provinces  united  in  the  uhion  of  Utrecht,  1579;  war  con- 
cluded, 1609 ; war  renewed,  1621 ; independence  of  the 
Dutch  republic  acknowledged,  1648  ; country  at  its  great- 
est prosperity,  middle  of  17th  century;  united  with  Eng- 
land under  William  III.,  1639-1702  ; conquered  by  France, 
1794-95 ; erected  into  the  Batavian  Republic,  1795 ; made  a 
kingdom  under  Louis  Bonaparte,  1806 ; annexed  by  France, 
1810  ; union  with  Belgium  in  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, 1815;  revolution  in  Belgium,  1830;  end  of  the  war, 
1833  ; settlementwithBelgium,1839.  The  constitution  was 
revised  in  1887.  Area,  12,648  square  miles.  Population, 
5,825,198.  Area  of  colonial  possessions,  783,000  square 
miles ; approximate  population,  38,000,000. 

Netherlands,  Austrian.  The  name  given  to  the 
Spanish  Netherlands  after  their  cession  to  Aus- 
tria in  1/13—14.  There  was  an  unsuccessful  revolt  in 
1789-90.  The  provinces  were  conquered  by  France  iu  1794, 
and  ceded  to  France  in  1797.  See  Belgium. 

Netherlands,  Spanish.  The  name  given  to  the 
provinces  (nearly  corresponding  to  the  present 
Belgium)  retained  by  Spain  iu  the  Dutch  war 
of  liberation.  They  were  ceded  to  Austria  in 

1713-14. 

Nethou  (na-to'),  Pic  de.  The  highest  peak  of 
the  Pyrenees.  It  is  in  the  Maladetta  group  in 
Spain.  Height,  11,170  feet. 

Netley  (net'li).  A village  3 miles  southeast  of 
Southampton,  England:  noted  for  its  military 
hospital  and  rained  abbey. 

Netscher  (nets'cher),  Kaspar  orGaspar.  Bom 
at  Heidelberg,  1639 : died  at  The  Hague,  Jan. 
15, 1684.  A Dutch  genre-  and  portrait-painter, 
a pupil  of  Koster  and  Gerard  Terburg.  He  lived 
at  The  Hague  from  the  time  of  his  marriage 
in  1659. 

N ettement  ( n et-mon '),  Alfred  Francois.  Born 
at  Paris,  July  22, 1805:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  15, 
1869.  A French  historian  and  publicist.  He 
wrote  “Histoire  de  la  litterature  frangaise  sous  la  royaut^ 
de  Juillet”  (1854),  etc. 

Nettleship  (net'l-ship),  Henry.  Born  in  North- 
amptonshire, May  5,  1839:  died  at  Oxford,  July 
10,  1893.  An  English  educator  and  writer.  He 
was  educated  at  Durham,  Charterhouse  School,  and  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford  ; was  assistant  master  at  Harrow 
from  1868  to  1873,  and  classical  lecturer  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1S73 ; and  was  elected  professor  of  Latin  literature 
in  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1878.  He  edited  and  pub- 
lished a number  of  works  on  classical  subjects. 

Nettleship,  Richard  Lewis.  Born  Dec.  17, 
1846 : died  in  Switzerland,  Aug.  25,  1892. 
An  English  educator,  a fellow  and  classical 
tutor  of  Bailiol  College,  Oxford.  He  was  well 
known  as  an  athlete,  and  died  from  exposure  to  a storm 
while  climbing  Mont  Blanc. 


Nettleton 

Nettleton  (net'l-ton),  Asahel.  Born  at  North 
Killingworth,Conn.,  April  21,1783:  died  at  East 
Windsor,  Conn.,  May  16,  1844.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman  and  revivalist.  He 
published  “Village  Hymns”  (1824),  etc. 
Netzahualcoyotl(nat-za-wal-ko-y6t'l).  [‘Weep- 
ing wolf’.]  Born  about  1403  : died  about  1470. 
An  Indian  chief  of  Tezcuco,  Mexico,  son  of  Ix- 
tlilxoehitl.  In  his  youth  the  chieftainship  was 
overthrown  and  his  father  killed  by  the  Tec- 
panecs.  After  many  remarkable  adventures 
Netzahualcoyotl,  aided  by  the  Mexicans  and 
others,  recovered  his  place  in  1430,  killing 
Maxtla,  the  usurping  chief.  Also  written 
Nezahualcoyotl,  etc. 

Netze  (net'se).  A river  in  Posen  and  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  which  joins  the  Warthe  near 
Landsberg.  Length,  about  200  miles. 
Neubrandenburg  (noi-bran'den-bora).  [G., 

‘ New  Brandenburg.’]  A town  in  Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Tollensesee 
72  miles  north  of  Berlin.  It  has  considerable 
trade  in  wool.  Population,  commune,  11,445. 
Neuburg  (noi'borG).  Atown  in  the  government 
district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Danube  28  miles  north-northeast 
of  Augsburg.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  former 
principality  of  Pfalz-Neuburg.  The  church  is 
a Cistercian  foundation  of  1471,  with  beautiful 
details.  Part  of  the  abbey  buildings  serves  as 
a hunting-box  for  the  emperor.  Population, 
8,533. 

Neuchatel,  formerly  Neufchatel  (ne-sha-tel'), 
G.  Neuenburg  (noi'en-bora).  [‘New  castle.’] 

1.  A canton  of  Switzerland.  It  is  bounded  by  Bern 
on  the  northeast,  France  on  the  northwest,  Vaud  on  the 
south,  and  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel  (separating  it  from  Fri- 
bourg and  Vaud)  on  the  southeast,  and  is  traversed  by  the 
Jura.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  watches,  lace,  etc. 
It  has  6 members  in  the  National  Council.  The  prevailing 
language  is  French ; the  prevailing  religion,  Protestant. 
Neuchatel  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1713  ; was  given  to  Ber- 
thier  as  a principality  in  1806 ; became  in  1815  a canton  of 
the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  a principality  under  the 
suzerainty  of  Prussia ; and  revolted  from  Prussia  in  1848. 
The  King  of  Prussia  renounced  his  rights  in  1857.  Area, 
312  square  miles.  Population,  132,184,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  cauton  of  Neuchatel,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel  in  lat.  46°  59' 
N.,  long.  6°  55'  E.  It  has  a flourishing  trade.  Its 
abbey  church  (Temple  du  Haut)  was  founded  in  the  12th 
century.  It  has  a castle,  a college  (with  valuable  collec- 
tions), a picture  -gallery,  and  various  charitable  institu- 
tions. Population,  30,451. 

Neuchatel,  Lake  of.  [F.  Lacde  Neuchdtel,  G. 
Nettenburgersee.']  A lake  in  western  Switzer- 
land, bordering  on  the  cantons  of  Neuchatel, 
Bern,  Fribourg,  and  Vaud:  the  Roman  Lacus 
Eburodunensis.  It  receives  the  Orbe  and  has  its  out- 
let by  the  Thiele  (Zihl)  into  the  Aare  (and  Rhine).  Height 
above  sea-level,  1,427  feet.  Length,  25  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  6 miles. 

Neudek  (noi'dek).  Atown  in  northwestern  Bo- 
hemia, 24  miles  northeast  of  Eger.  Population, 
commune,  6,896,  (1910). 

Neuenahr  (noi'en-ar).  A watering-place  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ahr 
near  the  Rhine. 

Neuendorf  (noi'en-dorf),  Adolf.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, June  13, 1843 : died  at  New  York,  May  12, 
1898.  A Germ  an- American  composer. 

Neuf chateau  (ne-slia-to').  Atown  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  France,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Mouzon  and  Meuse,  25  miles  southwest  of 
Nancy.  Population,  commune,  4,079. 
Neufchatel.  See  Neuchdtel. 
Neufchatel-en-Bray  (ne-sha-tel'oh-bra').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-In fOrieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  B6thune  25  miles 
northeast  of  Rouen.  It  is  famous  for  its  cheese. 
Population,  commune,  4,293. 
Neuhaldensleben  (noi-hal'dens-la-ben).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ohre  14  miles  northwest  of  Magde- 
burg. Population,  commune,  10,421. 

Neuhaus  (noi'hous).  A town  of  Bohemia,  69 
miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.  Population, 
commune,  10,119,  (1910). 

Neuhausel  (noi'hoi-zel),  Hung.  Ersekujvar 
(ar//shek-oy'var).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Neutra,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Neutra  51 
miles  northwest  of  Budapest : formerly  a for- 
tress. Population,  commune,  13,385. 

Neuhof  (noi'hof),  Baron  Theodor  von.  Bom 
at  Metz  about  1686:  died  at  London,  Dec.  11, 
1756.  A German  adventurer.  He  aided  the  Corsi- 
cans in  1735-36  with  money  and  weapons  obtained  from 
the  Porte  and  the  Bey  of  Tunis ; was  crowned  king  of  Corsica 
(as  Theodore  I.)  in  1736;  and  was  driven  out  by  the  Genoese 
In  1738.  An  attempt  to  reestablish  his  power  in  1743  failed. 


730 

Neuilly-sur-Marne  (ne-ye'sur-marn').  A vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France, 
situated  on  the  Marne  6 miles  east  of  the  for- 
tifications of  Paris.  Population,  commune, 
4,432. 

Neuilly-sur-Seine  (-san).  A western  suburb 
of  Paris,  situated  immediately  beyond  the  for- 
tifications aud  east  of  the  Seine.  * It  was  a fa- 
vorite residence  of  the  Orleans  family.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  41,145. 
Neukomru(noi'kom),  sigismund.  Born  at  Salz- 
burg, Austria,  July  10,  1778:  died  at  Paris, 
April  3,  1858.  An  Austrian  composer.  He  was 
a pupil  of  Michael  and  Joseph  Haydn,  and  almost  an  adopt- 
ed son  of  the  latter.  After  the  death  of  Haydn  he  went 
to  Paris,  and  became  one  of  a brilliant  set  of  musicians 
there.  He  was  intimate  with  Talleyrand,  and  accompanied 
him  later  to  tne  Congress  of  Vienna.  In  1816  he  went  to 
South  America,  and  was  maitre  de  chapelle  to  Dom  Pedro 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro  till  1821,  when  he  returned  with  Dom 
Pedro  to  Europe  an  d rej  oined  Talleyrand.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land in  1829,  and  lived  partly  there  and  partly  in  France 
until  his  death.  He  is  said  to  have  left  over  1,000  compo- 
sitions, mostly  church  music. 

Neum.  See  Comanche. 

Neumann  (noi'man),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Reichmannsdorf,  near  Bamberg,  Bavaria, 
Dec.  28,  1798:  died  at  Berlin,  March  17,  1870. 
A German  Orientalist  and  historian,  of  Hebrew 
descent.  He  traveled  in  the  Orient  and  in  China,  and 
made  an  extensive  collection  of  Chinese  books  (now  at 
Munich).  From  1833  to  1852  he  was  professor  at  Munich. 
He  translated  from  Armenian  and  Chinese,  and  published 
a history  of  the  British  empire  in  Asia  (1857),  of  the  United 
States  (1863-66),  etc. 

Neumark  (noi'mark).  [G.,  ‘new  boundary.’] 
A district  east  of  the  Oder,  extending  south 
below  the  Warthe,  and  mostly  included  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia.  It  was  ac- 
quired by  Brandenburg  about  1450. 
Neumarkt(noi'markt).  [G.,  ‘new market.’]  A 
town  in  the  Upper  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Sulz  21  miles  southeast  of  Nuremberg. 
Population,  6,369. 

Neumarkt.  A town  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  19  miles  west  of  Breslau.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  5,118. 

Neu  Mecklenburg.  See  New  Ireland. 
Neumiinster  (noi'miin-ster).  [G.,  ‘new  min- 
ster.’] A town  in  the  province  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the  Schwale  36  miles 
north  of  Hamburg.  It  has  cloth  manufactures. 
Population,  commune,  31,439. 

Neunkirchen  (noin  ' kirch-  en),  or  Neuen- 
kirchen(noi'en-kirch-en).  [G.,  ‘newchureh.’] 
A manufacturing  town  in  Lower  Austria,  36 
miles  south-southwest  of  Vienna.  Population, 
commune,  11,899,  (1910). 

Neunkirchen.  A manufacturing  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Blies 
40  miles  southeast  of  Treves.  Population, 
commune,  32,357. 

Neu-Pommern.  See  New  Britain. 

Neureuther  (noi'roi-ter),  Eugen  Napoleon. 

Born  at  Munich,  Jan.  15,  1806:  died  at  Munich, 
March  23,  1882.  A German  historical  painter 
and  illustrator.  He  assisted  in  the  decorations  of  the 
Glyptothek  and  the  Konigshau,  but  is  specially  noted  as 
an  illustrator  of  German  ballads,  legends,  and  romances, 
particularly  those  of  Goethe. 

Neurode  (noi'ro-de).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  43  miles  southwest  of  Bres- 
lau. Population,  commune,  7,298. 

Neuruppin  (noi-rop-pen').  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
a small  lake  38  miles  northwest  of  Berlin.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Schinkel.  Population, 
commune,  18,555. 

Neusalz  (noi'zalts).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  75  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau.  Pop.,  commune,  13,002. 
Neu-Sandez  (noi-san'dets).  A town  in  Ga- 
licia, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Duna- 
jec  45  miles  southeast  of  Cracow.  Population, 
commune,  25,404,  (1910). 

Neusatz  (noi'ziits),  Hung.  Ujvidek  (oy've- 
dak).  A royal  free  city  in  the  county  of  B&es- 
Bodrog,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube  op- 
posite Peterwardein.  It  is  a commercial  and  literary 
center.  In  1849  it  was  taken  by  the  Austrians  under  Jel- 
lachich,  and  nearly  destroyed.  Pop.,  commune,  29,296. 

Neuse  (nus).  A river  of  North  Carolina  which 
flows  to  Pamlico  Sound  by  a broad  estuary  30 
miles  east  of  New  Berne.  Length,  about  300 
miles ; navigable  about  100  miles. 
Neusiedlersee  (noi'zed-ler-za),  Hung.  Ferto 
(fer-te').  A lake  in  western  Hungary,  between 
the  counties  of  Odenburg  and  Wieselburg,  30 
miles  southeast  of  Vienna.  It  communicates  with 
the  Raab  by  the  swamp  Han  sag.  Its  depth  has  varied 
from  time  to  time : it  was  dry  in  1865,  and  has  recently 


Neuveville 

been  disappearing.  It  has  been  proposed  to  drain  It  by  a 
canal.  Length,  about  23  miles. 

Neusohl  (noi'zol),  Hung.  Besztercze-Bdnya 

(bes'tert-se  ban'yo).  A free  town,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Sohl,  Hungary,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Gran  and  Bistritz,  86  miles  north 
of  Budapest.  The  chief  occupations  are  mining 
and  metal-working.  Population,  8,681. 

Neuss  (nois).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  near  the  Rhine  4 miles  west- 
southwest  of  Diisseldorf : the  ancient  No  vesium. 
It  is  noted  for  its  grain-market,  its  manufactures  of  meal 
and  oil,  and  its  church  of  St.  Quirinus.  It  was  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  by  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  in  1474- 
1475,  and  was  taken  by  Alexander  Farnese  in  1586.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  30,440. 

Neustadt  (noi'stat).  [G.,  ‘new  city.’]  1.  A 
town  in  the  Black  Forest,  Baden,  18  miles 
east  by  south  of  Freiburg.  Population,  3,559. 
— 2.  A town  in  middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  on 
the  Aisch  23  miles  west-northwest  of  Nurem- 
berg. Population,  4,124. — 3.  A suburb  of 
Leipsic,  Saxony,  lying  to  the  northeast. — 4. 
A suburb  of  Magdeburg,  Saxony,  Prussia,  ly- 
ing directly  north. — 5.  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Baltic  18  miles  north-northeast  of  Lii- 
beck.  Population,  4,773. — 6.  A towr.  in  the 
province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  24  miles 
northwest  of  Dantzic.  Population,  commune, 
8,389. 

Neustadt,  Pol.  Prudnik  (prod'nik).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Prudnik  59  miles  south-southeast  of  Bres- 
lau. It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between  the  Prus- 
sians and  Austrians  in  1745,  1760,  and  1779.  Population, 
commune,  20,190. 

Neustadt,  Wiener-.  See  Wiener-Neustadt. 
Neustadt-Eberswalde  (-a'bers-val-de).  See 
Ebersivalde. 

Neustadt-on-the-Hardt (-hart').  Atowninthe 
Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  14  miles  west  of 
Spires.  It  has  some  manufactures  and  an  important 
trade  in  wine.  Population,  commune,  18,576. 

Neustadt-on-the-Orla  (-or'la).  A town  in  the 
grand  duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar,  Germany,  situ- 
ated on  the  Orla  26  miles  southeast  of  Weimar. 
Population,  commune,  6,643. 

Neustettin  (noi-stet-ten').  Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  90  miles  east-north- 
east  of  Stettin.  Population,  commune,  10,785. 
Neustrelitz  (noi-stra'lits).  The  capital  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Ger- 
many, 59  miles  north  by  west  of  Berlin.  Near 
it  is  Altstrelitz,  the  former  capital.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  11,658. 

Neustria  (nus'tri-a).  1.  In  the  times  of  the 
Merovingians  and  Carolingians  (6th-9th  cen- 
turies), the  western  kingdom  of  the  Franks,  as 
opposed  to  Austrasia,  the  eastern  kingdom,  it 
extended  from  the  mouth  of  the  Schelde  to  the  Loire ; later 
it  was  restricted  to  the  region  between  the  Seine  and  the 
Lobe.  The  inhabitants  were  mainly  Romanic.  Itdeveloped 
after  the  treaty  of  Verdun  (843)  into  the  kingdom  of  France. 
2.  The  western  division  of  the  Carolingian 
kingdom  of  Italy,  corresponding  to  the  later 
Lombardy. 

Neuter  (nu'ter).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  called  by  the  early  French  writers  A tti- 
wendaronk  (corrupted  from  an  Iroquois  term 
meaning  ‘ the  stammerers’).  They  were  called  the 
Neuter  Nation  because  they  held  aloof  from  the  wars  of 
the  Hurons  and  Algonquins  against  the  Iroquois.  They 
were  fir  st  met  with  in  1626,  when  they  were  on  Lake  On- 
tario. In  1647  they  were  conquered  by  the  Senecas,  with 
whom  they  afterward  lived.  See  Iroquoian. 
Neutitschein  (noi-tit'shin).  A town  in  Mora- 
via, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Titsch 
72  miles  east-northeast  of  Briinn.  Population, 
commune,  13,756,  (1910). 

Neutra  (noi'tra),  Hung.  Nyitra  (nye'tro). 
The  capital  of  the  county  of  Neutra,  Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Neutra  71  miles  northwest  of 
Budapest.  It  has  a cathedral.  Population, 
commune,  15,169. 

Neutral  Ground.  1.  During  the  Revolutionary 
War,  that  part  of  New  York  (in  Westchester 
County)  which  lay  between  the  British  lines  (at 
New  York  city  and  elsewhere)  on  the  south 
and  the  American  lines  on  the  north.  The  scene 
of  Cooper’s  novel  “The  Spy”  is  laid  here. — 2.  A 
small  tract  of  ground  near  Gibraltar,  lying  be- 
tween the  English  and  the  Spanish  lines. 
Neu-Ulm  (noi'olm').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Danube  opposite  Ulm.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  10,763. 

Neuveville  (nev-vel').G.  Neuenstadt  (noi'en- 
stat).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Bern.  Switzer- 
land, situated  on  the  Lake  of  Bienne.  Popu- 
lation, 2,248. 


Neuville 

Neuville  (n6-vel'),  Alphonse  Marie  de.  Born 
at  St.-Omer,  Prance,  May  31, 1836 : died  at  Pa- 
ris, May  19,  1885.  A French  battle-painter. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Picot.  His  best-known  works  are 
scenes  in  the  Franco-German  war  of  1870-71 : “Last  Car- 
tridges ’’  (1873),  “ Defence  of  Le  Bourget  ” (1879),  “ Adieu, " 
“In  the  Trenches,”  “Panorama  of  the  Battle  of  Champi- 
gny  " with  Detaille  (1881),  etc. 

Neuwied  (noi'ved).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  7 miles 
northwest  of  Coblenz.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
now  mediatized  countship  of  Wied,  and  is  noted  for  its 
schools  and  its  establishments  of  the  Moravian  Brethren. 
Population,  commune,  18,177. 

Neuwied,  Maximilian  Alexander  Philipp, 

Prince  of.  Born  at  Neuwied,  Sept.  23,  1782: 
died  there,  Feb.  3,  1867.  A Prussian  traveler 
and  naturalist.  He  attained  the  rank  of  major-general 
in  the  Prussian  army,  but  after  1815  devoted  his  time 
mainly  to  scientific  pursuits.  He  traveled  in  Brazil  1815- 
1817,  and  in  the  western  part  of  North  America  in  1833.  His 
publications  include  “ Reise  nach  Brasilien  ’’  (1820),  “Bei- 
trage  zur  Naturgeschichte  Brasiliens”  (1824-33),  “Reise 
durch  Nord-Amerika”  (1838-43),  etc.  His  collection  of 
Mammalia  is  now  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York. 

Neva  (ne'va;  Russ.  pron.  ne-va').  A river  of 
northern  Russia.  It  issues  from  Lake  Ladoga,  flows 
past  St.  Petersburg,  and  empties  near  it  by  several  mouths 
into  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  It  receives  the  drainage  of  Lakes 
Onega,  Ilmen,  etc.  Length,  40  miles ; navigable  except  in 
winter.  The  Neva  and  Volga  systems  are  connected  by  the 
Ladoga  Canal. 

Nevada  (nf-va'da).  [Named  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  range  in  the  western  part  of  the  State, 
which  range  is  named  from  the  Sierra  Nevada, 

‘ Snowy  Range/  of  Spain.]  One  of  the  Western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  extend- 
ing from  lat.  35°  to  42°  N.,  and  from  long.  114° 
to  120°  W.  Capital,  Carson  City.  It  is  hounded  by 
Oregon  and  Idaho  on  the  north,  Utah  and  Arizona  on  the 
east,  and  Californiaon  the  west  and  southwest.  The  surface 
is  a plateau  traversed  by  mountain-ranges, forming  in  great 
part  an  interior  basin,  without  outlet  to  the  sea.  The  State 
is  rich  in  mineral  wealth  : the  chief  occupation  is  mining, 
and  the  chief  products  silver  and  gold.  It  has  15  counties, 
sends  2 senators  and  1 representative  to  Congress,  and  has 
3 electoral  votes.  Part  of  the  territory  was  ceded  by  Mexico 
in  1848 ; the  first  settlements  were  made  in  1848  and  1850 ; 
silver  was  discovered  in  1859 ; Nevada  Territory  was  or- 
ganized in  1861;  and  the  State  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
in  1864.  Area,  110,700  square  miles.  Population,  81,875, 
(1910). 

Nevada,  or  Nevada  City.  The  capital  of  Ne- 
vada County,  California,  55  miles  north-north- 
east  of  Sacramento.  It  exports  gold.  Popula- 
tion, 2,689,  (1910). 

Nevada,  Emma.  See  Wixom. 

Nevada  Fall.  A cataract  in  the  Merced  River, 
Yosemite  Valley,  California.  Height,  about 
600  feet. 

Nevers  (ne-var').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Nievre,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Nievre  with  the  Loire,  in  lat.  47°  N., 
long.  3°  9'  E. : the  Roman  Noviodunum.  It  has 
important  trade,  and  manufactures  of  faience,  porcelain, 
etc.,  and  was  formerly  notedforitscannon-foundries.  The 
cathedral  has  an  apse  at  each  end,  that  on  the  west  open- 
ing on  a spacious  11th-century  transept.  The  triforium 
of  the  nave  is  remarkable : it  has  a trefoiled  arcade,  the 
shafts  of  which  are  supported  by  human  figures,  with  angels 
in  the  spandrels.  The  ducal  palace(now  palais  de  justice) 
is  a late-Pointed  building  begun  in  1475,  flanked  by  cone- 
roofed  towers,  and  having  square  mullioned  windows  and 
high  roof  with  dormers.  The  interesting  museum  of  ex- 
cellent local  majolica  is  in  the  palace.  Nevers  was  a town 
of  the  Afidui;  played  an  important  part  in  Caesar's  cam- 
paigns; and  was  made  a Roman  military  station.  It  was 
the  capital  of  the  old  Nivernais.  Population,  commune, 
27,030. 

Nevers,  County  of.  A medieval  county  and 
later  duchy  in  France,  in  Nivernais,  near  the 
city  of  Nevers.  It  was  purchased  by  Mazarin 
in  1659,  and  granted  to  the  Mancini  family. 
Neversink.  See  Navesinlc. 

Neveu  de  Rameau  (ne-vf/  de  ra-mo'),  Le. 
[F.,  ‘The  Nephew  of  Rameau.’]  A work  by 
Diderot,  written  about  1760,  but  not  published 
till  much  later.  It  was  translated  into  German  by 
Goethe  in  1805  ; and  in  1860  Jules  Janin  wrote  a sequel  in 
which  he  explains  the  somewhat  enigmatical  hero,  a bril- 
liant Bohemian  hanger-on. 

The  strangest  of  all  Diderot’s  attempts  in  prose  fiction  — 
if  it  is  to  be  called  a fiction  and  not  a dramatic  study  — is 
the  so-called  “Neveu  de  Rameau,”  in  which,  in  the  guise 
of  a dialogue  between  himself  and  a hanger-on  of  society 
(or  rather  a monologue  of  the  latter),  the  follies  and  vices, 
not  merely  of  the  time,  hut  of  human  nature  itself,  are 
exposed  with  a masterly  hand,  and  in  a manner  wonder- 
fully original  and  piquant. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  422. 

Nevianskii-  (or  Neivinskii-)  Zavod  (nev-yiin'- 
skiy-za-vod').  A town  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  Russia,  situated  in  the  Ural  Mountains, 
on  the  Neiva,  45  miles  north  of  Yekaterinburg. 
It  is  the  center  of  an  iron  and  gold  region. 
Neville  (nev'il),  Constance.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal female  characters  in  Goldsmith’s  comedy 


731 

“She  Stoops  to  Conquer.”  She  is  in  love  with 
Hastings. 

Neville,  George.  Born  about  1433 : died  June 
8, 1476.  An  English  archbishop,  younger  brother 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick.  He  became  archbishop 
of  York  in  1465,  and  was  lord  chancellor  1460-67. 
Neville’s  Cross.  A place  near  Durham,  Eng- 
land. Here,  Oct.  17,  1346,  the  English  defeated  the  Scots 
under  David  II.  The  battle  is  sometimes  called  the  bat- 
tle of  Durham. 

Nevin  (nev'  in),  John  Williamson.  Born  in 
Franklin  County,  Pa.,  Feb.  20,  1803 : died  at 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  June  6, 1886.  An  American  cler- 
gyman of  the  German  Reformed  Church,  presi- 
dent of  Marshall  College  1841-53,  and  of  Frank- 
lin and  Marshall  College  1866-76.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  “ Mercersburg  Theology.  ” Among  his  works 
are  “The  Mystical  Presence"  (1846),  “The  History  and 
Genius  of  the  Heidelberg  Catechism  ” (1847),  etc. 

Nevis  (nev'is).  An  island  of  tho  Lesser  Antilles, 
British  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  17°  18'  N., 
long.  62°  37'  W.  Capital,  Charlestown.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  Sugar  is  exported.  The  island  forms 
part  of  the  government  of  St.  Christopher.  It  was  colon- 
ized by  the  English  in  1628.  Area,  50  sq.  m.  Pop.,  12,774. 

Nevis,  Ben.  See  Ben  Nevis. 

Nevome  (na-vo'ma).  An  agricultural  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  in  south  central  Mex- 
ico. Its  subdivisions  or  villages  are  Aivino,  Basiroas, 
Comuripa,Hios,  Huvaguere,  Movas,  Nuri,  Onaba,  Sibubapa, 
Sisibotari,  Tecoripa,  Tehata,  and  Tehuizo.  Number  esti- 
mated at  500.  They  are  now  almost  completely  assim- 
ilated with  the  whites.  Also  called  Nebome  and  Lower 
Pima  or  (Sp. ) Pima  Baja.  See  Piman. 

Nevskii  Prospekt  (nef'skiy  pros-pekt').  The 
finest  and  most  important  street  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, noted  for  its  line  buildings.  Length, 
about  3-J  miles. 

New  Albany  (al'ba-ni).  A city,  capital  of  Floyd 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio,  2 miles 
from  its  falls,  nearly  opposite  Louisville.  It  has 

flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  It  is  the  seat  of  De 
Pauw  Female  College  (Methodist).  Pop.,  20,629,  (1910). 
New  Albion  (al'bi-on).  The  name  given  by 
Drake  to  the  Pacific  coast  now  included  innorth- 
ern California,  Oregon,  and  the  region  north- 
ward. 

New  Almaden  (al-ma-den').  A village  in  Santa 
Clara  County,  California,  57  miles  southeast  of 
San  Francisco,  long  noted  for  its  quicksilver- 
mine. 

New  Amsterdam.  See  Amsterdam. , New. 

New  Andalusia.  See  Nueva  Andalucia. 

New  Archangel.  See  Sitka. 

Newark,  or  Newark-upon-Trent  (nu'ark-u- 
pon-trent').  A town  in  Nottinghamshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Devon,  near  the  Trent, 
17  miles  northeast  of  Nottingham,  it  has  manu- 
factures of  malt.  Its  noted  buildings  are  the  parish  church 
and  a ruined  castle.  King  John  died  at  Newark  in  1216. 
It  was  besieged  three  times  in  the  Civil  War,  and  finally 
surrendered  to  the  Scots  in  1646.  Population,  14,992. 
Newark.  The  capital  of  Essex  County,  New 
Jersey,  situated  on  the  Passaic,  4 miles  from 
Newark  Bay  and  9 miles  west  of  New  York,  in 
lat.  40°  45'  N.,  long.  74°  10'  W.  it  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  State,  and  an  important  railway  center  and  port 
of  foreign  and  coasting  trade.  It  has  manufactures  of 
jewelry,  saddlery,  hats,  beer,  thread, carriages,  leather,  rub- 
ber, flour,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  Puritan  colonists  from 
Connecticut  in  1666,  and  suffered  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.  It  became  a city  in  1836.  Population,  347,469,  (1910). 

Newark.  A city,  capital  of  Licking  County, 
Ohio,  situated  on  the  Licking  31  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Columbus.  Population,  25,404, 
(1910). 

Newark,  Lord.  See  Leslie,  David. 

New  Atalantis,  The.  A work  by  Mrs.  Manley, 
published  in  1709. 

Mrs.  Manley’s  most  prominent  work  was  the  “Secret 
Memoirs  and  Manners  of  Several  Persons  of  Quality  of  both 
Sexes.  From  the  New  Atalantis,  an  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean.” This  book  is  a scandalous  chronicle  of  crime 
reputed  to  have  been  committed  by  persons  of  high  rank, 
and  the  names  are  so  thinly  disguised  as  to  be  easily  iden- 
tified. Tuclcerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  123. 

New  Atlantis,  The.  An  allegorical  romance 
by  Bacon : so  called  from  its  scene  of  action,  an 
imaginary  island  in  the  ocean.  It  was  written 
before  1617.  See  Atlantis. 

New  Bath  Guide.  A satirical  poem  by  Chris- 
topher Anstey,  published  in  1766. 

New  Beacon  (be'kon).  The  highest  point  of  the 
Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  in  Dutchess  County, 
New  York.  Height,  1,685  feet. 

New  Bedford  (bed 'ford).  A seaport,  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated on  the  estuary  of  the  Acushnet,  Buzzard’s 
Bay,  in  lat.  41°  38'  N.,  long.  70°  56'  W.  It  lias 

manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  etc.,  and  was  long  the  chief 
seat  of  the  American  whale-fishery, succeeding  Nantucket : 
this  industry  was  at  its  height  in  1854,  but  has  since  greatly 
declined.  It  was  separated  from  Dartmouth  in  1787,  and 
became  a city  in  1847.  Population,  96,652,  (1910). 


Newburyport 

New  Berne  (bern),  or  Newbern.  A city  and 
seaport,  capital  of  Craven  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Trent  and 
Neuse,  in  lat.  35°  6'  N.,  long.  77°  2'  E.  it  has  a 
large  coasting  trade  in  vegetables  and  naval  stores.  It  was 
the  capital  of  North  Carolina  in  the  18th  century.  Here, 
March  14,  1862,  the  Eederals  under  Burnside  defeated  the 
Confederates.  The  Confederate  loss  was  578.  Population, 
9,961,  (1910). 

Newberry  (nu'ber-i),  John  Strong.  Born  at 
Windsor,  Conn.,  Dec.  22,  1822 : died  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  7, 1892.  An  American  ge- 
ologist. He  was  secretary  of  the  western  department  of 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  in  the  Civil  War  ; 
was  professor  of  geology  at  the  school  of  mines,  Columbia 
College,  1866-92  ; and  was  appointed  State  geologist  of  Ohio 
1869.  He  published  numerous  books  and  papers  relating 
to  geology,  paleontology,  botany,  and  zoology. 

Newbery  (nu'ber-i),  John.  Born  i.713:  died 
Dec.  22,  1767.  An  English  publisher,  the  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  Goldsmith,  and  Smollett.  He 
settled  in  London  in  1744,  and  was  the  first  publisher  of 
small  story-books  for  children.  In  1758  he  started  the 
“Universal  Chronicle  or  Weekly  Gazette,”  in  which  the 
“ Idler  ” appeared.  The  “ Public  Ledger  ” was  commenced 
in  1760. 

New  Brighton  fbri'ton).  A village  in  Richmond 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  northern  side 
of  Staten  Island,  now  a part  of  New  York  city. 
New  Brighton.  A borough  in  Beaver  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Beaver  River  25 
miles  northwest  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  pottery,  bricks,  sewer-pipe,  glass, 
nails,  etc.  Population,  8,329,  (1910). 

New  Britain  (brit'an  or  brit'n),  native  Birara 
(be-ra'ra).  1 . An  island  of  the  Bismarck  Archi- 
pelago, in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  55  miles 
east  of  New  Guinea : called  by  the  Germans 
since  1885  Neu-Pommern.  The  inhabitants  are 
Papuans.  It  was  made  a German  possession  in 
1884.  Length,  about  340  miles. — 2.  A name 
sometimes  given  to  the  group  of  islands  called 
(since  1885)  Bismarck  Archipelago. 

New  Britain.  A city  in  Hartford  County,  Con- 
necticut, 9 miles  southwest  of  Hartford.  It  has 
manufactures  of  builders’  hardware,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 43,916,  (1910). 

N ew  Brunswick  ( brunz ' wik) . A m aritime  prov- 
ince  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  Capital,  Fred- 
ericton; largest  city,  St.  John.  It  is  bounded  by 
Quebec  and  Chaleur  Bay  on  the  north,  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence and  Northumberland  Strait  on  the  east.  Nova  Scotia 
on  the  southeast,  the  Bay  of  Fundy  on  the  south,  and  Que- 
bec and  the  State  of  Maine  on  the  west.  The  suriace  is  un- 
dulatiug  and  hilly  (particularly  hilly  in  the  northwest  and 
north).  The  chief  rivers  are  the  St.  John,  Miramichi,  and 
Restigouche.  The  province  has  deposits  of  coal,  iron, 
and  other  minerals.  Its  leading  industries  are  fisheries 
and  lumbering.  It  has  15  counties.  Government  is  admin- 
istered by  a lieutenant-governor,  an  advisory  council,  and 
a legislative  assembly  (of  46  members);  and  it  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Dominion  Parliament  by  10  senators  and  13 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons.  It  was  settled  by 
the  French  in  1604 ; formed  part  of  Acadia ; was  ceded  to 
the  British  in  1713  and  1763  ; was  colonized  by  Scottish 
settlers  in  1764  and  by  Tories  from  the  U nited  States  in  1783 ; 
was  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  in  1784 ; and  formed  one  of 
the  original  provinces  of  the  Dominion  in  1867.  Area, 
27,985  square  miles.  Population,  351,889,  (1911). 

New  Brunswick.  A city,  capital  of  Middlesex 
County,  New  Jersey,  situated  at  the  head  of 
navigation  of  the  Raritan,  28  miles  southwest  of 
New  York.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is  the 
seat  of  Rutgers  College  (which  see)  and  of  a Dutch  Re- 
formed theological  seminary.  Population,  23,388,  (1910). 

Newburg,  or  Newburgh  (nu'berg).  A city 
in  Orange  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
west  hank  of  the  Hudson,  55  miles  north  of 
New  York.  It  has  manufactures  and  river  trade,  being 
a shipping  port  for  coal.  It  was  the  headquarters  of 
Washington  during  part  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  The 
American  army  disbanded  here  in  1783.  Population, 
27,805,  (1910). 

Newburg  Addresses.  Two  anonymous  letters 
to  the  American  army,  written  from  Newburg, 
New  York,  by  John  Armstrong  in  1783,  setting 
forth  the  grievances  of  the  soldiers,  chief  among 
which  was  the  arrears  of  pay. 

Newburn  (nu'bern).  A place  near  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  England.  Here,  August  28,  1640,  the 
Scots  defeated  tho  English. 

Newbury  (nu'bur-i).  A town  in  Berkshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Kennet  55  miles  west  of 
London.  Two  battles  were  fought  here  during  the  civil 
war : on  Sept.  20,  1643,  an  indecisive  contest  between  the 
Royalists  under  Charles  I.  and  the  Parliamentarians  under 
the  Earl  of  Essex ; and  on  Oct.  27,  1614,  a victory  of  the 
Parliamentarians  under  Manchester  and  Waller  over  the 
Royalists  under  Charles  I.  Population,  11,061. 
Newburyport  (nu'ber-i-port).  A seaport,  one 
of  the  capitals  of  Essex  County,  Massachusetts, 
situated  on  the  Merrimac  River,  near  its  mouth, 
33  miles  north-northeast  of  Boston.  It.  has  ship- 
building, and  manufactures  of  cotton,  shoes,  etc.,  and  lias 
long  been  one  of  the  seats  of  American  commerce.  It  was 
separated  from  Newbury  village  in  1764.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Garrison.  Population,  14,949,  (1910). 


New  Calabar 

New  Calabar  (kal-a-bar',  more  correctly  ka-la- 
bar').  A town  on  an  island  in  the  Bight  of 
Biafra,  West  Africa,  east  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Niger. 

New  Caledonia  (kal-e-do'ni-a),  F.  Nouvelle 
Caledonie  (no-vel'  ka-la-do-ne').  An  island  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  Australia,  intersected 
by  lat.  21°  S.,  long.  165°  E. : a French  colonial 
possession.  Capital,  Noumea.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  island  was  discovered  by  Cook  in  1774,  and 
was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French  in  1863,  and  made 
a penal  colony,  but  since  1896  no  convicts  have  been  sent 
there.  Length,  about  240  miles.  Area,  7,650  square  miles. 
Population,  53,346  (natives,  convicts,  and  colonists,  etc.). 
Dependencies  are  the  Isle  of  Pines,  Loyalty  Archipelago, 
Huon  Islands,  Chesterfield  Islands,  Futuna,  Alafi,  and 
WalliB  Archipelago. 

New  Caledonia.  A name  given  to  the  Scottish 
Darien  Colony,  formed  in  1698.  See  Darien. 
New  Castile  (in  Spain).  See  Castile. 

New  Castile  (kas-tel'),  Sp.  Castilla  Nueva 
(kas-tel'ya  no-a/va).  The  official  name  given 
in  1529  to  that  portion  of  Peru  which  was  granted 
to  Pizarro  for  conquest  and  government.  By  the 
terms  of  the  grant  it  extended  from  the  river  Santiago 
(probably  the  Mira)  southward  for  200  leagues.  The  name 
was  soon  supplanted  by  Peru.  Later  (1538-45)  the  name 
New  Castile  was  applied  to  a province  immediately  north 
of  Peru,  corresponding  to  what  is  now  the  southwestern 
coast  region  of  Colombia,  and  sometimes  including  apart 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.  See  Castilla  del  Oro. 

Newcastle,  or  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  (nu'kas- 
1-u-pon-tin').  A city  and  seaport,  the  chief 
town  of  Northumberland,  England,  and  a county 
in  itself,  situated  on  the  Tyne,  near  its  mouth, 
in  lat.  54°  59'  N.,  long.  1°  37'  W. : the  Roman 
Pons  .lElii.  It  is  the  largest  coal-market  in  the  world, 
and  exports  also  coke,  lead,  manufactured  goods,  etc. ; is 
the  terminus  of  various  steamer  lines ; builds  iron  and 
steel  ships  ; and  has  manufactures  of  machinery,  engines, 
ordnance,  chemicals,  glass,  hardware,  etc.  The  Tyne  is 
crossed  here  by  the  High-level  Bridge  and  other  bridges. 
The  Church  of  St.  Nicholas  is  now  the  cathedral.  The 
Norman  castle,  built  in  1080  and  rebuilt  by  Henry  II.,  was 
long  a noted  stronghold.  It  was  a Roman  and  Saxon  town ; 
was  taken  by  the  Scots  in  1640  and  1644 ; and  long  held  an 
important  place  in  border  warfare.  Pop.,  266,671,  (1911). 
New  Castle.  The  capital  of  Lawrence  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Shenango  45 
miles  north-northwest  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  a 
manufacturing  and  mining  town.  Population, 
36,280,  (1910). 

Newcastle.  A seaport  in  New  South  Wales, 
Australia,  situated  on  the  coast,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Hunter,  75  miles  north-northeast  of  Syd- 
ney. It  exports  coal.  Population,  14,238. 
Newcastle,  Dukes  of.  See  Cavendish,  William ; 
Pelham,  Thomas ; and  Pelham-Clinton,  Henry 
Pelham. 

Newcastle-under-Lyine(-lim')or-Lyne(-lin')- 

A town  in  Staffordshire,  England,  41  miles 
southeast  of  Liverpool.  It  is  situated  in  the 
Potteries  district.  Population,  19,914. 
New-Chwang  (nu-chwang'),  or  Niu-chuang 
(nu-chwang').  A treaty  port  in  the  province  of 
Shingking,  Manchuria,  China,  situated  on  a 
branch  of  the  river  Liau  75  miles  southwest 
of  Mukden.  Its  port  is  Yingtsze.  Population, 
52,000. 

New  College,  or  College  of  St.  Mary  Winton. 

A college  of  Oxford  University,  founded  by 
William  of  Wykeham,  bishop  of  Winchester,  in 
1379.  The  buildings  were  begun  in  1380.  Much  of  the 
quaint  and  picturesque  buildings  dates  from  the  time  of 
the  foundation.  The  chapel  is  among  the  earliest  of  the 
★complete  buildings  in  the  Perpendicular  style. 

Newcomb  (nu'kom),  Simon.  Born  at  Wallace, 
Nova  Scotia,  March  12,  1835:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  July  11,  1909.  A noted  American 
astronomer.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  United  States  navy  in  1861,  being  assigned  to  duty  at 
the  naval  observatory  at  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia ; and  1884-93  also  held  a professorship  of  mathematics 
and  astronomy  in  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Among  his 
works  are  “Popular  Astronomy”  (1877)  and  “Principles 
of  Political  Economy  ” (1886).  Retired  from  the  navy  1897. 

Newcome  (nu'kom),  William.  Born  at  Abing- 
don, Berkshire,  April  10,  1729 : died  at  Dublin, 
Jan.  11,  1800.  A British  archbishop,  noted  as 
a biblical  scholar.  He  wrote  a “Harmony  of 
the  Gospels”  (1778),  etc. 

Newcomen  (nu-kom'en),  Thomas.  Born  1663: 
died  Aug.,  1729.  An  English  inventor.  With 
Cawley  and  Saveryhe  invented  the  atmospheric 
steam-engine,  patented  in  1705. 

Newcomes  (nii'kumz),  The.  A novel  by  Thack- 
eray, published  in  1855.  The  character  of 
Colonel  Newcome  is  one  of  touching  simplicity. 

The  old  colonel  is  ruined  by  speculation,  and  in  his  ruin  is 
brought  to  accept  the  alms  of  the  brotherhood  of  the  Grey 
Friars.  . . . The  description  is  perhaps  as  fine  as  any- 
thing that  Thackeray  ever  did.  The  gentleman  is  still  the 
gentleman,  with  all  the  pride  of  gentry;  but  not  the  less 
is  he  the  humble  bedesman,  aware  that  he  is  living  upon 


732 

charity,  not  made  to  grovel  by  any  sense  of  shame,  but 
knowing  that,  though  his  normal  pride  may  Vie  left  to 
him,  an  outward  demeanour  of  humility  is  befitting.  And 
then  he  dies.  “ At  the  usual  evening  hour  the  chapel  bell 
began  to  toll,  and  Thomas  Newcomes  hands  outside  the 
bed  feebly  beat  time  — and  just  as  the  last  bell  struck,  a 
peculiar  sweet  smile  shone  over  his  face,  and  he  lifted  up 
his  head  a little,  and  quicklysaid,  ‘Adsum ' — and  fell  back. 
It  was  the  word  we  used  at  school  when  names  were  called; 
and,  lo,  he  whose  heart  was  as  that  of  a little  child  had 
answered  to  his  name,  and  stood  in  the  presence  of  The 
Master!  ” Trollope,  Thackeray. 

Newdigate  (nu'di-gat),  Sir  Roger.  Born  at 
Arbury,  Warwickshire,  England,  May  30, 1719 : 
died  there,  Nov.  23, 1806.  An  English  scholar, 
the  founder  of  the  annual  Newdigate  prize  (for 
English  verse)  at  Oxford.  He  was  member  of 
Parliament  1741-47  and  1750-80. 

Newell  (nu'el),  Robert  Henry:  pseudonym 
Orpheus  0.  Kerr.  Born  at  New  York,  Dec.  13, 
1836:  died  at  Brooklyn  in  July,  1901.  An 
American  journalist  and  humorist.  He  wrote 
“The  Orpheus  C.  Kerr  Papers”  (1862-68),  “There  was 
once  a man  " (1884),  etc. 

New  England  (ing'gland).  Aname  given  col- 
lectively to  the  northeastern  section  of  the 
United  States,  comprising  the  States  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, and  Rhode  Island,  it  formed  part  of 
“North  Virginia,”  granted  to  the  Plymouth  Company  by 
James  I.  in  1606.  The  name  was  given  to  it  by  Captain 
John  Smith. 

New  England  Confederation.  The  union  ef- 
fected by  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New  Haven  in  1643, 
suggested  by  the  need  of  a common  defense 
against  the  Dutch  and  the  Indians.  It  was  dis- 
continued in  1684. 

New  England  Primer.  A small  elementary 
book  of  instruction,  containing  various  verses, 
the  Westminster  Shorter  Catechism,  etc.  (2d  ed. 
at  Boston  about  1691). 

NewPoreSo(for'est).  A royal  forest  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Hampshire,  England.  The  tract 
was  forcibly  afforested  by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  used 
as  a hunting  demesne.  It  still  contains  about  144  square 
miles,  in  part  belonging  to  the  crown.  It  was  the  scene 
of  the  death  of  William  II. 

Newfoundland  (oftenest  nu- found 'land;  on 
the  island  itself  generally  nu-fund-land';  also 
nu' fund -land),  [Orig.  New-found  land;  NL. 
Terra  Nova,  F.  Terre  Neuve,  new  land.]  An 
island  forming  a British  colonial  possession, 
situated  east  of  British  North  America.  Capital, 
St.  John's.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Strait  of 
Belle  Isle  (separating  it  from  Labrador),  on  the  east  and 
south  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  It  contains  the  peninsulas  of  Avalon  in  the 
southeast  and  Petit  Nordin  the  north.  The  coast  is  greatly 
indented,  the  surface  is  generally  hilly,  and  there  are  many 
lakes.  The  chief  occupation  is  the  fisheries : the  island  has 
thelargest  cod-fisheries  in  theworld,  and  has  also  seal-,  her- 
ring-, salmon-,  and  lobster-fisheries.  It  contains  productive 
copper-mines.  It  forms  with  eastern  Labrador  (Depart- 
ment of  Labrador)  a crown  colony,  the  government  being 
vested  in  a governor,  executive  council,  legislative  council, 
and  house  of  assembly.  It  was  di. covered  by  John  Cabot  in 
1497;  the  cod-fisliery  commenced  in  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century ; and  the  first  important  settlement  was  made 
by  the  English  under  Calvert  in  1621.  There  were  feuds 
between  English  and  French  fishermen,  and  by  the  treaty 
of  1713  Newfoundland  was  confirmed  to  England.  Repre- 
sentative government  was  granted  in  1832,  and  the  pres- 
ent form  of  government  was  established  in  1855.  The 
French  rights  on  the  coast,  granted  in  1713  and  1783,  have 
been  a frequent  subject  of  dispute.  Area,  42,734  square 
miles.  Population,  233,012. 

New  France  (f  rans).  The  region  in  North  Amer- 
ica claimed  and  in  part  settled  by  France.  By 
1650  it  included  the  basins  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  with  Labrador  and  the  present  Nova  Scotia 
and  New  Brunswick  and  part  of  Maine.  Contests  with 
England  arose,  and  four  wars  ensued — King  William’s, 
Queen  Anne's,  King  George’s,  and  the  French  and  Indian. 
Quebec  and  Montreal  were  the  chief  settlements.  By  1750 
New  France,  with  Louisiana  added,  comprised  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  Great  Lakes  basins,  with  the  Mississippi  basin, 
though  settlements  were  confined  to  a lew  points  on  the 
lakes  and  rivers.  Acadia  (which  see)  had  been  ceded  to 
England  in  1713.  The  result  of  the  treaty  of  1763  was  the 
cession  of  all  the  region  eastof  the  Mississippi  to  England, 
and  that  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  Spain. 

New  Galicia.  See  Nueva  Galicia. 

Newgate  (nu'gafc).  The  western  gate  of  London 
wall  by  which  the  W at  ling  street  left  the  city.  It 

was  at  lirst  called  Westgate,  but  later  Chancellor’s  gate. 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  Chancellor’s  gate  was  rebuiltand 
called  Newgate.  At  about  the  same  time  the  county  of 
Middlesex  was  given  to  the  citizens  of  London,  and  New- 
gate was  used  for  prisoners  from  that  county.  The  use  of 
this  locality  for  a prison  continues  until  the  present  day, 
although  now  only  a house  of  detention  is  located  here. 
Newgate  always  had  an  unsavory  reputation,  and  resisted 
all  efforts  at  reform.  These  began  as  early  as  the  time  of 
Richard  Whittington,  who  left  a large  sum  for  its  improve- 
ment. The  prison  was  burned  during  the  Gordon  riot9  in 
1780,  and  was  rebuilt  in  1782.  It  was  pulled  down  in  1902. 

Newgate  Calendar.  A biographical  record  of 
the  most  notorious  criminals  confined  in  New- 
gate. 


New  Hebrides 

New  Georgia  (jor'jia).  The  former  name  for 
Vancouver  Island  and  the  Pacific  coast  opposite 
it. 

New  Granada  (gra-na'da),  Sp.  Nueva  Grana- 
da (no-a'va  gra-na'THa)’.'  An  earlier  name  of 
the  South  American  country  now  called  Colom- 
bia (which  see).  It  was  given  by  the  conqueror  Que- 
sada  (1538),  in  remembrance  of  his  native  province  of  Gra- 
nada : at  that  time  the  term  included  only  the  highlands 
about  Bogota.  Under  the  colonial  presidents  (1564-1718) 
and  viceroys  (1719-1810)  it  embraced  nearly  thepresent  ter- 
ritory of  Colombia,  except  from  1710  to  1722,  when  Quito 
(the  present  Ecuador)  was  annexed  to  it.  The  official  title 
under  the  viceroys  was  Nuevo  Reino  de  Granada  (New 
Kingdom  of  Granada).  After  the  revolution  New  Granada 
was  retained  as  a collective  name  for  the  provinces  com- 
posing the  old  viceroyalty,  though  they  were  merged  in 
the  republic  of  Colombia  (including  also  Venezuela  and 
Quito)  from  1819  to  1830.  Iu  the  latter  year  Venezuela  and 
Quito  separated,  and  the  Republic  of  New  Granada  was 
formed  in  1831.  In  1861,  on  the  adoption  of  a federal  con- 
stitution, the  name  was  changed  to  United  States  of  Co- 

★lombia  (now  Republic  of  Colombia). 

New  Guinea  (gin'i),  or  Papua  (pap'6-a  or  pa'- 
po-a).  The  largest  island  in  the  world,  belong- 
ing to  Melanesia,  and  situated  north  of  Austra- 
lia (from  which  it  is  separated  by  Torres  Strait). 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north,  east,  and  south  by  the  Pacific, 
and  on  the  southwest  by  Arafura  Sea.  The  interior  has 
been  little  explored.  There  are  peninsulas  in  the  north- 
west and  southeast.  The  mountains  (Arfak  Hills,  Finis- 
terre,  Kratke,  etc.)  reach  in  the  Charles  Louis  range  the 
height  of  about  16,000  feet.  The  largest  river  is  the  Fly. 
The  island  is  divided  between  the  Dutch  in  the  west  (as 
far  east  as  long.  141°),  the  Germans  in  the  northeast,  and 
the  British  in  the  south.  It  was  first  visited  by  the  Por- 
tuguese Menezes  about  1526,  and  was  chiefly  surveyed  by 
the  Dutch.  The  Dutch  claim  was  made  in  1848.  In  1884 
and  1886  tlie  English  and  German  possessions  were  defined. 
British  New  Guinea,  under  a governor  (the  cost  of  admin- 
istration being  borne  by  tile  Australian  Commonwealth), 
has  an  area  of  90,540  square  miles,  and  a population  of  over 
500,000.  Kaiser  Wilhelm’ s Land,  formerly  governed  by 
the  German  New  Guinea  Company,  has  an  area  of  70,000 
square  miles,  and  a population  of  over  110,000.  Dutch 
New  Guinea,  attached  to  the  residency  of  Ternate  in  the 
Moluccas,  with  an  area  of  151,789  square  miles,  has  a pop- 
ulation of  about  200,000.  Total  area,  about  313,000  square 
miles.  Total  population,  upward  of  1,000,000. 

New  Hampshire  (hamp'shir).  One  of  the  New 
England  States  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  lat.  42°  40'  to  45°  18'  N.,  and 
from  long.  70°  43'  to  72°  33'  W.  Capital,  Con- 
cord; largest  city,  Manchester.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  on  the  north,  Maine  and 
the  Atlantic  on  tlie  east,  Massachusetts  on  the  south,  and 
Vermont  (separated  by  the  Connecticut)  and  Quebec  on 
the  west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  north  and 
west,  and  elsewhere  hilly.  It  contains  the  White  Moun- 
tains in  thenorth.  It  is  often  called  “the  Granite  State ’’and 
“ the  Switzerland  of  America."  It  is  largely  a manufac- 
turing State,  ranking  among  the  leading  States  in  its  chief 
manufactures  — cotton,  woolen,  and  worsted.  It  has  10 
counties,  sends  2 senators  and  2 representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  4 electoral  votes.  It  was  visited  by  Pring 
in  1603,  and  by  Captain  John  Smith  in  1614 ; formed  part 
of  the  territory  granted  to  Mason  and  Gorges  in  1622  ; was 
settled  by  the  English  at  Portsmouth  and  Dover  in  1623; 
was  united  to  Massachusetts  in  1641;  was  separated  and 
made  a royal  province  in  1679;  was  at  times  again  united, 
and  finally  separated  in  1741;  was  often  disturbed  by  Indian 
wars ; and  claimed  Vermont  until  1764.  It  was  one  of  the 
13  original  States,  being  the  ninth  to  ratify  the  Constitu- 
tion (1788).  Area,  9,305  square  miles.  Population,  430,572, 
(1910). 

New  Hampshire  Grants,  A name  given  to 

Vermont  in  its  earlier  history. 

New  Hanover  (han'o-ver).  An  island  of  the 
Bismarck  Archipelago. 

New  Harmony  (har'mo-ni).  A town  in  Posey 
County,  southwestern  Indiana,  situated  on  the 
Wabash  22  miles  northwest  of  Evansville.  See 
Harmonists.  Population,  1,229,  (1910). 

Newhaven  (nu-ha'vn).  A seaport  in  Sussex, 
England,  situated  on  the  English  Channel,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ouse,  50  miles  south  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  the  terminus  of  a steam-packet  line 
to  Dieppe,  France.  Population,  6,373. 

New  Haven.  A Puritan  colony  in  New  Eng- 
land, established  in  1638,  and  united  with  Con- 
necticut in  1662.  Its  government  was  remarkably 
theocratic.  It  comprised  a few  adjoining  towns  besides 
New  Haven. 

New  Haven.  A city,  capital  of  New  Haven  Coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  situated  on  New  Haven  harbor, 
near  Long  Island  Sound,  in  lat.  41°  18'  N.,  long. 
72°56'W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State.  It  manu- 
factures carriages,  Winchester  arms,  etc.,  and  exports 
manufactured  goods.  It  is  tlie  seat  of  Yale  University 
(which  see).  It  was  settled  by  English  colonists  under 
Davenport  and  Eaton  in  1638;  became  a city  in  1784;  and 
was  tlie  State  capital  alternately  with  Hartford  from  1701 
to  1873,  when  Hartford  was  made  sole  capital.  Often 
called  “ the  Elm  City”  from  the  number  and  beauty  of  its 

*elms.  Population,  133,605,  (1910). 

New  Hebrides  (heb'ri-dez).  A group  of  islands 
in  Melanesia,  Pacific  Ocean,  northeast  of  New 
Caledonia  and  west  of  the  Fiji  Islands.  They  are 
mostly  of  volcanic  formation.  The  largest  island  is  Es- 
piritii  Santo.  The  inhabitants  belong  ro  Papuan  and  Poly- 
nesian races,  and  are  cannibals.  The  islands  were  dia- 


New  Hebrides 

covered  in  1606,  and  explored  by  Cook  in  1773.  In  1886 
they  were  seized  by  the  French  against  Australian  protest. 
Population,  about  80,000. . 

New  Holland  (hol'and).  A former  name  of 
Australia. 

New  Hope  Church.  A locality  in  Paulding 
County,  Georgia,  4 miles  northeast  of  Dallas. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a series  of  skirmishes  May  25-28, 1864, 
between  the  Federals  under  Sherman  and  the  Confeder- 
ates  under  Johnston,  the  former  losing  2,400  men,  the  lat- 
ter 3,000. 

Newington  (nu'ing-ton).  A quarter  of  London, 
on  the  southern  side  of  the  Thames  near  Lam- 
beth. 

New  Inn,  The,  or  the  Light  Heart.  A comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson,  first  played  by  the  King’s 
Servants  in  1629,  entered  on  the  “ Stationers’ 
Register”  in  1631,  and  published  the  same  year. 
A part  of  this  play  was  transferred  to  “ Love’s  Pilgrim- 
age ” by  Fletcher  and  another. 

New  Ireland  (ir'land),  native  Tombara  (tom- 
ba'raj.  An  island  of  the  Bismarck  Archipelago, 
Pacific  Ocean,  20  rpiles  northeast  of  New  Britain, 
which  it  generally  resembles:  called  by  the  Ger- 
mans since  1885  Neu-Mecklenburg.  Itwas  made 
a German  possession  in  1884.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

New  Jersey  (jer'zi).  [Named  (1664)  after  the 
Isle  of  Jersey,  in  honor  of  Sir  George  Carteret, 
lieutenant-governor  of  that  isle  (1643-51).  He 
had  previously  (1650)  received  a grant  of  “ a cer- 
tain island  and  adjacent  islets  in  America  in 
perpetual  inheritance,  to  he  called  New  Jersey” 
(Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  IX.  209).]  One  of  the  North 
Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
extending  from lat.  38°  56' to  41°  21'  N.,  andfrom 
long.  73°  54'  to  75°  33'  W.  Capital,  Trenton; 
largest  cities,  Newark  and  Jersey  City.  It  is  bound- 
ed by  New  York  on  the  north,  New  York  (separated  by  the 
Hudson,  New  York  Bay,  and  Staten  Island  Sound)  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Delaware  Bay  on  the  south, 
and  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  (both  separated  by  the 
Delaware  River)  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Kittatinny  and  Highland  ranges  of  the  Appalachian  system 
in  the  northwest : the  southern  half  is  a plain.  It  is 
the  third  State  in  the  value  of  clay  products,  one  of  the  zinc- 
and  iron-producing  States,  and  one  of  the  chief  manufac- 
turing States,  ranking  first  in  the  manufacture  of  glass 
and  silk,  and  among  the  first  in  the  manufacture  of 
leather,  iron,  hats,  rubber,  sugar,  and  steel.  It  has  21 
counties,  sends  2 senators  and  12  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  14  electoral  votes.  It  was  settled  by 
the  Dutch  at  Bergen  probably  about  1617 ; granted  by 
the  Duke  of  York  to  Carteret  and  Berkeley  in  1664 ; re- 
conquered by  the  Dutch  in  1673;  and  restored  to  England 
in  1674.  West  Jersey  was  purchased  by  Quakers  in  1674, 
East  Jersey  in  1682.  Proprietary  government  ceased  in 
1702,  New  Jersey  being  made  a royal  province.  It  was  un- 
der the  same  governor  with  New  York  until  1738.  It  was 
one  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  and  was  the  scene  of 
the  battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  Monmonth,  and  other 
events  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Area,  7,815  square 
miles.  Population,  2,537,167,  (1910). 

New  Jersey,  College  of,  now  Princeton  Uni- 
versity : also  formerly  Nassau  Hall.  An 
institution  of  learning  at  Princeton,  New  Jer- 
sey. It  was  chartered  in  1746  and  1748,  opened  at  Eliza- 
bethtown in  1747,  and  removed  to  Newark  in  1747  and  to 
Princeton  in  1757.  The  buildings  were  occupied  by  British 
and  American  troops  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  It  con- 
tains an  academic  department,  a school  of  science,  and  a 
graduate  school.  The  theological  seminary  in  the  same 
town  (under  Presbyterian  control)  is  not  connected  with 
it.  The  university  is  attended  by  about  1,500  students, 
and  the  library  contains  over  260,000  volumes. 

New  Jerusalem  Church.  See  Swedenborgians. 
New  Lanark  (lan'ark).  A small  village  i mile 
from  Lanark,  Scotland.  A manufacturing  settle- 
ment was  made  there  in  connection  with  the  philan- 
thropic schemes  of  Robert  Owen. 

Newland  (nu'land),  Abraham.  A name  given 
to  an  English  bank-note : so  named  from  Abra- 
ham Newland,  the  cashier  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land in  the  early  pare  of  the  19th  century,  who 
signed  the  notes. 

New  Laws,  Sp.  Nuevas  Ordenanzas  (no-a'- 
vas  or-da-nan'thas).  A code  of  Spanish  laws 
promulgated  in  Madrid  in  1543,  and  having  for 
their  special  object  the  protection  of  American 
Indians.  They  were  the  outcome  of  the  efforts  of  Las 
Casas,  and  were  originally  written  by  him,  hut  were  pub- 
lished with  some  changes.  These  laws  provided  that  all 
Indian  slaves  should  he  freed  unless  a legal  title  to  them 
could  be  produced  by  theirmasters.  “Repartimientos,”or 
grants  of  Indian  labor,  were  greatly  restricted  and  could 
not,  be  inherited : civil  and  ecclesiastical  officers  were  for- 
bidden to  hold  them.  The  treatment  of  slaves  was  regu- 
lated, inspectors  were  appointed  to  watch  over  them,  and 
provision  was  made  for  their  religious  instruction.  At  the 
same  time  some  of  the  old  audiences  were  suppressed  and 
others  were  created.  The  new  laws  were  vehemently  op- 
posed by  the  colonists,  who  declared  that  they  would  be 
impoverished.  The  viceroy  of  Mexico  was  forced  to  sus- 
pend them,  but  later  (1551)  they  were  enforced  by  Velasco, 
and  150,000  male  slaves  alone  were  freed.  In  Peru  an 
attempt  to  enforce  the  laws  resulted  in  the  rebellion  of 
Gonzalo  Pizarro  (see  Pizarro).  They  were  suspended  as  to 
that  country  in  1547,  and  by  1560  had  become  practically 
non-effective. 

New  Lebanon  (leb'a-non).  A town  in  Colum- 


733 

bia  County,  New  York,  22  miles  southeast  of 
Albany.  It  contains  the  village  of  Mount  Lebanon, 
noted  for  its  Shaker  community,  and  the  village  of  Lebanon 
Springs,  noted  for  hot  springs.  Population,  1,378,  (1910). 

New  Leinster  (len'ster  or  lin'ster).  A name 
formerly  given  to  what  is  now  Stewart  Island, 
New  Zealand. 

New  Leon.  See  Nuevo  Leon. 

New  London  (lun'don).  A seaport,  and  one  of 
the  capitals  of  New  London  County,  Connecti- 
cut, situated  on  the  Thames,  3 miles  from  Long 
Island  Sound,  in  lat.  41°  21'  N.,  long.  72°  5'  W. 
It  has  considerable  commerce,  is  a summer  resort,  has 
fisheries  of  seal,  cod,  and  mackerel,  and  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  whale-fisheries  (next  to  New  Bedford).  It 
was  captured  by  the  British  under  Benedict  Arnold  in  1781. 
Population,  19,059,  (1910). 

New  Madrid  (mad'rid).  The  capital  of  New 
Madrid  County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi 46  miles  southwest  of  Cairo,  Illinois. 
The  Federals  under  Pope  captured  it  March  14, 
1862.  Population,  1,882,  (1910). 

Newman  (nfi'man),  Francis  William.  Born 
at  London,  June  27,  1805:  died  at  Weston-super- 
Mare,  Oct.  4,  1897.  An  English  scholar  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  brother  of  Cardinal  Newman. 
In  1826  he  graduated  at  Oxford  (Worcester  College),  and 
was  made  fellow  of  Balliol.  In  1840  he  was  made  classical 
professor  in  Manchester  New  College,  and  1846-69  was 
professor  of  Latin  in  University  College,  London.  He  wrote 
“Phases  of  Faith  " (1850),  “History  of  the  Hebrew  Mon- 
archy” (1847)  “The  Soul  ” (1849),  “Regal  Rome "(1852), 
“ Theism  ” (1858),  “ Handbook  of  Modem  Arabic  ’’  (1866), 
“Libyan  Vocabulary "(1882),  “Politica”  (1889),  “Econom- 
ica’’  (1890),  translations  from  Horace  and  Homer,  etc. 

Newman,  John  Henry.  Born  at  London,  Feb. 
21, 1801:  died  at  Edgbaston,  Aug,- 11, 1890.  An 
English  Roman  Catholic  prelate.  He  was  the  son 
of  John  Newman,  banker.  He  took  his  degree  at  Oxford 
(Trinity  College)  in  1820,  and  was  elected  feliow  of  Oriel  in 
1822,  where  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  Pusey.  In  1833  he 
published  “ The  Arians  of  the  Fourth  Century."  Many  of 
his  smaller  poems,  including  “Lead,  Kindly  Light,”  were 
written  during  a Mediterranean  voyage  in  1832-33.  In 
1833  he  joined  the  Oxford  movement,  and  wrote  many  of 
the  “Tracts  for  the  Times.”  Foratime  heheldto  the  pos- 
sibility of  a middle  ground  between  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  and  Protestantism:  hut  in  1843  he  resigned  his 
living  in  the  Anglican  Church,  and  on  Oct.  9, 1845,  formally 
entered  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  In  1849  he  estab- 
lished an  English  branch  of  the  brotherhood  of  St.  Philip 
Neri,  the  “Oratory.”  His  lectures  on  “Anglican  Difficul- 
ties” were  published  in  1850.  His  sermons  were  published 
in  1849  and  1857  ; the  “Apologia  pro  vita  sua,  or  a History 
of  my  Religious  Opinions"  inl864;  “Grammar  of  Assent” 
in  1870  ; “Verses  on  Various  Occasions  ’’  in  1868.  He  did 
not  attend  the  Vatican  Council,  but  he  accepted  its  results. 
On  May  12,  1879,  he  was  made  cardinal 

Newmarket(nu-mar'ket).  A town  in  Suffolk  and 
Cambridgeshire,  England, 55  miles  north-north- 
east of  London.  Horse-races  have  been  run  annually 
on  Newmarket  Heath  since  the  reign  of  James  I.  The 
principal  races  are  the  Two  Thousand  Guineas  and  the 
Cesarewitch.  Population,  10,688. 

New  Mexico  (mek'si-ko).  A State  of  the 
United  States.  Capital,  Santa  Fe.  It  is  bounded 
by  Colorado  on  the  north,  Oklahoma  and  Texas  on  the  east, 
Texas  and  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  Arizona  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  elevated  and  is  traversed  by  mountain- 
ranges  and  by  the  Rio  Grande  from  north  to  south.  Min- 
eral wealth  is  abundant.  The  chief  occupations  are  the 
raising  of  live  stock  and  mining.  It  has  26  counties.  It 
was  visited  by  Niza  in  1539,  and  by  Coronado  about  1541. 
Settlements  were  made  by  Spanish  missionaries  in  the  end 
of  the  16th  century.  The  Spanish  were  temporarily  ex- 
pelled by  the  Indians  in  1680.  The  region  was  conquered 
by  the  Americans  under  Kearny  in  1846 ; ceded  by  Mexico 
to  the  United  States  in  1848 ; and  organized  as  a Territory 
in  1850.  An  act  providing  for  its  admission  as  a State  was 
signed  June  20,  1910,  and  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union 
Jan.  6,  1912.  Itwas  enlarged  by  the  “Gadsden  Purchase” 
in  1853.  Area,  122,580  square  miles.  Population,  327,301, 
(1910). 

New  Milford  (mil'ford).  A town  in  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the  Housa- 
tonic  32  miles  northwest  of  New  Haven.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,010,  (1910). 

New  Mills  (milz).  A town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kinder  and 
Goyt  12  miles  southeast  of  Manchester.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,253. 

New  Model,  The.  The  name  given  to  the  Par- 
liamentary army  from  the  time  of  its  reorgani- 
zation in  1645.  It  was  commanded  by  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax,  and  later  by  Cromwell. 

New  Munster  (mun'ster).  A name  formerly 
given  to  what  is  now  the  South  Island  of  New 
Zealand. 

New  Netherland  (neTH'er-lan'd).  The  early 
name  of  the  colony  (later  the  State)  of  New 
York. 

Newnham  (nun'am)  College.  A college  in  the 
suburbs  of  Cambridge,  England,  founded  in 
1875  for  the  education  of  women,  it  now  consists 
of  Old  Hall,  Sidgvvick  Hall,  Clough  Hall,  and  l’eile  Hall. 
From  1881  its  students  and  those  of  Girton  College  (which 
see)  have  been  admitted  to  examinations  in  Cambridge 
University,  and  receive  certificates. 

New  Orkney.  See  South  Orkney. 


New  Russia 

New  Orleans  (6r'le-anz).  A city  in  the  parish 
of  Orleans,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  29°  58'  N.,  long.  90°  3'  W.  it  is  the 
largest  city  of  Louisiana,  the  largest  and  chief  commercial 
city  of  the  Gulf  States,  and  the  chief  seaport  of  the  Missis- 
sippi valley.  It  borders  on  Lake  Pontchartrain  on  the 
north,  and  is  protected  by  levees.  From  its  shape  it  is 
called  “the  Crescent  City.”  It  has  the  largest  cotton-mar- 
ket in  the  United  States,  and,  besides  cotton,  exports  sugar, 
molasses,  corn,  flour,  tobacco,  rice,  wheat,  pork,  etc.  The 
most  prominent  buildings  are  the  custom-house,  city  hall, 
and  St.  Charles  hotel.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  creoles 
and  negroes.  New  Orleans  was  founded  by  the  French 
under  Bienville  in  1718;  passed  to  Spain  in  1763,  to  France 
in  1800,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1803  ; has  in  the  past 
been  ravaged  by  yellow  fever ; was  seized  by  the  Confed- 
erates in  1861,  and  was  reoccupied  by  the  Federals  under 
Butler  from  May  1,  1862.  From  1868  to  1880  it  was  the 
State  capital.  It  was  the  scene  of  political  riots  in  1877, 
and  of  the  lynching  of  11  Italians  in  1891  who  were  sus- 
pected of  complicity  in  the  murder  of  the  chief  of  police. 
Population,  339,075,  (1910). 

New  Orleans,  Battle  of.  A victory  near  New 
Orleans,  Jan.  8, 1815,  gained  by  the  Americans 
(about  6,000)  under  Andrew  Jackson  over  the 
British  (about  12,000)  under  Pakenham  (killed 
in  the  battle).  The  loss  of  the  British  was  over  2,000 ; 
that  of  the  Americans,  who  were  sheltered  by  breastworks, 
8 killed  and  13  wounded. 

New  Philippines  (fil'i-pinz).  A name  some- 
times given  to  the  Caroline  Islands. 

New  Place,  The  house  of  Shakspere’s  resi- 
dence and  death  at  Stratford-upon-Avon,  Eng- 
land. The  foundations  still  remain.  It  was  built  about 
1540.  Shakspere  bought  it  in  1597,  paying  £60  for  it  in  that 
year,  and  a second  £60  in  1602.  At  that  time  the  house 
was  thought  to  he  the  best  in  the  town,  and  there  were  two 
barns  and  two  gardens  belonging  to  it.  Shakspere  after- 
ward enlarged  the  gardens,  it  is  not  known  in  what  year 
he  retired  there  permanently  from  London,  but  it  was  his 
home  in  1598. 

New  Plymouth  (plim'utli).  A seaport  in  the 
North  Island  of  New  Zealand,  situated  in  lat. 
39°  4'  S.,  long.  174°  6'  E.  Population,  4,405. 
Newport  (nu'port).  The  chief  town  of  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  Hampshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Medina  11  miles  southwest  of  Portsmouth. 
Near  it  is  Carisbrooke  Castle.  Population, 
10,911. 

Newport.  A seaport  in  Monmouthshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Usk  20  miles  west-north- 
west of  Bristol.  It  has  iron-works  and  other  manu- 
factures, and  commerce  in  coal,  iron,  etc.  There  are  ruins 
of  an  old  castle.  Population,  83,700,  (1911). 

Newport.  A city  in  Campbell  County,  Ken- 
tucky, situated  on  the  Ohio  opposite  Cincin- 
nati, and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking  oppo- 
site Covington.  It  has  various  manufactures. 
Population,  30,309,  (1910). 

Newport.  A former  capital  of  the  State  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  the  capital  of  Newport  Coun- 
ty, situated  in  the  Island  of  Rhode  Island,  on 
NarragansettBay,  in  lat.  41°  29' N.,  long.  71° 
20'  W.  It  has  a fine  harbor,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
fashionable  watering-places  in  the  United  States.  There 
is  a United  States  torpedo  station  on  Goat  Island  in  the 
harbor,  and  the  U.  S.  Naval  Training  Station  andWar  Col- 
lege on  Coasters  Island.  Among  the  objects  of  interest  are 
the  round  stone  tower  or  mill,  Fort  Adams,  and  the 
beaches.  It  was  founded  about  1638,  and  was  an  impor- 
tant commercial  place  in  the  18th  century.  Its  trade  was 
ruined  during  its  occupation  by  the  British  1776-79.  Pop- 
ulation, 27,149,  (1910). 

Newport,  Christopher.  Born  about  1565:  died 

at  Bantam,  E.  I.,  1617.  An  English  navigator. 
He  commanded  the  expedition  which  founded  Jamestown, 
Virginia,  in  1607,  and  led  expeditions  to  Virginia  in  1608 
and  1610-11. 

Newport,  Treaty  of.  The  name  given  to  nego- 
tiations at  Newport,  Monmouthshire,  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  English  Parliament,  Sept, 
to  Nov.,  1648.  The  king  made  great  concessions,  but 
apparently  only  for  the  purpose  of  gaining  time. 
Newport  News  (nu'port  nuz).  A city  on  the 
north  side  of  Hampton  Roads,  Virginia,  11 
miles  northwest  of  Norfolk.  Pop.  20,205,  (1910). 
New  Providence.  One  of  the  principal  islands 
of  the  Bahamas,  containing  the  capital,  Nassau. 
New  River.  A name  given  to  the  Great  Ka- 
nawha in  the  upper  part  of  its  course. 

New  Rochelle  (ro-shel').  A city  in  Westches- 
ter County,  New  York,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  17  miles  northeast  of  New  York.  Popu- 
lation, 28,867,  (1910). 

New  Roof, The.  A nickname  of  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution about  the  time  of  its  adoption.  Fiske. 
New  ROSS  (ros).  A town  in  the  counties  of  Wex- 
ford and  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Bar- 
row  72  miles  south-southwest  of  Dublin,  it  was 
the  scene  of  a defeat  of  the  Irish  insurgents  June  5,  1798, 
by  loyalist  troops  underJohnston  and  Lord  Mountjoy(who 
was  killed).  The  rebels  were  successful  at  first,  hut  were 
ultimately  routed  with  a loss  of  about  2,000  : that  of  the 
loyalists  being  about  230.  Population,  5,847. 

New  Russia  (rush'a).  A collective  name  for  tbe 
three  Russian  governments  Kherson,  Taurida, 
and  Yekaterinoslaff. 


Newry 

Newry  (nu'ri).  A seaport  in  the  counties  of 
Down  and  Armagh,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  head 
of  Carlingford  Lough,  33  miles  southwest  of  Bel- 
fast. It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  of  Ulster.  Popu- 
lation, 12,405. 

New  Sarum.  See  Salisbury. 

New  Shoreham.  See  Shoreliam. 

New  Siberia  (sl-be'ri-a).  The  easternmost  of 
the  New  Siberia  Islands. 

New  Siberia  Islands,  or  Liakhoff  (le-ach'of) 
Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  north  of  Siberia  and  northeast  of  the 
Lena  Delta. 

New  South  Shetland.  See  South  Shetland. 
New  South  Wales  (walz).  [Named  by  Cook  in 
*1770  from  a fancied  resemblance  to  the  north- 
ern shores  of  the  Bristol  Channel.]  A state 
of  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia.  Capital, 
Sydney.  It  is  bounded  by  Queensland  on  the  north, 
the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east,  Victoria  on  the  south,  and 
South  Australia  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  from  north 
to  south  near  the  coast  by  a range  of  mountains,  beyond 
which  are  vast  plains  in  the  interior.  The  great  river- 
system  is  that  of  the  Murray.  The  chief  industry  is  stock- 
raising,  and  especially  sheep-farming.  There  are  mines 
of  gob  I,  silver,  coal,  copper,  and  tin.  The  exports  include 
wool,  tallow,  leather,  tin,  copper,  and  silver.  The  execu- 
tive is  vested  in  a governor,  with  a cabinet  of  10  minis- 
ters. The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a legislative 
council  and  a legislative  assembly.  A penal  seitlement 
was  established  at  Botany  B.iy  in  1788.  The  development 
of  the  wool  industry  commenced  under  Governor  Mac- 
quarie about  1810-20.  Gold,  though  known  in  1823,  was 
not  worked  till  1851.  The  transportation  of  convicts 
ceased  in  1853.  Area,  310,700  square  miles.  Population, 
1,635,434. 

New  Spain  (span),  Sp.  Nueva  Espana  (no-a'- 
va  es-pan'ya).  The  colonial  name  of  the  coun- 
try now  called  Mexico.  It  was  first  applied  by  Gri- 
jalva (1518)  to  Yucatan  and  Tabasco,  and  was  extended  by 
Corths  to  all  his  conquests.  Under  the  viceroys  the  name 
was  also  used  for  a much  larger  territory  (see  New  Spain, 
Viceroyalty  of),  but  New  Spain  proper,  or  the  kingdom  of 
New  Spain,  corresponded  to  the  district  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  audience  of  Mexico,  the  present  southern 
Mexico,  embracing  (nearly)  the  modern  states  of  Yuca- 
tan, Campeche,  Tabasco,  Vera  Cruz,  Hidalgo  Guanajuato, 
Michoacan,  Colima,  Mexico,  Morelos,  Tlaxcala,  Puebla, 
Guerrero,  and  Oajaca. 

New  Spain, Viceroyalty  of.  The  region  gov- 
erned by  the  viceroys  of  Mexico.  The  first  viceroy, 
Mendoza,  took  possession  in  1535.  Under  him,  and  for 
some  time  after,  the  viceroyalty  in  its  broadest  sense,  em- 
braced all  the  Spanish  possessions  In  Central  and  North 
America,  from  the  southern  boundary  of  Costa  Rica,  be- 
sid  s the  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  East  Indies  — that 
is,  the  five  audiences  of  Mexico,  Guadalajara,  Confines, 
Santo  Domingo,  and  Manila,  and  the  captaincy-general  of 
Florida.  But,  except  in  the  first  two,  the  viceroy’s  powers 
were  very  limited,  and  were  soon  practically  restricted  to 
military  defense  and  a few  other  matters  of  general  im- 
portance. During  the  18th  century  the  East  Indies  and 
Guatemala  or  Central  America  were  completely  separated. 
The  region  generally  called  New  Spain,  in  which  the  vice- 
roy had  complete  authority,  consisted  for  a long  time  of 
the  three  kingdoms  of  New  Spain,  New  Galicia,  and  New 
Beon,  corresponding  to  modern  Mexico  and  the  undefined 
territories  of  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  California,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  United  States.  In  1793  the  northern  prov- 
inces were  separated  (see  Provincias  Internets),  and  there- 
after the  viceroyalty  corresponded  nearly  to  the  Mexico  of 
to-day,  excluding  southern  Coahuila,  Durango,  Sinaloa, 
Chihuahua,  and  Sonora,  but  including  Upper  and  Lower 
California.  The  name  Mexico  finally  supplanted  that  of 
New  Spain  in  1822. 

Newstead  Abbey  (nu 'steel  ab'i).  A building  in 
Nottinghamshire,  England,  9 miles  north  of  Not- 
tingham : anciently  an  abbey.  It  was  founded  by 
Henry  II.  as  an  atonement  for  Becket’s  murder  in  1170, 
and  was  the  home  of  the  family  of  Lord  Byron,  obtained 
by  Sir  John  Byron,  his  ancestor,  at  the  dissolution  of  the 
monasteries  in  1540.  Numerous  relics  of  Lord  Byron  are 
preserved  in  the  house.  He  undertook  to  keep  it  up  in 
18  J9,  with  what  remained  of  his  fortune,  but  was  obliged 
to  sell  it  in  1S18. 

New  Sweden  (swe'dn).  A Swedish  colony  in 
Delaware,  founded  in  1638.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  Dutch  in  1655. 

New  Testament.  See  Testament. 

New  Timon,  The.  A satire  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 
published  in  1847. 

New  Toledo.  See  Nueva  Toledo. 

Newton  (nu'ton).  A city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Charles  7 miles 
west  of  Boston.  It  contains  the  villages  of  Newton, 
Auburndale,  West  Newton,  Newton  Upper  Falls,  Newton 
Lower  Falls,  Newton  Centre,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  New- 
ton Theological  Institution  (Baptist),  and  Lasell  Female 
Seminary  (at  Auburndale).  Population,  39,806,  (1910). 

Newton,  Alfred.  Born  June  11,  1829:  died 
June  7,  1907.  A noted  English  zoologist,  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  and  comparative  anatomy  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  published  “The 
Zoology  of  Ancient  Europe  " (1862),  an  edition  of  “ Yarrell’s 
British  Birds,”  etc.  ; wrote  many  papers  on  zoological, 
and  especially  on  ornithological,  subjects;  and  his  “ Dic- 
tionary of  Birds,”  an  expansion  of  his  articles  in  the 
ninth  edition  of  the  “ Encyclopaedia  Britannica,”  was 
published  1893-96.  He  was  president  of  the  British 
Association  in  1888. 


734 

Newton,  Sir  Charles  Thomas.  Born  1816: 
died  Nov.  28,  1894.  An  English  archaeolo- 
gist. He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church)  in  1837; 
was  appointed  assistant  curator  of  antiquities  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  in  1840,  and  vice-consul  at  Mytilene  in  Asia 
Minor  in  1852 ; discovered  the  site  of  the  Mausoleum  at 
Halicarnassus  in  1856 ; and  later  excavated  at  Cnidus  and 
Branchidae.  In  I860  he  was  appointed  British  consul  at 
Rome,  and  from  1861  to  1885  was  keeper  of  Greek  and 
Roman  antiquities  at  the  British  Museum.  In  1880  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  archaeology  at  University  Col- 
lege, London.  He  wrote  “ A History  of  Discoveries  at  Ha- 
licarnassus, Cnidus,  and  Branchidae ” (1862),  “Travels  and 
Discoveries  in  the  Levant  ” (1865),  essays  on  art  and  archae- 
ology (1880),  etc.,  and  translated  Panofka’s  “Manners  and 
Customs  of  the  Greeks  ” from  the  German  in  1849. 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac.  Born  at  Woolsthorpe,  near 
Grantham,  Lincolnshire,  Dec.  25, 1642  (O.  S.): 
died  at  Kensington,  March  20,  1727.  A famous 
English  mathematician  and  natural  philoso- 
pher. His  father.  Isaac  N ewton,  was  a small  freehold  far- 
mer. He  matriculated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  June 
5,  1661 ; was  elected  to  a scholarship  April  28,  1664 ; and 
graduated  in  Jan.,  1665.  At  the  university  he  was  espe- 
cially attracted  by  the  study  of  Descartes’s  geometry.  The 
method  of  fluxions  is  supposed  to  have  first  occurred  to 
him  iti  1665.  He  was  made  a fellow  of  Trinity  in  1667,  and 
Lucasian  professor  at  Cambridge  in  Oct.,  1669.  Hebecamea 
fellow oftheRoyalSocietyinJan.,  1672.  Newtofi’sattention 
was  probably  drawn  to  the  subject  of  gravitation  as  early 
as  1665.  The  story  of  the  fall  of  the  apple  was  first  told  by 
Voltaire,  who  had  it  from  Mrs.  Conduitt,  Newton’s  niece. 
Kepler  had  established  the  laws  of  the  planetary  orbits, 
and  from  these  laws  Newton  proved  that  the  attraction  of 
the  sun  upon  the  planets  varies  inversely  as  the  squares 
of  their  distances.  Measuring  the  actual  deflection  of  the 
moon's  orbit  from  its  tangent,  he  found  it  to  be  identical 
with  the  deflection  which  would  be  created  by  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  earth,  diminishing  in  the  ratio  of  the  inverse 
square  of  the  distance.  The  hypothesis  that  the  same 
force  acted  in  each  case  was  thus  confirmed.  The  success 
of  Newton’s  work  really  depended  on  the  determination  of 
the  length  of  a degree  on  the  earth’s  surface  by  Picard 
in  1671.  The  universal  law  of  gravitation  was  completely 
elaborated  by  1685.  The  first  hook  of  the  “Principia"  or 
“Philosophise  Naturalis  Principia  Mathematica’’  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Royal  Society,  April  28,  I0S6,  and  the  entire 
work  was  published  in  1687.  In  1689  he  satin  Parliament 
for  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  at  this  time  was  as- 
sociated with  John  Locke;  in  l, 01  he wasreelected.  When 
his  fri  nd  Charles  Montagu  (afterward  earl  of  Halifax)was 
appointed  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  Newton  was  made 
warden  of  the  mint,  and  in  1699  master  of  the  mint.  The 
reformation  of  English  coinage  was  largely  his  work.  The 
method  of  fluxions,  which  he  had  discovered,  was  employed 
in  the  calculations  for  the  “Principia,”  but  did  not  appear 
until  1693,  when  it  was  published  by  Wallis.  It  also  ap- 
peared in  1704  in  the  first  edition  of  the  “Optics.”  On 
Feb.  21, 1699,  he  was  elected  foreig  n associate  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences.  In  1703  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  held  the  office  till  his  death. 

Newton,  John.  Born  at  London,  July  24, 1725 : 
died  there,  Dee.  21,  1807.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  religious  poet.  His  father  was  governor  of 
York  Fort  in  Hudson  Bay.  Newton  served  in  his  father’s 
ship  before  1742,  and  was  afterward  in  the  navy  and  in  the 
slave-trade  until  1755,  when  he  was  made  tide-surveyor  at 
Liverpool.  Taking  up  the  study  of  Greek  and  Hebrew,  he 
was  ordained  priest  J une,  1764,  and  became  curate  of  Olney, 
where  Cowper  settled  about  1767.  They  published  the 
“Olney  Hymns"  together  in  1779.  In  1780  he  was  made 
rector  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  London.  Besides  many  well- 
known  hymns,  he  wrote  “Cardiphonia”  (1781).  etc.,  and 
an  “Authentic  Narrative  ” of  his  early  life  (1764). 

Newton,  John.  Born  Aug.  24, 1823:  died  May  1, 
1895.  An  American  engineer  and  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842 ; served  throughout  the 
Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volun- 
teers in  1803;  was  made  brigadier-general  and  chief  of 
engineers  in  the  regular  army  in  1S84 ; was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  1S86 ; and  was  appointed  commissioner  of 
public  works  at  New  York  in  1887,  aposition  which  he  re- 
signed in  lo88  to  accept  the  presidency  of  the  Panama  Rail- 
road Company.  His  chief  engineering  feat  was  the  im- 
provement of  Hell  Gate  channel  by  the  blasting  of  Hal- 
lett’s  Reef  Sept.  24,  1876,  and  Flood  Rock,  Oct.  10, 1885. 

Newton,  It.  The  pseudonym  under  which  Ed- 
ward Cave  began  printing  “The  Gentleman’s 
Magazine  ” in  1731. 

Newton,  Thomas.  Born  at  Butley,  Cheshire, 
about  1542:  died  at  Little  Ilford,  Essex,  May, 
1607.  An  English  divine  and  poet.  He  translated 
Seneca’s  “Thebais,”  and  in  1581  collected  the  ten  English 
translations  of  Seneca’s  tragedies.  In  1575  he  published 
a history  and  chronicle  of  the  Saracens  and  Turks,  etc. 
He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  writers  of  Latin  verse. 

Newton,  Thomas.  Born  at  Lichfield,  England, 
Jan.  1, 1704:  died  at  London,  Feb.  14, 1782.  An 
English  bishop  and  author.  He  wrote  “Disserta- 
tions on  the  Prophecies”  (1754-58)  and  annotations  on 
Milton's  “Paradise  Lost ’’and  “Paradise  Regained.” 

Newton-Abbot  (nu'ton-ab'ot).  A small  town 
in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Teign 
14  miles  south  by  west  of  Exeter.  William  of 
Orange  was  here  proclaimed  king  of  England 
in  1688. 

Newton-in-Makerfield  (-mak'er-feld),orNew- 
ton-le-Willows  (-le-wil'oz).  A town  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  15  miles  east  of  Liverpool. 
Population,  16.699. 

Newton- (or  Newtown-)  Stewart  (-stu'firt).  A 
town  in  Wigtonshire,  Scotland,  on  the  Cree  7 
miles  north  of  Wigtown.  Population,  2,598. 


New  York 

Newtown  (nu'toun).  A town  in  Montgomery- 
shire, Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn  8 miles 
southwest  of  Montgomery.  It  is  the  center  of 
the  Welsh  flannel  manufacture.  Population, 
6,500. 

Newtown.  The  name  given,  during  its  earliest 
history,  to  what  is  now  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts. 

Newtown.  A suburb  of  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales. 

Newtownards  (nu-tn-ardz').  A town  in  Coun- 
ty Down,  Ireland,  situated  near  Strangford 
Lough  9.)  miles  east  of  Belfast.  Population, 
9,110. 

Newtown-Barry  (nfi'toun-bar'i).  A village  in 
County  Wexford,  Ireland,  where,  June  1,  1798, 
a force  of  about  350  repulsed  an  attack  made 
by  upward  of  10,000  rebels. 

Newtown-Butler  (-but'ler).  A place  in  County 
F ermanagh,  Ireland,  73  miles  northwest  qf  Dub- 
lin. Here,  in  1689,  the  Irish  Protestants  defeated 
the  Irish  Catholics. 

New  Ulster  (ul'ster).  A name  formerly  given 
to  what  is  nowthe  North  Island  of  New  Zealand. 
New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  A.  A play  by 
Philip  Massinger,  printed  in  1632,  but  acted  be- 
fore that  date,  and  since  repeatedly  revived  up 
to  the  present  time. 

I have  no  doubt  in  calling  his  [Massinger’s]  real  master- 
piece by  far  the  fine  tragic-comedy  of  “A  New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts.”  The  revengeful  trick  by  which  a satellite  of 
the  great  extortioner.  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  brings  about 
his  employer’s  discomfiture,  regardless  of  his  own  ruin,  is 
very  like  the  denouement  of  the  Brass  and  Quilp  part  of 
the  “Old  Curiosity  Shop,"  may  have  suggested  it  (for  “A 
New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts"  lasted  as  an  acting  play  well 
into  Dickens’s  time),  and,  like  it,  is  a little  improbable. 
But  the  play  is  an  admirable  one,  and  Overreach  (who,  as 
is  well  known,  was  supposed  to  be  a kind  of  study  of  his 
half-namesake,  Mompesson,  the  notorious  monopolist)  is 
by  far  the  best  single  character  that  Massinger  ever  drew. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  399. 

New  Westminster  (west'min-ster).  A town  in 
British  Columbia,  situated  on  Fraser  Kiver 
in  lat.  49°  13'  N.,  long.  122°  54'  W.  It  was  for- 
merly the  capital.  Population,  13,199,  (1911). 
New  Wonder,  A:  A Woman  Never  Vext.  A 
comedy  by  Chapman,  printed  in  1632. 

New  World,  The.  North  and  South  America; 
the  western  hemisphere. 

New  York  (york).  One  of  the  Middle  States 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  extending  from 
lat.  40°  30'  to  45°  1'  N.,  and  from  long.  71°  51' 
to  79°  46'  W.  Capital,  Albany ; chief  city,  New 
York.  It  is  hounded  by  the  province  of  Ontario,  Canada 
(mostly  separated  by  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence) 
on  the  north,  Vermont  (partly  separated  by  Lake  Cham- 
plain), Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut  on”  the  east,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  New  York  Bay,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania (partly  separated  by  the  Delaware)  on  the  south, 
and  Pennsylvania  and  Ontario  (separated  by  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Niagara  River)  on  the  west.  Long  Island  and  Staten 
Island  are  included  in  it.  The  surface  is  greatly  diversi- 
fied. The  Adirondack  Mountains  are  in  the  northeast,  and 
the  Catskill  Mountains,  Shawangunk  Mountains,  High- 
lands, and  Taconic  Mountains  in  the  east.  The  State  be- 
longs chiefly  to  the  Hudson  and  St.  Lawrence  river-systems, 
but  in  part  also  to  those  of  the  Mississippi,  Susquehanna, 
and  Delaware.  It  contains  many  lakes,  including  Lakes 
George,  Oneida,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Chautauqua,  Owasco,  Ot- 
sego, and  Canandaigua,  and  is  noted  for  picturesque  scen- 
ery. It  is  called  “the  Empire  State.”  It  is  the  first  State 
in  the  Union  in  commerce,  manufactures,  population,  and 
estimated  value  of  property ; and  the  second  State  in  value 
of  farms.  The  agricultural  products  include  buckwheat, 
bailey,  oats,  rye,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  hay,  potatoes,  milk, 
butter,  and  cheese.  The  chief  mineral  products  are  salt, 
iron,  and  building-stone.  It  has  61  counties,  sends  2 sen- 
ators and  43  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  45  elec- 
toral votes.  The  principal  early  Indian  inhabitants  were 
Iroquois  (Five  Nations).  The  bay  of  New  York  was  entered 
by  Verrazano  in  1524.  Explorations  were  made  in  the 
north  by  < hamplain  in  1609,  and  in  the  south  by  Hudson 
in  1609.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  the  Dutch 
on  Manhattan  Island  in  1614  (or  1613).  The  region  (called 
New  Netherlands)  was  ruled  by  the  Dutch  governors  Min- 
uit,  Wouter  van  Twiller,  Kieft,  and  Stuyvesant : devastated 
by  an  Indian  war  about  1641 ; and  conquered  by  the  Eng- 
lish under  Nicolls  in  1664.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
New  England  were  consolidated  under  Andros  in  1686-89. 
New  York  was  the  scene  of  many  events  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war.  It  was  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States, 
and  was  the  scene  of  Burgoyne’s  surrender  (1777)and  other 
events  in  the  Revolutionary  War  and  in  the  War  of  1812. 
The  western  part  of  the  State  was  rapidly  developed  in 
the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  A new  constitution 
was  adopted  in  1846.  Area,  49,170  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 9,113,614,  (1910). 

New  York.  [Named  after  York  in  England,  with 
reference  to  the  Duke  of  York,  afterward  James 
II.]  A seaport  and  city  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  in  lat.  40°  43'  N.,long.  74°  0'  W.  In  1896 
(see  New  York,  Greater)  a law  was  passed  providing  that  on 
and  after-Jan.  1, 1898,  the  city  should  comprise  the  counties 
of  New  York  (with  which  it  was  coextensive  prior  to  that 
date),  Richmond  (Staten  Island),  and  Kings  (Brooklyn), 
Long  Island  City,  the  towns  of  Newtown,  Flushing,  Ja- 
maica, and  Westchester,  and  parts  of  Hempstead,  East 
Chester,  and  Pelham.  By  the  charter  adopted  in  1897  this 
territory  (359  square  miles  in  area)  was  divided  into  the 


New  York 

boroughs  of  Manhattan,  Brooklyn,  Bronx,  Richmond,  and 
Queens.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  the  western  hemisphere, 
and,  after  London,  the  largest  and  chief  commercial  city  in 
the  world.  It  is  the  chief  place  of  arrival  for  immigrants, 
and  has  more  than  half  of  the  foreign  trade  of  the  country. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  numerous  steamship  lines  to  all  parts 
of  the  world,  and  also  of  many  coasting  lines  and  of  rail- 
roads. Its  varied  manufactures  include  clothing,  boots  and 
shoes,  bread,  furniture,  cigars,  beer, machinery,  books,  etc. 
It  is  connected  by  ferries  and  tunnels  with  Jersey  City 
and  Hoboken  on  the  west,  and  by  tunnels  and  bridges  with 
Long  Island  on  the  east.  (See  Brooklyn  Bridge.)  Central 
Park  is  the  chief  park ; Broadway  the  main  business  artery  ; 
Fifth  Avenue  the  principal  fashionable  street;  and  Wall 
street  the  financial  center.  The  city  is  the  seat  of  Colum- 
bia University,  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  New 
York  University,  Union  Theological  Seminary  and  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Seminary,  and  of  the  New  York 
Public  Library  (Astor,  Lenox,  and  Tilden  foundations), 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  Cooper  Institute,  and 
the  Museum  of  Natural  History.  (See  Brooklyn.)  The 
old  city  hall,  founded  in  1803,  while  of  moderate  size,  is 
not  surpassed  by  any  other  example  of  architecture  in  the 
city.  The  style  is  the  English  Renaissance.  The  building 
has  2 stories  above  the  basement,  the  central  pavilion  hav- 
ing in  addition  an  attic  and  a projecting  porch  of  8 Ionic 
columns  above  a broad  flight  of  steps.  The  central  pavilion 
and  the  projecting  portions  of  the  wings  are  ornamented 
with  orders  of  pilasters,  Ionic  below  and  Corinthian  above, 
and  with  engaged  arcades  framing  the  windows.  The  gov- 
ernor’s room  is  adorned  with  an  interesting  collection  of 
historical  portraits.  Other  prominent  buildings  are  the 
post-office,  produce  exchange,  custom-house,  Cathedral  of 
St.  John  the  Divine,  the  new  public  library,  Roman  Catho- 
lic cathedral,  and  Trinity  Church.  The  city  was  settled  by 
tire  Dutch  in  1623,  and  called  at  first  New  Amsterdam — 
Manhattan  Island  being  purchased  from  Indians  for  $24  in 
1626.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  English  in  1664,  retaken  in 
1673,  and  restored  in  1674 ; was  the  scene  of  Leisler's  un- 
successful insurrection  in  1689-91,  and  of  the  supposed  ne- 
gro plot  in  1741 ; w as  occupied  by  the  British  in  Sept.,  1776; 
and  was  evacuated  by  them  Nov.  25, 1783.  It  was  the  State 
capital  from  1784  to  1797,  and  the  capital  of  the  United 
States  from  1785  to  1790.  A great  fire  occurred  in  1835 ; the 
Astor  Place  riot  in  1849 ; the  Crystal  Palace  Industrial  Ex- 
hibition in  1853;  the  draft  riots  in  July,  1863;  and  the 
Orange  riot  July  12,  1871.  Population  (1890),  1,515,301, 
according  to  the  national  census ; according  to  a municipal 
census,  1,710,715;  of  Manhattan  Borough,  2,331,542,  (1910). 

New  York,  Greater.  The  popular  name  of  the 
new  municipality  (established  1896)  which  in- 
cludes New  York,  Brooklyn  (Kings  County), 
Long  Island  City,  Staten  Island,  Westchester, 
Flushing,  Newtown,  Jamaica,  and  parts  of 
East  Chester,  Pelham,  and  Hempstead.  The 
charter  wasadopted  in  1897.  (See  New  York.)  It  comprises 
five  boroughs : Manhattan,  Bronx,  Brooklyn,  Queens,  and 
Richmond.  Population,  4,766,883,  (1910). 

New  York  Bay.  The  bay  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudson  on  which  New  York  city  is  situated. 
It  includes  New  York  Upper  Bay,  the  harbor  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  North  and  East  rivers,  northeast  of  Staten 
Island,  and  New  York  Lower  Bay. 

New  York  Public  Library.  A library,  founded 
by  consolidation  of  the  Astor,  Lenox,  and  Til- 
den foundations,  in  May,  1895.  The  new  li- 
brary building  was  opened  to  the  public  in  May, 
1911.  It  contains  about  800,000  volumes,  300,000  pam- 
phlets, and  100,000  manuscripts.  In  addition  there  are 
about  40  branch  (circulating)  libraries,  which  will  be  in- 
creased to  about  60. 

New  York  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  New  York,  founded  in  1831.  it  contains 
faculties  of  art,  Bcience,  law,  pedagogy,  commerce,  and 
medicine,  and  has  about  350  instructors  and  over  4,000 
students. 

New  Zealand  (ze'land),  Dominion  of.  A self- 
governing  dependency  of  Great  Britain : a 
group  of  islands,  a British  colonial  possession, 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  southeast  of 
Australia,  and  included  mostly  between  lat. 
34°  20'  and  47°  30'  S.,  and  long.  166°  30'  and 
178°  30'  E.  Capital,  Wellington.  It  includes 
North  Island,  South  Island,  and  Stewart  Island,  etc.  The 
North  Island  is  Bomewhat  mountainous,  the  South  Island 
largely  so  (the  Southern  Alps  culminate  in  Mount  Cook, 
12,319  feet).  The  chief  industry  is  agriculture  ; the  lead- 
ing exports  are  gold,  wool,  sheep,  agricultural  products, 
etc.  Government  is  vested  in  a governor,  appointed  by  the 
crown,  and  a general  assembly  consisting  of  a legislative 
council  (appointed  by  the  governor,  now  for  7 years)  and  a 
house  of  representatives  (elected).  The  group  was  discov- 
ered by  Tasman  in  1642,  and  was  visited  by  Cook.  A mis- 
sionary settlement  was  made  in  1814.  The  settlers  have 
been  often  at  war  with  the  natives  (Maoris),  especially  in 
1860-61  and  1863-66.  Area,  104,751  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  1,030,000. 

Ney  (na),  Michel,  Due  d’Eichingon,  Prince  de 
la  Moskowa.  Born  at  Saarlouis  (now  in  Prus- 
sia), Jan.  10,  1769:  shot  at  Paris,  Dec.  7,  1815. 
A celebrated  French  marshal.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1787 ; became  ageneral  of  brigade  in  1796  ; obtained  com- 
mand on  the  Rhine  in  1799;  gained  the  victory  of  El- 
chingen  Oct.  14,  1805  (for  which  he  was  created  duke  of 
Elchingen) ; took  part  in  the  battles  of  Jena  Oct.  14, 1806, 
Eylau  Feb.  7-8,  1807,  and  Friedland  June  14, 1807  ; served 
in  Spain  1808-11 ; rendered  important  service  at  Borodino 
Sept.  7,  1812  (for  which  he  was  created  prince  of  the 
Moskva) ; commanded  the  rear-guard  in  the  retreat  from 
Russia  in  1812 ; served  at  Liitzen  May  2,  Bautzen  May  20-21, 
and  Leipsic  Oct.  16-19, 1813 ; was  defeated  by  Von  Bulow  at 
Dennewitz  Sept.  6,  1813 ; served  in  the  campaign  of  1814 ; 
was  made  a peer  after  the  restoration  in  1814  hy  Louis 
XVIII.;  deserted  to  Napoleon  in  1815;  was  defeated  by 
Wellington  at  Quatre-Bras  June  16, 1815  ; and  commanded 


735 

the  Old  Guard  at  Waterloo  June  18.  He  was  condemned 
by  the  House  of  Peers  as  a traitor,  and  shot. 

Nezhin,  or  Nejin,  or  Niezhin  (nye'zhen). 
A town  in  the  government  of  Tchernigoff, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Oster  41  miles  south- 
east of  Tchernigoff.  It  was  formerly  of 
commercial  importance.  Population,  about 
33,000. 

Nez  PercS.  See  Chopunnish. 

Ngala  (nga'la),  or  Bangala  (bang-ga'la).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  settled  on  the 
Kongo  River  where  it  bends  to  the  southwest, 
between  the  Balolo,  Baloi,  and  Babangi.  strong 
and  brave,  though  notorious  as  cannibals,  they  furnish 
good  soldiers  for  the  Kongo  State  army.  See  Mbangala. 

Ngambue  (ngam ' bwe),  or  Bangambue  (bang- 
gam'bwe).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  settled  on  the  Kakulovare  River  in  the 
highland  back  of  Mossamedes.  They  are  kinsmen 
of  the  Nyaneka  tribe,  and,  like  these,  peaceful  agricul- 
turists owning  cattle. 

Ngami  (nga'me),  Lake.  A lake  in  southern 
Africa,  situated  about  lat.  20°  30'  S.,  long.  22° 
40'  E.  It  was  discovered  by  Livingstone  in  1849,  but  the 
basin  is  now  reported  to  be  virtually  a dry  expanse. 

Nganga  (ngang'ga),  or  Manganga  (mang- 
gang'ga).  A Bantu  tribe  in  British  Nyassa- 
land,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Nyassa.  The 
mountaineers  are  called  Kantundu,  the  dwellers  of  the 
plain  Chipeta  : their  dialects  are  slightly  different.  The 
Nganga  language  has  a rising  literature,  most  of  which  is 
printed  in  the  Scotch  mission  stations.  It  is  also  spoken 
by  the  Makololo,  who,  left  on  the  Shire  by  Livingstone, 
have  become  powerful  by  accessions  from  neighboring 
tribes.  Also  called  Wanyassa. 

Ngangela  (ngang-ga ' la),  or  Ovangangela 

(o-vang-gang-ga'la).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  east  of  the  Upper  Kunene  and 
Kuanza  rivers.  They  are  clever  iron-workers  and  wax- 
hunters,  belonging  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Ovimbundu. 
Also  Bangangela. 

Ngan-hui.  See  Anhwei. 

Ngindo  (ngen'do),  or  Wangindo  (wang-gen'- 
do).  A Bantu  tribe  of  German  East  Africa, 
spread  over  a vast  area  between  the  Rufiji  and 
Umbekuru  rivers,  and  between  their  kinsmen 
the  Wakichi  and  the  Maehonde.  Their  chests  and 
arms  are  tattooed,  and  two  incisors  are  sharpened.  They 
have  always  opposed  the  slave-trade.  The  language  is 
called  Kingindo,  the  countr  ■ Ungindo. 

Ngola  (ngo'la).  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  whose  adapted  name  (Angola)  is  also 
applied  to  the  native  Angola  nation  and  to  the 
Portuguese  province  of  Angola.  The  king  of  Ngola, 
whose  residence  used  to  be  at  Loanda,  was  driven  by  the 
Portuguese  first  to  Pungo  Andongo,  and  then  to  the  Earn- 
bu  and  Hamba  valleys,  where  his  people  still  dwell  in  com- 
plete independence.  The  Ngola  people  are  slender,  dark- 
colored,  oval-faced,  with  fine  features  and  extremities, 
shrewd  and  warlike,  agricultural  and  pastoral.  Their  hair 
is  plaited  and  shaped  into  various  patterns.  Their  dialect 
in  its  purity  is  the  base  of  Kimbundu.  Ndongo,  Matam- 
ba,  and  Ndanji  are  the  three  provinces  of  theNgoIa  king- 
dom. Jinga  is  the  name  generally  used  by  the  Portu- 
guese for  Ngola  or  Ndongo. 

Ngornu.  See  Angornu. 

NgTiru  (ngo'ro).  A mountainous  and  fertile  dis- 
trict west  of  Zanzibar,  drained  by  the  Luseru 
and  Luiga  rivers.  The  population  is  dense,  and 
consists  of  the  Wanguru,  Wahumba,  and  Wachambala 
tribes,  whose  villages  are  fortified  by  stockades.  See  also 
Kanuri. 

Niagara  (ni-ag'a-ra).  A river  in  North  Amer- 
ica which  flows  from  Lake  Erie  northward  into 
Lake  Ontario.  It  separates  New  York  on  the  east  from 
the  province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  on  the  west.  Length,  32 
miles.  It  descends  about  326  feet  in  rapids  and  cataract. 
See  Niagara  Falls. 

Niagara.  A town  in  Niagara  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  river  Niagara,  and  contain- 
ing tlie  village  of  LaSalle.  Population,  1,648, 
(1910). 

Niagara,  Battle  of.  See  Lundy’s  Lane. 
Niagara  Falls.  The  largest  cataract  in  the 
world,  situated  in  the  Niagara  River  17  miles 
north-northwest  of  Buffalo,  it  is  divided  by  Goat 
Island  into  the  American  B’all  (164  feet  high)  and  the  Ca- 
nadian (or  Horseshoe)  Fall  (150  feet  high).  The  width  of 
the  river  at  the  brink  of  the  fall  is  4,750  feet.  The  water- 
power of  the  falls  (the  total  amount  of  which  is  believed 
to  be  several  millions  of  horse  power — much  more  than  all 
thesteam-power  andwater-powernowutilizedin  theUnited 
States)  is  now,  in  part,  utilized  by  means  of  turbine 
water-wheels  set  at  the  bottom  of  deep  shafts  and  con- 
nected with  a tunnel  for  the  escape  of  the  water,  which 
empties  below  the  falls. 

Niagara  Falls,  from  the  Canadian  side.  A 
painting  by  F.  E.  Church  (1857),  in  the  Corcoran 
gallery,  Washington.  Niagara,  from  the  American 
side,  is  in  the  National  Gallery,  Edinburgh. 

Niagara  Falls.  A city  in  Niagara  County, 
New  York,  situated  opposite  Niagara  Falls. 
Population,  30,445,  (1910). 

Niagara  of  Brazil.  The  cataract  of  Paulo  Af- 
fonso  on  the  river  Sao  Francisco. 


Nicaragua 

Niagusta  (ne-a-gos'ta),  or  Nausa  (nou'sa). 
A town  in  Macedonia,  European  Turkey,  52 
miles  west  of  Saloniki.  It  is  noted  for  its  wine. 
Population,  estimated,  5,000. 

Niam-Niam.  See  Nyam-Nyam. 

Niantic.  See  Narraganset. 

Nias  (ne-as').  An  island  west  of  Sumatra,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  1°  N.  Length,  95  miles. 

Niassa.  See  Nyassa. 

Nibelungenlied (ne'be-long-en-led).  [G., ‘ Song 
of  the  Nibelungs.’]  A Middle  High  German 
epic  poem,  written  in  its  present  form  by  an 
unknown  author  in  South  Germany  in  the  first 
half  of  the  13th  century.  The  legends,  however,  are 
much  earlier,  having  been  handed  down  orally.  Its  hero, 
Siegfried,  is  a mythical  prince  and  later  king  of  Niderland 
(the  region  about  Xanten  on  the  lower  Rhine),  who  pos- 
sessed the  so-called  “hoard  of  the  Nibelungs,"  won  by  him 
in  Norway.  He  wooed  Brunhild,  a princess  of  Island,  for 
the  Burgundian  king  Gunther,  whose  sister,  Kriemhild,  be- 
came his  wife.  He  was  afterward  treacherously  slain,  and 
the  hoard  was  ultimately  sunk  in  the  Rhine.  The  Nibe- 
lungenlied is  the  greatest  monument  of  early  German  liter- 
ature. Historical  and  mythical  elementsaremingledin  it. 
Wagner’s  “Ring  of  the  Nibelungs’’  has  taken  little  except 
names  from  the  German  epic.  The  source  of  his  material 
is  the  Old  Norse  version  of  the  legend  contained  in  the 
Volsunga  Saga  and  the  Edda.  See  Bing  des  Nibelungen. 

Nibelungs  (ne'be-longz),  The,  G.  Nibelungen 

(ne'be-long-en).  In  German  legend,  originally 
a race  of  Northern  dwarfs,  so  called  from  their 
king  Nibelung ; then  applied  to  the  followers 
of  Siegfried  (the  conquerors  of  the  hoard  of  the 
Nibelungs) ; later  identified  with  the  Burgun- 
dians. 

Niblo’s  Garden.  A theater  on  Broadway,  near 
Prince  street,  New  York  city.  It  was  one  of  the  old- 
est in  the  city,  having  been  opened  in  1828  as  the  Sans 
Souci : in  1829  it  was  a concert  saloon.  Niblo’s  garden  and 
theater,  owned  by  William  Niblo,  were  opened  in  1839, 
burned  in  1846  and  in  1872,  and  reopened  the  latter  year. 
It  was  taken  down  in  1895. 

Nicaea  (ni-se'a),  Anglicized  as  Nice  (nes).  [Gr. 
Nucawz.]  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in  Bi- 
thynia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  Lake  Ascania  58 
miles  southeast  of  Constantinople : the  modern 
Isnik.  It  was  built  in  the  4th  century  B.  C.,  and  was  one 
of  the  chief  cities  of  Bithynia ; was  the  seat  of  the  first 
general  church  council  in  325  A.  i>.,  and  of  the  seventh  in 
787 ; and  was  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1097,  and  by  the 
Turks  in  1330. 

Nicsea  (in  France).  [Gr.  NAam.]  See  Nice. 
Nicaea,  Empire  of.  A Greek  empire  (1206-61), 
founded  by  Theodore  Lascaris,  which  had  its 
center  at  Nicaea,  Asia  Minor,  during  the  period 
of  the  Latin  Empire  at  Constantinople.  It  was 
merged  in  the  restored  Byzantine  empire  in 
1261. 

Nicander  (ni-kan'der).  [Gr.  N hcardpof.]  Lived 
probably  in  the  2d  century  B.  c.  A Greek  poet, 
grammarian,  and  physician,  authorof  two  extant 
poems  on  venomous  animals  and  poisons. 
Nicander  (ne-kan'der),  Karl  August.  Born  at 
Strengnas,  Sweden,  March  20,  1799:  died  Feb. 
7,  1839.  A Swedish  poet.  The  death  of  his  father 
while  he  was  a child  left  him  without  means,  and  in  early 
life  he  was  a tutor.  His  first  important  work  was  the  dra- 
matic poem  ‘ ‘ Runesvardet (1821),  whose  motive  is  the  con- 
flict between  heathenism  and  Christianity.  Two  poems, 
“ Tassos  dod  ” (“  The  Death  of  Tasso  ’ ) and  “ Konung  Enzio  ’’ 
(“  King  Enzio"),  the  former  of  which  won  the  prize  of  the 
Swedish  Academy,  were  on  Italian  subjects.  He  was  now 
(1827)enabled  to  undertake  a journey  to  Rome,  which,  how- 
ever, ended  disastrously  in  that  he  was  left,  without  means, 
to  make  his  way  home  as  best  he  could.  Subsequently  he 
was  given  a subordinate  position  in  the  public  service,  and 
made  some  translations  for  the  royal  theater.  "Minnen 
fr&n  Sodern  ”(“  Reminiscences  of  the  South  ’’),  a description 
of  his  travels,  appeared  in  1831.  This  was  followed  by 
“Hesperiden  ’’(“The  Hesperides  ”),  a volume  of  poems  and 
tales.  His  last  work  was  the  poem  “Lejonetibknen(“The 
Lion  in  the  Wilderness”),  aeulogyof  Napoleon.  His  life  to 
within  a few  years  of  his  death,  when  his  literary  work  at 
last  yielded  him  an  income  sufficient  for  his  needs,  was  al- 
most a constant  struggle  with  want.  His  collected  works 
★appeared  at  Stockholm  in  1877,  in  2 vols. 

Nicaragua  (nik-a-ra'gwaorne-ka-ra'gwa).  One 
of  the  five  republics  of  Central  America.  Capi- 
tal, Managua;  chief  city,  Leon,  it  is  bounded  by 
Honduras  on  the  northwest  and  north,  the  Caribbean  Sea 
on  the  east,  Costa  Rica  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the 
west,  and  is  traversed  from  southeast  to  northwest  by  a de- 
pression including  the  river  San  Juan  and  Lakes  Nicaragua 
and  Managua(the  route  of  the  proposed  ship-canal).  Much 
of  the  eastern  coast  included  in  the  Mosquito  Reservation 
[is  low  (see  Mosquitia).  There  are  numerous  volcanoes ; 
earthquakes  are  frequent  and  sometimes  violent.  The 
most  important  exports  are  coffee,  hides,  cabinet-woods, 
rubber,  fruits,  and  gold  ; silver-mining,  formerly  a very 
important  industry,  has  been  abandoned.  The  inhabitants 
are  Spanish  creoles,  Indians,  a few  negroes,  and  mixed 
races.  Spanish  is  the  common  language,  and  the  state  re- 
ligion is  Roman  Catholic.  The  chief  executive  is  a presi- 
dent, chosen  for  6 years  ; and  congress  consists  of  a single 
house  of  36  members.  Columbus  coasted  the  eastern 
side  of  Nicaragua  in  1502,  but  it  was  first  explored  from 
the  Pacific  side  by  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  in  1521-22.  It  was 
settled  1524-25  by  I’rancisco  Hernandez  de  Cordoba,  acting 
for  Pedrarias.  During  the  colonial  period  it  was  a prov- 
ince of  Guatemala  Independence  was  proclaimed  in  1821, 
and  from  1823  to  1839  N icaragua  was  a state  in  the  Central 


Nicaragua 

American  Federation.  Since  1840  it  has  been  an  indepen- 
dent republic.  Civil  wars  and  struggles  with  the  other  Cen- 
tral American  republics  have  been  frequent.  The  filibuster 
Walker  held  a part  of  the  country  1855-56.  Area,  about 
49,200  square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  over  600,000. 

Nicaragua,  Lake.  [See  Nicarao.']  A lake  in 
the  southern  part  of  Nicaragua,  it  receives  the 
waters  of  Lake  Managua  by  the  Tipitapa,  and  has  its  out- 
let in  the  San  Juan.  The  surface  is  llOfeetabove  sea-level, 
the  depth  varying  from  12  to  83  feet.  There  are  several 
Islands,  the  largest,  Ometepe,  containing  two  volcanic 
peaks.  Length,  92  miles ; greatest  width,  40  miles. 

Nicaragua  Canal.  A proposed  ship-canal  be- 
tween the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
crossing  the  republic  of  Nicaragua  and  utiliz- 
ing the  natural  waterway  furnished  by  Lako 
Nicaragua  and  the  San  Juan  Eiver.  Partial  sur- 
veys  of  this  route  were  made  by  Americans  in  1S26  and  1837- 
1838,  and  more  complete  ones  for  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment in  1872-73  by  Commander  E.  P.  Lull,  and  in  18S5 
by  A.  G.  Menocal.  The  Nicaraguan  government  made  con- 
cessions for  constructing  the  canal  to  Americans  in  18-19 
and  1880  and  to  a Frenchman  in  1858,  but  they  all  lapsed 
without  results.  In  1SS4  a treaty  was  signed  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  canal  by  the  United  States  government, 
but  the  Senate  refused  to  ratify  it.  I n 1887  the  Nicaraguan 
government  granted  a new  concession  for  100  years  (con- 
firmed by  Costa  Rica)  to  the  Nicaraguan  Canal  Company, 
by  which  it  was  transferred  to  the  Maritime  Canal  Com- 
pany : the  latter  was  organized  May  4, 18S9,  under  a charter 
from  the  United  States  government,  and  it  agreed  to  com- 
plete the  work  within  five  years.  The  route  decided  upon 
was  from  San  Juan  del  Norte  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  to 
Brito  on  the  Pacific  coast,  a distance  of  109i  miles.  Of 
this  about  117  miles  was  through  the  lake  and  the  San 
Juan  River,  and  in  the  remainder  advantage  could  be 
taken  of  river-basins,  so  that  the  actual  excavations  would 
not  exceed  27  miles.  There  were  to  be  two  canals  proper, 
each  with  three  locks  : one  from  Ochoa  on  the  San  Juan 
River  to  the  port  of  San  Juan  del  Norte  (about  35  miles, 
including  the  river-basins),  and  the  other  from  Lake  Nic- 
aragua, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lajas,  to  Brito  (17^-  miles). 
The  locks  were  to  bring  the  canals  to  the  necessary  sum- 
mit level,  which  in  the  lake  was  110  feet.  The  deepest 
excavations  were  to  have  been  on  the  eastern  section  where 
it  crosses  the  eastern  divide:  here,  for  three  miles,  the  aver- 
age depth  to  be  excavated  was  141  feet.  Subsidiary  works 
were  a dam  at  Ochoa,  improvement  of  the  river  and  lake 
channels,  improvement  of  the  harbor  of  San  Juan  del 
Norte,  and  the  construction  of  a harbor  at  Brito,  with  the 
building  of  a short  railroad  for  the  transportation  of  ma- 
chinery. The  work  was  undertaken  by  the  Nicaragua 
Construction  Company,  organized  under  the  laws  of  Colo- 
rado June  10, 1887.  This  company  purchased  apart  of  the 
plant  which  had  been  used  on  the  Panama  Canal, and  actual 
work  was  commenced  at  San  Juan  June  3,  1889.  A great 
part  of  the  necessary  railroad  was  built  and  improvements 
of  the  harbor  of  San  Juan  (said  to  have  been  unsuccessful) 
were  made.  Work  practically  ceased  from  lack  of  funds 
in  Dec.,  1892,  and  on  Aug.  30,  1893,  the  Nicaragua  Con- 
struction Company  went  into  the  hands  of  a receiver.  The 
Nicaragua  route,  as  compared  with  other  proposed  canal- 
routes  across  the  Isthmus,  found  much  favor  among  Amer- 
ican engineers.  The  chief  objection  raised  to  it, principally 
by  French  engineers,  was  the  supposed  liability  of  the  canal 
to  injury  from  earthquakes  or  volcanic  eruptions.  Congress 
investigated  the  route  but  decided  in  favor  of  Panama. 

Nicarao  (ne-ka-ra'o),  or  Nicaragua.  A Cen- 
tral American  Indian  chief,  whose  tribe  occu- 
pied territory  near  a large  lake,  subsequently 
called  Lake  Nicaragua  (Nicarao-agua,  ‘water 
of  Nicarao’)  by  the  Spaniards,  from  his  name. 
Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  first  visited  them  in  1522,  and  ob- 
tained much  gold  by  trading.  See  Nicaraos. 

Nicaraos  (ne-ka-ra'os),  or  Nicaraguas  (ne-ka- 
ra'gwaz),  or  Niquirans  (ne-ke-ranz').  [From 
the  name  of  their  chief.]  A tribe  of  Indians 
which,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  inhabited 
western  Nicaragua,  between  Lake  Nicaragua 
and  the  Pacific.  The  Nicaraos  appear  to  have  been  a 
distant  offshoot  of  the  Nahuatlecan  stock.  They  were 
early  subdued  by  the  Spaniards,  and  their  descendants 
form  part  of  the  peasant  population  of  the  same  district. 
Nicaria  (ne-ka-re'a).  An  island  in  the  Aegean 
Sea,  belonging  to  the  Sporades,  13  miles  west 
of  Samos : the  ancient  Icaria.  It  is  a Turkish 
possession.  Length,  25  miles. 

Nicastro  (ne-kas'tro).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Catanzaro,  Calabria,  Italy,  situated  in  lat. 
39°  N.,  long.  16°  22'  E.  Population,  town, 
13,327;  commune,  17,524. 

Niccola  Pisano.  See  Pisano. 

Niccolini  (nek-ko-le'ne),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  San  Giuliano,  near  Pisa,  Italy,  Oct.  29, 
1782 : died  at  Florence,  Sept.  20,  1861.  An  Ital- 
ian poet,  an  imitator  of  Alfieri.  Among  his  dramas 
are  “ Polyxena  ” (1811),  “ Nabucco  ” (1819),  “Antonio  Fos- 
earini  ” (1827),  “ Arnaldo  da  Brescia  ” (1835). 

Nice  (nes).  A former  countship,  later  a prov- 
ince, of  Sardinia.  The  western  part  was  ceded  to 
France  in  1860,  and  comprised  in  the  department  of  Alpes- 
Mari  times. 

Nice,  It.  Nizza  (net'sii).  A seaport  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  department  of  Alpes-Maritimes, 
France,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat. 
43°  42'  N.,  long.  7°  17'  E.:  the  ancient  Niesea. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  winter  health-resorts  of  the  Riviera, 
picturesquely  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps.  It  exports 
fruit,  and  has  manufactures  of  oil  and  perfumes.  The 
principal  places  of  resort  are  the  Promenade  des  Anglais 
and  the  Jardin  Public.  Nice  was  founded  by  Massil- 
ianB  In  the  5th  century  B.  c.  In  the  middle  ages  it  be- 


736 

longed  to  the  county  of  Provence.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
Saracens ; passed  to  Savoy  in  1388 ; was  captured  by  Bar- 
barossa ; passed  to  France  in  1792,  and  again  to  Sardinia  in 
1814  ; and  was  ceded  to  France  in  1860.  It  was  severely 
damaged  by  earthquake  in  1887.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Massena  and  Garibaldi.  Population,  commune,  134,232. 
Nice  (in  Bithynia).  See  Nicsea. 

Nice,  Councils  of.  See  Nicene  Councils. 

Nice,  Truce  of.  A truce  concluded  at  Nice, 
in  1538,  between  Francis  I.  of  France  and  the 
emperor  Charles  V. 

Nicene  Councils,  Two  general  councils  which 
met  at  Nictea  in  Asia  Minor.  The  first  Nicene 
Council,  which  was  also  the  first  general  council,  met  in 
325,  condemned  Ariauism,  and  promulgated  the  Nicene 
Creed  in  its  earlier  form.  The  second  Nicene  Council,  ac- 
counted also  the  seventh  general  council,  was  held  in  787, 
and  condemned  the  Iconoclasts.  The  recognition  of  the 
first  Nicene  Council  as  ecumenical  has  been  almost  uni- 
versal among  Christians  of  all  confessions.  It  is  acknow- 
ledged to  the  present  day  not  only  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
and  Greek  churches,  and  by  many  Protestant  churches,  but 
by  Nestorians,  Jacobites,  and  Copts.  The  Anglican  Church 
does  not  accept  the  second  Nicene  Council  as  ecumenical. 

Nicene  Creed  or  Symbol.  A summary  of  the 
chief  tenets  of  the  Christian  faith,  first  set  forth 
as  of  ecumenical  authority  by  the  first  Nicene 
Council  (325),  but  closely  similar  in  wording  to 
ancient  creeds  of  Oriental  churches,  and  spe- 
cially founded  upon  the  baptismal  creed  of  the 
Church  of  Caesarea  in  Palestine. 

Nicephorus  (ni-sef'o-rus)  I.  [Gr.  Nix^opof.] 
Born  at  Seleucia,  Pisidia : killed  811.  Byzantine 
emperor  802-811.  He  was  at  war  with  Harun- 
al-Eashid  and  with  the  Bulgarians. 
Nicephorus  ll.  Phocas.  Born  about  912:  assas- 
sinated 969.  Byzantine  emperor  963-969.  He 
was  distinguished,  both  before  and  after  his  accession,  as 
a general  in  wars  with  the  Saracens. 

Nicephorus  III.  Byzantine  emperor  1078-81. 
Nicephorus  Bryennius  (bii-en'i-us).  Born  at 
Orestias,  Macedonia:  died  after  1137.  A Byzan- 
tine historian,  husband  of  Anna  Comnena.  He 
wrote  a Byzantine  history  which  was  completed 
by  his  wife. 

Nicephorus  Callistus  (ka-lis'tus).  Died  in  the 
middle  of  the  14th  century.  A Byzantine  ec- 
clesiastical historian. 

Nicephorus  Gregoras(greg'o-ras).  Born  in  Asia 
Minor,  1295:  died  about  1359.  A Byzantine  his- 
torian. He  wrote  a Byzantine  history. 
Nicephorus  Patriarcha  (pa-tri-ar'ka).  Born 
758 : died  828.  A Byzantine  historian,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople  806-815.  He  wrote  a Byzantine  his- 
tory, “Breviarium  ” (ed.  by  J.  Bekker),  and  a chronology. 

Nicetas  Acominatus  (m-se'tas  a-kom-i-na'tus) 

, or  Choniates  (ko-nl'a-tez).  "Born  in  Phrygia, 
Asia  Minor:  died  at  Nictea,  Bithynia,  about 
1216.  A Byzantine  historian.  He  wrote  a By- 
zantine history  (ed.  by  J.  Bekker). 

Nice  Valour,  The,  or  the  Passionate  Mad- 
man. A comedy  by  Fletcher  and  another  ( Mid- 
dleton, according  to  Fleay),  printed  in  1647,  but 
produced  much  earlier  (before  1624).  in  this 
play  is  “ Hence,  all  you  vain  delights,”  a song  which 
formed  the  basis  of  Milton's  “II  Peuseroso.” 

Nlchol  (nik'ol),  John.  Born  Sept.  8,  1833: 
died  Oct.  11,  1894,  A Scottish  writer  and  lec- 
turer, son  of  J.  P.  Nichol:  professor  of  English 
literature  in  Glasgow  University  from  1862  to 
■1889.  He  published  “Fragments  of  Criticism”  (I860), 
“ English  Composition  ” (1879),  “ The  Death  of  Themisto- 
cles,  and  Other  Poems"  (1881),  “ American  Literature : an 
Historical  Review  ” (1882),  etc. 

Nichol  (nik'ol),  John  Pringle.  Born  at  Brechin, 
Scotland,  Jan.  13,  1804:  died  near  Eothesay, 
Scotland,  Sept.  19, 1859.  A Scottish  astronomer. 
He  wrote  “Views  of  the  Architecture  of  the  Heavens” 
(1838),  “The  Stellar  Universe”  (1847),  “The  Planetary 
System  ” (1848-50),  etc. 

Nicholas  (nik'o-las),  Saint.  [Prop,  spelled  Nic- 
olas; F.  Nicolas  "(also  Nicole,  whence  E.  Nicol, 
Nicoll,  Nichol,  Nichols,  etc.),  Sp.  Nicolas,  Pg. 
Nicoldo,  It.  Nicola,  Nicolo,  D.  Niklaas,  Klass,  G. 
Nikolaus,  Niklas,  Klaus,  Buss.  Nikolai,  Nikola, 
L.  Nicolaus,  also  Nicolas,  from  Gr.  NucdXaog, 
later  forms  of  which  are  NmdlaQ  and  Nindleuc, 
victor  of  the  people.]  Lived  about  300  a.  d.  A 
noted  bishop  of  Myra,  Lycia.  Asia  Minor.  He  has 
been  adopted  as  the  patron  saint  of  Russia,  and  is  also 
regarded  as  the  patron  saintof  seafaring  men,  thieves,  vir- 
gins, and  children.  He  is  a prominent  saint  of  the  Greek 
Church,  and  his  festival  is  celebrated  Dec.  6.  He  owes  his 
position  as  Santa  Claus  (corruption  of  Sant  Nicolaus)  to 
the  legend  that  he  wished  to  preserve  the  three  daughters 
of  a poor  nobleman  from  dishonor  when  the  father,  having 
no  money  for  marriage  portions,  was  about  to  force  them 
to  support  themselves  by  a degrading  life.  St.  Nicholas, 
passing  the  house  at  night,  threw  a purse  of  gold  in  at  an 
open  window  forthree  nights  in  succession, thus  furnishing 
a dowry  for  each  daughter.  On  the  third  night  the  noble- 
man watched  for  and  discovered  him,  but  the  saint  made 
him  promise  not  to  reveal  his  munificence.  From  this  in- 
cident is  said  to  be  derived  the  custom  of  placing  gifts  in 
the  shoes  or  stockings  of  children  on  the  eve  of  St.  Nich- 
olas’s day,  and  attributing  the  gifts  to  Santa  Claus.  The 


Nicholson,  William 

custom  has  in  some  countries  been  transferred  to  Christ- 
mas. The  election  of  a boy  bishop  on  St.  Nicholas's  day 
(Dec  6)  is  an  ancient  ceremony.  The  custom  prevailed  in 
English  cathedrals,  grammar-schools,  etc.,  but  especially 
at  .Salisbury.  The  actors  were  the  choristers,  and  the  boy 
bishop  was  chosen  from  among  them.  He  held  a burlesque 
jurisdiction  until  Innocents’  day  (Dee.  29).  The  ritual  was 
an  exact  burlesque  of  the  episcopal  function.  The  custom 
died  out  with  the  establishment  of  Protestantism,  but  lin- 
gered in  the  Eton  Montem,  a celebration  now  abolished. 
Nicholas  I.,  surnamed  “ The  Great.”  Pope  858- 
867.  He  maintained  the  papal  authority  in  dealing  with 
Lothair,  king  of  Lorraine.  He  recognized  the  Pseudo-Isi- 

Nicholas  IL(  Gerard).  Pope  1058-61.  He  was 
under  the  influence  of  Hildebrand. 

Nicholas  III.  (Giovanni  Gaetano).  Pope 

1277-80.  He  belonged  to  the  house  of  Orsini. 
Nicholas  IV.  (Girolamo  d’Ascoli).  Pope 

1288-92. 

Nicholas  V.  (Tommaso  Parentucelli).  Born 

at  Sarzana,  Italy:  died  March  24,  1455.  Pope 
1447-55.  He  is  noted  for  his  encouragement 
of  learning  and  art. 

Nicholas  V.  Antipope,  elected  in  opposition 
to  John  XXII.  in  1328 : deposed  in  1330. 
Nicholas  I.  Born  near  St.  Petersburg,  June  25 
(O.  S.),  1796:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  18 
(O.  S.),  1855.  Czar  of  Eussia,  third  son  of  Paul 
I.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Alexander  I.  in  1825 ; carried 
on  a war  with  Persia  1826-28,  and  with  Turkey  1827-29 ; 
suppressed  the  insurrection  of  Poland  1830-31 ; aided  Aus- 
tria in  suppressing  the  Hungarian  insurrection  in  1S49 ; 
and  commenced  war  against  Turkey  in  1853,  which  in  1854 
involved  him  in  war  also  with  Great  Britain  and  France 
(the  Crimean  war). 

Nicholas  II.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  18, 
1868.  Czar  of  Eussia,  son  of  Alexander  III. 
whom  he  succeeded  Nov.  1,  1894.  He  married 
Princess  Alix  of  Hesse,  granddaughter  of  Queen  Victoria, 
Nov.  26,  1894. 

Nicholas,  Grand  Duke.  Born  July  27  (O.  S.), 
1831:  died  at  Alupka,  Crimea,  April  13,  1891. 
Third  son  of  the  czar  Nicholas.  He  commanded 
the  army  of  the  Danube  in  the  war  against  Turkey  in  1877. 

Nicholas  Nickleby  (nik'l-bi).  A novel  by 
Charles  Dickens,  first  published  serially  during 
1838-39. 

Nicholas  of  Damascus.  Bom  at  Damascus: 
lived  in  the  1st  century  b.  c.  A Greek  historian. 

Nicholas  of  Damascus,  the  friend  of  Augustus  and  Herod 
the  Great,  was  a very  eminent  and  influential  person,  and 
many  anecdotes  are  told  about  him,  some  of  them  being 
derived  from  his  autobiography,  a portion  of  which  has 
been  preserved. 

Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  114. 

, [( Donaldson .) 

Nicholas  of  Strasburg.  Lived  in  the  first  half 
of  the  14th  century.  A German  mystic  preacher 
at  Strasburg,  Freiburg,  and  elsewhere.  He  wa3 
appointed  by  Pope  John  XXII.  nuncio  and  superintendent 
of  the  Dominican  monasteries  in  Germany. 

Nichols  (nik'olz),  John.  Born  at  Islington, 
near  London,  Feb.  2,  1745:  died  Nov.  26,  1826. 
An  English  printer  and  antiquary.  He  was  an 
apprentice  of  Bowyer.  He  was  editor  of  and  contributor 
to  the  “ Gentleman’s  Magazine  ” from  1778  until  his  death. 
His  “ Memoirs  of  Bowyer,"  begun  in  1778,  were  expanded 
into  the  “ Anecdotes  ” and  “ Illustrations,"  a literary  his- 
tory of  the  18th  century.  He  also  wrote  7 volumes  on 
the  festivities  of  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Nichols,  Sir  Richard.  See  Nicolls,  Sir  Kichard. 
Nichols,  Thomas.  Born  in  Pembrokeshire, 
Wales,  1820:  died  at  London,  May  14, 1879.  An 
English  writer.  He  was  professor  of  biblical  literature 
at  Carmarthen  College  (1856),  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  University  of  Wales.  He  published  “ The  Pedigree 
of  the  English  People  ” (1868),  etc. 

Nicholson  (nik'ol-son),  Sir  Francis.  Born  in 
1660:  died  at  London,  March  5,  1728.  A Brit- 
ish colonial  official.  He  was  lieutenant-governor, 
under  Andros,  of  the  province  composed  of  the  colonies 
north  of  Chesapeake  Bay  1686-89,  and  represented  him  at 
New  York;  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Virginia  1690-94  ; 
and  was  governor  of  Maryland  1694-98,  of  Virginia  1698- 
1705,  of  Acadia  1713-17,  and  of  South  Carolina  1719-25.  He 
returned  to  England  in  1725,  and  retained  the  nominal 
governorship  of  the  colony  until  his  death. 

Nicholson,  James  William  Augustus.  Born 
at  Dedham,  Mass.,  March  10, 1821 : died  at  New 
York,  Oct.  28,  1S87.  An  American  admiral, 
lie  entered  the  navy  in  1838,  and  served  with  distinction 
during  the  Civil  War,  having  charge  of  the  monitor  Man- 
hattan under  Farragut  at  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay  in  1864. 
He  was  commissioned  rear-admiral  in  1881. 

Nicholson,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Dec.  11, 
1821 : died  after  the  storming  of  Delhi,  Sept. 
23,1857.  An  English  soldier.  He  entered  the  service 
of  the  East  India  Company  in  1839,  and  in  1840  was  ordered 
to  Afghanistan,  where  he  was  imprisoned  two  years  later, 
lie  served  in  the  Sikh  wars  in  1845  and  1848,  and  in  the 
mutiny  of  IS  7. 

Nicholson,  William.  Born  at  London,  1753: 
died  1815.  An  English  physicist  and  cliemisL 

lie  published  an  “ Introduction'to  Natural  Philosophy'* 
(1781),  “ A Dictionary  of  Practical  and  Theoretical  Chem- 
istry” (1808),  etc.  He  was  connected  with  the  society 
for  the  encouragement  of  naval  architecture,  established 
about  1791,  and  in  1800  discovered  the  decomposition 


Nicholson,  William 

of  water  by  galvanism.  “Nicholson’s  Journal,"  the  earli- 
est English  journal  of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry, 
was  begun  in  1797. 

Nicholson,  William.  Born  at  Ovingliam,  Dec. 
25,  1781:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aue.  16,  1844. 
A Scottish  portrait-painter,  one  of  the  founders 
and  the  first  secretary  of  the  Scottish  Academy. 
He  etched  portraits  of  distinguished  Scotchmen,  including 
Scott,  Jeffrey,  Burns,  and  Wilson. 

Nicias  (nish'i-as).  [Gr.  Nnc/af.]  Put  to  death 
in  Sicily,  413  B.  C.  An  Athenian  general  and 
politician,  chief  leader  of  the  aristocratic  fac- 
tion in  Athens  in  the  Peloponnesian  War.  He 
commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Syracuse 
415-413. 

Nicias,  Peace  of.  A truce  between  Athens  and 
Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesian  War,  concluded 
421  B.  C.  It  was  negotiated  mainly  by  Nicias. 
Nicias  (nish'i-as)  of  Athens.  A Greek  painter, 
a contemporary  of  Praxiteles.  When  Praxiteles  was 
asked  which  of  his  works  in  marble  he  valued  most,  he  is 
said  to  have  answered,  Those  on  which  Nicias  has  set  his 
mark”:  and  Pliny  explainstliis  expression  by  the  comment, 
“ So  much  importance  did  Praxiteles  attach  to  the  circum- 
lition  (covering  of  color)  applied  by  Nicias.”  This  passage 
was  fora  long  time  the  principal  foundation  for  the  theory 
that  the  Greeks  painted  their  statues,  which  is  now  con- 
firmed by  the  works  themselves : the  hair  of  the  Hermes 
of  Praxiteles  had  a red  color  when  discovered. 

Nick,  Old.  See  Old  Niclc. 

Nicobars  (nik-o-barz'),  or  Nicobar  (nik-6-bar') 
Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  situated  in 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  south  of  the  Andaman  Isl- 
ands, about  lat.  7°  to  9°  N.  It  is  a British  posses- 
sion, a dependency  of  the  Andaman  Islands,  annexed  in 
1809.  The  largest  island  is  Great  Nicobar.  Area,  635 
square  miles.  Population,  6,310. 

Nicodemus  (nik-o-de'tnus).  [Gr.  N«c<5(%rof.]  In 
New  Testament  history,  a member  of  the  San- 
hedrim, a disciple  who  visited  Jesus  by  night 
as  an  inquirer.  After  the  death  of  Jesus  he  contributed 
a mixture  of  aloes  and  myrrh  for  anointing  the  dead  body. 
Nicol  (nik'ol),  Erskine.  Born  at  Leith,  July  3, 
1825  : died  at  Feltham,  March  8, 1904.  A Brit- 
ish genre-painter.  He  studied  at  the  Trustees  Acad- 
emy, Edinburgh ; lived  in  Dublin  about  1845-49;  and  re- 
moved from  Edinburgh  to  London  in  1863.  Many  of  his 
works  have  been  engraved. 

Nicol  (nik'ol),  William.  Born  about  1768 : died 
at  Edinburgh,  1851  (?).  A British  inventor  and 
experimenter  in  natural  philosophy,  in  1828  he 
invented  the  prism  for  polarizing  light,  named  from  him 
the  Nicol  prism,  or  nicol.  His  life  was  almost  entirely 
spent  in  his  laboratory  at  Edinburgh. 

Nicolai  (nik'5-li),  Christoph  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Berlin,  March  18,  1733 : died  Jan.  6,  1811. 
A German  author  and  bookseller.  He  edited  the 
periodical  “AUgemeine  deutsche  Bibliothek,”  and  wrote 
“Anekdotenvon  Friedrich  II.  ”(1788-92),  the  novel  ‘‘Leben 
und  MeinungendesHerrn  Magisters  Sebaldus  Nothauker” 
(1773-76),  etc. 

He  was  tire  literary  associate  of  Lessing  and  Moses  Men- 
delssohn in  the  “Letters  concerning  Recent  German  Lit- 
erature”and  the  “Universal  German  Library,"  published 
between  1759  and  1792.  . . . Soon  after  the  appearance  of 
Goethe’s  “Sorrows  of  VVertlier,”  Nicolai  published  a mali- 
cious and  rather  stupid  parody  entitled  “The  Joys  of  Wer- 
ther.”  . . . He  has  been  called  the  Erz-Philister — the 
arch-representative  of  the  commonplace,  conventional  ele- 
ment in  German  literature.  . . . Goethe  was  provokedinto 
using  the  only  weapon  which  he  considered  fitting — ridi- 
cule ; and  he  was  assisted  by  Nicolai’s  own  indiscretion. 
The  latter,  whose  literary  materialism  was  his  prominent 
quality, — who  fought  the  spiritual  element  as  Luther 
fought  the  devil,—  was  visited  in  1791  with  an  avenging 
malady.  He  was  troubled  by  apparitions  of  persons  living 
and  dead,  who  filled  his  room,  and  for  several  weeks  con- 
tinued to  haunt  and  torment  him  although  he  knew  them 
to  bephantasms.  He  was  finally  relieved  by  the  application 
of  leeches  about  theendof  the  spine,  whence  Goethe’s  term 
Proktophantasmist  [in  “Faust’’],  which  may  be  delicately 
translated  as  “Rump-visionary.”  ...  He  died  in  1811, 
after  having  seen  himself  pilloried  in  the  “ Walpurgis- 
Night.”  B.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust. 

Nicolai,  otto.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
June  9,  1810 : died  at  Berlin,  May  11,  1849.  A 
German  composer  and  conductor,  ne  founded 
the  Philharmonic  concerts  at  Vienna  (1842)  during  the 
period  (1841-47)  when  he  was  kapellmeister  of  the  court 
opera  there.  His  chief  work,  a comic  opera,  “Die  lustigen 
Weiber  von  Windsor”  (“The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor”), 
was  produced  in  1849. 

Nicolas.  See  Nicholas. 

Nicolas  (nik'o-las),  Sir  Nicholas  Harris : usu- 
ally known  as  Sir  Harris  Nicolas.  Born  March 
10,  1799 ; died  near  Boulogne,  France,  Aug.  3, 
1848.  An  English  antiquary  and  historian.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1825.  He 
published  “Notitta  Historica’’(1824 : republished  as  “The 
Chronology  of  History  ” (1833-38),  “ Synopsis  of  the  Peerage 
of  England  ” (1825),  the  “ History  of  the  < >rders  of  Knight- 
hood of  the  Brit  ish  Empire  ”(1841-2),  and  the  u Despatches 
and  Letters  of  Admiral  Lord  Viscount  Nelson”  (1844-40). 

Nicolay  (nik'6-la),  John  George.  Born  in  Ger- 
many, 1832 : died  Sept.  20,  1901.  An  American 
author,  private  secretary  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
1860-65,  joint  author  with  John  Hay  of  a “ Life 
of  Abraham  Lincoln”  (1890),  and  editor  with 
Hay  of  Lincoln’s  “ Complete  Works  ” (1894). 


737 

Nicolini,  Madame.  See  Patti. 

Nicolls  (nik'olz),  Richard.  Born  at  Ampt- 
hill,  Bedfordshire,  England,  1024:  died  May 
28,  1672.  The  first  English  colonial  governor 
of  New  York.  He  Berved  under  the  royal  standard  in 
the  English  civil  war,  and  was  appointed  gentleman  of  the 
bedchamber  to  the  Duke  of  York  at  the  Restoration.  He 
was  chief  of  the  commission  sent  to  New  England  to  or- 
ganize an  attack  on  New  Netherland  in  1664  ; and  on  the 
surrender  of  the  Dutch  in  that  year  became  governor 
of  the  conquered  province,  which  he  renamed  New  York 
from  his  patron,  the  Duke  of  York.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1667,  and  when  war  broke  out  against  the  Dutch 
served  as  a volunteer  on  shipboard.  He  fell  in  the  naval 
battle  with  I)e  Ruyter,  May  28,  1672. 

Nicolo  de’  Lapi  (ne-ko-15'  da  lii'pe).  A novel 
by  Azeglio,  published  in  1841. 

Nicolosi  (ne-ko-lo'se).  A town  in  Sicily,  at  the 
southern  foot  of  Mount  Etna.  It  is  the  usual 
starting-point  of  ascents  of  Etna. 

Nicoznachean  Ethics.  An  ethical  treatise  by 
Aristotle. 

Nicomede  (ne-ko-mad').  A play  by  Corneille, 
produced  in  1651. 

Nicomedia(nik-o-me'di-a).  [Gr.  N7/co//^de«z.]  In 
ancient  geography,  the  capital  of  Bithynia,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  on  an  arm  of  the  Propontis  (Sea 
of  Marmora),  in  lat.  40°  48'  N.,long.  29°  58'  E. 
It  was  built  by  Nicomedes  I.,  king  of  Bithynia,  and  was 
the  residence  of  Diocletian,  Constantine,  and  other  Bo- 
man  emperors.  The  modern  Ismid  is  on  its  site. 

Nicomedia,  Gulf  of.  The  eastern  prolongation 
of  the  Sea  of  Marmora  : also  called  the  Gulf  of 
Ismid. 

Nicopoli.  See  Nikopoli. 

Nicopolis  (ni-kop'o-lis).  [Gr.  'Nucotto?^,  city  of 
victory.]  1.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in 
Epirus,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Arta  in 
lat.  39°  N.,  long.  20°  43'  E.  Itwas  founded  by  Octa- 
vian  in  commemoration  of  his  victory  at  Actium  31  B.  c. 
The  site  contains  many  Roman  antiquities. 

2.  An  ancient  city  in  Cappadocia,  founded  by 
Pompey  on  account  of  his  defeat  of  Mithridates 
66  b.  c.  — 3.  An  ancient  city  near  Alexandria, 
founded  by  Augustus  on  account  of  his  defeat 
of  Antony.  — 4.  An  ancient  city  north  of  Tir- 
nova,  Bulgaria,  founded  by  Trajan  on  accoimt 
of  his  defeat  of  the  Dacians. 

Nicosia  (ne-ko-se'a),  or  Lefkosia,  or  Levkosia 
(lef-ko-se'a).  The  capital  of  Cyprus,  situated 
on  the  river  Pedias  in  the  interior  of  the  island. 
The  Cathedral  of  St.  Sophia  is  a three-aisled  church  in  the 
best  French  Pointed  style  (now  a mosque).  It  contains 
several  tombs  of  the  Lusignan  kings  who  were  crowned 
here.  Population,  16,079. 

Nicosia.  A town  in  the  province  of  Catania, 
Sicily,  40  miles  west-northwest  of  Catania. 
Population,  14,384. 

Nicot  (ne-ko'),  Jean,  SieurdeVillemain.  Born 
at  Nimes,  France,  1530 : died  at  Paris,  May  5, 
1600.  A French  diplomatist  and  scholar.  He 

introduced  the  use  of  tobacco  from  Portugal  into  France. 
The  genus  Nicotiana  and  the  substance  nicotine  were 
named  from  him. 

Nicotera  (ne-ko'te-ra).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catanzaro,  Calabria,  Italy,  34  miles 
north-northeast  of  Reggio.  Population,  town, 
5,674;  commune,  8,791. 

Nicotera,  Baron  Giovanni.  Born  at  San-Biase, 
Calabria,  Sept.  9,  1828 : died  at  Vico  Equense, 
near  Naples,  June  13,  1894.  An  Italian  poli- 
tician. He  became  in  his  youth  a member  of  “Young 
Italy,”  participated  in  the  rising  in  Calabria  in  1848,  and 
afterward  served  under  Mnzzini  and  Garibaldi.  He  was 
minister  of  the  interior  1876-77  and  1891-92. 

Nicoya  (ne-ko'ya).  A peninsula  on  the  western 
coast  of  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. 

Nicoya,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
southeast  of  the  peninsula  of  Nicoya. 

Nictheroy  (ne-ta-ro'e),  orNitherotii.  The  capi- 
tal until  1894  of  the  state  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  opposite 
Rio  de  Janeiro.  It  figured  prominently  in  the  civil 
war  of  1893-94.  (SeeMello.)  Population,  municipio,  30,869. 

Nicudje.  See  Missouri. 

Nicuesa  (ne-ko-a'sii),  Diego  de.  Born  at  Baeza 
about  1465:  died  March  (?),  1511.  A Spanish 
commander.  He  went  to  Espafiolain  1502,  was  subse- 
quently agent  of  the  colonists  in  Spain,  and  in  1508  was  em- 
powered to  conquer  and  govern  Castilla  del  Oro,  corre- 
sponding to  the  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  and  Cen- 
tral America  from  the  Gulf  of  Darien  to  Cape  Gracias  a 
Dios:  at  the  same  time  Ojeda  received  the  adjoining 
province  of  Nueva  Andalucia  in  South  America.  Nicuesa 
left  Santo  Domingo  about  Jan.,  1510,  with  6 vessels  and 
650  (or  785?)  men.  He  lost  liia  larger  ships,  was  wrecked, 
and  endured  terrible  sufferings  at  Nombre  de  Dios:  only 
100  men  survived.  Colmenares,  on  his  way  with  reinforce- 
ments for  Nicuesa,  touched  at  Antigua,  where  Ojeda's  col- 
ony had  been  left  without  a commander.  The  colonists 
sent  messengers  to  Nicuesa,  offering  to  accept  him  as 
governor:  but  he  acted  in  such  an  overbearing  manner 
that  on  his  arrival  at  Antigua  the  colonists  rebelled.  He 
was  forced  to  sail  away  in  a rotten  ship,  and  was  never 
heard  of  again. 


Niemen 

Nidd  (nid).  A small  river  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, a tributary  of  the  Ouse.  Its  picturesque 
valley  is  called  Nidderdale. 

Nidhug  (nid'hog).  In  Scandinavian  mythology, 
a serpent  in  the  lower  world. 

Nidwalden  (ned'val-den),  or  Nidwald  (ned'- 
vald).  A half-canton  of  the  canton  .of  Unter- 
walden,  Switzerland.  Itformsthenorthempartof  the 
canton.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  National  Council. 
On  the  reconstitution  of  Switzerland  in  1798  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Helvetic  Republic,  the  inhabitants  resisted 
the  new  order  of  things,  but  were  repressed  by  the  French. 
Area,  112  square  miles.  Population,  13,796,  (1910). 

Niebuhr  (ne'bor),  Barthold  Gecrg.  Born  at 
Copenhagen,  Aug.  27, 1776:  died  at  Bonn,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  2,  1831.  A celebrated  German  histo- 
rian, philologist,  and  critic,  son  of  Karstens 
Niebuhr.  He  was  in  the  civil  service  of  Denmark  until 
1806,  and  in  that  of  Prussia  1806-10;  was  lecturer  at  the 
University  of  Berlin ; was  Prussian  ambassador  at  Rome 
1816-23;  and  became  lecturer  at  the  University  of  Bonn 
in  1823.  His  chief  work,“RomischeGeschichte  ’’(“Roman 
History,”  3 vols.  1811-32 : Eng.  trans.  by  Hare  and  Thill- 
wall),  on  the  earlier  history  of  Rome,  produced  a revolu- 
tion in  the  study  of  Roman  history.  His  “Kleine  Schrif- 
ten"(“ Minor  Writings")  were  published  1828-43.  See 
his  correspondence  in  “Lebensnachrichten”  (1838:  Eng- 
lish version  by  Miss  Winkworth  1852). 

Niebuhr,  Karstens.  Born  at.  Liidingworth,  in 
Hadeln,  Prussia,  March  17,  1733:  died  at  Mel- 
dorf,  Prussia,  April  26,  1815.  A German  trav- 
eler in  Arabia  and  the  East  1761-67.  He  wrote 
“ Beschreibung  von  Arabien”  (“Description  of  Arabia," 
1772),  “ Reisebeschreibung  von  Arabien  und  andern  um- 
liegenden  Landern”  (“Description  of  Travels  in  Arabia 
and  other  Neighboring  Lands,”  1774-78). 

Niederbronu  (ne'der-bron).  A town  in  Lower 
Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  25  miles  north  of 
Strasburg.  Population,  3,120. 

Niedermendig  (ne'der-men-diG).  A place  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  west  of  Coblenz. 
It  is  noted  for  its  quarries  of  basaltic  lava. 
Niedermeyer  (ne'der-ml-er),  Louis.  Born  at 
Nyon,  Switzerland,  April  27, 1802:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, March  14, 1861.  A Swiss  composer  of  sacred 
music,  and  of  melodies  for  the  poems  of  Lamar- 
tine, Victor  Hugo,  Deschamps,  etc.  He  was  not 
successful  in  opera,  though  “Stradella”  (1837),  “Marie 
Stuart”  (1844),  etc.,  may  be  mentioned. 

Niederwald  (ne'der-valt).  A spur  of  the  Tau- 
nus,  situated  in  Prussia,  near  the  Rhine,  oppo- 
site Bingen.  It  rises  to  the  height  of  1,080  feet  above 
sea-level.  A national  monument  has  been  erected  on  it 
in  commemoration  of  the  German  triumph  over  France  in 
1870-71,  and  of  the  foundation  of  the  new  German  Empire. 
It wasdesignedbySchiliing,  and  inauguratedin  1883,  when 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  on  the  life  of  the  em- 
peror William.  It  consists  of  a statue,  33  feet  high,  of 
Germania  as  a robust  woman  holding  aloft  the  imperial 
crown,  and  standing  on  amonumental  pedestal  78  feet  high. 
The  die  bears  inscriptions,  and  in  front  of  its  base,  which 
is  carved  with  the  escutcheons  of  the  German  states,  is 
placed  the  Prussian  eagle.  At  the  front  angles  of  the  large 
basement  from  which  the  die  rises  stand  the  angels  of 
War  and  Peace.  The  large  relief  of  the  front  includes  por- 
traits of  the  emperor  William  I.  with  the  German  princes 
and  generals  and  soldiers  of  the  different  arms  ; and  the 
reliefs  of  the  sides  represent  the  departure  and  return  of 
the  soldiers.  Below,  in  front,  is  a group  of  sculpture  rep- 
resenting the  Rhine  and  the  Moselle. 

Niedner  (ned'ner),  Christian  Wilhelm.  Bom 

at  Oberwinkel,  near  Waldenburg,  Aug.  9, 1797 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  13, 1865.  A German  Prot- 
estant church  historian,  professor  at  Berlin  from 
1859.  His  chief  work  is  a “ Lehrbuch  der  ckrist- 
lichen  Kirchengesehichte ” (1846). 

Niel  (ne-el'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Muret,  France, 
Oct.  4,  1802:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13,  1869.  A 
French  marshal.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  Crimean 
war  (particularly  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  in  1855),  and  in 
the  battles  of  Magenta  and  Solferino  in  1859.  He  was 
minister  of  war  1867-69. 

Niemann  (ne 'man],  Albert.  Bom  atErxleben, 
near  Magdeburg,  Jan.  15,  1831.  A noted  Ger- 
man tenor  singer.  He  first  went. on  the  stage  as  an 
actor  in  1849.  His  musical  talent  was  discovered,  and  he 
was  finally  sent  to  Paris,  through  tire  kindness  of  the  King 
of  Hannover,  to  study  with  Duprez.  He  was  successful 
in  Wagner’s  operas  and  in  heroic  parts. 

Niembsch  von  Strehlenau  (nempsh  fon  stra'- 
ien-ou),  Nikolaus:  pseudonym  Nikolaus 

Lenau.  Born  at  Csatad,  Hungary,  Aug.  13, 
1802  : died  near  Vienna,  Aug.  22,  1850.  An  Aus- 
trian poet.  Among  his  poems  are  “Faust"  (1835), 
“Savonarola”  (1837),  “ Die  Albigenser”  (1842),  etc. 

Niemeewicz  (nyem-tse'vieh),  Julian  IJrsin. 
Born  at  Skoki,  Lithuania,  1758:  died  at  Paris, 
May  21,  1841.  A Polish  poet,  novelist,  histo- 
rian, and  dramatist.  Among  his  works  are  “Histori- 
cal  Songs  of  the  Poles”  (1816),  “History  of  the  Reign  of 
King  Sigismund  Hi.  of  Poland”  (1819),  etc. 

Niemen  (ne'inen  ; Pol.  pron.  nyem'en).  A river 
in  western  Russia  and  the  province  of  East  Prus- 
sia. It  rises  in  the  government  of  Minsk,  and  empties  by 
several  mouths  into  the  Kurisehes  Half  50  miles  north- 
east of  Konigsberg.  Length,  about  500  miles  ; navigable 
from  Grodno,  and  for  steamers  from  Kovno.  See  Memel. 


Niemeyer 

Niemeyer  (ne'ml-er),  August  Hermann.  Bom 

at  Halle,  Prussia,  Sept.  1,  1754:  died  at  Mag- 
deburg, Prussia,  July  7, 1828.  A German  theo- 
logian, sacred  poet,  and  writer  on  pedagogics. 
He  became  chancellor  and  rector  perpetuus  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Halle  in  1808,  and  was  made  a member  of  the 
consistory  at  Magdeburg  in  1816.  Among  his  works  are 
“Charakteristik  der  Bibel”  (1775-82),  “Grundsatze  der 
Erziehung  und  des  Unterrichts ’’  (1796),  “Religiose  Ge- 
dichte  ” (1814). 

Nienburg-on-the-Weser  (nen ' boro-on-THe- 
va'zer).  A town  in  the  province  of  Hanno- 
ver, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser  28  miles 
northwest  of  Hannover.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,406. 

Niepce  (ne-eps'),  Joseph  Nicephore.  Born  at 
Chalon-sur-Saone,  France,  March  7,  1765:  died 
at  Gras,  near  Chalon,  July,  1833.  A French  in- 
ventor, associated  with  Daguerre  in  the  inven- 
tion of  photography. 

Nierstein  (ner'stin).  A small  town  ill  the  prov- 
ince of  Bhine  Hesse,  Hesse,  on  the  Bhine  9 
miles  south-southeast  of  Mainz.  It  is  noted  for 
its  wines. 

Niesen  (ne'zen).  A noted  summit  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  15  miles  west  by 

*south  of  Interlaken.  Height,  7,763  feet. 

Nietzsche  (netz'she),  Friedrich  Wilhelm. 
Born  near  Liitzen,  Saxony,  Oct.  15,  1844:  died 
Aug.  25,  1900.  A noted  German  philosopher, 
professor  of  classical  philology  at  Basel  1869-80. 
Among  his  works  are  “Morgenrote”  (1881),  “Die  frcih- 
liche  Wissenschaft " (1882),  “Also  sprach  Zarathustra" 
(1883-84,  1891),  “ Jenseits  von  Gut  und  Bose  ” (1886),  etc. 

Nieuhof  (noi'hof),  Johan  Jacob.  Born  in  West- 
phalia about  1610:  died  on  the  coast  of  Malabar, 
Sept.  29  (?),  1672.  A German  in  the  service  of 
the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  and  later  in 
that  of  the  East  India  Company.  He  traveled  ex- 
tensively in  northeastern  Brazil  and  in  the  East  Indies  and 
China.  From  1657  to  1672  he  was  governor  of  Ceylon. 
Nieuhof  was  probably  murdered  by  the  natives  of  the 
Malabar  coast.  His  “Gedenkwaerdige  Zee  en  Lantreize 
door  de  voornaemste  Landschappen  van  West  en  Cost  In- 
dien  ” was  published  in  1682. 

Nieuport(nye-por'),orNieuwport(nyiiv'p6rt). 
A small  town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders, 
Belgium,  on  the  Yser  21  miles  west-southwest 
of  Bruges.  Here,  July  2,  1600,  the  Dutch  under  Mau- 
rice  of  Nassau  defeated  the  Spaniards  under  the  archduke 
Albert. 

Nieuwveld  (nyev'velt)  Mountains.  A name 
given  to  a division  of  the  main  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Cape  Colony,  situated  about  long.  22°  E. 

Nievre  (nyavr).  A department  in  France,  cor- 
responding mainly  to  the  ancient  Nivernais. 
Capital,  Nievre.  It  is  bounded  by  Yonne  on  the 
north,  Cote-d’Or  and  Sa6ne-et- Loire  on  the  east,  Saone-et- 
Loire  and  Allier  on  the  south,  and  Cher  on  the  west.  It  is 
traversed  from  southeast  to  northwest  by  the  chain  of  the 
Morvan.  The  chief  productions  are  coal  and  timber,  and 
there  are  noted  iron-works.  Area,  2,658  square  miles. 
Population,  313,972. 

Niezhin.  See  Nezhin. 

Niffer.  See  Nippur. 

Niflheim  (nif'l-hlm).  [ON.  Nifllieimr.']  In  the 
Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  cold  world  of  fog  in 
the  north.  In  the  midst  was  the  spring  Hvergelmir,  out 
of  which  flowed  ten  rivers,  the  Elivagar  (ON.  Elivayar). 

Niflhel  (nif'l-hel).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, the  realm  of  the  goddess  Hel ; t ho  abode 
of  the  dead.  It  was  situated  below  the  earth.  The 
swift  river  Slid  (ON.  Slidhr,  also  called  Gjjll  and  Geirhvi- 
mvl),  which  ran  over  a bed  of  swords,  surrounded  it.  It  was 
approached  by  a bridge  at  whose  end  watched  the  maiden 
Modgud  (ON.  Modhgudhr).  A wall  inclosed  the  whole 
realm,  to  which  the  gate  Helgrind  (ON.  Helgrindr)  alone 
gave  admittance.  Niflhel  was  originally  the  abode  of  all 
the  dead.  In  later  mythology  only  it  is  made  a place  of 
misery. 

Niger  (ni'jer),  called  also  Joliba  (jol'i-ba), 
Kworra  or  Quorra  (kwor'a),  Mayo  (ma'yo), 
etc.  [Prob.  same  as  L.  Nigris  (Pliny)  and  Gr. 
Niyeip  ( Ptolemy),  applied  vaguely  to  a large  river 
in  Africa.  Joliba  and  Kworra  are  modern  Afri- 
can names.]  One  of  the  three  chief  rivers  of 
Africa.  The  source  of  the  main  head  stream,  the  Tembi, 
is  about  lat.  8°  30'  N.,  long.  10°  30'  W.  It  flows  generally 
northeast  to  near  Timbuktu,  east  to  long.  0°,  then  south- 
southeast  and  south,  and  empties  by  a delta  into  the  Gulf 
of  Guinea  about  lat.  4°-5°  N.,  long.  6°-7°  E.  Its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  Binue.  It  was  first  visited  by  Mungo  Park  in 
1796.  The  area  of  its  drainage  basin  is  about  808,000 
square  miles.  Length,  about  2,600  miles. 

Nigeria  (ni-je'ri-a).  The  official  name  of  the 

*Niger  Territories  (which  see). 

Niger  Territories.  A British  protectorate  in 
western  Africa,  between  the  French  and  Ger- 
man spheres.  It  includes  Sokoto,  a part  of  Bornu,  a 
part  of  Borgu,  etc.,  and  extends  along  the  coast  from 
Lagos  to  Kamerun.  It  is  officially  named  Nigeria,  and 
iB  divided  for  administrative  purposes  into  Northern 
Nigeria,  capital  Zungeru;  and  Southern  Nigeria,  capital, 
Lagos.  For  boundaries  of  the  two  protectorates,  etc.,  see 
supplement. 


738 

Nighantu  (ni-g-han'to).  [Skt.,  corrupted  from 
nigranthu,  strung  together,  ranked.]  In  San- 
skrit, any  glossary,  hut  especially  the  Vedic 
glossary  explained  by  Yaska  in  his  Nirukti : in 
this  sense  usually  plural  (Nighantavas)  as  em- 
bracing live  hooks.  The  first  three  contain  synonyms, 
the  fourth  a list  of  specially  difficult  words,  aud  the  fifth 
a classification  of  the  divine  personages  who  figure  in  the 
Veda. 

Night  and  Morning.  A novel  by  Bulwer  Lyt- 
ton,  published  in  1841. 

Nightingale  (nit'ing-gal),  Florence.  Born  at 
Florence,  May,  1820:  died  at  London,  Aug.  13, 
1910.  An  English  philanthropist.  She  inspected 
schools  and  hospitals  in  England  and  afterward  in  all 
parts  of  Europe,  and  became  a hospital  nurse.  She  is  espe- 
cially celebrated  for  her  noble  services  at  Scutari  during 
the  Crimean  war,  1854-56.  Her  health  suffered  severely 
from  the  continued  strain  and  her  unselfish  devotion.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  she  was  enabled  by  a testimonial  fund 
to  found  an  institution  for  the  training  of  nurses,  the 
Nightingale  Home  at  St.  Thomas’s  Hospital.  Shewasalso 
the  means  of  calling  attention  to  the  unsanitary  conditions 
of  camp  hospitals,  etc.  She  published  “The  Institution 
at  Kaiserswerth ” (1850),  “Notes  on  Hospitals”  (1859), 
“ Notes  on  Nursing  ” (1860),  “ Observations  on  the  Sanitary 
State  of  the  Army  in  India”  (1863),  etc. 

Nightmare  Abbey.  A novel  by  Thomas  Love 

Peacock,  published  in  1818. 

Night  Thoughts.  A meditative  poem  on  reli- 
gion and  morality,  by  Edward  Young  (1742-46). 
Its  whole  title  is  “The  Complaint,  or  Night  Thoughts.” 
The  extraordinary  vogue  of  “Night  Thoughts,”  which 
lasted  for  a century,  lias  succumbed  to  a series  of  vigorous 
attacks  in  our  own  age,  and  Young  is  now  in  danger  of 
being  underrated. 

Gosse,  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,  p.  213. 

Night  Walker,  The,  or  the  Little  Thief.  A 

comedy  by  Fletcher  and  Shirley,  licensed  in 
1633,  printed  in  1640  as  by  Fletcher  only.  This 

play  has  been  incorrectly  conjectured  to  be  the  same  as 
“ The  Devil  of  Dowgate,  or  Usury  put  to  Use,”  which  was 
licensed  in  1623. 

Night-Watch,  The,  or  Sortie  of  the  Banning 
Cock  Company.  A masterpiece  by  Bembrandt 
(1642),  in  the  Bijks  Museum  at  Amsterdam.  It 
represents  an  assembly  of  the  civic  guard  (by  daylight), 
with  their  officers,  banner,  and  drummer.  All  the  figures 
are  portraits,  full  of  life  and  spirit ; and  the  picture  is  ad- 
★mirable  in  light  and  color. 

Nigra  (ne'gra),  Count  Costantino.  Born  at 
Castellamonte,  nearlvrea,  Italy,  June  12, 1827 : 
died  at  Bapallo,  July  1,  1907.  An  Italian 
diplomatist.  He  served  in  1848  as  a volunteer  in  the 
Sardinian  army  against  the  Austrians,  but  afterward  en- 
tered the  diplomatic  service,  and  acted  as  secretary  to 
Count  Cavour  at  the  Congress  of  Paris  in  1856.  He  was 
Italian  ambassador  at  Paris,  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  at 
London. 

Nigritia  (ni-grish'i-a).  [NL.,  ‘land  of  the 
blacks,’  from  L.  niger,  black.]  A name  for- 
merly given  to  the  Sudan. 

Nigritic  (tribes  and  languages).  See  Negro  race, 
and  African  ethnography  (under  Africa). 
Nihaloitih.  See  Echeloot. 

Nihilists  (ni'hil-ists).  The  adherents  of  nihil- 
ism. Nihilism  was  originally  a social  (not  apolitical) 
movement  in  Russia,  in  opposition  to  the  customary  forms 
of  matrimony,  the  parental  authority,  and  the  tyranny  of 
custom ; later,  a more  or  less  organized  secret  effort  on  the 
partof  a large  body  of  malcontents  to  overturn  the  estab- 
lished order  of  things,  both  social  and  political.  In  the 
former  sense  the  word  was  introduced  by  Turgenieff  in 
1882.  Nihilism  comprises  several  Russian  parties,  differ- 
ing in  the  means  of  action  employed  and  in  the  immedi- 
ate results  aimed  at,  some  leaning  more  toward  political 
radicalism  and  violence,  and  others  toward  economic  re- 
organization and  socialism.  The  movement  originated 
about  1840,  and  is  due  largely  to  the  influence  of  the  uni- 
versities. About  1855-62  it  became  increasingly  demo- 
cratic, socialistic,  and  revolutionary  under  the  leadership 
of  Herzen  and  the  magazine  “Contemporary.”  About 
1870  revolutionary  ideas  became  the  subject  of  a propa- 
ganda among  workmen,  peasants,  and  students.  The  ad- 
herents of  this  movement  formed  a “people’s  party” 
(“Land  and  Freedom”)  purposing  the  complete  over- 
throw of  the  existing  order  of  things  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a socialistic  and  democratic  order  in  its  stead. 
Under  the  influence  of  Bakunin  (died  1876),  and  the  per- 
secution of  peaceful  propagandists  by  the  government, 
the  people’s  party  divided  into  two  factions  — the 1 ‘democ- 
ratization of  land  ” and  the  “ will  of  the  people,”  the  lat- 
ter being  the  stronger.  This  party  was  by  government 
persecutions  driven  to  a political  contest,  and  the  idea  of 
demoralizing  the  forces  of  the  government  by  terror  ori- 
ginated and  became  popular:  the  adherents  of  this  system 
called  themselves  “ terrorists.”  After  several  unsuccess- 
ful attempts,  they  effected  the  death  of  the  czar  Alexan- 
der II.  in  1881. 

Niigata  (ne-e-ga'ta).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Echigo,  main  island  of  Japan,  situated 
on  the  western  coast  in  lat.  37°  57'  N.,  long. 
139°  3'  E.  It  is  open  to  foreign  commerce. 
Population,  61,616. 

Nljar  (ne'Har).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Almeri'a,  southern  Spain,  16  miles  east-north- 
east of  Almeri'a.  Population,  12,497. 

Nijkerk  (nl'kerk).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Gelderland,  Netherlands,  27  miles  east-south- 
east of  Amsterdam.  Pop.,  commune,  8,124. 


Nikolaievsk 

Nijmegen.  See  Nimwegen. 

Nijne-Tagilsk  (nezh'ne-ta-gilsk').  A town  in 
the  government  of  Perm,  eastern  Bussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagil  135  miles  east  of  Perm,  it  is 
the  chief  town  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  the  center  of  a rich 
mining  district  for  iron,  gold,  copper,  and  platinum,  and 
is  noted  for  its  iron-works  (founded  by  Demidoff).  Popu- 
lation of  the  mining  district,  31,449. 

Nijni-Lomoff  (nezh'ni-lom'of).  A town  in  the 
government  of  Penza,  Bussia,  situated  on  the 
Lomoff  64  miles  northwest  of  Penza.  Popu- 
lation, 15,948. 

Nijni-Novgorod,orNijniy-Novgorod,orNizh- 
ni-Novgorod  (nezh'ni-nov'go-rod).  1.  A gov- 
ernment of  central  Bussia.  It  is  surrounded  by 
Kostroma,  Vyatka,  Kazan,  Simbirsk,  Penza,  Tamboff,  and 
Vladimir.  The  surface  is  generally  flat.  The  government 
has  considerable  commerce  and  manufactures.  Area, 
19,789  square  miles.  Population,  1,924,900. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Nijni-Nov- 
gorod,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Oka  with 
the  Volga,  in  lat.  56°  19'  N.,  long.  44°  E.  its  fa- 
mous fair,  the  largest  in  the  world,  held  annually  in  Aug. 
and  Sept.,  is  frequented  by  from  200,000  to  300,000  mer- 
chants from  Russia  and  western  and  central  Asia.  The 
chief  articles  of  trade  are  cotton,  woolen,  iron,  corn,  salt, 
tea,  furs,  silk,  and  manufactured  goods  of  all  kinds.  The 
fair  was  transferred  hither  from  Makarieff  in  1817.  The 
town  has  also  an  annual  fair  for  wooden  wares,  and  one 
for  the  sale  of  horses.  It  is  the  center  of  steam  navigation 
of  the  Volga.  It  was  plundered  by  the  Mongols  in  1378; 
was  united  to  Moscow  in  1390;  and  took  the  lead  under 
Minin  in  1612  in  freeing  Moscow  from  the  Poles.  Popu- 
lation, 90,053. 

Nika  (ne'ka),  or  Manika  (ma-ne'ka).  The 
Bantu  tribe  inhabiting  Mashonaland. 

Nike  (ni'ke).  [Gr.  Nbo?,  the  personification  of  vic- 
tory.] In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  vic- 
tory: called  by  the  Bomans  Victoria.  She  was 
regularly  represented  in  ancient  art  as  a winged  maiden, 
usually  as  just  alighting  from  flight,  her  most  frequent  at- 
tributes being  a palm-branch  in  one  hand  and  a garland  in 
the  other,  or  a fillet  outstretched  in  both  hands : some- 
times she  holds  a herald’s  staff. 

Nike.  An  original  statue  by  Pteonius,  in  the 
museum  at  Olympia,  dedicated  in  the  Altis  by 
the  Messenians  about  420  B.  C.  The  goddess  is  rep- 
resented  as  sweeping  through  the  air,  with  drapery  pressed 
to  her  form  and  streaming  behind  in  the  wind. 

Nike  Apteros,  or  Wingless  Victory,  Temple 

of.  A beautiful  little  Ionic  amphiprosty  le  tetra- 
style  temple  at  Athens,  measuring  18  by  27  feet, 
standing  on  a high  stone  platform  projecting 
beyond  the  Propylaea.  The  columns  are  13A  feet  high. 
The  frieze  is  sculptured  in  high  relief  with  gods  on  the 
east  and  with  Athenian  martial  exploits  on  the  other  sides. 
The  platform  of  this  temple  was  surrounded  with  a marble 
balustrade  on  which  were  carved  Victories,  among  them 
the  famous  relief  of  “Victory  loosingherSandal.”  The  tem- 
ple was  pulled  down  by  the  Turks,  and  its  materials  buried 
under  the  works  of  a battery : they  were  found  in  1835,  al- 
most complete,  by  German  scholars,  and  restored  to  their 
original  positions. 

Nikisch  (ne'kish),  Arthur.  Born  at  Szent- 
Miklos,  Hungary,  Oct.  12,  1855.  A Hungarian 
composer  and  conductor.  He  conducted  the  Boston 
Symphony  Orchestra  1889-93,  was  kapellmeister  at  Buda- 
pest 1893-95,  and  later  conductor  of  the  concerts  at  the  Ge- 
waudhaus,  Leipsic,  and  of  the  Berlin  Philharmonic  Society. 

Nikita  I.  See  Nikola  I. 

Nikitin  (ne-ke'tin),  Ivan.  Born  at  Voronezh, 
1824 : died  1861.  A Bussian  poet.  He  wrote  lyric 
folk-songs.  His  life  was  passed  in  poverty,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  keep  an  inn  to  support  himself.  Afterward  he 
changed  this  for  the  more  congenial  occupation  of  book- 
seller. 

Nikko  (nek'ko).  A small  town  in  the  main  isl- 
and of  Japan,  80  miles  north  of  Tokio.  it  is  a 
Shintoist  and  Buddhist  religious  center,  noted  for  its 
shrines.  The  temple  of  Iyeyasu  is  one  of  the  most  splen- 
did sanctuaries  of  the  Shinto  cult  erected  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. The  sanctuary  consists  of  a succession  of  courts  with 
gates  of  wood  and  metal  adorned  with  the  most  elaborate 
carving  and  with  brilliant  color.  Upon  the  courts  face  a 
great  number  of  buildings  of  different  sizes  and  forms  and 
various  purpose : they  are  built  of  wood,  hut  every  beam 
and  joint  is  a work  of  art.  The  ornament  in  metal  is  of 
the  delicacy  of  jewelry,  and  that  in  terra-cotta  of  equally 
perfect  workmanship.  In  spite  of  this  richness,  vulgarity 
is  avoided  and  the  ornament  is  kept  severely  subordinate 
to  constructive  propriety. 

Nikola(ne'k6-l:J ) I.,  orNikita  (ne-ke'ta).  Born 
Oct.  7,  1841.  Bang  of  Montenegro.  He  was  pro- 
claimed prince  in  1860,  and  king  in  1910.  He  carried  on 
war  against  Turkey  1876-78  and  1912- 

Nikolai  (nik'6-11).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  56  miles  southeast  of  Oppeln. 
Population,  commune,  7,720. 

Nikolaieff  (ne-ko-li'ef).  A seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Bussia,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  estuary  of  the  Bug,  in  lat.  46°  58' 
N.,  long.  32°  E.  It  is  an  important  naval  station  and 
place  of  export  for  grain,  etc.,  founded  by  Botemkiu  about 
1789.  Population,  92,012. 

Nikolaievsk  (ne-ko-li'evsk).  A town  in  the 
government  of  Samara,  eastern  Bussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Irghiz  96  miles  southwest  of  Sa- 
mara. Population,  estimated,  14,500. 


Nikolaievsk 

Nikolaievsk.  A port  in  the  Maritime  Province, 
Siberia,  situated  on  the  Amur,  near  its  mouth, 
in  lat.  53°  8'  N.,  long.  140°  43'  E.  it  was  founded 
in  1851,  and  was  the  former  capital  of  the  province.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,6C8. 

Nikolaievskaya  Sloboda  (ne-ko-li'ef-ska-ya 
slo-bo-da').  A town  in  the  government  of 
Astrakhan,  Russia,  situated  near  the  Volga 
about  lat.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  45°  30'  E.  It  is  a 
trading  center.  Population,  17,800. 
Nikolsburg  (nik'olz-borG).  A town  in  Mo- 
ravia, 44  miles  north-northeast  of  Vienna. 
Population,  6,176,  (1910). 

Nikolsburg,  Truce  of.  A preliminary  peace  be- 
tween Prussia  and  Austria,  concluded  at  Ni- 
kolsburg,  July  26,  1866.  It  was  confirmed  by 
the  peace  of  Prague,  Aug.  23,  1866. 

Nikon  (ne'kon).  Born  near  Nijni-Novgorod, 
Russia,  1605:  died  Aug.  17,  1681.  A Russian 
prelate . He  became  patriarch  of  Russia  in  1652,  and  was 
deposed  in  1666.  He  introduced  reforms  in  the  church 
service. 

Nikopol  (ne'ko-poly).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  southern  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Dnieper  64  miles  south-southwest  of 
Yekaterinoslafl:.  It  is  a trading  center.  Popu- 
lation, 21,282. 

Nikopoli,  or  Nicopoli  (ne-kop'o-le),  Turk.  Ni- 
ghebolii(ne-ge-boTii)  or  Nebul(ne-bol').  [See 
Nicopolis.']  A town  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the 
Danube,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Osina,  in  lat. 
43°  42'  N.,  long.  24°  53'  E.  It  has  been  erroneously 
identified  with  the  ancient  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum.  It  was  long 
noted  as  a fortress,  and  was  conquered  by  Sigismund  of  Hun- 
gary 1392  and  13J5.  Sultan  Bajazet  I.  defeated  here  the 
Franco-HungarianarmyunderSigismundSept.  28, 1396.  It 
was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Ladislaus  of  Hungary  in 
1444.  The  Turks  were  defeated  here  by  Bathori  Sept.  6, 
1595,  and  by  the  Wallachians  in  1598.  It  was  conquered  by 
the  Russians  in  1810.  The  Turkish  fleet  was  destroyed  near 
it  and  their  camp  stormed  by  the  Russians  in  1829.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1877.  Population,  5,231. 
Nikosia.  See  Nicosia. 

Niksar  (nik-sar'),  or  Niksara  (nik-sa/ra).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Sivas,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  near  the  Kelkit-Tchai  145  miles  west 
by  south  of  Trebizond:  the  ancient  Neocte- 
sarea,  and  probably  the  ancient  Cabira.  Pop- 
ulation, about  4,000. 

NikSid  (nek'sich).  A fortified  town  in  Monte- 
negro, 26  miles  north  of  Cettinje.  it  was  be- 
sieged  and  taken  from  the  Turks  by  the  Montenegrins  in 
1877.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Nile  (nil).  [F.  Nil,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Nilo,  G.  Nil,  L. 
Nilus,  from  Gr.  Nrilof.]  The  longest  river  of 
Africa,  and  one  of  the  longest  rivers  in  the 
world:  the  ancient  Nilus.  It  is  formed  by  several 
head  streams  which  flow  into  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza.  Of 
these  the  Kagera,  Shimiyu,  and  Isanga  are  the  chief. 
From  Victoria  Nyanza  the  Nile  flows  northwest,  forming 
the  Ripon  and  Murchison  falls,  into  the  Albert  Nyanza. 
Thence  it  flows  generally  north  (as  the  Bahr-el-Jebel,  later 
as  the  Bahr-el-Abiad  or  White  Nile)  to  the  junction  with 
the  Blue  Nile  at  Khartum  ; traverses  the  Nubian  desert ; 
passes  by  five  cataracts  into  the  valley  of  Egypt ; and  emp- 
ties by  a wide  delta  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Its  prin- 
cipal mouths  are  the  Rosetta  and  Damietta  branches.  It 
fertilizes  the  valley  of  Egypt  by  its  annual  overflow  (caused 
by  the  mel  ling  of  the  snows  in  the  elevated  regions  drained 
by  its  head  waters),  which  is  at  its  height  in  September 
and  October.  It  has  been  famous  in  ancient  and  modern 
times  for  the  kingdoms  on  its  banks,  and  for  the  attempts 
to  discover  its  sources.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Bahr- 
el-Ghazal,  Sobat,  Blue  Nile,  and  Atbara.  It  receives  no 
tributaries  below  Berber.  The  chief  places  on  its  banks 
are  Lado,  Gondokoro,  Khartum,  Berber,  New  Dongola, 
Derr,  Assuan,  Sint,  and  Cairo.  The  course  of  the  upper 
Nile  was  a mystery  until  recent  times.  Bruce  in  1770  found 
the  source  of  the  Blue  Nile.  In  1858  the  Victoria  Nyanza 
was  discovered  by  Speke,  in  1864  the  Albert  Nyanza  by 
Baker,  and  in  1877  the  Albert  Edward  Nyanza  by  Stanley. 
The  upper  basin  falls  mainly  within  the  Br  itish  sphere  of 
influence,  partly  within  the  German,  and  perhaps  the  Ital- 
ian. The  middle  valley  was  retaken  from  the  dervishes  in 
1898.  Length,  about  3,400  miles. 

On  the  rocks  of  Semneh  and  Kiimtneh  the  highest  point 
of  the  inundation  was  always  noted  for  comparison,  and 
the  mark  was  accompanied  by  a corresponding  inscription. 
Thus  we  read  at  one  place  on  the  rock  : “if eight  of  the 
Nile  in  the  year  14,  under  the  reign  of  his  Majesty  King 
Amen-em-hat  III.,  the  ever-living."  From  observations 
made  by  Lepsius  on  the  spot,  we  gather  that  in  the  times  of 
the  Twelfth  Dynasty — that  is,  forty-three  centuries  before 
our  days  — the  highest  rise  was  nearly  twenty-seven  feet 
above  the  greatest  height  of  the  inundation  in  these  days ; 
and  that  the  average  height  of  the  Nile  when  Amen-em- 
hat  III.  was  king  surpasses  that  of  our  times  by  about 
twelve  feet.  Brugsch,  Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs,  p.  76. 

Nile,  Battle  of  the.  A name  often  given  to  the 
British  naval  victory  of  Aug.  1-2, 1798.  See  Abu- 
kir, Bay  of. 

Niles  (nilz).  A city  in  Berrien  County,  south- 
western Michigan,  situated  on  the  St.  Joseph 
River  75  miles  east  of  Chicago.  Population, 
5,156,  (1910). 

Niles,  Hezekiah.  Born  in  Chester  County,  Pa. , 
Oct.  10,  1777  : died  at  Wilmington,  Del  , April 
2,1839.  An  American  journalist.  He  founded  at 


739 

Baltimore  the  weekly  journal  “Niles’s  Register"  in  1811, 
and  edited  it  until  1836. 

Nilgiri  (nil-ge're).  A state  in  Orissa,  Bengal, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  30'  N.,  long.  86° 
40'  E. 

Nilgiri  Hills,  or  Neilgherry  (nel-ger'e)  Hills. 
1.  A range  of  mountains  in  Madras,  British  In- 
dia, about  lat.  11°  30'  N.,  long.  76°  45'  E.  High- 
est peak,  Dodabetta  (8,760  feet). — 2.  A district 
in  Madras,  British  India,  chiefly  comprised  in 
the  mountain  region  of  Nilgiri  Hills. 

Nilsson  (nil'son),  Christine.  Born  near  Wexio, 
Sweden,  Aug.  20,  1843.  A noted  Swedish  so- 
prano singer.  She  first  sang  in  public  at  Stockholm  in 
1860,  andappeared  in  opera  at  Paris  in  1864  as  Violetta.  She 
appeared  with  great  success  at  different  times  from  1867 
to  1870  in  England,  and  in  1870-72  in  America.  In  the 
latter  year  she  returned  to  England,  and  married  M.  Au- 
guste Rouzaud,  who  died  in  1882.  From  1872-77  she  sang 
in  England,  coming  to  America  in  1873-74.  In  1876  she  made 
a successful  tour  through  Scandinavia.  In  1880-81  she 
again  sang  in  opera  in  England,  from  which  time  she  sang 
only  in  concerts  till  1887,  when  she  married  Count  Casa  di 
Miranda,  and  retired  altogether  to  private  life  in  1888. 
(Grove.)  She  was  eminently  successful  in  such  parts  as 
Mignon,  Marguerite,  Ophelia,  Elsa,  etc. 

Nilsson,  Sven.  Born  near  Landskrona,  Swe- 
den, March  8, 1787 : died  at  Lund,  Sweden,  Nov. 
30,  1883.  A Swedish  naturalist  and  antiquary, 
professor  at  Lund  1831-56.  He  published  works 
on  the  fauna  and  antiquities  of  Scandinavia. 
Nilus  (ni'lus).  The  Roman  name  of  the  Nile. 
Nimapu.  See  Chopunnish. 

Nimar  (ne-mar').  Adistrictin  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  45' 
N.,  long.  76°  30'  E.  Area,  4,273  square  miles. 
Population,  329,615. 

Nimburg  (nim'borG).  A town  in  Bohemia,  on 
the  Elbe  27  miles  east  by  north  of  Prague. 
Population,  commune,  10,181,  (1910). 
Nimeguen.  See  Nimwegen. 

Nimes,  or  Nismes  (uem).  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Gard,  France,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  51'  N.,  long.  4°  21'  E. : the  Roman  Nemau- 

SUS.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  silk  goods,  and 
an  extensive  trade,  especially  in  wine  and  spirits.  It  is 
noted  for  its  Roman  antiquities,  among  which  are  the 
amphitheater  (fn  excellent  preservation),  the  Maison  Car- 
toe  (which  see),  the  so-called  temple  of  Diana,  the  Tour 
Magne  (Turris  Magna),  and  gates.  It  contains  a cathe- 
dral, lyceum,  picture-gallery,  fountain  garden,  etc.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  Pont  du  Gard.  Nimes  was  conquered 
by  the  Romans  in  121  B.  c.,  and  became  one  of  the  chief 
provincial  cities;  was  plundered  by  the  Vandals  in  407, 
and  suffered  from  the  West  Goths  and  Saracens;  was 
united  to  France  in  1258 ; suffered  in  the  Huguenot  wars ; 
and  was  the  scene  of  reactionary  atrocities  against  the 
Protestants  in  1815.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Guizot. 
Population,  commune,  80,184. 

Nimrod  (nim'rod).  According  to  Gen.  x.,  son 
of  Cush,  grandson  of  Ham,  famous  for  his  ex- 
ploits as  a hunter,  at  first  ruler  of  Shinar  (Shu- 
mir,  i.  e.  South  Babylonia),  then  founder  of  the 
Assyrian  Tetrapolis  (Asshur,  Nineveh,  Rehobo- 
thir,  and  Calah).  Some  Assyriologists  identify  Nim- 
rod with  Izdubar  or  Gilgamesh,  the  principal  hero  of  the 
Babylonian  Izdubarlegends,  or  “Nimrod  Epic."  S ee  Izdu- 
bar. 

Outside  the  pages  of  the  Old  Testament  nothing  is  known 
of  Nimrod.  The  monuments  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia 
have  hitherto  refused  to  divulge  the  name.  Certain  schol- 
ars indeed  imagined  that  it  might  bethepronunciation  of 
the  name  of  the  hero  of  the  great  Chaldaaan  Epic,  but  we 
now  know  that  such  is  not  the  case.  Nimrod  still  remains 
to  be  discovered  in  the  cuneiform  texts. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T. , p.  66. 

Nimrod.  A pseudonym  of  C.  J.  Apperley,  a 
writer  on  hunting,  etc.,  in  the  “Quarterly  Re- 
view.” 

Nimrud  (nim'rod).  An  important  archroo- 
logical  site  in  Assyria,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Tigris  about  19  miles  below  Nineveh:  the  ancient 
Calah  (which  see).  It  was  excavated  by  Layard  be- 
tween 1845  and  1851,  and  yielded  the  remarkable  series  of 
reliefs  constituting  the  Nimrud  Gallery  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum. The  site  was  occupied  by  several  palaces  in  succes- 
sion, according  to  the  Oriental  custom  which  required 
every  monarch  to  build  his  own.  The  long  series  of  changes 
and  reconstructions  makes  the  architectural  history  of  the 
site  difficult  to  unravel ; however,  except  Khorsabad,  this 
has  been  the  most  carefully  explored  and  the  most  instruc- 
tive site  in  Assyria.  It  is  particularly  interesting  for  its 
abundant  remains  of  vaults  built  of  crude  brick  in  courses 
inclined  diagonally  against  each  other,  so  as  to  obviate  the 
use  of  centering. 

Nimwegen  (nim'wa-gen),  or  Nymegen,  or 
Nimeguen  (nim'a-gen),  D.  also  Nijmegen 
(ru'ma-chen),  F.  Nimegue  (ne-mag').  A city  in 
the  province  of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  situat- 
ed on  t he  Waal  in  lat.  51°  51'  N.,  long.  5°  52'  E. : 
the  Roman  NoviomagUS.  It  has  a fine  situation,  and 
contains  the  Church  of  St.  Stephen,  Stadhuis,  and  ruins  of 
the  Oarolingian  palace.  It  was  the  residence  of  Charles  the 
Great  and  other  monarchs.  Later  it  was  a free  imperial  city 
and  Hanseatic  town.  Itjoined  the  Union  of  Utrechtin  1579; 
was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1585 ; retaken  by  the  Dutch 
in  1591 ; and  taken  by  the  French  in  1672  and  in  1794. 
Population,  64,735. 


Nine  Worthies,  The 

Nimwegen,  Peace  of.  A series  of  treaties  con- 
cluded at  Nimwegen  in  1678  and  1679.  With  those 

of  Westminster  between  Holland  and  England |Feb.  9,1674), 
of  Fontainebleau  between  France  and  Denmark  (Sept.  2, 
1679),  of  Lund  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  (Sept.  26, 
1679),  and  of  St.-Germain-en-Laye  between  Sweden  and 
Brandenburg  (1679),  they  put  an  end  to  the  hostilities  be- 
tween France  and  Holland  and  their  allies  originating 
with  the  attack  on  Holland  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1672.  The 
treaty  between  France  and  Holland  was  concluded  Aug. 
10,  1678;  that  between  France  and  Spain  Sept.  17,  1678; 
that  between  the  emperor  on  the  one  hand  and  France 
and  Sweden  on  the  other  Feb.  5,  1679;  and  that  between 
Holland  and  Sweden  Oct.  12,  1679.  Holland  received  all 
its  territory  back  on  condition  of  preserving  neutrality  ; 
Spain  ceded  Franche-Comto,  Valenciennes,  Cambray,  St.- 
Omer,  Ypres,Conde,  Bouchain.Maubeuge,  and  other  places 
to  France ; France  restored  Charleroi,  Oudenarde,  Cour- 
tray,  Limburg,  Ghent,  Puyeerda,  etc.,  to  Spain ; the  em- 
peror ceded  Freiburg-im-Breisgau  to  France ; and  Duke 
Charles  XV.  of  Lorraine  was  restored  to  his  duchy,  but  on 
conditions  which  he  refused  to  accept. 

Nina  (nen'ya),  La.  [Sp.,  ‘little  girl.’]  One  of 
the  smaller  caravels  of  Columbus  in  liis  voyage 
of  1492.  It  was  an  undecked  vessel,  probably  not  over 
45  feet  long,  and  was  commanded  at  first  by  Vicente  Yafiez 
Pinzon.  After  the  wreck  of  the  Santa  Maria  (Dec.  24, 1492) 
Columbus  returned  in  the  Nifia  to  Europe. 

Nina  Gordon.  See  Bred. 

Ninetta.  See  Gazza  Ladra,  La. 

Ninety-Six  (irin'ti-siks').  A village  in  Abbe- 
ville County,  South  Carolina,  75  miles  west 
by  north  of  Columbia.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  the  Americans  under  Greene  in 
1781. 

Ninety-Three  (nin'ti-thre').  [F.  Quatre-vingt- 
trcize .]  Ahistorical  novel  by  Victor  Hugo,  pub- 
lished .in  1874.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  north- 
west of  France  in  1793. 

Nineveh  (nin'e-ve).  [Heb.  Nineve,  Assyr.  Ni- 
nua,  Gr.  Nivevt  ij  Nm>f.]  In  ancient  geography, 
an  important  city  and  for  a long  time  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Assyrian  empire,  situated  on  the  east- 
ern bank  of  the  upper  Tigris  opposite  the  mod- 
ern Mosul,  and  surrounded  in  ancient  times  by  a 
shallow  river  (Khosr).  The  site, now  marked  by  thetwo 
mounds  of  Kuyunjik  and  Nebi  Yunus,  was  first  identified 
in  1820  by  J.  C.  Rich,  political  resident  of  the  East  India 
Company  at  Bagdad.  The  first  attempts  at  excavation  were 
made  in  1842  by  Paul  Emile  Botta,  who,  however,  met  with 
slight  success : these  were  followed  on  a more  extended 
scale  by  Sir  Austen  Henry  Layard  (1845-47,  1849-51),  by 
Hormuzd  Rassam  (1854),  and  by  George  Smith  (1873-76),  the 
work  being  again  taken  up  by  Rassam  on  the  death  of 
Smith.  As  a result  of  these  excavations,  the  general  out- 
line of  the  city,  the  remains  of  four  palaces  and  numerous 
sculptures,  and  thousands  of  tablets  (principally  from  the 
so-called  library  of  Asurbanipal)  were  discovered.  The 
greater  part  of  these  is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  The 
city  had  a circumference  of  from  7 to  8 miles,  the  ruins  of 
the  walls  showing  a height  in  some  parts  of  50  feet.  It 
was  in  existence  as  early  as  the  time  of  Samsi-ramman  (1816 
B.  C.),  who  rebuilt  a temple  there.  Shalmaneser  I.  (l330 
B.  c.)  built  a palace  at  Nineveh  and  made  it  the  city  of  his 
residence.  Samsi-ramman  III.  (824-811)  decorated  and  re- 
stored the  temple  of  Ishtar,  famous  for  a special  phase  of 
the  cult  of  the  goddess.  (See  Ishtar.)  Ramman-nirari  III. 
(811-782)  built  a new  palace  on  the  site  of  the  mound  Ne- 
bi Yunus.  For  a time  N ineveh  was  neglected,  Sargon  (722- 
705  B.  C.),  the  founder  of  the  new  dynasty,  abandoning  it 
as  the  capital  for  a new  town,  Dur-Sarrukin  (Khorsabad), 
rvhieh  he  built  and  made  his  residence.  His  son,  Sen- 
nacherib (705-681  B.  c.),  was,  however,  a special  patron  of 
Nineveh.  He  surrounded  it  with  a wall,  replaced  (695)  the 
small  palace  at  the  nort  heast  wall  by  a large  one,  built  an- 
other palace  which  he  filled  with  cedar  wood  and  adorned 
with  colossal  hulls  and  lions,  and  beautified  the  city  with 
a park.  The  Old  Testament  (2  Ki.  xix.  36,  Isa.  xxxvii.  37) 
mentions  Nineveh  as  the  residence  of  Sennacherib.  Esar- 
haddou(680-668B.C.)finished  a temple,  widened  the  streets, 
and  beautified  the  city,  forcing  the  kings  whom  he  con- 
quered to  furnish  materials  for  adorning  the  city  and  pal- 
aces. Nineveh  succumbed  to  the  combined  attack  of  the 
Medes  under  Cyaxares  and  the  Babylonians  under  Nabo- 
polassar  in  608  (606?)  B.  C.  See  also  Assyria,  Cyaxares,  Ku- 
yunjilc,  and  Nebi  Yunus. 

Nine  Worthies,  The.  Nine  heroes  of  romance 
and  chivalry  whose  story  is  told  in  Arthurian 
legends.  In  one  of  these,  the  “Triumphes  des  neufs 
Preux,”  “ the  author  feigns  that  there  appeared  to  him  in  a 
vision  nine  heroes,  and  in  a second  vision  a tenth  hero,  viz., 
Joshua,  David,  Judas  Maccabseus,  Hector,  Alexander  the 
Great,  Julius  Csesar,  and  then  Arthur,  Charlemagne,  God- 
frey of  Bouillon,  and  finally  Bertrand  du  Guesclin  ; they 
charge  him  to  undertake  the  description  of  their  lives 
and  feats,  in  order  that  Lady  Triumphe,  who  appears  with 
them,  may  be  enabled  to  decide  which  of  them  has  deserved 
her  crown.  . . . The  nine  heroes  of  this  romance  are 
not  infrequently  mentioned  in  the  earlier  English  litera- 
ture. Shakespeare  alludes  in  * Love’s  Labour 's  Lost  ’ (act  v. 
sc.  2)  to  the  Nine  Worthies.  Further,  they  appear  in  the 
verses  which  precede  the  Low-German  history  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great  (Brun’s  ‘ Altplattdeutsche  Gedichte,’  p.  336, 
etc.  See  also  Warton,  vol.  iv.  p.  151,  note  a,  Lond.  1824). 
They  figure  also  in  tapestry  and  paintings  (Warton,  ii.  p.  44, 
note  9).  This  selection  of  thrice  three  heroes  may  very 
likely  have  originated  in  the  ‘ Welsh  Triads,’  where  the 
three  Pagan,  Jewish,  and  Christian  trinities  are  enumer- 
ated as  follows:  Hector,  Alexander,  and  Julius  Csesar; 
Joshua,  David,  and  Judas  Maccabseus;  Arthur,  Charle- 
magne, and  Godfrey  do  Bouillon.  For  Godfrey  is  some- 
times substituted  Guy  of  Warwick."  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose 
Fiction,  I.  269,  270. 

The  “Pageant  of  the  Nino  Worthies,”  out  of  which  so 
mucli  fun  is  made  in  Shakspere’s  “ Love’s  Labour  ’a  Lost," 


Nine  Worthies,  The 

was  represented  in  Queen  Mary's  time.  "Each  of  the 
Worthies,”  says  Strype,  “made  bis  speech,”  no  doubt  com- 
mencing, as  in  the  comedy,  with  “I  Pompey  am,”  “I  Judas 
am,”  etc.  Ward. 

Nine  Years’  Siege  (of  Montevideo).  See  Oribe, 
Manuel. 

Ningpo  (ning'po'),  orNingpo-fu  (ning'po'fo'). 
A seaport  in  the  province  of  Chekiang,  China, 
situated  on  the  river  Ningpo  in  lat.  29°  51'  N. , 
long.  121°  32'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  treaty  ports;  has 
flourishing  commerce ; is  an  educational  and  religious 
center  ; and  is  noted  for  its  tall  tower  and  temple.  It  was 
taken  by  the  British  in  1841.  Population,  260,000. 

Ninian(nin'i-an),  Saint.  Lived  about  400  a.  d. 
A British  missionary  among  the  southern  Piets. 
He  built  a church  at  Withern,  or  Whithorn,  Galloway,  in 
397,  and  in  421,  when  driven  to  Ireland,  is  said  to  have 
founded  a monastery  at  Clonconnor. 

Nino(nen'yo),  Pedro  Alonso.  Born  in  Moguer 
about  1455 : died  about  1505.  A Spanish  navi- 
gator. He  was  connected  with  several  Portuguese  expe- 
ditions  to  the  West  African  coast ; commanded  a supply 
fleet  which  sailed  for  Santo  Domingo  in  1403 ; and  was  with 
Columbus  on  his  third  voyage  in  1498.  Later  he  was  as- 
sociated with  Cristobal  Guerra  in  a trading  expedition  to 
the  pearl  coast  (Venezuela).  They  left  Spain  about  June, 
1499,  with  a single  small  vessel,  and  returned  richly  laden 
with  pearls  and  gold  in  April,  1500.  This  was  the  first 
financially  profitable  voyage  to  the  American  coast. 

Ninon  de  Lenclos  or  L’Enclos.  See  Lenclos. 
Ninove  (ne-nov').  A town  in  the  province  of 
East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dender 
15  miles  west  of  Brussels.  Population, 
commune,  8,429. 

Ninus  (ni'nus).  Iu  Greek  narratives,  the  founder 
of  Nineveh  (which  he  named  after  himself ) and 
of  the  Assyrian  empire,  husband  of  Semiramis 
and  father  of  Ninyas. 

Ninus.  An  ancient  name  of  Nineveh;  also,  a 
Eoman  town  (of  short  duration)  on  the  site  of 
Nineveh. 

Nio  (ne'o).  An  island  in  the  nomarchy  of  the 
Cyclades,  Greece,  12  miles  south-southwest  of 
Naxos:  the  ancient  Ios.  Length,  11  miles. 
Niobe  (ni'o-be).  [Gr.  fhd/3??.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  daughter  of  Tantalus  and  wife  of  Am- 
phion,  king  of  Thebes.  Proud  of  her  numerous  pro- 
geny, she  provoked  the  auger  of  Apollo  and  Artemis  by 
boasting  over  their  mother  Leto,  who  had  but  those  two 
children.  Site  was  punished  by  seeing  all  her  children  die 
by  the  arrows  of  the  two  light-deities.  She  herself  was  met- 
amorphosed by  Zeus  into  a stone  which  it  is  still  sought  to 
identify  on  the  slope  of  Mount  Sipylus,  near  Smyrna.  This 
legend  has  afforded  a fruitful  subject  for  art,  and  was  nota- 
bly represented  in  a group  attributed  to  Scopas,  now  best 
known  from  copies  in  the  Utflzi  at  Florence.  See  Niobe 
g roup . 

Niobe  group.  A celebrated  collection  of  18  an- 
tique statues,  12  of  which  were  found  in  Borne 
in  1583,  now  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  They  are  good 
Roman  copies  of  Greek  originals  ascribed  with  probability 
to  Scopas,  though  by  some  to  Praxiteles,  representing 
Niobe  horror-stricken  in  the  midst  of  her  children,  who  are 
being  struck  to  death  by  the  unseen  shafts  of  Apollo  and 
Artemis.  The  central  figure,  Niobe,  seeks  to  shelter,  with 
her  arm  and  her  mantle,  her  youngest  daughter,  who  kneels 
terrified  at  her  feet.  The  other  children,  youths  and 
maidens,  are  dead,  dying,  or  fleeing,  seeking  to  ward  off  the 
inevitable  blow,  or  awaiting  it  with  resignation.  The  ex- 
isting group  is  incomplete  : the  original  was  probably  ar- 
ranged pyramidally  for  the  decoration  of  a pediment. 
Niobites  (nl'o-bits).  A branch  of  the  Monophy- 
sites,  founded  by  Steplianus  Niobes  in  the  6tL 
century,  who  opposed  the  views  of  the  Severi- 
ans.  See  Severians.  yiobes  taught  that,  according 
to  strict  Monopliysite  doctrine,  the  qualities  cf  Christ’s 
human  nature  were  lost  by  its  absorption  into  his  divine 
nature.  The  Niobites  gradually  modified  their  views  aud 
returned  to  the  orthodox  church. 

Niobrara  (ni-o-bra'ra).  A river  in  northern 
Nebraska  which  joins  the  Missouri  34  miles  west 
of  Yankton.  Length,  about  450  miles. 

Niort  (nyor).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Deux-Sfevres,  France,  situated  on  the  S^vre- 
Niortaise  in  lat.  46°  19'  N.,  long.  0°  28'  W.  It 
has  large  manufactures  of  gloves,  and  is  noted  for  its 
onions.  It  has  a museum  of  paintings,  town  hall,  ruined 
castle,  and  Church  of  Notre  Dame.  It  was  often  taken  and 
retaken  in  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Population, 
commune,  23,329. 

Niphon.  See  Nippon. 

Nipigon  (nip'i-gon),  or  Nepigon  (nep'i-gon),  or 
Neepigon  (ne'pi-gon),  Lake.  A lake  in  British 
North  America,  25  miles  north  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, into  which  it  discharges  by  Nipigon  Biver. 
Length,  about  70  miles. 

Nipissing  (nip'i-sing),  Lake.  A lake  in  the 
province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  northeast  of  Geor- 
gian Bay  (in  Lake  Huron),  into  which  it  dis- 
charges through  French  Biver.  Length,  about 
50  miles. 

Nipmuc  (nip'muk).  [PL,  also  Nipmucks.  The 
name  means  ‘fresh-water  fishing-place.’]  A 
general  name  for  the  North  American  Indian 
tribes  of  central  Massachusetts,  extending  into 
Connecticut  and  Bhode  Island,  in  1675  their  sur- 
vivors of  the  King  Philip  war  fled  to  Canada  and  to  the 


740 

Hudson  River.  Eliot’s  translation  of  the  Bible  was  in  the 
Naticdialectof  the  language  spoken  by  the  Nipmuc  tribes. 
See  Alqonguian. 

Nipper  (nip'er),  Susan.  In  Dickens’s  “Dom- 
bey  and  Son,”  a young  maid  in  charge  of  Flor- 
ence Dombey,  noted  for  her  sharp  tongue. 
Nippon  (nip'on'),  or  Nihon  (ne'hon').  The  na- 
tive name  of  the  island  empire  of  Japan  (which 
see),  usually  with  Dai,  ‘ great,’  prefixed.  Nippon 

is  frequently  wrongly  used  by  foreigners  for  the  main 
island,  which  has  no  proper  name  of  its  own,  and  is  spoken 
of  simply  as  Hondo,  ‘the  main  island.’ 

Nippur  (nip-por').  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Babylonia,  south  of  Babylon,  midway 
between  that  place  and  Freeh:  the  modern 
Niffer,  situated  on  the  (Shaft  en-Nil.  The  site  was 
visited  by  Sir  Austen  Henry  Layard  in  1851,  who  found 
there  a few  inscribed  bricks  which  determined  its  identity. 
From  records  found  in  the  library  of  Asurbanipal  at 
Nineveh  it  was  later  ascertained  that  Nippur  was  the 
most  ancient  religious  capital  of  Babylonia,  on  which  ac- 
count it  was  selected  for  excavation  by  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  Expedition  to  Babj  Ionia.  These  excava- 
tions were  conducted  under  the  immediate  leadership  of 
Dr.  John  P.  Peters  1889-90  and  1893-96,  and  again  1898- 
1900  under  Dr.  John  Henry  Haynes  as  field  director,  with 
Dr.  Peters  and,  later,  Dr.  H.  V.  Hilprecht  as  home  or 
scientific  director,  the  latter  also  visiting  the  site  person- 
ally in  1900.  The  ancient  temple  of  Hel-Enlil,  the  great 
god  of  Nippur,  was  excavated  sufficiently  to  enable  the 
excavators  to  determine  in  general  the  method  of  con- 
struction of  an  old  Babylonian  temple,  and  to  trace  the 
development  of  city  and  temple  from  prehistoric  times 
onward.  Partial  excavations  were  conducted  also  in  other 
parts  of  the  ruins,  from  which  it  would  seem  that  the 
whole  city  was  an  appanage  of  the  temple.  Few  objects 
of  artistic  interest  were  discovered,  but  great  quantities 
of  domestic  utensils,  funeral  remains,  etc.,  and  an  enor- 
mous mass  of  inscribed  documents,  principally  clay  tab- 
lets. The  date  of  the  earliest  of  these  inscriptions  is 
presumably  not  earlier  than  the  middle  or  latter  part  of 
the  4th  millennium,  but  the  city  and  temple  were  almost 
if  not  quite  twice  as  old.  The  inscriptions  from  Nippur 
which  have  been  published  up  to  date  are  almost  entirely 
temple  archives  or  school  documeuts  found  by  the  first 
and  second  expeditions. 

Nipur.  See  Nippur. 

Niquirans.  See  Nicaraos. 

Niris  (ne'ris),  Lake.  A large  salt  lake  in  Far- 
sistan, southern  Persia,  east  of  Shiraz. 
Nirukti  (ni-rok'ti).  [Skt.,  ‘ interpretation.’]  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  an  exposition  in  12  books,  by 
Yaska,  of  the  Nighantu  or  Nighantavas.  See 
Nigliantu.  “It  is  in  Yaska’s  work,  the  Nirukti,  that  we 
find  the  first  general  notions  of  grammar.  Starting  from 
the  phonetic  rules,  advance  was  made  first  to  a general 
view  of  phonetics,  and  thence  to  the  remaining  portionsof 
the  domain  of  language.  Inflection,  derivation,  and  com- 
position were  recognized  and  distinguished,  and  manifold 
reflections  were  made  upon  the  modifications  thereby  oc- 
casioned in  the  meaning  of  a root.”  (Weber.)  As  to  Yas- 
ka’s date,  it  can  only  be  said  that  he  belonged  to  the  last 
stages  of  the  Vedic  period.  His  Nirukti  has  been  edited 
by  Roth. 

Nirvana  (nir-vii'nii).  [Skt.,  ‘blowing  out’  (as 
of  a light),  ‘extinction.’]  In  Buddhism,  the 
condition  of  a Buddha ; the  state  to  which  the 
Buddhist  saint  aspires  as  the  highest  aim  and 
highest  good.  Originally,  doubtless,  this  was  the  ex- 
tinction of  existence.  Buddha’s  attempt  being  to  show  the 
way  of  escape  from  the  miseries  inseparably  attached  to 
life,  and  especially  to  life  everlastingly  renewed  by  trans- 
migration, as  held  in  India.  But  in  later  times  this  nega- 
tion has  naturally  taken  on  other  forms,  and  Is  explained 
as  extinction  of  desire,  passion,  unrest,  etc. 

Nisssa  (ni-se'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a re- 
gion in  Media  (perhaps  near  the  Caspian  Gates), 
famous  for  its  breed  of  horses. 

The  Nissean  breed  of  horses  continued  in  repute  down 
to  the  times  of  Ammianus  Marcellinus  (xxiii.  6).  They 
excelled  all  others  in  size  and  speed,  and  were  generally 
the  property  of  the  Persian  kings  or  nobles  of  the  highest 
rank.  The  situalionof  the  Nissan  plain  from  which  they 
were  said  to  derive  their  name  is  uncertain.  According 
to  Strabo,  some  placed  it  in  Armenia ; others,  according  to 
Suidas,  in  Persia.  The  general  consent,  however,  of  the 
best  writers  assigns  it  to  Media,  where  we  know  from  the 
Behistun  Inscription  that  there  was  a district  Nisaea  or 
Nisaya.  Jtawlinson, Herod.,  IV.  39,  note. 

Nisami.  See  Nizami. 

Nisan(ui'san).  [ Ileb . nisdn , Baby  1 oni an nisdnu.} 
The  name  of  the  first  month  of  the  Hebrew  year, 
corresponding  to  March- April:  after  the  exile 
(Esther  iii.  7,  Nell.  ii.  1)  corresponding  to  the 
preexilic  Abib.  Like  the  other  names  of  the  Hebrew 
months,  it  was  derived  from  the  Babylonians.  The  fact 
that  it  was  the  month  in  which  the  vernal  equinox  fell  is 
attested  by  the  cuneiform  tablets  and  by  Josephus. 

Nisard  (ne-zar'),  Jean  Marie  Napoleon  De- 
sire. Born  March  20,  1806 : died  at  Paris, 
March  26,1888.  A French  historian  of  literature, 
ne  became  a member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1850. 
His  chief  work  is  “Ilistoirq  de  la  littArature  franqaise" 
(1814-61).  He  also  wrote  “ Etudes  d’histoire  et  de  litera- 
ture ” (1859),  “ Nouvelles  Etudes  ” (1864),  etc. 

Niscemi  (nish-a'me).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  43  miles  southwest  of 
Catania.  Population,  commune,  14,689. 

Nish,  or  Nisch  (nesh),  or  Nissa  (nes'sa).  The 
second  largest  city  of  Servia,  situated  on  the 
Nishava  in  lat.  43°  18'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  E. : the 


Nitria 

ancient  Naissus  (Gr.  ~Saico6e).  it  was  the  birthplace 
of  Constantine  the  Great.  It  was  held  by  the  Servians  from 
the  12th  to  the  14th  century,  and  then  by  the  Turks  until 
1878.  Here,  in  269,  the  emperor  Claudius  II.  defeated  the 
Goths,  50,000  of  whom  are  said  to  have  perished  ; and  here, 
in  1689,  the  Austrians  under  Louis  of  Baden  defeated  the 
Turks.  The  place  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
Servians  in  1809.  Population,  21,946. 

Nishadha  (ni'sha-d-ha).  In  the  Mahabharata, 
the  country  of  Nala,  inferred  to  be  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Sind,  which  traverses  Gwalior  state, 
Central  India.  On  the  Sind  is  Narwar,  and  local  tra- 
dition connects  this  place  with  King  Nala  in  a story 
bearing  a striking  resemblance  to  the  poem  of  Nala. 
Nishapur  (nisli-ii-por').  A city  in  Khorasan, 
Persia,  48  miles  west  of  Meshhed:  an  important 
medieval  city.  Population,  about  11,000. 
Nishinam  (nish'i-nam).  The  southern  division 
of  the  Pujunan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, comprising  a number  of  tribes  wbieb  for- 
merly occupied  the  part  of  northern  California 
between  Yuba  and  Cosumne  rivers.  The  name 
signifies  ‘ people  ’ or  ‘ our  people.’  See  Pujunan. 
Nisib.  See  Nizib. 

Nisibis  (nis'i-bis).  [Gr.  In  ancient 

geography,  a town  in  Mesopotamia,  situated  in 
lat.  37°  N.,  long.  41°  15'  E. : the  modern  Nisi- 
bin  or  Nesibin.  It  was  an  Armenian,  Parthian,  Roman, 
and  Persian  stronghold  ; and  was  taken  by  Lucullus  in  68 
B.  c.,  and  afterward  by  Trajan. 

Nismes.  See  Nimes. 

Nisqualli  (niz'kwa-le).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  and  about 
Nisqualli  Biver,  Washington : now  numbering 
about  100  persons,  on  the  Nisqualli  reserva- 
tion, Washington.  See  Salishan. 

Nisroch.  (nis'rok).  In  Bible  history,  an  Assyrian 
deity  in  whose  temple  at  Nineveh  Sennacherib 
was  murdered  (2  Ki.  xix.  37,  Isa.  xxxvii.  38). 
The  name  was  formerly  derived  from  Heb.  neSer  (‘  eagle  ’), 
and  the  deity  was  supposed  to  have  been  one  of  the  eagle- 
headed  genii  frequently  represented  on  Assyrian  sculp- 
tures. The  name  has,  however,  not  been  found  in  cunei- 
form literature,  and  the  conjecture  of  Joseph  Haldvy 
that  it  is  an  error  for  Nusku  (which  see)  has  been  gener- 
ally accepted. 

Nissa.  See  Nish. 

Nisus  (nl'sus).  [Gr.  NZerof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a king  of  Megara,  father  of  Scylla : changed  to 
an  eagle. 

Nisyro  (ne'se-ro).  A small  volcanic  island  off 
the  southwestern  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  south 
of  Cos  and  northwest  of  Bhodes : the  ancient 
Nisyrus  (Gr.  N/crnpof). 

Nith  (nith).  A river  in  southwestern  Scotland 
which  falls  into  Solway  Firth  8 miles  south  of 
Dumfries.  Length,  71  miles. 

Nithard  (ne-tar').  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the 
9th  century.  A Frankish  historian,  son  of 
Bertha  and  grandson  of  Charles  the  Great. 
Nitherohi.  See  Nictheroy. 

Nithsdale  (nitlis'dal).  The  valley  of  the  Nith, 
principally  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland. 
Niti-Ghaut  (ne'te-gat').  One  of  the  chief  passes 
over  the  Himalaya  from  India  to  Tibet,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  30°  58'  N.,  long.  79°  53'  E. 
Height,  16,628  feet. 

Nitinaht  (ne'tin-at).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  on  Nitinaht  Lake  or  Sound,  Van- 
couver Island,  British  Columbia.  Number,  269. 
See  Alit. 

Nitishastra  (ne-ti-shas'tra).  [Skt.,  ‘conduct- 
treatise’:  mil,  conduct,  and  shastra,  instruc- 
tion, treatise.]  In  Sanskrit,  doctrine  of  politi- 
cal and  social  ethics,  and  then  the  name  of  a 
class  of  ethieo-didactic  treatises.  These  consist 
either  of  maxims  in  verse,  or  of  fables  and  stories  in  prose 
with  intermingled  verse.  See  Bhartrihari,  Hitopadeska, 
Panchatantra. 

Nitocris  (ni-to'kris),  or  Nit-aker  (net-a'ker). 
[‘The  perfect.’]  An  Egyptian  queen  of  the  6th 
dynasty  (about  3000  B.  C.).  According  to  Manetho 
she  was  the  noblest  and  most  beautiful  woman  of  her 
time,  and  the  builder  of  the  third  pyramid  at  Gizeh.  This 
pyramid,  which  was  built  by  Menkaura  of  the  4th  dynasty, 
she  doubtless  renovated  and  enlarged.  Herodotus  also 
relates  certain  fables  about  her. 

Nitocris.  A queen  of  Babylon. 

Babylon  was  made  impregnable:  the  river  was  paved 
with  brick,  and  lined  with  huge  walls  ; and  those  wonder- 
ful works  of  defence  were  constructed  which  Herodotos 
ascribes  to  Queen  Nitdkris.  This  queen  may  have  been 
the  mother  of  Nabonidos,  who  died  on  the  5th  of  Nisan 
or  March,  B.  C.  546,  iu  the  camp  near  Slppara. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  144. 

Nitria  (nit'ri-ii).  The  region  of  the  Natron 
Lakes  in  Egypt,  situated  southwest  of  the  delta 
of  tbo  Nile. 

The  district  Nitria  is  frequently  mentioned  by  ancient 
authors:  ashy  Strabo  (xvii.)  and  by  Pliny  (xxxi.  46),  and 
again  by  the  Church  writers  of  the  fourth  and  following 
centuries,  especially  by  those  of  them  who  speak  of  the 
monastic  institutions  of  their  own  times.  Around  these 
dreary  waters  the  monks  of  that  time  established  them- 


Nitria 

selves  in  great  numbers — so  many,  indeed,  that  the  em- 
peror Valens,  thinking  that  he  could  find  a more  useful 
employment  for  them  than  that  of  reciting  the  Psalter, 
enlisted  as  many  as  five  thousand  of  them  in  his  legions. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  217. 

Nitzsch  (nitsh),  Gregor  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Wittenberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  22,  1790 : died  at 
Leipsie,  Jtdy  22,  1861.  A German  philologist, 
son  of  K.  L.  Nitzsch  : professor  at  Kiel  1827-52, 
and  at  Leipsie  1852-61.  He  wrote  works  on  the 
Homeric  poems,  and  defended  the  Homeric  authorship  of 
the  Iliad  and  Odyssey. 

Nitzsch,  Karl  Immanuel.  Born  at  Borna, 
Saxony,  Sept.  21,  1787 : died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
21, 1868.  A German  Protestant  theologian,  son 
of  K.  L.  Nitzsch : professor  at  Berlin  1847-68. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  “ mediation  theology.” 
His  chief  works  are  “System  der  christlichen  Lehre” 
(“System  of  Christian  Doctrine,”  1829),  “Praktische 
Tlieologie  ” (1847-48). 

Nitzsch,  Karl  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Wittenberg, 
Prussia,  Aug.  6, 1751 : died  there,  Dec.  5, 1831. 
A German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Wittenberg. 

Nitzsch,  Karl  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Zerbst,  An- 
halt, Dec.  22, 1818 : died  at  Berlin,  Juno  20, 1880. 
A German  historian,  son  of  G.W.  Nitzsch:  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  1872-80.  He  published  works 
on  Roman  and  medieval  German  history,  etc. 
Niut’atci.  See  Missouri. 

Nivardus  (ni-var'dus)  of  Ghent.  Lived  in  the 
12th  century.  A Flemish  priest,  the  author  of 
the  Latin  poem  “ Ysengrimus,”  originally  called 
“Reinardus  Vulpes”  (1148).  See  Reynard  the 
Fox. 

Here  we  have  the  names  that  afterwards  entered  so  com- 
pletely into  the  speech  of  Europe  that  the  old  French  word 
for  a fox,  Goupil,  was  replaced  by  Renard.  Reinaert,  Rey- 
nard, or  Reginhard,  means  ‘absolutely  hard,’  a hardened 
evil-doer  whom  there  is  no  turning  from  his  way.  It  is  al- 
together out  of  this  old  story  that  the  Fox  has  come  by 
that  name.  Isegrim,  the  Wolf's  name,  is  also  Flemish  — 
Isengrin  meaning  ‘ the  iron  helm.’  The  bear  they  named 
Bruno,  Bruin,  for  the  colour  of  his  coat. 

Horley,  English  Writers,  VI.  316. 

Nivelles  (ne-vel'),  Flem.  Nyvel  (ni'vel).  A 
manufacturing  town  in  the  province  of  Brabant, 
Belgium,  on  the  Thines,  17  miles  south  of  Brus- 
sels. It  contains  the  church  of  an  ancient  con- 
vent. Population,  commune,  12,528. 
NivernaiS  (ne-ver-na/).  An  ancient  govern- 
ment of  France,  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
department  of  Nievre.  It  was  bounded  by  Burgundy 
on  the  northeast,  east,  and  southeast,  Bourbonnais  on  the 
south  and  southwest,  Berry  on  the  west,  and  Orldanais  on 
the  northwest.  The  most  important  portion  of  it  was  the 
duchy  of  Nevers. 

Nivose  (ne-voz').  [F.,‘ the  snowy.’]  The  name 
adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Cdnvention  of 
the  first  French  republic  for  the  fourth  month 
of  the  year.  It  consisted  of  33  days,  beginning  in  the 
years  1,  2,  3,  5, 6,  7 with  Dec.  21 ; in  4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14  with 
Dec.  22 ; and  in  12  with  Dec.  23.  The  Gregorian  calendar 
came  again  into  use  after  10th  Nivose,  year  14  (Dec.  31, 
1806). 

Niza  (net'sa:  as  Sp.,  ne'tha),  Marcos  de.  Born 
at  Nice,  Savoy,  date  unknown : died  at  Mexico, 
March  25, 1558.  A Franciscan  missionary,  dis- 
coverer of  New  Mexico.  He  is  said  to  have 
labored  successively  in  Peru,  Nicaragua,  and 
Mexico,  and  in  the  last-named  country  was 
provincial  of  his  order.  By  order  of  the  viceroy  he 
penetrated  northward  from  Culiacan  in  1529,  and  in  May 
of  that  year  reached  the  region  called  Cibola  (the  Zuni 
pueblos) ; but  be  turned  back,  reaching  Compostella  about 
July.  His  official  report  is  truthful  and  very  judicious, 
but  after  his  return  to  Mexico  the  viceroy  caused  him  to 
circulate  exaggerated  reports  in  order  to  influence  idlers 
to  go  to  Cibola  in  quest  of  supposed  treasure.  This  led 
to  the  expedition  of  Coronado  (1540),  which  he  accom- 
panied. 

Nizami  (ni-za'me)  (Abu  Mohammed  ben  Yu- 
suf Sheikh  Nizam  eddin).  Born  in  1141  at 
Tafrisk,  near  Kum : lived  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  at  Genje  (Yelisavetpol),  and  died  in  1202. 
One  of  the  seven  chief  poets  of  Persia.  He  wrote 
a divan  of  28,000  disticlis,  and  five  other  great  poems : 
“ The  Storehouse  of  Mysteries,"  “ The  Book  of  Alexander,” 
“ Khosrau  and  Shirin,”  “ Majnun  and  Laila  "(see  Lailaarul 
Majnun),  and  “The  Seven  Fair  Faces,"  the  last  consisting 
of  seven  stories  told  by  the  seven  wives  of  Bahrain  Gor  to 
amuse  him.  These  live  works  are  known  as  the  “Five 
Treasures  of  Nizami.”  The  third  lias  been  translated  into 
German  by  Hamrner-Purgstall  (1812),  the  fourth  into  Eng- 
lish by  Atkinson  (1836),  the  fifth  into  German  by  Erdmann 
(1835).  See  Bacher,  “ N izamis  Leben  und  W erke  " (Got- 
ti ngen,  1871). 

Nizam’s  Dominions.  See  Hyderabad. 
Nizhni-Novgorod.  See  Nijni-Novgorod. 

Nizib,  or  Nisib  (no-zeb').  A place  in  the  vilayet 
of  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the 
Euphrates  64  miles  northeast  of  Aleppo,  ncre, 
June  24, 1839,  the  Egyptians  under  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeated 
the  Turks. 

Nizza.  See  Nice  (in  France). 


741 

Njenji  ( ujen'je).  A name  given  to  the  land  of 
the  Barotse  by  the  Ovimbundu,  and  adopted  by 
the  Portuguese. 

Njord  (nyerd).  [ON.  Njordlir .]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  father  of  Frey  and  Freyja  : most 
often  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  former 
as  the  dispenser  of  riches.  He  was  by  race  aVana, 
but  came  as  a hostage  to  Asgard.  His  wife  was  Skadi,  the 
daughter  of  the  giant  Thjazi.  He  ruled  the  wind  and 
calmed  the  sea,  and  hence  was  the  god  of  sailors  and  fish- 
ermen. His  dwelling  was  Noatim  (ON.  NOatun ).  Njord 
is  in  name  the  same  as  the  goddess  Nerthus  of  Tacitus, 
who  is  called  by  him  terra  mater.  Her  cult  and  charac- 
teristics were  almost  identical  with  those  of  Frey. 
Nkumbi(ngk6m'be),orBankumbi(bang-kom'- 
be),  inPg.  Humbe.  A Bantu  tribe  of  southern 
Angola,  West  Africa,  on  the  Kunene  River.  It 
belongs  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Ovimbundu 
and  Ovambo : the  dialect  is  called  Lunkumbi. 
No  (no).  In  the  Old  Testament, Thebes  in  Egypt. 
Noab  (no'a).  [Heb., 4 rest.’]  In  the  Bible,  a pa- 
triarch, the  son  of  Lameck.  He  found  favor  with 
God  because  of  his  righteousness,  and  when  God  deter- 
mined to  destroy  the  world  on  account  of  its  wickedness, 
he  ordered  Noah  to  build  an  ark,  and  take  in  it  with  him 
his  family  and  some  of  all  living  animals.  God  then 
brought  a flood,  and  upon  its  cessation  Noah  went  forth 
from  the  ark,  and  from  his  family  the  world  was  repeo- 
pled. A similar  account  is  found  in  cuneiform  literature 
and  in  the  early  legends  of  various  other  peoples.  See 
Hasis-Adra. 

Noailles  (no-F),  Due  Adrien  Maurice  de.  Born 
Sept.  29,  1678 : died  June  24,  1766.  A French 
marshal.  He  was  defeated  by  the  Pragmatic  army  at 
Dettingen  June  27,  1743,  during  the  War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession. 

Noailles,  Antoine  de.  Born  1504:  died  March 
11,  1562.  A French  admiral  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  ambassador  in  England  1553-56. 
Noailles,  Marquis  Emmanuel  Henri  Victur- 
nien  de.  Born  Sept.  15,  1830:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  16,  1909.  A French  writer  and  diploma- 
tist, son  of  Paul  de  Noailles.  He  was  minister 
plenipotentiary  and  afterward  ambassador  at  Rome  1873- 
1882,  and  ambassador  at  Constantinople  1882-86. 

Noailles, Vicomte  Louis  Marie  de.  Born  1756 : 
died  Jan.  9, 1804.  A French  general  and  poli- 
tician, second  son  of  Philippe  de  Noailles  (Due 
de  Moucky).  He  was  the  brother-in-law  of  the  Marquis 
de  Lafayette,  and  came  to  the  United  States  as  a volunteer 
in  1779.  He  was  commissioned  to  arrange  with  Cornwal- 
lis the  details  of  the  capitulation  at  Yorktown  in  1781.  He 
was  elected  to  the  States-General  in  1789.  At  first  a sup- 
porter of  the  Revolution,  be  emigrated  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Reign  of  Terror.  He  afterward  accepted  a com- 
mand under  Rocbainbeau  in  Santo  Domingo,  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  in  an  engagement  with  the  English. 
Noailles,  Due  Paul  de.  Born  Jan.  4, 1802:  died 
May  30, 1885.  A French  peer  and  writer.  His 
chief  work  is  “Histoire  de  Madame  de  Main- 
tenon”  (1848-58). 

Noailles,  Philippe  de,  Due  de  Moucky.  Born 
1715:  guillotined  June  27,  1794.  A French 
marshal.  He  served  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succes- 
sion and  in  the  Seven  Years’  War,  and  was  one  of  the  vic- 
tims of  the  Reign  of  Terror. 

Noakhali  (no-ak-ha'le),  or  Noacolly  (no-a- 
koFi).  A district  in  Bengal,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  91°  E.  Area, 
1,644  square  miles.  Population,  1,141,728. 

Nob  (nob).  In  Old  Testament  geography,  a city 
near  Jerusalem,  to  the  north.  Its  exact  site  is 
unknown. 

Nobbs.  The  horse  of  Dr.  Dove,  the  hero  of 
Southey’s  “Doctor.” 

Noble  Gentleman,  The.  A play  licensed  in 
1626,  printed  in  1647.  It  has  been  attributed  to 
Fletcher,  but  his  share  in  it  is  questionable.  Fleay  thinks 
he  left  it  unfinished,  and  that  it  was  completed  by  Rowley 
and,  probably,  Middleton. 

Noboa  (no-bo'a),  Diego.  Born  at  Guayaquil, 
1789:  died  there,  Nov.  3, 1870.  AnEeuadorian 
politician,  ne  was  prominent  in  the  events  of  1820  and 
1827,  and  was  a member  of  the  provisional  government  in 
1845.  In  1849  lie  was  the  candidate  of  the  clerical  party 
for  president,  and  after  great  disorders  was  elected  to  the 
place  in  1850.  He  was  deposed  and  banished  the  same 
year. 

Nobrega  (nob'ra-ga),  Manuel  de.  Born  in  Por- 
tugal, Oct.  18,  1517:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Oct.  18,  1570.  A Jesuit  missionary.  Hewentto 
Brazil  in  1549  with  the  first  members  of  his  order  sent  to 
South  America,  and  was  the  first  provincial  of  the  Jesuits 
in  the  New  World  (1553-59).  The  influence  of  bis  labors 
was  very  great,  and  he  shares  with  Anchieta  the  title  of 
“Apostle  of  Brazil.” 

Nocera  Inferiore  (no-cha'rii  in-fa-re-6're),  or 
Nocera  de’  Pagani  (da  pa-ga'ne).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Salerno,  Italy,  21  miles  east  by 
south  of  Naples:  t he  ancient  Nuceria  Alfaterna. 
It  was  captured  by  tlio  Romans  in  308  B.  c.,  by  Hannibal 
in  216,  anti  by  Spartacus  in  73.  It  was  recolonized  by  Au- 
gustus. Population,  8,392  ; commune,  19,796. 

Nocera  Umbria  (om'bre-a).  A small  cathedral 
city  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  20  miles 
east  of  Perugia:  the  ancient  Nuceria  Camollaria. 


Nobl 

Nocbe  Triste  (no'cha  tres'ta).  [Sp.,  ‘sad’  or 
‘disastrous  night.’]  The  name  given  by  the 
Spanish  conquerors  of  Mexico  to  the  night  of 
June  30,  1520,  memorable  for  a struggle  in 
which  their  forces  were  nearly  annihilated.  After 
the  death  of  Montezuma,  Cortes  resolved  to  leave  Tenoch- 
titlan  (Mexico  City)  secretly.  The  movement  was  de- 
tected by  the  natives,  and  a terrible  battle  ensued  on  the 
Tlaeopan  causeway.  The  Spaniards  finally  escaped  with 
the  loss  of  about  450  of  their  small  force,  besides  4,000  In- 
dian allies.  Much  of  the  plunder  they  had  acquired  was 
sunk  in  the  lake,  and  was  never  recovered. 

Noctes  Ambrosianse  (nok'tez  am-bro-si-a'ne). 
[L.,‘ Ambrosian  nights.’]  A series  of  papers  in 
the  form  of  dialogues  on  popular  topics,  con- 
tributed  to  “Blackwood’s  Magazine”  1822-35, 
chiefly  by  John  Wilson  (“Christopher  North”). 
Noctes  Atticae  (at'i-se).  [L.,  ‘Attic  nights.’] 
A miscellaneous  work  by  Aulus  Gellius. 

Nod  (nod).  The  unknown  land,  on  the  east  of 
Eden,  to  which  Cain  fled,  according  to  the  ac- 
count in  Gen.  iv.  By  humorous  allusion  to  this,  the 
state  of  sleep  (or  nodding) is  colloquially  called  “the land 
of  nod.” 

Nodier  (no-dya'),  Charles  Emmanuel.  Born 
at  Besan§on,  France,  April  28,1780:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  26, 1844.  A French  novelist,  gram- 
marian, and  miscellaneous  autkoi’.  He  wrote 
“ Dictionnaire  des  onomatopCes  franqaises”  (1808),  “ Me- 
langes tiroes  d’une  petite  bibliotbeque”  (1825);  novels, 
“Histoire  du  roi  de  Boheme”  (1830),  “F<5e  aux  miettes" 
(1832),  “Inesde  la  Sierras,”  “Sraarra  ’(1831),  etc.;  “Diction- 
naire universel  de  la  langue  framjaise  " (“  French  Diction- 
ary,”  1823),  etc. 

Noe.  See  Cham. 

Noel  (no-el'),  Edme  Antoine  Paul.  Born  at 
Paris,  1845  : died  there,  Oct.,  1909.  A French 
Sculptor.  He  studied  under  Guillaume,  Lequesne,  and 
Cavelier,  and  took  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1868. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Romeo  et  Juliette”  (1875),  “Apres 
le  bain”  (187C),  “ Orphee  ” (1891),  etc. 

Noel,  fklauard.  Born  at  Arras,  Oct.  24,  1848. 
A French  dramatic  critic.  He  was  secretary  (secre- 
taire gdneral)  of  the  Op ^ra  Comique,  but  resigned  in  1891. 
He  has  published  with  Stoullig  (1875-91)  an  annual,  “ Les 
annales  du  theatre  et  de  la  musique.”  Sarcey,  Zola,  Sar- 
dou,  and  others  have  written  the  prefaces.  He  has  also 
written  several  comedies,  romances,  etc. 

Noetians  (no-e'skianz).  The  followers  of  Noe- 
tus  (see  below). 

Noetus  (no-e'tus).  Bom  at  Smyrna  or  Ephesus : 
died  probably  about  200  A.  d.  A heretic  of  Asia 
Minor  who  is  said  to  have  taught  that  “Christ 
was  the  Father,  and  that  the  Father  was  horn, 
and  suffered,  and  died.” 

The  Trinitarian  question,  indeed,  had  already  been  agi- 
tated within  a less  extensive  sphere.  Noetus,  an  Asiatic, 
either  of  Smyrna  or  Ephesus,  had  dwelt  with  such  exclu- 
sive zeal  on  the  unity  of  the  Godhead  as  to  absorb,  as  it 
were,  the  whole  Trinity  into  one  undivided  and  undistin- 
guished Being.  The  one  supreme  and  impassible  Father 
united  to  himself  the  man  Jesus,  whom  He  bad  created, 
by  so  intimate  a conjunction  that  the  divine  unity  was 
not  destroyed.  His  adversaries  drew  the  conclusion  that, 
according  to  this  blaspheming  theory,  the  Father  must 
have  suffered  on  the  cross ; and  the  ignominious  name  of 
Patripassians  adhered  to  the  few  followers  of  this  unpros- 
perous  sect.  Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  360. 

Nogaians  (no-gi'anz),  or  Nogais  (no-giz').  A 
Turco-Tatar  race  living  in  southern  Russia  and 
Caucasia. 

Nogales  (nd-ga'les).  [Sp.,  ‘walnut-trees.’] 
The  name  of  two  localities,  one  in  southeastern 
New  Mexico,  near  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Blanca, 
the  other  near  and  on  the  frontier  of  Sonora  and 
Arizona. 

Nogat  (no'gat).  Tho  eastern  branch  of  the  Vis- 
tula, flowing  into  the  Frisches  Half. 

N ogent-le-Eotrou  (no-zhon'le-ro-tro').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Huisne  32  miles  west-southwest  of 
Chartres.  It  has  a castle,  which  was  the  property  of 
Sully.  Population,  commune,  8,406. 

Nogent-sur-Marne  (no-zhoh'siir-marn').  A 
village  iu  the  department  of  Seine,  France, 
situated  ou  the  Marne  3 miles  east  of  the  for- 
tifications of  Paris.  Population,  commune, 
11,721. 

Nogent-Sur-Seine  (-san').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  60  miles  southeast  of  Paris.  Population, 
commune,  3,829. 

Noggerath  (neg'ge-riit),  Jakob.  Bom  at  Bonn, 
Prussia,  Oct.  10,  1788:  died  at  Bonn,  Sept.  13, 
1877.  A German  geologist  and  mineralogist, 
professor  at  Bonn.  He  published  “DasGebirge 
in Rheinland-Westfalen ” (1821-26),  “Die  Ent- 
stehung  und  Ausbildung  der  Erde”  (1847),  etc. 
Nohl  (nol),  Carl  Friedrich  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Iserlohn,  Prussia,  Dec.  5, 1831:  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Dec.  16,  1885.  A German  writer  on  music. 
He  edited  Mozart’s  “Letters”  (1865),  Beethoven’s  “Let- 


Nohl 

ters  " (1865-67),  “Letters  of  Musicians"  (1866).  He  also 
wrote  works  on  Mozart,  Beethoven,  Gluck,  Wagner,  etc., 
many  of  which  have  been  translated  into  English. 
Noir(nwar), Victor (Yvan  Salmon).  BornJuly 
27,  1848:  killed  at  Auteuil,  near  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1870.  A French  journalist.  He  was  shot  by  Prince 
Pierre  Bonaparte  in  an  altercation  over  a newspaper  arti- 
cle published  by  the  prince.  He  was  connected  with  Roche- 
fort’s journal  “La  Marseillaise”  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Noir  Faineant  (nwa  fa-na-on').  [F.,  ‘The 
Black  Sluggard.’]  In  Sir  Walter  Scott’s  novel 
“Ivanhoe,”  the  name  by  which  Bichard  Cceur 
de  Lion  is  known  at  the  tournament  at  Ashby 
and  the  siege  ot'  Front  de  Boeuf’s  castle. 
Noirmoutier  (nwar-mo-tya/).  An  island  west 
of  France,  belonging  to  the  department  of  Veu- 
d4e,  situated  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay  in  lat.  47°  N. 
Length,  12  miles.  Population,  2,185. 
Noisseville  (nwas-vel').  A village  in  German 
Lorraine,  5 miles  east  of  Metz,  it  is  noted  for  the 
battle  of  Noisseville  (also  called  Servigny  or  Sainte-Barbe), 
Aug.  31  and  Sept.  1, 1870,  in  which  the  attemptof  the  French 
under  Bazaine  to  break  through  the  German  lines  was 
defeated. 

Noje.  See  Yanan. 

Nokes(noks), Jack, andTom  Stiles (stilz).  Fic- 
titious names  formerly  used  in  actions  of  eject- 
ment as  John  Doe  and  Bi  chard  Boe  were  used. 
Nokes,  James.  Died  about  1692.  An  English 
actor,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  comedians  of 
his  time.  Before  he  went  on  the  stage  he  kept  a “knick- 
knackatory  " or  “toy-shop” — a shop  where  trinkets  and 
fancy  articles  were  sold.  He  was  successful  in  Sir  Martin 
Mar-all,  Barnaby  Brittle,  Sosia,  etc.,  and  his  Nurse  in  Ot- 
way's “Caius  Marius,”  a curious  amalgamation  of  Shak- 
•spere’s  “Romeo  and  Juliet ” and  another  play,  was  so  ad- 
mirable that  he  was  called  “Nurse  Nokes”  to  the  end  of 
his  life.  He  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  Robert  Nokes, 
also  an  actor,  who  died  in  1673. 

Nola  (no'la).  A city  in  the  province  of  Caserta, 
Italy,  16  miles  east-northeast  of  Naples,  it  was 
an  ancient  city  of  Campania,  under  the  same  name,  noted 
for  its  vases.  It  was  taken  by  the  Romans  in  313  B.  C. : re- 
sisted Hannibal  216-214 ; and  was  a Samnite  stronghold  in 
the  Social  War,  90-89.  Augustus  died  here  in  14  A.  D.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Bruno.  Population,  town,  12,002. 

Noli  Me  Tangere  (no'll  me  tan'je-re).  [L., 

‘ Do  not  touch  me  ’ : alluding  to  the  words  of 
Christ  after  his  resurrection.]  1.  A painting  by 
Bembrandt,  in  Buckingham  Palace,  London.  — 
2.  Apaintingby  Titian,  in  the  National  Gallery, 
London.  It  is  an  early  work,  with  markedly  slender 
figures.  The  composition  is  dignified. 

Noll  (nol),  or  Old  Noll.  [Nickname  for  Oliver.'] 
A nickname  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 
Nollekens(nol'e-kenz),  Joseph.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  11,  1737 : died  there,  April  23,  1823. 
An  English  sculptor.  His  father  was  a painter  of  Ant- 
werp  who  had  settled  in  England.  Joseph  studied  in  Home 
between  1760  and  1770.  He  was  made  royal  academician 
in  1772.  He  modeled  busts  of  George  III.,  Pitt,  Canning, 
and  Lords  Castlereagh  and  Liverpool. 

Nollendorf  (nol'len-dorf).  A village  in  northern 
Bohemia,  50  miles  north-northwest  of  Prague. 
Here,  Aug.  30,  1813,  the  French  under  Vandamme  were 
defeated  by  the  Prussians  under  Kleist. 

Nomansiand  (no'manz-land).  A name  formerly 
given  to  a district  in  South  Africa,  now  com- 
prised within  Griqualand  East. 

No  Man’s  Land,  or  Noman’s  Land.  A small 
island  3 miles  southwest  of  Martha’s  Vineyard, 
Massachusetts,  to  which  it  belongs. 

No  Man’s  Land,  or  Public  Land  Strip.  A dis- 
trict ceded  by  Texas  to  the  United  States  in 
1850.  It  lies  between  longitude  100°  and  103°  west,  north 
of  Texas.  It  was  not  included  under  any  government,  though 
often  wrongly  represented  as  in  the  Indian  Territory.  It 
now  constitutes  Beaver  County  in  Oklahoma. 

Nombre  de  Dios  (nom'bra  da,  de'os).  [Sp., 
‘ name  of  God.’]  A Spanish  port  and  settlement 
on  the  Caribbean  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Pa- 
nama. The  name  was  originally  given  to  the  settlement 
of  Nicuesa,  made  in  1510  and  soon  abandoned  : this  seems 
to  have  been  near  the  modern  Porto  Bello.  A second  town 
of  the  same  name  was  founded  in  1519,  probably  on  the 
Bay  of  San  Bias : it  became  the  northern  emporium  of  the 
rich  commerce  across  the  Isthmus,  but  owing  to  its  un- 
healthfnl  situation  the  merchants  generally  resided  at  Pa- 
nama, and  the  town  consisted  of  huts.  It  was  abandoned 
in  1597,  on  the  foundation  of  Porto  Bello. 

Nome  (nom).  A mining  town  in  Alaska  situ- 
ated near  Cape  Nome.  Gold  was  discovered 
there  in  1898.  Population,  2,600,  (1910). 
Nome,  Cape.  A point  on  the  northern  shore  of 
Norton  Sound,  Alaska,  about  long.  165°  W., 
lat.  64°  30'  N. 

Nomentack  (no-men' tak).  All  Indian  chief 
brought  to  London  from  Virginia  in  the  time  of 
Ben  Jonson.  There  are  allusions  to  him  in  the 
plays  of  the  period. 

Non- Juror,  The.  A play  by  Colley  Cibber,  pro- 
duced in  1717 : an  adaptation  of  Moliere’s  “ Tar- 
tufe,”  written  in  favor  of  the  Hanoverian  suc- 
cession. Thisplay  still  survives  in  Biclcerstaffe’s 
“ The  Hypocrite”  (1768). 


742 

Nonnus(non'us).  [Gr.  Ndimof.]  Lived  probably 
in  the  first  part  of  the  5th  century.  A Greek 
epic  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  an  epic  poem  on  Dio- 
nysus ("  Dionysiaca,  ” edited  by  Grafe  1819-26,  by  Marcellus 
1856),  and  of  a paraphrase  of  the  Gospel  of  St.  John  in 
Greek  hexameters. 

Nootka.  See  Moatcaht. 

Nootka  (not'ka)  Sound.  A small  inlet  of  the 
Pacific,  on  the  west  coast  of  Vancouver  Island, 
in  lat.  49°  36'  N.,  long.  126°  38'  W.  A harbor 
also  bears  the  same  name. 

No-Popery  Riots.  See  Gordon  Riots. 

Nora  (no'ra).  [Gr.  Nupa.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a fortress  in  Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor, 
situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Taurus,  near  Ly- 
caonia.  Eumenes  was  besieged  here  by  the 
forces  of  Antigonus  in  320-319  B.  C. 

Norba  (nor'ba).  [Gr.  Napfia.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  of  Latium,  Italy,  35  miles  south- 
east of  Borne:  the  modern  Norma.  It  contains 
remains  of  Cyclopean  architecture. 

Norbert  (nor'bert;  F.  pron.  nor-bar'),  Saint. 
Died  1134.  An  ecclesiastic,  founder  at  Pre- 
montre,  near  Laon,  France,  of  the  order  ot  the 
Premonstrants. 

Norcia  (nor'cha).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Perugia,  Italy,  42  miles  southeast  of  Perugia : 
the  ancient  Nursia.  It  was  a Sabine  city. 
Nord  (nor).  [F.,  ‘ north.’]  The  northernmost 
department  of  France,  formed  chiefly  from  the 
old  French  Flanders.  Capital, Lille,  itisbounded 
by  the  North  Sea  on  the  northwest,  Belgium  on  the  east 
and  northeast,  Aisue  on  the  south,  Somme  on  the  south- 
west, and  Pas-de-Calais  on  the  southwest  and  west.  The 
surface  is  generally  flat.  Next  to  Seine  it  is  the  most  pop- 
ulous department,  and  has  the  most  flourishing  industries. 
It  has  coal-mines,  and  flax,  cotton,  woolen,  hemp,  iron, 
and  other  manufactures.  Agriculture  is  in  a flourishing 
condition  : the  products  include  beets,  flax,  hemp,  grain, 
potatoes,  etc.  The  language  in  the  northern  part  is  Flem- 
ish. Area,  2,228  square  miles.  Population,  1,895,861. 
Nordalbingi  (nord-al-bin'ji).  A branch  of  the 
Saxons  living  in  Nordalhingia. 

Nordalbingia  (nord-al-bin'ji-a).  In  the  middle 
ages,  a name  given  to  the  part  of  Germany 
north  of  the  Elbe,  now  comprised  principally 
+in  Holstein.  Also  called  Saxonia  Transalbina. 
Nordau  (nor'dou),  Max  Simon.  Bom  at  Pest, 
Hungary,  July  28,  1849.  A German  writer, 
of  Hebrew  descent.  He  studied  medicine,  traveled, 
was  connected  with  the  press,  and  practised  medicine  at 
Pest  till  1880,  when  he  went  to  Paris.  Among  his  works 
are  “Paris  unter  der  dritten  Republik”  (1881),  "Die  kon- 
ventionellen  Lugen  der  Kulturmenscheit”  (1883),  “Para- 
doxe ” (1886),  “ Die  Krankheit  des  Jahrhunderts,”  a novel 
(1889),  “ Entartung”  (1893:  English  as  “Degeneration  ”). 
Nordenskjold  (nor'  den-sheld),  Baron  Nils 
Adolf  Erik.  Born  at  Helsingfors,  Finland, 
Nov.  18,  1832 : died  near  Lund,  Aug.  12,  1901. 
A Swedish  arctic  explorer  and  geologist.  He 

took  part  in  expeditions  in  1858,  1861,  and  1864  ; explored 
Spitzbergen  in  1868;  visited  Greenland  in  1870,  and 
Spitzbergen  and  vicinity  1872-73  ; explored  the  Kara  Sea 
1875-76;  traversed  in  the  Vega  the  Arctic  Ocean  along  the 
Siberian  coast  through  Bering  Strait  1878-79  (accomplish- 
ing the  northeast  passage!  ; was  created  baron  in  1880  ; and 
explored  the  interior  of  Greenland  in  1883.  See  Century 
Atlas , Map  3. 

Nordenskjold  Sea.  The  Arctic  Ocean  north  of 
Siberia  and  east  of  the  Taimyr  peninsula. 
Norderney  (nor'der-ni).  A small  island  in  the 
North  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  East  Friesland,  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia.  It  is  a favorite  place  for 
sea-bathing,  and  a winter  health-resort.  It  is  8 miles  long. 
N ordbausen  (nord'hou-zen) . A to  wn  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  base  of 
the  Harz,  at  the  western  end  of  the  Goldene 
Aue,  56  miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  has 
important  manufactures  of  chemicals,  etc.,  brandy  distil- 
leries, breweries,  and  a trade  in  grain.  It  was  formerly  a 
free  imperial  city,  and  was  finally  annexed  by  Prussia  in 
1813.  Its  cathedral,  Church  of  St.  Blasius,  and  museum  of 
antiquities  are  noteworthy.  Population,  commune,  29,883. 
Nordhoff  (nord'hof),  Charles.  Born  at  Er- 
witte,  Westphalia,  Prussia,  Aug.  31, 1830 : died 
July  14, 1901.  An  American  journalist  and  au- 
thor. Among  liis  works  are  “Secession  is  Rebellion" 
(1860),  “ Cape  Cod  and  All  Along  Shore  ” (1868),  “ Cali- 
fornia for  Health,  Pleasure,  and  Residence,  etc.”  (1872), 
“ Northern  California,  Oregon,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands  ” 
(1874),  “Politics  for  Young  Americans”  (1875),  “The 
Communistic  Societies  of  the  United  States,  etc.”  (1875), 
“The  Cotton  States,  etc.”  (1876),  “God  and  the  Future 
Life  ” (1881),  “ Peninsular  California,  etc.”  (1888),  etc. 

Nordica  (nor'di-kii),  Madame  Lillian.  Born  at 
Farmington,  Maine,  May  12,  1859.  An  Amer- 
ican soprano  singer.  Her  maiden  name  was  Norton. 
She  married  a Sir.  Gower  about  1882,  who  died  shortly 
after ; in  1896  Herr  Doehme ; and  in  1909  George  W.  Young. 
She  studied  at  the  Boston  Conservatory  of  Music,  and  in 
1879  finished  her  studies  in  Italy,  and  has  since  sung  with 
success  in  England,  on  the  Continent,  and  in  the  United 
States.  She  is  successful  in  oratorio  and  opera. 

Nordland  (uor'lan).  A province  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Norway.  Area,  14,804  square 
miles.  Population,  152,144. 


Norman 

N 6rdlingen(  nerd  'ling-en).Atown  in  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Swabia  andNeuburg,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Eger  38  miles  north-northwest 
of  Augsburg.  It  has  manufactures  of  carpets,  etc.  For- 
merly it  was  an  imperial  city.  Here,  Aug.  27  (O.  S.),  1634, 
the  Imperialists  under  Ferdinand  III.  and  Gallas  defeated 
the  Swedish  army  under  Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar  and 
Horn.  (See  also  Allerheim.)  Population,  8,511. 

Nordmark  (nord'mark).  The  northern  march 
founded  by  the  German  king  Henry  I.  in  928 
to  preserve  the  territories  conquered  from  the 
Wends.  It  lay  southwest  of  the  Elbe,  round  the  towns 
of  Stendal  and  Salzwedel,  and  is  now  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia.  It  was  extended  by  Otto  the  Great  to 
the  Oder,  but  was  reduced  by  the  Wendisli  rising  of  983  to 
the  region  west  of  the  Elbe.  Albert  the  Bear  was  made 
margrave  of  the  Nordmark  in  1134.  It  is  known  now  as  the 
Altmark.  See  Brandenburg. 

Nordre  Bergenhus  (nor'dre  ber'gen-hos).  A 
province  in  the  western  part  of  Norway.  Area, 
7,136  square  miles.  Population,  89,041. 

Norclsjo  (nor'she).  A lake  near  the  southern 
coast  of  Norway.  Length,  28  miles. 

Nor dstr and  (nord 'strant).  A small  island  in 
the  North  Sea,  belonging  to  North  Friesland, 
situated  west  of  Schleswig.  Before  1634  it  was 
connected  with  the  neighboring  Pellworm  and 
other  islands. 

Nore  (nor).  A name  given  to  a sand-hank  in  the 
estuary  of  the  Thames  4 miles  northeast  of 
Sheerness,  or  to  the  neighboring  part  of  the  es- 
tuary itself. 

Nore,  Mutiny  at  the.  A mutiny  of  the  British 
fleet  at  the  Nore,  May-June,  1797.  It  was  forci- 
bly suppressed. 

Norfolk  (nor'fok).  [AS.  Nortlifolc,  northern 
people.]  An  eastern  county  of  England,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  north  and  east,  Suffolk 
on  the  south,  and  Cambridge  and  Lincoln  on  the  west.  Its 
surface  is  generally  flat,  and  it  contains  many  marshes  and 
fens.  It  is  largely  an  agricultural  county,  producing  bar- 
ley, wheat,  turnips,  etc.,  and  has  woolen  and  other  man- 
ufactures, and  herring-fisheries.  The  early  Inhabitants 
(Iceni)  were  subdued  by  the  Romans  in  62  A.  I>.  It  was 
colonized  by  the  Angles;  formed  part  of  East  Anglia ; was 
conquered  by  the  Danes  in  870;  and  sided  with  the  Par- 
liament in  the  civil  war.  The  chief  town  is  Norwich. 
Area  (ad.  co.),  2,036.7  sq.  m.  Pop.  (pari,  co.),  460,120. 

Norfolk.  A seaport  and  independent  city,  for- 
merly in  Norfolk  County,  Virginia,  situated  on 
the  Elizabeth  Biver.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  cities  in 
the  State,  and  a naval  station  ; and  is  an  important  center 
of  trade,  and  the  terminus  of  several  steamerlines.  It  was 
founded  in  1705 ; was  burned  by  the  British  in  1776 ; and 
was  seized  by  the  Confederates  in  1861,  but  regained  by 
the  Federals  in  1862.  Population,  67,452,  (1910). 

Norfolk,  Dukes  of.  See  Howard.  The  Duke  of 
Norfolk  is  earl  marshal  and  hereditary  marshal  of  Eng- 
land, and  premier  duke  of  England,  ranking  next  after  the 
princes  of  the  blood.  The  dukedom  was  created  in  1483. 

Norfolk,  Earls  of.  See  Bigod. 

Norfolk  Broads.  A group  of  lagoons  in  Nor- 

★ folk,  England,  west  of  Yarmouth. 

Norfolk  Island.  An  island  in  the  South  Pacific, 
belonging  to  Great,  Britain,  situated  east  of 
Australia  in  lat.  29°  S.,  long.  163°  E.  it  was 
discovered  by  Cook  in  1774  ; was  formerly  a penal  settle- 
ment ; and  was  colonized  by  the  Pitcairn  Islanders  in 
1856.  Area,  10  square  miles.  Population,  about  1,000. 

Noric  Alps  (nor'ik  alps).  [ L.  Alpes  Noncie. ] In 
ancient  geography,  the  mountainous  region  be- 
tween the  valley  of  the  Drave  on  the  south  and 
that  of  the  Danube  on  the  north. 

Noricum  (nor'i-kum).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
country  of  Europe,  hounded  by  Germany  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Danube)  on  the  north,  Pannonia  on 
the  east,  Pannonia  and  the  land  of  the  Carni  on 
the  south,  and Vindelicia  and  Rhtetia  (separated 
partly  by  the  Inn)  on  the  west.  It  corresponded 
mainly  to  Lower  and  Upper  Austria  south  of  the  Danube, 
Salzburg,  Styria,  Carinthia,  and  parts  of  Tyrol  and  Bavaria. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  about  15  B.  c.,  and  made  a 
Roman  province. 

Norma  (nor'ma).  [L.,  ‘the  square.’]  A small 
southern  constellation,  introduced  by  Lacaille 
in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  between  Vul- 
pes  and  Ara.  It  was  at  first  called  Norma  et 
Regula,  but  the  name  is  now  abridged. 

Norma  (nor'ma).  An  opera  by  Bellini,  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1831,  at  Paris  in  1835.  The  li- 
bretto was  taken  by  Romani  from  a tragedy  by  Belmontet 
and  Soumet,  produced  at  Paris  about  1830.  “ The  main  sit- 
uation is  copied  from  the  ‘ Medea,’  thougli  compassion  pre- 
vails over  the  fire  of  jealousy,  and  the  children’s  lives  are 
spared.”  ilahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  333. 

Norman  (ndr'man),  Alfred  Merle.  Born  Aug. 
29, 1831.  An  English  naturalist,  honorary  canon 
of  Durham  cathedral,  and  late  rector  of  Hough- 
ton-le-Spring.  He  received  the  medal  of  the  French 
Institute  for  his  services  in  the  exploration  of  the  depths 
of  the  Bay  of  Biscay  in  Le  Travailleur  in  1880.  A cata- 
logue of  his  collections  of  the  fauna  of  the  North  Atlantic 
is  in  course  of  publication  under  the  title  “Museum  Nor- 
maniaimm.”  He  is  tlie  author  of  a number  of  papers  and 
memoirs,  mostly  on  marine  zoology,  and  is  the  editor  and 
part  author  of  Bowerbank’s  “ Monograph  of  British  Spon- 
giadte,”  VoL  IV. 


Normanby 

Normanby  (n&r'man-bi).  A town  in  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  adjoining  Mid- 
dlesborough.  Population,  9,645. 

Normanby,  Marquis  of.  See  Phipps,  Constan- 
tine Henry. 

Norman  Conquest,  or  the  Conquest.  In  Eng- 
lish history,  the  conquest  of  England  by  Willia  m, 
duke  of  Normandy  (William  the  Conqueror). 
It  was  begun  by  and  is  usually  dated  from  his  victory  at 
Senlac  (Hastings)  in  1066.  The  leading  results  were  the 
downfall  of  the  native  English  dynasty,  the  union  of  Eng- 
land, Normandy,  etc.,  for  a time  under  one  sovereign,  and 
the  introduction  into  England  of  Norman-French  customs, 
language,  etc. 

Norman  Conquest  in  Italy.  See  the  extract. 

In  1016  a band  of  ad  venturous  Normans  settled  atAversa, 
near  Naples.  About  twenty  years  later  the  elder  sons  of 
the  Norman  Tancred  de  Hautville  came  and  joined  their 
countrymen.  The  Norman  knights  fought  as  adventurers 
in  quarrels  of  the  land,  and,  being  angered  at  denial  of 
their  proper  share  of  spoil  after  they  had  helped  the  Greeks 
to  take  Messina  and  Syracuse  from  the  Saracens,  they 
turned  on  the  Greeks  themselves,  and  beat  them  out  of 
nearly  all  Apulia,  which  they  then  divided  into  twelve 
parts  for  twelve  of  their  own  counts.  They  made  Malfi 
their  capital,  and  chose  William  Iron- Arm,  the  eldest  son 
of  Tancred,  for  their  chief.  Pope  Leo  brought  the  Suabians 
against  these  Norman  conquerors.  They  beat  the  Suabians 
and  seized  the  Pope,  who  yielded  them  then  his  investment 
with  all  lands  they  might  acquire:  an  investment  which 
they  religiously  interpretedasHeaven’s  ownencouragement 
to  future  conquests.  Robert  Guiscard,  fourth  son  of  Tan- 
cred, when  it  was  his  turn  to  rule,  conquered  his  way  as 
far  south  as  Reggio,  and  became  Duke  of  Apulia  and  Cala- 
bria. In  1059  he  had  that  title  ratified,  when  he  acknow- 
ledged himself  the  Pope’s  vassal,  and  was  made  the  stan- 
dard-bearer of  the  Church.  The  standard-bearer  then  took 
Capua;  besieged  and  took  Salerno  and  Amalfi;  held  his 
own  against  all  menace ; and,  in  aid  of  the  Pope  Hilde- 
brand, sacked  Rome.  The  Norman  Robert  Guiscard,  who 
thus  played  a master’s  part  in  Italy  at  the  time  of  the  Nor- 
man conquest  of  England,  died  in  the  same  year  as  our 
William  the  Conqueror.  His  brother  Roger,  youngest  son 
of  Tancred  de  Hautville,  who  had  set  out  in  1060  to  take 
Sicily  from  the  Saracens  and  had  taken  it,  succeeded  Rob- 
ert by  right  of  the  strong,  and  he  died,  at  the  age  of  seventy, 
Great  Count  of  Calabria  and  Sicily.  His  son,  another  Roger, 
when  he  had  reached  man’s  estate,  became,  by  failure  of 
Guiscard’s  line,  undisputed  master  of  Apulia.  This  Roger, 
having  taken,  after  a few  years,  Capua  and  Naples,  thought 
himself  entitled  to  rank  as  a king.  He  was  invested,  there- 
fore, by  the  Pope  as  “ King  by  the  Grace  of  God  of  Sicily, 
Apulia,  and  Calabria,  the  helper  and  shield  of  Christians, 
son  and  heir  of  Roger,  the  Great  Count.”  Palermo  was 
this  Roger’s  capital.  The  new  kingdom  kept  its  boundaries 
for  more  than  seven  centuries,  and  it  was  the  birthplace 
of  that  earlier  Italian  poetry  which  afterwards  exercised 
so  manifest  an  influence  upon  our  literature.  King  Roger 
of  Sicily  died  in  1154.  His  son  and  successor  William  the 
Bad  had  in  1166,  for  son  and  successor  William  the  Good, 
who  married  a daughter  of  our  king  Henry  the  Second,  and 
died  in  1189,  leaving  no  children.  Here  ended  the  legiti- 
mate male  line  of  descent  from  Tancred  de  Hautville. 

ilorley,  English  Writers,  III.  157-158. 

Norman  Conquest  of  England,  History  of  the. 

The  chief  historical  work  of  Edward  A.  Free- 
man (6  vols.  1867-79). 

Normandy  (nor'man-di).  [F.  Norman  die,  ML. 
Normannia,  Northmannia,  land  of  the  Normans 
or  Northmen.  ] A former  government  of  France, 
corresponding  to  Seine-tnferieure,  Eure,  Orne, 
Calvados,  and  Manche.  Chief  city,  Rouen,  it 
was  bounded  by  the  English  Channel  on  the  north  and 
west,  Picardy  and  the  Isle  of  France  on  the  east,  Maine 
on  the  south,  and  Brittany  on  the  southwest.  The  surface 
is  generally  level  or  hilly,  and  it  is  traversed  from  south- 
east  to  northwest  by  the  Seine.  It  contains  the  old  dis- 
tricts Caux,  Vexin,  Evreux,  Bessin,  Cotentin,  etc.  Under 
the  Romans  it  was  part  of  Lugduuensis.  Later  it  was 
part  of  Neustria,  and  was  then  granted  to  the  counts  of 
Paris.  It  was  the  scene  of  early  raids  by  the  Northmen. 
Rollo.  leader  of  the  Northmen,  received  from  the  king  the 
grant  of  the  district  between  the  Seine  and  Epte  911 
(912  7).  and  became  first  duke.  'This  under  Rollo  and  h is  suc- 
cessors was  expanded  by  addition  of  Bessin,  Cotentfn,  etc. 
It  was  Christianized  in  the  10th  century,  and  became  one 
of  the  chief  fiefs  of  France.  Its  duke  William  conquered 
England  1066-69,  and  Maine  in  1063.  Anjou,  Aquitaine, 
and  Normandy  were  united  1152-54.  Philip  Augustus  con- 
quered Normandy  (except  the  Channel  Islands)  in  12  ’3-C4. 
Normandy  was  occupied  temporarily  by  Edward  III.  of 
England,  and  was  conquered  by  Henry  V.  1415-19,  but  was 
retaken  finally  by  the  French  in  1450.  , 

Norman  Isles  (nor'man  iiz),  F.  lies  Nor- 
mandes  (el  nor-mond').  Tlie  Channel  Islands. 

Norman  Kings.  The  line  of  English  kings  be- 
ginning with  William,  duke  of  Normandy  (who 
ascended  the  English  throne  in  1066),  and  ending 
with  Stephen,  who  died  iu  1154. 

Norman-Neruaa  (nor'man-ner'o-da),  Wilma. 
Born  at  Briinn,  Moravia,  March  29,  1839:  died 
at  Berlin,  April  15,  1911.  A noted  violinist. 

In  1864  she  married  Ludwig  Norman,  a Swedish  musician, 
and  in  1888  Sir  Charles  Halle 

Normans  (nor'manz).  [L.  Normanm;  from 
OF.  Norman,  Nofmand,  AS.  Northman,  Icel. 
Northmadhr,  Northman.]  The  descendants  of 
the  Northmen  or  Scandinavians  who  settled  in 
France  under  Rollo  911.  See  Normandy.  They 

commenced  the  conquest  of  southern  Italy  about  1041, 
Robert  Guiscard  being  recognized  as  duke  of  Apulia  and 
Calabria  by  the  Pope  in  1069  ; they  conquered  Sicily  under 
Roger  Guiscard  1061-90.  The  Italian  and  Sicilian  con- 
quests were  in  1127  united  under  Roger,  second  count  of 


743 

Sicily,  who  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies  in 
1130.  The  Norman  dynasty  was  superseded  by  the  house 
of  Hohenstauf  en  in  1 194.  The  N ormans,  under  their  duke, 
William,  conquered  England  in  1066.  See  Norman  Kings. 

Norman’s  Woe  (nor'manz  wo).  A dangerous 
reef  near  the  entrance  to  Gloucester  harbor, 
Massachusetts.  Longfellow  has  celebrated  it 
in  the  poem  “The  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus.” 

Normanton  (nor'man-ton).  A town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situatednear  the 
Calder  8 miles  southeast  of  Leeds.  Popula- 
tion, 12,352. 

Norn  (norn).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
one  of  the  Fates,  whose  decrees  were  irrevo- 
cable. They  were  represented  as  three  maiden  goddesses 
(Urd  (ON.  Urdhr),  Verdandi  (ON.  Verdhandi),  and  Skuld) 
who  dwelt  at  the  sacred  well  Urdharbrunn  (ON.  Urdhar- 
Irrunnr),  the  judgment-place  of  the  gods,  at  the  foot  of  the 
tree  Yggdrasil.  There  were  numerousinferior  Noras,  every 
individual  having  one  who  determined  his  fate. 

Norna  (nor'na).  A kind  of  sibyl,  a character 
in  Scott’s  novel  “The  Pirate.”  She  was  Ulla 
Troil,  called  Norna  of  the  Fitful  Head. 

Norrbotten  (nor'bot-ten).  The  northernmost 
and  largest  laen  of  Sweden.  Area,  40,870 
square  miles.  Population,  156,111. 

Norris  (nor'is),  Henry.  Born  1665:  died 
1730  (?).  An  English  actor,  a noted  comedian. 
He  was  the  original  Don  Lopez  (in  “The  Wonder")  and 
Scrub.  He  had  an  odd  squeaking  voice,  and  was  called 
Jubilee  Dicky  from  his  successful  impersonation  of  Dicky 
in  “The  Constant  Couple.”  His  sons  announced  them- 
selves later  as  “ the  sons  of  Jubilee  Dicky,”  appearing  to 
derive  profit  from  the  name. 

Norris,  John.  Born  at  Collingbourne-Kings- 
ton,  Wiltshire,  England,  1657 : died  at  Bemer- 
ton,  England,  1711.  An  English  Platonist.  ne 
was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford  (Exeter  College), 
where  he  graduated  in  1680.  He  published  “ An  Idea  of 
Happiness  ” in  1683.  The  greater  part  of  his  poems  ap- 
peared in  1684.  In  1689  he  published  “Reason  and  Relig- 
ion.” Locke’s  essay  excited  his  opposition,  and  in  the  ap- 
pendix to  his  “ Christian  Blessedness  ” appeared  the 
first  published  critique  of  the  essay.  I n 1692  hi  orris  received 
the  charge  of  Bemerton,  formerly  held  by  George  Herbert. 
In  1697  he  wrote  “An  Account  of  Reason  and  Faith, ’’and  iu 
1701  appeared  the  first  volume  of  his  chief  work,  “An  Essay 

■^-Towards  the  Theory  of  the  Ideal  and  Intelligible  World.” 

Norris,  William  Edward.  Born  at  London, 
1847.  An  English  novelist.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1874,  but  lias  never  practised.  Among  his  novels 
are  “Heaps  of  Money  ” (1877),  “Mademoiselle  de  Mersac  ” 
(1880),  “Matrimony ”(1881),  “No  New  Thing”(1883),  “My 
Friend  Jim"  (1886),  “A  Bachelor’s  Blunder”  (1886),  “Ma- 
jor and  Minor”(1887),  “The  Rogue’’(1888),  “TlieCountess 
Radna”  (1893),  etc. 

Norristown  (nor'is-toun).  The  capital  of  Mont- 
gomery County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  16  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia. 
It  has  some  manufactures.  Population,  27,- 
875,  (1910). 

Norrkoping  (nor'ch6-ping).  A city  in  the  laen 
of  Linkoping,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Motala, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Bravik,  in  lat.  58°  35' 
N.,  long.  16°  11'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  leading  manu- 
facturing cities  in  Sweden,  and  has  flourishing  trade.  On 
account  of  its  manufactures  of  cotton  goods  it  is  some- 
times called  “the  Swedish  Manchester."  It  was  burned 
by  the  Russians  in  1719.  Population,  45,416. 

Norrland  (irorTand).  The  northernmost  of  the 
three  chief  historic  divisions  of  Sweden,  com- 
prising the  laens  Norrbotten,  Westerbotten, 
Jemtland,  Westernorrland,  and  Gefleborg. 

Norse  (nors).  The  language  of  the  North — that 
is,  of  Norway,  Iceland,  etc.  Specifically— (a)  Old 
Norwegian,  practically  identified  with  Old  Icelandic,  and 
called  especially  Old  Norse.  Old  Icelandic,  generally  called 
simply  Icelandic  except  when  distinguished  from  modern 
Icelandic,  represents  the  ancient  Scandinavian  tongue. 
( b ) Old  Norwegian,  as  distinguished  in  some  particulars 
from  the  language  as  developed  in  Iceland,  (c)  Modern 
Norwegian. 

Norsemen  (nors'men).  The  natives  of  ancient 
Scandinavia ; the  Northmen. 

Norte  (nor'ta),  Rio  del.  [Sp.,  ‘river  of  the 
North’’  also  Bio  Grande  del  Norte  and  Ilio  Bravo 
del  Norte.]  A name  of  the  Rio  Grande,  espe- 
cially in  Mexico. 

North  (north),  Christopher.  Pseudonym  of 
John  Wilson. 

North  (n6rth),  Sir  Dudley.  Born  May  16,  1641 : 
died  Dec.  31, 1691.  An  English  political  econo- 
mist, fourth  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  Baron 
North.  He  entered  foreign  trade,  and  spent  several 
years  in  the  Levant,  ne  was  forced  upon  the  city  of  Lon- 
don as  sheriff  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  after  the 
revolution  of  1688  was  called  to  account  for  alleged  uncon- 
stitutional proceedings  in  this  office.  His  most  impor- 
tant work,  a tract  entitled  “ Discourses  upon  Trade,  etc.” 
(published  1691,  republished  1856),  anticipated  many  fea- 
tures of  modern  political  economy. 

North,  Francis,  Baron  Guilford.  Born  Oct.  22, 
1637:  died  Sept.  5,  1685.  An  English  states- 
man. third  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  Baron 
North.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's  Col- 
lege), and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1655.  Ill  1676  he  wad 
made  chief  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas;  in  1682  lord 
keeper  of  the  great  seal ; and  Baron  Guilford  in  1683. 


Northanger  Abbey 

North,  Frederick,  second  Earl  of  Guilford , better 
known  as  Lord  North.  Born  April  13, 1732 : died 
Aug.  5, 1792.  An  English  statesman,  son  of  Fran- 
cis, seventh  Lord  North  and  first  Earl  of  Guil- 
ford : known  by  the  courtesy  title  of  Lord  North 
till  his  father’s  death  in  1790.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Oxford  (Trinity  College) ; was  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Banbury  when  22  years  of  age ; was  a lord  of  the 
treasury  from  1759  to  1765  ; and  iu  Oct.,  1767,  was  made 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  He  succeeded  the  Duke 
of  Grafton  as  first  lord  of  the  treasury  in  March,  1770  He 
held  oftice  in  entire  subserviency  to  the  will  of  George 
III.  during  the  American  war,  and  in  March,  1782,  re- 
signed after  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  In  April,  1783, 
he  formed  a coalition  with  Fox,  and  entered  the  Portland 
cabinet  as  joint  secretary  of  state  with  him.  He  retired 
in  Dec.,  1783. 

North,  Roger.  Bom  1653:  died  1734.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  sixth  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth 
Baron  North.  He  was  attorney-general  to  the  queen 
(Mary  of  Modena).  He  wrote  the  abusive  “Examen  ” of 
White  Kennett’s"  History  of  England  ”(1740),  the  “Lives  ” 
of  his  brothers,  “A  Discourse  on  the  Study  of  the  Laws” 
(first  printed  in  1824),  “Memoirs  of  Music  ” (first  printed 
in  1846),  etc.  He  is  one  of  the  chief  authorities  on  the 
history  of  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  and  is 
remembered  for  his  partizanship  toward  his  brothers. 

North,  Sir  Thomas.  Flourished  in  the  second 
half  of  the  16t.h  century.  An  English  translator. 
His  first  book  was  a translation  of  Guevara’s  “The  Diall 
of  Princes"  (1557).  He  also  translated  the  “Moral  Phi- 
loBophy  "of  Doni,  an  Italian  version  of  a book  of  Arabian 
fables,  “ Kalilah  and  Dirnnah  ” (1570) ; and  his  translation 
of  Plutarch,  which  Shakspere  used,  was  taken  from  the 
French  version  of  Amyot,  and  first  appeared  in  1579. 

North  Adams  (ad'amz).  A city  in  Berkshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Hoosac 
River.33  miles  east  of  Albany.  It  has  boot 
and  shoe  and  cotton  and  woolen  manufactures. 
Population,  22,019,  (1910). 

Northallerton  (north-al'er-ton).  A town  in 
the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  31 
miles  north-northwest  of  York.  Near  it  was 
fought  the  battle  of  the  Standard  (see  Stan- 
dard). Population,  4,009. 

North  America  (a-mer'i-ka).  Agrand  division 
of  the  earth  which  comprises  the  northern  half 
of  the  western  continent.  It  extends  from  Bering 
Strait  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Its  political  divisions 
are  British  North  America,  the  United  States,  Mexico, 
and  the  six  states  of  Central  America.  In  addition, 
Greenland  and  the  north  polar  islands,  north  of  the  main- 
land, together  with  the  West  Indie's,  are  reckoned  in 
North  America.  The  main  physical  features  are  the  Cor- 
dilleran  mountain  system  on  the  west,  the  Appalachian 
on  the  east,  the  great  plain  extending  from  the  arctic 
regions  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Great 
Lake  system,  and  the  Mississippi  system.  The  eastern 
coast-line  is  much  more  indented  than  the  western.  The 
origin  of  the  prehistoric  races  (mound-builders,  etc.)  is 
variously  given.  It  is  almost  certain  that  North  America 
was  reached  by  Northmen  about  1000  A.  D. ; and  it  may 
have  been  visited  by  isolated  hands  at  various  times  be- 
fore the  rediscovery  by  Columbus  in  1492.  See  America , 
United  States,  Mexico,  etc. 

Northampton  (n6rth-amp'ton).  A south  mid- 
land county  of  England.  It  is  bounded  by  Leicester, 
Rutland,  and  Lincoln  on  the  north,  Cambridge,  Hunting- 
don, and  Bedford  on  the  east,  Buckingham  and  Oxford 
on  the  south,  and  Warwick  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
undulating.  The  chief  agricultural  pursuit  is  stock- 
raising  ; and  the  other  chief  industries  are  the  manufacture 
of  boots  and  shoes  and  of  iron.  The  county  formed  part 
of  the  ancient  Mercia.  Area  (ad.  co.),  992.4  square  miles. 
Population  (pari,  co.),  338,088. 

Northampton.  [ME.  Northampton,  Northamp- 
ton, AS.  Nortlihamtun,  North  Hampton.]  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Northampton,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Nen  in  lat.  52°  15'  N., 
long.  0°  54'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  the  boot  and  shoe 
manufacture  in  England.  Its  church  of  St.  Sepulchre  is 
notable.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  English  towns.  Several 
medieval  parliaments  met  there.  It  returns  2 members 
to  Parliament.  Population,  90,076,  (1911). 

Northampton.  A city,  the  capital  of  Hamp- 
shire County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Connecticut  15  miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  is 
noted  for  its  picturesque  location  ; is  the  ^eat  of  Smith 
College  (female),  the  State  lunatic  asylum,  and  a deaf- 
mute  institute  ; and  within  the  city  limits  is  the  manufac- 
turing village  of  Florence.  Population,  19,431,  (1910). 

Northampton,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  in 
1460  near  Northampton,  England,  by  the  York- 
ists over  the  Lancastrians.  In  consequence 
of  it  Henry  VI.  was  obliged  to  acknowledge 
the  Duke  of  York  as  his  heir. 

Northampton,  Earl  of  (Henry  Howard).  Born 
Feb.  25, 1540:  died  1614.  An  English  statesman, 
second  son  of  the  Earl  of  Surrey  (the  poet). 
Ho  came  into  favor  on  the  accession  of  James  I.  In 
1604  he  was  made  earl  of  Northampton,  and  in  1608  lord 
privy  seal.  He  supported  the  Catholic  alliance. 

Northampton,  Earl  of  (Spencer  Compton). 

See  Compton. 

North  and  South.  A novel  by  Mrs.  Gaskell. 
published  in  1855. 

Northanger  (n6rth'an-jer)  Abbey._  A novel 
by  Jane  Austen,  written  during  1797-98,  and 


Northanger  Abbey- 

published  in  1818,  after  the  author’s  death.  It  ia 
a parody  on  the  “ Mysteries  of  Udolpho  ’’  school  of  novels. 
North  Anna  (an'a).  One  of  the  head  streams 
of  the  Pamunkey  River,  Virginia,  north  of  Rich- 
mond. Near  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  North  Anna  in 
the  end  of  May,  1864,  between  the  Federals  under  Grant 
and  the  Confederates  under  Lee.  The  Federals  were  re- 
pulsed, but  the  battle  was  followed  by  a Federal  advance. 

North  Australia  (as-tra'lia), or  Northern  Ter- 
ritory. Formerly  that  part  of  South  Australia 
which  lies  north  of  lat.  26°  S.  It  passed  under 
the  control  of  the  Commonwealth,  Jan.  1,  1911. 
North  Berwick  (ber'ik).  A watering-place 
and  golfing  resort  in  Haddingtonshire,  Scot- 
land. situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth. 

North  Bierley  (bi'er-li).  A town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  9 miles  west  of  Leeds. 
Population,  16,266. 

North  Bridgewater.  See  Brockton. 

North  Britain  (brit'n).  A name  sometimes 
given  to  Scotland. 

North  Briton.  A periodical  published  at  Lon- 
don 1762-63,  conducted  by  John  Wilkes,  and 
noted  for  its  attacks  on  the  government. 
Northbrook,  Baron.  See  Baring,  Francis  Thorn- 
hill. 

Northbrook  (north'bnlk),  first  Earl  of  (Tho- 
mas George  Baring).  Born  Jan.  22,  1826: 
died  Nov.  15,  1904.  An  English  politician,  son 
of  BaronNorth  brook.  He  was  viceroy  of  India  1872-76, 
and  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1880-85.  He  was  created 
earl  of  Northbrook  in  1876. 

North  Cape.  The  northernmost  promontory  of 
Europe,  situated  on  the  island  of  Mageroe,  near 
the  northern  coast  of  Norway,  in  lat.  71°  IP  N., 
long.  25°  40'  E.  It  is  often  visited  by  tourists  for 
the  view  of  the  midnight  sun.  Height,  about 
970  feet. 

North  Carolina  (kar-o-li'na).  One  of  the  South 
Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
extending  from  lat.  33°  50'  to  36°  33'  N.,  and 
from  long.  75°  27'  to  84°  20'  W.  Capital,  Ra- 
leigh ; chief  city,  Wilmington,  it  is  bounded  by 
Virginia  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on  the  east  and  south- 
east South  Carolina  and  Georgia  on  the  south,  and  Ten- 
nessee (separated  by  the  Smoky  and  other  ranges  of  moun- 
tains) on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  table- 
land in  the  west  (traversed  by  the  Blue  Ridge  and  other 
ranges  ol  the  Appalachian  system);  hilly  and  undulating 
in  the  center  (the  Piedmont  region) ; and  generally  level 
in  the  east,  where  it  is  bordered  by  Albemarle,  Pamlico, 
and  other  Sounds.  Theleadingoccupationis  agriculture ; 
the  chief  products,  Indian  corn,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  tim- 
ber, etc.  There  are  mines,  quarries,  and  clay  products.  It 
has  98  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  10  representatives 
to  Congress,  and  has  12  electoral  votes.  Unsuccessful  at- 
tempts were  made  to  colonize  the  Carolina  region  under 
the  auspices  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1584-87 : it  was  set- 
tled probably  before  1663,  and  was  granted  to  proprietors 
in  1663  and  1665.  A futile  attempt  was  made  to  introduce 
a constitution  framed  by  Shaftesbury  and  Locke  in  1669. 
A royal  province  was  formed  in  1729,  when  North  and 
South  Carolina  were  separated.  The  “Mecklenburg  Dec- 
laration of  Independence"  was  passed  in  1775.  North 
Carolina  was  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  (1776)  ; was 
the  scene  of  several  battles  in  the  Revolution  (1780-81) ; re- 
jected the  United  States  Constitution  in  1788,  but  adopted  it 
In  1789 ; seceded  May  20, 1861 ; was  the  scene  of  various  en- 
gagements and  military  operations  in  the  Civil  War,  par- 
ticularly in  connection  with  Burnside’s  expedition  in  1802, 
the  capture  of  Wilmington  and  other  ports,  and  Sherman’s 
march  in  1865  ; and  was  readmitted  to  the  Union  in  July, 
1868.  Area,  52,250  square  miles.  Population,  2,206,287, 
(1910). 

North  Conway  (kon'wa).  A summer  resort  in 
Conway,  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Saco  20  miles  south-southeast  of 
Mount  Washington. 

Northcote  (north'kot),  Jaimes.  Born  at  Ply- 
mouth, England,  Oct.  22,  1746:  died  at  London, 
July  13,  1831.  An  English  historical  and  por- 
trait painter  and  author,  in  1771  he  entered  the 
studio  of  Reynolds,  and  in  1777  went  to  Italy.  He  executed 
pictures  for  the  Boydell  Shakspere  Gallery,  and  painted 
“The  Death  of  Wat  Tyler ’’for  the  city  of  London,  now 
in  the  Guildhall.  He  wrote  a life  of  P^eynolds  (1813),  and 
a life  of  Titian  (1830). 

Northcote,  Sir  Stafford  Henry,  first  Earl  of  Id- 
desleigh.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  27, 1818:  died 
there,  Jan.  12,  1887.  An  English  Conservative 
statesman . He  graduated  at  Oxford(Balliol  College), and 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1840.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1855;  was  president  of  the  board  of 
trade  1806-67,  and  secretary  of  state  for  India  1867-68 ; 
served  on  the  joint  high  commission  which  drew  up  the 
treaty  of  Washington  in  1871 ; and  was  chancellor  of  tire 
exchequer  1874-80,  first  lord  of  the  treasury  1885-86,  and 
foreign  secretary  1886-87.  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
baronet  in  1851,  and  was  created  earl  of  Iddesleigh  in  1885. 
He  wrote  “ Twenty  Years  of  Financial  Policy  ’’  (1862). 
North  Dakota  (da-kd'ta).  One  of  the  North 
Central  States  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Capital,  Bismarck.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  on  the  north,  Minnesota  on  the  east.  South  Da- 
kota on  the  south,  and  Montana  on  the  west.  Its  surface 
is  generally  level  and  undulating.  It  is  noted  for  the 
production  of  wheat.  It  has  50  counties,  sends  2 senators 
and  3 representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  5 electoral  votes. 


744 

In  1889  it  was  separated  from  South  Dakota,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union.  Area,  70,795  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 577,056,  (1910). 

North  Downs  (dounz).  A hilly  region  in  Hamp- 
shire, Surrey,  and  Kent,  England,  forming 
natural  pastures,  and  largely  given  over  to 
sheep-raising. 

Northeast  Cape,  See  Tcheliuskin. 

Northeast  Passage.  A passage  for  ships  along 
the  northern  coast  of  Europe  and  Asia  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  first  to  make  the  complete  voyage 
by  this  passage  was  the  Swedish  explorer  Nordenskjold  in 
1878-79,  after  it  had  been  from  time  to  time  attempted  in 
vain  for  upward  of  three  centuries. 

Northeim  (nort'hlm).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ruh  me 
48  miles  south  by  east  of  Hannover.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  7,986. 

Northern  Athens.  See  Athens  of  the  North. 
Northern  Car,  The.  The  constellation  of  the 
Great  Bear,  commonly  known  in  England  as 
Charles’s  Wain,  and  in  the  United  States  as  the 
Great  Dipper.  See  Ursa  Major. 

Northern  Crown.  See  Corona  Borealis. 
Northern  Herodotus,  The.  Snorre  Sturleson. 
Northern  Lass,  The,  or  A Nest  of  Fools.  A 
comedy  by  R.  Brome,  printed  in  1632. 
Northern  Liberties.  A former  district,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Northern  Territory.  See  North  Australia. 
Northern  Triangle.  See  Triangulum  Boreale. 
Northern  Virginia,  Army  of.  "The  main  Con- 
federate army  in  the  East  during  the  Civil  War. 
Under  General  Lee  it  took  part  in  the  Peninsular  campaign 
of  1862 ; in  the  Manassas,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg 
campaigns  of  1862 ; in  the  Chancellorsville  campaign  of 
1863 ; in  the  invasion  of  Pennsylvania  and  at  Gettysburg  in 
1863 ; and  in  the  Wilderness  campaign  and  the  defense  of 
Petersburg  in  1804-65.  It  surrendered  to  Graut  at  Appo- 
mattox April  9.  1865. 

Northern  War,  The.  A war  between  Sweden 
(under  Charles  XII.)  on  one  side  and  Rus- 
sia (under  Peter  the  Great),  Denmark,  Saxony, 
Poland,  and  finally  Prussia  and  Hannover  on 
the  other.  It  was  begun  in  1700,  and  was  ended  by  trea- 
ties  1719-21,  in  which  Sweden  ceded  Bremen  and  Verden 
to  Hannover,  Stettin  and  part  of  western  Pomerania  to 
Prussia,  and  I ivonia,  Esthonia,  Ingria,  and  part  of  Karelia 
to  Russia,  and  lost  the  supremacy  in  northern  Europe. 

Northerton  (nor'THer-ton),  Ensign.  A char- 
acter in  Fielding’s  ‘‘Tom  Jones.” 

Northfieet  (north'flet).  A village  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Thames  19  miles  east- 
southeast  of  London.  Population,  12,906. 
North  Foreland.  A cape  on  the  coast  of  Kent, 
England,  projecting  into  the  North  Sea  in  lat. 
51°  22'  N.,  long.  1°  27'  E. : the  Roman  Promon- 
toriurn  Acantium.  Near  it,  July  25,  1666,  the  English 
fleet  under  the  Duke  of  Albemarle  and  Prince  Rupert  de- 
feated the  Dutch  under  De  Ruyter. 

North  Friesian  (fre'zian)  Islands.  A group  of 
lowislandsin  the  North  Sea,  west  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  to  which  province  they  belong.  It  in- 
cludes Sylt,  Fohr,  Pellworm,  Nordstrand,  etc. 
North  Friesland  (frez'land).  The  part  of  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  which 
comprises  theNorth  Friesian  Islands  and  the  op- 
posite western  coast  of  the  mainland. 

North  German  Confederation.  [G.  Nord- 
deutscher  Bund.]  The  German  union  formed 
after  the  dissolution  of  the  Germanic  Confed- 
eration in  1866,  under  the  presidency  of  Prussia. 
It  included  all  the  German  states  north  of  the  Main  (ex- 
cept Luxemburg  and  Limburg)  which  had  belonged  to  its 
predecessor,  and  comprised  also  Schleswig  and  the  prov- 
inces of  Posen,  East  Prussia,  and  West  Prussia.  Hesse 
joined  itforitspart  north  of  the  Main.  It  wastliemodel 
for  the  German  Empire,  which  took  its  place  in  1871. 

North  Holland  (hol'and),  D.  Noordholland 

(nord-hol'lant).  A province  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands.  Chief  city,  Amsterdam,  it  is 
hounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  tiie  west  and  north,  the 
Zuyder  Zee  on  the  east,  and  Utrecht  and  South  Holland  on 
the  south.  The  sui-face  is  level.  Area,  1,070  square  miles. 
Population,  1,103,514. 

North  Holland  Canal.  A ship-canal  connect- 
ing Amsterdam  with  the  Helder,  opened  in  1825. 
Length,  about  50  miles. 

North  Island.  The  northernmost  island  of  New 
Zealand,  separated  from  South  Island  on  the 
southwest  by  Cook  Strait.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
east  and  south.  It  was  formerly  called  New  Ulster.  Area, 
44,467  square  miles. 

Northmen  (north'men).  The  inhabitants  of  the 
north  (that  is,  of  Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark, 
Iceland,  etc. ) ; the  Scandinavians ; in  a restricted 
sense,  the  inhabitants  of  Norway.  The  Northmen 
were  noted  for  their  skill  and  daring  on  the  sea,  and  lor 
their  expeditions  against  Great  Britain  and  other  parts  of 
northern  and  western  Europe  from  the  8th  to  the  11th 
century.  They  founded  permanent  settlements  in  some 
places,  as  the  Orkneys,  Hebrides,  etc.,  and  in  northern 
France,  where  they  were  called  Normans.  (See  Normans.) 
According  to  the  Icelandic  sagas,  a Northman,  Leif  Eric- 
son,  visited  the  shores  of  Nova  Scotia  about  1000  A-  D. 


Northwest  Passage,  The 

North  Park.  A plateau  in  Grand  County,  north- 
ern Colorado.  Area,  about  2,000  square  miles. 
Elevation,  about  8,500  feet. 

North  Polar  Sea.  See  Arctic  Ocean. 

North  River.  A name  given  to  the  Hudson 
River  near  its  mouth:  originally  so  named 
in  distinction  from  the  Delaware  or  “South 
River.” 

North  Sea,  or  German  Ocean,  F.  Mer  du  Nord 

(mar  dii  nor),  G.  Nordsee  (nort'za)  or  Deutsch- 
es Meer  (doich'es  mar),  D.  Noordzee  (nord'- 
za).  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  lying 
east  of  Great  Britain, west  of  Norway,  Denmark, 
and  Schleswig-Holstein,  and  north  of  Germany, 
the  Netherlands, Belgium, and  France:  the  Ro- 
man Mare  Germanicum  or  Oceanus  Germanicus. 
It  communicates  on  the  east  by  the  Skager  Rack,  Catte- 
gat,  and  Sound  with  the  Baltic,  and  on  the  southwest  by  the 
Straitol  Dover  and  the  English  Channel  with  the  Atlantic. 
It  is  noted  for  its  general  shallowness  and  for  its  fisheries. 
It  receives  the  Tay,  Forth,  Tweed,  Tyne,  Humber,  Ouse, 
Thames,  Schelde,  Meuse,  Rhine,  Eras,  Weser,  and  Elbe. 
Length,  about  600  miles.  Width,  about  400  miles.  Area, 
about  160,000  square  miles. 

North  Sea  (*.  e.,  north  of  the  Isthmus  of  Pana- 
ma). A name  commonly  given,  in  the  16th 
century,  to  the  Caribbean  Sea,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  South  Sea  or  Pacific  Ocean.  By 
extension  it  was  sometimes  applied  to  the  At- 
lantic. 

North  Sea  Canal,  or  Amsterdam  Canal.  A 

ship-canal  which  connects  Amsterdam  with  the 
North  Sea  by  means  of  the  Y.  Length,  about 
16  miles. 

North  Uist  (wist).  An  island  of  the  Outer  Heb- 
rides, Scotland,  belonging  to  the  county  of  In- 
verness. It  is  separated  from  Skye  on  the  east  by  the 
Little  Minch,  and  from  Harris  on  the  north  by  the  Sound 
of  Harris.  Length,  18  miles. 

Northumberland  (nor-thum'ber-land).  [ME. 
Northumberland,  from  *Northumber  (ML.  North- 
umbria, in  AS.  a folk-name,  Northhymbre, 
Northanhymbre,  the  people  living  north  of  the 
Humber)  and  land.]  A maritime  county,  the 
northernmost  of  England.  Chief  town,  New- 
castle. It  is  bounded  by  Scotland  on  the  northwest 
(partly  separated  by  the  Cheviot  Hills  and  the  Tweed), 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  Durham  on  the  south  (partly 
separated  by  the  Tyne  and  Derwent),  and  Cumberland  on 
the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  west.  It  is  noted 
for  the  production  of  coal,  and  has  also  flourishing  agri- 
culture. It  is  the  first  county  in  England  in  Roman  an- 
tiquities, including  the  Roman  wall.  It  formed  part  of 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Northumbria.  It  was  the  scene 
of  much  border  warfare.  Area  (ad.  co.),  2,009.6  square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  603,498. 

Northumberland,  Duke  of.  See  Dudley. 
Northumberland,  Earls  of.  See  Percy. 
Northumberland,  Kingdom  of,  or  Northum- 
bria (nor-thum'bri-a).  A former  kingdom  of 
Great  Britain,  at  its  greatest  extent  reaching 
from  the  Humber  to  the  Firth  of  Forth,  and  from 
the  North  Sea  westward  to  the  Celtic  Strath- 
clyde. The  Anglian  kingdoms  of  Bernicia  in  the  north 
(founded  by  Ida  in  547)  and  Deira  (founded  a few  yeais 
later)  were  united  under  Ethelfrith  about  600.  Christi- 
anity was  introduced  under  Edwin  (died  633).  Northum- 
bria reached  its  highest  point  in  the  7th  century,  as  the 
most  powerful  kingdom  in  the  island.  It  was  the  center 
of  literature  in  the  7th  and  8th  centuries.  It  was  largely 
resettled  by  the  Danes  in  the  9th  century ; was  nominally 
conquered  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  in  the  middle  of  the  10th 
century;  and  was  governed  by  practically  independent 
Danish  earls  till  the  period  of  the  Norman  conquest.  The 
northern  portion  was  ceded  to  Scotland  about  1000. 

Northumberland  House.  One  of  the  chief  his- 
torical houses  of  London, situated  ontheStrand, 
on  the  southeast  side  of  Trafalgar  Square.  It 

was  built  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  and  was 
bought  and  removed  in  1873-74  by  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  to  make  room  for  Northumberland  Avenue, 
which  runs  from  the  Thames  Embankment  to  Charing 
Cross. 

Northumberland  Strait.  A sea  passage  in  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  separa  ting  Prince  Edward 
Island  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia. 
Northumbria.  See  Northumberland,  Kingdom  of. 
Northward  Ho ! A comedy  by  Thomas  Dekker 
and  John  Webster,  written  about  1605,  printed 
1607. 

Northwestern  University.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Evanston,  111.,  and  Chicago,  com- 
prising a college  of  liberal  arts  and  schools  of 
pharmacy,  dentistry,  music,  medicine,  and  law. 
It  was  chartered  in  1851,  and  opened  in  1855. 
*It  has  about  3,600  students. 

Northwest  Passage,  The.  A passage  for  ships 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  into  the  Pacific  by  the 
noi’thern  coasts  of  the  American  continent, 
long  sought  for  and  in  part  found  by  Parry  and 
others.  Sir  Robert  M'Clure,  in  his  expedition  of  1850-54, 
was  the  first  to  achieve  the  passage,  although  his  ship  was 
abandoned  and  the  journey  was  completed  partly  on  ice 
and  partly  on  the  relieving  vessel.  The  discovery  is  not 


Northwest  Passage,  The 

one  of  practical  utility,  being  merely  the  solution  of  a 
scientific  problem.  The  honor  is  sometimes  claimed  for 
★ Sir  John  Franklin. 

Northwest  Provinces,  or  Northwestern  Prov- 
inces. A former  lieutenant-governorship  of 
British  India,  surrounded  by  Tibet,  Nepal, 
Oudh,  Bengal,  Central  Provinces,  Panjab,  and 
native  states.  Capital,  Allahabad,  it  belongs 
to  the  Gangetic  basin,  is  noted  for  its  production  of  wheat, 
and  contains'many  famous  cities.  It  was  acquired  by  the 
British  at  the  end  of  the  18th  and  beginning  of  the  19th 
century.  It  was  prominent  in  the  Indian  mutiny  in 
1857-58.  Oudh  was  united  to  it  in  administration  in  1877. 
Area,  with  Oudh,  107,164  square  miles.  See  ★ U nited  Prov- 

Northwest  Territories.  Formerly,  the  terri- 
tories of  British  America  which  lay  to  the 
northwest  of  the  older  part  of  Canada.  The 
name  was  used  with  a political  rather  than  a geographi- 
cal signification  to  include  the  districts  of  Alberta,  Assini- 
boia,  Athabasca,  Franklin,  Keewatin,  Mackenzie,  Saskatch- 
ewan, and  Ungava,  which  were  united  under  a lieutenant- 
governor  and  a legislative  assembly.  \ ukon  received  a 
separate  government  in  1898,  and  the  provinces  of  Alberta 
and  Saskatchewan  were  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1905. 
Manitoba,  Ontario,  and  Quebec  were  enlarged  in  1912  by 
680,000  square  miles  taken  from  the  Northwest  Territories. 

Northwest  Territory.  A territory  formed  by 
ordinance  of  Congress  in  1787,  comprising  the 
present  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin, and  Minnesota  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
Slavery  was  prohibited  in  it. 

Northwich  (north'wich).  A town  in  Cheshire, 
England,  noted  for  salt-mines.  Pop.,  18,151. 
Norton  (nor'ton),  Andrews.  Bom Dec.31, 1786: 
died  Sept.  18,  1853.  An  American  Unitarian 
theologian,  professor  at  Harvard  1819-30.  His 
works  include  “A  Statement  of  the  Reasons  for  not  be- 
lieving the  Doctrines  of  the  Trinitarians  " (1833),  etc. 

Norton, Mrs.  (Caroline  Elizabeth  Sarah  Sher- 
idan), afterward  Lady  Stirling-Maxwell. 
Born  1808:  died  June  15,  1877.  An  English 
poet  and  novelist.  She  was  one  of  “ the  three  graces,” 
daughters  of  Thomas  Sheridan.  She  published  “The 
Dandies’  Rout”  (illustrated  by  herself  at  the  age  of  13), 
and  the  poems  “The  Sorrows  of  Rosalie,  etc.”  (1829)  and 
“The  Undying  One”  (1830).  She  also  wrote  “ A Voice  from 
the  Factories”  (1836),  “The  Lady  of  La  Garaye  ’’  (1862: 
a poem),  “Lost  and  Saved”  (1863),  “Old  Sir  Douglas" 
(1867),  etc.  She  married  in  1827  the  Hon.  George  Chap- 
pie Norton  (who  died  in  1875),  and  in  1877  Sir  W.  Stirling- 
Maxwell. 

Norton,  Charles  Eliot.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  16,  1827 : died  there,  Oct.  21, 1908. 
An  American  author,  son  of  Andrews  Norton. 

He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1846,  and  was  editor,  with 
James  Russell  Lowell,  of  the  “North  American  Review” 
1864-68.  He  was  professor  of  the  history  of  artatHarvard 
University  1874-98.  Among  his  works  are  “ The  New  Life 
of  Dante:  an  Essay,  with  translations"  (1858),  “Notes  of 
Travel  and  Study  in  Italy  ” (1859),  “ List  of  the  Principal 
Books  relating  to  . . . Michael  Angelo  "(1879),  "His- 
torical Studies  of  Church-building  in  the  Middle  Ages" 
(1880).  He  translated  Dante’s  “Divina  Commedia”  (1892), 
and  edited  James  Russell  Lowell’s  letters  in  1893. 

Norton,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  1532:  died 
at  Sharpenhoe,  Bedfordshire,  1584.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer,  translator,  and  author.  He  wrote(with 
Sackville)  the  first  English  tragedy,  “Gorboduc,  or  Ferrex 
andPorrex”  (which  see).  He  published  a “Translation 
of  Calvin’s  Institutes”  (1561),  and  translated  many  of  the 
psalms  in  the  Psalter  of  Stemhold  and  Hopkins  (1561),  etc. 

Norton  Sound.  An  inlet  of  Bering  Sea,  on  the 
western  coast  of  Alaska. 

Norumbega  (no-rum-be'ga).  A region  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  frequently 
mentioned  in  maps  and  writings  of  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries.  It  was  placed  between  Cape  Breton 
and  Florida,  or  narrowed  to  the  northern  part  of  that  re- 
gion, or  more  definitely  placed  within  the  present  State 
of  Maine.  Various  English  and  French  explorers  made 
Journeys  to  Norumbega.  It  is  disputed  whether  the  name 
is  of  Indian,  Norse,  or  Spanish  origin.  The  river  of  Norum- 
bega has  been  often  identified  with  the  Penobscot.  Profes- 
sor Horsford  identified  the  lost  city  of  Norumbega  with 
Watertown,  Massachusetts. 

Norval  (nor'val),  Young.  In  Home’s  play 
“ Douglas,”  the  son  of  Lady  Randolph  by  a pre- 
vious marriage  with  Douglas.  His  birth  was  con- 
cealed, and  he  was  brought  up  as  a shepherd  by  Old  Norval, 
“ the  frugal  swain,”  who  found  him.  He  is  killed  by  Lord 
Randolph,  who  discovers  too  late  that  he  is  the  son  of  Lady 
Randolph.  The  latter  kills  herself  in  despair.  The  part 
was  a favorite  one  with  John  Kemble  and  others,  and  Ma- 
cready  played  it  to  Mrs.  Siddons’s  Lady  Randolph. 
Norwalk  (ndr'wak).  A township  in  Fairfield 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound  30  miles  southwest  of  New  Haven.  It 
has  manufactures  of  hats,  etc.  it  was  settled  about 
1640,  and  was  burned  by  the  Hessians  under  Tryon  in  1779. 
Population  (including  South  Norwalk),  24,211,  (1910). 
Norwalk.  The  capital  of  Huron  County,  north- 
ern Ohio,  51  miles  west-southwest  of  Clove- 
n-land. Population,  7.858,  (1910). 

Norway  (nor' wa).  [ME.  Norway,  Norwey,  AS. 
Norwxg,  earlier  Northweg,  Icel.  Noregr,  very 
rarely  Norvegr,  Norw.  Dan.  and  Sw.  Norge,  G. 
Norwegen,  F.  Norvdge,  ML.  Norregia,  North- 
wagia,  etc.,  lit.  ‘north  way.’  The  first  element 
VI.  25 


745 

has  been  erroneously  referred  to  a mythical  king 
Nor,  and  to  the  Icel.  nor,  a sea  loch.]  The  north- 
ernmost country  of  Europe.  Capital,  Christiania. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Russia  and 
Sweden  on  the  east,  the  Skager  Rack  on  the  south,  and 
the  North  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  and  Arctic  oceans  on  the 
west.  It  forms  the  western  part  of  the  Scandinavian  pe- 
ninsula, comprising  also  many  islands.  The  coast-line  is 
deeply  indented  by  fiords.  The  country  is  traversed  by 
mountains  (Scandinavian  Mountains,  Dovre  Fjeld,  Jotun 
FJelde,  etc.),  and  the  surface  is  generally  elevated  and 
mountainous.  Among  the  leading  industries  are  fisher- 
ies and  lumber  manufacture  and  trade.  There  are  mines 
of  silver,  copper,  iron,  and  nickel.  The  kingdom  is  divided 
into  20  amts  (or  provinces).  The  government  is  a lim- 
ited hereditary  monarchy.  It  was  under  the  same  sover- 
eign with  Sweden,  with  which  it  was  united  in  foreign  and 
diplomatic  relations,but  otherwise  it  was  independent.  The 
king  and  a ministry  form  the  executive,  and  the  legisla- 
tive power  is  vested  in  the  Storthing  (or  parliament),  con- 
sisting of  an  upper  and  a lower  house.  The  language  is 
Norwegian.  The  established  religion  is  Lutheran.  Nor- 
way furnished  a large  part  of  the  Northmen.  The  king- 
dom was  consolidated  under  Harold  the  Fair-haired  in 
the  last  part  of  the  9th  century.  Christianity  was  intro- 
duced at  the  end  of  the  10th  century.  The  three  Scandi- 
navian kingdoms  were  united  from  the  union  of  Kalmar 
in  1397  until  1523.  Norway  was  separated  from  Denmark 
and  united  to  Sweden  in  1814.  Recent  events  are  the  con- 
stitutional struggles  against  the  veto  power  of  the  king, 
the  separation  from  Sweden  June  7,  1905,  and  the  enfran- 
chisement of  women.  Area,  124,130  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 2,352,786. 

Norwegian  (nor-we'jian).  The  Scandinavian 
language  of  Norway.  Old  Norwegian  is  preserved  in 
runic  inscriptions  from  the  end  of  the  Viking  age  in  the 
11th  century,  and  in  literature  from  the  end  of  the  12th 
century.  At  the  time  of  the  Reformation,  Danish  became 
the  language  of  literature,  a condition  which  prevails  at 
the  present  time.  Dano-Norwegian  is,  however,  characteris- 
tically differentiated  in  pronunciation  and  vocabulary,  and 
the  old  popular  dialects  have  never  died  out. 

Norwegian  Sea  (nor-we'jian  se).  A name  given 
in  recent  geography  to  that  part  of  the  North 
Atlantic  Ocean  which  lies  between  Norway  and 
Greenland. 

Norwich,  (nor'ij).  [ME.  Nonoicli,  AS.  Northwic, 
north  town.]  The  capital  of  Norfolk,  England, 
and  itself  a county,  situated  on  the  Wensum  in 
lat.  52°  38'  N.,  long.  1°  17'  E.:  the  British  Caer- 
Gwent,  and  the  Gwenta  of  the  Iceni.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  mustard,  starch,  beer,  iron,  textiles,  etc.  The 
cathedral  begun  in  1096,  is  said  to  preserve  its  N orman  plan 
with  less  alteration  than  any  other  English  cathedral.  The 
nave  was  completed  in  1140,  the  clearstory  of  the  choir 
was  rebuilt  in  the  14th  century,  and  the  vaulting  dates 
from  the  15th,  at  which  time  the  west  front  was  modified 
and  the  tall  slender  spire  rebuilt.  The  exterior  is  sur- 
rounded by  a picturesque  arcade  of  small  arches  and  col- 
umns, above  the  lowest  range  of  windows.  In  the  interior 
the  simple  nave  is  Norman,  except  the  Perpendicular  win- 
dows and  the  vaulting.  The  choir  is  shut  off  from  the 
nave  by  a solid  screen  surmounted  by  a tall  organ,  more 
disastrous  as  an  obstruction  to  the  view  than  the  inclosure 
of  the  “ coro  ’’  of  a Spanish  cathedral.  The  choir  terminates 
in  a polygonal  chevet,  the  only  example  of  this  form  in 
an  English  church  of  the  first  rank.  The  triforiura-gallery 
is  notably  wide  and  high.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathe- 
dral are  407  by  78  feet ; length  of  transepts,  178 ; height  of 
vaulting  — nave  70,  choir  83);  height  of  spire,  315  feet. 
The  Decorated  cloister  is  large  and  beautiful,  and  the 
episcopal  palace  is  in  large  part  of  the  14th  century.  The 
Church  of  St.  Peter,  Mancroft,  the  castle,  and  St..  Andrew’s 
Hall  are  also  noteworthy.  Norwich  was  a British  and  a 
Roman  town  ; was  burned  by  Sweyn  ; became  the  seat  of 
the  bishopric  of  East  Anglia  in  1094  ; received  a colony  of 
Flemish  weavers  in  the  14th  century;  and  became  an  im- 
portant center  for  cloth  manufactures.  It  was  one  of  the 
leading  towns  in  England  in  the  17th  century.  It  returns 
2 members  to  Parliament.  Population,  121,493,  (1911). 

Norwich  (nor' wieh).  A city,  one  of  the  capitals 
of  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  situated 
at  the  head  of  the  Thames,  13  miles  north  of 
New  London.  It  has  an  important  trade,  and  manu- 
factures of  paper,  cotton,  and  woolen  goods,  metal-work, 
etc.,  and  is  the  terminus  of  a line  of  steamers  to  New 
York.  It  was  settled  in  1659,  and  incorporated  as  a city  in 
1784.  Population,  20,367,  (1910). 

Norwich.  A village,  the  capital  of  Chenango 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Chenango  River 
49  miles  southeast  of  Syracuse.  Population, 
7,422,  (1910). 

Norwich  Festival.  Amusical  festival  held  tri- 
ennially  at  Norwich,  England:  established  in 
1824. 

Norwood  (nor'wud).  A suburb  of  London,  sit- 
uated in  Surrey  6 miles  south  of  St.  Paul’s. 

Norwood.  A northeastern  suburb  of  Adelaide, 
South  Australia. 

Norwood,  or  Village  Life  in  New  England. 

A novel  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  published  in 
1867. 

Noskowski  (nos-kof'ske),  Sigismund.  Born 
at  Warsaw,  May  2,  1846.  A Polish  composer. 
He  invented  a system  of  notation  for  the  use 
of  the  blind. 

Nossi-B6  (nos-se-ba').  An  island  north  of  Mad- 
agascar, belonging  to  France,  situated  in  lat. 
13°  23'  S.,  long.  48°  16'  E.  Capital,  Hellville. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Sakalavas.  It  was  ceded  to 
France  in  1840.  Length,  14  miles.  Pop.,  about  9,500. 


Nott,  Eliphalet 

Nostoi  (nos'toi).  [Gr.  v6otoi.~)  “The  Home- 
ward Voyages,”  a Greek  epic  poem  of  the  Tro- 
jan cycle,  by  Agias  of  Trcezen  (about  740  b.  C.), 
which  related  the  return  of  the  Achasan  heroes 
from  the  Trojan  war. 

Nostradamus  (nos-tra-da'mus)  (Michel  de  No- 
tredame  or  Nostredame).  Born  at  St.-Remy, 
France,  Dec.  14,  1503:  died  at  Salon,  near  Aix, 
France,  July  2, 1566.  A French  astrologer  and 
physician,  noted  as  the  author  of  a book  of 
prophecies  entitled  “Centuries”  (1555),  which 
has  been  the  subject  of  much  controversy.  It 
was  condemned  by  the  papal  court  in  1781. 
Notables,  Assembly  of.  In  French  history,  a 
council  of  prominent  persons  from  the  three 
classes  of  the  state,  convoked  by  the  king  on 
extraordinary  occasions.  The  institution  can  be 
traced  to  the  reign  of  Charles  V.  (14th  century),  but  the. 
two  most  famous  assemblies  were  those  of  1787  and  1788, 
summoned  by  Louis  XVI.  in  view  of  the  impending  crisis. 

Notae  Tironianas  (no'te  ti-ro-ni-a'ne).  [L., 
‘Tiro’s  marks.’]  Ancient  shorthand  abbrevia- 
tions : so  named  on  the  supposition  that  Tiro, 
Cicero’s  freedman  and  pupil,  invented  the  art. 
An  extensive  collection  under  the  title  “Not® 
Tironis  et  Senecte  ” has  been  published. 
Notch,  The,  or  Crawford  Notch  (kra'ford 
noch).  A deep,  narrow  valley  in  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  southwest  of 
Mount  Washington,  between  Mount  Webster 
and  Mount  Willey. 

Notitia  Dignitatum  (no-tish'i-ii  dig-ni-ta'- 
tum).  [L.,  ‘ list  of  dignities.’]  See  the  extract. 

Its  full  title  is,  “Notitia  dignitatum  omnium,  tam  civili- 
um  quam  militarium,  in  partibus  Orientis  et  Occidentis.” 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  was  compiled  in  the  first 
years  of  the  fifth  century,  probably  about  the  time  of  Ala- 
ric’s  first  invasion  of  Italy.  It  is  a complete  Official  Direc- 
tory and  Army  List  of  the  whole  Roman  Empire,  and  is  of 
incalculable  value  for  the  decision  of  all  sorts  of  questions, 
antiquarian  and  historical.  For  instance,  the  whole  theory 
of  the  identification  of  the  existing  ruins  with  the  former 
stations  along  the  line  of  Hadrian’s  British  Wall  depends 
entirely  on  the  mention  in  the  Notitia  of  the  names  of  the 
cohorts  posted  at  those  stations. 

Hudglcin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  200. 

Notium  (no'shi-um).  [Gr.  Ndnov.]  In  ancient 
geography,  the  port  of  Colophon,  near  Ephesus. 
Near  it,  in  407  B.  c.,  the  Spartan  fleet  under 
Lysander  defeated  the  Athenians. 

Notker  (not'ker),  snrnamed  Balbulus  (‘the 
Stammerer’).  Born  in  Switzerland  about  840: 
died  912.  A monk  of  St. -Gall,  noted  for  his  re- 
forms in  church  music,  and  as  a composer  of 
sequences. 

Notker,  sumamed  Labeo  (‘with  large  lips’). 
Died  1022.  A monk  of  St. -Gall,  translator  of 
various  Latin  and  Greek  works  into  Old  High 
German. 

Noto  (no'to).  A city  in  the  province  of  Syra- 
cuse, Sicily,  15  miles  southwest  of  Syracuse. 
It  was  built  near  the  ancient  Netum  (Gr.  Ntr, to,),  which 
was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1693.  Population,  com- 
mune, 22,664. 

Noto,  Val  di.  A former  division  of  Sicily,  in 
the  southeastern  part. 

Notre  Dame  (no'tr  dam).  [F.,‘our  Lady.’]  A 
church  at  Paris,  one  of  the  most  imposing  and 
famous  of  cathedrals.  The  present  structure  was  be- 
gun in  1163,  hut  is  chiefly  of  the  early  13th  century.  The 
facade,  with  its  3 large  portals,  its  great  roses,  its  gaHery 
and  arcades,  and  its  twin  square  towers,  is  one  of  the  two 
or  three  finest  produced  by  Pointed  architecture.  The 
transept-fronts  are  unsurpassed  in  their  way,  and  the  long 
range  of  windows  and  flying  buttresses  of  nave  and  choir 
is  highly  effective.  The  figure-  and  foliage-sculpture  of 
the  exterior  is  abundant  and  artistically  remarkable.  The 
graceful  rood-spire  was  built  by  Viollet-le-Duc  in  place  of 
the  original  one.  The  interior,  with  nave  and  double 
aisles  continued  around  the  choir,  measures  156  by  420 
feet,  and  110  high.  The  three  roses  retain  their  original 
glass,  but  the  remainder  of  the  glass  is  modern.  The 
choir-screen  is  carved  with  interesting  New  Testament  re- 
liefs of  the  14th  century. 

Notre  Dame  de  Brou.  A church  at  Bourg, 
France,  in  the  latest  florid-Pointed  style,  built 
by  Margaret  of  Austria  between  1505  and  1536. 
The  west  front  has  three  pediments  and  a richly  carved 
porch;  the  nave  is  simple,  but  the  choir  is  splendidly 
decorated  as  the  mausoleum  of  Margaret  of  Austria,  her 
husband  Philibert  le  Beau  of  Savoy,  and  her  mother-in- 
law.  The  tombs,  especially  that  of  the  prince,  are  adorned 
with  a profusion  of  statues  and  minor  sculptures.  The 
carved  rood-screen  and  choir-stalls  are  of  rare  excellence. 

Notre  Dame  de  la  Salette  (no'tr  dam  de  hi  sfi- 

let').  A locality  in  France,  in  the  Alps  near 
Grenoble.  It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of  an  alleged  appear- 
ance of  the  Virgin  in  1846.  It  is  a place  of  pilgrimage. 

Notre  Dame  de  Paris.  A prose  romance  by 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1831.  The  scene  is  laid 
at  Paris  in  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XI.  It  is  a vig- 
orous hut  somber  picture  of  medieval  manners. 

Nott  (not),  Eliphalet.  Born  at  Ashford,  Conn., 
June  25, 1773;  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
29,  1866.  An  American  educator,  president  of 


Nott,  Eliphalet 

Union  College,  Schenectady,  1804-66.  He  pub- 
lished “Counsels  to  Young Men”(i810),  “lectures  onTem- 
perance  ” (1847),  etc. 

Nott,  Josiah  Clark.  Born  at  Columbia,  S.  C., 
March  24, 1804:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala.,  March  31, 
1873.  An  American  ethnologist.  He  wrote  “Con- 
nection between  the  Biblical  and  Physical  History  of  Man  ” 
(1849),  “Physical  History  of  the  Jewish  Race ” (1850),  and, 
conjointly  with  Gliddon,  “ Types  of  Mankind  ” (1854),  “ In- 
digenous Races  of  the  Earth  ” (1857),  etc. 

Nottingham  (not'ing-am),  or  Nottingham- 
shire. [ME.  Notinghamschire,  AS.  Snotingham- 
scir.~\  A north  midland  county  of  England,  it  is 
bounded  by  Yorkshire  on  the  northwest,  Lincoln  on  the 
east,  Leicester  on  the  south,  and  Derby  on  the  west.  Its 
surface  is  level  and  undulating.  It  has  coal-mines,  and 
important  manufactures  of  hosiery  and  lace,  and  contains 
remains  of  Sherwood  Forest  (the  haunt  of  Robin  Hood). 
Area  (ad.  co.),  827  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.), 
514,578. 

Nottingham.  [ME.  Notingham , AS.  Snotinga- 
ham,  dwelling  of  the  Snotings.j  The  capital 
of  the  county  of  Nottingham,  England,  situated 
near  the  Trent,  in  lat.  52°  58'  N. , 1 ong.  1°  6'  W. 
It  is  the  center  of  the  English  lace  and  hosiery  manufacture, 
and  has  also  manufactures  of  silk,  etc.  Itcontains  a castle, 
University  College,  and  a very  large  market-place.  It  was 
one  of  the  Five  Boroughs  of  the  Danes,  and  was  recon- 
quered byEdward  the  Elder.  Its  castlewas  built  by  W illiarn 
the  Conqueror.  Here  Mortimer  and  Queen  Isabella  were 
captured  in  1330.  Charles  I.  raised  his  standard  here,  in 
1642,  as  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  The  castle  was  de- 
stroyed in  the  civil  war,  and  again  by  a Reform  Bill  mob  in 
1831.  The  town  was  the  scene  of  the  Luddite  riots.  It  re- 
turns 3 members  to  Parliament.  Pop.,  259,942,  (1911). 

Nottingham,  Earls  of.  See  Finch  and  Mowbray. 

Nottoway  (not'o-wa).  [PI.,  also  Nottoways. 
The  name  means  ‘ adder,’  figuratively  ‘ enemy.’] 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  liv- 
ing on  the  river  of  the  same  name  in  southern 
Virginia.  They  are  now  extinct.  See  Iroquoian. 

Notts.  An  abbreviation  of  Nottinghamshire. 

Noumea  (no-ma-a').  The  capital  of  the  French 
colony  of  New  Caledonia.  Population,  6,968. 

N oureddiiuor  N ureddin  (nor-ed-den' ) ( Malek- 
al-Adel  Nureddin  Mahmoud).  Born  at  Da- 
mascus about  1116:  died  about  1173.  Sultan 
of  Syria  from  about  1145.  He  conquere.d  Egypt 
and  became  its  sultan. 

Nourmahal,  Nurmahal (nor-ma-hal').  ['Light 
of  the  palace.’]  Wife  of  the  Mogul  emperor 
Jehangir,  who  reigned  1605-1627.  The  story  of 

his  quarrel  and  reconcilement  with  her  ia  told  in  Moore’s 
poem  “The  Light  of  the  Haram.”  She  was  also  called 
Nourjehan,  or  ‘ Light  of  the  World.’ 

Nouronihar  (no-ron-i-hiir').  In  Beckford’s 
“Vathek,”  the  daughter  of  Fakreddin,  a mis- 
chievous girl  with  whom  Vathek  falls  in  love, 
and  who  accompanies  him  to  the  hall  of  Eblis. 

Nourrit  (no-re' ) , Adolphe.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
3, 1802:  diedatNaples,  March 8, 1839.  AFrencli 
tenor  singer,  son  of  Louis  Nourrit  (1780-1831), 
also  a tenor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  at  Paris  in 
1821,  and  from  1826-36  created  all  the  first  tenor  parts  at 
the  Academie.  He  retired  in  1837  on  the  engagement  of 
Duprez,  and  went  to  Italy,  and  his  mind  being  weakened 
by  his  disappointment  and  by  jealousy  of  Duprez,  he  killed 
himself  in  a fit  of  delirium.  Grove. 

Nouvelle  Heloise,  Julie  ou  la  (zhti-le'  6 la 
no-vel'  a-lo-ez').  A sentimental  novel  by  J.  J. 
Rousseau,  published  in  1761. 

This  is  a story  told  chiefly  in  the  form  of  letters,  and  re- 
counting the  love  of  a noble  young  lady,  Julie,  for  Saint- 
Preux,  a man  of  low  rank,  with  a kind  of  after-piece  de- 
picting Julie's  married  life  with  a respectable  but  prosaic 
free-thinker,  M.  de  Wolmar.  This  famous  book  set  the 
example,  first,  of  the  novel  of  sentiment ; secondly,  of  the 
Dovel  of  landscape-painting.  Many  efforts  have  been  made 
to  dethrone  Rousseau  from  his  position  of  teacher  of  Eu- 
rope in  point  of  sentiment  and  the  picturesque,  but  they 
havehad  no  real  success.  It  is  to  “La  Nouvelle  Hdloise”  that 
both  sentimental  and  picturesque  fictions  fairly  owe  their 
original  popularity;  yet  “Julie”  cannot  be  called  a good 
novel.  Its  direct  narrative  interest  is  but  small,  its  char- 
acters too  intensely  drawn,  or  else  too  merely  conventional, 
its  plot  far  too  meagre.  It  is  in  isolated  passages  of  de- 
scription, and  in  the  fervent  passion  which  pervades  parts 
of  it,  that  its  value,  and  at  the  same  time  its  importance 
in  the  history  of  novel-writing,  consist. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  423. 

Nouvion  (no-vyon' ).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  France,  33  miles  north  of  Laon.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  2,977. 

Nouzon  (nb-zon').  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Ardennes,  France,  situated 
on  the  Meuse  5 miles  north-northeast  of  M6- 
zihres.  Population,  commune,  7,574. 

Novalis  (no-va'lis) : pseudonym  of  Friedrich 
von  Hardenberg.  Bom  on  the  paternal  estate 
Wiederstedt,  Mansfeld,  Germany,  May  2,  1772 : 
died  at  W eissenf els,  March  25, 1801.  A German 
lyric  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Jena,  Leipsic, 
and  Wittenberg.  In  1794  he  received  a subordinate  judi- 
cial position  at  Tennstadt  in  Thuringia,  which,  however, 
he  soon  abandoned  to  take  up  mining  engineering  as  offer- 
ing more  rapid  advancement.  He  died  at  the  age  of  29. 
His  lyrio  poems  are  both  secular  and  religious.  “Hymnen 


746 

an  die  Nacht  ” (“Hymns  to  Night")  are  lyrics  in  prose 
evoked  by  the  death  of  Sophie  von  Kuhn,  to  whom  he  was 
engaged.  A novel,  “Heinrich  von  Ofterdingen,”  is  frag- 
mentary. As  a writer  he  belongs  to  the  so-called  older 
Romantic  school,  of  which  he  was  the  best  lyric  poet.  His 
collected  writings  were  published  at  Berlin,  1802,  in  2 vols., 
to  which  were  added  a third  (Berlin,  1846;  and  “Eine  Nach- 
lese”  (“Gleanings’!  Gotha,  1873).  His  correspondence  with 
the  Schlegels  was  published  at  Mainz  in  1880. 

Novara  (no-va'rii).  1.  A province  in  Piedmont, 
Italy,  bordering  on  Switzerland.  Area,  2,553 
square  miles.  Population,  785,410. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Novara,  29  miles  west 
of  Milan:  the  ancient Novaria.  it  is  a commercial, 
manufacturing,  and  railway  center.  The  cathedral, 
founded  in  390,  but  essentially  of  the  11th  century,  though 
injured  by  modern  alteration  and  decoration,  is  one  of  the 
rare  Italian  examples  of  the  union  of  church  and  towers. 
The  baptistery,  essentially  of  the  11th  century,  though  of 
much  older  foundation,  is  octagonal,  36  feet  in  diameter, 
with  a domical  vault.  The  ancient  font  of  white  marble 
is  carved  with  pilasters,  diaper-work,  and  oak  foliage. 
Battles  were  fought  by  the  French  here  in  1495  and  1500 ; 
and  in  1513  the  Swiss  defeated  the  French.  In  1821  the 
Austrians  defeated  the  Piedmontese  insurgents.  The  most 
famous  battle  of  Novara  is  that  of  March  23,  1849,  when 
the  Austrians  under  Radetzky  defeated  the  Sardinians 
under  Charles  Albert.  The  latter  immediately  abdicated 
in  favor  of  his  son  Victor  Emmanuel.  Population,  town, 
18,628 ; commune,  45,248. 

Novara  Expedition.  An  Austrian  scientific 
expedition  around  the  world  in  the  frigate  No- 
vara, 1857-59. 

Nova  Scotia  (no'va  sko'shia).  [L.,  ‘ New  Scot- 
land.’] A maritime  province  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada.  Capital,  Halifax,  it  consists  mainly 
of  a peninsula  bounded  by  New  Brunswick  (separated  by 
the  Bay  of  Fundy)  on  the  northwest,  Northumberland 
Strait  (separating  it  from  Prince  Edward  Island)  and  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  on  the  north,  the  Gut  of  Canso  (sep- 
arating it  from  Cape  Breton)  on  the  northeast,  and  the 
Atlantic  on  the  south  and  southwest ; but  also  includes 
the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  northeast  of  the  peninsula.  Its 
surface  is  undulating,  and  is  traversed  by  several  ranges 
of  hills.  It  has  a long  coast-line.  There  are  mines  of 
coal,  gold,  gypsum,  and  iron.  The  leading  industries 
are  fisheries,  agriculture,  and  mining.  It  has  18  coun- 
ties. Government  is  administered  by  a lieutenant-gov- 
ernor (with  an  executive  council),  a legislative  council  (21 
members),  and  a legislative  assembly  (38  members).  The 
province  is  represented  in  the  Dominion  Parliament  by 
10  senators  and  18  members  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
Nova  Scotia  was  discovered  by  the  Cabots  in  1497.  Un- 
successful attempt  s at  settlement  were  made  by  the  French 
under  De  Monts  in  1604  and  succeeding  years.  It  was 
granted  to  Sir  William  Alexander  in  1621,  but  was  settled 
by  the  French  later,  forming  part  of  Acadia.  Nova  Scotia 
baronets  were  created  by  Charles  I.  It  was  taken  by- 
England  in  1654,  given  to  France  in  1667,  and  finally  ceded 
to  England  in  1713.  The  French  settlers  (Acadians)  were 
expelled  in  1755.  A constitution  was  granted  in  1758.  New 
Brunswick  was  separated  from  it  in  1784 ; Cape  Breton 
was  separated  in  1784,  but  reunited  in  1819.  It  joined  the 
Dominion  in  1867.  Area,  21,428  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 492,338,  (1911). 

Novatian  (no-va'shian),  L.  Novatianus  (no- 
va-shi-a'nus).  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the  3d 
century.  A Roman  presbyter,  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Novatians.  He  had  himself  consecrated 
bishop  of  Rome  in  opposition  to  Cornelius  in  251.  He  is 
also  called  Novatus. 

Novatians  (no-va'shianz).  In  church  history, 
a sect  founded  in  the  3d  century  by  Novatianus, 
or  Novatus  (see  above),  and  by  Novatus  of 
Carthage.  Novatianus  denied  that  the  church  had 
power  to  absolve  or  restore  to  communion  those  who  after 
Christian  baptism  had  lapsed  or  fallen  into  idolatry  in 
time  of  persecution  ; and  his  followers  appear  to  have  re- 
fused the  grant  of  forgiveness  to  all  grave  post-baptismal 
sin,  and  denied  the  validity  of  Catholic  baptism,  consider- 
ing themselves  the  true  church.  They  assumed  the  name 
of  Cathari,  ‘ the  Pure,’  on  the  strength  of  their  severity  of 
discipline.  Inotherrespectsthey  differed  very  little  from 
the  Catholics  ; and  they  were  generally  received  back  into 
communion  on  comparatively  favorable  terms.  The  sect 
continued  to  the  6th  century. 

Nova Zeelandia  (no'va  ze-lan'di-a).  [L.,‘New 
Zealand.’]  The  name  given  by  the  Dutch  to 
their  settlements  on  the  Essequibo  River,  Gui- 
ana, in  1596. 

Nova  Zembla  (no'va  zem'bla),  Russ.  Novaya 
Zemlya  (no'va-yii  zem-lya'j.  ['New  Land.’] 
An  uninhabited  double  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  situated  north  of  Russia  and  northwest 
of  Siberia,  belonging  to  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel, Russia.  It  is  separated  into  two  parts  by  the 
narrow  Matotchkin  Shar,  and  is  separated  from  the  main- 
land by  Kara  Sea  (and  indirectly  by  Kara  Strait],  The 
surface  is  elevated  and  mountainous.  It  is  visited  by 
hunters  and  fishermen.  It  was  discovered  by  the  English 
in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century.  Length,  about  600 
miles.  Area,  35,000  square  miles. 

Novel  (nov'el).  A character  in  Wycherley’s 
comedy  “The  Plain  Dealer.”  He  is  a pert  coxcomb 
“who,  rather  than  not  rail,  will  rail  at  the  dead,  whom 
none  speak  ill  of ; rather  than  not  flatter,  will  Hatter  the 
poets  of  the  age,  whom  none  will  flatter  ” (ii.  1). 

Novello  (no-vel'lo),  Clara  Anastasia.  Born 
June  10,  1818:  died  March  15,  1908.  An  Eng- 
lish soprano  singer,  daughter  of  Vincent  No- 
vello. She  studied  at  the  Conservatoire  in  Paris  in  1829, 
and  made  her  first  appearance  at  a concert  in  1833.  She 
was  successful  in  concert-singing,  but  went  to  Italy  in  1839, 


Noviodunum 

studied  for  the  stage,  and  made  her  first  appearance  in 
“ Semiramide  ” at  Padua  in  1841.  She  appeared  in  oratorio 
in  England  in  1851,  and  was  even  more  acceptable  in  this 
than  in  the  other  two  branches  of  her  art.  She  ceased 
singing  in  public  in  1860.  She  married  Count  Gigliucci  in 
1843.  “ Reminiscences  " (compiled  by  her  daughter),  1910. 

Novello,  Joseph  Alfred.  Born  1810:  died  July 
16,  1896.  A music-publisher,  son  of  Vincent 
Novello.  He  opened  an  establishment  as  a regular  pub- 
lisherof  music  iu  1829,  nowknown  as  “Novello,  Ewer  and 
Co.,”  continuing  the  publications  begun  by  his  father, 
among  them  “Purcell's  Sacred  Music."  He  introduced 
Mendelssohn’s  works  to  the  English  public,  and  was  promi- 
nent in  furthering  the  interests  of  art  and  science,  and  also 
introduced  a system  of  printing  cheap  music.  He  retired 
from  business  in  1856,  and  went  to  Italy,  where  he  inter- 
ested himself  in  studying  the  properties  of  water  and  the 
construction  of  ships. 

Novello,  Vincent.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  6, 
1781:  died  at  Nice,  France,  Aug.  9,  1861.  An 
English  composer  and  musical  editor,  in  1811  he 
began  to  publish  music  from  his  private  house.  This  was 
the  origin  of  the  firm  known  later  as  Novello,  Ewer  and 
Co.  See  Novello,  Joseph  Alfred. 

November  (no-vem'ber).  [From  L.  November , 
also  Novembris,  the  ninth  month  (reckoning 
from  March).]  The  eleventh  month  of  the 
year,  containing  thirty  days. 

Novempopulana  (no-vem-pop-u-la'na),  or  No- 
vempopulania  (no-vem-pop-u-la'ni-a).  A Ro- 
man province  of  southwestern  Gatil,  in  the 
later  empire. 

Noverre  (no-var'),  Jean  Georges.  .Born  at 
Paris,  April  29,  1727 : died  at  Saint-Germain- 
en-Laye,  France,  Nov.  19,  1810.  A French 
dancing-master,  writer  on  dancing,  and  com- 
poser of  ballets,  noted  for  his  improvements  in 
the  development  of  the  ballet. 

Novgorod  (nov'go-rod).  [‘Newtown.’]  1.  A 
government  of  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  St.  Petersburg,  Olonetz,  Vologda, 
Yaroslaff,  Tver,  and  Pskoff.  It  contains  the 
Valdai  Hills  in  the  south.  Area,  45,770  square 
miles.  Population,  1,607,000. — 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  Novgorod,  situated  on  the  Volkhoff, 
near  Lake  Ilmen,  100  miles  south-southeast  of 
St.  Petersburg.  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Sophia,  within 
the  walls  of  the  highly  picturesque  Kremlin,  or  citadel, 
w as  built  in  the  middle  of  the  11th  century  by  workmen 
from  Constantinople ; and,  despite  several  restorations,  it 
retains  in  great  measure  its  Byzantine  character.  The 
dimensions  are  105  by  119  feet,  and  161  feet  high  to  the 
apex  of  the  central  dome,  which  rests  on  8 quadrangular 
piers.  There  are  4 flanking  domes,  and  a sixth  dome  over 
the  sacristy.  The  cathedral  abounds  in  tombs  of  artistic 
and  historical  interest,  and  in  rich  church  furniture,  the 
carved  stalls  of  the  czar  and  the  metropolitan  and  the 
old  bronze  doors  with  reliefs  being  especially  noteworthy. 
The  iconostasis  bears  several  fine  old  icons.  Novgorod  is 
one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Russia.  It  invited  the  Varan- 
gians for  Russian  defense  about  862.  In  medieval  times 
it  was  one  of  the  largest  cities  of  Russia  and  one  of  the 
leading  commercialcentersof  Europe, and  wasthecapital  of 
an  independent  state.  It  was  brought  under  the  dominion 
of  Moscow  about  1478,  and  was  sacked  by  Ivan  the  Terri- 
ble in  1570.  Its  commercial  importance  has  been  entirely 
destroyed  by  the  foundation  of  St.  Petersburg  and  the  in- 
troduction of  railways.  Population,  26,972. 

Novgorod,  Principality  of.  The  principality 
which  lay  around  the  city  of  Novgorod,  Russia, 
and  was  founded  by  Rurik  the  Varangian  about 
862.  It  was  thus  the  nucleus  of  the  Russian  monarchy. 
Under  Rurik's  successor  the  capital  w-as  transferred  to 
Kieff . Novgorod  continued  as  a “republican  principality  " 
with  many  privileges.  Its  territories  included  at  its 
height  Ingria,  Karelia,  part  of  Esthonia  and  Livonia,  Per- 
mia,  Petchora,  and  large  tracts  in  northern  Russia.  It  was 
subdued  by  Ivan  III. , grand  prince  of  Moscow,  and  its 
existence  as  a separate  commonwealth  ended  in  1478. 
Novgorod-Seversk  (nov'go-rod-sev'ersk).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Tchernigoff,  Rus- 
sia. situated  on  the  Desna  88  miles  east-north- 
east of  Tchernigoff.  Population,  9,182. 
Novgorod-Seversk  (nov ' go  - rod  -sev ' ersk), 
Principality  of.  A medieval  principality  of 
Russia,  It  was  annexed  by  Muscovy  about 
1523. 

Novi,  or  Novi  Ligure  (no've  le-go're).  A town 
in  the  province  of  Alessandria,  Italy,  25  miles 
north  of  Genoa.  It  is  noted  for  its  silk  manufacture 
and  trade.  Here,  Aug.  15,  1799,  the  Russians  and  Austri- 
ans under  Suvaroff  and  Melas  defeated  the  French  under 
Joubert,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle.  The  French  loss 
amounted  to  11,000. 

Novibazar  (n5-ve-ba-zar'),  or  Yenibazar  (ya- 
ne-ba-zar').  A town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the 
Rashka  in  lat.  43°  5'  N.,  long.  20°  35'  E. : an 
important  strategic  point.  It  was  occupied  by 
Austria  in  1879.  Population,  estimated,  12,000. 
Novikoff  (nov'i-kof),  Nikolai.  _ Born  in  the 
government  of  Moscow,  Russia,  1744 : died  near 
Moscow,  1818.  A Russian  journalist  and  pro- 
moter of  education.  He  fell  under  government  sus- 
picion, and  was  imprisoned  by  Catharine.  He  was  not  re- 
leased till  after  her  death.  He  was  a brilliant  and  spirited 
writer. 

Noviodunum  (n6//vi-o-du,num).  In  ancient 
geography,  a name  given  (a)  to  a town  of  the 


Noviodunum 

Bituriges,  in  central  Gaul  (exact  location  un- 
known); (&)  to  Nevers;  (c)  to  Noyon;  ( d ) to 
Nyon ; and  ( e ) to  Soissons. 

NoviomagUS  (no-vi-om'a-gus).  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a name  given  (a)  to  Lisieux;  (b)  to 
Nimwegen;  (c)  to  Noyon;  (d)  to  Spires;  and 
(e)  to  a town  of  the  Regni,  in  Britain,  near  Brom- 
ley. 

Novo-Bayazet  (no'vo-ba-ya-set'),  or  Noviy- 
Bayazet  (no'viy-ba-ya-set').  A town  in  the 
government  of  Erivan,  Transcaucasia,  Russia, 
30  miles  east-northeast  of  Erivan.  Population, 
8,486. 

Novogeorgievsk  (no-vo-ga-or-ge-evsk').  1.  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Kherson,  Russia, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Tyasmin  with 
the  Dnieper,  75  miles  southwest  of  Pultowa. 
Called  also  Kriloff.  Population,  11,200. — 2. 
An  important  fortress  in  Poland,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Bug  and  Vistula,  18  miles  northwest  of 
W arsaw.  It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  from  the  French 
in  1813,  and  from  the  Poles  in  1831.  Called  also  Modlin. 
Novogrudok  (no-vo-gro'dok).  A town  in  the 
government  of  Minsk,  Russia,  75  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Minsk.  Population,  8,400. 
Novokhopersk  (no-vo-cho-persk').  A town  in 
the  government  of  Voronezh,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Khoper  112  miles  east-southeast  of  Vo- 
ronezh. Population,  6,900. 

Novomoskovsk  (no-vo-mos-kovsk').  A town 
in  the  government  of  Yekaterinoslaff,  southern 
Russia,  on  the  Samara  17  miles  north-north- 
east of  Yekaterinoslaff.  Population,  alfiout 
20,100. 

Novoradomsk  (no-vo-ra-domsk').  A town  in 
the  government  of  Piotrkow,  Russian  Poland, 
102  miles  southwest  of  Warsaw.  Population, 
15,800. 

Novorussia  (no-vo-rash'ia).  A name  given  to 
Bessarabia  and  Kherson. 

Novosybkof  (no-vo-seb'kof).  A town  in  the 
government  of  Tchernigoff,  Russia,  72  miles 
north  by  east  of  Tchernigoff.  Population, 
16,850. 

Novo-Tcherkask  (no-vo-cher-kask').  The  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Aksai  about  lat.  47°  28'  N., 
long.  40°  9'  E.  It  was  founded  in  1805,  and 
has  considerable  trade.  Population,  51,963. 
Novum  Organum  (no'vum  or'ga-num).  [L.,  ‘ a 
new  method.’]  The  chief  philosophical  work  of 
Francis  Bacon,  written  in  Latin,  and  published 
in  1620.  In  it  he  describes  his  new  method  of 
investigating  nature. 

Nowanagar,  or  Nowanuggur  (no-wa-nu-gur'), 
or  Nawanagar  (na-wa-na-gar').  1.  A native 
state  in  India,  tributary  to  Great  Britain,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  22°  15' N.,  long.  70°  E. — 2.  A sea- 
port, capital  of  Nowanagar,  situated  about  lat. 
22°  27'  N.  Population,  53,844. 

Nowell  (no'el),  Alexander.  Born  in  Lanca- 
shire;  England,  about  1507 : died  Feb.,  1602.  An 
English  ecclesiastic.  He  was  educated  at  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  dean  of  St.  Paul’s,  and  prolocu- 
tor of  the  convocation  that  met  in  Jan.,  1563,  with  the  ob- 
ject of  church  reform,  when  the  articles  were  revised  and 
reduced  from  42  to  39.  They  became  law  in  1571.  He 
compiled  th  e Larger,  Middle,  and  Small  church  catechisms, 
which  were  published  separately  in  1570  and  1572. 

Nowell,  Robert.  Born  in  Lancashire  about 
1520:  died  at  Gray’s  Inn,  London,  Feb.  6, 1569. 
An  English  lawyer,  a brother  of  Alexander  Now- 
ell. He  obtained  many  good  appointments,  and  became 
rich.  He  is  principally  remembered  for  a fund  which  he 
established  by  his  will  for  benefactions  to  the  poor.  His 
brothers  and  John  To  wneley  were  his  executors,  and  left  a 
list  of  the  persons  to  whom  money  was  paid.  This  list 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  family  of  John  Towneley, 
and  was  discovered  by  H.  B.  Knowles  at  Towneley  Hall’ 
and  published  in  his  report  to  the  Historical  Manuscripts 
Commission  in  1837.  It  contains  important  facts  regard- 
ing Edmund  Spenser,  who  was  one  of  the  poor  scholars 
benefited  from  time  to  time.  The  list  was  printed  by 
Grosart  in  1871,  entitled  “The  Spending  of  the  Money  of 
Robert  Howell  of  Reade  Hall,  Lancashire,  etc.” 

No  Wit,  No  Help  like  a Woman’  S.  A com- 
edy of  intrigue  by  Middleton,  acted  in  1613-14. 
Shirley  revived  it,  somewhat  altered,  in  1638  as  “No  Wit 
to  a Woman’s.”  It  was  not  printed  till  1657. 

Nox.  See  Nyx. 

Noy  (noi ) , William.  Born , probably  in  Buryan , 
Cornwall,  1577 : died  Aug.  9,  1634.  An  English 
jurist.  He  matriculated  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College)  April 
27,  1593,  and  studied  law  at  Lincoln’s  Inn.  He  sat  in 
Parliament  from  1604  until  his  death.  In  Oct.,  1631,  he 
was  appointed  attorney-general.  After  his  death  wero 
published  his  “On  the  Grounds  and  Maxims  of  the  Laws 
of  this  Kingdom  ” (1641)  and  “ The  Compleat  Lawyer  " 
(1651),  etc. 

Noyades  (nwa-yad').  [F.,  ‘ drownings.’]  In 
French  history,  executions  practised  during  the 


747 

Reign  of  Terror  by  the  Revolutionary  agent  Car- 
rier at  Nantes  toward  the  close  of  1793  and  the 
beginning  of  1794.  The  prisoners,  having  been  bound, 
were  embarked  in  a vessel  with  a movable  bottom,  which 
was  suddenly  opened  when  the  vessel  reached  the  middle 
of  the  Loire,  the  condemned  persons  being  thus  precipi- 
tated into  the  water. 

Noyes  (noiz),  George  Rapall.  Born  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  March  6,  1798:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  June  3, 1868.  An  American  bib- 
lical scholar.  His  works  are  chiefly  translations 
of  various  portions  of  the  Scriptures. 

Noyes,  John  Humphrey.  Born  at  Brattleboro, 
V t. , Sept. , 1811 : died  at  Niagara  Falls,  Canada, 
April  13, 1886.  An  American  perfectionist  and 
communist.  He  established  a society  of  perfectionists 
at  Putney,  Vermont,  about  1835,  and  founded  the  Oneida 
Community  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  1847-48.  He 
wrote  a “History  of  American  Socialism,”  etc. 

Noyon  (nwa-yon').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Verse  58  miles 
north-northeast  of  Paris : the  Roman  Noviodu- 
num V eromanduorum . The  cathedral  is  a monument 
chiefly  of  the  time  of  transition  from  Romanesque  to  Point- 
ed. Both  transepts  have  semicircular  ends,  and  the  west 
front  possesses  a triple  porch  and  twin  towers.  The  round 
and  pointed  types  occur  i ndiscriminately  among  the  arches. 
The  13th-century  chapter-house  is  of  great  beauty.  Noyon 
was  formerly  the  seat  of  a bishopric.  It  is  the  place  where 
Charles  the  Great  was  crowned,  where  Hugh  Capet  was 
chosen  king  in  987,  and  where  a treaty  was  made  between 
Francis  I.  and  Charles  V.  in  1516.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Calvin.  Population,  commune,  7,336. 

Nozi.  See  Yanan. 

Nozze  Aldobrandini  (not'se  al-do-bran-de'ne). 
[It.,  ‘the  Aldobrandini  wedding’:  referring  to 
the  owner  of  the  painting.]  A celebrated  an- 
cient wall-painting  discovered  1606  in  an  ex- 
cavation at  Rome,  and  now  in  the  Vatican.  The 
subject  is  the  preparation  for  a wedding.  The  bride, 
crowned  with  myrtle,  is  attended  by  her  bridesmaid;  the 
bridegroom  is  wreathed  with  ivy;  and  at  one  side  three 
women  are  offering  sacrifice  for  the  couple. 

Nozze  di  Figaro  (not'se  de  fe'ga-ro).  [It., 
‘Marriage  of  Figaro.’]  An  opera  by  Mozart, 
produced  at  Vienna  in  1786.  The  libretto  was  adapt- 
ed by  Da  Ponte  from  the  “Manage  de  Figaro”  by  Beau- 
marchais. It  was  played  at  Paris  with  Beaumarchais’s 
words  as  “Le  mariage  de  Figaro”  in  1793,  and  as  “Les 
noces  de  Figaro,”  words  by  Barbier  and  Carr6,  in  1858. 
Grove. 

Nuba  (no'ba).  A nation  of  the  Nile  valley  which 
occupies  the  stretch  between  the  first  and  sec- 
ond cataracts,  to  which  place  it  was  brought 
from  Meroe  by  Diocletian  16  centuries  ago. 
After  adopting  Christianity,  these  Nubas  or  Nubians 
founded,  under  Silko,  the  Christian  state  of  Dongola, 
which  lasted  until  651.  They  adopted  Islam  only  in  1320, 
and  became  subjects  of  the  khedive  in  1815.  Lepsius  says 
they  are  descendants  of  the  ancient  nation  of  Uaua.  In 
race  they  are  mixed  Nigritic  and  Hamitic.  Their  language 
has  preserved  a Nigritic  structure.  The  Nubas  of  Djebel 
Deyer,  south  of  Kordofan,  from  whom  the  Dongolan  Nubas 
descend,  are  still  pure  negroes.  The  dialects  of  Nuba  are 
Mahas  or  Sukkod,  Kentis,  Dongola,  and  Fadisha.  See 
Nuba-Fulah. 

Nuba-Fulah  (no'ba-fo'la).  Agroup  of  African 
tribes  and  languages  originated  by  Friedrich 
Muller  and  adopted  by  R.  N.  Oust,  and  misun- 
derstood by  many  Africanists.  It  is  not  a race  or 
a family  of  languages,  but  a grouping  of  tribes  and  lan- 
guages of  mixed  type  which  the  present  stateof  knowledge 
and  their  mixed  nature  will  not  permit  to  be  assigned  with 
certainty  to  the  Hamitic  or  Negro  families.  It  is  made  to 
include  the  Nuba,  Koldaji,  Tumale,  Konjara,  Kwati,  Masai, 
Berta,  Kamamil,  Fun ji,  Krej,  Nyam-Nyam,  Mombuttu,  and 
the  Fulahs  of  western  Sudan.  As  knowledge  progresses, 
these  disconnected  tribes  and  languages  will  be  subordi- 
nated to  the  Hamitic  and  Negro  families.  Some  tribes  be- 
long by  race  rather  to  one,  and  by  language  rather  to  the 
other,  family.  The  Fulahs,  the  Masai,  and  the  Kwafl  are 
rather  Hamitic  in  race  and  customs,  the  Nyam-Nyam  and 
Mombuttu  more  Nigritic. 

NubarPasha(no'barpash'a).  Bornin  1825: died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  14, 1899.  An  Egyptian  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  HewasambassadoratViennainl854; 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  under  Ismail  Pasha  1867-76 ; and 
premier  1878-79, 1884-88,  and  April,  1894, -Nov.,  1895. 

Nubia  (nu'bi-a).  A region  in  Africa,  bounded  by 
Egypt  (from  about  the  neighborhood  of  Wady- 
Halfa,  in  lat.  21°  51'  N. ) on  the  north, the  Red  Sea 
on  the  east,  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan  and 
Eritrea  on  the  south,  and  the  desert  on  the  west. 
It  is  not  a political  division.  The  inhabitants  are  Nubas 
(see  Nuhn),  Arabs,  and  Ababdeh  (Hamitic).  It  was  sub- 
ject to  Thothmes  ITT.;  was  part  of  the  ancient  Ethiopia  ; 
and  was  conquered  by  the  forces  of  Mehemet  Ali  in  1820- 
1822.  It  fell  into  the  power  of  the  Mahdi  in  1883 ; and  it 
was  the  scene  of  English-Egyptian  expeditions  in  1883-85. 
The  victories  of  the  Anglo-Egyptian  army  under  Lord 
Kitchener  (Dongola Expedition,  1896,  and  Khartum  Expe- 
dition, 1898)  reestablished  the  power  of  Egypt  over  Nubia. 

The  Nubians,  in  spite  of  their  black  skins,  are  usually 
classed  among  the  handsomest  of  mankind,  just  as  the 
negroes  are  among  the  ugliest.  They  are  tall,  spare,  and 
well-proportioned.  The  hair  is  black  and  fairly  straight, 
and  there  is  very  little  of  it  on  the  body.  The  nostrils  and 
lips  are  thin,  the  eyes  dark,  the  nose  somewhat  aquiline. 
'The  flat  feet  with  which  they  are  credited  are  not  & racial 
characteristic,  but  are  due  to  their  walking  without  shoes. 


Nugent 

As  among  the  Egyptians,  the  second  toe  is  longer  than  the 
first.  Constitutionally  the  Nubians  are  delicate,  and  are 
peculiarly  sensitive  to  pneumonia.  They  suffer  also  from 
early  decay  of  the  teeth,  and  are  not  a long-lived  race. 

Sayce,  Peaces  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  51. 
Nuble  (nyo'bla).  A province  of  Chile,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  37°  S.,  bordering  on  the  Argentine 
Republic.  Capital,  Chilian.  Area,  3,406 square 
miles.  Population,  166,245. 

Nuceria.  See  Nocera. 

Nuddea.  See  Nadiya. 

Nueces  (nwa'ses).  [‘  Walnut  river.’]  A river 
in  southwestern  Texas  which  flows  by  Corpus 
Christi  Bay  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length,, 
about  400  miles. 

Nueva  Andalucla  (nwa'va,  an-da-16-the'a). 
[‘New  Andalucia.’]  1.  The  district  in  north- 
western South  America  ceded  to  Ojeda  in  1508, 
and  later  to  Heredia,  it  corresponded  to  the  coast  of 
Colombia  from  Cape  Vela  to  the  Gulf  of  Darien.  Ancient 
and  modern  authors  frequently  confuse  this  name  with 
Castilla  del  Oro  (which  see). 

2.  A name  given  to  the  Amazon  region  ceded 
to  Orellana  in  1544.  See  Orellana,  Francisco  de. 
Nueva  Espana.  See  New  Spain. 

Nueva  Galicia  (ga-le'the-a).  [‘  New  Galicia.’] 
A primary  division  of  colonial  New  Spain,  or 
Mexico,  long  known  officially  as  Reino  de  Nueva 
Galicia.  Its  limits  varied  at  different  times,  but  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  it  corre- 
sponded nearly  to  the  modern  states  of  Jalisco,  Aguaa 
Calientes,  and  Zacatecas,  with  a small  part  of  San  Luis 
Potosi:  at  an  earlier  period  it  also  embraced,  for  a time, 
Durango  and  Sinaloa.  It  was  partly  conquered  in  1530 
by  Nunode  Guzman.  The  audienceof  Guadalajara,  created 
in  1648,  had  jurisdiction  over  Nueva  Galicia,  subject  to 
appeal  to  the  audience  of  Mexico.  The  governor,  who 
was  also  president  of  the  audience,  was  appointed  by  the 
king,  but  in  military  and  treasury  matters  was  subordinate 
to  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain.  In  1786  Nueva  Galicia  be- 
came the  intendency  of  Guadalajara.  After  1792  the 
Provincias  Internas  (Sonora,  Sinaloa,  Durango,  Chihuahua, 
New  Mexico,  Coahuila,  and  Texas)  were  judicially  subor- 
dinate to  the  audience  of  Guadalajara. 

Nueva  Granada.  See  New  Granada. 

Nuevas  Ordenanzas.  See  New  Laws. 

Nueva  Toledo  (to-la'THo).  [‘New  Toledo.’] 
The  official  name  of  the  territory  in  western 
South  America  granted  to  Diego  Almagro  in 
1534.  It  corresponded  nearly  to  northern  Chile,  western 
Bolivia,  and  a small  part  of  Peru.  Disputes  as  to  its  boun- 
dary with  the  territory  granted  to  Pizarro  resulted  in  a 
civil  war  and  the  death  of  Almagro, 

Nueva  Valladolid  (val-ya-THo-leTH').  The 
colonial  name  of  Comayagua,  Honduras. 
Nueva  Vizcaya  (veth-M'a).  [‘New  Biscay.’] 
A colonial  division  of  New  Spain,  or  Mexico, 
corresponding  (nearly)  to  the  modern  states  of 
Durango,  Chihuahua,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  the 
southern  part  of  Coahuila.  It  was  originally  called 
Copala.  Francisco  de  Ibarra,  who  conquered  a part  of  it 
between  1560  and  1570,  nameditReinodelaNuevaVizcaya, 
an  appellation  which  it  retained  until  after  the  indepen- 
dence. During  the  17th  and  most  of  the  18th  century  the 
governor  of  NuevaVizcaya  was  subordinate  to  the  viceroy 
of  Mexico  only  in  military  and  treasury  affairs.  In  1777 
this  region  was  included  in  the  Provincias  Internas. 
Nuevo  Leon  (la-on').  [‘New  Leon.’]  l.Adivis- 
ion  of  colonialNewSpain,orMexico, correspond- 
ing to  the  present  state  of  that  name  together 
with  portions  of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Tamauli- 
pas.  Itwaslong  known  as  the  Nuevo  Reino  de  Leon.  In 
1786  it  was  attached  to  the  intendency  of  San  Luis  Potosi. 
2.  A state  in  northeastern  Mexico,  surrounded 
by  the  states  of  Coahuila,  Tamaulipas,  and  San 
Luis  Potosi.  Capital,  Monterey.  Area,  23,592 
square  miles.  Population,  368,929,  (1910). 
Nuevo  Santander  (san-tan-dar').  A division 
of  colonial  New  Spain,  or  Mexico,  correspond- 
ing (nearly)  to  the  modern  state  of  Tamau- 
lipas. Officially,  until  1786,  it  was  known  as  a 
colony. 

Niifenen  (nii'fen-en)  Pass.  An  Alpine  pass 
between  the  cantons  of  Ticino  and  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, connecting  the  Ticino  valley  at  Airolo 
with  that  of  the  upper  Rhone. 

Nugent  (nu'jent),  Sir  George.  Born  in  England, 
June  10,  1757 : died  at  Little  Marlow,  Berks, 
March  11, 1849.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  military  academy  at  Woolwich  ; served  in  the 
American  war  1777-83,  served  in  Flanders  under  the  Duke 
of  York,  and  was  made  major-general  in  1796.  He  served 
in  Ireland  1798;  was  made  a baronet  in  1806;  became 
commander-in-chief  in  India  in  1811 ; and  vvas  made  field- 
marshal  in  1846. 

Nugent,  George  Nugent  Grenville,  Baron. 
Born  at  Buckingham  Castle,  England,  Dec.  30, 
1788:  died  Nov.  26,  1850.  An  English  states- 
man, second  son  of  the  Marquis  of  Buckingham. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford  ; entered  Parliament  in  1812  ; 
became  Baron  Nugent  on  the  death  of  his  mother  in  1813  ; 
was  a promoter  of  the  Jtoform  Bill ; was  junior  lord  of  the 
treasury  in  1830  ; and  was  lord  high  commissioner  of  the 
Ionian  Islands  1832-35.  He  published  “Oxford  and  Locke  ” 
(1829),  “ Memorials  of  Hampden  ”(1332),  “ Lands  Classical 
and  Sacred  ” (1815-40). 


Nugginah 

Nugginah,  or  Nuginah.  See  Nagina. 

NuitS  (niie).  A town  in  the  department  of  Cote- 
d’Or,  France,  14  miles  south-southwest  of  Dijon. 

It  is  celebrated  for  the  wines  produced  in  the  vicinity.  A 
victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Germans  under  Von  Wer- 
der  over  the  French  under  Cremer,  Dec.  18,  1870.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  3,706. 

Nuits,  Les.  [F.,  ‘ the  nights.’]  Four  poems 
by  Alfred  de  Musset,  published  in  1835-37. 
They  were  called  “Nuit  de  Mai,”“Nuit  de  Ddcembre,” 
“Nuit  d’Aotlt,"  and  “ Nuit  d'Octobre." 

Nuits  Blanches,  Les.  [F.,  ‘sleepless  or  rest- 
less nights.’]  A name  given  to  a series  of  18 
pianoforte  solos  by  Stephen  Heller. 

Nuitter  (niie-ta'):  anagram  of  the  surname  of 
Charles  Louis  Etienne  Truinet.  Born  at  Paris, 
1828:  died  in  1899.  A French  writer  of  vaude- 
villes and  librettos,  mostly  for  Offenbach’s 
music. 

Nukahiva  (no-ka-e'va).  The  largest  of  the 
Marquesas  Islands. 

Nukha  (no'kha).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Yelisavetpol,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated 
about  lat.  41°  12'  N.,  long.  47°  10'  E. : noted 
for  its  silk  industry.  Population,  24,734. 

Nullification,  Ordinance  of.  An  ordinance 
passed  by  a State  convention  of  South  Carolina, 
Nov.  19, 1832,  declaring  void  certain  acts  of  the 
United  States  Congress  levying  duties  and  im- 
posts on  imports,  and  threatening  that  any  at- 
tempt to  enforce  those  acts,  except  through  the 
courts  in  that  State,  would  be  followed  by  the 
secession  of  South  Carolina  from  the  Union.  It 
was  repealed  by  the  State  convention  which 
met  on  March  16,  1833.  See  Jackson,  Andrew. 

Numantia  (nu-man'shi-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  capital  of  the  Celtiberian  people  Are- 
vaci,  situated  on  the  Douro  near  the  modern 
Soria.  It  was  famous  on  account  of  its  siege  by  the  Ro- 
mans under  Scipio  Africanus  Minor,  beginning  in  134  B.  C. 
It  was  taken  and  destroyed  in  133. 

Numantine  War  (nu'man-tin  war).  A war  be- 
tween the  Romans  andthe  Celtiberians  of  north- 
ern central  Spain,  143-133  B.  C.,  endingin  the  de- 
struction of  Numantia  in  133  B.  C. 

Numa  Pompilius  (nu'ma  pom-pil'i-us).  Ac- 
cording to  the  legends,  the  second  king  of  Rome 
(715-672  b.  c.).  He  was  the  reputed  author  of  many 
Roman  institutions,  including  thepontifices,  salii.flamens, 
fetiales,  vestal  virgins,  worship  of  Terminus,  temple  of 
Janus,  etc. 

Numbers  (num'berz).  The  fourth  book  of  the 
Old  Testament:  so  called  because  itbeginswith 
an  account  of  the  numbering  of  the  Israelites 
in  the  beginning  of  the  second  year  after  they 
left  Egypt.  It  includes  part  of  the  history  of 
the  Israelites  during  their  wanderings. 

Numenius  (nu-me'ni-us).  [Gr.  Non/ir/wof.]  Born 
at  Apamea,  Syria : lived  in  the  second  half  of 
the  2d  century.  A Neo-Pythagorean  philoso- 
pher, forerunner  of  Neoplatonism. 

His  leading  principle  was  the  belief  that  Plato,  who 
formed,  as  he  thought,  a sort  of  connecting  bond  between 
Pythagoras  and  Socrates,  really  preached  in  a Greek  form 
the  revealed  doctrines  of  the  Jewish  legislator.  And  he 
went  so  far  as  to  say,  “What  is  Plato  but  Moses  talking 
Attic  Greek?"  But  lie  applied  his  Pythagorean  principles 
also  to  the  identification  of  Egyptian,  Persian,  and  even 
Brahminical  dogmas.  And,  without  mentioning  our  Sa- 
viour by  name,  he  made  the  Gospels  the  subjects  of  philo- 
sophical allegories  not  unlike  those  which  Philo  spun  from 
the  Pentateuch.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece, 
[III.  182.  (Donaldson.) 

Numerianus  (nu-me-ri-a'nus),  Marcus  Aure- 
lius. Roman  emperor  (conjointly  with  bis  bro- 
ther Carinus)  in  283  A.  D.  He  accompanied  hisfather, 
the  emperor  Carus,  on  an  expedition  against  the  Persians 
in  283,  while  Carinus  remained  behind  as  governor  of  the 
western  provinces.  The  death  of  hisfather  during  the  ex- 
pedition elevated  him  and  his  brother  to  the  throne.  He, 
however,  died  in  camp  while  returning  from  the  East. 
Arrius  Aper,  prefect  of  the  pretorians,  his  father-in-law, 
was  suspected  of  encompassing  his  death,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  making  himself  emperor.  Arrius  Aper  was  stabbed 
by  Diocletian  who  assumed  the  purple. 

Numidia  (nu-mid'i-a).  [L.  Numidia,  Gr.  Nov- 
utSia,  from  Numidee,  Gr.  reflex  Hov/udat,  the  in- 
habitants, prop.  Nogadec,  wanderers,  nomads.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a country  of  northern 
Africa,  corresponding  nearly  to  the  modern  Al- 
geria. It  was  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
north,  the  territory  of  Carthage  on  the  east,  the  desert  on 
the  south,  and  Mauretania  on  the  west.  The  Massyli  in  the 
east  and  the  Massaesyli  in  the  west  were  united  in  a king- 
dom under  Masinissa.  This  was  dismembered  after  the 
defeat  of  Jugurtha  in  106  B.  C. ; and  the  eastern  part  be- 
came a Roman  province  shortly  after  the  death  of  its  king 
Juba  in  46  B.  o. 

Numitor  (nti'mi-tor).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
grandfather  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

Nun  ( non).  The  chief  mouth  of  the  Niger. 

Nun,  or  Wad-Nun  ( wad-non').  A town  in  Mo- 
rocco, near  Cape  Nun.  Population,  about  5,000. 


748 

Nun,  Cape.  A cape  in  Morocco,  projecting  into 
the  Atlantic  in  lat.  28°  45'  N.,  long.  11°  2'  W. 

Nunc  Dimittis  (nungk  di-mit'is).  [So  named 
from  the  first  two  words  in  the  Latin  version, 
“ Nunc  dimittis  servum  tuum,  Domine,  ...  in 
pace,”  “Now  lettest  thou  thy  servant  depart  in 
peace.”]  The  canticle  of  Simeon(Luke  ii.  29-32). 
The  Nunc  Dimittis  forms  part  of  the  private  thanksgiving 
of  thepriestaftertheliturgy  in  the  Greek  Church,  and  isfre- 
quently  sung  by  the  choir  after  celebration  of  the  euchar- 
ist  in  Anglican  churches.  It  forms  part  of  the  office  of  com- 
plin as  used  in  theRoman  Catholic  Church.  It  is  contained 
in  the  vesper  office  of  the-  Greek  Church,  and  is  one  of  the 
canticles  at  evening  prayer  in  the  Anglican  Church. 

Nuneaton  (nun-e'ton).  A town  in  Warwick- 
shire, England,  19  miles  east  by  north  of  Bir- 
mingham. It  manufactures  ribbons.  Popula- 
tion, 19,221. 

Nunes  (no'nas),  Pedro,  often  called  Nonius. 
Born  at  Alcacer-do-Sal,  Portugal,  1492:  died  at 
Coimbra,  1577.  A Portuguese  writer  of  works 
on  navigation  and  mathematics.  He  was  royal  cos- 
mograplier  from  1529,  and  chief  cosmographer  from  1547. 
He  is  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the  loxodromic  line. 

Nunez  (non'yath),  Ignacio.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  July  30,  1793:  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1846. 
An  Argentine  politician,  journalist,  and  author. 
He  served  in  the  army,  held  various  civil  positions,  and 
was  imprisoned  by  Rosas.  His  best-known  works  are 
“Noticias  de  las  ITovincias  Unidas  del  Lio  de  la  Hata" 
(1825  : French  and  English  editions)  and  “Noticias  histo- 
rical de  la  republica  Argentina”  (posthumous,  1857). 

Nunez,  Rafael.  Born  in  Cartagena,  Sept.  28, 
1825:  died  there,  Sept.  18,  1894.  A Colom- 
bian statesman.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  1855- 
1857, 1861-62,  and  1878,  senator,  and  held  other  important 
civil  offices.  Froml865tol874heresidedinEurope.  In  1875 
he  was  defeated  as  the  liberal  candidate  for  the  presidency ; 
was  elected  for  the  term  1879-82 ; and,  his  successor  Zaldiia 
having  died,  he  was  again  elected  for  the  term  beginning 
April,  1884.  Under  the  new  constitution  of  the  Republic  of 
Colombia,  he  became  president  for  6 years  from  Dec. , 1885, 
and  was  reelected  in  1831.  Owing  to  ill  health  from  1888  he 
was  frequently  represented  by  the  vice-president. 

Nunez,  Vasco.  See  Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez. 

Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Alvar.  See  Caber: a de 
Vaca,  Alvar  Nufiez. 

Nunez  de  Arce  (non'yath  da  ar'tha),  Gaspar. 
Bom  at  Valladolid,  Aug.  6,  1834:  died  at  Ma- 
drid, June  9,  1903.  A noted  Spanish  poet, 
known  as  “the  Spanish  Tennyson.”  He  was  a 
graduate  of  the  University  of  Toledo ; was  a deputy  to  the 
Cortes  and  minister  of  the  colonies  in  the  Sagasta  cahinet 
of  1883-84 ; and  was  also  president  of  the  council  of  state 
of  commerce  and  agriculture.  In  1894a  national  ovation 
was  accorded  him  at  Toledo.  Among  Ins  poems  are 
“Gritos  delCombate”  (‘‘Battle-cries,'’  1876),  “ Ultima 
lamentacion  de  Lord  Byron  ” ( 1879),  “El  Vertigo ” (1879), 
“La  vision  de  Fray  Martin  " (1880),  etc.;  and  among  his 
plays  are  “ Como se empefia  nil  Marido”  (I860),  “ Ni  tanto 
ni  taupoco”  (1865),  “El  Haz  de  Lena,”  etc. 

Nunez  de  Haro  y Peralta  (non'yath  da  a'ro  e 
pa-ral'ta),  Alonso.  Born  at  Villagarcia,  dio- 
cese of  Cuenca,  Oct.  31,  1729 : died  at  Mexico, 
May  26, 1800.  A Spanish  prelate,  archbishop  of 
Mexico  from  1772,  and  viceroy  May  8 to  Aug. 
16, 1787. 

Nunez  Vela  (non'yath  va'la),  Blasco.  Born 
at  Avila  about  1490:  died  near  Quito,  Jan.  18, 
1546.  First  viceroy  of  Peru.  After  holding  various 
civil  and  military  offices  in  Spain,  he  was  appointed  vice- 
roy in  1543  with  the  special  mission  of  promulgating  the 
“New  Laws"  (which  see).  He  reached  Lima  in  March, 
1544.  Strong  opposition  to  the  New  Laws  was  at  once  mani- 
fested, and  a revolt  broke  out,  headed  by  Gonzalo  Pizarro. 
In  Sept,  the  viceroy  killed  the  factor  Suarez  de  Carbajal 
in  an  altercation,  was  arrested  by  the  audience,  and  was 
put  in  charge  of  one  of  the  auditors,  Alvarez,  to  be  taken 
to  Spain  for  trial.  While  still  near  the  coast  Alvarez  re- 
leased him : he  landed  at  Tumbez  and  began  to  collect 
forces  against  Pizarro,  but  the  latter  forced  him  to  retreat 
through  Quito  to  I’opayan.  Reinforced  there  by  Benal- 
cazar  and  others,  lie  returned  as  far  as  Quito,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Pizarro  and  killed  in  the  battle  of  Anaquito. 

Nun’s  Priest’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s 
u Canterbury  Tales. v It  is  taken  from  the  “Roman  du 
Renart,"and  is  the  story  of  Chanticleer  who  escaped  from 
the  jaws  of  the  fox  by  his  cunning  in  making  the  latter 
open  his  mouth  to  speak.  It  is  modernized  by  Dryden  as 
“The  Cock  and  the  Fox.”  See  Second  Nun's  Tale. 

Nupe  (no'pe).  An  African  kingdom  of  tke 
Niger  valley,  commanding  the  confluence  of  the 
Niger  and  the  Binue.  It  is  subject  to  aking  of  Fulah  ori- 
gin, and  nominally  vassal  of  Gando.  The  Nupe  people  are 
negroes  in  a comparatively  high  state  of  culture.  They 
have  large  cities  (Bida,  Rabba,  Egga,  Ilorin).  The  Nupe 
language  has  a wide  extraterritorial  use  down  the  Niger 
River.  It  has  musical  tones,  and  is  related  to  both  Yoruba 
and  Ibo.  Gbedeghi,  Bini,  and  Basa-Komi  are  the  princi- 
pal dialects. 

Nu-pieds  (nii'pia').  [F., ‘bare  feet.’]  A name 
given  to  Norman  peasants  who  in  1639  revolted 
at  A vranelies  against  heavy  and  unjust  taxation. 
The  rising  was  put  down  by  Richelieu  with  relentless 
cruelty. 

Nureddin.  See  Noureddin. 

Nuremberg  (nu ' rem-berg),  G.  Niirnberg 

(niirn'berG).  A city  in  Middle  Franconia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  on  the  Pegnitz  in  lat.  49°  27'  N., 


Nyam-Nyam 

long.  11°  5'  E.  It  is  the  leading  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial city  of  Bavaria  ; is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
N uremberg  wares  (including  toys  and  fancy  articles),  pen- 
cils, machinery,  ultramarine,  beer,  etc.;  and  is  the  chief 
market  on  the  Continent  for  hops.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  medieval  appearance.  The  Burg,  or  castle,  founded 
in  the  11th  century  by  Conrad  II.,  and  restored  as  a royal 
residence  in  the  present  century,  is  a picturesque  struc- 
ture with  towers  of  different  heights  and  forms  and  high 
roofs.  In  the  Heidenthurm  there  are  two  Romanesque 
chapels,  one  over  theother.  The  Germanic  National  Mu- 
seum is  a historical  collection  founded  in  1852,  and,  besides 
illustrating  costumes,  arms  and  armor,  and  the  industrial 
and  minor  arts,  includes  an  unexcelled  gallery  of  German 
15th-  and  16th-century  painting.  The  museum  occupies 
a 14th-century  Carthusian  monastery,  with  a handsome 
church  and  traceried  cloister,  and  also  an  Augustinian 
monastery,  rebuilt  adjoining.  Among  the  other  features 
of  Nuremberg  are  the  walls  and  towers,  churches  of 
St.  Lawrence,  St.  Sebaldus,  and  St.  Jacob,  Frauenkirche, 
fountain  (Schone  Brunneu),  and  Rathaus.  The  city  ex- 
isted as  early  as  1050  ; was  developed  under  the  Hohen- 
staufens  ; was  made  a free  imperial  city  in  1219 ; and  be- 
came in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries  a great  center  of 
trade,  art,  science,  and  literature.  The  Reformation  was 
introduced  in  1525.  It  suffered  severely  in  the  Thirty 
Years’  War.  In  1806  it  was  annexed  to  Bavaria.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  332,539,  (1910). 

Nuremberg,  Peace  of.  A religious  truce  con- 
cluded between  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and 
the  Protestants  in  1532. 

Nursia.  See  Norcia. 

Niirtingen  (niir'ting-en).  A town  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neckar  13  miles  southeast  of  Stuttgart.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  6,754. 

Nus  (niis),  Eugene.  Born  at  Chalon-sur-Saone, 
1816 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  19, 1894.  A French 
dramatic  author  and  journalist. 

Nusku  (nos'ko).  A deity  of  the  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  pantheon,  the  god  of  the  midday  sun. 
See  Nisroch. 

Nut  (not).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  mother 
of  Osiris,  goddess  of  heaven  and  consort  of 
Set,  god  of  the  earth.  She  is  represented  in 
human  form. 

Nutabes  (no-ta-bas').  An  extinct  tribe  of  South 
American  Indians  who  occupied  part  of  the 
region  included  in  the  present  department  of 
Antioquia,  Colombia,  on  the  right  side  of  the 
Cauca,  between  that  river  and  the  Force.  They 
were  hardly  less  advanced  in  civilization  than  the  Cliib- 
chas,  but  were  less  warlike  and  had  no  hereditary  chiefs. 
Their  clothing  was  of  cotton,  and  they  were  skilled  in  mak- 
ing small  figures  of  gold.  Many  of  these  figures  were  de- 
posited in  their  tombs  (huacas).  and  are  still  found : in 
1833  gold  to  the  amountof  $18,000  was  taken  from  a single 
huaca.  Nothing  is  known  of  their  linguistic  affinities. 

Nut-brown  Maid,  The.  A ballad  belonging  to 
the  end  of  the  15th  century.  Prior  took  it  for  the 
foundation  of  his  “Henry  and  Emma."  The  “nut-brown 
maid  " proclaims  her  faithfulness  to  her  lover,  who  tells 
her  at  the  end  of  every  second  stanza  that  he  is  a banished 
man.  By  saying  at  the  end  of  the  intervening  stanza  “ I 
love  but  yon  alone,”  her  love  and  meekness  prevail ; and 
he  consoles  her  in  the  end  by  saying 

“ Thus  have  ye  won  an  erles  son, 

And  not  a banysshed  man." 

We  owe  the  preservation  of  this  beautiful  old  ballad 
to  “Arnold’s  Chronicle,”  of  which  the  earliest  edition  is 
thought  to  have  been  printed  in  1502.  In  Laneham's  account 
of  Elizabeth  s visit  to  Kenilworth,  the  “Nut-brown  Maid  " 
is  mentioned  as  a book  by  itself,  and  there  is  said  to  be  at 
Oxford  a list  of  books  offered  for  sale  at  that  place  in  1520, 
among  which  is  the  “Not-broon  Mayd,”  price  one  penny  ; 
still,  the  ballad  is  not  known  to  exist  at  present  in  any 
other  ancient  form  than  thatof  the  Chronicle.  Wehaveno 
means  of  determining  the  date  of  the  composition,  but 
Percy  has  justly  remarked  that  it  is  not  probable  that  an 
antiquary  would  have  inserted  a piece  in  his  historical  col- 
lections which  he  knew  to  be  modern.  The  language  is 
that  of  the  time  at  which  it  was  printed. 

Child’s  Ballads,  IV.  143. 

Nutmeg  State.  A name  given  to  Connecticut, 
from  its  alleged  manufacture  of  wooden  nut- 
megs. 

Nuttall  (nut'al),  Tbomas.  Born  at  Settle, 
Yorkshire,  England,  1786:  died  at  St.  Helen’s, 
Lancashire,  England,  Sept.  10, 1859.  An  Anglo- 
American  botanist  and  ornithologist.  He  lived  in 
America  from  1807  to  1842,  and  in  1822  was  appointed  cu- 
rator of  the  botanical  gardens  of  Harvard  University.  His 
works  are  “Generaof  North  American  Plants,  etc. “(1818), 
“Journal  of  Travels  into  the  Arkansas  Territory  during 
the  Year  1819"  (1821),  “ Manual  of  the  Ornithology  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada”  (1832-34),  “The  North  Ameri- 
can Sylva,  etc.”  (1842-49). 

Nyack  (ni'ak).  A village  in  Rockland  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  25  miles 
north  of  New  York.  Population.  4,619,  (1910). 
Nyai  (nyi),  or  Banyai  (bii-nyl').  A Bantu 
tribe  of  (he  Zambesi  valley,  between  the  Ma- 
shona  and  the  river,  partly  in  Portuguese  and 
partly  in  British  territory. 

Nyambu  (nyam'bij).  See  Zongora. 
Nyam-Nyam  (nyam-nyam'),  or  Sandeh  (san - 
de).  A great  African  nation,  consisting  of  nu- 
merous petty  tribes,  dwelling  in  the  basins  of 


Nyam-Nyam 

the  Welle  and  Shari  rivers.  They  number  about 
2,000,000.  They  are  called  Nyam-Nyam  (‘eaters,’  ‘can- 
nibals ')  by  the  Dinkas,  and  other  neighbors  give  them 
other  names  : their  own  name  is  Sandeh.  They  are  ne- 
groes in  color  and  hair,  and  have  short  legs  and  round 
heads  and  faces.  They  tattoo  their  faces  as  a tribal  mark, 
and  their  chests  and  arms  for  ornamentation.  They  wear 
skins  and  bark  cloth,  and  are  clever  workmen,  hunters,  and 
musicians.  The  women  do  the  tilling.  Many,  but  not  all, 
are  or  were  cannibals.  Their  weapons  are  the  lance,  shield, 
bow  and  arrows,  and  throwing-knife. 

Nyamwezi  (iiya-mwa/ze),  or  Wanyamwezi 
(wa-nya-mwa'ze).  A Bantu  nation  of  German 
East  Africa.  It,  inhabits  a long  stretch  of  the  undu- 
lating and  fertile  plateau  between  Lake  Victoria,  Ukonon- 
go,  and  Uyanzi,  including  Usukuma  in  the  north,  Unyan- 
yembe  and  Ugunda  in  the  south,  and  also  the  Arab  settle- 
ment Tabora.  In  a more  limited  sense,  Unyamwezi,  their 
country,  is  placed  between  Usukuma  and  Unyanyembe. 
The  people  are  medium-sized,  and  have  generally  Bantu 
features ; but  long  noses  and  occasionally  curly  instead  of 
woolly  hair  seem  to  indicate  mixture.  They  use  lances, 
shields,  and  bow3  and  arrows  as  weapons.  Ungalanganja 
issaid  to  have  been  the  first  name  of  the  country,  and  Mwezi 
the  founder  of  the  kingdom,  which  became  famous  as  the 
semi-fabulous  Monemuji  of  old  Portuguese  authors.  See 
Mirambo  and  Garenganze. 

Nyaneka  (nya-na'ka),  or  Banyaneka  (ba-nya- 
na'ka).  ABantu tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa, 
in  the  district  of  Mossamedes,  on  a high  and 
salubrious  plateau.  They  have  agricultural  and  pas- 
toral habits,  with  primitive  customs,  and  belong  to  the 
same  cluster  as  the  Ndonga  tribes. 

Nyangbara  (nyang-ba'ra),  or  Nyambara 
(nyam-ba'ra).  An  African  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Sudan,  west  of  Lado,  in  a hilly  country.  They  are 
kinsmen  of  the  Bari ; are  tall  and  naked ; and  are  hunters, 
agriculturists,  and  iron-workers. 

Nyangwe  (nyang'we).  An  Arab  settlement 
in  Africa,  on  the  Lualaba  River  in  lat.  4°  S. : 
the  headquarters  of  Tippu  Tib.  The  Arabs  ar- 
rived there  in  1866.  It  was  conquered  and  oc- 
cupied by  Kongo  State  forces  in  1893. 

Nyanza,  Albert.  See  Albert  Nyanza. 

Nyanza,  Albert  Edward.  See  Albert  Edward 
Nyanza. 

Nyanza,  Victoria.  See  Victoria  Nyanza. 

Nyasa,  or  biyassa  (nyas'sa),  Lane.  A lake  in 
southeastern  Africa.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  ShirC  into 
the  Zambesi.  It  was  discovered  by  Livingstone  in  1859, 
and  was  circumnavigated  by  Young  in  1876.  Length,  over 
350  miles. 

Nyasaland  (nyas'a-land).  A region  west  and 
south  of  Lake  Nyasa,  which  for  some  years  has 
been  under  the  influence  of  British  missionaries 
and  of  the  African  Lakes  Company.  In  1891 
it  was  proclaimed  a British  protectorate.  See 
*Nyasaland  Protectorate. 

Nyaya  (nya'ya).  [Skt. : ni,  into,  and  aya,  a de- 
rivative of  i,  go;  and  hence  ‘entering/  ‘ana- 
lytical investigation.’]  One  of  the  six  systems 
of  Hindu  philosophy.  It  is  ascribed  to  a Gotama  or 
Gautama.  It  was  intended  to  furnish  a correct  method 
of  philosophical  inquiry  into  all  the  objects  and  subjects 
of  human  knowledge,  including  the  process  of  reasoning 
and  laws  of  thought.  It  begins  by  propounding  16  topics, 
of  which  the  first  is  the  means  by  which  the  right  mea- 


749 

sure  of  any  subject  is  to  be  obtained.  The  processes  by 
which  true  knowledge  is  attained  are  declared  to  be  (1) 
sense  perception ; (2)  inference  ; (3)  comparison  ; (4)  ver- 
bal authority  or  trustworthy  testimony,  including  Vedic 
revelation.  Inference  is  divided  into  5 members  : (1)  the 
proposition  stated  hypothetically  ; (2)  the  reason  ; (3)  the 
example  or  major  premise  ; (4)  the  application  of  the  rea- 
son or  minor  premise  ; (6)  the  conclusion,  or  the  restate- 
ment of  the  proposition  as  proved.  The  terms  “invari- 
able pervasion ’’ or  “concomitance,’’  “ pervader ’’  or  “in- 
variably pervading  attribute,” and  “invariably  pervaded” 
are  used  in  making  a universal  affirmation  or  in  affirming 
universal  distribution.  The  second  topic  is  those  points 
about  which  correct  knowledge  is  to  be  obtained,  viz. : 
(1)  soul ; (2)  body  ; (3)  senses ; (4)  objects  of  sense ; (5) 
understanding ; (3)  mind ; (7)  activity ; (S)  faults ; (9) 
transmigration;  (10)  consequences  or  fruits  of  action  ; (11) 
pain  ; (12)  emancipation.  The  other  14  topics  are  an  enu- 
meration of  the  regular  stages  of  a controversy,  including 
(1)  doubt  about  the  point  to  be  discussed  ; (2)  a motive  for 
discussing  it ; (3)  a familiar  example  in  order  that  a con- 
clusion may  be  arrived  at;  (4)  the  argument  of  the 
objector  with  its  5 lu  mbers ; (5)  the  refutation,  and  as- 
certainment of  the  true  state  of  the  case ; (6)  further  con- 
troversy ; (7)  mere  wrangling ; (8)  caviling ; (9)  falla- 
cious reasoning;  (10)  quibbling  artifices;  (11)  futile  re- 
plies; after  which  follows  (12)  the  putting  an  end  to  all 
discussion.  After  discussing  his  16  topics  Gotama  states 
how  deliverance  from  repeated  births  is  to  be  attained. 
See  Williams’s  “Indian  Wisdom,"  IV.,  and  the  transla- 
tions by  Ballantyne  and  Colebrooke. 

Nyborg  (nii'borG).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Svendborg,  Denmark,  in  the  island  of  Fii- 
nen,  situated  on  the  Great  Belt  in  lat.  55°  19' 
N. , long.  10°  48'  E.  It  was  formerly  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Denmark.  It  was  taken  in  1658  by  the  Swedes, 
who  were  defeated  near  it  in  1659.  Population,  7,922. 

Nydia  (nid'i-a).  A blind  girl  in  Bui  wer’s  “Last 
Days  of  Pompeii.” 

Nye  (ni),  Edgar  Wilson.  Born  at  Shirley, 
Maine,  Aug.  25, 1850:  died  near  Asheville,  N.C., 
Feb.  22,  1896.  An  American  humorist,  known 
as  “Bill  Nye.”  He  was  admitted  totHe  bar  in  1876,  and 
was  for  many  years  connected  with  the  press  in  the  West, 
and  more  recently  in  New  York  city. 

Nyema  (nya'ma),  or  Manyema  (ma-nya'ma). 
A Bantu  tribe  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  included  in 
the  concession  of  the  Katanga  Company,  set- 
tled between  the  Lualaba,  Nyangwe,  and  Lake 
Tanganyika.  They  call  themselves  WenyaorWagenya. 
Their  country  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world  for  scenery 
and  vegetation,  but  is  unhealthy.  The  people  have  a good 
physique ; wear  an  apron  made  of  skin  or  grass-cloth ; use 
lances  and  huge  shields;  keep  their  villages  clean;  and 
show  considerable  intelligence  and  industry  ; but  they  are 
addicted  to  cannibalism  and  intertribal  wars.  Also  Ma- 
nywema. 

Nyerup  (nii'er-op),  Rasmus.  Born  in  Fiinen, 
Denmark,  March  12,  1759:  died  June  28,  1829. 
A noted  Danish  scholar  and  literary  historian. 
He  published,  with  Rahbek  and  Abrahamson,  “Selected 
Danish  Songs  from  the  Middle  Ages”  (1812-14),  and  other 
works  on  Danish  literature. 

Nyika(nye'ka),or Anyika (a-nye'ka).  ABantu 
tribe  of  British  and  German  East  Africa,  be- 
tween the  Pangani  and  Sabaki  rivers,  around 
Mombasa.  They  number  about  50,000,  includ- 
ing the  Wadigo  and  Walupangu  subtribes.  The 
language,  Kinyika,  is  allied  to  Suahili. 


Nyx 

Nykjobing(nu'che-bing).  [‘Newmarket.’]  The 
chief  town  in  the  island  of  Falster,  Denmark. 

Nykoping  (nii'che-ping).  The  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Sodermanland,  Sweden,  situated  on  an 
inlet  of  the  Baltic  55  miles  southwest  of  Stock- 
holm. It  was  formerly  famous  for  its  castle. 
Population,  9,120. 

Nyland  (nii'land).  [‘New  land.’]  A govern- 
ment in  Finland,  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Gulf 
of  Finland.  Capital,  Helsingfors.  Area,  4,586 
square  miles.  Population,  333,519. 

Nym  (nim).  A character  in  Shakspere’s  com- 
edy “The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.”  He  is  a 
thief  and  sharper,  the  companion  of  Falstaff : “ an  amusing 
creature  of  whimsey.”  He  also  appears  with  Pistol  and 
Bardolph  in  “Henry  V.” 

Nymegen.  See  Nim  we  gen. 

Nympnseum  (nim-fe'um),  or  Hill  of  the 
Nymphs.  [Gr.  Nvytyaiov.']  The  hill  northwest 
of  the  Pnyx  in  the  group  of  hills  on  the  south- 
west side  of  Athens,  identified  by  an  inscription, 
and  now  crowned  by  an  observatory.  The  slopes 
of  the  hill  abound  in  remains  of  prehistoric  Athens,  con- 
sisting of  rock-cut  house  foundations,  stairs,  cisterns,  and 
water-channels.  The  settlement  on  this  group  of  hills  has 
not  been  occupied  during  the  time  of  known  history. 

Nymphenburg  (nim'fen-borG).  A royal  resi- 
dence near  Munich,  Bavaria,  noted  for  a treaty 
signed  there  in  1741  between  France  and  Ba- 
varia, directed  against  Austria.  Its  genuine- 
ness is  disputed. 

Nymphidia  (nim-fid'i-a).  A fairy  poem  by 
Michael  Drayton,  published  in  1627. 

Nyon  (nyoh).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva 
13  miles  north-northeast  of  Geneva : the  Roman 
Noviodunum.  It  has  an  ancient  castle  and  some 
Roman  remains.  Population,  14,991. 

Nyoro  (nyo'ro),  or  Banyoro  (ba-nyo'r5).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  British  East  Africa,  which  in- 
habits a plateau  averaging  4,000  feet  in  height, 
between  Lakes  Albert  and  Victoria.  They  are 
related  to  the  Baganda  and  Wazongora.  and  their  dialect 
issaid  to  be  purer.  The  ruling  family  belongs  to  the  Huma 
tribe.  Kings  Kamrasi  and  Kabrega  are  notorious  from 
unfavorable  accounts  given  by  travelers  who  have  visited 
them.  The  country  is  called  U nyoro. 

Nysa  (ni'sa).  1.  In  ancient  geography,  the 
birthplace  of  Bacchus.  Of  the  cities  so  named  the 
chief  was  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  45  miles  east  of  Ephesus : 
the  modern  Sultan-Hissar. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  44)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt at  Paris,  May  27,  1857. 

Nystad  (nii'stad).  A small  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Abo-Bjorneborg,  Finland,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  in  lat.  60°  43'  N.,  long. 
21°  15'  E. 

Nystad,  Peace  of.  A peace  negotiated  in  1721 
between  Russia  and  Sweden,  ending  the  North- 
ern War.  Sweden  ceded  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Ingria,  part 
of  Karelia,  and  other  possessions,  and  Russia  restored 
Finland. 

Nyx  (niks),  L.  Nox  (noks).  In  classical  my- 
thology, a goddess,  a personification  of  night. 


(o-a'ho  or  wa'ho).  One 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  situated  south- 
east of  Kauai  and  northwest 
of  Molokai.  The  surface  is 
mountainous  and  diversified  ; the 
soil  is  fertile.  It  contains  Honolu- 
lu, the  capital  of  the  group.  Area, 
600  sq.  111.  Pop.,  82,028,  (1910). 

Oajaca,  or  Oaxaca  (wa- 
Ha'ka).  1.  A maritime  state  in  the  southern 


part  of  Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  is  rich  in  agricultural  and 
mineral  resources.  Area,  35,392  square  miles.  Population, 


1,041,035,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Oajaca,  situated 
on  the  Rio  Verde,  or  Atoyac,  210  miles  southeast 
of  Mexico.  It  has  manufactures  of  chocolate,  etc.,  and 
is  the  center  of  the  cochineal  trade.  Pop.,  37,469,  (1910). 

Oak  Bluffs  (ok  blufs).  A summer  resort  in  Ed- 
gartown,  Martha’s  Vineyard,  Massachusetts.  It 
is  noted  for  its  camp-meetings. 

Oakboys  ( ok'boiz).  A body  of  insurgents  in  the 
north  of  Ireland  in  the  year  1763.  They  are  said 
to  have  risen  in  resistance  to  an  act  which  required  house- 
holders to  give  personal  labor  on  the  roads.  Another  of 
their  grievances  was  the  resumption  by  some  of  the  clergy 
of  a stricter  exaction  of  tithes.  The  movement  was  soon 
repressed.  The  Oakboys  received  their  name  from  oak 
sprays  which  they  wore  in  their  hats. 

Oakeley  (dk'li),  Sir  Herbert  Stanley.  Born 
July  22,  1830  : died  Oct.  26,  1903.  An  English 
composer  and  organist.  He  was  professor  of  music 
in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  1865-91,  and  was  knighted 
in  1876. 


Oakham  (ok'am).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
Rutland,  England,  17  miles  east  of  Leicester. 
It  has  an  old  castle.  Population,  3,294. 
Oakland  (ok'land).  A city,  capital  of  Alameda 
County,  California,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  San 
Francisco  Bay,  opposite  San  Francisco.  It  haB 
flourishing  manufactures  and  trade,  and  is  the  seat  of 
tile  Congregational  “Pacific  Theological  Seminary"  and 
other  institutions.  Population,  160,174,  (1910). 

Oakley,  Mrs.  The  “ jealous  wife  ” in  Column's 
play  of  that  name.  Her  jealousy  and  hysterical  vio- 
lence threaten  to  overpower  Oakley  until  he  forces  her 
to  sue  for  pardon.  Oakley  was  a favorite  part  with  Ma- 
cready,  Garrick,  Knight,  and  others. 

Oak  Openings.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1848. 

Oaks  (oks),  The.  A race  for  three-year-old 
fillies,  run  annually  at  Epsom,  England,  on  the 
Friday  after  the  Derby  (which  see).  The  distance 
is  11  miles.  It  was  established  in  1779  by  the  Earl  of  Derby. 
The  first  Oaks  was  won  by  the  Earl  of  Derby’s  Bridget. 


Oamaru(o-am-a-ro').  A seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  South  Island,  New  Zealand,  57  miles 
north-northeast  of  Dunedin. 

Cannes  (o-an'nez).  In  Babylonian  mythology, 
an  animal  having  the  body  of  a fish  and  the  head 
and  feet  of  a man,  and  endowed  with  human 
reason,  which  appeared  out  of  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  taught  the  Babylonians  letters,  science,  and 
civilization : identified  with  Ea  of  the  cuneif  orm 


inscriptions. 

Oates  (ots),  Titus.  Born  at  Oakham,  1649:  died 
at  London,  July  12,  1705.  An  Euglish  impostor. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  took  orders  in  the  Anglican 
Church,  but  was  deprived  of  his  living  for  bad  conduct. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  Jesuit  college  at  St.-Omerin 
1678.  In  the  same  year  he  submitted  first  to  Charles  II. 
and  afterward  to  Parliament  forged  documents  and  other 
alleged  proofsofaconspiracy  devised  by  Pope  Innocent  XI., 
the  Jesuits,  and  Pi-re  la  Chaise,  Louis  XIV. ’s  confessor,  for 
the  murder  of  Charles  II.  and  the  establishment  of  Catholi- 
cism in  England.  (See  Popish  Plot.)  A numberof  persotiB 
were  convicted  and  executed  on  his  evidence,  and  he  was 
granted  expenses  and  a monthly  salary  of  £40.  He  was 
convicted  of  perjury  at  the  instance  of  Janies  II.  in  1685. 
He  was  pardoned  in  1689  on  the  accession  of  William  III., 
and  got  a pension  of  £300. 

Oath  of  John  Ziska,  The.  A painting  by  Rem- 
brandt, one  of  his  largest  works,  in  the  Na- 
tional Museum  at  Stockholm. 

Oath  of  Strasburg,  The.  See  Strasburg. 
Oaxaca.  See  Oajaca. 

Ob.  See  Obi. 

Obadiah  (o-ba-di'a  or  ob-a-di'a).  [Heb.,  ‘ser- 
vant of  God’ : equivalent  to  the  Ar.  Abdallah .] 
A Hebrew  prophet,  author  of  the  short  pro- 


phetic book  which  bears  his  name.  His  date  is  un- 
certain, but  is  probably  about  585  B.  C.  Of  his  personality 
nothing  is  known.  His  prophecy  is  a denunciation  of  the 
Edomites. 

Obadiah.  1 . A canting  Quaker  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre’s  “Bold  Stroke  for  a Wife.”  Thenameisfre- 
quently  conventionally  given  to  Quakers.  Steady,  in  Dib- 
din’s  opera  “The  Quakers,”  is  called  Obadiah  in  the  in- 
troduction ; and  Clever,  in  Knowles’s  “Woman’s  Wit,” 
when  disguised  as  a Quaker,  calls  himself  by  the  same 
name. 

2.  A servant  in  Sterne’s  “ Tristram  Shandy.” 
— 3.  A “drinking  nincompoop ” in  Sir  Robert 
Howard’s  “ Committee.” 

Obamba  (o-bam'ba),also  Mbamba  (mbam'ba). 
A Bantu  tribe  of  French  Kongo,  settled  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Ogowe,  northeast  of  France- 
ville,  in  a hilly  and  wooded  country.  Their  neat 
houses,  of  bamboo  and  thatch,  are,  unlike  those  of  their 
neighbors,  built  separately.  They  make  and  sell  palm-oil, 
and  speak  a dialect  of  Benga. 

Oban  (o'ban).  A seaport  in  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Firth  of  Lorn  in  lat.  56° 
25'  N.,  long.  5°  28'  W.  It  is  an  important  rendezvous 
for  tourists-  Near  it  is  Dunstaffuage  Castle,  which  for- 
merly contained  the  stone  of  Scone  (see  Scone).  Popula- 
tion, 5,374. 

Obando  (o-ban'do),  Jose  Maria.  Born,  prob- 
ably in  Garcia,  1797 : died  in  Cauca,  June  29, 
1861.  A New  Granadan  general  and  politician. 
He  fought,  with  the  patriots  from  1822,  and  as  a leader  of 
the  liberal  faction  was  prominent  in  the  disturbances  of 
1S29-31 ; was  secretary  of  war  under  Caicedo,  1831;  was 
vice-president  and  acting  president  in  the  first  (provi- 
sional) government  of  the  republic  of  New  Granada  (Nov. 
23, 1831, -March  10, 1832) ; and  was  secretary  of  war  under 
Santander,  1832-36.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  a presiden- 
tial candidate,  but  Marquez  was  elected  : soon  after  he  led 
a revolt  which  lasted  until  1841  and  ended  in  his  tempo- 
rary banishment.  He  was  president  of  Cartagena  in  1850, 
and  was  elected  president  of  New  Granada  for  the  term 
beginning  in  1854:  but,  assuming  dictatorial  powers,  he  was 
deposed  within  a year.  In  1860-61  he  sustained  the  fed- 
eralists, commanded  a force  in  Cauca,  and  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Cruz  Verde  in  that  state. 

O-Becse  (o'bech//e),  G.  Alt-Becse  (alt-bech'e). 
A river  port  in  the  county  of  Bacs,  Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Tkeiss  45  miles  south  of  Szege- 
din.  Population,  18,865. 

Obed  (o'bed).  [Heb., ‘servant.’]  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  the  son  of  Boaz  and  Ruth,  and 
grandfather  of  David. 

Obelisk  of  Luxor.  An  obelisk  brought  from 
Egypt  under  Louis  Philippe,  and  set  up  in  the 
Place  de  la  Concorde,  Paris,  it  is  a monolith  of 
pink  Syene  granite  76  feet  high,  to  which  the  pedestal 
adds  161  feet.  The  shaft  is  inscribed  on  all  four  sides 
with  hieroglyphs  which  refer  to  Raineses  II.  and  III. 

Obelisk  of  the  Lateran.  An  obelisk  from 
Heliopolis,  brought  to  Rome  by  Constantius, 
broken  by  falling  in  the  Circus  Maximus,  and 
repaired  and  placed  in  its  present  position  by 
F ontana  in  1588.  The  shaft,  which  bears  hieroglyphs, 
is  105J  feet  high ; the  total  height,  with  pedestal  and  cross, 
is  141feet. 

Obelisk  of  Theodosius.  An  obelisk  brought 
from  Heliopolis,  and  erected  in  390  A.  D.  in 
the  spina  of  the  hippodrome  at  Constantinople. 
It  is  of  pink  Syene  granite,  inscribed  with  hieroglyphs, 
and  97  feet  high.  The  marble  pedestal  bears  reliefs  repre- 
senting its  erection. 

Obelisk  of  the  Vatican.  An  obelisk  brought 
from  Heliopolis  by  Caligula,  and  set  up  in  the 
Circus  of  Nero.  It  was  raised  in  it3  present  position 
before  St.  Peter’s  by  Fontana  in  1586.  The  shaft  is  a 
monolith  of  red  granite  82)  feet  high ; the  total  height, 
with  the  pedestal  and  the  bronze  cross,  is  132  feet. 

Ober  (o'  her),  Frederick  Albion.  Born  in  Bev- 
erley, Mass.,  Feb.  13, 1849.  An  American  orni- 
thologist and  traveler.  As  a collector  he  has  traveled 
extensively  in  Florida,  the  West  Indies,  and  Mexico.  He 
has  published  “Camps  in  the  Caribbees"  (1879  and  1884), 
“ Travels  in  Mexico”  (1884),  several  juvenile  books,  etc. 
Oberalp  (o'ber-alp).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the 
border  of  the  cantons  of  Uri  audGrisons,  Swit- 
zerland. It  connects  Andermatt  with  the  valley  of  the 
Vorder  Rhein.  Height,  6,710  feet. 

Oberammergau  (o'ber-am'mer-gou).  A vil- 
lage in  Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Ammer 
45  miles  southwest  of  Munich.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  ivory  and  wooden  toys,  crucifixes,  images,  etc. 
It  is  noted  for  the  miracle-play  acted  there  every  ten  years. 
See  Passion  Play. 


Ober-Ehnheim  (o'ber-an'him),  F.  Obernai  (6- 

ber-na').  A town  in  Alsace,  15  miles  south- 
west of  Strasburg.  Population,  3,933. 
Oberglogau  (o'ber-glo'gou).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  64  miles  southeast 
of  Breslau.  Population,  7,010. 

Oberhalbstein  (o'ber-halb'stin).  An  elevated 
Alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, about  20  miles  south  of  Coire. 
Oberhausen  (o'ber-hou-zen).  A town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  40  miles  north  of  Co- 
logne. It  is  a place  of  modern  development,  and  an  im- 
portant  railway  junction.  Near  it  are  large  iron- works. 
Population,  commune,  52,166. 

Oberhessen.  See  Upper  Hesse. 

Oberlahnstein  (o'ber-lan'stin).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Lahn  and  Rhine,  5 miles 
south  of  Coblenz.  It  has  a castle.  Population, 
commune,  8,470. 

Oberland.  See  Bernese  Oberland. 

Oberlin  (o'ber-lin),  A village  in  Lorain  County, 
northern  Ohio,  31  miles  west-south  westof  Cleve- 
land. It  is  the  seat  of  Oberlin  College  (which 
see).  Population,  4,365,  (1910). 

Oberlin  (o-ber-lan'),  Jean  Frederic.  Born  at 
Strasburg,  Aug.  31, 1740:  died  in  the  Steinthal, 
Alsace,  June  1,  1826.  An  Alsatian  clergyman 
and  philanthropist.  He  became  Protestant  pastor  in 
the  Steinthal  (Ban-de-la-Roche)  about  1767,  and  is  noted 
for  his  efforts  in  furthering  the  agriculture,  industry,  edu- 
cation, and  morals  of  that  region. 

Oberlin,  Jeremie  Jacques.  Born  at  Strasburg, 
Aug.  7,  1735 : died  Oct.  10,  1806.  An  Alsatian 
philologist  and  antiquarian,  brother  of  J.  F. 
Oberlin. 

Oberlin  (o'ber-lin)  College.  A coeducational 
institution  of  learning, situated  at  Oberlin, Ohio. 
It  was  founded  in  1833  by  J.  J.  Shipherd  and  P.  P.  Stew- 
art, and  was  chartered  in  1834.  It  comprises  a college, 
an  academy,  a theological  seminary,  and  a conservatory  of 
music.  It  is  a non-sectarian  institution,  and  has  about  120 
instructors  and  2,000  students. 

Obermann  (6-ber-man').  A psychological  ro- 
mance by  Senancour,  published  in  1804.  It  is  so 
called  from  the  name  of  the  hero,  who  is  a dreamer  striv- 
ing to  escape  from  the  actual.  He  lives  in  a solitary  val- 
ley, and  writes  melancholy  speculative  letters  on  all  kinds 
of  problems.  Sainte-Beuve  revived  the  book  by  bringing 
out  a new  edition  in  1833,  when  it  appealed  to  the  public 
taste  more  perhaps  than  on  its  original  production. 
Oberon  (o'be-ron).  1.  In  medieval  mythology, 
the  king  of  the  fairies.  He  first  appears  in  the  old 
French  romance  “Huon  de  Bordeaux"  as  the  son  of  Ju- 
lius Csesar  and  Morgan  the  Fay,  and  is  thus  connected 
with  the  Arthurian  genealogy.  Shakspere  introduces  him 
in  the  “Midsummer  Night’s  Dream." 

He  resembles  in  many  respects  the  Elberich  in  the  story 
of  Otnit.  Grimm  connects  the  name  with  Alp,  Alb,=  elf, 
and  lie  may  be  regarded  as  an  importation  from  the  Teu- 
tonic Pantheon,  invested,  however,  with  many  Keltic  and 
Christian  as  well  as  Asiatic  attributes.  M.  Longnon,  in 
the  Romania,  vol.  iii,  has  carefully  worked  out  the  proba- 
ble connection  of  Huon  with  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Bald. 
Whatever  the  historical  element  in  the  romance,  Oberon 
became  an  essential  part  in  it  as  early  as  the  thirteenth 
century.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  296,  note. 

2.  Tbe  fourth  satellite  of  Uranus,  discovered 
by  Lassell  in  1847. — 3.  A romantic  poem,  one 
of  the  chief  works  of  Wieland,  published  in  1780. 
— 4.  A romantic  opera  by  K.  M.  von  Weber, 
produced  at  London  in  1826.  The  libretto  in  Eng- 
lish is  by  PI  an  die.  It  was  also  produced  with  an  Italian 
libretto  at  London  in  I860,  with  various  additions  from 
“Euryanthe,”  etc. 

Oberpfalz.  See  Palatinate. 

Oberstein  (o'ber-stin).  A town  in  Birkenfeld, 
Oldenburg,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Nahe  47 
miles  west-southwest  of  Mainz.  The  leading 
industry  is  agate-cutting  and  -polishing.  Near 
there  are  fifty  polishing-mills.  Population, 
commune,  9,686. 

Oberwesel  (o'ber-va'zel).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  19 
miles  south-southeast  of  Coblenz.  Near  it  is 
the  castle  of  Schonburg.  Population,  2,697. 
Obi  (o'be),  or  Ob  (ob).  A navigable  river  of 
Siberia,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Biya  and 
Katun,  and  fl  owing  into  the  Gulf  of  Obi.  Its  chief 


750 


Obi 

tributary  Is  the  Irtish.  On  its  banks  are  Tomsk,  Barnaul, 
and  Narym.  Length,  about  2,100  miles ; including  the  Ir- 
tish, about  2,600  miles. 

Obi,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north 
of. Siberia.  Length,  about  600  miles. 

Obion  (o-bi'on)  River.  A river  in  western  Ten- 
nessee which  joins  the  Mississippi  57  miles  above 
Memphis.  Length,  about  130-140  miles. 
Obligado,  Punta  de,  Battle  of.  See  runt  a de 
Obligado. 

Oblivion,  Act  of.  An  English  statute  of  1660, 
entitled  “An  Act  of  Free  and  Generali  Pardon, 
Indempnity,  and  Oblivion,”  by  which  all  politi- 
cal offenses  committed  during  the  time  of  the 
Commonwealth  were  pardoned,  certain  offend- 
ers mentioned  by  name  in  the  act  being  ex- 
cepted, especially  those  engaged  in  the  trial  and 
execution  of  Charles  I.  Also  called  Act  of  In- 
demnity. 

Obok,  or  Obock  (o-bok').  A French  colony 
in  Africa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  opposite  tho 
southwestern  extremity  of  Arabia,  included  in 
the  Somali  Coast  Protectorate.  Obok  and  Ta- 
jurah  are  the  chief  towns. 

Obongo  (o-bong'go),  or  Abongo.  A tribe  of 
pygmies  in  French  Kongo,  west  Africa.  Their 
stature  is  between  41  and  5 feet ; color  brown ; hair  tufty 
and  woolly,  spreading  over  the  body ; and  head  brachy- 
cephalous.  They  are  hunters  and  fishermen,  of  nomadic 
instinct,  and  live  in  round  grass  huts.  They  are  tributary 
to  Bantu  tribes  on  whose  skirts  they  live.  They  are  found 
in  different  parts  of  French  Kongo,  and  are  variously  called 
Babongo,  A kwa,  Okwa,  etc.,  and  represent  the  Matimbos  of 
the  Portuguese  discoverers.  See  Pygmies. 
Obrenovitch  (o-bren'6-vich).  The  family  name 
of  the  reigning  dynasty  of  Servia.  This  dynasty 
was  founded  by  Milosh  Obrenovitch,  who  was  proclaimed 
hereditary  prince  of  Servia  in  1827.  His  successors  have 
been  his  son  Michael,  his  grandnephew  Milan,  and  the 
latter’s  son  Alexander. 

O’Brien  (o-bri'en),  Fitz- James.  Born  at  Lim- 
erick, Ireland , 1828 : died  April  6, 1862.  An  Irish- 
American  litterateur.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin 
University, and  cametotheUnited  States  inl852.  He  wrote 
weird  stories  after  the  manner  of  Poe.  Among  his  works 
is  “The  Diamond  Lens,  and  Other  Stories,”  collected  and 
published  in  1887. 

O’Brien  (o-bri'en),  William.  Born  1852.  An 
Irish  politician  and  journalist.  He  entered  Parlia- 
ment .as  a Nationalist  in  1883,  is  editor  of  “United  Ire- 
land,” and  has  a number  of  times  been  imprisoned  under 
the  Coercion  Act.  In  1890,  having  been  liberated  on  bail 
pending  a political  trial,  he  escaped  to  the  United  States  in 
order  to  fulfil  an  engagement  as  a lecturer. 

O’Brien,  William  Smith.  Born  in  County 
Clare,  Ireland,  Oct.  17,  1803 : died  at  Bangor, 
North  Wales,  June  18, 1864.  An  Irish  revolution- 
ist. He  entered  Parliament  in  1828;  became  a leading 
member  of  the  Repeal  Association,  which  he  left  in  1846 ; 
was  a leader  of  the  Young  Ireland  party ; incited  an  un- 
successful insurrection  in  1848 ; and  was  arrested  in  1848, 
transported  in  1849,  and  pardoned  in  1866. 

Observations  of  Bel.  See  the  extract. 

The  standard  work  on  astronomy,  as  has  already  been 
noted,  was  that  called  “ The  Observations  of  Bel,”  compiled 
originally  for  the  library  of  Sargon  I.  at  Acead.  Additions 
were  made  to  it  from  time  to  time,  the  chief  object  of  the 
work  being  to  notice  the  events  which  happened  after 
each  celestial  phenomenon.  Thus  the  occurrences  which 
at  different  periods  followed  a solar  eclipse  on  a particu- 
lar day  were  all  duly  introduced  into  the  text  and  piled, 
as  it  were,  one  upon  the  other.  The  table  of  contents  pre- 
fixed to  the  work  showed  that  it  treated  of  various  mat- 
ters— eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon,  the  conjunction  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  the  phases  of  Venus  and  Mars,  the  po- 
sition of  the  pole-star,  the  changes  of  the  weather,  the  ap- 
pearance of  comets,  or,  as  they  are  called,  “stars  with  a 
tail  behind  and  a corona  in  front,”  and  the  like. 

Sayce,  Assyria,  p.  116. 

Obwalden  (ob'val-den).  A half-canton  of  the 
canton  of  Unterwalden,  Switzerland,  forming 
the  southern  and  western  part  of  the  canton. 
It  sends  1 member  to  the  National  Council.  It  submitted 
to  the  French  in  1798.  Engelberg  was  annexed  to  it  in  1816. 
Area,  183  square  miles.  See  further  under  Unterwalden. 
Oca  del  Cairo,  L’.  An  opera  begun  by  Mozart 
in  1783.  It  was  finished  by  Andrd  with  pieces  from 
other  operas  of  Mozart,  and  produced  at  Paris  in  1867. 
Grove. 

O’Callaghan  (o-kal'a-han),  Edmund  Bailey. 

Born  at  Mallow,  Ireland,  Feb.  28, 1797 : died  at 
New  York,  May  29,  1880.  An  Irish-American 
historian.  Among  his  works  are  “History  of  New  Neth- 
erlands” (1846),  “Documentary  History  of  New  York” 
(1849-51),  “Documents  relating  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York  ” (1855-61). 

Ocampo  (o-kam'po),  Sebastian  de.  Born  about 
1465:  died  after  1509.  A Spanish  navigator. 
He  was  one  of  the  earlier  colonists  of  Espanola,  and  in 
1508  was  sent  by  Ovando,  governor  of  that  island,  to  ex- 
plore the  coasts  of  Cuba.  lie  succeeded  in  circumnavi- 
gating it,  thus  proving  its  insular  character:  Columbus 
had  supposed  it  to  be  a part  of  Asia. 

Ocaha  (o-kan'ya).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Toledo,  Spain,  37  miles  south-southeast  of  Ma- 
drid. Here,  Nov.  19, 1809,  the  French  (30,000)  under  Soult 
and  Mortier  defeated  the  Spaniards  (55,000)  under  Arei- 
zaga.  Population,  6,616. 


751 

Ocaha.  A town  in  the  department  of  Santander, 
Colombia,  250  miles  north  by  east  of  Bogota. 
Population,  5,721. 

O’Carolan  (o-kar'o-lan),  Turloch.  Born  in 
1670  in  County  Meath : died  at  Alderford,  March 
25,  1738.  A famous  Irish  miustrel.  He  was  one 

of  the  last  of  the  improvising  wandering  bards,  and  trav- 
eled with  a harp  from  door  to  door. 

Occam,  or  Ockham  (ok'am),  William  of.  Born 
at  Ockham,  Surrey,  England,  about  1270:  died 
at  Munich,  1349  (?).  An  English  scholas- 
tic philosopher,  the  reviver  of  nominalism.  He 
was  called  the  “Invincible  Doctor,”  the  “Singular  Doc- 
tor," “ Princeps  Nominalium,”  and  in  the  ages  following 
his  own  “ Venerabilis  Inceptor,”  as  if  he  had  not  actually 
taken  his  degree.  He  was  a great  advocate  of  the  rule  of 
poverty  of  the  Franciscan  order,  to  which  he  belonged,  and 
a strong  defender  of  the  state  against  the  pretensions  of 
the  papacy.  He  was  lecturer  in  the  University  of  Paris  ; 
aided  Louis  of  Bavaria  in  his  contest  with  Pope  John 
XXII.  ; and  opposed  the  latter  in  the  Franciscan  assem- 
bly at  Perugia  in  1322.  All  his  teachings  depend  upon 
the  logical  doctrine  that  generality  belongs  only  to  the 
significations  of  signs  (such  as  words).  The  conceptions  of 
the  mind  are,  according  to  him,  objects  in  themselves  in- 
dividual, but  naturally  significative  of  classes.  These  prin- 
ciples are  carried  into  every  department  of  logic,  meta- 
physics, and  theology,  where  their  general  result  is  that 
nothing  can  be  discovered  by  reason,  but  all  must  rest 
upon  faith.  Occamism  thus  prepared  the  way  for  the  over- 
throw of  scholasticism,  by  arguing  thatlittle  of  importance 
to  man  could  be  learned  by  scholastic  methods : yet  the 
Occamistic  writings  exhibit  the  scholastic  faults  of  trivial- 
ity, prolixity,  and  formality  in  a higher  degree  than  those  of 
any  other  school.  His  chief  works  are  “ Tractatus  logices," 
“Tractatus  de  Sacramento  altaris,”  “ Super  quatuor  libros 
sententiarum  expositio  aurea.” 

Occleve  (ok'klev),  Thomas.  [ME.  Occleve,  some- 
times with  uuorig.  aspirate  Hoccleve:  prob. 
of  local  origin ; AS.  as  if  *ac-clif,  pi.  *accleafu, 
oak-cliff.]  Born  about  1370:  died  about  1450. 
An  English  poet  and  lawyer.  He  lived  at  Chester’s 
Inn  in  the  Strand  in  his  youth,  and  knew  Chaucer.  His 
chief  poem  is  “DeRegimine  Principum,”  a new  version  of 
“The  Governail  of  Princes.”  Some  of  his  poems  were 
printed  for  the  first  time  in  1796  by  George  Mason,  but  a 
number  were  printed  1487-1598  at  Paris,  Lyons,  Venice, 
and  Strasburg. 

The  old  confusion  with  the  aspirate  has  caused  the  name 
to  be  written  both  “ Hoccleve”  and  “ Occleve.”  But  in  a 
copy  of  “The  Governail  of  Princes,”  which  the  poet  wrote 
with  his  own  hand,  the  name  occurs  in  thetext,  and  is  writ- 
ten “ Occleve.”  Another  day  he  might  have  written  “ Hoc- 
cleve,” and  he  may  have  done  so  in  his  own  draft  of  the 
first  line  of  his  that  will  presently  be  quoted.  But  the 
name  is  Occleve  in  the  only  place  where  we  are  sure,  or 
nearly  sure,  that  he  himself  has  written  it. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  122. 

Oceana  (o-se-a'ua).  A philosophical  treatise  on 
the  theory  of  civil  government,  by  James  Har- 
rington, published  in  1656.  The  full  title  is 
“The  Commonwealth  of  Oceana.”  It  presents 
the  model  of  a perfect  republic. 

Ocean  Grove  (o'shan  grov).  A town  in  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey,  adjoining  Asbury 
Park  7 miles  south  of  Long  Branch.  It  is  a 
seaside  resort. 

Oceanica  (o-she-an'i-ka),  or  Oceania  (6-se-a'- 
ni-a).  A division  of  the  world  (according  to 
many  geographers)  which  comprises  Polynesia, 
Micronesia,  Melanesia,  Australasia,  and  Ma- 
laysia. 

Oceanus  (o-se'a-nus).  [Gr.’fi/ceaiaif.]  1.  Ac- 
cording to  ancient  geographical  ideas,  a swift 
and  unbounded  stream  encircling  all  the  known 
lands  and  seas ; later,  the  outer  sea,  or  Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  progress  of  geographical  discovery 
produced  corresponding  modifications  of  this 
early  conception. 

The  key  to  the  confused  geography  of  the  “Germania,” 
as  regards  northern  Germany,  will  be  found  in  a compari- 
son of  the  passages  in  which  he  [Tacitus]  mentions  the 
“Oceanus,”  or  ocean-current,  as  distinguished  from  the 
seas  which  were  crossed  or  divided  by  its  stream.  The 
Islands  of  the  Suiones,  or  the  Danish  Isles  and  Southern 
Scandinavia,  are  described  as  being  actually  encircled  by 
“Oceanus.”  Elton. , Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  42,  note. 

2.  In  classical  mythology,  the  ocean  stream 
personified.  He  was  the  husband  of  Tethys. 
Ochiali  (o-ke-a'le).  A celebrated  corsair.  See 
the  extract. 

• Though  Dragut  was  no  more,  Ochiali — as  the  Christians 
called  ’Ali  El-Uluji,  ‘the  Renegade’  (the  Turks  dubbed 
him  Fartas/ Scurvied,’  from  his  complaint)— was  follow- 
ing successfully  in  his  old  master’s  steps.  Born  at  Cas- 
telli  (Licastoli)  in  Calabria  about  1508,  Ochiali  was  to  have 
been  a priest,  but  his  capture  by  the  Turks  turned  him  to 
the  more  exciting  career  of  a Corsair.  Soon  after  the  siege 
of  Malta  he  succeeded  Barbarossa’s  son  Hasan  as  pasha  or 
Beglerbeg  of  Algiers  (1568),  and  one  of  his  first  acts  was 
to  retake  Tunis  (all  but  the  Goletta)  in  the  name  of  Sultan 
Selim  II.,  who,  to  the  unspeakable  loss  of  the  Mohamme- 
dan world,  had  in  1566  succeeded  his  great  father  Suley- 
man. In  July,  1570,  off  Alicata,  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Sicily, Ochiali  surrounded  four  galleys  of  “the  Religion" 
— they  then  possessed  but  five — and  took  three  of  them, 
including  the  flag-ship,  which  Saint  Clement,  the  general 
of  the  galleys,  abandoned  in  order  to  throw  himself  and  his 
treasure  on  shore  at  Montichiaro. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  161. 


Oconto 

Ochill  Hills  (och'il  bilz).  A range  of  hills  in 
Scotland,  situated  in  southern  Perthshire  and 
adjoining  parts  of  Stirling,  Clackmannan,  Kin- 
ross, and  Fife.  It  extends  from  near  Stirling  to 
the  Firth  of  Tay.  Highest  summit,  Ben  Cleugh 
(2,363  feet). 

Ochiltree  (och'l-tre),  Edie.  In  Scott’s  novel 
“The  Antiquary,”  a king’s  beadsman  or  licensed 
beggar,  called  “Blue  Gown”  from  his  costume. 
Ochino  (o-ke'no),  Bernardino.  Born  at  Siena, 
Italy,  1487 : died  at  Schiaekau,  Moravia,  about 
1565.  An  Italian  reformer,  a general  of  the 
Capuchin  order.  He  fled  from  Italy  and  lived 
in  exile  in  Switzerland,  Germany,  England,  etc. 
He  wrote  polemical  works. 

Ochoa  (o-cho'a),  Eugenio  de.  Born  at  Lezo, 
near  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  April  19, 1815 : died  at 
Madrid,  Feb.  25,  1872.  A Spanish  writer  and 
translator. 

Ochozomas.  See  Puquinas. 

Ochrida  (och're-da).  A town  in  Albania,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Ochrida 
28  miles  west-northwest  of  Monastir.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  10,000-12,000. 

Ochrida,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  Albania,  Turkey, 
situated  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  20°  45'  E. : the  an- 
cient Lacus  Lychnitis.  Length,  about  18  miles. 
Ochsenkopf  (och'sen-kopf).  [G.,  ‘ ox-head.’] 
One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the  Fiehtelgebirge, 
Bavaria.  Height,  3,363  feet. 

Ochus  (o'kus).  See  Artaxerxes  HI. 

Ockham.  See  Occam. 

Ocklawaha  (ok-la-wa'ha).  A tributary  of  the 
St.  John’s  River,  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Florida.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Ockley  (ok'li),  Simon.  \Ockley,  Ackley , and 
Oakley  are  from  AS.  Acted,  a place-name,  ‘oak 
lea.’]  Born  at  Exeter,  England,  1678:  died  at 
Swavesey,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  1720.  An 
English  Orientalist.  His  chief  work  is  a “His- 
tory of  the  Saracens”  (1708-18). 

Ocrnulgee  (ok-mul'ge).  A river  in  central 
Georgia  which  unites  with  the  Oconee  about  90 
miles  west  of  Savannah  to  form  the  Altamaha. 
Length,  250-300  miles;  navigable  to  Macon. 
Ocoles  (o-ko'las).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the  Gran 
Chaco,  south  of  the  Rio  Vermejo,  mentioned  by 
early  writers.  They  were  probably  a branch  of 
the  Mataguayas  (which  see). 

Oconee  (o-ko'ne).  A river  in  central  Georgia 
which  unites  with  the  Ocrnulgee  to  form  the 
Altamaha.  Length,  over  250  miles ; navigable 
(at  times)  to  Milledgeville. 

O’Connell  (o-kon'el),  Daniel.  Born  near  Ca- 
hirciveen,  County  Kerry,  Ireland,  Aug.  6,  1775: 
died  at  Genoa,  Italy,  May  15,  1847.  An  Irish 
agitator  and  orator.  He  became  famous  as  an  advo- 
cate ; founded  the  Catholic  Association ; was  the  leader 
of  the  agitation  in  favor  of  Catholic  emancipation ; was 
elected  to  Parliament  1828 ; became  leader  in  the  “repeal” 
agitation  1840;  promoted  the  mass-meetings  of  1842-43 ; 
and  was  arrested  1843  and  convicted  of  conspiracy  and 
sedition.  His  sentence  was  reversed  1844. 

O’Connell’s  Tail.  A nickname  given  to  the 
parliamentary  following  of  Daniel  O’Connell 
about  the  years  1830  to  1847. 

O'Connor  (o-kon'or),  Arthur.  Born  1763 
(1767  ?) : died  in  France,  April  25,  1852.  An 
Irish  revolutionist.  He  was  a member  of  the  directory 
of  the  United  Irishmen.  He  lived  in  exile  in  France  after 
1803. 

O’Connor,  Eily.  The  Colleen  Bawn,  the  prin- 
cipal female  character  in  Boucicault’s  play  of 
that  name. 

O’Connor,  Feargus Edward.  Born  in  Ireland, 
1796 : died  Aug.  30, 1855.  An  Irish  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1832,  and  after- 
ward became  one  of  theleaders  of  the  Chartist  party.  He 
became  hopelessly  insane  in  1852. 

O’Connor,  Roderick  or  Rory.  Born  1116:  died 
1198.  The  last  king  of  Ireland.  He  became  king  of 
Connaught  in  1156,  and  of  Ireland  in  1166.  He  acknow- 
ledged the  supremacy  of  Henry  II.  of  England  in  1175. 

O’Connor,  Thomas  Power.  Born  at  Athlone, 
Oct.  5, 1845.  An  Irish  politician  and  journalist. 

He  entered  Parliament  in  1880,  and  became  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Parnellite  party.  He  was  elected  president  of 
the  Irish  National  League  of  Great  Britain  in  1883.  He 
has  written  “Lord  Beaconsfteld  : a Biography"  (1879),  etc. 

O’Connor’s  Child.  A poem  by  Campbell. 
O’Conor  (o-kon'or),  Charles.  Born  at,  New 
York,  Jan.  22, 1804:  died  at  Nantucket,  Mass., 
May  12,  1884.  An  American  lawyer.  He  was 
counsel  in  many  important  cases  in  New  York  city  ; was 
prominent  as  prosecuting  lawyer  in  the  “Tweed  Ring’’ 
cases ; and  was  nominated  for  the  presidency  by  the  Demo- 
crats who  opposed  Greeley  in  1872. 

Oconto  (o-kon'to).  The  capital  of  Oconto  Coun- 
ty, Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Oconto  River  into  Green  Bay.  Population, 
5,629,  (1910). 


Ocosingo 

Ocosingo  (o-ko-sen'go).  A town  in  the  state 
of  Chiapas,  southeastern  Mexico,  south  of  Pa- 
lenque.  There  are  ancient  ruins  in  the  vicinity. 
Ocracoke  (o'kra-kok)  Inlet.  A sea  passage  in 
North  Carolina,  connecting  Pamlico  Sound  with 
the  Atlantic,  30  miles  southwest  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras. 

Octateuch  (ok'ta-tuk).  [From  Gr.  okt6,  eight, 
and  revxoc,  an  implement,  a book.]  The  first 
eight  books  of  the  Old  Testament  considered  as 
forming  one  volume  or  series  of  books.  Also 
Octoteuch. 

Octave  (ok-tav').  In  Mol iere’s  “Los  fourberies 
de  Scapin,”  the  son  of  Argante.  In  Otway’s 
version  he  is  called  Oetavian. 

Octavia  (ok-ta'vi-a).  [L.,  fern,  of  Octavius. ] 
Died  11  b.  C.  The  sister  of  Octavius  (Augustus 
Csesar).  She  was  the  wife  first  of  Marcellus,  and  after- 
ward of  Mark  Antony.  Her  marriage  with  Antony  was 
intended  to  confirm  amicable  relations  between  him  and 
Octavius.  She  was  supplanted  in  his  affections  by  Cleo- 
patra, and  was  divorced  in  32.  She  appears  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Antony  and  Cleopatra,”  and  Daniel  published  (1599)  a 
poem  in  51  stanzas  entitled  “ A Letter  sent  from  Octavia 
to  her  husband  Marcus  Antonius  into  Egypt." 

Octavia.  Born  about  42  a.  d.:  killed  62  a.  d. 
Daughter  of  Claudius  and  Messalina,  and  wife 
of  Nero. 

Oetavian,  L.  Octavianus.  See  Augustus. 
Oetavian (ok-ta'vi-an).  In  Colmantheyounger’s 
play  “ The  Mountaineer,”  an  inspired  maniac. 
This  character  was  taken  from  Cardenio  in 
“Don  Quixote.” 

Oetavian.  1 . A 15th-century  romance  relating 
to  the  emperor  Oetavian.  There  are  two  English 
versions  from  a French  original,  “ Octavien,  or  Florent  et 
Lyon.  ” 

2.  A satirical  comedy  by  Tieck,  published  in 
1804. 

Oetavian  Library.  A public  library  at  Borne, 
the  first  library  open  to  the  public,  founded 
by  the  emperor  Augustus  in  honor  of  his  sister 
Octavia,  and  housed  in  the  Portico  of  Octavia. 
It  perished  in  the  fire  which  raged  at  Rome  for  three  days 
in  the  reign  of  Titus,  A.  D.  79-81. 

Octavius  (ok-ta'vi-us).  Adialogue,  by  Minucius 
Felix,  in  which  arguments  against  Christianity 
which  were  current  at  the  time  are  set  forth 
and  refuted. 

Octavius,  Caius.  [L.,  ‘the  eighth  ’-born.]  See 

Augustus. 

Octavius,  Gnseus.  Killed  at  Rome,  87  b.  c.  A 
Roman  consul  in  87  B.  C.  He  was  an  adherent  of 
Sulla,  while  his  colleague,  L.  Cornelius  Cinna,  was  an  ad- 
herent of  Marius.  He  was  killed  by  the  followers  of  Cinna. 

October  (ok-to'ber).  [From  L.  October,  the 
eighth  month.]  The  tenth  month  of  the  year, 
containing  thirty-one  days.  It  was  the  eighth 
in  the  primitive  Roman  calendar. 

October  Club.  In  English  politics,  a club  com- 
posed of  extreme  Tories,  first  formed  about 
1690,  and  influential  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne. 
It  was  named  from  the  October  ale  for  which  the  club  was 
celebrated.  Swift’s  influence  was  the  principal  factor  in 
its  dispersion. 

October  States.  In  recent  American  political 
history,  those  States  (Ohio,  Indiana,  etc.)  which 
held  elections  in  October  instead  of  in  Novem- 
ber. In  presidential  campaigns  extreme  interest  cen- 
tered in  the  action  of  such  States,  on  account  of  the  bear- 
ing on  the  ensuing  November  elections.  The  elections 
are  now  held  in  November. 

Octodurum,  or  Octodurus.  See  Martigny. 
Octoroon,  The.  A play  by  Boucieault,  produced 
in  1861. 

Octoteuch.  See  Octateuch. 

O’Curry  (o-kur'i),  Eugene.  Born  near  Cariga- 
holt,  County  Clare,  Ireland,  1796:  died  at  Dub- 
lin, July  30,  1862.  An  Irish  archaeologist.  He 
translated  the  ancient  Brehon  laws,  the  “Book 
of  Lismore,”  etc. 

Odd-Fellows  (od'feF'oz).  [A  fanciful  name  as- 
sumed by  the  original  founders  of  the  society.] 
A secret  benevolent  and  social  society,  called 
in  full  The  Independent  Order  of  Odd-Fellows. 
The  order  arose  in  the  18th  century,  and  various  lodges 
were,  about  1811,  consolidated  into  the  Manchester  Unity, 
which  is  now  the  principal  body  in  Great  Britain.  There 
are  also  lodges  in  the  United  States  (the  first  permanent 
lodge  was  founded  in  1819),  and  in  Germany,  Switzerland, 
Australia,  South  America,  etc.  The  object  of  the  order 
in  the  United  States  is  declared  to  be  “to  visit  the  sick, 
relieve  the  distressed,  bury  the  dead,  and  educate  the  or- 
phan, to  improve  and  elevate  the  character  of  man.” 
Odelsthing  (o'delz-ting).  The  larger  house  of 
the  Storthing  or  parliament  of  Norway.  It  con- 
sists of  those  members  of  the  Storthing  who  have  not  been 
elected  to  the  Lagthing  or  upper  house  by  the  Storthing 
itself,  or  about  three  fourths  of  the  whole  number.  All 
new  measures  must  originate  in  the  Odelsthing.  See 
hag  thing  and  Storthing. 

Odemisb  (o-da-misb').  A town  in  Asia  Minor, 
Turkey,  northeast  of  Aidin.  Population,  about 
10,000! 


752 

Odenathus  (od-e-na'thus).  Killed  271  (266?) 
A.  d.  A general  and  ruler  of  Palmyra,  practi- 
cally independent  of  the  Romans : husband  of 
Zenobia. 

Odenburg,  or  Oedenburg  (e'den-borG),  Hung. 
Soprony  (sho'prony).  A royal  free  city,  the 
capital  of  the  county  of  Odenburg,  Hungary, 
36  miles  south  by  east  of  Vienna:  the  Roman 
Sopronium.  It  has  a flourishing  trade.  Popu- 
lation, 33,478. 

Odenkirchen  (o'den-kirch-en).  A manufac- 
turing town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Niers  26  miles  northwest  of 
Cologne.  Population,  commune,  16,809. 

Odense  (o'den-se).  The  chief  city  of  the  island 
of  Fiinen,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Odense 
Aa  about  lat.  55°  25'  N.,  long.  10°  23'  E. : the 
third  city  in  Denmark.  It  has  various  manufactures. 
Traditionally  it  is  the  oldest  city  of  the  kingdom  (founded, 
according  to  legend,  by  Odin).  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Hans  Christian  Andersen.  Population,  40,547. 

Odenwald  (o'den-valt).  A region  situated  main- 
ly in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  province  of 
Starkenburg,  Hesse.  It  is  traversed  by  four  low 
parallel  ridges,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery 
and  for  legends.  Length,  about  40  miles.  Highest  point, 
the  Katzenbuckel  (2,050  feet). 

Odeon  (o-da-on').  One  of  the  leading  theaters 
of  Paris,  situated  near  the  Luxembourg,  it  was 
opened  in  1782  as  the  Thedtre  Franpais ; was  called  the 
Theatre  de  la  Nation  in  1789;  and  in  1796  was  called  the 
Odbon.  It  was  burned  in  1799,  and  rebuilt  in  1807,  when 
it  was  called  the  Theatre  de  )Tmp£ratrice.  At  the  res- 
toration it  became  Le  Second  Theatre  Franpais.  It  re- 
ceives a subsidy  from  the  state  as  an  offshoot  of  the  Com£- 
die  Franpaise. 

Oder  (o'der),  Slav.  Vjodr  (vyodr).  One  of  the 
chief  rivers  of  Germany:  the  Roman  Viadus. 
It  rises  in  Moravia,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Austrian  and  Prussian  Silesia,  traverses  the  province  of 
Silesia,  flows  into  the  Stettiner  Haff,  and  then  by  the 
Peene,  Swine,  and  Dievenow  into  the  Baltic.  Its  chief 
tributary  is  the  Warthe.  Among  the  towns  on  its  banks 
are  Ratibor,  Oppeln,  Brieg,  Breslau,  Glogau,  Frankfort, 
Kiistrin,  and  Stettin.  Length,  550  miles;  navigable  for 
small  craft  from  Ratibor;  for  larger  vessels  from  Breslau. 

Oderzo  (o-dert'so).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Treviso,  Italy,  26  miles  north-northeast 
of  Venice:  the  ancient  Opitergium. 

Odessa  (o-des'a).  A seaport  in  the  government 
of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea 
in  lat.  46°  29'  N.,  long.  30° 46'  E.  It  is  the  chief 
seaport  and  commercial  center  of  southern  Russia,  and 
one  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  realm.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  many  steamer  lines ; is  especially  noted  for  its  export  of 
grain ; exports  also  sugar,  flour,  wool,  hides,  flax,  tallow, 
etc.;  and  has  manufactures  of  flour,  tobacco,  etc.  It  has 
a university  and  various  educational  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions, and  constitutes  a special  municipal  district.  It 
was  founded  in  1794,  and  was  bombarded  by  the  English 
and  French  forces  in  1854.  Population,  449,673. 

Odeum  of  Herodes  or  of  Regilla.  A theater 
at  Athens,  built  by  Herodes  Atticus  in  the  reign 
of  Hadrian.  It  is  semicircular,  of  Roman  plan,  and  260 
feet  in  diameter.  The  stage  structure  is  one  of  the  most 
perfect  surviving.  Its  massive  exterior  face  has  three  tiers 
of  semicircular  arches,  and  on  the  stage,  116  by  26  feet, 
opened  the  conventional  3 doors.  The  cavea  has  1 pre- 
cinction,  below  which  there  are  5 radial  divisions,  and 
above  it  10.  The  odeum  was  originally  covered  with  a 
wooden  roof. 

Odeypur.  See  Udaipur. 

Odiham  (o'di-ham).  A town  in  Hampshire, 
England,  42  miles  west-southwest  of  London. 
Population,  2,699. 

Odilienberg  (o-del'i-en-berG).  A mountain  in 
Alsace,  19  miles  southwest  of  Strasburg.  it  is 

noted  for  its  ancient  convent  of  St.  Odilie,  and  for  the 
Heidenmauer  (which  see). 

Odilon  Barrot.  See  Barrot. 

Odin  (o'din).  In  Norse  mythology,  the  chief 
god  of  the  Ases,  corresponding  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Woden.  He  is  the  source  of  wisdom,  and  the 
patron  of  culture  and  of  heroes.  He  is  attended  by  two 
ravens  and  two  wolves,  is  surnamed  the  All-father,  and  sits 
on  the  throne  Hlidskjalf.  He  is  devoured  by  the  Fenris- 
wolf  in  Ragnarok. 

Odo  (o'do).  Died  June  2,  959.  An  archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

Odo.  Died  about  1097.  A Norman  prelate  and 
nobleman,  half-brother  of  William  the  Con- 
queror. He  became  bishop  of  Bayeux  in  1049,  and  was 
created  earl  of  Kent  and  Hereford  after  the  Conquest.  He 
was  regent  of  the  kingdom  during  the  absence  of  William 
in  1067  and  1073.  He  was  afterward  imprisoned,  but  was 
released  on  the  death  of  William. 

Odoacer  (o-do-a'ser),  or  Odovakar  (o-do-vii'- 
kar),  or  Ottokar  (ot'to-kar).  Born  about  434: 
killed  March  5,  493.  A leader  of  the  Heruli, 
Rugii,  and  other  tribes.  He  was  (according  to  the 
best  authorities)  the  son  of  a Scyrrian  cnieftain,  Edecon, 
who  served  under  Attila.  He  entered  the  Roman  army 
about  the  ape  of  thirty.  In  475  the  Western  emperor  Ne- 
pos  was  dethroned  by  Orestes,  who  elevated  his  own  son 
Romulus  Augustulus  to  the  purple.  Orestes  caused  a 
mutiny  amon£  his  mercenaries  by  refusing  to  accede  to  a 
demand  for  a division  among  them  of  one  third  of  the  soil 
of  Italy.  Odoacer  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  dis- 


Odyssey 

affected  troops,  and  in  476  overthrew  Orestes  and  com. 
pelled  Romulus  Augustulus  to  abdicate.  He  extinguished 
the  title  and  office  of  emperor  of  the  West,  and,  assuming 
the  title  of  patrician,  ruled  in  the  West,  nominally  as  vicar 
of  the  Eastern  emperor.  He  was  overthrown  and  trea- 
cherously murdered  by  Theodoric. 

O’Doherty,  Sir  Morgan.  A pen-name  of  Dr. 
Maginn. 

Odoieff  (o-do-yef').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Tula,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Upa  125  miles 
south  by  west  of  Moscow.  Population,  5, 665. 

O’Donnell  (o-don'el),  Henry  Joseph,  Count  of 
Abisbal.  Born  1769 : died  May  6, 1834.  A Span- 
ish general,  of  Irish  extraction.  He  distinguished 
himself  during  the  French  invasion  of  1809-10,  and  in  1811 
captured  Abisbal  (whence his  title).  In  1819,  while  com- 
mander at  Cadiz,  he  suppressed  a conspiracy  against  the 
government  of  Ferdinand  VII.  He  was  compelled  to  flee 
to  France  by  the  events  of  182.3,  and  died  on  his  return  to 
Spain  at  the  accession  of  Maria  Christina. 

O’Donnell,  Leopoldo.  Born  at  Santa  Cruz, 
Island  of  Teneriffe,  Jan.  12,  1809:  died  at  Biar- 
ritz, Nov.  5,  1867.  A Spanish  general,  son  of  H. 
J.  O’Donnell.  He  fought  against  the  Carlists  1833-39, 
and  in  July  of  the  latter  year  forced  Cabrera  to  raise  the 
siege  of  Lucena,  for  which  he  was  made  count  of  Lucena 
and  lieutenant-general.  Subsequently  he  protected  the 
queen  regent  in  her  retreat  to  France.  In  Oct.,  1841,  he 
headed  an  unsuccessful  revolt  against  the  regency.  After 
the  fall  of  the  regency  he  was  captain-general  of  Cuba, 
Nov.,  1843,  to  March,  1848.  He  was  minister  of  war  1854- 
1856 ; president  of  the  cabinet  July  14  to  Oct.  12, 1856 ; and 
again  premier  and  minist  er  of  war  June,  1858.  In  thelatter 
capacity  he  commanded  in  the  campaign  in  Morocco  1859- 
1860,  and  was  made  grandee  of  Spain  and  duke  of  Tetuan. 
He  resigned  office  in  1863,  but  once  more  held  the  premier- 
ship 1865-66. 

O’Donoghue  (o-don'o-hu)  of  Ross.  A legendary 
Irish  hero. 

He  was  lord  of  the  lake  (Killarney],  its  islands  and  the 
surrounding  land.  His  sway  was  just  and  generous,  and 
his  reign  propitious ; he  was  the  sworn  foe  of  the  op- 
pressor; he  was  brave,  hospitable,  and  wise.  Annually 
since  his  death,  or  rather  disappearance,  he  is  said  to  re- 
visit the  pleasant  places  among  which  he  lived.  . . . 
Every  May  morning  he  may  be  seen  gliding  over  the  lake 
mounted  on  a white  steed,  richly  caparisoned,  preceded 
and  followed  by  youths  and  maidens  who  strew  spring 
flowers  in  his  my.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fict. , 1. 230,  note. 

O’Donoju  (o-don-o-Ho'),  Juan.  Bom  in  Spain 
about  1755 : died  at  Mexico,  Oct.  8,  1821.  The 
last  Spanish  ruler  of  New  Spain,  or  Mexico.  He 

was  a lieutenant-general  in  the  army,  and  had  held  high 
official  positions  in  Spain.  In  1821  he  was  appointed 
captain-general  and  acting  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  arriving 
at  Vera  Cruz  July  30;  but  the  revolution  had  acquired 
such  strength  that  he  could  only  treat  with  the  leaders. 
On  Aug.  24  he  signed  with  Iturbide,  at  Cordoba,  a treaty 
in  which  he  ag’eed  to  surrender  Mexico,  and  virtually 
adhered  to  the  plan  of  Tguala.  He  was  elected  one  of  the 
five  regents,  and  died  in  office. 

O’Donovan  (o-don'o-van),  John.  Born  in 
County  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  July  9,  1809:  died 
at  Dublin,  Dec.  9,  1861.  An  Irish  archaeologist. 
He  published  a translation  of  “ Annals  of  Ireland  by  the 
Four  Masters,  etc."  (1848-51),  etc.  This  book  was  written 
1632-36.  He  also  published  a grammar  of  the  Irish  lan- 
guage (1845),  and  translated  and  edited  “The  Battle  of 
MaghRath  ” for  the  Irish  Archaeological  Society  (1842),  etc. 

O’Donovan,  William  Rudolf.  Born  in  Vir- 
ginia, March  28,  1844.  An  American  sculptor. 
He  has  produced  many  portrait-busts  and  reliefs.  Among 
his  statues  are  those  of  Paulding,  at  Tarry  town;  Wash- 
ington, for  the  Republic  of  Venezuela,  at  Caracas;  Wash- 
ington, for  the  monument  at  Newburg,  with  four  other 
statues;  Washington,  with  two  other  statues,  for  the 
Trenton  battle  monument;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Thomas  Eakins,  equestrian  statues  of  General  U.  S.  Grant 
and  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  memorial  arch  at  Prospect 
Park,  Brooklyn,  New  Vork. 

O’Dowd  (o-doud'),  Cornelius.  A pseudonym 
of  Charles  James  Lever. 

Odrysian  Bard,  The.  Orpheus. 

Odysseus  (o-dis'us),  L.  Ulysses  (u-lis'ez)  or 
Ulixes  (u-lik'sez).  [Gr.  ’Oovotrevc.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a king  of  Ithaca,  one  of  the  heroes  of 
the  Trojan  war,  especially  famous  for  his  wan- 
derings and  exploits  on  the  homeward  voyage. 
See  Odyssey.  He  was  the  son  of  Laertes,  the  husband 
of  Penelope,  andthefatherofTelemachus.  His  intelligent 
courage,  practical  wisdom,  and  resourcefulness  in  all 
emergencies  make  him  the  ideal  representative  of  the 
Ionic  Greek  race. 

Odyssey  (od'i-si).  An  epic  poem,  attributed  to 
Homer,  in  which  are  celebrated  the  adventures 
of  Odysseus  (Ulysses)  during  ten  years  of  wan- 
dering, spent  in  repeated  endeavors  to  return 
to  Ithaca,  his  native  island,  after  the  close  of 
til  e Trojan  war.  Some  critics,  both  ancient  and  modern, 
who  have  acknowledged  the  Homeric  origin  of  the  Iliad, 
attribute  the  Odyssey  to  a different  author.  (See  Homer.) 
The  Odyssey  is  the  only  complete  surviving  example  of  a 
whole  class  of  epics,  called  Nostoi,  describing  the  return 
voyages  of  various  Greek  heroes  from  Troy.  (See  Iliad.) 
It  represents  Odysseus  as  being  thrown  by  a storm  at  the 
outset  of  his  voyage  on  the  coast  of  Thrace,  north  of  the 
island  of  Lemnos.  He  plundered  the  town  of  Ismarus, 
belonging  to  the  Cicones,  where  he  lost  a number  of  his 
followers.  Next  he  was  driven  to  the  country  of  the 
Lotophagi  on  the  coast  of  Libya ; then  to  the  goat-island, 
which  lay  a day’s  voyage  to  the  north  of  the  Lotophagi. 
Leaving  all  his  ships  behind,  except  one,  he  sailed  to  the 


Odyssey 

neighboring  iBland  of  the  Cyclopes  (the  western  coast  of 
Sicily),  where  with  twelve  companions  he  entered  the  cave 
of  the  Cyclops  Polyphemus,  a son  of  Poseidon  and  Thoosa. 
Polyphemus  devoured  six  of  the  intruders,  and  kept  Odys- 
seus and  the  others  prisoners.  Odysseus  made  Polyphe- 
mus drunk  with  wine,  put  out  his  eye  with  a burning 
pole,  and  escaped  with  his  companions  by  concealing  him- 
self and  them  under  the  bellies  of  the  sheep  which  the 
Cyclops  let  out  of  his  cave.  Thenceforth,  however,  he 
was  pursued  by  the  anger  of  Poseidon,  who  sought  to  re- 
venge the  injury  inflicted  on  his  son.  After  further  ad- 
ventures, in  which  he  lost  all  his  ships  except  one,  he 
arrived  at  the  island  of  Mte a,  inhabited  by  the  sorceress 
Circe.  At  her  instance  he  made  a journey  to  Hades ; then 
sailed  by  the  island  of  the  Sirens  near  the  west  coast  of 
Italy,  passed  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis,  and  arrived 
at  Trinacria,  the  island  of  Helios.  Here  his  companions 
killed  some  of  the  sacred  oxen  belonging  to  Helios,  with 
the  result  that  they  were  all  drowned  in  a shipwreck  after 
leaving  the  island.  Odysseus  escaped  with  his  life  to  the 
island  of  Ogygia,  inhabited  by  the  nymph  Calypso,  with 
whom  he  lived  8 years.  Leaving  Ogygia  on  a raft  built 
with  the  assistance  of  the  nymph,  he  was  again  ship- 
wrecked, but  reached  Scheria,  the  island  of  the  Phseacians, 
where  he  was  discovered  by  Nausicaa,  the  daughter  of 
Alcinous  and  Arete.  He  was  carried  to  Ithaca  by  the 
hospitable  Plucacians,  and  after  slaying  the  suitors  of  his 
wife  Penelope,  who  had  been  wasting  his  property  during 
his  absence,  was  welcomed  by  his  wife  aud  subjects. 

Though  there  was  controversy  in  old  days  about  the 
priority  of  the  Iliad,  it  seems  quite  settled  now  that  we 
must  look  upon  the  Odyssey  as  a later  poem  — how  much 
later  it  is  impossible  to  say.  The  limits  assigned  have 
varied  from  those  who  believe  it  the  work  of  the  same 
author  in  old  age,  to  those  who  place  it  two  centuries 
later  (as  M.  E.  Bumouf  does!,  owing  to  the  difference  of 
its  plan  and  style.  But,  as  Bonitz  says,  if  not  composed 
in  the  old  age  of  Homer,  it  was  composed  in  the  old  age 
of  Greek  epic  poetry,  when  the  creative  power  was  dimin- 
ishing, but  that  of  ordering  and  arranging  had  become 
more  developed.  The  plot  of  the  Odyssey  is  skilfully 
conceived,  and  on  the  whole  artistically  carried  out,  even 
though  modern  acuteness  has  found  flaws  in  its  sutures. 
But  critics  seem  agreed  that  the  elements  of  the  Odyssey 
were  not  short  and  disconnected  lays,  but  themselves 
epics  of  considerable  length,  one  on  the  return  of  Odys- 
seus, another  on  the  adventures  of  Telemachus,  and  these 
are  chief.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  78. 

Oedenburg.  See  Odenburg. 

CEdipe  (e-dep').  1.  A tragedy  by  Corneille, 

produced  in  1659. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Voltaire, 
produced  Nov.  18,  1718,  though  written  some 
time  before. 

CEdipus  (ed'i-pus).  [Gr.  OiAVouf.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a king  of  Thebes,  son  of  Laius  and  Jo- 
caste.  He  slew  the  Sphinx,  and  was  guilty  of  involun- 
tary crime  in  killing  his  father  and  marrying  his  mother. 
He  was  a favorite  subject  of  the  epic  and  tragic  poets. 

CEdipus  Coloneus  (ko-lo-ne'us),  or  CEdipus 

at  Colonus  (ko-16'nus).  A tragedy  of  Sopho- 
cles which  was  not  exhibited  till  four  years  af- 
ter his  death,  and  was  said  to  be  the  last  he 
wrote.  In  it  CEdipus,  driven  from  Thebes  by  Creon, 
with  hisdaughters  Antigone  and  Ismene  seeks  asylum  with 
Theseus  at  Athens,  and  there  obtains  pardon  from  the 
gods,  and  peace. 

CEdipus  Tyrannus  (ti-ran'us).  A tragedy  by 
Sophocles,  of  uncertain  date,  “placed  by  the 
scholiasts,  and  by  -most  modem  critics,  at  the 
very  summit  of  Greek  tragic  art.” 

CEgir.  See  JEgir. 

Oehlenschlager.  See  Ohlenschlager. 

Oeland.  See  Oland. 

CEneus  (e'nus).  [Gr.  Olvevg.l  In  Greek  legend, 
king  of  Calydon,  husband  of  Althaaa,  and  father 
of  Meleager  and  Tydeus. 

CEnomaus  (en-6-ma'us).  [Gr.  Olvigaoi;.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a king  in  Elis,  son  of  Ares,  and 
father  of  Hippodameia  by  the  Pleiad  Sterope. 
He  was  also  said  to  be  the  son  of  Ares  and  Ste- 
rope. 

An  oracle  had  declared  that  he  should  die  if  his  daugh- 
ter should  marry,  and  he  therefore  made  it  a condition 
that  those  who  came  forward  as  suitors  for  Hippodameia’s 
hand  should  contend  with  himself  in  the  chariot-race,  and 
he  who  conquered  should  receive  her,  whereas  those  that 
were  conquered  should  suffer  death.  The  race-course  ex- 
tended from  Pisa  to  the  altar  of  Poseidon  on  the  Corinthian 
isthmus.  At  the  moment  when  a suitorstarted  with  Hip- 
podameia, CEnomaus  sacrificed  a ram  to  Zeus  at  Pisa,  and 
then  armed  himself  and  hastened  with  his  swift  chariot  and 
four  horses,  guided  by  Myrtilus,  after  the  suitor.  He  thus 
overtook  many  a lover,  whom  he  put  to  death,  until  Pelops, 
the  son  of  Tantalus,  came  to  Pisa.  Pelops  bribed  Myrtilus, 
and,  using  the  horses  which  he  had  received  from  Posei- 
don, he  succeeded  in  reaching  the  goal  before  CEnomaus, 
who  in  despair  made  away  with  himself.  Smith,  Diet. 

(Enophyta  (e-nof'i-ta).  [Gr.  0 ivopvra.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a place  in  Boeotia,  Greece, 
about  23  miles  north  of  Athens.  Here,  in  456 
B.  C.,  the  Athenians  under  Myronides  defeated 
the  Boeotians. 

CEnotria  (e-no'tri-a).  [Gr.  Olvorpla.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the 
southern  part  of  Italy. 

CEmiS  (e'nus).  The  ancient  namo  of  the  Inn. 

CEnussae  (e-nii'se).  [Gr.  0 ivovcraai.]  A group 
of  five  islands  in  the  Aegean  Sea,  situated  be- 
tween Chios  and  the  mainland  of  Asia  Minor: 
the  modern  Spalmadori. 

C. — 18 


753 

Oersted.  See  Orsted. 

Oertel.  See  Ortel. 

Oesel.  See  Osel. 

Oesterley.  See  Osterley. 

(Eta  (e'ta).  [Gr.  Orn?.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a mountain  in  southern  Thessaly:  the  modern 
Katavothra.  It  forms  the  northern  barrier  of  central 
Greece,  and  was  flanked  by  the  pass  of  Thermopyhe. 
Height,  about  7,060  feet. 

Oetinger.  See  Otmger. 

Oettingen.  See  Ottingen. 

Oeynhausen  (e'in-hou-zen),  Bad.  A watering- 
place  in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  on 
the  Werre  near  Minden.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Ofanto  ( o-fan'to).  A river  in  southeastern  Italy, 
which  falls  into  the  Adriatic  39  miles  northwest 
of  Bari : the  ancient  Aufidus.  Length,  about 
75  miles. 

Ofen  (o'fen).  The  German  name  of  Buda. 

Off  a (of'a).  King  of  Mercia  from  about  757  to 
796.  He  conquered  Oxfordshire  from  Wessex,  and  subju- 
gated the  W elsh  kingdom  of  Powys,  west  of  the  Severn. 
He  drew  up  a code  of  laws  which  have  perished. 

Offa’s  Dyke.  An  intrenchment  which  extends 
from  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wye  northward  near 
the  border  of  England  and  Wales  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Dee.  It  was  built  for  defense  against  the 
Welsh  by  Oifa,  king  of  Mercia,  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury. 

Offenbach  (of'fen-bach).  A city  in  the  province 
of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  situated  on  the  Main  4 
miles  east  of  Frankfort.  It  is  the  first  manufactur- 
ing  city  of  Hesse,  and  has  various  manufactures,  the  most 
important  being  portfolios  and  fancy  leathergoods,  engines, 
etc.  It  was  founded  by  French  refugees.  Population, 
commune,  59,705. 

Offenbach  (of-en-bak'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Co- 
logne, June  21, 1819:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  5, 1880. 
A French  composer  of  opera  bouffe.  He  was  con- 
ductor of  the  orchestra  of  the  Theatre  Francais  in  1848,  and 
began  to  attract  attention  by  the  production  of  operettas 
at  small  theaters.  In  1855  he  took  the  Thdatre  Comte, 
changed  its  name  to  Les  Bouffes  Parisiens,  and  became  at 
once  popular.  Among  his  opera  bouffes  are  “Orph^e  aux 
enters ” (1858),  “La  grande-duchesse  de  Gerolstein ” (1867), 
“La  belle  IL'line ” (1864),“Barbe-bleue”  (1866), “Madame 
Favart"  (1878),  “Le  Papillon”  (1860:  a ballet  pantomime!, 
“La  PCrichole” (1868), “Vert-Vert “(1869),  and  “Les rentes 
d'Hoffmann  ” (ope  ra  comique,  produced  after  his  death,  in 
1881). 

Offenburg  (of 'fen-boro).  A town  in  Baden,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kinzig  12  miles  southeast  of  Stras- 
burg.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial  town.  Here,  Sept. 
24, 1707,  the  Imperialists  under  Mercy  defeated  the  French. 
Population,  commune,  15,435. 
Ofotenfjord(o-fo'ten-fyord).  Alongfiordonthe 
northwesterncoastof  Norway,  near  the  Lofoten 
Islands. 

Ofterdingen  (of'ter-ding-en),  Heinrich  von. 

A semi-mythical  German  minstrel  of  the  13th 
century. 

Og  (og).  An  Amorite  king  of  Bashan,  defeated 
by  the  Hebrews  at  the  epoch  of  their  entrance 
into  Canaan.  He  was  a giant  (Deut.  iii.  11). 
Ogalala,  Ogallalla.  See  Oglala. 

Ogam.  See  Ogham. 

Ogden  (og'den).  A city,  capital  of  Weber  Coun- 
ty, Utah,  situated  on  the  Weber  River  32  miles 
north  of  Salt  Lake  City.  It  is  an  important  junction 
of  the  Southern  Pacific,  Union  Pacific,  and  Denver  and  Bio 
Grande  railroads.  Population,  25,580,  (1910). 

Ogden,  Aaron.  Born  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
Dee.  3,  1756:  died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  April 
19,  1839.  An  American  soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  and  governor  of  New  Jersey  1812- 
1813. 

Ogden,  William  Butler.  Born  at  Walton, 
N.  Y.,  June  15,  1805:.  died  at  New  York,  Aug. 
3,  1877.  An  American  merchant  and  railroad 
president,  prominent  in  developing  the  North- 
west. He  became  first  mayor  of  Chicago  in  1837. 
Ogdensburg  (og'denz-berg).  A city  in  St.  Law- 
rence County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Oswegatchie  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence, in  lat.  44°  41'  N.,  long.  75°  30'  W.  It  has 
important  foreign  and  domestic  commerce  in  grain  and 
manufactures.  It  became  a city  in  1868,  aud  is  sometimes 
called  “the  Maple  City.”  Population,  15,933,  (1910). 

Og<§,  or  Oje  (o-zha'),  Jacques  Vincent.  Born 
in  London  about  1755:  died  at  Port-au-Prince, 
Feb.  26,  1791.  A Haitian  insurgent.  He  was  a 
light  mulatto.  He  was  educated  in  Paris,  and  represented 
the  colony  in  the  French  Constituent  Assembly.  In  1790 
he  organized  in  the  United  States  a secret  expedition  for 
the  emancipation  of  the  colored  race  in  Haiti.  He  landed 
at  Cape  Francois  Oct.  23,  but  after  some  slight  successes 
was  defeated,  captured,  and  broken  on  the  wheel.  He  was 
regarded  as  a martyr  by  the  colored  population,  and  his 
cruel  death  led  to  the  practical  extermination  of  the  whites 
soon  after. 

Ogeechee  (o-ge'che).  A river  in  southeastern 
Georgia  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  17  miles 
south  of  Savannah.  Length,  over  200  miles. 


Oglethorpe 

Ogeron  de  la  Boudre  (o-zha-ron'  de  la  bo-ar'), 
Bertrand  Denis  d’.  Born  near  Angers,  1615: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec., 1675.  AFrench  adventurer, 
founder  of  the  colony  of  Haiti.  After  an  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  colonize  Guiana  (1656),  he  joined  the  buca- 
neers,  and  in  1665  was  appointed  governor  of  Tortuga  by  the 
French  W est  India  Company.  The  bucaneers  probably  had 
transient  establishments  on  the  western  end  of  Espanola 
as  early  as  1632,  but  they  first  obtained  an  official  standing 
and  were  greatly  extended  under  Ogfiron,  who  even  at- 
tempted to  conquer  the  whole  island  in  1674. 
Oggersheim  (og'gers-him).  A town  in  the  Pa- 
latinate, Bavaria,  5 miles  west  of  Mannheim. 
Population,  commune,  6,639. 
Oggione(od-jo'ne),  or  Uggione(6d-jo'ne), Mar- 
coda.  Born  at  Oggi one  about  1460:  died  1530. 
An  Italian  painter,  chiefly  known  from  his 
copies  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci’s  “Last  Supper” 
(in  London  and  Milan). 

Ogham.  In  Celtic  mythology.  See  the  extracts. 

The  word  “ogham,”  in  modern  Irish,  stands  for  the  oc- 
cult sciences  ; and,  according  to  Lucian,  Oghum  was  paint- 
ed in  the  second  century  as  a Herculean  Mercury,  old,  in  a 
lion's  skin,  with  a club  in  his  right  hand  and  a bent  bow 
in  his  left,  the  ears  of  his  worshippers  bound  by  a chain 
of  gold  and  amber  to  his  tongue. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  I.  168. 

He  is  signalized  in  Irish  mythology  as  the  inventor  of 
writing,  that  is  to  say  of  the  Ogam  alphabet ; for  Ogma 
being  much  skilled  in  dialects  and  in  poetry,  it  was  he,  we 
are  told,  who  invented  the  Ogam  to  provide  signs  for  se- 
cret speech  only  known  to  the  learned,  and  designed  to 
be  kept  from  the  vulgar  and  poor  of  the  nation.  The  mo- 
tive attributed  to  Ogma  is  an  invention  of  a comparatively 
late  age,  for  there  was  nothing  cryptic  about  the  Ogam 
alphabet;  but  the  allusion  to  Ogma’s  skill  in  poetry  and 
dialects  is  important,  especially  as  there  was  not  only  a 
mode  of  writing  called  Ogam,  but  also  a kind  of  pedantic 
jargon  which  bore  that  name.  Now  Irish  legend  will  have 
it  that  the  Ogam  was  so  called  from  the  name  of  Ogma,  which 
is  etymologically  impossible. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  18. 

Ogier  (o-zliya/),  Le  Prieur.  The  name  under 
which  Jean  Louis  Guez,  Seigneur  de  Balzac, 
published  his  “Apology.” 

Ogier,  the  Dane,  F.  Ogier  le  Danois  or  Ogier 
de  Danemarcke,  Dau.  Holger  Danske  or 
Olger  Dansk.  In  medieval  legend,  one  of  the 
paladins  of  Charlemagne : the  subject  of  French 
chansons  de  geste  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries. 
These  are  based  on  older  forms.  His  name  is  also  given 
as  Oger,  Ager,  and  Autcair.  M.  Barrois,  who  has  edited 
the  12th-century  chanson,  which  is  written  in  the  Walloon 
dialect  by  Eaimbert,  a trouvere,  thinks  he  should  be  called 
Ogier  l’Ardennois  or d’Ardenmarche.  The  trouvere  Adenes 
also  wrote  a chanson  de  geste  of  the  same  cycle.  Ogier, 
the  son  of  Geoffrey  the  king  of  Denmark,  is  brought  up  at 
the  court  of  Charlemagne,  and  at  one  period  of  the  ro- 
mance assumes  the  crown  of  Denmark ; but  he  tires  of  it 
and  returns  to  Charlemagne,  becoming  one  of  his  chief 
paladins.  After  a successful  and  warlike  career,  at  the 
age  of  100  years  he  is  carried  away  to  the  Isle  of  Avalon 
by  Morgan  le  Fay,  who  restores  him  to  youth,  with  entire 
forgetfulness  of  the  world,  but  sends  him  hack,  after  200 
years  have  passed,  to  defend  France.  After  repelling  its 
invaders  and  restoring  the  old  spirit  of  knighthood,  he 
returns  to  Avalon,  where  he  sleeps,  and  whence  he  may 
again  awalce  and  return  to  defend  the  right.  As  Holger 
Danske,  he  has  been  raised  to  the  position  of  Danish  na- 
tional hero. 

Ogilby  (d'gl-bi),  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh. 
1600:  died  at  London,  Sept.  4,  1676.  A Scot- 
tish poet,  translator,  and  compiler  of  atlases. 
He  published  “America,  being  the  most  accu- 
rate Description  of  the  New  World”  (London, 
1671). 

Ogilvie  (o'gl-vi  ),  John.  Born  in  Marnoch,  Banff- 
shire, April  17,  1797:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Nov. 
21,  1867.  A Scottish  lexicographer.  He  was  ap- 
pointed teacher  of  mathematics  at  Gordon’s  Hospital, 
Aberdeen,  in  1831,  remaining  till  1859.  He  compiled  “The 
Imperial  Dictionary  "(1847-50),  “The  Comprehensive  Eng- 
lish Dictionary  ” (1863),  “The  Student's  English  Diction- 
ary” (1865),  “An  English  Dictionary,  etc.,  for  the  Use  of 
Schools  ” (1867). 

Oglala  (o-glii'la).  [‘She  scattered  her  own.’] 
The  people  of  Red  Cloud,  part  of  the  Titonwan. 
The  name  has  been  corrupted  into  Ogalala. 
Ogle  (o'gl).  A character,  in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s 
comedy  “The  Beau’s  Duel,”  who  fancies  every- 
body is  in  love  with  him. 

Ogleby  (o'gl-bi),Lord.  In  Garrick  and  Colman’s 
“Clandestine  Marriage,”  a fa'ded  and  delicate 
but  witty  old  beau.  When  this  play  was  first  produced 
in  1766,  Garrick  refused  to  take  the  part,  and  in  consequence 
a coldness  arose  between  him  and  Column,  which  lasted 
for  years. 

Oglesby  (o'glz-bi),  Bichard  James.  Born  in 
Oldham  County,  Ivy.,  July  25, 1824:  died  at  Elk- 
hart, 111.,  April  24,  1899.  An  American  politi- 
cian and  soldier.  He  was  a general  in  the  Civil  War ; 
governor  of  Illinois  1866-69, 1873,  and  1886-89;  and  United 
States  senator  1873-79. 

Oglethorpe  (o'gl-thorp),  JamesEdward.  Born 
at  London,  Dec.  21, 1696:  died  atCranhamHall, 
Essex,  England,  1785.  An  English  general  and 
philanthropist.  He  projected  the  colony  of  Georgia  for 


Oglethorpe 

Insolvent  debtors  and  persecuted  Protestants,  conducted 
the  expedition  for  its  settlement  1733,  and  returned  to 
England  1743. 

Oglio  (ol'yo).  A river  in  northern  Italy,  joining 
the  Po  10  miles  southwest  of  Mantua : the  an- 
cient Ollius.  It  traverses  the  Lake  of  Iseo. 
Length,  about  135  miles. 

Ogma.  See  Ogham. 

Ogoway,  or  Ogowe  (o-go-wa/).  A river  in  west- 
ern Africa  which  flows  by  a delta  into  the  At- 
lantic about  lat.  1°  S.  Its  basin  is  under  French 
protection.  Length,  about  500  (?)  miles;  navigable  to  the 
Ngunie  Falls. 

Ogulnian(6-gul'ni-an)  Law.  In  Roman  history, 
a law  carried  by  two  tribunes  named  Ogulnius, 
in  300  B.  c.,  by  which  the  offices  of  pontiff  and 
augur  were  thrown  open  to  the  plebeians. 
Ogyges  (oj'i-jez).  [Gr.  In  Attic  and 

Boeotian  legend,  a king  whose  reign  was  asso- 
ciated with  a destructive  deluge. 

Ogygia  (o-jij'i-a).  [Gr . ’Qyvyfy.]  The  island  of 
Calypso,  referred  to  in  the  Odyssey.  Plutarch 
says  it  lies  due  west,  beneath  the  setting  sun. 
O’Hara  (o-har'a),  Theodore.  Born  at  Danville, 
Ky.,  Feb.  11,  1820:  died  near  Guerryton,  Ala., 
June  6,  1867.  An  American  soldier  and  poet. 
He  served  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  rising  to  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  the  Confederate  service.  He  wrote 
“ The  Bivouac  of  the  Dead,"  “ The  Old  Pioneer,”  etc. 
O’Higgins  (o-hig'inz;  Sp.  pron.  o-e'gens),  Am- 
brosio.  Born  in  County  Meath,  Ireland,  about 
1730:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March  18,  1801.  A 
Spanish  administrator,  marquis  of  Osorno  from 
1796.  His  real  name  was  Ambrose  Higgins.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Spain,  and  when  a young  man  went  to  Chile  as  a 
trader.  Obtaining  a commission  in  the  army,  he  rose  rap- 
idly ; was  captain-general  of  Chile  1788-96 ; and  was  vice- 
roy of  Peru  from  June  6, 1796,  until  his  death. 

O’Higgins,  Bernardo.  Born  at  Chilian,  Aug. 
20,  1778 : died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Oct.  24,  1842.  A 
Chilean  general  and  statesman,  natural  son  of 
Ambrosio  O’Higgins.  He  was  educated  in  England, 
where  he  derived  republican  ideas  from  Miranda;  was  a 
prominent  military  leader  of  the  Chilean  patriots  from 
1810;  and  on  the  deposition  of  Carrera,  1813,  was  made 
commander  of  the  army.  Carrera  opposed  him,  and  a civil 
war  was  prevented  only  by  the  common  danger  from  the 
Spaniards.  The  combined  forces  of  Carrera  and  O’Higgins 
were  defeated  at  Rancagua  Oct.  1 and  2,  1814,  and  they 
fled  across  the  Andes.  O'Higgins  joined  San  Martin  in 
the  invasion  of  Chile,  and  his  charge  decided  the  victory 
of  Chacabuco  (Feb.  12, 1817):  three  days  after  (San  Martin 
having  refused  the  office)  O’Higgins  was  named  supreme 
director  of  Chile  with  dictatorial  powers.  The  indepen- 
dence of  the  country  wasformally  proclaimed  Feb.  12, 1818, 
and  was  decided  by  the  victory  of  Maipo,  April  6,  1818. 
O'Higgins’s  rule  was  very  progressive.  He  was  forced  to 
resign  by  a revolution,  Jan.  28,  1823,  and  retired  to  Peru. 
Ohio  (o-hi'5).  The  principal  left-hand  tributary 
of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Allegheny  and  Monongahela  at  Pittsburg;  flows  through 
western  Pennsylvania ; forms  the  boundary  between  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois  on  the  north  and  northwest,  and  West 
Virginia  and  Kentucky  on  the  south  and  southeast;  and 
Joins  the  Mississippi  at  Cairo.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Muskingum,  Scioto,  Miami,  and  Wabash  on  the  north,  and 
the  Great  Kanawha,  Big  Sandy,  Licking,  Kentucky,  Green, 
Cumberland,  and  Tennessee  on  the  south.  The  chief  places 
on  its  banks  are  Pittsburg,  Wheeling,  Portsmouth,  Cin- 
cinnati, Covington,  Newport,  Madison,  Louisville,  New 
Albany,  andEvansville.  ItsrapidsatLouisvilleareavoided 
by  a canal.  Length,  about  975  miles,  all  navigable.  Total 
length  (with  the  Allegheny),  about  1,300  miles. 

Ohio.  One  of  the  North  Central  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  extending  from  lat. 
38°  24'  to  41°  57'  N„  and  from  long.  80°  34'  to 
84°  49'  W.  Capital,  Columbus ; chief  cities,  Cin- 
cinnati and  Cleveland.  It  is  bounded  by  Michigan 
and  Lake  Erie  on  the  north,  Pennsylvania  and  West  Vir- 
ginia (separated  by  the  Ohio)  on  the  east,  Kentucky  (sep- 
arated by  the  Ohio)  on  the  south,  and  Indiana  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  undulating.  It  is  the  fourth  State  in  pop- 
ulation ; one  of  the  first  in  value  of  farms,  production  of 
wool,  and  manufacture  of  agricultural  machinery;  and 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  States.  Among  its  pro- 
ducts are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  wool,  live  stock,  dairy  pro- 
duce, flour,  pork,  coal,  iron,  salt,  and  petroleum.  It  has 
88  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  22  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  24  electoral  votes.  It  was  discovered  by  the 
French  under  La  Salle  at  the  end  of  the  17th  century ; was 
claimed  by  both  the  French  and  the  English ; was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  passed  to  the  United  States  in 
1783.  Virginiaand  Connecticut  relinquished  their  claims 
to  the  territory,  retaining,  however,  extensive  reserves  un- 
til 1800.  Ohio  formed  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory  in 
1787  ; was  settled  at  Marietta  in  1788 ; was  the  scene  of 
Indian  warfare  1790-95;  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in 
1803 ; and  was  the  scene  of  engagements  in  the  War  of 
1812,  and  of  raids  in  the  Civil  War.  Area,  41,060  square 
miles.  Population,  4,767,121,  (1910), 

Ohio,  Army  of  the.  A Federal  army  in  the 
American  Civil  War.  It  was  organized  in  1861-62 
by  General  Buell.  In  Oct.,  1862,  Buell  was  succeeded  by 
Rosecrans,  and  the  army  was  called  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland. Another  department  of  the  Ohio  was  formed, 
and  this  army  was  in  1865  incorporated  with  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland. 

Ohio  Company,  The.  A company  of  Virginia 
and  Maryland  colonists  to  whom  the  British 
crown  granted,  in  1749,  500,000  acres  in  the 
Ohio  valley  for  the  purpose  of  settlement. 


754 

Ohio  Idea.  In  American  polities,  the  advocacy 
of  greenbacks  in  payment  for  United  State's 
bonds,  and  of  greenbacks  in  place  of  national- 
bank  notes.  This  project  was  pushed  especially  in  Ohio 
by  the  Democratic  leaders  Allen,  Pendleton,  and  Ewing 
about  1868-78. 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  A coeducational 
institution  of  learning  at  Delaware,  Ohio, 
founded  in  1843.  It  is  controlled  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  and  has  about  125  instructors  and  1,300 
students. 

Ohlau  (o'lou).  A town  in  the  province  of  Sile- 
sia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ohlau  and  Oder 
17  miles  southeast  of  Breslau.  Population, 
..commune,  9,233. 

Ohlenschlager(eTen-shla-ger),  Adam  Gottlob. 

Born  at  Vesterbro,  near  Copenhagen,  Nov.  14, 
1779:  diedthere,  Jan.20,1850.  A Danish  poet  and 
dramatist,  nis  first  important  production  was  the  poem 
“ Guldhomene  ” (“  The  Golden  Horns,  ” 1803),  the  work  from 
which  it  is  cu  stomary  to  da  te  the  beginning  of  recent  Danish 
poetry.  In  this  year  also  he  wrote  and  published  a volume  of 
poems  (“  Digte  ”)  which  contains  the  lyrical  drama  “ Sanct- 
Hansaften-Spil  " (“The  Play  of  St.  John's  Eve ”).  In  1805 
appeared  two  new  volumes  of  “ Poetiske  Skrifter  ” (“  Poet- 
icalWritings”), which  include,  among  other  poems, “Thors 
Eeise  til  Jotunheim”  (“Thor’s  Journey  to  Jotunheim  ”) 
and  “ Alladin  eller  denforunderligeLampe  ” (“  Aladdin,  or 
the  Wonderful  Lamp”),  considered  one  of  the  master- 
pieces of  Danish  literature.  With  public  assistance  he 
was  now  enabled  to  undertake  a journey  abroad,  and  left 
Denmark  this  same  year.  In  Halle  he  wrote  his  first 
tragedy,  “Ilakon  Jarl  ” (“Earl  Hakon”).  He  remained 
the  winter  in  Berlin.  In  the  spring  of  1806  he  went  to 
Weimar,  and  lived  there  two  or  three  months  in  intimate 
association  with  Goethe.  He  was  subsequently  in  Dres- 
den, and  that  winter  went  on  to  Paris,  where  during  the 
next  eighteen  months  he  wrote  the  tragedies  “Palnatoke  ” 
and  “Axel  ogValborg, "and  the  poem  "Baldur  hin  Gode” 
(“Baldur  the  Good”).  In  1809,  in  Rome,  he  wrote  the 
tragedy  “ Corregio  ” in  the  German  language.  He  returned 
to  Denmark  that  same  autumn,  and  in  1810  was  made 
professor  of  esthetics  at  the  Copenhagen  University. 
After  this  period  he  wrote  numerous  works,  epic,  lyric, 
dramatic,  and  prose,  among  them  the  dramatic  idyl 
“Den  lille  Hyrdedreng”  (“The  Little  Shepherd  Boy,” 
1818)  ; the  epic  cycle  (parts  of  which  had  already  been 
published)  “Nordens  Guder”  (“The  Gods  of  the  North’  ), 
which  appeared  complete  in  1819 ; the  tragedy  “Erik  og 
Abel”  (1820);  the  epic  “Hrolf  Krake”  (1828);  and  his  last 
great  work,  the  epic  “Regnar  Lodhrok  ” (1848).  His 
poetical  works  (“  Poetiske  Skrifter”)  were  published  at  Co- 
penhagen, 1857-62,  in  32  vols.  His  autobiography,  “Erin- 
dringer  ” (“  Recollect  ions  ”),  was  published  at  Copenhagen, 
.1850-51,  in  4 vols. 

Ohler  (e'ler),  Gustav  Friedrich  von.  Bom 

at  Ebingen,  Wtirtemberg,  June  10,  1812:  died 
at  Tubingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  19,  1872.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian.  He  published 
“ Theology  of  the  Old  Testament”  (1873),  etc. 
Ohm  (om),  Georg  Simon.  Born  at  Erlangen, 
Bavaria,  March  16,  1787 : died  at  Munich,  July 
7, 1854.  A German  physicist,  especially  noted 
for  his  investigations  in  galvanism.  He  pro- 
pounded an  important  law,  known  as  “Ohm’s  law,” 
which  may  be  expressed  as  follows : the  strength  of  an 
electric  current,  or  the  quantity  of  electricity  passing  a 
section  of  the  conductor  in  a unit  of  time,  is  directly  pro- 
portional to  the  whole  electromotive  force  in  operation, 
and  inversely  proportional  to  the  sum  of  all  the  resis- 
tances in  tliecircuit.  He  published"  Die  galvanische  Kette 
mathematiseh  bearbeitet  ” (1827),  etc. 

Ohm,  Martin.  Born  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  May 
6,  1792;  died  at  Berlin,  April  1,  1872.  A Ger- 
man mathematician,  brother  of  G.  S.  Ohm:  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1824.  His  chief  work  is  “ Ver- 
such  eines  vollkommen  konsequenten  Systems  der  Mathe- 
matik  ” (1822-52). 

Ohnet(o-na'),  Georges.  Born  at  Paris,  April  3, 
1848.  A French  novelist  and  dramatist.  After 
the  Franco-German  war  he  gave  up  the  study  of  law  for 
journalism.  At  first  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the  “Pays,” 
and  thereafter  on  that  of  the  “Constitutionnel.”  His  fond- 
ness for  dramatic  composition  led  him  to  write  “Regina 
Sarpi"  (1875)  and  “Marthe”  (1877).  Some  of  his  novels 
have  also  been  adapted  to  the  stage,  among  others  “Le 
maitre  de  forges”  and  “La  grande  mariniere”  (18S8). 
Ohnet’s  novels  appeared  as  serials  in  the  “Figaro,”  the 
“Illustration,”  and  the  “ Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  ” before 
being  published  in  book  form.  The  series,  known  col- 
lectively as“BataUles  de  la  vie, "includes  "Serge Panine” 
(1881),  “Le  maitre  de  forges ”(1882),  “Lacomtesse  Sarah” 
(1883),  “Lise  Fleuron”  (1884),  “La  grande  mariniere” 
(1885),  “Les  dames  de  Croix-Mort ” (1 886),  “Noir  et  rose” 
(1887),  “VolontA’  (1888),  “Le  dqcteur  Rameau”  (1888), 
“Le  dernier  amour”  (1S90),  “L’Ame  de  Pierre"  (1890), 
“ Dette  de  haine”  (1891),  “ Nimrod  et  Cie”  (1892),  and 
“Le  lendemain  des  amours  ” (1893).  A historical  novel, 
“Pour  tuer  Bonaparte,”  appealed  in  1911. 

Ohod  (6-hod'),  or  Ohud  (o-hod'),  Battle  of.  A 

victory  gained  at  Ohod,  near  Medina,  probably 
in  625,  by  the  Koreish  over  Mohammed  and 
his  followers. 

Ohrdruf  (or'drof).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Saxe-Coburg-Gqtha,  Germany,  situated  on  the 
Ohra  8 miles  south  of  Gotha.  Population,  com- 
.rnune,  6,112. 

Ohringen  (e'ring-en).  A town  in  Wiirtemberg, 
on  the  Obrn  33  miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart. 
Population,  3,450. 

Olgnon  (on-yon').  A river  in  eastern  France, 


O’Keefe 

chiefly  i n th  e d epartment  of  Haute-Sa6ne,  which 
joins  the  Saone  21  miles  east  of  Dijon.  Various 
engagements  were  fought  near  its  banks  in  Oct.,  1870,  and 
Jan.,  1871.  Length,  120  miles. 

Oil  City  (oil  sit'i).  A cityinVenango  County, 
northwestern  Pennsylvania,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  Oil  Creek  and  Allegheny  River,  70 
miles  north  by  east  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  noted  as  a 
center  for  the  production  and  distribution  of  oil.  Popu- 
lation, 15,657,  (1910). 

Oil  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Indian  Ocean;  a dependency  of  Mauritius. 

Oil  Rivers  Protectorate.  A former  British 
protectorate  in  western  Africa,  on  the  coast 
between  Lagos  and  Kamerun.  It  was  organized 
in  1892,  having  been  secured  to  Great  Britain  in  1884.  It 
is  now  a part  of  Southern  Nigeria. 

Oiron  (wa-roh').  A small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux-Sevres,  France,  22  miles  south  of 
Saumur.  It  has  a remarkable  old  castle. 

Oisans  (wa-zon'),  Alps  Of.  A division  of  the 
Cottian  Alps,  known  also  as  the  Pelvoux  group. 
The  Pointe  des  Ecrins  rises  to  13,460  feet. 

Oise  (waz).  A river  in  northern  France  which 
joins  the  Seine  15  miles  northwest  of  Paris. 
Length,  187  miles;  navigable  from  Chauny. 

Oise.  A department  of  France,  formed  from 
parts  of  the  ancient  Ile-de-France  and  Picar- 
dy. Capital,  Beauvais.  It  is  bounded  by  Somme 
on  the  north,  Aisne  on  the  east,  Seine-et-Marne  and  Seine- 
et-Oise  on  the  south,  and  Eure  and  Seine-Infbrieure  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Oise,  and  has  flourishing  ag- 
riculture and  manufactures.  Area,  2,272  square  miles. 
Population,  410,049. 

Oisin.  See  Ossian. 

Ojana(Sp.  pron.  o-Ha-na').  [Tehua  of  New  Mex- 
ico.] A ruin  south  of  Santa  FA  The  village  was 
inhabited  by  the  Tanos  (a  branch  of  theTehuas)  after  1598, 
but  was  abandoned  previous  to  the  insurrection  of  1680. 
It  lies  near  a place  called  C’himal. 

O.ie,  See  Oge. 

Ojeda  (o-Ha' THa) , Alonso  de.  Born  in  Cuenca 
about  1468;  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  1514  or 
1515.  A Spanish  cavalier,  prominent  in  early 
American  history.  He  went  to  Espaiiola  with  Colum- 
bus, 1493,  and  was  engaged  in  many  audacious  enterprises 
there.  Returning  to  Spain,  he  was  associated  with  Cosa 
and  Vespucci  in  t he  first  exploration  of  the  coasts  of  Guiana 
and  Venezuela  (May,  1499, -June,  1500).  In  1502  and  1505 
he  made  other  voyages  to  the  northern  coast  of  South 
America.  Being  empowered  (1508)  to  settle  and  govern 
Nueva  Andalucia  (now  northwestern  Colombia),  he  fitted 
out  an  expedition  at  Santo  Domingo,  sailing  Nov.  10, 1509. 
After  various  adventures  and  escapes  he  settled  on  the 
Gulf  of  Urabi  or  Darien.  The  colony  was  soon  reduced  to 
great  misery,  and  Ojeda  sailed  away  to  seek  aid.  He  was 
shipwrecked  on  Cuba,  and  finally  reached  Santo  Domingo 
penniless  and  bankrupt.  He  died  in  complete  poverty ; 
but  the  Darien  colony  was  eventually  successful,  and  led  to 
the  discovery  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Peru. 

Oiibwa  (o-jib'wa),  or  Chippewa  (chip'e-wa). 
[PL,  also  Ojibways.']  A large  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.  Their  former  range  was  along  the 
north  and  south  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  and 
extended  west  across  northern  Minnesota  to  the  Turtle 
Mountains  of  North  Dakota.  The  Ojibwa,  Ottawa,  and 
Pottawottomi  were  connected  in  a loose  confederacy  desig- 
nated as  the  Three  Fires.  When  supplied  with  firearms  in 
the  early  part  of  the  18th  century,  they  greatly  extended 
their  territory  by  occupying  that  of  the  Fox,  Sioux,  and 
Iroquois.  They  number  now  above  30,000,  about  equally 
divided  between  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Their 
name  seems  to  refer  to  “puckering”  or  “drawing  up,” 
whether,  as  variously  contended,  of  the  lips  in  speaking 
or  drinking,  of  a peculiar  seam  in  the  moccasin,  or  of  the 
skin  of  a roasted  prisoner  is  uncertain.  The  French  called 
them  Saulteurs  (‘people  of  the  falls  ’),  from  the  band  first 
met  at  Sault  Ste. -Marie.  See  Algonquian. 

O.  K.  Nom  de  plume  of  Olga  Kirdeff,  now  Ma- 
dame de  Novikoff. 

Oka  (o-ka').  A river  in  central  Russia  which 
joinstheVolgaatNijni-Novgorod.  The  Moskva 
is  a tributary.  Length,  about  900  miles;  navi- 
gable from  Orel. 

Okanda  (5-kan'da).  A Bantu  tribe  of  French 
Kongo,  dwelling  on  the  middle  Ogowe  River. 
They  are  well  built,  and  sharpen  their  incisors.  The  wo- 
men have  already  substituted  the  European  for  the  native 
cloth.  Their  dead  are  sunk  in  the  deepest  parts  of  theriver, 
lest  their  enemies  should  use  the  skulls  for  witchcraft. 

Okanogan.  See  Olcinagan. 

Okavango  (o-ka-vang'go).  A river  in  British 
South  Africa,  also  called  Cubango,  or  Kubango. 

It  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Portuguese  West  Africa,  and 
ends  in  the  marshes  and  lakes  of  Western  Rhodesia. 

Okdah  (ok'dii).  [Ar.  'oqad-al-haitain,  the  knot 
of  the  two  threads  (an  Arabic  translation  of 
the  Greek  cvv6eagoc,  which  was  Ptolemy’s  des- 
ignation for  the  star).]  The  44-magnitude 
double  star  a Piscium,  situated  at  the  knot  in 
the  ribbon  by  which  the  two  fishes  are  tied  to- 
gether. 

Okeechobee  (6-ke-ch5'be),  Lake.  A lake  in 
southern  Florida,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N. 
Length,  about  40  miles. 

O’Keefe  (o-kef'),  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  June 
24, 1747 : died  at  Southampton,  England,  Feb. 


O’Keefe 

4, 1833.  An  Irish  dramatist.  Hazlitt  say9  he  may 

be  called  “the  English  Molicre. " He  wrote  comedies  and 
farces,  including  “ Wild  Oats,”  “The  Poor  Soldier,”  etc. 
Okefinokee  (o"ke-fi-n6'ke)  Swamp.  An  exten- 
sive swamp  in  southeastern  Georgia  and  the 
adjoining  part  of  northern  Florida. 
Okehampton  (ok'hamp-ton).  A town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Okement  21 
miles  west  of  Exeter.  Population,  2,569. 

Oken  (o'ken)  (originally  Ockenfuss  (ok'en- 
fos)),  Lorenz.  Bom  at  Bohlsbach,  Swabia, 
Aug.  1, 1779 : died  at  Zurich,  Aug.  11, 1851.  A 
German  naturalist  and  transcendentalist  nat- 
ural philosopher.  He  became  professor  at  Jenain  1807 

S)ut  later  surrendered  his  professorship  rather  than  aban- 
on  the  editorship  of  the  “Isis,”  which  was  objectionable 
to  the  authorities),  at  Munich  in  1828,  and  at  Zurich  in 
1861.  He  developed  a system  of  nature  in  his  “ Lehrbuch 
der  Naturphilosophie  ” (“  Manual  of  Natural  Philosophy,” 
1808-11)  and  “Lehrbuch  der  Naturgeschichte”  (1813-27), 
and  also  published  “Allgemeine  Naturgeschichte  fur  alle 
Stande  " (1833-41),  etc. 

Okfaskl.  See  Creelc. 

Okhotsk  (o-chotsk').  A small  seaport  in  the 
Maritime  Province,  East  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
Sea  of  Okhotsk,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Okhota,  in 
lat.  59°  20'  N.,  long.  143°  7'  E. 

Okhotsk,  Sea  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific,  nearly 
inclosed  by  the  peninsula  of  Kamchatka  and 
other  parts  of  Siberia,  Saghalin,  Yezo  (in  Ja- 
pan), and  the  Kurile  Islands.  It  is  connected  with 
the  Sea  of  Japan  by  the  Gulf  of  Tatary  and  La  Pdrouse 
Strait. 

Okinagan  (o-kin-a'gan),  or  Okanogan  (o-kan'- 
o-gan).  The  name  originally  given  to  a single 
“band”  of  the  Salishan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  It  now  includes  a division  of  that  stock 
on  the  Okinagan  or  Okinakane  River,  a northern  branch 
on  Columbia  River,  Washington,  and  a much  larger  num- 
ber at  Okinagan  agency,  British  Columbia.  Those  in 
Washington  number  about  600.  See  Salishan. 
Okinawa  (o-ke-na/wa).  The  largest  and  most 
important  of  the  LoochooIslands,PacificOcean. 
Oklahoma  (ok-la-ho'ma).  A State  of  the 
United  States.  Capital,  Oklahoma  City,  it 
comprises  the  former  territory  of  Oklahoma  and  Indian 
Territory,  which  were  incorporated  in  1907.  It  is  bounded 
by  Kansas  and  Colorado  on  the  north,  Missouri  and  Arkan- 
sas on  the  east,  Texas  on  the  south,  and  Texas  and  New 
Mexico  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly. 
After  the  acquisition  by  the  national  government  of  the 
Indian  claims,  the  territory  was  thrown  open  to  white 
settlers,  the  central  portion  by  proclamation  of  President 
Harrison  on  April  22,  1889,  a large  tract  in  1891,  and  the 
Cherokee  Strip  or  Outlet  in  the  north  in  1893.  The  terri- 
tory was  settled  with  extraordinary  rapidity.  An  act  en- 
abling Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  to  enter  the  Union 
as  the  State  of  Oklahoma  was  passed  by  Congress  in  June, 
1906.  Area,  70,057  sq.  m.  Population,  1,657,155,  (1910). 

Oklahoma  City.  The  capital  of  the  State  of 
Oklahoma,  on  the  North  Fork  of  the  Canadian 
★River.  Population,  64,205,  (1910). 

Okuma  (o'ko-ma),  Count  Shigenobu.  Born  in 
Saga,  February,  1838.  A Japanese  statesman, 
leader  of  the  Progressive  Party  until  1907. 
He  was  vice-minister  and  minister  of  the  treasury  1873-81, 
and  as  leader  of  the  opposition  did  much  to  promote  the 
development  of  constitutional  government. 

Olaf  (o'laf),  called  the  Lap-King.  Reigned 
993-1024.  The  first  Christian  king  of  Sweden. 
Olaf  (o'laf),  Saint.  Killed  1030.  King  of  Nor- 
way 1015-28.  He  consolidated  the  kingdom  and 
introduced  Christianity. 

Olaf  Trygvesson  or  Trygvasson.  Born  956: 
died  1000.  King  of  Norway  about  996-1000.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  petty  king  Trygve  and  his  wife  Astrid, 
and  was  bom  in  exile  in  956,  his  father  having  shortly  be- 
fore been  murdered  and  his  mother  expelled  from  Norway. 
He  was  educated  at  the  court  of  Vladimir,  grand  prince 
of  Russia,  and  became  a viking,  ravaging  the  coasts  of 
France,  Britain,  and  Ireland.  He  deposed  Hakon  the  Bad 
and  made  himself  king  of  Norway  about  996.  He  was 
defeated  and  killed  in  a naval  battle  by  the  kings  of  Swe- 
den and  Denmark  in  league  with  disaffected  Norwegian 
jarls. 

Olaguer  yFeliu  (o-la-gar'  e fa-le-o'),  Antonio. 
Born  about  1740.  A Spanish  general,  governor 
of  Montevideo  1795,  and  viceroy  of  La  Plata 
1797-99. 

Olarnentke  (6-la-ment'ke).  The  northern  divi- 
sion of  the  Moquelumnan  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  comprising  a dozen  small  tribes 
which  formerly  lived  north  of  San  Francisco  and 
San  Pablo  bays,  California.  See  Moquelumnan. 
Oland,  or  Osland  (e'land).  An  island  in  the  Bal- 
tic Sea,  belonging  to  the  laen  of  Kalmar,  Swe- 
den. It  lies  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Sweden,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Kalmar  Sound.  The  chief  place 
is  Borgholm.  Length,  90  miles.  Area,  633  square  miles. 
Population,  30,408. 

Olaneta  (5I-an-ya'ta),  Pedro  Antonio.  Bom 

in  Biscay  about  1770:  died  at  Tumusla,  Upper 
Peru  (Bolivia),  April  2,  1825.  A Spanish  gen- 
eral. He  was  a poor  laborer;  emigrated  to  Upper  Peru 
and  was  a trader  there  until  1811,  when  he  joined  the  roy- 
alist army ; was  rapidly  promoted  ; and  became  governor 
of  Potosi  and  major-general.  In  1823  he  defeated  Santa 


755 

Cruz  In  Jan.,  1824,  he  proclaimed  the  absolute  authority 
of  Ferdinand  VII  , and  threw  off  allegiance  to  the  viceroy 
La  Serna.  After  his  defeat  by  the  latter  he  tried  to  retire 
Into  Chile,  but  some  of  his  troops  rebeUed  and  killed  him. 

Olberg  (el'bero).  A basaltic  mountain,  one  of 
the  chief  summits  of  the  Siebengebirge,  Rhine- 
land: noted  for  its  view.  Height,  1,520  feet. 

Olbers  (ol'bers),  Heinrich  Wilhelm  Matthias. 
Born  at  Arbergen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  11, 1758: 
died  at  Bremen,  March  2, 1840.  A German  as- 
tronomer. By  profession  he  was  a physician.  He  dis- 
covered a method  for  calculating  cometary  orbits,  and  also 
discovered  various  comets  (including  that  of  1815)  and  the 
planetoids  Pallas  (1802)  and  Vesta  (1807). 

Olbia  (ol'bi-a).  [Gr.  ’OA/h'a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  in  Scythia,  a Greek  colony  from 
Miletus,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Borys- 
thenes : the  modern  Dnieper. 

Olchone.  See  Olhone. 

Old  Abe.  A nickname  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Old  Bachelor,  The.  A comedy  by  William 
Congreve,  produced  in  1693,  and  acted  as  late 
as  1789.  It  was  his  first  play.  Dryden  consid- 
ered it  the  best  he  had  ever  seen. 

Old  Bailey  Court.  The  principal  criminal 
court  of  England.  It  was  on  the  street  named  Old 
Bailey,  which  runs  from  Newgate  street  to  Ludgate  Hill. 
The  new  Central  Criminal  Court  was  opened  in  1905. 

Oldboy,  Felix.  The  pseudonym  of  J ohn  Flavel 
Mines.  See  *Mines. 

Oldbuck  (old'buk),  Jonathan,  Laird  of  Monk- 
barns.  A Scottish  antiquary,  the  leading  char- 
acter in  Scott’s  novel  “ The  Antiquary.” 

Besides  this  veteran,  I found  another  ally  at  Preston- 
pans  in  the  person  of  George  Constable,  an  old  friend  of 
my  father’s,  educated  to  the  law,  but  retired  upon  his  in- 
dependent property,  and  generally  residing  near  Dundee. 
He  had  many  of  those  peculiarities  of  temper  which  long 
afterwards  I tried  to  develope  in  the  character  of  J onathan 
Oldbuck.  . . . But  my  friend  George  was  not  so  decided  an 
enemy  to  womankind  as  his  representative  Monkbarns. 

Scott,  quoted  in  Lockhart's  Scott,  I.  28,  note. 

OldBullion.  A nickname  of  T.H.  Benton,  given 
to  him  on  account  of  his  arguments  in  favor  of 
a gold  and  silver  currency. 

Oldbury  (old'ber-i).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Worcestershire,  England,  5 miles  west  of  Bir- 
mingham. Population,  25,191. 

Oldcastle  (old'kas-1),  Sir  John.  Born  in  Here- 
fordshire, England:  burned  at  London,  Dec.  25, 
1417.  An  English  nobleman,  leader  of  the  Lol- 
lards, known  as  “the  good  Lord Cobham,”  hav- 
ing married  the  heiress  of  Lord  Cobham.  He 
was  a successful  general  in  the  French  wars.  About  1413 
he  was  called  upon  to  abjure  the  tenets  of  Wyclif : he  re- 
fused, was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  but  escaped  and  re- 
mained in  Wales  until  1417,  when  he  was  captured  by 
Lord  Powis.  He  was  hung  in  chains  upon  a gallows  in  St. 
Giles’s  Fields,  and  burned  alive.  See  Sir  John  Oldcastle . 

Old  Colony  (kol'o-ni),  The.  The  territory  in 
eastern  Massachusetts  occupied  by  the  Ply- 
mouth Colony. 

Oldcraft  (old'kraft),  Sir  Perfidious.  One  of 

the  principal  characters  in  “Wit  at  Several 
Weapons,”  by  Fletcher  and  others : a weak  Sir 
Giles  Overreach. 

Old  Curiosity  Shop,  The.  A novel  by  Dick- 
ens, published  in  1840-41. 

Old  Dessauer  (des'sou-er),  The.  A name  popu- 
larly given  to  Leopold,  prince  of  Anhalt-Des- 
sau,  a Prussian  general. 

Old  Dominion  (do-min'yon),  The.  A name 
popularly  given  to  the  State  of  Virginia,  its 
-origin  is  variously  explained.  Perhaps  the  best  account  is 
that  Captain  John  Smith  called  Virginia  “Old  Virginia" 
to  distinguish  it  from  “New  Virginia,”  as  the  New  Eng- 
land colony  was  called.  The  colony  of  Virginia  was  al- 
luded to  in  documents  as  “the  colony  and  dominion  of 
Virginia  ”:  hence  the  phrase  “ the  Old  Dominion. ” 

Oldenbarneveldt.  See  Barneveld. 

Oldenburg  (ol'den-berg;  G.  pron.  ol'den-borG). 

1.  A grand  duchy  of  northern  Germany,  and 
state  of  the  German  Empire.  Capital,  Olden- 
burg. It  comprises  the  duchy  proper  of  Oldenburg  and 
the  principalities  of  Birkenfeld  and  Liibeck.  The  duchy 
of  Oldenburg  is  bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  north, 
Hannover  and  Bremen  on  the  east,  and  Hannover  on  the 
south  and  west.  The  surface  is  generally  flat.  The  chief 
occupation  is  agriculture : it  is  noted  for  its  live  stock. 
The  government  of  Oldenburg  is  ahereditary  constitutional 
monarchy,  under  a grand  duke  and  a Landtag  of  one  cham- 
ber : it  sends  1 member  to  the  Bundesrat,  and  3 members 
to  the  Reichstag.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant. 
Oldenburg  was  ruled  by  counts  as  early  as  the  11th  century  ; 
passed  under  the  rule  of  Denmark  in  1667 ; was  ceded  to  the 
Holstein  Gottorp  line  in  1773;  was  raised  to  a duchy  in 
1777;  gained  and  lost  territory  by  the  changes  of  1803; 
joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  in  1808;  was  an- 
nexed to  France  in  1810 ; was  restored  to  self-government 
in  1813 ; entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815 ; 
gained  additions  of  territory  in  1817  and  1818 ; assumed 
the  rank  of  a grand  duchy  in  1829 ; sided  with  Prussia  in 
1866 ; and  joined  the  North  German  Confederation  in  186G. 
Area,  2,482  square  miles.  Population,  438,856. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, situated  on  the  Hunte  in  lat.  53°  8'  N., 


Old  Law,  The 

long.  8°  12'  E.  It  has  a trade  in  horses.  Its  Resident 
Schloss,  palace,  library,  and  Augusteum  museum  are  nota- 
ble. It  was  the  birthplace  of  Herbart.  Population, 
commune,  28,566. 

Oldenburg,  House  Of.  A noble  German  family 
which  rose  to  prominence  in  the  15th  century. 
The  principal  lines  are  (a)  the  line  of  counts  in  Oldenburg 
ext  inguished  in  1667;  (6)  the  royal  Danish  line  extinguished 
in  1863 ; (e)  the  Gottorp  or  Holstein-Gottorp  line, which  had 
branches  in  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Oldenburg ; (d)  the  Son- 
derburg  or  Holstein-Sonderburg  line,  with  its  branch  the 
Augustenburg  line  ; and  (e)  the  Beck  or  Gliicksburg  line, 
now  in  possession  of  the  Danish  throne. 

Oldenburg  Proper.  The  main  portion  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  Oldenburg. 

Old  English  Baron,  The.  A story  by  Clara 
Reeve,  published  in  1777 : intended  to  combine 
the  romance  and  the  novel  by  making  the  for- 
mer more  probable.  It  had  great  popularity. 
Oldfield  (old'feld),  Anne.  Born  at  London, 
1683:  died  there,  Oct.  23,  1730.  A noted  Eng- 
lish actress.  Rich  took  her  into  his  company  at  fifteen 
shillings  a week  in  1700.  In  1704  Cibber  assigned  to  her  the 
part  of  Lady  Betty  Modish  in  his  “Careless  Husband, ’’and 
she  won  immediate  success.  By  1706  she  was  held  to  be 
the  rival  of  Mrs.  Bracegirdle.  She  was  the  original  repre- 
sentative of  65  characters,  the  greater  part  of  which  belong 
to  genteel  comedy.  She  played  tragic  parts  with  great  dig- 
nity and  feeling,  but  in  Lady  Betty  Modish,  Lady  Townley, 
Sylvia,  and  Mrs.  Sullen  she  was  probably  never  equaled. 
Mrs.  Oldfield  in  private  life  was  not  without  reproach. 
She  lived  for  some  years  with  Arthur  Mayn  waring,  a wealthy 
bachelor,  handsome  and  accomplished,  by  whom  she  had 
a son  who  bore  his  father’s  name  and  surname.  Later, 
and  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Maynwaring,  she  was  “under 
the  protection " of  General  Churchill,  the  son  of  an  elder 
brother  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  by  whom  she  had 
also  one  son,  who  married  Lady  Mary  Walpole,  a natural 
daughter  of  Sir  Robert,  for  whom  he  obtained  the  rank  of 
an  earl’s  daughter.  When  Mrs.  Oldfield  died  her  remains 
lay  in  state  in  the  Jerusalem  Chamber  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  and  there  she  was  buried  at  the  west  end  of  the 
south  aisle. 

Old  Fortunatus.  A play  by  Dekker,  printed 
in  1600  with  the  title  “ The  Pleasant  History  of 
Old  Fortunatus.”  It  was  acted  in  1595-96,  and 
part  of  it  was  written  as  early  as  1590.  See 
Fortunatus. 

Old  Fox,  The.  A nickname  of  Marshal  Soult. 
Old  French  War,  The,  or  The  Old  French 
and  Indian  War.  See  French  and  Indian  War. 
Old  Glory.  A popular  name  for  the  United 
States  flag. 

Old  Grimes.  The  title  of  one  of  Crabbe’s  tales 
in  verse ; also,  a ballad  by  Albert  G.  Greene. 
Old  Grog.  A nickname  given  to  Admiral  Ver- 
non, who  introduced  the  beverage  grog  (about 
1745).  The  name  is  said  to  be  due  to  his  grogram  breeches 
(or,  according  to  another  account,  the  grogram  cloak  he 
wore  in  foul  weather). 

Old  Guard,  The.  A noted  body  of  troops  in 
the  army  of  Napoleon  I.  It  made  the  last 
French  charge  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 
Oldham  (old'am).  A town  in  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, 6 miles  northeast  of  Manchester,  it  is  one 
of  the  principal  seats  of  cotton  manufacture  in  the  world, 
and  has  other  extensive  manufactures.  It  returns  2 
members  to  Parliament.  Population,  147,495,  (1911). 
Oldham,  John.  Born  in  England : killed  1635. 
An  English  settler  in  New  England.  His  mur- 
der by  Indians  brought  on  the  Pequot  war. 
Oldham,  John.  Born  at  Shipton,  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  1653 : died  at  Holme  Pierrepoint, 
Nottinghamshire,  1683.  An  English  satirical 
poet.  His  “Four  Satires  upon  the  Jesuits  ” (1679)  at- 
tracted much  attention.  He  also  wrote  “Some  New 
Pieces  ” (1681).  His  works  were  collected  and  published 
in  1703,  1 770,  and  1854,  the  last  edition  with  memoir. 

Old  Harry.  The  devil. 

Old  Heads  and  Young  Hearts.  A play  by 
Boucicault,  produced  in  1844. 

Old  Hickory.  A nickname  of  Andrew  Jack- 
son.  It  was  given  to  him  for  the  toughness  and 
sturdiness  of  his  character. 

Old  Hundredth,  or  Old  Hundred.  A popular 
psalm-tune,  first  published  in  the  “Genevan 
Psalter”  about  1551-52,  edited  by  Louis  Bour- 
geois. It  was  originally  adapted  to  Beza’s  version  of 
the  134th  Psalm,  but  when  adopted  in  England  was  set 
to  Kethe’s  version  of  tire  100th  Psalm.  It  was  at  first  known 
as  the  “ Hundredth,”  but  in  1696,  when  Tate  and  Brady 
published  their  “New  Version,”  the  word  “Old  ’’was  used 
to  show  that  the  tune  was  the  one  which  had  been  in  use 
in  the  previous  Psalter  (Stemhold  and  Hopkins’s).  It  is 
now  generally  suug  to  the  doxology,  “Praise  God,  from 
whom  all  blessings  flow.” 

Old  Ironsides.  The  popular  name  of  the  United 
States  frigate  Constitution. 

Old  Lady  of  Threadneedle  Street.  A name 
given  to  the  Bank  of  England,  from  its  location 
in  Threadneedle  street,  London. 

Old  Law,  The,  or  a New  Way  to  Please  You. 
A play  published  in  1656  as  by  Massinger,  Mid- 
dleton, and  Rowley.  The  original  play  was  cer- 
tainly  written  by  Middleton  in  1699,  and  acted  in  1600. 
Massinger  possibly  revised  it  much  later. 


Old  Maids 

Old  Maids.  A comedy  by  Sheridan  Knowles, 
produced  in  1841. 

Old  Man  Eloquent,  The.  A name  originally 
applied  by  Milton  to  Isocrates,  it  has  also  been 
given  to  S.  T.  Coleridge,  John  Quincy  Adams,  and  others. 

Old  Man  of  the  Mountain,  The.  The  chief 
of  the  order  of  the  Assassins  (which  see). 

Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  The.  In  the  “Arabian 
Nights’  Entertainments,”  a monster  who  leaped 
on  the  back  of  Sindbad  the  sailor,  clinging  to  him 
and  refusing  to  dismount.  Hence  the  name  is  ap- 
plied to  any  person  of  whom  one  cannot  get  rid. 
Oldmixon  (old'mik-son),  John.  Born  in  Som- 
erset, 1673:  died  at  London,  1742.  An  English 
historical  writer.  He  was  dull  and  insipid.  He 
abused  Pope  in  his  “ Essay  on  Criticism  in  Prose  ” (1728), 
and  was  promptly  scarified  in  the  “Dunciad"  (ii.  283). 
Among  his  other  works  are  “The  British  Empire  in 
America"  (1708),  “Critical  History  of  England,  etc.”  (1726), 
“History  of  England”  (1729-39),  “Memoirs  of  the  Press, 
etc.”  (1742),  etc. 

Old  Morality.  A nickname  of  William  Henry 
Smith  (1825-91),  a prominent  English  Conser- 
vative politician : given  apparently  with  a pun- 
ning allusion  to  Scott’s  “ Old  Mortality.” 

Old  Mortality.  A historical  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1816.  The  scene  is  laid 
in  Scotland  during  the  rising  of  the  Covenanters  in  1679. 
It  is  so  called  from  the  epithet  given  to  Robert  Paterson, 
who  passed  his  life  in  restoring  the  gravestones  of  the 
Covenanters. 

Old  Nick.  A name  of  the  devil. 

Our  popular  name  for  the  evil  one,  Old  Nick,  is  a word 
of  this  class.  The  nickers  held  a conspicuous  place  in 
German  romance  and  story — they  are  frequently  spoken 
of  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  poem  of  Beowulf.  They  were  water- 
fairies,  and  dwelt  in  the  lakes  and  rivers  as  well  as  in  the 
sea.  So  late  as  the  fifteenth  century,  a MS.  dictionary  in  Eng- 
lish andLatin  explains  nicker  by  “sirena.”  At  present,  in 
our  island,  the  word  is  only  preserved  in  the  name  of  the 
devil.  Old  Nick.  T.  Wright,  Essays,  I.  255. 

Old  North  State,  The.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  North  Carolina. 

Old  Orchard  Beach.  A seaside  resort  in  York 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  Saco  Bay  11  miles 
south-southwest  of  Portland. 

Old  Point  Comfort.  A watering-place  in  Vir- 
ginia, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  James  River, 
13  miles  north  of  Norfolk.  It  is  close  to  Fort 
Monroe. 

Old  Princely  Houses.  In  the  Old  German  Em- 
pire, those  houses  which  had  been  represented 
among  the  princes  as  early  as  the  Reichstag  of 
Augsburg  in  1582. 

Old  Probabilities.  A nickname  for  the  chief 
signal-officer  of  the  Signal-service  Bureau: 
sometimes  abbreviated  to  Old  Probs. 

Old  Prussia  (prush'a).  1.  That  part  of  Prus- 
sia which  belonged  to  the  kingdom  previous  to 
the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  : often  ap- 
plied to  East  Prussia,  West  Prussia,  Pomerania, 
and  Brandenburg(includingsometimes  Silesia). 
— 2.  East  and  West  Prussia- 
Old  Public  Functionary,  The.  A nickname 
given  to  James  Buchanan. 

Old  Put  (put).  A nickname  of  General  Israel 
Putnam. 

Old  Reliable.  A nickname  of  General  George 
H.  Thomas. 

OldSarum  (sa'rum).  A place  two  miles  from 
Salisbury,  England:  an  ancient  Celtic  and  later 
a Roman  fortress.  Cynric  defeated  the  Britons  here  in 
552.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Hanes  in  1003.  The  cathedral 
was  removed  to  New  Sarum  in  1218.  It  was  long  noted 
as  the  most  notorious  of  “ rotten  boroughs,”  there  being, 
indeed,  not  a single  house  within  its  limits  when  it  was 
disfranchised  in  1832. 

Oldstyle,  Jonathan.  See  Irving,  Washington. 
Old  South  Church.  A church  built  in  Boston 
in  1729,  on  the  site  of  an  earlier  meeting-house 
on  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Milk  streets. 
It  is  famous  as  the  scene  of  some  of  the  most  stirring  meet- 
ings of  Revolutionary  times.  The  Britisu  turned  it  into 
a riding-school  in  1<  75,  but  it  was  afterward  restored  to  its 
proper  use.  The  annual  election  sermons  were  delivered 
here,  with  few  interruptions,  from  1712  to  1872.  After  the 
latter  date  it  was  for  some  time  used  as  a post-office,  and 
now  contains  an  interesting  collection  of  historical  relics. 

Old  Testament.  See  Testament. 

Old  Town  (toun).  A city  in  Penobscot  Coun- 
ty, Maine,  situated  on  the  Penobscot  12  miles 
north  of  Bangor.  Population,  6,317,  (1910). 
Old  Wives’  Tale,  The.  A comedy  written  by 
George  Peele  and  printed  in  1595 : acted  some 
years  earlier. 

The  Old  Wives'  Tale  [of  Peele]  pretty  certainly  furnished 
Milton  with  the  subject  of  “Comus,”  and  this  is  its  chief 
merit.  Saintubury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  71. 

Old  World,  The.  A name  often  given  to  Eu- 
rope, or  to  the  eastern  hemisphere,  since  the 
discovery  of  America. 

Olearius  (o-le-a/ri-us ; G.  pron.  o-la-a're-os) 
(Latinized  from  Olschlager),  Adam.  Bom  at 


756 

Asehersleben,  Prussia,  about  1600:  died  Feb. 
22,  1671.  A German  traveler  in  Russia  and 
Persia,  and  author.  He  wrote  a description  of 
his  travels. 

Ole  Bull.  See  Bull. 

Oleggio  (o-led'jo).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  Italy,  29  miles  west-northwest  of  Mi- 
lan. Population,  commune,  9,059. 

Oleron  (o-la-ron'),  or  Oloron  (o-lo-r&n').  An 
island  west  of  France,  situated  in  lat.  46°  2'  N., 
opposite  the  mouths  of  the  Charente  and  Seudre. 
It  belongs  to  the  department  of  Charente-In- 
ferieure.  Length,  19  miles.  Area,  59  square 
miles. 

Oleron  (o-la-roh'),  Judgments  of.  A code  of 
maritime  laws  in  use  in  western  Europe  in  the 
middle  ages.  It  is  the  oldest  collection  of  modem 
maritime  laws,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  promulgated 
by  Eleanor,  duchess  of  Guienne,  mother  of  Richard  I.  of 
England,  at  Offiron,  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century, 
and  to  have  been  introduced  into  England,  with  some  ad- 
ditions, in  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 

Olevano  (o-la-va'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  30  miles  east  of  Rome.  It  is  noted 
for  its  picturesque  environs. 

Olevianus  (o-le-vi-a'nus ; G.  pron.  o-la-ve-a'- 
nos),  Kaspar.  Born  at  Treves,  Prussia,  Aug.  10, 
1536:  dieclat  Herborn,  Prussia,  March  15, 1587. 
A German  theologian,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  German  Reformed  Church. 

Olhao  (ol-yan).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Algarve,  southern  Portugal,  situated  on  the 
Atlantic  6 miles  east  of  Faro.  Population, 
commune,  10,009. 

Olhone  (ol-ho'na),  or  Olchone,  or  Oljon.  A 

tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  on 
Ban  Francisco  Bay,  California.  See  Costanoan. 

01id(  o-leTH'),  Cristobal  de.  Bom,  probably  in 
Baeza,  about  1487 : killed  in  Honduras  near  the 
end  of  1524.  A Spanish  captain.  He  went  to  Darien 
and  thence  to  Cuba ; was  prominent  under  Cortes  in  the 
conquest  of  Mexico,  1519-21 ; invaded  Michoacan  1522 
and  1523,  founding  Zacatula ; headed  an  expedition  to  Co- 
lima; and  in  Jan.,  1524,  was  sent  by  Cortes  to  conquer 
Honduras,  which  had  already  been  invaded  by  Gil  Gonza- 
lez Davila.  On  his  arrival  there  he  threw  off  the  authority 
of  Cortds,  and  the  latter  sent  Francisco  de  las  Casas  against 
him.  Both  Casas  and  Gil  Gonzalez  fell  into  Olid’s  hands, 
but  they  found  occasion  to  attack  and  kill  him. 

Olier  (o-lya'),  Jean  Jacques.  Born  at  Paris, 
1608:  died  there,  1657.  A French  ecclesiastic 
and  writer,  founder  of  the  seminary  of  St.  Sul- 
pice  in  Paris. 

Olifant  (ol'i-fant)  River.  A river  in  South 
Africa,  the  principal  right-hand  affluent  of  the 
Limpopo.  It  rises  near  Heidelberg  in  the  Transvaal, 
runs  mainly  northeast,  and  joins  the  Limpopo  in  Portu- 
guese territory. 

Olifaunt  (ol'i-fant),  Nigel.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Scott’s  “Fortunes  of  Nigel.”  He  was 
Lord  Glenvarloch  in  virtue  of  his  castle  and 
estates. 

Olin  (o'lin),  Stephen.  Born  at  Leicester,  Vt., 
March,  1797 : died  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  Aug. 
16,  1851.  An  American  Methodist  clergyman 
and  educator,  president  of  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity, Middletown,  1842-51. 

Olinda  (o-len'da).  The  episcopal  city  of  the 
state  of  Pernambuco,  Brazil,  on  a promontory 
of  the  coast  3 miles  north  of  the  capital,  it  was 
founded  in  1535,  was  the  early  colonial  capital  of  Pernam- 
buco and  of  the  Dutch  in  Brazil  1630-64,  and  was  the  prin- 
cipal commercial  city  of  northern  Brazil  until  1710.  Pop- 
ulation, municipio,  18,804. 

Olinda,  Marquis  of.  See  Araujo  Lima,  Pedro  de. 

Oliphant,  Carolina.  See  Nairne,  Baroness. 

Oliphant  (ol'i-fant),  Laurence.  Born  in  Cape 
Town,  1829;  died  at  Twickenham,  England,  Dec. 
23, 1388.  An  English  traveler,  diplomatist,  and 
author.  He  was  the  son  of  Anthony  Oliphant,  chief  jus- 
tice of  Ceylon.  In  18u7  he  joined  a semi-mystical  cora- 
muni’y  in  America,  f unded  by  Thomas  Lake  Harr,s,  who 
exercised  unbounded  influence  over  him.  In  1881.  hisfai.h 
in  Harris  having  been  destroyed,  he  took  up  the  scheme  for 
the  colonization  of  Palestine  by  the  Jews.  He  published 
“Journey  to  Katmandu”  (1852),  “Russian  Shores  of  the 
Black  Sea  ” (1853),  works  on  the  Crimean  war,  “Minnesota, 
etc.”  (1855),  “ The  Narrative  of  the  Earl  of  Elgin's  Mission 
to  China  and  Japan,  etc. "(I860),  “ Piccadilly  "(1870),  “Al- 
tiora  Peto,"  a novel  (1883),  “Massollam”  (1886),  “Sym- 
pneumatsea”  (1886),  “Scientific  Religion”  (1888). 

Oliphant,  Mrs.  (Margaret  Oliphant  Wilson). 

Born  at  Wallyford,  Midlothian,  in  1828  : died  at 
London,  June  25,  1897.  A British  novelist  and 
biographical  writer.  She  wrote  various  stories  of  Scot- 
tish  life,  “ Passages  in  the  Lite  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Maitland 
of  Suunyside  " (1849),  etc.,  and  “Zaidee"  (1855),  “Chroni- 
cles of  Carlingford"  (1861-64 : her  first  great  success),  and 
many  other  novels.  She  also  published  a “Life  of  Edward 
Irving  ” (1862),  “Historical  sketches  of  theReign  of  George 
II.  ” (1869),  “The  Makers  of  Florence  ”(1876),  “The  Literary 
History  of  England”  (1882),  “The  Makers  of  V enice  "(1888), 
and  “ Royal  Edinburgh  ” (1890). 

Olisipo  (o-lis'i-po) . The  ancient  name  of  Lisbon. 

Oliva  (o-le'va).  A town  in  the  province  of  Va- 


Ollantay-tambo 

lencia,  Spain , 40  miles  south-southeast  of  Valen- 
cia. Population,  7,956. 

Oliva  (o-le'fa).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  5 miles  northwest  of 
Dantzic. 

Oliva  (o-le'va),  Fernan  Perez  de.  Born  at  Cor- 
dova, Spain,  about  1492:  died  about  1530.  A 
Spanish  scholar  and  author.  His  chief  work  is  a 
“ Dialogo  de  la  dignidad  del  hombre”  (“Dialogue  on  the 
Dignity  of  Man  ”). 

Oliva  (o-le'fa),  Peace  of.  A peace  concluded 
in  1660  at  Oliva,  Prussia,  between  Sweden,  Po- 
land, the  Empire,  and  Brandenburg.  Sweden 
received  important  concessions  from  Poland, 
and  renounced  Courland. 

Olivant  (ol'i-vant).  The  magic  horn  of  Or- 
lando : it  could  be  heard  at  a distance  of  20  miles. 
Olivares  (o-le-va'ras),  Miguel  de.  Born  at 
Chilian,  1674:  died  at  Imola,  Italy,  about  1773. 
A Jesuit  historian.  He  was  a missionary  in  Chile 
1701-67,  and  traveled  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  His  two 
works  “ Historia  militar,  civil y sagrada  del reinode Chile” 
and  “Historia  de  la  Compafiia  de  Jesds  en  Chile”  were 
published  in  the  collection  of  “ Historiadores  de  Chile  ” in 
1874. 

Olivarez  (o-le-va'reth),  Count  (Gasparo  de 
Guzman).  Born  at  Rome,  Jan.  6,  1587:  died 
at  Toro,  Spain,  July  22, 1645.  A Spanish  states- 
man. He  was  prime  minister  1621-43;  waged  war  unsuc- 
cessfully with  the  Netherlands,  France,  and  the  Catalo- 
nians ; and  was  exiled  in  1643. 

Olivenza  (o-le-ven'tha).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Badajoz,  Spain,  18  miles  south  of  Bada- 
joz.  Population,  9,066. 

Oliver  (ol'i-ver).  [L.  Oliverus,  F.  Olivier,  It. 
Oliviero,  Uliviero,  Sp.  Pg.  Oliverio,  G.  Dan.  Oli- 
ver.]  1.  One  of  the  twelve  peers  of  Charle- 

magne. See  Boland. — 2.  In  Shakspere’s  “As 
you  Like  it,”  the  elder  brother  of  Orlando. 
Oliver  (ol'i-ver),  Andrew.  Born  at  Boston, 
March  28,  1706:  died  there,  March  3,  1774.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  stamp-distributer  in 
Boston  in  1765,  and  later  lieutenant-governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts 

Oliver,  Henry  Kemble.  Born  1800 : died  1885. 
An  American  composer,  chiefly  of  church  music. 
Oliver,  Isaac.  Born  1556 : died  about  1617.  A 
painter,  a pupil  of  Nicholas  Hilliard  and  Zuc- 
chero.  He  painted  the  portraits  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
Mary  Stuart,  Prince  Henry,  Ben  Jonson,  Sir  Philip  Syd- 
ney, and  others.  He  left  a treatise  on  painting. 

Oliver,  Peter.  Born  at  Boston,  March  26,  1713  : 
died  at  Birmingham,  England,  Oct.  13, 1791.  An 
American  jurist,  brother  of  Andrew  Oliver.  He 
became  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  in  1771;  and  was 
impeached  in  1774.  He  was  a Tory  in  the  Revolution. 
Oliver  le  Dain  (ol'i-ver  le  dan).  The  barber 
and  intimate  adviser  of  Louis  XI.  of  France, 
introduced  as  a character  in  Scott’s  novel 
“Quentin  Durward.” 

Oliver  Twist.  A novel  by  Dickens,  published 
in  1837—38.  Named  from  it s pri ncipal  character,  a work- 
house  orphan.  One  of  its  puiposes  was  to  promote  reform 
of  the  abuses  in  almshouses. 

Olives,  Mount  of.  See  Olivet , Mount. 

Olivet  (ol'i-vet),  Mount,  or  Mount  of  Olives 

(ol'ivz).  A ridge  containing  several  elevations, 
situated  east  of  Jerusalem.  It  is  often  mentioned 
in  Scripture  history.  Its  highest  summit  is  2,672  feet 
above  sea-level. 

Olivia  (o-liv'i-a).  1 . A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“Twelfth  Night.” — 2.  In  Wycherley’s  comedy 
“ The  Plain  Dealer,”  a woman  with  whom  Manly 
is  in  love:  a detracting,  treacherous  creature 
who  deceives  him  vilely. — 3.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  Goldsmith’s  comedy  “The 
Good-natured  Man.” — 4.  A daughter  of  the 
vicar  in  Goldsmith’s  “Vicar  of  Wakefield.” 
See  Primrose. — 5.  The  principal  character  in 
Mrs.  Cowley’s  “Bold  Stroke  for  a Husband.” 
Olivier  (o-le-vya'),  Guillaume  Antoine.  Born 
near  Toulon,  France,  1756:  died  at  Lyons,  1814. 
A French  naturalist  and  traveler,  especially 
noted  as  an  entomologist. 

Ollanta  (ol-yan'ta).  A popular  Indian  play, 
in  Quichua,  composed  in  the  16th  century, 
under  the  influence  of  the  church.  It  has  very 
slight,  if  any,  historical  foundation.  Under 
the  erroneous  assumption  that  it  was  primitive 
and  authentic,  it  has  been  repeatedly  translat- 
ed into  various  languages.  Also  written  Ollan- 
tcii  or  Ollantuy. 

Ollantay-tambo  (ol-yan'tl-tam'bo).  [Quichua, 

‘ house  of  Ollanta.’]  A ruined  Inca  settlement 
of  the  department  of  Cuzco,  Peru,  in  the  valley 
of  the  Urubamba,  41  miles  northeast  of  Cuzco. 
The  place  was  a frontier  post  of  the  Incas,  and 
is  connected  with  many  events  in  their  history, 
as  well  as  with  the  legend  of  Ollanta  (which 
see).  The  buildings  are  in  a remarkably  per- 


Ollantay-tambo 

feet  condition,  and  some  of  them  rest  on  older 
foundations,  supposed  to  be  pre-Incarial. 
There  is  a small  modern  village  on  the  site. 
Ollapod  (ol'a-pod),  Doctor.  A character  in 
Colman  the  younger’s  comedy  “ The  Poor  Gen- 
tleman.” He  is  a warlike  apothecary,  and  also  a cornet 
in  a militia  troop,  noted  for  his  “jumble  of  physic  and 
shooting"  and  his  harmless  prescriptions. 

Ollivier  (o-le-vya'),  Emile.  Bom  at  Marseilles 
1825.  A French  politician , premier  J an.-Aug. , 
1870. 

Olmecs  (ol-meks'),  or  Olmecas  (ol-ma'kaz).  A 
traditional  and  perhaps  mythical  tribe  or  race 
of  Indians,  said  to  have  inhabited  portions  of 
the  Mexican  plateau  before  the  advent  of  the 
Aztecas.  Accounts  of  them  are  very  vague,  and  agree 
only  in  describing  them  as  savages.  It  has  been  sug- 
gested that  the  Chinantecs  were  descended  from  them. 
Also  written  Ulmecs,  Hulmecas,  etc. 

Olmedo  (ol-ma'THo),  Jose  Joaquin.  Born  at 
Guayaquil,  1782 : died  there,  Feb.  17,  1847.  An 
Ecuadorian  politician  and  poet.  He  was  a leader 
of  the  revolt  against  the  Spaniards  in  Oct.,  1820,  and  a mem- 
ber of  the  first  patriot  j uuta  1820-22,  but  opposed  the  union 
with  Colombia.  Subsequently  he  held  various  civil  po- 
sitions, and  in  1845  was  a member  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment. His  poems,  principally  lyrics,  are  very  popular. 
Olmsted  ( om'sted  or  um'sted) , Denison.  Born 
at  East  Hartford,  Conn.,  June  18, 1791:  died  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  May  13,  1859.  An  Ameri- 
can physicist,  astronomer,  meteorologist,  and 
geologist.  He  published  text-books  on  astron- 
omy and  natural  philosophy,  etc. 

Olmsted,  Frederick  Law.  Bom  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  April  26,  1822 : died  at  Waverly,  Mass., 
Aug.  28,  1903.  An  American  landscape-gar- 
dener. In  1850  he  made  a pedestrian  tour  through  Eng- 
land and  a short  continental  trip,  recorded  in  “ Walks  and 
Talks  of  an  American  Farmer  in  England  ” (1852).  On  his 
return  lie  traveled  in  the  United  S.ates,  and  published  “A 
Journey  in  the  Seaboard  Slave  States  ” (1856),  “ A Journey 
through  Texas”  (1857),  ‘‘A  Journey  in  the  Back  Country  " 
(1860),  “The  Cotton  Kingdom”  (1861),  etc.  When  the  work 
on  Central  Park,  New  York,  was  bee un  hewasmade  super- 
intendent, and  Collaborated  with  Mr.  Vauxin  preparinga 
plan  which  was  successful  in  competition.  During  the  war 
he  acted  as  secretary  of  the  Sanitary  Commission.  After 
severing  his  connection  with  it,  he  spent  two  years  in  Cali- 
fornia, spending  much  time  in  the  Yosemite  Valley  in  an 
official  capacity.  In  1879  he  made  a trip  to  Europe,  and 
on  returning  took  charge  of  the  Back  Bay  Park  in  Boston. 
His  most  successful  undertaking  was  the  laying  out  of 
Jackson  Park,  Chicago,  for  the  Columbian  Exposition. 
Olmiitz  (oF  milts),  Slavic  01omouc(6-16-m6ts'). 
The  third  city  of  Moravia,  situated  on  an  isl- 
and in  the  March,  in  lat.  49°  36'  N.,  long.  17° 
14'  E.  it  was  formerly  one  of  the  chief  fortresses  of 
the  Austrian  empire.  Among  the  old  buildings  are  the 
cathedral,  Rathaus,  and  Mauritiuskirche.  It  is  the  seat 
of  an  archbishop,  and  contained  a university  (now  limited 
to  a theological  faculty).  It  was  the  capital  of  Moravia 
until  1640 ; was  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  1642,  and  by  the 
Prussians  in  1741 ; and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
the  Prussians  in  1758.  Population,  22,257,  (1910). 

Olmiitz  Conference.  A conference  between 
Prussia  (represented  by  Von  Manteuifel)  and 
Austria  (represented  by  Schwarzenberg)  under 
the  mediation  of  Russia,  Nov.  28-29,  1850,  re- 
specting affairs  in  Germany,  particularly  in 
Hesse  and  Schleswig-Holstein,  whose  popula- 
tions were  in  revolt  against  their  respective 
rulers,  the  Elector  of  Hesse  and  the  King  of 
Denmark.  Schleswig-Holstein  was  abandoned  to  Den- 
mark, and  the  Elector  of  Hesse  was  reinstated  in  power. 
Olney  (ol'ni).  A small  town  in  Buckinghamshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Ouse  53  miles  north- 
west of  London.  It  was  the  residence  of  the 
poet  Cowper. 

Olney,  Richard.  Born  at  Oxford,  Mass.,  1835. 
An  American  lawyer  and  statesman.  He  grad- 
uated from  Brown  University  in  1856,  and  from 
the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1858.  In  1893  Presi- 
dentCleveland  appointedhim  attorney-general, 
and  in  1895  (on  the  death  of  Walter  Q.  Gresham) 
secretary  of  state  (retired  1897). 

Olney  Hymns.  A collection  of  hymns  writ- 
ten by  William  Cowper  and  JohnNewton,  pub- 
lished 1779. 

Olonetz  (6-lo'nets).  A government  in  north- 
western Russia,  lyingeast  of  Finland  and  north 
of  the  governments  of  St.  Petersburg  and  Nov- 
gorod. Capital,  Petrozavodsk.  It  contains  Lake 
Onega  and  many  other  lakes.  Area,  49,355  square  miles. 
Population,  422,200. 

Oloron.  See  OUron. 

Oloron-Sainte-Marie  (o-16-ron'sant-ma-re'). 
A town  in  the  department  of  I lasses-Py rondos, 
France,  situated  on  the  rivers  Aspe  andOssau, 
17  miles  southwest  of  Pau.  Population,  com- 
mune, 9,281. 

Ols,  or  Oels  (els).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Olsa  17  miles 
east-northeast  of  Breslau.  It  was  formerly  the 


757 

capital  of  a principality.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,944. 

Olshausen  (ols'hou-zen),  Hermann.  Bom  at 
Oldesloe,  Holstein,  Aug.,  1796:  died  at  Erlan- 
gen, Bavaria,  Sept.  4,  1839.  A German  Protes- 
tant exegete,  professor  of  theology  at  Konigs- 
berg  1821-34,  and  at  Erlangen  1834-39.  He 
wrote  a commentary  on  the  New  Testament 
(1830-40),  etc. 

Olshausen  (ols'hou-zen),  Justus.  Born  at  Ho- 
henfelde,  Holstein,  May  9, 1800 : died  at  Berlin, 
Dec.  28, 1882.  A German  Orientalist,  brother  of 
Hermann  Olshausen.  He  was  professor  at  Kiel  1823- 
1852,  and  at  Konigsberg  1853-58,  and  was  connected  with 
the  Prussian  ministry  of  instruction  lSr8-74.  He  wrote 
..works  on  Persian  topics  and  on  the  Old  Testament. 
Olsnitz  (els'nits).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Elster  25  miles  south- 
west of  Zwickau.  Population,  14,539. 

Olten  (ol'  ten).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Solo- 
thurn,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Aare  21 
miles  southeast  of  Basel.  It  is  a railway  cen- 
ter. Population,  6,969. 

Oltenitza  (ol-te-net'sa).  A small  town  in  Ru- 
mania, at  the  junction  of  the  Arjish  with  the 
Danube,  37  miles  southeast  of  Bukharest. 
Here,  Nov.  4,  1853,  and  July  29,  1854,  the  Turks 
defeated  the  Russians.  Population,  6,507. 
Olustee  (o-lus'te).  A place  in  Baker  County, 
northern  Florida,  47  miles  west  of  Jacksonville. 

Here,  Feb.  20,  1864,  the  Federals  under  Seymour  were  de- 
feated by  the  Confederates  under  Finnegan.  The  Federal 
loss  was  1,828 ; the  Confederate,  500. 

Olviopol  (ol-ve-o'pol).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kherson,  southern  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Bug  128  miles  north  west  of  Kherson.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,838. 

Olybrius  (o-lib'ri-ns).  Roman  emperor,  472. 
Olympia  (o-lim'pi-a).  [Gr.  ’O^vjuma.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a valley  in  Elis,  Peloponnesus, 
Greece,  situated  on  the  Alpheus  in  lat.  37°  38' 
N. , long.  21°  38'  E.  It  is  famous  as  the  seat  of  a cele- 
brated sanctuary  of  Zeus  and  of  the  Olympic  games,  the 
most  important  of  the  great  public  games  of  classical  an- 
tiquity. (S  ee  Olympic  games.)  Theoriginsof  the  sanctuary 
and  of  the  games  are  anterior  to  history  : according  to  tra- 
dition the  latter  were  reorganized,  in  obedience  to  the 
Delphic  oracle,  in  the  9th  century  B.  c.  The  list  of  Olym- 
pian victors  goes  back  to  776  B.  c.,  which  is  the  first  year 
of  the  first  Olympiad : but  the  Olympiads  did  not  come 
into  accepted  use  in  chronology  until  much  later.  The 
sanctuary  was  situated  in  the  valley  between  the  rivers 
Cladeus  and  Alpheus,  at  the  foot  of  the  lull  of  Cronus.  A 
trapeziform  inclosure  called  the  Altis,  about  500  by  600 
feet,  surrounded  the  temple  of  Zeus,  the  Heneurn,  the  Me- 
troum,  the  treasuries  of  the  various  Greek  cities  and  states, 
and  other  buildings,  besides  numberless  statues  and  other 
works  of  art,  and  steles  with  commemorative  inscriptions. 
Outside  of  the  Altis  lay  the  Bouleuterion  or  senate-house, 
the  Stadium,  which  was  the  chief  scene  of  the  athletic 
contests,  and  a number  of  large  gymnasia,  and  thermae, 
the  last  chiefly  of  Roman  date.  The  Olympic  games  were 
abolished  by  Theodosius  in  39i  A.  i>.  The  monuments  were 
much  shattered  by  earthquakes  in  the  6tli  century,  and  as 
time  went  on  were  progressively  buried  by  landslips  from 
Cronus  and  inundations  of  the  Cladeus  and  Alpheus,  in 
one  of  which  the  hippodrome  was  entirely  washed  away. 
Sand  and  earth  were  deposited  to  a depth  of  from  10  to  20 
feet  over  the  ruins.  In  1829  the  French  Expedition  de 
Mor6e  made  some  superficial  excavations,  and  recovered 
some  sculptures  (now  in  the  Louvre)  from  the  Zeus  temple. 
In  six  seasons  of  work  after  18/4,  the  German  government 
laid  bare  down  to  the  ancient  level  the  greater  pai  t of  what 
survives  of  the  sanctuary.  The  sculptural  finds  were  less 
than  had  been  hoped  for,  though  they  include  two  capital 
pieces — the  Hermes  of  Praxiteles  and  the  Nike  of  Paeo- 
nius.  In  the  departments  of  architecture  and  epigraphy, 
however,  theGerman  excavations takerankasthe most  im- 
portant that  have  been  made.  The  antiquities  discovered 
are  preserved  on  the  site,  the  more  precious  in  a museum 
built  for  the  purpose.  The  temple  of  Zeus,  dating  from 
the  early  part  of  the  6th  century  B.  c.,is  a Doric  peripteros 
of  6 by  13  columns,  measuring  90)  by  210)  feet : the  col- 
umns were  over  7 feet  in  base-diameter  and  34  high  The 
cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  with  2 columns 
in  antis  and  2 interior  ranges  of  7 columns.  In  the  cella 
stood  the  famous  chryselephantine  statue  of  Zeus,  seated, 
about  40  feet  high,  by  Phidias.  The  pediments  were  filled 
with  important  groups  of  sculpture,  much  of  which  has 
been  recovered.  That  of  the  eastern  pediment  represents 
the  chariot-race  of  Pelops  and  (Enomaus,  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Zeus ; t hat  of  the  western  the  fight  between  Lapitiis 
and  Centaurs  in  presence  of  Apollo.  The  end  walls  of 
the  cella  bore  a Doric  frieze  with  very  fine  sculptured  met- 
opes representingthe  exploits  of  Hercules.  The  Hersenm, 
or  temple  of  Hera,  a temple  of  very  ancient  foundation, 
showing  evidences  of  original  construction  in  wood  and 
unburned  brick  partly  replaced  piecemeal  in  stone  with 
the  advance  of  time,  is  a large  Doric  peripteros  of  6 by  16 
columns:  the  cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  in  antis, 
and  was  divided  in  the  interior  into  3 aisles  by  2 ranges  of 
columns.  The  famous  Hermes  of  Praxiteles  was  found  in 
this  temple.  The  Philippeum  is  a circular  building  built 
by  Philip  of  Macedon  about  336  B.  c.  The  cella  was  sur- 
rounded by  a peristyle  of  18  Ionic  columns,  and  had  in  the 
interior  a range  of  Corinthian  columns,  and  chryselephan- 
tine statues  of  Philip  and  his  family. 

Olympia.  The  capital  of  the  State  of  Washington 
and  of  Thurston  County,  situated  at  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  Puget  Sound,  about  lat.  47° 
4'  N.,  long.  122°  55'  W.  Population,  6,996, 
(1910). 


Omagh 

Olympia.  An  American  armored  cruiser,  of 
5,870  tons  displacement,  launched  in  1892.  8he 
has  been  the  flagship  of  the  Asiatic  squadron  during  the 
Spanish-American  war  and  later  troubles  in  the  Philip- 
pines. 

Olympian  (o-lim'pi-an),  The.  A surname  of 
Pericles. 

Olympian  Zeus.  See  Zeus. 

Olympian  Zeus,  Temple  of.  See  Olympieum. 
Olympias  (6-lim'pi-as).  [Gr.  ’OAu/rrr/df.]  Put 
to  death  316  B.  c.  The  wife  of  Philip  n.  of 
Macedon,  and  mother  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
She  was  involved  in  the  wars  of  Alexander’s  successors; 
^.allied  with  Polysperchon  against  Cassander  317  b.  c. 

Olympic  games,  The.  The  greatest  of  the  four 
Panhellenic  festivals  of  the  ancient  Greeks. 
They  were  celebrated  at  intervals  of  four  years,  in  honor 
of  Zeus,  in  a sacred  inclosure  called  the  Altis,  iu  the 
plain  of  Olympia  (which  see),  containing  many  temples 
and  religious,  civic,  and  gymnastic  structures,  besides 
countless  votive  works  of  art.  The  festival  began  with 
sacrifices  followed  by  contests  and  racing,  wrestling,  etc., 
and  closed  on  the  fifth  day  with  processions,  sacrifices, 
and  banquets  to  the  victors.  The  victors  were  crowned 
with  garlands  ol  wild  olive ; and  on  their  return  home  they 
were  received  with  extraordinary  distinction,  and  enjoyed 
numerous  honors  and  privileges  The  period  of  four  years 
intervening  between  one  celebration  and  the  next,  called 
an  Olympiad,  is  notable  as  the  measure  by  which  the 
Greeks  computed  time — 776  B.  c.  be, ng  the  reputed  first 
year  of  the  first  Olympiad. 

Olympieum  (o-lim-pi-e'um),  or  Temple  of 
Olympian  Zeus.  A temple  founded  at  Athens 
by  Pisistratus,  but  not  completed  in  the  form 
represented  by  the  existing  ruins  until  the  reign 
of  Hadrian.  The  temple  was  Corinthian,  dipteral,  with 
8 columns  on  each  front  and  20  on  each  flank,  and  mea- 
sured 134  by  353)  feet.  Fifteen  huge  columns,  564  feet 
high,  are  still  standing,  and  one  lies  prostrate.  The  tem- 
ple stood  in  a large  peribolus  which  was  adorned  with 
statues. 

Olympiodorus  ( 6-lim//pi-o-dd'rus).  A Platonic 
philosopher.  He  was  a native  of  Alexandria,  lived  in 
the  second  half  of  the  tth  century,  and  wrote  scholia  or 
commentaries  on  the  dialogues  of  Plato,  abstracts  of  which 
have  come  down  to  us. 

Olympiodorus.  A Greek  historian.  He  was  a 
native  of  Thebes  in  Egypt,  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  6th 
century,  and  wrote22  books  of  general  history  dealing  with 
the  period  from  407  to  425,  abstracts  of  which  have  been 
preserved  in  the  “Library”  of  Photius. 

Olympus  (o-lim 'pus).  [Gr.  '’0/,vjx~or.'\  Inancient 
geography,  the  name  of  various  mountains,  es- 
pecially of  one  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia  and 
Thessaly,  regarded  as  the  especial  home  of  the 
gods  (hence  often  used  for  heaven).  Height, 
about  9,794  feet.  The  Mysian  Olympus  was  on  the 
borders  of  Mysia,  Bithynia,  and  Phrygia  in  Asia  Minor. 
Others  were  in  Lydia,  Lycia,  Cyprus,  Laconia,  and  Elis, 
Tozer  enumerating  14  in  all. 

Olynthiac  (o-lin'thi-ak)  Orations.  A series  of 
three  orations  delivered  at  Athens  by  Demos- 
thenes 349-348  B.  c.,  for  the  purpose  of  inducing 
the  Athenians  to  assist  Olynthus  against  Philip 
II.  of  Macedon. 

Olynthus  (o-lin'thus).  [Gr.  “OforvBoc.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  in  Chalcidice,  Macedo- 
nia, situated  near  the  head  of  the  Toronaic  Gulf, 
in  lat.  40°  16'  N.,  long.  23°  21'  E.  It  was  the  cap- 
ital of  an  important  confederacy  until  its  suppression 
by  Sparta  in  the  war  of  3S3-379  B.  0.  It  was  attacked  by 
Philip  II.  of  Macedon  and  was  captured  and  destroyed 
by  him  347  B.  c.  The  Olynthiac  orations  of  Demosthe- 
nes were  appeals  to  Athens  to  support  Olynthus  against 
Philip. 

Om  (om,  but  originally  and  more  correctly  on). 
[According  to  Bohtlingk  and  Roth,  an  obscura- 
tion of  Skt.  an,  the  result  of  prolonging  and  na- 
salizing a,  an  asseverative  particle ; according 
to  Bloomfield  (A.  O.  S.  xiv.  cl.),  identical  with 
Gr.  av,  L.  au-t,  an-tcm,  Goth,  au-lc,  and  meaidng 
‘now  then,’  ‘well  now.’]  A particle  that  plays 
a great  role  in  Hindu  religious  literature,  its 
original  sense  is  that  ol  solemn  affirmation.  Popular  ety- 
mology perhaps  associating  it  with  a root  implying  ‘favor, 
further,'  and  its  sanctity  being  inferred  from  its  occurrence 
in  the  Vedic  literature,  it  became  the  auspicious  word 
with  which  the  teacher  began  and  the  pupil  ended  each 
lesson  of  theVeda.  Much  of  the  Upanishads  treats  of  the 
mystic  meaning  of  Om,  as  summing  up  in  itself  all  truth. 
In  later  Hinduism  it  is  regarded  as  consisting  of  the  three 
elements  a,  u,  and  m,  symbolizing  respectively  Brahma, 
Shiva,  and  Vishnu,  so  that  the  pranava  ('murmur')  On i 
signifies  the  Hindu  triad.  (See  Bloomfield  as  quoted 
above.)  Om  is  also  the  first  syllable  of  the  “formula  of 
six  syllables”  Om  inani  padme  hum,  so  conspicuous  in 
Buddhism  and  especially  in  Lamaism.  Its  reputed  author 
is  the  deified  saint  Avalokiteslivara  (which  see),  or  Pad- 
mapani,  ‘the  lotus-handed,' as  he  is  called  by  Tibetans. 
It  is  variously  translated.  Bloomfield  gives  “Om,  O jewel 
on  the  lotus,  hum  ” ; Goldstiicker,  “Salvation  (Om)  ( is]  in 
the  jewel-lotus  (mani-padme),  amen  (hum),”  where  the 
compound  “jewel-lotus  ’’refers  to  the  saint  and  the  flower 
from  which  lie  arose,  according  to  which  the  formula  was 
originally  an  invocation  to  Avalokiteshvara. 

Om  (om).  A river  in  western  Siberia  which 
joins  the  Irtish  at  Omsk. 

Omagh  (o'mii  or  o-miich').  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  Ireland,  27  miles  south  of 
Londonderry.  Population,  4, 789„ 


Omaguas 

Omaguas  (o-mii'gwas):  calledCambevas(kam- 
ba'vas)  by  Brazilians.  An  Indian  tribe  of  north- 
ern Peru,  on  the  north  side  of  the  upper  Ma- 
ranon,  between  long.  72°  and  75°  W.  (territory 
claimed  but  not  held  by  Ecuador).  They  were 
formerly  numerous,  having  villages.  They  were  agricul- 
turists, dressed  in  cottou  garments,  and  are  said  to  have 
been  sun- worshipers.  Their  heads  were  artificially  flat- 
tened. The  Omaguas  weregathered  into  mission  villages 
in  the  17th  century  ; their  numbers  decreased,  chiefly  after 
the  Jesuit  missions  were  seriously  threatened  by  the 
Portuguese,  and  the  remnants  are  mixed  by  intermarriage 
with  other  tribes.  They  belong  to  the  Tupi  linguistic  stock. 

Omaguas,  Kingdom  or  Province  of.  A name 
given  in  the  16th  century  to  the  region  occu- 
pied by  the  Omaguas.  The  Omaguas  were  first  met 
by  Orellana  in  1541,  and  rhilip  von  Hutten  came  in  hostile 
contact  with  them  two  years  later.  He  had  to  withdraw 
owing  to  numerical  inferiority.  About  1545  reports  were 
brought  to  New  Granada  and  Peru  of  a vast  and  rich  city 
in  this  district.  It  was  connected  with  the  tales  of  El  Do- 
rado, and  became  the  object  of  several  expeditions.  See 
U rsua,  Pedro  de. 

Omaha  (o'ma-ha).  [PI.,  also  Omahas.  From 
TJmanhan,  those  who  wentup  stream  or  against 
the  current.]  A tribe  of  the  Dhegiha  division 
of  North  American  Indians,  numbering  about 
1,200.  They  are  in  eastern  Nebraska. 
Omaha  (o'ma-ha).  The  capital  of  Douglas  Coun- 
ty, Nebraska,  situated  on  the  Missouri  in  lat. 
41°  16'  N.,  long.  95°  56'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city 
in  the  State,  an  important  railway  center,  and  the  eastern 
terminus  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  ; has  flourishing 
commerce  and  manufactures  ; and  contains  important  sil- 
ver-smelting works.  It  has  very  large  stock-yards,  and 
pork-packing  and  beef-packing  are  important  industries. 
It  was  founded  in  1854,  and  was  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  State1  Population,  124,096,  (1910). 

Oman  (o-man').  A sultanate  in  eastern  Arabia, 
bordering  on  the  Persian  Gulf  and  Gulf  of  Oman . 
Capital,  Muscat.  The  surface  is  largely  mountainous. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  independent  states  of 
Arabia.  In  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  it  was  much 
more  extended,  but  the  name  is  now  limited  to  the  region 
near  Muscat.  It  is  under  British  supervision.  Area,  82,000 
square  miles.  Population,  600,000. 

Oman,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Arabian  Sea, 
south  of  Persia  and  east  of  Arabia.  It  is  con- 
nected with  the  Persian  Gulf  by  the  Strait  of 
Ormuz. 

Omar  (o'mar),  ibn  al-Khattab.  The  second 

calif.  He  succeeded  Abu-Bekr  in  634,  and  was  assassi- 
nated by  Firoz,  a Persian  slave,  in  644.  HisdaughterHafsah 
was  the  third  wife  of  Mohammed.  During  his  reign  Syria, 
Phenicia,  Persia,  Egypt,  and  J erusalem  were  brought  under 
the  sway  of  Islam.  He  took  an  important  part  in  the  first 
collection  of  the  Koran.  He  was  the  first  to  assume  the 
title  “Commander of  theFaithful"(I?»i£ra(-milminfn), and 
he  “organized  a complete  military-religious  common- 
wealth ” (Noldeke). 

Omar  II.  Calif  717-720,  successor  of  Solyman. 
Omar,  Mosque  of,  or  Kubbet  es-Sakhra 

(‘Dome  of  the  Rock’).  A celebrated  mosque 
on  the  platform  of  the  temple  in  Jerusalem.  It 

is  an  octagon  of  66  feet  to  a side,  with  4 porches  aud  a 
range  of  pointed  windows,  incrusted  with  beautifully  col- 
ored Persian  tiles.  The  interior  has  two  concentric  ranges 
of  columns  and  piers,  the  central  range  supporting  the 
drum  of  the  dome,  which  is  97  feet  high  and  65  in  diame- 
ter. Beneath  the  dome  is  the  sacred  rock  upon  which  it 
is  held  that  Abraham  was  about  to  sacrifice  Isaac.  The 
walls  and  the  drum  are  covered  with  beautiful  Byzantine 
mosaics  of  different  dates,  and  the  windows  are  filled  with 
splendid  16th-century  colored  glass.  The  mosque  was 
originally  a very  early  Byzantine  church,  but  it  has  been 
much  modified  by  the  Mohammedans. 

Omar  Khayyam  (o'mar  kill-yarn').  APersian 
poet  and  astronomer  who  was  born  at  Nisha- 
pur  in  Khorasan  in  the  latter  half  of  the  11th 
and  died  within  the  first  quarter  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury A.  D.  He  studied  under  the  imam  Mowaffak  of 
Nishapur,  having  as  his  companions  Hasan  ben  Sabbah, 
afterward  the  head  of  the  military  order  of  the  Assassins, 
and  Nizam-ul-Mulk,  later  vizir  of  Alp  Arslan  and  Malik 
Shah,  respectively  son  and  grandson  of  Toghrul  Beg,  the 
founder  of  the  Seljukian  dynasty.  Having  attained  power, 
Nizam-ul-Mulk  granted  Omar  Khayyam  a yearly  pension. 
Omar  was  one  of  the  eight  learned  men  appointed  by  Malik 
Shah  to  reform  the  calendar,  the  result  being  the  Jalali 
era,  so  called  from  Jalaluddin,  one  of  the  king’s  names : “a 
computation  of  time  which,”  says  Gibbon,  “surpasses  the 
Julian  and  approaches  the  accuracy  of  the  Gregorian  style.  ” 
He  was  theauthorof  astronomical  tables  entitled  “ Ziji  Ma- 
likshahi,'"  and  of  an  Arabic  treatise  on  algebra,  but  is  espe- 
cially known  as  a poet  from  his  Rubaiyat,  or  Quatrains  (in 
2 verses  or  4 hemistichs  of  which  the  first,  second,  and 
fourth  rime),  which  have  been  translated  by  Fitzgerald 
and  others. 

Omar  Pasha.  See  Omer  Paslia. 

Omayyads.  See  Ommiads. 

Ombay  (om-bl').  One  of  the  smaller  Sunda  Isl- 
ands, Malaysia,  situated  north  of  Timor,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Ombay  Passage. 
Ombrone  (om-bro'ne).  A river  in  Tuscany, 
Italy,  which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  10 
miles  southwest  of  Grosseto  : the  ancient  Um- 
bro.  Length,  about  80-90  miles. 

Omdurman  (om-dor'man).  A city  in  the  Sudan, 
situated  on  the  Nile  opposite  Khartum,  it  was 
built  by  the  Mahdi  in  1886,  after  his  seizure  aud  destruc- 


758 

tion  of  Khartum.  Here,  Sept.  2, 1898,  the  dervishes  were 
defeated  by  the  British  and  Egyptian  troops  under  Sir 
Herbert  Kitchener. 

O’Meara  (o-ma'ra),  Barry  Edward.  Born  in 
Ireland,  1786:  died  at  London,  June  3, 1836.  An 
Irish  surgeon,  physician  to  Napoleon  I.  at  St. 
Helena  1815-18.  He  published  “Napoleon  in 
Exile”  (1822),  etc. 

Omer  Pasha  (o'mer  pash'a)  (originally  Lat- 
tas).  Born  Nov.  24,  1806 : died  at  Constanti- 
nople, April  18,  1871.  A Turkish  general.  He 
commanded  an  army  in  the  Crimean  war,  and  commanded 
against  the  insurgents  in  Crete  in  1867. 

Ommiads  (o-nd'adz),  or  Omayyads  (o-mi'- 
yadz).  A dynasty  of  califs  which  reigned  in 
the  East  661-750  A.  d.,  the  first  of  whom  was  Mo- 
awiyah,  the  descendant  of  Omayya  (the  founder 
of  a noted  Arab  family),  and  successor  to  Ali. 
The  Ommiads  were  followed  by  the  Abbassides.  The  last 
of  these  Eastern  Ommiads  escaped  to  Spain  and  founded 
the  califate  of  Cordova  in  756.  This  Western  califate,  and 
with  it  the  Omrniad  dynasty,  became  extinct  in  1031. 

After  the  first  four  (or  “orthodox”)  Khalifs,  Abu-Bekr, 
Omar,  Othman,  and  Aly,  who  were  elected  more  or  less  by 
popular  vote,  the  Syrian  party  set  up  Moawia  as  Khalif  at 
Damascus,  and  from  him  sprang  the  family  of  Omeyyad 
Khalifs,  so  called  from  their  ancestor  Omeyya.  There  were 
fourteen  Omeyyad  Khalifs,  who  reigned  from  661  to  760, 
when  they  were  deposed  by  Es-Seflfah,  the  Butcher. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  69. 

Omnibus  Bill,  The.  A series  of  compromise 
measures  passed  through  Congress  1850,  largely 
through  the  influence  of  Clay.  The  chief  provisions 
were  theadmission  of  California  as  a free  State  totlieUnion, 
organization  of  the  Territories  of  Utah  and  New  Mexico 
(without  restrictions  on  slavery),  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  a fugitive-slave  law. 
Omphale  (om'fa-le).  [Gr.  ’G/tpa/i??.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a Lydian  princess,  mistress  of  Hercules. 
Omri(om'ri).  King  of  Israel.  The  length  and  date 
of  his  reign  are  much  disputed  (899-875  B.C.—  Duucker).  He 
was  a usurper,  and  the  founder  of  a dynasty  of  considerable 
eminence  which  included  Ahab  and  Jehu.  He  made  an 
alliance  with  Tyre  and  subdued  the  Moabites.  He  is  men- 
tioned on  the  Moabite  stone,  and  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions the  kingdom  of  Israelis  called  Bit-Humri (‘the house 
of  Omri’).  He  built  the  city  of  Samaria,  and  made  it  the 
capital  of  the  Israelitish  kingdom. 

Oms  de  Santa  Pau  (oms  da  san'ta  pou),  Man- 
uel, Marquis  of  Castell-dos-Rios.  Died  at  Lima, 
April  22, 1710.  A Spanish  nobleman,  a grandee 
of  Spain.  He  was  viceroy  of  Peru  from  July  7,  1707. 
During  his  term  the  Spanish  commercial  monopoly  of  Pe- 
ruvian trade  was  somewhat  relaxed. 

Omsk  (Omsk).  The  capital  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment of  West  Siberia,  situated  iu  the  prov- 
ince of  Akmolinsk,  at  the  junction  of  the  Om 
with  the  Irtish,  about  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
The  fortress  here  was  founded  in  1716.  Railway 
to  Omsk,  Sept.,  1894.  Population,  37,376. 

On.  See  Heliopolis. 

Ona  (on'ya),  Pedro  de.  Born  at  Los  Confines, 
on  the  Biobio  River,  Chile,  about  1565  : died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  after  1639.  A Spanish-American 
poet.  Most  of  his  life  was  passed  in  Lima,  where  he  was 
fiscal  of  the  audience.  His  principal  work  is  the  epic 
“ Arauco  domado  ” (1st  ed.  Lima,  1596),  which  is  in  some 
respects  an  imitation  of  Ercilla’s  “Araucana.”  It  has 
some  poetical  merit,  and  is  of  much  historical  value. 

Onas.  See  Fuegians. 

Onatas  (o-na'tas).  [Gr.  ’Oraraf.]  Flourished 
about  500^60  b.  c.  An  iEginetan  sculptor  and 
painter,  a contemporary  of  Ageladas  the  teacher 
of  Phidias.  See  Ageladas.  He  was  especially  fa- 
mous for  his  statues  of  athletes,  and  was  much  admired 
and  highly  praised  by  Pausanias,  who  describes  many  of 
his  works.  As  the  iEgina  marbles  were  probably  made  iu 
his  day,  it  may  well  be  that  they  are  either  his  work  or  rep- 
resent his  characteristics. 

Onate  (on-ya'ta).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Guipuzcoa,  northern  Spain,  38  miles  west  of 
Pamplona.  Population,  5,975. 

Onate  (on-ya'ta),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Guadala- 
jara, Mexico,  about  1555:  diedafter  1611.  A set- 
tler and  first  governor  of  New  Mexico.  He  was 
a son  of  the  founder  of  Guadalajara,  and  was  married  to  a 
granddaughter  of  Hernando  Cortds.  In  1595  his  proposi- 
tion to  settle  New  Mexico  was  accepted  by  the  viceroy 
Velasco,  and  after  much  delay  the  grant  was  confirmed  by 
the  Countof  Monterey.  Onate  left  Zacatecas  in  Jan., 1598, 
with  130  men  besides  Indians,  a large  wagon-  and  cattle- 
train,  etc. ; readied  the  Rio  Grande,  probably  at  El  Paso, 
April  20 ; took  formal  possession  April  30 ; crossed  the 
river ; and  in  Aug.  founded  the  first  capital,  San  Juan  (San- 
ta Fd  was  founded  later).  After  the  first  year  he  had  little 
trouble  with  the  Indians.  Early  in  1599  he  explored  a part 
of  Arizona,  and  in  1604  followed  the  Gila  River  down 
to  the  Gulf  of  California.  He  probably  ceased  to  rule  as 
governor  in  1608. 

Onca  (on'ka).  A Phenician  goddess,  the  deity 
of  wisdom,  compared  by  the  Greeks  to  Athene. 
Ondegardo  (on-da-gar'do),  Polo  de.  Born  at 
Salamanca  about  1500 : died,  probably  at  Potosi, 
Upper  Peru,  about  1575.  A Spanish  lawyer  and 
antiquarian.  He  went  to  Peru  in  1545;  was  a trusted 
councilor  of  several  rulers ; and  was  corregidor  of  Potosi 
and  Lima.  He  made  a special  study  of  Inca  laws  and  cus- 
toms, with  the  object  of  ingrafting  the  best  of  them  on 


Onondaga 

the  Spanish  legislation.  His  two  “Relaciones  ” or  reports 
(1561  and  1571)  are  still  in  manuscript,  but  have  been  freely 
used  by  historians : a smaller  report  was  edited  by  Mark- 
ham for  the  Hakluyt  Society  1873.  In  1559  Ondegardo 
discovered  at  Cuzco  several  mummies  of  the  Inca  sover- 
eigns. 

Onega  (o-na/ga).  A small  seaport  of  Russia, 
situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Onega 
into  the  White  Sea. 

Onega, Lake.  ThesecondlargestlakeinEurope, 
situated  in  the  government  of  Olonetz,  north- 
western Russia,  northeast  of  Lake  Ladoga,  it  is 
connected  by  canals  with  theVolga  and  Dwina  systems.  Its 
waters  pass  by  the  Svir  into  Lake  Ladoga,  and  finally  into 
the  Neva.  Length,  152  miles.  Greatest  width,  about  50 
miles.  Area,  3,763  square  miles. 

Oneglia  (6-nel'ya).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Porto  Maurizio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean 57  miles  southwest  of  Genoa.  It  has 
a trade  in  olive-oil.  Pop.,  commune,  8,527. 

Oneida  (6-ni'da).  [PI.,  also  Oneidas.  The  name 
is  translated  ‘standing  stone ’ or  ‘people  of 
the  stone.’]  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians. 
The  early  French  writers  called  them  Oneiout.  They 
formerly  occupied  the  lands  east  of  Oneida  Lake,  New 
York,  and  the  upper  waters  of  the  Susquehanna  River  to 
the  southward.  They  were  not  prominent  in  the  Iroquois 
Confederacy,  and  sometimes  acted  adversely  to  its  other 
members,  as  they  were  at  intervals  friendly  to  the  French 
and  took  part  with  the  colonies  in  the  Revolution.  In  1846 
most  of  them  removed  to  and  still  remain  at  Green  Bay, 
Wisconsin,  but  others  are  in  Ontario.  Altogether  they 
number  over  3,000.  See  Iroquois . 

Oneida  Community.  A religious  society  or 
brotherhood,  the  Bible  Communists  or  Perfec- 
tionists, established  in  1847  on  Oneida  Creek, 
in  Lenox  township,  Madison  County,  New  York, 
by  John  H.  Noyes,  after  unsuccessful  attempts 
to  establish  it  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  in 
1834,  and  at  Putney,  Vermont,  in  1837.  a branch 
of  the  Oneida  Community  also  existed  at  Wallingford, 
Connecticut,  but  has  now  been  withdrawn.  Originally 
the  Oneida  Community  was  strictly  communistic,  all  prop- 
erty and  all  children  belonging  primarily  to  the  society, 
and  the  restrictions  of  marriage  being  entirely  abolished ; 
but  in  1879,  owing  to  the  increasing  demand  of  public 
opinion  that  the  social  practices  of  the  society  should  be 
abandoned,  marriage  and  family  life  were  introduced,  and 
in  1880  communism  of  property  gave  place  to  a joint-stock 
system,  and  the  community  was  legally  incorporated  as 
“The  Oneida  Community,  Limited." 

Oneida  Lake.  A lake  in  central  New  York,  11 
miles  northeast  of  Syracuse.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Oneida  and  Oswego  rivers  into  Lake  Onta- 
rio. Length,  20  miles. 

O’Neil  (o-nel'),  Hugh,  Earl  of  Tyrone.  Died 
1616.  An  Irish  chieftain.  He  assumed  the  title  of 
The  O’Neil,  and  in  1597  headed  an  insurrection  against  the 
English,  whom  he  defeated  at  Blackwater  in  1598.  He  ne- 
gotiated a truce  with  the  Earl  of  Essex  in  1599,  and  was 
defeated  by  Mountjoy  1601.  He  submitted  about  1603. 

O’Neill,  Eliza.  Born  in  Ireland,  1791 : died 
there,  Oct.  29, 1872.  A noted  Irish  tragic  actress, 
the  successor  of  Mrs.  Siddons.  She  made  her  first 
appearance  in  Drogheda  as  the  Duke  of  York  in  “Richard 
III.”  in  1803,  in  a small  strolling  company  of  which  her-  fa- 
ther was  manager.  She  first  appeared  at  Covent  Garden 
in  1814.  She  made  a large  fortune  in  Ireland  and  Eng- 
land, and  was  married  in  1819  to  Mr.  (afterward  Sir)  Wil- 
liam Becher.  Her  best  parts  were  Juliet,  Belvidera,  Mrs. 
Haller,  and  Mrs.  Beverley. 

O’Neill,  or  The  Rebel.  A romance  by  Bul- 
wer  Lytton,  in  heroic  couplets,  published  in 
1827. 

Oneiout.  See  Oneida. 

Onesimus  (o-nes'i-mus),  Saint.  A disciple  of 
St.  Paul,  martyred  in  95.  His  day  is  celebrated 
Feb.  16  in  the  Roman  calendar. 

Ongaro,  Dali’.  See  Ball’  Ongaro. 

Onias  Menelaus  (o-nl'as  men-e-la'us).  High 
priest  of  the  Jews  172-162  b.  c.  He  was  a Benja- 
rninite,  not  of  priestly  family,  but  secured  the  office  from 
Antiochus  Epiphanes,  to  whom  Judea  was  then  subject,  by 
the  payment  of  a bribe.  In  order  to  pay  this  bribe  he  de- 
spoiled the  temple  of  its  sacred  vessels.  In  171  he  killed 
the  rightful  high  priest,  Onias  III.  With  tire  help  of  An- 
tiochus he  introduced  Greek  worship  and  the  sacrifice  of 
swine  into  the  temple.  These  acts  brought  about  the  re- 
volt of  the  Maccabees.  He  was  killed  by  Lysias,  th  e guar- 
dian of  Antiochus  V. 

Onion  River.  See  Winooski. 

Onomacritus  (on-6-mak'ri-tus).  [Gr.  ’O vo/iaxpt- 
ro?.]  Lived  about  530-485  B.  c.  A Greek  pro- 
phet and  mystic  poet. 

Onondaga  (on-on-dii'ga).  [PL,  also  Onondagas. 
The  name  means  ‘on  the  top  of  the  mountain.’] 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  In  the  coun- 
cils of  the  Iroquois  nation  (of  which  they  were  a tribe) 
they  are  called  Hodiseiinageta,  ‘ they  (are)  the  name-bear- 
ers.’ Old, Dutch  maps  call  them  Capitanasses.  They  had 
their  chief  seat  upon  the  lake  ana  creek  in  New  York 
which  bear  their  name,  and  claimed  the  country  to  Lake 
Ontario  on  the  north,  and  to  the  Susquehanna  River  on  the 
south.  Many  of  them  joined  the  Catholic  Iroquois  colonies 
on  the  St.  Lawrence  before  1751.  At  the  close  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  more  were  settled  on  Grand  River, Ontario, 
and  the  remainder  are  in  New  York.  Their  present  total 
number  is  about  900.  See  Iroquois. 


Onondaga  Lake 

Onondaga  (on-on-da.'ga)  Lake.  A small  lake 
in  central  New  York,  north-northwest  of  Syra- 
cuse. Its  outlet  is  Seneca  River. 

Onosander  (on-o-san'der).  [Gr.  ’OvdaavSpor.]  A 
Greek  writer  on  military  tactics. 

Of  the  tacticians  subsequent  to  Polybius,  the  most  noted 
was  Onosander,  who  flourished  in  the  middle  of  the  1st 
century  of  our  era,  and  dedicated  to  Q.  Veranius  N epos, 
consul  in  A.  D.  49,  a brief  but  comprehensive  treatise  on 
the  military  art,  which  has  come  down  to  us,  with  the  title 
2TpaT>)yi/c6s  Aoyos.  It  is  divided  into  42  chapters,  and 
gives  instructions  with  regard  to  all  the  details  of  a cam- 
paign. It  is  written  in  Attic  Greek,  and  in  a sufficiently 
pure  style.  The  author,  who  was  also  known  as  a com- 
mentator on  Plato,  was  the  source  of  the  military  writings 
of  the  Emperors  Mauritius  and  Leo,  and  in  a French  trans- 
lation was  used  as  a manual  of  the  military  art  by  Maurice 
of  Saxony.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece, 
[III.  280.  ( Donaldson .) 

Onotes  (o-no'tas).  An  extinct  tribe  of  Indians 
who  inhabited  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Mara- 
caibo. They  were  fishermen,  and  built  their  houses  on 
piles  in  the  water.  Ojeda,  who  found  them  in  1499,  was 
reminded  by  their  dwellings  of  Venice  (whence  he  named 
the  country  Venezuela).  Probably  the  Onotes  were  soon 
carried  off  into  slavery ; but  huts  similar  to  theirs  are  still 
made  in  the  same  region. 

Onslow  (onz'lo),  George.  Bom  at  Clermont- 
Ferrand,  France,  July  27, 1784:  died  there,  Oct. 
3,  1853.  A French  composer  of  instrumental 
music. 


759 

Landry  parish,  Louisiana,  56  miles  west  of  Ba- 
ton Rouge.  Population,  4,623,  (1910). 

Opequan  (o-pek'an)  Creek.  A small  river  in 
Virginia  which  joins  the  Potomac  above  Har- 
per’s Ferry.  Near  it  was  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  Winchester,  Sept.  19,  1864.  See  Winchester. 

Ophelia  (o-fe'lia).  The  daughter  of  Polonius, 
in Shakspere’s “Hamlet.”  Hermindgivesway when 
Hamlet  abandons  her  to  prosecute  his  revenge,  and  while 
gathering  flowers  by  a brook  she  is  drowned. 

Ophelia,  Miss.  A strong-minded,  clear-headed 
New  England  woman  in  Mrs.  Stowe’s  “Uncle 
Tom’s  Cabin.” 

Ophir  (o'fer).  In  Old  Testament  geography,  a 
country  whence  gold,  silver,  precious  stones, 
ivory,  sandalwood,  apes,  and  peacocks  were 
brought.  It  was  especially  noted  for  its  gold.  The  fleet 
of  Solomon  occupied  3 years  in  making  the  journey.  It 
has  been  variously  identified  with  India,  Sumatra,  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  and  the  southern 
or  southeastern  portion  of  Arabia  on  the  Persian  Gulf. 
The  last  identification  has  in  its  favor  the  statement  in 
Gen.  x.  29,  where  Ophir  is  mentioned  as  the  son  of  Joktan. 

Ophir  (o'fer),  Mount.  1.  A volcano  in  Suma- 
tra, near  the  western  coast,  about  lat.  0°,  long. 
100°  E.  Height,  9,610  feet. — 2.  A mountain 
east  of  Malacca,  Malay  Peninsula.  Height, 
about  3,800  feet. 

Ophites  (of 'its).  A Gnostic  body,  of  very  early 
origin,  especially  prominent  in  the  2d  century, 
and  existing  as  late  as  the  6th  century.  Its  mem- 
bers were  so  called  because  they  held  that  the  serpent 
(Gr.  o<jns)  by  which  Eve  was  tempted  was  the  impersona- 
tion of  divine  wisdom,  the  great  teacher  and  civilizer  of 
the  human  race.  Also  called  Naassenes. 

Ophiuchus  (of-i-u'kus).  [Gr.’O <piovxoc,  from ixjur, 
a serpent,  andr^m/,  to  hold.]  Anancient  north- 
ern constellation,  representing  a man  holding 
a serpent ; the  Serpent-bearer.  Also  called  Ser- 
pentarius.  The  Serpent  is  now  treated  as  a 
separate  constellation. 

Opie  (o'pi),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Alderson).  Born  at 
Norwich,  England,  Nov.  12,  1769:  died  there, 
Dec.  2, 1853.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Alderson  of  Norwich,  and  wife  of  John  Opie 
the  painter.  She  published  various  novels,  the  first, 
"Father  and  Daughter,’’  appearing  in  1801.  In  1825  she 
became  a Quaker.  After  this  appeared  her  “Illustrations 
of  Lying,"  “Detraction  Displayed,”  etc. 

Opie,  John.  Born  at  St.  Agnes,  near  Truro,  May, 
1761:  died  April  9, 1807.  An  English  painter.  In 
1780  he  went  to  London  under  the  patronage  of  Dr.  Wolcot 
(Peter  Pindar),  who  announced  him  as  “the  Cornish  won- 
der.” In  1786  he  exhibited  his  first  historical  picture,  the 
“Assassination  of  James  I.,”  and  in  1787  the  “Murder  of 
Rizzio.  ” His  lectures  at  the  Royal  Academy  were  pub- 
lished in  1809. 

Opimius  (o-pim'i-us),  Lucius.  Roman  consul 
121  B.  C.  He  was  put  forward  by  the  senate  to  oppose 
the  reforms  of  Cains  Gracchus,  anil  was  the  leader  of  the 
optimates  who  killed  Gracchus  with  3,000  of  his  followers 
in  121.  He  was  afterward  exiled  for  accepting  bribes  from 
Jugurtha. 

Opitz  (o'pits),  Martin.  Born  at  Bunzlau,  Si- 
lesia, Dec.  23, 1597 : died  at  Dantzic,  Aug.  20, 
1639.  A German  poet  and  writer.  He  attended 
the  gymnasia  of  Bunzlau,  Breslau,  and  Beuthen  where  he 
wrote  in  Latin  his  first  work,  “ Aristarchus,”  in  praise  of 
the  German  language  as  a poetical  medium.  In  1618  he 
went  to  the  university  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  to  study 
jurisprudence,  whence  the  following  year  he  went  to  Hei- 
delberg. In  1620,  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Thirty  Years’ 
War,  he  went  to  Holland.  At  Leyden  he  became  acquaint- 
ed with  the  philologist  Heinsius,  whom  he  followed  to 
Jutland,  where  he  wrote  the  poems,  published  13  years 
later,  “ Trostgedichte  in  Widerwartigkeiten  des  Krieges” 
(“Poems  of  Consolation  in  the  Adversities  of  War”).  In 
1622  he  was  called  to  a position  in  the  gymnasium  at  Weis- 
senburg.  He  returned,  however,  in  the  following  year  to 
Silesia,  where  he  went  into  the  service  of  the  Protestant 
duke  of  Liegnitz.  In  1624  appeared  his  “Buch  von  der 
deutsclien  Poeterey  ” (“Book  of  the  German  Art  of  Poe- 
try ”),  which  became  the  principal  authority  on  versifica- 
tion and  style.  In  1626  he  went  into  the  service  of  the 
Catholic  Count  Dolma  at  Breslau.  In  1628  he  was  en- 
nobled by  the  emperor  Ferdinand  II.  After  the  death  of 
Count  Dohna,  in  1633,  he  went  back  to  the  Duke  of  Liegnitz, 
was  subsequently  with  the  Swedes,  and  ultimately  was 
made  secretary  and  historiographer  to  KingLadislaus  IV.  of 
Poland,  at  Dantzic,  where  hediedof  theplague.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  first  Silesian  school  of  poets,  so  called.  He 
wrote  secular,  religious,  and  didactic  descriptive  poems : 
to  the  last  class  belong  “Zlatna”  and  “Vesuvius.”  Some 
of  his  hymns  are  to  be  found  in  the  church  hymn-books. 
His  “Hercynia”  is  a prose  idyl  in  which  verses  are  oc- 
casionally introduced.  Amongothertranslationshemade 
aversion  of  the  text  of  the  Italian  opera  “Daphne, "which 
was  produced  at  Tdrgau  in  1627,  and  was,  accordingly,  the 
first  German  opera.  By  bis  advocacy  of  the  Alexandrine 
verse  and  the  precepts  of  his  “Art  of  Poetry"  he  brought 
about  a reform  of  German  versification,  in  that  the  poets 
of  the  preceding  centuries  had  simply  counted  the  num- 
ber of  syllables,  without  reference  to  the  quality  of  those 
upon  which  the  metrical  accent  fell. 

Opium  War.  A war  between  Groat  Britain  and 
China,  due  to  the  attempt  of  the  Chinese  gov- 
ernment to  prevent  tho  importation  of  opium. 
It  began  in  1840,  and  was  ended  by  the  treaty 
of  Nanking  (which  see)  in  1842. 


Opuntian  Locrlans 

Oporto  (o-por'to;  Pg.  pron.  o-por'to).  A dis- 
trict in  the  province  of  Entre  Douro  e Minho. 
Population,  597,935. 

Oporto,  Pg.  O Porto  (‘The  Port’).  A sea- 
port, chief  city  of  the  province  Entre  Douro  e 
Minho,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Douro,  near  its 
mouth,  in  lat.  41°  9'  N.,  long.  8°  37'  W.  Next  to 
Lisbon  it  is  the  chief  city  of  the  republic  and  chief  manu- 
facturing place.  It  manufactures  cotton,  silk,  etc.,  and  has 
been  famous  since  1678  as  the  place  of  export  for  port  wine. 
The  cathedral  is  early  Pointed,  but  modernized.  The 
cloister,  of  1385  but  earlier  in  character,  survives,  with 
well-carved,  almost  Romanesque,  capitals.  The  Maria  Pia, 
or  railroad  bridge  across  the  Douro,  is  an  openwork  arch  of 
iron,  of  525  feet  span  and  198  feet  height  in  the  clear.  The 
bridge  of  Dom  Luis  I.,  of  similar  construction,  finished  in 
1886,  has  a span  of  566  feet  and  a height  of  200.  The  town 
was  taken  by  the  Arabs  in  716;  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  in  1809 ; was  the  scene  of  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution  of  1820 ; was  defended  against  Dom  Miguel 
1832-33 ; and  has  been  the  scene  of  insurrection,  particu- 
larly in  1846-47  and  1890.  Population,  167,955. 

Oposura  (o-po-so'ra).  [Opata,  ‘heart  of  the 
iron-wood.’]  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Moc- 
tezurna  (also  called  by  that  name),  in  the  state 
of  Sonora,  Mexico.  It  contains  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants,  and  lies  on  the  bank  of  the  Oposura  River.  It  has 
suffered  a great  deal  from  the  depredations  of  the  Apaches 
during  the  19th  century. 

Oppeln  (op'peln).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  in  lat.  50° 
40'  N.,  long.  17°  55'  E.  It  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  a principality  of  Oppeln,  which  was  united  to  the  em- 
pire in  the  16th  century.  Population,  commune,  30,765. 
Oppenheim  (op'pen-him).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rhine-Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
Rhine- 11  miles  south  by  e;  st  of  Mainz,  in  the 
middle  ages  it  was  an  important  free  imperial  city.  It 
contains  the  ruins  of  the  fortress  Landskron.  Population, 
3,696. 

Oppert  (op'pert),  Jules.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
July  9,  1825:  died  Aug.  21,  1905.  A distin- 
guished French  Orientalist,  of  Hebrew  descent : 
appointed  professor  of  Sanskrit  in  the  Impe- 
rial Library  at  Paris  in  1857,  and  of  Assyriol- 
ogy  at  the  College  de  France  in  1874.  He  was 
employed  by  the  French  government  in  explorations  in 
Asiatip  Turkey  1851-54.  Among  his  numerous  publications 
are  “ Etudes  assyriennes  ” (1857),  “ Expedition  de  Mdsopo- 
tamie  ” (1859-61),  “ Grande  inscription  du  palais  de  Khorsa- 
bad  ” (1863),  “ La  chronologie  de  la  GAnese  ” (1879),  etc. 
Oppian  (op'i-an).  [From  L.  Oppianus , from  Gr. 
’ OirmavAc .]  Lived  in  the  latter  part  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A Greek  poet  of  Cilicia.  He  was  the 
author  of  a poem  on  fishing,  “ Halieutica  ’’  (Gr.  'AAievriKa), 
and  was  wrongly  considered  the  author  of  a poem  on  hunt- 
ing, “Cynegetica.” 

Oppido  Mamertina  (op'pe-do  ma-mer-te'na). 
A.  town  in  the  province  of  Reggio  di  Calabria, 
southern  Italy,  23  miles  northeast  of  Reggio. 
Population,  town,  4,380;  commune,  7,686. 
Oppius  (op'i-us),  Caius.  A friend  and  con- 
temporary of  Julius  Csesar,  reputed  author  of 
the  history  of  the  African  war. 

Opportunists  (op-or-tu'nists).  In  recent  French 
history,  the  republican  party  represented  by 
Gambetta,  Ferry,  and  others,  who  adapted  their 
course  to  the  exigencies  of  the  time : opposed  to 
radicals  and  doctrinaires. 

0.  P.  Riots.  The  “ old-price  riots,”  which  took 
place  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  London,  in 
1809.  The  cost  of  the  new  theater  then  just  built  was  so 
great  that  the  proprietors  raised  the  price  of  admission, 
and  the  public  resolved  to  resist. 

The  house  opened  on  the  18th  of  September,  1809,  with 
“ Macbeth  ” and  the  “ Quaker.  ” The  audience  was  dense 
and  furious.  They  sat  with  their  backs  to  the  stage,  or 
stood  on  the  seats,  their  hats  on,  to  hiss  and  hoot  the  Kem- 
ble family  especially ; not  a word  of  the  performance  was 
heard,  for  when  the  audience  were  not  denouncing  the 
Kembles,  they  were  singing  and  shouting  at  the  very  tops 
of  their  then  fresh  voices.  The  upper  gallery  was  so  noisy 
that  soldiers,  of  whom  500  were  in  the  house,  rushed  in  to 
capture  the  rioters,  who  let  themselves  down  to  the  lower 
gallery,  where  they  were  hospitably  received.  The  sight 
of  the  soldiers  increased  the  general  exasperation.  [The 
excitement  continued  for  weeks,  and  many  of  the  rioters 
were  arrested.]  The  acquittal  of  leading  rioters  gave  a 
little  spirit  to  some  after  displays  ; but  it  led  to  a settle- 
ment. Audiences  continued  the  affray,  flung  peas  on  the 
stage  to  bring  down  the  dancers,  and  celebrated  their  own 
O.  P.  dance  before  leaving ; but,  at  a banquet  to  celebrate 
the  triumph  of  the  cause  in  the  acquittal  of  the  leaders, 
Mr.  Kemble  himself  appeared.  Terms  were  there  agreed 
upon ; and  on  the  sixty-seventh  night  a banner  in  the 
house,  with  “ VVe  are  satisfied  ” inscribed  on  it,  proclaimed 
that  all  was  over.  After  such  a fray  the  satisfaction  was 
dearly  bought.  The  4s.  rate  of  admission  to  the  pit  was 
diminished  by  6d.,  but  the  half-price  remained  at  2s.  The 
private  boxes  were  decreased  in  number,  but  the  new  price 
of  admission  to  the  boxes  was  maintained.  Thus,  the  man- 
agers, after  all,  had  more  of  the  victory  than  the  people ; 
but  it  was  bought  dearly. 

Doran,  English  Stage,  II.  362-360. 

Ops  (ops).  In  Roman  mythology,  a goddess  of 
plenty,  wife  of  Saturn. 

Optic  (op'tik),  Oliver.  The  pseudonym  of 
William  Taylor  Adams. 

Opuntian  Locrians.  See  Locri  Opuntii. 


Ontario  (on-ta'ri-o),  formerly  called  Upper 
Canada.  A province  of  the  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada. Capital,  Toronto.  It  is  bounded  by  Hudson 
Bay  and  Quebec  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Hudson  Bay 
on  the  north,  and  on  the  south  by  the  United  States, 
from  which  it  is  in  the  main  separated  by  the  St.  Lawrence, 
Lake  Ontario,  Niagara  River,  Lake  Erie,  Detroit  River, 
Lake  and  River  St.  Clair,  Lake  Huron,  St.  Mary's  River, 
and  Lake  Superior  : Manitoba  bounds  it  on  the  west.  It 
has  a hilly  and  diversified  surface ; belongs  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  Hudson  Bay  basins ; produces  cereals,  apples 
and  other  fruits,  etc. ; has  manufactures  of  lumber,  ma- 
chinery, cotton  and  woolen  goods,  etc. ; and  has  rich  min- 
eral resources.  The  government  is  vested  in  a lieutenant- 
governor,  executive  council,  and  legislative  assembly.  It 
sends  24  members  to  the  Dominion  Senate,  86  to  the  House 
of  Commons.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  English,  Irish, 
Scottish,  German,  and  French  descent.  Ontario  was  ex- 
plored by  the  French  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  ceded 
to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  was  largely  settled  by  Tories 
in  the  American  Revolutionary  period.  It  was  separated 
from  Quebec  (Lower  Canada)  and  called  Upper  Canada  in 
1791.  It  was  the  sceneof  the  battles  of  the  Thames,  Lundy's 
Lane,  etc. , in  the  War  of  1812.  A n unsuccessful  rebellion 
occurred  in  1837.  It  was  reunited  to  Quebec  in  1841,  and 
was  again  separated  and  became  the  province  of  Ontario 
in  the  new  Dominion  in  1867.  Area,  407,262  square  miles, 
of  which  146,400  were  added  in  1912.  Pop.,  2,523,274,(1911). 

Ontario,  Lake.  The  smallest  and  easternmost 
of  the  five  great  lakes,  lying  between  the  prov- 
ince of  Ontario  on  the  north  and  New  York  State 
on  the  south.  It  is  connected  with  Lake  Erie  by  the 
Niagara  River,  and  for  navigation  by  the  Welland  Canal. 
Its  outlet  is  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  Kingston,  Toronto, 
Hamilton,  Oswego,  and  Sackett's  Harbor  are  on  its  banks. 
Length,  190  miles.  Width,  55  miles.  Area,  about  7,500 
square  miles.  Elevatiou,  247  feet. 

Onteniente  (on-ta-ne-en'ta).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Valencia,  Spain,  situated  46  miles 
south  by  west  of  Valencia.  Population,  about 
11,500. 

Oodeypore.  See  Udaipur. 

Oost  (ost),  Jakob  van.  Born  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium, about  1600 : died  there,  1671.  A Flemish 
painter. 

Oost,  Jakob  van,  surnamed  “The  Younger.” 
Born  about  1639 : died  at  Bruges,  1713.  A Flem- 
ish historical  painter,  son  of  J.  van  Oost  (1600- 
1671). 

Oosterhout  (os'ter-hout).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  25  miles 
southeast  of  Rotterdam.  Population,  commune, 
11,545. 

Ootacamund  (o-ta-ka-mund').  A sanatorium 
in  the  Nilgiri  Hills,  Deccan,  India.  Elevation, 
7,500  feet. 

Oparo  (o-pa'ro),  or  Rapa  (ra'pa).  A mountain- 
ous island  in  the  South  Pacific,  often  classed  in 
the  Austral  group. 

Opata  (o'pa-tii).  [PI.,  also  Opatas;  a corruption 
of  a Pima  term  signifying  ‘enemy.’]  A divi- 
sion of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American 
Indians.  It  embraced  the  following  agricultural  tribes : 
Opata,  Eudeve,  Jova,  Teguima,  Coguinachi,  Tegui,  Contla, 
and,  probably,  tho  Imurcs.  Its  habitat  extends  from  the 
western  boundary  of  Chihuahua  to  the  Rio  San  Miguel  in 
Sonora,  Mexico,  and  from  tho  main  fork  of  the  Rio  Yaqui, 
about  lat.  28°,  northward  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Ari- 
zona, with  settlements  mainly  in  the  Rio  Sonora  valley. 
Almost  completely  civilized.  See  Piman. 

Opatow  (o'pii-tov).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Radom,  Russian  Poland,  situated  ou  the 
Opatowka  100  miles  south  of  Warsaw.  Popu- 
lation, 16,371. 

Opelousas  (op-o-16'sas).  The  capital  of  St. 


Opzoomer 

Opzoomer  (op'zo-mer),  Karel  Willem.  Born 
at  Rotterdam.  Sept.  20,  1821 : died  at  Ooster- 
beck,  Aug.  23,  1892.  A Dutch  philosopher  and 
jurist,  professor  at  Utrecht.  He  wrote  a man- 
ual of  logic  (1851),  etc. 

Oran  (o-ran';  F.  o-ron').  1.  The  westernmost 
department  of  Algeria,  bordering  on  Morocco  on 
the  west.  Area,  44,616  square  miles.  Population, 
1,122,538. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Oran,  a seaport  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean in  lat.  35°  44'  N.,  long.  0°  42'  W.  It  has 
important  trade.  The  old  Spanish  town  exists  along  with 
the  modern  town.  It  was  a flourishing  medieval  town ; 
was  held  by  the  Spaniards  from  1509  to  1708,  and  from 
1732  until  after  the  earthquake  of  1790 ; and  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1831.  Population,  100,499 ; commune,  106,517. 
Orange  (or'anj;  F.  pron.  o-ronzh').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Vaucluse,  France,  13  miles 
north  of  Avignon  : the  ancient  Arausio,  noted 
for  its  Roman  antiquities.  The  Roman  triumphal 
arch  here,  well  preserved  and  of  fine  masonry,  is  attrib- 
uted to  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  It  has  a large 
central  arcli  between  two  smaller  ones  flanked  by  Corin- 
thian columns,  the  two  middle  ones  of  which  s ipport  a 
pediment.  It  is  ornamented  with  reliefs  among  which 
naval  trophies  are  conspicuous ; and  the  deep  vault  of  the 
central  opening  is  beautifully  coffered.  The  height  is  72 
feet,  width  67,  and  thickness  26.  The  Roman  theater  is 
much  ruined  in  its  cavea,  but  possesses  probably  the  finest 
surviving  example  of  an  ancient  stage  structure.  The 
splendid  uncemented  wall  at  the  back  is  340  feet  long, 
118  high,  and  13  thick,  and  still  shows  the  pierced  corbels 
which  received  the  awning-poles.  The  stage  has  3 doors, 
and  was  roofed.  The  theater  could  seat  about  7,000.  The 
Cimbri  defeated  the  Romans  here  in  105  B.  c.  It  was  a 
flourishing  Roman  town.  Later  it  was  the  capital  of  a prin- 
cipality which  fell  to  the  house  of  Nassau  in  1530;  was 
und-r  the  Nassau-Orange  family  until  1702;  and  was  an- 
nexed to  France  in  1713.  The  title  of  Prince  of  Orange 
was  retained  in  the  house  of  Nassau.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,303. 

Orange  (or'anj).  A city  in  Essex  County,  New 
Jersey,  13  miles  west  of  New  York.  It  contains 

many  residences  of  persons  doing  business  in  New  York. 
Population,  29,630,  (1910). 

Orange.  See  Clove  and  Orange. 

Orange,  Prince  of.  See  William  “ the  Silent,” 
Prince  of  Orange,  and  William  III.,  King  of 
England. 

Orange,  Principality  of.  A small  principality 
now  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse,  France, 
containing  Orange  and  neighboring  places. 
It  fell  to  the  house  of  Nassau  in  1530.  See 
★ Orange. 

Orange  Free  State.  A former  republic  in 
southern  Africa.  Capital,  Bloemfontein.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  Transvaal  (separated  by  the  Vaal)  on  the 
north,  Natal  on  the  east,  Basutoland  on  the  southeast, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  (separated  by  the  Orange  River)  on 
the  south,  and  Griquaiand  West  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating  and  hilly.  The  chief  occupation  is  the 
raising  of  live  stock ; the  leading  products  are  wool,  dia- 
monds, ostrich  feathers,  and  hides.  The  government  was 
vested  in  a president  and  a legislative  assembly  called 
the  Volksraad.  The  inhabitants  are  natives  and  whites 
of  European  (especially  Dutch)  descent.  The  territory 
was  settled  in  the  first  half  of  the  19th  century  by  emi- 
grants from  Cape  Colony ; was  annexed  by  Great  Britain 
in  1848 ; and  became  independent  in  1854.  It  was  con- 
quered and  annexed  by  Great  Britain  1900,  under  the  name 
of  the  Orange  River  Colony.  Area,  50,392  sq.m.  Pop.,  white, 
175,435 ; colored,  351,471 ; total,  526,906,  (1911). 

Orangemen  (or'anj-men).  1.  Irish  Protestants. 
The  name  was  given  about  the  end  of  the  17th century  by 
Roman  Catholics  to  the  Protestants  of  Ireland,  on  account 
of  their  support  of  the  cause  of  William  III.  of  England, 
prince  of  Orange. 

2.  A secret  politico-religious  society,  instituted 
in  Ireland  in  1795.  It  was  organized  for  the  purpose 
of  upholding  the  Protestant  religion  and  ascendancy,  and 
of  opposing  Romanism  and  the  Roman  Catholic  influence 
in  the  government  of  the  country.  Orangemen  are  es- 
pecially prominent  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  but  local  branches 
called  lodges  are  found  all  over  the  British  empire,  as 
well  as  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Orange  River,  or  Kai  Gariep  (Id  gii-rep').  The 
chief  river  in  southern  Africa,  it  rises  in  Basuto- 
land  near  the  border  of  Natal,  and  flows  generally  west- 
ward, separating  Cape  of  Good  Hope  from  the  Orange  Free 
State,  British  Bechuanaland,  and  German  SouthwestAfrica, 
Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Vaal.  Length,  about  1,200  miles. 
It  is  “not  much  better  than  a huge  torrent.” 

Orange  River  Colony.  See  Orange  Free  State. 
Oranienbaum(o-ra'ne-en-boum//).[G.,‘  orange- 
tree.’]  A town  in  the  province  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
25  miles  west  of  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  noted 
for  its  imperial  palace.  Population,  5,333. 
Orarian  (o-ra'ri-an).  See  Eskimauan. 

Orators,  The.  A play  by  Samuel  Foote,  per- 
formed in  1762.  It  satirizes  a Dublin  printer 
named  George  Faulkner. 

Oratory  of  St.  Philip  Neri.  A Roman  Catholic 
religious  order,  founded  at  Florence  by  Filippo 
Neri  in  1575:  so  named  from  a chapel  he  built 
for  it  and  called  anoratory,  Tt  is  composed  of  sim- 
ple priests  under  no  vows.  Its  chief  seat  is  Italy,  Imt 
congregations  were  founded  in  England  in  1847  and  1849 
under  the  leadership  of  former  members  of  the  Anglican 
Church. 


760 

Orbe  (orb  or  or'be).  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Orbe  15 
miles  northwest  of  Lausanne.  It  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  Little  Burgundy.  Population,  over 
2,000. 

Orbe.  A small  river  in  the  department  of  Jura, 
France,  and  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  flow- 
ing into  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel.  It  is  the  upper 
course  of  the  Thiele  (or  Zihl). 

Orbegoso  (or-ba-go'so),  Luis  Jose.  Born  near 
Huamachuco,  Aug.  25,  1795 : died  at  Truxillo, 
1847.  A Peruvian  general  and  politician.  He 
was  elected  president  by  the  constitutional  assembly, 
Dec.  20, 1833 ; butGamarra,  Salaverry,  and  others  declared 
against  him ; and  in  June,  1835,  he  accepted  the  inter- 
vention of  Santa  Cruz,  president  of  Bolivia.  Santa  Cruz 
established  the  Peru-Bolivian  Confederation  in  1836,  and 
Orbegoso  was  nominated  president  of  North  Peru,  with 
the  rank  of  grand  marshal.  In  Aug.,  1838,  he  was  defeated 
by  Gamarra  and  the  Chileans,  and  went  into  exile  for  some 
years.  Also  written  Orbegozo. 

Orbetello  (or-ba-tel'lo).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Grosseto,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean,  75  miles  northwest  of  Rome. 
Orbigny  (or-ben-ye'),  Alcide  Dessalines  d’. 
Born  at  Coueron,  Loire-Inferieure,  Sept.  6, 
1802:  died  near  St.  Denis,  June  30,  1857.  A 
French  naturalist.  From  1826  to  1833  he  traveled  in 
southern  Brazil,  the  Platine  States,  Bolivia,  and  Peru. 
The  results  of  his  journey  were  published  at  government 
expense  as  “ Voyage  dans  l’Amc'rique  M^ridionale  ” (9  vols. 
1834-47  : including  narrative,  3 vols.;  “L’Homme  AmSri- 
cain,”  ethnological,  2 vols.;  and  the  remainder  on  zool- 
ogy, etc.).  Among  his  other  writings  are  “Pal^ontolo- 
gie  fran^aise”  (14  vols.  1840-54;  unfinished)  and  several 
works  on  Foraminifera.  He  contributed  to  Ramon  de  la 
Sagras  “History  of  Cuba  “the  volumes  on  birds,  Mollusca, 
and  Foraminifera. 

Orbigny,  Charles  Dessalines  d’.  Born  at  Couo- 
ron,  Loire-Inferieure,  France,  Dec.  2, 1806:  died 
Feb.  15,  1876.  A French  geologist,  brother  of 
A.  D.  d’Orbigny. 

Ore  (ork),  The.  1.  A deformed  giant  who  eats 
men  hut  not  women,  in  Boiardo’s  and  Ariosto’s 
“Orlando.”  He  has  two  projecting  bones  for  eyes.  Man- 
dricardo  delivers  Lucina  from  him. 

2.  A sea-monster  in  Ariosto’s  “ Orlando  Furi- 
oso,”  killed  by  Orlando  when  about  to  devour 
Olympia. 

Orcades  (or'ka-dez).  The  aneieut  name  of  the 
Orkney  Islands. 

Orcagna  (or-kan'ya)  (properly  di  Cione),  An- 
drea, called  Arcagnolo  (of  which  name  Orcagna 
is  a corruption).  Born  at  Florence  about  1329 : 
diedabout  1368.  A Florentine  painter,  sculptor, 
and  architect.  He  studied  the  goldsmith’s  craft  under 
his  father,  and  painted  with  his  brother  Bernardo.  In  the 
practice  of  this  art  he  appears  to  have  been  chiefly  occu- 
pied during  the  early  part  of  his  life.  After  painting  with 
his  brother  the  life  of  the  Madonna,  and  the  two  great 
frescos  of  Heaven  and  Hell  in  Santa  Maria  Novella,  the 
frescos  of  the  Cresci  chapel,  and  the  facade  of  San  Apolli- 
nare,  he  painted  the  picture  of  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin 
(now  in  the  National  Gallery).  By  these  works  he  gained 
a great  reputation.  The  frescos  of  (he  Triumph  of  Death 
and  the  Last  Judgment  in  the  Campo  Santo  at  Pisa,  by 
painters  of  the  Tuscan  school,  have  been  attributed  to 
him.  (See  Campo  Santo.)  About  1348  he  transformed  the 
old  granary  of  Arnolfo  del  Cambio  (Florence)  into  the 
Church  of  Or  San  Michele. 

Orchard  of  Ireland.  A name  given  to  County 
Armagh,  Ireland. 

Orchardson  (or'chard-son),  William  Quiller. 
Born  at  Edinburgh  , 1835 : died  at  London,  April 
13,  1910.  A British  figure-painter.  He  painted 

“The  Challenge”  (1865),  “Casus  Belli”  (1870),  “The  Bill 
of  Sale”  (1876),  “On  Board  II.  M.  S.  Bellerophon  July  23, 
1815”  (1880:  bought  by  the  Chantrey  bequest),  “The 
Salon  of  Madame  Recamier”  (1885),  etc. 

Orchha.  See  Tehri. 

Orchies  (or-ehe').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  14  miles  southeast  of  Lille. 
Population,  commune,  4,438. 

Orchomenus  (6r-kom'e-nus).  [Or. 

In  ancient  geography,  the  name  of  several  cities 
in  Greece,  (a)  A city  in  Boeotia,  situated  on  theCephis- 
sus  and  on  Lake  Copais,  55  miles  northwest  of  Athens. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Minyae.  Here,  in  85  B.  c., 
Sulla  defeated  Archelaus,  the  general  of  Mithridates, 
king  of  Pontus.  The  site  contains  important  remains  of 
antiquity.  The  treasury  of  Mitiyas,  so  called,  is  a very 
ancient  tomb  of  the  Mycenean  beehive  type.  The  plan  is 
circular,  45  feet  in  diameter,  covered  in  by  a pseudo-dome 
formed  by  corbeling  in  the  stones  of  the  wall.  A side 
chamber,  rock-hewn,  had  its  sides  and  ceiling  incrusted 
with  slabs  carved  with  beautiful  arabesques.  The  ‘trea- 
sury” is  approached  by  a dromos  or  passage  16  feet  wide. 
(6)  A city  in  Arcadia,  33  miles  west-southwest  of  Corinth. 
It  was  one  of  the  leading  Arcadian  cities. 

Orcus  (or'kus).  A Latin  name  for  Hades. 

Ord  (ord),  Edward  Otho  Cresap.  Born  in 
Maryland,  Oct.,  1818:  died  at  Havana,  July  22, 
1883.  An  American  general . He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1839,  served  against  the  Seminole  Indians  1839-42, 
and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  United  Stat  es  vol- 
unteers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  gained  the 
victory  of  Dranesvillein  Dec.,  1861,  and  served  before  Rich- 
mond and  Petersburg  in  1864-65.  He  retired  with  the  brevet 
rank  of  major-general  in  1880. 


Orders 

Ordaz  (or-datb'),  or  Ordas  (or-das'),  Diego  de. 
Born  about  1480 : died  at  sea,  1533.  A Spanish 
captain.  It  appears  that  he  was  with  Ojeda  at  Darien, 
1509-10 ; subsequently  he  served  with  Velasquez  in  Cubaj 
and  with  Cortes  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  1519-21.  Hav- 
ing obtained  a grant  of  the  country  now  embraced  in  Guiana 
and  eastern  Venezuela,  he  explored  the  Orinoco  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Meta,  1531-32.  Martinez,  one  of  his  officers, 
afterward  asserted  that  he  had  seen  on  this  expedition  the 
golden  city  of  Manoa,  thus  probably  starting  the  myth  of 
El  Dorado.  Ordaz,  on  his  return  to  the  coast,  was  arrested 
on  false  charges,  and  sent  to  Santo  Domingo : he  was  freed 
by  the  audience,  and  died  while  on  his  way  to  Spain. 

OrdericusVitalis  (or-de-ri'kus  vi-ta'lis),  or  Or- 
deric  (or'de-rik).  Bornat  Atcham, near  Shrews- 
bury, England,  1075 : died  about  1143.  An  Eng- 
lish historian  and  Benedictine  monk.  He  wrote 
an  “Ecclesiastical  History,"  especially  relating  to  Nor- 
mandy and  England  in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries  (ed.  by 

★ Le  PrtS  vost  1838-55). 

Orders.  Institutions,  partly  imitated  from  the 
medieval  and  crusading  orders  of  military 
monks,  but  generally  founded  by  a sovereign, 
a national  legislature,  or  a prince  of  high  rank, 
for  the  purpose  of  rewarding  meritorious  ser- 
vice by  the  conferring  of  a dignity:  a number 
of  the  more  prominent  of  these  orders  are  de- 
scribed below.  Most  honorary  orders  consist  of  sev- 
eral classes,  known  as  Imights  companions,  officers,  com- 
manders, grand  officers,  and  grand  commanders , otherwise 
called  grand  cross  or  grand  cordon.  Many  orders  have 
fewer  classes,  a few  having  only  one.  It  is  customary  to 
divide  honorary  orders  into  three  ranks  : (o)  Those  which 
admit  only  nobles  of  the  highest  rank,  and  among  foreign- 
ers only  sovereign  princes  or  members  of  reigning  fami- 
lies. Of  this  character  are  the  Golden  Fleece  (Austria  and 
Spain),  the  Elephant  (Denmark),  and  the  Garter  (Great 
Britain):  it  is  usual  to  regard  these  three  as  the  existing 
orders  of  highest  dignity.  ( b ) Those  orders  which  are  con- 
ferred upon  members  of  noble  families  only,  and  some- 
times because  of  the  mere  fact  of  noble  birth,  without 
spec  al  services,  (c)  The  orders  of  merit,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  conferred  for  services  only : of  these  the 
Legion  of  Honor  is  the  best-known  type.  The  various 
orders  have  their  appropriate  insignia,  consisting  usu- 
ally of  a collar  of  design  peculiar  to  the  order,  a star,  cross, 
jewel,  badge,  ribbon,  or  the  like.  It  is  common  to  speak 
of  an  order  by  its  name  alone,  as  the  Garter,  the  Bath.- 
Guelfic  Order,  a Hanoverian  order  of  knighthood,  found- 
ed in  1815  by  George  IV.  (then  prince  regent),  and  en- 
titled the  Royal  Hanoverian  Guelfic  Order.  It  includes 
grand  crosses,  commanders,  and  knights,  both  civil  and 
military.— Military  Order  of  Savoy,  an  order  founded 
by  King  Victor  Emmanuel  I.  of  Sardinia  in  1815,  adopted 
by  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  still  in  existence.  The 
badge  is  a cross  of  gold  in  red  enamel,  voided,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a royal  crown.  The  ribbon  is  blue. — Order 
for  Merit,  a Prussian  order  composed  of  two  classes, 
military  and  civil.  The  first  class  was  founded  by  Fred- 
erick the  Great  in  1740  (compare  Order  of  Generosity). 
The  badgs  is  a blue  enameled  cross  adorned  with  the  let- 
ter F,  the  words  “ pour  le  nitrite,”  and  golden  eagles. 
Since  1S10  it  has  been  given  exclusively  for  distinction  on 
the  field.  The  second  cla  s (or  second  order)  was  found- 
ed by  Frederick  William  IV.  in  1842  for  distinction  in 
science  and  art. — Order  Of  Alcantara,  a Spanish  mili- 
tary order  said  to  be  a revival  of  a very  ancient  order  of 
St.  Julian,  and  to  have  received  its  name  from  the  city  of 
Alcantara,  given  by  Alfonso  IX.  of  Castile  in  1213  to  the 
Knights  of  Calatrava,  and  transferred  by  the  latter. — Or- 
der of  Alexander  Nevski,  a Russian  order  founded  in 
1722  by  Peter  the  Great,  but  first  conferred  by  the  empress 
Catharine  I.  in  1725.  The  ordinary  badge  is  a cross  patt4, 
the  center  being  a circle  of  white  enamel  showing  St. 
Alexander  on  horseback,  the  arms  of  red  enamel  with  a 
double-headed  eagle  between  every  two  arms,  and  the 
whole  surmounted  by  an  imperial  crown.  This  is  worn 
hanging  to  a broad  red  ribbon  en  sautoire. — Order  Of 
Calatrava,  a Spanish  military  order  founded  in  the  mid- 
die  of  the  12th  century,  and  taking  its  name  from  the  for- 
tress of  Calatrava,  which  had  been  captured  from  the 
Moors  in  1147,  and  was  confided  to  the  new  order.  It  is 
still  in  existence.  The  badge  is  a cross  fleury  enameled 
red,  attached  to  a red  ribbon. — Order  of  Charles  III.,  a 
Spanish  order  founded  by  Charles  III.  in  1771. — Order 
of  Charles  XIII.,  a Swedish  order  founded  by  the  sov- 
ereign of  that  name  in  1811,  for  Freemasons  of  the  higher 
degrees. — Order  of  Christ,  a Portuguese  order  founded 
by  King  Dionysius  and  confirmed  about  1318.  It  contains 
three  degrees,  of  which  the  highest  is  limited  to  six  per- 
sons. The  present  badge  is  a cross  of  eight  points  encircled 
by  an  oak  wreath,  and  having  between  the  arms  four  ovals 
in  black  enamel,  each  bearingfive  golden  billets,  symboli- 
cal of  the  five  wounds  of  Christ.  The  ribbon  is  dark  red. — 
Order  of  Civil  Merit,  the  name  of  several  orders,  the 
most  prominent  of  which  is  that  of  Prussia.  See  Order 
for  Merit. — Order  of  Fidelity,  (a)  An  order  of  the  duchy 
of  Baden,  founded  by  the  margrave  Charles  William  in 
1715.  It  is  still  in  existence,  and  consists  of  two  classes 
only,  that  of  grand  cross  and  that  of  commander.  The 
badge  is  a cross  of  eight  points  in  red  enamel,  having  be- 
tween each  two  arms  the  cipher  CC  : the  same  cipher  oc- 
cupies the  middle  of  the  cross,  with  the  motto  ‘ Fidelitas." 
The  ribbon  is  orange-colored  and  edged  with  blue.  ( b ) An 
order  of  Portugal,  founded  by  John  VI.  in  1823  for  the 
supporters  of  the  monarchy  during  the  insurrectionary 
movements  in  that  country. — Order  of  Generosity,  a 
Prussian  order  of  distinction  founded  in  1665,  but  not  or- 
ganized till  1685,  and  superseded  in  1710  by  the  Order  for 
Merit.  — Order  of  Glory  ( Nishan  Iftikar),  an  order  of  the 
Ottoman  empire,  instituted  by  Mahmoud  II.  in  1831.— 
Order  of  Isabella  the  Catholic,  known  as  the  Royal 
American  Order,  and  instituted  in  1815  to  reward  loyalty 
among  the  American  colonists  and  dependents  of  Spain. 
The  order  still  exists.  The  badge  is  a cross pattd  indented, 
the  center  filled  with  a medallion,  the  arms  enameled  red, 
and  with  gold  rays  between  the  arms. — Order  Of  Jesus, 
Of  Jesus  Christ,  etc.,  the  name  of  several  orders  of  more 
or  less  religious  character,  in  Spain,  Sweden,  etc. — Order 


Orders 

Of  Leopold,  au  Austrian  order  founded  by  Francis  I.,  em- 
peror of  Austria,  in  memory  of  the  emperor  Leopold  II. 
It  dates  from  1808,  and  is  still  in  existence. — Order  of 
Louisa,  a Prussian  order  founded  by  Frederick  William 
III.  in  1814,  for  women  only. — Order  of  Maria  Louisa, 
a Spanish  order  for  women,  founded  in  1792,  and  still  in 
existence.— Order  Of  Maria  Theresa,  an  Austrian  order 
founded  by  the  empress  of  that  name  in  1757,  but  modi- 
fied by  the  emperor  Joseph  II.— Order  of  Maximilian, 
an  order  for  the  encouragement  of  art  and  science,  founded 
in  1853  by  Maximilian  II.  of  Bavaria. — Order  Of  Med- 
jidi.  See  Medjidi. — Order  of  Military  Merit,  (a)  An 
order  instituted  in  1759  by  Louis  XV.  of  Fiance  for  Protes- 
tant officers,  as  the  Order  of  St.  Louis  was  limited  to  Catho- 
lics. Its  organization  was  similar  to  that  of  the  latter  or- 
der. In  1814  it  was  reorganized  for  officers  of  the  army 
and  navy.  It  has  not  been  conferred  since  1830.  The 
badge  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  rib- 
bon is  of  the  same  color.  (6)  An  order  founded  by  Duke 
Charles  Eugene  of  Wiirtemberg  in  1759. — Order  of  Odd- 
Fellows,  The  Independent.  See  Odd-Fellows.—  Order 
Of  Our  Lady  of  Montesa,  a Spanish  order  founded  in  the 
14th  century  by  the  King  of  Aragon,  afterward  attached 
to  the  crown  of  Spain.—  Order  of  Our  Lady  of  Mount 
Carmel,  an  order  founded  by  Henry  IV.  of  France  on  the 
occasion  of  his  embracing  Catholicism,  and  in  a measure 
replacing  the  Order  of  St.  Lazarus.—  Order  Of  St.  An- 
drew, a Russian  order  founded  by  Peter  the  Greatin  1698. 
The  badge  is  the  double  eagle  of  Russia  in  black  enamel, 
upon  the  breast  of  which  is  the  crucifix  of  St.  Andrew, 
with  saltier-shaped  cross,  the  whole  surmounted  by  an 
imperial  crown.  The  ribbon  is  blue ; but  on  state  occa- 
sions this  badge  is  worn  pendent  to  a collar  composed  of 
similar  crowned  eagles,  of  ovals  bearing  saltiers,  and  of 
shields  with  flags  and  crowns.— Order  of  St.  Andrew  in 
Scotland.  Same  as  Order  of  the  Thistle. — Order  of  St. 
Benedict  Of  Aviz,  a Portuguese  order  said  to  date  from 
the  12th  century.  The  badge  is  a cross  ileury  of  green 
enamel,  having  a gold  fleur-de-lis  in  the  angle  between 
every  two  arms  of  the  cross,  and  hangs  from  a green  rib- 
bon worn  around  the  neck.  — Order  of  St.  Gall.  Same  as 
Order  of  the  Bear. — Order  Of  St.  George,  (a)  A Bavarian 
order  founded  or,  as  is  asserted,  restored  by  the  elector 
Charles  Albert  in  1729.  It  is  still  in  existence,  and  is  di- 
vided into  three  classes.  (6)  A Russian  order  founded  in 
1769  by  the  empress  Catharine  II.  This  is  conferred  only 
upon  a commanding  general  who  has  defeated  an  army 
of  fifty  thousand  men,  or  captured  the  enemy’s  capital, 
or  brought  about  an  honorable  peace.  There  is  now  no 
person  living  who  has  gained  this  distinction  regularly, 
though  it  has  been  given  to  a foreign  sovereign.  — Order 
Of  St.  James  Of  the  sword  (also  called  St.  James  of  Com- 
postela), a Spanish  order  of  great  antiquity,  asserted  to  have 
been  approved  by  the  Pope  in  1175,  and  still  existing.  In 
the  middle  ages  this  order  had  great  military  power,  and 
administered  a large  income.  The  badge  is  a cross  in  red 
enamel,  affecting  the  form  of  a sword,  and  bearing  a scal- 
lop-shell at  the  junction  of  the  arms.  Theribbou  is  red. — 
Order  of  St.  Lazarus,  an  order  which  had  its  origin  in 
theHoly  Land,  and  was  afterward  transplanted  into  France, 
where  it  retained  independent  existence  until,  under 
Henry  IV.,  it  was  in  a measure  replaced  by  the  Order  of 
Our  Lady  of  Mount  Carmel.  It  disappeared  during  the 
Revolution. — Order  Of  St.  Louis,  a French  order  founded 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  1693  for  military  service,  and  confirmed 
by  Louis  XV.  in  1719.  After  the  restoration  of  the  Bour- 
bons in  1814  this  order  was  reinstated.  No  knights  have 
been  created  since  1830.  The  badge  is  a cross  of  eight 
points,  having  in  the  central  medallion  a figure  of  Louis 
XIV.,  robed  and  crowned,  and  holding  inhis  hands  wreaths 
of  honor  ; there  is  a gold  fleur-de-lis  between  every  two 
arms.  The  ribbon  is  flame-colored. — Order  Of  St. 
Michael,  a French  order  instituted  by  Louis  XI.  in  1469, 
and  modified  by  Henry  III.  and  Louis  XIV.  Since  1830 
it  has  not  been  conferred.  The  badge  is  a cross  of  eight 
points  with  fleurs-de-lis  between  the  arms,  and  in  the  cen- 
tral medallion  a figure  of  the  archangel  Michael  tram- 
pling on  the  dragon.  The  ribbon  is  black. — Order  Of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George,  a Brilish  order  instituted  in 
1818,  originally  for  natives  of  the  Ionian  and  Maltese  isl- 
ands and  for  other  British  subjects  in  the  Mediterranean. 
It  has  since  been  greatly  extended. — Order  Of  St.  Pat- 
rick, an  order  of  knighthood  instituted  by  George  III.  of 
England  in  1783.  It  consists  of  the  sovereign,  the  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  twenty-two  knights. — Order 
Of  SS.  Cosmo  and  Damian,  a religious  order  in  Pales- 
tine in  the  middle  ages,  especially  charged  with  the  care 
of  pilgrims.—  Order  of  St.  Stanislaus,  a Polish  order 
dating  from  1765,  and  adopted  by  the  czars  of  Russia. — 
Order  of  the  Annunciation,  (a)  The  highest  order  of 
knighthood  (Ordine  supremo  dell’  Annunziata)  of  the  ducal 
house  of  Savoy,  now  the  royal  house  of  Italy,  dating  un- 
der its  present  name  from  1518,  when  it  superseded  the 
Order  of  the  Collar,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Count 
Amadeus  VI.  of  Savoy  in  1362,  but  probably  older.  The 
medal  of  the  order  bears  a representation  of  the  annunci- 
ation ; its  collar  is  decorated  with  alternate  golden  knots 
and  enameled  roses,  the  latter  bearing  the  letters  F E R T, 
making  the  Latin  word/ert  ( he  bears  ’),  an  ancient  motto 
of  the  house  of  Savoy,  but  variously  otherwise  inter- 
preted. The  king  is  the  grand  master  of  the  order.  (6)  An 
order  of  nuns,  founded  about  1500  at  Bourges,  France,  by 
Queen  Jeanne  of  Valois  after  her  divorce  from  Louis  XII. 
(c)  An  order  of  nuns,  founded  about  1604  at  Genoa,  Italy, 
by  Maria  Vittoria  Fornari.  — Order  of  the  Bath,  an 
order  supposed  to  have  been  instituted  at  the  coronation 
of  Henry  IV.  of  England  in  1399.  It  received  this  name 
from  the  fact  that  the  candidates  for  the  honor  were  put 
into  a bath  the  preceding  evening  to  denote  a purification 
or  absolution  from  all  former  stain,  and  that  they  were 
now  to  begin  a new  life.  The  present  Order  of  the  Bath, 
however,  was  instituted  by  George  I.  in  1725,  as  a military 
order,  consisting,  exclusive  of  the  sovereign,  of  a grand 
master  and  thirty-six  companions.  In  1815  the  order  was 
greatly  extended,  and  in  1847  it  was  opened  to  civilians. 
It  is  now  composed  of  three  classes,  viz. : military  and 
civil  knights  grand  crosses,  G.  C.  B. ; knights  command- 
ers, K.  C.  B.;  and  knights  companions,  C.  B.  The  badge 
is  a golden  Maltese  cross  of  eight  points,  with  the  lion  of 
England  in  the  four  principal  angles,  and  having  in  a cir- 
cle in  the  center  the  rose,  thistle,  and  shamrock  (repre- 
senting respectively  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland)  be- 
tween three  imperial  clowns ; motto,  “ Tria  j uncta  in  uno.  ” 


761 

Stars  are  also  worn  by  the  first  two  classes.  That  of  the 
knights  grand  crosses  is  of  silver,  with  eight  points  of  rays 
wavy,  on  which  is  a gold  cross  bearing  three  crowns,  en- 
circled by  a ribbon  displaying  the  motto  of  the  order,  while 
beneath  the  scroll  is  inscribed  Ich  dien  (‘  I serve  ’),  the 
motto  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  The  Star  of  the  knights 
commanders  differs  chiefly  in  lacking  the  wavy  rays. — 
Order  Of  the  Bear,  an  order  of  knights  instituted  by 
the  emperor  Frederick  II.,  and  having  its  center  at  the 
abbey  of  St.  Gall,  in  Switzerland.  It  ceased  to  exist  when 
St.  Gall  became  independent  of  the  house  of  Austria. — 
Order  Of  the  Black  Eagle,  a Prussian  order  founded 
by  Frederick  I.  in  1701.  The  number  of  knights  is  limited 
to  30,  exclusive  of  the  princes  of  the  blood  royal,  and  all 
must  be  of  unquestioned  nobility.  The  badge  is  a cross  of 
eight  points,  having  in  the  center  a circle  with  the  mono- 
gram F R (for  Frederick  Bex);  the  four  arms  are  enameled 
red, with  the  eagle  of  Prussia  in  black  enamel  between  each 
two  arms.  The  ribbon  is  orange,  but  on  occasions  of  cere- 
mony the  badge  is  worn  pendent  to  a collar  consisting  alter- 
natelyof  black  eagles  holding  thunderbolts  and  medallions 
bearing  the  same  monogram  as  the  badge  and  also  the 
motto  “ Suum  cuique."— Order  of  the  Burgundian 
Cross,  an  order  founded  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  which 
did  not  survive.—  Order  of  the  Chrysanthemum,  an  or- 
der founded  by  the  Mikado  of  Japan  in  1876. — Order  Of  the 
Conception,  an  order  founded  in  the  17th  century  by  some 
of  the  nobles  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  common  to 
Germany  and  Italy.— Order  of  the  Cordon  Jaune,  a 
French  order  for  Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic  knights, 
founded  in  the  16th  century  by  the  Duke  of  Nevers  for  the 
protection  of  widows  and  orphans.  It  is  now  extinct. — 
Order  of  the  Crescent,  a Turkish  order  instituted  in  1799, 
and  awarded  only  for  distinguished  bravery  in  the  naval  or 
military  service.  It  was  abolished  in  1851.  An  order  of 
the  crescent  was  founded  by  Charles  of  Anjou  in  Sicily  in 
1268,  but  had  a s ,ort  existence.  Rend  the  Good,  of  Anjou, 
count  of  Provence  and  titular  king  of  Naples,  founded 
another  short-lived  Ol  der  of  the  crescent  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury.—Order  of  the  Crown,  the  title  of  several  honorary 
orders  founded  by  sovereigns  in  the  19tli  century,  each  in- 
cluding as  part  of  its  name  that  of  the  country  to  which  it 
belongs,  (a)  The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Bavaria,  founded 
by  King  Maximilian  I.  Joseph  in  18o8.  It  is  granted  to  per- 
sons who  have  attained  distinction  in  the  civil  service  of 
the  state.  ( b ) The  Imperial  Order  of  the  Crown  of  India, 
founded  in  1878  for  women,  at  the  time  of  the  assumption 
by  Queen  Victoria  of  the  title  Empress  of  India.  It  in- 
cludes a number  of  Indian  women  of  the  highest  rank, 
(c)  The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy,  founded  by  King  Victor 
Emmanuel  in  1868.  (d)  The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Prussia, 
founded  by  King  William  I.  on  his  coronation  in  1861.  ( e ) 
The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Rumania,  founded  by  King 
Charles  on  assuming  the  royal  title  in  1881.  (/)  The  Or- 
der of  the  Crown  of  Saxony,  founded  by  King  Frederick 
Augustus  in  1807,  soon  after  his  assumption  of  the  kingly 
title.  It  is  of  but  one  class,  and  limited  to  persons  of  high 
rank.  (</)  The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Siam,  founded  in  1869. 
(A)  The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Wiirtemberg,  founded  by  King 
William  I.  in  1818. — Order  of  the  Daiiebrog,  the  second 
in  importance  of  the  Danish  orders  of  knighthood,  origi- 
nally instituted  in  1219,  revived  in  1671,  regulated  by  royal 
statutes  in  1693  and  1S08,  and  several  times  modified  since. 
It  now  consists  of  four  classes,  besides  a fifth  class  wearing 
the  silver  cross  of  the  order  without  being  regular  mem- 
bers of  it,  the  silver  cross  being  awarded  for  some  meri- 
torious act  or  distinguished  service.  The  order  may  be 
bestowed  on  foreigners. — Order  Of  the  Fan,  a Swedish 
order  founded  in  1744,  and  now  extinct. — Order  Of  the 
Fish,  a decoration  founded  by  the  Mogul  emperors  in  In- 
dia, and  conferred  upon  certain  English  statesmen  in  the 
early  part  of  the  19th  century.  The  insignia  are  of  the  na- 
ture of  standards  borne  before  the  person  upon  whom  the 
order  is  conferred.  — Order  of  the  Garter,  the  highest 
order  of  knighthood  in  Great  Britain,  consisting  of  the  sov- 
ereign, the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  25  knights  companions, 
and  open,  in  addition,  to  such  English  princes  and  foreign 
sovereigns  as  may  be  chosen,  and  sometimes  to  extra  com- 
panions chosen  for  special  reasons,  so  that  the  whole  order 
usually  numbers  about50.  Formerly  the  knights  compan- 
ions were  elected  by  the  body  itself,  butsincethe  reign  of 
George  III.  appointments  have  been  made  by  the  sovereign. 
The  order,  at  first  (and  still  sometimes)  called  the  Order 
of  St.  George,  was  instituted  by  Edward  IIL  some  time  be- 
tween 1344  and  1359,  the  uncertainty  arising  from  the  early 
loss  of  all  its  original  records.  Its  purpose  has  been  sup- 
posed to  have  been  at  first  only  temporary.  According  to 
the  common  legend,  probably  fictitious,  King  Edward  III. 
picked  up  a garter  dropped  by  the  Countess  of  Salisbury 
at  a ball,  and  placed  it  on  his  own  knee  with  the  words  to 
liis  courtiers, in  response  to  the  notice  takenof  the  incident, 
“Honi  soit  qui  mal  y pense”  (‘Shamed  be  he  who  thinks 
evil  of  it’).  To  this  incident  the  foundation,  the  name,  and 
the  motto  of  the  order  are  usually  ascribed.  The  insignia 
of  the  order  are  the  garter,  a blue  ribbon  of  velvet  edged 
with  gold  and  having  a gold  buckle,  worn  on  the  left  leg ; 
the  badge,  called  the  George  or  great  George,  a figure  of  St. 
George  killing  the  dragon,  pendent  from  the  collar  of  gold, 
which  has  26  pieces,  each  representing  a coiled  garter ; the 
lesser  George,  worn  on  a broad  blue  ribbon  over  the  left 
shoulder ; and  the  star  of  8 points,  of  silver,  having  in  the 
middle  the  cross  of  St.  George  encircled  by  the  garter.  The 
vesture  consists  of  a mantle  of  blue  velvet  lined  with  white 
taffeta,  a hood  and  surcoat  of  crimson  velvet,  and  a hat  of 
black  velvet  with  a plume  of  white  ostrich-feathers  having 
in  the  center  a tuft  of  black  heron-feathers.  The  sover- 
eign, when  a woman,  wears  the  ribbon  on  the  left  arm.— 
Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  an  order  founded  by  Philip 
the  Good,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  1430,  on  the  occasion  of 
his  marriage  with  the  infanta  Isabella  of  Portugal.  The 
office  of  grand  master  passed  to  the  house  of  Uapsburg  in 
1477  with  the  acquisition  of  the  Burgundian  dominions, 
which  included  the  Netherlands.  After  the  time  of  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  (died  1558)  this  office  was  exercised  by 
the  Spanish  kings ; but  after  the  cession  of  the  Spanish 
Netherlands  to  Austria,  (he  latter  power  in  1713-14 
claimed  the  office.  The  dispute  remains  undecided,  and 
the  order  therefore  exists  independently  in  Austria  and  in 
Spain.  The  badge  of  the  order  is  a golden  ram  pendent  by 
a ring  which  passes  round  its  middle.  This  hangs  from  a 
jewel  of  elaborate  design,  with  enameling  of  several  colors, 
various  suggestive  devices,  and  the  motto  “ Pretium  la- 
borum  non  vile.” — Order  of  the  Griffin,  an  order  of  the 


Orders 

grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  founded  in  1884. — 
Order  Of  the  Holy  Ghost,  (a)  (Often  oalled  by  the  French 
name  Saint  Esprit.)  The  leading  order  of  the  later  French 
monarchy,  founded  by  King  Henry  III.  of  France  in  1578, 
replacing  the  Order  of  St.  Michael.  The  king  was  the  grand 
master,  and  there  were  100  members,  not  including  for- 
eigners. The  members  were  required  to  adhere  to  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  and  to  be  of  a high  grade  of  nobility. 
The  decoration  was  a gold  cross  attached  to  a blue  ribbon, 
and  the  emblems  were  a dove  and  an  image  of  St.  Michael. 
The  order  has  been  in  abeyance  since  the  revolution  of 
1830.  (6)  An  order  founded  at  Montpellier,  France,  about 
the  end  of  the  12th  century,  and  united  to  the  Order  of  St. 
Lazarus  by  Pope  Clement  XIII.  (c)  A Neapolitan  order : 
same  as  Order  of  the  Knot. — Order  Of  the  Hospitalers  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  See  Hospitalers. — Order  of  the 
Uluminati,  a celebrated  secret  society  founded  by  Pro- 
fessor Adam  Weishaupt  at  Ingolstadt  in  Bavaria  in  1776  : 
originally  called  the  Society  of  the  Perfectibilists.  It  was 
deistic  and  republican  in  principle  ; aimed  at  general  en- 
lightenment and  emancipation  from  superstition  and  tyr- 
anny ; had  an  elaborate  organization  ; was  to  some  extent 
associated  with  freemasonry  ; and  spread  widely  through 
Europe,  though  the  Illuminati  were  never  very  numerous. 
The  order  excited  much  antagonism,  and  was  suppressed 
in  Bavaria  in  1785,  but  lingered  for  some  time  elsewhere.  — 
Order  of  the  Indian  Empire,  an  order  instituted  in  1878 
for  British  subjects  iu  India,  to  commemorate  the  assump- 
tion by  Queen  Victoria  of  the  title  of  Empress  of  India,  and 
open  to  natives  as  well  as  to  persons  of  European  extrac- 
tion.— Order  of  the  Iron  Cross,  a Prussian  orderfounded 
in  1813  for  military  services  in  the  wars  against  Napoleon. 
In  1870  the  order  was  reorganized.  It  consists  of  the  great 
cross  (conferred  only  on  a few  princes  and  generals),  and 
two  classes  comprising  several  thousand  Germans.  The 
original  badge  was  a cross  pattb  of  black  iron  with  a silver 
rim,  upon  which  were  the  initials  F.  W.  (Frederick  Wil- 
liam) and  the  date  1813  or  1815.  The  modern  badge  is  a 
modification  of  this.  The  ribbon  is  black  with  a white  bor- 
der. — Order  of  the  Iron  Crown,  an  order  founded  by  N a- 
poleon  I.  as  King  of  Italy,  and  adopted  by  Francis  I.  of 
Austria  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon.  It  consists  of  three 
classes.  The  badge  is  the  double  eagle  of  Austria  rest- 
ing upon  a ring  (which  represents  the  iron  crown  of 
Monza),  and  surmounted  by  an  imperial  crown  ; this  is  at- 
tached to  an  orange  ribbon  edged  with  blue.—  Order  Of 
the  Knights  of  Malta.  Same  as  Order  of  the  II ospitalers 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem. — Order  Of  the  Knot,  a military 
order  of  short  duration,  founded  at  Naples  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury.— Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  in  France,  an  or- 
der of  distinction  and  reward  for  civil  and  military  ser- 
vices, instituted  iu  May,  1802,  during  the  consulate,  by  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte,  but  since  modified  from  time  to  time  in 
important  particulars.  Under  the  first  empire  the  distinc- 
tion conferred  invested  the  person  decorated  with  the  rank 
of  legionary,  officer,  commander,  grand  officer,  or  grand 
cross.  The  order  holds  considerable  property,  the  proceeds 
of  whi<  h are  paid  out  in  pensions,  principally  to  wounded 
and  disabled  members. — Order  Of  the  Lion,  the  name  of 
several  orders  in  Germany,  etc. ; especially,  an  order  found- 
ed in  1815  by  William  I.,  first  king  of  the  Netherlands,  and 
continued  by  the  later  kings.  It  is  an  order  for  civil  merit. 
The  badge  is  astar  of  eight  points,  having  in  the  central  me- 
dallion a rampant  lion  and  crown,  and  a golden  W between 
each  two  arms.—  Order  of  the  Martyrs.  Same  as  Order  of 
SS.  Cosmo  and  Damian. — Order  of  the  Palm,  a German 
society  founded  at  Weimar  in  1617  for  the  preservation  and 
culture  of  the  German  language.  It  disappeared  after  1680. 
Also  called  Fruit- Bringing  Society.—  Order  of  the  Red 
Eagle  (formerly  Order  of  the  Red  Eagle  of  Bayreuth;  also 
called  Order  of  Sincerity),  an  order  founded  by  the  Mar- 
grave of  Bayreuth  in  1705,  and  in  1792  adopted  by  Freder- 
ick William  II.  of  Prussiaon  succeeding  to  the  principality. 
The  present  insignia  of  the  order  are  quite  different  from 
those  of  the  original  order.  The  badge  is  an  eight-pointed 
cross  having  in  the  center  a medallion  with  a red  eagle 
bearing  the  arms  of  the  Hohenzollern  family.  The  arms 
of  the  cross  are  of  white  enamel,  with  an  eagle  of  red  en- 
amel between  each  two  arms.  The  ribbon  is  striped  orange- 
color  and  white. — Order  Of  the  Saint  Esprit.  See  Or- 
der of  the  Holy  Ghost.—  Order  of  the  Star  of  India  (in 
the  full  style,  The  Most  Exalted  Order  of  the  Star  of  India), 
an  order  for  the  British  possessions  in  India,  founded  in 
1861.  The  motto  is,  “Heaven’s  light  our  guide.”  The  rib- 
bon is  light-blue  with  white  stripes  near  the  edge. — Order 
Of  the  Thistle  (in  full,  The  Most  Ancient  and  Most.  Noble 
Order  of  the  Thistle),  a very  old  Scottish  order  which  has 
been  renewed  and  remodeled,  and  is  still  in  existence.  The 
devices  of  the  order  are  St.  Andrew's  cross,  or  saltier,  and 
a thistle-flower  with  leaves;  these  enter  into  the  different 
badges,  the  collar,  star,  etc.  The  motto  is  “ Nemome  im- 
pune  lacessit."  The  ribbon  is  green. — Order  of  the 
White  Eagle,  an  order  founded  at  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century  by  Augustus  II.  of  Poland  and  Saxony,  or,  as  is 
alleged,  revived  by  him.  It  has  been  adopted  by  the  Czar 
of  Russia,  and  is  composed  of  one  class  only.  The  badge 
is  a cross  of  eight,  points,  bearing  a white  eagle  in  relief, 
and  surmounted  by  an  imperial  crown.  The  ribbon  is  sky- 
blue,  but  on  state  occasions  the  badge  is  worn  pendent  to  a 
eollarof  white  eagles  connected  by  plain  gold  links.— Order 
Of  the  White  Elephant  a Danish  order  alleged  to  be  of 
great  antiquity.  Its  foundation,  however,  is  specifically  as- 
cribed to  Christian  I.  (1462),  and  its  reorganization  to  Chris- 
tian V.  (1693).  Itislimited  to  30  knights  besides  the  mem- 
bers of  the  royal  family,  and  no  person  can  be  a knight  who 
is  not  previously  a member  of  the  Order  of  the  Danebrog. 
The  collar  of  the  order  is  composed  alternately  of  elephants 
and  embattled  towers.  The  badge  is  an  elephant  bearing 
on  his  back  a tower,  and  on  liis  head  a driver  dressed  like 
a Hindu.  The  ribbon  to  which  the  badge  is  attached  on 
ordinary  occasions  is  sky-blue. — Order  of  the  White 
Falcon,  an  order  founded  by  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar  in 
1732,  and  renewed  in  1815.  It  is  still  in  existence,  and  con- 
sists of  three  classes,  numbering,  exclusive  of  the  family 
of  the  reigning  grand  duke,  12  grand  crosses,  25  command- 
ers, and  50  knights.  The  badge  is  an  eight-pointed  cross  in 
green  enamel,  having  between  each  two  arms  a point  in 
red  enamel,  and  borne  upon  the  whole,  in  relief,  a falcon 
in  white  enamel.  On  the  reverse  are  the  words  “ L'Ordre 
de  la  vigilance,”  and  a trophy  or  other  emblem,  which  dif- 
fers for  the  civil  and  the  military  knight : also  the  motto 
“Vigilando  ascendimus.”  The  ribbon  is  dark  red  or  pon- 
ceau. Also  called  Order  of  Vigilance.—  Order  Of  the  Yel- 


Orders 

low  String.  See  Order  of  the  Cordon  Jaune. — Order  of 
Vigilance.  Same  as  Order  of  the  White  Falcon. — Teu- 
tonic Order,  a military  order  founded  at  Acre  in  Pales- 
tine in  1190,  and  confirmed  by  the  emperor  and  the  Pope. 

Orders  In  Council.  Orders  promulgated  by  the 
British  sovereign  with  the  advice  of  the  privy 
council.  Specifically,  the  orders  of  1S07,  which  pro- 
hibited neutral  trade  directly  with  France  or  the  allies 
of  France.  All  goods  had  to  be  landed  in  England,  pay 
duties  there,  and  be  reexported  under  English  regulations. 
These  orders  bore  with  especial  severity  on  American  com- 
merce. 

Ordinance  of  Nullification.  See  Nullification. 
Ordinance  of  1784.  An  act  of  the  United 
States  under  the  Confederation,  passed  April 
23,  1784,  for  the  temporary  government  of  the 
Northwest  Territory,  which  comprised  tracts 
ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the  several  States. 
Ordinance  of  1787.  An  act  of  Congress,  passed 
in  1787.  which  secured  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory freedom  from  slavery,  religious  freedom, 
education,  etc.,  and  provided  for  its  future 
subdivision. 

Ordinances,  F.  Ordonnances  (or-do-nons'). 
Various  legislative  acts  in  French  history. 
The  most  celebrated  were  the  Ordinances  of  July,  pro- 
claimed by  Charles  X.  in  July,  1830.  They  took  away  the 
freedom  of  the  press  and  made  other  arbitrary  changes, 
and  were  the  cause  of  the  revolution  of  July  and  the  over- 
throw of  the  Bourbon  monarchy. 

Ore  (o'ra),  Luis  Geronimo  de.  Born  at  Gua- 
manga,  Peru,  about  1545 : died  at  Concepcion, 
Chile,  1628.  A Franciscan  prelate  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Cuzco,  commissary  of  his 
order  in  Florida,  and  bishop  of  Concepcion  from  1620.  His 
works  include  “Descripciondel  Nuevo  Orbe  ” (Lima,  1678), 
“ Relacion  de  los  mirtires  de  Florida  ” (Madrid,  1605),  a 
life  of  St.  Francisco  Solano,  and  devotional  books  in  the 
.Indian  languages  of  Peru. 

Orebro(e're-br6).  1.  Alaen  of  southern  Sweden. 
Area,  3,498  square  miles.  Population,  204,- 
711. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Orebro, 
situated  on  the  Svart;f,  near  Lake  Hjelmar, 
98  miles  west  of  Stockholm,  it  has  been  the  seat 
of  various  diets:  that  of  1540  declared  the  throne  heredi- 
tary, and  that  of  1810  elected  Bernadotte  crown  prince. 
Two  treaties  were  negotiated  here  in  1812 — one  between 
England  and  Sweden,  and  the  other  between  England 
and  Russia.  Population,  28,583. 

Oregon  (or'e-gon).  [Named  from  the  Oregon 
River, now  the  Columbia.  Thename  Oregon,  sup- 
posed to  be  of  Indian  origin,  occurs  in  Carver’s 
“ Travels”  (1763)  as  the  name  of  a “river  of  the 
West  which  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  at  the 
Straits  of  Aman.”  Poss.  < Sp.  Orejon.  See 
Orejones. ] One  of  the  Western  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  extending  from  lat. 
42°  to  46°  15'  N.,  and  from  long.  116°  40'  to 
124°  32'  W.  Capital,  Salem ; chief  city,  Port- 
land. It  is  bounded  by  Washington  (partly  separated  by 
the  Columbia)  on  the  north,  Idaho  (partly  separated  by  the 
Snake  River)  on  the  east,  Nevada  and  California  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Coast  Range,  Cascade  Mountains,  and  Blue  Moun- 
tains. It  belongs  largely  to  the  valley  of  the  Columbia 
and  its  chief  tributary  the  Willamette : there  is  an  in- 
land basin  in  the  southeast.  The  chief  agricultural  prod- 
ucts are  wheat  and  other  cereals.  The  leading  exports 
are  wheat,  flour,  salmon,  wool,  and  fruit.  It  has  34  coun- 
ties, sends  2 senators  and  3 representatives  to  Congress, 
and  has  5 electoral  votes.  The  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
was  discovered  by  the  American  captain  Gray  in  1792.  It 
was  partly  explored  by  Lewis  and  Clark  1804-05.  A trad- 
ing-post was  founded  at  Astoria  in  1811.  The  territory 
between  lat.  42°  and  54°  40”  N.  was  long  in  dispute  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  United  States ; the  claims 
were  settled  by  treaty  in  1846.  Oregon  Territory  was  or- 
ganized in  1848,  and  it  was  admittedho  the  Union  in  1859. 
Area,  96,030  square  miles.  Population,  672,765,  (1910). 

Oregon.  An  American  battle-ship,  built  in  San 
Francisco,  launched  in  1893.  she  is  of  10,288  tons 
displacement,  and  on  her  trial-trip  maintained  for  four 
hours  a speed  of  16.79  knots.  Under  Captain  Charles  E. 
Clark  she  made  a famous  run  of  14,511  knots  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  leaving  Puget  Sound  March  6, 1898, 
and  reaching  Key  West  May  26.  She  took  a prominent 
part  in  the  battle  off  Santiago  July  3,  with  the  Brooklyn 
forcing  the  surrender  of  the  Cristdbal  Coldn.  SlieleftNew 
York  for  the  Philippines  Oct.  12,  and  joined  the  Asiatic 
squadron  at  Manila  in  March,  1899. 

Oregon  River.  See  Columbia. 

Oregon  Snakes.  See  Saidyulca. 

O’Reilly  (o-ri'li),  Alexander.  Born  at  Dublin, 
1722^  died  near  Chinchilla,  Murcia,  Spain,  March 

2o,  1 i94.  An  Irish  soldier.  He  served  successively  in 
the  Spanish,  Austrian,  and  French  armies ; reentered  the 
Spanish  army  1761 ; commanded  the  forces  which  put 
down  a revolt  of  the  French  in  Louisiana  (then  lately 
ceded  to  Spain)  1769;  and  in  1774-75  commanded  an  un- 
successful expedition  against  the  Algerians.  He  was 
created  Count  O Heilly,  but  in  1786  was  disgraced  and 
deprived  of  all  commands. 

O’Reilly,  Andrew.  Born  in  Ireland  in  1742: 
died  at  \ ienna  in  1832.  An  Irish  soldier.  He 
served  in  the  Austrian  army  under  Maria  Theresa  and 
Joseph  1 1. ; fought  at  Austerlitz ; and  surrendered  Vienna 
May  12,  1809. 

O’Reilly,  John  Boyle.  Born  at  Dowth  Castle, 
County  Meath,  Ireland,  June  28,  1844:  died  at 
Hull,  Mass.,  Aug.  10, 1890.  An  Irish- American 


762 

journalist  and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  William  David 
O’Reilly,  master  of  the  Nettleville  Institute  at  Dowth 
Castle.  In  1863  he  enlisted  in  the  Tenth  Hussars  in  Ire- 
land for  the  purpose  of  spreading  revolutionary  senti- 
ments among  the  soldiers.  He  was  sentenced  to  death  on 
the  charge  of  high  treason  in  1866.  The  sentence  was  com- 
muted to  20  years’  penal  servitude,  and  he  was  sent  out 
to  the  penal  colony  in  Australia,  where  he  arrived  in  1868. 
He  escaped  to  the  United  States  in  1869,  and  in  1870  se- 
cured employment  on  the  Boston  “Pilot,” of  which  he  be- 
came editor  in  chief  in  1874.  He  published  “Songs  from 
the  Southern  Seas  ” (1874),  “ Songs,  Legends,  and  Ballads  ” 
(1878),  "The  Statues  in  the  Block  ” (1881),  etc. 

Orejones  (d-ra-Ho'nas).  [Sp. , ‘ eared  ’ or  ‘ large- 
eared.’]  Anamegivenbytke  Spanish  in  America 
to  various  Indians  who  distended  the  lobes  of  the 
ears  by  means  of  metal  or  wooden  disks.  It  in- 
cluded : ( a ) A tribe  of  Upper  Paraguay,  de- 
scribed by  early  authors,  but  about  whom  little 
that  is  definite  is  known,  (b)  Indians  on  the 
northern  branches  of  the  Upper  Amazon,  in 
Brazil,  Colombia,  and  Ecuador:  called  Orelhu- 
dos  by  the  Brazilians.  There  are  apparently  several 
hordes,  perhaps  of  different  stocks.  Those  on  the  river 
I<;a  are  described  as  degraded  but  inoffensive  savages  who 
distend  the  ear-lobes  with  wooden  disks  until  they  touch 
the  shoulders,  (c)  An  extinct  tribe  of  northern  Coahuila, 
Mexico. 

Orel  (o-rel' ).  1 . A government  of  central  Russia. 
It  is  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Smolensk,  Kaluga, 
Tula,  Tamboff,  Voronezh,  Kursk,  and  Tchernigoff.  The 
surface  is  undulating.  The  agriculture  is  important. 
Area,  18,042  square  miles.  Population,  2,470,600. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Orel,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Orlik  with  the  Oka, 
about  lat.  52°  57'  N.,  long.  36°  7'  E.  It  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  and  manufacturing  center,  and  a 
leading  market  for  grain.  Population,  75,900. 

Orelliudos.  See  Orejones. 

Orelie  Antoine  (o-ra-le'  oh-twiin')  I.  (de  Tou- 
nens.)  A French  adventurer  who  was  pro- 
claimed king  of  Araueania  in  1861.  He  was  ar- 
rested on  Araucanian  territory  by  the  Chilean  government 
in  1862.  The  arrest  being  pronounced  illegal,  he  was  de- 
tained as  a lunatic,  hut  was  shortly  permitted  to  go  to 
Prance,  where  he  published  “ Otolie- Antoine  lev,  roid’  Arau- 
canie  et  Patagonie,  et  sa  captivity  en  Chili ’’  (1863).  Hav- 
ing in  the  meantime  returned  to  Araueania,  he  was  deposed 
during  a second  absence  in  France  by  a certain  Plauchut, 
whom  he  had  left  in  Araueania  as  his  deputy. 

O’Rell,  Max,  See  Blouet,  Paul. 

Orellana  (o-ral-yfi'na),  Francisco  de.  Born  at 
Truxillo  about  1490:  died,  probably  in  Vene- 
zuela, about  1546.  A Spanish  soldier,  first  ex- 
plorer of  the  Amazon.  He  was  intimate  with  the 
Pizarros  in  his  youth  ; went  to  Peru  about  1535  ; and  set- 
tled Guayaquil  in  1537.  Iu  1540-41  he  served  with  Gon- 
zalo  Pizarro’s  expedition  to  the  Napo.  (See  Cinnamon,  Land 
of.)  Having  been  sent  ahead  with  a brigantine  and  60 
soldiers  to  seek  for  provisions  (probably  in  April, 1541),  he 
arrived  at  the  junction  of  the  Napo  and  Maranon,  and,  un- 
able or  unwilling  to  return,  continued  on  down  the  latter 
river.  In  the  course  of  this  voyage  the  Indians  told  him 
of  a tribe  of  female  warriors,  or  Amazons,  and  he  claimed 
to  have  encountered  them  near  the  mouth  of  the  Trom- 
betas : from  this  story  the  river  derived  its  present  name. 
Orellana  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  late  in  1541, 
went  on  to  Trinidad,  and  thence  to  Spain.  He  received  a 
grant  to  conquer  the  country  discovered  by  him,  and  made 
an  unsuccessful  expedition  to  it  in  1544. 

Orellana,  River  of.  [From  its  discoverer,  Fran- 
cisco de  Orellana.]  A name  frequently  given, 
in  early  books  and  maps,  to  the  Amazon  River. 
It  is  still  occasionally  used. 

Orelli  (o-rel'le),  Johann  Kaspar.  Born  at  Zu- 
rich, Switzerland,  Feb.  13,1787:  died  Jan.  6, 1849. 
A Swiss  classical  philologist,  noted  for  his  edi- 
tions of  Horace,  Cicero,  and  Tacitus. 

Ore  (or)  Mountains.  See  Erzgebirge. 
Orenburg  (o'ren-borg).  1.  A government  in 
southeastern  Russia,  bordering  on  Asia.  It  is 
bounded  by  Siberia,  the  governments  of  Perm,  Ufa,  and 
Samara,  Uralsk,  and  Turgai.  The  surface  is  partly  moun- 
tainous (a  continuation  of  the  Urals)  and  partly  steppe. 
Area,  73,254  square  miles.  Population,  1,934,400. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Orenburg, 
situated  on  the  Ural  about  lat.  51°  46'  N.,  long. 
55°  10'  E.  It  is  an  important  trading  center. 
Population,  72,425. 

Orense  (o-ren'sa).  1.  A province  in  Galicia, 
Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  Portugal  on  the  south,  and  on 
the  other  sides  by  the  provinces  Pontevedra,  Lugo,  Ledn, 
and  Zamora.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  2,694 
square  miles.  Population,  404,311. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Orense,  situ- 
ated on  the  Minho  in  lat.  42°  18'  N.,  long.  7° 
50'  W.  The  cathedral  is  of  the  13th  century,  but  retains 
many  Romanesque  features,  as  the  very  long  transepts. 
The  bridge  over  the  Minho,  built  in  1230,  has  seven  arches, 
four  of  them  pointed,  and  rises  in  a 6teep  grade  from  both 
ends  to  the  middle.  The  grand  central  arch  has  a span  of 
about  150  feet,  and  its  crown  is  135  feet  above  the  river- 
bed. Population,  16,184. 

Oresteia  (o-res-te'ya).  A trilogy  by  ZEsckylus, 
founded  on  the  history  of  the  family  of  Aga- 
memnon. It  comprises  the  “Agamemnon,” 
“ Choephorte,”  and  “Eumenides.” 

Orestes  (o-res'tez).  [Or.  ’O/itart/c.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  son  of  Agamemnon  andClytemnestra, 


Organon 

and  brother  of  Electra.  He  slew  Clytemnestra  and 
Aigisthus,  and  was  pursued  by  the  Erinyes.  He  was  a 
favorite  subject  of  the  Greek  tragic  poets.  See  Electra. 

Orestes.  A play  of  Euripides,  exhibited  in 
409  B.  C. 

In  the  looseness  and  carelessness  of  the  metre,  in  the 
crowding  of  incidents  at  the  end  of  the  play,  in  the  low 
tone  of  its  morality — they  are  all  base,  says  the  scholiast, 
except  Pylades,  and  yet  even  he  advises  a cold-blooded 
murder  for  revenge’s  sake  — there  is  no  play  of  Euripides 
so  disagreeable.  On  the  other  hand,  for  dramatic  effect, 
as  the  same  scholiast  observes,  there  is  none  more  strik- 
ing ; but  this  applies  only  to  the  opening  scenes. 

Slahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  361. 

Orestes.  Killed  476  a.  d.  Regent  of  the  West- 
ern Empire  in  the  reign  of  his  son  Romulus 
Augustulus  (475-476). 

The  army  had  revolted,  and  the  commander-in-chief, 
an  Illyrian  named  Orestes,  had  seized  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment. This  Orestes  had  a strange  history.  About  thirty 
years  before  the  date  of  the  events  just  mentioned,  his 
native  country  — the  northern  part  of  what  is  now  called 
Croatia  — had  been  given  up  by  the  Romans  to  the  Huns. 
Orestes,  who  was  then  quite  a young  man,  finding  himself 
one  of  Attila’s  subjects,  offered  his  services  to  the  Hun- 
nish  king,  and  seems  to  have  acted  as  his  secretary.  In 
this  capacity  he  was  in  the  year  448  sent  on  a mission  from 
Attila  to  the  eastern  emperor,  Theodosius  II. , and  we  read 
of  his  being  terribly  indignant  because  he  was  not  regarded 
as  a person  of  equal  consequence  with  his  fellow-envoy, 
Edica  the  Scirian.  By  what  curious  chances  it  cam  e about 
that  the  former  secretary  of  Attila  now  found  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  Roman  army,  and  master  of  the  Roman 
state,  history  does  Dot  tell.  Orestes  did  not  choose  to  call 
himself  emperor,  thinking,  perhaps,  that  it  was  safer  for 
the  wearei  of  the  diadem  and  the  real  holder  of  power  to 
be  different  persons.  He  contented  himself  with  the  title 
of  Patrician,  the  same  which  had  been  borne  by  Rikimer 
and  by  Aetius,  and  bestowed  the  imperial  crown  on  his  son, 
a boy  of  fourteen,  who  was  named  Romulus  after  his  ma- 
ternal grandfather.  Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  126. 

Orestes  and  Electra.  1.  A group  in  marble, 
probably  a late  Greek  original,  in  the  Villa  Lu- 
dovisi,  Rome.  A woman,  already  full-grown,  rests  her 
arm  kindly  on  the  shoulder  of  a handsome  hoy,  who  is 
speaking  to  her. 

2.  An  interesting  group  of  antique  sculpture 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  Electra,  clad  in 
the  long  tunic,  stands  with  her  arm  about  her  brother's 
neck.  This  work  belongs  to  the  school  of  Pasiteles,  of 
the  early  empire. 

Oretani  (or-e-ta'nl).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
people  in  southern  Spain,  living  in  the  Sierra 
Morena  and  neighboring  regions. 

Oreus  (o're-us),  or  Histisea  (liis-ti-e'a).  [Gr. 
’Opedf,  'IrfT/a/fi.\  In  ancient  geography,  a city 
on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Euboea,  Greece, 
situated  opposite  Thessaly. 

Histisea,  afterwards  called  Oreus,  was  the  most  impor- 
tant town  of  northern  Euboea,  and  gave  name  to  a consid- 
erable tract  which  has  been  already  mentioned  as  His- 
tiseotis.  It  lay  about  midway  in  the  northern  coast  of  the 
island,  at  the  western  extremity  of  a broad  plain,  and  by 
the  side  of  a small  river  called  the  Callas.  Its  remains 
are  found  in  this  position,  and  still  bear  the  name  of  Oreo-. 
W e learn  from  Theopompus  that  when  Pericles  conquered 
Eubcea  and  expelled  the  Histifeans,  while  they  sought  a 
refuge  in  Macedonia,  2,000  Athenian  citizens  took  their 
place,  and  colonised  Oreus,  which  had  before  been  a town- 
ship of  Histisea.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  277,  note. 

Orfeo  (or-fa'o).  A dramatic  pastoral  by  Polizi- 
ano,  produced  in  1483.  It  was  the  first  pastoral 
written  in  the  language  of  the  country  to  which 
dramatic  action  was  given. 

Orfeo  ed  Euridice  (or-fa'o  ed  a-o-re'de-che) 
( Orpheus  and  Eurydice).  An  opera  by  Gluck, 
words  by  (Jalsabigi,  produced  at  Vienna  in  1762. 
In  1774  it’was  produced  at  Paris  as  “ Orph^e  et  Euridice," 
where  it  was  very  successful.  The  libretto  was  translated 
from  the  Italian  by  Moline.  See  Orpheus. 

Orfila  (or-fe-la'),  Matthieu  Joseph  Bona  ven- 
ture. Born  at  Mahon,  Balearic  Islands,  April 
24, 1787 : died  at  Paris,  March  12, 1853.  A French 
physician  and  chemist,  noted  as  a writer  on 
toxicology  and  medical  jurisprudence.  Among 

his  writings  are  “Toxicologieg^ndrale”  (1815),  “Traito  de 
m^decine  l<5gale”  (1847),  etc. 

Orford  (dr'ford).  A town  in  the  county  of  Suf- 
folk, England,  situated  near  the  North  Sea  17 
miles  east-northeast  of  Ipswich.  Population, 
6,736. 

Orford.  Earls  of.  See  Russell  and  Walpole. 
Organic  statute.  A Russian  edict  of  1832,  by 
which  Poland  lost  its  constitution. 

Organ  (or'gan)  Mountains,  Pg.  Serra  dos  Or- 
gaos.  A group  of  mountains  of  the  Brazilian 
coast  range,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  They  attain  the  height  of  7.325  feet,  and  are  re- 
markable  for  their  strange  forms.  One  peak,  called  the 
Dedo  de  Deos  (‘  Finger  of  God  ’),  appears  from  the  bay  like 
a Anger  pointing  upward. 

Organon  (or'ga-non).  [Gr.  bpyavov,  an  instru- 
ment, organ.]  The  logica  l treatises  of  Aristotle. 
The  name  was  originally  applied  to  the  logical  theory  of 
demonstration,  and  then  by  the  Peripatetics  to  the  whole 
of  logic,  especially  to  the  topics  of  Aristotle  or  the  rules 
for  probable  reasoning,  as  being  only  an  instrument  or 
aid  to  philosophy,  and  not  meriting  the  higher  place  of  a 
part  of  philosophy  claimed  for  it  by  the  Stoics  and  most  of 
the  Academics. 


Orgetorix 

Orgetorix  ( or-jet'o-riks).  A Helvetian  conspira- 
tor shortly  before  the  time  of  Caesar’s  war  with 
the  Helvetians  in  58  B.  C. 

Orgon  (or-goh' ).  A credulous  dupe  in  Moliere’s 
“Tartufe.”  He  has  an  imbecile  infatuation  for 
the  hypocritical  Tartufe. 

Oria  (o're-a).  A town  in  the  province  of  Lecce, 
Apulia,  Italy,  20  miles  southwest  of  Brindisi. 
Population^  commune,  8,731. 

Oriana  (o-n-an'a).  1.  The  legendary  mistress 

of  Amadis  de  Gaul,  daughter  of  Lisuarte,  king 
of  England.  Queen  Elizabeth  is  frequently  called  “the 
peerless  Oriana”  in  the  adulatory  poems  of  her  time. 

2.  The  principal  character  in  Fletcher’s  comedy 
“The  Wild  Goose  Chase,”  and  in  Farquhar’s 
comedy  “The  Inconstant,”  which  is  practically 
the  same.  She  is  betrothed  to  the  evasive  Mirabel  (the 
“wild  goose  ”),  and  finally  brings  him  to  reason  and  marries 
him. 

3.  A character  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s 
play  “The  Woman-hater”:  a teasing,  torment- 
ing, brilliant  woman. — 4.  A ballad  by  Tenny- 
son, published  in  1830. 

Oriana,  The  Triumphs  of.  A collection  of  mad- 
rigals in  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  compiled 
and  published  by  Thomas  Morley  in  1601. 
Oribe  (o-re'ba),  Manuel.  Born  about  1802:  died 
at  Montevideo,  Nov.,  1857.  An  Uruguayan  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  was  minister  of  war  under 
Rivera  1833-35,  and  succeeded  him  as  president  for  four 
years,  March  1,  1835.  In  1836  Rivera,  at  the  head  of  the 
Colorados  party,  revolted,  and  eventually  (Oct. , 1838)  took 
Montevideo.  Oribe  then  joined  with  the  dictator  Rosas  in 
a scheme  for  uniting  Uruguay  with  Buenos  Ayres.  Rosas 
furnished  him  with  troops,  and  from  1842  to  1851  he  held 
possession  of  much  of  Uruguay  and  besieged  Montevideo 
at  intervals : this  period  is  known  as  the  Nine  Years’  Siege 
(“Sitio  de  Nueve  Afios”).  Eventually  Brazil  and  Entre 
Rios  interfered,  and  Oribe  capitulated  to  Urquiza  in  Oct., 
1851.  He  led  a revolt  in  Sept.,  1855. 

Oriel  (o'ri-el)  College.  A college  of  Oxford 
University,  founded  by  Adam  de  Brome  and  Ed- 
ward II.  in  1326  (see  the  extract).  The  existing 
buildings  date  in  greater  part  from  the  early  17th  century. 
Though  theparts  areincongruous,  the  whole  ispicturesque. 
On  one  side  of  the  quadrangle  there  is  a fine  range  of  win- 
dows with  medieval  tracery. 

Oriel  College,  the  fifth  in  antiquity  of  the  colleges  that 
now  remain  at  Oxford,  dates  its  legal  existence  from  the 
year  1326,  although  it  actually  took  its  origin  two  years 
earlier.  It  was  in  1324  that  Edward  II.  gave  formal  per- 
mission to  his  almoner,  Adam  de  Brome,  to  acquire  land 
for  the  puipose  of  founding  a college  which  should  be 
styled  “the  House  of  the  Scholars  of  St.  Mary  at  Oxford." 
In  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  royal  licence,  Adam 
de  Brome  bought  of  Roger  Marshall,  rector  of  Tackley,  a 
building  known  as  Tackley’s  Inn,  situated  on  the  south 
side  of  the  High  Street  of  Oxford,  and  there  he  seems  to 
have  established  his  scholars,  one  of  them,  set  over  the  rest, 
being  designated  the  Rector.  He  also  bought  for  their 
benefit  a house  called  La  Perilos  Hall,  which  stood  on  the 
eastern  side  of  Durham  College,  in  the  northern  suburb. 
Before  long,  however,  heresolved  to  place  his  collegeunder 
more  powerful  protection  than  his  own,  and  with  that  ob- 
ject surrendered  it  into  the  hands  of  his  royal  master. 
Edward  II.  was,  by  a transparent  fiction,  made  to  appear 
the  founder  of  an  institution  of  which  in  point  of  fact  he 
was  merely  the  foster-father.  On  the  21st  of  January,  1326, 
he  issued  a formal  charter  of  foundation  and  a code  of 
statutes,  both,  no  doubt,  drawn  up  by  his  almoner,  who 
caused  himself  to  be  appointed  the  official  head  of  the  Col- 
lege, with  the  title  of  Praepositus,  or  Provost. 

Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  141. 

Orient  (o'ri-ent),  The.  [From  L.  oriens,  rising 
(sc.  of  the  sun).]  The  East ; eastern  countries ; 
specifically,  the  regions  to  the  east  and  southeast 
of  the  leading  states  of  Europe  : a vague  term, 
including  Asiatic  Turkey,  Persia,  India,  Egypt, 
etc. 

Origen  (or'i-jen),  L.  Origenes  (o-rij'e-nez)  (sur- 
named  Adamantius).  [Gr.  ’Slpiyeyvg  ’Ada/iavn- 
rof.]  Born  probably  at  Alexandria,  185  or  186 
A.  d.  : died  at  Tyre,  probably  253.  One  of  the 
Greek  fathers  of  the  church.  He  was  educated  at 
Alexandria,  and  was  head  of  the  celebrated  catechetical 
school  in  that  city  from  about  211  un  til  231  or  232,  when  for 
obscure  reasons  he  was  degraded  by  the  synod  from  the 
condition  of  a presbyter  to  that  of  a layman.  He  afterward 
founded  a school  at  Cresarea.  He  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Decian  persecution  in  250.  He  was  an  extremely  prolific 
author,  and  wrote  on  a great  variety  of  subjects  pertaining 
to  theology.  Among  his  works  are  a valuable  recension  of 
theOld  Testament,  entitled  “ Hexapla,”fragmentsof  which 
have  been  preserved ; and  a defense  of  Christianity  against 
the  Epicurean  philosopher  Celsus. 

Origenists  (or'i-jen-ists).  1.  The  followers  of 
Origen  of  Alexandria;  those  who  held  or  pro- 
fessed to  hold  the  doctrines  held  by  or  attrib- 
uted to  Origen. — 2.  The  members  of  a sect 
mentioned  by  Epiphanius  as  followers  of  some 
unknown  person  named  Origen.  He  attributes 
shameful  vices  to  them,  but  supplies  no  further 
information  concerning  them. 

Original  Chronicle  of  Scotland,  The.  A rimed 
chronicle  by  Andrew  of  Wyntoun,  finished  be- 
tween 1420  and  1424.  It  begins  with  the  angels, 
follows  with  Adam  and  Eve,  and  continues  down  to  the 
author’s  time. 


763 

Wyntoun  says  that  he  called  his  chronicle  “original” 
because  he  designed  to  trace  things  from  their  origin ; and 
he  wrote  it  in  nine  books  in  honour  of  the  nine  orders  of 
angels.  Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  50. 

Origines  (o-rij'i-nez).  [L.,  ‘origins.’]  Seethe 
extract. 

Cato  composed  also  the  first  Roman  historical  work  in 
Latin  prose,  his  seven  books  of  Origines,  commenced  in  the 
lateryears  of  his  life  and  continued  nearly  until  his  death. 
The  work  comprised  also  the  other  tribes  of  Italy,  includ- 
ing Upperltaly,  at  the  same  time  dealing  with  ethnography 
and  all  sides  of  social  life  to  an  extent  which  remained 
without  imitation.  In  all  the  rest,  the  work  was  in  the 
manner  of  the  Annalists,  now  brief,  now  extensive  and 
even  allowing  space  for  the  insertion  of  complete  speeches 
by  the  author.  Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit. 

[(tr.  by  O.  C.  W.  Wan-),  I.  174. 

Origin  of  Species,  The.  A work  by  Darwin, 
developing  his  theory  of  evolution,  published 
in  1859. 

Orihuela  (o-re-wa'la).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Alicante,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Segura  13 
miles  northeast  of  Murcia.  Population,  28,- 
530. 

Orinda  (o-rin'da),  The  Matchless.  See  Phil- 
ips, Katherine. 

Orinoco  (o-ri-no'ko).  The  northernmost  of  the 
three  great  rivers  of  South  America.  It  rises  in 
the  Parima  Mountains,  flows  northwest,  then  north  and 
finally  east  through  Venezuela,  and  empties  by  a delta  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Trinidad,  about  lat.  9°-10°  N.  The  upper 
portion  is  in  a forest  region  ; the  lower  course  is  bordered 
by  open  llanos.  Its  branch  the  Cassiquiare  connects  it  with 
the  Rio  Negro,  and  hence  with  the  Amazon.  The  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Guaviare,  Meta,  Apur(,Ventuari,  Caura, 
and  Caroni.  Its  mouth  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1498,  and  it  was  first  navigated  by  Diego  de  Ordaz  in  1531. 
Length,  about  1,350  miles  (including  the  Guaviare,  about 
1,600  miles);  navigable  about  900  miles,  to  the  Orinoco 
“falls,”  or  rapids  of  Atures,  and  above  them  for  a long 
distance. 

Orion  (o-ri'on).  [Gr.  ’Qpiuv.']  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a giant  and  hunter.  There  were  various 
legends  about  him.  He  was  blinded,  with  the  aid  of  Diony- 
sus, by  (Enopion  whose  daughter  he  had  ravished;  but 
regained  his  sight  by  opening  his  eyes  to  the  rays  of  the 
rising  sun.  He  was  slain  by  Artemis.  After  his  death  he 
was  changed  to  a constellation. 

2.  Aconste llation  situated  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere with  respect  to  the  ecliptic,  but  having 
the  equinoctial  crossing  it  nearly  in  the  middle. 
This  constellation  is  represented  by  the  figure  of  a giant 
with  a sword  by  his  side.  It  contains  seven  starswhich  are 
very  conspicuous  to  the  naked  eye : four  of  these  form  a 
quadrangle,  and  the  other  three  are  situated  in  the  middle 
of  it  in  a straight  line,  forming  what  is  called  the  Belt  or 
Girdle  of  Orion.  They  are  also  popularly  called  Jacob's 
Staff,  Our  Lady's  WanP,  the  Yard-wand,  etc.  Orion  also 
contains  a remarkable  nebula. 

Oriskany  (o-ris'ka-ni).  A village  in  Oneida 
County,  New  York,  7 miles  northwest  of  Utica. 
Here,  Aug.  6,  1777,  the  Americans  under  Herkimer  de- 
feated the  British  and  Indians.  See  Herkimer. 

Orissa  (o-ris'sa).  A former  division  of  Bengal, 
British  India.  It  was  formerly  a Hindu  king- 
dom; later  was  under  Mogul  and  Mahratta 
rule  ; and  was  acquired  by  the  British  in  1803. 
In  December,  1911,  it  was  united  with  Behar  and 
Chota  Nagpur  in  a lieutenant-governorship. 

Oristano  (6-ris-ta'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Cagliari,  Sardinia,  situated  on  the  Tirso, 
near  the  western  coast,  54  miles  north-north- 
west of  Cagliari.  It  has  a cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 7,199. 

Orizaba  (o-re-tha/Ba).  A city  of  Mexico,  in  the 
state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  64  miles  west-south- 
west of  Vera  Cruz.  Population,  32,894. 

Orizaba,  Peak  of.  A slumbering  pyramidal 
volcano,  16  miles  northwest  of  Orizaba.  It  is 

the  highest  mountain  in  Mexico,  and,  with  the  exception 
of  Mount  Logan  and  Mount  McKinley,  in  North  America. 
Height  of  Orizaba  (Heilprin,  1890),  18,205  feet ; (Scovell, 
1892),  18,314  feet. 

Or  khan  (or-ehan').  Died  1359.  Sultan  or  emir 
of  the  Turks  1326-59,  son  of  Othman. 

Orkney  (ork'ni).  A county  of  Scotland,  con- 
sisting of  the  Orkney  Islands. 

Orkney  and  Shetland  (shet'land).  A former 
county  of  Scotland,  divided  in  1889.  See  Ork- 
ney Islands  and  Shetland  Islands. 

Orkney  (ork'ni)  Islands.  [Icel.  Orlcneyjar,  Or- 
cades  Islands  (ey,  pi.  eyjar,  island),  the  first  ele- 
ment being  prob.  confused  with  orlcn,  dried,  a 
seal.]  A group  of  islands  north  of  Scotland, 
from  which  they  are  separated  by  Pentland 
Firth:  the  ancient  Orcades.  Chief  town,  Kirk- 
wall. They  form  a distinct  county,  and  arc  about  67  in 
number,  29  being  inhabited.  The  principal  island  is  Main- 
land ; surface  generally  low  (hilly  in  Hoy  and  parts  of 
Mainland);  chief  occupations,  agriculture  and  fisheries. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Piets:  they  were  Christian- 
ized by  Irish  missionaries.  The  islands  were  acquired  by 
the  Northmen  in  the  8th  and  9th  centuries,  and  ruled  by 
jarls.  In  1231  they  passed  to  the  Earls  of  Angus,  etc.,  and 
in  1468  to  the  Scottish  crown.  Denmark  renounced  its 
claims  of  sovereignty  in  1590.  Area,  376  square  miles. 
Population  (civil  county),  28,698. 


Orleans,  Helfene  Louise  Elisabeth  d’ 

Orlando  (or-lan'do).  1.  The  Italian  form  of 
Roland  (which  see). — 2.  In  Shakspere’s  comedy 
‘ ‘ As  you  Like  it,”  the  younger  brother  of  Oliver, 
and  lover  of  Rosalind. 

Orlando  Furioso  (or-lan'do  fo-re-o'so).  [It., 
‘Orlando  Mad.’]  A metrical  romance  by  Ariosto, 
40  cantos  of  which  were  published  in  1515,  to 
which  he  added  5 more  before  his  death  in  1533. 
Sir  John  HarinKton’s  translation  was  published  in  1591.  It 
is  a continuation  of  Boiardo’s  “Orlando  Innamorato,”  but 
it  begins  at  a point  before  the  end  of  Boiardo’s  work.  Or- 
lando’s madness  is  occasioned  by  the  falseness  of  Angelica. 

Orlando  Furioso,  The  History  of.  A play  by 
Robert  Greene,  produced  probably  about  1588- 
1589.  It  was  revived  in  1592,  printed  in  1594.  Greene 
makes  Orlando  marry  Angelica. 

Orlando  Innamorato  (en-na-mo-ra'to).  [‘Or- 
lando Enamoured.’]  A metrical  romance  by 
Boiardo,  on  the  love  of  Orlando  or  Roland  for 
Angelica.  The  hero,  however,  is  really  Rogero.  Boiardo 
left  it  unfinished  in  1494,  and  Ariosto  wrote  his  “Orlando 
Furioso”  as  its  sequel.  Boiardo’s  poem  was  remodeled 
in  a lively  style  by  Berni. 

Orleanais  (or-la-a-na').  An  ancient  govern- 
ment of  France.  Capital,  Orleans.  It  was  bounded 
by  Ile-de-France  on  the  north,  Champagne  and  Burgundy 
on  the  east,  Nivernais  on  the  southeast,  Berry  on  the  south, 
and  Touraine  on  the  west.  It  comprised,  besides  Orleanais 
proper,  Gatinais,  Beauce,  and  Sologne.  It  corresponded 
mainly  to  the  departments  of  Loiret,  Loir-et-Cher,  Eure-et- 
Loir,  and  parts  of  Seine-et-Oise,  Indre-et-Loire,  Nitvre, 
Cher,  and  Sarthe. 

Orleanists  (or'le-an-ists).  In  French  politics, 
the  adherents  of  the  princes  of  the  Orleans 
family.  The  family  is  descended  from  a younger  brother 
of  Louis  XIV.,  and  has  furnished  one  sovereign,  Louis 
Philippe  (who  reigned  1830-48). 

Orleans  (or-la-on'),  Eng.  Orleans  (or'le-anz). 
[Formerly  also  Orleaunce,  ME.  Orleans,  Or- 
leauns,  Orliauns,  OF.  Orleans,  Orlians,  LL.  Att- 
reliani, or  Aurelianensis, Aurelian’s  (city).]  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Loire  in  lat.  47°  54'  N.,long.  1°  54' 
E.:  the  medieval  Aureliani,  and  probably  the  an- 
cient Genabum.  It  has  important  commerce  in  wool, 
wines,  grain,  timber,  oil,  etc. , and  manufactures  of  blankets, 
hosiery,  worst  ed,  vinegar,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  a building 
of  great  size,  rebuilt  by  Henry  IV.  (begun  in  1601)  in  as 
close  an  approximation  as  possible  to  the  architecture  of  the 
original  Pointed  cathedral  destroyed  by  the  Huguenots. 
The  facade,  with  its  5 portals  and  2 lofty  towers,  is  of 
gingerbread  work ; but  much  of  the  chevet  and  apsidal 
chapels  belongs  to  the  earlier  church,  and  is  very  fine. 
The  five-aisled  interior  is  485  feet  long,  and  the  nave  100 
high.  Orleans  was  a town  of  the  Carnutes.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  Caesar,  but  was  rebuilt  by  Aurelian,  occupying 
an  important  military  position,  it  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  Attila  in  451 ; was  a leading  town  from  the 
Merovingian  times;  and  was  the  chief  place  of  Orleanais. 
The  famous  siege  of  it  commenced  by  the  English  Oct.  12, 
1428,  was  raised  in  May,  1429,  in  consequence  of  the  as- 
saults of  the  relieving  forces  under  Joan  of  Arc  (see  the 
extract).  It  was  a Huguenot  center  about  1563.  A victory 
of  the  Germans  over  the  French,  Oct.  11, 1870,  was  accom- 
panied by  the  capture  of  the  city.  The  French  retook  it 
in  Nov.;  but  in  the  severe  fighting  of  Dec.  2-4  they  were 
worsted,  and  the  Germans  again  occupied  it.  Population, 
68,614. 

The  Loire,  flowing  first  northwards,  then  westwards, 
protects,  by  its  broad  sickle  of  waters,  this  portion  of  Gaul, 
and  the  Loire  itself  is  commanded  at  its  most  northerly 
point  by  that  city  which,  known  in  Caesar’s  day  as  Genabum, 
had  taken  the  name  Aureliani  from  the  great  Emperor, 
the  conqueror  of  Zenobia,  and  is  nowcalled  Orleans.  Three 
times  has  Aureliani  played  an  eminent  part  in  the  history 
of  Gaul.  There  broke  out  the  great  insurrection  of  B.  c. 
52  against  the  victorious  Caesar;  there  Atfila’s  host,  in 
A.  D.  451,  received  their  first  repulse ; and  there  in  1429, 
the  maid  of  Domremy,  by  forcing  the  Duke  of  Bedford  to 
raise  the  siege,  wrested  from  the  English  Plantagenets 
their  last  chance  of  ruling  in  France. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  132. 

Orleans,  Charles,  Due  d’.  Born  May  26,  1391: 
died  Jan.  4, 1465.  A French  poet,  son  of  Louis, 
due  d’Orleans.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  English 
at  Agincourt  in  1415,  and  released  in  1440.  His  poems  were 
edited  by  d’H^ricarut  in  1874. 

The  life  of  this  poet  . . . falls  into  three  divisions.  In 
the  first,  when  after  his  father’s  death  he  held  the  position 
of  a great  feudal  prince  almost  independent  of  royal  con- 
trol, it  is  not  recorded  that  he  produced  any  literary  work. 
His  long  captivity  in  England  was  more  fruitful,  and  dur- 
ing it  he  wrote  both  in  French  and  in  English.  But  the 
last  five-and-twenty  years  of  his  life,  when  he  lived  quietly 
and  kept  court  at  Blois  (bringing  about  him  the  literary 
men  of  the  time  from  Bouciqualt  to  Villon,  and  engaging 
with  them  in  poetical  tournaments),  were  the  most  pro- 
ductive. His  undoubted  work  is  not  large,  but  the  pieces 
which  compose  it  are  among  the  best  of  their  kind. 

Saintsbwry,  French  Lit.,  p.  105. 

Orleans,  Ferdinand  Philippe  Louis  Charles 
Henri,  Due  d’.  Born  at  Palermo,  Sept.  3,  1810 : 
died  near  Paris,  July  13,  1842.  Eldest  son  of 
Louis  Philippe,  king  of  the  French.  He  served 
in  the  campaigns  in  Algeria. 

Orleans,  Helene  Louise  Elisabeth,  Duchesse 
d’.  Born  at  Ludwigslust,  Mecklenburg,  1814: 
died  at  Richmond,  England,  1858.  A princess  of 
Mecklenburg,  wife  of  the  Due  d’Orldans  (1810- 
1842). 


Orleans,  House  of 

Orleans,  House  of.  In  French  history,  at  vari- 
ous times  since  the  14th  century,  a younger 
branch  of  the  reigning  family,  holding  the 
duchy  of  Orleans  as  an  appanage:  particularly 
the  family  of  the  younger  brother  of  Louis  XIV. , 
Philip,  whose  descendants  and  adherents  have 
been  called  Orleanists. 

Orleans  (or'le-anz),  Isle  of.  An  island  in  the 
St.  Lawrence,  northeast  of  Quebec.  Length, 
20  miles. 

Orleans  (or-la-on'),  Jean  Baptiste  Gaston, Due 
d’.  Bom  April  25, 1608 : died  Feb.  2,  1660.  A 
younger  son  of  Henry  IV.  He  is  noted  chiefly  for  his 
intrigues  against  Richelieu  and  Mazarin  in  the  reigns  of 
Louis  XIII.  and  Louis  XIV.  He  was  created  duke  of  Or- 
leans in  1627. 

Orleans,  Louis,  Due  d’.  Born  1371:  killed  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23, 1407.  Younger  brother  of  Charles 
VI.  He  was  created  duke  of  Orleans  in  1392.  In  the  same 
year  his  brother  became  deranged,  and  he  assumed  the 
regency  in  opposition  to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.  He  was 
assassinated  by  Jean  SansPeur,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  1407, 
and  his  death  was  the  signal  for  the  civil  war  between 
Burgundians  and  Armagnacs  or  supporters  of  Orleans. 

Orleans,  Louis  Philippe,  Due  d’.  See  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, King  of  the  French. 

Orleans, Louis  Philippe  Joseph,  Due  d’.  Born 
at  St.-Cloud,  France,  April  13, 1747:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1793.  Great-grandson  of  Phi- 
lippe d’Orl4ans  (1674— 1723).  He  was  a member  of  the 
Constituent  Assembly  1789-91,  and  was  a Montagnard  dep- 
uty to  the  Convention  1792-93.  , He  renounced  his  title,  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Philippe  EgaliM,  and  voted  for  the 
death  of  the  king.  He  was  executed  on  the  accession  of 
the  Jacobins  to  power  in  the  Convention. 

Orleans,  Maid  of.  See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Orleans,  Philippe,  Due  d’.  Born  Sept.  21, 1640 : 
died  June  9, 1701.  The  younger  brother  of  Louis 
XIV.  He  became  duke  of  Orleans  in  1660,  and 
is  the  ancestor  of  the  present  house  of  Orleans. 
Orleans,  Philippe,  Due  d’.  Born  at  St.-Cloud, 
France,  Aug.,  1674:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.,  1723. 
The  son  of  Philippe  d’Orl4ans  (1640-1701).  He 

distinguished  himself  as  a general,  and  was  regent  of 
France  1715-23,  and  prime  minister  in  1723. 

Orleans  Madonna,  The.  A small  but  beauti- 
ful painting  of  the  Virgin  and  Child,  on  wood, 
at  the  Chateau  de  Chantilly,  France.  The  Virgin 
has  the  circular  nimbus,  and  in  the  background  appear 
earthenware  vessels  and  a flask. 

Orloff  (or-lof'),  Alexei.  Born  1737  : died  1808. 
A Russian  admiral,  brother  of  Grigori  Orloff. 
He  took  part  in  the  conspiracy  which  raised  Catharine  II. 
to  the  throne,  and  strangled  the  czar  Peter  III.  with  his 
own  hands  (1762).  He  gained  the  naval  victory  of  Tchesme 
over  the  Turks  in  1770. 

Orloff,  Prince  Alexei.  Born  1787 : died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  May  21,  1861.  A Russian  general 
and  diplomatist.  He  negotiated  the  peace  of  Adria- 
nople  in  1829,  and  that  of  Hunkiar-Skelessi  in  1833 ; and 
represented  Russia  at  the  Congress  of  Paris  in  1856. 
Orloff,  Count  Grigori.  Born  Oct.  17, 1734:  died 
at  Moscow,  April  24,  1783.  A Russian  general 
and  politician.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years’ War,  and 
participated  in  the  conspiracy  which  raised  Catharine  II. 
to  the  throne  in  1762.  He  afterward  became  Catharine’s 
paramour. 

Orloff  Diamond,  The.  A famous  gem,  the  chief 
ornament  of  theRussian  imperial  scepter:  some- 
times called  the  scepterdiamond.  It  was  purchased 
at  Amsterdam  by  Count  Grigori  Orloff,  and  was  given  by 
him  to  Catharine  II.  It  weighs  193  carats.  Also  Koh-i-Tur. 

Orm.  See  Ormulum. 

Ormazd  ( or'mazd),  or  Ormuzd  (or'muzd).  See 
Ahura  Mazda. 

Orme  (orm),  Robert.  Bom  at  Anjengo,  Tra- 
vancore,  India,  June,  1728:  died  at  Great  Eal- 
ing, near  London,  Jan.  13,  1801.  An  English 
historian  of  India,  son  of  Alexander  Orme,  sur- 
geon in  Anjengo.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  in 
1743  entered  the  East  India  Company’s  service  at  Calcutta. 
He  was  intimately  associated  with  Lord  Clive,  succeeded 
Lord  Pigot  asgovernorof  Madras, and  wascommissary-gen- 
eralfrom  1757  to  1759.  In  1759  he  returned  to  London,  and 
between  1763  and  1778  published  a “History  of  the  Military 
Transactions  of  the  British  Nation  in  Indostan  from  1745.” 

Orme’s  Head  (6rmz  hed),  Great,  and  Orme’s 
Head,  Little.  Two  promontories  m Carnarvon- 
shire, North  Wales,  which  project  into  the  Irish 
Sea  about  35  miles  west  of  Liverpool. 

Ormin.  See  Ormulum. 

Ormonde  (or'mond).  The  former  name  of  East 
Munster  (Tipperary),  Ireland. 

Ormonde.  A bay  thoroughbred  horse  foaled  in 
1883.  In  1886  he  won  the  Derby,  St.  Leger,  and  Two  Thou- 
sand  Guineas.  He  became  a roarer,  and  was  sent  to  Buenos 
Ayres.  In  1892  lie  was  bought  by  Mr.  McDonough  of  Cali- 
fornia for  $150,000,  the  largest  price  ever  paid  for  a single 
animal.  Ormonde  is  considered  the  greatest  racer  ever 
bred  in  England. 

Ormonde,  Dukes  and  Earls  of.  See  Butler. 
Ormskirk  (ormz'kerk).  Atownin  Lancashire, 
England,  12  miles  north-northeast  of  Liverpool. 
Population,  6,857. 

Ormulum  (or'mu-lum).  A series  of  metrical 


764 

homilies  on  the  New  Testament,  with  para- 
phrases, composed  by  Orm  or  Ormin  in  the  first 
part  of  the  13th  century.  He  was  an  Augustinian 
canon,  and  it  is  assumed  that  he  lived  in  Lincolnshire 
or  Nottinghamshire,  but  there  are  arguments  in  favor  of 
Ormskirk  in  Lancashire.  Orm  had  a phonetic  system  of 
Iris  own,  distinguishing  the  short  vowels  by  doubling  the 
following  consonant.  The  Ormulum  was  first  edited  from 
the  MS.  by  Robert  Meadows  White  in  1852. 

The  intention  of  his  work  corresponded  to  that  of  the 
Scripture  Paraphrase  of  Caedmon,  although  it  differed 
much  in  plan  and  execution.  His  work  is  called,  from  his 
own  name,  the  Ormulum. 

“ This  boc  iss  nemmned  Orrmulum 
Forrthi  that  Orm  itt  wrohhte.” 

But  though  the  author  there,  for  a purpose,  calls  himself 
Orm,  he  says  elsewhere  that  he  was  named  Ormin.  There 
remains  only  a portion  of  the  work,  and  it  is  in  a single  MS. 
which  forms  a folio  volume  in  the  Junian  collection,  now 
preserved  in  the  Bodleian. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  232. 

Ormus  (or'mus),  or  Hormuz  (hor'muz).  An  an- 
cient and  medieval  city  situated  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Persia  at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian 
Gulf.  It  was  removed  to  a neighboring  island  in  the  Strait 
of  Ormus  about  1300 ; became  an  emporium  of  commerce 
and  noted  for  its  wealth  ; became  dependent  on  Portugal 
in  1514  ; and  in  1622  was  taken  by  the  Shah  of  Persia,  as- 
sisted by  the  English.  It  is  now  in  ruins.  Milton  cele- 
brates “the  wealth  of  Ormus  and  of  Iud”  (“Paradise  Lost," 
ii.  2). 

Ormuzd.  See  Ahura  Mazda. 

Orne  (orn).  A river  in  northern  France  which 
flows  into  the  English  Channel  10  miles  north- 
east of  Caen.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Orne.  A department  in  northern  France, formed 
from  part  of  the  ancient  Normandy.  Capital, 
Alen^on.  It  is  bounded  by  Calvados  on  the  north,  Eure 
on  the  northeast,  Eure-et-Loir  on  the  east,  Sarthe  and  Ma- 
yenne  on  the  south,  and  Manche  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  hilly.  Horses  and  other  live  stock  are 
bred.  Area,  2,371  square  miles.  Population,  315,993. 
Oromo  (o-ro'md).  See  Galla. 

Oronsay  (o'ron-sa).  A small  island  of  Scotland, 
immediately  south  of  Colonsay. 

Oronte  (o-ront').  A fop  in  Moliere’s  “Le  mis- 
anthrope.” He  has  written  a sonnet  in  a quar- 
ter of  an  hour,  and  seeks  applause. 

Orontes  (o-ron'tez).  [Gr.  ’0p6vTyg.']  Tho  chief 
river  in  northern  Syria:  the  modern  Nahr-el- 
Asi.  It  rises  between  Lebanon  and  Anti-Libanus,  flows 
past  Antioch,  and  empties  into  the  Mediterranean  about 
lat.  36°  5'  N.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Orontes  (mountain).  See  Elwend. 

Oroomiah.  See  Urumiah. 

Oroonoko  (6//ro-no/kd).  A tragedy  by  South- 
erne,  founded  on  Mrs.  Behn’s  novel:  first  acted 
in  1696.  Oroonoko,  the  principal  character,  is  a real  per- 
son, and  is  represented  as  an  accomplished  black  prince, 
made  a slave,  and  paying  a fearful  penalty  for  his  marriage 
with  Imoinda.  The  phrase  “Pity ’s  akin  to  love,"  which 
is  found  in  this  play,  has  passed  into  a proverb. 

Oroonoko,  or  the  Royal  Slave.  A novel  by 
Mrs.  Aphra  Behn,  published  about  1658 : found- 
ed on  facts  which  became  known  to  her  while 
residing  at  Surinam,  of  which  her  father  was 
governor. 

Oropus  (o-ro'pus).  [Gr.  'Qpui r<5f.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a seaport  in  Attica,  Greece,  bor- 
dering on  Boeotia,  situated  on  the  Euripus  23 
miles  north  of  Athens.  Near  it  was  the  oracle 
of  Amphiaraus. 

Oroshaza  (o'rosh-ha-zo).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Bekes,  Hungary,  31  miles  northeast  of  Szege- 
din.  Population,  commune,  21,385. 

Orosius  (o-ro'si-Us),  Padllus.  Born  in  Spain 
(probably  at  Tarragona) : lived  in  the  first  part 
of  the  5th  century  A.  D.  A Latin  historian  and 
theologian.  He  wrote  an  epitome  of  history  directed 
against  the  pagans : “Historiarum  libri  vii  adversus  paga- 
nos"  (translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by  Alfred  the  Great). 

Paulus  Orosius,  a native  of  Tarragona  in  Spain,  and  a 
friend  of  Augustine,  wrote  his  Seven  Books  of  “Histories  ” 
about  the  year  417,  while  he  was  still  a young  man  (‘  religi- 
osus  juvenis’),  at  t he  request  of  the  Bishop  of  Hippo.  They 
were  to  form  a history  of  the  world  from  the  Deluge  down 
to  his  own  time  (the  last  entry  relates  to  the  year  417),  and 
the  object  of  the  book  was  to  show  that  bloodshed , oppres- 
sion, and  misery  had  ever  been  the  staple  of  human  his- 
tory, and  that  “Christian  times”  were  unjustly  blamed 
for  the  woes  which  the  barbarians  were  then  inflicting 
on  the  empire.  . . . Vague,  passionate,  and  declamatory, 
Orosius  represents  only  the  narrow  prejudices  of  an  ortho- 
dox provincial  of  the  empire  in  his  judgments  concerning 
the  men  and  the  events  of  that  mighty  crisis. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  245. 

Orotava  (o-ro-ta'va).  A town  near  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands.  Popu- 
lation, 9,192. 

Orozco  y Berra  (o-roth'ko  e ber'ra),  Manuel. 
Born  at  Mexico,  June  8,  1816:  died  there,  Jan. 
27, 1881.  A Mexican  publicist  and  author.  He 
was  a lawyer ; was  appointed  director  of  the  national  ar- 
chives in  1852 ; and  held  important  posts  under  Juarez.  Sub- 
sequently he  accepted  office  under  Maximilian,  and  on  the 
return  of  Juarez  in  1867  was  imprisoned  for  a short  time. 
His  works  include  “Geografia  de  las  lenguas  y carta  etno- 


Orta 

grdfico  de  Mexico  ” (1864),  and  various  works  on  Mexican 
history  and  geography.  He  edited  the  Mexican  supple- 
ment of  the  “ Dicciouario  universal  de  historia  y geo- 
grafia. ” 

Orphan,  The,  or  the  Unhappy  Marriage.  A 

tragedy  by  Otway,  produced  in  1680.  See  Mo- 
nimia. 

Orphee  aux  Enfers  (or-fa/  6 zan-far  ')•  [F., 
Orpheus  in  Hell.’]  An  opera  bouff e by  Offen- 
bach, produced  at  Paris  in  1858. 

Orphee  et  Euridice.  See  Orfeo  ed  Euridice. 
Orpheon  (or-fa-on').  A general  French  name 
for  a singing  society,  or  a combination  of  such 
societies. 

An  institution  which  in  1867  numbered  in  France  alone 
3,243  choral  societies,  with  147,500  effective  members,  and 
which  still  (1880)  comprises  1 500  Orplffions  and  60,000 
Orpheonists,  naturally  required  organs  of  its  own,  espe- 
cially for  the  ventilation  of  topics  connected  with  the  “ con- 
cours"  and  festivals.  The  most  important  of  these  are 
“ La  France  chorale,"  “ L’Echo  des  Orpfffions, ’’  “ La  nou- 
velle  France  chorale,”  and  “ i.’Orpht'on.” 

Grove,  Diet,  of  Music,  etc.,  II.  612. 

Orpheus  (or'fus).  [Gr.  'Op<j>evg.~)  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  son  of  Apollo,  or  of  a Thracian  river- 
god,  and  husband  of  Eurydiee.  He  had  the  power 
of  charming  all  animate  and  inanimate  objects  with  his 
sweet  lyre  ; descended  living  into  Hades  to  brine  back  to 
life  Eurydiee ; and  perished,  tom  to  pieces  by  infuriated 
Thracian  msenads.  See  Eurydiee. 

The  earliest  poet,  in  Greek  legend,  is  Orpheus.  The 
name  of  this  myt  hical  person  is  the  Greek  form  of  the  In- 
dian liibhu.  The  Ribhus  figure  in  the  Indian  hymns  as 
great  artificers,  the  first  mortals  who  were  raised  to  the 
gods.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  18. 

Orpheus  and  Eurydiee.  See  Orfeo  ed  Euridice. 
Orpheus  C.  Kerr  (“Office-seeker”).  The  pseu- 
donym of  Robert  Henry  Newell. 

Orpheus,  Eurydiee,  and  Hermes.  A replica  of 
an  Attic  high  relief  of  the  school  of  Phidias,  in 
the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  group  is  shown 
just  at  the  moment  when  Orpheus,  having  looked  back, 
must  lose  his  wife  forever.  It  is  full  of  the  charm  and 
high  ideal  quality  of  the  best  Greek  work. 

Orr  (or),  James  Lawrence.  Born  at  Crayton- 
ville,  S.  C.,  May  12,  1822:  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, May  5,  1873.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1849- 
1859 ; speaker  of  the  House  1857-59  ; Confederate  senator 
1862-65 ; governor  of  South  Carolina  1865-68;  and  United 
States  minister  to  Russia  1873. 

Orrery,  Earls  of.  See  Boyle. 

Orrhoene.  See  Osrlioene. 

Orsay  (or-sa/),  Comte  Alfred  Guillaume  Ga- 
briel d’.  Born  at  Paris  about  1798:  died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  4, 1852.  A leader  of  society  in  Pa- 
ris and  London,  and  amateur  of  the  fine  arts. 
He  is  noted  for  his  intimacy  with  the  Countess  of  Blessing- 
ton.  In  1827  he  married  Lady  Harriet  Gardiner,  daughter 
of  Lord  Blessington  by  his  first  wife.  She  soon  left  him, 
and  he  returned  to  London  in  1831,  occupied  a villa  next 
to  Gore  House,  the  home  of  the  Countess  of  Blessington. 
They  gathered  around  them  a brilliant  literary  and  fashion- 
able society.  On  his  bankruptcy  in  1849,  they  returned  to 
Paris,  where  the  countess  died  in  a few  weeks. 

Orsini  (or-se'ne).  A Roman  princely  family, 
formerly  powerful  in  Rome  and  elsewhere  in 
Italy. 

Orsini,  Felice.  Born  at  Meldola,  Forli,  Italy, 
1819:  executed  at  Paris,  March  13,  1858.  An 
Italian  patriot  and  revolutionist.  He  attempted, 
with  others,  to  assassinate  Napoleon  III.  by  exploding 
bombs  Jan.  14,  1858.  Fieri  was  executed  with  him. 
Orsino  (or-se'no).  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
play  “Twelfth  Night,”  the  Duke  of  Illyria.  He 
ioves  Olivia,  who  discourages  him.  He  finally  marries 
Viola,  who  secretly  loves  him  and  has  served  him  as  a 
page. 

Orsk  (orsk).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Orenburg,  eastern  Russia,  situated  on  the  Ural 
about  150  miles  east-southeast  of  Orenburg. 
Population,  14,400. 

Orson.  See  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Orsova  (6r'sho-vo),01d,and  Orsova.New.  Two 
villages  in  Hungary,  situated  at  the  Iron  Gates 
of  the  Danube,  near  the  Rumanian  and  Servian 
frontiers.  New  Orsova  was  a Turkish  fortress 
until  1878. 

Orsted,  or  Oersted  (er'sted),  Anders  Sandoe. 

Born  at  Rudkjobing,  Denmark,  Dec.  21,  1778: 
died  May  1,  1860.  A noted  Danish  statesman, 
jurist,  and  author:  brother  of  H.  C.  Orsted. 
He  was  premier  1853-54. 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian.  Born  at  Rudkjobing, 
Denmark,  Aug.  14, 1777 : died  March  9, 1851.  A 
Danish  physicist,  professor  at  Copenhagen,  es- 
pecially celebrated  for  bis  discovery  of  electro- 
magnetism in  1819.  He  published  “Aanden  i 
Naturen”  (“  Spirit  in  Nature,”  1850),  etc. 
Orsua,  Pedro  de.  See  TJrsua. 

Orta  (or'ta).  A small  town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lake 
of  Orta  27  miles  north-northwest  of  Novara. 


Orta,  Lake  of 

Orta,  Lake  of,  or  Lago  Cusio  (la'go  ko'ze-o). 
A small  lake  in  the  province  of  Novara,  north- 
ern Italy,  6 miles  west  of  Lago  Maggiore. 
Length,  7|  miles. 

Ortegal  (or'te-gal ; Sp.  pron.  or-ta-gal'),  Cape. 
A cape  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of  Spain. 
Ortel  (er'tel),  Philipp  Friedrich  Wilhelm: 
pseudonym  W.  0.  VOn  Horn.  Born  at  Horn, 
near  Simmern,  Prussia,  Aug.  15,  1798 : died  at 
Wiesbaden,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 1867.  A German 
writer  of  popular  stories. 

Ortelius  (or-te'li-us)  (Latinized  from  Oertel  or 
Ortell).  Abraham.  Born  at  Antwerp,  1527 : 
died  at  Antwerp,  1598.  A Flemish  geographer. 
He  published  an  atlas,  ‘•Theatrum  orbis  terrarum  " (1570), 
etc.  He  came  to  England  in  1577,  and  it  was  hi3  encour- 
agement and  solicitation  that  induced  Camden  to  produce 
his  '* Britannia." 

Ortenau  ( or 'te-nou) . A region  in  central  Baden, 
lying  east  of  the  Rhine,  west  of  the  Black  For- 
est, and  north  of  the  Breisgau. 

Orth  (orth),  Godlove  Stoner.  Born  near  Leb- 
anon, Pa.,  April  22,  1817 : died  at  Lafayette, 
Ind.,  Dec.  16,  1882.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1863-71,  1873- 
1875,  and  1879-82,  and  United  States  minister  to  Austria 
1875-77. 

Orthez  (or-taz').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Basses-Pyrenees,  France,  situated  on  the  Gave 
de  Pau  25  miles  northwest  of  Pan.  it  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Bearn.  Later  it  was  a Protestant  center. 
Near  it,  Feb.  27,  1814,  the  English  and  Spanish  forces  un- 
der Wellington  defeated  the  French  under  Soult.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  6,254. 

Ortler  (ort'ler),  or  Ortler  Spitze  (ort'ler  spit'- 
se).  The  highest  mountain  in  the  Austrian  em- 
pire, situated  in  the  western  part  of  Tyrol,  near 
the  Italian  frontier,  40  miles  northwest  of  Trent. 
It  is  the  highest  mountain  of  the  eastern  Alps,  and  was 
formerly  supposed  to  be  the  highest  peak  in  Europe. 
Height,  12,810  feet. 

Ortler  Alps.  A group  of  the  Alps  including  the 
Ortler.  It  forms  the  watershed  of  the  Adige, 
Adda,  and  Oglio  basins. 

Orton  (or'ton),  Arthur.  Died  at  London, 
April  1, 1898.  See  Tichborne. 

Orton,  James.  Born  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y., 
April  21,  1830:  died  on  Lake  Titicaca,  Peru, 
Sept.  25,  1877.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  naturalist,  and  traveler.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  natural  sciences  at  Rochester  Univer- 
sity in  1866,  and  professor  of  natural  history  at  Vassar  Col- 
lege in  1869.  In  1867  and  1873  he  conducted  expeditions 
to  South  America,  crossing  the  Andes  and  descending  the 
Amazon.  In  1876  he  undertook  the  exploration  of  the 
river  Beni,  but  was  forced  to  return,  and  died  on  his  way 
home.  He  published  “ The  Andes  and  the  Amazon  ” (1870 
and  1876),  “ Comparative  Zoology  ” (1875),  etc. 

Ortona  (or-to'na).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Chieti,  eastern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic 
14  miles  east  of  Chieti.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
ancient  Frentani.  Population,  town,  8,266;  commune, 
14,974. 

Ortygia  (or-tij'i-a).  [Gr.  ’Oprvyia.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a small  island  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Great  Harbor  of  Syracuse,  Sicily. 
It  was  famous  in  the  sieges  of  that  city. 

Oruba  (o-ro'ba),  or  Aruba  (a-ro'ba).  A small 
island  of  the  West  Indies,  situated  in  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  north  of  Venezuela,  in  lat.  12°  31' 
N.,  long.  70°  3'  W.  It  belongs  to  the  Netherlands, 
and  is  attached  to  the  colony  of  Curasao.  Area,  69  square 
miles.  Population,  9,349. 

Orungu  (o-rong'go).  A small  Bantu  tribe  of 
French  Kongo,  West  Africa,  settled  around  the 
mouth  of  the  Ogowe  and  Cape  Lopez.  They  are 
a branch  of  the  Mpongwe. 

Oruro  (o-ro'ro).  1.  A department  in  western 
Bolivia,  bordering  on  Peru  and  Chile.  Area, 
19,000  square  miles.  Population,  99,854. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Oruro,  situ- 
ated about  150  miles  northwest  of  Sucre.  Pop- 
ulation, 20,670. 

Orvieto  (or-ve-a'to).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  situated  on  a volcanic  hill  60 
miles  north  by  west  of  Rome : the  ancient  Urbi- 
bentum,  and  medieval  UrbsVetus.  It  is  noted  for 
its  picturesque  site,  Etruscan  necropolis,  cathedral,  well, 
private  residences,  and  wine.  The  cathedral,  founded  1290, 
is  in  plan  a Latin  cross  with  square  chevet,  293  feet  long, 
107  wide,  and  111)  high  to  the  open  framed  wooden  roof. 
The  interior  is  of  basilican  character,  except  for  its  narrow 
pointed  clearstory  windows.  The  building  is  extremely 
rich  in  works  of  art  of  all  kinds.  The  splendid  octagonal 
sculptured  fontand  the  frescos  by  Fra  Angelico  and  Luca 
Signorelli  are  especially  noteworthy.  The  west  front  (1310) 
la  the  most  beautiful  and  the  purest  design  of  its  type  in 
existence.  It  has  three  vertical  divisions,  separated  by  pier3 
and  pinnacles,  and  terminating  in  lofty  gables  filled  with 
mosaics.  Below  there  are  three  great  canopied  doors,  and 
between  the  doors  and  the  gables  mosaics,  an  arcade,  and 
a central  rose-window  inscribed  in  a richly  decorated 
aquaro.  The  piers  between  and  at  the  sides  of  the  portals 
are  covered  with  admirable  reliefs  by  Giovanni  Pisano  ami 
Arnolfo,  representing  the  Creation,  the  Patriarchs  and 


765 

Prophets,  the  Life  of  Christ,  and  the  Last  Judgment.  The 
faqade  is  174  feet  high  and  131  wide.  Population,  town, 
8,430 ; commune,  18,643. 

Orville  (or'vil),  Lord.  The  lover  of  Evelina, 
in  Miss  Burney’s  novel  of  that  name. 

Oryekhoff-Zuyeff  (or-yech'of-zo'yef).  A cot- 
ton-manufacturing village  in  the  government 
of  Vladimir,  Russia,  about  55  miles  east  of 
Moscow. 

Orzecbowski  (or-zhe-chov'ske)  (L.  Orichovi- 
US),  Stanislaw.  Born  at  Przemysl,  Galicia, 
about  1515 : died.  1566  (1).  A Polish  theologian, 
by  turns  a champion  and  an  opponent  of  the 
Reformation  in  Poland. 

Osage  (o'saj) : their  own  name  is  Wacace  (wa- 
sha'sha).  [PL,  also  Osages .]  A tribe  of  the 
Dhegiha  division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  composed  of  the  Great  Osage 
and  Little  Osage.  Great  Osage  is  the  common  but  er- 
roneous name  for  the  Highland  Osage  (‘those  who  camped 
at  the  top  of  the  hill '),  and  Little  Osage  is  a similarly  erro- 
neous name  for  the  Lowland  Osage  (‘  those  who  camped  at 
the  base  of  the  hill’).  The  Osage  are  in  Oklahoma,  and 
number  2,000.  See  Dhegika. 

Osage  (o'saj  or  o-saj').  A river  in  eastern  Kan- 
sas and  in  Missouri  which  flows  into  the  Mis- 
souri 9 miles  east  of  J efferson  City,  it  is  called 
in  Kansas  Marais  des  Cygnes.  Length,  400-600  miles; 
navigable  about  200  miles. 

Osaka.  See  Ozaka. 

Osaka  (o-sa/ka).  A Bantu  tribe  of  French  Kon- 
go, neighbors  and  kinsmen  of  the  Bakele. 

Osbaldistone  (os-bal-dis'ton),  Francis.  The 
nominal  hero  of  Scott’s  “Rob  Roy.” 

Osbaldistone,  Eashleigh.  The  villain  of  Scott’s 
“ Rob  Roy.”  He  is  the  cousin  of  Francis,  and 
a well-drawn  character. 

Osborn  (oz'bern),  Sherard.  Born  April  25, 
1822 : died  May  6, 1875.  A British  admiral  and 
arctic  explorer.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1837 ; assisted 
in  the  reduction  of  Canton  in  1841;  took  part  in  two  ex- 
peditions in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  (publishing  ac- 
counts in  1852  and  1856) ; and  served  in  the  Crimean  and 
second  Chinese  wars.  In  Dec.,  1859,  he  published  “The 
Career,  Last  Voyage,  and  Fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin.” 

Osborne  (oz'bern),  George.  A character  in 
Thackeray’s  “Vanity  Fair,”  the  handsome,  sel- 
fish husband  of  Amelia : in  the  opinion  of  his 
friends,  “a  regular  Don  Giovanni,  by  Jove!” 

Osborne,  John.  A character  in  Thackeray’s 
“Vanity  Fail’.” 

One  of  the  powerful  portraits  in  the  work  i3  that  of  old 
Osborne,  George’s  father.  If  it  have  a defect,  it  is  that  it 
is  too  uniformly  black.  Itismadeupof  arrogance,  vanity, 
malignity,  vindictiveness,  ingratitude;  in  short,  of  all  the 
bad  passions  and  bad  tendencies  that  are  capable  of  coex- 
istence. Senior,  Essays  on  Fiction,  p.  326. 

Osborne  House.  The  winter  residence  of  Queen 
Victoria,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, near  East  Cowes: 
a large  and  sumptuous  modern  Italian  villa, 
with  beautiful  terraces andgardens.  Itwasgiven 
by  Edward  VII.  to  the  British  nation. 

Oscar  (os'kar)  I.  (Joseph  Franz).  [Sw.  Dan. 
Oskar,  NL.  Oscarus.]  Born  at  Paris,  July  4, 
1799 : died  at  Stockholm,  J uly  8, 1859.  King  of 
Sweden  and  Norway  1844-59,  son  of  Bernadotte 

★(Charles  XIV.)  whom  he  succeeded. 

Oscar  II.  (Friedrich).  Born  at  Stockholm,  Jan. 
21,  1829:  died  there,  Dec.  8,  1907.  King  of 
Sweden  and  Norway,  third  son  of  Oscar  I. 

He  succeeded  his  brother  Charles  XV.  in  1872.  He  was  a 
poet  and  writer  of  merit.  His  publications  include  “A 
Memoir  of  Charles  XII.”  (Eng.  trans.  1819). 

Osceola  (os-e-6'la).  Born  in  Georgia,  1804:  died 
at  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C.,  Jan.  30,  1838.  A Semi- 
nole chief,  leader  during  the  first  part  of  the 
second  Seminole  war  (1835-37). 

OschatZ  (o'shiits).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Dollmtz  35  miles  north- 
west of  Dresden.  Population,  commune,  10,853. 

Oschersleben  (o'shers-la-ben).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Bode  19  miles  west-southwest  of  Magdeburg. 

.Population,  commune,  13,251. 

Osel,  or  Oesel  (e'zel).  An  island  in  the  Baltic 
Sea,  belonging  to  the  government  of  Livonia, 
Russia,  intersected  by  lat.  58°  30'  N.,  long.  22° 
30'  E.  Chief  , town,  Arensburg.  The  surface  is 
generally  low.  Osel  belonged  to  the  Teutonic  Knighta 
from  the  10th  to  the  ICth  century ; passed  then  to  Den- 
mark ; and  passed  to  Sweden  in  1045,  and  to  Russia  in  1721. 
The  people  are  Esthonian  by  race,  and  Protestant  by  creed. 
Area,  1,010  square  miles.  Population,  about  00,000. 

Osgood  (oz'gfid),  Mrs.  (Frances  Sargent 

Locke).  Bom  at  Boston,  June  18, 1811:  died  at 
Hingbam,  Mass.,  May  12,  1850.  An  American 
poet.  Among  her  works  is  “A  Wreath  of  Wild  Flowers 
from  New  England  ’’  (1838).  She  contributed  to  a number 
of  English  and  American  periodicals,  and  was  editor  of 
“ The  Ladies’  Companion  ” for  some  time.  She  also  wrote 
a play,  “The  Happy  Release,  or  the  Triumphs  of  Love." 

Osgood,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Feb. 
14,  1748 : died  at  New  York,  Aug.  12, 1813.  An 


Osnabriick 

American  politician.  He  was  the  first  commissioner 
of  the  U nited  States  treasury  1785-89,  and  was  postmaster- 
general  1789-91. 

Osgood,  Samuel.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
Aug.  30,  1812:  died  at  New  York,  April  14, 
1880.  An  American  clergyman  and  writer.  He 
was  originally  a Unitarian,  but  joined  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church  in  1870.  His  works  include  ‘Studies  in 
Christian  Biography”  (1850),  “God  with  Man,  etc.”  (1853), 
“The  Hearth-Stone,  etc.”  (1854),  “ Mile-Stones  in  our  Life 
Journey”  (1854),  “Student  Life”  (I860),  “American 
Leaves,  etc.”  (1867),  “New  York  in  the  19th  Century” 
(1867),  etc.  He  also  edited  “ The  Holy  Gospels  ’’  (1856), 
illustrated  by  Overbeck. 

O’Shaughnessy  (o-ska'ne-si),  ArthurWilliam 
Edgar.  Bom  at  London,  March  14, 1844 : died 
Jan.  30,  1881.  An  English  minor  poet.  He  was 
an  assistant  in  the  natural  history  division  of  the  British 
Museum.  He  published  “Epic  of  Women,  etc.”  (1870), 
“The  Lays  of  France  ” (1872),  “Music  and  Moonlight,  etc." 
(1874),  “ Songs  of  a Worker  ” (1881). 

Oshiba  (o-she'ba).  See  Fan. 

Oshkosh  (osh'kosh).  A city,  capital  of  Win- 
nebago County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Winnebago,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Fox  River,  80 
miles  north-northwest  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  doors,  blinds,  sashes,  shingles,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 33,062,  (1910). 

Osiander  (o-ze-an  'der)  (Hosemann),  Andreas. 
Born  at  Gunzenhausen,  near  Nuremberg,  Ba- 
varia, Dec.  19, 1498:  died  at  KSnigsberg,  Prus- 
sia, Oct.  17,  1552.  A German  Protestant  theo- 
logian. He  was  instrumental  in  introducing  the  Refor- 
mation into  Nuremberg,  and  is  noted  as  a controversialist 
ou  the  doctrine  of  justification. 

Osiandrians(o-si-an'dri-anz).  Followers  of  An- 
dreas Osiander  (see  above),  who  held  that  jus- 
tification by  faith  involved  the  imparting  to  the 
believerof  the  essential  righteousness  of  Christ. 
Osimo  (os'e-mo).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Ancona,  Italy,  9 miles  south  of  Ancona : the 
ancient  Auximum.  It  has  a cathedral  and  some 
antiquities.  Population,  commune,  18,529. 
Osiris  (o-sl'ris).  [L.  Osiris,  Gr.  ”0 oipig,  also 
"Tmpic,  from  Egyptian  Hesiri.]  In  Egyptian  my- 
thology, one  of  the  chief  gods,  the  principle  of 
good,  the  creator,  the  foe  of  evil,  the  god  of  the 
Nile,  in  constant  conflict  with  his  brother  or 
son  Set  (the  Greek  Typhon),  the  god  of  evil,  of 
darkness,  of  the  desert.  Osiris  is  vanquished  and 
slain,  but  revives,  and  is  avenged  by  Horus  and  Thoth  — 
evidently  a personification  of  the  phenomena  of  the  rising 
and  setting  sun.  He  was  the  guardian  of  mankind  in  the 
state  after  death,  and  as  such  the  nocturnal  sun,  and  a 
type  of  the  sufferings  and  triumphs  of  humanity.  In  one 
form  (the  Osiris  of  Mendes)  he  personified  the  male  prin- 
ciple. In  art  he  was  portrayed  as  a mummy  wearing  the 
crown  of  Upper  Egypt,  usually  flanked  by  ostrich-plumes. 

People  do  not  yet  agree  as  to  the  original  character  of 
Osiris.  Maspero  tried  to  discover  the  development  of  this 
god,  and  maintains  that  Osiris  was  originally  and  essen- 
tially a god  of  the  dead,  the  first  man,  son  of  the  heaven 
and  earth,  and  a3  such  the  god  of  the  dead.  He  also  says 
that  the  original  home  of  Osiris  was  not  at  Aoydus,  but  in 
the  Delta : at  Busiris  and  Mendes.  However  this  may 
be,  Osiris  was  to  the  Egyptians  above  all  things  a god  of 
the  dead,  more  especially  in  a beneficial  way  as  Onnoris. 
But  he  was  identified,  at  an  early  date,  with  the  sun : 
chapter  seventeen  of  the  Book  of  the  Dead  calls  “ Ra  the 
soul  of  Osiris,  and  Osiris  the  soul  of  Ra.” 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  408. 
Oskaloosa  (os-ka-16'sa).  A city,  capital  of  Ma- 
haska County,  Iowa,  55  miles  east-southeast  of 
Des  Moines.  Population,  9,466,  (1910). 
Oskarshamn  (os'kars-hamn).  A small  sea- 
port on  the  southeastern  coast  of  Sweden,  op- 
posite the  island  of  Oland. 

Osman  (os-man')  I.  (or  Othman).  Died  1326. 
The  founder  of  the  Ottoman  empire.  He  became 
chief  of  his  tribe  in  1288,  and  assumed  the  title  of  emir 
(not  of  sultan)  in  1299. 

Osman  II.  Killed  1622.  Sultan  of  the  Turks 
1618-22,  son  of  Achmet  I. 

Osman  III.  Sultan  of  the  Turks  1754-57,  bro- 
ther of  Mahmud  I. 

Osman  Digna  (os-man'  dig'nii).  Bom  at  Sua- 
kim  about  1836.  A general  of  the  Mahdi.  He 

defeated  the  British  under  Baker  Pasha  Feb.  4,  1884,  was 
defeated  by  Graham  atl’amanieb  March  13, 1884,  and  took 
part  in  the  defense  of  the  Sudan  against  General  Kitchener 
in  1898,  and  in  1900  was  captured  and  imprisoned. 
Osman  Pasha  (pash'a).  Born  in  Asia  Minor 
about  1835  (?):  died  at  Constantinople,  April  4, 
1900.  A Turkish  general.  He  served  in  the  war  with 
Servia  in  1876,  and  in  the  following  year  conducted  the 
defense  of  Plevna  against  the  Russians.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender  Dec.  10,  1877. 

Osmanli  (os-man ' li).  [Turk.  ’Osmanli,  from 
’Osman,  Ar.  ’Othman  (whence  E.  Othman,  Otto- 
man).'] 1.  A member  of  the  reigning  dynasty 

of  Turkey. — 2.  A Turk  subjeot  to  the  Sultan  of 

Turkey.  See  Ottoman.  Provincials  who  are  not  of 
Turkish  blood  sometimes  designate  officers  of  the  Turkish 
government  as  Osmanlis. 

Osnabriick  (os'na-briik),  sometimes  called  Os- 
naburg  (os'na-berg).  A city  in  the  province 


Osnabriick 

of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Haase  in 
lat.  52°  16'  N.,  long.  8°  4'  E.  It  has  important  and 
varied  manufactures.  Its  Roman  Catholic  cathedral, 
Protestant  Marienkirche,  Rathaus,  and  Katharinenkirche 
are  noteworthy.  The  bishopric  of  Osnabriick  was  founded 
by  Charles  the  Great  about  785.  By  the  peace  of  West- 
phalia (1648)  it  was  ruled  alternately  by  Roman  Catholic 
and  Protestant  bishops.  It  was  secularized  and  given  to 
Hannover  in  1802.  The  treaty  of  Westphalia  was  signed 
here  in  1648.  Population,  commune,  59,580. 

Osorio  (o-zo're-ij),  Jeronymo.  Born  at  Lisbon, 
1506 : died  at  Tavira,  Aug.  20,  1580.  A Portu- 
guese historian  and  philosophical  author,  some- 
times called  “ the  Cicero  of  Portugal.”  He  was 
bishop  of  Silves  from  1567.  His  chief  work  is 
a Latin  history  of  the  reign  of  Emanuel  I.  (1571). 
Osorio  (o-so're-o),  Manuel.  Born  at  Seville, 
1770:  died  about  1830.  A Spanish  general,  in 
1814-16  he  commanded  the  Spanish  forces  in  Chile,  defeat- 
ing the  republicans  at  Rancagua  Oct.  2,  1814,  and  extin- 
guishing the  revolt  for  a time.  He  returned  to  Peru,  but 
in  Jan.,  1818,  was  again  sent  into  Chile  against  San  Martin ; 
defeated  him  at  Caneha  Rayada  March  19,  but  was  himself 
defeated  at  the  decisive  battle  of  Maipo,  April  5, 1818 ; and 
soon  after  fled  from  the  country.  He  subsequently  served 
in  Spain  and  the  West  Indies. 

Osorio,  Manuel  Luiz.  Born  near  Pelotas,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  May  10,  1808 : died  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Oct.  4, 1879.  A Brazilian  general.  He 
was  prominent  in  the  campaigns  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul 
and  Uruguay,  1845-52 ; was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bra- 
zilian forces  in  the  Paraguayan  war  March  1,  1865, -July 
15,  1866,  and  took  a leading  part  in  the  remainder  of  the 
war ; was  lieutenant-general  from  June  1, 1867;  was  created 
successively  baron,  viscount,  and  marquis  of  Herval ; was 
senator  from  Jan.  11,  1877,  and  minister  of  war  from  Jan. 
5,  1878.  On  account  of  his  bravery  the  soldiers  called  him 
0 Legendario  (‘The  Fabulous  ).  Often  written  Ozorio. 

Osorno,  Marquis  of.  See  O ’Higgins,  Ambrosio. 
Ospina  Rodriguez  (os-pe'na  rod-re'gath),  Ma- 
riano. Bom  in  Guasca,  1803 : died  at  Medellin, 
1885.  A New  Granadan  politician.  He  opposed 
Bolivar  1828-30  ; was  a member  of  congress  1838-40 ; was 
secretary  of  the  interior  in  1841 ; and  later  was  governor 
of  Bogota  and  of  Medellin.  From  1857  to  1861  he  waspresi- 
dent  (elected  by  the  Conservatives)  of  New  Granada,  then 
called  the  Granadine  Confederation.  A revolt  led  by 
Mosquera  began  in  1859,  assumed  formidable  proportions, 
and  resulted  in  a change  of  constitution  soon  after  Ospina' s 
term  closed.  He  was  imprisoned  for  a short  time  in  1861, 
and  subsequently  remained  in  exile  until  1872. 

Osrhoene  (os-ro-e'ne),  or  Orrhoene  (or-o-e'ne). 
In  ancient  geography,  a region  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Mesopotamia.  Its  chief  city 
was  Edessa. 

Ossa  (os'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a mountain 
in  the  eastempart  of  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
north-northwest  of  Pelion,  and  separated  from 
Olympus  on  the  north  by  the  Yale  of  Tempe: 
the  modern  Kissavo.  Height,  about  6,400  feet. 

Ossat  (os-sa'),  Arnaud  d’.  Born  near  Auch 
in  1536:  died  at  Rome  in  1604.  A French  car- 
dinal and  statesman.  He  received  the  cardinal’s 
hat  in  1599  for  his  diplomatic  services. 

Ossau  (5- so'),  Vallee  d’.  A valley  in  the 
French  Pyrenees,  south  of  Pau. 

Ossawatomie  (os-a-wot'o-mi)  Brown.  See 

Broim,  John  (1800-59). 

Ossegg  (os'ek).  A town  in  Bohemia,  49  miles 
northwest  of  Prague.  It  is  noted  for  its  Cis- 
tercian abbey.  Pop.,  commune,  9,558  (1910). 
Ossett-cum-Gawthorpe  (os'et-kum-ga'thorp). 
A town  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 9 miles  south  of  Leeds.  Population, 
12,903. 

Ossiail  (osh'ia.n).  A name  commonly  given  to 
Oisin,  a semi-historical  Gaelic  bard  and  war- 
rior, son  of  Finn.  He  lived  about  the  end  of  the  3d 
century.  To  him  was  ascribed  the  authorship  of  the 
poems  (“Fingal  ” and  others)  published  by  James  Mac- 
pherson  in  1760-63 : but  it  is  now  generally  admitted  that 
Macpherson  himself  was  the  compiler,  and  in  part  the 
author,  of  these  works.  See  Macpherson. 

Ossining  (os'i-ning).  The  name  for  which  that 
of  Sing  Sing  (which  see)  was  changed  in  1901. 
Ossipee  (os'i-pe)  Lake.  A small  lake  in  east- 
ern New  Hampshire,  9 miles  northeast  of  Lake 
Winnepesaukee. 

Ossoli  (os'so-le),  Marchioness.  See  Fuller, 
Sarah  Margaret. 

Ossory  (os'o-ri).  A Roman  Catholic  diocese,  in- 
cluding parts  of  Bang’s  and  Queen’s  counties 
and  Kilkenny,  Ireland. 

Ossuna.  See  Osuna. 

Ostade  (os'ta-de),  Adrian  van.  Born  at  Haar- 
lem, Netherlands,  Dec.,  1620:  died  there,  April 
27,  1685.  A Dutch  genre-painter. 

Ostade,  Isaac  van.  Born  at  Haarlem,  Nether- 
lands, June  2,  1621:  died  there,  Oct.  16,  1649. 
A Dutch  genre-painter,  brother  of  Adrian  van 
Ostade. 

Ostashkoff  (os-tiish-kof').  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tver,  Russia,  situated  on  Lake  Seli- 


766 

ger  107  miles  west  by  north  of  Tver.  Popula- 
tion, 10,800. 

Osten-Sacken  (os'ten-zak'ken),  Count  Dmitry 
von  der.  Born  1793 : died  March  27,  1881.  A 
Russian  general.  He  served  against  the  Polish  and 
Hungarian  insurgents  in  1831  and  1849  respectively,  and 
was  commandant  of  Sebastopol  in  1855. 

Ostend  (os-tend').  [F.  Ostende,  D.  Ostende,  east 
end.]  A seaport  in  the  province  of  West  Flan- 
ders, Belgium,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  in  lat. 
51°  14'  N. , long.  2°  55'  E.  It  is  the  second  seaport  and 
principal  fishery  port  in  Belgium;  the  terminus  of  asteamer 
route  to  Dover,  and  on  one  of  the  great  routes  between 
England  and  the  Continent;  and  one  of  the  ieading  sea- 
side resorts  on  the  Continent.  It  was  formerly  strongly 
fortified ; was  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  under  Spinola  in 
1601-04,  and  finally  surrendered ; was  taken  by  the  Allies 
in  1704 ; and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1745  and  in  1794. 
Population,  commune,  42,606. 

Ostend  Manifesto.  In  United  States  history, 
a despatch  drawn  up  in  1854  by  three  diplo- 
matic representatives  of  the  United  States, 
after  a conference  at  Ostend  in  Belgium,  urging 
..that  the  United  States  should  acquire  Cuba. 
Osterbotten  (es'ter-bot-ten).  A district  in  the 
northern  half  of  Finland,  comprising  the  gov- 
ernments of  Ule&borg  and  Wasa. 
Ostergotland(es-ter-yet'land).  Alaen  of  south- 
ern Sweden.  Area,  4,267  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 289,876. 

Osterhaus(os'ter-hous), Peter  Joseph.  Born  at 

Coblenz,  Germany,  about  1820.  A German- 
American  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  became  a 
major  of  Missouri  volunteers  at  the  beginning  of  the  war ; 
commanded  a brigade  under  Frbmont ; and  took  part  in 
General  Samuel  R.  Curtis’spursuitof  General  Sterling  Price 
into  Arkansas.  He  commanded  a division  in  the  battle  of 
Missionary  Ridge,  and  was  promoted  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  1864.  He  was  subsequently  United  States  con- 
sul at  Lyons,  France,  and  ultimately  returned  to  Germany. 
Osterland(os'ter-laut).  A name  formerly  given 
to  the  part  of  Germany  situated  between  the 
rivers  Saale  and  Mulde : later  it  was  restricted 
southward  and  extended  eastward ; later  still  it 
.comprised  the  region  about  Altenburg. 
Osterley  (es'ter-li),  Karl  Wilhelm  Friedrich. 
Born  at  Gottingen,  June  22, 1805 : died  at  Han- 
nover, March  28, 1891.  A German  historical  and 
portrait  painter.  He  studied  with  Matthay  at  the  Dres- 
den Academy;  went  later  to  Italy;  on  his  return  studied 
with  Schadow  at  Diisseldorf ; and  finally  became  court 
painter  at  Hannover  in  1845.  From  1831  to  1863  he  lectured 
at  the  University  of  Gottingen.  He  published,  with  Ottfried 
Midler, “Monuments  of  Antique  Art.” 

Ostermann  (os'ter-man),  Count  Andrei.  Born 
at  Bochum,  Westphalia,  May  30,  1686 : died  at 
Beresoff,  Siberia,  May  31,  1747.  A Russian  di- 
plomatist. He  was  a trusted  official  of  Peter  the  Great, 
for  whom  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Nystad,  Sept.  10, 1721. 
Catharine  I.  appointed  him  imperial  vice-chancellor  and 
a member  of  the  council  of  regency  during  the  minority 
of  Peter  II.  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  the  empress  Anna 
Ivanovna,  but  on  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  was  arrested 
and  condemned  to  death  ; but  his  sentence  was  commuted 
to  exile  in  Siberia. 

Ostermann-Tolstoi(os'ter-man-tol'stoi), Count 
Alexander.  Born  1770:  died  near  Geneva,  Feb. 
12,  1857.  A Russian  general,  distinguished  in 
the  Turkish  and  Napoleonic  wars. 

Osterode  in  the  .Harz  (os'te-ro-de  in  th§ 
harts).  A town  in  the  province  of  Hannover,’ 
Prussia,  situated  in  the  Harz  Mountains,  on  the 
Sose,  19  miles  northeast  of  Gottingen.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  7,472. 

Osterode  on  the  Drewenz  (dra'vents) . A town 
in  the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Drewenz  with  Lake 
Drewenz,  73  miles  south-southwest  of  Konigs- 
„berg.  Population,  commune,  13,948. 
Osterreich,  or  Oesterreich  (es'ter-rich).  [G., 
..‘east  kingdom.’]  The  German  name  for  Austria. 
Ostersund  (es'ter-sond).  The  capital  of  Jemt- 
land,  central  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Storsjo. 
Population,  8,079. 

Osterwald,  or  Ostervald  (os-ter-vald'),  Jean 
Frederic.  Born  at  Neuehatel,  Switzerland, 
Nov.  25, 1663 : died  at  Neuehatel,  April  14, 1747. 
A Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 

Ostfalen  (ost'fa-len).  The  medieval  name  of 
the  eastern  division  of  the  Saxons,  living  in  the 
present  Brunswick  and  in  neighboring  parts 
of  the  provinces  of  Hannover  and  Saxony  in 
Prussia. 

Ostia  (os'ti-a).  [L.,  ‘the  mouths’  (sc.  of  the 
Tiber).]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Latium, 
Italy,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  15 
miles  southwest  of  Rome.  It  was  a port  of  Rome. 
An  artificial  haven  was  constructed  near  it  by  Claudius 
and  Trajan. 

Ostiaks,  or  Ostyaks  (os-ti-aks').  A people  of 
Finnish  descent,  living  mainly  in  western  Si- 
beria, in  the  valleys  of  the  Obi  and  Irtish. 
Ostiglia  (os-tel'ya).  A town  in  the  province  of 


Oswego  River 

Mantua,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po  18  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Mantua.  Population,  about  3,000. 

Ostorius  Scapula  (os-to'ri-us  skap'u-la).  A 
Roman  general  in  Britain  about  50  a.  d.  He 
made  conquests  in  the  interior,  defeating  the  Silures  un- 
der Caractacus. 

Ostrau,  Mahrisch-  (ma'rish-os'trou).  A town 
in  northern  Moravia,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ostrawitza  50  miles  east-northeast 
of  Olmiitz.  Pop.,  commune,  36,751,  (1910). 

Ostrog  (os-trog').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Volhynia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Goryn 
about  lat.  50°  20'  N..  long.  26°  25'  E.  Popula- 
tion, 16,600. 

Ostrogosh  (os-tro-gosh').  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Voronezh,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Sosna  52  miles  south  of  V oronezh.  Population, 
22,300. 

Ostrogoths  (os'tro-goths).  The  eastern  branch 
of  the  Gothic  race.  While  dwelling  in  southern  Rus- 
sia near  the  valley  of  the  Don,  they  were  attacked  about 
A.  D.  375  by  the  Huns,  were  subjugated,  and  with  the  Huns 
pushed  the  Visigoths  to  the  borders  of  the  Roman  Empire. 
After  the  Visigothic  victory  at  Adrianople  in  378,  many 
Ostrogoths  settled  in  Pannonia.  Many  of  them  joined  later 
the  army  of  Attila,  and  after  his  death  were  employed  by 
the  Eastern  emperors  to  defend  the  lower  Danube.  Theo- 
doric  became  their  king  in  474,  and  in  489  led  the  nation 
over  the  Julian  Alps,  conquered  Odoacer  in  493  at  Ra- 
venna, and  became  king  of  Italy.  Under  his  rule  (see 
Theodoric)  the  country  prospered.  Belisarius  tried  to  ex- 
pel the  Goths,  and  in  552  they  were  decisively  defeated  by 
the  Byzantine  general  Narses.  Italy  was  temporarily  re- 
gained for  the  empire,  and  the  Goths  were  absorbed  in 
other  peoples. 

The  real  history  of  the  Goths  begins  about  "the  year  245, 
when  they  were  living  near  the  mouths  of  the  Danube  un- 
der the  rule  of  Ostrogotha  [Austraguta],  the  first  king  of 
the  Amaling  stock.  Ostrogotha  was  celebrated  in  tradi- 
tion for  his  “patience”;  but  in  what  way  he  displayed 
that  virtue  we  are  not  informed,  for  history  tells  only  of 
his  victories.  Whetner  on  account  of  his  patience  or  his 
deeds  in  war,  his  fame  was  widely  spread ; for  one  of  the 
oldest  Anglo-Saxon  poems  mentions  him  as  “ Eastgota,  the 
father  of  Unwgn.”  The  name  of  this  son  is  given  by  Jor- 
danes  as  Hunuil,  but  probably  the  Anglo-Saxon  form  is 
the  right  one.  Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  24. 

Ostrolenka(os-tro-leng'ka).  Atowninthe  gov- 
ernment of  Lomza,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on 
tbe  Narew  64  miles  north-northeast  of  Warsaw. 
Here,  Feb.  16, 1807,  the  French  under  Oudiuot  defeated  the 
Russians  under  Essen ; and  here,  May  26,  1831,  the  Rus- 
sians under  Diebitsch  defeated  the  Poles  under  Skrzynecld, 
the  Poles  losing  7,000,  and  the  Russians  9,000. 

Ostrovski  (os-trof'ske),  Alexander.  Born  at 
Moscow,  April  12, 1823 : died  June  14,  1886.  A 
Russian  dramatic  writer.  He  took  his  types  from 
the  tradesman  class.  “ The  False  Dmitri"  is  perhaps  the 
most  notable  of  the  five  comedies  by  which  he  is  best 
known. 

Ostrovski,  Antoni.  Born  at  Warsaw.  1782: 
died  near  Tours,  1846.  A Polish  patriot,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  rebellion  of  1830-31. 

Ostrowo  (os-tro'vo).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Posen,  Prussia,  66  miles  southeast  of  Posen. 
Population,  commune,  13,115. 

Ostsee  (ost'sa).  [G.,  ‘east sea.’]  The  German 
name  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

Ostuni  (os-tb'ne).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Lecce,  Apulia,  Italy,  22  miles  northwest  of 
Brindisi.  Pop.,  town,  7,806;  commune,  22,997. 

Osuna  (o-so'na).  A town  in  the  province  of  Se- 
ville, Spain,  48  miles  east  of  Seville.  Popula- 
tion, 18,072. 

Osuna,  or  Ossuna,  Duke  of.  See  Tellez  y Giron, 

Pedro. 

Oswald  (oz'wald),  Saint.  [OG., ‘power  of  God.’] 
Born  about  604 : killed  at  the  battle  of  Maser- 
field,  Aug.  5, 642.  King  of  Northumbria  634-642, 
son  of  Ethelfrith.  He  defeated  Cadwallonat  Heaven- 
field  in  635;  established  Christianity;  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  by  Penda.  His  festival  is  celebrated  Aug.  5. 

Oswald  raised  the  first  cross  over  the  first  Christ  ian  altar 
iu  Berenicia,  to  commemorate  his  victory. 

Pearson , Hist.  Eng.,  I.  140. 

Oswald.  In  Shakspere’s  “ King  Lear,”  steward 
to  Goneril. 

Oswaldtwistle  (os'wald-twis-1).  A town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  19  miles  north  by  west  of 
Manchester.  Population,  14,192. 

Oswego  (os-we'go).  A city  and  port  of  entry, 
capital  of  Oswego  County,  Ne.,  York,  situated 
on  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswego 
River,  34  miles  north-northwest  of  Syracuse. 
It  has  important  foreign  and  coasting  trade ; imports  grain 
and  lumber ; and  has  manufactures  of  starch  (containing 
what  is  probably  the  chief  starch-factory  in  the  world), 
flour,  machinery,  etc.  A fort  was  founded  here  in  1727; 
and  it  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1756,  and  by  the  British 
in  1814.  Population,  23,368,  (1910). 

Oswego  River.  A river  in  New  York  which  is 

formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Seneca  and  Onei- 
da rivers  12  miles  north  by  west  of  Syracuse, 
and  flows  into  Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego.  It  is 
the  outlet  of  the  lake  system  of  central  New 
York.  Length,  24  miles. 


Oswestry 

Oswestry  (oz'es-tri).  A town  in  Shropshire, 
England,  16  miles  northwest  of  Shrewsbury. 
It  ia  generally  identified  with  the  ancient  Maaerfleld, 
where  Oswald  was  slain  in  642.  Population,  9,579. 

Oswy  (os'wi),  or  Oswiu  (os'wi-o).  King  of 
Northumbria  642-670,  brother  of  Oswald.  He 
defeated  Penda  of  Mercia  in  655,  and  extended  his  su- 
premacy over  all  Teutonic  Britain  except  Wessex,  Kent, 
and  Sussex. 

Otago  (o-ta'go)  Bay.  A small  bay  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  South  Island,  New  Zealand,  on 
which  Dunedin  is  situated. 

Otaha.  See  Taliaa. 

Otaheite,  or  Otaheiti.  See  Tahiti. 

Otchakoff  (o-cha/kof).  A town  and  former 
fortress  in  the  government  of  Kherson,  south- 
ern Russia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dnie- 
per Liman,  42  miles  east  of  Odessa,  it  was  taken 
by  the  Russians  from  the  Khan  of  the  Crimea  in  1737,  and 
finally  in  1788.  It  was  bombarded  by  the  Allies  in  1865. 
Population,  10,784. 

Otello  (o-tel'lo).  1.  An  opera  by  Rossini,  li- 
bretto altered  from  Shakspere’s  ‘ ‘ Othello,”  pro- 
duced at  Naples  in  1816. — 2.  An  opera  by  Verdi, 
words  by  Boito,  produced  at  Milan  in  1887. 
Otford  (ot'ford).  AplaceinKent,  England,  near 
Sevenoaks,  where  Off  a,  king  of  Mercia,  defeated 
the  men  of  Kent  in  775. 

otfried  (ot'fred).  Lived  in  the  9th  century.  A 
German  monk,  author  of  a poetical  harmony  of 
the  Gospels  in  Old  High  German.  He  was  a pupil 
of  Rabanus  Maurus.  His  poem  is  the  oldest  in  German 
characterized  by  the  end  rime. 

Othello  (o-thel'o),  the  Moor  of  Venice,  The 
Tragedy  of.  A tragedy  by  Shakspere,  acted 
in  1604,  and  printed  in  1622  in  a quarto  and 
in  1623  in  a folio  edition,  it  was  founded  on 
one  of  Giraldi’s  novels  In  the  “ Hecatommithi  ” (iii.  3). 
Othello  is  a high-minded  Moor  in  the  military  service  of 
Venice.  He  is  aroused  to  fury  against  his  wife  Desdemona 
by  the  insinuations  and  lies  of  lago,  and  smothers  her. 

I have  often  told  you  that  I do  not  think  there  is  any 
jealousy,  properly  so  called,  in  the  character  of  Othello. 
There  is  no  predisposition  to  suspicion,  which  I take  to  be 
an  essential  term  in  the  definition  of  the  word.  Desde- 
mona very  truly  told  Emilia  that  he  was  not  jealous,  that 
is,  of  a jealous  habit,  and  he  says  so  as  truly  of  himself. 

Coleridge,  Table-Talk,  June  24,  1827. 
Othman  (oth-man').  Bom  about  575 : killed  at 
Medina,  Arabia,  656.  Calif  of  the  Moslems  644- 
656,  successor  of  Omar.  He  extended  the  califate  by 
conquests  in  Persia,  Africa,  and  the  island  of  Cyprus.  A 
conspiracy  was  formed  against  him  by  Ayesha,  widow  of 
the  prophet,  and  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  Mohammed,  son  of 
the  calif  Abu-Bekr.  He  was  succeeded  by  ALL 
Othman  (Sultans  of  the  Turks).  See  Osman. 
Otho  (o'tho),  Marcus  Salvius.  Born  32  a.  d.  : 
committed  suicide  April,  69.  Emperor  of  Rome 
Jan.-April,  69.  He  was  governor  of  Lusitania  under 
Nero;  overthrew  Galba  by  a conspiracy  in  Jan.,  69;  and 
was  in  turn  overthrown  by  Vitellius. 

Otho  (Roman-German  emperors).  See  Otto. 
Otho  I.,  or  Otto  ( ot'to) . Born  at  Salzburg,  Aus- 
tria, June  1,  1815:  died  at  Bamberg,  Bavaria, 
July  26,  1867.  Second  son  of  Louis  I.  of  Ba- 
varia, chosen  king  of  Greece  in  1832.  He  as- 
sumed the  government  in  person  in  1835,  and  was  de- 
posed through  the  revolution  of  1862. 

Othomans.  See  Ottomans. 

Othomis,  or  Othomies.  See  Otomis. 

Othrys  (oth'ris).  [Gr.  ”0 0/Sfl?.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a mountain-range  in  the  southern  part 
of  Thessaly,  Greece.  See  the  extract. 

Othrys,  now  Mount  Idrako,  is  situated  due  south  of  Ossa, 
and  southwest  of  Pelion.  Its  height  is  estimated  at  5,670 
feet.  It  is  connected  with  Pindus  by  a chain  of  hills  aver- 
aging 3,000  or  4,000  feet,  and  running  nearly  due  west,  and 
with  Pelion  by  a curved  range  which  skirts  the  Gulf  of 
Volo  (Sinus  Pagasseus)  at  the  distance  of  a few  miles  from 
the  shore.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  105. 

Otiartes  (o-ti-ar'tez).  A mythical  Babylonian 
king  mentioned  by  Berosus : probably  a scribe’s 
error  for  Opartes,  and  identical  with  the  name 
Ubara-tutu  in  the  cuneiform  account  of  the 
..deluge. 

Otinger  (e'ting-er),  Friedrich  Christoph. 

Born  at  Goppingen,  Wurtemberg,  May  6,  1702: 
died  at  Murrhardt,  Wurtemberg,  Feb.  10, 1782. 
A German  Protestant  theologian,  noted  as  a 
theosophist. 

Otis  (o'tis),  Elwell  Stephen.  Born  at  Fred- 
erick, Md.,  March  25,  1838:  died  Oct.  21,  1909. 
An  American  general.  He  entered  the  Union  army 
as  a volunteer  in  Sept.,  1862  ; was  breveted  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  March  13,  1866  : was  appointed  lieuten- 
ant-colonel in  the  regular  army  in  1867 ; was  promoted 
brigadier-general  Nov.  23,  1893 ; was  appointed  major- 
general  of  volunteers  May,  1898 ; and  was  promoted  major- 
general  1900.  He  served  on  the  frontier  against  the  Indians 
1867-81  ; then  organized  the  United  States  infantry  and 
cavalry  Bchool  at  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  which  he  conducted 
until  1885.  In  1898  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  Pacific  and  was  military  governor  of  the 
Philippines  until  April,  1900.  Retired  in  1902. 

Otis,  Harrison  Gray.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Oct.  8,  1765:  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1848.  An 


767 

Americanpolitician  and  jurist, nephewof  James 
Otis.  He  was  congressman  from  Massachusetts  1797- 
1801 ; a prominent  member  of  the  Hartford  Convention  in 
1814  ; and  United  States  senator  1817-22. 

Otis,  Janies.  Born  at  Barnstable,  Mass.,  Feb. 
5,  1725 : died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  May  23,  1783. 
An  American  patriot  and  orator.  He  is  especially 
celebrated  for  his  speech  at  Boston  in  opposition  to  the 
“writs  of  assistance”  (writs  directed  against  American 
liberties)  in  1761.  He  was  a prominent  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives;  and  was  a dele- 
gate to  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  in  1765.  He  wrote  the 
pamphlets  “Vindication  of  the  Conduct  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,”  "Rights  of  the  British  Colonies  As- 
serted ” (1764),  etc. 

Otley  (ot'li).  A town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Wharfe  10 
miles  northwest  of  Leeds.  Population,  about 
9,300. 

Otllit  (ot'nit).  A legendary  emperor  of  the 
Lombards,  in  the  German  “ Heldenbucli.” 
Oberon  assists  him  in  his  designs. 

Oto  (o'to).  [PL,  also  Otos.  Sometimes  called 
Otoe  and  Otto,  their  own  name  being  Watota, 
meaning  ‘lovers  of  sexual  pleasure.’]  A tribe 
of  the  Tciwere  division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  For  many  years  the  Oto 
and  Missouri  tribes  have  been  consolidated.  They  are  now 
in  Oklahoma.  See  Tciwere. 

Otoe.  See  Oto. 

Otomacs  (o-to-miiks'),  or  Otomacos  (o-to-ma'- 
kos).  A tribe  of  Indians  who,  in  the  18th  and 
early  in  the  19th  century,  lived  along  the  mid- 
dle Orinoco,  from  the  junction  of  the  Meta  to 
that  of  the  Arauca.  They  were  very  degraded  sav- 
ages, and  were  remarkable  for  their  custom  of  eating  enor- 
mous quantities  of  clay  during  seasons  of  scarcity.  The 
Jesuits  endeavored,  with  little  success,  to  gather  the  Oto- 
macs into  their  mission  villages.  Later  they  disappeared 
from  the  river  shores,  and  the  tribe  is  now  either  extinct  or 
lives  in  a distant  part  of  the  llanos.  The  Otomac  lan- 
guage, from  the  little  that  is  known  of  it,  appears  to  con- 
stitute a distinct  stock. 

Otomis  (o-to-mes').  [Nahuatl  otomitl,  wander- 
ing arrow.]  A tribe  of  Indians  of  the  Mexican 
plateau.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  dwelt  prin- 
cipally in  the  mountainous  district  west  of  the  Mexican 
lakes,  and  had  long  been,  in  some  sense,  subdued  by  the 
Aztecs.  According  to  traditions  they  were  one  of  the 
oldest  nations  of  the  plateau,  having  existed  here  even  be- 
fore the  Toltec  invasion.  They  were  agriculturists  and  used 
cotton  clothes  and  gold  and  copper  ornaments,  but  were 
much  less  advanced  than  the  Nahuas.  During  the  siege 
of  Mexico  they  joined  Cortes  (1621).  They  have  ever  since 
been  nominally  subject  to  the  whites,  and  are  Catholics, 
but  have  acquired  little  civilization.  Their  descendants 
of  pure  blood  probably  number  more  than  200,000,  and  are 
scattered  through  central  Mexico.  Also  written  Othomie, 
Othomies.  See  Otomi  stock,  below. 

Otomi  stock  (5-to-me'  stok).  Alinguistic  stock  of 
Mexican  Indians,  embracing  a number  of  tribes, 
with  closely  allied  dialects,  which  occupy  por- 
tions of  the  states  of  Mexico,  Morelos,  Hidalgo, 
Queretaro,  Guanajuato,  and  San  Luis  Potosi. 
Among  the  more  Important  branches  are  the  Otomis  proper, 
the  Mecos  or  Jonaz  in  Queretaro,  and  the  Pames.  All,  or 
nearly  all,  are  nominally  Christians,  but  have  retained  many 
of  their  aboriginal  customs  and  their  language.  This  is 
very  harsh  and  difficult,  and  consists  largely  of  monosylla- 
bles. In  stature  these  Indians  are  rather  short,  and  their 
color  is  dark.  They  are  said  to  number  nearly  800,000. 

Otrante,  Due  d’.  See  Fouche. 

Otranto  (o'tran-to).  A small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Lecce,  Apulia,  Italy,  46  miles  south- 
east of  Brindisi : the  ancient  Hydras  orHydrun- 
tum.  It  was  a flourishing  ancient  and  medieval  city  un- 
til It  was  sacked  by  the  Turks  in  1480.  The  cathedral  is  a 
3-aisled  basilica  with  3 apses  and  a remarkable  pavement 
in  mosaic  (1163)  of  biblical  scenes,  animals,  etc. 
Otranto,  Strait  of.  A sea  passage  connecting 
the  Adriatic  Sea  with  the  Mediterranean,  and 
separating  Italy  from  Turkey.  Width,  about  40 
miles. 

Otranto,  Terra  di.  A former  name  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  Italy. 

O’Trigger  (6-trig'er),  Sir  Lucius.  A char- 
acter in  Sheridan’s  comedy  “The  Rivals”:  a 
fortune-hunting  Irishman,  noted  for  his  perti- 
nacious attachment  to  the  practice  of  dueling. 
Otsego  (ot-se'go),  Lake.  A lake  in  Otsego 
County,  central  New  York,  60  miles  west  of  Al- 
bany. It  is  the  source  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  is 
celebrated  in  Cooper’s  “ Leatherstocking  " novels.  Length, 
about  8 miles. 

Ottawa  (ot-a'wii).  [PL,  also  Ottawas:  adawe, 
to  trade  ; buy  and  sell.]  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  whose  only  home  was  north 
and  west  of  the  Huron  territory.  They  were  firm 
.allies  of  the  French.  After  defeating  the  Hurons  (1848-49), 
the  Iroquois  drove  the  Ottawa  westward  to  Green  Bay  and 
the  south  shore  of  I-ake  Superior ; and  in  the  first  years  of 
the  18th  century  they  tlxed  their  chief  seat  near  the  low  er 
extremity  of  Lake  Michigan,  spreading  thence  in  all  di- 
rections. They  number  about  4,000,  those  in  the  United 
States  being  chielly  at  the  Mackinac  agency,  Michigan. 

Ottawa  (ot'a-wii),  formerly  Bytown  (bi'toun). 
The  capital  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  situated 


otto  in. 

in  the  province  of  Ontario,  on  the  Ottawa,  about 
lat.  45°21'  N.,  long.  75°  42'  W.  TheChaudifcre  Falls 
are  in  the  neighborhood.  It  is  an  important  center  of  the 
lumber  trade,  and  has  manufactures  of  lumber,  flour,  etc. 
The  governmental  buildings,  especially  the  Parliament 
House,  are  noteworthy.  It  was  settled  in  1827 ; the  name 
was  changed  and  it  was  made  a city  in  1854  ; and  in  1858 
it  was  selected  as  the  capital.  Population,  87,062,  (1911). 

Ottawa.  A city,  capital  of  La  Salle  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Fox  River,  70  miles  southwest  of  Chicago. 
Population,  9,535,  (1910). 

Ottawa.  A city,  capital  of  Franklin  County, 
eastern  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Osage  River. 
Population,  7,650,  (1910). 

Ottawa,  or  Grand  (grand),  River.  A river  in 
Canada  which  forms  the  principal  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Quebec  and  Ontario  and 
joins  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Montreal,  it  flows 
through  a succession  of  lakes.  Length,  estimated,  about 
700  miles  ; navigable  in  its  lower  course. 

Ottensen  (ot'ten-sen).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  imme- 
diately adjoining  Altona.  Klopstock  is  buried 
here. 

Otterbein  (ot'ter-bln),  Philip  William.  Bom 

at  Dillenburg,  Germany,  June  4,  1726:  died  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  17,  1813.  A clergyman 
of  the  German  Reformed  Church  in  America. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  the  United 
Brethren  in  Christ. 

Otterburn  (ot'er-bem).  A village  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  near  the  Scottish  border,  29 
miles  northwest  of  N ewcastle-upon-Ty  ne . Here, 
Aug.  19,  1388,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Otterburn,  or  Chevy 
Chase.  The  English  under  the  Percys  were  defeated  by 
the  Scotts  under  the  Earl  of  Douglas,  who  was  killed  in 
the  battle.  The  battle  is  the  subject  of  several  ballads 
which  are  preserved  in  Percy's  “Reliques,”  Herd’s  “Scot- 
tish Songs,”  the  “Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border,”  etc. 
See  Chevy  Chase,  and  Douglas,  James. 

Otter  Creek  (ot'er  krek).  A river  in  western 
Vermont  which  flows  into  Lake  Champlain  5 
miles  northwest  of  Vergennes.  Length,  about 
90  miles. 

Otter  Tail  Lake.  A lake  in  Otter  Tail  County, 
western  Minnesota.  Its  outlet  is  into  the  Red 
River  system. 

Ottery  St.  Mary  f ot'er-i  sant  ma'ri).  A small 
town  in  Devonshire,  England,  east  of  Exeter: 
the  birthplace  of  Coleridge. 

Ottilie  (ot-te'le-e).  The  central  figure  of 
Goethe’s  “ Wahlverwandtsehaften.”  The  origi- 
nal was  Minna  Herzlieb,  the  foster-sister  of  Alwine  From- 
maniL  Her  relations  with  Goethe  are  well  known. 

Ottingen  (et'ting-en).  A former  county  of  Swa- 
bia, Germany,  near  N ordlingen.  It  was  mediatized 
in  1806.  The  town  of  Ottingen  is  on  the  Wornitz. 

Ottinger  (et'ting-er),  Eduard  Maria.  Born  at 
Breslau,  Prussia,  Nov.  19, 1808 : died  near  Dres- 
den, June  26, 1872.  A German  journalist,  poet, 
novelist,  bibliographer,  and  historical  writer. 
He  published  “Buch  der  Liebe”  (poems,  1832;  “Neues 
Buch  der  Liebe,”  1852),  “Archives  historiques,”  a history 
of  the  Danish  court  from  Christian  II.  to  Frederick  VII. 
(1858-59),  “ Moniteur  des  dates”  (1864-82),  etc. 

Otto.  See  Oto. 

Otto  (ot'to)  1.  [OHG.  Oto,  Odo,  Otto,  MHG.  G. 
Otto , from  of,  AS.  edd,  wealth,  property.]  Born 
at  Munich,  April  27,  1848.  King  of  Bavaria, 
brother  of  Louis  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1886. 
He  became  insane  in  1873,  and  succeeded  under  the  regency 
of  his  uncle  Prince  Luitpold. 

Otto  (or  Otho)  I.,“  The  Great.”  Born  912:  died 
at  Memleben,  Prussian  Saxony,  May  7,  973. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  was 
the  son  of  Henry  I.,  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Ger- 
many in  936.  The  early  part  of  his  reign  was  occupied  in 
subduing  his  turbulent  nobles.  He  put  an  end  to  the  in- 
cursions of  the  Bohemians,  the  Wends,  and  the  Danes,  and 
in  951  went  to  the  support  of  Adelaide,  queen  of  Lombardy, 
against  Berengar  II.  He  defeated  Berengar  and  married 
Adelaide.  In  955  he  inflicted  a decisive  defeat  on  the 
Magyars  on  the  Lechfeld.  In  962  he  was  crowned  emperor 
at  Rome,  reviving  the  office  founded  by  Charlemagne. 

Otto  II.  Born  955:  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  7,  983. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  973-983, 
son  of  Otto  I.  and  Adelaide.  He  subdued  a revolt 
of  his  cousin  Henry,  duke  of  Bavaria,  about  9/7.  In  978 
the  French  invaded  Lorraine,  but  were  expelled  by  the 
emperor,  who  unsuccessfully  besieged  Paris.  He  married 
the  Greek  princess  Theophano,  through  whom  he  claimed 
Apulia  and  Calabria  in  southern  Italy.  His  claim  was  re- 
sisted by  the  Greeks  with  the  assistance  of  the  Saracens. 
After  some  successes  he  was  totally  defeated  in  982. 

Otto  III.,  called  “ The  Wonder  of  the  World  ” 
(from  his  intellectual  endowments).  Born  980  : 
died  at  Paterno,  near  Viterbo,  Italy,  Jan.,  1002. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  983-1002, 
son  of  Otto  II.  During  his  minority  the  regency  was 
conducted  by  his  mother  Theophano  in  Germany  (after 
her  death  by  the  Archbishop  of  Mainz),  and  his  grand- 
mother Adelaide  in  Italy.  He  assumed  the  reins  of  gov- 
ernment in  996.  He  aimed  to  make  Rome  the  imperial 
residence  and  center  of  a new  universal  empire,  but  died 
at  the  early  age  of  twenty -two. 


Otto  IV. 

Otto  IV.  Born  about  1174:  died  at  the  Harz- 
burg,  Germany,  May  19, 1218.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  second  son  of  Henry  the 
Lion,  duke  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria.  He  was 
elected  king  of  Germany  in  opposition  to  Philip  of  Swabia 
in  1198,  and  was  crowned  emperor  in  1209.  He  afterward 
became  involved  in  a quarrel  with  the  Pope,  who  in  1212 
put  forward  Frederick  II.  as  anti-emperor.  Having  allied 
himself  with  England,  he  concerted  an  invasion  of  France 
with  John  Lackland,  with  whom  he  was  defeated  at  Bou- 
vines  in  1214.  Discredited  by  this  defeat,  he  presently 
withdrewto  his  hereditary  domain  of  Brunswick. 

Otto  of  Freising.  Died  Sept.  22, 1158.  A Ger- 
man historian,  bishop  of  Freising  (in  Bavaria). 
His  histories  were  edited  in  1867. 

Otto  von  Wittelsbach.  (ot'to  fonvit'tels-bach). 
Killed  1209.  The  murderer  of  Philip  of  Swabia, 
king  of  Germany,  1208. 

Ottoboni,  or  Otthoboni  (ot-to-bo'ne),  Pietro. 
Born  in  1668:  died  Feb.  17,  1740.  A cardinal, 
nephew  of  Pope  Alexander  VIII.  He  received  the 
cardinalate  in  1090,  but  is  principally  noted  as  a patron  of 
art.  He  collected  a fine  library,  containing  manuscript 
masses  by  Palestrina  and  other  great  masters,  etc.,  which 
after  his  death  were  purchased  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 
and  presented  to  the  Vatican. 

Ottocar  (ot'to-kar)  ll.  Killed  1278.  King  of 
Bohemia  1253-78.  He  acquired  Austria.  Styria,  Ca- 
rinthia,  and  Carniola.  For  these  German  fiefs  he  refused 
to  do  homage  to  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg,  king  of  Germany, 
who  in  consequence  declared  war  against  him.  He  was 
defeated  and  killed  on  the  Marchfeld  in  1278. 

Ottoman  Empire.  See  Turley. 

Ottomans  (ot'o-manz).  [From  F.  Ottoman  = 
Sp.  Otomano  = Pg.  It.  Ottomano,  from  Turk. 
’Oilman,  ’Osman,  the  founder  of  the  Turkish 
empire  in  Asia:  see  Osmanli.  Cf.  Othman.\ 
That  branch  of  the  Turks  which  founded  and 
rule  the  Turkish  empire.  The  Ottoman  Turkslived 
originally  in  central  Asia.  Under  their  first  sultan,  Oth- 
man  (reigned  1288-1326),  they  founded  a realm  in  Asia 
Minor,  which  was  soon  extended  into  Europe.  With  the 
capture  of  Constantinople  in  1453  they  succeeded  to  the 
Byzantine  empire,  and  their  rule,  at  its  height  in  the  16th 
century,  extended  over  the  greater  part  of  southeastern 
Europe  and  much  of  western  Asia  and  northern  Africa. 
They  have  since  lost  Hungary,  Rumania,  Servia,  Greece, 
Bulgaria,  etc.,  and  practically  Egypt,  etc.  The  Ottoman 
Turks  are  Sunnite  Mohammedans,  and  regard  the  sultans 
as  representatives  of  the  former  califs. 

Ottumwa  (o-tum'wa).  A city,  capital  of  Wa- 
pello County,  southern  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Des  Moines  70  miles  west  by  north  of  Burling- 
ton. Population,  22,012,  (1910). 

Ottweiler  (ot'vl-ler).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Blies33  miles 
southeast  of  Treves.  Pop.,  commune,  6,599. 
Otuel  (ot'u-el),  Sir.  One  of  Charlemagne’s 
paladins.  He  was  a pagan  knight,  but  was  converted 
to  Christianity  by  the  prayers  of  Charlemagne  and  his 
people  during  a battle. 

Otumba  (o-tom'ba).  A town  of  Mexico,  in  the 
state  of  Mexico,  about  35  miles  northeast  of 
the  capital,  on  the  railroad  to  Vera  Cruz,  it  was 
an  ancient  Indian  pueblo,  and  its  name  (originally  Otom- 
pan,  ‘place  of  the  Otomis’)  appears  to  indicate  that  it 
was  once  inhabited  by  Otomi  Indians.  Near  it,  during 
the  retreat  from  Mexico,  Cortos  defeated  the  Aztec  forces, 
July  7,  1620.  Population,  over  2,000. 

Otway  (ot'wa),  Thomas.  Born  at  Trotton, 
Sussex,  England,  March  3, 1652  : died  at  Tower 
Hill,  London,  April  14,  1685.  The  principal 
tragic  poet  of  the  English  classical  school,  the 
son  of  Rev.  Humphrey  Otway.  He  entered  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  in  1669.  He  fell  in  love  with  Mrs.  Barry, 
who  appeared  in  his  “Alcibiades,"  and  she  became  his 
evil  genius:  to  escape  her  he  enlisted  and  served  in 
Flanders,  but  returned  to  her.  Shemadehergreatestrepu- 
tation  in  his  plays,  but  owing  to  her  greed  and  immorality 
her  influence  over  him  was  entirely  bad.  He  died  in  a 
baker’s  shop  near  the  sponging-house  in  which  his  last 
days  were  spent.  Among  his  plays  are  “Alcibiades" 
(1676),  “ Don  Carlos  " (1676),  translations  of  Racine’s  “Ti- 
tus and  Berenice”  and  Molifere’s  “ Fourberies  de  Scapin” 
(“Cheats  of  Scapin,"  1677),  “Friendship  in  Fashion” 
(1678),  “The  Soldier’s  Fortune"  (1631),  “The  Orphan” 
(1680),  “ Caius  Marius ” (1681),  “Venice  Preserved  ” (1682), 
“The  Atheist"  (1684:  a second  part  of  “The  Soldier's 
Fortune”). 

Otzthal  (ets'tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in  Tyrol, 
opening  from  the  southern  side  of  the  upper 
valley  of  the  Inn,  and  situated  southwest  of 
Innsbruck.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque 
.scenery. 

otzthaler  (ets'tal-er)  Alps.  A large  group  of 
Alps  in  Tyrol,  south  of  the  Inn. 

Ouchy  (o-she').  The  port  of  Lausanne,  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 
Oude.  See  Oudh. 

Oudenarde,  or  Oudenaarde  (ou'den-ar-de),  F. 
Audenarde  (od-nard').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Schelde  33  miles  west  of  Brussels,  it  has  manu- 
factures of  cotton  and  linen.  The  hfitel  de  ville,  or  town 
hall  (a  beautiful  late-Pointed  building,  finished  in  1635), 
and  the  churches  of  St.  Walburga  and  Notre  Dame  are  the 
principal  buildings.  Here,  July  ll,  1708.  the  Allies  under 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugenedefeated  the 


768 

French  under  Vendome  and  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,666 

Oudendorp  (ou'den-dorp),  Frans  van.  Born 
at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  July  31,  1696:  died 
Feb.  14,  1761.  A Dutch  classical  philologist, 
professor  of  eloquence  and  history  at  Leipsic. 

Oudh,  or  Oude  (oud).  [Hind.  Aivadli. ] A prov- 
ince of  British  India;  chief  city,  Lucknow. 
It  lies  between  the  Ganges  on  the  southwest  and  Nepal  on 
the  northeast.  The  surface  is  mainly  a plain.  The  prov- 
ince is  densely  peopled.  It  was  formerly  under  various 
Mohammedan  rulers;  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in 
1856 ; was  one  of  the  chief  scenes  of  the  mutiny  of  1857  ; 
and  was  united  in  administration  to  the  Northwest  Prov- 
inces in  1877.  In  1902  the  Northwest  Provinces  and  Oudh 
became  the  United  Provinces  of  Agra  and  Oudh.  Area, 
23,966  square  miles.  Population,  12,833,077. 

Oudinot  (o-de-no'),  Nicolas  Charles,  Due  de 

Reggio.  Born  at  Bar-le-Duc,  France,  April  25, 
1767 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  13,  1847.  A French 
marshal,  noted  as  a commander  of  grenadiers. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  Zurich  in  1799,  and  at  Aus- 
terlitz  in  1805 ; gained  the  victory  of  Ostrolenka  in  1807  ; 
fought  at  Friedland  in  1807,  at  Wagram  in  1809,  in  the  re- 
treat from  Russia  in  1812,  and  at  Bautzen  in  1813;  was 
defeated  at  Grossbeeren  in  1813  ; and  served  through  the 
campaigns  of  1813-14. 

Oudinot,  Nicolas  Charles  Victor.  Born  at 
Bar-le-Duc, France,  Nov.  3, 1791:  died  atParis, 
July  7, 1863.  AFreuck  general,  son  of  Nicolas 
Charles  Oudinot.  He  commanded  the  expedi- 
tion against  Rome,  which  he  captured  in  1849. 

Oudry  (o-dre'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  17,1686 : died  at  Beauvais,  April  30, 1755. 
A French  historical  and  animal  painter.  He 
was  court  painter  to  Louis  XV.;  was  superintendent  of  the 
Beauvais  factory  and  of  tli  e Gobelin  factory ; and  was 
made  professor  of  the  Academy  in  1743. 

Ouffle,  Histoire  des  imaginations  extrava- 
gantes  de  M.  A work  by  Laurent  Bordelon, 
published  in  1710.  It  is  notable  as  being  the  book  to 
which  Johnson  refers  in  his  “Life  of  Pope  ” as  the  prototype 
of  the  “ Memoirs  of  Martinus  Scriblerus."  The  book  has 
been  mistakenly  ascribed  to  the  Abb6  Bourdelot. 

Oughtred  (ot'red),  William.  Born  at  Eton, 
1574:  died  about  1660.  An  English  mathema- 
tician. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (King’s  College). 
He  wrote  “ Clavis  Mathematics ” (1631),  “ A Description  of 
the  Double  Horizontal  Dial  ” (16c6),  and  “ Opuscula  Mathe- 
matica  ’’  (1677). 

Ouida.  See  De  la  Ramce,  Louise. 

Ouiouenronnon.  See  Cayuga. 

Ouless  (o-les'),  Walter  William.  Born  at  St. 
Ilelier’s,  Jersey,  Sept.  21,  1848.  An  English 
portrait-painter.  He  was  educated  at  Victoria  Col- 
iege, Jersey,  and  began  to  study  art  in  London  in  1864. 
He  was  made  associate  royal  academician  in  1877,  and  royal 
academician  in  1881.  His  portraits  of  Darwin  (etched  by 
Rajon)  and  Cardinal  Newman  (1880)  are  well  known. 

Oullins  (o-lan').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone  3 miles 
south  of  Lyons,  of  which  it  is  a residential 
suburb.  Population,  commune,  10,284. 

Ourique  (o-re'ke).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  94  miles  southeast 
of  Lisbon.  For  the  battle  there,  see  the  ex- 
tract. 

Under  the  reign  of  the  same  Alfonso  was  achieved  the 
memorable  victory  of  Ourique,  obtained  over  the  Moors 
on  the  twenty-sixth  of  July,  1139,  in  which  five  Moorish 
kings  were  defeated,  and  which  was  followed  by  the  adop- 
tion of  the  title  of  kingdom,  in  place  of  the  country,  of 
Portugal.  The  Cortes,  assembled  at  Laraego  in  1145,  con- 
ferred a free  constitution  upon  the  new  people,  who,  by 
the  acquisition  of  Lisbon  a few  years  after,  came  into  pos- 
session of  a powerful  capital  with  an  immense  population 
and  an  extensive  commerce. 

Sismondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  IL  450. 

Our  Mutual  Friend.  A novel  by  Dicken  s,  pub- 
lished in  1865. 

Our  Old  Home.  A record  of  impressions  and 
experiences  in  England,  by  Hawthorne, 

Ouro  Preto  (d'rtj  pra'to),  formerly  Villa  Rica 
(vel'la  re'ka).  [Pg.,  ‘black  gold’  and  ‘rich 
town’  respectively.]  The  former  capital  of 
the  state  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  about  175 
miles  north  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  ; formerly  noted 
for  gold-mines.  Population,  municipio,  65,383. 

Ours.  A comedy  by  Robertson,  produced  in  1866. 

Ourthe  (ort).  A river  in  Belgium  which  joins 
the  Meuse  at  Lifege.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Ouse  (oz).  A river  in  Yorkshire,  England,  it  is 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Swale  and  Ure,  and  unites 
with  the  Trent  16  miles  west  of  Kingston-upon-Hull  to 
form  the  Humber.  Its  chiel  tributaries  are  the  Wharf e, 
Aire,  Don,  and  Derwent.  Length,  60  miles  (including  the 
Swale,  about  130  miles);  navigable  to  York. 

Ouse,  or  Great  Ouse.  A river  in  the  eastern  part 
of  England,  which  flows  into  the  Wash  near 
King’s  Lynn.  Length,  160  miles;  navigable 
about  50  miles. 

Ouseley  (oz'li),  Sir  Frederick  Arthur  Gore. 

Born  at  London,  Aug.  12,  1825:  died  April  6, 
1889.  An  English  musical  writer,  musician,  and 
composer  of  sacred  music : son  of  Sir  Gore  Ouse- 


Overbury 

ley.  He  graduated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; was  elected 
professor  of  music  at  Oxford  in  1855  ; and  the  same  year 
was  made  precentor  of  Hereford  cathedral.  In  1856  he 
was  made  vicar  of  St.  Michael’s,  Tenbury,  Worcestershire, 
and  warden  of  St.  Michael’s  College,  of  which  he  was  the 
principal  founder.  He  published  “Harmony  ” (1868)  and 
“Counterpoint  and  Fugue"  (1869),  and  composed  a num- 
ber of  services  and  an  oratorio  (“  Hagar,”  1873). 
Ouseley,  Sir  Gore.  Born  1770 : died  1844.  A 
British  diplomatist  and  Orientalist,  brother  of 
Sir  William  Ouseley. 

Ouseley,  Sir  William.  Born  in  Monmouthshire, 
England,  1767 : died  at  Boulogne,  Sept.,  1842. 
An  English  Orientalist.  He  served  in  the  army  until 
1794.  He  published  “Persian  Miscellanies ” (1795),  “Ori- 
ental Collections  ” (1797),  “ Oriental  Geography  of  Ebn  Hau- 
kal  ” (1800),  etc.  He  was  secretary  to  his  brother,  Sir  Gore 
Ouseley,  ambassador  to  Persia  in  1810. 

Ouseley,  Sir  William  Gore.  Born  July  26, 1797 : 
died  March  6,  1866.  An  English  diplomatist, 
son  of  Sir  William  Ouseley. 

Oust  (ost).  A river  in  Brittany,  France,  which 
joins  the  Vilaine  near  Redon.  Length,  about 
90  miles. 

Outagami.  See  Fox. 

Outram  (o'tram),  Sir  James.  Born  at  Butter- 
ley  Hall,  Derbyshire,  Jan.  29, 1803:  died  March 
11,  1863.  An  English  general,  known  as  “the 
Bayard  of  India.”  In  1818  he  studied  at  Marischal  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  and  in  1819  went  to  India  as  cadet.  In 
1838  he  was  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  John  Keane ; and  in  1856  was 
appointed  lieutenant-general  in  command  of  an  expedition 
to  Persia.  In  June,  1857,  he  was  summoned  to  Calcutta 
to  assist  in  suppressing  the  Sepoy  rebellion.  He  especially 
distinguished  himself  in  the  relief,  defense,  and  capture 
ofLucknow.  HereturnedtoEnglandinl860.  Heisburied 
in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Ouvidor  (o-ve-dor').  The  principal  business 
street  (forretail  trade)inRio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 
It  is  about  J mile  long,  and  very  narrow.  No  vehicles  are 
allowed  to  pass  through  it,  and  hence  it  has  become  a pop- 
ular promenade,  presenting  a very  animated  appearance, 
especially  in  the  late  afternoon  and  evening. 

Ovada  (o-va'da).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Alessandria,  21  miles  northwest  of  Genoa.  Pop- 
ulation, town,  8,294;  commune,  9,946. 

Ovalle  (o-val'ya),  Alonso  de.  Born  at  Santiago 
about  1601 : died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March  11, 1651. 
A Chilean  Jesuit  historian.  His  best-known  work 
is  “Histdrica  relacion  del  reyno  de  Chile”  (Rome,  1646; 
an  Italian  version,  same  place  and  date).  An  English  trans- 
lation of  the  first  six  books  was  published  in  the  Churchill 
co)  lection. 

Ovalle  (o-val'ya),  Jose  Tomas.  Born  at  San- 
tiago, 1791 : died  there,  March  21, 1831.  A Chil- 
ean politician.  He  was  elected  vice-president  by  the 
conservatives  Feb.,  1830,  and  from  March  31,  1830,  was 
acting  president.  The  liberals,  under  Ereire.  were  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Lircay,  April  17,  1830,  and  the  con- 
servatives came  permanently  into  power.  See  Portales, 
Diego  Josi  Victor. 

Ovambo  (6-vam'bo).  See  Ndonga. 
Ovarnboland  (o-vam'bo-land).  A region  in  Ger- 
man Southwest  Africa,  north  of  Damaraland. 
An  attempt  to  establish  a republic  here,  called 
Uppingtonia,  about  1885  failed. 

Ovando  (o-van'do),  Nicolas  de.  Born  at  Val- 
ladolid about  1460:  died  at  Madrid,  1518  (?).  A 
Spanish  administrator.  He  was  a knight  of  Alcan- 
tara, and  held  a high  position  in  the  royal  court.  In  1501 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  Espafiola,  his  jurisdiction 
embracing  all  tire  Spanish  possessions  in  the  New  World 
except  those  ceded  to  Ojeda  and  Pinzon.  He  arrived  at 
Santo  Domingo,  April  15,  1502,  with  30  vess  is  and  2,500 
colonists,  and  retained  the  place  until  July,  1509,  when  he 
was  superseded  by  Diego  Columbus.  During  this  time 
the  colony  was  prosperous,  but  the  Indians  were  treated 
with  great  cruelty  and  a large  portion  of  them  died.  Afri- 
can slaves  were  first  extensively  introduced  under  Ovando. 
Ovar  (o-var').  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Beira,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Aveiro  lagoon 
19  miles  south  of  Oporto.  Population,  about 
10,500. 

Overbeck  (o'ver-bek),  Friedrich  Johann.  Born 
at  Liibeck,  Germany,  July  3, 1789:  died  at  Rome, 
Nov.  12,  1869.  A noted  German  painter.  He 
studied  at  the  Vienna  academy;  but,  objecting  to  the  sen- 
suousness of  the  prevailing  pseudo-classical  style,  he  was 
expelled  and  went  to  Rome,  where  he  formed  the  brother- 
hood of  the  Preraphaelites  in  1810  with  Cornelius,  Scha- 
dow,  and  others  (see  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood),  seeking 
to  revive  German  art  on  a religious  basis.  He  became  a 
convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  1813,  and  de- 
voted himself  entirely  to  painting  sacred  subjects.  His 
style  was  full  of  devout  feeling,  but  hard  in  outline. 
Among  his  works  (some  of  them  frescos)  are  the  “Vi- 
sion of  St.  Francis,’’  “Jerusalem  Delivered”  (Rome), 
“Christ’s  Entry  into  Jerusalem  ” (Liibeck),  “Triumph  of 
Religion  in  the  Arts”  (Frankfort),  “Christ  Blessing  Little 
Children  ’’(Liibeck),  “ Pietii " (Liibeck), “Christ  in  the  Gar- 
den " (Hamburg),  etc. 

Overbeck,  Johannes  Adolf.  Born  1826:  died 
1895.  A German  archaeologist  and  historian 
of  art,  nephew  of  F.  J.  Overbeck:  professor  at 
Leipsic  from  1853.  His  works  include  “Geachichte 
der  griechisehen  Plastik  ” (1857-68),  “Pompeji"  (1855), 

“ Griechisclie  Kunstmythologie  ” (1871-89),  etc. 
Overbury  ( 6'ver-ber-i),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at 
Compton-Scorpion,  Warwickshire,  1581 : poi* 


Overbury 

soned  in  the  Tower,  Sept.  15, 1613.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer.  He  studied  at  Oxford  (Queen’s 
College)  1595-98,  and  at  the  Middle  Temple,  and  traveled 
on  the  Continent.  He  became  the  prot6g6  of  Robert  Carr, 
Viscount  Rochester  (afterward  earl  of  Somerset),  para- 
mour of  Lady  Essex.  Having  incurred  the  enmity  of  Lady 
Essex  by  opposing  a marriage  between  her  and  Carr,  he 
was  by  her  influence  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  April  26, 
1613,  and  poisoned  there.  He  wrote  “The  Wife”  (1614), 
"Characters”  (1614),  and  “Crurnms  fal’n  from  King 
James  s Table,”  first  printed  in  1715. 

Over  Darwen  (o'ver  dar'wen).  Atownin  Lan- 
cashire, England,  18  miles  northwest  of  Man- 
chester. It  has  paper,  paper-staining,  and  other 
manufactories.  Population,  29,862. 

Overdo  (o'ver-do),  Adam.  A complacent  jus- 
tice, a prominent  character  in  Ben  Jonson’s 
“Bartholomew  Pair.” 

Overdone  (o'ver-dun),  Mistress.  A character 
in  Shakspere’s  “Measure  for  Measure.” 
Overland  Route.  Specifically — (a)  The  route 
from  England  to  India  through  France  and  Italy 
to  Brindisi,  and  thence  by  steamer  by  the  Suez 
Canal,  Red  Sea,  and  Indian  Ocean.  The  time 
required  for  the  journey  is  from  three  to  four 
weeks,  (b)  Formerly,  the  principal  land  route 
(via  Utah)  to  California. 

Overreach  (o'ver-rech),  Sir  Giles.  The  prin- 
cipal character  in  Massinger’s  “A  New  Way 
to  Pay  Old  Debts  ” : a cruel  extortioner  whose 
actions  are  governed  by  systematic  calculating 
self-love.  He  is  a study  of  Sir  Giles  MompessoD,  the 
monopolist.  He  is  proud  and  grasping ; but,  as  his  name 
indicates,  finally  overreaches  himself,  and  is  “outwitted 
by  two  weak  innocents  and  gulled  by  children.  ” 

Overskou  (o'ver-skou),  Thomas.  Born  at  Co- 
penhagen, Oct.  11,1798:  died  there,  Nov  7,1873. 
A Danish  dramatist  and  historian  of  the  drama. 
He  wrote  “ Den  danske  Skueplads”  (“  The  Da- 
nish Theater,”  1854-64),  etc. 

Overweg  (o'fer-vaG'),  Adolf.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, Germany,  July  24, 1822 : died  at  Maduari, 
on  Lake  Chad,  Sept.  27, 1852.  An  African  ex- 
plorer. As  a specialist  in  geology  he  accompanied  Rich- 
ardson and  Barth  to  the  Sudan  in  1850 ; established  the  fact 
that  the  Sahara  is  not  below  sea-level ; explored  Maradi ; 
navigated  Lake  Chad  1851 ; and  visited  Kanem  and  Musgu. 
Overyssel,  or  Overijssel  (o'ver-is-sel).  A prov- 
ince of  the  Netherlands.  Capital,  Zwolle,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Zuyder  Zee  on  the  northwest,  Friesland 
and  Drenthe  on  the  north,  Prussia  on  the  east  and  south- 
east, and  Gelderland  on  the  south  and  southwest.  The 
surface  is  generally  flat.  The  most  important  industry  is 
stock-farming.  It  is  drained  by  the  Yssel  and  Vechte. 
The  province  joined  the  Union  of  Utrecht  in  1579.  Area, 
1,291  square  miles.  Population,  379,834. 

Ovid  (ov'id),  L.  Publius  Ovidius  Naso.  Born 
at  Sulmo,  Italy,  43  B.  c. : died  at  Tomi,  near  the 
Black  Sea,  17  or  18  a.  d.  A Roman  poet,  one 
of  the  leading  writers  of  the  Augustan  age.  He 
lived  at  Rome,  and  was  exiled  for  an  unknown  cause  to 
Tomi  on  the  Euxine,  in  Mcesia,  about  9 A.  D.  His  chief 
works  are  elegies  and  poems  on  mythological  subjects, 
“Metamorphoses,"  “ Fasti,”  “Ars  Amatoria”  (“Art  of 
Love"),  “Heroides,”  and  “Amores.” 
Ovidiopol(o-ve-de-o'poly).  A seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  near  the 
Dniester  Liman,  21  miles  southwest  of  Odessa. 
Population,  5,776. 

Oviedo  (o-ve-a'do).  1.  A province  of  northern 
Spain,  corresponding  to  the  ancient  Asturias. 
Area,  4,205  square  miles.  Population,  627,069. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Oviedo, 
situated  in  lat.  43°  22'  N.,  long.  5°  52'  W. 

It  has  manufactures  of  firearms,  etc.;  is  the  seat  of  a uni- 
versity ; and  has  a collection  of  antiquities.  The  cathedral 
is  a Pointed  church  of  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  with  a 
lofty  arched  western  porch  and  a high  tower  and  spire. 
Oviedo  was  founded  about  765,  and  was  the  capital  of  the 
realm  of  Asturias  until  the  removal  to  Leon  about  924. 
Population,  52,432. 

Oviedo,  or  Oviedo  v Valdes  (e  val-das'),  Gon- 
zalo  Fernandez  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  1478: 
died  at  Valladolid,  1557.  A Spanish  historian. 
He  waa  a page  of  Prince  Juan  at  the  siege  of  Granada,  and 
saw  the  first  return  of  Columbus  ; was  at  Darien  (1514-17) 
as  a treasury  officer,  and  later  (1519-23)  as  lieutenant  of 
Pedrarias  ; subsequently  was  governor  of  Cartagena,  and 
in  1535  alcalde  of  the  fort  at  Santo  Domingo ; and  for  some 
years  before  his  death  was  official  chronicler  of  the  Indies. 
His  principal  work,  and  one  of  the  first  and  best  of  the 
early  histories  of  America,  is  “ Historia  natural  y general 
de  las  Indias,”  in  60  books.  Of  these  19  were  published  at 
Seville  in  1535,  and  the  twentieth,  finishing  the  first  part,  at 
Valladolid  soon  after.  The  complete  work  was  not  pub- 
lished until  1851-55  (by  the  Madrid  Academy). 
Ovimbiindu  (o-vem-bon'do).  See  Umbundu. 
Ovoca.  See  Avoca. 

Owain,  or  Owen.  Died  in  1197.  A Welsh  prince 
(of  Powys).  He  was  noted  as  a fighter,  and  as 
the  author  of  “ The  Hirlas  Horn”  (which  see). 
Owasco  Lake  (o-was'ko  lak).  A lake  in  Cayu- 
ga County,  New  York,  south  of  Auburn.  Its  out- 
let is  Owasco  Creek  and  Seneca  River.  Length, 
about  11  miles. 

Owego  (o-we'go).  The  capital  of  Tioga  County, 

a— 49 


769 

New  York,  situated  on  the  Susquehanna,  at  the 
mouth  of  Owego  Creek.  63  miles  south  of  Syra- 
cuse. Population,  4,633,  (1910). 

Owen  (o'en),  David  Dale.  Born  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  June  24, 1807 : died  at  New  Harmony, 
Ind.,  Nov.  13,  1860.  An  American  geologist, 
son  of  Robert  Owen.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
with  his  father  in  1823.  In  1848  he  took  charge  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  and  of  that 
of  Minnesota  in  1852. 

Owen  (Latinized  Audoenus  or  Owenus),  John. 

Born  in  Wales  about  1560:  died  1622.  A Brit- 
ish Latinist,  noted  for  his  Latin  epigrams. 

Owen,  John.  Born  at  Stadhampton,  Oxford, 
England,  1616 : died  at  Ealing,  near  London, 
Aug.  24,  1683.  An  English  theologian : during 
the  civil- war  period  a Presbyterian  clergyman, 
later  an  Independent.  He  was  dean  of  Christchurch, 
Oxford,  1651-60,  and  after  the  Restoration  was  a noncon- 
formist pastor  in  London.  He  wrote  a large  number  of 
works,  theological  and  controversial  — among  them  “Vin- 
dicife  Evangelic*  ” (1655),  “Animadversions”  (1662  : a re- 
ply to  “Fiat  Lux,”  a plea  for  Romanism),  “Exposition  of 
the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews  ” (1668),  and  an  “ Inquiry  into 
the  Nature,  etc.,  of  Evangelical  Churches  ” (1681). 

Owen,  John  Jason.  Born  at  Colebrook,  Conn., 
Aug.  13, 1803:  died  at  New  York,  April  18, 1869. 
An  American  classical  scholar.  He  edited  the 
“Anabasis,”  “Iliad,”  “Odyssey,”  “Thucy- 
dides,” etc. 

Owen,  Sir  Richard.  Born  at  Lancaster,  Eng., 
July  20, 1804:  died  at  London,  Dec.  18, 1892.  An 
English  comparative  anatomist  and  paleontolo- 
gist. He  studied  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh  and  at 
the  medical  school  of  St.  Bartholomew’s  Hospital,  London, 
and  became  a member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  1826.  He  afterward  became  assistant  curator  of  the 
Hunterian  Museum,  and  in  1834  professor  of  comparative 
anatomy  at  St.  Bartholomew’s  Hospital.  He  was  appointed 
Hunterian  professor  of  anatomyand  physiology  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  in  1836,  and  in  1856  superintendent  of  the 
natural  history  department  in  the  British  Museum.  He 
was  created  knight  commander  of  the  Bath  on  his  retire- 
ment in  1883.  Among  his  works  are  "Odontography” 
(1840-45',  “Archetype  and  Homologies  of  the  Vertebrate 
System”  (1848),  “On  Parthenogenesis”  (1849),  “Anatomy 

• of  the  Vertebrates  ” (1866-68). 

Owen,  Robert.  Born  at  Newtown,  Montgomery- 
shire,Wales,  May  14, 1771 : died  there,  Nov.  17, 
1858.  The  founder  of  English  socialism.  He 
became  at  nineteen  manager  of  a cotton-mill  at  Manches- 
ter, and  in  1800  became  manager  and  part  owner  of  the 
cotton  mills  at  New  Lanark.  Here  he  introduced  extensive 
reforms  looking  to  an  improvement  in  the  condition  of 
his  operatives.  In  1825  he  founded  a socialistic  commu- 
nity at  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  which  failed  in  1827.  He 
severed  his  connection  with  the  mills  at  New  Lanark  in 
1828,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  propagation  of  socialism. 
The  history  of  English  socialism  is  commonly  dated  from 
1817,  in  which  year  he  communicated  a report  on  the  poor 
law  to  a committee  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

He  recommended  that  communities  of  about  twelve  hun- 
dred persons  each  should  be  settled  on  quantities  of  land 
of  from  1,000  to  1,500  acres,  all  living  in  one  large  building 
in  the  form  of  a square,  with  public  kitchen  and  mess- 
rooms.  Each  family  should  have  its  own  private  apart- 
ments, and  the  entire  care  of  the  children  till  the  age  of 
three,  after  which  they  should  be  brought  up  by  the  com- 
munity, their  parents  having  access  to  them  at  meals  and 
all  other  proper  times.  These  communities  might  be  es- 
tablished by  individuals,  by  parishes,  by  counties,  or  by 
the  state;  in  every  case  there  should  be  effective  supervi- 
sion by  duly  qualified  persons.  Work,  and  the  enjoyment 
of  its  results,  should  be  in  common.  The  size  of  his  com- 
munity was  no  doubt  partly  suggested  by  his  villageof  New 
Lanark ; and  he  soon  proceeded  to  advocate  such  a scheme 
as  the  best  form  for  the  reorganization  of  society  in  gen- 
eral. Thomas  Kirkup,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  87. 

Owen,  Robert  Dale.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.  9, 
1801 : died  near  Lake  George,  N.  Y.,  June  17, 
1877.  An  American  social  reformer,  politician, 
spiritualist,  and  author : son  of  Robert  Owen. 
He  was  memberof  Congress  from  Indiana  1843-47,  and  was 
noted  as  an  advocate  of  negro  emancipation.  Among  his 
works  are  “Footfallson  the  Boundary  of  Another  World” 
(1859),  “The  Debatable  Land  between  this  World  and  the 
Next”  (1872),  “Threading  My  Way”  (1874),  etc. 

Owen  Meredith  (o'enmer'e-dith).  The  pseudo- 
nym of  the  first  Earl  of  Lytton. 

Owens  (o'enz),  John  Edmond.  Born  at  Liver- 
pool, April  2,  1823 : died  near  Towson,  Balti- 
more County,  Maryland,  Dec.  7,  1886.  An 
American  comedian  and  manager.  He  was  brought 
to  America  when  a child,  and  made  his  first  appearance 
in  Philadelphia  in  1841  Jle  rose  rapidly  in  his  profession, 
and  in  1864  produced  “Solon  Shinjrle”  atWallack’s,  New 
York,  which  held  the  hoards  for  ei“ht  or  nine  months. 
He  was  very  popular,  and  made  a large  fortune,  expending 
part  of  it  in  building  a country  house,  Aighurth  Vale,  near 
Baltimore,  in  which  he  di°d.  His  best  parts  were  Solon 
Shingle,  Caleb  Plummer,  Dr.  Ollapod,  Dr.  Pangloss,  and 
Aminadab  Sleek. 

Owensboro  (o'enz-bur-6).  A city,  capital  of  Da- 
viess County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio  80 
miles  west-southwest  of  Louisville.  Popula- 
tion, 16,011,  (1910). 

Owens  (o'enz)  College.  An  institution  of  higher 
learning,  situated  at  Manchester,  England,  it 
was  founded  by  John  Owens  in  1846,  and  opened  in  1851. 
Since  1880  it  lias  been  a college  of  the  Victoria  University. 


Oxford,  Provisions  of 

Owen’s  Lake.  A salt  lake  in  eastern  California 
near  Mount  Whitney.  Length,  about  18  miles. 
It  has  no  outlet. 

Owen  Sound.  A southern  arm  of  Georgian  Bay, 
Lake  Huron. 

Owen  Sound.  The  capital  of  Grey  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  situated  on  Owen  Sound,  at  the 
mouth  of  Sydenham  River,  100  miles  northwest 
of  Toronto.  Population,  8,776. 

Owen’s  River.  A river  that  flows  into  Owen’s 
Lake,  California.  Length,  about  175  miles. 

Owen  Stanley  Range  (o'en  stan'li  ranj).  Part 
of  the  continuous  range  of  lofty  mountains  in 
British  New  Guinea.  Mount  Owen  Stanley  is 
13,130  feet  in  height. 

Owhyhee.  See  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Owilapsh  (o-wi-lapsh'),  or  Whilapah.  A tribe 
of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  between 
Shoalwater  Bay  and  the  head  of  the  Chehalis 
River,  Washington.  See  Athapascan. 

Owl  and  the  Nightingale,  The.  An  English 
poem  attributed  to  Nicholas  de  Guildford  of 
Portesham,  Dorsetshire.  The  date  of  the  poem  is 
disputed  (Morris).  Stevenson,  who  first  printed  it  in  1838, 
assigns  it  to  the  12th  century  : from  the  handwritingof  the 
manuscript,  however,  it  is  thought  to  belong  to  the  13th 
(Morley). 

Owl-glass.  See  Eulenspiegel. 

Owl’s  Head  (owlz  hed).  A cape  at  the  western 
entrance  to  Penobscot  Bay,  Maine. 

Owl’s  Head.  A mountain  in  Quebec,  Canada, 
bordering  on  Lake  Memphremagog. 

Owosso  (o-wos'o),  or  Owasso.  A city  in  Shia- 
wassee County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Shia- 
wassee River  72  miles  northwest  of  Detroit. 
Population,  9,639,  (1910). 

Owyhee,  or  Owhyhee.  See  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Owyhee  (o-wi'he)  River.  A river  in  northern 
Nevada,  southwestern  Idaho,  and  southeastern 
Oregon.  It  joins  the  Snake  River  about  43° 
45'  N.  Length,  about  350  miles. 

Oxenden  (ok'sen-den),  Ashton.  Born  near 
Canterbury,  England,  Sept.  28,  1808 : died  at 
Biarritz,  France,  Feb.  22,  1892.  An  Anglican 
bishop  and  baronet,  a religious  writer:  bishop 
of  Montreal,  metropolitan  and  primate  of  Can- 
ada 1869-78. 

Oxenstierna,  or  Oxenstjerna  (oks'en-shar-na), 
or  Oxenstiern  (oks'en-stern),  Count  Axel. 
Born  at  Fano,  Upland,  Sweden,  June  16,  1583: 
died  at  Stockholm,  Aug.  28, 1654.  A celebrated 
Swedish  statesman.  He  became  chancellor  in  1611; 
in  the  Thirty  Years’  War  held  supreme  control  in  the 
Rhine  region ; directed  the  foreign  policy  of  Sweden  after 
1632 ; was  made  director  of  the  Evangelical  League  1633  ; 
was  one  of  the  guardians  of  Queen  Christina ; and  negoti- 
ated the  peace  of  Bromsebro  in  1645. 

Oxford  (oks'ford),  or  Oxfordshire  (oks'ford- 
shir),  or  Oxori  (ok'zon).  [ME.  Oxeford,  Oxen- 
ford , Oxeneford,  AS.  Oxnaford,  Oxenaford,  Oxona- 
ford,  oxen’s  ford.  The  ML.  Oxonia  (E.  Oxon)  is 
formed  from  the  first  element  of  the  AS.  name.] 
A south  midland  county  of  England,  it  is  hounded 
by  Warwick  and  Northampton  on  the  north,  Buckingham 
on  theeast,  Berkshire  on  the  south,  and  Berkshire  and  Glou- 
cester on  the  west,  and  is  separated  from  Berkshire  by  the 
Thames.  The  surface  is  varied,  but  in  the  north  flat.  The 
county  was  long  noted  for  its  forests.  The  chief  occupa- 
tion is  agriculture.  Area  (ad.  co.),  744  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (parL  co.),  181,120. 

Oxford.  The  capital  of  Oxfordshire,  England, 
situated  at  the  junctiou  of  the  Cherwell  with  the 
Thames, in  lat.  51°45'  N.,long.  1°16'  W.:  the  me- 
dieval Oxenaford  and  Oxenford,  and  Latin  Ox- 
onia. It  is  chiefly  noted  as  the  seat  of  Oxford  University. 
The  Cathedral  of  Christchurch  is  in  themaiualate-Norman 
building  witli  round-arched  nave  and  choir.  The  nave  has 
a wooden  roof ; the  choir  is  vaulted  with  pendants.  There 
are  a number  of  interesting  tombs,  and  some  fine  glass, 
both  medieval  and  modern.  The  upper  stage  of  the  central 
tower  is  Early  English,  finely  arcaded  ; there  is  a chapter- 
house  of  the  same  date,  and  a Perpendicular  cloister.  The 
authentic  annals  of  Oxford  begin  in  912,  when  it  was  an- 
nexed by  Edward  the  Elder,  king  of  the  West  Saxons.  It 
was  a place  of  strategical  importance  and  one  of  the  po- 
litical centers  in  the  middle  ages:  it  was  a meeting-place 
of  the  witenagemot.  Harold  Harefoot.  was  proclaimed 
king  there  in  1036,  and  died  there  in  1040.  The  population 
in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor  is  estimated  at  3,000: 
in  1086  it  was  only  1,700.  The  castle  was  besieged  by 
Stephen  in  1141-42,  Matilda  escaping  then  over  the  frozen 
river.  The  city  was  ttie  Royalist  headquarters  in  the  civil 
war.  It  was  taken  by  Parliamentarians  under  Fairfax  in 
1646.  Population,  63,049,  (1911). 

Oxford,  Earl  of.  See  Harley,  Robert. 

Oxford,  Provisions  of.  In  English  history,  a 
set  of  articles  passed  by  the  “Mad  Parliament” 
at  Oxford  in  1258.  They  provided  for  a committee  of 
twenty-four  to  redress  grievances  in  church  and  state;  for 
a standing  body  of  fifteen,  as  a council  to  the  king,  who 
should  hold  three  annual  parliaments  and  communicate 
witli  a body  of  twelve  representing  the  barons ; and  for  a 
body  of  twenty-four  members  to  negotiate  financial  aids. 


Oxford,  University  of 

Oxford,  University  of.  The  older  of  the  two 

great  universities  of  England,  it  grew  up  in  the 
12th  century,  Robert  Pullen  and  the  Lombard  Vacarius 
being  early  teachers  of  note.  It  contains  the  following 
colleges:  University  (founded  in  1249),  Merton  (1264),  Bal- 
liol  (between  1263  and  1268),  Exeter  (1314  and  1566),  Oriel 
(1324  and  1326),  Queen’s  (1340),  New  (1379),  Lincoln  (1427  and 
1478),  All  Souls  (1437),  Magdalen  (1458),  Brasenose  (1509), 
Corpus  Christi  (1516),  Christ  Church  (1546),  Trinity  (1554), 
St.  John’s  (1555),  Jesus  (1571),  Wadham  (1612),  Pembroke 
(1624),  Worcester  (1714),  Keble  (1870),  Hertford  (1874). 
There  are  also  two  public  halls  (St.  Mary  Hall  and  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall)and  two  private  halls  (Charsley’s  Hall  and  Tur- 
rell’s  Hall).  Among  the  institutions  connected  with  the 
university  are  the  Bodleian  Library  (which  see),  Radcliffe 
Library,  Ashmolean  Museum,  Clarendon  Press,  Taylor  In- 
stitution, University  Observatory,  University  Museum,  Bo- 
tanic Garden,  and  Indian  Institute.  University  sermons 
are  mostly  preached  at  St.  Mary’s  Church,  a fine  old  build- 
ing (of  the  15th  and  16th  centuries)  in  High  street, which  has 
always  been  closely  connected  with  the  university.  The 
three  governing  bodies  are  the  Convocation,  which  includes 
all  who  continue  members  of  the  university ; the  Congrega- 
tion of  the  University,  consisting  of  the  resident  members ; 
and  the  Hebdomadal  Council,  consisting  of  the  chancellor, 
vice-chancellor,  proctors,  and  18  elected  members.  The 
undergraduates  number  over  3,800. 

Oxford  Movement.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  a movement  in  the  Church  of  England  toward 
High-chureh  principles,  as  against  the  tendency 
toward  liberalism  and  rationalism:  so  called 
from  the  fact  that  it  originated  in  the  University 
of  Oxford  1833-41. 

Oxford  School.  A name  given  to  that  party  of 
the  Church  of  England  which  adopted  the  prin- 
ciples promulgated  in  the  “Tracts  for  the 


770 

Times.”  The  members  of  the  party  were  also 
called  Tractarians  and  Puseyites. 

Oxford  street.  The  principal  commercial  thor- 
oughfare between  the  northwest  of  London  and 
the  City.  It  was  formerly  called  Tyburn  Road,  and  as 
late  as  1729  was  built  up  only  on  its  northern  side.  It 
extends  from  Holborn  to  the  Marble  Arch,  and  contains 
many  of  the  most  important  shops  in  London. 

Oxford  Tracts.  See  Tracts  for  the  Times. 

Oxon.  See  Oxford. 

Oxonia  (ok-so'ni-a).  The  Latin  name  of  Oxford. 

Oxus.  See  Amu-Daria. 

Oyama  (o-ya'ma).  Amountain  of  Japan,  about 
100  miles  north  west  of  Kioto.  Height,  5, 594  feet. 

Oyama  (o-ya'ma),  Marquis  Iwao.  Born  in 
Satsuma,  October,  1842.  A noted  Japanese 
general,  commander-in-chief  of  the  Manchu- 
rian army,  with  the  rank  of  marshal,  in  the 
Russo-Japanese  war  1904-05.  He  is  a nephew 
of  Saigo  Takamon : fought  against  his  uncle  when  the 
latter  joined  the  rebellion  in  1877 ; was  promoted  lieuten- 
ant-general in  1878  and  general  in  1891 ; commanded  the 
Second  Army  in  the  Chinese  war  1894-95,  capturing  Port 
Arthur  and  Wei-hai-wei;  and  was  promoted  marshal  in 
1898.  In  the  Russian  war  he  repeatedly  defeated  the 
Russian  army  under  Kuropatkin.  He  was  created  count 
in  1884,  marquis  in  1895,  and  prince  in  1907. 

Oybin  (o-e-ben').  A remarkable  isolated  rock, 
situated  near  Zittau,  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony. 
Height  above  sea-level,  1,600  feet. 

Oyique  (o-ye'ke).  [Tehua,  from  oyi,  frost.] 
The  winter  people  in  the  Tehua  pueblos  of  New 


Ozorio 

Mexico.  That  tribe  is  divided  (each  village  or  pueblo) 
into  two  sections — the  winter  people,  or  Oyique,  and  the 
summer  people.  The  dignity  of  chief  penitent  or  cacique 
belongs  alternately  to  each  of  these  two  groups.  Thus  the 
summer  cacique  (called  Payojque)  serves  from  the  vernal 
equinox  to  the  autumnal,  and  the  winter  cacique  (also 
termed  Oyique)  from  the  autumnal  to  the  vernal  equinox. 
On  very  important  occasions,  however,  the  Oyique  is  in- 
ferior to  his  colleague. 

Oyonnax  (6-yo-na/).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  Trance,  25  miles  west  of  Geneva.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  7,851. 

Ozaka,  or  Osaka  (o-sa/ka).  A city  in  the  main 
island  of  Japan,  situated  on  the  Aji  in  lat.  34° 
41'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  three  imperial  cities  or  “fu,"  and 
the  manufacturing  and  commercial  center  of  Japan.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,226,590.  A great  fire  occurred  here  July,  1909. 

Ozanam  (o-za-noh'),  Antoine  Frederic.  Born 
at  Milan,  April,  1813 : died  at  Marseilles,  Sept. 
8,  1853.  A French  historian.  He  wrote  “Dante 
et  la  philosophie  catholique”  (1839),  “fltudes  germa- 
niques  ” (1847-19),  etc. 

Ozark  (o-zark')  Mountains,  or  Ozark  Hills. 

A group  of  low  mountains  in  southwestern  Mis- 
souri, northwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Indian  Territory.  Height,  1,500- 
2,000  feet. 

Ozieri  (o-ze-a're).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Sassari,  Sardinia,  26  miles  southeast  of  Sassari. 
Population,  9,275. 

Ozolian  Locrians.  See  Locri,  Ozola. 

Ozorio,  Manuel  Luiz.  See  Osorio. 


aalzow  (palt'so),  Frau  (Hen- 
riette  Wach).  Born  at 
Berlin,  1788:  died  there, 
Oct.  30,  1847.  A German 
novelist.  Her  works  include 
“Godwie-Castle”  (1836), 
“St. -Roche” (1839),  etc. 
Pabna  (pab'na).  A town 
in  Bengal,  British  India,  on 
an  arm  of  the  Ganges  north  of  Calcutta.  Pop- 
ulation, 18,424. 

Paca  (pa ' ka),  William.  Born  at  Wyehall, 
Harford  County,  Md.,  Oct.  31,  1740:  died  there, 
1799.  An  American  politician,  a signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Maryland  1782-85. 

Pacaguaras  (pa-ka-gwa'ras).  All  Indian  tribe 
of  northern  Bolivia  and  Brazil,  living  about  the 
rapids  of  the  upper  Madeira,  Beni,  and  Marnore. 
They  are  savages  of  a rather  low  grade,  living  in  small 
villages  and  subsisting  mainly  by  hunting  and  fishing. 
They  have  always  been  friendly  to  the  whites,  and  dur- 
ing the  18th  century  some  of  them  were  gathered  into  mis- 
sion villages,  which  were  subsequently  abandoned.  D’Or- 
bigny  believed  that  they  were  allied  to  the  Mo  jos,  but  Dr. 
Brinton  has  referred  their  language  to  the  Pano  stock 
(which  see).  A few  hundreds  remain.  Also  written  Pa- 
cavaras,  Pacauaras. 

Pacajas  (pa-ka-zhas' ).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
lower  Amazon,  which  formerly  occupied  much 
of  the  mainland  on  both  sides  of  the  island,  of 
Marajo.  They  were  of  Tupi  stock,  lived  in  large  vil- 
lages, and  were  agriculturists.  Their  descendants  are 
merged  in  the  country  population  of  the  same  region. 

Pacaraima  (pa-ka-ri'mii),  Sierra  or  Serra  de. 

A range  of  low  mountains  between  Venezuela 
on  the  north  and  Brazil  on  the  south,  extend- 
ing into  British  Guiana.  They  are  continuous  with 
the  Parima  Range,  and  probably  both  are  edges  of  a table- 
land. The  highest  peak  is  Roraima,  on  the  confines  of 
Guiana  (about  8,500  feet). 

Pacasas  (pa-kii-sas' ).  An  oldname  for  a branch 
of  the  Aymara  Indians  of  Bolivia,  on  the  east- 
ern side  of  Lake  Titicaca.  Seo  Aymaras. 
Pacauaras,  or  Pacavaras.  See  Pacaguaras. 
Pacayas(pa-ka-yas').  1.  Same  as  Pacajas. — 2. 
An  Indian  tribe  of  northeastern  Peru  and  Bra- 
zil, on  the  river  Javary.  They  are  apparently 
allied  to  the  Pevas  (see  Pevas),  and  are  presu- 
mably of  Tupi  stock. 

Pacca  (pak'ka),  Bartolommeo.  Born  at  Bene- 
vento,  Italy,  Dec.  25, 1756 : died  at  Rome,  April 
19, 1844.  A Roman  cardinal  and  politician,  au- 
thor of  various  historical  memoirs. 
Paccaritambo  (pak-kiLre-tam'bo).  [Quichua: 
paccuri'  beginning,  and  tampu,  shelter  or  rest- 
ing-place.] A cave  situated  a few  miles  south 
of  Cuzco,  Peru,  in  tho  valley  of  tho  Vilcamayu 
River.  It  was  a sacred  place  of  the  Incas  : according  to 
one  of  their  legends,  Manco  Capac  issued  from  it  with 
three  brothers.  Also  Paccaritampu. 

Pachacamac  (pach  - a - ka  ' mak).  [Quichua.] 
The  name  given  by  Quichua-speaking  Indians 
of  Peru  to  the  ancient  settlement  of  Irma. 
Tho  former  town  is  in  ruins.  The  originrl  inhabitants 
were  const  Indians,  not  Quichuas,  and  spoke  one  of  the 
four  idioms  known  to  have  been  used  when  the  Incas,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  15th  or  end  of  the  14th  century,  de- 
scended upon  them  from  the  highlands.  The  buildings 
show  the  characteristic  architecture  of  the  coast — thick 
walls  of  adobe,  small  rooms,  and  not  seldom  absence  of 
roof,  the  almost  rainless  climate  permitting  tapering  walls 
that  supported  the  lightest  and  most  perishable  covering. 
A huge  artificial  mound  made  of  adobe  stands  on  one  side, 
and  some  of  the  eminences  overlooking  the  sea  bear  edi- 
fices. One  building  particularly  is  ascribed  to  the  Incas 
and  is  said  to  have  been  a shrine  of  the  sun.  Even  after 
the  Incas  had  overrun  and  partly  ruined  the  place  it  con- 
tinued to  be  looked  upon  as  an  oracle  of  the  coast  Indians. 
The  origin  of  the  buildere  of  Irma  is  unknown. 

Pachacutec  Yupanqui.  See  Tupanqui. 
Pacheco  (pa-eha'ko),  Francisco.  Born  at  Se- 
ville, Spain,  1571:  died  at  Seville,  1054.  A Span- 
ish painter  and  writer  on  art,  author  of  “Arte 
de  la  pintura”  (“Art  of  Painting,”  1649). 
Pacheco,  Gregorio.  A Bolivian  politician,  pres- 
ident 1884-88. 

Pacheco,  Maria.  Lived  in  tho  first  part  of  the 
16th  century : died  in  Portugal  in  1531.  A Span- 
ish woman,  leader,  after  the  death  of  her  hus- 


band Juan  de  Padilla,  in  the  defense  of  Toledo 
by  the  insurrectionists  1521-22. 

Pacheco,  Ramon.  Born  at  Santiago,  Dec.  14, 
1845:  died  at  Iquique,  May  22, 1888.  A Chilean 
novelist.  His  first  romance,  “ El  Pufial  y la  Sotana,”  was 
published  in  1874,  and  was  followed  by  several  others. 

Pacheco,  Toribio.  Born  in  1830 : died  at  Lima, 
1868.  A Peruvian  jurist  and  politician,  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs  in  1865,  and  author  of  a 

_standard  work  on  Peruvian  civil  law. 

Pacheco  y Osorio  (e  o-so're-o),  Rodrigo  de, 
Marquis  of  Cerralvo.  Born  about  1580:  died 
after  1640.  A Spanish  administrator.  He  was 
governor  of  Galicia,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct.  31, 1624,  to 
Sept.  16,  1635,  succeeding  the  Marquis  of  Gelves,  who  had 
been  deposed  by  the  audience  (see  Carrillo  de  Mendoza  y 
Pimentel).  He  was  an  able  and  efficient  ruler,  and  on  his 
return  was  made  a councilor  of  the  Indies. 

Pachino  (pa-ke'no).  A town  in  tho  province  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  coast  24  miles 
south-southwest  of  Syracuse.  Population,  com- 
mune, 10,993. 

Pachmann  (pach'man),  Vladimir  de.  Born 
at  Odessa,  July  27,  1848.  A noted  Russian 
pianist.  He  was  a pupil  of  his  father,  an  amateur  vio- 
linist, and  of  Daclis  at  Vienna.  He  made  his  first  appear- 
ance in  1869,  but  did  not  play  regularly  till  1871,  since 
which  time  he  has  had  much  success  both  in  Europe  and 
in  the  United  States,  especially  as  an  interpreter  of  Chopin. 

Pachomius  (pa-ko'mi-us),  Saint.  Born  proba- 
bly in  Lower  Egypt,  about  292 : died  about  349. 
One  of  the  founders  of  monasticism.  He  estab- 
lished a monastery  on  the  island  of  Tabenna  in  the  Nile, 
and  wa3  the  first  thus  to  collect  the  monks  under  one  roof 
and  establish  strict  rules  of  government  for  the  commu- 
nity. 

Pachuca  (pa-cho'ka),  or  Hidalgo  (e-diil'go). 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Hidalgo,  Mexico, 
situated  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Mexico. 
Population,  38,620,  (1910). 

Shortly  after  the  Conquest  a shepherd  discovered  the 
rich  silver  workings  here  [at  Pachuca),  and  a mining  camp 
at  once  sprang  up  that  about  1534  was  made  a town.  Here 
was  invented  in  1557,  by  Bartolomd  de  Medina,  the  so- 
called  “patio  process”for  the  amalgamation  of  silver  ore. 
Among  the  more  famous  of  the  ancient  mines  was  the 
Trinidad,  whence  was  extracted  $40,000,000  in  silver  in  ten 
years.  The  period  of  the  revolt  against  Spain,  and  of  the 
subsequent  civil  wars,  reduced  the  fortunes  of  the  city  to 
a very  low  depth.  It  was  seized  and  sacked  by  revolu- 
tionists, April  23,  1812,  when  $300,000  worth  of  silver  was 
taken  from  the  Caja,  and  the  records  of  the  city  were  de- 
stroyed. Until  1850  its  fortunes  continued  to  decline, 
and  its  population  greatly  diminished.  In  this  year  the 
Rosar  io  Mine  came  into  bonanza — at  once  reviving  the 
city’s  dormant  prosperity.  Janvier,  Mex.  Guide,  p.  442. 

Pachynus  (pa-ki'nus).  [Gr.  ndxvvoc.~]  In  an- 
cient geography,  tho  cape  at  the  southeastern 
extremity  of  Sicily:  the  modern  Cape  Passaro. 

Pacific  (pa-sif'ik),  The.  See  Pacific  Ocean. 

Pacific,  W ar  of  the.  [Sp.  G uerra  del  Pacifico.  ] 
The  name  commonly  given  to  the  war  waged  by 
Chilo  against  Bolivia  and  Peru  1879-83.  it  arose 
from  claims  made  by  Chile  to  the  nitrate  regions  of  Ata- 
cama, Bolivia,  and,  later,  to  adjoining  regions  in  Peru.  In 
Feb.,  1879,  the  Chileans  seized  Antofagasta,  Bolivia.  Bo- 
livia declared  war  March  1.  Peru  offered  her  mediation, 
was  met  by  demands  which  she  refused,  and  Chile  declared 
war  on  Peru  April  5.  Thereafter  Peru  and  Bolivia  acted 
as  allies.  The  principal  subsequent  events  were : Iquique 
blockaded,  April  5 ; naval  engagement  there,  May  21 ; Pe- 
ruvian ironclad  Huascar  taken  by  the  Chileans  off  Point 
Angamos,  Oct.  8;  Pisagua  taken  by  the  Chileans,  Nov.  2 ; 
allies  defeated  at  San  Francisco,  Nov.  19  ; Peruvian  victory 
at  Tarapacd,  Nov.  27 ; Chilean  victory  at  Los  Angeles,  near 
Moquegua,  March  2‘2,  1880;  Chilean  victory  at  Tacna,  May 
26;  Callao  blockaded  April  10,  bombarded  May  26  ; Arica 
bombarded  by  the  Chileans  June  6,  taken  June  7 ; Chilean 
victory  at  Chorrillos,  Jan.  13,  1881 ; at  Miraflores,  Jan.  15 ; 
Lima  taken,  Jan.  17.  There  were  many  subsequent  en- 
gagements, often  bloody,  but  unimportant  in  their  results. 
A preliminary  treaty  of  peace  between  Chile  and  Peru  was 
signed  at  Ancon  Oct.  20,  1883,  and  ratified  April  4,  1884. 
(See  Iglesias,  Miguel.)  A treaty  of  peace  between  Chile  and 
Bolivia  was  signed  Dec.  11, 1883.  By  these  treaties  all  the 
coast  region  of  Bolivia,  and  Tarapacd  in  Peru,  were  perma- 
nently ceded  to  Chile.  She  was  to  hold  Arica  and  Tacna  for 
ten  years.  Chile  obtained  other  important  advantages  re- 
lating to  the  guano  deposits.  The  Chileans  evacuated 
Lima,  Oct.  22,  1883. 

Pacification  of  Ghent.  See  Ghent,  Pacifica- 
tion of. 

Pacific  Ocean,  or  South  Sea.  [F.  Oc6an  Paci- 
fique,  or  OcSan  Austral  (‘southern  ocean’),  or 
Mer  du  Sud  (‘south  sea’),  Sp.  Mar  Pacifico, 
771 


NL.  MarePacificum  ( ‘pacific  sea’),  G.  Stilles  Meer 
(‘still  sea’),  or  Siidsee  (‘south  sea’).]  That 
part  of  the  ocean  which  extends  westward  from 
North  America  and  South  America  to  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Asia,  the  Malay  Archipelago,  and 
Australia:  so  named  by  Magalhaes,  the  first  to 
navigate  it  (1520),  who  found  it  calm  after  his 
experience  of  storms.  It  communicates  by  Bering 
Strait  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north.  Its  southern 
boundary  is  arbitrary,  some  separating  it  from  the  Antarc- 
tic Ocean  by  the  Antarctic  Circle,  while  others  interpose  a 
“Southern  Ocean"  the  northern  limit  of  which  is  lat.  40“  S. 
It  is  regarded  as  divided  by  the  equator  into  the  North 
and  South  Pacific.  Its  chief  gulfs,  etc.,  are  Bering  Sea, 
Gulf  of  Georgia  and  Puget  Sound,  Gulf  of  California,  Gulf  of 
Tehuantepec,  Bay  of  Panama, Yellow  Sea,  Sea  of  Japan,  and 
Seaof  Okhotsk.  The  principal  currents  are  the  equatorial, 
Peruvian,  and  Japanese.  The  Pacific  was  first  seen  by 
Balboa  in  1513 ; was  first  navigated  by  Magalhaes  in  1520 ; 
and  was  explored  by  Drake,  Dampier,  Anson,  and  numerous 
later  navigators.  Several  steamer  lines  (Pacific  Mail,  Cana- 
dian Line,  etc.)  traverse  it.  Greatest  breadth  from  east 
to  west,  about  10,000  miles.  Area,  estimated,  about70, 000,000 
square  miles.  Greatest  known  depth,  31,614  feet. 
Pacini  (pii-che'ne),  Giovanni.  Born  in  Ca- 
tania, Feb.  17,  1796:  died  near  Peschia,  Dec. 
6,  1867.  An  Italian  composer.  He  wrote  about 
80  operas,  among  the  best  of  which  are  “Niobe”  (1826), 
“Saffo”  (1840),  “Medea”  (1843),  and  “ La  Regina  di  Cipro” 
(1846).  He  organized  a musical  institute  at  Viareggio, 
and  afterward  removed  to  Lucca,  where  he  trained  many 
pupils  who  became  celebrated. 

Packard  (pak'ard),  Alpheus  Spring.  Born  at 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  Dec.  23, 1798:  died  at  Squir- 
rel Island,  Maine,  July  13, 1884.  An  American 
educator,  professor  in  Bowdoin  College,  Maine, 
from  1824. 

Packard,  Alpheus  Spring.  Born  Feb.  19, 1839 : 
died  Feb.  14,  1905.  An  American  naturalist, 
son  of  A.  S.  Packard  (1798-1884).  He  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  in  1861,  and  at  Maine  Medical  School  in  1864  ; 
was  curator  of  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science  at  Salem 
1868-76,  and  State  entomologist  of  Massachusetts  1871-73 ; 
and  was  professor  of  zoology  and  geology  at  Brown  Uni- 
versity 1878-1905.  His  works  include  “Guide  to  the 
Study  of  Insects"  (1869),  “Our  Common  Insects"  (1873), 
“ Half-Hours  with  insects  ” (1877),  “ Zoology  for  Students 
and  General  Readers  ” (1879),  “ Zoology  ” (1880 ; American 
Science  Series),  “Entomology  for  Beginners ” (1888),  etc. 
Packer  (pak'er),  Asa.  Born  at  Groton,  Conn- 
Dec.  20,  1806:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  17^ 
1879.  An  American  capitalist  and  politician. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1853-57, 
and  founded  Lehigh  University  in  1866.  He  was  the  pro- 
jector of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad. 

Packer,  William  Fisher.  Born  at  Howard, 
Pa.,  April  2, 1807 : died  at  Williamsport,  Pa., 
Sept.  27,  1870.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  governor  of  Pennsylvania  1858-61. 
Pacolet  (pak'o-let).  A dwarf  in  the  romance 
“Valentine  and  Orson.”  The  name  has  been  given 
to  other  dwarfs  in  literature.  Sir  Walter  Scott  gives  it  to 
a character  in  “ The  Pirate,”  and  Steele  uses  it  for  a fam- 
iliar spirit  in  “The  Tatler." 

Pacte  de  famine  (paktde  fa-men').  [F.,‘ Fam- 
ine Compact.’]  A monopoly  formed  by  certain 
rich  men  in  France,  at  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XV.,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  price 
of  corn  by  causing  a factitious  scarcity  of  it. 
Pacto  de  Chinandega.  See  Confederacion  Cen- 
tro-Americana. 

Pactolus  (pak-to'lus).  [Gr.  ILwma/Wf.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a small  river  of  Lydia,  Asia 
Minor,  a tributary  of  the  Hermus.  It  was  long 
celebrated  for  its  gold. 

Like  most,  gold-fields,  that  of  the  Pactolus,  so  celebrated 
at  an  early  period,  was  soon  exhausted.  By  the  time  of 
Augustus  it  had  ceased  to  produce  gold. 

Rawlinson , Herod.,  III.  301. 

Pacuvius  (pa-ku'vi-us),  Marcus.  Bom  at 
Brundisium,  Italy,  about  220  b.  c. : died  about 
129  B.  C.  A celebrated  Roman  tragic  poet. 
Only  fragments  of  his  plays  have  been  pre- 
served. 

Padan-aram  (pa'dan-a'ram).  Apparently  the 
same  as  Aram  Naharaim.  See  Aram. 

Padang  (pa-diing').  A seaport  on  the  western 
coast  of  Sumatra,  situated  in  lat.  0°  58'  S.,  long. 
100°  20'  E.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernment of  the  west  coast.  Population,  about 
40,000. 


Paddington 

Paddington  (pad  'ing-ton) . A borough  (metro- 
politan) of  London,  situated  north  of  Hyde 
Park.  It  returns  2 members  to  Parliament.  Popular 
tion,  142,576,  (1911). 

Paddock  (pad'ok),  Benjamin  Henry.  Born  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb.  29, 1828:  died  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  9, 1891.  An  American  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  became 
bishop  of  Massachusetts  in  1873. 

Paderborn  (pa'der-bom).  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  43  miles  northwest 
of  Cassel.  The  cathedral  is  chiefly  in  the  style  of  the 
transition:  the  west  end,  with  tower  and  crypt,  is  of  the 
middle  of  the  12th  century ; the  eastern  parts  are  a century 
later.  Population,  commune,  20,409 

Paderborn,  Bishopric  of.  A bishopric  and 
member  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  eastern  part  of  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia.  It  was  founded  about  cooin 
the  land  of  the  Saxons  ; was  secularized  in  1803,  and  given 
to  Prussia;  was  made  part  vf  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia 
in  1807  ; and  was  regained  by  Prussia  in  1813. 

Paderewski  (pa-de-ref'ske),  Ignace  Jan.  Born 
at  Kurylowka,  Podolia,  Russian  Poland,  Nov. 
6,  1860.  A Polish  pianist  and  composer.  He 
went  to  Warsaw  in  1872,  where  he  studied  with  Raguski 
and  Janotha,  and  when  about  16  years  old  made  a concert 
tour  in  Russia,  at  the  close  of  which  he  went  back  to 
Warsaw  and  was  teacher  at  the  Conservatory  1879-81.  He 
also  studied  later  at  Berlin  and  finally  under  Leschetitzky 
in  Vienna.  He  made  his  debut  at  Vienna  in  1887,  and  at 
New  York  in  1892.  He  is  particularly  successful  in  his 
interpretation  of  Schumann,  Chopin,  Rubinstein,  and 
Liszt.  He  has  written  compositions  for  the  piano,  etc.,  and 
a.)  opera,  “ Manru,”  produced  at  Dresden  in  May,  1901. 

Padernal.  See  Pedernal. 

Padiham  (pad'i-ham).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Calder  23  miles  north 
of  Manchester.  Population,  12,205. 

Padilla,  Agustin  Davila.  See  Davila  y Paclilla. 
Padilla  (pii-THel'ya),  Juan  Lopez  de.  Born  at 
Toledo,  Spain : executed  April,  1521.  A Span- 
ish revolutionist,  leader  of  the  insurrection  of 
the  communes  against  absolutism  in  1520.  His 
army  was  defeated  at  Villalar,  April  23, 1521. 
Padilla,  Maria  de.  See  Pacheco. 

Padishah,  (pa-de-sha').  ['Father  of  the  king.’] 
A title  of  the  sultans  of  Turkey  and  of  the  kings 
of  Persia. 

PadmaPurana  (pad'mapo-ra'na).  [Skt.,' Lo- 
tus Purana.’]  In  Sanskrit  literature,  a Purana 
of  55,000  stanzas,  said  to  be  so  called  as  contain- 
ing an  account  of  the  period  when  the  world 
was  a golden  lotus  (padma).  Of  its  five  books, 
the  first  treats  of  creation,  the  second  of  the  earth,  the 
third  of  heaven,  the  fourth  of  the  regions  below  the  earth, 
while  the  fifth  is  supplementary.  A sixth  division,  also 
current,  treats  of  the  practice  of  devotion.  The  different 
sections  are  probably  distinct  works  brought  together. 
None  is  older  than  the  12th  century  A.  1).  The  tone  is 
Vishnuite. 

Padouca.  See  Comanche. 

Padua  (pad'u-a).  A province  in  the  compar- 
timento  of  Yenetia,  Italy.  Area,  826  square 
miles.  Population,  489,657. 

Padua,  It.  Padova  (pa'do-va),  F.  Padoue  (pa- 
do').  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Padua, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Bacchiglione  in  lat.  45° 
24'  N.,  long.  11°  51'  E.:  the  Roman  Patavium. 
Among  the  chief  objects  of  interest  are  the  churches  of 
San  Antonio,  Eremitani,  and  Santa  Giustina,  cathedral,  uni- 
versity, botanic  garden,  Scuolo  del  Santo,  picture-gallery. 
Loggia  del  Consiglio,  and  Palazzo  Municipio  (noted  for  its 
great  hall).  The  Baptistery  of  the  Duorao,  an  early- 
Romanesqne  building,  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  beau- 
tiful early  frescos  of  the  school  of  Giotto.  The  Church 
of  the  Eremitani,  now  the  University  Chape],  a large 
church  of  1260,  restored,  contains  many  interesting  me- 
dieval and  Renaissance  tombs,  notably  those  of  the  Car- 
raras.  The  Loggia  del  Consiglio,  an  interesting  carly- 
Renaissance  building,  begun  1493,  has  below  r.n  open 
vaulted  hall  with  widely  spaced  columns,  and  above  a 
finely  decorated  saloon  with  three  monumental  windows. 
The  Palazzo  della  Ragione  was  begun  in  1172  as  a court 
of  justice.  The  lower  story  consists  of  open  vaults  sur- 
rounded by  arcades  left  open  for  trading  booths.  Above  is 
an  arcaded  gallery  with  a sculptured  frieze.  In  the  second 
story  is  the  famous  Salone,  a hall  295  feet  long,  88  wide, 
and  79  high,  whose  enormous  arched  roof  is  entirely  with- 
out intermediate  supports.  The  wails  of  the  Salone  are 
covered  with  very  curious  mystical  frescos ; and  the  hall 
itself  serves  as  a pantheon  for  Paduan  worthies,  contain- 
ing among  other  relics  the  reputed  bones  of  Livy.  Padua 
wasavery  important  Roman  town;  sided  with  the  Guelphs 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  a center  of  literature  and  art ; 
and  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  1405.  Population,  com- 
mune, 82,281. 

Padua,  University  of.  One  of  the  oldest  and 
most  celebrated  universities  of  Europe,  founded 
in  the  13th  century  ; especially  famous  for  its 
faculties  of  law  and  medicine.  It  has  about 
200  instructors  and  1,500  students. 

Paduca.  or  Paducah.  See  Comanche. 
Paducan  (pa-du'ka).  [From  the  Indian  tribe 
name.]  A city,  capital  of  McCracken  County, 
Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tennessee,  in  lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long.  88°  36' 
W.  It  has  an  extensive  river  trade,  and  is 


772 


Paget,  Violet 


a manufacturing  center.  Population,  22,760, 
(1910). 

Padula  (pa-do'la).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Salerno,  Italy,  52  miles  southeast  of  Salerno. 
Population,  town,  4,552;  commune,  5,050. 
Padus  (pa'dus).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Po. 
Paean  (pe'an).  In  Greek  mythology,  a surname 
of  Apollo  and  of  other  gods. 

Paeonia  (pe-6'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
region  in  the  interior  of  Macedonia. 

Pasonius  (pe-6'ni-us).  [Gr.  natuwof.]  A Greek 
sculptor  of  Mende  in  Thrace.  His  statue  of  Nike 
on  a pillar,  described  by  Pausanias,  was  discovered  in 
1875  with  its  inscription,  and  gives  a perfect  idea  of  this 
master’s  style.  The  eastern  pediment  of  the  Zeus  temple 
discovered  at  the  same  time,  and  ascribed  by  Pausanias  to 
Pseonius,  is  much  inferior. 

Paer  (pa-ar'),  Ferdinando.  Born  at  Parma, 
Italy,  June  1,  1771 : died  at  Paris,  May  3, 1839. 
An  Italian  composer  of  opera  . He  was  appointed 
maltre  de  chapelle  by  Napoleon,  and  went  to  Paris  in 
1807 ; was  director  of  the  Italian  opera  there  1812-27 ; and 
was  director  of  the  king’s  chamber  music  in  1832.  His 
works  include  “Camilla”  (1801),  “Sargino”  (1803),  and 
“ Eleonora  ” (1804) . 


Scenes  in  South  America’’(1862),"Ambas  Americas "(18'2\ 
etc. 

Paezes.  See  Paes. 

Pagani  (pa-ga'ne).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Salerno,  Italy,  2 1 miles  east-southeast  of  Naples. 
Population,  14,607. 

Pagania  (pa-ga/ni-a).  See  the  extract. 

In  the  10th  century  one  Dalmatian  district,  the  Naren- 
tine  coast  between  Spalato  and  Ragusa,  together  with  some 
of  the  neighbouring  islands,  bore  the  significant  name  of 
Pagania.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  25. 

Paganini  (pa-ga-ne'ne),  Nicolo.  Born  at  Genoa, 
Feb.  18,  1784:  died  at  Nice,  May  27,  1840.  A 
celebrated  Italian  violinist.  He  first  appeared  in 
public  in  1793  at  Genoa.  In  1795  he  went  to  Parma,  with 
his  father,  to  study  with  Rolla.  On  his  return,  after  a few 
months,  to  Genoa  he  began  to  compose  his  “Studies,” 
which  were  extraordinarily  difficult.  He  commenced  his 
foreign  tours  in  1797 ; from  1801  till  1805  he  did  not 
play  in  public ; he  then  resumed  his  concert  tours,  and  soon 
after  became  solo  player  to  the  court  at  Lucca.  It  was 
here  that  he  became  famous  for  his  execution  on  the  single 
G-string.  From  this  time  his  success  was  remarkable,  and 
his  bizarre  and  mysterious  appearance  added  to  his  fame. 
It  was  currently  reported  that  he  was  a son  of  the  devil, 
whom  he  was  fancied  to  resemble. 


Paes  (pa-as'),  or  (by  a double  plural)  Paezes 
(pa-a'zaz).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Colombia,  in 
the  mountains  of  the  Central  Cordillera,  de- 
partments of  Tolima  and  Antioquia.  They  were 
formerly  powerful,  and  were  at  war  with  the  Chibchas 
before  the  Spanish  conquest.  At  present  about  2,000  re- 
main in  a semi-independent  state.  They  have  fixed  vil- 
lages, practise  agriculture  on  a small  scale,  and  are  noted 
hunters ; though  living  at  high  altitudes,  they  go  nearly 
naked.  Their  language  is  closely  related  to  that  of  the 
Paniquitas  (which  see).  See  also  Pljaos. 

Paesiello.  See  Paisiello. 

Psestum  (pes'tum),  originally  Posidonia  (pos- 
i-do'ni-a).  [Gr.  Tlaiorov,  DcxmSuvia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  Lucania,  Magna  Gracia, 
Italy,  situated  near  the  sea  in  lat.  40°  25'  N., 
long.  15°  E.  It  was  a Greek  city,  a colony  of  Sybaris, 
founded  about  60’)  B.  C.,  and  brought  under  Roman  domi- 
nation after  the  failure  of  Pyrrhus’s  invasion  in  273  B.  c. 
Under  Roman  rule  Psestum  dwindled,  and  it  was  finally 
destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in  the  9th  century.  The  site  is 
now  deserted.  The  Greek  walls  are  still  standing  through- 
out their  circuit  of  2 V miles,  with  8 towers  and  4 gates 
more  or  less  ruined : the  plan  is  approximately  trapezoidal. 
Within  the  walls  the  three  archaic  Doric  temples  form, 
from  their  remarkable  state  of  preservation,  the  most  im- 
pressive Greek  architectural  group  existing,  except  the 
monuments  of  Athens.  Besides  these  beautiful  temples, 
little  is  visible  except  remains  of  a Roman  amphitheater, 
theater,  and  temple,  all  very  ruinous.  The  temples  of 
Psestum  are  not  mentioned  by  ancient  wri’ers,  and  were 
unknown  to  modern  scholars  until  described  by  Antonin! 
in  1745.  The  temple  of  Neptune,  so  called,  is  one  of  the 
three  best-preserved  Greek  Doric  temples,  retaining  all  its 
exterior  columns  and  most  of  those  of  the  interior,  and 
majestic  in  its  aspect.  It  is  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with 
14  columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a stylobate  of  3 steps,  mea- 
suring 85  by  190  feet.  The  columns  are  71  feet  in  base 
diameter  and  29  feet  high.  Entablature  and  pediments 
are  practically  intact.  Both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos 
have  two  columns  in  antis.  The  cella  has  two  double 
ranges  of  7 Doric  columns,  the  lower  tiers  of  which  are 
still  complete.  The  temple  is  built  of  the  local  travertine, 
which  has  assumed  from  age  a rich  yellow  color.  It  dates 
from  the  6th  century  B.  C.  The  temple  of  Ceres,  so  called, 
is  Greek  Doric,  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  13  columns  on 
the  flanks,  on  a stylobate  of  3 steps,  measuring  47  by  107 
feet.  There  was  an  interior  portico  before  the  pronaos, 
and  no  opisthodomos;  the  cella,  however,  had  a rear 
chamber  occupying  about  one  third  of  its  length,  with  a 
door  in  the  back.  Though  many  architectural  details  ap- 
pear debased,  the  temple  probably  dates  from  the  early 
6th  century  B.  c.  The  Basilica,  so  called,  is  a Greek  Doric 
peripteral  structure  of  9 by  18  columns,  measuring  80  by 
178  feet,  on  a stylobate  of  3 steps.  There  are  6 columns 
between  ant;e  in  the  pronaos,  and  the  cella  is  divided 
longitudinally  by  a central  range  of  columns.  A reason- 
able explanation  cf  this  unusual  plan  is  that  the  tem- 
ple was  double,  one  half  being  dedicated  presumably  to 
Demeter  and  theoth  r to  Persephone.  Despite  some  poor 
architectural  details  which  have  been  thought  to  indicate 
a late  date,  the  temple  probably  belongs  to  the  first  part 
of  the  6th  century  B.  c. 

Psestum,  Gulf  of.  See  Salerno,  Gulf  of. 
Paetus  (pe'tus).  Seo  Arria. 

Paez  (pa'atk),  Jose  Antonio.  Bora  in  the 
province  of  Barinas,  Juno  13,  1790:  died  in 
New  York  city,  May  7,  1873.  A Venezuelan 
general  and  politician.  He  was  a distinguished  cav- 
alry leader  in  the  war  for  independence ; captured  Puerto 
Clabello,  the  last  Spanish  post  in  Venezuela,  in  1823  ; and 
under  the  Colombian  republic  was  military  commandant 
of  Venezuela  from  1823,  and  jefe  superior,  with  military 
and  civil  powers,  from  1827.  In  1829-30  he  headed  the 
movement  by  which  Venezuela  separated  from  Colom- 
bia; was  president  March  18,  1831,  to  Feb.  9,  1835,  and 
again  Feb.  1, 1839,  to  Jan.  28, 1843 : in  the  interval  between 
these  terms  he  commanded  the  army  and  put  down  two 
rebellions.  In  Jan..  1848,  he  declared  against  Mon&gas, 
but  was  eventually  defeated,  imprisoned  Aug.,  1849,  to 
March,  1850,  and  banished  for  some  years.  On  the  deposi- 
tion of  Gual  (Aug.  29,  I860),  General  Paez  was  proclaimed 
dictator  by  the  army.  He  assumed  the  office  Sept.  9,  and 
held  it  until  his  final  defeat  by  Falcon  and  Guzman 
Blanco,  May,  1863.  His  autobiography  was  published  at 
New  York  in  1867. 

Paez,  Ramon.  Bom  about  1825.  An  author, 
son  of  General  J.  A.  Paez.  He  has  written  “Wild 


But,  after  all,  the  extraordinary  effect  of  the  playing 
could  have  had  its  source  only  in  his  extraordinary  genius. 
If  genius,  as  has  been  justly  remarked,  is  “the  power  of 
taking  infinite  pains,”  he  certainly  showed  it  in  a wonder- 
ful degree  in  the  power  of  concentration  and  perseverance 
which  enabled  him  to  acquire  such  absolute  command  of 
his  instrument.  Mere  perfection  of  technique,  however, 
would  never  have  thrown  the  whole  of  musical  Europe 
into  such  paroxysms.  With  the  first  noteshis  audience  was 
spell  bound  ; there  was  in  him  — though  certainly  not  the 
evil  spirit  suspected  by  the  superstitious  — a daemonic  ele- 
ment which  irresistibly  took  hoi  d of  those  that  came  within 
his  sphere.  Grove,  Diet,  of  Music,  etc.,  II.  630. 

Pagasss  (pag'a-se).  [Gr.  n ayaoa.l.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a seaport  in  the  eastern  part  of  Thes- 
saly, Greece,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Paga- 
saaan  Gulf,  southwest  of  Pelion.  It  was  the 
mythical  starting-point  of  the  Argonauts.  The 
ruius  of  the  city  are  visible  near  Volo. 

Page (paj).  In  Sliakspere’s  comedy  “ TheMerry 
Wives  of  Windsor,”  the  easy  husband  of  Mis- 
tress Page  who  conspires  with  Mistress  Ford 
to  fool  Falstaff,  and  the  father  of  “sweet  Anne 
Page”  who  is  intended  by  him  to  marry  the 
foolish  Slender,  and  by  her  mother  to  marry 
Dr.  Caius,  hut  who  marries  Fenton. 

Page,  John.  Born  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  May  21, 
1787 : died  Sept.  8,  1865.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from 
New  Hampshire  1836-37,  and  governor  of  New  Hampshire 
1839-42. 

Page,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born  at  Shelly, 
Gloucester  Co.,  Va.,  Jau.  4,  1808 : died  at  Rome. 
Italy,  Oct.  26, 1899.  An  American  naval  officer. 
As  lieutenant-commauder  he  was  engaged  1853-56  in  ex- 
plorations in  the  Platine  region,  South  America.  In  Feb., 
1855,  his  vessel,  the  Water  Witch  (then  in  charge  of  Lieu- 
tenant Jeffers),  was  fired  upon  by  a Paraguayan  fort,  and 
one  man  was  killed:  the  fire  was  returned.  Page  resigned 
early  in  1861;  entered  the  Confederate  service;  was  commis- 
sioned commodore;  and  in  1862  was  sent  to  England  to  take 
charge  of  a cruiser.  His  ship  was  not  permitted  to  leave, 
and  lie  took  command  of  a small  ironclad  at  Copenhagen, 
but  it  was  soon  after  seized  in  a Spanish  port,  thus  ending 
his  Confederateservice.  Subsequently  he  resided  in  the  Ar- 
gentine and  in  Florence,  Italy.  He  was  the  author  of  “ La 

-*•  Plata,  the  Argentine  Confederation,  and  Paraguay  ” (1859). 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson.  Born  in  Hanover 
County,  V;..,  April  23,  1853.  An  American 
lawyer  and  author,  ambassador  to  Italy  1913-. 
Among  his  works  are  “In  Ole  Virginia”  (1887),  “Two 
Little  Confederates  ”(1888),  “On  Newfound  River  ”(1890), 
“The  Old  South”  (essays,  1892),  “Meh  Lady”  (1893), 
“The  Old  Gentleman  of  the  Black  Stock”  (1896),  “Red 
Rock  ” (1898). 

Page,  William.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  23. 
1811:  died  at  Tottenville,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  1,  1885. 
An  American  painter,  best  known  for  his  por- 
traits. Among  his  other  works  are  “Venus,”  “Moses 
and  Aaron  on  Mount  Horeb,”  “ Flight  into  Egypt,”  etc. 

Pag&S.  See  Garnier-Pages. 

Paget  (paj'et),  Henry  William,  first  Marquis 
of  Anglesey.  Born  1768  : died  1854.  An  Eng- 
lish general  and  politician.  He  served  with  distinc- 
tion  in  the  Low  Countries  and  in  Spain  1808-09 ; and  com- 
manded the  British  cavalry  at  Waterloo.  He  was  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  1828-29  and  1830-33.  Later  he  was 
made  field-marshal. 

Paget,  Sir  James.  Born  at  Yarmouth,  Jan.  11, 
1814:  died  at  London,  Dec.  30,  1899.  An  Eng- 
lish physician.  He  became  a member  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  in  1836,  and  was  its  president.  He  was 
sergeant-surgeon  to  the  queen,  surgeon  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  consulting  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew’s  Hospital, 
and  vice-chancellor  of  the  University  of  London.  He  was 
created  a baronet  in  1871.  He  published  “ Lectures  on 
Surgical  Pathology"  (1853),  “Clinical  Lectures  ” (1875), etc. 

Paget, Violet:  pseudonym  Vernon  Lee.  Bom 

in  1857.  An  English  writer  and  critic.  She  has 
written  much  on  the  art,  literature,  and  drama  of  Italy, 
where  she  lias  lived  for  many  years  ; and  has  contributed 
esthetic  and  philosophical  criticisms  to  the  principal  Eng- 
lish reviews. 


Pago 

Pago  (pa'go).  An  island  in  the  Adriatic,  be- 
longing to  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  44°  30'  N.,  long.  15°  E.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  Croatia  by  the  Canale  della  Morlacca.  Length, 
36  miles.  Population,  commune,  7,463,  (1910). 
Pago-Pago.  See  Pango-Pango. 

Pahang  (pa-hang').  One  of  the  Federated  Ma- 
lay States.  Area,  14,000  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 100,000. 

Pahlanpur,  or  Pahlampoor.  See  Palanpur. 
Pahouins.  See  Fan. 

Pah-Utah.  See  Paiute. 

Paiconecas  (pa-e-ko-na'kas).  A race  of  Indi- 
ans in  northeastern  Bolivia,  between  the  rivers 
Guapor6  and  Baur6s.  They  werenumerous,  forming 
many  small  independent  villages,  and  subsisting  mainly 
by  agriculture.  The  Jesuits  induced  some  of  them  to  join 
their  mission  of  Concepcion,  where  about  600  remained 
in  1831.  They  belong  to  the  Arawak  or  Maypure  linguis- 
tic stock.  Probably  the  Paunaeas,  a tribe  mentioned  by 
Fernandez,  but  located  further  south,  were  the  same . 
Paijanne  (pa-yan'ne).  A lake  in  southern  Fin- 
land, 70  miles  north  by  east  of  Helsingfors. 
Length,  80-90  miles. 

Paillamacu  (pa-el-ya-ma/ko).  Bom  about  1525 : 
died  in  1603.  An  Araucanian  Indian  of  Chile, 
toqui  or  war-chief  from  about  1593.  He  attacked 
the  Spaniards  in  1595,  1596,  and  1597,  and  in  1598  headed 
the  most  successful  rising  of  his  tribe  : the  governor  of 
Chile,  Ofiez  de  Loyola,  was  surprised  and  killed  (Nov.  22, 
1598),  Villarica,  Imperial,  and  other  places  were  besieged 
for  several  years  andfinaJly  taken, and  the  Spaniards  were 
driven  beyond  the  Biobio.  Also  written  Paillamachu. 

Pailleron  (pa-yfi-ron'),  Edouard  Jules  Henri. 

Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  17, 1834:  died  April  20, 1899. 
AFrench  poet  and  dramatist.  He  began  lifeasano- 
tary’s  clerk,incidentally  writing  poems  and  plays.  On  his 
first  appearance  before  the  public  he  brought  out  a short 
comedy  entitled  “Leparasite"  and  avolume  of  satires,  “Les 
parasites’’  (1860),  followed  in  1861  by  “Le  murmitoyen." 
Further  plavs  are  “ Le  dernier  quartier  ” (1833),  “ Le  second 
mouvement ” (1865),  “Le  monde  oh  l’on  s’amuse”  (1863), 
“Les  faux  manages ” (1869),  “L’Autre  njotif ’’  (1872),  “ H6- 
lfene”  (1872),  “Petite  pluie”  (1875),  “L’Age  ingrat”  (1878), 
“L’Entincelle  ” (1879),  “ Le  monde  oh  l’on  s’ennuie  " (1881), 
“La  souris ’’ (1887),  “Les  cabotins ’’ (1894).  Three  of  his 
comedies — “Le  chevalier  Trumeau,”  “Le  narcotique,” 
and  “ Pendant  le  bal ” — were  published  together  as  “Le 
theatre  chez  Madame”  (1881).  He  married  the  daughter 
of  M.  Buloz,  general  manager  of  the  “Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes,’’  and  many  of  his  poems  appeared  in  that  pub- 
lication. Among  them  are  “Le  ddpart  ”( ! 870),  “ Priire  pour 
la  France”  (1871),  and  the  collection  entitled  “Amours  et 
haines  ’’  (1888).  PaiBeron  was  elected  to  the  French  Acad- 
emy in  18SL  His  inaugural  speech,  together  with  his 
addresses  to  that  body  on  other  occasions,  appeared  as 
“ Discours  aeaddmiques  ’’  (1886).  More  recently  he  wrote 
the  “ Biographic  d'Emile  Augier"  (1889). 

Paimboeuf  (pan-bef ' ).  A decayed  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Loire-Inf  6rieure, France,  23  miles 
west  of  Nantes.  Population,  commune,  2,380. 
Paine  (pan),  Elijah.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  Conn., 
Jan.  21,  1757 : died  at  Williamstown,  Vt.,  April 
28,  1842.  An  American  jurist  and  politician, 
United  States  senator  from  Vermont  1795-1801. 
Paine,  Halbert  Eleazar.  Born  at  Ckardon, 
Ohio,  Feb.  4?  1826 : died  in  1905.  An  Ameri- 
can general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  Republican 
member  of  Congress  from  Wisconsin  1865-71,  and  United 
States  commissioner  of  patents  1879-81.  He  published  “ A 
Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Elections  to  Public  Offices  ” (1888). 

Paine,  John  Knowles.  Born  at  Portland, Maine, 
Jan.  9,  1839:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  April 
25,  1906.  An  American  composer  and  organ- 
ist. He  went  to  Berlin  in  1858  to  study,  and  in  1861  rc- 
turned  to  America,  where  he  gave  several  organ  concerts. 
He  was  instructor  of  music  at  Harvard  University  in  1862, 
and  professor  from  1876.  Among  his  works  are  a mass 
and  the  oratorio  “St.  Peter.”  He  also  wrote  a “Sym- 
phony in  C minor  ’’  and  another  called  “Spring,”  besides 
chamber-music,  cantatas,  songs,  etc. 

Paine,  Martyn.  Bom  at  Williamstown,  Vt., 
July  8,  1794:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  10, 1877. 
An  American  physician,  son  of  Elijah  Paine. 
His  works  include  “ Cholera  Asphyxia  of  New  York  ”(1832), 
“ Medical  and  Physiological  Commentaries  ”(1840-44),  “In- 
stitutes of  Medicine’’(1847),  “Review  of  Theoretical  Geol- 
ogy ’’(1856),  etc. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat.  Bom  at  Boston,  March 
11, 1731 : died  there,  May  1 1, 1814.  An  American 
patriot,  politician,  and  judge:  a signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  as  member  of  Con- 
gress in  1776. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat.  Bora  at  Taunton,  Mass., 
Dec.  9, 1773:  died  at  Boston,  Nov.  13, 1811.  An 
American  poet,  son  of  B.  T.  Paine.  His  collected 
works  were  published  in  1812. 

Paine,  Thomas.  Bora  at  Thetford,  Norfolk, 
England,  Jan.  29, 1737:  died  at  New  York,  June 
8,  1809.  An  Anglo-American  political  writer 
and  free-thinker.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1774; 
published  in  1776  the  political  pamphlet  “ Common  Sense,” 
In  which  he  advocated  the  independence  of  the  American 
colonies ; took  a prominent  part  in  support  of  tho  American 
Revolution  ; published  the  periodical  “ Crisis  ” 1776-83 ; 
went  to  Europe  in  1787 ; published  the  “Rights  of  Man  ’’ 
1791-92,  for  which  he  was  outlawed  from  England;  was 
elected  to  the  French  National  Convention  in  1793 ; was 


773 

imprisoned  in  1794  ; and  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
1802.  His  “ Age  of  Reason  ” was  published  in  1794. 

Painesville  (panz'vil).  The  capital  of  Lake 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  Grand  River  30  miles 
northeast  of  Cleveland.  Population,  5,501, 
(1910). 

Painter  (pan'ter),  Gamaliel.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  May  22,  1743:  died  at  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  May  21,  1819.  An  American  politi- 
cian, chief  founder  of  Middlebury  College. 
Painter,  William.  Born  in  Middlesex  about 
1540 : died  at  London  in  1594.  The  author  of 
a collection  of  translations  called  “ The  Pal- 
ace of  Pleasure.”  He  entered  St.  John’s  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1554,  and  in  1561  was  made  clerk  of  the  ord- 
nance in  the  Tower  of  London.  In  1566  he  published 
the  first  volume  of  “The  Palace  of  Pleasure,”  containing 
60  novels.  He  originally  intended  it  to  contain  only  trans- 
lations of  tales  from  Livy  and  the  older  writers,  but 
altered  his  plan  and  added  tales  taken  from  Boccaccio, 
Bandello,  Straparola,  and  other  Italian  and  French  novel- 
ists. The  second  volume  was  published  in  1567,  contain- 
ing 34  novels ; a third  volume,  although  announced,  did  not 
appear.  In  later  editions  6 more  novels  were  added,  so 
that  there  were  100  novels  in  all.  It  is  the  largest  prose 
work  between  “Morted’Arthur’’and  North’s  “Plutarch,” 
and  is  the  source  from  which  the  Elizabethan  dramatists 
took  many  of  their  plots. 

Paisiello  (pa-e-ze-el'lo),  or  Paesiello  (pa-a-ze- 
el'lo),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Taranto,  Italy,  May 
9, 1741:  died  at  Naples,  June  5, 1816.  An  Ital- 
ian composer  of  operas  and  church  music.  He 
went  to  Naples  when  young,  and  in  1776  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  produced  “II  Barbiere di  Siviglia.”  About  1784 
he  returned  to  Naples  by  way  of  Vienna,  where  he  wrote 
“H  Ed  Teodoro,”  and  was  made  chapel-master  to  Ferdi- 
nand IY.  Here  he  remained  for  about  13  years,  produ- 
cing some  of  his  best  music : after  this  he  went  to  Paris  to 
organize  the  music  of  the  chapel  of  Napoleon,  where  he 
excited  much  jealousy.  He  returned  to  Italy  in  1804.  He 
composed  between  90  and  100  operas,  and  more  than  100 
masses,  etc.  Among  the  operas,  besides  those  mentioned 
above,  are  “II  Marchese  di  Tulipano”  (written  before  he 
went  to  Russia),  “Nina,  o la  Pazza  d’Amore,”  “La  Moli- 
nara,”  etc. 

Paisley  (paz'li).  A parliamentary  and  munici- 
pal burgh  iu  Renfrewshire,  Scotland,  situated 
on  the  White  Cart,  near  the  Clyde,  6 miles 
west  by  south  of  Glasgow,  it  is  noted  for  the 
manufacture  of  thread,  cotton  and  worsted  goods,  mus- 
lins, prints,  starch,  soap,  corn-flour,  machinery,  etc., 
and  for  bleaching  and  dyeing,  and  was  formerly  famous 
for  its  manufacture  of  shawls.  Its  abbey  church  is  of  in- 
terest: the  abbey  (at  first  a priory)  was  founded  about 
1164.  Population,  79.355. 

Paiute,  or  Piute  (pi'ut).  [Also  Pah-Ede,  Pah- 
nute,  Pah-Utah,  Payucha,  Piede,  Piutah,  Pyeed. 
The  name  is,  perhaps,  from  pai  or  pi,  true,  and 
Ute,  or  pah,  water,  and  Ute.]  A tribe  or  group 
of  North  American  Indians.  The  name  strictly  be- 
longs to  a small  tribe  on  Corn  Creek,  southwestern  Utah, 
but  is  generally  given  to  a number  of  Shoshonean  tribes, 
eight  of  which  are  in  southwestern  Utah,  seventeen  in 
southeastern  Nevada,  four  (including  the  Chemehuevi)  in 
northern  and  western  Arizona,  and  nineteen  in  southeast- 
ern California  from  Owens  valley  along  the  sierras  to  the 
south  of  Tulare  Lake  and  east  of  the  Coast  Range.  They 
number  several  thousand,  chiefly  in  Nevada,  with  a few  in 
Utah  and  Arizona.  See  Digger  and  Shoshonean. 

Paix  des  Dames  (pa  da  dam).  [F.,  ‘Ladies’ 
Peace.’]  A name  often  given  to  the  treaty  of 
Cambray  (1529).  See  Cambray. 

Paixhans  (paks'anz;  F.pron.pak-sons'),  Henri 
Joseph.  Born  at  Metz,  Jan.  22,  1783  : died  at 
Jouy-aux- Arches,  near  Metz,  Aug.  19,  1854.  A 
French  general  of  artillery.  He  invented  the  Paix- 
hans gun,  and  published  “Nouvelle  force  maritime” 
(1822),  etc. 

Pajol(pa-zhol'), Comte  Claude  Pierre  de.  Bom 

at  Besanrjon,  France,  1772 : died  at  Paris,  1844. 
A French  general.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  Napoleon,  and  was  prominent  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  July  against  Charles  X.  (1830). 

Pajon  (pa-zhon'),  Claude.  Born  at  Romoran- 
tin,  France,  1626:  died  1685.  A French  Prot- 
estant theologian,  founder  of  the  liberal  theo- 
logical system  named  from  him  Pajonism.  ne 
denied  all  immediate  and  special  interferences  by  God  in 
either  the  course  of  events  or  the  spiritual  life  of  the  in- 
dividual. 

Pajou  (pa-zho'),  Augustin.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  19,  1730:  .died  there,  May  8,  1809.  A 
French  sculptor. 

Pakawa  (pa-ka-wa/),  or  Pinto  (pen'to).  [Pa- 
kaicai,  referring  to  tattooing.]  A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians  which  formerly  lived 
on  the  lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas  and  in  Ta- 
maulipas,  Mexico.  Of  the  tribe  but  two  women  were 
known  to  survive  in  1886.  These  lived  at  La  Volsa,  near 
Reynosa,  Taman] i pas.  The  name  Pinto  was  applied  by 
the  Spanish  in  allusion  to  their  custom  of  tattooing.  See 
Coahuiltecan. 

Pakenham  (pak'en-am),  Sir  Edward  Michael. 
Born  in  Ireland,  April  19,  1778 : killed  at  the 
battle  of  New  Orleans,  Jan.  8,  1815.  A British 
general,  brother  of  the  Earl  of  Longford.  He 
served  in  the  Peninsular  war,  commanded  the  expedition 
against  New  Orleans  in  1814,  and  was  defeated  by  Jackson 
in  the  battle  of  New  Orleans. 


Palais,  Le 

Pakhoi  (pak'hoi').  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Kwangtung,  China,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Tongking  in  lat.  21°  29'  N.,  long.  109°  6'  E., 
about  280  miles  southwest  of  Canton.  It  was 
opened  to  foreign  commerce  in  1876.  Popu- 
lation, 20,000. 

Pakht  (pacht).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a lion- 
ess-headed or  cat-headed  goddess,  with  diffi- 
culty distinguishable  from  Bast.  She  was  honored 
at  Memphis  as  the  wife  of  Ptah,  and  was  identified  with 
Isis  as  a bringer  of  misfortune,  and  by  the  Greeks,  like 
Bast,  with  Artemis. 

Pakington  (pa'king-ton),  Sir  John  Somerset, 

first  Baron  Hampton.  Bom  Feb.  20,  1799:  died 
April  9,  1880.  An  English  Conservative  politi- 
cian. He  was  colonial  secretary  in  1852 : first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  1858-59  and  1866-67 ; and  war  secretary  1867-68. 
He  was  created  a baronet  in  1846,  and  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  Baron  Hampton  in  1874. 

Paks  (poksh).  A town  in  the  county  of  Tolna, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube  60  miles 
south  of  Budapest.  Pop.,  commune,  12,034. 
Palace  of  Honour,  The.  A poem  by  Gawain 
Douglas,  written  in  1501.  It  is  an  imitation  of 
Chaucer’s  “House  of  Fame.” 

Palace  of  Justice.  See  Palais  de  Justice. 
Palace  of  Pleasure,  The.  See  Painter,  William. 
Palaces  of  the  Caesars.  A vast  congeries  of 
constructions  in  Rome,  begun  by  Augustus  and 
added  to  by  successive  emperors,  occupying  the 
Palatine  Hill.  Though  in  very  ruinous  condition,  the 
plans  have  been  in  large  part  recovered  by  excavation, 
with  architectural  fragments  sufficient  for  a far-reaching 
restoration  ; and  many  imposing  walls  and  vaults,  with  in- 
teresting wall-paintings  and  graffiti,  remain  in  position. 

Palacio,  Diego  Garcia  de.  See  Garcia  de  Pa- 
lacio. 

Palacio  (pa-la'the-o),  Raimundo  Andueza. 

Born  about  1840 : died  at  Caracas,  Aug.  18, 1900. 
A Venezuelan  politician.  He  was  the  principal 
minister  of  Rojas  Padl  1888-90,  and  succeeded  him  as 
president  for  two  years,  March  19, 1890  In  1892  the  elec- 
tions were  postponed,  Palacio  remaining  in  office  until 
deposed  by  the  revolt  of  Crespo,  June,  1892,  and  banished. 

Palacio,  Vicente  Riva.  See  Riva  Palacio. 
Palacky  (pa-lats'ke),  Frantisek.  Bom  at 
Hodslawitz,  Moravia,  June  14,  1798:  died  May 
26,  1876.  A Bohemian  historian,  president  of 
the  Slavic  congress  in  1848.  He  was  parliamentary 
leader  of  the  autonomist  Czech  party.  His  chief  work  is  a 
“ History  of  Bohemia  ’’  (5  vols.  1836-67).  He  also  wrote  vari- 
ous other  works  on  Bohemian  history  and  literature. 

Paladilhe  (pa-la-dey'),  Emile.  Born  at  Mont- 
pellier, June  3, 1844.  A French  composer.  He 
produced  “Suzanne,”  an  op6ra  comique  (1878),  “Diana” 
(1885),  the  music  for  Sardou’s  drama  “ Patrie  ” (1886),  etc. 
Pala d’Oro  (pa'la,  do'ro).  [It., ‘golden  ratable.’] 
The  retable  of  the  high  altar  of  St.  Mark’s  in 
Venice,  probably  the  finest  existing  specimen 
of  Byzantine  metal-work,  it  was  commenced  in 
Constantinople  in  976  ; brought  to  Venice  in  1105,  and  re- 
arranged and  enlarged  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries  and 
later  ; is  55  inches  high  and  137  long  ; and  is  of  silver  gilt 
studded  with  jewels  and  with  ornament  in  enamel.  It 
has  85  panels  with  reliefs. 

Pal3emon(pa-le'mon).  [Gr.  Tlalauiuv.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a sea  divinity  into  which  Melicer- 
tes  was  metamorphosed. 

Palseologus  (pa-le-ol'o-gus).  [Gr.  Tla?mol6yo<:.'] 
A Byzantine  family  which  furnished  the  rulers 
of  the  Eastern  Empire  during  nearly  the  whole 
period  from  the  accession  of  Michael  in  1261 
until  the  death  of  Constantine  in  1453. 

PalafoxyMelzi(pa-la-foH'emal'the),  Jos6  de, 
Duke  of  Saragossa.  Bom  1780 : died  Feb.  16, 
1847.  A Spanish  general,  captain-general  of 
Aragon,  and  commander  in  the  defense  of  Sar- 
agossa against  the  French  in  1808. 

Palafox  y Mendoza  (men-do'tha),  Juan  de. 
Born  at  Fitero,  Navarre,  June  24, 1600:  died  at 
Osma,  Oct.  1,  1659.  A Spanish  prelate,  admin- 
istrator, and  author.  He  was  councilorof  the  Indies ; 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  Puebla,  Mexico,  in  Dec.,  1639  ; 
and  at  the  same  time  was  made  visitador-general  of  New 
.Spain.  In  the  latter  capacity  he  had  a dispute  with  the 
viceroy  Escalona,  and  by  order  of  the  king  succeeded  him 
as  viceroy  June, -Nov.,  1642.  Owing  to  quarrels  with  the 
Jesuits  lie  was  deposed  in  1647,  and  in  1649  returned  to 
Spain.  In  1653  he  was  made  bishop  of  Osma.  Hepublished 
numerous  historical,  judicial,  and  theological  works. 

Palaihnihan  (pa-llh'ni-han),  or  Pit  River  In- 
dians. A linguistic  stock  (or  merely  a branch 
of  the  Shastan  family)  of  North  American  In- 
dians which  formerly  occupied  the  territory 
drained  by  Pit  River  and  its  tributaries,  from 
Goose  Lake  to  the  mouth  of  Squaw  Creek,  north- 
eastern California.  The  tribal  divisions  are  Aclio- 
mawi,  Atsug6,  Atuamih,  Chumawa,  Estakewach,  Hantiwi, 
Humawhi,  and  Ilmawi  : they  are  almost  extinct.  The 
name  is  adapted  from  the  Klamath  word  p'likni,  meaning 
* mountaineers  ’ or  ‘ uplanders.  ’ 

Palaik.  Same  as  Palaihnihan. 

Palais  (pit-la'),  Le.  The  chief  town  of  the  isl- 
and of  Belle-lle-en-Mer,  off  the  coast  of  Brit- 


Palais.  Le 

tany,  department  of  Morbihan,  Prance.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  4,949. 

Palais  Bourbon  (pii-la/  bor-bdii').  A palace  in 
Paris,  now  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  begun  in 
1722.  The  fine  fagade  toward  the  Seine  was  finished  in 
1807 : it  has  a Roman  pedimented  colonnade  of  12  Corin- 
thian columns, with  a flight  of  steps  between  two  projecting 
piers.  The  sculptures  in  the  tympanum  represent  France, 
with  Liberty,  Peace,  Order,  Agriculture,  and  Commerce. 
The  halls  of  the  interior  are  embellished  with  many  no- 
table paintings  and  sculptures. 

Palais  de  Justice  (d 6 zhiis-tes').  [F.,  ‘palace 
of  justice.’]  A historically  and  artistically  in- 
teresting congeries  of  buildings  in  Paris,  situ- 
ated on  L’lle  do  la  Cit6,  at  an  angle  of  theQuai 
de  l’Horloge.  It  is  composed  in  part  of  portions  of 
the  ancient  royal  palace  (the  Conciergerie,  witli  its  three 
cylindrical  cone-roofed  towers,  and  the  vaulted  Cui- 
sines de  St.  Louis).  Excavatious  in  1848  disclosed  the 
foundations  of  ttie  Homan  prefectorium  under  tho  present 
Palais  de  .Justice.  It  was  the  residenceof  Childebert  and 
the  earlier  Merovingians.  Count  Eudes  (king  A.  I>.  888) 
reconstructed  theold  Palais  de  la  Cit6  as  a fortress  against 
the  Norman  invaders.  When  the  Louvre  was  built  by 
Philip  Augustus,  the  palais  lost  its  importance  as  a for- 
tress and  again  became  a residence  and  the  seat  of  royal 
courts  of  justice,  a use  to  which  the  entire  building  was 
finally  put.  The  greater  part  is  comparatively  modern, 
and  all  has  been  restored  since  the  wanton  destruction  by 
the  Commune.  The  Salle  des  Pas  Perdus  is  a splendid 
vaulted  hall,  240  by  90  feet,  with  a central  range  of  col- 
umns. The  Galerie  de  St.  Louis  is  admirably  frescoed  by 
Merson,  and  many  other  halls  are  notable  for  their  deco- 
ration. The  modern  west  facade  is  impressive  : it  is  in  a 
neoclassical  style  with  8 great  Doric  columns  and  2 angle- 
piers,  and  much  sculpture ; it  opens  on  a magnificent  ves- 
tibule. 

Palais du Trocadero  (<lu tro-ka-da/ro).  Along 
building  in  Paris,  constructed  in  connection 
with  the  exhibition  of  1878,  and  combining  sev- 
eral museums  and  a large  concert-hall.  The  latter 
occupies  a central  pavilion  of  horseshoe  shape  190  feet  in 
diameter  and  180  feet  high,  flanked  by  2 towers  270  feet 
high.  From  eacli  side  extends  a low  curved  wing  060  feet 
long,  the  plan  of  the  whole  thus  being  a crescent.  The 
entire  Seine  front  is  skirted  by  continuous  open  galleries. 
Palais  Royal ( r wii-y  al' ) . Apalacein  Paris, built 
by  Richelieu  1G29-34,  and  left  by  him  to  the 
king.  It  was  given  by  Louis  XIV.  to  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans, and  remained  in  his  family,  with  interruptions  dur- 
ing the  Revolution  and  the  empire,  until  the  revolution 
of  1848.  It  was  damaged  by  the  Commune  in  1871,  hut 
has  been  restored.  The  state  apartments  are  handsome. 
The  gardens  were  surrounded  by  the  duke  Philippe  Ega- 
lit4  with  houses  and  galleries  (still  used  for  purposes  of 
trade),  and  the  southwest  angle  is  occupied  by  the  Thea- 
tre Frangais. 

Palamas  (pal'a-mas),  Gregorius.  Lived  about 
1350.  A Greek  archbishop  of  Thessalonica, 
leader  of  the  Hesychasts.  See  Palamites. 
Palamedes  (pal-a-me'ilez).  [Gr.  IlaXa/^efyf.] 
In  Greek  legend,  son  of  Nauplius  andClymene, 
one  of  the  Greek  warriors  in  the  expedition 
against  Troy.  He  was  killed  through  the  ma- 
chinations of  Odysseus. 

Palamites  (pal'a-mlts).  The  followers  of  Gre- 
gorius Palamas,  a monk  of  Mount  Athos  in  the 
14th  century.  Simeon,  abbot  of  a monastery  at  Con- 
stantinople in  the  11th  century,  taught  that  by  fasting, 
prayer,  and  contemplation,  with  concentration  of  thought 
on  the  navel,  the  heart  and  spirit  would  be  seen  within, 
luminous  with  a visible  light.  This  light  was  believed  to 
be  uncreated,  and  the  same  which  was  seen  at  Christ’s 
transfiguration,  and  is  known  accordingly  as  the  “uncre- 
ated light  of  Mount  Tabor."  The  doctrine  was  more  care- 
fully formulated  and  defended  by  Palamas,  who  taught 
that  there  exists  a divine  light,  eternal  and  uncreated,  which 
is  not  the  substance  or  essence  of  deity,  hut  God’s  activity 
or  operation.  The  Palamites  were  favored  by  the  emperor 
Joannes  Cantacuzenus,  and  their  doctrine  was  confirmed 
by  a council  at  Constantinople  in  1351.  They  were  called 
by  their  opponents  Euchites  and  Massalians : also  Hesy- 
chasts and  U mbilicaniini. 

Palamon  and  Arcite  (pal'a-mon  and  ar'slt). 
Two  noble  youths  the  story  of  whose  love  for 
Emilia  has  been  told  by  Chaucer  in  the 
“Knight’s  Tale”  (derived  from  Boccaccio’s 
“Teseide”),  by  Dryden  in  a version  of  “The 
Knight’s  Tale”  called  “Palamon  and  Arcite,” 
by  Fletcher  and  another  (perhaps  Shakspere)  in 
a play  called  “ The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen”  (1634), 
and  by  others.  Edwards  produced  a play  entitled 
“Palamon  and  Arcite  "at  Christ  Church  Hall,  Oxford,  1566, 
in  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth’s  visit  there ; and  a play  with 
the  same  name  is  mentioned  by  Henslowe  in  1594. 

Palanpur,  or  Pahlanpur  (pa-lan-por').  1.  A 
native  state  in  India,  under  British  protection, 
intersected  by  lat.  24°  20'  N.,  long.  72°  20'  E. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Palanpur.  Pop- 
ulation, 17,799. 

Palaprat  (pa-la-pra/),  Jean,  Sieur  de  Bigot. 
Born  at  Toulouse,  France,  1650:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  14, 1721.  A French  dramatist,  collaborator 
with  Brueys. 

Palatinate  (pa-lat'i-nat),  The.  [F.  Palatinat, 
G.  Pfalz,  ML.  Palatinatus,  the  province  of  a 
count  palatine,  from  jpalatmus,  palatine.]  A 
former  German  state.  Its  territories  were  originally 
in  the  region  of  the  Rhine,  and  from  the  14th  century  to 


774 

1620  embraced  two  separate  regions,  the  Rhine  (or  Lower) 
Palatinate  (distinctively  the  Palatinate),  and  the  Upper 
Palatiqute  (see  below).  The  palsgraves  on  the  Rhine, 
whose  original  seat  was  at  Aix-la-Chapelie,  were  impor- 
tant princes  of  the  empire  as  early  as  tiie  11th  century. 
Early  in  tho  13th  century  tho  Palatinate  passed  to  the 
bavarian  dynasty  of  Wittelsbach,  which  soon  after  branched 
olf  into  tiie  bavarian  and  Palatine  lines.  The  Palatinate 
was  enlarged  early  in  the  14th  century  with  a part  of  Ba- 
varia (the  Upper  Palatinate).  The  Golden  Bull  of  1356 
designated  tiie  Palatinate  as  one  of  the  seven  electorates. 
In  tiie  10th  century  Heidelberg,  the  capital  of  the  electors 
palatine,  became  a great  center  of  Calvinism.  Tiie  elector 
Frederick  V.,  having  accepted  the  Bohemian  crown  in  1619 
and  having  been  overthrown  in  1620,  was  stripped  of  his 
dominions.  The  electoral  dignity  was  transferred  to  Ba- 
varia in  1623,  and  tiie  Upper  Palatinate  was  annexed  to  it. 
By  tiie  treaty  of  1648  tiie  Rhine  Palatinate  was  restored  to 
its  former  rulers,  and  an  eighth  electorate  created  for  it, 
the  Upper  Palatinate  being  confirmed  to  Bavaria.  The 
Rhine  Palatinate  was  terribly  ravaged  by  the  French  in 
1674  and  1689.  The  Palatinate  and  the  Bavarian  lands  were 
united  in  1777.  In  1801  the  Rhine  Palatinate  was  divided  : 
all  west  of  the  Rhine  was  ceded  to  France;  Baden  received 
Heidelberg,  Mannheim,  etc.;  and  the  rest  fell  to  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  Nassau,  etc.  By  the  treaties  of  1814-16  the 
French  portion  west  of  the  Rhine  was  restored  to  Ger- 
many : Prussia  and  Hesse-Darmstadt  received  portions, 
but  the  greater  portion  fell  to  Bavaria.  This  part  is  tiie 
present  Rhine  Palatinate,  or  Lower  Palatinate  (G.  Rhein- 
pfalz  or  Unterpfah):  it  is  bounded  by  the  Rhine  on  the 
east,  and  borders  on  Hesse,  Prussia,  and  Alsace-Lorraine. 
It  forms  a “ Regierungs-bezirk  ” of  Bavaria,  with  Spires  as 
capital.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Hardt  Mountains,  and  pro- 
duces grain,  wine,  coal,  etc.  Area.  2,289  square  miles. 
Population,  885,833.  The  Upper  Palatinate  (G.  Oher- 
pfalz) forms  a "Regierungs-bezirk  ’’  of  Bavaria,  under  the 
title  Upper  Palatinate  and  Ratisbon  (Regensburg).  It 
borders  on  Bohemia.  Capital,  Ratisbon.  It  has  extensive 
forests  and  flourishing  industries.  Area,  3,731  square 
miles.  Population,  574,693. 

Palatine  (pal'a-tln)  Hill.  [L.  Hons  Palatinus, 
It.  Monte  Palatino. ] One  of  the  “ seven  hills” 
of  Rome,  situated  southeast  of  the  Capitoline 
and  north-northeast  of  the  Aventine.  It  borders 
on  the  Roman  Forum ; is  the  traditional  seat  of  the  city 
founded  by  Romulus ; was  the  seat  of  private  and  later 
of  imperial  residences  ; and  contains  many  antiquities. 
Palatka  (pa-lat'ka).  A city,  the  capital  of  Put- 
nam County,  Florida,  situated  on  St.  John’s 
River.  Population,  3,779,  (1910). 

Palawan  (pa-la' wan),  orParagua  (pii-ra'gwa). 
An  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  lying  be- 
tween Borneo  and  the  main  group  of  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands.  It  belongs  partly  to  the  Philippines 
and  partly  to  the  Sultan  of  the  Sulu  Islands.  Area,  4,726 
square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  about  50,000. 

Palazzo  Borghesi.  See  Borghese  Palace. 
Palazzo  Contarini  Fasan.  See  Venice. 
Palazzo  del  Governo.  See  Siena. 

Palazzo  della  Ragione.  See  Padua. 

Palazzo  Doria  ( do'ri-a) . 1 . A palace  in  Rome, 
formerly  known  as  the  Pamphili  Doria.  It  faces 
toward  the  Corso  and  the  Piazza  di  Venetia.  It  is  very 
large  and  contains  galleries  of  pictures  and  sculpture. 

2.  A palace  in  Genoa,  on  the  Piazza  del  Prin- 
cipe. It  contains  fine  frescos,  and  the  garden  facing 
the  harbor  has  a large  arcaded  loggia.  It  was  presented 
to  Andrea  Doria  in  1552,  but  is  very  much  older. 

Palazzo  Farnese.  See  Farnese. 

Palazzo  Foscari.  See  Venice. 

Palazzolo  Acreide  (pa-lat'so-lo  ak-ra'e-de).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Syracuse,  Sicily,  19 
miles  west  of  Syracuse:  on  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Acne.  It  contains  many  antiquities,  in- 
cluding a Greek  theater  and  burial-ground. 
The  theater  is  small  but  very  perfect.  There 
are  12  tiers  of  seats,  divided  into  9 cunei  by  8 
radial  stairways.  Parts  of  the  stage  structure 
remain.  Population,  commune,  14,840. 
Palazzo  Pitti  (pit'te).  A palace  in  Florence, 
Italy,  designed  by  Brunelleschi,  and  begun 
about  1435.  It  is  a massive  building : the  chief  fagade  is 
of  quarry-faced  ashler  in  three  stories  with  series  of  round- 
arched  windows  having  very  long  voussoirs.  The  front 
toward  the  Boboli  Gardens  lias  projecting  wings  inclosing 
a court,  with  superposed  tiers  of  pilasters  formed  of  blocks 
alternately  large  and  small.  It  is  at  once  a royal  palace 
and  the  home  of  a world-famous  gallery  of  paintings. 

Palazzo  Pubblico.  See  Siena. 

Palazzo  Valentino.  A palace  at  Turin. 
Palazzo Vecchio(pa-lat'so vek'ke-o).  [It., ‘old 
palace.’]  A palace  in  Florence,  begun  in  1298 
by  Arnolfo  as  the  official  seat  of  the  chief 
magistrates  of  Florence.  It  is  an  imposing  castle- 
like building,  with  small  windows,  a heavy  projecting 
machicolated  and  battlemented  gallery  above,  and  a great 
square  tower  rising  from  it,  also  having  a machicolated 
gallery,  and  supporting  a belfry  resting  on  4 cylindrical 
columns.  The  total  height  is  307  feet.  The  picturesque 
interior  court  has  9 rich  Renaissance  columns  carved  in 
arabesques.  The  apartments  are  extremely  interesting, 
displaying  fine  coffered  ceilings,  historical  paintings,  and 
sculptures. 

Pale  (pal),  The  English.  That  part  of  Ireland 
in  which  English  law  was  acknowledged,  and 
within  which  the  dominion  of  the  English  was 
restricted,  for  some  centuries  after  the  con- 
quests of  Henry  II.  John  distributed  the  part  of  Ire- 
land  then  subject  to  England  into  12  counties  palatine,  and 


Palermo 

this  region  became  subsequently  known  as  the  Pale,  but 
the  limits  varied  at  different  times. 

Paleario  (pii-la-a're-o),  or  della  Paglia  (del'- 
lii  pal'yii),  or  degli  Pagliaricci  (del'ye  pal- 
ya-ret'che),  Aonio  or  Antonio.  Born  at  Ver- 
oli,  Italy,  about  1500:  executed  at  Rome,  July, 
1570.  An  Italian  Reformer  and  humanist,  ar- 
rested by  the  Inquisition  on  a charge  of  heresy, 
and  executed.  He  published  theological  works, 
a didactic  poem  in  Latin,  etc. 

Palembang  (pa-lem-bang').  1.  A residency  in 
the  southeastern  part  of  Sumatra,  Dutch  East 
Indies.  It  corresponds  in  the  main  to  the  former  king- 
dom of  Palembang  and  the  kingdom  of  Jamhi.  Popula- 
tion, 796,352. 

2.  The  capital  of  Palembang,  situated  on  the 
river  Musi  in  lat.  2°  59'  S.,  long.  104°  45'  E. 

It  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1821.  Population,  about 
50,000. 

Palencia  (pa-lan'the-a).  1.  Aprovincein  Old 
Castile,  Spain,  bounded  by  Santander  on  the 
north,  Burgos  on  the  east,  Valladolid  on  the 
south,  and  Valladolid  and  Le6n  on  the  west,  it 
is  mountainous  in  the  north  and  a plateau  in  the  south. 
Area,  3,256  Bquare  miles.  Population,  192,473. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Palencia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Carridn  in  lat.  42°  N.,  long.  4°  35'  W.: 
the  ancient  Pallantia.  It  has  linen  and  other  manu- 
factures. The  first  Spanish  university,  founded  here  about 
1209,  was  removed  to  Salamanca  in  1239.  It  has  a cathe- 
dral,  chiefly  of  the  14th  century.  Population,  16,570. 

Palencia,  Diego  Fernandez  de.  See  Fernandez 
de  Palencia. 

Palenque  (pa-lan'ka).  [So  called  from  a neigh- 
boring modern  village.]  A group  of  ruined 
buildings  in  the  state  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  about 
60  miles  north-northeast  of  San  Cristobal.  They 
are  of  calcareous  stone,  and  consist  of  a large  central  build- 
ing, commonly  called  the  “palace,"  with  various  smaller 
buildings,  pyramids,  etc.  Hieroglyphic  tablets  and  two 
sculptured  figures  of  great  interest  have  been  discovered. 
The  Palenque  ruins  were  unknown  to  the  Spaniards  until 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  and  it  is  evident  that  the 
place  had  been  abandoned  before  the  white  conquest.  It 
is  conjectured  that  the  buildings  were  used  for  religious 
purposes. 

Palenque  tablet.  A bas-relief  in  stone  found 
in  the  ruins  of  Palenque,  Yucatan.  It  was  in 
three  sections,  adorning  the  rear  wall  of  an  inner  cham- 
ber (13  feet  wide  by  7 feet  deep)  called  the  “ Adora- 
torio  ” of  the  structure  known  as  tile  Temple  of  the  Cross 
(Stephens's  “ Casa  No.  2 ’’).  The  end  sections  were  covered 
with  close  vertical  columns  of  hieroglyphs,  while  the  mid- 
dle one  (the  largest)  has  two  human  figures  facing  each 
other,  with  a decorative  object,  thought  at  one  time  to 
represent  a cross,  carved  between  them.  The  total  di- 
mensions of  the  tablet  or  tablets  were  10  feet  8 inches  wide 
by  6 feet  4 inches  high.  The  middle  section,  with  the  fig- 
ures and  “cross,"  was  brought  to  Washington  and  is  now 
in  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  is  frequently  described 
as  the  Palenque  tablet,  though  it  is  only  a part  of  the 
original.  The  right-hand  portion  was  taken  to  Las  Playas, 
while  the  left-hand  remained  in  place  up  toa  recent  date. 
Another  similar  tablet  was  in  a near-by  building  called  by 
Stephens  “ Casa  No.  3.” 

Palermo.  A province  in  Sicily.  Area,  1,948 
square  miles.  Population,  777,649. 

Palermo  (pa-ler'mS ; It.  pron.  pa-ler'mo).  [It. 
Palermo,  L.  Panormus,  Panhormus,  Gr.  llavop- 
fio<;.\  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Paler- 
mo, Sicily,  a seaport  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Pa- 
lermo, a t-  the  foot  of  Monte  Pellegrino,  in  lat. 
38°7'  N.,long.  13°21'  E.:  the  ancient  Panormus. 

It  is  the  largest  city  and  the  commercial  center  of  Sicily, 
and  tiie  fifth  city  of  Italy  ; is  the  seat  of  extensive  trade 
and  fisheries;  exports  oranges,  lemons,  sulphur,  wine, 
sumac,  etc. ; and  has  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  etc. 
The  cathedral  is  a large  and  highly  picturesque  Norman- 
Saraeenic  building.  The  exterior  is  flanked  by  4 slender 
towers,  and  enriched  with  graceful  arcades  and  Saracenic 
battlements.  Tiie  south  porch  incloses  a sculptured  por- 
tal ; the  arcaded  west  front  has  3 recessed  portals,  and  is 
connected  by  flying  arches  with  a keep-like  campanile ; the 
interlacing  arcades  and  arabesque  patterns  of  the  chevet 
are  unique  in  architecture.  The  interior  is  modernized, 
hut  contains  most  interesting  tombs  of  emperors  (Henry 
VI.  and  Frederick  II.),  kings,  and  archbishops.  The  Ponte 
dell’  Ammiraglio,  a picturesque  Saracenic  bridge  built 
across  the  Oreto  (which  has  since  changed  its  course)  in 
1113  by  King  Roger's  Greek  admiral,  rises  toward  the  mid- 
dle In  gable  form,  and  consists  of  11  pointed  arches  so  dis- 
posed that  those  of  narrow  and  wide  span  alternate.  San 
Giovanni  degli  Eremiti,  a notable  foundation  of  King 
Roger  (1132),  of  T-plan  with  3 shallow  apses,  is  roofed  by 
6 domes  supported  on  squinches,  and  possesses  a quad- 
rangular domed  tower  and  a cloister.  Palermo  was  founded 
apparently  by  the  Plienicians,  and  was  one  of  the  strong- 
holds of  Carthage.  It  was  taken  by  Pyrrhus  in  276  B.  C., 
and  passed  from  Carthage  to  Rome  in  254.  The  Cartha- 
ginians under  Hasdrubal  were  defeated  under  its  walls  by 
the  Romans  under  Ctecilius  Metellus  in  251  or  250.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Vandals  and  East  Goths  about  440  A.  B. ; was 
captured  by  Belisarius  in  535  ; was  taken  by  the  Saracens 
about  830,  and  became  one  of  their  chief  cities ; later  be- 
came the  capital  of  Sicily  ; was  captured  by  the  Normans 
about  1072  ; passed  to  tiie  Germans  and  to  the  house  of 
Anjou  ; was  the  scene  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers  in  1282,  and 
came  under  the  rule  of  Aragon ; followed  the  later  fortunes 
of  Sicily  ; was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  in  1820.  and  tho 
seat  of  a revolutionary  government  in  1848-49 ; was  bom- 
barded and  reduced  by  the  Bourbons  in  1849 ; and  revolted, 
receiving  the  troops  of  Garibaldi  in  1860.  Population, 
commune,  341,656,  (1911). 


Palermo 

The  thing  to  bo  borne  In  mlml  in  the  early  history  of 
Palermo  . . . Is  that  It  never  was,  as  the  other  great  cities 
of  Sicily  were,  a commonwealth  of  republican  and  piiffftn 
Hellas  ; nor  did  it  ever  fall  into  the  hands  of  any  tyrant  of 
Hellenic  Sicily.  . . . Palermo,  as  it  now  stands,  in  the  actual 
date  of  its  streets,  its  churches,  its  palaces,  carries  hh  hack 
to  no  date  earlier  than  the  days  of  the  Norman  counts  and 
kings.  Freemauy  Hist.  Essays,  III.  438,  441. 

Palermo,  Gulf  of.  A bay  of  the  Moditorranoaii 
Sea,  near  Palermo. 

Pales  (pa'lez).  1.  In  old  Italian  mythology,  a 
deity,  protector  of  shepherds  and  flocks. — 2.  An 
asteroid  (No.  49)  discovered  by  Goldschmidt  at 
Paris,  Sept.  19,  1857. 

Palestine  (pal'es-tin ),  called  also  Canaan  (ka'- 
nan)  and  The  Holy  Land.  [L.  Palsestina,  Pa- 
lestine, Gr.  lla^cuariv//,  tho  country  of  the  Phi- 
listines. See  Philistines.]  ThecountryofthoIIo- 
brews,  a territory  in  the  southern  part  of  Syria. 
Chief  city,  Jerusalem.  The  name  is  occasionally  re- 
stricted to  the  coast  region  of  the  Philistines,  but  is  usually 
regarded  as  indicating  the  region  bounded  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  tlie  west  and  the  desort  on  the  east,  and  on  the 
south  by  an  indefinite  line  extending  westward  from  the 
sout  hern  oxtremity  of  the  Dead  Sea.  On  the  north  it  is  re- 
garded as  bounded  (somewhat  indefinitely!  by  the  region  of 
Phenieia,  Lebanon,  and  Anti-Lebanon.  The  chief  natural 
features  are  the  plain  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean,  the 
mountainous  mass  extending  eastward  to  the  Jordan,  the 
deeply  sunken  valley  of  tire  Jordan  (witli  the  Sea  of  Galilee 
and  the  Dead  Sea),  and  the  elevated  region  lying  east  of  the 
Jordan.  The  soil  is  naturally  fertile.  The  ancient  inhabi- 
tants were  the  Canaanites,  who  were  later  conquered  and 
more  or  less  assimilated  with  the  Israelites,  under  whom 
the  country  was  portioned  out  in  the  tribal  divisions  of 
Simeon,  Judah,  Dan,  Benjamin,  Ephraim,  Manasseh, 
Asher,  Issachar,  Zebulon,  Naphtali,  Gad,  and  Reuben.  The 
divisions  west  of  the  Jordan  in  the  time  of  Christ  were 
Judea  in  the  south,  Samaria  in  the  center,  and  Galilee  in 
the  north.  The  country  formed  part  of  the  Roman  and 
Byzantine  Empire ; passed  under  Mohammedan  rule  about 
636;  was  held  by  the  Christians  temporarily  during  the 
Crusades ; and  since  1516  has  been  in  the  possession  of 
the  Turkish  government.  Area,  estimated,  10,000-11,000 
square  miles.  Population,  probably  about  700,000. 
Palestine.  A city,  the  capital  of  Anderson  Coun- 
ty, southern  Texas.  Population,  10,482,  (1910). 
Palestrina  (pa-les-tre'na).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  22  miles  east  of  Rome : 
the  ancient  Preeneste  (which  see),  it  contains  a 
cathedral  and  various  antiquities.  The  sanctuary  of  For- 
tune is  a very  ancient  foundation  of  wealth  and  renown, 
which  occupied  ten  terraces  rising  in  succession  and  now 
in  part  covered  by  the  modem  city.  The  chief  remains, 
besides  the  terrace  walls,  include  the  main  temple  sur- 
viving almost  complete  with  Corinthian  columns  and 
pilasters  and  a raised  tribune,  the  grotto  of  the  famous 
oracle,  mosaics,  extensive  series  of  vaulted  chambers  and 
porticoB,  and  a small  circular  temple,  now  disposed  as  a 
chapel,  at  the  summit.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Pales- 
trina. Population,  commune,  7,007. 

Palestrina.  Giovanni  Pierluigi  da.  Born  at 
Palestrina,  near  Rome,  probably  1524:  died  at 
Rome,  Feb.  2,  1594.  A celebrated  Italian  mu- 
sician, surnamed  “Princeps  Musicse ” (‘Prince 
of  Music  ’).  He  was  chapel-master  at  the  Lateran, Vati- 
can, and  Sta.  Maria  Maggiore  in  Rome.  In  accordance 
with  resolutions  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  he  composed 
three  masses  in  1565,  setting  the  standard  of  ecclesiastical 
music.  For  this  he  was  appointed  composer  to  the  pontifl- 
cal  choir.  He  is  considered  the  first  composer  who  united 
the  art  with  the  science  of  music,  and  his  works,  all  sacred 
except  two  volumes  of  madrigals,  mark  an  important  epoch 
In  the  annals  of  music.  He  left  between  90  and  100  masses, 
hymns  for  the  year,  about  60  motets,  and  a number  of  lam- 
entations, litanies,  etc. 

Palestro  (pa-les'tro).  A village  in  the  province 
of  Pavia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  34  miles 
west-southwest  of  Milan.  Here,  May  30  and  31, 1859, 
the  Sardinians,  aided  by  the  French,  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians. 

Paley  (pa'li), William.  Born  at  Peterborough, 
England,  July,  1743 : died  May  25,  1805.  An 
English  theologian  and  philosopher.  Hegraduated 
at  Christ’s  College,  Cambridge,  in  1763 ; took  holy  orders ; 
and  in  1766  was  chosen  a fellow  of  his  college.  He  vacated 
his  fellowship  by  marriage  in  1776,  and  retired  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Musgrave  in  Westmoreland,  which  had  been  con- 
ferred  on  him  the  year  before.  He  was  appointed  arch- 
deacon of  Carlisle  in  1782,  became  a prebendary  of  St. 
Raul’s  in  1794,  was  presented  to  the  subdeanery  of  Lincoln 
cathedral,  and  in  1795  received  the  rectory  of  Bishop- 
Wearmouth  He  published  “Principles  of  Moral  and  Po- 
litical Philosophy  ”(1785),  “ Horse  Paulin®,  or  the  Truth  of 
the  Scripture  History  of  St.  Paul  ” (1790),  “View  of  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity"  (1794),  “Natural  Theology" 
(1802). 

Palfrey  (pal'fri),  John  Gorham.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, May  2,  1796:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
April  26, 1881.  An  American  historian  and  theo- 
logical writer : a Unitarian  clergyman,  and  later 
professor  at  Harvard.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1847-49,  and  an  antislavery  leader. 
His  chief  work  is  a ‘‘History  of  New  England  " (1858-64). 

Palghat  (pal-gat').  A town  in  Malabar  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  in  lat.  10°  46'  N.f 
long.  76°  39'  E.  Population,  44,177. 

Palgrave  (pal'grav),  Sir  Francis.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, July,  1788:  died  at  Hampstead,  near  Lon- 
don, July  6, 1861.  An  English  historian.  He  was 
the  eonof  a Jew  named  Meyer  Cohen,  and  changed  his  name 


775 

by  royal  perm  lesion  In  1823.  Ho  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1827,  and  in  1828  was  appointed  deputy 
keeper  of  the  public  records.  He  was  knighted  In  1832. 
Ilis  chief  works  are  “ Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 
Commonwealth"  (1832)  and  “History  of  Normandy  and 
England"  (4  vols.  1851-454). 

Palgrave,  Francis  Turner.  Born  at  London, 
Sopt.  28,  1824 : died  there,  Oct.  24,  1897.  An 
English  poot,  son  of  Sir  Francis  Palgrave. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Gliarterhousui  and  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  was  professor  of  poetrv  at  Oxford  1885- 
1896.  He  published  “Idylls  and  Songs  ” (1864),  "Essays 
on  Art "(18(10),  “Hymns”  (1867),  “Lyrical  Poems”  (1871), 
etc.;  ami  edited  “Golden  Treasury  of  English  Lyrical 
Poetry”  (1861)  and  “ Treasury  of  Sacred  Song  " (1889). 

Palgrave,  William  Gifford.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  24,  1826:  died  at  Montevideo,  Uruguay, 
Sept.  30,  1888.  An  English  traveler,  son  of  Sir 
Francis  Palgrave.  Afterservingforatimeinthearmy, 
he  entered  the  Jesuit  order,  and  was  employed  in  India, 
Palestine,  and  Syria.  In  1862-63  he  traveled  extensively 
in  the  interior  of  Arabia,  and  in  1865  he  was  employed 
by  the  British  government  to  negotiate  for  the  release  of 
prisoners  In  Abyssinia.  Subsequently  he  held  various 
British  consular  positions,  and  from  1884  was  minister  to 
Uruguay.  He  published  “ Narrative  of  a Year’s  Journey 
through  Central  and  Eastern  Arabia  ” (1865),  “Essays  on 
Eastern  Questions”  (1872),  “Dutch  Guiana”  (1876),  etc. 

Paliano  (pa-le-a'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Rome,  Italy,  31  miles  east  by  south  of  Rome. 
Population,  5,831. 

Palikao(pa-le-kou').  A place  in  China, between 
Peking  and  Tientsin.  Here, Sept.  21,  I860,  the  French 
and  British  forces  under  Cousin- Mon tauban  defeated  the 
Chinese. 

Palikao(pa-le-ka-o'),  Comte  de  (Charles  Guil- 
laume Marie  Apollinaire  Antoine  Cousin- 
Montauban).  Born  at  Paris,  June  24,  1796: 
died  Jan.  8,  1878.  A French  general.  He  served 
in  Algeria;  commanded  the  expedition  against  China  in 
1860;  gained  the  victory  of  Palikao  Sept.  21, 1860 ; and  was 
premier  and  minister  of  war  Aug.  10-Sept.  4,  1870. 

Palilicium  (pal-i-lish'i-um).  [L.  Palilicius,  per- 
taining to  the  Palilia,  or  feast  of  Pales.]  A 
name  given  by  the  Romans  to  the  Hyades,  and 
especially  to  Aldebaran,  the  brightest  of  them, 
because  this  group  of  stars  rose  heliacally  on 
the  day  of  the  Palilia  (April  21),  the  anniversary 
of  the  founding  of  the  city. 

Palinuro  (pa-le-no'ro),  Cape,  or  Cape  Sparti- 
mento  (spar-te-men'to).  A promontory  on  the 
western  coast  of  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  40°  2' 
N.,  long.  15°  17'  E. : the  ancient  Palinurum. 
It  was  the  scene  of  shipwrecks. of  Roman  fleets 
in  253  and  in  36  B.  C. 

Palinurus  (pal-i-nu'rus).  [Gr.  UnXivoi'poi;.]  In 
Greek  classical  legend , the  helmsman  of  iEneas. 
He  perished  on  the  western  coast  of  Italy. 

Palisades  (pal-i-sadz'),  The.  A basaltic  bluff 
extending  along  the  western  shore  of  the  Hud- 
son in  the  States  of  New  Jersey  and  New  York. 
It  commences  opposite  the  northern  part  of  New  York 
city,  and  continues  northward  about  18  miles.  Height, 
200-500  feet. 

Palissy  (pa-le-se'),  Bernard.  Born  at  Chapelle 
Biron,  near  Agen,  probably  about  1510;  died  in 
the  Bastille,  Paris,  1589.  A celebrated  French 
potter  and  enameler.  He  received  an  imperfect  edu- 
cation, and  applied  himself  to  designing,  civil  engineering, 
and  natural  history,  and  made  several  journeys  in  France 
and  Germany : he  also  made  some  of  the  earliest  investi- 
gations in  chemistry.  In  1539  he  established  himself  at 
Saintes,  where  he  married  and  practised  the  business  of 
surveying.  In  1553  he  chanced  to  see  a glazed  cup  which 
suggested  experiments  with  enamels.  He  at  first  sought 
only  a white  enamel,  and  for  some  time  failed  in  his  at- 
tempts, but  at  length  succeeded.  He  then  tried  to  pro- 
duce the  various  colors  of  nature.  For  16  years  he  labored 
in  extreme  destitution  before  he  succeeded  in  making  the 
ware  in  high  relief  and  rustic  figulines  associated  with 
his  name.  He  embraced  the  reformed  religion,  and  was 
one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the  Calvinistic  church  at 
Saintes.  In  1562  his  atelier  was  raided  and  devastated  as 
a place  of  politico-religious  meetings.  He  was  arrested 
and  imprisoned  at  Bordeaux,  but  was  saved  from  the  lot 
of  his  coreligionists  by  the  Constable  de  Montmorency, 
who  interceded  with  the  queen,  Catharine  de’  Medici.  Set 
at  liberty,  Palissy  attached  himself  to  the  king,  the  queen 
mother  Catharine,  and  the  Connetable  de  Montmorency. 
The  conndtable  brought  Palissy  to  Paris,  where  he  set  up 
his  furnaces  in  the  tile-yards  (tuileries),  where  the  Palais 
des  Tuileries  was  built.  Four  of  his  furnaces  have  re- 
cently been  discovered  under  the  palace.  He  was  also 
employed  at  Eeouen.  In  1566  he  was  charged  by  Catharine 
with  the  construction  of  grottoes  and  other  works  in  the 
Tuileries  gardens.  He  was  engaged  in  this  work  in  1572 
when  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  occurred.  His  life 
was  saved  by  the  protection  of  Queen  Catharine  herself. 
In  1573  he  opened  a course  of  lectures  in  natural  history, 
and  continued  this  until  1584.  He  was  among  the  very 
first  to  substitute  positive  experiment  for  the  explanations 
of  the  schoolmen.  He  also  investigated  the  geology  of 
the  Paris  basin,  and  formed  the  first  cabinet  of  natural 
history  in  France.  In  1588  he  was  arrested  and  thrown 
Into  the  Bastille,  and  died  there.  His  writings  were  pub- 
lished between  1557  and  1580. 

Palitana  (pa-le-ta'na).  1.  A small  state  in  In- 
dia, under  British  influence,  intersected  by  lat. 
21°  30'  N.,  long.  71°  45'  E.  Population, 
52,856. — 2.  A city  of  temples  in  the  state  of 


Pallee 

Palitana,  one  of  the  remarkable  Jain  agglom- 
erations which  consist  wholly  of  temples  and 
have  no  inhabitants  except  a few  priests  and 
servants.  It  covers  a large  area,  including  two  hills, 
Burrounded  by  picturesque  fortifications  and  numbering 
hundreds  of  temples,  the  largest  of  which  stand  In  their 
own  inclosures.  All  the  temples  are  characterized  by  their 
pagoda-towers,  here  in  general  quadrangular,  steeply  py. 
ramidal  witli  bulging  sides,  and  having  a bulbous  umalaka 
crowning.  The  construction  is  excellent,  and  much  of  the 
finish  and  ornament  admirable.  The  earliest  temples  date 
from  the  11th  century,  and  the  series  continues,  always  of 
the  same  type,  to  the  present  day.  Also  called  Sutruniya. 

Palk  Bay  (pak  ba).  An  arm  of  the  Indian  ( >cean 
between  southern  India  and  Ceylon,  southwest 
of  Palk  Strait. 

Palladio  (piil-lii'de-o),  Andrea.  Bom  at  Vi- 
cenza, Nov.  30,  1518:  died  at  Venice,  Aug.  19, 
1580.  A celebrated  Italian  architect,  in  1547  he 
finished  the  Castello  of  Udine  begun  in  1519  by  Fontana, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  been  his  master  in  architecture. 
He  designed  the  Barbarano,  Tiene,  and  other  palaces  at 
Vicenza,  ami  the  Olympic  Theater  there.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Venice  are  many  Palladian  edifices,  and  at  Venice 
he  built  a Corinthian  atrium  for  the  monastery  della  Ca- 
ritii,  the  church  of  San  Giorgio  Maggiore,  etc.  The  cathe- 
dral of  Brescia  and  the  governor’s  palace  are  attributed  to 
him.  At  Padua  he  built  the  Palazzo  Aldrighelli  casa 
Adriani.  According  toLetrouilly,  the  only  work  of  Palladio 
In  Rome  was  an  altar  in  the  long  hall  of  the  hospital  of 
San  spirito.  He  published  “Le  Antichitk  di  Roma”  (1554), 
“Illustrations  to  Caesar's  Commentaries”  (1575),  “I  quat- 
tro  libri  dell’  Architettura  ” (V'enice,  1570),  etc.  His  style 
was  known  as  the  Palladian,  and  was  long  considered  the 
most  perfect. 

Palladis  Tamia.  See  Meres,  Francis. 

Palladius  (pa-la'di-us).  [Gr.  n aXkaSios.]  Born 
in  Galatia,  Asia  Minor,  probably  about  367 
A.  D.:  died  about  431.  A bishop  of  Helenopo- 
lis  (in  Bithynia),  author  of  a historical  work, 
“ Lausiacum.” 

Palladius.  Lived  probably  in  the  5th  century. 
A Greek  medical  writer. 

Palladius,  Rutilius  Taurus  iEmilianus.  Lived 
in  the  4th  or  5th  century.  A Roman  writer, 
author  of  a work  on  agriculture  (“De  re  rus- 
tica”).  A MiddleEnglish  translation,  in  verse,  was  pub- 
lished for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  from  a unique 
English  MS.  of  about  1420,  from  Colchester  Castle,  under 
the  title  “Palladius  ou  Husbondrie. ’’ 

Pal  Lahara  (pal  la-ha'ra).  A small  state  tribu- 
tary to  Orissa,  British  India.  Population, 
22,351. 

Pallantia  (pa-lan'shi-ii).  The  ancient  name  of 
Palencia. 

Pallanza  (pal-lan'za).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Novara,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  Lago 
Maggiore  45  miles  northwest  of  Milan.  It  is  a 
winter  resort. 

Pallas  (pal'as).  [Gr.  lla/JAp,  originally  only  a 
surname  of  Athene : probably  from  Tra/Uaf,  vir- 
gin.] 1.  Athene,  the  goddess  of  wisdom  and 
war  among  the  Greeks : identified  by  the  Ro- 
mans with  Minerva.  See  Athene  and  Minerva. 
— 2.  One  of  the  planetoids  revolving  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter,  discovered  (the 
second  in  the  order  of  time)  by  Olbers  at 
Bremen,  March  28,  1802.  On  account  of  its  minute- 
ness and  the  nebulosity  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  no  cer- 
tain conclusion  can  be  arrived  at  respecting  its  magnitude. 
Its  diameter  has  been  estimated  at  172  miles,  and  its  pe- 
riod of  revolution  at  4.61  years.  Its  light  undergoes  con- 
siderable variation,  and  its  motion  in  its  orbit  is  greatly 
disturbed  by  the  powerful  attraction  of  J upiter. 

Pallas  (pal'las),  Peter  Simon.  Born  at  Berlin, 
1741:  died  there,  Sept.  8, 1811.  A German  natu- 
ralist and  traveler.  He  made  a journey  through  Rus- 
sia and  Siberia  1768-74,  described  in  “ Reisen  durch  ver- 
schiedene  Provinzen  des  russischen  Reiehs”  (“Journeys 
through  different  Provinces  of  the  Russian  Realm,"  1771- 
1776).  He  also  wrote  “Spicilegia  zoologies  ” (1767-1804), 
“Flora  Rossica”  (1784-88),  “Sammlungen  historischer 
Nachrichten  liber  die  mongolisclienVolkerschaften  ’’(“Col- 
lections of  Historical  Information  on  the  Mongolian 
Races,”  1776-1802),  and  various  scientific  works. 

Pallas  (pal'as),  Albani.  A beautiful  Greek 
bust,  of  colossal  size,  in  Pentelic  marble,  in 
the  Glyptothek  at  Munich.  The  goddess  wears  a 
small  aegis  and  a Corinthian  helmet  with  a serpent  as 
crest.  The  head  is  bent  forward.  It  is  held  to  be  from  a 
bronze  original. 

Pallas  of  Velletri.  A good  Roman  copy  of 
a fine  Greek  original,  of  colossal  size,  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  goddess  is  standing,  fully  draped, 
with  a narrow  aegis  and  a Corinthian  helmet.  One  raised 
hand  held  an  upright  spear ; the  left  hand,  perhaps,  sup- 
ported a figure  of  Victory. 

Pallavicino  (pal-la-ve-che'no),  or  Pallavicini 
(piil-la-ve-che'ne),  Sforza.  Born  at  Rome, 
1607 : died  1667.  A Roman  cardinal,  author  of 
a “History  of  the  Council  of  Trent”  (1656-57). 

Pallee,  or  Pali  (pa'le).  A town  in  the  state  of 
Jodhpur,  India,  situated  on  a branch  of  the 
Luni  40  miles  south-southeast  of  Jodhpur. 
Population,  12,673, 


Pallene 

Pallene  (pa-le'ne).  [Gr.  II aXXtjvi).']  In  ancient 
geography,  the  westernmost  of  the  three  penin- 
sulas of  Chalcidice,  Macedonia. 

Pallice  (pa-les'),  La.  A new  artificial  harbor 
for  large  vessels,  near  La  Rochelle,  France. 
Pall  Mall  (pel  mel).  A fine  street  in  London, 
leading  from  Trafalgar  Square  to  the  Green 
Park : between  Cockspur  street  and  Trafalgar 
Square  it  is  called  Pall  Mall  East. 

Its  name  is  a record  of  its  having  been  the  place  where 
the  game  of  Palle-malle  was  played  — a game  still  popular 
in  the  deserted  streets  of  old  sleepy  Italian  cities,  and  deriv- 
ing its  name  from  Palla,  a ball,  and  Maglia,  a mallet.  The 
street  was  not  enclosed  till  about  1690,  when  it  was  at  first 
called  Catherine  Street  in  honor  of  Catherine  of  Braganza, 
and  it  still  continued  to  be  afashionablepromenade.  Club- 
houses are  the  characteristic  of  the  street,  though  none  of 
the  existing  buildings  date  beyond  the  19th  century.  In 
the  18th  century  their  place  was  tilled  by  taverns  where 
various  literary  and  convivial  societies  had  their  meetings. 

Hare,  London,  II.  44. 

Palma  (pal'ma).  One  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
situated  west-nortliwest  of  Teneriife.  Capital, 
Santa  Cruz  de  la  Palma.  It  is  traversed  by  a moun- 
tain-range. Length,  26  miles.  Population,  41,994. 
Palma.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  Balearic  Isles, 
Spain,  situated  ou  Palma  Bay,  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Majorca,  in  lat.  39°  34'  N.,  long.  2°  41'  E. 
It  is  the  seat  of  important  commerce  and  industry.  The 
cathedral  is  a tine  Pointed  building  the  towers  and  flying 
buttresses  of  which  form  a conspicuous  landmark.  The 
columns  of  the  nave  are  very  high  and  slender,  the  vault 
measuring  nearly  150  feet,  and  the  tombs  of  Mallorcan 
kings  and  bishops  and  the  great  medieval  carved  wooden 
reredos  add  interest  to  the  interior.  The  exchange  is 
also  notable.  Population,  63,937. 

Palma,  or  La  Palma.  A town  in  the  province 
of  Huelva,  Spain,  31  miles  west  of  Seville. 
Population,  6,669. 

Palma,  or  Palmanova  (pal-ma-no'va).  Asmall 
town  in  the  province  of  Udine,  Italy,  57  miles 
northeast  of  Venice. 

Palma,  Jacopo  or  Giacomo,  surnamed  “Palma 
Vecchio”  (‘the  Elder’)-  Born  at  Serinalta, 
near  Bergamo,  Italy,  about  1480:  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Aug.  8,  1528.  A Venetian  painter.  He  is 
classed  with  though  not  equal  to  Giorgione  and  Titian. 
His  portraits  of  women  are  especially  brilliant  and  soft  in 
tone  and  color.  Among  his  pictures  are  “ St.  Barbara  " at 
Venice;  “ Santa  Conversazione,”  Naples  Museum;  “Visi- 
tation ” and  “ Santa  Conversazione,”  Vienna ; “ The  Three 
Graces," Dresden  ; “Judith,” Uffizi,  Florence;  “La  Schia- 
va,”  Palazzo  Barberini,  Rome  ; etc. 

Palma,  Jacopo  or  Giacomo,  surnamed  “ Palma 
Giovane”  (‘the  Younger’).  Born  at  Venice 
about  1544;  died  there,  1628.  A Venetian 
painter,  nephew  of  Palma  Vecchio.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished for  the  freshness  of  his  coloring,  and  compared 
not  unfavorably  with  his  contemporaries  Tintoretto  and 
Paolo  Veronese  ; but  lie  became  careless  in  his  later  pic- 
tures, and  is  said  by  Lanzi  to  be  the  last  painter  of  the 
good  and  the  first  of  the  bad  epoch  in  the  Venetian  school. 

Palma,  Ricardo.  Born  at  Lima,  Feb.  7,  1833. 
A Peruvian  author.  He  was  a member  of  Congress, 
and  subsequently  was  connected  with  the  National  Li- 
brary ; it  was  mainly  through  his  efforts  that  it  was  re- 
opened in  1884,  after  its  destruction  by  the  Chileans.  Pal- 
ma's works  include  “ Anales  de  la  Inquisicion  de  Lima" 
(1863),  several  volumes  of  poems,  romances  and  sketches, 
and,  since  1870,  a series  of  works  of  great  interest  on  the 
historical  traditions  and  legends  of  Peru. 

Palma  Campania  (kam-pa/ne-a).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  16  miles  east  of 
Naples.  Pop.,  town,  6,308;  commune,  7,804. 
Palma  del  Rio  (del  re'o).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Guadalquivir,  at  the  junction  of  the  Jenil,  29 
miles  west-southwest  of  Cordova.  Popula- 
tion, 7,914. 

Palmaria  (pal-ma-re'a).  A small  island  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Spezia,  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Genoa,  Italy.  It  is  famous  for  its 
black  marble. 

Palmas  (piil'mas),  Cape.  A promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Liberia,  western  Africa,  situated  in  lat. 
4°  22'  N„  long.  7°  44'  W. 

Palmas,  Las.  ['The  palms.’]  A cathedral  city 
and  a seaport,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Gran 
Canaria,  Canary  Islands.  It  is  the  largest  place  in 
the  islands,  and  has  flourishing  commerce.  Population, 
44,517. 

Palmblad  (palm'blad),  Wilhelm  Predrik. 

Bom  Dec.  16, 1788:  died  Sept.  2, 1852.  A Swe- 
dish author,  one  of  the  Phosphorists.  Among 
his  works  is  the  novel  “Aurora  Konigsmark” 
(1846-49).  After  1835  he  was  co-editor  of  the 
“ Biographislc  Lexicon.” 

Palmellas  (pal-mel'yas).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
northeastern  Bolivia,  department  of  Beni,  on  the 
river  Baures.  By  their  language  they  appear  to  belong 
to  the  Carib  linguistic  stock,  though  they  are  widely  sepa- 
rated from  other  Carib  tribes. 

Palmer  (pam'er),  Charles  Ferrers.  Born 
1819:  died  Oct.  27,  1900.  An  English  anti- 
quarian. He  studied  at  the  Queen's  College  of  Medi- 
cine, Birmingham, and  practised  as  a surgeon  forsometiine. 


776 

In  1842  he  joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  entered  the 
Dominican  order  in  1852,  and  took  orders  in  1859.  He  is 
known  as  Father  Raymund.  He  published  “ The  His- 
tory of  the  Town  and  Castle  of  Tamworth,  etc."  (1845), 
“The  Dominican  Tertiary’s  Guide"  (1866),  “The  Life  of 
Philip  Thomas  Howard,  O.  P.,  Cardinal  of  Norfolk,  . . . 
with  a Sketch  of  the  . . . Dominican  Order,  etc.”  (1867), 
“History  ...  of  the  Collegiate  Church  of  Tamworth” 
(1871),  “History  of  the  Baronial  Family  of  Marmion’(1875), 
etc. , and  other  works  principally  relating  to  the  Dominican 
order  and  to  the  town  of  Tamworth. 

Palmer  (pam'er),  Edward  Henry.  Born  at 
Cambridge,  England,  Aug.  7,  1840 : murdered 
by  Bedouins  in  tbe  desert  near  Suez,  Aug., 
1882.  An  English  explorer  and  Orientalist. 
He  entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  elected 
fellow  in  1867.  He  joined  the  Sinai  expedition,  and  in  1870 
explored  the  Wilderness  of  the  Wandering  with  Drake  ; 
in  1871  he  published  the  “Desert  of  Exodus."  In  1871 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge,  and 
in  1876  published  a Persian  dictionary.  In  1882  he  ac- 
companied the  government  expedition  to  the  desert  of 
Suez,  where  he  was  murdered. 

Palmer,  Edwin.  Born  July  18, 1824:  died  Oct. 
17,  1895.  An  English  classical  scholar,  arch- 
deacon of  Oxford. 

Palmer,  Erastus  Dow.  Born  at  Pompey,  N.  Y., 
April  2,  1817 : died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  9, 
1904.  An  American  sculptor.  in  1846  he  began 
his  career  as  a cameo-cutter. 

Palmer,  James  Shedden.  Born  in  New  Jersey, 
1810:  died  in  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  Dec.  7, 
1867.  An  American  admiral.  He  became  a midship- 
man in  the  U.  S.  navy  in  1825,  and  was  promoted  captain  in 
1862  ; commanded  the  Iroquois  of  Farragut's  squadron  in 
the  passage  of  the V icksburg  batteries  in  .1  une,  1862 ; and  was 
captain  of  Farragut’s  flag-ship  when  she  ran  the  batteries 
of  Port  Hudson  in  March,  1863.  Made  rear-admiral  1866. 

Palmer,  Jolm  McCauley.  Born  Sept.  13, 1817: 
died  Sept.  25,  1900.  An  American  general  and 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  1839,  served  in 
the  Civil  War  (major-general  of  volunteers  1862,  corps 
commander  under  Sherman  1864),  was  Republican  gover- 
nor of  Illinois  1869-73,  was  elected  United  States  senator 
(Democratic)  1891,  and  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency 
as  a sound-money  Democrat  1896. 

Palmer,  Ray.  Born  at  Little  Compton,  R.  I., 
Nov.  12,  1808 : died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  March 
29,  1887.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man, noted  as  a hymn-writer,  lie  wrote  the  hymn 
“My  Faith  looks  up’ to  Thee,”  and  published  “Closet 
Hours”  (1851),  “Complete  Poetical  Works”  (1876),  etc. 
Palmer,  Roger,  Earl  of  Castlemain.  Born  at 
Dorney  Court.  Bucks,  Sept.  3,  1634:  died  at 
Oswestry,  July  21,  1705.  An  English  diplo- 
matist and  writer.  He  was  raised  to  the  Irish  peer- 
age at  the  Restoration  to  propitiate  his  wife,  who  was  the 
mistress  of  the  king  (see  Villiers,  Barbara). 

Palmer,  Roundell,  Earl  of  Selborne.  Born  at 
Mixbury,  England,  Nov.  27, 1812:  died  at  Black- 
moor,  near  Petersfield,  May  4,  1895.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist  and  hymnologist.  He  was  solicitor-gen- 
eral 1861-63 ; attorney-general  1863-66 ; British  counsel  at 
the  Geneva  Court  of  Arbitration  in  1871-72 ; and  lord 
chancellor  under  Gladstone  in  1872-74  and  1880-85.  He 
was  created  Baron  Selborne  in  1872,  and  Earl  of  Selborne 
in  1882.  He  published  “ Book  of  Praise,  from  the  Best 
English  Hymn-writers  ” (1863),  etc. 

Palmer,  Walter  Launt.  Born  at  Albany,  N.Y., 
Aug.  1,  1854.  An  American  painter,  son  of  E. 
D.  Palmer : a pupil  of  P.  E.  Church  and  of 
Carolus  Duran. 

Palmerin  Romances,  The.  A series  of  eight 
Spanish  romances  of  chivalry.  The  first,  “Palmerin 
de  Oliva,”  tbe  work  of  a carpenter’s  daughter  in  Burgos, 
printed  at  Salamanca  in  1511,  and  the  sixth,  “ Palmerin  de 
Inglaterra  [England],”  written  by  Luis  Hurtado  (Toledo, 
1547),  are  the  most  noted.  These  romances  are  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Amadis  romances,  and  come  near  them  in  im- 
portance. The  two  mentioned  were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Antony  Munday;  the  second  was  abridged  by 
.Robert  Southey. 

Palmer  Land,  or  Palmer’s  Land.  A land  in 
the  south  polar  regions,  south  of  Tierra  del  Fue- 
go,  about  lat.  63°  S. 

Palmerston,  Viscount.  See  Temple,  Henry  John. 
Palmetto  state.  South  Carolina:  so  named 
from  the  palmetto  on  its  coat  of  arms. 
Palmieri  (piil-me-a/re).  Luigi.  Born  April  22, 
1807 : died  Sept.  9,  1896.  An  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  physicist.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  physics  at  the  University  of  Naples  in  1847,  and  director 
of  the  meteorological  observatory  on  Vesuvius  in  1848  (an 
office  the  duties  of  which  he  assumed  in  1854). 

Palmyra  (pal-m!'ra),  or  Tadmor  (tad'mfir). 
[Gr.  II alyvpa.']  In  ancient  geography,  a city  sit- 
uated on  an  oasis  in  the  desert  east  of  Syria, 
about  lat.  34°  18'  N.,  long.  38°  10'  E.:  said  to 
have  been  built  by  Solomon,  it  early  became  an 
important  commercial  center;  rose  to  prominence  in  the 
reign  of  Hadrian  (about  130  A.  D.) ; became  a Roman  colony 
about  212;  became  practically  independent  in  the  reigns 
of  Valerian  and  Gallienus  under  Odenathus,  and  was  the 
capital  of  the  important  kingdom  of  Palmyra.  It  became 
formally  independent  under  Zenobia,  who  was  defeated 
and  captured  bj  ^urelian  in  272.  Palmj  ra  ^ as  destr<  >y<  >1 
in  273.  Later  it  was  rebuilt,  and  is  now  in  ruins.  Palmyra 
is  remarkable  for  its  extensive  architectural  remains,  which 
date  for  the  most  part  from  near  the  close  of  the  Roman 


Paludan-Miiller 

protectorate,  and  are  more  rich  than  pure  in  style.  The 
chief  monument  is  the  temple  of  the  Sun,  with  its  im- 
pressive inclosure.  Almost  more  striking  are  the  long 
double  lines  of  colonnaded  streets,  spanned  by  triumphal 
arches.  There  are  many  other  ruins,  including  temples, 
public  buildings,  dwellings,  and  long  stretches  of  towered 
fortifications  of  the  time  of  Justinian.  There  is  also  an 
extensive  necropolis,  characterized  by  mausoleums  in  the 
form  of  towers.  Only  the  more  prominent  remains  have 
been  thoroughly  studied. 

Palmyra  of  the  North,  The.  A name  some- 
times given  to  St.  Petersburg. 

Palni  (pal'ne)  Hills.  A range  of  mountains 
in  the  southern  part  of  tbe  Deccan,  India,  con- 
nectingthe  Eastern  and  Western  Ghats.  Height 
of  highest  summits,  about  7,000  feet. 

Palo  Alto  (pa'lo  al'to).  [Sp.,  ‘ high  pole.’]  A 
place  near  the  southern  extremity  of  Texas,  8 
miles  northeast  of  Brownsville.  The  first  battle  of 
the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  was  fought 
here  May  8, 1846.  Taylor,  commanding  the  United  States 
troops,  had  fortified  himself  on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite 
Matamoros ; Arista,  the  Mexican  general,  manoeuvered  to 
cut  him  off  from  his  base  of  supplies  at  Point  Isabel,  and 
Taylor  attacked  him  with  2,300  men,  the  Mexicans  having 
about  3,500.  The  battle  was  fought  mainly  with  artillery, 
and  the  Mexicans  were  defeated,  retiring  next  day  to  Re- 
saca  de  la  Palma. 

Palo  Alto.  A stock-farm  in  California,  estab- 
lished by  Leland  Stanford.  Experiments  were 
made  here  by  E.  Muybridge  about  1880  to  determine,  with 
the  aid  of  instantaneous  photography,  the  actual  condi- 
tions of  locomotion  in  various  animals. 

Palo  Alto.  A bay  trotting  stallion  by  Election- 
eer, dam  Winnie  (thoroughbred).  He  won  the 
stallion  record  in  2 : 08J,  and  held  it  until  he  died.  His 
record  was  lowered  by  Stamboul  (2 : 08). 

Palo  del  Colie  (pa'lo  del  kol'le).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  12  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Bari.  Population,  12,851. 

Palomino  de  Castro  y Velasco  (pa-lo-me'no 
da  kas'tro  e va-las'ko),  Acisclo  (or  Acislo) 
Antonio.  Born  at  Bujalance,  near  Cordova, 
Spain,  1653:  died  at  Madrid,  1726.  A Spanish 
painter  and  writer  on  art.  He  published  a treatise 
on  painting  (“El  museo  pictorico  y escala  optica,"  1715- 
1724),  etc. 

Paloos  (pa-los'),  or  Peloose  (pe-los'),  or  Pa- 
louse  (pa-los').  [PI.,  also  Pa  looses.']  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  In  1805  they  were  on 
the  Clearwater  River,  Idaho,  above  the  Forks,  and  on  the 
small  streams  tributary  to  it,  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
In  1S51  they  numbered  181 : those  now  living  are  on  the 
Yakima  reservation,  Washington.  See  S’lahaptian. 

Palos  (pa-los').  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Huelva,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Tinto,  near  its 
mouth,  47  miles  west-southwest  of  Seville.  From 
this  port,  Aug.  3,  1492,  Columbus  sailed  on  his  voyage  of 
discovery. 

Palouse.  See  raloos. 

Palouse  (pa-loz')  River.  A branch  of  the  Snake 
River  in  Idaho.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Palsgrave  (palz'grav),  John.  Born  at  London 
about  1480 : died  there,  1554.  An  English  teacher 
of  French.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  and  at  Paris, 
and  was  appointed  teacher  of  French  to  the  princess  Mary, 
sister  of  Henry  VIII.,  before  her  marriage  to  Louis  XII. 
He  remained  in  her  service,  returning  to  England  with 
her  when  she  married  the  Earl  of  Suffolk;  was  made  a 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  in  1514 ; became  schoolmaster  to 
the  king’s  bastard  son,  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  in  1525 ; 
went  to  Oxford  in  1531 ; and  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
St.  Dunstan's  in  the  East,  London,  by  Cranmer  in  1533.  He 
wrote  a book  containing  bis  method  of  instruction,  a gram- 
mar and  dictionary  combined,  entitled  “L’Esclaircisse- 
ment  de  la  Langue  Francoyse,  composd  par  Maistre  Jehan 
Palsgrave,  Angloys,  Natif  de  Londres,  et  Gradin'  de  Paris," 
in  1530.  It  is  a valuable  record  of  the  exact  state  of  the 
French  language  ac  the  time.  In  1540  he  published  a 
translation  of  a Latin  play  entitled  “Acolastus,”  by  a Dutch 
schoolmaster, Willem  deVolder(Fullonius).  It  was  written 
about  1525,  to  be  acted  by  school-boys,  and  was  on  the 
subject  of  the  prodigal  son. 

Palti  (pal'te).  A lake  in  Tibet,  50  miles  south- 
west of  Lliassa.  It  is  nearly  ring-shaped. 
Length,  about  30  miles. 

Paltock,  Robert.  See  Peter  Wilkins. 

Paludan-Miiller  (pal'6-dan-miil'ler),  Fred- 
erik.  Born  at  Kjerteminde,  in  Fiiuen,  Den- 
mark,  Feb.  7,  1809 : died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec. 
29,  1876.  A Danish  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Jens 
Paludan-Miiller,  who  died  bishop  of  Aarhuus,  and  brother 
of  the  historian  Kaspar  Peter  Paludan-Miiller  (born  1S05). 
He  entered  the  Copenhagen  University  in  1828.  In  1832 
he  published  a romantic  drama,  “Kjariighed  ved  Hoffet” 
(“Love  at  Court”).  This  was  followed  by  the  poem 
“ Danserinden  ” (“The  Dancing  Girl,”  1833),  the  lyrical 
drama  “ Amorog  Psyche  ”(1834),  the  narrative  poem  “ Zu- 
leimas  Flugt”(“ZuIeima’s  Flight,”  1835),  and  “Poesier” 
(“Poems  ”),  in 2 volumes,  in  1836 and  1838.  This  latter  year 
lie  went  abroad  to  travel  in  Germany,  France,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy.  Subsequent  works  are  the  dramatic  poems 
“ Venus  ” (1841),  “ Dryadens  Bryllup  ” (“  The  Dryad's  Wed- 
ding "),  and  “ Tithon  "(“Tithonus  ”)(both  1844).  His  great- 
est work,  “ Adam  Homo,”  written  in  ottavarima,  appeared 
from  1841  to  1818.  Among  his  other  works  arc  “Abels 
Dod”(“  Abel’s  Death,"  1854).  the  lyric  drama  “Kalauus” 
(1857),  “ Paradiset ’’  (“Paradise,”  1861),  “Kain  ” (“Cain  ”), 
“ Ahasverus  ” (“  Ahasuerus  ”),  “ Benedict  fra  Nursia.”  A 
comedy,  “Tiderne  Skifte”  (“The  Times  Change  ’),  and 
the  lyric  poem  “ Adonis  ” are  both  from  1874.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  two  prose  works ; the  allegorical  tale  “ Ung- 


Paludan-Miiller 

domafeilden  ” (“  The  Fountain  of  Youth,”  1865)  and  the  so- 
cial novel,  in  3 volumes,  “Ivar  Lykkes  Historic”  (“The 
History  of  Ivar  Lykke,”  1866-73).  His  poetical  writings 
(“  PoetiskeSkrifter")  appeared  at  Copenhagen,  1878-79,  in  8 
volumes. 

Palwal,  or  Pulwul  (pul-wul').  A town  in  Gur- 
gaon  district,  Panjab,  British  India,  40  miles 
south  of  Delhi.  Population,  12,830. 

Pam.  A nickname  familiarly  given  to  Viscount 
Palmerston. 

Pamas.  See  Purupurus. 

Pamarys.  See  Purupurus. 

Pamela  (pa-me'la).  The  daughter  of  Basilius 
and  sister  of  Philoclea:  a noted  character  in 
Sidney’s  romance  “Arcadia.”  Richardson  gave  the 
name  to  a servant,  to  signify  that  fine  feelings  were  not 
confined  to  the  upper  classes. 

Pamela  (pam'e-la),  or  Virtue  Rewarded.  The 

first  of  the  series  of  novels  written  by  Samuel 
Richardson,  published  in  17 40.  it  is  so  called  from 
the  name  of  the  heroine,  an  ostentatiously  virtuous  ser- 
vant who  resists  the  dishonorable  attempts  of  her  mas- 
ter, and  is  finally  rewarded  by  becoming  his  wife.  This 
amused  Fielding  and  provoked  him  into  writing  the  his- 
tory of  “Joseph  Andrews,”  an  equally  virtuous  serving- 
man  and  the  brother  of  Pamela,  which  was  begun  as  a 
caricature,  but  grew  into  a work  of  independent  character. 
Pope,  in  his  “ Epistle  to  Mrs.  Blount,”  accents  the  name 
Paine  la  (but  see  the  extract). 

One  significant  sign  of  its  [Pamela’s]  popularity  was  its 
changing  the  pronunciation  of  the  name  itself,  which  in 
Pope  is  accented  on  the  second  syllable,  and  in  Richard- 
son on  the  first, — the  public  being  willing  to  introduce 
discord  into  a line  of  the  former,  rather  than  spoil  the  har- 
mony of  a few  verses  which  the  latter  had  inserted  in  the 
novel.  Whipple,  Essays. 

Pames  (pa'mas),  or  Pamis  (pa'mes).  Mexican 
Indians  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state 
of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Quer6taro  and  Guanajuato.  They  are  of  Otomi 
stock,  closely  related  to  the  true  Otomis,  and  have  long 
been  partially  civilized.  See  Otomis  and  Otomi  stock. 
Famiers  (pa-mya').  A cathedral  city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ariege,  France,  situated  on  the 
Ariege  40  miles  south  of  Toulouse,  it  was  the 
capital  of  the  former  countship  of  Foix.  It  was  sacked  in 
1628.  Population,  commune,  10,449. 

Pamir  (pa-mer').  The  name  given  to  an  exten- 
sive plateau  region  in  central  Asia,  northeast 
of  Afghanistan,  south  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and 
west  of  East  Turkestan.  It  contains  the  sources  of 
the  Amu- Daria.  Its  elevation  is  about  13,000  feet,  and 
from  it  radiate  the  Alai  (Trans- Alai),  Karakorum,  and 
Hindu  Kush  Mountains,  with  peaks  rising  on  the  borders 
20,000-26,000  feet  in  elevation.  It  is  the  central  knot  of  the 
Asiatic  mountains,  and  is  frequently  designated  the  “ roof 
of  the  world.”  Over  it  passed  the  ancient  commercial 
highway  to  China.  It  is  on  the  borders  of  the  Russian 
and  British  empires  and  China,  and  hence  has  recently 
become  of  great  interest.  A large  part  of  the  Pamir  region 
was  occupied  by  Russia  in  1892.  In  1895  an  agreement 
between  Russia  and  Great  Britain  arranged  the  respective 
spheres  of  influence  of  the  two  nations. 

Pamlico  (pam-le'ko).  [PI.,  also  Pamlicos.~\  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  living  upon 
the  river  of  the  same  name  in  Beaufort  County, 
North  Carolina.  They  were  nearly  destroyed  by 
smallpox  in  1696  and  by  the  Tuscarora  war  of  1711,  the 
remnant  of  them  being  absorbed  in  the  Tuscarora  tribe. 
See  Algonquian. 

Pamlico  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  east 
of  North  Carolina,  separated  from  the  Atlantic 
by  low  narrow  islands.  It  communicates  with  Albe- 
marle Sound  on  the  north  by  Croatan  and  Roanoke  sounds, 
and  with  the  Atlantic  by  Ocracoke,  Hatteras,  and  other 
inlets.  Length,  about  75  miles. 

Pammanas,  or  Pammarys.  See  Purupurus. 
Pampa  (pam'pa).  A territory  of  the  Argentine 
Republic,  west  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Area,  56,- 
320  square  miles.  Population,  76,393. 

Pampa  Aullagas  (pam'pa  oul-ya'gas),  or  Aul- 
lagas,  called  also  Poopo  (po-o-po'),  etc.  A 
swampy  lake  in  Bolivia  which  receives  the  river 
Desaguadero  from  Lake  Titicaca.  It  has  no 
outlet.  Length,  65-70  miles. 

Pampas  (pam'piis).  A name  given  in  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic  to  various  Indian  tribes  in- 
habiting the  pampas  to  the  south  and  west  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  especially  the  Puelches,  Ran- 
queles,  and  Pehuenches. 

Pampas  (pam'paz;  Sp.  pron.  piim'pas).  [Said 
to  be  from  a Quichua  word  meaning  ‘ an  open 
field.’]  A name  given  in  southern  and  western 
South  America  to  various  open  and  grassy 
plains,  and  in  this  sense  synonymous  with  lla- 
nos. Specifically,  and  in  a geographical  sense,  the  pampas 
are  the  great  open  plains  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  be- 
tween the  river  Parana  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  east  and  the 
mountainous  regions  of  the  west.  Northward  these  plains 
are  continuous  with  the  Gran  Chaco,  and  southward  they 
rise  into  the  table  lands  of  Patagonia.  Regarding  the 
river  Salado  as  the  northern  boundary,  and  the  Colorado 
as  the  southern,  the  pampas  embrace  the  provinces  of 
Buenos  Ayres  and  Santa  Fe,  most  of  Cordoba,  portions  of 
Santiago,  San  Luis,  and  Mendoza,  and  the  territory  of  La 
Pampa,  to  which  the  name  is  now  commonly  restricted  in 
Argentina  This  gives  an  area  of  over  300,000  square  miles. 
The  elevation  in  Cordoba  is  1,200  or  1,300  feet;  thence  it 
VI.  26 


777 

falls  regularly  southeastward  to  40  or  50  feet  near  the  At- 
lantic. There  are  occasional  depressions,  occupied  by  sa- 
lines, but  no  high  hills.  The  surface  is  everywhere  open 
and,  where  not  too  dry,  very  fertile ; portions  are  subject 
to  floods.  The  name  is  often  extended,  especially  by  nat- 
uralists, to  the  open  but  hilly  lands  east  of  the  Parana 
and  in  Uruguay  and  southern  Brazil. 

Pampas  del  Sacramento  (pam'pas  del  sak-ra- 
men'to).  A region  of  northern  Peru,  between 
the  rivers  Huallaga  and  Ucayale.  From  the  little 
known  of  it,  it  appears  to  be  a plateau  varied  with  hills 
or  low  mountains,  very  fertile,  and  with  a healthy  and 
agreeable  climate ; much  of  the  surface  is  free  from  forest. 
It  was  discovered  and  named  by  the  Jesuit  Simon  Zara 
in  1732,  and  for  many  years  was  the  seat  of  nourishing 
Jesuit  missions.  There  are  now  few  inhabitants  except 
wandering  Indians.  Length,  probably  300  miles.  Width, 
40  to  100  miles. 

Pampean  (pam'pe-an)  race.  [F.  race  pampe- 
enne.)  A name  under  which  D’Orbigny  (1839) 
included  nearly  all  the  South  American  Indian 
tribes  known  to  him  east  of  the  Andes,  except 
those  of  the  Tupi  and  Tapuya  stocks.  He  divided 
them  into  3 races  — the  Pampean,  Chiquitean,  and  Moxean. 
This  classification  was  based  on  physical  characteristics, 
and  later  ethnologists,  relying  mainly  on  the  differences 
of  language,  have  abandoned  it.  The  tribes  are  now  dis- 
tributed in  many  linguistic  stocks. 

Pampean  stock,  or  Aucanian  stock  (a-ka'- 
ni-an  stok),  or  Araucanian  (ar-a-ka'ni-an) 
Stock.  A linguistic  stock  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians,  on  both  sides  of  the  Andes,  in 
southern  Chile  and  the  Argentine  Republic. 
It  embraces,  among  other  tribes,  the  Araucanians  of  Chile, 
and  the  Aucanos,  Pehuenches,  Puelches,  and  Querendis 
of  the  Argentine.  They  are  all  known  as  valiant  warriors 
who  long  resisted  the  Spaniards ; most  of  them  are  still 
practically  independent. 

Pampeluna.  See  Pamplona. 

Pamphylia  ( pam-fil  'i-a) . [Gr.  n a/upvMa,  country 
of  all  tribes.]  In  ancient  geography,  a moun- 
tainous region  in  Asia  Minor,  bounded  by  Pi- 
sidia  on  the  north,  Cilicia  on  the  east,  the  Med- 
iterranean on  the  south,  and  Lycia  on  the  west. 
It  was  successively  under  the  rule  of  Lydia,  Persia,  Mace- 
don,  Syria.  Pergamum,  and  Rome. 

Pamphylian  (pam-fil  'i-an)  Gulf,  or  Pamphyl- 
ian  Sea.  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of 
Adalia. 

Pamplona  (pam-plo'na),  or  Pampeluna  (pam- 
pa-16'nii),  F.  Pampelune  (ponp-liin').  1.  A 
province  of  Spain.  See  Navarre. — 2.  The  cap- 
ital of  Navarre,  situated  on  the  Arga  about  lat. 
42°  47'  N.,  long.  1°  40'  W.  It  is  a fortress  and  stra- 
tegic point  of  importance.  The  cathedral  dates  from  1397, 
with  a modernized  west  front.  The  cloister  is  of  excellent 
Geometrical  Pointed  work,  In  part  with  openwork  pedi- 
ments over  the  traceried  arches.  A refectory  and  several 
rooms  and  chapels  older  than  the  cathedral  open  on  the 
cloister.  Pamplona  was  an  ancient  town  of  the  Vascones ; 
was  partially  destroyed  by  Charles  the  Great  in  778 ; suffered 
in  the  Moorish  wars ; became  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Navarre ; was  taken  by  the  French  in  1808,  and  re- 
taken by  the  Spanish  in  1813 ; and  suffered  in  the  Carlist 
wars.  Population,  28,886. 

Pamplona  (pam-plo'na).  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Santander,  Colombia,  205  miles 
north-northeast  of  Bogota.  Population,  14,- 
790. 

Pamunkey  (pa-mungk'i).  A river  in  Virginia, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  and  South 
Anna,  and  uniting  with  the  Mattapony  at  West 
Point  to  form  the  York  River.  Length,  with 
the  South  Anna,  over  100  miles. 

Pan  (pan).  [Gr.  liar.]  In  ancient  Greek  my- 
thology, the  god  of  pastures,  forests,  and  flocks. 
The  original  seat  of  his  worship  was  in  Arcadia,  whence  it 
gradually  spread  over  the  rest  of  Greece.  He  was  repre- 
sented with  the  head  and  body  of  an  elderly  man,  while 
his  lower  parts  were  like  the  hind  quarters  of  a goat,  of 
which  animal  he  often  bore  the  horns  and  ears  also.  He 
was  fond  of  music  and  of  dancing  with  the  forest  nymphs, 
and  was  the  inventor  of  the  syrinx,  or  shepherd’s  flute, 
hence  called  Pan's  pipes  or  Pandean  pipes.  Sudden  terror 
without  visible  or  reasonable  cause  was  attributed  to  his 
influence.  The  Romans  identified  the  Greek  Pan  with 
their  own  god  Inuus,  and  sometimes  also  with  Faunus. 
Panack.  See  Bannock. 

Panaetius(pa-ne'slii-us).  [Gr.  Tlavainor.]  Born 
about  180  b.  C. : died  about  111  B.  c.  A Greek 
Stoic  philosopher  of  Rhodes,  the  friend  (at 
Rome)  of  Laclius  and  Scipio  the  Younger. 
Panagia  (pa-na'gi-a).  [Gr.  travaytoq,  all-holy.] 
In  the  Greek  or  Orthodox  Eastern  Church,  a 
title  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  This  title  signifies  literally 
‘all-holy,’  an  intensive  of  the  epithet  “holy”  applied  to 
other  saints,  and  is  of  all  her  titles  that  which  is  in  most 
^ general  use. 

Panama  (pa-na-mii').  1.  A Central  American 
republic,  comprising  (nearly)  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama:  formerly  a department  of  Colombia; 
seceded  in  1903.  See  * Isthmian  Canal  Zone. 
— 2.  A cathedral  city  and  seaport,  capital  of 
Panama,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Panama  in 
lat.  8°  57'  N.,  long.  79°  32'  W.  It  is  the  terminus 

of  the  Panama  Railway.  It  was  founded  in  1619  by 
l'edrarias,  burned  by  Morgan’s  bucaneers  in  1671,  and 


Panchala 

rebuilt  in  its  present  location  in  1673.  Population,  about 
35,500,  (1910). 

Panama,  Audience  of.  A Spanish  court  and 
governing  body  located  at  Panama.  As  originally 
established  in  1538  (by  decree  of  1535)  it  ruled  all  the  Span- 
ish possessions  of  Central  and  South  America,  except  Vene- 
zuela. It  was  suppressed  in  1545,  on  the  creation  of  the 
audiences  of  Lima  and  the  Confines.  From  1564  to  1569 
the  audience  of  the  Confines  was  removed  to  Panama,  with 
jurisdiction  over  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  the 
Isthmus,  and  most  of  New  Granada : after  the  latter  year 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica  were  attached  to  the 
audience  of  the  Confines,  that  of  Panama  including  the 
Isthmus  and  New  Granada,  subject  to  the  audience  of 
Lima.  It  was  suppressed  from  1718  to  1722,  and  subse- 
quently, until  its  final  suppression  in  1752,  was  subordinate 
to  the  audience  of  New  Granada  at  Bogota. 

Panama,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
south  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Panama,  Isthmus  of,  or  Isthmus  of  Darien. 
An  isthmus  which  connects  North  and  South 
America  and  separates  the  Caribbean  Sea  from 
the  Pacific  Ocean . It  is  traversed  by  low  mountains. 
Length  (to  Costa  Rica),  about  450  miles.  Width,  30-70 
miles.  The  name  Panama  is  sometimes  used  in  a more 
restricted  sense  for  a narrow  portion  of  the  isthmus  im- 
mediately opposite  the  town  of  Panama ; and  a similar 
constriction  opposite  the  Gulf  of  Urubi  is  often  distin- 
guished  as  the  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

Panama  Canal.  A ship-canal  (with  locks)  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  The  idea  of  piercing  the 
isthmus  is  very  old,  and  from  1828  many  surveys  were 
made  with  reference  to  it,  including  very  complete  ones 
by  the  United  States  government  1872-75.  In  1877  the  Co- 
lombian government  granted  a concession  to  a French- 
man named  Wyse  for  constructing  the  canal.  Ferdinand 
de  Lesseps  supported  the  scheme.  At  his  invitation  an  “ in- 
ternational scientific  congress  ” met  at  Paris  in  May,  1879, 
and  after  a short  session,  and  without  considering  other 
plans,  decided  in  favor  of  the  Panama  route : the  American 
delegates  refrained  from  voting.  A Panama  canal  com- 
pany was  at  once  formed  ; the  Wyse  concession  was  pur- 
chased by  it ; De  Lesseps  himself,  as  chief  engineer,  visited 
the  isthmus  and  declared  that  the  canal  was  entirely 
practicable  ; and  an  “international  technical  committee  ” 
estimated  the  cost  at  $169,000,009.  On  the  strength  of 
these  representations  the  shares  were  rapidly  taken,  and 
active  work  was  commenced  in  1881.  The  route  decided 
upon  is  close  to  the  Panama  Railroad,  crossing  theChagres 
River  six  times,  and  involving  a long  and  deep  cut 
through  the  Central  Cordillera : the  periodical  Hoods  of 
the  Chagres  were  to  be  controlled  by  dams.  Work  was 
continued,  with  some  interruptions,  until  March,  1889, 
when  the  company  went  into  liquidation.  Up  to  that 
time  it  is  said  to  have  absorbed  $260,000,000,  obtained  by 
the  sale  of  shares  and  bonds,  mainly  to  the  middle  classes 
in  France,  and  finally  by  lottery  drawings  which  were  au- 
thorized  by  the  French  government.  Of  the  total  length 
of  the  canal  (54  miles),  12  miles  had  been  so  far  finished  as 
to  be  navigable;  but  this  did  not  include  the  more  difficult 
portions.  In  Dec  , 1892,  De  Lesseps  and  his  son,  the  con- 
tractor Eiffel,  and  others  were  arrested  on  charges  of  fraud 
in  connection  with  the  canal.  See  Lesseps,  Ferdinand  de. 
After  the  establishment  of  the  Reputilic  of  Panama  (1903) 
a treaty  between  it  and  the  United  States  was  negotiated 
(Feb.  26,  1904),  by  which  the  latter  undertook  to  build  the 
canal,  the  rights  of  the  French  company  having  been  ac- 
quired by  purchase. 

Panama  Congress.  A congress,  to  be  field  at 
Panama  in  1826,  called  by  the  Spanish-Americau 
republics  for  the  settlement  of  various  matters 
pertaining  to  America  in  general.  The  United 
States  were  not  represented  in  the  preliminary  meeting. 
The  congress  adjourned  to  1827,  but  did  not  reconvene. 

Pan-American  Congress.  1 . A congress  of  rep- 
resentatives from  the  United  States,  Mexico, 
Haiti,  and  all  the  states  of  Central  America 
and  South  America,  held  at  Washington  1889- 
1890,  for  the  purpose  of  consultation  on  matters 
common  to  the  various  states,  and  for  the  fur- 
therance of  international  commerce  andcomity. 
— 2.  A similar  congress  held  in  the  city  of 
Mexico,  October,  1901-Jauuary,  1902. — 3.  A 
congress  held  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  July,  1906. 
— 4.  A conference  held  in  Buenos  Aires  July- 
August,  1910.  It  agreed  to  submit  to  arbitra- 
tion such  money  claims  as  cannot  be  settled 
by  diplomacy. 

Pan-American  Exposition.  An  exposition  of 
the  work  of  the  peoples  of  North  and  South 
America,  held  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1901. 
Pananas  (pa-na-nas').  [Corruption  of  Pawnee .] 
The  name  given  in  New  Mexico  by  the  Span- 
ish settlers  to  the  Pawnee  tribe. 

Panaria  (pa-na-re'a).  One  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 
northeast  of  Lipari. 

Panaro  (pa-na'ro).  Ariverof  Italy,  which  joins 
the  Po  12  miles  northwest  of  Ferrara.  Length, 
about  75  miles. 

Panathenaic  Stadium.  See  A thens. 

Panay  (pii-ni').  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
situated  southeast  of  Mindoro  and  northwest  of 
Negros.  Area,  4,611  square  miles. 

Panchala  (pan-chii'la).  The  name  of  a country 
andpeople  of  ancient  India  (in  theMahabharata, 
in  the  Lower  Doab;  in  Manu,  near  Kanaui;  and 
according  to  Wilson,  ‘ ‘ extending  north  and  west 
from  Delhi,  from  the  foot  of  the  Himalayas  to 
the  Chambal”). 


Panchatantra 

Panchatantra  (pan-eha-tan'tra).  [Skt.,  ‘hav- 
ing five  divisions  or  books.’]  A celebrated  San- 
skrit book  of  fables,  one  of  the  two  sources  of 
the  Hitopadesha  (which  see),  25  of  the  43  fables 
of  the  latter  being  found  in  it.  From  a now  lost 
earlier  Indian  original  of  the  Panchatantra  came  a lost 
Pahlavi  translation  about  550  A.  I>.  ; from  that  the  Syriac 
“Kalilagand  Damnag  ” (570)  and  the  Arabic  “Kalilah  and 
Dimnah  ” (750) ; from  the  Arabic,  the  unknown  interme- 
diary of  Bnldo’s  “Alter  ASsopus”  of  the  12th  century,  the 
Latin  intermediary  of  Don  Alfonso’s  Spanish  version  of 
1299,  the  Hebrew  of  Rabbi  Joel  of  1250,  the  Persian  of 
Nasr  Allah  1130,  and  the  Greek  of  Symeon  Seth  1080 ; from 
Kabbi  Joel’s  Hebrew  version,  John  of  Capua’s  “Directorium 
humanfe  vit;e”  1270,  a Spanish  version  (“Exemplario”)  in 
1493,  an  Ital  ian  by  Don  i in  1552,  and  from  t hat  again  the  Eng- 
lish of  Sir  Thomas  North  of  1570,  while  from  Kabbi  Joel’s 
Hebrew  through  John  of  Capua’s  “Directorium  ’’  camealso 
Duke  Eberhard’s  “ Buch  der  Beispiele  ” of  14S0 ; from  the 
Persian  of  Nasr  Allah  1130  came  Abul  Fazl’s  revision  for  Ak- 
bar  of  1590,  and  thence  a Turkish  rendered  into  French,  and 
the  “Anwari  Suhaili,"  or  “Lights of  Canopus,”  translated 
into  English  by  Eastvvick  1854  ; from  the  Greek  of  Symeon 
Seth  1080  came  a Latin  version  published  in  Rome  1666, 
and  an  Italian  published  at  Ferrara  1583.  This  tabulation 
by  Lanman  of  the  results  of  Benfey,  given  by  him  in  the 
introduction  to  his  Panchatantra  (Leipsic,  1859),  and  in 
Benfey’s  introduction  to  Bickell’s  “ Kalilag  und  Damnag  ” 
(Leipsic,  1876),  shows  the  importance  of  the  work  in  the 
history  of  folk-lore.  It  is  the  origin  of  the  fables  known 
throughout  Europe  as  those  of  Pilpay  or  Bidpai.  (See  Pil- 
pay.)  Besides  the  German  version  of  Benfey,  there  is  a 
French  translation  by  Lancereau  with  a discussion  of  the 
history  of  the  fables. 

Panchavati  (pan'cha-va-te).  In  Sanskrit  my- 
thology, part  of  the  great  southern  forest  near 
the  sources  of  the  Godavari,  where  Rama  dur- 
ing his  exile  passed  a long  period. 

Panches  (pan'chas).  A name  given  by  early 
historians  of  New  Granada  to  Indian  tribes  in 
the  valleys  south  of  Bogota  included  in  the 
modern  departments  of  Tolima,  Cundinamarea, 
and  Cauca.  They  were  described  as  very  savage  and  as 
cannibals.  Probably  the  name  was  given  to  them  by  the 
Chibchas,  and  it  may  have  been  applied  to  many  distinct 
tribes.  Herrera  states  that  the  Panclve  language  was 
widely  extended,  nearly  surrounding  the  Chibcha  t erritory 
— a statement  which  lias  led  Dr.  Brinton  to  include  these 
Indians,  with  others,  in  the  Paniquita  stock  (which  see). 

Panch  Mahals  (panch  ma-halz').  A district 
in  Bombay  Presidency,  British  India,  situated 
about  lat.  22°  50'  N.,  long.  73°  50'  E.  Area, 
1,606  square  miles.  Population,  261,020.  Also 
Punch  M eh  sis. 

Panckoucke  (pon-kok'),  Charles  Joseph.  Born 
at  Lille,  France,  Nov.  26,  1736:  died  at  Paris, 
Dee.  19,  1798.  A French  publisher,  translator, 
and  writer. 

Panckoucke,  Charles  Louis  Fleury.  Born  at 
Paris,  Dec.  23,  1780:  died  there,  July  12,  1844. 
A French  publisher,  translator,  and  writer,  son 
of  C.  J.  Panckoucke. 

Pancras  (pan'kras),  L.  Pancratius  (pan-kra'- 
shi-us),  Saint.  A martyr  at  Rome  under  Dio- 
cletian. He  was  only  14  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and 
was  subsequently  regarded  as  the  patron  saint  of  children. 

Pancsova  (pan'cho-vo).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Torontal,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Temes  10 
miles  east-northeast  of  Belgrad.  Here,  July  30, 
1739,  the  Austrians  defeated  the  Turks,  and  in  1849  the 
Austrians  defeated  the  Hungarians.  Population,  com- 
mune, 19,044. 

Panda  (piin'da).  See  Igbira. 

Pandareos  (pan-da're-os).  [Gr.  n av&apeop.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a native  of  Miletus  who  stole  the 
golden  dog  made  by  Hephtestus  from  the  tem- 
ple of  Zeus  in  Crete,  and  gave  it  to  Tantalus. 
For  denying  its  possession  Tantalus  was  buried  under 
Mount  Sipylus,  and  Pandareos  was  slain.  His  daughters 
were  brought  up  by  Aphrodite. 

Pandarus  (pan'da-rus).  [Gr.  Udvdapor.']  In 
Greek  legend,  an  ally  of  the  Trojans  during  the 
siege  of  Troy,  leader  of  the  Zeleians  or  Lycians. 
He  is  represented  in  medieval  romance,  and  by  Chaucer, 
Shakspere,  etc.,  as  a procurer.  See  Cressid. 

Pandataria  (patt-da  ta'ri-a).  [Gr.  n avdarapia.] 
In  ancient  geography,  one  of  the  Ponza  Islands, 
situated  in  the  Mediterranean  west  of  Naples: 
the  modem  Vandotena.  It  was  the  place  of 
banishment  of  J ulia,  Agrippina,  and  Oetavia. 

Pandavas  (pan'da-vaz).  [Skt.]  Descendants 
of  Pandu.  See  Panda. 

Pandects  of  Justinian.  [From  Gr.  navdbiTrir, 
all-containing.]  A collection  of  Roman  civil 
law  made  by  the  emperor  Justinian  in  the  6th 
century, •containing  decisions  or  judgments  of 
lawyers,  to  which  the  emperor  gave  the  force 
and  authority  of  law.  This  compilation,  the  most 
important  of  the  body  of  Roman  civil  law,  consists  of  50 
books.  Also  called  the  Digest.  Compare  Corpus  Juris. 

The  popular  story,  already  much  discredited,  that  the 
famous  copy  of  the  Pandects  now  in  the  Laurentian  Li- 
brary at  Florence  was  brought  to  Pisa  from  Amalfi,  after 
the  capture  of  that  city  by  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  with  the 
aid  of  a Pisan  fleet  in  1135,  and  became  the  means  of  dif- 
fusing an  acquaintance  with  that  portion  of  the  law 
through  Italy,  is  shown  by  him  [Saviguy]  not  only  to  rest 


778 

on  very  slight  evidence,  but  to  be  unquestionably,  in  the 
latter  and  more  important  circumstance,  destitute  of  all 
foundation.  Hallam,  Lit.,  p.  53. 

Pandemos  (pan-de'mos).  [Gr.  -dvthpior,  com- 
mon to  all  the  people.]  A surname  of  Aphro- 
dite, alluding  both  to  her  sensual  character  and 
to  her  function  as  the  uniter  of  the  scattered 
population  in  one  social  body. 
Panderpur(pun-der-p6r'),oiPandharpur(pun- 
dar-por').  A town  iu  Sholapur  district,  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  situated  on  the  Bhima  about 
lat.  17°  41'  N.,  long.  75°  26' E.  It  has  a temple 
of  Vishnu.  Population,  32,405. 

Pandies  (pan'diz).  [From  Hind,  panda,  a Brah- 
man.] The  Hindus ; the  Sepoys : especially 
applied  by  the  British  troops  to  the  Sepoys  in  the 
Indian  mutiny  of  1857-58. 

Pandion  (pan-di'on).  [Gr.  Tlavdiuv.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a king  of  Athens,  father  of  Procne  and 
Philomela. 

Pandora  (pan-dd'ra).  [Gr.  JlavSthpa,  all-gifted, 
or  all-giver.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  first 
woman,  created  by  Hephaestus  at  the  command 
of  Zeus  in  revenge  for  the  theft  of  fire  from 
heaven  by  Prometheus.  The  gods  endowed  her  with 
beauty,  cunning,  and  other  attributes  fitted  to  bring  mis- 
fortune to  man.  She  was  given  to  Epimetheus,  who,  in  ac- 
cepting the  gift,  brought  down  all  the  evils  of  life  upon 
the  human  race.  According  to  some  accounts  she  became 
the  mother  of  Pyrrha  and  Deucalion  ; according  to  others 
she  was  their  daughter.  In  a later  form  of  the  legend  she 
received  from  the  gods  a box  containing  the  blessings  of 
life,  which  she  opened,  thus  allowing  all  the  blessings  (ex- 
cept hope)  to  escape. 

Pandosia  (pan-do'shi-a).  [Gr.  Uavdoaia.~\  In 
ancient  geography,  a place  in  Bruttium,  Italy, 
near  the  modern  Cosenza.  Here,  326  b.  c.,  Alex- 
ander, king  of  Epirus,  was  defeated  by  the  Brut- 
tians. 

Pandosto  (pan-dos'to),  or  the  Triumph  of 
Time.  A romance  by  Robert  Greene,  published 
in  1588.  It  was  based  on  a Polish  romance.  The  second 
title  is  “The  History  of  Dorastus  and  Fawnia”:  the  later 
editions  give  this  as  the  title.  Shakspere  founded  his 
“Winter’s  Tale”on  this  story  : the  character  of  Pandosto 
was  the  original  of  Polixenes,  king  of  Bohemia,  in  Shak- 
spere’s  play. 

Pandrosos  (pan'dro-sos).  [Gr.  IMrdpocrof.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a daughter  of  Cecrops.  She 
had  a sanctuary  at  Athens. 

Pandu  (pan'do).  [Skt.,  ‘ the  pale.’]  Brother  of 
Dhritarashtra,  king  of  Hastinapura  and  father 
of  the  Pandavas  or  Pandu  princes.  See  Muha- 
bharata. 

Pandulf,  or  Pandulph  (pan'clulf).  Died  1226. 
A cardinal  in  the  papal  service,  prominent  in 
English  polities  in  the  reigns  of  John  and 
Henry  III. 

Paneas  (pan-e-as').  See  Caesarea  Philippi. 

Pangani  (pang-ga/ne).  A seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rufu  or 
Rufa,  about  lat.  5°  30'  S. 

Pangaum.  See  Goa,  New. 

Pangloss  (pan'glos),  Doctor.  [‘All-tongues.’] 
1.  In  Voltaire’s  “Candide,”  an  obstinately  op- 
timistic philosopher,  the  tutor  of  Candide.  His 
favorite  maxim  is  that  “all  is  for  the  best  in  this 
best  of  possible  worlds.” — 2.  In  Column  the 
younger’s  play  “ The  Heir-at-Law,”  a pedantic 
but  gay  and  amusing  prig,  the  tutor  of  Dick 
Dowlas:  a satire  on  the  mercenary  and  disrepu- 
table private  tutors  of  the  period. 

Pango-Pango (pang'go-pang'go).  Alargehaven 
on  the  southern  side  of  Tutuila  in  the  Samoan 
Islands.  It  has  been  occupied  by  the  United 
States  as  a coaling  station  since  1872. 

Pangu  (pang'go).  See  Kongo  Nation. 

Pangwe  (pang' we).  See  Fan. 

Panhandle,  or  Pan  Handle  (pan'han'dl).  A 
popular  name  for:  (a)  The  northern  part  of 
West  Virginia,  a projecting  strip  lying  between 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  ( b ) The  northern  ex- 
tension of  Texas,  (c)  The  northern  extension 
of  Idaho. 

Panhellenius  (pan-he-le'ni-us).  [Gr.  Tiavellp- 
vios,  of  all  the  Greeks.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
surname  of  Zeus. 

Pani.  See  Pawnee. 

Panicale.  See  Masolino  da  Panicale. 

Panini(  pa'ni-n  i) . The  greatest  of  Sanskritgram- 
marians.  He  is  said  to  have  been  born  at  Shalatura  in 
the  Gandhara  country  (Kandahar),  northwestof  Attockon 
the  Indus.  “Respecting  his  period  nothing  really  trust- 
worthy is  known,  but  he  is  with  much  probability  held  to 
have  lived  some  time  (two  to  four  centuries)  before  the 
Christian  era”  (Whitney).  His  grammar  consists  of  eight 
lectures,  each  divided  into  four  chapters,  and  each  of  these 
into  a number  of  sutras  or  aphorisms,  the  whole  number 
of  these  being  3,996  or  3,997.  It  traces  phenomena  wherever 
found  instead  of  classifying  material,  and  is  accordingly  a 
sort  of  natural  history  of  the  language.  To  attain  greater 
conciseness  an  arbitrary  symbolical  language  is  coined, 


Pano  stock 

the  key  to  which  must  be  acquired  to  make  the  rules  in- 
telligible. The  first  adhyaya  or  lecture  explains  the  tech- 
nical terms  and  their  use.  The  whole  work  is,  in  fact,  a 
sort  of  grammat  ical  algebra.  The  great  significance  of  it  lies 
in  the  circumstance  that  the  whole  of  the  more  modem  San- 
skrit literature  has  been  pressed  into  the  mold  prepared 
by  Panini  and  his  school.  Panini  has  been  edited,  trans- 
lated, and  explained  by  Bohtlingk  in  his  “Paninis  Gram- 
matik  ” (new  edition,  Leipsic,  1887).  See  also  Goldstiicker’s 
“Panini:  His  Place  in  Sanskrit  Literature ’’(London,  1861). 
Panipat,  or  Paniput  (pan-i-put').  A town  in 
the  Panjab,  Bi’itish  India,  56  miles  north  of 
Delhi.  Here,  in  1526,  a victory  was  gained  by  Baber  the 
Mogul  conqueror  over  the  Sultan  of  Delhi,  which  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Mogul  empire;  here,  in  1556,  a victory 
was  gained  by  Akbar;  and  here,  in  Jan.,  1761,  the  Af- 
ghans under  Ahmed  Shah  Durani  defeated  the  Mahrattas 
and  broke  their  power.  Population,  26,914. 
Paniquitas  (pa-ne-ke ' fas) . [So  called  from  their 
principal  modern  village.]  Indians  of  Colombia, 
department  of  Cauca,  in  the  mountains  near 
Popayan.  They  are  perhaps  descended  from 
the  ancient  Panches  (which  see). 

Paniquita  stock  (pa-ne-ke'ta  stok).  The  name 
proposed  by  Dr.  Brinton  for  a linguistic  stock 
of  Indians  in  Colombia.  Besides  the  modern  Pani- 
quitas and  Paes  or  Paezes,  he  refers  to  it,  provisionally, 
several  old  tribes  whose  languages  are  lost,  including  the 
Musos,  Panches,  Colimas,  and  Pijaos.  Nearly  all  of  these 
were  at  war  with  the  Chibchas  before  the  conquest,  and 
they  were  less  advanced  in  civilization  than  that  tribe. 
Many  of  them  flattened  the  head  artificially.  See  Musos, 
Pijaos,  and  Panches. 

Panixer  (pa'nik-ser)  Pass.  A pass  on  the  border 
of  the  cantons  of  Glarus  and  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. It  was  the  scene  of  the  retreat  of  Suva- 
rolf’s  army  in  Oct.,  1799.  Height,  7,907  feet. 
Panizzi  (pa-net'se),  Sir  Anthony.  Born  at 
Brescello,  Modena,  Sept..  16, 1797 : died  at  Lon- 
don, April  8,  1879.  Chief  librarian  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  He  took  his  degree  at  the  University 
of  Parma,  and  became  an  advocate.  Implicated  in  the 
revolutionary  attempt  at  Modena  in  1821,  he  fled  to  Eng- 
land in  1823.  He  was  made  professor  of  Italian  in  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  in  1828,  and  in  1831  was  appointed 
assistant  librarian  in  the  British  Museum.  In  1837  he  be- 
came keeper  of  the  printed  books,  and  devised  the  cata- 
logue. He  was  mads  principal  librarian  in  1856.  The 
construction  of  the  great  reading-room  from  his  design 
was  finished  in  1857.  He  retired  in  June,  1866.  He  was 
also  active  in  the  interests  of  the  revolution  in  Italy. 

Panjab,  or  Punjab  (pun -jab'),  or  Punjaub 
(pun-jab'),  or Penjab  (pen-jab').  [Hind.,  ‘five 
rivers.’]  The  country  of  the  five  rivers,  tribu- 
taries of  the  Indus — the  Sutlej,  Bias,  Ravi,Che- 
nab,and  Jhelurn;  in  an  extended  sense, a lieuten- 
ant-governorship of  British  India,  including  the 
Panjab  proper  and  adjacent  regions,  and  sit- 
uated northwest  of  the  United  Provinces. 
Capital,  Lahore.  The  surface  is  generally  a plain. 
The  Panjab  is  the  seat  of  the  Sikhs.  It  formed  part  of  the 
Mogul  empire,  and  was  invaded  by  Nadir  Shah  and  other 
conquerors  in  the  18th  century.  The  Sikh  power  was  con- 
solidated under  Ranjit  Singh  (died  1839).  The  first  Sikh 
war  with  the  British  was  fought  in  1846;  the  Becond  in 
1848-49.  ThePanjab  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1849. 
Area,  113,741  square  miles.  Population,  24,754,737. 

Panjandrum  (pan-jan'drum),  The  Grand.  A 

fictitious  personage,  invented  by  the  dramatist 
Foote. 

Panjim.  See  Goa,  New. 

Panmure,  Barcn.  See  Ramsay,  Fox  Mattie. 
Panna  or  Punnah  (pun'a).  A state  in  Bun- 
delkhand,  India,  under  British  control,  inter- 
sectedbylat.  24°40'N.,  long.  80°  15' E.  Area, 
2,492  squaro  miles.  Population,  192,986. 
Pannonia  (pa-no'ni-a).  [Gr.  Tlavvovta.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a Roman  province,  bounded 
by  the  Danube  on  the  north  and  east,  Mcesia 
and  Illyricum  on  the  south,  and  Noricum  on 
the  west.  It  corresponded  to  Hungary  south  and  westof 
the  Danube,  Slavonia,  and  parts  of  Lower  Austria,  Styria, 
Carniola,  Croatia,  and  Bosnia  ; was  made  a Roman  prov- 
ince by  Tiberius ; was  divided  by  Trajan  into  Upper  Pan- 
nonia in  the  west  and  Lower  Pannonia  in  the  east ; was 
subdivided  by  Diocletian : and  passed  later  to  the  East 
Goths,  Lombards,  Huns,  Slavs,  and  Magyars. 

Panom-Penh,  orPanompeng.  See  Pnom-Penh. 
Panopolis  (pan-op'o-lis).  [Gr.  navdrro/tc,  city 
of  Pan.]  The  ancient  name  of  Akhmim. 
Panoptes  (pan-op'tez).  [Gr.  IlaiwT^r,  all-seer.] 
A surname  of  Argus. 

Panormus  (pa-nor'mus).  [Gr.  Unvopaor,  all- 
haven.] The  ancient  name  of  Palermo. 

Panos  (pa'nos).  Indians  of  Peru,  in  the  forests 
near  the  Ucayale  River,  northeast  of  Cerro  de 
Pasco.  They  were  formerly  numerous,  and  during  the 
17th  century  many  of  them  were  gathered  into  mission 
villages.  The  missionaries  described  them  as  savages  of 
a rather  low  grade,  but  practising  agriculture  and  possess- 
ing, it  is  said,  the  art  of  hieroglyphic  writing  on  hark.  The 
missions  were  broken  up  in  1767,  and  most  of  the  Panos 
returned  to  their  wild  life,  forming  numerous  petty  tribes. 
The  few  remaining  are  friendly  to  the  whites. 

Pano  stock  (pii'no  stok).  A linguistic  stock  of 
South  American  Indians,  mainly  in  northern 
Peru  near  the  Ucayale  and  Huallaga  Rivers. 
It  includes,  among  others,  the  Panos,  Cachiboe,  Combos, 


Pano  stock 

Setibos,  Remos,  etc.,  in  Peru,  the  Mayorunas  on  the  river 
Javary,  the  Pacaguaras  of  the  Beni,  and  possibly  the  Cari- 
punas  of  the  Madeira.  Most  of  the  tribes  are  very  savage, 
and  enemies  of  the  whites. 

Pansa  (pan'za),  Caius  Vibius.  Died43B.c.  A 
Roman  consul  43  B.  c.,  the  colleague  of  Hirtius. 
He  was  killed  in  the  war  against  Antony. 
Pansa,  House  of.  See  Pompeii. 

Pantsenus  (pan-te'nus).  [Gr.  II avraivocQ  Lived 
at  the  end  of  the  2d  century  A.  d.  The  leader 
of  the  catechetical  school  in  Alexandria. 
Pantagoros  (pan-ta-go'ros).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Colombia,  formerly  populous  and  powerful  in 
the  valley  of  the  Magdalena,  about  lat.  7°  N. 
They  resisted  the  Spaniards  with  great  courage,  and  many 
of  them  were  killed  or  enslaved.  A few  remain  in  the 
marshy  lands  near  the  river.  They  have  been  referred  to 
the  Paniquita  linguistic  stock. 

Pantagruel  (pan-tag'ro-el ; F.  pron.  poh-1  a-grii- 
el').  The  king  of  the  Dipsodes  and  son  of  Gar- 
gantua,  in  Rabelais’s  ‘“History  of  Gargantua 
and  Pantagruel.”  See  Gargantua. 

Pantalon  (pan'ta-lon),  or  Pantalone  (pan-ta- 
lo'ne).  A typical  character  in  Italian  comedy, 
of  Venetian  origin,  represented  as  an  old  man; 
the  English  Pantaloon. 

Panteliaria  (pan-tel-la-re'a),  or  Pantelleria 
(pan-tel-le-re'a),  or  Pantalaria  (pan-ta-la- 
re'a).  1.  An  island  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
situated  in  lat.  36°  48'  N.,  long.  12°  E. : the  an- 
cient Cosyra  or  Cossura.  It  belongs  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Trapani,  Sicily.  The  surface  is  volcanic.  Area, 
58  square  miles.  Population,  8,619. 

2.  The  chief  town  of  the  island,  situated  on  the 
northwest  coast.  Population,  3,649, 
Panthays  (pan'tliaz).  The  Mohammedans  of 
the  province  of  Yunnan,  China.  They  pro- 
claimed their  independence  in  1855,  but  were 
put  down  about  1872. 

Pantheon  (pan'tke-on).  [Gr.  Tlavdeiov,  neut.  of 
TravOeio^,  of  all  gods.]  A building  at  Rome, 
now  dedicated  as  the  Church  of  Santa  Maria 
Rotonda,  completed  by  Agrippa  in  27  B.  c.,  and 
consecrated  to  the  divine  ancestors  of  the  Ju- 
lian family.  It  is  preceded  by  an  octastyle  pedimented 
Corinthian  portico,  with  2 ranges  of  4 columns  inside. 
The  plan  is  circular,  with  large  alternating  rectangular 
and  semicircular  niches,  whose  entablature  is  upheld  by 
columns.  The  interior  diameter  is  142 \ feet,  and  the  height 
to  the  apex  of  the  great  hemispherical  coffered  dome  is 
the  same.  The  lighting  of  the  interior  is  solely  from  an 
open  circle,  28  feet  in  diameter,  at  the  summit  of  the 
dome.  The  effect  of  the  interior  is  unique  and  highly 
imposing.  The  construction  is  of  concrete,  lightly  faced 
with  brick,  and  incrusted  (now  almost  exclusively  in  the 
interior)  with  marble.  The  dome  is  practically  solid  con- 
crete, the  familiar  system  of  inset  arches  being  merely  one 
brick  deep,  and  having  served  as  a scaffolding  during  the 
erection.  Raphael,  Annibale  Caracci, Victor  Emmanuel  II., 
and  Humbert  I.  are  buried  in  the  Pantheon.  It  has  been 
proved  that  the  temple  never  was  connected  with  the 
baths  of  Agrippa. 

Pantheon  (pon-ta-on').  The  Church  of  Ste.  Ge- 
nevieve in  Paris,  a large  classical  building  in  the 
form  of  a Greek  cross  276  by  370  feet,  with  a 
central  dome  272  feet  high  and  75  in  diameter. 
The  Corinthian  columns  of  the  entrance  portico  are  81  feet 
high.  The  pediment  is  filled  with  a sculptured  group,  by 
David  d’Angers,  representing  France  distributing  laurels 
to  her  deserving  children.  The  interior  is  simple  and 
well  proportioned.  Its  walls  are  in  large  part  covered 
with  paintings,  by  some  of  the  chief  of  modern  artists,  il- 
lustrating the  development  of  French  history  and  civili- 
zation. There  are  also  some  statues  of  distinguished  men. 
Clovis  built  on  this  spot  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Paul,  where  he  was  buried,  as  were  afterward  Ste.  Clotilde 
and  Ste.  Genevieve  from  whom  it  took  its  later  name. 
This  church  was  probably  destroyed  by  the  Normans  in 
the  9th  century.  The  monks  of  St.  Victor  established 
their  cloister  herein  1148,  in  the  papacy  of  Eugenius  III. 
Their  Romanesque  church  was  replaced  by  a late-Gothic 
building  after  1489.  In  1764  the  present  church  was  be- 
gun under  Louis  XV.,  and  in  1791  was  first  set  apart  for  its 
present  purpose, — that  of  a mausoleum  for  famous  French- 
men,—though  it  has  since  at  times  been  used  as  a church. 

Pantheon  of  the  British,  The.  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Pantibibla  (pan-ti-bib'la).  See  the  extract. 

From  the  earliest  period  the  literature  of  Chaldea  was 
stored  in  public  libraries.  According  to  Berosos,  Panti- 
bibla, or  ‘book-town,' was  one  of  the  antediluvian  cities 
of  Babylonia,  and  Xisuthros  had  buried  his  books  at  Sip- 
para — perhaps  in  reference  to  the  Semitic  sepher,  ‘book’ 
— before  the  Flood.  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  166. 

Panticapseum  (pan/'ti-ka-pe'uin).  [Gr.  Jlnm- 
nairaiov.]  The  ancient  name  of  Kertch. 
Pantschatantra.  See  Panchatantra. 

P&nuco  (pii'no-ko).  [Probably  from  the  name 
of  an  Indian  chief.]  The  name  given  by  the 
Spanish  conquerors  of  Mexico  to  a region  on 
the  Gulf  Coast,  about  the  Panuco  River  (north- 
ern Vera  Cruz  and  southern  Tamaulipas).  It 
was  partially  conquered  by  Cortds  in  1522 ; was  claimed  by 
Francisco  de  Garay  in  1523 ; and  in  1526  was  assigned  to 
Nufio  de  Guzman.  Somewhat  later  it  was  limited  to  50 
Spanish  leagues  in  length  and  breadth,  though  Guzman 
claimed  that  it  extended  westward  to  the  Pacific. 


779 

Panurge  (pa-nerj';  F.  pron.  pa-uurzk').  [Gr. 
Travobpyo f,  a rogue,  lit.  ‘ all-doer.’]  A character 
in  Rabelais’s  “ History  of  Gargantua  and  Pan- 
tagruel.” 

A very  important  personage  in  “ Pantagruel  ” is  Panurge, 
a singular  companion  whom  Pantagruel  picks  up  at  Paris, 
and  who  is  perhaps  the  greatest  single  creation  of  Rabe- 
lais. Some  ideas  may  have  been  taken  for  him  from  the 
Cingar  of  Merlinus  Coccaius,  or  Folengo,  a Macaronic 
Italian  poet,  but  on  the  whole  he  is  original,  and  is  hardly 
comparable  to  any  one  else  in  literature  except  Falstaff. 
The  main  idea  in  Panurge  is  the  absence  of  morality  in 
the  wide  Aristotelian  sense,  with  the  presence  of  almost 
all  other  good  qualities.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  185. 

Panyasis  (pa-ni'a-sis).  [Gr.  Tla.vvacuc.']  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  B.  C.  A 
Greek  poet  of  Halicarnassus. 

Panyasis,  uncle  of  Herodotus,  a man  of  political  note  at 
Halicarnassus,  where  he  fought  for  the  freedom  of  the 
town  against  the  tyrant  Lygdamis,  gained  a good  deal  of 
temporary  celebrity  by  another  “Heracleia,”  in  fourteen 
books.  Considerable  fragments  of  asocial  nature  are  quoted 
from  it  by  Stobreus  and  Atlienueus,  which  specially  refer 
to  the  use  and  abuse  of  wine-drinking.  They  are  elegantly 
written,  and  remind  us  strongly  of  the  elegiac  fragments 
on  the  same  subject  by  Xenophanes  and  Theognis.  He 
was  also,  according  to  Suidas,  author  of  elegiac  poems,  in 
six  books,  called  “Ionica,”  on  the  antiquities  of  Athens, 
and  especially  on  the  Ionic  migration. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  145. 

Panza  (pan'za;  Sp.  pron.  piin'tha),  Sancho. 
The  famous  esquire  of  Don  Quixote  in  Cer- 
vantes’s romance  of  that  name. 

To  complete  his  chivalrous  equipment  — which  he  [Don 
Quixote]  had  begun  by  fitting  up  for  himself  a suit  of  armor 
strange  to  his  century— he  took  an  esquire  [Sancho  Panza] 
out  of  his  neighborhood  : a middle-aged  peasant,  ignorant 
and  credulous  to  excess,  but  of  great  good-nature  ; a glut- 
ton and  a liar  ; selfish  and  gross,  yet  attached  to  his  mas- 
ter; shrewd  enough  occasionally  to  see  the  folly  of  their 
position,  but  always  amusing,  and  sometimes  mischievous, 
in  his  interpretations  of  it.  Ticknor , Span.  Lit.,  II.  140. 

Panzer  (pant'ser),  Georg  Wolfgang.  Bom  at 

Sulzbach,  March  16,  1729:  died  at  Nuremberg, 
July  9, 1804.  A German  clergyman  and  bibliog- 
rapher, noted  for  researches  in  the  history  of 
the  art  of  printing:  chief  pastor  at  Nuremberg. 
He  published  “ Annales  typographic  ” (1793- 
1803). 

Paola  (pa'6-la).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  Calabria,  Italy,  situated  on  the  west- 
ern coast  13  miles  northwest  of  Cosenza.  It 
has  a trade  in  oil  and  wine.  Population,  com- 
mune, 8.819. 

Paola,  Fra.  See  Sarpi. 

Paoli  (pa-o'le).  A place  in  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  20  miles  west  by  north  of  Phil- 
adelphia. Here,  Sept.  20,  1777,  the  Americans  under 
Wayne  were  surprised  and  defeated  by  the  British. 

Paoli  (pa'o-le),  Pasquale.  Born  at  Morosaglia, 
in  Corsica,  1725:  died  near  London,  Feb.  5, 
1807.  A Corsican  patriot  and  general.  He  be- 
came generalissimo  and  head  of  the  government  in  1755 ; 
carried  on  war  with  Genoa ; was  driven  from  Corsica  to 
England  by  the  French  in  1769 ; returned  as  lieutenant- 
general  in  1790 ; formed  a conspiracy  with  the  aid  of  Great 
Britain  against  France,  and  became  generalissimo  in  1793 ; 
and  left  Corsica  finally  in  1796. 

Paolo  Veronese.  See  Veronese. 

Pao-ting  (pa-o-ting'),  or  Paouting,  orPauting. 

The  capital  of  the  province  of  Chi-li,  China, 
situated  on  the  river  Yung-ting  about  90  miles 
southwest  of  Peking.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
provincial  government. 

Papa  (pa'po).  A town  in  the  county  of  Vesz- 
prem,  Hungary,  59  miles  south  by  east  of  Pres- 
burg.  Population,  commune,  17,426. 

Papago  (pa'pa-go).  [PL,  also  Papagos.  Cor- 
rupted from  their  own  name  for  themselves.] 
An  agricultural  tribe  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans, closely  allied  to  the  Pima,  inhabiting  the 
territory  south  and  southeast  of  the  Gila  River, 
on  Gila  Bend  reservation,  especially  south  of 
Tucson,  southern  Arizona,  and  extending  into 
Sonora,  Mexico.  Number  in  the  United 
States,  about  5,000.  See  Piman. 

Papal  States,  or  States  of  the  Church.  [It. 
Stato  della  Chicsa,  Stato  Pontificio,  etc. ; F. 
Ptats  de  I’Pglisc  ; G.  Kirclienstaat.']  A former 
dominion  of  Italy,  governed  directly  by  the  papal 
see.  In  1859  it  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Lom- 
bardo-Venetian  kingdom,  on  the  east  by  the  Adriatic,  on 
the  southeast  by  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  on  tiie  south- 
west by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  west  by  Tuscany 
and  the  duchy  of  Modena.  It  comprised  the  Romagna,  the 
Marches,  Umbria,  and  the  present  province  of  Rome.  It 
originated  inthegrantof  the  exarchateof  Ravenna  made  by 
Pepin  the  Short  to  Stephen  II.  in  755,  confirmed  by  Charles 
the  Great ; received  important  territories  by  the  will  of 
Matilda  of  Tuscany  in  the  12th  century ; became  indepen- 
dent of  the  empire  about  1200 ; acquired  Bologna,  Ancona, 
Ravenna,  and  Ferrara  in  the  16th  century ; and  was  obliged 
to  cede  Avignon,  Venaissin,  Romagna,  Bologna,  and  Fer- 
rara in  1797.  A Roman  republic  was  proclaimed  in  1798  ; 
the  papal  power  was  partly  restored  in  1801 ; the  remaining 
territories  were:  incorporated  with  France  in  1808-09;  the 
Papal  States  were  restored  in  1814  ; the  revolution  of  1848 
was  suppressed  in  1849 ; nearly  all  the  territory  (including 


Papinian 

the  Marches,  Umbria,  and  Romagna)  was  annexed  to  Italy 
in  I860  ; and  the  remainder  (including  Rome  and  neighbor- 
ing districts)  was  annexed  to  Italy  in  1870. 

Papal  Tyranny  in  the  Reign  of  King  John. 

Cibber’s  alteration  of  Shakspere’s  “King  John,” 
produced  in  1745:  it  had  been  “burked”  in 
1736-37. 

Papanazes  (pii-pa,-nii'zas) . [Probably  a double 
plural  from  Papana.\  Indians  on  or  near  the 
Brazilian  coast  of  Espirito  Santo  and  Porto  Se- 
guro  at  the  time  of  the  Portuguese  conquest. 
They  were  of  the  Tupi  race.  See  Tupis. 
Papantla  (pa-pant'lii).  A town  in  the  state  of 
Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  112  miles  north-northwest 
of  Vera  Cruz.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  Totonac  In- 
dians. Near  Papantla  there  is  an  ancient  pyramidal  struc- 
ture (teocalli),  with  other  ruins.  Population,  4,067. 

Paparrhigopoulos  (pa'-pa-re-gop'o-los),  Con- 
stantine. Bom  at  Constantinople,  1815  : died 
at  Athens,  April  26,  1891.  A Greek  historian. 

He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  University  of  Athens 
in  1851.  His  chief  work  is  a “History  of  the  Greek  Peo- 
ple ” (1800-74). 

Papeiti  (pa-pa-e'te),  or  Papeete.  A seaport  in 
Tahiti,  capital  of  the  Society  Islands,  Pacific 
Ocean,  situated  in  lat.  17°  32'  S.,  long.  149° 
34'  W.  It  has  a considerable  export  trade. 
Population,  3,617. 

Papenburg  (pa'pen-borG).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  a canal 
near  the  Ems,  57  miles  west  of  Bremen.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  7,675. 

Paper  King,  The.  A surname  given  to  John 
Law,  from  his  financial  schemes. 

Paphian  (pa'fi-an)  Goddess,  The.  An  epithet 
of  Aphrodite,  from  the  worship  paid  her  in  Pa- 
phos. 

Paphlagonia  (paf-la-go'ni-a).  [Gr.  TLafaayovta.  ] 
In  ancient  geography,  a country  in  Asia  Minor, 
bounded  by  the  Black  Sea  on  the  north,  Pontus 
(separated  by  the  Halys)  on  the  east,  Galatia 
on  the  south,  andBithyniaonthewest.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  mountainous.  The  country  was  semi-in- 
dependent under  Persian  and  Macedonian  rule.  It  passed 
later  to  Pontus,  and  with  that  to  Rome  in  65  B.  C. 
Paphos  (pa'fos).  [Gr.  II  (ujjor.  ] In  ancient  ge- 

ography, the  name  of  two  cities  in  Cyprus.  Old 
Paphos  was  situated  near  the  southwestern  coast.  The  cele- 
brated temple  of  Astarte,  or  Venus,  here  was  built  of  un- 
burned brick  and  wood  on  a stone  foundation  measuring 
164  by  220  feet.  The  famous  image  of  the  goddess  was  a 
bsetylus.  The  temple  stood  in  a large  inclosure  whose 
walls  were  likewise  of  sun-dried  brick  on  a massive  stone 
foundation.  New  Paphos  was  situated  on  the  western  coast 
8-10  miles  northwest  of  OldPaphos.  Itwas  a commercial 
center. 

Papias  (pa'pi-as).  [Gr.  Umri.at;,']  Lived  about 
130  A.  D.  An  early  Christian  writer,  bishop  of 
Hierapolis  in  Phrygia.  He  was  the  author  of  a work 
(lost  except  in  fragments)  “Exposition  of  the  Oracles  of 
the  Lord.”  See  the  extract. 

What  has  given  celebrity  to  the  name  of  Papias  is  his 
authorship  of  a treatise  in  five  books  called  “ Expositions 
of  Oracles  of  the  Lord  " (Ao yiutv  K vpt a-a.j r i s)  . . . 

which  title  we  shall  make  further  remark  presently.  The 
object  of  the  book  seems  to  have  been  to  throw  light  on 
the  Gospel  history,  and  in  particular  to  do  so  by  the  help 
of  oral  traditions  which  Papias  had  been  able  to  collect 
from  those  who  had  come  in  contact  with  surviving  mem- 
bers of  the  Apostolic  circle.  The  fact  that  Papias  lived  at 
a time  when  it  was  still  possible  to  meet  such  persons  has 
given  such  importance  to  his  testimony  that  though  only 
some  very  few  fragments  of  his  work  remain,  they  have 
given  occasion  to  whole  treatises : every  word  of  these  frag- 
ments being  rigidly  scrutinised,  and,  what  is  less  reason- 
able in  the  case  of  a book  of  which  so  little  is  known,  ar- 
guments being  built  on  the  silence  of  Papias  about  sundry 
matters  whirl:  it  is  supposed  he  ought  to  have  mentioned 
and  assumed  that  he  did  not. 

Smith  and  Wace,  Diet,  of  Christian  Biography,  IV.  185. 
Papin  (pa'pin;  F.  pron.  pa-pan'),  Denis.  Born 
at  Blois,  France,  Aug.  22,  1647:  died  1712.  A 
French  physicist,  inventor  of  “ Papin’s  diges- 
ter.” 

Papineau  (pa-pe-no'),  Louis  Joseph.  Born  at 
Montreal,  Oct.,  1786:  died  Sept.  23,  1871.  A 
French-Canadian  politician.  He  was  elected  to  the 
legislative  assembly  of  Lower  Canada  in  1809 ; was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1811 ; and  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
house  in  1815.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  French- 
Canadian  insurrection  of  1837.  He  escaped  capture,  and 
resided  chiefly  in  France  till  1847,  when  hereturned  under 
the  general  amnesty  of  1840.  He  was  afterward  a mem- 
ber of  the  United  Parliament. 

Papinian  (pa-pin'i-an),  L.  iEmilius  Papini- 

anus.  Executed  by  Caracalla,  212  A.  d.  A 
Roman  jurist,  pretorian  prefect  under  Septi- 
mius  Severus. 

A friend  of  Severus  and  of  almost  the  same  age  with  him 
was  the  great  jurist  .■F.mil ins  Papinianus.  Under  Severus 
he  was  proefectus  prastorio,  but  was  executed  soon  after 
Caracalla's  accession  to  the  throne,  on  account  of  his  loy- 
alty to  the  other  son,  Geta.  Papinian  was  remarkable  not 
onlyforhis  juridical  genius, forthe  independence  of  judg- 
ment, the  lucidity  and  firmness,  manifested  in  the  judicial 
decisions  on  individual  cases  which  he  gave  with  the  aid 
of  his  large  experience,  but  also  for  Ii i s quick  sense  of 
right  and  morality,  by  which  he  frequently  rose  above  the 
barriers  of  national  prejudices,  and  merited  the  highest 


Papinian 

veneration  of  succeeding  centuries.  The  most  important 
of  his  works  are  the  37  books  of  Quasstionea  and  the  19 
books  of  Responsa,  both  of  which  have  been  much  used 
In  Justinian's  collections.  His  diction  is  conspicuous  for 
conciseness  and  exactness,  but  for  that  very  reason  is  fre- 
quently difficult  to  follow. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

HI.  252. 

Papiocos  (pa-pe-6'kos),  or  Piapocos  (pe-a-po'- 
kos).  An  Indian  tribe  of  southwestern  Vene- 
zuela, on  the  river  Guaviare  near  its  junction 
with  the  Orinoco.  They  are  of  Arawak  or  May- 
pure  stock. 

Papirian  Law  (pa-pir'i-an  la).  A supposed  col- 
lection of  the  ancient  Soman  Leges  Regise,  of 
early  date,  made  by  a certain  Caius  (or  Sextus) 
Papirius. 

Papirius  Cursor  (pa-pir'i-us  ker'sor),  Lucius. 
A Roman  consul  and  dictator,  general  in  the 
second  Samnite  war.  As  dictator  he  won  a 
victory  over  the  Samnites  in  309  b.  c. 

Papirius  Cursor,  Lucius.  A Roman  consul  and 
general  in  the  third  Samnite  war. 
Pappenheim  (pap'pen-kim),  Gottfried  Hein- 
rich, Graf  zu  (G.,  ‘Count  at’)-  Born  at  Pap- 
penheim, Bavaria,  May  29,  1591 : died  at 
Leipsic,  Nov.  17,  1632.  An  Imperialist  gen- 
eral in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  He  became  chief 
of  the  Pappenheimer  regiment  in  1623 ; suppressed  the 
peasant  insurrection  in  Upper  Austria  in  162(3 ; took  part 
in  the  storming  of  Magdeburg  and  in  the  battle  of  Breiten- 
feld  in  1631 ; and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Liitzen  in  1632. 

Pappenheimer  (pap'pen-him-er)  Regiment.  A 

regiment  of  cuirassiers  in  the  Imperialist  ser- 
vice in  the  Thirty  Years’  War. 

Pappus  (pap'us).  [Gr.  nd-nwof.]  Lived  about 
the  close  of  the  4th  century.  An  Alexandrian 
geometer.  He  wrote  a mathematical  work, 
the  “Collection”  (edited  by  Hultsclr  1875-78). 
Paps  of  Jura  (jo'rii).  Three  mountains  in  the 
southern  part  of  tlie  island  of  Jura,  Scotland. 
Highest  point,  2,566  feet. 

Papua.  See  New  Guinea. 

Pap  with  a Hatchet.  A scurrilous  tract  against 
“Martin  Marprelate,”  published  in  1589  anony- 
mously : attributed  by  Gabriel  Harvey  to  John 
Lyly. 

Paqotce.  See  Iowa. 

Para  (pa-ra').  A river  of  northeastern  Brazil, 
physically  the  estuary  of  the  Tocantins,  but  re- 
ceiving a large  amount  of  water  from  the  Ama- 
zon through  a network  of  narrow  channels  on 
the  southern  side  of  the  island  of  Marajo.  it  is 
therefore  commonly  called  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Ama- 
zon. Width,  where  it  enters  the  Atlantic,  40  miles. 
Pard.  The  northeasternmost  state  of  Brazil, 
bordering  on  Guiana  and  the  Atlantic.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  level.  Area,  443,903  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 445,356. 

Para,  or  Belem : in  full  Santa  Maria  de  Belem 
do  Grao  Parti  (san'ta,  ma-re'a  de  ba-lan'  dp 
grouh  pii-ra').  A seaport,  capital  of  the  state 
of  Pard, Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Para  in  lat. 
1°  27'  S.,  long.  48°  30'  W.  It  isthecenteroftheriver 
trade  of  the  Amazon  system,  and  exports  rubber,  cacao, 
copaiba  balsam,  hides,  nuts,  etc.  It  was  founded  in  Dec., 
16i5.  Population,  96,560. 

Parabosco  (pa-ra-bos'ko),  Girolamo.  Born  at 
Placentium:  died  at  Venice  about  1557.  A 
noted  Italian  musician  and  poet.  He  was  organist 
and  chapel-master  at  St.  Mark’s  in  Venice.  He  published 
“Rime"  (poems,  1547),  “II  Progne"  (1548:  a tragedy), 
“L’Oracolo  ” (1551-52),  “ I ’ Diporti  ’’  (1552  : a collection  of 
17  novels),  six  comedies  which  were  collected  and  published 
at  Venice  (1560),  etc. 

Paracelsus  (par-a-sel'sus),  Philippu.s  Aureo- 
lus  (originally  Theophrastus  Bombastus  von 
Hohenheim).  Born  atMaria-Einsiedeln,  Swit- 
zerland, Dec.  17,  1493 : died  at  Salzburg,  Sept. 
23, 1541.  A celebrated  German-Swiss  physi- 
cian and  alchemist.  He  entered  the  University  of 
Basel  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  but  left  without  a degree,  and 
spent  many  years  in  travel  and  intercourse  with  distin- 
guished scholars.  He  lectured  on  medicine  at  Basel  from 
about  1526  to  1528, when  he  was  driven  from  the  city  by  the 
medical  corporations,  whose  methods  he  had  severely  criti- 
cized. He  is  important  in  the  history  of  medicine  chiefly 
on  account  of  the  impetus  which  he  gave  to  the  develop- 
ment of  pharmaceutical  chemistry.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  a visionary  and  theosophic  system  of  philosophy. 
The  first  collective  edition  of  his  works  appeared  at  Basel 
in  1589-91.  Among  the  many  legends  concerning  him  is 
that  of  his  sword  in  the  hilt  of  which  he  kept  a familiar  or 
small  demon. 

Paracelsus.  A poem  by  Robert  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  1835-36. 

Paraclet  (pa-ra-kla').  A hamlet  near  Nogent- 
sur-Seine,  Aube,  France.  It  was  formerly  the  seatof 
a nunnery,  founded  in  1123  by  Abelard,  of  which  Hffloise 
was  abbess. 

Paradise.  A fresco  by  Orcagna,  in  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  Florence,  notable  for  the  solemnity 
and  harmony  of  its  composition.  Christ  and  the 
Virgin  are  enthroned  above  great  companies  of  apostles. 


780 

martyrs,  saints,  and  angels.  The  fine  companion  pieces 
are  the  “Last  Judgment”  and  “Hell.” 

Paradise.  A painting  by  Tintoretto,  the  largest 
picture  ever  painted  on  canvas  (84  by  25£  feet), 
covering  the  east  wall  of  the  Sala  del  Maggior 
Consiglio  in  the  ducal  palace  at  Venice.  It  is 
darkened  by  injudicious  restoration,  but  is  highly  impres- 
sive in  composition,  and  full  of  beauties  of  detail. 

Paradise  Lost.  An  epic  poem  by  John  Milton, 
published  in  1667,  in  twelve  hooks.  The  subject  is 
the  fall  of  man.  This  is  his  greatest  work,  and  the  chief 
epic  in  the  English  language. 

Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices,  The.  A collec- 
tion of  poems  compiled  by  Richard  Edwards  in 
1576.  It  was  very  popular,  and  went  through 
nine  or  ten  editions  before  1600. 

Paradise  of  Fools.  Limbo. 

Paradise  Regained.  An  epic  poem,  in  four 
books,  by  John  Milton,  published  in  1671.  The 
subject  is  the  redemption. 

Paradiso  (pa-ra-de'so),  II.  [It.,  ‘Paradise.’] 
The  third  part  of  the  “Divine  Comedy,”  by 
Dante. 

Paragua.  See  Palawan. 

Paraguay  (par'a-gwl),  Sp.  and  Pg.  Paraguaya 
(par-a-gwi'a).  A river  of  South  America,  prop- 
erly the  upper  portion  of  the  Parana,  it  rises  in 
the  table-land  of  western  Brazil  near  lat.  14°  15'  S.,  flows 
south,  and  unites  with  the  Upper  ParanA  to  form  the  Lower 
ParanA  in  lat.  27°  17'  S.,  long.  58°  30'  W.  It  flows  succes- 
sively through  Brazil,  between  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  through 
northern  Paraguay,  separating  the  Paraguayan  Chaco  from 
the  main  portion,  and  finally  between  Paraguay  and  the 
Argentine  Republic.  In  Brazil  it  is  bordered  by  the  vast 
swampy  region  called  the  Charaes  marshes  (see  Charaes). 
The  principal  tributaries  are  the  Sao  Louremjo  (receiving 
the  CuyabA)  and  Taquary  on  the  east,  and  the  Pilcomayo 
and  Vermejo  on  the  west.  Length,  about  1,500  miles  (with 
the  Lower  ParanA  and  Plata,  2,580  miles);  navigable  to 
V ilia  Maria,  300  miles  from  its  source. 

Paraguay.  An  interior  republic  of  South  Amer- 
ica, between  the  Parana  on  the  east  and  south 
and  the  Paraguay  on  the  west,  with  a westward 
extension  between  the  Paraguay  andPilcomayo : 
bounded  north  by  Bolivia  and  Brazil,  eastby  Bra- 
zil, and  south  and  west  by  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic. Capital,  Asuncion.  The  main  portion  is  hilly 
or  undulating,  with  alineof  high  hills,  caUed  mountains,  in 
the  interior ; the  part  west  of  the  Paraguay,  included  in 
the  Gran  Chaco  region  (which  see),  is  flat,  partly  swampy, 
and  has  few  inhabitants  except  wild  Indians.  The  climate 
is  semi-tropical.  The  principal  products  are  hides,  fruits, 
a little  sugar,  tobacco,  and  mate  or  Paraguay  tea.  Most  of 
the  inhabitants  are  a mixedrace,  descended  from  Spaniards 
and  Guarany  Indians  : the  common  language  is  a corrupt 
form  of  Guarany,  but  Spanish  is  spoken  in  the  larger  places. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Executive  au- 
thority is  vested  in  a president  elected  for  four  years,  and 
congress  consists  of  a senate  and  a chamber  of  deputies. 
The  country  has  a very  imperfect  railroad  and  telegraph 
system.  Paraguay  was  settled  by  Spaniards  in  1536, and  the 
colony  at  first  included  all  the  Platine  region  ; the  south- 
ern part  was  separated  in  1620,  and  the  country,  as  a prov- 
ince, approximately  with  its  present  limits,  was  attached 
to  the  viceroyalty  of  La  Plata  in  1776.  Jesuit  influence 
became  predominant  in  the  17th  century,  and  the  order 
had  here  its  most  celebrated  missions  until  it  was  expelled 
in  1767.  The  colony  declared  its  independence  in  1811, 
refusing  to  unite  with  the  Argentine  Confederation. 
It  was  successively  under  the  absolute  dictatorship  of 
Francia  (1814-401,  C.  A.  Lopez  (1841-62),  and  F.  L.  Lopez 
(1862-70).  The  last  in  1865  provoked  a war  with  Brazil, 
the  Argentine,  and  Uruguay  (see  Triple  Alliance,  War  of 
the),  which  terminated  with  his  death  after  the  country 
had  been  completely  impoverished  and  a great  part  of  the 
adult  male  population  nad  been  killed.  The  present 
constitution  was  adopted  in  1870.  The  territory  west 
of  the  Paraguay  (Paraguayan  Chaco)  was  claimed  by  the 
Argentine,  but  was  awarded  to  Paraguay  by  the  arbitra- 
tion of  President  Hayes  of  the  United  States  in  1878. 
Area,  about  98,000  square  miles.  The  census  of  1899  gave 
a civilized  population  of  517,285,  100,000  Indians,  and  18,- 
286  foreigners.  In  1905  the  population  was  estimated  at 
631,347,  including  50,000  Indians,  and  in  1908  at  716,000. 

Paraguayan  War.  See  Triple  Alliance,  War 
of  the. 

Parabyba,  or  Parahiba,  or  Paraiba  (pii-ra-e'- 
ba).  1 . A river  in  the  state  of  Parahyba,  Brazil. 
Length,  over  200  miles.  Also  called  Parahyba 
do  Norte. — 2.  A river  which  rises  in  the  state  of 
Sao  Paulo,  separates  Minas  Geraes  from  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north- 
east of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Length,  658  miles.  Also 
called  Parahyba  do  Sul. — 3.  A maritime  state 
of  Brazil,  situated  north  of  Pernambuco.  Area, 
28,854  square  miles.  Population,  490,784. — 4. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Parahyba,  situated 
on  the  river  Parahyba,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat. 
7°  7'  S.,  long.  34°  53'  W.  Population,  about 
29,000. 

Parallel  Lives.  Tlie  chief  work  of  Plutarch. 
See  Plutarch. 

Paramaribo  (par-;pmar'i-b6).  The  capital  of 
Dutch  Guiana,  or  Surinam,  situated  on  the  Suri- 
nam in  lat.  5°  50'  N.,  long.  55°  13'  W.  It  has  im- 
portant commerce,  and  exports  sugar,  rum,  molasses,  cot- 
ton, etc.  It  was  founded  by  tlie  French  about  1600.  Popu- 
lation, 34,962. 

Paramatman (pa-ra-miit'mau).  [Skt. : parama, 


Parchim 

supreme, atman,  soul.]  In  Sanskrit, the  supreme 
spirit,  soul  of  the  universe. 

Paramatta.  See  Parramatta. 

Paramushir  (pii-ra-mo-sher'),  or  Poromusbir 
(po-ro-mo-sher').  One  of  the  larger  islands  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  Kurile  group,  south  of 
Kamchatka. 

Paran  (pa'ran).  In  Bible  geography,  a wilder- 
ness south  of  Palestine  and  north  of  Sinai.  It 
was  the  scene  of  the  wanderings  of  the  Israelites  before 
they  entered  Canaan. 

Parana  (pa-ra-ua').  A river  of  South  America, 
flowing  into  the  Plata,  which  forms  the  estuary 
of  the  Parana  and  Uruguay,  it  is  divided  physi- 
cally into  the  Upper  and  Lower  ParanA.  The  latter  is 
properly  a continuation  of  the  Paraguay,  the  Upper  Pa- 
ranA being  an  eastern  affluent.  It  has  a general  southerly 
course,  entirely  in  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  its  princi- 
pal affluent  is  the  Salado  in  the  west.  The  Upper  ParanA 
is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Parana- 
hyba  in  Brazil  (near  lat.  20°  S.,  long.  50°  50'  W.).  It  re- 
ceives several  large  Brazilian  rivers  (the  Pardo,  Tietd,  Pa- 
ranapanema,  Ivahy,  etc.) ; flows  southward  between  Bra- 
zil and  Paraguay  ; turns  westward  between  Paraguay  and 
the  Argentine  Republic;  and  by  its  junction  with  the  Pa- 
raguay (lat.  27°  17'  S.,  long.  68°  30'  W.)  forms  the  Lower  Pa- 
ranA. The  central  portion  is  obstructed  by  rapids  and 
falls,  the  highest  being  the  Sete  Quedas  (which  see). 
Length  of  the  Upper  ParanA,  about  1,200  miles  (or,  with  the 
Paranapanema,  1,730  miles) ; navigable  to  the  A pipe  rapids 
about  150  miles).  Length  of  the  Lower  ParanA,  860  miles 
or,  with  the  Plata,  1,080  miles);  entirely  navigable. 

Parallel.  A maritime  state  in  southern  Brazil, 
separated  from  Paraguay  by  the  river  Parana. 
Capital,  Curityba.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
table-land.  Area,  85,461  square  miles.  Population,  327,- 
130. 

Parana.  The  capital  of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine 
Republic,  situated  on  the  Parana.  Formerly 
called  Bajada  de  Santa  Fe  or  del  Par  and.  Pop- 
ulation, 27,000. 

Parana,  Marquis  of.  See  Carneiro  Ledo,  Hono- 
rio  Hermeto. 

Paranagua  (pa-ra-na-gwa').  A seaport  in  the 
state  of  Parana,  Brazil,  situated  in  lat.  25°  31' 
S.,long.  48°  27'  51//  W.  Pop.,municipio,  10,075. 

Paranabyba  (pa-ra-na-e'ba),  or  Parnabyba 
(par-na-e'ba).  1.  A river  in  Brazil,  one  of  the 
chief  head  streams  of  the  Parana.  It  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  the  states  of 
Goyaz  and  Minas  Geraes. — 2.  A river  in  Brazil 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  about  lat.  2°  50' 
S.  Length,  about  830miles. — 3.  A seaport  in 
the  province  of  Piauhy,  Brazil,  situated  on  the 
last-mentioned  river  near  its  mouth.  Popula- 
tion, municipio,  9,960. 

Paranbos,  Jos6  Maria  da  Silva.  See  Silva 
Paranhos. 

Pararauates.  See  ParenUntims. 

Parasburama  (pa-ra-sho-ra'ma).  [‘Rama  with 
the  ax.’]  The  first  of  the  three  Ramas,  and  the 
sixth  avatara  or  incarnation  of  Vishnu,  Vishnu 
having  appeared  in  this  incarnation  to  repress 
the  tyranny  of  the  Kshatriya,  or  military  caste. 
He  typifies  tlie  Brahmans  in  their  contests  with  the  Ksha- 
triya. He  was  a Brahman,  the  fifth  son  of  Jamadagtii, 
and  on  his  father’s  side  descended  from  Bhrigu,  whence  he 
is  the  Bhargava,  while  on  the  maternal  side  he  was  of  the 
race  of  the  Kushikas.  In  the  Mahabharata  he  instructs 
Arjuna  in  the  use  of  arms,  and  fights  with  Bhishnia;  is 
present  at  a war  council  of  the  Kauravas ; and  is  struck 
senseless  by  Ramachandra,  the  seventh  avatar.  In  the 
Ramayana,  Parashurama,  aggrieved  by  Rama's  breaking  the 
bow  of  Shiva,  challenges  him  to  a trial  of  strength,  and 
is  defeated  by  him. 

Parasitaster  (par-a-si-tas'ter),  or  the  Fawn. 
A play  by  Marstou,  acted  at  Blackfriars  in  1604, 
and  printed  in  1606. 

The  writers  of  Jonson’s  days  seem  to  have  connected,  I 
know  not  why,  the  idea  of  a spy  or  splenetic  observer  with 
thatof  afaun.  Marston  calls  one  of  his  plays  “TheFawne,” 
in  allusion  to  a character  in  disguise  who  watches  and  ex- 
poses all  the  persons  of  the  drama  in  succession. 

Gifford,  Note  to  Jonson’s  Poetaster,  p.  245. 

Paravilhanas  (pa-ra-vel-ya'nas).  A tribe  of 
Indians  in  northern  Brazil,  on  the  confines  of 
Venezuela  and  British  Guiana,  about  the  head 
waters  of  tho  Rio  Branco.  Formerly  numerous, 
they  are  now  nearly  or  quite  extinct.  They  have  been  re- 
ferred to  the  Carib  stock. 

Paray-le-Monial  (pii-ra 'le-mo-ny ill ' ) . A town 
in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  France, 
situated  on  the  Bourbince  33  miles  west  by 
north  of  Macon.  It  is  noted  as  a place  of  pilgrimage, 
and  for  its  convent  of  the  Visitation  and  its  church.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  4,431. 

Parcae  (piir'se).  The  Latin  name  of  the  Fates. 
See  Mcerse. 

Parc-aux-Cerfs  (piirk'o-sar').  Ahouse  in  Ver- 
sailles, France,  which  was  notorious  as  a harem 
of  Louis  XV. 

Parcbim  (parch'im).  A town  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Germany,  on  the  Elde  24  miles  south- 
east of  Schwerin.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Von 
Moltke.  Population,  commune,  10,498. 


Farcival 

Parcival.  See  Parsifal,  Parsival,  and  Perceval. 
Pardo  (par'do),  Manuel.  Born  at  Lima,  Aug. 
12, 1834:  assassinated  there,  Nov.  16,  1878.  A 
Peruvian  statesman.  He  was  a banker,  and  was  min- 
ister of  the  treasury  under  Balta,  1866-68.  From  Aug.  2, 
1872,  to  Aug.  2, 1876,  he  was  president  of  Peru.  He  was  the 
first  civilian  who  attained  this  position,  and  was  one  of 
the  best  presidents  the  republic  ever  had.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  president  of  the  senate. 

Pardoe  (par'do),  Julia.  Born  at  Beverley, York- 
shire, England,  1806:  died  1862.  An  English 
historical  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

Pardon  de  Ploermel  (par-doh'  de  plo-er-mel'), 
Le.  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at 
Paris,  1859.  See  Dinorah. 

Pardoner’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  * ‘ Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  a discourse  on  gluttony 
taken  from  a Latin  treatise  of  Pope  Innocent 
III.  Lounsbury. 

PardubitZ  (par'do-bits).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Chrudimka  with 
the  Elbe,  59  miles  east  of  Prague.  Population, 
commune,  20,394,  (1910). 

Pare  (pa-ra'),  Latinized  Parssus  (pa-re'us), 
Ambroise.  Born  at  Laval,  Mayenno,  France, 
1517 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  22,  1590.  A French 
surgeon,  the  founder  of  scientific  surgery  in 
France.  He  introduced  improvements  in  the  treatment 
of  gunshot-wounds,  the  use  of  ligatures,  etc.  His  works 
were  published  in  1561. 

Parecis  (pa-ra-ses').  A tribe  or  race  of  Indians 
in  western  Brazil  (state  of  Matto  Grosso),  on  the 

Elateau  called  Campos  dos  Parecis,  about  the 
ead  waters  of  the  rivers  Paraguay,  Guapor6, 
and  Tapajos.  They  live  in  fixed  villages,  practise  agri- 
culture, and  are  generally  friendly  to  the  whites,  though 
having  few  relations  with  them.  Formerly  the  tribe  was5 
one  of  the  most  powerful  of  this  region,  but  so  far  as  is" 
known  only  a few  hundreds  survive.  They  belong  to  the 
Maypure  or  Arawak  linguistic  stock.  The  Guachis,  Ba- 
cairis,  and  other  tribes  classed  with  the  Parecis  by  Martius 
are  now  known  to  be  widely  separated  by  their  languages. 
Also  written  Parexis,  Parisis,  etc. 

Parecis,  Campos  dos.  See  Campos  dos  Parecis. 
Parecis,  Serra  dos.  A name  given  to  the  south- 
western edge  of  the  Brazilian  plateau  (Campos 
dos  Parecis),  where  it  faces  the  river  GuaporA 
Paredes  (pa-ra'das),  Josd  Gregorio.  Born  at 
Lima,  1779:  died  there,  Dec.  16, 1839.  A Peru- 
vian mathematician.  He  was  appointed  official  cos- 
mographer  in  1812,  and  under  the  republic  held  various 
high  offices,  including  the  ministry  of  the  treasury.  Pare- 
des published  several  works  on  mathematics  and  physics, 
but  is  best  known  for  his  “Almanacs,"  1810-39,  which  con- 
tain numerous  historical  and  geographical  notes  of  much 
value. 

Paredes,  Mariano.  Born  about  1800 : died  at 
Granada,  Nicaragua,  Dec.  2, 1856.  A Guatema- 
lan general  and  politician.  HewaspresidentofGua- 
temalaJan.  1, 1849,  to  Jan.  1, 1852,  but  was  practically  a 1 ool 
of  Carrera,  who  succeeded  him.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  fighting  against  Walker. 

Paredes  v Arxillaga  (e  ar-rel-ya'ga),  Mariano. 
Born  at  Mexico,  Jan.  6, 1797 : died  there,  Sept., 
1849.  A Mexican  general.  He  led  the  revolution 
against  Herrera,  and  after  an  overthrow  of  the  latter  was 
elected  president  ad  interim  Jan.  3, 1846,  serving  until  July 
28,  when  he  was  forced  to  resign.  During  this  period  the 
war  with  the  United  States  began : the  republic  was  prac- 
tically in  a condition  of  anarchy. 

Pareja  (pa-ra'Ha),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Seville 
about  1606:  died  at  Madrid,  1670.  A Spanish 
painter,  a pupil  and  originally  a slave  of  Velas- 
quez. He  was  most  successful  in  portraits.  Velasquez 
freed  him,  but  he  remained  in  his  service.  The  portrait 
of  him  by  Velasquez  represents  a mulatto. 

Pareja  y Septien  (e  sep-te-an'),  Jose  Manuel. 
Born  at  Lima,  Peru,  1812:  died  at  Valparaiso, 
Chile,  Nov.  28,  1865.  A Spanish  naval  officer. 
He  commanded  the  fleet  which,  in  Sept.,  1865,  provoked 
hostilities  with  Chile  and  blockaded  the  Chilean  ports. 
One  of  his  gunboats  having  been  taken  by  the  Chileans, 
Pareja  committed  suicide. 

Parenis  (pa-ra-nes'),  or  Parenas  (pa-ra-nas'). 
Indians  of  Venezuela,  on  the  Orinoco  above  the 
junction  of  the  Apure.  They  were  gathered  into 
missions  in  the  18th  century,  and  as  a tribe  are  now  prac- 
tically extinct.  They  belonged  to  the  Arawak  or  Maypure 
linguistic  stock,  and  their  language  was  closely  allied  to 
that  of  the  true  Maypures.  Also  written  Par  erics. 

Parentintims,  or  Parentintins  (pa-ren-ten- 
tens').  Wandering  Indians  of  the  Amazon  val- 
ley, living  on  both  sides  of  the  Tapajds  near 
the  lower  falls,  and  ranging  westward  to  the 
Madeira.  They  go  in  small  bands,  and  subsist  by  hunting 
and  fishing,  or  by  stealing  from  the  plantations  of  other 
tribes.  The  Mundurucus  call  them,  or  some  of  them, 
Pararauates,  and  wage  a constant  war  against  them.  It  is 
probable  that  Indians  of  different  races  have  been  con- 
founded under  this  name. 

Parenzo  (pa-rend'zo).  [L.  Parentium.~\  A sea- 
port in  Istria,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Venice  31  miles  south  by  west  of  Triest. 
The  cathedral  is  a very  curious  building,  founded  in  643. 
It  Ispreceded  by  an  atrium  and  baptistery,  and  has  3 naves 
divided  by  marble  columns  with  sculptured  capitals.  The 
apse  Is  tncrusted  below  with  marbles  and  lined  above 


781 

with  early  mosaics  of  the  Virgin  and  saints,  and  friezes  of 
flowers,  fishes,  shells,  and  foliage.  Population,  com- 
mune, 12,368,  (1910). 

Parepa-Rosa  (pa-ra'pa-ro'sa),  Madame  (Eu- 
phrosyne  Parepa  de  Boyesku).  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, May  7,  1836:  died  at  London,  Jan.  21, 
1874.  An  English  soprano  singer  in  oratorio 
and  opera.  She  made  her  debut  at  Malta  in  1856,  and 
first  appeared  in  England  in  1867,  and  in  the  United  States 
in  1866.  She  married  Carl  Rosa  in  1867,  and  they  estab- 
lished an  opera  company  in  which  she  was  successful. 

Parergon,  See  Ayliffe. 

Parga  (par'ga).  A seaport  in  Albania,  in 
the  Turkish  vilayet  of  Janina,  situated  on  the 
Ionian  Sea  in  lat.  39°  17'  N.,  long.  20°  25'  E. 
It  was  under  Venetian  protection  from  1401  to  1797 ; was 
besieged  by  Ali  Pasha  in  1814  ; was  taken  under  British 
protection ; and  in  1815  was  delivered  by  the  British  to 
Turkey.  The  inhabitants  abandoned  the  town  in  1819. 
Population,  about  5,000. 

Paria  (pa're-a,  or  pa-re-a').  A peninsula  of 
northeastern  Venezuela,  projecting  eastward 
between  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of 
Paria,  and  terminating  in  Cape  Paria  opposite 
Trinidad. 

Paria,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
between  Venezuela  and  Trinidad. 

Pariahs  (pa'ri-az).  [Lit.  ‘drummers’  (the  Pa- 
riahs being  the  hereditary  drum-beaters).]  The 
members  of  a low  caste  of  Hindus  in  southern 
India.  They  are  lower  than  the  regular  castes  of  the 
Brahmanical  system,  by  whom  they  are  shunned  as  un- 
clean, yet  superior  to  some  other  castes  in  the  Tamil 
country,  where  they  constitute  a considerable  part  of  the 
population.  The  Pariahs  are  commonly  employed  as  labor- 
ers by  the  agricultural  class,  or  as  servants  to  Europeans. 

Parian  Chronicle,  The.  See  Chronicle  of 
Paros. 

Parias  (pa-re-as'),  or  Pariagotos  (pa-re-a-go'- 
tos).  Indians  who  formerly  occupied  the  penin- 
sula of  Paria  in  northeastern  Venezuela.  They 
were  among  the  first  of  the  continental  tribes  seen  by 
Columbus : later  many  of  them  were  enslaved.  The  rem- 
nants were  gathered  into  missions,  and  are  now  merged 
in  the  country  population  of  the  coast.  They  were  of  Carib 
stock.  Also  written  Pariacotoes,  etc. 

Parieu  (pa-rye'),  Marie  Louis  Pierre  Felix 
Esquirou  de.  Born  at  Aurillac,  France,  April 
13, 1815 : died  April  9,  1893.  A French  politi- 
cal economist  and  politician.  He  was  minis- 
ter of  instruction  1849-51. 

Parima  (pa-re'ma  or  pa-re-ma').  A mythical 
lake  long  supposed  to  exist  in  the  northern  part 
of  South  America.  At  first  it  was  associated  with  the 
story  of  El  Dorado  (which  see);  later,  when  the  search  for 
the  gilded  king  had  proved  fruitless,  geographers  clung  to 
the  lake.  Maps  of  the  18th  century,  and  even  some  later 
ones,  represented  it  as  a large  body  of  water  in  Guiana. 
Schomburgk’s  explorations  proved  that  the  only  lakes  in 
this  region  were  small  areas  of  flooded  grass-land.  The 
name  has  been  retained  for  mountains  and  a river  of  the 
same  region. 

Parima,  Sierra  or  Serra  de.  Mountains  of 
southern  Venezuela,  on  the  confines  of  Brazil, 
between  the  upper  Orinoco  and  its  branch  the 
Ventuario.  Their  true  nature  is  little  understood,  and 
they  are  perhaps  edges  of  a high  plateau,  though  some 
points  are  said  to  exceed  8,000  feet  in  altitude.  The  Ori- 
noco takes  its  rise  on  the  southwestern  side.  The  name  is 
sometimes  extended  to  all  the  highland  region  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Venezuela  and  Brazil  and  in  British  Guiana,  thus 
including  the  Pacaraima  Sierra(which  see).  Often  written 
Parime. 

Parini  (pa-re'ne),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Bosio, 
near  Milan,  May  22, 1729 : died  at  Milan,  Aug. 
15, 1799.  An  Italian  poet.  He  published  the  satiri- 
cal poems  “II  mattino”  (“Morning,"  1763),  “II  mezzo- 
giorno”  (“Noon,"  1765),  “II  vespro”  (“Evening”),  “La 
notte  ” (“Night  ”),  etc. 

Paris  (par'is).  [Gr.  Uaptc.']  1.  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  second  son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy, 
and  Hecuba : also  called  Alexander.  Before  his 
birth  Hecuba  dreamt  that  she  had  given  birth  to  a firebrand 
which  caused  a conflagration  of  the  city.  The  dream  was 
interpreted  to  mean  that  she  would  give  birth  to  a son  who 
would  bring  disaster  on  Troy.  Paris  was  accordingly  ex- 
posed on  Mount  Ida,  but  was  for  a time  nourished  by  a she- 
bear,  and  was  ultimately  taken  homeand  brought  up  by  the 
shepherd  who  was  intrusted  with  his  exposure.  His  paren- 
tage was  accidentally  discovered ; he  was  admitted  to  the 
household  of  Priam,  married  (Enone,  daughter  of  the  river- 
god  Cebren,  and  became  celebrated  far  and  wide  for  his 
beauty  of  person,  his  gallantry,  and  his  accomplishments. 
During  the  nuptialsof  Peleus  and  Thetis,  Eris,  who  alone 
among  the  gods  was  excluded,  threw  a golden  apple  among 
the  marriage  guests  with  the  inscription  “ To  the  Fairest.” 
A dispute  arose  between  Hera,  Aphrodite,  and  Athene  over 
the  apple,  and  Zeus  ordered  Hermes  to  take  the  goddesses 
to  Paris,  who  tended  his  flocks  on  Mount  Gargarus,  a 
height  on  Mount  Ida,  and  who  was  to  adjudge  the  apple. 
To  influence  his  decision  Hera  offered  him  power,  Athene 
martial  glory,  and  Aphrodite  the  most  beautiful  of  women. 
He  awarded  the  apple  to  Aphrodite,  who  in  return  assisted 
himincarryingoff  from  SpartaHelen,thewifeof  Menelaus. 
The  rape  of  Helen  gave  rise  to  the  Trojan  war,  during  which 
he  brought  down  upon  himself  the  detestation  of  bis  own 
friends  by  his  cowardice  and  his  stubborn  determination 
not  to  give  up  Helen.  He  was  fatally  wounded  by  Philoc- 
tetes  with  a poisoned  arrow  at  the  taking  of  Troy. 

2.  A character  in  Shakspere’s  tragedy  “Ro- 


Paris,  Sieges  and  Capitulations  of 

meo  and  Juliet,”  a young  nobleman  to  whom 
Capulet  betrothed  his  daughter  Juliet  against 
her  will. 

Paris  (par'is;  F.  pron.  pa-re').  [ME.  Paris, 
Parys,  AS.  Paris  (=  Sp.  Paris,  Pg.  Paris,  G. 
Paris,  etc.),  from  OF.  Paris  ([iron,  pa-res'),  F. 
Paris  = It.  Parigi,  from  LL.  Parisii,  L.  Lutetia 
Parisiorum,  Lutetia  of  the  Parisii,  a Celtic  tribe. 
Lutetia  has  been  referred,  without  evidence,  to 
L.  lutum,  mud.]  The  capital  of  France,  sit- 
uated on  both  banks  of  the  Seine  in  lat.  48°  50' 
N.,  long.  2°  20'  E.  (observatory).  It  is  the  third 
largest  city  in  the  world  ; is  considered  the  finest  city  in 
the  world ; and  has  long  been  celebrated  as  a center  of 
fashion,  literature,  art,  the  drama,  and  scholarship.  Its 
boundaries  are  the  fortifications,  22  miles  long,  including 
30  square  m iles.  The  nucleus  of  the  city  is  lie  de  la  Cit<5,  an 
island  in  the  Seine.  It  is  the  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing center  of  France,  and  the  center  of  the  French  rail- 
waysystem.  Amongthe  leading  manufacturesare  clothing, 
furniture,  “articles  de  Paris,”  machinery,  jewelry,  clocks, 
gloves,  tapestries,  carriages,  etc.  (For  various  localities 
and  objects  of  interest — e.  g.  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  the 
Champs-Elysdes,  the  churches  of  Notre  Dame  and  the  Pan- 
thdon,  the  Theatre  Frarn-ais,  the  Louvre  and  the  Luxem- 
bourg, the  Sorbonne,  etc. — and  for  many  local  details,  see 
the  separate  articles.)  The  Grand  Opdra  is  the  most  sump- 
tuous existing  theater.  The  chief  facade  is  enriched  with 
polychrome  materials,  and  adorned  with  statues  and  groups 
of  sculpture.  The  grand  staircase  is  of  great  beauty,  and 
the  grand  foyer,  a hall  175  feet  long,  42  wide,  and  59  high, 
displays  on  its  walls  and  ceiling  the  celebrated  paintings 
by  Baudry,  representing  the  Muses,  music,  dancing,  Mount 
Parnassus,  and  the  ancient  poets.  The  city  contains  many 
hospitals  and  museums,  and  is  the  seat  of  many  societies, 
including  the  Institute  of  France.  Paris  belongs  to  the 
department  of  Seine,  and  is  governed  by  the  municipal 
council,  the  prefect  of  Seine,  the  prefect  of  police,  and 
the  mayors  of  arrondissements.  It  was  the  ancient  capi- 
tal of  a small  Gallic  tribe,  the  Parisii ; was  the  capital  of 
Constantius  Chlorus  292-306 ; was  made  the  capital  of  the 
Frankish  kingdom  by  Clovis  in  508 ; was  ruled  by  counts 
under  the  Carolingians ; became  again  the  capital  under 
the  Capetians  ; was  largely  developed  under  Philip  Augus- 
tus and  St.  Louis ; suffered  from  civil  strife  under  Charles 
VI.;  was  entered  by  Henry  V.  of  England  in  1420,  but 
expelled  the  English  in  1436 ; was  the  scene  of  the  massa- 
cre of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1572 ; became  the  center  of  the 
League;  was  opened  to  Henry  IV.  in  1594 ; and  was  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  leading  events  in  the  first  revolu- 
tion and  in  those  of  1830  and  1848.  International  exposi- 
tions were  held  here  in  1855, 18C7, 1878, 1889,  and  1900.  (For 
the  more  important  sieges  and  treaties  of  Paris,  see 
below.)  Population,  2,763,393. 

Paris.  A city,  capital  of  Edgar  County,  eastern 
Illinois,  106  miles  east  by  south  of  Springfield. 
Population,  7,664,  (1910). 

Paris.  A city,  capital  of  Bourbon  County,  Ken- 
tucky, 34  miles  east  of  Frankfort.  Population, 
5,859,  (1910). 

Paris,  Comte  de  (Louis  Philippe  Albert  d’Or- 
leans).  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  24,  1838 : died  in 
England,  Sept.  8, 1894.  Head  of  the  Legitimist 
party  in  France  and  claimant  of  the  French 
throne,  eldest  son  of  Ferdinand,  due  d’Orleans, 
and  grandson  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  became  heir 
apparent  to  the  French  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father 
in  1842.  He  was  educated  in  England,  where  his  mother 
sought  refuge  after  the  overthrow  of  his  grandfather  in 
1848.  In  1862  he  served  as  a captain  of  volunteers  on  the 
staff  of  General  McClellan.  He  subsequently  took  up  his 
residence  in  France,  but  returned  to  England  on  the  pas- 
sage of  the  expulsion  bill  of  1886.  On  the  death  of  the 
Comte  de  Chambord,  grandson  of  Charles  X.,  without 
issue,  in  1883,  he  was  recognized  by  the  Legitimists  as  the 
head  of  the  royal  house  of  France,  uniting  in  his  person 
the  claims  of  the  older  and  the  younger  (Orleans)  line 
of  the  house  of  Bourbon.  He  published  “Histoire  de  la 
guerre  civile  en  Amdrique  ” (1874-87). 

Paris  (pa-res'),  Gaston  Bruno  Pa.ulin.  Born 
at  Avenay,  Marne,  Aug.  9, 1839:  died  at  Cannes, 
March  5,  1903.  An  eminent  French  Romance 
philologist.  From  1872  he  occupied  a chair  of  French 
language  and  literature  at  the  College  de  France,  of  which 
he  became  administrator  in  1895;  he  was  also  director  of 
the  Romance  language  department  in  the  Ecole  des  Hautes 
Etudes.  His  first  publication  of  note  was  a “Histoire 
podtique  de  Charlemagne”  (1865).  His  edition  of  "La 
vie  de  Saint-Alexis  ” was  truly  epoch-making  in  the  an- 
nals of  French  philology.  He  also  published  “ La  litera- 
ture franqaise  au  moyen  fige,”  etc.,  and  was  connected 
with  many  important  philological  publications  in  the 
French  language,  among  others  the  “Romania"  and  the 
“ Revue  critique.”  In  1896  he  was  elected  a member  of 
the  French  Academy. 

Paris,  Judgment  of.  See  Judgment  of  Paris. 
Paris,  Matthew  of.  See  Matthew  of  Paris. 
Paris,  Sieges  and  Capitulations  of.  The  most 
noteworthy  of  these  are  the  following,  (a)  siege 
by  the  Northmen  in  885-886.  It  was  unsuccessful,  (b) 
Siege  by  Henry  IV.  in  1590.  The  city  was  successfully  de- 
fended  by  the  forces  of  the  League,  (c)  Surrender  to  the 
Allies,  March  31, 1814.  (d)  Surrender  to  the  Allies,  July 
7,  1815.  (c)  Siege  of  1870-71  by  the  Germans.  It  was  com- 
menced Sept.  19, 1870;  ineffectual  sorties  were  made  Nov. 
30-Dec.  3,  Jan.  10-16,  and  Jan.  19,  1871;  the  city  capitu- 
lated by  the  convention  of  Versailles  Jan.  28;  the  entry 
of  German  troops  took  place  March  1,  and  the  evacuation 
Marcli  3.  (/)  Siege  of  1871  by  the  troops  of  the  National 
Assemblycommanded  by  MacMahon,  Paris  being  defended 
by  the  Communists.  It  began  April  6,  and  the  city  was 
entered  by  t lie  besiegers  May  21 : many  buildings  (IIAtel 
de  Ville,  Tuileries,  etc.)  were  destroyed  by  the  Communist*. 
The  insurrection  was  finally  suppressed  May  28,  1871. 


Paris,  Treaties  of 

Paris,  Treaties  of.  Among  the  various  trea- 
ties negotiated  or  concluded  at  Paris,  the  fol- 
lowing are  the  most  important,  (a)  Between  Great 
Britain  ou  one  side  and  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal  on 
the  other,  Feb.  10,  1763.  France  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
Canada,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Cape  Breton,  Mobile,  all 
the  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi,  Dominica,  Tobago,  St. 
V incent,  and  Grenada ; England  restored  to  France  Guade- 
loupe, Martinique,  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  and  Pondi- 
cherry, and  ceded  St.  Lucia  to  her ; Spain  ceded  Florida  to 
Great  Britain ; England  restored  Havana  to  Spain ; and 
France  ceded  Louisiana  to  Spain.  (b)  Between  Great  Britain 
on  one  side  and  France,  Spain,  and  the  United  States  on  rise 
other,  Sept.  3,  1783.  The  independence  of  the  United  States 
was  acknowledged;  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  was  made 
free  to  both  powers ; Minorca  and  Florida  were  restored  to 
Spain  ; the  region  of  the  Senegal  was  granted  to  France ; 
and  mutual  restitution  was  made  of  conquests  in  the  West 
Indies.  ( e ) Between  France  on  the  one  side  and  Great 
Britain,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia  on  the  other,  May  30, 
1814:  called  also  the  First  Peace  of  Paris.  The  indepen- 
dence of  the  Netherlands,  Switzerland,  and  German  and 
Italian  states  was  acknowledged.  “France  was  allowed 
to  retain  the  boundaries  of  1792,  with  some  additions. 
Great  Britain  was  to  keep  Malta,  but  to  restore  all  the 
colonies  held  by  France  on  Jan.  1,  1792,  except  Tobago, 
St.  Lucia,  and  Mauritius,  and  to  restore  all  the  Dutch  col- 
onies she  held  except  Ceylon,  the  Cape,  and  part  of  (now 
British)  Guiana.  A general  congress  was  to  m eet  at  Vienna 
within  two  months  to  complete  the  arrangements.”  (Ac- 
land  and  Ransome,  English  Political  History,  p.  16C.)  (d) 
Between  the  same  parties  as  the  treaty  of  1814,  Nov.  20, 
1815 : called  also  the  Second  Peace  of  Paris.  France  was 
reduced  nearly  to  the  limits  of  1790.  “ £28,000,000  was  to 
be  paid  to  the  Allies  for  the  expenses  of  the  war.  The 
fortresses  of  the  northern  frontier  were  to  be  occupied  by 
the  Allies  for  five  years,  and  the  garrisons  paid  by  France. 
All  works  of  art  requisitioned  by  Napoleon  were  to  be  re- 
stored to  their  owners.”  (Ada ml  and  Ransome,  English 
Political  History,  p.  166.)  (c)  Between  Russia  on  the  one 
hand  and  Turkey,  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Sardinia  on 
the  other,  March  30, 1856.  Russia  restored  Kars,  and  ceded 
part  of  Bessarabia  and  the  Danube  mouth ; Sebastopol  was 
restored  to  Russia;  the  neutralization  of  the  Black  Sea 
was  proclaimed ; and  Russia  abandoned  its  claim  to  a pro- 
tectorate over  Christians  in  Turkey,  to  whom  the  sultan 
was  to  grant  more  favorable  terms.  (/)  Between  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  Spain,  Dec.  10,  1898.  ' Spain  relinquished 
her  sovereignty  over  Cuba,  and  ceded  Porto  Rico,  Guahan 
in  the  Ladrones,  and  the  Philippine  Islands  to  the  United 
States,  receiving  from  the  latter  the  sum  of  $20,000,000. 

Paris,  University  of.  The  oldest  of  the  Eu- 
ropean universities.  Schools  had  been  established 
here  under  the  successors  of  Charlemagne.  They  multi- 
plied rapidly,  and  in  the  year  1200  an  edict  of  Philip  Au- 
gustus united  them  under  one  management  and  created 
the  University  of  Paris,  called  the  Studium  till  1250.  More 
than  30  colleges  were  included.  It  degenerated,  and  was 
rehabilitated  by  Henry  IV.  in  1595.  Under  Louis  XIV. 
the  university  did  not  share  in  the  general  revival  of  arts 
and  letters,  the  Sorbonne  or  Faculty  de  Thdologie  alone 
retaining  itsprestige.  In  1680 courses  of  lectures  in  French 
civil  law  were  given  for  the  first  time.  On  Sept.  15, 1793,  the 
faculties  of  theology,  medicine,  law,  and  arts  were  sup- 
pressed throughout  the  republic  by  the  Convention.  See 
U niversiU  Rationale  de  France. 

Paris  Garden.  A circus  for  bull-  andbear-bait- 
ing,  on  the  Bankside,  near  the  Globe  Theatre, 
London.  It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  one  De 
Paris  who  built  a bouse  there  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 
It  was  in  use  at  the  beginning  of  Henry  VIII.'s  reign,  and 
was  afterward  fitted  up  and  used  for  a playhouse  also. 
Parish  (par'ish),  Elijah.  Born  at  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  Nov.  7, 1762:  died  at  Byfield,  Mass.,  Oct. 
15, 1825.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man and  geographical  and  historical  writer. 
He  published  a “History  of  New  England” 
(1809),  etc. 

Parish,  Sir  Woodbine.  Born  Sept.  14,  1796: 
died  Aug.  16,  1882.  A British  diplomatist.  He 
was  chargd  d'affaires  at  Buenos  Ayres  1824-32,  and  after 
his  return  published  “ Buenos  Ayres  and  the  Provinces  of 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata"  (1830  : 2d  ed.  1852).  He  brought  to 
England  an  important  collection  of  the  large  fossil  ani- 
mals of  the  pampas. 

Parisina  (pa-re-se'na).  An  opera  by  Donizetti, 
first  produced  at  Florence,  1833. — 2.  A poem 
by  Byron,  published  in  1816.  An  overture  for  it 
was  composed  by  Sterndale  Bennett  in  1835. 

Parisot.  See  Yalcttc. 

Parjanya  (par-jan'ya).  [According  to  Benfey, 
from  -\f  sphurj,  rumble;  according  to  Grass- 
mann,  from  pro,  in  sense  of  ‘to  fill,’  and  so  ‘the 
filled  cloud.’]  The  Yedic  god  of  rain,  identified 
with  Gothic  Fairguni,  Norse  Fiorgyn,  and  Lith- 
uanian Perkuna : still  the  name  of  the  thunder. 
Park  (park),  Edwards  Amasa.  Born  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Dee.  29,  1808:  died  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  June  4, 1900.  A noted  American  Congre- 
gational theologian, professor  of  sacred  rhetoric 
at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  1836-47,  and 
of  t heology  1847-81.  He  was  the  leading  editor  of  the 
“Bibliotheca  Sacra,”  and  published  various  memoirs. 
Park,  Mungo.  Born  iu  Selkirkshire,  Scotland, 
Sept.  10,  1771:  died  in  Africa  probably  in  1806. 
A celebrated  African  explorer.  He  visited  Bencoolen 
as  assistant  surgeon  on  an  East-Indiaman  in  1792,  contrib- 
uting on  his  return  a description  of  eight  new  Sumatran 
fishes  to  the  “Transactions"  of  t lie  Linnean Society.  As 
agent  of  the  African  Association  lie  undertook  in  1795  to 
explore  the  course  of  the  Niger.  Leaving  l’isania  on  the 
Gambia  in  Dec.,  1795,  he  reached  the  Niger  (being  the  first 


782 

European  to  accomplish  that  feat)  at  Sego  in  July,  1796, 
after  many  adventures,  and  ascended  to  Bammaku.  In 
1799  he  published  a narrative  of  his  journey,  entitled 
“Travels  in  the  Interior  of  Africa.”  After  having  prac- 
tised for  some  years  as  a country  surgeon  at  Peebles,  Scot- 
land, he  undertook  a new  expedition  to  the  Niger  in  1805. 
He  started  from  Pisania  in  May,  1805,  with  a company  of 
thirty-five  Europeans  and  a number  of  natives,  reaching 
the  Niger  in  Aug.  with  only  seven  companions.  Sending 
back  his  journals  and  letters  from  Sansanding  on  the 
Niger  in  I<ov.,  1805,  he  embarked  in  a canoe,  and  was 
drowned  near  Boussa  during  an  attack  by  the  natives. 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Parker  (par'ker),  Isaac.  Born  at  Boston,  June 
17,  1768:  died  at  Boston,  May  26,  1830.  An 
American  jurist.  He  was  a Federalist  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1797-99,  and  in  1806  was  ap- 
pointed a judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts, 
of  which  he  was  presiding  justice  from  1814  until  his 
death.  He  was  professor  of  law  at  Harvard  1816-27: 

Parker,  Joel.  Born  at  Bethel,  Vt.,  Aug.  27, 
1799 : died  at  New  York,  May  2, 1873.  An  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  clergyman  and  religious 
writer. 

Parker,  John  Henry.  Boru  1806 : died  Jan.  31, 

1884.  An  English  archaeologist.  He  began  as  a 
bookseller  in  Oxford  in  1832.  In  1838  he  published  a 
“ Glossary  of  Architecture,”  and  in  1849  an  “ Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Gothic  Architecture,  etc.  ” His  later  years 
were  devoted  to  explorations  in  Rome.  His  “ Archaeology 
of  Rome”  appeared  1874-76. 

Parker,  Matthew.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
Aug.  6,  1504:  died  at  London,  May  17,  1575. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge (Corpus  Christi  College)  in  1525,  and  was  appoin  ted 
chaplain  to  Anne  Boleyn.  He  was  selected  to  preach  at 
Paul’s  Cross  by  Thomas  Cromwell.  In  1545  he  was  ap- 
pointed vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge.  On  the  accession 
of  Mary  Tudor  he  resigned,  and  lost  all  his  preferments. 
He  was  consecrated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  Dec.  17, 1559. 
As  primate  he  devoted  himself  to  the  organization  and  dis- 
cipline of  the  English  Church,  and  was  a film  opponent  of  ‘ 
Puritanism. 

Parker,  Sir  Peter.  Born  1721 : died  1811.  An 
English  admiral.  He  served  in  the  American  war,  and 
made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Fort  Moultrie,  Charles- 
ton, in  1776. 

Parker,  Theodore.  Bom  at  Lexington,  Mass., 
Aug.  24, 1810 : died  at  Florence,  Italy,  May  10, 
1860.  A noted  American  clergyman,  lecturer, 
reformer,  and  author.  He  studied  at  the  Cambridge 
Divinity  School  1834-36;  became  a Unitarian  clergyman  at 
Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  in  1837 ; became  the  head  of  an 
independent  rationalistic  society  at  the  Melodeon  (1846), 
and  later  at  Music  Hall,  Boston  ; and  was  a conspicuous 
advocate  of  the  abolition  of  slavery.  Among  his  works 
are  “ Discourse  on  Matters  Pertaining  to  Religion"  (1842), 
“Sermons  on  Theism,  Atheism,  and  theJPopular  Theology  ” 
(1853),  “ Ten  Sermons  of  Religion  ” (1853),  besides  a large 
number  of  addresses,  etc.,  and  “Great  Americans” (this 
was  published  after  his  death).  His  complete  works  were 
edited  by  F.  P.  Cobbe  (12  vols.  1863-65). 

Parker,  Willard.  Born  in  New  Hampshire, 
Sept.  2, 1800 : died  at  New  York,  April  25, 1884. 
An  American  surgeon,  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  1839-69,  and  later  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  there.  He  became  president  of  the  New  York 
State  Inebriate  Asylum  at  Binghamton  in  1865.  He  pub- 
lished various  medical  monographs. 

Parkersburg  (par'kerz-berg).  A city,  capital 
of  Wood  County,  West  Virginia,  situated  on 
the  Ohio  73  miles  southwest  of  Wheeling,  it  is 
the  third  city  in  the  State  ; leading  industry,  the  refining 
of  petroleum.  Population,  17,842,  (1910). 

Parkhurst  (park'herst),  Charles  Henry.  Born 
at  Framingham,  Mass.,  April  17,  1842.  An 
American  clergyman  and  reformer.  He  came 
to  New  York  in  1880  as  pastor  of  the  Madison 
Square  Presbyterian  church.  Iu  1891  he  be- 
came president  of  the  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crime.  His  exposure  of  the  corruption  of 
the  police  department  of  New  York  city  led  to  its  investi- 
gation by  a committee  of  the  State  legislature  (“Lexow 
Committee"),  and  its  reorganization,  and  to  the  defeat  of 
Tammany  Hall  in  1894. 

Parkman  (park'man),  Francis.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Sept.  16, 1823 : died  at  Jamaica  Plain,  near 
Boston,  Nov.  8,  1893.  An  American  historian. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1844,  and  began  the  study  of 
law,  but  ultimately  abandoned  this  study  in  order  to  de- 
vote himself  to  literature.  He  was  professor  of  horticul- 
ture in  the  agricultural  School  of  Harvard  1871-72.  His 
historical  works  include  “Conspiracy  of  Pontiac”  (185J), 
“Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World  " (1865),  “Jesuits 
in  North  America "(1867),  “Discovery  of  the  Great  West" 
(1869),  “The  Old  Regime  in  Canada  ” (1874),  “Count  Fron- 
tenac  and  New  France  under  Louis  XIV.”  (1877),  “Mont- 
calm and  Wolfe  ” (1884),  “A  Half  Century  of  Conflict  ” (1892). 
He  wrote  also  “The  California  and  Oregon  Trail " (1849), 
“Vassall  Morton,"  a novel  (1856),  and  “Historic  Handbook 
of  the  Northern  Tour”  (1885). 

Park  Range.  A chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
iu  Colorado,  west  of  South  Park.  Mount  Lin- 
coln is  14,297  feet  in  height. 

Parley  (par'li).  Peter.  The  pseudonym  of  Sam- 
uel Griswold  Goodrich:  it  has  also  been  used 
*by  others. 

Parliament  (par'li-ment).  The  supreme  legis- 
lative body  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 


Parma 

Britain  and  Ireland.  It  consists  of  the  three  estates 
of  the  realm  — namely,  the  lords  spir  itual,  the  lords  tem- 
poral, and  the  commons ; the  general  council  of  the  na 
tion,  constituting  the  legislature,  summoned  by  the  sov- 
ereign's authority  to  consult  on  the  affairs  of  the  nation 
and  to  enact  and  repeal  laws.  Primarily,  the  sovereign 
may  be  considered  as  a constituent  element  of  Parlia- 
ment : but  the  word  as  generally  used  has  exclusive  refer- 
ence to  the  three  estates  above  named,  ranged  in  two  dis- 
tinct branches— the  House  of  Lords  and  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  House  of  Lords  (numbering  631  in 
1911)  includes  the  lords  spiritual  and  lords  temporal. 
The  House  of  Commons  consists  of  670  members  : 495 
for  England  and  Wales,  72  for  Scotland,  and  103  for 
Ireland  — 377  being  representatives  of  county  constitu- 
encies (counties  or  divisions  of  counties),  284  of  bor- 
oughs, and  9 of  universities.  The  authority  of  Parlia- 
ment extends  over  the  United  Kingdom  and  all  its 
colonies  and  foreign  possessions.  The  duration  of  a Par- 
liament was  fixed  by  the  Septennial  Act  in  1716  (supersed- 
ing the  Triennial  Act  of  1694)  at  7 years,  but  it  seldom 
even  approaches  its  limit.  Sessions  are  held  annually, 
usually  from  about  the  middle  of  Feb.  to  the  end  of  Aug., 
and  are  closed  by  prorogation.  Government  is  adminis- 
tered by  the  ministry,  which  is  sustained  by  a majority  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  Should  the  ministry  be  outvoted 
in  the  house  on  a question  of  vital  importance,  it  either 
resigns  office  or  dissolves  Parliament  and  appeals  to 
the  country.  The  precursors  of  the  Parliament  were  the 
Witenagemot  iu  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  and  the  National 
Councils  in  the  Norman  and  Angevin  periods.  The  com- 
position and  powers  of  Parliament  were  developed  in  the 
13th  and  14th  centuries.  The  right  of  representation  from 
shires  and  towns  dates  from  1295,  and  the  separation  of 
the  two  houses  dates  from  the  middle  of  the  14th  century. 
Parliamentary  government  was  in  large  measure  suspended 
from  1461  to  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Pro- 
longed struggles  between  the  Parliament  and  the  crown 
took  place  under  James  I.  and  Charles  1., which  led  to  the 
civil  war  and  the  Commonwealth.  The  right  of  British 
subjects  to  vote  in  the  election  of  members  of  Parliament 
has  been  extended  and  regulated  by  the  Reform  Acts  of 
1832,  1867,  and  1884,  and  the  Redistribution  Act  of  1885. 

Parliament,  Houses  of.  The  buildings  occu- 
pied for  legislative  purposes  by  the  British  Par- 
liament, at  Westminster,  London.  They  were  be- 
gun  in  1840  from  plans  by  Barry.  The  style  is  ornate  late 
Perpendicular:  the  area  8 acres.  The  structure  comprises 
11  courts,  some  of  large  size,  1,100  rooms,  and  100  stair- 
ways. The  Thames  front  is  940  feet  long,  with  low  square 
towers  at  the  extremities  and  flanking  the  raised  central 
portion.  The  square  Victoria  tower  at  the  southwest 
angle  is  340  feet  high ; the  middle  tower,  and  the  pointed 
Clock-tower  at  the  north  end,  are  slightly  less  lofty.  The 
House  of  Commons  is  toward  the  north  end  of  the  great 
structure  : it  measures  75  by  45  feet  and  41  high,  and  is 
solidly  and  simply  furnished,  and  paneled  with  oak.  There 
are  12  windows  of  colored  glass.  The  House  of  Lords,  90 
by  45  feet  and  45  high,  is  very  richly  decorated  : its  walls 
are  adorned  with  historical  frescos.  Among  other  notable 
rooms  are  the  Central  Hall,  between  the  House  of  Lords 
and  the  House  of  Commons,  octagonal  in  plan  and  finely 
ornamented ; and  the  robing-room  and  the  royal  gallery, 
used  by  the  sovereign  when  he  opens  or  prorogues  Parlia- 
ment in  person.  St.  Stephen’s  Hall  affords  communica- 
tion between  the  Centra]  Hall  and  Westminster  Hall  on 
the  west.  About  600  statues,  inside  and  outside,  adorn 
the  buildings. 

Parliament,  Mad.  [So named  in  derision  by  the 
partizans  of  Henry  III.]  A great  council  held 
at  Oxford  in  1258  in  order  to  accommodate  the 
differences  which  had  arisen  between  the  bar- 
ons and  the  king,  owing  to  the  persistent  eva- 
sion by  the  latter  of  the  obligations  imposed  on 
the  sovereign  by  Magna  Charta.  it  enacted  the 
Provisionsof  Oxford,  requiring  the  faithful  observance  by 
the  king  of  the  Great  Charter,  and  providing  for  the  as- 
sembling of  a Parliament  three  times  a year,  and  regular 
control  over  the  chief  justiciar,  chancellor,  and  other  high 
officers. 

Parliament,  The  Good.  See  Good  Parliament. 

Parliament,  The  Long.  See  Long  Parliament. 
Parliament,  The  Rump.  See  Long  Parliament. 

Parliament  of  Bats  (‘bludgeons’).  A Parlia- 
ment under  Henry  VI.,  1426. 

Orders  had  been  sent  to  the  members  that  they  should 
not  wear  swords,  so  they  came,  like  modern  butchers,  w ith 
long  staves.  When  these  were  prohibited  they  had  re- 
course to  stones  and  leaden  plummets. 

Gurdon,  Hist,  of  Parliament. 

Parliament  of  Dunces.  A parliament  con- 
vened at  Coventry  by  Henry  IV.  in  1404:  so 
named  because  all  lawyers  were  excluded  from 
it.  Also  called  the  Unlearned  Parliament  and 
the  Lack-learning  Parliament. 

Parliament  of  Fowls,  or  Assembly  of  Fowls. 
A poem  by  Chaucer,  mostly  taken  from  Italian 
sources.  Sixteen  of  the  98  stanzas  are  from  Boccaccio’s 
“Teseide.”  It  is  a poetical  abstract  of  Cicero’s  “Dream 
of  Scipio.” 

Parliament  of  Love,  The.  A play  by  Mas- 
singer, licensed  iu  1624. 

Parliament  of  Paris.  The  chief  of  the  French 
parliaments ; the  principal  tribunal  of  justice  of 
the  French  monarchy,  from  its  origin  in  the 
king’s  council  at  a very  early  date  to  the  Revo- 
lution. From  about  1300  the  parliament  was  constituted 
in  3 divisions  — the  grand’  chambre,  the  chambre  Jos 
requfites,  and  the  chambre  des  enquOtes.  It  played  a 
prominent  political  part  at  different  times  in  the  17th and 
18th  centuries. 

Parma  (par'ma).  1.  A province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italy.  Area,  1,250  square 


Parma 

miles.  Population,  299,661. — 2.  A city,  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  Parma,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  river  Parma  in  lat.  44°  48'  N.,  long.  10° 
20'  E. : the  Roman  Parma.  It  is  the  seat  of  a flour- 
ishing trade,  and  has  manufactures  of  felt  hats.  The  ca- 
thedral is  an  interesting  Romanesque  building,  essential- 
ly of  the  11th  century.  The  facade  has  3 round-arched 
portals  below  3 tiers  of  arcades : arcades  are  freely  and 
picturesquely  used  throughout  the  exterior.  There  is  an 
octagonal  domed  tower  at  the  crossing.  The  three-aisled 
interior  is  spacious,  with  much  excellent  sculpture  and 
painting,  notably  the  famous  frescos  by  Correggio  in  the 
dome,  representing  the  Assumption  of  the  Virgin.  The 
baptistery  of  the  cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  in  Italy,  be- 
gun in  line,  is  octagonal,  with  7 stories  : the  4 intermedi- 
ate ones  form  galleries  supported  by  little  columns,  close- 
ly set.  There  are  3 beautiful  sculptured  doors.  The  in- 
terior is  sixteen-sided,  with  arcades  and  a pointed,  ribbed 
dome.  The  walls  are  covered  with  curious  medieval  paint- 
ings, and  there  is  much  good  sculpture  both  without  and 
witbin.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  churches  of  Ma- 
donna della  Steccataand  San  Giovanni  Evangelista,  ducal 
palace,  library,  museum,  art  gallery,  and  university.  Par- 
ma was  founded  by  the  Romans  as  a colony  on  the  zF.rnil- 
ian  Way  about  183  B.  c.  After  its  capture  by  Mark  An- 
tony. it  was  restored  and  called  Colonia  Julia  Augusta. 
It  had  important  woolen  manufactures  in  early  times.  It 
took  part  in  the  strife  of  the  Guelplis  and  Ghibellines,  and 
belonged  later  to  the  Visconti.  Her  e,  in  1734,  an  indeci- 
sive battle  was  fought  between  the  French  and  the  Im- 
perialists. (See  Parma,  Duchy  of.)  Population,  com- 
mune, 49,340. 

Parma,  Duchy  of,  properly  the  Duchies  of 
Parma  and  Piacenza.  A former  duchy  in 
northern  Italy,  comprising  in  later  times  the 
modern  provinces  of  Parma  and  Pia  cenza.  It  was 

obtained  by  the  Pope  1511-13 ; was  under  the  Farnese  dy- 
nasty from  1645  to  1731;  passed  to  Don  Carlos  (Bourbon  of 
Spain)  in  1731,  to  Austria  in  1735,  to  Don  Philip  (Bourbon 
of  Spain)  in  1748 ; and  was  annexed  to  France  in  1802.  The 
duchies  of  Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  were  given  to 
Maria  Louisa  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in  1814-15,  and  fell 
to  the  Duke  of  Lucca  in  1847.  There  was  an  unsuccessful 
revolution  in  1848-49.  The  duchy  was  incorporated  with 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1860. 

Parma,  Duke  of  (Alexander).  See  Farnese, 
Alessandro. 

Parmegiano,orParmeggiano.  See  Parmigiano. 

Parmelan  (parm-loh').  A mountain  near  An- 
necy, in  the  Alps  of  Savoy.  Height,  6,085  feet. 

Parmenides  (par-men'i-dez).  [Gr.  UapgevUrig.~\ 
Born  at  Elea  : lived  about  450  b.  c.  (about  500 
B.  c.  ?).  A celebrated  Greek  philosopher,  head 
of  the  Eleatic  School.  He  wrote  his  opinions  in  a di- 
dactic poem,“  Nature"  (fragments  edited  by  Karsten  and 
by  Stein).  His  central  thought  is  the  unity  and  permanence 
of  being  : there  is  no  not-being  or  change.  A celebrated 
dialogue  of  Plato  was  named  from  him. 

Parmenides,  a native  of  Elea,  who  flourished  about  the 
year  503  B.  c.,  enjoyed  a reputation  in  his  native  city  scarcely 
inferior  to  that  of  Pythagoras  at  Crotona,  of  Empedocles  at 
Acragas,  or  of  Solon  at  Athens.  Speusippus,  quoted  by 
Diogenes  Laertius,  asserts  that  the  magistrates  of  Elea  were 
yearly  sworn  to  observe  the  laws  enacted  by  Parmenides. 
Cebes  talks  about  a “Pythagorean  or  Parmenidean  mode 
of  life,"  as  if  the  austere  ascesis  of  the  Samian  philosopher 
bad  been  adopted  or  imitated  by  the  Eleatic. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  193. 

Parmenio  (par-me'ni-o),  or  Parmenion  (par- 
me'ni-on).  [Gr.  llap/ievtuv.\  Born  about  400 
B.  c. : assassinated  by  order  of  Alexander,  330 
B.  C.  A Macedonian  general.  He  was  the  leading 
councilor  and  general  of  Philip  and  Alexander  the  Great, 
and  commanded  the  left  wing  at  the  battles  of  Granicus, 
Issus,  and  Arbela. 

Parmigiano  (par-me-ja'no),  or  Parmegiano 
(par-ma-ja'n5),  II  (‘The  Parmesan’):  usual 
name  of  Francesco  Maria  Mazzuola  (mat-so- 
o'la)  (Mazzola,  or  Mazzuoli).  Born  at  Parma, 
Jan.  11,  1504 : died  at  Casal  Maggiore,  Italy, 
Aug.  24,1540.  An  Italian  painter.  Among  his  works 
are  “Vision  of  St.  Jerome”  (National  Gallery,  London), 
“Madonna  with  St.  Margaret”  (Bologna),  “Madonna  del 
Collo  Lungo  ’’  (Pitti  Palace,  Florence),  “ Madonna  della 
Rosa  ” (Dresden  Gallery),  etc. 

Parnahyba.  See  Paranaliyba. 

Parnassus  (par-nas'us).  [Gr.  Xlapvaaog,  later 
Uayvaaodg.']  A mountain-ridge  in  Greece,  83 
miles  northwest  of  Athens,  near  the  ancient 
Delphi,  and  situated  mainly  in  ancient  Phocis: 
the  modern  Liakoura.  It  was  celebrated  as  the  haunt 
of  Apollo,  the  Muses,  and  the  nymphs,  and  hence  as  the 
seat  of  music  and  poetry.  Highest  summit,  Lycoreia 
(8,068  feet). 

Parnassus.  1.  AfrescobyRaphaelMengs(1760), 
in  the  Villa  Albani,  Rome,  it  is  a group  of  Apollo 
and  the  Muses,  with  Mnemosyne,  the  motherof  the  Muses. 
2.  A fresco  by  Raphael,  in  the  Stanza  della  Seg- 
natura  of  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  subject  is  the 
triumph  of  ancient  art  under  the  enlightened  and  poetic 
influences  of  the  Renaissance.  Apollo  and  the  Muses  pre- 
side ; Homer,  Vergil,  Dante,  Sappho,  Anacreon,  Petrarch, 
and  Corinna, with  Raphael  himself,  figure  with  their  fellow- 
artists  in  the  attendant  company.  It  is  a garden  festival 
of  16th-century  Rome. 

Parnassus,  Mount.  A painting  by  Mantegna,  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris.  Mars  and  Venus  stand  on  a rock- 
arch,  with  Cupid,  who  is  shooting  darts  into  V ulcan’s  cave : 
in  the  foreground  the  Muses  dance  while  Apollo  makes 
music,  and  Mercury  stands  beside  Pegasus. 


783 

Parnell  (par-nel'),  Charles  Stewart.  Bom  at 

Avondale,  County  Wicklow,  Ireland,  1846:  died 
at  Brighton,  Oct.  6,  1891.  An  Irish  statesman. 
He  was  the  fourth  son  of  John  Henry  Parnell  (whose  an- 
cestors emigrated  from  England  to  Ireland  in  the  17th 
century)  and  Delia  Tudor  Stewart,  daughter  of  Admiral 
Charles  Stewart  of  the  United  States  navy.  He  studied 
at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  without  taking  a degree, 
and  was  elected  to  Parliament  in  1875.  He  became  the 
first  president  of  the  Irish  Land  League  in  1879,  visited 
the  United  States  in  the  interest  of  the  Irish  agitation  for 
home  rule  1879-80,  and  succeeded  Shaw  as  leader  of  the 
Home  Rule  party  in  1880.  He  was  imprisoned  under  the 
Coercion  Act  1881-82.  In  1886  Mr.  Gladstone  formed  a 
parliamentary  alliance  with  Parnell,  and  proposed  a Home 
Rule  Bill  which  secured  the  support  of  all  the  Irish  mem- 
bers (85),  but  caused  a split  in  the  Liberal  party  and  re- 
stored Lord  Salisbury  to  power.  Toward  the  close  of  the 
session  of  1887  the  “Times  ” sought  to  discredit  home  rule 
before  the  country  by  publishing  a series  of  articles  en- 
titled “Parnellism  and  Crime,”  in  which  it  tried  to  con- 
nect Parnell  with  the  Phoenix  Park  murders  and  other 
assassinations.  In  support  of  its  allegations  it  published 
a number  of  letters  alleged  to  have  been  written  by  Par- 
nell, which  were  proved,  before  a committee  appointed 
by  Parliament  to  investigate  the  “Times  ” charges,  to  have 
been  forged  by  one  Pigott.  Parnell  brought  suit  for  libel 
against  the  “Times,”  recovering £5, 000  damages.  In  Nov., 
1890,  Captain  O'Shea  obtained  a grant  of  divorce  from  his 
wife — Parnell  (who  afterward  married  Mrs.  O ’Shea)  having 
figured  as  the  corespondent  in  the  suit.  He  was  in  con- 
sequence deposed  from  the  leadership,  at  the  instance  of 
the  Liberal  leaders,  by  a majority  of  his  party,  but  refused 
to  submit,  and  led  a minority  until  his  death. 

Parnell,  Henry  Brooke,  first  Baron  Congleton. 
Bom  July  3,  1776:  committed  suicide,  June  8, 
1842.  A British  politician,  secretary  at  war 
1831-32.  He  wrote  “ Financial  Reform”  (1830), 
etc. 

Parnell,  Thomas.  Born  at  Dublin  in  1679 : died 
in  1718.  A British  poet.  He  war,  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  where  he  graduated  in  1697 ; was  or- 
dained in  1700 ; was  archdeacon  of  Clogher  in  1706 ; and 
was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Finglas  in  1716.  He  was 
a member  of  the  Scriblerus  Club.  Among  his  poems  are 
“The  Hermit,”  “Night-Piece  on  Death,”  “Hymn  to  Con- 
tentment,’ and  “Allegory  on  Man.”  He  translated  Homer’s 
“ Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.” 

Parnellite  (par'nel-it,)  Party.  In  British  poli- 
ties, the  Irish  Nationalist  party  as  it  came  un- 
der the  leadership  of  Parnell  about  1879.  its  only 
important  aim  was  the  securing  of  home  rule  for  Ireland. 
In  1835  it  became  allied  for  this  purpose  with  the  English 
Liberal  party,  and  contributed  to  the  parliamentary  ma- 
jority of  the  third  and  fourth  Gladstone  administrations. 
After  the  judgment  in  the  O’Shea  case,  1890,  the  party  di- 
vided, a small  fraction  of  it,  called  then  distinctively  the 
Parnellites,  being  led  by  John  Redmond,  while  the  great 
majority  of  the  Nationalists  (often  called  Anti-Parnellites) 
chose  Justin  M'Carthy  as  leader. 

Parny  (par-ne'),  Svariste  Desire  de  Forges, 

Vicomte  de.  Bom  on  the  Isle  of  Bourbon,  Feb. 
6, 1753 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5, 1814.  A French 
poet.  Among  his  best -known  works  are  “ Poe- 
sies drotiques”  (1778)  and  “La  guerre  des 
dieux”  (1799). 

Parny’s  best  piece,  a short  epitaph  on  a young  gilt,  is  one 
of  the  best  things  of  its  kind  in  literature.  His  merits, 
however,  are  confined  to  his  early  works.  In  his  maturer 
years  he  wrote  long  poems,  on  the  model  of  the  “ Pueelle,” 
against  England,  Christianity,  and  monarchism,  which 
are  equally  remarkable  for  blasphemy,  obscenity,  extrava- 
gance, and  dullness.  Saintslmry,  French  Lit.,  p.  399. 

Parolles  (pa-rol'es).  Acharacterin  Shakspere’s 
“All 's  Well  that  Ends  Well,”  a braggart  whose 
poltroonery  is  humorous  and  droll. 

Paropamisus  (par-o-pam'i-sus  or  par,/o-pa-ini'- 
sus).  [Gr.  IlapoTrdfuoog .]  In  ancient  geography, 
a mountain-range  lying  west  of  the  Hindu- 
Kush. 

Paros  (pa'ros).  [Gr.  ITapor.]  An  island  of  the 
Cyclades,  Greece,  situated  in  the  zEgean  Sea 
west  of  Naxos,  intersected  by  lat.  37°  N.,  long. 
25°  10'  E.  It  is  composed  of  a single  mountain,  famous 
in  ancient  times  for  its  white  marble.  It  was  unsuccess- 
fully attacked  by  Miltiades  after  the  battle  of  Marathon 
490  B.  c.,  and  joined  the  confederacy  of  Delos.  Length, 
15  miles. 

Parquet,  Jacques  Diel  du.  See  Did  du  Par- 
quet. 

Parr  (par),  Catharine.  Born  at  Kendal  Castle, 
Westmoreland,  England,  about  1512  : died  at 
Sudely  Castle,  Gloucestershire,  England,  Sept. 
7,  1548.  Sixth  wife  of  Henry  VIII.,  whom  she 
married  in  1543.  She  married  Lord  Seymour  in 
1547. 

Parr,  Samuel.  Born  at  Harrow-on-the-Hill, 
England,  Jan.  26,  1747 : died  at  Hatton,  March 
6,  1825.  An  English  scholar,  son  of  Samuel 
Parr,  a surgeon,  whose  assistant  he  was  1761-64. 
He  studied  at  Harrow,  and  was  at  Cambridge  for  a short 
time  in  1766.  From  1767  to  1771  he  was  chief  assistant  to 
Dr.  Sumner  at  Harrow  School,  and  in  1783  was  made  vicar 
of  Hatton,  near  Warwick.  He  was  a warm  friend  of  Por- 
Bon.  He  was  famous  for  the  variety  of  his  knowledge  and 
for  his  dogmatism. 

Parr,  Thomas,  called  “ Old  Parr.”  Died  at  Lon- 
don, 1635.  A reputed  centenarian.  lie  was  said 
to  have  been  born  in  1483,  and  hence  would  have  been  152 


Farsis 

years  old  when  he  died.  Mr.  Thoms,  the  editor  of  “Notes 
and  Queries,”  examined  the  evidence  and  found  it  un- 
trustworthy, though  Parr  was  certainly  very  old  and  was 
a celebrity  for  many  years  before  his  death. 

Parramatta,  or  Paramatta  (par-a-mat'a).  A 
town  in  New  South  Wales,  Australia,  situated 
on  the  Parramatta  River  14  miles  northwest  of 
Sydney.  It  has  a flourishing  fruit  trade.  Pop- 
ulation, 12,560. 

Parret  (par'et).  A river  in  Somerset,  England, 
which  flows  into  the  Bristol  Channel  6 miles 
north  of  Bridgwater.  Length,  about  40  miles. 

Parrhasius  (pa-ra'shi-us).  [Gr.  nap  pan  toe.'] 
Born  at  Ephesus : lived  about  400  b.  c.  A cele- 
brated Greek  painter,  considered  one  of  the 
greatest  of  antiquity.  The  anecdotes  of  Pliny  about 
all  the  painters  of  this  time  indicate  extraordinary  realism 
carried  to  the  point  of  actual  illusion.  (Compare  Zeuxis.) 
There  were  many  pen-and-ink  sketches  by  Parrhasius  still 
in  existence  in  the  time  of  Pliny.  Among  his  principal 
works  were  “The  Personification  of  the  Demos  of  Athens," 
probably  suggested  by  Aristophanes ; a Prometheus ; the 
Hercules  at  Lindus;  the  Theseus  at  Athens,  afterward  on 
the  Capitol  at  Rome  ; and  a Contest  of  Ajax  and  Odysseus 
for  the  weapons  of  Achilles. 

Parris  ( par 'is),  Albion  Keith.  Born  in  Maine, 
Jan.  19,  1788:  died  at  Portland,  Maine,  Feb. 
11, 1857.  An  American  Democratic  politician. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1815-19; 
governor  of  Maine  1822-26;  and  United  States  senator 
from  Maine  1826-28. 

Parris,  Samuel.  Born  at  London,  1653:  died 
at  Sudbury,  Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1720.  An  Ameri- 
can Congregational  clergyman,  notable  in  con- 
nection .with  the  Salem  witchcraft  delusion  of 
1692-93.  He  studied  at  Harvard,  without  taking  a de- 
gree, became  a merchant  at  Boston,  afterward  entered 
the  ministry,  and  in  1689  became  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Danvers  (then  part  of  Salem),  Massachusetts.  In  1692 
his  daughter  and  his  niece,  Abigail  Williams,  both  about 
12  years  of  age,  accused  Tibuta  (a  South  American  slave 
living  with  the  family  as  a servant)  of  bewitching  them. 
He  beat  Tibuta  into  confessing  herself  a witch.  The  de- 
lusion spread,  many  persons  were  tried  for  witchcraft, 
and  in  the  course  of  16  months  20  persons  were  put  to 
death.  He  was  dismissed  by  his  congregation  in  1696  for 
his  share  in  these  judicial  murders.  Appletons’  Cyc.  of 
Amer.  Biog. 

Parrot  (pa-ro'),  Johann  Jakob  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm. Born  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  1792 : died 
at  Dorpat,  Russia,  about  1840.  A German  trav- 
eler in  the  Caucasus,  Ararat,  etc. 

Parrott  (par'ot),  Robert  Parker.  Born  at  Lee, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  5, 1804:  died  at  Cold  Spring,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  24, 1877.  An  American  inventor,  superin- 
tendent of  tbe  West  Point  iron  and  cannon  foun- 
dry, Cold  Spring,  New  York.  He  invented  the 
Parrott  gun. 

Parry  (par'i),  Cape.  A cape  on  the  northern 
coast  of  North  America,  projecting  into  the 

^Arctic  Ocean  about  lat.  70°N.,long.  123°  30'  W. 

Parry,  Sir  Charles  Hubert  Hastings.  Born  at 
Bournemouth,  Feb.  27,  1848.  An  English  com- 
poser.  He  was  professor  of  musical  history  and  compo- 
sition at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music  in  1883.  Knighted 
in  1898,  and  created  a baronet  in  1902. 

Parry,  Sir  William  Edward.  Born  at  Bath, 
England,  Dec.  19, 1790 ; died  at  Ems,  Germany, 
July  8, 1855.  An  English  navigator  and  arctic 
explorer.  In  1806  he  was  midshipman  in  the  Tribune 
frigate,  and  in  1808  on  the  Vanguard  in  the  Baltic.  As 
lieutenant  of  the  Alexander  he  served  at  Spitzbergen  and 
on  La  Hogue  in  the  North  American  station  until  1817. 
He  accompanied  Ross’s  polar  expedition,  and  took  com- 
mand of  an  expedition  himself  in  May.  1819.  He  explored 
and  named  Barrow  Strait,  Prince  Regent’s  Inlet,  and 
Wellington  Sound,  reaching  Melville  Island  Sept.,  1819. 
By  crossing  long.  110“  W.  he  won  the  £5,000  prize  of- 
fered by  Parliament.  A narration  of  the  expedition  ap- 
peared in  1821.  In  May,  1821,  he  started  on  a second  ex- 
pedition, and  in  May,  1824,  on  a third,  which  were  not 
specially  successful.  Another  expedition,  by  way  of  Spitz- 
bergen, was  likewise  unsuccessful.  From  Dec.,  1823,  to 
May,  1829,  he  was  acting  hydrographer  to  the  navy.  In 
1852  he  was  made  rear-admiral,  and  in  1853  governor  of 
Greenwich  Hospital. 

Parry  Islands.  [Named  from  Sir  W.  E.  Parry.] 
A group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  includ- 
ing Melville  Island,  Bathurst  Island,  and  others. 

Parsdorf  (pars'dorf),  Armistice  of.  A truce 
betweenFrance  and  Austria,  concluded  in  July, 
1800,  at  Parsdorf,  a village  10  miles  east  of  Mu- 
nich. 

Parsifal,  or  Parsival  (par'se-fal).  A musical 
drama  by  Richard  Wagner.  The  poem  was  com- 
posed by  him  in  1877,  the  music  in  1879.  It  was  first  per- 
formed at  Bayreuth,  July  28, 1882.  See  Perceval  and  Par- 
zival. 

Parsis,  orParsees  (par'sez).  [From  Pers. Parsi, 
a Persian.]  The  descendants  of  those  Persians 
who  settled  in  India  about  tho  end  of  the  7th  and 
the  beginning  of  the  8th  century,  in  order  to  es- 
cape Mohammedan  persecution,  and  who  still  re- 
tain their  ancient  religion,  now  called  Zoroastri- 
anism. See  Guebers. 


784 


Parsons 

Parsons  (par'sonz).  A city  in  Labette  County, 
southeastern  Kansas,  123  miles  south  by  east 
of  Topeka.  Population,  12,463,  (1910). 
Parsons  (par'sonz),  Alfred  William.  Born 
in  Somerset,  Dee.  2,  1847.  An  English  land- 
scape-painter. He  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy in  1871,  and  paints  both  in  oil  and  in  water-colors. 
Among  hi3  works  are  “ The  First  Frost " (1883),  “ In  a Cider 
Country"  (1886),  “When  Nature  Painted  all  Things  Gay" 
(1887),  a series  of  water-color  drawings  of  the  Warwick- 
shire Avon  (exhibited  1885),  etc.  A.  R.  A.,  1897  ; R.  A.,  1911. 

Parsons,  or  Persons  (per'sonz),  Robert.  Born 
at  Nether  Stowey,  Somerset,  1546:  died  at  Rome, 
April  15, 1610.  An  English  J esuit.  He  graduated 
at  Oxford  (Balliol  College)  in  1568,  and  was  subsequently 
a fellow,  bursar,  and  dean  of  his  college.  In  1575  he  en- 
tered the  Jesuit  Society  at  Rome.  He  intrigued  actively 
against  Elizabeth  and  the  Protestants  in  England  until  his 
death.  He  published  many  polemical  works. 

Parsons,  Theophilus.  Born  at  Byfield,  Mass., 
Feb.  24,  1750:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  30,  1813. 
An  American  jurist.  He  was  a member  of  the  Essex 
Junto  in  1778,  and  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Massachusetts  180C-13. 

Parsons,  Theophilus.  Born  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  May  17,  1797 : died  Jan.  26,  1882.  An 
American  legal  and  religious  writer,  son  of  T. 
Parsons.  He  published  “Law ofContracts”(1853), "Mer- 
cantile Law  ”(1856),“  Maritime  Law  "(1859),  “DeusHomo” 
(1867),  “The  Infinite  and  the  Finite ”(1872),  etc. 

Parsons,  Thomas  William.  Born  at  Boston, 
Aug.  18,  1819:  died  at  Scituate,  Mass.,  Sept. 
3,  1892.  An  American  poet.  Helivedmuchabroad. 
He  translated  Dante’s  “ Inferno"  inl867,  published  “Ghetto 
di  Roma"  (1854  : collected  poems,  among  which  is  “On  a 
Bust  of  Dante"),  “The  Magnolia,  etc."  (privately  printed 
1867),  “ The  Shadow  of  the  Obelisk,  etc.’  (1872),  and  “Cir- 
cum  Prsecordia  " (1892),  etc. 

Parsons,  William,  third  Earl  of  Rosse.  Bom 
at  York,  England,  June  17,  1800:  died  Oct.  31, 
1867.  A British  astronomer.  He  is  specially  nota- 
ble for  the  reflecting  telescope  (the  largest  in  the  world) 
which  he  erected  at  BlrrCastle,  Parsonstown,  Ireland,  1845. 
The  focal  length  of  the  telescope  is  64  feet;  the  diameter 
of  the  tube,  7 feet. 

Parson’s  Emperor.  [Or.  Pfaffen-Kaiser.']  A 
name  given  to  the  emperor  Charles  IV.,  who 
owed  his  elevation  to  the  Pope. 

Parson’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Can- 
terbury Tales.”  It  was  taken  from  the  same  original 
as  the  “ Ayenbite  of  Inwit,”  and  its  theme  is  penitence. 
At  the  instance  of  Pepys,  Dryden  produced  his  imitation 
of  the  character  of  the  parson  in  the  “General  Prologue" : 
he  turned  the  parish  priest  of  the  14th  century  into  a non- 
juring  divine  of  the  17th  century.  Lounsbury. 
Parsonstown  (piir'sonz-toun).  Atown  in  King’s 
County,  Ireland,  43  miles  northeast  of  Limer- 
ick. Population,  4,438. 

Partabgarh  (pur-tab-gur'),  or  Pertabgurh 
(pfer-tab-gur'),  or  Pratabgarh  (pra-tab-gur'). 
1 . A district  in  the  United  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  45'  N.,  long.  82° 
E.  Area,  1,442  square  miles.  Population, 
912,848. — 2.  A state  in  Rajputana,  India,  under 
British  control,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  N.,  long. 
74°  40'  E.  Area,  886  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 52,025. 

Partanna  (par-tan'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Trapani,  Sicily,  38  miles  southwest  of  Pa- 
lermo. Population,  commune,  14,059. 
Parthenay  (part-na').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux-Sevres,  France,  on  the  Thouet 
30  miles  west  by  north  of  Poit  iers,  it  has  preserved 
its  ramparts  from  medieval  times.  Pop.,  commune,  7,155. 

Parthenia  (par-the'ni-a).  In  Sidney’s  “Arca- 
dia,” the  wife  of  Argalus,  who  assumes  the  ar- 
mor of  a knight  to  revenge  his  death  upon  his 
slayer  Amphialus. 

Parthenius  (par  - the ' ni  - us) . [Gr.  UapOevioc.'] 
Lived  in  the  last  part  of  the  1st  century  B.  c. 
A Greek  poet,  living  in  Rome.  His  only  sur- 
viving work  is  a collection  of  prose  tales. 
Parthenon  (par'the-non).  [Gr.  Tlapdevuv,  the 
temple  of  Athene  Parthenos(‘  the  Virgin’).]  The 
official  temple  of  Pallas,  at  Athens,  as  protec- 
tress of  the  city  and  guardian  of  the  Athenian 
hegemony,  begun  about  450  B.  C.  by  Ictinus, 
under  the  political  direction  of  Pericles  and 
the  artistic  presidency  of  Phidias.  The  temple 
is  a Doric  peripteros  of  8 tiy  17  columns,  on  a stylobate  of 
3 steps,  measuring  on  the  highest  step  101  by  228  feet. 
Before  both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  there  is  an  inner 
range  of  6 columns.  The  cella  had  two  interior  double- 
tiered  ranges  of  Doric  columns,  and  behind  it  there  was  a 
large  chamber  used  for  a treasury,  with  4 great  columns 
(to  support  its  ceiling.  The  cult-statue  in  the  cella  was 
the  famous  colossal  chryselephantine  statue  of  Athene 
Parthenos  by  Phidias.  It  represented  the  goddess  stand- 
ing, wearing  helmet  and  regis,  with  her  left  hand  sup- 
porting her  spear,  and  on  her  extended  right  holding  a 
Victory.  At  her  feet  were  her  shield  and  serpent.  The 
entire  upper  part  of  the  exterior  wall  of  the  cella  was  sur- 
rounded by  a frieze  in  low  relief,  3j  feet  high,  represent- 
ing an  idealized  Panathenaic  procession,  in  presence  of 
the  Olympian  gods.  Both  pediments  were  tilled  with 


sculpture  in  the  round,  the  group  on  the  east  representing 
the  birth  of  Athene,  that  on  the  west  her  contest  for  Ath- 
ens with  Poseidon.  The  surviving  fragments  from  the 
pediments  and  much  of  the  frieze  are  among  the  Elgin 
Marbles  in  the  British  Museum,  and  are  considered  the 
most  precious  existing  sculptures.  The  metopes  of  the 
peristyle  entablature  bore  contests  of  Greeks  with  cen- 
taurs, Amazons,  and  Trojan9,  in  high  relief.  The  orna- 
ment of  the  Parthenon  also  included  a comprehensive 
scheme  of  decoration  in  color.  In  refinement  of  design 
and  perfection  of  execution  this  structure  has  never  been 
paralleled.  Since  1835  it  has  not  been  disputed  that 
the  existing  Parthenon  stands  on  the  foundations  of  an 
older  temple  which,  prior  to  the  discovery  in  1885  of  the 
old  temple  of  Athene  (see  Athens)  adjoining  the  Erech- 
theum,  was  believed  to  lie  identical  with  this  temple.  In 
1892  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose  sought  to  establish,  nevertheless, 
the  truth  of  the  old  theory',  basing  his  argument  prima- 
rily on  a series  of  architect’s  laying-out  marks  inscribed 
on  the  southern  foundation  of  the  Parthenon.  Mr  Pen- 
rose’s temple,  assigned  to  the  beginning  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c.,  was  Doric,  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  16  col- 
umns on  the  flanks,  measuring  on  the  highest  step  69.8 
by  193.1  feet,  and  thus  leaving  unoccupied  as  a peribolos 
a considerable  part  of  its  massive  platform.  Dr.  Dorpfeld, 
however,  has  traversed  successfully  the  English  archaeol- 
ogist’s theory,  and  has  proved  that  the  older  Parthenon 
was  begun  after  the  Persian  invasion  ; that  it  was  never 
finished ; that  it  was  Doric,  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  19 
columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a stylobate  probably  of  2 steps ; 
and  that  it  measured  on  the  edge  of  the  upper  step  100.04 
by  249. 24  feet. 

Parthenope  (par-then'6-pe).  [Gr.  n ap0ev6irri.'\ 
1.  The  name  of  several  persons  in  Greek  my- 
thology, particularly  of  a Siren  said  to  have 
been  cast  up  drowned  on  the  shore  of  Naples. 
— 2.  An  ancient  name  of  Naples. — 3.  An  aste- 
roid (No.  11)  discovered  at  Naples  May  11, 1850, 
by  De  Gasparis. 

Parthenopean  (par//the-no-pe'an)  Republic. 
[From  Parthenope , an  old  name  of  Naples.] 
The  short-lived  republic  which  succeeded  the 
kingdom  of  Naples  in  1799.  it  was  established  by 
aid  of  the  French  in  Jan.,  and  was  overthrown  by  the 
British,  Russian,  and  other  forces  in  June.  The  Bourbons 
were  restored. 

Parthia  (par'thi-a).  [Gr.  Uapdia,  from  Tlapdoi, 
L.  Partlii,  the  Parthians.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a country  in  western  Asia,  situated  east  of 
Media  and  sou  t.h  of  Hyrcania.  It  was  the  nucleus 
of  the  Parthian  empire. 

Parthian  (par'thi-an)  Empire.  An  ancient 
monarchy,  comprising  a great  part  of  the  terri- 
tories of  the  first  Persian  empire,  it  extended  at 
its  height  to  the  Euphrates,  Caspian  Sea,  Indus,  and  In- 
dian Ocean.  It  was  established  by  Arsaces,  the  first  king, 
who  overthrew  the  rule  of  the  Seleucidse  about  250  B.  c. ; 
rose  to  great  power  under  Mithridates  I.  and  II. ; was  often 
at  war  with  Rome ; and  was  overthrown  by  the  new  Per- 
sian dynasty  of  the  S assau  ida;  about  226  A.  ]>. 

Partick  (par'tik).  A western  suburb  of  Glasgow, 
Scotland. 

Partington  (par'ting-ton),  Mrs.  A humorous 
character  invented  by  Benjamin  Penhallow 
Shillaber,  whose  “Life  and  Sayings  of  Mrs. 
Partington  ” appeared  in  1854.  She  was  noted  for 
her  misuse  of  words.  Sydney  Smith  introduces  a personage 
of  this  name  in  his  speech  on  the  Reform  Bill  in  1831,  in 
which  he  applies  the  story  of  a Dame  Partington  of  Sid- 
mouth  who  undertook  to  sweep  the  Atlantic  Ocean  out  of 
her  house  on  the  occasion  of  a great  storm,  moppioig  it  up 
and  then  squeezing  out  the  mop:  “ The  Atlantic  beat  Mrs. 
Partington." 

Partition  Treaties.  Two  treaties  made  between 
France,  England,  and  the  Netherlands  in  1698 
and  1700  (the  latter  on  the  death  of  the  Bava- 
rian electoral  prince),  for  the  settlement  of  the 
Spanish  succession.  By  the  first,  Spain,  the  Indies, 
and  the  Netherlands  were  given  to  the  Bavarian  electoral 
prince  Joseph  Ferdinand;  Guiptizcoa  and  the  Sicilies  to 
France;  and  Milan  to  the  archduke  Charles.  By  the 
second,  Spain,  the  Indies,  and  the  Netherlands  went  to 
the  archduke  Charles,  and  France  was  to  receive  the  Two 
Sicilies,  Milan  (or  its  equivalent  Lorraine),  and  Guipiizcoa. 

PartOH  (par'ton),  Arthur.  Born  at  Hudson, 
N.Y.,  March  26, 1842.  An  American  landscape- 
painter. 

Partoil  (par'ton),  James.  Born  at  Canterbury, 
England,  Feb.  9,  1822 : died  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  Oct.  17, 1891.  An  American  biographer 
and  miscellaneous  author.  Among  his  biographical 
works  are  lives  of  Horace  Greeley  (1855),  Aaron  Burr 
(1857),  Andrew  Jackson  (1860),  Benjamin  Franklin  (1864), 
Thomas  Jefferson  (1874),  Voltaire  (1881).  He  also  wrote 
“Famous  Americans  of  Recent  Times"  (1867),  “Noted 
Women  of  Europe  and  America”  (1883),  “Captains  of  In- 
dustry ” (1884  and  1891),  etc. 

Parton,  Mrs.  (Sara  Payson  Willis):  pseudo- 
nym Fanny  Fern.  Born  at  Portland,  Maine, 
July  9, 1811:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  10, 
1872.  An  American  author,  wife  of  James 
Parton  and  sister  of  N.  P.  Willis.  She  married 
Charles  H.  Eldredgein  1837:  he  died  in  1846,  and  she  began 
to  write  for  a livelihood.  In  1856  she  married  James  Par- 
ton.  She  published  “ Fern  Leaves  from  Fanny’s  Portfolio  ” 
(1853  and  1854),  “Little  Ferns"  (18641,  “Fresh  Ferns," 
“Ruth  Hall,"  “Rose  Clark,"  “Folly  as  it  Flies,  etc.” 
(1868),  “Ginger  Snaps  ’’  (1870),  etc. 

Parysatis  (pa-ris'a-tis).  [Gr.  Tlapiiaanc.']  Lived 
about  400  b.  c.  Daughter  of  Artaxerxes  Longi- 


Pas-de-Calais 

manus,  wife  of  Darius  Ochus,  and  mother  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon  and  Cyrus  the  Younger. 
She  was  notorious  for  her  crimes. 

Parzival  (part'se-fal).  The  legendary  hero  of 
the  epic  poem  of  the  same  name  written  by  the 
German  poet  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach,  after 
French  originals,  between  1205  and  1215.  He 
was  the  son  of  Gamuret,  prince  of  Anjou,  and  Queen  Herze- 
loide  of  Valois.  His  father  falls  in  battle  in  the  East, 
and  his  mother,  to  protect  him  from  a like  fate,  brings  him 
up  in  the  solitude  of  the  forest  in  ignorance  of  knightly 
customs.  After  many  misadventures  he,  however,  arrives 
at  Arthur’s  court,  and  ultimately  becomes  a knight  of  the 
Round  Table.  Afterward,  in  search  of  adventures,  he 
rescues  Queen  Condwiramurs,  who  becomes  his  wife,  and 
then  arrives  at  the  Castle  of  the  Holy  Grail.  Here,  hav- 
ing neglected  certain  conditions,  he  loses  the  sovereignty 
of  the  grail  (which  it  was  possible  for  him  to  obtain),  and 
leaves  the  castle  in  disgrace.  The  messenger  of  the  grail 
afterward  appears  at  the  court  of  Arthur  and  rebukeshim, 
and  he  is  banished  from  the  Round  Table.  At  this  open 
shame  he  renounces  his  allegiance  to  God,  and  wanders 
about  in  search  of  the  grail.  Finally  he  learns  the  true 
nature  of  God  and  of  the  grail,  leads  a life  of  abstinence, 
and  becomes  again  a member  of  the  Round  Table.  At  the 
Castle  of  the  Grail  he  is  declared  to  be  now  worthy  to  be- 
come the  sovereign  of  the  grail.  See  Parsifal  and  Per- 
ceval. 

Pasadena  (pas-a-de'na).  A noted  winter  resort 
in  southern  California,  about  9 miles  from  Los 
Angeles.  Population,  30,291,  (1910). 

Pasargadse  (pa-sar'ga-de).  [Gr.  n aoapyadcu.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  earliest  capital  of  the 
Persians.  It  lias  been  identified  in  the  ancientsite  con- 
spicuous  in  the  little  valley  now  called  Meshhed-Murghab, 
northeast  of  the  ancient  Persepolis.  Cyrus  built  here  two 
palaces  and  founded  temples;  here hewas buried;  and  hi# 
city  became  a place  of  pilgrimage  and  religious  instruc- 
tion for  the  Persians.  The  architectural  remains,  though 
ruinous,  are  important. 

Pascagoula.  See  Biloxi. 

Pascagoula  (pas-ka-go'la).  A river  in  Missis- 
sippi which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Leaf 
and  Chiekasawha  rivers,  and  flows  into  Mis- 
sissippi Sound  40  miles  southwest  of  Mobile. 
Length,  including  the  Chiekasawha,  about  250 
miles. 

Pascal  (pas'kal;  P.  pron.  pas-kal'),  Blaise. 
Born  at  Clermont-Ferrand,  Puy-de-D6me,  June 
19,  1623 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1662.  A cele- 
brated French  geometrician,  philosopher,  and 
writer.  He  was  educated  in  Paris  after  1631,  but  his 
progress  was  such  that  his  zeal  had  to  be  restrained.  Books 
were  denied  him  for  awhile,  but  nevertheless,  unaided,  he 
invented  geometry  anew  when  12  years  old,  and  at  the  age 
of  17  achieved  renown  with  his  “ Traite  des  sections  co- 
niques  ” (1640).  Later  on  lie  undertook  and  carried  on  suc- 
cessfully the  solution  of  the  most  difficult  problems.  That 
he  also  became  distinguished  in  literature  is  due  to  his  con- 
nection with  the  celebrated  monastery  of  Port-Royal.  At 
different  times  during  his  early  career  Pascal  had  con- 
ceived the  plan  to  give  himself  upas  a layman  to  the  ser- 
vice of  God.  At  various  times  he  abandoned  his  intention 
for  a life  of  dissipation  from  which  he  was  Anally  redeemed 
as  a consequence  of  an  escape  he  had  from  an  accident 
(1654).  He  renounced  the  world  definitely,  and  embraced 
the  cause  of  Port-Royal.  His  first  literary  work  within 
these  walls  was  transmitted  from  memory  by  an  auditor, 
and  is  entitled  “Entretien  sur  Epicttte  et  Montaigne" 
(1655).  He  rose  to  highest  literary  excellence  in  setting 
forth  and  defending  the  doctrines  of  Port- Royal  against 
the  Jesuits.  Between  Jan.,  1656,  and  March,  1657,  over  his 
nom  de  plume,  Lonis  de  Montalte,  Pascal  wrote  18  letters, 
professedly  to  a friend  in  the  provinces : hence  the 
epistles  are  known  as  “Les  provinciales."  At  the  time 
of  his  death  Pascal  was  engaged  on  a work  that  he  was 
to  name  “Apologie  de  la  religion  catholique.”  The  notes 
he  had  made  for  it  were  subsequently  found,  but  in  such 
a scattered  and  imperfect  condition  that  it  was  useless  to 
attempt  restoring  his  plan.  They  were  therefore  published 
in  1670  under  the  title  “ Pens6es  de  M.  Pascal  sur  la  religion 
et  sur  quelques  autres  sujets,  qui  ont  dtd  trouvees  aprts  sa 
mort  parmi  ses  papiers.”  In  addition  to  these  works  Pas- 
cal wrote  a “Discours  sur  les  passions  de  1 amour,"  “ L’Es- 
prit  gdomdtrique,"  “L’Artde  persuader,"  three  different 
“Discours  sur  la  condition  des  grands,”  “Prifere  pour  de- 
mander  le  bon  usage  des  maladies,”  and  finally  a limited 
number  of  letters,  addressed  among  others,  to  Mademoi- 
selle de  Roannez  in  1657. 

Paschal  (pas'kal)  I.,  L.  Paschalis  (pas-ka'- 
lis).  Pope  817-824. 

Paschal  II.,  L.  Paschalis  (Ranieri).  Died  Jan. 
21,  1118.  Pope  1099-1118.  He  carried  on  a strife 
about  investiture  with  Henry  I.  of  England  and  the  em- 
perors Henry  IV.  and  Henry  V. 

Paschal  III.  Antipope  1164-68,  in  opposition 
to  Alexander  III. 

Pasco.  See  Cerro  de  Pasco. 

Pascoboula.  See  Biloxi. 

Pascuaro.  See  Patzcmro. 

Pas-de-Calais  (pii  'de-kii-la').  [F.,  ‘ step  of 
Calais.’]  1.  The  French  name  of  the  Strait  of 
Dover. — 2.  A department  in  northern  France, 
corresponding  to  the  greater  part  of  Artois  and 
part  of  Picardy.  Capital,  Arras.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  English  Channel  and  Strait  of  Dover  on  the  west  and 
north,  Nord  on  the  northeast  and  east,  and  Somme  on  the 
south.  The  surface  is  a plain  intersected  by  hills.  It  is  a 
flourishing  agricultural,  manufacturing,  mining,  and  com- 
mercial department.  Area,  2,696  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 1,012,466. 


Pasdeloup 

Pasdeloup  (pad-lo'),  Jules  Etienne.  Born  at 
Paris,  Sept.  15,  1819:  died  at  Fontainebleau, 
Aug.  13,  1887.  A French  conductor  of  popular 
concerts  in  Paris. 

Pasewalk  (pa'ze-viilk).  A town  in  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Uker  24  miles  west  by 
north  of  Stettin.  Population,  commune,  10,520. 
Pasini  (pa-se'ne),  Alberto.  Born  near  Parma, 
Italy,  1820 : died  at  Turin,  Dec.  15, 1899.  An  Ital- 
ian genre-painter.  He  went  to  Paris  about  1840,  and 
became  the  pupil  of  E.  Ciceri,  E.  Isabey,  and  Theodore 
Rousseau.  His  subjects  are  chiefly  Oriental. 

Pasiphae  (pa-sif'a-e).  [Gr.  Tlaoupai/.']  In  Greek 
legend,  the  daughter  of  Helios,  wife  of  Minos, 
and  mother  of  Ariadne.  She  was  enamoured  of  a 
white  bull  given  to  Mino3  by  Poseidon,  and  by  him  be- 
came the  mother  of  the  Minotaur. 
Pasiteles(pa-sit'e-lez).  [Gr.  Lived 

in  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A Greek  sculptor,  a 
native  of  Magna  Gracia,  who  acquired  Roman 
citizenship  when  the  southern  cities  were  ad- 
mitted to  that  privilege  about  87  B . c . He  followed 
the  modern  method  of  elaborating  his  work  in  clay,  and 
wrote  five  books  on  artistic  matters  much  copied  by  Pliny. 
Pasiteles  and  his  school  affected  a kind  of  pre-Phidian 
style.  Many  pseudo-archaic  works  are  ascribed  to  them. 
Paskevitch  (pas-kye'vich),  Ivan,  Prince  of 
Warsaw.  Born  at  Poltava,  Russia,  May  8 (0.  S.), 
1782:  died  at  Warsaw,  Feb.  1, 1856.  A Russian 
field-marshal.  He  was  distinguished  in  Turkey  until 
1812,  and  in  the  later  campaigns  against  Napoleon;  con- 
quered Persian  Armenia  and  stormed  Erivan  in  1827 ; cap- 
tured Kars  in  1828,  and  Erzerum  in  1829 ; as  commander- 
in-chief  in  Poland  captured  Warsaw  in  1831,  and  became 
governor  of  Poland,  executing  the  Organic  Statute ; and 
commanded  the  Russian  contingent  against  the  Hunga- 
rians in  1849,  and  the  Danube  army  in  1854. 

Pasman  (pas-man').  A small  narrow  island  in 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  south  of  Zara,  belonging  to 
Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary. 

Paso  de  Chocolate  (pa'so  da  cho-ko-la'ta).  A 
pass  in  northwestern  Chihuahua,  between  the 
towns  of  Galeana  and  Casas  Grandes,  famous  for 
the  atrocities  committed  there  by  the  Apaches 
during  the  19th  and  preceding  centuries.  The 
last  action  fought  there  was  in  1882,  when  nearly  all  the 
able-bodied  men  of  Galeana  were  slain  by  a superior  force 
of  Indians,  after  a desperate  resistance. 

Paso  del  Norte  .(pa'so  del  nor'ta),  El.  [Sp., 
‘The  Pass  of  the  North.’]  A town  (officially 
Juarez)  in  northeastern  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande  opposite  El 
Paso  in  Texas.  It  was  founded  as  an  Indian  mission 
in  1659.  Until  1680  it  was  only  an  Indian  village,  and  the 
only  relay  between  Parral  in  southern  Chihuahua  and 
Santa  F6  in  New  Mexico.  In  1680,  when  the  Pueblo  In- 
dians of  New  Mexico  drove  the  Spaniards  from  Santa  Fe, 
the  retreating  colonists  and  afew  soldiers  halted  at  El  Paso 
del  Norte,  and  established  their  camp.  Thereafter  it  be- 
came the  seat  of  government  for  the  province  of  New 
Mexico  until  1693,  and  the  base  of  operations  against  the 
hostile  Pueblos.  A Spanish  town  gradually  arose,  and  the 
Indian  settlements  became  merged  in  that  place  in  the 
course  of  time.  It  remained  attached  to  New  Mexico  until 
after  the  warbetweentheUnited  Statesand  Mexico,  when  it 
was,  after  the  conclusion  of  peace,  included  in  the  Mexican 
state  of  Chihuahua.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  reign 
of  Maximilian,  El  Paso  del  Norte  formed  the  headquarters 
of  the  national  forces  and  of  President  Juarez.  The  Mexi- 
can Central  Railroad  has  there  its  northern  terminus. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Pasquier  (pas-kya'),  Etienne.  Born  at  Paris, 
1529:  died  there,  1615.  A French  jurist  and 
author.  His  chief  works  are  “Recherches  sur  1a,  France  ” 
(“Researches  on  France":  publication  commenced  about 
1560)  and  “Letters.” 

Pasquier,  fltienne  Denis,  Baron  (later  Due) 
de.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  22,  1767 : died  there, 
July  5,  1862.  A French  politician.  He  served  as 
an  official  under  Napoleon  I. ; was  a cabinet  minister  dur- 
ing the  restoration,  and  president  of  the  Chamber  of 
Peers  under  Louis  Philippe  ; received  the  titular  dignity 
of  chancellor  in  1837 ; and  was  created  duke  in  1844.  He 
retired  to  private  life  after  the  revolution  of  1848.  He  was 
the  joint  author  with  M.  de  Randon  of  a vaudeville, 
“Grimou,  ou  le  portrait  k faire”;  published  “Discours 
prononegs  dans  les  chambres  legislatives  de  1814-38’’ 
(1842);  and  left  a memoir  in  manuscript,  the  first  volume 
of  which  appeared  in  1893  under  the  title  of  “Histoire  de 
mon  temps.” 

Pasquin  (pas'kwin),  It.  Pasquino  (pas-kwe'no). 
[F.  pasquin,  a lampoon,  also  the  statue  so 
called  (Cotgrave),  from  It.  pasquino,  a lampoon.  ] 
A tailor  (or  a cobbler,  or  a barber)  who  lived 
about  the  end  of  the  15th  century  in  Rome, 
noted  for  his  caustic  wit,  and  whose  name, 
soon  after  his  death,  was  transferred  to  a muti- 
lated statue  which  had  been  dug  up  opposite  his 
shop,  on  which  were  posted  anonymous  lam- 
poons. At  the  opposite  end  of  the  city  from  the  statue 
mentioned  above,  there  was  an  ancient  statue  of  Mars, 
called  by  the  people  Marforio  ; and  gibes  and  jeers  pasted 
upon  Pasquin  were  answered  by  similar  effusions  on  the 
part  of  Marforio.  By  this  system  of  thrust  and  parry  the 
most  serious  matters  were  disclosed,  and  the  most  dis- 
tinguished persons  attacked  and  defended.  I.  D'htraeli. 
Pasquin.  A dramatic  satire  by  Fielding,  pub- 
lished in  1736. 
c.— 50 


785 

Passage  of  Honor.  See  the  extract. 

The  first  [of  these  special  chronicles),  according  to  the 
date  of  its  events,  is  the  “Passo  Honroso,”  or  the  Passage 
of  Honor,  and  is  a formal  account  of  a passage  at  arms  which 
was  held  against  all  comers  in  1434,  at  thebridge  of  Orbigo, 
near  the  city  of  Leon,  during  thirty  days,  at  a moment 
when  the  road  was  thronged  with  knights  passing  for  a 
solemn  festival  to  the  neighboring  shrine  of  Santiago.  The 
challenger  was  Suero  de  Quinones,  a gentleman  of  rank, 
who  claimed  to  he  thus  emancipated  from  the  service  of 
wearing  for  a noble  lady’s  sake  a chain  of  iron  around  his 
neck  every  Thursday.  The  arrangements  for  this  extra- 
ordinary tournament  were  all  made  under  the  king’s  au- 
thority. Nine  champions,  mantenedores,  we  are  told,  stood 
with  Quifiones  ; and  at  the  end  of  thirty  days  it  was  found 
that  sixty-eight  knights  had  adventured  themselves  against 
his  claim,  that  sixhundredandtwenty-sevenencountershad 
taken  place,  and  that  sixty-six  lances  had  been  broken ; — 
one  knight,  an  Aragonese,  having  been  killed,  and  many 
wounded,  among  whom  were  Quinones  and  eight  out  of  his 
nine  fellow-champions.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  174. 

Passages  from  the  Diary  of  a Late  Physician. 

A collection  of  short  stories  by  Samuel  Warren, 
first  published  in  “Blackwood’s  Magazine.”  in 
1831  in  America  (1832  in  England)  two  volumes  were  pub- 
lished, and  in  1838  a third  was  added.  They  had  mostly  a 
morbid  interest,  but  were  extremely  popular. 

Passaguates  (pa-sa-gwa/tas).  [Origin  un- 
known.] A nomad  tribe  of  southern  Chihua- 
hua, mentioned  in  1582  by  Espejo.  It  is  now 
extinct,  and  nothing  is  known  of  its  language. 

Passaic  (pa-sa'ik).  Ariverin  New  Jersey  which 
flows  into  Newark  Bay  below  Newark,  it  forms 
a cataract  of  72  feet,  with  a perpendicular  fall  of  50  feet,  at 
Paterson.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Passaic.  Amanufacturingcityin  Passaic  Coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  river  Passaic 
11  miles  northwest  of  New  York.  Population, 
54,773,  (1910). 

Passamaquoddy  ( pas//a-ma-quod'i) . A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  chiefly  in  Maine.  See 
Abnaki. 

Passamaquoddy  Bay.  [From  the  Indian  tribe 
name.]  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  situated  on  the 
border  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick.  It 
receives  the  St.  Croix.  Length,  about  15  miles. 

Passaro  (pas'sa-ro),  orPassero  (pas'se-ro), 
Cape.  The  modern  name  of  Pachynum.  in  a 
sea-flglit  off  thiscape,  Aug.  11, 1718,  the  British  under  Byng 
annihilated  the  Spanish  fleet  under  Castaiieta. 

Passarowitz  (pas-sa'ro-vits),  or  Posarevatz 
(po-sa're-vats),  or  Poscharewatz  (po-sha're- 
vats).  A town  in  Servia,  38  miles  east-south- 
east  of  Belgrad.  Population,  12,980. 

Passarowitz,  Peace  of.  A treaty  concluded  at 
Passarowitz,  July  21,  1718,  between  Turkey  on 
one  side  and  Austria  and  Venice  on  the  other. 
Venice  ceded  the  Morea  to  Turkey ; Turkey  ceded  to  Aus- 
tria part  of  Bosnia,  Little  Wallachia,  part  of  Servia  (in- 
cluding Belgrad),  and  the  Batiat  of  Temesvar. 

Passau(pas'sou).  A city  in  Lower  Bavaria,  Ba- 
varia, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Inn  and  Ilz 
with  the  Danube,  close  to  the  Austrian  frontier, 
in  lat.  48°  34'  N.,  long.  13° 27'  E.  it  is  noted  for  its 
picturesque  location.  The  cathedral,  of  very  early  foun- 
dation, but  often  restored,  and  finally  rebuilt  in  1665,  is 
one  of  the  best  examples  of  the  German  florid  rococo  style. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  bishopric  of  Passau.  Population, 
commune,  18,735. 

Passau,  Bishopric  of.  A former  German  prin- 
cipality, in  the  neighborhood  of  Passau.  It  was 
founded  in  the  8th  century,  was  secularized  in  1803,  and 
passed  to  Bavaria  in  1805. 

Passau,  Peace  of.  A treaty  concluded  at  Pas- 
sau, July  16, 1552,  between  the  elector  Maurice 
of  Saxony  and  King  Ferdinand  in  behalf  of 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  The  principal  provision 
was  the  granting  of  freedom  of  religion  to  the 
Lutherans. 

Passavant  (pa-sa-von' ),  Johann  David.  Born 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Sept.  18,  1787 : died 
at  Frankfort,  Aug.  12,  1861.  A German  art 
historian  and  artist.  His  works  include  a life  of  Ra- 
phael  (1839-58:  French  ed.  I860),  “Le  peintre-graveur” 
(1860-64),  etc. 

Passeier.  See  Passeyr. 

Passes  (pas-sas').  A tribe  of  Indians  in  the 
Brazilian  state  of  Amazonas,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Amazon,  about  the  mouth  of  the  Japura. 
Formerly  they  were  numerous,  ranging  eastward  to  the 
Rio  Negro  and  westward  to  the  1 1,1  ;’t . They  are  a gentle 
race  of  agriculturists,  and  have  never  resisted  the  whites. 
During  the  18th  century  many  of  them  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages.  Very  few  remain  in  a wild  state.  The 
Passes  are  a branch  of  the  great  Arawak  or  Maypnre  stock. 

Passeyr  (pfis'ir),  or  Passeier  (pas'l-er).  A 
romantic  Alpine  valley  in  Tyrol,  about  30  miles 
south  by  west  of  Innsbruck,  which  unites  with 
the  valley  of  the  Adige  at  Meran. 

Passion  Play.  A mystery  or  miracle-play  rep- 
resenting the  different  scenes  in  the  passion  of 
Christ.  The  passion  play  is  still  extant  in  the  periodic 
representations  at  Oberammergau,  in  the  Bavarian  high- 
lands, perhaps  the  only  example  to  be  found  at  the  pres- 
ent day. 

Passow  (pas'so),  Franz  Ludwig  Karl  Fried- 
rich. Born  at  Ludwigslust,  Mecklenburg,  Sept. 


Patanjali 

20, 1786:  died  at  Breslau,  March  11, 1833.  A Ger- 
man classical  philologist  and  lexicographer,  pro- 
fessor at  Breslau  from  1815.  He  published  a Greek 
lexicon  (1819-24 : 6th  ed.  1841-57),  “ Elements  of  the  History 
of  Greek  and  Roman  Literature  and  Art,  ’’  etc. 

Passy  (pa-se').  A former  commune,  since  1860 
a part  of  Paris,  situated  east  of  the  Bois  de 
Boulogne. 

Pasta  (pas'ta),  Madame  (GiudittaNegri).  Born 
at  Como,  Italy,  1798:  died  near  the  Lake  of 
Como,  April  1,  1865.  An  Italian  opera-singer, 
of  Hebrew  birth,  one  of  the  leading  sopranos  in 
Paris  and  Italy  from  1819  to  about  1835. 
Pastasa  (pas-tas'a),  or  Pastaza  (pas-ta'tha). 
A river  in  Ecuador  which  joins  the  Maranon 
(Amazon)  about  long.  76°  30'  W.  Length, 
about  400  miles. 

Pasterze  (pas-tert'se).  One  of  the  largest  Al- 
pine glaciers,  situated  in  the  Glockner  group 
on  the  border  of  Tyrol  and  Carinthia. 

Pasteur  (pas-ter'),  Louis.  Born  at  Dole,  Jura, 
France,  Dec.  27, 1822:  died  near  St. -Cloud,  Sept. 
28, 1895.  A celebrated  French  chemist  and  mi- 
eroscopist.  He  is  famous  especially  for  his  researches 
in  bacteria,  fermentation,, the  “Siberian  pest,  ’ hydropho- 
bia, etc..  He  published  “ Etudes  sur  le  vin  ” (1866),  “Etudes 
sur  le  vinaigre)’  (1868),  “Etudes  sur  la  maladie  des  vers  k 
soie"  (1870),  “Etudes  sur  la  bicre  ” (1876),  etc.  He  began 
the  practice  of  inoculation  for  hydrophobia  in  1885. 
Pasto  (pas'to).  A town  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Colombia  (department  of  Narino),  100 
miles  southwest  of  Popayan,  on  the  eastern 
flank  of  a volcano  of  the  same  name.  Popula- 
tion, about  4,000. 

Paston  Letters.  A series  of  letters  written  or 
received  by  members  of  the  Paston  family,  of 
Paston,  county  of  Norfolk,  England.  The  series 
commenced  in  1424,  and  ended  in  1509.  They  are  valuable 
for  15th-century  history,  and  were  first  published  in  part 
by  Sir  John  Fenn  in  1787.  The  best  edition  is  by  James 
Gairdner  (3  vols.  1872-75),  increased  by  more  than  600  let- 
ters, with  notes,  etc. 

Pastoral  Symphony,  The.  1.  A short  move- 
ment in  Handel's  “Messiah.” — 2.  The  title  of 
Beethoven’s  6th  symphony.  He  added  a second 
title,  “or  Recollections  of  Country  Life.” 
Pastor  Fido  (pas-tor'  fe'do),  II.  [‘The  Faith- 
ful Shepherd.’]  A pastoral  drama  by  Giam- 
battista Guarini,  played  at  Turin  in  1585,  but 
not  printed  till  1590.  It  was  composed  to  celebrate 
the  marriage  of  a duke  of  Savoy,  and  lias  been  six  times 
translated  into  English. 

Patagonia  (pat-a-go'ni-a).  The  southernmost 
portion  of  South  America,  including  all  of  the 
Argentine  Republic  south  of  the  Rio  Negro,  to- 
gether with  the  adjacent  parts  of  Chile.  The  west- 
ern part  is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  the  Andes ; east 
of  them  much  of  the  country  is  occupied  by  high  andmore 
or  less  arid  plains.  The  shores  of  the  Chilean  portion 
are  bordered  by  an  infinity  of  islands.  The  interior  is 
sparsely  populated  by  Indians  (Patagonians,  Araucanians, 
etc.),  but  there  are  now  flourishing  Argentine  and  Chilean 
settlements  along  the  coasts.  In  1881  Patagonia  was  di- 
vided by  treaty,  Chile  taking  the  portion  west  of  the  Andes, 
together  with  the  shores  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan  from 
lat.  52°  S.,  and  the  Argentine  Republic  retaining  all  the 
rest.  Both  portions  have  been  subdivided  into  territories 
and  provinces.  The  name  is  now  used  only  as  a conve- 
nient geographical  term,  and  is  commonly  restricted  to  the 
Argentine  portion  : Tierra  del  Fuego  is  sometimes  in- 
cluded. Total  area  (excluding  Tierra  del  Fuego),  about 
235,000  square  miles,  of  which  about  one  fifth  is  in  Chile. 

Patagonians  (pat-a-go'ni-anz).  The  principal 
Indian  race  of  Patagonia.  They  call  themselves 
Chonek,  Tzoneca,  or  Inaken  ; the  Pampean  Indians,  and 
hence  the  whites  of  Argentina,  give  them  the  general  des- 
ignation of  Teliuelches, or  ‘southern  people,’ a name  more 
particularly  applied  to  those  between  the  rivers  Chubut 
and  Santa  Cruz.  They  are  wandering  hunters,  their  small 
villages  being  frequently  changed;  at  present  they  are 
friendly  to  the  whites,  bringing  skins,  etc.,  to  sell  at  the 
settlements.  The  Patagonians  are  noted  for  their  great 
stature,  many  of  the  men  being  over  six  feet  high : the 
early  explorers  represented  then)  as  gian  ts.  Their  language 
indicates  a distinct  stock,  though  Martius  believed  that  it 
had  some  relation  to  that  of  the  Tapuyas  of  Brazil.  They 
number  about  20,000. 

Patala  (pa-ta'la).  [Skt.  patala,  a word  of  ob- 
scure derivation.]  In  Hindu  mythology,  a sub- 
terranean or  infernal  region,  or,  more  properly, 
the  name  of  one  of  its  seven  subregions  or 
stories,  supposed  to  be  inhabited  by  various 
classes  of  supernatural  beings,  especially  Nd- 
qas,  or  serpents.  Patala  is  not  a place  of  torment. 
Under  it  are  the  hells  (narakas),  of  which  Manu  enumer- 
ates 21  and  tire  Buddhists  136. 

Patani  (pii-tii'ne).  A small  native  state  in  the 
Malay  peninsula,  feudatory  to  Siam,  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  about  lat.  6°-7°  N. 
Patanjali  (pa-tan'ja-li).  1.  The  reputed  found- 
er of  the  Yoga  system  of  Hindu  philosophy. — 
2.  The  author  of  the  Mahabhashya  (which  see). 
He  was  born  at  Gonarda  in  the  east  of  India,  and  lived  for 
sometime  in  Kashmir.  According  to  Goldstucker  he  wrote 
between  140  and  120  B.  c.,  but  Weber  places  him  about  26 
years  after  Christ.  Panini,  Katyayana,  and  Patanjali  are 
the  great  triad  of  Sanskrit  grammarians. 


Patapsco 

Patapsco  (pa-tap'sko).  A river  in  Maryland 
which  flows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  14  miles  south- 
east of  Baltimore.  Length,  nearly  80  miles. 
Patara  (pat'a-ra).  [Gr.  Ildrapa.  | In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  situated 
on  the  coast  in  lat.  36°  15'  N.,  long.  29°  22'  E. 
There  are  remains  of  a theater  of  the  date  of 
Hadrian. 

Patavium  (pa-ta'vi-um).  The  ancient  name 
of  Padua. 

Patawat  (pat'a-wat).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  living  on  lower  Mad  River,  Cali- 
fornia. See  Wishoslcan. 

Patay  (pa-ta/).  A village  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  France,  13  miles  northwest  of  Orldans. 
Here,  June  18,  1429,  the  French  under  Dunois 
and  Joan  of  Arc  defeated  the  English. 

Patch  (pach),  Samuel.  Born  in  Bhode  Island 
about  1807:  killed  at  Bochester,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  13, 
1829.  An  American,  noted  for  leaping  from 
bridges,  etc.  lie  was  killed  in  attempting  to  jump  from 
a height  of  125  feet  into  the  Genesee  River  at  Genesee 
Falls. 

Patchogue  (pat-chog').  A village  in  Suffolk 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  on 
Great  South  Bay,  51  miles  east  of  Brooklyn. 
Patelin  (pat-lan').  A conventional  character 
in  French  comedy.  He  is  a supplejnsinuating  flatterer, 
one  who  tries  to  accomplish  his  ends  by  indirect  means. 
He  seems  to  have  had  his  origin  in  a 14th-century  farce, 
“L’Avocat  Patlielin.” 

Pater  ’ (pa'ter),  Walter  Horatio.  Born  at 
London,  Aug.  4,  1839,:  died  at  Oxford,  July  30, 
1894.  An  English  writer.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford.  He  published  “Studies  in  the  History  of  the 
Renaissance”  (1873),  “Marius  the  Epicurean"  (1885), 
“ Imaginary  Portraits”  (1887),  “Appreciations  ” (1889),  etc. 

Paterculus  (pa-ter'ku-lus),  Caius  Velleius. 

Bom  about  19 B.  c. : diedafter30  a.  d.  ABoman 
historian,  author  of  an  epitome  of  Boman  his- 
tory. 

The  Monarchy  occupies  the  principal  place  in  the  abridg- 
ment of  Roman  history  in  two  hooks  by  C.  Velleius  Pater- 
culus, A.  D.  30.  This  writer  had  been  in  military  service 
under  Tiberius,  whom  he  then  learned  to  admire  ; but  lie 
soars  to  such  fervour  of  loyalty  and  extravagance  of  style 
that  he  lauds  and  magnifies  everything  connected  with 
his  general  beyond  all  bounds,  and  vilifies  all  that  was 
opposed  to  him. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  II.  15. 

Paterno  (pa-ter'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  situated  11  miles  northwest  of 
Catania,  on  the  site  of  Hybla.  Population, 
commune,  20,558. 

Paternoster  Row  (pat'er-nos//ter  ro).  A street 
in  London,  north  of  St.  Paul’s,  long  famous  as 
a center  of  book-publishing.  It  is  said  to  he  so 
named  from  the  prayer-books  or  rosaries  formerly  sold 
in  it. 

Paterson  (pat'er-son).  [Named  from  William 
Paterson  (1744—1806) : see  below.]  A city,  capi- 
tal of  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  ofe 
the  Passaic  17  miles  northwest  of  New  Yoi’k.  it 
is  the  third  city  in  the  State.  The  Passaic  Palls  supply  it 
with  water-power.  It  is  called  “the  Lyons  of  America” 
from  its  manufacture  of  silk.  It  has  manufactures  also  of 
engines,  machinery,  cotton  goods,  woolens,  velvets,  jute, 
flax,  hemp,  paper,  non,  etc.  It  was  founded  in  1792  under 
the  patronage  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  and  became  a city 
in  1851.  Population,  125,000,  (1910). 

Paterson,  William.  Born  in  Dumfriesshire, 
April,  1658 : died  in  1719.  A Scotch  adventurer. 
In  1695  the  Scottish  Parliament  authorized  him,  with  oth- 
ers, to  plant  colonies,  and  a charter  was  obtained  from 
William  III.  A company  was  formed  to  settle  the  Isth- 
mus of  Darien  (called  in  the  charter  New  Caledonia);  the 
stock  was  taken  up  in  a spirit  of  wild  speculation,  and 
thousands  volunteered  as  colonists.  Paterson  sailed  from 
Leith  Tuly26,1698,withl,200men,  landed  on  the  Isthmus; 
aud  founded  the  settlement  of  New  St.  Andrew,  at  the 
port  of  Acla.  After  terrible  sufferings  it  was  abandoned 
on  June  22,  1699,  and  Paterson  became  fur  a time  insane. 
Other  colonists,  to  the  number  of  1,600,  who  had  not  heard 
of  the  disaster,  arrived  later:  they  were  attacked  by  the 
.Spaniards,  capitulated  after  a siege  of  six  weeks  (March 
31, 1700),  and  were  allowed  to  leave  the  country,  but  very 
few  ever  reached  home  He  originated  the  plan  of  the 
Bank  of  England.  See  Montagu,  Charles. 

Paterson,  or  Patterson  (pat'er-son),  William. 
Born  about  1744:  died  1806.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  jurist.  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
New  Jersey  1789-90  ; governor  of  New  Jersey  1791-93 ; and 
justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1793-1806. 

Patey  (pa'ti),  Madame  (Janet  Monach  Why- 
tock).  Born  at  London,  1842:  died  at  Sheffield, 
Feb. 28, 1894.  A noted  English  contralto  singer. 
She  made  her  debut  in  Birmingham  as  a mere  child,  and 
before  her  death  was  considered  the  leading  contralto  of 
the  English  stage.  She  went  to  the  United  States  in  1871, 
to  Paris  in  1876,  and  to  Australia  in  1890.  She  married 
John  George  Patey  in  1866. 

Pathans  (pu-tanz'  or  pa-thauz').  Persons  of 
Afghan  race  settled  in  Hindustan,  or  those  of 
kindred  race  in  eastern  Afghanistan. 
Pathelin.  See  I'atelin. 

Pathfinder,  or  Pathfinder  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 


786 

tains,  The.  A surname  given  to  John  Charles 
Fremont,  from  his  work  as  an  explorer. 

Pathfinder,  The.  The  third  in  chronological 
order  of  Cooper’s  “Leatherstocking”  novels, 
published  in  1840.  It  is  so  called  from  a nick- 
name of  the  hero,  Bumpo.  See  Leather  stocking. 

Pathros.  See  Mizraim. 

Patiala  (put-e-a'la).  1.  A native  state  in  the 
Panjab,  India,  under  British  influence,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  76'  E.  Area,  5,412 
square  miles.  Population,  1,596,692. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  state  of  Patiala.  Population, 
53,545. 

Patience  (pa'shens).  An  English  comic  opera, 
music  by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  pro- 
duced in  1881. 

Patient  Grissel.  A play  by  Dekker,  Chettle, 
and  Haughton,  produced  in  1599,  entered  on  the 
“Stationers’  Register”  in  1600,  and  published 
in  1603.  The  songs  “Art  Thou  Poor?”  and  “Golden  Slum- 
bers Kiss  Thine  Eyes”  are  Dekker's.  See  Griselda. 

Patinamit  (pa-te-na'met).  The  ancient  capi- 
tal of  the  Cakchiquels  of  Guatemala,  probably 
on  or  near  the  site  of  the  first  Spanish  city  of 
Guatemala.  It  is  described  as  a large  and 
strongly  fortified  place.  It  was  also  called 
Iximche. 

Patino.  See  Patmos. 

Patkul  (pat'kol),  Johann  Reinhoid  or  Regi- 
nal  von.  Born  1660:  executed  Oct.  10,  1707. 
A Livonian  adventurer.  He  became  a captain  in  the 
Swedish  army.  Having  been  condemned  to  death  in  1694 
for  participating  in  the  opposition  of  the  Livonian  nobil- 
ity to  a reduction  of  the  crownlands,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Augustus  II.,  elector  of  Saxony,  king  of  Poland, 
in  1693.  He  negotiated  the  alliance  of  1702  between  Au- 
gus.us  and  the  czar  against  Sweden.  He  entered  the  Rus- 
sian service  in  1703,  and  in  1704  became  Russian  ambas- 
sador at  the  court  of  Augustus.  He  was  also  made  com- 
mander of  the  Russian  troops  sent  to  the  aid  of  the  latter. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  Augustus  in  1705  on  the  suspicion  of 
conspiring  against  him.  He  was  surrendered  to  the  Swedes 
by  the  treaty  which  Charles  XII.  dictated  to  Augustus  at 

* A ] transtadt  in  1706.  He  was  court-martialed  and  executed. 

Patmore  (pat'mor),  Coventry  Kersey  Digh- 

ton.  Born  at  Woodford,  Essex,  July  23,  1823: 
died  at  Lymington,  Hampshire,  Nov.  26,  1896. 
An  English  poet  and  writer.  He  was  assistant 
librarian  at  the  British  Museum  1846-66.  He  published 
“Poems”  (1844),  “Tamerton  Church  Tower,”  etc.  (1853), 

• “ The  Angel  in  the  House  ” (in  foul'  parts,  1854-62),  etc. 

Patmos  (pat'mos).  [Gr.  n dr/zof.]  An  island  of 

the  Sporades,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  in 
the  iEgean  Sea  about  20  miles  southwest  of 
Samos : the  modern  Patmo  or  Patino.  A monas- 
tery bears  the  name  of  John  the  Divine,  and  a cave  is 
pointed  out  where,  according  to  legend,  the  apostle  saw 
the  visions  of  the  Apocalypse.  Compare  John  (the 
Apostle). 

Patna  (pat'na).  [Patlaua,  city.]  Anative  state 
in  India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by 
lat.  20°  30'  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  2,399  square 
miles.  Population,  277,748. 

Patna.  1.  A division  of  Bekar,  British  India. 
Area,  23,748  square  miles.  Population,  15,- 
514,987. — 2.  A district  in  the  division  of  Patna, 
intersected  by  lat.  25°  20'  N.,  long.  85°  E. 
Area,  2,076  square  miles.  Population,  1,624,985. 
— 3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Patna,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ganges,  near  the  junction  of  the 
Gandak  and  Son,  about  lat.  25°  37'  N.,  long. 
85°  10'  E. : the  ancient  Pataliputra.  it  is  an  im- 
portant center  of  river  traffic,  and  has  manufactures  of 
opium,  cotton,  etc.  In  the  18th  century  Patna  became 
the  capital  of  an  independent  state,  and  in  1763  there  was 
an  outbreak  of  hostilities,  during  which  a number  of  the 
English  were  seized  and  massacred  by  order  of  the  nawab. 
Several  Sepoy  regiments  here  took  part  in  the  mutiny  of 
1857.  Population,  134,785. 

Paton  (pat'n),  Sir  Joseph  Noel,  commonly 
called  Sir  Noel  Paton.  Born  at  Dunfermline, 
Scotland,  Dec.  13, 1821 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
26,1901.  A British  historical  painter.  He  was  ori- 
ginally a designer  of  patterns  for  damask-weaving ; went 
to  London  in  1843  ; and  studied  in  the  Royal  Academy 
schools.  He  settled  at  Edinburgh  in  1857,  and  was  knighted 
in  1867.  He  was  also  a sculptor,  archaeologist,  and  poet. 

Patoq.ua  (pa-to-kwa').  [Jemez  of  New  Mex- 
ico.] One  of  the  ancient  and  now  ruined  Jemez 
pueblos,  called  San  Joseph  de  los  Jemez,  situ- 
ated 5 miles  north  of  the  present  Jemez  village. 
It  was  abandoned  after  the  uprising  of  1680, 
and  was  never  reoccupied.  Its  ruins  contain  those 
of  the  old  church  of  San  Joseph  of  Jemez,  founded  pre- 
vious to  1617,  abandoned  in  1622,  and  again  occupied  in  1627. 

Patos  (pa'tos),  Lagoa  dos.  A lake  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  com- 
municating with  the  Atlantic  by  the  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul.  It  is  the  largest  lake  in  Brazil.  Length, 
140  miles. 

Patrae  (pa'tre),  or  Patras  (pii-tras'),  It.  Pa- 
trasso  (pa-tras'so).  A seaport,  capital  of  the 


Pattieson 

nomarchy  of  Achaia,  Greece,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Patras  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  21°  45'  E.: 
the  ancient  Patrte  (Gr.  Uarpai).  it  is  one  of  the 
largest  cities  of  Greece,  the  chief  commercial  center,  and 
the  terminus  of  a railway  line  to  Corinth.  It  was  a flour- 
ishing ancient  city ; was  the  capital  of  the  medieval  duchy 
of  Achaia;  was  nearly  destroyed  by  the  Turks  in  1821; 
and  was  the  point  of  outbreak  of  the  Greek  revolution. 
Population,  37,724. 

Patriarch  of  Dorchester.  John  White  (1574- 

1648),  the  English  preacher. 

Patriarch  of  Ferney.  Voltaire. 

Patrick  (pat'rik),  Saint,  L.Patricius  (pa-t.rish'- 
ius).  [L., ‘noble,’ ‘patrician.’]  Born, according 
to  tradi  tion,  at  N emtkur  (no  w Du  mbarton),  Sc  ot- 
land,  about  396:  died  probably  469.  The  patron 
saint  of  Ireland,  son  of  the  deacon  Calpurnius, 
son  of  Potitus,  a priest.  After  the  withdrawal  of  the 
Roman  garrisons,  Calpurnius  retired  to  the  country  south 
of  the  Wall  of  Severus,  where  Patrick  was  captured  by  the 
Piets  about  411,  and  sold  as  a slave  into  Ireland.  After  six 
years  he  escaped,  and,  devoting  himself  to  the  conversion 
of  Ireland,  prepared  for  the  priesthood.  About  425  he  en- 
tered upon  his  mission.  In  441  he  was  consecrated  bishop. 
He  wrote  a “ Confession”  and  an  “Epistle.” 

Patrimonium  Petri  (pa-tri-mo'ni-um  pe'tri). 
[L.,  ‘Peter’s  patrimony.’]  An  ancient  admin- 
istrative division  of  the  Papal  States,  situated 
in  central  Italy  northwest  of  the  Boman  Cam- 
pagna.  Capital,  Viterbo. 

Patriots  (pa'tri-ots  or  pat'ri-ots).  In  English 
politics,  a faction  of  the  Whigparty  in  the  reigns 
of  George  I.  and  George  II.,  opposed  to  Sir  Rob- 
ert Walpole. 

Patroclus  (pa-tro'klus).  [Gr.  ndrpox/lof.]  In 
the  Iliad,  the  intimate  friend  of  Achilles,  when 
Achilles  withdraws  from  the  fight,  and  the  Greek  host  is  in 
danger  of  being  routed,  he  gives  Patroclus  his  armor  and 
sends  him  at  the  head  of  the  Myrmidons  against  the  Tro- 
jans. Patroclus  at  first  succeeds,  but  at  last  is  met  by 
Hector  and  slain.  Achilles  then,  to  avenge  his  friend, 
reappears  in  the  battle,  drives  the  Trojans  within  their 
wails,  and  vanquishes  Hector. 

Patron  (pa'tron  or  pat'ron),  The.  A comedy  by 
Foote,  produced  in  1764. 

Patschkau  (patsh'kou).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Glatzer 
Neisse,  46  miles  south  of  Breslau.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  6,153. 

Patterdale  (pat'er-dal).  A tourist  center  in 
Westmoreland,  England,  near  Ullswater,  eight 
miles  north  of  Ambleside. 

Patterson,  Elizabeth.  Born  atBaltimore,  Md., 
Feb.  6,  1785 : died  there,  April  4,  1879.  An 
American  lady,  daughter  of  a Baltimore  mer- 
chant, who  married  Jdrome  Bonaparte,  brother 
of  Napoleon.  Dec.  24,  1803.  Napoleon  refused  to  rec- 
ognize the  marriage,  and  prevented  her  from  landing  on 
the  Continent  when  she  went  to  Europe  with  her  husband. 
She  accordingly  sought  refuge  in  England,  while  J6r6me 
went  to  Paris  and  finally  yielded  to  his  brother’s  demand 
for  a divorce. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Born  in  Ireland,  May  30, 
1743 : died  at  Philadelphia,  July  22,  1824.  An 
American  politician  and  scientific  writer.  He 
became  director  of  the  United  States  mint  in 
1805. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Born  in  Pennsylvania, 
1753:  died  near  Dayton,  Ohio,  Aug.  5, 1827.  An 
American  pioneer.  He  served  in  the  expedi- 
tions against  the  Shawnees  and  other  Indians. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Born  in  Tyrone  County, 
Ireland,  Jan.  12,  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  7, 1881.  An  American  general.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war ; was  a commander  of  Pennsylvania 
troops  in  1861 ; and  commanded  near  Harper’s  Ferry  at  the 
time  of  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July,  1861. 

Patterson,  William  (1744-1806).  See  Paterson, 
William. 

Patteson,  John  Coleridge.  Bora  at  London, 
April,  1827 : murdered  Sept.  16, 1871.  An  Eng- 
lish missionary  in  the  Pacific,  made  bishop  of 
Melanesia  in  1861. 

Patti  (pat'te  or pa'te).  Acathedral cityand sea- 
port in  the  province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Patti  35  miles  west  by  south  of 
Messina.  Population,  5,604. 

Patti  (pat'e),  Adelina.  Born  at  Madrid,  Feb. 
10,  1843.  A celebrated  soprano  opera-singer. 
She  was  taken  to  America  as  a child  by  her  parents,  both 
singers,  and  first  appeared  at  New  York  in  1859  and  at 
London  in  1861.  She  has  since  sung  constantly,  and  has 
been  perhaps  the  most  popular  singer  of  the  time  Her 
repertoire  contains  between  30  and  40  parts,  including 
Linda,  Norina,  Luisa  Miller,  Lucia,  Violetta,  Zerlina,  etc. 
She  married  the  Marquis  de  Caux  in  1868,  M.  Nicolini  in 
1886,  and  Baron  CederstrOm  in  1899. 

Patti,  Carlotta.  Born  at  Florence,  1840 : died 
at  Paris,  June  27, 1889.  A concert-singer,  sister 
of  Adelina  Patti.  She  made  her  debut  at  New  York  in 
1861,  in  England  in  1863.  She  married  Ernst  de  Munck, 
violoncellist,  in  1879. 

Pattieson  (pat 'i -son),  Peter.  An  imaginary 
schoolmaster,  the  assumed  author  of  the  “Tales 


Pattieson 

of  my  Landlord,”  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.  He  has 
a brother,  Paul  Pattieson,  who  publishes  his 
manuscripts  for  his  own  advantage. 

Pattison  (pat'i-son),  Mark.  Born  at  Hornby, 
Yorkshire,  1813:  "died  at  Harrowgate,  July  30, 
1884.  An  English  writer.  He  graduated  at  Oxford 
(Oriel  College)  in  1837,  and  became  a fellow  of  Lincoln  Col- 
lege in  1839,  and  later  tutor  and  (1861)  rector.  He  wrote  a 
“ Report  on  Elementary  Education  in  Protestant  Germany  ” 
(1861),  “Milton"  (1879),  etc.  His  essays  were  collected 
in  1889. 

Patton  (pat'n),  Francis  Landey.  Born  in  Ber- 
muda, Jan.  22,  1843.  An  American  Presbyte- 
rian clergyman  and  educator.  He  became  professor 
in  Chicago  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary  in  1871,  and 
in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1881:  and  was  pres- 
ident of  Princeton  b Diversity  1888-1902.  In  1903  he  be- 
came president  of  Princeton  Theological  Seminary. 

Patuxent  (pa-tuks'ent).  A river  m Maryland 
which  flows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  53  miles  south- 
east of  Washington.  Length,  over  100  miles. 
Patwin, or Patween  (pat-wen').  [‘Man.’]  The 
southern  division  of  the  Copehan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  formerly  embracing  23  small 
tribes.  Its  habitat  extended  from  Stony  Creek,  Colusa 
County,  California,  to  Suisun  Bay,  and  from  Sacramento 
River  on  the  east  to  the  boundary  of  the  Moquelumnan, 
Yukian,  and  Kulanapan  stocks  on  the  west.  See  Copehan. 

Patzcnaro  (pat'thkwii-ro),  or  Pascuaro  (pas'- 
kwa-ro).  A town  in  the  state  of  Michoacan, 
Mexico,  130  miles  west  of  Mexico.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Pan  (po).  [Prov.  pau,  a pale,  with  reference 
to  the  pale  or  palisade  of  the  old  castle.] 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  France,  situated  on  the  Gave  de 
Pau  in  lat.  43°  17'  N.,  long.  0°  22'  W.  it  is  a 
favorite  winter  health-resort,  on  account  of  its  equable 
climate.  It  has  some  trade  and  manufactures.  The  square 
(the  i’lace  Royale)  is  noteworthy.  The  chateau,  rebuilt 
about  1360  by  Gaston  Phcebus,  count  of  Eoix,  is  of  inter- 
est as  a chief  residence  of  the  sovereigns  of  Navarre  and 
the  birthplace  of  Henry  IV.  It  has  5 tall  towers  joined 
by  massive  walls,  and  a small  but  handsome  Renaissance 
court.  The  interior,  restored  by  Louis  Philippe  and  Na- 
poleon IIL,  contains  very  beautiful  and  interesting  apart- 
ments with  splendid  Renaissance  furniture.  Pau  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  Navarre,  and  was  a celebrated  center  in 
the  time  of  Margaret  of  Valois,  Jeanne  d’Albret,  and  An- 
toine de  Bourbon.  Population, -commune,  35,044. 

Pau,  Gave  de.  A river  in  southern  France 
which  joins  the  Adour  14  miles  east  by  north 
of  Bayonne.  Length,  about  105  miles. 

Paucartambo  (pou-kar-tam'bo).  A frontier 
settlement  of  the  Incas  of  Peru,  on  a river  of 
the  same  name,  a branch  of  the  Ucayale,  about 
40  miles  northeast  of  Cuzco.  The  ruins  still 
exist,  and  there  is  a modern  village  on  the 
site. 

Pauer  (pou'er),  Ernst.  Born  at  Vienna,  Dec. 
21,  1826:  died  May  9,  1905.  An  Austrian- 
English  pianist,  teacher,  and  musical  editor. 

Pauillac  (po-e-yiik').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the  Gi- 
ronde 27  miles  north  by  west  of  Bordeaux.  It 
is  the  chief  entrepot  for  Mbdoc  wines.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  5,914. 

Paul  (p&l),  Saint  (originally  Saul).  [Gr.  llav?or, 
L.  Paulus , from  paulus,  paullus,  little.]  The 
great  apostle  to  the  Gentiles.  He  was  bom  at  Tar- 
sus, a “ Hebrew  of  the  Hebrews  ” ; was  taught  the  trade 
of  tent-maker ; wentto  Jerusalem  and  studied  “at  the  feet 
of  Gamaliel”;  was  at  first  a vehement  persecutor  of  tne 
Christians,  and  held  the  clothes  of  those  who  stoned 
Stephen  ; was  miraculously  converted  on  his  way  to  Da- 
mascus; and  became  the  most  earnest  preacher  and  the 
greatest  expounder  of  Christianity.  He  made  missionary 
tours  in  Syria,  Cyprus,  Asia  Minor,  Macedonia,  Greece,  and 
elsewhere,  mention  of  some  of  which  is  made  in  the  New 
Testament.  He  was  imprisoned  at  Caesarea;  was  tried  before 
Felix,  in  whose  custody  he  remained  until  he  was  handed 
over  by  Felix  to  his  successor  Festus ; appealed  to  Caesar ; 
and  was  sent  to  Rome,  where  he  arrived  in  61.  He  lived 
for  about  two  years  in  comparative  freedom  in  his  own 
hired  house.  He  appears  to  have  been  tried  and  acquitted ; 
to  have  made  various  journeys ; to  have  returned  to  Rome ; 
and  to  have  suffered  martyrdom  there,  probably  by  de- 
capitation about  67. 

Paul  I.  Pope  757-767,  a friend  of  Pepin,  king 
of  the  Franks. 

Paul  II.  (Pietro  Barbo).  Born  at  Venice,  Feb., 
1418:  died  July,  1471.  Pope  1464-71.  He  en- 
couraged  luxury,  and  persecuted  the  humanists. 
Paul  III.  (Alessandro  Farnese).  Born  Feb. 
28, 1468:  died  Nov.  10, 1549.  Pope  1534-49.  He 
excommunicated  Henry  VIII.  of  F.ngland  in  1538;  ap- 
proved the  order  of  Jesuits  in  1540;  and  convoked  the 
Council  of  Trent  in  1545.  In  1545  he  male  his  son  Pier 
Luigi  Farnese  duke  of  Parma  and  Piacenza. 

Paul  IV.  (Giovanni  Pietro  Caraffa).  Born 
J une  28,  1476 : died  Aug.  18, 1559.  Pope  1555— 
1559. 

Paul  V.  (Camillo  Borghese).  Born  at  Rome, 
Sept.  17, 1552 : died  Jan.  28, 1621 . Pope  1605-21. 
He  weakened  the  papal  authority  in  a contest  with  Ven- 
ice, which  he  placed  under  an  interdict  in  1606. 

Paul  I.  Petrovitch.  Born  Oct.,  1754 : assas- 


787 

sinated  March  23-24, 1801.  Czar  of  Russia,  son 
of  Peter  III.  and  Catharine  II.  He  succeeded  his 
mother  in  1796,  and  joined  the  coalition  against  France 
1798-1800,  but  withdrew  from  it  later.  In  1801  he  annexed 
Georgia.  His  murder  was  the  result  of  a conspiracy. 
Paul,  the  Deacon.  See  Paulus  Diaconus. 

Paul,  Brother.  See  Sarjri. 

Paul,  Pablo  Rojas.  See  Rojas  Paul. 

Paul,  Saint  Vincent  de.  See  Vincent  de  Paul. 
Paul  of  Samosata.  Born  probably  at  Samo- 
sata, Syria.  A Monarchian  heretic,  bishop  of 
Antioch  from  260  to  his  deposition  in  272.  He 
denied  the  personality  of  the  Logos  and  of  the 
Holy  Spirit. 

Paula,  Francis  of.  See  Francis. 

Paul  Clifford.  A novel  by  Bulwer,  published 
in  1830:  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 
Paul  et  Virginie.  1.  A novel  by  Bernardin  de 
Saint-Pierre,  published  in  1788.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Mauritius. — 2.  An  opera  by  Masse,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1876. 

Paulding  (pal'ding),  Hiram.  Born  at  New 
Vork,  Dec.  11, 1797:  died  at  Huntington,  L.  I., 
Oct.  20,  1878.  An  American  admiral,  son  of 
John  Paulding.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  vic- 
tory of  Lake  Champlain  in  1814  ; and  suppressed  a filibus- 
tering expedition  against  Nicaragua  by  arresting  the  leader 
Walker  at  Punta  Arenas  in  1857,  an  act  for  which  he  was 
censured  by  President  Buchanan,  inasmuch  as  the  arrest 
took  place  on  foreign  soil. 

Paulding,  James  Kirke.  Born  at  Nine  Part- 
ners, Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  22,  1779: 
died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  April  6,  1860.  An 
American  novelist,  poet,  historian,  and  poli- 
tician. ne  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1838-41.  His  chief 
novels  are  “The  Dutchman’s  Fireside  ” (1831),  “Westward 
Ho”  (1833)  ; chief  historical  work,  “Life  of  George  Wash- 
ington” (1835);  poem,  “The  Backwoodsman  ” (1818) ; sat- 
ires, “The  Diverting  History  of  John  Bull  and  Brother 
Jonathan’’  (1812),  “Lay  of  the  Scottish  Fiddle”  (1813), 
“ Merry  Tales  of  the  Three  Wise  Men  of  Gotham  ” (1826) . 
He  was  associated  with  Irving  in  “Salmagundi”  (1807-08), 
and  published  a second  series  alone  (1819-20). 

Pauli  (pouTc),  Georg  Reinbold.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, May  25, 1823 : died  at  Bremen,  June  3, 1882. 
A German  historian.  He  lived  many  years  in  England. 
His  works  are  chiefly  on  English  history.  They  include 
“ Konig  Alfred”  (“King  Alfred,”  1851),  “Geschichte  von 
England  ” (1853-58 : a continuation  of  Lappenberg’s  “ His- 
tory of  England  ”),  “ Geschichte Englands  ”(1864-75  : "His- 
tory of  England ’’for  the  period  1814-52),  and  “Simon  von 
Montfort  ”(1867).  He  also  published  an  edition  of  “Con- 
fessio  Amantis.” 

Paulians  (pa/li-anz).  A Unitarian  body  founded 
in  the  3d  century  by  Paul  of  Samosata  (see 
above)  in  Syria. 

Paulicians  (pa-lish'anz).  A sect  probably 
founded  by  Constantine  of  Syria  during  the  lat- 
ter half  of  the  7th  century.  They  held  the  dualistie 
doctrine  that  all  matter  i3  evil ; believed  that  Christ, 
having  a purely  ethereal  body,  suffered  only  in  appearance ; 
and  rejected  the  authority  of  the  Old  Testament  and  reli- 
gious ordinances  and  ceremonies.  The  sect  is  said  to  have 
become  extinct  in  the  13th  century.  The  name  is  proba- 
bly derived  from  their  high  regard  for  the  apostle  Paul. 

Paulinus  (pa-li'nus)  of  York.  Died  644.  A 
missionary  to  England,  sent  thither  by  Pope 
Gregory  the  Great  in  601.  He  was  instrumental  in 
introducing  Christianity  into  Northumbria,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  York  in  625,  and  of  Rochester  in  633. 

Paulinzelle  (pou'len-tsel-le).  A village  in 
Schwarzburg-Budolstadt,  Germany,  22  miles 
south-southwest  of  Weimar.  It  is  noted  for 
its  ruined  monastery  and  convent. 

Paulists  (pa'lists).  A body  of  Roman  Catholic 
monks  who  profess  to  follow  the  example  of  the 
apostle  P aul.  Specifically,  in  the  United  States,  the  Con- 
gregation of  the  Missionary  Priests  of  St.  Paul  the  Apos- 
tle, a Roman  Catholic  organization  founded  in  New  York 
city  in  the  year  1858  for  parochial,  missionary,  and  educa- 
tional work.  Also  called  Paulites,  or  Hermits  of  St.  Paul. 

Paullu  (p;i-6l'yo),  callodPaullu  Inca  or  Paullu 
Tupac  Yupanqui.  Born  about  1500:  died  at 
Cuzco,  May,  1549.  A Peruvian  chief,  son  of 
Huaina  Capac,  and  younger  brother  of  Huas- 
car  and  MailCO.  After  the  fall  of  Cuzco  he  re- 
mained faithful  to  the  Spaniards,  accompanied  Almagro 
to  Chile  1535-36,  and  fought  for  him  and  for  Gonzalo 
Pizarro,  but  was  pardoned.  He  was  baptized  in  1543  with 
the  name  of  Cristhbal. 

Paulo  Affonso(pou'lo  af-fon'sd).  A celebrated 
cataract,  called  “the  Niagara  of  Brazil,”  on  the 
river  Sao  Francisco,  193  miles  above  its  mouth. 
It  is  265  feet  in  total  height,  but  is  broken  by  ledges  and 
rocks ; the  volume  of  water  i3  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
Niagara. 

Paul  Pry(pri).  A comedy  by  John  Poole,  attribu- 
ted to  Douarlas  Jerrold,  produced  in  1853.  Theim- 
pudent,  meddlesome  adventurer  who  £ives  his  name  to 
the  play  was  drawn  from  a Thomas  Hill,  at  one  time  con- 
nected with  the  press. 

Paul’s,  St.  See  St.  Paul's. 

Paul’s  Cross.  A cross  situated  near  the  north- 
eastern angle  of  old  St.  Paul’s  in  the  church- 
yard : originally  the  place  of  assembling  of  the 


Pausias 

folksmote.  From  it  great  public  assemblies  were  ad- 
dressed and  sermons  preached.  The  “Paul  s Cross  Ser- 
mons ” are  still  preached  on  Sunday  mornings  in  St.  Paul’s. 
Thomas  Kempe,  bishop  of  London  from  1448  to  1489,  re- 
placed the  early  wooden  erection  by  a stone  cross  and  pul- 
pit, which  was  one  of  his  most  famous  structures  in  old 
London. 

Paul’s  Walk.  The  nave  of  old  St.  Paul’s,  which 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  15th  and  the  first 
part  of  the  16th  century  became  a rendezvous 
for  the  transaction  of  business  and  for  secular 
amusements  of  every  description,  it  was  fre- 
quented by  disreputable  characters  and  men  out  of  em- 
ployment, and  is  frequently  alluded  to  in  old  plays.  A 
“Paul’s  man  ” was  a frequenter  of  Paul's  Walk,  and  pre- 
sumably disreputable.  It  was  also  called  Duke  Hum- 
phrey's Walk. 

Paulus  (pouTos).  Heinrich  Eberhard  Gottlob. 

Born  at  Leonberg,  near  Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, 
Sept.  1, 1761:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  10, 1851. 
A German  Protestant  theologian,  a leading  ex- 
ponent of  rationalism,  professor  at  Jena  and 
later  at  Heidelberg.  His  works  include  a commen- 
tary on  the  New  Testament  (1800-04)  and  other  exegetical 
works(“Exegetisches  Handbuch”  (1830-33),  “ Leben  Jesu” 
(1828),  etc.). 

Paulus  (pa'lus),  Julius.  Lived  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  3d  century  a.  D.  A Roman  jurist. 
He  was  pretorian  prefect  under  Alexander 
Severus.  Many  excerpts  from  his  works  are 
contained  in  the  “Digest.” 

Ulpian  was  surpassed  in  fertility  by  liis  (older  ?)  contem- 
porary Julius  Paulus,  who  was  likewise  praefectus  orato- 
rio under  Alexander  Severus  and  possessed  much  Influ- 
ence. He  enjoyed  no  less  authority  than  Ulpian  as  a ju- 
rist. . . , The  most  comprehensive  of  his  works  was  his 
“Ad  edictum  ” in  80  books ; the  one  most  largely  used,  his 
brief  text-hook  “Sententiae  ad  filium.”  We  possess  an 
abridgment  of  the  latter.  The  extracts  from  his  works 
constitute  one  sixth  of  the  Pandects  of  Justinian. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  bv  Warr), 

[II.  270. 

Paulus,  Lucius  iEmilius.  Killed  at  Cannse, 
216  B.  c.  A Roman  consul,  colleague  with  Varro 
in  the  defeat  at  Gannas. 

Paulus,  Lucius  iEmilius,  surnamed  Mace- 
donicus  (‘the  Macedonian’).  Born  about  229 
b.  c.:  died  160  b.  c.  A Roman  general,  son  of 
Paulus  (died  216).  He  was  distinguished  as  pretor 
in  Spain  191-189,  and  as  proconsul  against  the  Ingauni  in 
181 ; was  consul  in  168 ; defeated  Perseus  at  Pydna  and 
overthrew  the  Macedonian  kingdom ; pillaged  Epirus  in 
167 ; and  triumphed  at  Rome  in  167.  He  was  censor 
in  164. 

Paulus  iEgineta  (ej-i-ne'ta).  A celebrated 
Greek  medical  writer  who  lived  probably  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  7th  century  after  Christ.  He 
wrote  a number  of  works,  the  chief  of  which  is  still  extant : 
it  is  commonly  called  “ De  re  mediea  libri  septem.” 

Paulus  Diaconus  (di-ak'o-nus)  (Paul  the  Dea- 
con). Born  about  720-725:  died  at  Monte  Cas- 
sino,  Italy,  before  800.  The  first  important  his- 
torian of  the  middle  ages.  His  chief  works  are  a 
“History  of  the  Lombards,”  and  a continuation  of  the 
Roman  history  of  Eutropius.  His  works  were  edited  in 
“Monumenta  Germanise  historica  ’’  (1878-79). 

Paulus  Hook.  The  name  given  formerly  to 
the  site  of  Jersey  City.  A British  garrison  there 
was  defeated  and  captured  by  Americans  under  Henry 
Lee,  Aug.  19,  1779. 

Paul  Veronese.  See  Veronese. 

Pauinben  (pam-ben'),  or  Pamban  (pam-bun'), 
Passage.  A strait  connecting  the  Gulf  of 
Manaar  and  Palk  Bay,  and  separating  Ra- 
meshwaram  Island  from  continental  India. 
Paumotu,  or  Paumota,  Islands.  See  Lore  Ar- 
chipelago. 

Paunacas.  See  Paiconecas. 

Paunaque.  See_  Bannock. 

Pausanias  (pa-sa'ni-as).  [Gr.  Tlavaaviat;.]  Died 
in  Sparta  about  466  b.  c.  A Spartan  general, 
Son  of  Cleombrotus.  He  commanded  at  the  victory 
of  Plataea  in  479  ; continued  the  war  against  Persia  in  478 ; 
conducted  a treasonable  correspondence  with  Xerxes;  and 
was  starved  to  deatli  by  order  of  the  ephors  as  a punish- 
ment for  his  treason. 

Pausanias.  Lived  in  the  2d  century.  A noted 
Greek  geographer  and  writer  on  art.  He  wrote  a 
“ Periegesis  of  Greece,”  devoted  to  a description  of  Grecian 
antiquities. 

Pausanias,  who  is  generally  known  as  “ the  cicerone  and 
tourist,”  and  whose  work,  “the  gazetteer  of  Hellas,"  is  our 
best  repertory  of  information  for  the  topography,  local  his- 
tory, religious  observances,  architecture,  and  sculpture  of 
the  different  states  of  Greece.  Of  the  personal  history  of 
Pausanias  we  know  nothing.  It  has  been  inferred,  from 
his  reference  to  Pelops  as  having  dwelt  “with  us,”  tiiat 
he  was  a native  of  Lydia;  and  there  is  evidence  to  show 
that  lie  had  lived  long  near  Mount  Sipylus.  Passages  in 
his  work  prove  that  he  was  a contemporary  of  Hadrian  and 
the  Antonines. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  259. 

[{Donaldson.) 

Pausias  (pa'shi-as).  [Gr.'Ilaw/af.]  Lived  in 
the  middle  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A Greek 
painter  of  Sicyon,  a pupil  of  Pamphilus  and  a 
contemporary  of  Apelles.  He  made  a special  study 
of  foreshortening,  and  was  the  first  to  paint  ceilings.  A 


Pausias 

large  picture  of  a sacrifice  was  famous  for  a big  black  ox 
directly  foreshortened.  A famous  picture  was  the  “Ste- 
phanoplocus"  or  “Stephanopolis,"  painted  from  Glycera 
the  flower-girl  of  Sicyon.  He  was  especially  attracted  by 
the  possibilities  of  encaustic,  and  developed  it  to  a high 
degree  of  perfection.  Several  of  these  wax  pictures  were 
taken  to  Rome  by  Scaurus.  Their  technical  refinement  and 
cleverness  seem  to  have  had  a special  attraction  for  the 
later  Romans. 

Pauthier  (po-tya'),  Jean  Pierre  Guillaume. 

Born  at  Besan^on,  France,  Oct.  4,  1801 : died 
at  Paris,  March,  1873.  A French  Sinologist. 
Among  his  works  are  “La  Chine”  (1837),  “Q.uatre  livres 
de  philosophic  morale  de  la  Chine  ” (1841),  etc. 

Pauw  (pou),  Cornelius  de.  Bora  at  Amster- 
dam, 1739:  died  at  Xanten,  duchy  of  Cleves, 
July  7,  1799.  A Dutch  author.  He  joined  the 
order  of  Franciscans,  but  devoted  most  of  his  life  to  liter- 
ary work,  residing  at  Xanten.  He  published  “Recherches 
philosophiques  sur  les  Amdricains  ” (3  vols.  1768-70 ; en- 
larged editions,  1770  and  1774),  “Recherches  philoso- 
phiques sur  les  Egyptiens  et  les  Chinois”  (1774),  and 
“Recherches  philosophiques  sur  les  Grecs”  (1778).  A 
collected  edition  of  his  writings  was  published  at  Paris, 
1795,  and  there  is  an  English  translation  of  the  first  one. 
De  Pauw’s  works  are  characterized  by  a spirit  of  criti- 
cism which  would  be  valuable  if  it  were  less  violent. 
His  views  excited  much  controversy. 

Pauwels  (pou'els),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Eeck- 
eren,  near  Antwerp,  1830 : died  at  Dresden, 
March  26,  1904.  A Belgian  painter.  Among  hiB 
works  are  “Banished  by  Alva,”  “Citizens  of  Ghent,”  etc. 

Pavement  of  Martyrs,  The.  See  the  extract, 
descriptive  of  the  battle  near  Tours. 

Charles  cut  through  the  ranks  of  the  Moslems  with  irre- 
sistible might,  dealing  right  and  left  such  ponderous  blows 
that  from  that  day  he  was  called  Charles  Martel,  ‘Karl 
of  the  Hammer.’  His  Frankish  followers,  inspired  by 
their  leader’s  prowess,  bore  down  upon  the  Saracens  with 
crushing  force  ; and  the  whole  array  of  the  Moslems  broke 
and  fled  in  utter  rout.  The  spot  was  long  and  shudder- 
ingly  known  in  Andalusia  by  the  name  of  the  “Pavement 
of  Martyrs.”  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  30. 

Pavia  (pa-ve'a).  1.  A province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Lombardy,  Italy.  Area,  1,288 
square  miles.  Population,  491,632. — 2.  A city, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Pavia,  Italy,  situat- 
ed on  the  Ticino,  near  the  Po,  in  lat.  45°  11' 
N.,  long.  9°  9'  E.:  the  ancient  Tieinum.  it  has 
considerable  trade.  The  chief  buildings  are  the  cathedral 
(with  tomb  of  St.  Augustine),  the  basilica  San  Michele, 
and  the  Visconti  palace.  It  is  the  seat  of  a university, 
founded  in  1361,  with  about  1,600  students  and  a library 
of  over  250,000  volumes.  The  Carthusian  monastery  Cer- 
tosa  di  Pavia  (see  Certosa ) is  near  the  university.  Pavia 
was  an  important  city  in  the  Roman  Empire ; was  con- 
quered by  Attila  in  452,  and  by  Odoacer  in  470 ; was  de- 
veloped by  Theodoric  after  489;  was  taken  by  Alboin 
about  672  ; and  was  made  the  Lombard  capital  until  its 
conquest  by  Charles  the  Great  in  774.  Otho  the  Great  was 
crowned  there  as  Lombard  king  in  951.  It  sided  with  the 
Ghibellines ; passed,  under  the  Visconti  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury ; was  sacked  by  the  French  in  1527 ; rose  in  insurrec- 
tion and  was  seized  by  the  French  in  1796 ; was  the  scene 
of  an  outbreak  in  1848 ; and  was  annexed  to  Sardinia  in 
1859.  It  is  sometimes  called  “ the  City  of  the  Hundred 
Towers.”  Population,  commune,  35,447. 

Pavia,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  near  Pa- 
via, Feb.  24,  1525,  by  the  Imperialists  under 
Lannoy  over  the  French  under  Francis  I.,  who 
was  taken  prisoner. 

Paviotso  (pa-ve-o'ts5).  [‘Strong,’ ‘able,’  i.  e. 
‘athletes.’]  A confederacy  of  28  small  tribes 
of  North  American  Indians,  in  western  Nevada 
and  southern  Oregon.  Their  territory  formerly  ex- 
tended  into  eastern  California,  where  they  were  wrongly 
regarded  as  Paiute.  Number,  about  3,000.  See  Shosho- 
nean. 

Pavlograd  (phvTo-grad).  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Yekatermoslaff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Voltchya  33  miles  east-northeast  of  Yeka- 
terinoslaff. Population,  18,500. 

Pavlovsk  (pav-lovsk').  1.  A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Voronezh,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Don  95  miles  south-southeast  of  Voronezh. 
Population,  8,700.  — 2.  A royal  palace  and  small 
town  about  18  miles  south  of  St.  Petersburg. 

Pavo  (pa'vo).  [L.,  the  ‘peacock.’]  A southern 
constellation,  the  Peacock,  situated  south  of 
Sagittarius. 

Pavon  (pa-von').  A small  river  of  the  province 
of  Santa  Fe,  Argentine  Republic,  an  affluent  of 
the  Parand,  about  30  miles  below  Rosario,  it 
gave  its  name  to  a battle  fought  on  its  banks,  Sept.  17, 1861 , 
in  which  the  army  of  Buenos  Ayres  under  Mitre  defeated 
the  provincial  forces  under  Urquiza.  This  battle  decided 
the  supremacy  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  the  union  of  the  Ar- 
gentine  Republic. 

Pavonia  (pa-vd'ni-a).  A name  formerly  given 
to  a portion  of  eastern  New  Jersey,  near  New 
York  city. 

Pavullo  nel  Frignano  (pa-vol'lo  nel  fren-ya'- 
no)  A town  in  the  province  of  Modena,  Italy, 
21  miles  south  by  west  of  Modena.  Population, 
town,  1,322;  commune,  11,660. 

Pawnee,  or  Pani  (pa-ne').  [PL,  also  Pawnees.] 
A confederacy  of  the  Caddoan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  Its  habitat  was  formerly  in  Ne- 
braska and  Kansas,  on  the  Platte  and  Republican  rivers ; 


788 

it  is  now  on  a reservation  in  Oklahoma.  The  confederacy 
consists  of  4 tribes,  together  numbering  about  600  per- 
sons : the  Tcawi  or  Grand  Pawnee,  the  Pitahauerat  or 
Tapage,  the  Republican  Pawnee,  and  the  Skidi  or  Pawnee 
Loup.  See  Caddoan. 

Pawnee  Loup.  See  Skidi  and  Pawnee. 
Pawtucket  (pa-tuk'et).  See  Pennacook. 
Pawtucket.  [From  the  Indian  tribe.]  Part  of 
the  lower  course  of  the  Blaekstone,  near  Paw- 
tucket. 

Pawtucket.  [From  the  river  of  the  same 
name.]  A city  in  Providence  County,  Rhode 
Island,  situated  on  the  Pawtucket  River  four 
miles  north  by  east  of  Providence,  it  lias  impor- 
tant manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  engines,  machinery, 
thread,  etc.  Cotton-manufacturing  was  established  here 
by  Slater  in  1790.  Population,  51,622,  (1910). 

Pawtuxet  (pa-tuk'set).  A river  m Rhode  Isl- 
and which  flows  into  Providence  River  below 
Providence. 

Paxos  (pak'sos).  A small  island  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  Greece,  8 miles  southeast  of  Corfu : the 
ancient  Paxos  (Gr.  Ilafdf).  it  is  noted  for  the  pro- 
duction of  olive-oil.  This  and  the  neighboring  small  isl- 
and of  Antipaxo  were  called  in  ancient  times  Paxi. 

Paxton  (paks'ton),  Sir  Joseph.  Born  at  Mil- 
ton  Bryant,  near  Woburn,  England,  1801:  died 
at  Sydenham,  England,  June  8, 1865.  An  Eng- 
lish architect,  landscape-gardener,  and  horti- 
culturist. He  obtained  employment  as  a gardener  at 
Chatsworth,  and  ultimately  became  superintendent  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire’s  gardens  there,  which  lie  remodeled. 
A conservatory  which  he  erected  there  formed  the  model 
for  the  exhibition  building  of  1851  at  London.  He  de- 
signed the  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenham,  which  was  built 
mainly  from  the  materialsof  the  exhibition  building.  He 
also  designed  the  mansion  of  Baron  Rothschild  at  Fer- 
rikres,  France.  He  organized  the  army  work  corps  in  the 
Crimea.  From  1854 he wasmemberof ParliamentforCoven- 
try.  He  published  a “Pocket  Botanical  Dictionary”  in  1840. 
Pax  Vobis  (pales  vd'bis).  [L.,  ‘peace  he  with 
you.’]  A small  half-length  picture  of  Christ 
crowned  with  thorns,  undraped,  by  Raphael,  in 
the  Palazzo  Tosio  at  Brescia,  Italy.  The  Sa- 
viour points  to  the  wound  in  his  side. 
Payaguas  (pi-ya-gwas').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Paraguay,  now  reduced  to  afew hundreds  in  the 
Chaco  region,  opposite  Asuncion.  They  are  very 
degraded  savages,  wandering  in  the  swamps  and  subsist- 
ing principally  on  fish  and  alligators ; their  color  is  re- 
markably dark  (perhaps  deepened  by  the  use  of  pigments), 
and  their  language  indicates  a distinct  stock.  Parties  of 
them  are  frequently  seen  at  Asuncion.  At  the  time  of  the 
conquest  a tribe  called  Payaguas  or  Agaces  lived  on  the 
Paraguay  from  the  site  of  Asuncion  to  the  junction  with 
the  ParanA.  They  were  very  numerous  and  warlike,  rarely 
leaving  their  canoes,  from  which  they  fought.  Sebastian 
Cabot  was  attacked  by  them  in  1527 ; Ayolas  had  a fierce 
struggle  with  them  in  Aug.,  1536;  and  they  were  long  the 
most  formidable  enemies  of  the  colonists.  The  missiona- 
ries could  make  little  or  no  impression  on  them.  It  is 
somewhat  doubtful  if  the  modern  Payaguas  are  descended 
from  these. 

Payer  (pi'er),  Julius  von.  Born  at  Schonau, 
near  Teplitz,  Bohemia,  Sept.  1, 1842.  An  Aus- 
trian arctic  explorer  and  painter.  He  took  part  in 
the  expedition  to  Greenland  1869-70,  and  in  the  exploration 
of  the  Arctic  Ocean  east  of  Spitzbergen  in  1871,  and  with 
Weyprecht  led  the  Tegethoff  expedition  (1872-74),  which 
discovered  Franz  Josef  Land. 

Payerne  (pa-yarn'),  G.  Peterlingen  (pa'ter- 
ling-en).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  Broye  25  miles  north- 
east of  Lausanne.  It  was  formerly  a royal  Bur- 
gundian residence. 

Payn  (pan),  James.  Born  Feb.  28,  1830: 
died  at  London,  March  25,  1898.  An  English 
novelist  and  poet.  He  became  editor  of  “Cham- 
bers’s Journal”  in  1858,  and  of  the  “Cornhill  Maga- 
zine ” in  1882.  He  published  poems  (1855),  and  about 
100  novels,  including  “By  Proxy,”  “The  Heir  of  the 
Ages,”  etc. 

Payne  (pan),  Henry  B.  Born  Nov.  30,  1810: 
died  Sept.  9, 1896.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  governor 
of  Ohio  in  1857 ; was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio  1875-77 ; was  a member  of  the  Electoral  Commission 
in  1877  ; and  was  United  States  senator  from  Ohio  1885-9L 
Payne,  John  Howard.  Bora  at  New  York, 
June  9,  1791 : died  at  Tunis,  April  9,  1852.  An 
American  dramatist,  actor,  and  song-writer. 
He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at  New  York  in  1809,  and 
fulfilled  a number  of  engagements  in  other  cities  as  “The 
American  Juvenile  Wonder,”  etc.  Heplayed  alsoin  Eng- 
land and  Ireland,  part  of  the  time  with  Miss  O’Neill.  He 
retired  from  the  stage  in  1832,  and  was  in  Tunis  as  Ameri- 
can consul  1843-45  and  1851-52.  He  is  famous  as  the 
author  of  “Home,  Sweet  Home  "(originally  in  the  opera 
of  “Clari  ”),  and  was  author  and  translator  and  adapter  of 
more  than  60  plays. 

Payojke  (pa-yoH-ka').  [Tehua.]  The  official 
headof  oneof  the  two  very  ancient  subdivisions 
of  t he  Tehua  tribe  of  New  Mexico,  said  to  have 
originated  when  the  Tehuas  came  out  upon  the 
surface  of  the  earth  at  the  lagoon  or  cavern  of 
Cibobe : also  the  name  of  the  summer  cacique, 
or  chief  penitent  for  summer,  of  the  Tehua 
tribes.  Every  Tehua  pueblo  has  its  summer  cacique, 
as  well  as  its  ojique  or  winter  cacique.  He  Is  in 


Peace,  The 

power  from  the  vernal  to  the  autumnal  equinox.  But  In 
all  important  matters  of  religion  he  is  superior  to  the  win- 
ter cacique,  and  is  really  the  religious  head  ol  the  tribes. 

Paysandu  (pi-san-do'),  formerly  San  Benito 
(san  ba-ne'to).  A town  and  port  in  Uruguay, 
situated  on  the  river  Uruguay  160  miles  north 
of  Buenos  Ayres.  It  was  taken  by  the  Bra- 
zilians after  a bombardment,  Jan.  2, 1865.  Pop- 
ulation, about  18,000. 

Pays-Bas  (pa-e'ba').  [F.,  ‘Low  Countries.’] 

The  French  name  of  the  Netherlands. 

Pays  de  Vaud.  See  Vaud. 

Payson  (pa'son),  Edward.  Born  at  Rindge, 
N.  H.,  July  25,  1783:  died  at  Portland,  Maine, 
Oct.  22,  1827.  An  American  Congregational 
divine,  pastor  in  Portland.  His  sermons,  with  me- 
moir by  Cummings,  were  published  in  1846.  These  ser- 
mons  are  said  to  be  read  more  than  those  of  any  other  New 
England  divine,  except  Dwight. 

Payta  (pi'ta).  A seaport  in  the  department  of 
Piura,  Peru,  situated  in  lat.  5°  12'  S.  Popu- 
lation, about  4,000. 

Paytiti,  or  Gran  Paytiti  (gran  pa-e-te'te).  A 
fabled  empire  said  to  have  been  established 
by  Incas  who  fled  from  Peru  after  the  conquest. 
Reports  located  it  somewhere  in  the  forests  of  northeastern 
Peru,  and  described  a magnificent  capital  city  called  Y urac- 
huasi.  Various  expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it 
during  the  17th  and  18th  centuries,  and  belief  in  its 
former  existence  has  not  yet  entirely  died  out.  Also 
written  Paititi. 

Payucha.  See  Paiute. 

Paz,  La.  See  La  Paz. 

Paz,  Mariano  Rivera.  See  Rivera  Paz. 

Paz  Sold&n  (path  sol-dan'),  Mariano  Felipe. 
Bom  at  Arequipa,  Aug.,  1821:  died  at  Lima, 
Dec.  31,  1886.  A Peruvian  geographer,  histo- 
rian, and  jurist.  He  held  various  civil  offices;  was 
for  many  years  director  of  public  works ; and  was  twice 
minister  of  justice.  The  Peruvian  penitentiary  system 
was  reformed  by  him  in  1856.  During  the  Chilean  occu- 
pation he  was  exiled,  residing  in  Buenos  Ayres.  His  works, 
which  are  very  valuable,  include  “Atlas  geogr&flco  del 
Peru”  (Paris,  1861;  F.  edition,  1865),  accompanying  the 
‘ ‘ G eografia  d el  Peru  ” of  his  brother  Mateo ; “ Historia  del 
Peru  Independiente”  (1866);  “Diccionario  geogrAfico  es- 
tadistico  del  Peru”  (1877);  “Diccionario  de  la  Republica 
Argentina  ”(1884);  and  “ Historia  de  laGuerradel  Paciflco 
(1884). 

Paz  Soldcln,  Mateo.  Born  at  Arequipa,  1814 : 
died  about  1872.  A Peruvian  mathematician 
and  author,  brother  of  M.  F.  Paz  Soldan.  He 
published  several  mathematical  works  and  a treatise  on 
the  geography  of  Peru. 

Paz  Soldan  y Unanue  (e  on-a'no-a),  Pedro. 
Born  at  Lima,  1839.  A Peruvian  poet,  better 
known  by  the  pen-name  of  Juan  de  Arona.  His 
verses  are  generally  descriptive  of  Peruvian  country  life, 
and  many  of  them  are  humorous.  He  has  published  a 
work  “Peruanismos"  (on  local  words  and  phrases). 
Pazzi  (pat'se).  A powerful  family  of  Florence, 
noted  for  their  unsuccessful  conspiracy  against 
the  Medici  in  1478. 

Peabody  (pe'bod-i).  A town  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  14  miles  northeast  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  morocco,  etc.  It  was 
separated  from  Danvers  in  1855.  The  name  was  changed 
in  1868  from  South  Danvers  to  Peabody  in  honor  of  George 
Peabody.  Population,  15,721,  (1910). 

Peabody,  Andrew  Preston.  Born  at  Beverley, 
Mass.,  March  19, 1811 : died  March  10, 1893.  An 
American  Unitarian  clergyman  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  Christian  morals  at  Harvard  1860-81, 
when  he  was  elected  professor  emeritus.  He  was  for  many 
years  editor  of  the  “North  American  Review.”  Among  his 
works  are  “Lectures  on  Christian  Doctrine  ”(1844),  “Con- 
versation” (1856),  “Christianity  the  Religion  of  Nature” 
(1864),  “Reminiscences  of  European  Travel  ” (1868),  “Man- 
ual of  Moral  Philosophy  ”(1873),  “Christianity  and  Science” 
(1874),  “Christian  Belief  and  Life”  (1875),  "Moral  Philoso- 
phy” (1887),  “ Building  a Character"  (1887),  and  “ Harvard 
Reminiscences  ” (1888). 

Peabody,  George.  Born  at  Danvers,  Mass., 
Feb.  18, 1795:  died  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1869.  An 
American  merchant  and  banker,  celebrated  as 
a philanthropist.  He  settled  in  London  as  a banker 
in  1837.  Among  his  benefactions  are  the  Peabody  Insti- 
tute in  Baltimore  (1857),  afund  for  education  in  the  South, 
gifts  to  Harvard  and  other  colleges,  to  the  working-men 
of  London,  etc. 

Peabody,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Topsfield,  Mass., 
March  1, 1741:  died  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  June  27, 
1823.  An  American  Revolutionary  officer,  a 
delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress. 
Peabody  Bay.  An  arm  of  Smith  Sound,  on  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Greenland. 

Peabody  Institute.  An  institution  at  Balti- 
more, founded  by  George  Peabody,  and  contain- 
ing a library,  conservatory  of  music,  art- 
gallery,  etc. 

Peace,  The.  A comedy  of  Aristophanes,  ex- 
hibited in  419  b.  C.  Its  aim  was  to  commend  the  an- 
ticipated peace  of  Nicias.  In  it  an  Athenian,  Trygseus, 
mounts  to  heaven  on  a beetle,  finds  the  gods  pounding 
the  Greek  states  in  a mortar,  and  succeeds  in  freeing  the 
imprisoned  goddess  of  peace. 


Peace  Conference 

Peace  Conference. 1.  A conference  proposed  by 
the  Czar  of  Russia  which  met  at  The  Hague, 
May  18,  1899.  It  urged  the  avoidance  of  force  as  far 
as  is  possible  in  international  relations,  adopted  rules  for 
international  arbitration,  and  established  a permanent 
court  of  arbitration. 

Peace  of  Monsieur  (me-sye').  [F- Paix  (Je  Mon- 
sieur.]  A peace  forced  upon  Henry  III.  of 
France  in  1576  by  a combination  of  Huguenots, 
the  Politiques,  and  the  Due  d’Alemjon  (“  Mon- 
sieur”). Great  concessions  were  made  to  the 
Huguenots  and  to  the  Due  d’Alen§on. 

Peace  Of  Miinster  (miin'ster).  A fine  painting 
by  Gerard  Terburg  (1648),  a distinguished  Dutch 
master.  The  Spanish  plenipotentiaries  and  the  delegates 
of  the  United  Provinces  are  assembled,  and  are  listening 
to  the  reading  of  the  ratification  oath.  There  are  about  30 
figures,  all  portraits,  and  admirably  characterized  in  their 
minute  scale. 

Peace  River.  A river  in  British  America  which 
rises  in  British  Columbia  and  flows  into  Lake 
Athabasca.  Length,  about  1,000  miles. 

Peachtree  Creek  (pech'tre  krek).  A small 
tributary  of  the  Chattahoochee,  near  Atlanta, 
Georgia.  Here,  July  19-20, 1864,  the  Federals  under  Sher- 
man defeated  the  Confederates  under  Hood. 

Peachum  (pech'um).  A noted  character  in 
Gay’s  4 4 Beggar’s  Opera.”  He  is  a receiver  of  stolen 
goods,  and  the  father  of  Polly  Peachum,  the  principal  fe- 
male character,  who  marries  the  highwayman  Macheath. 

Peacock,  Thomas  Love.  Born  at  Weymouth, 
England,  Oct.  18, 1785:  died  at  Halliford,  Jan. 
23, 1866.  An  English  satirical  novelist  and  poet. 
He  was  intimately  associated  with  Shelley  and  Byron. 
His  style  is  egotistic  and  Rabelaisian.  In  1816  he  pub- 
lished “Headlong  Hall, "followed  by  “Melincourt”  in  1817. 
He  published  “Nightmare  Abbey"  and  “Rhododaphne,” 
a volume  of  verse  (1818).  In  1819  he  was  made  assistant 
examiner  at  the  India  House,  and  in  1836  he  succeeded 
Mill  as  chief  examiner.  “ Maid  Marian  " appeared  in  1822, 
“The  Misfortunes  of  Elphin”  in  1829,  “Crotchet  Castle" 
in  1831,  and  “ Gryll  Grange  ” in  1860.  He  was  much  inter- 
ested in  steam  navigation  to  India. 

Peacock,  The.  See  Pavo. 

Peak  (pek),  The.  A hilly  region,  principally  in 
Derbyshire,  England.  It  extends  from  Glossop  to 
Ashbourne  north  and  south,  and  from  Chesterfield  to  Bux- 
ton east  and  west,  and  contains  some  picturesque  scenery. 
Highest  point,  Kinderscout  (2,080  feet). 

Peak  Cavern.  A noted  stalactite  cave  in  the 
Peak  of  Derby,  England,  situated  near  Castle- 
ton.  Length,  2,000  feet. 

Peaks  of  otter  (ot'er).  Two  peaks  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  in  Virginia.  Height,  about  4,000  feet. 

Peale  (pel),  Charles  Willson.  Born  at  Chester- 
town,  Md.,  April  16, 1741:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Feb.  22,  1827.  An  American  portrait-painter. 

Peale,  Rembrandt.  Born  in  Bucks  County, 
Pa.,  Feb.  22,  1778:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
3,  1860.  An  American  painter,  chiefly  of  por- 
traits, son  of  C.  W.  Peale. 

Pearce  (pers),  James  Alfred.  Born  at  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  Dec.  14, 1805:  died  at  Chestertown, 
Md.,  Dec.  20,  1862.  An  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Marylandl835-39andl841-43,andUnited  States 
senator  1843-62. 

Pea  Ridge  (pe  rij).  A place  in  Benton  County, 
northwestern  Arkansas,  near  the  Missouri  bor- 
der. Here,  March  7-8,  1862,  the  Federals  (10,500)  under 
Curtis  defeated  the  Confederates  (16,202)  under  Van  Dorn. 
The  Federal  loss  was  1,384 ; the  Confederate  loss  was  1,300. 

Pearl  (perl).  A river  in  Mississippi  which  forms 
in  its  lower  course  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Mississippi  and  Louisiana,  and  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  40  miles  north-northeast  of  New 
Orleans.  Length,  over  300  miles. 

Pearl  Coast.  [Sp.  Costa  de  Perl  as.  ] A name 
given  by  the  early  Spanish  explorers  to  the  coast 
of  Venezuela  from  Cumana  to  Trinidad.  Colum- 
bus (1498)  and  Ojeda  and  Nifio  (1499-1500)  first  visited  this 
region  and  obtained  pearls  from  the  Indians;  subsequently 
extensive  pearl-fisheries  were  established,  especially  at 
the  islands  off  the  coast. 

Pearl  Islands.  1 . An  old  name  for  islands  off 
the  coast  of  Venezuela  (Margarita,  Cubagua, 
etc.). — 2.  A group  of  small  islands  belonging 
to  Panama,  in  the  Bay  of  Panama : so  named 
by  Balboa  in  1513. 

Pearl  River.  See  Canton  River. 

Pearls,  Gulf  of.  A name  given  by  Columbus 
to  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  Venezuela. 

Pearson  (per'son),  John.  Born  at  Groat  Snor- 
ing, Norfolk,  England,  Feb.  28,  1612:  died  at 
Chester,  July  16, 1686.  An  English  bishop  and 
theological  writer.  He  entered  Cambridge  University 
(Queens’  College),  June  10,  1631 ; took  orders  in  1639 ; and 
in  1640  was  chaplain  to  Lord  Keeper  Finch.  In  1659  he 
published  the  “ Exposition  of  the  Creed.”  In  1661  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  on  the  review  of  the  liturgy  at 
the  Savoy.  On  April  14,  1662,  he  was  appointed  master  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  • and  in  1673  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Chester. 


* 789 

Peary  (pe'ri),  Robert  Edwin.  BornatCres- 
son,  Pa.,  May  6,  1856.  An  American  arctic 
explorer  and  rear-admiral,  discoverer  of  the 
north  pole.  In  1886  he  made  a journey  to  Greenland, 
advancing  for  a hundred  miles  or  more  upon  the  interior 
ice.  In  June,  1891,  as  chief  of  the  arctic  expedition  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  he  sailed  from  New  York 
in  the  Kite,  and  made  his  headquarters  at  McCormick  Bay, 
on  the  northwest  coast  of  Greenland.  Hemade  sledge  ex- 
cursions along  Whale  Sound,  Inglefleld  Gulf,  and  Hum- 
boldt Glacier ; traversed  the  inland  ice  from  McCormick 
Bay  to  the  northeast  angle  of  Greenland  (Independence 
Bay,  lat.  81°  37'  N.);  and  proved  the  convergence  of  the  east- 
ern and  western  coasts  of  northern  Greenland,  and  almost 
with  positiveness  the  insularity  of  the  mainland.  He  dis- 
covered new  lands  (Melville  Land,  Heilprin  Land)  lying  be- 
yond Greenland,  and  named  many  glaciers.  In  Sept.,  1892, 
he  returned.  In  July,  1893,  he  sailed  again,  in  the  Falcon, 
intending  to  survey  the  northeastern  coast  of  Greenland, 
and  if  possible  to  push  on  toward  the  north  pole.  He 
was  unsuccessful  and  returned  in  September,  1895.  In 
1898  he  again  returned  to  the  attack  upon  the  pole.  He 
made  his  winter  quarters  at  Etah,  near  Smith  Sound,  and 
established  caches  of  supplies  as  far  as  Fort  Conger.  In  the 
spring  of  1900  lie  set  out  from  Fort  Conger,  and  traced  the 
northern  limit  of  the  Greenland  archipelago,  reaching  the 
highest  latitude .(83°  50'  N.)  then  attained  on  the  western 
hemisphere.  He  intended  to  renew  the  attempt  to  reach 
the  pole  each  spring  until  he  should  pucceed.  But  he  re- 
turned in  Sept.,  1902,  having  reached  lat.  84°  17' N.  His 
wife,  author  of  “ My  Arctic  Journal " (1803),  accompanied 
the  expeditions  of  1891-92,  loba-94,  and  1900-01  (relief  ex- 
pedition) as  far  as  the  winter  quarters.  In  July,  1905,  he 
again  set  out.  See  supplement,  and  Century  Allas,  Map  3. 

Peasant  Bard,  The.  Robert  Burns. 

Peasants’  War,  The.  An  insurrection  of  the 
peasantry  in  southern  Germany  against  the  no- 
bles and  clergy.  It  broke  out  in  1524,  and  spread 
through  Franconia,  Swabia,  Thuringia,  and  Alsace,  being 
suppressed  with  great  cruelty  in  May  and  J une,  1525.  See 
Milnzer  and  Frankenhausen. 

Peas-blossom  (pez'blos//pm).  A fairy  in  “A 
Midsummer  Night’s  Dream,”  by  Shakspere. 
Pease  (pez),  Calvin.  Born  Aug.  12,  1813:  died 
Sept.  17,  1863.  An  American  Congregational 
(later  Presbyterian)  clergyman,  president  of 
the  University  of  Vermont  1855-61. 

Pe-chi-li.  See  PetcMli 

Pecht  (pecht),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Constance, 
Baden,  Oet.  2, 1814 : died  at  Munich,  April  24, 
1903.  A German  painter  and  writer  on  art. 
Among  his  works  is  “ Galleries  of  Characters  from 
Schiller,  Goethe,  Lessing,  and  Shakspere." 

Pechuel-Losche  (pesh'wel  le'she),  Moritz  Ed- 
uard. Born  near  Merseburg,  July  26, 1840.  A 
German  traveler.  He  visited  the  W est  Indies,  Oceania, 
and  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  seas.  He  was  a member  of  the 
German  scientific  expedition  toLoango,  West  Africa,  1874- 
1876.  In  1882  he  was  Stanley’s  substitute  on  the  Kongo. 
In  1884  he  was  in  Damaraland. 

Peck  (pek),  John  James.  Born  at  Manlius, 
N.Y.,  Jan.  4, 1821:  died  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  April 
21,1878.  An  American  general.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  was  in  command  of  the  national  troops  in  Vir- 
ginia, south  of  the  James,  1862-63. 

Peck,  William  Guy.  Bom  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
Oct.  16,  1820:  died  at  Greenwich,  Conn.,  Feb. 
7,  1892.  An  American  mathematician.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1844,  and  was  assistant 
professor  of  mathematics  at  West  Point  1847-55.  He  was 
professor  in  Columbia  College  from  1857  until  his  death. 
Pecksniff  (pek'snif ).  A notorious  hypocrite  in 
Dickens’s  ‘‘ Martin  Chuzzle  wit.”  He  has  two  daugh- 
ters : Mercy  (Merry),  married  to  Jonas  Chuzzlewit ; and 
Charity  (Cherry),  who  is  a victim  of  misplaced  affection. 

Pecock  (pe'kok),  Reginald.  Lived  in  the  15th 
century.  An  English  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph  1444-49,  and  of  Chichester  1450-59 : author  of 
“Repressor  of  Overmuch  Blaming  of  the  Clergy."  Op- 
posing the  Roman  tenets  in  1457,  he  was  deprived  in  1469. 

Pecorone  (pa-ko-ro'ne),  II.  [It.,  ‘sheepshead’ 
or  ‘ dunce.’]  A collection  of  50  tales  by  Ser 
Giovanni  Fiorentino.  He  began  to  write  them  in 
1376,  but  the  book  was  not  published  till  1658  at  Milan. 
The  stories  were  mostly  drawn  from  the  chronicles  of  Gio- 
vanni Villani.  Painter,  in  his  “Palace  of  Pleasure,”  and 
subsequent  writers  are  indebted  to  it. 

Pecos  (pa'kos).  A river  of  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  which  joins  the  Rio  Grande  about  lat.  29° 
40'  N.,  long.  101°  20'  W.  Length,  700-800  miles. 
Pecos.  [A  corruption  of  Paquiu,  the  name,  in 
the  Jemez  language,  of  the  tribe  of  Pecos.]  A 
now  ruined  Indian  village  25  miles  southeast 
of  Santa  F (■ . New  Mexico.  Its  aboriginal  name  was 
Tshiquite  (wr  itten  Cicuique  by  the  older  Spanish  chroni- 
clers). It  was  in  1540  the  largest  Indian  village  or  pueblo 
in  New  Mexico,  containing  a population  of  about  2,000 
souls,  which  formed  an  independent  tribe  speaking  the 
same  language  as  the  Indians  of  Jemez.  In  1680  the  Pe- 
cos rebelled  with  the  others,  but  surrendered  peaceably  to 
Vargas  in  1692,  and  thereafter  remained  loyal  to  Spain. 
The  site  of  Pecos  is  marked  by  interesting  ruins,  includ- 
ing those  of  a large  church,  founded  in  the  beginning  of 
the  17th  century. 

Pedee.  See  Great  Pedee. 

Pedernal  (pa-der-niil').  [Sp.,  ‘stone-place.’] 
The  name  of  two  heights  in  New  Mexico,  one  of 
them  lyingeastof  the  salt-lakesof  the  Manzano, 


Peebles 

in  eastern  central  New  Mexico,  and  the  other 
northwest  of  Abiquiu  in  northern  New  Mexico. 
The  latter  is  distinguished  by  its  form,  which  is  that  of  a 
truncated  cone,  and  by  the  abundance  of  arrowheads  of 
flint  found  on  and  about  it. 

Pedo,  Albinovanus  (al-bi-no-va'nus  pe'do).  A 
Roman  poet,  of  the  Augustan  age : author  of  a 
poem  entitled  “Theseis,”  of  an  epic  poem  on 
contemporary  history,  and  of  epigrams. 

Pedr arias.  See  Avila,  Pedro  Arias  de. 
Pedraza  (pad-ra'tha),  Manuel  Gomez.  Born 
at  Querdtaro  about  1788 : died  in  Mexico  City, 
May  14,  1851.  A Mexican  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  secretary  of  war  under  Victoria,  1825-29, 
and  was  elected  to  succeed  him,  but  the  election  was  an- 
nulled. Pedraza  took  part  in  the  revolts  of  1832,  and  was 
eventually  president  during  the  last  months  of  his  legal 
term,  Dec.  26,  1832,  to  April  1, 1833.  He  held  cabinet  posi- 
tions under  Santa  Anna;  was  a senator  1844  ; and  was  a 
presidential  candidate  in  1845  and  1850. 

Pedro  (pe'dro;  Sp.  pron.  pa'dro)  II.  King  of 
Aragon  1196-1213. 

Pedro  III.  King  of  Aragon  1276-85.  He  be- 
came king  of  Sicily  on  the  expulsion  of  the 
French  in  1282. 

Pedro  IV.  King  of  Aragon  1336-87,  son  of  Al- 
fonso IY.  He  annexed  the  Balearic  Isles  in 
1343. 

Pedro  I.  (Dom  Antonio  Pedro  de  Alcantara 
Bourbon).  Born  at  Lisbon,  Oet.  12, 1798  : died 
there,  Sept.  24,  1834.  First  emperor  of  Brazil. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  Dom  Joao,  who  became  John  VI. 
of  Portugal  in  1816 ; and,  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brother, 
was  heir  apparent.  In  1807  he  was  taken  to  Brazil  with 
the  royal  family.  His  father  assumed  the  crown  there,  and 
returned  to  Portugal  April  26,  1821,  leaving  Dom  Pedro 
as  regent  of  Brazil.  Early  in  1822  the  prince  assumed  the 
leadership  of  the  party  of  opposition  to  Portugal,  defi- 
nitely pronounced  for  independence  Sept.  7,  and  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  Oct.  12  and  crowned  Dec.  1.  The  only 
serious  resistance  made  by  Portugal  was  in  the  northern 
provinces,  and  was  soon  overcome ; in  1825  Portugal  recog- 
nized the  independence  of  Brazil.  The  popularity  of  the 
emperor,  at  first  very  great,  was  weakened  by  his  reaction- 
ary policy  in  1823,  and  especially  by  his  forcible  dissolu- 
tion of  the  constituent  assembly  Nov.  12,  1823,  and  the 
banishment  of  the  Andradas.  On  March  25,  1824,  he  ac- 
cepted a constitution  which  had  been  prepared  by  a coun- 
cil of  state,  and  which  remained  in  force  during  the  em- 
pire. In  1828  the  Cisplatine  Province,  or  Uruguay,  be- 
came independent  after  three  years  of  war  with  Brazil. 
The  increasing  opposition  to  the  emperor’s  policy  at  length 
provoked  popular  tumults.  Convinced  that  he  could  no 
longer  rule,  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son.  April  7,  1831, 
and  soon  after  sailed  for  England.  On  the  death  of  John 
VI.  (1826)  he  had  been  proclaimed  king  of  Portugal,  but 
had  resigned  the  crown  in  favor  of  his  daughter,  whom  the 
usurpation  of  Dom  Miguel  had  deprived  of  her  rights. 
On  his  arrival  in  Europe  Dom  Pedro  at  once  headed  a 
movement  in  his  daughter's  favor,  taking  a personal  part 
in  the  war  in  Portugal.  He  was  finally  successful,  and  his 
daughter  was  crowned,  hut  he  died  two  days  after.  He 
was  twice  married:  in  1818  to  the  archduchess  Maria  Leo- 
poldina  of  Austria,  who  died  in  Dec.,  1826 ; and  in  1829  to 
the  princess  Amelia  of  Leuclitenberg. 

Pedro  II.  (Dom  Pedro  de  Alcantara).  Born 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Dee.  2,  1825:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  5, 1891.  Son  of  Pedro  I.,  and  second  em- 
peror of  Brazil.  His  father  resigned  ill  his  favor  April 
7,  1831.  During  his  minority  Brazil  was  governed  by  re- 
gents ; his  majority  was  proclaimed  July  23, 1840,  and  he 
was  crowned  July  18, 1841.  He  wasmarried  in  1843  to  the 
princess  Theresa  Christina,  sister  of  the  King  of  the  Sici- 
lies. His  male  children  died  young,  and  his  eldest  daugh- 
ter, Dona  Izabel  de  Bragancja,  became  his  constitutional 
successor.  The  principal  events  of  his  reign  were  : Tran- 
sient rebellions  in  Minas  Geraes  and  Sao  l’aulo,  1842  ; re- 
bellion in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  finally  suppressed,  Feb.,  1845 ; 
rebellion  in  Pernambuco  suppressed,  1849;  alliance  with 
Urquiza  and  war  in  Uruguay,  May,  1851,  leading  to  the 
victory  of  Monte-Caseros,  Feb.  3,  1852,  by  which  Rosas,  dic- 
tator of  Buenos  Ayres,  was  overthrown  ; invasion  of  Uru- 
guay and  alliance  with  Flores,  1864  ; war  with  Paraguay, 
1865-70  (see  Triple  Alliance)',  law  passed  for  the  gradual 
abolition  of  slavery,  Sept.,  1871 ; slavery  finally  abolished 
as  the  result  of  a remarkable  popular  movement,  May  13, 
1888.  Dom  Pedro  visited  Europe  May,  1871, -March,  1872  ; 
visited  the  United  States  1876,  passing  thence  to  Europe, 
Palestine,  and  Egypt,  and  returning  in  Sept.,  1877 ; and 
visited  Europe  a third  time  1886-89 : in  each  case  he  trav- 
eled as  a private  gentleman,  and  during  his  absence  the 
princess  Izabel  acted  as  regent.  By  a revolution  which 
broke  out  Nov.  15,  1889  (the  principal  movers  being  army 
officers),  he  was  forced  to  resign,  and  was  immediately  sent 
to  Europe.  The  ex-empress  died  in  Portugal,  Dec.  28, 1889, 
and  thereafter  Dom  Pedro  resided  generally  in  France. 
As  a ruler  he  was  noted  for  the  protection  which  lie  ac- 
corded to  science  and  literature,  and  he  was  greatly  re- 
spected both  at  home  and  abroad. 

Pedro,  surnamed 44  The  Cruel.”  Born  at  Burgos, 
Spain,  1334:  killed  March  23,  1369.  King  of 
Castile  and  Leon  1350-69,  son  of  Alfonso  XL 
With  the  aid  of  the  Black  Prince  he  defeated  his  brother 
Henry  of  Trastamare  at  Navarrete  in  1367,  but  was  defeated 
and  captured  by  him  at  Montiel,  March  14,  1369.  He  was 
put  to  death  by  Henry,  who  ascended  the  throne. 

Pedro  I.  Born  1320 : died  1367.  King  of  Portu- 
gal 1357-67,  son  of  Alfonso  IV.  He  is  noted  in  con- 
nection with  thestory  of  lues  de  Castro  (see  Castro,  Inesde). 
Pedro,  Don.  In  Shakspere’s  “ Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,”  the  Prince  of  Arragon. 

Peebles  (pe'blz).  1.  A county  in  tho  south  of 
Scotland.  It  is  bounded  by  Edinburgh  on  the  north. 


Peebles 

Selkirk  on  the  east,  Dumfries  on  the  south,  and  Lanark  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  hilly.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Tweeddale,  from  its  containing  the  valley  of  the  upper 
Tweed.  Area,  348  square  miles.  Pop.  (civil  county),  15,066. 

2.  The  county  town  of  Peebles  County,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Eddlestone  Water 
and  the  Tweed,  21  miles  south  of  Edinburgh. 
It  was  at  one  time  a royal  residence.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  William  and  Robert  Chambers.  Population,  5,266. 
Peekskill  (pek'skil).  A village  in  the  town- 
ship of  Cortland.  Westchester  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
40  miles  north  of  New  York.  It  has  iron  manu- 
factures. Population,  15,245,  (1910). 

Peel  (pel).  A river  in  British  America  which 
joins  the  Mackenzie  at  its  delta.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

Peel.  A fishing  town  on  the  western  coast  of 
the  Isle  of  Man.  It  has  a ruined  castle  and  a 
ruined  cathedral.  Population,  about  3,600. 
Peel,  Arthur  "Wellesley,  first  Viscount  Peel. 
Born  Aug.  3,  1829:  died  Oct.  24,  1912.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  son  of  Sir  Robert  Peel : speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  1884-95.  Raised  to 
the  peerage  1895. 

Peel  (pal),  De.  An  extensive  peat  moor  on  the 
borders  of  the  provinces  of  North  Brabant  and 
Limburg,  Netherlands. 

Peel  (pel),  Jonathan.  Bom  Oct.  12, 1799:  died 
Feb.  13,  1879.  An  English  general  and  politi- 
cian, brother  of  Sir  Robert  Peel  (1788-1850). 
He  entered  the  army  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1826;  was  surveyor- 
general  of  the  ordnance  1S4H6 ; and  was  secretary  of  war 
1858-59  and  1866-67. 

Peel,  Sir  Robert.  Bom  near  Bury,  Lancashire, 
Feb.  5,  1788:  died  at  London,  Jnly  2,  1850.  A 
noted  English  statesman.  He  was  the  son  of  Sir 
Eobert  Peel,  a calico-printer.  He  graduated  at  Oxford 
(Christ  Church)  in  1808,  and  in  1809  was  elected  member 
of  Parliament  for  CasheL  With  his  father  he  followed 
the  Tory  party.  In  1810  he  became  under-secretary  for 
the  colonies,  and  was  secretary  for  Ireland  1812-18.  He 
opposed  Catholic  emancipation,  and  instituted  the  regular 
Irish  constabulary  (nicknamed  “Peelers,"  a name  also  ex- 
tended to  the  police  generally).  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament for  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1817,  but  was  out 
of  office  from  1818  to  1822.  On  May  24,  1819,  he  delivered 
a notable  speech  on  the  Cash  Payments  Act.  In  1822  he 
was  appointed  home  secretary  under  Lord  Liverpool,  and 
retained  the  office  until  1827.  In  1828  he  was  appointed 
home  secretary  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  made 
leader  of  the  House  of  Commons.  In  1829  he  changed  his 
position  and  proposed  Catholic  emancipation.  He  won 
back  his  position  in  the  Tory  party  by  his  resistance  to  the 
Reform  Bill.  After  the  passing  of  this  bill  lie  was  left 
with  a following  of  only  150,  the  nucleus  of  the  modem 
Conservative  party.  In  1834  he  became  prime  minister, 
first  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ; 
he  resigned  In  1835.  In  1841  he  was  again  prime  minister 
and  first  lord  of  the  treasury.  He  became  a free-trader,  and 
on  Jan.  27, 1846,  moved  the  repeal  of  the  corn-laws,  which 
was  carried.  He  resigned  June  29,  1846. 

Peele  (pel),  George.  Born  1558  (?) : died  1598  (?). 
An  English  dramatist  and  poet.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford  in  1577.  He  is  said  to  have  lived  a disreputable  life. 
He  published  the  “Arraignment  of  Paris  ”(1584),  the 
“Chronicle  History  of  Edward  I.”  (1593),  “The  Battle  of 
Alcazar”(1594),“The  Old  Wives’ Tale  "(1595),  “David  and 
Bethsabe  ” (1599),  etc. 

Peele  Castle.  A castle  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  It 
is  the  subject  of  a noted  poem  by  Wordsworth. 
Peelites(peTIts).  [Named  from  Sir  Robert  Peel.] 
In  British  politics,  a political  party  existing  after 
the  repeal  of  the  corn-laws  in  1846.  Originally(in 
large  part)  Tories,  but  free-traders  and  adherents  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  they  formed  for  several  years  a group  inter- 
mediate between  the  Protectionist  Tories  and  the  Liberals. 
Several  of  them  took  office  in  the  Aberdeen  administra- 
tion (1852-55),  and  Gladstone,  Sidney  Herbert,  and  others 
eventually  joined  the  Liberal  party. 

Peene (pa'ne).  AriverinMecklenburg-Schwerin 
and  Pomerania,  Prussia,  which  unites  with  the 
western  arm  of  the  Pomeranian  Haff,  and  flows 
into  the  Baltic  26  miles  east  by  south  of  Stral- 
sund.  Length,  about  90  miles. 

Peeping  Tom  of  Coventry.  Aman  of  Coventry, 
England,  celebrated  in  the  legend  of  Godiva. 
See  Godiva,  Lady. 

Peep  o’  Day  Boys.  A Presbyterian  faction  in 
the  north  of  Ireland  about  1785-90,  opposed  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  “ Defenders.”  They  were 
closely  allied  to  the  Orangemen. 

Peerybingle  (pe'ri-bing-gl),  Mrs.  The  wife  of 
a carrier  in  Dickens’s  “ Cricket  on  the  Hearth” : 
a blithe  cheery  little  woman  called  “ Dot.” 
Pegasus  (peg'a-sus).  [Gr.  n^yaerof, traditionally 
derived  from  Vr rr/f],  a spring,  “because  he  came 
into  existence  at  the  fountains  of  Ocean  ” (He- 
siod).] 1.  In  classical  mythology,  the  winged 
horse  of  the  Muses,  spning  from  the  blood  of 
Medusa  when  slain  by  Perseus.  With  astroke  of  his 
hoof  he  was  fabled  to  have  caused  to  well  forth,  on  Mount 
Helicon  inBceotia, the  poetically  inspiringfountainHippo- 
crene.  He  was  ultimately  changed  into  a constellation. 
2.  One  of  the  ancient  northern  constellations. 
The  figure  represents  the  forward  half  of  a winged  horse. 


790 

The  center  of  the  constellation  is  about  20  degrees  north  of 
the  equator,  and  4 bright  stars  in  it  form  a large  square. 
Peggotty  (peg'o-ti).  The  faithful  nurse  of 
David  Copperfield  in  Dickens’s  novel  of  that 
name.  She  marries  Barkis,  who  “is  willin’.” 
Pegli  (pel'ye).  A watering-place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Genoa  6 miles  west  of  Genoa. 

Pegnitz  (peg'nits).  A head  stream  of  the  river 
Regnitz  (which  see)  in  Bavaria. 

Pego  (pa'gd).  A town  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, eastern  Spain,  45  miles  south-southeast 
of  Valencia.  Population,  6,983. 

Pegram  (pe'gram),  John.  Born  in  Virginia, 
1832 : killed  Feb.  6,  1865.  A Confederate  gen- 
eral in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia. 

Pegu  (pe-go').  1.  A division  of  Lower  Burma, 

in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Irawadi,  formerly  an 
independent  realm.  It  was  annexed  by  the  British 
after  the  war  of  1852-53.  Area,  13,084  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,820,638. 

2.  A town  in  the  division  of  Pegu,  situated  on 
the  river  Pegu  about  50  miles  north  of  Rangoon. 
Population,  14,132. 

Pehtsik.  See  PetsiJc. 

Peh.uench.es  (pa-wan-chas').  [Indian pehuenclie, 
dwellers  in  the  pine  forest.]  A name  given  to 
a portion  of  the  Araucanian  Indians  of  Chile  who 
lived  in  the  mountainous  region  of  the  west. 
They  were  the  most  numerous  division  of  the  tribe,  and 
from  them  mostof  the  modern  Araucanians  are  descended. 
The  modern  Pehuenchesincludelndiansof  the  samestock 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Andes,  in  the  territory  of  Neu- 
qnen,  Argentine  Republic. 

Peihai,  or  Peihoi.  See  Pahhoi. 

Pei-ho  (pa-ho').  Ariverintheprovinceof  Cbi-li, 
northern  China,  which  unites  with  the  Yun-ho 
at  Tientsin  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li. 
Length,  over  300  miles. 

Pei-ho  Forts.  Fortifications  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Pei-ho  River,  China.  They  were  taken  by  the  English 
and  French  forces  in  1853  and  I860.  An  attempt  to  pass 
them  in  1859  was  repulsed. 

Peile  (pel),  John.  Born  April  24,  1838:  died 
Oct.  9,  1910.  An  English  comparative  philolo- 
gist. He  became  master  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1887.  He  published  “An  Introduction  to  Greek  and 
Latin  Etymology”  (1869),  etc. 

Peine  (pi'ne).  A town  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  21  miles  east  by  south  of  Han- 
nover. Population,  commune,  16,451. 

Peipus  (pi'pos),  Lake.  A lake  in  western  Rus- 
sia, surrounded  by  the  governments  of  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, Pskoff,  Livonia,  and  Esthonia.  Itis  con- 
nected on  the  south  with  Lake  Pskoff.  Its  outlet  is  by  the 
Narva  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  Length,  about  50  miles 
(including  Lake  Pskoff,  about  90  miles). 

Peirseus.  See  Pirseus. 

Peirce  (pers),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Salem, Mass., 
April  4, 1809:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 
1880.  A distinguished  American  mathemati- 
cian and  astronomer.  He  became  tutor  of  mathemat- 
ics at  Harvard  in  1831,  and  professor  of  mathematics  there 
in  1833,  and  also  of  astronomy  in  1842.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  1867-74.  Among 
his  most  notable  researches  are  those  on  Neptune  and  on 
Saturn’s  rings.  He  published  text-books  on  trigonometry, 
geometry,  algebra,  etc.,  “Analytic  Mechanics  ” (1857),  “ Lin- 
ear Associative  Algebra”  (1870),  “Ideality  in  the  Physical 
Sciences"  (1881),  etc. 

Peirce,  Charles  Sanders.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Sept.  10, 1839.  A noted  American  phys- 
icist, mathematician,  and  logician:  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Peirce.  He  was  for  many  years  connected  with 
the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey ; and  has  been 
lecturer  on  logic  at  Harvard  and  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University. 

Peirce,  Ebenezer  Weaver.  Born  at  Freetown, 
Mass.,  April  5,  1822:  died  Aug.  14,  1902.  An 
American  general  and  historical  writer.  He  pub- 
lished  “The  Peirce  Family  of  the  Old  Colony"  (1870)  and 
“Indian  History,  Biography,  and  Genealogy  " (1878),  and 
edited  “ Civil,  Military,  and  Professional  Lists  of  Plymouth 
and  Rhode  Island  Colonies,  etc."  (1880). 

Peirce,  James  Mills.  Bom  May  1,  1834:  died 
March  21, 1906.  An  American  mathematician, 
son  of  Benjamin  Peirce.  He  was  professor  of  mathe- 
matics  in  Harvard  University  1869-1906.  Among  his  works 
are  “A  Text-Book  of  Analytical  Geometry"  (1857)  and 
“The  Elements  of  Logarithms"  (1873). 

Peissenberg  (pis'sen-berG),  Hohe.  A mountain 
in  southern  Bavaria,  35  miles  southwest  of  Mu- 
nich. On  account  of  the  extensive  view  from  it,  it  is  some- 
times called  “the  Bavarian  Rigi.”  Height,  3,240  feet. 

Peiwar  (pi-war'),  or  Paiwar,  Pass.  A pass  in 
Afghanistan,  about  60  miles  southeast  of  Kabul . 
Here,  1878,  the  British  forces  under  Roberts 
defeated  the  Afghans. 

Peixoto  (pa-sho'tij),  Floriano.  Bom  April  30, 
1842:  died  June  29,  1895.  A Brazilian  states- 
mail.  He  supported  Fonseca  in  the  revolution  of  1889 ; was 
elected  vice-president  1891 ; and  by  Fonseca’s  forced  resig- 
nation, Nov.  23, 1891,  became  president.  Many  Brazilians 
were  strongly  opposed  to  having  a military  president,  and 


Peleus 

it  was  claimed  that  Peixoto  was  scheming  to  be  his  own 
successor : in  consequence  congress  passed  a bill  which 
made  this  succession  impossible.  President  Peixoto  vetoed 
the  bill  on  constitutional  grounds,  but  his  action  caused 
much  ill  feeling,  and  revolts  broke  out,  principally  in  the 
south.  In  Sept.,  1893,  the  naval  force  at  Rio  de  Janeiro 
revolted,  holding  the  bay  for  many  months,  bombarding  the 
city  at  intervals,  and  taking  Santa  Catharina.  (See  Mello, 
CustodioJoside.)  Peixoto  proclaimed  a state  of  siege,  many 
arrests  were  made,  and  a fleet  of  war  vessels  was  ordered 
from  the  United  States  and  Europe.  On  the  arrival  of  these 
the  naval  rebellion  was  suppressed  (March  and  April,  1894). 
Meanwhile  a presidential  election  was  held,  and  a civil- 
ian, Prudente  Moraes  (supported  by  the  government),  was 
elected  for  the  term  beginning  Nov.  16,  1894.  President 
Peixoto  had  the  military  rank  of  marshal. 

Peixoto,  Ignacio  Jose  de  Alvarenga.  See 

Alvar enga  Peixoto. 

Pekah  (pe'ka).  King  of  Israel  736-734  B.  c. 
(Duncker). 

Pekahiah  (pek-a-hi'a).  King  of  Israel  738-736 
b.  c.  (Duncker),'  son  of  Menahem. 

Pekin  (pe'kin).  A city, capital  of  Tazewell  Coun- 
ty, Blinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois  River  54 
miles  north  of  Springfield.  Pop.,  9,897,  (1910). 
Peking  (pe'king'),  or  Pekin  (pe-kin')  (‘north- 
ern capital’)  : proper  admini  s trati  ve  name  Shtm- 
tien-fu  (shon'tyen'fo'),  literary  name  Yen 
(yen).  Capital  of  the  Chinese  republic,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  39°  55'  N.,  long.  116°  27'  E.  it  con- 
sists of  the  Tatar  City  and  the  Chinese  City.  The  imperial 
palace  in  the  “Purple  Forbidden  City,”  Bell  Tower,  and 
Drum  Tower  (all  in  the  Tatar  City),  and  the  Temple  of 
Heaven  (in  the  Chinese  City),  are  noteworthy.  Peking  be- 
came one  of  the  capitals  of  the  Khitan  Tatars  in  the  end 
of  the  10th  century ; was  rebuilt  by  Kublai  Khan ; and 
has  been  sole  capital  since  the  beginning  of  the  15th 
century.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  Taiping- 
forces  in  1855.  The  English  and  French  troops  entered 
it  in  1860,  and  it  was  captured  by  the  allied  European  and 
American  forces  Aug.  14, 1900.  The  population,  variously 
estimated  at  from  700,000  to  1,600,000,  was  placed  in  1912 
at  805,110. 

Peking,  Peace  of.  A treaty  negotiated  at  Pe- 
king in  Oct.,  1860,  between  China  on  one  side 
and  Great  Britain  and  France  on  the  other. 
China  ratified  the  treaty  of  Tientsin,  paid  indemnities, 
and  made  other  concessions. 

Pelaez.  See  Garcia  Pelaez. 

Pelagia  (pe-la'ji-a),  Saint.  [Gr.  TleTiayia.]  1.  A 
martyr  of  Antioch,  about  300  a.d. — 2.  Amartyr 
of  Tarsus,  about  300  A.  D. — 3.  A penitent  of  An- 
tioch, of  the  5th  century  A.  d.,  previously  an  ac- 
tress and  dancer.  A character  of  the  same  name, 
resembling  her,  is  introduced  in  Kingsley’s 
“ Hypatia.” 

Pelagians  (pe-la'ji-anz).  The  followers  of  Pe- 

lagius.  They  held  that  there  was  no  original  sin  through 
Adam,  and  consequently  no  hereditary  guilt;  that  every 
soul  is  created  by  God  sinless:  that  the  will  is  absolutely 
free ; and  that  the  grace  of  God  is  universal,  but  is  not  in- 
dispensable; and  they  rejected  infant  baptism.  Pelagius, 
however,  held  to  the  belief  in  the  Trinity  and  in  the  per- 
sonality of  Christ.  His  views  were  developed  by  his  pupil 
Cmlestius,  but  were  anathematized  by  P<  pe  Zosimus  in 
418.  Pelagianism  was  the  principal  anthropological  her- 
esy in  the  early  church,  and  was  strongly  combated  by 
Pelagius’s  contemporary  Augustine. 

Pelagius  (pe-la'ji-us).  [Gr.  HG-dy/or.]  Died 
probably  420  A.  D.  The  founder  of  the  theo- 
logical heresy  called  Pelagianism.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  a British  monk  named  Morgan  (of  which  Pela- 
gius is  the  Latin  rendering),  and  took  up  his  residence  at 
Rome  before  405.  He  emigrated  to  Africa  when  Rome  was 
sacked  by  the  Goths  in  410,  but  shortly  settled  in  Pales- 
tine, where  he  is  said  to  have  died.  See  Pelagians. 

Pelagius.  See  Pelayo. 

Pelagius  I.  Pope  555-560.  He  was  accused  of 
heresy. 

Pelagius  II.  Pope  578-590. 

Pelasgi  (pe-las'ji).  [Gr.  Ihrlaayoi.]  An  ancient 
race,  widely  spread  over  Greece  and  the  coasts 
and  islands  of  the  gEgean  Sea  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean generally,  in  prehistoric  times.  The  ac- 
counts of  it  are  in  great  part  mythical  and  of  doubtful 
value,  and  its  ethnological  position  is  uncertain. 
Pelasgiotis  (pe-las-ji-6'tis).  [Gr.  HeTiacryiarig.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a division  of  central  Thes- 
saly, Greece,  southeast  of  the  Peneius,  and 
northwest  of  the  Pagastean  Gulf. 

Pelayo  (pa-la'yo),  or  Pelagius  (pe-la'ji-us). 
The  founder  of  the  monarchy  of  Asturias,  in 
Spain,  718. 

Pelee  (pe-la'),  Mount.  [Fr.  Montague  Pelee, 
‘bald mountain.’]  1.  A volcano  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  island  of  Martinique.  On  May  8, 
1902,  an  eruption  of  Pelee  destroyed  the  city  of 
St.  Pierre  and  about  40,000  people. — 2.  See 
Point  Pelee. 

Peleg  (pe'leg).  [Heb.,  ‘division.’]  In  the  Old 
Testament,  the  son  of  Eber,  and  the  brother  of 
Joktan. 

Pelethim.  See  Kerethim. 

Peleus  (pe'lus  or  pe'le-us).  [Gr.  Tb/Mvc.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a king  of  the  Myrmidons  in  Thes- 
saly, son  of  Abacus  and  father  of  Achilles. 


Pelew 

Pelew,  or  Pellew  (pe-lo'),  or  Palau  (pa-lou') 
Islands.  A group  of  small  mountainous  islands 
in  the  North  Pacific,  intersected  by  lat.  8°  N., 
long.  134°  E. : called  also  the  Western  Carolines. 
They  were  purchased  from  Spain  toy  Germany 
in  1899.  Population,  atoout  3,000. 

Pelham  (pel'am),  or  the  Adventures  of  a 
Gentleman.  AnovelbyBulwerLytton  (1828). 
Pelham  (pel'am),  Sir  Henry.  Born  1695(f) : died 
March  6, 1754.  An  English  statesman,  younger 
brother  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  He  entered 
Oxford  (Christ  Church)  in  1710 ; fought  at  Preston  1715  ; was 
elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Seaford,  Sussex,  in  1717  ; 
was  appointed  lord  of  the  treasury  in  1721,  secretary  of 
war  in  1724,  and  paymaster  of  the  forces  in  1730 ; and  be- 
came prime  minister  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in 
1743. 

Pelham,  later  Pelham  Holies,  Thomas,  Duko 
of  Newcastle.  Born  July,  1693 : died  1768.  An 
English  statesman.  He  was  secretary  of  state 
1724-54,  first  lord  of  the  treasury  1754-56  and 
1757-62,  and  lord  privy  seal  1765-66. 
Pelham-Clinton(pel'am-klin'tpn),  Henry  Pel- 
ham, Duke  of  Newcastle.  Bom  May  22, 1811: 
died  Oct.  18,  1864.  An  English  politician.  He 
was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1846;  colonial  secretary 
1852-54 ; secretary  for  war  1854-55 ; and  colonial  secretary 
1859-64. 

Pelias(pe'li-as).  [Gr.  ITfV.iaf.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a son  of  Poseidon,  and  king  of  Iolcus  in  Thes- 
saly, associated  with  the  legends  of  Jason. 
Pelican  (pel'i-kan).  The  ship  in  which  Drake 
sailed  around  the  world.  He  left  Plymouth  with 
four  other  ships  Nov.  15,  1577.  The  others  either  were 
lost  or  deserted  him,  and  he  completed  his  famous  voyage 
Sept.  26, 1580.  The  Pelican  was  carefully  preserved  by  order 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  but  was  finally  broken  up,  and  a chair 
caused  to  be  made  from  her  timbers  by  John  Davis,  the 
arctic  navigator,  is  now  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 

Pelican  state.  The  State  of  Louisiana:  so 
named  from  the  pelican  on  its  coat  of  arms. 
Pelides  (pe-ll'dez).  A son  of  Peleus:  a patro- 
nymic used  especially  of  Achilles. 

Peligni  (pe-lig'nl).  In  ancient  history,  a people 
living  in  central  Italy  among  the  Apennines,  be- 
tween the  Vestini  on  the  north,  the  Marrueini 
on  the  northeast,  the  Frentani  on  the  east,  the 
Samnites  on  the  south,  and  the  Marsi  on  the 
west.  Their  chief  town  was  Corfinium.  They  were  allied 
with  Rome  after  the  second  Samnite  war,  and  sided  against 
Rome  in  the  Social  War  (90  B.  c.). 

Peling  (pe'ling').  A mountain-chain  in  north- 
western China,  separating  the  valleys  of  the 
Hwangho  and  Yangtse. 

Pelion  (pe'li-on) . [Gr.  I Vfkiov.]  A mountain  in 
Magnesia,  eastern  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
near  the  coast  southeast  of  Ossa : the  modern 
Zagora  or  Plessidi.  It  was  famous  in  Greek 
mythology.  Height,  5,310  feet. 

Pelissier  (pa-le-sya,'),  Aimable  Jean  Jacques, 
Due  de  Malakoff.  Born  at  Maromme,  Seine- 
Inferieure,  France,  Nov.  6, 1794:  died  at  Algiers, 
May  22,  1864.  A French  marshal.  He  served  in 
Algeria,  where  he  became  notorious  for  suffocating  a num- 
ber of  Arabs  in  a cavern  in  1845  ; became  commander  of  the 
French  forces  in  the  Crimea  May,  1855 ; stormed  the  Mala- 
koff Sept.  8, 1855 ; was  ambassador  in  London  1858-59 ; and 
was  governor-general  of  Algeria  1860-64. 

Pell  (pel),  John.  Born  at  Soutlrwick,  Sussex, 
March  1,  1611:  died  at  London,  Dec.  12,  1685. 
An  English  mathematician.  In  1643  lie  was  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  at  Amsterdam,  and  in  1616  at  Breda. 
From  1654  to  1658  he  was  Cromwell’s  agent  in  the  Protes- 
tant cantons  of  Switzerland.  Many  of  his  manuscripts  are 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  ne  wrote  the  “ Eclip- 
tics prognostics ’’  (1634),  “A  Refutation  of  Longomonta- 
nus’s  pretended  Quadrature  of  the  Circle  "(1646),  “A  Table 
of  Ten  Thousand  Square  Numbers,"  etc. 

Pella  (pel'a).  In  ancient  geography,  the  capi- 
tal of  Macedonia,  situated  in  lat.  40°  44'  N., 
long.  22°  27'  E.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 

Pelleas  (pel'e-as).  One  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance, 
renowned  for  his  great  strength. 

Pelleas  andEttarre  (e-tiir').  One  of  the  “Idylls 
of  the  King,”  by  Tennyson. 

Pellegrin  (pel-grail').  The  pseudonym  of  the 
Baron  de  la  Motte  Fouqud. 

Pellegrini  (pal-ya-gre'ne),  Carlos.  Died  July 
17,  1906.  An  Argentine  politician,  vice-presi- 
dent under  Celman,  Oct.  12,  1886,  and  after 
Celman’s  resignation  (Aug.  6,  1890)  president 
until  the  end  of  the  term  (Oct.  12,  1892). 
Pellegrino  (pel-la-gre'no),  or  Pellegrini  (pel- 
la-gro'ne).  See  Tibaldi. 

Pelleprat(pel-pra'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Bordeaux, 
1606 : died  at  Puebla  de  los  Angeles,  Mexico, 
April  21,  1667.  A French  Jesuit,  a missionary 
in  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico.  He  published  “Re- 
lation des  missions  des  PP.  de  la  Compagnie  de  JCsus  dans 
les  isles  et  dans  la  terre  forme  del’AmeriqueMbridtonale” 
. (Paris,  1656),  containing  an  account  of  the  West  Indies  and 
Guiana,  etc. 


791 

Pelles  (pel'ez),  Sir.  A knight  of  the  Arthurian 
romance,  kingof  “a  foreign  country”  andfather 
of  Elaine,  the  mother  of  Galahad. 

Pellestrina  (pel-les-tre'na),  orPelestrina  (pa- 
les-tre'na).  An  island  7 miles  south  of  Venice, 
forming  part  of  the  barrier  between  the  Lagoon 
of  Venice  and  the  Adriatic.  Length,  7 miles. 
Population,  5,765. 

Pelletan  (pel-ton'),  Pierre  Clement  Eugene. 

Born  at  Royan,  Oct.  29, 1813 : died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
14, 1884.  A French  liberal  journalist,  politician, 
and  miscellaneous  author.  He  wrote  “Profes- 
sion de  foi  du  XIX6  siecle  ” (1852),  etc. 

Pellew  (pel'o),  Edward,  first  Viscount  Ex- 
mouth. Bom  at  Dover,  England,  April  19, 1757: 
died  at  Teignmouth,  England,  Jan.  23,  1833. 
An  English  admiral.  He  bombarded  Algiers 
Aug.  27,  1816. 

Peliico  (pel'le-ko),  Silvio.  Born  at  Saluzzo, 
Italy,  June  24, 1788  : died  at  Turin,  Jan.  31, 1854. 
An  Italian  poet  and  prose-writer.  He  was  arrested 
as  a Carbonarist  in  1820,  and  imprisoned  for  two  years  at 
Milan  and  Venice,  and  near  Brimn  1822-80.  His  chief  works 
are  the  tragedies  “Francesca  da  Rimini  "(1818)  and  “Lao- 
damia,"  and  the  autobiographical  work  “Le  mie  prigioni" 
(“  My  Prisons,”  1833). 

Pellinore  (pel'i-nor),  or  Pellenore  (pel'e-nor), 
Sir.  A knight  of  the  Round  Table  in  the 
Arthurian  cycle  of  romance : king  of  the  isles. 

Pelly  (pel'i).  A river  in  British  North  America 
which  unites  with  the  Lewis  at  Fort  Selkirk  to 
form  the  Yukon.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Pelly  (pel'i),  Sir  Lewis.  Born  1825:  died  April 
22,  1892.  A British  politician  and  author.  He 
was  employed  in  the  Indian  service  1851-77,  and  entered 
Parliament  as  Conservative  member  for  North  Hackney  in 
1885.  He  published  “The  Miracle  Play  of  Hasan  and  Hu- 
sain " (1879),  etc. 

Peloose.  See  Paloos. 

Pelopidas(pe-lop'i-das).  [Gr.  Wlo-iSacJ]  Killed 
at  the  battle  of  Cynoscephalse, Thessaly,  364b.  c. 
A Theban  general,  leader  in  the  liberation  of 
Thebes  from  the  Spartans  in  379.  He  was  the  in- 
timate friend  of  Epaminondas,  and  was  closely  associated 
with  him  in  furthering  the  greatness  of  Thebes.  He  was 
commander  of  the  Sacred  Band  (which  see),  and  was  espe- 
cially distinguished  at  Tegyra  (375)  and  Leuctra  (371). 

Peloponnesian  War  (pel//o-po-ne'shian  war). 
AwarbetweenAthensandits  allies  on  one  side 
and  the  Peloponnesian  confederacy  under  the 
lead  of  Spart  a and  its  allies  (Boeotians,  Phoeians, 
Megareans,  etc.)  on  the  other,  it  was  carried  on 
from  431  to  404  E.  0.  The  following  are  the  leading  events 
and  incidents : invasions  of  Attica  by  the  Peloponnesians ; 
revolt  of  Mytilene  ; capture  of  Sphacteria  by  Athens,  425 ; 
battle  of  Delium,  424  ; battle  of  Amphipolis,  422 ; peace  of 
Nicias,  421 ; renewal  of  the  war,  418  ; battle  of  Mantinea, 
418 ; unsuccessful  Athenian  expedition  against  Syracuse, 
415-413;  revolution  in  Athens,  411;  battles  of  Abydus(411), 
Cyzicus  (410),  Notium  (407),  Arginus®  (406),  and  iEgospo- 
tami  (405) ; surrender  of  Athens  and  close  of  the  war,  404. 
The  chief  leaders  on  thesideof  Athens  were  Pericles,  Cleon, 
Demosthenes,  Nicias,  Alcibiades,  and  Conon;  on  the  side 
of  Sparta,  Brasidas,  Gylippus,  and  Lysander.  The  result 
was  the  transfer  of  the  hegemony  in  Greece  from  Athens 
to  Sparta. 

Peloponnesus  (pel//o-po-ne'sus).  [Gr.  n<r/lo7rdi>- 
vi/aor,  the  island  of  Pelops.]  The  ancient  name 
of  the  peninsula  forming  the  southern  portion 
of  Greece : the  mod  ern  Morea.  It  is  connected  with 
central  Greece  by  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  and  separated 
from  it  by  the  gulfs  of  Lepanto  and  Patras  on  the  north,  and 
is  hounded  by  the  ASgean  Sea  on  the  east  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  the  south  and  west.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  chief  divisions  were  Achaia,  Sicyotiia,  Corinthia, 
Argolis,  Arcadia,  Laconia,  Messenia,  and  Elis.  The  chief 
rivers  were  the  Eurotas  and  Alpheus.  Length,  about  ICO 
miles.  Area,  8,288  square  miles. 

Pelops  (pe'lops).  [Gr.  TleTioip.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a son  of  Tantalus,  and  grandson  of  Zeus : 
king  of  Pisa  in  Elis.  He  was  the  father  of  Atreus 
and  Thyestes. 

Pelorum.  See  Faro,  Capo  del. 

Pelotas  (pa-lo'tas).  A city  in  the  state  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  on  the  river  Sao  Gon§alo, 
which  connects  the  Lagoa  Mirim  with  the 
Lagoa  dos  Patos.  It  is  the  center  of  the  important 
cattle  trade  of  the  state,  and  prepares  large  quantities  of 
jerked  beef.  The  trade  with  Uruguay  is  considerable. 
Population,  44,881. 

Pelouze  (pe-loz'),  Theophile  Jules.  Born  at 
Valognes,  Manche,  France,  1807 : died  at  Paris, 
May  31,  1867.  A French  chemist,  professor  suc- 
cessively at  Lille,  at  the  polytechnic  school  at 
Paris,  and  at  the  College  de  France.  He  also  filled 

various  positions  connected  with  the  mint.  He  published, 
with  Frdmy,  “Traitd  de  chimie  gene  rale,”  etc. 

Pelucones(pa-16-ko'nas).  Originally,  anickname 
given  to  the  conservative  party  of  Chile  soon 
after  the  country  became  independent  (see  the 
extract) : it  soon  became  the  common  name,  and 
has  been  retained  ever  since.  The  Pelucones  were 
in  power  from  1830  to  1876,  though  during  the  latter  part 
of  this  period  many  concessions  were  made  to  the  liberals ; 
they  again  took  charge  of  the  government  (with  greatly 


Penang 

modified  principles),  under  Jorge  Montt,  after  the  civil 
war  of  1891.  In  1833  they  adopted  the  constitution  which, 
with  some  changes,  is  still  the  organic  law  of  the  republic. 

Conservatives  were  nicknamed  Pelucones  because  that 
party  was  composed  of  old  and  venerable  persons  who 
wore  pelucas  or  perukes. 

Hancock,  A History  of  Chile  (1893),  p.  110. 
Pelusium  (pe-lu'shi-um).  [Gr.  WrfMwaiov. ] In 
ancient  geography,  a city  at  the  northeastern 
extremity  of  the  Delta,  Egypt,  southeast  of  Port 
Said,  at  the  Pelusiac  mouth  of  the  Nile,  it  was 
a frontier  fortress  of  Egypt  toward  Syria.  Here  Asurbani- 
pal  defeated  Rot- Amen  of  Egypt,  and  Cambyses  defeated 
Psammetichus,  the  last  Egyptian  king  (525  B.  c.),  reducing 
Egypt  to  a Persian  province. 

Pelvoux  (pel-vo')  Range.  A group  of  the  Alps 
in  Daupliind,  France.  Mont  Pelvoux  is  12,970 
feet  in  height,  and  the  highest  summit  (Barre 
des  Bcrins)  13,460  feet. 

Pemaquid  (pem'a-kwid).  A maritime  district 
in  Maine,  about  midway  between  the  Kennebec 
and  Penobscot  rivers.  It  was  settled  in  1625,  and 
purchased  by  the  Duke  of  York  in  1664.  A fort,  erected 
at  Pemaquid  Point  in  1692,  was  demolished  a few  years 
later. 

Pemba  (pem'bii).  An  island  off  the  eastern 
coast  of  Africa,  about  lat.  5°  S.  It  belonged  to  Zan- 
zibar, and  in  1890  passed  with  Zanzibar  to  Great  Britain. 
Length,  about  45  miles.  Population,  60,000. 
Pemberton  (pem'ber-tou).  A town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  16  miles  northeast  of  Liverpool. 
Population,  21,664. 

Pemberton,  John  Clifford.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Aug.  10,  1814:  died  at  Penllyn,  Pa.,  July 
13,  1881.  A Confederate  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  entered  the  Confed- 
erate service  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  was 
promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1862 ; was  d ef  eated  by  Grant 
in  the  battles  of  Champion’s  Hill  and  the  Big  Black  in  May, 
1863 ; and  surrendered  Vicksburg  to  Grant  July  4,  1863. 
After  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg  he  returned  on  parole  to 
Richmond,  where  he  remained  until  he  was  exchanged. 
He  then  resigned,  hut  was  reappointed  as  inspectorof  artil- 
lery, with  the  rank  of  colonel,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
until  the  end  of  the  war. 

Pembroke  (pem'bruk).  1.  The  southwestern- 
most  county  of  Wales.  It  is  hounded  by  Cardigan 
Bay  on  the  north,  Cardigan  and  Carmarthen  on  the  east. 
Bristol  Channel  on  the  south,  and  St.  George’s  Channel  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  undulating.  It  contains  anthra- 
citecoal.  Area  (ad.  co.),  613.6  sq.m.  Pop.  (pail,  co.),  88,732. 

2.  A town  in  Pembrokeshire,  situated  on  an 
inlet  of  Milford  Haven,  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long. 
4°  54'  W.  Its  ruined  castle  (the  birthplace  of  Henry  VII., 
founded  in  the  11th  century  and  taken  by  Cromwell  in  1648) 
and  Monkton  Priory  are  notable.  Population,  15,853. 

Pembroke,  Countess  of.  See  Sidney,  Mary. 
Pembroke,  Earls  of.  See  Marshal,  William, 
and  Tudor,  Jasper. 

Pembroke,  Third  Earl  of  (William  Herbert). 

Born  at  Wilton,  England,  April  8, 1580:  died  at 
Baynard’s  Castle,  London,  April  10,  1630.  An 
English  poet.  Before  the  death  of  his  father  he  had 
formed  an  illicit  connection  with  Mary  Fitton,  a favorite 
of  the  queen,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  in 
1601,  and  though  soon  released  was  banished  from  the 
court.  Mary  Fitton  is  thought  by  some  to  be  the  “Dark 
Lady  ” of  Shakspere's  sonnets.  He  and  his  brother  Philip 
were  said  to  be  “the  incomparable  pair  of  bretheren  " to 
whom  Shakspere’s  1623  folio  is  dedicated,  and  William 
Herbert  is  thought  by  some  to  be  the  “W.  H.”  styled  in 
the  publisher’s  dedication  of  Shakspere’s  sonnets  “ the  onlie 
begetter  of  these  insving  sonnets  Mr.  W.  II. ’’  When  James 
I.  ascended  the  throne,  Pembroke  returned  to  court,  and 
received  many  public  offices  and  tokens  of  favor.  He  was 
chancellor  of  Oxford  1617-30.  Several  of  his  poems  were 
edited  in  1660  by  Bonne. 

Pembroke  College.  A college  of  Cambridge 
University,  founded  by  the  Countess  of  Pem- 
broke in  1347.  The  present  buildings  are  mod- 
ern. The  chapel  was  built  by  Wren  in  1663-65. 
Pembroke  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, founded  by  James  I.,  at  the  costs  of  Tho- 
mas Tesdale,  in  1624:  named  from  the  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  chancellor  of  the  university  at  the 
time. 

Pemigewasset  (penFi-je-wos'et).  A river  in 
New  Hampshire  which  unites  with  the  Winne- 
pesaukee  at  Franklin  to  form  the  Merrimac. 
Length,  about  70  miles. 

Pena,  Luis  Saenz.  See  Saenz  Pena. 

Pena  Blanca  (pan'ya  blan'kii).  [Sp.,  ‘white 
rock.’]  A settlement  27  miles  southwest  of 
Santa  F6,  between  the  Indian  villages  of  Co- 
chiti  and  Santo  Domingo,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rio  Grande.  It  dates  from  the  18th  century. 
Penafiel  (pa-na-fe-al').  A town  in  the  district 
of  Oporto,  Portugal,  19  miles  northeast  of 
Oporto.  Population,  5,065. 

Penafiel  (pan-ya-fe-al').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Valladolid,  Spain,  near  the  Duero  32 
miles  cast  of  Valladolid.  Population,  4,406. 
Penang  (pe-nang'),  or  Pinang  (pi-nang'),  or 
Pulo-Penang  ( po'lo-pe-nang' ) : called  officially 
Prince  of  Wales  Island.  An  island  belonging 


Penang 

to  Great  Britain,  situated  west  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula  in  lat.  5°  24'  N.,  long.  100°  20'  E. 
Capital,  Georgetown.  The  surface  is  low  and  hilly. 
It  was  acquired  by  the  British  in  1785.  Area,  107  square 
miles.  Population,  including  the  Wellesley  Province  (op- 
posite) and  the  Binding  Isle,  248,207. 

Penarth  (pe'narth).  A seaport  and  bathing- 
place  in  Glamorganshire,  South  Wales,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  the  Taff,  opposite  Cardiff. 
Population,  11,103. 

Penates  (pe-na'tez).  [L.,  from  pewits,  the  inner- 
most part  of  a temple  or  sanctuary.]  In  Roman 
antiquity,  the  household  gods,  who  presided 
over  families,  and  were  worshiped  in  the  inte- 
rior of  every  dwelling.  They  included  the  Lares 
(which  see). 

Pena  y Pena  (pan'ya  e pan'ya),  Manuel  de 
la.  Born  at  Tacuba,  March  10,  1789:  died  at 
Mexico,  Jan.  2,  1850.  A Mexican  jurist  and 
statesman.  He  was  judge  of  the  supreme  court  from 
1824,  and  later  its  president ; twice  held  cabinet  positions 
(1837  and  1845) ; and  was  senator  1843-17.  From  Sept.  27 
to  Nov.  9,  1847,  and  again  from  Jan.  8 to  June  3,  1848,  he 
was  provisional  president  of  Mexico.  During  the  latter 
period  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo  was  signed  (Feb. 
2,  1848),  ending  the  war  with  the  United  States. 

Pencos  (pan'kos),  or  Pencones  (pan-ko'nas).  A 
name  given  by  early  historians  of  Chile  to  the 
Araucanian  Indians  who  occupied  the  region 
north  of  the  Biobio.  They  were  the  first  of  this  race 
encountered  by  the  Spaniards.  They  called  themselves 
Picunches,  'northern  men.’ 

Penda  (pen'da).  Killed  655.  King  of  Mercia 
626-655.  He  defeated  Edwin  in  633,  and  Oswald  at  Maser- 
field  in  642,  and  was  defeated  by  Oswy  at  Winwoed  in 
655.  He  was  a champion  of  paganism. 

Pend  d’ Oreille  (pend  do-rel' ; F.  pron.  pon  do- 
ray'),  Lake.  [F.,  ‘ear-ring/  ‘ear  ornament/] 
A lake  in  northern  Idaho,  about  lat.  48°  N.,  an 
expansion  of  Clarke’s  River. 

Pende  (pen'de),  or  Tupende  (to-pen'de).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  between  the 
Loange  and  Kassai  rivers.  They  are  descendants 
of  fugitives  from  Kasanji  (Cassange)  mixed  with  other 
tribes,  but  have  preserved  none  of  the  semi-civilization  of 
Kasanji. 

Pendennis  (pen-den'is).  A novel  by  Thacke- 
ray, published  in  1850 : so  called  from  the  name 
of  one  of  its  leading  characters,  Arthur  Pen- 
dennis, a poet  and  dandy.  Major  Pendennis,  his 
uncle,  is  a worldly  and  courageous  old  dandy,  a finished 
portrait  of  a gentlemanly  tuft-hunter. 

Pendjdeh  (penj'de).  A place  in  central  Asia, 
situated  on  the  Murghab,  north  of  Herat,  about 
lat.  36°  N.  Near  it  (on  the  Kushk),  March  30,  1885, 
the  Russians  under  Komaroff  defeated  the  Afghans.  Since 
then  it  has  been  in  the  possession  of  Russia. 

Pendleton  (pen'dl-ton).  A town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  2]  miles  northwest  of  Man- 
chester. Population,  66,574. 

Pendleton,  Edmund.  Born  in  Caroline  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  9,  1721:  died  at  Richmond,  Va., 
Oct.  23, 1803.  An  American  statesman,  a prom- 
inent member  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Bur- 
gesses. He  was  a member  of  the  Continental  Congress 
in  1774  ; president  of  the  Virginia  convention;  and  author 
(1776)  of  the  resolutions  instructing  the  Virginia  delegates 
to  Congress  to  propose  a Declaration  of  Independence. 

Pendleton,  George  Hunt.  Born  at  Cincinn  ati, 
July  25,  1825:  died  at  Brussels,  Nov.  24,  1889. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  a Democratic  con- 
gressman from  Ohio  1857-65 ; Democratic  candidate  for 
Vice-President  1864  ; and  United  States  senator  from  Ohio 
1879-85.  He  was  leading  advocate  of  the  civil-service  re- 
form act  of  1883.  From  1885-88  he  was  United  States  min- 
ister to  Germany. 

Pendleton,  William  Nelson.  Born  at  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  Dec.  26,  1809:  died  at  Lexington, 
Va.,  Jan.  15,  1883.  A Confederate  general  in 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1830  ; resigned  from  the  army  in  1833  ; was 
ordained  priest  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
1838 ; established  an  Episcopal  high  school  at  Alexandria, 
Virginia,  in  1839;  and  joined  the  Confederate  armyascap- 
tain  of  artillery  in  1861,  being  promoted  brigadier-general 
in  1862. 

Pendleton  Act.  An  act  of  Congress  (approved 
Jan.  16, 1883)  regulating  the  civil  service  of  the 
United  States:  so  called  from  its  promoter,  Sen- 
ator George  H.  Pendleton  of  Ohio. 

It  provides  for  open  competitive  examinations  for  admis- 
sion to  the  public  service  in  Washington,  and  in  all  custom- 
houses and  post-offices  where  the  official  force  is  as  many 
as  fifty ; for  the  apportionment  of  the  appointments  in  the 
departments  in  Washington  among  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories in  proportion  to  their  population  ; and  for  the  ap- 
point men  t of  a Civil-Service  Commission  of  three  members, 
not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  be  adherents  of  the  same 
political  party,  and  other  officers,  to  put  these  provisions 
into  execution.  It  also  forbids  assessments  on  public  em- 
ployes for  political  purposes  by  any  one  in  the  service  of 
the  United  States,  or  in  any  public  building,  and  prohibits 
Congressmen  from  making  recommendations  for  offices  to 
be  filled  under  the  act,  except  as  to  the  character  or  resi. 
dence.  Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopiedia,  1884. 

Penedo  (pa-na'do).  A town  in  the  state  of 


792 

Alagoas,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  Sao  Francisco, 
185  miles  southwest  of  Pernambuco.  Popula- 
tion, municipio,  14,418. 

Penelope  (pe-nel'o-pe).  [Gr.  Xlr/veMny.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Odysseus  and  mother 
of  Telemachus,  famous  as  a model  of  the  do- 
mestic virtues.  See  Odysseus  and  Odyssey. 

Peneus  (pe-ne'us),  or  Peneius(pe-ne'yus).  [Gr. 
nymde.]  In  ancient  geography  : (a)  The  prin- 
cipal river  in  Elis,  Greece : the  modern  Gastuni. 
It  falls  into  the  Ionian  Sea.  Length,  about  50 
miles,  (b)  The  principal  river  in  Thessaly, 
Greece:  the  modern  Salembria.  It  traverses  the 
Vale  of  Tempe  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki  26  miles 
northeast  of  Larissa.  Length,  about  130  miles. 

Penhallow  (pen-hol'o),  Samuel.  Bom  in  Corn- 
wall, England,  July  2,  1665:  died  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  Dec.  2,  1726.  An  American  his- 
torian. He  wrote  “History  of  the  Wars  of  New  Eng- 
land  with  the  Eastern  Indians”  (1726),  etc. 

Penig  (pa'nio).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  on  the  Zwickauer  Mulde  32  miles 
southeast  of  Leipsie.  Population,  7,356. 

Penikese  (pen-i-kes').  A small  island,  one  of 
the  Elizabeth  Islands,  situated  in  Buzzard’s 
Bay,  Massachusetts.  It  was  the  seat  of  a summer 
school  of  natural  history  connected  with  Harvard  College, 
founded  by  John  Anderson  in  1873. 

Peninsula  (pe-nin'su-la),  The.  In  history,  spe- 
cifically : (a)  The  Iberian  peninsula  (Spain  and 
Portugal).  See  Peninsular  War.  (b)  The  penin- 
sula in  eastern  Virginia  formed  by  the  York 
and  James  rivers.  See  Peninsular  Campaign. 

Peninsular  Campaign.  The  campaign  of  the 
Federal  Army  of  the  Potomac  under  McClellan, 
March  to  August,  1862,  for  the  capture  of  Rich- 
mond by  way  of  the  peninsula  between  the 
York  and  James  rivers.  Chief  events  and  incidents: 
siege  and  evacuation  of  Yorktown;  battlesof  Williamsburg, 
Hanover  Court  House,  and  Fair  Oaks ; Seven  Days’  Battles ; 
McClellan's  ‘ 1 change  of  base.  ” The  Army  of  the  Potomac 
was  finally  withdrawn  from  the  Peninsula  in  Aug.,  1862. 

Peninsular  State.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  Florida. 

Peninsular  War.  The  military  operations  car- 
ried on  in  Portugal,  Spain,  and  southern  France 
by  the  British,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  forces 
(largely  under  Wellington)  against  the  French 
from  1808  to  1814.  The  French  were  driven 
out  of  the  Peninsula. 

Penmarch  (pan-mark').  A decayed  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Finistere,  France,  17  miles 
southwest  of  Quimper. 

Penn  (pen),  Granville.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  9,  1761:  died  in  England,  Sept.  28,  1844. 
An  English  scholar,  grandson  of  William  Penn. 

Penn,  John.  Born  in  England,  July  14,  1729: 
died  1795.  A grandson  of  William  Penn : pro- 
prietary lieutenant-governor  of  Pennsylvania 
1763-71  and  1773-76. 

Penn,  Richard.  Born  in  England,  1736 : died 
in  England,  1811.  A grandson  of  William  Penn: 
lieutenant-governor  of  Pennsylvania  1771-73. 

Penn,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England,  1702:  died 
in  England,  1775.  A younger  son  of  William 
Penn,  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Penn,  Sir  William.  Born  1621:  died  Sfept.  16, 
1670.  An  English  admiral.  He  became  admiral  in 
1653 ; commanded  the  fleet  in  the  expedition  which  cap- 
tured Jamaica  in  1655;  was  knighted  in  1660;  and  com- 
manded, under  the  Duke  of  York,  the  fleet  which  defeated 
the  Dutch  in  1665. 

Penn,  William.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  14, 1644  : 
died  at  Ruscombe,  Berks,  England,  July  30, 
1718.  An  English  Friend,  founder  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  the  son  of  Admiral  Sir  William  Penn ; 
was  educated  at  Oxford ; and  became  a preacher  of  the 
Friends  in  1668,  being  several  times  arrested  under  the 
Conventicle  Act.  He  became  one  of  the  trustees  of  West 
Jersey  in  1676 ; received  the  grant  of  Pennsylvania  in  1680- 
1681 ; and  in  1682  went  out  to  America,  founded  Philadel- 
phia, and  made  a treaty  with  the  Indians.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1684.  naving  been  suspected  of  intriguing 
to  restore  James  II.,  he  was  in  1692  deprived  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pennsylvania,  which  was,  however,  restored  to 
him  in  1694.  He  visited  Pennsylvania  again  1699-1701.  He 
wrote  various  religious  and  controversial  works,  a collec- 
tive edition  of  which  appeared  in  1726  under  the  title  “A 
Collection  of  the  Works  of  William  Penn,  to  which  is  pre- 
fixed a Journal  of  his  Life,  etc.” 

Penna  (pen'nii),  Punt.a  della.  A promontory 
in  the  province  of  Chieti,  Italy,  32  miles  south- 
east of  Chieti. 

Pennacook  (pen'a-kuk),  or  Pawtucket  (pa- 
tuk'et).  A confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians which  formerly  occupied  the  valley  of  the 
Merrimac  river  and  the  adjacent  region  in  New 
Hampshire,  northeastern  Massachusetts,  and 
southern  Maine.  They  were  allies  of  the  French. 
Their  leading  tribe, from  which  (he  confederacy  was  named, 
was  the  Tennacook,  whose  village  was  at  Concord,  New 
Hampshire.  Another  tribe  was  Pawtucket,  which  name 


Pennybacker 

was  given  to  the  confederacy  by  some  writers.  Others  were 
Agawam,  Amoskeag,  and  Nashua.  They  became  friendly 
to  the  English  until  the  treacherous  conduct  of  the  latter 
in  1676  drove  them  from  their  country.  Some  remain  at 
St.  Francis  in  Quebec.  The  name  is  translated  'nut  place’ 
and  ‘crooked  place.’  See  Algonquian. 

Pennant  (pen'ant),  Thomas.  Born  at  Down- 
ing, Flintshire,  Wales,  June  14, 1726:  died  there, 
Dec.  16,  1798.  A British  naturalist  and  anti- 
quary . He  attended  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  but  did  not 
take  a degree.  His  works  include  “ British  Zoology  ” (1766), 
“ Synopsis  of  Quadrupeds  ” (1771 : later  “ History  of  Quad- 
rupeds"), “Tour  in  Scotland ” (1790),  “Tour  in  Wales" 
(1778-81),  “Arctic  Zoology”  (1784-87),  and  “Account  of 
London"  (1790).  He  wrote  much  on  the  archaeology  of 
Great  Britain. 

Penne  (pen'ne),  Civita  di.  A town  ill  the 
province  of  Teramo,  Abruzzi,  Italy,  18  miles 
south-southeast  of  Teramo : the  ancient  Pinna. 

*It  was  the  capital  of  the  Yestini. 

Pennell  (pen 'el),  Joseph.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1860.  An  American  etcher  and  illustrator. 

Penni  (pen'ne),  Gianfrancesco,  surnamed  II 
Fattore.  Born  at  Florence  about  1488 : died  at 
Naples  about  1528.  An  Italian  painter,  disciple 
and  journeyman  (fattore)  of  Raphael.  He  assisted 
his  master  in  many  of  his  frescos,  and  painted  most  of  the 
“ Cartoons  ” from  his  designs. 

Pennine  (pen'in)  Alps.  [L.  Alpes  Pennini  or 
Penini;  perhaps  from  Celtic  pen,  head,  peak.] 
An  important  division  of  the  central  Alps.  It 
extends  from  the  Great  St.  Bernard  Pass  eastward  to  the 
Simplon  Pass,  and  the  Rhone  is  the  northern  boundary. 
They  are  noted  for  glaciers,  long  transverse  valleys,  and 
high  peaks.  The  highest  point  is  Monte  Rosa  (over  15,000 
feet).  Another  famous  peak  is  the  Matterhorn. 

Pennine  Chain.  A chain  of  low  mountains  in 
England,  extending  from  the  Cheviot  Hills 
southward  to  Derbyshire.  Highest  summits,  in 
Cumberland,  over  3,000  feet. 

Pennington  (pen'ing-ton),  William.  Born  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  May  4,  1796 : died  there,  Feb. 
16,  1862.  An  American  politician,  son  of  W.  S. 
Pennington.  He  was  Whig  governor  of  New  Jersey 
1837-43  ; Republican  member  of  Congress  from  New  Jersey 
1859-61 ; and  speaker  1860-61. 

Pennsylvania  (pen-sil-va'ni-a).  [Formerly  also 
Pennsilvania,  Pensilvania;  named  orig.  Sylva- 
via,  forest  country,  to  which  Penn,  the  name  of 
the  founder,  was  afterward  prefixed.]  One  of 
the  North  Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  extending  from  lat.  42°  15'  to  39°  43' 
(Mason  and  Dixon’s  line)N.,  and  from  long.  74° 
40'  to  80°  34'  W.  Capital,  Harrisburg;  chief  city, 
Philadelphia.  It  is  bounded  by  Lake  Erie  and  New  York 
on  the  north,  NewYorkand  New  Jersey  (separated  from  both 
by  the  Delaware)  on  the  east,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  West 
Virginia  on  the  south,  and  Ohio  and  West  Virginia  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  from  northeast  to  southwest  by  par- 
allel low  ranges  of  the  Alleghanies,  including  the  Blue, 
Kittatinny,  Tuscarora,  Alleghany,  Laurel,  and  Chestnut 
mountains,  and  is  watered  chiefly  by  the  Ohio,  Susquehan- 
na, and  Delaware.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  States  in  the  min- 
ing of  coal  and  iron,  containing  bituminous  coal-fields  in  the 
west,  and  anthracite  fields  in  the  east  (the  Schuylkill,  Le- 
high, and  Wyoming  regions).  It  is  the  first  State  in  iron 
manufactures  and  in  the  value  of  its  cement,  and  has  an  im- 
portant production  of  petroleum.  Rye,  tobacco,  wheat,  hay, 
maize,  and  butter  rank  among  the  leading  products;  and 
the  manufactures,  besides  iron  and  steel,  deal  with  woolen, 
cotton,  lumber,  leather,  oil,  glass,  etc.  Pennsylvania  is 
called  the  “ Keystone  State.”  It  has  67  counties,  sends  2 
senators  and  36  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  38 
electoral  votes.  A colony  of  Swedes  settled  in  this  region 
in  1638,  and  a grant  of  territory  was  made  by  Charles  II. 
to  William  Penn  in  1681.  Philadelphia  was  colonized  by 
Penn  in  1682.  The  province  was  further  colonized  by  Eng- 
lish (largely  Quakers),  Germans,  Dutch,  Scots,  Irish,  and 
French  Huguenots,  and  continued  under  the  proprietary 
governorship  of  the  Penn  family  until  the  Revolution.  A 
boundary  dispute  with  Maryland  was  settled  by  the  es- 
tablishment of  Mason  and  Dixon’s  line  in  1767.  Pennsyl- 
vania was  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  (1776).  It 
was  the  scene  of  the  battles  of  Brandywine  and  German- 
town in  1777,  of  Valley  Forge  camp  in  1777-78,  and  of  the 
“Whisky  rebellion"  in  1794  ; was  invaded  by  the  Con- 
federates in  1863-64 ; and  was  the  scene  of  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg  in  1863.  Riots  occurred  at  Pittsburg  and  else- 
where in  1877  and  1892.  Area,  45,216  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 7,665,111,  (1910). 

Pennsylvania,  University  of.  An  institution 
of  learning  situated  at  Philadelphia.  It  began 
in  1740  as  a charity  school,  became  an  academy 
and  college  in  1749,  and  a university  in  1771. 
It  has  departments  of  arts  and  science,  medicine,  law,  den- 
tistry, veterinary  medicine,  graduate  school,  mechanical, 
electrical,  civil,  and  chemical  engineering,  and  chemistry 
It  has  372  instructors  and  over  5,000  students. 

Pennsylvania  Avenue.  The  principal  avenue 
of  Washington.  Its  most  important  section  lies 
between  the  Capitol  and  the  Treasury. 

Penn  Yan  (pen  yan').  A village,  capital  of 
Yates  County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  foot 
of  Crooked  (or  Keuka)  Lake  45  miles  southeast 
of  Rochester.  Population,  4,597,  (1910). 

Pennybacker  (pen'i-bak-er),  Isaac  Samuals. 

Born  in  Shenandoah  County, Va.,  Sept.  12, 1807 : 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  12,  1847.  An 


Pennybacker 


793 


Pepys,  Samuel 


American  politician,  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Virginia  1837-39,  and  United 
States  senator  1845-47. 

Penobscot (pe-nob'skot).  [PL, also Penobscots.~\ 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  chiefly  in 
Maine.  See  Abnaki.  t 

Penobscot.  [From  tho  Indian  tribe  name.]  A 
river  of  Maine,  formed  by  the  union  at  Medway 
of  the  east  and  west  branches,  it  flows  into  Penob- 
scot Bay  near  Belfast.  Length,  about  275  miles ; navigable 
for  large  vessels  to  Bangor. 

Penobscot  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
on  the  south  coast  of  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Penobscot  River. 

Penrith  (pen'rith).  A town  in  Cumberland, 
England,  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Carlisle. 
It  has  a ruined  castle.  Population,  9,182. 

Penruddock  (pen-rud'ok).  A character  in 
Cumberland’s  “Wheel  of  Fortune.” 

Penruddock’s  Rebellion.  An  unsuccessful 
rising  in  behalf  of  Charles  II.  in  1655:  so  called 
from  its  leader,  Colonel  Penruddock,  who  was 
captured  and  executed. 

Penry  (pen'ri),  John.  Born  in  Brecknockshire, 
Wales,  1559:  hanged  at  St.  Thomas-a- Water- 
ing, Surrey,  May  29,  1593.  An  English  Brownist. 
There  is  conclusive  external  evidence  in  favor  of  the 
theory  that  he  was  mainly  responsible  for  the  authorship 
and  dissemination  of  the  “ Martin  Marprelate " tracts 
(which  see). 

Penryn  (pen-rin').  [Corn.,  ‘headland.’]  A sea- 
port in  Cornwall,  England,  adjoining  Falmouth. 
It  exports  granite.  Population,  3,190. 

Pensa.  See  Penza. 

Pensacola  (pen-sa^ko'  lii),  orPanzacola  ( pan-za- 
ko'la).  [PL,  also  Pensdcolas.']  A tribe  of  North. 
American  Indians  which  once  dwelt  around 
the  present  city  and  harbor  of  Pensacola,  west- 
ern Florida.  The  name  is  from  a Choctaw  word  mean- 
ing ‘hair  people.’  They  became  extinct  through  inter- 
tribal wars.  See  Muskhogean. 

Pensacola.  [From  the  Indian  tribal  name.]  A 
seaport  and  the  capital  of  Escambia  County, 
Florida,  situated  on  Pensacola  Bay  in  lat.  30° 
25'  N.,  long.  87°  13'  W.  It  has  an  important  export 
trade  in  lumber,  fish,  fruit,  and  vegetables.  It  was  set- 
tled by  the  French  and  Spaniards  at  the  end  of  the  17th 
century ; was  taken  by  Bienville  in  1719,  and  restored  to 
Spain  in  1723;  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1763;  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1781 ; and  was  ceded  to  Spain  in 
1783.  Jackson  expelled  the  British  from  it  in  1814,  and 
took  it  from  the  Spaniards  in  1818.  It  passed  to  the 
United  States  in  1821.  Near  it  is  a United  States  navy- 
yard  : this  was  seized  by  the  Confederates  in  Jan.,  1861, 
and  regained  in  1862.  Population,  22,982,  (1910). 

Pensacola  Bay.  A landlocked  inlet  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  northwestern  coast  of 
Florida.  Length,  about  30  miles. 

Pensees  sur  la  Religion.  [F.,  ‘ Thoughts  on  Re- 
ligion.’] A philosophical  and  theological  work 
by  Blaise  Pascal  (published  1670:  edited  by 
Faugfere  1844,  by  Havet  1881). 

Pen  Selwood  (pen  sel'wud).  A place  in  Somer- 
set, England,  where  Edmund  Ironside  defeated 
the  Danes  under  Canute  in  1016. 

Penseroso  (pen-se-ro'so),  II.  [It.  il pensieroso, 
the  pensive  man.]  A poem  by  Milton,  written 
about  1632.  It  is  based  on  the  song  “Hence 
all  you  Vain  Delights,”  by  Fletcher,  in  “Nice 
Valor.” 

Pensioned  (or  Pension)  or  Cavalier  Parlia- 
ment. A name  given  to  the  English  Parliament 
of  1661-79,  which  was  favorable  to  the  Cavalier 
or  Royalist  cause. 

Pentameron  (pen-tam'e-ron),  The.  Aworkby 
Landor,  published  in  1837.  It  is  principally  a dis- 
cussion between  Petrarch  and  Boccaccio  on  the  literature 
of  Italy,  including  Dante,  Vergil,  etc. 

Pentamerone  (pen-ta-me-ro'ne),  II.  A collec- 
tion of  stories  in  the  Neapolitan  dialect,  by 
Basile,  published  in  1672.  it  is  divided  into  five 
days,  ten  stories  being  included  in  each,  and  was  the  pro- 
totype of  the  French  fairy  tales. 

Pentapolin  (pen-tap'o-lin).  A Christian  king 
of  the  Garamanteans.  He  is  known  as  “Pentapolin 
with  the  naked  arm,”  as  he  always  fought  with  his  right 
arm  bared.  His  battle  with  Alifanfaron  is  referred  to  by 
Don  Quixote.  See  Alifanfaron. 

Pentapolis  (pen-tap'o-lis).  [Gr.  UevTdmlt^,  five 
cities.]  A state  consisting  of  five  cities,  or  a 
group  of  five  cities : used,  in  ancient  geography, 
of  a variety  of  groups,  (l)  In  Cyrenaica,  Africa,  a dis- 
trict comprising  Cyrene,  Apollonia,  Barca,  Arsinoe,  and 
Berenice  (or  Hesperides),  with  their  neighboring  terri- 
tories. (2)  In  Palestine,  the  cities  of  Sodom,  Gomorrah, 
Admail,  Zeboim,  and  Segor.  (3)  Five  cities  of  the  Philis- 
tines : Ascalon,  Gaza,  Gath,  F.kron,  and  Ashdod.  (4)  Five 
Dorian  cities  in  Asia  Minor : Cnidos,  Cos,  Lindos,  Camiros, 
and  Jalisos.  (5)  Fivecitiesin  Italy  : Rimini,  Ancona,  Kano, 
Pesaro,  and  Sinigaglia,  with  part  of  the  exarchate  of  Ra- 
venna. This,  also  called  Pentapolis  Maritima,  was  later  in- 
cluded in  the  Papal  States. 

Pentarchy  (pen'tiir-ki).  1.  A name  given  to  the 


five  great  powers  of  Europe — Austria,  France, 
Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and  Russia.  For  about 
half  a century  after  the  Congress  of  Vienna  (1814-15)  they 
were  of  nearly  equal  strength,  each  of  them  far  superior 
to  any  other  European  nation. 

2.  In  recent  Italian  politics,  a parliamentary 
group  under  the  leadership  of  the  five  politi- 
cians Cairoli,  Crispi,  Zanardelli,  Nicotera,  and 
Baccarini. 

Pentateuch  (pen'ta-tuk).  [From  Gr.  mvre,  five, 
and  revxog,  an  implement,  a book.]  The  first 
five  books  of  the  Old  Testament  regarded  as  a 
connected  group.  They  are  Genesis,  Exodus,  Leviti- 
cus, Numbers,  and  Deuteronomy.  They  record  the  crea- 
tion, the  diffusion  of  peoples,  the  formation  of  the  Hebrew 
nation,  and  its  history  through  its  sojourn  in  the  wilder- 
ness. Opinions  regarding  the  authorship  of  these  books 
differ  greatly.  Some  scholars  believe  that  they,  with  the 
book  of  Joshua,  were  written  substantially  by  Moses, 
Joshua,  and  their  contemporaries ; others  hold  that  they 
were  compiled  at  a much  later  period  (in  part  about  the 
7th  century  B.  C. , or  even  in  post-exilic  times). 
Pentaur.  An  Egyptian  priest  and  poet  of  the 
time  of  Rameses  II.  His  heroic  poem  on  the  deeds 
of  the  great  king  in  the  battle  of  Kadesh  has  been  pre- 
served and  translated. 

Pentelicus  (pen-tel'i-kus),  or  Brilessus  (bri- 
les'us).  [Gr.  IlfvrtfuKOV  opoe,  B[u'fr/o<7or.~\  A 
mountain  in  Attica,  Greece,  about  12  miles 
northeast  of  Athens.  It  was  famous  for  its 
marble.  Height,  3,641  feet. 

Penthea  (pen-the'a).  The  principal  female 
character  in  Ford’s  “Broken  Heart.” 
Penthesilea  (pen//the-si-le'a).  [Gr.  UsvBeot- 
Hem.]  In  Greek  legend,  a queen  of  the  Ama- 
zons who  aided  the  Trojans  against  the  Greeks. 
She  was  slain  by  Achilles. 

Pentheus  (pen'thus).  [Gr.  Hevdevg.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a king  of  Thebes  who  was  torn  to  pieces 
by  his  mother  Agave  and  other  mtenads  while 
attempting  to  stop  a Bacchic  festival. 
Penthidvre  (pon-tya'vr).  An  ancient  territory 
in  Brittany,  France,  corresponding  in  the  main 
to  the  department  of  C6tes-du-Nord.  It  was  a 
county  in  the  middle  ages. 

Pentland  Firth  (pent'land  ferth).  A sea  pas- 
sage between  the  Orkney  Islands  andthe  county 
of  Caithness,  Scotland.  Width,  6 to  8 miles. 
Pentland  Hills.  A range  of  hills  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Edinburgh,  Peebles,  and  Lanark,  Scot- 
land. Highest  summits,  about  1,900  feet. 
Pentweazel  (pent'we-zl),  Lady.  A charac- 
ter in  Foote’s  comedy  “Taste,”  a kind  of  Mrs. 
Malaprop,  vain  of  her  lost  charms. 

Penza  (pen'za).  1.  A government  in  eastern 
Russia,  bounded  by  the  governments  of  Nijni- 
Novgorod,  Simbirsk,  Saratoff,  and  Tamboff. 
The  surface  is  undulating.  The  chief  occupation  is  agri- 
culture. Area,  14,997  square  miles.  Population,  1,748,- 
100. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Penza, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Penza  with  the 
Sura,  about  lat.  53°  10'  N.,  long.  45°  3'  E. 
Population,  66,000. 

Penzacola.  See  Pensacola. 

Penzance  (pen-zans').  [Corn.  Pensans,  holy 
head,  from  pen,  head,  and  sans,  later  sans,  holy 
(from  L.  sanctus,  holy).]  A seaport  in  Cornwall, 
England,  situated  on  Mounts  Bay  21  miles  west 
of  Falmouth.  It  is  the  westernmost  town  in  England, 
a watering-place  and  health-resort.  It  has  considerable 
trade,  and  large  mackerel-  and  pilchard-fisheries.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy.  Population, 
13,136. 

Penzance,  Baron.  See  Wilde,  James  Plaisted. 
Penzing  (pent'sing).  A suburb  of  Vienna. 
People’s  Palace.  An  institution  in  East  Lon- 
don, on  Mile  End  Road,  intended  for  the  “ rec- 
reation and  amusement,  the  intellectual  and 
material  advancement,  of  the  vast  artisan  pop- 
ulation of  the  East  End.” 

People’s  Party,  or  Populists  (pop'u-lists).  In 
United  States  politics,  a party  formed  in  1891, 
in  which  were  merged  the  Farmers’  Alliance 
and  other  kindred  organizations.  It  developed 

considerable  strength  in  various  Southern  and  Western 
States,  and  in  1892  nominated  James  B.  Weaver  for  Presi- 
dent. The  Populists  obtained  22  electoral  votes.  In  1896 
they  accepted  the  Democratic  nominee  for  President,  W. 
.1.  Bryan,  but  nominated  their  own  candidate,  Thomas  E. 
Watson,  for  the  vice-presidency.  Among  their  aims  are 
an  increase  of  the  circulating  medium,  free  coinage  of 
silver,  free  trade,  an  income  tax,  suppression  of  monopo- 
lies, etc.  In  1904  and  1908  they  nominated  Thomas  E. 
Watson  for  President. 

Peoria.  See  Illinois. 

Peoria (pe-6'ri-il).  [From  tho  Indian  namo.]  A 
city,  capital  of  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  situated 
on  the  Illinois  River,  at  the  foot  of  Peoria  Lake, 
62  miles  north  of  Springfield,  it  is  a flourishing 
commercial,  manufacturing,  and  railway  center,  having 
an  extensive  trade  in  grain.  A trading-post  was  estab- 
lished here  by  La  Salle  in  1080.  Pop.,  (>6,960,  (1910). 


Peoria  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  Illinois  River 
near  Peoria. 

Peparethos  (pep-a-re'thos).  [Gr.  UendpTfios.] 
In  ancient  geography,  an  island  in  the  iEgean 
Sea  north  of  Euboea:  the  modem  Skopelos. 

Pepe  (pa'pe),  Florestano.  Bom  at  Squillace, 
Italy,  1780:  died  at  Naples,  April  3,  1851.  A 
Neapolitan  general.  He  served  in  1806  under  Joseph 
Bonaparte,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Spain.  He  became 
brigadier-general  in  1811,  served  in  the  Russian  campaign 
in  1812,  and  fought  as  lieutenant-general  under  Murat 
against  the  Austrians  in  1815. 


Pepe,  Guglielmo.  Born  at  Squillace,  Italy,  Feb. 
15, 1783 : died  at  Turin,  Aug.  9, 1855.  A Neapoli- 
tan general,  brother  of  F.  Pepe.  He  commanded 
in  the  revolution  at  Naples  1820-21,  and  in  the  defense  of 
Venice  in  1849. 

Pepin  (pep  'in ; F.  pron.  pa-pari' ),  surnamed  ‘ ‘ The 
Short.”  [F . Pepin  le  Bref.~]  Died  768.  King  of 
the  Franks,  son  of  Charles  Martel.  He  became  ma- 
jordomusof  Neustriaonthedeathof  his  father  In  741,  his 
brother  Karlman  becoming  major  domus  of  Austrasia. 
Thelatterabdicatedinhisfavorin  747,  aud  with  the  Pope’s 
sanction  he  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  751.  He  assisted 
the  Pope  against  Aistulf,  king  of  the  Lombards,  754-755, 
and  granted  the  Pope  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna,  the  Pen- 
tapolis, and  the  territory  of  Bologna  and  Ferrara,  thus 
laying  the  foundation  of  the  Papal  States. 

Pepin.  Died  838.  King  of  Aquitania  817-838, 
second  son  of  Louis  le  Ddbonnaire  (see  Louis  I.). 

Pepin  of  Heristal.  Died  714.  A ruler  of  the 
Franks.  He  became  major  domus  of  Austrasia  in  676, 
and  in  687  became  sole  major  domus  over  all  the  Franks 
by  his  victory  at  Testri  over  the  major  domus  of  Neus- 
tria.  He  thenceforth  styled  himself  dux  et  princeps 
Francorum. 

Pepin  (pe'piu),  Lake,  An  expansion  of  the 
Mississippi  between  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin, 
40  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Length,  about 
27  miles. 


Pepoli,  Countess.  See  Alboni,  Marietta. 

Pepoli  (pa'po-le),  Marquis  Gioachino.  Born 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Nov.  6, 1825:  died  at  Rome, 
March  26, 1881.  An  Italian  liberal  politician, 
grandson  of  Murat.  He  defended  Bologna  against  the 
Austrians  In  1848,  and  was  chief  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment in  Bologna  in  1859.  In  1862  he  was  minister  of  agri- 
culture and  commerce  under  Rattazzi ; in  1863  ambassador 
at  St.  Petersburg ; and  1868-70  ambassador  at  Vienna. 

Pepper  (pep'er),  Tom.  An  imaginary  charac- 
ter in  sailors’  legends;  said  to  have  been  kicked 
out  of  heaven  for  lying. 

Pepper,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
21, 1843:  died  at  Pleasanton,  Cal.,  July  28, 1898. 
An  American  physician  aud  scientist.  He  was 
provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1881-94. 

Pepperell,  or  Pepperrell  (pep'er-el),  Sir  Wil- 
liam. Born  at  Kittery,  Maine,  June  27,  1696 : 
died  at  Kittery,  July  6, 1759.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  commanded  the  provincial  army  which  besieged 
and  captured  Louisburg  in  1745 ; and  was  acting  governor 
of  Massachusetts  1756-58. 

Pepperpot  (pep'er-pot),  Sir  Peter.  A rich  West 
Indian,  a character  in  Foote’s  play  “The  Pa- 
tron.” Foote  played  it  himself. 

Pepusch  (pa/ posh),  Johann  Christoph.  Born 
at  Berlin,  1667 : died  at  London,  July  20, 1752. 
A German-English  composer,  noted  for  his 
theoretical  knowledge  of  music.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land about  1700,  and  in  1710  was  instrumental  in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Academy  of  Ancient  Music.  He  composed 
a number  of  masks,  and  wrote  the  overture  and  arranged 
the  airs  for  Gay’s  “Beggar’s  Opera”  and  “Polly,"  and  for 
“The  Wedding,”  another  ballad-opera.  He  left  also  a good 
deal  of  music  for  string  and  wind  instruments,  and  pub- 
lished (1731)  a treatise  on  harmony. 


Pepys  (pep'is),  Charles  Christopher,  first 
Earl  of  Cottenham.  Born  at  London,  April 
29,  1781:  died  in  Italy,  April  29,  1851.  An 
English  jurist,  lord  chancellor  1836-41  and 
1846-50. 

Pepys  (peps  or  pips  or  peps),  Samuel.  Born 
Feb.  23,  1632-33:  died  May  26,  1703.  An  Eng- 
lish politician  and  diarist.  He  was  a Bon  of  John 
Pepys,  a tailor  in  London.  In  1650  he  entered  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge.  He  married  in  1655  and  was  taken 
into  the  house  of  Sir  Edward  Montagu  (afterward  earl  of 
Sandwich),  whose  mother  had  married  Pepys's  grand- 
father. His  “ Diary*'  was  begun  Jan.,  1659-60,  and  is  one 
of  the  chief  authorities  on  tho  Restoration,  in  which 
Pepys  actively  participated.  Montagu  made  him  secretary 
to  the  generals  at  sea  March,  1660,  and  clerk  of  the  acts  of 
the  navy  July,  1660.  During  the  great  plague  he  remained 
in  London.  He  also  assisted  in  checking  the  great  lire  in 
1666.  In  1678-79  ho  sat  as  member  of  Parliament  for  Har- 
wich, and  was  twice  master  of  Trinity  House.  On  May 
22,  1679,  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower  as  a pnpist.  From 
1684-86  ho  was  president  of  the  Royal  Society.  About 
1690  he  published  “ Memoirs  relating  to  the  State  of  the 
Royal  Navy.”  Ilis  library  of  3,000  volumes  was  be- 
queathed to  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.  The  last 
entry  in  tho  “Diary”  was  made  May  31,  1669.  It  was 
written  in  cipher,  and  was  translated  by  the  Rev.  J. 
Smith  and  published,  with  many  omissions,  by  Lord  Bray- 
brooke  (who  had  discovered  it  in  the  Pepysian  Library)  in 
1825.  In  1875-79  Mynors  Bright  republished  it  with  much 
original  matter,  and  in  1893  the  whole,  except  passages 
which  cannot  be  printed,  was  edited  by  IL  B.  Wheatley. 


Pepysian  Library 


Pepysian  (pe'pis-i-an)  Library.  The  library 
of  Samuel  Pepys  (containing  the  cipher  MS.  ot 
his  “Diary”),  bequeathed  by  him  to  Magdalene 

College,  Cambridge.  It  is  in  a separate  building,  which 
was  approaching  completion  about  the  time  Pepys  deter- 
mined to  bequeath  his  collection  either  to  Magdalene  or 
to  Trinity,  and  in  which  (in  the  former  case)  he  wished  it 
to  be  deposited.  The  library  came  into  the  possession  ot 
the  college  on  the  death  of  his  nephew,  Mr.  Jackson,  m 
1724 

Pequot  (pe'kwot).  [PL,  also  Pequots.  The 
name  is  translated  ‘destroyers’  or  ‘ravagers.  J 
A former  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  the 
most  dreaded  of  all  in  southern  New  England. 
Historically  they  formed  one  tribe  with  the  Mohegan  who 
seceded  under  Uncasfrom  Sassacus,  the  great  Pequot  chief. 
Their  first  known  territory  was  a narrow  strip  of  coast  in 
Connecticut  from  Niantic  River  to  the  Rhode  Island  boun- 
dary ; but  Sassacus  controlled  all  the  tribes  of  Connecticut 
east  of  the  river  of  that  name  and  westward  to  near  New 
Haven,  and  nearly  all  Long  Island.  Their  greatest  strength 
was  about  3,000,  but  has  been  estimated  as  much  greater. 
In  1637  the  English  colonists  surprised  their  principal  fort, 
on  the  Mystic  River,  and  slaughtered  six  hundred.  The 
survivors  of  the  tribe  fled  in  scattered  bands,  some  reach- 
ing tribes  with  whom  they  became  amalgamated.  Also 
Peguod.  See  Algonguian. 

Pequot  War.  A war  between  the  Pequot  In- 
dians of  Connecticut  and  the  settlers,  1636-38. 
The  Pequot  were  nearly  exterminated  after 
their  defeat  by  the  colonists  under  Mason  in 
1637.  ... 

Pera  (pa/ra).  A northern  quarter  of  Constanti- 
nople. It  is  situated  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Golden 
Horn,  and  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Europeans. 

Persea  (pe-re'a).  [Gr.  Tlepaia,  from  ntpav,  be- 
yond.] In  ancient  geography:  (a)  A vague  re- 
gion east  of  the  Jordan,  corresponding  to  the 
earlier  Gilead  and  sometimes  including  Bashan. 
(b)  A maritime  district  on  the  coast  of  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  opposite  Rhodes. 

Perak  (pa-rak').  One  of  the  Federated  Malay 
States,  situated  about  lat.  4°-5|°  N.  It  is  under 
British  protection.  The  chief  product  is  tin.  Area,  6,680 
square  miles.  Population,  about  330,000. 

Peralta  (pa-ral'ta),  Gaston  de.  Bom,  proba- 
bly in  Navarre,  about  1510:  died  at  V alladolid, 
1580.  A Spanish  nobleman,  marquis  of  Peralta. 

He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico,  Oct.,  1566,  to  Oct.,  1567.  Owing 
to  a dispute  with  theaudience,  he  wasdeposed  by  the  king, 
and  soon  after  sent  to  Spain,  where  lie  justified  his  course 
and  was  made  constable  of  Navarre. 

Peralta  Barnuevo  (bar-no-a'vo),  Pedro  de. 
Bom  at  Lima,  1663 : died  there,  1743.  A Peru- 
vian mathematician  and  author.  He  was  several 
times  rector  of  the  University  of  San  Marcos,  and  from  1708 
was  official  eosmographer.  Ilis  numerous  writings  include 
poetry  history,  law,  and  mathematics.  It  is  said  that  his 
published  and  manuscript  works  exceed  60  in  number. 
Among  the  best-known  are  “ Lima  fun  dad  a,”  an  epic  of  the 
conquest  of  Peru,  in  10  cantos  (Lima,  1732) ; and  a history 
of  the  viceroyalty  of  the  Marquis  of  Castell-fuerte.  Also 
written  Peralta  y Barnuevo. 

Perceforest(per-se-for'est),oiPerceforet(pers- 

fo-ra' ) . Amedieval  French  historical  romance. 


794 

Percival  (per'si-val),  James  Gates.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Conn.,  Sept.  15,  1795:  died  at  Hazel 
Green,  Wis.,  May  2,  1856.  An  American  poet. 
His' complete  works  were  published  (2  vols.)  in 
1859. 

Percy  (per'si).  A tragedy  by  Mrs.  Hannah 
More,  produced  in  1778.  She  is  supposed  to 
have  been  assisted  by  Garrick  in  this  play. 
Percy,  Henry,  first  Earl  of  Northumberland. 
Killed  in  battle,  1408.  An  English  military  com- 
mander. He  was  instrumental  in  dethroning  Richard 
II.  and  was  engaged  in  various  conspiracies  against  Henry 
iV!  He  defeated  the  Scots  at  Hoinildon  Hill  1102. 

Percy,  Henry,  surnamed  Hotspur.  Killed  in 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  1403.  The  son  of 
Henrv  Percy,  first  earl  of  Northumberland.  In 
1402  he  fought  with  his  father  at  Homildon  Hill,  and  cap- 
tured the  Earl  of  Douglas.  Resenting  the  injustice  of 
Henry  IV.  toward  hisbrother-in-law, Edmund  Mortimer.he 
associated  himself  with  Owen  Glendower  in  his  war  again  - 1 
the  king,  and  was  killed  at  Shrewsbury  1403.  Shakspere 
introduces  him  as  a gay,  jesting,  fiery -tempered  soldier  in 
his  “ Henry  IV.,”  first  part. 


The  second  romance  concerning  events  preceding  the 
rci'Mi  of  Arthur,  to  which  I alluded,  and  which  exhibits  a 
different  set  of  heroes  from  the  tales  of  the  Round  Table, 
is  Perceforest,  which  comprehends  the  fabulous  history  of 
Britain  previous  to  the  reign  of  Arthur.  It  is  the  longest 
and  best-known  romance  of  the  class  to  which  it  belongs, 
and  is  the  work  which  St.  Palaye  and  similar  writers  have 
chiefly  selected  for  illustrations  and  proofsof  the  manners 
of  the  times,  and  institutions  of  chivalry. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  258. 

Perce  (per-sa/)  Rock.  A remarkable  rock  in  the 
Gasp6  Peninsula,  Quebec,  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
It  is  entirely  pierced  in  places,  and  forms  arches. 
Height,  nearly  300  feet. 

Perceval  (per'se-val).  A medieval  legend  relat- 
ing to  the  search  of  Perceval  for  the  Holy  Grail, 
and  his  other  adventures,  it  first  appeared  (in  poeti- 
cal  form)  as  a French  epic  poem  by  Clirestien  deTroyes  in 
the  12th  century  : from  this  it  passed  into  the  literature 
of  nearly  every  European  nation.  The  legend,  however, 
is  much  earlier,  and  appeared  in  several  prose  forms : it 
is  traced  by  some  to  the  Welsh  “Peredur,  a name  which 
means  ‘searcher  for  the  basin.'  Some  writers  contend, 
however,  that  this  story  from  the  old  Welsh  “Red  Look 
is  an  adaptation  of  the  French  poem,  mixed  with  local  tra- 
ditions. See  Parzival. 

Perceval,  Caussin  de.  See  Caussin  de  Perceval. 
Perceval  (per'se-val),  Spencer.  Born  at  Lon- 
don,  No  v. , 1762 :’  assassinated  in  the  lobby  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  May  11, 1812.  An  English 
statesman,  younger  son  of  the  Earl  of  Egmont. 
He  took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  at  Cambridge  (Trinity 
College)  in  1781;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  in 
1786  ; became  member  of  Parliament  for  Northampton  in 
1796;  and  was  solicitor-general  in  the  Addington  adminis- 
tration in  1891,  and  attorney-general  in  1802.  He  opposed 
Catholic  emancipation.  He  was  premier  1809-12. 
Perche  (persli),  Le.  All  ancient  countship  of 
northern  France,  corresponding  in  the  main 
to  the  departments  of  Eure-et-Loir  and  Orne. 
Capital,  Mortagne.  It  passed  by  escheat  to  the  French 
crown  in  1257,  and  a large  part  was  included  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Maine  (or  Maine  and  Perche). 


lllb  jAciii  y 1 1 •)  m o v fwi __  _ - 

Percy,  Thomas,  seventh  Earl  of  Northumber- 
land. Beheaded  at  York,  England,  Aug.  22, 
1572.  An  English  politician,  executed  for  con- 
spiracy against  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Percy,  Thomas.  Born  at  Bridgnorth,  Eng- 
land, April  13, 1729 : died  at  Dromore,  Ireland, 
Sept.  30,  1811.  An  English  poet  and  bishop, 
the  editor  of  the  “ Reliques  of  Ancient  English 
Poetry,”  known  as  “ Percy’s  Reliques.”  He  was 
the  son  of  a grocer,  and  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  in  1750.  He  was  appointed  vicar  of  Easton  Mau- 
dit,  Northamptonshire,  in  1753 ; chaplain  to  George  III.  in 
1769 ; and  bishop  of  Dromore,  Ireland,  in  1782.  The  “Rel- 
iques of  Ancient  English  Poetry ’’ appeared  in  1765:  the 
first  edition  contained  176poemsor ballads.  Itwascoarse- 
ly,  but  with  some  justice,  attacked  by  Ritson  as  not  being 
an  exact  transcription  from  the  original  manuscripts.  He 
also  published  “ HauKiou  Chooan’  (1761 : a Chinese  novel 
from  the  Portuguese),  “Miscellaneous  Pieces  relating  to 
the  Chinese  ” (1762),  “ Northern  Antiquities  " (1770  : trans- 
lated from  Paul  Henri  Mallet),  etc. 

Perdiccas  (per-dik'as).  [Gr.  ITephWrr.J  Assas- 
sinated in  Egypt,  321  B.  c.  One  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  tlie  Great.  He  became  regent  in  323, 
and  conquered  Cappadocia  in  322.  A league  was  formed 
against  him  by  Ptolemy  and  others. 

Perdiccas  I.  King  of  Macedon,  the  alleged 
founder  of  the  Macedonian  kingdom. 

Perdiccas  II.  King  of  Macedon  at  the  time  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war  (until  about  413  B.  c.). 
Perdiccas  HI.  Died  359  b.c.  King  of  Macedon, 
brother  and  predecessor  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 
Perdido  (per-dl'do;  Sp.  pron.  per-THe'THo). 
[Sp.,  ‘lost.’]  A small  river  and  hay  on _ the 
western  border  of  Florida,  separating  it  from 
Alabama. 

Perdita(per'di-ta).  1.  In  Shakspere’s“ The  Win- 
ter’s Tale,”  the  daughter  of  Leontes  and  Her- 
mione,  brought  up  as  a shepherdess. — 2.  See 
Robinson,  Mrs.  ( Mary  Darby). 

Pereda  (pa-ra'THii),  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Val- 
ladolid, 1599 : died  at  Madrid,  1669.  A Spanish 
painter.  Among  his  works  is  “The  Disenchant- 
ment of  Life,”  in  the  Academy  of  San  Fernando. 
Pere  Duchesne.  See  Hebert,  Jacques  Rene. 
Peredur.  A Welsh  romance  of  the  12th  century. 
It  is  in  the  “Mabinogion,”  taken  from  the  “Red 
Book  ” of  Hergest.  See  Perceval. 

Pere  Goriot  (par  go-ryo'),  Le.  A novel  by  Bal- 
zac, published  in  1835 


The  general  situation  may  be  described  in  two  words,  by 
saying  that  Goriot  is  the  modern  King  Lear.  Mesdames 
de  Restaud  and  de  Nucingen  are  the  representatives  of 
Regan  and  Goneril ; but  tlie  Parisian  Lear  is  not  allowed 
the  consolation  of  a Cordelia. 

Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a Library,  p.  261. 


Peregrina,  La.  See  Avellaneda  y Arteaga. 

Pereirine  Pickle  (per 'e-grin  pik'l),  The  Ad- 
ventures of.  A novel  by  Smollett,  published 
in  1751.  Peregrine  is  a handsome  profligate  sowing  his 
wild  oats,  disliked  by  his  mother  who  devotes  herself  to 
her  younger  son  Gamaliel  or  Gam,  a deformed  but  equally 
villainous  scoundrel.  Peregrine  is  adopted  by  Commodore 
Trunnion,  his  uncle,  and  the  humors  of  the  latter  and  Lieu- 
tenant Jack  Hatchway  are  unsurpassed. 

Peregrinus  Proteus  (per-e-gri'nus  pro  tc-us). 
Died  165  A.  d.  A Cynic  philosopher.  After  a 
youth  spent  in  debauchery  and  crime,  he  became  a Chris- 
tian  ami  afterward  a Cynic  philosopher.  He  burned  him- 
self alive  at  Olympia  during  the  Olympic  games  in  165. 
He  is  represented  by  Lucian  as  a profligate  and  crazy  quack. 
He  is  the  subject  of  a romance  by  Wieland. 

Pereira  da  Silva  (pe-ra'ra  da  sel'va),  Joao 
Manuel.  Born  at  Rio  de  J aneiro,  Aug.  30, 1817 : 
died  1898.  A Brazilian  historian.  His  works  in- 
clude “Historia  da  funda^ao  do  Imperio  Brazileiro" 
(1864-68),  etc.  , _ , 

Pereire  (pa-rar'),  Isaac.  Born  at  Bordeaux, 
France,  Nov.  25,  1806:  died  July  12,  1880.  A 
French  financier.  In  company  with  his  brother  Emile 
Pereire  he  established  himself  as  a broker  at  Paris.  1 he 
brothers  purchased  the  railroad  from  Paris  to  bt. -Germain 


Pergamum 

in  1835,  and  in  1852  founded  the  Credit  Mobilier  (which 
see).  He  published  “Le  r61e  de  la  Banque  de  France  et 
l’organisation  du  credit  en  France”  (1864),  “Questions 
financieres” (1877),  and  “Politique  flnanciere”  (1879). 

Perekop  (pe-re-kop').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Perekop,  61  lftiles  southeast  of  Kherson. 

It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress  and  com- 
mercial place.  Population,  5,279. 

Perekop,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Black  Sea, 
lying  northwest  of  the  Crimea. 

Perekop,  Isthmus  of.  An  isthmus  connecting 
the  Crimea  with  the  rest  of  Russia,  and  separat- 
ing the  Sea  of  Azoff  from  the  Black  Sea.  Width, 

4 miles. 

P&re  Lachaise  (par  la-shaz'),  Cemetery  of. 

The  most  important  and  celebrated  cemetery 
of  Paris,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city. 
The  site  belonged  to  a rich  burgher  in  the  16th  century, 
and  was  called  “La  Folie-Regnault. **  It  was  bought  by 
the  Jesuits  in  1626,  and  named  Mont- Louis.  It  was  later 
enlarged  by  Pere  Lachaise,  the  Jesuit  confessor  of  Louis 
XIV.,  and  has  always  borne  his  name.  It  was  the  scene 
of  a struggle  between  the  Communists  and  the  national 
troops  May  27,  1S71.  Also  written  Pere  La  Chaise. 

P<§rez  (pa/ rath),  Antonio.  Born  in  Aragon 
about  1539 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3, 1611.  A Span- 
ish politician,  secretary  of  state  under  Phil  ip  II. 

At  the  instigation  of  Philip  he  procured  the  murder,  for 
political  reasons,  of  Escovedo,  secretary  of  Don  John  of 
Austria,  March  31.  1578.  He  lost  the  king’s  favor,  and 
was  arrested  in  1579  and  forced,  by  torture,  to  confess  his 
part  in  the  deed  ; but  he  escaped  to  Aragon,  and  thence  to 
France  (1591).  His  protection  by  Aragon  led  to  the  sup- 
pression by  Philip  of  the  ancient  Aragonese  privileges. 

He  published  “Relaciones”  (“Accounts,”  1594). 

The  letters  of  Perez  are  in  a great  variety  of  styles,  from 
the  cautious  and  yet  fervent  appeals  that  he  made  to  Philip 
the  Second,  down  to  the  gallant  notes  he  wrote  to  court  la- 
dies,  and  the  overflowings  of  his  heart  to  his  young  chil- 
dren. But  they  were  all  written  in  remarkably  idiomatic 
Castilian,  and  are  rendered  interesting  from  the  circum- 
stance, that  in  each  class  there  is  a strict  observance  of 
such  conventional  forms  as  were  required  by  the  relative 
social  positions  of  the  author  and  his  correspondents. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  167. 

Perez  (pa'ratli),  Jose  Joaquin.  Born  at  Santi- 
ago in  1800 1 died  1890.  A Chilean  statesman. 

He  occupied  variousdiplomaticpositions,  and  under  Bullies 

was  minister  of  tlie  treasury  1845-49,  “4  of  tl.e  interior 
1849-51.  He  became  president  of  Chile  Sept.  18, 1861,  serv- 
ing, by  reflection  in  1866,  until  Sept.  IS,  1871.  Under  him 
the  moderate  liberalsbeganto  take  partmthegovernnient. 
The  period  was  one  of  general  prosperity.  \V  ar  broke  out 
with  Spain  in  Sept.,  1865,  and  Valparaiso  was  bombarded 
by  a Spanish  fleet  March  31,  1866.  Hostilities  ceased  in 
April,  though  the  treaty  of  peace  was  delayed  many  years. 
Perez  (pe'rez),  Michael.  A noted  character  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  play  “ Rule  a Wife  and 
Have  a Wife,”  known  as  “the  Copper  Captain.” 
He  is  a pretentious  imitation  of  a rich  and  noble 
soldier.  ^ 

Perez  (pa/ rath),  Santiago.  Bom  1830 : died 
1900.  A Colombian  politician  of  the  liberal 

party.  He  was  secretary  of  foreign  relations  under  Mu- 
rillo Toro  1864-66,  and  again  under  Santos  Gutierrez  1868; 
minister  to  the  United  States  1870-72;  and  president  of 
the  United  States  of  Colombia  April  1,  1874,  to  March  31, 
1876.  Subsequently  he  was  again  minister  to  the  United 
States.  He  is  an  author  of  some  repute. 

P6rez  de  Zambrana(pa/rath  datham-bra'na), 
Luisa  (n6e  Perez  de  Montes  de  Oca).  Bom 
near  Santiago,  1837.  A Cuban  poet  and  n ovelist. 
In  1858  she  married  Dr.  Ramon  Zambrana,  a 
well-known  physician  and  author,  who  died  in 
1866.  ‘ „ 

Perga  (per'ga),  or  Perge  (per'je).  [Gr.  n« pyy.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Pamphylia,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  about  lat.  37° N.,  long.  30°  55  E. 
It  was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Artemis.  A Roman  theater 
here  is  one  of  the  finest  surviving.  The  cavea has  1 pre- 
cinction  and  40  tiers  of  marble  seats,  with  a gallery  at  the 
top  colonnaded  in  front  and  arched  at  the  bark.  The 
back  wall  of  the  stage  has  five  large  niches,  with  fine 
columns  of  breccia.  The  diameter  is  330  feet,  lhe  theater 
is  in  great  part  built  up  of  masonry.  There  are  also  re- 
mains  of  a stadium,  771  feet  long  and  194  wide,  the  arena 
73“>  by  115  The  tiers  of  seats  rest  on  vaulted  foundations, 
and  were  skirted  at  the  top  by  a gallery.  There  is  a monu- 
mental arched  entrance  in  the  semicircular  end.  , 

Pergamum  (per'ga-mum),  or  Pergamus  (per  - 
ga-mus).  [Gr.mpya/tw.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  in  Teuthrania,  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  Caicus  50  miles  north  of  Smyrna : 
the  modem  Bergamo  or  Bergama.  The  city  was 
raised  to  importance  by  the  famous  victory  of  Attalus 
I over  the  Gauls  in  the  latter  half  of  the  3d  century  B.  c. 
To  the  son  of  Attalus,  Eumenes  II.,  are  due  the  great  ex- 
tension of  the  city  and  its  architectural  adornment,  and 
during  his  reign  occurred  the  remarkable  development 
of  Pergamene  sculpture,  on  lines  of  much  more  modern 
spir  it  than  tlie  older  Greek  art.  Tlie  same  king  founded 
the  famous  Pergamene  Library.  His  chief  buildings  were 
placed  on  a succession  of  terraces  on  the  summit  of  the 
acropolis,  which  rises  900  feet  above  the  plain,  and  on 
other  lower  terraces  immediately  outside  of  the  powerful 
acropolis  walls.  The  city  remained  prosperous  under  the 
Roinans(see  Pergamum , Kingdom  of),  and  many  fine  build- 
jnBS  were  erected  on  the  acropolis,  and  beside  the  Selinus 
River  below,  under  the  empire.  In  1878  the  Prussian  gov- 
ernment sent  to  the  site  an  exploring  expedition  under 


Pergamum 

Conze,  Humann,  and  Bohn.  Their  investigations  were 
continued  for  several  years,  and  to  them  are  due  the  redis- 
covery of  Pergamene  art  and  the  mass  of  new  information 
regarding  later  Greek  architecture  which  together  form 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  archaeological  acquisitions  of 
the  century.  The  sculptures  discovered  at  Pergamum  are 
preserved  at  Berlin.  The  great  altar  of  Zeus  consisted  of 
an  immense  quadrangular  basement  with  a broad  flight  of 
steps  penetrating  one  side.  The  top  was  surrounded  by 
an  Ionic  peristyle  which  inclosed  the  altar  proper  on  3 
sides.  On  the  wall  of  this  peristyle  was  the  smaller  frieze 
of  the  famous  Pergamum  Marbles,  while  around  the  base- 
ment and  along  the  stairs  was  carried  the  large  frieze. 
The  latter  was  excavated  in  1879-80,  and  now  is  the  chief 
treasure  of  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin.  This  extensive 
frieze  dates  from  about  180  B.  c.,  and  belongs  to  the  monu- 
mental commemoration  of  the  triumph  of  Eumenes  II. 
over  the  invading  Gauls.  It  represents  in  high  relief  the 
victorious  battle  of  the  gods  against  the  giants,  the  two 
chief  groups  centering  about  Zeus  and  Athene.  The  figures 
are  of  colossal  size,  and  the  sculpture  is  of  remarkable 
vigor:  it  represents  an  entirely  new  phase  of  Greek  art, 
more  emotional  and  modern  in  feeling  than  had  been  de- 
veloped elsewhere.  The  small  frieze,  excavated  at  the  same 
time,  is  now  also  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin.  This  frieze 
adorned  the  monumental  structures  which  stood  upon  the 
colossal  altar.  Its  subject  is  the  story  of  the  local  hero 
Telephus,  and  it  is  extremely  pleasing  in  conception  and 
execution.  There  are  a Greek  theater  and  a Roman  am- 
phitheater, and  remains  of  several  temples.  An  Ionic 
temple,  of  the  finest  Greek  design,  is  on  the  slope  of  the 
acropolis : the  cella  with  its  ornamented  doorway  remains 
unusually  perfect.  The  temple  of  Athene  Polias,  a Doric 
peripteros  of  6by  10  columns,  of  late  Greek  date,  m easuring 
421,  by  72  feet,  occupied  a terrace  which  was  surrounded 
on  two  or  three  sides  by  a handsome  stoa  of  two  stories, 
Doric  below  and  Ionic  above,  with  a balustrade  sculptured 
with  warlike  trophies  in  the  second  story.  The  temple  of 
Trajan,  occupying  a large  terrace  toward  the  summit  of 
the  acropolis,  was  a Corinthian  peripteros  of  white  marble. 

Pergamum,  Kingdom  of.  An  ancient  Greek 
kingdom  in  Asia  Minor.  It  rose  to  prominence  under 
Attalus  I.  in  the  3d  century  B.  C.  Attains  III.  died  133  b.  c., 
and  bequeathed  the  kingdom  to  Koine.  It  was  made  a 
province  under  the  name  of  Asia. 

Pergamus,  or  Pergamum.  The  name  given  in 
the  Iliad  to  the  citadel  of  Troy. 

Perge.  See  Perga. 

Pergola  (per'go-la).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Pesaro  e Urbino,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Cesano 
15  miles  southeast  of  Urbino.  Population, 
commune,  9,278. 

Pergolesi  (per-go-la'se),  or  Pergolese  (per-go- 
la'se),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born  at  Jesi,  Jan. 
3,  1710 : died  at  Pozzuoli,  March  16,  1736.  A 
noted  Italian  composer.  He  was  educated  at  Maples, 
and  at  first  studied  theviolin  under  Domenico  de  Matteis, 
then  counterpoint  and  vocal  composition.  He  composed 
his  first  opera,  “La  Sallustia,”  about  1731,  and  two  others 
in  rapid  succession.  These  were  not  successful,  and  he 
ceased  writing  for  the  stage  and  composed  2 masses  and 
30  trios  for  violins  and  bass  viol.  Shortly  after(apparently 
within  the  same  year)  he  produced  his  very  successful 
operetta  “La  Serva  Padrona’’:  this  was  the  basis  of  Italian 
comic  opera  to  the  time  of  Rossini  (Grove).  He  died 
while  finishing  his  “Stabat  Mater ’’for  two  voices,  soprano 
and  contralto.  Among  his  other  works  are  “Flamineo” 
(1735 : an  opera bouffe), “Salve  Regina,"  “Dies  lr;e,”  “ Orfto 
e Euridice”  (a  cantata),  and  much  church  and  chamber 
music. 

Periander  (per-i-an'der).  [Gr.  Tlepiavdpoi;.'] 
Bled  585  b.  C.  Tyrant  of  Corinth  625-585  B.  C. 
He  is  usually  counted  among  the  seven  wise 
men  of  Greece. 

The  cruel  tyranny  of  Periander  is  agreed  on  by  all  writers. 
There  is  some  difference  of  detail.  He  set  up  a body- 
guard of  300  men,  made  severe  sumptuaiy  laws,  kept  the 
citizens  poor  by  means  of  fines  and  confiscations,  shed 
abundant  blood,  and  was  frequently  guilty  of  the  grossest 
outrages.  Jtawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  293,  note. 

Pericles  (per 'i-klez).  [Gr.  UepiK/jjc.']  Bom  prob- 
ably about  495  B.  c. : died  at  Athens,  429  B.  C. 
A celebrated  Athenian  statesman  and  orator, 
son  of  Xanthippus.  He  entered  public  life  about  469 ; 
became  the  leader  of  the  democratic  party ; and  secured 
the  ostracism  of  Cimon  and  later  of  Thucydides.  After 
444  he  was  the  principal  ministerof  Athens.  He  aided  in 
the  military  and  naval  development  of  the  state ; encour- 
aged art  and  literature;  completed  the  fortification  of 
Athens  and  Piraeus ; caused  the  building  of  the  Parthe- 
non, Propylsea,  Odeon,  etc. ; and  commanded  in  the  war 
against  Samo3  and  in  the  first  part  of  the  Peloponnesian 
war.  See  Aspasia. 

Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre.  A play  by  Shak- 
spere,  probably  on  the  stage  in  1608,  published 
in  1609.  It  is  thought  that  George  Wilkins  wrote 
part  of  it. 

Pericu(pa-re-ko').  [PI.,  also  Pcricus.']  A tribe 
or  division  of  North  American  Indians,  living 
at  the  southern  end  of  Lower  California  (to 
about  lat.  24°  N.).  See  Yuman. 

Periegesis  (per',/i-e-je,sis).  [Gr.  ILpoyyt/iu?.]  A 
description  of  the  world  in  about  1,000  iambic 
lines,  by  Scymnus  of  Chios  (about  74  B.  C.). 
This  poem  is  extant. 

P6rier  (pa-rya'),  Casimir.  Born  at  Grenoble, 
France,  Oct.  21. 1777 : died  May  15-16, 1832.  A 
French  statesman  and  financier,  ne  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  under  Louis  XVIII.  and 
Charles  X.  (aoting  with  the  opposition),  and  was  premier 
1881-32. 


795 

P6rier.  Jean  Paul  Pierre  Casimir  (called  Ca- 
simir-P6rier).  Bora  at  Paris,  Nov.  8,  1847; 
died  there,  March  11,  1907.  A French  states- 
man. Elected  president  of  the  French  re- 
public June  27,  1894:  resigned  Jan.  15,  1895. 
He  was  a grandson  of  Casimir  P6rier  (1777- 
1832). 

Perigord  (pa-re-gor').  An  ancient  countship  of 
France,  which  formed  part  of  the  government 
of  Guienne.  Capital,  Perigueux.  it  was  bounded 
by  Angoumois  on  the  north,  Quercy  and  Limousin  on  the 
east,  Agenais  on  the  south,  and  Saintonge  on  the  west.  It 
was  largely  included  in  the  department  of  Dordogne.  It 
appears  as  a countship,  a fief  of  Aquitaine,  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury ; followed  mainly  the  fortunes  of  Aquitaine  ; and  was 
united  to  France  under  Henry  IV. 

Perigueux  (pa-re-ge').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  France,  situated  on  the 
river  Isle  in  lat.  45°  11'  N.,  long.  0°  44'  E. : the 
ancient  Vesuna  or  Yesunna.  It  has  considerable 
commerce,  and  is  noted  for  its  “Pfirigord  pies”  of  truffles 
and  partridges.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able of  medieval  monuments,  dates  from  the  11th  century. 
In  plan  and  dimensions  it  almost  exactly  reproduces  St. 
Mark’s  at  Venice : the  present  view  is  that  both  were  in- 
spired by  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Apostles  at  Constanti- 
nople. The  plan  is  a Greek  cross,  measuring  about  184 
feet  each  way,  covered  by  5 domes  on  pendentives,  about 
30  feet  in  diameter  and  100  high.  The  construction  is  of 
plain  masonry,  with  some  Romanesque  arcades,  and  en- 
tirely without  the  wouderful  Byzantine  decoration  in 
sculpture  and  color.  The  exterior,  however,  as  restored, 
is  highly  impressive.  The  chevet  isaremodeled  14th-cen- 
tury chapel,  and  at  the  west  end  there  is  a nartliex  formed 
of  part  of  an  earlier  church,  with  a very  old  and  curious 
tower,  197  feet  high.  This  is  tire  parent  of  all  French 
medieval  domical  churches.  Other  objectsof  interest  are 
the  museum,  the  old  cathedral  of  St.  Etienne,  a ruined 
ancient  amphitheater,  and  the  Roman  Tour  de  V6sone. 
Vesuna  was  the  chief  place  of  the  Petrocorii,  and  later  a 
flourishing  Roman  town.  The  place  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1356,  and  was  occupied  by  the  Huguenots  from 
1575  to  1581.  Population,  commune,  31,361. 

Perim  (pa-rem').  A small  island  in  the  Strait 
of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red 
Sea.  It  belongs  to  Great  Britain,  and  is  used 
as  a coaling-station. 

Perimedes  (per-i-me'dez)  the  Blacksmith. 

A collection  of  love-stories  interspersed  with 
poems,  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1588. 
The  stories  are  mostly  from  Boccaccio. 
Perinthus,  or  Heraclea  Perinthus  (her-a-kle'a 
pe-rin'thus).  [Gr.  IL'/indoc.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Pro- 
pontis 55  miles  west  of  Byzantium,  it  made  a 
successful  defense  against  Philip  of  Macedon  in  340  B.  c. 
The  modern  Eski  Eregli  is  on  its  site. 

Perion  (Sp.  pron.  pa-re-on').  A mythical  king, 
the  father  of  Amadis  of  Gaul  in  the  romance  of 
that  name. 

Peripatetics  (per//i-pa-tet'iks).  [FromGr.  trepi- 
ezarrjruior,  given  to  walking  about,  esp.  while 
teaching  or  disputing.  The  name  was  given  to 
Aristotle  and  his  followers  because  he  taught 
in  the  walks  of  the  Lyceum  at  Athens.]  The 
followers  of  Aristotle  (384-322  B.  C.).  In  the 
middle  ages  the  word  was  often  used  to  signify 
‘logicians.’  See  Aristotle. 

Periplus  (per'i-plus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  mpierloo^, 
TeepinXovq,  a sailing  around,  an  account  of  a 
coasting  voyage.]  The  title  of  various  geo- 
graphical works  of  antiquity.  The  oldest  extant  is 
by  Scylax  of  Caryanda  in  Caria,  assigned  by  Niebuhr  to 
the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great,  There  were  also  similar 
works  by  Nearchus,  Agatharchides,  Hanuo,  Timagenes, 
and  others. 

Periscii  (pe-rish'i-i).  The  inhabitants  of  the 
polar  circles:  so  called  because  in  their  sum- 
mer-time their  shadows  describe  an  oval. 
Perissa  (pe-ris'ii).  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene,”  the  youngest  of  three  sisters  who  were 
always  discordant.  See  Medina. 

Perizzites  (per'i-zlts).  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a people  of  Canaan,  living  west  of  the 
Jordan  in  the  region  between  Bethel  and  She- 
chem. 

The  Perizzites,  however,  did  not  represent  either  a race 
or  a tribe.  They  were  the  people  of  the  “cultivated  plain,” 
the  agriculturists  of  that  part  of  the  country  which  was 
capableof  tillage,  like  the  modern  fellahin  of  Egypt.  They 
belonged  accordingly  to  various  races  and  nationalities : 
there  were  Israelitish  Perizzim  as  well  as  Canaauitish  or 
Amorite  Perizzim.  The  name  was  a descriptive  one,  like 
that  of  Kadmonite  or  “ Eastern  ” which  denoted  the  popu- 
lation on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Jordan. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  120. 

Perjur'd  Husband,  The,  or  the  Adventures 
of  Venice.  A tragedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  pro- 
duced and  printed  in  1700.  This  was  her  first 
play. 

Perkins  (per 'k  in  z) , Charles  Callahan.  Born  at 
Boston, March  1,1823:  died  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  Aug. 
25,1886.  An  American  writer  on  art.  He  studied 
painting  both  in  R<»me  and  Paris,  and  afterward  music  and 
etching.  He  published  “Tuscan  Sculptors,  etc.”  (1864), 


Perote 

“Italian  Sculptors,  etc.”  (1868),  “Raphael  and  Michel- 
angelo ’’  (1878),  ‘ Historical  Hand-Book  of  Italian  Sculp- 
tors,” “History  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  "(of 
which  he  was  president)  (1883),  “Ghiberti  et  son  Icole” 
(1886,  at  Paris),  etc.  He  edited  “Art  in  the  House,”  etc. 
(1879),  and  was  critical  editor  of  a “ Cyclopedia  of  Painters 
and  Paintings  ” (1892). 

Perkins,  Justin.  Born  at  West  Springfield, 
Mass.,  March  12, 1805:  died  at  Chicopee,  Mass., 
Dec.  31,  1869.  An  American  Congregational 
missionary  among  the  Nestorians  in  Persia. 
Perkin  Warbeck.  See  Warbeck. 

Perla  (per'la),  La.  [It., ‘the pearl.’]  Apaint- 
ing  of  the  Holy  Family,  by  Raphael,  in  the 
Royal  Museum  at  Madrid,  it  was  so  named  by 
Philip  IV.,  who  bought  it  from  the  collection  of  Charles 

1.  of  Great  Britain,  and  exclaimed  when  he  saw  it:  “ this 
is  the  pearl  of  my  pictures ! ” The  coloring  is  opaque,  and 
the  shadows  heavy : the  king’s  judgment  overrated  it. 

Perleberg  (per'le-berG).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Stepe- 
nitz  76  miles  northwest  of  Berlin.  Population, 
commune,  9,499. 

Perle  du  Bresil,  La.  [F.,  ‘The  Pearl  of  Brazil.’] 
An  opera  by  F61icien  David,  produced  at  Paris 
in  1851. 

Perm  (perm).  1.  A government  in  eastern  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Ural  Mountain  s, 
and  bordering  on  Siberia.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Kama,  Obi,  and  Petchora  systems.  It  is  the  chief  mining 
government  in  Russia,  producing  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper, 
platinum,  and  other  minerals,  and  precious  stones.  Area, 
127,502  square  miles.  Population,  3,604,900. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Perm,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kama  about  lat.  58°  N.,  long.  56° 
30'  E.  It  is  on  the  main  route  to  Siberia,  and  is  the  seat 
of  an  important  transit  trade.  Population,  47,800. 

Permians  (per'mi-anz),  or  Permyaks  (perm'- 
yaks).  A people  living  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  Russia,  belonging  to  the  Finnic  stock. 
They  number  about  60,000. 

Pernambuco  (per-nam-bo'ko) ; Pg.  pron.  per- 
nan-bo'ko).  A maritime  state  of  Brazil,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  7°-10°  S.  Area,  49,573  square 
miles.  Population,  1.178,150. 

Pernambuco,  or  Recife  (re-se'fe).  A seaport, 
capital  of  the  state  of  Pernambuco,  situated 
on  the  coast  in  lat.  8°  3'  S.,  long.  34°  52'  W. 
It  is'  composed  of  three  ports  separated  by  narrow  chan- 
nels— Recife,  Santo  Antonio,  and  Boa  Vista.  It  is  one  of 
the  chief  commercial  cities  of  Brazil.  The  leading  export 
is  sugar.  Population,  113,106. 

Pernau  (per'nou).  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  the  government  of  Livonia,  Russia,  sit- 
uated at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Pernau  into 
the  Gulf  of  Riga,  in  lat.  58°  23'  N.,  long.  24° 
29'  E.  It  has  a flourishing  foreign  trade.  It 
was  founded  in  1255.  Population,  14,000. 
Perne  (pern),  Andrew.  Born  at  East  Bilney, 
Norfolk,  1519:  died  1589.  An  English  ecclesi- 
astic and  Scholar.  He  was  a graduate  and  fellow  of 
St.  John’8  College,  and  later  a fellow  of  Queen’s  College, 
and  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  changes  in  religious  belief  : he  was  a Catholic  under 
Henry  VIII.,  a Protestant  under  Edward  VI.,  a_  Catholic 
again  under  Mary,  and  finally  a Protestant  under  Eliza- 
beth. He  was,  notwithstanding,  a man  of  fine  character, 
and  rendered  important  service  to  his  generation. 

These  changes  of  opinion  exposed  him  to  no  little  ridi- 
cule. The  wits  of  the  University  added  a new  verb  to  the 
Latin  language,  pernare,  ‘to  change  one’s  opinion.'  It 
became  proverbial  to  say  of  a cloak  that  had  been  turned, 
“It  has  been  Perned."  The  letters  A.  P.  A.  P.  on  the 
weathercock  of  St.  Peter’s  Church  were  explained  to  mean 
“Andrew  Perne  a Papist,"  or  “Andrew  Perne  a Protes- 
tant," according  to  the  fancy  of  the  reader,  and  the  like. 

Clarice,  Cambridge,  p.  42. 

Pernelle  (per-nel'),  Madame.  The  mother  of 
Orgon  in  Moliere’s  “Tartufe.”  The  part  was 
originally  played  by  Bejart,  and  is  usually 
played  by  a man. 

Perolla  and  Izadora.  A tragedy  by  Cibber, 
produced  in  1705.  It  was  founded  on  Lord  Or- 
rery’s “Parthenissa.” 

Peronne  (pa-ron').  A town  and  fortress  in  the 
department  of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the 
Somme  30  miles  east  of  Amiens.  Charles  III.  (the 
Simple)  was  imprisoned  here,  and  in  1468  Louis  XI.  was 
imprisoned  here  by  Charles  the  Bold.  It  waB  successfully 
defended  against  the  forces  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in 
1636;  was  stormed  by  the  English  June  26, 1815;  and  was 
besieged  by  the  Germans  Dec.  27,  1870,  and  capitulated 
Jan.  9,  1871.  Population,  commune,  4,525. 

Peronne,  Treaty  of.  A conference  in  1468  be- 
tween Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
Louis  XI.  of  France  (who  had  gone  to  Peronne 
with  a small  escort  and  was  imprisoned  by  the 
duke).  Louis  made  important  concessions. 
Perote  (pa-ro'ta).  A village  of  the  state  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico,  about  18  miles  west  of  Jalapa. 

Near  it  was  a fort  of  the  same  name,  commanding  the  road 
up  the  mountains.  It  was  commenced  in  1770,  and  was 
long  the  strongest  fort  in  Mexico  except  San  Juan  de 
Ulna  at  Vera  Cruz.  It  was  an  important  point  during  the 
civil  wars. 


PSrouse,  La 

P6rouse,  La.  See  La  Perouse. 

Perowne  (pe-roun'),  John  James  Stewart. 

Born  atBurdwan,  Bengal,  March  13, 1823:  died 
Nov.  6,  1904.  An  English  divine,  bishop  of 
Worcester  1891-1901.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge 
(Corpus  Christi  College)  in  1845.  He  published  various 
theological  and  exegetical  works. 

Perperna  (per-p6r'na).  Put  to  death  by  Pom- 
pey  about  72  B.  c.  A Roman  general  in  Spain, 
lieutenant  of  Sertorius  whom  he  put  to  death. 
Perpetua  (pbr-pet'u-a),  Saint.  Killed  at  Car- 
thage in  203.  An  African  martyr. 

Of  all  the  histories  of  martyrdom,  none  is  so  unexagger- 
ated in  its  tone  and  language,  so  entirely  unencumbered 
with  miracle  ; none  abounds  in  such  exquisite  touches  of 
nature,  or,  on  the  whole,  from  its  minuteness  and  circum- 
stantiality, breathes  such  an  air  of  truth  and  reality,  as 
that  of  Perpetua  and  Felicitas,  two  African  females.  Their 
death  is  ascribed,  in  the  Acts,  to  the  year  of  the  accession 
of  Geta,  the  son  of  Severus. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  168. 

Perpetual  Peace,  The.  A name  given  to  the 
treaty  concluded  at  Fribourg  between  France 
and  the  Swiss  Confederation  in  1516. 
Perpignan  (per-pen-yon').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Pyr6n6es-Orientales,  France, 
situated  on  the  Tet  in  lat.  42°  44'  N.,  long.  2° 
53'  E.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  has  flourishing 
trade  and  manufactures.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1324 
by  Sancho  II.,  king  of  Majorca,  is  thoroughly  Spanish  in 
character,  even  to  its  great  marble  retable  with  reliefs  from 
the  life  of  St.  John.  The  nave,  without  aisles,  is  90  feet 
high  and  60  in  span.  Perpignan  was  the  ancient  residence 
of  the  kings  of  Majorca ; passed  to  Aragon ; was  taken  by 
Louis  XI.  in  1475 ; was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Francis 
I.  in  1542;  and  since  1642  has  belonged  to  France.  It 
was  the  ancient  capital  of  Roussillon.  Population,  com- 
mune, 38,893. 

Perplexed  Lovers,  The.  A comedy  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre,  produced  and  printed  in  1712. 
Perrault  (pa-ro' ),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan. 
12,  1628:  died  there,  May  16,  1703.  A French 
writer.  According  to  his  own  testimony,  he  left  the  col- 
lege at  Beauvais  in  consequence  of  a misunderstanding 
with  one  of  his  professors,  and  spent  three  or  four  years  in 
conscientious  study,  especially  of  the  classics.  Two  odes 
in  eulogy  of  Louis  XIV.  brought  him  into  favor  at  court, 
so  that  no  opposition  was  raised  to  his  admission  to  the 
French  Academy,  Sept.  22,  1671.  His  poem  “Le  sitcle  de 
Louis  le  Grand,"  read  beforethis  body  on  Jan.  27, 1687,  ex- 
pressed incidentally  some  ideas  that  were  disparaging  to 
the  old  classics.  Between  Boileau  and  Perrault  arose  then 
the  great  literary  quarrel  concerning  the  respective  merits 
of  the  ancients  andthe  moderns,  which  lasted  over  a dozen 
years,  and  did  much  to  bring  Perrault's  name  into  promi- 
nence. In  the  course  of  their  diatribe,  Perrault  started  in 
1688  the  publication  of  his  “ParallMe  des  anciens  et  des 
modernes.  ” He  also  wrote  the  two  works  upon  which  hi3 
literary  fame  rests,  “Leshommes  illustre3  quiontparu  en 
France  pendant  ce  sitcle”  (1696-1701),  and  “Les  contes 
de  ma  mere  Toy e " (1697).  These  tales,  reminiscentof  our 
“ Mother  Goose,”  are  also  known  simply  as  “ Les  contes  de 
Perrault”  : they  include  18  charming  fairy  tales  such  as 
‘‘Cinderella,”  "Bluebeard,”  “Little  Red  Riding-Hood," 
“Puss  in  Boots,”  etc.  These  stories  were  probably  known 
long  before  Perrault’s  day,  but  to  him  belongs  the  credit  of 
giving  them  in  their  French  form  a simple  and  lasting  ex- 
pression. The  remainder  of  Perrault's  writings  have  not 
added  materially  to  his  literary  reputation,  and  he  himself 
died  in  relative  obscurity. 

Perrault,  Claude.  Born  1613:  died  1688.  A 
French  architect,  brother  of  Charles  Perrault. 
He  devised  the  colonnade  of  the  Louvre. 
Perrenot,  Antoine.  See  Granvella. 

Perrers  (per'brz),  or  Perren  (per'en),  Alice. 
A mistress  of  Edward  III.,  notorious  for  her  in- 
fluence in  English  affairs  about  the  time  of  the 
Good  Parliament  (1376). 

Perron  (pa-ron'), Madame  de.  The  special  agent 
of  Catharine  de’  Medici  in  superintending  the 
works  by  Philibert  de  l’Orme  at  the  Tuileries. 
Catharine  herself  is  said  to  have  made  drawings 
for  the  work. 

Perron,  Du.  See  Anquetil-Duperron. 

Perrot  (per-ro'),  Georges.  Born  at  Villeneuve- 
St. -Georges,  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Nov.  12, 
1832.  A French  archaeologist,  director  of  the 
Normal  School  at  Paris  (1883-1904)  and  pro- 
fessor of  archaeology  (1877)  at  the  university. 
He  has  made  researches  in  Asia  Minor,  etc. 
Perry  (per'i),  Arthur  Latham.  Born  FAb.  27, 
1830:  died  July  9,  1905.  An  American  politi- 
cal economist,  professor  at  Williams  College. 
He  published  “Political  Economy”  (1865),  etc. 
Perry,  Matthew  Calbraith.  Bom  at  New- 
ort,  R.  I.,  April  10,  1794:  died  at  New  York, 
larch  4, 1858.  An  American  naval  officer.  He 
served  in  the  War  of  1812  and  the  Mexican  war,  and  com- 
manded the  expedition  to  Japan  1852-54,  during  which 
he  concluded  the  treaty  opening  Japan  to  American  com- 
merce. He  became  commodore  in  1841. 

Perry,  Oliver  Hazard.  Born  at  South  Kings- 
ton, R.  I.,  Aug.  23  (21),  1785 : died  at  Port  Spain, 
Trinidad,  Aug.  23,  1819.  An  American  naval 
officer,  brother  of  M.  C.  Perry.  He  became  a mid- 
shipman in  1799,  served  in  the  Tripolitan  war,  and  defeated 
the  British  in  the  celebrated  battle  of  Lake  Erie  (which 


796 

see)  Sept.  10,  1S13.  He  announced  his  victory  in  a note  to 
General  Harrison  in  the  words  “We  have  met  the  enemy, 
and  they  are  ours.  ” His  victory  enabled  General  Harrison 
to  invade  Canada  supported  by  Perry’s  squadron.  Perry 
commanded  the  naval  battalion  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames 
Oct.  5, 1813.  These  two  victories  restored  Michigan  to  the 
United  States  and  established  the  supremacy  of  the  Ameri- 
cans on  the  northwestern  frontier  during  the  rest  of  the 
War  of  1812.  Perry  received  from  Congress  a vote  of 
thanks,  a medal,  and  the  rank  of  captain.  He  subsequently 
assisted  in  the  defense  of  Baltimore. 

Perry,  William  Stevens.  Born  at  Providence, 
It.  I.,  Jan.  22,  1832:  died  May  13,  1898.  An 
American  bishop  of  tbe  Protestant  Ejnscopal 
Church,  and  historical  writer.  Among  his  works 
are  “ Documentary  History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  United  States"  (1863-64),  “Historical  Col- 
lections of  the  American  Colonial  Church"  (1871-78), 
" History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church  ” (1885),  etc. 

Perryville  (per'i-vil).  A town  in  Boyle  County, 
Kentucky,  39  miles  south  of  Frankfort.  Here,  Oct. 
8,  1862,  an  indecisive  battle  was  fought  between  the  Fed- 
erals  under  Buell  and  the  Confederates  under  Bragg. 
Population,  407,  (1910). 

Persse  (per'se).  [Gr.  Wp<mi,t\\Q  Persians.]  A 
tragedy  of  iEsohylus,  exhibited  in  472  B.  c.  it 
celebrates  the  victory  of  the  Greeks  over  the  Persians  at 
Salamis,  of  which  the  poet  was  an  eye-witness. 

Persano  (per-sa'no),  Count  Carlo  Pellione  di. 
Born  at  Vercelli,  Italy,  March  11,  1806:  died 
July  28,  1883.  An  Italian  admiral.  He  lost  the 
battle  of  Lissa  in  1866,  and  was  deprived  of  his  rank  in  1867. 
Persarmenia  (p6r-sar-me'ni-a).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, tbe  eastern  portion  of  Armenia,  annexed 
by  Persia  about  384  A.  D. 

Persecutions,  The  Ten.  In  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory, tbe  persecutions  under  Nero,  Domitian, 
Trajan,  Marcus  Aurelius,  Septimius  Severus, 
Maximin,  Decius,  Valerian,  Aurelian,  and  Dio- 
cletian. Those  under  Decius  and  Diocletian 
were  general  throughout  tbe  Roman  Empire. 
Persephone.  See  Proserpine. 

Persepolis  (per-sep'o-lis).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, one  of  the  capitals  of  the  Persian  empire, 
situated  not  far  from  the  Kur,  about  35  miles 
northeast  of  the  modern  Shiraz,  about  lat.  30° 
N.  It  became  the  capital  under  Darius  I. ; was  captured 
and  burned  by  Alexander  the  Great  about  330  B.  c. ; and  is 
still  notedfor  theruinsof  itspalaces.  Nearitaretheruins 
of  Istakhr,  the  later  Sassanian  city.  The  most  remarkable 
monuments  are  grouped  on  a terrace  of  smoothed  rock  and 
masonry,  approximately  rectangular  in  plan,  though  with 
irregular  projections,  measuring  940  by  1,650  feet,  and  at- 
taining in  front  the  height  of  43  feet,  of  fine  polygonal 
masonry,  while  at  the  back  it  is  dominated  by  the  rock  of 
the  foot-hills  behind.  The  chief  buildings  on  the  terrace 
were  the  Propylaea  and  the  great  hypostyle  hall  of  Xerxes, 
the  Hall  of  100  Columns,  attributed  to  Darius,  and  the  resi- 
dence palaces  of  Darius  and  his  successors.  The  Propylrea 
in  their  present  form  consist  of  two  end-passages  between 
piers  of  masonry  from  the  front  pair  of  which  a wall  for- 
merly extended  on  each  side,  while  in  the  interval  between 
the  passages  stood  two  pairs  of  great  columns  all  of  whose 
superstructure  is  now  gone.  To  one  side  of  the  Propylaea, 
toward  the  southeast,  lies  a second  terrace,  10  feet  high, 
upon  which  stand  the  ruins  of  the  hypostyle  hail  or  throne- 
pavilion  of  Xerxes.  This  consisted  of  a central  square  of 
36  huge  columns,  preceded  and  flanked  on  both  sides  at  an 
interval  by  3 hexastyle  porticos,  each  of  12  columns  of  the 
same'size  as  those  of  the  main  group.  The  indications  are 
that  this  structure  never  possessed  inclosing  walls,  but 
was  open  like  the  halls  of  some  Indian  palaces,  and  fitted 
upon  occasions  of  ceremony  with  hangings.  The  massive 
entablatures  and  the  coffered  ceilings  were  of  wood,  the 
roof  of  beaten  day.  Thirteen  imposing  fluted  columns 
still  stand  almost  entire ; their  height  is  nearly  64  feet, 
their  intercolumniation  29£.  This  monument  was  one  of 
the  greatest  ever  built  by  man.  To  the  left  of  the  hall  of 
Xerxes,  in  the  middle  of  the  terrace,  wasthe  throne-pavil- 
ion of  Darius,  the  Hall  of  100  Columns,  a building  250  feet 
square,  preceded  on  the  nortli  by  an  octastyle  portico  in 
antis  of  16  columns.  Unlike  the  pavilion  of  Xerxes,  that 
of  Darius  was  surrounded  by  a massive  wall,  and  the  roof 
was  supported  by  10  ranges,  each  of  10  columns,  with  an 
intercolumniation  of  over  £0  feet.  The  door-  and  window- 
frames,  antac,  and  niches  of  stone,  and  the  bases  of  most 
of  the  columns,  remain  in  place,  while  the  brick  walls  have 
disappeared  utterly.  The  residence  palaces  occupied  the 
southern  part  of  the  terrace,  and  appear  to  have  been  5 
in  number.  The  most  important  are  those  of  Darius  and 
Xerxes,  most  of  whose  piers,  massive  door-  and  window- 
frames,  and  other  members  of  stone  are  still  erect,  while 
the  brick  walls  and  the  wooden  superstructure  have  per- 
ished. These  palaces  are  si milar  in  plan  : there  was  a large 
covered  hall  in  the  middle,  upon  the  front  and  sides  of 
which  opened  a number  of  rather  small  rooms,  while  the 
more  spacious  royal  apartments  were  at  the  back.  The 
cornices  over  the  great  doors  have  precisely  the  Egyptian 
elements  and  profile,  but  differ  in  their  decoration.  In 
thepalace  of  Darius  carved  reliefs  of  men  fighting  animals 
occur,  based  on  Assyrian  originals ; in  that  of  Xerxes  the 
sculptures  represent  subjects  pertaining  to  royal  luxury. 
Great  figures  of  bulls,  often  set  up  before  the  portals,  re- 
call the  Assyrian  practice.  The  columns,  somewhat  slen- 
der in  type,  have  sculptured  bases  of  inverted  bell-form,  and 
capitals  with  the  fore  parts  of  bulls  projecting  widely  on 
2 sides,  like  thoseof  the  Portico  of  the  Bulls  at  Delos,  and 
often  beneath  an  erect  circlet  of  plume-iike  leaves  above  a 
convex  band  of  pendent  lanceolate  leaves,  the  entire  pro- 
file being  strikingly  similar  to  that  of  the  newly  classified 
Greek  Jiolic  capital,  in  which  spreading  volutes  replace 
the  bulls.  In  the  face  of  the  cliff  behind  the  terrace  are 
the  decorated  facades  of  .oyal  rock-tombs.  The  chief  ex- 
plorations are  due  to  Flandin  and  Coste  in  1840-41,  and  to 
Stoize  and  Andreas  prior  to  1882.  In  1891  some  excavations 
were  made  by  Herbert  Weld  Blundell,  and  casts  of  the 


Persiani 

sculptures  and  inscriptions  taken  by  a private  expedition 
sent  out  from  England. 

Perseus(per'sus).  [Gr. Uepaeve.']  l.InGreekmy- 
tkology,a  liero,  son  of  Zeus  or  Danae,  who  sle'w 
the  Gorgon  Medusa,  and  afterward  saved  An- 
dromeda from  a sea-monster.  See  Danae. — 2. 
An  ancient  northern  constellation,  the  figure  of 
which  represents  Perseus  in  a singular  posture, 
holding  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  in  one  hand  and 
waving  a sword  with  the  other. 

Perseus.T  A celebrated  statue  by  Canova  (1800), 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  As  an  art-work  it  is  of  high 
technical  perfection,  but  is  little  more  than  a travesty  of 
the  antique. 

Perseus,  Died  in  the  middle  of  the  2d  century 
B.  c.  The  last  king  of  Macedonia,  son  of  Philip V. 
whom  he  succeeded  179.  He  began  war  with  Rome 
in  172  ; was  defeated  at  Pydna  by  -Emilias  Paulus  in  168 ; 
and  was  dethroned  and  taken  captive  to  Rome  in  167  B.  o. 

Perseus  and  Andromeda.  1.  A painting  by 
Rubens,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Peters- 
burg. Perseus  has  already  conquered  the  monster,  and 
approaches  Andromeda,  who  is  chained  nude  to  a rock, 
and  is  being  set  free  by  Cupids.  Victory  approaches  to 
crown  Perseus,  and  Pegasus  is  seen  in  the  background. 

2.  A painting  by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The  figure  of  the  chained 
Andromeda  is  much  admired  for  its  beauty  of  form  and 
color.  Perseus  is  in  the  act  of  overcoming  the  dragon. 
The  palace  of  Cepheus  appears  in  the  distance. 

Perseus  and  Medusa.  A statue  by  Benvenuto 
Cellini,  in  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi,  Florence.  The 
helmeted  hero,  holding  his  falchion,  stands  over  the  bleed- 
ing body  of  Medusa  and  uplifts  her  severed  head.  The 
elaborate  pedestal,  with  its  mythological  figures,  is  rather 
goldsmith’s  than  sculptor’s  work,  and  the  statue,  despite 
its  celebrity,  illustrates  the  limitations  of  Cellini. 
Persliore(per'shor).  A town  in  Worcestershire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Avon  9miles  southeast 
of  Worcester.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  abbey 
★church.  Population,  about  4,000. 

Persia  (per'shaorper'zha),  F.  Perse  (pars),  G. 
Persien  (per'ze-en),  Persian  name  Iran 
(e-ran').  A country  of  western  Asia.  Capital, 
Teberan.  It  is  bounded  by  Transcaucasia  (Russia),  the 
Caspian  Sea,  and  Russian  Central  Asia  on  the  north,  Af- 
ghanistan and  Baluchistan  on  the  east,  the  Arabian  Sea, 
Strait  of  Ormuz,  and  Persian  Gulf  on  the  south,  and  the 
Persian  Gulf  and  Turkey  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
largely  mountainous  and  table-land,  the  principal  moun- 
tain-ranges being  in  the  west,  northwest,  north  (the  El- 
burz), and  east.  Much  of  the  country  is  desert,  and  with- 
out drainage  to  the  sea.  Wheat,  sugar,  fruits,  etc.,  are 
produced;  and  the  leading  manufactures  are  silks,  carpets, 
shawls,  arms,  embroidery,  etc.  The  chief  divisions  are 
Azerbaijan,  Gilan,  Mazandaran,  Khorasan,  Kirman,  Mek- 
ran,  Laristan,  Farsistan,  Yezd,  Khuzistan,  Luristan,  Irak 
Ajemi,  and  Ardelan.  Until  1906  the  government  was  an 
absolute  monarchy  under  a hereditary  shah,  but  in  that 
year  an  elective  national  council  was  established,  and  on 
Jan.  1,  1907,  a constitution  was  signed  by  the  ehah.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Shiite  Mohammedanism.  The  Per- 
sians are  the  leading  race  : there  are  also  Turks,  Armeni- 
ans, Kurds,  etc.  According  to  Sayce,  Howorth,  and  other 
modern  scholars,  the  ancient  Persians  came  to  Elam  about 
600  b.  c.,  not  from  Persis,  but  from  Parsua  (which  was 
probably  near  Lake  Urumiah).  The  Persians  underCyrus 
the  Great  overthrew  Astyages  about  549  B.  c.,  and  the 
Medo-Persian  monarchy  rose  to  power  under  Cyrus,  Cam- 
byses  (who  conquered  Egypt),  and  Darius  I.  It  unsuccess- 
fully attempted  the  conquest  of  Greece  under  Darius  I. 
and  Xerxes.  The  first  empire  under  the  Achsemenians 
was  overthrown  by  Alexander  the  Great,  at  the  battles  of 
Issus  (333)  and  Arbela  (331);  and  the  country  was  ruled 
by  Alexander  the  Great  and  his  successors,  and  by 
the  Seleucidse,  until  the  rise  of  the  Parthian  monarchy 
in  the  middle  of  the  3d  century  b.  c.  The  Parthian 
empire  of  the  Arsacidae  was  overthrown  by  the  second  Per- 
sian empire  of  the  Sassanians  227-228  A.  p.  Persia  was 
often  at  war  with  Rome.  It  was  at  its  height  in  the  reigns 
of  Khusrau  I.  and  II.  in  the  6th  and  7th  centuries ; was 
overthrown  by  the  Saracens  at  the  battles  of  Kadisiynh 
(about  635)  and  Nehavend  (about  641);  came  under  the 
califate,  Selj  uks,  Kharesmians,  and  Mongols ; was  con- 
quered by  Timur  in  the  end  of  the  14th  century;  was 
under  the  Sufi  dynasty  1499-1736  ; flourished  under  Abbas 
Shah  1586-1628  ; and  was  under  Nadir  Shah  1736-47.  Per- 
• sian  Armenia  was  conquered  by  Russia  in  1827.  Persia 
was  at  war  with  Great  Britain  in  1856-57.  Area,  628,000 
sq.  m.  Pop.,  about  9,500,000.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  IX. 

Persian  Fighting,  A.  An  antique  marble  statu- 
ette in  the  Vatican  Museum,  Rome,  one  of  the 
notable  series  of  Pergamenian  copies  from  the 
four  groups  of  sculpture  presented  to  Athens 
about  200  B.  c.  by  Attalus  I.  of  Pergamum. 

Persian  (per'slian  or  per'zhan)  Gulf.  An  arm 
of  the  Arabian  Sea,  -with  -which  it  is  connected 
by  the  Strait  of  Ormuz:  the  ancient  Persicus 
Sinus.  It  lies  between  Persia  on  the  northeast,  Arabia 
on  the  south  and  west,  and  Turkey  on  the  northwest.  Tbe 
chief  tributary  river-system  is  that  of  the  Euphrates  and 
Tigris.  Length,  about  600  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  about 
220  miles. 

Persiani  (per-se-a'ne),  Madame  (Fanny  Tac- 
chinardi).  Born  at  Rome,  Oct.  4, 1812:  died  a! 
Passy,  France,  May  3, 1867.  An  Italian  opera- 
singer.  She  made  her  first  appearance  at  Leghorn  in 
1S32,  and  at  Paris  in  1837.  The  next  year  she  sang  in  Lon 
don.  and  from  this  time  alternatelyin  London  and  Parisfor 
many  years,  with  occasional  seasons  in  other  places.  She 


Persiani 

left  England  finally  in  1868,  and  lived  at  Paris  and  after- 
ward in  Italy.  Her  voice  was  a somewhat  thin  soprano. 
She  was  celebrated  for  the  finish  of  her  style. 

Persians  (per'slianz).  The  natives  or  inhabi- 
tants of  ancient  or  of  modern  Persia.  The  mod- 
ern Persians  area  mixed  race,  in  part  descended 
from  the  ancient  Iranians. 

Persians,  The.  One  of  the  extant  dramas  of 
-dSschylus. 

Persian  Wars.  In  ancient  Greek  history,  the 
wars  between  Persia  and  the  Greeks  commen- 
cing in  500  and  ending  about  449  B.  C.  The  wars 
began  with  a revolt  of  the  Ionian  Greeks  agaiust  Persia  in 
500.  The  Ioniaus  were  subjugated  in  494.  The  assistance 
rendered  them  by  Athens  and  Eretria  provoked  the  Per- 
sians to  attempt  the  conquest  of  European  Greece.  With 
this  object  in  view,  three  grand  expeditions  were  under- 
taken, each  of  which  was  repelled.  The  first  expedition 
was  undertaken  in  492  under  Mardonius,  who  returned 
after  having  lost  part  of  his  army  in  an  attack  by  the 
Thracians,  and  after  having  suffered  the  loss  of  his  fleet  in 
a storm.  The  second  expedition  was  undertaken  in  490 
under  Artaphernes  (the  young  nephew  of  Darius),  assisted 
by  the  experienced  general  Datis.  It  was  abandoned  after 
the  defeat  of  the  army  at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  Sept.  12, 
490.  The  third  expedition  was  undertaken  in  481-480  under 
Xerxes.  It  consisted  of  an  army  of  900,000  men,  exclusive 
of  European  allies,  and  a fleet  of  1,200  war-ships,  besides 
3,000  transport  vessels.  The  army  forced  the  pass  of  Ther- 
mopylae after  a heroic  defense  by  the  Greeks  under  Leoni- 
das, and  destroyed  Athens  in  480.  In  the  same  year  the 
fleet  fought  the  indecisive  battle  at  Artemisium  and  was 
defeated  at  Salamis,  which  compelled  the  retreat  of 
Xerxes,  who  left  Mardonius  to  prosecute  the  war.  Mardo- 
nius fell  at  the  battle  of  Platsea  in  479,  and  his  army  was 
completely  routed.  On  the  same  day,  according  to  some, 
the  Persian  fleet  under  Mardontes  was  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  Mycale.  Hitherto  the  Greeks  had  acted  on  the 
defensive;  they  now  assumed  the  offensive,  gaining  the 
victories  of  the  Eurymedon  in  466  or  465  and  of  Salamis  in 
Cyprus  in  449.  After  the  battle  of  Salamis  negotiations  for 
peace  were  opened,  and,  although  no  formal  treaty  was 
adopted,  peaceable  intercourse  was  gradually  restored  on 
the  basis  of  existing  political  relations.  By  some  the  name 
Persian  wars  is  restricted  to  the  period  between  600  and 
479  inclusive,  during  which  the  Greeks  acted  on  the  de- 
fensive. 

Persigny  (per-sen-ye'),  Due  de  (Jean  Gilbert 
Victor  Fialin).  Born  at  St.-Germain-Lespi- 
nasse,  Loire,  France,  Jan.,  1808:  died  at  Nice, 
Jan.,  1872.  A French  politician.  He  took  part  in 
the  Bonapartist  attempts  at  Strasburg  in  1836  and  Bou- 
logne in  1840,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  conspirators  in  the 
coup  d’tStat  of  Dec.  2,  1851.  He  was  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior 1852-54 ; ambassador  in  London  1855-58  and  1859-60; 
and  minister  of  the  interior  1860-63. 

Persis  (per'sis).  [Gr.  Ilepoic.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a country  in  Asia,  lying  southeast  of 
Susiana,  south  of  Media,  and  west  of  Carmania. 
It  was  the  nucleus  of  the  Persian  empire,  and  corre- 
sponded nearly  to  the  modern  Farsistan. 

Persius  (per'shi-us)  (AulusPersiusFlaccus). 
Born  at  Volaterree,  Etruria,  34  A.  D. : died  62 
A.  D.  A Roman  satirist.  His  six  satires  have 
been  edited  by  Jalrn,  Conington,  Gildersleeve, 
and  others. 

Under  Nero  the  youthful  and  immature  but  noble- 
minded  poet,  A.  Persius  Flaccus  (A.  D.  34-62)  of  Volater- 
ne,  wrote  six  satires,  most  of  which  are  versified  lectures 
on  Stoic  tenets.  The  want  of  independence  of  the  begin- 
ner is  manifested  in  the  extensive  employment  of  Hora- 
tian  phrases  and  characters.  The  exaggeration  and  bom- 
bast characteristic  of  the  manner  of  the  period  are  in  these 
satires  carried  to  obscurity.  But  the  staunch  earnestness 
of  the  young  moralist  won  for  him  lively  admiration  im- 
mediately after  his  early  death. 

Teuffel  and  Schicabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr,  by  Warr),  II.  75. 

Persons,  Robert.  See  Parsons. 

Persuasion.  A novel  by  Jane  Austen,  pub- 
lished in  1818,  after  the  death  of  the  author. 
Pertabgurh.  See  Partabgarli. 

Perte  du  Rhone  (pert  dii  rdn).  A deep  ravine 
near  Bellegarde,  department  of  Ain,  France,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Geneva,  through  which  the 
Rhone  (at  certain  periods)  flows  with  a partly 
subterraneous  course. 

Perth  (p6rth).  1.  A midlandcounty  of  Scotland. 
It  is  bounded  by  Inverness  and  Aberdeen  on  the  north, 
Forfar  on  the  east,  Fife  (partly  separated  by  the  Firth  of 
Tay)on  the  southeast,  Kinross,  Clackmannan,  and  Stirling 
(the  last  partly  separated  by  the  Forth)  on  the  south,  and 
Dumbarton  and  Argyll  on  the  west.  It  is  situated  on  the 
border  of  the  Highlands,  is  mountainous,  and  is  famous 
for  picturesque  scenery  and  associations  with  history  and 
romance.  Area,  2,494  square  miles.  Population,  (civil 
county),  123,262. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Perth,  situated 
on  the  Tay  in  lat.  56°  24'  N.,  long.  3°  26'  W. 
It  has  salmon-fisheries  and  some  commerce,  and  manufac- 
tures ginghams,  dyes,  muslins,  etc.  It  has  been  promi- 
nent in  Scottish  history.  After  Scone  it  was  the  capital 
of  the  country  until  1482.  James  I.  was  murdered  there 
in  1437.  Scone  Palace  is  in  the  neighborhood.  It  wob 
taken  by  Bruce  in  1311,  by  Montrose  in  1644,  by  Cromwell 
in  1651,  by  Claverhouse  in  1689,  and  by  the  Jacobites  in 
1716  and  1745.  Population,  8,651. 

Perth.  The  capital  of  West  Australia,  situated 
on  the  Swan  River,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  31° 
57'  S.,  long.  115°  52'  E.  Population,  27,553. 

Perth,  Convention  of.  An  assembly  summoned 


797 

by  Edward  I.  at  Perth,  Scotland,  in  1305,  to 
send  Scottish  representatives  to  the  English 
Parliament. 

Perth  Amboy  (pertk  am-boi').  A seaport  and 
city  in  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Raritan  River  into  Rari- 
tan Bay,  20  miles  southwest  of  New  York.  It 
has  manufactures  of  terra-cotta,  fire-bricks,  etc. 
Population,  32,121,  (1910). 

Perthes  (per'tes),  Friedrich  Christoph.  Born 
at  Rudolstadt,  Germany,  April  21,  1772 : died 
at  Gotha,  Germany,  May  18,  1843.  A German 
publisher  in  Hamburg,  later  in  Gotha. 

Perthes,  Johann  Georg  Justus.  Bom  at  Ru- 
dolstadt, Germany,  Sept.  11, 1749:  died  atGotha, 
May  1,  1816.  A German  publisher  at  Gotha, 
uncle  of  F.  C.  Perthes. 

Perthes,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Gotha,  Germany, 
June  18,  1793:  died  Sept.  10,  1853.  A German 
publisher  of  geographical  works,  son  of  J.  G. 
J.  Perthes. 

Pertinax  (per'ti-naks),  Helvius.  Born  126 
A.  D.:  killed  at  Rome,  March  28, 193.  Emperor 
of  Rome.  He  was  proclaimed  emperor  Dec.  31, 192,  and 
was  put  to  death  by  the  pretorians  in  the  following  year. 

Pertuis  (per-tiie').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Vaucluse,  France,  situated  near  the  Durance 
29  miles  north  by  east  of  Marseilles.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  4,956. 

Pertuis  Breton  (bre-ton').  A strait  between 
the  mainland  of  France  and  the  lie  de  Re. 

Pertuis  d’Antioche  (don-tyosh').  A strait  be- 
tween the  lie  de  Re  and  the  lie  d’Oh'ron,  west 
of  France. 

Perty  (per'te),  Joseph  Anton  Maximilian. 

Born  at  Ornbau,  Bavaria,  Sept.  17,  1804 : died 
at  Bern,  Aug.  8,  1884.  A German  naturalist, 
professor  at  Bern. 

Pertz  (perts),  Georg  Heinrich.  Born  at  Han- 
nover, March  28,  1795  : died  at  Munich,  Oct.  7, 
1876.  A noted  German  historian,  best  known 
as  the  editor  of  the  “Monumenta  Germanise 
historica”  (1826-74).  He  became  secretary  of 

-fthe  royal  archives  at  Hannover  in  1823. 

Peru  (pe-ro'),  Sp.  Peru  (pa-ro'),  F.  Perou  (pa- 
ro').  [See  Biru.~\  Arepublic  of  South  America. 
Capital,  Lima.  It  is  bounded  by  Ecuador  on  the  north, 
Brazil  and  Bolivia  on  the  east,  Chile  on  the  south,  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  southwest  and  west.  The  western  and 
southern  parts  are  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  three 
principal  chains  or  cordilleras  of  the  Andes;  they  inclose 
several  high  plateaus.  In  the  northeastern  part  are  ex- 
tensive wooded  plains,  which,  with  the  eastern  slopes  and 
valleys  of  the  Andes,  are  drained  by  the  Amazon  and  its 
tributaries.  It  is  extremely  rich  in  mineral  wealth  (gold, 
silver,  etc.),  agricultural  products  (sugar,  cotton,  etc.), 
lumber,  cinchona,  coca,  india-rubber,  wool,  etc.  It  has 
20  departments  and  2 littoral  provinces.  The  executive 
power  in  the  republic  is  vested  in  a president,  the  legis- 
lative in  a congress  composed  of  a senate  and  a house  of 
representatives.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Peruvians 
(of  Spanish  descent)  and  Indians.  The  prevailing  lan- 
guage is  Spanish  ; the  prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catho- 
lic. Civilization  was  considerably  developed  under  the 
Incas  (see  Incas  and  Piruas).  The  country  was  con- 
quered by  the  Spaniards  under  Pizarro  in  1533-34.  Inde- 
pendence was  proclaimed  in  1821 ; and  the  Spanish  viceroy 
was  finally  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Ayacucho  Dec.  9, 1824. 
Peru  has  suffered  from  frequent  revolutions  ; was  at  war 
with  Spain  in  1865-66 ; and  lias  several  times  been  ravaged 
by  earthquakes.  A w-ar  with  Chile  began  in  1879 ; Lima 
was  entered  by  the  Chileans  in  1881,  and  by  the  treaty  of 
1883  Peru  ceded  Tarapaca  to  Chile,  Tacna  and  Arica  to  be 
occupied  by  Chile  until  1893.  (See  Pacific,  War  of  the.) 
Area,  695,733  square  miles.  Population, "about  4,500,000. 

Peru.  A city  in  La  Salle  County,  Illinois,  situ- 
ated on  the  Illinois  River  85  miles  west-south- 
west of  Chicago.  Population,  7,984,  (1910). 

Peru.  A city,  capital  of  Miami  County,  Indi- 
ana, situated  on  the  Wahash  70  miles  north  of 
Indianapolis.  Population,  10,910,  (1910). 

Peru,  Upper  or  Alto.  A common  name,  during 
the  colonial  period,  for  Chareas,  or  the  modern 
Bolivia.  See  Cliarcas. 

Peru, Viceroyalty  of.  The  region  governed  by 
the  viceroys  of  Peru,  who  resided  at  Lima.  The 
conquest  of  Peru  proper  led  to  that  of  Chile,  Cliarcas  (Bo- 
livia), and  Quito  (Ecuador) ; and  Pizarro,  with  his  succes- 
sors the  viceroys,  controlled  those  countries  through  their 
audiences  and  presidents  or  captains-general.  New  Gra- 
nada, Panama,  and  Paraguay  (including  all  the  Platine  re- 
gion) were  later  added  to  Peru  ; so  that,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury and  part  of  the  18th  the  viceroyalty  practically  em- 
braced all  of  Spanish  South  America  and  the  Isthmus ; 
that  is,  the  audience  districts  of  Lima,  Cliarcas,  Buenos 
Ayres,  Santiago  (Chile),  Quito,  Bogotii,  and  Panama.  The 
viceroy  was  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  corresponded  di- 
rectly with  the  Council  of  the  Indies;  he  received  a salary 
of  30,000  ducats,  or  10,000  more  than  the  viceroy  of  Mex- 
ico; had  military  as  well  as  civil  jurisdiction  ; and  was 
president  of  t he  audienoeof  Lima.  Gradually  his  authority 
in  the  outlying  provinces  was  restricted.  In  1718  New 
Granada  was  completely  separated  : Quito,  which  was  at 
first  attached  to  it,  was  restored  to  Peru  in  1739.  The  for- 
mation of  the  viceroyalty  of  La  Plata  (1776)  reduced  Peru 
to  Peru  proper,  Chile,  and  Quito,  the  viceroy  at  Lima  con- 


Pescara,  Marquis  of 

trolling  the  last  two  in  military  and  treasury  matters  only. 
Tills  arrangement  continued  until  the  revolution. 

Perugia  (pa-ro'jii).  1.  A province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Umbria,  Italy.  Area,  3,748 
square  miles.  Population,  about  700,000. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Perugia,  sit- 
uated on  hills  above  the  Tiber  in  lat.  43°  7' 
N.,  long.  12°  23'  E. : the  ancient  Perusia. 
It  contains  a university.  The  cathedral,  a late-Pointed 
church  chiefly  of  the  15th  century,  is  exceedingly  rich 
in  tombs  and  other  sculptured  work,  and  contains  sev- 
eral paintings  of  unusual  excellence,  especially  a De- 
scent from  the  Cross  by  Baroccio  (1569),  and  a Ma- 
donna by  Luca  Signorelli.  The  hexagonal  late-Pointed 
exterior  pulpit,  resting  ou  brackets,  is  among  the  most 
beautiful  of  its  date  : it  is  of  marble,  arcaded,  with  mosaic 
ornament.  The  Cambio,  or  hall  of  the  money-changers, 
built  in  1457,  is  famous  for  the  frescos,  by  Perugino,  which 
cover  its  walls  and  vaults,  and  constitute  the  most  im- 
portant connected  series  of  works  by  that  master.  Other 
objects  of  interest  include  the  Palazzo  Pubblico  (picture- 
gallery),  Fonte  Maggiore,  and  churches  of  San  Pietro  and 
San  Domenico.  Perugia  was  one  of  the  twelve  cities  of 
the  Etruscan  League ; was  reduced  by  Rome  about  300 
B.  c.  ; was  besieged  by  Octavian  in  41  and  taken  in  40  B.  c. ; 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  Totila  in  549  A.  D. ; was  ruled 
by  the  popes  and  by  various  despots ; surrendered  to  Pope 
Julius  II. ; was  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Savoy  in  1708 ; and 
was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1849.  After  the  insurrection 
of  1859  it  was  united  to  Italy  (1860).  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
Umbrian  school  of  painting  in  the  Renaissance.  Popula- 
tion, town,  20,580 ; commune,  61,385. 

Perugia,  Lake  of.  See  Trasimeno,  Lago. 

Perugino  (pa-ro-je'no)  (Pietro  Vannucci). 

Born  at  Citta  della  Pieve,  Umbria,  Italy,  1446: 
died  1524.  A celebrated  Italian  painter  of  the 
Umbrian  school,  called  “II  Perugino”  from  his 
long.residenee  in  Perugia.  His  mastery  of  the  tech- 
nical qualities  of  painting  made  the  training  which  he  gave 
his  pupils  valuable.  His  greatest  distinction,  however,  is 
that  of  having  been  the  master  of  Raphael.  Leading  a 
somewhat  wandering  life,  he  was  called  to  Rome  by  Sixtus 
IV.  to  assist  in  the  decoration  of  the  Sistine  chapel,  and 
is  credited  with  nine  frescos  there.  Perhaps  his  greatest 
work  is  the  decoration  of  the  Sala  del  Cambio  at  Perugia. 
Stillman. 

Perusia.  See  Perugia. 

Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation.  [Sp.  Con- 

feder acton  Peru-Bolimana.’]  A confederation 
formed  by  Santa  Cruz,  who  united  Peru  and 
Bolivia  in  1836.  It  consisted  of  the  three  states  of  Bo- 
livia, North  Peru,  and  South  Peru,  the  capital  being  at 
Lima.  Santa  Cruz  was  protector,  with  dictatorial  powers, 
and  each  state  had  a president  and  congress.  The  con- 
federation was  formally  proclaimed  Oct.  28,  1836,  and  it 
came  to  an  end  with  the  overthrow  of  the  protector  in 

*.Jan.,  1839.  See  Santa  Cruz,  Andres. 

Peruvian  Corporation.  See  Grace  Contract. 

Peruvian  Empire.  See  Inca  Empire. 

Peruvians.  See  Quichuas. 

Peruzzi  (pa-rot'se),  Baldassare.  Born  near 
Siena,  Italy,  1481 : died  about  1536.  An  Italian 
architect  and  painter. 

Peruzzi,  Ubaldino.  Bom  at  Florence,  April 
2,  1822:  died  there,  Sept.  9,  1891.  An  Italian 
politician,  minister  in  the  Tuscan  and  (1861- 
1864)  in  the  Italian  cabinet. 

Pesado  (pa-sa'do),  Jose  Joaquin.  Born  about 
1812:  died  in  1861.  A Mexican  author  and 
publicist,  minister  of  foreign  relations  1846-54. 
He  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  of  the  Mexican  poets, 
and  published  many  biographical  and  political  essays. 

Pesaro  (pa'sa-ro).  A seaport,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Pesaro  e Urbino,  Italy,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Foglia  in  the  Adriatic,  in  lat. 
43°  55'  N.,  long.  12°  54'  B.:  the  ancient  Pisau- 
rum.  It  has  some  manufactures  and  trade,  and  is  es- 
pecially noted  for  its  figs.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Ros- 
sini.  It  became  a Roman  colony  in  184  b.  c.  ; belonged 
later  to  the  Exarchate ; and  afterward  belonged  to  the 
Papal  States.  It  was  a literary  center  in  the  time  of 
Tasso.  Population,  town,  15,021 ; commune,  25,103. 

Pesaro  e Urbino(pa'sa-roaor-be'n6).  [‘Pesaro 
and  Urbino. ’J  A province  in  the  compartimento 
of  the  Marches,  Italy.  Area,  1,118  square  miles. 

^Population,  263,340. 

Pescadores  (pes-ka-do'res).  [Sp.,  ‘Fishers’ 
Islands.’]  1 . A group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Strait  of  Formosa,  west  of  Formosa. — 2.  A 
group  of  small  islands  off  the  coast  of  Peru, 
northwest  of  Callao. — 3.  A small  group  in  the 
Marshall  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean. 

Pescara  (pes-ka'rfi),  or  Aterno  (ii-ter'no).  A 
river  in  central  Italy  which  flows  into  the 
Adriatic  near  the  town  of  Pescara : the  ancient 
Aternus.  Length,  about  90  miles. 

Pescara.  A town  in  the  province  of  Chieti, 
central  Italy,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Pescara  in  the  Adriatic,  8 miles  north- 
northeast  of  Chieti : the  ancient  Aternus. 

Pescara.  The  governor  of  Granada  in  Shell’s 
“The  Apostate.”  It  was  ono  of  Macready’s 
great  parts,  and  also  one  of  the  elder  Booth’s. 

Pescara,  Marquis  of  (Ferdinand  Francesco 
d’ Avalos).  Bom  about.  1490:  died  Nov.  25, 
1525.  An  Italian  general  in  the  service  of  the 


Pescara,  Marquis  of 

emperor  Charles  V. , distinguished  at  the  vic- 
tory of  Pavia  in  1525.  Betrothed  to  Vittoria  Colonna 
at  the  ageof  4 and  married  at  19,  he  succeeded  to  his  father's 
title  in  boyhood,  and  was  destined  to  a brilliant  military 
career.  In  1512  he  was  wounded  and  made  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Ravenna ; in  1515  he  served  in  the  war  in  Lom- 
bardy. He  contributed  largely  to  the  victory  at  Pavia, 
where  King  Francis  I.  was  captured.  Soon  after  he  be- 
trayed to  Charles  V.  a plot  formed  by  Francesco  Sforza, 
duke  of  Milan,  and  others  for  driving  the  Spaniards  and 
Germans  out  of  Italy.  He  had,  apparently,  joined  the 
conspiracy  for  this  purpose. 

Peschel  (pesh'el),  Oskar.  Born  at  Dresden, 
March  17,  1826:  died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  31, 1875. 
A German  geographer  and  historian.  He  was 
editor  of  “ Ausland  " 1854-71,  and  in  the  latter  year  be- 
came professor  of  geography  at  the  University  of  Leip- 
sic. His  works  include  “Geschiclite  des  Zeitalters  der 
Entdeckungen  " (1858:  2d  ed.  1877),  “ Geschichte  der 
Erdkunde  " (1865  and  1877),  “ Volkerkunde  " (1874),  and 
“ Abhandlungen  zur  Erd-  und  Volkerkunde”  (3  vols. 
1877-79). 

Peschiera  (pes-ke-a'ra).  A fortified  town  in  the 
province  of  Verona,  Italy,  situated  at  the  exit 
of  the  Mincio  from  Lake  Garda,  15  miles  west 
of  Verona.  It  is  famous  as  one  of  the  fortresses  of  the 
Austrian  “Quadrilateral";  was  taken  by  the  Sardinians  in 
May,  1848,  and  restored  in  Aug.  ; and  was  ceded  to  Italy 
in  1866.  Population,  commune,  2,351. 

Pescia  (pesh'a).  A cathedral  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lucca,  Italy,  29  miles  west  by  north  of 
Florence.  Population,  commune,  17,517. 
Pescina  (pe-she'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Aquila,  central  Italy,  27  miles  south-south- 
east of  Aquila.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Maza- 
rin.  Population,  commune,  9,758. 

Peshawar,  or  Peshawur  (pe-shou'ur).  1.  A 
district  in  the  North-West  Frontier  Province, 
British  India,  situated  in  the  northwestern  ex- 
tremity of  the  country,  intersected  by  lat.  34° 
N.,  long.  72°  E.  Area,  2,611  square  miles. 
Population,  788,707. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Peshawar,  situated  about  lat.  34°  N., 
long.  71°  35'  E.  it  is  an  important  strategic  point, 
near  the  Khyber  Pass,  on  the  route  from  India  to  Kabul. 
Population,  including  cantonment,  95,147. 

Peshito  (pe-she'to),  or  Peshitto.  [Lit.  ‘sim- 
ple ’ or  ‘ true.’]  A Syriac  translation  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments,  it  is  supposed  to  have 
been  made  by  Christians  in  the  2d  century,  and  possesses 
high  authority.  The  Old  Testament  is  translated  directly 
from  the  Hebrew.  2 Peter,  2 and  3 John,  Jude,  and  Rev- 
elation are  wanting. 

Pessi  (pes'si).  A small  tribe  of  Liberia,  west- 
ern Africa,  back  of  Monrovia.  They  used  to  tattoo 
their  faces  and  file  their  teeth,  and  are  said  to  have  prac- 
tised cannibalism. 

Pessinus,  or  Pesinus  (pes'i-nus).  [Gr.  Ucooi- 
vovg.]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  Galatia, 
Asia  Minor,  situated  near  the  river  Sangarius 
80  miles  west-southwest  of  the  modern  Angora. 
It  was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Cybele.  Remains  of  a 
theater  and  hippodrome  (the  latter  1,115  feet  long)  have 
been  discovered  near  the  modern  Bala-Hissar. 

Pestalozzi  (pes-ta-lot'se),  Johann  Heinrich. 

Bom  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Jan.  12, 1746:  died 
at  Brugg,  Switzerland,  Feb.  17, 1827.  A Swiss 
educator  and  writer,  celebrated  for  his  reforms 
in  the  methods  of  education.  He  studied  theol- 
ogy and  then  jurisprudence  at  Zurich.  Subsequently  he 
turned  his  attention  to  agriculture.  He  had  already  de- 
termined to  devote  himself  to  the  education  of  the  people, 
and  had  established  in  1775,  on  his  estate  Neuhof,  a poor- 
school  which  was  intended  to  draw  its  support  from  popu- 
lar subscription.  He  was  obliged,  however,  to  give  this 
up  in  1780.  The  first  account  of  his  method  of  instruc- 
tion was  published  at  this  time  in  Iselin’s  “Ephemeriden" 
with  the  title  “ Abendstunden  einesEinsiedlers"  (“Even- 
ing Hours  of  a Hermit”).  His  principal  literary  work  is 
the  didactic  novel  “ Lieuhardt  uud  Gertrud,  ein  Buell  fur 
das  Volk"  (“Lienhardt  aud  Gertrude:  a Book  for  the 
People  "),  which  was  written  between  1781  and  1785.  In 
1798,  with  government  support,  he  founded  an  educational 
institution  for  poor  children  at  Stanz,  which  was,  how- 
ever, given  up  the  year  after.  He  now  took  charge  of  a 
school  at  Burgdorf,  which  was  removed  in  1804  to  Miin- 
ehenbuehsee,  and  the  following  year  to  Yverdon,  where 
it  continued  to  exist  until  1825,  when,  notwithstanding  the 
renown  that  his  pedagogical  system  had  acquired,  the  en- 
terprise was  finally  abandoned.  His  collected  works  were 
published  at  Brandenburg,  1869-72,  in  16  volumes.  They 
include  “Wie Gertrud  ihre  Kinder  lehrt”(“How  Gertrude 
Teaches  her  Children,"  1801),  memoirs  of  Burgdorf  and 
YverdOn,  “Meine  Lebensschicksale”  (1826),  etc. 

Pesth.  See  Budapest. 

Petau  (pe-to'),  Denis,  Latinized  Petavius. 
Born  at  Orleans,  France,  Aug.  21, 1583 : died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  11,  1652.  A French  chronologist, 
antiquary,  and  Roman  Catholic  theologian. 
Among  his  chronological  works  are  “Opus  de  doetrina 
temporum  "(1627),“Tabulaj  chronologicae  " (1628),  “ Urano- 
logiura  ” (1630),  “ Rationarium  temporum”  (1633-34).  He 
also  wrote  “ He  theologicis  dogmatibus"  (1644-50),  etc. 

Petch,  or  Pe6,  or  Petsh.  See  I pel;. 
Petchenegs  (pech-e-negz').  A nomadic  peo- 
ple, of  Turkish  stock,  who  established  a state 
between  the  Don  and  the  Danube,  which  pos- 
sessed considerable  power  from  the  9th  to  the 
11th  century.  It  disappeared  in  the  13th  cen- 


798 

tury.  One  branch  of  the  Petchenegs  was 
merged  with  the  Magyars. 

Petchili,  orPe-chi-li,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the 

Yellow  Sea,  situated  east  of  China.  The  river 
Hwang-ho  empties  into  it  near  its  southern 
boundary.  Length  (including  the  Gulf  of 
Liautung),  about  290  miles. 

Petchili,  or  Pe-chi-li,  Strait  of.  A sea  passage 
connecting  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li  with  the  Yellow 
Sea.  and  separating  the  province  of  Shing-king 
on  the  north  from  that  of  Shan-tungon  the  south. 

Petchora  (pech-6'ra).  A river  in  northeastern 
Russia  which  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  about 
lat.  68°  N.,  long.  54°  E.  Length,  about  1,000 
miles. 

Peteguares.  See  Potiguaras. 

Peten  (pa-ten'),  or  Itza  (et-za,').  A lake  in  the 
northern  part  of  Guatemala ; also,  an  island  in 
the  lake. 

Peter  (pe'ter)  (originally  Simon).  [D.  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  Peter,  F.  Pierre,  OF.  Pier,  Piers,  (whence 
ME.  Piers,  mod.  Pierce,  Peirce,  Pearce,  Pears), 
Sp.  Pg.  Pedro,  It.  Pietro,  Piero,  from  L.  Petrus, 
from  Gr.  Iltrpof,  translating  Heb.  Cephas,  a 
stone.]  One  of  the  twelve  apostles.  He  was 
originally  a fisherman ; became  one  of  the  three  most 
favored  disciples  of  Christ ; and  was  the  most  prominent 
leader  of  the  church  after  the  ascension.  He  was  im- 
prisoned by  Herod  in  44  ; contended  with  Paul  at  Antioch 
touching  the  proper  policy  to  be  observed  toward  the  Gen- 
tiles ; and  according  to  tradition  was  the  founder  of  the 
church  at  Rome  and  a martyr  there  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  two  epistles  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment. Peter  is  claimed  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  as 
its  first  bishop  or  pope.  His  death  is  celebrated  with  that 
of  St.  Paul  on  the  29th  of  June  in  the  Eastern,  Roman, 
and  Anglican  churches.  This  is  the  most  ancient  of  the 
festivals  of  the  apostles,  dating  from  the  3d  century. 

Peter  (Portuguese  and  Spanish  kings).  See 
Pedro. 

Peter  I.  Alexeievitch,  surnamed  “ The  Great.” 
Born  at  Moscow,  June  9 (N.  S.),  1672:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  8 (N.  S.),  1725.  Czar  of 
Russia,  son  of  Alexis.  He  reigned  conjointly  with  his 
half-brother  Ivan  from  1682,  and  alone  from  1696.  Hefreed 
himself  from  the  regency  of  his  sister  Sophia  in  1689  ; cap- 
tured Azoff  from  the  Turks  in  1696;  traveled  in  Germany, 
the  Netherlands,  England,  and  Austria  1696-97 ; put  down 
a rebellion  of  the  Strelitzi  in  1698 ; and  took  part  in  the 
Northern  War  (which  see)  1700-21,  in  the  course  of  which 
he  was  defeated  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  at  Narva  in 
1700,  and  defeated  him  in  turn  at  Pultowa  in  1709.  He  was 
forced  by  the  Turks  (who  had  taken  up  arms  at  the  in- 
stance of  Charles)  to  restore  Azoff  by  the  treaty  of  Pruth 
in  1711.  In  1721  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Nystadt  with 
Sweden,  by  which  he  obtained  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Inger- 
manland,  and  part  of  Karelia.  He  founded  St.  Petersburg 
in  1703  ; imprisoned  his  son  Alexis  (see  Alexis)  for  treason 
in  1718 ; and  carried  on  a successful  war  against  Persia 
1722-23.  He  introduced  Western  civilization  into  Prussia, 
which  he  made  one  of  the  great  powers  of  Europe. 

Peter  II.  Alexeievitch.  Born  Oct.  23,  1715: 
died  1730.  Czar  of  Russia  1727-30,  son  of  Alexis 
and  grandson  of  Peter  the  Great. 

Peter  III.  Feodorovitch  (properly  Karl  Peter 
Ulrich).  Born  at  Kiel,  Holstein,  Feb.  21, 1728 : 
assassinated  at  Ropsha,  Russia,  July  17,  1762. 
Czar  of  Russia,  son  of  Charles  Frederick,  duke 
of  Holstein,  and  Anna  (daughter  of  Peter  the 
Great).  He  was  appointed  heir  in  1742;  married  Cath- 
arine (later  empress)  in  1745 ; and  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  Jan.,  1762.  He  immediately  made  peace  with  Frederick 
the  Great,  with  whom  his  predecessor  had  been  at  war 
since  1757.  (See  Seven  Years’  War.)  He  was  murdered 
after  a few  months’reign,  and  li is  wife,  who  was  an  ac- 
complice in  his  murder,  was  placed  on  the  throne. 

Peter  Bell.  A poetical  tale  by  William  Words- 
worth, published  in  1819. 

Peter  Bell  the  Third.  A burlesque  poem  by 
Shelley. 

Peter  of  Blois,  or  Petrus  Blesensis.  Bora  at 
Blois,  France : died  about  1200.  A French  ec- 
clesiastic and  scholar  who  settled  in  England 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 

Peter  of  Bruis  (or  Bruys).  Burned  as  a heretic 
about  1126.  A French  reforming  enthusiast,  a 
pupil  of  Abelard.  He  sought  to  restore  the  church  to 
its  original  purity  by  abolishing  infant  baptism,  the  mass, 
and  other  observances. 

Peter  the  Hermit,  or  Peter  of  Amiens.  Born 
about  1050:  died  at  Huy,  Belgium,  July  11, 1115. 
A hermit  and  monk,  one  of  the  leading  preachers 
of  the  first  Crusade.  He  led  the  advance  divi- 
sion of  the  first  Crusade  as  far  as  Asia  Minor 
in  1096. 

Peterborough  (pe'ter-bur-o).  A city  in  the 
counties  of  Northampton  and  Huntingdon,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Nen  75  miles  north  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  a railway  and  trading  center.  A Benedictine 
abbey  was  founded  here  in  655.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the 
most  important  of  English  Norman  churches,  was  begun 
early  in  the  12th  century  and  finished  before  the  13th,  ex- 
cept the  interpolated  Decorated  windows,  the  Perpendicu- 
lar retrochoir,  the  13th-century  northwest  tower,  the  fine 
central  tower  of  the  14th,  and  tile  famous  west  front  of 
the  13th.  The  west  front  consists  of  3 grand  gabled  arches 


Peters,  Wilhelm  Karl  Hartwig 

of  equal  height,  the  central  one  much  the  narrowest,  be. 
tween  two  small  arcaded  and  pinnacled  towers.  The  span, 
drels  are  filled  with  rosettes  and  statues  in  niches,  and 
above  the  arches  is  carried  a range  of  arcades  with  statues. 
Each  gable  contains  a small  wheel.  This  splendid  front 
forms  in  fact  an  open  screen  before  the  actual  front  of  the 
cathedral : it  is  marred  by  a low  Perpendicular  porch  in- 
serted in  the  opening  of  the  central  arch.  The  interior  is 
light  and  effective.  The  ceiling  of  the  nave,  though  of 
the  12th  century,  is  of  wood ; that  of  the  choir  is  Perpen- 
dicular. The  clievet  of  the  church  was  originally  of  ap- 
sidal  form,  and  this  can  still  be  traced  in  the  later  retro- 
choir.  The  dimensions  are  471  by  81  feet ; length  of  east 
transepts,  202  ; height  of  vaulting,  81.  Population,  30,872. 

Peterborough.  The  capital  of  Peterborough 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the 
Otonabec  69  miles  northeast  of  Toronto.  Pop- 
ulation, 18,360,  (1911). 

Peterborough  and  Monmouth,  Earl  of.  See 

Mor daunt,  Charles. 

Peterhead  (pe-ter-hed').  A seaport  in  Aber- 
deenshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  North  Sea 
28  miles  north-northeast  of  Aberdeen,  it  is 
largely  engaged  in  the  herring  and  other  fisheries.  Popu- 
lation, 11,703. 

Peterhof  (pa'ter-hof).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Finland  about  15  miles  west  of  St. 
Petersburg.  Near  it  is  the  imperial  palace,  built  by 
Peter  the  Great,  of  high  interest  from  the  great  quantity 
of  works  of  art  of  all  kinds  and  of  historical  relics  which 
are  collected  in  it,  as  well  as  for  the  beautiful  gardens 
with  their  fountains  and  statues,  and  the  connected  im- 
perial pleasure-houses.  Population,  about  11,000. 

Peterhouse.  See  St.  Peter’s  College. 

Peter  Lombard.  See  Lombard. 

Peterloo  Massacre.  [Formed  in  imitation  of 
Waterloo .]  A riot  at  St.  Peter’s  Field,  Man- 
chester, England,  Aug.  16,  1819.  A large  assem- 
bly, mainly  of  the  laboring  classes,  had  met  in  behalf  of 
reform,  under  the  leadership  of  Hunt.  The  assembly  was 
charged  by  the  military,  and  many  were  killed  and 
wounded. 

Petermann  (pa'ter-man),  August.  Born  at 
Bleieherode,  Prussia,  April  18, 1822:  committed 
suicide  at  Gotha,  Sept.  25,  1878.  A noted  Ger- 
man geographer.  He  went  to  Great  Britain  in  1845; 
took  charge  of  the  Geographical  Institute  (founded  by 
Perthes)  at  Gotha  in  1854  ; and  encouraged  geographical 
explorations  in  Africa,  the  polar  regions,  and  elsewhere. 
He  founded  and  conducted  Petermann’s  “Mitteilungen" 
(“Communications")  after  1855,  and  contributed  to  the 
atlases  of  Stieler,  etc. 

Peter  Martyr.  See  Martyr. 

Peters  (pa'ters),  Christian  August  Friedrich. 
Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  7,  1806 : died  at  Kiel, 
Prussia,  May  8, 1880.  A noted  German  astron- 
omer, appointed  professor  of  astronomy  at  Ko- 
nigsberg  in  1849,  and  director  of  the  observatory 
at  Altona  (removed  in  1872  to  Kiel)  in  1854.  He 
edited  “ Astronomische  Nachrichten.” 

Peters,  Christian  Henry  Frederick.  Born 
at  Koldeuhiittel,  near  Eiderstedt,  Schleswig, 
Sept.  19,  1813:  died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  July  18, 

1890.  A German- American  astronomer,  director 
of  the  observatory  at  Hamilton  College,  New 
York,  from  1858.  He  discovered  over  40  as- 
teroids. He  published  “Celestial  Charts”  (1882- 
1888),  etc. 

Peters  (pe'tevz),  or  Peter  (pe'ter),  Hugh.  Born 
in  Cornwall,  England  (baptized  June  29, 1598)  : 
hanged  at  Charing  Cross,  Oct.  16, 1660.  An  Eng- 
lish Puritan  clergyman.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge 
(Trinity  CoUege)  in  1617-18.  In  Oct.,  1635,  he  emigrated  to 
Boston,  and  in  1636  became  minister  to  the  First  Church, 
Salem,  Massachusetts.  In  1641  he  was  the  agent  of  the 
colony  in  England,  and  later  filled  important  offices  in  Eng- 
land under  Cromwell.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  impris- 
oned in  the  Tower  and  tried  and  convicted  as  an  accom- 
plice in  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  Oct.  13,  1660. 

Peters  (pa'ters),  Karl.  Born  at  Neuhaus,  Han- 
nover, 1856.  An  African  explorer  and  adminis- 
trator. He  founded  the  German  Colonization  Society  ; 
in  1884  acquired  in  East  Africa  large  tracts  of  land  and  ob- 
tained for  them  an  imperial  protectorate ; as  head  of  the 
German  East  Africa  Company  extended  its  possessions  and 
organized  its  stations ; brought  about  a colonial  congress 
at  Berlin  in  1886 ; and  returned  to  East  Africa  in  1887.  He 
made  further  explorations  in  1889-90  and  1891-93,  and  was 
made  imperial  commissioner  for  German  East  Africa  in 

1891.  He  fought  his  way  through  Masailand  with  reck- 
less bloodshed,  and  tried  to  place  Uganda  under  German 
protection.  For  his  cruelty  he  was  court-martialed  in 
1897  and  dismissed  from  the  German  service. 

Peters  (pe'ttrz),  Samuel.  Born  at  Hebron, 
Conn.,  Dec.  12,  1735:  died  at  New  York,  April 
19,  1826.  An  American  Episcopal  clergyman, 
a grand-nephew  of  Hugh  Peters.  He  wrote  a satire 
entitled  "General  History  of  Connecticut  "(1781),  contain- 
ing the  so-called  “ Blue  Laws  ” (invented  by  him). 

Peters  (pa'ters),  Wilhelm  Karl  Hartwig. 

Born  at  Koldenbiittel,  near  Eiderstedt,  Schles- 
wig, April  22,  1815 : died  at  Berlin,  April  20, 
1883.  A German  naturalist  and  traveler,  brother 
of  C.  H.  F.  Peters.  He  explored  Mozambique 
1843-47,  and  published  “Naturwissensehaft- 
liche  Reise  nach  Mozambique”  (1852-82). 


Petersburg 


799 


Petty,  Sir  William 


Petersburg.  See  St.  Petersburg r. 

Petersburg  (pe'terz-berg).  An  independent 
city  (formerly  in  Dinwiddie  County),  Virginia, 
situated  on  the  Appomattox,  at  the  head  of 
steam  navigation,  23  miles  south  of  Richmond. 
It  is  the  fifth  city  in  the  State ; has  important  trade  in 
tobacco,  cotton,  flour,  grain,  etc.  ; and  has  manufactures 
of  tobacco,  cotton,  etc.  It  was  incorporated  in  1748.  It 
was  besieged  by  the  Federals  under  Grant  1864-65.  After 
some  unsuccessful  attempts  to  seize  it,  the  siege  com- 
menced June  19,  1864.  Final  operations  began  March  25, 
1865 ; and  after  the  battle  of  Five  Forks  (March  31  and 
April  1)  it  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates  April  2-3, 
and  surrendered  April  3.  Population,  24,127,  (1910). 

Peter  Schlemihl  (pa 'ter  shla'mel).  “The 
Story  of  a Man  Without  a Shadow,”  a romance 
by  Chamisso,  published  in  1814. 

Chamisso’s  “ Peter  Schlemihl  ”...  is  a faultless  work 
of  art,  and  one  of  deep  import.  There,  (oo,  a popular  su- 
perstition forms  the  leading  motive,  namely,  the  idea  that 
a man  might  lose  his  shadow,  the  devil  carryingitoff  when 
he  could  not  get  the  man  himself  into  his  power.  This 
tale  deserves  its  universal  renown.  The  poet  has  made 
the  hero  a symbolical  portrait  of  himself.  “Schlemihl” 
means  an  unlucky  wight,  and  Chamisso  has  attributed  to 
this  poor  devil  the  same  incapacity  of  coping  with  the 
world  which  in  his  own  case  had  disposed  him  to  solitude, 
to  intercourse  with  nature  and  with  children  of  nature. 

Scherer,  Hist.  German  Lit.,  p.  296. 

Petersen  (pa'ter-sen),  Clemens.  Born  in  Den- 
mark, 1834.  A Danish- American  miscellaneous 
writer. 


Peto  (pe'to).  An  associate  of  Falstaff  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “ Henry  IV.,”  first  and  second  parts. 
Petofi  (pe'te-fi),  Sandor  (Alexander).  Born 
in  Little  Cumania,  Hungary,  Dec.  31,  1823: 
killed  probably  in  the  battle  of  Schassburg, 
J uly  31,  1849.  The  greatest  lyric  poet  of  Hun- 
gary. He  played  an  important  part  at  the  outbreak  of 
t he  Hungarian  revolution  in  Pest,  and  throughout  the  war 
his  patriotic  songs  made  him  a national  hero.  He  was 
last  seen  on  the  battle-field  of  Schassburg,  and  for  many 
years  it  was  popularly  believed  that  he  survived  as  a 
prisoner  in  Siberia. 

Petra  (pe'tra).  [Gr.  Tlfrpa,  rock.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  Arabia  Petrosa,  situated  in 
lat.  30°  19'  N.,  long.  35°  31'  E.  The  site  was  early 
occupied  on  account  of  its  proximity  to  the  commercial 
route  between  Arabia  and  Egypt.  From  the  2d  century 
B.  c.  it  was  a stronghold  of  the  Nabatieans.  The  site  con- 
sists of  a precipice  inclosed  valley  on  the  northeastern  side 
of  MountHor.  The  sandstonerocksarebriiliantly  colored 
in  many  different  hues,  and  are  fantastically  worn  by  the 
action  of  water.  Petra  is  famous  for  its  rock-cut  architec- 
tural rema  ns,  dating  from  after  the  establishment  of  Ro- 
man rule  in  105  A.  i>.  These  remains  have  been  looked 
upon  by  many  as  those  of  temples  and  palaces,  but  are 
merely  the  facades,  many  of  them  considerable  in  scale 
and  elaborate  in  ornament,  of  rock-tombs.  All  lack  purity 
in  design,  and  most  precision  in  execution  : but  some  are 
picturesque  and  graceful,  bringing  to  mind  the  architec- 
tural ornament  of  Pompeian  wall-paintings ; and  they  gain 
in  effectiveness  by  their  situation  and  by  the  marvelous 
coloring  of  the  rock.  The  buildings  of  the  town  are  very 
ruinous,  except  the  rock-cut  theater. 


Petersen,  Niels  Matthias.  Born  in  Ffinen,  Petrarch  (pe'trark),  It.  Petrarca,  (pa-trar'ka), 

rva  I - I l/if  04  1 701  • nin/4  nr  ( 'nvwvvil,  n <Yirvv>  « r-.  . . r , . -r  . ..  ’ 


Denmark,  Oct.  24,  1791:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
May  11, 1862.  A Danish  historian  and  philolo- 
gist. His  works  include  a “History  of  the  Danish,  Nor- 
wegian, and  Swedish  Languages”  (1829-30),  “Contribution 
to  the  History  of  Danish  Literature  ” (2d  ed.  1867-71),  etc. 

Petersfield  (pe'terz-feld).  A town  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  16  miles  north  of  Portsmouth.' 
Population,  parish,  3,265. 

Petersham  (pe'terz-ham).  A town  in  Worces- 
ter County,  Massachusetts,  26  miles  northwest 
of  Worcester.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  final  engage- 
ment in  Shays’s  rebellion,  in  which  the  insurgents  under 
Shays  were  dispersed  by  the  State  troops  under  Lincoln, 
Feb.,  1787.  Population,  757,  (1910). 

Peter  the  Great  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Sea  of 
Japan,  south  of  the  Maritime  Province,  Siberia. 

Peterwardein  (pa'ter-var-din),  Hung.  Peter- 
V&rad  (pa-ter-va'rod).  A town  in  Slavonia, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube,  opposite 
Neusatz,  44  miles  northwest  of  Belgrad.  it  is 

one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  of  the  Austrian  empire,  and 
has  been  called  “the  Gibraltar  of  Hungary.”  It  was 
wrested  from  the  Turks  by  the  Imperialists  in  1688.  In  a 
battle  fought  near  it,  Aug.  5,  1716,  the  Imperialists  under 
Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  defeated  the  Turks  under  the  grand 
vizir  Damad  Ali.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Hungarian  in- 
surgents in  1848,  and  surrendered  to  the  Austrians  on 
Sept  6,  1849.  Population,  5,019. 

Petion  (pa-tyoh'),  Alexandre  Sabes.  Born  at 
Port-au-Prince,  April  2,  1770 : died  there,  March 
29,  1818.  A Haitian  general  and  politician. 
He  was  a light  mulatto  and  an  educated  man  ; was  com- 
mandant of  artillery  under  Toussaint  Louverture  and 
Rigaud  ; followed  the  latter  to  France  in  1800;  and  was 
attached  to  Leclerc’s  expedition  1801-02.  In  1832  he  joined 
the  revolt  of  those  who  feared  that  slavery  was  to  be  re- 
established, served  under  Dessalines,  and  after  his  death 


became  president  of  Haiti  (March  10,  1S07).  Christoplie 
had  already  revolted  in  the  north,  and  the  French  portion 
of  the  island  was  thus  divided  into  two  parts,  between 

which  there  was  almost  constant  war  for  many  years.  P£-  rffu„  T’nrrlic'li 

tion,  by  reelection,  continued  to  rule  the  southern  part  L GcTtirCll;  1 ill  XiugllSH 

until  Viio  douth  Vint  luicirlna  tlm  limp  mitli  ( 'liriotnnli/i  tl»o»./,  . fflHDII  V A Ssl  I*  T,]llllT'S  Sslfllb 


Francesco.  Born  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  July  20, 
1304 : died  at  Arqua,  near  Padua,  July  18  (19?), 
1374.  A celebrated  Italian  poet,  one  of  the 
chief  names  in  Italian  literature.  His  father  be- 
longed to  the  party  of  the  Bianchi,  and  was  banished  at 
the  same  time  as  Dante : Petrarch  remembered  seeing  the 
latter  in  his  childhood.  The  family  went  to  Avignon  in 
1313,  and  when  about  fourteen  years  old  Petrarch  went  to 
Montpellierto  pursue  his  studies:  he  remained  there  until 
he  waseighteen.  1 n 1527  he  first  saw  the  Laura  of  his  son- 
nets. There  have  been  many  theories  as  to  her  identity : 
that  generally  received  is  that  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Audibert  de  Noves,  who  married  Hugues  de  Sade  in  1325, 
and  became  the  mother  of  eleven  children.  This,  however, 
has  been  disputed.  Petrarch’s  homage  was  conventional, 
and  personal  relations  are  not  supposed  to  have  existed 
between  the  wife  of  De  Sade  and  the  poet.  He  received 
a canonry  at  Lombez,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  in  1335 ; 
in  1337  he  bought  the  little  house  at  Vaucluse,  near  Avi- 
gnon, to  which  he  retired,  and  where  he  did  most  of  his 
best  work  ; and  in  1340  he  was  called  on  the  same  day  both 
to  Rome  and  to  Paris  to  be  crowned  as  poet  laureate.  He 
received  the  laurel  crown  at  Rome  April  8,  1341.  In  1347 
he  built  a house  at  Parma,  but  resided  partly  at  Vaucluse 
until  1353,  when  he  settled  in  Milan.  He  was  patron- 
ized by  nobles  and  ecclesiastics,  and  employed  on  various 
diplomatic  missions,  principally  by  the  Visconti,  whom  he 
represented  at  the  court  of  King  John  of  France,  conduct- 
ing the  marriage  of  a young  Visconti  with  the  daughter  of 
the  king.  In  1362  he  removed  to  Padua,  where  he  had 
held  a canonry  since  1347,  and  to  Venice,  in  the  same  year, 
where  he  saw  Boccaccio  for  the  last  time,  having  first  met 
him  in  1350  at  Florence.  He  went  to  Arquh  in  1370,  where 
he  died.  His  chief  works  are,  in  Italian,  the  “Rime”  or 
“Canzoniere,”  comprising  sonnets  and  odes  in  honor  of 
Laura,  and  the  allegorical  “ Trionfl  ” (“  Triumphs  ”),  his  last 
work;  in  Latin,  the  treatises  “De  contemptu  mundi,” ad- 
dressed to  Saint  Augustine,  “De  vita  solitaria,”  “De  viris 
illustribus ” (biographies),  “De  vera  sapientia,”  “De  olio 
religiosorum,"  “ Africa,” an  epic  poem  on  Scipio  Africanus, 
etc.  His  letters  and  orations  are  numerous,  and  he  wrote 
a number  of  controversial  and  polemical  treatises.  The 
“Canzoniere”  was  edited  by  Marsand  and  by  Leopardi.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  De  Sade,  Korting,  Bartoli,  etc. 


_ _ _ A name  sometimes 

until  his  death,  but  besides  the  war  withChristophethere^given  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
were  many  internal  dissensions.  Petrie  (pd'tre),  W.  M.  Flinders.  Born  June 

Fetdon  de  Vllleneuve  (pa-tyon'dfe  vel-nev'),  3;  1853.  An  English  Egyptologist.  He  was  edu- 


Jerome.  Born  at  Chartres,  France,  1753 : com- 
mitted suicide  near  Bordeaux,  June,  1794.  A 
French  revolutionist.  He  was  chosen  to  the  third 
estate  of  the  States-General  in  1789 ; was  one  of  the  leaders 
in  the  Constituent  Assembly,  and  its  president  in  1790 ; was 
commissioner  to  Varennes  in  1791;  was  mayor  of  Paris 
1791-92 : and  was  Girondist  deputy  to  the  Convention  1792- 
1793.  He  was  proscribed  in  June,  1793,  but  escaped  to  the 
south. 

Petit  Andre  (pe-te'ton-dra').  [F.,  ‘Little  An- 
drew.’] An  executioner  of  Louis  XI.,  intro- 
duced as  a character  in  the  novel  “Quentin 
Durxvard”  hv  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Petition  of  Right.  An  act  of  Parliament  passed 
in  1628:  one  of  the  chief  documents  of  the  Eng- 
lish constitution.  It  provided  that  “no  freeman  be 
required  to  give  any  gift,  loan,  benevolence,  or  tax  with- 
out common  consent  by  Act  of  Parliament ; that  no  free- 


cated  privately.  From  1874  to  1880  he  was  employed  sur- 
veying ancient  British  earthworks  ; 1881  and  1882  he  spent 
in  surveying  the  pyramids  and  temples  of  Gizeli.  He  re- 
turned to  Egypt  in  1884,  as  explorer  to  the  Egypt  Explora- 
tion Fund.  He  went  twice  again  in  the  same  capacity, 
each  time  making  important  discoveries,  exploring  the 
sites  of  Defenneh,  Naucratis,  etc. , and  bringing  back  plans 
and  illustrations,  all  of  which,  witli  his  memoirs  and  reports 
on  the  subject,  have  been  published  by  the  committee. 
In  1887-89  he  explored  in  the  Fayum  (not  for  the  Explora- 
tion Fund),  and  later  explored  with  valuable  results  both 
for  the  Egyptian  and  Palestine  Exploration  Funds.  He 
has  published  “Stonehenge,  etc.”  (1880),  “ Pyramids  and 
Temples  of  Ghizeh”  (1883),  “Historical  Scarabs,”  “His- 
torical Data  of  the  XI.  Dynasty,”  and  other  monographs 
(1888),  “Hawara,  Biahmu,  and  Arsinoe,  etc."  (1889),  “Sur- 
veys of  the  Pyamid  of  Hawara,  etc.”  (1890),  “Ten  Years’ 
Digging  in  Egypt,  1881-1891”  (1892),  etc.;  and  contributed 
the  article  “Weights  and  Measures”  to  the  9th  edition  of 
the  “Encyclopaedia  Britannica.” 


man  be  imprisoned  or  detained  contrary  to  the  law  of  the  PetrikaU.  See  PiotrlcOW. 

land;  that  soldiers  or  mariners  be  not  billeted  in  private  at  (no  ' trn  31  olr  can' 

houses;  and  that  commissions  to  punish  soldiers  and  sail-  * etrO  AiexanarOVSK  (P°  tro  - al  - eK  - San  - 
ors  by  martial  law  lie  revoked  and  no  more  issued  ’’  (Ac-  drovsk).  A military  Station  in  the  territory  of 
land  and  iiammne,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  88).  Amu-Daria,  Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  on 

Petit  Nesle  (p6-te'  nal).  A smaller  residence  the  Amu-Daria  about  30  miles  east  of  Khiva. 


ower 
low 
ancient 


attached  to  the  Grand  Nesle,  or  Tour  de  Nesle,  Petronell  (pe-tro-uel').  A village  in  Lot 
in  Paris.  They  stood  where  the  Institute  now  stands,  op-  Austria,  situated  on  the  Danube  23  miles  be] 

fw  “fd'e  l’.nitdes  Arts.  Vienna.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  anci 
Both  were  inhabited  by  the  royal  family  at  various  times,  , , 
and  numerous  crimes  were  said  to  have  been  committed  Larnuntum. 

there.  Cellini  had  his  studio  in  the  Petit  Nesle.  PetroniuS  Arbiter  (pe-tro'ni -us  ar'bi-ter). 

Petit-Thouars,  Du.  See  Dupetit-Thouars.  Died  probably  about  66  A.  d.  A Roman  author, 


often  identified  with  a certain  Caius  Petronius 
mentioned  by  Tacitus.  The  original  title  of 
his  work  (see  the  extract)  was  “ Satirte.” 

To  Nero’s  time  belongs  also  the  character-novel  of  Pe- 
tronius Arbiter,  no  doubt  the  same  Petronius  whom  Nero 
a.  66  compelled  to  kill  himself.  Originally  a large  work 
in  at  least  20  books,  with  accounts  of  var  ious  adventures 
supposed  to  have  taken  plate  during  a journey,  it  now 
consists  of  a heap  of  fragments,  the  most  considerable  of 
which  is  the  “cenaTrimalchionis,”  being  the  description  of 
a feast  given  by  a rich  and  uneducated  upstart.  Though 
steeped  in  obscenity,  this  novel  is  not  only  highly  impor- 
tant for  the  history  of  manners  and  language,  especially 
the  plebeian  speech,  but  it  is  also  a work  of  art  in  its 
way,  full  of  spirit,  fine  insight  into  human  nature,  wit  of 
a high  order,  and  genial  humour.  In  its  form  it  is  a satira 
Menippea,  in  which  the  metrical  pieces  interspersed  con- 
tain chiefly  parodies  of  certain  fashions  of  taste  This  ap- 
plies especially  to  the  larger  carmina,“Troi;e  halosis”  and 
“Bellum  civile.” 

Tcuffel  and  Schwabc,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.,  II.  84. 

Petronius  Maximus  (mak'si-mus).  A Roman 

emperov  in  455.  He  was  a member  of  the  higher  Ro- 
man  nobility.  He  placed  h inself  at  the  iiead  of  a band  of 
disaffected  persons,  killed  the  emperor  Valentinian  III., 
seized  the  throne  (455),  and  forced  Eudoxia,  Valentinian ’s 
widow,  to  marry  him  (ids  own  wife  having  in  the  mean- 
time died).  Eudoxia,  however,  appealed  to  Genseric,  king 
of  the  Vandals,  who  pillaged  Rome.  Petronius  Maximus 
was  killed  by  a band  of  Burgundian  mercenaries  as  he 
was  fleeing  from  his  capital. 

Petropavlovsk  (pe-tro-pav-lovsk' ).  A town  in 
the  government  of  Akmolinsk,  West  Siberia, 
situated  on  the  Ishim  about  180  miles  west  of 
Omsk.  Population,  19,688. 

Petropavlovsk,  or  Petropaulovski  (pe-tro- 
pou-lov'ske).  A seaport  in  Kamchatka,  Si- 
beria, situated  on  the  Sea  of  Kamchatka  iu  lat. 
52°  58'  N.,  long.  158°  44'  E.  It  is  of  little  importance 
since  its  occupation  by  the  English  and  French  in  1855. 
Population,  395. 

Petropolis  (pat-ro'po-les).  The  capital  (for 
some  time  after  Oct.,  1894)  of  the  state  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  about  35  miles  north  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro  and  2,300  feet  above  the  pea.  it  was 
founded  in  1844 ; was  the  summer  residence  of  the  impe- 
rial court ; and  is  much  frequented  as  a health-resort.  It 
is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery.  Population,  muni- 
cipio,  39,695. 

Petrovsk  (pe-trovsk' ).  1 . A seaport  in  Daghes- 
tan, Caucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Caspian 
Sea  75  miles  north-northwest  of  Derbend. 
Population,  9,806. — 2.  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Med- 
vyeditza  63  miles  north-northwest  of  Saratoff. 
Population,  18,100. 

Petrozavodsk  (pe-tro-za-vodsk').  The  capital 
of  the  government  of  Olonetz,  Russia,  situated 
on  Lake  Onega  185  miles  northeast  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. It  has  a cannon-foundry,  established  by  Peter  the 
Great  in  1703,  and  other  industries.  Population,  13,200. 
Petruchio  (pe-tro'ehi-oor-cho).  In  Shakspere’s 
“ Taming  of  the  Shrew,”  the  rough  wooer  and 
tamer  of  Katherine.  He  subdues  her  by  meeting  tur- 
bulence with  turbulence — remaining,  however,  entirely 
good-natured  himself.  Fletcher  introduces  him  in  ‘ The 
Woman’s  Prize,  or  the  Tamer  Tamed”  as  the  henpecked 
husband  of  a second  wife,  Maria. 

Petrus  Lombardus.  See  Lombard,  Peter. 
Petsh.  See  Ipelc. 

Petsik  (pet'sik),  or  Pehtsik.  A collective  name 
(signifying  ‘tip’ or  ‘up-stream’)  applied  by  the 
WeitspcK  Indians  to  the  Quoratean  tribes  on  the 
If  lamatb  above  the  mouth  of  the  Trinity,  north- 
western California. 

Pettau  (pet'tou).  A town  in  Styria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Drave  15  miles  south- 
east of  Marburg.  Population,  4,634,  (1910). 
Pettenkofer  (pet'ten-ko-fer),  Max  von.  Born 
Dec.  3,  1818 : died  Feb.  10,  1901.  A German 
chemist  and  physiologist,  professor  of  medical 
chemistry  at  Munich:  noted  for  his  researches 
in  hygiene,  especially  in  ventilation,  the  spread 
of  cholera,  etc. 

Petti  e (pet'i),  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  March 
17,  1839:  died  at  Hastings,  Feb.  21,  1893.  A 
British  historical,  genre,  and  portrait  painter. 
He  first  exhibited  at  the  R-oyal  Academy  in  1860.  Among 
his  pictures  are  “ Whatd’  ye  Lack?”  (1862),  “ A Drumhead 
Court  Martial  ” (1865),  “ An  Arrest  for  W itclicraft  ’’  (1866  : 
this  picture  decided  the  Academy  to  elect  him  to  an  asso- 
ciateship  ; he  was  made  a full  member  in  187.3),  “Jacobites, 
1746’’  (1873),“  A Knight  of  the  Seventeenth  Century,”  a por- 
trait of  William  Black  (1887),  “The  Defiance,”  “Bonnie 
Prince  Charlie,”  etc. 

Pettigrew  (pet'i-gro),  James  Johnston.  Born 
in  Tyrrel  County,  N.  C.,  July  4, 1828  : died  near 
Winchester,  Va.,  July  17, 1863.  A Confederate 
general.  He  became  brigadier-general  in  1862,  and  com- 
manded Heth’s  division  during  the  third  day’s  fight  at  tlio 
battle  of  Gettysburg,  taking  part  in  Pickett’s  charge.  He 
was  fatally  wounded  in  a skirmish  with  the  Union  cavalry 
in  the  retreat  to  Virginia. 

Petty  (pet'i),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Romsey, 
Hampshire,  England,  May  26, 1623:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  16, 1687.  An  English  statistician  and 
political  economist.  He  retired  to  the  Continent  on 


Petty,  Sir  William 

the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  returning  to  England  in  1646. 
In  1661  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Oxford.  In  1652  he 
was  appointed  physician  to  the  army  in  Ireland,  and  about 
1664  executed  by  contract  a fresh  survey,  commonly  known 
as  the  Down  Survey,  of  the  forfeited  lands  granted  to 
soldiers.  He  bought  large  tracts  of  land  and  established 
various  industries.  After  the  Restoration  in  1660  he  was 
knighted.  In  1663  he  invented  a double-bottomed  ship. 
He  wrote  “ Treatise  of  Taxes  and  Contributions  " (1662-85), 
“ Political  Arithmetic  ’’  (1683  and  1686),  “ Political  Anat- 
omy of  Ireland  ” (1672 : printed  1691),  etc. 

Petty,  William,  first  Marquis  of  Lansdowne. 
Bom  at  Dublin,  May  20, 1737 : died  May  7, 1805. 
A British  statesman.  He  was  president  of  the  board 
of  trade  in  1763 ; secretary  of  state  1766-68  and  1782 ; and 
prime  minister  1782-83.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  sec- 
ond earl  of  Shelburne  in  1761,  and  was  created  marquis  of 
Lansdowne  in  1784. 

Petty-Fitzmaurice  (petH-fits-ma'ris),  Henry, 
third  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  Bom  1780:  died 
Jan.  31, 1863.  AnEnglish  Liberal  politician,  son 
of  the  first  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  He  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  1806-07 ; home  secretary  1827-28 ; 
lord  president  of  the  council  1830-34, 1835-41,  and  1846-52  ; 
and  a member  of  the  cabinet  (without  office)  1852-63. 

Petty-Fitzmaurice,  Henry  Charles  Keith, 

fifth  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  Born  Jan.  14, 
1845.  An  English  politician,  governor-general 
of  Canada  1883-88,  governor-general  of  India 
1888-93,  secretary  of  state  for  war  1895-1900, 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs,  1900-05. 
Petun,  Nation  du.  See  Tionontati. 

Peucer  (poit'ser),  Kaspar.  Born  at  Bautzen, 
Saxony,  Jan.  6, 1525:  died  at  Dessau,  Germany, 
Sept.  25, 1602.  A German  Protestant  theologian 
and  physician,  son-in-law  of  Melanchtlion.  He 
was  imprisoned  1574-86  as  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Cryptocalvinistic  movement. 

Peucker  (poi'ker),  Eduard  von.  Born  at 
Schmiedeberg,  Silesia,  Jan.  19,  1791:  died  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  10, 1876.  A German  general,  com- 
mander of  the  army  against  the  Baden  insur- 
rectionists in  1849.  He  wrote  “Das  deutsche 
Kriegswesen  der  Urzeit”  (1860-64). 

Peutinger  (poi'ting-er),  Konrad.  Bom  at 
Augsburg,  Oct.  14,  1465:  died  there,  Dec.  24, 
1547.  A noted  German  antiquary.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  discovery  of  an  ancient  map  of  the  mili- 
tary roads  in  the  Roman  Empire,  called  for  him  “Tabula 
Peutingeriana”  (1753). 

Pevas  (pa'vas),  or  Pebas  (pa'bas).  Indians  of 
northern  Peru,  on  the  Marahon  and  its  tribu- 
taries. They  formerly  constituted  one  of  the 
largest  tribes  of  the  Maranon,  and  the  Jesuits 
established  many  important  missions  among 
them,  among  others  the  town  still  called  Pebas. 
They  were  probably  of  the  Tupi  stock,  and  perhaps  a 
branch  of  the  Omaguas. 

Pevensey  (pev'en-si).  A small  seaport  on  the 
coast  of  Sussex,  England,  22  miles  east  of  Bright- 
on. It  has  the  ruins  of  a castle,  and  is  supposed 
to  he  the  Roman  Anderida. 

Peveril  (pev'er-il)  of  the  Peak.  A historical 
novel  by  Sir  Walter  Seott,  published  in  1823. 
The  scene  is  laid  near  the  Peak  of  Derbyshire 
and  elsewhere  in  England,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II. 

Peyer  (pi'er),  Johann  Konrad.  Born  at  Schaff- 
hausen,  Switzerland,  Dec.  26,  1653:  died  Feb. 
29,  1712.  A Swiss  anatomist,  the  discoverer 
of  Peyer’s  glands. 

Peyronnet  (pa-ro-na'),  Charles  Ignace,  Comte 
de.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  France,  Oct.  9,  1778 : 
died  at  Montf errand,  near  Bordeaux,  Jan.  2, 
1854.  A French  reactionary  politician.  He  was 
minister  of  justice  1821-28,  and  minister  of  the  interior 
1830.  He  signed  the  “ Ordinances  ” (which  led  to  the 
revolution  of  July),  and  was  imprisoned  at  Ham  1830-36. 
P^zenas  (paz-nas').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Peyne  with  the  Herault,  25  miles 
west-southwest  of  Montpellier:  the  Roman 
Piscennao.  It  has  a trade  in  brandy.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  6,928. 

Pezet  (pa-that' ),  Juan  Antonio.  Born  at  Lima, 
1810 : died  there,  1879.  A Peruvian  general  and 
politician.  He  was  prominent  in  the  civil  wars  ; was 
minister  of  war  under  Castilla  in  1859 ; was  second  vice- 
president  in  1860 ; and  first  vice-president  under  San 
Roman,  Oct.  24,  1862 ; and  by  the  death  of  the  latter  be- 
came constitutional  president,  and  was  inaugurated  Aug. 
6,  1863.  Soon  alter,  Spain  demanded  from  Peru  a large 
indemnity  for  alleged  injuries.  Pezet  endeavored  to  tem- 
porize, and  on  Jan.  27, 1865,  agreed  to  an  arrangement  to 
which  the  Peruvian  people  were  strongly  opposed : this 
led  to  a revolt,  and  Pezet,  to  avoid  a civil  war,  resigned 
Nov.  6,  1865,  and  lived  abroad  until  1871. 

Pezuela  (pa-tho-a/lii),  Joaquin  de  la.  Born  in 
Aragon,  1761 : died  at  Madrid,  1830.  A Spanish 
general  and  administrator.  He  went  to  Peru  as  a colo- 
nel in  1805 ; rose  to  the  rank  of  general ; succeeded  Goye- 
neche  in  the  military  command  of  Upper  Peru,  or  Bolivia ; 
and  in  1816  was  made  viceroy  of  Peru,  assuming  office 
Juiy  7.  Owing  to  his  ill  success  in  checking  the  patriots 
under  San  Martin,  he  was  deposed  by  his  own  officers,  Jan. 
29, 1821,  and  soon  after  returned  to  Spain,  where  he  pub- 


800 

lished  a defense  of  his  conduct.  He  was  created  marquis 
of  Viluma,  and  was  subsequently  captain-general  of  New 

Pfafers  (pfa'fers),  or  Pfeffers(pfef'fers).  A vil- 
lage and  watering-place  in  thecanton  of  St.-Gall, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Tamina,  near  Ra- 
gatz,  10  miles  north  of  Coire.  It  is  noted  for  its 
hot  springs  and  romantic  gorge. 

Pfaff  ( pfaf),  Christian  Heinrich.  Born  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiirtemberg,  March  2, 1772 : died  at  Kiel, 
Holstein,  April  24,  1852.  A German  physicist 
and  chemist,  brother  of  J.  F.  Pfaff:  professor 
at  Kiel  from  1797. 

Pfaff,  Johann  Friedrich.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg,  Dec.  22,  1765 : died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  April  20-21,  1825.  A German  mathe- 
matician, professor  at  Halle  from  1810  : noted 
for  his  analytical  works. 

Pfaffendorf  (pfaf'fen-dorf),  Battle  of  (in  1760). 
See  Liegnitz. 

Pfaffenhofen  (pfaf'fen-ho-fen).  A small  town 
in  Upper  Bavaria,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Ilm 
28  miles  north  of  Munich.  Here,  April  15,  1745,  the 
Austrians  under  Batthy&nyi  defeated  the  French  and 
Bavarians;  and  April  19,  1809,  the  French  under  (ludinot 
defeated  the  Austrians. 

Pfahlgraben  (pfal'gra-ben).  Along  line  of  for- 
tifications built  by  the  Romans  about  70  a.  d. 
for  protection  against  the  Germans.  They  ex- 
tended from  Ratisbon  northwestward  to  Giessen,  Eras, 
and  Honningen.  The  chief  fort  was  the  Saalburg. 

Pfalz.  See  Palatinate. 

Pfalzburg  (pfalts'borG).  A town  in  Lorraine, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  among  the  Y osges  27 
miles  northwest  of  Strasburg : formerly  a for- 
tress. It  was  taken  by  the  Germans  in  Dec., 
1870.  Population,  about  4,000. 

Pfeffel  (pfef'fel),  Gottlieb  Konrad.  Born  at 
Colmar,  Alsace,  June  28, 1736 : died  there,  May 

I,  1809.  A German  poet  and  fabulist. 

Pfeiffer  (pfif'er),  Franz.  Born  at  Solothurn, 

Switzerland,  Feb.  27, 1815:  died  at  Vienna,  May 
29, 1868.  A German  philologist,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  the  German  language  and  literature 
at  Vienna  in  1857.  He  is  best  known  for  editions  of 
medieval  German  works,  including  “German  Mystics  of 
the  14th  Century,"  etc. 

Pfeiffer,  Madame  (Ida  Reyer).  Born  at  Vienna, 
Oct.  15, 1797 : died  there,  Oct.  28, 1858.  An  Aus- 
trian traveler  and  writer  of  travels.  She  traveled 
in  Asiatic  Turkey  and  Egyptin  1842 ; in  Scandinavia  and  Ice- 
land in  1845  ; around  the  world  1846-48,  and  again  1851-54  ; 
in  Madagascar  1856-58  (where  she  was  imprisoned)  ; and 
elsewhere.  She  published  “Reise  einer  Wienerin  in  das 
Heilige  Land”(“  Journey  of  a Viennese  to  the  Holy  Land,” 
1843),  “ Reise nach  dem  skandinavischen  Norden  ” (“Jour- 
ney to  the  Scandinavian  North,”  1846),  “Eine  Frauenfahrt 
urn  die  Welt”  (“A  Woman’s  Journey  round  the  World," 
1850),  “Zweite  Weltreise"  (“Second  Journey  round  the 
World,”  1856),  “Reise  nach  Madagascar”  (1861),  etc. 

Pfister  (pfis'ter),  Albrecht.  Born  about  1420 : 
died  about  1470.  One  of  the  earliest  German 
printers. 

The  conjecture  that  Pfister  printed  the  Bible  of  36  lines 
will  not  bear  a critical  examination.  It  is  not  enough  to 
show  that  our  first  positive  knowledge  of  the  types  and  the 
copies  of  this  hook  begins  with  Pfister  and  Bamberg.  It 
still  remains  to  be  proved  that  Pfister  made  the  types  and 
printed  the  copies.  The  proof  is  wanting  and  the  prob- 
abilities are  strongly  adverse. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  484. 

Pfizer  (pfit'ser),  Paul  Achatius.  Born  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  12,  1801 : died  at  Tu- 
bingen, Wiirtemberg,  July  30,  1867.  A German 
publicist  and  liberal  politician. 

Pfordten  (pfor'ten),  Ludwig  Karl  Heinrich 
von  der.  Born  at  Ried,  Upper  Austria,  Sept. 

II,  1811 : died  at  Munich,  Aug.  18, 1880.  A Ba- 
varian politician,  premier  of  Bavaria  1849-59 
and  1864-66. 

Pforta  (pfor'ta),  or  Schulpforta(shol'pfor-ta). 
A state  school  21  miles  west  of  Naumburg, 
Prussian  Saxony.  It  was  established  by  the  Saxon  gov- 
ernment  in  1543  in  a Cistercian  abbey.  Itcarae  under  the 
Prussian  government  in  1815. 

Pforzheim  (pforts'him).  A town  in  the  circle 
of  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Wiinn,  Nagold,  and  Enz,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Karlsruhe  : said  to  he  the  Roman  Porta 
Hercyniaa.  It  is  the  leading  manufacturing  city  of  Ba- 
den: the  chief  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  jewelry. 
The  story  of  400  of  its  citizens  devoting  themselves  to 
death  by  holding  a narrow  pass,  to  secure  the  escape  of 
the  margrave  George  Frederick  after  the  battle  of  Wimp- 
fen,  May  6,  1622,  is  now  generally  discredited.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  69,389. 

Phact  (fakt).  [At.]  The  second-magnitude 
star  a Columbse. 

Phteacia  (fe-a'shi-a).  [Gr.  Qaiaida,  from 4>aiai<ec, 
<i>atr/iax,  the  inhabitants.]  A mythical  land  repre- 
sented in  the  Odyssey  as  visited  by  Odysseus 
on  his  return  from  Troy  to  Ithaca:  sometimes 
identified  with  Coreyra. 

Phaed  (fa'ed),  or  Phecda  (fek'da).  [A i.fahad- 


Pharaoh 

al-dub,  the  thigh  of  the  hear.]  The  second- 
magnitude  star  y Urste  Majoris. 

Phsedo  (fe'do),  or  Phsedon  (fe'don).  [Gr.  <J>ai- 
<5tw.]  Born  at  Elis,  Greece : lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  4th  century  b.  C.  A Greek  philoso- 
pher, a disciple  of  Socrates.  His  name  is  given 
to  a celebrated  dialogue  of  Plato,  which  purports  to  be  the 
last  conversation  of  Socrates,  with  an  account  of  his  death. 

The  Phtedon,  or  last  conversation  and  death  of  Socrates, 
is  certainly  the  most  famous  of  all  Plato’s  writings,  and 
owes  this  renown  not  only  to  the  infinite  importance  of  the 
subject  — the  immortality  of  the  soul — but  to  the  touch- 
ing scenery  and  pathetic  situation  in  which  the  dialogue 
is  laid.  Socrates  and  his  friends  in  the  prison,  the  calm 
cheerfulness  of  the  victim,  the  distress  of  the  friends,  the 
emotions  even  of  the  jailor — these  pictures  are  only  paral- 
leled in  literature  by  theone  sacrifice  which  was  greater  and 
more  euduring  than  that  of  the  noblest  and  purest  pagan 
teacher.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II,  186. 

Phaedra  (fe'dra).  [Or.  <J?aMpa.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Minos  and  Pasiphae,  sister  of 
Ariadne,  and  wife  of  Theseus,  noted  for  her 
love  for  her  stepson  Hippolytus.  She  was  repulsed 
by  Hippolytus,  and  calumniated' him  to  Theseus,  thus  se- 
curing his  death.  When  his  innocence  became  known,  she 
committed  suicide.  She  was  the  subject  of  tragedies  by 
Euripides,  Seneca,  and  Racine,  and  of  a lost  tragedy  by 
Sophocles. 

Phaedrus  (fe'drus).  [Gr.  4>ai(5poc.]  An  Athenian, 
a friend  of  Plato,  from  whom  one  of  Plato’s  most 
famous  dialogues  was  named. 

There  are  few  Platonic  works  more  full  of  poetry,  as 
Socrates,  by  the  shady  banks  of  the  Ilissus,  and  within  view 
of  the  theatre  of  Dionysus,  soars  into  a mighty  dithyramb 
on  the  nature  and  effects  of  tiiat  divine  impulsewhich  leads 
us  to  long  for  immortality  and  to  seek  after  perfection. 

. . . There  seems  now  to  be  a sort  of  general  agree- 
ment, even  among  the  Germans,  that  it  was  an  early  work. 

Mahaffy , Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  189. 

Phsedrus.  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury a.  D.  A Roman  fabulist,  originally  a 
Macedonian  slave.  His  fables,  in  verse,  were 
edited  by  Bentley,  Orelli,  Muller  (1877),  Her- 
vieux  (1884).,  etc. 

Phaer  (fa'er),  Thomas.  Born  in  1510  (?) : died 
at  Kilgerran,  Pembrokeshire,  Wales,  1560.  An 
English  translator.  He  was  advocate  for  the  Marches 
of  Wales,  and  became  a doctorof  medicine  at  Oxford,  where 
he  was  educated.  Iu  1558  he  published  his  translation  of 
the  “Seven  First  Books  of  the  Eneidosof  Virgil."  He  had 
begun  the  tenth  book  when  he  died  : nine  hooks  were  pub- 
lished in  1562.  He  also  wrote  on  various  subjects,  includ- 
ing law  and  medicine. 

Phaethon  (fa'e-thon).  [Gr.  4>a>0uv,  the  shining 
one.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a surname  or  the 
name  of  the  sun-god  Helios;  also,  the  son  of 
Helios  and  Prote.  Thelatter  obtained  permission  from 
his  father  to  drive  his  chariot  (the  sun)  across  the  heavens, 
but,  being  unable  to  check  his  horses,  nearly  set  the  earth 
on  fire,  and  was  slain  by  Zeus  with  a thunderbolt. 

Phaethon,  or  Loose  Thoughts  for  Loose 
Thinkers.  A work  by  Charles  Kingsley,  pub- 
lished in  1852. 

Phalaris  (fal'a-ris).  [Gr.  4>d/.ap<c.\  A tyrant 
of  Agrigentum  in  Sicily  from  about  570  B.  o.  to 
about  554  or  549  B.  c.,  notorious  for  his  cruelty 
(notably  his  human  sacrifices  in  a heated  brazen 
bull).  The  spuriousness  of  a number  of  epistles  which 
passed  under  his  name  was  shown  by  Bentley. 

Phalerum  (fa-le'rum).  [Gr.  4>dk?/poi'.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a seaport  of  Attica,  Greece, 
south  of  Athens  and  east  of  Pirreus. 

Phanagoria  (fan- a -go  ' ri  -a).  [Gr.  4>avayopia.} 
In  ancient  geography,  a Greek  colony  situated 
on  the  island  now  called  Taman,  opposite  the 
Crimea. 

Phanariots  (fa-nar'i-ots).  [From  Turk.  Fanar, 
a quarter  of  Constantinople,  so  called  from  a 
lighthouse  (NGr.  <pava.pi ) on  the  Golden  Horn.] 
The  residents  of  the  quarter  of  Fanar  in  Con- 
stantinople ; hence,  the  members  of  a class  ot 
aristocratic  Greeks,  chiefly  resident  in  the  Fanar 
quarter  of  Constantinople,  who  held  important 
official  political  positions  under  the  Turks,  and 
furnished  hospodars  of  Moldavia  and  W allaohia. 
Also  Fanariots. 

Phaon  (fa' on).  A boatman  of  Mytilene,  the 
favorite  of  the  poetess  Sappho.  According  to  the 
legend,  when  old  and  ugly  he  carried  the  goddess  Aphro- 
dite across  the  sea  and  would  accept  no  payment.  For 
this  she  rewarded  him  with  youth  and  beauty. 

Pliaramond  (far'a-mond).  Alegendarykingof 
Fran ee,  noted  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  king  of  France, 
and  his  reign  has  been  placed  bet  ween  420-428. 

Pharamond  (fa-ra-mdn'),  ou  l’Histoire  de 
France.  A novel  by  La  Calprenede,  published 
in  1661. 

Pharaoh  (fa'ro).  [L.  Pharao,  Gr.  $apad >.  Heb. 
Paroh,  from  Egypt.  Pir-aa,  Per-aa,  great  house. 
See  the  quotation.]  A title  given  to  the  Egyptian 
kings.  Among  those  mentioned  by  this  name  in  the  Old 
Testament  are  a contemporary  of  Abraham ; the  patron 
and  friend  of  Joseph ; the  oppressor  of  the  Hebrews  (Ra- 


Pharaoh 

meses  II.  ?) ; the  Pharaoh  who  reigned  at  the  time  of  the 
Exodus  (Menephthah?) ; Pharaoh  Necho  (see  Necho );  and 
Pharaoh-Hophra,  known  as  Apries  or  Uophra. 

Pharaoh  appears  on  the  monuments  as  pir-aa,  ‘great 
house,’  the  palace  in  which  the  king  lived  being  used  to 
denote  the  king  himself,  just  as  in  our  own  time  the  “porte  ’’ 
or  gate  of  the  palace  has  become  synonymous  with  the 
Turkish  Sultan.  Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  69. 

Pharisees  (far'i-sez).  [From  Heb. parash,  sep- 
arate.] An  ancient  Jewish  school,  sect,  or  party 
which  was  specially  exact  in  its  interpretation 
and  observance  of  the  law,  both  canonical  and 
traditional.  In  doctrine  the  Pharisees  held  to  the  resur- 
rection of  the  body,  the  existence  of  angels  and  spirits,  the 
providence  and  decrees  of  God,  the  canonicity  and  au- 
thority of  Scripture,  and  the  authority  of  ecclesiastical  tra- 
dition ; politically  they  were  intensely  Jewish,  though  not 
constituting  a distinct  political  party  ; morally  they  were 
scrupulous  in  the  observance  of  the  ritual  and  regulations 
of  the  law,  both  written  and  oral.  The  Pharisees  antago- 
nized John  Hyrcanus  I.  (135-105  B.  c.),  and  as  religious 
reformers  bitterly  opposed  the  corruptions  which  had  en- 
tered Judaism  from  the  pagan  religions.  They  were  called 
Separatists  by  their  opponents.  In  support  of  the  au- 
thority of  the  law,  and  to  provide  for  the  many  questions 
which  it  did  not  directly  answer,  they  adopted  the  theory 
of  an  oral  tradition  given  by  God  to  Moses. 
Pharnabazus  (far-na-ba'zus).  Lived  about  400 
b.  o.  A Persian  satrap  in  Asia  Minor.  He  was 
allied  with  Sparta  against  Athens  during  the  last  part  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  aided  the  Athenians  under 
Conon  against  Sparta  in  394  B.  c. 

Pharnaces  (far'na-sez)  I.  King  of  Pontus  about 
190-160  b.  c.  He  conquered  Sinope  in  183. 
Pharnaces  II.  King  of  Bosporus,  son  of  Mith- 
ridates  the  Great  of  Pontus.  On  the  suicide  of 
Mithridates  in  63  B.  C.,  he  revolted  and  made  himself 
master  of  that  part  of  his  father’s  dominions  lying  along 
the  Cimmerian  Bosporus.  He  afterward  invaded  Pontu3, 
but  was  defeated  by  Csesar  at  Zela  in  47.  He  shortly  after 
feU  in  battle. 

Pharos  (fa'ros).  [Gr.  4>«joof.]  An  island  op- 
posite ancient  Alexandria,  on  which  Ptolemy  I. 
and  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus  erected  the  cel- 
ebrated lighthouse  Pharos,  one  of  the  seven 
wonders  of  the  world.  See  Alexandria. 
Pharpar  (far'par).  In  Bible  geography,  a river 
of  Damascus:  the  modern  Awaj. 

Pharsalia  (fai’-sa'li-a).  [Gr.  4>aptra7«z.]  A dis- 
trict of  Thessaly,  ancient  Greece,  containing 
the  city  of  Pharsalus  (which  see). 

Pharsalia.  An  epic  poem  in  ten  books,  by  Lucan 
(M.  Annaeus  Lucanus),  on  the  civil  war  between 
Pompey  and  Caesar. 

The  scheme  (of  the  Pharsalia]  is  prosaic,  the  treatment 
rhetorical,  full  of  descriptions,  speeches,  and  general  re- 
flections ; the  style  is  artificially  elevated ; the  whole  pro- 
duction youthful  and  unripe,  but  indicative  of  genuine 
power  and  lofty,  generous  motives. 

Teuffel  and  Schivabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Bit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  n.  78, 

Pharsalus  (far-sa'lus).  [Gr.  $dpera/lof .]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  in  the  district  of  Phar- 
salia, Thessaly,  Greece,  23  miles  south  of  La- 
rissa : the  modern  Fersala.  It  is  celebrated  for  the 
great  battle  fought  near  it,  Aug.  9,  48  B.  c.,  in  which  Csesar 
with  22,000  legionaries  and  1,000  cavalry  totally  defeated 
Pompey  and  his  army  of  45,000  legionaries  and  7,000  cavalry. 
Phaselis  (fa-se'lis).  [Gr.  <I>«oVaV.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a seaport  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  western  shore  of  the  Pamphylian 
Gulf  (the  modern  Gulf  of  Adalia). 

Phasis  (fa'sis).  [Gr.  <bamc. ] In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a river  in  Colchis.  See  Rion. 

Phazania  (fa-za'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  modem  Fezzan. 

‘Pholio  Qnn  T*hfphp 

Phebo  (fe'bo),  Donzel  del.  The  Knight  of  the 
Sun,  a famous  character  in  the  old  Spanish 
romances,  reproduced  in  “ The  Mirror  of  Knight- 
hood.” 

Ph&dre  (fadr).  A tragedy  by  Racine,  produced 
Jan.  1,  1677.  It  was  founded  on  the  story  of  Phsedra. 
Within  a week  another  play  with  the  same  name,  by  Pra- 
don,  was  produced  at  the  opposition  theater.  Owing  to  the 
tricks  of  a cabal,  the  latter  inferior  play  was  a success,  and 
Racine’s  masterpiece  was  nearly  driven  from  the  stage. 

“ Phedre  " . . . is  unquestionably  the  most  remarkable 
of  Racine’s  regular  tragedies.  By  it  the  style  must  stand 
or  fall,  and  a reader  need  hardly  go  farther  to  appreciate 
it.  . . . For  excellence  of  construction,  artful  beauty  of 
verse,  skilful  use  of  the  limited  means  of  appeal  at  the 
command  of  the  dramatist,  no  play  can  surpass  “ Phedre  ” ; 
and  if  it  still  is  found  wanting,  as  it  undoubtedly  is  by  the 
vast  majority  of  critics  (including  nowadays  a powerful 
minority  even  among  Frenchmen  themselves),  the  fault 
lies  rather  in  the  style  than  in  the  author,  or  at  least  in 
the  author  for  adopting  the  style. 

Saintsbury , French  Lit.,  p.  303. 

Pheidias.  See  Phidias. 

Phelps  (felps),  Austin.  Born  at  West  Brook- 
field, Mass.,  Jan.  7,  1820:  died  at  Bar  Harbor, 
Maine,  Oct.  13,  1890.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  author,  professor  at  An- 
dover Theological  Seminary  from  1848.  His  works 
include  “New  Birth  " (1867),  “Solitude  of  Christ"  (1868), 
“Theory  of  Preaching”  (1881),  “English  Style  in  Public 
Discourse”  (1883),  “My  Study  ” (1885),  etc. 

C.—  51 


801 

Phelps,  Edward  John.  Born  at  Middlebury, 

Vt.,  July  11,  1822  : died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
March  9,  1900.  An  American  jurist  and  diplo- 
matist, son  of  Samuel  Shethar  Phelps.  He  be- 
came professor  of  law  at  Yale  in  1881,  and  was 
United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1885-89. 

Phelps  Ward,  Elizabeth  Stuart.  See  Ward. 
Phelps,  Samuel.  Born  at  Devonport,  Feb.  13, 
1804:  died  near  Epping,  Essex,  Nov.  6,  1878. 
A noted  English  actor.  He  wentonthe  stage  in  1826, 
playing  in  provincial  theaters,  but  was  not  noticed  until 
Oct.,  1836,  when  he  appeared  at  Exeter  with  great  success. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the  London  stage  (Hay- 
market)  in  1837  ; and  in  1844,  in  conj unction  with  Mrs. 
Warner  and  Mr.  Greenwood,  he  took  Sadler'sWells  Theatre, 
playing  there  until  1862.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
revival  of  Sliakspere  and  the  older  dramatists,  and  perso- 
nated 30  of  Shakspere’s  characters,  together  with  such 
parts  as  Sir  Pertinax  Macsycophant,  in  which  he  was  cele- 
brated. 

Phelps,  Samuel  Shethar.  Born  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  May  13,  1793:  died  at  Middlebury,  Vt., 
March  25,  1855.  An  American  jurist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  United  States  senator  from 
Vermont  1839-51  and  1853-54. 

Phelps,  William  Walter.  Born  at  New  York, 
Aug.  24,  1839 : died  at  Teaneck,  Englewood, 
N.  J.,  June  17, 1894.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a Republican  member  of  Congress  from  New  Jer- 
sey 1873-75  ; was  United  States  minister  to  Austria  1881- 
1882;  was  a member  of  Congress  from  New  Jersey  1883- 
1889;  and  was  minister  to  Germany  1889-93. 

Phenicia,  or  Phoenicia  (fe-nish'a).  [l,.Phcenice, 
Gr.  <hoivkr/,  land  of  palms.]  The  strip  of  land 
extending  from  33°to  36°  N.lat.  on  the  coast  of 
southern  Syria, betweenMount  Lebanon  andthe 
Mediterranean  Sea.  It  was  about  200  miles  in  length, 
and  its  width  did  not  exceed  35  miles  at  the  maximum ; 
area,  about  4,000  square  miles.  But  the  rivers  (fed  by 
the  snows  of  Lebanon)  which  irrigated  it,  and  the  energy 
and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants,  made  this  narrow  tract 
of  land  one  of  the  most  varied  in  its  products,  and  gave  it  a 
place  in  history  out  of  proportion  to  its  size.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  were  the  Leontes  (the  modern  Litany),  north  of 
Tyre  an  d the  Orontes  (the  modern  Nahr  el- Asy)  in  the  north. 
The  cedars  of  the  mountains  furnished  building-material ; 
the  coast  furnished  sand  for  glass  and  the  purple  snail  for 
dyeing ; and  the  inland  plains  were  covered  with  orchards, 
gardens,  and  corn-fields.  Though  the  coast-line  was  not 
deeply  indented,  the  skill  of  the  inhabitants  secured  them 
harbors.  The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Phenicia,  the  Phoe- 
nices  of  the  classical  writers  (Pceni or  Puni  designating  the 
Carthaginians),  are  now  considered  by  many  scholars  to 
have  been  Semites  of  the  Canaanite  group,  though  in 
Gen.  x.  15  Sidon  (Zidon),  from  whom  the  oldest  city  in  the 
country  derived  its  name,  is  represented  as  a descendant 
of  Ham.  They  called  themselves  Canaanites,  and  their 
country  Canaan.  According  to  classical  writers  they  emi- 
grated from  the  Erythrean  Sea.  This  would  favor  the 
assumption  that  the  Phenicians  were  identical  with  the 
Punti  of  the  Egyptian  monuments.  The  language  of  the 
Phenicians  was  closely  akin  to  Hebrew.  They  worshiped 
as  principal  divinities  Baal  and  Astarte,  besides  the  seven 
planets  under  the  name  of  Cabiri  (which  see).  Phenicia 
never  formed  a single  state  under  one  head,  but  rather  a 
confederacy  of  cities.  In  the  earliest  period  (1600-1100 
B.  0.)  Sidon  stood  at  the  head  of  Phenician  cities ; about  1 100 
Sidon  lost  the  hegemony  to  Tyre ; in  761  Aradus  was 
founded  in  the  northern  extreme  of  thecountry;  andfrom 
these  three  cities  Tripolis  (the  modern  Tarablus)  was  set- 
tled. South  of  Tripolis  old  Byblus  was  situated,  while  Bery- 
tus  (the  modern  Beirut)  in  thenorth  did  not  become  promi- 
nent before  the  Roman  period.  To  the  territory  of  Tyre  be- 
longed Ake  or  Acca  (the  modern  Acre),  later  called  Ptol- 
emais.  Separated  from  the  rest  of  Phenicia  lay  Joppa 
(the  modern  Jaffa),  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  which  the 
Maccabees  united  with  Palestine.  The  constitution  of 
these  Phenician  townships  was  aristocratic,  headed  by  a 
king.  The  earliest  king  of  Tyrementionedin  the  Old  Tes- 
tament was  Hiram,  a contemporary  and  friend  of  David 
and  Solomon.  After  Hiram  six  kings  are  supposed  to  have 
ruled  until  Ethbaal  or  Ithobal,  the  father  of  Jezebel,  wife 
of  Ahab.  UnderEthhaal’sgrandson, Pygmalion, contentions 
about  the  throne  led  to  the  emigration  of  his  sister  Elissa 
(Dido  in  V ergil)  and  the  foundation  of  Carthage,  the  mighty 
rival  of  Rome.  In  the  middle  of  the  9tli  century  B.  c. 
Phenicia  shared  the  fate  of  Syria  at  large.  After  the  bat- 
tle of  Karkar  (853  B.  c.)  it  became  tributary  to  Assyria.  It 
made  a strugglefor  independence  under  Shalmaneser  IV., 
but  was  brought  to  submission  by  his  successor,  Sargon. 
In  609  Phenicia  came  for  a short  time  into  the  hands  of 
Necho  II.,  king  of  Egypt.  Tyre  was  besieged  for  13  years 
(585-572)  by  Nebuchadnezzar.  Cyrus  brought  Phenicia 
with  the  rest  of  the  Babylonian  possessions  under  Persian 
supremacy.  But,  owing  to  their  skill  in  navigation,  the  Phe- 
nicians retained  a sort  of  independence.  In  351  Sidon 
was  destroyed  by  Artaxerxes  III.  The  same  fate  befell  Tyre 
at  the  hands  of  Alexander  the  Great  in  332.  In  64  Phenicia 
was  annexed  by  Pompey  to  the  Syrian  province  of  the  Ro- 
man Empire.  Less  original  and  productive  in  the  domain  of 
thought  and  higher  culture,  the  Phenicians  excel  the  other 
members  of  the  Semitic  family  in  contributions  to  mate- 
rial civilization,  They  were  the  merchants  and  manufac- 
turers of  antiquity.  They  were  the  most  skilful  ship- 
builders and  boldest  navigators.  All  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean, even  beyond  Gibraltar,  they  established  colonies. 
They  sent  colonies  to  Cyprus,  Crete,  and  England,  and  it  is 
not  improbable  that  they  worked  the  tin-mines  of  Cornwall. 
They  even  ventured  to  circumnavigate  Africa.  The  prin- 
cipal articles  of  their  commerce  were  precious  stones, 
metals,  glassware,  costly  textiles,  and  especially  purple 
robes.  Their  skill  in  architecture  was  exhibited  in  the 
temple  of  Solomon.  Their  alphabetic  writing  became  the 
parent  of  all  the  alphabetic  systems  now  in  use.  They  also 
transmitted  a knowledge  of  mathematics  and  of  weights 
and  measures  to  other  nations.  Of  the  Phenician  literature 


Philadelphia 

only  a few  fragments  in  Greek  translation  (by  Sanchuni- 
athon)  have  come  down  to  us.  Among  the  numerous  Phe- 
nician inscriptions  the  most  important  is  that  of  the  sar- 
cophagus of  the  Sidonian  king  Eshmunazar  (who  reigned 
in  the  4th  century  B.  c.),  found  in  1855,  and  now  in  Paris. 

Phenix,  or  Phoenix (fe'niks).  [Gr.  $ofw£.]  In 
ancient  Oriental  mythology,  a wonderful  bird 
of  great  beauty,  which,  after  living  500  or  600 
years  in  the  Arabian  wilderness,  the  only  one 
of  its  kind,  built  for  itself  a funeral  pile  of 
spices  and  aromatic  gums,  lighted  the  pile  with 
the  fanning  of  its  wings,  and  was  burned  upon 
it,  but  from  its  ashes  revived  in  the  freshness 
of  youth.  Hence  the  Phenix  often  serves  as  an  emblem 
of  immortality.  Allusions  to  this  myth  are  found  in  the 
hieroglyphic  writings,  and  the  fable  survives  in  popular 
forms  in  Arabia,  Persia,  and  India.  By  heralds  the  Phe- 
nix is  always  represented  in  the  midst  of  flames. 

Pherse  (fe're).  [Gr.  4‘rpo/.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a city  in  Thessaly,  Greece,  25  miles 
southeast  of  Larissa.  It  was  important  in  the  first 
half  of  the  4th  century  B.  C.,  under  the  tyrant  Jason  and 
his  family. 

Pherecydes  (fer-e-si'dez)  of  Syros.  Born  in 
the  island  of  Syros:  lived  in  the  6th  century 
B.  C.  A Greek  philosopher,  sometimes  reckoned 
among  the  seven  wise  men.  Fragments  of  his 
work  on  cosmogony  and  tkeogony  are  extant. 

Pherkad  (fer'kad).  [Ar.  al-ferqad,  the  calf.] 
The  name  of  the  third-magnitude  star  y Urs® 
Minoris.  The  Arabs  called  the  two  stars  6 and  y al- 
ferqadein  the  two  calves,  but  0 is  usually  called  Kochab. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.  [From  the  Greek 
letters  <j>,  (3,  and  k,  the  initials  of  the  words  which 
form  the  motto  of  the  society.]  A literary  so- 
ciety (nominally  secret),  established  in  several 
American  colleges,  to  which  students  of  high 
scholarship  are  admitted.  It  was  founded  at 
William  and  Mary  College,  Virginia,  in  1776. 

Phidias  (fid'i-as).  [Gr.  3>ea)iar.]  Born,  prob- 
ably at  Athens,  about  500  b.  C. : died  about  430 
B.  c.  A celebrated  Greek  sculptor,  the  son  of 
Charmides.  He  studied  wit  h Hegias  of  Athens,  and  later 
with  Ageladas  of  Argos,  who  may  nave  come  to  Athens  in 
the  time  of  Cimon.  He  became  later,  under  Pericles,  a 
counselor  in  political  affairs  at  Athens,  as  well  as  chief 
sculptor,  and  was  a sort  of  supervisor  of  public  works. 
Among  his  first  works  were  the  temple  of  Theseus,  not 
definitely  identified  with  the  existing  building,  and  a 
group  of  thirteen  figures  at  Delphi,  ordered  by  Cimon,  son 
of  Miltiades,  to  commemorate  the  victory  at  Marathon,  in 
which  Miltiades  was  represented  among  gods  and  heroes. 
To  this  early  period  are  ascribed  also  the  Athene  at  Pel- 
lene,  the  Athene  Areia  at  Platsea,  and  the  Athene  Proma- 
chos, or  bronze  colossus,  on  the  Acropolis.  This  figure 
was  probably  more  than  30  feet  high,  and  could  be  seen  for  a 
great  distance.  The  pedesta'  was  discovered  in  1845.  The 
statue  of  Olympian  Zeus  at  Elis,  his  greatest  work,  de- 
scribed by  Pausanias,  is  supposed  tohavebeen  about42feet 
high,  seated  and  holding  a Nike  (Victory)  in  his  hand.  The 
flesh  was  of  ivory  and  the  drapery  of  gold,  with  inlaid  or 
inscribed  decoration.  The  throne  itself,  which  rose  above 
the  head  of  the  statue,  was  elaborately  carved  and  deco- 
rated to  the  very  top.  Both  throne  and  statue  were  sur- 
rounded with  statues  and  paintings.  By  444  B.  c.  Phidias 
must  have  been  in  Athens,  and  intimately  associated  with 
Pericles  in  his  transformation  of  the  city.  All  the  great 
monuments  of  Athens,  including  the  Parthenon,  were 
erected  at  this  time,  within  a period  not  longer  than  20 
years.  The  work  of  Phidias  culminated  in  the  Athene 
Parthenos,  a chryselephantine  (gold  and  ivory)  statue  of 
Athene  in  the  cella  of  the  Parthenon.  It  was  finished  and 
consecrated  in  438.  The  figure  was  about  38  feet  high, 
standing,  and  held  a Nike  in  her  right  hand.  The  Varva- 
keion  Athene  in  Athens  (discovered  in  1881)  represents  the 
statue,  but  inadequately.  The  enormous  expense  of  these 
works,  which  was  paid  with  money  exacted  from  the  allies 
of  Athens,  brought  both  Pericles  and  Phidias  into  disre- 
pute. According  to  Plutarch,  Phidias  was  accused  of  ap- 
propriating the  gold  devoted  to  the  statue  to  his  own  use. 
The  gold  was  removed,  weighed,  and  found  to  be  intact. 
He  was  then  accused  of  sacrilege  in  representing  Pericles 
and  himself  on  the  shield  of  the  goddess.  On  this  accu- 
sation he  was  condemned,  thrown  into  prison,  and  died 
there,  possibly  of  poison.  This  story,  however,  is  doubt- 
ful. The  actual  style  of  Phidias  is  best  represented  in  the 
well-known  fragments  of  the  frieze  of  the  Parthenon,  which 
easily  hold  the  supreme  place  among  all  existing  works  of 
sculpture.  Among  the  independent  statues  of  Phidias 
was  an  Amazon  at  Ephesus  which  took  the  second  prize  in 
competition  with  Polycletus.  This  is  supposed  to  be 
represented  by  the  Amazon  Mattei  of  the  Vatican. 

Phigalia  (fi-ga'li-a  or  fig-a-li'a).  [Gr.  <biyaXia.~\ 
In  ancient  geography,  a town  in  Arcadia, 
Greece,  situated  in  lat.  37°  24'  N.,  long.  21° 
52'  E.  Near  it  was  Bass®  (which  see). 

Philadelphia  (fil-a-del'fi-a).  [Gr.  'inA.ai'iehpua, 
city  of  Philadelphus.]  In  ancient  geography: 
(a)  A city  of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor,  78  miles  east  of 
Smyrna.  It  contained  one  of  the  seven  churches 
of  Asia  addressed  in  Revelation.  (&)  The  chief 
town  of  the  Ammonites,  east  of  the  Jordan,  50 
miles  east  of  Jerusalem:  earlier  called  Rabbak 
or  Rabboth-Ammon. 

Philadelphia  (fil-a-del'fi-a).  [See  City  of  Bro- 
therly Love.']  A city  forming  a county  in  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  on  the  Delaware  and  Schuyl- 
kill, in  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  long.  75°  9'  W.  it  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  State,  and  the  third  city  in  population 
and  second  in  manufactures  in  the  country.  It  is  called 


Philadelphia 

"the  City  of  Brotherly  Love.”  The  streets  are  generally 
at  right  angles.  The  more  Important  buildings  and  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  Independence  Hall  (or  Old  State 
House),  Carpenter’s  Hall,  Christ  Church,  Girard  College, 
the  United  States  mint  and  custom-house,  the  post-office, 
the  municipal  buildings,  and  Fairmount  Park.  The  lead- 
ing manufactures  are  those  of  iron  and  steel  machinery, 
cotton,  wool,  silk,  carpets,  bricks,  sugar-refining,  etc.  The 
city  was  formerly  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  coun- 
try : it  is  the  terminus  of  steamship  lines  to  Liverpool, 
Glasgow,  and  American  ports,  and  the  center  for  the  Penn- 
sylvania, Reading,  and  Lehigh  Valley  railroads.  It  was 
formerly  the  chief  literary  center  of  the  country,  and  pre- 
vious to  1830  the  first  city  in  population.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Pennsylvania  His- 
torical Society, University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences.  It  was  laid  out  in  1682  under  a 
patent  granted  to  William  Penn ; was  the  residence  of 
Benjamin  Franklin;  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  in  1774  and  generally  afterward  (the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  being  adopted  there  July  4,  1776, 
and  the  Articles  of  Confederation  in  1778) ; was  the  meet- 
ing-place of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787 ; and 
was  the  capital  of  the  country  from  1790  to  1800,  and  the 
capital  of  Pennsylvania  until  1799.  It  was  ravaged  by  yel- 
low fever  in  1793.  The  first  national  bank  was  established 
here  in  1791,  and  the  second  bank  in  1816.  There  was  an 
anti-Romanist  riot  in  1844.  The  territory  of  the  city  was 
greatly  enlarged  by  the  annexation  of  Germantown, 
Frankford,  Manayunk,  etc.,  in  1854.  The  Centennial  Ex- 
position of  1876  was  held  in  the  city.  Pop.,  1,549,008,  (1910). 

Philae  (fi'le).  [Gr.  $>iAai..]  An  island  in  the  Nile, 
Upper  Egypt,  situated  near  the  first  cataract,  in 
lat.  24°  N.  It  is  noted  for  its  remains  of  ancient  tem- 
ples. The  temple  of  Isis,  founded  by  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus  and  Arsinoe  (286  B.  €.),  is  preceded  by  a great  double 
pylon,  120  feet  wide  and  60  high,  behind  which  lies  the 
Great  Court,  which  has  a colonnade  on  its  east  side,  and  a 
complete  small  temple,  almost  Greek  in  plan,  on  the  west. 
A second  pylon,  of  smaller  size,  opens  on  a hypostyle  hall 
with  huge  columns  and  brilliantly  colored  decoration. 
Isis  and  Osiris  were  worshiped  here  as  late  as  453  a.  d., 
and  the  temples  were  not  closed  until  the  reign  of  Jus- 
tiniau  (527-565).  The  Kiosk,  or  Pharaoh’s  Bed,  so  called, 
is  a beautiful  small  temple  of  late  date.  From  October  to 
July  the  island  is  almost  totally  submerged  by  the  rising 
of  the  Nile  caused  by  the  Assuan  dam. 

Philaminte  (fel-a-mant').  The  wife  of  Chrysale 
in  Moliere’s  “Les  femmes  savantes.”  She  is 
infatuated  with  the  talents  of  Trissotin. 

Philander  (fi-lan'der).  [Gr.  <j>iXav6poc,  loving 
men.]  A name  often  given  to  lovers  in  old 
plays  and  romances,  as  in  Ariosto’s  “Orlando 
Furioso”  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  “ Laws 
of  Candy.” 

Philario  (fi-la'ri-o).  In  Shakspere’s  “ Cymbe- 
line,”  an  Italian  gentleman,  friend  to  Posthu- 
mus. 

Philaster  (fi-las'ter),  or  Love  lies  Bleeding. 

A play  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  produced 
about  1610,  published  in  1620.  It  was  very  success- 
ful. In  1695  an  unsuccessful  version  was  produced  by  El- 
kanah  Settle.  In  1714  another,  called  *‘  Restauration,  or 
Right  will  Take  Place,”  was  published  by  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham.  In  1764  another  version  was  produced  by 
Colman  the  elder. 

Philbrick  (fil'brik),  John  Dudley.  Born  at 
Deerfield,  N.  H.,  May  28,  1818 : died  at  Dan- 
vers, Mass.,  Feb.  2,  1886.  An  American  edu- 
cator, founder  of  the  “Quincy  system”  of  pub- 
lic instruction. 

Philemon  (ft-le'mon).  [Gr.  <hill/puv.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a Phrygian  who  with  his  wife  Baucis 
offered  hospitality  to  Zeus  and  Hermes.  See 
Baucis. 

Philemon.  Born  about  360  b.  c.  : died  262.  A 
Greek  poet  of  the  New  Attic  Comedy.  Frag- 
ments of  his  works  have  survived. 

Philemon,  Epistle  of  Paul  to.  One  of  the  books 
of  the  New  Testament,  a letter  written  by  Paul 
during  his  first  captivity  at  Rome. 

Philidor.  See  Danican. 

Philinte  (fi-lant').  In  Moliere’s  comedy  “Le 
misanthrope,”  the  friend  of  Alceste.  He  is  an 
easy-going  man  who  bears  quietly  with  the  faults  of  others 
only  from  the  necessity  of  living  among  them,  and  who 
from  his  easy  idea  of  the  utter  impossibility  of  making 
them  better  forms  a happy  contrast  to  Alceste. 

Philip  (fil'ip),  the  Apostle.  [L.  Philippus,  from 
Gr.  <i‘u.nT7voc,  fond  of  horses ; It.  Filippo , Sp. 
Felipe,  Pg.  Filippe,  F.  Philippe.']  Lived  in  the 
1st  century.  One  of  the  twelve  apostles,  some- 
times confounded  with  Philip  the  Evangelist. 
Nothing  is  known  concerning  him  after  the  ascension, 
though  he  is  the  subject  of  various  legends. 

Philip,  surnamed  “The  Evangelist.”  Lived  in 
the  1st  century.  A deacon  and  preacher  in  the 
early  Christian  church.  He  is  noted  as  the  agent  in 
the  professed  conversion  of  Simon  the  sorcerer,  and  for 
his  conversation  with  the  Ethiopian  eunuch. 

Philip  II.  Born  382  B.  O. : assassinated  at  2E gse, 
Macedonia,  Aug.,  336  B.  C.  King  of  Macedon, 
son  of  Amyntas  II.,  and  father  of  Alexander  the 
Great . He  lived  some  years  at  Thebes  as  a hostage ; suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Perdiccas  in  359 ; defeated  the  Illyrians 
and  Paeonians  in  358;  captured  Amphipolis  in  358,  and 
Potidseain356 ; founded  Philippi  in  356;  captured  Methone 
about  353 ; subdued  nearly  all  Thessaly  in  35‘2 ; took  Olyn- 
thus  in  347 ; took  part  in  the  Sacred  War  against  the  Pho- 
cians,  after  whose  overthrow  in  346  he  was  elected  to 


802 

their  place  in  the  Amphictyonic  Council ; made  peace  with 
Athens  in  346 ; besieged  unsuccessfully  Perinthusand  By- 
zantium 340-339 ; took  command  in  the  Holy  War  against 
theLocrians  in  339 ; totally  defeated  the  combined  Athenian 
and  Theban  army  at  Chaeronea  in  338;  subdued  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus ; and  in  337  was  chosen  commander  of  the  Greek 
forces  against  Persia. 

Philip  III.  Arrhidseus.  Murdered  317  b.  c. 
King  of  Macedon,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip  II. : 
proclaimed  king  in  323. 

Philip  IV.  King  of  Macedon,  son  of  Cassander. 
He  reigned  for  a few  months  about  297  b.  c. 

Philip  V.  Born  237  b.  c.  : died  179  b.  c.  King  of 
Macedon,  son  of  Demetrius  II.  He  reigned  220-179. 
He  was  at  war  with  the  JEtolian  League  220-217 ; was  allied 
with  Carthage  and  at  war  with  Rome  (later  also  with  the 
zEtolian  League,  etc.)  214-205 ; began  the  second  war 
against  Rome  in  200 ; was  defeated  by  Flamininus  at  C’y- 
noscephahe  in  197 ; and  was  forced  to  renounce  the  he- 
gemony in  Greece  in  196. 

Philip  I.  Born  about  1053  : died  1108.  King 
of  France  1060-1108,  son  of  Henry  I. 

Philip  II.  Augustus.  Born  Aug.  21,  1165 : died 
at  Mantes,  France,  July  14,1223.  King  of  France, 
son  of  Louis  VII.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1180 : 
one  of  the  chief  consolidators  of  the  French 
monarchy.  He  banished  the  Jews  ; engaged  in  the  third 
Crusade  with  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted  in  1190 ; withdrew 
from  it  in  1191  and  waged  war  with  Richard;  conquered 
(1202-05)  Normandy,  Anjou,  Maine,  Poitou,  and  Touraine 
from  England  ; and  gained  the  victory  of  Bouvines  in  1214. 
The  crusade  against  the  Albigenses  occurred  in  his  reign. 

Philip  III.,  surnamed  “The  Bold”  (F.  “Le  Har- 
di”).  Born  1245:  diedat  Perpignan, France,  1285. 
King  of  France,  son  of  Louis  IX.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1270.  He  inherited  in  1271  the  county 
of  Toulouse,  which  was  added  to  the  crown- 
lands. 

Philip  IV.,  surnamed  “The  Fair”  (F.  “Le 
Bel”).  Born  at  Fontainebleau,  France,  1268: 
died  Nov.  29, 1314.  King  of  France  1285-1314, 
Son  of  Philip  III.  He  married  in  1284  Joanna,  heiress 
of  Navarre,  whereby  he  united  that  kingdom  with  France. 
In  1292  or  1293  he  summoned  Edward  I.  of  England,  as  the 
holder  of  French  fiefs,  to  his  court  to  answer  for  depreda- 
tions committed  by  Edward’s  subjects  on  the  Norman 
coast.  Edward  senthis  brother,  the  Earl  of  Lancaster,  who 
surrendered  Guienne  to  Philip  as  security  for  a satisfac- 
tory settlement.  Philip  thereupon  declared  Edward's 
fiefs  forfeited  on  account  of  his  non-appearance.  War 
broke  out  in  consequence  in  1294 ; peace  was  restored  in 
1299,  Guienne  being  restored  to  Edward.  In  1296  he  be- 
came involved  in  a quarrel  with  Pope  Boniface  VIII.,  as 
the  growing  expenditures  occasioned  by  the  centralization 
of  the  government  led  him  to  tax  ecclesiastical  property. 
The  quarrel  culminated  in  1303  in  the  seizure  of  the  Pope, 
who,  although  released  by  the  Roman  populace,  died  shortly 
after.  Boniface’s  successor,  Benedict  XI.,  dying  in  1304, 
Philip  procured  the  election  of  a Frenchman,  Clement  V., 
who  removed  the  papal  residence  to  Avignon.  In  1302 
Philip’s  army  was  defeated  by  the  revolted  Flemings  at 
Courtrai,  and  he  was  forced  to  recognize  their  indepen- 
dence in  1305.  He  suppressed  the  order  of  the  Templars, 
whose  lands  he  confiscated. 

Philip  V.,“  The  Tall.”  Bora  1293  (?) : died  1322. 
King  of  France  1316-22,  second  son  of  Philip 
IV.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Louis  X. 

Philip  VI.  Bora  1293:  died  Aug.,  1350.  King 
of  France  1328-50,  son  of  Charles  of  Valois  (the 
brother  of  Philip  IV.):  the  first  king  of  the 
house  of  Valois.  In  liis  reign  began  the  Hundred  Years’ 
War  with  England  (1338).  He  was  defeated  by  Edward  III. 
at  Cr^cy  in  1346,  lost  Calais  in  1347,  and  acquired  Dauphino 
in  1349. 

Philip  I.,  surnamed  “The Handsome.”  Born  at 
Bruges,  1478 : died  in  Spain,  Sept.  25,  1506. 
King  of  Castile,  son  of  the  emperor  Maximilian 
I,  and  Mary  of  Burgundy,  and  grandson  of 
Charles  the  Bold.  He  became  sovereign  of  the  Nether- 
lands in  1482  ; married  Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  in  1496  ; and  became  king  of  Castile  in  1504.  He 
was  the  father  of  the  emperors  Charles  V.  and  Ferdinand  I. 

Philip  II.  Born  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  May  21, 
1527 : died  at  the  Escorial,  Spain,  Sept.  13, 1598. 
King  of  Spain  1556-98,  son  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  and  Isabella  of  Portugal.  He  was  in- 
vested by  his  father  with  the  duchy  of  Milan  in  1540,  with 
the  kingdoms  of  Naples  and  Sicily  in  1554,  and  with  the 
lordship  of  the  Netherlands  in  1555,  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Spain  and  its  dependencies  on  the  abdication  of 
his  father  in  1556.  Throughout  his  reign  the  chief  objects 
of  his  policy  were  to  restore  the  Roman  Catholic  religion 
in  the  Protestant  countries  of  Europe,  and  to  introduce  a 
uniform  and  despotic  form  of  government  throughout  his 
diversified  dominions.  I11 1559  he  concluded  with  France 
the  favorable  peace  of  Cateau-Cambrdsis,  which  ended 
a war  inherited  from  the  previous  reign.  His  political 
and  religious  oppression  provoked  in  1567  a revolt  of  the 
Netherlands,  which  resulted  in  the  virtual  independence 
of  the  seven  northern  provinces  by  the  Union  of  Utrecht 
in  1579.  His  half-brother  Don  John  of  Austria  gained  the 
brilliant  naval  victory  of  Lepanto  over  the  Turks,  Oct.  7, 
1571.  In  1580  he  annexed  Portugal,  the  inheritance  of 
which  he  claimed  in  right  of  his  mother.  In  1585  he 
formed  an  alliance  with  the  Holy  League  against  the  Hu- 
guenots in  France,  but  was  unable  in  the  end  to  prevent 
file  accession  of  Henry  IV.  In  1588  he  sent  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  (see  Armada,  The  Invincible ) against  Eng- 
land, which,  among  other  causes  of  offense,  was  giving  as- 
sistance to  the  Dutch  insurgents,  ne  was  four  times  mar- 
ried, his  first  wife  being  Maria,  daughter  of  John  III.  of 
Portugal,  whom  he  married  in  1543,  and  who  died  in  1545  ; 


Philippi 

his  second,  Mary,  queen  of  England,  whom  he  married  in 
1554,  and  who  died  in  1558  ; his  third,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Henry  II.  of  France,  married  in  1659,  who  died  in  1568 ; 
and  his  fourth,  Anne,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Maximilian 
II.,  married  in  1570,  who  died  in  1680.  See  Carlos,  Von. 

Philip  II.  A tragedy  by  Alfieri,  which  was 
printed  in  1783.  It  was  founded  on  the  Abbe 
de  Saint -Real’s  story  of  Don  Carlos. 

Philip  III.  Bora  at  Madrid,  1578 : died  at  Ma- 
drid, 1621.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip  II.  and 
Anne  of  Austria.  He  reigned  1598-1621.  The 
Moriseos  were  expelled  from  Spain  in  1609. 

Philip  IV.  Bom  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  1605: 
died  1665.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip  III. : 
reigned  1621-65.  The  Spanish  power  declined  through 
wars  with  the  Netherlands  and  France,  and  the  loss  of 
Portugal  in  1640. 

Philip  IV.  1.  An  equestrian  portrait  by  Ve- 
lasquez, in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Madrid.  ‘The 
king,  in  corseletand  plumed  hat,  holding  his  baton  of  com- 
mand, sits  on  a prancing  charger.  This  is  held  to  be  Ve- 
lasquez's finest  portrait. 

2.  A portrait  by  Velasquez,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Philip  V.  Born  at  Versailles,  France,  Dec.  19, 
1683:  clied  at  Madrid,  July  9,  1746.  King  of 
Spain,  grandson  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  and 
second  son  of  the  dauphin : called  Duke  of  An- 
jou until  his  succession  to  the  Spanish  throne 
in  1700  (by  the  will  of  Charles  II.  ).  His  accession 
caused  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  He  lost  Gi- 
braltar in  1704,  and  by  the  peace  of  Utrecht  was  obliged 
to  cede  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  the  Milanese,  Sardinia, 
and  Naples  to  Austria.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son 
Louis  in  1724,  but  on  the  death  of  the  latter  in  the  same 
year  resumed  the  government.  He  was,  during  the  latter 
part  of  his  reign,  completely  under  the  ascendancy  of  his 
second  wife,  Elizabeth  Farnese  of  Parma. 

Philip  (Marcus  Julius  Philippus),  “The  Ara- 
bian.” Roman  emperor  244-249.  He  celebrated 

the  thousandth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Rome  by  a 
splendid  exhibition  of  the  secular  games  in  248. 

Philip, surnamed  “The Bold”  (F.  “ Le Hardi”). 
Bom  Jan.  15,  1342 : died  April  27,  1404.  Duke 
of  Burgundy,  younger  son  of  John  the  Good  of 
France.  He  obtained  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  in  1368. 
He  was  regent  for  many  years  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VI. 

Philip,  surnamed  “The  Good”  (F.  “Le  Bon”). 
Born  at  Dijon,  France,  1396 : died  at  Bruges. 
1467.  Duke  of  Burgundy,  son  of  John  the  Fear- 
less, whom  he  succeeded  in  1419.  As  regent  of 
France  he  signed  the  treaty  of  Troyes  in  1420 ; was  allied 
with  England  against  Charles  VII.  until  1435;  and  acquired 
Holland  and  other  territories. 

Philip,  surnamed  “The  Magnanimous.”  Born 
Nov.  13,  1504 : died  March  31,  1567.  Landgrave 
of  Hesse  1509-67.  He  introduced  the  Reformation 
into  Hesse  in  1526;  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Smalkaldic  League  1530-31.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Charles 
V.  1547-52. 

Philip,  Duke  of  Swabia.  Born  about  1177 : mur- 
dered at  Bamberg,  Germany,  by  Otto  von  Wit- 
telsbach,  June  21, 1208.  Youngest  son  of  Fred- 
erick Barbarossa.  He  was  elected  king  of  Germany  in 
1198,  but  his  rival  Otto  IV.  was  chosen  emperor.  A ten 
years’  war  with  Otto  ended  in  Philip’s  death. 

Philip,  King  (originally  Metacomet).  Killed  at 
Mount  Hope,  Rhode  Island,  Aug.  12,  1676.  An 
Indian  chief,  the  son  of  Massasoit.  He  became 
chief  of  the  Wampanoag  or  Pokanoket  Indians  in  1662  ; 
gave  his  name  to  King  Philip’s  war  against  the  New  Eng- 
land colonists,  whicli  commenced  at  Swansea,  June,  1675  ; 
prosecuted  the  war  1675-76;  and  was  killed  by  a party 
under  command  of  Benjamin  Church. 

Philip,  Herod.  See  Herod  Philip. 

Philip,  John  Woodward.  Born  at  Kinder- 
hook,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  26,  1840:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y. , June  30, 1900.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  in  1856  ; and 
was  promoted  commander  in  1874,  captain  in  1889,  commo- 
dore Aug.  10,  1898,  and  rear-admiral  inlS99.  He  commanded 
the  Texas  in  the  battle  off  Santiago,  July  3;  was  temporary 
commander  of  the  North  Atlantic  squadron  ; and  on  Jan. 
16,  1899,  took  command  of  the  navy-yard.  New  York. 

Philip  Augustus.  See  Philip  II.  of  France. 

Philiphaugh  (fil'ip-hach).  A place  about  2miles 
west  of  Selkirk,  Scotland.  Here,  Sept.  13, 1645,  the 
Parliamentary  troops  under  Leslie  totally  defeated  the 
Royalist  Highlanders  under  Montrose. 

Philippa  (fi-lip'a).  [L.,  fern,  of  Philippus.]  Born 
about  1312:  died  1369.  Queen  of  Edward  III. 
of  England.  She  was  the  daughter  of  William,  count 
of  Holland  and  Hainault,  and  married  Edward  in  1328. 

Philippe  Egalite,  Duke  of  Orleans.  See  Orleans. 

Philippeville  (fe-lep-vel').  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Stora  38  miles  north-northeast  of 
Constantine.  It  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1838  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Roman  station  Rusicada,  and  is  an 
important  commercial  port  for  the  trade  of  eastern  Algeria 
and  eastern  Sahara.  Population,  about  16,500;  commune, 
about  26,000. 

Philippeville.  Asmalltown  and  former  fortress 
in  the  province  of  Namur,  Belgium,  23  miles 
southwest  of  Namur.  It  was  taken  by  the  Prus- 
sians from  the  French  in  1815. 

Philippi  (fi-lip'i).  [Gr.  FiAitttoi.]  In  ancient 


Philippi 

geography,  a city  of  Macedonia,  situated73  miles 
east-northeast  of  Saloniki.  it  was  named  from 
Philip  IT.  of  Macedon,  and  is  famous  for  the  two  battles  in 

42  B.  c.  in  which  Octavius  and  Mark  Antony  defeated  the 
republicans  under  Brutus  and  Cassius.  A Christian 
church  was  founded  here  by  Paul,  who  addressed  to  the 
church  the  Epistle  to  the  Philjppians. 

Philippi.  The  capital  of  Barbour  County,  West 
Virginia,  situated  on  Tygart’s  Valley  River,  80 
miles  south-southeast  of  Wheeling. ' The  Con- 
federateswere  routed  here  by  thePederais  June 
3,  1861.  Population,  1,038,  (1910). 
Philippians  (fi-lip'i-anz),  Epistle  to  the.  A 
letter  addressed  by  the  apostle  Paul  to  the 
church  in  Philippi.  He  alludes  in  it  to  the  close  per- 
sonal relations  existing  between  himself  and  the  members 
of  that  church,  encourages  them  to  remain  in  unity,  and 
warns  them  against  various  dangers.  It  was  probably 
written  at  Rome  shortly  before  his  release  in  63. 
Philippics  (fi-lip'iks),  The.  A group  of  nine  ora- 
tions of  Demosthenes,  directed  against  Philip  of 
Macedon.  “The  real  adversary  in  all  these  famous 
speeches  is  not  so  much  the  King  of  Macedon  as  the  sloth 
and  supineness  of  the  Athenians,  and  the  influence  of  the 
peace  party,  whether  honest  or  bribed  by  Philip.”  (Ma- 
haffy.)  They  are  the  first  Philippic,  urging  the  sending  of 
a military  force  to  Thrace,  delivered  351  is.  c. ; three  orations 
in  behalf  of  the  city  of  Olynthus  (destroyed  by  Philip), 
delivered  in  349-348 ; the  oration  “On  the  Peace,  ” 346 ; 
the  second  Philippic,  344;  the  oration  “On  theEmbassy,” 
343;  the  speech  “On  the  Chersonese,”  341;  and  the  third 
Philippic,  341.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a series  of  four- 
teen orations  of  Cicero  against  Mark  Antony,  delivered  44- 

43  B.C. 

Philippicus  (fi-lip'i-bus),  or  PMlepicus  (fi-lep'- 
i-kus)  (originally  Bardanes).  Byzantine  em- 
★peror  711-713. 

Philippine  (fil'ip-in)  Islands,  or  Philippines, 
Sp.  Islas  Filipinas  (es'las  fe-le-pe'nas). 
[Named  after  Philip  II.  of  Spain.]  An  archi- 
pelago lying  between  the  China  Sea  on  the  west 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east.  Capital, 
Manila.  It  is  situated  to  the  east  of  Aunam  and  north- 
east of  Borneo,  and  is  separated  from  Celebes  on  the  south 
by  the  Celebes  Sea.  The  principal  islands  are  Luzon,  Cama- 
rines,  Mindoro,  Samar,  Leyte,  Panay,  Negros,  Cebu,  Bohol, 
Mindanao,  Palawan,  and  the  Sulu  Islands.  The  surface  is 
hilly  or  mountainous  ; highest  peak,  10,280  feet.  The  chief 
products  are  tobacco,  hemp,  coffee,  sugar,  cocoa,  and  rice. 
The  group  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States  by  the 
treaty  of  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1898.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly 
different  Malay  tribes  (Tagals,  Visayas,  etc.);  there  are  also 
Chinese,  Negritos,  and  mixed  races.  The  dominant  religion 
is  Roman  Catholic.  The  islands  were  discovered  in  1521  by 
Magalhaes,  who  was  killed  there.  Settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1565.  A native  insurrection  against  Spanish 
rule  broke  out  in  1896,  was  quelled  by  Jan.,  1S98,  but  again 
broke  out  under  the  leadership  of  Aguiualdo,  after  the 
battle  of  Manila,  in  May,  1898.  In  Feb , 1899,  the  insur- 
gents turned  their  arms  against  the  United  States.  Area, 
127,853  square  miles.  Population,  7,635,426. 

Philippopolis(fil-ip-op,p-lis),Turk.  Filibe  (fe'- 
le-be),  or  Felibe.  [Gr.  $i?i.nnr6Tro'Ai<;,  city  of 
Philip.]  The  capital  of  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bul- 
garia, situated  on  the  Maritza  in  lat.  42°  10'  N., 
long.  24°  45'  E.  It  is  a trading  center,  and  has  con- 
siderable manufactures.  It  is  an  ancient  city,  named  after 
Philip  II.  of  Macedon.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Russians 
in  1878.  A revolution  broke  out  there  in  1885,  resulting  in 
the  union  of  Eastern  Rumelia  with  Bulgaria.  Population, 
45,707. 

Philippoteaux  (fe-le-po-to'),  Henri  Emman- 
uel Felix.  Born  at  Paris,  1815:  died  there, 
Nov.  8,  1884.  A French  historical  and  battle 
painter.  He  painted  the  cyelorama  “The  De- 
fense of  Paris.” 

Philippoteaux,  Paul.  Born  at  Paris,  1846.  A 
French  painter  of  cycloramas,  son  of  H.  E.  F. 
Philippoteaux.  Among  his  cycloramas  are  “Battle 
of  Gettysburg " (1883),  “Plevna, "and  “Falls  of  Niagara." 
Philipps  (fil'ips),  Georg.  Bom  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  Jan.  6,  1804:  died  at  Vienna,  Sept.  6, 
1872.  A German  jurist  and  Roman  Catholic 
historian,  professor  at  Munich  1833-47,  at  Inns- 
bruck 1849-51,  and  at  Vienna  1851-72.  His  chief 
work  on  canon  law  is  “Kirchenrecht”  (1845-72). 
Philippsburg  (fil'ips-borG).  A small  town  in 
the  circle  of  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Salzbach  with  the  Rhine,  16  miles 
north  of  Karlsruhe.  It  has  been  often  taken,  nota- 
bly by  the  Imperialists  in  1676  and  by  the  French  in  1688, 
1734,  and  1799. 

Philippus  (Roman  emperor).  See  Philip. 
Philips  (fil'ips),  Ambrose.  Born  1675  (?) : died 
1749.  An  English  writer.  He  was  of  a Leicester- 
shire  family,  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John’s 
College),  where  he  wrote  his  “ Pastorals,”  which  appeared 
in  the  sixth  volume  of  Tonson’s  “ Miscellanies  : 1709  ” (the 
same  volume  in  which  Pope’s  “ Pastorals  ” appeared). 
He  sided  with  Addison  in  his  quarrel  with  Pope,  went  to 
Ireland  as  secretary  to  Archbishop  Boulter,  and  was  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  for  the  borough  of  Armagh,  Ireland. 
His  nickname  “ Namhy  Pamhy  ” was  conferred  on  him  by 
Henry  Carey,  and  adopted  by  Pope  who  considered  it  suited 
to  his  “ eminence  in  the  infantile  style.  ’’  Doran  says,  how- 
ever, that  ho  ranked  with  the  wits  at  Button’s  Coffee  House, 
and  had  no  reason  to  fear  the  ridicule  of  men  like  Carey. 
He  is  best  known  by  his  play  “The  Distrest  Mother,"  an 
adaptation  of  Racine’s  “ Andromaque”  (1712).  Among  his 


803 

other  plays  are  “The  Briton  ” (1722),  “Humfrey,  Duke  of 
Gloucester"  (1723),  etc. 

Philips,  or  Phillips  (fil'ips),  John.  Born  at 
Bampton,  Oxfordshire,  1676:  died  1708.  An 
English  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
at  Oxford  (Christ  Church).  “The  Splendid  Shilling,”  a 
burlesque  of  Milton’s  “Paradise  Lost,"  appeared  in  1705. 
In  1705  he  published  “Blenheim,”  also  in  imitation  of 
Milton,  and  on  Jan.  24,  1707-08,  “Cyder,”  his  most  ambi- 
tious work,  in  imitation  of  Vergil’s  “Georgies.” 

Philips,  Mrs.  (Katharine  Fowler).  Bom  at 
London,  Jan.1,1631:  died  June  22, 1664.  AnEcg- 
lish  letter-writer  and  poet.  She  was  known  as « the 
matchless  Orinda,”  because  of  the  signature  “Orinda” 
adopted  by  her  in  a correspondence  with  Sir  Charles  Cot- 
terel,  who  used  the  name  of  “ Poliarchus."  She  also  used 
the  name  as  her  usual  signature.  She  translated  “ Horace  ” 
(in  part)  and  “ Pompoe,”  two  of  Corneille’s  plays,  which, 
with  a number  of  poems,  were  published  in  1667. 

In  her  seventeenth  year  she  married  a Royalist  gen- 
tleman of  Wales,  Mr.  James  Philips,  of  Cardigan  Priory. 

. . . She  seems  to  have  adopted  the  melodious  pseudonym 
by  which  she  has  become  known  to  posterity  in  1(  51. 

Gosse,  Hours  in  a Library. 

Philip  van  Artevelde.  See  Artevelde. 
Philisides  (fi-lis'i-dez).  In  Sir  Philip  Sidney’s 
“Arcadia,”  a shepherd  whose  name  is  formed 
from  Sidney’s  own.  In  the  volume  of  Spenser’s  poems 
published  in  1596  is  a collection  of  laments  for  Sidney, 
among  which  is  a “ Pastoral  iEglogue  upon  the  Death  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  etc., ”in  which  each  shepherd  begins  his 
lament  with  the  words  “ Philisides  is  dead.”  It  has  been 
attributed  to  Sir  Edward  Dyer. 

Philistia  (fi-lis'ti-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
country  southwest  of  Palestine,  lying  along  the 
Mediterranean.  The  five  principal  cities  were 
Ascalon,  Ashdod,  Gaza,  Gath,  and  Ekron. 
Philistines  (fi-lis'tinz).  A nation  of  Semitic  (?) 
origin,  dwelling  in  Philistia.  They  were  frequently 
at  war  with  the  Hebrews,  and  reached  their  highest  power 
in  the  reigns  of  Saul  and  David. 

Caphtor  was  the  original  home  of  the  Philistines,  as  we 
learu  from  several  passages  of  the  Bible  (Deut.  ii.  23,  Jer. 
xlvii.  4,  Amos  ix.  7).  In  Genesis  the  reference  to  them 
has  been  shifted  from  its  original  place : it  should  fol- 
low the  name  of  the  Caphtorim  and  not  of  the  Casluhim. 
The  Philistines,  in  fact,  were  the  garrison  established  by 
the  Egyptian  kings  on  the  southern  border  of  Palestine. 
The  five  cities  which  they  held  commanded  the  coast  road 
from  Egypt  to  Syria  (Exod.  xiii.  17),  and  formed  the  start- 
ing-point of  Egyptian  conquest  and  domination  in  Asia. 
It  was  needful  that  they  should  he  inhabited  by  a popula- 
tion which,  though  akin  in  race  to  that  of  Canaan,  were 
yet  subjects  of  the  Egyptian  Pharaoh  and  bound  by  ties  of 
birth  to  the  Pharaoh’s  land.  They  came  indeed  from  Ca- 
naan, but  nevertheless  were  not  of  Canaan.  As  long  as 
Egypt  was  strong  their  devotion  to  her  was  unshaken : 
when  she  deserted  them  and  retreated  within  the  limits 
of  her  own  territory  they  still  preserved  their  individual- 
ity and  refused  to  mix  with  the  population  that  surrounded 
them.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  53. 

Phillip  (fil'ip),  John.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  April 
19, 1817 : died  at  London,  Feb.  27, 1867.  A Scot- 
tish painter.  “The  Letter-Writer  of  Seville  "was  com- 
missioned by  Queen  Victoria  in  1854.  He  was  made  asso- 
ciate  royal  academician  in  1857,  and  royal  academician  in 
1859.  He  was  especially  devoted  to  Spain  and  Spanish 
subjects. 

Phillips  (fil'ips),  Adelaide.  Born  at  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  England,  1833:  died  at  Karlsbad,  Oct. 
3,1882.  An  American  singer.  Her  voice  was  a con- 
tralto. She  made  her  ddbut  Sept.  25,  1843,  at  the  Boston 
Museum,  as  Little  Pickle.  She  appeared  at  Barnum  s Mu- 
seum, New  York,  as  a juvenile  danseuse,  and  was  an- 
nounced as  “the  Child  of  Avon."  She  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1846,  at  the  Walnut  Street  Theater,  as  Rosa  in 
“John  of  Paris.”  In  1850,  on  Jenny  Lind’s  advice,  she 
went  to  London  and  studied  with  Garcia.  In  1854  she  ap- 
peared in  opera  at  Milan,  and  in  1856  at  New  Ycrk  in  “II 
Trovatore.”  She  appeared  in  Paris  later  in  the  same  part, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  “Mile.  Filippe.”  After  this 
sh&  sang  in  almost  all  the  principal  cities  of  the  world,  but 
was  particularly  admired  in  America.  Her  last  appear- 
ance was  in  1881.  Her  sister  Mathilde  was  also  a contralto 
singer. 

Phillips  (fil'ips),  John.  Born  at  Andover, Mass., 
Dec.  6,  1719:  died  at  Exeter,  N.  II.,  April  21, 
1795.  An  American  merchant,  founder  of  Phillips 
Academy  in  Exeter,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
Phillips  Academy  in  Andover. 

Phillips,  John.  Born  at  Marden,  Wiltshire, 
Dec.  25,  1800:  died  at  Oxford,  April  24,  1874. 
An  English  geologist.  In  1834  he  became  professor 
of  geology  at  King's  College,  London ; and  in  1840  entered 
the  staff  of  the  geological  survey  of  Great  Britain.  He 
published  “Illustrations  of  the  Geology  of  Yorkshire” 
(1829-36),  “Treatise  on  Geology”  (1837-39),  etc. 

Phillips,  Samuel.  Bom  at  North  Andover, 
Mass.,  Feb.  7,  1751:  died  Feb.  10,  1802.  An 
American  politician,  judge,  and  merchant, 
nephew  of  John  Phillips  (1719—95) : the  princi- 
pal founder  of  Phillips  Academy  in  Andover. 
Phillips,  Samuel.  Born  Dec.  28,  1814:  died  at 
Brighton,  Oct.  14,  1854.  An  English  writer, 
son  of  a Jewish  tradesman  in  Regent  street, 
London,  lie  was  educated  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, and  at  Gottingen,  and  resided  at  Sydney  Sussex  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  for  a term  with  a view  of  taking  orders. 
His  first  novel,  “CalebStukely,”  appeared  in  “Blackwood's 
Magazine  ” (1841).  In  1845  and  1846  he  was  political  editor 
of  the  “Morning  Herald,”  and  was  literary  critic  to  the 
“ Times  ” 1845-54.  “ Essays  from  the  Times”  were  published 


Philoctetes 

in  1851,  and  in  1854  in  Murray’s  “Reading  for  the  Rail.” 
He  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Crystal  Palace  Com- 
pany, and  in  1853-54  was  its  literary  director. 

Phillips,  Stephen.  Born  at  Somerton,  near 
Oxford,  July  28,  1868.  An  English  poet  and 
playwright.  He  was  on  the  stage  1886-92. 
He  has  written  “ Poems  ” (1897),  “Paolo  and  Francesca  ” 
(1899),  “Herod”  (1900),  “Ulysses”  (1902),  “The  Sin  of 
David”  (1904),  “Nero”  (1906),  “The  Last  Heir"  (1908), 
“ The  New  Inferno  ” (1910),  “ Pietro  of  Siena  ” (1910),  “ The 
King  ” (1912),  etc.  He  is  editor  of  “ The  Poetry  Review.  ” 
Phillips,  Thomas.  Born  at  Dudley,  Warwick- 
shire, Oct.  18,  1770:  died  at  London,  April  20, 
1845.  An  English  painter.  Heleamedglass-painting 
at  Birmingham,  and  was  employed  on  the  window  of  St. 
George’s  Chapel  at  Windsor.  He  went  to  London  in  1790 ; 
exhibited  inl792 ; and  was  made  associat  e royal  academician 
in  1804,  and  royal  academician  in  1808.  In  1825  he  succeeded 
Fuseli  as  professor  of  painting  at  the  Royal  Academy ; re- 
signed in  1832;  and  published  his  lectures  on  “ The  History 
and  Principles  of  Painting”  in  1833.  He  was  successful  as 
a portrait-painter. 

Phillips,  ‘Wendell.  Born  at  Boston,  Nov.  29, 
1811 : died  at  Boston,  Feb.  2,  1884.  A noted 
American  orator  and  abolitionist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harvard ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1834 ; was  the 
leading  orator  of  the  abolitionists  1837-61 ; and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Anti-Slavery  Society  1865-70.  He  was  also  a 
prominent  advocate  of  woman  suffrage,  penal  and  labor 
reform,  etc.  In  1870  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  labor  re- 
formers and  prohibitionists  for  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
His  speeches  were  published  in  1863. 

Phillips,  William.  Born  May,  1775:  died  1828. 
An  English  mineralogist  and  geologist.  He  pub- 
lished “ Outlines  of  Mineralogy  and  Geology ’’  (1815);  “In- 
troduction to  the  Knowledge  of  Mineralogy  ” (1816) ; and, 
conjointly  with  W.  D.  Conybeare,  “ Outlines  of  the  Geology 
of  England  and  Wales  ” (1822),  etc. 

Phillips  Academy.  1 . A preparatory  school 
for  hoys,  situated  at  Andover,  Massachusetts : 
founded  by  John  and  Samuel  Phillips  iu  1778. 
— 2.  A preparatory  school  for  boys,  situated  at 
Exeter,  NewHampshire : founded  by  John  Phil- 
lips in  1781. 

Phillipsburg(fil'ips-berg).  A town  in  Warren 
County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Delaware, 
opposite  Easton,  55  miles  west  of  Newark.  Pop- 
ulation, 13,903,  (1910). 

Phillis.  See  Phyllis,  2. 

Philo,  or  Philo  Judaeus  (fi'lo  jo-de'us)  (‘the 
Jew’).  [Gr.  tpi/Mv.]  Born,  probably  at.  Alex- 
andria, about  20  b.  c. : died  after  40  a.  d.  A 
Hellenistic  Jewish  philosopher  of  Alexandria.. 
He  went  to  Rome  about  40  A.  D.,  at  the  head  of  an  embassy 
of  five  Jews,  to  plead  with  Caligula  for  the  uninterrupted 
exercise  of  their  religion. 

The  object  of  Philo  ...  is  to  harmonize  the  philoso- 
phy of  religion,  which  he  had  derived  from  a study  of  Plato, 
Aristotle,  and  other  eminentheathen  writers,  with  the  let- 
ter of  the  books  attributed  to  Moses.  And  he  effects  this 
reconciliation  by  an  unlimited  licence  of  allegory.  This 
mode  of  dealing  with  ancient  writers  is  justified  not  only 
by  the  practice  of  the  Pharisees  in  Palestine,  as  we  infer 
from  the  example  of  St.  Paul,  but  also  by  the  licence  of  the 
Greeks  in  dealing  with  their  own  mythology  in  general, 
and  with  Homer  in  particular. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  175. 

[ (Donaldson.) 

PhiloMblon  (fi-lo-bib'lon).  Atreatise  on  books 
by  Richard  Aungerville  (often  called  Richard 
of  Bury)  bishop  of  Durham  and  chancellor  of 
Edward  III.  It  was  finished  in  1345;  was  printed  at 
Cologne  in  1473 ; and  has  been  reprinted  at  Paris  in  1500, 
and  at  Oxford  in  1599  (the  same  as  the  5th  Paris  edition). 
John  Ingiis  translated  it  into  English  in  1832.  In  1856  it 
was  collated  by  M.  Hippolyte  Cocherisand  translated  into 
French.  In  1861  an  American  edition  was  published  at 
Albany  by  Samuel  Hand ; and  the  Grolier  Club  in  New 
York  printed  the  Latin  text  with  a new  translation  by 
Andrew  F.  West  (1889). 

Philo  Byblius (bib'li-us)  (‘of  Byblus’).  Lived 
about  100  A.  D.  A grammarian  from  Byblus  in 
Phenicia.  See  the  extract. 

Philo,  a native  of  Byblos,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Lebanon, 
obtained  a considerable  reputation  as  a h arried  gramma- 
rian at  the  end  of  the  first  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
second  century  of  our  sera.  He  was  born,  it  seems,  in  the 
reign  of  Nero,  and  lived  long  enough  to  write  about  Ha- 
drian. It  is  probable  that  he  was  established  at  Rome, 
as  aclientof  Herennius  Severus,  who  obtaiued  theconsul- 
ship,  probably  as  consul  sui/ectus,  about  the  year  124  A.  D. ; 
for  Philo  bore  the  name  of  Herennius,  and  is  apparently 
confused  with  this  noble  Roman  by  Suidas  or  one  of  his 
authorities.  Besides  works  on  history,  rhetoric,  and  local 
celebrities, he  engaged  in  labours  not  unlike  thoseof  Mane- 
tho  and  Berosus,  and  made  known  to  the  literary  world  in 
general  the  contents  of  tile  historical  books  of  his  own 
nation.  Eusebius,  in  the  epochal  work  'in  which  he 
endeavours  to  show  that  all  the  heathen  nations  borrowed 
their  traditional  learning  from  the  Jews,  gives  an  account 
of  the  ancient  mythology  of  the  Pluenicians,  on  the  au- 
thority of  a translation  in  nine  books  by  Philo  of  Byblos 
from  the  Phoenician  history  of  Sanchoniatlioti  of  Berytus, 
who  was  placed  in  the  time  of  Semiramis  and  before  the 
Trojan  war. 

K.  0.  Muller , Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  255. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Philoctetes  (fil-ok-te'tez).  [Gr.  L/OKrr/i-i/r.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a Greek  warrior  in  the  Trojan 
war,  famous  as  an  archer.  He  was  the  friend  and 
armor-bearer  of  Hercules,  and  set  fire  to  the  fuucral  pile 


Philoctetes 

Of  that  hero.  He  was  wounded  either  by  a serpent  or  ac- 
cidentally by  one  of  the  poisoned  arrows  given  him  by  Her- 
cules, and  was  left  to  die  on  Lemnos.  The  legends  about 
him  vary.  He  was  made  the  subject  of  a play  by  Sopho- 

Philolaus  (fil-o-la'us).  [Gr.  Lived 

in  the  5th  century  B.  C.  A Greek  philosopher, 
one  of  the  chief  of  the  Pythagoreans.  Frag- 
ments of  his  works  are  extant. 

Philomela  (fil-o-me'la).  [Gr.  iuAoyyXa.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Pandion,  sister 
of  Procne,  and  sister-in-law  of  Tereus.  She 
was  metamorphosed  into  a nightingale  or  a 
swallow.  See  Procne. 

Philomela.  A novel  by  Robert  Greene,  pub- 
lished in  1592. 

The  most  beautiful,  however,  and  best  known  of  Greene's 
productions  is  his  “Philomela”  otherwise  called  “Lady 
Fitzwater’s  Nightingale,  "in  honour  of  the  Lady  Fitzwater 
to  whom  it  is  addressed  ; “being  penned,”  as  the  author 
says  in  the  dedication,  “ to  approve  women’s  chastity." 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  557. 

Philopatris  (fi-lop'a-tris),  or  the  Taught.  A 

dialogue  designed  to  discredit  Christianity,  at- 
tributed to  Lucian,  but  probably  by  another 
hand. 

Philopoemen  (fil-o-pe'men).  [Gr.  4Ao-o///?/i>.] 
Born  at  Megalopolis,  Arcadia,  Greece,  about 
252  b.  c. : put  to  death  at  Messene,  183  B.  c.  A 
general  of  the  Achasan  League,  called  ‘ ‘ the  Last 
of  the  Greeks.”  He  was  distinguished  at  the  battle  of 
Sellasia  222  or  221 ; was  several  times  general  (first  in  208) ; 
defeated  the  Spartans  at  Mantinea  about  207 ; and  defeated 
Nabis,  tyrant  of  Sparta,  in  192. 

Philosopher  of  Ferney,  The.  Voltaire:  ho  re- 
sided many  years  at  Ferney,  near  Geneva. 
Philosopher  of  Malmesbury,  The.  Thomas 
Hobbes : he  was  born  at  Malmesbury,  England. 
Philosopher  of  Sans  Souci,  The.  Frederick 
the  Great:  so  named  by  himself. 

Philosopher  of  Wimbledon,  The.  HorneTooke. 
Philosophical  Club.  See  Royal  Society  Club. 
PhilostorgiU3  (fil-o-stor'ji-us).  Born  in  Cap- 
padocia about  364:  died  after  425.  A Greek 
ecclesiastical  historian. 

Philostrate  (fil'os-trat).  A character  in  “A 
Midsummer  Night’s  Dream,”  by  Shakspere: 
Theseus’s  master  of  the  revels. 

Philostratus  (fi-los'tra-tus),  surnamed  “The 
Elder.”  [Gr.  4u/.6arparor.]  Born  probably  in 
Lemnos : lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A Greek  sophist  and  rhetorician. 
He  wrote  the  life  of  Apollonius  of  Tyana,  “Eikones" 
(“Likenesses”),  “Heroica,"  “Lives  of  the  Sophists.” 
Philostratus,  surnamed  “The  Younger.”  Lived 
in  the  3d  century.  A Greek  sophist. 
Philoxenus  (fi-lok'se-nus).  [Gr.  <hM£n >of.] 
Lived  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century.  A 
Monophysite  leader  of  the  Eastern  Church.  He 
authorized  the  “Philoxenian”  (Syrian)  version 
of  the  Bible. 

Philtre  (fel'tr),  Le.  [F.,  ‘The  Philter.’]  An 
opera  by  Auber,  words  by  Scribe,  produced  at 
Paris  in  1831.  It  is  the  same  in  subject  as  Donizetti’s 
“L’Elisire  d’Amore,”  and  was  very  popular. 

Phinehas  (fin'e-has).  In  Old  Testament  history, 
a high  priest  of  Israel,  son  of  Eleazar  and 
grandson  of  Aaron. 

Phipps  (fips),  Constantine  Henry,  Marquis  of 
Normanby.  Born  May  15,  1797 : died  at  Lon- 
don, July  28, 1863.  An  English  statesman  and 
writer,  son  of  the  first  Earl  of  Mulgrave.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College),  and  entered 
Parliament  for  Scarborough  at  the  age  of  twenty  one.  He 
published  his  first  novel,  “Matilda,"  in  1825,  and  in  1828 
“Yes  and  No.”  He  succeeded  his  father  as  Earl  Mul- 
grave; wasmadecaptain-generalandgovernorof  Jamaica 
in  1832 ; was  made  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1835 ; was 
created  marquis  of  Normanby  in  1838 ; and  was  colonial 
secretary  and  home  secretary,  successively,  in  Lord  Mel- 
bourne's administration.  From  1846  to  1852  he  was  am- 
bassador at  Paris,  and  1854-58  minister  at  Florence. 

Phipps,  Constantine  John,  Baron  Mulgrave. 
Born  in  England,  1744:  died  at  Li&ge,  Oct.  10, 
1792.  An  arctic  explorer.  He  was  post-captain  of 
the  British  navy  in  1765,  and  in  1773  commanded  an  expe- 
dition in  search  of  the  northwest  passage,  which  was 
stopped  by  ice  in  lat.  80”  48'  N.  He  wrote  “A  Voyage  to- 
ward the  North  Pole  ” (1774). 

Phipps  (fips),  Sir  William.  Born  in  Maine, 
Feb.  2,  1Q51 : died  at  London,  Feb.  18,  1695. 
Governor  of  Massachusetts  1692-94.  He  captured 

Port  Royal  in  1690,  and  in  the  same  year  commanded  an 
unsuccessful  expedition  against  Quebec. 

Phiz  (fiz).  See  Browne,  Hablot  Knight. 
Phlegethon  (fiej'e-thon).  [Gr.  <hiryeduv,  the 
flaming.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a river  of  fire 
in  the  lower  world,  which  flows  into  Acheron. 
Phlegraean  Plain  (fleg-re'an  plan).  The  vol- 
canic district  lying  west  of  Naples,  near  the 
coast. 

Phliasia  (fli-a'shi-a).  [Gr.  Qfoaoia , the  terri- 
tory of  Phlius.]  In  ancient  geography,  a small 


S04 

district  in  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  northwest 
of  Argolis,  northeast  of  Arcadia,  and  south  of 
Sicyonia. 

Phlius  (fll'us).  [Gr.  4vUoi>f.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  in  Phliasia,  Peloponnesus,  Greece, 
14  miles  west-southwest  of  Corinth.  It  was 
usually  allied  with  Sparta. 

Phobos  (fo'bos).  [Gr.  0d/3of,  fear : in  mythol- 
ogy personified  as  the  son  of  Ares  and  brother 
of  Deimos.]  The  inner  of  the  two  satellites 
of  the  planet  Mars,  discovered  by  Asaph  Hall  at 
Washington,  in  Aug.,  1877.  This  extraordinary  body 
revolves  in  the  plane  of  the  equator  of  Mars,  at  a distance 
of  only  about  3,700  miles  from  the  surface  of  the  planet.  At 
the  equinoxes  it  is  in  eclipse  about  one  fifth  of  the  time ; 
at  the  solstices  it  does  not  suffer  eclipse.  It  revolves  about 
its  primary  in  7h.  39m.  14s.  ; and,  as  Mars  revolves  on  its 
axis  in  over  24  hours,  the  satellite  must  appear  to  an  ob- 
server on  Mars  to  rise  in  the  west  and  set  in  the  east.  At 
a station  on  the  equator  of  Mars  (where  the  satellite  always 
passes  through  the  zenith),  it  will,  out  of  its  llh.  6m.  23s. 
of  period,  pass  only  3h.  20m.  above  the  horizon. 
Phocaea  ( f o-se ' a) . [Gr.  $utcaia.  ] In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  in  Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on 
the  JEgean  Sea  28  miles  noi’thwest  of  Smyrna. 
The  inhabitants  emigrated  in  large  numbers  after  an  at- 
tack by  the  forces  of  Cyrus  the  Great  in  the  6th  century 
B.  C.  It  was  the  mother-city  of  Marseilles. 

Phocaea  (fo-se'a).  An  asteroid  (No.  25)  discov- 
ered by  Chacornac  at  Marseilles,  April  7,  1853. 
Phocion  (fo'shi-on).  [Gr.  <Pukiuv.]  Born  about 
402  B.  c. : put  to  death  317  b.  C.  A celebrated 
Athenian  statesman  and  general.  He  commanded 
the  left  wing  of  the  Athenian  fleet  in  the  sea-fight,  with 
the  Spartans  off  Naxos  in  376,  and  in  339  commanded  a 
force  which  successfully  opposed  Philip  of  Macedon  at 
Byzantium.  He  afterward  became  the  leader  of  the  aris- 
tocratic party,  and  advocated  the  policy  of  peace  with 
Macedon  in  opposition  to  Demosthenes.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  the  democratic  party  on  a false  charge  of  treason. 
Phocis  (fo'sis).  [Gr.  4>cjK(f.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a territory  in  central  Greece,  it  was  bound- 
ed by  Locris  on  the  north,  Boeotia  on  the  east,  the  Corin- 
thian Gulf  on  the  south,  and  Doris  and  Locris  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  contains  Mount 
Parnassus,  and  was  especially  important  from  its  chief 
place,  Delphi.  It  took  part  in  the  Sacred  War  357-346  B.  C. , 
and  was  defeated  by  Philip  of  Macedon.  It  is  comprised 
in  the  modern  nomarchies  of  Phocis  and  Boeotia. 
Phocis.  A nomarchy  of  modern  Greece. 
Area,  788  square  miles.  Population,  about 
62,300. 

Phocylides  (fo-sil'i-dez).  [Gr.  QunvMSry;.']  Born 
in  Ionia  about  560  b.  c.  A Greek  epic  and  ele- 
giac poet.  Nothing  is  known  of  his  life. 
Phoebe  (fe'be).  [Gr.  4>o![ly:  see  Phoebus .]  In 
classical  mythology,  a Titaness,  daughter  of 
Uranus  and  Gaea ; also,  a surname  of  Diana  (Ar- 
temis) as  goddess  of  the  moon. 

Phoebe.  1.  A shepherdess  in  Shakspere’s  “As 
you  Like  it”:  an  Arcadian  coquette. — 2.  A 
character  in  Hawthorne’s  story  “The  House  of 
the  Seven  Gables”:  a cheerful,  contented  New 
England  girl,  contrasting  with  the  morbidness 
of  most  of  the  other  characters  in  the  story. 
Phoebus  (fe'bus).  [Gr.  4’of/Lr,  the  shining  one.] 
An  epithet  of  Apollo. 

Phoenicia.  See  Phenicia. 

Phoenix  (fe'niks).  [Gr.  4>omf.]  1.  In  Greek 

legend:  (a)  A brother  (or  father)  ofEuropa:  re- 
puted ancestor  of  the  Phenicians.  ( b ) Son  of 
Amyntor  and  Hippodamia.  He  was  intrusted  by 
Peleus  with  the  education  of  Achilles,  whom  he  attended 
during  the  Trojan  war. 

2.  See  Phcnix. 

Phoenix.  The  capital  of  Arizona,  a city  in  Mari- 
copa County.  Population,  11,134,  (1910). 
Phoenix,  John.  The  pseudonym  of  George 
Horatio  Derby. 

Phoenix,  The.  An  old  London  theater  in  St. 
GileS-in-the-Fields.  It  was  altered  from  a cockpit, 
and  was  sometimes  called  by  that  name.  In  1583  it  was 
one  of  the  chief  places  of  amusement : it  was  destroyed  in 
1649. 

Phoenix,  The.  A comedy  by  Thomas  Middleton, 
printed  in  1607.  It  is  founded  on  a Spanish  novel,  “The 
Force  of  Love.”  Prince  Phoenix  traverses  his  future  king- 
dom in  disguise  like  Harun-al-Rashid. 

Phoenix  and  Turtle,  The.  A poem  by  Shak- 
spere, first  published  in  an  appendix  to  a book 
called  “Love’s  Martyr,”  by  Robert  Chester,  in 
1601. 

Phoenix  Nest,  The.  A collection  of  poems 
published  in  1593,  edited  by  “ B.  S.  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  gentleman.” 

Phoenix  Park.  A pleasure-resort  in  Dublin, 
about  1760  acres  in  extent  . Thereon  May  6. 1882,  oc- 
curred  the  assassination  of  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish,  chief 
secretaryforlrelaiuLandThoniasH.  Burke,  undersecretary. 

Phoenixville  (fe'niks-vil).  A borough  in  the 
township  of  Schuylkill,  Chester  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  at  the  junction  of  French 
Creek  with  the  Schuylkill,  23  miles  northwest 
of  Philadelphia.  It  has  important  manufactures, 


Phut 

the  Phumix  Iron  Works  being  the  chief.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,743,  (1910). 

Phokis.  See  Phocis. 

Phorbas  (for'bas).  [Gr.  4‘op;iac. ] In  Greek  le- 
gend, son  of  Lapithes.  He  freed  the  Rhodians  from 
a plague  df  serpents,  and  was  honored  by  them  as  a hero. 
He  was  placed  in  the  heavens  as  the  constellation  Ophiu- 
chus(‘the  Serpent-holder’).  According  to  another  legend 
he  was  a famous  boxer,  but  having  challenged  the  gods  to 
contend  with  him  was  slain  by  Apollo. 

Phorcyads  (for'si-adz),  or  Phorcids  (for'sidz), 
The.  [Gr.  fyopnh 5ef.]  See  the  extract. 

Three  daughters  of  Phorkys  (Darkness)  and  Keto  (The 
Abyss).  Their  names  were  Deino,  Pephredo,  and  Enyo  : 
Hesiod,  in  his  Theogony,  gives  only  the  two  last.  They 
were  also  called  the  Graiae.  They  were  said  to  have  iu 
common  but  one  eye  and  one  tooth,  which  they  used  alter- 
nately, and  to  dweU  at  the  uttermost  end  of  the  earth, 
where  neither  sun  nor  moon  beheld  them.  They  represent, 
the  climax  of  all  which  Greek  imagination  has  created  of 
horrible  and  repulsive.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust. 

[Goethe  transforms  Mephistopheles  into  a Phorcyad  In 
the  second  part  of  Faust.] 

Phormio  (for'mi-o).  A comedy  by  Terence : 
so  called  from  the  name  of  one  of  its  characters. 
Phosphorists  (fos'fo-rists).  In  Swedish  literary 
history,  a poetic  school,  of  romantic  tendency, 
in  the  first  part  of  the  19th  century  : so  named 
from  their  organ  “Phosphoros.”  The  leading 
writer  of  the  school  was  Atterbom. 
Phosphorus  (fos'fo-rus).  [Gr.  buciptipoc,  light- 
bringer.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  morning 
star,  a son  of  Astraeus  and  Eos ; the  name  of  the 
planet  Venus  when  seen  in  the  early  dawn.  See 
Hesperus. 

Phosphorus.  In  Arthurian  legend,  a name  given 
to  Sir  Persaunt  of  India.  Tennyson,  in  “Gareth 
and  Lynette,”  calls  him  “Morning  Star.” 
Photius  (fo'shi-us).  Died  892  (891  ?).  A cele- 
brated Byzantine  prelate  and  scholar.  He  held  the 
lay  offices  of  captain  of  the  body-guard  and  chief  secretary  to 
the  emperors  Michael  III.,  Basilius  the  Macedonian,  and 
Leo  the  philosopher ; was  raised  to  the  patriarchal  dignity 
in  857  in  place  of  Ignatius,  and  held  the  office  for  ten  years, 
when  he  was  deposed.  Restored  in  877,  he  remained  iu 
office  till  886,  when  he  was  again  deposed.  He  died  in 
banishment.  His  chief  works  are  “Myriobiblion,”  a col- 
lection of  extracts  from  and  abridgments  of  280  volumes 
of  classical  authors,  the  originals  of  which  are  now  in 
large  part  lost;  and  “ Amphilochia,”  a collection  of  ques- 
tions and  answers  on  difficult  points  in  Scripture. 
Phrygia  (frij'i-a).  [Gr.  <1 ?pvyla.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a country  in  Asia  Minor,  of  varying 
boundaries.  In  the  Persian  period  it  comprised  Lesser 
Phrygia  on  the  Hellespont,  and  Great  Phrygia  in  the  in- 
terior, bounded  by  Bithynia  and  Paphlagonia  on  the  north, 
the  Halys  on  the  east,  the  Taurus  on  the  south,  and  Mysia 
Lydia,  and  Caria  on  the  west.  Later  the  Galatians  settled 
in  the  northeast  portion.  The  inhabitants  (Phrygians)  are 
of  undetermined  origin.  The  country  was  overrun  by  the 
Cimmerians  in  the  7th  century  B.  c.,  and  was  ruled  later 
by  Lydia,  Persia,  Macedon,  and  Rome. 

Phryne  (fri'ne).  [Gr .<Ppvvy.]  Lived  iu  the  middle 
of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A celebrated  Athenian 
hetaira.  She  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  model  of  the 
picture  “Aphrodite  Anadyomene”  by  Apelles,  and  of  the 
statue  of  the  Cnidian  Aphrodite  by  Praxiteles.  According 
to  the  legend,  she  was  defended,  on  a capital  charge,  by 
her  lover  Hyperides;  and  when  he  failed  to  move  the 
judges  by  his  oratory,  he  bade  her  uncover  her  bosom, 
and  thus  secured  her  acquittal. 

Phryne  before  the  Areopagus.  A painting 
by  G6rome  (1861). 

Pkrynichus  (frin'i-kus).  [Gr.  <Ipm^o?.]  Flour- 
ished 500  B.  C.  An  Attic  poet,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Greek  tragedy. 

Phrynichus  of  Athens  (512-476)  still  used  only  one  actor, 
but  improved  the  organisation  of  the  chorus,  sometimes 
subdividing  it  into  smaller  bands,  one  of  which  might 
represent  a group  of  maidens,  another  a group  of  elders,  or 
the  like.  One  of  his  choral  performances  represented  the 
“Capture  of  Miletus, ’’the  chief  town  of  Ionia,  in  the  last 
year  of  the  Ionian  revolt  (494  B.  c ).  The  Athenians  were 
so  moved,  Herodotus  says,  that  they  fined  the  poet,  who 
had  set  before  them  the  sufferings  of  their  kinsmen,  “for 
reminding  them  of  their  own  misfortunes.”  In  his  “ Phoe- 
riissie  ”(476b.  C.)  Phrynichus  celebrated  the  deeds  of  Athens 
in  the  Persian  wars  : one  group  of  the  chorus  represented 
Phoenician  women  who  had  been  sent  to  the  Persian 
court,  while  another  group  represented  Persian  elders. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  72. 

Phthia  (thi'a).  [Gr.  4>0«?.]  A region  of  ancient 
Greece,  mentioned  by  Homer,  whence  Phthio- 
tis  is  named. 

Phthiotis  (thi-6'  tis).  [Gr.  <l>&or(f.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a district  iu  the  southern  part  of 
Thessaly,  Greece,  north  of  the  Maliac  Gulf. 
Area  of  modern  nomarchy,  1703  square  miles. 
Phurud  (fu-rod').  [Ar.  al-furud,  "the  isolated 
or  solitary.]  The  third-magnitude  star  f Canis 
Majoris,  in  the  left  hind  paw  of  the  animal. 
Phut  (fot).  See  the  extract. 

The  name  which  follows  that  of  Mizraim  in  Genesis  is 
still  enveloped  in  mystery.  Since  the  days  of  Josephus  it 
has  been  the  fashion  to  identify  Phut  with  the  Libyans: 
but  this  cannot  be  correct,  since  the  Lehabim  or  Libyans 
are  included  among  the  sons  of  Mizraim.  A broken  frag- 
ment of  the  annals  of  Nebuchadnezzar  has  at  last  shed  a 
little  light  on  the  question.  We  there  read  that  the  Baby- 


Phut 

Ionian  king  in  the  37th  year  of  his  reign  marched  against 
Egypt,  and  defeated  the  army  of  Amasis,  the  Egyptian 
monarch,  as  well  as  the  soldiers  of  the  city  of  Phut-Yavan 
or  ‘Phut  of  the  Ionians.'  We  know  that  Amasis  was  a 
Philhellene:  he  had  granted  special  privileges  to  the 
Greeks,  had  surrounded  himself  with  a Greek  body-guard, 
and  had  removed  the  camp  of  the  Greek  mercenaries  from 
the  neighbourhood  of  Pelusium  to  that  of  Memphis.  In 
“the  city  of  Phut-Y&van, " therefore,  we  must  see  some  city 
to  which  the  Greek  mercenaries  were  considered  in  a spe- 
cial manner  to  belong.  It  may  have  been  the  Greek  colony 
of  Kyrenb,  from  whence  Amasis  had  obtained  a wife. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  54. 

Phyllis  (fil'is).  [Gr.<i>r//.(V.]  1.  In  Greek  legend, 
the  betrothed  wife  of  Demophon.  Because  he 
failed  to  keep  his  promise  to  come  and  marry  her  on  a 
certain  day,  she  hung  herself,  and  was  metamorphosed 
into  an  almond-tree. 

2.  In  pastoral  poetry,  a conventional  name  for 
a maiden.  Also  spelled  Phillis. 

Physical  Force  Party.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Young  Ireland  party,  after  O’Con- 
nell’s repudiation  of  the  use  of  force  about  1843. 
Physick  (fiz'ik),  Philip  Syng.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, July  7, 1768:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec. 
15, 1837.  An  American  surgeon  and  physician : 
sometimes  called  “the  Father  of  American  Sur- 
gery.” 

Physiologus  (fiz-i-ol'o-gus).  A bestiary,  or  col- 
lection of  allegorical  fables  on  animals.  These 
were  widely  read  in  the  middle  ages.  The  word  was  some- 
times used  as  if  it  were  the  name  of  the  author. 

A Physiologus  ascribed  to  Epiphanius  was  published  by 
Ponce  de  Leon  at  Rome  in  1587.  In  the  Western  Church 
there  is  reference  to  a Latin  Physiologus,  ascribed  to  St. 
Ambrose,  which  was  condemned  as  apocryphal  and  hereti- 
cal by  Pope  Gelasius  II.  in  a council  of  the  year  496.  There 
are  several  Latin  manuscripts  of  such  works,  but  none 
earlier  than  the  eighth  century.  They  are  to  he  found  also 
in  Old  High  German  prose  of  the  eleventh  century,  and  in 
the  Old  French  of  Philippe  de  Thaun  at  the  beginning  of 
the  twelfth  century.  Another  is  of  thethirteenth century, 
“Le  Bestiaire  Divin  ” of  Guillaume,  Clerc  de  Normandie. 
Another  is  “ Le  Bestiaire  d’Amour  ” of  Richard  de  Fourni- 
val.  Traditions  taken  from  the  Bestiaries  found  their 
way  also  into  the  “Speculum  Naturale"  of  Vincent  of 
Beauvais.  Our  Old  English  Bestiary  contains  few  Norman 
words  in  its  vocabulary ; and  Dr.  Morris  believes  that  it 
may  have  been  written  by  the  author  of  the  poems  of 
“Genesis"  and  “Exodus.” 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  334. 

Piacenza  (pe-a-chen'za).  A province  in  the 
compartimento  of  Emilia,  Italy,  nearly  corre- 
sponding to  the  former  duchy  of  Piacenza.  (See 
Parma.  Duchy  of.)  Area,  954  square  miles. 
Population,  248,909. 

Piacenza,  F.  Plaisance  (pla-zons').  The  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  Piacenza,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Po,  near  its  junction  with  the  Trebbia, 
in  lat.  45°  3'  N.,  long.  9°  40'  E. : the  ancient 
Placentia.  Its  noted  buildings  are  the  Church  of  San 
Sisto,  the  cathedral  (consecrated  in  1133),  and  the  Palazzo 
Communale.  It  received  a Roman  colony  219  B.  c. ; was 
nearly  destroyed  by  the  Gauls  200  b.  c.  ; was  the  meet- 
ing-place of  church  councils  in  1095  and  1132 ; and  came 
under  the  Farnese  and  united  with  Parma  in  1545.  The  Im- 
perialists under  Lichtenstein  defeated  the  united  French 
and  Spanish  troops  here  June  16,  1746.  Population,  com- 
mune, 36,064. 

Piacenza,  Duke  of.  See  Lebrun,  Charles  Fran- 
cois. 

Piacevole  Notte.  See  Straparola. 

Piaggia  t pe-ad'ja),  Carlo.  Born  at  Lucca,  Italy, 
1830 : died  in  Sennaar,  1882.  An  African  trav- 
eler and  collector.  He  went  young  to  Egypt ; learned 
the  Sudan  languages  in  Khartum  (1856) ; was  with  Anti- 
nori  in  Bahr-el-Ghazal  (1860) ; was  in  Abyssinia  and  Gal- 
laland  1871-76;  and  went  with  Gessi  to  the  lakes  of  the 
Nile  in  1876.  He  was  the  first  European  among  the  Nyam- 
Nyara.  His  ethnologic  collections  were  secured  by  the 
Berlin  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Piankhi  (pe-an'ki).  An  Ethiopian  king  (about 
766-733  B.  o.),  conqueror  of  Egypt.  Hiseampaign 
against  Middle  and  Lower  Egypt  is  described  in  an  in- 
scription found  at  Mount  Barkal  on  “a  block  of  granite 
covered  with  writing  on  all  sides  up  to  the  very  edges  ” 
( Brugsch ). 

Piankishaw  (pi-an'ke-sha).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians,  closely  connected  with  the 
Miami,  which  formerly  occupied  both  banks  of 
the  Wabash  River  from  its  mouth  to  Vermilion 
River  and  weut  to  the  watershed  between  the 
Wabash  and  the  Illinois.  They  finally  were  absorbed 
by  the  Illinois,  and  are  now  in  Oklahoma,  where  they  are 
known  under  the  name  Peoria.  Also  Piankaahaw.  See 
Algonquian. 

Piapocos.  See  Papiocos. 

Piar  (pe-ar'),  Manuel  Carlos.  Born  in  the  isl- 
and of  Cura?ao,  1782:  died  at  Angostura,  Oct. 
16, 1817.  A Venezuelan  general  in  the  war  for 
independence.  He  repeatedly  defeated  the  Spaniards 
1816-17,  but  eventually  conspired  against  Bolivar,  and  was 
tried  by  court  martial,  and  shot. 

Piaroas  (pe-ii-ro'as).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Ven- 
ezuela, on  the  upper  Orinoco,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Guaviare.  They  are  described  as  a gen- 
tle and  timid  race  of  agriculturists  and  fishermen  who 
have  had  little  intercourse  with  the  whites  ; they  preserve 
the  bones  of  their  relatives  for  a year,  then  burn  them  and 


805 

swallow  the  ashes  mixed  with  water.  The  Piaroa  lan- 
guage, as  now  known,  has  not  been  classified.  Jilij  classed 
it  with  the  Saliva,  which,  in  turn,  he  made  a branch  of  the 
Carib. 

Piast  (pvast).  The  reputed  founder  of  the  first 
Polish  dynasty  (about  the  middle  of  the  9th 
century). 

Piasts  (pyastz).  The  first  dynasty  of  Polish 
rulers.  It  ended  in  Poland  with  the  death  of  Casimir  III. 
in  1370,  but  continued  sonje  centuries  longer  in  Mazoviaand 
Silesia. 

Piatigorsk.  See  Pyatigorsk. 

Piatra  (pe-a'tra).  A town  in  Moldavia,  Ruma- 
nia, situated  on  the  Bistritza  64  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Jassy.  Population,  17,384. 

Piatt  (pi'at),  Donn.  Born  at  Cincinnati,  June 
29, 1819:  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Nov.  12, 1891. 
An  American  journalist.  He  was  in  1851  appointed 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  Hamilton  County, 
Obio,  and  later  secretary  of  legation  at  Paris ; he  served  on 
General  Schenck's  staff  during  part  of  the  Civil  War.  He 
founded  the  Washington  “Capital,  "a  strongly  Democratic 
paper,  and  edited  it  for  two  years.  He  wrote  “Memoirs 
of  the  Men  who  Saved  the  Union"  (1887),  and  “The  Lone 
Grave  of  the  Shenandoah  ” (1888). 

Piatt,  John  James.  Born  at  Milton,  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  March  1, 1835.  An  American 
poet  and  journalist.  In  1871  he  was  made  librarian 
of  the  House  of  Representatives ; was  United  States  consul 
at  Cork  (Queenstown),  Ireland,  1882-94.  He  wrote,  con- 
jointly with  W.  D.  Howells,  “Poems  of  Two  Friends” 
(I860),  and  with  li  is  wife,  ‘ ‘ The  Nests  at  W ashington  ” (1861). 
He  published  also  “Poems  in  Sunshine  and  Firelight” 
(1866),  “Western  Windows,  and  Other  Poems ” (1869), 
“Landmarks,  etc.”  (1871),  “Poems  of  House  and  Home" 
(1878),  “The  Children  Out  of  Doors,  etc."  (with  his  wife, 
1884),  “ At  the  Holy  Well,  etc.”  (1887),  etc. 

Piatt,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Morgan  Bryan).  Born  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  1836.  An  American  poet, 
wife  of  J.  J.  Piatt.  She  has  published  “A  Woman's 
Poems”  (1871),  “Voyage  to  the  Fortunate  Isles,  etc.” 
(1871),  “ Dramatic  Persons  and  Moods  ” (1879),  “ An  Irish 
Garland”  (1884),  “ Child's -World  Ballads”  (1887),  “The 
Witch  in  the  Glass,  etc.”  (1888),  etc. 

Piauhy,  or  Piauhl  (pe-ou-e').  1.  A river  in 

the  state  of  Piauhy,  Brazil,  which  joins  the 
Caninde  about  lat.  6°  30'  S.  Length,  about  350 
miles. — 2.  A state  of  Brazil,  lying  southeast  of 
Maranhao  and  northwest  of  Pernambuco  and 
Bahia.  Area,  116,523  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 334,328. 

Piave  (pe-a've).  A river  of  Venetia,  Italy, which 
joins  the  Adriatic  20  miles  east-northeast  of 
Venice:  the  ancient  Plavis.  Length,  about  130 
miles. 

Piazza  (pi-az'ii),  The.  An  arcade  occupying 
the  north  and  east  sides  of  Covent  Garden  Mar- 
ket in  London. 

It  was  first  called  “the  Portico  Walk,”  but  . . . has  long 
borne  the  quaint  name  of  Piazza,  an  open  corridor  like 
those  which  line  the  streets  of  Italian  towns. 

Hare,  London,  I.  20. 

Piazza  della  Signoria  (pe-at'sa,  del'la  sen-yo- 
re'a),  or  Piazza  del  Gran  Duca(del  gran  do'- 
ka).  [It., ‘place  of  the  government’  or  ‘of  the 
grand  duke.’]  The  chief  public  square  in  Flor- 
ence. 

Piazza  del  Popolo  (del  po'po-16).  [It.,  ‘place 

of  the  people.’]  A square  in  the  northern  part 
of  modern  Rome,  where  the  Corso  begins. 
Piazza  di  Spagna  (de  span'ya).  A public 
square  in  Rome:  so  called  from  the  residence 
of  the  Spanish  ambassador.  Keats  died  in  a 
house  overlooking  the  great  flight  of  steps  lead- 
ing to  the  “Trinita  de’  Monti.” 

Piazzi  (pe-at'se),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Ponte, 
Valtellina,  Italy,  July  16, 1746 : died  at  Naples, 
July  22, 1826.  An  Italian  astronomer.  Hebecame 
professor  of  astronomy  and  mathematics  at  Palermo  in  1781, 
director  of  the  (new)  observatory  there  in  1791,  and  di- 
rector also  of  the  observatory  at  Naples  in  1817.  He  dis- 
covered the  first  asteroid,  Ceres,  Jan.  1, 1801,  and  published 
star-catalogues  in  1803  and  1814. 

Picard  (pe-kar'),  Louis  Joseph  Ernest.  Born 
at  Paris,  Dec.  24,  1821 : died  there,  May  14, 1877. 
A French  republican  politician.  He  was  minister 
of  finance  in  the  government  of  the  national  defense  in 
1870,  and  minister  of  the  interior  1871-72. 

Picards  (pik'ardz).  A sect  in  Bohemia  about 
the  beginning  of  the  15th  century,  suppressed 
by  Ziska  in  1421.  The  Picards  are  accused  of  an  at- 
tempt, under  the  guise  of  restoring  man’s  primitive  inno- 
cence, to  renew  the  practices  of  the  Adamites,  in  going  ab- 
solutely unclothed  and  in  maintaining  the  community  of 
women,  etc. 

Picardy  (pik'ar-di),  F.  Picardie  (pe-kar-de'). 
An  ancient  government  of  northern  France. 
Capital,  Amiens.  It  was  bounded  by  Artois  and 
Flanders  on  the  north,  Champagne  on  the  east,  ile- 
de- France  on  the  south,  and  Normandy  and  the  English 
Channel  on  the  west,  corresponding  to  the  department  of 
Somme  and  parts  of  Pas-de-Calais,  Oise,  and  Aisne.  It 
was  composed  of  various  counties  — Amienois,  Verman- 
dois,  Ponthieu,  etc.  It  was  under  the  suzerainty  of  Flan- 
ders, but  was  united  to  France  under  Louis  XI. 
Piccadilly  (pik'a-dil-i).  [From  the  picardils  or 


Pickens,  Francis  Wilkinson 

piccadills,  small  stiff  collars,  affected  by  the  gal- 
lants of  the  time  of  James  I.]  The  great  thor- 
oughfare in  London  between  Hyde  Park  Corner 
and  the  Haymarket.  The  street  was  named  from  a 
house  of  entertainment  (Piccadilly  House)  which  stood  in 
the  Haymarket  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.  The  western  por- 
tion of  Piccadilly  was  then  called  Portugal  street. 

Piccinni,  or  Piccini  (pet-che'ne),  Nicola.  Born 
at  Bari,  Italy,  1728 : died  at  Paris,  May  7, 1800. 
An  Italian  composer  of  opera,  in  1776  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  then  arose  the  famous  quarrel  between  his  fol- 
lowers and  those  of  Gluck,  which  absorbed  the  public. 
Among  his  works  are  “La  Cecchina  ossia  la  Buona  Fi- 
gliuola  ” (1760),  which  had  a great  success : “ Koland  ” 
(1778);  “Atys”  (1780);  and,  in  opposition  to  Gluck,  “Iphi- 
g^nie  en  Tauride  ”(1781).  Gluck  s opera,  however,  was  the 
more  successful.  He  died  in  great  poverty. 

Piccolomini  (pik-ko-lom'e-ne).  An  Italian  no- 
ble family,  a branch  of  which  settled  in  Ger- 
many. Both  lines  became  extinct  in  the  18th 
century. 

Piccolomini,  Die.  [‘  The  Piccolomini.’]  A 
tragedy  by  Schiller  (1799),  forming  the  second 
play  in  the  trilogy  of  “ Wallenstein.” 
Piccolomini,  Maria.  Born  at  Siena,  1834 
(1836?):  died  at  Florence,  Dec.  25,  1899.  An 
Italian  opera-singer,  a descendant  of  the  famous 
family  of  that  name.  Her  first  appearance  ou  the 
stage  was  at  FTorence,  during  the  carnival  of  1852,  as  Lu- 
crezia  Borgia.  Her  London  debut  was  at  Her  Majesty's 
Theatre  in  1856  as  La  Traviata.  In  1858  she  visited  Amer- 
ica, where  she  was  much  admired.  She  left  the  stage  in 
1860,  and  soon  after  married  the  marchese  Gaetani. 

Piccolomini,  Prince  Octavio.  Born  1599 : died 
at  Vienna,  Aug.  10,1656.  A general  in  the  Thirty 
Years’  War,  in  the  Imperialist,  and  later  in  the 
Spanish,  service.  He  was  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  the  downfall  of  Wallenstein  in  1634.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Torstenson  at  Leipsic  in  1642. 

Pic  du  Midi  de  Bigorre  (pek  dii  me-dd'  de  be- 
gor')  or  de  Bagn&res.  [F.,  ‘southern  peak  of 
Bigorre.’]  A mountain  in  the  Pyrenees,  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Pyrenees,  France,  20  miles  south 
of  Tarbes.  Height,  9,440  feet. 

Pic  du  Midi  d’Ossau  (do-so').  [F.,  ‘southern 
peak  of  Ossau.’]  A mountain  in  the  Pyrenees, 
department  of  Basses-Pyrcnees,  France,  35 
miles  south  of  Pau.  Height,  9,465  feet. 
Picenum  (pi-se'num);  In  ancient  geography, 
a territory  in  Italy,  lying  between  the  Adriatic 
and  the  Apennines.  Capital,  Asculum.  it  was 
bounded  by  Umbria  on  the  northwest  and  west,  the  Sabines 
on  the  southwest,  and  the  Vestini  on  the  south.  It  was 
reduced  by  Rome  in  26S  B.  c.,  and  took  part  in  the  Social 
War  against  Rome  in  90  B.  c. 

Pichardo  y Tapia  (pe-ehar'do  e ta'pe-a),  Este- 
ban. Born  at  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  Dec. 
26, 1799 : died  at  Havana,  1879.  A Cuban  author. 
He  published  several  geographical  works  on 
Cuba,  and  a dictionary  of  Cuban  provincialisms 
(3d  ed.  1862). 

Pichegru  (pesh-grii'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Ar- 
bois,  Jura,  France,  Feb.  16,  1761 : committed 
suicide  (or  was  assassinated?)  in  prison,  April 
5,  1804.  A French  general,  distinguished  as 
commander  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  in  1793, 
and  of  the  army  of  the  North  in  1794,  and  es- 
pecially in  Belgium  in  1794.  He  conquered  the 
Netherlands  in  1795 ; suppressed  the  Germinal  insurrec- 
tion in  Paris,  April,  1795  ; was  a member  of  the  Council  of 
Five  Hundred  ; and  was  implicated  in  the  conspiracy  of 
Fructidor  (1797).  He  engaged  in  an  unsuccessful  conspiracy 
against  Napoleon  1803-04. 

Pichincha  (pe-chen'cha).  1.  A volcano  in  Ecua- 
dor, northwest  of  Quito.  Height  (Whymper), 
15,918 feet. — 2.  AprovinceinEcuador,  contain- 
ing the  city  of  Quito.  Area,  6,219  square  miles. 
Population,  205,000. 

Pichincha,  Battle  of.  A battle  fought  May  24, 
1822,  on  the  side  of  the  Pichincha  volcano,  near 
Quito,  between  the  Spaniards  under  Ramirez 
and  the  patriots  under  Sucre.  The  victory  of  the 
latter  freed  Ecuador  from  Spanish  rule.  The  place  is  15,000 
feet  above  sea-level,  probably  the  highest  battle-field  in 
the  world. 

Pichler  (pieh'ler),  Madame  (Karoline  von 
Greiner).  Born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  7, 1769  : died 
there,  July  9, 1843.  An  Austrian  novelist,  au- 
thor of  “ Agathokles”  (1808)  and  other  histori- 
cal novels. 

Pickelhering.  See  Hanswurst. 

Pickens  (pik'enz),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Paxton, 
Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Sept.,  1739:  died  in  Pendle- 
ton district,  Aug.  17, 1817.  An  American  Rev- 
olutionary general.  He  was  noted  as  a partisan  com- 
mander in  South  Carolina  1779-81 ; served  with  distinction 
at  Cowpens  in  1781 ; and  captured  Augusta,  Georgia,  in 
1781. 

Pickens,  Fort.  See  Fort  Pickens. 

Pickens,  Francis  Wilkinson.  Bom  at  Toga- 
doo,  S.  C.,  April  7,  1805:  died  at  Edgefield, 
S.  C.,  Jan.  25,  1869.  An  American  Democratic 
politician,  grandson  of  Andrew  Pickens.  Hewas 


Pickens,  Francis  Wilkinson 

member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1S34-43 ; was 
United  States  minister  to  Russia  1858-60 ; and  was  gover- 
nor of  South  Carolina  1861-62.  He  was  prominent  as  a 
Secessionist  leader  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War. 

Pickens,  Israel.  Born  in  North  Carolina,  1780 : 
died  near  Matanzas,  Cuba,  1827.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congressfrom 
Horth  Carolina  1811-17 ; governor  of  Alabama  1821-25 ; and 
United  States  senator  1826. 

Pickering  (pik'er-ing),  Charles.  Born  in  Sus- 
quehanna County,  Pa.,  Nov.,  1805 : died  March, 
1878.  An  American  naturalist,  grandson  of 
Timothy  Pickering.  He  wrote  "Races  of  Man  and 
their  Geographical  Distribution"  (1818),  ‘‘Geographical 
Distribution  of  Animals  and  Man  ” (1854),  “ Geographical 
Distribution  of  Hants  ” (1861),  etc. 

Pickering,  Edward  Charles.  Born  at  Boston, 
July  19,  1846.  An  American  astronomer  and 
physicist,  great-grandson  of  Timothy  Picker- 
ing. He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1865;  was  professor  of 
physics  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 
1868-77 ; and  has  been  professor  of  astronomy  and  geodesy 
and  director  of  the  observatory  at  Harvard  since  1876. 
He  has  published  ‘‘Elements  of  Physical  Manipulation  ” 
(1874-76),  etc. 

Pickering,  John.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Feb.  7, 
1777 : died  at  Boston,  May  5,  1846.  An  Ameri- 
can philologist,  son  of  Timothy  Pickering.  He 

published  “Vocabulary  of  Americanisms  ” (1816),  a Greek- 
English  lexicon  (1826),  “Remarks  on  the  Indian  Lan- 
guages of  North  America" (1836),  etc. 

Pickering,  Timothy.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
July  17,  1745 : .lied  there,  Jan.  29,  1829.  An 
American  statesman  and  soldier  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.  He  was  postmaster-general  1791-95; 
secretary  of  war  1795  ; secretary  of  state  1795-1800 ; Feder- 
alist United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1803-11 ; 
and  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1813-17. 

Pickett  (pik'et),  Albert  James.  Born  in  An- 
son County,  N.  C.,  Aug.  13, 1810;  died  at  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  Oct.  28,  1858.  An  American  his- 
torian,' author  of  a “ History  of  Alabama”  (1851), 
etc. 

Pickett,  George  Edward.  Born  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  Jan.  25,  1825:  died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  July 
30,  1875.  A Confederate  general.  He  graduated 

at  West  Point  in  1846,  served  as  a lieutenant  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  was  promoted  captain  in  1855.  He  resigned 
his  commission  in  the  United  States  army  and  accepted  a 
colonelcy  in  the  Virginia  militia  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War.  He  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  in  the 
Confederate  army  in  1862,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Peninsular  campaign.  He  was  later  in  the  same  year 
promoted  major-general,  and  held  the  center  of  Lee’s  line 
at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg.  He  led  the  van  in  Long- 
street’s  assault  on  the  Federal  center  during  the  last  day’s 
fight  at  Gettysburg  (duly  3,  1863),  and  entered  the  Union 
lines  on  Cemetery  Hill,  but  failed  to  receive  support  and 
fell  back,  with  a loss  of  three  fourths  of  his  division.  He 
successfully  defended  Petersburg  against  General  Benja- 
min F.  Butler  in  May,  1864,  and  served  with  distinction  at 
Five  Forks  in  April,  1865.  After  the  war  he  engaged  in  the 
life-insurance  business  at  Richmond. 

Pickle  (pik'l),  Gamaliel  and  Peregrine.  See 

Peregrine  Piclde. 

Pickwick  (pik'wik)Papers.  A story  by  Charles 
Dickens,  published  serially  in  1836-37.  it  takes 
its  name  from  its  chief  character,  Mr.  Samuel  Pickwick, 
the  founder  of  the  Pickwick  Club. 

Pico  (pe'ko).  A volcanic  island  of  the  Azores. 
It  rises  to  the  height  of  about  7,600  feet  (the 
highest  point  in  the  group).  Population,  about 
16,000. 

Pico,  Giovanni,  Count  of  Mirandola.  Born  1463 : 
died  1494.  An  Italian  humanist  and  philoso- 
pher, one  of  the  leading  scholars  of  the  Italian 
Renaissance. 

PicodeTeyde (pe'kodata'e-THe).  Avoleanoin 
the  island  of  Tenerilfe,  Canary  Islands,  and  the 
culminating  mountain  of  the  group:  sometimes 
called  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe.  Height,  12,182 
feet. 

Picot  (pe-ko'),  Frangois  Edouard.  Born  atPa- 
ris,  Oct.  17, 1786 : died,  there,  March  15, 1868.  A 
French  genre-  and  portrait-painter.  He  won  the 
grand  prix  in  1813,  and  studied  for  five  years  at  Rome.  Ca- 
banel,  Bouguereau,  Henner,  and  other  well-known  artists 
have  been  his  pupils. 

Picou  (pe-ko'),  Henri  Pierre.  Born  at  Nantes, 
Feb.  27,  1824:  died  there,  July  18,  1895.  A 
French  historical  and  genre  painter. 
Picquigny  (pe-ken-ye').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  France,  9 miles  west-north- 
west  of  Amiens.  A treaty  was  concluded  there  between 
France  and  England  in  1475 : Edward  IV.  ’s  army  left  Frauce 
in  return  for  a money  payment. 

Picrochole  (pek-ro-shol').  In  Rabelais’s  “Gar- 
gantua  and  Pantagruel,”  a character  supposed 
by  some  to  represent  either  Ferdinand  of 
Aragon  or  Charles  V. 

Pictet  (pek-ta'  or  pe-ta'),  Adolphe.  Born  at 
Geneva,  Sept.  11, 1799 : died  there,  Dec.  20, 1875. 
A Swiss  comparative  philologist.  He  pu  blished 
“Origines  indo-europ6ennes  ” (1859-63),  etc. 
Pictet,  Frangois  Jules.  Born  at  Geneva,  Sept. 
22, 1809:  died  May  15, 1872.  A Swiss  naturalist, 


806 

professor  of  zoology  and  anatomy  at  Geneva. 
He  wrote  ‘ ‘ Traite  eh'mentaire  de  paleontologie  ” 
(1844-45),  etc. 

Picton  (pik'ton).  The  capital  of  Prince  Edward 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  a bay  of 
Lake  Ontario,  35  miles  west-southwest  of  Kings- 
ton. Population,  3,698. 

Picton,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Poyston,  Pem- 
brokeshire, Aug.,  1758:  djed  June  18,  1815.  An 
English  general.  In  1809  he  was  governor  of  Flushing, 
which  he  bad  helped  to  capture.  He  commanded  a di- 
vision in  the  Peninsula,  serving  with  distinction  at  the 
capture  of  Badajoz  (1812),  and  was  killed  at  Waterloo. 

Pictor,  Fabius.  See  Fabius  Pictor. 

Pictor  Ignotus  (pik'tor  ig-no'tus).  [L.,  ‘un- 
known artist.’]  A pseudonym  of  William  Blake 
the  artist. 

Pictou  (pik-to').  A seaport  in  Pictou  County, 
Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  Pictou  harbor  85  miles 
northeast  of  Halifax.  It  exports  coal.  Popu- 
lation, 3,179,  (1911). 

Piets  (pikts).  [From  LL.  Picti,  the  Piets:  ap- 
parently so  named  from  their  practice  of  tattoo- 
ing themselves,  hut  the  name  may  he  an  accom- 
modation of  a native  name.]  A race  of  people, 
of  disputed  origin,  who  formerly  inhabited  a 
part  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  and  other  re- 
gions. Their  language  was  Celtic.  The  Piets  and  Scots 
were  united  in  one  kingdom  about  the  reign  of  Kenneth 
Macalpine  (in  the  middle  of  the  9th  century). 

Piets’  Wall.  See  Hadrian’s  Wall. 

Picture,  The.  A play  by  Massinger,  licensed  in 
1629  and  printed  in  1630.  The  plot  was  from  one  of 
Bandello’s  stories  in  Painter’s  ‘‘Palace  of  Pleasure.’’  The 
picture  is  a magical  one,  and  grows  brighter  or  darker  ac- 
cording to  the  behavior  of  the  absent  wife  it  represents. 
The  play  was  revived,  somewhat  altered,  by  the  Rev.  H. 
Bate  Dudley  in  1783. 

Pictured  Rocks.  A group  of  picturesque  cliffs 
in  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan,  situated 
on  Lake  Superior  50  miles  east  of  Marquette. 

Picunches.  See  Pencos. 

Picus  (pi'kus).  [L., ‘woodpecker.’]  In  Italian 
mythology,  a god  of  agriculture,  regarded  as  a 
son  of  Saturn.  In  Latin  legend  he  was  a warlike  hero, 
and  first  king  of  Latium,  transformed  into  a woodpecker 
because  he  repelled  the  love  of  Circe  and  wras  faithful  to 
the  nymph  Canens. 

Piede.  See  Paiute. 

Piedimonte  d’Alife  (pe-a-de-mon'te  dii-le'fe). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  37 
miles  north  by  east  of  Naples.  Population, 
town,  5,218;  commune,  6,040. 

Pledmont(ped,mont),It.  Piemonte(pe-a-mon'- 
te),  F.  Piemont  (pya-moh').  [From  L.  ad 
pedes  montium,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains 
(Alps).]  A compartimento  in  the  northwest 
of  Italy,  comprising  the  modern  provinces  of 
Turin,  Novara,  Alessandria,  andCuneo.  Various 
ranges  of  the  Alps  are  on  the  borders  between  it  and 
Switzerland,  France,  and  Liguria.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
upper  valley  of  the  Po.  It  formed  the  most  important 
part  of  the  former  kingdom  of  Sardinia.  Area,  11,336 
square  miles.  Population,  3,468,158. 

Piedmont  Region.  A name  given  in  several 
States  of  the  Atlantic  slope  to  the  broken  and 
hilly  territory  lying  east  and  southeast  of  the 
Appalachian  chain:  as,  the  Piedmont  Region 
of  Virginia,  of  North  Carolina,  or  of  Georgia. 

Pied  Piper,  The.  See  Hameln,  Piper  of. 

Piedrahita  (pe-ad-ra-e'ta),  Lucas  Fernandez 
de.  Born  at  Bogota,  1624 : died  at  Panama, 
1688.  A New  Granadan  prelate  and  historian. 
After  being  governor  of  Popayan,  he  was  in  Spain  1663-69 
to  meet  charges ; was  exonerated ; was  made  bishop  of 
Santa  Marta  in  1669;  and  was  translated  to  Panama  1676. 
His  best-known  work,  and  the  most  important  of  the  early 
histories  of  New  Granada,  is  “ Historia  general  de  las  con- 
quistas  del  Nnevo  Reyrio  de  Granada”  (Antwerp.  1688?). 
It  is  mainly  a compilation,  as  the  author  admits,  from 
Quesada’s  “Compendio”  and  the  fourth  part  of  Castel- 
lano’s “Elegias,”  both  of  which,  however,  are  lost. 

Piegan  (pe'gan).  One  of  the  tribes  of  the  Sik- 
sika  Confederacy  of  North  American  Indians. 
See  Siksika. 

Pieng-an  (pyeng-an'),  or  Ping  Yang  (ping 
yang).  An  important  city  and  open  port  of 
Korea,  on  the  river  Tatong  about  lat.  38°  25'  N. 

Pienza  (pe-en'zti).  A small  cathedral  city  in 
the  province  of  Siena,  Italy,  25  miles  southeast 
of  Siena.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Pope  Pius  II. 

Pierce  (pers  or  pers),  Benjamin.  Born  at 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  Dec.  25, 1757 : died  at  Hills- 
borough, N.  II.,  April  1,  1839.  An  American 
politician,  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1827-29. 

Pierce,  Franklin.  Born  at  Hillsborough,  N.  n., 
Nov.  23,  1804:  died  at  Concord,  N.  EL,  Oct.  8, 
1869.  The  fourteenth  President  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  son  of  Benjamin  Pierce.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  New  Hampshire  1833-37 ; was 
United  States  senator  1837-42  ; was  a general  in  the  Mexi- 
can war  ; and  was  elected  as  Democratic  candidate  to  the 
presidency  in  1852.  Among  the  leading  events  of  his  ad- 
ministration were  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise, 


Pieta 

the  Kansas- Nebraska  struggle,  the  Ostend  Manifesto,  the 
dissolution  of  the  Whig  party  and  rise  of  the  American 
and  Republican  parties,  and  the  Gadsden  Purchase. 

Pierce  Penniless  his  Supplication  to  the 

Devil.  A pamphlet  by  Thomas  Nashe,  pub- 
lished in  1592. 

The  first  of  these  [Nash’s  undoubted  productions]  in 
pamphlet  form  is  the  very  odd  thing  called  “Pierce  Penni- 
less ’’  (the  name  by  which  Nash  became  known)  “ his  Sup- 
plication to  the  Devil.  ” It  is  a kind  of  rambling  condemna- 
tion of  luxury,  for  the  most  part  delivered  in  the  form  of 
burlesque  exhortation,  which  the  mediaeval  sermomjoyeux 
had  made  familiar  in  all  European  countries. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  232. 

Pierce’s  Supererogation,  or  a New  Praise  of 
the  Old  Ass.  A pamphlet  by  Gabriel  Harvey, 
written  against  Nashe,  published  in  1593. 
Pieria(pi-e'ri-a).  [Gr.  Thrpia.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a district  in  the  north  of  Thessaly, Greece. 
It  was  the  legendary  birthplace  of  Orpheus  and 
of  the  Muses. 

Pierides  (pi-er'i-dez).  1 . In  ancient  mythology, 
the  Muses:  so  named  from  Pieria,  their  reputed 
birthplace. — 2.  Certain  would-be  Muses,  the 
daughters  of  Pierus,  who  were  tiresome  chat- 
terers. They  contended  with  the  real  Muses,  and  were 
defeated  and  changed  into  magpies. 

Pierola  (pe-a-rd'la),  Nicolas  de.  Born  at  Ca- 
rnana,  department  of  Arequipa,  Jan.  5, 1839.  A 
Peruvian  politician.  He  was  a lawyer  and  journalist ; 
was  minister  of  the  treasury  under  Balta  1868-72;  and 
headed  unsuccessful  revolts  against  Pardo  in  1874  and 
Prado  1877-78.  During  the  Chilean  war,  when  Prado  had 
deserted  his  post,  Pierola  headed  another  revolt,  deposed 
the  vice-president,  and  was  proclaimed  supreme  chief  at 
Lima,  Dec.  23,  1879.  He  did  bis  best  to  cheek  the  Chileans, 
and  when  Lima  was  taken,  Jan.  17, 1881,  escaped  into  the 
interior.  In  July  he  convoked  a congress  at  Arequipa, 
but  in  Nov.  resigned  and  went  to  Europe.  In  1885  he 
returned  and  tried  to  seize  the  presidency,  but  was  ban- 
ished. He  was  a presidential  candidate  in  1894.  He  over- 
threw Caceres  in  1895,  and  was  president  until  Sept., 
1899. 

Pierpont  (per'pont),  John.  Born  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  April  6,  1785:  died  at  Medford,  Mass., 
Aug.  27, 1866.  An  American  poet  and  Unitarian 
clergyman.  He  published  ‘ 1 Airs  of  Palestine  ” 
(1816),  and  other  poems. 

Pierre  (per).  A city,  the  capital  of  South  Da- 
kota, situated  in  the  center  of  the  State,  at  the 
junction  of  Bad  River  with  the  Missouri.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,656,  (1910). 

Pierre.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Ot- 
way’s “Venice  Preserved”:  a conspirator,  a 
“fine  gay  bold-fae’d  villain.” 

Pierrefonds  (pyar-fdh').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  France,  9 miles  east  of  Com- 
piegn  e.  The  chateau  is  a huge  castle  built  by  the  Duke  of 
Orleans  in  1390,  and  completely  restored  by  Napoleon  ill. 
It  is  approximately  rectangular  in  plan,  with  high  battle- 
mented  walls  and  roofs  flanked  by  8 great  cylindrical  cone- 
roofed  towers  over  100  feet  high.  Within  the  inclosure 
the  buildings  surround  an  extremely  picturesque  court, 
on  one  side  of  which  rises  the  Florid  chapel.  In  the  in- 
terior the  polychrome  decoration  of  many  of  the  apart- 
ments has  been  renewed,  and,  together  with  the  sculpture, 
the  great  fireplaces,  and  all  the  arrangements  for  medie- 
val life  and  warfare,  composes  a unique  picture. 

Pierre  Pertuis  (pyar  per-ttie').  [F.,  ‘pierced 
rock.’]  A remarkable  hollow  passage  in  the 
Jura,  Switzerland,  22  miles  northwest  of  Bern. 
Pierrepont  (per'pont),  Edwards.  Bom  at 
North  Haven,  Conn.,  March  4,1817 : died  at  New 
York,  March  6, 1892.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  was  attorney-general  1875-76, 
and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain 
1876-77. 

Pierrot  (pyer-ro').  Atypical  character  in  French 
pantomime.  He  dresses  in  loose  white  clothes  with 
enormous  white  buttons,  and  his  face  is  whitened ; he  is  a 
gourmand  and  thief,  capable  of  every  crime,  incapable 
of  a good  action,  and  absolutely  without  moral  sense. 
The  present  Pierrot  was  created  by  Gaspard  Deburau  under 
the  Restoration  ; previous  to  this  be  had  been  a gayer  and 
more  insignificant  personage,  a cross  between  a fool  and 
an  ingdnu.  Laromse. 

Piers  Plowman.  See  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman. 
Piers  Plowman’s  Crede.  A satirical  allitera- 
tive poem,  after  the  style  of  “The  Vision  of 
Piers  Plowman,”  written  about  1394.  See  Plow- 
man’s Tale. 

Pieta  (pe-a-ta').  [It.,  ‘pity.’]  A title  of  pic- 

tures, bas-reliefs,  etc.,  representing  the  com- 
passionate lamentation  of  the  Virgin,  alone  or 
with  others,  over  the  body  of  Christ  after  the 
descent  from  the  cross,  (a)  A paintingby  Van  Dyck, 
in  the  old  Pinakotliek  at  Munich.  The  body  of  Christ  lies 
on  some  drapery  spread  on  the  ground,  the  head  and 
shoulders  supported  by  the  Virgin.  The  cross  is  behind, 
and  at  the  left  are  three  mourning  angels.  (6)  A vigorous 
paintingby  Andrea  del  Sarto  (about  1518),  in  the  Imperial 
Gallery  at  Vienna.  Christ’s  body  lies  on  outspread  yellow 
drapery,  mourned  over  by  the  weeping  Virgin  ; an  angel 
supports  the  head,  and  another  holds  the  accessories  of 
the  passion,  (c)  A painting  by  Van  Dyck  (1628),  in  the  mu- 
seum at  Antwerp.  Belgium.  The  Virgin  holds  on  her  lap 
the  head  of  the  dead  Christ,  whose  face  is  drawn  with  suf- 
fering. St.  John  points  out  the  wound  in  one  hand  to  two 


Piet& 

grieving  angels,  (d)  The  masterpiece  of  Quentin  Massys 
(1608),  in  the  museum  at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  It  is  a trip- 
tych. On  the  chief  panel  Christ  is  seen  borne  to  the  tomb, 
supported  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea  and  St.  John.  The 
Virgin  kneels  by  the  body,  and  near  her  stand  the  Mag- 
dalen, St.  John,  and  Mary  Salome.  The  drawing  is  some- 
what rigid  in  the  effort  to  attain  anatomical  exactness. 
On  the  side  panels  are  painted  the  martyrdoms  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist. 
Pietermaritzburg  (pe-ter-mar'its-borg),  almost 
always  called  Maritzburg  (mar'its-borg).  The 
capital  of  Natal,  South  Africa,  situated  47  miles 
northwest  of  Durban.  Population,  31,230. 
Piety  in  Pattens,  or  the  Handsome  House- 
maid. A puppet-show  droll,  produced  by  Foote 
in  1773,  played  by  excellently  contrived  pup- 
pets. 

Pigafetta  (pe-ga-fet'ta),  Antonio.  Born  at  Vi- 
cenza., 1491 : died,  probably  at  the  same  place, 
about  1534.  An  Italian  traveler.  He  went  to  Spain 
in  the  suite  of  the  papal  nuncio  in  1610;  received  per- 
mission to  accompany  Fernao  de  Magalhaestothe  Moluc- 
cas ; sailed  in  the  Victoria,  Sept.  20,  1519 ; and  was  one  of 
those  who  returned  to  Spain  in  that  vessel,  Sept.,  1522, 
after  the  first  voyage  round  the  world.  (See  MayalhSes 
and  Cano.)  Pigafetta  wrote  for  Charles  V.  an  account  of 
the  voyage,  which  was  quickly  published  in  several  lan- 
guages. A longer  manuscript  which  he  prepared  was  dis- 
covered in  the  library  of  Milan  and  published  in  1800  as 
“Primo  viaggio  intorno  al  globo  terracqueo." 

Pigalle  (pe-gal'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  26,  1714:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  20,  1785.  A 
French  sculptor.  His  best  work  is  a mauso- 
leum of  Marshal  Saxe  in  Strasburg. 
Pigmalion.  See  Pygmalion. 

Pigmies.  Ses  Pygmies. 

Pignerol.  See  Pinerolo. 

Pignotti  (pen-yot'te),  Lorenzo.  Born  in  Tus- 
cany, 1739 : died  at  Pisa,  1812.  An  Italian  phy- 
sician, historian,  and  fabulist.  He  was  made  his- 
toriographer of  the  kingdom  of  Etruria  in  1801,  and  redtor 
of  the  University  of  Pisa  in  1809.  Among  his  works  are 
“La  Felicitk  dell’  Austria  e della  Toscana”  (1791),  his 
“Fables”  (1779),  which  are  popular  in  Italy,  and  other 
poems. 

Pigott  (pig'ot)  Diamond,  The.  A famous 
diamond  brought  to  England  by  Earl  Pigott. 
It  weighed  49  carats,  and  was  thought  to  be 
worth  about  $200,000. 

Pigwiggen(pig;wig'en).  A fairy  knight  in  Dray- 
ton’s Nymphidia.”  He  has  a combat  with  Oberon, 
who  is  jealous  of  him  and  his  love  for  Queen  Mab.  The 
name  is  also  given  to  a constable  mentioned  in  “Selimus,” 
a tragedy,  probably  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1594. 

Pijaos  (pe-Ha'os).  An  Indian  tribe  of  New 
Granada  (Colombia)  which,  at  the  time  of  the 
conquest,  was  numerous  and  powerful  near  Po- 
payan,  on  the  rivers  Cauea  and  Neyva.  They 
were  little  advanced  in  civilization.  The  Pijaos  were  ap- 
parently related  to  .the  modern  Paniquitas  and  Paes  or 
Paezes : the  latter  are  sometimes  called  Pijaos. 

Pike  (pik),  Albert.  Born  at  Boston,  Dec.  29, 
1809:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  2,  1891. 
An  American  lawyer  and  author.  After  engaging 
for  some  time  in  journalism,  he  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  Arkansas  about  1836,  and  obtained  much  business  as 
counsel  for  the  Indians  in  their  sale  of  lands  to  the  Fed- 
eral government.  He  commanded  a squadron  of  Arkansas 
volunteer  cavalry  during  the  Mexican  war;  was  appointed 
Indian  commissioner  of  the  Confederate  government  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War ; and  obtained  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general  in  the  Confederate  army.  He  practised 
law  at  Washington  from  about  1868-80.  He  published 
“Prose  Sketches  and  Poems ” (1834),  etc. 

Pike,  Austin  Franklin.  Born  at  Hebron,  N.  II., 
Oct.,  1819:  died  at  Franklin,  N.  H.,  Oct.  8, 1886. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  Republican  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  New  Hampshire  1873-75,  and  United 
States  senator  1883-86. 

Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery.  Born  in  New 
Jersey,  Jan. 5, 1779:  killedin  the  assault  on  York 
(Toronto),  Canada,  April  27, 1813.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  As  commander  of  an  exploring  expedi- 
tion he  visited  Pike’s  Peak  (later  named  from  him)  in  1806. 
He  commanded  the  attack  on  York  in  1813. 

Pike’s  Peak  (plks  pek).  [Named  from  General 
Z.  M.  Pike.]  One  of  the  highest  summits  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  situated  in  Colorado  70 miles 
south  by  west  of  Denver.  It  was  visited  by  Z.  M. 
Pike  in  1806.  Height,  14,107  feet.  A mountain  railway 
up  Pike's  Peak  from  Manitou  was  opened  in  1891. 

Pilat  (pe-la/),  Mont.  One  of  the  chief  sum- 
mits of  the  mountains  of  Lyonnais,  northern 
C6vennes,  France.  Height,  4,705  feet. 

Pilate  (piTat),L.  Pontius  Pilatus.  [Gr.  TISvrtoc 
IL'/Uzrof.]  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury a.  D.  A Roman  procurator  of  Judea, 
Idumea,  and  Samaria  26-36  a.  d.  He  tried  and 
condemned  Christ.  He  is  the  subject  of  many  legends. 
Pilate,  Arch  of.  An  arch  in  Jerusalem  which 
spans  the  Via  Dolorosa,  it  has  been  venerated  by 
pilgrims  since  the  middle  ages,  but  is  held  to  be  in  fact 
the  remains  of  a triumphal  arch  of  the  time  of  Hadrian. 

Pilate’s  Staircase.  See  Scala  Santa. 

Pilatus  (pe-lii'tos),  Mount.  A mountain  on  the 
border  of  the  cantons  of  Lucerne  and  Unter- 
walden,  Switzerland,  7 miles  south-southwest 


807 

of  Lucerne.  It  is  a much  frequented  tourist  resort,  and 
is  ascended  by  a mountain  railway.  Height  of  highest 
peak  (the  Tomlishorn),  6,998  feet. 

Pilaya  (pe-li'a).  A right-hand  tributary  of  the 
Pilcomayo,  in  Bolivia.  Length,  about  500  miles. 
Pilcomayo  (pel-ko-mi'o).  A river  rising  in 
southern  Bolivia  and  flowing  through  the  Gran 
Chaco,  where  it  separates  western  Paraguay 
from  the  Argentine  Republic.  It  is  the  longest 
branch  of  the  Paraguay,  which  it  joins  opposite  Asuncion. 
In  the  Chaco  it  is  very  crooked  and  shallow,  and  obstructed 
by  sand-bars ; the  lower  portion  is  brackish.  Many  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  explore  it,  with  the  object  of 
opening  a route  to  Bolivia : in  1907  it  was  reported  by 
Herrmann  to  afford  a practicable  water  route.  The 
French  explorer  Crevaux,  who  tried  to  ascend  the  river 
in  1882,  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  with  all  his  party. 
Length  unknown  (probably  about  1,400  miles). 

Pilgrim,  The.  1 . A play  by  Fletcher,  produced 
at  court  in  1621  and  printed  in  1647.  In  1700 
Sir  J ohn  V anbrugh produced  an  alteration  which 
was  revived  in  1812. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Thomas 
Killigrew,  printed  in  1664. 

Pilgrimage  of  Grace.  An  insurrection  in  York- 
shire and  Lincolnshire  1536-37,  headedby  Robert 
Aske.  It.  was  occasioned  by  the  ecclesiastical  and  political 
reforms  of  Henry  VIII.  The  rebels  occupied  York,  where 
they  were  joined  by  the  Archbishop  of  York.  Their  number 
having  increased  to  30,000,  they  proceeded  to  Doncaster, 
where  they  were  induced  to  disband  by  the  representations 
of  the  royal  commissioners.  Finding  themselves  deceived, 
they  lose  again  under  Sir  Francis  Bigod.  Martial  law  was 
declared  in  the  north,  and  the  rising  was  suppressed  with 
great  severity. 

Pilgrim  Fathers,  The.  The  founders  of  Ply- 
mouth Colony,  Massachusetts,  in  1620. 
Pilgrims,  Chaucer’s.  See  Canterbury  Tales. 
Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine.  A descriptive  work  by 
Bulwer,  published  in  1834. 

Pilgrim’s  Progress,  The.  A famous  allegory, by 
John  Bunyan,  which  recounts  the  adventures 
of  the  hero  Christian  in  journeying  from  the 
City  of  Destruction  to  the  heavenly  Jerusalem. 

It  was  composed  while  Bunyan  was  in  prison,  between 
1060  and  1672.  'The  first  part  was  printed  in  1678.  A sec- 
ond part  (1684)  narrates  the  similar  travels  of  Christiana, 
Christian’s  wife. 

Pilgrim’s  Tale,  The.  A poem  thought  by 
Thynne  to  have  been  Chaucer’s.  He  printed  it, 

but  it  was  not  published,  being  objected  to  by  the  bishops. 
It  was  lost,  apparently ; and,  attention  having  been  directed 
to  it,  it  was  searched  for  in  vain  for  over  two  hundred 
years.  Tynvhitt  found  part  of  it,  examined  it,  and  it  dis- 
appeared again.  At  length  it  was  rediscovered  and  printed 
by  the  Chaucer  Society.  It  was  found  to  be  by  some  one 
acquainted  with  Chaucer’s  work,  but  writing  after  1532. 
Lounsbury. 

Pillars  of  Hercules.  In  ancient  geography, 
the  two  opposite  promontories  Calpe  (Gibraltar) 
in  Europe  and  Abyla  in  Africa,  situated  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 
sentinels,  as  it  were,  at  the  outlet  from  the  Med- 
iterranean into  the  unknown  Atlantic.  Accord- 
ing to  one  of  several  explanations  of  the  name,  they  were 
supposed  to  have  been  torn  asunder  by  Hercules.  Com- 
pare Mellcarth. 

Pillau  (pilTou).  A seaport,  fortress,  and  wa- 
tering-place in  the  province  of  East  Prussia, 
Prussia,  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  Frisches 
Haff,  25  miles  west  of  Konigsberg. 

Pillnitz  (pil'nits).  A royal  Saxon  castle,  situ- 
ated on  the  Elbe  6 miles  southeast  of  Dresden. 
Pillnitz,  Convention  of.  AmeetingatPillnitz 
in  Aug.,  1791,  between  the  emperor  Leopold  II., 
Frederick  William  II.  of  Prussia,  and  the  Comte 
d’Artois  (later  Charles  X.  of  France).  Theyissued 
a declaration  hostile  to  the  French  Revolution,  which 
formed  the  basis  of  the  first  coalition  against  France. 

Pillow,  Fort.  See  Fori  Pillow. 

Pillow  (pil'd),  Gideon  Johnson.  Born  in  Wil- 
liamson County,  Terra.,  June  8,  1806:  died  in 
Lee  County,  Ark.,  Oct.  6,  1878.  An  American 
general.  Heservedwith  distinction  first  as  a brigadier- 
general  and  afterward  as  a major-general  of  volunteers  in 
the  Mexican  war,  at  the  close  of  which  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  in  Tennessee.  He  became  a brigadier-gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  army  at  the  beginning  of  theCivil 
War;  commanded  under  General  Leonidas  Polk  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Belmont,  Missouri,  Nov.  7,  1861;  and  was  second  in 
command  under  General  John  B.  Floyd  at  Fort  Donelson 
in  Feb.,  1862,  when  he  escaped  with  his  chief,  leaving  Gen- 
eral Buckner  to  surrender  the  post  to  General  Grant. 
Pilot  Knob  (pi'lot  nob).  A hill  consisting  al- 
most entirely  of  iron  ore,  situated  73  miles  south 
by  west  of  St.  Louis. 

Piloty  (pe-16'te).  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Munich, 
Oct.  9,  1828:  died  there,  Dec.  21, 1895.  A genre 
and  historical  painter,  brother  of  Karl  von 
Piloty,  whose  style  influenced  him.  He  was  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Munich  Academy. 
Piloty,  Karl  von.  Born  at  Munich,  Oct.  1 , 1 826 : 
died  at  Munich,  July  21,  1886.  A noted  Ger- 
man historical  painter,  professor  in  the  Munich 
Academy  from  1858,  and  its  director  after 
1874.  Among  his  paintings  are  “ Seni  before  the  Body  of 
Wallenstein,”  “Nero  on  the  Ruins  of  Romo,”  “Columbus 


Pincbwife,  Mr. 

as  Discoverer  of  America,”  “Galileo  in  Prison,"  “Death 
of  Caesar,"  “Triumph  of  Germanicus,”  etc. 

Pilpay  (pil'pi),  or  Bidpai  (bid'pi).  “The  Fa- 
bles of  Pilpay”  is  the  alternative  title  of  “ Kali- 
lah  and  Dirnnah,”  the  Arabic  translation  of  the 
Pahlavi  translation  of  the  Sanskrit  original  of 
the  Panchatantra.  See  Kalilah  and  Dirnnah. 
According  to  the  Arabic  introduction,  Dabshelim  was  the 
first  king  of  the  Indian  restoration  after  the  fall  of  the 
governor  appointed  by  Alexander  B.  c.  326,  and  was  very 
wicked.  To  reclaim  him,  a Brahman  has  recourse  to  par- 
able. This  wise  man  is  called  in  Arabic  bidbah,  and  in 
Syriac  bidvag.  These  words  Benfey  traces  through  the 
Pahlavi  to  the  Sanskrit  vid.vapati,  ‘master  of  sciences.' 
Accordingly  bidbah,  which  lias  become  Bidpai  or  Pilpay 
in  modern  books,  is  not  a proper  name,  but  an  appellative 
applied  to  the  chief  pandit  or  court  scholar  of  an  Indian 
prince.  La  Fontaine  tells  us  that  he  owes  most  of  his  new 
material  to  Pilpay,  the  Indian  sage.  R4guier’s  edition  of 
La  Fontaine  gives  references  to  the  Indian  sources. 
Pilsen  (pil'sen).  A city  in  Bohemia,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Mies  and  Radbusa,  in  lat. 
49°  45'  N.,  long.  13°  23'  E.  It  is  the  second  city  of 
Bohemia;  has  various  manufactures;  and  is  especially 
famous  for  the  manufacture  and  export  of  Pilsener  beer. 
It  was  stormed  by  Mansfeld  in  1618,  and  was  one  of  the 
scenes  of  the  conspiracy  of  Wallenstein  in  1634.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  81,165,  (1910). 

Pim  (pim),  Bedford  Clapperton  Trevelyan. 

Born  at  Bideford,  England,  June  12,  1826  : died 
at  Deal,  Sept.  30,  1886.  An  English  admiral. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1842  ; took  part  in  the  Franklin 
Bearch-expedition  which  sailed  under  Sir  E.  Belcher  in 
1852  ; commanded  a gunboat  on  the  Baltic  during  the  Cri- 
mean war ; and  in  1859-60  originated  and  surveyed  the 
Nicaraguan  route  across  the  Isthmus.  He  was  promoted 
captain  on  the  retired  list  in  1868.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  of  Gray's  Inn  in  1873,  and  was  a Conservative  member 
of  Parliament  1874-80.  He  wrote  “The  Gate  of  the  Pa- 
cific ” (1863),  etc. 

Pima  (pe'ma).  [PL,  also  Pirnas : in  the  Ne- 
vome  dialect,  ‘no’:  used  erroneously  as  a 
name.]  An  agricultural  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  residing  on  reservations  in  the 
Salado  and  Gila  valleys,  southern  Arizona. 
Pima  Baja.  See  Nevome. 

Piman  (pe'man).  A linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  It  embraces  the  following  divi- 
sions : Pima  (from  which  the  stock  was  named),  Papago, 
Sobaipuri,  Nevome  or  Lower  Pima,  Opata,  Tarahumar,  Ca- 
hita,  Cora,  and  Tepehuan.  Their  habitat  extends  from 
the  Salado  and  Gila  rivers  in  southern  Arizona  over  a 
vast  area  in  northwestern 'Mexico,  including  the  greater 
portion  of  the  territory  embraced  by  the  states  of  Sonora, 
Chihuahua,  Sinaloa,  and  Durango,  and  parts  of  Jalisco  and 
Zacatecas.  According  to  some  authorities  the  Piman  stock 
as  here  recognized  forms  but  part  of  a linguistic  group 
embracing  the  Shoshonean,  Piman,  and  Aztec  or  Naliuatl 
tribes.  Estimated  number,  85,000. 

Pimlico  (pim'li-ko).  A part  of  Westminster, 
London,  situated  2^-  miles  west-southwest  of 
St.  Paul’s. 

Pinafore  (pin'a-for),  H.  M.  S.  A comic  opera 
by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced 
in  1878. 

Finakothek  (pin'a-ko-thek ; G.  pron.  pe-na-ko- 
tak').  [G.,  from  Gr.  mvasoOI/Ky,  a picture-gal- 
lery.] In  modern  use,  an  art  gallery.  The  most 
celebrated  galleries  so  named  are  the  two  in  Munich,  con- 
taining collections  of  pictures  aDd  other  works  of  art. 

Pinal  Coyotero  (pe-nal'  ko-yo-ta'ro),  or  Tonto 
Apache  (ton'to  a-pa'che).  One  of  the  sub- 
tribes  of  the  Gileno  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  are  distinct  from  the  Pinaleno 
or  Tchikun  and  the  White  Mountain  Coyotero. 
See  Gileno. 

PinardelRio(pe-nar'delre'6),formerlvNueva 
Filipina.  A city  of  western  Cuba,  100  miles 
west-southwest  of  Havana.  It  is  the  center  of  trade 
for  the  tobacco  district  called  Vuelta  Abajo.  Population 
10,634. 

Pinch  (pinch).  A schoolmaster  in  Shakspere’s 
“Comedy  of  Errors.” 

Pinch,  Ruth.  In  Dickens’s  novel  “Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit,”  a pretty  little  body,  unreasonably  grate- 
ful to  the  Pecksniffs  for  their  patronage  of 
her  brother  Tom  Pinch. 

Pinch,  Tom.  In  Dickens’s  novel  “ Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit,”  an  ungainly  kind-hearted  man  of  ster- 
ling qualities,  in  the  employment  of  Mr.  Peck- 
sniff. “ He  was  perhaps  about  thirty,  but  he 
might  have  been  almost  any  age  between  sixteen 
and  sixty.” 

Pinchback  (pinch'bak),  Pinckney  Benton 
Stewart.  Born  at  Macon,  Ga.,  May  10,  1837. 
An  American  Republican  politician,  of  African 
descent.  He  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  Loui- 
siana in  1871 ; was  acting  governor  1872-73  ; and  was 
elected  United  States  senator  from  Louisiana  in  1S73,  but 
not  seated.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1886. 

Pinchbeck  (pinch'bek),  Christopher.  Died  in 
1732.  A London  watchmaker.  He  invented  an 
alloy  which  resembled  gold,  much  used  in  cheap  jewelry ; 
lienee  tile  word  pinchbeck  applied  to  sham  or  spurious 
things. 

Pinchwife  (pineh'wif),  Mr.  In  Wycherley’s 
comedy  “ The  Country  Wife,”  the  anxious  hus- 


Pinchwife,  Mr. 

band  of  Mrs.  Marjory  Pinchwife,  the  “country 
wife,”  taken  by  Wycherley  from  Moli&re’s  play 
“ L’Beole  des  femmes.”  Pinchwife  held  that  a wo- 
man is  innocent  in  proportion  to  her  lack  of  knowledge ; 
and  his  attempt  to  keep  his  wife  in  a state  of  ignorance 
met  with  the  success  it  deserved.  Marjory  is  the  original 
of  Congreve's  Miss  Prue  and  of  Vanbrugh’s  Hoyden.  She 
is  also  the  Peggy,  and  Mr.  Pinchwife  the  Moody,  of  Gar- 
rick’s “Country  Girl.” 

Pincian  Hill  (pin'shi-a,n  hil),  L.  Mons  Pincius 
(monz  pin'shi-us),  It.  Monte  Pincio  (mon'te 
pen'cho).  A hill  in  the  northern  part  of  Home, 
extending  in  a long  ridge  east  from  the  Tiber. 

It  was  not  one  of  the  Seven  Hills,  though  separated  by  but 
a narrow  interval  from  the  Quirinal.  In  antiquity,  as  at 
the  present  day,  it  was  noted  for  its  beautiful  gardens. 
The  superb  view  from  it  toward  St.  Peter’s  is  famous. 

Pinckney  (pingk'ni),  Charles.  Born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  1758:  died  there,  Oct.  29,  1824.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a member  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Convention  in  1787  ; governor  of  South  Carolina 
1789-92, 1796-98,  and  1806-08 ; United  States  senator  1798- 
1801 ; United  States  minister  to  Spain  1802-05  ; and  mem- 
ber of  Congress  1819-21. 

Pinckney,  Charles  Cotesworth.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Feb.  25, 1746:  died  there,  Aug. 
16, 1825.  An  American  statesman  and  soldier  in 
the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  in  1787 ; special  envoy  to  France 
(in  the  “ X.  Y.  Z.  Mission  ")  1796-97  ; and  unsuccessful  Fed- 
eralist candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1800,  and  for  Presi- 
dent in  1804  and  1808. 

Pinckney,  Henry  Laurens.  Born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  Sept.  24, 1794:  died  there,  Feb.  3, 1863. 
An  American  politician,  journalist,  and  writer: 
son  of  Charles  Pinckney.  He  was  Democratic  mem- 
ber  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1833-37.  He  founded 
the  Charleston  “ Mercury  " in  1810,  and  was  long  its  editor. 

Pinckney,  Thomas.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
Oct.  23, 1750 : died  at  Charleston,  Nov.  2, 1828. 
An  American  statesman  and  soldier  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary War:  brother  of  C.  C.  Pinckney.  He 
was  governor  of  South  Carolina  1787-89;  U nited"  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1792-94,  and  to  Spain  1794-96; 
a Federalist,  candidate  for  the  presidency  1796 ; and  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1797-1801. 

Pindar  (pin'dar).  [L.  Pindarus,  Gr.  ll/wia/w.] 
Born  at  Cynoscephalce,  near  Thebes,  Greece, 
about  522  b.  c.  : died  at  Argos,  443  B.  c.  The 
greatest  of  the  Greek  lyric  poets.  He  resided  chiefly 
at  Thebes,  but  spent  about  four  years  at  the  court  of  Hie- 
lon  in  Syracuse.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

The  remains  of  Pindar's  work  represent  almost  eveiy 
kind  of  lyric  poem.  The  fragments  may  be  classified  as 
follows : 1.  Hymns  to  Persephone,  to  Fortune,  and  in  praise 
of  Thebes  and  its  gods.  2.  P seans  to  Apollo  of  Delphi  and 
Zeus  of  Dodona.  3.  Choral  dithyrambs  to  Dionysus.  4.  Pro- 
cessional songs,  for  the  people  of  Delos  and  of  .Egina.  5. 
Choral  songs  for  maidens:  one  addressed  to  “Pan,  lord  of 
Arcadia,  watcher  of  the  awful  shrine”  (of  Cybele).  6.  Choral 
dance-songs — “ hyporchemes,”  as  the  Greeks  called  them 
— in  which  the  words  were  accompanied  by  a lively  dance  or 
pantomime  expressive  of  the  action ; they  arose  from  the 
early  Cretan  war-dances,  and  were  used  especially  in  the 
worship  of  Apollo,  as  a relief  to  the  solemn  paean.  One 
of  these  was  written  for  the  Thebans,  and  was  connected 
with  a propitiatory  rite  following  an  eclipse  of  the  sun, 
probably  in  463  B.  c.  7.  Encomia : laudatory  odes  (in  praise 
of  men,  and  thus  distinguished  from  hymns  in  praise  of 
gods)  sung  by  the  festive  troop  or  comus.  8.  Scolia : fes- 
tive songs  to  be  sung  at  banquets  by  a comus  or  festive 
troop.  9.  THrges,  to  be  sung  to  the  flute,  with  choral  dance. 
Besides  the  fragments,  we  have  forty-four  complete  Epi- 
nicia,  or  Odes  of  Victory,  in  which  Pindar  celebrated  vic- 
tories in  great  national  games.  Fourteen  odes  belong  to 
the  games  at  Olympia,  held  once  in  four  years  : the  prize 
was  a wreath  of  wild  olive.  Twelve  odes  belong  to  the 
Pythian  games,  held  at  Delphi,  in  honour  of  Apollo,  once 
in  four  years,  in  the  3rd  year  of  each  Olympiad : the  prize 
was  a wreath  of  laurel.  Seven  odes  belong  to  the  Nemean 
games,  held  at  Nemea,  in  honour  of  Zeus,  once  in  two  years, 
the  2nd  and  4th  of  each  Olympiad  : the  prize  was  a wreath 
of  pine.  Eleven  odes  belong  to  the  Isthmian  games,  held 
at  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  in  honour  of  Poseidon,  onco  in 
two  years,  in  the  1st  and  3rd  years  of  each  Olympiad  : the 
prize  was  a wreath  of  parsley.  Among  all  these  odes  of 
which  the  dates  can  be  fixed,  the  earliest  is  the  10th  Pyth- 
ian, in  602  B.  C.;  the  latest,  the  5th  Olympian,  in  452  B.  C. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  66. 

Pindar,  Peter.  The  pseudonym  of  John  Wol- 
cott. 

Pindarees  (pin-dar'ez),  or  Pindarries,  or  Pin- 

dharies.  [Hind.,  ‘plunderers.’]  A horde  of 
mounted  robbers  in  India,  notorious  for  their 
atrocity  arid  rapacity.  They  first  appeared  about 
the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and  infested  the  possessions 
of  the  East  India  Company  and  the  surrounding  country 
in  the  18th  century.  They  were  disorderly  and  mercenary 
horsemen,  organized  for  indiscriminate  raiding  and  loot- 
ing. They  were  dispersed  in  1818  by  the  Marquis  of  Hast- 
ings, then  governor-general. 

Pindus  (pin'dus).  [Gr.  IlmJof.]  A range  of 
mountains  in  Greece,  between  Thessaly  on  the 
east  and  Epirus  on  the  west,  extending  north 
to  about  lat.  39°  N.  Greatest  height,  7,665 
feet. 

Pine  Bluff  (pin  bluf).  The  capital  of  Jefferson 
County,  Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  38 
miles  south-southeast  of  Little  Rock.  It  exports 
cotton.  Population,  15,102,  (1910). 


808 

Pinega  (pe-na-ga').  A river  in  northern  Russia 
which  joins  the  Dwina  50  miles  southeast  of 
Archangel.  Length,  300  to  350  miles. 

Pine  (pin)  Islands.  A group  of  the  Florida 
Keys,  situated  northeast  of  Key  West. 

Pinel  (pe-nel'),  Philippe.  Born  at  St.-Andre, 
Tarn,  France,  April  20,  1745:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  25,  1826.  A French  physician,  director  of 
the  insane  asylum  at  Bicetre  (1791)  and  the 
Salpetriere  (1794) : noted  for  the  improvements 
which  he  effected  in  the  treatment  of  the  in- 
sane. He  wrote  “Nosographiephilosophique  ” 
(1798),  etc. 

Pinelo  (pe-na'lo),  Antonio  de  Leon.  Born 
probably  at  Cordoba,  now  in  the  Argentine 
Republic,  about  1590:  died  at  Seville,  Spain, 
about  1675.  A Spanish  lawyer  and  author.  He 
was  judge  of  the  tribunal  of  the  Casa  de  Contratacion  at 
Seville,  and  historical  secretary  of  the  Council  of  the  In- 
dies. In  1637  he  was  appointed  royal  historiographer. 
Employed  to  codify  the  colonial  laws,  he  completed,  in 
1635,  his  ‘ ‘ Recopilacion  general  de  las  leyes  de  las  Indias," 
made  authoritative  by  royal  order  in  1680,  and  published 
in  1681  (Madrid,  4 vols.).  It  was  several  times  revised. 
Pinelo  also  published  various  works  on  America  and  on 
colonial  law ; a life  of  Toribio,  Archbishop  of  Lima(1653); 
and  “Biblioteca  Oriental  y Occidental,  nautica  y geogiA- 
flea”  (Madrid,  1629) : the  first  bibliography  of  the  Spanish 
colonies.  There  is  a revised  edition  by  Gonzalez  de  Barcia 
(3  vols.  1737-38). 

Pinerolo(pe-ne-ro'16),F.Pignerol(pen-ye-rol'). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Turin,  Italy,  22 
miles  southwest  of  Turin.  It  was  taken  from  Savoy 
by  Francis  I.  of  France,  and  held  until  1574 ; and  was 
again  taken  by  the  French  about  1630,  aud  held  as  an  im- 
portant fortress  until  the  close  of  the  century.  Popula- 
tion, town,  12,830 ; commune,  18,250. 

Pinerolo,  Pacification  of.  A treaty  concluded 
by  the  English  Commonwealth  under  Crom- 
well with  France  in  1655,  providing  for  the 
cessation  of  the  Waldensian  persecution  by 

★the  Duke  of  Savoy. 

Pines  (pinz),  Isle  of,  Sp.  Isla  de  Pinos  (es'lii 
da  pe'nos).  An  island  of  the  West  Indies, 
formerly  belonging  to  Spain,  situated  40  miles 
south  of  the  western  part  of  Cuba,  of  which  it 
was  a political  dependency.  Chief  place, 
Nueva  Gerona.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1494,  and  was  long  notorious  as  a resort  of  pirates.  Area, 
about  1,200  square  miles.  Population,  about  3,300. 

Pines,  Isle  of,  F.  He  des  Pins  (el  da  pan).  A 
small  island,  a French  penal  station,  situated 
in  the  South  Pacific  southeast  of  New  Cale- 
donia. 

Pine-tree  State.  The  State  of  Maine : so  called 
from  the  pine-tree  in  its  coat  of  arms. 

Ping  Yang.  See  Pieng-an. 

Pimni  (pe-ne-ne').  [A  corruption  of  the  Sp.  Pyg- 
meos,  pygmies  or  dwarfs.]  The  name  given  by 
some  of  the  Pueblo  Indians  to  a mythical  tribe 
of  small  men  who  are  said  to  have  invaded  some 
of  the  Pueblo  villages  in  the  times  long  previous 
to  the  Spanish  occupation.  The  tale  may  he  a mod- 
ern adaptation  of  classical  mythological  legends  to  Indian 
tradition. 

Pinkerton  (ping'ker-ton),  John.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  17,  1758:"died  March  10,  1826.  A 
Scottish  historian,  antiquary,  and  miscellane- 
ous writer.  He  published  “ Two  Dithyrambic  Odes  on 
Enthusiasm  and  Laughter  ” (1782),  an  “ Essay  on  Medals  ” 
(1784),  “Ancient  Scottish  Poems”  (1786),  a “Dissertation 
on  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Scythians  or  Goths  ” 
(1787),  “Enquiry  into  the  History  of  Scotland”  (1790), 
“Ieonographica  Scotica”  (1797),  etc. 

Pinkham  Notch  (ping'kam  noch).  A pass  in 
the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  lead- 
ing from  the  Glen  House  southward. 

Pinkie  (ping'ki).  A place,  about  6 miles  east 
of  Edinburgh,  where,  Sept.  10, 1547,  the  English 
under  the  protector  Somerset  totally  defeated 
the  Scots. 

Pinkney  (pingk'ni),  Edward  Coate.  Born  at 
London,  1802:  died  at  Baltimore,  April  11, 1828. 
An  American  poet,  son  of  William  Pinkney.  He 
published  “Rodolph,  and  Other  Poems”  (1825), 
etc. 

Pinkney,  William.  Born  at  Annapolis,  Md., 
March  17,  1764:  died  Feb.  25, 1822.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer,  politician,  and  diplomatist.  He  was 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1806-11;  attorney-general  1811- 
1814  ; member  of  Congress  from  Maryland  1815-1G ; min- 
ister to  Naples  1816,  and  to  Russia  1816-18;  and  United 
States  senator  1820-22. 

Pinner  of  Wakefield.  See  George-a-Greenc. 

Pino  (pe'no),  Joaquin  del.  Born  about  1730: 
died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  April  11, 1804.  A Span- 
ish soldier  and  administrator.  He  was  successively 
governor  of  Montevideo  (1773-76),  president  of  Charcas 
(1777)  and  of  Chile  (1800),  and  viceroy  of  La  Plata  from 
May  20,  1801. 

Pinos,  Isla  de.  See  Pines,  Isle  of. 

Pinsk  (pinsk).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Minsk,  Russia,  situated  among  marshes  on  tho 
Pina,  140  miles  south-southwest  of  Minsk,  it  is 


Piombino 

an  important  center  of  river  transit  trade.  Population 
34,600. 

Pinta  (pen'ta),  La.  One  of  the  smaller  vessels 
of  Columbus  on  his  first  voyage.  It  was  a little 
larger  than  the  Nina  (which  see),  and  was  commanded  by 
Martin  Alonso  Pinzon.  See  Pinzon. 

Pinto.  See  PaJcawa. 

Pinto (pen'to),  Anibal.  Bornat  Santiago,  1825 : 
died  at  Valparaiso,  1884.  A Chilean  statesman, 
sou  of  General  F.  A.  Pinto.  He  was  a moderate  lib- 
eral in  politics  ; was  minister  of  war  and  marine  under  Er- 
razuriz  1871-76,  and  succeeded  him  as  president  Sept.  18, 
1876, -Sept.  18,  1881.  Pinto  was  the  first  declared  liberal 
elected  to  the  presidency  after  1830.  During  his  term  the 
war  with  Bolivia  and  Peru  was  commenced  (1879).  See 
Pacific,  War  of  the. 

Pinto  (pen'to),  Fernao  Mendes.  Bom  near 
Coimbra,  Portugal,  about  1509:  died  near  Lis- 
bon, 1583.  A Portuguese  adventurer  and  trav- 
eler in  the  East  (China  and  Japan).  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  travels  entitled  “Peregrina- 
9ao”  (1614). 

Pinto  (pen'to),  Francisco  Antonio.  Bom  at 

Santiago,  1785:  died  there,  July  18,  1858.  A 
Chilean  general  and  politician.  He  was  diplomatic 
agent  of  the  republic  at  Buenos  Ayres  and  in  England 
1811-17  ; subsequently  served  with  distinction  in  Charcas 
1818-21,  and  in  Peru  1822-23 ; and  was  minister  of  the  in- 
terior and  of  foreign  relations  in  1824.  Early  in  1827  he 
was  elected  by  congress  vice-president,  and  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  Freire  became  president  May  8, 1827.  He  resigned 
in  July,  1829;  two  months  later  he  resumed  the  post  by  a 
regular  election ; but,  a revolution  being  imminent,  he 
again  resigned,  Nov.  2, 1829.  He  was  the  liberal  candidate 
for  the  presidency  in  184L 

Pinto,  Serpa.  See  Serpa  Pinto. 

Pinturicchio  (pen-to-rek'ke-o)  (Bernardino  di 
Betti).  Born  at  Perugia,  Italy,  1454 : died  at 
Siena,  Italy,  Sept.  11, 1513.  An  Italian  painter, 
of  the  school  of  Peragino : noted  for  his  fres- 
cos and  panels.  Many  of  his  principal  works  are  at 
Rome  (in  the  Vatican  and  Church  of  Sta.  Maria  del  Popolo) 
and  at  Siena. 

Pinzgau  (pints'gou).  The  upper  valley  of  the 
Salza,  in  Salzburg,  Austria-Hungary,  situated 
southwest  of  the  city  of  Salzburg.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Pinzgau. 
Pinzon  (pen-thon'),  Francisco  Martin.  Bro- 
ther of  Martin  Alonso  Pinzon,  and  pilot  of  his 
vessel,  the  Pinta. 

Pinzon,  Martin  Alonso.  Born  at  Palos  about 
1441:  died  there,  1493.  A Spanish  navigator. 
He  was  the  head  of  a family  of  ship-builders  in  Palos, 
and  had  made  many  voyages.  There  is  a story  that,  In 
one  of  these,  in  a French  ship,  he  was  driven  by  a storm 
from  Africa  to  the  coast  of  Brazil ; but  this  is  generally 
discredited.  Another  story  is  that  he  found  in  Rome  aii 
old  manuscript  which  he  gave  to  Columbus,  and  in  which 
it  was  stated  that  Asia  might  be  reached  by  sailing  west- 
ward. It  is  more  probable  that  he  joined  Columbus  in 
his  voyage  of  1492  because  he  was  part  owner  of  the  smaller 
vessels.  He  commanded  the  Pinta.  In  Nov.,  1492,  he 
parted  companywithColumbusonthecoastof  Cuba;  was 
the  first  to  discover  Haiti ; and  rejoined  the  admiral  on 
the  coast  of  that  island,  Jan.  6, 1493.  Columbus  afterward 
asserted  that  he  had  deserted  with  the  intention  of  re- 
turning to  Spain.  During  the  return  voyage  the  Pinta  was 
separated  from  the  Nina  in  a storm,  Feb.  14,  and  eventu- 
ally reached  Bayona,  a port  of  Galicia ; thence  Pinzon 
sent  a letter  to  the  sovereigns  with  an  account  of  the  dis- 
covery, and  sailed  on  to  Palos,  reaching  it  on  the  same  day 
as  Columbus  (March  15).  His  death,  shortly  after,  is  said 
to  have  been  hastened  by  chagrin  because  Columbus  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  the  discovery. 

Pinzon,  Vicente  Yanez.  Born  at  Palos  about 
1460 : died  there,  about  1524.  A Spanish  navi- 
gator, brother  of  Martin  Alonso  Pinzdn.  He 
commanded  the  Nifia  in  the  first  voyage  of  Columbus  in 
1492.  Early  in  Dec.,  1499  (according  to  some,  Jan.  13, 
1500),  he  left  Palos  in  command  of  four  exploring  ships ; 
crossed  the  equator,  being  the  first  Spanish  commander  to 
do  so;  struck  the  coast  of  Brazil,  probably  near  Cape  St. 
Augustine  ; thence  followed  it  northward  and  northwest- 
ward, discovering  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon ; and  after 
passing  between  Trinidad  and  the  mainland,  and  touching 
at  Espafiola,  returned  to  Spain  in  Sept.,  1500.  Some  sup- 
pose that  Vespucci  was  with  him  on  this  voyage,  but  lie 
was  probably  with  Ojeda.  (See  Vespucci.)  In  1506  Pinzon 
was  associated  with  Solis  in  an  exploration  of  the  Gulf  of 
Honduras  and  a small  portion  of  southeastern  Yucatan 
In  1508  he  was  again  with  Solis  in  an  exploration  of  the 
eastern  coast  of  South  America,  from  Cape  St.  Augustine 
southward  probably  as  far  as  lat.  40°.  See  Solis,  Juan 
Diaz  de. 

Piojes  (pe-o-iias').  Indians  of  eastern  Ecuador 
(a  region  claimed  by  Colombia),  on  the  lower 
Napo  and  the  Putumayo  or  I9&.  Those  on  the 
former  river  are  often  called  Santa  Marias,  from  a mission 
village  in  which  many  of  them  were  gathered;  they  have 
no  knowledge  of  the  horde  on  the  Putumayo.  These  In- 
dians are  agriculturists,  skilful  canoemen  and  fishermen, 
and  industrious;  they  are  friendly  to  the  whites,  but  main- 
tain a semi-independence.  By  their  language  they  are 
generally  classed  with  the  Betoya  stock,  but  the  relation- 
ship is  doubtful. 

Piombino  (pe-om-be'no).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Pisa,  Italy,  situated  on  a promon- 
tory projecting  into  the  Mediterranean,  45  miles 
south  by  east  of  Leghorn,  and  opposite  Elba. 
Population,  town,  6,224  ; commune,  8,309. 


Piombino,  Principality  of 

Piombino,  Principality  of.  A former  small 
principality,  adjoining  and  including  the  town 
of  Piombino. 

Piombo  (pe-om'bo),  Fra  Sebastiano  del.  Born 
in  Venice  (?),  1485 : died  at  Rome,  June  21, 1547. 
A painter  of  the  Venetian  school.  His  real  name 
was  Luciani,  but  he  was  commonly  called  del  Piombo  from 
his  office  of  keeper  of  the  leaden  seals,  which  he  held  un- 
der Clement  VII.  and  Paul  III.  He  was  a pupil  of  Gio- 
vanni Bellini,  and  afterward  of  Giorgione,  and  was  called  to 
Rome  about  1509  by  Agostino  Chigi  to  assist  in  decorating 
the  Famesina  with  frescos.  Meantime  his  portraits  in  oil 
had  won  him  fame.  Among  the  best  of  this  period  are  the 
so-called  “ Fornarina"  in  the  Uffizi  at  Florence.  Piombo 
was  intimately  associated  with  Michelangelo,  and  is  said  to 
have  painted  the  “Resurrection  of  Lazarus  "in  the  National 
Gallery,  London,  with  his  assistance.  In  1527  he  went  to 
Venice,  and  there  probably  painted  the  portrait  of  Andrea 
Doria,  now  in  the  Doria  Palace  at  Rome.  He  returned 
to  Rome  in  1529.  In  1531  he  became  keeper  of  the  seals 
and  an  ecclesiastic. 

Pioneers,  The.  A story  by  James  Feuimore 
Cooper,  published  in  1823. 

Biotrkow  (pey-otr'kov),  G.  Petrikau  (pa'tre- 
kou).  1 . A government  in  Russian  Poland,  bor- 
dering on  Prussia.  Area,  4,730  square  miles. 
Population,  1,751,800. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Piotrkow,  situated  84  miles 
southwest  of  Warsaw.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
Polish  towns.  It  has  manufactures  of  farm 
implements  and  textiles.  Population,  36,600. 
Piove  di  Sacco  (pe-6've  de  sak'ko).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Padua,  Italy,  18  miles  southwest 
of  Venice.  Population,  commune,  9,887. 
Piozzi  (pi-oz'i ; It.  pron.  pe-ot'se),  Mrs.  (Hester 
Lynch  Salisbury : Mrs.  Thrale).  Born  at  Bod- 
ville,  Carnarvonshire,  Jan.  16, 1741 : died  at  Clif- 
ton, England,  May  2, 1821.  An  English  lady,  a 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson.  She  was  well  educated  in 
Latin  and  Greek  and  the  modern  languages.  In  1763  she 
married  Henry  Thrale,  a brewer  of  Southwark.  In  1704 
she  met  Dr.  Johnson,  and  an  int  imacy  began  which  lasted 
for  20  years.  Mr.  Thrale  died  on  April  4, 1781,  and  on  July 
25, 1784,  she  married  Piozzi,  an  Italian  musician.  Her  anec- 
dotes of  and  correspondence  with  Dr.  Johnson  are  second 
in  interest  only  to  Boswell's  “Life.” 

Pip  (pip).  Nickname  of  Philip  Pirrip,  the  hero 
of  Dickens’s  “ Great  Expectations.” 

Pipchin  (pip'chin),  Mrs.  In  Dickens’s  “ Dom- 
bey  and  Son,”  a disagreeable  old  woman,  pro- 
prietress of  an  “infantine  boarding-house  of  a 
very  select  description”  at  Brighton,  where  lit- 
tle Paul  Dombey  was  sent  for  his  health . 
Piper  (pi'per),  Tom.  A character  in  the  Eng- 
lish morris-dance. 

Piperno  (pe-per'no).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Amaseno  47  miles 
southeast  of  Rome.  Near  it  was  the  ancient 
Volscian  city  Privemum.  Population,  6,- 
949. 

Pipes  (pips),  Tom.  In  Smollett’s  “Peregrine 
Pickle,”  the  attendant  of  Peregrine  at  school, 
and  Commodore  Trunnion’s  former  boatswain. 
Pipin.  See  Pepin. 

Pippa  (pep'pa)  Passes.  A dramatic  idyl  by 
Robert  Browning,  published  in  1841. 

Pippi.  See  Giulio  Romano. 

Pippin.  See  Pepin. 

Piqua  (pik'wa  or  pik'wa).  A city  in  Miami 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Miami  70  miles 
west  by  north  of  Columbus.  Population,  13,- 
388,  (1910). 

Pira.  See  Piro. 

Piracicaba  (pe-ra-se-ka'ba),  or  Constituigao 
(kon-ste-twe-soun').  A town  in  the  state  of 
Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  about  75  miles  northwest  of 
Sao  Paulo.  Population,  municipio,  25,374. 
Pirseus,  or  Peirseus  (pl-re'us) : also  Pirseeus. 
[Gr.  Tleipaievc.2  The  seaport  of  Athens,  situ- 
ated on  the  Saronic  Gulf  5 miles  southwest  of 
Athens.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  of  Greece.  It  was 
founded  by  Themistocles  and  Pericles  ; was  destroyed  by 
Sulla  in  86  b.  c.  ; and  has  been  rebuilt  in  the  present  cen- 
tury. It  was  in  ancient  times  connected  with  Athens  by 
the  “Long  Walls,”  and  is  now  connected  by  a railway. 
Population,  73,679. 

Pirano  (pe-ra'no).  A seaport  in  Istria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Triest 
14  miles  southwest  of  Triest.  Near  it,  in  1177,  the 
Venetian  fleet  defeated  the  Genoese  and  Imperialists. 
Population,  commune,  15,320,  (1910). 

Piran  Round.  An  ancient  theater  in  Cornwall. 

This  relic  of  antiquity  is  called  Piran  Round.  It  con- 
sists of  a circular  embankment,  about  ten  feet  high,  slop- 
ing backwards,  and  cut  into  steps  for  seats  or  standing- 
places.  This  embankment  encloses  a level  area  of  grassy 
ground,  and  stands  in  the  middle  of  a flat,  wild  heath.  A 
couple  of  thousand  spectators  could  look  down  from  the 
seats  upon  the  grassy  circus  which  formed  a stage  of 
more  than  a hundred  feet  in  diameter.  Here,  in  very 
early  times,  sports  were  played  and  combats  fought  out, 
and  rustic  councils  assembled.  The  ancient  Cornish  Mys- 
teries here  drew  tears  and  laughter  from  the  mixed  audi- 
ences of  the  day.  They  were  popular  as  late  as  the  period 
of  Shakspeare.  Doran,  English  Stage,  I.  30. 

VI.  27 


809 

Pirata  (pe-ra'ta),  II.  An  opera  by  Bellini,  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1827. 

Pirate  (pi'rat)  The.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
published  in  1822.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  Shetland 
and  Orkney  Islands  in  the  last  half  of  the  17th  century. 

Pirates  (pi'ratz),War  with  the.  A war  against 
the  pirates  of  the  Mediterranean,  who  were 
suppressed  in  67  B.  c.  by  Pompey  (appointed 
by  the  Gabinian  Law  to  deal  with  them). 

Pirates  of  Penzance  (pen-zans'),The.  A comic 
opera  by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  first 
produced  at  New  York  in  1879. 

Pirindas.  Same  as  Matlalzincos. 

Pirithous  (pi-rith'o-us).  [Gr.  Ilstp/ftoof.]  In 
Greek  legend,  one  of  the  Lapithee,  a son  of  Zeus 
(or  Ixion),  and  a friend  of  Theseus.  The  famous 
battle  with  the  Centaurs  took  place  on  the  occasion  of  his 
wedding. 

Pirmasens  (pir'ma-sens).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  44  miles  north  by 
west  of  Strasburg.  Theleading  industry  is  the  manu- 
facture of  boots  and  shoes.  Here,  Sept.  14, 1793,  the  Prus- 
sians under  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French 
under  Moreau.  Population,  commune,  33,998. 

Pirna  (pir'na).  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  on  the  Elbe  12  miles  southeast  of 
Dresden.  It  is  a manufacturing  town  ; exports  sand- 
stone ; and  contains  the  castle  of  Sonnenstein.  It  suffered 
severely  in  the  Thirty  Years’  and  Seven  Years’  wars. 
Population,  commune,  19,224. 

Pirnatza  (per-nat'sa),  or  Dhipotamo  (de-pot'- 
a-mo).  The  chief  river  in  Messenia,  Greece:  the 
ancient  Pamisus.  It  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 
Messenia  west  of  Kalamata. 

Piro  (pe'ro).  [PL,  also  Piros.]  A division  of  the 
Tanoan  linguistic  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  living  along  and  to  the  east- 
ward of  the  Rio  Grande  in  New  Mexico.  The 

tribal  organization  was  Bundered  in  the  Pueblo  revolt  of 
1680,  when  most  of  its  members  Joined  the  Tigua  in  their 
flight  to  the  vicinity  of  El  Paso,  Texas.  Six  miles  east 
of  El  Paso  they  established  a village,  naming  it  Senecii 
after  their  former  pueblo  in  the  north.  About  60  still  re- 
side at  Senecii  del  Sur.  See  Tanoan. 

Piron  (pe-ron'),  Alexis.  Born  at  Dijon,  France, 
July  9,  1689:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1773.  A 
French  epigrammatist.  He  also  wrote  the  com- 
edy “Metromanie”  (1738),  vaudevilles,  etc. 

Piros  (pe'ros),  locally  called  Chontaquiros 
(chon-ta-ke'ros)  or  Siriminclies  (se-re-men'- 
chas).  1.  An  Indian  tribe  of  eastern  Peru,  in 
the  forest  region  bordering  the  Apurimac  and 
Ucayale  rivers,  between  10°  and  12°  S.  lat.  They 
were  formerly  numerous,  and  between  1683  and  1727  many 
of  them  were  gathered  into  mission  villages;  but  they 
subsequently  returned  to  a wild  life.  They  were  long  no- 
torious for  their  raids  on  other  tribes,  originally  to  steal 
women  for  wives,  but  later  to  procure  slaves  which  they 
sold  to  the  whites.  Only  one  or  two  t housands  remain,  and 
they  are  gradually  submitting  to  white  influence.  The 
Piros  belong  to  the  Arawak  stock.  This  is  one  of  the 
tribes  loosely  called  Chunchos  by  the  Peruvians. 

2.  See  Piro. 

Pirot  (pe-rot').  A town  in  Servia,  situated  on 
a head  stream  of  the  Nishava,  in  lat.  43°  14'  N., 
long.  22°  35'  E.  It  was  ceded  by  Turkey  to  Servia  in 
1878.  Here,  Nov.  26-27,  1885,  the  Bulgarians  defeated  the 
Servians.  Population,  10,000. 

Pir-Panjal.  A range  of  mountains  in  the  south 
of  Kashmir.  The  highest  portion  of  the  range,  to 
which  the  name  is  properly  applied,  has  a length  of  80 
miles.  Its  peaks  rise  to  14,000  and  15,000  feet. 

Pirrie  (pir'i),  William.  Born  near  Huntly, 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  1807 : died  Nov.  21, 
1882.  A Scottish  surgeon.  He  graduated  M.  A.  at  the 
University  of  Aberdeen  in  1825,  and  M.D.  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  in  1829,  and  studied  surgery  under  Baron 
Dupuytren  in  Paris.  He  was  lecturer  on  anatomy  and 
physiology  in  the  joint  medical  schools  of  King’s  and 
Marischal  colleges,  Aberdeen,  1830-39 ; was  first  regius 
professor  of  surgery  in  Marischal  College  1839-60  ; and 
was  professor  of  surgery  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen 
1860-82.  He  was  recognized  as  the  foremost  surgeon  of 
his  time  in  the  north  of  Scotland.  He  published  “The 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery"  (1852)  and,  with 
William  Keith,  “Acupressure,  etc.”  (1867). 

Piruas  (pe-ro'as).  A name  given  by  the  li- 
centiate Fernando  de  Montesinos,  about  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  to  a sup- 
posed dynasty  of  Indians  who  are  said  to  have 
ruled  over  a large  extent  of  territory  in  Peru 
and  Bolivia  and  to  have  preceded  the  sway  of 
the  Inca  tribe.  The  authentic  Indian  tradi- 
tions collected  carefully  by  the  Spaniards 
about  1542,  and  even  previously,  make  no  men- 
tion of  the  Piruas ; and  there  appears  to  be  no 
foundation  for  the  tale  which  Montesinos 
either  invented  or  misunderstood,  using  it  for 
the  purpose  of  concocting  a history  of  Peru 
dating  back  to  untold  centuries.  The  sup- 
posed connection  of  the  “Piruas ’’with  Tia- 
liuanaco  is  imaginary. 

Pisa  (pe'zii  or  pe'sa).  A province  of  Tuscany, 
Italy.  Area,  1,179  sq.  m.  Population,  338,932. 

Pisa,  F.  Pise  (pez).  The  capital  of  the  province 


Pisano,  Andrea 

of  Pisa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Arno,  6 miles  from 
the  sea,  in  lat.  43°  43'  N.,  long.  10°  23'  E. : the 
ancient  Piste  and  Colonia  Julia  Pisana.  It  is  now 
a winter  health-resort.  The  cathedral,  with  the  campanile, 
the  baptistery,  and  theCampo  Santo  (which  see),  forming 
a world-famous  group  of  four  buildings,  was  begun  in  1067, 
and  consecrated  in  1118.  In  plan  it  is  a Latin  cross,  311  feet 
long,  106J  across  nave  and  four  aisles  and  237  across  the 
transepts",  and  91  feet  high  to  the  wooden  ceiling  of  the 
nave.  The  interior  is  arcaded,  with  fine  monolithic  shafts, 
arcaded  triforium-gallery,  clearstory,  and  a great  elliptical 
dome  at  the  crossing.  The  semi-dome  of  the  apse  is  filled 
with  mosaics  on  gold  ground,  in  part  by  Cimabue.  'The 
facade,  in  alternated  courses  of  dark  and  light  marble,  has 
five  superposed  tiers  of  arcades,  with  smail  columns,  and 
a similar  arcade  is  carried  around  the  church  under  the 
roof.  The  bronze  doors  of  the  facade  are  fine  Renaissance 
productions  by  Giovanni  da  Bologna ; that  of  the  south 
transept  is  Romanesque,  with  curious  reliefs  in  square 
panels.  The  sculptured  marble  pulpit,  of  the  type  of  that 
in  the  baptistery,  was  the  masterpiece  of  Giovanni  Pisano : 
it  was  shattered  in  the  fire  of  1596,  but  has  lately  been  re- 
stored. There  are  many  fine  paintings,  particularly  a beau- 
tiful St.  Agnes  by  Andrea  del  8arto,  and  admirable  choir- 
stalls  and  church  furniture.  The  baptistery,  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  Italian  buildings,  is  circular  and  domed, 
with  two  tiers  of  superposed  Pisan  arcades,  and  above 
these,  belowthe  dome,  coupled  cusped  windows  with  deco- 
rated pointed  canopies.  The  lowest  story,  with  round 
wall-arcades  inclosing  windows,  is  of  the  12th  century; 
the  parts  above  are  later.  The  little  arcades  of  the  second 
tier  are  joined  two  and  two  by  beautiful  traceried  and 
crocheted  pediments,  separated  by  slender  pinnacles.  The 
middle  of  the  building  is  occupied  by  the  octagonal  font, 
14  feet  in  diameter,  with  most  delicate  geometrical  carving 
and  mosaics  on  its  panels.  Its  chief  boast,  however,  is 
the  famous  pulpit  (1260)  of  Niccola  Pisano.  This  is  hexag- 
onal, raised  on  seven  columns,  three  of  the  outer  ones  with 
bases,  three  resting  on  lions,  and  the  central  one  sup- 
ported by  a fantastic  group  of  men  and  animals.  One  side 
is  taken  by  the  stair ; the  five  others  bear  remarkable  reliefs 
from  the  life  of  Christ,  strongly  influenced  by  the  antique. 
At  one  angle  is  an  eagle,  forming  a lectern.  The  diameter 
of  the  baptistery  is  117  feet,  its  total  height  180.  The 
campanile,  or  Leaning  Tower,  is  cylindrical,  in  eight  stages, 
that  at  the  base  solid  with  a wall-arcade,  the  six  above 
lower,  and  surrounded  within  their  small  columned  ar- 
cades with  galleries.  The  highest  stage  appears  recessed, 
since  it  has  no  exterior  arcade ; its  wall-arcade  is  inter- 
rupted by  six  large  arches  to  allow  the  sound  of  the  bells 
to  escape.  The  campanile,  begun  in  1174,  with  its  super- 
posed tiers  of  small  arches  is  the  exemplar  of  the  peculiar 
Pisan  type  of  medieval  architecture.  It  is  181  feet  high, 
51J  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  inclines  13  feet  8 inches 
toward  the  south.  About  half  of  the  sinking  took  place 
during  the  construction,  and  the  efforts  made  to  correct 
it  by  diminishing  the  height  of  the  stages  on  the  north 
side  resulted  in  a convexity  of  10  inches  on  the  south.  The 
spire  originally  designed  was  not  built,  on  account  of  the 
continued  sinking  of  the  foundation.  San  Paolo  a Ripa 
d’Arno  was  the  original  cathedral,  founded  by  Charle- 
magne, but  altered  in  the  12th  century.  The  facade  is 
built  of  gray,  yellow,  and  black  marble ; it  has  five  blind 
arches  below,  three  of  them  inclosing  doors,  and  three  tiers 
of  columned  galleries  above.  The  interior  has  granite 
columns  with  quaintly  carved  white  marble  capitals.  In 
the  cloister  there  is  a highly  picturesque  and  curious  hep- 
tagonal  structure  with  a pointed  roof,  apparently  the  bap- 
tistery of  the  old  cathedral.  The  university,  organized  in 
1343,  has  over  1,150  students  : the  building,  locally  called 
La  Sapienza,  was  begun  in  1493,  and  enlarged  by  Cosmo 
de’  Medici.  Pisa  was  probably  of  Etruscan  origin.  It 
became  a Roman  colony  and  was  flourishing  under  the 
empire.  In  the  11th  century  it  was  a maritime  republic, 
and  one  of  the  chief  commercial  powers  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean. It  conquered  Sardinia,  Corsica,  and  the  Balearic 
Islands ; took  a prominent  part  in  the  Crusades ; was 
frequently  at  war  with  Genoa,  Lucca,  and  Florence  ; was 
a leading  Ghibelline  city  ; was  defeated  by  the  Genoese 
at  Meloria  in  1284,  and  soon  after  lost  its  possessions  and 
importance ; was  annexed  by  Florence  in  1406 ; became 
independent  in  1494  ; and  resisted  attacks  by  Florence  in 
1499,  1504,  and  1505,  but  finally  submitted  in  1509.  It  had 
an  important  part  in  the  early  development  of  architec- 
ture and  sculpture.  Galileo  was  bom  there.  Population, 
town,  28,046 ; commune,  61,321. 

Pisa,  Council  of.  An  ecclesiastical  council  held 
at  Pisa  in  1409  for  the  purpose  of  healing  the 
papal  schism.  It  deposed  the  rival  popes  Gregory 
XII.  and  Benedict  XIII.  Alexander  V.  was  elected  by 
the  cardinals. 

Pisac  (pe-sak').  A village  of  Peru,  on  the  river 
Vilcamayu  about  15  miles  east-northeast  of 
Cuzco.  It  is  noted  for  its  remains  of  Incarial  architec- 
ture, including  a large  fortress,  almost  perfectly  preserved, 
a temple,  numerous  terraces,  rock-tombs,  etc. 

Pisagua  (pe-sa'gwa).  A town  and  port  of  the 
province  of  Tarapaca,  Chile  (formerly  in  Peru), 
in  lat.  19°  36'  30”  S.:  one  of  the  centers  of  the 
nitrate  industry.  It  was  bombarded  by  the  Chileans 
April  18,  1879,  and  attacked  and  taken  by  them  Nov.  2. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Pisan,  Christine  de.  See  Christine  de  Pisan. 
Pisanio  (pe-sa'ne-o).  A servant  of  Posthumus 
in  Shakspere’s  “ Cymbeline.” 

“Sly  and  constant,”  as  the  queen  calls  him,  and  as  he 
himself  wishes  to  be,  Pisanio  unites  the  cunning  of  the 
serpent  with  the  harralessness  of  the  dove.  His  singular 
position  is  throughout  that  he  is  truest  where  he  is  most 
untrue. 

Gervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bun- 
[nett,  cd.  1880),  p.  673. 

Pisano  (pe-zii'no),  Andrea  (Andrea  da  Pon- 
taderra).  Born  1270:  died  at  Florence  about 
1349.  An  Italian  sculptor.  He  was  early  appren- 
ticed  to  Giovanni  Pisano,  and  devoted  much  time  to  the 
study  of  the  antique  sarcophagi  in  the  Campo  Santo.  At 


Pisano,  Andrea 

35  years  of  age  he  is  said  to  have  visited  Venice,  where  he 
made  several  statues  for  the  facade  of  San  Marco,  and  made 
designs  for  the  arsenal,  subsequently  finished  by  Filippo 
Calendario.  After  his  return  from  Venice  hte  made  the 
bronze  door  of  the  baptistery  in  Florence,  which  is  his 
chief  and  enduring  title  to  fame  (finished  1330).  He  also 
executed  the  bas-reliefs  designed  by  Giotto  for  the  lower 
story  of  the  campanile,  and  some  figures  on  Arnolfo’s  fa- 
cade of  the  duomo.  He  strengthened  the  Palazzo  Vecchio 
with  great  walls  and  fortifications  to  render  it  a safe  resi- 
dence for  Walter  de  Brienne,  titular  duke  of  Athens,  whom 
the  Florentines  had  made  governor  of  the  city. 

Pisano,  Giovanni.  Born  at  Pisa,  1240:  died 
1320.  An  Italian  architect  and  sculptor,  son  of 
Niccola  Pisano.  From  1266  to  1267  he  worked  with  his 
father  upon  the  pulpit  in  Siena.  In  1268  he  went  to  Na- 
ples to  design  the  church  of  the  Franciscans  and  the  epis- 
copal palace.  In  1278  he  went  to  Pisa  on  the  death  of  his 
father.  At  this  time  he  transformed  the  Oratory  of  Santa 
Maria  del  Porto  into  the  present  Church  of  Santa  Maria 
della  Spina,  the  first  edifice  built  in  Italy  in  the  Pointed 
style,  and  built  the  first  and  most  beautiful  Campo  Santo  in 
Italy:  in  the  Campo  Santo  are  stiU  many  works  of  Gio- 
vanni. About  1289  he  made  the  monument  of  Pope  Urban 
IV.  at  Perugia,  and  the  shrine  of  San  Donato  at  Arezzo  in 
1290. 

Pisano,  Niccola.  Born  at  Pisa  between  1205 
and  1207  : died  at  Pisa,  1278.  A noted  Italian 
sculptor  and  architect,  said  to  have  been  the 
son  of  Pietro  da  Siena,  a notary.  He  founded  a 
new  school  of  sculpture  in  Italy.  When  about  15  years  old 
he  was  employed  as  architect  by  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  and  went  with  him  to  Naples,  where  he  worked  on  the 
Castel  Capuano  and  Castel  del”  Uovo  in  1221.  He  designed 
the  basilica  of  St.  Anthony  at  Padua  in  1231,  and  in  1237 
made  his  first  known  essay  in  sculpture  in  the  alto-rilievo 
of  the  Deposition,  still  in  the  tympanum  of  the  arch  over  a 
side  door  of  San  Martino  at  Lucca.  About  1248  hebuilt.  the 
Santa  Trin ita  at  Florence,  the  San  Domenico  at  Arezzo,  the 
duomo  at  Volterra,  and  the  Pieve  and  Santa  Marguerita 
at  Cortona.  In  1260  he  produced  the  famous  pulpit  in  the 
baptistery  at  Pisa.  In  1265  he  began  the  Area  di  San  Do- 
menico at  Bologna,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Fra  Gug- 
lielmo  Agnelli.  In  1266  he  began  the  pulpit  of  the  cathe- 
dral at  Siena,  assisted  by  his  son  Giovanni  and  his  pupils 
Arnolfo  del  Cambio,  Donato,  and  Lapo.  It  is  similar  to 
the  one  in  Pisa,  but  larger,  and  octagonal  instead  of  hexa- 
gonal. In  1269  Charles  of  Anjou  commissioned  him  to 
erect  the  abbey  and  convent  of  La  Scorgola  to  commemo- 
rate the  victory  of  Tagliacozzo,  which  occurred  in  the 
neighboring  valley.  In  1271  was  begun  the  fountain  in 
Perugia  finished  by  his  son  Giovanni.  The  21  statuettes  of 
this  fountain  which  are  ascribed  to  Niccola  Pisano  are  sim- 
ply designed  and  broadly  treated. 

Piscataqua  (pis-kat'a-kwa).  A river  in  New 
Hampshire  and  partly  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  it  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Salmon  and  Cocheco,  and  flows  into 
the  Atlantic  3 miles  southeast  of  Portsmouth.  Length  (in- 
cluding the  Salmon),  about  50  miles. 

Piscataquis  (pis-kat'a-kwis).  A river  in  Maine; 
joining  the  Penobscot  30  miles  north  of  Ban- 
gor. Length,  about  70  miles. 

Piscataway.  See  Conoy. 

Pisces  (pis'ez).  [L.,  ‘ the  fishes.’]  A eonstel- 
1 lation  and  sign  of  the  zodiac ; tho  Fishes.  The 
figure  represents  two  fishes  united  by  a ribbon  attached  to 
their  tails.  One  of  the  fishes  is  east,  the  other  south,  of 
the  square  of  Pegasus.  Symbol,  x . 

Piscis  Australis  (pis'isas-tra'lis).  [L.,  ‘the 
southern  fish/]  An  ancient  southern  constella- 
tion, the  Southern  Fish.  It  contains  the  1.3  magni- 
tude star  Fomalhaut,  which  is  30  degrees  south  of  the 
equator,  and  is  in  opposition  on  the  3d  of  Sept.  The  figure 
represents  a fish  which  swaHows  the  water  poured  out  of 
the  vase  by  Aquarius. 

Piscis  Volans  (pis'is  vo'lanz).  [L.,‘the  flying 
fish/]  One  of  the  southern  constellations  in- 
troduced by  Theodori,  or  Keyser,  at  the  end  of 
the  16th  century.  Itissituatedwestof  the  star  £ Argus, 
and  contains  two  "stars  of  the  fourth  magnitude.  Also 
called  Volans. 

Pisek  (pe'sek).  A town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on 
the  Wottawa  55  miles  south  by  west  of  Prague. 
Population,  commune,  16,479,  (1910). 

Pisgah  (piz'ga).  In  Bible  geography,  a moun- 
tain of  Abarirn,  Moab,  northeast  of  the  Dead 
Sea  • now  identified  with  Jebel  Siaghah.  Mount 
Nebo,  from  which  Moses  viewed  the  promised  land  of  Ca- 
naan, was  one  of  its  summits. 

Pishacha  (pi-sha/eha).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  name  of  a class  of  demons,  perhaps  origi- 
nally (as  is  inferred  from  the  epithets  of  Pisha- 
chi  in  Rigveda  I.  cxxxiii.  5)  a personification  of 
the  ignis  fatuus.  They  are  called  the  “flesh- 
eating  Pishachas”  in  Atharvaveda, VITI.  ii.  12. 
Pishin  (pe-shen' ).  A district  north  of  Quetta,  ou 
the  border  of  Baluchistan  and  Afghanistan.  It 
is  under  direct  British  rule. 

Pishpai  (pish'pi).  [Pers. , ‘ fore  foot/]  A rarely- 
used  name  for  the  third-magnitude  star  y.  Gerai- 
norum. 

Pishquitpah.  See  Pisquow. 

Pisidia  (pi-sid'i-a).  [Gr.  IT laiSia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a territory  in  Asia  Minor,  it  was 
bounded  by  Phrygia  on  the  north,  Isauria  and  Cilicia  on 
the  east,  Pamphylia  on  the  south,  and  Lycia  on  the  south- 
west, and  was  traversed  by  the  Taurus  Mountains.  It  was 
reduced  by  Rome. 

Pisistratidae  (pis-is-trat'i-de).  Hippias  and 


810 

Hipparchus,  the  two  sons  and  successors  of 
Pisistratus. 

Pisistratus  (pi-sis'tra-tus).  [Gr.  UeiairirpaTOQ.'] 
Born  about  605  b.  c.  : died  527  b.  c.  A tyrant 
of  Athens,  a friend  of  Solon.  He  usurped  the  su- 
preme power  in  560 ; was  twice  expeUed ; and  was  restored 
and  reigned  until  his  death. 

Peisistratus,  in  the  last  period  of  his  rule  (537-527  B.  c.), 
is  said  to  have  commissioned  some  learned  men,  of  whom 
the  poet,  Onomacritus  was  the  chief,  to  collect  the  poems 
of  Homer.  It  is  now  generally  believed  that  an  Iliad  and 
an  Odyssey  already  existed  in  writing  at  that  time,  but  that 
the  text  had  become  much  deranged,  especially  through 
the  practice  of  reciting  short  passages  without  regard  to 
their  context.  Besides  these  two  poems,  many  other  epic 
poems  or  fragments  of  the  Ionian  school  went  under 
Homer’s  name.  The  great  task  of  the  commission  was  to 
collect  all  these  ‘ ‘ poems  of  Homer  ” into  one  body.  From 
this  general  stock  they  may  have  supplied  what  they 
thought  wanting  in  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  Their  work 
cannot,  in  any  case,  have  been  critical  in  a modern  sense. 
But  it  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  some  systematic  attempt 
to  preserve  ’ ‘ the  poems  of  Homer  ” was  made  in  the  reign 
of  Peisistratus.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  32. 

Piso  (pi'so),  Calpurnius.  The  name  of  a family 
distinguished  iu  Roman  history.  Among  its  mem- 
bers were  the  following : Lucius,  a censor,  consul,  and  au- 
thor of  the  second  half  of  the  2d  century  B.  o, ; Lucius,  a 
politician,  father-in-law  of  Julius  Caesar ; Cneius,  gover- 
nor of  Syria  under  Tiberius,  and  the  reputed  murderer  of 
Gcrmanicus ; Cains,  the  leader  of  an  unsuccessful  conspir- 
acy against  Nero  in  65  A.  D. ; and  Lucius,  the  successor  of 
Galba  for  four  days,  put  to  death  by  Otho  (69  A.  P.). 
Pison  (pi'son).  One  of  the  four  rivers  men- 
tioned in  Gen.  ii.  It  has  been  eonjecturally 
identified  with  the  Ganges,  the  upper  Indus, 
etc.  Also  Pish  on. 

Pisseleu.  See  Ittampes,  Bucliesse  d’. 
Pissevache  (pes-vash').  A picturesque  water- 
fall in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated near  Martigny.  Height,  230  feet. 

Pissis  (pe-ses' ),  Aime.  Bom  at  Brionde,  Haut.e- 
Loire,  May  17,  1812:  died  at  Santiago,  Chile, 
1888.  A French  naturalist.  He  visited  Brazil  ill  1836, 
and  the  Andes  in  1846,  and  in  1848  was  made  official  geolo- 
gist of  Chile.  His  principal  work,  “Geografia  fisica  de 
Chile,”  was  published  in  1876,  and  he  wrote  many  reports 
and  papers,  principally  on  South  American  geology. 
Pistoia,  or  Pistoja  (pis-to'ya).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Florence,  Italy,  near  the  Ombrone, 
20  miles  northwest  of  Florence : the  Roman  Pis- 
toria.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron  and  firearms.  The  ca- 
thedral is  an  interesting  church  of  the  12th  and  13th  cen- 
turies. The  porch  crosses  the  entire  front ; it  has  7 round 
arches  on  slender  columns,  the  central  arch  much  the  high- 
est. Above  the  porch  are  2 tiers  of  arcades,  and  the  gable 
and  the  front-walls  of  the  aisle-roofs  have  ranges  of  col- 
umns without  arches.  The  interior  is  modernized,  but 
preserves  good  painting  and  sculpture,  and  has  a magnifi- 
cent medieval  silver  altar  with  admirable  statues  and  re- 
liefs. The  campanile  is  solid  below,  and  has  above  3 
arcaded  galleries  surmounted  by  a short  pyramidal  spire. 
The  baptistery,  the  Palazzo  Pretorio,  and  several  other 
buildings  are  also  of  interest.  Catiline  was  defeated  and 
slain  near  the  city  in  62  B.  C.  It  was  noted  in  the  middle 
ages  for  factional  strife.  Population,  town,  13,787  ; com- 
mune, 62,606. 

Pistol  (pis'tol).  A character  in  the  “Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,”  in  the  second  part  of  “ King 
Henry  IV.,”  and  also  introduced  in  “King 
Henry  V.” : a bully  and  swaggerer,  a compan- 
ion of  Falstaff.  He  is  a modification  of  the 
regular  Italian  type,  the  “ Thraso.” 

Pistol  Rivers.  See  Qwinctunnetun. 

Pistoria.  See  Pistoia. 

Pitcairn  (pit-karn'),  John.  Born  in  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  about  1740:  killed  at  Bunker  Hill, 
June  17,  1775.  A British  officer  (major),  com- 
mander of  the  advanced  force  in  Gage’s  expedi- 
tion to  Lexington  and  Concord,  April  19, 1775. 
Pitcairn  (or  Pitcairn’s)  Island.  An  island  in 
the  South  Pacific,  situated  in  lat.  25°  4'  S. , long. 
130°  18'  W.  It  was  discovered  In  1767,  and  was  settled 
in  1790  by  mutineers  from  the  British  ship  Bounty.  The 
colony  removed  to  Norfolk  Island  in  1856.  Many  of  them 
have  since  returned  to  Pitcairn  Island.  It  is  claimed  by 
Great  Britain.  Area,  2 square  miles.  Population,  169. 
Pitcher,  Molly.  The  wife  of  a Revolutionary 
soldier  who  distinguished  herself  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth,  June  28,  1778.  She  took  the  place  of 
her  husband,  who  was  killed  while  discharging  a cannon. 
Washington  commended  her  bravery  and  gave  her  a com- 
mission as  sergeant. 

Pited-elf  (pit'e-a-elf).  A river  in  northern 
Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia about  lat.  65°  25'  N.  Length,  about  180 
miles. 

Pithiviers  (pe-te-vya/).  A town  in  tho  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  France,  situated  on  the  river 
(Euf  25  miles  northeast  of  Orleans.  P opulation, 
commune,  6,293. 

Pithom  (pi'thom).  One  of  the  store  cities  built 
in  Egypt  by  the  Israelites.  It  was  determined  liy 
fl.  Naville  to  be  near  the  modern  Tel  el-Maskhutah,  abont 
12  miles  from  Ismailia,  on  the  Suez  Canal.  In  the  time  of 
the  Greek  dynasty  its  name  became  Heroopolis,  whicli  the 
Romans  abridged  to  Ero. 


Pitti  Palace 

Pitilagas  (pe-te-la'gas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
Gran  Chaco,  on  the  river  Vermejo,  mentioned 
by  Azara  and  others.  They  were  probably  a 
branch  of  the  Tobas.  Lozano  called  them  Ya- 
pitalaguas. 

Pitkin  (pit'kin),  Timothy.  Born  at  Farming- 
ton,  Conn.,  Jan.  21,  1766:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn. , Dec.  18, 1847.  An  American  lawyer,  poli- 
tician, and  historian.  He  published  “Statistical  View 
of  the  Commerce  of  the  United  States  ” (1816),  “ A Politi- 
cal and  Civil  History  of  the  United  States  from  the  year 
1763  to  the  close  of  Washington's  Administration  ” (1828). 

Pitman  (pit'man),  Sir  Isaac.  Born  at  Trow- 
bridge, England,  Jan.  4,  1813:  died  at  Bath, 
Jan.  22,  1897.  An  English  stenographer.  He 
became  master  of  the  British  school  at  Barton-on-Huinber 
in  1832,  established  the  British  school  at  Wotton-under- 
Edge  in  1836,  and  removed  to  Bath  in  1839.  He  published 
in  1837  his  first  treatise  on  shorthand,  entitled  “Steno- 
graphic Soundhand,”  in  which  he  applied  phonography  to 
shorthand.  After  the  establishment  of  the  Phonetic  So- 
ciety in  1843,  he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  the  propaga- 
tion of  his  system  of  shorthand,  and  was  the  head  of  the 
Phonetic  Institute  at  Bath.  He  was  also  identified  with  the 
movement  for  spelling  reform.  He  was  knighted  in  1894. 
Pitris  (pi'triz).  [Skt.  pitr,  father ; nom.  pi  ta- 
rns.] In  Hindu  belief,  the  Manes,  or  spirits  of 
the  departed.  They  are  the  object  of  shraddhas,  orobla^ 
tions  to  the  Manes,  accompanied  by  a funeral  meal  and 
gifts  to  the  Brahmans. 

Pit  River  Indians.  See  Palaihnilian. 

Pitt  (pit),  William,  first  Earl  of  Chatham.  Born 
at  Westminster,  Nov.  15,  1708:  died  at  Hayes, 
Kent,  May  11,  1778.  A famous  English  Whig 
statesman  and  orator.  He  was  the  son  of  Robert  Pitt  of 
Boconnock,in  Cornwall ; studied  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
and  obtained  a cornet’s  commission  in  the  dragoons.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1735,  and  in  1746  became  vice-trea- 
surer of  Ireland  in  Pelham’s  administration.  He  was  in  the 
same  year  promoted  to  the  office  of  paymaster-general, 
which  he  retained  under  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  Disap- 
pointed in  his  hope  of  advancement,  he  attacked  the  gov- 
ernment in  1755,  and  was  deprived  of  office.  He  was  sec- 
retary of  state  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  1756-57.  In 
1757  he  formed  a coalition  with  the  Duke  of  Newcastle, 
who  became  premier,  although  Pitt,  as  secretary  of  state, 
obtained  the  ascendancy  in  the  government.  He  adopted 
vigorous  measures  in  prosecution  of  the  Seven  Years’  War, 
and  the  period  which  foUowed  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
in  English  history.  He  resigned  in  1761,  inasmuch  as  he 
failed  to  receive  the  supportof  the  rest  of  the  ministry  for 
a war  with  Spain.  He  became  premier  on  thefall  of  Rock- 
ingham in  1766,  and  was  created  Viscount  Pitt  and  Earl  of 
Chatham.  He  resigned  in  1768,  owing  to  ill  health.  He 
opposed  the  policy  pursued  toward  the  American  colonies, 
although  his  last  appearance  in  the  House  of  Lords,  on 
April  7,  1778,  was  in  order  to  protest  against  the  dismem- 
berment of  the  British  empire  by  the  acknowledgment  of 
their  independence. 

Pitt,  William.  Born  at  Hayes,  near  Bromley, 
Kent,  May  28,  1759:  died  at  Putney,  Jan.  23, 
1806.  A celebrated  English  Whig  statesman. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  William  Pitt,  earl  of  Chatham, 
and  Lady  Hester  Grenville,  daughter  of  Hester,  Countess 
Temple.  In  1773  he  entered  Cambridge  (Pembroke  Hall). 
In  1780  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  and  elected 
member  of  Parliament  for  Appleby.  On  Feb.  26, 1781,  he 
made  his  first  speech  in  favor  of  Burke’s  plan  of  econom- 
ical reform.  In  a speech,  May  7, 1782,  he  attacked  the  ex- 
isting electoral  system  and  moved  an  investigation,  being 
defeated  by  a narrow  majority.  In  July,  1782,  he  became 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  Shelburne’s  ministry,  which  resigned  March 
31, 1783.  On  the  downfall  of  “ the  coalition  ” of  North  and 
Fox,  Pitt  became  prime  minister,  first  lord  of  the  treasury, 
and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  (Dec.,  1783).  He  was 
member  for  Cambridge  in  1784.  Pitt’s  first  administration 
continued  until  1831.  The  French  Revolution  in  1789  was 
at  first  regarded  with  favor  in  England,  and  as  late  as  the 
spring  of  1792  Pitt  hoped  for  peace.  When  finally  dragged 
into  the  struggle  (1792-93),  his  activity  was  political  rather 
than  military.  His  policy  was  frustrated  by  Napoleon  on 
the  Continent,  but  at  home  it  met  with  no  opposition:  by 
1799  the  largest  possible  minority  in  Parliament  was  25. 
His  internal  administration  was  extremely  severe.  Jaco- 
binism was  suppressed,  and  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  re- 
peatedly suspended.  His  policy  in  Ireland  resulted  in  the 
union  of  1800.  His  attempt  to  relieve  Roman  Catholic  dis- 
abilities was  opposed  by  the  king,  and  he  resigned  March 
14, 1801.  The  Addington  ministry,  which  succeeded,  was 
made  up  of  Pitt’s  supporters.  It  fell  after  the  failure  of 
the  treaty  of  Amiens,  and  Pitt’s  second  administration  be- 
gan May  10,  1804.  Napoleon’s  attempted  invasion  of  Eng- 
land failed  through  the  vigilance  of  Nelson,  but  the  coa- 
lition of  England,  Russia,  and  Austria,  with  which  Pitt 
opposed  him  on  the  Continent,  was  wrecked  at  Ulm  and 
Austerlitz  in  1805.  Pitt  was  completely  prostrate4  by 
these  disasters;  retired  to  his  villa  at  Putney  Jan.  11, 
1806 ; and  died  there. 

Pitta,  Sebastiao  da  Rocha.  See  Rocha  Pitta. 
Pittacus  (pit'a-kus).  [Gr.  Ibr-a/nSf.]  Born  in 
Lesbos  about "651  b.  c.:  died  about  569  b.  c. 
One  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece,  ruler  of 
Mytilene  about  589-579  b.  c. 

Pitt  Diamond,  The.  A celebrated  diamond 
wliich  was  purchased  by  Thomas  Pitt,  grand- 
father of  William  Pitt,  first  earl  of  Chatham, 
and  was  sold  by  him  to  tbe  Regent  of  Orleans 
in  1717  for  about  $675,000.  it  came  originally  from 
India  (the  Parteal  mines,  on  the  Kistna),  was  one  of  the 
crown  jewels  of  France,  and  was  set  in  the  handle  of  the 
first  Napoleon’s  sword.  It  weighs  about  137  carats.  Also 
known  as  the  Regent  Diamond. 

Pitti  Palace.  See  Palazzo  Pitti. 


Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh,  or  Pittsburg  (pits'berg).  The  cap- 
ital of  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Monongahela  and 
Allegheny  rivers  (which  unite  here  to  form  the 
Ohio),  in  lat.  40°  27'  N.,  long.  80°  W.  it  is  the 

second  city  in  the  State,  and  one  of  the  chief  manufactur- 
ing cities  of  the  country,  being  the  leading  place  in  the 
country  for  manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  copper,  and  glass. 
There  are  also  manufactures  of  brass,  flour,  machin- 
ery, petroleum,  cotton,  etc.  It  is  an  important  railway 
center  and  the  headquarters  of  a liver  trade,  and  ex- 
ports coal,  coke,  etc.  It  is  called  “the  Iron  City”  and 
“the  Smoky  City."  The  English  began  a fort  on  its 
site  in  1754  ; this  was  seized  by  the  French  and  called  Fort 
Duquesne,  and  an  attempt  to  recover  it  by  Braddock  re- 
sulted in  his  defeat  in  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela,  July 
9,  1755.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  to  capture  it  was  made 
by  Grant  in  1758,  but  it  was  finally  taken  by  Forbes  the 
same  year.  Fort  Pitt  (named  from  the  elder  Pitt)  was 
built  in  1759,  and  Pittsburg  was  settled  in  1764.  Popula- 
tion, 533,905,  (1910). 

Pittsburg  Landing.  See  Shiloh. 

Pittsfield  (pits'feld).  A city  and  the  capital 
of  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
29  miles  east-southeast  of  Albany.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1761,  and  has  large  electric  works,  and  also  man- 
ufactures. Population,  32,121,  (1910). 

Pittston  (pits'ton).  A borough  in  Luzerne 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna, near  the  mouth  of  the  Lackawanna,  8 
miles  southwest  of  Scranton.  It  is  an  impor- 
tant place  of  export  for  anthracite  coal.  Pop- 
ulation, 16,267,  (1010). 

Pityusse  (piLi-u'se).  [Gr.  IUtvovccu.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  two  islands  of  the  Bale- 
aric group  now  called  Iviza  and  Formentera. 
Piura  (pe-b'ra).  1.  The  north  westernmost  de- 
partment of  Peru,  bordering  on  Ecuador  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Area,  16,825  square  miles. 
Population,  213,909. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Piura,  situated  near  the  coast 
in  lat.  5°  12'  S.  It  was  founded  by  Pizarro. 
Population,  about  10,000. 

Pius  (pl'us)  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  142-156. 

Pius  II.  (Enea  Silvio  Piccolomini,  Latinized  as 
tineas  Sylvius).  Born  near  Siena,  Italy,  Oct. 
18, 1405 : died  Aug.  15, 1464.  Pope  1458-64.  He 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Siena  and  Florence,  and  in 
1431  became  secretary  to  the  Bishop  of  Fermo,  whom  he 
accompanied  to  the  Council  of  Basel.  He  at  first  supported 
the  council  in  its  contest  with  Pope  Eugenius  IV.,  but 
afterward  sided  with  Eugenius  against  the  council.  He 
was  for  a time  poet  laureate  at  the  court  of  the  emperor 
Frederick  III.  He  was  appointed  cardinal  in  1456,  and 
ascended  the  papal  throne  in  1458.  He  wrote  an  erotic 
novel  “ Eurialus  and  Lucretia,”and  “Commentaries" relat- 
ing to  his  own  times. 

Pius  III.  (Francesco  Todescbini).  Born  at 
Siena,  Italy,  1439:  died  Oct.  18,  1503.  Pope 
Sept.-Oct.,  1503. 

Pius  IV.  ( Giovanni  Angelo  Medici).  Born  at 
Milan,  1499:  died  Dec.  9, 1565.  Pope  1559-65.  He 
reopened  the  Council  of  Trent  iu  1562,  and  issued  a buU 
confirming  its  decisions  in  1564. 

Pius  V.  (Michele  Ghislieri).  Born  at  Bosco, 
near  Milan,  1504 : died  May  1, 1572.  Pope  1566- 
1572. 

Pius  VI.  (Giovanni  Angelo  Braschi).  Born 
at  Cesena,  Italy,  Dec.  27. 1717 : died  at  Valence, 
France,  Aug.  29, 1799.  Pope  1775-99.  The  French 
stripped  him  of  parts  of  his  dominions  iu  1791  and  1796, 
and  of  the  remainder  in  1798.  In  1798  he  was  carried  as 
a prisoner  to  Valence,  in  France,  w here  he  died. 

Pius  VII.  (Gregorio  Luigi  Barnaba  Chiara- 
monti).  Born  at  Cesena,  Italy,  Aug.  14, 1742 : 
died  Aug.  20, 1823.  Pope  1800-23.  He  ratified  the 
concordat  with  France  in  1801,  and  consecrated  Napoleon 
as  emperor  in  1804.  His  opposition  to  French  aggression 
brought  on  the  annexation  of  the  Papal  States  to  France 
in  1809,  and  his  own  imprisonment  first  in  Italy  and  after- 
ward in  France  1809-14.  He  was  restored  to  Rome  and  to 
his  temporal  dominions  in  1814. 

Pius  VIII.  (Francesco  Xaviero  Castiglioni). 

Born  at  Cingoli,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  Nov.  20, 
1761 : died  at  Rome,  Nov.  30, 1830.  Pope  1829- 
1830. 

Pius  IX.  (Giovanni  Maria  Mastai  Ferretti). 

Born  at  Sinigaglia,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  May  13, 
1792 : died  at  Rome,  Feb.  7,  1878.  Pope  1846- 
1878.  He  became  archbishop  of  Spoleto  in  1827 ; was  ap- 
pointed cardinal  in  1840;  and  ascended  the  papal  throne 
in  1846.  His  grand  object  at  his  accession  was  to  bring 
about  a confederation  of  the  Italian  states  under  the  papal 
supremacy.  With' this  object  in  view,  lie  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  the  movement  for  reform,  proclaimed  an 
amnesty  to  political  offenders,  reorganized  the  municipal 
government  of  Rome,  and  granted  a constitution  to  the 
Papal  States.  Frightened,  however,  by  the  increasing  de- 
mands of  the  populace,  he  fled  to  Gaeta  in  Nov.,  1848,  while 
a republic  was  proclaimed  at  Rome.  He  was  restored  by 
the  aid  of  the  French  in  1850.  Henceforth  he  maintained 
an  attitude  of  uncompromising  conservatism.  A large 
part  of  his  dominions  was  annexed  by  Victor  Emmanuel 
in  1860,  and  he  was  altogether  deprived  of  his  temporal 
power  in  1870.  Through  his  influence  the  doctrine  of 
papal  infallibility  was  adopted  by  the  Vatican  Council 
July  18,  1870. 

Pius  X.  (Giuseppe  Sarto).  Born  at  Riese,  near 


811 

Treviso,  Italy,  June  2, 1835.  Pope  since  August, 
1903.  He  was  ordained  priest  in  1858;  was  made  bishop 
of  Mantua  in  1884;  cardinal  and  patriarch  of  Venice  in 
1893  ; and  was  elected  pope  August  4,  1903. 

Piute,  Piutah.  See  Paiute. 

Pizarro.  A play  translated  from  Kotzebue’s 
il  Spaniards  in  Peru.”  It  is  known  as  Sheridan’s,  hut 
the  translation  was  not  made  by  him.  It  was  produced  in 
English  in  1799. 

Pizarro  (pi-za'ro ; Sp.  pron.  pe-tbiir'ro),  Fran- 
cisco. Born  at  Trujillo,  Estremadura,  about 
1471 : died  at  Lima,  June  26,  1541.  A Spanish 
soldier,  conqueror  of  Peru.  He  was  the  illegitimate 
son  of  a Spanish  officer  under  whom  he  served  in  Italy. 
It  is  not  known  when  he  went  to  America,  and  he  first  ap- 
pears at  Darien,  where,  for  a short  time,  he  was  left  in 
charge  of  the  colony  (1510).  He  was  with  Balboa  in  the 
discovery  of  the  Pacific  (1513) ; and  in  1519  settled  at  Pa- 
nama. Here,  in  1522,  he  joined  with  Diego  de  Almagro 
and  a priest  named  Hernando  de  Luque  in  a scheme  for 
conquest  toward  the  south,  whence  rumors  had  come  of 
a rich  empire.  They  purchased  two  small  vessels,  and 
Pizarro  left  PanamaNov.  14, 1524,  with  one  ship  and  about 
100  men,  following  the  coast  to  about  lat.  V N.  After  en- 
during great  suffering,  he  was  obliged  to  return.  Alma- 
gro, who  had  sailed  later  and  passed  him,  met  with  no  bet- 
ter success.  Aided  by  Gaspar  de  Espinosa  they  sailed 
again  in  larger  vessels  (about  Sept.,  1526),  penetrated  to 
the  equator,  and  saw  large  cities  and  evidences  of  wealth. 
Almagro  now  returned  for  reinforcements,  leaving  Pizarro 
and  a part  of  the  men  on  the  little  island  of  Gallo  (lat.  1° 
52'  N.),  where  they  suffered  greatly.  The  new  governor  of 
Panama,  Los  Rios,  refused  to  authorize  further  explora- 
tion, and  sent  two  ships  to  take  Pizarro  off  ; but  he,  with 
16  of  his  men,  chose  to  remain  rather  than  give  up  the 
scheme,  and  was  left  on  the  island.  Another  vessel  ar- 
rived about  Dec.,  1527,  with  positive  orders  to  take  them 
off  ; but,  instead  of  obeying,  they  used  the  vessel  for  fur- 
ther exploration.  This  time  they  reached  Tumbez  and 
other  Inca  towns,  were  well  received,  saw  evidences  of 
great  wealth,  and  at  length  returned  to  Panama  with  the 
assurance  that  they  had  discovered  the  long-sought  south- 
ern empire.  Pizarro  now  hastened  to  Spain,  where  (July 
26,  1529)  he  received  a concession  to  conquer  and  govern 
Peiu.  Returning  to  Panama,  Pizarro  sailed  for  the 
south  in  Jan.,  1531,  with  3 vessels  and  185  men  ; landed  at 
the  island  of  PiinA  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  where  he 
was  joined  by  Hernando  de  Soto  with  reinforcements  ; and 
thence  crossed  to  Tumbez  and  pushed  inland.  On  Nov. 
15, 1532,  he  reached  Cajamarca,  where  the  Inca  Atahualpa 
was  encamped  with  a large  army.  On  the  next  day  the  Inca 
was  treacherously  seized,  and  his  attendants  were  massa- 
cred. He  was  promised  his  liberty  if  he  would  fill  a room 
with  gold,  and  he  actually  did  collect  through  his  officers 
326,539  pesos  of  gold  and  51,610  marks  of  silver,  equal  to 
4,605,670  ducats,  estimated  at  815,000,000  of  modern  money. 
In  the  end  the  captive  was  slain  on  afalse  charge  of  conspir- 
ing against  the  Spaniards,  Aug.  29, 1533.  (See  A tahucilpa.) 
Almagro  arrived  soon  after,  but  too  late  to  share  in  the 
distribution  of  the  booty.  Hitherto  there  had  been  no 
armed  resistance,  but  in  the  marcli  to  Cuzco  which  fol- 
lowed, the  Spaniards  were  repeatedly  attacked.  On  Nov. 
15,  1533,  Pizarro  entered  Cuzco.  Manco  Inca  (see 
Manco)  thereupon  tendered  his  submission,  and  Pizarro 
made  a puppet  monarch  of  him : he  himself  was  the 
real  ruler,  and  Cuzco  was  pillaged  and  turned  into  a 
Spanish  city.  In  Jan.,  1535,  he  founded  Lima  as  his 
capital ; soon  after  he  received  from  Spain  the  title  of  mar- 
quis, and  his  territory  was  defined  as  extending  from  the 
river  Santiago  (lat.  1°  2’  S.)  southward  for  270  leagues. 
Almagro,  at  the  same  time,  was  granted  the  region  ad- 
joining this  on  the  south,  and  he  set  out  with  an  army  to 
conquer  Chile.  Meanwhile  Benalcazar,  with  a part  of 
Pizarro’s  force,  had  conquered  Quito,  and  Pizarro  took 
possession  of  it.  In  April,  1536,  the  Indians  rose  in  revolt 
under  Manco,  and  for  a time  threatened  to  drive  the 
Spaniards  out,  but  were  finally  conquered.  Almagro,  re- 
turning from  Chile,  claimed  Cuzco  as  lying  within  his 
territory;  war  followed  between  him  and  Pizarro ; and  Al- 
magro was  defeated  at  Las  Salinas  (April  26,  1538),  and 
soon  after  was  executed.  His  followers  were  generally 
allowed  to  go  free  ; but  they  plotted  against  Pizarro,  and  at 
length  a party  of  them  attacked  him  in  his  palace  and  slew 
him  with  several  attendants. 

Pizarro,  Gonzalo.  Born  at  Truxillo,  1505  or 
1506  : died  at  Cuzco,  April  12  (?),  1548.  Half- 
brother  of  Francisco  Pizarro,  whom  he  followed 
in  the  conquest  of  Peru.  He  took  part  in  the  de- 
fense of  Cuzco  in  1536 ; was  imprisoned  by  Almagro,  April, 
1537,  but  escaped  ; led  the  infantry  at  Las  Salinas,  April 
26,  1538 ; subsequently  served  in  Charcas,  where  he  re- 
ceived a grant  of  the  rich  Potosi  mines  ; and  in  1539  was 
made  governor  of  Quito.  In  1541-42  he  led  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  eastward  of  Quito  to  the  Napo,  and  was 
deserted  there  by  Orellana,  who  made  the  first  descent  of 
the  Amazon.  In  1544  he  consented,  after  some  hesitation, 
to  lead  the  opposition  to  Vasco  Nufiez  Vela  and  the  “New 
Laws";  war  ensued;  and  Vela  was  defeated  and  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Anaquito,  Jan.  18,  1546.  Pizarro  was  recog- 
nized by  the  colonists  as  ruler,  and  his  officers  seized  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama.  The  Spanish  government  now  sent 
Pedro  de  la  Gasca,  with  extraordinary  powers,  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  government.  By  politic  means  he  obtained 
possession  of  the  isthmus.  Pizarro  refused  to  treat  with 
him,  and  Gasca  landed  at  Tumbez  June  13, 1547.  Alarmed 
by  numerous  desertions,  Pizarro  attempted  to  retreat 
southward.  At  Huarina,  near  Lake  Titicaca,  he  and  his 
lieutenant,  Carbajal,  met  and  defeated  the  royalist  force 
of  Centeno.  Pizarro  now  returned  to  Cuzco,  and  met  the 
army  of  Gasca  in  the  valley  of  Sacsahuana,  April  9, 1548; 
but  his  disheartened  soldiers  deserted  or  fled,  and  there 
was  no  battle.  Pizarro  gave  himself  up,  and  was  executed 
soon  after. 

Pizarro,  Hernando.  Born  at  Truxillo,  1474  (?) 
or  1479  (?) : died  there,  1578.  Half-brotlier  (le- 
gitimate) of  Francisco  Pizarro,  whom  be  ac- 
companied to  Peru,  returning  to  Spain  in  Jan., 
1534,  with  the  royal  fifth  of  the  ransom  of  Ata- 


Placidia 

hualpa.  He  went  back  to  Peru  ; commanded  in  the  de- 
fense of  Cuzco  against  Manco  Inca  in  1536 ; and  was  seized 
by  Almagro,  April  18, 1537,  but  was  released  on  his  prom- 
ise to  leave  the  country.  Iustead  of  doing  so,  he  took 
command  of  his  brother’s  army;  defeated  Almagro  at 
Las  Salinas,  April  26,  1638;  and  put  him  to  death.  For 
this  conduct  he  was  afterward  kept  in  mild  confinement 
iu  Spain  for  20  years  (1540-60).  During  this  period  he 
married  an  illegitimate  daughter  of  Francisco  Pizarro  (a 
granddaughter  of  Huaina  Capac),  and  had  three  chil- 
dren. 

Pizarro,  Pedro.  Born  at  Toledo,  1514:  died  in 
Peru  after  1571.  Cousin  of  Francisco  Pizarro, 
who  employed  him  as  a page  in  1530.  He  was  an 
eye-witness  of  most  of  the  scenes  in  the  conquest  of  Peru, 
and  during  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  narrowly  es- 
caped hanging  because  he  sided  with  the  king.  In  1571 
he  finished  his  “Relaciones  del  descubrimiento  y con- 
quista  de  los  Reynos  del  Peril,”  one  of  the  best  authori- 
ties on  the  conquest.  It  was  first  published  in  Vol.  V of 
the  “Documenfos  infditos  para  la  nistoria  de  Espana." 

Pizarro  e Araujo  (pe-za/ro  e a-rou'zho),  Josd 
de  Souza  Azevedo.  Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Oct.  12,  1753 : died  there,  May  14, 1830.  A Bra- 
zilian historian.  He  took  orders  and  occupied  va- 
rious ecclesiastical  positions  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  besides 
traveling  extensively  in  the  interior.  His  “Memorias 
historicas  da  capitania  do  Rio  de  Janeiro,  e das  demais 
capitanias  do  Brazil  ” (9  vols.  1820-22)  is  one  of  the  most 
important  works  on  the  history  of  Brazil. 

Pizarro  y Orellana  (pe-thar'ro  e o-ral-ya'na), 
Fernando.  Born  about  1595 : died  after  1639. 
Great-grandson  of  Francisco  Pizarro  through 
his  daughter  Francisca  who  married  Hernando 
Pizarro.  In  1639  he  published  “Varones  ilustres  del 
Nuevo  Mundo,”  which  gives  the  most  extended  account  of 
the  conquerorof  Peru,  and  biographies  of  Columbus,  Ojeda, 
Cortes,  Juan,  Hernando  and  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  Diego  de  Al- 
magro, and  Diego  Garcia  de  Paredes. 

Piz  Bernina  (pets  ber-ne'na).  Apeak  of  the  Ber- 
nina chain,  and  the  culminating  summit  of  the 
Rheetian  Alps,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
sons,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Upper  Enga- 
dine.  Height,  13,295  feet. 

Piz  Languard  (pets  lang-gward').  A peak  in 
the  Alps  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  east  of  Pont- 
resina.  Height,  10,715  feet. 

Pizzo  (pit'so).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Catanzaro,  southern  Italy,  24  miles  southwest 
of  Catanzaro,  on  the  Gulf  of  Santa  Eufemia. 
Murat  was  executed  here  in  1815.  Population, 
commune,  1,933. 

Place  de  la  Bastille  (pliis  de  labas-tel'),  or 
La  Bastille.  The  site  of  the  Bastille,  at  the 
end  of  the  Rue  St.-Antoine,  Paris.  After  the  rev- 
olution of  1830  the  Colonne  de  Juillet  was  erected  here  to 
commemorate  the  three  eventful  days  of  J uly  of  that  year. 
The  first  stone  was  laid  by  Louis  Philippe,  July  21,  1831. 
In  the  revolution  of  1848  the  strongest  barricade  of  the 
insurgents  was  placed  at  the  entrance  of  the  Faubourg  St.- 
Antoine  to  the  east  of  the  Place,  and  Archbishop  Afire  was 
killed  there.  The  revolution  of  Feb.  23-24,  1848,  began  at 
the  Place  de  la  Bastille,  and  it  was  one  of  the  strongholds 
of  the  Communists,  being  captured  after  a desperate  strug- 
gle on  May  25,  1871. 

Place  de  la  Concorde  (kon-kord').  A noted 
square  in  Paris,  north  of  the  Seine  and  west  of 
the  Tuileries.  Ill  the  first  revolution  it  was  called  the 
Place  de  la  Guillotine.  It  was  also  called  the  Place  de  la 
Revolution  and  the  Place  Louis  XV.  In  1763  the  waste 
land  here  was  transformed  into  a piazza  to  be  called  the 
Place  Louis  XV. : this  was  begun  by  the  architect  Gabriel. 
On  May  30,  1770,  while  the  work  was  still  unfinished,  the 
marriage  of  the  dauphin  was  celebrated  there  by  a great 
fete.  In  1792  the  statue  of  Louis  XV. , which  had  stood  in 
the  center,  was  pulled  down  and  replaced  by  a plaster 
statue  of  Liberty,  near  which  was  the  guillotine.  Louis 
XVI.,  Marie  Antoinette,  and  many  of  the  nobility  were 
beheaded  here.  Its  present  name  dates  from  1795.  The 
ObMisque  de  Luxor  was  brought  here  in  1833. 

Place  du  Carrousel  (dii  ka-ro-zel').  A square 
in  Paris,  north  of  the  Seine  and  west  of  the 
Louvre.  Its  name  is  derived  from  the  tourna- 
ment held  here  in  1662.  See  Arc  de  Triomphe 
du  Carrousel. 

Placentia.  See  Piacenza. 

Placentia  (pla-sen'shi-ii).  A small  seaport  in 
Newfoundland,  63  miles  west-southwest  of  St. 
John’s. 

Placentia  Bay.  All  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Newfoundland.  Length, 
about  65  miles. 

Place  Royale,  La,  ou  I’Amoureux  extrava- 
gant. A comedy  by  Corneille,  produced  in  1634. 

Placerville  (pla'sfer-vil).  The  capital  of  El 
Dorado  County,  California,  situated  about,  40 
miles  east-northeast  of  Sacramento.  Popula- 
tion, 1,914,  (1910). 

Place  Vendome  (pliis  von- doin').  A noted 
square  in  Paris,  north  of  the  Seine.  It  was  de- 
signed by  Louis  XIV.  Napoloon  I.  erected  a 
triumphal  column  here  in  1806.  See  Column 
Vendome. 

Placidia  (pla-sid'i-a),  Galla.  Born  about  388 
A.  d.  : died  450  or  451.  A Roman  princess,  she 


Placidia 

was  the  daughter  of  Theodosius  the  Great ; was  taken 
prisoner  by  Alaric,  king  of  the  W est  Goths,  during  the  sack 
of  Rome  in  410 ; and  became  the  wife  of  Alaric ’s  successor 
Ataulphus  in  414.  Ataulphus  was  killed  in  415,  and  1’la- 
cidia  was  restored  to  her  half-brother  the  emperor  Hono- 
rius.  She  married  in  417  Constantius,  by  whom  she  be- 
came the  mother  of  Valentinian  III. 

Plagiary  (pla'ji-a-ri),  Sir  Fretful.  A char- 
acter in  “The  Critic,”  by  Sheridan.  It  is  a satir- 
ical portrait  of  Cumberland,  said  to  have  been  written  in 
revenge  for  the  latter’s  behavior  at  the  first  night  of  the 
“School  for  Scandal." 

Plague  of  Serpents,  The.  A powerful  ceiling 
picture  by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Eocco 
at  Venice.  There  are  many  figures  scattered  in  flight 
and  death  before  swarms  of  small  but  monstrous  flying 
and  writhing  snakes,  beneath  a sky  covered  with  black 
clouds,  but  illuminated  in  one  place  by  the  descent  of  an 
angel  of  mercy. 

Plaideurs  (pla-der'),  Les.  A comedy  by  Ra- 
cine, printed  in  1668.  It  is  a severe  satire  on  the 
legal  profession,  and  at  first  was  unsuccessful,  but  after- 
ward became  extremely  popular:  “a  charming  trifle 
which  has  had,  and  lias  deserved,  more  genuine  and  last- 
ing popularity  than  any  of  his  tragedies  ” (Saintsbury). 

Plain  (plan),  The.  In  the  legislatures  of  the  first 
French  revolution,  the  floor  of  the  house,  occu- 
pied by  the  more  moderate  party ; hence,  that 
party  itself,  as  distinguished  from  the  Mountain 
(which  see). 

Plain  Dealer  (plan  de'ler),  The.  A comedy  by 
Wycherley,  produced  in  1674  and  printed  in 
1677.  It  owes  its  existence  to  Moliere’s  “Le 
misanthrope.”  See  Manly. 

Plainfield  (plan'feld).  A city  in  Union  County, 
New  Jersey,  24  miles  west-southwest  of  New 
York.  Population,  20,550,  (1910). 

PlanchS  (ploh-sha/),  James  Robinson.  Born 
at  London,  Feb.  27,  1796  : died  May  30, 1880. 
An  English  dramatist  and  writer  on  heraldry, 
costume,  etc.  He  wrote,  translated,  or  adapted  more 
than  150  plays.  He  xvas  created  Rouge-Croix  Pursuivant 
of  Arms  in  1854,  and  Somerset  Herald  in  1806. 

Planck  (plangk),  Gottlieb  Jakob.  Born  at 
Nurtingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  15,  1751:  died 
Aug.  31, 1833.  A GermanProtestant  theologian, 
professor  of  theology  at  Gottingen  from  1784. 
His  chief  work  is  “ Geschichte  des  protestantischen  Lehr- 
begriffs  ” (“  History  of  the  Protestant  System  of  Doctrine,” 
1781-1800). 

Plan<;on  (plon-son'),  Pol.  A noted  contem- 
porary bass  singer,  born  in  France.  He  made 
bis  debut  in  1877  and  first  sang  as  Mepbisto 
in  “Faust”  in  Paris  in  1883. 

Plantagenet,  George,  Duke  of  Clarence.  Born 
at  Dublin,  1449:  murdered  in  the  Tower  of 
London,  Feb.  18, 1478.  Younger  brother  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  of  England.  He  married  Isabel,  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  in  1469  ; and  intrigued  with  War- 
wick 1469-71.  According  to  an  unauthenticated  tradition, 
he  was  drowned  in  a butt  of  malmsey  wine. 

Plantagenet  (plan-taj' e-net),  House  of,  also 
called  House  of  Anjou.  [From  L.  planter, 
genistse , sprig  of  broom,  emblem  of  Geoffrey, 
count  of  Anjou.]  A line  of  English  kings  (1154- 
1399),  founded  by  Henry  II.,  son  of  Geoffrey, 
count  of  Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry 

1.  of  England.  The  kings  of  this  house  were  Henry 
II.  (1154-89),  Richard  I.  (1189-99),  John  Lackland  (1199- 
1210),  Henry  III.  (1216-72),  Edward  I.  (1272-1607),  Edward 
II.  (1307-27),  Edward  III.  (1327-77),  and  Richard  II.  (1377- 
1399).  It  became  extinct  in  the  direct  line  on  the  death 
of  Richard  II.  in  1400.  See  Richard  III. 

Plantagenet,  John.  See  John  of  Lancaster. 
Plantagenet,  Richard,  Earl  of  Cornwall.  Born 
at  Winchester,  England,  Jan.  5, 1209:  died  April 

2,  1272.  Younger  brother  of  Henry  III.  of  Eng- 
land. He  was  elected  king  of  Germany  by  part  of  the 
electors,  and  crowned  at  Aachen  in  1257.  He  was  cap- 
tured at  Lewes  in  1264. 

Plantin  (plon-tan'),  Christophe.  Born  near 
Tours,  France,  1514 : died  at  Antwerp,  1589.  A 
French  printer  in  Antwerp.  He  published  a 
polyglot  Bible  (1569-72).  See  Antwerp. 
Plantin-Moretus,  Musee.  See  Antwerp. 
Plasencia  (pla-sen'the-a).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caceres,  western  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Jerte  70  miles  south-southwest  of  Salamanca. 

The  cathedral  is  of  the  florid  architecture  of  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  with  later  classical  alterations  and  additions. 
The  choir-stalls  are  remarkable  even  in  Spain : the  carving: 
is  admirable,  and  the  blending:  of  sacred  and  profane  sub- 
jects very  curious.  Population,  8,208. 

Plassey,  or  Plassi  (plas'se).  A place  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  85  miles 
north  of  Calcutta.  Here,  .Tune  23,  1757,  the  British 
forces(3,200)  under  Clive  defeated  the  Bengal  army(50,000) 
under  Surajah  Dowlah.  The  battle  is  important  as  virtually 
securing  the  establishment  of  the  British  power  in  India. 

Plata,  Gobernacion  del  Rio  de  la.  See  Bio 

de  la  Plata. 

Plata  (plii'ta).  La.  S ee  Argentine  Confederation. 
Plata,  La,  Audience  of.  The  audience  of 
Chuquisaca,  otherwise  called  La  Plata.  See 
Charcas. 


812 

Plata,  Provinces  of  the.  See  La  Plata. 
Plata,  Rio  de  la.  See  Bio  de  la  Plata. 

Plata,  Viceroyalty  of.  See  La  Plata. 

Plataea  (pla-te'a),  or  Platsese  (pla-te'e).  [Gr. 
IDldraM,  I Uaraiai.']  In  ancient  geography,  a city 
of  Boeotia,  Greece,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Cithaeron  30  miles  northwest  of  Athens.  It  was 
allied  with  Athens ; furnished  a contingent  against  the  Per- 
sians at  Marathon  in  490  B.  c.  ; was  the  scene  of  a famous 
battle  in  479  (see  below);  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by 
the  Thebans  in  431 ; was  besieged  by  the  Peloponnesians  in 
429,  and  taken  in  427 ; was  rebuilt  in  387,  again  destroyed 
by  the  Thebans  about  372,  and  rebuilt  338.  The  site 
contains  a few  ruins  : a Heraeum,  or  temple  of  Hera,  was 
discovered  in  1891. 

Platsea,  Eattle  of.  A victory  gained  in  479  b.  c. 
by  the  Greeks  (about  110,000,  Lacedsemonians 
and  others)  under  Pausanias  over  the  Persians 
(about  300,000)  under  Mardonius.  It  resulted 
in  the  final  repulse  of  the  Persian  invasion  of 
Greece. 

Plateau  (plii-to'),  Joseph  Antoine  Ferdinand. 

Born  at  Brussels,  Oct.  14, 1801 : died  at  Ghent, 
Sept.  15,  1883.  A Belgian  physicist,  professor 
of  experimental  physics  and  astronomy  at  Ghent 
1835-71:  noted  for  his  researches  in  molecular 
forces  and  in  optics.  His  chief  work  is  “ Sta- 
tique  experimental  et  tlieorique  des  liquides” 
(1873). 

Platen  (pia ' ten),  August,  Count  von  Platen- 
Hallermund  (or  -Hallermunde).  Born  at  Ans- 
bach,  Bavaria,  Oct.  24,  1796  : died  at  Syracuse, 
Sicily,  Dec.  5,  1835.  A German  poet.  He  was  at 
first  in  the  cadet  corps  at  Munich.  In  1815,  as  a Bavarian 
lieutenant,  he  was  in  the  field  against  France.  Subse- 
quently, without  having  left  the  army,  he  studied  linguis- 
tics at  Wurzburg  and  Erlangen ; afterward  he  traveled 
much  abroad,  particularly  in  Italy  and  the  South.  He  is 
buried  in  Syracuse.  Among  his  poems  are  particularly  to 
be  mentioned  his  sonnets  and  the  “Ghaselen,’  written  in 
the  Persian  form  of  the  “gazel,"  the  first  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1821 : he  also  wrote  odes,  idyls,  songs,  and  ballads. 
In  1826  appeared  the  satiric  comedy  “ Die  verhiingnissvolle 
Gabel  ” (“  The  Fatal  Fork directed  against  the  “fate  tra- 
gedies," so  called ; and  in  1829  “ Der  romantisclie  CEdipus  ” 
(“  The  Romantic  CEdipus  "),  directed  against  German  ro- 
manticism: plays  that  gave  him  the  titleof  a German  Aris- 
tophanes. “Gedicbte  ”(“  Poems  ”)  appeared  in  1828.  His 
last  great  work  is  the  Oriental  legendary  epic  “Die  Abas- 
siden  " (“  The  Abassides,”  1835).  His  collected  works  ap- 
peared at  Stuttgart,  in  1876,  in  two  volumes. 

Plate  River.  See  Bio  de  la  Plata. 

Platine  (plii'tin)  Colonies.  [Sp.  Colonias  del  Bio 
de  la  Plata .]  A collective  name  for  the  Spanish 
colonies  bordering  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  and  its 
affluents.  These  were  at  first  included  in  the  colony  of 
Paraguay,  from  which  Buenos  Ayres  was  separated  in  1620. 
(See  Rio  de  la  Plata.)  Montevideo  (now  Uruguay)  was  made 
agovernment  subject  to  that  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  1750.  In 
1776  the  colonies  were  united  with  others  in  the  vice- 
royalty of  La  Plata. 

Platine  States,  The.  A collective  name  for 
the  Spanish-Ameriean  countries  bordering  on 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata  and  its  tributaries ; at  pres- 
ent, the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  and  Pa- 
raguay.  Uruguay  was  attached  to  Brazil  from  1821  to 
1828,  and  the  Argentine  provinces  were  long  separated  from 
Buenos  Ayres,  but  were  reunited  to  it  in  1859. 

Plato  (pla'to),  originally  Aristocles.  [Gr. 
TlTiaruv : so  surnamecl  from  his  broad  shoulders.] 
Born  at  JEgina,  429  or  427  B.  C. : died  at  Athens, 
347.  A famous  Greek  philosopher,  a disciple  of 
Socratesandtheteacher  of  Aristotle:  thefounder 
of  the  Academic  school.  His  father,  Ariston,  and  his 
mother,  Perictione,  were  of  aristocratic  birth.  He  was  in 
his  youth  a successful  gymnast,  a soldier,  and  a poet.  After 
he  became  adiscipleof  Socrates  he  is  said  to  have  destroyed 
his  poems,  but  some  epigrams  attributed  to  him  are  extant. 
Ilis  association  with  his  master  lasted  from  an  early  age 
until  Socrates’s  death.  After  this  event  he  went  to  Eucleides 
at  Megara,  and  later  journeyed  in  Egypt,  Cyrene,  Sicily, 
and  Magna  Gnecia.  By  Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  who  was  of- 
fended at  his  opinions,  he  was  delivered  to  the  Spartan  am- 
bassador Pollis,  who  sold  him  as  a slave  in  zEgina.  He  was 
ransomed,  returned  to  Athens,  and  founded  the  Academy 
(which  see).  In  367  he  revisited  Syracuse  on  the  invitation 
of  Dion  and  of  Dionysius  the  younger,  but  soon  left,  re- 
turning, however,  for  a short  time  about  361.  He  then 
returned  to  Athens,  where  he  lived  until  his  death,  -which 
occurred  at  a marriage-feast.  All  his  genuine  works  have 
been  preserved;  but  some  extant  works  attributed  to  him 
are  spurious.  The  former  include  the  dialogues  “Pro- 
tagoras,” “Phsedrus,”  “Symposium,"  “Gorgias,”  “Tliea:- 
tetus,"  “Republic,"  “Ti’raaeus,"  “Philebus,”  “Sophist,” 
“Politicus,"  “Parmenides,”  “Cratylus,”  “Laws,”  “(Tit- 
ias,”  “Meno,”  “Euthydemus,"  “Apology,”  “Crito,”  “Ly- 
sis,” “Charmides,”  “Laches,”  “Lesser  Hippias,”  “Euthy- 
phro,”  “Menexenus ” (?),  and  “Ion”  Cl).  Plato's  philoso- 
phy, which  is  still  the  greatest  exposition  of  idealism,  was 
founded  on  the  Socratic  teaching,  but  went  far  beyond  it 
in  a speculative  direction.  (See  Socrates.)  It  has,  with 
Aristotelianism,  largely  controlled  the  progress  of  specula- 
tive thought  to  the  present  day. 

Plato.  A remarkable  Greek  bust  in  bronze,  of 
the  first  half  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.,  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples,  once  supposed  to  rep- 
resent the  great  philosopher.  Many  consider  it 
a bearded  type  of  Dionysus;  some  the  famous 
Poseidon  of  Tarentum. 


Playfair,  Sir  Lyon 

Plato.  A large  crater  in  the  moon. 

Plato.  An  Athenian  comic  poet  'who  flourished 
from  428  to  389  B.  C.  He  is  ranked  among  the  very 
best  of  the  poets  of  the  Old  Comedy.  He  carried  on  a 
poetic  contest  with  Aristophanes,  and  attacked  the  dema- 
gogues Cleon,  Hyperbolus,  Agyrrhius.andCleophon.  Frag- 
ments only  of  his  works  are  extant. 

Platonick  Lovers,  The.  A tragicomedy  by  Sir 
William  Davenant,  printed  in  1636. 

Platt  (plat),  Charles  A.  Born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  16,  1861.  An  American  landscape-painter 
and  etcher.  He  wrote  “Italian  Gardens,” 
(1892). 

Platt  (plat),  Thomas  Collier.  BornatOwego, 
N.  Y.,  July  15, 1833:  died  March  6,  1910.  An 
American  Republican  politician.  He  studied  at 
Yale  without  taking  a degree,  engaged  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits, and  became  president  of  the  Tioga,  New  York,  Na- 
tional Bank.  He  was  a member  of  Congress  from  New 
York  1873-77.  In  Jan.,  1881,  he  was  elected  United  States 
senator  to  succeed  Francis  Kernan,  whose  term  expired  in 
March,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  May  at  the  instance  of  his 
colleague  Conkling.  He  was  again  senator  1897-1909. 

Platte  (plat),  or  Nebraska  (ne-bras'ka).  One 
of  the  largest  tributaries  of  the  Missouri,  it  is 
formed  by  the  union,  in  Lincoln  County,  Nebraska,  of  the 
North  and  South  Forks  of  the  Platte,  and  joins  the  Mis- 
souri 18  miles  south  of  Omaha.  The  North  Fork  rises  in 
northern  Colorado,  and  flows  through  Wyoming  and  west- 
ern Nebraska;  the  South  Fork  rises  in  central  Colorado, 
and  flows  through  that  State  and  western  Nebraska.  To- 
tal length,  including  North  Fork,  about  900  miles.  It  is 
not  navigable. 

Plattensee.  See  Balaton,  Lake. 

Plattner  (pliit'ner),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Kleinwaltersdorf,  near  Freiberg,  Saxony,  Jan. 
2,  1800 : died  at  Freiberg,  Jan.  22, 1858.  A Ger- 
man chemist  and  metallurgist,  professor  at  Frei- 
berg: noted  for  his  work  in  developing  blow- 
pipe analysis.  He  published  ‘ ‘ Probirkuust  mit 
dem  Lothrohr”  (1835),  etc. 

Plattsburg  (plats'berg).  A village,  the  capital 
of  Clinton  County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake 
Champlain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saranac,  in  lat. 
44°  40'  N.  , long.  73°  30'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  con- 
siderable  trade  and  manufactures.  Near  it,  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain, a naval  victory  was  gained  Sept.  11,  1814,  by  the 
American  fleet  under  Macdonough  over  the  British  fleet 
under  Downie ; while  here,  at  the  same  time,  the  American 
land  forces  under  Macomb  repulsed  the  British  under 
Prevoet.  Population,  11,138,  (1910). 

Plattsmouth  (plats'mouth).  A city,  capital  of 
Cass  County,  Nebraska,  situated  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Platte  and  the  Missouri.  Population, 
4,287,  (1910). 

Plauen  (plou'en).  A city  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  White  Elster  22  miles 
Southwest  of  Zwickau.  It  is  the  chief  center  in  Ger- 
many  for  the  weaving  of  white  cotton  goods  and  the  em- 
broidery of  white  goods,  and  has  various  other  manufac- 
tures. It  is  the  chief  place  of  theVogtland.  Population, 
commune,  121,104,  (1910). 

Plausible  (pla'zi-bl),  Lord.  In  Wycherley’s 
comedy  “The  Plain  Dealer,”  an  insinuating 
fop,  in  love  with  Olivia. 

Plautus  (pla'tus),  Titus  Maccius.  Bom  at 

Sarsina,  Umbria : died  184  b.  c.  A Roman  dram- 
atist. He  adapted  materials  taken  from  the  New  Attic 
Comedy.  Twenty  of  his  comedies  (nearly  all  complete) 
are  extant.  Among  them  are  “Amphitruo,”  “Captivi, 
“Aulularia,”  “Trinummus,”  “Budens,”  “Miles  Glorio- 
sus,”  “Mostellaria,”  “Pseudolus,”  and  “Mensechmi.” 
Players,  The.  A New  York  club  founded  by 
Edwin  Booth,  incorporated  in  1888.  “its  objects 
are  the  promotion  of  social  intercourse  between  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  dramatic  profession  and  of  the  kindred 
professions  of  literature,  painting,  sculpture,  and  music, 
and  the  patrons  of  the  arts;  the  creation  of  a library  re- 
lating especially  to  the  history  of  the  American  stage  ; and 
the  preservation  of  pictures,  bills  of  the  play,  photographs 
and  curiosities  connected  with  such  history.”  Its  house 
is  at  16  Gramercy  Park. 

Player’s  Scourge,  The.  See  Histriomastix. 
Playfair  (pla'far),  John.  Born  at  Benvie,  For- 
farshire, March  10,  1748:  died  at  Edinburgh. 
July  20,  1819.  A Scottish  mathematician  and 
physicist.  He  entered  St.  Andrews  University  at  14 
years  of  age.  In  1785  he  succeeded  Dugald  Stewart  as 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh.  His  works  in- 
clude“On  the  Arithmetic  of  Impossible  Numbers  "(1779), 
“Elements  of  Geometry  ”(1795),  “Illustrations  of  the  Hut- 
tonian  Theory  of  the  Earth  ” (1802),  “ Proof  of  Natural  Phi- 
losophy ” (1805),  “An  Account  of  the  Lithological  Survey 
of  Schehallion”  (1811),  “ Natural  Philosophy  " (1812-16),  a 
“ Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of  Mathematical  and  Physi- 
cal Science”  (in  the  “Encyclopaedia  Britannica ”),  and  an 
edition  of  Euclid. 

Playfair,  Sir  Lyon,  first  Lord  Playfair.  Born 
at  Meerut,  Bengal,  May  21,  1819:  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  29, 1898.  A British  chemist  and  Lib- 
eral politician.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1858;  was  elected 
to  Parliament  in  1868;  and  was  postmaster-general  1873- 
1874,  and  chairman  of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means 
and  deputy  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  1880-83. 
He  was  created  Baron  Playfair  in  1892.  He  published 
“Primary  and  Technical  Education"  (1870),  “ On  Teach- 
ing Universities  and  Examination  Boards  ” (1872),  etc. 


Pleasants 

Pleasants  (plez'ants),  James.  Born  in  Vir- 
ginia, 1769:  died  in  Goochland  County,  Va., 
Nov.  9,  1836.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Vir- 
ginia 1811-19;  United  States  senator  1819-22; 
and  governor  of  Virginia  1822-25. 

Pleasonton  (plez'on-ton),  Alfred.  Born  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.,  1823:  died  there,  Feb. 
17, 1897.  An  American  general.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1844  ; served  in  the  Mexican  war ; and  was 
promoted  captain  in  1855.  He  became  a major  of  cavalry 
in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  Feb.,  1862  ; served  through 
the  Peninsular  campaign ; became  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  July,  1862 ; was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  South 
Mountain,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg  ; distinguished 
himself  at  Chancellorsville  ; and  commanded  the  cavalry 
at  Gettysburg.  He  drove  Sterling  Price  out  of  Missouri 
in  1864.  He  retired  with  the  rank  of  colonel  in  1888. 

Pleasures  of  Hope.  A poem  by  Thomas  Camp- 
bell, published  in  1799. 

Pleasures  of  Memory.  A poem  by  Samuel 
Rogers,  published  in  1792. 

Pleasures  of  the  Imagination.  ^ A didactic 
poem  by  Akenside,  published  in  1744. 

Pleiade  (pla-yad'),  La.  The  name  given  in  lit- 
erature to  several  groups  of  seven  poets  living 
at  the  same  time,  notably  to  such  a group  in  the 
time  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  These  were  Lyco- 
phron,  Theocritus,  Aratus,  Nicander,  Homer,  Apollonius  of 
Rhodes,  and  CaUimachus.  The  name  has  been  applied  to 
other  similar  groups,  especially  in  the  16th  century  to  that 
formed  by  Ronsard  with  Joachim  du  Bellay,  Antoine  de 
Baif,  Jodelle,  Pontus  de  Thyard,  Dorat,  and  Remi  Belleau. 
These  united  in  a close  league  to  reduce  the  French  lan- 
guage and  literature  to  a classical  form.  They  had  many 
followers. 

French,  after  all,  despite  a strong  Teutonic  admixture, 
was  a Latin  tongue,  and  recurrence  to  Latin,  aud  to  the 
still  more  majestic  and  fertile  language  which  had  had 
so  much  to  do  in  shaping  the  literary  Latin  dialect,  was 
natural  and  germane  to  its  character.  In  point  of  fact, 
the  Pleiade  made  modern  French — made  it,  we  may  say, 
twice  over ; for  not  only  did  its  original  work  revolutionise 
the  language  in  a manner  so  durable  that  the  reaction  of 
the  next  century  could  not  wholly  undo  it,  but  it  was 
mainly  study  of  the  Pleiade  that  armed  the  great  masters 
of  the  Romantic  movement,  the  men  of  1830,  in  their  revolt 
against  the  cramping  rules  and  impoverished  vocabulary  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  The  effect  of  the  change  indeed 
was  far  too  universal  for  it  to  be  possible  for  any  Malherbe 
or  any  Boileau  to  overthrow  it.  The  whole  literature  of 
the  nation,  at  a time  when  it  was  wonderfully  abundant  and 
vigorous,  “Ronsardised”  for  nearly  fifty  years,  and  such 
practice  at  such  a time  never  fails  to  leave  its  mark. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  197. 

Pleiads  (pli'adz),  or  Pleiades  (pll'a-dez).  [Gr. 
n/tnWfx,  traditionally  so  called  as  indicating 
by  their  rising  the  time  of  safe  navigation; 
from  irfalv,  sail.]  A close  group  of  small  stars 
in  the  constellation  Taurus,  very  conspicuous 
on  winter  evenings,  about  24°  north  of  the 
equator,  and  coming  to  the  meridian  at  mid- 
night in  the  middle  of  Nov.  For  some  unknown 
reason,  there  were  anciently  said  to  be  seven  Pleiads,  al- 
though only  six  were  conspicuous  then  as  now ; hence  the 
suggestion  of  a lost  Pleiad.  In  mythology  the  Pleiads  were 
said  to  be  the  daughters  of  Atlas  and  Pleione,  and  were 
named  Alcyone,  Merope,  Celaeno,  Electra,  Sterope  or  As- 
terope,  Taygeta,  and  Maia.  These  names,  with  those  of 
the  parents,  have  been  applied  by  modern  astronomers 
since  Ricciolo  (1665)  to  the  principal  stars  of  the  group. 
Pleissnerland  (plis'ner-lant).  The  district  on 
both  sides  of  the  Pleisse,  a small  tributary  of 
the  White  Elster  in  Saxe-Altenburg  and  the 
western  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony. 
Plenty  (plen'ti),  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  on  the  northeastern  coast  of  North 
Island,  New  Zealand. 

Pleskoff.  See  Pskoff. 

Plessis-les-Tours(ple-se'la-tor').  Aruined cas- 
tle near  Tours,  France,  noted  as  the  residence 
of  Louis  XI. 

Plessis-Marly,  or  Duplessis-Mornay.  See 

Mornay. 

Plethon.  See  Gemistus. 

Plevna  (plev'na),  or  Pleven  (plev'en).  A town 
in  Bulgaria,  88  miles  northeast  of  Sofia,  it  is  an 
Important  strategic  point.  A Russian  attack  under  Schil- 
der-Schuldner  on  a Turkish  force  intrenched  here  under 
Osman  Pasha  was  repulsed  July  20,  1877 ; a second  attack, 
July  30-31,  under  Kriidener,  was  repulsed  with  great  loss ; 
and  fighting  was  continued  between  75,000-80,000  Russians 
and  Rumanians  under  the  grand  duke  Nicholas,  Skobeleff, 
etc.,  and  about  50,000  Turks  under  Osman  Pasha,  Sept.  7-18. 
A formal  siege  commenced  in  Oct.  under  the  direction  of 
Todleben  ; arid  an  unsuccessful  sortie  of  Osman  Pasha  was 
followed  by  his  surrender  Dec.  10.  Population,  21,145. 

Pleyel  (pli'el),  Ignaz  Joseph.  Born  at  Rup- 
persthal,  near  Vienna,  Juno  1,  1757  : died  Nov. 
14,  1831.  An  Austrian  composer,  chiefly  of  in- 
strumental music.  Ho  was  a pupil  of  Haydn,  and 
founded  at  Paris,  1807,  a pianoforte  manufactory.  His  son 
Camille  became  his  partner  in  1821. 

Pliable  (pli'a-bl).  A character  in  Bunyan’s 
“ Pilgrim’s  Progress.”  He  deserts  Christian  at 
the  first  difficulty. 

Pliant  (pli'ant),  Dame.  A handsome  foolish 


813 

widow  in  Ben  Jonson’s  comedy  “ The  Alchem- 
ist.” She  is  finally  married  to  Lovewit. 

Pliant,  Sir  Paul  and  Lady.  Characters  in  Con- 
greve’s comedy  “ The  Double  Dealer.”  Lady 
Pliant  is  noted  for  her  easy  virtue  and  awkwardly  assumed 
prudery  and  her  insolence  to  her  uxorious  old  husband. 

Plimsoll  (plim'sol),  Samuel.  Born  at  Bristol, 
Feb.  10,  1824:  died  June  3,  1898.  An  English 
philanthropist.  In  1854  he  started  in  the  coal  trade  in 
London,  and  began  to  interest  himself  in  the  sailors  of  the 
mercantile  marine.  In  1868  he  entered  Parliament  for 
Derby.  In  1876  his  “ Merchant  Shipping  Act " was  passed, 
to  prevent  ships  from  going  to  sea  in  an  unsafe  condition. 
He  published  “Our  Seamen ’’  in  1873,  and  in  1890  “Cattle 
Ships,”  exposing  the  cruelties  of  that  trade. 

Plinlimmon.  See  Plynlimmon. 

Pliny  (plin'i),  “ The  Elder  ” (Caius  Plinius  Se- 

CUndus).  Born  at  Como  (Roman  Novum  Co- 
mum), Italy,  23  A.  d.  : perished  in  the  eruption  of 
Vesuvius,  79  A.  d.  A celebrated  Roman  natu- 
ralist. He  went  to  Rome  in  early  youth ; served  in  Africa, 
and,  at  the  age  of  23,  as  commauder  of  a troop  of  cavalry 
in  Germany ; returned  to  Rome  and  studied  law ; was  proc- 
urator in  Spain  under  Nero(about  70-72) ; and  was  charged 
with  other  official  duties  in  various  parts  of  the  empire. 
His  literary  work,  which  was  conducted  with  extraordi- 
nary industry  in  the  intervals  of  his  official  labors  (scarcely 
a waking  moment  of  day  or  night  being  left  unoccupied), 
extended  into  the  departments  of  tactics,  history,  gram- 
mar, rhetoric,  and  natural  science.  Of  his  writings,  only 
his  “Natural  History  ” is  extant.  (See  the  extract.)  His 
death,  an  account  of  which  is  preserved  in  a letter  of  Pliny 
the  Younger,  was  the  result  of  his  efforts  to  observe  more 
closely  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  and  to  aid  those  who  were 
in  danger. 

W e possess  of  the  works  of  Pliny  [the  Elder]  only  his  “ Nat- 
uralis  historia  ” in  37  books,  a work  presented  a.  77  to  Titus, 
but  constantly  enriched  and  enlarged  by  the  author  until 
his  death.  It  is  akindof  encyclopedia  of  natural  science, 
but  chiefly  concerned  with  its  application  in  human  life 
and  art ; and  accordingly  it  includes  geography,  medicine, 
and  the  history  of  art.  The  materials  are  compiled  from 
a great  number  of  works,  often  hastily  and  without  ade- 
quate knowledge  or  discrimination,  hence  very  unequal 
in  value.  The  style  also  is  uneven,  sometimes  merely  bent 
upon  thesubject-matter  and  discarding  artistic  form,  some- 
times mannered  and  rhetorical.  On  the  whole,  the  work 
is  an  inexhaustible  storehouse  of  information,  and  testifies 
to  the  earnest,  studious,  and  patriotic  spirit  of  the  author. 
It  long  exercised  great  influence  both  in  its  original  shape 
and  in  various  abridgments. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Wan  ),  II.  97. 

Pliny,  “The  Younger”  (Cains  Plinius  Cseci- 
lius  Secundus) . Bom  at  Como,  Italy,  62  a.  d.  : 
died  113.  A Roman  author,  nephew  of  the 
elder  Pliny.  He  was  a consul  in  100,  andlater(lllorll2) 
governor  of  Bithynia  and  Pontica.  He  was  a friend  of  Tra- 
jan and  Tacitus.  His  “Epistles”  and  a eulogy  of  Trajan 
have  been  preserved.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  letters 
is  one  to  Trajan  concerning  the  treatment  of  the  Christians 
in  his  province. 

Plock  (plotsk).  1.  A government  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on 
Prussia.  Ai’ea,  3,641  square  miles.  Population, 
634,200. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Plock,  situated  on  the  Vistula  59  miles 
west-northwest  of  Warsaw.  Population,  30,- 
000. 

Ploermel  (plo-er-mel').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  France,  35  miles  west-south- 
west of  Rennes.  Population,  commune,  5,- 
424. 

Plojeshti.  See  Ployesti. 

Plomb  du  Cantal  (plon  dii  kon-tal').  The  cul- 
minating summit  of  the  mountains  of  Cantal, 
France,  19  miles  northeast  of  Aurillae. 

Plornbieres  (ploh-byar').  A watering-place  in 
the  department  of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on 
the  Augrogne  15  miles  south  of  Epinal.  it  has  the 
most  important  mineral  springs  in  the  Vosges,  with  ther- 
mo-mineral, iron,  and  alkaline  baths.  It  was  known  to  the 
Romans,  and  was  greatly  developed  by  Napoleon  III.  A 
conference  was  held  here  in  1858  between  Napoleon  III. 
and  Count  Cavour,  with  reference  to  an  alliance  between 
France  and  Sardinia. 

Plon-Plon  (plon-plon').  [A  corruption  of  plomh- 
plomb,  alluding  to  running  away  from  bullets.] 
A nickname  of  Prince  Napoleon  Bonaparte 
(1822-91),  given  on  account  of  his  supposed 
cowardice  in  the  Crimean  war. 

Plornish  (plttr'nish),  Mrs.  A plasterer’s  wife 
inDickens’s  “ Little Dorrit”:  “ayoungwoman, 
made  somewhat  slatternly  in  herself  and  her 
belongings  by  poverty.”  She  is  noted  for  her 
bold  experiments  in  the  ‘ 1 Eyetalian  ” language. 

Plotinus  (plo-ti'nus).  [Gr.  W.uTivor.']  Born  at 
Lycopolis,  Egypt,  about  204  A.  d.  : died  in  Italy 
about  270.  A celebrated  Neoplatonic  philoso- 
pher. He  studied  in  Alexandria  under  Ammonius  Sac- 
cas,  and  afterward  taught  philosophy  in  Rome.  His  works 
(called  “Enneads”)  were  edited  by  Creuzer  in  1835. 

The  relation  in  which  Plotinus  stood  to  his  predeces- 
sors among  the  Greek  philosophers  is  very  easily  stated. 
He  had  made  himself  acquainted  with  every  system,  and 
culled  from  them  all  whatever  seemed  to  support  his  solu- 
tion of  the  great  problems  of  thought  and  existence.  Plato 
i3  the  chief  authority  and  the  starting-point  in  his  specula- 
tions. But  he  takes  full  cognizance  of  Aristotle,  whose 


Plutarch 

system  of  categories  he  directly  opposes;  and  he  endea- 
vours in  all  essential  points  to  identify  the  doctrines  of  the 
Old  Academy  and  the  Lyceum.  To  effect  this,  he  is  obliged 
to  have  recourse  to  an  overstrained  latitude  of  interpreta- 
tion, sometimes  making  his  own  inferences  from  opinions 
half  expressed,  and  not  unfrequently  quoting  from  mem- 
ory. Although  he  is  strongly  at  variance  with  the  Stoics  on 
the  grounds  of  knowledge,  treating  with  great  contempt 
their  doctrine  of  intellectual  conception,  he  borrows  agood 
deal  from  Chrysippus  wherever  he  can  find  an  agreement 
even  in  expression.  The  older  writers  also  furnished  him 
with  suggestive  materials.  He  was  acquainted  with  An- 
axagoras, Democritus,  Empedocles,  Parmenides,  and  the 
most  ancient  Pythagoreans.  And  he  refers  directly  to  the 
later  Peripatetics  Aristoxenus  and  Dicaearchus.  He  can- 
not, then,  be  termed  strictly  or  exclusively  a N eo-Platonist ; 
he  is  equally  a Neo- Aristotelian  and  a Neo-Philosopher  in 
general. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  194. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Ploug  (plog),  Parmo  Carl.  Bom  Oct.  29, 
1813:  died  Oct.  27,  1894.  A Danish  poet  and 
journalist.  After  1829  he  studied  philology  at  the  Copen- 
hagen University.  His  first  contributions  to  literature 
were  student  songs  which  he  published  under  the  pseu- 
donym Paul  Rytter.  From  1841  he  was  editor  of  the 
journal “Fadoelaudet"  (“The  Fatherland  ”).  In  1861  ap- 
peared his  collected  poems  (“SamledeDigte"),  and  in  1869 
“Nyere  Sange  og  Digte”  (“Recent  Songs  and  Poems”). 
He  took  an  active  part  in  politics : in  1848-49  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention,  from  1854  to 
1857  a member  of  the  Folkething ; and  from  1859  he  was 
a member  of  the  Landsthing. 

Plouhamel  (plo-ar-nel').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  France,  17  miles  west 
of  Vannes.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  megalithic 
monuments. 

Plowman  of  Madrid,  The.  St.  Isidore. 
Plowman’s  Tale,  The.  A poem  once  attributed 
to  Chaucer,  appearing  in  Thynne’s  1542  edition 
(but  not  in  1532).  It  was  written  by  the  author  of 
“Piers  Plowman’s  Crede”  (Skeat),  and  inserted  as  a sup- 
plementary “ Canterbury  Tale.”  It  is  frequently  confused 
with  “Piers  Plowman’s  Crede”  aijd  “The  Vision  of  Piers 
Plowman.” 

Ployeschi  (plo-yes'ehe),  or  Ploesti  (plo-es'te). 
A town  in  Wallachia,  Rumania,  36  miles  north 
.of  Bukharest.  Population,  48,000. 

Plume  (plum),  Captain.  The  recruiting  officer, 
the  principal  character  in  Farquhar’s  comedy  of 
that  name.  He  is  a gay  and  gallant  soldier,  irresistible 
to  women,  for  whom  he  cares  less  than  for  his  profession. 
It  was  a favorite  part  with  Garrick  and  Macready. 
Plumed  Knight,  The.  An  epithet  frequently 
applied  to  James  G.  Blaine,  first  by  R.  G.  Inger- 
soll  at  Cincinnati  in  1876  in  a speech  support- 
ing Blaine’s  nomination  for  the  presidency. 
Plumer  (plum'er),  William.  Born  at  Newbury, 
Mass.,  1759:  died  at  Epping,  N.  H.,  1850.  An 
American  politician.  He  wasFederalist  United  States 
senator  from  New  Hampshire  1802-07,  and  governor  of 
New  Hampshire  1812-13  and  1816-19. 

Plum  (plum)  Island.  1.  An  island  belonging 
to  Massachusetts,  lying  south  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Merrimac,  parallel  to  the  coast. — 2.  Asmall 
island  belonging  to  New  York  situated  north- 
east of  Long  Island,  near  the  eastern  entrance 
to  Long  Island  Sound. 

Plummer  (plum ' er),  Caleb.  In  Dickens’s 
“ Cricket  on  the  Hearth,”  a poor  and  careworn 
old  toy-maker.  His  spirit  is  crushed  with  hopeless  de- 
pression, but  he  conceals  his  hardships  from  his  blind 
daughter  Bertha  with  a pathetic  attempt  at  cheerfulness, 
and  describes  his  daily  life  to  her  asprosperous  and  happy. 

Plumptre  (plump'tr),  Edward  Hayes.  Born 
at  London,  Aug.  6,  1821:  died  at  Wells,  Feb. 
1, 1891.  An  English  clergyman  and  theological 
and  classical  scholar.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Uni- 
versity College),  where  he  became  a fellow  of  Brasenose  in 
1844 ; was  chaplain  (1847)  and  later  (1864)  professor  of  New 
Testament  exegesis  at  King’s  College,  London ; and  in  1881 
became  dean  of  Wells.  From  1869  to  1874  he  was  one  of 
the  revisers  of  the  Old  Testament,  He  published  com- 
mentaries, etc.,  and  translated  iuto  English  verse  Sopho- 
cles (1865)  and  JEschylus  (1868). 

Plunket  (plung'ket),  William  Conyngham, 

first  Baron  Plunket.  Born  in  the  county  of 
Fermanagh,  Ireland,  July  1,  1764:  died  Jan.  4, 
1854.  An  Irish  lawyer  and  politician.  He  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1779,  and  Lincoln’s  Inn  in  June, 
1784  ; he  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1787.  In  1798  he 
entered  the  Irish  Parliament  for  Charlemont,  and  opposed 
Pitt’s  scheme  for  the  Union  of  1800.  In  1803  he  was  one 
of  the  prosecutors  of  Emmet.  In  Pitt’s  second  adminis- 
tration (1804)  he  became  solicitor-general  and  later  attor- 
ney-general for  Ireland,  and  satin  the  imperial  Parliament 
in  1812  as  member  for  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  was 
one  of  the  foremost  ora  tors  of  his  day.  He  was  made  chief 
justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1827,  and  was  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  1830- 
1834  and  1835-41. 

Plutarch  (plo'tark).  [Gr.  W/.oirapxoe.']  Born 
at  Chroronea,  Boeotia,  Greece,  about  46  A.  n. 
A Greek  historian,  celebrated  as  the  author  of 
forty-six  “Parallel  Lives”  of  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans. He  also  wrote  various  philosophical,  ethical,  and 
other  works,  grouped  as  “ Opera  moralia."  He  was  a Pla- 
tonist,  but  occupied  himself  chiefly  with  ethical  and  reli 
gious  reflections. 


Plutarch 

Id  spite  of  all  exceptions  on  the  score  of  inaccuracy, 
want  of  information,  or  prejudice,  Plutarch’s  lives  must 
remain  one  of  the  most  valuable  relics  of  Greek  literature, 
not  only  because  they  stand  in  the  place  of  many  volumes 
of  lost  history,  but  also  because  they  are  written  with  a 
graphic  and  dramatic  vivacity,  such  as  we  find  in  few 
biographies,  ancient  or  modern  ; because  they  are  replete 
with  reflexions  which,  if  not  profound,  are  always  moder- 
ate and  sensible  ; and  because  the  author's  aim  throughout 
is  to  enforce  the  highest  standard  of  morality  of  which  a 
heathen  was  capable.  As  one  of  his  most  enthusiastic 
admirers  has  said,  ‘‘He  stands  before  us  as  the  legate,  the 
ambassador,  and  the  orator  on  behalf  of  those  institutions 
whereby  the  old-time  men  were  rendered  wise  and  vir- 
tuous." 

E.  0.  Midler,  Hi3t.  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  243. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Pluto  (plo'to).  In  Roman  mythology,  the  lord  of 
the  infernal  regions,  son  of  Saturn  and  brother 
of  Jupiter  and  Neptune.  He  is  represented  as  an 
elderly  man  with  a dignified  but  severe  aspect,  and  often 
as  holding  in  his  hand  a two-pronged  fork.  He  was  gen- 
erally called  by  the  Greeks  Hades,  and  by  the  Romans 
Orcus,  Tartarus,  and  Dis.  His  wiie  was  Proserpine,  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter  and  Ceres,  whom  he  seized  in  the  island  of 
Sicily  while  she  was  plucking  flowers,  and  carried  to  the 
lower  world. 

Plutus  (plo'tus).  [Gt.  IT/lotirof.]  In  classical  my- 
thology, a personification  of  wealth,  described 
as  a son  of  Iasion  and  Demeter,  and  intimately 
associated  with  Eirene  or  Peace,  who  is  often 
represented  in  art  grouped  with  the  infant  Plu- 
tus. Zeus  is  said  to  have  blinded  him  in  order  that  he 
might  not  bestow  his  favors  exclusively  on  good  men,  but 
should  distribute  his  gifts  without  regard  to  merit. 

Pluviose  (plii-ve-oz').  [F.,  from  L.  pluviosus, 
full  of  rain.]  The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the 
National  Convention  of  the  first  French  repub- 
lic for  the  fifth  month  of  the  year.  It  consisted  of 
30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7 with  Jan.  20 ; 
in  4,  8,  9,  10,  11,  13  with  Jan.  21;  and  iu  12  with  Jan.  22. 
Pluvius  (plo'vi-us).  [L., ‘the  rainy.’]  In  Ro- 
man mythology,  aVurname  of  Jupiter. 
Plymley  (plim'li),  Peter.  A nom  do  plume 
of  Sydney  Smith. 

Plymouth  (plim'uth).  A seaport  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  in  lat.  50°  22'  N. , long.  4°  9'  W. 
With  the  adjoining  Stonehouse  and  Devonport  it  lies  on 
Plymouth  Sound  between  the  estuary  of  the  Plym  (Catte- 
water)  and  that  of  the  Tamar  (Hamoaze).  It  is  a fortress 
of  the  first  class,  and  one  of  the  chief  naval  stations  of  the 
country ; and  has  extensive  commerce,  especially  with  Bal- 
tic and  Mediterranean  ports,  Australia,  the  West  Indies, 
South  America,  etc.,  exporting  tin,  lead,  copper,  fish,  build- 
ing stone,  etc.  Objects  of  interest  are  the  breakwater,  the 
dockyard  (at  Devonport),  the  citadel,  and  the  Hoe  (an  ele- 
vated promenade  and  park).  Plymouth  was  the  starting- 
point  of  the  expedition  against  the  Armada  in  1588,  and 
the  last  point  touched  by  the  Mayflower  in  1620.  It  was 
unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Royalists  in  the  civil  war. 
It  returns  2 members  to  Parliament.  Population, 
112,042,  (1911). 

Plymouth.  A seaport,  capital  of  Plymouth 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Plymouth 
harbor  about  35  miles  southeast  of  Boston,  it 
has  manufactures  and  fisheries.  Points  of  interest  are  the 
Pilgrim  Hall,  Burial  Hill,  Plymouth  Rock,  Pilgrim  Monu- 
ment (commenced  in  1859),  and  Cole’s  Hill.  It  is  the  oldest 
New  England  town.  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  landed  here 
Dec.  21,  1620.  Population,  12,141,  (1910). 

Plymouth.  The  capital  of  Washington  County, 
North  Carolina,  situated  at  the  head  of  Albe- 
marle Sound  74  miles  south-southwest  of  Nor- 
folk, Virginia.  In  the  harbor,  Oct.  27, 1864,  Lieutenant 
Cushing  destroyed  by  torpedo  the  Confederate  ram  Albe- 
marle. Population,  2,165,  (1910). 

Plymouth.  A coal-mining  borough  in  Luzerne 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 20  miles  southwest  of  Scranton.  Popu- 
lation, 16,996,  (1910). 

Plymouth  Brethren,  or  Plymouthites  (plim'- 

uth-Its).  A sect  of  Christians  which  first  at- 
tracted notice  at  Plymouth,  England,  in  1830, 
but  has  since  extended  over  Great  Britain,  the 
United  States,  and  among  the  Protestants  of 
France,  Switzerland,  Italy,  etc.  They  recognize  all 
as  brethren  who  believe  iu  Christ  and  the  Holy  Spirit  as 
his  vicar,  but  they  have  no  formal  creed,  ecclesiastical  or- 
ganization, or  official  ministry,  condemning  these  a3  the 
causes  of  sectarian  divisions.  They  are  also  called  Darby- 
ites  after  Mr.  Darby,  originally  a barrister,  subsequently  a 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  thereafter  an 
evangelist  not  connected  with  any  church,  to  whose  ef- 
forts their  origin  and  the  diffusion  of  their  principles  are 
to  be  ascribed.  In  a narrower  sense  the  Darbyites  are  a 
branch  of  the  Plymouth  Brethren  entitled  Exclusive  Breth- 
ren on  account  of  the  strictness  of  their  views  and  the  ex- 
clusiveness of  their  communion. 

Plymouth  Colony.  A colony  established  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  present  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts by  the  English  Pilgrims,  it  was  founded 
at  Plymouth  in  1G20 ; formed  with  Massachusetts  Bay,  Con- 
necticut, and  New  Haven  the  New  England  Confederacy 
1643-84  ; and  was  united  definitely  with  Massachusetts  Bay 
in  1691. 

Plymouth  Rock.  A rock  at  Plymouth,  Mas- 
sachusetts, alleged  to  have  been  the  landing- 
place  of  the  Pilgrims  in  1620. 

Plymouth  Sound.  An  inletof  the  English  Chan- 
nel, between  Devonshire  and  Cornwal  l,  England. 


814 

Plynlimmon,  or  Plinlimmon  (plin-lim'mon). 

A mountain  on  the  border  of  Cardigan  and  Mont- 
gomery, Wales,  13  miles  east-northeast  of  Aber- 
ystwith.  Height,  2,481  feet. 

Pnom-Penh  (pnom-pen').  The  capital  of  Cam- 
bodia, situated  on  the  Mekong  about  lat.  11°  35' 
N.,  long.  105°  E.  Population,  50,000.  Also 
Panompcng. 

Pnyx  (niks).  [Gr.  Ilimf.]  A hill  between  the 
Museum  Hill  and  the  Hill  of  the  Nymphs,  above 
the  Agora,  in  the  group  southwest  of  the  Acrop- 
olis, at  Athens ; also,  a famous  place  of  pub- 
lic assembly  established  on  the  northern  slope 
of  this  hill,  beneath  the  summit.  The  place  of  as- 
sembly consists  of  a terrace,  bounded  at  the  back  by  a ver- 
tical cutting  H feet  high  in  the  rock  at  the  summit  of  the 
bill,  and  supported  by  a curved  retaining-wall  of  early 
date,  built  of  well-jointed  polygonal  masonry  in  huge 
blocks.  Some  of  the  courses  of  this  retaining-wall  have 
disappeared,  so  that  the  terrace  now  slopes  downward, 
while  originally  it  was  level  or  ascended  slightly  toward 
the  back.  The  length  of  the  terrace  is  395  feet,  and  its 
width  212.  The  back-wall  is  not  straight,  but  forms  an 
open  obtuse  angle,  at  the  apex  of  which  projects  a huge 
cube  of  rock,  r ising  from  3 steps  and  ascended  by  a small 
flight  of  steps  in  the  angle  at  each  side.  This  is  the  bema, 
or  orators'  platform,  from  which  Demosthenes  and  the 
other  great  Athenian  political  orators  delivered  their  ha- 
rangues. 

Po  (po).  The  largest  river  of  Italy : the  ancient 
Pad  us  or  Eridanus.  It  rises  in  Monte  Viso  in  the  Alps 
on  the  French  border,  flows  northeast  and  then  generally 
east,  traversing  a wide,  fertile,  and  nearly  level  plain,  and 
empties  by  several  mouths  into  the  Adriatic  about  lat.  44° 
55’  N.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Tanaro  and  Trebbia  on 
the  right,  and  the  Dora  Baltea,  Sesia,  Ticino  (draining 
Lago  Maggiore),  Adda  (draining  the  Lake  of  Como),  Oglio 
(draining  Lagod’Iseo),  and  Mincio  (draining  Lago  di  Garda) 
on  the  left.  The  chief  places  on  its  banks  are  Turin,  Pia- 
cenza, Cremona,  and  Guastalla.  Length,  about  400  miles ; 
navigable  to  above  Turin. 

Pocahontas  (po-ka-hon'tas).  Died  at  Graves- 
end, England,  in  March,  1617.  An  Indian  wo- 
man celebrated  in  the  colonial  history  of  Vir- 
ginia. She  was  the  daughter  of  the  chief  Powhatan,  and 
was  about  12  year3  of  age  vyhen  John  Smith  was  brought 
a captive  before  her  father  in  1607.  According  to  the  ac- 
count of  his  captivity  given  by  Smith  in  his  “General His- 
tory of  Virginia, "published  in  1624  after  the  appearance  of 
Pocahontas  in  England,  she  saved  his  life  by  interposing 
her  body  between  him  and  the  war-clubs  of  his  execution- 
ers and  by  interceding  for  him  with  her  father.  This  epi- 
sode is  omitted  from  the  accounts  of  his  captivity  given 
in  his  “ True  Relation  ’’  and  his  “Map  of  Virginia,"  pub- 
lished in  1608  and  1612  respectively,  before  Pocahontas’s 
appearance  in  England,  and  is  commonly  discredited  by 
recent  historians.  She  had  married  one  of  Powhatan’s  cap- 
tains, and  was  living  with  a tributary  band,  when  Samuel 
Argali  secured  possession  of  her  by  intimidation  or  bribery 
in  1612.  He  demanded  as  her  ransom  a tribute  of  corn  and 
the  restitution  of  the  English  captives  and  goods  in  the 
hands  of  Powhatan.  Powhatan  sent  back  7 captives  with 
3 muskets,  a saw,  an  ax,  and  a canoe  loaded  with  corn. 
Pocahontas  was,  nevertheless,  detained,  and  in  1613  was 
baptized  by  the  name  of  Rebecca  and  married  to  John 
Rolfe,  one  of  the  settlers  at  Jamestown.  In  1616  Rolfe  and 
his  wife,  in  company  with  a number  of  Indians,  sailed  with 
Sir  Thomas  Dale  for  England. 

Pocahontas.  A chestnut  pacing  mare  by  Iron’s 
Cadmus,  which  was  also  sire  of  Blanco,  sire  of 
Smuggler.  She  made  a race  record  of  2 :17|,  and 
is  said  to  have  paced  a trial  heat  lower  than  2 :10. 

Pocock  (po'kolc),  Edward.  Born  1604:  died 
1691.  An  English  Orientalist  and  biblical  com- 
mentator. In  1620  he  was  a scholar  at  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  Oxford,  and  fellow  in  1628.  In  1630  he  became 
chaplain  of  the  English  factory  at  Aleppo ; iu  1636  profes- 
sor of  Arabic  at  Oxford ; and  in  1648  professor  of  Hebrew. 
He  published  “Specimen  Historic  Arabum”  (1649),“Porta 
Mosis”  (1655),  “The  Annals  of  Eutychius  in  Arabic  and 
Latin  ’’  (1658),  etc.,  and  edited  the  history  of  Abulfaragius 
(1663)  and  other  Arabian  works  and  Old  Testament  com- 
mentaries. 

Pococke  (po'kok),  Richard.  Born  at  Southamp- 
ton, 1704:  died  1765.  An  English  traveler,  bishop 
of  Ossory  (1756-65)  and  of  Meath  (1765).  He  was 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  and  traveled 
in  the  East  1737-10.  He*  published  “ Description  of  the 
East”  (1743)  and  “Observations  on  Palestine,  etc.”  (1745). 

Poconchis(po-kon-ches'),  orPocomans  (po-ko- 
mans').  Indians  of  the  Maya  stock,  formerly 
numerous  in  central  Guatemala.  Often  writ- 
ten Poleonchis,  Pokomans. 

PodSbrad  (pod'ye-brad).  A town  in  Bohemia, 
on  the  Elbe  32  miles  east  of  Prague.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  5,661,  (1910). 

Podgorze  (pod-gor'zhe).  A town  in  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Vistula  op- 
posite Cracow.  Population,  22,268,  (1910). 

Podiebrad  (pod'ye-brad),  George  of.  Born 
April  6,  1420:  died  March  22,  1471.  King  of 
Bohemia.  He  became  leader  of  the  TTtraquists  in  1444; 
was  acknowledged  as  governor  of  Bohemia  in  1452;  was 
elected  king  in  1458 ; and  was  excommunicated  by  Pope 
Paul  II.  in  1466.  A crusade  was  declared  against  him. 

Po  di  Primaro  (po  de  pre-ma'ro).  The  lower 
course  of  the  river  Reno,  in  Italy. 

Podlachia  (pod-la'ki-a).  An  ancient  division 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Poland. 

Podobna  (po-dob'na).  A place  in  the  govern- 


Pogge 

ment  of  Grodno,  Russia,  about  30  miles  north- 
east of  Brest.  Here,  Aug.  12,  1812,  the  allies  of  the 
French  defeated  the  Russians. 

Podol  (po-dol').  A village  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Iser  42  miles  northeast  of  Prague. 
It  was  the  scene  of  the  first  engagement  between  the  Prus- 
sians and  Austrians  in  the  war  of  1866  (June  26). 

Podolia  (po-do'li-a).  A government  of  south- 
western Russia,  on  the  Austrian  frontier,  and 
surrounded  on  other  sides  by  the  governments 
of  Volhynia,  Kieff,  Kherson,  and  Bessarabia. 
Capital,  Kamenets.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  gov- 
ernments of  Russia.  It  was  annexed  from  Poland  in  1793- 
1795.  Area,  16,224  square  miles.  Population,  604,600. 

Podolsk  (po-dolsk').  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Pakhra 
20  miles  south  of  Moscow.  Population,  4,300. 

Podsnap  (pod'snap),  Mr.  A character  in  Dick- 
ens’s “ Our  Mutual  Friend.”  He  is  a smiling,  emi- 
nently respectable  man,  who  always  knows  exactly  what 
Providence  means.  “And  it  was  very  remarkable  (and 
must  have  been  very  comfortable)  that  what  Providence 
meant  was  invariably  what  Mr.  Podsnap  meant.  These 
may  be  said  to  have  been  the  articles  of  faith  of  a school 
which  the  present  chapter  takes  the  liberty  of  calling,  after 
its  representative  name,  Podsnappery.” 

Poe  (po),  Edgar  Allan.  Born  at  Boston,  Jan. 
19,  1809:  died  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  7,  1849.  A 
noted  American  poet  and  writer  of  tales.  His 
father  was  an  actor.  After  the  death  of  his  mother,  an 
actress,  he  was  adopted  by  a Mr-.  John  Allan  of  Richmond, 
who  educated  him  partly  at  a private  school  at  P.  ichmond, 
and  in  1815  took  him  to  England  and  placed  him  at  the 
Manor  House  School  at  Stoke-Newington,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1820,  when  he  returned  to  school  in  Richmond. 
In  1826  he  entered  the  University  of  Virginia,  where,  during 
his  short  stay,  he  did  creditable  work  but  contracted 
gambling  debts.  Mr.  Allan  would  not  pay  these 
debts,  but  undertook  to  place  him  in  his  counting- 
room  in  Dec.  of  this  same  year.  Poe  ran  away,  and 
tried  to  start  himself  in  life  by  publishing  his  poems 
in  Boston.  His  first  venture  was  a volume  entitled 
“ Tamerlane,  and  Other  Poems  : by  a Bostonian  ” (1827). 
Being  without  resources,  he  enlisted  as  a private  in  the 
United  States  army  as  Edgar  A.  Perry,  and  in  1829  was  ap- 
pointed sergeant-major.  In  the  same  year  lie  was  recon- 
ciled to  Mr.  Allan,  who  procured  his  discharge,  and  he  was 
shortly  after  appointed  a cadet  at  West  Point,  where  he 
went  July  1,  1830,  but  contrived  intentionally  to  get  him- 
self dismissed  March  6, 1831,  as  Mr.  Allan  would  not  allow 
him  to  resign.  He  then  broke  off  bis  connection  with  the 
latter,  wandered  from  one  city  to  another,  and  settled  in 
Baltimore,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  pub- 
lishing some  of  his  prose  tales  and  writing  critical  essays. 
In  1835  he  became  editor  of  the  “ Southern  Literary  Mes- 
senger” at  Richmond,  and  in  1836  married  Virginia 
Clemm.  In  1839  he  was  associate  editor  of  “ The  Gentle- 
man’s Magazine  ” at  Philadelphia ; in  1841  was  editor  of 
“Graham’s Magazine”;  and  in  1844  removed  to  New  York, 
where  lie  was  assistant  on  Willis’s  “Mirror.”  In  1845 
he  published  “The  Raven,”  and  at  once  became  a liter- 
ary lion  and  reached  the  summit  of  his  success.  In  1847, 
however,  after  the  death  of  his  wife,  he  began  to  deteri- 
orate, and  in  two  years  he  died  at  Washington  College 
Hospital  at  Baltimore  in  a delirious  state.  Among  his 
other  works  are  “A1  Aaraaf,  Tamerlane,  and  Minor  Poems  ’’ 
(1829),  “ Poems  ” (1831),  “ Tales  of  the  Grotesque  and  Ara- 
besque ” (1840).  Many  of  his  poems  and  tales  appeared  in 
periodicals,  and  shortly  after  his  death  his  remaining  writ- 
ings were  published  by  his  friends.  Among  his  noted  prose 
tales  are  “Arthur  Gordon  Pym,”  “The  Fall  of  the  House 
of  Usher,”  “The  Gold-Bug,”  “A  Descent  into  the  Mael- 
strom,” “ The  Murders  in  the  Rue  Morgue,"  etc. 

Poeppig.  See  Poppig. 

Poetaster  (po'et-as-ter),  The,  or  His  Arraign- 
ment. A comical  satire,  by  Ben  Jonson,  acted 
in  1601  and  printed  in  1602.  it  was  thought  to  be  a 
direct  attack  ou  Dekker  and  Marston,  whereupon  Dekker 
produced  his  “ Satiromastix,  or  the  LTntrussing  of  the  Hu- 
morous Poet.”  In  1603  aud  1604,  however,  Jonson  collab- 
orated with  each  of  them. 

Poet  at  the  Breakfast-Table,  The.  A series 
of  sketches  by  O.  W.  Holmes,  published  in  1872: 
a sequel  to  “The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 
Table.” 

Poet  of  the  Poor,  The.  George  Crabbe. 

Poets’  Corner.  A space  in  the  east  side  of  the 
south  transept  of  Westminster  Abbey,  contain- 
ing the  tablets,  statues,  busts,  or  monuments  of 
Shakspere,  Ben  Jonson,  Chaucer,  Milton,  Spen- 
ser, and  other  British  poets,  actors,  divines,  and 
great  men.  Rome  of  them  arehuried  near  or  under  their 
monuments.  Robert  Browning  is  buried  in  front  of  Cow- 
ley’s monument,  and  a bust  of  Longfellow  is  near  by. 

Poey  (po ' ay),  Felipe.  Born  at  Havana,  May 
26,  1799:  died  there,  Jan.  28,  1891.  A Cuban 
naturalist.  From  1839  he  was  director  of  the  museum 
at  Havana,  and  he  was  long  a professor  in  the  university. 
His  writings  on  Cuban  ichthyology  and  entomology  are 
well  known  aud  important. 

Poey  y Aguirre  (po'ay  e ii-ger're),  Andres. 
Born  at  Havana,  1826.  A Cuban  scientist,  son 
of  Felipe  Poey.  He  was  long  director  of  a meteorologi- 
cal observatory  at  Havana,  and  conducted  a similar  estab- 
lishment at  Mexico  during  the  rule  of  Maximilian  lie 
has  published  numerous  works  and  papers,  principally  on 
meteorology. 

Pogge  (pog'e),  Paul.  Born  at  Ziersdorf,  Meck- 
lenburg-Sehwerin,  Dec.  24,  1838:  died  at  Lo- 
anda,  West  Africa,  March  17, 1884.  An  African 
explorer.  He  visited  Natal  and  Mauritius  in  1864;  ex- 


Pogge 

plored  the  Lunda  country  from  Loanda  to  Muata-Yamvo 
and  back  1875-76;  and,  accompanied  by  Wissman,  dis- 
covered new  regions  between  the  Kassai  and  Nyangwe. 
He  died  on  his  return  to  Loanda  1880-84.  He  wrote  “ Im 
Reiche  des  Muata-Yamvo."  See  Century  Atlas,  Mav  109. 

Poggendorff  (pog'gen-dorf),  Johann  Chris- 
tian. Born  at  Hamburg,  Dec.  29,  1796 : died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  24, 1877.  A German  physicist,  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1834 : noted  for  researches 
in  magnetism  and  electricity.  He  edited  “ Annalen 
derPhysikundChemie  "from  1824,  and  published  “ Biogra- 
phisch-litterarisches  Handworterbuch”  (1857-63),  etc. 

Poggio  (pod 'jo)  (Gian  Francesco  Poggio  Brac- 

ciolini).  Bom  at  Terranova,  Tuscany,  1380; 
died  1459.  A noted  Italian  scholar  and  author 
in  the  Renaissance  period.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
papal  curia;  became  historiographerto  Florence  and  chan- 
cellor in  1453 ; discovered  many  classical  MSS.  ; and  wrote 
satires,  moral  essays,  a “History  of  Florence,"  etc. 

The  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century  has  been  some- 
times called  the  age  of  Poggio  Bracciolini,  which  it  ex- 
presses not  very  inaccurately  as  to  his  literary  life,  since 
he  was  born  in  1381  and  died  in  1459 ; but  it  seems  to  in- 
volve too  high  a compliment.  The  chief  merit  of  Poggio 
was  his  diligence,  aided  by  good  fortune,  in  recovering 
lost  Works  of  Roman  literature  that  lay  mouldering  in 
the  repositories  of  convents.  Hence  we  owe  to  this  one 
man  eight  orations  of  Cicero,  a complete  Quintilian,  Co- 
lumella, part  of  Lucretius,  three  books  of  Valerius  Flac- 
cus.  Silius  Italicus,  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  Tertullian, 
and  several  less  important  writers : twelve  comedies  of 
Plautus  were  also  recovered  in  Germany  through  his  di- 
rections. Uallam,  Lit.,  p.  64.. 

Poggy  Islands.  See  Nassau  Islands. 

Pogram  (po.'gram),  Elijah.  In  Dickens’s  “Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit,”  an  American,  a public  bene- 
factor and  a member  of  Congress : an  amusing 
caricature. 

Pohah.  See  WashaJci. 

Pohl  (pol),  Johann  Emanuel.  Born  at  Kam- 
nitz,  Feb.  22, 1782:  died  at  Vienna,  May  22, 1834. 
An  Austrian  botanist.  He  was  one  of  the  naturalists 
who  accompanied  the  archduchess  Leopoldine  to  Brazil 
in  1817,  remaining  four  years  in  that  country.  On  his  return 
he  was  appointed  a curator  in  the  Vienna  Museum.  He 
published  ‘ ‘ Reise  im  Innern  von  Brasilien”  (2  vols.  1832- 
1837),  “Plantarum  Brasilise  icones  et  descriptiones " (2 
vols.  1827-31),  etc. 

Poictiers.  See  Poitiers. 

Poindexter  (poin'deks-ter),  George.  Born  in 
Louisa  County,  Va.,  1779:  died  at  Jackson, 
Miss.,  Sept.  5,  1853.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Mississippi 
1817-19;  governor  of  Mississippi  1819-21;  and  United  States 
senator  1830-35. 

Poins  (poinz).  In  Shakspere’s  “Henry  IV.,”  a 
dissolute,  witty  companion  of  the  prince  and 
Fal  staff. 

Poinsett  (poin'set),  Joel  Roberts.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  March  2, 1779 : died  at  States- 
burg,  S.C.,  Dec.  12, 1851.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  sent  on  a diplomatic  mission  to  Chile  in  1809,  and 
to  Mexico  in  1822 ; and  was  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1821-25,  United  States  minister  to  Mexico  1825- 
1829,  and  secretary  of  war  1837-41. 

Poinsot  (pwan-so'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan. 
3,  1777 : died  there,  Dec.  15,  1859.  A French 
mathematician.  Among  his  works  is  “Elements 
de  statique”  (1803). 

Point  Comfort,  Old.  See  Old  Point  Comfort. 
Point  de  Galle  (point  de  gal),  or  Galle.  A sea- 
port on  the  southwestern  shore  of  Ceylon,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  6°  V N.,  long.  80°  13'  E.  It  is  an 

important  commercial  place,  and  a stopping-point  for  va- 
rious steamship  lines.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Portuguese 
early  in  the  16th  century;  passed  to  the  Dutch  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  17th  century;  and  passed  to  Great  Britain  in 
1796.  Population,  37,165. 

Pointe-a-Pitre  (pwant-a-petr').  The  chief 
port  in  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  French  West 
Indies,  situated  in  lat.  16°  14'  N.,  long.  61° 
33'  E.  Population,  16,506. 

Pointe  Pelee.  See  Point  Pelee. 

Pointis  (pwan-te'),  Jean  Bernard  Louis  Des- 
jean,  Baron  de.  Bom  in  1645 : died  near  Paris, 
1707.  A French  naval  officer.  He  commanded  an 
expedition  which  took  Cartagena,  New  Granada,  May  2, 
1697,  obtaining  an  immense  booty.  In  1704-05  he  besieged 
Gibraltar  by  sea.  He  published  “ Relation  de  l’exp<!dition 
de  Curthagene  ” (1698). 

Point  Isabel  (point  iz'a-bel).  A place  in  south- 
ern Texas,  situated  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  21 
miles  northeast  of  Brownsville. 

Point  Pelee  (or  Pele)  (pe'le),  or  Pointe  Pelee 
(pwaht  p6-la').  1.  A headland  projecting  into 
Lake  Erie  from  the  southwestern  part  of  On- 
tario, Canada. — 2.  An  island  in  Lake  Erie,  25 
miles  north  of  Sandusky.  It  belongs  to  Can- 
ada. Length,  9 miles. 

Point  Pleasant  (plez'ant).  The  capital  of  Ma- 
son County,  West  Virginia,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Kanawha  and  Ohio  rivers.  Here, 
Oct.  10,  1774,  the  American  settlers  under  Andrew  Lewis 
defeated  the  Shawnee  Indians.  Population,  2,045,  (1910). 
Poischwitz  (poish'vits).  A village  15  miles 
south  of  Liegnitz,  Prussian  Silesia.  An  armistice 


815 

between  the  French  and  the  Russians  and  Prus- 
sians was  signed  here,  June  4,  1813. 

Poise  (pwaz),  Jean  Alexandre  Ferdinand. 

Born  at  Nimes,  June  3, 1828:  died  at  Paris,  May 
13,  1892.  A French  composer  of  comic  operas. 
Among  them  are  “Bonsoir  voisin  ! ” (1853),  “Les  char- 
meurs  ” (1855),  “ Lasurprise  d amour  ” (1878),  and  “ L' Amour 
m£decin  ” (1880 : after  Moliere). 

Poisson  (pwa-soh'),  Simeon  Denis.  Born  at 
Pithiviers,  France,  June  21, 1781 : died  at  Paris, 
April  25, 1840.  A French  mathematician,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  application  of  mathematics 
to  physics : professor  at  Paris  from  1802.  Among 
his  works  is  “Traite  de  mecanique”  (1811). 
Poissy  (pwa-se').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine  14 
miles  northwest  of  Paris.  It  has  a noted  church,  and 
until  recently  was  famous  for  its  cattle-market.  A con- 
ference was  held  here  in  Sept.,  1561,  between  leading  the- 
ologians of  the  churches  (Cardinal  Lorraine,  etc.,  for  the 
Roman  Catholics,  and  Beza,  Peter  Martyr,  etc.,  for  the  Re- 
formed). It  was  unsuccessful  in  effecting  a reconcilia- 
tion. Population,  commune,  7,959. 

Poitevin  (pwat-vah'),  Prosper.  Born  about 
1810 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  29,  1884.  A French 
grammarian,  lexicographer,  and  litterateur. 
Among  his  works  are  “Nouveau  dictionnaire  universelde 
la  langue  frangaise”  (1854-60),  “Grammaire  genbrale  et 
historique  de  la  langue  frangaise  ” (1856),  “ Cours  pratique 
de  literature  francaise”  (1865),  etc. 

Poitiers  (pwa-tya').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  France,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Boivre  and  Clain,  in  lat.  46°  35'  N.,  long.  0° 
23'  E. : the  ancient  Limonum.  Later  it  was  called 
Pictavus  Limonum  and  Pictavium,  as  a chief  place  of  the 
Pictavi  (whence  the  present  name).  The  cathedral  is  a fine 
early-Pointed  structure,  of  unusual  plan.  It  has  a wide, 
high  nave  of  4 bays,  with  clustered  columns,  flanked  by 
aisles  almost  as  high  as  tho  nave.  The  only  windows  are 
in  the  aisles.  Tins  church  has  transepts  and  a square 
chevet.  Notre  Dame  is  a very  notable  example  of  decorat- 
ed Romanesque,  with  3 aisles,  barrel- vaulting,  and  central 
tower.  The  so-called  Temple  de  St.  Jean,  identified  as  a 
baptistery  of  the  6th  century,  is  one  of  the  oldest  Christian 
edifices  in  France.  The  masoniy,  in  part  of  opus  reticu- 
latum,  is  Roman  in  character,  and  the  ornament  of  pilas- 
ters, arcades,  and  triangles  is  also  Roman.  The  university 
with  its  school  of  law,  the  palais  de  justice,  and  the  modern 
hdtel  de  ville  are  also  of  interest.  Hilary  was  the  first 
bishop  of  Poitiers.  It  was  the  capital  of  Poitou  in  former 
times.  Near  it  Clovis,  king  of  the  Franks,  defeated  Alaric, 
king  of  the  West  Goths,  in  507 ; and  near  it,  Sept.  19,  1356, 
the  English  army  (8,00: *)  under  the  Black  Prince  defeated 
the  French  (60,000)  under  King  John,  who  was  taken  pris- 
oner. (For  another  battle  fought  in  the  neighborhood  in 
732,  see  Tours.)  It  was  a stronghold  of  the  Huguenots. 
Population,  commune,  39,302. 

Poitiers,  Diana  of.  See  Diana  of  Poitiers. 
Poitou  (pwa-to').  An  ancient  government  of 
France.  Capital,  Poitiers.  It  was  bounded  by 
Brittany  and  Anjou  on  the  north,  Touraine  on  the  north- 
east, Berry  and  Marche  on  the  east,  Angoumois,  Saintonge, 
and  Aunis  on  the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west. 
It  contained  Haut- Poitou  in  the  east  and  Bas- Poitou  in  the 
west,  and  corresponded  nearly  to  the  departments  of  Ven- 
dee, Deux-Sevres,  and  Vienne.  It  was  governed  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  by  counts.  With  Eleanor  of  Guienne  it  passed  to 
France  in  1137,  and  in  1152  to  Henry  (who  became  Henry 
II.  of  England  in  1154).  It  was  conquered  by  Philip  Augus- 
tus of  France  about  1205,  and  retained  by  treaty  in  1259 ; 
was  ceded  to  Edward  III.  of  England  in  1360,  and  recovered 
by  Du  Guesclin  a few  years  later;  and  was  united  finally 
to  the  French  crown  by  Charles  VII. 

Pokab.  See  Washalci. 

Pokanoket.  See  Wampanoag. 

Pokomo  (po-ko'mo),  or  Wapokomo  (wa-po- 
ko'mo).  A Bantu  tribe  of  British  East  Africa, 
dwelling  along  the  Tana  River,  in  the  midst  of 
hostile  Gallas. 

Pokoncbis,  or  Pokomans.  See  Poconchis. 
Pola  (po'la).  A seaport  in  Istria,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  44°  52'  N.,  long,  13°  51' 
E.  : the  Roman  Pietas  Julia.  Since  1850  it  hasbeen 
the  chief  naval  arsenal  of  the  empire,  and  contains  exten- 
sive docks  and  wharves.  It  has  a cathedral,  and  contains 
many  Roman  antiquities.  The  Porta  Aurea  (L.,  ‘golden 
gate  ’)  is  a Roman  triumphal  arch  of  a single  opening,  13) 
feet  wide  and  24)  high,  between  coupled  Corinthian  col- 
unms  with  an  interrupted  entablature.  The  Roman  am- 
phitheater consists  of  three  stories  (97  feet  high)  on  the 
west  side,  and  only  one,  owing  to  the  slope  of  the  ground, 
on  the  east.  The  axes  of  the  greater  ellipse  are  452  and 
369  feet,  of  the  arena  229  and  147.  The  temple  of  Rome 
and  Augustus,  now  the  museum,  is  Corinthian,  prostyle 
tetrastyle,  with  an  intervening  column  on  each  side  be- 
tween angle-column  and  cella,  on  a high  basement,  in 
plan  27  by  57  feet.  Pola  came  under  Roman  power  about 
178  B.  o.  Near  it,  in  1379,  tho  Genoese  fleet  defeated  the 
Venetians.  Population,  70,145,  (1910). 

Polabia  (po-la'bi-ii).  The  country  of  tho  Pola- 
bians,  in  the  basin  of  the  Lower  Elbe. 
Polabians  (po-la'bi-anz).  A branch  of  the  Po- 
lish division  of  the  Slavs,  formerly  dwelling  in 
northern  Germany,  in  the  Lower  Elbe  valley. 
The  language  is  extinct. 

Poland  (po'land).  [L.  Polonia,  G.  Polen,  F. 
Pologne,  Pol.  Polslca.~\  A former  kingdom  of 
Europe.  In  1772  it  comprised,  besides  the  present  Prus- 
sian Poland,  Austrian  Poland  and  Russian  Poland  (see 
those  headings),  the  Russian  governments  of  Kovno, 
Vilna,  Vitebsk,  Mohilelf,  Minsk,  Grodno,  Volhynia,  Po- 


Pole 

dolia,  and  most  of  Kieff.  The  oepital  from  about  1320 
was  Cracow ; from  the  reign  of  Sigismund  III.  (1587-1632) 
it  was  Warsaw.  The  early  history  of  Poland  is  legendary 
and  obscure.  A Polish  duchy,  acknowledging  the  suze- 
rainty of  the  German  emperor,  with  its  center  at  Gnesen, 
appeared  in  the  reign  of  Mieczyslaw  (962-992),  who  em- 
braced Christianity.  Under  Boleslaus,  his  successor,  Po- 
land became  a kingdom  and  had  a momentary  greatness. 
After  a period  of  great  decline  it  was  highly  prosperous  in 
the  reign  of  Casimir  the  Great  (1333-70).  The  dynasty  of 
Piasts  ended  with  him.  Poland  and  Hungary  were  united 
1370-82.  Lithuania  was  united  with  Poland  in  1386,  and 
the  Jagellon  dynasty  then  began.  Under  Wladislaw  III., 
who  died  in  1444,  Poland  and  Hungary  were  for  ashort  time 
united.  West  Prussia  was  acquired  in  1466.  The  kingdom 
flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Sigismund  I.  and  Sigismund  II. 
(1506-72).  Livonia  was  acquired  in  1561.  A close  union  be- 
tween Poland  and  Lithuania  was  effected  at  the  Diet  of  Lub- 
lin inl5S9.  The  Jagellon  dynasty  ended  in  1572and  the  crown 
became  elective.  It  made  cessions  of  Livonia  to  Sweden 
in  1660,  and  of  the  territory  east  of  the  Dnieper  to  Russia 
in  1667.  Sobieski  reigned  1674-96.  It  was  united  with 
Saxony  under  Augustus  II.  (1697-1704, 1709-33)  and  Augus- 
tus III.  (1733-63).  It  took  part  in  the  Northern  War,  and 
about  this  time  suffered  greatly  from  factional  troubles. 
Stanislaus  Poniatowski  was  elected  king  in  1764.  (For  the 
Confederation  of  Bar  in  1768,  see  Bar  ; and  for  the  parti- 
tions of  Poland  in  1772,  1793,  and  1795,  see  below.)  An 
insurrection  under  Koszciusko  took  place  in  1794,  and 
Stanislaus  resigned  in  1795.  Part  of  Poland  was  formed 
by  Napoleon  into  the  duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1807.  The 
Congress  of  Vienna  in  1815  made  a resettlement  of  the  ter- 
ritory, creating  a kingdom  of  Poland  (comprising  the  bulk 
of  the  duchy  of  Warsaw)  under  Russian  rule.  See  Poland, 
Russian. 

Poland,  Austrian.  That  part  of  Poland  which 
was  acquired  by  Austria,  now  forming  Galicia. 
Poland,  Great.  A historical  division  of  Po- 
land, comprising  what  is  now  the  Prussian  prov- 
ince of  Posen  anil  a part  of  the  present  Rus- 
sian Poland. 

Poland,  Little.  A historical  division  of  Po- 
land, comprising  part  of  the  present  Russian 
Poland  and  the  western  part  of  Galicia. 
Poland,  Luke  Potter.  Born  at  Westford,  Vt., 
Nov.  1,1815:  died  at  Waterville,Vt.,  July2, 1887. 
An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  became 
chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vermont  in  1860; 
was  Republican  United  States  senator  from  Vermont  1865- 
1867 ; and  was  a member  of  Congress  1867-75  and  1883-85. 

Poland,  Partitions  of.  There  were  three  par- 
titions of  Poland  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th 
century.  (i)  Between  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria  in 
1772  : agreed  to  by  Poland  in,  1773.  Prussia  received  the 
greater  part  of  West  Prussia  and  the  Netze  district ; Aus- 
tria received  Galicia  and  the  county  of  Zips  in  Hungary ; 
and  Russia  received  everything  east  of  the  Dnieper  and 
Dima.  (2)  Between  Russia  and  Prussia  in  1793.  Prussia 
received  nearly  all  the  present  province  of  Posen,  and  the 
western  part  of  what  is  now  Russian  Poland;  Russia  re- 
ceived all  the  territory  east  of  about  long.  24°.  (3)  Be- 
tween Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria  in  1795.  Prussia  took 
a large  part  of  the  present  Russian  Poland,  including  War- 
saw ; Austria  received  part  of  the  present  Russian  Poland 
between  the  Bug,  Vistula,  and  Pilica;  and  Russia  received 
all  the  remainder,  situated  east  of  the  Niemen  and  Bug. 

Poland,  Prussian.  That  part  of  Poland  which 
was  acquired  by  Prussia.  It  now  forms  the  prov- 
ince of  Posen,  nearly  all, of  West  Prussia,  and  part  of  East 
Prussia. 

Poland,  Russian.  A name  given  popularly  to 
the  ten  Russian  governments  of  the  “Vistula 
Laud,”  corresponding  to  the  kingdom  of  Poland 
formed  in  1815.  It  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of 
Russia ; i3  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  north  and  west  and 
Austria  on  the  south ; and  consists  of  the  governments 
Suwalki,  Lomza,  Siedlce,  Lublin,  Kielce,  Radom,  War- 
saw, Plock,  Kalisz,  and  Piotrkow.  Capital,  Warsaw. 
The  surface  is  generally  a plain.  The  chief  river  is  the 
Vistula.  The  principal  occupation  is  agriculture,  espe- 
cially the  production  of  grain.  Manufactures  and  mining 
are  increasing.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Poles  ; there 
arealso  Jews,  Ruthenians, etc.  The  German  element  and 
Russian  influence  are  both  increasing.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic.  The  territory  was  formed 
into  the  kingdom  of  Poland  under  the  Russian  empe- 
ror, with  a constitution,  in  1815 ; an  insurrection  which  be- 
gan in  Nov.,  1830,  was  suppressed  in  Sept.,  1831 ; the  con- 
stitution was  abolished  in  1832 ; there  was  an  unsuccessful 
rising  in  1846;  and  an  insurrection  beginning  in  1863  was 
suppressed  in  1864,  the  kingdom  of  Poland  ceasing  to  exist 
about  this  time.  The  peasants  received  important  con- 
cessions in  1864.  Area,  49,018  square  miles.  Population, 
11,360,900. 

Polaris  (po-la'ris).  A double  or  triple  star  of  the 
second  magnitude,  a Ursse  Minoris,  situated 
near  the  north  pole  of  the  heavens ; the  pole- 
star.  It  served  in  former  times,  and  still  serves  among 
primitive  people,  as  a guide  in  navigation.  It  is  now  about 
lp  from  the  pole,  very  nearly  in  a line  with  the  two  stars 
in  Ursa  Major  (a  anil  /3)  which  form  the  further  edge  of 
the  so-called  Dipper.  About  6,000  years  ago  the  pole-star 
was  a Draconis,  and  in  about  12,000  it  will  he  a Lyra. 

Pole  (pol),  Reginald.  Born  at  Stourton  Cas- 
tle, Staffordshire,  England,  March  3, 1500  : died 
at  London,  Nov.  18,  1558.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  prolate.  He  was  the  son  of  Sir  Richard  Pole 
and  Margaret,  countess  of  Salisbury,  niece  of  Edward  IV. 
Ho  entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  and  at  tho  age  of 
21  went  to  Padua  to  complete  his  education,  returning 
in  1627.  In  1532  he  went  again  to  Italy,  and  was  created 
cardinal  Dec.  22,  1536.  Ho  quarreled  with  Henry  VIII., 
who  caused  a bill  of  attainder  to  he  parsed  against  him 
and  set  a price  on  his  head.  His  mother  was  thrown  into 


Pole 

the  Tower  and  beheaded.  In  1545  he  was  a legate-presi- 
dent  of  the  Council  of  Trent.  On  the  death  of  Edward 
VI.  he  was  sent  to  England  to  assist  Queen  Mary.  Pole, 
who  was  only  in  deacon’s  orders,  desired  to  marry  the 
queen,  and  she  for  a time  favored  the  project,  but  it  was 
finally  abandoned.  After  the  burning  of  Cranmer,  Pole 
was  ordained  priest,  and  on  March  2?.,  1556,  was  conse- 
crated archbishop  of  Canterbury.  His  legation  as  papal 
ambassador  to  England  was  canceled  by  Paul  IV.  His 
death  occurred  on  the  day  after  that  of  the  queen.  lie 
was  largely  responsible  for  the  persecution  of  Protestants 
during  her  reign. 

Polemon  (pol'e-mon).  [Gr.  TLoTdfioiv.']  A Pla- 
tonic philosopher  of  Athens  (died  273  B.  C.),  the 
successor  of  Xenoerates  as  president  of  the 
Academy. 

Polesine  (po-le-se'ne).  The  district  near  Rovigo 
in  Italy. 

Polexandre.  A romance  by  Gomberville.  it 
was  published  in  1632,  and  enjoyed  a high  reputation.  It 
was  the  earliest  of  the  heroic  romances,  and  seems  to 
have  been  imitated  by  Calpren&de  and  Scuddry. 
Policastro  (po-le-kas'trd).  A small  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Salerno,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Policastro  60  miles  southeast  of  Salerno : 
the  ancient  Pyxus,  later  Buxentum. 
Polichronicon.  See  Polychronicon. 

Polignac  (po-len-yak'),  Due  Armand  Jules 
Marie  Heraclius  de.  Born  Jan.  17, 1771:  died 
March  2, 1847.  A French  politician,  son  of  the 
Duehesse  de  Polignac,  imprisoned  1804-13  for 
complicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  Cadoudal. 
Polignac,  Duehesse  de.  Bom  about  1749 : died 
at  Vienna,  1793.  Wife  of  the  Duo  de  Polignac 
(died  1817) : an  influential  favorite  of  Marie  An- 
toinette. 

Polignac,  Prince  Jules  Auguste  Armand  Ma- 
rie de.  Born  May  14, 1780 : died  March  29, 1847. 
A French  politician  and  diplomatist,  son  of  the 
Duehesse  de  Polignac.  ne  was  imprisoned  for  com- 
plicity in  the  conspiracy  of  Cadoudal  in  1804 ; was  am- 
bassador to  Great  Britain  1823-29 ; and  was  minister  of  for- 
eign affairs  and  premier  1829-30.  He  signed  the  ordinances 
of  July26, 1830  (leading  to  the  revolution  of  July),  and  was 
imprisoned  1830-36. 

Polignano  a Mare  (po-len-ya'nd  a rna're).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Adriatic  20  miles  southeast  of  Bari.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,499. 

Poligny  (po-len-ye').  Atownin  the  department 
of  Jura,  France,  46  miles  southeast  of  Dijon.  It 
has  a ruined  castle.  Population,  commune, 
4,092. 

Polillo  (po-lel'yo).  One  of  the  smaller  Philip- 
pine Islands,  situated  east  of  Luzon.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Polish  (pol'ish),  Mrs.  A character  in  Jonsou’s 
comedy  “The  Magnetick  Lady.” 

Mrs.  Polish,  the  most  perfect  representation  of  a gossip- 
ing ‘ toad-eater ' that  the  English  stage  can  boast,  Gifford. 

Polish  Succession,  War  of  the.  A war  which 
broke  out  in  1733,  owing  to  a disputed  election 
to  the  throne  of  Poland.  Stanislaus  Leszczynski  was 
supported  by  France,  Spain,  and  Sardinia,  and  Augustus 
III.  (elector  of  Saxony)  by  Austria  and  Russia.  It  was 
ended  by  the  peace  of  Vienna  (1738),  by  which  Augustus 
III.  was  acknowledged. 

Polistena  (po-lis-ta'na).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Reggio  di  Calabria,  Italy,  32  miles  north- 
east of  Reggio.  Population,  commune,  about 
10,100. 

Politian  (po-lish'ian),  L.  Politianus  (po-lish-i- 
a'nus),  It.  Angelo  Poliziano  (po-let-se-a'no) 
( Angelo  Ambr ogini) . Born  at  Montepulciano, 
Tuscany,  July  14,  1454:  died  at  Florence,  Sept. 
24, 1494.  A celebrated  Florentine  humanist  and 
poet,  professor  at  the  University  of  Florence. 
He  published  the  Italian  poems  “La  giostra,"  “Orfeo” 
(which see), etc. ; theLatin  poems“Rustieus,”“Nutrieia,” 
‘ Ambra,"  “Manto”;  Latin  translations  from  the  Greek; 
critical  essays  in  the  “Miscellanea”  (1489),  etc. 

Politics  (pol'i-tiks).  [Gr.  UoTuriKa.']  A treatise 
on  the  state,  by  Aristotle. 

The  “Politics”  [of  Aristotle]  are  confessed  on  all  hands 
to  be  the  ripest  and  fullest  outcome  of  Greek  political  ex- 
perience. T hey  were  based  on  the  researches  of  Aristotle’s 
“Constitutions,”  or  catalogue  of  some  250 polities,  of  which 
many  precious  fragments  tell  us  enough  to  desire  that  it 
were  preserved  even  at  the  expense  of  the  extant  book  on 
the  theory  of  politics.  For  as  such  the  present  work  is 
essentially  conceived  in  Aristotle’s  peculiar  method,  being 
based  on  actual  experience  and  the  criticism  of  previous 
theorists.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  414. 

Polixene  (pol-ek-san').  The  assumed  name  of 
Madelon  in  Moliere’s  comedy  “Les  pr6cieuses 
ridicules.” 

Polixenes (po-liks'e-nez).  The Kingof Bohemia 
in  Shakspere’s  “Winter’s  Tale.” 

Poliziano.  See  Politian. 

Polk  (pok),  James  Knox.  Bom  in  Mecklen- 
burg County  N.  C.,  Nov.  2,  1795:  died  at  Nash- 
ville, TeDn.,  June  15, 1849.  The  eleventh  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  (1845-49).  He  was  ad- 


816 

mitted  to  the  bar  in  1820 ; was  a Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Tennessee  1825-39;  was  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  1835-39 ; was  governor  of  Ten- 
nessee 1839^1 ; and  as  Democratic  candidate  for  President 
was  elected  in  1844.  The  leading  events  in  his  adminis- 
tration were  the  Mexican  war,  which  resulted  in  the  ac- 
quisition of  California  and  other  cessions  from  Mexico, 
and  the  Oregon  boundary  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Polk,  Leonidas.  Born  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  1806 : 
killed  at  Pine  Mountain,  Ga.,  June  14,  1864. 
A bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  later  a 
Confederate  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1827,  but  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army  in  the  same 
year,  and  in  1831  was  ordained  a priest  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  became  missionary  bishop  of  Ar- 
kansas and  the  Indian  Territory  in  1838,  and  bishop  of 
Louisiana  in  1841,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
accepted  a major-generalship  in  the  Confederate  army,  be- 
ing promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1862.  He  commanded 
the  right  wing  of  General  Braxton  Bragg’s  army  at  Ohicka- 
mauga.  He  was  accused  by  hissuperiorof  insubordination 
on  this  occasion,  and  was  relieved  of  his  command.  In 
Dee.,  1863,  he  succeeded  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  in 
command  of  the  department  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and 
East  Louisiana.  His  command  was  afterward  united  to 
that  of  Johnston. 

Polla  (pol'la).  A town  in  the  province  of  Sa- 
lerno, Italy,  40  miles  east-southeast  of  Salerno. 
Population,  4,568. 

Pollajuolo  (pol-la-yo-d'lo),  Antonio.  Born  at 
Florence,  1429 : died  at  Rome,  1498.  An  Italian 
painter  and  sculptor.  He  was  originally  a goldsmith, 
and  of  his  work  in  this  line  we  have  examples  in  the  bas- 
reliefs  of  the  Feast  of  Herod  and  the  Dance  of  Herodias’s 
Daughter  which  he  made  for  the  silver  altar  in  the  Opera 
del  Duorno  at  Florence.  As  a niellist  he  ranks  with  the 
best  of  his  time.  He  was  the  first  painter  who  had  a prac- 
tical knowledge  of  anatomy  from  dissection.  He  was  called 
to  Rome  about  1480  by  Pope  Innocent  VIII.  to  make  the 
bronze  monument  of  his  predecessor,  Sixtus  IV.  (finished 
1493),  one  of  the  most  original  tombs  of  the  time.  He  also 
made  the  tomb  of  Innocent  VIII. 

Pollard  (pol'ard),  Edward  Albert.  Born  in 
Nelson  County,  Va.,  Feb.  27,  1828:  died  at 
Lynchburg,  Va.,  Dec.  12,  1872.  An  American 
journalist  and  historian,  editor  of  the  Rich- 
mond “Examiner”  during  the  Civil  War.  His 
works  include  a “ Southern  History  of  the  War  ”(1866),  “The 
Lost  Cause  ”(1866),  “Lee  and  his  Lieutenants  ”(1867),  “Life 
of  Jefferson  Davis,  with  the  Secret  History  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy  ” (1809),  etc. 

Pollentia  (po-len'shi-a).  In  aucient  geography, 
a place  in  Italy,  28  miles  south  of  Turin,  near 
the  junction  of  the  Stura  and  Tanaro : the  mod- 
ern Pollenzo  or  Pollenza.  Here,  in  402  or  403,  a 
battle  was  fought  bet  ween  the  Romans  under  Stilicho  and 
the  West  Goths  under  Alaric.  This  is  generally  said  to 
have  been  a decisive  Roman  victory,  but  “ Cassiodorus  and 
Jornandes  both  say  distinctly  that  the  Goths  put  the  Ro- 
man army  to  flight  ’’  (HodgHn). 

Pollenzo,  or  Pollenza.  See  Pollentia. 

Pollio  (pol'i-o),  Caius  Asinius.  Born  about 
76  b.  c. : died  at  Tusculum,  Italy,  6 a.  d.  A 
Roman  politician,  commander,  author,  and  pa- 
tron of  literature:  an  adherent  of  Julius  Cae- 
sar. He  was  consul  40  B.  C. , and  was  governor  of  Trans- 
padane  Gaul.  He  defeated  the  Parthians  in  Illyria  in  39. 
Hewasa  patron  of  Vergil  and  Horace.  Only  fragments  of 
his  works  survive. 

Pollnitz  (pel'nits),  Baron  Karl  Ludwig  von. 

Born  at  Issum,  Prussian  Rhine  Province,  Feb. 
25,  1692 : died  at  Berlin,  June  23, 1775.  A Ger- 
man writer  of  memoirs.  He  was  reader  to  Frederick 
the  Great  and  theatrical  director  in  Berlin.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Lettres  et  m^.moires,  etc.  ” (1738-40),  “ £tat  abrOgd 
de  la  cour  de  Saxe,  etc."  (1734),  etc.  He  was  probably 
also  the  author  of  ‘ ‘ Histoire  secrete  de  la  du  chesse  d’Hano- 
vre”  (1732),  and  of  “La  Saxe  galante  ” (1734). 

Pollock  (pol'ok),  Sir  Jonathan  Frederick. 

Born  Sept.  23, 1783:  died  Aug.  23, 1870.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist,  attorney-general  1834-35,  1841—44. 

Pollock,  Sir  George.  Born  at  Westminster, 
June  4,  1786:  died  Oct.  6,  1872.  An  English 
general,  brother  of  Sir  Frederick  Pollock.  He 
commanded  the  British  army  in  Afghanistan  in 
1842,  and  entered  Kabul  in  Sept. 

Pollockshaws  (pol-ok-shaz').  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  Renfrewshire,  Scotland,  3 miles 
south-southwest  of  Glasgow.  Population, 
11,169. 

Pollok  (pol'ok),  Robert.  Born  at  Moorhouse, 
Renfrewshire,  1798 : died  at  Southampton, 
Sept.  18,  1827.  A Scottish  religious  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  Glasgow  University.  His  chief  work, 
“The  Course  of  Time,”  was  published  in  1827,  six  mouths 
before  his  death.  His  theology  was  strongly  Calvinistic. 

Pollux  (pol'uks),  or  Polydeuces  (pol-i-du'sez). 
[Gr.  1 . In  Greek  mythology,  the 

twin  brother  of  Castor,  one  of  the  Dioscuri. 
See  Castor  and  Pollux  and  Dioscuri. — 2.  An 
orange  star  of  magnitude  1.2  (/?  Geminormn),  in 
the  head  of  the  following  twin. 

Polly  (pol'i).  A ballad-opera  by  John  Gay : a 
sequel  to  ‘ ‘ The  Beggar’s  Opera.”  It  was  ready  for 
the  stage  in  1728,  but  was  suppressed  by  the  government, 
some  members  of  which  had  been  satirized  in  the  first 
opera.  Gay  published  it,  however,  in  1729,  and  it  brought 


Polycletus  of  Sicyon 

him  over  £1,200.  It  was  finally  played  in  1777,  having 
been  altered  by  Colman  the  elder. 

Polly  Honeycomb  (hun'i-kom).  A farce  at- 
tributed to  Garrick.  It  was  the  first  written  by  Col- 
man the  elder,  was  first  played  in  1760,  and  was  a satire 
leveled  at  the  absurd  prevalence  of  novel-reading. 

Polo  (po'lo),  Marco.  Born  at  Venice,  1254:  died 
there,  1324.  A celebrated  Venetian  traveler. 
His  father,  Nicolo,  and  uncle,  Maffeo,  left  Constantinople 
for  the  Crimea  on  some  commercial  enterprise  in  1260. 
Their  business  eventually  brought  them  to  Bokhara,  where 
they  fell  in  with  some  envoys  of  Kublai  Khan.  They  were 
persuaded  to  accompany  the  envoys  to  Kublai,  whom  they 
found  either  at  Cambaluc  (Peking)  or  at  Sliangtu,  north  of 
the  Great  Wall.  Kublai  received  them  well,  and  sent  them 
as  his  envoys  to  the  Pope  with  a request  for  one  hundred 
educated  men  to  instruct  his  subjects  in  Christianity  and 
in  the  liberal  arts.  The  brothers  arrived  at  Acre  in  1269. 
They  obtained  from  Gregory  X.  two  Dominicans  who  turned 
back  at  an  early  stage  of  the  journey.  The  brothers  left 
Acre  on  thereturn  journey  in  1271,  accompanied  by  Marco, 
then  17  years  of  age.  They  traveled  by  Sivas,  Mosul,  Bag- 
dad, and  Hormuz,  through  Khorasan,  up  the  Oxus  to  the 
Pamir-,  by  Kashgar,  Yarkand,  and  Khotan,  to  Lob  Nor,  and 
across  the  great  desert  of  Gobi  to  Tangut,  thence  to  Shangtu, 
where  they  found  Kublai  Khan  in  1276.  They  were  kindly 
received,  and  retained  in  the  public  service.  Marco  rose 
rapidly  in  the  emperor’s  favor,  and  was  employed  in  im- 
portant missions  in  various  parts  of  the  empire.  Marco, 
with  his  father  and  uncle,  left  China  in  1292,  and  after  many 
adventures  reached  Venice  by  way  of  Sumatra,  India, 
and  Persia  in  1295.  Id  1298  Marco  was  taken  prisoner  in 
the  battle  of  Curzola  between  the  Venetians  and  the  Gen- 
oese. He  was  detained  for  a year  at  Genoa.  Here  he  dic- 
tated in  the  French  language  to  a fellow-captive,  P,ustici- 
ano  of  Pisa,  an  account  of  his  adventures, which  ultimately 
obtained  a wide  popularity,  inasmuch  as  the  Polos  were 
the  first  European  travelers  in  China.  Chambers's  Encyc. 

Polo  de  Ondegardo.  See  Ondegardo. 

Polonius  (po-16'ni-us).  In  Sliakspere’s  “ Ham- 
let,” the  father  of  Ophelia,  and  the  king’s  cham- 
berlain. 

Polonius,  who  is  the  personified  memory  of  wisdom  no 
longer  actually  possessed.  This  admirable  character  i3 
always  misrepresented  on  the  stage.  Shakspere  never  in- 
tended to  exhibit  him  as  a buffoon  : for,  although  it  was 
natural  that  Hamlet  — a young  man  of  fire  and  genius, 
detesting  formality,  and  disliking  Polonius  on  political 
grounds,  as  imagining  that  he  had  assisted  his  uncle  in 
his  usurpation  — should  express  himself  satirically,  yet 
this  must  not  be  taken  as  exactly  the  poet’s  conception  of 
him.  In  Polonius  a certain  induration  of  character  had 
arisen  from  long  habits  of  business  ; but  take  his  advice 
to  Laertes,  and  Ophelia’s  reverence  for  his  memory,  and 
we  shall  see  that  he  was  meant  to  be  represented  as  a 
statesman  somewhat  past  his  faculties, — his  recollections 
of  life  all  full  of  wisdom,  and  showing  a knowledge  of 
human  nature,  whilst  what  immediately  takes  place  be- 
fore him,  and  escapes  from  him,  is  indicative  of  weakness. 

Coleridge,  Lects.  on  Sliak.,  etc.,  p.  237. 

Polotsk,  or  Polock  (po'lotsk).  A town  in  the 
government  of  Vitebsk,  Russia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Polota  with  the  Diina,  59  miles 
west-northwest  of  Vitebsk.  It  was  stormed  by 
the  French  in  1812.  Population,  20, 294. 

Polotsk,  Principality  of.  A medieval  princi- 
pality of  Russia,  in  the  basin  of  the  Diina. 

Poltava,  See  Pultowa. 

Polybius  (po-lib'i-us).  [Gr.  TbAlftioc.']  Born  at 
Megalopolis,  Arcadia,  Greece,  204  B.  c. : died 
about  125  B.  c.  A celebrated  Greek  historian. 
He  was  in  the  service  of  the  Achsean  League  ; was  taken 
as  a political  prisoner  to  Rome  about  169 ; became  a friend 
of  Scipio  the  Younger ; was  released  in  151 ; and  was  later 
engaged  in  settling  the  affairs  of  Achaia.  He  went  to 
Egypt  in  181,  with  his  father  and  Aratus,  as  an  ambassa- 
dor of  the  Achsean  League.  He  was  the  author  of  a history 
of  Rome  in  40  books,  five  of  which,  with  fragments  of  the 
others,  have  been  preserved. 

Polycarp  (pol'i-karp).  [L.  Polycarpus,  from 
Gr.  noAlxapTrof.]  Born  before  69  A.D.:  burned 
at  Smyrna,  155  (?).  A Christian  martyr,  bishop 
of  Smyrna:  author  of  an  epistle  to  the  Philip- 
pians. 

Polychronicon  (pol-i-kron'i-kon).  A chronicle 
of  universal  history,  by  Ranulf  Higden,  writ* 
ten  by  him  to  1342 : a continuation  was  added 
to  the  year  1413.  It  begins  with  a sketch  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  known  world,  with  lives  of  Adam,  Abraham, 
etc.,  and  brings  its  entries  down  to  the  time  of  writing. 
It  was  translated  into  English  by  John  of  Trevisa. 

Polycletus  (pol-i-kle'tus),  or  Polyclitus  (-klV- 
tus),  of  Sicyon.  [Gr.  HoIvkautoc.  ] Lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  A cele- 
brated Greek  sculptor  and  architect.  He  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  high  development  of  abstract  proportion 
which  characterizes  Greek  sculpture.  He  seems  to  have 
realized  the  athletic  type  or  ideal  to  the  entire  satisfaction 
of  the  Greek  world,  and  made  a figure  embodying  the  ac- 
cepted proportions,  which  was  called  “ the  canon.”  This 
canon  is  supposed  to  have  been  a simple  figure  carrying 
a spear  (doryphorns),  described  by  Pliny  and  properly  rep- 
resented by  several  replicas.  The  best  of  these  was  found 
at  Pompeii,  and  is  in  the  museum  at  Naples.  Another 
statue  of  almost  equal  importance  is  mentioned  by  Plinv , 
and  called  “diadumenos”  (t.  e.,  an  athlete  binding  a fillet 
about  his  head).  The  best  replica  is  in  the  British  Mu 
seum  ; the  original  was  sold  at  one  time  for  100  talents  — 
about  8117. 000.  The  most  important  monumental  work 
of  Polycletus  w-as  the  chryselephantine  Hera  at  Argos,  rep- 
resented by  the  so-called  Ludovisi  Juno. 


Polycletus 

Polycletus,  “The  Younger.”  Lived  about  400 
B.  c.  A Greek  sculptor  of  Argos. 

Polycrates  (po-lik'ra-tez).  [Gr.  noAuKpdrr/f.] 
Put  to  death  522  B.  c.  Tyrant  of  Samos  from 
about  536  (or  532)  to  522. ' He  was  a patron  of 
literature  and  art. 

He  had  formed  an  alliance  with  Amasis,  king  of  Egypt, 
who,  however,  finally  renounced  it  through  alarm  at  the 
amazing  good  fortune  of  Polycrates,  which  never  met  with 
any  check  or  disaster,  and  which  therefore  was  sure,  sooner 
or  later,  to  incur  the  envy  of  the  gods.  Such,  at  least, 
is  the  account  in  Herodotus,  who  has  narrated  the  story 
of  the  rupture  between  Amasis  and  Polycrates  in  his  most 
dramatic  manner.  In  a letter  which  Amasis  wrote  to  Polyc- 
rates, the  Egyptian  monarch  advised  him  to  throw  away 
one  of  his  most  valuable  possessions,  in  order  that  he  might 
thus  inflict  some  injury  upon  himself.  In  accordance  with 
this  advice  Polycrates  threw  into  the  sea  a seal-ring  of  ex- 
traordinary beauty ; but  in  a few  days  it  was  found  in  the 
belly  of  a fish,  which  had  been  presented  to  him  by  a fish- 
erman. Thereupon  Amasis  immediately  broke  off  his  al- 
liance with  him. 

Smith,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Homan  Biography,  III.  459. 

Polydamas  (po -lid 'a -mas).  [Gr.  Ro?wdaya<;.\ 
Lived  about  400  b.  C.  A Thessalian  famous  for 
his  strength. 

Polydeuces.  See  Pollux. 

Polydore  (pol'i-dor).  1.  A name  assumed  by 
Guiderius  in  Shakspere’s  “ Cymbeline.” — 2.  In 
Otway’s  tragedy  “The  Orphan,”  the  brother  of 
Castalio  who  was  the  husband  of  Monimia,  the 
orphan.  He  succeeded  in  deceiving  the  latter  by  per- 
sonating Castalio  on  his  wedding  night,  and  on  this  fraud 
the  tragic  story  of  Monimia  hinges. 

Polydore  Vergil.  See  Vergil. 

Polydorus  (pol-i-do'rus).  [Gr.  Tin?  vdupog. ] In 
Greek  legend,  the  youngest  son  of  Priam.  He 
was  killed  by  Achilles  (or  according  to  other  legends  by 
Polymestor).  See  Hecuba. 

Polydorus.  A Rhodian  sculptor,  associate  of 
Agesander  in  carving  the  Laocoon  group. 
Polyeucte  (po-le-ekt').  1.  A play  by  Cor- 
neille, issued  in  1640 : ‘ ‘ the  greatest  of  all  Chris- 
tian tragedies”  ( Saintsbury ). — 2.  An  opera  by 
Gounod,  first  produced  at  Paris  in  1878.  The 
words,  by  Barbier  and  Carre,  are  founded  on 
Corneille. 

Polygnotus  (pol-ig-no'tus).  [Gr.  JloMryverrog. ] 
Bom  in  the  island  of  Thasos:  lived  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  5th  century  B.  C.  A celebrated  Greek 
painter,  pupil  of  Aglaophon.  His  activity  lasted 
from  about  480  to  456  B.  C.  He  was  made  an  Athenian  citi- 
zen in  return  for  the  paintings  in  thePcecile  orTheseum, 
and  the  Amphictyons  gave  him  the  right  of  free  entertain- 
ment in  the  Hellenic  cities.  He  was  identified  with  Cimon 
in  the  reconstruction  of  Athens,  and  seems  to  have  had 
about  him  a large  school  or  force  of  assistants.  His  prin- 
cipal works  were  the  paintings  in  the  Lesche  of  the  Cnidi- 
ans  at  Delphi,  described  in  detail  by  Pausanias ; the  paint- 
ings of  the  Pcecile  at  Athens,  made  with  the  assistance  of 
Micon  and  Pamenus;  themarriage  of  Castor  and  Pollux 
with  the  daughters  of  Leucippus,  in  the  temple  of  the  Dios- 
curi at  Athens;  some  of  the  pictures  in  the  Pinakotheke 
of  the  Propylseum ; the  picture  in  the  porch  of  the  temple 
of  Athene AreiaatPlatsea;  and  picturesatThespise.  Polyg- 
notus introduced  transparent  draperies  and  many  realist  ic 
effects.  Pliny,  XXXV.  35. 

Polyhymnia  (pol-i-him'ni-a),  or  Polymnia  (po- 
lim'ni-a).  [Gr.  TJo/.vgvia.']  1.  In  Greek  anti- 
quity, tiie  Muse  of  the  sublime  hymn  and  of  the 
faculty  of  learning  and  remembering.  According 
to  some  poets,  she  was  the  inventor  of  the  lyre.  During 
the  final  centuries  of  the  Homan  Empire  she  was  regarded 
as  the  patroness  of  mimes  and  pantomimes.  In  art  she  is 
usually  represented  as  in  a meditative  attitude,  heavily 
draped,  and  without  any  attribute. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  33)  discovered  by  Chacor- 
nac  at  Paris,  Oct.  28,  1854. 

Polykleitos.  See  Polycletus. 

Polymnia.  See  Polyhymnia. 

Polynesia (pol-i-ne'sia).  [From  Gr.  7T(5^uf , many, 
and  vrjaor,  an  island:  ‘’many  islands.’]  A divi- 
sion of  Oceauica  which  comprises  all  or  nearly 
all  the  Pacific  islands  east  of  Australia,  Papua, 
and  the  Philippines.  There  are  three  main  divisions. 
The  principal  groups  of  Polynesia  proper,  or  East  Polynesia, 
are  the  Hawaiian,  Samoan,  Tonga,  Cook,  Society,  Austral, 
Marquesas,  Low,  Ellice,  and  Phoenix  islands  : Eiji  is  gen- 
erally included  in  this  division,  but  is  sometimes  placed  in 
Melanesia.  Micronesia  includes  the  Ladrones,  Carolines, 
and  Marshall,  Gilbert,  and  Pelew  islands.  Melanesia  in- 
cludes the  Bismarck  Archipelago,  Admiralty  and  Solomon 
islands,  Louisiade  Archipelago,  New  Hebrides,  D’Entre- 
casteaux Islands,  New  Caledonia,  etc.  The  islands  have 
recently  been  rapidly  acquired  by  different  European  na- 
tions. Hawaii  is  a territory  of  the  United  States.  See 
the  separate  articles. 

Polynices  (pol-i-ni'sez).  [Gr.  HoTiweticyc.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a son  of  (Edipus  and  Jocaste,  and 
brother  of  Eteocles.  He  was  driven  from  Thebes  by 
his  brother,  and  the  famous  expedition  of  “the  Seven 
against  Thebes”  was  made  to  restore  him. 

Polyolbion  (pol-i-ol'bi-on),  or  a Chorograph- 
ical  Description  of  all  the  Tracts,  Rivers, 
Mountains  ...  of  Great  Britain.  A poem 
by  Michael  Drayton,  published  1613-22.  it  is 
his  longest  and  most  celebrated  poem.  It  consists  of  30 
“songs”  filled  with  antiquarian  knowledge. 

0.— 62 


817 

Polyphemus  (pol-i-f  e ' mus) . [Gr.  llo/tix^uof.  ] In 
Greek  legend,  a one-eyed  giant,  the  chief  of  the 
Cyclopes,  and  son  of  Poseidon : celebrated  in  the 
legends  of  Odysseus,  whom  he  kept  a prisoner 
in  his  cave  until  the  clever  Greek  made  him 
drunk  and  blinded  him. 

Polysperchon  (pol-is-per'kon).  [Gr.  Uo^vamp- 
Xuv. ] Died  after  303  B.  c.  A Macedonian  gen- 
eral in  the  service  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He 
succeeded  Antipater  as  regent  in  319.  He  was  superseded 
by  Cassander. 

Polyxena  (po-lik'se-na).  [Gr.  Tlohflvt/.']  In 
Greek  legend,  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
and  bride  of  Achilles.  At  her  marriage  to  Achilles, 
the  latter  was  slain  by  Paris,  and  the  Greeks  later  sacri- 
ficed her  to  appease  his  shade.  She  was  the  subject  of  a 
lost  tragedy  by  Sophocles, and  of  the  tragedies  “Hecuba" 
by  Euripides  and  “Troades  ” by  Seneca. 

Polyxena.  A tragedy  by  Niccolini,  a Florentine 
writer,  in  the  style  of  Alfteri,  produced  in  1811. 

Pombal  (pom-bal';  Pg.  pon-bal'),  Marquis  de 
(Sebastiao  Josede  Carvalho  e Mello).  Born 
at  Soure,  near  Coimbra,  May  13,  1699 : died  at 
Pombal,  May  8,  1782.  A famous  Portuguese 
statesman.  He  became  minister  at  London  in  1739,  and 
at  Vienna  in  1745 ; and  was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
in  1750,  and  premier  in  1756.  He  encouraged  commerce 
and  agriculture,  and  expelled  the  Jesuits.  He  was  dis- 
missed from  office  in  1777. 

Pomerania(pom-e-ra'ni-a),G.Pommern(pom'- 

mern).  [F.  Poincranie.']  A province  of  Prus- 
sia. Capital,  Stettin.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic 
Sea  on  the  north,  West  Prussia  on  the  east,  West  Prussia, 
Brandenburg,  and  Mecklenburg  on  the  south,  and  Meck- 
lenburg on  the  west.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  The 
people  are  mostly  engaged  in  agriculture,  the  rearing  of 
live  stock,  and  coasting  and  foreign  trade.  There  are  3 
government  districts  (Stettin,  Stralsund,  and  Koslin);  and 
Further  Pomerania(Hinterpommern),  east  of  the  Oder,  and 
Hither  Pomerania(Vorpommern),west  of  the  Oder,  are  his- 
torical divisions.  The  early  inhabitants  were  Celts,  fol- 
lowed by  Wends.  Christianity  was  introduced  in  the  12th 
century.  The  territory  became  gradually  Germanized ; 
was  governed  by  lines  of  dukes ; and  suffered  in  the  Thirty 
Years’ War.  Theeastern  part  fell  in  1648  to  Brandenburg, 
the  western  part  to  Sweden.  In  1720  Sweden  ceded  to 
Prussia  the  territory  east  of  the  Peene ; and  the  remainder 
of  Swedish  Pomerania  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815.  Area, 
11,631  square  miles.  Population,  1,684,832. 

Pomeranian  Haff.  See  Stettiner  Haff. 

Pomeranus,  or  Pommer.  See  Bugenhagen. 

Pomerellen  (po-mer-el'len).  Formerly,  the 
western  part  of  West  Prussia,  lying  west  of  the 
Vistula.  It  belonged  to  Poland  till  1772. 

Pomeroy  (pom'e-roi  or  pum'e-roi).  A city,  cap- 
ital of  Meigs  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
82  miles  southeast  of  Columbus.  It  has  coal- 
mines and  salt-works.  Population, 4,023,  (1910). 

Pomfret.  See  Pontefract. 

Pomfret(porn'fret),John.  Born  1667:  diedl702. 
An  English  poet,  rector  of  Maulden  in  Bedford- 
shire: author  of  “ The  Choice”  (1700),  apoem 
very  popular  in  the  18th  century. 

Pommern.  See  Pomerania. 

Pomcerium  (po-me'ri-um).  [L.,from  post  mce- 
rum  (i.  e.  murum),  beyond  the  wall.]  In  an- 
cient Rome,  an  area  surrounding  the  earliest 
walls  of  Roma  Quadrata,  whose  boundary  was 
traced,  in  accordance  with  a religious  ceremony 
of  Etruscan  origin  the  ritual  of  which  is  now 
forgotten,  by  a plow  drawn  by  a cow  and  a bull. 
The  area  of  the  Pomcerium  was  held  sacred,  and  was  kept 
free  from  dwellings.  Its  exact  limits  are  no  longer  known, 
though  the  Forum  Rom  ami  m marked  the  northern  angle, 
and  the  western  angle  lay  in  the  Forum  Boarium. 

Pomona.  See  Mainland  (in  Orkney). 

Pomona  (po-mo'na).  1.  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  fruit-trees. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No. 
32)  discovered  by  Goldschmidt  at  Paris,  Oct.  26, 
1854. 

Pompadour  (pon -pa -dor '),  Marquise  de 
(Jeanne  Antoinette  Poisson  le  Normant 
d’Etioles).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  29, 1721:  died 
at  Versailles,  April  15,  1764.  The  chief  mis- 
tress of  Louis  XV.  of  France:  notorious  for 
her  influence  in  French  internal  politics  and 
foreign  affairs  during  the  period  1745-64. 

Pompeii  (pom-pa/ye ; L.  pron.  pom-pe'yl).  An 
ancient  city  of  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Naples,  13  miles  southeast  of  Naples,  nearly  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  it  was  a flourishing 
provincial  town,  containing  many  villas  of  Romans.  It 
was  severely  injured  by  an  earthquake  in  63  A.  D.,  and 
was  totally  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  79, 
and  buried  under  ashes.  The  site  was  discovered  in  1748, 
and  excavations  have  been  carried  on  down  to  the  present 
time.  Owing  to  the  preservation  of  the  ruins  practically 
intact  to  the  present  day  by  the  superincumbent  layer  of 
ashes  and  pumice,  the  remains  of  Pompeii  afford  in  many 
ways  the  most  complete  information  we  possess  of  Roman 
material  civilization.  In  this  quiet  provincial  town  no 
civic  buildings  on  a magnificent  scale  existed,  but  its  mod- 
est temples  and  public  offices  are  not  without  instruction, 
while  the  many  handsome  private  dwellings  have  afforded 
a rich  store  of  knowledge,  elsewhere  unattainable,  con- 
cerning Roman  decorative  art  and  home  life.  Not  the 


Pompey 

least  important  yield  of  the  excavations  has  been  the  re- 
markable collection  of  antique  sculptures  and  utensils, 
the  best  part  of  which  is  in  the  Museo  JMazionale  at  Na- 
ples. Some  excavations  were  made  on  the  site  in  antiqui- 
ty, in  the  effort  to  recover  buried  treasure ; but  Pompeii 
and  its  tragic  end  were  soon  forgotten.  In  1748  some 
peasants  came  accidentally  upon  a few  ancient  works  of 
art  in  a ruined  house,  and  the  Bourbon  sovereigns  of  Na- 
ples thereupon  caused  searches  to  be  made  for  similar  ob- 
jects. Between  1808  and  1815  Murat  instituted  the  first 
scientifically  conducted  excavations.  After  his  fall  the 
work  went  on  more  or  less  irregularly  until  the.  Bourbon 
kingdom  ended  in  1860.  It  progressed  with  admirable 
system  and  regularity  under  Fiorelli  (died  1896).  About 
half  of  the  oval  area  included  within  the  walls  has  been 
thoroughly  explored.  The  great  theater,  of  the  time  of 
Augustus,  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  of  Roman  antiquity, 
semicircular  in  plan,  with  a diameter  of  322  feet.  The 
cavea  has  2 precinctions : below  the  lower  one  there  are 
4 tiers  of  seats  of  honor ; the  upper  one  has  communica- 
tion by  passages  and  stairs  with  the  triangular  forum, 
and  above  it  there  are  raised  tiers  of  seats  for  women  and 
a platform  for  working  the  awnings.  The  cavea  had  7 
cunei.  The  temple  of  Isis  is  a small  Corinthian  tetrastyle 
prostyle  structure  raised  on  a basement  in  a peristyle  court 
upon  which  open  the  lodgings  of  the  priests.  Many  in- 
teresting objects  connected  with  the  cult  were  found  here, 
and  skeletons  of  the  priests  amid  surroundings  indicating 
that  they  had  sought,  too  late,  to  flee.  The  house  of  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux  is  curious  as  being  a double  house  with  a 
large  peristyle  court  common  to  the  two  parts.  Each 
part  has  its  atrium  and  all  its  subdivisions  complete. 
Here  were  found  the  paintings  of  Andromeda  and  Medea, 
now  at  Naples.  The  exterior  of  the  house  contrasts  with 
the  usual  plainness  by  its  stucco  decoration  in  panels  and 
arabesques.  The  house  of  Marcus  Lucretius  is  a double 
house,  remarkable  also  for  having  had  three  stories,  and 
for  its  beautiful  reception-room  (tablinum)  and  dining- 
room. The  house  of  Meleager  is  notable  for  its  paintings 
and  other  decorations.  In  the  atrium  there  is  a marble 
table  supported  by  winged  griffins.  The  peristyle  court, 
with  24  Ionic  columns,  is  thefinestin  Pompeii.  Atthe  back 
there  is  a large  room  with  a colonnaded  gallery  resting  on 
columns  connected  by  arches  instead  of  architraves.  The 
house  of  Pansa  is  oneof  thelargest  and  most  elaborate  dwell- 
ings of  Pompeii,  measuring  120  by  300  feet.  The  street 
fronts  were  occupied  by  small  shops.  The  vestibule  leads 
to  the  atrium,  which  is  bordered  by  small  square  sleeping- 
rooms,  and  connected  by  a passage  with  the  handsome  peri- 
stylecourt.  Uponthisopen  more  bedrooms,  the  triclinium, 
and  the  kitchen  and  servants’ quarters.  At  the  back  there 
were  a two-storied  portico  and  a spacious  garden.  The 
house  was  ornamented  with  abundant  mosaics,  wall-paint- 
ings, and  other  art  works.  The  house  of  Sallust  is  a large 
and  richly  decorated  mansion,  in  general  arrangement 
similar  to  the  house  of  Pansa.  The  garden  is  bordered  by 
a Doric  portico  and  arranged  for  flowers  in  boxes ; in  one 
corner  there  is  a summer  dining-room.  Beside  the  atri- 
um there  is  a subordinate  colonnaded  court,  with  beau- 
tifully painted  rooms  forming  a women’s  apartment.  The 
house  of  the  Faun  is  perhaps  the  best  in  style  of  the  an- 
cient city.  The  usual  wall-paintings  are  here  replaced  by 
mosaics.  The  famous  Dancing  Faun  and  the  mosaic  of 
the  Battle  of  Issus,  in  the  Naples  Museum,  came  from 
this  house.  The  villa  of  Diomed  is  a large  and  rich  resi- 
dence outside  the  Herculaneum  gate.  In  the  middle  is  a 
large  peristyle  serving  as  an  atrium,  upon  which  open 
bedrooms,  one  of  them  semicircular  with  windows,  the 
handsomest  in  Pompeii.  Beyond  were  baths  with  glass 
windows,  and  at  the  back  a fine  garden  with  pavilion  and 
fish-pond.  The  women’s  apartments  were  in  an  upper 
story.  The  cellars  contained  amphorae  and  the  skeletons 
of  18  unfortunate  occupants.  The  old  thermae,  consisted 
of  three  divisions : the  fire-rooms  for  heating,  the  bath 
for  men,  and  the  bath  for  women.  Each  of  the  baths  in- 
cluded a disrobing-room  (apodyterium)  and  cold,  warm, 
and  vapor  baths.  The  men’s  division  is  the  handsomer : 
it  is  decorated  with  masks  and  figures  in  stucco,  and  with 
graceful  arabesques  and  reliefs,  and  had  glass  windows 
and  marble  piscines.  The  new  thernue  were  similar,  but 
had  many  more  subdivisions. 

Pompeii,  Last  Days  of.  See  Last  Days  of 
Pompeii. 

Pompeii,  The  Last  Day  of.  A large  and  dra- 
matic painting  by  Briilo  w,  in  the  Hermitage  Mu- 
seum, St.  Petersburg.  It  is  held  to  be  the  chief 
work  of  the  contemporaneous  Russian  school. 
Pompeius  Magnus.  See  Pompey. 

Pompeius  (pom-pe'yus)  Magnus,  Sextus.  Born 
75  B.  c. : killed  at  Myt.ilene,  35b.c.  Son  of  Cne- 
ius  Pompeius,  defeated  by  Ctesar  at  Munda  in  45. 
He  became  powerful  as  commander  of  a fleet  on  the  coasts 
of  Sicily  and  Italy,  and  was  defeated  in  a naval  battle  by 
Agrippa  in  36. 

Pompeu  de  Souza  Brazil  (pom-pa'S  de  so'za 
bra-zel'),  Thomaz.  Born  near  Sobr’al,  Ceard, 
June  6,  1828  : died  at  Fortaleza,  Sept.  2, 1877. 
A Brazilian  publicist  and  author.  He  took  orders 
as  a presbyter,  and  was  vicar-general  of  his  province ; as  a 
liberal  was  repeatedly  deputy ; and  was  senator  from  1863. 
His  most  important  work  is  “Ensaio  estatistico  da  pro- 
vincia  do  Ceard  ” (2  vols.  1863-64). 

Pompey  (pom'pi),  surnamed  “ The  Great”  (L. 
Cneius  Pompeius  Magnus).  Born  106  b.  c.  : 
murdered  in  Egypt,  48  b.  c.  A famous  Roman 
general.  He  served  in  the  Social  War  in  89,  andasaparti- 
zan  of  Sulla,  83-81,  in  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Africa ; commanded 
against  the  Marians  in  Spain  76-72  ; aided  in  suppressing 
the  Servile  Insurrection  in  71 ; and  was  consul  with  Cras- 
sus  in  70.  He  was  appointed  by  the  Gabinian  Law  com 
mander  in  the  war  against  the  pirates,  whom  be  subdued 
in  67  ; and  by  the  Manilian  Law  commander  in  the  East  in 
66.  He  ended  the  war  with  Mithridates ; annexed  Syria 
and  Palestine ; triumphed  in  61 ; formed  with  Julius C*sar 
and  Crassus  the  first  triumvirate  in  60 ; was  consul  55 ; 
became  the  champion  of  the  senate  and  conservative  party ; 
began  the  civil  war  with  Ooesar  in  49 ; and  was  totally  de- 
feated by  Ciesar  at  Pharsalia  in  48. 


Pompey 

Pompey.  In  Shakspere’s  “Measure  for  Mea- 
sure,” the  clownish  servant  of  Mistress  Over- 
done. 

Pompey’s  Pillar.  A Corinthian  column  of  beau- 
tifully polished  red  granite  at  Alexandria,  stand- 
ing on  a pedestal  or  foundation  of  masom-y. 
The  total  height  is  about  99  feet,  of  which  the  shaft  mea- 
sures 73  and  the  capital  161  feet.  An  inscription  shows  that 
it  was  erected  in  302  A.  i>.  in  honor  of  Diocletian,  whose 
statue  stood  on  the  summit.  There  is  no  reason  for  the 
name. 

Pomponius  Mela.  See  Mela. 

Pomp  tine  Marshes.  See  Pontine  Marshes. 
Ponack.  See  Bannock. 

Ponape  (po'nii-pa).  One  of  the  Caroline  Isl- 
ands, Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  volcanic.  Length, 
12  miles. 

Ponashta.  See  Bannock. 

Ponce  (pon'tha).  1.  A town  near  the  southern 
coast  of  Porto  Rico.  Population,  63,444,  (1910). 
Ponce  de  Leon  (pon'tha da  la-on'),  Juan.  Born 
in  Aragon  about  1460 : died  in  Cuba,  1521.  A 
Spanish  soldier,  conqueror  of  Porto  Rico  and 
discoverer  of  Florida.  Hefirstwent  to  America  with 
Columbus  in  1493  ; under  Ovando  was  governor  of  Higuay, 
or  the  eastern  part  of  Espauola ; and  in  1508  passed  over 
to  Porto  Rico.  In  1510  he  was  empowered  to  conquer 
Porto  Rico,  of  which  he  was  made  governor ; later  he 
went  to  Spain,  where  (Feb.  23, 1512)  he  received  a grant  to 
discover  and  settle  the  island  of  Bimini  (the  mythical  re- 
gion in  which  report  located  the  fountain  of  youth).  The 
explorer  sailed  from  Porto  Rico  in  March,  1513,  with  3 
caravels.  Passing  the  Caicos  and  other  islands,  he  dis- 
covered the  mainland  March  27,  coasted  northward  to  lat. 
30*  8',  landed,  and  on  April  8 (Pascua  Florida  or  Easter 
Sunday)  took  possession  of  the  country  for  the  King  of 
Spain,  calling  it  Florida.  Thence  he  turned  southward, 
rounded  Cape  Sable,  and  ran  up  the  western  coast  to  lat. 
27°  30’,  finally  returning  to  Porto  Rico  in  Sept.  On  Feb. 
27,  1514,  he  received,  in  Spain,  a grant  to  settle  “the  Isl- 
land  of  Bimini  and  the  Island  of  Florida  ’’ ; but,  being  oc- 
cupied with  Indian  wars  in  Porto  Rico,  he  was  unable  to 
attempt  the  enterprise  until  March,  1521.  He  then  sailed 
with  a large  number  of  colonists,  but  was  attacked  by  In- 
dians and  forced  to  retreat  after  he  had  himself  received 
from  an  Indian  arrow  the  wound  of  which  he  died.  There 
are  indications  from  maps,  but  no  proofs,  that  Florida 
was  known  before  1513.  See  Century  Atlas,  Hap  4. 

Poncelet  (pons-la' ),  Jean  Victor.  Born  at  Metz, 
July  1,  1788:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  22,  1867.  A 
French  geometer  and  military  engineer,  inven- 
tor of  Poncelot’s  hydraulic  wheels.  His  works  in- 
clude “Traitfi  des  propri6t6s  projectives  des  figures” 
(1823),  “Cours  de  mecanique  appliqu^e  aux  machines” 
(1826),  etc.  He  became  a brigadier-general,  and  in  1848 
was  appointed  commander  of  the  national  guard  of  the 
department  of  the  Seine. 

Ponchielli  (pon-ke-el'le),  Amilcare.  Born  at 
Cremona,  Sept.  1,  1834:  died  Jan.  16,  1886.  An 
Italian  composer.  Among  his  operas  are  “I  promessi 
Sposi  ” (1856),“  he  due  Gemelle,"  a ballet  (1873),  “I  Lituani” 
(1874),  “Gioconda"  (1876),  “II  figliuol  prodigo”  (1880), 
“Marion  Delorme"  (1885),  etc. 

Pond  (pond),  John.  Born  at  London,  1767 : died 
at  Blackheath,  Sept.  7,  1836.  An  English  as- 
tronomer. In  1811  he  succeeded  Dr.  N.  Maske- 
lyne  as  astronomer  royal.  He  published  a star- 
catalogue  in  1833. 

Pondicherry,  or  Pondicherri  (pon-di-sher 'i) , F. 
Pondichery  (pon-de-sha-re'),  Indian  Pudi- 
cheri.  The  capital  of  French  India,  situa- 
ted on  the  eastern  coast  in  lat.  11°  56'  N.,long. 
79°  49'  E.  It  has  considerable  commerce.  It  was  occu- 
pied by  the  French  about  1672 ; was  several  times  con- 
quered and  temporarily  held  by  the  British ; but  was 
finally  restored  in  1816.  It  is  the  chief  place  of  a small 
French  district.  Population,  27,448.  Population  of  French 
India,  277,000. 

Pondoland(pon'do-laiHl).  A British  possession 
in  South  Africa,  situated  southwest  of  Natal, 
about  lat.  31°-32°  S.  it  was  taken  directly  under 
imperial  rule  in  1884,  and  in  1894  was  annexed  to  Cape 
Colony.  Population,  about  200,000. 

Poniatowski  (po-nya-tov'ske),  Prince  Jozef 
Anton.  Born  at  Warsaw,  May  7, 1762:  drowned 
iu  the  Elster,  Oct.  19, 1813.  A Polish  general, 
nephew  of  King  Stanislaus  Augustus  Poniatow- 
ski. He  served  against  Russia  in  1792,  and  in  the  insur- 
rection of  1794  ; was  commander  of  the  Polish  contingent 
in  the  French  campaigns ; was  minister  of  war  in  the 
duchy  of  Warsaw  ; invaded  Galicia  in  1809 ; and  was  made 
a French  marshal  in  1813.  He  fought  at  Leipsic,  and  lost 
his  life  at  the  close  of  the  battle. 

Poniatowski,  Jozef  Michael  Xavier  Francis 
John.  Born  at  Rome,  Feb.  26,  1816:  died  at 
London,  July  3,  1873.  A Polish  composer, 
prince  of  Monte  Rotondo,  and  nephew  of  Prince 
Poniatowski  (1762—1813).  He  settled  in  Paris  in 
1854,  and  was  senator  under  the  empire.  lie  composed  a 
number  of  operas,  the  first  (“Giovanni  da  Procida”)  in 
1838. 

Poniatowski,  Stanislaus  Augustus.  See  Stan- 
islaus Augustus  Poniatowski. 

Ponka  (pon'ka).  [PI.,  also  Ponlcas."]  A tribe 
of  the  Dhegiha  division  of  North  American 
Indians,  numbering  847.  Part  are  in  Nebraska, 
the  rest  in  Oklahoma.  See  Dhegiha. 

Pons  (poh).  A town  in  the  department  of  Clia- 


818 

rente-Inferieure,  western  France,  situated  on 
the  Seugne  32  miles  southeast  of  Rochefort. 
Population,  commune,  4,470. 

Pons  Milvius  (ponz  mil'vi-us).  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a bridge  that  crossed  the  Tiber,  on  the 
Flaminian  Way,  about  2 miles  from  Rome,  it 
is  noted  for  the  victory  gained  in  its  neighborhood,  Oct. 
28,  312,  by  Constantine  over  Maxentius.  The  bridge  broke 
down  under  the  latter  as  he  sought  to  escape  by  it  with 
his  routed  troops,  and  he  perished. 

Ponta  Deigada  (pon'tii  del-ga'da).  The  chief 
town  of  the  island  of  San  Miguel,  Azores,  sit- 
uated on  the  southwestern  coast.  Population, 
17,620. 

Pont-a-Mousson  (poht'a-mo-soh').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France, 
situated  on  the  Moselle  17  miles  north  by  west 
of  Nancy.  Population,  commune,  13,543. 
Pontarlier  (pon-tar-lya').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Doubs,  France,  situated  on  the 
Doubs  29  miles  southeast  of  Besangon.  it  suf- 
fered  in  the  wars  of  the  middle  ages  and  in  the  Thirty 
Years’  War.  Population,  commune,  8,776. 
Pontassieve  (pon-tas-se-a've).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Florence,  Italy,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Sieve  with  the  Arno,  9 miles 
east  of  Florence.  Population,  commune,  13,405. 
Pont-Audemer  (pont-od-mar').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Rille  18  miles  southeast  of  Havre.  The  church 
of  St.  Ouen  dates  from  the  11th  century.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  6,111. 

Pontchartrain  (pon-ehar-tran'),  Lake.  A lake 
in  southeastern  Louisiana,  situated  north  of 
New  Orleans.  It,  is  connected  by  the  Rigolets  with  Lake 
Borgne  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length,  40  miles.  Greatest 
width,  about  25  miles. 

Pont  du  Gard.  See  Card,  Pont  du. 

Ponte.  See  Bassano  and  Da  Ponte. 
Pontecorvo  (pon-te-kor'vo).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ga- 
rigliano  53  miles  northwest  of  Naples,  it.  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  a principality,  the  property  of  Berna- 
dotte  1806-10.  Population,  commune,  12,237. 
Pontedera  (pon-te-da'ra).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pisa,  Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Era  with  the  Arno,  13  miles  east  by  south 
of  Pisa.  Population,  commune,  13,044. 
Pontefract  (pon'ti-frakt,  colloquially  and  gen- 
erally pom'fret), or  Pomfret.  [Seethe  extract.] 
A town  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 12  miles  southeast  of  Leeds,  it  contains  a 
ruined  castle,  the  scene  of  Richard  II.’s  murder  in  1399, 
taken  and  dismantled  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1649. 
The  principal  industries  are  nursery- and  market-garden- 
ing. Population,  13,427. 

It  was  probably  from  a broken  Roman  bridge,  the  re- 
mains of  which  seem  to  have  been  visible  in  the  time  of 
Leland,  that  the  town  of  Pontefract,  in  Yorkshire  (pons 
fractus ),  derived  its  name.  Wright,  Celt,  p.  186. 

Ponte  Vecchio  (pon'te  vek'ke-o).  [It., ‘old 
bridge.’]  A bridge  in  Florence,  over  the  Arno : 
a picturesque  structure  with  3 wide  arches,  re- 
built in  1345.  The  roadway  is  bordered  on  both  sides 
by  quaint  little  shops,  except  over  the  middle  arch,  where 
there  is  an  opening.  Over  the  south  row  of  shops  is  car- 
ried a gallery,  built  by  Vasari,  connecting  the  Ritti  Palace 
with  the  Ufiizi  and  the  Palazzo  Vecchio. 

Pontevedra  (pon-ta-va'THra).  1.  A province  in 
Galicia,  Spain,  bordering  on  the  ocean  on  the 
west  and  on  Portugal  on  the  south.  Area,  1,695 
square  miles.  Population,  457,262. — 2.  A sea- 
port, capital  of  the  province  of  Pontevedra, 
situated  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Pontevedra, 
about  lat.  42°  27'  N.,  long.  8°  35'  W.  Popu- 
lation, 23,077. 

Ponthieu  (pon-tye').  An  ancient  countship  in 
northern  France,  in  the  government  of  Picar- 
die,  forming  part  of  the  department  of  Somme. 
Capital,  Abbeville.  It  fluctuated  in  early  times  be- 
tween Normandy  and  Flanders,  and  was  conquered  by 
William  of  Normandy  in  1056.  In  the  later  middle  ages 
it  fluctuated  between  England,  Burgundy,  and  France. 

Pontia,  or  Pontiae.  See  Ponza. 

Pontiac  (pon'ti-ak).  Killed  1769.  A celebrated 
chief  of  the  Ottawa  Indians,  the  leader  in  Pon- 
tiac’s war.  He  led  the  unsuccessful  attack  on  Detroit 
in  1763,  and  submitted  to  the  British  in  1766. 

Pontiac.  A city,  capital  of  Oakland  County, 
Michigan,  situated  on  Clinton  River  23  miles 
north-northwest  of  Detroit.  Population,  14,532, 
(1910). 

Pontiac’s  War,  or  Pontiac’s  Conspiracy.  An 

Indian  war  in  1763,  between  the  settlers  and 
garrisons  on  the  western  frontier  and  the  In- 
dians from  the  tribes  of  the  Delawares,  Wyan- 
dots,  Shawnees,  Mingoes,  Chippewas,  etc.  Pon- 
tiac was  the  leader  of  the  Indians.  They  captured  Mack- 
inaw, Presque  Isle,  and  other  forts,  and  unsuccessfully 
besieged  Detroit. 

Pontifical  States.  See  Papal  States. 
Pontigny  (pon-ten-ye').  A village  in  the  de- 


Poole,  John 

partment  of  Yonne,  France,  situated  near  Aux- 
erre,  noted  for  its  ruined  abbey.  Its  abbey  church, 
a simple  early-Pointed  structure,  is  the  most  perfect  sur- 
viving Cistercian  church.  Its  windows  are  narrow  lan- 
cets; there  is  no  triforium ; and,  except  the  beautiful  pol- 
ished rose-granite  shafts  of  the  choir,  there  is  almost  no 
ornament.  There  are  a small  open  narthex  and  plain  choir- 
screen  and  stalls.  The  length  is  354  feet ; the  height,  68. 

Pontine  Islands.  See  Ponza  Islands. 

Pontine  (pon'tin)  Marshes.  [L.  Pomptinse  Pa- 
ludes.]  A marshy  region  in  Latium,  Italy,  ly- 
ing between  the  sea  and  the  Yolscian  Moun- 
tains, and  extending  31  miles  from  Terracina  to 
near  Yelletri.  Since  ancient  times  it  has  been 
notoriously  pestilential,  and  thinly  inhabited. 
Pontivy  (poh-te-ve').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  France,  situated  on  the 
Blavet  30  miles  northeast  of  Lorient.  It  was 
called  Napoleonville  under  the  empire.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  9,506. 

Pontmartin  (poh-mfir-tan'),  Armand  Augus- 
tin Joseph  Marie  Ferrand,  Comte  de.  Born 
at  Avignon,  France,  July  16, 1811:  died  there, 
March  29, 1890.  A French  critic  and  litterateur. 
His  articles  are  collected  in  “Causeries  litt^raires  ” (1854 
and  1856),  “Causeries  du  Samedi”  (1857-59-60-65-81),  “Se- 
maines  litt^raires  ” (1861-63),  etc.  He  also  wrote  a num- 
ber of  romances,  etc. , among  which  ia  “ Les  Jeudis  de  Mme. 
Charbonneau  ” (1862). 

Pont  Neuf  (poh  nef).  [F.,  ‘new  bridge.’]  A 
bridge  over  the  Seine  in  Paris,  near  the  Louvre, 
built  by  Henry  IV. 

Pont-Noyelles  (pon-nwa-yel'),  Battle  of.  A 
battle  fought  Dee.  23,  1870,  at  Pont-Noyelles  (a 
village  near  Amiens,  France),  between  the 
French  under  Faidherbe  and  the  Germans.  Also 
called  the  battle  of  the  Hallue. 

Pontoise  (poh-twaz').  [‘Bridge  of  the  Oise.’] 
A town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise, 
France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Viosne 
and  Oise,  17  miles  northwest  of  Paris:  the  an- 
cient Briva  Isai’83.  It  has  an  important  trade  in  grain 
and  flour.  It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  town  ; passed  and  re- 
passed between  Normandy  and  France ; was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1419,  and  again  about  1437  ; and  was  retaken  by 
Charles  VII.  in  1441.  It  was  the  capital  of  French  Vexin. 
The  Parliament  of  Paris  met  at  various  times  at  Pontoise. 
A treaty  between  France  and  Navarre  was  concluded  there 
in  1359.  Population,  commune,  8,492. 

Pontremoli  (pon-trem'6-le).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Massa  e Carrara,  Italy,  situated  on 
theMagra,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  37  miles 
southwest  of  Parma.  Population,  town,  4,149  ; 
commune,  14,194. 

Pontresina  (pon-tra-ze'na).  A village  in  the 
Upper  Engadine,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, situated  31  miles  southeast  of  Coire : a 
noted  tourist  resort.  Height,  5,915  feet. 
Ponts-de-Ce  (poh-de-sa'),  Les.  A small  town 
built  on  islands  in  the  Loire,  directly  south  of 
Angers,  France. 

Pontus  (pon'tus).  [Gr.  Ihbrof.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a country  in  Asia  Minor,  it  was 
bounded  by  the  Euxine  on  the  north,  Colchis  on  the  east, 
Armenia  on  the  southeast  and  south,  Cappadocia  on  the 
south,  Galatia  on  the  southwest,  and  Paphlagonia  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  diversified.  It  became  independent 
of  Persia  in  the  4th  century  B.  c. ; rose  to  great  power  with 
extended  boundaries  under  Mithridates  the  Great;  after 
the  victories  of  Pompey  (66  B.  c.)  was  reduced  to  its  former 
limits ; and  was  eventually  made  a Roman  province. 

Pontus  Euxinus  (pon'tus  uk-sl'nus).  [L., 
‘ Euxine  Sea.’]  The  ancient  name  of  the  Black 
Sea. 

Pontypool  (pon'ti-pol).  A town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Avon  27  miles 
northwest  of  Bristol.  It  has  flourishing  iron 
manufactures.  Population,  6,126. 
Pontypridd  (pont-e-priTH').  A manufacturing 
town  in  Glamorganshire,  Wales,  northwest  of 
Cardiff,  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhondda  and  Tail. 
The  Taff  is  crossed  here  by  a remarkable  bridge 
of  one  arch.  Population,  32,316. 

Ponza  (pon'za).  The  chief  island  of  the  Ponza 
group,  situated  in  the  Mediterranean  67  miles 
west  of  Naples:  the  ancient  Pontia  or  Pontiae. 
It  was  a place  of  confinement  for  state  prison- 
ers under  the  early  Roman  emperors. 

Ponza  Islands.  A group  of  small  volcanic  isl- 
ands, west  of  Italy,  belonging  to  the  province 
of  Caserta : the  ancient  Pontine  Islands.  It  in- 
cludes Ponza,  Palmarola,  and  Zannone.  Pop- 
ulation, 4,560. 

Pool  (pol),  The.  A part  of  the  Thames  in  Lon- 
don, immediately  below  London  Bridge. 

Poole  (pol).  A seaport  in  Dorset,  England,  sit- 
uated on  Poole  Harbor,  an  inlet  of  the  English 
Channel,  28  miles  west-southwest  of  South- 
ampton. It  has  a flourishing  foreign,  colonial, 
and  coasting  trade.  Population,  19,463. 
Poole,  John.  Born  1786  (1787 T) : died  at 
London,  Feb.,  1872.  An  English  playwright. 


Poole,  John 

His  best-known  work  is  "Paul  Pry, "produced  at  the  Hay- 
market  in  1825.  Among  his  other  works  are  “Deaf  as  a 
Post,”  “ Little  Pedlington  and  the  Pedlingtonians,” a satire 
(1839),  “ A Comic  Miscellany  " (1845),  etc. 

Poole,  Reginald  Stuart.  Born  at  London,  Feb. 
27, 1832  : died  Feb.  8, 1895.  An  English  archse- 
ologist.  He  became  conservator  of  the  department  of 
coins  and  medals  of  the  British  Museum  in  1870.  He  pub- 
lished many  important  catalogues  of  coins  and  medals. 

Poole,  William  Frederick.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  1821:  died  at  Chicago,  March  1,  1894. 
An  American  librarian,  bibliographer,  and  his- 
torical writer:  originator  of  “ Poole’s  Index  to 
Periodical  Literaturo”  (1853).  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  librarian  of  the  Newberry 
Library  in  Chicago. 

Poona,  or  Poonah  (po'na).  1.  A district  in 
Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  18° 
30'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area,  5,349  square  miles. 
Population,  995,330. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Poona,  situated  on  the  Muta  about 
lat.  18°  31'  N.,  long.  73°  51'  E.  It  is  an  important 
military  srati  n.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1817.  Popu- 
lation, includi.  g cantonment,  153,320. 

Poore  (por),  Benjamin  Perley.  Bom  at  New- 
bury port,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 1820 : died  at  Washing- 
ton,!). 0.,  May  30, 1887.  An  American  journalist 
and  author,  Washington  correspondent  of  the 
“ Boston  Journal  ” 1854-84.  He  published  biogra- 
phies of  Zachary  Taylor  and  others,  “Political  Register 
and  Congressional  Directory  ” (1878),  “ Reminiscences  ” 
(1886),  and  compiled  many  official  works. 

Poor  Gentleman,  The.  A comedy  by  George 
Colman  the  younger,  produced  at  Covent  Gar- 
den in  1801,  and  printed  in  1802. 

Poor  Richard’s  Almanac.  An  almanac  pub- 
lished by  Benjamin  Franklin  1732-57,  noted  for 
its  maxims. 

Poor  Robin.  An  almanac  which  first  appeared 
in  1663,  and  was  discontinued  in  1828.  it  was 

“written  by  Poor  Robin  Knight  of  the  Burnt  Island,  well- 
wisher  to  the  Mathematics ; calculated  for  the  Meridian  of 
8affron  Walden.”  Robert  Herrick  is  said  to  have  assisted 
in  the  first  numbers.  Chambers. 

Popay&n  (po-pa-yan').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Cauca,  Colombia,  situated  on  the 
Cauea  about  lat.  2°  27'  N.,  long.  76°  45'  W.  The 
“ kingdom  ’’  of  Popayan  (so  called  from  Payan,  an  Indian 
chief)  was  conquered  by  Benaleazar,  who  founded  the  city 
as  his  capital  in  1536.  It  was  long  a place  of  importance, 
but  has  suffered  much  from  civil  wars  and  earthquakes. 
Population,  8,485. 

Pope  (pop),  Alexander.  Born  in  Lombard 
street,  London,  May  21, 1688:  died  at  Twicken- 
ham, May  30, 1744.  Afamous  English  poet.  His 
father  was  a linen-draper  who  had  become  a convert  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  learnedLatin  and  Greek  from 
various  friends,  and  had  no  regular  training  in  the  public 
schools,  owing  to  his  faith  and  his  frail  and  sickly  body. 
Before  he  was  17  his  literary  career  had  begun,  and  he  had 
met  Wycherley,  Harry  Cromwell,  and  Walsh,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  society  of  the  London  “wits.”  His  atten- 
tion was  turned  to  the  French  critics  by  Sir  William  Trum- 
bull, and  Dryden  was  his  hero  and  master.  By  1716  he  had 
become  alienated  from  Addison,  and  his  quarrel  with  John 
Dennis  had  begun.  In  1718  he  s dtled  at  Twickenham. 
His  first  published  poem,  “The  Pastorals,”  appeared  in 
Tonson  s “Miscellanies”  May,  1709,  though  written  four  or 
five  years  earlier.  The  “Essay  on  Criticism  ” followed  in 
1711.  “The  Rape  of  the  Lock,”  his  masterpiece,  was  pub- 
lished in  1712,  and  “Windsor  Forest”  in  1713.  The  trans- 
lations of  Homer  were  undertaken  in  1,13,  and  con- 
tinued 12  years.  The  “Iliad”  was  published  1715-20,  the 
“Odyssey"  (not  all  his  own)  1725-26.  In  1727-28 appeared 
the  “Miscellanies”  by  Pope  and  Swift.  The  “Dunciad” 
appeared  in  1728,  but  is  said  to  have  been  written  before 
the  attacks  in  the  “Miscellanies"  had  purposely  elicited 
the  stinging  retorts  which  he  represented  as  having  in- 
duced him  to  write  it.  A fourth  book  of  the  “Punciad” 
appeared  in  1741,  in  which  he  attacked  Cibber.  The  “ Es- 
say on  Man  ” appeared  1733-34.  He  also  wrote  a number 
of  “Epistles,”  etc.,  published  as  the  “Moral  Essays”  and 
the  “Imitations  of  Horace." 

Pope,  John.  Bom  in  Prince  "William  County, 
Va.,  1770:  died  in  Washington  County,  Ky., 
July  12, 1845.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Kentucky  1807-13 ; 
president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  1811 ; governor  of  Ar- 
kansas Territory  1829-35 ; and  member  of  Congress  from 
Kentucky  1837-43. 

Pope,  John.  Bom  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  16, 
1822 : died  at  Sandusky,  Ohio,  Sept.  23,  1892. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1842;  served  as  a lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war;  and 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  United  States  volun- 
teers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  defeated  Gen- 
eral Sterling  Price  on  the  Blackwater  in  1801,  and  in  the 
following  year  commanded  the  land  force  i n the  expedition 
which  reduced  New  Madrid  and  Island  No.  10.  He  was 
commissioned  major-general  of  volunteers  for  his  service  at 
New  Madrid,  and  in  June,  1862,  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Army  of  Virginia.  A division  of  his  army  un- 
der Nathaniel  P.  Banks  was  defeated  by  “Stonewall " lack- 
Bon  at  Cedar  Mountain ; and  he  was  himself  defeated  by 
Robert  E.  Lee  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  was 
forced  to  retire  behind  the  fortifications  of  Washington 
early  in  Sept.  He  became  major-general  in  the  regular 
army  in  1882,  and  was  retired  in  1886. 

Pope  Joan.  See  Joan. 

Pope  of  Geneva,  The.  Calvin. 


819 

Pope  of  Philosophy,  The.  Aristotle. 

Popham  (pop'am),  Sir  John.  Born  1531:  died 
1607.  An  English  jurist,  lord  chief  justice  of 
England  1592-1607. 

Popish  Plot.  In  English  history,  an  alleged 
conspiracy  of  the  Roman  Catholics  in  1678  to 
murder  Charles  II.  and  control  the  government 
in  the  interest  of  the  Romish  Church : chiefly 
contrived  by  Titus  Oates.  See  Oates. 

Poplar  (pop'lar).  A borough  (metropolitan) 
of  London,  3£  miles  east  of  St.  Paul’s. 

Popo  (po'po),  Grand  and  Little.  Two  contigu- 
ous native  towns  and  territories  of  West  Africa, 
on  the  coast  near  Dahomey.  They  were  annexed 
by  France  in  1885 ; but  Little  Popo  was  ceded  the  same 
year  to  Germany.  See  Ewe  and  Little  Popo. 

Popocatepetl  (po-po-ka-ta-pet'l).  [‘Smoking 
Mountain,’]  A volcano  (in  the  solfatara  stage)  in 
Mexico,  40  miles  southeast  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
It  is  surmounted  by  a crater  2,000  feet  in  width,  and  is 
one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  North  America  (17,550  feet). 

Poppsea  Sabina  (po-pe'a  sa-bi'na).  Died  65 
A.  d.  Wife  of  Otko,  and  mistress,  and  subse- 
quently wife,  of  Nero.  She  was  divorced  from 
the  former  and  married  the  latter  in  62. 

Poppig,  or  Poeppig  (pep'piG),  Eduard  Fried- 
rich. Born  at  Plauen  im  Vogtland,  Saxony, 
July  16, 1798 : died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  4, 1868.  A 
Prussian  naturalist  and  explorer.  He  traveled  in 
North  America  and  Cuba  1822-25,  Chile  1826-29,  and  Peru, 
1830-32,  finally  descending  the  Amazon  on  his  way  to 
Europe.  His  collections  of  South  American  plants  were 
very  important.  From  1833  he  was  professor  of  zoology 
at  Leipsic.  Hepublished  “Reisein  Chile,  Peruund  auf  dem 
Amazonenstrom  ” (2  vols.  and  atlas,  1835),  “ Nova  genera 
ac  species  plantarum  ” (3  vols.  1835-45),  “Illustrierte  Na- 
turgeschichte  des  Thierreiehs  ” (4  vols.  1851),  etc. 

Populists.  See  People’s  Party. 

Popul  Vuh  (po-pol'  vo).  A collection  of  what 
purport  to  be  primitive  myths  and  traditions  of 
the  Quiche  Indians  of  Guatemala,  it  was  writ- 
ten in  the  second  half  of  the  18th  century  by  a Dominican 
monk.  Fray  Francisco  Ximenez.  It  is  claimed  to  be  a 
version  gathered  from  more  ancient  data  preserved  in 
the  same  language  and  in  Latin  letters,  as  well  as  from 
paintings  in  Indian  style.  Of  such  a basis,  if  it  ever  ex- 
isted, there  is  no  trace  left.  The  Popul  V uh  consists  of 
two  distinct  parts.  The  first  is  an  attempt  at  a cosmogony 
from  the  Indian  point  of  view,  after  the  manner  of  Genesis, 
and  bears  so  many  points  of  resemblance  to  the  Mosaic 
traditions  and  so  many  allusions  to  the  Christian  doctrine 
as  to  arouse  strong  suspicion.  The  rest  consists  mani- 
festly of  tribal  recollections  of  a historic  nature,  gath- 
ered at  an  early  day  and  consigned  to  writing  in  the 
original  in  Roman  letters.  Hence  the  Popul  Vuh  is  in  so 
far  historically  valuable,  although  interspersed  with  nu- 
merous Indian  fables  according  to  Indian  conceptions. 
That  the  collection  dates  from  after  the  conquest  is  mani- 
fest, since  it  is  written  in  phonetic — that  is,  Latin  — signs. 

Porbandar  (por-bun'dar),  or  Porebandar,  or 
Poorbunder  (por-bun'der).  A seaport  in  the 
peninsula  of  Kathiawar,  India,  situated  on  the 
Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  21°  37'  N.,  long.  69°  48'  E. 
Population,  24,620. 

Porcia  (por'shia).  Died  42  B.  c.  Daughter  of 
Cato  Utieensis,  and  wife  of  Bibulus.  She  mar- 
ried Brutus  45  B.  c. 

Porco  (por'ko).  A village  of  Bolivia,  22  miles 
southwest  of  Potosi.  Near  it  were  the  most  produc- 
tive silver-minesof  the  Incas,  and  they  were  worked  with 
immense  profit  by  the  Spaniards  for  a long  time  after  the 
conquest.  Some  of  the  Porco  miners  discovered  the  still 
richer  deposits  at  Potosi. 

Porcupine  (p6r'ku-pin),  Peter.  A psetidonym 
of  William  Cobbett. 

Porkopolis  (pdrk-op'6-lis).  A nickname  often 
given  to  Cincinnati  and  also  to  Chicago,  both 
noted  pork-packing  centers. 

Pornic  (por-nek').  A sea-bathing  resort  in  the 
department  of  Loiro-Inferieuro,  France,  28 
miles  west  of  Nantes. 

Pornichet  (por-ne-sha').  A watering-place  in 
the  department  of  Loire-Inforieure,  France, 
near  St.-Nazaire. 

Poromushir.  See  Paramusliir. 

Poros  (po'ros).  An  island  east  of  Argolis, Greece: 
the  ancient  Calauria.  It  contained  in  ancient  times 
a temple  of  Poseidon.  Demosthenes  died  there  322  B.  c. 
Length,  about  5 miles. 

Porphyry  (por'fi-ri).  [L.  Porphyrins,  Gr.  Uop<p'u- 
pfof.]  Born  at  Tyre,  orBatanea  (Bashan),  about 
233  A.  D.:  died  at  Rome  about  305.  A Neoplatonic 
philosopher,  a disciple  of  Plotinus,  and  teacher 
of  philosophy  at  Rome.  He  wrote  a treatise  against 
the  Christians,  a life  of  Plotinus,  a life  of  Pythagoras, 
works  on  Aristotle,  etc. 

“ Against  the  Christians,"  in  fifteen  hooks  fby  Porphyry ]. 
This  celebrated  work,  which  was  answered  by  Eusebius  in 
twenty  five  books,  is  known  to  us  only  from  the  notices  of 
it  in  Jerome’s  commentary  and  other  ecclesiastical  writ- 
ings.  Its  loss  is  due  to  Theodosius  II.,  who  ordered.it  to 
he  publicly  burned  in  A.  D.  435,  a proceeding  which  only 
shows  that  the  apologists  had  not  been  successful  in  an- 
swering all  its  allegations.  Modem  biblical  criticism  has 
sanctioned  many  of  the  opinions  to  which  Porphyry  first 
gave  a definite  expression.  But,  whether  right  or  wrong, 
it  is  to  be  regretted  that  we  no  longer  possess  a book  ex- 


Port-au-Prince 

hibiting  a real  acquaintance  with  the  subject,  and  stating 
the  difficulties  which  must,  sooner  or  later,  have  demanded 
a solution. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  201. 

{(Donaldson.) 

Porpora  (por'po-ra),  Niccolo  (or  Niccola)  An- 
tonio. Bom  at  Naples,  Aug.  19,  1686:  died 
there,  1766  (or  1767).  A celebrated  Italian  sing- 
ing-master and  composer.  He  was  the  instructor 
of  Farinelli,  Caffarelli,  and  others,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
the  greatest  singing-master  that  ever  lived.  He  composed 
between  30  and  40  operas  and  cantatas,  oratorios,  sonatas, 
fugues,  etc. 

Porree.  See  Gilbert  de  la  Porrle. 

Porrex.  See  Gorboduc. 

Porrima  (por'i-ma).  [L.  Porrima  or  Postvorta, 
a Roman  goddess,  one  of  the  Camense.]  The 
third-magnitude  binary  star  y Virginia. 
Porsanger  Fjord  (por'sang-er  fyord).  An  inlet 
of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  penetrating  Norway  from 
near  the  North  Cape.  Length,  about  75  miles. 
Porsena  (por'se-na),  or  Porsenna  (por-sen'na), 
Lars.  In  Roman  legend,  a king  of  Clusium  in 
Etruria,  famous  in  the  legends  of  Tarquin,  Ho- 
ratius  Coeles,  etc. 

Porson  (por'son),  Richard.  Born  Dec.  25, 
1759:  died  Sept.  25, 1808.  An  English  classical 
scholar,  famous  for  his  knowledge  of  Greek. 
Porta,  Baccio  della.  See  Bartolommeo,  Fra. 
Porta  (por'ta),  Giambattista  della.  Born  at 
Naples  about  1543:  died  at  Naples,  1615.  An 
Italian  natural  philosopher.  He  founded  the  Acad- 
emy “ Secretorum  Naturae  ” at  Naples,  and  was  a member 
of  the  Academy  “ Dei  Lincei  ” at  Rome.  His  chief  work  is 
“ Magia  naturalis  ” (1569). 

Port  Adelaide  (port  ad'e-lad).  The  port  of 
the  city  of  Adelaide,  South  Australia,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Vincent  in  lat.  34°  47'  S.,  long. 
138°  31'  E.  Population  (with  Semaphore),  20,- 
089. 

Fortadown  (port-a-doun').  A town  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
Bann  24  miles  southwest  of  Belfast.  Popula- 
tion, 10,092. 

Portaels  (por-tals'),  Jean  Francois.  Born  at 
Vilvorde,  Belgium,  May  1,  1818 : died  at  Brus- 
sels, Feb.  8,  1895,  A Belgian  painter,  from 
1878  director  of  the  academy  at  Brussels. 
Portage,  or  Portage  City  (por'taj  sit'i).  Acitv, 
capital  of  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin,  situ- 
ated on  the  Wisconsin  River  and  on  the  canal 
joining  the  Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers,  87  miles 
west-northwest  of  Milwaukee.  Population, 
5,440,  (1910). 

Portage  Falls.  A cascade  110  feet  in  height, 
in  the  middle  course  of  the  Genesee  River. 
Portage  Lake.  A lake  in  the  upper  peninsula 
of  Michigan,  65  miles  northwest  of  Marquette, 
connected  with  Keweenaw  Bay. 

Portalegre  (por-ta-la'gre).  1.  A district  in 
the  province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal.  Popula- 
tion, 124,431. — 2.  A town  in  the  district  of 
Portalegre,  101  miles  east-northeast  of  Lisbon. 
Population,  11,820. 

Portales  (por-tli'las),  Diego  Jose  Victor.  Born 
at  Santiago,  June  26,  1793:  died  at  Valparaiso, 
June  6,  1837.  A Chilean  politician.  He  was  a mer- 
chant, and  took  little  part  in  politics  before  1827.  Ovalle 
made  him  minister  of  war  1830-31,  and  from  that  time  he 
exerted  influence  which  made  him  practically  ruler  of  Chile. 
He  treated  the  revolting  liberals  with  great  severity,  and 
to  him  were  mainly  due  the  institutions  which  kept  the 
conservatives  in  power  for  more  than  40  years.  Portales 
was  elected  vice-president  and  was  again  minister  of  war 
under  Prieto  from  Sept.,  1835.  Having  declared  war  oil 
Peru,  he  was  reviewing  the  troops  when  a mutiny  broke 
out,  and  he  was  imprisoned  and  shot., 

Portalis  (por-ta-les'),  Jean  Etienne  Marie. 

Born  at  Bausset,  France,  1745  (1746  ?) : died  at 
Paris,  1807.  A French  jurist  and  statesman. 
He  was  a member  of  the  Council  of  Ancients  1795-97  ; be- 
came director  of  public  worship  in  1801,  and  minister  of 
public  worship  in  1804 ; and  was  chief  editor  of  the  “Code 
Civil.” 

Porta  Maggiore (por'tii  mad-jo're).  [It., ‘great 
gate.’]  The  finest  and  most  imposing  ancient 
gate  in  the  walls  of  Rome,  it  consists  of  2 arches,  and 
was  designed  to  carry  the  waters  of  two  aqueducts  over  2 
greathighways.  Thearchesopenhetween3rusticated piers, 
and  the  attic  bears  inscriptions  recording  the  construc- 
tion by  Claudius  and  restorations  by  Vespasian  and  Titus. 
Port  Arthur  (port  iir'tber).  A town  and  naval 
station  near  the  extremity  of  the  Liao-tung 
peninsula,  Manchuria,  the  terminus  of  a branch 
of  the  Siberian  Railway.  It  was  captured  by  the 
Japanese  Nov.  24,  1894.  It  was  leased  to  Russia  in  1898 
and  the  lease  was  transferred  to  Japan  by  the  Treaty  of 
Portsmouth  in  1905.  The  Russians  under  General  StiJssel 
were  successfully  besieged  here  by  the  Japanese  under 
General  Nogi  July,  1904- Jan.  1,  1905. 

Port-au-Prince  (p5rt/o-prins';  F.  pron.  por-to- 
prans');  formerly  also  Port-Republicain  (por- 
ra-pvib-le-kan').  The  capital  and  chief  city  and 
port  of  the  republic  of  Haiti,  situated  on  a bay 


Port-au-Prince 

of  the  western  coast  in  lat.  18°  34'  N..  long.  72° 
22  W.  It  was  founded  in  the  middle  of  the  18  th  century, 
and  has  several  times  been  devastated  by  earthquakes  and 
fires.  Population,  100,000. 

Porta  Westplialica.  See  Westphalian  Gate. 

Port  Blair  (port  blar).  A British  colony  and 
convict  settlement  in  South  Andaman,  Anda- 
man Islands,  Indian  Ocean  : established  in  1858. 

Port  Chester  (ehes'ter).  A village  in  West- 
chester County,  New  York,  22  miles  northeast 
of  New  York.  Population,  12,809,  (1910). 

Port  Cornwallis  (korn-wol'is).  A former  Brit- 
ish settlement  on  North  Andaman,  Andaman 
Islands,  Indian  Ocean. 

Port  Darwin  (dar'win).  A harbor  in  the  North- 
ern Territory  of  Australia.  The  chief  place  is 
Palmerston. 

Porte,  The.  See  Sublime  Porte. 

Porte-Crayon  (port-kra'on).  [P.,‘ pencil-hold- 
er.’] A pseudonym  of  D.  H.  Strother. 

Port  Elizabeth  (e-liz'a-betli).  A seaport  in 
Cape  Colony,  situated  ou  Algoa  Bay  in  lat.  33° 
55'  S.,  long.  25°  30'  E.  It  has  important  for- 
eign commerce.  Population,  32,959. 

Porteous  (por'te-us)  Riots.  Riots  at  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  in  1736.  They  originated  in  a disturbance  at 
an  execution,  when  Captain  John  Porteous  ordered  his 
troops  to  tire  on  the  crowd.  Sixteen  or  seventeen  persons 
were  killed  or  wounded.  Porteous  was  tried  for  murder 
and  condemned,  but  was  respited,  whereupon  a mob 
dragged  him  from  the  prison  and  hanged  him.  Sept.  7. 
'Phis  incident  is  the  starting-point  of  Scott’s  “Heart  of 
Midlothian." 

Porter  (por'ter),  Anna  Maria.  Born  at  Dur- 
ham, England,  about  1780 : died  1832.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  sister  of  Jaue  Porter,  she  wrote 
“Artless  Tales”  (1793-95),  “Walsh  Colville”  (1797),  “Oc- 
tavia”  (1798),  “The  Lake  of  Killarney”  (1804),  ‘ Honor 
O’Hara  ” (1826),  “The  Barony  ” (1830),  etc. 

Porter,  David.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  1,  1780 . 
died  at  Pera,  Constantinople,  March  3,  1843. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1798 ; served  in  the  Tripolitan  war  1801-03 ; was  com- 
mander of  the  Essex  in  the  Warof  1812 ; was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner  in  battle  near  Valparaiso  March  28,  1814  ; 
and  resigned  1826.  He  was  commander  of  Mexican  naval 
forces  1826-29,  and  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1831- 
1843. 

Porter,  David  Dixon.  Born  at  Chester,  Dela- 
ware County,  Pa.,  June  8,  1813:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, Feb.  13,  1891.  An  American  admiral, 
son  of  David  Porter.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1829; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war;  commanded  the  mortar-fleet 
under  Farragut  on  the  Mississippi  in  1862;  aided  in  the 
reduction  of  Vicksburg  in  1863 ; participated  in  the  Red 
River  expedition  in  1864  ; commanded  the  naval  forces  in 
the  attack  on  1’ort  Fisher  Dec.,  1864, -Jan.,  1865 ; and  was 
made  vice-admiral  in  1866,  and  admiral  in  1870. 

Porter,  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Cornwall,  Conn., 
Oct.  5,  1772:  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  April  8, 
1834.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman 
and  educator,  professor  (1812)  and  president 
(1827)  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  He 
published  various  works  on  rhetoric  and  homi- 
letics. 

Porter,  Fitz-John.  Born  Aug.  31,  1822:  died 
May  21, 1901.  An  American  general,  cousin  of 
D.  D.  Porter.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845,  and 
took  part  in  the  Mexican  war.  He  was  appointed  a briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign (1862),  particularly  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  (as 
corps  commander)  at  Mechanicsville,  Gaines's  Mill,  and 
Malvern  Hill.  He  took  part  in  the  second  day’s  fight  of 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Aug.  30,  1862 ; and  was 
cashiered  by  court  mart  ial  in  Jan.,  1863,  for  failure  to  obey 
orders  on  Aug.  29.  His  sentence  was  partly  remitted  in 
1882,  and  he  was  restored  to  the  army  in  1886.  He  was 

*•  police  commissioner  of  New  York  city  1884-88. 

Porter,  Horace.  Born  at  Huntington,  Pa., 
April  15,  1837.  An  American  general,  son  of 
David  Rittenhouse  Porter  (1788-1867,  governor 
of  Pennsylvania  1838-45).  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1860 ; was  a member  of  Grant’s  staff,  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel,  from  April,  1864,  to  the  end  of  the 
war;  and  served  as  his  private  secretary  1869-73.  He  was 
brevetted  brigadier-general.  He  resigned  from  the  army 
in  1873.  Ambassador  to  France  1897-1905. 

Porter,  Jane.  Born  at  Durham,  England,  1776 : 
died  at  Bristol,  May  24,  1850.  An  English  nov- 
elist. She  made  a great  reputation  as  a romantic  novel- 
ist. She  wrote  “Thaddeus  of  Warsaw  ” (1803),  “The  Scot- 
tish Chiefs”  (1810),  “Tales  Round  a Winter  Hearth,”  with 
her  sister  Anna  Maria  (1826),  “ The  Field  of  Forty  Foot- 
steps" (1828),  etc. 

Porter,  Noah.  Born  at  Farmington,  Conn., 
Dec.  14, 1811:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  March 
4,  1892.  An  American  educator  and  philoso- 
pher. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1831;  was  master  of  Hop- 
bins  Grammar  School  1831-33 ; was  a tutor  at  Yale  1833-35  ; 
was  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at  New  Milford, 
Connecticut,  1836-43,  and  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts, 
1843-46  ; was  professor  of  metaphysics  and  moral  philoso- 
phy at  Yale  1846-71  ; and  was  president  of  the  university 
1871-86.  He  was  the  editor  in  chief  of  the  editions  of  Web- 
ster's Unabridged  Dictionaiy  published  in  1864  and  1880. 
and  of  the  Fnternational  Dictionary  (1890).  Among  his 
works  are  “The  Human  Intellect”  (1868),  “Books  and 


820 

Reading"  (1870),  “American  Colleges  and  the  American 
Public  ” (1870),  “Science  of  Nature  versus  the  Science  of 
Man"  (1871),  “Elements  of  Moral  Science ” (1885),  ‘Lifeof 
Bishop  Berkeley”  (1885),  and  “Kant’s  Ethics”  (1886). 
Porter,  Peter  Buel.  Born  at  Salisbury,  Conn., 
Aug.,  1773 : died  at  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  March 
20,1844.  An  American  general.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  New  York  1809-12,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  War  of  1812,  especially  at  Chippewa  and 
Lundy’s  Lane  (1814). 

Porter,  Sir  Robert  Ker.  Born  at  Durham,  Eng- 
land, 1777 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  4, 1842. 
An  English  painter  of  battle-scenes,  brother  of 
Jane  and  Anna  Maria  Porter.  He  studied  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  in  1804  became  painter  to  the  Em- 
peror of  Russia-  In  1808  he  accompanied  Sir  John  Moore’s 
expedition  in  Spain.  In  1811  he  married  Princess  Mary 
de  Sherbatoff,  and  later  was  British  consul  in  Venezuela. 
He  left  Venezuela  for  St.  Petersburg,  and  died  there.  He 
wrote  “Travelling  Sketches  in  Russia  and  Sweden  ” (1809), 
“Travels  in  Georgia,  Persia,  etc. ”(1821),  and  other  travels. 

Porter,  William  David.  Born  at  New  Orleans, 
March  10,  1809:  died  at  New  York,  Ma.yl.  1864. 
An  American  commodore,  son  of  David  Porter. 
He  served  in  the  Mississippi  waters  1861-62. 
Porte  St.-Antoine  (port  san-ton-twan')-  A 
triumphal  arch,  formerly  standing  in  Paris, 
through  which  the  Rue  St.-Antoine  passed, north 
of  the  spot  where  the  Bastille  stood.  A gate  was 
built  here  in  1380,  and  on  Sept.  14,  1574,  Henry  III.,  on 
his  return  from  Poland,  made  his  triumphal  entry  through 
it.  A beautiful  Renaissance  arch  was  erected  to  commem- 
orate the  event,  which  was  adorned  by  sculptures  supposed 
to  have  been  by  Jean  Goujon.  In  1660  Louis  XIV.  also 
made  a triumphal  entry  at  this  gate,  and  the  arch  was 
transformed  by  the  architect  Blondel  in  1662.  In  his 
scheme  Blondel  treated  the  earlier  work  with  the  utmost 
respect,  merely  adding  side  arches  and  an  attic  above.  It 
presented  one  of  the  most  pleasing  Renaissance  composi- 
tions in  Paris.  It  was  demolished  in  1778.  Jean  Goujon’s 
river-gods  in  the  spandrels  of  the  arch  were  afterward 
built  into  the  gate  of  the  Beaumarchais  garden,  and  are 
now  in  the  Cluny  museum. 

Porte  St. -Denis  (san-de-ne').  A triumphal  a.rcli 
ou  the  Boulevard  St.-Denis,  Paris,  built  in  1672 
in  honor  of  the  victories  of  Louis  XIV.  in  the 
Low  Countries.  It  lias  a single  archway  with  reliefs 
above,  Victories  in  the  spandrels,  and  warlike  trophies 
adorning  simulated  obelisks  on  each  side.  The  width  is 
82feet,  and  the  height  81.  It  was  built  by  Francis  Blondel, 
and  the  brothers  Auguier  were  the  sculptors. 

Porte  St.-Martin  ( sah  mar-tan').  A triumphal 
arch  on  the  Boulevard  St.-Martin,  Paris,  built  in 
1674  by  Pierre  Bullet  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV. 
It  commemorates  the  taking  of  Besan?on  and  the  victo- 
ries over  the  Imperialists.  It  has  a large  archway  between 
two  small  ones,  with  reliefs  in  the  spandrels  of  the  large 
opening.  Above  the  cornice  there  is  anattic.  The  height 
and  breadth  are  both  57  feet. 

Port  Famine  (port  fam'in).  A place  in  southern 
Patagonia,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Magellan 
south  of  Punta  Arenas.  An  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt was  made  to  form  a Spanish  settlement 
here  in  the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

Port  Glasgow  (glas'go).  A seaport  in  Renfrew- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Clyde  17  miles 
west-northwest  of  Glasgow.  It  has  trade,  ship- 
building, and  manufactures.  Population,  about 
16,900. 

Port  Hamilton  (ham'il-ton).  A harbor  south 
of  Korea,  in  one  of  the  Nanhow  Islands.  Great 
Britain  annexed  it  in  1885,  but  abandoned  it  in 
1886. 

Port  Hope  (h5p).  A lake  port  in  Durham  Coun- 
ty, Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Lake  Ontario 
61  miles  east-northeast  of  Toronto.  Popula- 
tion, 5,092,  (1911). 

Porthos  (por-tos').  One  of  the  “ Three  Muske- 
teers”^ Dumas’s  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
noted  for  his  great  size  and  strength  and  his 
inordinate  love  of  display. 

Port  Hudson  (hud'son).  A place  in  East  Fe- 
liciana parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi 91  miles  northwest  of  New  Orleans.  It 
was  besieged  by  the  Federals  under  Banks  in 
May,  1863,  and  surrendered  July  8. 

Port  Huron  (hu'ron).  A city  and  the  capital 
of  St.  Clair  County,  Michigan,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  Black  River  with  St.  Clair  River,  56 
miles  northeast  of  Detroit.  It  is  a railroad  center, 
and  has  important  Canadian  and  domestic  trade,  and  ship- 
building. Population,  18,863,  (1910). 

Portia  (por'shia).  1.  The  principal  female 
character  in  Sfiakspere’s  “Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice ” : an  heiress  in  love  with  Bassanio.  Her 
suitors  were  obliged  by  the  terms  of  her  father's  will  to 
choose  one  of  three  caskets  of  gold,  silver,  and  lead,  one 
of  which  contained  her  picture,  and  the  chooser  of  it  was 
to  be  her  husband.  Bassanio  was  successful,  choosing  the 
leaden  one.  Portia  is  noted  for  her  celebrated  defense  of 
Bassanio’s  friend  Antonio,  resisting  the  demand  of  Shylock 
for'a  pound  of  flesh  from  Antonio’s  body  incase  Bassanio 
failed  to  pay  money  borrowed  from  Shylock.  See  Shylock. 
2.  The  wife  of  Marcus  Brutus,  said  to  have  killed 
herself  by  swallowing  live  coals.  In  Shak- 
spere’s“  Julius  Caesar”  she  does  so  while  insane 
from  anxiety  over  her  husband. 


Portobello 

Portici  (por'te-che).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples  5 
miles  southeast  of  Naples.  Population,  town, 
14,467 ; commune,  14,538. 

Portinari  (por-te-na're),  Beatrice.  Born  1266 : 
died  June  9, 1290.  An  Italian  lady,  celebrated 
by  Dante  in  his  “Vita  Nuova”  and  “Divina 
Commedia.”  She  married  Simone  de’  Bardi,  a 
Florentine,  before  1287. 

Port  Jackson  (jak'son).  AharborinNew  South 
Wales,  Australia.  Sydney  is  situated  on  it. 
Port  Jervis  (jer'vis).  A village  in  Deer  Park 
township,  Orange  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  the  Delaware  River  60  miles  northwest  of 
New  York:  a favorite  summer  resort.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,564,  (1910). 

Portland  (port'land).  A seaport,  capital  of 
Cumberland  County,  Maine,  situated  on  Casco 
Bay  in  lat.  43°  39'  N.,  long.  70°  15'  W.  it  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  State,  sometimes  called  “the  Forest 
City  ” ; is  an  important  railway  center  and  terminus  of 
steamer  lines  ; has  valuable  foreign  trade  (especially  with 
Canada),  coasting  trade,  and  fisheries ; and  has  manufac- 
tures of  boots  and  shoes,  machinery,  sugar,  engines,  etc. 
It  is  the  winter  port  of  Canada.  Its  Indian  name  was 
Machigonne.  It  was  settled  by  the  English  in  1632,  its 
early  name  beingFalmouth  ; wasbombai-dedbythe  British 
in  the  Revolutionary  War ; had  its  name  changed  to  Port- 
land in  1786 ; became  a city  in  1832 ; and  was  devastated 
by  a fire  in  1866.  Population,  58,571,  (1910). 

Portland.  The  capital  of  Multnomah  County, 
Oregon,  situated  on  the  Willamette  River,  12 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Columbia,  in 
lat.  45°  30'  N.,  long.  122°  40'  W.  it.  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  State,  a railroad  center,  and  the  terminus  of 
several  steamer  lines  ; is  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation  ; 
and  exports  salmon,  lumber,  wheat,  and  flour.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1845  ; was  made  a city  in  1851 ; and  was  ravaged  by 
a fire  in  1873.  population,  207,214,  (1910). 

Portland.  A former  town  of  New  Brunswick, 
now  part  of  St.  John. 

Portland,  Dukes  and  Earl  of.  See  Ben  tinek. 
Portland,  Isle  of.  A peninsula  in  Dorset,  Eng- 
land, south  of  Weymouth,  projecting  into  the 
English  Channel,  and  terminating  in  the  Bill 
of  Portland : noted  for  its  castle  (built  1520), 
its  building-stone,  and  its  breakwater.  Near  it, 
Feb.  18,  1653,  an  indecisive  battle  was  fought  between  the 
English  fleet  under  Blake  and  the  Dutch  under  Tromp. 
Length,  about  4 miles.  Population,  15,199. 

Portland,  Race  of.  A dangerous  sea  passage 
between  the  Isle  of  Portland  and  a neighboring 
reef,  the  Shambles. 

Portland  Vase.  A famous  urn  of  blue  trans- 
parent cameo-cut  glass,  ten  inches  high,  it  was 
discovered  about  1630  in  a sarcophagus  in  a tomb  in  the 
Monte  del  Grano,  near  Rome.  I fc  is  so  called  from  its  pos- 
sessors, the  Portland  family,  who  bought  it  in  1787  from 
Sir  William  Hamilton  (its  original  purchaser  in  1770),  and 
placed  it  in  the  British  Museum  in  1810.  It  is  also  called 
the  Barberini  vase,  because  it  was  first  deposited  in  the 
Barberini  Palace. 

Port  Louis  (lo'isorlo'e).  A seaport,  capital  of 
the  Island  of  Mauritius,  Indian  Ocean,  situated 
on  the  northwestern  coast,  it  is  the  chief  commercial 
place  of  the  colony.  In  1810  it  was  taken  by  the  British. 
Population,  52,740. 

Port  Louis.  Theformer  capital  of  the  Falkland 
Islands,  situated  on  East  Falkland. 

Port  Lyttelton  (lit'el-ton).  A seaport  in  the 
South  Island,  New  Zealand,  situated  on  the 
eastern  coast,  near  Christchurch,  about  iat.  43° 
36'  S.,  long.  172°  44’  E.  Population,  4,023. 
Port  Mahon,  or  Mahon  (ma-hon').  A seaport, 
fortress,  and  naval  station  of  Minorca,  Balearic 
Islands,  Spain,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast: 
the  ancient  Portus  Magonis.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  under  Stanhope  in  1708 ; conquered  from  them  by 
the  French  in  1756 ; restored  to  Great  Britain  in  1763  (con- 
quered by  Spain  in  1782 ; and  finally  ceded  to  Spain  in 
1802.  Population,  17,144.  _ 

Port  Natal  (na-tal').  A harbor  in  Natal,  South 
Africa.  Durban  is  situated  on  it. 

Porto.  See  Oporto. 

Porto  Alegre  (por'to  a-la'gre).  A seaport, 
capital  of  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sill,  Brazil, 
situated  on  the  river  Guahyba  or  Lower  Jacuhy, 
near  its  mouth  in  the  Lagoa  dos  Patos,  in  lat. 
30°  2'  S.  It  is  the  most  important  city  of  southern 
Brazil,  and  has  a large  trade.  Pop.,  municipio,  73,674. 

Porto  Bello  (bal'yo).  A port  on  the  Caribbean 
coast  of  the  Republic  of  Panama,  twenty 
miles  northeast  of  Colon.  The  bay  was  discovered 
and  named  by  Columbus,  1502.  It  was  unimportant  until 
1697,  when  it  officially  replaced  Nombre  de  Dios  as  the  Car- 
ibbean port  of  Panama,  and  hence  of  Peru.  Every  year  a 
fleet  arrived  from  Spain,  and  returned  laden  with  treasure. 
It  was  taken  and  sacked  by  the  English  captain  Parker, 
1602 ; by  Morgan,  1668,  and  by  other  bucaneers,  1679;  and 
by  Vernon,  1739.  Tt  now  has  a population  of  about  3,000. 
Also  written  Porto  Belo  and  Puerto  Bello. 

Portobello  (por-to-bel'o).  A town  and  sea- 
bathing resort  in  Midlothian,  Scotland,  situated 
on  the  Firth  of  Forth  3 miles  east  of  Edinburgh. 
Population,  9,200. 


Porto  Ferrajo 

Porto  Ferrajo  (por'to  fer-ra'yo).  The  chief 
place  in  the  island  of  Elba,  province  of  Leghorn, 
Italy.  Population,  commune,  6,705. 

Port  of  Spain,  or  Puerto  d’Espana.  (pwer'to 
des-pan'ya).  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Trinidad,  situated  on  the  western  coast,  in 
lat.  10°  39'  N.,  long.  61°  31'  W.  Population, 
60,000. 

Portogruaro,  or  Porto  Gruaro  (por'to  gro-a'- 
ro).  A town  in  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Lemene  34  miles  northeast  of 
Venice.  Population,  town,  3,359;  commune, 
9,797. 

Porto  Maurizio  (mou-rid'ze-o).  1.  A province 
in  Liguria,  Italy.  Area,  455  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 155,712. — 2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Porto  Maurizio,  situated  on  the 
Mediterranean  in  lat.  43°  53'  N.,  long.  8°  1'  E. 
It  produces  olive-oil.  Population,  6,788. 
Porto  Novo  (no'vo).  The  former  capital  of 
Dahomey,  western  Africa,  situated  near  the 
Bight  of  Benin.  Population,  about  50,000. 
Porto  Novo.  A small  seaport  on  the  Coromandel 
coast  of  India,  south  of  Madras.  Here,  July  1, 
1781,  the  British  (about  8,500)  under  Coote  defeated  Hyder 
Ali  (with  about  40,000  men). 

Porto  Plata.  See  Puerto  Plata. 

Porto  Rico  (re'ko),  Sp.  Puerto  Rico  (pwer'to 
*re'ko).  The  easternmost  island  of  the  Greater 
Antilles,  West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  situated  east  of  Santo  Domingo,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mona  Passage. 
Capital,  San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico.  It  is  traversed 
from  east  to  west  by  a range  of  low  mountains.  The 
chief  exports  are  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  and  fruit.  It  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493,  and  was  conquered, 
mainly  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  1508-20.  Slavery  was  abol- 
ished in  1873.  It  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United 
States  in  1898.  Length,  about  100  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  about  36  miles.  Area,  3,435  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,118,012,  (1910). 

Porto  Santo  (por'to  san'to).  A small  island 
of  the  Madeira  group,  situated  about  30  miles 
northeast  of  Madeira. 

Porto  Seguro  (por'to  se-go'ro).  A captaincy 
of  Brazil,  granted  in  1534  to  Pero  de  Campos 
Tourinho.  It  corresponded  to  the  coast  from  the  river 
Mocury  northward  50  leagues.  After  the  death  of  Campos 
Tourinho  it  fell  into  decay,  and  later  was  united  to  Bahia, 
of  which  it  forms  the  southern  part. 

Porto  Seguro.  A town  and  port  of  the  state  of 
Bahia, Brazil,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Caxoeira, 
in  lat.  16°  26'  38//  S.  At  this  point  Cabral  took  pos- 
session of  Brazil  for  Portugal,  April  26,  1500.  The  town 
was  founded  in  1535.  Population,  2,737. 

Porto  Seguro,  Viscount  of.  See  Varnhagen, 
Francisco  A dolpho  de. 

Porto  Vecchio  (vek'ke-o).  [It., ‘old  port.’]  A 
seaport  in  Corsica,  near  the  southern  extremity. 
Porto  Venere  (va'ne-re).  A small  port  on  the 
Gulf  of  Spezia,  Italy. 

Port  Patrick  (port  pat'rik).  A small  seaport 
in  Wigtownshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
North  Channel  27  miles  west  of  Wigtown,  it 
was  formerly  an  important  port  for  trade  between  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  and  extensive  harbor  works  were  com- 
menced. 

Port  Phillip  (fil'ip).  A bay  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Victoria,  Australia.  Melbourne  is 
situated  on  it. 

Port  Republic  (re-pub'lik).  A place  in  Rock- 
ingham County, Virginia,  situated  on  the  Shen- 
andoah 90  miles  northwest  of  Richmond.  Here, 
June  9, 1862,  the  Confederates  under  “ Stonewall  "Jackson 
defeated  the  Federals  under  Shields. 

Port  Richmond  (rich'mond).  A former  village 
in  Staten  Island,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
Kill  van  Kull  10  miles  southwest  of  New  York : 
now  a part  of  New  York  city. 

Port-Royal  (-roi'al).  A Cistercian  abbey  for 
nuns,  situated  about  17  miles  southwest  of  Paris. 
It  was  founded  in  1204  ; was  reformed  under  the  abbess 
Jacqueline  Marie  Angelique  Arnauld  in  1608  ; was  called 
Port-Itoyal  des  Champs  after  the  establishment  (1626)  of  a 
branch  house  at  Paris  (called  Port-Royal  de  Paris) ; and  be- 
came noted  as  a center  of  Jansenism.  The  older  estab- 
lishment became  famous  for  its  schools  and  as  a center  of 
learning : it  was  suppressed  in  1709.  Port-Royal  de  Paris 
continued  until  1790. 

Port  Royal.  A name  formerly ’given  to  Annap- 
olis, Nova  Scotia. 

Port  Royal  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  southern  coast  of  South  Carolina,  at  the 
mouth  of  Broad  River. 

Port  Said  (sii-ed').  A seaport  in  Egypt,  situ- 
ated at  the  northern  end  of  the  Suez  Canal, 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  Lake  Menza- 
leh,  in  lat.  31°  16'  N.,  long.  32°  19'  E.  it  was 

founded  In  1860,  and  is  the  terminus  of  many  lines  of 
steamers  and  an  important  coaling-station.  Pop.,  49,884. 

Port  St.  Mary.  See  Puerto  de  Santa  Maria. 
Portsea  (port'se).  1.  The  island  in  Hampshire, 
England,  on  which  Portsmouth  is  situated. — 2. 


821 

A part  of  Portsmouth,  situated  north  of  Ports- 
mouth proper. 

Portsmouth  (ports'muth).  A seaport  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  Harbor 
and  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  50°  48'  N.,  long. 
1°  6'  W.  Besides  Portsmouth  proper  it  includes  the 
adjoining  Portsea,  Landport,  and  Southsea.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal naval  station  of  England  and  the  strongest  fortress ; 
has  a large  garrison ; and  is  noted  for  its  fine  harbor.  N ear 
it  is  the  roadstead  of  Spithead.  Its  dockyard  (the  most 
important  in  the  country)  is  located  at  Portsea.  Part  of 
the  naval  establishment  is  at  Gosport,  opposite.  The 
Church  of  St.  Thomas  Becket  is  notable.  Portsmouth  rose 
to  importance  in  the  13th  century,  and  was  strongly  for- 
tified in  the  16th  century.  It  returns  2 members  to  Par- 
liament. Population,  231,165,  (1911). 

Portsmouth.  A seaport  and  one  of  the  capi- 
tals of  Rockingham  County,  New  Plampshire, 
situated  on  the  Piscataqua,  3 miles  from  its 
mouth,  in  lat.  43°  4'  N.,  long.  70°  45'  W.  it  is 

the  only  seaport  in  the  State ; is  noted  for  its  excellent 
harbor;  has  ship-building  and  some  commerce;  and  is  a 
favorite  summer  resort.  Near  it  (on  islands  situated  in 
Kittery,  Maine)  is  the  Portsmouth  navy-yard.  It  was 
settled  in  1623;  was  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire  (ex- 
cept for  a short  period)  until  1807.  Pop.,  11,269,  (1910). 

Portsmouth.  An  independent  city,  formerly 
capital  of  Norfolk  County,  Virginia,  situated 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Elizabeth  River, 
opposite  Norfolk.  It  is  the  terminus  of  several  steamer 
lines  ; contains  the  Gosport  United  States  navy-yard  ; and 
has  considerable  trade.  Population,  33,190,  (1910). 
Portsmouth.  A city,  capital  of  Scioto  County, 
Ohio,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Scioto  and 
the  Ohio,  90  miles  east-southeast  of  Cincinnati. 
It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade. 
Population,  23,481,  (1910). 

Portsmouth,  Duchess  of.  SeeEeroualle,  Louise 
BenSe  de. 

Portsmouth  Harbor.  An  inlet  of  the  English 
Channel,  extending  into  Hampshire  4-5  miles. 
Port  Townsend  (port  toun'zend).  A city  and 
seaport  in  Jefferson  County,  Washington,  on 
Puget  Sound  north  of  Seattle.  Population, 
★ 4,181,  (1910). 

Portugal  (por'tu-gal),  Pg.  Portugal  (por-to- 
gal').  A republic  in  Europe,  situated  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Iberian  peninsula,  extend- 
ing from  lat.  36°  58'  to  42°  10'  N.,  and  from 
long.  6°  10'  to  9°  30'  W.  Capital,  Lisbon. 
It  is  bounded  by  Spain  on  the  north  and  east,  and  by  the 
Atlantic  on  the  south  and  west.  It  is  traversed  by  several 
ranges  of  low  mountains  (the  highest,  in  theSerra  daSoajo, 
nearly  8,000  feet)  which  enter  it  from  Spain.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Douro,  Tagus,  and  Guadiana.  The  principal 
exports  are  wine,  cork,  fish,  live  stock,  and  copper.  Its 
commerce  is  mostly  with  Great  Britain,  Brazil,  the  United 
States,  and  France.  It  is  divided  into  6 provinces,  the 
northern  more  flourishing  than  the  southern.  It  was  a 
hereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  the  legislative  power 
being  vested  in  the  Cortes  (which  see).  The  language  is 
Portuguese ; the  prevailing  religion,  the  Roman  Catholic. 
The  colonial  possessions  include  (besides  the  Azores  and 
Madeiras,  which  are  considered  part  of  Portugal)  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands,  Guinea,  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Angola,  etc., 
St.  Thomas  and  Principe,  Goa,  Damao,  Diu,  Timor,  etc., 
Macao,  and  some  smaller  territories.  The  territory  was 
partly  included  in  the  ancient  Lusitania ; fell  under  the 
power  of  the  Moors ; was  made  a countship  feudatory  to 
Alfonso  VL  of  Castile  1095  (or  1094) ; became  a kingdom  lin- 
ger Alfonso  I.  (traditionally  through  the  victory  at  Ourique 
in  1139) ; was  a great  maritime  power  in  the  16th  and  16th 
centuries;  was  noted  for  discoveries,  explorations,  and 
conquests  under  Prince  Henry,  Bartholomeu  Dias,  Vasco 
da  Gama,  Cabral,  Albuquerque,  Magalhaes,  etc. ; founded 
a large  empire  in  the  East  Indies  and  Brazil ; was  con- 
quered by  Spain  and  lost  its  independence  in  1580 ; recov- 
ered independence  through  a revolution  in  1640  (beginning 
of  the  Bragancja  line) ; was  invaded  by  the  French  in  1807, 
the  royal  family  escaping  to  Brazil ; and  was  aided  by 
England  in  the  war  of  liberation  from  the  French.  More 
recent  events  are  an  outbreak  of  revolution  in  1820 ; return 
of  King  John  VI.  from  Brazil  in  1821 ; signing  of  the  con- 
stitution in  1822  ; Brazil  separated  from  Portugal  in  1822  ; 
struggle  between  Dom  Miguel  and  Maria  da  Gloria,  end- 
ing in  the  submission  of  Miguel  in  1834 ; disturbance  in 
following  years  by  civil  strife ; complications  with  Great 
Britain  (in  1889,  1891,  and  later)  regarding  the  African 
claims ; and  the  proclamation  of  the  republic,  Oct.,  1910. 
Area  (continental),  34,254  square  miles.  Pop.,  5,423,132. 

Portuguese  America.  Brazil : the  only  part  of 
America  which  was  colonized  by  the  Portu- 
guese. See  Tordesilkas. 

Portuguese  East  Africa.  See  East  Africa , 
Portuguese. 

Portunus  (pSr-tu'nus),  or  Portumnus  (por- 
tum'nus).  In  Roman  mythology,  a god,  pro- 
tector of  harbors. 

Port-Vendres  (por-von'dr).  A seaport  in  the 
department  of  Pyren6es-Orientales,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Mediterranean  18  miles  southeast 
of  Perpignan:  the  ancient  Portus  Veneris.  It 

has  a commodious  harbor,  one  of  the  most  safo  on  the 
Mediterranean.  Population,  commune,  2,919. 

Port  Victoria  (port,  vik-to'ri-a).  The  chief  port 
of  the  Seychelles  Islands,  Indian  Ocean,  situ- 
ated on  Mah6. 

Porus  (po'rus).  [Gr.  Ilcjpoc.]  Killed  about  318 
b.o.  An  Indian  king  who  reigned  between  the 


Potemkin 

Hydaspes  and  Acesines.  He  was  defeated  and  cap- 
tured by  Alexander  the  Great  in  a battle  on  the  Hydaspes 
in  326.  According  to  Plutarch,  when  asked  by  his  victor 
how  he  wished  to  be  treated  he  replied,  “ Like  a king.”  He 
was  restored  to  his  kingdom  by  Alexander.  After  the  lat- 
ter’s death  he  was  treacherously  killed  by  the  Macedonian 
general  Eudemus. 

Pory  (por'i),  John.  Born  in  England  about 
1570:  died  in  London,  Sept.,  1635.  An  English 
pioneer  in  America,  and  geographical  writer. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge  (Gonville  and  Caius  College). 
In  1600 he  translated  the  "Geographical  History  of  Africa  ’’ 
by  Leo  Africanus.  From  1619  to  1621  he  was  secretary  of 
the  Virginia  Colony  at  Jamestown,  and  an  assistant  of 
Hakluyt  in  his  geographical  enterprises. 

Posadas  (po-sa/dal),  Gervasio  Antonio  de. 

Born  at  Buenos  Ayres,  June  19, 1757 : died  there, 
July  2, 1832.  An  Argentine  politician.  Through 
the  Influence  of  the  Lautaro  Society  (which  see)  he  was 
elected  supreme  director  or  president  of  the  Platine  Prov- 
inces, Jan.  22, 1814,  holding  the  position  for  a year.  With 
him  the  executive  was  first  placed  in  the  hands  of  one 
person. 

Poscharevatz.  See  Passarowitz. 

Posckiavo  (pos-ke-a'vo),  G.  Pusclilav  (posh'- 
lav).  A district  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  south  of  the  Engadine  on  the 
Italian  frontier.  Chief  place,  Poschiavo. 
Poseidon  (po-si'don).  [Gr.  Tlooeidav.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  chief  Olympians,  brother 
of  Zeus,  and  supreme  lord  of  the  sea:  sometimes 
looked  upon  as  a benignant  promoter  of  calm 
and  prosperous  navigation,  but  more  often  as  a 
terrible  god  of  storm.  His  consort  was  the  Nereid  Am- 
phitrite,  and  his  attendant  train  was  composed  of  N ereids, 
Tritons,  and  sea-monsters  of  every  form.  In  art  he  is  a 
majestic  figure,  closely  approaching  Zeus  in  type.  His 
most  constant  attributes  are  the  trident  and  the  dolphin, 
with  the  horse,  which  he  was  reputed  to  have  created  dur- 
ing his  contest  with  Athene  for  supremacy  in  Attica.  The 
original  Roman  or  Italic  Neptune  became  assimilated  to 
him. 

Posen  (po'zen).  A province  of  Prussia,  it  is 
bounded  by  West  Prussia  on  the  north,  Russian  Poland  on 
the  east,  Silesia  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  Branden- 
burg on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Poles,  and  are  Roman  Catho- 
lics. It  belonged  formerly  to  Poland.  The  Netze  district 
was  annexed  by  Prussia  in  1772,  and  the  remainder  of  the 
province  in  1793.  Area,  11,190  square  miles.  Population, 
1,986,637. 

Posen,  Polish  Poznan  (poz'nan).  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Cybina  and  Warthe,  in  lat. 
52°  24'  N.,  long.  16°  55'  E.  It  is  an  important  for- 
tress  and  strategic  point ; contains  a cathedral  and  a 
Rathaus ; and  has  some  trade  and  manufactures.  The 
inhabitants  are  Germans,  Poles,  and  Jews.  It  was  an 
ancient  Polish  city,  and  at  one  time  the  capital.  In  the 
middle  ages  it  was  a Hanseatic  town  and  a prosperous 
commercial  center.  Population,  commune,  154,811,  (1910). 

Posey  (po'zi),  Thomas.  Born  in  Virginia,  July 
9,  1750:  died  at  Shawneetown,  111.,  March  9, 
1818.  An  American  general  and  politician.  He 
served  in  tlieRevolution  and  in  the  Indian  wars ; was  United 
States  senator  from  Louisiana  1812-13;  and  was  governor 
of  Indiana  Territory  1813-16. 

Posidonia.  See  Psestum. 

Posidonius  (pos-i-do'ni-us).  [Gr.  HooeMviot;.'] 
Born  at  Apamea,  Syria : lived  at  the  beginning 
of  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A noted  Greek  Stoic 
philosopher,  teacher  at  Rhodes. 

Poseidonius,  who  counted  among  his  pupils  the  eminent 
Romans  Cicero  and  Pompey,  was  a literary  man  of  very 
varied  excellence.  In  many  respects  he  followed  in  the 
steps  of  the  great  Eratosthenes.  Like  him  he  investigated 
physical  geography,  and  made  some  important  contribu- 
tions to  this  subject.  He  wrote  a general  or  miscellaneous 
history  in  about  fifty  books,  extending  from  146  B.  c.  to  96 
B.  c.,  and  therefore  in  continuation  of  Polybius  ; a treatise 
on  natural  philosophy  in  fifteen  books;  an  essay  on  the 
gods  in  thirteen  books,  besides  a disquisition  “on  the  be- 
coming,” which  his  pupil  Cicero  combined  with  the  work 
of  Pan*tius  in  his  book  "De  Officiis” ; a book  on  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  sun  ; and  numerous  other  works  on  meteor- 
ology, natural  philosophy,  and  ethics,  including  a com- 
mentary on  the  “Timseus”  of  Plato. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  35. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Posilipo  (po-se-le'po),  or  Pausilipo  (pou-se-le'- 
po).  A ridge  southwest  of  Naples,  famous  for 
its  ancient  grotto. 

Postglossators.  See  Bartolus. 

Posthumus  (pos'tu-mus),  Leonatus.  The  hus- 
band of  Imogen  in  Shakspere’s  “Cymbeline.” 
His  wager  as  to  her  fidelity  is  the  turning-point 
of  the  play. 

Postilion  de  Longjumeau  (pos-te-y6n'  de  16n- 
zhii-mo'),  Le.  An  opdra  comique  by  Adam, 
produced  at  Paris  in  1836. 

Postl.  See  Scalsficld. 

Postumia  gens  (pos-tu'mi-S.  jenz).  A Roman 
patrician  gens.  Its  most  distinguished  family 
was  Albus  or  Albinus. 

Potemkin  (po-tem'kin;  Russ.  pron.  pot-yom'- 
kin),  Prince  Grigori.  Bom  in  the  government 
of  Smolensk,  Russia,  Sept.,  1736:  died  in  Bes- 
sarabia, Oct.  16,  1791.  A Russian  politician 


Potemkin 

and  general,  chief  favorite  of  the  empress  Cath- 
arine II.  He  had  great  influence  in  internal  and  foreign 
affairs;  effected  the  annexation  of  the  Crimea;  andfounded 
Kherson  and  other  places  in  South  Russia. 

Potenza  (po-ten'za).  1 . A province  of  southern 
Italy  which  forms  the  compartimento  of  Ba- 
silicata. Area,  3,845  square  miles.  Population, 
475,264. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Potenza,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Basento  in  lat. 
40°  38'  N.,long.  15° 49'  E.:  the  ancient  Potentia. 
The  old  town  was  destroyed  by  Frederick  II.  and  by  Charles 
of  Anjou.  The  modern  town  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  in  1857.  Population,  commune,  16,186. 
Potenza  Picena  (pe-eha'na).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Macerata,  Italy,  11  miles  north- 
east of  Macerata. 

Pothier  (po-tya'),  Robert  Joseph.  Born  at 
Orleans,  France,  Jan.  9,  1699:  died  at  Orleans, 
March  2,  1772.  A French  jurist.  Among  his 
works  are  an  edition  of  the  “Pandects”  of  Jus- 
tinian (1748-52),  “Traits  des  obligations,”  etc. 
Poti  (po'te).  A seaport  in  the  government  of 
Kutais,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Black  Sea,  at  tli9  mouth  of  the  river  Rion,  35 
miles  north  of  Batum.  Near  it  was  the  ancient 
Phasis.  Population,  7,666. 

Potidaea  (pot-i-de'a).  [Or.  Tloridcua.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  of  Macedonia,  situated 
on  the  isthmus  joining  the  peninsula  of  Pallene 
to  the  mainland,  in  lat.  40°  11'  N.,  long.  23°  20' 
E. : the  modern  Pinaka.  It  revolted  from  Athens  in 
432  B.  c.,  and  was  reduced  in  429.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Cas- 
sander,  and  called  Cassandreia. 

Potiguaras  (po-te-gwa'ras).  An  ancient  branch 
of  the  Tupi  Indians  in  Parahyba,  Ceard,  and 
southern  Maranhao,  Brazil.  The  name  is  vari- 
ously written  Petigares , Peteguares , Pitagoares, 
Potyuaras,  etc.  See  Tupis. 

Potiphar  (pofc'i-far).  In  Old  Testament  history, 
an  officer  of  Pharaoh,  the  owner  of  Joseph.  His 
wife  sought  unsuccessfully  to  seduce  Joseph. 

Potiphar,  to  whom  Joseph  was  sold,  bore  a purely  Egyp- 
tian  name,  meaning  ‘the  gift  of  the  risen  one,’  while  the 
name  of  Potopherah,  the  high  priest  of  On,  whose  daugh- 
ter, Asenath,  was  married  by  Joseph,  is  equally  Egyptian, 
and  signifies  ‘the  gift  of  the  Sun-God.' 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  59. 

Potiphar  Papers,  The.  A collection  of  satiri- 
cal articles  by  G.  W.  Curtis,  published  in  1853. 
Potomac  (po-to'mak).  A river  in  the  United 
States,  formed  by  the  union,  southeast  of  Cum- 
berland, Maryland,  of  the  North  and  South 
Branches.  The  former  rises  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
the  latter  in  the  Shenandoah  Mountains.  It  forms  the 
main  boundary  between  Maryland  on  the  north  and  West 
Virginia  and  Virginia  on  the  south,  and  empties  by  a wide 
estuary  into  Chesapeake  Bay  in  lat.  38°  N.  Its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  Shenandoah.  Length,  about  400  miles  ; navi- 
gable for  large  vessels  to  Washington  (125  miles). 

Potomac,  Army  of  the.  The  principal  Federal 
army  in  the  American  Civil  War.  it  was  organ- 
ized by  General  McClellan  in  1861.  In  1862,  under  him,  it 
served  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and  later  in  the  Antie- 
tam  campaign.  In  Nov.,  1862,  General  Burnside  took  com- 
mand and  the  army  was  defeated  at  Fredericksburg  in 
Dec.  In  Jan.,  1863,  General  Hooker  assumed  command 
and  it  was  in  May  defeated  at  Chancellorsville.  Under  Gen- 
eralMeade  it  won  thevietoryof  Gettysburg,  July,  1863.  It 
continued  under  the  immediate  command  of  General 
Meade  during  General  Grant's  operations  of  1864-65. 
Potosi  (po-to-se').  1.  The  southwestern  most 
department  of  Bolivia,  noted  for  its  richness  in 
metals.  Area,  48,900  square  miles.  Population, 
377,713. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Potosi,  situated  about  lat.  19°  35'  S.,  long. 
65°  45'  W.,  over  13,000  feet  above  the  sea-level. 
It  was  long  famous  for  the  silver-mines  in  the  neighboring 
mountain  (Cerro  de  Potosi),  where  silver  was  discovered  in 
1546.  The  production  has  greatly  decreased  of  late.  Pop- 
ulation, 23,450. 

Potrero  de  las  Vacas  (po-tra'rodalasva'kas). 
[Sp.,  ‘ Pasture  of  the  cows.’]  One  of  the  high 
mesas  north  of  Cochiti,  in  central  New  Mexico, 
on  the  summit  of  which  stand  the  ruins  of  an 
ancient  village  or  pueblo  of  the  Queres  Indians, 
abandoned  long  before  the  16th  century,  in  its 
vicinity  are  also  the  largest  statues  of  Indian  origin  known 
to  exist  in  the  Southwest.  They  represent  two  pumas 
carved  out  of  the  rock. 

Potsdam  (pots'dam).  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment district  of  Potsdam,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, Prussia.,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Nuthe  with  the  Havel,  16  miles  southwest 
of  Berlin.  It  is  an  imperial  residence,  and  contains  many 
palaces.  It  was  an  old  Slavic  town,  and  was  greatly  de- 
veloped under  Frederick  William  I.,  Frederick  the  Great, 
and  their  successors.  The  royal  palace,  begun  in  1660,  but 
much  altered  in  1750,  is  chiefly  notable  for  its  souvenirs  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  whose  apartments  have  been  kept  as 
he  left  them.  They  are  adorned  with  good  contemporary 
French  paintings,  and  retain  the  king's  personal  furniture. 
Other  apartments  are  of  interest  from  their  Louis  XVI. 
decoration,  and  others  for  their  good  pictures.  The  new 
palace  begun  by  Frederick  the  Great  in  1763  is  the  summer 
residence  of  the  present  emperor  The  facade  is  375  feet 
long,  flanked  by  two  projecting  wings,  with  engaged  pi- 


822 

lasters  carried  to  the  full  height  of  the  three  stories  and 
an  ugly  central  dome.  The  interior  is  richly  decorated, 
and  contains  some  good  paintings.  The  Grotto  Saloon  is 
a large  room  with  walls  and  ceiling  inlaid  with  shells  and 
minerals,  and  a fine  marble  pavement.  See  Sans  Souci. 
Population,  commune,  61,414. 

Potsdam  (pots'dam).  A village  in  St.  Lawrence 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Racket 
River  24  miles  east  of  Ogdensburg:  noted  for 
sandstone-quarries.  Population,  4,036,  (1910). 
Pott  (pot),  August  Friedrich.  Born  at  Net- 
telrede,  Hannover,  Nov.  14, 1802:  died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  July  5,  1887.  A noted  German  phi- 
lologist, professor  at  Halle  from  1833.  He  pub- 
lished “ Etymologische  Forschungen"  (1833-36),  “Die 
Zigeuner  in  Europa  und  Asien  "(1844-45),  “ Die  Personen- 
namen  “ (1853),  etc. 

Pottawottomi  (pot-a-wot'o-mi).  [PL,  also 
Pottawottomies.  The  name  signifies  ‘ people 
of  the  place  of  the  fire.’]  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.  When  first  known  (about  1670) 
they  lived  on  the  Noquet  Islands  in  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin. 
At  the  close  of  the  17th  century  they  were  established  on 
Milwaukee  River,  at  Chicago,  and  on  St.  Joseph  River.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  they  possessed  the  coun- 
try around  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan  from  Milwaukee 
River,  Wisconsin,  to  Grand  River,  Michigan,  extending 
southwest  over  a large  part  of  Illinois,  and  sofitll  in  Indi- 
ana to  the  Wabash.  They  were  prominent  in  the  Pontiac 
rising  and  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  when  they  fought 
on  the  English  side,  as  also  in  the  War  of  1812.  The  pres- 
ent number  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  is  about  2, 700. 
They  are  to  be  found  in  Oklahoma,  Kansas,  Michigan,  and 
Ontario.  See Algonquian. 

Potter  (pot'er),  Alonzo.  Born  at  La  Grange, 
Dutchess  County,  N.  Y. , J uly  6, 1800 : died  at  San 
Francisco,  July  4, 1865.  An  American  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  bishop,  professor  at  and  later 
vice-president  of  Union  College.  He  became  bishop 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1845.  He  wrote  various  works,  includ- 
ing text-books,  “ .Religious  Philosophy”  (1870),  etc. 

Potter,  Eliphalet  Nott.  Born  Sept.  20, 1836: 
died  Feb.  6, 1901.  An  American  Episcopalian 
clergyman  and  educator,  son  of  Alonzo  Potter. 
He  became  president  of  Union  College  in  1871,  and  of 
^.Hobart  CoUege  (Geneva,  New  York)  In  1884. 

Potter,  Henry  Codman.  Born  at  Schenectady, 
N.  Y.,  May  25,  1835:  died  at  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y.,  July  21,  1908.  An  American  Protestant 
Episcopal  bishop,  son  of  Alonzo  Potter.  He  be- 
came  assistant  bishop  of  New  York  in  1883,  and  bishop  in 
1887.  He  published  “ Sisterhoods  and  Deaconesses  ” (1872), 
“The  Gates  of  the  East”  (187C),  etc. 

Potter,  Horatio.  Born  at  La  Grange,  Dutchess 
Couuty,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  9, 1802:  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  2,  1887.  An  American  Protestant  Epis- 
copal bishop,  brother  of  Alonzo  Potter.  He 
became  bishop  of  New  York  in  1861. 

Potter,  John.  Born  at  Wakefield  about  1674 : 
died  Oct.  10,  1747.  An  English  prelate  and 
classical  scholar.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  graduating 
in  1692,  and  was  appointed  divinity  professor  there  in  1707. 
He  was  bishop  of  Oxford  1715-37,  and  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury 1737-47.  He  wrote  an  excellent  work  on  Greek 
antiquities  (“  Archfeologica  Graeca,”  1697-98),  and  edited 
the  works  of  Lycophron,  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  etc. 

Potter  (po-tar'),  Louis  Joseph  Antoine  de. 

Born  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  April  26,  1786 : died 
there,  July  22,  1859.  A Belgian  revolutionist, 
a member  of  the  provisional  government  in  1830. 
He  wrote  “Hi  stoire  du  christi  anisme  ”( 1836-37 ). 
Potter  (pot'er),  Nathaniel.  Born  in  Maryland, 
1770:  died  at  Baltimore,  Jan.  2, 1843.  An  Ameri- 
can physician. 

Potter,'  Paul.  Born  at  Enkhuizen,  Nether- 
lands, Nov.  20, 1625:  died  at  Amsterdam,  Jan. 
27, 1654.  A noted  Dutch  portrait-  and  animal- 
painter,  pupil  of  Pieter  Potter, his  father,  in  1631 
his  family  settled  at  Amsterdam,  and  in  the  following  year 
Paul  went  to  study  painting  under  Jakob  de  Weth  the 
elder.  He  was  made  a member  of  the  gild  of  St.  Luke 
at  Delft  in  1646,  and  later  at  The  Hague.  He  resided  in 
the  latter  place  from  1649  to  1652  ; he  then  returned  to  Am- 
sterdam. Among  his  pictures  is  the  celebrated  work  “ A 
Young  Bull " (1647 : see  Bull,  Young).  It  is  in  The  Hague 
museum. 

Potter,  Robert.  Born  in  England,  1721 : died 
Aug.  9, 1804.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer. 

He  graduated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  in  1741. 
He  published  translations  of  Aischylus  (1777),  Euripides 
(1781-83),  Sophocles  (1788),  etc. 

Potteries  (pot'er-iz),  The.  A district  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England,  famous  for  the  manufacture 
of  earthenware,  porcelain,  etc.  It  includes  Stoke- 
upon-Trent,  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  Etruria,  etc.,  and  is 
very  densely  peopled. 

Potter’s  Field.  An  old  burial-place  for  stran- 
gers at  Jerusalem.  It  overlooks  the  valley  of  Hin- 
nom.  A burial-place  for  paupers  and  strangers  has  re- 
ceived this  name  in  many  moderu  cities.  Matt,  xxvii.  7. 
Pottinger  (pot'in-jer),  Sir  Henry.  Born  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  1789:  died  at  Valetta, 
Malta,  March  18,  1854.  A British  diplomatist 
and  colonial  governor.  In  1804  lie  was  a cadet  in 
India.  When  the  opium  war  began  he  was  ambassador 
to  China,  and  signed  the  treaty  of  Nangking,  which 
opened  the  ports  of  China,  Aug.  29,  1842.  In  1844  he 


Powell,  Charles  Stuart 

was  privy  councilor,  and  from  1847  to  1854  governor  of 
Madras. 

Pottstown  (pots'toun).  A manufacturing  bor- 
ough in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  sit- 
uated on  the  Schuylkill  34  miles  northwest  of 
Philadelphia.  Population,  15,599,  (1910). 
Pottsville  (pots'vil).  The  capital  of  Schuyl- 
kill County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  93  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  the  center  of  the  Schuylkill  coal-region. 
Population,  20,236,  (1910). 

Potyuaras.  See  Potiguaras. 

Pouance  (po-on-sa').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  35  miles  N.  W. 
of  Angers.  It  possesses  a ruined  castle  of  the 
13thandl4th  centuries.  Pop.,  commune, 3,198. 
Poughkeepsie  (po-kip'si).  A city,  capital  of 
Dutchess  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Hudson,  64  miles  north  of 
New  York.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  and  consid- 
erable trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  several  educational  estab- 
lishments. Near  it  is  Vassar  College  (whichsee).  It  was 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and 
became  a city  in  1854.  Population,  27,936,  (1910). 

Pougin  (po-zhan'),  Arthur.  Born  at  Chateau- 
roux,  Aug.  6,  1834.  A French  musician  and 
writer  on  music.  He  edited  the  musical  articles  inLa- 
rousse’s  “ Dictionnaire  Universel  ” ; has  been  musical  critic 
for  many  periodicals ; and  has  published  biographies  of 
Meyerbeer  (1864),  Bellini  (1868),  Rossini  (1871),  Boieldieu 
(1875),  Verdi  (1881),  and  others,  and  the  supplement  to  the 
musical  biographies  of  Fetis  (1878-80). 

Pouillet  (po-ya'),  Claude  Servais  Mathias. 

Born  at  Cuzance,  Doubs,  France,  Feb.  16,  1791 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  15,  1868.  A noted  French 
physicist.  His  chief  work  is  “ Elements  de  phy- 
sique experimental e et  de metdorologie ” (1827). 
Poujoulat  (po-zho-la'),  Jean  Joseph  Francois. 
Born  at  La  Fare,  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France, 
Jan.  26, 1800  : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  5,  1880.  A 
French  historian,  and  legitimist  politician.  He 
was  a member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  (1848),  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly.  He  wrote  “Histoire  de  Jerusa- 
lem ” (1841-S2),  “Histoire  de  Saint  Augustin"  (1844), 
“ Histoire  de  la  revolution  frangaise  ” (1847),  etc. 
Poultry-Yard,  The.  A painting  by  Jan  Steen 
(1660),  in  the  royal  gallery  at  The  Hague,  Hol- 
land. The  scene  is  a court  traversed  by  a stream.  Pigeons 
and  chickens  are  feeding,  while  ducks  swim  in  the  water, 
and  a peacock  sits  in  a tree.  On  steps  at  one  side  a young 
girl  is  sitting  with  a lamb,  and  talks  with  two  men,  one  of 
them  carrying  a basket  of  eggs. 

Poupart  (po-par'),  Francois.  Born  at  Mans, 
1661 : died  Oct.  31, 1709.  A French  anatomist. 
He  studied  medicine  at  Paris  and  at  Rheims,  where  he 
received  his  medical  degree.  Poupart's  ligament  has 
been  named  after  him. 

Pouqueville  (pok-vel'),  Francois  Charles 
Hugues  Laurent.  Bom  at  Merlerault,  Orne, 
France,  Nov.  4,  1770:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  28, 
1838.  A French  writer  and  traveler,  noted  es- 
pecially for  his  works  on  Greece. 

Pourri  "(po-re'),  Mont,  or  Thuria  (tii-re-a'). 
A peak  of  the  Tarentaise  Alps,  southeastern 
Prance.  Height,  12,430  feet. 

Poushkin.  See  Pushkin. 

Poussin  (po-san'),  Gaspar  (Gaspar  Dughet). 
Born  at  Rome,  May,  1613:  died  there,  May  25, 
1675.  A French  landscape-painter,  brother-in- 
law  and  pupil  of  Nicolas  Poussin. 

Poussin  (po-san'),  Nicolas.  Born  near  Le 
Grand  Andelys,  France,  June,  1594:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  19, 1665.  A noted  French  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  a pupil  of  Quentin  Varin, 
Lallemont,  and  others.  He  went  to  Rome  in  1624; 
studied  with  Dufresnoy  the  sculptor ; returned  to  Paris  in 
1640;  was  patronized  by  Louis  XIII. ; and  settled  finally  in 
Rome  in  1642.  Among  his  works  (chiefly  in  the  Louvre'  are 
“The  Deluge,”  “Plague  of  the  Philistines,"  “Rape  of  the 
Sabines, ”“Moses'’(3),  “Triumph  of  Truth,”and“Rebekah 
and  Eliezer.”  He  decorated  the  Grande  Galerie  of  the 
Louvre,  and  his  pictures  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  prin- 
cipal galleries  of  Europe. 

Povoa  de  (or  do)  Varzim  (po-vo'a  de  (do)  var- 
zen').  A seaport  in  the  district  of  Oporto,  Por- 
tugal, 20  miles  north  of  Oporto.  Population, 
commune,  12,623. 

Powder  (pou'der)  River.  A river  in  Wyoming 
and  southeastern  Montana  which  joins  the  Yel- 
lowstone about  lat.  46°  45'  N.,  long.  105°  30'  W. 
Length,  about  350  miles. 

Powell  (pou'el),  Baden.  Bom  at  Stamford  Hill, 
near  London,  Aug.  22,  1796:  died  at  London, 
June  11,  1860.  An  English  scientific  writer. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Oriel  College)  in  1817,  and  was 
professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford  from  1827  until  his  death. 
He  published  “The  Connection  of  Natural  and  Divine 
Truth  ” (1838),  and  “On  the  Study  of  the  Evidences  of 
Christianity ” (1859),  and  contributed  to  “Essays  and  Re- 
views ” (1860). 

Powell,  Charles  Stuart.  Bom  in  England, 
1749:  died  April  26,  1811.  An  English  actor. 
He  was  manager  of  the  Haymarket,  and  appeared  in  the 
first  dramatic  representation  in  Boston  (Aug.  13, 1792),  In 
1794  he  was  manager  of  the  New  Boston  Theater. 


^ Powell,  John  Wesley 

Powell,  John  Wesley.  Born  at  Mount  Morris, 
N.  Y. , March  24, 1834:  died  at  Haven , Me. , Sept. 
23, 1902.  An  American  geologist  and  ethnologist. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  volunteers;  conducted  the  survey  of  the 
Colorado  valley  from  1870;  was  head  of  the  bureau  of 
ethnology  1879-1902;  and  from  1880  to  1894  was  director  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  He  published  “Ex- 
ploration of  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West  ”(1875),  “In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  Indian  Languages  ” (1880),  etc. 

Powell,  Lazarus  Whitehead.  Born  in  Hender- 
son County,  Ky.,  Oct.  6,  1812:  died  there,  July 
3, 1867.  An  American  politician.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Kentucky  1851-55,  and  Democratic  United  States 
senator  1859-65. 

Powell  (pou'el),  Mary.  See  Milton,  John. 
Powell’s  Islands.  See  South  Orkney  Islands. 
Power  (pou'er),  Marguerite,  Countess  of  Bless- 
ington.  Born  near  Clonmel,  Ireland,  Sept. 
1,  1789:  died  at  Paris,  June  4,  1849.  A Brit- 
ish writer  and  leader  of  fashion,  she  was  the 
daughter  of  Edmund  Power,  a small  landowner.  In  1804 
she  was  married  by  her  parents  to  a Captain  Farmer,  with 
whom  she  refused  to  live  after  about  three  months  on  ac- 
count of  his  temper.  He  was  killed  in  1817,  and  in  1818 
she  married  Charles  John  Gardiner,  the  first  Earl  of  Bless- 
ington.  He  was  extremely  rich  and  lavish,  and  proud  of 
her  beauty  and  wit.  Their  house  soon  became  a noted 
social  center.  In  1822  they  started  for  the  Continent,  ac- 
companied by  the  Count  d’Orsay,  with  whom  the  countess 
was  henceforth  intimately  associated.  He  married  her 
stepdaughter  in  1827.  In  1829  the  earl  died,  and  in  1831 
the  countess  took  a house  in  Mayfair,  where  she  again 
became  one  of  the  rulers  of  society  and  fashion.  She  began 
to  write  novels  in  1833,  and  in  1834  to  edit  the  “Book  of 
Beauty.”  In  1836  she  moved  to  Gore  House,  where  for 
thirteen  years  she  was  the  center  of  the  most  intellectual 
society  of  the  time.  Count  d'Orsay,  who  had  lived  next  door 
to  Gore  House  for  about  twelve  years  after  his  separa- 
tion from  his  wife,  fled  (April  1)  to  escape  arrest,  and  in 
about  two  weeks  the  countess  followed  him.  Gore  House 
was  sold  at  auction  in  May,  but  only  a comparatively  small 
sum  was  realized.  The  countess  died  suddenly  about  a 
month  after.  Among  her  novels  are  “The  Two  Friends" 
(1835),  “Confessions  of  an  Elderly  Gentleman”  (1836), 
'Confessions  of  an  Elderly  Lady  ” (1838),  “The  Governess  ” 
(1839),  “TheIdlerinItaly”(1839-40),  “TheldlerinFrance” 
(1841),  “Lottery  of  Life,  etc.”(1842),  “ Strathern,  etc.”(1843), 
“ Memoirs  of  a Femme  de  Chambre”(1846),  “ Marmaduke 
Herbert,  etc.”  (1847),  etc.  In  1834  she  published  “Con- 
versations with  Lord  Byron,”  whose  acquaintance  she  had 
made  at  Genoa  in  1823.  She  edited  “ The  Keepsake  ’’(1841- 
1849).  Her  last  novel,  “Country  Quarters,  ’’  was  published 
in  1850,  after  her  death. 

Power,  Tyrone.  Born  at  Kilmactliomas,  in  Wa- 
terford County,  Ireland,  Nov.  2,  1797 : lost  at 
sea,  March,  1841.  An  Irish  comedian.  He  made 
his  ddbutat  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1815;  first  appeared 
at  London  in  1822 ; and  made  successful  tours  in  the  United 
States  1833-35  and  1840-41.  On  March  21, 1841,  he  embarked 
on  the  steamship  President,  which  was  sighted  on  the 
24th,  but  was  never  heard  from  again. 

Power  of  Love,  The.  A work  by  Mrs.  Manley 
(1720),  consisting  of  seven  novels:  “The  Fair 
Hypocrite,”  “'The  Physician’s  Stratagem,” 
“The  Wife’s  Resentment,”  “The  Husband’s 
Resentment  in  two  Examples,”  “The  Happy 
Fugitive,”  and  “ The  Perjured  Beauty.” 
Powers  (pou'erz),  Hiram.  Born  at  Woodstock, 
Vt.,  July  29,  1805:  died  at  Florence,  June  27, 
1873.  A noted  American  sculptor.  He  modeled 
and  repaired  wax  figures  in  a museum  at  Cincinnati  for  7 
years  ; went  to  Washington  in  1835  with  a view  to  model- 
ing busts  of  celebrated  men ; and  established  himself  at 
Florence  in  1837.  Among  his  chief  works  are  “The  Greek 
Slave”  (1843),  “II  Penseroso,”  “The  Fisher  Boy,”  “Amer- 
ica," “Eve,"  “California,”  “The  Indian  Girl,”  and  nu- 
merous portrait  and  ideal  busts. 

Powhatan  (pou-ha-tan').  [True  name  Wahun- 
eonacook.]  Bom  about  1550 : died  in  April,  1618. 
An  Indian  chief,  head  of  the  confederacy  of 
Powhatan.  Compare  Pocahontas,  and  Smith, 
John. 

Powhatan.  [The  name  is  translated  ‘ falls  in  a 
stream,’  and  was  that  of  a village,  now  a suburb 
of  Richmond,  at  the  falls  of  James  River.]  A 
confederacy  of  North  American  Indians,  occu- 
pying the  tide-water  section  and  eastern  shore 
of  Virginia,  and  a part  of  Maryland,  and  extend- 
ingwest  to  a line  passingbeyond  Fredericksburg 
and  Richmond.  It  was  of  recent  formation  when  first 
met.  The  great  chief  Powhatan  had,  by  his  personal  qual- 
ities, increased  it  from  only  7 tribes,  besides  the  one  bear- 
ing his  name,  to  30.  The  geographic  names  of  the  rivers 
and  streams  of  the  region  preserve  the  names  of  most  of 
the  30  tribes.  The  Spaniards  first  met  them  in  1570  when 
seeking  to  form  a mission  on  the  Rappahannock  River ; but 
little  was  known  of  them  until  the  English  established  the 
colony  at  Jamestown,  with  the  history  of  which  the  con- 
federacy, with  alternating  peace  and  war,  was  intimately 
connected.  The  result  was  the  destruction  of  nearly  all 
of  these  Indians  by  the  colonists  and  the  Iroquois.  The 
history  of  the  Powhatan  tribes  practically  ceased  at  the 
treaty  of  Albany  in  1684.  See  Algonquian. 

Powis.  See  Powys. 

Pownall  (pou'nai),  Thomas.  Born  at  Lincoln, 
England,  1722 : died  at  Bath,  England,  Feb.  25, 
1805.  A colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
lie  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1743 ; was  lieutenant-gover- 
nor of  New  Jersey  in  1755  ; was  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1757-60;  and  later  was  a member  of  Parliament.  Repub- 
lished “ The  Administration  of  the  Colonies  ” in  1764. 


823 

Powys,  or  Powis  (pou'is).  An  ancient  Celtic 
principality  in  the  eastern  part  of  Wales. 
Poynings  (poin'ingz),  Sir  Edward.  An  Eng- 
lish deputy  in  Ireland  in  1494.  He  assembled 
the  parliament  which  passed  ‘ ‘ Poynings’, s Law.” 
Poynings’s  Law.  Two  acts  of  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment m 1494,  named  from  Sir  Edward  Poynings 
(see  above).  They  had  a serious  and  lasting  effect  upon 
Irish  affairs.  Their  most  important  provisions  were  that 
all  English  laws  “ lately  made  ” (which  was  construed  to 
include  all  prior  English  laws)  should  be  in  force  in  Ire- 
land, and  that  thereafter  no  parliament  should  sit  in  Ire- 
land without  the  license  of  the  king  and  his  council,  and 
that  no  act  passed  by  such  parliament  should  lie  effective 
unless  affirmed  by  them.  These  acts  are  sometimes  called 
the  Statute  of  Drogheda,  from  the  parliament  where  they 
were  adopted.  They  were  repealed  in  1782. 

Poynter  (poin'ter),  Sir  Edward  John.  Born 
at  Paris,  March  20, 1836.  An  English  historical 
painter.  From  1853  to  1854  he  lived  in  Rome ; in  1856  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  in  1860  to  London.  In  1868  he  became 
associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  in  1876  royal  academician, 
and  in  1871  and  1873  Slade  professor  at  University  College, 
London.  He  was  director  for  art  and  principal  of  the  train- 
ing-school at  South  Kensington  1876-81;  was  director 
of  the  National  Gallery  1894-1905 ; and  was  elected 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1896.  He  was  knighted 
in  1896  and  created  a baronet  in  1902.  He  painted  “ Israel 
in  Egypt"  (1867),  “ The  Catapult  ” (1868),  “The  Ibis  Girl  ” 
(1871).“Atalanta’sRace  ” (1876),“Zenobia”  (1876),  “Diadu- 
men<5  ” (1884),  “On  the  Terrace"  (1889).  etc.  He  has  also 
designed  the  mosaic  of  St.  George  in  Westminster  Palace, 
thedecorationsfor  thegrill-room  atSouthKensington,  etc. 
Poyser(poi'zer),  Mrs.  A conspicuous  character 
in  George  Eliot’s  novel  “Adam  Bede.”  she  is  a 

vigorous,  hard-working  countrywoman,  keen,  clever,  and 
inclined  to  shrewishness,  living  with  her  husband  on  one 
of  Squire  Donnithorne’s  farms. 

But  though  Mrs.  Poyser  be  humble,  she  is  far  from  or- 
dinary. “Some  folks’ tongues,”  she  says,  “are  like  the 
clocks  as  run  on  strikin’,  not  to  tell  you  the  time  of  the 
day,  but  because  there ’s  sumraat  wrong  i’  their  own  in- 
side.” Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  Fict.,  p.  290. 

Pozsony  (po'zhony).  The  Hungarian  name  of 
Presburg. 

Pozzo  di  Borgo  (pot'sS  de  bor'go),  Count  Carlo 
Andrea.  Born  near  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  March  8, 
1764:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  15, 1842.  A Russian 
diplomatist,  early  in  life  a Corsican  patriot.  He 
entered  the  Russian  diplomatic  service  in  1803,  and  was 
noted  for  his  hostility  to  Napoleon.  He  signed  the  peace 
of  Paris  in  1815. 

Pozzuoli  (pot-so'6-le).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Pozzuoli  7 miles  west  of  Naples : the  ancient 
Puteoli.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruins,  especially  for  the  Ro- 
man amphitheater,  formed  of  3 superposed  arcades,  the 
lowest  of  stone,  the  others  of  reticulated  masonry  in  brick. 
The  chief  entrances,  at  the  extremities  of  the  long  axis, 
were  ornamented  with  arcaded  porticos  in  marble.  There 
are  a complicated  system  of  subterranean  dens  and  pas- 
sages, and  appliances  for  flooding  the  arena  for  the  nau- 
machy.  The  axes  of  the  greater  ellipse  are  482  and  384 
feet ; of  the  arena,  236  and  138  feet.  Puteoli,  an  ancient 
Greek  city,  became  one  of  the  chief  commercial  cities  of 
the  Roman  Empire  and  a special  port  of  Rome.  Its  harbor 
was  protected  by  a mole,  now  in  ruins.  It  was  a resort 
of  the  Roman  nobility. 

Pozzuoli,  Bay  Of.  The  northwestern  arm  of  the 
Bay  of  Naples. 

P.  P.,  Clerk  of  this  Parish,  Memoirs  of.  A 

work  by  Arbuthnot,  a satire  on  Burnet’s  “ His- 
tory of  his  own  Time.” 

Prabodhachandrodaya  (pra-bo ' d-ha-  cban- 
dro'da-ya).  [Skt.,  ‘the  rise  of  the  moon  of 
(true)  intelligence.’]  An  allegorical  and  philo- 
sophical play  in  Sanskrit,  by  Krishna  Mishra, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury A.  D.  Its  dramatis  persona;  are  Faith,  Volition, 
Opinion,  Imagination,  Contemplation,  Devotion,  Quietude, 
Friendship,  etc.,  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  Error,  Self- 
conceit,  Hypocrisy,  Love,  Passion,  Anger,  and  Avarice.  The 
former  become  victorious  over  the  latter,  the  Buddhists 
and  other  heretical  sects  being  represented  as  adherents 
of  the  vanquished. 

Pradier  (prii-dya'),  James.  Born  at  Geneva, 
May  23, 1792 : died  near  Paris,  June  14, 1852.  A 
Swiss  sculptor.  Most  of  his  works  are  in  Pa- 
ris (including  “Phryne,”  “Psyche,”  “Venus 
and  Cupid,”  etc.). 

Prado  (pra/THo).  The  chief  fashionable  prom- 
enade of  Madrid. 

Prado  (pra/do)t  Juande.  Born  in  Leon,  1716: 
died,  there  about  1771.  A Spanish  general. 
Made  governor  of  Cuba  Feb.  7,  1761,  he  surrendered  the 
island  to  the  English  under  Lord  Albemarle  Aug.  13, 1762. 
For  this  he  was  tried  and  condemned  to  death,  hut  the 
sentence  was  commuted. 

Prado,  Mariano  Ignacio.  Born  1826:  died 
1901.  APeruvian  soldier  and  politician,  in  Feb., 
1865,  be  declared  against  Pezet,  whose  temporizing  pol- 
icy with  the  Spaniards  had  made  him  very  unpopular. 
Pezet  resigned,  and  Prado  was  named  supreme  chief  in 
Dec.  He  at  once  formed  a close  offensive  and  defensive 
alliance  with  Chile,  and  declared  war  with  Spain.  On 
May  2,  1866,  the  attack  of  the  Spanish  fleet  on  Callao  was 
repulsed.  Prado,  whose  position  was  unconstitutional, 
was  forced  to  leave  the  country  in  .Tail.,  1868.  Ho  returned 
some  years  after,  and  was  regularly  elected  president,  as- 
suming office  Aug.  2,  1876.  In  1879  war  broke  out  with 


Prague,  Compactata  of 

Chile.  After  the  Peruvians  had  been  repeatedly  defeated 
in  the  south,  President  Prado  left  the  government  in  the 
hands  of  Vice-President  La  Puerta,  and  on  Dec.  17,  1879, 
sailed  for  Europe,  ostensibly  to  raise  a loan  and  buy  iron- 
clads. Soon  after  the  presidency  was  seized  by  Pierola. 

Praed  (prad),  Mrs.  (Eosa  Murray  Prior).  Born 
in  Queensland,  March  27,  1851.  An  Australian 
novelist,  wife  of  Campbell  Mackworth  Praed. 
Among  her  books  are  “An  Australian  Heroine  ” (1880),  “ Na- 
dine ”(1882),  “ The  Head  Station  "(1885),  “ The  Romance  of 
a Station  ” (1889),  “ As  a Watch  in  the  Night  ” (1900),  “ Opal 
Fire ”(1910),  with  Justin  M‘Carthy,  “The  Right  Honour- 
able ” (1886),  and  “The  Ladies’  Gallery  " (1889),  etc. 

Praed,  Wintkrop  Mackworth.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, July  26,  1802:  died  at  London,  July  15, 
1839.  An  English  poet,  a writer  of  society  verse 
(vers  de  societe).  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trin- 
ity, Cambridge ; was  third  in  the  classical  tripos  of  1825 ; 
and  in  1822  was  a principal  contributor  to  “Knight’s  Quar- 
terly Magazine."  In  May,  1829,  he  was  called  lo  the  bar  in 
the  Middle  Temple ; was  Tory  member  of  Parliament  for 
St.  Germans  1830-32;  was  afterward  member  for  Great 
Yarmouth,  and  still  later  for  Aylesbury  until  his  death. 
His  collected  poems  were  published  in  1864,  his  prose  es- 
says in  1887,  and  his  political  poems  in  1888. 

Prasneste  (pre-nes'te).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  in  Latium,  Italy,  22  miles  east  of  Rome : the 
modern  Palestrina.  It  was  built  probably  as  early  as 
the  8th  century  B.  c. ; was  often  opposed  to  Rome,  espe- 
cially in  380  B.  0.,  and  in  the  Latin  War  340-338  ; was  in 
alliance  with  Rome  until  the  time  of  the  Social  War  90-88, 
when  it  received  the  Roman  franchise ; was  taken  by  the 
partizans  of  Sulla  from  the  Marians  under  the  younger 
Marius  in  82  ; was  a favorite  summer  resort  of  the  Roman 
nobility  (the  residenceof  Augustus,  Horace,  Tiberius,  and 
Hadrian) ; and  was  celebrated  for  the  temple  and  oracle  of 
the  goddess  Fortune.  There  are  few  ruins  remaining. 
Prsesepe  (pre-se'pe).  A loose  cluster  of  stars, 
appearing  as  a nebula  to  the  naked  eye,  in  the 
breast  of  the  Crab:  e Cancri. 

Praestigiar.  The  dog  that  is  the  constant  atten- 
dant of  Faust  in  the  early  forms  of  the  legend. 
He  is  supposed  to  be  the  devil. 

Praga  (pra/ga).  A suburb  of  Warsaw,  situated 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Vistula.  It  was 
stormed  by  the  Russians  under  Suvaroff,  Nov. 
4,  1794. 

Pragel  (pra/gel).  An  Alpine  pass  in  the  can- 
ton of  Schwyz,  Switzerland,  25-30  miles  east  by 
south  of  Lucerne.  It  was  the  scene  of  severe  fighting 
between  the  Russians  under  Suvaroff  and  the  Freuch  in 
Sept.,  1799. 

Pragmatic  Sanction.  A term  first  applied  to 
certain  decrees  of  the  Byzantine  emperors,  regu- 
lating the  interests  of  their  subject  provinces 
and  towns;  then  to  a system  of  limitations  set 
to  the  spiritual  power  of  the  Pope  in  France  in 
1438,  which  laid  the  foundations  of  the  so-called 
Gallican  Church.  Lastly,  it  became  the  name  for  an 
arrangement  or  family  compact,  made  by  different  poten- 
tates, regarding  succession  to  sovereignty— the  most 
noted  being  the  instrument  by  which  the  emperor 
Charles  VI.,  being  without  male  issue,  endeavored  to 
secure  the  succession  through  his  female  descendants. 
The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles  VI.  provided  (1) 
that  the  lands  belonging  to  the  house  of  Austria  should 
be  indivisible  ; (2)  that  in  the  absence  of  male  heirs  these 
lands  should  devolve  upon  Charles's  daughters  (the 
eldest  of  whom  was  Maria.  Theresa),  according  to  the  law 
of  primogeniture ; and  (3)  that  in  case  of  the  extinction  of 
this  line  the  inheritance  should  pass  to  the  daughters  of 
Joseph  I.  and  their  descendants. 

Prague  (prag).  [G.  Pray,  Bohem.  Praha. ] The 
capital  of  Bohemia,  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Moldau,  in  lat.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  14°  26'  E. 
It  is  the  third  city  of  the  Austrian  empire,  an  important 
railway  center,  and  the  commercial  and  manufacturing 
center  of  Bohemia.  Among  the  manufactures  are  beer, 
chemicals,  machinery,  iron,  and  cotton.  The  principal 
quarters  are  the  Altstadt,  Neu'tadt,  Kleiuseite,  and  Hrad- 
schin.  The  cathedral  lias  a large  and  fine  choir  of  1385, 
and  a modern  nave  built,  in  a corresponding  style.  The 
choir  contains  a splendid  monument  of  marble  and  ala- 
baster to  the  kings  of  Bohemia,  executed  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury by  a Flemish  sculptor.  The  vaulting  is  1 18  feet  high. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Teynkirche,  Rathaus, 
Karlsbriicke  over  the  Moldau,  picture-gallery,  Rathaus  of 
the  Neustadt,  citadel,  several  museums,  imperial  palace, 
abbey  of  Strahow,  and  Belvedere.  The  university,  founded 
in  1348,  was  very  flourishing  at  the  epoch  of  Huss(the  be- 
ginning of  the  15th  century).  It  contains  2 departments, 
German  and  Czech.  The  number  of  students  in  the  former 
is  about  1,700;  in  the  latter,  about  4,000.  The  university 
library  contains  about  375,000  volumes.  Founded  appar- 
ently about  the  8th  century,  Prague  was  developed  in  the 
13th  and  14th  centuries.  The  Hussite  war  broke  out  there 
in  1419,  and  the  Thirty  Years’  IVar  in  1618.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Imperialists  in  1620,  the  Saxons  in  1031,  and  by 
Wallenstein  in  1632,  and  the  Swedes  entered  the  Kleiuseite 
in  1048.  The  French  and  Bavarians  took  it  in  1741,  the 
Imperialists  in  1743,  and  Frederick  the  Great  in  1744. 
Near  it,  May  6,  1757,  the  Prussians  (about  68,000)  under 
Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  (75,000-80,000) 
under  Charles  of  Lorraine.  Loss  of  the  Prussians,  18,000 ; 
of  the  Austrians,  about  20,000.  It  was  consolidated  into  one 
city  in  1784.  A Panslavic  Congress  was  held  there  in  1848, 
during  which  a Czech  outbreak  occurred,  which  led  to  the 
bombardment  of  the  city  by  Wiiidischgriitz.  Itwas  taken 
by  the  Prussians  in  1866.  Population,  224,721,  (1910). 

Prague,  Compactata  of.  A settlement  of  the 
Bohemian  controversy  by  the  Council  of  Basel 
in  1433,  by  which  the  LIussites  were  granted 
the  use  of  the  cup  in  the  eucharist. 


Prague,  Peace  of 

Prague,  Peace  of.  1 . A treaty  concluded  be- 
tween the  emperor  Ferdinand  II.  and  the  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony  in  1635,  by  which  the  latter  re- 
ceived Lusatia. — 2.  A treaty  between  Prussia 
and  Austria,  concluded  Aug.  23,  1866,  by  which 
the  Lombardo-Venetian  kingdom  was  annexed 
to  Italy,  the  Germanic  Confederation  dissolved, 
and  a new  arrangement  of  Germany  provided 
for,  excluding  Austria.  Austria  ceded  her  rights 
in  Schleswig-Holstein  to  Prussia,  and  paid 
Prussia  a war  indemnity  of  $15,000,000. 
Praguerie  (prag-re').  [F.,  from  Prague,  refer- 
ring to  the  Hussite  insurrection  there.]  An  un- 
successful insurrection  in  France,  1440,  in  op- 
position to  the  establishment  of  a standing 
army. 

Prainal(pra'ri-al;  F.pron.pra-re-al').  [F.,from 
prairie,  a meadow.]  The  name  adopted  in  1793 
by  the  National  Convention  of  the  first  French 
republic  for  the  ninth  month  of  the  year,  it 
consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  i to  7 with 
May  20,  and  in  8 to  13  with  May  21. 

Prairial  Insurrection.  An  unsuccessful  insur- 
rection of  the  populace  in  Paris  against  the  Con- 
vention, on  the  1st  Prairial,  year  3 (May  20, 
1795). 

Prairie  (pra're),  The.  The  last  in  chrono- 
logical order  of  Cooper’s  “Leatherstocking” 
novels,  published  in  1827. 

Prairie  du  Chien  (pra're  du  slien).  [F.,  ‘dog’s 
prairie.’]  A city,  capital  of  Crawford  County, 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  89  miles 
west  of  Madison.  Population,  3,149,  (1910). 
Prairie  State,  The.  Illinois. 

Pr aisegod  Barbon  or  Barebones,  See  Barbon . 
Praise  of  Folly  (L.  Encomium  Moriae).  A 
satirical  work  by  Erasmus,  published  in  1511, 
directed  against  the  clergy  and  others. 

Praise  of  Women.  A poem  erroneously  attrib- 
uted to  Chaucer.  It  was  included  in  Thynne’s 
list. 

Prajapati  (pra-ja'pa-ti).  [Skt. : prajd,  crea- 
ture, and  pati,  lord:  ‘lord  of  creatures.’]  In 
the  Itigveda,  an  epithet  applied  to  Savitar,  to 
Soma,  and  to  Indra  and  Agni ; also,  a special 
genius  presiding  over  procreation,  who  is  in  ad- 
dition a protector  of  the  living.  Once  in  the  Rig- 
veda,  and  often  in  the  Atharvavedaand  Vajasaneyisanliita 
and  Brahmanas,  Prajapati  is  a supreme  god  over  the  other 
gods  of  the  Vedic  period.  This  Prajapati  becomes  the 
Brahma  of  later  philosophical  speculation.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  Manu  Svayambhuva,  as  the  son  of  Brahma 
and  the  secondary  creator  of  the  ten  Kishis  from  whom 
mankind  has  descended. 

Prajna  Parainita  (praj'na  pa'ram-i'ta).  [Skt.: 
prajild,  knowledge;  ita,  gone;  pdram,  to  the 
other  shore.]  Transcendental  wisdom : the 
title  of  the  principal  Sutra  of  the  Mahayana 
school  of  the  Buddhists,  or  Great  Vehicle,  it 
begins  with  a eulogy  of  Buddha  and  the  Bodhisattvas,  and 
contains  incidentally  wonderful  phenomena  connected 
with  the  apparitions  of  Buddhist  saints,  but  is  essentially 
metaphysical.  Its  doctrine  is  the  entire  negation  of  the 
subject  as  well  as  the  object. 

Prakrit  (pra'krit).  [Hkt. prakrta,  natural,  un- 
changed, common ; from  prakrti,  original,  nat- 
ural form.  Prakrit  is  the  ‘ natural,  unchanged’ 
idiom,  as  distinguished  from  the  Sanskrit 
(‘  adorned,  elaborated,  perfected’  as  subjected 
to  artificial  regulation) ; the  common,  popular 
language,  in  distinction  from  the  Sanskrit  as  the 
sacred  and  classic.  But  the  grammarians  use 
the  word  in  the  sense  of  ‘ derived,’  thereby  de- 
noting the  connection  of  the  Prakrit  with  the 
original  Sanskrit,  much  of  the  Prakrit  of  books 
being  formed  in  accordance  with  rules  from  the 
Sanskrit.]  The  general  name  under  which  are 
comprised  the  various  dialects  which  appear  to 
have  arisen  in  India  out  of  the  corruption  of 
the  Sanskrit  during  the  centuries  immediately 
preceding  our  era.  They  form  the  connecting-link  be- 
tween Sanskrit  and  the  modern  Aryan  languages  of  India. 
The  sacred  languages  of  the  Buddhists  of  Ceylon  (Pali)  and 
the  Jainasof  India  (Jaina  Prakrit)  are  only  different  forms 
of  Prakrit,  and  Pali  seems  to  have  been  chosen  as  the  Bud 
dhist  sacred  language  to  appeal  to  the  sympathies  of  the 
people.  In  Alexander’s  time  Prakrit  seems  to  have  been 
the  spoken  dialect  of  the  people.  The  language  of  the 
rock-inscriptions  of  King  Ashoka,  which  record  the  names 
of  Antiochus  and  other  Greek  princes  (about  250  B.  c.),  is 
also  a form  of  Prakrit,  and  it  is  found  on  the  bilingual 
coins  of  the  Greek  kings  of  Bactria.  It  plays  an  impor- 
tant part  in  all  the  ancient  Hindu  dramas,  the  highermale 
characters  speaking  Sanskrit,  the  women  and  subordinate 
male  characters  using  various  forms  of  Prakrit,  the  lan- 
guage varying  according  to  the  rank  of  the  speaker.  The 
oldest  Prakrit  grammarian,  Vararuchi,  distinguishes  4 dia- 
lects (the  Maliarashtri,  the  Paishachi,  the  Magadhi,  and 
the  Shauraseni),  while  the  Sahityadarpana  enumerates  14. 
Prakrit  almost  always  assumes  the  Sanskrit  liases,  altering 
and  eliding  certain  letters  in  the  original  word.  It  con- 
tinually affects  a concurrence  of  vowels,  which  is  utterly 
repugnant  to  Sanskrit. 

Pram  (pram),  Christen  Henriksen.  Bom  iu 


824 

Norway,  Sept.  4,  1756  : died  on  the  island  of  St. 
Thomas,  Nov.  25,  1821.  A Danish  poet.  His 
chief  work  is  the  epic  “ Starkodder ” (1785). 

Prantl  (pran'tl),  Karl  von.  Born  at  Lands- 
berg,  Bavaria,  Jan.  28,  1820 : died  at  Oberst- 
dorf,  Sept.  14,  1888.  A German  philosophical 
writer,  professor  at  Munich  from  1847.  His 
chief  work  is  ‘ ‘ Geschichte  der  Logik  im  Abend- 
lande”  (1855-70). 

Prater  (pra/ter).  [From  L.  pratum,  a meadow.] 
A noted  public  park  in  Vienna.  It  is  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  Danube  and  the  Danube  Canal,  and  is  covered 
with  forest  trees  and  intersected  with  magnificent  drives 
and  walks.  It  was  dedicated  “to  the  human  race”  by  the 
emperor  Joseph  II. 

Pratigau  (pra'te-gou),  or  Prattigau  (prat'te- 
gou).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  east  of  Coire 
and  bordering  on  Vorarlberg. 

Pratisliakhya  (pra-ti-sha'khya).  [Skt. : prati, 
belonging  to,  and  slidkhd,  branch,  Vedic  text.] 
The  name  of  each  of  a class  of  plionetico-gram- 
matical  treatises,  each,  as  the  name  (‘belong- 
ing to  each  several  text’)  indicates,  having  for 
subject  one  principal  Vedic  text  and  noting  all 
its  peculiarities  of  form.  Their  real  purpose  is  to 
show  how  the  continuous  sanhita  text  is  to  be  reconstructed 
out  of  the  pada  or  word-text,  in  which  the  individual 
words  are  given  separately  in  their  original  form,  unaf- 
fected by  sandhi  or  the  influence  of  the  words  which  im- 
mediately precede  and  follow.  Four  are  extant:  that  of 
the  Rigveda,  translated  by  both  Muller  and  Rdgnier:  that 
of  the  Black  Yajurveda,  by  Whitney;  that  of  the  White 
Yajurveda,  by  Weber;  and  that  of  the  Atharvaveda, by 
Whitney. 

Prato  (pra'to).  A town  in  the  province  of  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  situated  on  the  Bisenzio  11  miles 
northwest  of  Florence.  It  has  flourishing  industries, 
being  especially  noted  for  its  straw-plaiting  and  the  pro- 
duction of  bread  and  biscuits.  The  cathedral  is  a pictur- 
esque Pointed  building  incrusted  with  alternate  courses 
of  black  or  green  serpentine  and  gray  limestone,  arcaded 
on  the  exterior,  and  possessing  a handsome  campanile  in 
six  stages.  At  the  southwest  exterior  angle  there  is  a 
beautiful  circular  pulpit,  and  in  the  interior  another  no- 
table sculptured  pulpit,  by  Mino  da  Fiesole.  The  choir- 
chapels  have  very  remarkable  frescos  by  Filippo  Lippi, 
and  the  bronze  screen  of  the  Chapel  of  the  Sacra  Cintola 
is  hardly  surpassed  in  15th-century  metal-work.  Prato  was 
a famous  art  center  in  the  Renaissance.  It  was  stormed 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1512.  Population,  town,  19,031;  com- 
mune, 51,453. 

Pratt  (prat),  Charles,  first  Earl  Carndeu.  Born 
in  Devonshire,  England,  in  1714:  died  at 
London,  April  18,  1794.  An  English  jurist,  cre- 
ated Baron  Camden  in  1765  and  Earl  Camden  in 
1786.  He  was  lord  chancellor  1766-70,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council  1782-83  and  1784-94. 

Pratt,  Charles.  Born  at  Watertown,  Mass., 
Oct.  2,  1830:  died  at  New  York,  May  4,  1891. 
An  American  philanthropist.  He  accumulated  a 
large  fortune,  chiefly  in  the  oil  trade.  He  is  best  known 
as  the  founder  of  the  Pratt  Institute  in  Brooklyn,  which 
was  incorporated  in  1886  and  opened  in  1887. 

Pratt,  Orson.  Born  at  Hartford,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
19, 1811 : died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Oct.  3, 1881.  An 
apostle  and  missionary  of  the  Mormon  Church. 
He  joined  the  Mormon  Church  in  1830,  and  became  an 
apostle  in  1835.  He  possessed  an  extensive  knowledge  of 
the  higher  mathematics,  and  in  1354  published  his  dis- 
covery of  the  law  of  planetary  rotation,  namely,  that  the 
cube  routs  of  the  d ensities  of  planets  vary  as  the  square 
roots  of  their  periods  of  rotation.  He  wrote  “Cubic  and 
Biquadratic  Equations  " (1866),  etc. 

Prattigau.  See  Pratigau. 

Praxiteles  (praks-it'e-lez).  [Gr.  npafmfz^f.] 
Born  at  Athens  about  the  end  of  the  5th  century 
B.  c.  A celebrated  Greek  sculptor.  His  activity 
lasted  until  about  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great,  or  336 
B.  c.  Nearly  threescore  of  his  works  are  mentioned  in 
old  writers.  The  characteristics  of  his  work  are  shown  in 
the  statue  of  Hermes  and  Dionysos  discovered  in  the  He- 
rseum  at  Olympia  and  identified  by  Pausanias’s  descrip- 
tion. Various  figures  in  modern  museums  are  supposed 
to  he  copies  of  his  work.  Among  them  are  the  Satyr  of 
the  Capitol  (the  “Marble  Faun  ” of  Hawthorne’s  novel)  ; 
a much  more  beautiful  torso  discovered  in  the  Palatine, 
and  now  in  the  Louvre ; the  Silenus  and  Dionysus  in  the 
Louvre;  the  Apollino  of  the  tribune  in  Florence;  and  the 
Apollo  Sauroctonus  of  the  Vatican.  His  most  celebrated 
work  was  the  Aphrodite  of  Cnidus,  which,  next  to  the 
Zeus  of  Phidias,  was  the  most  admired  of  the  statues  of 
antiquity. 

Pray  (pra.) , Isaac  Clark.  Born  at  Boston,  1813: 
died  at  New  York,  Nov.  28,  1869.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist,  theatrical  manager,  actor,  play- 
wright, and  poet.  He  began  to  write  for  the  press 
when  only  fourteen.  In  1846  he  went  on  'the  stage  in 
London,  and  played  for  some  time  such  parts  as  Alexander, 
Hamlet,  Othello,  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  etc.  Among  his  plays 
are  “ The  Old  Clock,  etc.,”  dramatized  from  his  novel  (1836), 
“ Csecinna,”  “The  Broker  of  Florence,”  etc.  He  was  par- 
ticularly successful  in  training  pupils  for  the  stage. 

Preault  (pra-o'),  Antoine  Auguste.  Born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  8, 1809 : died  there,  Jan.  11, 1879.  A 
French  sculptor.  He  studied  in  the  College  de  Charle- 
magne till  he  was  sixteen,  and  then  supported  himself 
in  an  ornament-modeler’s  shop,  devoting  his  leisure  hours 
to  drawing  in  a life  class  managed  by  a celebrated  model 
of  the  day.  From  this  he  went  to  the  atelier  of  David 


Prentiss,  Benjamin  Mayberry 

d’Angers.  He  executed  “La  mishre,”  “Gilbert  mourant,” 
“La  famine”  (1833),  “Les  parias,”  “Mourd,”  “ Vitellius,” 
and  the  famous  bas-reliefs  of  “La  tuerie”  (in  plaster), 
all  rejected  by  the  jury  (1834).  His  works  were  systemat- 
ically rejected  for  the  Salon  till  1848,  on  account  of  their 
extremely  marked  character.  Other  works  are  the  co- 
lossal statue  of  Charlemagne  (1836),  “Hecuba”  (1836), 

“ Carthage  ” (1838),  “L’Abbe  de  l’Epce”  for  the  Hotel  de 
Ville  (1844),  and  “Cldmence  Isaure  ” for  the  Jardin  du  Lux- 
embourg (1848).  Hemade  the  famous  medallion  of  Silence 
for  the  Jewish  cemetery  at  P&re  Lachaise  in  1848;  the 
statue  of  General  Marceau  (1850) ; the  Christ  of  the  Church 
of  Saint-Gervais ; “La  vierge  aux  Opines”  (1866);  “Paul 
Huet’’(1870:  funeral  medallion);  etc. 

Pre  aux  Clercs  (pra  o klar),  Le.  A strip  of  land 
in  old  Paris,  which  extended  from  the  wall  of 
Philippe  Auguste  to  the  present  Champ  de  Mars, 
between  the  abbey  of  St.-Germain  des  Pres  and 
the  river.  It  must  have  belonged  originally  to  the  ab- 
bey,  but  was  at  an  early  date  transferred  to  the  university 
and  used  as  a park  or  campus  by  the  students.  It  was  for 
many  years  given  over  to  lawlessness.  It  is  now  built 
upon. 

Pre  aux  Clercs,  Le.  An  opera  by  Herold,  pro- 
duced in  1832  at  Paris.  It  was  very  successful. 
Preble  (preb'l),  Edward.  Born  at  Falmouth 
(now  Portland),  Maine,  Aug.  15,  1761 : died  at 
Portland,  Aug.  25,  1807.  An  American  naval 
officer.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  com- 
manded the  naval  expedition  against  Morocco  and  Tripoli 
iu  1803-04. 

Preble,  George  Henry.  Born  at  Portland, 
Maine,  Feb.  25,  1816:  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  1, 1885.  An  American  admiral  and  naval 
writer,  nephew  of  Edward  Preble.  He  entered  the 
navy  as  a midshipman  in  1835 ; commanded  the  Katahdin 
and  the  St.  Louis  during  the  Civil  War ; was  promoted  cap- 
tain in  1867,  commodore  in  1871,  and  rear-admiral  in  1876 ; 
and  was  retired  in  1878.  He  wrote  “History  of  the  Preble 
Family  in  America”  (1868),  “History  of  the  Flag  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  Naval  and  Yacht  Club  Signals, 
etc."  (1872),  etc. 

Precaution  (pre-ka/shon).  James  Fenimore 
Cooper’s  first  novel,  published  in  1821. 
Precauzioni  (pra-kout-se-6'ne).  An  opera  by 
Petrella,  first  produced  at  Genoa  in  1851. 
Precieuses  Ridicules  (pra-syez'  re-de-kfil'), 
Les.  A comedy  by  Moliere,  produced  in  1659. 
The  Marquise  de  Rambouillet  had  collected  around  her, 
early  in  the  17th  century,  a coterie  of  fine  (not  to  say  finical) 
literary  ladies,  who  came  to  be  known  as  the  “ Ptocieuses  ” ; 
and  the  fashion  had  extended  to  the  provinces  when  Mo- 
lifere  wrote  his  play.  “ The  stage  had  been  employed  often 
enough  for  personal  satire,  but  it  had  not  yet  been  made 
use  of  for  the  actual  delineation  and  criticism  of  contem- 
porary manners  as  manners  and  not  as  the  foibles  of  in- 
dividuals. The  play  was  directed  against  the  affectations 
and  unreal  language  of  the  members  of  literary  coteries 
which,  with  that  of  the  Hotel  Rambouillet  as  the  chief,  had 
long  been  prominent  in  French  society.  It  has  but  a single 
act,  but  in  its  way  it  has  never  been  surpassed  either  as  a 
piece  of  social  satire  or  a piece  of  brilliant  dialogue  illus- 
trating ludicrous  action  and  character."  Saintsbury, 
French  Lit.  p.  308. 

Preciosa  (prat-se-o'za).  A play  by  Wolff,  music 
by  Weber,  produced  at  Berlin  in  1821. 

Predil  (pra'dil).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the  south- 
ern border  of  Carintbia,  Austria-Hungary,  35 
miles  west-southwest  of  Klagenfurt,  connect- 
ing the  valleys  of  the  Drave  and  Isonzo. 
Pregel  (pra'gel).  A river  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  Pissa  and  Rominte,  and  flows  into  the  Frisches  Haff  5 
miles  below  Konigsberg.  Length,  about  125  miles. 

Preller  (prel'ler),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Eise- 
nach, Germany,  April  25, 1804 : died  at  Weimar, 
April  23,  1878.  A noted  German  landscape- 
painter.  Among  his  best  works  are  landscapes  illustrat- 
ing the  Odyssey,  in  the  long  corridor  in  the  museum  at 
Weimar. 

Preller,  Ludwig.  Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  15, 
1809 : died  at  Weimar,  June  21, 1861.  A German 
antiquary,  chief  librarian  at  Weimar  from  1846. 

His  chief  work  is  “ Griechische  Mythologie"  (1854-55). 
With  n.  Ritter  he  published  “ Historia  philosophise  Grae- 
cae  et  Romanae  ” (L836). 

Prelude  (pre'lud  or  prel'ud),  The.  A philo- 
sophical poem  by  Wordsworth,  published  in 
1850. 

Prence  (prens),  or  Prince  (prins),  Thomas. 
Born  in  England,  1601:  died  at  Plymouth  Mass., 
March  29,  1673.  An  American  colonist,  one  of 
the  pilgrims  in  the  Fortune.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Plymouth  Colony  1634—38  and  1657-73. 
Prentice  (pren'tis),  George  Denison.  Born  at 
Preston,  Conn..  Dec.  18,1802:  died  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  Jan.  22,  1870.  An  American  journalist, 
poet,  and  humorist.  He  became  editor  of  the  Louis- 
ville “ Journal  ” in  1831.  His  humorous  writings  were  pub- 
lished as  “ Prenticeana  ” in  1859. 
Prentiss(pren'tis),BenjaminMayberry.  Born 
Nov.  23, 1819 : died  Feb.  8,  1901.  An  American 
general.  He  served  as  a captain  of  volunteers  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  being  promoted 
major-general  in  1862.  He  defeated  Generals  Theophilus 
H.  Holmes  and  Sterling  Price  at  Helena,  Arkansas,  July  4, 
1863.  He  resigned  in  Oct.  of  the  same  year. 


Prentiss,  Charles 

Prentiss,  Charles.  Born  at  Beading,  Mass., 
Oct.  8,  1774:  died  at  Brimfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  20, 
1820.  An  American  journalist  and  miscellane- 
ous author. 

Prentiss,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Payson).  Born  at 
Portland,  Maine,  Oct.  26,  1818 : died  at  Dorset, 
Vt.,  Aug.  13,  1878.  An  American  novelist  and 
writer  of  juveniles  : vnfe  of  G.  Lewis  Prentiss, 
and  daughter  of  Ed  ward  Payson . Her  best-known 
work  is  “ Stepping  Heavenward  ” (1869).  She  also  wrote 
"Little  Susy  Series,”  “Flower  of  the  Family ” (1854),  etc. 

Prentiss,  Seargent  or  Sargent  Smith.  Born 
at  Portland,  Maine,  Sept.  30,  1808:  died  near 
Natchez,  Miss.,  July  1, 1850.  An  American  ora- 
tor and  politician.  He  was  elected  to  Congress 
from  Mississippi  in  1838. 

Prenzlau  (prents'lou),  or  Prenzlow  (prents'- 
16).  A town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Uker  and  the  Lower 
Ukersee  58  miles  north-northeast  of  Berlin,  it 
was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Ukermark.  Near  it,  Oct.  28, 
1806,  a Prussian  army  under  Prince  von  Hohenlohe  sur- 
rendered to  the  French  under  Murat.  Population, 
commune,  20,929. 

Preraphaelite  Brotherhood,  The.  A band  of 
artists,  originally  consisting  of  Holman  Hunt, 
D.  G.  Rossetti,  and  J.  E.  Millais  (joined  later 
by  William  Michael  Rossetti,  Thomas  Wool- 
ner,  F.  G.  Stephens,  and  James  Collinson),  who 
united  in  1848  with  a view  of  adopting  a closer 
study  of  nature,  and  as  a protest  .against  aca- 
demic dogma.  “The  Germ"  was  started  in  1850,  but 
only  four  numbers  were  published.  Its  avowed  object  was 
to  "enforce  and  encourage  an  entire  adherence  to  the 
simplicity  of  nature.”  The  principle  was  applied  to  the 
writing  of  poetry  as  well  as  to  painting.  Buskin  earnestly 
advocated  the  school,  whose  methods  he  defined  as  the 
effort  “to  paint  things  as  they  probably  did  look  and 
happen,  not  as,  by  rules  of  art  developed  under  Baphael, 
they  might  be  supposed  gracefully,  deliciously,  or  sublime- 
ly to  have  happened."  A storm  of  vituperative  criticism 
raged  round  the  brotherhood  for  five  years,  and  finally 
spent  itself  on  their  successors.  By  1854  the  band  was 
practically  broken  up  by  divergence  of  methods.  Over- 
beck, who  went  to  Borne  in  1810,  had  with  Schadow,  Cor- 
nelius, Philip  Veit,  and  others  (known  by  friends  and  ene- 
mies as  the  Preraphaelites,  the  New-old  School,  etc.),  built 
up  a school  based  on  the  methods  of  Perugino  and  others 
preceding  Baphael.  Their  work  influenced  Dyce.  Maclise, 
Madox  Brown,  Hunt,  and  others  in  England,  and  led  to  the 
formation  of  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood. 

Prerau  (pra'rou).  A town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Beczwa  13  miles 
south-southeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population,  20,- 
245,  (1910). 

Presanella  (pra-za-nel'la).  A group  of  the  Alps, 
in  southern  Tyrol,  connected  with  the  Adamello 
Mountains,  and  separated  from  the  Ortler  group 
by  the  Tonale  Pass.  Height  of  Monte  Presa- 
nella, 11,686  feet. 

Presburg,  or  Pressburg(pres'borG),  Hung.  Po- 
zsony  (po'zhony).  [L.  Posonium.~\  The  capital 
of  the  county  of  Presburg,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  48°  9'  N..  long.  17°  6'  E. 
It  is  a seat  of  considerable  trade  by  the  Danube  and  the 
railway  system  of  which  it  is  the  center,  and  occupies  an 
important  strategic  position.  The  notable  buildings  are 
the  cathedral,  ruined  castle,  and  Bathaus.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  Hungary  from  1541  to  1784,  and  the  seat  of  parliament 
until  1848.  Population,  78,000,  (1910). 

Presburg,  Peace  Of.  A treaty  concluded  be- 
tween France  and  Austria,  Dec.  26, 1805.  Austria 
ceded  her  Venetian  possessions  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy, 
Tyrol,  Vorarlberg,  Passau,  etc.,  to  Bavaria,  and  her  Swa- 
bian possessions  to  the  South  German  states.  Bavaria  and 
Wiirtemberg  were  made  kingdoms.  Austria  received  the 
principality  of  Salzburg  and  some  smaller  possessions. 
Prescot  (pres'kot).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  8 miles  east  of  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion, 7,855. 

Prescott  (pres'kot).  A town  in  Yavapai  Coun- 
ty, Arizona,  situated  in  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  long. 
112°  24'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  a gold-  and  silver- 
mining region.  Population,  5,092,  (1910). 
Prescott.  A town  in  Grenville  County,  Onta- 
rio, Canada,  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  op- 
posite Ogdensburg,  New  York.  Population, 
3,019. 

Prescott,  Harriet.  See  Spofford,  Mrs. 
Prescott,  Richard.  Born  in  England,  1725: 
died  in  England,  Oct.,  1788.  A British  general. 
He  served  in  the  Seven  Years’  War : came  to  Canada  in 
1773 ; and  had  command  of  the  British  force  in  Bhode  Isl- 
and in  1777,  when  he  was  captured  by  William  Barton. 
Heibecame  major-general  in  1777,  and  lieutenant-general 

Prescott,  Robert.  Born  in  England,  1725 : died 
near  Battle,  England,  Dec.  21,  1816.  A British 
general.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
and  was  colonial  governor  in  Canada  1796-99. 
Prescott,  William.  Born  at  Groton,  Mass. , Feb. 
20, 1726:  died  at  Pepperell,  Mass.,  Oct.  13, 1795. 
An  American  soldier.  He  served  in  the  expedition 
to  Nova  Scotia  in  1755,  and  commanded  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill  June  17,  1776. 


825 

Prescott,  William  Hickling.  Born  at  Salem, 

Mass.,  May  4, 1796:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  28, 1859. 
A noted  American  historian.  While  he  was  an  un- 
dergraduate at  Harvard  one  of  his  eyes  was  injured  by  a 
piece  of  bread  thrown  by  a fellow-student,  and  in  a short 
time  he  became  nearly  blind.  Notwithstanding  this  draw- 
back, he  was  able  to  make  careful  researches,  principally 
in  Spanish  history,  employing  a reader  and  using  a special 
writing-case.  He  obtained  from  Spain  a large  number  of 
valuable  manuscripts.  His  principal  works  are  “History 
of  theBeignof  Ferdinand  and  Isabella ”(1838),  “Conquest 
of  Mexico ” (1843),  “Conquest  of  Peru ”(1847),  and  “His- 
tory of  the  Beign  of  Philip  II."  (unfinished,  1855-68). 
President.  1 . An  American  frigate,  built  at  New 
York  in  1794,  a sister  ship  to  Constitution  and 
United  States.  At  the  beginning  of  the  War  of  1812  it 
was  flag-ship  of  the  squadron  commanded  by  Captain  John 
Bodgers.  On  Jan.  15,  1815,  it  defeated  the  British  ship 
Endvmion,  but  surrendered  to  her  consorts. 

2.  An  American  steamer  which  sailed  from  New 
York  for  Liverpool  March  21,  1841.  It  was 
sighted  on  the  24th,  but  was  never  seen  again. 
Pressburg.  See  Presburg. 

Pressense  (pra-soh-sa'),  Edmond  Dehoult  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1824 : died  April  8,  1891. 
A French  Protestant  theologian,  orator,  and 
statesman.  His  works  include  “Histoire  des  trois  pre- 
miers sitcles  de  l’^glise  chrdtienne  ” (1858-61),  “Discours 
religieux  ” (1859),  “ Jesus-Christ,  sa  vie,  son  temps,  et  son 
oeuvre "(1866),  “Concile du  Vatican ”(1871),  “Etudes 6van- 
g^liques”  (1867),  “Les  origines”  (1882),  etc. 

Prester  (pres'ter)  (i.  c.  ‘Presbyter5)  John.  A 
fabulous  Christian  monarch  believed,  in  the  12th 
century,  tohavemade  extensive  conquests  from 
the  Mussulmans,  and  to  have  established  a pow- 
erful empire  somewhere  in  Asia  “ beyond  Per- 
sia and  Armenia,”  or,  according  to  other  ac- 
counts, in  Africa  (Abyssinia).  Marvelous  tales 
were  told  of  his  victories,  riches,  and  power ; and  extra- 
ordinary letters  purporting  to  have  been  written  by  him 
to  the  emperor  Manuel  Comnenus  and  to  other  potentates 
were  circulated.  Pope  Alexander  III.  sent  him  a letter  by 
a special  messenger  who  never  returned.  The  foundation 
of  the  legend  is  uncertain.  Sir  John  Mandeville  gives  this 
account  of  the  name:  An  emperor  of  India,  who  was  a 
Christian,  went  into  a church  in  Egypt  on  the  Saturday  in 
Whitsun  week,  where  the  bishop  was  ordaining  priests. 
“And  he  beheld  and  listend  the  servyse  fulle  tentyfly.” 
He  then  said  that  he  would  no  longer  be  called  emperor, 
but  priest,  and  that  he  would  have  the  name  of  the  first 
priest  of  the  church,  which  was  John.  And  so  he  has  ever 
since  been  called  Prester  John. 

Prestige  ( pres-tezli' ) , Fanny.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  6,  1846.  An  actress.  She  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance at  Melbourne,  Australia,  when  only  10  years  old, 
as  the  Duke  of  York  in  “Bichard  III.”  Her  first  appear- 
ance in  New  York  was  in  1863. 

Preston  (pres'ton).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Ribble  in  lat.  53°  45' 
N.,  long.  2°  42'  W.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  centers  of 
cotton  manufacture  in  England ; and  has  also  manufac- 
tures of  linen  (dating  from  the  end  of  the  18th  century), 
iron,  machinery,  etc.  Here,  Aug.  17-19,  1648,  the  Parlia- 
mentarians (about  10,000)  under  Cromwell  totally  de- 
feated the  Scottish  Boyalists  under  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  ; 
and  here  in  Nov.,  1715,  the  Jacobites  were  defeated  by  the 
British  troops  and  compelled  to  surrender.  The  town  was 
occupied  by  the  “Young  Pretender”  in  Nov.,  1745. 
Bichard  Arkwright  was  born  here  in  1732.  It  returns  2 
members  to  Parliament.  Population,  117,113,  (1911). 

Preston,  Harriet  Waters.  Born  at  Danvers, 
Mass.,  about  1843.  An  American  writer  and 
translator.  She  lived  in  France  and  Great  Britain  for 
some  time,  and  is  particularly  noted  for  her  translation 
of  Mistral’s  “Mireio”  in  1873.  She  has  also  translated 
“The  Life  of  Madame  Swetchine”  (1865),  “Portraits  de 
femmes"  from  Sainte-Beuve  (called  “Celebrated  Wo- 
men"), etc.,  and  has 'written  “Troubadours  and  Trou- 
veres  ” (1876),  “ A Year  in  Eden  ” (1886),  etc. 

Preston,  John  Smith.  Born  near  Abingdon, Ya., 
April  20,  1809:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C.,  May  1, 
1881.  An  American  orator:  a Secessionist 
leader  and  Confederate  general. 

Preston,  William.  Born  near  Louisville,  Ky., 
Oct.  16, 1816:  died  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  Sept.  21, 
1887.  An  American  politician.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1852-55 ; United  States  min- 
ister to  Spain  1858-61 ; and  a Confederate  general. 

Preston,  William  Ballard.  Born  at  Smith- 
field,  Montgomery  County,  Va.,  Nov.  25,  1805: 
died  there,  Nov.  16,  1862.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  Wbig  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia 
1847-49;  secretary  of  the  navy  1849-50 ; and  a Confederate 
senator. 

Preston,  William  Campbell.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Dec.  27,  1794:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C., 
May  22, 1860.  An  American  politician  and  ora- 
tor. He  was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina  1837-42,  and  president  of  South  Carolina  College 
1846-51. 

Prestonpans  (pres-ton-panz').  A small  town 
in  Haddingtonshire,  Scotland,  on  the  Firth  of 
Forth  8 miles  east  of  Edinburgh.  Here,  Sept.  21, 
1745,  the  Jacobites  (chiefly  Highlanders)  under  Charles 
Edward,  the  “Young  Pretender,”  defeated  the  British 
troops  under  Cope. 

Prestwich  (prest'wich).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  4 miles  northwest  of  Manchester. 
Population,  12,839. 


Prevost  d’Exiles 

Prestwich,  Sir  J oseph.  Born  at  Clapham,  Lon- 
don, March  12,  1812-  died  at  Shoreham,  Kent, 
June  23, 1896.  A noted  English  geologist,  pro- 
fessor of  geology  at  Oxford  1874-88. 
Pretender,  The  or  The  Old.  See  Stuart,  James 
Francis  Edward. 

Pretender,  The  Young.  See  Charles  Edward 
Louis  Philip  Casimir. 

Pretoria  (pre-to'ri-a).  The  capital  of  the  Trans- 
vaal: seat  of  the  executive  government  of  the 
Union  of  South  Africa.  Population,  38,519. 
Pretorian  Camp.  A camp  of  ancient  Rome, 
first  permanently  established  by  Tiberius,  out- 
side of  the  city  walls.  It  formed  approximately  a 
square  of  1,500  feet  to  a side,  and  was  inclosed  by  a good 
brick-faced  wall  10  feet  high,  strengthened  with  towers  at 
its  gates.  The  camp  was  included  by  Aurelian  in  his  new 
line  of  fortifications,  and  still  forms  an  abrupt  projection 
in  the  wall  on  the  northeast.  The  fortifications  of  Aurelian 
are  3 times  as  high  as  those  of  Tiberius,  and  not  so  well  built. 
The  latter,  embedded  as  they  are  in  the  newer  work,  can 
still  be  followed  for  a considerable  distance.  Within  the 
camp  there  were  monumental  buildings  with  mosaics  and 
marble  incrustation.  Constantine  abolished  the  Preto- 
rian Guard,  and  pulled  down  the  wall  of  their  camp  on  the 
side  toward  the  city. 

Pretorian  Guard,  The.  See  the  extract. 

Some  remembrance  of  this  fact  lingering  in  the  speech 
of  the  people  gave  always  to  the  term  Prsetorium  (the  Prae- 
tor’s  house)  a peculiar  majesty,  aud  caused  it  to  be  used 
as  the  equivalent  of  palace.  So  In  the  well-known  passages 
of  the  New  Testament,  the  palace  of  Pilate  the  Governor 
at  Jerusalem,  of  Herod  the  King  at  Caesarea,  of  Nero  the 
Emperor  at  Borne,  are  all  called  the  Prsetorium.  From  the 
palace  the  troops  who  surrounded  the  person  of  the  Em- 
peror took  their  well-known  name  “the  Praetorian  Guard.” 
Under  Augustus  the  cohorts  composing  this  force,  and 
amounting  apparently  to  9,000  or  10,000  men,  were  scat- 
tered over  various  positions  in  the  city  of  Borne.  In  the 
reign  of  Tiberius, on  pre tenceof  keeping  them  understricter 
discipline,  they  were  collected  into  one  camp  on  the  north- 
east of  the  city.  The  author  of  this  change  was  the  noto- 
rious Sejanus,  our  first  and  most  conspicuous  example  of  a 
Prefect  of  the  Praetorians  who  made  himself  all-powerful 
in  the  state.  The  fall  of  Sejanus  did  not  bring  with  it  any 
great  diminution  of  the  power  of  the  new  functionary.  As 
the  Praetorians  were  the  frequent,  almost  the  recognised, 
creators  of  a new  Emperor,  it  was  natural  that  their  com- 
manding officer  should  be  a leading  personage  in  the  state, 
as  natural  (if  another  English  analogy  may  be  allowed)  as 
that  the  Leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  should  be  the 
first  Minister  of  the  Crown.  Still  it  is  strange  to  find  the 
Praetorian  Prefect  becoming  more  and  more  the  ultimate 
judge  of  appeal  in  all  civil  and  criminal  cases,  and  his  of- 
fice held  in  the  golden  age  of  the  Empire,  the  second  cen- 
tury, by  the  most  eminent  lawyers  of  the  day.  This  part 
of  his  functions  survived.  When  Constantine  at  length 
abated  the  long-standing  nuisance  of  the  Praetorian  Guards 
— setting  an  example  which  was  unconsciously  followed 
by  another  ruler  of  Constantinople,  Sultan  Mahmoud,  in 
his  suppression  of  the  Janissaries  — he  preserved  the  Prae- 
torian Prefect,  and,  as  we  have  already  seen,  gave  him  a 
position  of  pre-eminent  dignity  in  the  civil  and  judicial  ad- 
ministration of  theEmpire.  But  of  military  functionshe  was 
now  entirely  deprived,  and  thus  this  officer,  who  had  risen 
into  importance  in  the  state  solely  as  the  most  conspicuous 
Guardsman  about  the  court,  was  now  permitted  to  do  al- 
most anything  that  he  pleased  in  the  Empire  so  long  as  he 
in  no  way  touched  soldiering. 

Hodglan,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  211. 

Prettyman  (prit'i-man),  Prince.  A whimsi- 
cal character,  in  the  Duke  of  Buckingham’s  play 
“The  Rehearsal,”  who  alternates  between  be- 
ing a fisherman  and  a prince,  and  is  in  love 
with  Cloris.  His  embarrassments  are  amusing  and  nu- 
merous. He  was  intended  to  ridicule  Leonidas  in  Dryden’s 
“Marriage  kla  Mode.” 

Preuss  (prois),  Johann  David  Erdmann.  Born 
at  Landsberg,  Prussia,  April  1,  1785:  died  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  24,  1868.  A Prussian  historian, 
historiographer  of  the  royal  house  of  Branden- 
burg. He  published  “Biographie  Friedrichs  des  Gros- 
sen  ” (1832-34),  and  other  works  on  Frederick  the  Great. 
Preussen  (prois'sen).  The  German  name  of 
Prussia. 

Preussisch-Eylau.  See  Eylau. 

Prevesa  (pra'va-sa).  A seaport  in  Albania, 
Turkey,  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of 
Arta,  in  lat.  38°  57'  N.,  long.  20°  46'  E.,  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Nieopolis.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Prevost  (pre-vo'),  Augustine.  Bom  at  Gene- 
va, Switzerland,  about  1725:  died  in  England, 
May  5,  1786.  A British  general  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  He  defeated  the  Americans  at  Brier 
Creek  in  1779;  was  unsuccessful  before  Charleston  in 
1779;  and  defended  Savannah  successfully  in  1779. 
Prevost,  Sir  George.  Born  at  New  York,  May 
19, 1767 : died  Jan.  5, 1816.  A British  general, 
Son  of  A.  Prevost.  He  became  commander-in-chief  in 
British  North  America  in  1811,  and  was  defeated  by  the 
Americans  at  Plattsburg  in  1814. 

Prevost  d’Exiles  (pra-vo'  deg-zel'),  Abbe  An- 
toine Francois.  Born  at  Hesdin,  Artois,  April 
1,  1697 : died  in  the  forest  of  Chantilly,  Nov. 
23,1763.  A French  novelist.  For  30  years  lie  spent 
his  time  between  the  Jesuits’  schools,  the  army,  society, 
and  the  cloister.  Finally  he  took  monastic  vows,  but  did 
not  retain  them  long.  He  fled  from  the  country  and  re- 
sided six  years  in  Holland  and  England.  He  made  a live- 
lihood  by  means  of  his  pen,  and  at  the  outset  drew  largely 


Provost  d’Exiles 

upon  kisown  fund  of  personal  experiences  for  the  subject- 
matter  of  his  writings.  He  achieved  success  with  his 
“MOmoires  d un  homrae  de  quality  ” (1728-32).  Then  he 
wrote  “Histoire  de  M.  Cleveland,  fils  naturel  de  Crom- 
well, ou  le  philosophe  anglais  ” (1732-39),  and  his  celebrated 
masterpiece,  “Histoire  du  chevalier  Des  Grieux  et  de 
Manon  Lescaut”  (1733).  A periodical  publication,  “Le 
pour  et  le  contre,”  in  20  volumes,  extended  over  7 years, 
beginning  in  1733.  He  also  wrote  “ Le  doyen  de  Killerine  ” 
(1735),  “Histoire  de  Marguerite  d’Anjou”  (1710),  “Cam- 
pagnes  philosoplriques  ” (1711),  “M&noires  pour  servir  h 
l'histoire  de  Malle"  (1741),  “L’Histoire  d’une  Grecque 
moderne"  (1741),  “Histoire  de  Guillaume  le  Conqiffirant” 
(1742),  “ M ('moires  d’un  honnete  homme "(1745), “Histoire 
gdn^rale  des  voyages  ” (1745-70),  “ Manuel  lexique  ” (1750), 
“Le  monde moral” (1760),  “ Mdmoires pour  servir  h l'his- 
toire de  la  vertu”  (1762),  “Contes,  aventures,  et  faits  sin- 
guliers”  (1764),  “Lettres  de  mentor  h un  jeune  seigneur” 
(1764),  etc.  As  a translator  he  rendered  into  French  works 
of  Dryden,  Hume,  Richardson,  Cicero,  etc. 

Prevost-Paradoi  (pra-vo'pa-ra-dol'),  Lucien 
Anatole.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  8,  1829:  com- 
mitted suicide  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  -Tuly  20, 
1870.  A French  .journalist  and  author,  an  op- 
ponent of  Napoleon  III.  He  was  minister  to  the 
United  States  in  1870.  He  wrote  “Revue  de  l’histoire 
universelle  ” (1854),  etc. 

Priam  (pri'am).  [Gr.  Hpiaiwc,  L.  Priamus.~]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  king  of  Troy  at  the  time  of 
its  siege  by  the  Greeks.  He  was  the  husband  of 
Hecuba,  and  the  father  of  60  sons,  including  Hector  and 
Paris.  He  perished  at  the  capture  of  Troy. 

Priapus  (pri-a'pus).  [Gr.  Tlpiamg.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  a god,  a son  of  Dionysus  and  Aphro- 
dite, the  promoter  of  fertility  and  the  protector 
of  shepherds,  farmers,  and  fishermen. 

Pribram,  or  Przibram  (pzhe'brfim).  A town 
in  Bohemia,  situated  33  miles  southwest  of 
Prague.  It  is  noted  for  its  silver-mines  (the  property  of 
the  state),  the  most  important  in  the  Austrian  empire.  It 
has  also  iead-mines.  Population,  commune,  13,328,  (1910). 

Pribylofi  (pre'be-lof)  Islands.  A group  of 
islands  in  Bering  Sea,  about  lat.  57°  N.,  long. 
170°  W. , belonging  to  Alaska.  They  have  come  into 
prominence  in  connection  with  the  controversies  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  concerning  the  seal- 
fisheries. 

Price  (pris),  Bonamy.  Born  in  Guernsey,  May 
22, 1807 : died  at  London,  Jan.  8, 1888.  Ajl  Eng- 
lish political  economist.  He  graduated  at  Oxford 
(Worcester  College)  in  1829,  and  in  1868  became  professor 
of  political  economy  at  Oxford.  He  published  “Tbe  Prin- 
ciples of  Curren  cy  ” (1869),  “ Chapters  on  Practical  Political 
Economy  ” (1878),  etc. 

Price,  Fanny.  The  principal  character  in  Jane 
Austen’s  novel  “ Mansfield  Park,”  notedfor  her 
humility. 

Price,  Matilda.  In  Dickens’s  novel  “Nicholas 
Nickleby,”  the  bosom  friend  of  Fanny  Squeers. 
She  afterward  marries  John  Browdie.  She  is  alluded  to 
by  Miss  Squeers  in  their  little  unpleasantness  as  “base 
degrading  ’Tilda.” 

Price,  Richard.  Born  at  Tynton,  Glamorgan- 
shire, Feb.  23,  1723 : died  at  London,  April  19, 
1791.  An  English  philosophical  writer.  In  1757  he 
published  “Review  cf  the  Principal  Questions  in  Morals. " 
He  is  best  known  as  a writer  on  financial  and  political 
questions.  I a 1778  he  was  invited  by  Congress  to  help  in 
the  management  of  the  national  finances,  but  declined. 

Price,  Sterling,  Born  ill  Prince  Edward  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  11,  1809:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Sept.  29, 
1867.  An  American  general.  He  was  a Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  Missouri  1845-46,  when  he  re- 
signed and  raised  a Missouri  cavalry  regiment  for  the  Mexi- 
can war.  He  took  part  in  General  Stephen  W.  Kearny’s 
march  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Santa  Fe,  where  he  was 
left  in  command  when  Kearny  proceeded  to  California. 
In  1847  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
and  conquered  Chihuahua.  He  was  governor  of  Missouri 
1853-57,  and  became  a Confederate  major-general  in  Mis- 
souri at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  served  at 
Wilson's  Creek,  and  captured  Lexington  in  1861 ; took  part 
in  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge  and  Corinth  in  1862 ; commanded 
at  Iuka  hi  1862 ; and  commanded  the  district  of  Arkansas 
1863-64. 

Prichard  (prich'ard),  James  Cowles.  Born  at 
Ross,  Herefordshire,  Feb.  11, 1786:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Dee.  23,  1848.  An  English  ethnologist. 
His  parents  belonged  to  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  grad- 
uated at  Edinburgh,  and  studied  also  at  Cambridge  and 
Oxford.  In  1810  he  was  a physician  at  Bristol.  In  1813  he 
published  “Researches  into  the  Physical  History  of  Man," 
and  in  1831  “Eastern  Origin  of  the  Celtic  Nations.” 

Pride  (prid),  Thomas.  Born  at  Ashcott  (?), 
near  Glastonbury:  died  Oet.  23,  1658.  An 
English  Parliamentary  officer.  He  was  originally 
a drayman  and  brewer.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  lie  was  ensign  under  Essex,  and  distinguisned  himself 
at  Preston.  On  Dec.  6, 1648,  he  was  delegated  to  “ purge  ” 
the  House  of  Commons  by  ejecting  the  members  that 
favored  reconciliation  with  the  king.  He  was  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  king,  and  signed  his  death-warrant. 

Pride  and  Prejudice.  A novel  by  Jane  Austen, 
written  in  1796  and  published  in  1813. 

Prideaux  (prid'd),  Humphrey.  Born  at  Pad- 
stow,  Cornwall,  May  3,  1648:  died  at  Norwich, 
England,  Nov.  1, 1724.  An  English  theological 
writer,  dean  of  Norwich.  He  was  educated  under 
Dr.  Busby  at  Westminster,  and  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  in  1672.  He  wrote  “ Marmora  Oxoniensia  ex 
Arundellianis,  etc.,  conflata  ” (“Description  of  the  Arundel 


826 

Marbles,"  1676),  “ The  Validity  of  the  Orders  of  the  Church 
of  England,  etc.”  (1688),  “Connection  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments  in  the  History  of  the  Jews,  etc.”  (1716-18),  a 
number  of  ecclesiastical  tracts,  etc. 

Pride’s  Purge.  In  English  history,  the  forcible 
exclusion  from  the  House  of  Commons,  Dec.  6, 
1648,  of  all  the  members  who  were  favorable  to 
Compromise  with  the  royal  party.  This  was  efiected 
by  a military  force  commanded  by  Thomas  Pride,  in  exe- 
cution of  orders  of  a council  of  Parliamentary  officers. 

Priegnitz,  or  Prignitz  (preg'nits).  That  part 
of  the  ancient  mark  of  Brandenburg  which  lay 
south  of  Mecklenburg  and  northeast  of  the 
Elbe  and  Havel.  Chief  town,  Perleberg. 

Priene  (pri-e'ne).  [Gr.  II piyvy.\  In  ancient 

geography,  an  Ionian  city  situated  in  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  north  of  Miletus.  The  site  contains 
many  ruins.  The  templeof  Athene  Polias,  dedicated  in  340 
B.  c.,  was  an  Ionic  peripteros  of  6 by  11  columns,  of  marble, 
graceful  in  proportion  and  with  delicate  decorative  sculp- 
ture. Its  walled  peribolos  was  bordered  with  porticos. 

Priestley  (prest'li),  Joseph.  BornatFieldhead, 
near  Leeds,  Yorkshire,  March  13,  1733:  died  at 
Northumberland,  Pa.,  Feb.  6,  1804.  An  Eng- 
lish clergyman  and  natural  philosopher,  espe- 
cially celebrated  as  the  discoverer  of  oxygen. 
He  was  the  son  of  a nonconformist  cloth-dresser,  and  was 
educated  at  a Dissenters’  academy  at  Daventry.  In  1756 
he  took  chargeof  a small  congregation  at  Needham  Market, 
Suffolk,  which  was  subsidized  by  both  Independents  and 
Presbyterians.  In  1761  he  was  tutor  in  an  academy  at 
Warrington.  In  1767  he  published  the  “ History  of  Elec- 
tricity." He  adopted  Socinian  views  on  religion,  and  ma- 
terialistic views  on  philosophy.  At  this  time  began  his 
researches  in  “ different  kinds  of  air.”  About  1772  he  be- 
came literary  companion  to  Lord  Shelburne,  and  traveled  in 
Holland  and  Germany,  returning  to  Paris  in  1774.  In  1774 
he  announced  his  discovery  of  “ dephlogisticated  air,” 
now  called  oxygen.  In  1780  he  removed  to  Birmingham, 
and  became  associated  with  Boulton,  Watt,  and  Dr.  Dar- 
win, grandfather  of  Charles  Darwin.  For  sympathizing 
with  the  French  Revolution  (he  had  been  made  a citizen 
of  the  French  republic)  he  was  attacked  in  1791  by  a mob, 
his  house  was  broken  into  and  burned,  and  his  manu- 
scripts and  instruments  destroyed.  In  1794  he  removed 
to  America. 

Prieto  (pi  e-a'to),  Joaquin.  Born  at  Concepcion, 
Aug.  20, 1786 : died  at  V alparaiso,  Nov.  22, 1854. 
AChilean  general  and  politician.  He  took  a promi- 
nent part  in  the  war  for  independence ; was  a leader  of  the 
conservative  revolt  of  1829-30 ; and  by  his  victory  over 
Freire  at  Lircay  (April  17,  1830)  decided  the  result  for  his 
party.  On  the  death  of  Ovalle  (March  21, 1831),  Prieto  be- 
came provisional  president,  soon  after  was  regularly  elected 
president,  and  by  reelection  retained  the  post  until  Sept. 
18, 1841.  On  May  25, 1833,  the  constitution  now  in  force  was 
adopted.  A revolt  was  suppressed  in  1836,  and  the  same 
year  a war  with  Peru  was  commenced,  resulting  (Jan.  1839) 
in  the  overthrow  of  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation. 

Prig  (prig),  Betsey.  A nurse,  tbe  friend  and 
“frequent  pardner”  of  Sairey  Gamp,  in  Dick- 
ens’s novel  “Martin  Chu?zlewit.” 

Prigioni  (pred-je-6'ne),  Le  Mie.  [It., ‘My 
Prisons.’]  A work  by  Silvio  Pellico,  published 
in  1833,  describing  his  prison  life  (1820-30). 

Prignitz.  See  Priegnitz. 

Prim  (prem),  Juan,  Count  de  Reus,  Marquis  de 
los  Castillejos.  Bom  at  Reus,  Catalonia,  Spain, 
Dec.  6, 1814:  died  at  Madrid,  Dee.  30,  1870.  A 
Spanish  statesman  and  general.  He  entered  the 
army  of  the  Cristinos  in  1834,  in  the  civil  war  between  the 
Cristinos  and  the  Carlists.  As  a progressist  he  was  after- 
ward one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  the  overthrow  of 
Espartero.  While  in  command  in  1860  of  a division  of 
reserves  in  the  war  against  Morocco,  he  gained  the  brilliant 
victory  of  Los  Castiilejos  (Jan.  1),  which  secured  for  him 
the  title  of  marquis.  He  was  a leader  of  the  insurgents 
who  deposed  Queen  Isabella  in  1868,  and  became  premier 
and  minister  of  war,  with  the  chief  command  of  the  army, 
in  the  provisional  government  established  by  them.  He 
was  fatally  shot  by  an  assassin  Dec.  28,  1870. 

Prime  (prim),  Samuel  Irenseus.  Born  at  Ball- 
ston,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  4,  1812 : died  at  Manchester, 
Vt.,  July  18, 1885.  An  American  editor,  author, 
and  Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  became  an  editor 
of  the  New  York  “ Observer  ” in  1840,  and  contributor  under 
the  name  of  “D’enseus.”  Among  his  works  are  “Travels 
in  Europe  and  the  East”  (1855),  “Letters  from  Switzer- 
land ’’  (1860),  etc. 

Prime,  William  Cowper.  Born  Oct.  31, 1825: 
died  Feb.  13,  1905.  An  American  author, 
brother  of  S.  I.  Prime.  He  edited  the  New  York 
“Journal  of  Commerce"  1861-69,  and  was  professor  of  the 
history  of  art  at  Princeton  U ni  versity  1884-1905.  He  wrote 
“Tent  Life  in  the  Holy  Land"  (1857),  “I  go  a-fishing" 
(1873),  “ Pottery  and  Porcelain,  etc.  ” (1877),  etc. 

Primorskaya.  See  Maritime  Province. 

Primrose  (prim'i-oz),  Sir  Archibald.  Bom  1617 : 
died  1679.  A Scottish  baronet.  He  supported  the 
Royalist  cause  in  the  civil  war,  and  at  the  Restoration  was 
made  a lord  of  session,  with  the  title  of  Lord  Carrington. 

■k  His  fourth  son  was  created  Earl  of  Rosebery. 

Primrose,  Archibald  Philip,  fifth  Earl  of 
Rosebery.  Born  in  London,  May  7,  1847.  A 
British  statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  succeeded  his  grandfather  as 
earl  in  1868.  He  has  occupied  a prominent  place  in  pub- 
lic affairs.  He  was  under-secretary  of  state  for  home  af- 
fairs 1881-83;  first  commissioner  of  works  1884-85;  and 
foreign  secretary  in  the  third  and  fourth  Gladstone  minis- 
tries, 1886  and  1892-94.  On  Mr.  Gladstone’s  retirement 


Princes,  Robbery  of  the 

from  office  in  March,  1894,  Lord  Rosebery  succeeded  him 
as  prime  minister : resigned  June,  1895.  He  was  chairman 
of  the  first  London  county  council,  elected  in  1889. 

Primrose,  Charles.  The  vicar  of  Wakefield 
in  Goldsmith’s  tale  of  that  name.  He  is  a sincere, 
humane,  and  simple-minded  man,  who  preserves  his  mod- 
esty and  nobility  through  hardship  and  good  fortune. 
Mrs.  Primrose  is  an  excellent  housekeeper  with  a passion 
for  show,  and  she  can  read  any  English  book  without  much 
spelling.  George,  the  eldestson,  was  bred  atOxford  and  in- 
tended for  one  of  the  professions.  Moses,  the  youngest,  was 
bred  at  home  and  distinguishes  himself  by  going  to  the  fair 
in  a gosling-green  waistcoat,  and  a thunder-and-lightning 
coat,  to  sell  a colt,  coming  home  with  a gross  of  green  spec- 
tacles. The  daughters  are  described  by  Dr.  Primrose  him- 
self as  follows : “Olivia  wished  for  many  lovers,  Sophia  to 
secure  one.  Olivia  was  often  affected  from  too  great  a 
desire  to  please.  Sophia  even  represt  excellence,  from  her 
fears  to  offend.  The  one  entertained  me  with  her  vivacity 
when  I was  gay,  the  other  with  her  sense  when  I was 
serious.  But  these  qualities  were  never  carried  to  excess 
in  either,  and  I have  often  seen  them  exchange  characters 
for  a whole  day  together.  A suit  of  mourning  has  trans- 
formed my  coquette  into  a prude,  and  a new  set  of  ribbons 
has  given  her  sister  more  than  natural  vivacity.”  Gold- 
smith, Vicar  of  Wakefield,  i. 

Primrose  Hill.  All  eminence  about  200  feet 
high,  north  of  Regent’s  Park,  London.  There  is 
a very  fine  view  from  it.  In  the  early  part  of  the  19th 
century  Chalk  Farm,  which  is  on  the  hill,  was  a popular 
place  for  duels. 

Primrose  League.  In  Great  Britain,  a league 
or  combination  of  persons  pledged  to  principles 
of  Conservatism  as  represented  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  earl  of  Beaconsfield  (1804-81),  and  op- 
posed to  the  “ revolutionary  tendencies  of  rad- 
icalism.” The  object  of  the  league  is  declared  to  be 
“ the  maintenance  of  religion,  of  the  constitution  of  the 
realm,  and  of  the  imperial  ascendancy  of  Great  Britain.” 
The  scheme  of  the  organization  was  first  discussed  at  the 
Carlton  Club  in  Oct.,  1883,  and  the  actual  league  made  its 
first  public  appearance  at  a grand  banquet  at  Freemasons' 
Tavern  in  London  a few  weeks  later.  The  organization  of 
the  league  is  by  “ habitations  ” or  clubs:  these  obey  the 
instructions  of  the  Grand  Council,  and  annually  send  del- 
egates to  the  Grand  Habitation,  which  is  held  in  London 
on  or  near  the  19th  of  April,  the  anniversary  of  Beacons- 
field’s  death.  A noteworthy  feature  is  the  enrolment  of 
women,  or  “dames,”  who  take  an  active  part  in  all  the  bus- 
iness of  the  association,  having  an  executive  committee 
and  a fund  of  their  own.  The  name  and  symbol  of  the 
league  are  derived  from  Beaconsiield’s  favorite  flower, 
which  it  has  been  fashionable  to  wear  on  the  19th  of  April. 

Prince,  The.  See  Principe,  II. 

Prince  (prins),  Thomas.  Born  at  Sandwich, 
Mass.,  May  15,  1687 : died  at  Boston,  Oct.  22, 
1758.  An  American  clergyman  and  historian, 
pastor  of  tbe  Old  South  Church,  Boston.  He 
published  “ Chronological  History  of  New  Eng- 
land” (1736-55). 

Prince  Albert  Land.  A district  in  the  arctic 
regions,  about  lat.  72°  N.,  long.  115°  W. 

Prince  Dorus  (prins  do'rus).  A poem  by  Charles 
Lamb,  published  in  1811.  It  is  a poetical  version 
of  the  old  tale  of  the  prince  with  the  long  nose. 

Prince  Edward  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  forming  a province  of  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada.  Capital,  Charlottetown,  it  is 
separated  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  on  the 
southwest  and  south  by  Northumberland  Strait.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating ; the  soil  fertile.  It  has  flourishing 
agriculture,  industries,  and  fisheries.  It  is  divided  into  3 
counties.  Government  is  vested  in  a lieutenant-goveruor, 
executive  council,  legislative  council,  and  legislative  as- 
sembly. It  sends  4 members  to  the  Dominion  Senate,  4 
members  to  tbe  House  of  Commons.  It  was  discovered  by 
Cartier  in  1534,  and  named  Isle  St.  Jean  ; was  settled  in  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century;  was  ceded  by  France  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763 ; had  the  present  name  given  it  in 
1799 : and  entered  the  Dominion  in  1S73.  Length,  about 
130  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  34  miles.  Area,  2,184  square 
miles.  Population,  93,728,  (1911). 

Prince  John.  A nickname  of  John  Van  Buren. 

Prince  of  Tarent.  See  Very  Woman,  A. 

Prince  of  the  Peace.  A title  given  to  Godoy, 
duke  of  Alcudia,  who  negotiated  with  France 
the  peace  of  Basel,  1795. 

Prince  of  Wales,  Cape.  The  northwestern- 
most  point  of  North  America,  projecting  from 
Alaska  into  Bering  Strait,  in  lat.  65°  33'  N., 
long.  167°  59'  W. 

Prince  of  Wales  Island.  1.  See  Penang.— 2. 

An  island  belonging  to  Alaska,  situated  west  of 
the  mainland,  about  lat.  55°-56°  30'  N.  Length, 
about  130  miles. — 3.  A tract  in  the  arctic  re- 
gions, about  lat.  72°-74°  N.,  long.  100°  W. — 4. 
A small  island  north  of  Cape  York  peninsula, 
Australia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Endea- 
vor Strait- 

Prince  of  Wales  Strait.  Aseapassageinthearc- 
tic  regions,  separating  Banks  Land  on  the  north- 
west from  Prince  Albert  Land  on  the  southeast, 
and  leading  into  Melville  Sound. 

Prince  Regent  Inlet.  A sea  passage  in  the 
arctic  regions,  separating  Coekburn  Island  on 
the  east  from  North  Somerset  on  the  west,  and 
leading  to  the  Gulf  of  Boothia. 

Princes,  Robbery  of  the.  In  German  history, 
the  resultless  abduction  from  Altenburg  of  the 


Princes,  Robbery  of  the 

princes  Ernst  and  Albert,  sons  of  the  elector 
Frederick  the  Gentle  of  Saxony,  and  founders 
of  the  Ernestine  and  Albertine  lines,  by  Kunz 
von  Kauf ungen  and  others,  in  July,  1455. 
Prince’s  Island.  See  Principe. 

Prince’s  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  in 
the  Sea  of  Marmora,  15  miles  southeast  of  Con- 
stantinople: the  ancient  Demonesi. 

Princess  (prin'ses),  The.  A narrative  poem  by 
Tennyson,  published  in  1847. 

Princesse  de  Cleves  (pran-ses'  de  klav),  La.  A 
novel  by  Madame  de  la  Fayette,  published  in 
1677.  The  scene  is  placed  in  the  court  of  Henry  II.,  but 
the  chief  characters  are  the  author  herself,  her  husband, 
Rochefoucauld,  Mary  Stuart  and  others  of  her  contem- 
poraries. „ . A. 

Princesse  d’Elide,  La,  ou  les  Plaisirs  de  1 He 
Enchantee.  A play  by  Moliere,  produced  at 
Versailles  in  1664 : “ a court  piece  or  eomodie- 
ballet.” 

Princess  Ida,  or  Castle  Adamant.  An  opera 
by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced 
in  1884:  a burlesque  of  Tennyson’s  “ Princess.” 
Princess  of  Cleve,  The.  A comedy  by  Nathaniel 
Lee,  produced  in  1681,  printed  in  1689.  It  was 
founded  on  Madame  de  la  Fayette’s  romance. 
Princes  Street.  The  principal  street  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland.  It  has  a magnificent  view, 
being  built  on  one  side  only,  and  furnishes  a fine 
promenade. 

Princeton  (prins'ton).  A borough  in  Mercer 
County,  New  Jersey,  44  miles  southwest  of  New 
York.  Here,  Jan.  3,  1777,  a victory  was  gained  by  the 
Americans  under  Washington  over  a portion  of  the  army 
of  Cornwallis.  The  Continental  Congress  sat  here  in  1783. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Princeton  University  (see  New  Jersey, 
College  of).  Population,  6,136,  (1910). 

Prince  William  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Alaska. 
Principato  Citeriore  (prin-che-pa'to  che-ta-re- 
o're).  The  former  name  of  the  province  of 
Salerno,  Italy. 

Principato  Ulteriore  (ol-ta-re-6're).  The  for- 
mer name  of  the  province  of  Avellino,  Italy. 
Principe  (pren'se-pe),  or  Prince’s  Island.  A 
small  island  belonging  to  Portugal,  situated  in 
the  Bight  of  Biafra,  west  of  Africa,  in  lat.  1°  41' 
N.,  long  7°  28'  E. 

Principe  (pren'che-pe),  II.  [It.,  ‘ The  Prince.’] 
A famous  political  treatise  by  Machiavelli, 
completed  in  1513.  It  was  an  outgrowth  of  his  “ Dis- 
corsi”  or  comments  on  the  history  of  Livy,  and  is  a study 
of  the  founding  and  maintenance  of  a state,  and  of  the 
character  and  policy  of  a successful  despotic  ruler.  It  re- 
flects the  unscrupulousness  of  contemporary  Italian  poli- 
tics, and  the  motive  of  its  composition  has  long  been  a 
subject  of  dispute.  It  is  probable  that  Machiavelli  be- 
lieved that  the  salvation  of  Italy  was  possible  only  through 
the  intervention  of  an  autocrat  such  as  he  portrayed. 

Principia  (prin-sip'i-ii) : in  full  Philosophise 
Naturalis  Principia  .Mathematica.  [L. , ‘ The 

Mathematical  Principles  of  Natural  Philoso- 
phy.’] A famous  work  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
composed  chiefly  1685-86,  presented  to  the 
Royal  Society  April  28,  1686,  and  first  pub- 
lished (in  Latin)  in  1687  (edited  by  Halley).  The 
second  edition  (1713)  was  edited  by  Roger  Cotes.  It  is  the 
foundation  of  modern  astronomy,  mechanics,  and  mathe- 
matical physics. 

Prior  (pri'or),  Matthew.  Born,  probably  in 
East  Dorset,  July  21,  1664:  died  at  Wimpole 
(Harley’s  country-seat),  Cambridgeshire,  Sept. 
18, 1721.  An  English  poet  and  diplomatist.  He 

was  educated  at  Westminster  under  Dr.  Busby,  and  gradu- 
ated at  Cambridge  (St.  John’s  College)  in  1686.  In  1098  he 
was  secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Portland’s  embassy  to  France. 
In  1699  he  succeeded  Locke  as  commissioner  of  trade  and 
plantations,  and  became  under-secretary  of  state.  In  1701 
he  was  a member  of  Parliament  for  East  Grinstead.  He 
went  as  ambassador  to  Paris  in  1712  ; was  imprisoned  in 
England  1715-17,  during  the  triumph  of  the  Whigs  ; and 
passed  the  rest  of  his  life  at  his  home,  Down  Hall  in  Es- 
sex. He  was  the  author,  with  Charles  Montague,  of  the 
“City  Mouse  and  Country  Mouse”  (1687:  a parody  on 
Dryden’s  “Hind  and  Panther").  He  collected  his  poems, 
and  they  were  published  in  1709  (“  Alma  "and  “Solomon  ” 
in  1718).  In  1740  two  volumes  of  his  poems  were  pub- 
lished, with  (alleged)  memoirs,  and  some  of  his  best 
poems  which  had  not  been  printed  before. 

Prioress’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Can- 
terbury Tales.”  It  is  told  by  Madame  Eglantine,  and 
is  the  story  of  the  child  of  a Christian  widow  killed  in  Asia 
by  the  Jews.  Wordsworth  wrote  a modernized  version. 
See  Eglan'inc,  and  Hugh  of  Lincoln. 

Pripet  (prep'et).  A river  in  western  Russia, 
chiefly  in  the  government  of  Minsk,  it  joins  the 
Dnieper  50  miles  north  of  Kieff.  Length,  about  400  miles ; 
navigable  to  Pinsk. 

Priscian-  (prish'ian),  To  Priscianus  Caesarien- 
sis  (prish-i-a'nus  se-zfi-ri-en'sis).  Lived  about 
500  a.  n.  A celebrated  Latin  grammarian.  His 
most  famous  work  is  “ Institutiones  gramma- 
tiese  ” 

Priscilla  Mullens.  See  Mullens. 


827 

Priscillian  (pri-sil'ian),  L.  Priseillianus  (pri- 
sil-i-a'nus).  Executed  at  Treves,  385  a.  d.  The 
founder  of  a sect  in  Spain  and  Gaul,  called  from 
him  Priscillianists,  which  held  a mixture  of 
Christianity,  Gnosticism,  and  Manichseanism. 
Priscus  (pris'kus),  Helvidius.  A Roman  pa- 
triot, son-in-law  of  Thrasea  Pastus,  exiled  by 
Nero,  and  again  by  Vespasian  who  put  him  to 
death.  He  was  questor  in  Aehaia  under  Nero ; 
tribune  of  the  people  in  56;  and  later  pretor. 
Prishtina.  See  Pristina. 

Prisoner  of  Chillon,  The.  A poem  by  Lord 
Byron,  published  in  1816,  founded  on  the  im- 
prisonment of  Bonnivard  in  the  Castle  of  Chil- 
lon in  Switzerland. 

Prisrend  (pres-rend').  A town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Kosova,  European  Turkey,  situated  on  a branch 
of  the  Drin,  in  lat.  42°  13'  N.,  long.  20°  47'  E. 
Population,  estimated,  30,000. 

Pristina  (pres-te'na),  or  Prishtina  (presh-te'- 
na).  A town  in  the  vilayet  of  Kosova,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  42°  40'  N.,  long. 
21°  11'  E.  Population,  est.,  17,550. 

Pritchard  (prich'ard),  Mrs.  (Hannah  Vau- 
ghan). Born  in  1711 : died  at  Bath,  Aug.,  1768. 
A noted  English  actress.  She  played  in  early  life  at 
suburban  fairs,  and  married  an  actor  of  little  talent;  but 
some  years  before  Garrick  appeared  she  held  a leading 
position  on  the  London  stage.  She  was  noted  both  in  tra- 
gedy and  in  comedy,  and  was  Mrs.  Siddons’s  greatest  prede- 
cessor in  the  characters  of  Lady  Macbeth  and  Queen  Kath- 
arine. She  excelled  also  in  characters  of  intrigue  and 
gaiety,  as  Lady  Betty  Modish,  Lady  Towneley,  etc.  She 
abandoned  the  stage  in  1768. 

Privas  (pre-vas').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardeehe,  France,  situated  on  the  Ou- 
vhze  in  lat.  44°  44'  N.,  long.  4°  36'  E.  An  ancient 
Calvinist  stronghold,  it  was  taken  and  burned  by  the 
troops  of  Louis  XIII.  in  1629.  It  has  iron-mines  and  im- 
portant manufactures.  Population,  commune,  7,000. 

Privernum.  See  Piperno. 

Probus  (pro'bus),  Marcus  Aurelius.  Born  at 
Sirmium,  Pannonia:  killed  near  Sirmium,  282 
A.  d.  Roman  emperor  276-282.  He  waged  war 
successfully  against  the  Germans  in  Gaul.  He 
was  killed  by  mutinous  soldiers. 

Procida  (pro'che-da).  A volcanic  island  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Naples,  13  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Naples,  belonging  to  the  province 
of  Naples,  Italy : the  ancient  Prochyta.  Length, 
2 miles.  Population,  13,964. 

Proclamation,  Emancipation.  The  proclama- 
tion by  which,  on  Jan.  1,  1863,  President  Lin- 
coln, as  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies  of 
the  United  States,  declared  as  a military  mea- 
sure, in  accordance  with  notice  proclaimed  Sept. 
22,  1862,  that  within  certain  specified  territory 
in  armed  rebellion  all  persons  held  as  slaves 
“are  and  henceforward  shall  be  free.” 
Procne(prok'ne).  [Gr.  TlpStcvr/.']  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Pandion  and  wife  of  Tereus. 
By  Tereus  she  became  the  mother  of  Itys.  On  the  pretext 
that  his  wife  was  dead,  Tereus  brought  her  sister  Philomela 
from  Athens,  ravished  heron  the  way,  cut  out  her  tongue, 
and  hid  heron  Parnassus.  She  contrived  to  inform  Procne 
of  her  story,  and  the  two  slew  Itys  and  served  him  up  to  his 
father  to  eat.  Tereus  was  changed  into  a hawk,  Procne 
into  a swallow,  and  Philomela  into  a nightingale. 
Procopius  (pro-ko'pi-us).  [Gr.  llpoKomoc.']  Born 
at  Caesarea,  Palestine,  probably  about  490  a.  d.  : 
died  about  565  (?).  A Byzantine  historian.  He 
accompanied  Belisarius  on  various  campaigns,  and  wrote 
histories  of  the  Persian,  Vandal,  and  Gothic  wars  in  the 
time  of  Justinian.  He  was  also  the  author  of  a work  on 
the  buildingsof  Justinian  (“De  redifieiis”)  and  of  a secret 
history  ( ‘Anecdota’  ) directed  against  Justinian. 

Procopius,  Andrew,  sumanied  “The  Great.” 
Killed  in  battle  near  Bokmisch-Brod,  Bohemia, 
May  30,  1434.  A noted  Hussite  leader.  He  be- 
came  commander  of  the  Taborites  in  1424 ; gained  the  vic- 
tory of  Anssig,  June  16,  1426;  and  invaded  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria, Hungary,  Silesia,  and  Saxony.  lie  rejected  the  Com- 
pactata  of  Prague ; and  was  defeated  by  the  Calixtines  in 
the  battle  of  Buhmisch-Brod,  May  30,  1434. 

Procris  (pro'kris).  [Gr.  llpdiipir;.']  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  wife  of  Cephalus,  by  whom  she  was 
slain. 

Procrustes  (pro-krus'tez).  [Gr.  XlpoKpobarT/c, 
the  stretcher.]  The  surname  of  a legendary 
Attic  robber  (Damastes  or  Polypemon).  He  had 
a bed  (named  from  him  the  “ Procrustean  ”)  upon  which  his 
prisoners  were  tortured : those  who  were  too  short  he 
stretched  to  fit  it,  and  Ihose  who  were  too  tall  had  their 
limbs  cut  to  the  proper  length. 

Procter  (prok'ter),  Adelaide  Ann.  Bom  at 
London,  Oct.  30, 1825 : died  there,  Feb.  2,  1864. 
An  English  poet,  daughter  of  Bryan  Waller 
Procter  (Barry  Corn  wall).  She  wrote  “Legends 
and  Lyrics”  (1858-60), many  well-known  hymns, 
etc.  She  became  a Roman.  Catholic. 

Procter,  Bryan  Waller:  pseudonym  Barry 
Cornwall.  Born  at  Leeds,  Nov.  21,  1787: 
died  Oct.  5,  1874.  An  English  poet  and 


Prometheus  Bound 

author.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  was  a school- 
mate of  Byron  and  Sir  Robert  Peel.  In  1807  he  went  to 
London  to  study  law.  In  1820  he  began  writing  under  the 
pseudonym  Barry  Cornwall,  and  in  1831  was  called  to  the 
bar.  From  1832  to  1861  he  was  commissioner  of  lunacy. 
He  wrote  “ Dramatic  Scenes  and  Other  Poems  ” (1819),  ‘ A 
Sicilian  Story  ” (1821),  “ Mirandola  " (1821 : performed  at 
Covent  Garden  in  1821),  “ Flood  of  Thessaly  ” (1823),  “ Effi- 
gies Poetica”  (1824),  “ English  Songs  ” (1832),  and  memoirs 
of  Kean,  Lamb  (1866),  Ben  Jouson,  and  Shakspere. 

Proctor  (prok'tor),  Henry  A.  Born  in  Wales, 
1765 : died  at  Liverpool,  England,  1859.  A Brit- 
ish general.  He  was  colonel  of  a regiment  in  Canada 
in  1812  ; defeated  the  Americans  under  James  Winchester 
at  Frenchtown  in  1813  ; and  was  repulsed  by  Harrison  at 
Fort  Meigs,  by  Croghan  at  Fort  Stephenspn,  and  by  Harri- 
son at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  (Oct.  5, 1813). 

Proctor,  Richard  Anthony.  Bom  at  Chelsea, 
England,  March  23,  1837 : died  at  New  York, 
Sept.  12, 1888.  An  English  astronomer.  He  was 
educated  at  King’s  College,  London,  and  at  St.  John’s  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  graduating  in  1860.  His  practical  work 
in  measuring  the  rotation  of  Mars  and  charting  the  324,- 
198  stars  of  Argelander’s  catalogue  is  specially  noteworthy. 
He  published  “ Half-hours  with  the  Telescope  ’’  (1868), 
“Half-hours  with  the  Stars ’’ (1867),  “Star  Atlas”  (1870), 
“The  Sun ”(1871),  “Borderland  of  Science”  (1873),  “The 
Expanse  of  Heaven  ” (1873),“  Myths  and  Marvelsof  Astron- 
omy ”(1877),  “Old  and  New  Astronomy” (1888-92),  “Light 
Science  for  Leisure  Hours,  ’’  “ Elementary  Astronomy,”  and 
works  on  whist  and  mathematics. 

Procyon  (pro'si-on).  [From  Gr.  irpoKbow,  be- 
fore the  dog : so  named  from  its  rising  a little 
before  the  dog-star.]  1.  The  ancient  constel- 
lation Canis  Minor. — 2.  The  principal  star  of 
the  constellation  Canis  Minor,  the  eighth  bright- 
est in  the  heavens. 

Prodigal  Son,  The.  An  oratorio  by  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan,  produced  at  the  Worcester  Festival  in 
1869. 

Professor,  The.  A novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte, 
published  after  her  death,  which  occurred  in 
1855. 

Professor  at  the  Breakfast-table,  The.  A 

series  of  sketches  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes : a 
sequel  to  the  “Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-table.” 
It  was  published  in  1860. 

Profeta  (pro-fa'ta),  II.  [It.,  ‘ The  Prophet.’] 
An  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at  Paris 
in  1849. 

Profile  (pro'fel  or  pro'fil).  A celebrated  group 
of  rocks,  resembling  a human  face,  on  the  side 
of  Mount  Cannon,  in  the  Franconia  Range,  New 
Hampshire. 

Profound  Doctor,  The.  A name  given  to  sev- 
eral schoolmen,  particularly  to  Thomas  Brad- 
wardine. 

Progreso  (pro-gra'so).  The  seaport  of  Merida 
in  Yucatan. 

Prokesch-Osten  (pro'kesk-os'ten),  Count  An- 
ton von.  Bom  at  Gratz,  Styria,  Dec.  10,  1795 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  26, 1876.  An  Austrian  di- 
plomatist, author,  and  archaeologist.  He  was  am- 
bassador in  Athens  1834-49,  in  Berlin  1849-52,  in  Frankfort 
1853-55,  and  in  Constantinople  1856-71.  He  published 
travels  and  “Geschichte  des  Abfalls  der  Griechen  vom 
tiirkischen  Reich"  (“History  of  the  Revolt  of  the  Greeks 
from  the  Turkish  Empire,”  1867). 

Prolegomena  in  Homerum  (prd-le-gom'e-na 
in  ho-me'rum).  A critical  work  by  F.  A.  Wolf, 
published  in  1795,  attacking  the  then  commonly 
received  theory  of  the  Homeric  poems. 

Prome  (pr5m).  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Prorne,  British  Burma,  situated  on  the  Ira  wadi 
in  lat.  18°  49'  N.,  long.  95°  13'  E.  It  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1825.  Population,  27,375. 

Promessi  Sposi  (pro-mes'se  spo'ze),  I.  [It., 
‘ The  Betrothed.’]  1 . A novel  by  Manzoni,  his 
principal  work,  published  1825-27.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Milan  and  its  vicinity  in  the  first  part 
of  the  17th  century. — 2.  An  opera  by  Petrella, 
first  produced  at  Leceo  in  1869. 

Prometheus  (pro -me 'thus).  [Gr.  Upopr/devg, 
forethought.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  son 
of  Iapetus  and  the  ocean-nymph  Clymene,  cele- 
brated as  the  benefactor  of  mankind.  For  de- 
ceit practised  upon  him  by  Prometheus  in  a sacrifice,  Zeus 
denied  to  man  the  use  of  fire ; but  Prometheus  stole  it  from 
heaven  and  brought  it  to  earth  in  a hollow  reed.  For  this 
he  was  chained,  by  order  of  Zeus,  on  a mountain  (Cauca- 
sus), where  daily  his  liver  (which  grew  again  at  night)  was 
consumed  by  an  eagle.  He  was  freed  by  Hercules.  To 
counterbalance  the  acquisition  of  fire,  Zeus  sent  Pandora 
to  mankind.  See  Pandwa. 

Prometheus.  1.  A drama  in  blank  verse  by 
Goethe,  begun  in  1773.  Ho  afterward  cut  it 
down  to  a monologue. — 2.  A ballet  by  Beet- 
hoven, produced  at  Vienna  in  1802.  It  was  ar- 
ranged for  the  stage  by  Salvatore  Vigano. 

Prometheus  Bound.  A tragedy  of  JEschylus, 
of  uncertain  date.  Prometheus,  bound  to  the  rocks 
by  order  of  Zeus  for  his  benevolence  to  man,  resists  all  ef- 
forts to  subdue  his  will  and  purpose,  bids  defiance  to  the 
father  of  the  gods,  and  disappears  in  an  appalling  tempest. 
Mrs.  Browning  published  a poetical  translation  in  1833. 


Prometheus  Bound 

The  “ PrometheusVinctus  " brings  us  to  the  perfection  of 
/Eschylus'  art,  and  to  a specimen,  unique  and  unapproach- 
able, of  what  that  wonderful  genius  could  do  in  simple 
tragedy,  that  is  to  say,  in  the  old  plotless,  motionless,  sur- 
priseless drama,  made  up  of  speeches  and  nothing  more. 
There  is  certainly  no  other  play  of  iEschylus  which  has 
produced  a greater  impression  upon  the  world,  and  few 
remnants  of  Greek  literature  are  to  be  compared  with  it 
in  its  eternal  freshness  and  its  eternal  mystery. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  258. 

Prometheus  Unbound.  A lyrical  drama  by 
Shelley,  published  in  1820. 

Promos  and  Cassandra  (pro'mos  and  kas-san7- 
dra).  A play  by  Whetstone,  printed  in  1578, 
but  never  acted.  Shakspere  took  the  story  of  “Mea- 
sure for  Measure  ” from  this  play,  which  is  in  two  parts, 
and  which  was  in  turn  taken  from  one  of  Cinthio’s  novels. 
In  1582  Whetstone  altered  it  to  a prose  novel. 

Promptorium  Parvulorum,  sive  Clericorum 

(promp-to'ri-um  par-vu-lo'rum  si've  kler-i-ko7- 
rum).  An  English-Latin  dictionary,  said  to 
have  been  the  first  in  use.  Promptorium  should  be 
promptuarium  ( ' storehou se  ’),  and  is  so  spelled  by  Wynkyn 
de  W orde  in  his  edition  “ Promptuarium  Parvulorum  Cleri- 
corum ’’  (1510).  The  words  were  collected  from  various 
authors  by  Fratre  Galfridus  (Geoffrey),  called  Grammati- 
cus, a preaching  friar,  a “recluse  of  Bishop  Lynne”  in  Nor- 
folk. There  are  several  manuscripts,  and,  besides  Wynkjm 
de  Worde,  Pynson  printed  it  in  1499  and  Julian  Notary  in 
1508.  The  Camden  Society  published  it  in  1865,  edited  by 
Albert  Way. 

Propertius  (pro-per'shius),  Sextus.  Born  at 
Assisi,  Italy,  about  50  b.  c.  : died  after  16  B.  C. 
A Roman  elegiac  poet:  a friend  of  Maecenas, 
V ergil,  and  Ovid.  His  poems  are  largely  amatory,  cele- 
brating his  mistress  Cynthia  (Hostia). 

Prophete  (pro-fat7),  Le.  See  Prof  eta,  17. 
Prophetess  (prof  7et-es),  The.  A play  by  Fletcher 
and  Massinger,  licensed  in  1622,  printed  in  1647. 
Betterton  produced  an  alteration  of  it  in  1690. 
Propontis  (pro-pon'tis).  [Gr.  Ilpo7roirn'f,thefore- 
sea.  ] The  ancient  name  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora. 
PropUS  (pro'pus).  [Gr.  Trpdnovc,  the  fore  foot  or, 
in  this  case,  the  forward  foot.]  Ptolemy’s  name 
for  the  third-magnitude  (but  slightly  variable) 
double  star  tj  Geminorum,  in  the  northern  foot 
of  Castor. 

Propylssa  (prop-i-le'a).  [Gr.  irpoKrAaia  (pi.), 
a gateway.]  The  monumental  gateway  to  the 
Acropolis  at  Athens,  begun  437  b.  c.  by  Mne- 
sicles.  It  consists  of  a central  ornamented  passage  and 
two  projecting  wings,  that  on  the  north  with  a chamber 
(the  Pinacotheca)  behind  its  small  portico.  The  central 
passage  has  on  both  west  and  east  faces  a magnificent 
hexastyle  Doric  portico.  At  about  two  thirds  of  its  length 
it  is  crossed  by  a wall  pierced  with  5 doorways,  the  widest 
and  highest  in  the  middle.  An  inclined  way  passes  through 
the  wider  middle  intercolumniations  of  both  great  porches 
and  the  large  central  door : this  way  was  flanked  bet  ween 
the  west  portico  and  the  door  by  six  tall  Ionic  columns, 
whose  capitals  supply  the  most  beautiful  type  of  the  order. 
Proscritto  (pro-skret'td),  II.  [It.,  ‘ The  Exile.’] 
An  opera  by  Nicolai,  produced  at  Milan  in  1840. 
It  was  afterward  produced,  with  alterations,  as  “ Die  Heim- 
kehr  des  Verbannten”  in  1844.  See  Ernani. 
Proserpina  (pro-ser7pi-na).  An  asteroid  (No. 
26)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  May  5,  1853. 
Proserpine  (pros'er-pin),  In  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  greater  goddesses,  the  Greek 
Persephone  or  Kora,  daughter  of  Ceres,  wife  of 
Pluto,  and  queen  of  the  infernal  regions.  She 
passed  six  months  of  the  year  in  Olympus,  during  which 
time  she  was  considered  as  an  amiable  and  propitious  di- 
vinity ; but  during  the  six  months  passed  in  Hades  she 
was  stern  and  terrible.  She  was  essentially  a personifi- 
cation of  the  changes  in  the  seasons,  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer bringing  fresh  vegetation  and  fruits  to  man,  and  in 
winter  harsh  and  causing  suffering.  She  was  intimately 
connected  with  such  mysteries  as  those  of  Eleusis.  The 
Roman  goddess  was  practically  identical  with  the  Greek. 
Prosna  (pros'na).  A tributary  of  the  Warthe, 
which  it  joins  38  miles  southeast  of  Posen, 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Prussia 
and  Russian  Poland.  Length,  about  120  miles. 
Prosopopoia  (pros^o-po-poi'a).  See  Mother 
Hubberd’s  Tale. 

Prosperity  (pros-per'i-ti).  A poem  attributed 
by  Morris  to  Chaucer,  but  rejected  by  Skeat. 
Prosperity  Robinson.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Frederick  Robinson  (Viscount  Goderich),  on 
account  of  his  eulogy  of  British  prosperity 
(shortly  before  the  financial  crisis  of  1825). 
Prospero  (pros'pe-ro).  The  rightful  Duke  of 
Milan  in  Shakspere’s  “Tempest.”  He  is  repre- 
sented as  a w'ise  and  good  magician  (not  a necromancer  or 
wizard)  living  in  exile  on  an  island  with  his  daughter 
Miranda. 

Pross  (pros),  Solomon.  A spy  and  scoundrel 
in  Dickens’s  “Tale  of  Two  Cities.”  His  sister, 
Miss  Pross,  a wild-looking  but  unselfish  woman,  becomes 
the  instrument  of  vengeance,  and  accidentally  kills  Ma- 
dame Defarge.  Also  called  John  Hamad. 

Prossnitz  (pros'nits).  A town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  in  the  Hanna  plain  11 
miles  southwest  of  Olmiitz.  Population,  30,- 
080,  (1910). 

Protagoras  (pro-tag'o-ras)  of  Abdera.  [Gr. 


828 

II pioraydpag.']  Born  about  481  b.  c.  : died  about 
411  b.  c.  A celebrated  Greek  sophist,  the  ear- 
liest of  that  class  of  teachers.  He  was  driven 
from  Athens  on  a charge  of  atheism,  and  his  work  “On 
the  Gods  ” was  publicly  burned.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  famous  dictum  “ Man  is  the  measure  of  all  things  : of 
those  which  are,  that  they  are ; of  those  which  are  not, 
that  they  are  not.” 

Protagoras.  A dialogue  of  Plato:  the  narra- 
tion by  Socrates  of  a conversation  which  took 
place  in  the  house  of  Callias,  a wealthy  Athe- 
nian, between  himself,  the  sophists  Protagoras, 
Hippias,  andProdicus,  Hippocrates,  Aleibiades, 
and  Critias.  The  theme  of  this  celebrated  dialogue  is 
virtue,  its  nature,  unity,  and  teachableness : and  it  is  also 
a study  of  the  sophistic  teachers  in  the  person  of  one  of 
their  best  representatives,  the  famous  Protagoras.  It 
closes  with  the  well-known  conclusion  of  Socrates  that 
virtue  is  knowledge 

Protector  of  the  Indians.  Bartolomfi  de  las 
Casas,  who  received  this  official  title  ( Protector 
Universal  de  los  Indios)  in  1516.  Later  there 
were  local  protectors  in  the  different  colonies. 

Protesilaus  (pro-tes-i-la'us).  [Gr.  TlpuTsallaoc.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  first  of  the  Greeks  slain 
in  the  Trojan  war. 

Protestant  Duke,  The.  A name  given  to  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth  (son  of  Charles  II.). 

Protestantenverein  (pro-tes-tan-ten-fe-rln'). 
[G.,‘ Protestant  union.’ J An  association  of  Ger- 
man Protestants  formed  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main  in  1863.  Among  its  objects  are  toleration,  free- 
dom from  ecclesiastical  domination,  union  of  different 
churches  in  a national  church,  and  the  development  of 
Protestantism. 

Protestant  Pope,  The.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  who  suppressed 
the  Jesuits. 

Proteus  (pro'tus  or  pro'te-us).  [L.,  from  Gr. 
Ilpureiif.]  1.  In  classical  mythology,  a sea- 
god,  the  son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  who  had 
the  power  of  assuming  different  shapes.  Accord- 
ing to  the  legend,  Menelaus,  on  his  return  from  Troy,  sur- 
prised Proteus  and  held  him  fast  through  all  his  changes 
of  form,  until  he  learned  from  him  how  to  return  home. 
2.  One  of  the  “two  gentlemen  of  Verona,”  in 
Shakspere’s  play  of  that  name. 

Prothalamion  (pro-tha-la 'mi-on).  A “ spousal 
verse”  by  Edmund  Spenser,  published  under 
this  name  in  1596.  It  was  written  on  the  occasion  of 
the  marriage  on  the  same  day  of  the  two  daughters  of  the 
Earl  of  Worcester  to  Henry  Guilford  and  William  Petre. 

Protogenes  (pro-toj'e-nez).  [Gr.  n poroyrw??.] 
Born  at  Caunus,  Caria,  Asia  Minor  (or  at  Xan- 
tlius  in  Lycia) : lived  in  the  second  half  of  the 
4th  century  b.  c.  A celebrated  Greek  painter  of 
Rhodes.  His  most  famous  works  were  the  Ialysus  in 
Rhodes,  afterward  placed  in  the  Temple  of  Peace  in  Rome, 
and  the  Resting  Satyr.  Protogenes  and  his  work  were 
greatly  admired  by  his  contemporary  Apelles. 

Proud  Duke.  A name  given  to  Charles  Sey- 
mour, sixth  duke  of  Somerset. 

Proudhon  (pro-don7),  Pierre  Joseph.  Bornat 
Besancon,  France,  July  15, 1809:  died  atPassy, 
Jan.  19, 1865.  A French  socialist.  Hewastheson 
of  a cooper ; studied  at  the  College  of  Besangou,  and  in 
1839  obtained  from  the  Academy  of  Besangon  a pension 
which  enabled  him  to  spend  several  years  of  study  at  Paris. 
He  was  afterward  (1843-47)  in  the  employ  of  a commercial 
house  at  Lyons.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  February  revolu- 
tion in  1848  he  threw  himself  with  ardor  into  the  socialis- 
tic propaganda  at  Paris;  was  elected  a member  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly;  and  founded  the  short-lived  journals 
“ Le  Peuple  ’’  (1848-49),  “ La  Voix  du  Peuple  ’’  (1849-50),  and 
“Le  Peuple  de  1850  ”(1850).  He  was  imprisoned  under  the 
press  laws  1S49-52,  and  fled  to  Belgium  to  escape  a sen- 
tence of  imprisonment  on  the  publication  in  1858  of  his 
work  “De  la  justice  dans  la  revolution  et  dans  l’eglise,” 
but  was  amnestied  in  1860.  He  also  published  "Quest-ce 
quela  proprietd  ?”(1840),“  Creation  del’ordre  dansl’human- 
ite  ” (1843),  “ Systbme  des  contradictions  economiques  ’’ 

«,  “La  revolution  sociale,  dCmontrCe  par  le  coup 
i ” (1852),  etc. 

Prout  (prout),  Father.  The  pen  name  of 
Francis  Mahony. 

Provence  (pro-vons7).  [From  the  Latin  ^provin- 
cial An  ancient  government  of  southeastern 
France.  Capital,  Aix.  It  was  bounded  by  Venaissin 
and  Dauphind  on  the  north,  Piedmont  and  Nice  on  the 
east,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  southeast  and  south,  and 
Languedoc  (separated  by  the  Rhone)  on  the  west,  corre- 
sponding to  tlie  departments  of  Var,  Basses- Alpes,  and 
Bouches-du-Rhdne,  and  part  of  Vaucluse.  It  is  noted  for 
its  fruits  and  a variety  of  other  products.  It  was  made  a 
Roman  province  ( provincia ) 125-105  B.  C.,  and  was  after- 
ward part  of  Gallia  Narbonensis.  It  was  overrun  by  the 
West  Goths  in  the  5th  century,  and  conquered  by  the 
Franks  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century.  Then  it  was 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  Theodoric,  but  about  538  was  re- 
conquered by  the  Franks.  The  Saracens  overran  it  in  t he 
8th  century.  On  the  division  of  the  Carolingian  empire 
in  843,  it  went  to  Lothair  and  later  to  Charles  the  Bald. 
Boso  became  king  of  Provence  or  Cisjurane  Burgundy  in 
879.  Provence  was  later  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Arles, 
and  was  ruled  by  its  own  counts  from  926.  It  passed  to 
the  counts  of  Barcelona  about  1112,  and  later  to  Aragon. 
Charles  of  Anjou  founded  the  Angevin  line  of  counts  of 
Provence  in  1246.  Tt  passed  to  Louis  XI  of  trance  ia  MSI, 
and  was  united  with  the  crown.  Its  inhabitants  are  Pro- 


Prudentius 

vengals,  a designation  extended  to  include  dwellers  in  the 
south  of  France. 

Proverbial  Philosophy.  A didactic  work  in 
verse  by  M.  F.  Tupper,  published  1838-67. 
Proverbs  (prov'erbz).  One  of  the  books  of  the 
Old  Testament,  following  the  Book  of  Psalms. 
The  full  title  is  Proverbs  of  Solomon  (i.  1).  It  is  a collection 
of  the  sayings  of  the  sages  of  Israel,  taking  its  full  title  from 
thechiefamongthem,  thoughitisby  no  means  certain  that 
he  is  the  author  of  a majority  of  them.  Portions  of  the  book 
are  ascribed  to  other  persons:  Chaps,  xxv.-xxix.  are  said 
to  have  been  edited  by  the  “men  of  Hezekiah,”  chap.  xxx. 
contains  “the  words  of  Agur,”  and  xxxi.  1-9  “the  words 
of  Lemuel."  The  original  meaning  of  mishle,  the  Hebrew 
word  translated  ‘proverb,’  is  ‘a  comparison.’  The  term  is 
sometimes  translated  ‘parable’ in  our  English  Bible ; but, 
as  such  comparisons  were  commonly  made  in  the  East  by 
short  and  pithy  sayings,  the  word  came  to  be  applied  to 
these  chiefly,  though  not  exclusively.  They  formed  one  of 
the  most  characteristic  features  of  Eastern  literature. 

Providence  (prov'i-dens).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Providence  and  of  the  State  of 
Rhode  Island,  situated  on  Providence  River, 
at  the  head  of  Narragansett  Bay,  in  lat.  41° 
49 7 N.,  long.  71°  247  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  the 
State  and  second  city  of  New  England,  a railroad  and 
steamboat  center  and  an  important  manufacturing  center, 
and  has  a considerable  coasting  trade.  The  leading  man- 
ufactures are  cotton,  woolen,  steam-engines,  iron  castings, 
jewelry,  silver-ware,  and  worsteds.  It  is  the  seat  of  Brown 
University  (which  see),  and  of  various  educational  and 
benevolent  institutions.  It  was  founded  by  Roger  Wil- 
liams in  1636 ; was  damaged  by  fire  in  King  Philip’s  war 
in  1675 ; and  suffered  severely  from  a storm  in  1815.  It 
became  a city  in  1832.  Population,  224,326,  (1910). 

Providence  River.  The  estuary  formed  by  the 
Blackstone  and  other  rivers  at  the  northern 
end  of  Narragansett  Bay. 

Provincetown  (prov'ins-toun).  A seaport  in 
Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at 
the  extremity  of  Cape  Cod  peninsula,  in  lat. 
42°  37  N.,  long.  70°  ll7  W.  It  has  cod-,  mackerel-, 
and  whale-fisheries.  The  Mayflower  came  to  anchor  here 
in  1620.  Population,  4,369,  (1910). 

Provincia,  or  Provincia  Gallica(pro-vin7shi-S 

gal'i-ka),  or  Gallia  Provincia  (gal'i-fi  pro-vin7- 
shi-a).  In  ancient  geography,  the  part  of  Gaul 
conquered  by  the  Romans  in  the  end  of  the  2d 
century  B.  C.  It  corresponded  to  Provence,  Dauphin^, 
and  Languedoc.  Later  the  name  was  restricted  to  Pro- 
vence. Compare  Narbonensis. 

Provincial  Letters.  See  Pascal. 

Provincias  Internas  (pro-ven'the-as  en-ter7- 
nas).  [Sp.,‘  Interior  Provinces.’]  A colonial  di- 
vision of  Spani  sh  America.  The  name  was  vaguely 
used,  as  early  as  the  17th  century,  for  the  northern  parts 
of  New  Spain  or  Mexico.  In  1777  (by  order  of  Aug.  22, 
1776)  a new  government  was  formed  under  this  name, 
completely  separated  from  the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spain, 
and  comprising  Nueva  Vizcaya  (Durango  and  Chihuahua), 
Coahuila,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  the 
Californias.  The  capital  was  Arizpe  in  Sonora,  and  the 
audience  of  Guadalajara  retained  its  judicial  authority  ; 
the  governor  was  also  military  commandant.  In  1786 
and  1787-93  the  government  was  again  subordinate  to  the 
viceroy.  When  the  final  separation  was  made  in  1793, 
California  was  attached  to  Mexico.  Later  the  Provincias 
Internas  were  divided  into  two  military  districts,  the  Oc- 
cidente  and  Oriente,  Californiabeing  united  to  the  former : 
this  change  went  into  effect  in  1810. 

Provincias  Unidas  de  la  Plata.  See  La  Plata. 
Provincias  Unidas  del  Centro  de  America. 

The  official  name  of  the  Central  American  con- 
federated states,  declared  by  the  Constituent 
Congress,  July  1,  1823.  The  provisional  government 
was  an  executive  of  three  members  and  the  existing  courts. 
With  the  constitution  adopted  Nov.  22,  1824,  the  name 
became  Estados  Federados  de  Centro- America. 

Provins  (pro-van7).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Mame,  France,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Duretin  and  Voulzie,  50  miles  southeast  of 
Paris.  The  Church  of  St.  Quiriace,  the  Grosse  Tour 
(keep),  and  the  ancient  ramparts  are  notable.  It  was  a 
large  and  important  city  in  the  middle  ages,  but  declined 
in  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Population,  com- 
mune, 8,664. 

Provisions  of  Oxford.  See  Oxford,  Provisionsof. 
Provo  (pro'vo),  or  Provo  City.  The  capital  of 
Utah  County,  Utah,  situated  on  Utah  Lake  40 
miles  south  by  east  of  Salt  Lake  City.  It  is  a 
railroad  and  manufacturing  center.  Popula- 
tion, 8,925,  (1910). 

Provoked  Husband,  The.  A comedy  begun 
by  Vanbrugh,  who  wrote  nearly  four  acts  be- 
fore his  death,  under  the  title  “A  Journey  to 
London.”  It  was  finished  by  Cibber,  and  pro- 
duced in  1728. 

Provoked  Wife,  The.  A comedy  by  Vanbrugh, 
produced  in  1097.  It  was  revived  in  1726. 
Pruckner  (prok'ner),  Caroline.  Born  at  Vi- 
enna, 1832.  A noted  teacher  of  singing,  she 

opened  a school  of  opera  in  1870  at  Vienna,  and  has  pub- 
lished a“Theorie  und  Praxis  derGesangskunst"  (1872  and 
1883). 

Prudentius  (pro-den'shi-us),  Aurelius  Clem- 
ens. Born  probably  in  Spain,  348  a.  d.  : lived 
about  400.  A Latin  poet,  author  of  hymns  and 


Frudentius 

other  poems  on  religious  subjects:  the  chief 
Christian  poet  of  the  early  church. 
Prudhomme  (pru-dom'),  Monsieur  Joseph. 
A self-satisfied  character  created  by  Henri  Mon- 
nier  in  1852,  noted  for  his  high-sounding  but 
empty  phrases.  He  is  frequently  quoted  and  referred 
to  in  French  literature.  His  name  was  taken  from  the  Old 
French  term  signifying  ‘righteous  man,’  used  for  a mem- 
ber of  a council  composed  of  workmen  and  employers, 
appointed  for  the  settlement  of  disputes  between  the  two 

. classes. 

Prudhomme,  Bene  Francois  Armand  Sully-. 

Born  at  Paris,  March  16, 1839:  died  near  there, 
Sept.  7,  1907.  A French  poet.  He  published  his 
first  poems,  “Stances  et  poemes,"  in  1865.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Les  epreuves,  etc.  ” (I860),  “ Les  solitudes  ” 
(1869),  “Les  destins”  (1872),  “La  revolte  des  Hems” 
(1874),  “La  France ” (1874),  “La  justice"  (1878),  etc. 

Sainte-Beuve  observed  of  M.  Sully  Prudhomme  that  he 
belonged  to  none  of  the  schools  of  contemporary  poetry. 
“His  was  rather  the  noble  ambition  of  conciliating  them, 
of  deriving  from  them  and  reuniting  in  himself  what  was 
good  in  each.  With  much  skill  in  the  treatment  of  form, 
he  was  not  indifferent  to  the  idea;  and,  among  ideas,  he 
did  not  adopt  any  group  to  the  exclusion  of  the  rest.” 
This  rightly  defines  the  position  of  Sully  Prudhomme. 

Doicden,  Studies  in  Lit.,  p.  425. 

Prudhon  ( prii-don' ),  Charles  Francois  Joseph. 
Born  at  Paris,  July  24, 1845.  A French  come- 
dian. He  is  a pupil  of  R^gnier;  made  his  debut  at  the 
Comddie  Franqalse  in  1865 ; and  was  elected  a member  in 
1883. 

Prud’hon,  Pierre  Paul.  Born  at  Cluny,  France, 
April  4,  1758  : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  16,  1823.  A 
French  historical  and  portrait  painter.  He  was 
a pupil  of  Desvoges  at  Dijon,  and  later  at  the  Beaux  Arts. 
He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1782,  and  lived  at  Rome 
7 years,  returning  to  Paris  in  1789,  where  his  reputation 
was  established  in  1794.  Among  his  best  works  are  “Di- 
vine Justice  and  Vengeance  pursuing  Crime”  (1808:  in 
the  Louvre),  “ Rape  of  Psyche”  (1812),  “Demeter  in  the 
House  of  Neaera,"  “Interview  between  Napoleon  I.  and 
Francis  II.  after  Austerlitz,”  etc. 

Prue  (pro),  Miss.  In  Congreve’s  play  “ Love 
for  Love,”  a romping  awkward  country  girl 
with  a well-developed  taste  for  a lover.  She 
is  taken  from  Wycherley’s  “Country  Wife.” 
Prusa  (pro'sa).  The  ancient  name  of  Brusa. 
Prussia  (prush'a),  G.  Preussen  (prois'sen). 
[F.  Prusse,  D.  Pruissen,  It.  Prussia,  Sp.  Prusia, 
Dan.  Preussen.]  A kingdom  of  northern  Ger- 
many, extending  from  lat.  49°  7'  to  55°  54'  N., 
and  from  long.  5°  52'  to  22°  54'  E. : the  largest 
state  in  area  and  population  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital,  Berlin.  It  is  hounded  by  the  North 
Sea,  Oldenburg,  Denmark,  Mecklenburg,  and  the  Baltic 
on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  east,  the  Austrian  empire, 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  the  Thuringian  states,  Bavaria, 
Hesse,  and  Alsace-Lorraine  on  the  south,  and  Luxemburg, 
Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  west.  It  comprises 
also  the  detached  territory  of  Hohenzollern  and  several 
smaller  exclaves.  Among  the  islands  belonging  to  Prussia 
are  Riigen,  Fehmem,  the  North  Friesian  Islands,  and 
Helgoland.  The  northern  and  eastern  parts  belong  to 
the  great  northern  plain  of  Europe.  In  the  south  and 
southwest  the  surface  is  chiefly  hilly  or  mountainous — 
the  principal  ranges  there  being  the  Sudetic  Mountains  on 
the  border  of  Austria,  and  the  Thuringian  and  Harz  Moun- 
tains, while  further  west  are  the  Weser  Mountains,  Teu- 
toburgerwald,  Taunus,  Westerwald,  etc.  There  are  many 
small  lakes  in  the  north  and  northeast.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Ems,  Weser,  Elbe  (with  the  Spree  and  Ha- 
vel), Eider,  Oder,  Vistula,  Pregel,  Niemen,  and  Rhine 
(with  the  Moselle).  Among  the  agricultural  products  are 
rye,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  millet,  fruit,  hemp,  flax,  hops, 
beet-root,  tobacco,  and  maize.  Wines  are  largely  produced 
in  the  west.  There  is  large  production  of  coal  and  iron, 
and  the  country  yields  about  one-third  of  the  zinc  in  the 
world ; there  are  also  mines  of  copper,  lead,  salt,  nickel, 
alum,  sulphur,  etc.  Prussia  is  one  of  the  principal  man- 
ufacturing countries  of  the  world.  The  exports  include, 
besides  manufactured  goods,  timber,  grain,  wool,  tobacco, 
live  stock,  etc.  The  kingdom  is  subdivided  into  12  prov- 
inces, not  including  Berlin  and  Hohenzollern  : East  Prus- 
sia, West  Prussia,  Pomerania,  Posen,  Brandenburg,  Saxony, 
Silesia,  Hannover,  Schleswig-Holstein,  Westphalia,  Hesse- 
Nassau,  and  Rhine  Province.  The  government  is  a he- 
reditary constitutional  monarchy,  administered  by  a king 
and  a Landtag  consisting  of  two  chambers : the  Herren- 
haus,  or  House  of  Lords,  and  the  Abgeordnetenhaus  of  433 
members.  Prussia  is  the  principal  state  in  the  empire, 
and  has  17  votes  in  the  Bundesrat  and  236  members  in  the 
Reichstag.  Its  king  is  the  German  emperor.  About  seven 
eighths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans;  the  remainder 
include  Poles,  with  a smaller  number  of  Lithuanians, 
Danes,  Wends,  and  Czechs,  and  afew  Walloon-.  The  dom- 
inant religion  is  Protestant  (Evangelical  Church),  but 
about  one  third  are  Roman  Catholics.  Prussia  had  its 
origin  in  the  Nordmark,  which  grew  into  the  mark  of 
Brandenburg;  this,  united  with  the  duchy  of  Prussia 
(1618),  developed  in  the  17th  century  under  the  Great 
Elector.  The  elector  Frederick  IH.  assumed  the  title  of 
Frederick  1.,  king  of  Prussia,  in  1701.  Neuchatel  with 
other  territory  was  acquired  in  1707,  and  part  of  Gelderland 
in  1713.  A large  part  of  Swedish  Pomerania  was  annexed 
in  1720.  Prussia  rose  to  a place  among  the  European 
powers  in  the  reign  of  Frederick  the  Great  (1740  80),  lead- 
ing events  in  which  were  the  acquisition  of  Silesia  in  1742 
and  the  Seven  Years’  War  1756-63.  By  the  first  partition 
of  Poland  (1772)  West  Prussia  was  acquired  with  the  Netze 
district  and  Ermeland.  Prussia  was  at  war  with  France 
1792-95.  By  the  partitions  of  Poland  in  1793  and  1795  Po- 


8'29 

sen  and  the  Polish  territories  as  far  as  the  Pilica,  Vistula, 
and  Bug  were  annexed.  Prussia  lost  to  France  her  ter- 
ritories west  of  the  Rhine  in  1801 ; received  in  1803  the 
bishoprics  of  Paderborn  and  Hildesheim,  and  large  parts  of 
Munster,  Nordhausen,  Goslar,  Erfurt,  the  Eichsfeld,  and 
Miihlhausen  ; received  Hannover  in  1805  in  return  for  An s- 
bach,  Cleves,  and  Neuchatel;  was  totally  overthrown  (at 
Jena,  etc.)  by  France  in  1806;  lost  in  1807  about  half  its 
territories,  including  its  possessions  on  the  leftof  the  Elbe, 
Kottbus,  and  the  larger  part  of  its  territories  acquired  from 
Poland  in  1793  and  1795,  and  was  reduced  to  a second-rate 
state ; and  took  a prominent  part  in  the  War  of  Liberation 
(1813),  and  in  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon  (1.814  and  1815). 
By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  it  acquired  nearly  all  its  for- 
mer possessions  (but  not  Hannover  or  the  Polish  territory 
lost  in  1807),  also  parts  of  the  electorates  of  Cologne  and 
Treves,  Swedish  Pomerania,  Berg,  Jiilich,  Westphalia,  Sie- 
gen,  and  large  parts  of  Saxony(Wittenberg,Torgau,etc.).  It 
entered  the  Germanic  Confederation,  and  belonged  to  the 
Holy  Alliance.  Revolutionary  outbreaks  occurred  in  1848. 
It  was  at  war  with  Denmark  in  1848-49,  and  suppressed  in- 
surrections in  Saxony,  Baden,  and  elsewhere  in  1S49. 
Prussia,  Saxony,  and  Hannover  were  united  in  an  alliance 
in  1849.  A constitution  was  adopted  in  its  final  form  in 
1850.  Concessions  were  made  to  Austria  in  the  Conference 
of  Olmiitz,  1850.  Prussia  interfered  in  Schleswig-Holstein 
in  1851,  and  renounced  its  rights  to  Neuchatel  in  1857, 
After  the  accession  of  William  I.  in  1861  a parliamentary 
struggle  took  place  between  Bismarck  and  the  liberals. 
The  complications  resulting  from  the  Danish  war  of  1864 
(see  Schleswig-Holstein  wars ) led  in  1866  to  the  war  (in  con- 
junction with  Italy)  against  Austria  allied  with  the  South 
German  states,  Saxony,  and  Hannover.  By  the  victory  of 
1866  Prussia  acquired  II  annover,  Nassau,  Frankfort,  Hesse- 
Cassel,  and  Schleswig-Holstein,  became  the  first  German 
state,  and  formed  the  North  German  Confederation.  By 
the  war  between  France  and  Germany  in  1870-71  the  new 
German  Empire  was  formed,  with  the  crown  hereditary  in 
the  Prussian  dynasty.  More  recent  events  are  the  acces- 
sion of  Frederick  III.  and  of  William  II.  (both  in  1888), 
and  the  retirement  of  Bismarck  in  1890.  (Compare  Ger- 
many.) Area,  134,616  square  miles.  Population,  40,157,- 
673,  (1910). 

Prussia.  A former  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Prussia.  East  and  West  Prussia  were  united 
into  this  from  1829  to  1878. 

Prussia,  Duchy  of.  A former  duchy  correspond- 
ing nearly  to  the  present  province  of  East  Prus- 
sia (minus  Ermeland).  The  ancient  inhabitants  (Prus- 
sians) were  conquered  by  the  Teutonic  Knights  in  the  13th 
century.  West  Prussia  was  ceded  to  Poland  in  1466,  East 
Prussia  remaining  a Polish  fief.  The  secular  duchy  was 
constituted  in  1525;  it  was  united  to  Brandenburg  in  1618. 

Prussia,  East,  G.  Ostpreussen(ost-prois'sen). 

A province  of  the  kingdom  of  Prussia.  Capital, 
Konigsberg.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic  on  the  north- 
west, Russia  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Russian  Poland  on 
the  south,  and  West  Prussia  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
generally  low.  It  contains  the  two  government  districts  of 
Konigsberg  and  Gumbinnen,  and  corresponds  generally 
to  the  ancient  duchy  of  Prussia  with  the  addition  of  Erme- 
land. Area,  14,786  square  miles.  Population,  2,030,- 
176. 

Prussia,  New  East.  A region  now  belonging 
to  Russian  Poland,  acquired  by  Prussia  in  the 
partitions  of  Poland  in  1793  and  1795,  and  lost  in 
1807.  It  lay  north  of  the  Vistula  and  Bug,  and  south  and 
east  of  East  Prussia  and  West  Prussia. 

Prussia,  Polish.  A former  division  of  the  an- 
cient kingdom  of  Poland,  forming  the  greater 
portion  of  the  present  province  of  West  Prussia, 
Prussia. 

Prussia,  Rhenish.  See  Rhine  Province. 

Prussia,  South.  A former  province  of  the  king- 
dom of  Prussia,  acquired  iu  the  partitions  of 
Poland  of  1793  and  1795.  It  comprised  nearly  all  the 
present  province  of  Posen  south  of  the  Netze  district,  and 
the  part  of  present  Russian  Poland  lying  between  the  Vis- 
tula and  Pilica. 

Prussia,  West,  G.  Westpreussen  (vest'prois//- 
sen).  A province  of  the  kingdom  of  Prussia. 
Capital,  Dautzic.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic  on  the 
north,  East  Prussia  on  the  east,  Russian  Poland  and  Posen 
on  the  south,  Brandenburg  on  the  southwest,  and  Pome- 
raniaon  the  westand  northwest.  The  surface  is  generally 
low.  It  contains  the  two  government  districts  Dantzic  and 
Marienwerder,  and  corresponds  in  the  main  to  the  regions 
acquired  in  the  different,  partitions  of  Poland.  Area, 
9,861  square  miles.  Population,  1,641,746. 

Pruth  (proth ; G.  pron.  prot).  A river  in  eastern 
Europe.  It  rises  in  Galicia,  flows  through  Bukowina, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Moldavia  and  Bessarabia 
(in  Russia),  and  joins  the  Danube  at  Reni  east  of  Galatz. 
Length,  over  500  miles ; navigable  to  near  Jassy. 

Pruth,  Peace  of  the.  A treaty  concluded  at 
Hush  between  Russia  and  Turkey,  July  23, 1 71 1 . 

Peter  the  Great  and  his  army  (which  had  been  blockaded 
at  Hush,  near  the  Pruth)  were  relieved  ; Azoff  and  other 
possessions  were  ceded  to  Turkey  ; and  it  was  stipulated 
that  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  should  be  permitted  to  return 
home  unmolested.  Called  also  the  treaty  of  Falczi. 

Prynne  (prin),  Hester.  The  principal  char- 
acter of  Hawthorne’s  “ Scarlet  Letter.”  She  is 
doomed  to  wear  a scarlet  A embroidered  on  her  breast  as 
a penance  for  her  adultery  with  her  husband’s  friend.  See 
IKm/mesdale,  A rthur. 

Prynne  (prin),  William.  Born  at  Swainswick, 
near  Bath,  1600:  died  at  London,  Oct.  24, 1669. 
An  English  Presbyterian  lawyer,  pamphleteer, 
and  statesman.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1621,  en- 
tered Lincoln’s  Inn  in  the  same  year,  and  was  afterward 
called  to  the  bar.  In  1633  he  published  “ Histriomastix.” 
For  indirectly  criticizing  the  king  and  queen  in  this  book 


Ptah 

he  was  sentenced  by  the  Star  Chamber  to  be  imprisoned 
and  fined  £5,000,  expelled  from  his  profession,  degraded 
from  his  university  degree,  and  set  in  the  pillory,  where 
he  lost  both  his  ears.  In  1640  he  was  released  by  the  Long 
Parliament.  In  1643  he  entered  upon  the  prosecution  of 
Archbishop  Laud.  On  Nov.  7, 1648,  he  obtained  a seat  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  He  at  once  took  the  part  of  the 
king,  and  was  included  in  Pride’s  Purge  (Dec,  6, 1648).  He 
was  arrested  by  Bradshaw  June  30,  1650,  and  Imprisoned. 
He  was  released  Feb.  18,  1653.  He  was  appointed  by 
Charles  II.  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower.  In  1666- 
1670  he  published  the  “Vindication  of  the  Ecclesiastical 
Jurisdiction  of  the  English  Kings." 

Przemysl  (pzhera'isl).  A fortified  town  in  Ga- 
licia, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  San  54 
miles  west  of  Lemberg.  It  has  an  active  trade ; con- 
tains two  cathedrals ; and  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of 
Poland.  It  was  founded  in  or  about  the  8th  century. 
Population,  54,069,  (1910). 

Przibram.  See  Pribram. 

Psalms  (samz),  or  the  Book  of  Psalms.  A 

book  of  the  Old  Testament  which  contains  150 
salms  and  hymns.  The  authorship  of  a large  num- 
er  of  the  psalms  is  ascribed  traditionally  to  David.  Many 
of  them,  however,  are  supposed  to  date  from  the  time  of 
the  exile  or  later.  The  book  is  often  called  the  ‘ ‘ Psalter," 
but  that  term  is  usually  restricted  to  those  versions  of  or 
compends  from  it  which  are  arranged  especially  for  the 
services  of  the  church.  The  translation  of  the  Psalter  in 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  is  not  that  of  the  author- 
ized version,  but  that  of  the  earlier  version  of  Cranmer’s 
Bible. 

The  Psalter,  as  we  have  it,  unquestionably  contains 
Psalms  of  the  Exile  and  the  new  Jerusalem.  It  is  also 
generally  admitted  to  contain  Psalms  of  the  period  of 
David,  thus  embracing  within  its  compass  poems  extend- 
ing over  a range  of  some  five  hundred  years. 

W.  R.  Smith,  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  176. 

Psammenitus.  See  Psammetichus  III. 
Psammetichus(sa-met'i-kus)  I.,  or  Psemtliek, 
or  Psametik.  Reigned  666-610  b.  c.  (Brugsch). 
An  Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the  26th  dy- 
nasty. He  freed  Egypt  from  Assyrian  rule,  opened  the 
country  to  the  Greeks,  and  reunited  the  kingdom. 

Psammetichus  III.,  or  Psammenitus  (sam-e- 
ni'tus).  King  of  Egypt,  son  of  Amasis.  He  was 
defeated  at  Pelusium  by  Cambyses  525  B.  c.,  and  Egypt  be- 
came a Persian  province. 

Psara.  See  Ipsara. 

Psellus  (sel'us),  Michael,  surnamed  “The  El- 
der.” Born  in  Andros,  Greece.  A Byzantine 
author  who  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  9th 
century. 

Psellus  (sel'us),  Michael  Constantine,  sur- 
named “The  Younger.”  Born  at  Constan- 
tinople, 1020 ; died  after  1105.  A Byzantine 
philosopher  and  author.  Among  liis  numerous 
works  is  “Opus  in  quatuor  mathematicas  discipliuas  — 
arithmeticam,  musicam,  geometriam,  et  astronomiam  ” 
(Venice,  1532). 

Pseudodoxia  Epidemica  (su-do-doks'i-a  ep-i- 
dem'i-ka),  or  an  Enquiry  into  Vulgar  Errors. 

A work  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  published  in 
1646.  It  is  his  most  popular  and  important  work, 
commonly  known  as  “Vulgar  Errors.” 
Psiloriti  (pse-16-re'te),  Mount.  The  modern 
name  of  Mount  Ida  in  Crete. 

Pskof  (pskof ).  1 . A government  of  Russia,  sur- 
rounded by  the  governments  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Novgorod,  Tver,  Smolensk,  Vitebsk,  and  Livo- 
nia. It  contains  many  swamps  and  lakes.  Area,  16,678 
square  miles.  Population,  1,317,600. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Pskoff,  sit- 
uated on  the  Velikaya  in  lat.  57°  50'  N.,  long. 
28°  22'  E.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a republic,  sustain- 
ing close  relations  with  Novgorod  ; carried  on  an  exten- 
sive trade  with  the  towns  of  the  Hanseatic  League ; and 
successfully  resisted  the  attacks  of  the  Livonian  Knights. 
It  was  conquered  by  Moscow  in  1510.  Pop.,  30,478. 

Pskof,  Lake.  A lake  in  Russia,  forming  the 
southern  extension  of  Lake  Peipus.  Length, 
50  miles. 

Psyche  (sl'ke).  [L.,  from  Gr.  i breath, 
spirit,  life,  the  spirit,  soul,  mind,  etc.;  a depart- 
ed spirit,  ghost,  etc. ; also,  a butterfly  or  moth 
as  the  symbol  of  the  soul.]  1.  In  classical 
mythology,  the  personified  and  deified  soul  or 
spirit,  the  beloved  of  Eros,  hy  whom  she  was 
alternately  caressed  and  tormented,  she  was  con- 
sidered  as  a fair  young  girl,  often  with  the  wings  of  a but- 
terfly, and  the  butterfly  was  her  symbol.  See  Cupid  and 
Psyche. 

2.  The  sixteenth  planetoid,  discovered  hy  De 
Gasparis  at  Naples,  March  17,  1852. 

Psyche.  A religious  poem,  in  24  cantos,  hy  Jo- 
seph Beatimont,  published  in  1648. 

Psyche.  A tragicomedy  hy  Moli6re,  Pierre  Cor- 
neille, and  Quinault,  pi’oduced  in  1670. 

Psyche  of  Capua.  A celebrated  Greek  torso, 
undraped,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The 

head  is  bent  in  sorrow.  It  is  a copy  from  Praxiteles  or  his 
immediate  school,  and  is  somewhat  injured. 

Ptah  (ptii).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  an  impor- 
tant deity,  though  not  one  of  the  oldest.  He  was 
the  creative  force  (not  solar),  the  divine  builder,  the  vivi- 


Ptah 

tying  intellectual  power,  honored  especially  at  Memphis. 
He  was  represented  in  human  form,  sometimes  as  a pygmy 
or  embryo. 

Pteria  (te'ri-a).  [Gr.  Tlrepia.j  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a place  in  Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor:  the 
scene  of  a battle  between  Cyrus  the  Great  and 
Croesus  554  (?)  B.  c. 

P.  T.  Letters.  A series  of  letters  published  by 
Pope. 

Never,  surely,  did  all  the  arts  of  the  most  skilful  diplo- 
macy give  rise  to  a series  of  intrigues  more  complex  than 
those  which  attended  the  publication  of  the  “ P.  T.  Let- 
ters.” An  ordinary  man  says  that  he  is  obliged  to  publish 
by  request  of  friends,  and  we  regard  the  transparent  de- 
vice as,  at  most,  a venial  offence.  But  in  Pope’s  hands 
this  simple  trick  becomes  a complex  apparatus  of  plots 
within  plots,  which  have  only  been  unravelled  by  the  per- 
severing labours  of  the  most  industrious  literary  detectives. 
The  whole  story  is  given  for  the  first  time  at  full  length 
in  Mr.  Ehvin’s  edition  of  Pope,  and  the  revelation  borders 
upon  the  incredible. 

Leslie  Stephen , Hours  in  a Library,  p.  101. 
Ptolemais  (tol-e-ma'is).  [Gr.  JlTolefiap.']  In 
ancient  geography:  (a)  A city  in  Cyreuaiea, 
west  of  Cyrene.  ( b ) A later  name  of  Aceho. 
Bee  Acre,  (c)  Ptolemais  Theron,  a town  on  the 
west  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  about  lat.  18°  N. 
Ptolemy  (tol'e-mi)  I.,  surnamed  Soter  (‘Pre- 
server ’)  and  Lagi  (‘  son  of  Lagus  ’).  [L.  Ptole- 
rnseus , from  Gr.  Ylro'/xualor.)  Died  285  B.  C. 
King  of  Egypt,  founder  of  the  Greek  dynasty 
in  that  country.  Hewas  the  alleged  son  of  Lagus,  a Ma- 
cedonian of  ignoble  birth,  and  Arsinoe;  but,  as  Arsinoe  had 
been  the  concubine  of  Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  he  was  com- 
monly supposed  by  his  contemporaries  tobe  the  son  of  that 
monarch.  He  rose  to  a high  command  in  the  army  under 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  in  the  distribution  of  the  prov- 
inces on  the  latter’s  death  in  323  obtained  the  government 
of  Egypt.  He  formed  an  alliance  with  Antipater  against  Per- 
diccas,  the  regent  in  Asia,  who  invaded  Egypt  in  321  but 
was  murdered  by  his  own  troops.  He  afterward  concluded 
an  alliance  with  Cassander,  Seleucus,  and  Lysimachus 
against  Antigonus,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Ipsus  in  301. 
He  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  306.  In  304  his  efficient 
support  of  the  Rhodians  enabled  the  latter  to  repel  a for- 
midable attack  by  Demetrius,  whence  he  received  the 
surname  Soter  or  Preserver.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his 
sor.  Ptolemy  II.  in  285. 

Ptolemy  II.,  surnamed  Philadelphia.  Bornin 
the  island  of  Cos,  309  B.  c.:  died  247  B.  c.  King 
of  Egypt  285-247,  son  of  Ptolemy  I.  He  annexed 
Phenicia  and  Coele-Syria ; encouraged  commerce,  litera- 
ture, science,  and  art ; and  raised  the  Alexandrian  Mu- 
seum and  Library,  founded  by  his  father,  to  importance. 

Ptolemy  III.,  surnamed  Euergetes  (‘  Benefac- 
toi  ’).  Died  222  b.  c.  King  of  Egypt  247-222, 
son  of  Ptolemy  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  247. 
To  avenge  his  sister  Berenice  (see  Antiochus  II.  of  Syria), 
he  invaded  Syria  about  245,  and  captured  Babylon,  but 
was  recalled  in  243  by  a revolt  in  Egypt. 

Ptolemy  IV.,  surnamed  Philopator  (‘Loving 
his  Father’).  King  of  Egypt  222-205  (204?) 
B.  c.,  son  of  Ptolemy  III.  He  defeated  Antio- 
chus the  Great  at  Raphia  in  217. 

Ptolemy  V.,  surnamed  Epiphanes  (‘Illustri- 
ous’). King  of  Egypt  205  (204?)-181  b.  c.,  son 
of  Ptolemy  IV.  His  dominions  were  overrun  by  An- 
tiochus the  Great,  and  saved  only  by  the  interference  of 
Borne.  He  married  Cleopatra,  daughter  of  Antiochus  the 
Great,  in  the  winter  of  193-192,  in  accordance  with  a treaty 
of  peace  concluded  with  Antiochus  someyears  previously. 

Ptolemy  VII.,  surnamed  Philonietor.  Died  146 
b.  c.  King  of  Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  V.  whom 
he  succeeded  in  iSl  B.  C.  Hewas  captured  during 
an  invasion  of  Egypt  by  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  king  of 
Syria,  in  170,  whereupon  his  younger  brother  Ptolemy  IX. 
proclaimed  himself  king.  He  was  presently  released  by 
Antiochus,  and  for  a time  reigned  conjointly  with  his 
brother.  Expelled  by  his  brother,  he  sought  relief  in  per- 
son at  Rome  in  164,  and  was  reinstated  at  Alexandria,  his 
brother  being  forced  to  retire  to  Cyrene,  which  he  was  al- 
lowed to  hold  as  a separate  kingdom. 

Ptolemy  IX.,  surnamed  Euergetes  or  Pliys- 
con.  Died  117  B.  C.  King  of  Egypt.  He  was  a 

younger  brother  of  Ptolemy  VII.,  on  whose  death  in  146 
he  usurped  the  throne,  putting  to  death  the  legitimate 
heir.  (For  Ptolemy  IX.’s  history  previous  to  this  event, 
see  Ptolemy  V 11.)  He  was  expelled  from  Alexandria  by 
the  populace  in  130,  but  recovered  his  capital  in  127. 

Ptolemy  X.,  surnamed  Soter  (‘Saviour’)  or 
Philometor,  also  called  Lathyrus.  Died  81 
B.  C.  King  of  Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  IX.  Phys- 
con,  ou  whose  death  in  117  he  ascended  the 
throne  conjointly  with  his  mother  Cleopatra. 
He  was  in  107  expelled  from  Egypt  by  Cleopatra,  who 
raised  her  favorite  son  Ptolemy  XI.  Alexander  to  the 
throne  in  his  stead.  lie  succeeded,  however,  in  maintain- 
ing himself  in  Cyprus,  which  he  held  as  an  independent 
kingdom,  until  the  death  of  his  mother  in  88,  when  he 
was  recalled  by  the  Alexandrians,  who  had  in  the  mean- 
time expelled  his  brother. 

Ptolemy  XIII.,  surnamed  Neus  Dionysus  and 
Auletes  (‘ Flute-player ’).  Died  51  B.  c.  King 
of  Egypt,  illegitimate  son  of  Ptolemy  X.  La- 
thyrus. lie  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the  extinction 
of  the  legitimate  line  of  the  Ptolemies  in  si  b.  c.  He  was 
expelled  by  the  populace  in  58,  but  was  restored  by  the 
Romans  in  55. 

Ptolemy  XIV.  Died  in  48  or  47  B.  C.  King  of 
Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  XIII.  Auletes.  lie  ascended 


830 

the  throne  in  52  conjointly  with  his  sister  Cleopatra,  whom 
he  expelled  in  49.  The  reinstatement  of  Cleopatra  by  C®- 
sar  in  48  gave  rise  to  war.  Ptolemy  was  defeated  ou  the 
Nile,  and  was  drowned  in  the  flight. 

Ptolemy.  Died  40  a.  d.  King  of  Mauretania, 
the  son  of  Juba  II.  and  grandson  of  Antony 
and  Cleopatra.  He  was  summoned  to  Rome  and  put 
to  death  by  Caligula  (40  A.  D.),  whose  cupidity  had  been 
excited  by  his  great  wealth. 

Ptolemy,  L.  Claudius  Ptolemaeus  (kla'di-us 
tol-e-me'us).  Born  at  Alexandria:  flourished  in 
the  first  half  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.  A cele- 
brated Alexandrian  astronomer,  geographer, 
and  mathematician.  He  “built  up  a mathematical 
system  of  astronomy  and  geography  which  was  universally 
received  until,  in  the  course  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries, 
the  system  of  Copernicus  displaced  it.  Ptolemy  believed 
that  the  sun,  planets,  and  stars  revolved  round  the  earth. 
His  error  in  calculating  the  circumferenceof  theglobe  war- 
ranted Columbus  in  supposing  that  the  distance  from  the 
western  coast  of  Europe  to  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia  was 
about  one  third  less  than  it  actually  is ; and  thus  encour- 
aged the  enterprise  which  led  to  the  discovery  of  America” 
( Jebh ).  His  recorded  observations  (at  Canopus)  extend 
from  127  to  151  A.  D.  His  astronomical  and  mathematical 
work  is  contained  in  the  “ Syntaxis,"  called  by  the  Arabs 
“Almagest” (which  see). 

Puans,  See  Winnebago. 

PublilianLaws(pub-lil'i-anlaz).  1.  In  Roman 
history,  a law  passed  about”  471 B.  c.,  through  the 
efforts  of  the  tribune  Publilius  Volero.  it  trans- 
ferred the  election  of  tribunes  from  the  centuries  to  the 
comitia  tributa,  and  its  passage  marked  the  concession  of 
the  right  of  initiating  legislation  to  the  plebeians. 

2.  Laws  proposed  by  Publilius  Philo  339  (338  ?) 
B.  C.  They  provided  that  one  censor  must  be  a plebeian; 
that  plebiscita  (laws  passed  by  the  comitia  tributa)  should 
apply  to  all  citizens  ; and  that  laws  presented  to  the  cen- 
turies should  be  previously  approved  by  the  curise. 

Publius  (pub'li-us).  The  pseudonym  of  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  John  Jay,  and  James  Madison 
in  their  papers  in  the  “Federalist.” 

Pucelle  (pii-seF),  La.  [F.,  ‘The  Maid.’]  The 
surname  given  to  Joan  of  Are. 

Pucelle,  La.  1.  An  epic  by  Chapelain.  Half  of 
it  was  published  in  1656,  after  being  heralded  for  twenty 
years.  It  was  ridiculed,  and  the  other  half  was  not  printed. 
2.  A burlesque  epic  by  Voltaire,  published  in 
17 62.  He  denied  the  authorship  for  some  years. 

Puck  (puk).  A playful,  mischievous  elf  in  folk- 
lore: otherwise  Robin  Goodfellow,  Will-o’-the- 
Wisp,  etc.  Shakspere  introduces  him  in  the  “Mid- 
summerNight’s  Dream  ”as  ahousehold  fairy,  the  jester  to 
King  Oberon,  and  he  plays  many  pranks  in  the  wood  near 
Athens.  In  “Faust”  Goethe  introduces  him  as  a pervading, 
whimsical,  perverse  element  rather  than  as  an  individual. 
The  tricksy  nature  of  Shakspere’s  Puck  harmonizes  better 
with  the  etymology.  Puck  came  to  England  with  the 
Scandinavian  or  Danish  settlers.  “ Puki  in  old  Norse  was 
a devil,  usually  a wee  devil.  His  Danish  name  was  Pokker. 
To  the  Celts  he  was  Pucaor  Pwca.  He  is  Pug  when  Pug 
is  an  imp’s  name,  and  Bug  in  the  sense  of  hobgoblin,  bug- 
bear, and  humbug.”  Morley. 

The  character  of  Puck,  or,  as  he  is  properly  called,  Robin 
Goodfellow,  is  literally  no  other  than  our  own  “guter 
Knecht  Ruprecht”;  and  it  is  curious  that  from  this  name 
in  German  the  word  “Riipel  ” is  derived,  the  only  one  by 
which  we  can  give  the  idea  of  the  English  clown,  the 
very  part  which,  in  Shakespeare,  Puck  plays  in  the  king- 
dom of  the  fairies.  This  belief  in  fairies  was  far  more 
diffused  through  Scandinavia  than  through  England  ; and 
again  in  Scotland  and  England  it  wasfar  more  actively  de- 
veloped than  in  Germany.  Robin  Goodfellow  especially, 
of  whom  we  hear  in  England  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, was  a favourite  in  popular  traditions,  and  to  his  name 
all  the  cunning  tricks  were  imputed  which  we  relate  of 
Eulenspiegel  and  other  nations  of  others. 

Gervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bun- 
[nett,  ed.  1S80),  p.  194. 

Piickler-Muskau  (puk ' ler  - mos ' kou) , Prince 
Hermann  Ludwig  Heinrich  von.  Bom  at 

Muskau,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Oct.  30,  1785:  died  at 
Branitz,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Feb.  4, 1871.  A 
German  writer  of  travels.  He  wrote  “Briefe  eines 
Verstorbenen”  (“Letters  of  One  deceased,”  1830),  “Semi- 
lassos  vorletzter  Weltgang”  (“Semilasso’s  Last  Journey 
but  One  Around  the  World,  1835),  “.Semilasso  in  Af- 
rika”  (1836),  “Aus  Mehemed-Alis  Reich”  (1844),  etc. 

Pudding  (pud'ing),  Jack.  A clown  in  English 
folk-lore.  He  corresponds  to  Pickelhering, 
Hanswurst,  etc. 

Pudding  River  Indians.  See  Ahantchw/uk. 

Pudsey  (pud'si).  A town  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  7 miles  west  of  Leeds. 
Population,  14,907. 

Pudukota  (pd-do-kot'il),  or  Tondiman  (ton'di- 
mau).  A native  state  of  India,  tributary  to 
Great  Britain,  intersected  by  lat.  10°  30'  N., 
long.  78°  45'  E. 

Puebla  (pweb'lii),  1.  A state  of  Mexico,  sur- 
rounded by  Vera  Cruz,  Oajaca,  Guerrero,  More- 
los, Mexico,  Tlaseala,  and  Hidalgo.  Area,  12,204 
square  miles.  Population,  1,092,456,  (1910). — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Puebla,  76  miles  south- 
east of  Mexico:  in  full,  La  Puebla  delos  Angeles. 
It  is  the  third  city  in  the  republic  in  population,  lias 
thriving  manufactures  and  trade,  and  contains  a cathedral 
and  many  religious  establishments.  It  was  founded  in 
1532.  In  1855-58  it  was  the  scene  of  several  revolts  by 


Puff 

partizans  of  the  church  party,  and  was  twice  besieged 
and  taken  by  President  Comonfort.  On  May  6,  1862,  the 
French  were  repulsed  in  an  attack  on  the  place,  but  it 
was  taken  by  Forey  in  1863.  Named  from  the  pious  tra- 
dition that,  before  the  conquest,  visions  of  angel  hosts 
were  seen  in  the  heavens  above  its  site.  Population,  101,- 
214,  (1910). 

Pueblo  ( pweb'lo).  The  capital  of  Pueblo  County, 
Colorado,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River  106 
miles  south  of  Denver.  It  has  manufactures  of 
iron,  steel,  and  lead.  Pop.,  44,395,  (1910). 

Pueblo  Indians.  BeeEeresan,  Taman,  Tusayan, 
and  ZvMian. 

Puelches  (po-al-chas').  [‘Eastern people.’]  In- 
dians of  the  Pampean  or  Araucanian  stock,  in 
the  western  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
north  of  the  Rio  Negro  (territories  of  Rio  Negro, 
Los  Andes,  andPampa).  They  are  probably  the  same 
as  the  Querendis,  a formidable  tribe  which  opposed  the 
first  settlers  of  Buenos  Ayres.  (See  Querendis.)  At  present 
they  do  not  number  more  than  3,000,  hut  their  fighting 
force  is  often  increased  by  their  alliance  with  the  Arau- 
canians  of  Chile.  Until  within  a few  years  they  have  been 
hostile  to  the  whites,  and  they  are  still  dangerous  neigh- 
bors of  the  settlers.  They  are  somewhat  wandering  in 
their  habits.  This  is  one  of  the  tribes  called  Pampas. 

Puente  de  Calderon  (pwen'ta  da  kal-da-ron'). 
[Sp.,  ‘bridge  of  Calderon.’]  A place  about  30 
miles  east  of  the  city  of  Guadalajara,  Mexico, 
where  the  highroad  from  Lagos  crosses  the  river 
Santiago.  Here  the  royalist  forces  (6,000)  under  CaUeja 
defeated  the  revolutionists  (said  to  have  numbered  80,000) 
under  Hidalgo  Jan.  17, 1811.  The  victory  was  largely  due 
to  an  accident  by  which  the  long  grass  was  set  on  fire  in 
front  of  Hidalgo's  army,  forcing  it  to  retreat  in  confusion. 
This  battle  decided  the  failure  of  the  first  attempt  to  make 
Mexico  independent. 

Puerto  Bello.  See  Porto  Bello. 

Puerto  Cabello  (ka-Bel'yd).  A seaport  in  the 
state  of  Carabobo,  Venezuela,  situated  on  the 
Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  10°  29'  N.,  long.  68°  1'  W. 
It  is  noted  for  its  fine  harbor,  and  exports  cof- 
fee, etc.  Population,  about  14,000. 

Puerto  Cortls  (pwar'to  kor-tas'),  or  Puerto 
Caballos  (ka-Bal'yos),  or  Port  Cortez  (port 
kor'tez).  A place  in  Honduras,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Honduras  about  100  miles  north  of  Coma- 
yagua.  It  is  a railway  terminus. 

Puerto  de  Santa  Marla  (san'ta  ma-re'a),  or  El 
Puerto  (el  pwer'to).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Guadalete  into  the  Bay  of  Cadiz,  8 miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz.  It  exports  sherry.  Popu- 
lation, 20,120. 

Puerto  d’Espana.  See  Port  OJ  Spain. 

Puerto  Lamar.  See  CoUja. 

Puerto  Mahon.  See  Port  Mahon. 

Puerto  Montt  (mont).  A seaport,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Llanquihue,  Chile,  situated  at 
the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Reloncavi,  about  lat.  41° 
30'  S.  Population,  5,408. 

Puerto  Plata  (pla'ta),  or  Porto  Plata  (pdr'to 
pla'ta).  A seaport  situated  on  the  northern 
coast  of  the  Dominican  Republic,  110  miles 
northwest  of  Santo  Domingo,  West  Indies. 
Population,  15,000-16,000. 

Puerto  Principe  (pren'the-pa),  or  Ciudad  del 
Principe  (tke-6-THaTH'  del  pren'the-pa).  A 
city  in  Cuba,  situated  about  lat.  21°  24'  N., 
long.  77°  55'  W.  It  has  considerable  trade 
and  manufactures.  Population,  25,102. 

Puerto  Real  (ra-al').  A town  in  the  province 
of  Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Cadiz 
7 miles  east  of  Cadiz.  Population,  11,943. 

Puerto  Rico.  See  Porto  Pico. 

Pueyrredon  (pwa-e-ra-THon'),  Juan  Martin. 
Born  about  1780 : died  near  Buenos  Ayres,  1845. 
An  Argentine  general  and  politician.  He  was  su- 
preme director  or  president  of  the  United  Provinces  from 
July,  1816,  to  June,  1819,  when  he  resigned.  It  was  owing 
to  his  cordial  support  of  San  Martin  that  Chile  was  con- 
quered by  the  patriots. 

Pufendorf  (po'fen-dorf),  Baron  Samuel  von. 
Bora  near  Chemnitz,  Saxony,  Jan.  8, 1632:  died 
at  Berlin,  Oct.  26,  1694.  A celebrated  German 
jurist,  publicist,  and  historiau,  professor  suc- 
cessively at  Heidelberg  and  at  Lund,  and  his- 
toriographer in  Sweden  and  in  Brandenburg. 
His  chief  work  is  “De  jure  natura  et  gentium”  (“On  the 
Law  of  Nature  and  Nations,”  1672).  He  also  wrote  “Ele- 
menta  jurisprudent!®  universalis"  (1660),  “De  statn  im- 
perii Germanic!”  (“On  the  Condition  of  the  German  Em- 
pire," 1667),  “ De  rebus  Suecicis  ” (“  On  Swedish  History," 
1676),  a history  of  the  Great  Elector  (1695),  etc. 

Puff  (puf).  1.  A bustling  and  impudent  liter- 
ary humbug  in  Sheridan’s  “Critic.”  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  the  tragedy  rehearsed  in  the  play,  and  past  master 
in  the  art  of  puffing.  A character  in  a joint  humorous 
composition  of  Sheridan  and  his  schoolfellow  Halbed  was 
tlie  prototype  of  Puff. 

2.  A publisher  and  vender  of  quack  medicine 
in  Foote’s  “Patron.” — 3.  A humbugging  auc- 
tioneer in  Foote’s  “ Taste.” — 4.  A cowardly 
servant  in  Garrick’s  “ Miss  in  her  Teens.” 


Pug 

Pug  (pug).  A devil  in  man’s  shape  in  Jonson’s 
“The  Devil  is  an  Ass.”  He  gives  the  title  to 
the  play,  being  made  an  ass  of,  much  to  his 
mortification . 

Puget  (pii-zha'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Marseilles, 
1622 : died  1694.  A French  painter,  sculptor, 
engineer,  and  architect.  In  1657  he  designed  and  ex- 
ecuted the  Porte  de  Ville  at  Toulon,  his  first  celebrated 
architectural  composition:  the  caryatids  of  this  gate  are 
among  the  classics  of  French  sculpture.  He  also  built  the 
Halle  au  Poisson,  Hospice  de  Charitd,  and  many  fine  build- 
ings in  Marseilles.  To  this  period  belongs  the  Hercules 
Gaulois  in  the  Louvre.  After  1669  he  executed  his  three 
principal  works  of  sculpture  : the  Perseus  and  Andromeda, 
Milo  of  Crotona,  and  the  bas-relief  of  Alexander  and  Dio- 
genes no  w in  the  Louvre.  The  Milo  of  Crotona  is  his  best 
work.  It  represents  that  athlete  caught  in  a splittree-trunk 
while  a lion  attacks  him  from  behind.  This  was  finished 
in  1682,  and  in  1683  placed  in  the  garden  of  Versailles  : it 
is  now  in  the  Louvre  (Salle  de  Puget). 

Puget  (pu'jet)  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific, 
penetrating  into  the  State  of  Washington  south- 
ward from  the  Strait  of  J uan  de  Fuca,  by  which 
it  is  connected  with  the  Pacific.  It  is  divided  into 
Puget  Sound  proper  in  the  south  and  Admiralty  Inlet  in 
the  north.  It  is  noted  for  its  depth  and  its  fine  harbors. 
Seattle  and  Tacoma  are  on  its  shores.  Total  length  in 
straight  line,  about  80  miles. 

Pughe  (pu),  William  Owen.  Born  at  Tyn  y 
Bryn,  Wales,  Aug.  7,  1759 : died  June  4,  1835. 
A Welsh  antiquary.  He  published  a Welsh- 
English  dictionary  (1793-1803),  and  with  others 
“ Myvyrian  Archaiology”  (1801-07). 

Pugin  (pu'jin),  Augustus  Welby  Northmore. 
Born  at  London,  March  1, 1812 : died  at  Rams- 
gate, Sept.  14, 1852.  An  English  architect,  son 
of  Augustus  Pugin  (1762-1832).  He  left  the  Church 
of  England  for  the  Church  of  Rome  when  quite  young.  He 
made  the  designs  for  Killarney  Cathedral,  Adare  Hall,  a 
chapel  at  Douai,  and  many  churches  and  buildings  for  that 
faith,  and  assisted  Sir  Charles  Barry  in  the  decorations  of 
the  new  Houses  of  Parliament,  He  published  “ Contrasts : 
or  a Parallel  between  the  Architecture  of  the  15th  and  19th 
Centuries  ”(1836),  “ True  Principles  of  Christian  Architec- 
ture ’’  (1841),  “Glossary  of  Ecclesiastical  Ornament  ”(1844), 
etc.  In  1852  he  became  insane. 

Pujol,  Abel  de.  See  Abel  de  Pujol. 

Pujunan  (po-jo'nan).  A linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  comprising  the  Maidu 
and  Nisbinam  divisions.  It  embraces  a number  of 
small  tribes  and  villages  formerly  occupying  the  part  of 
California  between  Deer  Creek,  Lassen  Butte,  and  Honey 
Lake  on  the  north  to  Cosumne  River  on  the  south,  and 
from  the  Sacramento  and  in  places  from  points  west  of 
that  river  on  the  west  to  the  summit  line  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  on  the  east.  In  1850  the  stock  numbered  proba- 
bly 2,500  or  3,000  persons ; but  many  of  the  tribes  are  now 
either  extinct  or  on  the  verge  of  extinction,  and  the  few 
survivors  are  scattered  through  the  country  over  which 
they  once  held  sway.  The  stock  is  named  from  the  Pusune, 
a small  Nishinam  tribe  formerly  near  the  mouth  of  Fea- 
ther River. 

Pul  (pul).  A king  of  Assyria,  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament:  identical  with  Tiglath-Pile- 
ser  III.  Also  Phul. 

Pulairih.  See  Palaihnihan. 

Pulaski  (pu-las'ki),  Pol.  Pulawski  (po-laf'- 
ske),  Count  Casimir.  Born  in  Podolia,  March 
4,  1748:  died  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  Oct.  11, 
1779.  A Polish  general.  He  took  part  in  the  in- 
surrection following  the  formation  of  the  Confederation 
of  Bar  in  1768  ; escaped  from  Poland ; entered  the  Ameri- 
can service  in  1777;  served  at  Brandywine;  formed  a 
corps  called  “Pulaski’s legion  ” in  1778  ; defended  Charles- 
ton in  1779  ; and  was  mortally  wounded  near  Savannah, 
Oct.  9,  1779. 

Pulcheria  (pul-ke'ri-a).  Bom  Jan.  19,  399  a.  d.: 
died  Feb.  18,  453.  A Byzantine  empress  414— 
453,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Arcadius.  she 
reigned  conjointly  with  her  brother  Theodosius  II.  414- 
450.  On  the  death  of  her  brother  in  450  she  married  Mar- 
cianus,  whom  she  raised  to  the  throne  as  her  colleague. 
Pulch6rie  (pul-sha-re').  [F.,  ‘ Pulcheria.’]  A 
tragedy  by  Corneille,  produced  in  1672.  The  sub- 
ject is  taken  from  the  end  of  the  life  of  the  em- 
press. 

Pulci  (pol'che),  Luigi.  Born  at  Florence,  Dec. 
3,1432:  died  1487  (1490  Morley).  An  Italian 
romantic  poet,  the  friend  of  Politian  and  Lo- 
renzo de’  Medici : author  of  the  burlesque  epic 
“II  Morgante  Maggiore”  (1485).  His  brothers 
Bernardo  and  Luca  were  also  poets. 
Pulcinella,  or  Pulcinello,  or  Punchinello.  See 
Punch. 

Pulkowa  (pol'ko-va).  A place  in  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  10  miles  south- 
west of  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  noted  for  the  Nicholas 
Central  Observatory,  situated  in  lat.  69°  46'  N.,  long.  30° 
20'  E.,  the  most  important  in  Russia,  completed  in  1839. 
Pullet  (pul'et),  Aunt.  A selfish  invalid,  one  of 
the  principal  characters  in  George  Eliot’s  “Mill 
on  the  Floss.”  She  henpecks  her  husband,  whose  mis- 
sion in  life  seems  to  be  to  flatter  her  and  find  her  pills  for 
her.  She  is  the  sister  of  Aunt  Glegg  and  Mrs.  Tulliver. 
Pullman  (pul'man).  [Named  from  George  M. 
Pullman.]  A village  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  13 
miles  south  of  Chicago,  now  forming  a suburb 


831 

of  that  city.  It  was  annexed  in  1889.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  ear-works  of  the  Pullman  Manufac- 
turing Company. 

Pulo-Condor  (p6'16-kon-dor ' ),  or  Condore  (kon- 
dor'),  or  Candore  (kan-dor'),  F.  Poulo-Con- 
dore (po-lo'kon-dor').  Agroupof smallislands 
in  the  China  Sea,  situated  about  lat.  8°  40'  N., 
long.  106°  40'  E.  They  have  belonged  to  France 
since  1862. 

Pulo-Penaug.  See  Penang. 

Pultava.  See  Pultowa. 

Pulteney  (pult'ni),  William,  Earl  of  Bath. 
Born  1684 : died  July  7, 1764.  An  English  states- 
man. He  was  educated  at  Westminster  and  at  Oxford 
(Christ  Church),  and  in  1706  entered  Parliament.  He  was 
a prominent  Whig  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  : when  Wal- 
pole was  sent  to  the  Tower  by  the  Tories  in  1712,  Pulteney 
defended  him  in  the  House  of  Commons.  On  the  accession 
of  George  I.  he  became  secretary  of  war,  retiring  in  1717. 
Neglected  by  Walpole,  he  became  his  opponent  in  1725. 
On  J uly  13,  1742,  he  was  created  earl  of  Bath. 

Pultowa  fpol-to'va),  or  Poltava  (pol-ta'va),  or 
Pultava  (pol-ta'va).  1.  A government  in 
southwestern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Tchernigoff,  Kharkoff,  Yekateri- 
noslaff,  Kherson,  and  Kieff.  It  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing agricultural  governments  of  the  country.  Area,  19,265 
square  miles.  Population,  3,472,100. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Pultowa, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Pultavka  with  the 
Vorskla,  about  lat.  49°  35'  N.,  long.  34°  35'  E. 
It  is  noted  for  its  fairs.  Near  it,  June  27  (N.  S.  July  8), 
1709,  the  Russians  (about  70,000)  under  Peter  the  Great  de- 
feated the  Swedes  (about  25,000)  under  Charles  XII.  The 
battle  marks  the  fall  of  the  latter’s  power,  and  the  rise  of 
Russia.  Population,  58,900. 

Pultusk  (pol'tosk).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Lomsha,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Narew  34  miles  north  of  Warsaw.  Here,  in  1703, 
the  Swedes  under  Charles  XII.  defeated  the  Saxons  ; and 
here,  Dec.  26,  1806,  a battle  was  fought  between  the  French 
under  Lannes  and  the  Russians  under  Bennigsen.  Victory 
was  claimed  for  both  sides ; the  Russians  retreated  after 
tlie  battle.  Population,  15,878. 

Pul wul.  See  Palwal. 

Pumacagua  (po-ma-kag'wa),  Mateo  Garcia. 

Born  near  Cuzco,  1738 : died  at  Sicuani,  March, 
1815.  A Peruvian  Indian  general.  In  Aug.,  1814, 
he  headed  aformidable  insurrection  against  the  Spaniards, 
occupied  Arequipa,  and  at  one  time  had  40,000  followers. 
He  was  defeated  at  Umachiri  (March  11,  1815),  captured, 
and  put  to  death. 

Pumblechook  (pum'bl-chok),  Mr.  A pom- 
pous old  gentleman  in  Dickens’s  novel  “Great 
Expectations.”  He  is  Joe  Gargery’s  uncle,  and  makes 
himself  peculiarly  odious  to  Pip  by  his  patronage  and  his 
offensive  habit  of  springing  mathematical  problems  on 
him  for  solution. 

Pumpernickel  (pom'per-nik//el),  His  Highness 
of  or  His  Transparency  of.  A name  by  which 
minor  German  princes  are  jocularly  satirized. 
Puna  (po-na').  An  island  of  Ecuador,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  which  it  pro- 
tects from  the  sea.  It  is  about  25  miles  long  by  12 
broad,  low,  and  partly  covered  with  forest.  Its  Indian  in- 
habitants, a warlike  race,  submitted  to  the  Incas  about 
1500.  Here  Pizarro  gathered  his  forces  in  1532,  before  in- 
vading Peru  : he  had  a battle  with  the  natives. 

Puna  (po'na),  or  Bespoblado  (das-po-bla'THo). 
In  the  Andean  regions  of  South  America,  any 
high  and  arid  table-land.  Specifically,  and  in  a geo- 
graphical sense,  a region  in  Peru  between  the  Central  and 
Western  Cordilleras,  extending  from  about  lat.  13°  S.  to 
the  confines  of  Bolivia  or  beyond;  southward  it  lias  an 
average  width  of  150  miles,  narrowing  northward.  The 
Puna  consists  of  undulating  lands,  13,000  to  18,000  feet 
above  sea-level,  very  cold,  barren,  and  uninhabited. 
Puna.  See  Poona. 

Punames  (po-na'mas).  See  Sia. 

Punch  (punch).  [Abbr.  of  Punchinello,  from  It. 
policinello,  pulcinello.']  A short  hump-backed 
hooked-nosed  puppet,  with  a squeaking  voice, 
the  chief  character  in  a street  puppet-show 
called  “Punch  and  Judy,”  who  strangles  his 
child,  beats  his  wife  (Judy)  to  death,  belabors 
a policeman,  and  does  other  tragical  and  out- 
rageous things  in  a comical  way.  Punch  is  the 
descendant  of  the  clown  or  Pulcinella  (F.  Polichinelle)  of 
the  Neapolitan  comedy  : the  part  is  thought  to  have  been 
created  by  Silvio  Fiorillo,  a comedian,  about  1600.  He 
first  appeared  in  France  as  a puppet  in  the  beginning  of 
the  reign  of  Louis  XT  V.  Allusions  to  “ Punchinellos  ” be- 
come frequent  in  England  after  1688.  The  origin  of  Toby 
the  dog  is  uncertain,  and  Punch  in  his  Italian  form  had 
far  more  liberty  of  action  than  in  the  English  puppet- 
show. 

Punch.  A satirical  illustrated  journal,  pub- 
lished weekly  in  London:  founded  1841. 
Punchinello  (pun-ehi-nel'o).  [From  It.  pulci- 
nello, a clown,  buffoon,  prop,  a puppet.]  See 
Punch. 

Punderpur.  See  Panderpur. 

Pungwe  (pong'we).  Ariverin  Portuguese  East 
Africa  which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  north 
of  Sofala.  It  rises  in  Manicaland,  and  the  railroad  con- 


Purana 

necting  Mashonaland  with  the  sea  has  to  pass  through  ita 
valley. 

Punic  Wars,  or  Carthaginian  Wars.  The 

three  wars  waged  between  Rome  and  Carthage. 
The  first  began  in  264  B.  C.  Its  nominal  cause  was  the  inter- 
ference of  the  Romans  in  behalf  of  the  Mamertines  (be- 
sieged in  Messana,  Sicily,  by  Hiero of  Syracuse).  Thelead- 
ing  events  were  the  following:  naval  battles  of  Mylse  and 
Ecnomus;  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Africa  by  Regulus; 
battles  of  Panormus  and  Drepanum  ; campaigns  of  Hamil- 
car  in  Sicily ; final  Roman  victory  (ending  the  war)  at  the 
iEgates  24i  B.  C.  By  the  peace  Carthage  ceded  western 
Sicily  and  paid  a large  indemnity.  The  seat  of  war  was 
Sicily,  Africa,  and  the  Mediterranean.  The  second  war 
began  in  218  B.  c.  Its  immediate  cause  was  Hannibal’s 
conquest  of  Saguntum  (ally  of  Rome)  in  219.  It  was 
carried  on  in  Spain,  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Africa.  The  follow- 
ing were  the  leading  events:  Hannibal's  invasion  of  Italy 
after  crossing  the  Alps  in  218  ; battles  of  Ticino,  Trebbia, 
Lake Trasimene, and Cannm;  campaignsin Spain;  conquest 
of  Syracuse  by  Marcellus  ; invasion  of  Italy  by  Hasdrubal, 
defeated  at  the  Metaurus;  final  defeat  of  Hannibal  at 
Zama  in  202.  By  the  peace,  201  B.  c.,  Carthage  ceded  pos- 
sessions in  Spain  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  paid  a heavy 
tribute  ; Numidia  became  an  ally  of  P^ome ; and  the  Car- 
thaginian fleet  was  reduced.  The  chief  commanders  were 
Hannibal  for  Carthage  and  Scipio  Africanus  and  Fabius 
Maximus  for  Rome.  The  third  war  began  in  149  B.  c.  Its 
cause  was  the  attack  by  Carthage  on  Massinissa.  Carthage 
was  besieged  by  land  and  sea  by  the  younger  Scipio  Afri- 
canus, and  was  taken  and  destroyed  in  146.  Its  territory 
was  divided  between  Rome  and  Numidia. 

Punitz  (po'nits).  A town  ill  the  province  of 
Posen,  Prussia,  44  miles  south  of  Posen.  Near 
it,  in  1704,  the  Swedes  under  Charles  XII.  de- 
feated the  Saxons.  Population,  2,537. 
Punjab,  or  Punjaub.  See  Panjab. 

Punnah.  See  Panna. 

Punnak.  See  Bannock. 

Puno  (po'no).  1.  A department  in  southeast- 
ern Peru,  bordering  on  Bolivia.  Area,  41,198 
square  miles.  Population,  537,345. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Puno,  situated 
near  Lake  Titicaca.  Population,  about  9,000. 
Punt  (pont).  In  Egyptian  antiquity,  a region 
identified  by  Maspero  and  Mariette  with  that 
part  of  the  Somali  country  which  is  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  bordering  the 
Gulf  of  Aden.  Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs, 
etc.,  p.  276. 

Punta  Arenas  (pon'ta  a-ra'nas).  [Sp.,  ‘Sand 
Point.’]  A Chilean  colony  on  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan, in  lat.  53°  9'  42//  S.  It  is  the  southern- 
most town  in  America.  Population,  12,199. 
Punta  de  Obligado  (pon'ta  da  ob-le-ga'THo). 
Alow  projecting  bluff  on  the  western  side  of  the 
river  Parana,  Argentine  Republic,  at  the  boun- 
dary between  the  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres  and 
Santa  Fd.  In  1845  the  dictator  Rosas  had  this  place 
strongly  fortified  with  batteries  commanding  the  river 
and  defended  by  4,000  men  under  Mansilla.  On  Nov.  20 
the  position  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  combined 
English  and  French  fleets. 

Puntarenas,  or  Punta  Arenas.  The,  principal 
seaport  on  the  Pacific  side  of  Costa  Rica,  situ- 
ated on  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya,  about  lat.  9°  59'  N., 
long.  84°  46'  W.  It  has  considerable  foreign 
commerce.  Population,  4,637. 

Puntarvolo  (punt-ar'vd-lo),  In  Ben  Jonson’s 
“Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,”  a knight  af- 
fecting fantastic  romanticism. 

Pupienus  Maximus  (pu-pi-e'nus  mak'si-mus), 
M.  Clodius.  Died  238.  A Roman  emperor. 
He  was  appointed  by  the  Senate  joint  emperor  (Augustus) 
of  Rome  with  Becimus  Cselius  Balbinus  in  238,  in  oppo- 
sition to  Maximin,  who  was  shortly  after  killed  by  his 
own  soldiers  at  the  siege  of  Aquileia.  Pupienus  and  his 
colleague  were  murdered  by  the  pretorians  at  Rome  before 
the  beginning  of  August  in  the  same  year,  after  having 
reigned  from  about  the  end  of  April. 

Puquina  (po-ke'na).  A dialect  of  the  Aymara, 
spoken  in  the  department  of  Arequipa,  Peru. 
The  Indians  using  it  are  a branch  of  the  Ay- 
maras  and  have  no  connection  whatever  with 
the  Uros.  They  live  like  the  former  and  are 
not,  as  the  latter,  lake-dwellers. 

Purana  (po-ra'na).  [Skt.,  from  pur  ana,  old, 
ancient,  and  so,  literally,  ‘an  old  traditional 
story.’]  The  name  of  each  of  a class  of  San- 
skrit works,  important  in  their  connection  with 
the  later  phases  of  Brahmanism,  as  exhibited 
in  the  doctrines  of  emanation,  incarnation,  and 
triple  manifestation.  They  are  the  Veda  of 
popular  Hinduism,  and  contain  the  history  of 
the  gods,  interwoven  with  every  variety  of  le- 
gendary tradition  on  other  subjects.  Though 
nominally  tritheistic,  they  are  practically  poly- 
theistic and  yet  essentially  pantheistic.  Their 
form  is  in  general  that  of  dialogues  in  which  a 
well-known  and  inspired  sage  answers  the 
questions  of  his  disciples,  while  others  are 
monologues.  They  are  written  in  the  Shloka 
meter  of  the  Mahabharata,  with  occasional  pas- 
sages in  prose.  They  number  18.  The  best- 
known  is  the  Vishnupurana,  translated  by  Wil- 


Purana 

son,  whose  translation  has  been  reedited  with 
notes  by  Hall.  There  are  also  18  Upapuranas, 
or  subordinate  Puranas. 

Purbeck  (per'bek),  Isle  of.  A peninsula  in 
Dorset,  England,  9 miles  in  length.  It  is  noted 
for  limestone-quarries.  On  it  are  Swanage 
and  the  ruins  of  Corfe  Castle. 

Purcell  (per'sel),  Henry.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, about  1658:  died  there,  Nov.  21,  1695.  A 
noted  English  musician  and  composer.  He  was 
admitted  as  chorister  in  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  in  1670  com- 
posed an  ode  for  the  king’s  birthday.  In  1680  he  com- 
posed his  famous  opera  “Dido  andiEneas”  for  perform- 
ance in  a school.  In  1676  he  was  a copyist  at  W estminster 
Abbey,  and  composed  the  music  of  Dryden’s  “ Aureng- 
zebe  ” and  Shadwell’s  “ Epsom  Wells  "and  “The  Libertine." 
In  1677  he  wrote  the  music  to  Mrs.  Behn’s  tragedy 
“Abdelazar.”  Some  of  the  songs  in  these  compositions 
are  still  popular.  In  1680  he  was  the  organist  of  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  during  the  next  6 or  6 years  composed 
most  of  his  church  music.  In  1682  he  was  organist  of  the 
Chapel  Royal.  In  1683  he  began  to  compose  chamber  music ; 
and  in  1686  wrote  the  music  for  Dryden’s  “ Tyrannic  Love." 
He  composed  the  anthem  “ Blessed  are  they  that,  fear  the 
Lord,"  by  command  of  the  king,  1688;  the  music  for  Dry- 
den’s “Ring  Arthur,”  1691;  and  his  greatest  work,  the 
“ Te  Deum  and  Jubilate,"  written  for  St.  Cecilia's  day,  1694. 
He  was  the  most  celebrated  of  a noted  family  of  musicians. 
The  Purcell  Society  was  founded  in  1878  for  the  express 
purpose  of  doing  justice  to  his  memory  by  publishing  and 
performing  his  work. 

Purchas  (per'chas),  Samuel.  BomatThaxted, 
Essex,  1575  (?) : died  at  London,  Sept.,  1626.  An 
English  clergyman  and  author,  best  known  from 
his  works  of  travel.  He  published  “ Purchas  his  Pil- 
grimage, or  Relations  of  the  World  and  the  Religions  ob- 
served in  all  Ages  and  Places,  etc.  ’’  in  1613 : a second  edi- 
tion appeared  in  1614,  much  enlarged.  Four  succeeding 
volumes,  comprising  articles  from  Hakluyt’s  publications 
and  manuscripts,  appeared  in  1626  with  the  general  title 
“Hakluytus  Posthumus,  or  Purchas  his  Pilgrimes : con- 
taining a History  of  the  World,  in  Sea  Voyages  and  Land 
Travels  by  Englishmen  and  Others."  The  fourth  edition 
of  “ Purchas  his  Pilgrimage  ” is  usually  sold  with  the  latter 
work  as  if  it  were  a succeeding  fifth  volume,  and  the  five 
are  known  as  “ Purclias’s  Pilgrims.”  This  collection  is  of 
great  historical  value.  Purchas  also  published  "Purchas 
his  Pilgrim : Microcosmus,  or  the  History  of  Man,  etc.” 
(1619),  ‘‘The  King’s  Tower,  etc. ”(1623:  a sermon),  etc. 
Pure  (pur),  Simon.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  com- 
edy “A  Bold  Stroke  for  a Wife,”  a Pennsylva- 
nia Quaker  who  is  intended  by  the  guardian  of 
Ann  Lovely,  an  heiress,  to  marry  her.  His  name 
and  personality  are  assumed  by  Colonel  Fainwell  in  order 
to  win  the  lady's  person  and  fortune  : hence  arose  the  ex- 
pression “the  real  Simon  Pure,”  as  he  brought  witnesses 
finally  to  prove  that  he  was  the  owner  of  the  name. 

Purgatorio  (por-ga-to're-o),  II.  [‘Purgatory.’] 
The  second  part  of  Dante’s  “Divina  Comme- 
dia”  (which  see). 

Purgatory  (per'ga-to-ri)  River.  A river  in 
southern  Colorado  which  joins  the  Arkansas  in 
Bent  County.  Length,  about  175  miles. 
Purgon  (pur-gon').  One  of  Argan’s  physicians 
in  Moliere’s  “ Le  malade  imaginaire.”  He  is 
“all  physician,”  a satire  on  the  profession. 
Purgstall,  Joseph  von  Hammer-.  See  11am- 
mer-Purgstall. 

Puri,  or  Pooree  (pu're).  1.  A district  in 
Orissa,  British  India,  intersected  by  latitude 
20°  N.,  longitude  86°  E.  Area,  2,499  square 
miles.  Population,  1,017,284. — 2.  See  Jugger- 
naut, where  an  account  of  the  temple  and  fes- 
tival is  given. 

Purim  (po'rim).  [Heb.,  pi.  of  pur,  lot  (Esther 
ix.  26).]  An  annual  Jewish  festival  celebrated 
on  the  14th  and  15th  of  the  month  Adar  (March ). 
It  is  preceded  by  the  fast  of  Esther  (on  the  13th),  at  the 
close  of  which  the  scroll  containing  the  book  of  Esther  is 
read  in  the  synagogue,  and  the  name  of  Haman  cursed, 
while  that  of  Mordecai  is  blessed. 

Purissima  Indians.  See  Cliumashan. 

Puritan  (pu'ri-tan).  A wooden  center-board 
sloop  designedbyEdwardBurgess, and  launched 
in  South  Boston  in  1885.  Her  principal  dimensions 
were : length  over  all,  94  feet ; length  at  load  water-line,  81 
feet  11  inches  ; beam,  22  feet  7 inches;  draught,  8 feet  8 
Inches ; displacement,  105  tons.  Winning  two  out  of  three 
of  the  trial  races,  she  was  selected  to  defend  the  America’s 
cup  in  1885.  This  she  did  successfully  in  two  races  with 
the  Genesta,  Sept.  14  and  Sept.  16. 

Puritan,  The,  or  the  Widow  of  Watling 
Street.  A play  published  as  “ written  by  W. 
S.”  (William  Shakspere)  in  1606.  According  to 
Fleay,  the  author  of  the  play  is  undoubtedly  Middleton, 
the  whole  style,  plot,  and  meter  being  his.  Swinburne 
thinks  it  is  probably  by  Rowley.  Dyce  thinks  that  it  was 
by  Wentworth  Smith,  "an  industrious  playwright,”  who 
was  fortunate  in  his  initials.  Ward. 

Puritan  City,  The.  Boston. 

Puritani  di  Scozia  (po-re-tii'ne  de  skot'se-a),  I. 
An  opera  by  Bellini,  first  produced  at  Paris  in 
1835.  It  is  usually  known  as  “ I Puritani.” 
Puritan’s  Daughter,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe, 
produced  at  London  in  1861. 

Purrnayah  (por-ma//ye/).  [From  pur,  full,  and 


832 

mayah,  measure : ‘ having  full  measure,  full 
grown,  rich,  precious.’]  Iu  the  Sliahnamah,  the 
wonderful  cow,  with  the  colors  of  the  peacock, 
that  nourished  the  infant  Faridun;  also,  a 
brother  of  Faridun  who,  with  another  brother 
Kayanush,  sought  to  kill  Faridun  by  rolling  upon 
him  in  his  sleep  a rock  which  was  arrested  by 
Faridun’s  magic  power. 

Purniah.  (per'ni-a),  or  Purneah  (per'ne-a).  1. 
A district  iu  Behar,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  88°  E.  Area,  4,994  square 
miles.  Population,  1,874,794. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Purniah,  in  lat.  25°  46'  N., 
long.  87°  28'  E.  Population,  14,007. 

Purple  Island,  The.  An  allegorical  poem  on 
the  human  body  by  Phineas  Fletcher,  published 
in  1633. 

Pursh  (persh),  Frederick.  Bom  at  Tobolsk, 
Siberia,  1774 : died  at  Montreal,  June  11,  1820. 
A Russian  botanist.  He  wrote  “ Flora  A in  erica:  Sep- 
tentrionalis,  or  a Systematic  Arrangement  and  Description 
of  the  Plants  of  North  America  ” (1814),  etc. 

Purupurus  (po-ro-pS-ros'),  or  Purus  (po-ros'), 
or  Pamarys  (pa-ma-rez').  Brazilian  Indians 
living  about  the  lower  course  of  the  river  Pu- 
rus, an  affluent  of  the  Amazon  which  takes  its 
name  from  them.  They  are  wandering  in  habit,  con- 
structing rude  temporary  huts  on  the  swampy  islands,  and 
subsisting  principally  by  fishing.  Lazy  and  timid,  they 
have  never  resisted  the  whites,  and  are  among  the  most 
despised  of  the  Amazonian  tribes.  The  name  Purupurus, 
(Tupi  piru-puru ) refers  to  a disease,  almost  universal 
among  them,  in  which  the  skin  turns  bluish  and  then 
white  in  patches.  Martius  supposed  that  these  Indians 
were  the  same  as  the  Pamas  who  formerly  lived  on  the 
Madeira.  The  Arauas,  a horde  on  the  river  Juruii,  seem 
to  be  linguistically  allied  to  them. 

Purus  (po-ros')-  A river  which  rises  in  Peru, 
flows  through  the  northern  part  of  Bolivia  and 
the  western  part  of  Brazil,  and  joins  the  Ama- 
zon about  long.  61°  30'  W.  It  was  first  explored 
by  Chandless  in  1864.  Length,  along  its  numer- 
ous windings,  about  1,900  miles ; navigable  for 
a great  part  of  its  course. 

Pusey  (pu'zi),  Edward  Bouverie.  Born  at 
Pusey,  Berks,  Aug.  22,  1800:  died  Sept.  14, 
1882.  An  English  theologian.  His  father's  name 
was  originally  Bouverie  : the  family,  of  Huguenot  origin, 
became  lords  of  the  manor  of  Pusey,  near  Oxford.  In  1819 
he  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  in  1823  became  a fel- 
low of  Oriel.  He  was  associated  with  John  Henry  New- 
man and  John  Keble.  In  1828  he  was  regius  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Oxford  and  canon  of  Christ  Church.  In  1835 
he  took  part  in  the  tractarian  movement,  and  later  was 
suspended  for  three  years  (1843-46)  from  the  function  of 
preaching  for  publishing  “The  Holy  Eucharist  a Comfort 
to  the  Penitent.”  The  movement  thus  started  took  the 
name  “ Puseyism.”  The  practice  of  confession  among  the 
extreme  ritualists  of  the  Church  of  England  dates  from 
his  two  sermons  on  “ the  entire  absolution  of  the  peni- 
tent ” (1846).  Among  his  works  are  “ Parochial  Sermons,” 
“ Doctrines  of  the  Real  Presence,”  “ The  Real  Presence," 
and  “ The  Minor  Prophets.”  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  “Library  of  Translations  from  the  Fathers”  and  the 
“Anglo-Catholic  Library.” 

Pushan  (po'shan).  [Skt.,  from  s/  push,  thrive, 
make  thrive.]  A god  frequently  invoked  in  the 
Vedic  hymns.  He  is  a protector  and  multiplier  of  cat- 
tle and  of  human  possessions  iu  general.  As  a cowherd 
he  carries  an  ox-goad  and  is  drawn  by  goats.  As  a solar 
deity  he  beholds  the  universe  and  guides  on  journeys,  in- 
cluding those  to  the  other  world,  and  aids  in  the  revolu- 
tions of  day  and  night.  In  the  marriage  ceremonial  he  is 
besought  to  take  the  bride’s  hand  and  lead  her  away  and 
bless  her. 

Pushkin,  or  Poushkin  (posh'kin),  Alexander. 

Born  at  Moscow,  May  26  (O.  S.),  1799:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  29  (O.  S.),  1837.  A cele- 
brated Russian  poet.  His  mother  was  of  negro  de- 
scent. He  was  repeatedly  employed  in  the  administra- 
tive service  of  the  government,  in  spite  of  his  liberal  sen- 
timents. He  was  mortally  wounded  in  a duel.  His  works 
include  “Ruslan  and  Liudmilla,”  “Prisoner  of  the  Cauca- 
sus," “Fountain  of  Bakhtehisarai,”  “The  Gipsies,"  “Rob- 
ber Brothers,”  “Count  Nulin,"  “Poltava,”  “Angelo”  (a 
play,  from  “ Measure  for  Measure  ’’),  “ House  in  Kolomna," 
tragedy  “Boris  Godunoff,"  “Eugene  Onyegin”  (showing 
Byron’s  influence);  odes;  the  novels  “Captain’s  Daugh- 
ter,” “ Queen  of  Spades,”  etc. ; and  a “ History  of  the  Con- 
spiracy of  Pugatcheff.  ” 

Puss-in-Boots  (pus'in-bots').  [F.LechatmaHre, 
ou  le  chat  botte .]  The  hero  of  a nursery  tale, 
translated  in  the  18th  century  from  the  French 
tale  published  about  1697  by  Perrault,who  took 
the  plot  from  Straparola’s  “Piacevole  Notte.” 
This  cat,  by  bis  cleverness,  makes  the  fortune  of  his  mas- 
ter, a miller’s  son.  Tieck  published  the  story  in  1795  as 
“Der  Gestiefelte  Kater.” 

Pusterthal  (pos'ter-tal).  An  Alpine  valley,  one 
of  the  largest  in  Tyrol.  It  comprises  Hie  valley  of 
the  Rienz  and  the  upper  valley  of  the  Drave.  Length, 
about  60  miles. 

Putbus  (pot'bos).  The  largest  place  iu  the  isl- 
and of  Riigen,  Prussia,  situated  in  the  southern 
part,  south  of  Bergen. 

Puteoli.  See  Pozzuoli. 

Putignano  (po-ten-ya'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 


Pyat 

ince  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  24  miles  south-south- 
east of  Bari.  Population,  13,969. 

Put-in-Bay  (put'in-ba').  A summer  resort  in 
South  Bass  Island,  Lake  Erie,  14  miles  north  of 
Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Putlitz  (pot'lits),  Gustav  Heinrich  Gans, 

Edler  zu.  Born  at  Retzien,  Prussia,  March  20, 
1821 : died  there,  Sept.  9, 1890.  A German  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  fairy  poem 
“Was  sicli  der  Wald  erzahlt”  (1850),“  Vergissmeinnicht,” 
“Walpurgis”  (1869),  etc. 

Putnam  (put'nam).  A city  in  Windham  County, 
northeastern  Connecticut,  on  the  Quinnebaug 
River.  Population  of  town,  7,280,  (1910). 
Putnam,  Israel.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Jan.  7, 
1718;  died  at  Brooklyn,  Conn.,  May  19,  1790. 
An  American  Revolutionary  general.  He  was  a 
farmer  at  Pomfret,  Connecticut.  He  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war  1755-62,  and  in  Pontiac’s  war  in  1764; 
was  one  of  the  commanding  officers  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill  in  1775  ; was  made  a major-general  in  1775 ; took  part 
in  the  siege  of  Boston  1775-76 ; commanded  at  the  defeat 
on  Long  Island  in  1776;  commanded  in  the  Highlands  of 
the  Hudson  in  1777 ; and  served  in  Connecticut  1778-79. 
He  was  disabled  from  active  service  by  a stroke  of  paraly- 
sis in  1779. 

Putnam,  Mrs.  (Mary  Lowell).  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  3, 1810:  died  there  in  1898.  An  Amer- 
ican author,  sister  of  J.  R.  Lowell. 

Putney  (put'ni).  A suburb  of  London,  situated 
in  Surrey,  on  the  Thames,  6 miles  southwest  of 
9t.  Paul’s.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  course  for  the  uni- 
versity boat-race.  Population,  24,139. 

Putrid  Sea,  The.  See  Sivasli. 

Puttenham  (put'en-am),  George.  Born  about 
1530 : died  about  1600.  An  English  author.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  had  traveled.  The  “Art 
of  English  Poesie”  (1589)  has  been  attributed  to  him,  but 
there  is  a dispute  a3  to  his  authorship. 

Puttkamer  (pot'ka-mer),  Robert  Victor  von. 

Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Prussia,  May 
5,  1828 : died  at  Karzin  in  Pomerania,  March 
15,  1900.  A Prussian  politician.  He  became  min- 
ister  of  public  instruction  in  1879;  introduced  an  im- 
proved orthography  of  the  German  language,  commonly 
called  “the  Puttkamer  orthography,"  into  the  public 
schools  in  1880;  became  minister  of  the  interior  and 
vice-president  of  the  ministry  in  1881 ; and  was  dismissed 
from  office  in  1888.  Lord  lieutenant  of  Pomerania  1891-99. 

Put  Yourself  in  his  Place.  A novel  by  Charles 
Reade,  published  in  1870. 

Putziger  Wiek  (pot'sig-er  vek).  [‘  Bay  of  Put- 
zig.’]  The  western  branch  of  the  Gulf  of 
Dantzic. 

Puvis  de  Ohavannes  (pfi-ves'  de  sha-van'), 
Pierre.  Born  at  Lyons,  Dec.  14,  1824:  died 
Oct.  24,  1898.  A French  historical  and  decora- 
tive painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Couture  and  Henri 
Scheffer.  Among  his  works  are  “Ste.  Genevieve”  (Pan- 
theon, Paris),  and  “The  Sacred  Grove.”  He  executed 
mural  paintings  for  the  new  Sorbonne,  1886-89,  and  for  the 
new  Public  Library  in  Boston,  1894,  1896.  He  became  pres- 
ident of  the  Soci6t<5  des  Artistes  Dissident  after  the  death 
of  Meissonier  in  1891. 

Puy  (pfie),  Le.  or  Le-Puy-en-Velay  (le-pwe'- 
on-ve-la').  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Haute-Loire,  France,  situated  between  the 
Borne  and  the  Dolezon,  in  lat.  45°  2'  N.,  long. 
3°  52'  E. : the  medieval  Anicium  and  Podium. 
It  is  a manufacturing  center  for  laces.  The  chief  objects 
of  interest  are  the  early  medieval  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame, 
and  Mont  Corneille,  a rock  surmounted  by  a statue  of  the 
Virgin.  The  place  has  been  a resort  for  pilgrims  from 
early  times.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Velay. 
Population,  commune,  21,420. 

Puyallup  (po-yal'up).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  formerly  lived  on  Puyallup  Bay  and 
at  the  mouth  of  Puyallup  River,  Washington  ; but  are  now 
on  Puyallup  reservation,  Washington.  Number,  about 
500.  See  Salishan. 

Puy-de-Dome  (pue-de-dom').  [F.  puy,  from 
'LL. podium,  a hill.]  1 . A peak  of  the  Auvergne 
Mountains,  situated  in  the  department  of  Puy- 
de-Dome  8 miles  west  of  Clermont-Ferrand.  On 
tire  summit  there  are  an  observatory  and  Roman  ruins. 
Height,  4,805  feet. 

2.  A department  of  central  France.  Capital, 
Clermont-Ferrand.  It  is  bounded  by  Allier  on  the 
north,  Loire  on  the  east,  Haute-Loire  aud  Cantal  on  the 
south,  and  Correze  and  Creuse  on  the  west,  and  corresponds 
to  the  northern  part  of  the  ancient  Auvergne,  part  of  Bour- 
bonnais,  and  a small  part  of  Forez.  Its  surface  is  mostly 
mountainous.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Allier,  forming  the 
valley  of  Limagne.  Its  agriculture  and  manufactures  are 
flourishing.  Area,  3,090  square  miles.  Population,  535,- 
419. 

Puy-de-Sancy  (piie-de-son-se').  The  highest 
summit  of  the  Auvergne  Mountains,  France. 
Height,  6,185  feet. 

Puzzuoli.  See  Pozzuoli. 

Pyat  (pya),  Felix.  Born  at  Vierzon,  Cher, 
France,  Oct.  4,  1810 : died  at  St.-Gratien,  Aug. 
4, 1889.  A French  socialist  politician  and  dram- 
atist.  He  was  a member  of  the  “ Mountain  ” party  in 


Pyat 

the  Constituent  Assembly  in  1848;  as  a member  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly  in  1849  signed  the  appeal  to  arms, 
and  escaped  from  France ; returned  in  1870 ; and  was  a 
leader  of  the  Commune  in  1871. 

Pyatigorsk,  or  Piatigorsk  (pya-te-gorsk')-  A 
town  in  the  Terek  Territory,  Ciscaucasia,  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  an  affluent  of  the  Kuma  in  lat.  44° 
4'  N.,  long.  42°  8'  E.  It  is  noted  as  a watering-place 
on  account  of  its  sulphur  springs,  which  range  in  tempera- 
ture from  84°  to  117°.  Population,  39,885. 

Pydna  (pid'na).  [Gr.  IIGba.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  in  Macedonia,  situated  near  the 
Gulf  of  Saloniki  30  miles  southwest  of  Saloniki. 
It  is  notable  for  the  victory  gained  near  it  in  168  b.  c.  by 
the  Romans  under  /Emil  ins  Paulus  over  the  Macedonians 
under  Perseus,  causing  the  overthrow  of  the  Macedonian 
monarchy. 

Pye  (pi),  Henry  James.  Bom  at  London,  Feb. 
20,  1745:  died  at  Pinner,  Aug.  11,  1813.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Magdalen 
College),  and  became  a member  of  Parliament  in  1784.  In 
1790  he  succeeded  Wharton  as  poet  laureate.  In  1792  he 
was  a London  police  magistrate.  He  wrote  “Alfred,”  an 
epic,  in  1801,  and  several  volumes  of  poems  and  translations. 
Pyeed.  See  Paiute. 

Pygmalion  (pig-maTi-on).  [Gr.  II vypariuv.']  In 
Greek  legend:  (a)  The  brother  of  Dido.  See 
Dido,  (b)  A sculptor  and  king  of  Cyprus.  He  fell 
in  love  with  an  ivory  statue  which  he  had  made,  and  at  his 
request  Aphrodite  gave  it  life.  Marston’s  first  publication 
was  “The  Metamorphosis  of  Pygmalion’s  Image : and  Cer- 
tain Satires,”  which  was  printed  in  1598.  “Pygmalion’s 
Image”  was  a poem  of  243  lines,  not  a satire.  William 
Morris  has  also  told  the  story  in  his  “Earthly  Paradise.” 

Pygmalion  and  Galatea  (gal-a-te'a).  A fairy 
comedy  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced  in  1871. 
Pygmies  (pig'miz).  An  African  race  of  dwarfs. 
The  existence  in  Africa  of  an  undersized  race,  with  a stature 
averaging  that  of  a boy  of  12  to  13  years,  was  known  to  the 
earliest  writers,  as  Homer  and  Hesiod,  who  must  have 
heard  of  it  through  Egyptian  channels.  Sataspes  the  Per- 
sian found,  at  the  terminus  of  his  voyage  along  the  African 
west  coast,  a tribe  of  dwarfs  wearing  leaves  and  owning 
cattle.  The  Pygmies  are  found  all  the  way  from  Egypt  to 
the  Cape  (Bushmen),  andfrom  Kamerun  to  Zanzibar,  in  spo- 
radic bands  of  timid  and  nomadic  hunters  and  fishermen, 
paying  tribute  to  Bantu  or  Hamitic  chiefs.  In  Abyssinia 
are  found  the  Doko,  who  make  good  servants ; on  the  Blue 
Nile,  the  Sienietye ; in  Gallaland,the  Wasania  and  Watua; 
on  the  Arawimi  River,  the  Akka  and  Wambuti ; in  French 
Kongo,  the  Obongo  and  Bakkebakke;  on  the  Kuangu 
River,  the  Bachwa;  on  the  Lulua  and  Sankuru  and  in  the 
horseshoe  bend  of  the  Kongo  River,  the  Batua  (also  Ba- 
tekke  or  Bayekke) ; in  the  Nguru  Mountains  near  Zanzibar, 
the  Wadidikimo ; at  the  head  of  Lake  Nyassa,  high  up  in 
the  mountains,  the  Wanena  or  Wapanga.  Finally,  the  vari- 
ous tribes  of  Bushmen  south  of  the  Zambesi  are  also  Pyg- 
mies. See  Hottentot- Bushmen,  Hottentots,  Bushmen,  Khoi- 
khoin,  and  African  ethnography  (under  Africa). 
Pylades  (pil'a-dez).  [Gr.  Tlvl a<%.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  friend  of  Orestes  and  husband  of 
Electra. 

Pylus  (piCus).  [Gr.  ITcAof.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a town  in  Messenia,  Greece,  situated  at 
the  northern  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Navarino, 
5 miles  northwest  of  the  modern  Navarino.  it 
is  the  traditional  seat  of  Nestor  and  other  Neleids.  It  was 
fortified  by  the  Athenians  under  Demosthenes  in  425  B.  C. 

Pylus,  Bay  of.  See  Navarino,  Bay  of. 

Pym  (pim),  John.  Born  at  Brymore,  Somerset- 
shire, 1584:  died  at  London,  Dee.  8,  1643.  An 
English  statesman  and  Parliamentary  leader. 
He  entered  Broadgates  Hall  (now  Pembroke  College),  Ox- 
ford, in  1599,  and  became  a member  of  Parliament  for  Caine 
ia  1614.  He  was  one  of  the  managers  of  Buckingham’s 
impeachment  in  1626,  and  advocated  the  Petition  of  Right 
in  1628.  His  authority  began  in  the  Short  Parliament.  In 
the  Long  Parliament  he  assisted  in  impeaching  Strafford 
and  Laud.  He  was  one  of  the  “ five  members  ” whose  ar- 
rest was  attempted  by  Charles  I.  in  Jan.,  1642. 
Pyncheoil  (pin 'chon),  Clifford.  In  Hawthorne’s 
“House  of  the  Seven  Gables,”  the  brother  of 
“old  maid  Pyncheon,”  who  has  returned  from 
a prison  to  find  himself  at  odds  with  a matter- 
of-fact  world. 


833 

Clifford  too — . . . who  evidently  represents  the  sen- 
sitive and  aesthetic  side  of  the  author's  own  mind,  “that 
squeamish  love  of  the  beautiful  ” (to  use  his  own  expressive 
phrase)  which  is  in  him  when  stripped  of  that  cold  con- 
templative individuality  which  seems  to  me  to  be  at  the 
centre  of  Hawthorne's  literary  genius  and  personality  — is 
a fine  study.  Hutton,  Essays,  If.  442. 

Pyne  (pin),  Louisa  Fanny.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  27,  1832 : died  there,  March  20,  1904.  An 
English  singer.  In  1842  she  appeared  in  public  with 
her  sister  Susan  (Mrs.  Standing),  and  in  1849  she  appeared 
in  the  opera  “ Sonnambula”  at  Boulogne,  and  was  engaged 
for  opera  in  London.  In  1854-57  she  visited  America,  first 
appearing  in  “ Sonnambula  ” at  New  York,  and  singing  at 
all  the  principal  citieswith  brilliant  success.  She  returned 
to  London  in  1857,  and  opened  the  Lyceum  Theatre  for 
English  opera.  She  was  married  in  1868  to  Frank  H.  Bodda. 
Pyramid  Lake  (pir'a-midlak).  Alake  in  west- 
ern Nevada,  50  miles  north  by  east  of  Carson 
City.  It  has  no  outlet.  Length,  about  35  miles. 
Pyramid  Peak.  A summit  of  the  Elk  Moun- 
tains, Colorado.  Height,  13,885  feet. 
Pyramids  (pir'a-midz)  of  Gizeh.  The  north- 
ernmost surviving  group  of  a range  of  about  70 
pyramids,  extending  from  Abu  Roash  south  to 
Meidoum.  The  Gizeh  group  consists  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid, the  second  and  third  pyramids,  and  8 small  pyramids. 
The  Great  Pyramid  is  the  tomb  of  the  Pharaoh  Khufu 
(Cheops),  of  the  4th  dynasty,  and  dates  from  about  4,000 
B.  c.  Its  original  height  was  481  feet  (present  height, 
451),  and  the  original  length  of  the  sides  at  the  base,  755. 
It  is  built  of  solid  masonry  in  large  blocks,  closely  fitted, 
with  use  of  mortar.  The  exterior  forms  a series  of  steps, 
which  were  originally  filled  with  blocks  of  limestone  ac- 
curately cut  to  form  a smooth  slope.  The  entrance,  origi- 
nally concealed,  is  on  the  north  side,  45  feet  above  the  base 
and  24  to  one  side  of  the  center.  The  passage  slants  down- 
ward for  306  feet ; but  the  corridor,  slanting  upward  to 
the  true  sepulchral  chambers,  soon  branches  off  from  it. 
A horizontal  branch  leads  to  the  queen’s  chamber,  about 
18  feet  square,  in  the  center  of  the  pyramid , and  the  slant- 
ing corridor  continues  in  the  Great  Gallery,  151  feet  long, 
28  high,  and  7 wide,  to  the  vestibule  of  the  king’s  chamber, 
which  is  34[  feet  long,  17  wide,  and  19  high,  and  141  above 
the  base  of  the  pyramid.  It  contains  a plain,  empty  sar- 
cophagus. The  second  pyramid,  or  pyramid  of  Chephren 
(Khafra),  was  originally  472  feet  high  and  706  in  base-mea- 
surement. It  has  two  entrances,  and  interior  passages  and 
chambers  similar  to  those  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  It  re- 
tains, at  the  top,  part  of  its  smooth  exterior  casing.  The 
third  pyramid,  that  of  Menkaura  (Mencheres),  was  215  feet 
high,  and  346  to  a side  at  the  base.  The  entrance-passages 
and  sepulchral  chambers  are  similar  to  those  of  the  other 
pyramids.  All  three  were  built  hy  the  4th  dynasty.  Tem- 
ples, now  ruined,  stand  before  the  eastern  faces  of  the 
second  and  third  pyramids.  For  the  Step  Pyramid,  see 
Sakkarah. 

Pyramids,  Battle  of  the.  A victory  gained 
near  the  pyramids  of  Egypt,  July  21,  1798,  by 
the  French  under  N apoleon  over  the  Mamelukes 
under  Murad  Bey. 

PyramuS  (pir'a-mus).  [Gr.  I Ivpafiog.']  In  clas- 
sical legend,  a youth  of  Babylon,  the  lover  of 
Thisbe.  Their  story  is  celebrated  by  Ovid  in  his  “ Meta- 
morphoses," and  Shakspere  introduces  it  in  the  interlude 
of  the  “Midsummer  Night’s  Dream." 

Pyramus.  The  ancient  name  of  the  Jihun. 
Pyrenees  (pir'e-nez),  F.  Pyrenees  (pe-ra-na'), 
Sp.  Pirineos  (pe-re-na'os),  L.  Pyrenasi  (pir- 
e-ne'i).  A mountain-range  which  separates 
France  on  the  north  from  Spain  on  the  south, 
and  extends  from  the  Bay  of  Biscay  to  the  Medi- 
terranean. It  is  divided  into  the  Eastern,  Central,  and 
Western  Pyrenees.  The  highest  points  (Pic  de  Ndthou  and 
Mont  Perdu,  reaching  about  11,000  feet)  are  in  the  Central 
Pyrenees.  There  are  few  passes,  and  the  chain  has  a high 
average  elevation.  There  are  a number  of  small  glaciers. 
Length,  about  300  miles.  Greatest  width,  about  70  miles. 

Pyrenees,  Australian.  The  western  part  of 
the  Australian  Alps,  in  Victoria. 

Pyrenees,  Basses-.  See  Basses-Pyrenees. 
Pyrenees,  Hautes-.  See  Hautes-Pyrenees. 
Pyrenees,  Peace  of  the.  A treaty  between 
France  and  Spain,  concluded  in  Nov.,  1659,  on 
an  island  of  the  Bidassoa  (near  the  Pyrenees). 


Python 

Spain  ceded  to  France  a great  part  of  Artois, parts  of  Flan- 
ders,  Hainaut,  and  Luxemburg,  most  of  Roussillon,  and 
part  of  Oerdagne  ; a marriage  was  arranged  between  Louis 
XIV.  and  the  Infanta  of  Spain,  Maria  Theresa,  daughter 
of  Philip  IV. 

Pyr enees-Orientales  ( pe-ra-na ' zo-ryon-tal ' ) . 
[F.,  ‘Eastern  Pyrenees.’]  A department  of 
southern  France,  capital  Perpignan,  formed 
from  the  ancient  Roussillon  and  small  parts 
of  Languedoc.  It  is  bounded  by  Allege  on  the  north- 
west,  Aude  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east, 
and  Spain  on  the  south.  The  surface  is  mountainous  on 
the  frontiers.  It  is  an  agricultural  department.  The  lead- 
ing product  is  wine.  Area,  1,598  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 213,171. 

Pyrgopoliniees  (per-go-pol-i-ni'sez).  A brag- 
gart, a character  in  the  comedy  “Miles  Glorio- 
sus,”  hy  Plautus. 

Pyrmont  (per'mont).  1.  A small  principality 
in  Germany,  united  with  Waldeck.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  Prussia,  Lippe,  and  Brunswick. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  principality  of  Pyrmont, 
situated  33  miles  southwest  of  Hannover.  It  is 
a watering-place  with  chalybeate  and  saline 
springs. 

Pyrocles(pir'o-klez).  1.  A characterin  Sidney’s 
‘ ‘ Arcadia.”  He  disguises  as  a woman,  Zelmane. 
— 2.  The  son  of  Aerates  and  brother  of  Cymo- 
cles,  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene.” 

Pyrrha  (pir'a).  [Gr.  Tlvppa.’]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  wife  of  Deucalion.  See  Deucalion. 

Pyrrho  (pir'o).  [Gr.  I ~lvppuvf\  Born  in  Elis, 
Greece,  about  360  b.  c.  : died  about  270  B.  c.  A 
Greek  philosopher,  the  founder  of  the  skeptical 
school. 

Pyrrhus.  See  Neoptolemus. 

Pyrrhus  (pir'us).  [Gr.  llvppoc.']  Boru  about  318 
B.  c. : killed  at  Argos,  Greece,  272  b.  c.  King  of 
Epirus,  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  antiquity. 
He  was  invited  by  Tarentum  to  assist  it  against  Rome  in  280 ; 
defeated  the  Romans  at  Heracleia  in  280, and  at  Asculum  in 
279 ; remained  in  Sicily  until  276  ; and  was  defeated  by  the 
Romans  at  Beneventum  in  275. 

Pythagoras  (pi-thag'o-ras).  [Gr.  Uvdaydpag.'] 
Born  in  Samos,  Greece,  probably  about  582  b.  c.  : 
died  at  Metapontum,  Magna  Grsecia,  about  500 
B.  c.  A famous  Greek  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician. He  emigrated  to  Crotona,  Magna  Grsecia, 
about  529,  and  founded  there  a philosophic  school.  Later 
he  removed  to  Metapontum. 

Pytheas  (pith'e-as).  [Gr.  llv()!ar.~\  A Greek 
navigator  and  astronomer  who  lived  in  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  4th  century  B.  C.  He  was  a native 
of  Massilia  (Marseilles),  and  visited  the  coast  of  Spain, 
Gaul,  and  Great  Britain.  His  works,  fragments  only  of 
which  remain,  contain  our  earliest  precise  information 
concerning  the  northwestern  countries  of  Europe. 

Pythia  (pith'i-a).  [Gr.  Jlvdia.]  The  prophetess 
of  the  Delphic  oracle. 

Pythian  games.  One  of  the  four  great  national 
festivals  of  Greece,  celebrated  once  in  four 
years,  in  honor  of  Apollo,  at  Delphi. 

Pythias  (pith'i-as).  [Gr.  IMhdf.]  A Syracu- 
san condemned  to  death  by  Dionysius  I.  See 
Damon. 

Pythius  (pith'i-us).  [Gr.  UvOioc.']  A surname 
of  Apollo  as  the  slayer  of  the  Python. 

Python  (pi'thon).  [Gr.  Hvduv.']  In  classical  an- 
tiquities and  in  the  New  Testament,  a sooth- 
saying spirit  or  demon;  hence,  also,  a person 
possessed  by  such  a spirit ; especially,  a ventril- 
oquist. Some  ancient  writers  speak  of  the  serpent  Py- 
thon as  having  delivered  oracles  at  Delphi  before  the  com- 
ing of  Apollo  (who  slew  it),  and  during  the  Roman  impe- 
rial period  we  find  the  name  often  given  to  soothsayers. 
The  spirit  was  supposed  to  speak  from  the  belly  of  the 
soothsayer,  who  was  accordingly  called  eyyacrrpi>u>&>s,  a 
ventriloquist,  a word  used  in  the  Septuagmt  to  represent 
the  Hebrew  ’dbh,  often  rendered  python  in  the  Vulgate. 
In  Acts  xvi.  16,  the  usual  reading  is  “a  spirit  of  Python,” 
while  some  manuscripts  read  “a  spirit,  a Python.” 


C.— 63 


ua-.  For  names  beginning 
thus,  not  given  here,  see 
Kwa-. 

Quackenbos  (kwak ' en - 
bos), George  Payn.  Born  at 
New  York,  Sept.  4, 1826:  died 
July  24, 1881.  An  American 
educator.  He  graduated  at  Co- 
lumbia in  1843,  and  was  for  many 
y ears  pri  ncipal  of  a collegiate  school  at  N ew  York.  He  edited 
the  “Literary  Magazine  " 1848-50.  He  is  known  chiefly 
as  the  author  of  various  text-books  on  United  States  his- 
tory, grammar,  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  and  natural  philos- 
ophy. 

Quad!  (kwa'di).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Quadi,  Gr. 
(Strabo)  K oddovoc.']  A German  tribe,  a part  of 
the  Suevi,  the  eastern  neighbors  of  the  Mar- 
comanni  in  Bohemia,  in  the  region  back  of  the 
Danube  about  the  March  and  the  Taya.  They 
were  originally  allies  of  the  Marcomanni,  but  later  (in  the 
4th  century  i appear  in  incursions  into  Roman  territory  in 
company  with  the  Sarmatian  Jazyges.  They  were  ulti- 
mately included  under  the  common  name  Suevi. 

Quadra  (kwa'dra),  Vicente.  A Nicaraguan  poli- 
tician, president  March  1, 1871,  to  March  1, 1875. 
His  term  was  peaceful  and  prosperous. 

Quadrilateral  (kwod-ri-lat'e-ral).  The  four 
fortresses  of  Legnago,  Mantua,  Pesehiera,  and 
Vei'Ona,  in  Italy.  They  are  famous  for  their  strength 
and  for  their  strategic  importance  during  the  Austrian 
occupation  of  northern  Italy. 

Quadrilateral,  Bulgarian.  The  four  fortresses 
of  Rustchuk,  Schumla,  Silistria,  and  Varna. 

Quadruple  Alliance,  The.  A league  against 
Spain,  formed  in  1718  by  Great  Britain,  France, 
Austria,  and  the  Netherlands. 

Quadruple  Treaty,  The.  A league  formed 
against  the  usurper  Dom  Miguel  of  Portugal 
and  Don  Carlos  of  Spain  in  1834.  The  signa- 
tory powers  were  Great  Britain,  France,  Spain, 
and  Portugal. 

Quai  d’Orsay  (ka  dor-sa').  The  quay  along  the 
south  bank  of  the  Seine  in  Paris,  on  which  are 
situated  the  department  of  foreign  affairs  and 
the  building  of  the  Corps  L4gislatif ; hence,  the 
French  foreign  office,  or  the  government  in  gen- 
eral (like  the  English  Downing  street). 

Quaker  (kwa'ker),  The.  An  opera  by  Charles 
Dibdin,  produced  in  1777. 

Quaker  City.  Philadelphia,  which  was  colo- 
nized by  Quakers. 

Quaker  Poet,  The.  A name  given  to  Bernard 
Barton,  and  also  to  John  Greenleaf  Whittier. 

Quangsi.  See  Kwangsi. 

Quangtong.  See  Kwangtung. 

Quantock  Hills  (kwan'tok  hilz).  A range  of 
hills  in  Somerset,  England,  west  of  Bridgwater. 

Quantz  (kwants),  J ohann  Joachim.  Born  near 
Gottingen,  Jan.  30, 1697 : died  at  Potsdam,  Prus- 
sia, July  12, 1773.  A celebrated  German  flute- 
player  and  composer  for  the  flute. 

Quaquas  (kwa'kwas).  Indians  of  eastern  Vene- 
zuela, south  of  the  Orinoco,  on  the  river  Cuyu- 
ni:  a branch,  descended  from  those  which  were 
gathered  into  the  mission  villages  in  the  18th 
century,  is  found  near  the  Gulf  of  Paria.  The 
Quaquas  formerly  lived  on  the  upper  Orinoco,  above  the 
junction  of  the  Meta,  and  they  are  said  to  have  spoken  a 
dialect  of  the  Saliva  language ; but  at  present  they  speak 
Arawak,  perhaps  from  long  intercourse  with  that  tribe. 
They  are  of  a mild  disposition,  and  agriculturists.  Also 
written  Guagues,  Giuiieas,  and  Guaycas. 

Quaregnon  (ka-ren-yoii').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  36  miles  southwest 
of  Brussels.  Population,  commune,  18,291. 

Quarles  (kwarlz),  Francis.  Born  at  Rumford, 
Essex,  1592:  died  Sept.  8,  1644.  An  English 
poet.  He  was  educated  at  Christ’s  College,  Cambridge, 
and  became  a stjdent  at  Lincoln’s  Inn,  London.  He  was 
city  chronologer  in  1639.  Among  his  works  (largely  sacred 
poems)  are  “Divine  Emblems”  (1635',  “Hieroglyphics” 
(1638),  and  a prose  work,  “ Enchiridion  ” (1640). 

The  enormous  popularity  of  Francis  Quarles's  “Em- 
blems” and  “ Enchiridion,”  a popularity  which  has  not 
entirely  ceased  up  to  the  present  day,  accounts  to  some 


extent  for  the  very  unjust  ridicule  which  has  been  lav- 
ished on  him  by  men  of  letters  of  his  own  and  later  times. 
It  is,  of  course,  sufficiently  absurd  that  such  hasty  and 
slovenly  work  should  have  been  reprinted  as  fast  as  the 
presses  could  give  it,  when  the  “ Hesperides”  remained 
almost  unnoticed.  But  the  silly  antithesis  of  Pope,  a 
writer  who,  great  as  he  was.  was  almost  as  ignorant  of  lit- 
erary history  as  his  model,  Boileau,  ought  to  prejudice  no 
one,  and  it  is  strictly  true  that  Quarles’s  enormous  volume 
hides,  to  some  extent,  his  merits. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  377. 

Quarles  (kwarlz),  John.  Bom  1624:  died  1665. 
An  English  poet  and  author,  son  of  Francis 
Quarles. 

Quarnero  (kwar-na/ro),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  southeast  of  Istria. 

Quarra  (kwa-ra').  [Tigua  name  of  central  New 
Mexico.]  A former  village  (pueblo)  of  Tigua 
Indians,  situated  in  V alen cia  County , Ne w Mex- 
ico, on  the  southern  edge  of  the  salt-basin  of 
the  Manzano.  It  was  abandoned  about  1674  on  ac- 
count of  the  hostility  of  the  Apaches,  the  inhabitants  flee- 
ing to  Tajique.  The  ruins  of  a large  church  of  stone  stand 
by  the  side  of  those  of  the  village.  The  mission  of  Quarra 
was  founded  shortly  prior  to  1632. 

Quarrelers.  See  EutcMn. 

Quartley  (kwart'li),  Arthur.  Born  at  Paris, 
May  24,  1839 : died  at  New  York,  May  19,  1886. 
An  American  marine-painter.  He  was  of  English 
parentage;  lived  mostly  in  Baltimore  and  New  York  ; and 
was  elected  national  academician  in  1886. 

Quartu  (kwar'to),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf 
of  Cagliari,  in  Sardinia. 

Quasimodo  (kwa-si-mo'do).  [From  the  first 
words  of  the  introit  in  the  mass  for  Quasimodo 
Sunday.]  A misshapen  dwarf,  one  of  the  chief 
characters  in  Victor  Hugo’s  “Notre  Dame  de 
Paris.” 

Quatre-Bras  (katr-bra/).  A place  in  Belgium, 
20  miles  south  by  east  of  Brussels.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a battle  between  the  French  under  Ney  and 
the  Allies  under  Wellington,  June  16,  1815  (two  days  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Waterloo),  when  Ney  was  forced  to  re- 
treat. 

Quatrefages  de  Breau  (katr-fazh'  de  bra-o'), 
Jean  Louis  Armand  de.  Born  atBerthezeme, 
Gard,  Feb.  10, 1810 : died  at  Paris,  Jan.  13, 1892. 
AFrench  naturalist,  professor  (1855)  of  anatomy 
and  ethnology  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory in  Paris.  He  published  works  on  zoology 
and  anthropology. 

Quatre  Fils  Aymon  (katr  fes  a-moh'),  Les. 

1.  A medieval  French  prose  romance  of  adven- 
ture, from  a narrative  poem  by  Huon  de  Ville- 
neuve,  taken  from  earlier  chansons  in  the  13th 
century:  a popular  French  chap-book  was 
founded  on  it.  Aymon  de  Dordogne  has  four  sons  who 
are  knighted  by  Charlemagne:  Renaud  or  P,eynauld  (It. 
Rinaldo),  Guichard  or  Guiscard,  Alard  or  Adelard,  and 
Richard  or  Richardet.  To  Renaud  or  Rinaldo  was  given  the 
celebrated  horse  Bayard  (which  see).  Rinaldo  appears  in 
“Orlando  Furioso,”  and  also  in  Tasso’s  poems. 

2.  An  opera  by  Balfe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1844. 

Quatremere  (katr-mar'),  Etienne  Marc.  Born 

at  Paris,  July  12, 1782:  died  there,  Sept.  18, 1857. 
A French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
Syriac  at  the  College  de  France  from  1819.  He 
published  “Recherclies  historiques  et  critiques  sur  la 
iangue  et  lalittdrature  de  l’Egypte  "(1808),  “MCmoires  his- 
toriques et  gdographiques  sur  l’Egypte  ” (1810),  “M^moire 
sur  les  Nabatdens”  (1835),  etc. 

Quatremere  de  Quincy  (katr-mar' de  kan-se'), 
Antoine  Chrysostome.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
28,  1755 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1849.  A noted 
French  archteologist  and  politician.  He  published 
“ Dictionnaire  de  l’architecture,"  and  critical  works  on 
Raphael,  Michelangelo,  Canova,  etc. 

Quatres  Vents  de  l’Esprit  (katr  voh  de  les- 
pre'),  Les.  [F.,  ‘ The  Four  Winds  of  the 
Spirit.’]  A volume  containing  poems  and  a 
drama  by  Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1881. 

Quatre-Vingt-Treize.  See  Ninety-Three. 

Quauhtemoc,  or  Quauhtemotzin.  Seo  Guate- 
motzin. 

Quay  (kwa),  Matthew  Stanley.  Born  at  Dills- 
burg,  Pa.,  Sept.  30,  1833:  died  at  Beaver,  Pa., 
May  28,  1904.  An  American  Republican  poli- 
834 


tiician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854  ; obtained 
prominence  in  the  politics  of  Pennsylvania ; and  repre- 
sented that  State  in  the  United  States  Senate  from  1887 
until  his  death.  As  chairman  of  the  Republican  National 
Committee  heconducted  thepresidentialeampaignof  1888. 
Qubad  (pres.  Pers.  pron.  ko-bad',  earlier  ko- 
bad' ),  or  Kobad,  in  Greek  Kobades.  The  name 
of  the  19th  and  24th  kings  of  the  Sassanian  dy- 
nasty. Kobad  I.,  the  son  of  Perozes  (Firuz),  reigned  A.  D. 
488-498  and  again  501  or  502-531.  In  the  interval  Zames 
(Jamasp),  Kobad’s  brother,  dethroned  him  and  compelled 
him  to  fly  to  the  Huns,  with  whose  assistance  he  recovered 
the  throne.  Kobad  waged  war  with  the  Greek  emperor 
Anastasius,  but  on  the  defection  of  his  allies,  the  Huns, 
made  peace  with  Anastasius  on  condition  of  receiving 
11,000  pounds  of  gold.  War  with  Constantinople  was  re- 
newed in  521,  in  the  reign  of  Justin  I.,  and  continued  un- 
der Justinian  I.  He  is  the  Kaiqubad  of  Firdausi.  Kobad 
II.  reigned  Feb.,  628, -July,  629.  He  put  to  death  his  father, 
Chosroes  II.,  and  his  brothers  and  half-brothers  to  the 
number,  it  is  said,  of  forty,  arid  is  represented  as  dying  of 
remorse.  It  is  more  probable  that  he  died  of  a plague  which 
ravaged  Persia  at  that  time. 

Quebec  (kwe-bek';  F.  pron.  ke-bek').  A prov- 
ince of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  British  North 
America.  Capital, Quebec;  chief  city,  Montreal. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Hudson  Strait  on  the  north,  Labra- 
dor and  the  G ulf  of  St.  Lawrence  on  the  northeast  and  east, 
New  Brunswick,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and 
New  York  on  the  south,  and  Ontario  (partly  separated  by 
the  Ottawa  River),  James  Bay,  and  Hudson  Bay  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Laurentian,  Notre  Dame, 
and  other  ranges  of  mountains.  The  chief  river-system 
is  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  fisheries  and  lumbering 
interests  are  important.  It  contains  63  counties.  Gov- 
ernment is  vested  in  a lieutenant-governor,  executive 
council,  legislative  council,  and  legislative  assembly. 
It  sends  to"  the  Dominion  Parliament  24  senators  and  65 
representatives.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman 
Catholic.  The  inhabitantsare  largely  of  French  origin,  and 
the  language  is  largely  Canadian  French.  The  region  was 
explored  by  Cartier  in  1535.  The  first  permanent  settle- 
ment was  made  by  the  French  at  Quebec  in  1608.  The  ter- 
ritory was  ceded  by  France  to  Great  Britain  in  1763  ; the 
province  of  Upper  Canada  was  set  off  in  1791 ; and  Upper 
Canada  and  Lower  Canada  were  united  in  1841  and  sepa- 
rated in  1867.  Area,  706,834  square  miles,  of  which  354,961 
were  added  in  1912.  Population,  2,002,712,  (1911). 

Quebec.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Que- 
bec, Canada,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  St. 
Charles  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  lat.  46°  43' 
N.,  long.  71°  12'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque 
situation,  and  is  the  most  strongly  fortified  city  on  the 
western  continent.  It  has  extensive  trade ; is  a terminus 
of  steamship  lines ; exports  timber,  etc  ; and  is  the  seat  of 
Laval  University  (Roman  Catholic).  The  site  was  visited 
by  Cartier  in  1535.  The  city  was  founded  by  the  French 
under  Champlain  in  1608 ; taken  by  the  British  in  1629  and 
restored  in  1632 ; unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  British 
in  1690;  besieged  by  the  British  under  Wolfe  in  1759,  and 
taken  after  the  battle  of  Quebec  in  Sept.,  1759;  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763 ; and  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the 
Americans  under  Montgomery  in  1775.  He  perished  before 
its  walls  and  his  troops  were  dispersed.  Since  then  it  has 
not  been  attacked.  The  battle  of  Quebec  was  a victory 
on  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  near  Quebec,  Sept.  13,  1759, 
gained  by  the  British  under  Wolfe  over  the  French  under 
Montcalm.  It  resulted  in  the  fall  of  Quebec,  and  ulti- 
mately in  the  loss  of  Canada  to  the  French.  Population, 
78,190,  (1911). 

Quedlinburg  (kved'lin-borG).  A city  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Bode,  near  the  Harz,  34  miles  southwest  of 
Magdeburg.  It  is  noted  for  the  production  of  vegeta- 
bles, fruits,  and  especially  of  seeds,  and  has  manufactures 
of  cloth.  The  abbey  church,  or  Schlosskirche,  is  a monum  ent 
of  much  artistic  importance.  The  main  structure  is  of  the 
early  11th  century ; the  choir  was  modified  in  the  14th. 
The  crypt  is  the  original  church  of  the  10th  century ; it  is 
built  over  a still  older  chapel  which  contains  the  tombs  of 
the  emperor  Henry  I.  and  his  consort  Matilda.  Qued- 
linburg was  founded  by  Henry  the  Fowler;  was  frequently 
a royal  residence ; and  was  a Hanseatic  town.  It  belonged 
to  Saxony,  and  later  to  Brandenburg.  Population,  com- 
mune, 24,798. 

Queen  Anne's  War.  The  name  given  in  the 
United  States  to  the  war  against  the  French  and 
Indians  1702-13  (part  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession). 

Queen  Charlotte  (shiir'Iot)  Islands.  A group 
of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  west  of  British  Colum- 
bia, and  belonging  to  that  province.  The  chief 
islands  are  Graham  Island  and  Moresby  Island.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  The  inhabitants  are  Indians;  their 
number  is  estimated  at  2,000. 

Queen  Charlotte  Sound.  The  continuation  of 
Johnstone  Strait,  separating  Vancouver  Island 
from  the  mainland  of  British  Columbia. 


Queen  City  of  the  Lakes 

Queen  City  of  the  Lakes.  Buffalo. 

Queen  City  of  the  South.  Sydney,  Australia. 

Queen  City  (or  Queen)  of  the  West.  Cincin- 
nati. 

Queen  Mab.  A poem  by  Shelley,  printed  in 
1813. 

Queen  Mary.  A dramatic  poem  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1875. 

Queen  of  Cities.  Borne. 

Queen  of  Corinth,  The.  A play  by  Fletcher, 
Massinger,  and  others,  produced  before  1618 
and  printed  in  1647. 

Queen  of  Hearts,  The.  Elizabeth,  queen  of 
Bohemia,  daughter  of  James  I.  of  England. 

Queen  of  Sheba.  1.  See  Sheba. — 2.  An  opera 
by  Goldmark,  produced  at  Vienna  in  1875. 

Queen  Of  Tears.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
Mary,  second  wife  of  James  II.  of  England. 

Queen  of  the  Antilles.  Cuba. 

Queen  of  the  East.  1 . A name  given  to  Anti- 
och, in  Syria.—  2.  A title  of  Zenobia,  queen 
of  Palmyra. — 3.  A name  given  to  Batavia,  in 
Java. 

Queen  of  the  North.  Edinburgh. 

Queen  of  the  Sea.  Tyre. 

Queen’s  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, England,  founded  in  honor  of  Philippa, 
consort  of  Edward  III.,  by  her  confessor  Robert 
de  Eglesfield,  in  1340.  The  present  buildings  date 
from  1692,  except  the  chapel,  which  is  of  1714.  The  hall, 
built  by  Wren,  contains  line  portraits.  The  High-street 
front  has  a circular  belvedere,  with  coupled  columns, 
over  the  entrance. 

Queens’  College.  A college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, England,  foundedby  Margaret  of  Anjou, 
consort  of  Henry  VI.,  in  1448,  and  refounded 
by  Elizabeth  Woodville,  consort  of  Edward  IV., 
in  1465.  The  vaulted  gateway  passes  under  a square 
tower  with  octagonal  battlemented  turrets  at  the  angles. 
The  Great  Court  is  bordered  by  the  venerable  chapel,  hall, 
and  library.  There  are  three  other  old  courts — the  Clois- 
ter Court,  Erasmu  s Court,  and  Walnut  Tree  Court — besides 
a modern  one. 

She  [Queen  Margaret]  proposed  to  call  it  the  College  of 
St.  Margaret  and  St.  Bernard,  but  after  her  husband’s  de- 
position the  name  was  changed.  Andrew  Docket,  the  fir  st 
master  who  had  been  appointed  to  that  office  by  Queen 
Margaret,  hastened  with  pardonable  subservience  to  in- 
gratiate himself  with  her  successor,  and  so  cleverly  did  he 
manage  that  Elizabeth  Woodville  consented  to  be  named 
as  co-foundress,  and  the  college  became  “ The  Queens’  Col- 
lege of  St.  Margaret  and  St.  Bernard,”  now  familiarly 
known  simply  as  Queens' College.  Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  143. 

Queen’s  (kwenz)  County.  A county  in  Lein- 
ster, Ireland.  Chief  town,  Maryborough,  it  is 
bounded  by  King's  County  on  the  north,  Kildare  on  the 
east,  Carlow  and  Kilkenny  on  the  south,  and  Tipperary  and 
King’s  County  on  the  west.  Area,  664  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 57,417. 

Queen’s  Exchange,  The.  A comedy  by  Bich- 
ard Brome,  printed  in  1657,  and  reprinted  with 
the  title  “The  Royal  Exchange”  in  1661. 

Queensferry  (kwenz'fer-i),  or"  South  Queens- 

ferry.  A small  seaport  on  the  Firth  of  Forth, 
Scotland,  8 miles  west  of  Edinburgh.  The  cele- 
brated Forth  Bridge  crosses  the  Firth  of  Forth  from  South 
Queensferry  in  Linlithgowshire  to  North  Queensferry  in 
Fife. 

Queen’s  Gardens.  [Sp.  Jar  dines  de  la  Reyna .] 
A line  of  small  islands  along  the  southern  coast 
of  Cuba : so  named  by  Columbus,  who  discov- 

*ered  them  in  1494. 

Queensland  (kwenzTand).  A state  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Australia.  Capital,  Brisbane. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  and  Torres  Strait 
on  the  north,  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  northeast  and  east, 
New  South  Wales  and  South  Australia  on  the  south,  and 
South  Australia  and  the  Northern  TeiTitory  on  the  west. 
It  is  traversed  by  low  ranges  parallel  to  the  coast.  Gold, 
tin,  silver,  and  other  metals  are  mined,  but  the  chief  in- 
dustry is  stock-farming.  Government  is  vested  in  a gov- 
ernor, legislative  council  (nominated  for  life),  and  as- 
sembly (elected).  Queensland  was  explored  by  Torres, 
Cook,  Flinders,  Mitchell,  Leichhardt,  etc. ; was  made  a 
penal  settlement  in  1826;  was  opened  to  free  settlers  in 
1842 ; and  was  made  a separate  colony  in  1859.  Area, 
668,497  square  miles.  Population,  over  652,000. 

Queen’s  Marie,  The.  A Scottish  ballad  relat- 
ing the  death  of  Mary  Hamilton,  one  of  the 
“ Queen’s  Maries”  who  are  mentioned  in  many 
ballads.  In  this  ballad  the  Maries  are  named  as  “Marie 
Seaton  and  Marie  Beaton  and  Marie  Carmichael  and  me” 
(Marie  Hamilton).  Keith  names  them  as  belonging  to  the 
families  of  Livingston,  Fleming,  Seatoun,  and  Beatoun. 
Scott’s  version,  the  first  published,  was  made  up  from  sev- 
eral older  ballads. 

Queenston  ( kwenz  ' ton ),  or  Queenstown 

(kwenz'toun).  A place  in  Ontario,  Canada, 
situated  about  5 miles  north  of  Niagara  Falls. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  British  under  Brock 
(killed  early  in  the  action)  over  the  Americans,  Oct.  13, 1812. 

Queenstown.  A seaport  in  County  Cork,  Ire- 
land, situated  on  Great  Island  8 miles  east-south- 
east of  Cork.  It  is  the  seaport  of  Cork,  and  a port  of 


835 

call  for  transatlantic  steamships.  It  was  called  Cove  of 
Cork  before  the  visit  of  Queen  Victoria  in  1849.  Popula- 
tion, 7,909. 

Queerummania  (kwer-um-ma'ni-a).  The  lands 
over  whichKingChrononhotonthologos  reigned, 
in  Henry  Carey’s  tragical  burlesque  with  the 
latter  name. 

Queiros  (ka-e-ros'),  or  Quires  (ke-ros'),  Pedro 
Fernandes  de.  Born  about  1560 : died  at  Pa- 
nama, 1614.  A Portuguese  navigator  who  com- 
manded an  exploring  expedition  in  the  Pacific 
*1604-06,  and  discovered  the  New  Hebrides. 
Q.ueiroz  (ka-e-ros'),  Jose  Maria  Ega  de.  Born 
Nov.  25,  1843:  died  Aug.  16,  1900.  A Portu- 
guese novelist,  author  of  “ O crime  do  padre 
Amaro”  (1874),  etc. 

Queipaerd  (kwel'pard),  or  Quelpart  (kwel'- 
part).  An  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Chan- 
nel of  Korea,  situated  60  miles  south  of  Korea, 
to  which  province  of  Japan  it  belongs. 
Quemada  (ka-ma'da  or-THa),  La.  [Sp.,  ‘ place 
burned  over.’]  A collection  of  ruins  in  the  state 
of  Zacatecas,  Mexico,  35  miles  west-southwest 
of  Zacatecas.  They  include  several  large  and 
very  ancient  buildings,  a small  pyramid,  etc., 
and  are  remarkable  for  their  massiveness  and 
the  absence  of  ornamentation.  Nothing  is 
known  of  their  origin. 

Quentin  Durward  (kwen'tin  der'ward).  A 
novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1823. 
Quentin  Durward  is  an  archer  of  the  Scottish  Guard,  who 
seeks  his  fortune  in  France  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XI. 
Quera.  See  Keresan. 

Querard  (ka-rar'),  Joseph  Marie.  Born  at 
Bennes,  France,  Dec.  25,  1797 : died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  3,  1865.  A noted  French  bibliographer. 
He  published  “La  France  litteraire”  (1820-42),  “La  lit- 
erature frangaise  contemporaine  ” (1S42-57),  etc. 
Quercy  (kar-se').  Aformercountshipof France, 
situated  in  the  general  government  of  Guienne 
and  Gascony,  south  of  Limousin.  It  was  mostly 
included  in  the  present  department  of  Lot.  It  shared 
generally  the  fortunes  of  Aquitaine. 

Querecho  (ka-ra'cho).  A hunting  tribe  of  the 
Apache  group  of  North  American  Indians,  met 
by  Coronado  in  1541  in  eastern  New  Mexico. 
Oiiatel  (1598)  speaks  of  them  as  the  Vaqueros,  ‘cattle- 
herders.’  Identified  with  the  Tonkawa. 

Querendis  (ka-ran-des').  A numerous  and  war- 
like race  of  Indians,  which,  in  the  16th  century, 
occupied  most  of  the  territory  now  included  in 
the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine  Re- 
public. The  first  settlers  at  Buenos  Ayres  had  many 
conflicts  with  them,  and  t hey  were-n  ever  entirely  .subdued. 
The  modern  Puelches  (which  see)  appear  to  be  their  de- 
scendants. Probably  the  name  Querendi  was  applied  to 
them  by  the  Guaranys. 

Querer  por  Solo  Querer  (ka-rar'  p5r  soTo  ka- 
rar').  [Sp.,  ‘To  Love  for  Love’s  Sake.’]  A 
Spanish  play  by  Mendoza,  published  in  1649. 
Queres.  See  Keresan. 

Queretaro  (ka-ra'ta-ro).  1.  A state  in  Mexico, 
surrounded  by  San  Luis  Potosi,  Hidalgo,  Mex- 
ico, Michoacan,  and  Guanajuato.  Area,  3,556 
square  miles.  Population,  243,515,  (1910). — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Querdtaro,  situated 
110  miles  northwest  of  Mexico,  it  has  important 
manufactures,  particularly  of  cotton.  The  peace  of  Gua- 
dalupe-Hidalgo  was  ratified  here  in  1848,  and  here  Maxi- 
milian was  besieged  and  captured  in  1867.  Population, 
35,011,  (1910). 

Querfurt  (kvar'fort).  1.  A former  lordship  in 
Saxony,  holding  of  the  empire,  it  was  annexed 
to  Prussia  in  1815,  and  is  now  divided  between  the  govern- 
ment districts  of  Merseburg  and  Potsdam. 

2.  A town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Querne  34  miles  west  of  Leip- 
sic.  Population,  5,078. 

Querouaille,  Louise  Renee  de.  See  Keroualle. 
Quesada,  Gonzalo  Ximenez  de.  See  Ximenez 
de  Quesada. 

Quesnay  (ka-na'),  Francois.  Born  at  Mer4, 
near  Montfort-l’Amaury,  France,  June  4,  1694: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  16,  1774.  A noted  French 
political  economist  and  physician,  founder  of 
the  school  of  the  physiocrats : surgeon  to  Louis 
XV.  His  chief  work  is  “Tableau  dconomique ” (1758: 
limited  first  edition  lost).  He  also  contributed  to  the 
“ Encyclopedic,”  and  wrote  medical  works,  etc. 

Quesnel  (ka-nel'),  Pasquier  (Paschasius). 

Born  at  Paris,  July  14,  1634:  died  at  Amster- 
dam, Dec.  2, 1719.  A French  Roman  Catholic 
theologian,  a member  of  the  Oratory,  opposed 
by  the  Jesuits  as  a Gallicanist  and  Jansenist. 
His  best-known  work  is  “Reflexions  morales  sur  le  Nou- 
veau Testament”  (“Moral  Reflections  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment,” 1687),  condemned  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  in  the  bull 
“ Unigenitus  ” (171j{). 

Quesnoy  (ka-nwa'),  Le.  A fortified  town  in 
the  department  of  Nord,  France,  10  miles  south- 
east of  V alenciennes.  It  has  been  many  times  taken, 


Quiches 

especially  by  Louis  XI.  in  1477,  by  Turenne  in  165  by 
Prince  Eugene  in  1712,  by  Villars  in  1712,  by  the  iius- 
trians  in  1793,  and  by  the  French  under  Sch6rer  in  1794. 
Population,  commune,  3,941. 

Quesnoy-sur-Deule  (ka-nwa'siir-dfel').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  situated 
on  the  Deule  8 miles  north-northwest  of  Lille. 
Population,  commune,  5,045. 

Quetelefc  (ket-la') , Lambert  Adolphe  Jacques, 
Born  at  Ghent,  Feb.  22, 1796 : died  at  Brussels, 
Feb.  17,  1874.  A Belgian  mathematician  and 
astronomer,  especially  noted  as  a statistician. 
He  was  successively  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  royal 
college  in  Ghent  (1815)  and  at  the  Athenaeum  in  Brussels 
(1819),  and  of  astronomy  at  the  military  school  in  Brussels 
(1836).  He  was  the  head  of  the  statistical  commission  of 
Belgium.  He  published  “Sur  l’homme  et  le  dcveloppe- 
ment  de  ses  faculty ” (1835),  “Sur  la  theorie  des  proba- 
bility ” (1846),  “ Du  systfeme  social  ” (1848),  “ L’Anthropo- 
mCtrie  ” (1871),  etc.  • 

Quetta  (kwet'ta).  A town  in  Baluchistan,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  30°  7'  N.,  long.  67°  E.,  occupied 
by  the  British.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point  at 
the  end  of  the  Bolan  Pass,  commanding  the  route  between 
India  and  southern  Afghanistan ; and  is  connected  with 
India  by  the  Northwestern  Railway,  and  the  headquarters 
of  a district  administered  by  the  British. 

Quetzalcohuatl  (kat-zal-ko-wat'l).  [Nahuatl : 
quetzalli,  iridescent,  bright;  coliuatl,  snake.]  A 
hero-god  of  the  ancient  Mexicans.  Some  storie» 
represent  him  as  one  of  the  four  principal  gods,  controlling 
the  air  and  wind,  and  assisting  in  the  creation  of  the  world 
and  man.  But  commonly  he  is  a man  with  more  or  less 
supernatural  attributes,  and  there  are  various  confused 
accounts  of  how  he  came  from  a distant  country,  in  the 
time  of  the  Toltecs  or  before  them,  and  ruled  in  Anahuac 
for  many  years  with  great  wisdom.  Then  he  went  to  Cho- 
lula,  where  he  lived  for  20  years  and  taught  the  people  to 
weave,  build  stone  houses,  and  make  pottery  and  feather- 
work  ; but  because  he  wished  to  abolish  human  sacrifices 
he  was  opposed  by  the  priests,  and  at  length  journeyed 
on  to  Tlapallan  (probably  on  the  Gulf  Coast)  and  disap- 
peared over  the  sea.  He  was  worshiped,  especially  at 
Cholula,  as  the  god  of  the  air  and  rain,  and  human  sacri- 
fices were  made  to  him.  It  would  appear  that  the  myth 
was  greatly  embellished  by  subsequent  writers,  who  made 
of  Quetzalcohuatl  a kind  of  prophet  or  apostle,  a white  and 
bearded  man  wearing  a strange  dress  and  practising  severe 
penances,  eventually  identifying  him  with  St,  Thomas. 
Probably  these  later  authors  are  also  responsible  for  the 
story  that  he  foretold  the  coming  of  white  men  who  should 
give  the  Indians  abetter  government  and  religion.  It  is 
possible  that  Quetzalcohuatl  was  a real  personage  of  very 
ancient  times.  The  Maya  (Quich6)  creative  deity  Gucu- 
matz  somewhat  resembles  Quetzalcohuatl,  and  the  name 
has  the  same  meaning. 

Queux,  Sir.  See  Kay,  Sir. 

Quevedo  y Villegas  (ka-va'THo  e vel-ya'gas), 
Francisco  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  Sept.  26, 1580 : 
died  at  Villanueva  de  los  Infantes,  Spain,  Sept. 
8, 1645.  A Spanish  satirist,  humorist,  and  nov- 
elist. He  was  employed  in  the  civil  service,  and  was  im- 
prisoned for  political  libel.  Among  his  satirical  works  is 
“Sueitos"  (“  Visions  ”). 

By  these  [prose  satires]  he  is  remembered  and  will  al- 
ways be  remembered  throughout  the  world.  The  longest 
of  them,  called  “The  History  and  Life  of  the  Great  Sharper, 
Paul  of  Segovia,”  was  first  printed  in  1626.  It  belongs  to 
the  style  of  fiction  invented  by  Mendoza  in  his  “Laza- 
rillo,”  and  lias  most  of  the  characteristics  of  its  class; 
showing,  notwithstanding  the  evident  haste  and  careless- 
ness with  which  it  was  written,  more  talent  and  spirit  than 
any  of  them  except  its  prototype.  Like  the  rest,  it  sets 
forth  the  life  of  an  adventurer,  cowardly,  insolent,  and  full 
of  resources,  who  begins  in  the  lowest  and  most  infamous 
ranks  of  society,  but,  unlike  most  others  of  his  class,  never 
fairly  rises  above  his  original  condition  ; for  all  his  ingenu- 
ity, wit,  and  spirit  only  enable  him  to  struggle  up,  as  it 
were  by  accident,  to  some  brilliant  success,  from  which  he 
is  immediately  precipitated  by  the  discovery  of  his  true 
character.  Ticlctior,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  286. 

Quezaltenango  (ka-thal-ta-nan'go).  A town  in 
Guatemala,  75  miles  west-northwest  of  Guate- 
mala. It  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Quich6 
city  of  Xelahuh,  and  was  founded  by  Alvarado 
in  1524.  Population,  28,940. 

Qui-.  For  names  beginning  thus,  not  given  here, 
see  Ki-. 

Quiberon  (ke-bron').  A small  town  and  penin- 
sula in  the  department  of  Morbihan,  France, 
22  miles  southeast  of  Lorient.  It  was  the  scene  of 
a landing  of  the  French  royalists  in  1796,  supported  by  an 
English  fleet  and  by  the  Chouans.  They  were  totally  de- 
feated by  the  republicans  under  Hoche,  July  20-21,  1795. 

Quiberon  Bay.  A small  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, east  of  Quiberon.  It  was  the  scene  of  a naval 
victory  of  the  British  under  nawke  over  the  French  under 
ConflanB,  Nov.  20,  1759.  It  crippled  the  power  of  the 
French  fleet  until  1763,  the  end  of  the  Seven  Years’  War. 

Quiches  (ke-chiis').  A powerful  Indian  tribe 
of  western  Guatemala  at  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest. They  were  one  of  the  chief  branches 
of  the  Maya  stock.  Later  the  Cakchiquels  sep- 
arated from  the  Quiches,  and  in  timo  became 
divided  into  two  tribes  by  the  breaking  off  of 
the  Zutugils.  Thus  at  the  beginning  of  (lie  16tli 
century  there  were  three  great  Maya  tribes  in 
Guatemala — the  Quiches,  Cakchiquels,  and 
Zutugils : but  of  these  the  Quich6s  had  a cor- 


Quiches 

tain  political  and  cultural  preeminence.  Their 
capital  was  Utatlan,  near  the  present  town  of 
Santa  Cruz  Quiche,  northwest  of  Guatemala, 
and  it  is  described  as  a large  and  fine  city,  for- 
tified with  great  skill.  The  Quiches  were  ruled  by 
chiefs,  had  a complicated  system  of  religion,  and  kept 
records  in  picture-writing.  (See  Popul  Vuh.)  They 
were  the  first  Indians  encountered  by  Alvarado  when  he 
entered  Guatemala  in  1524.  Their  chief.  Tecum  Uman, 
brought  a vast  army  against  the  Spaniards,  but  wa3  de- 
feated and  killed ; his  son,  Oxib  Quieh,  was  seized  and 
hanged  ; Utatlan  was  destroyed  ; and  within  a few  months 
the  Quiches  w'ere  completely  conquered,  many  of  them 
being  enslaved.  Their  descendants  now  form  the  peas- 
antry of  the  same  region. 

Quichuas  (ke-chd'as).  The  dominant  Indian 
race  of  Peru  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  con- 
quest. At  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest  the  Quichua 
language  was  spread  over  part  of  southwestern  Ecuador 
and  the  mountainous  regions  of  Peru,  and  a branch  occu- 
pied southern  central  Bolivia  to  the  boundaries  of  Argen- 
tina. This  southern  group  was  divided  from  the  more 
numerous  northern  by  the  equally  numerous  Aymar&s,  and 
there  was  no  connection  between  the  two  beyond  the  lan- 
guage, with  dialectical  variation.  Among  and  between  the 
northern  Quichuas  there  lived  tribes  speaking  various  dis- 
tinct idioms.  Before  the  conquest  the  Quichuas  appear 
to  have  crowded  the  AymarAs,  who  formerly  extended 
locally  into  central  Peru,  gradually  further  south  into  the 
northern  sections  of  the  basin  of  Lake  Titicaca ; and  this 
slow  process  of  encroachment  has  continued  since,  so  that 
the  latitude  of  Puno  is  now  the  dividing  line  of  the  two 
stocks.  Into  the  Amazon  basin  the  Quichuas  did  not  de- 
scend, their  most  eastern  raids  being  confined  to  the  upper 
eastern  slope  of  the  Andes.  Whence  the  Quichuas  came 
and  where  they  originated  are  as  yet  unknown.  They  were 
sedentary,  partly  land-tillers  and  also  herders  (of  the 
llama),  pottery-makers,  and  weavers,  and  metal  was  worked 
among  most  of  their  tribes.  They  erected  buildings  of 
stone.  Their  architecture  was  locally  influenced,  and  of 
varied  perfection.  They  were  divided  into  many  inde- 
pendent tribes,  with  tribal  government,  and  were  often  at 
war  with  one  another.  About  four  hundred  years  previous 
to  the  conquest  one  tribe,  the  Incas,  residing  in  the  basin 
of  Cuzco,  began,  under  very  favorable  natural  conditions 
of  climate,  soil,  and  military  topography,  to  become  ag- 
gressive. Living  in  a sheltered  basin,  well  adapted  to 
agriculture,  with  only  four,  easily  defensible,  entrances, 
surrounded  by  high  and  abrupt  mountains,  they  were  able 
to  sally  out,  overrun  adjacent  tribes,  and  then  withdraw 
to  their  sheltered  home  without  much  fear  of  being  at- 
tacked in  turn,  although  many  attempts  were  made  to  at- 
tack them.  These  damaging  raids  continued  until  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century, and  were  carried  further 
and  further  until  the  Incas  had  overawed  the  Pacific  slope 
from  the  eastern  Andes  of  Peru  and  Ecuador  to  the  sea,  and 
as  far  north  as  northwestern  Ecuador,  and  had  also  raided 
parts  of  northern  Chile.  These  raids  (which  were  not  uni- 
formly successful)  were  not  conquests  of  the  Quichuas, 
but  specifically  incursions  by  the  Incas  of  Cuzco  for  the 
purpose  of  rapine  and  plunder.  No  amalgamation  into  a 
state  or  Quichua  nation  was  attempted  or  even  thought  of. 
Each  tribe  defeated,  if  not  exterminated,  was  held  to 
tribute  and,  in  case  of  necessity,  to  assistance  in  further 
raids ; otherwise  the  tribe  remained  autonomous  under 
the  surveillance  of  the  Incas.  There  are  even  indications 
that  at  least  temporary  leagues  were  made  with  the 
Aymar&s, although  they  were  of  an  entirely  distinct  linguis- 
tic stock.  The  Quichuas  must  not  be  identified  with  the 
Incas  (see  Incas).  The  northern  Quichuas  had  become 
largely  tributary  to  the  latter  and  bore  this  yoke  unwill- 
ingly, a fact  which  greatly  facilitated  the  Spanish  conquest. 
The  story  of  a belief,  on  the  part  of  the  Quichuas,  in  a 
chief  personal  God,  and  a uniform  cult,  is  a fable.  Tribal 
fetishism  prevailed  everywhere.  Also  written  Quechuas, 
Kicltuas,  and  Kechuas. 

Quickly  (kwik'li),  Mistress  or  Hostess.  A ser- 
vant to  Dr.Caiusin  the  “Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor” ; also,  a hostess  in  the  first  and  second  parts 
of  “King  Henry  IV.”  and  in  “King  Henry  V.” 
Quicksilver  (kwik'siFver).  1.  A character  in 
Chapman,  Marston,  and  Jonson’s  play  “East- 
ward Ho!”:  an  idle  and  rowdy  apprentice,  a 
caricature  of  Luke  Hatton.—  2.  A character  in 
Warren’s  “Ten  Thousand  a Year”:  an  undis- 
guised caricature  of  Lord  Brougham. 

Quileute  (kwil-e-ot').  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  formerly  lived  on  the  river  of  the 
same  name,  ashort  distance  above  and  below  its  mouth,  and 
on  the  adjacent  coast  of  the  Pacific,  between  the  Makah, 
of  Wakashan  stock,  on  the  nort  h,  and  the  Quaitso,  a Salishau 
tribe,  on  the  south,  in  the  State  of  Washington.  The  Hoh 
formed  the  southern  division  of  the  tribe.  Wars  with  the 
numerically  superior  Salishan  tribes  gradually  reduced 
their  number.  The  Quileute  are  now  confined  to  Neah  Bay 
reservation,  Washington,  where  they  number  about  200. 
The  Hoh  are  on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  and  number 
about  60.  See  Chimakuan. 

Quilimane,  or  Kilimane  (ke-le-ma'nii).  1.  A 
river  in  Africa,  the  northern  mouth  of  the  Zam- 
besi.— 2.  A town  in  Mozambique,  situated  on 
the  river  Quilimane  in  lat.  17°  52'  S.,  long.  37° 
1'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade.  Population, 
about  7,000. 

Quillota  (kel-yo'ta).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Valparaiso,  Chile,  20  miles  northeastof  Val- 
paraiso. Population,  11,449. 

Quiloa.  See  Kilwa. 

Quilp  (kwilp).  In  Dickens’s  “Old  Curiosity 
Shop,”  a malicious  dwarf  who  abuses  his  wife. 

Quimper,  or  Quimper-Corentin  (kan-par'ko- 
ron-tan').  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Finistdre,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of 


836 

the  Steir  and  Odet,  in  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  4°  6'  W. 
It  is  a seaport  with  considerable  commerce,  and  contains 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  Corentin.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
old  county  of  Cornouailles,  and  suffered  in  the  religious 
wars.  Population,  commune,  19,516. 

Quimperle  (kan-per-la/).  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finist&re,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  E116  and  Isole,  11  miles  northwest 
of  Lorient.  Population,  commune,  9,176. 

Quin  (kwin),  James.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  24, 
1693 : died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  21, 1766.  An 
English  actor.  He  first  appeared  at  Dublin  in  1714,  at 
London  in  1715;  andinl720hemadea  great  success  of  Fal- 
staff.  He  was  the  rival  of  Garrick  until  the  latter  became 
unmistakably  more  popular  with  the  public,  when  Quin  re- 
tired (1751)  from  the  stage,  reappearing  only  for  benefits. 
His  great  parts  were  Falstaff,  Maskwell,  Sir  John  Brute, 
Cato,  Brutus,  Volpone,  etc. 

Quinames  (ke-na'mas),  or  Quinametin  (ke-na- 
ma-ten').  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl)  tradition,  a 
fabled  race  of  giants  who  were  the  first  inhabi- 
tants of  the  plateau  of  Anahuac. 

Quinault  (ke-no'),  Philippe.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  3, 1635:  died  Nov.  26,1688.  AFrench  dram- 
atist, the  creator  of  the  lyric  tragedy.  He  wrote 
libretti  for  Lulli’s  operas,  including  “Roland  ”(1685),  “Ar- 
mide  ” (1686),  etc. 

Quinbus  Flestrin.  See  Flestrin. 

Quince  (kwins),  Peter.  A carpenter  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “Midsummer  Night's  Dream.”  He  takes 
the  part  of  stage-manager  in  the  interlude.  In  the  farce 
of  “Bottom  the  Weaver,"  into  which  the  comic  parts  of  the 
“Midsummer  Night’s  Dream  ” were  worked,  he  becomes 
a pedant  and  schoolmaster,  and  in  Gryphius’s  translation 
of  this  farce  was  introduced  to  Germany  as  “Herr  Peter 
Squenze." 

Quinctilianus.  See  Quintilian. 

Quincy  (kwin'zi).  A city  in  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  onQuincyBay  in  Boston 
harbor,  71  miles  south-southeast  of  Boston,  it  is 
famous  for  its  granite-quarries.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
John  Hancock,  John  Adams,  and  John  Q.  Adams.  It  was 
separated  from  Braintree  in  1792.  Population,  32,642, 
(1910). 

Quincy.  A city,  capital  of  Adams  County,  Illi- 
nois, situated  on  the  Mississippi  in  lat.  39°  55' 

N.  it  is  an  important  railway  center  ; is  a seat  of  river 
trade;  and  has  flourishing  manufactures  of  flour,  etc.,  and 
commerce.  It  was  laid  out  in  1825.  Pop.,  36,587,  (1910). 

Quincy,  Edmund.  Born  at  Braintree,  Mass., 
1681 : died  at  London,  1738.  An  American  ju- 
rist. 

Quincy,  Edmund.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  1, 
1808:  died  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  May  17,  1877. 
An  American  author,  son  of  Josiah  Quincy 
(1772-1864)  whose  biography  he  wrote  (1867) 
and  whose  speeches  he  edited  (1875). 

Quincy,  Josiah.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  23, 1744 : 
died  at  sea,  April  26, 1775.  An  American  law- 
yer and  patriot,  grandson  of  Edmund  Quincy 
(1681-1738).  ne  was  sent  on  a political  mission  to  Eng- 
land 1774-75.  He  published  various  political  works,  in- 
cluding “Observations  on  the  Act  of  Parliament  common- 
ly called  the  Boston  Port  Bill”  (1774). 

Quincy,  Josiah.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  4, 1772: 
died  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  July  1, 1864.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman,  orator,  and  historian:  son  of 
Josiah  Quincy  (1744—75).  He  was  a Federalist  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1805-13;  opposed  the 
embargo,  the  admission  of  Louisiana,  and  the  War  of  1812 ; 
was  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature ; was  may- 
or of  Boston  1823-28 ; and  was  president  of  Harvard  1829- 
1845.  Hewrote  a “History  of  Harvard  University ’’(1840), 
“Municipal  History  of  Boston”  (1852),  “Life  of  J.  Q. 
Adams  ” (1858). 

Quincy,  Quatremere  de.  See  Quatremerc  de 
Quincy. 

Quinebaug  (kwin-e-bag').  A river  in  south- 
ern Massachusetts  and  eastern  Connecticut, 
which  unites  with  the  Shetucket  3 miles  north- 
east of  Norwich,  Connecticut.  Length,  80-90 
miles. 

Quinet  (ke-na'),  Edgar.  Born  at  Bourg,  Ain, 
Feb.  17,  1803:  died  at  Versailles,  March  27, 
1875.  A French  philosopher,  poet,  historian, 
and  politician.  After  studying  in  Heidelberg  he  trans- 
lated Herder's  “ Ideen  zur  Philosophic  der  Geschichte  der 
Menschheit.”  He  had  previously  (1823)  published  “ Les 
tablettes  du  Juif  errant,”  He  summed  up  the  results  of 
his  travels  in  Greece,  Italy,  Spain,  etc.,  in  “De  la  Gr&ce 
moderne  et  de  ses rapports  avec  i'antiquite  ’’  (1830),  “ Voy- 
ages d un  solitaire”  (1836),  “ Allemagne  et  Italie ” (1839), 
“ Mes  vacances  en  Espagne  ” (1846),  etc.  In  connection 
with  his  studies  and  observations  in  foreign  countries 
Quinet  wrote  a number  of  monographs  and  contributed 
many  articles  to  the  leading  periodicals.  He  also  com- 
posed epic  poems,  including  “ Napoleon  "(1836)  and  “Pro- 
m6thfie’’(1839),  and  “ Ahasvdrus,  a prose  drama  ” (1833).  He 
lectured  in  the  faculty  of  letters  at  Lyons,  and  in  1842  ac- 
cepted achair  of  South  European  literature  at  the  College 
de  France.  His  best  work  of  this  period  is  “Le  g6nie  des 
religions  ”(1842).  He  lost  his  position  in  1846  on  account 
of  his  radical  views,  went  to  Spain,  and  after  his  return  in 
1847  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  He  took 
part  in  the  revolution  of  1848,  and  in  1852  was  banished 
from  France.  He  resided  subsequently  in  Belgium  and 
Switzerland,  and,  although  amnestied  in  1859,  did  not  re- 
turn to  France  until  after  the  downfall  of  the  empire. 


Quito 

Aside  from  numerous  articles  and  pamphlets,  he  completed 
“Les  revolutions  dltalie"  in  1852,  and  published  “Les 
esclaves”  (1853),  "Merlin  I'euchanteur”  (I860),  “fEuvres 
poetiques  ” (1860),  “ Histoire  de  la  campagne  de  1815  ” (1862), 
“La  revolution”  (1865),  “La  creation”  (1870),  ‘ ' La  repub- 
lique  ” (1872),  and  “L’Esprit  nouveau”  (1874). 

Quinsigamond  (kwin-sig'a-mond)  Lake.  A 
lake  in  Massachusetts,  24  miles  east  of  Wor- 
cester. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Quinsigamond  River 
into  the  Blackstone.  Length,  5 miles. 
Quintana  (ken-ta'nii),  Manuel  Jose.  Born  at 
Madrid,  April  11,  1772:  died  there,  March  11, 
1857.  A Spanish  author.  He  was  a lawyer ; was  sec- 
retary of  the  Cortes  and  regency  during  the  struggle  against 
Joseph  Bonaparte;  and  was  imprisoned  1814-20.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  preceptor  of  the  infant  queen  Isabella 
(1833),  and  in  1835  was  made  senator.  Quintana  was  one 
of  the  first  poets  of  his  time,  hut  he  is  best  known  for  his 
‘ ‘ Vidas  de  Espanoles  celebres  ” (3  vols.  1807-34 : many  sub- 
sequent editions),  which  is  one  of  the  Spanish  prose  classics. 

Quintilian  (kwin-til'i-an)  (Marcus  Fabius 
Quintilianus  or  Quinctilianus).  Born  at 

Calagurris  (Calahorra),  Spain,  about  35  a.  d.  ; 
died  about  95  A.  D.  A celebrated  Roman  rhet- 
orician. He  was  educated  at  Rome;  returned  to  his 
birthplace  as  teacher  of  oratory ; and  went  hack  to  Rome 
with  Galba  in  68,  and  taught  oratory  there  for  20  years. 
He  was  patronized  by  V espasian  and  Domitian.  His  most 
celebrated  work  is  his  “Institutio  Oratoria.” 

Some  copies  of  Quintilian’s  Institutions  of  Oratory,  very 
much  corrupted  and  mutilated  by  the  ignorance  or  pre- 
sumption of  copyists,  were  known  in  Italy  before  the  fif- 
teenth century.  But  in  1414,  while  the  Council  of  Con- 
stance was  sitting,  Poggio,  a learned  Italian,  was  commis- 
sioned by  the  promoters  of  learning  to  proceed  to  that 
place,  in  search  of  ancient  manuscripts,  which  were  be- 
lieved to  be  preserved  in  the  monasteries  ot  the  city  and 
its  vicinity.  His  researches  were  rewarded  by  discovering 
in  the  monastery  of  St. -Gall,  beneath  aheap  of  long-neg- 
lected lumber,  a perfect  copy  of  the  Institutions. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  168. 
Quintus  (kwin'tus).  A son  of  Titus  Andronicus 
in  Shakspere’s  (?)  “Titus  Andronicus.” 
Quintus  Curtius  Rufus.  See  Curtins. 
Quintus  Icilius.  See  Guicliard. 

Quip  for  an  Upstart  Courtier,  or  a Quaint 
Dispute  between  Velvet-breeches  and 
Cloth-breeches.  A pamphlet  printed  by  Robert 
Greene  in  1592.  It  attacked  Gabriel  Harvey  and  his 
family  in  a few  lines  which  were  afterward  canceled.  It 
was  mostly  a reproduction  of  Thynne’s  “Debate  between 
Pride  and  Lowliness,”  and  satirized  pride  of  attire,  etc. 

Quirigua  (ke-re-g  wa' ) , or  Quirihua  (ke-re-wa'). 
A site  of  ancient  ruins  in  eastern  Guatemala, 
on  the  river  Motagua  13  miles  south  of  Izabal. 
The  remains  include  a pyramid,  a great  altar  (?)  formed  of 
a single  sculptured  stone,  etc.  The  place  appears  to  have 
been  abandoned  before  the  Spanish  conquest. 

Quirinal(kwir'i-nal),L.Mons  Quirinalis  ( monz 
kwir-i-na/lis).  The  furthest  north  and  the  high- 
est of  the  seven  hills  of  ancient  Rome,  lying 
northeast  of  the  Capitoline  and  northwest  of 
the  Viminal.  It  has  its  name  from  an  old  Sabine  sanc- 
tuary of  Quirinus  (Mars).  On  the  hill  stands  the  palace 
of  the  Quirinal,  the  former  summer  palace  of  the  Pope. 
Quirinalia  (kwir-i-na'li-a).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a festival  in  honor  of  Quirinus,  celebrated  on 
Feb.  17,  on  which  day  Romulus  was  said  to 
have  been  translated  to  heaven. 

Quirinus  (kwi-rl'mis).  An  Italian  divinity, 
identified  with  Romulus  and  assimilated  to 
Mars. 

Quirinus.  The  pen-name  of  Dr.  I.  J.  von  Dol- 
linger. 

Quirites  (kwi-ri'tez).  The  citizens  of  ancient 
Rome  considered  in  their  civil  capacity.  The 
name  Quirites  pertained  to  them  in  addition  to  that  of  Ro- 
mani, the  latter  designation  having  application  in  their 
political  and  military  capacity. 

Quirix.  See  Keresan. 

Quirk,  Gammon,  and  Snap.  A firm  of  rascally 
solicitors  in  Warren’s  “Ten  Thousand  a Year.” 
See  Gammon. 

Quiros.  See  Queiros. 

Quissama  (ke-sa'ma).  See  Kisama. 

Quistello  (kwis-tel'lo).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Mantua,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Secchia  14 
miles  southeast  of  Mantua.  Here,  1734,  the  Impe- 
rialists defeated  the  French  and  Sardinians.  Population, 
town,  3,379  ; commune,  11,214. 

Quiterla  (ke-ta're-a).  The  lost  bride  of  Cama- 
cho. See  Camacho. 

Quitman  (kwit'man),  John  Anthony,  Born 
at  Rhinebeck,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  1,  1799:  died  at 
Natchez,  Miss.,  July  17,  1858.  An  American 
politician  and  general.  He  served  in  the  Texan  war 
for  independence  in  1836,  and  was  distinguished  in  the 
Mexican  war  at  Monterey, Vera  Cruz,  Puebla,  and  Chapul- 
tepec.  He  was  governor  of  the  city  of  Mexico  in  1847 : gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi  1850-51 : and  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Mississippi  1855-58. 

Quito  (ke'to).  The  capital  and,  except  Guay- 
aquil (?),  the  largest  city  of  Ecuador,  situated 
on  the  plateau  of  the  Andes,  9,350  feet  above 
the  sea,  iu  lat.0°  13'  S.,  long.  78°  27'  W.  it  lieB 


Quito 

at  the  base  of  the  Pichincha  volcano,  and  < 'otopuxi,  Cay- 
amb6,  Antisana,  and  several  other  lofty  peaks  are  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  surrounding  a basin  called  the  valley 
or  plain  of  Quito.  The  city  is  an  archbishop’s  seat,  and 
contains  numerous  convents,  a university,  etc.  It  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  Quitus  and  later  of  Atahualpa,  and 
was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  under  P.enalcazar  and  Al- 
varado in  1534.  Population,  about  70,000. 

Quito,  Audience  of.  The  chief  court  and  gov- 
erning body  of  Quito  or  Ecuador  during  the 
colonial  period.  Quito  was  long  a province  of  Peru, 
and  when  the  first  audience  was  established,  in  1563,  it  was 
made  subordinate  to  that  of  Lima.  The  president  of  the 
audience  was  also  governor  of  the  province ; he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown,  but  answered  directly  to  the  viceroy 
at  Lima.  From  1710  to  1722  Quito  was  attached  to  New 
Granada.  The  audience  was  abolished  in  1718  when  New 
Granada  became  a viceroyalty,  but  was  restored  in  1739, 
and  thereafter  remained  subordinate  to  Peru  until  the  rev- 
olution of  1822,  when  Quito  was  incorporated  with  Colom- 
bia. The  name  Ecuador  was  adopted  in  1831,  when  the 
country  became  independent. 

Quito,  Kingdom  of.  The  ancient  domain  of 
the  Quitu  Indians.  It  comprised  a large  part 
of  the  highlands  of  Ecuador.  See  Quitus. 
Quito,  Kingdom  or  Presidency  of.  The  colo- 
nial name  of  Ecuador.  See  Quito , Audience  of. 

Quitus  (ke'tos).  A very  ancient  and  powerful 
Indian  tribe  of  the  highlands  of  Ecuador.  Ac- 
cording to  the  doubtful  traditions  preserved  by  V elasco, 
they  had  a monarchical  form  of  government,  and  their 


837 

kings  reigned  for  many  generations  at  Quito.  They  were 
probably  of  the  Quichua  stock.  Like  their  Peruvian  neigh- 
bors, they  were  well  advanced  in  civilization,  and  the 
strength  of  their  empire  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  Incas 
subdued  them  onlyafter  many  yearsof  war(1460-87).  Their 
descendants  form  a large  portion  of  the  Indian  population 
of  Ecuador,  speaking  a dialect  of  Quichua. 

Quivas  (ke'vas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Vene- 
zuela, on  the  upper  Orinoco  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Meta.  It  is  said  that  they  formerly  lived  on  the 
Casanare  in  Colombia.  They  are  very  savage,  and  enemies 
of  the  whites,  frequently  attacking  travelers.  Their  lan- 
guage has  been  referred  to  the  Carib  stock. 

Quivira  (ke-ve'ra),  La  Gran.  [Sp.,  ‘the 
great  Quivira.’]  The  name  given,  in  the  second 
half  of  the  18th  century,  to  the  ruins  of  the  Piro 
pueblo  of  Tabira,  south  of  the  salt-deposits  of 
the  Manzano.  The  origin  of  this  designation  was  a geo- 
graphical misunderstanding,  coupled  with  the  fabulous 
tales  about  the  wealth  of  the  Quivira  tribe. 

Quixote,  Don.  See  Don  Quixote. 

Quixote  of  the  North,  The.  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden. 

Quomodo  (kwo-mo'do).  In  Middleton’s  play 
“Michaelmas  Term,”  a woolen-draper  and 
usurer,  whose  amusingly  frustrated  ambition 
is  to  be  a landed  proprietor. 

Quongti  Richard.  A pseudonym  of  Macaulay. 

Quoratean  (kwo-ra-te'an),  or  Quoratem. 


Qwinctunnetun 

[From  the  native  name  of  Salmon  River.]  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  it 
embraces  the  Karok  and  Kworatem  divisions,  formerly  oc- 
cupying numerous  villages  on  the  Klamath  River  and  its 
tributaries,  from  the  range  of  hills  above  Happy  Camp  to 
its  junction  with  the  Trinity,  and  on  the  Salmon  from  its 
mouth  to  its  sources  in  northwestern  California.  Number 
between  300  and  500.  See  Petsik . 

Quoratem.  See  Quoratean. 

Quorra.  See  Niger. 

Quotem  (kwot'em),  Caleb.  A character  in 
“The  Review,”  by  Colman  the  younger.  The 
character  was  taken  by  him  from  an  unsuccessful  comic 
opera,  “ Caleb  Quotem  and  his  Wife,  or  Paint,  Poetry,  and 
Putty,”  by  Henry  Lee.  Quotem  is  a ubiquitous  and  preter- 
naturally  loquacious  jack  of  all  trades,  as  may  be  seen  by 
the  sign  over  his  door  : “ Quotem,  Auctioneer,  Plumber, 
Glazier,  Engraver,  Apothecary,  Schoolmaster,  Watch- 
maker, Sign-Painter,  etc.,  etc.  N.  B.  This  is  the  Parish 
Clerk's — I cure  Agues  and  Teach  the  Use  of  the  Globes." 

Quran.  See  Koran. 

Qwinctunnetun  (chwin//shtun-na,tun).  [‘Peo- 
ple among  the  gravel.’]  A subdivision  (village) 
of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians : also  known  as  the 
Wishtenatin  or  Pistol  Rivers  (so  called  from 
their  former  habitat  on  Pistol  River,  Oregon). 
The  survivors  are  on  the  Siletz  reservation, 
Oregon.  See  Athapascan. 


(ra).  In  Egyptian  mytholo- 
gy, the  sun-god,  a type  of  the 
supreme  deity,  always  vic- 
torious: the  protector  of 
men  and  vanquisher  of  evil. 
He  was  frequently  associated  or 
confounded  with  other  gods,  as 
Amun-Ra,  or  Sebek-Ra.  In  art 
lie  was  represented  either  hawlc- 
lieaded  or  in  human  form,  exhib- 
iting on  his  head  the  solar  disk  with  the  uraeus.  As  the 
emblem  of  supreme  power,  every  Egyptian  king  was  styled 
his  son. 

Raab  (rah).  A river  in  Styria  and  Hungary 
which  joins  an  arm  of  the  Danube  at  Eaab. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Raab,  Hung.  Gydr  (dyer)  orNagy-Gyor  (nody'- 
dyer').  A royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Raab,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Eaab 
and  an  arm  of  the  Danube  (the  “Little  Dan- 
ube”), 63  miles  west  bynorth  of  Budapest.  Itlias 
important  trade.  It  contains  a cathedral,  and  the  Abbey 
of  St.  Martinsber^f  is  in  the  vicinity.  It  was  an  ancient  Ro- 
man town ; was  held  by  the  Turks  in  1504-98 ; and  was  for- 
merly strongly  fortified.  Near  it,  June  14, 1809,  the  French 
under  Prince  Eugene  defeated  the  Austrian  forces  under 
Archduke  John.  It  was  held  by  the  Hungarians  in  1848- 
1849,  and  stormed  by  the  Austrians  in  1849.  Population, 
commune,  28,989. 

Eaasay,  or  Easay  (ra'sa).  An  island  of  the 
Inner  Hebrides,  Inverness-shire,  Scotland,  sep- 
arated from  the  Isle  of  Skye  on  the  west  by 
Eaasay  Sound.  Length,  13  miles. 

Eab.  See  Arlte. 

Rab  (rab)  (Abba  Areka).  Born  175 : died  247. 
A celebrated  rabbi  in  Babylonia,  the  most  im- 
portant Jewish  personage  of  his  period.  He  held 
for  a time  the  post  of  agoranomos  (inspector  of  markets); 
was  one  of  the  collectors  of  the  Mishna ; founded  the 
celebrated  Jewish  academy  at  Sora ; and  introduced  many 
reforms,  more  especially  in  the  marriage  laws  and  the 
practice  of  the  courts  of  justice. 

Rabagas  (ra-ba-gas').  A play  by  Sardou,  pro- 
duced in  1871. 

Rab  and  bis  Friends.  See  Brown,  John  (1810- 
1882). 

Rabanus,  or  Hrabanus,  or  Rhabanus  (ra-ba/- 
nos),  Maurus  (‘the  Moor’).  [OHG.  llraban, 
raven.]  Born  at  Mainz  about  776:  died  at 
Winkel,  Germany,  Feb.  4,  856.  A German  theo- 
logian, abbot  of  Fulda,  and  later  (847)  arch- 
bishop of  Mainz.  He  was  a disciple  of  Alcuin,  and 
before  his  elevation  to  the  archbishopric  taught  theology, 
philosophy,  poetry,  and  rhetoric  at  Paris  in  a school  es- 
tablished there  by  Anglo-Saxon  monks.  He  wrote  com- 
mentaries aud  theological  works  (edited  by  Colvenerius, 
1027). 

Rabat  (ra-bat'),  or  New  Sallee.  A seaport  in 
Morocco,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bu  Ee- 
gr eg,  opposite  Sallee,  in  lat.  34°  N.  it  has  impor- 
tant  manufactures  of  leather,  carpets,  cotton  and  woolen, 
etc.,  and  has  coasting  and  foreign  trade.  Population, 
26,000.  Also  Rebat , Ribat,  Arbet,  Arbat , Rbat,  etc. 

Rabbah,  or  Rabba,  or  Rabbath- Ammon.  See 

Philadelphia. 

Rabelais  (rab-e-la'),  Francois.  Born  at  Chi- 
non,  Touraine,  probably  in  1495 : died  at  Paris, 
April  9,  1553.  A celebrated  French  humorist. 
He  attended  school  at  an  abbey  near  his  native  town,  and 
went  thence  to  the  convent  of  La  Baumette  near  Angers. 
In  compliance  with  the  wishes  of  his  father,  Thomas  Rabe- 
lais, he  became  a monk  and  spent  some  15  years  in  con- 
scientious work  at  the  Cordelier  convent  of  Fontenay- 
le-Comte  (1509-24).  He  was  transferred  thence  to  the 
order  of  Benedictine  monks  at  Maillezais,  and  his  occupa- 
tions during  the  6 years  that  follow  are  not  well  defined. 
In  1530  he  is  found  studying  medicine  at  Montpellier,  and 
two  years  later  practising  the  profession  at  Lyons,  though 
he  took  the  doctor’s  degree  in  1537  only.  He  devoted  a 
great  deal  of  his  time  to  writing,  and  yet  led  a wandering 
life  in  France  and  in  Italy.  He  was  in  charge  of  the 
parish  of  Meudon  1550-52,  and  died  shortly  afterward, 
presumably  in  Paris.  Besides  composing  yearly  alma- 
nacs, of  which  but  a few  fragments  are  preserved  to  this 
day,  Rabelais  edited  various  old  medical  treatises,  and 
made  his  lasting  reputation  with  the  novels  “ Pantagruel  ” 
(1533)  and  “Gargantua"  (1535),  of  which  the  latter  comes 
first  in  point  of  t he  story  they  both  tell.  They  were 
published  under  the  name  of  Alcofribas  Nasier  which  is 
simply  the  anagram  of  Francois  Rabelais.  Their  suc- 
cess was  such  as  to  encourage  a sequel.  Subsequent  vol- 
umes came  out  under  Rabelais’s  own  name,  the  third  in 
1645,  the  fourth  in  1552,  and  the  fifth  as  a posthumous 
work  in  1564. 


Rabelais,  The  English.  An  epithet  given  to 
Swift,  Amory,  and  Sterne. 

Rab-mag  (rab-mag').  The  title  of  a Babylonian 
officer  mentioned  in  J er.  xxxix.  3 : possibly  the 
chief  of  the  Magi,  a class  of  soothsayers. 

Rabshakeh  (rab-shak'e).  [Assyro-Babylonian 
rab  £dq.]  The  title  of  a Babylonian  officer 
(2  Ki.  xviii.  17,  Isa.  xxxvi.  2),  probably  general 
or  commander. 

Rabutin  (ra-bii-tah' ) , Roger  de, Comte  de  Bussy, 
known  as  Bussy-Rabutin  (bii-se'ra-bu-tah'). 
Born  at  Epiry,  Nievre,  France,  April  18,  1618: 
died  at  Autun,  France,  April  9, 1693.  A French 
officer  and  writer.  He  wrote  “ Histoire  amoureuse  des 
Gaules”  (1665:  a kind  of  scandalous  chronicle  recording 
gossip  about  the  ladies  of  the  court),  ‘ Mtmoires,”  and 
‘'Lettres.” 

Raccoon  (ra-kon'),  or  Coon  (kon),  River.  A 
river  in  Iowa,  a tributary  of  the  Des  Moines, 
which  it  joins  at  Des  Moines.  Length,  about 
175  miles. 

Race  (ras),  Cape.  A headland  at  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  Newfoundland. 

Race  of  Alderney.  That  part  of  the  English 
Channel  which  lies  between  Alderney  and  the 
neighboring  coast  of  France  (department  of 
Manche). 

Rachel  (ra'chel).  [Heb.,  ‘a  ewe’;  F.  Rachel,  It. 
Rachele,  Sp.  Raquel,  Pg.  Rachel,  G.  Rahel.']  The 
daughter  of  Laban,  sister  of  Leah,  and  wife  of 
Jacob : mother  of  Joseph  and  Benjamin. 

Rachel  (ra-shel'),  Elisa  or  Elisabeth  Felix, 

called.  Born  at  Mumpf,  Aargau,  Switzerland, 
Feb.28,1821(March  24,1820?):  died  near  Cannes, 
France,  Jan.  3, 1858.  A celebrated  French  tra- 
gedienne, of  Hebrew  descent.  She  was  a street- 
singer  in  Lyons  in  1831  with  her  sister  Sophie,  known  as 
Sarah.  Choron,  director  of  aschooiof  music,  hearinglier, 
was  struck  with  the  quality  of  her  voice,  and  took  her  with 
her  family  to  Paris,  where  she  entered  his  academy.  She 
soon  lost  her  voice,  however,  and  studied  the  dramatic 
art  with  Saint-Aulaire.  He  had  a small  theater  known  as 
“La  Salle  Moliere,”  where  he  produced  plays  with  his 
pupils  as  actors.  Rachel  played  soubrettes  and  tragic 
roles  there  from  1834  to  1836.  She  began  to  attract  at- 
tention, and  was  admitted  to  the  Conservatoire  in  1836 ; 
made  rapid  progress;  resigned  in  1837;  appeared  at  the 
Gymnase  in  July  of  that  year;  and  in  1838  appeared  as 
Camille  in  “Horace”  at  the  ThdStre  Fran<;ais.  Hersuc- 
cess  was  extraordinary,  in  the  greenroom  and  orchestra  as 
well  as  in  the  house.  From  this  time  her  reputation  was 
secure.  She  went  to  England  in  1841,  and  to  America  in 
1855,  where  she  contracted  a cold  that  ended  in  her  fatal 
illness.  Her  finest  parts  were  in  the  plays  of  Corneille 
and  Racine,  and  in  “Adrienne  Lecouvreur.”  She  also 
played  Jeanne  Dare,  Mademoiselle  de  Belle  Isle,  CWo- 
p.itre,  etc. 

Racine  (ra-sen').  A city,  capital  of  Racine 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan 
23  miles  south  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  a flourishing 
trade  in  grain,  and  important  manufactures  (threshing- 
machines,  wagons,  etc.).  It  was  settled  in  1834.  Popula. 
tion,  38,002,  (1910). 

Racine  (ra-sen'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  La 
Ferte-Milon,  Dec.  21,  1639 : died  at  Paris,  April 
26,  1699.  A celebrated  French  tragic  poet. 
He  lost  his  parents  at  a very  early  age,  and  was  brought 
up  by  his  grandparents.  His  studies,  begun  when  he  was 
ten  years  old  at  the  College  of  Beauvais,  were  continued  at 
Port  Royal,  and  finished  at  the  College  d'Harcourt  (1658- 
1659).  On  graduating,  he  went  to  live  with  a cousin  of  his, 
who  was  in  the  service  of  the  Due  de  Luynes.  He  was 
well  received  in  society,  and  made  stanch  friends  among 
men  of  literary  bent.  His  early  training  in  Greek  and 
Latin  classics,  especially  the  former,  had  been  very  thor- 
ough, and  his  tastes  all  ran  in  the  direction  of  intellec- 
tual pursuits.  He  attracted  attention  in  this  line  for  the 
first  time  by  an  ode  written  for  the  marriage  of  Louis  XIV., 
and  entitled  “Les  nymphesde  la  Seine  ”(1660).  A couple 
of  short  comedies,  “ Amasie ” (1660)  and  “Les  amours 
d'Ovide”  (1661),  are  among  his  first  attempts  as  a play- 
wright, and  unfortunately  are  now  lost.  His  friendly  rela- 
tions with  men  like  La  Fontaine,  Boileau,  and  Molifere  led 
him  to  devote  himself  to  writing  for  the  stage:  he  thus 
produced  a couple  of  plays,  “La  Thdbaide”  (1661)  and 
“Alexandre”  (1665).  His  first  real  success  as  a dramatic 
poet  was  scored  in  “ Andromaque”  (1667),  which  is  the 
initial  tragedy  in  a long  series  of  masterpieces.  He  at- 
tempted comedy  next  in  “Les  plaideurs”  (1668).  hut  re- 
verted completely  to  tragedy  in  “Britannicus  ” (1669), 
“B6r6nice”  (1070),  “ Bajazet  ” (1672),  “Mithridate"  (1673), 
“Iphig6nie  ” (1674),  and  “ Phtdre  ” (1677).  Racine’s  ene- 
mies conspired  against  him  at  this  juncture,  and  preferred 
to  him  a minor  poet  named  I’radon,  who  had  written  a 
838 


rival  tragedy  on  “ Phfedre  ” which  they  extolled  far  above 
Racine’s  play.  The  great  poet  abstained  then  fora  num- 
ber of  years  from  composing  tragedies,  but  finally,  at 
the  request  of  Madame  de  Maintenon,  wrote  a couple  of 
plays  of  great  lyric  beauty,  dealing  with  subjects  from  the 
Bible  : “ Esther  ” (16b9)  and  “ Athalie  ” (1691).  Besides  the 
above,  Racine  composed  four  hymns  that  rank  among 
the  finest  productions  in  lyric  poetry  of  his  day,  also  an 
“Abr^gd  de  l’histoire  de  Port-Royal,”  and  a few  other 
minor  writings.  The  best  edition  of  Racine's  works  was 
made  by  Paul  Mesnard  for  the  “Collection  des  grands 
Ecrivains  de  la  France  ” (1865-74).  Racine  was  made  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1673. 

Racine,  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1692: 
died  there,  Jan.  29, 1763.  A French  poet,  son  of 
J.  B.  Eacine  whose  biography  he  wrote  (1747). 

Racket  (rak'et),  Mrs.  A character  in  Mi's. 
Cowley’s  comedy  “The  Belle’s  Stratagem”: 
“a  qualified  flirt,  the  incarnation  of  vivacity 
and  good  humour.” 

Racket  Lake  (rak'et  lak).  A lake  in  the  Adi- 
rondacks,  in  Hamilton  County,  northern  New 
Y ork.  Its  outlet  is  by  Long  Lake  and  Racket  River  into 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Also  Haquette. 

Racket  River.  A river  in  the  northern  part  of 
New  York.  It  joins  the  St.  Lawrence  45  miles  north- 
east of  Ogdensburg.  Length,  about  125  miles. 

Raclawice  (rat-sla-^it'se;.  A village  in  the 
government  of  Ivielce,  Russian  Poland,  north 
of  Cracow.  Here,  April  4,  1794,  the  Poles  under  Kos- 
ciuszko  defeated  the  Russians. 

Racow.  See  Ralcow. 

Rada  (ra'da),  Juan  de.  Born  in  Castile  about 
1490:  diedat  Jauja,  Peru,  1542.  A Spanish  cav- 
alier. He  followed  Alvarado  to  Guatemala  and  Peru 
(1534),  was  with  the  elder  Almagro  in  Chile  (1535-36),  and 
later  headed  the  conspiracy  against  Pizarro,  killing  him, 
it  is  said,  with  his  own  hand  (June  26,  1541).  Rada  then 
declared  young  Diego  Almagro  governor  of  Peru,  and  ruled 
through  him  until  his  sudden  death  while  marching  to 
Cuzco.  Also  Juan  de  Herrada. 

Radack  (ra'dak),  or  Ratak  (ra'tak),  Islands. 
A chain  of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  nearly  parallel 
with  the  Ralik  chain,  and  with  it  forming  the 
Marshall  group. 

Radagaisus  (rad-a-ga'sus),  or  Radagais  (rad- 
a-gas').  Died  405  A.  D.  A leader  of  an  army 
of  Suevi,  Vandals,  and  other  tribes  which  in- 
vaded Italy  in  405  A.  D.  He  was  defeated  by  Stilicho 
at  Fsesulse,  and  surrendered  on  condition  of  having  his 
life  spared.  He  was,  however,  treacherously  put  to  death. 

Radautz  (ra'douts).  A town  in  Bukowina,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  a subtrihutary  of  the 
Sereth  31  miles  south  of  Czemowitz.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  16,543,  (1910). 

Radcliffe  (l’ad'klif).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Irwell  7 miles  north- 
west of  Manchester.  Population,  25,368. 

Radcliffe,  Mrs.  (Ann  Ward).  Born  at  Lon- 
don, July  9,  1764:  died  there,  Feb.  7,  1823.  An 
English  novelist.  She  appears  to  have  reached  the 
culmination  of  the  romantic  novel,  and  her  imitators  have 
produced  little  that  is  new  in  the  way  of  conjuring  up 
imaginary  horrors.  Among  her  novels  are  “The  Castles 
of  Athlin  aud  Dunbayne,”  “The  Sicilian  Romance ”(1790), 
“Romance  of  the  Forest”  (1791),  “The  Mysteries  of 
Udolpho  ” (1794),  “The  Italian  ” (1797),  etc. 

Radcliffe,  Janies,  Earl  of  Derwent  water.  Born 
1689:  beheaded  at  London,  Feb.  24,  1716.  An 
English  Catholic  nobleman,  a leader  in  the  re- 
bellion of  1715. 

Radcliffe,  John.  Born  at  'Wakefield,  England, 
1650:  died  near  London,  Nov.  1,  1714.  An  Eng- 
lish physician,  founder  of  the  Eadcliffe  Library. 
He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  in  1684  settled  at  London  as 
a medical  practitioner.  He  obtained  great  celebrity  as  a 
physician,  and  attended  several  members  of  the  royal 
family.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1713.  He  left  £40,000 
for  the  erection  of  the  library  at  Oxford  which  hears  his 
name. 

Radcliffe  (rad'klif)  College.  An  institution 
of  learning  situated  at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts. Tt  was  founded  in  1879  as  “ The  Society  for  the  Col- 
legiate Instruction  of  Women,"  popularly  known  as  “the 
Harvard  Annex,”  with  the  purpose  of  giving  to  women  a 
collegiateeducationoftliesamecharacterasthataffordedto 
thestudents  of  Harvard  College.  The  instruction  hasalwavs 
been  given  by  the  professors  and  the  teachers  of  Harvard, 
At  first  it  conferred  no  degree,  but  only  a certificate  that  the 
graduate  had  taken  the  same  courses  and  passed  the  same 
examinations  as  a graduate  of  Harvard  College.  In  1894 
it  was  formally  incorporated  by  the  Massachusetts  legis- 
lature as  a degree-giving  body,  its  degrees  to  be  coun- 


Radcliffe  College 

tersigned  by  the  president  of  Harvard,  and  its  instruction 
and  general  management  to  be  under  the  direction  of  the 
corporation  of  Harvard  College.  The  name  Radcliffe  was 
given  in  honor  of  Lady  Mowlson,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Anne  Radcliffe,  and  who  gave  one  hundred  pounds  to 
Harvard  College  in  1643,  the  first  gift  made  to  the  college 
by  a woman.  It  has  about  600  students. 

Radcliffe  Library.  A library  ( originally  medi- 
cal) connected  with  the  University  of  Oxford, 
England  : founded  by  John  Radcliffe. 
Radetzki,  or  Radetzky  (ra-det'ske),  Feodor. 
Bom  at  Kazan,  July  28,  1820:  died  at  Odessa, 
Feb.  26,  1890.  A Russian  general.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  Russo-Turkish  war  by  his  success- 
ful defense  of  the  Shipka  Pass,  Aug.-Sept.,  1877. 

Radetzky,  or  Radetzki,  Joseph  Wenzel, Count 
Radetzky  de  Radetz.  Born  at  Trzebnitz,  near 
Tabor,  Bohemia,  Nov.  2,  1766:  died  at  Milan, 
Jan.  5,  1858.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He 
served  against  the  Turks.and  against  the  French  at  Hohen- 
linden,  Aspern,  Wagram,  etc. ; was  chief  of  staff  in  the 
campaignsof  1813-15 ; became  commander  in  Italy  in  1831 ; 
was  defeated  by  the  Sardinians  at  Goito  in  1S48 ; and  de- 
feated them  at  Custozza  in  1848,  and  at  Mortara  and  Novara 
in  1849,  and  captured  Venice.  He  was  governor  of  Upper 
Italy  1849-57. 

Radha  (ra'dliii).  [Skt.,  ‘success,  blessing.’] 
In  Sanskrit  mythology:  (a)  The  foster-mother 
of  Kama.  Her  husband,  Adhiratha,  the  charioteer  of 
King  Shura,  found  Kama,  the  illegitimate  son  of  Pritha 
or  Kunti  by  the  Sun,  exposed  on  the  Jumna  by  his  mother, 
and  reared  him  as  his  own  son.  See  Kama.  (&)  A cow- 
herd or  Gopi,  the  favorite  mistress  of  Krishna 
when  at  Vrindavana  among  the  cowherds,  and  a 
a principal  character  in  Jayadeva’s  “ Gitago- 
vinda.”  She  is  sometimes  held  to  typify  the  human  soul 
attracted  toward  Krishna  as  the  divine  goodness,  some- 
times the  divine  love  to  which  Krishna  returns  after  other 
affections.  She  is  also  regarded  as  an  avatar  of  Lakslimi 
as  Krishna  is  of  Vishnu. 

Radhanpur  (rad-han-por'),  or  Rahdunpur  (ra- 
dun-por')  1.  A native  state  in  India,  under 
British  protection,  situated  about  lat.  23°  40' 
N.,  long.  71°  40'  E.  Area,  1,150  square  miles. 
Population,  61,548. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Radhanpur.  Population,  11,879. 

Radnor  (rad'nor).  A county  of  South  Wales. 
It  is  bounded  by  Montgomery  on  the  north,  Shropshire  on 
the  northeast,  Hereford  on  the  east,  Brecknock  on  the 
south,  and  Brecknock  and  Cardigan  on  the  west.  The 
surface  is  generally  hilly.  Area  (ad.  co.),  470.6  square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  23,281. 

Radolfzell  (ra'dolf-tsel),  or  Zell  (tsel).  A town 
in  the  circle  of  Constance,  Baden,  situated  on 
the  Untersee  arm  of  Lake  Constance,  11  miles 
northwest  of  Constance.  It  contains  a Gothic 
church  built  in  1436,  and  has  preserved  its 
medieval  walls. 

Radom  (ra'dom).  1.  A government  of  Russian 
Poland,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of 
Kielee,  Piotrkow,  Warsaw,  Siedlce,  and  Lub- 
lin, and  by  Galicia.  Area,  4,769  square  miles. 
Population,  975,300. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Radom,  situated  on  the  Mleczna 
59  miles  south  of  Warsaw.  Population,  31,000. 
Radowitz  (ra'do-vits),  Joseph  Maria  von. 
Born  at  Blankenburg,  Germany,  Feb.  6,  1797: 
died  Dec.  25, 1853.  A Prussian  general  and  poli- 
tician, of  Hungarian  descent.  He  was  a deputy  to 
the  Frankfort  parliament  in  1848,  and  to  the  Erfurt  parlia- 
ment in  1850.  He  was  a friend  and  confidential  adviser  of 
Frederick  William  IV.,  and  was  a leader  of  the  anti-revo- 
lutionary party. 

Radstadt  (rad'stat).  A town  in  Salzburg,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Enns  31  miles 
south  by  east  of  Salzburg.  It  was  formerly  of 
importance. 

Rae  (ra),  John.  Born  in  the  Orkney  Islands, 
1813:  died  at  London,  July  22,  1893.  A British 
arctic  explorer.  He  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh, 
and  was  for  a time  a ship's  surgeon  in  the  employment 
of  tile  Hudson  Bay  Company.  He  made  explorations  iri 
1846—47.  In  1848  he  went  with  Richardson  in  search  of 
Franklin.  He  proved  King  William's  Land  to  be  an 
island  and  discovered  traces  of  Sir  John  Franklin  1853-, 
1854.  In  1864  he  made  a telegraphic  survey  across  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

Raeburn  (ra'bem),  Sir  Henry.  Born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  near  Edinburgh,  March  4,  1756 : died 
there,  July  8, 1823.  A Scottish  portrait-painter. 
He  was  educated  at  Heriot’s  Hospital,  and  at  15  appren- 
ticed to  a goldsmith  at  Edinburgh.  From  this  he  passed 
to  miniature-painting  and  to  oil-painting,  entirely  self- 
taught.  On  the  advice  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  he  studied 
in  Italy,  returning  to  Edinburgh  in  1787,  where  he  re- 
mained. lie  painted  portraits  of  Scott,  Blair,  Robertson, 
Dugald  Stewart,  etc.  In  1814  he  was  made  associate  royal 
academician,  and  in  1815  royal  academician. 

Rsedwald  (rad'wald),  or  Redwald  (red'wald). 
A powerful  king  of  East  Anglia  (died  about 
617) : included  among  the  Bretwaldas. 

Ra-en-ka  (r;i'en-ka/).  A remarkable  work  of 
early  Egyptian  art,  in  the  museum  at  Cairo, 
Egypt,  It  is  a figure  of  wood,  of  over  half  natural  size, 
representing  a middle-aged  man  standing  in  the  attitude 
of  a person  directing  workmen.  The  eyes  are  inlaid.  The 


839 

figure  is  very  lifelike.  Commonly  called  the  Sheikh  el 
Beled,  or  village  sheikh.  He  was  an  overseer  of  public 
works  in  the  time  of  the  4th  dynasty. 

Rsetia.  See  Bheetia. 

Rafael.  See  Raphael. 

Raff  (raf),  Joseph  Joachim.  Born  at  Lachen, 
Schwyz,  Switzerland,  May  27,  1822:  died  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  June  24,  1882.  A Ger- 
man composer.  His  works  number  nearly  300,  includ- 
ing symphonies  (among  which  are  “Im  Walde,"  “Leo- 
nore,”  etc.),  sonatas,  songs,  quartets,  and  operas.  Among 
the  last  are  “Konig  Alfred ” (1850), “Dame  Kobold” (1870), 
etc. 

Raffaello,  or  Raffaelle.  See  Raphael. 

Raffles  (raf'lz),  Sir  Thomas  Stamford.  Born 
at  sea,  July  5, 1781:  died  July  5, 1826.  An  Eng- 
lish colonial  governor  and  administrator  in 
Java  and  Sumatra.  He  published  a “History 
of  Java”  (1817). 

Rafinesque (ra-fe-nesk'), Constantine  Smaltz. 

Born  at  Galatz,  Constantinople,  1784:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  18,  1842.  A French-Ameri- 
can  botanist.  He  published  several  works  on 
botany  and  miscellaneous  subjects. 

Rafn  (rafn),  Karl  Christian.  Born  at  Brahes- 
borg,  Fiinen,  Denmark,  Jan.  16,  1795 : died  at 
Copenhagen,  Oct.  20, 1864.  A noted  Danish  an- 
tiquary. He  published  various  works  on  Northern  an- 
tiquities, and  is  best  known  from  his  “ Antiquitates  Ameri- 
can® " (1837),  oh  the  medieval  (10th-century)  discoveries 
and  the  settlements  from  the  11th  to  the  14th  century  of 
the  Scandinavians  in  America. 

Raft  of  the  Medusa.  A painting  by  Gericault, 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The  raft  bears  the  dying  survi- 
vors of  the  lost  frigate.  It  is  a dramatic  presentation  of 
suffering  and  despair.  The  picture  created  a sensation, 
when  exhibited  in  1819,  as  one  of  the  earliest  strongly  de- 
fining the  tendencies  of  the  new  Romantic  school. 

Ragatz,  or  Ragaz  (ra'gats).  A watering-place 
in  the  canton  of  St.-Gall,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Tamina  in  lat.  47°  N.,  long.  9°  30'  E.  it  is 
noted  for  its  hot  springs,  and  has  about  50,090  visitors  an- 
nually. A victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Swiss  Confed- 
erates over  the  Austrians,  1446,  by  which  the  independence 
of  the  former  was  materially  strengthened. 

Raghava  (ra/gha-va).  [Skt.,  ‘descendant  of 
Raghu.’]  In  Sanskrit  mythology,  a name  of 
Rama. 

Raghu  (ra'g-ho).  In  Hindu  mythology,  an  an- 
cient king,  ancestor  of  Rama  (whence  the  lat- 
ter is  called  Raghava,  ‘ descendant  of  Raghu  ’). 

Raghuvansha  (ra-g-ho-van'sha).  [Skt.,  ‘the 
Raghu  race.’]  A Sanskrit  poem,  ascribed  to 
Kalidasa,  on  the  history  of  Ramachandra,  the 
Raghava.  Its  date  cannot,  according  to  Jacobi,  be  ear- 
lier  than  the  4th  century  A.  D.  It  has  been  translated  into 
Latin  by  Stenzler,and  into  English  by  Griffiths. 

Raglan,  Lord.  See  Somerset,  Fitzroy  James 
Henry. 

Ragman  Roll.  1.  A collection  of  parchments 
containing  the  record  of  the  fealty  of  Scottish 
barons,  clergy,  and  gentry  to  Edward  I.  of  Eng- 
land when  in  Scotland  in  1296. 

In  the  Chronicle  of  Lanercost  (edited  by  Stevenson,  page 
261)  we  read  that  an  instrument  or  charter  of  subjection 
and  homage  to  the  Kings  of  England  is  called  by  the  Scots 
ragman,  because  of  the  many  seals  hanging  from  it. 
“Unum  instrumentum  sive  cartam  subjeetionis  et  homa- 
gii  faciendi  regibus  Angliae  ...  a Scottis  propter  multa 
sigilla  dependentia ragman  vocatur.”  That  is  the  sense  in 
which  Langland  uses  the  word.  Afterwards  in  Wyntoun’s 
Chronicle,  Douglas  and  Dunbar,  “ ragman  ” and  “ragmen t” 
mean  a long  piece  of  writing,  a rhapsody,  or  an  account. 
In  course  of  time,  it  is  said,  “ragman’s  roll"became  “rig- 
marole.’’ Morley,  English  Writers,  IV.  291. 

2.  A poem  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  con- 
sisting of  a list  of  good  and  had  women  in 
alternate  stanzas. 

Ragnar  Lodbrok  (rag'narlod'brok).  A semi- 
legendary  Norse  viking,  supposed  to  have  in- 
vaded England  about  the  end  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury. 

Ragnarok  (rag'na-rek').  [From  Icel.  ragna 
rdkr,  twilight  of  the  gods  (G.  Gotterddmmer- 
ung),  from  ragna,  gen.  of  rogn,  regin,  neut.  pi., 
the  gods  (=  Goth,  ragin,  counsel,  will,  determin- 
ation, from  ragineis,  counselor),  and  rdkr,  twi- 
light, dimness,  vapor;  but  orig.  ragna,  role,  the 
history  of  the  gods  and  the  world,  esp.  with  ref. 
to  the  last  judgment,  doomsday,  from  rok,  rea- 
son, judgment.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the 
general  destruction  of  the  gods  in  a great  bat- 
tle with  the  evil  powers,  in  which  the  latter  also 
perish  and  the  universe  is  consumed  by  fire. 
It  is  followed  by  the  regeneration  of  all  things.  A new 
earth  rises  from  the  sea ; sons  of  Odin  and  of  Thor,  gods 
who  represent  the  regenerative  forces  of  nature,  reappear, 
together  with  Baldur  and  Hodur  (Old  Norse  Hodhr),  gods 
of  the  year’s  seasons  ; and  the  earth  is  peopled  anew. 

Ragotzky.  See  Rdkoezy. 

Raguet  (ra-ga'),  Condy.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Jan.  28,  1784:  died  there,  March  22,  1842.  An 
American  political  economist.  He  published  “ Prin- 
ciples  of  Free  Trade  ” (1835),  “ On  Currency  and  Banking  ’’ 
(1839),  etc. 


Rainer 

Ragusa  (ra-go'sa).  [F.  Raguse,  It.  Ragusa,  Slav. 
Dubrovnik,  Turk.  Paprovni'k .]  A seaport  of  Dal- 
matia, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic in  lat.  42°  38'  N.,  long.  18°  9’  E.  It  exports  oil. 
The  chief  buildings  are  the  cathedral  and  the  medieval 
palace.  It  is  strongly  fortified.  It.  was  settled  in  the  7th 
century ; was  recruited  largely  by  fugitives  from  Old  Ra- 
gusa and  by  Slavs ; became  a republic  governed  by  rectors  •, 
came  under  the  protection  of  Hungary,  Turkey,  etc. ; was  a 
flourishing  maritime  state  in  the  15th  century  ; was  nearly 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1667  ; became  the  seat  of  a 
flourishing  literature ; was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1806 ; 
and  was  given  to  Austria  in  1814.  Population,  commune, 
14,241,  (1910). 

Ragusa.  A city  in  the  province  of  Syracuse, 
Sicily,  situated  on  the  river  Ragusa  30  miles 
west-southwest,  of  Syracuse,  it  is  sometimes  iden- 
tified  with  the  ancient  Hybla  Hersea.  Population,  com- 
mune, 31,519. 

Ragusa  Vecehia  (ra-go'sa vek'ke-a).  [‘OldRa- 
gusa.’]  A small  town  9 miles  southeast  of  Ra- 
gusa in  Dalmatia : the  ancient  Epidaurus. 

Raguse,  Due  de  (Duke  of  Ragusa).  See  Mar- 
mont. 

Rahab  (ra'hab).  In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
woman  of  Jericho  who  protected  two  spies  sent 
by  Joshua  to  view  the  land.  She  concealed  them  in 
her  house,  put  their  pursuers  on  a false  scent,  and  let  them 
down  by  a cord  from  a window  (Josh.  ii.).  She  was  the 
mother  of  Boaz,  and  David  was  her  descendant. 

Eahel.  See  Varnhagen  von  Ense. 

Rahl(ral),  Karl.  Born  at  Vienna,  Aug.  13, 1812: 
died  there,  July  9, 1865.  An  Austrian  historical 
painter. 

Rahmaniyeh  (rah-ma-ne'ye),  or  Ramanieh 

(ra-ma-ne'e).  A place  in  the  Delta  of  Egypt, 
40  miles  east  by  south  of  Alexandi-ia.  it  was  a 
scene  of  military  operations  in  the  French  campaigns  in 
Egypt  1798-1801. 

Ra-Hotep.  See  Nefert  and  Ra-Hotep. 

Rahu(ra'ho).  [Skt.,‘ the seizer’;  from  rabh  = 
grali,  seize.]  In  Sanskrit,  the  demon  who  seizes 
the  sun  and  moon,  and  thereby  occasions  their 
eclipse.  In  astronomical  treatises,  the  ascending  node, 
the  eclipse  itself,  and  especiaUy  the  moment  at  which  the 
obscuration  begins. 

Rahway  (ra'wa).  A city  in  Union  County,  New 
J ersey,  situated  on  Rahway  River  17 miles  south- 
west of  New  York.  It  has  manufactures  of  car- 
riages, etc.  Population,  9,337,  (1910). 

Raiatea  (ri-a-ta/a),  or  Ulietea  (o-le-e-ta'a). 
One  of  the  Society  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  it 
is  the  largest  of  the  Leeward  group,  situated  northwest 
of  Tahiti. 

Rai  Bareli  (ri  ba-ra'le),  or  Roy  Bareilly  (roi 
ba-ra'le).  1.  Aformer  division  of  Oudh,  British 
India.  Area,  4,882  square  miles. — 2.  A dis- 
trict in  the  division  of  Rai  Bareli,  intersected 
by  lat.  26°  15'  N.,  long.  81°  E.  Area,  1,748 
square  miles.  Population,  1,033,761. — 3.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Rai  Bareli,  situated  on 
the  Sai  about  lat.  26°  14'  N.,  long.  81°  14'  E. 
Population,  15,880. 

Raibolini,  Francesco.  See  Francia. 

Raikes  (raks),  Robert.  Bornat  Gloucester, Eng- 
land, Sept.  14,  1735:  died  April  5,  1811.  An 
English  publisher,  noted  as  a philanthropist. 
He  was  the  originator  of  the  modern  Sunday-schools,  the 
first  of  which  he  established  at  Gloucester  in  1780. 

Railroad  City,  The.  Indianapolis. 

Rail-Splitter,  The.  A nickname  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  in  allusion  to  his  early  life. 

Raimond.  See  Raymond. 

Raimondi  (ri-mon'de),  Antonio.  BornatMilan, 
1825:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Dec.,  1890.  An  Ital- 
ian geographer  and  naturalist.  He  went  to  Peru 
in  1850,  and  spent  20  years  in  traveling  and  collecting 
material  for  his  great  work  on  the  geography  and  natural 
history  of  the  republic.  This  was  to  have  been  printed 
at  the  expense  of  the  nation,  and  3 preliminary  volumes 
appeared  (1874,  1876,  and  1880).  The  edition  of  the  4th 
voiume  was  destroyed  by  the  Chileans  in  1881,  and  after  the 
war  the  publication  was  interrupted ; but  the  materials 
collected  by  Raimondi  are  preserved  by  the  Peruvian 
Geographical  Society.  He  published  a topographical  and 
geological  account  of  Ancachs  (1873). 

Raimondi  (ri-mon'de),  Marcantonio.  Born  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  about  1475:  died  before  1534. 
One  of  the  chief  Italian  engravers  of  the  Re- 
naissance. He  engraved  after  Raphael,  Giulio 
Romano,  Albrecht  Diirer,  and  others. 

Raimund.  See  Raymond. 

Raimund  (ri'mond),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Vi- 
enna, June  1, 1790:  died  Sept.  5,  1836.  An  Aus- 
trian dramatist  and  actor. 

Raimundus  Lullus.  See  Lully. 

Rain  (rln).  A small  town  in  Swabia,  Bavaria, 
situated  near  the  Lech  22  miles  north  of  Augs- 
burg. It  was  the  scene  of  an  engagement  between  the 
forces  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  Tilly,  April  15,  1632,  in 
which  Tilly  was  mortally  wounded. 

Rainer  (ri'ner),  Archduke  of  Austria.  Born 
Sept.  30,  1783:  died  in  Tyrol,  Jan.  16,  1853. 
Seventh  son  of  the  emperor  Leopold  II.,  vice- 


Rainer 

roy  of  the  Austrian  possessions  in  Italy  from 
1818  to  the  insurrection  of  1848. 

Rainier  (ra'ner),  Mount.  The  highest  moun- 
tain in  the  State  of  Washington,  situated  oast 
of  Tacoma.  It  is  of  volcanic  origin.  Height, 
14,363  foot.  Sometimes  called  Tacoma. 

Rains  (ranz),  Gabriel  Janies.  Born  in  North 
Carolina,  1803:  died  at  Aiken,  S.  C.,  Sept.  6, 
1881.  An  American  general,  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1827;  served  In  the  Seminole  and  Mexican  wars; 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  1800.  He 
accepted  a brigadier-generalship  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice in  1861,  and  served  with  dist  inction  at  Wilson’s  Creek, 
Shiloh,  and  Seven  Pines.  Hu  afterward  had  charge  of  the 
conscript  and  torpedo  bureaus  at  Richmond. 

Rainy  (ra'ni)  Lake.  A lake  on  the  border  of 
Minnesota  and  Canada,  northwest  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. Ita  outlet  ia  the  Rainy  River  (length  80  to  100 
miles)  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  Length  of  the  lake, 
about  65  miles. 

Raipur  (ri-pSr').  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Raipur,  Central  Provinces  of  British  India,  sit- 
uated about  lat.  21°  14'  N.,  long.  81°  39'  E. 
Population,  with  cantonment,  32,114. 

Rais.  See  liefer. 

Raisin  (ra'zn).  A river  in  southern  Michigan 
which  flows  into  Lake  Erie  34  miles  south-south- 
west of  Detroit.  Length,  about  125  miles.  For 
the  battle  fought  on  it  in  1813,  see  Frenchtown. 
Rajagriha  (rii-ja-gri'ha).  [‘King’s  house’;  in 
Pali  Rajagahaj]  The  Gi rivraja  of  theRamayana, 
the  modern  Rajgir  in  Behar.  it  was  the  capital  of 
Magadha,  and  one  of  the  scenes  of  Buddha’s  preaching. 
Near  it  was  the  Veluvana  (‘bamboo  grove')  which  King 
Bimbiearagave  to  Buddha,  and  in  which  Buddha  delighted 
to  dwell. 

Rajamandry  (ril-ja-man'dre),  or  Rajama- 
hendri  (ra-ja-ma-hen'dre).  A town  in  Goda- 
vari district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on 
the  Godavari  in  lat.  17°  1'  N.,  long.  81°  46'  E. 
Population,  36,408. 

Rajashekhara  (rii-ja-sba'k-ha-ra).  A Hindu 
dramatist  who  lived  about  900  a.  d.  (Von 
Schroder).  He  was  the  author  of  three  Sanskrit  dramas, 
the  “Balaramayana"  ( ‘Exploits  of  Balarana”),  the  “Pra- 
chandapandava”(“  The  Wrathful  Sons  of  Pandu  ”),  and  the 
“ Viddhashaiabhanjika”  (“The  Wounded  Doll”),  and  of  a 
Prakrit  drama,  the  “Karpuramanjari  " (“Cluster  of  Cam- 
phor-blossoms ”). 

Rajatarangini  (ra-ja-ta-rang'gi-ne).  [Skt., 
‘ Stream  of  Kings.’]  A Sanskrit  chronicle  of  the 
kings  of  Kashmir,  written  about  1148  A.  D.  by 
Kalhana.  It  is  remarkable  as  almost  the  only  work  in 
Sanskrit  literature  which  lias  any  historical  value.  There 
is  a French  translation  by  Troyer. 

Rajeshaye,  or  Rajeshahi.  See  Rajshahi. 
Rajputana,  or  Rajpootana  (raj-po-ta'na).  A 
collective  name  of  eighteen  native  states,  two 
chiefships,  and  the  British  province  of  Ajmir, 
situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  India. 
The  chief  states  are  Bikanir,  Jaipur,  Jiasalmir,  Marwar, 
and  Mewar.  The  ruling  people  are  the  Rajputs.  The 
region  formed  part  of  the  Mogul  empire;  it  was  subju- 
gated by  the  Mahrattas.  Area,  130,402  square  miles. 
Population,  9,723,301. 

Rajputs,  or  Rajpoots  (raj-pots").  [From  Hindu 
rajput,  a prince,  son  of  a raja.]  The  members 
of  the  Hindu  race  (divided  into  numerous  clans) 
who  regard  themselves  as  descendants  of  the 
ancient  Kshatriya,  or  warrior  caste.  They  are  the 
ruling  (though  not  the  most  numerous)  race  of  the  great 
region  named  from  them  Rajputana,  consisting  of  several 
different  states.  Their  hereditary  profession  is  that  of 
arms,  and  no  race  in  India  has  furnished  so  large  a num- 
ber of  princely  families.  The  Rajputs  are  not  strict  ad- 
herents of  Brahmanism. 

Rajshahi  (raj-sha'lie),  or  Rajeshaye  (ra-je- 
sha'e).  1.  A division  in  Bengal,  British 
India.  Area,  18,091  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 9,130,072. — 2.  A district  in  the  Rajshahi 
division,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  30'  N.,  long. 
89°  E.  Area,  2,593  square  miles.  Population, 
1,462,407. 

Rakas  Tal  (ra'kiis  till),  or  Ravan  Hrad  (ra- 
van'  brad).  A sacred  lake  in  Tibet,  situated 
about  lat.  30°  45'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  Sntlej.  Circumference,  about  50  miles. 
Rake’s  Progress,  The.  A series  of  8 pictures 
by  Hogarth  (1735),  in  the  Soane  Museum,  Lon- 
don. The  subject  is  the  descent  of  a rich  young 
man,  through  dissipation,  to  poverty,  despair, 
and  madness. 

Rakoczy  (ra'kot-se),  Francis  II.  Died  at  Ro- 
dosto,  Turkey,  April  8,  1735.  A Hungarian 
statesman,  leader  of  the  insurrection  of  1703- 
1711.  He  was  chosen  prince  of  Transylvania 
1704,  and  assumed  tl>e  government  1707.  He 
left  Hungary  after  the  peace  of  1711. 
R4k6czy,  George  I.  Died  Oct.,  1648.  Prince 
of  Transylvania  1631—48.  In  alliance  with  the 
Swedes,  he  invaded  Hungary  and  Moravia  1644- 
1645. 

Rcikos  (ra'kosh),  Field  of.  A large  plain  near 


840 

Budapest,  Hungary,  east  of  the  Danube.  Many 
Hungarian  Diets  have  met  here.  It  was  the 
scene  of  sevoral  combats  in  1849. 

Rakow  (ra'kov).  A small  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Radom,  Russian  Poland,  near  Kielce. 
It  was  the  center  of  the  Polish  Sociriians  in  the  end  of 
the  16th  century  and  the  beginning  of  the  17th. 
Rakshasa  ( rit ' ksha  - sa) . [ Skt. , from  rakslias, 

hurt,  injury,  and  then  persoDilied  ‘injurer.’] 
An  evil  demon.  The  Rakshasas  play  a groat  part,  in 
Hindu  belief.  According  to  some  they  are  divided  into 
three  classes,  one  being  semi-divine  and  ranking  with  the 
Yakshaa,  another  being  like  the  Titans  and  relentless  ene- 
mies of  die  gods,  while  a third  are  imps  and  goblins  that 
go  about  at  night,  haunting  cemeteries,  disturbing  sacri- 
fices, animating  dead  bodies,  ensnaring  and  even  devour- 
ing human  beings.  Some  have  long  arms,  some  are  fat, 
some  thin,  some  dwarilsh,  some  tali  and  humpbacked, 
some  have  only  one  eye,  some  only  one  ear,  some  enormous 
paunches,  projecting  teeth,  and  crooked  thighs,  while 
others  can  assume  beautiful  forms. 

Raleigh  (ra'li).  [Named  after  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh.] A city,  capital  of  North  Carolina  and 
of  Wake  County,  situated  in  lat.  35°  47'  N.  It 
has  an  important  trade  in  cotton,  and  considerable  manu- 
factures. It  is  called  “the  City  of  Oaks.”  Itwaslaidout 
in  1792.  Population,  19,218,  (1910). 

Raleigh  ( origi  u a)  ly  Ralegh ) , Sir  Walter . Born 
at  Hayes,  Devonshire,  1552  (?) : executed  at 
London,  Oct.  29, 1618.  An  English  courtier,  offi- 
cer, colonizer,  historian,  and  poet.  After  a short 
residence  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  he  entered  the  Hugue- 
not army  (1569),  returning  to  England  in  1576  (?).  In  1680 
he  commanded  an  English  company  in  Munster,  Ireland. 
In  1582  he  was  in  Leicester’s  suite  at  Antwerp.  He  was  a 
favorite  of  Elizabeth.  In  1585  he  became  warden  of  the 
stanneries  and  vice-admiral  of  Devon  and  Cornwall ; in 
1586  he  was  captain  of  the  guard.  In  1584  he  obtained  a 
charter  of  colonization,  and  sent  Amadas  and  Barlow  to 
explore  the  region  which  he  called  Virginia.  In  1585  lie 
despatched  a fleet  of  colonists,  who  landed  on  Roanoke 
Island,  but  were  brought  back  by  Drake  the  following 
year.  In  1587  he  despatched  another  body  of  emigiants, 
which  settled  in  Roanoke  Island,  but  which  had  disap- 
peared when  arelief  expedition  reached  theisland  in  1590. 
Aboutl586he  introduced  the  potato  in  Munster.  In  1588he 
took  an  active  part  against  the  Armada.  He  introduced 
Spenser  to  Elizabeth,  and  persuaded  him  to  publish  the 
“ Faerie  Queene.”  For  his  seduction  and  marriage  of  Eliza- 
beth Throgmorton  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  In 

1595  he  sailed  fur  Trinidad  and  ascended  the  Orinoco.  In 

1596  he  commanded  a squadron  under  Howard  and  Essex 
in  the  expedition  which  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  at 
Cadiz.  In  1597  he  captured  Fayal  in  the  Azores.  On  the 
accession  of  James  I.  in  1603,  Raleigh  was  charged  with  a 
plot  to  place  Arabella  Stua.t  on  the  throne,  and  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower.  In  the  Tower  he  devoted  himself 
to  chemical  experiments,  and  wrote  as  much  of  his  “His- 
tory of  the  World"  as  was  ever  finished.  In  1616  he  was 
released  to  command  another  expedition  to  Guiana  and  the 
Orinoco.  The  expedition  was  a failure,  and  on  his  return 
he  was  condemned  and  executed.  Encyc.  Brit. 

Ralik,  or  Ralick  (rii'lik),  Islands.  A chain  of 
islands  in  the  Pacific,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
Radack  chain,  and  with  it  forming  the  Marshall 
group.  Annexed  by  Germany  in  1885. 

Ralph  (ralf,  in  Great  Britain  often  raf  or  raf), 
James.  Born  at  Philadelphia:  died  at  Chis- 
wick, England,  Jan.  24,  1762.  An  English 
pamphleteer,  historical  writer,  poet,  and  play- 
wright. 

Ralph  Roister  Doister  (rois'ter  dois'ter).  A 
comedy  by  Nicholas  Udall,  probably  written  be- 
tween 1534  and  1541,  to  be  played  by  Eton  boys. 
Udall  was  master  there  at  that  time.  It  was  licensed  and 
printed  in  1566,  and  is  the  first  English  comedy.  The 
“ Miles  Gloriosus  ’’  of  Plautus  appears  to  be  its  direct  fore- 
runner. 

The  plot  turns  on  the  courtship  of  Dame  Christian  Cus- 
tance  [Constance],  a widow  of  repute  and  wealth  as  well 
as  beauty,  by  the  gull  and  coxcomb  Ralph  Roister  Dois- 
ter, whose  suit  is  at  once  egged  on  and  privately  crossed 
by  the  mischievous  Matthew  Merrygreek,  who  plays  at 
once  parasite  and  rook  to  the  hero.  Although  Custance 
has  not  the  slightest  intention  of  accepting  Ralph,  and  at 
last  resorts  to  actual  violence,  assisted  by  her  maids,  to 
get  rid  of  him  and  his  followers,  the  affair  nearly  breeds 
a serious  quarrel  between  herself  and  her  plighted  lover, 
Gawin  Goodluck ; but  all  ends  merrily. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  54. 

Ralston  (ral'ston),  William  Ralston  Shed- 
den.  Born  1828 : died  at  London,  Aug.  6, 1889. 
An  English  Russian  scholar.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge  (Trinity  College),  and  was  called  to  the  bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1862.  lie  visited  Russia  four  times, 
and  was  a friend  of  Turgenieff.  He  published  a transla- 
tion of  Turgenieff’s  “Liza”  (1872),  “Kriloff  and  his  Fa- 
bles” (1868),  “Songs  of  the  Russian  People"  (1872),  “Rus- 
sian Folk-tales,  etc.”  (1873). 

Rama  (ra'ma).  The  name  of  three  heroes  of 
Hindu  mythology  — Balarama,  Parashurama, 
and  Ramachandra  (see  these  names)  : espe- 
cially applied  to  the  last. 
Ramachandra(ra-ma-chan'dra).  [Skt.,‘Rama- 
moon,’  In  the  Black  Yajurveda,  Sita,  daughter 
of  Savitri,  is  wedded  to  Soma,  the  king  of  plants 
and  god  of  fecundity,  identified  with  the  moon. 
The  name  Rama-Lunus  is  thus  areminiscence  of 
the  connection  of  Rama  with  the  moon,  and  im- 
plies an  original  lunar  agricultural  god ; but  the 
name  is  all  that  survives  of  this  origin,  just  as 


Rambam 

Sita,  ‘furrow,’ retains  only  her  name  and  the 
legends  of  her  birtli  and  death.  See  Barth’s 
“ Religious  of  India,”  p.  177.]  The  hero  of  the 
Ramayana  (which  see).  He  there  typifies  the  con- 
quering Kshatriyas,  advancing  southward  and  subjugating 
the  barbarous  aborigines.  His  story  is  also  given  more 
briefly  in  the  Mahabharata.  He  was  the  son  of  Dashara- 
tha,  king  of  Ayodhya,  by  Kaushalya. 

Ramadan  (rii-ma-dan';  E.  pron.  ram-a-dan'),  or 
Ramazan  ( ra-mii-zan' ) . The  ninth  month  of  the 
Mohammedan  year.  Each  day  of  the  entire  month  is 
observed  as  a fast  by  the  Mohammedans  from  dawn  till 
sunset. 

Ramah  (ra'ma).  [Heb.,  ‘a  high  place.']  In 
Old  Testament  geography,  the  name  of  several 
places  in  Palestine.  The  principal  were  the  Ramah 
of  Benjamin,  situated  a few  miles  north  of  Jerusalem  (at 
Er-Ram),  and  the  Ramah  of  Samuel,  also  called  Rama- 
thaim  Zophirn.  The  latter  was  situated  northwest  of  Je- 
rusalem, probably  near  Lydda:  some  identify  it  with 
the  Ramah  of  Benjamin. 

Ram  Alley,  or  Merry  Tricks.  A comedy  by 
Lodowick  Barry,  acted  probably  in  1609  and 
printed  in  1611.  Ram  Alley  led  from  Fleet  street  to  the 
Temple, andformerlysecured  immunity  from  arrest;  hence 
it  was  the  resort  of  sharpers  and  persons  of  ill  fame  of 
both  sexes.  It  was  full  of  cooks’  shops,  and  is  frequently 
referred  to  in  this  connection  in  contemporary  literature. 

Ramanieh.  See  Rahmaniyeh. 

Ramantha.  See  Laodicea. 

Ramanuja  (ra-ma'no-ja).  [From  Rama  and 
anuja,  born  after,  younger  brother  : lit.  ‘younger 
brother  of  Rama.’]  Born  about  1017  A.  D.  at  Shri 
Parambattur,  about  26  miles  west  of  Madras : 
said  to  have  died  in  1137.  The  founder  of  a Va- 
ishnava  sect.  He  is  buried  in  the  great  temple  of  Shri- 
ranganath.  His  distinctive  tenet  was  his  assertion  of  a 
triad  of  principles — (1)  the  supreme  spirit,  Parabrahman 
orlshvara;  (2)  the  separate  spirits  of  men;  and  (3)  non- 
spirit. All  three  are  eternal  and  inseparable,  hut  the  spirits 
of  men  and  the  visible  world  or  non-spirit  are  dependent 
on  Ishvara.  In  this  Ramanuja  was  opposed  to  Shankara, 
who  viewed  the  separate  existence  of  man’s  spirit,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  universal  spirit,  as  illusory.  Still  he  so  far 
accepted  a modilied  form  of  Shankara’s  system  of  non- 
duality that  his  own  system  is  called  that  of  “qualified 
non-duality”  (vishishtadvaita).  In  the  13th  century  a di- 
vision arose  among  his  followers,  resulting  in  the  northern 
school  (Vadagalai)  and  the  southern  (Tengalai).  In  their 
view  of  the  human  spirit's  dependence  on  Vishnu  the  Va- 
dagalais  are  Arminian,  the  Tengalais  Calvinist,  and  the 
sects  have  struggled  as  fiercely  as  in  Europe.  At  present 
the  chief  ground  of  contention  is  the  frontal  mark,  the 
Vadagalais  holding  that  it  should  represent  the  impress 
of  Vishnu's  right  foot,  while  the  Tengalais  claim  that  equal 
reverence  is  due  to  both  feet.  Each  of  the  present  chiefs 
of  the  two  sects  claims  unbroken  succession  from  Rama- 
nuja himself,  the  Vadagalai  successor  living  in  the  Kurnool 
district,  the  Tengalai  in  the  Tinnevelly.  Each  makes  a 
periodical  visitation  of  his  diocese,  holding  a kind  of  con- 
firmation, when  he  brands  the  initiated  with  the  proper 
marks.  See  Williams’s  “Brahmanism  and  Hinduism, ” 
pp.  119-129. 

Ramasetu(ra-ma-sa'to).  [Skt., ‘Rama’s  dike.’] 
The  ridge  of  rocks  which  extends  from  the  south 
extremity  of  the  Coromandel  coast  toward  Cey- 
lon, supposed  to  have  been  formed  by  Hanumat 
as  a bridge  for  the  troops  of  Rama  when  fight- 
ing Ravana;  “Adam’s  bridge.” 
Ramatapaniyopanishad  (ra-ma-ta-pa-ne-yo- 
pa-ni-shad').  [Skt.,  ‘the  (pure)  golden  Upani- 
shadtreatingof  Rama’;  from  Rama  and  tapaniya 
and  Upanisliad .]  An  Upanishad  of  the  Athar- 
vaveda,  in  which  Rama  is  worshiped  as  the  su- 
preme god.  Its  earliest  possible  date  is  the  11th  century. 
Text  and  translation  were  published  by  Weber  in  1864. 

Ramayana  (rii-ma'ya-na).  [ Rdma-ayana , the 
goings  or  doings  of  Rama.]  One  of  the  two  great 
epics  of  India,  the  other  being  the  Mahabharata. 
It  is  ascribed  to  a poet  Valmiki,  and  consists  at  present  of 
about  24,000  stanzas,  divided  into  7 books.  It  is  the  pro- 
duction of  one  man,  though  many  parts  are  later  additions, 
such  as  those  in  which  Rama  is  represented  as  an  incarna- 
tion of  Vishnu,  all  the  episodes  in  the  first  book,  and  the 
whole  of  the  seventh.  It  was  at  first  handed  down  orally, 
and  variously  modified  in  transmission,  as  afterward  when 
reduced  to  writing  : hence  the  number  of  distinct  recen- 
sions, agreeing  for  the  most  part  as  to  contents,  but  fol- 
lowing a different  arrangement  or  varying  throughout  in 
expression.  One  belongs  to  Benares  and  the  northwest; 
another,  generally  more  diffuse  and  open  to  suspicion  of 
interpolations,  to  Calcutta  and  Bengal  proper;  a third  to 
Bombay  and  western  India;  while  Weber  has  found  among 
the  manuscripts  of  the  Berlin  Library  what  seems  to  be  a 
fourth.  Weber  has  sought  to  show  (“  Ueber  das  Ramaya- 
nam,”  1870)  that  the  modifications  of  the  story  of  Rama  in 
its  earliest  shape,  as  contained  in  Buddhist  legends,  show 
Valmiki’s  acquaintance  with  the  Trojan  cycle  of  legend. 
He  dates  the  composition  of  the  present  Ramayana  at 
a time  toward  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era,  when 
Greek  influence  had  begun.  In  1806  and  1810  Carey  and 
Marshman  published  at  Serampore  the  text  anil  translation 
of  2 books  in  the  Bengal  recension ; inl829-38  A.  W.  von  Schle- 
gel  at  Bonn  2 of  the  northern  with  Latin  translation ; in  1843- 
1870  the  Italian  Gorresio  at  Paris  the  complete  text  of  the 
Bengali  recension  with  Italian  translation.  Two  complete 
editions  of  the  text  appeared  in  1859  in  India,  one  at  Bom- 
bay, the  other  at  Calcutta.  There  is  a French  translation  by 
Fauche,  following  Gorresio’s  text,  and  an  English  transla- 
tion by  Griffiths  (Benares,  1870-74),  following  the  Bombay 
edition. 

Rambam.  See  Maimonidcs. 


Rambervillers 

Rambervillers  (rofi-ber-ve-ya').  A town  in 
tlio  department  of  Vosgos,  Franco,  35  miles 
southeast  of  Nancy.  Population,  commune, 
5,684. 

Rambler  (ram'blor),  The.  A periodical  after 
the  stylo  of  the  ‘‘Spectator,  published  in 
London  by  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  1750-52.  It 
is  an  imitation  of  the  “ Spectator.” 
Rambouillet  (roil-btt-yfi').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  25  miles 
southwest  of  Paris.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  ancient 
chftteau,  at  different  times  a royal  residence  (of  Francis  I., 
Louis  XV I.,  Charles  X.,  etc.).  The  park  of  the  chateau  is 
celebrated  for  its  scenery  and  its  trees.  Charles  X.  abdi- 
cated hero  in  1830.  Population,  commune,  0, 105. 

Rambouillet,  H6tel  de.  See  Hotel. 
Rambouillet,  Marquise  de.  See  Vivonne, 
Catherine  de. 

Rambouillet  Decree.  A decree  issued  by  Na- 
poleon I.,  March  23,  1810,  providing  for  tho 
seizure  and  sale  of  American  vessels. 

Rameau  (ra-mo'),  Jean  Philippe.  Born  at 
Dijon,  France,  Oct.  23, 1G83 : died  a t Paris,  Sept. 
12,  1764.  A French  composer  and  musical  the- 
orist. He  published  “ Traitd  de  l’harmonie”  (1722), 
“ Nouveau  systtnne  de  musique  t hCorique  ”(1726),  etc.  His 
operas  and  ballets  include  “Hippolyte  et  Aricie  ” (1733), 
‘‘Les  Indes  gnlantes"  (1736),  “Castor  et  Pollux”  (1737), 
” Les  fetes  d’Hfibfi ''  (1739),  “Dardanus”  (1739),  “Zais” 
(1748),  "La  princesse  de  Navarre "(1746),  “Les  paladins” 
(1760),  etc. 

Ramde,  Pierre  de  la.  See  Ramus. 

Ramenghi  (rii-meng'ge),  Bartolommeo,  called 
Bagnacavallo  (ban-yii-kii-val'lo).  Born  near 
Bologna,  1484 : died  1542.  An  Italian  painter, 
of  the  Bolognese  school:  a pupil  of  Raphael. 
Rameses  (ram'e-sez),  or  Ramses  (ram'sez).  In 
Old  Testament  geography,  a city  of  Lower 
Egypt.  It  was  built  by  the  Israelites.  Its  exact  site  is 
disputed : by  Brugsch  it  was  identified  with  Tanis  or  San, 
and  by  Lepsius  with  Tel-el-Maskhuta. 

Rameses  (ram'e-sez)  I.,  or  Ramses  (ram'sez). 
[NL.  Rameses,  Ramses,  L.  Ramises,  Rhamises, 
Rhamses,  Gr.  'Pafieorjs,  Egypt.  Ra-me-su,  child 
of  Ra.]  An  Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the 
19th  dynasty  (about  1400  B.  C.).  A memorial  stone 
of  the  second  year  of  his  reign  has  been  found  at  the  sec- 
ond cataract  at  Wady-Halfa. 

Rameses  II.,  or  Ramses:  Miamunl.  One  of  the 

most  famous  of  Egyptian  kings,  the  third  of  the 
19th  dynasty  (1300  B.  C.),  son  of  Seti  I.  He  was 
a great  builder  and  a successful  warrior.  His  most  no- 
table campaign  was  one  against  the  Hittites;  and  the 
great  battle  of  Kadesh,  in  which  he  was  saved  by  his  per- 
sonal bravery,  is  celebrated  in  the  epic  poem  of  Pentaur. 
(See  Pentaur.)  His  mummy  was  found  at  Deir-el-Bahari 
in  1881.  Also  called  Ses,  Sestesu,  Setesu,  Sethoris,  and  by 
the  Greeks  Sesostris. 

Here  [Tanis,  Shn]  also  Mr.  Petrie  discovered  the  remains 
of  the  largest  colossus  ever  sculptured  by  the  hand  of  man. 
This  huge  figure  represented  Rameses  II.  in  that  position 
known  as  “ the  hieratic  attitude" ; that  is  to  say,  with  the 
arms  straightened  to  the  sides,  and  the  left  foot  advanced 
in  the  act  of  walking.  It  had  been  cut  up  by  Osorkon  II., 
of  the  Twenty- second  Dynasty, to  build  a pylon  gateway; 
and  it  was  from  the  fallen  blocks  of  this  gateway  that 
Mr.  Petrie  recognized  what  it  had  originally  been.  Among 
these  fragments  were  found  an  ear,  part  of  a foot,  pieces  of 
an  arm,  part  of  the  pilaster  which  supported  the  statue  up 
the  back,  and  part  of  the  breast,  on  which  are  carved  the 
royal  ovals.  Ex  pede  Herculemt  These  fragments  (mere 
chips  of  a few  tons  each),  although  they  represent  but  a 
very  small  portion  of  the  whole,  enabled  Mr.  Petrie  to 
measure,  describe,  and  weigh  the  shattered  giant  with  ab- 
solute certainty.  He  proved  to  have  been  the  most  stu- 
pendous colossus  known.  Those  statues  which  approach 
nearest  to  him  in  size  are  the  colossi  of  Abii-Simbel,  the 
torso  of  the  Ramesseum,  and  the  colossi  of  the  Plain. 
These,  however,  are  all  seated  figures,  and,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  torso,  are  executed  in  comparatively  soft 
materials.  But  the  Rameses  of  Tanis  was  not  only  sculp- 
tured in  the  obdurate  red  granite  of  Assfian,  and  designed 
upon  a larger  scale  than  any  ot  these,  but  he  stood  erect 
and  crowned,  ninety -two  feet  high  from  top  to  toe,  or  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  high  including  his  pedestal. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  63. 

Rameses  III.,  or  Ramses.  An  Egyptian  king 
(about  1200  b.  c.),  the  founder,  or  according 
to  some  the  second  king,  of  the  20th  dynasty. 
He  reigned  32  years  and  conducted  successful 
campaigns. 

Ramesseum  (ram-es-se'um),  commonly,  but 
erroneously,  called  the  Memnonium  (mem-no- 
ni'um).  A splendid  monument  built  by  Ram- 
eses II.  at  Thebes  in  Egypt.  The  entrance,  between 
two  great  pyramidal  towers,  opens  on  a court  about  200 
feet  square,  which  had  on  each  side  a double  range  of  col- 
umns. The  second  court, alittle  smaller, has  Osiride  pillars 
in  front  and  rear,  and  double  ranges  of  columns  on  the 
sides.  From  the  rear  portico  is  entered  the  splendid  hy- 
postyle  hall,  which  has  8 ranges  of  6 columns,  forming  9 
aisles.  The  columns  of  the  central  aisle,  321  feet  high  and 
over  21  in  circumference,  are  the  largest,  and  still  support 
part  of  the  lintels  of  the  roof.  The  capitals  are  of  the 
spreading  bell-form.  Beyond  the  hypostyle  hall  were  9 
chambers  in  3 rows,  the  first  two  of  the  central  row  col- 
umned. Among  the  sculptures  the  colossal  seated  figure 
of  Rameses  in  the  outer  court,  now  shattered,  should  be 
mentioned  as  by  far  the  largest  statue  in  Egypt : its  weight 
VI.  28 


841 

Is  computed  at  l,()liO  ions.  The  reliefs,  among  which  nro 
Illustrations  of  the  Asiatic  campaigns  of  Humeses  II.,  arc  of 
tile  highest  interest. 

Rameswaram  (rtt-mes'wa-riim),  or  Ramesh- 
waram  (-mesh-),  or  Rainisseram  (ra-mis'e- 
riitn).  An  island  between  India  and  Ceylon, 
forming  the  western  end  of  Adam’s  Bridge. 
Hero  is  a Dravidian  temple  of  great  size.  Tho  plan  Is  a 
reotnnglo  672  by  868  feet,  with  a largo  gopura  or  pylon  In 
the  middle  of  each  face  except  the  eastern,  which  lias  a 
portico,  the  gopura  here  rising  from  within  the  structure. 
The  interior  consists  of  corridors  forming  two  rectangles, 
one  within  the  other,  but  not  concentric,  and  crossed  by 
galleries  connecting  the  four  gopuras.  In  tho  center  is 
the  small  shrine,  witli  a gilt  ball  and  spire.  The  corridors 
are  about  30  feet  wido  and  high,  ami  those  on  the  sides 
are  nearly  700  feet  long.  They  are  flanked  on  each  side  by 
compound  piers  on  a continuous  dado,  with  bracket-cap- 
itals supporting  an  ornamented  ceiling.  The  piers  are 
sculptured  with  arabesque  designs  of  remarkable  variety 
and  richness.  The  construction  is  assigned  to  the  17th 
century. 

Ramganga,  or  Ramgunga  (ram-gung'gii),  or 
Ramaganga  (rii-ma-gung'ga).  A river  in  Brit- 
ish India,  which  joins  the  Ganges  53  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Cawnpore.  Length,  over  300 
miles. 

Ramillies  (rii-me-ye')*  A village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brabant,  Belgium,  29  miles  southeast  of 
Brussels.  Here,  May  23, 1706,  the  Allies  under  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  defeated  the  French  and  Bavarians  under 
Villeroi.  The  loss  of  the  French  was  about  13,000;  of  the 
Allies,  over  3,600.  The  victory  led  to  the  capture  of  nearly 
all  the  fortresses  held  by  the  French  in  the  Low  Countries. 
Raminagrobis  (ra-me-na-gro'bis).  In  Rabe- 
lais’s “ Pantagruel,”  an  aged  poet : intendedfor 
Cretin,  a poet  celebrated  in  his  time,  now  neg- 
lected. La  Fontaine  gives  this  name  to  a great 
cat  in  his  ‘‘Fables.” 

Ramirez  (ra-me'retli),  Juan.  Born  about  1765 : 
died  after  1823.  A Spanish  general  in  Peru. 
He  was  the  principal  lieutenant  of  Goyeneche  in  Charcas 
(1809-12),  and  subsequently  held  a separate  command 
against  the  formidable  rebellion  of  Pumacagua  in  Peru, 
finally  defeating  him  at  the  battle  of  Umachiri,  March  11, 
1815.  Ramirez  treated  the  prisoners  with  great  cruelty, 
and  a large  number  were  put  to  death.  In  1816  he  was 
made  president  of  Quito,  where,  on  May  24,  1822,  he  was 
defeated  by  the  patriots  under  Sucre  at  the  battle  of 
Pichincha.  Ramirez  then  capitulated  and  left  Quito, 
which  was  never  again  occupied  by  the  Spaniards. 

Ramirez,  Norberto.  Born  about  1800:  died  in 
1856.  A Central  American  politician,  president 
of  Salvador  1840-41,  and  of  Nicaragua  April  1, 
1849,  to  March  14,  1851. 

Ramiro  (ra-me'ro)  II.  Died  Jan.  5,  950.  King 
of  Leon  and  Asturias  from  about  930  to  950. 
He  defeated  the  calif  Abd-er-Rahman  III.  on 
the  plain  of  Simancas  July  21,  939. 
Ramisseram.  See  Ramesivaram. 

Ramleb  (ram'le).  [Ar.,  ‘sand.’]  A town  in 
Palestine,  an  important  stopping-place  on  the 
road  from  Jaffa  to  Jerusalem,  13£  miles  from 
Jaffa.  It  was  founded  by  the  Ommiad  calif  Suleiman, 
and  was  twice  captured  during  the  Crusades  by  the  Sara- 
cens. Napoleon  had  his  headquarters  there.  Popula- 
tion, about  6,500. 

Ramman  (ram'man).  An  Assyro-Babylonian 
divinity  who  presided  over  storms.  The  eleventh 
month  (the  rainy  month),  Shebat,was  dedicated  to  him.  His 
worship  extended  over  Syria  (2  ICi.  v.  18),  under  the 
names  Dad,  Iladad,  and  also  Bimmon.  See  Hadad-rim - 
man. 

Ramman-Nirari  (ram'man-ni-ra're).  The 
name  of  several  kings  of  Assyria.  The  first  reigned 
about  1345  B.  C. ; the  second,  911-890  B.  c. ; and  the  third, 
811-782  B.  C.  The  last  conquered  many  of  the  neighboring 
countries,  and  restored  Assyrian  influence  in  Babylonia. 
Rammelsberg  (ram'mels-berG).  A mountain 
in  the  Harz,  Germany,  directly  south  of  Goslar. 
It  is  noted  for  its  mines  of  copper,  lead,  silver, 
etc.  Height,  2,040  feet. 

Rammobun  Roy  (ram-mo-hun'  roi).  Born 
about  1774  in  the  district  of  Mursliidabad:  died 
at  Bristol,  England,  Sept.  27,  1833.  The  first 
great  modern  theistical  reformer  of  India.  His 
father  was  a Brahman,  and  his  grandfather  had  been  an  of- 
ficial of  the  Mogul  emperors.  Disgusted  with  the  extrava- 
gant Hindu  mythology,  at  16  he  composed  a tract  against 
idolatry.  Persecuted,  he  fled  to  Benares  and  then  to  Tibet 
that  he  might  converse  with  Buddhist  priests,  being  deter- 
mined to  study  each  religion  at  its  fountainhead.  He 
learned  Pali  to  read  t he  Tripit  aka,  as  later  Arabic,  Hebrew, 
and  Greek  to  read  the  sacred  books  of  those  languages. 
At  20  he  returned  and  resumed  his  Sanskrit  studies,  at  the 
same  time  learning  English.  After  his  father's  death  in 
1803  his  antagonism  to  idolatry  became  more  marked,  and 
he  set  on  foot  the  movement  which  resulted  in  1830  in 
abolishing  the  self-immolation  of  widows(sati).  Heformed 
at  Calcutta  in  1816,  the  Atmiya  Sabha,  or  Spiritual  Society, 
which  became  in  1830  the  Brahma  Sabha,  ‘the  Assembly 
or  Society  of  God,’  the  precursor  of  the  later  Adi-Brahma- 
Samaj  and  Brahma  Samaj  or  Brahmo  Somaj.  In  April, 
1831,  he  visited  England,  where  he  stayed  until  his  death. 
Ramnes  (ram'nez).  One  of  the  three  tribes  into 
which  the  ancient  Roman  people  were  said  to 
have  been  divided : supposed  to  represent  the 
Latin  element  in  the  composition  of  the  nation. 
Ramnuggur  (ram-nug'ur).  A place  in  the  Pan- 


Ramsey 

jab,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Clionab  60 
miles  north-northwest  ol  Lahore,  it  was  tho  scene 
of  a battle  between  the  British  under  Gough  and  the  Sikhs 
in  1848. 

Ramona  (ra-mo'nit).  A novel  by  Helen  Hunt 
Jackson,  published  in  1884.  It  is  an  exposure  of 
tho  wrongs  suffered  by  tho  North  American  Indians. 

Ramoth  Gilead  (ra'mqth  gil'e-ad)  and  Ra- 
moth  Mizpah  (miz'pil).  Places  (or  a place) 
in  Bible  geography,  probably  identical  with 
Mizpah  (which  see). 

Rampur  (rarn-por').  1.  A native  state  in  India, 
under  British  protection,  intersected  by  lat.  28° 
45'  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area,  893  square  miles. 
Population,  533,212. — 2.  The  capital  of  tho 
state  of  Rampur,  situated  on  the  Kosila. 
Population,  78,758. 

Rampur  Beauleah  (bo-a'le-a).  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Rajshahi,  Bengal,  British  India, 
situated  on  the  Ganges  130  miles  north  of  Cal- 
cutta. Population,  21,589. 

Ramri,  or  Ramree  (ram-re').  An  island  west 
of  British  Burma,  to  which  it  belongs,  situated 
about  120  miles  south  of  Arakan.  Length, 
about  50  miles. 

Ramsay  (ram'zi),  Allan.  Born  at  Leadhills, 
Lanarkshire,  Oct.  15, 1686:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  7,  1758.  A Scottish  poet.  He  was  a peasant 
by  birth,  and  was  apprenticed  at  fifteen  to  a wig-maker  in 
Edinburgh.  The  “Gentle  Shepherd,"  a pastoral  comedy, 
his  best-known  work,  was  suggested  by  the  critique  of 
Pope's  “ Windsor  Forest  ” in  the  “ Guardian  " April  7,  1713. 
It  substituted  for  the  pseudo-pastoral  poetry  of  the  time 
the  real  life  of  the  Scotch  shepherds.  It  has  been  called 
“the  first  genuine  pastoral  after  Theocritus."  He  set  up 
a book-shop  in  High  street  and  published  his  collections 
of  poems  : “ The  Tea-Table  M iscellany  " (English  and  Scot- 
tish songs,  1724-27  : the  music  for  these  was  published  in 
1763-75),  and  the  “ Evergreen,”  the  precursor  of  “ Percy's 
Reliques,”  containing  Scottish  songs  written  before  1600 
(1724-27);  “Thirty  Fables,”  partly  original  (1730) ; “Scots 
Proverbs  ” (1737),  etc. 

Ramsay,  Allan.  Born  at  Edinburgh  in  1713: 
died  at  Dover,  Aug.  10,  1784.  A Scottish  por- 
trait-painter, son  of  Allan  Ramsay. 

Ramsay,  Sir  Andrew  Crombie.  Born  at  Glas- 
gow, Jan.  31, 1814  : died  Dec.  9,  1891.  A Scot- 
tish geologist.  He  was  appointed  director-general  of 
the  geological  survey  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  of  the 
Museum  of  Practical  Geology  in  1871,  and  was  knighted 
on  retiring  from  these  offices  in  1881.  His  works  include 
“ Physical  Geology  and  Geography  of  Great  Britain,”  etc. 

Ramsay,  Andrew  Michael,  called  the  Cheva- 
lier de  Ramsay.  Born  at  Ayr,  Scotland,  J uly 
9,  1686:  died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye,  France, 
May  6, 1743.  A Scottish-French  miscellaneous 
author.  His  chief  work  is  “Voyages  de  Cy- 
rus” (1727). 

Ramsay,  David.  Born  in  Lancaster  County, 
Pa.,  April  2,  1749:  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
May  8,  1815.  An  American  physician,  histo- 
rian, and  patriot,  a delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress.  He  published  a “History  of  the  Revolution 
of  South  Carolina,  etc. " (1785),  “ History  of  the  American 
Revolution  ”(1789),  “Life of  Washington  ” (1807),  “History 
of  South  Carolina"  (1809),  “History  of  the  United  States  ’’ 
(1816 : forming  part  of  “ Universal  History  Americanized," 
in  12  vols.,  1819),  etc. 

Ramsay,  Edward  Bannerman  Burnett. 

Bom  at  Aberdeen,  Jan.  31,  1793:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  27,  1872.  A Scottish  clergy- 
man and  author,  dean  of  the  diocese  of  Edin- 
burgh in  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church.  His 
“Reminiscences  of  Scottish  Life  and  Character”  (1858)  is 
notable. 

Ramsay,  Fox  Maule,  second  Baron  Panmure 
and  eleventh  Earl  of  Dalhousie.  Bom  at  Bre- 
chin Castle,  Forfarshire,  April  22,  1801:  died 
July  6,  1874.  A British  politician,  known  at 
first  as  F ox  Maule . He  entered  the  army  in  his  youth, 
and  was  returned  to  Parliament  as  a Liberal  in  1835.  He 
was  secretary  at  war  under  Lord  John  Russell  (1846-52), 
and  under  Lord  Palmerston  (1856-58).  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  barony  in  1852,  and  his  cousin  in  the  earl- 
dom in  1860,  assuming  the  surname  of  Ramsay  after  that 
of  Maule  by  royal  license  in  1861. 

Ramsbottom  (ramz'boPum).  A manufacturing 
town  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Irwell.  Population,  15,920. 

Ramsden  (ramz'den),  Jesse.  Bom  at  Salter- 
hebble,  near  Halifax,  England,  1735 : died 
Nov.  5,  1800.  An  English  manufacturer  of 
mathematical  instruments.  Telescopes  and 
divided  circles  were  among  his  specialties. 
Ramses.  See  Rameses. 

Ramsey  (ram'zi).  A seaport  and  watering-place 
in  the  Isle  of  Man,  situated  12  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Douglas.  Population,  4,823. 
Ramsey,  Alexander.  Born  Sept.  8,  1815: 
died  April  22, 1903.  An  American  politician.  He 

was  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1843- 
1847  ; governor  of  Minnesota  Territory  1849-63  ; governor 
of  Minnesota  1859-63 ; Republican  United  States  senator 
from  Minnesota  1863-76 ; secretary  of  war  1879-81 ; and  a 
member  of  the  Utah  commission  1882-86. 


Ramsgate 

Ramsgate  (ramz'gat).  [See  Thanet. j A sea- 
port in  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  Kent,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  North  Sea  65  miles  east  by  south  of 
London : an  important  watering-place.  Popu- 
lation, 27,733. 

Ramus  (ra-miis'),  Joseph  Marius.  Born  at 
Aix,  France,  June  19, 1805:  died  at  Nogent-sur- 
Seine,  June  3,  1888.  A French  sculptor.  He 

went  to  Paris  in  1822  and  studied  with  Cortot.  Among 

hisworksare“DaphnisetChlo6,”“L'Innocence,”“C6phale 

et  Procris,"  "Anne  d'Autriche  ” (gardens  of  the  Luxem- 
bourg),  a statue  of  Puget  for  Marseilles,  Saint  Michel  and 
Saint  Gabriel  for  the  Church  of  St.  Eustache,  etc. 

Ramus  (ra'mus),  Petrus  (Pierre  de  la  Ramee). 

Born  at  CutlpVermandois,  France,  1515:  killed 
in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Aug.  24, 
1572.  A French  logician,  noted  for  his  writings 
directed  against  Aristoteliauism. 

Ramusio  (ra-mo'se-o),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  Treviso,  Italy,  J une  20,  1485 : died  at 
Padua,  July  10,  1557.  A Venetian  statesman 
and  author,  secretary  of  the  Senate  and  later  of 
the  Council  of  Ten.  He  traveled  in  various  European 
countries.  By  correspondence  he  was  acquainted  with 
Oviedo,  Cabot,  and  other  distinguished  historians  and  trav- 
elers ; and  lie  was  indefatigable  in  collecting  accounts  of 
the  explorations  made  in  his  time.  His  " Delle  navigationi 
e Viaggi.etc.  ” (3  vols.  1550-59-63  and  subsequen  t editions)  is 
one  ot  the  most  important  of  the  early  collections  of  trav- 
els. Ramusio’s  name  first  appeared  in  the  second  volume, 
which  was  delayed  until  1559. 

Ran  (ran).  [ON.  Ran.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
a water-demon,  the  goddessof  the  sea, where  she 
caught  drowning  men  in  her  net.  She  was  the 
wife  of  /F.gir,  but  typified  the  destructive  characteristics 
of  the  sea. 

Ran  of  Kachh.  See  Kachh. 

Rancagua  (ran-kag'wii).  A city  of  Chile,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  O’Higgins,  43  miles  south 
of  Santiago.  Here  the  patriots  under  O’Higgins  were 
defeated  by  the  Spaniards  under  Osorio  in  a two  days'  bat- 
tle in  the  streets,  Oct.  1-2,  1814.  O'Higgins  escaped  with 
only  a small  part  of  his  force.  Carrera  was  held  respon- 
sible for  this  defeat,  as  he  could  have  reinforced  O Higgins. 
The  disaster  made  the  Spaniards  masters  of  Chile  until 
1817.  Population,  10,380. 

Ranee  (roh-sa'),  Armand  Jean  leBouthillier 

de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  9,  1626:  died  at  So- 
ligny-la-Trappe,  Orne,  France,  Oct.  12,  1700. 
Abbot  of  La  Trappe : founder  of  the  Trappists. 
Rand,  The.  See  Witwatersrand. 

Randall  (ran' dal),  Alexander  Williams. 
Born  in  Montgomery  Comity,  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1819: 
died  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  July  25, 1872.  An  Amer- 
ican politician.  He  was  Republican  governor  of  Wis- 
consin 1857-61;  United  States  minister  to  Italy  1861-62; 
and  postmaster-general  1866-69. 

Randall,  James  Ryder.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Jan.  1,  1839 : died  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  Jan.  14, 
1908.  An  American  song-writer  and  journal- 
ist, author  of  “Maryland,  my  Maryland” 
(1861). 

Randall,  Samuel  Jackson.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Oct.  10,  1828 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
April  13,  1890.  An  American  statesman.  Hewas 
a Democratic  memberof  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  from 
1863  until  liis  death,  and  was  speaker  of  the  House  1876-81. 
He  was  noted  as  the  leaderof  the  Protectionist  Democrats. 
Randall’s  Island.  An  island  in  the  East  Riv- 
er, opposite  the  upper  part  of  New  York  city, 
to  which  it  belongs.  It  contains  several  hos- 
pitals and  other  institutions. 

Randegger  (ran'deg-ger),  Alberto.  Born  at 
Triest,  April  13,  1832:  died  Dec.  18,  1911.  An 
Italian  composer,  conductor,  and  singing-mas- 
ter. He  went  to  England  in  1854,  and  in  1868  was  made 
professor  of  singing  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 

Randers  (ran'ders).  The  capital  of  Randers 
province  in  Jutland,  Denmark,  situated  on  the 
Guden-Aa  22  miles  north  by  west  of  Aarhuus. 

It  has  manufactures  of  gloves,  etc.,  and  was  a flourishing 
town  in  the  middle  ages.  Population,  20,963. 

Randolph  (ran'dolf),  Edmund.  Born  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  Aug.  10,  1753:  died  in  Clarke 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  1 3, 1813.  An  American  states- 
man, nephew  of  Peyton  Randolph.  He  was  a del- 
egate to  Congress  1779  and  1780-82  ; governor  of  Virginia 
1786-88  ; an  influential  delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention 1787  (introducer  of  the  “Virginia  Plan  ”) ; attorney- 
general  1789-94  ; and  secretary  of  state  1794-95. 
Randolph,  John,  “of  Roanoke.”  Born  at  Caw- 
sons,  Chesterfield  County,  Va.,  June  2,  1773: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  June  24,  1833.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Virginia  1799-1813,  1815-17,  and  1819-25  ; United 
States  senator  1825-27  ; member  of  Congress  1827-29 ; and 
United  States  minister  to  Russia  1830.  He  was  reelected 
to  Congress  in  1832. 

Randolph,  Peyton.  Born  at  Williamsburg,  Va., 
1723:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  22,  1775.  An 
American  patriot,  a leading  member  of  the  Vir- 
ginia House  of  Burgesses.  He  was  president  of 
the  first  Continental  Congress  in  1774,  and  a 
delegate  to  Congress  in  1775. 


842 

Randolph,  Theodore  Frelinghuysen  Fitz. 

Born  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  June  24,  1826: 
died  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Nov.  7,  1883.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Democratic  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  1869-72,  and  United  States 
senator  from  New  Jersey  1875-81. 

Randolph,  Thomas.  Born  at  Houghton,  Da- 
ventry,  Northamptonshire,  1605:  died  1634-35. 
An  English  poet  and  dramatist.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Cambridge,  and  was  also  incorporated 
at  Oxford.  Ben  .Tonson  adopted  him  as  one  of  his  “ sons." 
He  wrote  “Aristippus,"  “The  Muses’  Looking-Glass,  a 
Comedy,"  “ Amyntas,  or  the  Fatal  Dowry,"  “ The  Con- 
ceited Pedlar,"  “ The  Jealous  Lovers,”  “Down  with  Knav- 
ery ” (from  the  “ Plutus " of  Aristophanes),  etc. ; also  a 
number  of  minor  poems. 

Randolph-Macon  College.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Ashland,  Virginia,  opened  in  1832. 
It  is  under  the  control  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  (South).  It  has  about  150  stu- 
dents. 

Random  (ran'dom)  Island.  A small  island  in 
Trinity  Bay,  eastern  Newfoundland. 

Random  Sound.  An  inlet  south  of  Random 
Island. 

Randon  (ron-don'),  Comte  Jacques  Louis  Ce- 
sar Alexandre.  Born  at  Grenoble,  France, 
March  25,  1795:  died  at  Geneva,  Jan.  16, 1871. 
A French  marshal,  governor-general  of  Alge- 
ria and  minister  of  war  under  Napoleon  III. 
Randsfjord  (rands'fyord).  A lake  in  southern 
Norway,  north  of  Christiania.  It  has  its  outlet 
into  Christiania  Fjord.  Length,  44  miles. 
Ranelagh  (ran'e-la)  Gardens.  Gardens  for- 
merly situated  near  the  Thames,  in  Chelsea, 
London.  They  were  noted  for  concerts  from  1740  to  1805, 
and  famous  as  the  scene  of  wild  and  extravagant  enter- 
tainments, masquerades,  etc.  They  were  closed  in  1805, 
and  no  trace  now  remains. 

Ranen  Fjord  (rii'nen  fyord).  A fiord  on  the 
western  coast  of  Norway,  in  lat.  66°  20'  N. 
Rangeley  (ranj'li)  Lakes.  A group  of  lakes 
in  the  western  part  of  Maine,  including  Range- 
ley  Lake,  Lake  Umbagog  (partly  in  New  Hamp- 
shire), etc.  Their  outlet  is  by  the  Androscoggin. 
Ranger  (ran'jer).  1.  A character  in  Wycher- 
ley’s comedy  “Love  in  a Wood”:  a brilliant 
specimen  of  the  rakish  fine  gentleman  of  the 
period. — 2.  A similar  character  in  Hoadley’s 
“Suspicious  Husband.”  Garrick  created  it. 
Rangoon,  or  Rangun  (ran-gon').  The  capital 
of  Lower  Burma,  in  the  Pegu  division,  situated 
on  the  river  Rangoon  in  lat.  16°  46'  N.,  long. 
96°11'E.  It  forms  a district.  It  has  considerable  com- 
merce in  rice,  etc.,  and  is  an  important  port  and  railway 
terminus.  The  Shoedagong  Pagoda  is  at  the  base  a poly- 
gon of  many  sides  carried  up  in  a concave  cone  with  dec- 
orated surface,  and  terminating  in  a sharp  finial.  It  is 
about  400  feet  in  diameter  and  300  high,  and  the  base  is 
surrounded  by  a great  number  of  little  pagodas.  Rangoon 
was  founded  in  1753.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1824 
and  1852.  Population,  including  cantonment,  234,881. 

Rangpur,  or  Rungpoor  (rung-port).  1.  A dis- 
trict in  Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  25°  40'  N.,  long.  89°  15' 
E.  Area,  3,493  square  miles.  Population, 
2,154,181. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Rangpur,  situated  on  the  river  Ghaghat.  Pop- 
ulation, 15,960. 

Ranke  (ran'ke),  Leopold  von.  Born  at  Wiehe, 
Thuringia,  Germany,  Dee.  21,  1795:  died  at 
Berlin,  May  23,  1886.  A celebrated  German 
historian.  He  was  educated  at  Leipsie;  became  ex- 
traordinary professor  of  history  at  Berlin  in  1825,  ordi- 
nary professor  in  1834,  and  historiographer  of  ^Prussia 
in  1841 ; and  retired  from  his  professorship  in  1871.  His 
chief  works  are  “Gesehichten  der  romanischen  und  ger- 
manischen  Volker  von  1494  bis  1535  " (“Histories  of  the 
Romanic  and  Teutonic  Peoples  1494-1535,”  1824),  “ Fiirsten 
und  Volker  von  Siideuropa  im  16.  und  17.  Jahrhundert” 
("Princes  and  Peoples  of  Southern  Europe  in  the  16th 
and  17th  Centuries,”  1827),  “Die  serbische  Revolution” 
(“The  Servian  Revolution,11  1829),  “Die  Verschworung 
gegen  Venedig  im  Jalir  1688”  (“The  Conspiracy  against 
Venice  in  1688,”  1831),  “Die  romischen  Papste”  (“The 
Popes  of  Rome,”  1834-37),  “ Deutsche  Geschichte  im 
Zeitalter  der  Reformation  ’’  (“German  History  in  the  Pe- 
riod of  the  Reformation,”  1839-47),  “Neun  Bucher  preus 
sischer  Geschichte”  (“  Nine  Books  of  Prussian  History," 
1847-48),  “Franzosische  Geschichte,  vornehmlich  im  16. 
und  17.  Jahrhundert”  (“French  History,  especially  in 
the  16th  and  17th  centuries,”  1852-61),  “Englische  Ge- 
schichte im  16.  und  17.  Jahrhundert” (“English  History  in 
the  16th and  17th  Centuries,”  1859-67),  “Weltgeschichte” 
(“Universal  History,”  1880-80),  “Geschichte  Wallen- 
steins" (1869),  “ Ursprung  des  Siebenjahrigen  Krieges" 
(1871),  “Ursprung  der  Revolutionskriege  1791  und  1792” 
(1875),  “Die  deutschen  Machte  und  der  Fiirstenbund" 
(1872).  Life  by  Prutz  (1886). 

Rankine  (ran'kin),  William  John  Macquorn. 

Born  at  Edinburgh,  July  5,  1820 : died  at  Glas- 
gow, Dec.  24,  1872.  A Scottish  physicist,  pro- 
fessor of  civil  engineering  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow  from  1855.  He  wrote  manuals  on  “The 
Steam-Engine,'’  “Civil  Engineering,”  etc. 

Rannoch  (ran'och),  Loch.  A lake  in  north- 


Raphael 

western  Perthshire,  Scotland,  36  miles  north- 
west of  Perth.  Its  outlet  is  indirectly  into  the 
Tay.  Length,  9^  miles. 

Ranpur  (run-port).  One  of  the  Tributary 
States  of  Orissa,  Bengal.  Area,  203  square 
miles.  Population,  46,075. 

Ranqueles  (ran-ka'las).  Indians  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  in  the  southern  part  of  Men- 
doza, San  Luis,  and  Cordoba.  They  are  of  the  Pam- 
pean  or  Araucanian  stock,  and  are  said  to  have  immigrated 
from  Chile.  They  have  had  little  intercourse  with  the 
whites. 

Ransom  (ran'som),  Thomas  Edward  Green- 
field. Born  at  Norwich,  Vt.,  Nov.  29, 1834:  died 
near  Rome,  Ga.,  Oct.  29, 1864.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Civil  War.  He  entered  the  Union  army  as 
a volunteer  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  and  served 
with  distinction  at  Fort  Donelson,  at  Shiloh,  and  in  the  At- 
lanta campaign,  attaining  the  brevet  rank  of  major-general 
of  volunteers  in  1864. 

Rantoul  (ran'tol),  Robert.  Born  at  Beverley, 
Mass.,  Aug.  13,1805:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Aug.  7,  1852.  An  American  politician,  lawyer, 
and  reformer : an  opponent  of  slavery.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  in  1851;  and 
Democratic  and  Free-soil  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 1851-62. 

Ranz  des  Vaches  (roii  da  vash).  [F.,  ‘chime 
of  the  cows.’]  A strain  of  an  irregular  descrip- 
tion, which  in  some  parts  of  Switzerland  is  sung 
or  blown  on  the  Alpine  horn  in  June  to  call  the 
cattle  from  the  valleys  to  the  higher  pastures. 
Grove.  , 

Raon-l’Etape  (roh'la-tap').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meurthe  37  miles  southeast  of  Nancy.  Here, 
Oct.  5,  1870,  the  French  were  repulsed  by  the 
Baden  army.  Population,  commune,  about 
4,800. 

Raoul  Island.  See  Sunday  Island. 
Raoul-Rochette  (ra-ol'ro-shet')  (Desire  Ra- 
oul). Born  at  St.-Amand,  Cher,  France,  March 
9,  1790 : died  at  Paris,  July  3, 1854.  A French 
archseologist.  He  wrote  “Histoire  critique  de  I’dtab- 
lissement  des  colonies  grecques”  (1815),  “Monuments  in- 
ddits  d’antiquites"  (1828-30),  “ Peintures  infcdites  " (1836). 
etc. 

Raoux  (ra-o'),  Jean.  Born  at  Montpellier, 
France,  June  12,  1677 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  10, 
1734.  A French  genre-painter.  He  won  the  grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  1704,  and  was  made  a member  of  the 
Academy  in  1717. 

Rapa.  See  Oparo. 

Rapallo  (ra-pal'15).  A small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Genoa  16  miles  east  of  Genoa.  It  is  a winter 
health-resort,  and  has  a trade  in  oil. 

Rape  of  Lucrece,  The.  1.  A narrative  poem 
by  Shakspere,  published  in  1594. — 2.  A tragedy 
by  Thomas  Heywood,  printed  in  1608.  It  con- 
tains, singularly  enough,  comic  songs. 

Rape  of  the  Lock,  The.  A mock-heroic  poem 
by  Pope,  published  in  two  cantos  in  1712,  and  in 
its  present  form  in  1714.  See  Belinda,  5. 

Rape  of  the  Sabines,  The.  1 . A group  in  mar- 
ble by  Giovanni  da  Bologna,  in  the  Loggia  dei 
Lanzi,  Florence.  A young  Roman,  bearing  off  a strug- 
gling  woman,  strides  over  the  crouching  form  of  a Sabine 
warrior. 

2.  A vigorous  paintingby  Luca  Giordano,  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  The  Romans,  in  armor,  are  seiz- 
ing the  Sabine  women,  some  of  whom  defend  themselves 
with  energy,  in  an  open  place  adorned  with  an  arch  and 
Corinthian  columns.  Romulus,  mounted,  is  in  command. 

3.  A paiuting  by  Rubens,  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London.  The  scene  is  in  the  Forum,  with  the  Pan- 
theon and  a triumphal  arch  in  the  background. 

Raphael  (ra'fa-el  or  raf'a-el).  An  angel  men- 
tioned in  Jewish  literature.  He  is  the  companion 
and  instructor  of  Tobias  in  the  Book  of  Tobit,  and  Milton 
r epresents  him  as  a winged  seraph  sent  by  “ heaven’s  high 
King  ” to  converse  as  “ friend  with  friend  " with  Adam. 
Raphael, Cartoons  of.  See  Cartoons  of  Raphael. 
Raphael  de  Jesus  (ra-fa-al'  de  zhe-zos').  Born 
at  Guimaraes,  1614:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  23, 
1693.  A Portuguese  Benedictine  monk  and  his- 
torian. He  was  made  chronista-mor,  or  chief  annalist,  of 
the  kingdom  iu  1681.  His  principal  works  are  “ Castriota 
Lusitana,”  a history  of  the  war  against  the  Dutch  iu  Brazil 
(1679 : 2d  ed.  1844),  and  “ Monarchia  Lusitana,  parte  sep- 
tima.”  containing  the  reign  of  Affonso  IV.  (1683).  His 
“Vida  d’  el  rei  D.  Joao  IV.”  remains  in  manuscript  at 
Lisbon. 

Raphael  of  Cats,  The.  A name  given  to  the 
Swiss  painter  Gottfried  Mind. 

Raphael  (ra'fa-el)  (or  Rafael,  or  Raffaello) 
Sanzio  (siin'ze-o)  or  Santi  (san'te).  Born  at 
Urbino,  Italy,  March  28,  1483:  died  at  Rome, 
April  6, 1520.  A celebrated  Italian  painter.  He 
studied  under  his  father,  Giovanni  Santi,  and  after  about 
1499  under  Perugino  in  Perugia,  whose  style  he  imitated 
for  many  years.  He  assisted  in  the  decoration  of  the  Sala 
del  Cambio  there.  His  first  great  work,  still  in  the  style  of 


Raphael 

Perugino,  is  the  “ Coronation  of  the  Virgin  " (1603),  now  in 
the  Vatican.  From  1603  to  1604  he  painted  a series  of  pic- 
tures for  the  Citta  di  Castello, chief  of  which  is  the  “Mar- 
riage of  the  Virgin,”  or  “Sposalizio,”  in  the  museum  of 
Brera.  In  1604  he  established  himself  in  Florence,  hut 
worked  also  at  Perugia  and  Siena.  To  this  period  belongs 
the  St.  George  of  the  Louvre.  The  works  of  the  second  or 
Florentine  period  are  mainly  Madonnas  and  Holy  Families, 
also  the  portrait  of  himself  in  the  Uffizi.  Here  he  studied 
the  great  cartoons  of  Michelangelo  and  Leonardo  da  Vinci. 
In  1508,  at  the  recommendation  of  his  countryman  Bra- 
mante,  he  went  to  Rome  to  decorate  the  Vatican  for  Julius 
II.  Inthisthird  and  last  period  Raphael  emancipated  him- 
self from  the  traditions  of  his  predecessors  and  formed  his 
own  style.  His  activity  at  this  time,  during  the  remainder 
of  the  reign  of  Julius  II.  and  that  of  I,eoX.,  was  prodigious. 
In  1514  he  was  appointed  chief  architect  of  St.  Peter’s.  He 
organized  fetes  for  the  popes,  was  guardian  of  antiquities, 
and  had  prepared  a great  archaeological  work  on  Roman 
remains.  His  work  in  Rome  may  be  divided  into  five  main 
groups  : (1)  The  Stanze  of  the  Vatican.  (2)  Loggie  of  the 
Vatican.  (3)  Decoration  of  the  Villa  Chigi  (Farnesina).  (4) 
Cartoons  for  the  tapestries  of  the  Sistine  Chapel  (they  are 
now  at  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  London).  A tapes- 
try from  Raphael’s  cartoons  is  preserved  in  the  old  museum 
at  Berlin.  It  was  made  at  Brussels  for  Henry  VIII.  in  1515- 
1516.  The  colors  are  somewhat  faded.  There  are  9 subjects 
in  this  collection,  the  tenth,  “Paul  in  Prison  at  Philippi,” 
having  perished.  (5)  Works  at  St.  Peter’s.  Among  his  chief 
easel-pictures  are  “Sposalizio"  (1504:  in  Milan),*'  Entomb- 
ment” (Borghese,  Rome),  “La  belle  jardiniere  ” (Louvre), 
“ La  Fornarina ” (Rome),  “The  Resurrection ” (Vatican), 
“The  Crucifixion ” (London),  “Coronation  of  the  Virgin" 
(Vatican),  “ Marriage  of  the  Virgin ’’(Milan),  “St.  George 
and  the  Dragon,”  “St.  Michael,”  “St.  John,”  “Apollo  and 
Marsias”  (Louvre),  “The  Transfiguration,"  finished  by 
Giulio  Romano  (1519-20 : Vatican),  “Vision  of  Ezekiel” 
(Florence),  “ Lo  Spasimo  ” (Madrid).  See  Madonna. 
Raphia  (ra-fi'a).  [Gr. 'P a<pia.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  south- 
west of  Gaza.  Near  it  Ptolemy  Philopator  de- 
feated Antiochus  the  Great  in  217  B.  c. 

Raphoe  (ra-fo7).  An  ancient  episcopal  city  in 
Donegal,  northern  Ireland,  13  miles  southwest 
of  Londonderry. 

Rapidan  (rap-i-dan').  The  chief  tributary  of 
the  Rappahannock,  in  Virginia,  which  it  joins 
10  miles  west-northwest  of  Fredericksburg. 
Length,  75-100  miles. 

Rapp  (rap),  George.  Born  at  Wiirtemberg,  1770 : 
died  at  Economy,  Pa.,  Aug.  7, 1847.  A German- 
American  socialist,  founder  of  the  Harmonists. 
He  emigrated  with  his  followers  in  1803  to  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  founded  a religious  communistic  settlement, 
which  received  the  name  of  Harmony.  In  1815  the  com- 
munity removed  to  Indiana.  The  new  settlement  was 
called  New  Harmony.  The  property  at  New  Harmony 
was  sold  to  Robert  Owen  in  1824,  and  the  Harmonists  re- 
moved to  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  where  they  built 
the  village  of  Economy.  Rapp  continued  to  be  the  spiri- 
tual head  of  the  Harmonists  until  his  death. 

Rapp,  Comte  Jean.  Bom  at  Colmar,  Alsace, 
April  26, 1772:  died  near  Lorrach,  Baden,  Nov. 
8,  1821.  A French  general.  He  served  in  the  Na- 
poleonic campaigns,  anti  was  particularly  distinguished 
at  the  defense  of  Dantzic  1813-14,  which  he  surrendered  in 
Jan.,  1814. 

Rappaccini’s  Daughter.  A tale  by  Hawthorne, 
published  in  1844. 

Rappahannock  (rap-a-han'ok).  A river  in  Vir- 
ginia. It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  Fork  with 
other  branches,  and  flows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  26  miles 
south  of  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac.  It  was  of  great  stra- 
tegic importance  in  the  Civil  War,  particularly  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1862-64.  Length,  over 
200  miles. 

Rapperschwyl  (rap'per-shvel),  or  Rappers- 
Wll  (rap'pers-vel).  A town  in  the  canton  of 
St. -Gall,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  upper 
Lake  of  Zurich  16  miles  southeast  of  Zurich. 
Rappists  (rap  'ists),  or  Rappites  ( rap  'its) . Same 
as  Harmonists. 

Rapti  (rap'te).  A river  in  Nepal  and  British 
India  which  joins  the  Gogra  about  80  miles 
northeast  of  Benares.  Length,  about  375-400 
miles. 

Raratonga  (ra-ra-tong7ga).  The  largest  island 
of  Cook’s  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  53  miles 
in  circuit. 

Raritan  (rar'i-tan).  [From  an  Indian  tribal 
name.]  A river  in  New  Jersey.  It  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  north  and  south  branches  in  Somerset 
County,  and  flows  into  Raritan  Bay  at  Perth  Amboy.  To- 
tal length,  about  75  miles. 

Raritan  Bay.  A bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
New  Jersey,  south  of  Staten  Island. 
Rarotonga.  See  Raratonga. 

Rasalas  (ras'a-las).  [Ar.  rds-al-asad,  the  head 
of  the  lion.]  The  third-magnitude  star//  Leonis. 
It  is  often  further  designated  as  Alshemdll  or  Borealis,  as 
being  the  northernmost  of  the  group  of  stars  in  the  lion’s 
head. 

Ras-al-gethi  (ras-al-ge'thi),  also  Ras-al-geti. 
[Ar.  rds-al-jathi,  the  head  of  the  kneeler  (the  gi- 
ant being  represented  as  kneeling).]  The  third- 
magnitude  variable  colored  double  star  a Her- 
eulis,  in  the  head  of  the  constellation. 
Rasalhague  (ras-al-ha'gu).  [Ar.  rds-al-hauwd, 
the  head  of  the  serpent-charmer.]  The  second- 


843 

magnitude  star  a Ophiuchi,  in  the  head  of  the 
constellation. 

Rascia  (rash'iii).  A region  in  the  southern 
part  of  Bosnia.  The  chief  place  is  Novibazar. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Serbs.  The  name  was  for- 
merly applied  to  the  kingdom  of  the  Serbs. 

Rasgrad  (ras'grad).  A town  in  Bulgaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ak  Lorn  35  miles  southeast  of 
Rustchuk.  It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between 
the  Turks  and  Russians  in  1810  and  1877.  Population, 
13,799. 

Rashi  (ra'she).  [Contracted  from  the  initials 
of  the  full  name:  Rabbi  Salomoh  Izhaki  (i.e. 
‘son  of  Isaac’).]  Lived  1040-1105  at  Troyes, 
in  Champagne  (northern  France).  One  of  the 
most  eminent  and  influential  men  in  Jewish 
talmudieal  and  biblical  literature.  He  studied 
in  the  celebrated  schools  of  his  time  at  Mainz  and  Worms 
(Germany).  He  was  the  first  to  compose  a commentary 
on  the  Talmud  (with  the  exception  of  three  tracts)  and  on 
most  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  His  commen- 
taries, especially  that  on  the  Talmud,  are  distinguished 
by  clearness  of  language  and  sobriety  of  judgment.  His 
commentary  on  the  Talmud  saved  that  monumental  work 
from  neglect,  and  has  not  been  surpassed  ; and  his  com- 
mentary on  the  Bible  is  still  a great  favorite  with  the 
Jews,  and  is  constantly  drawn  upon  by  modern  exegetes. 

Rashf.  See  Resht. 

Rask  (rask),  Rasmus  Kristian.  Born  at  Bran- 
dekilde,  Denmark,  Nov.  22, 1787 : diedatCopen- 
hagen,  Nov.  14, 1832.  A Danish  philologist  and 
writer,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  modern 
science  of  comparative  philology.  He  went  to  the 
Copenhagen  University  without  mean's,  but  obtained  a 
subsidiary  position  in  the  university  library,  and  eked  out 
a support  by  giving  private  instruction  while  he  contin- 
ued the  linguistic  studies  to  which  he  had  devoted  him- 
self. His  earliest  work  was  particularly  in  the  direction 
of  Old  Norse.  In  1808  he  published  a translation  of  the 
Edda ; in  1811  an  Icelandic  grammar.  In  1813,  with  gov- 
ernment assistance,  he  made  a journey  to  Iceland  to  study 
the  language,  returning  by  the  way  of  Scotland  in  1815. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  been  awaraed  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  for  an  essay  on  the  ori- 
gin of  the  Old  Norse  language.  In  1816,  with  public  sup- 
port, he  started  on  an  extended  journey  to  the  East.  He 
was  first  for  some  months  in  Stockholm,  then  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, whence  he  set  out  in  the  summer  of  1819  for  Tiflis. 
He  traveled  through  Persia  in  1820,  and  then  went  on  to 
Bombay,  everywhere  actively  engaged  in  studying  the  lan- 
guages of  the  countries  through  which  he  passed.  In  In- 
dia he  remained  two  years,  engaged  in  linguistic  study  and 
in  collecting  and  copying  MSS.  He  finally  returned  to 
Copenhagen  in  1823.  His  labors  for  a long  time  failed  of 
a just  recognition.  A small  pension  was  given  him  for  three 
years  by  the  government ; in  1825  he  was  made  professor 
extraordinarius  of  the  history  of  literature,  but  without  a 
stipend.  In  1829,  however,  he  was  appointed  university 
librarian  ; and  at  the  end  of  1831,  barely  a year  before  his 
death,  he  finally  received  the  professorship  of  Oriental  lan- 
guages which  heliadsolong  desired.  His  linguistic  stud- 
ies covered  a most  extraordinary  range.  He  published, 
among  others,  grammars  of  Icelandic,  Anglo-Saxon,  Sin- 
galese,  Spanish,  Friesian,  Italian,  Danish(inEnglish),  Lapp, 
and  English,  and  wrote  monographs  on  especial  points  of 
many  languages  and  dialects.  In  numerous  instances  he 
cleared  the  way,  by  his  preliminary  labors  and  suggestions, 
forother  workers  in  the  same  field.  The  principle  of  the  rel- 
ative correspondence  of  consonants  in  the  Indo-Germanic 
languages,  for  instance,  was  discovered  by  him,  although 
it  was  formulated  as  a law  by  Jacob  Grimm  whose  name  it 
bears.  His  collected  essays  (“Samlade  Afhandlinger”) 
were  published  at  Copenhagen,  1834-38,  in  3 vols. 

Ras  Mohammed  (Lis  mo-ham'ed).  The  south- 
ernmost headland  of  the  Sinai  peninsula,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Red  Sea. 

Raspail  (ras-pay7),  Francois  Vincent.  Born 
at  Carpentras,  France,  Jan.  29, 1794:  died  Jan. 
8,  1878.  A French  naturalist  and  radical  re- 
publican politician.  He  took  part  in  the  revolution- 
ary movements  of  1830  and  1848,  in  which  latter  year  he 
was  imprisoned.  He  was  a member  of  the  Corps  Ugis- 
latif  in  1869,  and  was  electi  d to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
in  1876.  Among  his  works  are  “Nouveau  systtme  de 
chimie  organique  ” (18331,  “Nouveau  systtme  de  physiolo- 
gic vdgMale"  (1836),  “Histoire  nature-lie  de  la  santd  et 
de  la  maladie’1  (1843),  “Nouvelles  Ctudes  scientifiques  ” 
(1864),  etc. 

Raspe  (ras'pe),  Rudolph  Erich.  Born  at  Han- 
nover, 1737 : died  at  Muckross,  Ireland,  1794.  A 
German  author.  He  was  for  a time  professor  of  archae- 
ology and  curator  of  themuseum  at  Cassel,  but  was  charged 
with  stealing  medals  under  his  care,  and  fled  to  England 
to  avoid  prosecution.  Hewasassay-masterand  storekeeper 
at  the  Dolcoath  mines  in  Cornwall  1782-88.  He  wrote  some 
scientific  works,  but  is  known  chiefly  as  the  compiler  of 
"Baron  Munchausen’s  Narrative  of  his  Marvellous  Travels 
and  Campaigns  in  Russia”  (1785),  a German  translation  of 
which  was  introduced  in  Germany  by  the  poet  Burger  in 
1787. 

Rassam(ras-sam'),  Hormuzd.  Born  at  Mosul, 
1826:  died  at  Brighton,  England,  Sept.  16,  1910. 
A Turkish  Assyriologist.  He  assisted  Layard  in 
his  archaeological  excavations  at  Nineveh  1845-47.  Having 
at  Layard’s  instance  completed  his  studies  at  Oxford,  he 
accompanied  him  on  his  second  expedition  in  1849,  and  in 
1851  became  his  successor  as  British  agent  for  the  con- 
duct of  Assyrian  explorations, a post  which  he  held  until  the 
explorations  came  to  an  end  in  1854.  In  1864  lie  was  sent  by 
the  British  government  on  a mission  to  Theodore,  king  of 
Abyssinia,  by  whom  he  was  kept  imprisoned  until  1868. 
From  1876-82  he  conducted  explorations  in  Mesopotamia 


Ratisbon 

for  the  British  Museum.  He  has  published  “The  British 
Mission  to  Theodore,  King  of  Abyssinia"  (1869),  etc. 
Rasselas  (ras'e-las).  A philosophical  romance 
by  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  published  in  1759. 

Rasselas  and  his  royal  brothers  and  sisters  live  in  a se- 
cluded portion  of  the  earth  known  as  the  Happy  Valley, 
where,  completely  isolated  from  the  world,  they  await  their 
succession  to  the  crown  of  the  imaginary  land  of  Abyssinia, 
surrounded  by  every  luxury  which  can  make  life  agreeable, 
and  shut  off  from  all  knowledge  of  those  evils  which  can 
make  it  painful.  The  aim  of  the  story  is  to  show  the  van- 
ity of  expecting  future  happiness,  and  the  folly  of  sacrifi- 
cing present  advantages  for  the  delusive  promises  of  the 
future.  Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  English  Prose  Fict.,  p.  234. 

Rastaban  (ras-ta-ban7).  [Ar.  rds-ul-thu’bdn, 
the  head  of  the  basilisk.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  y Draconis,  in  the  head  of  the  constellation. 
Rastatt,  or  Rastadt  (ras'tat).  A town  in  the 
circle  of  Baden-Baden,  in  Baden,  situated  on 
the  Murg  14  miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe,  it 
is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Germany.  The  Baden 
insurrection  of  1849  commenced  here  on  May  11,  and  ended 
with  the  surrender  of  the  fortress  on  July  23.  Population, 
commune,  14,403. 

Rastatt,  Congress  of.  1 . A congress  held  in 
1713-14  for  putting  an  end  to  the  war  between 
Austria  and  France. — 2.  A congress  held  in 
1797-99  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  the  ques- 
tions at  issue  between  France  and  the  Empire. 
It  met  Dec.  8,  1797,  and  was  dissolved  April  8,  1799.  The 
cession  of  the  leftbank  of  the  Rhine  to  France  and  the  secu- 
larization of  various  German  dominions  were  agreed  to. 
Two  of  the  French  envoys  were  murdered  by  Austrian  hus- 
sars near  Rastatt,  April  28,  1799. 

Rastatt,  Convention  of.  A secret  agreement 
between  France  and  Austria,  Dec.  1,  1797,  pro- 
viding for  the  delivery  of  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine  to  the  French. 

Rastatt,  Peace  of.  A treaty  concluded  be- 
tween France  and  Austria  in  March  6,  1714.  It 
was  supplemented  by  the  treaty  of  Baden  (which 
see). 

Rastrick  (ras'trik).  A town  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  Calder 
12  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  Population, 
about  9,400. 

Rata.  See  Rota. 

Ratak  Islands.  See  Iiadack  Islands. 

Ratazzi.  See  Rattazzi. 

Ratekau.  See  Ratkau. 

Rathenow  (ra'te-no),  or  Rathenau  (ra'te- 
nou).  A town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Havel  45  miles  west  by 
north  of  Berlin.  It  has  manufactures  of  optical  in- 
struments, etc.  It  was  repeatedly  taken  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War,  and  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the  Great 
Elector  of  Brandenburg,  Frederick  William,  over  the 
Swedes,  June  15,  1675  Population,  commune,  23,095. 
Rathlin  (ratb'lin).  A small  island  belonging  to 
the  county  of  Antrim,  Ireland,  situated  in  the 
North  Channel  50  miles  north  by  west  of  Belfast. 
Rathmines  (rath-minz7).  A place  in  Ireland  3 
miles  south  of  Dublin.  Here  Aug.  2, 1649,  the  Royal- 
ists under  Ormonde  were  defeated  by  the  Parliamentarians 
under  Jones. 

Ratibor  (ra'te-bor).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  in  lat.  50° 
57  N.,  long.  18°  12'  E.  It  has  flourishing  trade  and 
manufactures,  and  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  princi- 
pality of  Ratibor.  Population,  commune,  32,690. 

Ratibor,  Duchy  of.  A duchy  of  the  Holy  Ro- 
man Empire,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Silesia. 
It  was  acquired  by  the  Hapsburgs  1532,  and  by  Prussia 
1742.  The  principality  of  Ratibor  was  created  1822. 

Ratibor,  Duke  of  (Victor  Moritz  Karl,  Prince 
of  Corvey  and  of  Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schil- 
lingsfiirst).  Bom  Feb.  10,  1818  : died  Jan.  30, 
1893.  A German  politician,  president  of  the 
Prussian  upper  house  from  1877. 

Ratisbon  (rat'is-bon),  G.  Regensburg  (ra/gens- 
borG).  [F.  Ratisbonne,  ML.  Ratisbona,  from 
Celtic  Radespona.  The  Roman  name  was  Regi- 
num  or  Castra  Regina,  the  camp  on  the  river 
Regen  (OHG.  Regan ) ; OHG.  Reganespuruc,  G. 
Regensburg.']  The  capital  of  the  Upper  Palati- 
nate, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
Danube,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Regen,  in  lat. 
49°  27  N.,  long.  12°  57  E. : the  Roman  Reginum  or 
Castra  Regina.  Ithasatransittrade,  and  manufactures 
of  boats,  pottery,  lead-pencils,  etc.,  and  contains  many  me- 
dieval buildings.  The  cathedral  was  built  between  1275  and 
1534.  The  west  front  isof  the  15th  century;  it  iscovered  with 
arcading,  flanked  by  2 towers  with  lofty  openwork  spires 
(finished  1869),  and  has  before  its  sculptured  central  portal 
a curious  projecting  arcaded  triangular  porch.  The  cathe- 
dral measures  306  by  126  feet;  the  nave-vault  is  132  feet 
high.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Rathaus  (the  seat  of 
the  German  Reichstag  from  1663  to  1806),  Golden  < Iross  Inn, 
Golden  Tower  and  other  towers,  Church  of  St.  Ulrich,  Ab- 
bey of  St.  Emmeram,  and  Schottenkirclie.  In  the  vicinity 
is  the  hail  Walhalla.  Ratisbon  was  an  important  Roman 
town,  later  a free  imperial  city,  and  one  of  the  most  flour 
ishing  medieval  towns  of  Germany.  II  suffered  in  the 
Thirty  Years’  War  ; was  given  to  the  prince  primate  Dal- 
berg  in  1803;  suffered  severely  in  the  five  days’  fighting 


Eatisbon 

between  Napoleon  and  the  archduke  Charles,  April  19-23, 
1809 ; and  passed  to  Bavaria  in  1810.  Population,  com- 
mune, 48,801. 

Eatisbon  Interim.  A provisional  arrangement 
devised  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  for  the  set- 
tlement of  the  points  of  dispute  between  the 
Catholics  and  Protestants.  It  was  based  on  a con- 
ference held  during  the  Diet  at  Eatisbon,  in  1541,  between 
leading  theologians  (Melanchthon,  Bucer,  Eck,  etc.). 
Eat  (rat)  Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Aleutian  chain. 

Eatkau  (rat'kou),  or  Eatkow  (rat'ko),  or 
Eatekau  (ra'te-kou).  A village  5 miles  from 
Lubeck,  Germany.  Here,  Nov.  7, 1806,  Bliicher,  on  the 
retreat  from  Auerstadt,  surrendered  with  about  7,000  men 
to  the  French. 

Eatlam.  See  Butlam. 

Eatnagiri  (rut-na-ge're),  or  Eutnagherry  (rut- 
na-ger'i).  1 . A district  in  Bombay,  British  In- 
dia, situated  alongthe  coast  of  the  Arabian  Sea, 
and  intersected  by  lat.  17°  N.  Area,  3,998  square 
miles.  Population,  1,167,927. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Ratnagiri,  situated  on  the 
Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  16°  59'  N.,  long.  73°  18'  E. 
Population,  16,094. 

Eatnavali  (rat-na'va-le).  [Skt. : ratna,  pearl, 
and  avail,  row.]  “ The  Pearl  Necklace,”  a San- 
skrit drama  of  the  7th  century,  ascribed  as  the 
Nagananda  and  the  Priyadarshika  to  the  king 
Shri  Harsha.  Hall,  Biihler,  and  Weber  believe  the  real 
author  to  have  been  Bana,  while  Pisehel  ascribes  it  to 
Dhavaka.  The  first  scene  describes  the  sports  and  jokes 
of  the  spring  festival  now  called  Holi.  Sagarika,  called 
Eatnavali  from  her  jewel  necklace,  a princess  of  Ceylon, 
is  accidentally  brought  to  the  court,  falls  in  love  with  the 
king,  and  paints  his  picture.  The  queen  discovers  the  pic- 
ture, is  jealous,  and  imprisons  Sagarika.  In  the  end,  how- 
ever, the  king  conciliates  the  first  wife  and  gains  a second. 
A sorcerer  plays  a great  part  in  it.  The  best  edition  is 
by  Cappeller  in  Bohtlingk's  “Sanskrit  Chrestomathie"(2d 
ed.).  It  has  been  translated  into  English  by  Wilson,  and 
into  German  by  Fritze. 

Eaton  (ra-ton')  Mountains.  Amountain  group 
in  Colorado  and  northern  New  Mexico. 

Eat  Portage  (rat  pdr'taj).  The  former  name 
of  Kenora,  Ontario,  situated  on  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lake 
of  the  Woods.  It  is  noted  for  the  production 
of  caviar.  A gold-mining  district  has  devel- 
oped in  its  vicinity.  Population,  6,158,  (1911). 
Eatsey  (rat'si),  Gamaliel.  See  the  extract. 

Gamaliel  Ratsey  was  a notorious  highwayman,  who  al- 
ways robbed  in  a mask,  which  was  undoubtedly  made  as 
hideous  as  possible  in  order  to  strike  tei-ror.  In  the  title- 
page  of  an  old  pamphlet  (which  I have  not  seen)  con- 
taining the  history  of  his  exploits,  he  is  said  to  be  repre- 
sented with  this  frightful  visor : in  allusion  to  which,  I 
suppose,  he  is  called  by  Gab.  Harvey  “ Gamaliel  Hobgob- 
lin.” On  the  books  of  the  Stationers’  Company  (May, 
1605)  is  entered  a work  called  “The  Lyfe  anil  Death  of  Ga- 
maliel Ratsey,  a famous  theefe  of  England,  executed  at 
Bedford."  There  are  also  several  “Ballats  ’on  the  sub- 
ject, entered  about  the  same  time.  But  the  achievements 
of  Gamaliel  have  been  sung  in  more  than  one  language. 

Gifford,  Notes  to  Jonson’s  The  Alchemist,  II.  7. 

Eatsey’s  Ghost.  A very  rare  tract,  printed 
without  date,  but  supposed  to  be  prior  to  1606. 
It  mentions  Shakspere’s  “Hamlet”  by  name, 
and  refers  to  the  author  and  some  circum- 
stances of  his  life.  ( Collier. ) Ratsey  is  referred 
to  in  many  publications  of  the  time.  See  the 
article  above. 

Eattazzi,  or  Eatazzi,  Urbano.  Born  at  Ales- 
sandria, Italy,  June  29, 1808 : died  at  Frosinone, 
Italy,  June  5,  1873.  An  Italian  statesman.  He 
became  deputy  in  the  Sardinian  parliament  in  1848 ; was 
minister  for  short  periods  in  1848  and  1849 ; became  min- 
ister of  justice  in  1853,  and  of  the  interior  in  1854;  re- 
signed in  1858 ; was  again  minister  of  the  interior  1859-60 ; 
and  was  premier  in  1862  and  1867. 

Eattenfanger  von  Hameln  (rat'ten-feng//er 
fon  ham'eln),  Der.  [G.,  ‘ The  Rat-catcher  of 
Hameln.’]  An  opera  by  Victor  Nessler,  pro- 
duced at  Leipsic  in  1879.  See  Hameln,  Piper  of. 
Eattlin  (rat'lin),  Jack.  A sailor,  a character 
in  Smollett’s  “Roderick  Random.” 

Eatzeburg  (rat'se-borG).  1.  A former  bishop- 
ric, afterward  a secularized  principality,  lying 
northwest  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  and  be- 
longing to  Mecklenburg-Strelitz. — 2.  A town 
in  Lauenburg,  in  the  province  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  Lake  Ratzeburg 
12  miles  south  of  Lubeck.  The  cathedral,  with  the 
northern  part  of  the  town,  belongs  to  Meeklenberg-Strelitz 
(see  def.  1).  Population,  4,342. 

Rau  (rou),  Karl  Heinrich.  Born  at  Erlangen, 
Bavaria,  Nov.  23,  1792:  died  at  Heidelberg, 
March  18, 1870.  A German  political  economist, 
professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1822.  His  chief  work 
is  “ Lehrbuch  der  politischen  Okonomie  ” (“  Manual  of  Po- 
litical Economy,”  1826-37). 

Rauber  (roi'ber),  Die.  [G.,  ‘The  Robbers.’] 
A play  by  Schiller,  printed  in  1781  and  repre- 
sented in  1782. 


844 

Rauch  (rouch),  Christian  Daniel.  Born  at 

Arolsen,  Waldeck,  Germany,  Jan.  2,  1777 : died 
at  Dresden,  Dec.  3,  1857.  A noted  German 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  the  mausoleum  of  Queen 
Luise  of  Prussia  at  Charlottenburg  (1814);  statues  of 
Bliicher  in  Breslau  and  Berlin,  and  of  Maximilian  I.  of  Ba- 
varia in  Munich ; the  monument  of  Diirer  at  Nuremberg  ; 
statues  of  Scliarnhorst,  Von  Billow,  Francke,  etc. ; and  the 
monument  of  Frederick  the  Great  at  Berlin  (1851). 

Rauch,  Friedrich  August.  Born  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  July  27,  1806:  died  at  Mercersburg, 
Pa.,  March  2,  1841.  A German-American  phi- 
losopher, first  president  of  Marshall  College, 
Mercersburg  (1835-41).  He  wrote  “Psychol- 
ogy” (1840),  etc. 

Raucoux.  See  Bocoux. 

Raudian  (ra'di-an)  Fields.  [L.  Campi  Baudii. ] 
In  ancient  geography,  a noted  plain  in  northern 
Italy,  probably  near  Vercelli,  but  by  some  lo- 
cated near  Verona.  It  was  the  scene  of  a battle  in  101 
B.  c.,  in  which  the  Cimbri  were  annihilated  by  the  Romans 
under  Marius  and  Catulus. 

Raudnitz  (roud'nits).  A town  in  northern  Bo- 
hemia, situated  on  the  Elbe  25  miles  north  by 
west  of  Prague.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle. 
Population,  commune,  9,256,  (1910). 

Rauhe  Alp  (rou'e  alp)  or  Alb  (alb).  The 
Swabian  Jura,  or  that  part  of  it  between  Hohen- 
zollern  and  Bavaria ; in  a more  restricted  sense, 
a group  of  mountains  near  Reutlingen. 

Rauiner  (rou'mer),  Friedrich  Ludwig  Georg 
von.  Born  at  Worlitz,  Anhalt,  Germany,  May 
14, 1781:  died  at  Berlin,  June  14, 1873.  A Ger- 
man historian.  lie  became  professor  at  Breslau  in  1811, 
and  at  Berlin  in  1819,  and  was  a member  of  the  Frankfort 
parliament  in  1848,  and  later  of  the  Prussian  chamber.  His 
chief  works  are  “GeschichtederHohenstaufen  ’(“History 
of  the  Hohenstaufens,"  1823-25),  and  “Geschichte  Europas 
seit  dem  Etide  des  15.  Jahrhunderts  ” (“  History  of  Europe 
since  the  End  of  the  15th  Century,”  1832-50) ; other  works 
are “Briefe aus Paris  und  Frankreich ” (183i),  “England” 
(1836-41),  “Die  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nordamerika” 
(1845),  etc. 

Raumer,  Karl  Georg  von.  Born  at  Worlitz, 
Germany,  April  9,  1783 : died  at  Erlangen,  Ba- 
varia, June  2, 1865.  A German  geographer,  ge- 
ologist, and  writer  on  pedagogics,  professor  at 
Erlangen:  brother  of  Friedrich  Ludwig  Georg 
von  Raumer.  His  works  include  “ Lehrbuch 
der  allgemeinen  Geographic”  (1832),  “Ge- 
schichte der  Padagogik”  (1842),  etc. 

Raumer,  Rudolf  von.  Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
April  14, 1815 : died  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  Aug. 
30,  1876.  A German  philologist,  son  of  K.  G. 
von  Raumer : professor  at  Erlangen  from  1 S46. 
He  wrote  “ Geschichte  der  germanischen  Phi- 
lologie”  (1870),  etc. 

Raupach  (rou'pach), Ernst  Benjamin  Salomo. 

Born  at  Straupitz,  near  Liegnitz,  Silesia,  May 
21, 1784 : died  March  18, 1852.  A German  dram- 
atist. 

Rauraci  Montes.  In  ancient  geography,  a name 
given  to  Abnoba.,  now  the  Black  Forest. 

Eaurici  (ra/ri-sl),  or  Rauraci  (ra'ra-si).  [L. 
(Caesar)  Baurici,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  fP aupaxoi.]  A 
German  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Caesar.  They 
were  situated  in  the  neighborhood  of  Basel,  on  the  upper 
Rhine,  in  territory  north  of  the  Helvetii,  whom  they  had 
joined  in  their  attempted  migration,  58  B.  c. 

Ravaillac  (ra-va-yak'),  Frangois.  Born  near 
Angouleme,  France,  about  1578:  executed  at 
Paris,  May  27, 1610.  The  murderer  of  Henry  IV. 
of  France  (May  14,  1610). 

Ravee.  See  Bavl  (in  India). 

Ravello  (ra-vel'lo).  A small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Salerno,  Italy.  It  was  formerly  a place  of 
importance.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1087,  is  remark- 
able especially  for  its  bronze  doors  of  1176  and  its  pulpit 
of  1272. 

Eaven  (ra'vn),  The.  A notable  poem  by  Edgar 
Allan  Poe,  published  in  1845. 

Ravenna  (ra-ven'a;  It.  pron.  ra-ven'na).  1. 
A province  in  the  compartimento  of  Emilia, 
Italy.  Area,  715  square  miles.  Population, 
241,185.  — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Ravenna,  situated  between  the  Ronco  and 
Lamone,  6 miles  from  the  Adriatic,  in  lat.  44° 
25'  N.,  long.  12°  12'  E. : the  Roman  Ravenna. 
It  is  famous  for  its  churches  (basilicas  of  the  late-Roman 
and  Byzantine  periods).  The  cathedral,  founded  in  the 
4th  century,  but  remodeled  in  the  18th,  was  a 6-aisled  ba- 
silica with  mosaics,  but  is  now  a 3-aisled  domed  church 
with  grotesque  ornament.  The  venerable  circular  cam- 
panile and  the  crypt  are  of  the  original  construction. 
There  are  several  noteworthy  frescos  by  Guido  Rent  San 
Giovanni  Evangelista  is  a votive  church  built  in  425  by 
Galla  Placidia.  There  is  a narthex  on  the  west : its  door 
is  a very  richly  sculptured  work  of  the  13th  century'.  The 
3-aisled  interior  has  24  antique  columns;  in  one  chapel 
there  is  a fresco  of  the  evangelists  and  the  doctors  of  the 
church,  by  Giotto,  powerful  and  characteristic  despite 
restoration.  The  palace  of  Theodoric,  a fragment  65  feet 
long,  with  two  tiers  of  arcades,  a large  arched  doorway  in 
the  middle,  and  over  it  a large  domed  niche  containing  a 
double-arched  window,  is  important  historically  as  the 


Rawlins 

abode  of  Theodoric,  the  exarchs,  and  the  Lombard  kinga, 
and  architecturally  as  one  of  the  best  secular  examples  of 
early  Italian  Romanesque.  Themausoleum  of  Theodoric, 
of  the  6th  century,  though  Roman  in  character,  is  in  plan 
a decagon  45  feet  in  diameter.  The  upper  story,  35  feet  in 
diameter,  is  circular,  roofed  by  a single  enormous  slab  cut 
to  the  form  of  a flat  dome.  This  story  was  surrounded  by 
ornamental  arcades,  now  gone.  Each  side  of  the  decagon 
below  has  a niche  formed  by  a massive  arch.  Each  story 
contains  a chamber:  the  lower  one  is  cruciform.  The 
mausoleum  of  Galla  Placidia,  built  in  440,  is  in  plan  a Latin 
cross  40  by  46  feet.  The  four  aims  have  barrel- vaults,  and 
the  central  space  is  covered  by  a raised-groined  vault.  The 
ends  of  the  arms  are  occupied  by  sarcophagi.  The  vaults 
are  lined  with  mosaics  which  rank  among  the  finest 
remains  of  early  Christian  art.  Among  other  notable  struc- 
tures are  the  baptistery,  Dante’s  tomb,  library,  archi- 
episcopal  palace,  and  churches  of  San  Vitale,  San  Na- 
zario  e Celso,  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin,  San  Apollinare 
Nuovo,  and  San  Apollinare  in  Classe.  Ravenna  was  an 
ancient  city  of  Cisalpine  Gaul ; it  is  mentioned  in  the  his- 
tory of  Julius  Caesar.  It  was  in  old  times  a seaport,  and 
the  headquarters  of  the  Roman  Adriatic  fleet;  the  chief 
capital  of  the  Western  emperors  from  about  402  to  476; 
and  the  capital  of  Odoacer,  of  Theodoric  and  the  East 
Goths,  and  of  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna  (which  see,  below). 
It  was  taken  by  the  Lombard  Aistulf  about  752 ; was  taken 
by  Pepin  in  755,  and  granted  to  the  Pope ; had  various 
other  rulers  in  the  middle  ages  (the  Polentas,  Venetians, 
etc.) ; and  passed  finally  to  the  Papal  States  in  1509.  A vic- 
tory was  gained  near  it,  April  11, 1512,  by  the  French  under 
Gaston  de  Foix  (killed  in  the  battle)  over  the  papal  and 
Spanish  troops.  It  was  united  with  the  kingdom  of  Italy 
in  1860.  Dante  died  here  in  1321.  Pop.,  commune,  64,031. 

Ravenna.  A village,  the  capital  of  Portage 
County,  Ohio,  36  miles  southeast  of  Cleveland. 
Population,  5,310,  (1910). 

Ravenna,  Exarchate  of.  The  dominion  of  the 
Byzantine  exarch  (or  governor)  in  Italy,  with 
its  headquarters  in  Ravenna.  The  Ostrogothic 
realm  in  Italy  was  conquered  by  the  Byzantines  in  636- 
553,  and  the  exarchate  was  instituted  in  568.  It  comprised 
at  first  Italy,  but  was  soon  confined  to  a district  in  north- 
eastern Italy,  near  Ravenna ; and  was  taken  from  the  Lom- 
bards by  Pepin  the  Short  in  755  and  granted  to  the  Pope. 
Ravensburg  (ra'vens-borG).  A town  in  the 
circle  of  the  Danube,  Wurtemberg,  situated  on 
the  Schussen  22  miles  east-northeast  of  Con- 
stance. It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade,  and 
has  several  fine  buildings.  It  was  founded  by  the  Welfs ; 
became  a free  imperial  city  in  the  13th  century ; passed 
to  Bavaria  in  1803 ; and  passed  to  Wurtemberg  in  1810. 
Population,  commune,  14,619. 

Ravenscroft  (ra'venz-kroft),  Edward.  An 
English  dramatist  of  the  17th  century.  He  was 
a student  of  law  in  the  Temple.  His  works  include 
“Mamamouchi,  or  the  Citizen  turned  Gentleman  ” (1671), 
“The  Careless  Lovers”  (1673),  “ Scaramouch ” (1677), 
“ The  Wrangling  Lovers,  or  the  Invisible  Mistress  ”(1677), 
“King  Edgar  and  Alfreda”  (1677),  “The  English  Lawyer” 
(1678 : a translation  of  the  Latin  play  “ Ignoramus "), 
“The  London  Cuckolds"  (1683),  “Dame  Dobson,  or  the 
Cunning  Woman”  (1684),  “The  Canterbury  Guests,  or  a 
Bargain  Broken”  (1695),  “The  Anatomist,  or  the  Sham 
Doctor”  (1697),  “The  Italian  Husband”  (1697). 
Ravenspur  (ra'vn-sper).  A place  (now  sub- 
merged) on  the  coast  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
near  Spurn  Head,  where  Henry  IV.  landed  in 
1399  and  Edward  IV.  in  1471. 

Ravenswood  (ra'venz-wud),  Edgar,  Master 
of.  The  lover  of  Lucy  Ashton  in  Scott’s  “Bride 
of  Lammermoor.”  A melancholy  and  revengeful  man, 
finding  her,  as  he  supposes,  faithless  to  him,  he  bitterly 
reproaches  her,  is  challenged  by  her  brother,  and  perishes 
in  a quicksand  on  his  way  to  the  meeting. 

Ravi  (ra've),  or  Maravi  (ma-ra've).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  British  Nyassaland,  central  Africa, 
settled  on  a high  plateau  southwest  of  Lake 
Nyassa.  Once  a powerful  nation,  they  have  been  much 
reduced  in  numbers  and  power  by  the  Maviti  and  other 
tribes  owning  firearms.  They  are  kinsmen  of  the  Ma- 
nganja.  A fraction  of  the  tribe  fled  east  to  the  Namuli 
Mountains,  and  mixed  there  with  Lomwe  tribes. 

Ravi,  or  Ravee  (ra've).  One  of  the  “five  riv- 
ers” of  the  Panjab,  India,  uniting  with  the 
Chenab  35  miles  northeast  of  Multan.  Length, 
over  400  miles. 

Rawal  Pindi,  or  Rawul  Pindee  (ra'ul  pin'de). 
1.  A division  of  the  Panjab,  British  India. 
Area,  15,736  square  miles.  Population,  2?799,- 
360. — 2.  A district  in  the  Rawal  Pindi  division, 
intersected  by  lat.  33°  30'  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
Area,  2,010  square  miles.  Population, 558, 699. 
— 3.  Thecapitalof  the  district  of  Rawal  Pindi, 
situated  in  lat.  33°  36'  N.,  long.  73°  7'  E.  It  is  an 
important  military  station  and  commercial  cen- 
ter, and  contains  several  educational  institu- 
tions. Pop.,  including  cantonment,  87,688. 
Rawdon,  Lord.  See  Hastings . Francis  Bawdon. 
Rawil,  or  Rawyl  (ra-vel').  Pass,  F.  Col  des 
Ravins  (kol  da  rii-vah').  An  Alpine  pass  on 
the  border  of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais, 
Switzerland,  leading  from  the  Simmenthal  in 
Bern  to  the  Rhone  valley  at  Sion. 

Rawlins  (ra'linz),  John  Aaron.  Born  at  East 
Galena,  111.,  Feb.  13,  1831:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Sept.  9,  1869.  An  American  general.  He 

was  a Douglas  Democrat  in  1860,  but  joined  the  Union 
army  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and  became  ajaals- 


Rawlins 

tant  adjutant-general  to  Grant  in  1861,  and  chief  of  staff 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in  1865.  He  was  secre- 
tary of  war  1869. 

Rawlinson  (ra'lin-son),  George.  Born  at  Chad- 
lington,  Oxfordshire,  Nov.  23,  1812:  died  at 
Canterbury,  Oct.  6,  1902.  An  English  historian, 
Orientalist,  and  theologian,  the  brother  of  Sir 
H.  C.  Rawlinson.  He  became  canou  of  Canterbury 
cathedral  in  1872.  He  published  “Five  Great  Monarchies 
of  tlieA.icient  Eastern  World  "(1862-67),  “The  Sixth  Great 
Oriental  Monarchy"  (1873),  “The  Seventh  Great  Oriental 
Monarchy  " (1876),  “ A Manual  of  Ancient  History  " (1869), 
a translation  of  Herodotus  (1858-60:  conjointly  with  his 
brother  and  Sir  J.  G.  Wilkinson),  “A  History  of  Egypt’’ 
(1881),  “Phoenicia"  (1S8J),  and  various  theological  works. 

Rawlinson,  Sir  Henry  Creswicke.  Born  at 
Chadlington,  Oxfordshire,  April  11,  1810:  died 
at  London,  March  5, 1895.  An  English  Assyri- 
ologist  and  diplomatist.  He  entered  the  East  India 
Company's  army  in  1S27,  and  held  various  important  of- 
fices both  military  and  diplomatic,  retiring  in  1855.  In 
1859  he  was  appointed  British  minister  at  Teheran,  where 
he  remained  one  year.  He  became  a member  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  India  in  1858  and  again  in  1868,  and  president  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  in  1871.  He  was  made  a K. 
C.  B.  in  1856,  a G.  C.  B.  in  1889,  and  a baronet  in  1891.  He 
copied,  amid  great  hardships,  the  trilingual  inscription  at 
Behistun.  He  published  “On  the  Inscriptions  of  Assyria 
and  Babylonia"  (1850),  "Outline  of  the  History  of  As- 
syria (1852),  and  “England  and  Russia  in  the  East" 
(1876) ; and  was  the  joint  editor  of  “ Cuneiform  Inscrip- 
tions of  Western  Asia"  (1861-70),  and  other  collections  of 
inscriptions. 

Rawson  (ra'son),  Edward.  _ Born  at  Gilling- 
ham, England,  April  16,  1615:  died  at  Boston, 
Aug.  27, 1693.  A colonial  secretary  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  historical  writer. 

Rawtenstall  (ra'ten-stal).  A manufacturing 
town  in  Lancashire,  England.  Pop.,  31,053. 

Rawul  Pindee.  See  Rawal  Pindi. 

Raxalp  (raks'alp).  An  elevated  plateau-moun- 
tain on  the  border  of  Lower  Austria  and  Styria, 
northwest  of  the  Semmering  Pass  and  44  miles 
southwest  of  Vienna.  Height,  6,500  feet. 

Ray  (ra),  Cape.  The  southwesternmost  cape 
of  Newfoundland,  situated  in  lat.  47°  37'  N., 
long.  59°  18'  W.  />• 

Ray,  or  Wray  (ra),  John.  Born  at  Black  Not- 
ley,  Essex,  Nov.  29,  1627 : died  Jan.  17,  1705.  A 
noted  English  naturalist,  called  “ the  father  of 
English  natural  history.”  He  traveled  on  the  Con- 
tinent with  Willughby  1663-66.  It  is  thought  that  the  lat- 
ter deserves  much  of  the  praise  which  Ray  received  as  the 
founder  of  systematic  zoology.  He  published  “Catalogus 
plantarum  Angliae,  etc.”  (1670);  “A  Collection  of  English 
Proverbs " (1670,  and  many  later  editions);  “Methodus 
plantarum  nova,  etc.  ” (1682) ; “ Historia  plantarum  ” (1686- 
1704) ; “Methodus  insectorum  ” (1705),  and  many  zoological 
works;  “The  Wisdom  of  God  manifested  in  the  Works  of 
the  Creation  ” (1691) ; “ Miscellaneous  Discourses  ” (1692) ; 
etc.  The  Ray  Society  was  established  in  1844  for  the  pur- 
pose of  publishing  “rare  books  of  established  merit  ” on 
zoology,  botany,  etc. 

Rayi  (ra'e).  [Ar.  al-rd'i,  the  shepherd.]  A 
rarely  used  name  of  a Ophiuchi,  usually  known 
as  Rasalhague. 

Rayleigh-  Lord.  See  Strutt,  John  William. 

Raymi,  Feast  of.  See  Katun  Raymi. 

Raymond  (ra/mond).  A village  in  Hinds 
County,  Mississippi,  13  miles  west  by  south  of 
Jackson.  Here,  May  12,  1863,  part  of  Grant’s 
army  defeated  the  Confederates. 

Raymond  IV.,  of  Saint-Gilles.  Died  at  Tripo- 
lis,  Feb.  28, 1105.  Count  of  Toulouse  1088-1105. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  powerful  princes  in  Europe  in  his 
time,  and  in  1096  assumed  command  of  a large  army  which 
participated  in  the  first  Crusade.  He  besieged  Tripolis 
in  1104.  Also  Itaimond,  liaimund,  etc. 

Raymond  VI.  Born  1156:  died  1222.  Count  of 
Toulouse  1194-1222.  He  took  part  with  the  Albigenses 
against  the  Crusaders  under  Montfort,  and  was  totally  de- 
feated by  the  latter  in  1213. 

Raymond,  Henry  Jarvis.  Born  at  Lima,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  24,  1820:  died  at  New  York,  June  18, 
1869.  An  American  journalist  and  politician. 
He  became  assistant  editor  of  the  New  York  “Tribune” 
1841;  later  was  on  the  staff  of  the  “Courier  and  Enquirer”; 
was  speaker  of  the  New  York  Assembly  in  1850  and  1861 ; 
founded  the  “New-York  Times  ’’  in  1851 ; was  lieutenant- 
governor  of  New  York  1855-57:  and  was  Republican 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1865-67.  He  wrote 
“A  History  of  the  Administration  of  President  Lincoln  " 
(1864),  “Life  and  Public  Services  of  Abraham  Lincoln” 
(1865),  etc. 

Raymond,  John  T.  (assumed  name  of  John 
O’Brien).  Born  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  April  5, 1836 : 
died  at  Evansville,  Ind.,  April  10,  1887.  An 
American  comedian.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  stage  at  Rochester,  New  York,  in  1853;  and  in  1859 
made  his  first  distinctive  hit  as  Asa  Trenchard  with  Soth- 
em  as  Dundreary.  In  1873  he  first  took  the  part  of  Colo- 
nel Mulberry  Sellers  in  “The  Gilded  Age,"  for  which  he 
Is  chiefly  remembered. 

Raymond  Lully.  See  Lully. 

Raynal  (ra-naly),  Guillaume  Thomas  Fran- 
cois: called  Abb4  Raynal.  Born  at  St.-Ge- 
niez,  Aveyron,  France,  April  12, 1713:  died  at 
Paris,  March  6,  1796.  A French  historian  and 


845 

philosopher.  He  was  a priest  attached  to  the  parish  of 
St.  Sulpice  in  Paris,  but  was  dismissed  for  bad  conduct, 
and  subsequently  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  best- 
known  work  is  the  “ Histoire  philosophique  et  politique 
des  dtablissements  et  du  commerce  des  Europ^ens  dans  les 
deux  Indes"  (“Philosophical  and  Political  History  of  the 
Establishments  and  Commerce  of  the  Europeans  in  the  Two 
Indies" : published  1770  ; new  edition  1780-85).  The  book 
was  burned  by  order  of  the  Fariement  in  1781  on  account 
of  its  liberalism,  and  its  author  was  exiled.  He  also  wrote 
“ Histoire  du  Stathoud6rat  ”(1748),  “ Anecdotes  littdraires  " 
(2  vols.  1760),  “M6moires  politiques  de  l’Europe  " (3  vols. 
1754-74),  etc.  Raynal  was  regarded  as  a leader  of  the 
French  freethinkers. 

Raynouard  (ra-no-ar'),  Francois  Juste  Marie. 

Born  at  Brignoles,  France,  Sept.,  1761:  died  at 
Passy,  Paris,  Oct.  27, 1836.  A French  poet  and 
scholar.  He  was  noted  for  his  works  on  Provencal  liter- 
ature and  language,  including  “Choix  des  poesies  origi- 
nates des  troubadours ” (1816-21),  and  “ Lexique  roman, "a 
dictionary  of  the  language  of  the  troubadours,  with  a 
grammar  and  a selection  ol  poems  (1836-45). 

Raz4s  (ra-za/).  A former  small  division  of 
Languedoc,  France,  corresponding  to  parts  of 
the  departments  of  Aude  and  Pyrendes-Orien- 
tales. 

Razor  (ra/zor).  An  amusing  intriguing  valet 
in  Vanbrugh’s  comedy  “The  Provoked  Wife.” 

Razzi.  See  Sodoma. 

Re,  or  Rhe  (ra),  lie  de.  An  island  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  situated  opposite  La  Rochelle,  belong- 
ing to  the  department  of  Charente-Inferieure. 
Chief  place,  St.-Martin.  The  chief  industry  is  salt 
manufacture.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  expedi- 
tion of  the  English  under  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  against 
the  French  in  1627.  Length,  18  miles. 

Read  (red),  George.  [The  E.  surname  Read, 
also  spelled  Reade,  Reed,  Sc.  Reid,  is  the  same 
as  the  adj.  red,  and,  like  Black,  White,  etc.,  re- 
ferred, as  a surname,  to  the  complexion.]  Bom 
in  Cecil  County, Md.,  Sept.  18,1733:  diedatNew- 
castle,  Del., Sept.  21, 1798.  An  American  states- 
man and  jurist,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  as  delegate  to  Congress  from 
Delaware.  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
Delaware  1789-93,  and  chief  justice  of  Delaware 
1793-98. 

Read,  Thomas  Buchanan.  Born  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  March  12, 1822 : died  at  New  York, 
May  11, 1872.  An  American  poet  and  painter. 
He  wrote  “Poems”  (1847, 1853,  1860-65),  “The  New  Pas- 
toral" (1855),  “The  nouse  by  the  Sea"  (1850),  “Sylvia, 
etc."  (1857),  “The  Wagoner  of  the  Alleghanies ” (1862), 
“Sheridan’s  Ride"  (1865),  etc. 

Reade  (red),  Charles.  Born  at  Ipsden  House, 
Oxfordshire,  June 8, 1814:  died atLondon,  April 
11, 1884.  An  English  novelist  and  dramatist.  He 
graduated  at  Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in  1835 ; was 
elected  to  a Vineri  m scholarship  at  Oxford ; and  was 
called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  in  1843.  He  is  noted  for 
the  skill  with  which  he  inveighed  against  social  wrongs. 
His  first  play,  “ The  Ladies’  Battle,”  appeared  in  1851.  His 
principal  works  are  “Peg  Woffington  ” (1852),  “Christie 
Johnstone  ” (1853),  “ Masks  and  Faces  ” (a  play,  with  Tom 
Taylor),  “ Clouds  and  Sunshine  ” and  “ Art”  (1855),  “ It  is 
Never  Too  Late  to  Mend  ’’  (1856 : also  dramatized),  “ Love 
me  Little,  Love  me  Long ” (1859),  “The  Cloister  and  the 
Hearth " (1861),  “Hard  Cash  ’ (1863),  “Griffith  Gaunt” 
(1866),  “Foul  Play"  (1869),  “Put  Yourself  in  His  Place” 
(1870),  “ATerrihleTemptation  ’’(1871),  and  “The  Wander- 
ing Heir ”(1872).  Among  his  other  novels  are  “The  Course 
of  True  Love  never  did  Run  Smooth"  (1857),  “White  Lies” 
(1857),  “A  Woman-Hater"  (1877),  “A  Simpleton  ’’  (1874), 
etc.  Among  his  plays  are  “ A Scuttled  Ship  ” (1879 : with 
Boucicault,  from  “Foul  Play”)  and  “ Drink ’’ (from  Zola’s 
“ L’Assommoir”). 

Reade,  William  Winwood.  Bom  at  Ipsden, 
England,  Jan.  30,  1838:  died  at  Wimbledon, 
England,  April  24,  1875.  An  English  traveler 
in  Africa,  and  novelist,  a nephew  of  Charles 
Reade.  ne  published  “Savage  Africa”  (1863),  etc. 

Reading  (red'ing).  [ME.  Reding,  AS.  Reddingas, 
prop,  the  name  of  the  inhabitants,  ‘the  descen- 
dants of  Read,’  i.  e.  Red,  a man’s  name.]  A 
town  in  Berkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Kennet,  near  its  junction  with  the  Thames,  39 
miles  west  by  south  of  London,  it  has  consid- 
erable trade,  and  manufactures  of  biscuits,  iron,  ale,  etc. ; 
contains  ruins  of  a Benedictine  abbey ; and  is  the  seat  of 
University  College.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  the  Danes 
in  their  inroad  on  Wessex  in  871,  and  the  scene  of  one  of 
their  defeats ; was  burned  by  the  Danes  in  1006 ; and  was 
taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  under  the  Earl  of  Essex  in 
1643.  Population,  75,214,  (1911). 

Reading.  Aeity,  capital  of  Berks  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  on  the  Schuylkill  50  miles 
northwest  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  an  important  rail- 
way and  manufacturing  center ; contains  machine-shops 
of  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad  ; and  has  manu- 
factures of  iron,  steel,  brass,  shoes,  cigars,  leather,  etc.  It 
was  laid  out  in  1748,  and  became  a city  in  1847.  Popula- 
tion, 96,071,  (1910). 

Reading  Magdalen,  The.  See  Magdalen,  1. 

Reading  the  Will.  A painting  by  Sir  David 
Wilkie  (1820), in  the NewPinakothekat  Munich. 

A number  of  persons,  of  all  ages  and  various  demeanor, 
are  assembled  In  a room  listening  to  the  reading  of  a will 
by  a lawyer,  who  sits  at  a table. 

Reagan  (re'gan),  John  Henninger.  Bom  in 


Recorde 

Sevier  County,  Tenn.,  Oct.  8, 1818 : died  at  Pales- 
tine, Texas,  March  6, 1905.  An  American  Dem- 
ocratic politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Texas  1857-61,  and  again  1875-87 ; was  postmaster-general 
of  the  Confederacy  1861-65,  and  (for  a short  time)  acting 
secretary  of  the  treasury  ; and  was  a United  States  senator 
1887-91,  when  he  resigned  in  order  to  accept  the  chair- 
manship of  the  railroad  commission  of  the  State  of  Texas. 

Reate  (re-a'te).  The  ancient  name  of  Rieti. 

Reaumur  (ra-6-mur'),  Rene  Antoine  Fer- 
chault  de.  Born  at  La  Rochelle,  France,  Feb. 
28,1683:  died  on  his  estate,  Bormondiere,  Maine, 
France,  Oct.  18, 1757.  A French  physicist  and 
naturalist,  best  known  as  the  inventor  (about 
1731)  of  the  Reaumur  thermometer,  in  the  scale 
of  which  the  space  between  the  freezing-point 
and  the  boiling-point  of  water  is  divided  into  80 
degrees.  He  also  discovered  the  porcelain  named  from 
him.  His  chief  work  is  “ M6moires  pour  servir  k l’histoire 
naturelle  des  insectes  ’’  (1734-42). 

Rebecca,  or  Rebekah  (re-bek'a).  [F.  Rebecque, 
Sp.  Rebeca,  Pg.  It.  Rebecca,  L.  Rebecca,  Gr. ' Pe - 
[it  ana,  Heb.  Ribhqah,  from  rdbhak,  bind,  fasten.] 
The  sister  of  Laban,  wife  of  the  patriarch  Isaac 
and  mother  of  Esau  and  Jacob. 

Rebecca  (re-bek'a).  A character  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  novel  ‘ ‘ Ivanhoe  ”:  a Jewess,  the  daughter 
of  Isaac  of  York.  She  secretly  loves  Ivanhoe,  whom 
she  cures  of  a wound,  and  repulses  at  the  peril  of  her  life 
the  criminal  love  of  De  Bois  Guilbert,  on  account  of  whose 
infatuation  she  is  condemned  as  a witch,  but  is  saved  by 
the  sudden  death  of  her  accuser.  After  the  marriage  of 
Ivanhoe  to  Rowena,  she  leaves  England  with  her  father. 

Rebellion,  The.  1.  In  United  States  history, 
the  Civil  War  (which  see). — 2.  In  Scottish  his- 
tory, the  Jacobite  insurrections. 

Rebellion,  The  Great.  In  English  history,  the 
war  waged  by  the  Parliamentary  army  against 
Charles  I.  from  1642  to  his  execution  in  1649, 
and  the  subsequent  maintenance  by  force  of  a 
government  opposed  to  the  excluded  sovereign 
Charles  II.  till  the  Restoration  in  1660. 

Rebello  da  Silva  (re-bel'lo  da  sel'va),  Luis 
Augusto.  Born  at  Lisbon,  April  1,  1822:  died 
Sept.  19, 1871.  A Portuguese  historian,  novel- 
ist, and  political  orator.  His  chief  works  are  a “His- 
tory of  Portugal  in  the  17th  and  18th  Centuries  ” (1860-71) 
and  the  historical  novel  “A  mocidade  de  D.  Joao  V . ’ 
(“  The  Youth  of  Dom  John  V.,”  1851-53). 

Recamier  ( ra-ka-m  ya' ) , Madame  (Jeanne  Fran- 
chise Julie  Adelaide  Bernard).  Born  at 
Lyons,  Dec.  4, 1777 : died  at  Paris,  May  11, 1849. 
A celebrated  French  leader  of  society,  she  was 
married  at  15  to  Monsieur  Jacques  Rdcp.mier,  who  was 
nearly  three  times  her  age.  Her  beauty  and  intelligence 
attracted  to  her  salon  a brilliant  circle  at  Paris  during  the 
consulate  and  empire,  and  later  at  Abbaye-aux-Bois.  She 
was  exiled  from  Paris  by  Napoleon.  Among  her  friends 
were  Madame  de  Stael,  Chateaubriand  (who  wished  to 
marry  her  after  the  death  of  her  husband),  Constant,  etc. 
The  only  one  of  her  admirers  who  is  thought  to  have 
touched  her  heart  was  Prince  Augustus  of  Prussia.  She 
agreed  to  marry  him,  and  her  husband,  who  had  lost  his 
fortune,  consented  to  a divorce  : she,  however,  touched  by 
his  amiability,  refused  to  leave  him  in  his  poverty.  Her 
“Souvenirs  et  correspondance”  were  edited  by  her  niece 
Madame  Lenormant  in  1859. 

Rechabites  (rek'a-bits).  Tbe  members  of  a 
J ewish  family  and  sect  descended  from  Rechab, 
which,  in  obedience  to  the  command  of  Jona- 
dab,  Reckab’s  son,  refused  to  drink  wine,  build 
or  live  in  houses,  sow  seed,  or  plant  or  own 
vineyards  (Jer.  xxxv.  5-10). 

Recife.  See  Pernambuco. 

Recklinghausen  (rek'ling-hou-zen).  1.  A 
former  countsbip  in  Westphalia,  annexed  to 
Prussia  in  1815. — 2.  A town  in  tbe  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  31  miles  south- 
west of  Munster.  Population,  country  com- 
mune, 27,016;  commune,  44,396. 

Reclus  (ra-klii'),  Jean  Jacques  Elisee.  Born 
March  15,  1830:  died  July  4,  1905. 

A French  geographer.  He  traveled  in  England,  Ire- 
land, and  North  and  South  America,  1852-57,  and  subse- 
quently devoted  himself  to  writing  books  of  travel  and 
geography : some  of  these  were  first  published  in  the 
“Tour  du  Monde"  and  the  “Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,” 
and  republished  in  book  form.  They  include  “ Ea  terre  ’’ 
(1867-68),  “Les  phOnomtnes  terrestres,  le  monde  et  les 
metiores  ’’  (1872 ; republished  in  English  as  “TheOcean”), 
“Voyage  k la  Sierra  Nevada  de  Sainte-Marthe,”  etc.  His 
greatest  work  is  the  “Nouvelle  geographic  universelle ’’ 
(20  vols.,  4to,  1875-94).  In  1871  Reclus  was  sentenced  to 
transportation  for  life  on  account  of  his  connection  with 
the  Paris  Commune,  but  the  sentence  was  committed  to 
banishment  at  the  intercession  of  numerous  distinguished 
scientists,  and  he  lived  at  Clarens,  Switzerland,  until  the 
amnesty  of  1879  permitted  his  return  to  Paris. 

Recoaro  (ra-ko-a'ro).  A watering-place  in  the 
province  of  Vicenza,  northern  Italy,  situated 
21  miles  north-northeast  of  Verona.  Popula- 
tion, town,  1,104:  commune,  6,347. 

Recorde  (rek'ord),  Robert.  Born  at  Tenby, 
Wales,  about  1510:  died  in  tbe  King’s  Bench 
prison,  London,  1558.  A British  mathemati- 
cian and  physician.  He  entered  Oxford  in  1525;  was 


Recorde 


846 


era  Minnesota,  intersected  by  lat.  48°  N.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  Ked  Lake  River.  Length,  33 
miles. 

Red  Lake  River.  A river  in  northwestern  Min- 
nesota which  joins  the  Red  River  of  the  North 
opposite  Grand  Porks , N orth  Dakota . Length , 
over  150  miles. 

An  association  formed  in 

1839  at  Birmingham,  England. 


fellow  of  All  Souls  in  1531 ; and  was  physician  to  Edward 
VI.  and  Queen  Mary.  He  wrote  “The  Grounde  of  Artes, 
teachinge  the  Perfect  Worke  and  Practise  of  Arithme- 
ticke”  (1540),  “The  Pathway  to  Knowledge,  containing 
the  First  Principles  of  Geometry ’’ (1551),  “The  Castle  of 
Knowledge,  etc.'  (1551),  “ The  Whetstone  of  Witte,  etc.," 
the  first  Engl ish  book  on  algebra  (1557) . Most  of  his  works 
are  in  the  form  of  dialogues  between  the  pupil  and  his 

Reculver  (re-kul'ver),  or  Reculvers  Gverz). 

A place  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  England,  9 miles 
northeast  of  Canterbury:  the  Roman  Regul- 
biutn. 

Recuyell  of  the  Historyes  of  Troye.  [‘Col- 
lection of  the  Tales  of  Troy.’]  See  the  extract. 

The  first  book  printed  in  English,  the  “Recuyell  of  the 
Historyes  of  Troye,"  a stout  folio  of  351  leaves,  does  not 
contain  the  date  of  printing,  nor  the  name  and  place  of  the 
printer;  but  it  appears  from  the  introduction  that  it  was 
translated  from  the  French  by  William  Caxton  between  the 
yearsl469andl471.  De  Vinne,  In  vention of  Printing,  p.  507. 

Redan  (re-dan').  A fortification  defending  Se-  _ , 
bastopol  in  the  Crimean  war.  It  was  stormed  ^d  Mountain.  A range  in  Wyonnng,  near 
by  the  British  Sept.  8,  1855,  but  immediately  Yellowstone  Lake.  The  highest  point  is  Mount 
abandoned  by  them.  _Shendan  (which  see) 


Reeve,  Henry 

Africa  on  the  west.  It  divides  in  the  north  Into  the 
Gulf  of  Sinai  and  the  Gulf  of  Akaba.  The  chief  islands  are 
Farsan  an  d the  Dahlak  archipelagoes.  It  communicates  on 
the  north  with  the  Mediterranean  by  the  Suez  Canal,  and 
on  the  south  with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Bab-el- 
Mandeb  and  the  Gulf  of  Aden.  It  is  noted  for  its  heat.  Its 
commercial  importance  has  increased  since  the  opening 
of  the  Suez  Canal  in  1869.  It  receives  no  river  of  impor- 
tance. Length,  about  1,450  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  205 
miles.  Greatest  depth,  about  1,200  fathoms. 

Redshid  Pasha.  See  Resliid  Paslm. 


When  the  British  Association  met  there,  several  of  its  Red  Skills,  The.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published 


younger  members  happened  accidentally  to  dine  at  the 
Red  Lion  in  Church  street.  ...  It  was  resolved  to  con- 
tinue the  meeting  from  year  to  year,  wherever  the  Asso- 
ciation might  happen  to  meet.  By  degrees  the  “ Red 
Lions” — the  name  was  assumed  from  the  accident  of  the 
first  meeting-place — became  a very  exclusive  club.  Forbes 
first  drew  round  him  the  small  circle  of  jovial  philosophers 
which  included  Lankester,  Thomson,  Bell,  Mitchell,  and 
Strickland.  Many  were  added  afterwards,  as  the  club  was 
kept  up  in  London  in  meetings  at  Anderton’s  in  Fleet 
street.  Timbs. 


in  1846. 

Red  Sticks.  In  United  States  history,  those 
Creek  Indians  who,  expelled  from  their  lands 
during  the  War  of  1812,  retired  southward  and 
continued  hostile  to  the  United  States.  They 
were  so  called  because  in  their  principal  village  they  erect- 
ed  a high  pole,  and  painted  it  red  to  signify  their  eagerness 
for  the  blood  of  the  whites. 

Remaining  at  St.  Mark's  [Fla.]  for  two  days,  and  inspir- 
ing new  terror  by  hanging  on  the  spot  two  Red  Stick 
chiefs  who  had  fallen  into  his  hands,  Jackson  next  set  out 
in  pursuit  of  the  enemy. 

Schouler,  Hist,  of  the  United  States,  IIL  70. 

Redwald.  See  Rsedwald. 


Red  Bank  (red  bangk').  A village  in  Glouees-  ^edon  ^-don'). Red  Wing.  A city,  capital  of  Goodhue  County, 


ter  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Dela- 
ware 7 miles  south  of  Philadelphia.  Here,  Oct. 
22, 1777,  the  Americans  defeatedthe  British  and 
Hessian  forces  under  Donop. 

Red  Book  of  Hergest,  The.  [W.  Llyfr  Coch .] 
The  collection  of  Welsh  tales  known  in  its  Eng- 
lish translation  as  “The  Mabinogion.”  It  is  a 
MS.  of  the  14th  century,  and  is  at  Jesus  College,  Oxford. 
It  contains  a chronology  from  Adam  to  1318  A.  D. , a chrono- 
logical history  of  t he  Saxons  to  1376,  and  the  oldest  copies 
known  to  exist  of  the  poems  of  Taliesin  and  Llywarch  Hen. 

Red  Cross  Knight,  The.  The  hero  of  the  first 
book  of  the  “Faerie  Queene,”  by  Spenser. 

The  Red  Cross  Knight,  by  whom  is  meant  reformed  Eng- 
land (see  c.  x.  61,  where  he  is  called  “ St.  George  of  merry 
England  ’’).  has  just  been  equipped  with  the  “ armour  which 
Una  brought  (that  is,  the  armour  of  a Christian  man,  speci- 
fied by  St.  Paul,  v.  [vi.]  Ephes.),”  as  Spenser  tells  Sir  W. 
Raleigh  in  his  letter.  The  armour  “ wherein  old  dints 
&c.,”  though  new  to  the  Knight,  is  old  as  Christendom. 
Thus  equipped  and  guided  by  truth,  he  goes  forth  to  fight 


Ille-et-Vilaine,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Oust  with  the  Vilaine,  37  miles  southwest  of 
Rennes.  Population,  commune,  6,681. 

Redoute(re-do-ta'), Pierre  Joseph.  Born  at  St. - 
Hubert,  Belgium,  July  10,  1759:  died  at  Paris, 
June  20,  1840.  A French  painter  of  flowers, 
professor  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  in 
Paris.  He  illustrated  many  botanical  works. 

Redpath  (red'path),  James.  Born  at  Berwick- 
on-Tweed,  England,  Aug.  14,  1833:  died  at  New 


Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  at  the 
head  of  Lake  Pepin,  39  miles  southeast  of  St. 
Paul.  It  exports  wheat.  Pop.,  9,048,  (1910). 

Redwitz  (red'vits),  Baron  Oskar  von.  Bom 
at  Lichtenau,  near  Ansbacli,  Bavaria,  June  28, 
1823:  died  July  7, 1891.  A German  poet,  dram- 
atist, and  novelist.  Among  his  works  are  the  drama 
“ Philippine  Welser,”  the  poems  “ Amaranth  ” (1849),  “ Das 
Lied  vom  neuen  Deutschen  Reich"  (1871),  “Odilo’’(1878), 
the  novel  “Hermann  Stark  ” (1868),  etc. 


York,  Feb.  10, 1891.  An  American  abolitionist  Ree.  See  Arikara. 

and  author.  He  became  a journalist  at  an  early  age,  Ree  (re),  Lough.  A lake  in  Ireland,  an  expan- 
identified  himself  with  the  abolition  movement,  and  acted  sjon  0f  fli o river  Shannon,  between  Roscommon 
as  a war  correspondent  for  Northern  papers  during  the  ,,  , , T r,i  ,imi  Wostmonth  on 

Civil  War.  He  established  the  Lyceum  Bureau  at  Boston  Oil  the  west  ana  Kongtorcf  ana  Westmeath  on 
in  1868.  Amonghis  works  are  “Echoes  of  Harper’s  Ferry  ” the  east.  Length,  16  miles. 

(I860),  “The  John  Brown  Invasion ” (1860),  “The  Public  Reed  (red),  Sir  Edward  James.  Born  at  Sheer- 
Life  of  Captain  John  Brown”  (I860)  “John  Brown,  the  ness.  Sent.  20, 1830 : died  Nov.  30,1906.  An  Eng- 
Hero”  0862),  “Talks  about  Irelan  (1881),  etc.  lish  marine  engineer,  designer  of  various  ves- 

Red  Peak.  A peak  ot  the  Park  Range  in  Colo-  ge]s  £or  £be  British,  German,  and  other  navies, 
rado.  Height,  13,333  feet.  - - - - - - - - 


inus  equipped  ana  guided  by  truth,  he  goes  forth  to  fight  rado.  Height,  Id, Odd  teet.  TTonrw  Ttm-n  at  Philadoluhia  Julv  11 

against  error  and  temptation,  and  above  all  to  combat  p!Jin(rTInnJ  rF  Charter  on  llauae  1 The  o T \ ■ ’ 

that  spirit  of  falsehood  concerning  which  the  England  of  -Red  Riding  HOOd.  L . p J -J ■ 1808:  lost  at  sea,  Sept.  2/,  1854.  An  American 


heroine  of  a popular  nursery  story,  one  of  the 
tales  in  the  collection  by  Perrault. 

Red  River.  The  largest  right-hand  tributary 
of  the  Mississippi,  after  the  Missouri  and  the 
Arkansas.  It  rises  in  the  Staked  Plain  of  Texas,  forms 
the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Oklahoma,  flows 
through  the  southwestern  part  of  Arkansas,  traverses 
Louisiana,  and  joins  the  Mississippi  about  lat.  31°  N.  Its 
chief  tributary  is  the  Washita.  Length,  about  1,200  miles ; 


1688  had  learnt  so  much  from  Philip  II.  of  Spain  and  Alex- 
ander of  Parma. 

Kitchen,  Note  in  Spenser’s  Faery  Queene. 

Red  Cross  Society.  A philanthropic  society 
founded  to  carry  out  the  views  of  the  Geneva 
Convention  of  1864.  its  objects  are  to  care  for  the 
wounded  in  war  and  secure  the  neutrality  of  nurses,  hos- 
pitals, etc.,  and  to  relieve  suffering  occasioned  by  pesti- 
lence, floods,  fire,  and  other  calamities.  The  society  was 
established  through  the  efforts  of  Henri  Dunant.  The 
president  of  the  American  National  Red  Cross  Society  from 

1881-1904  was  Clara  Barton.  By  act  of  Congress,  Jan.  5,  ,7°,  , . . , ., 

1905,  the  society  was  reorganized  and  affiliated  with  the  Red  River,  Or  BOllg-kOI  (SOng-KOl). 
U.  S.  Government.  Flag,  a red  cross  on  a white  ground. 

Redditch  (red'ich).  A to  wn  in  Worcestershire, 

England.  Population,  13,493. 

Redemption  (re-demp'shon)  The.  A trilogy  ^ed ^^V6r, , , p 
by  Gounod,  produced  at  the  Birmingham  festi- 
val in  1882. 

Redesdale  (redz'dal).  The  valley  of  the  Reed, 
a tributary  of  the  Tyne,  in  Northumberland, 

England. 

Redfield  (red'feld),  Isaac  Fletcher.  Born  at 
Weathersfield,  Vt.,  April  10,  1804:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, March  23,  1876.  An  American  jurist.  He 
published  “Law  of  Railways”  (1857),  “Law  of 
Wills”  (1864-70),  etc. 

Redgauntlet  (red-gant'let).  A novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1824.  it  describes  the 
Jacobite  enthusiasm  of  the  18th  century.  Darsie  Latimer, 
who  has  been  kept  out  of  England  during  his  minority,  be- 
comes infatuated  with  a mysterious  lady  in  a green  cloak 
known  asGreenmantle.  He  discovers  that  he  is  in  reality 
Sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  and  that  Greenmantle  is 
his  sister  Lilias  Redgauntlet.  He  is  imprisoned  by  his 


■cm!  navigable  to  Shreveport,  navigation  above  that  point  being  -p  t , -r,  t re  , ~v- 

rhe  partly checkedby “rafts, "orcollectionsof driftwood, which  Keea^ JOSepxl.  Horn  at  lienton,  IN. 
ro*P  formerly  blocked  the  channel  for  45  miles.  27,1/41:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Marcl 


author,  grandson  of  Joseph  Reed.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1829,  but  abandoned  law  on  accepting  an 
assistant  professorship  of  English  literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1831.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  1835.  He  was  lost  at 
sea  on  a return  voyage  from  Europe.  He  edited  the  works 
of  Wordsworth  and  Gray,  and  wrote  “ Lectures  on  English 
Literature  " (1855),  “ Lectures  on  English  History  and  Tra- 
gic Poetry  " (1855),  “Lectures  on  the  British  Poets ” (1867), 
etc. 

J.,  Aug. 
March  5,  1785. 

An  American  patriot,  a member  of  the  Conti- 
river  of  Tongking.  It  rises  in  the  province  of  Yun-  nental  Congress.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
nan  China,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Tongking.  Length,  and  was  president  of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of 
600-700  miles.  Pennsylvania  1778-81.  A . . 

In  United  States  Reed,  Philip.  Died  Nov.  2,  1829.  An  Ameri- 

ot,  -intoiionoccfiil  TTWlernl  evnerlition  can  politician.  He  was  a United  States  senator  from 
“Story*  “n  ,U^C6RfV,UL  for  Maryland  1806-13,  and  a member  of  Congress  1817-19  and 

(March— May,  18b4)  up  the  Ped  River  \ alley,  lor  ig22-‘23.  He  commanded,  as  colonel  of  railitin,  the  regi- 
the  purpose  of  recovering  western  Louisiana,  ment  of  home  guards  which  defeated  the  British  under 
The  Federal  land  forces  were  commanded  by  Banks,  the  sir  Peter  Parker  at  Mooreflelds,  Maryland,  Aug.  30,  1814. 
naval  by  Porter;  the  Confederate  forces  were  commanded  R d Thomas  Brackett.  Bom  at  Portland 
by  Taylor.  The  chief  episodes  were  a Federal  defeat  at  io  icon  /r  a a w v a 

Sabine  Cross-Roads,  a Federal  victory  at  Pleasant  HH1,  Mn,T1A  0,4  18  188Q  ,1,P|1  nt  Washington. 


The  chief 


and  the  rescue  of  the  Federal  fleet  by  Joseph  Bailey.  See 
Bailey. 

2.  In  Canadian  history,  the  expedition  under 
Wolseley  in  1870,  which  succeeded  in  putting 
down  the  insurrection  under  Riel  in  the  valley 
of  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

Red  River  of  the  North.  A river  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  It  rises  in  western  Minnesota; 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Minnesota  and  North 
Dakota  ; traverses  Manitoba  ; and  flows  into  Lake  Win- 
nipeg. It  is  called  in  part  of  its  upper  course  the  Otter 
Tail  River.  Length,  about  700  miles. 


uncle  and  guardian  Redgauntlet  to  force  him  into  the  -Dpd  River  Settlement  A name  formerly  given 
Jacobite  insurrection.  ' - • ... 

Redgrave  (red'grav),  Richard. 


Maine,  Oct.  18,  1839 : died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Dec.  7,  1902.  An  American  Republican 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1865;  com- 
menced practice  at  Portland,  Maine;  and  held  various  po- 
litical offices  in  his  native  State.  He  was  a member  of 
Congress  from  Maine  1877-99,  and  was  speaker  of  the 
House  1889-91,  1895-97,  and  1897-99. 

Reed,  Thomas  German.  Bom  at  Bristol,  June 

27,  1817:  died  March  21,  1888.  An  English 
musician  and  conductor.  He  was  the  originator  in 
1855  of  a novelty  known  as  “Mr.  and  Mrs.  German  Reed's 
Entertainment.”  It  provided  mild  dramatic  entertainment 
for  persons  who  objected  to  the  theater,  and  was  very 
popular.  Mrs.  German  Reed  was  Priscilla  Horton  (born 
at  Birmingham,  Jan.  2,  1818),  an  actress. 


Born  at  Lon- 
don, April  30, 1804 : died  Dec.  14, 1888.  An  Eng- 
lish genre-  and  landscape-painter,  inspector- 
general  of  art  schools  and  surveyor  of  the  royal 
pictures.  He  published  (with  his  brother)  “A 
Century  of  Painters  of  the  English  School” 
(1866). 

Red  Horse,  Vale  of  the.  A valley  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Warwickshire,  England. 

Redi  (ra/de),  Francesco.  Born  at  Arezzo,  Italy, 
Feb.  18, 1626 : died  at  Pisa,  March  1, 1698.  An 


to  the  British  colony  settled  in  what,  is  since  Reeder  (re'der),  Andrew  H.  Bom  Aug.  6, 
1870  the  Canadian  province  of  Manitoba.  It  is  1807:  died  at  Easton,  Pa.,  July  5,  1864.  An 
traversed  by  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  American  politician.  He  was  governor  of  Kansas 

Pori  Pnco  The  emblem  of  the  House  of  Lan-  1854-55,  and  a delegate  from  Kansas  in  1855.  He  was 
Red  Rose.  Ine  emblem  01  T elected  United  States  senator  from  Kansas  in  1856,  but 

caster  m the  AVars  of  the  Roses  (winch  see).  wag  refuse(j  admission. 

Red  Rover  (red  ro'v&r).  A sea-novel  by  J.  F.  Reelfoot  Lake  (rel'fut  lak).  A submerged  dis- 
Cooper,  published  in  1827.  trict  in  Lake  and  Obion  counties,  northwestern 

Red  Russia  (rush'a).  A name  formerly  given  Tennessee, 
to  the  territory  now  included  in  the  eastern  Reeg  } Abraham  Born  at  Llanbrynmair, 
part  of  Galicia  (Austria-Hungary)  and  m the  W;Uc^  1743.  died  June  9 1825.  a British  au- 
part  of  Russian  Poland  near  A 111  ■ ,,  _ thor.  IIeedited“  Chambers's  Cyclopaedia  "(1776-86),  and 


Italian  naturalist  and  poet.  He  wrote  “ Esperienze  Redruth  (red'roth).  A town  in  Cornwall,  Eng  “Rees’s  Cyclopedia ’ (1802-20). 


intorno  alia  generazione  degli  insetti ’’(“Experiments  on 
the  Generation  of  Insects,”  1668). 

Red  Jacket  (Indian  name  Sagoyewatha).  Born 
at  Old  Castle,  near  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  about  1752 : 
died  at  Seneca  Village,  N.  Y.,  Jan.,  1830.  A 
chief  of  the  Senecas,  noted  as  an  orator. 

Red  Lake.  A lake  in  Beltrami  County,  north- 


land,  8 miles  northwest  of  Falmouth.  It  is  an  Reese  (res)  River.  A river  in  central  Nevada, 
important  center  of  tin-  and  copper-mining.  Fopulation,  a tributary  (at  times)  of  the  Humboldt  River. 
10,451.  Length,  about  150  miles. 

Red  Sea.  [L.  Arabians  Sinus  or  Mare  Rubrjim,  j>eeve  (rev),  Henry.  Born  Sept.  9, 1813:  died 
F.  Mer  Rouge,  G.  Rotes  Meer  or  Arabischer  Meer-  Oct.  21, 1895.  An  English  writer.  He  was  registrar 
busen.\  One  of  the  principal  arms  of  the  Indian  af  the  privy  council  1843-87,  and  became  editor  ot  the 
Ocean,  lying  between  Arabia  on  the  east  and  “ Edinburgh  Review  ” ill  1855.  He  published  translations 


Reeve,  Henry 

of  De  Tocqueville's  " Democracy  in  America  “ and  “ France 
before  the  Revolution  of  1789,"  and  of  Guizot’s  “ Washing- 
ton." He  published  “A  Journal  of  the  Reigns  of  King 
George  IV.  and  King  William  IV.”  by  Greville  in  1874, 
and  a sequel  to  that  work  in  1885.  He  also  published 
“Royal  and  Republican  France,"  a collection  of  histori- 
cal essays. 

Reeve,  Tapping.  Born  at  Brookkaven,  L.  I., 
1744:  died  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Dec.  13,  1823. 
An  American  jurist.  He  established  a law  school  at 
Litchfield  in  1784.  He  published  various  legal  treatises. 

Reeves  (revz),  Mrs.  (Helen  Beckenham  Ma- 
thers). Born  at  Crewkerne,  Somerset,  1852. 
An  English  novelist,  known  as  Helen  Mathers. 
She  has  published  “Cornin’ thro'  the  Rye "(1875),  “Cherry 
Ripe  "(1877),  “My  Lady  Green  Sleeves  "(1879),  “The  Story 
of  a Sin  ” (1881),  ‘ 1 Found  Out  ” (1884),  “ The  Fashion  of  this 
World  ” (1886),  “ A Man  of  the  Time  " (1894),  etc.  __ 

Reeves,  John  Sims.  Born  Sept.  26,  1818 : 
died  Oct.  25,  1900.  A noted  English  tenor 
singer.  He  made  his  first  appearance  as  a baritone  at 
Newcastle  in  1839,  but  from  1841  to  1843  he  sang  second 
tenor  roles.  Shortly  after  he  went  to  Paris  to  study,  and 
in  1847  appeared  in  tenor  roles  in  England.  He  was  greatly 
admired  also  in  oratorio. 

Reeve’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Canter- 
bury Tales.”  He  probably  took  it  from  Jean  de  Bove’s 
fabliau  “ De  Gombert  et  des  deux  clercs,"  but  it  forms  the 
sixth  novel  of  the  ninth  day  of  the  “Decameron.”  It  was 
modernized  by  Betterton  and  Horne. 

Reformation  ( ref-or-ma ' sh  on ) , The.  The  great 
religious  revolution  in  the  16th  century,  which 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Protestant 
churches.  The  Reformation  assumed  different  aspects, 
and  resulted  in  alterations  of  discipline  or  doctrine  more 
or  less  fundamental  in  different  countries  and  in  different 
stages  of  its  progress.  Various  reformers  of  great  influ- 
ence, as  Wyclif  and  Huss,  had  appeared  before  the  16th 
century,  but  the  Reformation  proper  began  nearly  simul- 
taneously in  Germany  under  the  lead  of  Luther  and  in 
Switzerland  under  the  lead  of  Zwingli.  The  chief  points 
urged  by  the  Reformers  were  the  need  of  justification  by 
faith ; the  use  and  authority  of  the  Scriptures,  and  the 
right  of  private  judgment  in  their  interpretation  ; and  the 
abandonment  of  the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  the 
adoration  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  saints,  the  supremacy  of 
the  Pope,  and  various  other  doctrines  and  rites  regarded  by 
the  Reformers  as  unscriptural.  In  the  German  Reforma- 
tion the  leading  incidents  were  the  publication  at  Witten- 
berg of  Luther’s  ninety-five  theses  against  indulgences  in 
1517;  the  excommunication  of  Lutlierin  1520;  histestimony 
before  the  Diet  of  Worms  in  1521 ; the  spread  of  the  princi- 
ples in  many  of  the  German  states,  as  Hesse,  Saxony,  and 
Brandenburg,  and  the  opposition  to  them  by  the  emperor ; 
the  Diet  and  Confession  of  Augsburg  in  1530 ; and  the  pro- 
longed struggle  between  the  Protestants  and  the  Catholics, 
ending  wi(h  comparative  religious  equality  in  the  peace 
of  Passau  in  1552.  The  Reformation  spread  in  Switzerland 
under  Zwingli  and  Calvin,  in  France,  Hungary,  Bohemia, 
the  Scandinavian  countries,  the  Low  Countries,  etc.  In 
Scotland  it  was  introduced  by  Knox  about  1560.  In  Eng- 
land it  led  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  to  the  abolition  of 
the  papal  supremacy  and  the  liberation  from  papal  control 
of  the  Church  of  England,  which,  after  a short  Roman 
Catholic  reaction  under  Mary,  was  firmly  est  ablished  under 
Elizabeth.  In  many  countries  theReformation  occasioned 
an  increased  strength  and  zeal  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  sometimes  called  the  Counter-Reformation. 

Reformation  Symphony.  Mendelssohn’s  sym- 
phony in  D minor,  written  for  the  tercentenary 
celebration  of  the  Augsburg  Protestant  Confes- 
sion in  1830.  It  was  not  performed,  however, 
till  1832,  when  it  was  given  in  Berlin. 

Reform  Bill.  In  English  history,  a bill  for  the 
purpose  of  enlarging  the  number  of  voters  in 
electionsfor  members  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  of  removing  inequalities  in  representation. 
The  first  of  these  bills,  passed  in  1832  by  the  Liberals  after 
a violent  struggle  (often  called  specifically  the  Reform 
Bill),  disfranchised  many  rotten  boroughs,  gave  increased 
representation  to  the  large  towns,  and  enlarged  the  num- 
ber of  the  holders  of  county  and  borough  franchise.  The 
effect  of  the  second  Reform  Bill,  passed  by  the  Conserva- 
tives under  Liberal  pressure  in  1867,  was  in  the  direction 
of  a more  democratic  representation,  and  the  same  ten- 
dency was  further  shown  in  the  Franchise  Bill  passed  by 
the  Liberals  in  1884. 

This  measure  [The  Reform  Bill  of  1832]  disfranchised 
fifty-six  nomination  boroughs  which  returned  111  members, 
took  away  one  member  from  thirty  others,  and  two  from 
Weymouth  and  Melcombe  Regis,  thus  leaving  vacant  143 
seats.  It  gave  sixty-five  additional  members  to  the  coun- 
ties, two  members  each  to  Manchester,  Leeds,  Birming- 
ham, and  nineteen  large  towns,  including  the  metropolitan 
districts,  and  one  member  each  to  twenty-one  other  towns, 
all  of  which  had  been  previously  unrepresented.  In  the 
counties  copyholders  and  leaseholders  foryears  were  added 
as  voters  to  the  40s.  freeholders;  and  tenants  at  will  pay- 
ing £50  a year  (the  Chandos  clause)  were  enfranchised. 
In  the  towns  a £10  household  franchise  was  established, 
and  the  rights  of  freemen  to  vote  were  restricted. 

Acland  and  Ramome,  English  Political  History,  p.  180. 

Reform  War.  [Sp.  Guerra  de  la  Reformat  A 
civil  war  in  Mexico,  1857-01.  it  arose  out  of  the 
adoption  (Feb.  6,  1857)  of  the  present  constitution  of 
Mexico,  which  greatly  restricted  the  power  of  the  clergy. 
This,  and  some  acts  of  President  Comonfort  which  were 
regarded  as  hostile  to  the  church,  led  to  a reaction  and 
the  deposition  of  Cornonfort  (Jan.  21,  1858).  His  legal 
successor,  Juarez,  established  a government  at  Vera  Cruz 
(May  4, 1868),  and  tins  became  the  focus  of  the  “liberal,” 
“reform,”  or  “constitutional”  party.  The  reactionists 
madeZuloaga  president  of  Mexico,  but  he  was  deposed  on 
Dec.  23,  1858,  and  General  Miramon,  their  principal  mili- 


847 

tary  leader,  took  his  place.  The  government  of  Juarez 
was  recognized  by  the  United  States,  greatly  strengthen- 
ing his  cause.  On  July  12,  1859,  he  issued  his  famous  de- 
cree confiscating  church  property,  and  thus  increasing  the 
breach.  The  war,  on  the  side  of  Juarez,  was  generally 
carried  on  by  his  generals,  but  Miramon  often  commanded 
his  own  forces.  The  movements  and  counter-movements 
were  confusing  to  the  last  degree,  and  during  the  whole 
period  the  interior  was  in  a state  of  anarchy,  the  prey  of 
guerrilla  parties.  Some  of  the  chief  events  were : Reac- 
tionist victory  at  Salamanca  in  Guanajuato.  March  9-10, 
1858,  followed  by  the  surrender  of  the  liberals  under  Par- 
rodi  at  Guadalajara;  Miramon  and  Mejia  occupy  San 
Luis  Potosi  Sept.  12,  and  defeat  Vidaurri  at  Ahualulco 
Sept.  29;  siege  of  Guadalajara  by  the  liberals  Sept.  28 
until  its  capture,  Oct.  27 ; Guadalajara  retaken  by  Mar- 
quez, Dec.  15 ; first  siege  of  VeraCruz  by  Miramon,  ending 
in  his  repulse,  March  29,  1859 ; liberals  defeated  at  Tacu- 
baya,  April  11 ; execution  of  prisoners  (called  the  “mas- 
sacre of  Tacubaya  ”),  April  11 ; United  States  vessels  cap- 
ture as  pirates  Miramon ’s  ships  which  had  attempted  to 
attack  Vera  Cruz,  March  6, 1860;  abandonment  of  second 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  March  21 ; liberals  repulsed  from 
Guadalajara,  May  25  ; Miramon  defeated  on  the  Silao  Hills, 
Aug.  10 ; liberals  defeated  at  Toluca,  Dec.  9 ; final  defeat 
of  Miramon  at  Calpulalpam,  Dec.  22 ; Miramon  resignsand 
secretly  leaves  Mexico,  Dec.  24 ; entry  of  J uarez  into  M exico, 
Jan.  11,  1861.  The  confusion  did  not  entirely  cease  with 
Miramon’s  defeat,  and  it  eventually  opened  the  way  to  the 
French  intervention  and  the  short-lived  empire  of  Maxi- 
milian. 

Refusal,  The,  or  the  Ladies’  Philosophy.  A 

comedy  by  Cibber,  produced  and  printed  in 
1721.  It  is  from  Moliere’s  “Les  femmes  sa- 
vantes,”  with  incidents  of  the  South  Sea  mania. 

Regalbuto  (ra-gal-bo'to).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catania,  Sicily,  situated  25  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Catania.  Population,  about 
11,000. 

Regaldi  (ra-gal'de),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  No- 
vara, Italy,  Nov.,  1809:  died  at  Bologna,  Feb., 
1883.  An  Italian  poet,  noted  as  an  improvi- 
sator: professor  of  history  at  Bologna  from 
1866. 

Regan  (re'gan).  The  second  daughter  of  Lear 
in  Shakspere’s  tragedy  of  “King  Lear”:  the 
fierce  and  revengeful  wife  of  Cornwall. 

Regen  (ra'gen).  A river  in  Bavaria  which 
joins  the  Danube  opposite  Ratisbon.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Regensburg  (ra'gens-borG).  The  German  name 
of  Ratisbon. 

Regent  Diamond.  Another  name  for  the  Pitt 
Diamond  (which  see). 

Regent’s  Park  (re'jents  park).  One  of  the 
largest  parks  of  London,  situated  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  city.  It  is  472  acres  in  ex- 
tent, and  contains  the  Zoological  Gardens. 

Regent’s  Sword  (re'jents  sord).  A peniusula 
in  the  province  of  Shmgking,  Manchuria,  sep- 
arating the  Gulf  of  Liaotung  from  Korea  Bay. 

Regent  street  (re'jent  stret).  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal streets  of  the  West  End  of  London,  ex- 
tendingfrom  Portland  Place  to  Waterloo  Place. 

Regga  (reg'gii),  or  Waregga  (wa-reg'ga),  or 
Mai  egga  (ma-leg'ga).  A Bantu  tribe  of  the 
Belgian  Kongo,  between  the  Manyema  and  the 
Bakumu,  northwest  of  Lake  Tanganyika.  Living 
isolated  in  an  unexplored  forest  region,  they  yet  show,  as 
far  as  known,  a state  of  culture  superior  to  that  of  the 
average  African  negro. 

Reggio  (red'jo).  A former  duchy  now  forming 
part  of  the  province  of  Reggio  nell’  Emilia, 
Italy. 

Reggio.  A province  of  Calabria,  Italy.  Area, 
1,221  square  miles.  Population,  441,669. 

Reggio  di  Calabria  (red'jo  de  ka-la'bre-a),  or 
Reggio.  A cathedral  city,  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Reggio,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Messina  in  lat.  38°  8'  N.,  long.  15°  40'  E.  it  is 
noted  for  its  fruits ; has  manufactures  of  essences,  scented 
waters,  silk,  etc. ; and  exports  fruit,  etc.  It  was  the  ancient 
Rhegium  (which  see) ; was  taken  by  Alaric  in  410,  by  Totila 
in  549,  and  by  Robert  Guiscard  in  1060 ; and  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake  in  1783,  and  again  Dec.  28, 1908. 
Population,  town,  26,873;  commune,  44,415. 

Reggio  nell’  Emilia  (red'jo  nel  la-me'le-a).  1. 
A province  in  the  compartimento  of  Emilia, 
Italy.  Area,  884  square  miles.  Population, 
292,163. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Reggio  nell’  Emilia,  situated  on  the  Crostolo. 
It  contains  a cathedral  and  various  works  of  art.  It  was 
an  ancient  Roman  town(Regium  Lepidi),  often  mentioned 
in  the  civil  war.  Ariosto  and  Cialdim  were  born  there. 
Population,  town,  19,473 ; commune,  58,490. 

Regicide  (rej'i-sid),  The.  A tragedy  by  Smollett. 
It  was  published  in  1749,  hut  was  never  acted. 

Regillus  (re-jil'us),  Lake.  In  ancient,  geog- 
raphy, a small  lake  near  Rome  (perhaps  near 
Frascati).  Itis  the  scene  of  a traditional  victory 
of  the  Romans  over  the  Latins  about  496  B.  c. 

Regina  (re-ji'na).  The  former  capital  of 
Assiniboia,  Canada,  and  present  capital  of 
Saskatchewan.  Population,  30,213,  (1911). 

Reginum  (re-ji'num).  A Roman  name  of 
Ratisbon. 


Rehan 

Regiomontanus  (re//ji-o-mon-ta'nus),  Johann 
Muller,  called.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Franconia, 
June  6,  1436:  died  at  Rome,  July  6,  1476.  A 
German  mathematician  and  astronomer,  bishop 
of  Ratisbon. 

Regnard  (re-nar'),  Jean  Frangois.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.,  1655:  died  at  his  estate  of  Grillon, 
near  Dourdan,  Sept.  4,  1709.  A French  writer 
of  comedy.  He  was  of  a wealthy  family,  and  received 
an  excellent  education.  He  visited  successively  Italy, 
Holland,  Scandinavian  countries  (including  Lapland),  Po- 
land, Turkey,  Germany,  etc.,  and  left  copious  notes  on  his 
trips  to  these  countries.  When  he  finally  returned  to 
France,  it  was  to  divide  his  time  between  Paris  and  his 
estate  at  Grillon.  After  Moliere  he  is  regarded  as  the 
greatest  exponent  of  comedy  in  France.  His  prose  come- 
dies began  to  appear  in  1688,  and  followed  rapidly  on  each 
other  during  five  years.  After  1693  he  composed  a num- 
ber of  short  plays  in  verse,  and  in  1696  he  finally  put  on 
the  stage  the  comedy,  in  verse,  that  ranks  him  immediately 
next  to  Moliere — “Le  joueur.”  He  further  displayed  the 
originality  of  his  talent  in  “ Le  distrait  ” (1697),  “ DC  mocrite  ” 
(1700),  “Les  folies  amoureuses”  (1704),  “Les  MCnechmes” 
(1705),  and  “Le  lCgataire  universel”  (1708).  His  success 
was  by  no  means  limited  to  these  plays  in  verse,  for  some 
of  his  best  work  is  done  in  prose,  like  “La  foire  de  Saint- 
Germain"  (1696)  and  “Le  retour  imprevu  ” (1700),  or  else 
in  prose  and  verse  together,  like  “La  suite  de  la  foire  de 
Saint-Germain  "or  “Les  momies  d’Egypte”  (1696).  Reg- 
nard’s  novel  “La  Provencjale”  is  in  a certain  measure 
autobiographical : it  was  not  published  till  1731. 

Regnault  (re-no'),  Alexandre  George  Henri. 

Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  30,  1843:  killed  in  battle  at, 
Buzenval,  Jan.  19,  1871.  A French  historical 
painter,  son  of  H.  Y.  Regnault.  He  was  a pupil 
of  Montfort,  Lamothe,  and  Cabanel  ; took  the  grand  prix 
de  Rome  in  1866  ; studied  in  Italy  till  1868  ; and  then  went 
to  Spain,  where  he  painted  the  equestrian  portraitof  Gen- 
eral Prim.  In  1869  he  revisited  Italy,  and  in  1870  went 
to  Africa.  He  returned  to  fight  in  the  German  war'.  His 
works  include  “Automedon  ” (1S67),  “Salome,”  “Execu- 
tion in  Granada,”  “Judith  and  Holofernes,”  “Thetis  giv- 
ing Achilles  the  Arms  of  Vulcan,”  “A  Fantasia  in  Tan- 
giers,”  etc. 

Regnault,  Henri  Victor.  Born  at  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  July  21,  1810:  died  Jan.  19,  1878.  A 
French  chemist  and  physicist.  He  became  director 
of  the  Stvres  porcelain  manufactures  in  1854.  He  wrote 
articles  in  the  “Comptes-rendus”of  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, “fours  elementaire  de  chimie  ” (1847-49),  etc. 

Regnault,  Jean  Baptiste,  Baron.  Born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  19,  1754:  died  there,  Nov.  12,  1829. 
A French  historical  and  genre  painter.  He  took 
the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1776 ; and  received  the  title 
of  Baron  in  1819.  Among  his  works  are  “ Education  of 
Achilles  ’’  (1783),  “ The  Descent  from  the  Cross  ”(1789),  “The 
Three  Graces"  (in  the  Louvre). 

Regne  Animal  (rany  a-ne-mal'),  Le.  [F.,£  The 
Animal  Kingdom.’]  A treatise  on  zoology,  by 
Georges  Cuvier,  published  in  4 vols.  1817.  The 
system  developed  in  this  work  may  be  regarded  as  the 
basis  of  nearly  all  the  scientific  classifications  until  after 
the  appearance  of  Darwin’s  “Origin  of  Species.” 

Regnier  (ra-nya'),  Jacques  Auguste  Adolphe. 

Born  at  Mainz,  Germany,  July,  1804:  died  at 
Fontainebleau,  Oct.  21, 1884.  A French  philol- 
ogist, librarian  of  the  palace  of  Fontainebleau 
from  1873.  He  was  the  author  of  works  on  Ger- 
manic, classical,  and  Oriental  philology. 
Regnier  (ra-nya'),  Mathurin.  Born  at  Char- 
tres, Dec.  21, 1573:  died  at  Rouen,  Oct.  22, 1613. 
A French  satirical  poet,  a nephew  of  the  poet 
Desportes.  At  the  age  of  11  he  received  the  tonsure, 
and  when  20  followed  the  Cardinal  de  Joyeuse  to  Rome  as 
a private  secretary.  On  his  return  to  France  in  1604,  he 
maintained  the  dissipated  mode  of  living  into  which  he 
had  fallen  while  away,  but  was  appointed  to  a canonry 
in  the  Chartres  cathedral  in  1609.  Asa  writer,  RCgnier  is 
well  known  for  his  satires.  He  is  at  his  best  in  “ Le  gout 
decide  de  tout,”  “L’Honneur  ennemi  delavie,”  “L’Amour 
qu'ou  ne  petit  dompter,”  “RCgnier  apologiste  de  lui- 
meme,”“La  folie  est  generale.”  “ Ny  crainteny  esperance,” 
“Le  mauvais  lepas,”  and  “Le  mauvais  lieu.”  Sainte- 
Beuve  speaks  of  Regnier  as  standing  on  the  threshold  of 
the  17tli  century,  and  yet  looking  backward  and  fraterniz- 
ing with  Montaigne,  Ronsard,  and  Rabelais.  He  states 
that  where  RCgnier  excels  is  in  his  knowledge  of  life,  his 
expression  of  manners,  his  delineation  of  characters,  and 
his  description  of  home  scenes.  He  likens  Rdgnier’s  satires 
to  a gallery  of  wonderful  Flemish  portraits. 

Regnitz  (reg'nits).  A river  in  Bavaria,  it  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Pegnitz  and  Rednitz  near 
Fiirth,  and  joins  the  Main  near  Bamberg.  Length  (in- 
cluding the  Pegnitz),  about  125  miles. 

Regulus  (reg'u-lus).  [NL.  (Copernicus),  trans- 
lating Gr.  paaiXicKoQ,  the  name  of  the  star  in 
Ptolemy.]  A very  white  star,  of  magnitude  1.4, 
on  the  heart  of  the  Lion;  a Leonis. 

Regulus  (reg'u-lus),  Marcus  Atilius.  Died 
250  (?)  b.  o.  A celebrated  Roman  general.  He 
was  consul  in  267 ; and  as  consul  in  256  defeated  the  Car- 
thaginian  fleet,  invaded  Africa,  and  defeated  the  Cartha- 
ginian array.  He  was  defeated  by  the  Carthaginians  under 
Xantippus  in  255  and  taken  prisoner.  According  to  Roman 
tradition  lie  was  sent  by  the  Carthaginians  to  Rome  with 
an  embassy,  in  250,  to  ask  for  peace  or  an  exchange  of  pris- 
oners. In  this  he  was  unsuccessful,  and  was  put  to  death 
on  his  return  to  Carthage,  whither  he  went  in  accordance 
with  liis  promise. 

Rehan  (re'an),  Ada.  Born  at  Limerick,  Ire- 
land, April ’^2, 1860.  A noted  American  actress. 


Behan 

She  came  to  America  with  her  family,  whose  name  is  Cre- 
han,  in  1865.  In  1874  she  made  her  debut  at  Newark,  New 
Jersey,  and  her  hist  appearance  in  New  York  the  same 
year.  She  became  leading  lady  in  the  company  of  Augus- 
tin Daly  in  1878,  and  made  her  first  appearance  in  his  thea- 
ter in  1879.  She  has  since  appeared  with  success  in  both 
London  and  Paris.  Her  best  impersonations  are  Rosalind 
in  “As  you  Like  it,”  Katharine  in  “The  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,"  Viola  in  “Twelfth  Night,”  and  Countess  Vera  in 
“The  Last  Word”;  and  she  has  created  more  than  40  roles 
in  the  light  comedy  of  the  day. 

Rehearsal  (re-her'sal),  The.  A "burlesque  tra- 
gedy or  farce  by  George  Villiers,  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, and  others,  produced  in  1671.  it  is  a 
travesty  of  the  bombastic  rimed  plays  of  Dryden  and 
others.  Butler,  the  author  of  “ Hudibras,”  Dr.  Sprat,  Mar- 
tin Clifford,  and  others  assisted  Buckingham.  Davenant, 
Dryden,  and  Sir  Robert  Howard  are  all  satirized.  (See 
Bayes.)  Sheridan’s  “ Critic  ” isa  similar  play,  and  Marvell's 
satire  “The  Rehearsal  Transprosed ” is  indebted  to  it. 

Behfues  (ra'fiis),  Philipp  Joseph  von.  Born 
at  Tubingen, Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  2, 1779 : died  on 
his  estate  near  the  Drachenfels,  Oct.  21,  1843. 
A German  novelist  and  miscellaneous  author. 
BehOboam  (re-ho-bo'am).  King  of  Judah  953- 
932  B.  C.  (Dunek'er),  son  of  Solomon.  His  acces- 
sion was  the  signal  for  the  revolt  of  the  ten  northern  tribes 
under  the  leadership  of  Jeroboam,  which  resulted  in  the 
separation  of  the  Hebrews  into  two  kingdoms,  that  of  Ju- 
dah and  that  of  Israel. 

Behoboth  (re-ho'botli).  The  name  of  three 
places  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament : (i)  Re- 
hoboth-Ir,  a city  near  Nineveh ; (2)  a city  near  the  Eu- 
phrates : possibly  the  modern  Rahabeh ; (3)  a well  situ- 
ated  probably  about  20miles  south  of  Eeersheba,  Palestine : 
the  modern  Wady  Ruheibe. 

Behoboth  Bay.  A bay  on  the  coast  of  Dela- 
ware, south  of  Cape  Henlopen. 

Beicha(ri 'cha),  Anton  J oseph.  Born  at  Prague, 
Feb.  27,  1770 : died  at  Paris,  May  28,  1836.  A 
composer  and  writer  on  music.  He  published 
“Traite  de  meiodie " (1814),  “Cours  de  composition  musi- 
cale”  (1818),  “ Traitd  de  haute  composition  musicale" 
(1824-26),  “ L’Art  du  compositeur  dramatique  ” (1833). 
Reichard  (ri'chart),  Paul.  Born  at  Neuwied 
on  the  Rhine,  Dec.  2, 1854.  An  African  explorer. 
When  Leopold  II.  and  the  German  government  sent,  in 
1880,  Dr.  Kaiser  and  Dr.  Bohm  on  an  expedition  to  central 
Africa,  Reichard  joined  them.  The  station  Kakoma  was 
founded,  Lake  Upemba  was  discovered,  tracts  of  land  were 
acquired  by  Reichard,  and  much  new  ground  in  the  upper 
Lualaba  basin  was  explored ; but  only  Reichard  survived 
and  readied  again  the  east  coast  in  1884. 

Beichardt  (ri'chart),  Johann  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  25,  1752 : died  at 
Giebichenstein,  near  Halle,  Prussia,  June  17, 
1814.  A German  composer  and  musical  writer, 
best  known  now  from  his  songs. 

Beichenau  (ri'che-nou).  An  island  in  the  Un- 
tersee  of  the  Lake  of  Constance,  5 miles  north- 
west of  Constance.  It  has  belonged  to  Baden  since 
1803.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  Benedictine  abbey, 
founded  about  728  (secularized  in  1799).  Length,  3 miles. 
Beichenbach  (ri'chen-bach).  A small  tributary 
of  the  Aar,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland, 
which  joins  the  Aar  16  miles  east  of  Interlaken. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  cascades  (at 
its  entrance  into  the  Aar  valley). 

Beichenbach . A town  ill  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
31  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woolens.  Pop.,  commune,  24,948. 
Beichenbach.  A manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  32miles  southwest 
of  Breslau.  Here,  Aug.  16,  1762,  Frederick  the  Great 
defeated  the  Austrians  under  Laudon ; and  here  a conven- 
tion was  signed,  July  27,  1790,  by  which  the  emperor  Leo- 
pold agreed  not  to  annex  Turkish  territory.  A treaty  was 
concluded  here,  June  15,  1813,  by  which  Great  Britain 
agreed  to  subsidies  for  Russia  and  Prussia  in  the  war 
against  Napoleon.  Population,  commune,  15,984. 
Beichenbach.  A small  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  9 miles  west  of  Gorlitz.  Near  it, 
May  22,  1813,  the  French  defeated  the  Rus- 
sians. Population,  2,085. 

Beichenbach,  Anton  Benedict.  Born  1807: 
died  1880.  A German  naturalist:,  brother  of 
H.  G.  L.  Reichenbach. 

Beichenbach,  Georg  von.  Born  at  Durlach, 
Baden,  Aug.  24,  1772:  died  May  21,  1826.  A 
German  mechanician,  manufacturer  of  astro- 
nomical and  mathematical  instruments. 
Beichenbach,  Heinrich  Gottlieb  Ludwig. 
Born  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  8,  1793:  died  March  17, 
1879.  A German  botanist  and  zoologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Dresden  from  1820.  His  chief  work  is 
“Flora  Germanica ” (with  the  “Iconographia,”  1823-84). 
Re  also  wrote  “Regnum  animale"  (1834-36),  etc. 
Beichenbach,  Baron  Karl  von.  Born  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  12, 1788:  died  at  Leip- 
sic, Jan.  19,  1869.  A German  scientist  and 
manufacturer,  ne  discovered  creosote,  paraffin,  etc. ; 
bnt  is  best  known  from  his  theories  concerning  the  so- 
called  “od”or  “odic  force.” 

Beichenberg  (ri  'chcn-bero).  A city  i n Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Gorlitzer  Neisse  56  miles  north- 
east of  Prague.  It  is  the  third  city  of  Bohemia,  and 


848 

the  first  in  regard  to  manufactures  (yarn,  carpets,  beer, 
etc.,  its  cloth  manufactures  being  especially  noted).  It 
belonged  to  Wallenstein  1622-34,  and  later  to  the  families 
Gallas  and  Clam-Gallas.  The  Prussians  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians here  April  21,  1757.  Population,  36,372,  (1910). 
Eeicheilhall  (ri'chen-hal).  A small  town  in 
Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Saalach  9 miles 


Seiske 

shire,  Scotland,  1791 : died  in  England,  Oct., 
1858.  A British  meteorologist  and  colonial  gov- 
ernor, chairman  of  the  executive  committee  of 
the  exhibition  of  1851.  He  published  “An  Attemptto 
develop  the  Law  of  Storms  ” (1838),  “ Progress  of  the  De- 
velopment of  the  Law  of  Storms  ” (1849),  etc. 


southwest  of  Salzburg,  it  is  noted  for  its  salt-  Reigate  (rl'gat).  A town  in  Surrey,  England, 


situated  20  miles  south  of  London.  The  site  of 
the  old  castle  is  marked  by  a large  cave  which  the  barons 
are  said  to  have  used  as  a meeting-place  and  guard-room. 
Population,  25,993. 

tician  and  writer  on  art : one  of  the  leaders  of  Reign  of  Terror,  The.  In  French  history,  that 
the  clencal  (Center ) party.  period  of  the  first  revolution  during  which  the 

country  was  under  the  sway  of  a faction  which 


springs,  and  as  a watering-place  and  health-resort. 

Beichensperger  (ri'chen-sperg-er),  August. 
Born  1808 : died  July  16,  1895.  A Prussian  poli- 


Eeichensperger,  Peter  Franz.  Born  at  Co 
blenz,  Prussia,  May  28,  1810 : died  at  Berlin, 
Dec.  31,  1892.  A Prussian  politician,  brother 
of  August  Reiehensperger,  and  a prominent 
member  of  the  clerical  (Center)  party. 

Beichlin-Meldegg  (rich ' lin  - mel ' deg),  Baron 
Karl  Alexander  von.  Born  at  Grafenau,  Ba- 
varia, Feb.  22,  1801:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Feb. 
15,  1877.  A German  philosopher  and  theolo- 


gian, professor  of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg  SSf / ,-K  x u TS r>  f ,, 
from  1839.  Ho  wrote  “Lehrbuch  der  Psycho-  : ^?^a,nnTP|lr^J'1^570  01!D  at  1 

logie”  (1837-38),  etc.  . “ 


Beichshofen  (richs'ho-fen).  A manufacturing 
town  in  Lower  Alsace,  24  miles  north  of  Stras- 
burg.  (Forthe  battle  of  Aug.  6, 1870,  see  Worth  . ) 
Population,  2,885. 

Beichsland  (richs'lant).  [G.,  ‘imperial  terri- 
tory.’] A designation  since  1871  of  Alsace-Lor- 
raine. 

Beichstadt  (rieh'stat).  A small  town  in  north- 
ern Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Zwittebaeh  43 


made  the  execution  of  persons,  regardless  of  age, 
sex,  and  condition,  who  were  considered  obnox- 
ious to  their  measures  one  of  the  cardinal  princi- 
ples of  their  government.  This  period  maybe  said  to 
have  begun  in  March,  1793,  when  the  Revolutionary  tribu- 
nal was  appointed,  and  to  have  ended  in  July,  1794,  with  the 
overthrow  of  Robespierre  and  his  associates.  Also  caUed 
the  Terror. 

Reikiavik.  See  Reykjavik. 

haude, 
Halle, 

Nov.  22,  1813.  A German  anatomist  and  phy- 
sician, professor  (1810)  at  Berlin.  He  was  super- 
intendent  of  the  military  hospitals  in  1813,  and  died  of 
typhus  contracted  in  the  performance  of  his  duties. 

Eeille  (ray),  Comte  Honore  Charles  Michel 
Joseph.  Born  at  Antibes,  France,  Sept.  1, 
1775:  died  at  Paris,  March  4,  1860.  A French 
marshal.  He  served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars  in  Spain, 
at  Quatre-Bras,  Waterloo,  etc.,  and  was  made  marshal  in 
1847. 


miles  north  by  east  of  Prague,  it  gave  the  title  Beimarus  (ri-ma'ros),  Hermann  Samuel. 


Born  at  Hamburg,  Dec.  22,  1694:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, March  1,  1768.  A German  philosopher 
and  scholar,  professor  (1727)  of  Hebrew  and 
later  also  of  mathematics  at  the  gymnasium  in 
Hamburg.  He  is  especially  noted  as  the  author  of  the 
rationalistic  “Wolfenbiittel  Fragments, ’’published  by  Les- 
sing (1774-78)  as  fragments  of  the  work  of  an  unknown  au- 
thor found  by  him  in  the  Wolfenbiittel  Library.  The  whole 
work  bears  the  title  “ Apologie  Oder  Schutzschrift  fur  die 
vernunf t igen  V erehrer  Gottes  ” (“  Apology  or  Defense  for 
the  Rational  Worshipers  of  God  *’). 


to  the  Duke  of  Reiclistadt.  At  a meeting  here  of  the  em- 
perors of  Austria  and  Russia,  July  8,  1876,  it  was  agreed 
that  these  powers  should  not  take  independent  action  in 
the  dismemberment  of  Turkey.  Population,  1,798. 

Beichstadt,  Duke  of.  See  Napoleon  II. 

Beichstag (G. pron. nchs'tag).  [G., ‘parliament 
of  the  empire.’]  1 . In  the  present  empire  of  Ger- 
many, the  deliberat  ive  body  which,  in  combina- 
tion with  the  Bundosrat,  exercises  the  legisla- 
tive power  in  imperial  matters.  It  is  composed 

of  397  deputies  elected  by  manhood  suffrage  Rg7ins  gee  Rheims. 
for  5 years.  2.  4 lie  name  by  which  tlie  Ger- Rejnecj^e  pucjjS<  See  Reynard  the  Fox. 
mans  designate  the  Hungarian  Diet,  a bodyRejne  de  Chypre  (ran  de  shepr),  La.  [F., ‘The 
composed  of  a House  of  Magnates  (about  300  Queen  0f  Cyprus.’]  An  opera  bvHal6vy,  pro- 
members)  and  a Lower  House  or  House  of  Rep-  (fliced  at  Paris  in  1841.  The  words  are  by  Saint- 
resentatives  (4o3  members).  Georges,  and  have  much  literary  merit. 

Wilful  ^ Air^eHrg.e'i  B(?rn  at  Aberdeen,  Oct.  Reine  de  Saba  (de  sa-ba'),  La.  [F.,  ‘The 

31,  1841.  A Scottibh  landscape-  and  jiortrait-  Queen  0f  Sheba.*]  An  opera  by  Gounod,  first 
painter.  He  studied  at  the  Trustees'  Academy,  Edin-  Tvrrwbippd  of  Pnri^  in  18G9 
burgh,  and  with  Mollinger,  Israels,  and  Yvon.  He  was  W Odm.ee (at  P iris  in  l»OZ. 

president  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  1891-1902.  Bemeke  VOS  (G.  Kemeke  X UChS).  teOO  Key- 
Among  his  portraits  al  e those  of  John  Mackenzie,  H.  Well-  nard  the  Fox. 

wood  Maxwell,  and  Lord  President  Inglis  (the last  in  the  Reine  Margot  (mar-go'),  La.  A novel  by  the 
Scottish  Parliament  House).  i i t\  & _ vr.f.j  ■ , 

_ .,  T,  -Tii  , , elder  Dumas,  published  m 1845.  It  was  drama- 

Keia,  Mayne.  Born  m Ireland,  1818 : died  at  tized  with  the  assistance  of  Auguste  Maqnet,  and  played 
London,  Oct.  22, 1883.  A British  novelist.  He  in  1847. 

traveledin  the  United  States,  and  served  as  captain  in  the  Reine  Topaze  (to-paz').  La.  [F.,  ‘Queen  To- 
United  States  army  in  the  Mexican  war  He  sailed  from  paze .’]  An  opera  by  Victor  Masse,  produced 
New  York  m 1849  with  a party  of  volunteers  to  aid  in  the  U.  p *•  • o-V.  “ ’ 

Hungarian  struggle  for  freedom,  but  arrived  too  late  to  vans  ill  looo. 

take  part  in  it.  He  wrote  tales  of  adventure,  including  Remhardsbrunn  (rm'harts-bron).  Anotedcas- 
“The  Rifle  Rangers”  (1850),  “The  Scalp  Hunters"  (1851),  tie  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  situated 
“The  Joy  Hunters”  (!852),  “ The  White  Chief’  (1859),  .q  pq0  foo4  0f  (Pg  Thiiringerwald,  near  Fried- 
“ The  Bush  Boys  (1855),  “The  Quadroon  (1856),  “The  . , n o„*i,„ 

War  Trail  ”(1857),  “ Osceola  " (1858),  “The  Boy  Tar”  (1859),  nchroda,  9 miles  southwest  of  Gotha. 

“The  Maroon  ” (1862),  “The  Headless  Horseman”  (1806),  Reinhart  (rin'hart).  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born 
“ The  Castaways"  (1870),  “ The  Ocean  Waifs  ” (1871),  “The  at  Waynesburg,  ’ Pa.,  Aug.  29,  1829:  died  at 
Death  Shot  (18/4),  “The  Flag  °f  Distress  ”(1875),  “The  Philadelphia,  May  3,  1885.  An  American  por- 

Tr  trait  and  historical  painter.  He  studied  at  ]W 
Rfd,  Samuel Chester  Born  at  No^ch,  Conn  seldorf  Ro  andFParis. 

Aug  25, 1783:  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  28,  1861.  EeinhaU  Charles  Stanley.  Bom  at  Pitts- 
An  American  naval  officer.  As  commander  of  a iL  p.,  1044.  „+  v w York  Au“  30 

privateer  he  repulsed  a British  attack  at  Fayal  in  1814.  tod-i.  aieu  at  1 e v , g-  > 

He  designed  the  United  States  flag  in  its  present  form.  1896.  An  American  genre-painter  and  lllus- 
Reid,  Thomas.  Born  at  Strachan,  Kincardine-  trator.  He  studied  at  Paris  and  Munich, 
shire,  April  26,  1710:  died  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  7,  RemholdO'in  holt),  Karl  Leonhard.  Bom  at 
1796.  A Scottish  philosopher,  the  principal  V’enna,  Oct.  _6,  1<58:  died  at  Kiel,  Holstein, 
founder  of  the  Scottish  school  of  philosophy.  April  10,  18_3.  A Gennan  philosopher,  pro- 
Re  graduated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1726 ; was  lessor  at  J ena  1 i S / - J4  and  at  t^i^l  1 < J4—1  He 
librarian  there ; became  pastor  at  Newmachar,  near  Aher-  advocated  Kant’s  philosophy  in  “ Brief  e fiber  die  Kan  tische 
deen,  in  1737  ; was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  Philosophic"  (1786-87),  and  also  published  “Versuch 
King’s  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1751;  and  was  professor  of  einer  neuen  Theorie  des  \ orstellungsvermogens  (“New 
moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow  1764-81.  He  wrote  an  “Es-  Theory  of  the  Faculty  of  Ideas,”  1789),  etc. 
say^on  Quantity”  (1748),  “Enquiry  into  the  Human  Mind  RelniSCh  (ri'nish),  Leo.  Born  at  Osterwitz, 

A noted  Egyptologist  and  Afri- 
72  professor  of  Egyptology  at  the 
Vienna.  His  numerous  works  include 

Rpid  Whitola  w Born  at  Yon  in  Ohio  Oct  “AgyptischeChrestomathie”(1873-75);grammarsof  Barea 
. ,®ia' 7 l’OI'rl  at  Aema,  un 10,  uct.  /1874)  Nuba(1879),  and  Bilin  (1883);  and  dictionary  of  Bilin 
2 /,  1837:  died  at  London,  Dec.  15,  1J12.  An  (1887).  He  repeatedly  visited  all  the  tribes  speaking  these 
American  journalist.  He  graduated  at  Miami  Uni-  languages. 

war  c 


minister  to  France  1889-92,  and  was  candidate  (defeated)  Catholic  theologian:  suspended  in  1870  on  ac- 
for  the  vice-presidency  on  the  Republican  ticket  in  1892.  CQunt  of  opposition  to  the  dogma  of  papal  in- 
Appointed  special  ambassador  to  England  to  represent  the  « XL  , . , . ” ...  ^ 

President  at  the  Queen's  jubilee  1897,  member  of  the  fallibility,  ne  was  consecrated  bishop  of ’tlie  < Id  CatJ" 
Spanish  Peace  Commission  1898,  and  United  States  am-  dies  in  1873,  and  resided  in  Bonn.  He  published  \arious 
bassador  to  Great  Britain  1905-12.  works  on  ecclesiastical  history,  etc. 

Reid,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Kinglassie,  Fife-Reiske  (ris'ke).  Johann  Jakob.  Born  at  /or- 


Reiske 

big,  near  Halle,  Dec.  25, 1716:  died  Aug.  14, 1774. 
A noted  German  Orientalist  and  classical  phi- 
lologist, rector  of  the  Nikolaischule  at  Leipsic 
from  1758.  He  published  works  on  Arabic,  edi- 
tions of  Greek  authors,  etc. 

Reiss  (ris),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Mannheim,  1838: 
died  near  Po^sneck,  Saxe-Meiningen,  Sept.  29, 
1908.  AGermanscientistandtraveler.  From  1868 
to  1876  he  traveled  in  South  America,  generally  in  company 
with  A.  Stiibel.  They  made  their  headquarters  at  Quito 
for  four  years ; explored  the  Ecuadorian  mountains  ; made 
an  extended  examination  of  the  ancient  necropolis  of 
Ancon,  near  Lima,  and  other  Peruvian  antiquities ; and 
finally  descended  the  Amazon  and  visited  the  Brazilian 
coast  cities.  Their  most  important  joint  work  is  “ Das 
Totenfeld  von  Ancon  in  Peru  ’’  (3  vols.  folio,  with  plates, 
1880-87).  Reiss  also  published  many  geological  works,  etc. 

Reissiger  (ris'sig-er),  Karl  Gottlieb.  Born  at 
Belzig,  near  Wittenberg,  Jan.  31,  1798:  died 
at  Dresden,  Nov.  7,  1859.  A German  composer 
★ of  operas,  songs,  etc. 

R6jane  (ra-zhan'),  Gabrielle  Charlotte  R6ju, 

called.  Born  at  Paris  in  1857.  A French  actress. 
She  made  herdgbut  in  1875  at  the  Vaudeville.  One  of  her 
greatest  successes  is  Madame  Sans  G6ne  in  Sardou’s  play 
of  that  name  (1894),  in  which  she  appeared  in  the  United 
States.  About  1892  she  married  M.  Porel,  director  of  the 
Grand  Theatre. 

Rejected  Addresses.  A collection  of  parodies 
onWordsworth,  Byron,  Scott,  Moore,  Coleridge, 
and  other  poets,  written  on  the  occasion  of  the 
burning  of  Drury  Lane  Theater,  London,  by  the 
brothers  James  and  Horace  Smith,  published  in 
1812. 

Relapse,  The,  or  Virtue  in  Danger.  A play  by 

Vanbrugh,  produced  in  1697.  It  was  a sequel  to 
Cibber’s  "Love’s  Last  Shift.”  Sheridan  altered  it  to  “ The 
Trip  to  Scarborough.  ’’  See  Comte  de  Boursoufle. 

Relay  House.  A junction  on  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railway,  7 miles  from  Baltimore,  which 
General  Butler  fortified  in  May,  1861. 

Relief  of  Lucknow,  The.  A play  by  Boucicault. 

The  incident  of  Jessie  Brown  and  the  approach  of  the 
relief  playing  “The  CampbeUs  are  coming"  is  said  to  be 
mythical. 

Religio  Laici  (re-lij'i-o  la'i-si).  [L.,  ‘A  Lay- 
man’s Religion .’]  A polemic  poem  by  Dryden, 
published  in  1682. 

Religio  Medici  (re-lij'i-o  med'i-sl).  [L.,  ‘A 
Physician’s  Religion.’]  A religious  treatise  by 
Sir  Thomas  Browne,  published  in  1643. 
Remagen  (ra'ma-gen).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  22 
miles  northwest  of  Coblenz:  the  Roman  Rigo- 
magus.  It  contains  various  Roman  antiquities. 
Population,  3,806. 

Rembang  (rem-bang').  A town  near  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Java,  situated  in  lat.  6°  42'  S.,  long. 
Ill0  21'  E.  Population,  about  14,000. 
Rembrandt  (rem'brant;  D.  pron.  rem'briint) 
(Rembrandt  Hermanzoon  van  Rijn  or  Ryn). 
Born  at  Leyden,  July  15, 1607 : died  at  Amster- 
dam (buried  Oct.  8, 1669).  A celebrated  Dutch 
painter  and  etcher,  the  chief  member  of  the 
Dutch  school  of  painting.  His  father  was  a miller 
in  easy  circumstances.  At  the  age  of  12  he  entered  the 
studio  of  Van  Swanenburch  and  three  years  later  that  of 
Pieter  LaBtman  at  Amsterdam.  In  1623  he  returned  to  Ley- 
den, where  he  remained  until  1630.  About  1628  he  received 
his  first  pupil,  Gerard  Douw.  In  1630  he  removed  to  Am- 
sterdam, where  he  soon  had  many  pupils  and  many  orders. 
On  June  10, 1634,  he  married  Saskia  van  Ulenburg.  After 
her  death  he  became  involved  in  litigation,  contracted 
debts,  and  in  1656  was  formally  declared  bankrupt,  and  his 
collections  were  seized  and  sold  for  500  florins.  Among 
his  principal  works  are  “Presentation  in  the  Temple" 
(1631);  “Lesson  in  Anatomy ” (1632);  “Descent  from  the 
Cross,” an  etching  (1633);  the  “Artemisia”  at  Madrid,  and 
“ St.  Thomas  ” at  the  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg  (1634) ; por- 
trait of  himself  with  his  wife  Saskia  on  his  knee  (1638); 
etching  of  Tobias  and  the  Angel  and  Ecce  Homo  (1638); 
portrait  of  his  mother,  at  Vienna(1639);  “ Le  doreur  ’’(“The 
Gilder,”  1640),  now  in  New  York ; “Sortie  of  the  Company 
of  Frans  Banning  Cock”  (the  so-called  “Night-Watch"), 
his  masterpiece  (1642);  etching  of  “The  Three  Trees” 
(1643) ; “ Pilgrims  of  Emmaus,”  in  the  Louvre  (1648) ; por- 
trait of  Turenne  on  horseback,  now  in  Lord  Cowper’s  col- 
lection (1649);  the  “hundred-guilder”  print  of  Christ 
preaching  (1651)  (the  name  comes  from  a tradition  that  a 
Roman  merchant  offered  him  seven  engravings  by  Marc- 
antonio,  worth  100  guilders,  for  a copy  of  the  etching); 
“The  Burgomaster  and  his  wife  "(1657) ; “Moses  descend- 
ing Sinai"  (1659);  “Syndics  of  the  Cloth  Hall”  (1661); 
“Jewish  Bride"  (1663).  He  painted  between  40  and  50 
portraits  of  himself,  which  are  in  the  various  public  gal- 
leries of  Europe. 

Remedy  of  Love,  The.  A poem  apparently 
written  about  1530.  It  was  printed  in  1532  in  an  edi- 
tion  of  Chaucer’s  poems,  and  wrongly  attributed  to  him. 

Remesal  (ra-ma-siil'),  Antonio  de.  Bora  at 
Allariz,  Galicia,  about  1570:  died  at  Madrid, 
1639.  A Spanish  Dominican  historian.  He  was 
visitador  of  his  order  in  Central  America  1613-17,  and 
while  there  wrote  his  “ Historia  de  las  provincias  de  Chi- 
apa  y Guatemala"  (Madrid,  1619),  sometimes  called  “ His- 
toria general  de  las  Indias."  It  was  the  first  history  of 
Guatemala  prepared  in  the  country,  and  is  much  esteemed 
by  historians. 

C.— 54 


849 

Remi  (re'mi).  In  ancient  history,  a people  of 
the  Belgse,  in  Gaul,  dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of 
Rheims  (their  capital).  They  sided  with  Julius 
Caesar  in  his  Gallic  wars. 

Remigius  (re-mij'i-us),  or  Remedius  (re-me'- 
di-us),  or  F.  Remi  (re-me' ),  Saint.  Born  about 
435 : died  about  530-533.  Archbishop  of  Rheims. 
He  was  raised  to  the  episcopate  about  457. 

Remington  (rem'ing-ton),  Frederic.  Born  at 
Canton,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  4,  1861:  died  at  Ridgefield, 
Conn.,  Dec.  26,  1909.  An  American  figure- 
and  animal-painter.  Among  his  works  arc  “ A Dash 
for  the  Timber,"  “Last  Stand,"  “Past  all  Surgery,”  and 
“A  Broncho  Buster”  (in  bronze).  He  was  well  known  as 
an  illustrator,  and  especially  for  his  pictures  of  cowboys 
and  Indians. 

Remois  (re-mwa').  An  ancient  district  in  Cham- 
pagne, France.  Its  chief  place  was  Rheims. 
Remonstrance,  The  Grand.  In  English  his- 
tory, a protest  passed  by  the  House  of  Commons 
Nov.  22,  1641.  It  rehearsed  the  unconstitutional  and 
unwise  acts  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  demanded  reme- 
dies. 

Remonstrants  (re-mon'strants).  The  Armin- 
ians : so  called  because  they  formulated  their 
creed  (a.  d.  1610)  in  five  articles  entitled  “ The 
Remonstrance.”  This  document  expressed  theirpoints 
of  divergence  from  strict  Calvinism,  and  was  presented  to 
the  states  of  Holland  and  West  Friesland. 

Remscheid  (rem'shlt).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  19  miles  northeast  of  Co- 
logne. It  is  the  center  of  hardware  manufactures  in 
Germany  (including  scythes,  saws,  skates,  files,  etc.),  and 
has  an  important  export  trade.  Population,  commune, 
★ 64,340. 

Remsen  (rem'zn),  Ira.  Bern  at  New  York, 
Feb.  10, 1846.  An  American  chemist.  He  grad- 
uated at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Colum- 
bia  College  in  1867  ; was  professor  of  chemistry  and  phys- 
ics at  Williams  College  1872-76  ; professor  of  chemistry  at 
Johns  Hopkins  University  1876-,  and  president  1901-12. 
He  has  published  “ Principles  of  Theoretical  Chem- 
istry ” (1877),  “ An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Organic 
Chemistry  " (1885),  “Elementary  Chemistry"  (1887),  etc. 
Remus  (re'mus).  In  Roman  legend,  the  bro- 
ther of  Romulus,  by  whom  he  was  slain.  See 
Romulus. 

Remus,Uncle.  An  old  plantation  negro,  feigned 
narrator  of  the  plantation  and  folk-lore  tales 
collected  by  Joel  Chandler  Harris. 

R4musat  (ra-mii-za'),  Comtesse  de  (Claire 
Elisabeth  Jeanne  Gravier  de  Vergennes). 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  5, 1780 : died  Dec.  21, 1821. 
A French  lady,  wife  of  the  chamberlain  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  and  an  attendant  of  the  empress  Jose- 
phine. Her  “ M^moires ’’ on  the  court  of  Napoleon,  etc., 
were  published  in  1879,  and  her  “Lettres”  in  1881. 

Remusat,  Comte  Francois  Marie  Charles  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  March  14,  1797 : died  at  Paris, 
June  6, 1875.  A French  politician  and  author, 
son  of  the  Comtesse  de  Rdmusat.  He  was  minis- 
ter of  the  interior  in  1840,  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1871-73.  He  wrote  various  philosophical  works,  includ- 
ing “Essais  de  philosophic”  (1842),  “Abailard ’’ (1845), 
“St.  Anselme  de  Canterbury”  (1853),  “ L’Angleterre  au 
XVIIIe  siccle " (1856),  “Bacon,  sa  vie,  son  temps,  sa  philo- 
sophic ” (1857),  “ Histoire  de  la  philosophic  en  Angleterre  " 
(1875),  etc. 

R4musat,  Jean  Pierre  Abel.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  5,  1788:  died  June  3,  1832.  A French 
Orientalist.  He  wrote  “ Essai  sur  la  langue  et  la  lit- 
erature chinoises”  (1811),  “Recherches  sur  les  langues 
tartares”  (1820),  “Elements  de  la  grammaire  chinoise" 
(1822),  and  other  works  on  Chinese,  etc. 

Remy  (ra-me'),  Jules.  Born  near  Chalons-sur- 
Marne,  Sept.  2,  1826:  died  Dec.  5,  1893.  A 
French  traveler  and  botanist.  From  1851  to  1863 
he  traveled  extensively  in  South  and  North  America,  the 
Pacific  Islands,  and  Asia.  Besides  botanical  memoirs  he 
published  many  books  on  the  countries  visited  by  him : 
one  of  the  best-known  is  “ Voyage  au  pays  des  Mormons” 
(2  vols.  1860  : an  English  translation  1860). 

Renaix  (re-na' ) . A manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated 
34  miles  west  by  south  of  Brussels.  Popula- 
tion .commune,  21,469. 

Renan  (re-non'),  Joseph  Ernest.  BornatTre- 
guier,  Cotes-du-Nord,  Jan.  27,  1823:  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  2,  1892.  A French  philologist  and 
historian.  He  was  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  school 
of  critical  philosophy  in  France.  His  studies,  begun  in 
his  native  town,  were  completed  in  Paris.  He  was  dis- 
couraged in  the  study  of  theology  by  the  barrenness  of  the 
scholastic  method  then  in  vogue,  and  broke  sharply  with 
the  system.  While  making  his  living  by  teaching,  he  pur- 
sued his  studies  in  comparative  philology,  and  took,  one 
after  the  other,  his  university  degrees.  His  works  pub- 
lished between  1850  and  1860  attracted  much  attention,  es- 
pecially for  their  style.  They  include  his  doctor’s  thesis 
on  “ A vermes  et  l’averroisme  ’’  (1852),  “Etudes  d’histoire 
religieuse"  (1857),  “ De  l’origine  du  langage  ” (1858),  “Es- 
sais de  morale  et  de  critique  ’’  (1859),  etc.  Soon  after  his 
return  from  a mission  to  the  East  (1861),  Renan  was  called 
to  the  chair  of  Hebrew  in  the  College  de  France  ; but,  as 
he  denied  the  divinity  of  Christ,  he  fell  out  with  the  cleri- 
cal party,  and  was  forced  to  resign  his  professorship  in  1864. 
The  works  he  wrote  about  this  time  contributed  perhaps 
in  greatest  measure  to  his  reputation.  Foremost  among 


Reno 

them  stands  “La  vie  de  J6sus " (1863),  the  first  book  in 
theseries  entitled  “Histoire des originesduchristianisme," 
which  includes  further  “Les  apiitres  ’ (1866),  “St.  Paul  et 
sa  mission"  (1867),  “L'Antechrist”  (1873),  “Les  evangiles 
et  la  seconde  generation  chrbtienne  ” (1877),  “ L’Eglise 
clircRienne  ” (1879),  and  “ Marc-Aurcle  et  la  fin  du  monde 
antique  ” (1880).  The  “ Index  ” was  pubhshed  in  1889,  and 
the  natural  introduction  to  the  entire  series  is  to  be  found 
in  an  entirely  separate  work,  “Histoire  du  peuple  d’lsrael  ” 
(1887-94).  Renan  was  also  the  author  of  “Questions  con- 
temporaines"  (1868),  “Dialogues  philosophiques”(1876), 
“Drames  philosophiques”  (1888),  and  many  other  works. 
He  was  elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy  June  13, 
1878. 

Renart,  Roman  de.  See  Reynard  the  Fox. 
Rendel  (ren'del),  James  Meadows.  Born  near 
Dartmoor,  England,  1799 : died  at  London,  Nov. 
21,  1856.  An  English  engineer,  constructor  of 
bridges  and  harbors  of  refuge. 

Rendsburg  (rends'borG).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Eider  and  on  the  Schleswig-Holstein 
Canal  20  miles  west  of  Kiel . It  was  formerly  strongly 
fortified  ; was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  Wrangel  in  1646 ; 
and  was  taken  by  the  Schleswig-Holsteiners  in  1848.  The 
fortifications  were  demolished  by  the  Danes  in  1852.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  15,577. 

Ren6  (re-na').  A romance  by  Chateaubriand, 
published  in  1802. 

Rene  I.,  surnamed  “The  Good.”  [L.  Rena f ms.] 
Born  at  Angers,  France,  Jan.  16,  1409:  died  at 
Aix,  France,  July  10,  1480.  Duke  of  Anjou, 
count  of  Provence,  and  (titular)  king  of  Naples, 
son  of  Louis  II.  of  Naples  and  Yolande  of  Ara- 
gon. He  succeeded  Joanna  II.  in  Naples  in  1435,  but 
was  dispossessed  by  Alfonso  V.  of  Aragon  in  1442.  He  was 
a patron  of  literature  and  art. 

Renegado,  The,  or  the  Gentleman  of  Venice. 

Aplay  by  Massinger, licensed  in  1624  and  printed 
in  1630.  The  title  was  changed  before  Shirley’s 
“Gentleman  of  Venice”  was  produced. 
Renfrew  (ren'fro).  1.  A southwestern  county 
of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Clyde  and  Dumbar- 
ton on  the  north,  Lanark  on  the  east,  Ayr  on  the  south 
and  southwest,  and  the  Firth  of  Clyde  on  the  west.  It 
contains  the  large  towns  Paisley  and  Greenock,  and  has 
coal-  and  iron-mines  and  important  manufactures.  Area, 
240  square  miles.  Population  (civil  co.),  268,934. 

2.  The  county  town  of  Renfrew,  situated  near 
the  Clyde  6 miles  west  of  Glasgow.  Popula- 
tion, 9,297. 

Reni  (ra'ne),  Guido.  Born  near  Bologna,  Nov. 
4, 1575:  died  there,  Aug.  18,1642.  Anotedpainter 
of  the  Bolognese  school.  HewasapupilofCalvaert, 
and  also  of  the  Carracci.  He  went  about  1608  to  Rome, 
where  he  remained  for  twenty  years.  He  was  the  rival  of 
Caravaggio,  and  was  opposed  from  jealousy  by  Annibale 
Carracci,  and  even  by  his  friend  Albani.  He  had  many 
pupils  at  Rome  and  Bologna.  He  decorated  the  private 
chapel  of  the  Palazzo  Monte  Civallo  at  Rome,  and  at  a later 
period  executed  the  celebrated  fresco  of  “Aurora”  in  the 
Palazzo  Rospigliosi.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Massacre 
of  the  Innocents,”  “ St,  Sebastian,”  “ Madonna  della  Pieta,” 
and  “SamsonVictorious"at. Bologna ; thedoubtful portrait 
of  Beatrice  Cenci  at  the  Palazzo  Barberini,  Rome ; “ Cruci- 
fixion of  St.  Peter”and  “Madonna  in  Glory ’’ (Vatican) ; 
several  “Ecce  Homos  "at  Bologna,  Rome,  Dresden,  Paris, 
London,  and  other  places ; and  numerous  other  paintings, 
many  of  them  of  sacred  subjects. 

Rennell  (ren'el),  James.  Bora  near  Chud- 
leigh,  Devon,  England,  Dec.  3,  1742:  died  at. 
London,  March  29,  1830.  An  English  geogra- 
pher, in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company. 
His  chief  works  are  “Memoir  of  a Map  of  Hindustan" 
(revised  ed.  1793),  “ Bengal  Atlas”  (1779),  “Geographical 
System  of  Herodotus”  (1800),  “Topography  of  the  Plain  of 
Troy”  (1814),  and  - Geography  of  Western  Asia”  (1831). 

Rennes  (ren).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Ille  and  Vilaine,  in  lat.  48°  7'  N., 
long.  1°  41'  W. : the  Gallic  Condate  and  Roman 
Civitas  Redonum.  The  noted  buildings  are  the  Ca- 
thedral of  St.  Peter,  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  Mordelaise 
gate,  palace  of  justice,  and  town  house.  It  contains  a pic- 
ture-gallery  and  a university  college  (with  faculties  of 
law,  sciences,  and  letters).  It  was  the  capital  of  ancient 
Brittany  ; was  several  times  besieged ; and  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1720.  Population,  commune,  75,640. 

Rennie  (ren'i),  John.  Born  at  Phantassie,  Had- 
dington, Scotland,  June  7,  1761:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  4, 1821.  A noted  British  engineer  and 
architect.  Three  of  the  Thames  bridges  (the  Southwark, 
the  Waterloo,  and  the  London)  were  built  from  his  de- 
signs. He  also  designed  the  London  docks,  the  India  docks, 
and  docks  at  Hull,  Greenock,  Liverpool,  and  Dublin,  and 
the  dockyards  at  Portsmouth,  Chatham,  Sheerness,  and 
Plymouth. 

Reno  (ra'no).  A river  in  Italy  which  rises  in 
the  Apennines  and  flows  as  the  Po  di  Primaro 
into  the  Adriatic  12  miles  north  of  Ravenna. 
It  was  called  Rhenus  by  the  Romans,  and  for 
merly  flowed  into  the  Po.  Total  length,  about 
125  miles. 

Reno  (re'no).  The  capital  of  Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  situated  on  Truckee  River  16  miles 
northwest  of  Virginia  City.  Population,  10,- 
867,  (1910). 


Reno,  Jesse  Lee 

Reno,  Jesse  Lee.  Born  at  Wheeling,  W.  Va., 
June  30, 1823 : killed  at  the  battle  of  South  Moun- 
tain, Md.,  Sept.  14, 1862.  An  American  general. 

He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846  ; served  in  the  Mexi- 
can war  ; and  was  appointed  a brigadier-general  of  United 
States  volunteers  in  1861.  He  served  in  the  Boanoke  ex- 
pedition in  1862  ; and  participated  as  a corps  commander 
In  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Fain,  and  in  the  battles  of 
Chantilly  and  South  Mountain 
Reno,  Marcus  A.  Born  in  Illinois  about  1835: 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  March  31,  1889.  An 
American  officer.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1857,  and  served  through  the  Civil  War.  As  major  he  com- 
manded a detachment  of  Custer’s  army  at  the  time  of  the 
massacre  of  Little  Big  Horn  in  1876.  He  was  dismissed 
Irom  the  United  States  service  in  1880  on  the  charge  of 
misconduct. 

Rent  Day,  The.  A domestic  drama  by  Douglas 
Jerrold,  printed  in  1832. 

Renwick  (ren'ik),  James.  Bom  at  Moniaive, 
Dumfriesshire,  Feb.  15, 1662 : executed  Feb.  17, 
1688.  A Scottish  Covenanter  and  martyr.  He 
attended  Edinburgh  University.  In  1683  he  was  ordained 
at  Groningen,  Holland.  In  1684  he  published  the  “Apolo- 
getic Declaration,"  for  which  he  was  outlawed.  He  was 
indicted  for  disowning  the  authority  of  James  II.,  main- 
taining the  lawfulness  of  defensive  arms,  etc.;  was  con- 
demned and  hanged  in  the  Grassmarket,  Edinburgh. 

Renwick  (ren'wik),  James.  Born  in  England, 
1790  (1792  ?):  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  12,  1863. 
An  American  physicist.  He  wrote  “Outlines  of  Nat- 
ural Philosophy  ”(1822-23),  “A  Treatise  on  (he  Steam-En- 
gine" (1830),  “Elements  of  Mechanics”  (1832),  scientific 
text-books,  and  biographies  of  Fulton,  Hamilton,  etc. 
Renwick,  James.  Born  at  Bloomingdale  (now 
part  of  New  York  city),  Nov.  3,  1818 : died  at 
New  York,  June  23,  1895.  An  American  archi- 
tect, son  of  James  Renwick.  He  designed  Grace 
Church  (New  York,  1845),  St.  Patrick’s  Cathedral  (New 
York,  commenced  1858),  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
Corcoran  Art  Gallery  (Washington),  Vassar  College,  etc. 
Reole  (ra-ol'),  La.  A town  in  the  department  of 
Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the  Garonne  31 
miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.  Population, 
commune,  4,319. 

Re  Pastore  (ra  pits -to' ro),  II.  A dramatic 
cantata  by  Mozart,  to  Metastasio’s  words,  com- 
posed in  1775. 

Rephaim  (ref'a-im  or  re-fa'im).  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a race  of  giants,  the  ancient  in- 
habitants of  Palestine  and  of  the  land  east  of 
the  Jordan. 

Rephaim,  Valley  of.  In  ancient  geography,  a 
valley  or  plain  southwest  of  Jerusalem. 
Repnin  (rep-nen'),  Prince  Nikolai.  Born  at  St. 
Petersburg,  March  22,  1734 : died  at  Riga,  May 
24, 1801.  A Russian  general  and  diplomatist. 
He  served  against  the  Turks,  whom  he  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Matchin,  July  9,  1791. 

Repos  de  Cyrus  (re-po'  de  se-riis').  Le.  A work 
by  the  Abbe  J.  Pornetti. 

“ Le  Repos  de  Cyrus  ’’embraces  the  same  period  of  the  life 
of  the  Persian  prince  as  the  work  of  Ramsay,  and  compre- 
hends his  journey  into  Media,  his  chase  on  the  frontiers 
of  Assyria,  his  wars  with  the  king  of  that  country,  and  his 
return  to  Persia.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  349. 

Repose  in  Egypt.  1 . A painting  by  Murillo,  in 
the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The 
Virgin  sits  under  a tree  watching,  with  two  cherubs,  the 
sleeping  Child  at  her  side.  St.  Joseph  stands  beyond,  with 
the  ass,  amid  attributes  of  the  journey. 

2.  A painting  by  Van  Dyck,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The  Virgin  sits  before  St. 
Joseph  on  a shaded  bank,  holding  the  Child  standing  in 
her  lap.  All  are  looking  at  a covey  of  partridges.  Some- 
times called  Madonna  with  the  Partridges. 

Representatives,  House  of.  The  lower  or  more 
numerous  branch  of  the  United  States  Congress, 
comprising  (1913)  435  members,  chosen  every 
second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States. 

Representatives  are  apportioned  among  the  States  accord- 
ing to  population,  the  ratio  at  present  being  one  to  every 
211,877  of  population.  No  one  can  be  a representative 
who  has  not  attained  the  age  of  twenty-five,  who  has  not 
been  seven  years  a citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  is 
not  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  in  which  he  is  chosen.  The 
House  of  Representatives  has  the  sole  power  of  impeach- 
ment and  of  originating  hills  for  raising  revenue.  Each 
organized  Territory  has  a delegate  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives who  is  entitled  to  speak,  though  he  has  no  vote. 

Repressor,  The.  An  ecclesiastical  treatise  by 
Bishop  Pecock,  written  in  1449. 

Reprisals,  The,  or  the  Tars  of  Old  England. 

A farce  by  Smollett,  produced  in  1757.  It  is 
said  to  be  his  single  success  on  the  stage. 
Reptile  Fund,  The.  A name  given  in  Germany 
to  a Prussian  fund  held  for  the  deposed  Hano- 
verian dynasty,  part  of  which  it  was  alleged  was 
diverted  to  the  subsidizing  of  journals  in  the 
interest  of  the  government. 

Reptile  Press,  The.  A name,  in  Germany,  given 
collectively  to  the  journals  believed  to  be  sub- 
sidized by  the  Prussian  government.  It  camo 
into  use  in  1869.  Compare  Reptile  Fund. 


850 

Republic,  The.  A famous  work  by  Plato,  de- 
scriptive of  an  ideal  commonwealth. 

Republica  Domimcana.  See  Dominican  Re- 
public. 

Republican  Party.  1 . The  usual  name  of  the 
Democratic  party  (in  full  Democratic-Repub- 
lican party)  during  the  years  following  1792- 
1793 : it  replaced  the  name  Anti-Federal,  and 
was  replaced  by  the  name  Democratic.  See 
Democratic  Party. — 2.  A party  formed  in  1854, 
having  as  its  original  purpose  opposition  to  the 
extension  of  slavery  into  the  Territories.  It  was 
composed  of  Free-soilers,  of  antislavery  Whigs,  and  of 
some  Democrats  (who  unitedly  formed  the  group  known 
as  Anti-Nebraska  men),  and  was  joined  by  the  abolition- 
ists, and  eventually  by  many  Know-nothings.  During  the 
period  of  the  Civil  War  many  war  Democrats  acted  with 
it.  It  first  nominated  a candidate  for  President  in  1856. 
In  1856  it  elected  its  candidate  (Banks)  for  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  and  in  1861  it  gained  con- 
trol of  the  executive  and  both  houses  of  Congress.  The 
presidents  from  1861  to  1885,  Lincoln,  Johnson,  Grant, 
Hayes,  Garfield,  and  Arthur,  were  Republicans,  and  the 
presidency  was  again  filled  by  a Republican,  Harrison, 
1889-93 ; McKinley,  1897-1901 ; Roosevelt,  1901-09 ; Taft 
1909-13.  The  Republicans  held  the  power  in  Congress  until 
1875 ; ttiey  then  lost  the  House,  regained  it  in  1881,  lost 
it  in  1883,  again  regained  it  in  1889,  lost  it  again  in 
1891,  regained  it  in  1895,  and  continued  to  hold  it  until 
1911.  The  Senate,  however,  they  continued  to  hold,  except 
for  1879-83,  until  1893,  when  the  executive  and  both 
branches  of  Congress  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Demo- 
crats ; in  1897  they  obtained  over  one  half  of  the  total 
number  of  senators  and  have  since  held  a majority.  The 
party  favors  generally  a broad  construction  of  the’  Consti- 
tution, liberal  expenditures,  extension  of  the  powers  of  the 
national  government,  and  a high  protective  tariff.  Among 
the  measures  with  which  it  has  been  identified  are  the 
suppression  of  the  rebellion,  the  abolition  of  slavery, 
reconstruction,  and  the  resumption  of  specie  payments, 

Republican  Pawnee  (pa-ne').  A tribe  of  the 
Pawnee  Confederacy  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Also  called  the  Kitkehaliki.  See  Pawnee. 
Republican  River,  or  Republican  Fork.  A 

river  in  eastern  Colorado,  southern  Nebraska, 
and  northern  Kansas.  It  unites  with  the  Smoky  Hill 
Fork  in  Davis  County,  Kansas,  61  miles  west  of  Topeka,  to 
form  the  Kansas.  Length,  about  500  miles. 

Repulse  Bay  (re-puls'  ba).  A bay  south  of  Mel- 
ville Peninsula,  British  America,  near  the  en- 
trance to  Hudson  Bay. 

Requena  (ra-ka'na).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Valencia,  Spain,  42  miles  west  of  Valencia. 
It  is  a wine  center.  Population,  16,236. 
Requier  (re-kya' ),  Augustus  Julian.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  May  27,  1825:  died  at  New 
York,  March  19,  1887.  An  American  poet  and 
dramatist. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma  (ra-sa'ka  da  la  pal'ma) 
(Sp.,  ‘dry  river-bed  of  the  palm’),  or  Resaca  de 
Guerrero  (da  ga-ra'ro).  A place  in  southern 
Texas,  4 miles  north  of  Matamoros,  Mexico, 
where  a battle  was  fought,  May  9, 1846,  between 
the  United  States  troops  (about  2,200)  under 
Taylor  and  the  Mexicans  (4,000  to  5,000)  under 
Arista.  The  engagement  followed  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto 
on  the  8th,  and,  as  in  that,  Taylor  was  victorious.  Ail  the 
Mexican  artillery  and  trains  fell  into  his  hands. 

Resen  (re'sen).  One  of  the  ancient  cities  in 
Assyria. 

The  site  of  Resen  has  not  been  identified,  though  its 
name  has  been  met  with  in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  under 
the  form  of  Reseni,  ‘the  head  of  the  spring.’ 

Sayce,  Assyria,  p.  22. 

Reservoir  of  the  1,001  Columns.  A reservoir 
in  Constantinople,  built  by  Constantine,  it  is  in 
plan  197 by  166  feet ; itsgroinedvaultsreston  212  columns 
in  15  ranges.  Though  about  half  filled  with  sedimentde- 
posited  by  the  water,  the  shafts  and  capitals  still  project 
to  a height  of  33  feet. 

Reshd.  See  Rcsht. 

Reshid  Pasha  (re -shed'  pash 'a)  (Mustapha 
Mehemed).  Bom  at  Constantinople,  1802 : died 
at  Candia,  Jan.  7,  1858.  A Turkish  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  several  times  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  under  Mahmud  II.  and  Abdul-Medjid  : pro- 
mulgated theHatti-sherif  of  Giilhan£(see  A bdvl-Medjid ) in 
1839;  and  was  grand  vizir  at  the  time  of  the  Crimean  war. 
Resht  (resht),  or  Rasht  (rasht),  or  Reshd 
(resht).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gilan, 
Persia,  situated  near  the  Caspian  Sea  about 
lat.  37°  18'  N.,  long.  49°  37'  E.  It  has  important 
commerce,  through  its  port  Enzeli,  and  is  the  chief  place 
In  Persia  for  the  silk-trade.  It  was  terribly  ravaged  by 
[ fire  in  1885.  Population,  30,000-40,000. 

Resolute  (rez'o-lut).  An  arctic  exploring  ship 
which  belonged  to  Sir  Edward  Belcher’s  squad- 
ron. She  sailed  with  the  Assistance,  Pioneer,  Intrepid, 
and  North  Star  in  April,  1852,  to  search  for  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin. On  May  15,  1854,  at  the  command  of  Belcher  and 
against  their  will,  Captain  Kellett  and  Commander  McClin- 
tock  abandoned  the  Resolute  and  the  Intrepid  in  the  ice 
olf  Melville  Island.  On  Sept.  17,  1855,  Captain  Budding- 
ton,  in  the  American  whaler  George  Henry,  met  the  desert- 
ed Resolute  in  sound  condition  about  40  miles  from  Cape 
Mercy.  She  must  have  drifted  through  Barrow  Strait, 
Lancaster  Sound,  and  Baffin  Bay.  She  was  recovered, 
and  the  United  States  bought  her  and  restored  her  in  per- 


R4tif  de  la  Bretonne 

feet  condition  to  the  British  service.  She  was  presented 
to  the  queen  by  Captain  Hartstein  in  1856.  She  is  now 
dismantled. 

Resolution  (rez-o-lu'shon).  An  exploring  ship 
in  which,  with  the  Discovery,  Sir  Thomas  But- 
ton sailed  from  England  in  1612.  He  wintered  at 
the  mouth  of  Nelson’s  River,  and  accomplished  the  ex- 
ploration of  Hudson  Bay  and  of  Southampton  Island,  re- 
turning to  England  in  the  autumn  of  the  next  year. 
Resolution  (rez-o-lu'shon)  Island.  An  island 
of  British  America,  situated  north  of  Labrador, 
at  the  entrance  of  Hudson  Strait. 

Restif  de  la  Bretonne.  See  Retif. 
Restigouche  (res-ti-gosh').  A river  in  New 
Brunswick  which  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
between  New  Brunswick  and  Quebec,  and  flows 
into  the  Bay  of  Chaleur  at  Dalhousie.  Length, 
about  200  miles. 

Restitution,  Edict  of.  An  edict  by  the  em- 
peror Ferdinand  II.,  dated  March  6,  1629,  re- 
quiring Protestants  to  restore  to  the  Roman 
Catholics  sees  and  ecclesiastical  property  ap- 
propriated since  the  treaty  of  Passau  in  1552. 
Restoration,  The.  1.  In  English  history,  the 
reestablishment  of  the  English  monarchy  with 
the  return  of  King  Charles  II.  in  1660;  by  ex- 
tension, the  whole  reign  of  Charles  II. — 2.  In 
Jewish  history,  the  return  of  the  Jews  to  Pales- 
tine about  537  b.  c.  ; also,  their  future  return  to 
and  possession  of  the  Holy  Land,  as  expected  by 
many  of  the  Jewish  race  and  by  others. — 3.  In 
French  history,  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  to 
power  in  1814  (called  the  first  Restoration)  and 
(after  the  episode  of  the  Hundred  Days)  in  1815 
(called  the  second  Restoration). 

Restorer  of  the  Roman  Empire.  A title  given 
by  the  senate  to  Aurelian. 

Restrepo  (res-tra'po),  Jose  Manuel.  Born  at 
Envigado,  Antioquia,  about  1775:  died  about 
1860.  A New  Granadan  historian.  He  was  a law- 
yer and  active  in  politics,  occupying  various  civil  and  cab- 
inet positions.  His  intimate  acquaintance  with  Bolivar 
and  otherleadersof  the  movement  for  independence  pecu- 
liarly fitted  him  for  writing  a history  of  the  times.  His 
most  important  work  was  “ Historia  de  la  Revolucion  de  la 
Republica  de  Colombia  "(1827:  7 vols.,  with  3 vols.  of  doc- 
uments; 3d  ed.  4 vols.,  1858). 

Reszke  (resh'ke),  fldouard  de.  Born  at  War- 
saw, 1855.  A noted  Polish  bass  singer,  brother 
of  Jean  de  Reszke.  He  made  his  debut  at  Paris  in 
1876,  and  his  career  practically  coincides  with  that  of  his 
brother.  His  principal  parts  are  Ruy  Gomez  (“  Hernani  ”), 
Don  Basile  (“Barbier  de  Seville”),  Leporello  (“Don 
Juan”),  Mephistophelfes  (“Faust”),  and  Frere  Laurent 
(“Romeo  et  Juliette  "). 

Reszke,  Jean  de.  Born  at  Warsaw,  1850.  A 
notedPolish  teriorsinger.  He  made  his  debut  in  Lon- 
don in  1874,  and  appeared  at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  in  1876, 
and  again  in  1883.  At  this  time  his  voice  changed  from  the 
barytone  to  the  tenor  register.  In  1884  he  was  engaged 
at  the  Italian  Opera,  and  later  sang  there,  with  various  ab- 
sences. In  1892, 1893-94,  1895-96,  1896-97,  1898-99,  190(M)1 
he  sang  in  America.  Later  he  taught  in  Paris.  His  prin- 
cipal parts  are  Faust,  Romeo,  Radames  (“  Aida  ’’),  Vasco 
(“  L’Africaine  "),  and  Ascanio  (“  Cellini”’). 

Retford,  East.  See  East  Retford. 

Rethel  (re-tel').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the  Aisne  23 
miles  northeast  of  Rheims.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,708. 

Rethel  (ra'tel),  Alfred.  Bom  near  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  May  15, 1816 : died  at  Diisseldorf , Prus- 
sia, Dec.  1.  1859.  A noted  German  historical 
painter.  His  works  incl  tide  frescos  of  subj  eets  taken  from 
the  history  of  Charles  the  Great  (in  the  Rathaus  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle),  series  on  the  “Dance  of  Death,”  and  “ Hannibal 
Crossing  the  Alps.” 

Rethelois  (ret-lwa').  A former  division  of 
Champagne,  France,  now  comprised  within  the 
department  of  Ardennes. 

Rethra  (reth'ra  or  ret'ra).  An  ancient  Slavic 
city  in  the  present  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Ger- 
many. Its  exact  locality  is  unknown. 

Retif  (ra-tef')  or  Restif  de  la  Bretonne  (ra- 
tef'  de  la  bre-tou')  (Nicolas  Edme  Restif). 
Bom  at  Sacy,  Yonne,  France,  Nov.  22, 1734 : died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  3, 1806.  A French  romancer  and 
litterateur. 

A mucli  more  remarkable  name  is  that  of  Restif  de  la 
Bretonne,  who  lias  been  called,  and  not  without  reason, 
the  French  Defoe.  He  was  born  at  Sacy  in  Burgundy  in 
1734,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1806.  Although  of  very  humble 
birth,  he  seems  to  have  acquired  an  irregular  but  consid- 
erable education,  and,  establishing  himself  early  in  Paris, 
he  became  an  indefatigable  author.  Some  fifty  separate 
works  of  his  exist,  some  of  which  are  of  great  extent,  and 
oneof  which,"  LesContemporaines,”  includes  forty-two  vol- 
umes and  nearly  three  hundred  separate  articles  or  tales. 
Restif,  whose  entire  sanity  may  reasonably  he  doubted,  was 
a novelist,  a philosopher,  a social  innovator,  a diligent  ob 
server  of  the  manners  of  his  times,  a spelling  reformer. 
His  work  is  for  the  most  part  destitute  of  the  most  rudi- 
mentary notions  of  decency,  but  it  is  produced  in  good 
faith  and  evidently  with  no  evil  purpose. 

Saintstmry , French  Lit.,  p.  426 


Retimo 

Retimo  (ra-te'mo).  A seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Crete,  27  miles  east-southeast  of  Canea. 
Population,  9,311. 

Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Greeks.  See 

Anabasis. 

Return  from  Parnassus,  The.  A play  in  two 
parts,  being  the  second  and  third  parts  of  “ The 
Pilgrimage  to  Parnassus.”  They  were  written  before 
the  death  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  have  recently  been  print- 
ed  as  a whole.  “ The  Pilgrimage  ” was  acted  at  Cambridge 
in  1597,  the  first  part  of  “The  Return  ” probably  in  1598,  and 
the  last  in  1601.  They  are  thought  to  have  been  written 
by  members  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  are  per- 
sonal satires  showing  the  trials  of  poor  authors  from 
Shakspere  down,  and  the  jealousy  existing  between  pro- 
fessional actors  and  scholars. 

Retz  (rets).  A former  division  of  Brittany, 
Prance,  corresponding  to  part  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inferieure. 

Retz,  or  Rais  (ras),  or  Raiz  (raz),  Baron  de 
(Gilles  de  Laval).  Bom  about  1396:  executed 
at  Nantes,  Prance,  Oct.,  1440.  A French  mar- 
shal, notorious  for  his  cruelties  to  children.  His 
story  is  connected  with  that  of  “ Barbe-Bleue.” 
See  Bluebeard. 

Retz  (ras),  Cardinal  de  (Jean  Francois 
Paul  de  Gondi).  Bom  at  Montmirail,  Oct., 
1614:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  24,  1679.  A French 
politician  and  author.  He  received  his  education  at 
the  hands  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  and  thereafter  at  the 
Jesuit  College  of  Clermont.  From  earliest  childhood  he 
was  intended  for  the  church,  where  he  was  to  become 
eventually  archbishop  of  Paris,  a dignity  that  had  long  been 
held  in  his  family;  but  by  his  stormy  conduct  he  came 
near  foiling  all  plans  made  in  his  interest.  After  a trip  to 
Italy,  he  settled  down  in  Pari3,  keeping  the  archiepiscopal 
seat  well  present  in  his  mind.  A strong  desire  on  his  part 
to  become  a political  leader  led  him  to  take  an  active  part 
in  the  movement  against  Cardinal  Mazarin  (1648-49).  He 
obtained  at  last  the  removal  of  that  statesman,  and  rose 
himself  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal.  But  his  popularity  was 
shori-lived,  and  he  was  finally  imprisoned  at  Vincennes 
(1652).  He  made  good  his  escape,  and  traveled  in  foreign 
countries  until  the  time  of  Mazarin’s  death.  Then  he  re- 
turned to  France.  He  resigned  the  archbishopric,  which 
in  the  meantime  had  fallen  to  his  lot  through  his  uncle’s 
death,  and  retired  shortly  after  to  private  life  in  Lorraine. 
Here  he  wrote  his  "MAmoires,"  which  are  of  great  value 
in  the  history  of  the  court  life  and  doings  of  his  day.  They 
are  included  in  the  collection  of  the  “Mrinoires  sur  l'his- 
toire  de  France.”  The  best  edition  is  the  one  made  by  M. 
Feillet  in  the  “Collection  des  grands  4crivainsdela  France” 
(1872).  To  Cardinal  de  Retz  we  are  indebted  for  important 
and  doubtless  reliable  information  concerning  the  queen, 
Mazarin,  Gaston  d 'Orleans,  Condd,  Turenne,  La  Rochefou- 
cauld, and  many  others. 

Retzius  (ret'se-Ss),  Anders  Adolf.  Born  in 
Lund,  Oct.  13,  1796:  died  April  18,  1860.  A 
Swedish  anatomist,  son  of  A.  J.  Retzius : pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  physiology  at  Stock- 
holm. 

Retzius,  Anders  Johan.  Bom  1742:  died  1821. 
A Swedish  botanist,  professor  at  Lund. 
Retzsch  (retsh),  Moritz.  Born  at  Dresden,  Dec. 
9,  1779:  died  there,  June  11,  1857.  A German 
etcher  and  painter.  He  illustrated  works  of 
Goethe,  Schiller,  etc. 

Reuben  (ro'ben).  [Heb.,  prob.  ‘behold!  a son.’] 
1.  The  eldest  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah. — 2.  One 
of  the  tribes  of  Israel,  descended  from  Reuben. 
Its  territory  lay  east  of  the  Dead  Sea  and  Jor- 
dan, south  of  Gad,  and  north  of  Moab. 

Reuben  and  Simeon,  whom  it  was  soon  difficult  to  dis- 
cern from  Moah,  Edom,  and  the  Arabs  of  the  desert,  dis- 
appeared at  an  early  period  as  tribes.  They  were  consid- 
ered, like  that  of  Levi,  as  sporadic  tribes  dispersed  through 
the  rest  of  Israel. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  293. 

Reuchlin  (roich  Tin),  Johann  (Grecized  as  Cap- 
nio).  Bom  at  Pforzheim,  Baden,  Dec.  28 
(or  Feb.  22),  1455:  died  at  Liebenzell,  near 
Hirschau,  Bavaria,  June  30, 1522.  A celebrated 
German  humanist.  He  studied  and  traveled  in  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  France,  and  Italy ; settled  at  Tubingen 
in  1481  as  a teacher  of  jurisprudence  and  the  liberal  arts ; 
was  a judge  in  the  Swabian  League  from  1500or  1502  to  1512 ; 
opposed,  in  a formal  opinion  to  the  emperor  in  1510,  the 
suppression  of  the  Jewish  books  hostile  to  Christianity,  ad- 
vocated by  the  converted  Jew  Pfefferkorn,  which  involved 
him  in  a controversy  (1510-16)  with  the  Dominicans  and 
the  obscurantists  generally;  and  taught  at  Ingolstadt  and 
Tubingen.  He  promoted  education  in  Germany  by  pub- 
lishing Greek  text-books ; and  wrote  various  works  on  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew,  including  a Hebrew  grammar  “Rudi- 
menta  Hebraica  "(1506).  He  publ  ished  the  cabalistic  works 
“De  verbo  mirifico”  (1494),  “De  arte  cabbalistica ’’ (1494). 

Reudnitz  (roid'nits).  A manufacturing  village, 
an  eastern  suburb  of  Leipsic. 

Reumont  (roi'mont),  Alfred  von.  Born  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  Aug.  15,  1808:  died  at  Burt- 
scheid,  near  Aix-la-Chapelle,  April  27, 1887.  A 
German  writer  on  Italian  history  and  art,  and 
diplomatist.  His  diplomatic  service  was  rendered  prin- 
cipally in  Italy,  and  largely  at  the  papal  court.  He  wrote 
“ Geschichte  der  Stadt  Rom  ” (“  History  of  the  City  of 
Rome  " 1867-70),  etc. 

Reunion,  Chambers  of.  Special  courts  estab- 


851 

lished  by  Louis  XIV.  at  Metz,  Besamjon,  Tour- 
nai,  aud  Breisach,  1680.  They  decided  on  the  an- 
nexation  to  France  of  various  territories  along  the  eastern 
frontier  (Saarbruckeu,  Luxemburg,  etc.). 

Reunion  (ra-ii-nyon'),  lie  de  la,  formerly  lie 
Bourbon.  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  a 
colonial  possession  of  France,  southwest  of  Mau- 
ritius. St.-Denis,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  lat.  20°  51'  S., 
long.  55°  30'  E.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  vol- 
canic, the  highest  summit  being  Piton  des  Neiges  (10,069 
feet).  The  chief  product  is  sugar.  The  inhabitants  are 
descendants  of  French,  negroes,  coolies,  etc.  The  island 
was  discovered  by  Mascarenhas  in  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century,  and  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French 
about  1642  and  in  1649.  It  was  occupied  by  the  British 
1810-15.  Area,  970  square  miles.  Population,  201,000. 

Reunion,  Wars  of.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  the  wars  between  France  and  the  allied 
powers  waged  in  consequence  of  the  annexa- 
tion of  territory  determined  by  the  Chambers 
of  Reunion  in  1680. 

Reus  (ra'osj.  A city  in  the  province  of  Tarra- 
gona, Spain,  situated  near  Tarragona  63  miles 
southwest  of  Barcelona.  It  is  the  second  industrial 
place  in  Catalonia,  and  has  important  manufactures  of 
wines,  cotton,  silk,  etc.  Salou  is  its  seaport.  Population, 
26,681. 

Reuss  (rois).  A river  of  Switzerland,  it  rises  in 
the  St.-Gotthard,  traverses  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  and  joins 
the  Aare  near  Brugg.  Length,  90  miles. 

Reuss.  A land  in  Thuringia,  central  Germany, 
consisting  of  several  detached  portions,  west 
of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony : part  of  the  ancient 
Vogtland . The  origin  of  the  house  dates  from  the  11th 
century,  and  the  present  division  of  the  land  was  estab- 
lished 1616. 

Reuss(ElderLine),orReuss-Greiz(rois'grits/). 

[G.  Reuss  alter e Linie.]  A principality  and  state 
of  the  German  Empire,  bordering  on  Saxony, 
Saxe-Weimar,  and  other  German  states.  Capi- 
ta],Greiz.  It  is  largely  engaged  in  manufacturing.  The 
government  is  a hereditary  monarchy,  vested  in  a prince 
and  (since  1867)a  chamber  of  12  members.  It  sends  1 mem- 
ber to  the  Bundesrat  and  1 to  the  Reichstag.  Area,  122 
square  miles.  Population,  70,603. 

Reuss  (Younger  Line),orReuss-Gera-Schleiz- 
Lobenstein-Eber  sdorf  (rois ' ga'  r a-shlits ' 16'- 
ben-stin-a'bers-dorf).  [G.  Reuss jiingere Lime.] 
A principality  and  state  of  the  German  Empire. 
Capital,  Gera.  It  comprises  the  principality  of  Gera, 
situated  west  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  and  the  principalities  of 
Schleiz  and  of  Lobenstein-Ebersdorf,  situated  west  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony  and  north  of  Bavaria.  It  has  flourish- 
ing manufactures.  The  government  is  a hereditary  mon- 
archy, vested  in  a prince  and  a chamber  of  16  deputies.  It 
sends  1 member  to  the  Bundesrat  and  1 to  the  Reichstag. 
Area,  319  square  miles.  Population,  144,584. 

Reuss  (rois),  Eduard  Wilhelm  Eugen.  Born 
at  Strasburg,  July  18,  1804:  died  there,  April 
15,  1891.  A noted  Alsatian  Protestant  theolo- 
gian, professor  at  Strasburg  from  1834.  His 
works  include  “Geschichte  der  heiligen  Schriften  des 
Neuen Testaments ’’(1842),  “Histoire  de  la  th^ologie ehri- 
tienne  au  siccl c apostolique ’’  (1852),  “Histoire  du  canon 
des  Saintes-Ecritures ’’  (1863),  “Geschichte  der  heiligen 
Schriften  des  Alten  Testaments  ” (1881),  etc. 

Reute.  See  Reutte. 

Reuter  (roi'ter),  Fritz.  Born  at  Stavenhagen, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Nov.  7,  1810:  died  at 
Eisenach,  June  12,  1874.  A noted  German  dia- 
lect (Platt-Deutsch)  poet.  His  works  (tales  and 
poems)  include  “Lauschen  un  Rimels”  (1853),  “Reis  nah 
Belligen  ” (1855),  “ Kein  Hiisuug  ’’  (1858),  “ Haune  Niite  un 
de  liidde  Pudel  ’’  (1859),  “ Schurr-Murr  ” (1861) : also  a col- 
lection of  novels,  “Olle  Kamellen  ” (comprising  “Ut  de 
Franzosentid  ” (1860),  “Ut  mine  Festungstid"  (1862),  “ Ut 
mine  Strom tid  ” (1864),  etc.). 

Reuter’s  Telegraph  Agency.  An  agency  for 
the  collection  and  transmission  of  news,  devel- 
oped by  P.  J.  von  Reuter  in  the  decade  1850-60 
and  later,  and  now  extending  over  nearly  the 
entire  world. 

Reutlingen  (roitTing-en).  The  chief  city  of  the 
Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on 
the  Echatz,  at  the  foot  of  the  Swabian  Alp,  20 
miles  south  of  Stuttgart.  It  has  flourishing  manu- 
factures, especially  of  leather.  The  chief  building  is  a 
Gothic  church  (13th  and  14th  centuries).  It  was  made  an 
imperial  city  in  1240.  Its  citizens  defeated  the  Count  of 
Wurtemherg  in  the  battle  of  Reutlingen  in  1377.  It  was 
the  first  Swabian  city  to  receive  the  Reformation.  In  1803 
it  was  annexed  to  Wiirtemberg.  Pop.,  commune,  23,848. 
Reutte,  or  Reute  (roi'te).  A tourist  resort  in 
northern  Tyrol,  near  the  Bavarian  frontier,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lech  35  miles  west-northwest  of 
Innsbruck. 

Reval  (rev'al),  or  Revel  (rev'el).  [Russ.  Re- 
vel.'] A seaport,  and  the  capital  of  Esthonia, 
Russia,  situated  on  a hay  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland, 
in  lat.  59°  26'  N. , long.  24°  45'  E.  It  consists  of 
the  lower  town  and  the  “ Dom  ”;  has  a large  and  increasing 
commerce ; is  a favorite  watering-place ; and  contains  sev- 
eral noteworthy  buildings  (including  the  Olai  and  Nikolai 
churches).  Tt  was  founded  by  the  Danes  in  1219 ; became  a 
Hanseatic  town  ; joined  the  Livonian  Order  of  Knights  in 
1346 ; and  was  annexed  to  Sweden  in  1661,  and  to  Russia 
in  1710.  Population,  64,572. 


Revolutionary  War 

Revel  (re-vel').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  30 miles  east-southeast 
of  Toulouse.  Population,  commune,  5,553. 
Revelation,  Book  of,  or  The  Revelation  of  St. 
John  the  Divine.  The  last  hook  of  the  New 
Testament:  also  called  the  Apocalypse.  It  has 
been  generally  attributed  by  the  church  to  the  apostle 
John,  and  the  date  of  its  composition  is  often  put  near  the 
end  of  the  1st  century  : but  its  authorship  and  date  are 
subjects  of  dispute.  There  is  a wide  difference  of  opinion 
also  as  to  the  interpretation  and  significance  of  the  book. 

Reveller  (rev'el-er),  Lady.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  comedy 
“The  Basset-Table.”  She  is  a coquettish  widow  and 
brilliant  fine  lady  who  keeps  a basset-table,  where  she 
devotes  herself  night  and  day  to  not  too  scrupulous  play. 
Revenge.  A tragedy  by  Dr.  Young,  produced 
in  1721. 

Revenge  for  a Father.  See  Hoffman. 
Revenge  for  Honour.  A tragedy  by  Chap- 
man (?),  published  in  1654. 

Revenge  of  Bussy  dAmbois.  See  Bussy 
d’Ambois. 

Revenger’s  Tragedy,  The.  A play  by  Cyril 
Tourneur,  licensed  and  printed  in  1607. 
Revere  (re-ver').  A town  and  watering-place 
in  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on 
Massachusetts  Bay  4 or  5 miles  northeast  of 
Boston.  Population,  18,219,  (1910). 

Revere,  Paul.  Born  at  Boston,  Jan.  1,1735: 
died  at  Boston,  May  10, 1818.  An  American  pa- 
triot, famous  from  his  ride  from  Boston  to  Lex- 
ington, April  18-19, 1775,  to  arouse  the  minute- 
men.  This  ride  is  celebrated  by  Longfellow  in 
the  poem  “ Midnight  Ride  of  Paul  Revere,”  pub- 
lished in  “ Tales  of  a Wayside  Inn.” 

Review,  The.  A musical  farce  by  George  Col- 
man  the  younger,  printed  in  1800.  It  was  taken 
from  an  unsuccessful  comic  opera, “Caleb  Quotem  and  his 
Wife,  or  Paint,  Poetry,  and  Putty,”  by  Henry  Lee. 

Revilla  Gigedo,  generally  written  Revillagi- 
gedo  ( ra-vel'ya-He-H a'THu ) . A group  of  vol- 
canic islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  principal 
island,  Socorro,  is  situated  in  lat.  18°  43'  N.,  long.  110°  57'  W. 
They  belong  to  the  state  of  Colima,  Mexico,  and  are  un- 
inhabited. 

Revillagigedo,  Count  of,  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 

See  Giiemez. 

Reville  (ra-vel'),  Albert.  Born  at  Dieppe, 
France,  Nov.  4,  1826:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  25, 
1906.  A French  Protestant  theological  writer. 
He  accepted  a call  as  pastor  of  the  Walloon  church  at 
Rotterdam  in  1851  (having  previously  been  suffragan  at 
Nimes  and  pastor  at  Luneray,  near  Dieppe);  was  ap- 
pointed titular  professor  of  religious  history  in  the  College 
of  France  in  1880 ; and  was  chosen  president  of  the  Sec- 
tion of  Religious  Sciences  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1886.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Essais  de  critique  religieu.se  ” (1860),  “ His- 
toire des  religions  ” (1883  et  sea.),  etc. 

Revillon  (ra-ve-yon'),  Antoine,  called  Tony 
Revillon.  Born  at  St.-Laurent-lez-Macon,  Ain, 
France,  Dec.  29,  1832:  died  Feb.  12,  1898.  A 
French  novelist  and  miscellaneous  author. 
Revin  (re-van').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  on  the  Meuse  12  miles  north 
by  west  of  M6zi6res.  Population,  commune, 
5,377. 

Revista  Trimensal  de  Historia  e Geographia. 

See  Instituto  Historico  e Geograpldco  Brazileiro. 

Revizor  (re-ve-zor').  [Russ.,  ‘The  Inspector- 
General.’]  A satirical  comedy  by  Gogol,  pro- 
duced in  1841. 

Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (nants; 
F.  pron.  nont).  A proclamation  of  Louis  XIV. 
of  France,  Oct.  22, 1685,  annulling  the  Edict  of 
Nantes.  It  forbade  the  free  exercise  of  the  Protestant 
religion.  Its  promulgation  was  followed  by  the  emigra- 
tion of  about  300,000  persons,  including  artffeans,  men  of 
science  and  letters,  and  others,  to  Holland,  Brandenburg, 
England,  Switzerland,  America,  etc. 

Revolt  of  Islam,  The.  A narrative  poem  by 
Shelley,  published  in  1818.  It  was  first  called 
“Laon  and  Cythna.” 

Revolution,  American.  See  Revolutionary  War. 
Revolution,  English.  The  movements  by  which 
James  II.  was  forced  to  leave  England  and  a 
purer  constitutional  government  was  secured 
through  the  aid  of  William  of  Orange,  who 
landed  in  England  in  Nov.,  1688.  in  1689  William 
and  Mary  were  proclaimed  constitutional  sovereigns,  and 
Parliament  passed  the  Bill  of  Rights. 

Revolution,  French.  See  French  Revolution. 
Revolution,  South  American.  See  South 
A merican  Revolution. 

Revolutionary  Tribunal.  In  French  history, 
specifically,  an  extraordinary  court  of  justice 
established  by  the  Convention,  in  1793,  to  take 
cognizance  of  all  attacks  directed  against  the 
Revolution,  the  republic,  and  the  public  wel- 
fare. It  was  suppressed  in  1795. 
Revolutionary  War,  or  War  of  the  American 
Revolution.  The  war  for  redress  of  grievances, 


Revolutionary  War 

and  later  for  independence,  waged  by  the  thir- 
teen American  colonies  (States)  against  Great 
Britain.  They  were  assisted  by  France,  Spain,  and  the 
Netherlands  (in  the  latter  part  of  the  war).  Its  causes 
were  the  repressive  measures  of  Great  Britain  (Writs  of 
Assistance,  1701 ; Stamp  Act,  1765  ; taxes  on  glass,  paints, 
etc.,  1767  ; Boston  Port  Bill,  1774).  The  following  are  the 
leading  incidents  and  events:  Boston  massacre,  1770; 
Boston  Tea-Party,  Dec.  16,  1773 ; first  Continental  Con- 
gress, Sept.,  1774 ; battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord,  April 
10,  1775 ; meeting  of  the  second  Continental  Congress,  May 
10  ; capture  of  Ticonderoga,  May  10  ; Mecklenburg  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  May  20  or  31;  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  June  17  ; unsuccessful  attack  on  Canada,  1775-76; 
evacuation  of  Boston,  March  17,  1776;  British  repulse  off 
Charleston,  June  28;  Declaration  of  Independence,  July 
4 ; battle  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27;  battle  of  White  Plains, 
Oct.  28;  loss  of  Forts  Washington  and  Lee,  and  retreat 
through  New  Jersey,  end  of  1776  ; battle  of  Trenton,  Dec. 
26 ; battle  of  Princeton,  Jan.  3, 1777 ; battle  of  Bennington, 
Aug.  16;  battle  of  Brandywine,  Sept.  11;  battle  of  Still- 
water, Sept.  19  ; battle  of  Germantown,  Oct.  4 ; battle  of 
Saratoga,  Oct.  7 ; Burgoyne’s  surrender,  Oct.  17 ; adoption 
of  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  Nov.  15 ; treaty  with 
France,  Feb.  6, 1778 ; battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28 ; storm- 
ing of  Stony  Point,  July  16,  1779;  naval  victory  of  Paul 
Jones,  Sept.  23;  British  capture  of  Charleston, May  12, 1780 ; 
battle  of  Camden,  Aug.  16;  Arnold’s  treachery,  Sept.;  battle 
of  King’s  Mountain,  Oct.  7 ; battle  of  the  Cowpens,  Jan.  17, 
1781 ; ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  by  the 
last  of  the  States,  March  1 ; battle  of  Guilford,  March  15  ; 
battle  of  Eutaw,  Sept.  8 ; surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  York- 
town,  Oct.  19 ; peace  of  Paris,  Sept.  3,  1783 ; evacuation 
of  New  York,  Nov.  25. 

Revolution  in  Spanish  South  America.  See 

South  American  Revolution. 

Revolution  of  July.  The  French  revolution  of 
July,  1830,  which  overthrew  Charles  X. 
Revolution  of  1848.  The  French  revolution 
of  Feb.,  1848,  which  overthrew  the  govern- 
ment of  Louis  Philippe. 

Rewah,  or  Rewa  (ra'wa).  1.  A native  state  in 
India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by  lat. 
24°  N. , long.  81°  E.  A treaty  establishing  a Brit- 
ish protectorate  was  made  in  1812.  Area,  about 
13,000  square  miles.  Population,  1,327,385. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Rewah,  situated 
in  lat.  24°  32'  N.,  long.  81°  18'  E.  Population, 
24,608. 

Rewbell  (re-bel';,  Jean  Francois.  Born  at 
Colmar,  Alsace,  Oct.  8,  1747 : died  at  Colmar, 
Nov.  23,  1807.  A French  politician.  He  was  a 
deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  and  Convention,  and 
a member  of  the  Directory  1795-99. 

Reybaud  (ra-bo'),  Madame  (Henriette  Etien- 
nette  Fanny  Axnaud).  Born  at  Aix,  France, 
1802:  died  Jan.  1,  1871.  A French  novelist, 
wife  of  M.  R.  L.  Reybaud. 

Reybaud,  Marie  Rock  Louis.  Born  at  Mar- 
seilles, Aug.  15,  1799:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  28, 
1879.  A French  miscellaneous  writer  and  poli- 
tician. Hisworks  include  “Etudes  sur  les  rdformateurs 
ou  socialistes  modernes  ” (1840-43),  the  satirical  novel “ Je- 
rome Paturot”  (1843),  etc. 

Reykjavik  (rak'ya//vik),  or  Reikiavik  (ri'ke- 
a-vik).  The  capital  of  Iceland,  situated  on  the 
southwestern  coast,  on  a bay  of  the  Faxafloi, 
in  lat.  64°  9'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  W.  It  was 
founded  in  874,  and  is  the  chief  trading-place 
of  the  island.  Population,  6,682. 

Reyna  Barrios  (ra'e-naba-re'os),  Jose  Maria. 
A Guatemalan  politician,  nephew  of  Rufino  Bar- 
rios. He  was  elected  president  of  Guatemala 
for  the  term  of  4 years  beginning  March,  1892. 
Reynaldo  (ra-nal'do)  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s  tragedy  “Hamlet”:  a servant  to  Polo- 
nius. 

Reynard  (ra'nard  or  ren'ard)  the  Fox.  A sa- 
tirical epic  poem  in  which  the  characters  are 
animals : it  receives  its  name  from  its  hero,  the 
fox  Reynard.  The  ultimate  origin  of  the  story  was  a 
folk-tale  which  was  subsequently  embodied  in  riisop’s  fa- 
ble of  the  fox  and  the  lion.  A Latin  beast  epic  by  an  un- 
known monk  was  written  in  the  10th  century.  In  1148 
Master  Nivardus  of  Ghent  wrote  a much  longer  epic  in 
Latin,  with  the  title  “Isengrimus."  The  Flemish  poet 
Willem  finally  wrote  in  his  own  language,  in  the  first  half 
of  the  13th  century,  the  poem  “Reinaert,”  after  a French 
original  by  the  priest  Pierre  de  St.  Cloud  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  same  century.  About  1380  Willem’s  work  was 
remodeled  and  continued  by  an  unknown  poet,  and  a cen- 
tury later  was  furnished  with  a prose  commentary  by  Hen- 
rik van  Alkmer.  A Low  German  version  of  this,  possibly  by 
Herman  Barkhusen,  was  published  at  Liibeck  in  1498.  In 
1544  a High  German  version  of  this  last  was  made  by  Mi- 
chael Beuther.  In  1566  it  was  translated  into  Latin(“Spe- 
culuin  vitas  auliese”)  by  Hartmann  Schopper.  Goethe,  in 
1794,  wrote  a free  version  of  the  Low  German  poem  in 
hexameters,  with  the  title  “Reinecke  Fuchs.’’  A prose 
version  of  the  14th-century  poem  “ Historie  van  Reynaert 
de  Vos ’’(‘History  of  Reynard  the  Fox”)  was  printed  at 
Gouda  in  1479  and  at  Delft  in  1485.  A Middle  High  German 
poem,  “ Reinhart  Fuchs,”  was  written  by  the  Alsatian  poet 
Heinrich  der  Glichezare  in  the  12th  century  from  French 
sources.  The  Low  German  poem  was  published  by  Llib- 
ben  as  “Reinke  de  Vos,"  Oldenburg,  1867. 

Reynaud  (ra-no'),  Jean  Ernest.  Born  at  Ly- 
ons, Feb.  14,  1806:  died  at  Paris,  June  28, 1863. 
A French  philosophical  writer.  He  became  a min- 


852 

ing  engineer  in  the  service  of  the  government  in  1830,  but 
resigned  his  position  after  the  July  revolution  of  that  year, 
and  associated  himself  with  the  Saint-Simonists.  He  was 
a moderate  Democrat  in  the  assembly  of  1848,  and  soon 
retired  to  private  life.  His  chief  work  is  “ Terre  et  ciel  ” 
(1854). 

Reynier  (ra-nya' ),  Jean  Louis  Antoine.  Born 
at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  July  25,  1762:  died 
there,  Dec.  17, 1824,  A French  political  econo- 
mist and  administrator.  Bonaparte  placed  him  in 
charge  of  the  financial  affairs  of  Egypt,  and  he  later  served 
under  Joseph  Bonaparte  as  commissary  in  Calabria.  He 
wrote  “L’Egypte  sous  la  domination  des  Romains”  (1807), 
“ De  l’dconomie  publique  et  morale  des  kgyptiens  et  des 
Carthaginois”  (1823),  “ De  l’^conomie  publique  et  morale 
des  Arabes  et  des  J uif s ” (1830),  etc. 

Reynier,  Jean  Louis  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Lau- 
sanne, Jan.  14, 1771 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  27, 1814. 
A French  general,  brother  of  J.  L.  A.  Reynier. 
He  lost  the  battle  of  Maida,  July  4, 1806. 

Reynolds  (ren'oldz),  John.  Born  in  Montgom- 
ery County,  Pa.,  about  1789:  died  at  Belleville, 
111. , May  8,  1865.  An  American  politician.  As 
governor  of  Illinois  he  commanded  the  militia  in  Black 
Hawk’s  war  in  1832.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Illinois  1834-37  and  1839-43.  He  published 
“Pioneer  History  of  Illinois”  (1848),  etc. 

Reynolds,  John  Fulton.  Born  at  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  Sept.  20,  1820:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg, July  1,  1863.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841 ; served  in  the  Mexi- 
can war  ; and  was  appointed  a brigadier-general  of  United 
States  volunteers  in  1861.  He  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Peninsular  campaign;  was  promoted  major-general 
in  1862  ; and  commanded  the  first  army  corps  at  Gettys- 
burg, where  he  fell. 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua.  Born  at  Plympton  Earl, 
Devonshire,  July  16, 1723 : died  at  London,  Feb. 
23, 1792.  A celebrated  English  portrait-painter. 

He  was  educated  by  his  father,  a schoolmaster  and  clergy- 
man. In  Oct.,  1740,  lie  went  to  London  and  studied  under 
Thomas  Hudson.  In  1746  he  established  himself  as  a por- 
trait-painter in  London.  By  invitation  of  his  friend,  Com- 
modore (afterward  Admiral)  Keppei,  he  sailed  for  Italy  on 
the  Centurion,  arriving  in  Rome  at  the  close  of  1749. 
Owing  to  a cold  which  lie  took  there,  he  became  deaf  and 
never  recovered  his  hearing.  After  two  years  in  Rome  he 
visited  Parma,  Florence,  Venice,  and  other  Italian  cities. 
He  returned  to  London  in  1752,  and  was  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  Johnson,  Burke,  Goldsmith,  Garrick,  and  oth- 
ers. The  “ Literary  Club  ” was  established  at  his  sugges- 
tion in  1764.  In  1768  the  Royal  Academy  was  founded, 
with  Reynolds  as  its  first  president.  His  annual  addresses 
form  its  well-known  “Discourses."  In  1784,  on  the  death 
of  Allan  Ramsay,  he  was  made  painter  to  the  king.  Rey- 
nolds wrote  three  essays  in  the  “Idler  ”(1759-60).  His  most 
famous  works  are  his  portraits  of  Johnson,  Garrick,  Sterne, 
Goldsmith,  the  little  Lady  Penelope  Boothby,  Mrs.  Siddons 
as  the  “Tragic  Muse, ’’the “Infant  Hercules, ’’the  “Straw- 
berry Girl,”  “Garrick  between  Tragedy  and  Comedy,”  etc. 

Rezat  (ret'sat),  Franconian,  anti  Swabian  Re- 
zat.  Two  small  rivers  in  Bavaria  which  unite 
and.  form  the  Rednitz. 

Rezin  (re'zin).  Lived  in  the  8th  century  B.  c. 
A king  of  Syria,  a contemporary  and  opponent 
of  Aliaz,  king  of  Judah,  and  Tiglath-Pileser, 
king  of  Assyria. 

Rezonville  (re-zon-vel').  A village  10  miles 
west  by  south  of  Metz.  It  was  the  scene  of  impor- 
tant events  in  the  Franco-German  war  (Aug.,  1870).  The 
battle  of  Gravelotte  is  sometimes  called  the  battle  of  Re- 
zonville. 

Rha  (ra).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Volga. 

Rhabanus  Maurus.  See  Rabanus. 

Rhadamanthus  (rad-a-man'thus).  [Gr.  'PaJd- 
/icivOor.}  In  Greek  mythology,  brother  of  Minos 
and  son  of  Zeus  and  Europa.  He  was  associ- 
ated with  Minos  and  iEacus  as  a judge  in  the 
lower  world. 

Rhsetia,  more  correctly  Raetia  (re'shia).  [L. 
Raetia , alsoRheetia^v.  ’P atria ; from  Rati, Rhseti, 
Gr.  'P ai-oi,  ’P aim,  the  inhabitants,  prob.  Celtic, 

‘ mountaineers.’]  In  ancient  geography,  a prov- 
ince of  the  Roman  Empire.  It  was  bounded  by  Vin- 
delieia  (at  first  included  in  it,  but  afterward  made  a sepa- 
rate province  as  Rhfetia  Secunda)  on  the  north,  Noricum 
on  the  east,  Italy  on  the  south,  and  Helvetia  on  the  west, 
corresponding  to  the  modern  Grisons,  northern  part  of 
Tyrol,  and  part  of  the  Bavarian  and  Lombard  Alps.  It  was 
conquered  by  Tiberius  and  Drusus  in  15  B.  C.,  and  made 
soon  after  a Roman  province. 

Rhaetian  Alps  (re'shian  alps).  A term  of  va- 
ried signification,  applied  in  ancient  times  to 
the  mountainous  regions  of  Rhtetia,  hut  in  mod- 
ern times  generally  to  the  chain  of  the  Alps  ex- 
tending from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Spliigen 
Pass  to  the  valley  of  the  Adda,  divided  by  the 
Engadine  and  Bergell  into  the  Northern  and 
Southern  Rhaetian  Alps. 

Rhamnus  (ram'nus).  [Gr.  ’Pa/rrof.]  In  an- 
cient. geography,  a place  in  Attica,  Greece,  sit- 
uated on  the  coast  24  miles  northeast  of  Athens. 
The  temple  of  Nemesis  here  was  a Doric  liexastyle  perip- 
teros  with  12  columns  on  the  flanks,  measuring  37  by  98 
feet.  The  cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomos.  Eight 
columns  are  still  standing.  The  cult-statue  was  by 
Phidias. 


Kheingau 

Rhatikon  (ra'te-kon).  A chain  of  the  Rhse- 
tian  Alps,  situated  on  the  borders  of  Grisons, 
Vorarlberg,  and  Liechtenstein.  Highest  sum- 
mit, Scesaplana  (9,738  feet). 

Rhazes(ra'zes).  Born  at  Raj,  Persia : diedabout 
932.  An  Arabian  physician,  author  of  an  en- 
cyclopedic treatise  on  medicine. 

Rhe.  See  Re 

Rhea(re'a).  [Gr.  Paa  or  ’PA.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a daughter  of  Uranus  and  Gsea,  wife  of 
Cronus  and  mother  of  Zeus,  Poseidon,  Hades, 
Hera,  Hestia,  and  Demeter:  often  identified 
with  Cybele.  She  was  worshiped  especially  in 
Crete.  At  Rome  she  was  sometimes  identified 
with  Ops. — 2.  The  fifth  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini  Dec.  23,  1672. 

Rhea,  or  Rea  (re'a),  Silvia,  also  called  Ilia.  In 
Roman  legend,  a vestal  virgin,  mother  by  Mars 
of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

Rhegium  (re 'ji-um).  [Gr.  ’Pr/yiov.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Magna  Grascia,  Italy;  now 
Reggio  di  Calabria  (which  see).  It  was  founded  by 
Chalcidians  and  Messenians  in  the  8th  century  B.  c.;  was 
a flourishing  commercial  city  ; was  besieged,  taken,  and  de- 
stroyed by  Dionysius  the  Elder  in  387b.  C.;  and  was  taken 
by  the  Campanians  in  280,  and  held  till  their  expulsion  by 
t he  Romans  in  270.  Later  it  was  called  Rhegium  (or  Regium) 
Julium. 

Rheidt,  or  Rheid.  See  Rheydt. 

Rheims,  or  Reims  (remz;  F.pron.rans).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  Rhemes;  ME.  Reymes,  Rentes,  F. 
Reims.}  A city  in  the  department  of  Marne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Vesle  in  lat.  49°  15'  N., 
long.  4°  2',E.:  the  ancient  Gallic  townDurocor- 
torum,  chief  town  of  the  Remi  (whence  the  name, 
originally Remi).  Itisoneof theleadingmanufacturing 
and  commercial  cities  of  France ; is  a leading  center  of  the 
manufacture  and  export  of  champagne  ; is  noted  especially 
for  its  manufacture  of  various  kinds  of  woolen  goods  ; and 
has  also  manufactures  of  biscuits,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
academy  of  sciences,  and  formerly  had  a university.  The 
cathedral,  one  of  the  greatest  in  the  world,  was  the  his- 
toric place  of  coronation  of  the  kings  of  France.  The  west 
front  has  twin  towers,  a great  central  rose,  and  3 mag- 
nificent canopied  portals,  covered  with  13th-century 
statues  and  reliefs  of  such  excellence  that  many  of  them 
can  defy  comparison  with  the  best  classical  work.  This 
facade  is  the  finest  produced  in  the  middle  ages.  The 
lateral  elevations  and  the  chevet  are  at  once  rich  and  very 
massive ; and  the  facade  and  portal  of  the  north  transept 
are  most  admirable.  The  interior  (466  feet  long  and  124 
high)  is  unsurpassed.  The  nave  is  flanked  by  single  aisles, 
while  the  choir  has  a double  deambulatory  upon  which 
open  radiating  chapels.  The  glass,  much  of  it  of  the  13th 
century)  is  superb.  The  cathedral  originally  possessed  7 
lofty  spires,  which  were  destroyed  by  a fire  in  1480.  The 
abbey  church  of  St.  Remi  is  a noble  Romanesque  church, 
of  great  size,  with  Pointed  facade  and  chevet.  The  inte- 
rior is  350  feet  long  and  791  high,  with  wide  nave  and  beau- 
tiful perspectives  in  its  arcading.  The  choir  possesses  a 
sculptured  Renaissance  screen  of  marble.  The  canopied 
Rt  nais-ance  shrine  of  St.  Remi  bears  the  effigy  of  the  saint 
and  statues  of  the  12  peers  of  France.  The  Porta  Martis, 
a Roman  triumphal  arch,  held  to  have  been  dedicated  by 
Agrippa  in  honor  of  Augustus,  but  probably  later,  has  3 
large  archways  of  equal  size,  flanked  by  8 Corinthian  col- 
umns, and  preserves  part  of  its  sculptured  ornament. 
Rheims  was  sacked  by  the  Vandals  in  406;  is  celebrated 
as  the  scene  of  the  coronation  of  Clovis  by  Remigius  in 
496,  and  as  the  usual  place  of  coronation  of  later  Capetian 
and  Bourbon  monarelis  from  Philip  II.  to  Charles  X. ; and 
was  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  and  the  meeting-place 
of  many  church  councils  (1119,  1148,  etc.).  Joan  of  Arc 
crowned  Charles  VII  here  in  1429.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  seminary  existed  at  Rheims  in  the  time  of  Eliza- 
beth. Napoleon  defeated  the  Russians  near  Rheims  March 
13,  1814.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  King  William  of 
Prussia  in  Sept.,  1870.  Population,  109,859. 

Rhein  (rin).  The  German  name  of  the  Rhine. 

Rheine  (ri'ne).  A town  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ems  24  miles 
north  by  west  of  Miinster.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton.  Population,  commune,  12,801. 

Rheineck  (rt'nek).  A noted  castle  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  left  hank  of 
the  Rhine,  about  22  miles  northwestof  Coblenz. 

Rheinfelden  (rin'f el-den).  A small  town  in  the 
canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Rhine  10  miles  east  of  Basel.  Here,  March  3, 
1638,  Bernhard  of  Weimar  defeated  the  Imperi- 
alist and  Bavarian  forces. 

Rheinfels  (rin'felz).  A castle  and  former  for- 
tress in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  near  St. 
Goar,  the  most  imposing  ruin  on  the  Rhine,  it 
was  built  in  the  13th  century,  and  soon  after  successfully 
resisted  the  combined  attack  of  the  Rhenish  towns  which 
were  aggrieved  by  its  river-tolls.  Its  huge  walls  and  tow- 
ers, shattered  by  gunpowder  but  still  imposing,  form  sev- 
eral lines  of  defense  and  cover  much  ground.  It  was  un- 
suscessfully  besieged  by  the  French  under  Tallard  in  1692. 
and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794. 

Rheingau  (rin'gou).  A district  in  the  province 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  lying  along  the  right 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  from  Niederwalluf,  near 
Mainz,  to  Riidesheim.  It  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of 
its  scenery,  and  for  its  wines  (Johannisberger,  Steinber- 
ger,  Assmannshausen,  etc.).  Length,  13  miles.  Breadth, 
6 miles. 


Rheingold,  Das 

Rheingold  (rln'golt),  Das.  [G.,  ‘ The  Rhine- 
gold.’]  The  first  part  of  Wagner’s  “Ringdes 
Nibelungen,”  performed  at  Munich  in  1869. 
Rheinhessen.  See  Rhine  Hesse. 

Rheinland.  See  Rhine  Province. 

Rheinpfalz  (rin'pfalts).  See  Palatinate. 
Rheinsberg  (rms'berG).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  46  miles 
north-northwest  of  Berlin.  It  has  often  been 
a royal  residence. 

Rheinwaldgebirge.  See  Adala. 

Rhenish  Alliance  or  Confederation.  An  alli- 
ance between  the  Electors  of  Mainz,  Cologne, 
and  Treves,  the  Bishop  of  Munster,  Sweden, 
Hesse-Cassel,  Liineburg,  and  Pfalz-Neuburg, 
formed  in  1658.  It  was  directed  against  the  emperor 
Leopold  I.,  and  in  favor  of  the  French.  It  was  dissolved 
in  1667. 

Rhenish  Bavaria.  See  Palatinate. 

Rhenish  Confederation.  See  Rhine,  Confeder- 
ation of  the. 

Rhenish  Prussia.  See  Rhine  Province. 
Rhenish  Switzerland.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  valley  of  the  Ahr,  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia. 

Rhenus  (re'nus).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
Rhine,  and  also  of  the  Reno. 

Rhesus  (re'sus).  [Gr. 'P^CTof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a Trojan  prince,  ally  of  the  Trojans  against  the 
Greeks.  On  the  night  of  his  arrival  before  Troy,  Diomed 
and  Ulysses  fell  upon  him,  slew  him,  and  carried  off  his 
white  steeds,  concerning  which  it  had  been  prophesied 
that  if  they  fed  on  Trojan  fodder  or  drank  the  waters  of 
Xanthus  before  Troy,  the  city  could  not  be  overthrown. 

Rhett  (ret),  Robert  Barnwall  (original  name 
Smith).  Born  at  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  Dec.  24, 1800: 
died  Sept.  14,  1876.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1837-49;  United  States  senator  1851-52;  and  a 
member  of  the  Confederate  Congress.  He  was  the  owner 
of  the  Charleston  “Mercury,"  and  a leading  nullifier  and 
extreme  Secessionist  (“ fire  eater ”). 

Rheydt,  or  Rheidt,  or  Rheid  (rit).  A town  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Niers  28  miles  northwest  of  Cologne,  it  has  manu- 
factures of  cotton,  silk,  iron,  etc.  Population,  commune, 
40,149. 

Rhin  (ran).  The  French  name  of  the  Rhine. 
Rhin,  Bas-  (ba).  A former  department  of 
France,  now  included  in  the  German  Alsace. 
Rhin,  Haut-.  See  Belfort,  Territory  of. 

Rhine  (rln).  [G.  Rhein,  F.  Rhin,  D.  Rijn,  Rhyn, 
etc.,  Ladin Rin,  It.  Reno,  L.  Rhenus. ] The  prin- 
cipal river  of  Germany,  and  one  of  the  most 
famous  rivers  in  the  world.  It  rises  in  the  can- 
ton of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  being  formed  by  the  union  at 
Reichenau  of  its  two  chief  head  streams,  the  Vorderrhein 
and  Hinterrhein ; flows  north,  and  forms  the  boundary 
between  Switzerland  on  the  west  and  Liechtenstein  and 
Vorarlberg  on  the  east ; traverses  the  Lake  of  Constance ; 
flows  west,  forming  (for  most  of  the  distance)  the  boundary 
between  Switzerland  and  Baden ; at  Basel  turns  north, 
and  separates  Baden  on  the  east  from  Alsace  and  the  Rhine 
Palatinate  on  the  west ; traverses  Hesse ; turns  west  at 
Mainz,  and  separates  Hesse  from  Prussia ; turns  north  at 
Bingen,  and  flows  through  Prussia  generally  north-north- 
west; enters  the  Netherlands  near  Emmerich,  and  divides 
into  the  Waal  (which  finally  discharges  through  the 
Meuse)  and  the  Rhine,  the  latter  subdividing  and  sending 
off  the  New  Yssel  totheZuyderZee  and  theLek  to  the  Meuse 
and  the  Vecht;  and  empties  as  theOude  Rijn  (Old  Rhine) 
into  the  North  Sea  north  of  The  H ague.  I ts  chief  tributa- 
ries are  the  Neckar,  Main,  Lahn,  Sieg,  Ruhr,  and  Lippe  on 
the  right,  and  the  Aare,  111,  Nahe,  Moselle,  Ahr,  and  Erft  on 
the  left.  The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Coire,  Schaff- 
hausen,  Basel,  Spires,  Mannheim,  Worms,  Mainz,  Coblenz, 
Cologne,  Diisseldorf,  Wesel,  Arnheim,  Utrecht,  and  Ley- 
den. It  is  famous  for  its  beauty,  especially  in  the  part  be- 
tween Bingen  and  Bonn.  The  chief  falls  are  at  Schaff- 
hausen.  It  is  celebrated  in  German  legend  and  poetry. 
In  Roman  times  it  was  long  aboundary  between  the  prov- 
ince of  Gaul  and  the  German  tribes.  It  played  an  important 
part  in  the  history  of  Germany,  latterly  and  until  1871  as 
the  frontier  between  Germany  and  France.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  boats  from  Coire.  and  for  large  vessels  from  Kelli. 
It  has  often  been  crossed  by  armies  : twice  by  Julius  Cae- 
sar, in  the  Thirty  Years’  War,  and  in  the  wars  of  Louis 
XIV.,  the  Revolution,  and  Napoleon.  Its  navigation  was 
declared  free  in  1868.  Its  length  is  about  800  miles. 

Rhine, Confederation  of  the.  A confederation 
of  most  of  the  German  states,  formed  in  July, 
1806,  under  the  protectorate  of  Napoleon  I., 
emperor  of  the  French,  and  dissolved  in  1813. 
It  comprised  Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg,  Saxony,  Westphalia, 
Baden,  Hesse- Darmstadt,  and  all  the  other  minor  German 
states  except  Brunswick  and  Electoral  Hesse. 
Rhinebeck  (rin'bek).  A town  in  Dutchess 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson,  op- 
posite Kingston,  82  miles  north  of  New  York. 
Population,  3,532,  (1910). 

Rhine  Cities,  League  of.  A union  of  German 
cities  (Mainz,  Worms,  Oppenheim,  and  others 
near  the  Rhine)  formed  in  1254  forthe  purpose 
of  preserving  the  public  peace.  It  was  revived  in 
the  14th  century ; hut  its  influence  diminished  after  its 
defeat  at  Worms  by  the  elector  palatine  in  1388. 

Rhine-Hesse  (hes),  G.  Rheinhessen  (rin'hes- 
Ben).  A province  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse- 


853 

Darmstadt,  lying  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
north  of  the  Rhine  Palati  nate.  Area,  530  square 
miles.  Population,  369,424. 

Rhine  Palatinate.  See  Palatinate. 

Rhine  Province,  or  Rhenish  Prussia,  G. 
Rheinprovinz  (rin'pro-vints")  or  Rheinland 
(rin Taut).  The  westernmost  proviuce  of  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Rhine,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Netherlands  on  the  north,  Westphalia, 
Hesse-Nassau,  Hesse,  and  the  Rhine  Palatinate  on  the  east, 
Lorraine  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  the  Netherlands, 
Belgium,  and  Luxemburg  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
generally  level  in  the  north,  hilly  and  mountainous  in  the 
south.  The  manufactures  are  important,  particularly  those 
of  iron,  steel,  cotton,  woolen,  silk,  etc. ; and  the  wine-grow- 
ing district  is  notable  The  province  has  6 government 
districts  : Diisseldorf,  Cologne,  Coblenz,  Treves,  and  Aix- 
la-Chapelle.  It  is  composed  of  various  territories  acquired 
in  the  17th,  18th,  and  19tli  centuries  (Cleves,  Jiilich,  Berg, 
Treves,  Cologne,  etc.).  Area,  10,423  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 6,436,337. 

Rhinns,  or  Rinns  (rinz),  of  Galloway,  A pe- 
ninsula in  the  county  of  Wigtown,  Scotland,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Irish  Sea.  It  terminates  in  the 
south  in  the  Mull  of  Galloway.  Length, 28  miles. 
Rhinthon  (rin'thon).  [Gr.  'I'ivdoiv.]  Lived  about 
300  B.  c.  A Greek  poet  of  Tarentum,  noted  in 
the  development  of  the  burlesque  drama. 
Rhinthonic(rin-thon'ik)  Comedy.  A variety  of 
ancient  Roman  comedy,  named  from  Rhinthon 
of  Tarentum,  a writer  of  travesties  of  tragic 
subjects.  No  specimens  have  survived. 
Rhio  (re'o),  or  Riou  (re-ou').  1.  A name  given 
to  an  archipelago  south  of  the  Malay  penin- 
sula and  east  of  Sumatra. — 2.  A seaport  off 
the  island  of  Bintang  in  the  Rhio  Archipelago, 
50  miles  southeast  of  Singapore. 

Rhipasi  Montes  (ri-pe'i  mon'tez).  [Gr.  'P nraia 
opr/.]  An  imaginary  range  of  mountains  sup- 
posed by  the  ancient  Greeks  to  be  at  the  ex- 
treme north  of  the  world. 

Rhodanns  (rod'a-nus).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Rhone. 

Rhode  Island  (rod  i'land).  [Named  from  the  isl- 
and so  called  in  Narragansett  Bay.]  A State  of 
New  England  in  the  United  States  of  America, 
oneofthethirteenoriginalStates.  Capital, Prov- 
idence, and  formerly  also  Newport.  Itisboundedby 
Massachusetts  on  thenorthand  east,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on 
the  south, and  Connecticut  on  the  west:  and  comprises  be- 
sides the  territoryon  themainland  the  islands  Rhodelsland, 
Canonicut,  Prudence,  Block  Island,  and  some  smaller  ones. 
It  is  situated  in  lat.  41°  18'-42°  1'  N.  (not  including  Block  Isl- 
and), long.  71°  8'-71°  63' W.  The  surface  is  diversified.  The 
coast-line  is  deeply  indented  by  Narragansett  Bay.  Rhode 
Island  is  essentially  a manufacturing  state:  it  is  the  sec- 
ond State  in  the  production  of  woolengoods,  and  the  first  in 
proportion  to  population  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton, 
woolen,  worsted,  etc.  Among  its  other  manufactures  are 
jewelry,  machinery,  screws,  rubber,  etc.  It  is  the  smallest 
State  territorially  in  the  Union,  and  the  most  densely 
peopled.  It  has  6 counties,  sends  2 senators  and  3 represen- 
tatives to  Congress,  and  has  5 electoral  votes.  It  was  per- 
haps visited  by  the  Northmen  ; was  visited  by  Verrazano 
in  1524 ; and  was  settled  by  Roger  Williams  at  Providence 
in  1636.  A charter  was  granted  in  1643-44,  and  a more  lib- 
eral charter  in  1663.  It  suffered  in  King  Philip’s  war. 
Commerce  was  developed  in  the  18th  century.  It  took 
an  active  part  in  the  Revolution,  and  ratified  the  Con- 
stitution in  1790.  A new  constitution  went  into  effect  in 
1843  in  consequence  of  the  agitation  caused  by  Dorr’s  re- 
bellion in  1842.  Area,  1,260  square  miles.  Population, 
642,610,  (1910). 

Rhode  Island,  or  Aquidneck(a-kwid'nek).  An 

island  in  Narragansett  Bay,  belonging  to  Rhode 
Island  State.  It  contains  the  city  of  Newport. 
Length,  16  miles. 

Rhodes  (rodz).  [L.  Rhodes,  from  Gr.  ’P<Mof.]  1. 
An  island  in  the  iEgean  Sea,  southwest  of  Asia 
Minor,  intersected  by  lat.  36°  N.,  long.  28°  E. 
It  belongs  to  Turkey.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
hilly.  It  is  noted  for  its  fertility,  and  has  increasing  com- 
merce. The  inhabitants  are  largely  Greeks.  It  was  col- 
onized by  Phenicians,  later  by  Dorians,  and  its  three  cities 
formed,  with  Halicarnassus,  Cnidus,  and  Cos,  the  “ Dorian 
Hexapolis. " The  three  cities  Lindus,  Ialysus,  and  Camirus 
founded  the  city  Rhodes  in  408  B.  C.  Rhodes  became  in 
the  4th  century  B.  c.  a leading  maritime  and  commercial 
state  ; became  noted  for  its  maritimelaws  and  as  a center 
of  art  and  oratory;  was  in  alliance  with  Rome  and  nomi- 
nally independent ; passed  from  the  Byzantine  empire  to 
the  Knights  of  St.  John  about  1309  ; and  surrendered  to 
the  Turks  in  1622.  Length,  about  45  miles.  Area,  570 
square  miles.  Population,  29,000. 

2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  island  of  Rhodes.  It 
was  founded  408  B.o. ; was  successfully  defended  against  De- 
metrius Poliorcetes  in  305-304  B.  C.,  and  against  the  Turks 
in  1480  A.  D.  ; was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1522 ; and  was  vis- 
ited by  an  earthquake  in  1863.  Population,  about  10,000. 
For  the  Colossus  of  Rhodes,  see  Chares. 

Rhodes,  Cecil  John.  Bom  at  Bishop  Stort- 
ford,  Herts,  England,  July  5, 1853  : died  at  Cape 
Town,  March  26, 1902.  A South  African  states- 
man. He  went  to  South  Africa  for  his  health;  amassed  a 
fortune  in  the  diamond  fields  of  Kimberley  ; and  became  a 
member  of  the  Cape  ministry  in  1884,  and  prime  minister 
of  Capo  Colony  in  1890.  He  resigned  this  position  in  1896, 
as  also  that  of  chairman  of  the  British  South  Africa  Com- 
pany, on  account  of  his  connection  with  the  Jameson 
raid  into  the  Transvaal,  (See  Jameson,  L.  S.)  He  was 


Riall 

the  prime  mover  in  obtaining  mining  rights  over  Mata- 
beleland  and  Mashonaland,  and  in  extending  British  in- 
fluence in  South  Africa.  He  was  created  a member  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  1895. 

Rhodes,  Inner,  and  Rhodes,  Outer.  See  Ap- 

perisell. 

Rhodes,  Knights  of.  See  Hospitalers. 

Rhodes,  William  Barnes.  Born  Dec.  25, 1772 : 
died  Nov.  1, 1826.  An  English  dramatist,  author 
★of  “ Bombastes  Furioso.” 

Rhodesia  (ro-de'gia).  [From  Cecil  Rhodes.]  A 
region  in  southern  Africa,  under  British  dom- 
ination. 

Rhodope  (rod'o-pe),  modern  Despoto-Dagh 

(des-po-to-dag').  [Gr. 'Podotn?.]  A mountain- 
range  in  Bulgaria,  Eastern  Rumelia,  and  Tur- 
key, branching  from  the  Balkans  toward  the 
south,  and  then  turning  east.  Highest  summits, 
9,000-9,500  feet. 

Rhodopis  (ro-do'pis).  [Gr.  'Podumf.]  A cele- 
brated Greek  courtezan,  a Thracian  by  birth, 
said  to  have  been  a fellow-slave  of  iEsop.  she 
was  taken  to  Naucratis,  Egypt,  where  the  brother  of  Sap- 
pho fell  in  love  with  her  and  ransomed  her.  She  was  at- 
tacked by  Sappho  in  a poem.  Her  real  name  was  Doricha, 
and  Rhodopis,  ‘ the  rosy-cheeked,’  was  merely  an  epithet. 
It  was  under  this  name  of  Doricha  that  she  was  mentioned 
by  Sappho. 

Rhone  (ron).  [F ,'Rhdne,  L.  Rhodanus,  Gr.  ’Po- 
6avi 5f.]  A river  of  Europe:  the  Roman  Rho- 
danus. It  rises  in  the  Rhone  glacier  near  the  Furka 
Pass,  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland;  flows  west-southwest 
to  Martigny  ; turns  to  the  northwest,  forming  the  boun- 
dary between  Valais  and  Bern ; traverses  the  Lake  of  Ge- 
neva ; enters  France ; traverses  a chasm  (Perte  du  Rhone) ; 
flows  generally  south  and  west ; from  Lyons  flows  nearly 
south,  separating  Dauphind  and  Provence  on  the  east  from 
Lyonnais  and  Languedoc  on  the  west ; and  flows  into  the 
Mediterranean  by  two  mouths,  forming  a delta,  the  Grand 
Rhone  and  Petit  Rhone.  The  chief  tributary  is  the  Saone. 
Among  the  other  tributaries  are  the  Ain  and  Gard  on  the 
right,  and  the  Arve,  Is£re,  Drome,  and  Durance  on  the  left. 
The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Geneva,  Lyons,  Vienne, 
Valence,  Avignon,  and  Arles.  Length,  about  500  miles ; 
navigable  from  Seyssel. 

Rhone  (ron).  A department  of  France,  capi- 
tal Lyons,  formed  from  the  ancient  Lyonnais 
and  Beaujolais.  It  is  bounded  by  Saone-et- Loire  on 
the  north,  Ain  and  Isfere  (separated  by  the  Saone  and 
Rhone)  on  the  east,  and  Loire  on  the  south  and  west.  The 
surface  is  mountainous  and  hilly.  There  is  considerable 
wine-culture,  and  the  manufactures  are  very  important, 
particularly  those  of  silk,  cotton,  chemicals,  iron,  etc. 
Area,  1,104  square  miles.  Population,  858,907. 

Rhone,  Bouches-du-.  See  Bouches-du-Rhdne. 
Rhone,  Perte  du.  See  Perte  du  Rhdne. 

Rhone  Glacier.  A glacier  near  the  eastern  end 
of  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland:  the  source 
of  the  Rhone. 

Rhone-Rhine  Canal.  [F.  Canal  du  Rhone  au 
Rhin.]  A canal  connecting  the  basins  of  the 
Rhone  and  Rhine.  It  leads  from  Saint-Sym- 
phorien  on  the  Sa6ne  to  the  111  near  Strasburg. 
Rhongebirge  (ren'ge-ber-ge),  or  Rhon  (ren). 
A group  of  mountains  in  the  northern  part  of 
Lower  Franconia  in  Bavaria,  and  in  the  adjoin- 
ing parts  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  Prussia, 
and  Saxe-Meiningen.  Highest  point,  the  Grosse 
Wasserkuppe  (3,115  feet). 

R’hoone  (ron),  Lord.  One  of  Balzac’s  early 
pseudonyms. 

Rhyl  (ril).  A town  and  watering-place  in  the 
county  of  Flint,  Wales,  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  the' Clwyd,  22  miles  west-southwest  of  Liver- 
pool. Population,  8,473. 

Rhyme  of  Sir  Topaz.  See  Rime  of  Sir  Thopas. 
Rhyme  of  the  Duchess  May.  A romantic 
ballad  by  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning. 
Rhymer,  Thomas  the.  See  Thomas  the  Rhymer. 
Rhymney,  or  Rumney  (rutn'ni).  A manufac- 
turing and  mining  town  in  Monmouthshire, 
England,  5 miles  east  of  Merthyr  Tydvil.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,582. 

Rhyndacus  (rin'da-kus).  [Gr.  ’PmAa/oV.]  A 
river  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Asia  Minor: 
the  modern  Adranas-  or  Adirnas-Tchai.  it  trav- 
erses Lake  Abullonia,  receives  the  Macestus,  and  flows 
into  the  Sea  of  Marmora  55  miles  south-southwest  of  Con- 
stantinople. Length,  about  150  miles. 

Riad  (re-ad'),  or  Riyad.  The  Walihabee  capi- 
tal in  Nedjed,  Arabia,  situated  in  lat.  24°  30 ' N., 
long.  46°  42'  E.  It  contains  a palace  and  large  mosque. 
It  has  been  the  capital  since  about  1818.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 30,000. 

Riah  (ri'ii),  Mr.  In  Dickens’s  “Our  Mutual 
Friend,”  a gentle  old  Jew  in  the  employment 
of  Fascination  Fledgeby,  and  abominably 
treated  by  him. 

Riall  (ri'al),  Sir  Phinehas  or  Phineas.  Bom 
in  England,  1775 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1850. 
An  English  major-general.  He  commanded  at 
the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Lundy’s  Lane  in 
1814. 


Rialto 

Rialto  (re-al'to).  1.  See  Rialto,  Bridge  of  the. 
— 2.  The  name  formerly  given  to  the  block  on 
14th  street  between  Broadway  and  Fourth  Ave- 
nue in  New  York  city,  and  also  to  the  west  side 
of  Broadway  between  23d  and  32d  streets  — 
both  frequented  by  actors. 

Rialto  (re-al'to),  Bridge  of  the.  Abridge  over 
the  Grand  Canal  in  Venice.  It  was  begun  in  1588, 
and  consists  of  a single  graceful  arch  of  marble,  about  91 
feet  in  span,  241  feet  above  the  water  in  the  middle,  and 
72  feet  wide.  In  the  middle  there  is  a short  level  stretch 
beneath  a large  open  arch,  to  which  steps  ascend  from  the 
quay  on  each  side.  It  is  divided  into  3 footways  separated 
by  2 rows  of  shops  built  under  arcades.  The  bridge  is  sim- 
ple and  well-proportioned,  with  some  sculpture  in  the 
spandrels. 

Rianzares,  Duke  of.  See  Munoz. 

Riazan.  See  Ryazan. 

Ribault;,  or  Ribaut  (re-bo'),  Jean.  Born  at 
Dieppe,  1520:  died  in  Florida,  Sept.  23,  1565. 
A French  navigator.  As  the  agent  of  Coligny  he  es- 
tablished in  1562  a colony  of  French  Protestants  near  Port 
Royal,  South  Carolina,  where  he  erected  Fort  Charles, 
which  was  abandoned.  In  1564  Coligny  sent  out  a band 
of  colonists  under  Rend  de  Laudonnitre,  who  founded 
Fort  Carolina  on  the  St.  John’s  River  in  Florida.  Ribault 
followed  in  1565  with  reinforcements.  Soon  after,  while  he 
was  exploring  the  coast,  the  fort  was  attacked  and  destroyed 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Menendez  de  Aviles  (see  that 
name).  Ribault  on  his  return  was  shipwrecked,  and  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  who  killed  him  with  most 
*of  his  men. 

Ribbeck  (rib'bek),  Johann  Karl  Otto.  Born 
at  Erfurt,  Prussia,  July  23,  1827:  died  at  Leip- 
sic,  July  18,  1898.  A noted  German  philologist 
and  critic,  professor  at  Leipsic  from  1877.  He 
published  an  edition  of  Vergil  (5  vols.,  1859-68),  “Scenicaj 
Romanorura  poesis  fragmenta " (1852-55),  “Die  romische 
Tragodie  im  Zeitalter  der  Repuhlik  " (1875),  “ Alazon  : ein 
Beitrag  zur  antiken  Ethnologie,  etc.”  (1882),  etc. 

Ribble  (rib'l).  [AS.  Rihhel. ] A river  in  Eng- 
land which  rises  in  Yorkshire,  traverses  Lan- 
cashire, and  flows  by  an  estuary  into  the  Irish 
Sea  below  Preston.  Length  (including  the 
estuary),  about  75  miles. 

Ribbon  Society,  The.  In  Irish  history,  a secret 
association,  formed  about  1808  in  opposition  to 
the  Orange  organization  of  the  northern  Irish 
counties,  and  so  named  from  the  green  ribbon 
worn  as  a badge  by  the  members.  The  primary 
object  of  the  society  was  soon  merged  in  a struggle  against 
the  landlord  class,  with  the  purpose  of  securing  to  tenants 
fixity  of  tenure,  or  of  inflicting  retaliation  for  real  or  sup- 
posed agrarian  oppression.  The  members  were  bound  to- 
gether by  an  oath,  had  passwords  and  signs,  and  were  di- 
vided locally  into  lodges. 

Ribe  (re'be),  or  Ripen  (re'pen).  A small  town 
in  Jutland,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  river  Ribe, 
near  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  55°  18'  N.,  long.  8° 
44'  E. : formerly  important.  Population,  4,171. 
Ribera  (re-ba'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Girgenti,  Sicily,  21  miles  northwest  of  Girgenti. 
Population,  10,936. 

Ribera  (re-Ba'ra),  Jusepe,  called  Spagnoletto 

(‘  Little  Spaniard’).  Born  at  Jativa  (San  Fe- 
lipe), near  Valencia,  Spain,  Jan.  12,  1588  : died 
at  Naples,  1656.  A Spanish  Neapolitan  painter, 
chiefly  of  martyrdoms, mythologic  subjects, and 
portraits : a pupil  and  imitator  of  Caravaggio. 
RibSrac  (re-ba-rak').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  France,  on  the  Dronne  20 
miles  west  of  Pdrigueux.  Population,  com- 
mune, 3,627. 

Ribot  (re-bo'),  Alexandre  Felix  Joseph.  Born 
at  Saint-Omer,  France,  Feb.  7,  1842.  A French 
statesman.  He  became  a republican  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1878  ; was  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs under  Freycinet  in  1890 ; and  was  premier  1892-93, 
and  again,  under  President  Faure,  in  1895. 

Ribot  (re-bo'),  Augustin  Th6odule.  Born  at 
Bretenie,  Eure,  Aug.  8, 1823:  died  at  Colombes, 
Sept.  11, 1891.  A French  historical,  genre,  and 
portrait  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Glaize  at  Paris 
in  1851.  Among  his  paintings  are  “Les  cuisiniers”  (18J1), 
“St.  sebastien, " “ Jdsus  et  les  docteurs,"  “Samaritain,” 
“Mfere  Morieu,"  etc.  He  had  two  styles,  the  onerealistic, 
dealing  often  with  disagreeable  subjects,  and  a more  ele- 
vated but  gloomy  manner. 

Ricara.  See  Arikara. 

Ricardo  (ri-kar'do),  David.  Born  at  London, 
April  19, 1772 : died  at  Gatcomb  Park,  Glouces- 
tershire, Sept.  11,  1823.  A noted  English  po- 
litical economist,  of  Hebrew  descent,  in  isi9  he 
became  a member  of  Parliament.  His  chief  work  is  “ Prin- 
ciples of  Political  Economy  and  Taxation  ”(1817).  He  also 
wrote  “The  High  Price  of  Bullion  a Proof  of  the  Depre- 
ciation of  Bank-Notes  ” (1810),  “ Funding  System  ”(1820 : In 
the  “ Encyclopedia  Britannica' ).  He  was  especially  noted 
for  his  discussion  of  the  theory  of  rent.  His  works  were 
edited  by  M‘Culloch  in  1846. 

Ricasoli  (re-ka'so-le),  Baron  Bettino.  Born 
at  Florence,  March  9,  1809 ; died  at  his  castle 
Brolio,  near  Siena,  Oct.  28,  1880.  An  Italian 
statesman,  gonfalonier  of  Florence  1847-48. 
He  took  part,  as  a liberal,  in  the  movements  in  Tus- 
cany 1848-49 ; was  the  head  of  the  Tuscan  government 


854 

1869-60,  and  labored  strenuously  for  the  annexation  of 
Tuscany  to  Sardinia ; was  governor-general  of  Tus- 
cany 1860-61 ; and  was  premier  of  Italy  1861-62  and 
1866-67. 

Ricaut.  See  Rycaut. 

Ricci  (ret'che),  Federico.  Born  at  Naples,  Oct. 
22,  1809:  died  at  Conegliano,  Dec.  10, 1877.  An 
Italian  composer  of  operas,  etc.,  brother  of 
Luigi  Ricci,  and  collaborator  with  him  in  “ Cris- 
pino  e la  Comare.”  He  also  wrote  “ Une  Folie 
a Rome.” 

Ricci,  Luigi.  Born  at  Naples,  June  8,  1805: 
died  at  Prague,  Dec.  31, 1859.  An  Italian  com- 
poser of  operas.  He  studied  with  Zingarelli,  and  was 
sub-professor  at  the  Royal  Conservatory,  X aples.  He  com- 
posed about  30  operas,  of  which  the  best-known  is  his 
“Crispino  e la  Comare”  (1850:  with  his  brother). 

Ricci,  Matteo.  Born  at  Macerata,  Italy,  1552 : 
died  at  Peking,  1610.  An  Italian  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary in  China,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of 
Christian  missions  in  that  country.  He  settled 
in  China  1583  (at  Peking  1601). 

Ricciarelli.  See  Volterra. 

Riccio,  David.  See  Rizzio. 

Riccio  (ret'cho),  Domenico,  called  II  Brusa- 
sorci.  Born  at  Verona,  Italy,  1494:  died  1567. 
An  Italian  painter. 

Riccoboni  (rek-ko-bo'ne),  Lodovico.  Born  at 
Modena,  1677 : died  at  Parma,  Dec.  5, 1753.  An 
Italian  playwright,  actor,  and  writer  on  the 
theater. 

Riccoboni  (rek-ko-bo'ne),  Madame  (Marie 
Jeanne  Laboras  de  Mdzidres).  Bomat  Paris, 
1714:  died  there,  1792.  A French  novelist  and 
letter-writer,  daughter-in-law  of  L.  Riccoboni. 
Her  best  works  are  “ Hisloiredu  Marquis  de  Crdcy,”  “ Let- 
tres  de  Milady  Catesby,”  ami  “Ernestine.”  She  also  wrote 
a continuation  of  Marivaux’s  “Marianne,”  which  she  did 
not  finish. 

Rice  (ris),  Luther.  Born  at  Northborough, 
Mass.,  March  25,  1783:  died  in  Edgefield  dis- 
trict, S.  C.,  Sept.  25, 1836.  An  American  clergy- 
man. He  went  as  Congregational  missionary  to  India  in 
1812  ; and  became  a Baptist  and  returned  in  1813.  He  was 
the  founder  of  Columbian  University, Washington,  District 
of  Columbia. 

Rice,  Thomas  D.  Born  at  New  York,  May  20, 
1808:  died  there,  Sept.  19,  1860.  An  American 
negro  minstrel,  the  originator  of  “Jim  Crow.” 

He  made  his  first  appearance  in  negro  character  at  Louis- 
ville, and  first  appeared  in  New  York,  at  the  Park  Theater, 
as  Jim  Crow.  He  went  to  England  in  1836. 

Rice  Lake.  A lake  in  the  province  of  Ontario, 
Canada,  60  miles  northeast  of  Toronto,  and  10 
miles  north  of  Lake  Ontario,  into  which  it 
ultimately  discharges.  Length,  about  20  miles. 
Rich  (rich),  Claudius  James.  Born  near  Dijon, 
France,  March  28,  1787:  died  at  Shiraz,  Persia, 
Oct.  5, 1821.  An  English  Orientalist  and  traveler 
in  Syria.  Babylonia,  Kurdistan,  and  elsewhere. 
He  was  British  resident  in  Bagdad.  Narratives  of  his 
travels  were  published  in  1811  and  1836. 

Rich,  Edmund.  See  Edmund,  Saint. 

Rich,  John.  Born  about  1682:  died  Nov.  26, 
1761.  A noted  English  harlequin,  called  “the 
Father  of  Harlequins.”  He  played  under  the  name 
of  Lun.  He  was  manager  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields  1713-32, 
and  then  built  the  first  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  which  was 
opened  Dec.  7,  1732.  During  the  season  of  1718-19  Rich 
frequently  produced  French  plays  and  operas  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields. 

Rich,  Penelope  Devereux.  See  Stella. 

Richard  (rich'ard)  I.,  surnamed  “The  Lion- 
Hearted  ”(F.“Coeurde  Lion”).  [ME.  Richard, 
from  OF.  Richard,  F.  Richard,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Ricar- 
do, ML.  Ricardus,  from  OHG.  Richart,  G.  Reich- 
ard,  powerful.]  Born  probably  at  Oxford,  Sept. 
8, 1157 : died  April  6, 1199.  King  of  England  1189- 
1199,  third  son  of  Henry  II.  He  was  invested  with 
the  duchy  of  Aquitaine  in  1169 ; joined  the  league  between 
his  elder  brother  Henry  and  Louis  VII.  of  France  against 
his  father  1173-74  ; became  heir  apparent  on  the  death  of 
his  brother  Henry  in  1183 ; acted  with  Philip  II.  of  France 
against  his  father  1188-89 ; and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
England,  the  duchy  of  Normandy,  and  thecounty  of  Anjou 
in  1189.  He  started  on  the  third  Crusade  in  alliance  with 
PhilipII.  of  France  in  1190;  conquered  Cyprus  in  1191 ; ar- 
rived at  Acre  in  J une ; assisted  in  t he  capture  of  Acre  in  July ; 
defeated  the  Saracens  at  Arsuf  the  same  year;  retook  Jaffa 
from  Saladin  in  1192 ; signed  a truce  with  Saladin  in  Sept.; 
and  left  Palestine  in  Oct.  He  was  taken  prisoner  in  Aus- 
tria by  Duke  Leopold  in  Dec.;  was  transferred  to  the  em- 
peror Henry  VI.  in  March,  1193 ; and  returned  to  England 
on  the  payment  of  a ransom  in  1194.  Having  suppressed 
a rebellion  of  his  brother  John,  he  turned  against  John’s 
ally,  Philip  II.,  whom  he  defeated  at  Gisors  in  1195.  He 
built  the  Chateau  Gaillard  in  1197,  and  was  mortally 
wounded  by  an  arrow  while  besieging  Chaluz,  near  Limoges. 

Richard  II.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  France,  Jan. 
6,  1367 : probably  murdered  at  Pontefract,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  14,  1400.  King  of  England  1377-99, 
son  of  the  “ Black  Prince  ” Edward,  and  grand- 
son of  Edward  III.  whom  he  succeeded.  During 
his  minority  the  government  was  conducted  by  his  uncles 
the  Dukes  of  Lancaster  and  Gloucester.  A rebellion  of  the 


Richardson,  Henry  Hobson 

peasants  under  Wat  Tyler  was  put  down  in  1381.  Richard 
assumed  the  government  personally  in  1389.  He  was 
overthrown  by  the  Duke  of  Hereford  (see  Henry  IV.)  in 
1399,  and  was  probably  murdered  in  prison. 

Richard  III.  Born  at  Fotheringay,  England, 
Oct.  2,  1452 : killed  at  the  battle  of  Bosworth, 
Aug.  22,  1485.  King  of  England  1483-85,  third 
son  of  Richard,  duke  of  York,  and  younger 
brother  of  Edward  IV . He  was  known  as  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester  before  his  accession.  He  served  in  the  bat- 
ties  of  Barnet  and  Tewkesbur  y in  1471 ; and  invaded  Scot- 
land ill  1482.  On  the  death  of  Edward  IV.  in  April,  1483, 
he  seized  the  young  Edward  V.,  and  caused  himself  to  be 
proclaimed  protector.  On  June  26,  1483,  he  assumed  the 
crown,  the  death  of  Edward  V.  and  his  brother  in  prison 
being  publicly  announced  shortly  after.  He  suppressed 
Buckingham’s  rebellion  in  1483 ; and  was  defeated  and 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Bosworth  by  the  Earl  of  Richmond 
(see  Henry  VII.).  His  nickname  “Crouchback  " was  given 
to  him  on  account  of  a (probably  slight)  bodily  deformity. 

Richard  IV.,  King  of  England.  A title  assumed 
by  Perkin  Warbeck. 

Richard  II.  A historical  play  by  Sbakspere, 
produced  between  1594  and  1596.  it  is  the  earliest 
of  the  historical  series,  and  the  plot  is  from  Holinshed’s 
“ Chronicle.  ” Theobald  adapted  it  in  1720. 

Richard  III.  A historical  play,  thought  to  be 
completed  and  altered  by  Shakspere  in  1594 
from  an  earlier  play  by  Marlowe,  left  unfinished 
at  his  death.  It  was  printed  anonymously  in  1597 : 
in  the  1598  edition  Shakspere’s  name  appears,  and  Cibber 
produced  an  alteration  in  1700  which  was  long  considered 
the  only  acting  version  of  the  text.  Macready  produced 
a partial  restoration  in  1821.  In  1876  Edwin  Booth  re- 
stored the  Shakspere  version  witli  slight  changes  of  ar- 
rangement, but  no  interpolations.  The  famous  line  “Off 
with  his  head  — so  much  for  Buckingham  ! ”is  Cibber's. 
Richard,  Duke  of  Gloucester.  See  Richard  III. 
Richard,  Duke  of  York.  See  York,  Duke  of. 
Richard  Cosur  de  Lion.  An  old  romance, 
printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1509.  itappears 
to  have  been  written  in  French  in  the  time  of  Edward  I., 
and  afterward  translated  into  English. 

Richard  Cceur  de  Lion.  An  opera  by  Gr6try, 
words  bv  Sedaine,  produced  at  Paris  in  1784. 
Richard  of  Cirencester.  Died  at  Westminster 
about  1401.  An  English  Benedictine  monk  and 
historian.  He  wrote  an  English  history  (“Speculum,” 
edited  1863-69),  and  long  was  reputed  to  be  the  author  of 
the  forgery  “ De  situ  Britannia;.  ” 

Richard  Plantagenet.  See  Plantagenet. 
Richard  the  Fearless.  Died  996.  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, son  of  William  Longsword  whom  he 
succeeded  in  943  or  942.  Normandy  was  Galli- 
cized principally  in  his  reign. 

Richard  the  Good.  Duke  of  Normandy  996- 
1026,  son  of  Richard  the  Fearless. 

Richard  the  Redeless.  A poem  probably  by 
William  Langland,  written  in  1399.  The  title  is 
given  by  Professor  Skeat,  and  refers  to  the  “redeless” 
Richard  II.,  or  Richard  “without  counsel.” 

Richards  (rich'ardz),  Henry  Brinley.  Born 
at  Carmarthen,  Nov.  13,  1819;  died  at  London, 
May  1,  1885.  A Welsh  composer.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  popular  songs  (“Her  bright 
smile  haunts  me  still,”  etc.). 

Richards  (rich'ardz),  James.  Born  at  New 
Canaan,  Conn.,  about  1767 : died  at  Auburn, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.,  1843.  An  American  Presbyterian 
clergyman,  professor  at  Auburn  Theological 
Seminary. 

Richards  (rich'ardz),  Thomas  Addison.  Born 

at  London,  Dec.  3,  1820:  died  June  29,  1900. 
An  American  landscape-painter.  He  was  made  a 
national  academician  in  1851,  and  was  corresponding 
secretary  of  the  academy  1852-92.  He  was  first  director 
of  the  Cooper  Union  School  of  Design  for  Women  1868- 
60,  and  was  professor  of  art  in  the  University  of  New  York 
1867-1900  (emeritus  1887). 

Richards,  William.  Born  at  Plainfield,  Mass., 
Aug.  22,  1792:  died  at  Honolulu,  Dec.  7,  1847. 
An  American  missionary  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands.  He  was  also  in  the  Hawaiian  diplo- 
matic and  political  service. 

Richards,  William  Trost.  Bom  Nov.  14, 1833 : 
died  Nov.  8,  1905.  An  American  marine-and 
landscape-painter.  He  was  ail  honorary  member  of 
the  National  Academy.  He  studied  with  Paul  Weber  in 
Philadelphia,  and  visited  Italy,  France,  Germany,  and 
England  at  different  periods  between  1855  and  1880.  A 
series  of  47  water-color  landscapes  and  marine  views 
(1871-76)  is  at  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York. 

Richardson  (rich'ard -son),  Albert  Deane. 

Born  at  Franklin,  Mass.,  Oct.  6,  1833:  killed  at 
NewYork,Dec.  2,1869.  An  American  journalist. 
He  was  correspondent  of  the  New  York  “ Tribune  ” in  the 
Civil  War.  He  published  “ The  Field,  the  Dungeon,  and 
the  Escape  ” (1865),  a life  of  U.  S.  Grant  (1868),  etc. 

Richardson,  Charles.  Born  July,  1775:  died 
at  Feltham,  near  London,  Oct.  6, 1865.  An  Eng- 
lish lexicographer.  He  was  the  teacher  of  a school 
at  Clapham.  He  compiled  a dictionary  of  the  English 
language  (1835-37 : supplement  1850),  and  also  published 
“ On  the  Study  of  Languages,  etc."  (1854). 

Richardson,  Henry  Hobson.  Born  at  New 

Orleans,  1838 : died  at  Boston.  April  28,  1886. 


Richardson,  Henry  Hobson 

An  American  architect.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
In  1869,  and  studied  at  the  £cole  des  Beaux  Arts,  Paris. 
Among  his  designs  are  Trinity  Church  (Boston),  Albany 
city  hall,  and  parts  of  the  State  capitol  at  Albany. 
Richardson,  Janies.  Born  at  Boston,  England, 
Nov.  3,  1806:  died  in  Bornu,  Sudan,  March  4, 
1851.  An  English  traveler  in  Africa.  His  explora- 
tion of  the  Sahara  (Ghadames,  Ghat,  etc.)  and  studies  on 
the  Tuaregs  (1845)  were  described  in  his  “Travels  in  the 
Great  Desert  of  Sahara"  (1848).  Accompanied  by  Over- 
weg  and  Barth,  he  started  in  1850  from  Tripoli  for  Lake 
Chad,  and  explored  the  rocky  plateau  of  Hammada,  but 
succumbed  at  Ungurutua,  near  Lake  Chad.  His  notes  were 
published  in  “Narrative  of  a Mission  to  Central  Africa ” 
(1853)  and  “ Travels  in  Morocco  ” (1860). 

Richardson,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Dumfries,  Scot- 
land, Nov.  5,  1787 : died  near  Grasmere,  Eng- 
land, June  5,  1865.  A British  naturalist  and 
traveler.  He  took  part  as  surgeon  and  naturalist  in  the 
arctic  expeditions  of  Parry  and  Franklin,  and  in  the  Frank- 
lin relief  expedition  of  1848.  He  published  “Fauna  Bore- 
ali-Americana”  (1829-37),  “Arctic  Searching  Expedition" 
(1851),  etc. 

Richardson,  Samuel.  Born  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 1689 : died  at  London,  July  4,  1761  An 
English  novelist,  called  “ the  founder  of  the  Eng- 
lish domestic  novel.”  He  was  apprenticed  to  a sta- 
tioner in  London  in  1706,  and  quite  late  in  life  became 
master  of  the  Stationers'  Company.  When  a boy  he  was 
addicted  to  letter-writing,  and  was  employed  by  young 
girls  to  write  love-letters  for  them.  In  1739  he  composed 
a volume  of  “Familiar  Letters,"  which  were  afterward 
published  as  an  aid  to  those  too  illiterate  to  write  their 
own  letters  without  assistance.  From  this  came  “ Pamela, 
or  Virtue  Rewarded"  (1740).  He  then  wrote  “Clarissa 
Harlowe,  or  the  History  of  a Young  Lady"  (first  4 vols. 
1747,  last  4,  1748),  and  “The  History  of  Sir  Charles 
Grandison"(l753).  His  correspondence,  with  a biography 
by  Anna  Letitia  Barbauld,  was  published  in  1804.  All  his 
novels  were  published  in  the  form  of  letters,  which  was 
suggested  by  his  early  work  in  letter-writing. 

Richardson,  William  Alexander.  Born  in 
Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  11,  1811:  died  at 
Quincy,  111.,  Dec.  27,  1875.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Illinois  1847-56  ; governor  of  Nebraska  1857-58 ; and  Demo- 
cratic United  States  senator  from  Nebraska  1863-65. 

Richardson,  William  Merchant.  Bom  at  Pel- 
ham, N.  EL,  Jan.  4, 1774:  died  at  Chester,  N.  H., 
March  23,  1838.  An  American  jurist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  a Federalist  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1812-14,  and  chief  justice  of  New  Hamp- 
shire 1816-38. 

Richborough  (rich,bur//6).  A place  in  Kent, 
England,  on  the  Stour  11  miles  east  of  Canter- 
bury : the  Roman  Rutupias.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant Roman  fortress  and  seaport. 

Rich6  (re-sha'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Cap 
Haitien,  1780:  died  at  Port-au-Prince,  Feb.  28, 
1847.  A Haitian  general  and  politician.  He  was 
a negro,  and  in  early  life  was  a slave.  He  served  under 
Christophe  against  Potion,  and  subsequently  under  Boyer; 
and  was  president  of  Haiti  from  March  1,  1846. 
Richelieu  (resh-lye').  A town  ill  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the 
Mable  32  miles  southwest  of  Tours.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  2,281. 

Richelieu,  or  Chambly  (shon-hle'),  or  St.  John 

(sant  jon).  A river  in  the  province  of  Quebec, 
Canada,  which  issues  from  Lake  Champlain  and 
dows  into  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Sorel,  44  miles 
northeast  of  Montreal.  Length,  about  80  miles. 
Richelieu  (F.  pron.  resh-lye' ; E.  resh'lo),  Car- 
dinal and  Due  de  (Armand  Jean  duPlessis). 
Bora  at  Paris  (or  at  the  Castle  of  Richelieu  in 
Poitou),  Sept.  5, 1585 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  4, 1642. 
A celebratedFrench  statesman.  He waseducated 
for  the  church  ; became  bishop  of  I.ugon  in  1607,  and  secre- 
tary of  state  in  1616 ; was  exiled  to  Blois(later  to  Avignon)in 
1617;  became  cardinal  in  1622  ; and  was  the  principal  min- 
ister of  Louis  XIII.  1624-42.  He  increased  the  influence 
of  France  abroad  and  the  power  of  the  crown  at  home,  and 
lessened  the  power  of  the  nobles.  The  chief  events  in 
his  administration  were  the  destruction  of  the  political 
power  of  the  Huguenots  by  the  siege  and  capture  of  La 
Rochelle  1627-28  ; the  war  in  Italy  against  Spain  and  Aus- 
tria 1629-30 ; the  defeat  of  the  partizans  of  Maria  de' 
Medici  in  1630;  the  suppression  of  the  rising  of  Mont- 
morency and  Gaston  of  Orleans  in  1632 ; the  cooperation 
of  France  with  Sweden  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War ; the 
founding  of  the  French  Academy  in  1635  ; and  the  defeat 
of  the  Cinq-Mars  conspiracy  in  1642.  His  literary  re- 
mains include  religious  works,  dramas,  memoirs,  corre- 
spondence, and  state  papers. 

Richelieu,  Due  de  (Armand  Emmanuel  du 
Plessis).  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  25,  1766:  died 
May  17,  1822.  A French  politician,  grandson 
of  Marshal  Richelieu.  He  emigrated  about  1789,  and 
was  in  the  Russian  service  during  the  Revolutionary  and 
Napoleonic  periods,  being  appointed  governor  of  Odessa 
in  i803.  He  returned  to  Franca  in  1814 ; became  premier 
in  1815;  signed  the  treaty  with  the  Allies  in  1815;  was 
ambassador  at  the  Congress  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1818; 
and  retired  from  office  in  1818.  He  was  premier  again 
1820-21. 

Richelieu,  Due  de  (Louis  Francois  Armand 
du  Plessis).  Born  at  Paris,  March  13,  1696 ; 
^died  there,  Aug.  8,  1788.  A French  marshal, 
grandnephew  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  lie  defended 


855 

Genoa  in  1747  ; captured  Fort  Mahon  in  1756;  and  served 
in  Hannover  1757-58.  He  was  the  (alleged)  author  of  “ M(5- 
moires,"  published  in  1790. 

Richelieu.  A play  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  first  pro- 
duced March  7,  1839.  Macready  created  the 
part. 

Richepin  (resh-pan'),  Jean.  Born  at  M6deah, 
Algeria,  Feb.  4,  1849.  A French  poet  and  dra- 
matic author.  He  served  with  the  francs-tireurs  who 
followed  the  army  of  BouFbaki  in  1870,  and  went  to  Paris 
in  1871  and  wrote  for  “Le  Mot  d’Ordre,”  “Le  Corsaire," 
“ La.V^riffi,”  etc.  He  published  “Jules  Valles  " (1872), 
“L'Etoile "(a  comedy,  with  Andrd  Gill),  “La  chanson  des 
gueux  ’’  (1876 : for  thishewas  imprisoned  and  fined),  “Les 
morts  hizarres  ” (1877),  “Les  caresses”  (1877 ; a drama  in 
verse),  “Les  blasphemes”  (1884:  a collection  of  short 
pieces),  “Lamer"(18S6:  poems),  and  a number  of  dramas, 
among  which  is  “ Nana  Sahib  ” (1882  : he  wrote  this  for 
Sarah  Bernhardt,  and  played  the  principal  part  with  heron 
account  of  the  illness  of  the  proper  actor).  He  also  wrote 
a version  of  “Macbeth’’  (1884)  for  tier,  and  “Monsieur 
Scapin  ” (1886),  “Le  flibustier”  (l888),  and  “ Parle  glaive” 
(1892)  for  the  Comddie  Franqaise. 

Richerus  (ri-ke'rus),  Latinized  from  Richer 
(re-sha').  Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  10th 
century.  A Frankish  historian,  author  of  a his- 
tory for  the  period  888-995  (edited  by  Pertz 
1839). 

Riches  (rich'ez).  A version  of  Massinger’s 
“ City  Madam,”  which  still  keeps  the  stage. 
Richfield  Springs  (rich'feld  springz).  A vil- 
lage and  fashionable  summer  resort  in  Otsego 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Schuyler  Lake 
65  miles  west  by  north  of  Albany,  ft  has  sul- 
phur springs.  Population,  1,503,  (1910). 

Rich  Fisher,  The.  See  Aleyn. 

Richier  (re-shya'),  Legier  or  Michier.  Born 
at  Dagonville,  near  Ligny,  1500  or  1506 : died 
about  1572.  A French  sculptor.  He  spent  five  or 
six  years  in  Rome,  where  he  is  said  to  have  come  under 
the  personal  influence  of  Michelangelo.  He  returned  to 
Lorraine  about  1521,  and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his 
life.  His  work  consisted  largely  of  the  decoration  of  houses. 
In  1532  he  executed  the  colossal  group  celebrated  under 
the  name  of  “ the  Sepulcher  of  Saint-Mihiel,"  composed  of 
eleven  figures,  larger  than  life,  grouped  about  the  foot  of 
the  cross,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  creations  of  the  Re- 
naissance ; and  in  1544  the  mausoleum  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  with  its  extraordinary  “Squelette,”  in  the  Church 
of  Saint-Pierre  at  Bar-le-Duc. 

Richings  (rich'ingz),  Peter.  Born  at  London, 
May  19, 1797 : died  at  Media,  Pa.,  Jan.  18, 1871. 
An  English-American  actor  and  manager.  He 
came  t»  America  in  1821,  and  made  his  ddbut  at  New  York 
as  Harry  Bertram  in  “Guy  Mannering.”  For  sixteen  years 
he  was  a reigning  favorite  at  the  Park  Theater,  where  he 
was  a memherof  the  regular  company.  Captain  Absolute 
(“  The  Rivals  ”)  was  one  of  his  best  impersonations.  For 
a time  he  acted  as  manager  of  the  Richings  English  opera 
troupe,  but  retired  from  active  life  in  1867. 

Richmond  (rich'mond).  A town  in  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Swale  42  miles  northwest  of  York.  It  is  noted 
for  its  castle,  now  in  ruins.  Population,  3,837. 
Richmond.  A town  in  Surrey,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  south  hank  of  the  Thames,  10 
miles  west-southwest  of  St.  Paul’s.  It  wa9  for. 
merly  called  Sheen  (Schene,  ‘ beautiful  \ etc.  It  was  long 
a royal  residence  : used  by  Edward  L,  Edward  III.,  Rich- 
ard II.,  Henry  VII.  (who  gave  it  the  name  Richmond  in 
1500),  etc.  Richmond  Park  was  inclosed  by  Charles  I. 
Richmond  is  a favorite  summer  resort,  and  its  whitebait 
dinners  at  the  Star  and  Garter  are  noted.  Population, 
31,672. 

Richmond.  The  capital  of  Virginia  and  an  in- 
dependent city,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  James  River,  in  lat.  37°  32'  N.,  long.  77° 
27'  W.  It  has  an  important  trade  in  tobacco  and  flour, 
and  manufactures  of  tobacco,  iron,  etc.  Among  the  noted 
objects  are  the  capitol,  St.  John'sChureh,  Crawford’s  statue 
of  Washington,  etc.  The  site  was  first  settled  in  1609. 
The  place  was  called  at  first  Byrd’s  Warehouse.  Richmond 
was  incorporated  in  1742 ; was  made  the  capital  in  1779 ; suf- 
fered from  fire  in  1811 ; was  noted  before  the  Civil  War  as  an 
importantcommercial  center  for  tobacco,  tea,  etc.;became 
the  capital  of  the  Confederate  States  May,  1861 ; was 
threatened  by  McClellan  in  1862 ; was  besieged  by  Grant 
1864-65  ; waB  evacuated  by  the  Confederates  (who  burned 
the  business  portion)  April  2,  and  occupied  by  the  Federals 
April  3,  1865  ; and  suffered  from  a flood  in  1870.  Popula- 
tion, 127,628,  (1910). 

Richmond.  A city,  capital  of  Way  no  County, 
Indiana,  situated  on  a branch  of  the  White- 
water  River,  68  miles  east  of  Indianapolis. 

It  is  a railroad  and  trading  center,  and  has  manufactures 
of  agricultural  implements,  furniture,  machinery,  etc. 
Population,  22,324,  (1910). 

Richmond,  Dukes  of.  See  Lennox. 
Richmond,  Earl  of.  The  title  of  Henry  VII. 
of  England  previous  to  his  accession  to  the 
throne. 

Richmond,  Legh.  Bom  at  Liverpool,  Jan.  29, 
1772:  died  at  Turvey,  Beds,  England,  May  8, 
1827.  An  English  clergyman  and  religious  wri- 
ter. He  is  best  known  from  his  tracts  entitled  “Annals  of 
the  Poor ” (1814  : including  “The  Dairyman’s  Daughter," 
“The  Young  Cottager,"  “The  Negro  Servant,”  etc.).  He 
edited  “Fathers  of  the  English  Church  ” (1807-12). 

Richmond  and  Gordon,  Duke  of  (Charles 
Henry  Gordon  Lennox).  Born  at  Richmond 


Ricketts 

House,  Whitehall,  Feb.  27,  1818 : died  at  Gor- 
don Castle,  Banffshire,  Sept.  27,  1903.  An 
English  Conservative  politician.  He  was  president 
of  the  board  of  trade  1867-68  and  1885;  lord  president  of 
the  council  1874-1880,  and  secretary  for  Scotland  1885-86. 
He  succeeded  his  father  as  sixth  duke  of  Richmond  in 
1860,  was  created  duke  of  Gordon  in  1876,  and  was  com- 
monly designated  as  the  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon. 
He  was  also  duke  of  Lennox  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland,  and 
due  d'Aubigny  in  that  of  France.  See  Lennox. 

Richmond  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  on  the  northern  side  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island,  deeply  indenting  that  island  for 
about  10  miles. 

Rich  (rich)  Mountain.  A place  in  Randolph 
County,  in  the  eastern  part  of  West  Virginia. 
Here,  July  11,  1861,  the  Federals  under  Rose- 
crans  defeated  the  Confederates. 

Richter  (rich'ter),  Adrian  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Dresden,  Sept.  28, 1803:diednear Dresden,  June 
19,  1884.  A noted  German  landscape-painter 
and  illustrator  of  scenes  from  German  life. 
Richter,  Ernst  Friedrich  Eduard.  Born  Oct. 
24,  1808:  died  April  9,  1879.  A German  com- 
poser and  musical  writer,  author  of  text-books 
on  harmony,  counterpoint,  and  the  fugue. 
Richter,  Eugen.  Born  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia, 
July  30, 1838:  died  March  10,  1906.  A German 
politician.  He  entered  the  Reichstag  in  1867,  and  the 
Prussian  Landtag  in  1869.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  pro- 
gressist (“Fortsehritts”)  party,  and  of  the  German  liberal 
(“Deutsche  Fi eisinnige ” ) party,  and  of  the  radical  peo- 
ple’s party  (“  Freisinnige  V olkspartei  ” ). 

Richter,  Gustav.  Born  atBerlin,  Aug.  31, 1823 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  3, 1884.  A German  painter 
of  portraits  and  historical  subjects. 

Richter,  Hans.  Born  at  Raab,  Hungary,  April 
4,1843.  A celebrated  conductor,  in  1868  he  was 
conductor  at  the  Hof-  und  National-Theater,  Munich ; in 
1871  conductor  at  the  National  Theater,  Pesthjand  in  1875 
became  principal  conductor  at  the  Imperial  Opera  House, 
Vienna,  where  he  also  conducted  the  Philharmonic  con- 
certs. He  also  directed  the  rehearsals  of  the  “Nibe- 
lungen  Ring"  at  Bayreuth,  and  in  1876  the  whole  of  the 
festival  there  ; and  since  1879  has  conducted  orchestral 
concerts  at  London.  He  was  first  court  kapellmeister  at 
Vienna  1893-98,  and  conducted  the  Hall£  concerts  in  Man- 
chester, England,  from  1897.  Heconducted  German  opera 
at  Covent  Garden  from  1904.  He  retired  in  1911. 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich.  Born  at  Wun- 

siedel,  Bavaria,  March  21,  1763:  died  at  Bay- 
reuth, Bavaria,  Nov.  14,  1825.  A celebrated 
German  humorist.  His  father  was  first  a teacher,  and 
subsequently  village  pastor  at  Joditz  and  then  at  Schwar- 
zenbach.  Afterthe  death  of  his  father,  who  left  the  fam- 
ily in  extreme  poverty,  he  went  to  Leipsic  in  the  hope  of 
being  able  to  support  himself  by  giving  private  instruction 
while  he  studied  theology.  He  began  here  his  literary 
career,  in  1783,  with  the  satirical  sketches  “ Diegronland- 
ischen  Processe  " (“The  Greenland  Lawsuits  ”),  which  met 
with  hut  little  success,  as  did  also  “ Auswahl  aus  des  Teu- 
fels  Papieren”  (“  Selections  from  the  Papers  of  the  Devil," 
1789).  After  1784  he  lived  with  his  mother  in  poverty  at 
Hof,  whence  he  went  to  Schwarzenbach,  where  he  taught. 
Here,  in  1793,  he  wrote  the  novel  “ Die  unsichtbare  Loge  " 
(“The  Invisible  Lodge”),  for  which  he  received  100  ducats. 
From  1791  he  lived  again  in  Hof,  where  he  wrote  (1794) 
the  novel  “Hesperus,"  like  the  other  a fictitious  biography, 
which  firmly  founded  his  literary  fame.  This  was  followed 
by  “Quintus  Fixlein  ” in  1796 ; by  “ Siebenkas  ” in  1796-97 
(full  title,  “Blumen-,  Fruclit-,  und  Dornenstucke,  oder 
Ehestand,  Tod,  und  Hochzeit  des  Armenadvocaten  Sie- 
benkas ” : “ Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces,  or  Wedlock, 
Death,  and  Marriage  of  Siebenkas,  the  Advocate  of  the 
Poor  ") ; “Campanerthal”  (“The  Valley  of  Campan,”  1797); 
“Titan  " (1800-03),  “Die  Flegeljahre”  (“The  Awkward 
Age,”  1804-06),  considered  his  best  work;  “Reise  des 
Feldpredigers  Schmelzle  nach  Fliiz  ” (“Journey  of  Field- 
Preacher  Schmelzle  to  Flaz  ”)  and  “ Dr.  Katzenbergers 
Badereise”  (“Dr.  Katzenberger’s  Journey  to  the  Water- 
ing-place ’’),  both  1809.  Besides  these  and  other  novels 
and  tales  he  wrote  “Vorschule  der  Aesthetik”  (“Prepar- 
atory Course  in  Esthetics, ”1804)  and  “Levana  oder  Erzie- 
hungslehre  ” (“Levana,  or  the  Theory  of  Education,”  1807). 
He  was  the  author  also  of  a number  of  essays  and  political 
pamphlets.  After  the  death  of  his  mother  he  left  Hof, 
lived  for  a time  in  Leipsic,  Jena,  and  Weimar,  and  subse- 
quently in  Gotha,  Hildburghausen,  and,  in  1801,  in  Berlin, 
where  he  married.  Afterward  he  lived  in  Meiningen,  in 
Coburg,  and  finally  in  Bayreuth,  where  he  was  made  coun- 
selor of  legation  and  the  recipient  of  a government  pen- 
sion, and  where  he  died.  He  is  best  known  as  a writer 
under  his  pseudonym  Jean  Paul.  A complete  edition  of 
his  works  was  published  at  Berlin,  in  1879,  in  60  vols. 
Ricimer  (ris'i-mer).  Died  Aug.  18,  472.  A Ro- 
man commander.  He  was  the  son  of  a Suevic  chief 
by  a daughter  of  Wallia,  king  of  the  West  Goths ; was  edu- 
cated at  thecourtof  the  emperor  Valentinian  III.;  and  rose 
to  high  command  in  the  Roman  army.  He  defeated  the 
Vandals  in  a decisive  naval  battle  off  Corsica  in  456.  In  the 
same  year  be  deposed  the  emperor  Avitus,  and  in  457 
caused  himself  to  be  created  patrician.  Under  this  title 
he  ruled  the  Western  Empire  until  his  death,  making  and 
unmaking  emperors  at  his  pleasure,  but  fearing  to  assume 
the  purple  himself  on  account  of  his  barbaric  origin. 

Rickarees.  See  Ankara. 

Ricketts  (rik'ets),  James  Brewerton.  Born  at 
New  York,  June  21, 1817 : died  at  Washington, 
D.  0.,  Sept.  22.  1887.  An  American  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1839 ; served  in  the  Mexican 
war ; was  appointed  a brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 


Ricketts 

1861 ; and  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  from  the  first, 
battle  of  Bull  Run  to  the  siege  of  Petersburg  (1864).  He 
was  brevetted  major-general  in  the  regular  army  in  1865. 

Rico  (re'ko),  Martin.  Born  at  Madrid  : died 
in  April,  1908.  A Spanish  painter.  He  was  a pupil 
of  Madrazo,  and  later  studied  in  Rome  and  Paris.  Most  of 
his  paintings  are  architectural,  they  include  many  Vene- 
tian scenes.  He  received  the  distinction  of  the  Legion  of 
^ Houor  in  1878. 

Riddell  (rid'l),  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Eliza  Lawson 
Cowan).  Born  Sept.  30,  1832:  died  Sept.  24, 
1906.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of  James 
Cowan,  of  Carrickfergus,  Ireland.  She  married  J. 
H.  Riddell  in  1857,  and  became  co-proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  “St.  James’s  Magazine”  in  1867.  She  published  some 
of  her  earlier  novels  under  the  pseudonym  of  “ F.  G.  Traf- 
ford.”  She  wrote  “Far  above  Rubies,"  “George  Geith,” 
“ The  Ruling  Passion,”  “ The  Senior  Partner,’  “ A Struggle 
for  Fame,”  “Miss  Gascoigne,”  “Idle  Tales,”  etc. 

Riddle  (rill'll,  George.  Born  at.  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Sept.  22,  1851 : died  at  Boston,  Nov.  26, 
1910.  An  American  elocutionist.  He  appeared  as 
(Edipus  in  the  “ (Edipus  Tyrannus  " given  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity in  1881." 

Riddle,  George  Reade.  Born  at  Newcastle, 
Del.,  1817 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  March, 
1867.  An  American  politician.  He  was  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Delaware  1851-55,  and 
United  States  senator  1864-67. 

Riddle,  Joseph  Esmond.  Born  about  1804 : died 
at  Cheltenham,  Aug.  27,1859.  AnEnglish  clergy- 
man and  scholar,  a graduate  of  Oxford.  He  was 
associated  with  Arnold  and  White  in  the  preparation  of 
Latin-English  dictionaries. 

Rideau  Lake  (re-do'  lak).  A lake  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ontario,  Canada,  45  miles  southwest  of 
Ottawa.  It  communicates  by  the  Rideau  Canal 
with  the  Ottawa  River  and  Lake  Ontario. 
Riderhood  (ri'der-hud),  Pleasant.  In  Dickens’s 
novel  “Our  Mutual  Friend,”  Rogue  Riderhood’ s 
daughter.  “Upon  the  smallest  of  small  scales  she  was 
an  unlicensed  pawnbroker,  keeping  what  was  popularly 
called  a leaving-shop.” 

Riderhood,  Roger  or  Rogue.  Iu  Dickens’s 
novel  “ Our  Mutual  Friend,”  a river-thief  and 
longshoreman,  the  accuser  of  Gaffer  Hexam. 
Afterward  a lock-keeper,  he  was  drowned  in  the 
lock  in  a struggle  with  Bradley  Headstone. 
Ridinger,  or  Riedinger  (re'ding-er),  Johann 
Elias.  Born  at  Ulm,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  15, 
1695 : died  at  Augsburg,  April  10, 1767.  A Ger- 
man artist,  especially  noted  for  his  drawings 
and  etchings  of  wild  animals. 

Ridley  (rid'li),  Nicholas.  Born  ill  Northum- 
berland, England,  about  1500:  burned  at  Ox- 
ford, Oct.  16,  1555.  An  English  bishop  and 
Protestant  martyr.  He  was  chaplain  to  Cranmer  and 
Henry  VIII.,  and  sided  with  the  Reformation.  He  be- 
came bishop  of  Rochester  in  1547,  and  of  London  in  1550. 
He  was  arrested  under  Mary  in  1553  and  1555,  and  con- 
demned to  death  for  heresy.  See  Latimer. 

Riduna  (ri-du'na).  The  Roman  name  of  Al- 
derney. 

Ried  (ret).  A town  in  Upper  Austria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  38  miles  west  of  Linz.  A treaty  was  con- 
cluded here  between  Austria  and  Bavaria  Oct.  3,  1813, 
whereby  Bavaria  joined  the  alliance  against  Napoleon. 
Population,  2,840,  (1910). 

Riedel  (re'del),  August.  Born  at  Bayreuth, 
Bavaria,  Dec.  27,  1799:  died  at  Rome,  Aug. 
8,  1883.  A German  painter,  professor  at  the 
Academy  of  San  Luca  at  Rome. 

Riedesel  (re'de-zel),  Baron  Friedrich  Adolph 
von.  Born  at  Lauterbach,  Hesse,  June  3, 1738: 
died  at  Brunswick,  Jan.  6,  1800.  A German  ma- 
jor-general, commander  of  the  Brunswick  con- 
tingent of  the  British  forces  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War.  He  served  at  Ticonderoga  and  at  Hubbard- 
ton,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Saratoga  Oct.  17, 1777.  He 
was  exchanged  in  1779,  and  commanded  on  Long  Island 
1779-80.  Hi9  wife  (1746-1808)  accompanied  him  in  his 
American  campaigns.  Her  “Letters”  (1800)  were  trans- 
lated by  W.  L.  Stone  (1867);  and  his  “Memoirs,  Letters, 
etc.”  were  translated  by  Stone  (1868). 

Riego  y Nunez  (re-a'go  e non'yeth),  Rafael 
del.  Bom  at  Oviedo,  Spain,  Oct.  24,  1785 : 
executed  at  Madrid,  Nov.  7,  1823.  A Spanish 
general  and  patriot.  He  served  against  Napoleon ; 
was  leader  of  the  revolution  in  southern  Spain  Jan.  1, 
1820 ; was  president  of  the  Cortes ; and  was  taken  prisoner 
in  the  French  invasion  of  1823,  and  put  to  death  as  a 
traitor. 

Riehl  (rel),  Wilhelm  Heinrich.  Born  at  Bie- 
brich  on  the  Rhine,  May  6, 1823 : died  Nov.  16, 
1897.  A German  novelist  and  historical  writer. 
His  father  was  custodian  of  the  castle  at  Biebrich.  He 
studied  theology  at  Marburg,  Tubingen,  and  Giessen, 
and  subsequently  the  history  of  culture  at  Bonn.  For 
the  next  ten  years  he  was  engaged  in  journalistic  work  in 
turn  at  Frankfort,  Karlsruhe,  and  Wiesbaden.  In  1853 
he  was  made  professor  of  political  economy  at  the 
University  of  Munich,  and  in  1859  professor  of  the  his- 
tory of  culture.  He  was  ennobled  in  1880.  In  1885  he 
was  made  director  of  the  Bavarian  National  Museum.  His 
literary  work  was  almost  wholly  in  the  direction  of  the 
history  of  culture.  From  1851  to  1855  appeared  “Na- 
turgesehichte  des  Volks  als  Grundlage  einer  deutschen 


806 

Social-rolitik  (“Natural  History ol thePeopleas theFoun- 
dation  of  a German  Social-Political  System, ”3parts)  ;“Mu- 
sikalische  Charakterkopfe”  (“Musical  Character  Stud- 
ies,” 1852-78,  3 vols.);  “KultufgeschichtUche  Novellen” 
( ‘Stories  in  the  History  of  Culture,”  1856) ; "Die  Pfalzer” 
( “ The  People  of  the  Palatinate,  ”1857) ; “ Kulturstudien  aus 
drei  Jahrhunderten  ’(“Culture  Studies  from  Three  Centu- 
ries,” 1859)  ; “Geschichten  aus  alter  Zeit”(“  Stories  of  Old 
Times,”  1862-64,  2 vols.) ; “ Neues  Novellenbuch ” (“  New 
Story-Book,"  1867);  “Freie  Vortrage  ’’  (“  Impromptu  Lec- 
tures,” 1873-85,  2 vols.):  three  volumes  of  “Novellen” 
(‘'Stories”)  from  1875,  1880,  and  1888 ; “ Kuiturgeschicht- 
liche  Charakterkopfe  ’’  (“  Character  Studies  in  the  History 
of  Culture,”  1891). 

Riel  (re-el'),  Louis.  Born  in  Manitoba,  Oct. 
23,  1844:  executed  at  Regina,  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory, Nov.  16,  1885.  A Canadian  half-breed, 
leader  of  the  Red  River  rebellion  of  1869-70 
(which  was  suppressed  by  Wolseley),  and  of 
the  rebellion  of  1885  (which  was  put  down  by 
Middleton). 

Riemann  (re'miiu),  Georg  Friedrich  Bern- 
hard.  Born  at  Breselenz.  near  Dannenberg, 
Hannover,  Sept.  17,  1826:  died  at  Selasca, 
Lago  di  Maggiore,  July  20, 1866.  A noted  Ger- 
man mathematician,  professor  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Gottingen  from  1857.  His  collected 
works  were  published  by  H.  Weber  (1876). 

Rienzi  (re-en'ze).  1.  A tragedy  by  Miss  Mit- 
ford,  published  in  1828. — 2.  A historical  novel 
by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1835. — 3.  An 
opera  by  Wagner,  first  produced  at  Dresden  in 
1842. 

Rienzi(re-en'ze),  or  Rienzo  (re-en'zo),  Cola  di. 
Born  at  Rome  about  1313:  killed  at  Rome,  Oct. 
8,1354.  An  Italian  patriot.  He  was  in  1343  employed 
on  a mission  to  the  Pope  at  Avignon,  by  whom  he  was 
made  a notary  of  the  apostolic  chamber.  In  1347  he  led  a 
revolution  at  Rome  which  overthrew  the  power  of  the 
aristocracy,  and  introduced  beneficial  reforms  in  the  gov- 
ernment. He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  municipality 
under  the  title  of  tribune  of  the  people,  and  received  the 
recognition  of  Clement  VI.  He  became  intoxicated  with 
success,  and  his  arrogant  and  arbitrary  conduct  alienated 
the  populace,  while  his  visionary  plans  for  the  restoration 
of  the  universal  dominion  of  the  city  brought  him  into 
conflict  with  the  papacy.  He  was  expelled  in  1348.  Here- 
turned  in  1354  at  the  instance  of  Innocent  VI.,  who  sought 
to  recover  control  of  the  city  through  his  instrumentality. 
His  conduct,  however,  provoked  a riot  in  which  he  was 
killed. 

Ries  (res),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Bonn,  Prussia, 
Nov.  29,  1784:  died  at  Frankfort,  Jan.  14, 1838. 
A German  pianist  and  composer,  a pupil  of 
Beethoven. 

Riesengebirge(re'zen-ge-ber//ge).  [G.,  ‘giants’ 
mountains.’]  A range  of  the  Sudetic  Mountain  s, 
on  the  boundary  of  Bohemia  and  Prussian  Sile- 
sia. They  are  the  highest  mountains  in  northern  Ger- 
many, and  are  noted  for  their  picturesque  scenery  and  in 
legend.  Length,  23  miles.  Highest  point,  the  Schneekoppe 
(6,265  feet). 

Riesi  (re-a'se).  A town  in  the  province  of  Cal- 
tanissetta,  Sicily,  54  miles  west  by  south  of 
Catania.  Population,  14,944. 

Rieti  (re-a'te).  A cathedral  city  in  the  province 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Velino  42 
miles  northeast  of  Rome  : the  ancient  Reate. 
It  was  an  ancient  Sabine  town.  Its  vicinity  was  famous 
for  it3  fertility.  Pop.,  town,  14,446 ; commune,  17,977. 

Rietschel  (ret'shel),  Ernst  Friedrich  August. 

Born  at  Pulsnitz,  Saxony,  Dec.  15,  1804 : died 
at  Dresden,  Feb.  21,  1861.  A noted  German 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  Goethe  and  Schiller 
(Weimar),  Lessing  (Brunswick),  Pi  eta  (Potsdam),  Luther 
(Worms),  etc. 

Rietz  (rets),  Julius.  Born  at  Berlin,  Dee.  28, 
1812:  died  at  Dresden,  Sept.  12,  1877.  A Ger- 
man composer,  conductor,  violoncellist,  and 
musical  editor. 

Rif  (ref),  or  Riff  (rif),  or  Er  Rif  (er  ref).  A range 
of  mountains  in  northern  Morocco,  nearly  par- 
allel with  the  Mediterranean  coast.  The  aggres- 
sions  of  its  inhabitants,  the  Riffians,  led  to  complications 
bet  ween  Spain  and  Morocco  in  1893,  and  to  war  with  Spain 
1909-11. 

Riffelberg  (rif'fel-berG).  A noted  height  south 
of  Zermatt  in  the  Alps  of  Valais,  Switzerland. 

Height,  at  the  Riffel  Hotel  on  the  summit,  8,430  feet. 

Riffis  (rif'iz),  or  Riffians  (rif'i-anz).  The  in- 
habitants of  the  Rif  mountains.  See  Rif. 

Riga(re'ga).  [Russ.  Riga,  Lett. RtVfpe,  Esthonian 
Ria-lin.']  A seaport,  capital  of  the  government  of 
Livonia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Diina,  near  its 
month,  inlat.  56° 57'  N.,  long.  24°8'  E.  Itisoneof 
the  chief  cities  in  Russia  in  commerce  and  population ; ex- 
ports flax,  hemp,  linseed,  timber,  grain,  etc. ; and  has  manu- 
factures of  machinery,  woolens,  cigars,  etc.  The  cathedral 
(with  one  of  the  largest  organs  in  the  world)  and  the  castle 
are  notable.  Riga  was  settled  by  Bishop  Albert  of  Livonia 
in  1201;  was  ruled  by  the  bishops  and  by  the  Knights 
Sword-bearers  (who  coalesced  with  the  Teutonic  Order  in 
1237) ; passed  to  Poland  in  1561 ; was  taken  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus  in  1621;  and  was  finally  taken  and  annexed  by 
Russia  in  1710.  Population,  with  suburbs,  315,300. 

Riga,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  north 


Rikwa 

of  Corn-land  and  west  of  Livonia.  Length, 
about  115  miles. 

Rigas  (re'gas),  Konstantinos.  Born  about  1753: 
executed  1798.  A Greek  patriot  and  poet. 

Rigaud  (re-go').  A character  in  Dickens’s  “Lit- 
tle Dorrit,”  a sinister-looking,  sharp,  murderous 
criminal,  formerly  a convict  in  Marseilles: 
otherwise  Blandois,  otherwise  Lagnier.  His 
“ moustache  went  up  and  his  nose  went  down.” 

Rigaud,  Hyacinthe.  Born  at  Perpignan, 
France,  July  20,  1659:  died  Dee.  27,  1743.  A 
French  portrait-painter. 

Rigault  de  Genouilly  (re-go'  de  zhno-ye'), 
Charles.  Born  at  Rochefort,  France,  April  12, 
1807 : died  at  Paris,  May  14,  1873.  A French 
admiral  and  politician.  He  served  in  the  Crimean 
and  Chinese  wars,  and  was  minister  of  marine  under  Na- 
poleon III.  1867-70. 

Rigdon  (rig'don),  Sidney.  Born  in  St.  Clair 
township,  Allegheny  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  19, 
1793:  died  at  Friendship,  N.  Y.,  July  14,  1876. 
All  American  Mormon.  He  was  associated  with  Jo. 
seph  Smith  about  1829,  and  was  collaborator  with  him  in 
publishing  the  “ Book  of  Mormon.” 

Rigdumfunnidos  (rig'dum-fun'i-dos).  A lord 
in  waiting  at  the  court  of  Chrononhotonthol- 
ogos,  in  Carey’s  burlesque  of  that  name.  Scott 
gave  this  name  to  John  Ballantyne,  his  printer,  as  being 
more  mercurial  than  his  brother.  See  Aldiborontephos- 
cophornio. 

Rigel  (re'jel  or  ri'jel).  [Ar.  rijl-al-jausd , the 
leg  of  the  giant.]  The  brilliant  white  double 
first-magnitude  star  (3  Orionis.  The  same  name 
(then,  however,  more  usually  spelled  Rigil)  is  also  some- 
times given  to  Centauri. 

Rigg  (rig),  James  Harrison.  Born  at  Newcas- 
tle-on-Tyne,  1821:  died  April  18,  1909.  An  Eng- 
lish Wesleyan  clergyman.  He  became  principal  of 
tile  Wesleyan  Training  College  in  1868,  and  was  president 
of  the  Wesleyan  Conference  in  1878.  He  published  “ The 
Churchmanship  of  John  Wesley  and  Wesleyan  Metho- 
dism ’’  (1868),  “ A Comparative  View  of  Church  Organiza- 
tions ” (1887),  etc. 

RiggS  (rigz),  Elias.  Born  Nov.  10,  1810  : died 
Jan.  17,  1901.  An  American  missionary.  He 
graduated  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in  1832, 
and  was  a missionary  at  Constantinople  from  1853.  He 
published  “Manual  of  the  Chaldee  Language"  (1832), 
etc. 

Riggs,  Stephen  Return.  Born  at  Steubenville, 
Ohio,  March  23,  1812:  died  at  Beloit, Wis.,  Aug. 
24,  1883.  An  American  missionary  among  the 
Dakota  Indians.  He  published  various  works  on  the 
Dakotas  and  their  language,  including  “Grammar  and  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Dakota  Language  ” (1862). 

Righi.  See  Rigi. 

Right  (rit),  Captain.  A fictitious  title  borne 
by  an  insurgent  leader  whom  the  peasants  of 
Ireland  in  the  18th  century  were  sworn  to  obey. 

Right,  Petition  of.  See  Petition  of  Right. 

Rightful  Heir,  The.  A play  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 
produced  in  1869. 

Rights,  Bill  of.  1 . See  Declaration  of  Right. — 
2.  A statement  or  declaration  of  personal  rights 
in  the  constitution  of  a State  of  the  American 
Union,  incorporated  in  the  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Rights  of  Man,  The.  A work  by  Thomas  Paine, 
published  in  1791 : a reply  to  Burke’s  “ Reflec- 
tions on  the  Revolution  in  France.” 

Rigi,  or  Righi  (re'gi).  A mountain  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  cantons  of  Lucerne  and  Schwyz, 
Switzerland,  situated  north  of  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne and  south  of  the  Lake  of  Zug,  8 miles  east 
of  Lucerne.  Isolated  in  position,  it  is  famous  for  its 
extensive  view  (300  miles  in  circumference).  It  is  a noted 
tourist  resort,  reached  by  rack-and -pinion  railways  from 
Arth  and  Vitznau.  Highest  point,  the  Rigi-Kulm  (5,905 
feet). 

Rigi,  Bavarian.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Peissenberg,  south  of  the  Ammersee. 

Rigi  of  Upper  Swabia.  A name  given  to  the 
Griinten,  Bavaria,  on  account  of  its  extensive 
view. 

Rigolets  (re-go-la')  Pass.  A strait  in  eastern 
Louisiana,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Pontchartrain 
into  Lake  Borgne  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Rigoletto(re-go-let'to).  An  opera  by  Verdi,  pro- 
duced at  Venice  in  1851. 

Rigveda.  See  Veda. 

Rigvidhana  (rg-vi-d-ha'na).  [Skt.,  lit.  ‘ar- 
rangement’ or  ‘disposition  of  the  Rik,’  or  Rig- 
veda.] A Sanskrit  work  treating  of  the  magic 
efficacy  of  the  recitation  of  the  hymns  of  the  Rig- 
veda. or  of  single  verses.  It  belongs  to  the  period  of 
the  Puranas.  It  has  been  edited  by  R.  Meyer,  Berlin, 

★ 1877. 

Riis  (res),  Jacob.  Born  at  Ribe,  Denmark,  May 
3, 1849.  A Danish-American  reporter  and  writer 
on  social  topics.  He  has  written  “How  the  Other 
Half  Lives”  (1890),  “Children  of  the  Poor”  (1892),  etc. 

Rikwa.  See  Wcitspekan. 


Riley,  Charles  Valentine 

Riley  (ri'li),  Charles  Valentine.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  18,  1843:  died  Sept.  14,  1895.  An 
Anglo-American  entomologist.  He  was  State 
entomologist  of  Missouri  1868-77,  when  he  was  appoint- 
ed chief  of  the  United  States  commission  to  investigate 
the  Rocky  Mountain  locust.  From  1881  to  1894  he  was 
head  of  the  entomological  division  of  the  department 
of  agriculture  at  Washington.  He  made  important  re- 
searches on  the  phylloxera,  the  potato-beetle,  cotton-worm, 

★etc- 

Riley,  Janies  Whitcomb.  Born  at  Greenfield, 
Ind.,  1854.  An  American  poet  and  dialect 
writer.  He  was  for  a time  engaged  in  journalism.  He 
first  published  under  the  pseudonym  “Benj.  F.  Johnson 
of  Boone.”  Among  his  works  are  “The  Old  Swimmin’ 
Hole,  etc."  (1883),  “Afterwhiles”  (1887),  “Character 
Sketches,  etc.”  (1887),  “Old-Fashioned  Roses,  etc."  (1888), 
“Pipes  o’  Pan,  etc. ’’ (1889),  “Green  Fields  and  Running 
Brooks”  (1893),  “Poems  Here  at  Home”  (1893),  etc. 

RilO-Dagh  (re-lo-diig').  A mountain  group  in 
southwestern  Bulgaria,  about  40  miles  south 
of  Sofia,  connecting  the  Rhodope  and  Balkan 
mountains.  Height,  about  8,775  feet. 
Rima-Szombat  (rim ' o - som ' bot),  G.  Gross- 
Steffelsdorf  (gros'stef'fels-dorf).  The  capital 
of  the  county  of  Gomor,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Rima  78  miles  northeast  of  Budapest.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,849. 

Rime  Of  Sir  Thopas.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “ Can- 
terbury Tales,”  a burlesque  on  the  metrical 
romances  of  the  day. 

Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner.  See  Ancient 

Mariner . 

Rimini  (re'me-ne).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Forli,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  in  lat. 
44°  4'  N. , long.  12°  34'  E. : the  ancient  Ariminum. 
It  has  silk  manufactures,  and  there  is  sea-bathing  in  the 
neighborhood.  The  cathedral  was  built  in  the  14th  and 
renovated  in  the  15th  century.  There  are  notable  Roman 
antiquities,  including  an  amphitheater  and  a triumphal 
arch.  The  bridge  of  Augustus,  across  the  Marecchia,  is 
one  of  the  most  perfect  of  ancient  bridges.  It  is  built  of 
marble  in  five  arches,  with  a square  pedimented  niche  in 
every  pier.  It  is  236  feet  long  and  14.7  wide,  and  the  span 
of  the  central  arch  is  34  feet.  The  place  was  atown  of  the 
^Jmbriana,  laterof  the  Etruscans,  and  then  of  the  Senones ; 
was  made  a Roman  colony  about  268  B.  c.;  was  the  termi- 
nus of  the  Flaminian  and  .Emilian  ways ; and  was  the 
starting-point  of  Julius  Caesar  in  the  civil  war  49  B.  C.  It 
was  an  important  imperial  city  ; was  later  subjected  to  the 
exarchate,  and  one  of  the  cities  forming  the  Pentapolis ; 
and  came  under  the  rule  of  the  Malatesta  family  in  the  first 
part  of  the  13th  century.  Its  most  noted  ruler  was  Sigis- 
mondo  Malatesta  (15th  century).  It  passed  definitely  to 
the  Papal  States  in  1528,  and  was  annexed  to  Italy  in  1860. 
Population,  town,  10,090 ; commune,  43,203. 

Rimini,  Francesca  da.  See  Francesca  da  Ri- 
mini. 

Rimini,  Story  of.  A poem  by  Leigh  Hunt,  pub- 
lished in  1816. 

Rimmer  (rim'er),  William.  Born  at  Liverpool, 
England,  Feb.  20,  1816:  died  at  South  Milford, 
Mass.,  Aug.  20,  1879.  An  American  sculptor, 
painter,  and  art  anatomist.  His  father,  a French 
refugee,  whose  name,  Thomas  Rimmer,  was  assumed,  set- 
tled in  Boston  as  a shoemaker  in  1826.  Before  1845  Rim- 
mer commenced  the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  1855  began  to 
practise  it  at  East  Milton , Massachusetts,  painting  portraits 
and  religious  pictures  as  occasion  offered.  He  carved  the 
“Head  of  St.  Stephen  "in  1861,  and  modeled  the  “ Falling 
Gladiator."  In  1864  he  executed  a statue  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  and  immediately  afterward  the  “Osiris,"  his 
favorite  work.  The  “Dying  Centaur”  was  made  about 
1871,  and  the  “Fighting  Lions ” (presented  to  the  Boston 
Art  Club)  at  the  same  time.  He  published"  Art  Anatomy” 
in  1877.  From  1876  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  sculp- 
ture at  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston. 

Rimmon.  See  Ramman. 

Rimnik  (rem'nek).  A small  river  in  Rumania 
which  joins  the  Sereth  28  miles  west-northwest 
of  Galatz.  Near  it,  in  1789,  the  Russians  under 
Suvaroff  defeated  the  Turks. 

Rimouski  (re-mos-ke').  A watering-place, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Rimouski,  Quebec,  Can- 
ada, situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  45  miles  north- 
east of  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay. 

Rinaldo  (ri-nal'do).  [F.  Renaud.']  1.  A famous 
character  in  medieval  romance.  He  was  one  of  the 
four  sons  of  Aymon,  the  cousin  of  Orlando,  and  one  of  the 
bravest  of  the  knights  of  Charlemagne.  In  the  French  ro- 
mances he  is  known  as  Renaud,  or  Regnault,  or  Renaud 
do  Montauban.  The  last  is  the  title  of  a chanson  de  geste 
attributed  to  Huon  de  Villeneuve,  devoted  to  an  account 
of  his  adventures.  It  was  to  Renaud  or  Rinaldo  that  the 
famous  horse  Bayard  was  given.  See  Quatre  Fils  Aymon. 
2.  A steward  in  Shakspere’s  “ All ’s  Well  that 
Ends  Well.” 

Rinaldo  and  Armida.  A tragedy  ( from  Tasso’s 
“ Gerusalemme  Liberata”)  by  John  Dennis, 
produced  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields  in  1699. 
Rinaldo  Rinaldini  (re-niil'do  re-nal-de'ne).  A 
romance  by  Vulpius,  published  in  1797. 

Rind  (rind).  In  Norse  mythology,  one  of  the 
wives  of  Odin,  personifying  the  crust  of  the 
earth. 

Rinehart  (rin'hart), William  Henry.  Bom  in 


857 

Maryland,  Sept.  13, 1825  : died  at  Rome,  Oct.  28, 
187 4.  An  American  sculptor,  resident  at  Rome 
after  1858.  He  completed  Crawford’s  bronze  doors  (at 
Washington).  Among  his  other  works  are  “Clytie  "(in 
Baltimore),  “Love  Reconciled  with  Death  ” (Baltimore), 
“ Woman  of  Samaria,"  “Latona  and  her  Children,"  etc. 
Ring  and  the  Book,  The.  A poem  by  Robert 
Browning,  published  in  1869. 

Ring  des  Nibelungen  (ringdes  ne'be-long-en), 
Der.  [G.,  ‘The  Ring  of  the  Nibelung.’]  A 
sequence  of  four  musical  dramas  by  Wagner, 
first  played  together  at  Bayreuth  in  1876.  it  com- 
prises “ Das  Rheingold  ” (the  first  part  was  first  performed 
1869),  “Die  Walkure"  (1870),  “Siegfried  "(1876),  and  “Got- 
terdammerung  ’’  (1876).  It  has  very  little  in  common  with 
the  “Nibelungenlied,  being  based  on  the  Icelandic  sagas. 
Ringkjobing  (ring'che//bing)  Fjord.  A lagoon 
on  the  western  coast  of  Jutland,  Denmark,  com- 
municating with  the  North  Sea.  Length,  about 
20  miles. 

Rink  (ringk),  Henry  John.  Born  at  Copenhagen 
in  1819:  died  at  Christiania,  Norway,  Dec.,  1894. 
A Danish  naturalist  and  explorer.  He  went  round 
the  world  in  the  Galatea  in  1845,  and  in  1848  made  the  first 
of  thirty-eight  exploring  expeditions  to  Greenland.  He 
became  inspector  in  South  Greenland,  and  returned  to 
Denmark  as  director  of  the  Greenland  trade  in  1871.  He 
wrote  numerous  works  about  Greenland. 

Rink  (ringk),  Johann  Christian  Heinrich. 

Born  at  Elgersburg,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Feb. 
18,  1770:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Aug.  7,  1846.  A 
noted  German  composer  for  the  organ. 
Rinteln  (rin'teln).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser 
30  miles  west-southwest  of  Hannover.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  5,329. 

Rio.  A common  abbreviation  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Riobamba  (re-6-bam'ba).  A town  in  Ecuador, 
95  miles  south  of  Quito.  It  was  removed  from  its 
former  site  at  C’ajabamba  after  its  destruction  by  an  earth- 
quake in  1797.  Population,  about  18,000. 

Rio  Branco.  See  Branco. 

Rio  Branco,  Viscount  of.  See  Silva  Faranhos, 
Jose  Maria  da. 

Rio  Bravo  del  Norte.  See  Rio  Grande  del  Norte. 
Rio  Cuarto,  or  Concepcion  del  Rio  Cuarto 

(kon-thep-the-on'  del  re'o  ko-ar'to).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Cordoba,  Argentine  Republic, 
on  the  Rio  Cuarto  112  miles  south  of  Cdrdoba. 
Population,  about  14,000. 

Rio  de  Janeiro  (re'o  de  zha-na'ro),  often  called 
Rio.  [Pg-,‘  river  of  January,’ a name  applied  to 
the  bay,  in  allusion  to  th  e date  of  its  discovery.  ] 
The  capital,  largest  city,  and  most  important 
port  and  commercial  center  of  Brazil,  situated 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Bav  of  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro, in  lat.  22°  54'  S.,  long.  43°  8'  W.  With 
its  beautiful  suburbs  it  nearly  surrounds  a 
group  of  mountains.  The  city  contains  nu- 
merous public  institutions,  including  libraries, 
a museum,  observatory,  navy-yard,  large 
hospitals,  etc.  The  leading  export  is  coffee. 
Epidemics  of  yellow  fever  have  occurred  in  the 
summer  months  (Oct. -May).  The  city,  with 
its  environs,  forms  the  federal  district.  The 
district  is  governed  by  a prefect,  assisted 
by  a council.  Area,  538  square  miles. 
The  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  was  discovered  and  named 
Jan.  1,  1516.  In  1555  Villegaignon  established  a col- 
ony of  French  Protestants  on  the  island  which  still 
bears  his  name ; they  were  driven  out  in  1567  by  the 
Portuguese, who  then  founded  the  city  of  Sao  Sebastiao, 
or  Rio  de  Janeiro.  In  1762  it  was  made  the  capital 
of  the  state  of  Brazil,  to  which  Maranhao(northern  Brazil) 
was  attached  in  1774.  It  was  the  residence  of  the  Portu- 
guese court  1808-21,  and  became  the  capital  of  the  empire 
of  Brazil  in  1822.  Until  1834  it  was  also  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  revolution  of  1889  oc- 
curred here,  and  in  1893  the  city  was  bombarded  during 
the  naval  rebellion.  Population,  federal  district,  811,443. 

Rio  de  Janeiro.  A maritime  state  of  Brazil, 
lying  south  of  Minas  Geraes.  Capital,  Nicthe- 
roy.  Area,  26,634  square  miles.  Population, 
excluding  the  Municipio  Neutro  which  it  sur- 
rounds, 926,035. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bay  of.  A bay  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  the  port  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  one  of  the 
finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  is  noted  for  its  beauty. 
Length,  about  17  miles. 

Rio  de  la  Plata  (re'o  da  la  pla'ta),  or  La  Plata, 
or  Plate  (plat).  [Sp., ‘river  of  silver.’]  An 
estuary  between  Uruguay  and  the  Argentine  Re- 
public. It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Uruguay  and  the 
combined  Parani  and  Paraguay,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
about  lat.  35°  S.  The  cities  Buenos  Ayres  and  Montevideo 
stand  on  it.  Length,  about  150  miles.  The  name  is  also 
given  to  the  river-system  finding  its  outlet  in  this  estuary. 
Compare  Parana  and  Paraguay. 

RlO  de  la  Plata.  A colonial  division  of  Span- 
ish South  America,  at  first  called  a territory 
(gobernacion),  and  later  a province,  it.  was  sep- 
arated from  Paraguay  in  1620,  Buenos  Ayres  being  made 
the  capital  and  the  seat  of  a bishop.  It  was  the  basis  of  the 


Rio  Negro.  Captaincy  of 

modern  Argentine  Republic, but  embraced  only  the  modern 
provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  Entre  Rios,  with  Uruguay; 
the  northeastern  portion  of  the  present  republic  was  at- 
tached to  Paraguay,  the  western  part  to  Chile;  Patagonia 
was  unexplored,  and  Cdrdoba  and  Santa  Fd  (later  the  prov- 
ince of  Tucuman)  were  a part  of  Charcas.  The  governor 
of  Rio  de  la  Plata  was  subject  to  the  viceroy  of  Peru.  Id 
1661  an  audience  or  high  court  was  established  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  thereafter  the  governor  was  president  of  the 
audience  with  the  title  of  captain  general.  Thisarrange- 
mentcontinued  until  the  province  was  merged  in  the  vice- 
royalty of  La  Plata  in  1776. 

Rio  Grande  (re'o  gran'da).  [Sp.  and  Pg.,  ‘great 
river.’]  A name  designating  various  rivers  in 
regions  discovered  by  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese. (a)  A river  in  Senegambia  which  Bows  into  the 
Atlantic  about  lat.  11°  45'  N.  Estimated  length,  about  300 
miles.  (6)  One  of  the  chief  head  streams  of  the  river  Parani 
in  Brazil.  It  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  states 
of  Minas  Geraes  and  Sao  Paulo,  and  unites  with  the  Para- 
naliyba  about  lat.  19°  S.  Length,  over  600  miles.  Also 
called  the  Para,  (c)  The  name  given  to  the  upper  part  of 
the  Araguaya,  (d)  One  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Mam  ore, 
in  Bolivia.  Also  called  the  Guapey.  (e)  The  Rio  Grande 
del  Norte. 

Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (del  nor'ta),  or  Rio 
Bravo  del  Norte  (re'o  bra'vo  del  nor'ta),  or 
Rio  Grande  (often  pronounced  in  the  United 
States  re'o  grand').  [Sp.,‘  great  river  (or  fine 
river)  of  the  north.’]  A river  in  North  America. 
It  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  southwestern  Colorado, 
traverses  New  Mexico  from  north  to  south,  forms  the  boun- 
dary between  Mexico  and  Texas,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  below  Matamoros.  The  chief  tributary  is  the 
Pecos.  Length,  estimated,  about  1,800  miles ; navigable 
(for  small  boats  only)  to  Kingsbury  Rapids  (about  450 
miles). 

Rio  Grande  de  Santiago  (da  san-te-a'go).  A 
river  in  Mexico,  principally  in  Jalisco,  which 
flows  into  the  Pacific  about  lat.  21°  40'  N.  It 
is  called  in  its  upper  course  the  Rio  de  Lerma. 
Length,  about  500  miles. 

Rio  Grande  do  Belmonte.  See  Jequitinhonha. 
Rio  Grande  do  Norte  (do  nor'te).  [Pg., ‘great 
river  of  the  north.']  A maritime  state  of  Bra- 
zil, lying  north  of  Parahyba.  Capital,  NataL 
Area,  22,195  squaremiles.  Population,  274,317. 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul  (do  sol).  [Pg.,  ‘ great  river 
of  the  south.’]  The  outlet  of  the  Lagoa  dos 
Patos,  Brazil,  near  lat.  32°  8'  S.  Length,  about 
50  miles. 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  formerly  Sao  Pedro  do 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  which  was  often  abbrevi- 
ated to  Sao  Pedro.  1.  The  southernmost  state 
of  Brazil.  It  borders  on  the  Atlantic,  Uruguay,  and  the 
Argentine  Republic,  and  contains  various  successful  Ger- 
man and  Italian  colonies.  Area,  91,333  square  miles. 
Population,  1,149,070. 

2.  A seaport  in  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
situated  on  the  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  in  lat.  32° 

5.,  long.  52°  8'  W.  It  is  the  chief  port  in  the  state, 
and  exports  hides,  dried  meat,  tallow,  etc.  Population, 
29,492. 

Rioja  (re-o'Hii),  La.  1.  A province  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
bordering  for  a short  distance  on  Chile.  Area, 
34,546  square  miles.  Population,  86,851.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Rioja,  near  lat. 
29°  19'  S.,  long.  67°  10'  W.  Population,  about 

10.000. 

Rioja,  La.  A fertile  plain  in  the  province  of 
Logrono,  Spain,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Ebro. 

Riom  (ryon' ).  A town  in  the  department  of  Puy- 
de-Dome,  France,  situated  on  the  Ambfene  9 
miles  north  of  Clermont-Ferrand.  It  has  consid- 
erable trade  ; was  formerly  the  capital  of  Auvergne ; and 
contains  several  old  churches.  Population,  10,627. 

Rion  (re-on'),  or  Rioni  (re-6'ne).  A river  in 
Transcaucasia,  Russia,  which  flows  into  the 
Black  Sea  39  miles  north  of  Batum : the  ancient 
Phasis.  Legend  connects  it  with  the  expedition  of  the 
Argonauts,  and  it  was  on  the  line  of  traffic  between  Europe 
and  Asia  from  very  early  times.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
Rio  Negro  (re'o  na'gro).  [Pg.,  ‘ black  river.’] 
A river  in  South  America,  it  rises  in  Colombia 
(region  also  claimed  by  Venezuela);  flows  through  northern 
Brazil ; and  joins  the  Amazon  about  75  miles  west  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Madeira  (lat.  3°  9'  S.,  long.  59°  58'  W.).  In 
its  upper  course  it  is  called  the  Guaynia.  It  communicates 
by  the  Cassiquiare  with  the  Orinoco.  The  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Uapbs  and  Branco.  Length,  about  1,350  miles ; 
navigable  for  600  miles,  and,  after  passing  20  miles  of 
rapids,  for  a long  distance  beyond. 

RlO  Negro.  A river  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
rising  in  the  Andes  and  flowing  east-southeast 
to  the  Atlantic,  which  it  reaches  near  lat.  41°  S. 
Most  of  its  course  lies  within  the  territory  of  Rio  Negro. 
Length,  about  660  miles ; the  greater  part  is  said  to  be  nav- 
igable. 

Rio  Negro,  or  Sao  Jos6  do  Rio  Negro  (soun 
zho-za'  do  re'ij  na'gro),  Captaincy  of.  A colo- 
nial division  of  Brazil,  created  in  1759,  and  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  present  state  of 
Amazonas,  It  was  called  at  first  Sao  Jos6  do  Javary. 


Rio  Negro,  Captaincy  of 

It  was  united  to  the  province  of  Pari  in  1822,  and  again 
separated  as  the  province  of  Amazonas  in  1852  (by  decree 
of  1850). 

Rios  (re'os),  Jos6  Amador  de  los.  Born  at 
Baena,  Spain,  May  1, 1818:  died  at  Seville,  Feb. 
17, 1878.  A Spanish  historian,  professor  of  lit- 
erature at  the  University  of  Madrid.  He  wrote 
“ Historia  critica  de  la  literatura  espanola  ” 
(1861-67),  etc. 

Rio  Seco  (re'5  sa'ko)  [Sp.,  ‘dry  river’],  or 

Medina  del  Rio  Seco.  See  Medina  de  Bio 
Seco. 

Rio  Tinto  ( ten'to).  [Sp. , ‘ colored  (or red)river.’] 
A mining  town  in  the  province  of  Huelva,  Spain, 
46  miles  northwest  of  Seville.  Population, 
11,603. 

Riouw.  See  Bhio. 

Rio  Vermejo.  See  Vermejo. 

Ripley  (ripTi).  A town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 10  miles  north  by  east  of  Derby.  Popu- 
lation, 10,111. 

Ripley,  Eleazar  Wheelock.  Born  at  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  April  15, 1782:  died  in  Louisiana,  March 
2,  1839.  An  American  general  and  politician. 
He  served  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  at  the  battles  of  Chip- 
pewa, Niagara,  and  Fort  Erie  in  1814.  He  was  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1835-39. 

Ripley,  George.  Born  at  Greenfield,  Mass., 
Oct.  3,  1802:  died  at  New  York,  July  4,  1880. 
An  American  critic  and  scholar.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1823,  and  was  settled  as  a Unitarian  clergyman 
in  Boston.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Transcenden- 
talists,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Dial,"  and  one  of  the 
chief  promoters  of  the  Brook  Farm  experiment.  In  1819 
he  became  literary  critic  for  the  New  York  ‘‘Tribune"; 
and  was  joint  editor  with  C.  A.  Dana  of  the  “New  Ameri- 
can Cyclopaedia  ” 1857-63,  and  of  the  revised  edition  1873- 
1876. 

Ripley,  Mount.  A peak  in  the  Coast  Range, 
California,  about  lat.  39°  N.  Height,  about 
7,500  feet. 

Ripon  (rip'on).  A city  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Skell  with  the  Ure,  22  miles  northwest  of 
York.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
woolens  and  spurs.  The  cathedral  was  builtbetween  the 
12th  and  the  15th  century.  The  interior  forms  a pictur- 
esque mass,  with  its  low  square  tower  at  the  crossing,  and 
the  2 towers  Hanking  the  west  front.  The  fagade  has  3 
recessed  canopied  doors,  which  are  surmounted  by  2 tiers 
of  6 lancets,  and  3 small  lancets  adorn  the  upper  part  of  the 
gable.  The  interior  is  very  plain.  The  nave  is  for  the 
most  part  Perpendicular.  The  choir  is  walled  in  by  a 
sculptured  Perpendicular  screen.  The  large  Decorated 
east  window  is  handsome,  as  are  the  15th-century  stalls. 
The  crypt,  dating  from  the  7th  century,  is  one  of  the  only 
two  Saxon  crypts  surviving  in  England.  The  cathedral 
measures  270  by  87  feet.  Population,  8,230. 

Ripon,  Earls  and  Marquis  of.  See  Bobinson. 
Ripon,  Treaty  of.  A truce  concluded  at  Ripon 
by  Charles  I.  with  the  Scots  in  Oct.,  1640. 
Rippach  (rip'pacb),  Hans  von.  A German 
slang  designation,  denoting  a coarse,  awkward, 
boorish  fellow:  an  equivalent  for  the  Scotch 
Sawney  as  it  is  used  in  some  localities.  Taylor, 
Notes  to  Faust. 

Rippoldsau  (rip'pold-sou).  A village  and  wa- 
tering-place in  the  Black  Forest,  Baden,  27  miles 
east-southeast  of  Strasburg. 

Ripuarian  Franks.  See  Franks. 

Rip  Van  Winkle  (ripvanwing'kl).  The  hero  of 
one  of  the  principal  stories  in  the  “Sketch-Book” 
by  Washington  Irving,  published  in  1819.  The 
scene  is  laid  in  the  Catskills,  and  the  point  of  the  story  lies 
hi  the  awakeningof  Rip  Van  Winkle,  an  easy,  good-natured 
ne’er-do-well,  from  a sleep  of  20  years  to  find  himself  a tot- 
tering old  man,  his  wife  dead,  his  village  changed,  and  his 
country  a republic.  It  has  furnished  the  material  for  8 
or  10  plays.  Boucicault  rewrote  the  existing  one,  and  it 
was  first  produced  in  his  version  at  the  London  Adelphiin 
1865.  Joseph  Jefferson  altered  the  play,  and  made  the 
part  of  Rip  Van  Winkle  peculiarly  his  own. 

Riquet  with  the  Tuft.  [F.  Bi  quet  d la  houppe .] 
A fairy  tale  by  Perrault,  translated  into  Eng- 
lish in  the  18th  century.  He  took  the  story  from 
Straparoia.  Madame  Le  Prince  de  Beaumont  expanded 
the  story  into  “Beauty  and  the  Beast.” 

Rishanger,  William.  An  English  chronicler 
who  flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the  14th 
century.  He  was  a monk  of  St.  Albans,  and  compiled 
a chronicle  covering  the  period  from  1259-1307,  which  is 
commonly  looked  upon  as  a continuation  of  Matthew 
Paris. 

Rishi  (ri'shi ; Skt.  pron.  r'shi).  In  the  Veda, 
‘singer  of  sacred  songs,’  ‘poet.’  These  ancient 
singers  appear  to  later  generations  as  the  saints  of  pri- 
meval times.  “The  seven  [that  is,  many]  Rishis  ” are  the 
representatives  of  those  times.  The  expression  is  also  used 
of  the  seven  stars  of  the  Great  Bear. 

Risk  (risk).  A character  in  the  musical  farce 
“ Love  Laughs  at  Locksmiths,”  by  the  younger 
Colman.  Risk  was  a favorite  character  with 
Charles  Mathews. 

Rist  (rist),  Johann.  Born  at  Ottensen,  Hol- 
stein, March  8, 1607 : died  at  Wedel,  Holstein, 


858 

Aug.  31, 1667.  A German  poet  and  author,  es- 
★pecially  noted  for  his  hymns. 

Ristori  (res-to're),  Adelaide.  Born  atCividale, 
Friuli,  Jan.  29,  1822 : died  at  Rome,  Oct.  9, 
1906.  A noted  Italian  tragic  actress.  She  ap- 
peared in  Paris  in  1855,  and  was  regarded  as  posing  as  the 
rival  of  Rachel,  who  was  then  in  the  height  of  her  success. 
Notwithstanding  much  heated  criticism,  she  became  more 
and  more  successful,  and  her  reception  in  other  countries, 
especially  in  the  United  States,  was  enthusiastic.  She 
retired  from  the  English  stage  in  1873,  but  later  appeared 
occasionally.  Among  her  leading  parts  were  Francesca 
da  Rimini,  Maria  Stuart,  Piadei  Tolomei,  Myrrha,  Phaidra, 
Lady  Macbeth,  Judith,  etc. 

Ritchie  (rieh'i),  Mrs.  (Anna  Cora  Ogden:  also 
Mrs.  Mowatt).  Born  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
about  1819:  died  at  Henley-on-Thames,  Eng- 
land, July  28, 1870.  An  American  actress,  nov- 
elist, dramatist,  and  poet.  She  married  James  Mo- 
watt  in  1834,  and  owing  to  loss  of  property  went  on  the 
stage  at  New  York  in  1845.  She  left  the  stage  before  her 
marriage  to  W.  F.  Ritchie.  She  published  her  autobiog- 
raphy in  1854.  Among  her  plays  are  “ Gulzara " (1840), 
“ Fashion  ’’  (1845),  "Armand  ” (1847). 

Ritchie,  Lady  Richmond  (Anne  Isabella 
Thackeray).  Bom  at  London,  1838.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  the  daughter  of  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray.  She  has  published  “The  Story  of 
Elizabeth”  (1863),  “The  Village  on  the  Cliff”  (1863),  “Old 
Kensington”  (1873),  “Miss  Angel”  (1875),  “ A Book  of 
Sibyls  ” (1883),  an  edition  of  Thackeray  (1898),  etc. 

Rito  Alto  (re'to  al'to),  Mount.  A peak  of  the 
Sangre  de  Cristo  range,  Colorado.  Height, 
about  13,000  feet. 

Ritschl  (ritsli'l),  Albrecht.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
March  25,  1822:  died  March  20,  1889.  A Ger- 
man Protestant  theologian,  professor  at  Got- 
tingen from  1864.  He  wrote  “Die  chriStliche  Lehre 
von  derRechtfertigungund  derVersbhnung"(“TheOhris- 
tian  Doctrine  of  Justification  and  Expiation, ”1870-74),  etc. 

Ritschl,  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Gross- 

vargula,  Thuringia,  April  6, 1806:  died  at  Leip- 
sic,  Nov.  9,  1876.  A noted  German  classical 
philologist.  He  became  professor  at  Breslau  in  1834, 
atBonn  in  1839,  and  at  Leipsic  in  1865.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  works  on  Plautus  (including  an  edition  1848-54). 
He  edited  “Priscae  latinitatis  monumenta  epigraphica” 
(1862  : facsimiles  of  Latin  inscriptions).  His  lesser  philo- 
logical writings  were  published  1867-79. 

Ritson  (rit'son),  Joseph.  Born  at  Stockton, Eng- 
land, Oct.  2,  1752 : died  1803.  An  English  anti- 
quary. Among  his  works  are  “ Ancient  Songs " (1792), 
“ Scottish  Songs  " (1 794),  “Robin  Hood  ” (1795 : a collection 
of  ballads). 

Rittenhouse  (rit'n-hous),  David.  Born  near 
Philadelphia,  April  8,  1732:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, June  26, 1796.  An  American  astronomer. 
He  worked  on  his  father’s  farm  until  about  the  age  of  19, 
when  he  established  himself  as  a clock-maker  at  Norriton. 
He  also  made  mathematical  instruments,  and  in  1770  com- 
pleted an  orrery  on  an  improved  model  devised  by  himself. 
He  was  elected  a member  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society  in  1768,  and  in  1769  made  an  observation  of  the 
transit  of  Venus.  He  was  treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  1777- 
1789;  was  professor  of  astronomy  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  1779-82;  and  was  director  of  the  United 
States  mint  at  Philadelphia  1792-95.  He  was  elected  an 
honorary  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  in  1795, 
and  was  president  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
from  1790  until  his  death. 

Ritter  (rit'ter),  Frederic  Louis.  Born  at  Stras- 
burg, 1834:  died  at  Antwerp,  July  6, 1891.  An 
American  composer,  conductor,  and  musical 
writer.  His  family  were  Spanish : their  name  was  Cabal- 
lero,  which  lie  translated.  He  came  to  America  in  1856  and 
went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  organized  the  Cecilia  and 
Philharmonic  societies.  In  1861  he  became  conductor  of 
the  Arion  and  Sacred  Harmonic  societies,  New  York,  and 
was  director  of  music  at  Vassar  College  1867-91.  He  pub. 
lished  “A  History  of  Music  "(1870-74),“  Music  in  England" 
(1883),  “Music  in  Ameriea”(1883),“  Manual  of  Musical  His- 
tory, etc."  (1886),  etc.  His  wife.  Fanny  Raymond  Ritter, 
has  written  “Woman  as  a Musician  "(1877),  “Some  Famous 
Songs"  (1878),  “Songs  and  Ballads ”(1887),  and  has  trans- 
lated Lobe’s  “Catechism  of  Music,”  Ehlert’s  “Letters  on 
Music,”  Schumann’s  “ Music  and  Musicians,”  etc. 
Ritter,  Heinrich.  Born  at  Zerbst,  Germany, 
Nov.  21,  1791:  died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  3, 1869. 
A German  philosopher,  professor  at  Gottingen 
from  1837.  His  chief  work  is  “Geschickte  der 
Pbilosophie  ” (“History  of  Philosophy,”  1829- 
1855). 

Ritter,  Karl.  Born  at  Quedlinburg,  Prussia, 
Aug.  7, 1779:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  28, 1859.  A 
celebrated  German  geographer,  professor  at 
Berlin  from  1820.  His  chief  work  is  “ Die  Erdkunde 
im  Verhaltniss  zur  Natur  und  Geschichte  des  Mensehen" 
(“Geography  in  Relation  to  Nature  and  to  the  History  of 
Man,”  1817-i8 : incomplete  ; revised  ed.  treating  of  Africa 
and  Asia).  Among  his  other  works  are  ‘ ‘ Europa  ” (1804-07). 
lectures  on  universal  and  European  geography,  etc. 

Rittershaus  (rit'ters-hous),  Friedrich  Emil. 

Born  at  Barmen,  Prussia,  April  3,  1834 : died 
there,  March  8,  1897.  A German  lyric  poet. 
Kitusanhara  (r-to-san-ha'ra).  [‘  The  Collection 
or  Circle  of  the  Seasons.’]  A Sanskrit  poem 
by  Kalidasa  on  the  six  Indian  seasons : the  hot 
season,  the  rains,  autumn,  the  cold  season,  the 


Rivera,  Jos6  Fructuoso 

dewy  season,  the  spring.  “Kalidasa’s  fine  feeling 
for  nature  and  its  beauty,  his  rich  gift  of  observation,  which 
even  the  little  and  the  least  do  not  escape,  his  symmetri- 
cally beautiful,  now  delicate,  now  strong,  even  glowing 
coloring,  that  we  know  also  from  his  dramas,  show  them- 
selves clearly  and  to  great  advanlage  in  this  poem.”  (Von 
Schroder,  Indiens  Literatur  und  Cultur.)  Edited  by  Sir 
William  Jones,  and  printed  in  Bengali  characters  at  Cal- 
cutta in  1792,  it  was  the  first  book  ever  printed  in  San- 
skrit. It  was  again  edited  with  a Latin  and  a metrical 
German  translation  by  P.  von  Bohlen  at  Leipsic  in  1840. 

Riva  (re'va),  in  G.  also  Reif  (rif).  A town  in 
Tyrol,  situated  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lago 
di  Garda,  17  miles  southwest  of  Trent : a tourist 
resort.  Population,  commune,  9,224,  (1910). 

Riva-Aguero  (re'va-a-go-a'ro),  Jose.  Bom  at 
Lima,  May  3,  1783:  died  there,  May  21,  1858. 
A Peruvian  politician.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  ot 
the  early  movements  for  independence,  and  was  twice  im- 
prisoned ; joined  San  Martin’s  army  in  1821;  was  governor 
of  the  department  of  Lima ; and  on  Feb.  28, 1823,  was  elected 
first  president  of  Peru  with  the  rank  of  grand  marshal. 
Owing  to  the  machinations  of  Bolivar  and  Sucre  he  was 
deposed  June  19,  1823.  He  attempted  to  reestablish  his 
government  at  Trujillo,  but  was  arrested  on  Nov.  25,  and 
condemned  to  be  shot.  Admiral  Guise  insisted  on  his  re- 
lease, and  he  was  allowed  to  leave  the  country.  He  returned 
in  1831,  but  owing  to  his  support  of  Santa  Cruz  was  again 
banished  (1839-47). 

Rivadavia(re-va-da-ve'fi),  Bernardino.  Bom 

at  Buenos  Ayres,  1780:  died  at  Cadiz,  Spain, 
Sept.  2, 1845.  An  Argentine  statesman.  He  was 
minister  of  wai  and  for  a time  minister  of  state  and  of  the 
the  treasury  (1811-12):  was  minister  of  state  under  Ro- 
driguez ; was  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres  1820-23 : and  became 
president  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  Feb.  8,  1826, 
but  resigned  June  27,  1827,  to  prevent  a civil  war.  In  all 
these  offices  he  conferred  great  benefits  on  the  country  by 
his  enlightened  and  far-seeing  measures.  As  president  he 
initiated  the  plan  by  which  Uruguay  became  independent 
in  1828.  In  the  interims  he  held  important  diplomatic 
positions  in  Europe.  His  later  years  were  spent  in  exile. 

Rivadavia  stands  in  America  second  alone  to  Wash- 
ington as  the  representative  statesman  of  a free  people. 

Mitre,  Historia  de  San  Martin. 

Rival  Fools,  The.  An  alteration  of  Fletcher’s 
“Wit  at  Several  Weapons,”  produced  in  1709 
by  Colley  Cibber. 

Rival  Ladies,  The.  A tragicomedy  by  Dryden, 
produced  in  1664. 

Rival  Queens,  The,  or  the  Death  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.  A tragedy  by  Nathaniel  Lee, 
played  in  1677.  This  is  Lee’s  best-known  play.  Some 
of  the  scenes  seem  to  have  been  suggested  by  La  Cal- 
prenede’s  novel  “Cassandre”;  and  it  has  always  been  a 
favorite  with  actresses.  Cibber  produced  a “ comical 
tragedy  " called  “The  Rival  Queans,  with  the  Humours  of 
Alexander  the  Great,”  in  1710,  printed  in  1729. 

Rivals,  The.  1.  An  alteration  of  “The  Two  No- 
ble Kinsmen,”  attributed  to  Davenant,  played 
in  1664,  printed  in  1668. — 2.  A comedy  by  Sheri- 
dan, produced  in  1775.  This  is  considered  a bet- 
ter play  than  “The  School  for  Scandal,”  though 
less  celebrated. 

RivaPalacio(re'va  pa-la'the-o),  Vicente,  Bom 
Oct.  16,  1832:  died  Nov.  22,  1896.  A Mexican 
general.  He  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  leaders 
under  Juarez;  opposed  Lerdo,  and  was  banished  by  him 
in  1875 ; and  was  minister  of  the  interior  under  Diaz.  He 
was  a well-known  journalist,  novelist,  and  poet,  and  pub- 
lished “Historia  de  la  administracion  de  D.  Sebastian 
Lerdo  do  Tejada"  (1875:  the  first  part  only  written  by 
Riva  Palacio). 

Rivarol  (re-va-rol'),  Antoine,  called  Comte  de. 
Born  at  Bagnols,  Languedoc,  June  26,  1753: 
died  at  Berlin,  April  13, 1801.  A French  writer, 
noted  as  an  epigrammatist.  He  emigrated  as  a roy- 
alist in  1792.  His  works  include  “ Petit  Almanach  de  nos 
grands  homines  pour  1788,"  a translation  of  Dante’s  “In- 
ferno," etc. 

Rivas  (re'vas).  A town  of  Nicaragua,  between 
Lake  Nicaragua  and  the  Pacific,  about  4 miles 
from  the  former.  It  was  an  ancient  village  of 
the  Nicaraos.  Population,  about  4,000. 

Rivas,  Duke  of.  See  Saavedra,  Angel  de. 

Rivas  (re'vas),  Patricio.  Born  1798:  died  1867. 
A Nicaraguan  politician.  He  was  made  president 
by  die  conservative  faction  Oct.  30,  1855.  At  first  he  up- 
held Walker,  and  made  him  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army,  but  deposed  him  in  June,  1856.  Walker  thereupon 
had  himself  illegally  elected  president,  and  declared  Rivas 
deposed.  The  latter  joined  with  the  other  Central  Amer- 
ican governments  in  driving  Walker  from  the  country  in 
1857.  Rivas  resigned  his  power  early  in  1867. 

Rive-de-Gier  (rev'de-zhe-a').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Loire,  France,  situated  on  the 
Gier  19  miles  southwest  of  Lyons.  It  is  a coal- 
mining center,  and  has  manufactures  of  coke,  glass,  iron, 
etc.  Population,  commune,  15,5(57. 

Rivera  (re-va'ra),  Jose  Fructuoso.  Born  in 

Paysandu  about  1790:  died  at  Cerro Largo,  Jan. 
13, 1854.  An  Uruguayan  general  and  politician. 
He  was  a leader  of  tile  Gauclio  cavalry  ; was  engaged  in 
various  civil  wars  (1811-27) ; ami  was  president  of  Uruguay 
Oct,  24,  1830, -Oct.  24,  1834.  Succeeded  by  Oribe,  he  re- 
volted against  him  in  J uly,  1836.  Oribe  was  at  length  forced 
to  resign,  and  Rivera  was  again  president  Oct.,  1838, -Oct., 
1842.  In  1842  Oribe,  aided  by  Rosas,  began  the  nine 
years’  siege  of  Montevideo,  in  which  Rivera  directed  the 
defense,  acting,  during  most  of  the  time,  with  his  cavalry 


Rivera,  Jos6  Fructuoso 

in  the  interior,  until  he  was  defeated  by  Urquiza  in  the 
battle  of  India  Muerta  (March  28, 1845).  In  1853  he  aided 
in  the  revolt  against  Oribe,  and  after  his  overthrow  was 
a member  of  the  executive. 

Rivera,  Manuel.  A Mexican  historian.  His 
principal  works  are  “Historia  antigua  y moderna  de  Jala- 
pa”  (5  vols.,  1869-71:  a general  history  of  Mexico,  with 
special  reference  to  Vera  Cruz  and  Jalapa)and  “Los  go- 
bernantes  de  Mexico  ” (2  vols.,  1872). 

Rivera,  Payo  Henriquez  de.  See  Henriquez 
de  Rivera. 

Rivera  Paz  (re-va'rii  path),  Mariano.  Born 
about  1795:  assassinated  in  1849.  A Guatema- 
lan politician.  He  became  president  July  22, 1838;  was 
deposed  Jan.  30,  1839,  but  restored  April  13, 1839,  and  hold 
the  post  until  Dec.  13, 1841.  He  was  again  president  May 
14,  1842,  to  Dec.  8,  1844,  when  he  resigned.  During  his 
administration  he  had  constant  difficulties  with  Carrera. 

Rivero  (re-va'ro),  Mariano  Eduardo  de.  Born 
at  Arequipa  about  1795:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  6, 
1857.  A Peruvian  naturalist.  He  received  an  elab- 
orate education  in  Europe  ; conducted  a scientific  explora- 
tion in  Venezuela  1823-26;  and  on  his  return  to  Peru  at 
the  end  of  the  latter  year  was  made  director-general  of 
mines.  Later  he  was  director  of  the  national  museum, 
and  founded  and  edited  a scientific  journal,  the  “ Memo- 
rial de  ciencias  naturales.”  He  was  a member  of  Congress 
in  1832,  governor  of  Junin  in  1845  and  of  Tacna  in  1849, 
and  consul-general  to  Belgium  in  1851.  His  works  include 
“Antiguidades  peruanas"  (with  Tschudi,  1851),  “Colec- 
cion  de  memorias  cientiflcas  ” (1857),  etc. 

River  of  Swans,  The.  The  Potomac. 

Riveros  (re-va'ros),  Galvarino.  Born  at  Quin- 
chao,  Chilofi,  1830.  A Chilean  naval  officer,  in 
conjunction  with  Latorre  he  captured  the  Huascar,  the 
last  important  Peruvian  war-vessel,  off  Point  Angamos 
(Oct.  8, 1879).  (See  Grau,  Miguel.)  Soon  after  he  was  made 
rear-admiral  with  command  of  the  Chilean  fleet,  which  he 
directed  during  the  rest  of  the  war.  His  operations  in- 
cluded the  bombardment  of  Callao  (May  26,  1880)  and 
Arica  (June  5,  1880). 

River  Plate  Republics.  See  Platine  States. 
Riverside  Park.  A narrow  park  running  from 
°?2d  street  to  130th  street,  New  York,  border- 
ing Hudson  River.  It  contains  narrow  lawns  and  the 
.Riverside  Drive,  which  runs  through  it  to  128th  street,  and 
Grant’s  tomb.  Its  average  width  is  about  600  feet. 

Rives  (revz),  William  Cabell.  Born  in  Nelson 
County,  Va.,  May  4, 1793:  died  near  Charlottes- 
ville, Va.,  April  26,  1868.  An  American  politi- 
cian. He  was  Democratic  memberof  Congress  from  Vir- 
ginia 1823-29 ; United  States  minister  to  France  1829-32 ; 
United  States  senator  from  Virginia  1833-34  and  1836-45; 
minister  to  France  1849-53 ; delegate  to  the  PeaceCongress 
in  1861 ; and  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress.  He 
published  “Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison  ’’  (1869-69), 
etc. 

Rivesaltes  (rev-zalt').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pyrenees-Orientales,  Prance,  situated 
on  the  Agly  6 miles  north  of  Perpignan.  It  is 
noted  for  its  fine  Muscat  wines.  Population,  commune, 
6,607. 

Riviera  (re-ve-a'ra),  or  Riviera  of  Genoa. 
[It.,  ‘coast.’]  The  narrow  strip  of  coast  which 
separates  the  Maritime  Alps  and  the  Apennines 
from  the  Mediterranean,  between  Nice  and 
Spezia.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  fruitfulness  and  pictur- 
esque scenery.  The  Riviera  di  Ponente  (or  Western  Ri- 
viera) extends  from  Nice  to  Genoa,  and  the  Riviera  di 
Levan te  (or  Eastern  Riviera)  from  Genoa  to  Spezia. 
Riviera.  That  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Ticino, 
canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  which  extends 
from  Biasca  to  Bellinzona. 

Rivi&re  (re-vyar'),  Briton.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  14,  1840.  An  English  painter,  son  and  pu- 
pil of  a drawing-master  at  Cheltenham  College 
and  afterward  at  Oxford,  of  French  Huguenot 
extraction.  He  began  to  exhibit  in  1858  at  the  R.oyal 
Academy.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Poacher’s  Nurse ” 
(1866),  “Circe,  etc.”  (1871),  “Daniel  in  the  Den  of  Lions” 
(1872),  “Sympathy”  (1878)  “Rizpah,”  “The  Exile  ” (1886), 
etc. 

Rivifcre,  Henri  Laurent.  Bom  July  12,  1827 : 
killed  by  the  Black  Flags  before  Hanoi,  Tong- 
king,  May  19,  1883.  A French  naval  officer  and 
writer,  commander  of  an  expedition  into  Tong- 
king  1882-83. 

Rivieres  du  Sud  (re-vyar'  dii  siid).  A French 
dependency  in  western  Africa,  situated  along 
the  coast  about  lat.  9°-ll°  N.  Its  capital  is 
Konakry.  It  is  now  known  by  the  name  of 
French  Guinea. 

Rivington  (riv'ing-ton),  James.  Born  at  Lon- 
don about  1724:  died  at  New  York,  July,  1802. 
An  American  bookseller  and  printer.  He  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1760,  and  in  1761  established  himself 
as  a bookseller  at  New  York.  In  1773  hefounded  a royal- 
ist newspaper,  “The  New  York  Gazetteer,”  which  was  dis- 
continued in  1775  on  the  destruction  of  his  press  by  a 
party  of  American  soldiers.  In  1777  he  established  “Riv- 
ington’s  New  York  Loyal  Gazette, ’’whose  title  was  changed 
to  “ The  Royal  Gazette”  in  the  same  year.  After  the  evac- 
uation of  New  York  by  the  British,  he  renamed  his  paper 
“ Rivington’s  New  York  Gazette  and  Universal  Advertiser.” 
It  was  discontinued  in  1783. 

Rivoli  (re'vo-le).  1.  A town  in  the  province  of 
Turin,  Italy,  9 miles  west  of  Turin.  Population, 
commune,  7,250. — 2.  A village  in  the  province 


859 

of  Verona,  Italy,  13  miles  northwest  of  Verona. 
Here,  Jan.  14,  1797,  the  French  under  Bona- 
parte defeated  the  Austrians  under  Alvinczy. 

Rivoli,  Due  de.  See  Massena. 

Rivoli,  Rue  de.  See  Rue  de  Rivoli. 

Rixdorf  (riks'dorf).  A manufacturing  village 
directly  south-southeast  of  Berlin,  Prussia,  it 
was  partly  founded  by  Bohemian  emigrants  in  1737.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  236,378,  (1910). 

Riyad.  See  Riad. 

Rizzio  (ret'se-o),  or  Riccio  (ret'cho),  David. 
Killed  at  Edinburgh,  March  9,  1566.  A favorite 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  He  was  a native  of  Pied- 
mont, and  in  1561  accompanied  the  Piedmontese  ambas- 
sador to  Scotland  as  his  secretary.  He  entered  the  Scot- 
tish queen’s  service  as  a musician  in  1564,  and  afterward 
became  her  French  secretary  and  confidential  adviser.  He 
promoted  the  marriage  of  Mary  with  Darnley.  The  latter, 
however,  failed  to  supplant  him  in  Mary’s  confidence,  and 
suspected  him  of  being  the  cause  of  her  refusal  to  share 
the  government  with  him.  He  consequently  organized  a 
conspiracy  of  the  Protestant  lords  against  him,  at  the  head 
of  whom  he  burst  into  Holyrood  Palace,  wounded  Rizzio 
in  the  queen's  presence,  and  despatched  him  outside  the 
chamber. 

Rjukanfos  (ryo'kan-fos).  A cataract  in  the 
province  of  Bratsberg,  Norway,  in  the  Maan- 
Elf  80  miles  west  of  Christiania:  one  of  the 
finest  in  Europe.  Height,  about  800  feet. 

Roan  Barbary.  The  favorite  horse  of  King 
Richard  II. 

Roan  (ron)  Mountain.  A mountain  in  Mitchell 
County,  in  the  western  part  of  North  Carolina, 
near  the  Tennessee  border.  Height,  about  6,300 
feet. 

Roanne  (ro-an').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire  42  miles 
northwest  of  Lyons : the  Roman  Rodumna.  It 

has  varied  manufactures  and  considerable  trade.  The 
leading  industry  is  the  cotton  manufacture.  It  was  an 
ancient  town  of  the  Segusiani,  and  later  a Roman  station. 
Population,  commune,  35,516. 

Roanoke  (ro-a-nok').  A river  in  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina,  formed  hv  the  union  of  the  Dan 
and  Staunton  at  Clarkville,  Virginia.  It  flows 
into  Albemarle  Sound.  Length,  including  the  Staunton, 
about  4£0  miles  ; navigable  to  Weldon. 

Roanoke.  An  independent  and  manufacturing 
city  of  Virginia.  Population,  34,874,  (1910). 

Roanoke  Island.  An  island  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  North  Carolina,  between  Albemarle 
Sound  on  the  north  and  Pamlico  Sound  on  the 
south.  Unsuccessful  attempts  to  colonize  it  were  made 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1585  and  1587.  A victory  was 
gained  here  by  the  Federals  under  Burnside  over  the  Con- 
federates, Feb.  8, 1862,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  the  Con- 
federate garrison.  Length,  about  10  miles. 

Roaring  Forties,  The.  The  notably  rough  part 
of  the  North  Atlantic  crossed  on  the  passage 
from  Europe  to  the  ports  of  North  America  be- 
tween the  40th  and  50th  degrees  of  north  lati- 
tude . The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  region  between  40° 
and  50°  south  latitude  in  the  South  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and 
Indian  oceans. 

Roaring  Girl,  The.  A comedy  by  Thomas  Dek- 
ker  and  Middleton.  It  was  probably  written  before 
May,  1605;  produced  in  1610;  and  printed  in  1611.  “The 
Roaring  Girl  ” was  Mary  Frith,  a notorious  London  char- 
acter. 

Roatan.  See  Ruatan. 

Robber  Council  or  Synod.  See  Ephesus , Coun- 
cil o/(449  a.  D.). 

Robber  Indians.  See  Bannock. 

Robber  Romances.  In  German  literature,  a 
class  of  romances  prevalent  at  the  end  of  the 
18th  and  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century. 

Robbers,  The.  See  Rduber , Die. 

Robbia  (rob'he-a),  Andrea  della.  Born  in  1437 : 
died  about  1528.  The  nephew  of  Luca  della 
Robbia,  noted  for  his  work  in  terra-cotta,  the 
secret  of  which  he  inherited.  He,  with  his  son  Luca, 
spent  eleven  years  upon  the  frieze  of  the  Ceppo  hospital 
at  Pistoia.  He  also  executed  the  decorations  of  the  Loggia 
di  San  Paolo  at  Florence,  the  medallions  of  the  fagade  of 
the  Hospital  of  the  Innocents,  the  decoration  of  Or  San 
Michele,  and  a long  series  of  bas-reliefs  executed  for  the 
churches  of  Arezzo,  Prato,  Pistoia,  Siena,  etc.  He  very 
rarely  worked  in  marble ; a marble  Pletii  is  in  the  Church 
of  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie,  near  Arezzo. 

Robbia,  Giovanni  della.  Born  about  1469: 
died  about  1529.  Son  of  Andrea  della  Robbia, 
noted  as  a worker  in  terra-cotta. 

Robbia,  Girolamo  della.  Died  about  1566. 
Son  of  Andrea  della  Robbia,  noted  as  a worker  in 
terra-cotta  and  as  an  architect.  None  of  the  sons  of 
Andrea  della  Robbia  did  so  much  in  applying  Robbia  ware 
to  architectural  purposes  as  Girolamo,  his  fourth  son,  who 
was  architect,  sculptor,  and  painter,  and  had  already  ob- 
tained notice  for  his  works  in  bronze  and  marble  when  he 
was  taken  to  France  by  some  Florentine  merchants,  and 
there  found  employment  during  the  remaining  45  years 
of  his  life  under  four  kings  of  the  house  of  Valois.  On  his 
arrival  he  was  employed  by  Francis  I.  to  build  the  Chateau 
de  Madrid  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  which  he  decorated 
throughout  with  Robbia  ware.  This  palace  was  leveled 
in  the  Revolution,  and  its  beautiful  terra-cottas  were  used 
to  mend  roads. 


Robert  le  Diable  . 

Robbia,  Luca  della  (real  name  Luca  di  Simone 
di  Marco  della  Robbia).  Born  at  Florence 
about  1400:  died  at  Florence  (?),  Sept.  22, 1482. 
A celebrated  Italian  sculptor.  He  was  early  appren- 
ticed  to  Leonardo  di  Ser  Giovanni,  the  best  goldsmith  of 
the  city.  In  1443  he  made  the  first  work  in  Robbia  ware 
after  long  study  and  repeated  experiments.  At  first  he 
employed  a simple  combination  of  white  figures  with  blue 
draperies  and  occasionally  green  in  the  backgrounds.  He 
and  his  family  afterward  multiplied  the  number  of  colors 
and  carried  them  into  the  flesh  and  draperies  of  their  fig- 
ures. The  first  bas-reliefs  of  Robbia  ware  are  those  of  the 
Resurrection  and  Ascension  in  the  lunettes  of  the  doors 
leading  into  the  sacristy  of  the  Duomo.  The  earliest 
memorials  of  the  first  43  years  of  his  life  are  the  bas-reliefs 
set  into  the  side  of  Giotto’s  Campanile  1435-40,  and  2 un- 
finished reliefs  of  the  imprisonment  and  crucifixion  of  St. 
Peter.  He  made  the  well-known  reliefs  of  singing  boys 
for  the  screen  of  one  of  the  organ-lofts  of  the  cathedral 
1431-40.  To  1445  belong  the  bronze  doors  of  the  sacristy 
of  the  Duomo.  It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  his  works  from 
those  of  Andrea  and  his  four  sons,  Giovanni,  Luca  II.,  Am- 
brogio,  and  Girolamo.  Among  the  most  remarkable  of 
those  which  may  be  attributed  to  Luca  alone,  or  Luca  and 
Andrea,  are  the  altarpiece  in  the  Church  of  the  Osservanza 
near  Siena  (which  represents  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin), 
a bas-relief  over  the  door  of  the  Church  of  San  Pierino  in 
the  Via  di  Terra  Vecchia  in  Florence,  the  ceiling  of  the 
Chapel  of  San  Miniato,  some  of  the  medallions  on  the 
outside  of  Or  San  Michele,  a Virgin  and  Child,  an  Annun- 
ciation in  the  cloister  of  the  Innocenti  Hospital  in  Flor- 
ence, a Madonna  with  two  saints  in  the  Via  della  Scala,  a 
Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  an  adoring  Madonna  formerly  at 
Pisa,  and  a fountain  in  the  sacristy  of  Santa  Maria  Novella. 
After  lasting  nearly  a century,  the  school  of  Della  Robbia 
died  out. 

Robbins  (rob'inz),  Ashur.  Born  at  Wethers- 
field, Conn.,  Oct.  26,1757:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
Feb.  25,  1845.  An  American  politician,  Whig 
United  States  senator  from  Rhode  Island  1825- 
1839. 

Robbins,  Royal.  Born  at  Wethersfield,  Conn., 
Oct.  21,  1788 : died  at  Berlin,  Conn.,  March  26, 
1861.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman 
and  author.  He  wrote  a “ History  of  American  Litera- 
ture” (1837),  “Outlines  of  Ancient  and  Modern  History" 
(1839),  etc. 

Robert  (roh'ert)  I.  [ME.  Robert,  Roberd,  Robard, 
OF.  Robert,  Robart,  F.  Robert,  Rupert,  It.  Ro- 
berto, Ruberto,  Ruperto,  Sp.  Roberto,  Ruperto,  Pg. 
Roberto,  from  OLG.  Rodbraht,  OHG.  Hrnodbert, 
etc.,  G.  Rupert,  Rudbert,  Ruprecht  (also  Robert, 
from  F.),  lit.  ‘fame-bright,’  illustrious.]  Killed 
at  Soissons,  France,  923.  King  of  France,  son 
of  Robert  the  Strong : chosen  king  in  opposition 
to  Charles  the  Simple  in  922. 

Robert  II.  (sometimes  called  Robert  I.),  sur- 
named  “The  Pious.”  Born  at  Orleans,  France, 
971:  died  at  Melun,  France,  1031.  King  of 
France,  son  of  Hugh  Capet  whom  he  succeeded 
in  996.  During  his  reign  the  kingdom  suffered  from 
an  insurrection  of  the  serfs  and  from  famine. 

Robert  I.  (Robert  Bruce : often  called  “Robert 
the  Bruce”  or  “The  Bruce”).  Born  July  11, 
1274:  died  at  Cardross,  Scotland,  June  7,  i329. 
King  of  Scotland:  one  of  the  national  heroes 
of  the  country.  He  was  known  before  his  accession  as 
Earl  of  Garrick.  He  sided  variously  with  the  Scottish  and 
English  parties  previous  to  1304,  when  he  united  with 
Lamberton  against  Edward  I.  of  England,  who  claimed  the 
suzerainty  of  Scotland.  He  murdered  the  rival  claimant 
Comyn  at  Dumfries  in  1306,  and  was  crowned  king  at 
Scone  in  March  of  that  year.  He  was  defeated  and  es- 
caped to  Ireland  (1306),  but  continued  the  war  against 
Edward  II.,  whom  he  totally  defeated  at  Bannockburn  in 
1314.  He  supported  his  brother  Edward  in  1317  in  his 
attempt  on  Ireland ; conquered  Berwick  in  1318 ; and  in- 
vaded England  several  times.  His  title  was  recognized 
by  England  in  the  treaty  of  Northampton  in  1328. 

Robert  II.,  “ The  Steward.”  Bom  about  1316 : 
died  1390.  King  of  Scotland,  grandson  of 
Robert  Bruce,  and  first  of  the  Stuart  dynasty. 
He  was  regent  under  David  II.,  his  uncle,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1371. 

Robert  III.  Died  1406.  King  of  Scotland,  son 
of  Robert  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1390.  He 

was  at  war  with  England  in  the  latter  part  of  his  reign. 
The  government  was  chiefly  administered  by  his  brother, 
the  Earl  of  Fife  (Duke  of  Albany),  and  by  the  earl’s  son, 
the  Earl  of  Carrick  (Duke  of  Rothesay). 

Robert  I.,  surnamed  “The  Devil.”  Died  at 
NicEea,  July  22, 1035.  Duke  of  Normandy  1028- 
1035,  younger  son  of  Richard  the  Good.  He  sup- 
ported the  English  athelings  against  Canute.  He  made 
a pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  on  the  return  from  which  he 
died.  Lodge  wrote  a life  of  Robert  before  1593,  and  many 
myths  have  collected  about  his  name.  See  Robert  le  Diable. 

Robert  II.  Born  about  1056:  died  in  prison 
1134.  Duke  of  Normandy,  eldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror.  He  was  several  times  in  rebel- 
lion against  his  father;  succeeded  him  in  the  duchy  in 
1087  ; was  at  war  with  William  II. ; mortgaged  Normandy 
to  him  ; took  part  in  the  first  Crusade  1096-99;  invaded 
England  in  1101 ; and  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by 
his  brother  Henry  I.  at  Tinchebrai,  1106. 

Robert,  Earl  of  Gloucester.  Died  Oct.  13,  1 147. 
An  illegitimate  son  of  Henry  I.,  and  an  adher- 
ent of  Matilda  against  Stephen. 

Robert  le  Diable  (ro-bar'  le  dyii'bl).  [F .,  ‘ Rob- 
ert the  Devil.’]  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer, 


Robert  le  Diable 

libretto  by  Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1831. 
See  Robert  I.,  surnamed  “ The  Devil.” 

Robert  of  Anjou,  surnamed  “The  Wise.” 
Born  about  1275 : died  1343.  Kiug  of  Naples, 
son  of  Charles  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1309. 
He  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  conquer  Sicily. 
Robert  of  Brunne.  See  Manning,  Robert. 
Robert  of  Gloucester.  Lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  13th  century.  An  English  monk, 
the  reputed  author  of  a rimed  “Chronicle  of 
English  History”  (ed.  by  Hearne  1724). 

Robert  of  Jurni&ges.  A Norman  prelate, bishop 
of  London,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
1051-52. 

Robert  of  Paris,  Count.  See  Count  Robert  of 
Paris. 

Robert  (ro'bert),  Ernst  Friedrich  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Berlin,  Dec.  16,  1778:  died  at  Baden- 
Baden,  July  5, 1832.  A German  dramatist  and 
poet. 

Robert  (ro-bar'),  Hubert.  Born  at  Paris,  1733: 
died  there,  April  15,  1808.  A French  painter, 
noted  for  his  architectural  paintings. 

Robert,  Louis  Leopold.  Born  at  La-Chaux-de- 
Fonds,  Switzerland,  May  13,  1794:  committed 
suicide  at  Venice,  March  20,  1835.  A Swiss 
painter,  noted  for  scenes  from  Italian  life. 
Among  his  works  are  the  “ Neapolitan  Improvisator,” 
“Fishers  of  the  Adriatic,”  “Reapers,”  etc. 

Robert  Elsmere  (rob'ert  elz'mer).  A novel  by 
Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  published  in  1888. 
Robert  Guiscard  (ges-kar').  Born  about  1015: 
died  in  Cephalonia,  July  17,  1085.  Duke  of 
Apulia  and  Calabria,  son  of  Tancred  de  Haute- 
ville.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Humphrey  as  leader 
of  the  Normans  in  Apulia  in  1057 ; and  in  1059  received 
the  papal  confirmation  of  the  title  of  duke  of  Apulia  and 
Calabria  which  he  had  previously  assumed.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  his  brother  Roger,  he  conquered  part  of  Sicily 
from  the  Saracens,  capturing  Palermo  in  1072,  and  Salerno 
about  1077.  He  defeated  Alexius  Comnenus  at  Durazzo 
in  1081,  and  in  1084  captured  Rome  and  delivered  Pope 
Gregory  VII.  from  the  emperor  Henry  IV. 

Robert  Macaire.  A comedy  by  Frederic  Le- 
maitre  and  Benjamin  Antier,  produced  at  Paris 
in  1834.  It  is  the  sequel  of  “L’Auberge  des 
Adrets.”  See  Macaire,  Robert. 

Roberto  Devereux  (ro-ber'to  dev-re').  1. 
An  opera  by  Donizetti,  produced  at  Naples  in 
1837.  The  words  are  from  Thomas  Corneille’s 
“ Comte d’Essex.” — 2.  Au  opera  by  Mercadante, 
produced  at  Milan  in  1883. 

Roberts  (rob'erts),  David.  Born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  near  Edinburgh,  Oct.  24,  1796:  died  at 
London,  Nov.  25, 1864.  A British  painter,  noted 
for  his  landscapes  and  architectural  paintings. 
In  1822  he  went  to  London  as  a scene-painter,  and  was  as- 
sociated with  Stansfield.  In  1831  he  was  president  of  the 
Society  of  British  Artists.  In  1838  he  visited  the  Holy 
Land.  He  was  made  an  associate  of  the  royal  academy  in 
1839,  and  a royal  academician  in  1841. 

Roberts,  Ellis  Henry.  Born  at  Utica,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  30,  1827.  An  American  journalist  and 
politician.  He  became  editor  of  the  Utica  “Morning 
Herald  ” in  1850,  and  was  Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  New  York  1871-75,  and  treasurer  of  the  United  States 
1897-1905.  He  wrote  a history  of  New  York  for  the 
“ American  Commonwealth  Series  ” (1887). 

Roberts,  Frederick  Sleigh,  Earl  Roberts. 
Bom  at  Cawnpore,  Sept.  30,  1832.  A distin- 
guished British  general.  He  served  in  the  Indian 
mutiny  and  in  the  Abyssinian  war,  and  was  distinguished 
in  the  Afghan  war  1878-80.  He  gained  the  victory  of 
Charasiab  in  1879  ; made  a celebrated  march  from  Kabul 
to  Kandahar  in  1880;  defeated  Ayub  Khan  near  Kandahar 
Sept.  1, 1880 ; and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in 
India  1885-93,  commander  of  the  forces  in  Ireland  1895- 
1899,  commander-in-chief  in  South  Africa  1899-1900,  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army  1900-04.  He  was 
created  a baronet  1881,  Baron  Roberts  1892,  and  Earl  Rob- 
erts in  1901.  Appointed  field-marshal  1895. 

Roberts,  George  Washington.  Born  in  Ches- 
ter County,  Pa.,  Oct.  2, 1833:  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Murfreesboro,  Dec.  31,  1862.  An  Amer- 
ican general.  He  served  in  the  West. 
Robertson  (rob'ert-son),  Agnes.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  Dec.  25,  1833.  A British  ac- 
tress. She  gave  concerts  in  public  before  she  was  11  years 
old,  and  began  her  theatrical  career  at  Hull  when  she  was 
16.  She  first  appeared  in  London  as  Nerissa  in  1851.  In 
1853  she  was  married  to  Dion  Boucicault. 

Robertson  (rob'brt-son),  Charles  Franklin. 

Born  at  New  York  city,  March  2,  1835 : died  at 
St.  Louis,  May  1, 1886.  An  American  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  writer  on 
American  history. 

Robertson,  Frederick  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  3, 1816:  died  at  Brighton,  Aug.  15, 1853. 
A British  clergyman  and  pulpit  orator.  He  was 
the  son  of  a captain  in  the  Royal  Artillery,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh.  He  tried  law  and  the  army,  and 
finally  matriculated  at  Oxford.  In  1840  he  was  ordained 
and  was  at  Cheltenham  1843-46.  In  Aug.,  1847,  he 
entered  upon  his  famous  ministry  at  Trinity  Chapel, 


860 

Brighton.  His  "Sermons,”  in  separate  series,  were  pub- 
lished in  1855,  1857,  1859,  1863,  and  complete  in  1879 ; his 
“ Lectures  ” in  1862  and  1858. 

Robertson,  George  Croom.  Born  at  Aberdeen, 
1842 : died  at  London,  Sept.  20, 1892.  A Scottish 
metaphysician  and  educator.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Aberdeen  in  1861,  and  was  made  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  there  in  1864,  and  professor  of  the  philoso- 
phy of  mind  and  logic  in  University  College,  London,  in 
1866.  From  1876  till  1892  he  was  editor  of  “ Mind.”  He 
wrote  a biographical  study  of  Hobbes  in  the  “ Philosophical 
Classics  ” in  1886,  etc. 

Robertson,  James.  Born  in  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
land, about  1720:  died  March  4,  1788.  A Brit- 
ish governor  and  general.  From  1758  to  1759  he 
served  (as  quartermaster-general)  against  Louisburg  and 
Ticonderoga.  From  17(33  to  17(35  lie  was  stationed  in  New 
York.  He  was  made  major-general  on  Jan.  1,  1776,  and 
commanded  a brigade  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island.  In 
1779  he  was  appointed  civil  governor  of  New  York,  and 
was  made  lieutenant-general  Nov.  20,  17S2. 

Robertson,  James  Craigie.  Born  at  Aberdeen, 
1813 : died  July  9, 1882.  A Scottish  historian, 
a graduate  of  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in 
1834.  He  was  vicar  of  Bekesbourne  1846-59,  and  became 
canon  of  Canterbury  in  1859,  and  professor  of  ecclesiastical 
history  in  King’s  College,  London,  in  1864.  He  published 
a “ History  of  the  Christian  Church  from  the  Apostolic 
Age  to  the  Reformation  ” (1874-75),  and  edited  “ Materials 
for  the  History  of  Thomas  Becket,  etc.”  (1875-81). 

Robertson,  John  Parish.  Born  at  Edinburgh 
about  1793:  died  at  Calais,  France,  Nov.  1, 
1843.  A Scottish  author  and  traveler.  Until  1830 
most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  Platine  States  of  South 
America,  where  he  was  a merchant  and  at  one  time  very 
wealthy.  He  was  in  Paraguay  during  the  dictatorship  of 
Francia.  His  works  (written  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother,  William  Parish  Robertson)  include  “ Letters  on 
Paraguay  ” (1838),  “ Francia’s  Reign  of  Terror"  (1839),  and 
“Letters  on  South  America  ” (1843). 

Robertson,  Joseph.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  May  17, 
1810:  died  Dec.  13, 1866.  A Scottish  antiquary. 
He  was  educated  at  Marischal  College,  and  was  a news- 
paper editor  at  Aberdeen,  Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh  from 
1839  to  1853.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  curator  of  t he  his- 
torical depart  ment  of  the  Register  House,  Edinburgh.  He 
published  “ Concilia  Scotise  : Ecclesise  Scoticanse  Statuta  " 
(1866),  etc. 

Robertson,  Madge.  See  Kendal,  Mrs.  ( Mar- 
garet Brunton  Robertson). 

Robertson,  Thomas  William.  Born  at  Newark 
on  the  Trent,  Jan.  9, 1829:  died  at  London,  Feb. 
3, 1871.  An  English  dramatist,  son  of  a provin- 
cial actor  and  manager,  in  1864  his  first  successful 
drama,  “David  Garrick,"  was  produced  at  the  Haymarket 
with  Sothern  in  the  principal  role.  Among  his  other  plays 
are  “Society  ” (1865), “Ours "(1866),“ Caste  ” (1867), “ Play  ” 
(1S68),  “School  ” (1869),  “M.  P.”(1870). 

Robertson, William.  Born  at  Borthwick,  Scot- 
land, Sept.  19, 1721 : died  near  Edinburgh,  dune 
11,  1793.  A Scottish  historian,  and  clergyman 
in  the  Church  of  Scotland.  He  became  a royal  chap- 
lain in  1761 ; principal  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in 
1762  ; and  historiographer  in  1763.  His  works  include  a 
“ History  of  Scotland  dui  ing  the  Reigns  of  Mary  and  James 
VI.”  (1759),  “ History  of  the  Reign  of  the  EmperorCharles 
V.”(1769),  “History  of  America ”(1777),  “An  Historical 
Disquisition  concerning  the  Knowledge  which  the  An- 
cients had  of  India,  etc. ” (1791),  etc. 

Roberval  (ro-ber-val '),  Gilles  Personne  or 
Personier  de.  Born  at  Roberval,  in  Beauvoisis, 
France,  1602 : died  at  Paris,  1675.  A French 
mathematician,  best  known  from  his  methods 
of  drawing  tangents. 

Robeson(rob'sqn),  George  Maxwell.  Bom  at 

Oxford,  Warren  County,  N.  J.,  1829:  died  at 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  27,  1897.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1869-77,  and 
Republican  member  of  Congress  from  New  Jersey  1879-83. 

Robeson  Channel.  A sea  passage  in  the  north 
polar  regions,  between  Hall  Land  in  Greenland 
on  the  east,  and  Grant  Land  on  the  west. 

Robespierre  (F.pron.ro-bes-pyar'),  Augustin 
Bon  Joseph,  called  “ The  Younger.”  Born  at 
Arras,  Jan.  21, 1763:  guillotined  in  Paris,  July 
28,  1794.  Brother  of  Maximilien  Robespierre, 
and  a deputy  to  the  Convention. 

Robespierre,  Marie  Marguerite  Charlotte. 
Born  Jan.  21,  1760  : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  1, 1834. 
Sister  of  Maximilien  Robespierre  : memoirs  of 
her  brothers  were  published  under  her  name 
by  Laponneraye  in  1835. 

Robespierre,  Maximilien  Marie  Isidore,  sur- 
named “The  Incorruptible.”  Born  at  Arras, 
May  6, 1758 : guillotined  at  Paris,  10th  Thermi- 
dor,  year  2 (July  28, 1794).  A celebrated  French 
revolutionist.  He  was  originally  an  advocate  at  Arras  ; 
was  elected  from  Artois  to  the  Third  Estate  of  the  States- 
General  in  1789  ; and  became  the  leader  of  the  Extreme 
Left  in  the  Constituent  Assembly,  and  one  of  the  leading 
orators  in  the  Jacobin  Club.  His  influence  increased  after 
the  death  of  Mirabeau  in  1791.  He  was  elected  deputy  to 
the  Convention  in  1792;  opposed  the  Girondins ; became 
a member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  July,  1793  ; 
was  identified  with  the  “Reign  of  Terror  " ; attacked  Dan- 
ton  and  Hubert  in  1704  ; was  overthrown  in  the  Convention 
July  27;  and  with  his  partizans,  Saint-Just,  Couthon,  and 
others,  was  arrested  and  put  to  death. 


Robinson,  John 

Robin  (rob'in).  [ME.  Robin,  Robyn,  from  OF. 
Robin,  dim.  of  Robert.]  In  Shakspere’s  “Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,”  a page  following  Falstaff ." 
Robin  (ro-bah'),  Charles  or  Charles  Philippe. 
Born  at  Jasseron,  Ain,  June  4,1821:  died  there, 
Oct.  5,  1885.  A French  anatomist  and  physi- 
ologist. His  works  include  “ Histoire  naturelle  des 
taux  parasites"  (1853),  “Anatomie  microscopique ” (1868), 
etc.  He  edited,  with  Littrd,  “ Dictionnaire  de  medeciue.  ” 
Robin  Adair  (rob'in  a-dar').  A song  and  air. 
The  latter  first  became  popular  in  England  in  the  last 
half  of  the  18th  century  : it  is  the  Irish  air  “ Eileen  Aroon. " 
English  words  were  written  for  it,  and  there  are  several 
versions,  all  having  “Robin  Adair”  as  the  refrain.  Burns 
made  a Scottish  version,  but  it  is  not  known  who  wrote 
the  present  song.  Robin  Adair  is  said  to  have  been  a real 
person  of  some  local  interest : a Robert  Adair,  an  ancestor 
of  the  later  Viscounts  Molesworth,  lived  in  County  Wick- 
low in  tile  early  part  of  the  18th  century. 

Robinetta  (rob-i-net'a).  A painting  by  Sir 
JoshuaReynolds  (identified  as  MissLewis,  after- 
wardtheHon.  Mrs.  Tollemache),  in  the  National 
Gallery,  London.  It  is  a half-length  of  a seated  girl 
with  a bird  on  her  right  shoulder  and  her  left  arm  resting 
on  its  cage. 

Robin  Goodfellow.  See  Puck. 

Robin  Hood.  See  Hood,  Robin. 

Robin  of  Redesdale.  The  assumed  name  of  Sir 

William  Conyers,  the  leader  of  a peasants’ insur- 
rection in  Yorkshire  against  Edward  IV.  in  1469. 
Robins  (rob'inz),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Bath, 
England,  1707 : died  in  India,  July  29,  1751. 
An  English  natural  philosopher  and  mathema- 
tician. He  invented  the  ballistic  pendulum,  first  de- 
scribed in  his  “New  Principles  of  Gunnery ’’ (1742),  and 
made  important  discoveries  regarding  the  flight  of  pro- 
jectiles and  the  rifling  of  gun-barrels.  In  1749  he  was  ap- 
pointed engineer-general  to  the  EWst  India  Company. 
Robinson  (rob'in-son ),  Edward.  Born  at  South- 
ington, Conn.,  April  10, 1794 : died  in  New  York 
city,  Jan.  27,  1863.  An  American  biblical 
scholar.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  College ; was  instruc- 
tor in  Andover  Theological  seminary  1823-26,  and  professor 
there  1830-33 ; and  was  professor  in  U nion  Theological  Sem- 
inary (New  York)  1837-63.  From  1837  to  1839  he  was  in  the 
Orient,  traveling  in  Egypt,  the  Sinaitic  peninsula,  and  Pal- 
estine, largely  in  company  with  Dr.  Eli  Smith.  The  results 
of  their  investigations  were  published  in  his  chief  work, 
“Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine  and  the  Adjacent  Coun- 
tries ” (3  vols.  1841,  revised  ed.  1867).  He  translated  Gese- 
nius's  “ Hebrew  Lexicon  ” (1836),  and  compiled  a “ Greek 
and  English  Lexicon  of  the  New  Testament  "(1836),  “Greek 
Harmony  of  the  Gospels  ” (1845),  “ English  Harmony  of  the 
Gospels”  (1846),  and  “Physical  Geography  of  the  Holy 
Land”  (1865).  He  founded  the  “Biblical  Repository" 
(1831)  and  the  “Bibliotheca  Sacra"  (1843). 

Robinson,  Ezekiel  Gilman.  Born  at  Attlebo- 
rough, Mass.,  March  13, 1815:  died  June  13, 1894. 
An  American  Baptist  clergyman  and  educator. 
He  was  professor  in  the  theological  seminary  at  Covington 
(Kentucky),  and  1853at  Rochester(New  York),  and  became 
president  of  the  theological  seminary  at  Rochester  in  1860, 
and  was  president  of  Brown  University  1872-89.  He  pub- 
lished  a revised  translation  of  Neander’s  “Planting  and 
Training  of  the  Church  ” (1865),  and  edited  the  “Christian 
Review  " 1859-64. 

Robinson,  Frederick  John,  first  Earl  of  Ripon. 

Born  Oct.  30, 1782 : died  Jan.  28, 1859.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman,  youngest  son  of  the  second  Lord 
Grantham.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1802  ; be- 
came president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  1818 ; chancellor 
of  the  exchequer  in  1823 ; colonial  secretary  in  1827 ; pre- 
mier 1827-28;  colonial  secretary  in  1830;  lord  privy  seal 
1833-34  ; and  president  of  the  hoard  of  trade  1841-13.  He 
was  created  V iscount  Goderich  in  1827,  and  earl  of  Ripon 
in  1833. 

Robinson,  Sir  Frederick  Phillipse.  Born  in 

New  York, 1763 : died  at  Brighton, England,  Jan. 
1, 1852.  A British  general.  He  served  in  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  the  Peninsular  war,  and  the  War  of  1812. 

Robinson,  George  Frederick  Samuel,  first 
Marquis  of  Ripon.  Born  Oct.  24,  1827 : died 
July  9,  1909.  An  English  politician,  son  of  the 
Earl  of  Ripon.  He  was  secretary  for  war  1863-66,  and 
for  India  1866 ; lord  president  of  the  council  1868-73 ; 
chairman  of  the  joint  high  commission  to  negotiate  the 
treaty  of  Washington  1871 ; governor-general  of  India  1880- 
1884 ; first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1886 ; secretary  for  the 
colonies  1892-95  ; and  lord  privy  seal  Dec.,  1905-08.  He 
succeeded  Iris  father  as  second  earl  of  Ripon  in  1859,  and 
was  raised  to  the  marquisate  in  1871. 

Robinson,  Henry  Crabb.  Born  at  Bury  Saint 
Edmunds,  March  13. 1775:  died  at  London,  Feb. 
5,  1867.  An  English  writer.  From  1800  to  1805  he 
studied  at  Jena,  Weimar,  etc.;  in  1807  was  reporter  of  the 
“Times"  in  Spain  (the  first  war  correspondent);  and  in 
1813  was  called  to  the  bar.  In  1828  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  London  University.  His  “Diary,  Remi- 
niscences, and  Correspondence"  was  edited  in  1869  by  Dr. 
Sadler.  He  was  a friend  of  Goethe,  Wieland,  Wordsworth, 
Lamb,  and  other  authors. 

Robinson,  John.  Born  near  Scrooby,  Notting- 
hamshire, 1575:  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands, 
March  1,  1625.  An  English  Independent  min- 
ister. He  entered  Cambridge  (Corpus  Christi  College)  in 
1592,  and  was  elected  fellow  in  1598.  He  took  orders, 
but  waa  suspended  by  his  bishop  for  puritanism.  In  1604 
he  joined  the  Independents,  and  in  1606  became  pastor  of 
the  Separatist  congregation  at  Scrooby,  England.  In  1608 


Robinson,  John 

he  removed  to  Amsterdam,  and  in  1609  to  Leyden.  He  was 
pastor  of  the  English  Separatist  Church  in  the  Nether- 
lands. His  works  were  edited  by  Ashton  in  1861. 

Robinson,  Sir  John  Beverley  or  Beverly.  Born 
in  Lower  Canada,  July  26, 1791:  died  at  Toronto, 
Jan.  31,  1863.  A Canadian  jurist  and  politician. 
Robinson,  John  Cleveland.  Born  at  Bingham- 
ton, N.  Y.,  April  10,  1817 : died  there,  Feb.  18, 
1897.  An  American  general.  He  served  in  the  Mex- 
ican war,  and  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  in  1862.  He  commanded  a division  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, Chancellorsville,  and  Gettysburg,  and  in  the 
battles  of  the  Wilderness  and  at  Spottsylvania  Court 
House.  He  was  retired  with  the  rank  of  major-general 
in  1869.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  1873-75. 

Robinson,  Mary.  Born  at  Leamington,  Feb. 
27,  1857.  An  English  poet.  In  1888  she  married 
James  Darmesteter,  and  in  1901  Prof.  Emile  Duclaux.  She 
has  written  “A  Handful  of  Honeysuckles”  (1878),  “The 
Crowned  Hippolytus  ” (1880),  a translation  of  Euripides 
(1881),  “The  End  of  the  Middle  Ages"  (1889  : a historical 
work),  etc. 

Robinson,  Mrs.  (Mary  Darby),  known  as  Per- 
dita.  Bora  at  Bristol,  England,  Nov.  27, 1758: 
died  Dec.  26, 1800.  An  English  actress,  novel- 
ist, and  poet.  She  went  on  the  stage,  for  which  she 
had  previously  been  prepared  by  Garrick,  on  account  of 
the  loss  of  her  husband’s  property,  and  in  her  third  season 
was  cast  for  Perdita,  and  attracted  the  notice  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  (George  IV.).  She  left  the  stage  for  him,  but 
he  soon  cast  her  off.  Her  profession  being  closed  to  her, 
she  wrote  poems  and  novels  under  the  pen-name  of  Per- 
dita. She  afterward  lived  for  nearly  10  years  with  Colonel 
Tarleton. 

Robinson,  Richard.  An  actor  of  Ben  Jonson’s 
time,  celebrated  as  an  impersonator  of  female 
characters.  He  was  known  as  Dick  Robinson.  The 
actor  who  was  slain  at  the  siege  of  Basing  House  by  Ma- 
jor  Harrison  was  William  Robinson. 

Robinson,  Mrs.  (Therese  Albertine  Luise  von 
Jakob):  pseudonym  Talvj.  Born  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  Jan.  26, 1797 : died  at  Hamburg,  April 
13,  1870.  A German  writer,  wife  of  Edward 
Robinson  and  daughter  of  L.  H.  von  Jakob. 
She  published  translations  of  Servian  folk-songs  (1825-26), 
“Historical  View  of  the  Languages  and  Literature  of  the 
Slavic  Nations  ” (1850),  tales,  etc. 

Robinson,  Thomas  Romney.  Born  at  Dublin, 
April  23,  1792:  died  Feb.  28,  1882.  A British 
astronomer,  the  inventor  of  the  cup-anemom- 
eter. He  was  a fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In 
1823  he  became  astronomer  at  the  Armagh  Observatory'. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  “ Armagh  Catalogue  of  Stars.” 

Robinson,  William  Erigena.  Born  near  Cooks- 
town,  Ireland,  May  6,  1814 : died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1892.  An  American  journalist 
and  politician.  He  was  a Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  New  York  1867-69  and  1881-85.  He  frequently 
wrote  under  the  signature  of  “Richelieu.” 

Robinson  Crusoe  (rob'in-son  kro'so).  The  hero 
of  a famous  story  of  that  name  by  Defoe,  pub- 
lished in  1719.  See  Selkirk. 

Rob  Roy  (robroi)  (Robert  McGregor  or  Camp- 
bell). [ ‘ Red  Rob.’]  Born  in  Buchanan  parish, 
1671:  died  at  Balquhidder,  Dee.  28,  1734.  A 
Scottish  outlaw.  He  was  the  younger  son  of  Donald 
McGregor,  a lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army  of  James  II. 
He  got  his  name  Roy  from  his  red  hair,  and  adopted  Camp- 
bell as  his  surname.  After  the  accession  of  William  III. 
be  obtained  a commission  from  James  II.,  and  in  1691 
made  a descent  on  Stirlingshire.  In  1712  he  was  evicted 
and  outlawed  on  a charge  of  embezzlement.  He  became 
a Highland  freebooter,  and  was  included  in  the  Act  of  At- 
tainder. Under  the  protection  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  he 
continued  to  levy  blackmail  on  the  Scottish  gentry.  He 
is  the  subject  of  a novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (published  in 
1818),  of  an  opera  by  Flotow  (1832),  and  of  several  plays. 
Robsart  (rob'sart),  Amy.  A character  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott’s  novel  “Kenilworth.”  She  is  the 
unacknowledged  wife  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  and,  escap- 
ing from  her  place  of  concealment,  follows  him  to  Kenil- 
worth, only  to  be  disowned  and  sent  back  to  die  at  the 
hand  of  Richard  Varney.  See  Dudley , Robert. 

Robson  ( rob ' son ),  Thomas  Frederick 
(Thomas  Robson  Brownhill).  Born  at  Mar- 
gate, England,  Feb.  22,  1822  (?) : died  Aug.  12, 
1864.  An  English  actor.  In  1853  he  made  his  d£but 
at  the  Olympic,  London.  He  was  a successful  comedian. 
Robson,  Stuart.  Born  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  March 
4, 1836 : died  at  New  York,  April  29,  1903.  An 
American  comedian . He  was  a page  in  the  Senate  at 
Washington,  and  went  on  the  stage  at  Baltimore  in  1852. 
In  1855  he  played  at  Washington,  and  in  1862  became  a 
member  of  Laura  Keene’s  company  at  New  York.  From 
1877  to  1889  he  acted  in  partnership  with  W.  H.  Crane. 
Robust!.  See  Tintoretto. 

Roc  (rok),  The.  In  the  “Arabian  Nights,”  a 
gigantic  bird  which  carries  Sindbad  the  Sailor 
out  of  the  V alley  of  Diamonds.  Such  a bird  appears 
also  in  other  stories  in  the  “Entertainments."  A roc’s 
egg  has  become  the  symbol  of  something  unattainable. 

Roca  (ro'ka),  Cape,  Pg.  Cabo  da  Roca  (ka'- 
bo  da  ro'kii).  A headland  in  Portugal,  west  by 
north  of  Lisbon,  it  is  the  westernmost  cape  of  the 
continent  of  Europe.  Lat.  of  lighthouse,  38°  47'  N.,  long. 
9°  31'  W 

Roca,  Julio  A.  Born  at  Tucuman,  July,  1843. 


861 

An  Argentine  general  and  politician.  He  was 
minister  of  war  under  Avellaneda  1874-80,  and  in  this  ca- 
pacity led,  in  1879,  a military  expedition  into  Patagonia 
which  did  much  to  open  up  that  region  to  settlement. 
From  Oct.  12,  1880,  to  Oct.  12,  i886,  he  was  president  of 
the  republic.  He  was  again  president  1898-1904. 

Roca  (ro'ka),  Vicente  Ramon.  Born  at  Guaya- 
quil about  1790:  died  there,  1850.  An  Ecua- 
dorian politician.  He  was  senator,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  revolution  of  1845,  a member  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment formed  that  year,  and  president  1845-49.  During 
this  period  there  were  several  revolts  by  the  partizans  of 
Flores. 

Rocafuerte  (ro-ka-fo-ar'ta),  Vicente.  Born  at 
Guayaquil,  May  3,  1783 : died  at  Lima,  Peru, 
May  16,  1847.  An  Ecuadorian  statesman.  He 
traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  North  America,  and 
was  deputy  from  Guayaquil  to  the  Spanish  Cortes  (1812- 
1814),  where  he  opposed  the  government  of  Fernando  VII. 
From  1824  to  1830  he  was  envoy  of  Mexico  to  the  court  of 
St.  James’s.  He  retur  ned  to  Ecuador  in  1833 ; was  elected 
to  Congress,  and  the  same  year  led  a revolution  against 
Flores ; and  was  defeated  and  captured  in  1834.  Flores  par- 
doned him  and  made  him  commander  of  the  army,  in 
which  position  he  did  efficient  service.  From  1835  to  1839 
he  was  president  of  Ecuador,  and  his  term  was  the  most 

Erosperous  the  country  has  ever  known.  Subsequently 
e held  various  important  civil  and  diplomatic  positions. 
Rocafuerte  is  regarded  as  thegreatest  of  Ecuadorian  states- 
men. He  published  various  works  on  political  subjects. 

Rocamadour  (ro-ka-ma-dor').  A village  in  the 
department  of  Lot,  France,  situated  23  miles 
north-northeast  of  Cahors.  It  has  a noted  church 
and  chapels,  and  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  places  of 
pilgrimage  in  France. 

Rocas  (rd'kas).  A reef  in  the  Atlantic,  situ- 
ated northeast  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  in  lat.  3°  52' 
S.,  long.  33°  49'  W.  Being  almost  entirely  cov- 
ered during  high  tides,  it  is  very  dangerous  to 
ships. 

Rocca,  or  Roca,  Inca.  See  Inca  Rocca. 
Roccasecca  (rok-ka-sek'ka).  [It., ‘dry  castle.’] 
A small  town  in  the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy, 
59  miles  northwest  of  Naples. 

Rock  (nek),  or  RocbllS(r6'kus),  Saint.  Born  at 
Montpellier,  France,  about  1295 : died  at  Mont- 
pellier, 1327.  A French  Franciscan,  noted  for 
his  ministrations  to  the  plague-stricken.  He  was 
canonized,  and  his  feast  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  Church 
Aug.  16.  In  England  St.  Roch’s  day  was  celebrated  as  a 
harvest-home. 

Rocbambeau,  Comte  de.  See  Vimeure,  Jean 
Baptiste  Donation  de. 

Rochambeau,  Vicomte  de.  See  Vimeure,  Do- 
natien  Marie  Joseph  de. 

Rocha  Pitta  (rosh'a  pet'ta),  Sebastiao  da. 

Born  at  Bahia,  May  3, 1660 : died  near  the  same 
place,  Nov.  2,  1738.  A Brazilian  historian.  He 
spent  many  years  in  collecting  material  for  his  “Historia 
da  America  Portugueza"  (1730,  and  subsequent  editions). 
It  was  the  first  general  history  of  Brazil,  bringing  the  ac- 
count down  to  1724,  and  was  long  a standard. 

Rochdale  (roch'dal).  A parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough  of  Lancashire,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Roeh  11  miles  north-northeast  of 
Manchester.  It  has  manufactures  of  flannels,  woolens, 
cotton,  iron,  and  machinery ; and  is  the  seat  of  a success- 
ful working-men’s  cooperative  association.  It  was  founded 
in  1844.  John  Bright  had  his  residence  there.  Popula- 
tion, 91,437,  (1911). 

Rochefort  (rosh-for').  A seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inferieure,  France,  situated 
on  the  Charente,  9 miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat. 
45°  57'  N.,  long.  0°  58'  W.  It  has  an  immense  marine 

arsenal,  with  a hospital  and  other  government  establish- 
ments, and  a naval  harbor.  Its  commerce  is  important. 
The  principal  industry  is  ship-building.  It  was  selected 
by  Colbert  as  an  important  naval  station  in  1666.  The 
British  fleet  defeated  the  French  near  it  in  1809.  Napo- 
leon was  taken  prisoner  in  the  neighborhood  by  the  British 
in  July,  1815.  There  was  a convict  establishment  here 
q,  until  1852.  Population,  commune,  36,694. 

Rochefort,  Henri  (Victor  Henri,  Comte  de 
Rochefort-Lugay).  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  30, 
1830:  died  at  Aix-les-Bains,  June  30,  1913.  A 
French  journalist,  radical  politician,  and  play- 
wright. He  contributed  to  the  “ Figaro,”  etc.;  attacked 
the  empire  in  his  journal  “ La  Lanterne  ” in  1868  ; fled  to 
Belgium  in  1868 ; was  elected  to  the  Corps  Legislatif  in 
1869 ; founded  the  “ Marseillaise  ’’  (1869),  in  which  he  con- 
tinued his  attack  on  Napoleon  ; was  imprisoned  in  1870; 
became  a member  of  the  government  of  national  defense 
in  1870;  and  was  a member  of  the  National  Assembly  in 
1871.  He  sympathized  with  the  Commune  (1871);  was 
arrested  in  May,  1871 ; was  banished  to  New  Caledonia  in 
1873 ; escaped  to  England  in  1874  ; and  was  amnestied  in 
1880.  He  founded  in  Paris  the  “Intransigeant"  in  1880. 
He  was  a bitter  opponent  of  Gambetta  and  the  Opportu- 
nists, and  was  a supporter  of  Boulanger. 
Rochefoucauld,  La.  See  La  Rochefoucauld. 
Rochefoucauld-Liancourt,  La.  See  La  Roche- 
foucauld-Liancourt. 

Rochelle,  La.  See  La  Rochelle. 

Roches  (rosli),  Col  des.  A pass  in  the  Jura,  on 
the  borders  of  France  and  the  canton  of  Neu- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  11  miles  west-northwest  of 
Neuch&tel. 

Rochester  (roeh'es-ter).  [ME.  Rochester,  AS. 


Rock  Island 

Hrofeceaster,  Hrofesceaster,  translated  by  ML. 
Hrofi  or  Hrobi  civitas,  city  of  Hrof  (a  man’s 
name).]  A city  and  seaport  in  Kent,  England, 
situated  on  the  Medway,  adjoining  Chatham  and 
Strood,  26  miles  east-southeast  of  London : the 
Roman  Durobrivte  or  Dorobrevum.  it  has  con- 
siderable trade.  It  contains  a ruined  Norman  castle.  The 
cathedral  is  of  very  early  foundation,  but  was  rebuilt  in  the 
13th  century  and  later.  The  choir  is  Early  English,  hand- 
somely arcaded,  with  square  chevet.  The  clearstory  of  the 
nave  is  Perpendicular,  with  a very  large  west  window.  The 
cathedral  has  double  transepts,  and  an  ugly  Bquare  tower 
over  the  first  crossing.  The  recessed  west  portal  is  fine, 
and  there  is  a remarkable  crypt.  The  dimensions  are  306 
by  68  feet,  and  120  across  the  west  transepts.  It  was  a 
British  and  Roman  town  ; was  sacked  by  the  Danes  ; and 
was  besieged  by  William  Rufus.  Near  Rochester  is  Gad’s 
Hill  Place,  the  home  of  Charles  Dickens.  Pop.,  30,690. 

Rochester.  [Named  from  Nathaniel  Rochester.] 
A city,  capital  of  Monroe  County,  New  York, 
situated  on  the  Genesee  7 miles  from  Lake  On- 
tario, and  on  the  Erie  Canal,  in  lat.  43°  8'  N., 
long.  77°  37'  W.  It  is  an  important  railway  center.  It 
has  manufactures  of  clothing,  boots  and  shoes,  flour,  beer, 
tobacco,  carriages,  and  furniture ; an  important  trade  in 
coal;  and  many  nurseries.  It  contains  the  University  of 
Rochester  (Baptist  in  origin  (1850),  now  non-sectarian), 
Baptist  Theological  Seminary,  an  observatory,  and  chari- 
table and  reformatory  institutions.  There  are  three  falls 
of  the  Genesee  within  the  city  limits.  It  w as  settled  in 
1812,  and  incorporated  in  1834.  Pop.,  218,149,  (1910). 

Rochester.  A city  in  Strafford  County,  New 
Hampshire, situated  on  the  Salmon  andCocheco 
rivers,  28  miles  east  by  north  of  Concord.  Pop- 
ulation, 8,868,  (1910). 

Rochester.  A city,  capital  of  Olmsted  County, 
Minnesota,  situated  on  the  south  fork  of  Zum- 
bro  River,  73  miles  south-southeast  of  St.  Paul. 
Population,  7,844,  (1910). 

Rochester,  Earl  of.  See  Wilmot,  John. 
Rochester,  Edward  Fairfax.  The  principal 
character  in  Charlotte  Bronte’s  “Jane  Eyre.” 
He  is  probably  responsible  for  most  of  the  muscular 
heroes  in  the  world  of  fiction  since  his  time. 
Rochester,  Nathaniel.  Born  in  Westmoreland 
County,  Va.,  Feb.  21,  1752:  died  at  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  May  17, 1831.  An  American  pioneer  and 
Revolutionary  officer.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  colo- 
nizers of  the  Genesee  valley  (New  York)  and  of  the  city  of 
Rochester  (which  was  named  after  him). 

Roche-sur-Yon,  La.  See  La-Roche-sur-Ton. 
Rochet  (ro-sha'),  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug. 
24,  1813:  died  there,  Jan.  21,  1878.  A French 
Sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  “ Comte  Ugolino  et  ses 
enfants”  (1839),  “Jeune  femme  pleurant”  (1840),  “Guil- 
laume le  Conquerant  ” (1851:  at  Falaise),  “ NapolCon  Bona- 
parte, Mfeve  de  Brienne”  (1853:  statuette),  “NapolCon 
Bonaparte”  (1855),  “Mme.  de  Sevigne  ” (1857:  at  Grignan), 
“L’Empereur  Dom  Pedro I.”  (1861 : large  equestrian  statue 
erected  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  1862),  etc. 

Rochette.  See  Raoul- Roche tte. 

Rochlitz  (roch'lits).  A town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  edge  of  the  Riesengebirge  62  miles 
northeast  of  Prague.  Population,  commune, 
6,466  (1910). 

Rochlitz.  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
situated  on  the  Z wickauer  Mulde  28  miles  south- 
east of  Leipsic.  Population,  6,258. 

Rochlitz,  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  12, 
1769:  died  there,  Dec.  16, 1842.  A German  mu- 
sical critic  and  novelist.  He  founded  the  “ All- 
gemeine  mugikalische  Zeitung”  in  1798. 
Rochus.  See  Roch. 

Rock  (rok),  Captain.  A fictitious  name  signed 
to  notices,  summonses,  etc.,  by  the  leader  of  a 
certain  band  of  Irish  insurgents  in  1822. 
Rockaway  (rok'  a-wa) . A summ  er  resort  on  the 
south  coast  of  Long  Island,  southeast  of  Brook- 
lyn. 

Rockaway,  Far.  A summer  resort  east  of 
Rockaway. 

Rockaway  Beach.  A long  beach  on  the  south 
coast  of  Long  Island,  10-12  miles  southeast  of 
Brooklyn. 

Rockford  (rok'ford).  A city,  capital  of  Winne- 
bago County,  northern  111  inois.  situated  on  Rock 
River.  Population,  45,401,  (1910). 
Rockhampton  (rok-hamp'ton).  A town  in 
Queensland,  Australia,  situated  on  Fitzroy 
River  about  lat.  23°  25'  S.  Population,  15,461; 
with  North  Rockhampton,  18,326. 

Rockhill  (rok'hil),  William  Woodville.  Born 
at  Philadelphia  in  1854.  An  American  traveler, 
diplomat,  and  author.  He  was  secretary  of  legation 
in  Peking  1885-86  ; first  assistant  secretary  of  state  of  the 
United  States  1896-97 ; ministerto  Greece  1897-99;  special 
envoy  to  China  July,  1900;  minister  to  China  1905-09; 
ambassador  to  Russia  1909-11 ; and  minister  to  Turkey 
1911-13.  He  has  written  “The  Land  of  Baa  Lamas 
(1891),  etc. 

Rockingham,  Marquis  of.  See  Wentworth, 

Charles  Watson. 

Rock  Island  (rok  i'land).  An  island  in  the 
Mississippi,  opposite  the  city  of  Rock  Island. 


Bock  Island 

It  is  the  seat  of  a large  United  States  arsenal  and  armory, 
and  was  the  site  of  Fort  Armstrong  at  the  time  of  the  Black 
Hawk  war.  Length,  about  3 miles. 

Bock  Island.  A city,  capital  of  Rock  Island 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  op- 
posite Davenport  (in  Iowa),  in  lat.  41°  28'  N. 
It  is  an  important  railway  center,  and  the  seat  of  a United 
States  arsenal.  Population,  24,335,  (1910). 

Rockland  (rok'land).  A city  and  seaport,  capi- 
tal of  Knox  County,  Maine,  situated  on  Penob- 
scot Bay  38  miles  southeast  of  Augusta.  It  has 
important  manufacturing  and  ship-building  industries, 
exports  granite,  and  has  trade  in  lime.  Population,  8,174, 
(1910). 

Rockland.  A town  in  Plymouth  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 18  miles  south-southeast  of  Boston  : 
formerly  called  East  Abington.  Population, 
6,928,  (1910). 

Rockport(rok'port).  Aseaportin  EssexCounty, 
Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  extremity  of  the 
Cape  Ann  peninsula,  30  miles  northeast  of  Bos- 
ton. Population,  4,211,  (1910). 

Rockstro  (rok'stro),  William  Smith.  Born 
Jan.  5,  1823:  died  July  2,  1895.  An  English 
composer,  author  of  a “History  of  Music.” 
Rocky  (rok'i)  Mountains.  The  most  important 
mountain  system  in  North  America.  The  name 
is  sometimes  applied  to  the  entire  mountainous  region  in 
the  western  part  of  the  continent,  extending  to  the  Pacific, 
but  is  defined  by  the  United  States  Geographic  Board  as  in- 
cluding, within  the  United  States,  the  ranges  of  Montana, 
Idaho,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Western 
Texas,  exclusive  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Cascade  Mountains, 
Coast  Range,  and  ranges  of  the  Great  Basin.  Among  the 
chief  ranges  are  the  Cceur  d’Alene  Mountains,  Bitter  Root 
Mountains,  Salmon  River  Mountains,  Big  Horn,  Black 
Hills,  Crazy  Mountains,  Shoshone  Mountains,  Wahsatch 
Mountains,  Medicine  Bow  Range,  Park  Ranges,  Front 
Range,  Sawatch  Mountains,  and  Elk  Mountains.  The 
system  traverses  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Utah,  Colorado, 
Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  Montana.  The  chief  peaks  are 
Pike’s  Peak,  Long’s  Peak,  Gray’s  Peak,  Mount  Harvard, 
Mountain  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Uncompahgre  Peak,  Blanca 
Peak,  and  Mount  Massive  (14,424  feet,  the  highest  in  the 
system  within  the  United  States).  The  heights  of  the 
principal  summits  in  British  America  are  notall  definitely 
known,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  any  peak  rises  above  14,000 
feet,  unless  it  be  about  the  Alaskan  region.  Mount  Brown, 
frequently  represented  to  be  15,000-10,000  feet  in  eleva- 
tion, has  been  shown  to  fall  much  below  this.  Among  the 
special  features  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  the  canons 
and  geyser  springs  (see  Yellowstone  National  Park),  and 
the  singular  rock  formations,  in  the  shape  of  pinnacles, 
columns,  etc.,  which  have  likened  them  to  monuments 
(Monument  Park,  Garden  of  the  Gods,  near  Colorado 
Springs).  The  “parks"  (North,  Middle,  South,  San  Luis, 
etc.)  are  notable  features.  The  system  contains  the  sources 
of  the  Saskatchewan,  Missouri,  Platte,  Arkansas,  Rio 
Grande,  Columbia,  Colorado,  and  other  rivers. 

Rocourt,  or  Rocour  (ro-kor'),  or  Rocoux  (ro- 
ko'),  or  Raueoux  (ro-ko'),  or  Raucourt  (ro- 
kor').  A village  in  Belgium,  3 miles  north-north- 
west of  Liege.  Here,  Oct.  11, 1746,  the  French 
under  Marshal  Saxe  defeated  the  Austrians  and 
their  allies. 

Rocroi,  or  Rocroy  (ro-krwa').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  near 
the  Belgian  frontier,  15  miles  northwest  of 
M6zi&res.  It  was  fortified  by  Vauban,  and  was  taken 
by  the  Allies  in  1815,  and  by  the  Germans  Jan.  6, 1871.  A 
victory  was  gained  near  it  May  19,  1643,  by  the  French 
under  the  Due  d’Enghien  (“the  Great  Condo")  over  the 
Spaniards.  Population,  commune,  2,116. 

Rodbertus  (rod-ber'tos),  Johann  Karl.  Born 
at  Greifswald,  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1805 : died  on 
his  estate  Jagetzow,  Dec.  6,  1875.  A German 
political  economist,  originator  of  German  sci- 
entific socialism.  He  was  a member  of  the  Prussian 
National  Assembly  in  1848,  and  of  the  second  chamber  in 
1849.  He  wrote  “Soziale  Briefe”  (1850-61),  etc. 

Rodenberg  (ro 'den -hero)  (originally  Levy), 
Julius.  Born  at  Rodenberg,  Prussia,  June  26, 
1831.  A German  poet,  novelist,  and  writer  of 
travels.  He  has  edited  the  “Deutsche  Rund- 
schau” since  1875. 

Roderick,  or  Roderic  (rod'er-ik).  [F.  Rodrigue , 
Roderic,  Sp.  Rodrigo,  Rug,  Pg.  It.  Rodrigo,  Gael. 
Ruairidh,  Rory,  Pol.  Roderyk,  Russ.  Roderikh, 
Rurik,  ML.  Rodericus,  from  Goth.  *Erdtha- 
reilcs,  OHG.  Hruoderic,  Roderick,  G.  Roderick, 
prince  of  fame.]  The  last  king  of  the  West 
Goths  in  Spain.  He  ascended  the  throne  about 
710,  and  was  overthrown  and  probably  slain  by  the  Sara- 
cens under  Tarik  in  711.  According  to  legend  he  violated 
Florindaor  Cava,  daughter  of  Count  Julian  of  Ceuta,  whose 
father  avenged  her  dishonor  by  calling  in  the  Saracens. 
Roderick  was  overcome  in  a seven  days’  fight,  and  fled  to 
the  mountains,  where  he  became  a hermit. 

The  fate  of  Roderick  has  remained  a mystery  to  this  day. 
His  horse  and  sandals  were  found  on  tile  river-bank  the 
day  after  the  battle,  but  his  body  was  not  with  them. 
Doubtless  he  was  drowned  and  washed  out  to  the  great 
ocean.  But  the  Spaniards  would  not  believe  this.  They 
clothed  the  dead  king  with  a holy  mystery  which  assuredly 
did  not  enfold  him  when  alive.  They  made  the  last  of  the 
Goths  into  a legendary  saviour  like  King  Arthur,  and  be- 
lieved that  he  would  come  again  from  his  resting-place  in 
some  ocean  Isle,  healed  of  his  wound,  to  lead  the  Christians 
once  more  against  the  infidels.  In  the  Spanish  legends, 


862 

Roderick  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  pious  acts  of  penance, 
and  was  slowly  devoured  by  snakes  in  punishment  for  the 
sins  he  had  committed,  until  at  last  his  crime  was  washed 
out,  “the  body’s  pang  had  spared  the  spirit’s  pain,"  and 
“ Don  Rodrigo  ” was  suffered  to  depart  to  the  peaceful 
isle,  whence  his  countrymen  long  awaited  his  triumphant 
return.  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  21. 

Roderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths.  A narrative 
poem  by  Robert  Southey,  published  in  1814. 

Roderick  Dhu  (rod'er-ik  du).  A Highland 
chieftain,  one  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Scott’s  “Lady  of  the  Lake.” 

Roderick  Random  (ran'dom).  A novel  by 
Smollett,  published  in  1748. 

Roderigo  (rod-e-re'go).  1.  In  Shakspere’s 
“Othello,”  a foolish  gentleman  in  love  with 
Desdemona  and  duped  by  Iago. — 2.  In  Middle- 
ton’s play  “The  Spanish  Gipsy,”  a brutal  ruf- 
fian whose  repentance  and  reformation  form 
the  theme  of  the  play. 

Rodewisch  (ro'de-vish).  Amanufacturingtown 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the 
Goltzsch  14  miles  south  by  west  of  Zwickau. 
Population,  commune,  8,095. 

Rodez,  formerly  Rhodez  (ro-das').  [ML.  Ra- 
te na,  Ruthenis,  Rutenica;  from  the  Ruteni  : see 
the  def.]  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Aveyron,  France,  situated  on  the  Aveyron  in 
lat.  44°  21'  N.,  long.  2°  34'  E. : the  ancient  Sa- 
godunum.  It  has  considerable  commerce  and  manu- 
factures. The  cathedral,  founded  in  1274  and  carried  on 
for  two  centuries,  is  large,  and  has  by  the  north  transept 
a tower  265  feet  high.  The  town  was  the  capital  of  the 
Ruteni,  and  later  of  Rouergue.  It  was  united  to  France 
under  Henry  IV.  Population,  commune,  15,602. 

Rodgers  (roj'erz),  Christopher  Raymond 
Perry.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14, 1819 : 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  8,  1892.  An 
American  admiral.  He  entered  the  United  States 
navy  as  a midshipman  in  1833,  and  served  in  the  Seminole 
andMexicanwars,  being  promoted  commanderin  1861.  He 
was  fleet-captain  in  the  Wabash  of  Admiral  Du  Pont’s  fleet 
at  the  battle  of  Port  Royal  in  1861 ; commanded  an  expedi- 
tion to  St.  Augustine  and  up  St.  Mary’s  River  in  1862  ; and 
was  fleet-captain  in  the  New  Ironsides  in  the  attack  on 
the  defenses  of  Charleston  April  7, 1863.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  1874-77  and 
in  188L  Promoted  rear-admiral  1874 : retired  1881. 

Rodgers,  John.  Born  in  Harford  County,  Md., 
July  11, 1771:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  1,1838. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  was  executive  offi- 
cer of  the  Constellation  at  the  capture  of  the  French 
frigate  LTnsurgente  in  1799,  and  in  1805  succeeded  Com- 
modore Barron  in  command  of  the  American  squadron 
operating  against  Tripolis.  He  commanded  the  President 
in  the  action  against  the  Little  Belt  in  1811,  and  took  part 
in  the  defense  of  Baltimore  in  1814. 

Rodgers,  John.  Born  in  Maryland,  Aug.  8, 1812 : 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  May  5,  1882.  An 
American  admiral,  son  of  John  Rodgers  (1771- 
1838).  He  served  agains  the  Seminoles ; was  distin- 
guished in  the  Civil  War,  capturing  the  Confederate  iron- 
clad Atlanta  in  1863;  and  commanded  the  Korean  expedi- 
tion in  1871.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  United  States 
Naval  Observatory  at  Washington  1877-82. 

Rodiger  (re'dig-er),  Emil.  Born  at  Sanger- 
hausen,  Thuringia,  Oct.  13,  1801:  died  at  Berlin, 
June  15, 1874.  A German  Orientalist,  professor 
at  Berlin  from  1860. 

Rodilardus  (ro-di-lar'dus).  [From  L.  rodere 
lardum,  to  gnaw  lard.]  An  immense  cat,  in  Rabe- 
lais’s “ Pantagruel,”  which  attacks  Panurge. 

Rodin  (ro-dan'),  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov., 
1840.  A French  sculptor.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he 
entered  La  Petite  ]5cole,  and  later  the  school  of  theGobelins 
and  Barye’s  classes  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes.  He  executed 
the  famous  bust  called  “The  Broken  Nose”  in  1862-63. 
Rodin  worked  as  an  artisan  at  Marseillesand  Strasburg,  and 
finally  entered  the  atelier  of  Carrier- BeUeuse.  During  the 
Commune  he  followed  Carrier- Belleuse  to  Belgium,  where 
he  remained  until  1874.  He  then  went  to  Italy,  where  he 
made  a profound  study  of  Donatello  and  Michelangelo, 
which  seems  tohaverevealed  his  own  powers  to  the  sculptor 
himself,  now  34  years  of  age.  He  returned  to  Brussels.  At 
the  Salon  of  1877  he  exhibited  a figure  called  “L’Age  d’ai- 
rain,  ” which  expressed  what  he  believed  to  be  the  right  prin- 
ciple of  construction  of  a statue.  His  bust  of  “ St.  - J ean  Bap- 
tiste ” established  his  reputation.  Among  his  other  works 
are  another  “ St. -Jean  ” (1880),  “Creation  of  Man  ’’  (1881), 
busts  of  J.  P.  Laurens  and  Carrier-Belleuse  (1882),  Victor 
Hugo  (1884),  a statue  of  Bastien-Lepage  (1885),  and  a 
monument  for  the  city  of  Calais  in  commemoration  of  the 
patriotism  of  Eustache  de  Saint-Pierre  and  his  companions, 
who  offered  themselves  as  a sacrifice  to  the  demands  of 
Edward  III.  of  England,  conqueror  of  the  city  in  1347.  He 
also  received  a commission  for  the  bronze  doors  of  the 
Mus<5e  des  Arts  Ddcoratifs,  of  which  the  subject  is  taken 
from  the  “Inferno"  of  Dante. 

Rodman  (rod'man),  Isaac  Peace.  Born  at 
South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Aug.  18,  1822:  died  at 
Sharpsburg,  Md.,  Sept.  30, 1862.  A Union  gen- 
eral in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Antietam. 

Rodman,  Thomas  Jackson.  Born  at  Salem, 
Ind.,  July  31,  1816:  died  at  Rock  Island,  111., 
June  7,  1871.  An  American  (brevet)  brigadier- 
general.  lie  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841,  and  is 


Roebling,  John  Augustus 

notable  as  the  author  of  various  inventions  in  different 
departments  of  ordnance,  the  chief  of  which  is  the  Rod- 
man  gun. 

Rodna  (rod'na).  A pass  in  the  Carpathians  in 
northern  Transylvania,  leading  from  the  valley 
of  the  Szamos  into  Moldavia. 

Rodney  (rod'ni),  Caesar.  Born  at  Dover,  Del., 
Oct.  7,  1728:  died  there,  June  29,  1784.  An 
American  patriot,  a signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  as  member  of  Congress  in  1776. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and 
president  of  Delaware  1778-82. 

Rodney,  Caesar  Augustus.  Born  at  Dover, 
Del.,  Jan.  4,  1772:  died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  June 
10, 1824.  An  American  politician,  son  of  Caesar 
Rodney . He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Delaware  1803-05,  and  United  States  attorney-general  1807- 
1811.  He  served  in  the  War  of  1812 ; was  commissioner 
to  South  America  in  1817 ; was  member  of  Congress  from 
Delaware  1821-22,  and  United  States  senator  1822-23 ; and 
was  minister  to  Buenos  Ayres  1823-24. 

Rodney,  George  Brydges,  first  Baron  Rodney. 
Born  at  Walton-on-Thames,  England,  Feb.  13, 
1718 : died  in  London,  May  23,  1792.  A noted 
English  admiral.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  War, 
and  gained  a victory  over  the  Spaniards  off  Cape  St  Vin- 
cent, Jan.,  1780,  and  one  over  the  French  under  De  Grasse 
off  Dominica,  April  12,  1782.  He  was  created  Baron  Rod- 
ney June  19,  1782. 

Rodogune  (ro-do-giin').  A tragedy  by  Cor- 
neille, produced  in  1646. 

Rodomont  (rod'o-mont).  A brave  though  brag- 
ging Moorish  king  in  “Orlando  Innamorato” 
and  “ Orlando  Furioso.”  The  word  “ rodomon- 
tade ” is  derived  from  his  name.  He  appears  to 
have  originated  in  the  Mezentius  of  Vergil. 

Rodoni  (ro-do'ne),  Cape.  A cape  on  the  coast 
of  Albania,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  41°  37'  N., 
long.  19°  28'  E. 

Rodosto  (ro-dos'to).  A seaport  in  European 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Sea  of  Marmora  78 
miles  west  of  Constantinople:  the  ancient  Bi- 
santhe  and  Rhasdestus.  Population,  estimated, 
20,000. 

Rodrigo  Diaz  de  Bivar.  See  Cid. 

Rodrigues  Ferreira  (rod-re'ges  fa-rar'ra), 
Alexandre.  Born  at  Bahia,  April  27,  1756  : 
died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  April  23,  1815.  A 
Brazilian  naturalist.  From  1783  to  1793  he  traveled 
in  the  interior  of  Brazil  (the  Amazon  valley,  Matto  Grosso, 
etc.)  on  a scientific  commission  from  the  Portuguese  gov- 
ernment. His  numerous  reports  and  scientific  papers 
were  left  in  manuscript,  hut  some  of  them  have  been  pub- 
lished during  the  nineteenth  century. 

Rodrigues  Torres  (tor  ' ras),  Joaquim  Jos6. 

Born  at  Sao  Joao  de  Itaborahy,  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Dec.  13,  1802:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Jan.  8, 
1872.  A Brazilian  politician.  He  was  several  times 
minister  of  marine  (1831-32, 1832-34,  and  1837-39),  minister 
of  the  treasury  (1849),  and  premier  May  11,  1852, -Sept.  6, 
1853.  In  1844  he  was  chosen  senator,  and  from  1864  was 
the  acknowledged  chief  of  the  conservative  party.  He 
was  created  viscount  of  Itaborahy  in  1854. 

Rodriguez  (ro-dre'ges),  or  Rodrigues  (rod- 
reg').  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  in  about 
lat.  19°  40'  S.,  long.  63°  25'  E.,  east  of  Mauri- 
tius, of  which  it  is  a dependency,  it  was  origi- 
nally settled  by  the  French,  but  is  now  a British  posses- 
sion. Area,  42  square  miles.  Population,  3,162. 

Rodriguez  (rod-re'geth),  Jose  Joaquin.  A 

Costa  Rican  statesman,  president  from  May  8, 
1890,  to  May  8,  1894. 

Rodriguez,  Mariano  Ospina.  See  Ospina  Ro- 
drigues. 

Roe  (ro),  Azel  Stevens.  Born  in  New  York  city 
Aug.  16, 1798:  died  at  East  Windsor  Hill,  Conn.r 
Jan.  1,  1886.  An  American  novelist.  Among 
his  works  are  “James  Mountjoy.  or  I’ve  been  Thinking” 
(1850),  “A  Long  Look  Ahead”  (1855),  “True  to  the  Last” 
(1859),  etc. 

Roe,  Edward  Payson.  Born  at  New  Windsor, 
Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  March  7, 1838  : died  at 
Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  July  19,  1888.  An  American 
Presbyterian  clergyman  and  novelist.  Among 
his  novels  are  “ Barriers  Burned  Away  ” (1872),  “ Opening 
a Chestnut  Burr  ” (1874),  “From  Jest  to  Earnest  ” (1875), 
“A  Knight  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  ” (1877),  “A  Face 
Illumined  ” (1878),  “ Without  a Home  ’’  (18S0),  etc. 

Roe  (ro),  Richard.  The  name  of  the  imaginary 
defendant  in  fictions  formerly  in  use  in  cases  of 
ejectment.  Compare  Doe,  John. 

Roe,  or  Row,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Low  Ley- 
ton,  Essex,  in  1580  or  1581 : died  1644.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist  under  James  I.  and  Charles  I- 
He  was  “ esquire  to  the  body  ” to  Queen  Elizabeth  ; was 
knighted  by  James  I.  in  1004-05 ; and  was  sent  by  Prince 
Henry  to  the  West  Indies  in  1610-11.  He  gained  consid- 
erable reputation  by  his  embassy  to  the  court  of  the  Great 
Mogul  at  Agra  (1615-18).  In  1621  he  was  ambassador  to 
the  Porte,  and  in  1641  was  sent  to  the  Diet  of  Ratisbon. 

Roebling  (reb'ling),  John  Augustus.  Bom 

at  Miihlhausen,  Prussia,  June  12,  1806:  died  at 
Brooklyn,  July  22,  1869.  Au  American  civil 

engineer.  Among  his  works  are  suspension-bridges  over 
the  Niagara  (1851-56),  over  the  Ohio  at  Cincinnati  (1850-671 


Roebling,  John  Augustus 

and  designs  for  the  East  River  Bridge  between  New  York 
and  Brooklyn.  He  died  from  injuries  received  while  in- 
specting the  work  on  this  bridge.  He  published  “Long 
and  Short  Span  Bridges  ” (1869),  etc. 

Roebling,  Washington  Augustus.  Born  at 
Saxenburg,  Pa.,  May  26,  1837.  An  American 
civil  engineer,  son  of  J.  A.  Roebling.  After  the 
latter’s  death  he  superintended  the  construction 
of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

Roebuck  (rd'buk),  John  Arthur.  Bom  at  Ma- 
dras, Dee.,  1801:  died  Nov.  30,  1879.  A British 
Radical  politician.  He  became  member  of  Parliament 
for  Bath  in  1832,  and  later  sat  for  Sheffield.  He  wrote  a 
“ Plan  for  the  Government  of  our  English  Colonies  " (1849), 
“ History  of  the  Whig  Ministry  of  1830  ” (1862),  etc. 
Roederer(re'der-er), Comte  Pierre  Louis.  Bom 
at  Metz,  Feb.  15,  1754:  died  Dec.  17,  1835.  A 
French  politician,  publicist,  and  economist.  He 
was  a member  of  the  National  Assembly  in  1789,  and  an 
administrator  under  Napoleon  I.  He  was  created  a count 
in  1809.  He  supported  Napoleon  during  the  Hundred 
Days,  and  retired  to  private  life  after  the  second  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons.  He  published  “Memoires  pour  ser- 
vir  h l’histoire  de  Louis  XII.  et  de  Francois  I.”  (1825)  and 
“Esprit  de  la  revolution  de  1789  ”(1831),  and  “ Chronique 
decinquante  jours,  du  20  Juin  au  10  Aoilt"  (1832). 

Roer,  or  Ruhr  (ror).  A river  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  and  the 
Netherlands.  It  joins  the  Meuse  at  Roermond. 
Length,  about  125  miles. 

Roermond  (ror-mont'),  or  Roermonde  (ror- 
mon'de),  F.  Ruremonde  (riir-mond').  A town 
in  the  province  of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Roer  and  Meuse,  27 
miles  northeast  of  Maestricht.  it  has  a minster 
and  cloth  manufactures.  Population,  commune,  12,348. 

Roeskilde,  or  Roskilde  (ros'kil-de).  A town 
in  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  situated  on 
Roeskilde  Fjord  20  miles  west  of  Copenhagen. 
The  cathedra],  built  in  the  middle  of  the  13th  century  in 
the  Transition  style,  is  with  three  exceptions  the  finest 
medieval  church  in  Scandinavia.  The  masonry  is  of  sand- 
stone and  brick.  There  are  many  interesting  tombs,  in- 
cluding those  of  several  kings  and  queens  of  Denmark. 
The  cathedral  is  280  feet  long,  the  tower  246  high.  Roes- 
kilde was  an  ancient  ecclesiastical  center.  It  had  at  one 
time  a population  of  100,000,  and  was  the  capital  until  1443. 
By  the  peace  concluded  at  Roeskilde  between  Denmark 
and  Sweden,  Feb.  28,  1658,  the  former  ceded  Schonen,  Hal- 
land,  Bornholm,  Drontheim,  etc.  Population,  8,820. 

Roger  (roj'er)  I.  (Roger  Guiscard).  [L.  Ro- 

gerus,  F.  Roger,  It.  Ruggiero,  Rogero,  Sp.  Pg. 
Rogerio,  G.  Rudiger. ] Born  1031:  died  at  Mileto, 
1101.  Grand  Count  of  Sicily,  youngest  son  of 
Tancred  de  Hauteville  and  brother  of  Robert 
Guiscard.  He  aided  his  brother  in  Calabria  after  1058, 
and  began  with  him  about  lu60  the  conquest  of  Sicily,  tak- 
ing Messina  (1061),  Palermo  (1072),  Catania,  Girgenti,  etc. 
In  1090  he  took  Malta  from  the  Saracens.  lie  assumed 
the  title  of  count  of  Sicily  about  1071. 

Roger  II.  Born  about  1096 : died  at  Palermo, 
1154.  Count  and  later  king  of  Sicily,  son  of 
Roger  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  110i.  He  wa3 
acknowledged  duke  of  Apulia  and  Calabria  in  1127,  thus 
uniting  the  Norman  conquests  in  Italy  with  Sicily  ; wa3 
crowned  king  of  Sicily  in  1130  ; was  defeated  by  the  em- 
peror Lothair  in  1137  ; waged  war  successfully  against  the 
Pope  in  1139,  and  against  the  Eastern  Empire  and  the 
Arabs;  and  conquered  Naples  and  the  Abruzzi. 

Roger  de  Coverley.  See  Coverley. 

Roger  of  Hoveden  (roj'er  ov  huv'den  or  hov'- 
den).  Lived  in  the  last  half  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. The  author  of  a chronicle  of  England, 
first  printed  in  1596.  He  was  a clerk  and  a member 
of  the  royal  household  of  Henry  II.,  and  seems  to  have  been 
well  versed  in  the  law.  He  served  the  king  in  various  dip- 
lomatic and  public  affairs,  and  on  Henry’s  death  he  prob- 
ably retired  to  the  collegiate  church  of  Hoveden  (Hovedon 
or  Howden),  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  and  wrote  his 
chronicle. 

Roger  of  Hoveden’s  Chron  icle  was  based  first  upon  a com- 
pilation made  probably  at  Durham  between  the  years  1148 
and  1161,  and  known  as  the  “Historia  Saxonum  vel  Anglo- 
rum  post  obitum  Bedre.”  This  chronicle  was  compiled 
from  the  histories  of  Simeon  of  Durham  and  Henry  of 
Huntingdon.  Roger  of  Hoveden  added  to  this  an  account 
of  the  miracles  of  Edward  the  Confessor ; an  abstract  of  a 
charter  of  William  the  Conqueror  granting  Heminburgh 
and  Brackenholm  to  Durham  ; a copy  of  a charter  by  which 
Thomas  I.,  archbishop  of  York,  released  Durham  churches 
In  his  diocese  from  customary  payments  to  the  Archbishop ; 
a list  in  French  of  warriors  at  the  siege  of  Nice  ; and  about 
eight  other  additions.  The  part  of  Iioveden’s  Chronicle 
which  extends  from  1148  to  1170  is  not  founded  upon  any 
written  authority  except  the  chronicle  of  Melrose.  . . . 
The  Melrose  Chronicle  was  based  upon  Simeon  of  Durham 
until  the  year  1121,  and  was  then  continued  until  1169  with 
contemporary  record.  Between  1163  and  1169  Roger  of 
Hoveden  draws  largely  from  the  lives  of  Becket  in  the  rec- 
ord of  his  quarrel  witli  the  king.  . . . From  1169  to  the 
spring  of  1192  Roger  of  Hoveden’s  Chronicle  embodies, 
with  occasional  divergence,  and  addition  of  documents, 
chiefly  northern,  that  of  Benedict  of  Peterborough  ; and 
from  1192  to  1201,  at  which  date  the  chronicle  ends,  the 
addition  of  documents  especially  relating  to  the  north  of 
England  becomes  a marked  feature  of  the  work.  This  is 
the  part  of  the  chronicle  in  which  Roger  of  Hoveden  is  his- 
torian of  his  own  time,  and  his  work  is  of  the  highest  value. 
The  reputation  of  the  chronicle  was  in  its  own  time  so  good 
that  Edward  I.  is  said  to  have  caused  diligent  search  to  be 
made  for  copies  of  it  in  the  year  1291,  in  order  that  on  its 


863 

evidence  he  might  adjust  the  disputes  as  to  homage  due  to 
him  from  the  Crown  of  Scotland. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  193,  194. 

Roger  of  Wendover  (wen'do-ver).  Died  1236: 
An  English  chronicler,  a monk  of  the  Abbey  of 
St.  Albans  and  prior  of  Belvoir.  He  was  the  author 
of  that  portion  of  the  “ Flores  historiarum  ’’  which  treats 
of  the  period  after  1189.  The  rest  is  by  John  de  Celia. 
Rogero  (ro-ja'ro),  or  Ruggiero  (rod-ja'ro).  A 
Saracen  knight  in  Boiardo’s  “ Orlando  Innamo- 
rato”  and  in  Ariosto’s  “ Orlando  Furioso.”  He 
becomes  a Christian  and  is  baptized  for  the  sake  of  Brada- 
mant.  He  is  one  of  the  most  important  characters. 
Rogers  (roj'erz),  Fairman.  Born  Nov.  15, 
1833 : died  Aug.  23,  1900.  An  American  engi- 
neer. He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1853,  and  was  professor  of  civil  engineering  in  that  uni- 
versity 1855-70,  serving  as  a volunteer  in  the  Union  army 
during  the  Civil  War.  He  published  “ Terrestrial  Magnet- 
ism and  the  Magnetism  of  Iron  Ships  ’’  (1883),  etc. 

Rogers,Henry.  Born  Oct.  18,  1806:  died  in 
North  Wales,  Aug.  20,  1877.  An  English  Con- 
gregationalist  preacher  and  essayist,  professor 
of  English  at  University  College,  London.  His 
'best-known  work  is  “The  Eclipse  of  Faith” 
(1852). 

Rogers,  Henry  Darwin.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  1, 1808:  died  near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  May 
29,  1866.  An  American  geologist.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  geology  and  mineralogy  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania 1835-46,  made  a geological  survey  of  New  Jersey 
(begun  in  1835),  and  was  the  State  geologist  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 1836-38.  In  1855  he  removed  to  Edinburgh,  and  in 
1858  became  professor  of  natural  history  at  the  University 
of  Glasgow.  He  published  a “Description  of  the  Geology 
of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  ’’  (1840),  “Geology  of  Pennsyl- 
vania: a Government  Survey ’’ (1858),  etc.  With  the  firm 
of  W.  and  A.  K.  Johnston  he  published  a geographical 
atlas  of  the  United  States  (1857). 

Rogers,  James  Edwin  Thorold.  Born  at  West 
Meon,  Hampshire,  1823 : died  Oct.  12,  1890.  An 
English*political  economist.  He  graduated  at  Ox- 
ford (Magdalen  Hall)  in  1846,  and  officiated  for  a time  as 
a clergyman,  but  afterward  renounced  his  orders.  From 
1862  to  1868  he  was  professor  of  political  economy  at  Ox- 
ford ; and  from  1880  to  1886  he  sat  in  Parliament  as  an 
advanced  Liberal.  He  published  “History  of  Agriculture 
and  Prices  in  England  ’'(1866-87),  “Six  Centuries  of  Work 
and  Wages”  (1884),  “ The  Economic  Interpretation  of  His- 
tory" (1888),  etc. 

Rogers,  John.  Born  near  Birminghamaboutl500: 
burned  at  Smith  field,  Feb.  4,  1555.  An  Eng- 
lish Protestant  clergyman.  He  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge (Pembroke  Hall)  in  1526.  In  1537,  under  the  name 
of  John  Matthew,  he  published  “Matthew’s  Bible”  (com- 
piled from  Coverdale’s  and  Tyndale’s  versions  with  the 
Apocrypha  in  his  own  translation.  After  the  accession  of 
Mary  he  preached  against  Romanism  at  Paul’s  Cross,  and 
was  arrested,  tried  as  a heretic,  and  burned,  the  first  mar- 
tyr of  that  reign. 

Rogers,  John.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Oct.  30, 
1829 : died  July  26, 1904.  An  American  sculptor, 
best  known  by  his  small  groups  illustrating 
scenes  from  the  Civil  War,  country  life,  etc. 
Rogers,  Randolph.  Born  at  Waterloo,  New 
York,  July  6, 1825 : died  at  Rome,  Jan.  15, 1892. 
An  American  sculptor.  He  removed  to  Italy  in  1855. 
Among  his  works  are  the  bronze  doors  in  the  Capitol  at 
Washington  and  portrait-statues  and  memorial  monu- 
ments in  Richmond,  Providence,  Detroit,  etc. 

Rogers,  Robert.  Born  at  Dunbarton,  N.  H., 
1727 : died  about  1800.  An  American  officer, 
noted  in  the  French  and  Indian  war  as  com- 
mander of  the  corps  called  “ Rogers’s  Rangers.” 
He  served  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  George  and  at  Detroit ; 
was  arrested  by  Washington  as  a spy  in  1776 ; secured  his 
freedom  by  violating  his  parole,  and  raised  a royalist  corps 
called  “The  Queen’s  Rangers  ” ; and  went  to  England  in 
1777,  after  which  nothing  is  known  of  him.  He  wrote 
“A  Concise  Account  of  North  America  ” (1765),  “Jour- 
nals ”(1765),  and  “Diary  of  the  Siege  of  Detroit  "(published 
1860). 

Rogers,  Samuel.  Born  at  Newington  Green, 
London,  July  30, 1763:  died  at  London,  Dec.  18, 
1855.  An  English  poet,  son  of  a London  banker. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Nonconformist  Academy  at.  New- 
ington Green,  and  entered  his  father’s  bank.  His  house  in 
London  was  noted  as  a literary  center.  His  principal  po- 
ems are  “ Pleasures  of  Memory,  etc.”  (1792),“  Epistle  to  a 
Friend,  etc.  ”(1798),  “Voyage  of  Columbus  ”(1812),  “Jacque- 
line ’’  (1814),  “Human  Life ” (1819),  “ Italy  ” (1822-28). 

Rogers,  William  Augustus.  Born  at  Water- 
ford, Conn.,  Nov.  13,  1832:  died  at  Waterville, 
Me.,  March  1,  1898.  An  American  astronomer 
and  physicist,  a specialist  in  micrometry.  He 
graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1857,  and  in  1858  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics  and  astronomy  at  Alfred 
University,  a post  which  he  occupied  thirteen  years.  He 
was  appointed  assistant  in  the  Harvard  Observatory  in 
1870;  became  assistant  professor  of  astronomy  at  Harvard 
in  1877 ; and  accepted  the  chair  of  astronomy  and  physics 
at  Colby  University  in  1886. 

Roget  (ro-zba').  Peter  Mark.  Born  at  London, 
1779:  died  1869.  An  English  physician  and 
scientific  writer.  He  took  his  medical  degree  at 
Edinburgh  in  1798,  and  practised  as  a physician  in  Man- 
chester and  London,  where  he  became  physician  to  the 
Northern  Dispensary.  He  was  for  many  years  secretary 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  was  Fullerian  lecturer  on  physi- 


Rokelle 

ology  at  the  Royal  Institution.  His  chief  work  is  the  nota- 
ble “Thesaurus  of  English  Words  and  Phrases”  (1852). 
RoggeveldBerge(rog'ge-veld  berG'e).  A moun- 
tain-range in  the  western  part  of  Cape  Colony, 
intersected  by  lat.  32°  S.  It  is  connected  on 
tne  east  with  the  Nieuweveld  Berge. 

Rogier  (ro-zhya'),  Charles.  Bom  at  St.-Quen- 
tin,  France,  Aug.  12,  1800 : died  May  27,  1885. 
A Belgian  statesman.  He  was  prominent  in  the  rev- 
olution of  1830,  and  was  one  of  the  members  of  the  pro- 
visional government,  and  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the 
Belgian  monarchy.  He  was  a member  of  various  minis- 
tries, and  a leader  of  the  liberal  party. 

Rogue  (rog)  River.  A river  in  southwestern 
Oregon,  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  at  Ellens- 
burg.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Rogue  River  Indians.  See  Athapascan  and 
Takelma. 

Rohan  (ro-on'),  Due  Henri  de.  Bom  at  the 
castle  of  Blain,  Brittany,  Aug.  25,  1579:  died 
April  13,  1638.  A celebrated  French  general, 
writer,  and  statesman.  He  was  a leader  of  the  Hugue- 
nots  in  the  civil  wars  which  ended  in  1629 ; was  forced  to 
retire  to  Venice,  where  he  became  general  (1631) ; was  re- 
called to  France,  and  conquered  the  Valtelline,  defeating 
the  Imperialists  and  Spaniards,  1635-36 ; and  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Rheinfelden  in  1638.  He  wrote 
“Le  parfait  capitaine”  (1636),  “Memoires  et  lettres  sur  la 
guerre  de  la  Valtelline”  (1758),  etc. 

Rohilkhand,  or  Rohilcund  (ro-hil-kund'J.  A 
division  in  the  United  Provinces,  British  India. 
Area,  12,800  square  miles.  Population,  6,- 
200,000. 

Rohitsch  (ro'hitsh).  A village  in  Styria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  in  lat.  46°  14'  N.,  long. 
15°  43'  E.  Near  it  is  the  watering-place  and 
health-resort  Rohitsch -Sauerbrunn. 

Rohlfs  (rolfs),  Friedrich  Gerhard.  Born  at 
Vegesaek,  near  Bremen,  April  14, 1831:  died  at 
Godesberg,  Prussia,  June  2,  1896.  An  African 
explorer.  He  was  a military  surgeon  in  Algeria  1855-60.; 
explored  Morocco,  Tafilet(1860-62),  and  Tuat  (1864);  crossed 
Africa  from  Tripoli  to  Lagos  over  Lake  Chad,  Bornu,  Man- 
dara,  Sokoto,  Binue,  and  Yoruba  (1865-66) ; visited  Abys- 
sinia in  1868,  the  oases  between  Tripoli  and  Egypt  in  1868, 
the  Libyan  desert  1873-74,  and  the  oases  Sokna  ant  Kufra 
in  1878 ; and  was  German  consul  at  Zanzibar  1884^85.  His 
numerous  works  include  “ Rei.se  durch  Marokko”  (1869), 
“Von  Tripoli  naeh  Alexandria  ’’  (1871),  “Quer  durch  Afrika” 
(1874-75),  “Kufra”  (1881),  “Quid  novi  ex  Africa?”  (1886). 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  i09. 

Rohtak  (ro-tuk').  1.  A district  in  the  Delhi 
division,  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  29°  N.,long.  76°  40'  E.  Area,  1,797  square 
miles.  Population,  630,672. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Rohtak,  44  miles  northwest 
of  Delhi.  Population,  20,323. 

Roi  des  Montagnes  (rwa  da  mon-tany').  [F., 
‘ King  of  the  Mountains.’]  A novel  by  Edmond 
About,  published  in  1856.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
Greece. 

Roi  d’Yvetot  (rwa  dev-to'),  Le.  [F.,  ‘ The  King 
of  Yvetot.’]  A song  by  Beranger,  which  ap- 
peared in  1813.  It  alludes  to  the  contented  ruler  of 
a very  small  seigniory,  and  has  a political  signification, 
turning  on  the  fact  that  the  French,  at  that  time  returned 
from  Moscow,  had  begun  to  weary  of  the  glory  which  cost 
so  much  blood  and  tears.  The  ballad  of  the  Kingof  Yvetot, 
who  took  “pleasure  for  his  code,”  was  sung  by  all  France, 
and  passed  in  to  literature  as  a type  of  the  “roi  bon  enfant” 
whose  reign  the  French  wished  to  inaugurate. 

Roi  s’ Amuse  (rwa  sa-miiz'),  Le.  [F.,  ‘The 
King  Amuses  Himself.’]  A drama  by  Victor 
Hugo,  produced  in  1832.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
the  reign  of  Francis  I. 

Rois Faineants  (rwa  fa-na-on'),  Les.  [F.,‘the 
do-nothing  or  sluggard  kings.’]  A name  given 
to  King  Clovis  II.  of  Neustria  (died  656)  and  his 
ten  successors.  They  were  merely  figureheads,  being 
entirely  under  the  management  of  the  mayor  of  the  palace, 
or  major  domus,  an  officer  who  had  charge  of  the  royal 
household  and  later  of  the  royal  domain.  The  mayor  was 
originally  elected  by  the  nobles,  but  the  office  became 
hereditary  in  the  Austrasian  family  of  the  Carolingians. 
The  empire  of  the  Merovingians  slowly  declined  in  the  use- 
less hands  of  the  “rois  faineants  "until  751,  when  Pepin  (he 
Short  usurped  the  crown. 

Rojas  (ro'nas),  Fernando  de.  Died  about  1510. 

A Spanish  dramatist,  author  of  “Celestina.” 
Rojas  Paul  (pa-61'),  Jose  Pablo.  Born  about 
1845:  died  July  23,  1905.  A Venezuelan  poli- 
tician, president  from  Feb.  20,  1888,  to  Feb.  20, 
1890. 

Rojas-Zorilla  o*  -Zorrilla  (ro'Has-thor-rel'ya), 
Francisco  de.  Born  at  Toledo,  Oct.  4,  1607. 
A Spanish  dramatist,  distinguished  as  a writer 
both  of  tragedies  and  comedies.  Among  his  plays 
are  “Garcia  del  Castanar"  and  “Donde  hay  agravios  no  hay 
zelos,”  imitated  by  Scarron,  Thomas  Corneille,  and  Rotrou. 
Rokeby  (rok'bi).  A narrative  poem  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1813.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  northern  Yorkshire  in  1644. 

Rokelle  (ro-kel').  A river  in  the  southern  part 
of  Senegambia  and  in  Sierra  Leone.  It  flows  into 


Rokelle 

the  Sierra  Leone  estuary.  Length,  estimated, 
over  200  miles. 

Rokitansky  (ro-ke-tiin'ske),  Baron  Karl  von. 
Born  at  Koniggratz,  Bohemia,  Feb.  19,  1804: 
died  at  Vienna,  July  23,  1878.  An  Austrian 
anatomist,  founder  of  the  German  school  of 
pathological  anatomy.  He  wrote  a “Handbuch  der 
pathologischen  Anatomie  ” (“Manual  of  Pathological 
Anatomy,”  1842-46),  etc. 

Rokitno  (ro-ket'no).  A marshy  district  in  west- 
ern Russia,  between  the  Dnieper  and  the  Pri- 
pet.  According  to  one  theory  it  was  the  home 
of  the  Aryans. 

Roland  (ro'land).  [E.  also  Rowland,  D.  Roeland, 
F.  Roland,  Sp.  Rolando,  Pg.  Rolando,  Orlando, 
Rolddo,  It.  Orlando,  ML.  Rolandus,  from  OHG. 
Hruodland,  G.  Rudland,  Ruland,  Roland,  hav- 
ing a famous  land.]  In  medieval  romance, 
the  most  celebrated  of  the  paladins  of  Char- 
lemagne, famous  for  his  prowess  and  death 
in  the  battle  of  Roncesvalles  in  778.  His  deeds 
were  first  recorded  in  Turpin’s  chronicle  and  in  the 
“Chanson  de  Roland," also  in  the  works  of  Pulci,  Boiardo, 
and  Ariosto.  He  had  a wonderful  horn  called  Olivant, 
which  he  won,  together  with  the  sword  Durandal  (Durin- 
dana),  from  the  giant  Jutmundits.  The  horn  might  be 
heard  at  the  distance  of  twenty  miles.  There  are  numer- 
ous legends  concerning  Roland.  He  once  fought  for  five 
days  with  Oliver  or  Olivier,  son  of  Regnier,  duke  of  Genoa, 
another  of  Charlemagne's  paladins.  They  had  previously 
known  each  other,  and  were  nearly  equally  matched. 
Neither  gained  the  advantage : hence  the  phrase  “to  give  a 
Roland  for  an  Oliver,"  i.  e.  a blow  for  a blow.  “Childe 
Roland  (Rowland)  to  the  Dark  Tower  came,”  a poem  by 
Robert  Browning,  is,  according  to  his  own  statement,  sim- 
ply a dramatic  creation  called  forth  by  the  line  sung  by 
Edgar  in  “ King  Lear”  iii.  4. 

Roland,  Chanson  de.  See  Chanson  de  Roland. 
Roland  de  la  Platifere  (ro-loh'  de  lii  pla-tyar'), 
Jean  Marie.  Born  at  Thizy,  near  Villefranche, 
France,  Feb.  18, 1734:  committed  suicide  near 
Rouen,  Nov.  15, 1793.  A French  statesman  and 
writer.  Previous  to  the  Revolution  he  was  an  inspector 
of  manufactures  at  Amiens  and  Lyons.  He  became  a re- 
publican propagandist  in  Paris  in  1791 ; and  was  one  of  the 
Girondist  leaders.  He  was  minister  of  the  interior  March- 
June,  1792,  and  Aug.,  1792, -Jan.  22,  1793,  and  was  adeputy 
to  the  Convention.  He  escaped  from  Paris  in  June,  1793. 

Roland  de  la  Platidre  (ro-lon'  de  la  pla-tyar'), 
Madame  (Manon  Jeanne  Phlipon).  Born  at 
Paris,  March  17,  1754:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Nov.  8,  1793.  The  wife  of  Roland  de  la  Pla- 
tiere,  a famous  adherent  of  the  Revolution. 
Her  salon  in  Paris  was  the  headquarters  of  the  republi- 
cans and  Girondists  1791-93.  She  was  arrested  May  31, 
1793.  Her  "M^moires,”  written  in  prison,  were  first  pub- 
lished in  1795. 

Roland  for  an  Oliver.  A farce  by  Thomas 
Morton,  founded  on  Scribe’s  “ Visite  a Bedlam” 
and  “ Une  heure  de  mariage”:  produced  in 
1819.  See  Roland. 

Rolandseck  (ro'lants-ek).  A small  village  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  22  miles  south-south- 
east of  Cologne.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  castle. 
Near  it  is  the  village  of  Rolandswerth. 

Rold&n  (rol-dan' ) , Francisco.  Born  about  1450 : 
died  July  2 (?),  1502.  A Spanish  adventurer. 
In  1493  he  went  with  Columbus  to  Espanola,  where  he  be- 
came chief  judge.  In  1497  he  headed  a rebellion  against 
Bartholomew  Columbus,  who  wasthengoverningt  he  island. 
He  submitted  to  Columbus  himself  in  1498  on  the  promise 
of  a pardon  and  his  reinstatement  in  office,  terms  which 
proved  the  weakness  of  the  admiral’s  rule.  The  Spanish 
sovereigns  sent  Bobadilla  to  inquire  into  these  disorders, 
and  he,  instead  of  punishing  Roldan,  forced  Columbus 
and  his  brothers  to  return  to  Spain  as  prisoners.  Roldan 
was  arrested  by  Ovando  in  1502,  and  ordered  to  Spain. 
Soon  after  leaving  the  island  he  was  drowned  in  the  great 
storm  in  which  Bobadilla  also  perished. 

Rolf.  See  Rollo. 

Rolfe  Golf),  Robert  Monsey,  Baron  Cranworth. 
Bom  at  Cranworth,  Norfolk,  England,  Dec  18, 
1790:  died  at  London,  July  26,  1868.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist.  He  was  lord  chancellor  1852-58  and 
1865-66. 

Rolla  (rol'a).  A character  in  Kotzebue’s  play 
“ The  Spaniards  in  Peru”  (known  in  English  as 
Sheridan’s  “Pizai-ro”) : the  commander  of  the 
army  of  Ataliba. 

Rolla.  A tale  in  verse  by  De  Musset,  published 
in  1836. 

Roll-Call,  The.  A noted  paintingby  Lady  Butler 
(Elizabeth  Thompson),  in  Windsor  Castle,  Eng- 
land, of  date  1874.  It  represents  the  calling  of  the 
roll  of  the  Grenadier  Guards,  in  presence  of  the  colonel, 
after  a battle  in  the  Crimea,  in  winten 

Roll-Call  of  the  Last  Victims  of  the  Terror. 

A painting  by  Miiller  (1850),  in  the  palace  of 
Versailles.  It  represents  the  calling  of  the  names,  in 
the  Conciergerie  prison,  of  the  last  detail  of  victims  for  the 
guillotine,  in  July,  1794.  The  Priticesse  de  Chimay  is  in 
the  tumbril,  which  is  seen  through  the  open  door ; the 
Rrincesse  de  Monaco  rises  upon  hearing  her  name.  Andr<5 
Chenier,  the  poet,  sits  in  a chair  in  the  foreground.  There 
is  a replica  in  the  J.  J.  Astor  collection,  New  York. 
Rolle  (rol),  Richard.  Born  at  Thornton,  York- 
shire, about  1290 : died  at  Hampole,  1349.  An 


864 

English  hermit  and  religious  writer,  known  as 
“ the  Hermit  of  Hampole.”  He  was  well  educated, 
and  wrote  many  prose  treatises  and  a long  poem,  “ The 
Prick  of  Conscience.”  It  was  edited  by  Richard  Mor- 
ris for  the  Philological  Society  in  1863. 

Rollin  (ro-lan'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan. 
30,  1661:  died  Sept.  14,  1741.  A French  his- 
torian. He  became  professor  of  eloquence  at  the  College 
de  France  in  1688;  was  rector  of  the  University  1694-95; 
and  in  1699  was  appointed  coad j utor  of  the  College  de  Beau- 
vais, a post  which  he  lost  twelve  years  later  on  account 
of  his  Jansenistic  sympathies.  He  was  reelected  rector 
of  the  university  in  1720.  Among  his  works  are  “Histoire 
ancienne”  (“Ancient  History,”  1730-38),  “Traits  des 
etudes”  (1726-31),  and  “Histoire  romaine”  (“Roman  His- 
tory,’’ 1738-48). 

Rollin,  Ledru-.  See  Ledru-Rollin. 

Rollo  (rol'o),  or  Rolf  (roif),  or  Hrolf  (hrolf),  or 
Rou(ro).  Died  about  930.  The  first  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy. He  was  a Norwegian  viking  who  ascended  the 
Seine  and  took  Rouen  at  the  head  of  a band  of  Scandina- 
vian pirates,  and  in  911  or  912  compelled  Charles  III.  the 
Simple  to  invest  him  with  the  sovereignty  of  the  region 
between  the  Seine  and  the  Epte,  which  received  the  name 
of  Normandy.  He  on  his  part  accepted  Christianity,  mar- 
ried Charles’s  daughter  Gisela,  and  recognized  the  king  of 
France  as  his  feudal  superior. 

Rollo,  Duke  of  Normandy.  See  Bloody  Bro- 
ther, The. 

Rom  (rem).  An  island  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein, 
Prussia,  4 miles  west  of  the  mainland.  Length, 
8 miles. 

Roma.  The  Latin  and  Italian  name  of  Rome. 

Romagna  (ro-man'ya).  A territorial  division 
in  Italy.  It  formed  the  main  part  of  the  exarchate  of 
Ravenna,  and  later  was  an  important  part  of  the  Papal 
States.  It  now  comprises  the  provinces  of  Bologna,  Fer- 
rara, Ravenna,  and  Forli. 

Romain  (ro-man'),  Cape.  A point  on  the  coast 
of  South  Carolina,  38  miles  northeast  of  Charles- 
ton. 

Romainville  (ro-man- vel' ) . A village  and  fort 
directly  northeast  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a defeat  of  the  French  by 
the  Allies,  March  30,  1814.  The  Russians  es- 
tablished their  headquarters  here  on  the  night 
before  they  entered  Paris. 

Roman  Actor,  The.  A play  by  Massinger, 
licensed  in  1626.  It  was  revived  in  1722,  1796, 
and  1822. 

RomanBourgeois(ro-mon'  bor-zhwa'),Le.  [F., 
‘The  Bourgeois  Romance.’]  A work  of  fiction 
by  Antoine  Furetiere,  published  in  1666. 

An  original  and  lively  book,  without  any  general  plot, 
but  containing  a series  of  very  amusing  pictures  of  the 
Parisian  middle-class  society  of  the  day,  with  many  curious 
traits  of  language  and  manners. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  323. 

Roman  Campagna.  See  Campagna  di  Roma. 
Romance  of  the  Forest,  The.  A romance  by 
Mrs.  Radeliffe,  published  in  1791. 

Roman  comique  (ro-mon'  ko-mek').  [F., ‘com- 
ical romance.’]  A work  by  Scarron,  “ an  unfin- 
ished history  of  a troupe  of  strolling  actors,  dis- 
playing extraordinary  truth  of  observation  and 
power  of  realistic  description  in  the  style  which 
Le  Sage  and  Fielding  afterwards  made  popular 
throughout  Europe”  ( Saintsbury ).  it  was  ver- 
sified by  M.  d’Orvilliers,  and  published  at  Paris  (1733). 
La  Fontaine  wrote  a comedy  which  comprehends  most 
of  the  characters  and  best  situations,  and  Goldsmith  wrote 
an  English  version  of  the  romance. 

Roman  de  la  Rose  (ro-mon'  de  laroz).  [F.,‘ Ro- 
mance of  the  Rose.’]  An  early  French  poem, 
begun  by  Guillaume  de  Lorris  before  1260,  and 
continued  forty  or  fifty  years  later  by  Jean  de 
Meung.  The  part  written  by  the  former  extends  to  4,670 
lines,  and  the  entire  poem  contains  more  than  20,000.  It 
is  an  elaborate  allegory  the  theme  of  which  is  the  art  of 
love.  For  a long  time  it  enjoyed  extraordinary  popularity. 
See  Romaunt  of  the  Rose. 

But  the  real  secret  of  its  vogue,  as  of  all  such  vogues,  is 
that  it  faithfully  held  up  the  mirror  to  the  later  middle 
ages.  In  no  single  book  can  that  period  of  history  be  so 
conveniently  studied.  Its  ingrained  religion  and  its  nas- 
cent free-thought ; its  thirst  for  knowledge  and  its  lack  of 
criticism ; its  sharp  social  divisions  and  its  indistinct  as- 
pirations after  liberty  and  equality  ; its  traditional  moral- 
ity and  asceticism,  and  its  half-pagan  half-childish  relish 
for  the  pleasure  of  sense  ; its  romance  and  its  coarseness, 
all  its  weakness  and  all  its  strength,  here  appear. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  86. 

Roman  de  Troie  (ro-mon'  de  trwa).  A poem 
by  Benoit  de  Sainte-Maure,  written  about  1160. 

The  principal  poem  of  this  class  is  the  “Roman  de 
Troie  “ of  Benoist  de  Sainte-More.  This  work,  which  ex- 
tends to  more  than  thirty  thousand  verses,  lias  the  re- 
dundancy and  the  longwindedness  which  characterise 
many,  if  not  most,  early  French  poems  written  in  its  metre. 
But  it  has  one  merit  which  ought  to  conciliate  English 
readers  to  Benoist : it  contains  the  undoubted  original 
of  Shakespeare's  “ Cressida.” 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  44. 

Roman  de  Brut.  A romance  by  Wace,  who 
versified  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  under  this  title. 


Romberg,  Andreas 

Other  romances,  however,  had  the  same  name, 
and  it  became  a common  one.  See  Brut. 

Roman  d’un  Jeune  Homme  Pauvre,  Le.  [F., 
‘The  Romance  of  a Poor  Young  Man.’]  A 
novel  by  Feuillet,  published  in  1857.  He  dram- 
atized it  in  1858. 

Roman  du  Renart.  See  Reynard  the  Fox. 

Roman  Empire.  See  under  Rome. 

Roman  Empire,  Holy.  See  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire. 

Romanes  (ro-man'ez),  George  John.  Born  at 
Kingston,  Canada,  May  20,1848:  died  at  Oxford, 
May  23, 1894.  A British  naturalist.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  (Caius  College)  in  1870 ; was  Burney  prize 
essayist  in  1873,  and  Croonian  lecturer  to  the  Royal  So- 
ciety in  1875  and  1881 ; and  was  elected  Fullerian  professor 
of  physiology  at  the  Royal  Institution  in  1889.  He  pub- 
lished “Animal  Intelligence  ” (1881),“  Mental  Evolution  in 
Animals”  (1883),  “The  Philosophy  of  Natural  History 
before  and  after  Darwin  ” (1888),  etc. 

Romani,  Giulio.  See  Caccini,  Giulio. 

Romania  (ro-ma'ni-a).  1.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Eastern  Empire. — 2.  The  eastern 
part  of  the  Morea,  during  the  Venetian  period. 
— 3.  A name  sometimes  given  to  Rumelia. — 
4.  See  Rumania. 

Romania  (ro-ma-ne'a),  Cape.  A headland  at 
the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  Malay  penin- 
sula, east  of  Singapore. " 

Romanika  (ro-ma-ne'ka).  See  Ruanda. 

Romano  (ro-ma'nd),  Cape.  A cape  on  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Florida,  situated  in  lat. 
25°  52'  N.,  long.  81°  57'  W. 

Romano,  Ezzelino  da.  See  Ezzelino  da  Ro- 
mano. 

Romano,  Giulio.  See  Giulio  Romano. 

Romanoff  (ro-ma'nof).  The  present  reigning 
house  of  Russia,  descended  from  Andrei  Ro- 
manoff (14th  century).  The  family  came  to  the  throne 
in  the  person  of  Mikhail  in  1613.  The  direct  male  line  ter- 
minated in  1730,  and  the  female  line  in  1762.  The  present 
ruler  belongs  to  the  Holstein-Gottorp  (or  Oldenburg- Ro- 
manoff) branch  line. 

Roman  Republic.  1.  See  Rome. — 2.  A name 
given  to  the  short-lived  republic  established  at 
Rome  in  1798  and  overthrown  in  1799. 

Romans  (ro-moh').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Drome,  France,  situated  on  the  Isere  11  miles 
northeast  of  Valence:  formerly  the  seat  of  an 
ancient  abbey.  Population,  commune,  17,622. 

Romans  (rd'manz),  Epistle  to  the.  An  epistle 
written  by  the  apostle  Paul  to  a Christian  com- 
munity at  Rome,  consisting  partly  of  Jews  and 
partly  of  Gentile  converts,  it  was  composed  before 
the  apostle  had  visited  Rome,  and  is  generally  supposed  to 
have  been  written  from  Corinth  about  58  A.  D.  Its  main 
object  is  the  doctrine  of  justification  by  faith,  with  special 
reference  to  the  relations  of  the  Jews  and  Gentiles  re- 
spectively to  the  law  of  God  (natural  and  revealed),  the 
rejection  of  the  Jews,  and  the  admission  of  the  Gentiles. 

Romans  of  the  Decadence.  A large  painting 
by  Couture  (1847),  in  the  Luxembourg  Museum, 
Paris.  It  represents  a wild  debauch  in  the  later  days  of 
the  empire,  in  the  court  of  a splendid  house.  The  statues 
of  dignified  ancestors  contrast  with  the  scene  of  unbridled 
license  before  them. 

Romanus  (rd-ma'nus).  Pope  897. 

Romanus  I.  Lecapenus.  Died  948.  Emperor 
of  the  East  919-944,  father-in-law  and  colleague 
of  Constantine  Porphyrogenitus. 

Romanus  II.  Emperor  of  the  East  959-963,  son 
of  Constantine  Porphyrogenitus. 

Romanus  III.  Argyrus  (ar-ji'rus).  Emperor 
of  the  East  1028-34,  husband  of  Zoe. 

Romanus  IV.  Diogenes  (di-oj'e-nez).  Emperor 
of  the  East  1068-71.  He  was  defeated  by  Alp 
Arslan  and  imprisoned. 

Roman  Wall.  See  Hadrian's  Wall. 

Romanzoff.  See  Rumiantzeff. 

Romanzoff  (ro-miin'tsof),  Cape.  A cape  on  the 
western  coast  of  Alaska,  situated  in  lat.  61°  52' 
N.,  long.  166°  17'  W. 

Romanzoff  Bay.  An  inlet  at  the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  Yezo,  Japan. 

Romanzoff  Mountains.  A range  of  mountains 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  Alaska,  near  the 
Arctic  Ocean. 

Roma  Quadrata  (ro'ma  kwod-ra'ta).  [L.,‘the 
square  Rome.’]  The  earliest  fortified  Rome,  oc- 
cupying the  Palatine  Hill  and  a quadrangular 
iuclosure  surrounding  its  base.  This  oldest  fixed 
area  or  pomerium  was  looked  upon  with  reverence,  and 
was  marked  by  boundary-stones  as  late  as  the  empire.  The 
existing  fragments  of  ancient  wall  on  the  slopes  of  the 
Palatine  do  not  belong  to  this  inclosure,  but  to  the  citadel 
of  the  Palatine. 

Romaunt  of  the  Rose.  A translation  of  the 
“ Roman  de  la  Rose,”  attributed  with  some  un- 
certainty to  Chaucer.  He  certainly  translated  the 
‘Roman,’’  but  whether  the  version  first  printed  in  the 
1532  edition  is  by  his  hand  is  not  clear. 

Romberg  (rom'berG).  Andreas.  Born  atVechte, 
near  Munster,  Germany,  April  27, 1767 : died  at 


Romberg,  Andreas 

Gotha,  Nov.  10,  1821.  A German  violinist  and 
composer  of  sacred  music,  operas,  etc.  He  com- 
posed the  music  for  Schiller’s  ‘ ‘ Song  of  the  Bell,” 
etc. 

Romberg,  Bernhard.  Born  at  Dinklage,  Mun- 
ster, Nov.  11, 1770:  died  at  Hamburg,  Aug.  13, 
1841.  A German  player  on  the  violoncello,  and 
composer  for  that  instrument. 

Rome  (rom).  A compartimento  and  province 
of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  formerly  belonging  to 
the  Papal  States.  Area,  4,663  square  miles. 
Population,  1,323,699. 

Rome.  [F.  Borne,  It.  Roma,  G.  Bom,  L.  Roma,  Gr. 
' P tiifiTj.  There  were  two  other,  older,  cities  in 
Italy  so  named,  and  one  in  the  Troad ; the  name 
is  prob.  lit.  ‘ strength  ’ or  ‘ stronghold,’  from 
Gr.  pwy?/,  strength,  force.  The  name  Valentia, 

‘ strength,’  was,  in  fact,  also  applied  to  Rome, 
and  was  the  name  of  several  other  cities.] 
The  capital  and  center  of  the  greatest  state  of 
the  ancient  world,  the  center  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  and  the  capital  of  the  present 
kingdom  of  Italy.  This,  the  most  famous  of  all  cities, 
is  situated  on  both  hanks  of  the  Tiber,  15  miles  from  the 
Mediterranean,  in  lat.  41”  54'  N.,  long.  12°  29'  E.  The  city 
proper  is  on  the  left  bank,  on  the  original  seven  hills  (Capi- 
toline,  Palatine,  Aventine,  Caelian,  Viminal,  Esquiline,  and 
Quirinal)  and  the  connecting  valleys  and  plains  near  the 
river.  The  government  quarter  is  in  the  northeast ; the 
modern  part,  where  the  great  development  (since  1870)  of 
the  city  is  most  marked,  is  in  the  north  and  east ; the 
papal  quarter  (the  Leonine  City)  is  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  river.  Among  the  existing  remains  of  the  ancient  city 
the  Forum,  Colosseum,  Forum  of  Trajan,  Cloaca  Maxima, 
catacombs,  Pantheon,  column  of  Aurelius,  theater  of  Mar- 
cellus,  pyramid  of  Cestius,  arches  of  Constantine,  Titus,  and 
Septimius  Severus,  baths  of  Titus  and  Caracalla,  ruins  on 
the  Palatine,  temple  of  Neptune,  basilica  of  Constantine, 
temples  of  Concord,  Fortune,  Saturn,  and  Neptune,  palace 
of  Caligula,  mausoleum  of  Hadrian,  and  obelisks  are  no- 
table. (For  the  various  objects  of  interest  in  ancient  and 
modem  Rome,  see  the  separate  articles.)  The  histoiy  of 
Rome  is  that  of  the  city  and  of  the  power  which,  growing 
up  around  it,  extended  throughout  Italy  and  beyond  it 
under  the  republic,  and  finally  under  the  Roman  Empire 
comprised  nearly  the  whole  of  the  civilized  world.  The 
early  accounts  we  have  of  Rome  appear  to  consist  of  an 
undistinguishable  thread  or  two  of  fact  in  a web  of  le- 
gend. According  to  tradition  the  city  was  founded  by 
Romulus  in  753  B.  c.,  and  was  ruled  by  seven  kings  in  suc- 
cession (Romulus,  Numa  Pompilius,  Tullus  Hostilius, 
Ancus  Martius,  Tarquinius  Priscus,  Servius  Tullius,  and 
Tarquinius  Superbus),  the  overthrow  of  the  last  of  whom 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  republic  in  or  about  509 
B.  c.  The  history  of  the  first  two  or  three  centuries  of 
the  republic  is  also  largely  traditional.  During  the  5th 
and  4th  centuries  B.  o.  it  was  confined  mostly  to  Latium, 
and  was  occupied  with  the  struggles  between  the  patri- 
cians and  plebeians  and  with  wars  against  the  ,'Equi, 
Hernici,  Volsci,  Etruscans,  Gauls,  and  Samnites.  Of  later 
events  the  following  is  a summary : Secession  of  the  plebs 
and  formation  of  the  tribunate,  about  494  B.  c.;  formation 
of  the  decemvirate,  451-449  ; capture  of  Veii,  390  ; invasion 
of  the  Gauls  and  sack  of  Rome,  390  ; passage  of  the  Licin- 
ian  laws,  367 ; passage  of  the  Publiliau  laws,  338  ; Samnite 
wars,  343-341,  326-304,  and  298-290 ; Latin  war  340-338 ; 
Hortensian  law,  286(?);  war  againstGauls,  Etruscans,  etc., 
285-282 ; war  against  Tarentum  and  Pyrrhus,  282-275 ; con- 
quest of  the  peninsula  completed  by  265  ; first  Punic  war, 
264-241 ; Illyrian  war,  229-228 ; conquest  of  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
225-222 ; second  Punic  war,  218-201  (Rome  threatened  by 
Hannibal,  211);  Macedonian  wars,  214-205,  200-197,  and 
171-168 ; war  with  Syria,  192-189 ; third  Punic  war,  149- 
146 ; subjugation  of  Greece  complete,  146 ; war  in  Spain 
ended  with  capture  of  Numantia,  133;  attempted  reforms 
under  the  Gracchi,  133-121 ; war  with  Jugurthaterminated, 
106 ; overthrow  of  the  Teutones  and  Cimbri,  102-101 ; Social 
War,  90-88;  civil  wars  of  Marius  and  Sulla,  88-82  (Rome 
stormed  by  Sulla,  88 ; reign  of  terror  in  the  city  under 
Marius  and  Garbo,  87  ; proscription  by  Sulla,  82) ; Mithri- 
datic  wars,  88-84, 83-81,  and  74-64  ; struggle  with  the  gladi- 
ators, 73-71 ; war  with  the  pirates,  ended  67 ; conspiracy 
of  Catiline,  63 ; first  triumvirate,  60 ; conquest  of  Gaul 
under  Julius  Caesar,  58-51 ; tumults  in  the  city  between 
the  partizans  of  Clodius  and  Milo,  67-52 ; civil  war  of 
Caesar  and  Pompey,  49-48 ; supremacy  of  Caesar,  49-44 ; 
assassination  of  Caesar,  44  ; second  triumvirate,  43  ; over- 
throw of  the  republicans  at  Philippi,  42 ; battle  of  Ac- 
tium  81,  and  commencementof  the  sole  rule  of  Augustus ; 
establishment  of  the  Roman  Empire,  27  ; golden  period  of 
Roman  literature  during  the  reign  of  Augustus,  31  B.  c.- 
14  A.  p.;  Julian  emperors,  until  68  A.  b.  (death  of  Nero) ; 
Flavian  emperors,  69-96  ; reign  of  Trajan,  98-117,  the  em- 
pire then  reaching  its  greatest  extent,  comprising  Italy, 
Britain,  Gaul,  Spain,  western  Germany,  Rhaetia,  Noricum, 
Pannonia,  Dalmatia,  Dacia,  Mcesia,  Thrace,  Macedonia, 
Greece,  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Armenia,  parts  of  the  Cau- 
casus regions,  Arabia,  Egypt,  Cyrenaica,  Africa  (Tunis), 
Numidia,  Mauretania,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  Sicily,  Crete,  Cy- 
prus, and  other  islands  in  the  Mediterranean  ; age  of  the 
Antonines,  down  to  death  of  Marcus  Aurelius  in  180 ; 
inroads  of  the  northern  barbarians,  commenced  in  the 
3d  century  ; reign  of  Aurelian,  270-275  ; reign  of  Diocle- 
tian, 284-305,  followed  by  division  of  the  empire  between 
various  rulers ; last  general  persecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians, about  303 ; reign  of  Constantine  as  sole  ruler,  and 
recognition  of  Christianity  as  the  religion  of  the  empire, 
323-337  ; capital  transferred  to  Constantinople,  330 ; reign 
of  Julian  the  Apostate,  361-363  ; reign  of  Theodosius,  379- 
395  ; final  separation  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  empires, 
395  (see  Eastern  Empire) ; Western  Empire  disintegrated 
in  the  6th  century  under  attacks  of  Goths  (under  Alaric, 
etc.),  Franks,  Vandals  (under  Genseric,  etc.),  P.urgundians, 
Angles  and  Saxons,  and  Huns  (under  Attila) ; Ravenna  the 
residence  of  theWestern  emperors  af  ter402 ; Rome  besieged 
by  the  Goths  under  Alaric  about  408,  sacked  by  Alaric  in 
C— 56 


865 

410,  threatened  by  the  Huns  under  Attila  and  saved  by 
Pope  Leo  the  Great  in  452,  and  sacked  by  the  Vandals  in 
455  ; end  of  the  Western  Empire,  476,  and  accession  of  Odo- 
acer  (chief  of  the  Heruli)  as  ruler  of  Italy  (see  Italy) ; in- 
crease of  the  ecclesiastical  importance  of  the  city  through 
the  gradual  development  of  the  claims  of  the  bishops  of 
Rome  ; Rome  taken  by  Belisarius  in  536,  by  Totila  in  546, 
and  by  Narses  in  552  ; establishment  of  the  temporal  power 
of  the  Pope,  8th  century  ; consecration  of  the  emperors  at 
Rome  commenced  with  Charles  the  Great,  800  (ended  with 
Frederick  III.,  1452);  Gregory  VII.  besieged  by  the  em- 
peror Henry  IV.  and  delivered  by  Robert  Guiscard,  1084  ; 
revolut  ion  under  Arnold  of  Brescia,  1143-55 ; removal  of  pa- 
pal residence  to  Avignon,  1309;  revolutions  under  Rienzi, 
1347  and  1354  ; return  of  the  popes  to  Rome,  1377 ; over- 
throw of  the  republican  privileges  by  Pope  Boniface  IX., 
1398 ; Rome  taken  by  the  Constable  de  Bourbon,  1527 ; 
Roman  republic  revived,  1798-99  ; Rome  in  the  possession 
of  France  1808-14 ; insurrection,  1848 ; Roman  republic  re- 
vived in  1849,  and  suppressed  in  the  same  year  by  French 
troops;  meeting  of  the  Vatican  Council,  1869-70;  Rome 
entered  by  the  Italian  troops,  Sept.  20,  1870,  and  made 
the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  1871.  Population, 
commune,  575,000.  See  Century  Atlas,  Maps  IX.,  XIII. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  from  the  same  somewhat  vague 
premises  the  following  very  different  conclusions  are 
drawn  by  their  respective  authors : Bunsen  fixes  the 

population  of  Rome  (B.  C.  15)  at  1,300,000,  Marquardt  at 
1,630,000,  Zumpt  at  1,970,000,  Hoeck  at  2,265,000.  I take 
this  comparison  of  their  different  results  from  Von  Wieters- 
heim,  who  himself  arrives  at  results  very  similar  to  those 
of  Bunsen,  making  the  total  population  of  the  city  1,350,- 
000.  The  “ Curiosum  Urbis,”  a description  of  the  city  of 
Rome  assigned  to  the  age  of  Constantine,  gives  the  num- 
ber of  the  dwellings  therein  as  1790  Domus  and  46,602  In- 
sulae. Scholars  are  generally  agreed  that  the  former  are 
the  great  self-contained  mansions  of  the  rich,  and  the  lat- 
ter the  blocks  of  what  we  should  call  “ tenemented  prop- 
erty ” let  out  in  flats  and  rooms  to  the  poorer  classes.  From 
this  number  of  dwellings  Gibbon  infers  a population  of 
1,200,000  and  Von  Wietersheim  1,470,000  at  the  beginning 
of  the  fourth  century.  It  is  obvious,  however,  how  ex- 
ceedingl^liable  to  error  are  all  calculations  of  the  popu- 
lation of  a city  from  a conjectural  allowance  of  so  many 
inhabitants  to  each  house. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  394. 

For  ages  the  Empire  remained  Roman  in  the  fullest 
sense,  Roman  even  in  keeping  possession  of  the  Old  Rome. 
It  was  Roman  too  in  one  most  distinctive  characteristic  of 
the  older  Roman  power.  From  the  first  Julius  to  the  last 
Palaiologos,  the  Roman  Empire  was  a power  and  not  a na- 
tion. Of  no  phase  of  the  Roman  power  is  this  more  true 
than  of  its  Eastern  or  Byzantine  phase.  The  name  Roman, 
in  the  use  of  Procopius,  when  it  does  not  refer  geographi- 
cally to  the  elder  Rome,  means  any  man,  of  whatever  race, 
who  is  a subject  of  the  Roman  Empire  or  who  serves  in 
the  Roman  armies.  His  nationality  may  be  not  only 
Greek,  Macedonian,  or  Thracian,  but  Gothic,  Persian,  or 
Hunnish.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  246. 

Rome.  A manufacturing  city,  capital  of  Floyd 
County,  Georgia,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
Coosa  River,  57  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta. 
Population,  12,099,  (1910). 

Rome.  A city  of  Oneida  County,  New  York, 
situated  on  the  Mohawk  and  at  the  junction  of 
the  Erie  and  Black  River  canals,  95  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Albany.  It  is  an  important  dairy  cen- 
ter, and  has  flourishing  manufactures.  It  occupies  the 
site  of  Fort  Stanwix,  besieged  by  the  British  in  1777. 
Population,  20,497,  (1910). 

Rome  of  the  North,  The.  Cologne. 

Romen.  See  Romny. 

Romeo  and  Juliet.  A tragedy  by  Shakspere, 
surreptitiously  printed  in  1597  (a  correct  edi- 
tion in  1599),  and  produced  between  1591-96. 
The  legend  of  the  lovers  is  founded  on  a tale  found  among 
the  “Novelle”  of  Masuccio  di  Salerno,  of  whom  little  is 
known.  It  was  printed  at  Naples  in  1476.  The  story  next 
appears  in  “LaGiulietta,’’a  tale  by  Luigi  da  Porta,  in  1535  ; 
then  “ a Dominican  monk,  Matteo  Bandello,  took  up  the 
tale,  rehandled  it,  and  included  it  among  his  somewhat 
unclerical  ‘Novelle,’  which  appeared  at  Lucca  in  1554. 
Five  years  later  it  passed  the  Alps  — a version  of  Bandel- 
lo’s  ‘ Novelle,’  with  variations  and  additions,  being  given 
to  French  readers  by  Pierre  Boaistuau  among  his  ‘ His- 
toires  Tragiques.’  In  1562  Arthur  Brooke  produced  the 
English  poem,  ‘The  Tragicall  History  of  Romeus  and  Ju- 
liet,’ on  which  Shakspere  founded  his  tragedy.  Brooke 
speaks  of  having  seen  ‘ the  same  argument  lately  set  forth 
on  stage’;  do  such  drama  of  early  Elizabethan  days  sur- 
vives ; rude  indeed  must  have  been  the  attempt  of  any 
playwright  in  England  of  1562.  Again  five  years,  and  Boais- 
tuau’s  French  paraphrase  of  Bandello  was  translated  into 
English  prose  by  William  Painter  for  his  ‘ Palace  of  Plea- 
sure’; this  also  Shakspere  consulted.  In  Italy  before  the 
close  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  legend  had  been  versified 
in  ottava  rima,  professedly  by  a noble  lady  of  V erona  nam- 
ing herself  ‘ Clitia  ’ — really,  it  is  supposed,  by  Gherardo 
Bolderi ; it  had  been  dramatized  by  the  blind  poet  and  ac- 
tor Luigi  Groto,  with  scene  and  time  and  names  of  persons 
changed ; it  had  been  recorded  as  grave  matter  of  history 
by  De  la  Corte,  who  states  that  he  had  many  times  seen 
the  tomb  or  sarcophagus  of  the  lovers,  then  used  as  a wash- 
ing-trough, at  the  well  of  the  orphanage  of  St.  Francis  " 

( Dowden ).  Garrick  produced  a version  of  “Romeo and  Ju- 
liet ’’  in  1748,  with  a different  ending,  for  Barry  and  Mrs. 
Cibber;  James  Howard’s  adaptation  appeared  about  1668. 
Lope  de  Vega  and  Francisco  de  Roxas  also  wrote  Spanish 
plays  on  the  subject.  The  story  is  of  the  love  and  tragic 
deatli  of  two  impassioned  lovers.  The  subject  has  often 
been  used  by  composers  of  opera,  notably  by  Zingarelle, 
Bellini,  and  Gounod.  Berlioz  used  the  subject  for  his  dra- 
matic fiftli  symphony  (“RomAo  et  Juliette,”  1839). 

Romer,  or  Roemer  (re'mer),  Friedrich  Adolf. 
Bom  at  Hildesheim,  Prussia,  April  14,  1809: 
died  at  Clausthal,  Prussia,  Nov.  25,  1869.  A 


Ronaldshay,  South 

German  geologist,  an  authority  on  the  moun- 
tains of  northwestern  Germany. 

Romero (ro-ma'ro),  Matias.  Borninl837:  died 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Dee.  30, 1898.  A Mexican 
diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  minister  to  the 
United  States  1863-68  and  again  1882-98  ; and  at  various 
times  wassecretary  of  the  treasury  and  postmaster-general. 
Romford  (rum'ford).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Essex,  England,  situated  on  the  river  Rom  11 
miles  east-northeast  of  London.  It  is  noted 
for  ale.  Population,  13,656. 

Romilly  (rom'i-li),  John.  Born  1802:  died 
Dec.  23, 1874.  An  English  jurist,  second  son  of 
Sir  Samuel  Romilly.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College),  and  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray’s  Inn 
in  1827.  He  was  solicitor-general  1848-50,  attorney-general 
1850-51,  and  master  of  the  rolls  1851-72.  In  this  last  office 
he  superintended  the  publication  of  public  records  of  great 
historic  importance.  Created  a baron  in  1865. 
Romilly,  Sir  Samuel.  Born  at  London,  March 
1,  1757 : committed  suicide  Nov.  2,  1818.  An 
English  lawyer  and  philanthropist,  of  Hugue- 
not descent.  At  21  years  of  age  he  entered  Gray’s  Inn. 
In  1806  he  was  appointed  solicitor-general  of  the  Gren- 
ville administration.  He  is  famous  from  his  labors  for  the 
reform  of  the  criminal  law,  commencing  in  1807.  His 
plans  were  not  realized  during  his  lifetime.  His  speeches 
were  published  in  1820,  and  his  autobiography  in  1840. 
Romilly-sur-SemeCro-me-ye'siir-san').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Aube,  France,  situated 
near  the  Seine  64  miles  east-southeast  of  Paris. 
Population,  commune,  9,929. 

Romney,  or  New  Romney  (rom'ni).  A town 
in  the  county  of  Kent,  England,  situated  on 
the  English  Channel  18  miles  southwest  of 
Dover:  one  of  the  original  Cinque  Ports.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,328. 

Romney,  George.  Born  at  Beckside,  Lanca- 
shire, England,  Dec.  15,  1734:  died  at  Kendal, 
Nov.  15,  1802.  A noted  English  painter  of  por- 
traits and  historical  subjects.  He  was  apprenticed 
at  first  to  a wood-worker,  was  a clever  musician,  and  began 
very  early  to  paint  portraits.  He  established  himself  in 
London  in  1762,  and  made  some  success  with  his  “ Death 
of  General  Wolfe.”  He  visited  Paris  in  1764,  and  exhibited 
the  “ Death  of  King  Edmund  ’’  in  1765.  This  was  followed 
by  a sojourn  in  Italy.  He  returned  to  London  in  1775, 
where  he  took  a studio  in  Cavendish  Square  and  painted  a 
series  of  famous  portraits.  He  assisted  in  preparing  the 
Boydell  Shakspere  Gallery  in  1791.  Although  left  without 
a rival  at  the  death  of  Reynolds,  he  was  seized  with  hypo- 
chondria, left  London,  rejoined  his  wife  and  family,  whom 
he  had  abandoned  30  years  before,  and  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  retirement  at  Kendal. 

Romney  Marsh.  A large  tract  of  reclaimed 
land  in  Kent,  England,  near  Romney. 

Romny  (rom-ne'),  or  Romen  (ro-men' ).  A town 
in  the  government  of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Sula  95  miles  northwest  of  Pultowa. 
Population,  26,043. 

Romola  (rom'o-la).  A novel  by  George  Eliot, 
published  originally  in  the  ‘ ‘ Cornhill  Magazine  ” 
from  July,  1862,  to  July,  1863,  and  in  hook  form  in 
1863.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Florence  at  the  end  of  the  15th 
century.  The  artistic  aim  of  the  novel  is  to  show  the  con- 
flict between  liberal  and  classical  culture  and  the  Christian 
faith  aroused  by  the  influence  of  the  reformer  Savonarola 
in  the  heart  of  Romola,  a daughter  of  the  Florentine  house 
of  Bardi.  Her  marriage  with  theGreekTitoMelema  having 
proved  a failure,  and  all  the  ties  of  her  life  having  been 
broken,  she  devotes  herself  to  the  service  of  a plague- 
stricken  people,  and  attains  peace  through  self-sacrifice. 
Romonan  (ro-mo-nan').  A tribe  of  Indians  for- 
merly on  San  Francisco  Bay,  California.  See 
Costanoan. 

Romorantin  (ro-mo-ron-tan').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  situated  on 
the  Grande  Sauldre  39  miles  south  by  west  of 
Orleans.  It  has  manufactures  of  wool.  The  edict  of 
Romorantin,  issued  in  May,  1560,  througli  the  influence  of 
L’Hopital,  secured  the  exclusion  of  the  Inquisition  from 
France.  Population,  commune,  8,374. 

Romsdal  (roms'd&l).  A province  in  Norway, 
situated  along  the  coast  about  lat.  62°-63° 
N.  Area,  5,787  square  miles.  Population, 
136,137. 

Romualdo,  Saint.  Died  1027.  The  founder  of 
the  order  of  Camaldolesi.  Dante  placed  him  in  his 
“Paradiso.”  The  Roman  Church  celebrates  his  memory 
on  Feb.  7. 

Romulus  (rom'u-lus).  According  to  Roman  le- 
gend, the  founder  of  Rome  (753  B.  c.),  and  its 
first  king  (753-716):  son  of  Mars  and  the  vestal 
Rhea  Silvia.  He  was  worshiped  as  a divinity 
under  the  name  of  Quirinus. 

Romulus,  Circus  of.  See  Circus. 

Romulus  Augustulus  (a-gus'tu-lus).  Last  em- 
peror of  the  West,  son  of  Orestes.  He  was  pro- 
claimed in  475,  and  deposed  by  Odoacer  in  476. 
Ronaldshay  (ron'ald-sha),  North.  One  of  the 
Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  the  group. 

Ronaldshay,  South.  One  of  the  larger  Orkney 
Islands,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  group. 


Roncaglia 

Roncaglia  (ron-kal'ya).  A village  east  of  Pia- 
cenza, Italy : a rendezvous  of  the  followers  of 
the  medieval  German  emperors  on  their  jour- 
neys to  Rome. 

Roncal  (ron-kal').  A valley  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
situated  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Pyrenees, 
40  miles  east  of  Pamplona. 

Roncesvalles  (ron-thes-val'yes),  F.  Ronce- 
vaux  (rons-vo').  A place  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
in  the  Pyrenees  20  miles  northeast  of  Pamplona. 

It  is  notable  for  the  defeat  there  of  the  rear-guard  of 
Charles  the  Great’s  army,  on  its  return  from  Spain,  by  the 
Basques  (or  according  to  tradition  by  the  Moors)  in  778. 
From  the  death  of  Boland  in  the  battle,  the  “Chanson  de 
Roland  ” is  called  also  “Chanson  de  Roncevaux.” 

No  action  of  so  small  importance  [as  Roncesvalles]  has 
ever  been  made  the  theme  of  so  many  heroic  legends  and 
songs.  It  is  the  Thermopylae  of  the  Pyrenees,  with  none 
of  the  glory  or  the  significance,  but  all  the  glamour,  of  its 
prototype.  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  38. 

Ronciglione  (ron-chel-yo'ne).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ricano 
31  miles  north-northwest  of  Rome.  Popula- 
tion, town,  6,100;  commune,  6,658. 

Ronconi  (ron-ko'no),  Domenico.  BornatLen- 
dinara,  July  11,  1772:  died  at  Milan,  April  13, 
1839.  An  Italian  composer  and  teacher  of 
vocal  music. 

Ronda  (ron'da).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Malaga,  southern  Spain,  situated  near  the 
Guadiaro  40  miles  west  of  Malaga.  It  occupies  a 
picturesque  situation  on  a lofty  and  steep  rock  ; has  con- 
siderable trade  ; and  is  famous  for  its  bull-fights.  It  was 
captured  from  the  Moors  in  1485.  Population,  20,995. 

Rondeau  (ron-do'),  Jose.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1773:  died  there,  1834.  A Spanish- Amer- 
ican general.  He  commanded  the  patriot  forces  in  the 
siege  of  Montevideo  1311-13,  and  subsequently  in  Upper 
Peru  or  Bolivia  1814-19,  where  he  was  generally  unsuccess- 
ful. He  was  supreme  director  of  the  United  Provinces 
June  10, 1819,  to  Feb.  12, 1820,  when  he  was  deposed.  From 
Nov.  24,  1828,  to  April  17,  1830,  he  was  provisional  presi- 
dent of  Uruguay. 

Rondo  (ron'do),  or Ovarondo  (o-va-ron'do).  See 
Ndonga. 

Rondout  (ron'dout).  A former  village,  since 
1872  a part  of  the  city  of  Kingston,  Ulster 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  79 
miles  north  of  New  York.  It  has  a large  coal 
trade. 

Ronge  (rong'e),  Johannes.  Born  at  Bischofs- 
walde,  Silesia, Oct.  16, 1813:  diedat  Vienna, Oct. 
26, 1887.  A German  Roman  Catholic  priest,  one 
of  the  chief  founders  of  the  German  Catholic 
movement  in  1844  and  succeeding  years.  He 
was  in  exile  1849-61. 

Ronne  (ren'ne).  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Bornholm  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  Denmark, 
situated  on  the  west  coast.  Population,  about 
9,100. 

Ronne,  Ludwig  Mcritz  Peter  von.  Born  Oct. 
18, 1804:  died  at  Berlin,  Dee.  22, 1891.  A Prus- 
sian jurist  and  politician.  Among  his  works  are 
“Die  Verfassungund  Verwaltungdespreussischen  Staats” 
(1843-72),  “Das  Staatsrecht  der  preussischen  Monarchie* 
(1856-63),  “ Das  Staatsrecht  des  deutschen  iteichs  ” (1876-. 
1877),  etc. 

Ronneburg  (ron'ne-bora).  A manufacturing 
town  in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Germany, 
35  miles  south  by  west  of  Leipsic.  Population, 
commune,  6,290. 

Ronsard  (ron-siir'),  Pierre  de.  Born  in  the 
Chateau  de  La  Poissonniere,  Vendomois,  Sept. 
11,  1524:  died  at  the  priory  of  St.-Come,  Tou- 
ra.ine,  Dec.  27, 1585.  A celebrated  French  poet. 
After  a brief  stay  at  the  College  de  Navarre  in  Paris,  he 
became  page  to  Charles,  duke  of  Orleans,  second  son  of 
Francis  I.  of  France.  He  spent  also  a couple  of  years  in 
the  service  of  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and  then  returned  to 
his  former  post,  and  was  attached  to  various  diplomatic  em- 
bassies On  his  final  return  to  France  in  1542,  he  lost  his 
sense  of  hearing  in  consequence  of  a severe  illness.  This 
infirmity  compelled  him  to  give  up  the  life  at  court,  and  led 
him  to  turn  all  his  attention  to  literary  labors.  Together 
with  his  friend  Baif.he  took  up  a course  of  study  that  ex- 
tended over  7 years (1542^19)  and  made  of  him  an  excellent 
Greek  scholar.  The  ultimate  end  he  had  in  view  was  to 
regenerate  his  native  tongue,  and  demonstrate  in  his  own 
works  that  the  French  language  was  capable  of  as  much 
power  and  nobility  of  expression  as  it  had  of  acknowl  edged 
grace  and  refinement.  About  1552  he  began  to  publish  his 
poetic  works : “Odes,”  “ Sonnets  a Cassandrc,”  “ l.ebocage,” 
“Les  amours,”  etc.  His  greatest  success  was  attained  in 
his  “Hymnes”  (1555-56),  and  he  became  a great  favorite 
with  Charles  IX.,  king  of  France  from  1560  to  1574.  On 
the  death  of  his  royal  patron,  Ronsard  was  gradually  rele- 
gated to  the  background  : finally  he  left  the  court  in  ut- 
ter discouragement.  The  last  years  of  his  life  (1574-85) 
were  spent  in  quiet  and  sad  retirement.  Ronsard  was  the 
father  of  lyric  poetry  in  France.  His  great  ambition, 
however,  had  been  to  rank  as  the  Homer  or  Vergil  of  Iris 
country,  and  in  this  spirit  he  undertook  to  write  a long 
poem,  “ La  Franciade  ” : he  labored  on  it  for  25  years,  and 
finally  left  it  unfinished. 

Ronsdorf  (rons'dorf).  A manufacturing  town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  23  miles 


866 

northeast  of  Cologne.  Population,  commune, 
14,005. 

Rontgen_(rent'gen),  Wilhelm  Konrad.  Bom 

March  27, 1845.  An  eminent  German  scientist. 
He  was  educated  at  Zurich  and  Utrecht.  Since  1870  he 
has  taught  at  Wurzburg,  Strasburg,  and  elsewhere,  and  in 
1888  was  made  director  of  the  Physical  Institute  of  the 
U Diversity  of  Wurzburg.  Professor  at  Munich  since  1899. 
His  discovery  of  the  X-rays  was  announced  in  Dec.,  1895. 
Rood  (rod),  Black.  [ Black  and  rood,  a cross.] 
A relic  brought  to  Scotland  by  the  wife  of  Mal- 
colm Canmore,  and  long  held  in  extreme  venera- 
tion by  the  Scots.  It  consisted  of  a cross  of  gold,  in- 
closing a piece  of  the  true  cross,  set  in  an  ebony  figure  of 
Christ.  It  was  deposited  with  the  regalia  in  Edinburgh 
Castle,  and  carried  with  them  to  England  by  Edward  I.,  and 
used  by  him  to  give  increased  solemnity  to  the  oaths  he  ex- 
acted from  the  Scottish  magnates.  All  trace  of  it  is  now  lost. 

Roodee  (ro'de).  A meadow,  outside  the  city  of 
Chester,  which  is  partly  surrounded  by  a Roman 
wall,  the  best  preserved  in  England,  it  has  been 
used  as  a race-course  from  the  earliest  times.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  rood  or  cross  which  formerly  stood  here. 
Rookery  (ruk'er-i),  The.  A dense  mass  of 
houses  which  was  once  the  worst  part  of  St. 
Giles  in  London.  It  has  been  cleared  away  in 
the  formation  of  New  Oxford  street. 

Rook  (ruk)  Island,  or  Rook’s  Island.  An 
island  in  the  Pacific,  east  of  Papua  and  west  of 
New  Britain,  in  long.  148°  E.  Length,  31  miles. 
Room.  See  Rum. 

Room-Elee.  See  Rumelia. 

Roon  (ron),  Count  Albrecht  Theodor  Emil 
von.  Born  at  Pleushagen,  near  Kolberg,  Prus- 
sia, April  30, 1803:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  23, 1879. 
A celebrated  Prussian  general  and  statesman. 
He  was  minister  of  war  1859-73,  and  minister  of  marine 
1861-71.  He  is  especially  famous  for  his  successful  efforts 
in  reorganizing  the  Prussian  army,  the  result  of  which  was 
shown  in  its  rapid  mobilization  in  the  wars  of  1866  and 
1870.  He  was  made  general  field-marshal  and  Prussian 
premier  in  1873,  but  resigned  the  latter  office  in  the  same 
year. 

Roos  (ros),  Johann  Heinrich.  Born  at  Otter- 
berg,  Palatinate,  Oct.  27, 1631:  died  Oct.  3, 1685. 
A German  painter  of  landscapes  and  animals. 
Roos,  Joseph.  Bom  about  1728 : died  1805.  A 
German  painter  and  etcher,  grandson  of  Johann 
Heinrich  Roos. 

Roos,  Philipp  Peter:  called  also  Rosa  di  Ti- 
voli. Born  at  Frankfort,  1657 : died  at  Rome, 
1705.  A German  painter  of  landscapes  and  ani- 
mals, son  of  Johann  Heinrich  Roos. 
Roosendal,  orRozendaal  (ro'zen-dal).  Atown 
in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
27 miles  south  of  Rotterdam.  Population,  town, 
8,505;  commune,  13,720. 

Roosevelt  (ro'ze-velt),  Robert  Barnwell. 
Born  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  7, 1829:  aied  June 
14,  1906.  An  American  author  and  politician. 

He  was  New  York  State  fish  commissioner  1867-88 ; Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1871-73 ; editor 
of  the  New  York  “ Citizen  ” ; and  United  States  minister  to 
the  Netherlands  in  1888.  He  wrote  “ Game  Fish  of  North 
fa  America,"  etc. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.  Born  at  New  York,  Oct. 
27,  1858.  An  American  author  and  statesman. 
He  was  Republican  New  York  State  assemblyman  1882-84  ; 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  mayor  of  New  York  city  in 
18S6 ; United  States  civil-service  commissioner  1889-95  ; 
president  of  the  New  York  board  of  police  commissioners 
1895-97 ; assistant  secretary  of  the  navy  1897-98;  fought 
as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  First  VolunteerCavalry  (Rough 
Riders)  at  Las  Guasimas  June  24,  and  San  Juan  July  1; 
was  appointed  eolontl  July  8,1898;  was  elected  governor 
of  New  York  Nov.,  1898,  and  vice-president  of  the  United 
States  1900;  and  became  president  of  the  United  States 
Sept.  14,  1901,  on  the  death  of  President  McKinley.  He 
was  elected  president  in  1904.  He  was  the  unsuccessful 
candidate  of  the  Progressive  Party  for  president  in  1912 
(receiving  over  four  million  votes).  He  has  been  an  edi- 
tor of  “The  Outlook  ” since  1909. 

Root  (rot  or  rut),  George  Frederick.  Born 
Aug.  30,  1820 : died  Aug.  6,  1895.  An  Amer- 
ican composer  and  musical  publisher.  He  was 
the  author  of  various  songs  (“There  ’s  Music  in  the 
Air,"  “ Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp,  the  Boys  are  March- 
ing,” ‘Battle  Cry  of  Freedom,”  etc.),  cantatas,  manu- 
als, etc. 

Root  and  Branch.  In  English  history,  the  ex- 
tremists of  the  Parliamentary  party  who  about 
1641  favored  the  overthrow  of  episcopacy;  also, 
the  policy  of  these  extremists. 

Root-Diggers,  See  Diggers. 

Root-Eaters.  See  Diggers. 

Roquefort  (rok-for').  A village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aveyron,  southern  France.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  the  manufacture  (in  its  grottoes)  of 
Roquefort  cheese. 

Roqueplan  (rok-plon'),  Joseph  Etienne  Ca- 
mille. Born  at  Mallemort,  Bouches«du-Rh6ne, 
France,  1802:  died  1855.  A French  painter. 
Roqueplan,  Louis  Victor  Nestor.  Born  at 
Mallemort.  France,  1804:  died  at  Paris,  April 
24,  1870.  A French  miscellaneous  writer  and 


Rosales 

theatrical  director,  brother  of  J.  E.  C.  Roque- 
plan 

Roques  (ro'kes),  Los.  [Sp.,  ‘the  rocks.’]  A 
group  of  small  uninhabited  islands  in  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  belonging  to  Venezuela,  situated  in 
lat.  11°  56'  N.,  long.  66°  40'  W. 

Roquette  (ro-ket'),  Otto.  Born  at  Krotoschin, 
Posen,  April  19, 1824:  died  at  Darmstadt,  March 
18, 1896.  A German  poet  and  author.  He  studied 
history  and  philosophy  at  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  and  Halle  ; 
was  afterward  a teacher  in  Dresden,  and  after  1862  in  Ber- 
lin; andin  1869wasmadeprofessor  of  theGerman  language, 
literature,  and  history  in  the  school  of  technology  at  Darm- 
stadt. He  wrote  numerous  lyrics,  dramas,  novels,  and 
tales.  Among  them  are  “ Waldmeisters  Brautfahrt : ein 
Rhein-,  Wein-,  uud  Wandermarchen  ’ (“  Waldmeister’s 
Wedding  Journey : aTale  of  the  Rhine,  Wine,  and  Travel,’ 
1851)  ; “Liederbuch"  (“Song-Book,”  1852:  the  third  edi- 
tion under  the  title  “Gedichte”  (“  Poems  ”),  1880)  ; “Dra- 
matische  Dichtungen”  (“Dramatic  Writings,”  1867-76,  2 
vols.);  the  novels  “Im  Halts  der  Viiter’’  (“In  the  Ances- 
tral House”),  “Das  Buchstabirbuch  der  Leidenschaft ” 
(“The  Spelling-Book  of  Passion,"  1878),  and  “Die  Pro- 
phetensehule  ” (“  The  School  of  the  Prophets,”  1879).  He 
is  also  the  author  of  a “ Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litte- 
rat-ur  ” (“  History  of  German  Literature,”  1862),  which  in 
the  third  edition  has  the  ti^e  “ Geschichte  der  deutschen 
Dichtung’’  (“History  of  German  Poetry,”  1879). 
Roquevaire  (rok-var').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situated  on 
the  Huveaune  11  miles  east-northeast  of  Mar- 
seilles. It  is  noted  for  its  export  of  raisins. 
Population,  commune,  3,110. 

Roraas  (re'ras),  or  Roros  (re'ros).  A small 
town  in  the  province  of  South  Trondhjem,  Nor- 
way, situated  61  miles  southeast  of  Trondhjem : 
noted  for  its  copper-mines. 

Roraima  (ro-ra'e-ma).  The  highest  mountain 
of  British  Guiana,  on  the  western  frontier,  in 
territory  claimed  by  Venezuela,  it  is  properly  a 
part  of  the  Pacaraima  range.  The  upper  portion  is  a table- 
land with  very  precipitous  sides,  ascended  in  1884  by  Im 
Thurm.  Height,  estimated,  8,580  feet. 

Rori  (ro're),  or  Warori  (wa-ro're).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  German  East  Africa,  north  of  Lake 
Nyassa,  on  the  Rueha  affluent  of  the  Rufiji 
River.  They  are  of  short  stature  except  the  chiefs,  wear 
capes  and  belts  of  bead-work,  live  in  large  tembes,  eat  dogs, 
and  are  feared  as  slave-raiders.  The  country  is-  called 
Urori. 

Rorschach  (ror'shach).  A town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  canton  of  St. -Gall,  Switzerland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lake  of  Constance  20  miles  south- 
east of  Constance.  It  has  a large  grain  trade. 
Population,  9,140. 

Rory  O’More  (ro'ri  o-mor').  A novel  by  Samuel 
Lover,  published  in  1836. 

Ros  (ros).  [LL.  Rlios ; Byzantine  Gr.  'Pof  (Gly- 
cas),  'Puno/.  j The  Scandinavians,  specifically 
the  Swedes,  who  conquered  a part  of  Russia  in 
the  9th  century  and  gave  their  name  to  the 
country  itself.  Novgorod,  in  the  north,  and  Kieff,  in 
the  south,  became  centers  of  Scandinavian  power.  About 
866  A.  D.  the  Ros  made  inclusions  southward  as  far  as 
Constantinople,  which  they  again  threatened  in  941.  They 
were  amalgamated  with  the  Slavs.  Better  known  as 
Varangians. 

Rosa  (ro'sa),  Saint  (Isabel  Flores), called  Rosa 
of  Lima.  Born  at  Lima,  1586 : died  there,  Aug. 
24,  1617.  A Peruvian  ascetic.  She  was  can- 
onized in  1671,  her  feast-day  being  fixed  on 
Aug.  30. 

Rosa  (ro'za),  Carl.  Borm  March  22, 1842 : died 
April  30,  1889.  A German  violinist  and  mana- 
ger of  opera.  After  the  success  of  his  wife  Parepa-Rosa 
in  opera,  he  formed  an  English  opera  company  which  con- 
tinued with  success  after  her  death.  He  produced  nearly 
20  operas  not  previously  sung  in  English. 

Rosa,  Euphrosyne  Parepa.  See  Parepa-Rosa. 
Rosa,  Francisco  Martinez  de  la.  See  Martinez 

de  la  Rosa. 

Rosa,  Monte.  See  Monte  Rosa. 

Rosa  (ro'sa),  Salvator.  Born  at  Renella,  near 
Naples,  June  20, 1615  (?) : died  at  Rome,  March 
15,  1673.  A painter  of  the  Neapolitan  school. 
He  was  a pupil  of  his  uncle  Paolo  Greco  and  Falcone.  He 
is  said  to  have  learned  from  the  banditti  of  the  Abruzzi 
many  incidents  which  he  afterward  painted.  He  went  to 
Rome  in  1635,  and  soon  became  famous  as  apainter,  musi- 
cian, and  satirical  poet.  He  sympathized  with  Masaniello 
in  1646-47,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a member  of  a Com- 
pagnia  della  Morte,  formed  for  the  waylaying  and  killing 
of  Spaniards  in  Naples.  His  masterpiece  is  considered  to 
be  the  “ Conspiracy  of  Catiline,”  in  the  Pitti  at  Florence. 
He  excelled  in  battle-pieces. 

Rosader  (ros'a-der).  In  Lodge’s  “ Rosalynde,” 
the  younger  brother  of  Torrismond  the  Usurper, 
and  lover  of  Rosalynde.  He  is  the  Orlando  of 
“As  you  Like  it.” 

Rosa  di  Tivoli.  See  Roos,  Philipp  Peter. 
Rosales  ( ro-sal'as),  Diego  de.  Born  at  Madrid, 
1595:  died  in  Spain,  1674.  A Jesuit  historian. 

From  1629  to  1665  he  was  in  Chile,  where  he  traveled  ex- 
tensively and  for  a time  was  provincial.  His  “Historia 
general  ilel  Reyno  de  Chile  ’’  was  first  published  in  1877.  It 
is  one  of  the  best  of  tlie  early  works  on  Chile. 


Rosalie 

Rosalie  (roz'a-li),  Saint.  The  patron  saint  of 
Palermo,  said  to  have  lived  near  there  in  the 
12th  century. 

Rosalie  Peak  (roz'a-li  pek).  A peak  in  the 
Front  Range,  Colorado,  about  14,340  feet  in 
height. 

Rosalind  (roz'a-lind).  1 . A name  given  to  Rosa 
Daniel,  the  sister  of  Samuel  Daniel  and  the  wife 
of  John  Florio.  She  was  loved  by  Spenser  in  her 
youth,  and  he  complains  of  her  ill  usage  of  him  in  “The 
Shepherd’s  Calendar.”  In  “The  Faerie  Queene”  he  again 
introduces  her  under  the  name  of  Mirabel. 

2.  The  daughter  of  the  exiled  duke,  in  love  with 
Orlando:  a character  in  Shakspere’s  “As  you 
Like  it.”  Her  vivacity  gives  the  chief  charm 
to  the  play. 

Rosaline  (roz'a-lin).  1.  Romeo’s  former  love, 
a lady  mentioned  in  Shakspere’s  “Romeo  and 
Juliet.” — 2.  A lady  attending  on  the  Princess 
of  France:  a character  in  Shakspere’s  “Love’s 
Labour’s  Lost.”  She  “holds  her  part  victori- 
ous" in  a war  of  words  with  Biron  whom  she 
loves. 

Rosalynde,  or  Euphues’  Golden  Legacy.  A 

prose  idyl  by  Thomas  Lodge,  first  printed  in 
1590.  Shakspere  took  his  “As  you  Like  it  ” from  it.  It 
is  the  most  famous  book  of  theEuphuist  school,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  “Euphues  ” itself.  Rosalynde  is  the  niece  of  the 
usurper  Torrismond,  and  disguises  herself  as  Ganymede. 
Rosamond  (roz'a-mond).  [See  Rosamunda.'] 
An  opera  by  Addison,  produced  at  Drury  Lane 
in  1707. 

Rosamond.  Fair.  See  Clifford,  Rosamond. 
Rosamond  s Bower.  A subterranean  labyrinth 
in  Blenheim  Park,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Henry  II.  as  a retreat  for  Rosamond  Clifford/ 
Rosamond’s  Pond.  A sheet  of  water  formerly 
lying  in  the  southwest  corner  of  St.  James’s  Park 
in  London.  It  was  “ long  consecrated  to  disas- 
trous love  and  elegiac  poetry.”  It  was  filled  up 
in  1770. 

Rosamunda  (ro-zii-mun'da),  or  Rosamond 
(roz'a-mond).  [G.  Rosamunde  or  Rosimund. ] 
Daughter  of  Cunimond,  king  of  the  Gepidse, 
and  wife  of  Alboin,  king  of  the  Lombards.  She 
iB  said  to  have  procured  the  death  of  her  husband  (573). 
See  Alboin. 

Rosario  (ro-sa're-o).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Santa  Fe,  Argentine  Republic,  situated  on  the 
Parand  about  lat.  33°  5'  S.  It  is  an  important  rail- 
way center  and  center  for  river  and  foreign  trade,  and  was 
made  a port  of  entry  in  1854.  Population,  160,000. 

Rosario.  A small  town  in  the  state  of  Sinaloa, 
Mexico,  about  35  miles  southeast  of  Mazatlan. 
Rosas  (ro'sas).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Gerona,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Rosas  82 
miles  northeast  of  Barcelona.  Population,  2,- 
690. 

Rosas  (ro'sas),  Juan  Manuel  de.  Born  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  March  30, 1793 : died  near  South- 
ampton, England,  March  14,  1877.  Dictator  of 
Buenos  Ayres.  For  many  years  he  was  a leaderof  the 
Gauchos,  and  Dorrego  (1827)  made  him  commander  of 
the  rural  militia.  By  the  deposition  and  death  of  Dorrego 
(Dec.,  1828),  Rosas  became  chief  of  the  federalist  party, 
which  aimed  at  securing  the  practical  independence  of  the 
provinces.  After  some  months  of  fighting,  the  Unitarian 
chief,  Lavalle,  resigned,  and  Rosas  was  governor  of  Buenos 
Ayres  Dec.,  1829, -Dec.,  1832.  His  successor,  Balcarce,  was 
deposed  by  a resolution  instigated  by  Rosas’s  wife ; and 
Rosas  was  again  elected  governor  with  extraordinary 
powers  (March  7,  1835).  From  this  time,  by  successive 
reelections,  he  governed  as  an  absolute  dictator  until  his 
fall,  and  often  with  tyrannical  cruelty.  The  press  was 
muzzled,  commerce  was  restricted,  and  hundreds  of  his 
political  opponents  were  driven  into  exile  or  assassinated. 
Some  of  the  provinces  formed  a loose  alliance  with  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  Rosas  managed  to  put  his  creatures  in  charge 
of  most  of  the  others : thus,  for  a time,  he  practically  ruled 
them  all,  though  nominally  he  was  only  governorof  Buenos 
Ayres.  One  of  his  great  ambitions  was  to  subject  Monte- 
video, which  had  become  a refuge  for  exiles  from  Buenos 
Ayres  and  a center  of  the  Unitarian  party ; to  this  end 
he  joined  with  the  exiled  president,  Oribe,  who,  thus  aided, 
held  most  of  the  interior  of  Uruguay  from  1842  to  1851, 
though  the  city  was  never  taken.  (See  Oribe.)  Owing  to 
Rosas's  persecution  of  French  residents,  a French  fleet 
blockaded  Buenos  Ayres  during  most  of  the  time  from 
1838  to  1845.  In  the  latter  year  France  and  England  in- 
terfered to  protect  Montevideo,  and  their  combined  fleets 
attacked  and  took  the  intrenched  camp  of  Rosas  at  Punta 
de  Obligado  (Nov.  20),  but  nothing  further  came  of  the 
matter.  The  Unitarians  made  many  armed  attempts  to 
depose  Rosas,  the  most  formidable  being  that  commanded 
by  Lavalle  (1838-41),  but  all  failed.  At  length  (1851)  Brazil 
interfered  to  protect  the  independence  of  Uruguay,  unit- 
ing with  Urquiza,  governor  of  Entre  Rios.  They  were 
joined  by  Corrientes,  and  later  by  other  provinces.  The 
combined  forces,  under  Urquiza,  eventually  defeated  the 
army  of  Rosas  at  Monte  Caseros,  near  Buenos  Ayres  (Feb. 

3,  1852).  Rosas  fled  to  England,  where  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment until  his  death. 

Rosbach.  See  Rossbach. 

Roscellinus  (ros-e-li'nus),  Roscellin  (ros-el- 
an'),  Rucelinus  (ro-se-li'nus),  etc.  Born  in 
northern  France  about  the  middle  of  the  11th 

/ 


867 

century : died  after  1121.  A scholastic  theolo- 
gian, the  chief  founder  of  Nominalism:  canon 
at  Compiegne.  He  was  condemned  by  a church  coun- 
cil at  Soissons  in  1092  on  account  of  his  teachings  regard- 
ing the  Trinity. 

Roscher  (rosh'er),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Hannover, 
Germany,  Oct.  21,  1817 : died  at  Leipsic,  June 
4,  1894.  A noted  German  political  economist, 
professor  at  Leipsic  from  1848:  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  historical  school  of  political 
economy.  His  works  include  “System  der  Volkswirth- 
schaft  ”(“ System  of  Political  Economy,”  1854-81),  “Ge- 
schichte  der  Nationalokonomik  in  Deutschland  ”(“  History 
of  Political  Economy  in  Germany,”  1874),  etc. 

Rosciad  (rosh'iad),  The.  A poem  by  Churchill, 
published  in  1761.  It  is  his  first  published  poem,  and 
is  a reckless  satire  on  various  London  actors.  It  was  issued 
anonymously,  but  its  success  was  so  great  that  Churchill 
at  once  acknowledged  it. 

Roscius  (rosh'ius),  Quintus.  Died  about  62 
B.  c.  The  greatest  of  Roman  comic  actors.  He 
was  a native  of  Solonium,  near  Lanuvium.  He  was  pre- 
sented by  Sulla  with  a gold  ring,  the  symbol  of  equestrian 
rank,  and  was  the  instructor  and  friend  of  Cicero. 

Roscius,  African,  The.  Ira  Aldridge. 

Roscius,  English,  The.  David  Garrick. 
Roscoe  (ros'ko),  Sir  Henry  Enfield.  Born  in 
London,  Jan.  7,  1833.  A noted  English  chem- 
ist, emeritus  professor  of  chemistry  in  Victoria 
University  (Owens  College),  Manchester.  He 
was  chosen  member  of  Parliament  for  Manchester  in  1885 
and  1889.  His  works  include  “ Lessons  in  Elementary  Chem- 
istry” (1866),  “Lectures  on  Spectrum  Analysis”  (1869), 
“A  Treatise  on  Chemistry”  (with  Schorlemmer,  1878-89). 

Roscoe,  Thomas.  Born  at  Toxteth  Park,  Liv- 
erpool, June  23,  1791 : died  at  London,  Sept. 
24,  1871.  An  English  translator  and  scholar, 
son  of  V^llliam  Roscoe.  He  translated  “Memoirs  of 
Benvenuto  Cellini”  (1822),  Sismondi’s  “ Literature  of  the 
South  of  Europe  ” (1823),  Lanzi’s  “ History  of  Painting  in 
Italy  " (1828),  etc. 

Roscoe,  William.  Born  at  Liverpool,  March  8, 
1753 : died  June  30, 1831.  A noted  English  his- 
torian, poet,  and  miscellaneous  author.  His  chief 
works  are  “ Life  of  Lorenzo  de’  Medici  ” (1796)  and  “ Life  and 
Pontificate  of  Leo  X.”  (1805).  He  also  published  poems, 
pamphlets  against  the  slave-trade,  etc. 

Roscoff  (ros-kof').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Finistere,  France,  situated  on  the  English 
Channel  34  miles  northeast  of  Brest.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  5,054. 

Roscommon  (ros-kom'on).  1.  A county  of 
Connaught,  Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Leitrim  Oil  the 
north  and  northeast;  Longford,  Westmeath,  and  King’s 
County  on  the  east ; Galway  on  the  south  ; Galway  and  Mayo 
on  the  west ; and  Sligo  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is 
level  or  undulating.  Area,  983  square  miles.  Population, 
101,791. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Roscommon, 
situated  43  miles  northeast  of  Galway.  ThecaBtle, 
one  of  the  largest  and  finest  in  Ireland,  built  in  1268,  is 
quadrangular  in  plan,  with  round  towers  at  the  angles. 
The  gate  is  flanked  by  towers.  The  state  apartments  oc- 
cupy a building  in  the  inner  court.  Population,  about 
2,000. 

Rose  ( roz),  George.  Born  in  1817 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  11, 1882.  An  English  humorous  writer 
under  the  pseudonym  Arthur  Sketchley.  He  was 
the  author  of  several’  plays,  but  is  better  known  as  the 
author  of  the  “Mrs.  Brown  Lectures,”  written  in  the 
character  of  a “garrulous  cockney  woman,  based  probably 
on  Mrs.  Gamp.”  In  1867  he  visited  America  and  gave 
these  lectures,  but  they  were  not  very  successful. 

Rose  (ro'ze),  Gustav.  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
28,  1798:  died  there,  July  15, 1873.  A German 
mineralogist,  professor  of  mineralogy  at  Berlin 
from  1826.  He  published  “ Elemente  der  Krys- 
tallographie  ” (1833),  etc. 

Rose,  Heinrich.  Born  at  Berlin,  Aug.  6, 1795 : 
died  Jan.  27, 1864.  AGerman  chemist,  brother 
of  Gustav  Rose : professor  of  chemistry  at  Ber- 
lin from  1823.  His  chief  work  is  a “ Handbuch 
der  analytisclien Chexnie” (“Manual of  Analyt- 
ical Chemistry,”  1829). 

Rose  (roz),  The.  1.  A playhouse  opened  by 
Henslowe  on  the  Bankside,  Southwark,  London, 
about  1592. — 2.  An  ordinary  in  Russell  street, 
Covent  Garden,  London,  near  the  theaters,  and 
much  frequented  about  1667. 

Roseau  (ro-zd').  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Dominica,  British  West  Indies,  situated  on  the 
southwestern  coast.  Population,  about  5,000. 
Rosebery,  Earl  of.  See  Primrose,  A.  P. 
Rosecrans  (ro ' ze-kranz),  William  Starke. 
Born  at  Kingston,  Ohio,  Sept.  6,  1819  : died  at 
Rosecrans,  near  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  March  11, 
1898.  An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1842,  but  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army  in 
1854  after  attaining  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant.  He  volun- 
teered as  aide  to  General  George  B.  McClellan  (then  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio)  atthebeginningof  the 
Civil  War,  and  soon  received  a commission  as  brigadier- 
general  in  the  regular  army.  He  gained  the  battle  of  Rich 
Mountain  in  July,  1861;  was  appointed  commanderof  the 
Department  of  the  Ohio  in  the  same  month  ; gained  the 
battle  of  Carnifex  Ferry  In  Sept.,  1861;  took  part  in  the 


Rosetta 

-.•siege  of  Corinth  in  1862 ; gained,  as  commander  of  the  Army 
of  the  Mississippi,  the  battles  of  Iuka  in  Sept.,  and  of 
Corinth  in  Oct.,  1862 ; was  transferred  to  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  in  Oct.,  1862  ; gained  the 
battle  of  Murfreesboro  Dec.  31, 1862, -Jan.  3, 1863 ; crossed 
the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  the  Tennessee  River  in 
Aug.,  1863 ; was  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  in 
Sept.,  1863  ; was  relieved  of  the  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland  in  Oct.,  1863;  and  as  commanderof  the  De- 
partment of  the  Missouri  repelled  Price’s  invasion  of  Mis- 
souri in  1864.  He  resigned  from  the  army  in  1867 ; was 
United  States  minister  to  Mexico  1868-69 ; was  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  California  1881-85  ; and  register 
of  the  United  States  treasury  1885-93.  He  was  reap- 
pointed brigadier-general  and  placed  on  the  retired  list 
by  a special  act  of  Congress  in  Feb.,  1889. 

Rosedale  (roz'dal).  A play  by  Lester  Wallaek, 
founded  on  Hamley’s  novel  ‘ ‘ Lady  Lee’s  Widow- 
hood ” : it  was  produced  in  1863. 
Rose-Garlands,  Feast  of.  See  Feast  of  Rose- 
Garlands. 

Rosellini  (ro-sel-le'ne),  Ippolito.  Born  at  Pisa, 
Italy,  1800 : died  there,  June  4, 1843,  An  Italian 
Orientalist  and  archaeologist,  associate  of  Cham- 
pollion  in  Egypt : prof essor of  Orientallanguages 
at  Pisa  from  1824  to  1839,  when  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  archaeology.  He  published  “Imonu- 
menti  dell’  Egitto  e della  Nubia  ” (1832-40). 
Roselly  de  Lorgues  (ro-za-le'  de  lorg)  (before 
1860,  Roselly),  Antoine  Francois  Felix. 
Born  at  Grasse,  Alps-Maritimes,  France,  Aug. 
11,  1805:  died  Jan.  2,  1898.  A French  author, 
best  known  for  his  works  in  defense  of  Roman 
Catholicism  and  his  writings  on  Columbus. 
The  former  include  “ Le  Christ  devant  le  sifecle  " (1835), 

‘ ‘ La  croix  dans  les  deux  mondes  ’’  (1844),  etc.  His  works  on 
Columbus  are  extremely  laudatory,  and  were  undertaken 
with  the  direct  end  of  securing  the  beatification  of  hia 
hero.  Among  them  are  “Christophe  Colomb”  (1856,  2 
vols.),  “ChriBtophe  Colomb  serviteurde  Dieu  ” (1884),  and 
“Histoire  posthume  de  Christophe  Colomb ” (1885). 

Rosenbusch  (ro'zen-bosh),  Karl  Heinrich 

Ferdinand.  Born  at  Einbeck,  June  24,  1836. 
A noted  German  geologist.  He  was  professor  at 
Heidelberg  1878-1908.  He  has  principally  devoted  him- 
self to  microscopic  petrography.  He  edited  the  “Neuen 
Yahrbuchs  fiir  Mineralogie,  Geologie  und  Palaontologie ” 
with  Klein  and  Benecke  1879-84. 

Rosencrantz  and  Guildenstem.  Characters  in 

Shakspere’s  “Hamlet.”  They  are  old  schoolfellows 
of  Hamlet,  and  are  sent  for  by  the  king  to  spy  upon  him. 
They  always  appear  together. 

Rosendale  (ro'zn-dal).  A village  near  Kings- 
ton, New  York,  noted  for  its  cement. 
Rosengarten  (ro'zen-gar-ten),  or  Great  Rosen- 
garten.  A medieval  German  folk  epic  (dating 
in  its  present  form  from  about  1300).  it  treats  of 
Dietrich  of  Bern,  Kriemhild  of  Worms,  etc.  It  was  edited 
by  YV.  Grimm  (1836). 

Rosenheim  (ro'zen-him).  A town  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Inn  31  miles 
southeast  of  Munich.  Pop.,  commune,  15.409. 
Rosenkranz  (ro'zen -krauts),  Johann  Karl 
Friedrich.  Bom  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  April 
23,  1805:  died  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  June  14, 
1879.  A German  Hegelian  philosopher  and  his- 
torian of  literature,  professor  at  Konigsberg 
1833-49.  He  wrote  “Geschiehte  der  deutschen  Poesie 
im  Mittelalter  ” (“  History  of  German  Poetry  in  the  Middle 
Ages,"  1830),  “Handbuch  einer  allgemeinen  Geschiehte 
der-Poesie  " (“Manual  of  a Universal  History  of  Poetry,” 
1832-33),  “Encyklopadie  der  theologischen  Wissenschaf- 
ten  " (“  Encyclopedia  of  the  Theological  Sciences,"  1831), 
“KritischeErlauterungendesHegelschen  Systems”(“Crit- 
ical  Illustrations  of  the  Hegelian  System,”  1840),  “Stu- 
dien  " (1839-44),  “ Psy chologie ” (1837),  “Goethe  und  seine 
Werke"  (1847),  “Die  Piidagogik  als  System  ”(“  Pedagogy 
as  a System,”  1848),  “ Wissenschaft  der  logischen  Idee” 
(1858-59),  life  of  Diderot  (1866),  of  Hegel  (1844),  “Neue 
Studien  ” (1875-77),  etc.  With  F.  W.  Schubert  he  edited 
Kant’s  works  (1838-40:  with  a “History  of  the  Kantian 
Philosophy  ”). 

Rosenlaui  (ro'zen-lou-wi)  Glacier.  One  of  the 
most  noted  Alpine  glaciers,  situated  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  11  miles  east  by  south 
of  Interlaken. 

Rosenmiiller  (rd'zen-miil-ler) , Ernst  Friedrich 
Karl.  Born  at  Hessberg,  near  Hildburghausen, 
Germany,  Dec.  10,  1768 : died  Sept.  17,  1835.  A 
German  Orientalist  and  Protestant  theologian, 
son  of  J.  G.  Rosenmiiller:  professor  at  Leipsic 
from  1795.  Among  his  works  are  scholia  to  the  Old 
Testament,  “Handbuch  der  biblischen  Altertumskunde  ” 
(1823-31),  etc. 

Rosenmiiller,  Johann  Georg.  Born  at  Um- 
merstadt,  near  Hildburghausen,  Germany,  Dec. 
18,  1736:  died  at  Leipsic,  March  14,  1815.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian  and  popular  re- 
ligious writer,  professor  of  theology  and  super- 
intendent at  Leipsic  from  1785. 

Rosenthal  (ro'zen-tal),  Moritz.  Bom  at  Lem- 
berg, Dec.  18,  1862.  A noted  German  pianist. 

He  was  a pupil  of  Liszt,  and  is  noted  for  his  brilliant 
technic. 

Roses,  Wars  of  the.  See  Wars  of  the  Roses. 
Rosetta  (ro-zet'tii),  Ar.  Rashid  (ra-shed').  A. 
town  in  the  Delta  of  Egypt,  situated  near  the 


Rosetta 

mouth  of  the  Rosetta  arm  of  the  Nile,  35  miles 
east-northeast  of  Alexandria.  Population,  14,- 
414. 

Rosetta  Branch.  The  westernmost  of  the  two 
chief  branches  into  which  the  Nile  divides  to 
form  the  Delta.  It  separates  from  the  Daraietta  branch 
a few  miles  north-northwest  of  Cairo. 

Rosetta  Stone.  The  name  given  to  a stone  now  in 
the  British  Museum,  originally  found  by  French 
soldiers  who  were  digging  near  the  Rosetta 
mouth  of  the  Nile.  It  is  a piece  of  black  basalt,  and 
contains  part  of  three  equivalent  inscriptions,  the  first  or 
highest  in  hieroglyptiics,  the  second  in  demotic  characters, 
and  the  third  in  Greek.  According  to  these  inscriptions, 
the  stone  was  erected  in  honor  of  Ptolemy  Epiphanes, 
March  27,  B.  C.  196.  This  stone  is  famous  as  having  fur- 
nished to  Young  and  Champollion  the  first  key  for  the 
interpretation  of  Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  In  its  present 
broken  condition 'it  measures  3 feet  9 inches  in  height,  2 
feet  41  inches  in  width,  and  II  inches  in  thickness. 
Rosheim  (rdz'him').  A town  in  Lower  Alsace, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  15  miles  southwest 
of  Strasburg.  It  was  once  a free  imperial  city. 
Population,  3,169. 

Rosier  (ro'zher),  James.  Born  in  Norfolk, 
England,  in  1575:  died  in  1635.  An  English 
explorer.  He  accompanied  Waymouth  in  his  voyage  to 
Maine  and  the  Penobscot  in  1605,  and  described  the  voyage 
in  his  “ True  Relation." 

Rosinante(roz-i-nau'te).  DonQuixote’scliarger, 

all  skin  and  bone.  ‘ He  next  proceeded  to  inspect 
his  hack,  which,  with  more  quarters  than  a real  and  more 
blemishes  than  the  steed  of  Gonela  that  tantum  pellis  el 
ossafuit,  surpassed  in  his  eyes  the  Buceplialosof  Alexan- 
der and  the  Babieca  of  the  Cid.”  Also  Rocinante. 

Rosine  (ro-zen').  The  ward  of  Doctor  Bartholo 
in  Beaumarchais’s  comedy  “ The  Barber  of  Se- 
ville.” He  seeks  to  marry  her,  but  through  the  adroitness 
of  Figaro  she  is  married  to  Count  Almaviva. 

Rosini  (ro-se'ne),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Luci- 
gnano,  Italy,  June  24, 1776:  died  at  Pisa,  May 
16,  1855.  An  Italian  poet  and  writer  of  histori- 
cal novels. 

Roslin  (ros'lin).  A village  in  Midlothian,  Scot- 
land, situated  about  7 miles  south  of  Edinburgh. 
The  notable  chapel  here  was  built  in  1446  as  the  choir  of  a 
projected  collegiate  church.  The  nave  consists  of  five 
bays,  and,  especially  in  its  comparatively  plain  exterior, 
with  beautiful  arches  and  flying  buttresses,  presents  the 
appearance  of  being  much  older  than  it  i3.  The  interior 
is  sculptured  with  foliage  and  arabesque  ornament  much 
undercut. 

Rosmini  (ros-me'ne),  Carlo  de\  Born  at  Ro- 
veredo,  Tyrol,  Oct.  29,  1758:  died  at  Milan, 
June  9,  1827.  An  Italian  historian  and  biog- 
rapher. His  chief  work  is  “Storia  di  Milano” 
(“History  of  Milan,”  1820). 

Rosmini-Serbati  (ros-me'ne-ser-ba'te),  Anto- 
nio. Born  at  Roveredo,  Tyrol,  March  25,  1797 : 
died  at  Stresa,  near  Lago  Maggiore,  July  1, 
1855.  A noted  philosopher,  founder  of  the  re- 
ligious order  of  the  Brothers  of  Charity.  Among 
his  numerous  works  is  “Nuovo  saggio  gull'  oi  igine  delle 
idee”  (“  New  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Ideas,”  1830). 

Rosmunda  (roz-mun'da).  A tragedy  by  Al- 
fieri,  published  in  1783.  Ristori  was  celebrated 
in  the  part  of  Rosmunda. 

Rosny  (r6-ne')>  Leon  de.  Born  at  Loos,  Nord, 
France,  Aug.  5,  1837.  A French  Orientalist 
and  ethnographer,  author  of  various  works  on 
the  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Corean  languages, 
and  on  the  antiquities  of  Central  America  and 
Yucatan. 

Ross  ( ros),  or  Ross-shire  (ros'shir).  A northern 
county  in  Scotland.  The  mainland  portion  is  bounded 
by  Sutherland  and  Dornoch  Firth  on  the  north,  Moray 
Firth  on  the  east,  Inverness  on  the  south,  and  the  Atlan- 
tic on  the  west  and  northwest,  and  includes  various  de- 
tached portions  of  Cromarty.  Ross-shire  comprises  also 
the  northern  part  of  Lewis  and  other  islands  of  the  Hebri- 
des. The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  is  con- 
nected politically  with  Cromarty.  United  area  of  Ross  and 
Cromarty,  3,089  square  miles  ; population  (civil  co.),  76,421. 
Ross.  A town  in  the  county  of  Herefordshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Wye  15  miles  west  by 
north  of  Gloucester.  It  has  a noted  church  (with  the 
tomb  of  John  Kyi  le,  the  “Man  of  Ross”).  Population,  about 
3,300. 

Ross,  or  Rosse,  Alexander.  Born  at  Aber- 
deen, 1590-91 : died  1654.  A Scottish  clergyman 
who  became  chaplain  to  Charles  I.  and  master 
of  the  Southampton  free  school.  Amonghis  works 
is  “A  View  of  all  the  Religions  in  the  World"  (1653),  to 
which  Butler  refers  in  the  couplet  in  “ Hudibras.” 

“There  was  an  ancient  sage  philosopher, 

Who  had  read  Alexander  Ross  over." 

Ross,  Alexander.  Born  in  Aberdeenshire, 
1699 : died  at  Lochlee,  Forfarshire,  May  20, 1784. 
A Scottish  schoolmaster  and  poet.  ' He  wrote 
“Helenore, or  the  Fortunate  Shepherdess”  (1768:  a nar- 
rative poem),  and  a number  of  songs  (“  Wooed  an’  Married 
an’ a’,”  etc.)  and  other  poetical  pieces,  in  the  rural  dialect 
of  Aberdeenshire. 

Ross,  Alexander.  Born  in  Nairnshire,  Scot- 
land, May  9,  1783:  died  in  Colony  Gardens 
(now  in  Winnipeg,  Manitoba),  Red  River  Settle- 


868 

ment,  British  North  America,  Oct.  23,  1856.  A 
British  fur-trader  and  pioneer  in  British  Amer- 
ica. He  wrote  “Adventures  of  the  First  Settlers  on  the 
Oregon  or  Columbia  River”  (1849),  “Fur-Hunters  of  the 
Far  West"  (1855),  “The  Red  River  Settlement"  (1856). 

Ross,  Alexander  Milton.  Bom  at  Belleville, 
Ontario,  Canada,  Dec.  13,  1832 : died  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  Oct.  27,  1897.  A Canadian  naturalist 
and  botanist,  noted  for  his  collections  of  Cana- 
dian fauna  and  flora. 

Ross, Mrs.  (Elizabeth  (Betsy)  Griscom).  Bom 

at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  1, 1752  : died  there,  Jan. 
30,  1836.  An  American  woman,  who,  at  the 
suggestion  of  Washington,  made  the  first  Amer- 
ican flag,  adopted  by  Congress  June  14,  1777. 
The  house,  239  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia,  in  which  the 
flag  was  made  is  now  the  property  of  the  American  Flag 
House  and  Betsy  Ross  Memorial  Association. 

Ross,  Sir  James  Clark.  Bom  at  London,  April 
15,  1800:  died  at  Aylesbury,  England,  April  3, 
1862.  A British  navigator  and  arctic  explorer. 
He  served  with  his  uncle,  Sir  John  Ross,  and  with  Parry 
in  their  arctic  expeditions ; commanded  the  expedition  of 
the  Erebus  and  Terror  to  the  antarctic  regions  1839-13,  dis- 
covering Victoria  Land  and  penetrating  to  lat.  78°  10'  S., 
the  furthest  point  ever  yet  reached  in  the  antarctic  re- 
gions: and  commanded  the  Enterprise  in  search  of  Sir 
John  Franklin  in  1848.  He  published  “ Voyage  of  Discovery 
and  Research,”  etc.  (1847).  To  Sir  Janies  Clark  Ross  is  gen- 
erally given  the  credit  for  the  discovery  of  the  north  mag- 
netic pole.  See  Century  Atlas , Map  31. 

ROSS,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Inch,  Wigtownshire, 
Scotland,  June  24,  1777 : died  at  London,  Aug. 
30, 1856.  A British  admiral  and  arctic  explorer. 
He  commanded  expeditions  in  search  of  the  northwest 
passage  1818  and  1829-33,  and  one  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  1850-51.  He  published  ‘ ‘A  Voyage  of  Discovery  ’’ 
(1819),  “ Narrative  of  a Second  Voyage  in  Search  of  a North- 
west Passage’  (1835),  etc. 

Ross,  John.  Born  in  Georgia  about  1790:  died 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Aug.  1,  1866.  A Chero- 
kee half-breed.  He  became  Cherokee  chief  1828;  pro- 
tested against  the  removal  to  Indian  Territory  1835 ; and 
sided  with  the  Confederates  1861. 

Ross,  Man  Of.  See  Kyrle,  John. 

Ross,  New.  See  New  Boss. 

Ross,  Robert.  Born  at  Ross  Trevor,  Devonshire, 
England,  1766 : killed  at  North  Point,  Md. . Sept. 
12,  1814.  A British  general.  He  served  in  the  wars 
against  France ; defeated  the  Americans  at  Bladeusburg, 
Aug.,  1814;  and  burned  Washington. 

Ross  and  Cromarty.  See  Boss. 

Rossano  (ros-sa'no).  A city  in  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  southern  Italy,  situated  on  a spur  of 
Mount  Sila,  near  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  27  miles 
northeast  of  Cosenza.  It  has  marble  and  alabaster 
quarries,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop.  It  belonged  to 
the  Byzantine  empire  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  13,555. 

Rossbach  (ros'baeh),  in  F.  sometimes  Ros- 
bach.  A village  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  9 miles  southwest  of  Merseburg.  Here, 
Nov.  5,  1757,  the  Prussians  (22,000)  under  Frederick  the 
Great  defeated  the  united  armies  of  the  French  under  Sou- 
bise  and  the  Imperialists  under  the  Prince  of  Saxe-Hild- 
burghausen  (total  43,000).  Loss  of  the  Prussians,  about 
500;  of  the  Allies,  1,700  killed  and  7,000  prisoners 
Rossberg  (ros'berG).  A mountain  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cantons  of  Schwyz  and  Zug,  Swit- 
zerland, 12  miles  east  by  north  of  Lucerne,  a 
landslide  from  it  buried  the  village  of  Goldau  in  1806. 
Height,  6,195  feet. 

Rossbrunn  (ros'bron).  A village  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  about  8 miles  west  of  Wurz- 
burg. Here,  July  26,  1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the 
Bavarians. 

Rossdorf  (ros'dorf).  A village  in  Saxe-Mein- 
ingen,  Germany,  12  miles  northwest  of  Meinin- 
gen.  It  was  the  scene  of  a battle  between  the  Prussians 
and  Bavarians  July  4,  1866. 

Rosse  (ros).  A thane  of  Scotland  in  Shak- 
spere’s  ‘/Macbeth.” 

Rosse  (ros'e),  Earl  of.  See  Parsons,  William. 
Rossellino  (ros-sel-le'no),  Antonio  (real  name 
Gambarelli).  Born  about  1427 : died  about 
1497.  A Florentine  sculptor,  brother  of  Ber- 
nardo Rossellino.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  with 
Donatello,  and  possessed  great  delicacy  of  treatment. 
Among  his  works  is  the  noble  monument  to  Cardinal  Por- 
togallo  in  San  Miniatoat  Florence,  executed  in  1461.  The 
Duke  of  Amalfi  ordered  Antonio  to  make  one  like  it  for 
the  Church  of  Monte  Oliveto  in  Naples,  in  memory  of  his 
wife,  Mary  of  Aragon. 

Rossellino,  Bernardo.  Born  1409:  died  about 
1464.  A Florentine  sculptor  and  architect.  Hewas 
the  eldest  of  the  family  of  Matteo  di  Domenico  Gambarelli, 
which  gave  five  sculptors  to  Tuscany  (Bernardo,  Domenico, 
Maso,  Giovanni,  and  Antonio).  Twoof  these.  Bernardo  and 
Antonio,  were  artists  of  great  ability.  Bernardo  was  a disci- 
ple of  Alberti,  and  attained  special  eminence  as  an  archi- 
tect in  the  service  of  Pope  Nicholas  V.  It  was  through 
his  agency  that  this  Pope,  who  restored  the  falling  edifices 
of  ancient  Rome  and  reconstructed  St.  Peter’s  and  the  Vati- 
can, built  palaces  at  Orvieto  and  Spoleto,  and  princely 
baths  at  Viterbo.  After  the  death  of  Nicholas  and  his 
successor  Calixtus  III.,  Bernardo  found  an  equally  zealous 
patron  in  Pius  II.,  whose  chief  aim  was  the  embellishment 
of  his  native  town,  Cosignano,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 


Rossini 

of  Pienza.  In  this  little  town  Bernardo  built  a palace,  a 
cathedral,  and  a city  hall.  He  also  made  the  beautiful 
monument  to  Leonardo  Bruni  (Aretino)  in  Santa  Croce 
(1444),  generally  considered  to  be  the  finest  monument  of 
the  Quattrocento,  and  a typical  specimen  of  the  style  of 
the  time.  Two  of  his  works  are  a bust  of  St.  John,  in 
Florence,  and  an  excellent  portrait-bust  of  Battista  Sforza. 

Rossetti  (ros-set'te),  Christina  Georgina. 

Born  Dee.  5, 1830 : died  Dec.  29, 1894.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  sister  of  D.G.Rossetti.  She  contributed  to 
“ The  Germ  " as  Ellen  Alleyn,  and  wrote  “Goblin  Market  ” 
(1862),  “The  Prince’s  Progress  ”(1866),  “Sing-Song,  a Nur- 
sery Rhyme  Book”  (1872),  “A  Pageant  and  Other  Poems” 
(1881),  “ Time  Flies,”  etc.  (1885),  and  a number  of  religious 
works  on  the  Benedicite,  the  minor  festivals,  etc. 

Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel  (Gabriel  Charles 
Dante).  Born  at  Loudon,  May  12,  1828:  died 
at  Birchington,  England,  April  9,  1882.  An 
English  poet  and  painter,  son  of  Gabriele  Ros- 
setti. He  became  noted  as  one  of  the  leading  Prera- 
pliaelites  (see  Preraphadite  Brotherhood),  and  one  of  the 
chief  romantic  and  sensuous  poets  of  modern  English 
literature.  He  was  educated  at  King’s  College  school, 
and  about  1846  entered  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1848  he 
entered  Madox  Brown's  studio.  Among  his  chief  paint- 
ings are  11  Found,”  “ Girlhood  of  the  Virgin  ” (1849),  “The 
Annunciation,”  “Ecce  Ancilla  Domini  ”(1850 : in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery),  “Boat  of  Love,”  “Lady  Lilith”  (1864) 
“ Sibylla  Palmifera  ” (1866),  “ Dante's  Dream  ”(1870),  “ Pros- 
erpina" (1874),  “La  Pia”  (l88I),  etc.  He  wrote  transla- 
tions from  Italian  poets  (1861),  and  published  “Poems” 
(1870),  including  “The  Blessed  Damozel,”  “My  Sister’s 
Sleep,”  and  other  poems  reprinted  from  “The  Germ" 
(1850),  and  “Ballads  and  Sonnets”  (1881),  including  his 
series  of  one  hundred  sonnets  called  “ The  House  of  Life.  ” 

Rossetti,  Gabriele.  Born  at  Vasto,  kingdom 
of  Naples,  March  1, 1783 : died  at  London,  April 
26, 1854.  An  Italian  poet  and  commentator  on 
Dante:  father  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti.  He 
fled  to  Malta  in  1821  and  to  England  in  1824,  and  was  made 
professor  of  Italian  at  King's  College,  London,  in  1826.  He 
is  best  known  from  his  patriotic  poems  at  the  time  of  the 
revolution  of  1820. 

Rossetti,  William  Michael.  Bom  at  London, 
Sept.  25, 1829.  An  English  poet  and  art  critic, 
brother  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti.  He  wrote  a 
translation  of  Dante’s  “ Inferno"  (1865),  “Poems  and  Bal- 
lads ” (1866),  “Life  of  Shelley  ’’  (1869) ; edited  the  poetical 
works  of  S.  T.  Coleridge  (1871),  Milton  (1871),  Campbell 
(1872),  William  Blake  (1874),  Shalcspere’s  works  with  glos- 
sary (1880)  ; and  wrote  a “Life  of  Keats”  (1877). 

Rossi  (ros'se),  Ernesto.  Born  at  Leghorn,  Italy, 
1829 : died  at  Pescara,  June  4,  1896.  An  Ital- 
ian actor  and  dramatist.  He  early  became  noted 
in  the  plays  of  Alfieri  and  Shakspere.  He  went  to  Paris 
in  1855  with  Ristori,  and  again  in  1S66, 1874,  and  1875.  He 
was  called  “the  Italian  Talma.”  He  played  with  much 
success  in  all  the  principal  cities  of  Europe,  and  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1889.  Among  his  plays  are  “Adele  ’’ 
(written  for  Ristori).  “ Les  hyent-s ’’  “ La  priere  d’un  soldat,” 
“Consorzio  parentale,”  etc.  He  also  wrote  dramatic 
studies  and  personal  reminiscences  (1887-90). 

Rossi,  Giovanni  Battista  de.  Born  Feb.  23, 
1822 : died  Sept.  20,  1894.  An  Italian  archaeolo- 
gist. He  is  best  known  from  his  discoveries  in  the  Ro- 
man catacombs,  published  in  “ Inscriptions  Christian* 
urbis  Rorme  septimo  sseculo  antiquiores”  (1857-61)  ami 
“ Roma  sotterranea  Christiana  ” (1864-77).  He  also  pub- 
lished otherimportantworkson  Roman  artandantiquities. 

Rossi,  Count  Pellegrino.  Born  at  Carrara. 
Italy,  July  13,  1787 : assassinated  at  Rome, 
Nov.  15, 1848.  An  Italian  politician,  jurist,  and 
economist.  He  lived  in  exile  after  1815.  In  1816  he 
settled  at  Geneva,  became  professor  of  Roman  and  penal 
law  at  the  academy  (1819),  and  played  a prominent  part  in 
Swiss  politics.  In  1833  he  went  to  France  and  became  (1834) 
professor  of  political  economy  at  the  College  de  France, 
and  later  of  constitutional  law  at  the  Law  School.  He 
was  made  a peer  in  1839.  and  was  in  the  service  of  the 
French  government  under  Guizot  1840-45.  He  was  ap- 
pointed French  ambassador  at  Rome  in  1845,  and  became 
papal  premier  in  Sept.,  1848.  He  wrote  “ Trait4  de  droit 
pCnal  ”(1829),“Cours  dY-conomie  politique  ”(1840-54),  etc. 

Rossignol  (ros-sen-yol'),  Lake.  A lake  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Nova  Scotia,  17  miles 
north  of  Liverpool.  Its  outlet  is  the  Mersey. 
Length,  12  miles. 

Rossini  (ros-se'ne),  Gioachino  Antonio.  Born 

at  Pesaro,  Italy,  Feb.  29,  1792 : died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  13,  1868.  A celebrated  Italian  operatic 
composer.  He  was  of  humble  birth,  and  was  early  ap- 
prenticed to  a smith.  He  began  to  take  regular  lessons 
in  music,  and  played  the  horn  in  a theater  at  Bologna  when 
he  was  about  13.  In  1807  he  entered  a class  in  counter- 
point at  the  Liceo,  and  a little  later  studied  the  violon- 
cello. In  1808  a cantata  by  him  was  performed  in  public, 
and  before  1823  he  had  written  twenty  operas,  most  of  them 
after  1815,  at  which  time  he  became  director  of  the  San 
Carlo  and  Del  Fondo  theaters  at  Naples.  In  1821  he  mar- 
ried Isabella  Colbran  and  went  to  Vienna  (1822),  where  he 
had  much  success  in  spite  of  opposition.  He  visited 
London  in  1823,  where  he  was  warmly  received,  and  soon 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  was  made  director  of  the  Theatre 
Italien  for  18  months.  Here  he  brought  out  a number  of 
his  operas  as  well  as  Meyerbeer's  “ Crociato."  He  was  re- 
tained in  the  king’s  service,  and  in  1829  produced  “Guil- 
laume Tell,”  his  greatest  work.  He  retired  in  1836  to 
Bologna,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  encouragement  of  the 
Liceo.  In  1842  his  “Stabat  Mater”  was  first  given  com- 
plete. In  1847  he  went  to  Florence,  and  in  1855  to  Paris, 
where  at  his  villa  at  Passy  he  was  the  center  of  a brilliant 
circle  till  bis  death.  Toward  the  end  of  his  life  he  wrote 
littlebut  pianoforte  music.  His  operas  include  “ Tancredi " 
(1813),  “ Elisabetta  " (1815),  “ II  Barbiere  di  Siviglla  " (1816). 


Rossini 

** Otello  ” (1816),  “ La  Cenerentola " (1817),  “La  Gazza  La- 
dra”(1817), “Armida  "(1817),  “La  Donna  del  Lago”(1819), 
“ Maoinetto  Secondo  ” (1820),  “Zelmira  " (1821),  “Semira- 
mide  ”(1823),  and  “Guillaume  Tell  ” (1829).  He  also  wrote 
“Mose  in  Egitto”  (1818:  an  oratorio),  “Stabat  Mater” 
(1842),  and  “Messe  Solennelle  ” (1864),  etc. 

Rossiter  (ros'i-ter),  Thomas  Pritchard.  Born 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1817:  died  at  Cold 
Spring,  N.  Y.,  May  17, 1871.  An  American  his- 
torical painter.  He  began  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  1838,  and  in  1840-41  studied  at  London  and  Paris, 
and  from  1841  to  1846  at  Home.  He  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1849. 

Rossmassler  ( ros'mas-ler),  Emil  Adolf.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  March  3,  1806 : died  there,  April  8, 
1867.  A German  naturalist  and  popular  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  “ Ikonograpliie  der  europaischen  Land- 
und  Siisswassermollusken  ” (“ Iconography  of  European 
Land  and  Fresh- water  Mollusks,”  1835-56). 

Ross-shire.  See  Boss. 

Rostand  (ros-tan'),  Edmond.  Born  at  Mar- 
seilles, April  1, 1864.  A French  poet  and  play- 
wright. He  has  written  “ Les  Romanesques  ” (1894), 
“ La  Princesse  Loiiitaine  ” (1895),  “ La  Samaritaine  ” (1897), 
“ Cyrano  de  Bergerac”  (1897),  “L’Aiglon”  (1900),  etc. 

Rostock  (ros'tok).  A seaport  in  Mecklenhurg- 
Schwerin,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the  War- 
now,  in  lat.  54°  5'  N.,  long.  12°  8'  E.  it  is  the 

principal  place  in  Mecklenburg,  and  one  of  the  chief  ports 
of  the  Baltic,  and  has  a trade  in  grain,  herrings,  timber, 
oil,  etc.  St.  Peter’s  Churchand  some  of  the  other  churches 
are  notable.  Bliicher  was  born  and  Grotius  died  there. 
The  university,  founded  in  1419,  was  temporarily  trans- 
ferred to  Greifswald  from  1437  to  1443,  and  (in  part)  to 
Biitzow  from  1760  to  1789 : it  has  about  900  students,  and 
a library  of  about  285,000  volumes.  Rostock  is  an  ancient 
Wendish  town.  It  belonged  to  the  Hansa  until  1630. 
Population,  commune,  60,793. 

Rostoff  (ros-tof').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Yaroslaff,  situated  on  Lake  Nero  125  miles 
northeast  of  Moscow.  It  was  founded  in  the  early 
middle  ages ; was  the  6eat  of  a principality  annexed  by 
Ivan  III.  in  1474  ; and  has  important  commerce  and  manu- 
factures of  sacred  pictures.  Population,  15,220. 

Rostoff.  A city  in  the  government  of  Yekateri- 
noslaff,  situated  on  the  Don  about  lat.  47°  16' 
N.,  long.  39°  43'  E.  It  was  built  in  the  18th  century, 
and  is  an  important  distributing  center  for  the  grain  and 
other  agricultural  products  of  southern  Russia.  Popula- 
tion, 119,476. 

Rostoptchin  (ros-top'chin),  Count  Feodor. 
Bom  in  the  government  of  Orel,  Russia,  March 
23,  1765:  died  at  Moscow,  Feb.  12,  1826.  A 
Russian  politician,  general,  and  writer:  gov- 
ernor of  Moscow  at  the  time  of  the  F rench  in- 
vasion in  1812.  He  is  believed  to  have  ordered 
the  burning  of  Moscow.  He  published  memoirs, 
etc. 

Rqswitha  (ros've-ta),  or  Hrotswitha  (hrots'- 
ve-ta),  or  Hrosvitha  (hros've-ta):  properly 
Hrotsuit  (hrot'svit).  Born  about  935:  died 
probably  about  1000.  A German  poet  and  chron- 
icler : a nun  in  the  Benedictine  nunnery  of  Gan- 
dersheim, Brunswick.  She  wrote  poetical  chronicles 
of  Otto  I.,  etc.,  and  six  Latin  comedies  for  the  entertain- 
vient  of  the  sisterhood.  Her  works  were  edited  by  Kon- 
rad Celtes  in  150L 

Rota  (ro'ta),  or  Rata  (ra'ta).  One  of  the  La- 
drone  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  lat. 
14°  7'  N.,  long.  145°  13'  E. 

Rota  or  Coffee  Club,  The.  A London  political 
club,  founded  in  1659  as  a kind  of  debating  soci- 
ety for  the  dissemination  of  republican  opin- 
ions.  It  met  in  New  Palace  Yard  “at  one  Miles’s,  where 
was  made  purposely  a large  ovall  table  with  a passage  in 
the  middle  for  Miles  to  deliver  his  coffee.”  The  club  was 
broken  up  after  the  Restoration.  Tinibs. 

Rotanev  (rot'a-nev).  [L.  Venator,  with  the  let- 
ters reversed.]  A name  assigned  in  the  Paler- 
mo catalogue  to  the  fourth-magnitude  double 
star  fi  Delphini,  by  the  Italian  astronomer  Nic- 
colo  Cacciatore,  the  Latinized  form  of  whose 
name  is  Nicolaus  Venator.  The  origin  of  the 
name  was  long  a puzzle,  until  the  trick  was  de- 
tected by  Webb.  Compare  Svalocin. 

Roth  (rot),  Justus  Ludwig  Adolf.  Born  at 
Hamburg,  Sept.  15, 1818:  died  at  Berlin,  April 
1,  1892.  A noted  German  geologist  and  min- 
eralogist, professor  at  Berlin  from  1867. 

Roth,  Rudolf  von.  Born  April  3,  1821:  died 
June  22,  1895.  A noted  German  Oriental- 
ist, professor  at  Tubingen  from  1848  (or- 
dinary professor  1856).  His  chief  work  is  a “San- 
skrit Worterbuch"  (“Sanskrit  Dictionary,”  1853-75,  with 
Bohtlingk).  Among  his  other  works  are  “ Zur  Litteratur 
umi  Geschichte <les  Veda" (1846),  an  edition  of  the  Atharva- 
veda  (with  Whitney,  1856-57),  etc. 

Rothaargebirge  (rot'har-ge-ber"ge),  or  Rotla- 
gergebirge  (rot'la-ger-ge-ber"ge).  A moun- 
tain-range in  the  southern  part  of  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia.  Height,  about  2,500 
feet. 

Rothe  (ro'te),  Richard.  Bom  at  Posen,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  28,  1799:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  20, 


869 

1867.  A noted  German  Protestant  theologian, 
professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1854.  His  chief  work 
is  “Theologische  Ethik”  (“Theological  Ethics,"  1845-48 : 
revised  ed.  1867-71).  His  other  works  include  “ Die  An- 
fange  der  christlichen  Kirche”  (“The  Beginnings  of  the 
Christian  Church,”  1837),  “Zur  Dogmatik ” (1863),  etc. 

Rothenburg  ob  der  Tauber  (ro'ten-borGob  der 
tou'ber).  A town  in  Middle  Franconia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  near  the  Tauber  41  miles  west  of 
Nuremberg.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  Franconian  towns, 
and  was  formerly  a free  imperial  city.  It  took  part  in  the 
Franconian  League  and  in  the  Peasants’  War,  and  suffered 
in  the  Thirty  Years’ War.  Population,  commune,  8,436. 
Rotherham  (roTH'er-am).  A town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Don  6 miles  northeast  of  Sheffield.  It  has  ex- 
tensive manufactures.  Population,  62,507, 
(1911). 

Rotherhithe  (roTH'er-hiTH),  or  Redriff  (red'- 
rif).  [‘  Cattle-port.’]  A district  of  London, 
situated  in  Surrey,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Thames,  2 miles  east-southeast  of  St.  Paul’s. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Thames  tunnel. 
Rothermel  (roth ' &r-mel),  Peter  Frederick. 
Born  July  18,  1817 : died  Aug.  15,  1895.  An 
American  historical  painter.  He  visited  Europe  in 
1856-59,  and  afterward  lived  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
an  associate  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy.  Many  ol  his 
pictures  have  Been  engraved.  Among  them  are  “ De  Soto 
discovering  the  Mississippi  "(1844), “Patrick  Henry  before 
the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses,”  “ Battle  of  Gettysburg  ” 
(1871). 

Rotherthurm  Pass  (ro'ter-torm'  pas').  [G., 

‘ red-tourer  pass.’]  A pass  in  the  Transylvanian 
Carpathians,  on  the  borders  of  Transylvania  and 
Wallachia,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Alnta 
south  of  Hermannstadt.  It  was  the  scene  of  defeats 
of  the  Turks  by  the  Hungarians  in  1442  and  1493.  The 
Russian  invaders  passed  through  it  in  1849. 

Rothesay  (roth'sa).  A royal  burgh,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Bute,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Bute,  in  the  Firth  of  Clyde,  30  miles 
west  of  Glasgow.  It  is  a watering-place  and  health- 
resort;  has  important  fisheries;  and  contains  a ruined 
castle.  Population,  royal  and  municipal  burghs,  9,323. 

Rothesay,  Duke  of.  See  Stewart,  David. 
Rothorn,  or  Rothhorn  (rot'hom).  [G.,  ‘red 
horn.’]  The  name  of  several  summits  in  the 
Alps  of  Bern,  Valais,  the  Grisons,  etc. 
Rothschild  (G.  pron.  rot'shilt;  commonly  E. 
roths'child).  [Said  to  he  from  the  sign  of  the 
house  in  Frankfort — “zum  rothen  Sehilde,” 
‘ at  the  Red  Shield.’]  A celebrated  Jewish  bank- 
ing-house at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  founded  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  18th  century  by  Mayer  Au- 
selm  Rothschild.  Mayer  Anselm  died  in  1812,  leaving 
five  sons,  all  of  whom  were  created  barons  of  the  Austrian 
empire  in  1822.  The  eldest,  Anselm  Mayer  (1773-1855), 
succeeded  as  head  of  the  firm.  Solomon  (1774-1855)  es- 
tablished a branch  at  Vienna;  Nathan  Mayer(1777-1836),  a 
branch  at  London  (1798):  Charles  Mayer  (1788-1855),  a 
branch  at  Naples  (discontinued  about  18G1) ; and  Jakob 
(James)  (1792-1868),  a branch  at  Paris.  Nation  Mayerwas 
succeeded  by  his  son  Lionel  Nathan  (1808-79)  as  head  of 
the  London  branch  : the  present  head  is  Lionel’s  son  Na- 
thaniel Mayer(born  in  1840 : raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron 
Rothschild  in  1885). 

Rothschild,  BarouLionel  Nathan.  BoruNov. 
22,1808:  died  June  3, 1879.  An  English  hanker 
and  politician,  of  Hebrew  birth:  son  of  N.  M. 
Rothschild.  He  was  several  times  elected  a member  of 
Parliament  for  London,  but  did  not  take  his  seat  before 
1858,  when  the  Parliamentary  oath  was  modified  by  omit- 
ting the  words  obnoxious  to  his  faith. 

Rothschild,  Anselm  Mayer.  Born  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main,  1743 : died  at  Frankfort,  Sept. 
19, 1812.  A German-Jewish  hanker,  founder  of 
the  bouse  of  the  Rothschilds.  He  became  a banker 
at  Frankfort,  and  in  1801  was  appointed  agent  to  the 
Landgrave  (subsequently  Elector)  of  Hesse-Cassei.  He 
preserved  the  elector’s  private  fortune,  which  was 
intrusted  to  him  during  the  invasion  of  the  French 
in  1806,  and  was  in  gratitude  allowed  the  free  use  of 
it  for  a time,  which  enabled  him  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion of  his  wealth. 

Rothschild,  Baron  Nathan  Mayer.  Born  Sept. 
16,1777:  died  July  28, 1836.  The  founder  of  the 
English  branch  of  the  house  of  Rothschild, 
third  son  of  Mayer  Anselm  Rothschild.  About 
1800  he  went  to  Manchester  to  buy  goods  for  his  father. 
In  1805  he  settled  in  London.  He  became  the  financial 
agent  of  nearly  every  civilized  government. 

Rothwell  (roth'wel).  A town  in  the  West  Rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  England,  4 miles  southeast  of 
Leeds.  Population,  6,829. 

Rotrou  (ro-tro'),  Jean  de.  Born  at  Dreux, 
France,  Aug.  21,  1609:  died  there,  June  28, 
1650.  A French  dramatist.  His  tragedies  and  come- 
dies are  largely  imitated  from  the  classics  and  the  Span- 
ish. He  formed,  with  Corneille,  Colletet,  Boisrobert,  and 
L’Etoile,  the  band  of  Richelieu  s “five  poets,"  who  com- 
posed tragedies  jointly  on  the  cardinal’s  plans.  Among 
his  best  works  are  the  tragedies  “Saint-Genest”  (1646), 
“ Venceslas  " (1647),  “Cosroes  ” (1649). 

Rotse  (rot'se),  or  Barotse  (bii-rot'se):  also 
called  Marutse.  A Bantu  tribe  of  Central 


Rouen 

Africa,  settled  in  the  low  plain  of  the  upper 
Zambesi  valley,  which  is  periodically  flooded, 
and  hence  fertile  hut  unhealthy.  The  kingdom  of 
the  Barotse  extends  far  beyond  the  tribal  boundaries.  By 
a revolution  the  Barotse  exterminated,  in  1865,  their  con- 
querors the  Makololo,  but  retained  the  language  of  these 
and  the  dominion  over  neighboring  tribes.  These  tribu- 
tary tribes  are  the  Manansa,  Malaya,  Masuhia,  Matotela, 
Manchoia,  Mambunda,  Balibale,  and  Mahe.  The  kings 
since  1865  are  Sepopa,  Ngwanawina,  Lobosi,  Akufuna,  and 
Lewanika.  The  Barotse  kingdom  is  in  the  British  sphere 
of  influence. 

Rottee.  See  Botti. 

Rottenburg(rot'ten-borG).  Atowninthe  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neekar  24  miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart. 
Population,  commune,  7,553. 

Rotten  Row  (rot'n  ro).  [From  F.  Route  du  Roi, 
the  king’s  way.]  A fashionable  thoroughfare 
for  equestrians,  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  extend- 
ing west  from  Hyde  Park  Corner  for  miles. 
“The  old  royal  route  from  the  palace  of  the  Plantagenet 
kings  at  Westminster  to  the  royal  hunting  forests  was  by 
what  are  now  called  ‘Birdcage  Walk,’  ‘Constitution 
Hall,'  and  ‘Rotten  Row ' ; and  this  road  was  kept  sacred 
to  royalty,  the  only  other  person  allowed  to  use  it  being 
(from  its  association  with  the  hunting-grounds)  the  Grand 
Falconer  of  England."  Hare,  London,  II.  107. 
Rotterdam  (rot'er-dam  ; D.  pron.  rot-ter-dam'). 
[From  the  river  Rotte.]  A city  and  seaport  in 
the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Rotte  with  the 
Nieuwe  Maas  (or  New  Meuse),  in  lat.  51°  55'  N., 
long.  4°  29'  E.  It  is  the  second  seaport  of  the  country 
and  the  second  city  in  population ; and  has  extensive  sea 
commerce  and  river  traffic  with  Belgium,  Germany,  etc. 
Its  trade  in  colonial  products  is  very  large.  It  is  the  ter- 
minus of  a steamshipline  to  New  York  ; and  has  ship  build- 
ing industries  and  manufactures  of  machinery,  sugar,  to- 
bacco, etc.  It  consists  of  an  outer  and  an  inner  city. 
Among  the  objects  of  interest  are  Boyiuau’s  Museum,  the 
quays.  Church  of  St.  Lawrence,  Bourse,  etc.  The  town  was 
burned  in  1563,  and  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1572.  It 
developed  rapidly  in  the  19th  century.  Population,  411,635. 

Rotti,  or  Rottee  (rot'te).  One  of  the  smaller 
islands  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  situated  south- 
west of  Timor. 

Rottweil  (rot'vil).  A town  in  the  Black  Forest 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Neekar  50 
miles  southwest  of  Stuttgart:  formerly  a free 
imperial  city.  Population,  commune,  9,013. 
Rotuma  (ro-to'ma).  A small  island  in  the 
South  Pacific,  belonging  to  the  British,  situated 
in  lat.  12°  30'  S.,  long.  177°  5'  E.,  north  of  the 
Fiji  Islands,  of  which  it  is  a dependency.  It 
was  annexed  by  the  British  in  1880. 

Rouarie  (ro-a-re'),  Marquis  de  la  ( Armand 
Teffin).  Born  near  Rennes,  France,  1756:  died 
near  Lamballe,  France,  Jan.  30, 1793.  AFi-ench 
officer.  He  served  in  the  American  Revolutionary  War 
1777-82 ; and  was  a royalist  agitator  in  Brittany  1791-93. 
Roubaix  (ro-ba').  A city  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  5 miles  northeast  of  Lille,  it  is 
a leading  industrial  center.  The  principal  manufactures 
are  woolen,  cotton,  silk,  dyes,  etc.  It  developed  notably 
in  the  19th  century.  Population,  commune,  121,017. 

Roubiliac  (ro-be-yak'),  Louis  Franpois.  Born 
at  Lyons,  1695:  died  at  London,  Jan.  11,  1762. 
A French  sculptor  (known  in  England  under 
the  name  Roubiliac),  a pupil  of  Balthazar  in 
Dresden  and  of  Nicholas  Coustou  in  Paris.  In 
1730  he  won  the  second  grand  prix  in  sculpture.  In  1744 
lie  went  to  England,  and  was  a protfipfi  of  the  Walpole 
family.  In  1745  he  went  to  Rome.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  executed  a number  of  monuments  in  the  great 
churches.  His  chief  works  are  the  statue  of  Handel  at 
Vauxhall ; the  monument  to  Duke  John  of  Argyll  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  which  Canova  called  the  best  work  in  Eng- 
land ; the  statue  of  Shakspere  for  David  Garrick,  now  in 
the  British  Museum ; the  monument  of  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Montagu  at  Boughton  ; etc. 

Roucouennes  (ro-ko-enz').  [From  roucou,  ar- 
notto,  with  which  they  paint  themselves.] 
Indians  of  the  Carih  stock  in  the  southern  part 
of  French  Guiana.  They  are  probably  remnants  of 
the  true  Caribs  or  Galibis,  which  have  been  driven  from 
the  coast  and  have  retained  their  independence  in  the  in- 
terior. 

Rouen  (ro-oii').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Seine-Infdrieure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine,  at  its  junction  with  the  Aubette  and 
Robee,  in  lat.  49°  25'  N.,  long.  1°  5'  E.:  the  Ro- 
man Rotomagus  and  medieval  Rodomum.  it  is 
an  important  port  witli  extensive  quays  ; lias  large  foreign 
and  domestic  trade ; and  is  the  terminus  of  several  foreign 
steamship  lines.  It  is  sometimes  called  “the  Manchester 
of  France  ” on  account  of  its  cotton  manufactures.  It  has 
also  manufactures  of  woolen  goods,  machinery,  etc.  The 
cathedral  is  oneof  (hemost  impressive  existing.  The  wide 
front  ranges  in  date  from  the  Romanesque  to  the  Flam- 
boyant. The  Florid  south  tower  (Tour  de  Beurre)  is 
notable.  The  transepts  possess  fine  rose-windows  and 
admirable  sculpture  in  profusion  about  their  rich  gabled 
portals.  The  central  spire,  of  iron,  500  feet  high,  re- 
places an  old  one  destroyed  by  lightning.  The  arches 
of  the  nave  are  subdivided  into  2 tiers  below  the  trifo- 
rium-gallery ; the  choir  is  remarkable  for  its  lightness  ; and 
there  are  admirable  Renaissance  tombs  of  t he  Due  de  BrdzG 


Rouen 

and  Cardinal  d'Amboise, and  much  rich  13th-century  glass. 
The  length  of  the  cathedral  is  447  feet ; the  height  of  the 
nave,  92.  The  abbey  church  of  St.  Ouen,  a celebrated  monu- 
ment of  great  size  and  harmony  of  design,  was  built  in  the 
14th  and  15th  centuries,  except  the  facade,  which  was  fin- 
ished only  recently  in  a somewhat  earlier  style  than  the  re- 
mainder. The  central  lantern  is  as  famous  for  grace  and 
lightness  as  that  of  Burgos.  Other  beauties  are  the  porch 
of  the  south  transept  and  the  admirable  grouping  of  the 
apse  and  radiating  chapels.  The  interior  is  very  light  and 
effective,  the  wall-spaces  being  reduced  to  a minimum.  The 
length  is  453  feet ; the  height  of  the  nave,  106.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  churches  of  St.  Maclou,  of  St.  Vin- 
cent, of  St.  Godard,  and  of  St.  Patrice,  Palais  de  Justice, 
industrial  and  commercial  museum,  Corneille's  house,  li- 
brary, nmsde,  Hotel  du  BourgthOrouldc,  Hotel  de  Ville,  an- 
tiquarian museum,  and  museum  of  natural  history.  There 
are  schools  of  theology,  medicine,  and  agriculture.  The 
city  was  the  birthplace  of  Pierre  and  Thomas  Corneille  and 
of  Boieldieu.  It  was  the  capital  of  LugdunensisII. ; became 
the  seat  of  a bishopric  about  ."00  ; and  was  several  times 
sacked  by  the  Normans,  who  finally  settled  there  and  made 
it  the  capital  of  Normandy.  Arthur  of  Brittany  is  said  to 
have  been  murdered  at  Rouen.  It  was  taken  by  Philip  II. 
in  1204 ; was  taken  by  Henry  V.  of  England  in  1419,  and  re- 
covered by  the  French  in  1449 ; was  the  scene  of  the  burn- 
ing of  Joan  of  Arc  in  1431;  suffered  in  the  Huguenot  wars  ; 
resisted  Henry  IV.  of  France  in  1592  ; and  was  occupied  by 
the  Germans  Dec.,  1870.  Population,  commune,  118,459. 
Rouergue  (ro-arg').  An  ancient  territory  of 
southern  France,  in  the  government  of  Oni- 
on tie  and  Gascony,  corresponding  mainly  to  the 
department  of  Aveyron.  It  was  a county  in  the  mid- 
die  ages,  and  was  united  to  the  crown  in  1525. 

Rouge  (ro-zha'),  Yicomte  Olivier  Charles  Ca- 
mille Emanuel  de.  Born  at  Paris,  April  11, 
1811:  died  at  his  Chateau  Bois-Dauphin,  Dec. 
31,  1872.  A celebrated  French  Egyptologist, 
professor  of  archaeology  at  theCollfegedeFrance. 
He  is  best  known  from  his  discovery  of  the  prototypes  of 
the  Semitic  alphabet  in  the  early  Egyptian  hieratic. 

The  entire  glory  of  this  discovery  is  due  to  the  genius 
of  a French  Egyptologist,  Emanuel  de  RougA  The  first 
account  of  his  investigations  was  given  in  a paper  read 
before  the  Academic  des  Inscriptions  in  the  year  1859. 
A meagre  summary  of  his  results  was  published  at  the 
time  in  the  “ Comptes  rendus,"but  by  some  mischance 
the  MS.  itself  was  lost,  and  has  never  been  recovered. 

Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  89. 

Rougemont  (F.  pron.  rozh-mon')  Castle.  A 
castle  in  Exeter,  England,  founded  by  William 
the  Conqueror. 

Rouget  de  Lisle,  or  l’lsle  (ro-zha/  de  lei), 
Claude  Joseph.  Born  at  Montaigu,  Lons-le- 
Saulnier,  France,  May  10, 1760:  died  at  Choisy- 
le-Roi,  near  Paris,  June  27,  1836.  A French 
soldier  and  composer  of  songs.  He  was  the  son  of 
royalists;  refused  to  take  the  oath  to  the  constitution 
abolishing  the  crown  ; and  was  stripped  of  his  rank  as  first 
lieutenant,  and  imprisoned.  He  escaped  after  the  death 
of  Robespierre;  was  wounded  under  General  Hoche  in  La 
Vendee;  and  retired  to  Montaigu,  where  he  lived  in  allbut 
absolute  starvation.  He  wrote  a number  of  songs,  and 
published  “Cinquante  chants  fran;ais  " (1825)  and  other 
works,  but  is  most  celebrated  as  the  author  of  the  “ Mar- 
seillaise ” (which  see). 

Rough  and  Ready,  Old.  An  epithet,  often  given 
to  General  Zachary  Taylor. 

Rough  Riders.  The  popular  name  of  the  First 
United  States  Volunteer  Cavalry,  organized  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt  and  Leonard  Wood  for 
service  in  the  Spanish-American  war.  it  con- 
sisted of  1,000  men,  recruited  mainly  from  western  States. 
They  fought  (dismounted)  at  Las  Guasimas  June  24,  and 
San  Juan  J uly  1,  1898. 

Rougon-Macquart  (ro-gon'  ma-kar').  The 
name  of  a family  celebrated  by  Zola,  after  the 
fashion  of  Balzac,  in  a series  of  novels  (1871-93) 
under  the  general  title  of  “Les  Rougon-Mac- 
quart, histoire  naturelle  et  sociale  d’une  famille 
sous  le  second  empire.”  See  Zola. 
Rouher(ro-ar'), Eugene.  Born  at  Riom.  France, 
Nov.  30,  1814:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  3,  1884.  A 
French  statesman.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Constituent 
Assembly  in  1848,  and  to  tlie  Legislative  Assembly  in  1849 ; 
minister  of  justice  and  premier  1849-51 ; and  minister  of 
justice  1851-52.  He  became  vice-president  of  the  State 
Council  in  1852,  and  minister  of  commerce,  agriculture, 
etc.,  in  1855 ; and  concluded  a commercial  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  in  1860,  and  others  with  Belgium,  Italy,  and 
Germany.  He  was  premier  1863-69,  and  reactionary  leader ; 
president  of  the  Senate  1869-70;  andaf  ter  1871aBonapartist 
leader. 

Roulers  (ro-la'),  or  Rousselaere  (ros-lar'),  or 
Roeselare  (ro-se-la'ro).  A town  ill  the  prov- 
ince of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Mandelbeke  27  miles  west-southwest  of  Ghent. 
It  has  cotton  and  other  manufactures.  Here,  July  13, 1794, 
the  French  under  Pichegru  and  Macdonald  defeated  the 
Austrians  under  Clerfayt.  Population,  25,593. 

Roum.  See  Rum. 

Roumania.  See  Rumania. 

Roumanille  (ro-ma-nely'),  Joseph.  Born  at 
Saint-Remy  (Bouches-du-Rhone),  Aug.  8,  1818: 
died  at  Avignon,  May  24,  1891.  A Provencal 
poet.  He  studied  at  Tarascon;  went  in  1847  to  Avignon ; 
and  was  one  of  the  principal  members  of  the  “ KClibriges.” 
In  1859  he  organized  “ L’Armana  Provenfan."  His  improvi- 
sations include  “Li  Margarideto  " (1847),  “Lis  Oubreto” 


870 

(1859),  “Lou  MOge  de  Cucugnan  ” (1863),  “Li  Conte  pro- 
ven^au  li  cascareleto  " with  a French  translation  (1884), 
“Le  Campano  Mountado,”  etc. 

Roumelia.  See  Rumelia. 

Roundheads  (round'hedz).  In  English  history, 
the  members  of  the  Parliamentarian  or  Puritan 
party  during  the  civil  war.  They  were  so  called  op- 
probriously  by  the  Royalists  or  Cavaliers,  in  allusion  to 
the  Puritans'  custom  of  wearing  their  hair  closely  cut, 
while  the  Cavaliers  usually  wore  theirs  in  ringlets.  The 
Roundheads  were  one  of  the  two  great  parties  in  English 
politics  first  formed  about  1641,  and  continued  under  the 
succeeding  names  of  Whigs  and  Liberals,  as  opposed  to 
the  Cavaliers,  Tories,  and  Conservatives  respectively. 

Roundheads,  The.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Aphra 
Behn,  produced  in  1682. 

Round  Table,  The.  In  Arthurian  legend,  a 
table  made  by  Merlin  for  Uther  Pendragon,  who 
gave  it  to  the  father  of  Guinevere,  from  whom 
Arthur  received  it  with  100  knights  as  a wed- 
ding gift.  The  table  would  seat  150  knights.  One  seat 
was  called  the  siege  or  seat  perilous  because  it  was  death 
to  any  knight  to  sit  upon  it  unless  he  were  the  knight 
whose  achievement  of  the  Holy  Grail  was  certain.  The 
Order  of  the  Round  Table  was  an  institution  founded  by 
King  Arthur  at  the  advice  of  Merlin.  It  was  originally 
military,  but  it  ultimately  became  a military  and  theocratic 
organization.  The  romances  of  the  grail  and  of  the  Round 
Table  are  closely  connected.  There  were  legends  of  the 
latter  before  1155,  but  between  1165  and  1200  several  books 
were  collectively  called  “Romances  of  the  Round  Table." 
Among  the  poetic  and  prose  compositions  belonging  to 
this  cycle  are  “Parzifal  und  Titurel”  (German),  “Perce- 
val” (French),  “Morte  Arthur”  (English  and  French), 
“Lancelot  du  Lac ” (French),  “Tristan”  (French),  “Life  of 
Merlin”  (French  and  English),  “Quest  of  the  Holy  Grail” 
(French  and  English),  “Perceforest  ” (French),  “ Meliadus  ” 
and  “ Guiron  le  Courtois  ” (French). 

Round  Table  Conference.  A resultless  confer- 
ence of  representatives  of  the  Gladstonian  Lib- 
erals and  Liberal-Unionists  in  1887,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  effect  a reunion  of  the  Liberal 
party. 

Roundway  Down  (round'wa  doun).  A place 
near  Devizes,  Wilts,  England,  at  which  the 
Parliamentary  forces  under  W alter  were  totally 
defeated  by  the  Royalists  under  Hop  ton,  July 
13,  1643. 

Rouphia.  See  Alphcus. 

Rouroutou  Island.  See  Rurutu  Island. 

Rous,  or  Rouse  (rous),  Francis.  Born  at  Halton, 
Cornwall,  1579:  died  at  Acton,  Jan.  7,  1659. 
An  English  Puritan,  noted  as  the  author  of  a met- 
rical version  of  the  Psalms  ( 1646).  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  a member  of  the  Long  Parliament  and  the 
Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines,  andinl643wasappointed 
provost  of  Eton.  His  version  is  that  still  used  in  the  Scot- 
tish churches. 

Rousay  (ro'sa).  One  of  the  Orkney  Islands, 
Scotland,  1 mile  north  of  Mainland.  Length,  6 
miles. 

Rouse  Point  (rous'  point').  A village  in 
Champlain  township,  Clinton  County,  New 
York,  situated  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of 
the  State,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain,  near 
the  Canadian  frontier.  Population,  1,638,(1910). 
Rousseau  (ro-so'),  Jacques.  Born  at  Paris, 
1630:  died  at  London,  1693.  A French  painter. 

His  pictures  were  principally  interiors  and  architectural 
views,  and  under  the  dir  ection  of  Lebrun  he  decorated  all 
the  royal  residences.  After  a period  of  study  in  Italy,  he 
decorated  many  public  buildings  and  a number  of  apart- 
ments at  Saint-Germain,  at  Marly,  and  at  the  palace  of  Ver- 
sailles. He  went  to  London  to  decorate  one  of  the  houses 
of  Lord  Montague,  but  died  before  completing  it. 

Rousseau,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
16,  1670 : died  at  Brussels,  March  17,  1741.  A 
French  poet.  He  was  exiled  from  France  in  1712  on  the 
charge  of  writing  satirical  verses  on  certain  influential 
persons.  He  engaged  in  controversies  with  Voltaire  and 
others. 

The  first  poet  who  is  distinctively  of  the  18th  century, 
and  not  the  least  remarkable,  was  Jean  Baptiste  Rousseau 
(1669-1741).  Rousseau’s  life  was  a singular  and  rather  an 
unfortunate  one.  In  the  first  place,  he  was  exiled  for  a 
piece  of  scandalous  literature  of  which  in  all  probability 
he  was  quite  guiltless  ; and,  in  the  second,  meeting  in  his 
exile  with  Voltaire,  who  professed  (and  seems  really  to 
have  felt)  admiration  for  him,  he  offended  the  irritable  dis- 
ciple  and  was  long  the  butt  of  his  attacks. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  394. 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques.  Born  at  Geneva,  June 
28, 1712 : died  at  Ermenonville,  near  Paris,  July 
2, 1778.  An  eminent  Swiss-Erench  philosopher. 
His  mother  died  in  giving  him  birth,  and  his  father,  a 
man  of  selfish  and  careless  nature,  spent  his  time  mending 
watches  and  teaching  dancing  as  a means  of  livelihood.  For 
education  Jean  Jacques  read  Plutarch  and  some  novels, 
lie  was  successively  an  engraver’s  apprentice,  a lackey,  a 
musician,  a student  in  a s<  minary  a clerk,  a private  tutor, 
and  a music-copyist.  He  changed  his  religion  repeatedly, 
even  on  pecuniary  inducements.  He  lived  thus  from  hand 
to  mouth  until  the  age  of  :*8,  and  the  only  time  that  he 
knew  no  need  was  during  the  years  spent  with  the  notori- 
ous Madame  de  Warens.  His  first  real  awakening  to  his 
latent  talents  dates  from  the  summer  of  1740,  when  he  un- 
dertook to  compete  for  a prize  offered  by  the  Academy  of 
Dijon  for  the  best  dissertation  on  the  subject  “Whether  the 
progress  of  the  sciences  and  of  letters  has  tended  to  corrupt 
or  to  elevate  morals.”  So  eloquent  was  he  in  his  paradox- 
ical condemnation  of  civilization,  that  he  achieved  at  once 


Rowan 

a brilliant  success.  The  following  years  witnessed  a series 
of  literary  triumphs,  such  as  “ Le  devin  du  village  ” (1762), 
“Discours  sur  l’indgalitd  des  conditions"  (1754),  “Lettre 
sur  les  spectacles”  (1758),  “La  nouvelle  Helolse"  (1761), 
“Le  contrat social ” (1762),  and  “Emile,  ou  de  Education  ’ 
(1762).  The  ideas  expressed  in  this  last  work  led  to  Rous- 
seau's exile  from  France,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  mod- 
ern pedagogy.  He  lived  in  Switzerland  and  England  until 
he  was  allowed  to  come  back,  in  1767,  on  condition  that  he 
would  not  write  any  more.  And  in  fact  his  last  works  of 
consequence,  ‘ ‘ Les  confessions  ” and  “Reveriesd’un  prome- 
neur  solitaire,”  were  not  published  until  1782,  4 years  after' 
his  death.  Rousseau’s  home  life  is  an  enigma  : he  lived 
with  a woman  unworthy  of  him,  TMrise  Le  Vasseur,  who 
bore  to  him  5 children,  whom  he  sent  one  after  the  other 
to  the  Foundling  Asylum.  He  died  of  apoplexy  after  hav 
ing  been  for  many  years  a victim  to  the  mania  of  persecu- 
tion. 

Rousseau,  Lovell  Harrison.  Born  in  Lincoln 

County,  Ky.,  Aug.  4, 1818 : died  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  7, 1869.  An  American  general  and  politi- 
Cian.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the  Union 
army  in  the  Civil  War  (in  the  battles  of  Shiloh,  Berry  ville, 
Murfreesboro,  C'hickamauga,  etc.).  He  was  Republican 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1865-67. 

Rousseau,  Pierre  fitienne  Theodore,  known  as 
Theodore  Rousseau.  Born  at  Paris,  April  15, 
1812 : died  at  Barbizon,  near  Fontainebleau, 
France,  Dee.  22,  1867.  A noted  French  land- 
scape-painter, one  of  the  leaders  of  the  French 
realistic  school,  known  as  the  school  of  Fon- 
tainebleau. nis  father  was  a merchant  tailor  from  the 
Jura ; his  maternal  uncle,  Gabriel  Colombet,was  a portrait- 
painter  and  pupil  of  David.  He  began  when  very  young 
to  paint  with  Retnond,  and  copied  Claude  at  the  Louvre. 
To  the  famous  Salon  of  1831  he  contributed  a “ View  in 
Auvergne."  He  shared  with  Barye  the  patronage  of  the 
Due  d 'Orleans,  who  in  1833  bought  his  “Border  of  Felled 
Woods."  From  1831  to  1836  he  led  the  revolt  against  for- 
malism. In  1836  his  “Descent  of  Cattle  from  the  Jura 
Mountains  ” was  rejected  by  the  Salon,  and  in  1837  his 
“ Avenue  of  Chestnuts”  was  also  rejected.  No  picture  of 
his  appeared  at  the  Salon  until  1849.  In  1846  he  was  estab- 
lished in  a studio  at  Paris  ; later  he  withdrew  entirely  to 
Barbizon.  He  painted  a large  number  of  pictures  particu- 
larly representing  the  neighborhood  of  Barbizon  and  the 
forest  of  Fontainebleau. 

Rousselaere.  See  Roulers. 

Roussillon  (ro-se-y&n').  An  ancient  govern- 
ment of  France,  bordering  on  Spain.  Capital, 
Perpignan.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  department  of 
Pyr6n6es-Orientales.  It  was  a countship  in  the  middle 
ages  ; was  annexed  to  Aragon  in  1172  ; was  freed  from  the 
nominal  feudal  supremacy  of  France  in  1258  ; was  annexed 
by  Louis  XI.  inl471 ; was  recovered  by  Aragon  from  Charles 
VIII.  in  1493  ; and  was  annexed  to  France  by  the  treaty  of 
the  Pyrenees  in  1659. 

Roussy.  See  Girodet. 

Roustem.  See  Rustam. 

Rouvier  (ro-vya'),  Maurice.  Bora  at  Aix, 
France,  1842;  died  at  Neuilly-sur-Seine,  June 
7,1911.  A French  politician.  He  was  minister  of 
commerce  1881-82  and  1884-85  ; premier  May-Dec.,  1887 ; 
minister  of  finance  1889-92  and  1902-05  ; became  president 
of  the  council  in  1905  ; and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1905-06,  succeeding  Delcass6. 

Rover,  The,  or  the  Banished  Cavaliers.  A 

comedy  by  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn,  produced  in  1677. 

Roveredo  (ro-ve-ra'do),  G.  also  Rofreit  (ro'- 
frit).  A town  in  South  Tyrol,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Leno,  near  the  Adige,  14  miles 
south  by  west  of  Trent.  It  is  an  important  silk-manu- 
facturing center,  and  has  a flourishing  trade.  It  was  an- 
nexed by  Venice  in  1413,  and  by  Austria  in  1510.  Here, 
Sept.  3 and  4,  1796,  the  French  under  Massena  defeated 
the  Austrians.  Population,  11,655,  (1910). 

Rovigno  (ro-ven'yo).  A seaport  in  Istria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Adriatic  40  miles 
south  of  Triest.  It  has  a cathedral,  is  noted  for  its 
wine,  and  has  flourishing  trade  and  fisheries.  Population, 
12,326,  (1910). 

Rovigo  (ro-ve'go).  1.  A province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  685  square 
miles.  Population,  234,484. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Rovigo,  situated  on  the 
Adigetto  37  miles  southwest  of  Venice.  It 
has  a large  library  and  picture-gallery.  Pop- 
ulation. town,  6,440;  commune,  11,174. 

Rovigo,  Due  de.  See  Savar;/. 

Rovira,  Custodio  Garcia.  See  Garcia  Rovira. 

Rovuma  (ro-vo'ma).  A river  in  Africa  which 
separates  German  East  Africa  from  Portuguese 
East  Africa,  and  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean 
near  Cape  Delgado. 

Rowan  (ro'an),  Stephen  Clegg.  Born  near  Dub- 
lin, Ireland,  Dec.  25, 1808 : died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  March  31.1890.  An  American  admiral.  He 

entered  the  navy  as  a midshipman  in  1826;  served  in  the 
Seminole  and  Mexican  wars  ; and  commanded  the  Paw  nee 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  In  this  vessel  he  par- 
ticipated in  the  first  naval  action  of  the  war,  namely,  the 
attack  on  the  Confederate  batteries  on  Aquia  Creek,  May 
26,  1861.  He  destroyed  a small  fleet  of  gunboats  near 
Elizabeth  City,  North  Carolina,  in  Feb.,  1862;  commanded 
the  fleet  w hic  h cooperated  with  General  Burnside  in  the 
capture  of  New  bern  in  March  of  t he  same  year ; and  com- 
manded the  New  Ironsides  in  the  operations  against  the 
defenses  in  Charleston  harbor,  Aug. -Sept  , 1863.  He  was 
promoted  rear-admiral  in  1866  and  vice-admiral  in  1870, 
and  was  retired  in  1889. 


Rowandiz 

Rowandiz  (rou-an'diz).  See  the  extract. 

The  “mountain  of  the  world,”or  Rowandiz,  the  Accadian 
Olympos,  was  believed  to  be  the  pivot  on  which  the  heaven 
rested,  covering  the  earth  like  a huge  extinguisher.  The 
world  was  bound  to  it  by  a rope,  like  that  with  which  the 
sea  was  churned  in  Hindu  legend,  or  the  golden  cord  of 
Homer,  wherewith  Zeus  proposed  to  suspend  the  nether 
earth  after  binding  the  cord  about  Olympos  (II.  viii.  19-26). 
...  It  lay  far  away  in  the  regions  of  the  northeast,  the  en- 
trance, as  it  was  supposed,  to  the  lower  world,  and  it  was 
sometimes  identified  with  the  mountain  of  Nizir,  the  mod- 
em Rowandiz,  on  whose  summit  the  ark  of  the  Chaldean 
Noah  was  believed  to  have  rested. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  pp.  173-178. 

Rowandiz.  A town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated 
on  a tributary  of  the  Greater  Zab,  83  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Mosul. 

Rowe  (ro),  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Little  Barford, 
Bedfordshire,  England,  1674 : died  Dec.  6, 1718. 
An  English  dramatist  and  poet,  appointed  poet 
laureate  1715.  He  was  educated  for  the  bar.  Hischief 
tragedies  are  “The  Ambitious  Stepmother,"  “ Tamer- 
lane ”(1702),  “ The  Fair  Penitent  ”(1703),  “Ulysses,”  “The 
Royal  Convert,”  “Jane  Shore”  (1714),  and  “Lady  Jane 
Grey  ” (1715).  He  also  wrote  “The  Biter,”  a comedy.  He 
edited  Shakspere  (1709),  and  translated  Lucan’s  “Phar- 
salia.” 

Rowena  (ro-e'na).  1.  The  legendary  daughter 
of  Hengist,  and  the  wife  of  the  British  chief  Vor- 
tigem. — 2.  A ward  of  Cedric  in  Scott’s  “ Ivan- 
hoe.”  She  is  the  rival  of  Rebecca  the  Jewess, 
and  marries  Ivanhoe. 

Rowland.  See  Boland. 

Rowland  (ro'land),  Henry  Augustus.  Born 
Nov.  27,  1848 : died  April  16,  1901.  A noted 
American  physicist.  He  was  professor  of  physics  at 
Johns  Hopkins  University  1876-1901,  and  was  the  author  of 
numerous  papers  chiefly  relating  to  optics  and  electricity. 
He  was  especiaUy  noted  for  his  work  on  the  solar  spectrum. 
Rowlands  (ro'landz),  Samuel.  Born  about 
1570 : his  last  poem  was  ’written  in  1030.  An 
English  pamphleteer.  His  pamphlets  and  others  of 
the  same  style  took  the  place  now  occupied  by  the  news- 
paper. 

Rowley  (rou'li),  Samuel.  An  English  drama- 
tist of  the  17th  century.  Only  two  of  his  plays  exist 
in  print : ‘'When  you  see  me,  you  know  me,"  a chronicle- 
play  (1605),  and  “ The  Noble  Soldier  ” (1634). 

Rowley,  William.  Lived  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
and  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  He  is  mentioned  as  an  actor  in  the  Duke 
of  York’s  Company  in  1610.  Four  of  his  dramas  are  extant : 
“ A New  Wonder : A Woman  never  Vext  ” (1632),  “A  Match 
at  Midnight”  (1633),  “A11  ’s  Lost  by  Lust”  (1633),  and  “A 
Shoemaker  a Gentleman  ” (1638).  He  also  collaborated 
with  Middleton,  Dekker,  Ford,  Massinger,  and  others. 

Rowley  Poems,  The.  A collection  of  poems 
written  by  Chatterton,  and  attributed  by  him 
to  a mythical  Thomas  Rowley,  a priest  of  the 
15th  century.  He  began  to  write  them  in  1764.  They 
were  declined  by  Dodsley  the  publisher  in  1768.  but  in 
1769Chattertonsucceeded  in  deceiving  Walpolewith them. 
Gray,  however,  discovered  the  hoax. 

Rowley  Regis  (rou'li  re'jis).  A town  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England,  6 miles  west  of  Birmingham: 
a manufacturing  and  mining  center.  Popula- 
tion, 34,670. 

Rowton  Heath.  A place  near  Chester,  in  Eng- 
land, where,  Sept. 24, 1645,  'he Parliamentarians 
defeated  the  Royalists. 

Roxana  (L.  pron.  roks-a'na ; E. pron.  roks-an'a), 
or  Roxane  (F.  pron.  rok-san').  Murdered  at 
Amphipolis,  Macedonia,  311  B.  c.  A Bactrian 
princess,  daughter  of  Oxyartes.  She  married  Alex- 
ander the  Great  In  327,  and  was  put  to  death  with  her  son 
by  order  of  Cassander. 

Roxana.  A novel  by  Defoe,  published  in  1724. 
Roxburgh  (roks'bur-o).  A southern  county  of 
Scotland.  It  is  hounded  by  Berwick  on  the  north,  Eng- 
land on  the  east  and  southeast,  Dumfries  on  the  southwest, 
and  Selkirk  and  Edinburgh  on  the  west.  It  is  largely  in- 
cluded in  the  valleys  of  the  Teviot  and  Tweed.  The  county 
town  is  Jedburgh.  It  contains  various  antiquities,  and 
was  the  scene  of  many  border  conflicts.  Area,  666  square 
miles.  Population,  (civil  co.),  48,793. 

Roxburghe  Club,  The.  A club  founded  in  1812, 
at  the  time  of  the  sale  of  the  library  of  John, 
duke  of  Roxburghe.  “The  Rev.  Thomas  Frognall 
Dibdin  claimed  the  title  of  founder.  The  avowed  object  of 
theclubwasthe  reprinting  of  rare  pieces  of  ancient  litera- 
ture. ...  It  still  exists,  and,  with  the  Dilettanti  Society, 
maybe  said  to  have  suggested  the  publishing  societies  of 
the  present  day,  at  the  head  of  which  is  the  Camden.” 
Timbs. 

Roxbury  (roks'bur-i).  A former  city  of  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  south-southwest  of  the 
old  part  of  Boston.  It  was  founded  in  1630, made 
a city  in  1846,  and  annexed  to  Boston  in  1868. 
Roxo  (rok'so  or  ro'sho),  Cape.  A cape  on  the 
coast  of  Senegambia,  western  Africa,  about  170 
miles  south  of  Cape  Yerd,  in  lat.  12°  25'  N., 
long.  16°  49'  W. 

Roxolani  (roks-o-la'ni),  or  Roxalani  (roks-a- 
la'ni).  A people  of  Sarmatian  stock,  living  in 
southern  Russia,  between  the  Don  and  Dnieper, 
about  the  beginning  of  tho  Christian  era. 


871 

Roy,  Rammohun.  See  Rammohun  Boy. 

Roy  (roi),  William.  Born  in  Scotland,  May  4, 
1726:  died  at  London,  July  1,  1790.  A British 
surveyor.  He  conducted  the  measurements  for  ascer- 
taining the  difference  in  longitude  between  the  Greenwich 
and  Paris  observatories.  He  wrote  “ Military  Antiquities 
of  the  Romaus  in  North  Britain  ” (1793),  etc. 

Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  A society  founded 
in  1768  by  George  III.  for  the  establishment  of 
a school  of  design  and  the  holding  of  an  annual 
exhibition  of  the  works  of  living  artists,  its  first 
rooms  were  in  Pall  MaU,  London ; thence  it  removed  to 
Somerset  House  ; later  to  Trafalgar  Square  (1834) ; and  it 
now  occupies  Burlington  House.  The  society  consists  of 
40  royal  academicians,  at  least  30  associates,  and  4 engrav- 
ers, of  whom  2 may  be  academicians.  Its  first  president 
was  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  ; the  present  holder  of  the  office 
is  Sir  E.  J.  Poynter  (elected  Nov.,  1896). 

Royal  Exchange.  The.  See  Queen’s  Exchange. 
Royal  George.  An  English  man-of-war  of  108 

guns.  While  being  refitted  at  Spithead,  Aug.  29,  1782, 
she  suddenly  heeled  over,  under  the  strain  caused  by  the 
shifting  of  her  guns,  filled,  and  went  down  with  her  com- 
mander, Admiral  Kempenfelt,  and  nearly  1,000  sailors, 
marines,  and  visitors  on  board,  about  800  of  whom  were 
lost. 

Royalist  (roi'al-ist),  The.  A play  by  D’Urfey, 
produced  in  1682.  It  contains  good  songs  and 
music,  some  of  the  latter  by  Henry  Purcell. 
Royalists  (roi'al-ists).  1.  In  English  history, 
the  partizans  of  Charles  I.  and  of  Charles  II. 
during  Jlie  civil  war  and  the  Commonwealth ; 
the  Cavaliers,  as  opposed  to  the  Roundheads. 
— 2.  In  American  history,  the  adherents  of  the 
British  government  during  the  revolutionary 
period. — 3.  In  French  history,  the  supporters 
of  the  Bourbons  as  against  the  revolutionary 
and  subsequent  governments. 

Royal  Merchant,  The.  See  Beggar’s  Bush. 
Royal  Society,  The.  An  association  founded 
in  London  in  or  a little  before  1660  (incorpo- 
rated in  1662),  the  object  of  which  is  the  ad- 
vancement of  science,  especially  of  the  physi- 
cal sciences.  Its  designation  in  full  is  “The  Royal 
Society  of  London  for  Improving  Natural  Knowledge."  It 
has  held  the  foremost  place  among  such  societies  in  Eng- 
land, and  has  always  numbered  the  leaders  of  British  sci- 
ence among  its  members.  Its  principal  publications  are 
“The  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  ” and  “The  Philo- 
sophical Transactions.”  It  meets  at  Burlington  House, 
Piccadilly. 

Royal  Society  Club,  The.  A London  club 
which  appears  to  have  existed  from  1709.  it 

has  consisted  largely  but  not  exclusively  of  fellows  of  the 
Royal  Society.  Its  members  were  formerly  known  as 
“Royal  Philosophers,”  and  later  as  “ Royals." 

Royal  Sovereign.  1.  A British  line-of-battle 
ship  of  100  guns  and  2,175  tons  register.  She 
served  in  the  Channel  fleet  1793-95,  and  was  the  flag-ship 
of  Vice-Admiral  Cuthbert  Collingwood  at  Trafalgar,  Oct. 
21,  1805. 

2.  A British  line-of-battle  ship  of  120  guns  and 
3,144  tons  register.  She  was  cut  down  to  one  deck, 
armored  with  a water-line  belt  61-  inches  thick,  provided 
with  4 turrets,  and  launched  in  1864. 

Royan  (rwa-yon').  A seaport  and  sea-bathing 
resort  in  the  department  of  Charente-Inferi- 
eure,  France,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Gironde,  22  miles  south  of  Rochefort.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  8,843. 

Royat  (rwii-ya').  A watering-place  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puy-de-Dome,  France,  situated 
on  the  Tiretaine  near  Clermont-Ferrand.  It  is 
noted  for  its  hot  springs. 

Roy  Bareilly.  See  Rai  Bareli. 

Royer-Collard  (rwa-ya'ko-lar'),  Pierre  Paul. 
Born  at  Sompuis,  Marne,  France,  June  21, 
1763:  died  at  Chateauvieux,  near  St.-Aignan, 
Sept.  4,  1845.  A French  philosopher  and 
statesman.  He  was  a member  of  the  municipal  council 
of  Paris  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and  a member 
of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1797.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters  at  Paris  in  1811, 
teaching  the  doctrines  of  the  Scottish  school.  After  the 
Restoration  he  was  a leading  member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  and  chief  of  the  “Doctrinaires."  He  became  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1827,  and  president  of 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1828. 

Royle  (roil),  John  Forbes.  Bom  at  Cawnpore, 
British  India,  1799:  died  at  Acton,  near  Lon- 
don, Jan.  2,  1858.  A British  botanist.  In  1819 
he  went  to  Calcutta,  on  the  medical  staff  of  the  Bengal 
army,  and  from  1837  to  1856  was  professor  of  materia  med- 
icaat  King’s  College,  London.  His  works  include  “On  the 
Antiquity bf  nindoo  Medicine  ” (1837),  “ Illustrations  of  the 
Botany  and  other  Branches  of  Natural  History  of  the  Him- 
alaya Mountains  ’’  (1839),  etc. 

Royton  (roi'ton).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  3 miles  north 
of  Oldham.  Population,  14,881. 

Rozas,  Juan  Martinez  de.  See  Martinez  de 
Rozas. 

Rozinante  (roz-i-nan'te).  See  Rosinante. 

Rua  (ro'ii),  or  Barua  (bii-ro'ii).  A Bantu  nation 
of  the  Belgian  Kongo, included  in  theconcession 


Rubinstein 

of  the  Katanga  Company.  Once  a great  kingdom, 
occupying  most  of  the  Lualaba  basin  between  the  Lomami 
and  Lake  Tanganyika,  it  has  lost  its  political  unity  and  has 
been  dismembered  by  the  Arabs  in  the  north  and  by  King 
Msidi  in  the  south,  and  by  the  rebellion  of  native  tribes. 
The  kingdom  of  Kassongo  exists  now  only  in  traditional 
history.  EthnicaUy  the  Rua,  Ruba,  and  Luba  are  identical. 
See  Luba. 

Ruad  (ro-ad').  A small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Syria,  70  miles  north-northeast  of  Beirut.  It 
contained  the  ancient  city  Aradus. 

Ruanda  (ro-an'da)  or  Waruanda  (wa-ro-an'- 
da).  A Bantu  tribe  in  the  high  and  mountain- 
ous region  around  Mount  Mfumbiro,  between 
Lakes  Albert  Edward  and  Tanganyika,  on  the 
boundary  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  Uganda,  and 
German  East  Africa.  They  are  a strong  and 
warlike  race.  King  Romanika  of  Karagwe 
was  of  Ruanda  origin. 

Ruatan  (ro-a-tan'),  or Roatan  (ro-a-tan').  An 
island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  35  miles  north  of 
Honduras,  to  which  republic  it  belongs.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Rubaiyat  (ro'bai-yat)j  The.  See  Omar  Khayyam. 

Ruben  (ro'ben),  Christian.  Born  at  Treves, 
Prussia,  Nov.  30, 1805:  died  in  Vienna,  July  8, 
1875.  A German  historical  and  genre  painter. 
Among  his  noted  paintings  is  “ Columbus  Dis- 
covering America.” 

Rubens  (ro'benz),  Peter  Paul.  Bom  at  Siegen, 
Westphalia,  June  29, 1577 : died  at  An  twerp,  May 
30,1640.  A celebrated  Flemish  painter.  He  lived 
in  Cologne  until  1587,  when  his  father  died  and  his  mother 
removed  with  her  children  to  Antwerp.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  Jesuits’  school  at  Antwerp,  and  later  be- 
came a lay  brother.  To  the  Jesuits  he  owed  his  excellent 
classical  training.  Rubens’s  first  teachers  were  Tobie  Ver- 
haegt,  a landscape-painter,  and  Adam  van  Noort,  a figure- 
painter  and  imitator  of  Paul  Veronese.  He  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  Gild  of  St.  Luke  in  1698.  In  1600  he  went  to  Italy, 
studied  in  Venice  and  Rome,  and  served  Duke  Vincenzo 
Gonzaga  at  Mantua  5 years.  In  1608  he  returned  to  Ant- 
werp. In  the  same  year  he  married  Isabella  Brandt  (died 
1626)  ; two  years  later  he  built  a house  in  Antwerp  and  be- 
gan to  employ  assistants  in  his  work.  Chief  of  these  were 
Vandyck,  Jordaens,  and  Snyders.  In  1622  Rubens  was 
summoned  to  Paris  to  decorate  the  Luxembourg  for  Marie 
de  Mfhlicis.  His  private  collection,  which  he  sold  to  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham,  contained  17  Titians,  21  Bassanos, 
13  V eroneses,  8 Palma-Vecchios,  17  Tintorettos,  3 Leonardo 
da  Vincis,  3 Raphaels,  and  13  pictures  by  himself.  In 
Sept.,  1628,  he  went  to  Madrid  on  a diplomatic  mission 
to  tile  Spanisti  court,  and  met  Velasquez.  He  painted  5 
portraits  of  Philip  IV.  From  Madrid  he  went  to  London, 
where  he  arrived  June  5,  1629,  on  the  same  diplomatic 
mission.  He  was  made  honorary  M.  A.  at  Cambridge,  and 
knighted  at  Whitehall,  March  3,  1630.  He  left  London 
March  6.  He  painted  several  pictures  in  England,  and 
received  an  order  for  the  decoration  of  Whitehall.  On 
Dec.  6,  3630,  he  married  Helena  Fourment,  a niece  of  his 
first  wife.  He  was  famous  as  a colorist,  and  painted  his- 
torical and  sacred  subjects,  portraits,  landscapes,  etc.  Of 
his  pictures  89  are  in  Munich,  45  in  the  Louvre,  40  in  the 
Belvedere  at  Vienna,  22  at  Antwerp  (besides  many  pic- 
tures in  churches),  and  11  are  in  the  National  Gallery  in 
London.  Among  his  chief  works  are  “The  Descent  from 
the  Cross"  (Antwerp),  “Elevation  of  the  Cross,”  “Fall  of 
the  Damned”  (Munich),  and  “Rape  of  the  Sabines”  (Lon- 
don). 

Riibezahl  (rii'be-tsal).  In  German  folk-lore, 
the  mountain  spirit  of  the  Riesengebirge,  in 
Silesia  and  Bohemia. 

Rubicon  (ro'bi-kon).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  in  Italy,  near  Rimini.  In  the  later 
Roman  republic  it  was  the  boundary  between  Italy  proper 
and  Cisalpine  Gaul.  The  crossing  of  it  by  Caesar,  49  B.  o., 
began  the  civil  war.  It  has  been  identified  with  the  Ur- 
gone  and  with  the  Uso. 

The  most  recent  investigations  tend  to  show  that  the 
Rubicon  has  entirely  quitted  its  ancient  course.  It  ap- 
pears originally  to  have  fallen  into  the  Fiumicino,  farther 
south,  while  at  the  present  day  its  upper  part  (Urgone) 
unites  with  the  Pisciatello.  Baedeker,  Central  Italy,  p.  9L 

Rubini  (ro-be'ne),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 

at  Romano,  near  Bergamo,  Italy,  April  7,  1795: 
died  there,  March  2,  1854.  A celebrated  Italian 
tenor  Singer.  His  first  important  engagement  was  at 
Naples,  where  he  took  1 essons  from  N ozzari ; but  his  first  ap- 
pearance in  Paris  in  1825  was  the  beginning  of  his  career 
of  great  and  unbroken  success.  He  first  sang  in  England 
in  1831,  and  till  1843  sang  there  and  in  Paris  alternately. 
In  1843  he  set  out  on  a tour  with  Liszt  through  Holland 
and  Germany,  hut  they  soon  separated.  Rubini  went  on 
to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  sang  with  such  effect  that  he 
was  made  director  of  singing  in  Russia.  He  retired  from 
public  life  about  1844  with  a large  fortune. 

Rubinstein  (ro'bin-stln),  Anton.  Born  in  Vol- 
hynia,  Russia,  Nov.  28  (or  30  ?),  1829 : died 
near  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  20,  1894.  A noted 
Russian  pianist  and  composer.  In  1839  he  male  a 
concert  tour  with  his  teacher  Villoing;  went  to  Paris, 
Holland,  and  Germany  ; went  to  England  in  1842  ; studied 
under  Dehn  in  Berlin  1844-46  ; returned  to  Russia  in  1848 ; 
made  a musical  tour  through  Germany,  France,  and  Eng- 
land 1854-58.  From  this  time  his  success  was  unbroken. 
He  was  appointed  imperial  concert  director  in  Russia  in 
1858;  founded  the  St.  Petersburg  Conservatory  of  Music 
in  1862 ; and  was  its  principal  until  1867  and  again  in 
1887.  He  visited  England  and  France  a number  of 
times,  and  the  United  States.  His  works  include 
“Ocean  Symphony,  Op.  42,"  and  other  symphonies,  many 
songBand  concertos,  and  the  operas  “Fernmorz,”  “The  De- 


Rubinstein 

mon,”  “The  Maccabees,”  “Nero,”  etc.;  but  he  is  cele- 
brated principally  as  a pianist.  He  wrote  his  “ Autobiog- 
raphy ” and  a “Conversation  on  Music."  In  1887  he  gave 
a series  of  historical  recitals  in  London. 

Rnhwim  Mare(ro'brum ma're).  [L.,  ‘Red  Sea.’] 
A Latin  name  of  the  Red  Sea. 

Rucbah  (ruk'ba).  [Ar.  al-ruklibah,  the  knee.] 
A name  assigned  both  to  the  third-magnitude 
star  e Cassiopeise  and  to  the  fourth-magnitude 
star  a Sagittarii. 

Rucellai(ro-chel-la'e),  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Oct.  20, 1475:  died  1526.  An  Italian  poet 
and  dramatist. 

Rucker  t (riik'ert),  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Schweinfurt,  May  16,  1788 : died  on  his  estate 
Neuses,  near  Coburg,  Jan.  31, 1866.  A German 
poet.  He  studied  at  Wurzburg,  Heidelberg,  and  J ena,  at 
which  university  he  settled  for  a time  as  docent,  but  soon 
renounced  the  position  and  lived  in  various  places.  In 
1817  he  went  to  Italy  and  spent  the  winter  in  Florae.  He 
then  devoted  himself  to  Oriental  studies.  In  1826  he  was 
called  to  Erlangen  as  professor  of  Oriental  languages,  and 
remained  there  until  1841,  when  he  was  called  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Berlin  in  a like  capacity.  In  1848  he  resigned 
his  position  and  lived  thenceforth  at  Neuses,  where  he 
died.  His  first  poems  are  from  1807.  In  1814  appeared 
the  collection  “ Deutsche  Gedichte  von  Freimund  liaimar  ” 
(“German  Poems  by  Freimund  Itaimar”),  which  contained 
among  other  poems  his  “ Geharnischte  Sonette”  (“Son- 
nets in  Armor  ”).  In  1817  was  published  another  collec- 
tion with  the  title  “ Kranz  der  Zeit  ” ; in  1822  “ Liebesfruh- 
Iing  " (“  Love’s  Spring").  He  made  many  translations  and 
imitations  of  Eastern  poetry,  among  them  “ Ostliche  Po- 
sen ” (“  Eastern  Roses,”  1822)  and  “Nal  und  Damajanti” 
(1828).  His  collected  poetical  works,  “Gesammelte  poe- 
tische  Werke,”  were  published  in  Frankfort  (1868-69)  in 
12  volumes.  “ Nachgelassene  Gedichte  ” (“  Posthumous 
Poems  ")  were  published  in  Vienna  (1877). 

Rudabah  (ro-da-be').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
daughter  of  Mihrab  (king  of  Kabul), wife  of  Zal, 
and  mother  of  Rustam.  The  story  of  the  love  of  Zal 
and  Rudabah,  of  the  anger  of  Mihrab.  and  of  the  opposi- 
tion of  Sam  and  Minuchilir  is  one  of  the  most  idyllic  por- 
tions of  the  great  poem. 

Ruddiman  (rud'i-man),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Boyndie,  Banffshire,  Oct.,  1674:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1757  or  1758.  A Scottish  classical  scholar. 
He  wrote  “ Rudiments  of  the  Latin  Tongue  ”(1714),“  Gram- 
matics Latin®  Institutiones  ” (1725,  1731),  etc.,  and  edited 
“ Livy  ” (1751). 

Ruddygore  (rud'i-gdr),  or  the  Witches’  Curse. 

A comic  opera  by  Gilbert  and  Sullivan,  pro- 
duced in  1887.  It  is  sbmetimes  spelled  Ruddi- 
gore. 

Rude  (riid),  FrgUQOis.  Born  at  Dijon,  France, 
Jan.  4,  1784 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3,  1855.  A 
noted  French  sculptor.  Among  his  works  are 
the  “ Neapolitan  Fisher,”  a group  in  the  Arc  de 
Triomphe,  etc. 

Rudelsburg  (ro'dels-borG).  A ruined  castle 
near  Kosen,  on  the  Saale,  southwest  of  Naum- 
burg,  in  Prussian  Saxony. 

Riidesheim  (rii'des-him).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  near  the 
Rhine  opposite  Bingen.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
Rhine  wine  “Riidesheimer,”  and  for  the  castle  Bromser- 
burg.  Population,  4,773. 

Rudiger  (ru'di-ger).  One  of  the  leading  char- 
acters in  the  “ Nibelungenlied.” 

Rudiger  (rii'di-ger),  Count  Feodor.  Born  at 
Mitau,  Russia,  1784:  died  at  Karlsbad,  June  23, 
1856.  A Russian  general.  Heserved  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  wars  against  Napoleon,  against  Turkey  1828-29, 
and  against  Poland  in  1831.  He  received  the  surrender  of 
Gorgey  at  Vilagos  in  1849. 

Rudkjobing  (r6d'che//bing).  The  chief  town 
of  the  island  of  Langeland,  Denmark,  situated 
in  lat.  54°  56'  N.,  long.  10°  41'  E.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Orsted.  Population,  3,447. 
Rudolf  (ro'dolf)  I.  King  of  Burgundy  888-912. 
He  originally  held  a county  in  the  Jura,  and  on  the  dis- 
memberment of  the  empire  at  the  deposition  of  Charles 
III.  made  himself  master  of  Transjurane  Burgundy,  which 
he  erected  into  a kingdom.  His  dominion  extended  over 
the  northern  part  of  Savoy  and  all  Switzerland  between 
the  Reuss  and  the  Jura. 

Rudolf  I.,  or  Rudolph  (ro'dolf).  Bom  May  1, 
1218 : died  at  Germersheim,  Germany,  July  15, 
1291.  German  king  1273-91,  son  of  Albert  IV., 
count  of  Hapsburg  and  landgrave  of  Alsace.  He 
succeeded  his  father  in  Hapsburg  and  Alsace  in  1239,  and 
was  elected  German  king  in  Sept.,  1273,  being  the  first 
monarch  of  the  Hapsburg  line.  By  a war  with  Ottocar  of 
Bohemia,  who  was  slain  on  the  Marchfeld  in  1278,  he  ob- 
tained Austria,  Styria,  and  Carniola  for  his  house. 

Rudolf  II  .,  or  Rudolph.  Born  July  18,  1552: 
died  Jan.  20,  1612.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire  1576-1612,  son  of  the  emperor  Maximil- 
ian II.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  archduke  of  Austria, 
king  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary,  and  as  emperor  in  1676. 
He  was  a scholar  in  his  tastes  and  habits,  but  an  unprac- 
tical man  of  affairs,  and  was  under  the  influence  of  the 
court  of  Spain.  He  was  forced  to  acknowledge  his  brother 
Matthias  as  king  of  Hungary  and  governor  of  Austria  and 
Moravia  in  1608 ; was  forced  to  grant  religious  freedom  in 
his  “letter  of  majesty  " to  the  Bohemian  Protestants  in 
1609  ; and  resigned  Bohemia  to  his  brother  in  1611. 
Rudolf,  or  Rudolph.  Born  Aug.  21,  1858:  corn- 


872 

mitted  suicide  at  Mierling,  near  Vienna,  Jan. 
30,  1889.  Archduke  and  crown  prince  of  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, only  son  of  the  emperor  Francis 
Joseph.  He  was  a man  of  considerable  literary  attain- 
ments, and  was  a collaborator  on  “Die  6sterreichisch- 
Ungarische  Monarchic  in  Wort  und  Bild”  (1886,  etc.). 

Rudolf,  or  Rudolph,  of  Ems.  Died  in  Italy  be- 
tween 1251  and  1254.  A Middle  High  German 
poet.  He  was  by  birth  a Swiss,  and  probably  owes  his 
name  to  Hohenems,  in  the  Vorarlberg  region.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  begun  to  write  about  1225.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  the  legendary  poems  “Der  gute  Gerhard ”(“ Good 
Gerhard”)  and  “Barlaam  und  Josaphat”;  the  historical 
dramatic  poems  “Wilhelm  von  Orleans"  and  “Alexan- 
der”; and  a “Weltchronilc”  (“Universal  Chronicle”), 
which,  however,  only  comes  down  to  Solomon.  This  last 
work  is  dedicated  to  Conrad  IV.  with  whom  he  went  to 
Italy,  where  he  died. 

Rudolf  of  Hapsburg.  See  Rudolf  I.,  German 
king. 

Rudolf,  or  Rudolph,  of  Swabia.  Died  Oct.  15, 
1080.  Duke  of  Swabia  after  1057.  He  was  chosen 
king  in  opposition  to  Henry  IV.  of  Germany  in  1077,  and  was 
supported  by  Pope  Gregory  VII.  He  was  at  war  with 
Henry  1078-80,  and  was  defeated  in  battle  and  slain. 

Rudolf,  Lake.  A large  lake  in  British  East 
Africa,  northeast  of  Victoria  Nyanza. 

Rudolstadt  (ro'dol-stat).  The  capital  of  the 
principality  of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Saale  in  lat.  50°  43'  N., 
long.  11°  20'  E.  It  has  manufactures  of  porcelain, 
dyes,  etc.  Near  it  is  the  palace  of  Heidecksburg.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  12,495. 

Rudra  (ro'dra;  with  Vedic  accent,  ro-dra'). 
[Etymology  and  original  meaning  uncertain. 
The  Hindus  connect  it  with  the  root  rud,  to 
cry,  and  understand  it  as  meaning  ‘howling/ 
‘roaring/  ‘terrible.’]  In  the  Rigveda,  the  lord 
of  the  Maruts ; the  storm-god.  With  his  how  he 
shoots  deadly  darts  at  the  earth,  but  he  also  bestows  re- 
medial herbs  and  has  a special  power  over  the  cattle.  In 
the  Atharvaveda  he  is  already  invoked  as  the  master  of 
life  and  death,  and  those  of  his  aspects  which  inspire  terror 
are  exalted  in  preference  to  the  beneficence  which  most 
distinguishes  him  in  the  Rigveda.  Later  he  becomes  the 
Shiva  of  the  Hindu  triad.  His  evolution  and  character- 
istics are  treated  very  fully  in  Muir’s  “Original  Sanskrit 
Texts,  ” IV.  299—420. 

Rueda  (ro-a'THa),  Lope  de.  Bom  in  Seville: 
flourished  from  1544  to  1567.  A Spanish  drama- 
tist and  actor.  He  enjoyed  great  popularity  during  his 
lifetime,  and  occupies  an  important  place  in  the  history 
of  Spanish  drama  as  the  founder  of  the  popular  national 
theater. 

Rue  d’Autricbe  (rii  dd-tresh').  An  old  street 
within  the  wall  of  Philippe  Auguste,  between 
the  Louvre  and  the  Hotel  de  Bourbon,  in  Paris. 
It  extended  from  the  Quai  de  l’Ecole  to  the  Rue  St.-Honor6. 
In  1664  a considerable  part  was  absorbed  by  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Louvre,  and  the  northern  portion  was  called 
Rue  de  l’Oratoire,  from  the  church  of  that  name  established 
in  1616. 

Rue  de  l’Ancienne  Comedie  (rii  de  lon-se-en' 
ko-ma-de').  The  old  road  in  Paris  called  Rue 
des  Fosses  St.-Germain-des-Prds,  made  on  the 
site  of  the  moat  of  the  wall  of  Philippe  Auguste, 
near  the  abbey  of  St.-Gorrnain-des-Pres.  The 
alinement  was  established  in  1560.  In  1689  the  Comddie 
Francaise  had  its  house  here,  and  gave  its  modern  name  to 
the  street. 

Rue  de  la  Paix  (rii  de  la  pa).  A street  in  Paris, 
running  from  the  Place  de  l’Opera  to  the  Col- 
umn of  the  Vendome.  It  is  tilled  with  fine 
shops. 

Rue  de  1’Oratoire.  See  Rue  d’Autriche. 

Rue  de  Rivoli  (de  re  vo-le').  An  important 
street  in  Paris,  leading  from  the  Place  de  la 
Concorde  to  the  Rue  St. -Antoine,  which  con- 
nects it  with  the  Place  de  la  Bastille,  it  dates 

from  the  first  empire,  and  derives  its  name  from  the  vic- 
tory of  Bonaparte  over  the  Austrians  at  Rivoli,  Jan.  14, 1797. 
The  present  street  was  completed  in  1865.  The  reasons 
for  its  creation  were  mainly  military,  as  it  controlled  the 
approach  to  the  western  palaces  and  the  faubourg  from 
the  Place  de  la  Bastille.  It  contains  many  fine  shops  and 
hotels,  and  passes  the  Louvre,  the  Place  du  Palais  Royal, 
the  garden  of  the  Tuileries,  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  etc. 

Rueil  (rii-ay').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  4 miles  west  of  the  forti- 
fications of  Paris.  Population, commune,  12,437. 

Rue  St. -Antoine  (rii  san-toii-twan').  A street 
in  Paris,  leading  from  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  to  the 
Place  de  la  Bastille,  from  which  point  it  is 
known  as  the  Faubourg  St. -Antoine,  it  was  ori- 
ginally a Roman  road  leading  from  the  Pont  Notre  Dame 
to  Vincennes.  During  the  middle  ages  it  passed  between 
the  royal  palaces  of  Saint-Paul  and  Les  Tournelles.  About 
the  reign  of  Louis  .XI.  it  began  to  be  identified  with  the 
proletariat  of  Paris.  It  is  the  street  by  which  the  mob  of 
the  Faubourg  St.-Antoine  and  the  Place  de  la  Bastille  ad- 
vanced on  the  Louvre  and  Faubourg  St. -Honors.  This  fact 
led  to  the  construction  of  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  and  Caserne 
Napoleon  by  the  Napoleonic  dynasty. 

Rue  St. -Denis  (rii  son-de-ne').  A street  in  Pa- 
ris, leading  north  from  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  to  the 
Boulevard  St. -Denis.  Crossing  this  at  the  Porte  St.- 
Denis,  it  becomes  the  Rue  du  Faubourg  St.-Denis,  which 


Ruhla 

terminates  in  the  Boulevard  de  la  Chapelle,  forming  one 
of  the  most  ancient  lines  of  streets  in  Paris.  The  Porte 
St.-Denis  is  a triumphal  arch  built  in  1672  to  commemorate 
the  victories  of  Louis  XIV.  in  Holland  and  the  lower  Rhine 
region. 

Rue  St.-Honore  (san-to-no-ra/).  The  name  giv- 
en to  an  old  street  in  Paris,  called  in  early  times 
the  Fournus  du  Louvre.  It  was  so  named  from 
a chapel  near  the  western  gate  of  the  wall  of  Philippe 
Auguste,  dedicated  about  1204  to  St.-Honord,  bishop  of 
Amiens.  After  1209  the  chapel  was  definitely  established 
as  a collegiate  church.  After  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  the 
lower  lands  (‘petits  champs’)  without  the  walls  became 
the  Faubourg  St.-HouorO.  The  street  runs  from  the  Rue 
du  Pont  Neuf  past  the  Place  du  Thcat  re  Frangais,  where 
it  is  called  the  Rue  du  Faubourg  St.-Honord,  and  by  the 
Palais  de  l’Elysde  to^he  Avenue  des  Ternes.  During  the 
middle  ages  the  Rue  St.-Honord  was  the  great  street  of 
Paris,  corresponding  to  the  Strand  in  London. 

Ruffini  ( ro-fe'ne),  Giovanni  Domenico.  Born 

at.  Genoa,  Italy,  in  1807 : died  at  Taggia  (Ri- 
viera), in  1881.  An  English-Italian  writer. 
Rufinus  (ro-fi'nus).  Born  in  Aquitania : assas- 
sinated Nov.  27,  395.  Chief  minister  of  Theo- 
dosius the  Great,  and  later  of  Arcadius.  He 
encouraged  the  inroad  of  the  Goths  into  the 
Roman  Empire. 

Rug  (rog),  or  Hogolu  (ho'go-lo).  One  of  the 
islands  of  the  Caroline  group,  North  Pacific, 
situated  in  lat.  7°  28'  N.,  long.  151°  55'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  15,000. 

Rugby  (rug'bi).  A town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  near  the  Avon  28  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Birmingham.  It  isarailway  junction, 
and  a seat  of  fairs,  but  is  notable  principally  for  its  gram- 
mar-school, one  of  the  great  public  schools  of  England. 
It  was  founded  by  Laurence  Sheriff  in  1567,  and  reached 
its  greatest  celebrity  under  the  head-mastership  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Arnold  1827-42.  Population,  16,830. 

Rugby.  A colony  in  eastern  Tennessee,  in  Mor- 
gan County,  founded  in  1880  by  Th  omas  Hughes, 
and  partly  colonized  by  Englishmen. 

Rugby.  A servant  to  Dr.  Caius,  in  Shakspere’s 
“Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.” 

Ruge  (ro'ge),  Arnold.  Born  at  Bergen,  island  of 
Riigen,  Germany,  Sept.  13,  1802  : died  at  Brigh- 
ton, England,  Dec.  31, 1880.  A German  political 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  conducted  various  jour- 
nals which  were  suppressed  by  the  Prussian  and  Saxon  gov- 
ernments on  account  of  their  radical  tendencies,  and  was 
a member  of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  in  1848.  After  1849 
he  lived  in  England. 

Riigen  (ru'gen).  The  largest  island  of  Ger- 
many, situated  in  the  Baltic  north  of  the  main- 
land of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  to  which  itbelongs, 
and  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strela- 
sund  and  Bodden  (1-J  miles  wide).  It  is  diversified 
and  picturesque,  is  deeply  indented  in  outline,  and  rises  to 
over  400  feet.  It  contains  the  peninsulas  Jasmund,  Wit- 
tow,  Monchgut,  etc.  It  is  frequented  on  account  of  its 
scenery  and  bathing-places.  The  noted  points  are  Bergen, 
Putbus,  and  the  Stubenkammer.  It  has  flourishing  fish 
eries.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Germans,  followed 
by  Slavs.  The  island  remained  heathen  until  late  in  the 
middle  ages.  It  was  in  the  possession  of  Denmark  1168- 
1326  (and  nominally  a century  longer) ; was  then  attached 
to  Pomerania  ; passed  to  Sweden  in  1648  ; and  was  annexed 
to  Prussia  in  1815.  Length,  371  miles.  Area,  377  square 
miles.  Population,  47,023. 

Ruger  (ro'ger),  Thomas  Howard.  Born  at 

Lima,  Livingston  County,  N.  Y.,  April  2, 1833: 
died  June  3,  1907.  A Union  general  in  the 
Civil  War.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1854,  but 
resigned  from  the  army  in  1855  in  order  to  take  up  law. 
He  volunteered  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War ; com- 
manded a division  at  Gettysburg ; and  aided  in  suppress- 
ing the  draft  riots  at  New  York  in  1863.  He  became  a 
colonel  in  the  regular  army  1866;  was  superintendent  of 
West  Point  Academy  1871-76;  and  became  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  1886,  and  major-general  in  1895.  Retired  in  1897. 

Ruggiero.  See  Rogero. 

Ruggles  (rug'lz),  Timothy.  Born  at  Rochester, 
Mass.,  Oct.  20, 1711:  died  at  Wilmot,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, Aug.  4,  1795.  An  American  lawyer,  and  a 
general  in  the  French  and  Indian  war.  He  was 
president  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  of  1765,  but  refused 
to  sign  the  addresses  and  petitions  which  it  drew  up,  and 
was  publicly  censured  for  this  by  the  general  court.  He 
emigrated  from  Massachusetts  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1776. 
Rugii  (ro'ji-i).  [L.  Rugii  (Tacitus),  or  Rvgi 
(Paulus  Diaconus),  Gr.  fP oyo'i  (Procopius).]  A 
Germanic  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Tacitus.  They 
were  originally  situated  on  the  Baltic,  west  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Vistula.  In  the  5th  century  they  appeared  south  of 
the  Carpathians,  where  they  are  named  among  the  people 
in  the  army  of  Attila.  They  founded  a kingdom  on  the 
Danube,  including  parts  of  Roman  Noricum,  which  was 
overthrown  late  in  the  same  century.  They  then  joined 
themselves  to  the  East  Goths,  witli  whom  they  subse- 
quently disappear  from  history.  With  Jutes,  Angles,  Sax- 
ons, and  possibly  Friesians,  they  seem  to  have  taken  part 
in  the  conquest  of  England,  where  their  name  is  preserved 
in  Surrey  (AS.  Sulh-ryge ) and  in  Eastry  in  Kent  (AS.  EM- 
ryge). 

Ruhla  (roTii).  A town  and  summer  resort  in 
Thuringia,  6 miles  south-southeast  of  Eisenach. 
It  belongs  partly  to  Saxe-Weitnar- Eisenach,  partly  to  Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha,  and  has  manufactures  of  pipes,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,993. 


Ruhmeshalle 

Ruhmeshalle  (ro'mes-hal-le).  [G., ‘hall  of 
fame.’]  A Doric  hall  in  the  southwest  of  Mu- 
nich, finished  by  Klenze  in  1853.  It  is  adorned 
with  busts  of  noted  Bavarians. 
Ruhmkorff(rom'korf),  Heinrich  Daniel.  Born 
at  Hannover,  1803 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21, 1877. 
A German-French  mechanician,  inventor  of 
the  “Ruhmkorff  coil”(1851).  He  lived  in  Paris 
from  1839. 

Ruhr  (ror).  1.  A right-hand  tributary  of  the 
Rhine  in  Prussia.  It  rises  in  southern  West- 
phalia and  joins  the  Rhine  at  Ruhrort.  Length, 
146  miles. — 2.  See  Boer. 

Ruhrort  (ror'ort).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Ruhr  with  the  Rhine.  It  has  a large  river  harbor, 
and  is  the  chief  place  of  export  for  coal  mined  in  the 
Ruhr  basin,  etc.  Combined  with  Duisburg,  1905. 

Ruisdael.  See  Ruysdael. 

Ruiz  (ro-eth'),  Juan,  called  the  “Archpriest 
of  Hita.”  Flourished  about  the  middle  of  the 
14th  century.  A Spanish  poet  of  note.  "He  ap- 
pears to  have  been  born  at  Alcahl  de  Henares,  and  lived 
much  at  Guadelaxara  and  Hita."  Ticknor. 

The  Archpriest  [of  Hita,  Juan  Ruiz]  has  not,  indeed, 
the  tenderness,  the  elevation  or  the  general  power  of 
Chaucer;  but  his  genius  has  a compass,  and  his  verse  a 
skill  and  success,  that  show  him  to  be  more  nearly  akin 
to  the  great  English  master  than  will  be  believed  except 
by  those  who  have  carefully  read  the  works  of  both. 

Ticknor , Span.  Lit.,  I.  77. 

Rule  a Wife  and  Have  a Wife.  A comedy  by 

Fletcher.  It  was  played  in  1624  and  printed  in  1640,  and 
was  extremely  popular.  It  was  partly  founded  on  one  of 
Cervantes's  novels,  but  the  main  plot  is  Fletcher's.  In  1759 
it  was  revived  by  Garrick. 

Rule  Britannia.  An  English  national  air,  the 
words  by  Thomson  and  Mallet,  music  by  Arne; 
both  were  composed  for  the  mask  “Alfred.”  It 
was  first  performed  at  Cliefden  House,  Maiden- 
head, the  residence  of  Frederick,  Prince  of 
Wales,  in  1740. 

Rullianus.  See  Fabius  Maximus  Rullianus, 
Quintus. 

Rum,  or  Roum  (rom).  [A  form  of  Rome.']  In 
Arabian  literature,  Rome.  It  is  often  used  in  a re- 
stricted sense  for  separate  portions,  as  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire, and  also  for  the  medieval  monarchy  of  the  Scljuk 
Turks  in  Asia  Minor,  which  had  its  center  at  Iconium. 
Rum  (rum).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  belonging  to  the  county  of  Argyll, 
situated  south  of  Skye  and  west  of  the  main- 
land, and  intersected  by  lat.  57°  N.  Length,  8 
miles.  Also  Room. 

Rumania,  or  Roumania  (ro-ma'ni-a),  some- 
times Romania  (ro-ma'ni-a).  [F.  Roumanie, 
G.  Rumdnien,  NL.  Rumania,  Romania,  from  Ru- 
manian Ruman,  Roman  (nasal  a),  Rumanian,  a 
Rumanian,  fromL.Romanus(RumanianRoman), 
Roman.]  A kingdom  of  southeastern  Europe. 
Capital,  Bukharest.  It  is  bounded  by  Austria-Hun- 
gary on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  northeast,  the  Black  Sea 
on  the  east,  Bulgaria  on  the  south,  and  Servia  and  Austria- 
Hungary  on  the  west.  The  Danube  forms  a great  part  of 
its  southern  boundary,  and  the  Carpathians  (Transylva- 
nian Alps)  form  the  boundary  with  Austria-Hungary. 
It  is  composed  of  the  former  principalities  of  Wallachia 
in  the  south  and  west,  and  Moldavia  in  the  northeast,  be- 
sides the  Dobrudja  in  the  east.  The  surface  rises  with  a 
gradual  slope  from  the  Danube  plain  to  the  Carpathians. 
The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  leading  exports 
are  wheat  and  maize.  The  government  is  a hereditary 
constitutional  monarchy,  administered  by  a king,  a senate 
of  120  members  elected  for  8 years,  and  a chamber  of  183 
deputies  elected  for  4 years.  The  leading  nationality  is 
Rumanian;  the  population  includes  also  about  260,000 
Jews,  besides  Gipsies,  Slavs,  etc.  The  leading  religion  is 
the  Greek  Church  ; there  are  also  many  Roman  Catholics. 
(For  early  history,  see  Moldavia  and  Wallachia.)  The  two 
principalities  were  united  in  1859  under  Alexander  John 
L Cuza,  and  a legislative  union  was  established  in  1861. 
In  1866  Cuza  was  deposed,  Charles  of  Hohenzollern-Sigma- 
ringen  elected,  and  a new  constitution  established.  Ru- 
mania assisted  Russia  in  the  war  with  Turkey  1877-78  : its 
troops  distinguished  themselves  especially  before  Plevna 
in  1877.  At  the  end  of  this  war  it  was  recognized  as  in- 
dependent of  Turkey,  and  ceded  its  portion  of  Bessarabia  to 
Russia,  receiving  the  Dobrudja  as  compensation.  Prince 
Charles  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  1881.  Area,  50,720 
square  miles.  Population,  6,771,722. 

Rumburg  (rom'borG).  A manufacturing  town 
in  Bohemia,  situated  near  the  frontier  of  Sax- 
ony, 61  miles  north  of  Prague.  Population, 
commune,  10,542,  (1910). 

Rumelia,  or  Roumelia  (ro-me'li-a).  [F.  Rou- 
m6lie,  Turk.  Rumili.]  A geographical  term  of 
varying  signification,  it  is  used  to  denote  (a)  the 
European  possessions  of  Turkey ; (6)  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula, south  of  the  Balkans,  extending  westward  from  the 
Black  Sea  to  the  Adriatic  (or  to  Albania)  and  southward 
to  Greece  ; (c)  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula (the  ancient  Thrace). 

Rumelia,  Eastern.  See  Eastern  Rumelia. 
Rumford,  Count.  See  Thompson,  Benjamin. 
Rumiantzeff  (ro-me-iin'tsef),  Count  Nikolai. 
Born  1754:  died  Jan.  15, 1826.  A Russian  states- 
VI.  29 


873 

man  and  patron  of  science,  son  of  Count  Petr 
Rumiantzeff : chancellor  of  the  empire  previous 
to  1812. 

Rumiantzeff,  Count  Petr.  Bom  1725 : died  1796. 
A Russian  general.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War ; commanded  against  the  Turks  1769-74  ; and  dictated 
the  treaty  of  Kutchuk-Kainardji  in  1774. 

Riimker  (rfim'ker),  Karl  Ludwig  Christian. 

Born  at  Stargard,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  May 
18,  1788 : died  at  Lisbon,  Dee.  21, 1862.  A Ger- 
man astronomer.  He  was  director  successively  of  the 
School  of  Navigation  in  Hamburg  (1819),  and  of  observa- 
tories in  Parametta,  New  South  Wales  (1821),  Hamburg 
(1830),  and  Lisbon  (1857).  He  published  a catalogue  of 
12,000  fixed  stars  (1843). 

Rummel  (rii-mel').  A river  in  Algeria  which 
flows  into  the  Mediterranean  45  miles  north- 
west of  Constantine : the  ancient  Ampsaga.  In 
its  lower  course  it  is  called  the  Wady  el-Kebir. 
Length,  over  100  miles. 

Rummer  Tavern.  An  old  London  tavern,  sit- 
uated between  Whitehall  and  Charing  Cross. 
It  was  kept  by  Sam  Prior,  the  uncle  of  Matthew 
Prior  the  poet. 

Rump  Parliament.  1.  In  English  history,  the 
name  given  to  the  remnant  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment after  Pride’s  Purge,  Dec.,  1648.  See  Long 
Parliament  and  Pride's  Purge. — 2.  In  German 
history,  the  name  given  to  the  remnant  of  the 
National  Assembly  of  Frankfort,  which  met  at 
Stuttgart  June  6-18,  1849. 

Rumsen  (rum'sen).  [From  rumsenta,  north.] 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  for- 
merly lived  in  villages  on  the  coast  of  California 
from  Pajaro  River  to  Point  El  Sur.  AlsoAchasta, 
Achastlian,  Rumsien,  Runcien,  Runsen,  Ruslen. 
See  Costanoan. 

Runaway  (run'a-wa),  Cape.  A cape  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  North  Island  of  New  Zea- 
land, situated  in  lat.  37°  31'  S.,  long.  178°  E. 
It  forms  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Bay  of  Plenty. 

Runaway,  The.  A play  by  Mrs.  Hannah  Cow- 
ley. It  was  produced  by  Garrick  in  1776  and 
printed  the  same  year,  and  was  very  popular. 

Runcorn  (rung'korn).  A town  in  Cheshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey,  at  the  terminus 
of  the  Bridgewater  Canal,  11  miles  southeast  of 
Liverpool.  Population,  16,491. 

Rundi  (ron'de),  or  Warundi  (wii-ron'de).  A 
Bantu  tribe,  partly  in  the  Kongo  State  and 
partly  in  German  East  Africa,  at  the  north  end 
of  Lake  Tanganyika,  in  the  valley  of  the  Ruzizi. 
Their  country  is  called  Urundi. 

Runeberg  (ro'ne-bero),  Johann  Ludvig.  Bom 
at  Jacobstad,  Finland,  Feb.  5,  1804:  died  at 
Borg&,  May  6, 1877.  A Swedish  poet,  the  great- 
est name  in  Swedish  literature.  Hia  father  was  a 
merchant  captain  in  extremely  poor  circumstances.  After 
attending  school  at  Wasa,  Runeberg  went,  in  1822,  to  the 
University  of  Abo,  where  he  supported  himself  by  giving 
private  instruction.  After  the  burning  of  Abo  in  1827,  he 
was  for  three  years  tutor  in  Sarijarvi,  in  the  interior  of 
Finland,  where  he  wrote  a number  of  Ids  most  important 
works.  His  first  volume  appeared  in  1830.  Among  others 
it  contains  the  long  poem  " Svartsjukans  Natter  ’’  ("  Nights 
of  Jealousy  ”),  and  a number  of  lyrics.  This  same  year  he 
was  appointed  docent  in  Latin  literature  at  the  university, 
which  had  been  transferred  from  Abo  to  Helsingfors.  In 
1832  appeared  his  first  great  work,  the  epic  “ Elgskyttarne  ” 
(‘‘The  Elk-Hunters”),  written  in  hexameters.  A second 
volume  of  lyrics  appeared  in  1833.  In  1836  appeared  the 
idyl  “Hanna."  In  the  meantime  he  had  founded  the 
journal  “Helsingfors  Morganblad,"  which  he  edited  with 
great  success,  and  to  which  he  contributed  much  valuable 
criticism.  In  1837  he  gave  up  this  and  his  university  posi- 
tion to  accept  the  post  of  lector  at  the  gymnasium  in  BorgA, 
where  he  subsequently  lived,  and  where  he  died.  In  1841 
appeared  another  idyl, ‘‘Julqvallen"  (‘‘Christmas  Eve”), 
like  the  “Elk-Hunters”  and  ‘‘Hanna,"  in  hexameters. 
This  same  year  was  published,  further,  the  epic  “Na- 
donchda. " In  1843  appeared  a third  volume  of  lyrics ; in 
1844  the  romantic  cycle  “Kung  Fjalar”  (“Tving  Fjalar"). 
In  1848  was  published  the  first  part  of  the  greatest  of  his 
works,  the  series  of  narrative  poems  with  the  title  “Fan- 
rick  Stills  Sagner  ” (“  Ensign  St&l’s  Stories”),  whose  motive 
is  the  war  of  1808.  A second  part  appeared  in  1860.  In 
1844  he  had  been  made  professor  at  Borga,  where,  in  1847, 
he  was  elected  rector.  His  last  works  were  dramatic. 
“Kan  ej  ” (“Can’t"),  a rimed  comedy,  was  published  in 
1862;  “Kungarne  pA  Salamis"(“The  Kings  at  Salamis”) 
in  1863.  In  1853  he  had  collected  and  published  his  prose 
writings  under  the  title  “Smarre  Berrattelser ”(“ Minor 
Writings").  His  collected  works  (“Samlade  Skrifter”) 
were  published  at  Stockholm  in  1876  in  2 vols.;  his  posthu- 
mous works  (“  Efterlemlade  Skrifter  ”)  at  Stockholm  1878- 
1879  in  3 vols. 

Runjeet  Singh  (run-jet'  singh).  Born  at  Guga- 
ran  walla,  Nov.  2, 1780:  died  at  Lahore,  June  27, 
1839.  Maharaja  of  the  Panjab.  He  organized 
his  army  with  the  aid  of  French  officers,  and  subjugated 
the  Sikhs  in  his  neighborhood.  In  1809  those  between 
the  Sutlej  and  the  Jumna  appealed  to  the  British.  An 
agreement,  however,  was  concluded  between  Runjeet  Singh 
and  the  army  sent  against  him,  and  the  Sutlej  was  made 
the  limit  of  Ids  dominion.  He  attacked  the  Afghans,  con- 
quered Kashmir  In  1819  and  Peshawar  in  1829,  and  left  his 
empire  at  his  death  on  a firm  footing.  He  was  known  as 
the  King  of  Lahore. 


Rush,  Benjamin 

Runnymede,  or  Runnimede  (run'i-med),  or 
Runnemede  (run'e-med).  A meadow  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Thames,  near  Egham  in  Surrey, 
21  miles  west  by  south  of  London.  It  is  celebrated 
in  English  history  as  the  place  where  the  barons  forced 
King  John  to  grant  Magna  Oharta,  June  15,  1215. 
Runnymede.  A pseudonym  of  Benjamin  Dis- 
raeli, Earl  of  Beaconsfield.  in  1836  he  wrote  a 
series  of  letters  which  appeared  in  the  “ Times  ” with  this 
signature,  containing  attacks  upon  Lord  Melbourne’s  gov- 
ernment. They  were  reprinted  in  1836  in  a volume  en- 
titled “The  Letters  of  Runnymede.” 

Runo  (ro'no),  Sw.  Runo  (ro'ne).  A small  isl- 
and in  the  Gulf  of  Riga,  belonging  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Livonia,  Russia. 

Runsen.  See  Rumsen. 

Rupel  (F.  rii-pel').  A short  tributary  of  the 
Schelde,  in  Belgium,  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Dyle  and  Nethe  northwest  of  Mechlin. 

Rupert  (ro'pert),  or  Rupertus  (ro-per'tus). 
Lived  about  700.  A bishop  of  Worms,  called 
“the  Apostle  of  the  Bavarians”  from  his  mis- 
sionary labors  in  Ratisbon,  Salzburg,  etc. 
Rupert,  Prince  of  the  Palatinate.  Born  at 
Prague,  Dec.,  1619:  died  Nov.  29, 1682.  Third 
son  of  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  V.  and 
Elizabeth  of  England,  and  nephew  of  Charles  I. 
He  served  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  against  the  Imperial- 
ists ; and  became  celebrated  in  the  English  civil  war  as  a 
cavalry  leader.  He  fought  at  Edgehill,  Chalgrove,  New- 
bury, Marston  Moor,  and  Naseby  ; captured  Bristol,  1643 ; 
surrendered  it  in  1645 ; and  was  a naval  commander  against 
the  Parliament  1648-53.  In  1660  he  returned  to  England ; 
became  a privy  councilor ; and  commanded  against  the 
Dutch  fleet  1665-66  and  1673.  He  was  governor  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company ; and  was  a student  of  engraving,  chem- 
istry, etc. 

Rupert  Land,  or  Rupert’s  Land.  See  Hudson 
Bay  Territory. 

Rupert  River.  A river  in  Canada,  it  issues  from 
Lake  Mistassini,  and  flows  into  the  southeastern  part  of 
James  Bay.  Length,  about  350  miles. 

Ruphia  (ro-fe'a).  The  modern  name  of  the 
Alpheus. 

Rupp  (rop),  Julius.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prus- 
sia, Aug.  13,  1809 : died  there,  J uly  11,  1884.  A 
Prussian  pastor:  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
German  “Free  Congregations.”  He  founded 
that  of  Konigsberg  in  1846. 

Riippell  (rfip'pel),  Wilhelm  Peter  Eduard 
Simon.  Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Nov. 
20,  1794:  died  at  Frankfort,  Dec.  11,  1884.  A 
German  traveler  and  naturalist.  He  traveled  in 
Nubia,  Kordofan,  Sennaar,  and  Arabia  1822-27  ; and  in 
Abyssinia  1833-34.  He  wrote  accounts  of  his  travels,  and 
works  on  natural  history. 

Ruppin  (rop-pen').  A former  countship,  situ- 
ated in  the  present  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  northwest  of  Berlin  and  southeast  of 
Priegnitz. 

Ruprecht  (ro'precht).  Born  1352 : died  1410. 
King  of  Germany.  He  succeeded  as  elector  of  the 
Palatinate  in  1398,  and  was  chosen  king  in  1400. 

Ruprecht,  Knecht.  See  Knecht  Ruprecht. 
Rupununi  (rup-6-no'ne).  A river  in  British 
Guiana,  joining  the  Essequibo  about  lat.  3°  57' 
N.,  long.  58°  3'  W.  Length,  about  220  miles. 
Ruremonde.  The  French  name  of  Roermond. 
Rurik  (ro'rik).  Died  879.  The  reputed  founder 
of  the  Russian  monarchy.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a Scandinavian  adventurer  who,  with  his  two  brothers, 
about  862  gained  Novgorod  and  neighboring  regions,  and 
ruled  alone  as  grand  prince  of  Novgorod. 

Rurik,  House  of.  A Russian  royal  house,  de- 
scended from  Rurik.  It  became  extinct  in  the 
person  of  Feodor  in  1598. 

Rurutu,  or  Rouroutou  (ro-ro-to'),  Island.  A 
small  island  of  the  Austral  or  Tubuai  group, 
South  Pacific,  situated  in  lat.  22°  29'  S.,  long. 
151°  24'  W. 

Rus  (rus).  In  the  middle  ages,  the  collection  of 
Slavic  states  in  southern  Russia  of  which  Kieff 
was  the  principal.  The  name  was  later  applied  to  the 
realm  of  Moscow  (and  modified  to  Rossiya,  Russia).  It 
now  denotes  the  regions  of  the  Little  Russians  and  White 
Russians.  See  Ros. 

Rusalki  (ro-siil'ki),  or  Russalkas  (-kaz).  In 
Slavic  folk-lore,  water-nymphs  with  green  hair, 
who  entice  unwary  people  into  the  water  and 
kill  them. 

Ruscuk,  or  Ruscsuk.  See  Rustchuk. 

Rush  (rush),  Benjamin.  Born  near  Philadel- 
phia, Dec.  24, 1745:  died  in  Philadelphia,  April 
19,  1813.  A noted  American  physician.  He  was 

educated  at  Princeton  and  Edinburgh;  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  the  Medical  School  of  Philadelphia, 
and  later  professor  of  clinical  practice  and  physic.  He 
was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
as  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania,  and  was  a 
surgeon  in  the  army  1777-78.  In  1799  he  was  appointed 
treasurer  of  the  United  States  mint.  He  wrote  “ Medical 
Inquiries  and  Observations M (5  vols.  1789-98),  “Essays'* 
(1798),  “ Sixteen  Introductory  Lectures'’  (1811)>“ Diseases 
of  the  Mind  ” (1812),  etc. 


Rush,  Friar 

Rush,  Friar.  A mythical  personage  who  origi- 
nated in  German  folk-lore  (Bruder  Rausch);  a 
fiendish-looking  creature  who  was  really  a devil 
and  kept  monks  and  friars  from  leading  a re- 
ligious life:  he  was  also  a household  sprite. 
A number  of  tales  and  plays  were  written  about  him  in 
England,  notably  “The  Historie  of  Frier  Rush,  etc.,"  the 
under-title  of  which  runs,  “A  pleasant  History,  How  a 
Devil  (named  Rush)  came  to  a religious  house  to  seek 
a service  ” (1620)  : this  was  commended  to  the  reading  of 
“young  people.  ” Chettle  also  wrote  a play  called  “ Friar 
Rush,  or  the  Proud  Woman  of  Antwerp.” 

Friar  Rush  was  probably  at  one  time  a good-natured 
imp  like  Robin  Good  Fellow,  but  under  the  influence  of 
Christian  superstition  he  became  the  typical  emissary  from 
Satan,  who  played  tricks  among  men  calculated  to  set 
them  by  the  ears,  and  who  sought  by  various  devices,  al- 
ways amusing,  to  fit  them  for  residence  in  his  master's 
dominions.  Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  54. 

Rush,  James.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  March  1, 
1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  26,  1868.  An 
American  physician  and  author,  son  of  Benja- 
min Rush.  He  wrote  “Philosophy  of  the  Hu- 
man Voice”  (1827),  etc. 

Rush,  Richard.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
29,  1780:  died  there,  July  30, 1859.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman,  diplomatist,  and  jurist : son  of 
Benjamin  Rush . He  was  United  States  attorney -general 
1814-17;  acting  secretary  of  state  in  1817;  United  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1S17-25,  where  he  negotiated  the 
fisheries  treaty  of  1818,  and  treaties  on  the  boundaries ; 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1825-29 ; unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Vice-President  in  1828;  commissioner  to  obtain  the 
Smithsonian  legacy  1836-38  ; and  United  States  minister 
to  France  1847-51.  He  wrote  “Codification  of  the  Laws 
of  the  United  States  ” (1815),  “Narrative  of  a Residence 
at  the  Court  of  London”  (1833-45:  new  edition  as  “The 
Court  of  London,”  1873),  “Washington  in  Domestic  Life" 
(1857),  “Occasional  Productions,  etc.”  (1860),  etc. 

Rusk  (rusk),  Jeremiah  McLain.  Born  in  Mor- 
gan County, Ohio,  June  17, 1830 : diedat  Viroqua, 
Wis.,  Nov.  21, 1893.  An Americanpolitician.  He 
served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers ; was  a Republican  member  of 
Congress  from  Wisconsin  1871-77 ; was  governor  of  Wis- 
consin 1882-89 ; and  was  secretary  of  agriculture  1889-93. 

Rusk,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born  at  Camden, 
S.  C.,  Aug.  8,  1802:  committed  suicide  at  Na- 
cogdoches, Texas,  July  29, 1856.  An  American 
politician.  He  played  a prominent  part  in  the  Texan 
war  of  independence  1835-36,  and  in  the  agitation  which 
led  to  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  United  States  in  1845. 
He  was  a United  States  senator  from  Texas  1846-56. 
Ruskin  (rus'kin),  John.  Born  at  London,  Feb. 
8,  1819  : died  at  Brantwood,  Jan.  20,  1900.  An 
eminent  English  art  critic  and  writer.  He  en- 
tered Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1833 ; gained  the  Newdi- 
gate  prize  by  a poem  entitled  “ Salsette  and  Elephanta” 
in  1839;  and  graduated  in  1842.  He  studied  painting  under 
Copley,  Fielding,  and  Harding.  In  1843  he  published  a 
volume  entitled  “ Modern  Painters,"  which  aimed  to  prove 
the  superiority  of  modern  landscape-painters,  and  espe- 
cially of  Turiier,  over  the  old  masters.  This  work  created 
a sensation  by  the  brilliancy  of  its  style  and  the  startling 
originality  of  its  views,  and  established  the  author's  repu- 
tation as  an  art  critic.  It  was  afterward  enlarged,  by  the 
addition  of  several  volumes,  into  a discursive  treatise  on 
art.  After  the  appearance  of  the  first  volume  of  “Modern 
Painters,"  Ruskin  spentsome  years  abroad,  chiefly  devoted 
to  the  study  of  art  in  Italy.  His  father,  a wealthy  wine- 
merchant,  died  in  1864,  leaving  him  an  ample  fortune.  He 
was  appointed  professor  at  the  Cambridge  School  of  Art  in 
1858,  and  Rede  lecturer  at  Cambridge  in  18C7 ; and  hold  the 
Slade  professorship  of  fine  art  at  Oxford  1869-79  and  1883- 
1885,  after  which  date  he  lived  in  retirement  on  his  estate 
at  Brantwood,  on  Coniston  Lake,  in  the  Lake  Country.  He 
wrote  a number  of  works  of  a socialistic  tendency  on 
political  economy,  and  in  1871  established  the  St.  George's 
Gild,  an  industrial  society  based  on  his  peculiar  views  in 
reference  to  capital  and  labor.  Among  Iris  works  are 
“ The  . Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture  "(1849),“  Poems  "(1850), 
“The  Stones  of  Venice”  (1851-53),  “ Pre-Rapliaelitism " 
(1851),  “The  Elements  of  Drawing”  (1857),  “Unto  this 
Last  ” (1862),  “Sesame  and  Lilies”  (1865),  “The  Ethics  of 
the  Dust"  (1866),  “The  Crown  of  Wild  Olive  " (1866),  “The 
Queen  of  the  Air"(1869),  “Lectureson  Art,"  delivered  before 
the  University  of  Oxford  (1870),  “ ForsClavigera : Letters  to 
the  Workmen  and  Labourers  of  Great  Britain  ” (1871-84), 
“Munera  Pulveris  ; Six  Essays  on  the  Elements  of  Politi- 
cal Economy  ” (1872),  “ Aratra  Peutelici : Six  Letters  on  the 
Elements  of  Sculpture"  (1872),  “The  Relations  between 
Michael  Angelo  and  Tintoret,”  a lecture  on  sculpture  de- 
livered at  Oxford  (1870-71),  “ The  Eagle's  Nest : Ten  Lec- 
tures on  the  Relation  of  Natural  Science  to  Art"  (1872), 
“The Sepulchral  Mouumeuts of  Italy,  etc."  (1872),  “ Love’s 
Meinie:  Lectures  on  Greek  and  English  Birds”  (1873), 
“Ariadne  Florentina : Six  Lectures  on  Wood  and  Metal 
Engraving"  (1873-76),  “Val  d’Arno  ; Ten  Lectures  on  the 
Tuscan  Art  directly  Antecedent  to  the  Florentine  Year'  of 
Victories"  (1874),  “ Frondes  Agrestes : Readings  inModern 
Painters,  etc.”  (1880),  “Proserpina:  Studies  of  Wayside 
Flowers,  etc.”  (1875-86),  “Deucalion:  Collected  Studies  of 
the  Lapse  of  Waves  and  Life  of  Stones  ” (1875-78),  “ Morn- 
ings in  Florence  ”(1875-83),  “ St.  Mark's  Rest : the  History 
of  Venice,  etc.”  (1877-84),  “The  Laws  of  Fesole,  etc.” 
(1877-78),  “Elements  of  English  Prosody  ” (1880),  “Notes 
on  Samuel  Front  and  William  Hunt”  (1880),  “Arrows  of 
the  Chace  ” (1880),  “The  Lord's  Prayer  and  the  Church  : 
Letters  to  the  Clergy,  with  Replies  ” (1879),  “ Our  Fathers 
Have  Told  Us ” (1880-85),  “The  Art  of  England”  (1884), 
“Coeli  Enarrant : Studies  of  Cloud  Form  and  of  its  Visible 
Causes,  etc.”  (1884),  “The  Pleasures  of  England  ’’  (1884), 
“The  Storm-Cloud  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  ”(1884),  “On 
the  Old  Road  : a Collection  of  Miscellaneous  Essays,  Pam- 
phlets, and  Articles,  published  1834-85”  (1885),  “ Hortus 


874 

Inclusus : Messages  from  the  Wood  to  the  Garden,  etc.” 
(1887),  “Dilecta:  consisting  of  Correspondence,  Diary, 
Notes,  and  Extracts  from  Books,  illustrating  Prajterita" 
(1887),  “Prseterita:  an  Autobiography"  (1887-88). 

Russel  (rus'el),  Dan.  [The  name  Russel,  Rus- 
sell, means  ‘reddish,7  i.  e.,  red-haired,  from  OF. 
roussel,  rousseau,  reddish,  red-haired.]  The 
Fox  in  Chaucer’s  “ Nun’s  Priest’s  Tale.” 
Russell,  Charles,  first,  Lord  Russell  of  Killowen. 
Born  at  Newry,  Ireland,  Nov.  10,  1832 : died 
Aug.  10,  1900.  A British  jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Duhlin,  and  practised 
for  a time  as  a solicitor  at  Belfast.  He  was  called  to  the  Eng 
lish  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859  ; became  Q.  C.;  and  reached 
the  highest  eminence  as  a pleader.  He  entered  Parliament 
as  a Liberal  in  1880,  and  was  attorney-general  in  1886  and 
1892-94,  when  he  became  lord  chief  justice  of  England. 
He  was  knighted  in  1886,  and  created  Baron  Russell  of 
Killowen  in  May,  1894. 

Russell,  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Orford.  Born 
1653:  died  1727.  An  English  Whig  politician 
and  admiral,  grandson  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Bed- 
ford. He  gained  the  naval  victory  of  La  Hogue  over  the 
French  in  1692,  and  was  created  earl  of  Orford  in  1697. 

Russell,  Henry.  Born  Dec.  24, 1812:  died  Dec. 
8, 1900.  An  English-American  singer  and  com- 
poser of  songs.  He  went  to  Italy  in  1825,  and  to  America 
in  1833;  lived  and  taught  at  Rochester,  New  York,  for 
some  years ; and  appeared  as  Elvino  in  “LaSonnambula” 
at  Philadelphia  in  1839.  In  1841  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  repeated  the  concert  tours  which  had  been  so 
successful  in  America,  ne  composed  nearly  800  songs, 
among  which  are  “A  Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave,”  “I’m 
Afloat,”  “Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer,”  “The  Maniac, "“The  Gam- 
bler’s Wife,”etc.  His  songs  were  very  influential  in  send- 
ing emigrants  to  the  colonies  and  the  United  States, 
especially  “There  's  a Good  Time  Coming,”  etc. 

Russell,  John,  fourth  Duke  of  Bedford.  Born 
1710:  died  1771.  An  English  statesman.  He  was 

secretary  of  state  1748-51 ; was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
1755-61  ; negotiated  a treaty  with  France  in  1762;  and  was 
president  of  the  council  1763-67. 

Russell,  John,  first  Earl  Russell:  known  as 
Lord  John  Russell  till  1861.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  18,  1792:  died  May  28,  1878.  An 
English  statesman,  orator,  and  author:  third 
son  of  the  sixth  Duke  of  Bedford.  He  studied  at 
Edinburgh ; entered  Parliament  in  1813 ; began  his  ad- 
vocacy of  Parliamentary  reform  in  1819;  advocated  Catho- 
lic emancipation  in  1826,  and  the  repeal  of  the  Test  Acts 
in  1828;  became  paymaster  of  the  forces  in  1830;  intro- 
duced the  Reform  Bill  in  1831,  and  was  one  of  its  leading 
champions  until  its  passage  in  1832 ; became  leader  of  the 
Whig  party  in  183t ; was  home  secretary  1835-39,  secre- 
tary for  war  and  the  colonies  1839-41,  and  prime  minister 
and  first  lord  of  the  treasury  1846-52;  published  the  “Dur- 
ham Letter  ” in  1850 ; was  foreign  secretary  and  later  pres- 
ident of  the  council  18.2-55  ; represented  England  at  the 
Vienna  Conference  in  1855 ; was  colonial  secretary  in  1S55, 
foreign  secretary  in  the  Palmerston-Russell  administra- 
tion 1859-65,  and  prime  minister  and  first  lord  of  the  trea 
sury  1865-66 ; and  was  created  Earl  Russell  in  1861.  He 
edited  the  memorials  and  corresponder.ee  of  Charles  James 
Fox  (1853-57),  and  of  Moore  (1852-56);  and  wrote  “Life 
and  Times  of  Fox”  (1859-67),  “Recollections  and  Sugges- 
tions" (1875),  etc. 

Russell,  John  Scott.  Born  in  Scotland,  1808: 
died  in  London,  June  8,  1882.  A noted  Brit- 
ish engineer.  He  introduced  the  so-called  “wave-sys- 
tem ” into  the  construction  of  steam-vessels.  He  super- 
intended the  building  of  the  Great  Eastern.  His  works 
include  “ The  Modern  System  of  Naval  Architecture  for 
Commerce  and  War”  (1864-65),  “Systematic  and  Techni- 
cal Education  for  the  English  People  ” (1869). 

Russell,  Odo  William,  first  Baron  Ampthill. 
Born  at  Florence,  Feb.  25,  1829 : died  at  Pots- 
dam, Aug.  25,  1884  An  English  diplomatist, 
brother  of  the  ninth  Duke  of  Bedford.  He  was 
ambassador  at  Berlin  1871-84. 

Russell,  William,  first  Duke  of  Bedford.  Born 
in  1613 : died  Sept.  7, 1700.  An  English  noble- 
man who  took  a leading  part  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. He  succeeded  his  father  as  fifth  earl  of 
Bedford  in  1641,  and  was  created  duke  in  1694. 
Russell,  William,  Lord  Russell  (often  errone- 
ously called  Lord  William  Russell).  Born  Sept. 
29,  1639:  beheaded  at  London,  July  21,  1683. 
An  English  statesman,  third  son  of  the  fifth  Earl 
(later  the  first  Duke : see  above)  of  Bedford.  His 

older  brothers  predeceasing  him,  he  was  known  by  the 
courtesy-title  Lord  Russell.  He  became  an  active  member 
of  the  “country  party”  in  1673;  was  a leading  opponent 
of  Dauby  and  the  Duke  of  York ; was  a privy  councilor 
1679-80  ; and  supported  the  Exclusion  Bill.  He  was  tried 
and  condemned  on  a charge  of  high  treason  (pretended 
complicity  in  the  Rye  House  Plot)  in  1683.  His  son,  Wrio- 
thesley,  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  of  Bedford  in  1700. 

Russell,  William.  Born  in  1741:  died  Dee. 
25,  1793.  A Scottish  historian.  He  wrote  “His- 
tory of  Modei  n Europe  ” (1779-84),  and  other  works. 
Russell,  William  Clark.  Born  at  New  York, 
Feb.  24,  1844:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Nov.  8, 
1911.  An  English  novelist.  He  went  to  sea 
in  the  English  merchant  service  when  between  13  and 
14  years  of  age ; hut  after  seven  or  eight  years  returned  to 
England  and  began  to  write  nautical  novels.  The  first 
was  “John  IToldsworth,  chief  mate”  (1874);  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  “ The  Wreck  of  the  Grosvenor,”  “The  Little  Loo,” 
“A  Sailor’s  Sweetheart,”  “Au  Ocean  Free  Lance,”  “A  Sea 


Russia 

Queen,"  “The  Lady  Maud,”  “.Tack's  Courtship,"  “The 
Strange  Voyage,"  “The  Death  Ship,"  “A  Frozen  Pirate," 
“Marooned,’’  “ Au  Ocean  Tragedy,’’  “My  Shipmate  Lou- 
ise,” etc.  He  also  wrote  a “ Life  of  Nelson.  ’ ’ 

Russell,  Sir  William  Howard.  Born  near 
Dublin,  March  28,  1821 : died  at  London,  Feb. 
10,  1907.  A British  journalist.  He  was  war  cor- 
respondent of  the  London  “Times”  in  the  Crimean  war, 
the  Indian  mutiny,  the  first  part  of  the  American  Civil 
War,  the  Austro- Prussian  war,  and  the  Franco-German 
war.  He  wrote  a “ History  of  the  Crimean  War  ” (1855-56), 
“My  Diary  in  India  ” (1860),  “ My  Diary,  North  and  South  ” 
(1862),  “My  Diary  during  the  Last  Great  War”  (1873), 
“The  Prince  of  Wales’  Tour  in  India " (1877), etc.  He  was 
knighted  in  1895. 

Russellae  (ro-sel'e).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  the  Etruscan  League,  situated  near  the 
Umbro  (Ombrone)  about  6 miles  northeast  of 
the  modern  Grosseto.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
mans  about  300  B.  C.  There  are  various  remains  of  anti- 
quity on  the  site. 

Russell  Square.  A London  square  which  lies  to 
the  east  of  the  British  Museum. 

Russia  (rush'a), formerly  Muscovy  (mus'ko-vi). 
[F.  Russie,  NL.  Russia  (G.  Russland),  from  Russ. 
Rossiya : see  Rus,  Ros.]  An  empire  of  eastern 
Europe.  Capital,  St.  Petersburg;  second  capital 
and  coronation  city,  Moscow,  it  is  thelargest  coun- 
try of  Europe  in  area,  and  has  the  largest  population  ; and, 
including  its  Asiatic  possessions,  it  is  the  most  exten- 
sive dominion  in  the  world,  next  to  the  British  empire. 
It  comprises  European  Russia  (including  Russian  Po- 
land and  Finland),  Caucasia,  Russian  Central  Asia,  and 
Siberia.  European  Russia  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean 
on  the  north ; its  Asiatic  possessions  on  the  east ; the 
Caspian  on  the  southeast;  Persia,  Turkey,  and  the  Black 
Sea  on  the  south;  Rumania  on  the  southwest;  the  Aus- 
trian empire,  the  German  Empire,  the  Baltic,  and  Swe- 
den on  tlie  west ; and  Norway  on  the  northwest.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  a great  plain  ; but  on  the  borders  are  the 
Urals,  Caucasus,  the  mountainous  region  of  the  Crimea, 
and  spurs  of  the  Carpathians ; and  northwest  of  the  center 
the  surface  is  broken  by  the  Valdai  Hills.  Russia  is  noted 
for  its  great  fivers:  the  Niemen,  Diina,  Neva,  Mezen,  Dwina, 
Petchora,  Ural,  V olga  (with  theKamaand  Oka),Don,  Kuma, 
Terek,  Kuban,  Dnieper,  Dniester,  Pruth,  Vistula,  etc.  The 
Black  and  Caspian  seas  are  largely  Russian,  and  Russia 
includes  Lakes  Ladoga,  Onega,  Saima,  Ilmen,  Peipus,  etc. 
It  contains  large  forests,  and  extensive  steppes  and  tun- 
dras. Much  of  it  is  fertile,  especially  in  the  “ black  earth  ” 
belt  toward  the  south.  The  leading  occupation  is  agri- 
culture. The  chief  crops  are  wheat,  rye,  and  other  cere- 
als, hemp,  flax,  potatoes,  tobacco,  etc.  There  are  manu- 
factures of  linen,  woolen,  etc.;  live  stock  is  raised;  and 
there  are  fisheries  of  sturgeon,  etc.  Gold,  platinum,  coal, 
iron,  petroleum,  copper,  etc.,  are  mined.  The  leading  ex- 
port (in  normal  years)  is  grain ; after  it  come  flax,  hemp,  lin- 
seed, timber,  animal  products,  etc.  Russia  proper,  Including 
Poland,  Finland,  and  Caucasia,  has  78  governments.  The 
government  is  a hereditary  monarchy,  vested  in  the  czar. 
Administration  is  committed  to  the  council  of  the  empire, 
senate,  holy  synod,  ministries,  and  the  dmna  (created  1905). 
The  leading  race  is  Russian  (the  Great  Russians  being  the 
most  important,  then  the  Little  Russians  and  White  Rus- 
sians). Other  nationalities  are  the  Poles, Lithuanians, Finns, 
Germans,  Swedes,  LettB,  Rumanians,  Jews,  various  tribes 
of  Caucasians,  Esthonians,  Mordvinians,  Tcheremisses, 
Tatars,  Bashkirs,  Persians,  Armenians,  Kirghiz,  Kalmucks, 
Tchuvashes.etc.  The  leading  religion  is  the  Greek  Catholic. 
There  are  many  dissenters  (Raskolniks)  as  well  as  many 
Roman  Catholics,  Jews,  Protestants,  Mohammedans,  and 
some  pagans.  Russia  has  no  foreign  possessions : Bokhara 
and  Khiva  are  vassal  states.  Russia  was  known  to  the 
ancients  as  Sarmatia.  It  had  Greek  colonies  on  its  south- 
ern coast  (Crimea,  etc.)  ; was  inhabited  by  the  Scythians, 
Finns,  and  other  races ; and  was  overrun  by  the  Goths, 
Huns,  Avars,  Bulgarians,  Magyars,  and  Khazars.  The 
Russian  Slavs  at  the  beginning  of  their  history  (9th  cen- 
tury) were  confined  mainly  to  the  upper  Dnieper,  the 
sources  of  the  Oka,  Volga,  Dwina,  and  Dniester,  and  Lake 
Ilmen.  The  Varangians  under  Rurik  came  to  Novgorod 
in  862.  Uuder  Oleg,  about  880,  Kieff  became  the  center. 
Sviatoslaff  (964-972)  defeated  the  Khazars,  and  waged  war 
with  the  Byzantine  empire.  Christianity  was  introduced 
under  Vladimir  (980-1015).  Russia  became  united  under 
Yaroslaff  (1015-1054),  with  Kieff  as  the  capital.  After  1064 
Russia  was  divided  into  many  principalities,  Kieff  being 
the  grand  principality  and  overlord  lor  about  a century, 
and  then  Suzdal  (Vladimir)  the  leading  power  : others  were 
Novgorod,  Pskotf,  Smolensk,  Galicia  (Haliez),  Volhynia, 
Ryazan,  Tver,  Tchernigoff,  Polotsk,  etc.  The  Mongol  in- 
vasion, and  the  conquest  of  all  Russia  except  Novgorod, 
happened  about  1240.  The  Russian  principalities  became 
tributary  to  the  khans.  Moscow  became  a principality  at 
the  close  of  the  13th  century,  and  the  chief  power  in  1328. 
(See  Moscow.)  Russia  was  freed  from  the  Mongol  yoke  in 
1480.  Theworkof  consolidation  wasgreatly  advanced  under 
Ivan  III.  ,V  asili,  and  Ivan  IV.  (See  summary  of  acquisitions 
below.)  The  title  of  czar  (or  tsar)  was  assumed  by  Ivan 
IV.  in  1547.  The  dynasty  of  Rurik  came  to  an  end  in  1598. 
The  date  of  the  accession  of  the  house  of  Romanoff  (the 
present  reigning  house)  is  1613.  A great  development  of 
the  country  took  place  under  Peter  the  Great  (1689-1725): 
Russia  took  part  in  the  Northern  War  ; and  the  capital  St. 
Petersburg  was  built.  It  was  also  involved  in  the  Seven 
Years’  War.  The  reign  of  Catharine  II.  (1762-96)  was  sig- 
nalized by  wars  with  Turkey  (1768-74  and  1787-92)  and  with 
Sweden  (1788-90).  Russia  was  at  war  with  France  1798- 
1801.  The  following  are  the  leading  events  and  ineidentsof 
more  recent  history:  Reign  of  Alexander  I.,  1801-25  : war 
with  France,  1805-07 ; alliance  with  Fi  ance,  1807-12;  inva- 
sion of  Russia  by  Napoleon,  1812  ; war  with  France,  1812- 
1815  ; Holy  Alliance  (with  Austria  and  Prussia) ; wars  with 
Turkey,  Persia,  and  Sweden  ; reign  of  Nicholas,  1825-55  ; 
war  with  Persia,  1826-28 ; war  with  Turkey,  1827-29 ; Polish 
insurrection,  1830-31 ; Hungarian  rebellion  suppressed  by 
Russian  aid,  1849  ; Crimean  war,  1863-56 ; reign  of  Alexan- 
der II.,  1855-81 ; emancipation  of  the  serfs,  1861;  growlh  of 
nihilism ; war  with  Turkey,  1877-78  ; assassinat  ion  of  Alex- 


Russia 

ander  II.,  1881 ; famine,  1891-92;  war  with  Japan,  Feb., 
1904-Sept.,  1905  (see  Jiuxso- Japanese  War),  revolutionary 
movement,  1905-06  ; the  partial  grant  of  popular  govern- 
ment and  the  election  of  a parliament  (Duma),  1906. 
The  Russian  territories  were  acquired  as  follows : Mos- 
cow was  founded  as  a principality,  in  the  end  of  the 
13th  century,  by  Daniel,  son  of  Alexander  Nevski  (of 
Novgorod).  Vasili  (1389-1426),  grand  prince  of  Moscow 
and  Vladimir,  acquired  Suzdal,  Murom,  Vologda,  and 
other  territories.  Ivan  III.  (1462-1505)  acquired  Perm  in 
1472,  Novgorod  iu  1478,  Tver  in  1482,  Vyatka  in  1489,  Rostoff 
and  vast  regions  in  the  north,  and  made  conquests  from 
Lithuania  as  far  westward  as  the  river  Soga.  Vasili  (1505- 
1533)  acquired  Pskoff  in  1510,  and  Ryazan  about  1521. 
Under  Ivan  IV.,  Kazan  was  acquired  in  1552,  and  As- 
trakhan in  1654.  The  Don  Cossacks  came  under  the  pro- 
tection of  Russia,  and  a great  part  of  Siberia  was  added. 
The  acquisition  of  Siberia  went  on  through  the  17th  cen- 
tury. Under  Alexis  (1645-76),  Smolensk,  Kieff,  and  the 
eastern  Ukraine  were  added  (about  1667).  By  the  treaty 
of  Nystad,  Peter  the  Great  gained  from  Sweden  Livonia, 
Esthonia,  Ingria,  and  Karelia,  which  had  been  conquered 
several  years  previously.  There  was  a small  cession  in 
southern  Russia  by  Turkey  in  the  reign  of  Anna  (1730-40). 
Part  of  Finland  was  acquired  by  Elizabeth  in  1743.  Lithu- 
ania and  a large  part  of  Poland  were  acquired  by  the  par- 
titions of  1772,  1793,  and  179(5,  under  Catharine  II  : she 
received  cessions  from  Turkey  in  the  peace  of  1774.  the 
terms  of  which  enabled  her  to  annex  the  Crimea  (1783)  ; 
annexed  the  republic  of  the  Saporogian  Cossacks  ; gained 
territory  from  Turkey  between  the  Bug  and  Dniester  in 
1792 ; and  annexed  Courland  in  1795.  Paul  annexed  Georgia 
in  1801.  Finland  was  conquered  in  1808-09  by  Alexander 
I.,  who  also  won  Bessarabia  from  Turkey  in  1812.  By  the 
treaties  of  1815  a large  part  of  the  duchy  of  Warsaw  was 
assigned  as  the  kingdom  of  Poland  to  Alexander  I.  He 
added  also  Daghestan,  Mingrelia,  Imeritia,  and  Shirvan. 
Nicholas  in  1828  acquired  Erivan  and  Nakliitchevan  from 
Persia,  and  in  1829  Poti  and  other  fortresses  near  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Black  Sea  from  Turkey,  and  received 
the  submission  of  the  Kirghiz.  Under  Alexander  II.  the 
Caucasus  practically  submitted  in  1859  ; the  Amur  terri- 
tory was  gained  in  1858 ; the  Khanate  of  Samarkand  was 
gained  in  1868 ; and  Bokhara  became  a vassal  state.  Rus- 
sian America  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1867. 
Khiva  became  a vassal  state  in  1873.  The  Chinese  prov- 
ince of  Kuldja  was  acquired  in  1871,  but  retroceded  in 
1881.  Khokand  was  annexed  in  1876.  The  strip  of  Bessa- 
rabia, lost  in  1856,  was  regained  in  1878,  and  Kars  and 
Batum  were  gained  at  the  same  time.  Geok-Tepe  was 
taken  in  1881.  The  Merv  oasis  submitted  in  1884.  The 
region  around  Pendjdeh,  in  northwestern  Afghanistan, 
was  gained  1887-88.  The  area  of  European  Russia  proper 
is  returned  as  1,862,524  square  miles,  and  the  population 
as  113,841,000  ; including  Poland  and  Finland,  the  area  is 
2,037,326  square  miles,  and  the  population  128,170,500.  The 
area  of  the  Russian  empire  is  8,647,657  square  miles,  and 
the  population  155,433,500. 

Russia,  Great,  Little,  Red,  White.  See  Great 
Russia,  etc. 

Russian  America.  An  old  name  of  Alaska. 
Russian  Armenia.  That  part  of  Armenia  which 
is  included  in  Russia.  It  was  conquered  in 
part  from  Persia  (1827-28)  and  in  part  from 
Turkey  (1877-78),  and  comprises  the  govern- 
ments of  Erivan  and  Kars. 

Russian  Asia.  See  Asiatic  Russia. 

Russian  Byron,  The.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  Pushkin. 

Russian-German  Legion.  In  the  war  against 
France  1813-14,  a corps  recruited  from  Germans 
in  Russia,  in  the  Russian  service,  but  under 
Prussian  military  rules,  and  supported  by  Great 
Britain. 

Russian  Turkestan.  See  Turkestan. 

Russian  Wars  with  Turkey.  The  most  im- 
portant of  the  so-called  Russo-Turkish  or  Turco- 
Russian  wars  in  modern  times  are  the  following. 
(1)  Wars  of  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great : Russia  con- 
quered  Azoff,  1696 ; truce  (the  peace  of  Carlowitz)  1699 ; 
war  renewed,  1711  ; Russian  reverses ; treaty  of  the  Pruth, 
1711.  (2)  War  of  1736-39 : Austria  on  the  side  of  Russia.  (3) 
Warof  1768-74 : Russians  generally  successful  in  the  Danu- 
bian  principalities  and  the  Crimea ; advance  into  Bulgaria, 
1773-74 ; Russians  repulsed  before  Silistria,  Varna,  and 
Shumla ; peace  of  Kutchuk-Kainardji,  1774 ; Tatars  in  the 
south  of  Russia  freed  from  allegiance  to  Turkey;  Russian 
conquests  in  southern  Russia  retained.  (4)  War  of  1787- 
1792  (Austria  on  the  side  of  Russia) : Otchakolf  stormed  by 
the  Russians,  1788 ; Russians  and  Austrians  gained  the 
victory  of  Fokshani,  1789 ; Suvaroff  stormed  Ismail,  1790  ; 
peace  of  Jassy,  1792;  Russian  boundary  extended  to  the 
Dniester.  (5)  War  of  1806-12;  war  commenced,  1806; 
truce,  1807 ; war  renewed,  1809;  terminated  by  the  peace 
of  Bukharest,  1812 ; Russian  boundary  extended  to  the 
Pruth.  (6)  War  of  1827-29;  Russian  fleet  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Navarino,  1827 ; war  declared,  1828  ; Russians 
took  Varna,  1828;  repulsed  before  Shumla  and  Silistria; 
successful  under  Paskevitch  in  Asia,  1828-29;  Russians 
under  Diebitsch  crossed  the  Balkans,  1829 ; war  ended  by 
the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  1829.  (7)  War  of  1853-56:  see 

Crimean  War.  (8)  War  of  1877-78:  war  declared,  April, 
1877;  Russians  crossed  the  Danube,  June;  Shipka  Pass 
taken,  July;  Russian  reverses  before  Plevna,  July  and 
Sept.;  defeat  of  the  Turks  atAladja  lJagh,  Oct.;  Russians 
stormed  Kars,  Nov.;  fall  of  Plevna,  Dec.;  Russians  crossed 
the  Balkans  under  Gourko  and  others,  Dec.  1877, -Jan., 
1878,  and  advanced  to  the  outskirts  of  Constantinople ; 
peace  of  San  Stefano  (very  disadvantageous  to  Turkey) 
concluded,  March,  1878;  intervention  of  England  in 
behalf  of  Turkey ; final  settlement  at  the  Congress  of 
Berlin. 

Rustam  (Pers.  pron.  ros-tem').  A hero  of  the 
Shahnamah,  sou  of  Zal  and  Rudabab,  daughter 
of  Mihrab,  king  of  Kabul.  On  the  first  day  of  his 
life  he  became  as  large  as  a child  a year  old,  and  ten  nurses 


875 

were  necessary  to  provide  him  with  milk.  While  a mere 
child  he  kills  a raging  elephant,  and  while  still  a youth  he 
avenges  the  death  of  his  great-grandfather  Nariman  by 
taking  the  fortress  of  Sipand,  which  he  enters  disguised 
as  a salt-merchant.  In  the  reign  of  Garshasp,  Zal  gives 
over  the  dignity  of  Pahlavan,  or  champion  of  the  realm, 
to  Rustam,  who  takes  the  club  of  Sam  and  chooses  his 
horse  Raksh.  On  the  death  of  Garshasp,  Rustam  is  sent 
to  offer  the  crown  to  Kaiqubad,  who  is  at  Mount  Alburz. 
Returning  with  Kaiqubad,  Rustam  defeats  without  help 
the  armies  of  Afrasyab.  Rustam  fights  with  Afrasyab  him- 
self, and  drags  him  fastened  by  his  girdle  to  Raksll.  The 
girdle  breaks,  and  Afrasyab  is  hidden  by  his  warriors.  He 
advises  Pashang,  the  king  of  Turan,  to  make  peace.  In 
the  next  reign  (that  of  Kaikawus)  Rustam  has  his  seven 
adventures,  encountered  in  delivering  Kaikawus  from  the 
King  of  Mazandaran.  Raksh  kills  a lion,  Rustam  finds  a 
spring  in  a burning  desert,  slays  a dragon  eighty  feet  long, 
slays  an  enchantress,  subdues  Aulad  and  spares  his  life  on 
condition  that  he  shall  guide  him  to  the  caves  of  the  White 
Demon,  slays  the  demon  chief  Arzang,  and  finally  slays  the 
White  Demon.  After  the  return  of  Kaikawus,  Rustam 
goes  to  hunt  in  Turan,  where  his  horse  Raksh  is  captured 
as  Rustam  sleeps.  Rustam  goes  to  the  city  of  Samangan 
to  recover  the  steed  ; is  received  with  honor  by  its  king; 
and  weds  his  daughter  Tahminali.  Summoned  away  be- 
fore the  birth  of  his  son,  Rustam  leaves  for  him  a bracelet 
by  which  he  is  to  recognize  him.  When  Suhrab  the  son 
is  born,  Tahminah,  fearing  that  the  child  will  be  taken 
away  to  Iran,  pretends  that  it  is  a daughter.  Suhrab  grows 
up  unknown  to  his  father,  and  becomes  a great  warrior. 
The  Turanians  and  Iranians  fight.  A council  of  chiefs  de- 
cides for  single  combat  between  the  leaders  Suhrab  and 
Rustam,  wJjen  Rustam  kills  Suhrab.  Learning  from  the 
bracelet  that  he  has  slain  his  son,  he  returns  in  grief  to 
Zabulistan,  whence  he  comes  later  to  kill  Sudabah,  the 
treacherous  wife  of  Kaikawus,  and  to  continue  the  war  with 
Turan,  in  which  he  performs  endless  exploits  in  the  reigns 
of  Kaikhusrau,  Luhrasp,  and  Gushtasp,  the  most  consider- 
able being  the  combat  with  Asfandiyar.  (See  Isfendiyar.) 
Zal,  father  of  Rustam,  had  by  a slave  a son,  Shaghad,  who, 
the  astrologers  said,  was  to  be  the  ruin  of  his  race.  This 
Shaghad,  becoming  the  son-in  law  of  the  King  of  Kabul, 
was  irritated  at  the  annual  tribute  of  a cowskin  paid  by 
Kabul  to  Zabul,  and  by  a ruse  drew  Rustam  and  a hundred 
knights  to  Kabul,  where  they  were  lured  into  a hunting- 
park  in  which  had  been  dug  concealed  trenches  filled  with 
javelins.  Raksh  sank  into  one  of  these.  Rustam  came 
up  wounded  unto  death,  but  before  his  death  was  able  to 
pierce  with  an  arrow  the  treacherous  Shaghad. 
Rustchuk  (ros-ehok' ),  or  Ruscuk.  A city  in  Bul- 
garia, situated  on  the  Danube,  at  the  junction  of 
theLom,  inlat.  43° 50'  N.,long.  25° 58'  E.  itwas 
long  an  important  strategic  point  in  the  Russian  and  Turk- 
ish wars.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Russians  in 
1810 ; destroyed  in  1811 ; rebuilt  in  1812  ; and  besieged  by 
the  Russians  in  1877-78,  when  the  fortifications  were  nearly 
destroyed.  Population,  33,632. 

Rustebceuf.  See  Butebceuf. 

Rtistow  (riis'to),  Wilhelm  Friedrich.  Bom  at 

Brandenburg,  Prussia,  May  25, 1821:  committed 
suicide  at  Zurich,  Aug.  14,  1878.  A German 
military  writer.  He  served  with  Garibaldi  in  I860.  His 
works  include  “ Geschichte  des  griechischen  Kriegswe- 
sens  ” (“  History  of  the  Greek  Military  Art,"  1852),  “ Heer- 
wesen  und  Kriegftihrung  Casars  ” (1856),  works  on  Napo- 
leon I.'s  campaigns,  “Die  Feldherrnkunst  des  19.  Jahr- 
hunderts"  (1857),  “Geschichte  der  Infanterie ” (1857-58), 
“Militarisches  Handworterbuch  ’’(“Military  Dictionary," 
1859),  etc. 

Ruteboeuf  (riit-bef').  Born  probably  about  1230: 
died  about  1280.  A French  trouvere  of  the  13th 
century.  Very  little  is  known  concerning  him  beyond 
what  may  be  gathered  from  his  own  writings.  Gaston 
Paris  passes  the  following  judgment  on  his  works : “ The 
Parisian  poetry  of  Rutebteuf  is  semi-popular  in  form.  It 
stands  by  itself  in  subject-matter  and  inspiration.  The 
poet  celebrates  the  events  and  the  people  of  note  in  his 
day ; or  he  interests  himself  keenly  in  the  dissensions  ex- 
isting between  the  church  and  the  University  of  Paris ; or 
again,  and  this  is  most  frequently  the  case,  he  relates  his 
own  troubles  in  his  humble  clerkship  where  he  depends 
for  the  support  of  his  family  upon  either  the  favor  of  the 
nobles  or  public  charity.”  Besides  being  a caustic  satir- 
ist, Ruteboeuf  wrote  a.  number  of  tableaux,  among  others 
“ Chariot  le  Juif, ” “ L’Arae  du  vilain,”  “ Frere Denise," and 
“Le  testament  de  Pane”;  he  is  also  the  author  of  the  po- 
etic compositions  “Notre-Dame,”  “ La  voie  de  Paradis," 
“Le  miracle  de  Th4ophile”  (a  sort  of  miracle-play  which 
might  be  said  to  contain  the  germ  of  Calderon's  “ El  Ma- 
gico  Prodigioso,”  and  thus  remotely  of  Goethe’s  “Raust"  — 
Lowelt),  “ Sainte-Marie  l’Egyptienne,"  “Sainte-Elisabeth 
de  Hongrie,"  etc. 

Ruteni  (ro-te'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a people 
in  southern  Gaul,  occupying  the  later  Rouergue. 
Rutennu  (ro-ten'no).  See  the  extract. 

Syria,  in  the  widest  sense  of  the  word,  was  known  to  the 
Egyptians  as  the  country  of  the  Rutennu  or  Lutennu.  It 
was  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,  the  Lower  Rutennu  ex- 
tending from  the  ranges  of  the  Lebanon  as  far  as  Mesopo- 
tamia. What  is  meant  by  the  Upper  Rutennu  is  made 
clear  in  an  inscription  of  Thothmes  III.,  in  which  the 
towns  he  had  conquered  from  Kadesh  on  the  Orontes  to 
the  southern  boundaries  of  Palestine  are  described  as 
cities  of  the  Upper  Rutennu. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  123. 

Rutgers  ( rut'gerz),  Henry.  Born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  7,  1745 : died  there,  Feb.  17,  1830.  An 
American  philanthropist.  lie  graduated  at  Colum- 
bia College  in  1766;  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War ; and 
was  a member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  New  York  State 
University  1802-26.  He  gave  $5,000  to  Queen's  College,  New 
Jersey,  which  took  the  name  of  Rutgers  College  in  1825. 
Rutgers  College.  An  institution  of  learning  at 
New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey:  called  originally 
(Queen’s  College.  It  was  chartered  under  the  latter 


Rutledge,  John 

name  in  1766. — asecond  charter  being  issued  in  1770  — and 
was  opened  in  1771.  It  was  closed  during  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  the  building  being  burned  by  the  British ; and  in- 
struction was  subsequently  twice  suspended  for  financial 
reasons  (1795-1805  and  1816-25).  In  1825  it  was  enabled  to 
resume  its  exercises  by  a gift  from  Henry  Rutgers,  whose 
name  it  adopted.  It  offers,  besides  the  courses  in  the 
academic  department,  courses  in  engineering,  ceramics, 
agriculture,  etc.  It  has  an  observatory.  The  State  agri- 
cultural experiment  station  is  connected  with  its  scientific 
school.  It  has  about  50  instructors  and  400  students. 

Ruth  (roth).  [Heb.,  ‘ a friend.’]  The  leading 
character  of  the  Book  of  Ruth,  a Moabitess  who 
with  Naomi  went  to  Bethlehem  and  there  mar- 
ried Boaz : an  ancestor  of  David. 

Rutherford  (nmi'er-foPd),  Daniel.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  Nov.  3,  1749 : died  there,  Nov.  15, 
1819.  A Scottish  physician  and  scientist,  the 
discoverer  of  nitrogen. 

Rutherford,  or  Rutherfurd  (rurH'dr-ferd), 
Samuel.  Born  at  Nisbet,  Roxburghshire,  about 
1600 : died  March  29, 1661.  A Scottish  Presby- 
terian clergyman,  theologian,  and  controver- 
sialist. He  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Edinburgh  in  1621,  and 
became  professor  there  in  1623.  He  was  banished  for  his 
severe  Calvinism  from  1636  to  1638.  In  1643  he  attended 
the  Assembly  at  Westminster.  He  wrote  “Lex  Rex” 
(1644),  which  was  publicly  burned  by  the  authorities,  and 
other  works,  but  is  best  known  from  his  “Letters”  (first 
published  in  1664). 

Rutherfurd,  Lewis  Morris.  Born  at  Morrisa- 
nia,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  25,  1816:  died  at  Tranquillity, 
N.  J.,  May  30, 1892.  A distinguished  American 
physicist.  He  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1834, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837,  but  abandoned  law  in 
1849  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  physics.  He 
obtained  important  results  in  astronomical  photography, 
and  by  means  of  a ruling-engine,  designed  by  him  in  1870, 
constructed  the  finest  diffraction-gratings  which  had,  up 
to  that  time,  been  made  (now  surpassed  by  those  of  flow- 
land  ). 

Rutherglen  (ruTH'er-glen,  popularly  rugTen). 
A royal  burgh  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated near  the  Clyde  3 miles  southeast  of 
Glasgow.  Population,  royal  burgh,  18,280. 

Ruthven  (ruth'ven,  locally  riv'en),  Raid  of. 
In  Scottish  history,  a conspiracy  at  Castle  Ruth- 
ven, near  Perth,  in  1582.  The  Earls  of  Gowrie,  Mar, 
and  others  seized  the  person  of  James  VI.,  and  took  him 
out  of  the  keeping  of  his  guardians,  the  Duke  of  Lennox 
and  the  Earl  of  Arran. 

Ruthwell  Cross.  See  the  extract. 

Among  the  remains  of  the  Northumbrian  Saxon  is  the 
runic  writing  combined  with  sculpture  from  sacred  sub- 
jects and  Latin  inscriptions  upon  the  stone  obelisks  at 
Ruthwell,  on  the  Scottish  border  — an  obelisk  or  cross  that 
was  flung  down  by  the  Presbyterians  in  1642,  and  had  part 
of  its  writing  then  effaced.  The  Ruthwell  runes  had  been 
misread  by  Repp  and  Professor  Finn  Magnusen  as  half 
Danish  or  as  some  perfectly  new  language,  and  they  were 
first  rightly  interpreted  by  John  Mitchell  Kemble,  in  a 
paper  on  Anglo-Saxon  Runes  read  to  the  London  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  as  an  inscription  in  what  was  the  English 
of  Northumbria  during  the  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth  cen- 
turies. Mr.  Kemble  then  pointed  out  that  they  set  forth 
a few  couplets  of  a religious  poem  on  the  events  sculptured 
in  the  two  principal  compartments  of  the  stone,  namely, 
the  washing  of  our  Saviour’s  feet  by  Mary  Magdalene  and 
the  glorification  of  Christ  through  His  Passion.  The  cor- 
rectness of  his  interpretation  was  afterwards  proved  by 
the  discovery  of  lines  similar  to  those  read  by  him  in  one 
of  the  poems  of  the  Vercelli  Book. 

Morley , English  Writers,  IL  174. 

Rutilico  (ro-til'i-ko).  [Prom  L.  rutilicus,  glit- 
tering.] A rarely  used  name  for  the  bright 
third-magnitude  star  /i  Herculis,  more  usually 
called  Korneforos. 

Rutlam,  or  Ratlam  (rut'lam).  1.  A native 
state  in  India,  under  British  protection,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  23°  15'  N.,  long.  75°  E.  Area, 
902  square  miles.  Population,  83,773. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  state  of  Rutlam.  Population, 
36,321. 

Rutland  (rut'land).  The  smallest  county  in 
England.  Chief  town,  Oakham,  it  is  bounded  by 
Lincoln  on  the  northeast,  Northampton  on  the  southeast, 
and  Leicester  on  the  west  and  northwest.  The  surface  is 
undulating.  It  contains  the  fertile  vale  of  Catmoss.  Area, 
(ad.  co.),  152  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  19,709. 

Rutland.  The  capital  of  Rutland  County,  cen- 
tral Vermont,  situated  on  Otter  Creek  in  lat.  43° 
37'  N.  It  is  noted  for  its  qnarrles  of  white  marble.  It 
was  one  of  the  capitals  of  Vermont  1784-1804.  Population, 
13,546,  (1910). 

Rutland,  Dukes  of.  See  Manners. 

Rutledge  (rut'lej),  Edward.  Born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  Nov.  23,  1749:  died  there,  Jan.  23, 
1800.  An  American  politician,  brother  of  John 
Rutledge.  lie  was  a member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1774-77,  and  a signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence; served  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  was  taken 
prisoner ; and  was  governor  of  South  Carolina  1798-1800. 

Rutledge,  John.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C., 
1739;  died  at  Charleston,  July  23,  1800.  An 
American  statesman.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Stamp  Act  Congress  in  1765,  of  the  South  Carolina  Conven- 
tion in  1774,  and  of  the  Continental  Congress  1774-75  ; was 
presidentof  SouthCarolinal776-78,governorof  South  Caro- 
lina 1779-82,  and  member  of  Congress  1782-83 ; was  a dele- 


Rutledge,  John 


876 


Ryswick 


gate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787 ; was  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1789-91 ; 
was  chief  justice  of  South  Carolina  1791-95  ; and  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
in  1795,  but  was  not  confirmed. 

Riitii  (rtit'li),  or  Griitli  (griit'li).  A meadow 
in  the  mountains  of  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzer- 
land, situated  near  the  southern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne,  15  miles  east-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. It  is  famous  as  the  legendary  scene  of  the  for- 
mation of  the  Swiss  League  against  Austria,  by  Stauf- 
facher,  Arnold  von  Melchthal,  Walther  F' first,  and  thirty 
others,  Nov.  8,  1307. 

Rutnagherry.  See  Ratnagiri. 

Rutter  (rut'6r),  Joseph.  Lived  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  An  English  dramatic  author.  He 
was  of  noble  family  (that  of  the  Earl  of  Dorset),  and  at  the 
earl’s  order  translated  into  English  “ The  Cid,"  from  the 
French  of  Corneille  (first  part  printed  in  1637).  The  sec- 
ond part  of  “ The  Cid  ” was  printed  in  1640,  and  was  trans- 
lated by  Rutter  at  the  command  of  the  king.  “ The  Shep- 
herd’s Holiday,”  a pastoral  tragicomedy,  acted  at  White- 
hall and  printed  at  London  in  1635,  is  also  ascribed  to 
him. 

Rutuli  (ro'tu-li).  In  Roman  legendary  history, 
a people  of  Latium,  whose  capital  was  Ardea. 
Their  king  Turnus  was  famous  in  connection 
with  the  legends  of  ^33neas. 

Ruvo  di  Puglia  (ro'vo  de  pol'ya).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Bari,  southeastern  Italy, 22  miles 
west  of  Bari : the  ancient  Rubi.  Many  ancient 
Apulian  vases  have  been  discovered  here.  Pop- 
ulation, 23,776. 

Ruwenzori  (ro-wen-zd're),  Mount.  A moun- 
tain-range in  equatorial  Africa,  between  Al- 
bert Nyanza  and  Albert  Edward  Nvanza.  It 
was  discovered  by  Stanley  in  1888.  Highest 
peak,  16,816  feet  (Abruzzi). 

RuyBlas  (rue  bias).  I.  A dramaby  Victor  Hugo, 
produced  in  1838  at  Paris.  RuyBlas,  the  principal 
character,  is  a lackey  who  rises  to  power,  loves  the  queen, 
enjoys  a terrible  revenge  on  his  previous  master,  Don 
Salluste,  who  endeavors  to  degrade  her,  and  kills  himself 
to  save  her  honor. 

2.  An  opera  by  Marcketti,  first  produced  at 
Milan  in  1869. 

Ruy  Diaz.  See  Cid. 

Ruysch  (roisch ) , Frederik.  Born  at  The  Hague, 
March  23,  1638 : died  Feb.  22,  1731.  A noted 
Dutch  anatomist  and  surgeon,  professor  of 
anatomy,  and  later  of  botany,  at  Amsterdam. 
He  investigated  the  lymphatics,  etc. 

Ruysdael,  or  Ruisdael,  or  Ruisdaal  (rois'dal), 
Jakob.  Born  at  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  about 
1625 : died  there,  March  14,  1682.  A Dutch 
landscape-painter  and  etcher.  He  is  noted  for 
representations  of  forest  scenery,  etc. : the  figures  are  by 
other  artists.  His  works  are  in  the  Netherlands,  Paris, 
London,  Dresden,  and  elsewhere. 

Ruyter  (ri'tOr ; D.  pron.  roi'ter),  Michel  Adri- 
aanszoon  de.  Boru  at  Flushing,  Netherlands, 
March  24, 1607 : died  at  Syracuse,  Italy,  April  29, 


1676.  A famous  Dutch  admiral.  He  served  against 
the  Spaniards  in  1641,  and  against  the  English  1652-54. 
He  was  made  vice-admiral  of  Holland  in  1653,  and  in  1659 
commanded  the  Dutch  fleet  which  supported  Denmark 
against  Sweden.  He  was  ennobled  by  the  King  of  Denmark 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  in  1660.  He  was  subsequently 
made  admlral-in-chief  of  the  Dutch  fleet,  and  commanded 
against  the  English  1665-67,  sailing  up  the  Thames  and 
Medway  in  1667.  He  commanded  against  the  combined 
English  and  French  fleets  1672-73,  and  was  mortally 
wounded  in  a battle  against  the  French  off  Messina,  in 
April,  1676. 

Ryan,  Lacy.  Born  1694  (?) : died  Aug.  15, 1760. 
A British  actor,  contemporary  with  Better- 
ton,  with  whom  he  acted,  on  his  first  appear- 
ance, as  Seyton  to  Betterton’s  Macbeth.  He 
rose  to  the  first  place  among  actors  of  the  second  rank. 
He  played  Orestes,  Lord  Townley,  Edgar,  Macduff,  Iago, 
Cassio,  and  many  other  characters  with  great  effect. 

Ryan  (ri'an),  Loch.  An  arm  of  the  sea  in  Wig- 
townshire, Scotland.  Length,  8 miles. 

Ryance  (ri'ans),  or  Ryence  (rl'ens).  A legen- 
dary king  of  Ireland  aud  Wales,  in  the  Arthurian 
legends.  His  sword  was  named  Marandaise. 
Ryazan,  or  Riazan  (re-a-zan').  1.  A govern- 
ment of  central  Russia,  surrounded  by  Vladi- 
mir. Tamboff,  Tula,  and  Moscow,  it  is  traversed 
by  the  Oka.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Area,  16,190  square  miles. 
Population,  2,192,300. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Ryazan, 
situated  on  the  Trubej,  near  the  Oka,  about 
lat.  54°  42'  N..  long.  39°  50'  E.  The  capital  of  the 
old  principality  of  Ryazan  was  Old  Ryazan,  situated  on  the 
Oka.  Population,  47,100. 

Ryazan,  Principality  of.  A medieval  princi- 
pality of  Russia.  It  was  frequently  a rival  of  Mus- 
covy, and  was  annexed  by  Muscovy  about  152L 

Rybinsk  (rii-bensk' ),  or  Ruibinsk,  orRiibinsk. 

A town  in  the  government  of  Yaroslaff,  cen- 
tral Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Sheksna,  170  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Moscow.  It  i3  an  important  center  of 
transit  trade  over  the  Volga  and  the  canal-system  which 
connect  SL  Petersburg  with  the  southeast  of  Russia. 
Population,  27,700. 

Rycaut,  or  Ricaut  (re-kd'),  Sir  Paul.  Died  in 
England,  Dec.  16,  1700.  An  English  diploma- 
tist, traveler,  and  historian.  He  wrote  “Present 
State  of  the  Ottoman  Empire ”(1670)  and  “His- 
tory of  the  Turks  1623-1699”  (1680-1700). 

Rvdal  (ri'dal).  A village  in  Westmoreland, 
England,  2 miles  north-northwest  of  Amble- 
side.  It  contains  Rydal  Mount,  the  home  of 
Wordsworth. 

Ryde  (rid).  A town  and  watering-place  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  situated  on  the  north- 
ern coast  5 miles  south-southwest  of  Portsmouth. 
Population,  11,043. 

Rydqvist  (rid'kvist),  Johan  Erik.  Born  at 
Gothenburg,  Sweden,  Oct.  20,  1800:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Dec.  19,  1877.  A Swedish  philolo- 


gist and  author,  chief  librarian  of  the  royal  li- 
brary 1858—65.  He  wrote  “ Svenska  sprfikets  Lagar  " 
(“Laws  of  the  Swedish  Language,"  1850-74),  etc.,  and  ed- 
ited “ Heimdall,”  a literary  journal,  1828-32. 

Rye  (ri).  A former  seaport  in  the  county  of 
Sussex,  England,  situated  near  the  English 
Channel  53  miles  southeast  of  London.  It  Is  one 
of  the  ancient  Cinque  Ports,  and  formerly  stood  directly  on 
the  coast,  ijfmd  has  silted  up  its  harbor.  Pop.,  3,900. 

Rye.  A town  in  Rockingham  County,  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  di- 
rectly south  of  Portsmouth.  The  summer  resort 
Rye  Beach  is  near  it.  Population,  1,014,  (1910). 

Rye  House  Plot.  In  English  history,  a conspir- 
acy by  some  extreme  Whigs  to  kill  Charles  II. 
and  the  Duke  of  York  (James  II.),  June,  1683. 
It  is  so  called  from  Rye  House  in  Hertfordshire,  the  meet- 
ing-place of  the  conspirators.  Lord  Russell  (see  JlusseU, 
William),  Algernon  Sidney,  and  Robert  Baillie  were  exe- 
cuted for  alleged  complicity. 

Ryle  (ril),  John  Charles.  Born  May  10, 1816: 
died  June  10,  1900.  Bishop  of  Liverpool.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  and  in  1880  was 
appointed  bishop  of  Liverpool.  He  was  the  author  of  nu- 
merous religious  works. 

Rymer  (ri'mer),  Thomas.  Born  1641:  died 
at  London,  Dec.  14,  1713.  A noted  English 
antiquary.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray’s  Inn 

June  16,  1673.  In  1692  he  succeeded  Thomas  Shadwell  as 
historiographer  royal.  On  Aug.  26,  1693,  he  began  the 
great  “ Foedera,”  based  on  the  “Codex  Juris  Gentium 
Diplomaticus”  of  Leibnitz.  It  is  a compilation  of  all  the 
treaties,  conventions,  correspondence,  and  other  records 
relating  to  the  foreign  relations  of  England  from  1101  A.  D. 
to  his  own  time.  The  publication  was  completed  after  hie 
death,  in  1735.  His  critical  work  was  good,  but  he  pro- 
duced an  unsuccessful  play,  “Edgar,  or  the  English  Mon- 
arch ” (1678). 

Rysdyk’s  Hambletonian  (10).  A bay  trotting 
stallion,  foaled  about  1849.  From  him  has  sprung 
most  of  the  improved  trotting  stock  of  America.  He  was 
by  Abdallah  (1),  dam  the  Charles  Kent  mare ; Abdallah  by 
Mambrino,  dam  Amazonia  ; and  Mambrino  by  Messenger 
out  of  a.thoroughbred  mare.  The  Charles  Kent  mare  was 
by  the  imported  Norfolk  trotter  Bellfounder  out  of  One 
Eye  by  a son  of  Messenger.  He  was  thus  a cross  between 
the  thoroughbred  and  the  partially  developed  English 
trotting  horse  of  the  day. 


in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands, 
2 miles  south-southeast  of  The  Hague,  Sept.  21, 
1697,  between  France  on  the  one  side  and  Eng- 
land, the  Netherlands,  and  Spain  on  the  other. 
France  acknowledged  William  III.  as  king  of  England, 
abandoning  the  cause  of  the  Stuarts,  and  restored  con- 
quests in  Catalonia  and  in  the  Spanish  Netherlands  (ex- 
cept certain  “reunited ” towns);  the  Dutch  restored  Pon- 
dicherry to  the  French  ; and  England  and  France  mutually 
restored  conquests  in  America.  The  treaty  was  ratified  by 
the  Empire  Oct.  30 : France  restored  its  conquests  except 
those  in  Alsace ; the  Duke  of  Lorraine  had  most  of  his  do- 
minions restored  ; and  a clause  prejudicial  to  the  Protes- 
tants was  inserted,  applying  to  the  towns  “reunited"  by 
France. 


k (sa),  Estacio  de.  Born  in 
Portugal  about  1520:  ‘died 
at  Sao  Sebastiao  (Rio  de 
Janeiro),  Feb.  20,  1567.  A 
Portuguese  captain, nepbew 
of  Mem  de  S&.  In  1564  he  was 
seri  against  the  French  Protes- 
tant colony  in  Brazil.  Aided  by 
his  uncle,  he  founded  the  city  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  March,  1566,  but 
was  closely  besieged  there  by  the  French  and  Indians,  who 
were  defeated  only  on  the  arrival  of  Mem  de  84  with  rein- 
forcements. Estacio  de  S4  died  of  a wound  received  in 
the  engagement. 

Set,  Mem  or  Men  de.  Born  at  Coimbra,  Portu- 
gal, about  1500 : died  at  Bahia,  Brazil,  March  2, 
1572.  Governor-general  of  Brazil  from  1558 
(appointed  1556).  In  March,  1660,  he  took  the  French 
fort  of  Villegagnon  in  the  harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  but 
was  unable  to  dislodge  the  interlopers  from  the  interior, 
and  they  returned  after  he  had  left.  In  1566  the  city  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro  was  founded  (see  Sd,  Estacio  de),  and  on 
Jan.  21,  1567,  Mem  de  84  completely  defeated  the  French 
and  their  Indian  allies.  He  put  down  several  Indian  re- 
volts, and  laid  the  foundations  of  the  future  prosperity  of 
the  country. 

Saadi.  See  Sadi. 

Saadia  Gaon  ( sa-ad  'y  a ga-on ' ) . Born  at  F ayum, 
Egypt,  892:  died  942.  A celebrated  Jewish 
exegete,  religious  philosopher,  and  apologist. 
He  became  gaon  (i.  e.  head  of  the  Talmudic  academy)  at 
Sora.  He  may  be  considered  as  the  founder  of  scientific 
Judaism,  and  the  creator  of  religious  philosophy  in  the 
middle  ages.  He  defended  Judaism  against  Karalsm, 
Christianity,  and  Islam.  Besides  his  polemical  works,  he 
wrote  many  treatises  on  the  Talmud,  composed  a Hebrew 
lexicon  (“  Iggaron  ”),  and  translated  the  Old  Testament  into 
Arabic.  But  his  principal  work  is  on  the  philosophy  of 
religion,  written  in  Arabic  “Kitab  al-Amanat  wa’l  Itiqa- 
dot”;  in  Hebrew,  “Emunoth  we-Deoth  " (“Faiths  and 
Opinions  "),  in  which  he  attempts  to  bring  the  doctrines 
of  Judaism  into  a system,  and  to  reconcile  them  with  the 
philosophy  of  his  time.  In  his  various  controversies 
Saadia  displayed  not  only  great  learning  and  clearness  of 
thinking,  but  also  mildness  and  tolerance. 

Saalach.  See  Saale,  Salzburger. 

Saale  (za'le),  Franconian.  A river  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria : the  chief  right-hand  tribu- 
tary of  the  Main,  which  it  joins  at  Gemiinden, 
21  miles  northwest  of  Wurzburg.  Length,  69 
miles. 

Saale,  Salzburger  (zalts'borg-er),  or  Saalach 

(za'lach).  A river  in  Salzburg  and  Bavaria 
which  joins  the  Salzach  4 miles  northwest  of 
Salzburg.  Length,  about  70  miles. 

Saale,  Saxon  or  Thiiringian.  One  of  the  chief 
tributaries  of  the  Elbe,  it  rises  in  the  Fichtelge- 
birge,  Bavaria;  traverses  Thuringia,  Prussian  Saxony,  and 
Anhalt,  flowing  generally  north ; and  joins  the  Elbe  19 
miles  southeast  of  Magdeburg.  Its  tributaries  are  the  Ilm, 
Unstrut,  Wipper,  Bode,  and  White  Elster.  Rudolstadt, 
Jena,  Naumburg,  Merseburg,  and  Halle  are  on  its  banks. 
Length,  about  225  miles ; navigable  from  Naumburg. 
Saalfeld  (zal'felt).  A town  in  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  situated  on  the 
Saale  24  miles  south  of  Weimar.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  machinery,  etc.  It  contains  the  ruined  Sorben- 
burg.  On  Oct.  10,  1806,  a battle  occurred  in  its  vicinity 
between  the  French  and  the  Prussians,  in  which  the  latter 
. were  defeated  and  Prince  Ludwig  of  Prussia  was  slain. 
Population,  commune,  13,242. 

Saalfeld.  A former  duchy  of  Germany,  founded 
in  1680  by  Johann  Ernst,  youngest  son  of  Duke 
Ernst  the  Pious  of  Gotha,  and  annexed  to  Saxe- 
Meiningen  in  1826. 

Saane  (za'ne),  F.  Sarine  (sii-ren').  A river 
in  the  cantons  of  Bern,  Vaud,  and  Fribourg, 
Switzerland.  It  rises  on  the  borderof  Bern  and  Valais, 
and  joins  the  Aare  10  miles  west  by  north  of  Bern. 
Length,  78  miles. 

Saauen  (za'nen).  Aformer  division  of  Switzer- 
land, in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Saane,  now 
divided  between  Bern  and  Yaud  (the  pays  d’en- 
haut). 

Saar  (zar),  F.  Sarre  (sar).  [L.  Saravus  or 
Sarra.']  A river  in  Alsace-Lorraine  and  the 
Rhine  Province,  which  joins  the  Moselle  5 miles 
southwest  of  Treves.  In  its  basin  is  one  of  the  chief 
coal-fields  of  Germany.  Length,  130-140  miles.  It  is 
navigable  from  Saargemiind  to  its  mouth. 

Saarbriicken  (zar'briik-en),  or  Saarbriick 
(zar'briik),  F.  Sarrebruck  (sar-bruk').  A city 


in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Saar  38  miles  south-southeast  of  Treves.  It  is 
the  center  of  an  important  and  extensive  coal-mining  dis- 
trict, and  has  considerable  manufactures.  In  its  vicinity 
occurred  a skirmish,  the  first  action  of  the  Franco-German 
war,  Aug.  2, 1870.  Its  result  was  favorable  to  the  French, 
and  it  was  represented  by  Napoleon  III.  as  an  important 
victory.  Population,  commune,  104,390,  (1910). 

Saarburg  (zar'borG),  F.  Sarrebourg  (sar- 
bor').  A town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lorraine, 
situated  on  the  Saar  35  miles  west-northwest 
of  Strasburg.  It  has  a ruined  castle.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  9,809. 

Saardam.  See  Zaandam. 

Saargemiind  ( zar ' ge-m  iin  t),  F.  Sar  reguemines 
(sarg-men').  A town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Blies  with 
the  Saar,  40  miles  east  of  Metz,  it  has  important 
manufactures  of  porcelain,  earthenware,  faience,  majol- 
ica, plush,  and  velvet.  Population,  commune,  14,919. 

Saarlouis  (zar-lo'i),  F.  Sarrelouis  (sar-16-e'). 
Atown  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Saar  31  miles  south  by  east  of  Treves. 
It  is  an  industrial  and  commercial  center,  and  was  one  of 
the  strongest  border  fortresses  of  Prussia.  It  was  founded 
by  Vauban  in  1681 ; granted  to  France  in  1697 ; and  ceded 
to  Prussia  in  1815.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Ney.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  14,412. 

SaasgTat.  See  Mischabelhorner. 

Saasthal  (sas'tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  south-southwest 
of  Brieg : traversed  by  the  Saaser  Visp. 

Saati  (sa'te).  A height  west  of  Massowah, 
eastern  Africa,  occupied  by  the  Italians  in  1885 
as  a military  post. 

Saavedra  (sa-a-va'THra),  Angel  de,  Duke  of 
Rivas.  Born  at  Cordova,  Spain,  March  1, 1791 : 
died  at  Madrid,  1865.  A Spanish  poet,  politi- 
cian, and  diplomatist.  He  was  twice  exiled.  Among 
his  works  are  the  tragedies  “Lanuza”  and  “Don  Alvaro" 
(1835),  the  epic  “ Florinda,"  the  narrative  poem  “ El  moro 
expdsito  ” (1834),  etc. 

Saavedra,  Cervantes.  See  Cervantes. 
Saavedra  y Faxardo  (e  fa-Har'do),  Diego. 
Born  in  the  province  of  Murcia,  Spain,  May  6, 
1584 : died  at  Madrid,  Aug.  24, 1648.  A Spanish 
diplomatist  and  author.  His  chief  works  are 
“ Empresas  politicas”  (1640)  and  “ Reptiblica 
literaria”  (1655). 

Saaz  (zats),  Bohem.  Zatec  (zha'tets).  Atown  in 
northwestern  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Eger  43 
miles  northwest  of  Prague : the  center  of  an  im- 
portant hop-growing  district.  It  was  formerly 
aHussite  stronghold.  Population, 17, 117, (1910). 
Saba  (sa'ba),  or  Sabea  (sa-be'a).  A former 
kingdom  in  Yemen,  southwestern  Arabia ; also, 
its  chief  city.  See  Sheba. 

Saba  (sa'ba).  A small  island  in  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, West  Indies,  situated  northwest  of  St. 
Christopher’s,  in  lat.  17°  39'  N.,  long.  63°  15' 
W.  It  belongs  to  the  Dutch.  Population,  about 
2,000. 

Sabaco  (sab'a-ko),  or  Shabaka  (sha'ba-ka). 
The  first  of  the  recognized  monarchs  of  the  25th 
or  Ethiopian  dynasty  of  Manetho : a native  of 
Akesh,  in  Kush  or  Ethiopia.  He  is  mentioned  by 
Herodotus.  He  retired  from  Egypt  in  consequence  of  a 
dream.  The  death  of  an  Apis  at  the  Serapeum  is  recorded 
in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  and  his  name  is  found  on 
the  monuments  of  Karnak.  He  concluded  a treaty  with  one 
of  the  Assyrian  monarchs,  and  the  seal  which  was  attached 
to  it  was  found  in  the  archives  of  Kuyunjik,  the  ancient 
Nineveh.  His  reign  is  supposed  to  have  lasted  eight  years. 
Birch. 

Herodotus  mentions  only  one  Sabaco,  but  the  monu- 
ments and  Manetho  notice  two,  the  Sabakdn  and  Sebi- 
chfis  (SevCchos)  of  Manetho,  called  Shebek  in  the  hiero- 
glyphics. One  of  these  is  the  same  as  So  (Sav4),  the  con- 
temporary of  Hosea,  King  of  Israel,  who  is  said  (in  2 Kings 
xvii.  4)  to  have  made  a treaty  with  the  King  of  Egypt,  and 
to  have  refused  the  annual  tribute  to  Shalmaneser,  King 
of  Assyria.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  II.  216,  note. 

Sabah.  Same  as  British  North  Borneo. 
Sabako.  See  Sabaco. 

Sabanilla.  See  Savanilla. 

Sabari  (sa-ba-ra/).  A town  in  the  state  of 
Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  Rio  das 
Velhas,  about  lat.  19°  54'  S.,  long.  44°  21'  W. 
Population,  municipio,  51,187. 

877 


Sabazius  (sa-ba'zhi-us).  A Phrygian  god  of 
nature,  by  the  Greeks  partially  identified  with 
Zeus  and  with  Dionysus.  His  worship,  which  was 
orgiastic,  was  closely  connected  with  that  of  Cybele  and 
Attis.  It  was  introduced  into  Rome,  and  flourished 
throughout  Italy,  especially  in  the  latest  pagan  times. 
His  symbol  was  the  snake. 

Sabbatai-Zevi  (sab-ba-ti'ze-ve').  Born  in  Smyr- 
na (Asia  Minor),  1626 : died  1676.  A Hebrew  im- 
postor. When  20  years  old  he  proclaimed  himself  the 
Messiah,  and,  favored  by  the  mystical  tendencies  of  the 
time  and  the  oppression  under  which  the  Jews  were  suf- 
fering, obtained  a great  following  among  the  Eastern  Jews, 
notwithstanding  the  opposition  and  anathemas  of  the  most 
prominent  rabbis.  When  he  arrived  with  his  followers  in 
Constantinople,  he  was  seized  by  Sultan  Mohammed  IV. 
and  put  into  prison.  The  false  prophet  then  embraced 
Islam,  but  the  movement  which  he  started  lasted  for  many 
years. 

Sabbatians  (sa-ba'tianz).  A Novatian  sect  of 
the  4th  century,  followers  of  Sabbatius,  who 
adopted  the  Quartodeciman  rule.  Also  Saba- 
thians,  Sabbatliaists,  Sabbathians. 

Sabbioneta  (sab-be-6-na'ta).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Mantua,  Italy,  19  miles  southwest 
of  Mantua.  It  was  the  chief  town  of  a former  princi- 
pality of  Sabbioneta.  Population,  commune,  6,859. 
Sabeans  (sa-be'anz).  1.  Members  of  some  ob- 
scure tribes  mentioned  in  the  authorized  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible,  and  regarded  as  the  descen- 
dants (a)  of  Seba,  son  of  Cush;  (b)  of  Seba,  son 
ofRaamah;  or(e)of  Sheba,  son  of  Joktan.  Also 
Sabseans. — 2.  The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  that 
part  of  Arabia  now  called  Yemen,  the  chief  city 
of  which  was  Saba.  The  Sabeans  were  extensive  mer- 
chants of  Bpices,  perfumes,  precious  stones,  etc.,  which 
they  imported  from  India. 

Sabellians  (sa-bel'i-anz).  1.  A primitive  Ital- 
ian people  which  included  the  Sabines,  Sam- 
nites,  Lucanians,  etc. — 2.  Followers  of  Sabel- 
lius,  a philosopher  of  the  3d  century.  Sabellianism 
arose  out  of  an  attempt  to  explain  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  on  philosophical  principles.  It  agrees  with  ortho- 
dox Trinitarianism  in  denying  the  subordination  of  the 
Son  to  the  Father,  and  in  recognizing  the  divinity  mani- 
fested in  Christ  as  the  absolute  deity ; it  differs  therefrom 
in  denying  the  real  personality  of  the  Son,  and  in  recog- 
nizing in  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit  not  a real  and 
eternal  Trinity,  but  one  only  temporal  and  modalistic. 
According  to  Sabellianism,  with  the  cessation  of  the  mani- 
festation of  Christ  in  time  the  Son  also  ceases  to  be  the 
Son.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  Modalism. 

Sabellius  (sa-bel'i-us).  Lived  at  the  end  of  the 
2d  and  the  beginning  of  the  3d  century  a.  d.  A 
Roman  presbyter,  founder  of  the  Sabellians.  He 
was  excommunicated  by  Bishop  Callistus. 
Sabians  (sa'bi-anz).  See  Mandseans. 

Sabina  (sa-be'nk),  La.  A mountainous  region 
north-northeast  of  Rome. 

Sabina,  Poppaea.  See  Poppsea  Sabina. 

Sabine  (sa-ben').  A river  in  eastern  Texas,  and 
on  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and  Texas. 
It  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  through  Sabine 
Lake  and  Sabine  Pass.  Length,  about  500  miles. 
Sabino  (sab'in),  Sir  Edward.  Born  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  14, 1788 : died  at  Richmond,  June  26, 1883. 
A British  astronomer  and  physicist.  He  obtained 
a commission  in  the  artillery  in  1803;  accompanied  Ross 
and  Parry  as  astronomer  in  the  arctic  expeditions  of 
1818-20  ; and  was  president  of  the  British  Association  in 
1852,  and  of  the  Royal  Society  1861-71.  lie  published  a 
number  of  v'lluable  papers  pertaining  to  terrestrial  mag* 
netism  in  the  “Philosophical  Transactions.” 

Sabine  (sa'bin),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Lisbon, 
N.  H.,  Feb.  28, 1803 : died  April  14,  1877.  An 
American  author  and  politician,  Whig  member 
of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1852-53.  His 
works  include  a “ Life  of  Preble  ” (1847),  “ Biographical 
Sketches  of  the  Loyalists  of  the  American  Revolution  ” 
(1847),  etc. 

Sabine  Cross-Roads  (sa-ben'  kros'rodz).  A 
place  in  Mansfield,  De  Soto  parish,  northwest- 
ern Louisiana,  where,  April  8, 1864,  the  Confed- 
erates under  Taylor  defeated  the  Federals  un- 
der Banks. 

Sabine  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  river  Sa- 
bine, on  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and 
Texas,  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length,  about 
18  miles. 

Sabine  (sa'bin)  Mountains.  A range  of  moun- 
tains east  of  Rome,  near  the  eastern  border  of 


Sabine  Mountains 

Latium.  It  is  a branch  of  the  Apennines.  Its 
highest  point  is  about  4,200  feet. 

Sabine  Pass  (sa-ben'  pas).  A short  and  narrow 
passage  connecting  Sabine  Lake  with  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

Sabines  (sa'binz),  L.  Sabini  (sa-bi'ni).  In  an- 
cient history,  a people  of  central  Italy,  who 
lived  chiefly  in  the  mountains  north-northeast 
of  Rome.  They  were  allied  to  the  Umbrians  and  Oscans, 
and  the  Samnites  were  descended  from  them.  They  formed 
an  important  element  in  the  composition  of  the  Roman 
people.  The  rape  of  the  Sabine  women  is  a notable  inci- 
dent in  the  legendary  history  of  early  Rome.  Romulus, 
finding  difficulty  in  obtaining  wives  for  the  men  who  had 
gathered  around  him  in  his  new  city,  is  said  to  have  in- 
vited the  neighboring  tribes  to  a celebration  of  games, 
and  the  Roman  youths  took  occasion  to  carry  off  a num- 
ber of  the  Sabine  virgins.  The  chief  town  of  the  Sabines 
was  Reate  (now  Rieti).  They  were  subjugated  by  the  Ro- 
mans about  290  B.  c. 

Sabines,  Rape  of  the.  See  Rape  of  tl>e  Sabines. 
Sabinum  (sa-bi'num).  The  country  villa  of 
Horace,  situated  not  far  from  Tivoli:  celebrated 
in  his  poetry. 

Sabis  (sa'bis).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Sambre. 
Sabl6  (sa-bla/).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Sarthe  27  miles 
southwest  of  Le  Mans.  In  its  vicinity  are  quarries 
of  black  marble.  Population,  commune,  5,520. 

Sable  (sa'bl),  Cape.  [F.  sable,  sand.]  1.  The 
southwesternmost  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia,  in 
lat.  43°  23'  N.,  long.  65°  37'  W.— 2.  The  south- 
ernmost point  of  the  mainland  of  Florida  and 
of  the  United  States,  in  lat.  25°  8'  N. 

Sable  Island.  [F.sa&fe,  sand.]  A sandy  island 
southeast  of  Nova  Scotia,  to  which  it  belongs: 
lat.  of  eastern  lighthouse  43°  58'  N.,  long.  59° 
46'  W.  It  is  surrounded  by  shoals  and  sand- 
banks. Length,  about  45  miles. 

Sables  d’Olonne  (sa'bl  do-lon'),  Les.  Aseaport 
in  the  department  of  Vendfie,  France,  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Biscay  21  miles  southwest  of  La- 
Roche-Sur-Yon.  It  has  considerable  trade  and  impor- 
tant  fisheries ; it  is  a summer  watering-place.  Population, 
commune,  12,673. 

Sabra  (sa'brti).  In  the  ancient  ballads  of  “St. 
George  and  the  Dragon,”  the  maiden  for  whom 
the  knight  slew  the  dragon,  and  whom  he  after- 
ward married. 

Sabrina  (sa-bri'na).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
river  Severn. 

Sabrina.  The  legendary  daughter  of  Loerine. 
She  was  drowned  in  the  river  Severn  (Savarina,  Sabrina), 
with  her  mother,  by  Locrine's  enraged  widow,  and  became 
its  nymph.  Milton  introduces  her  in  “Comus,”and  Drayton 
in  the  “Polyolbion  " and  Fletcher  in  “The  Faithful  Shep- 
herdess ” relate  her  transformation. 

Sabrina  (sa-bre'na).  A temporary  island  formed 
by  volcanic  eruptions  near  the  coast  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, Azores,  in  June,  1811.  It  disappeared 
July-Oct.,  1811. 

Sabrina  Land.  [Named  by  its  discoverer,  Bal- 
leny,  captain  of  an  English  whaler,  from  a vessel 
which  accompanied  him.]  A region  in  the  Ant- 
arctic Ocean,  about  lat.  66°  S.,  long.  120°  E. 
Sac,  Sauk  (sak).  [PI.,  also  Sacs,  Saules.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  whose  earliest 
known  habitat  was  in  the  eastern  peninsula 
of  Michigan  and  who  settled  iu  northern  Wis- 
consin. They  united  with  the  Fox  tribe,  and  about 
1765  took  possessibn  of  the  land  on  both  sides  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  conquered  from  the  Illinois.  In  1810  they 
held  a large  territory  in  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and 
Missouri.  They  fought  against  the  United  States  in  1812, 
and  in  1832  a part  of  the  tribe,  led  by  Black  Hawk,  rebelled, 
and  was  defeated  and  removed.  Most  of  them  are  now 
in  Oklahoma,  their  whole  number,  together  with  the 
Foxes,  being  somewhat  more  than  1,000.  Their  name, 
properly  Osagi,  has  been  translated  as  ‘people  at  the 
mouth  of  a liver,’  referring  to  their  early  habitat. 

Sacsa  (sa'se).  Iu  ancient  history,  a nomadic 
people  dwelling  in  Central  Asia  near  the  sources 
of  the  Oxus  and  the  Jaxartes. 

Sacapa.  See  Zacapa. 

Sacaza  (sa-ka'tha),  Roberto.  Born  at  Leon, 
Feb.  27, 1840.  A Nicaraguan  politician.  He  was 
a senator,  and  when  President  Carazo  died  (Aug.,  1889) 
was  chosen  by  lot,  according  to  the  constitution,  to  suc- 
ceed him  ad  interim.  By  (alleged)  arbitrary  measures  he 
obtained  the  position  of  constitutional  president  for  four 
years  in  the  election  of  Nov.,  1890.  He  was  overthrown 
by  a revolution,  May,  1893,  and  went  to  New  York. 

Saccas.  See  Ammonias. 

Saccharissa  (sak-a-ris'ii).  A lady  celebrated  by 
Waller  in  his  poems  : she  was  'Lady  Dorothy 
Sydney. 

Sacer  Mons.  See  Sacred  Mount. 

Sacheverell  (sa-sbev'e-rel),  Henry.  Born  at 
Marlborough,  England,  about  1074:  died  at 
London,  June  5,  1724.  A clergyman  and  Tory 
politician.  He  studied  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford, 
and  was  associated  there  with  Addison,  with” whom  he 
6hared  his  rooms.  Ho  came  into  notice  as  preacher  of  St. 


878 

Saviour’s,  Southwark.  For  two  sermons  criticizing  the 
Whig  ministry,  preached  Aug.  15  and  Nov.  5,  1709,  he 
was  prosecuted  at  the  instigation  of  Godolphin,  and  March 
.23, 1710,  suspended  for  three  years.  He  was  reinstated  by 
-She  Tory  ministry,  April  13,  1713. 

Sachs  (zaks),  Hans.  Born  at  Nuremberg,  Nov. 
5,  1494:  died  there,  Jan.  19, 1576.  A German 
poet,  the  most  celebrated  of  the  mastersingers, 
SO  called.  His  father,  a tailor,  sent  him  to  the  Latin 
school,  which  he  left  in  his  fifteenth  year  to  become  a 
shoemaker.  Two  years  later,  as  a journeyman  of  his  trade, 
he  wandered  through  Germany,  studying,  when  the  op- 
portunity presented  itself  in  the  larger  cities,  the  art  of 
mastersong.  Four  years  afterward,  in  1515,  he  returned 
to  Nuremberg,  where  he  married,  in  1519,  and  where  he 
died.  He  was  a most  prolific  writer.  From  1514,  when  he 
began  to  write,  to  1567  he  had  by  his  own  computation 
composed  4,275  mastersongs,  208  dramas,  1,558  narratives, 
fables,  allegories,  aud  the  like,  and  7 prose  dialogues  — in 
all  6,048  works,  a number  that  was  considerably  increased 
in  the  succeeding  two  years  of  his  literary  activity.  His 
dramas  are  tragedies,  comedies,  and  carnival  plays.  Among 
them  are  his  first  tragedies  “ Lucretia  ” (1527)  and  “Vir- 
ginia ” (1530),  and  the  later  ones  "Julian  der  Abtriin- 
nige”  (“Julian  the  Apostate”),  “Melusine,”  “Klytem- 
nestra,”  "Hiirnen  Seyfried”  (“The  Horned  Siegfri  d," 
1557);  the  comedy  “Die  ungleiclieti  Kinder  Eva”  (“The 
Unlike  Children  of  Eve,”  1553);  the  carnival  play  “Das 
Narrenschneiden."  In  the  Reformation  he  arrayed  him- 
self on  the  side  of  Luther,  in  praise  of  whom  In  wrot  in 
1523,  his  “ Wittenbergisch  Nachtigall(“  Wittenberg  Night- 
ingale ’’);  from  1524  are  4 prose  dialogues  counseling  mod- 
eration in  the  religious  strife.  His  literary  materi  d is 
drawn  from  all  available  sources  of  the  time:  he  makes  use 
of  the  Bible,  of  ancient  history,  legends,  popular  tales,  and 
folk-books.  He  was  a real  poet,  and  bis  influence  upon 
German  literature  has  been  lasting.  A selection  from  his 
works,  “Dichtungen  von  Hans  Sachs,”  was  publish  d at 
Leipsic,  1870-71,  in  3 vols  A new  edition  of  the  original 
one  by  Hans  Sachs  himself,  has  been  published  at  Tubin- 
gen, 1870-80,  in  12  vols. 

Sachsen  (zak'sen).  The  German  name  of 
Saxony. 

Sachsenchronik  (zak'sen-kro//nik).  [‘  Saxon 
Chronicle.’]  A universal  history,  written  origi- 
nally in  Low  German  in  the  middle  of  the  13th 
century.  It  was  attributed  to  Eike  von  Rep- 
gowe.  Also  called  “Repgauische  Chronik.” 
Sachsenhausen  (zak'sen-hou-zen_).  That  part 
of  Frankfort-on-the-Main  which  lies  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Main. 

Sachsenland.  See  Saxonland. 
Sachsenspiegel  (za,k'sen-spe//"ol).  [G.,  ‘ Saxon 
Mirror.’]  A German  book  of  Taw,  composed  by 
Eike  von  Repgowe  about  1230 : widely  influen- 
tial in  northern  Germany  and  neighboring  lands 
down  to  modern  times.  It  was  written  in  Latin,  and 
was  soon  translated  into  German.  It  gives  a summary  of 
the  laws  of  northern  Germany,  especially  of  the  duchy  of 
Saxony. 

Sacile  (sa-che'le).  [ML.  Sacilum.]  A town  in 
the  province  of  Udine,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Livenza  38  miles  north  by  east  of  Venice,  it  be- 
longed  to  the  republic  of  Venice  1420-1797.  In  its  vicinity, 
in  1809,  a victory  was  gained  by  the  Austrians  under  the 
archduke  John  over  the  French  under  Eugene  de  Beau- 
harnais.  Population,  commune,  24,582. 

Sack  (zak),  Karl  Heinrich.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  17,  1790 : died  at  Poppelsdorf,  near  Bonn, 
Prussia,  Oct.  16,  1875.  A German  Protestant 
theologian.  He  was  professor  of  theology  (1818-47)  and 
preacher  (1819-34)  at  Bonn,  and  consistorial  councilor  at 
Magdeburg  (1847-75).  He  wrote  “ Christliche  Apologetik  ” 
(1829),  “Christliche  Polemik"  (1838),  etc. 

Sackanoir.  See  Lakmiut. 

Sackarson  (sak'ar-son).  The  name  of  a famous 
performing  bear  in  Shakspere’s  time,  slender 
mentions  him  to  Anne  Page,  and  there  are  other  refer- 
ences to  him. 

Sackatoo.  See  Sokoto. 

Sacken,  Osten-.  See  Osten-Sacken. 

Sackett’s  Harbor  (sak'ets  har'bor).  A lake 
port  of  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  an  arm  of  Lake  Ontario  63  miles  north  of 
Syracuse.  It  was  formerly  an  important  naval  station. 
Here,  in  May,  1813,  the  Americ  ns  under  Brown  repulsed 
an  attack  of  the  British  under  Prevost. 

Sack  of  Venezuela,  Sp.  Saco  de  Venezuela. 

A name  often  given  to  Lake  Maracaibo,  from 
its  sack-shaped  outline. 

Sackville  (sak'vil).  The  family  name  of  the 
English  noble  family  of  Dorset. 

Sackville,  G-eorge,  Viscount  Sackville.  See 
Germain. 

Sackville,  Thomas.  Born  at  Buckhurst,  Sus- 
sex, 1536:  died  at  London,  April  19, 1608.  An 
English  poet.  He  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar.  He  was  for  many  years  one  of 
Elizabeth's  chief  councilors,  holding  high  office.  He  was 
made  Lord  Buckhurst  in  1567,  and  earl  of  Dorset  at  the 
accession  of  James  I.  Ilis  poems  were  the  models  for 
some  of  Spenser’s  best  work,  and  his  induction  to  the 
“Mirror  for  Magistrates"  is  the  best  part  of  that  book. 
He  wrote  with  Norton  the  tragedy  of  “Gorboduc." 

Sacliville-West  (sak'vil-west'),  Lionel  Sack- 
ville, second  Baron  Sackville.  Born  July 
19,  1827 : died  Sept.  3,  1908.  An  English  diplo- 
matist, minister  to  the  United  States  1881-88. 


Sacred  Way 

He  received  his  passports  from  President  Cleveland  in 
1888  for  having  written,  in  answer  to  a correspondent  who 
represented  himself  as  a naturalized  citizen  of  English 
birth  in  search  of  advice,  a letter  in  which  he  recommended 
the  inquirer  to  vote  the  Democratic  ticket  as  favorable  to 
British  interests.  The  incident  occurred  during  the  pres- 
idential canvass. 

Saco  (sa'ko).  A river  in  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine?  It  rises  in  the  White  Mountains,  traverses  the 
White  Mountain  Notch,  and  flows  into  the  ocean  14  miles 
southwest  of  Portland.  Length,  about  160  miles. 

Saco.  A city  in  York  County,  Maine,  situated 
on  the  Saco  near  its  mouth,  opposite  Biddeford, 
16  miles  southwest  of  Portland.  It  has  coast- 
ing trade,  cotton  manufactures,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 6,583,  (1910). 

Saco  (sa'ko),  Jose  Antonio.  Bora  at  Bayamo, 
May  7,  1797 : died  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Sept. 
26,  1879.  A Cuban  publicist  and  author.  Part 

of  his  life  was  spent  in  exile  for  political  reasons : he  was 
several  times  deputy  to  the  Spanish  Cortes.  Saco  is  best 
known  for  his  important  works  on  the  history  and  effects 
of  Slav  cry. 

Saco  Bay.  A small  indentation  on  the  coast  of 
Maine,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Saco  River. 

Sacramento  (sak-ra-men'to).  [Sp.,  ‘sacra- 
ment.’] The  largest  river  in  California,  its 
longest  hear  stream,  the  Pitt  River,  or  Upper  Sacramento, 
rises  in  Goose  Lake  on  the  Oregon  frontier.  The  Sacra- 
mento proper  rises  on  the  slope  of  Mount  Shasta,  flows 
gen  -ally  south,  enters  Suisun  Bay,  and  through  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  enters  the  Pacific.  Length,  nearly  600  miles. 

Sacramento,  or  Sacramento  City.  A city,  the 
capital  of  California  and  of  Sacramento  County, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  American  and 
Sacramento  rivers,  in  lat.  38°  33'  N.,  long.  121° 
2b'  W.  It  is  the  fourth  city  in  the  State,  exports  fruit, 
has  extensive  manufactures,  and  is  a railway  center.  Its 
chief  building  is  the  State  capitol.  Sacramento  was  set- 
tled by  J.  A.  Sutter  in  1841.  Gold  was  discovered  in  the 
neighborhood  in  1848.  It  became  the  capital  in  1854,  and 
was  made  a city  in  1863.  It  has  been  several  times  de- 
vastated by  floods.  Population,  44,696,  (1910). 

Sacred  and  Profane  Love.  A painting  by 
Titian,  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome.  The 
scene  is  a garden.  By  a fountain  sit  two  women,  one  nude, 
the  other  richly  dressed.  The  former  turns  her  head  to 
see  Cupid  playing  in  the  water ; the  latter  turns  her  back 
on  Love. 

Sacred  Band,  The.  1.  A band  of  300  Thebans 
formed  to  take  part  in  the  wars  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury B.  C.  against  Sparta.  It  was  especially  distin- 
guished at  Leuctra  in  371  B.  c.,  and  was  destroyed  at  Chae- 
ronea  in  338  B.  c. 

2.  A company  of  several  hundred  Greeks, 
formed  in  1821  by  Alexander  Ypsilanti  for  ser- 
vice in  the  Danubian  Principalities  against  the 
Turks.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  battle  of  Dragat- 
chan  in  1821. 

Sacred  Mount,  L.  Mons  Sacer.  A hill  3 miles 
northeast  of  Rome,  beyond  the  Anio.  it  is  noted 
in  Roman  history  as  the  place  of  temporary  emigrations  of 
the  plebeians,  undertaken  in  order  to  extort  civil  privi- 
leges. The  first  (494  (?)  B.  C.)  led  to  the  establishment 
of  the  tribunate : the  second  (449  B.  c.)  resulted  in  the 
abolition  of  the  decemvirate. 

Sacred  Nine,  The.  The  Muses. 

Sacred  Wars.  In  Greek  history,  wars  under- 
taken by  members  of  the  Amphictyonic  League 
in  defense  of  the  shrine  of  Delphi.  There  were 
four  of  these  wars.  (1)  In  600-590  B.  C.  (596-586?):  the  Am- 
phictyons  overthrew  Crissa  and  Cirrlia.  (2)  About  448  B.  c. : 
Athens  aided  the  Phocians  in  recovering  Delphi.  (3)  In 
357-346  B.  c.  : the  Phocians,  at  first  successful  against  the 
Thebans,  Locrians,  etc.,  were  overthrown  by  the  aid  of 
Philip  of  Macedon,  who  joined  the  allies  in  352  ; Phocis 
was  replaced  by  Philip  in  the  League.  (4)  In  339-338  b.  c. : 
the  Amphietyons  appointed  Philip  to  punish  the  Locrians 
of  Amphissa  for  sacrilege;  his  successes  led  to  the  union 
of  Athens  and  Thebes  against  him  and  their  defeat  at 
Chseronea  in  338. 

Sacred  Way.  1 . The  ancient  road  from  Athens 
to  Eleusis,  starting  at  the  Dipylon  Gate  and 
traversing  the  Pass  of  Daphne.  Over  it  passed 
every  autumn  from  Athens  the  solemn  procession  for  the 
celebration  in  the  shrine  of  the  great  Eleusinian  sanctuary 
of  the  mysteries  in  honor  of  Demeter,  Persephone,  and 
facchus.  For  almost  its  whole  length  it  was  bordered 
with  tombs,  chapels,  and  even  more  important  founda- 
tions. At  the  outset  of  the  road  a number  of  the  tombs 
remain  in  place,  practically  uninjured.  (See  Ceramicus.) 
Further  along  the  modern  road  to  Eleusis,  whose  line  is 
almost  identical  with  that  of  the  Sacred  Way,  many  archi- 
te<  tural  fragments  are  still  visible,  aud  some  can  be  iden- 
tined  from  the  descriptions  of  Pausanias.  In  the  middle 
of  the  Jass  of  Daphne  rises  beside  the  road  a monastery 
which  exhibits, in  contrast  with  its  Byzantine  architecture, 
some  remnants  of  French  Pointed  work.  It  was  founded 
by  the  French  dukes  of  Athens,  and  contains  their  tombs, 
ut  occupies  the  site  of  a temple  to  Apollo.  Further  on, 
toward  the  Cay  of  Salamis,  there  are  considerable  remains 
of  a sanctuary  to  Aphrodite. 

2.  [L.  Via  Sacra.]  The  first,  street  of  ancient 
Rome  to  be  established  on  the  low  ground  be- 
neath the  li ills.  It  had  its  name  either  because  on  its 
line,  according  to  tradit  ion,  Romulus  made  his  treaty  with 
the  Sabine  chief  Tatius,  or  because  on  it  lay  several  of 
the  oldest  and  most  revered  sanctuaries  of  Rome,  as  the 
temple  of  Vesta  and  the  Regia.  It  began  at  the  Clivus 
Capitolinus  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  Forum  Romanum, 


Sacred  Way 

and  ran  along  the  southern  side  of  the  Forum,  past  the 
Basilica  Julia  and  the  temple  of  Castor  and  Pollux ; then 
it  turned  at  right  angles  and  crossed  the  Forum,  and 
turned  again  to  skirt  the  northern  side  of  the  temple 
of  Julius  Caesar.  It  continued  in  front  of  the  temple  of 
Antoninus  and  Faustina  and  the  basilica  of  Constantine 
to  the  arch  of  Titus.  Under  the  empire  it  was  extended 
hence  past  the  Colosseum  to  a point  on  the  Esquiline. 
The  lava  pavement  of  the  Via  Sacra,  as  it  now  exists,  is 
almost  all  late  in  date ; and  it  is  probable  that  the  course 
of  the  Sacred  Way  was  slightly  altered  from  time  to  time 
to  meet  architectural  exigencies. 

Sacrificial  Stone.  The  stone  on  which  human 
victims  were  sacrificed  before  the  war-god 
Huitzilopochtli,  in  the  principal  Aztec  temple 
at  Mexico.  It  was  dug  up  near  the  site  of  the  temple 
in  1791,  and  is  now  in  the  Mexican  national  museum. 
The  stone  is  disk-shaped,  8J  feet  in  diameter  and  2J 
feet  thick.  The  sides  are  covered  with  elaborate  sculp- 
tures. 

Sacripant  (sak'ri-pant).  1.  A character  in  the 
“Orlando  Innamorato”  of  Boiardo  and  the 
“Orlando  Furioso ” of  Ariosto. — 2.  A charac- 
ter in  Tasso’s  “ Secchia  Rapita.” 

Sacriportus  (sak-ri-por'tus).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a locality  in  Latium,  Italy,  near  Pra3- 
neste.  Here,  in  82  B.  c.,  Sulla  decisively  de- 
feated the  forces  of  the  younger  Marius. 
Sacsahuaman  (sak-sa-wa'man).  A hill  and 
ancient  fortress  northwest  ef  and  overlooking 
the  city  of  Cuzco,  Peru.  The  hill  is  a terrace 
of  higher  mountains,  and  is  so  steep  as  to  be 
practically  unassailable  on  the  side  toward  the 
city,  where  it  is  but  slightly  defended.  The 
principal  works  face  the  other  way,  inclosing  a 
projecting  portion  of  the  terrace.  They  consist 
of  three  walls,  each  1,800  feet  long,  lising  one  Dehind  the 
other  and  supporting  artificial  terraces,  which  were  de- 
fended by  parapets.  The  walls  are  built  with  salient  and 
reentering  angles,  thus  embodying  a principle  of  modern 
fortification ; counting  from  the  outer  one,  they  are  re- 
spectively 27,  18,  and  14  feet  high.  They  are  formed  of 
immense  irregular  limestone  blocks,  fitted  together  with 
great  skill  (see  the  quotation) : some  of  these  were  evi- 
dently taken  from  quanies  three  quarters  of  a mile  distant. 
There  are  subsidiary  structures,  andtheplace  wasartificially 
supplied  with  water.  These  works  are  commonly  called 
the  fortress  of  the  Incas  or  of  Cuzco.  Garcilasso  (followed 
by  Squier)  says  that  they  were  built  by  the  later  Incas, 
and  even  names  the  engineer.  When  Inca  Manco  besieged 
the  Spaniards  in  Cuzco  (April,  1536),  he  seized  this  fortress, 
and  the  Indians  were  dislodged  only  after  a fierce  battle. 

The  work  is  altogether  without  doubt  the  grandest 
specimen  of  the  style  called  cyclopeau  extant  in  America. 
The  outer  wall,  as  I have  said,  is  heaviest.  Each  Balient 
terminates  in  an  immense  block  of  stone,  sometimes  as 
high  as  the  terrace  which  it  supports,  but  generally  sus- 
taining one  or  more  great  6tones  only  less  in  size  than  it- 
self. One  of  these  stones  is  27  feet  high,  14  broad,  and  12 
in  thickness.  Stones  of  15  feet  in  length,  12  in  width,  and 
10  in  thickness  are  common  in  the  outer  walls.  They  are 
all  slightly  bevelled  on  the  face,  and  near  the  joints  cham- 
fered down  sharply  to  the  contiguous  faces.  The  joints 
. . . are  not  now,  if  they  ever  were,  so  perfect  as  repre- 
sented by  the  chroniclers.  E.  G.  Squier,  Peru,  p.  471. 

Sacy  (sa-se'),  Baron  Silvestre  de  (Antoine 
Isaac  Silvestre).  Born  at  Paris,  Sept-  21, 1758 : 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  21,  1838.  A French  Orien- 
talist. He  became  professor  of  Persian  at  the  College 
de  France  in  1806.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  European 
study  of  Arabic.  Among  his  works  are  “Grammaire  arabe  ” 
(1810),  “Chrestomathie arabe” (1806 : revised  ed.  1826-31), 
“ Principes  de  la  grammaire  g6n£rale  ” (1799),  etc. 

Sacy,  Samuel  Ustazade  Silvestre  de.  Born 
at  Paris,  Oct.  17,  1801:  died  Feb.  14,  1879.  A 
French  publicist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  son 
of  Baron  Silvestre  de  Sacy. 

Sad  (sad).  [Ar.  sa’d,  a lucky  star.]  The  name 
given  on  some  maps  to  the  third-magnitude 
star  t]  Pegasi.  The  full  name  is  Sad-mator. 

S&  da  Bandeira  (sa  da  ban-da'ra),  Bernardo 
de.  Born  at  Santarem,  Portugal,  Sept.  26, 
1795:  died  Jan.  6,  1876.  A Portuguese  politi- 
cian and  general.  He  took  part  in  the  insurrections 
of  1820  and  1846  ; was  several  times  minister  (of  war  or  of 
marine);  and  was  premier  1865,  1868-69,  and  1870. 
Sadachbiah  (sad-ak-be'ya).  [Ar.  sa'd-al-ah- 
biya,  the  lucky  (star)  of  the  hidden  creatures  — 
“ because  when  it  appears  the  earthworms  creep 
out  of  their  holes”  (Smyth). ] The  fourth-mag- 
nitude star  y Aquarii. 

Sadah  (se-de').  The  name  of  the  tenth  day  of 
the  month  Bahman:  a fire  festival  on  which 
the  Persian  kings  lighted  fires  and  attached 
burning  wisps  to  the  feet  of  birds.  Firdausi  as- 
cribes the  festival  and  its  name  to  Hushang,  the  king  who 
struck  a spark  in  hurling  a stone  at  a demon,  and  so  dis- 
covered fire. 

Sadalmelik  ( sad-al-mel'ik).  [Ar.  sa' d-apmelik, 
the  lucky  (star)  of  the  king.]  The  third-mag- 
nitude star  a Aquarii. 

Sadalsuud  (sad-al-s5-od'  or  sad-al-sod').  [Ar. 
sa'd-as-m'iul,  the  luckiest  of  the  lucky.]  The 
third-magnitude  star  /?  Aquarii. 

Sadatoni  (sad-a-to'ni).  [Ar.,  corrupted  from 
dhdt-al-’indn.']  The  fourth-magnitude  star  f Au- 
riga. 


879 

Saddleback  (sad'l-hak).  A mountain  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  5 miles  northeast  of  Keswick. 
Height,  2,847  feet.  a 

Saddleback  Mountain.  A mountain  in  Frank- 
lin County, western  Maine.  Height,  about  4,000 
feet. 

Saddle  (sad'l)  Mountain,  A mountain  of  the 
Taconic  range  in  Berkshire  County,  northwest- 
ern Massachusetts.  Its  chief  peak  (Greyloek) 
is  3,535  feet  high. 

Sadducees  (sad'u-sez).  A religious  and  political 
party  in  Judea  in  the  last  centuries  of  its  exis- 
tence as  a Jewish  state.  They  were  the  rivals  of  the 
Pharisees.  The  name  is  probably  derived  from  Zadok,  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  party.  The  Sadducees  were  recruited 
from  among  the  aristocracy  and  the  wealthy  class,  and 
formed  the  following  of  the  Hasmonean  princes.  From 
them  the  officers  of  the  state  and  army  were  taken.  Con- 
trary to  the  Pharisees,  they  placed  secular  interests  above 
those  of  religion.  They  did  not  absolutely  reject  the  tra- 
dition and  the  oral  law,  but  considered  only  the  ordinances 
which  appeared  clearly  expressed  in  the  Pentateuch  as 
binding,  regarding  the  traditional  precepts  as  subordinate. 
In  like  manner  they  did  not  exactly  deny  the  immortality 
of  the  soul,  but  repudiated  the  idea  of  judgment  after 
death.  Owin*-to  this  tenet  and  to  their  literal  interpreta- 
tion of  the  Mosaic  code,  they  were  very  rigorous  in  the 
administration  of  justice.  In  the  last  struggle  of  Judea 
for  independence,  the  Sadducees  mostly  sided  with  Home. 
After  the  fall  of  Jerusalem,  they  vanish  from  history. 

Sa  de  Miranda  (sa  de  me-ran'dfi),  Francisco 
de.  Born  at  Coimbra,  Portugal,  Oct.  27,  1495 : 
died  at  Coimbra,  March  15, 1558.  A Portuguese 
and  Spanish  poet,  writer  of  comedies,  bucolics, 
and  epistles. 

Sad  Fortunes  of  the  Reverend  Amos  Barton, 
The.  A story  by  George  Eliot,  it  first  appeared 
in  “Blackwood's  Magazine  ,y for  Jan.  and  Feb..  1857,  and 
was  afterward  Included  in  “Scenes  of  Clerical  Life." 
Sadi  (sa'de).  [Pers.  $a'dh]  One  of  the  most 
celebrated  Persian  poets.  His  real  name  was  Shaikh 
Muslihu-'d-Din,  Sadi  being  a nom  de  plume  said  to  be 
taken  from  the  king  Sad  ben  Zangi,  and  so  meaning  ‘the 
Sadyan.’  He  was  born  and  died  at  Shiraz,  and  lived,  it  is 
said,  1190-1291  A.  D.;  but  there  is  great  uncertainty  as  to 
these  dates,  as  also  with  regard  to  many  statements  con- 
cerning his  life.  He  is  said  to  have  been  educated  at 
Bagdad,  to  have  made  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  15  times, 
and  to  have  traveled  in  parts  of  Europe  and  in  all  the  coun- 
tries between  Barbary  and  India.  When  near  Jerusalem 
he  was  captured  by  the  Crusaders  and  forced  to  work 
upon  the  fortifications  of  Tripoli,  but  was  ransomed  by 
a citizen  of  Aleppo,  sometimes  described  as  a chief,  some- 
times as  a merchant,  who  married  him  to  a beautiful  but 
termagant  daughter.  After  her  death  he  married  again 
and  unhappily.  His  son  and  daughter  were  children  of 
the  first  wife.  The  son  died  in  infancy;  the  daughter 
lived  to  become  the  wife  of  the  poet  Hafiz.  Sadi  is  hon- 
ored as  a saint,  and  his  tomb  near  Shiraz  is  still  visited. 
He  wrote  many  works  in  both  prose  and  verse  and  in  both 
Arabic  and  Persian,  and  Garcin  de  Tassy  declares  that  he 
was  the  first  poet  who  wrote  in  Hindustani.  Among  his 
writings  are  a divan,  or  collection  of  odes,  the  “ Gulistan  ” 
(“ Rose-Garden  ’’),  “Bustan"  (“Flower-Garden "),  and 
“Pandnamah,”  or  “Book  of  Counsel."  (See  Gulistan.) 
Elegance,  simplicity,  and  wit  are  Sadi’s  chief  merits.  The 
first  complete  edition  of  his  works  was  that  of  Harrington 
(Calcutta,  1791-95).  The  “Gulistan,"  first  edited  with  a 
Latin  translation  by  Gentius  (Amsterdam,  1651),  has  been 
translated  into  English  by  Eastwick  in  Triibner’s  Oriental 
Series ; the  “ Bustan  ” by  Davie  (London,  1882). 
Sadi-Carnot.  See  Carnot , Marie  Francois  Sadi. 
Sadir  (sa'der),  or  Sad’r  (sa'dr).  [Ar.  al-sadr, 
the  breast.]  The  second-magnitude  star  yCygni. 
Sadira  (sad'e-ra).  [Ar.  al-na’aim  al-cddirah, 
the  ostrich  returning  from  water  (with  refer- 
ence to  an  old  Oriental  constellation).]  The 
second-magnitude  star  a Sagittarii.  it  is  now 
probably  much  brighter  than  when  Bayer  assigned  the 
Greek  letters  to  ihe  stars  of  this  constellation. 

Sadler  (sad'ler),  Sir  Ralph.  Born  at  Hack- 
ney, 1507 : died  at  Standon,  Herts,  England, 
May  30,  1587.  An  English  statesman,  while  a 
child  he  entered  the  service  of  Thomas  Cromwell,  earl  of 
Essex.  Essex  introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  Henry  VIII., 
whom  he  assisted  in  the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries. 
He  visited  Scotland  1537-40,  and  in  1542  was  sent  to  nego- 
tiate a marriage  between  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
the  young  queen  Mary  of  Scotland.  He  was  knighted  in 
1542.  In  1547  he  was  appointed  by  Henry’s  will  a councilor 
to  the  10  nobles,  guardians  of  Edward  VI.  During  the  reign 
of  Mary  he  lived  retired  at  Standon.  On  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth  (1558)  he  became  one  of  Cecil’s  most  trusted 
agents.  In  1583-84  he  was  keeper  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
at  Wingfield  Castle.  The  letters  and  negotiations  of  Sir 
Ralph  Sadler  were  published  in  1720,  and  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  in  1809. 

Sado  (sa'do).  An  island  of  Japan,  west  of  the 
main  island,  in  the  Sea  of  Japan,  in  lat.  38°  N. 
Length,  57  miles. 

Sadowa(sa'do-va).  A village  nearKoniggriitz, 
Bohemia.  Its  name  is  frequently  given  to  the  battle 
commonly  known  as  the  battle  of  Koniggratz  (which 
see). 

Sad  Shepherd,  The.  A pastoral  drama  by  Ben 
Jonson,  published  posthumously  in  1641.  It  is  a 
tale  of  Robin  Hood,  and  was  left  unfinished.  It  was  fin- 
ished by  F.  G.  Waldron  in  1783. 

S&  e Benevides  (sit  e be-ne-ve'des),  Salvador 
Correa  de.  Born  at  Rio  de  J aneiro,  1594 : died 
at  Lisbon,  Jan.  1,  1688.  A Portuguese  soldier 


Sage  of  Monticello,  The 

and  administrator.  He  was  prominent  in  the  wars 
with  the  Dutch  and  Indians  in  Brazil;  governed  the  cap- 
taincy of  Rio  de  Janeiro  (1637-42),  and  the  three  captain- 
cies composing  Southern  Brazil  (1648-52);  and  during  the 
latter  period  recovered  from  the  Dutch  the  colony  of 
Angola  in  Africa.  From  1658  to  1661  he  was  again  gov- 
ernor of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  or  Southern  Brazil. 

Ssemund  (sa'mond,),  suruamed  “Hinn  Frodhi  ” 
(‘The  Learned’).  Born  about  1055 : died  1133. 
An  Icelandic  scholar,  long  erroneously  reputed 
to  be  the  author  of  the  “Elder”  or  “ Soemund’s” 
Edda.  See  Edda. 

Saenz  Pena  (sa'anth  pan'ya),  Luis.  Born  in 
Buenos  Aires,  in  1823 : died  Dec.  4,  1907.  An 
Argentine  jurist  and  politician.  He  was  a justice 
of  the  supreme  court,  and  was  elected  president  of  the 
Argentine  Republic  for  the  term  beginning  Oct.  12,  1892. 
He  resigned  Jan.  21,  1895. 

Saetersdal  (sa'ters-dal).  A valley  in  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Norway,  north  of  Chris- 
tiansand.  Length,  about  148  miles. 

Safed  (sa'fed).  A city  in  Palestine,  situated 
on  the  southern  promontory  of  the  Jebl  Safed 
(Mountain  of  Naphtali),  which  inclosed  the 
Meron  valley.  In  the  Jerusalem  Talmud  it  is  referred 
to  as  one  of  the  holy  cities  of  Palestine.  Safed  played  a 
part  during  the  struggles  of  the  Crusades.  It  experienced 
many  earthquakes,  the  last  of  which  occurred  on  New 
Year’s  day,  1837,  when  5,000  inhabitants  were  buried  un- 
der the  ruins.  It  now  contains  about  25,000  inhabitants, 
most  of  whom  are  Jews.  Among  its  ruins  is  a medieval 
castle,  oval  in  plan,  with  a huge  quadrangular  keep  in  the 
middle : founded  in  the  12th  century  by  the  Crusaders,  and 
rebuilt  in  the  13th  by  the  Templars. 

Safed  Koll  (ko),  or  Suffeed  Koh,  etc.  A range 
of  mountains  in  eastern  Afghanistan,  southeast 
of  Kabul.  Height,  about  14,000-15,000  feet. 
Saffarids  (saf'a-ridz),  or  Soffarids  (sof'a-ridz). 
A Mohammedan  dynasty  which  reigned  in 
Persia  in  the  latter  part  of  the  9th  century. 
Saffi.  See  Safi. 

Saffis.  See  Sufis. 

Safford  (saf'ford),  Truman  Henry.  Bom  at 
Royalton,  Vt.,  Jan.  6,  1836:  died  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  June  13,  1901.  An  American  astronomer 
and  mathematician.  He  became  professor  of  astron- 
omyat  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1865,  and  at  Williams 
College  in  1876.  His  works  include  star  catalogues,  etc; 
Saffron  Walden  (saf'ron  wal'dn).  A town  in 
Essex,  England,  situated  near  the  Cam  38 
miles  north-northeast  of  London.  It  has  a ruined 
castle.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Gabriel  Harvey,  and  as 
such  was  made  famous  by  the  lampoon  of  Nashe,  “Eaue 
with  you  to  Saffron  Walden,  or  Gabriel  Harvey’s  Hand  is 
up,”  written  in  1596.  Population,  6,896. 

Safi  (sa'fe),  or  Saffi.  (saf'fe),  or  Asfi  (as'fe). 
A seaport  of  Morocco,  situated  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  102  miles  west-northwest  of  Morocco. 
Population,  9,000. 

Safer.  See  Shalipur. 

Safvet  Pasha  (sa'vet  pash'a),  Melxemet.  Born 
at  Constantinople  about  1815  : died  there,  Nov. 
17,  1883.  A Turkish  statesman.  As  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  he  signed  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano  March 
3,  1878.  He  was  grand  vizir  June-Dee.,  1878. 

Saga  ( 85/ ga) . A seaport  and  commercial  center 
in  the  island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan,  about  74  miles 
northeast  of  Nagasaki.  Population,  36,051. 
Sagan  (za'gan).  A town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Bober  82  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  media- 
tized principality  of  Sagan.  It  was  formerly  a possession 
of  Wallenstein.  Population,  commune,  14,208. 

Sagar  (sa-gur').  A sacred  island  of  the  Hindus, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Hugli. 

Sagar  (sa-gur'),  or  Saugur  (sa-gur'),  or  Saugor 
(sa-gor').  1.  A district  in  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  N., 
long.  78°  40'  E.  Area,  3,962  sauare  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 471,046. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Sagar,  situated  in  lat.  23°  51'  N.,  long.  78° 
45'  E.  Population,  42,330. 

Sagara  (sa-ga'rii),  or  Wasagara  (wa-sa-ga'ra), 
or  Sagala  (sa-ga'lii).  A Bantu  tribe  of  German 
East  Africa,  dwelling  in  a mountainous  and 
fertile  region  bordering  on  Uzegua,  Ugogo,  and 
Masailand.  They  vary  in  stature  and  color,  and  have  a 
tribal  mark  tattooed  on  their  temples.  They  live  in  con- 
stant fear  of  attack.  Usagara  is  the  name  of  the  country, 
Kisagarathat  of  the  language.  The  Wamegi  area  subtribe. 
French  and  English  missions  are  at  work  in  Usagara. 

Sagasta  (sii-gas'ta),  Praxedes  Mateo.  Born 
July  21,  1827 : died  Jan.  5,  1903.  A Spanish 
liberal  statesman.  He  took  part  in  the  unsuccessful 
insurrections  of  1856  and  1866;  was  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior in  the  provisional  government  of  1868,  and  president 
of  the  Cortes  in  1871 ; and  was  premier  in  1872,  1874, 
1881-83,  1885-90,  1893-95,  1897-99,  and  March,  1901-02. 

Sage,  Le.  See  Le  Sage. 

Sage  of  Concord,  The.  Ralph  Waldo  Emer- 
son : he  resided  at  Concord,  Massachusetts. 
Sage  of  Monticello,  The.  Thomas  Jefferson : 
from  his  country  residence  at  Monticello,  Vir- 
ginia. 


Saghalin 

Saghalin,  or  Saghalien  (sa-gii-len').  [Also 
Sakhalin  / Jap.  Karaftu  or  Karafuto.  ] An  island 
belonging  to  Russia  above,  and  to  Japan  below 
the  fiftieth  parallel  of  north  latitude,  in  the  Sea 
of  Okhotsk,  east  of  Siberia  and  north  of  Yezo, 
Japan,  ft  is  traversed  by  mountain-ranges.  Theclimate 
is  cold.  The  inhabitants  are  Russians,  Ainos,  Gilyaks, 
Oroks,  and  Japanese.  It  was  ceded  by  Japan  to  Russia 
in  1875,  and,  south  of  latitude  60°  N.,  was,  with  adjacent 
islands,  ceded  back  to  Japan  by  the  Treaty  of  Portsmouth 
in  1905.  Length,  670  miles.  Area,  about  29,000  square 
miles.  Population,  about  30,000. 

Sag  Harbor  (saghar'bor).  A seaport  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Suffolk  County,  Long  Island,  New 
York,  situated  on  Gardiner’s  Bay  92  miles  east 
by  north  of  New  York.  Pop.,  3,408,  (1910). 
Saginaw  (sag'i-na).  A river  in  Michigan  which 
flows  into  Saginaw  Bay.  It  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Flint,  Shiawassee,  Cass,  and  Titta- 
bawassee. 

Saginaw.  A city,  capital  of  Saginaw  County, 
Michigan,  situated  on  Saginaw  River  98  miles 
northwest  of  Detroit.  It  is  a railway  center  and  river 
port,  and  has  extensive  sawmills  and  various  manufac- 
tures. Population,  50,510,  (1910). 

Saginaw,  East.  See  East  Saginaw. 

Saginaw  Bay.  The  largest  arm  of  Lake  Hu- 
ron on  the  United  States  side.  It  penetrates 
about  60  miles  into  Michigan. 

Sagitta  (sa-jit'a).  [L.,‘ an  arrow.’]  An  insig- 
nificant but  very  ancient  northern  constella- 
tion, the  Arrow,  placed  between  Aquila  and  the 
Gill  of  the  Swan.  It  is,  roughly  speaking,  in  a line  with 
the  most  prominent  stars  of  Sagittarius  and  Centaurus, 
with  which  it  may  originally  have  been  conceived  to  be 
connected.  Also  called  Alahance. 

Sagittarius  (saj-i-ta'ri-us).  [L.,  ‘the  archer.’] 
A southern  zodiacal  constellation  and  sign,  the 
Archer,  representing  a centaur  (originally 
doubtless  some  Babylonian  divinity)  drawing 
a bow . The  constellation  is  situated  east  of  Scorpio,  and 
is,  especially  in  the  latitudes  of  the  southern  United  States, 
a prominent  object  on  summer  evenings.  The  symbol  of 
the  constellation  ( £ ) shows  the  Archer’s  arrow  and  part  of 
the  bow. 

Sagittary  (saj'i-ta-ri).  A monster  described 
in  medieval  romances  of  the  Trojan  war  as  a 
terrible  archer,  a centaur  armed  with  a bow.  His 
eyes  of  fire  struck  men  dead.  The  allusion  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Othello  ” i.  1 is  conjectured  by  Knight  to  be  to  the  official 
residence  at  the  Arsenal  in  Venice. 

Sago  (sa'go),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Characters  in  Mrs. 
Centlivre’s  comedy  “The  Basset-Table.”  Mrs. 
Sago,  an  ambitious  woman,  proud  of  her  intimacy  with 
Lady  Reveller,  and  with  a passion  for  gaming,  is  in  love 
with  Sir  James  Courtly,  and  deceives  Sago,  the  druggist, 
her  doting  husband. 

SagOQ  (sa-gon'),  Francois.  See  the  extract. 

Among  the  idlest  but  busiest  literary  quarrels  of  the  cen- 
tury — a century  fertile  in  such  things — was  that  between 
Marot  and  a certain  insignificant  person  named  Francois 
Sagon,  a belated  rhHoriqueur,  who  found  some  other  rhym- 
ers of  the  same  kind  to  support  him.  One  of  Marot’s 
best  things,  an  answer  of  which  his  servant,  Fripelipes,  is 
supposed  to  be  the  spokesman,  came  of  the  quarrel ; but 
of  the  other  contributions,  not  merely  of  the  principals, 
but  of  their  followers,  the  Marotiques  and  Sagontiques, 
nothing  survives  in  general  memory,  or  deserves  to  survive. 

Saintsbury,  B’rench  Lit.,  p.  176. 

Sagori  (sa-go'ri),  or  Zagore  (za-go're).  A small 
town  north  of  the  Sea  of  Janina,  Albania : cap- 
ital of  a small  state  having  a constitution  of 
its  own. 

Sagoskin.  See  Zagoskin. 

Sagras  (sa'gras).  In  ancient  geography,  a small 
river  in  Bruttium,  southern  Italy,  flowing  into 
the  Mediterranean  north  of  Locri  ( identification 
uncertain) : noted  for  the  victory  gained  near 
it  by  the  Loerians  over  the  forces  of  Croton  in 
the  6th  century  B.  C. 

Sagres  (sa'gres).  A small  seaport  at  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Portugal,  near  Cape  St. 
Vincent.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  Prince  Henry  the 
Navigator,  who  erected  there  an  observatory,  and  directed 
thence  his  exploring  expeditions. 

Saguache  (sa-waeh'),  or  Sawatch,  Range.  A 

range  of  the  "Rocky  Mountains,  in  central  Colo- 
rado, southwest  of  Denver  and  west  of  the  upper 
course  of  the  Arkansas.  It  contains  several  peaks 
over  14, OOOfeet  high,  including  Mount  Harvard,  the  Moun- 
tain of  the  Holy  Cross,  and  Mount  Massive. 

Saguenay  (sag-e-na').  A river  in  the  province 
of  Quebec,  Canada.  It  traverses  Lake  St.  John,  and 
joins  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Tadousac,  about  115  miles  north- 
east  of  Quebec.  In  its  lower  course  (from  Ha  Ha  Bay)  it 
is  of  great  depth,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  scenery.  Length 
from  Lake  St.  John,  over  100  miles;  total  length,  including 
its  chief  affluent,  the  Chomoucliouan.  about  400  miles.  It 
is  navigable  for  steamers  to  Chicoutimi  (75  miles). 
Saguntum  (sa-gun ' turn ) . In  ancient  geography, 
a city  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Spain,  on  the  site 
of  the  modern  Murviedro  (which  see),  it  was  flour- 
ishing in  the  3d  century  B.  C.,  and  became  an  ally  of  Rome. 
In  219  B.  C.  it  was  besieged  and  captured  by  Hannibal ; this 
was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  declaration  of  war  by 
Rome  against  Carthage. 


880 

Sahagun  (sa-a-gon'),  Bernardino  de.  Bom  at 

Sahagun,  Spain,  about  1499 : died  either  at 
Mexico  or  at  the  Convent  of  Tlatelolco,  Feb.  5, 
1590.  A Franciscan  missionary  and  historian. 
From  1529  he  lived  in  Mexico,  where  he  held  various  offices 
in  his  order.  His  historical  works,  published  in  modern 
times,  were  freely  used  in  manuscript  by  the  old  historians. 
They  include  accounts  of  the  Aztecs  and  of  the  conquest 
of  Mexico.  He  also  published  works  in  the  Aztec  language. 

Sahaptin.  See  Chopunnish. 

Sahara  (sa-ha'ra).  [Ar.  Sahrd,  the  desert.]  The 
largest  desert  in  the  world,  situated  in  northern 
Africa.  Its  limits  to  the  north  and  south  are  vague  and 
varying ; but  its  boundaries  may  be  given  generally  as  the 
Atlas  Mountains  and  their  eastern  continuations  on  the 
north,  the  Nile  valley  on  the  east,  the  Sudan  on  the  south, 
and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  The  surfaceis  diversified, com- 
prising plateaus,  mountain-ranges,  sand-hills,  and  oases.  It 
includes  the  Libyan  desert,  the  oases  of  Fezzan  and  Air, 
the  plateaus  of  Ahaggar  and  Tasili,  the  depression  of  Djuf, 
etc.  Southwest  of  Morocco  a large  district  along  the 
coast  is  called  a Spanish  protectorate.  The  remainder  is 
recognized  since  1890  as  belonging  to  the  French  sphere 
of  influence.  It  thus  connects  Algeria  with  the  French 
possessions  in  Senegambia  and  the  Niger  region.  The  in- 
habitants are  Tuaregs  (Berbers),  Arabs,  and  Negroes. 
Area,  estimated,  3,500,000-4,000,000  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  2,500,000.  The  area  of  the  French  Sa- 
hara is  estimated  at  1,544,000  square  miles. 

Saharanpur  (sa-har-an-por'),  or  Seharunpoor 

(se-har-un-por').  1.  A district  in  the  Meerut 
division,  United  Provinces,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  77°  40'  E.  Area, 
2,228  square  miles.  Population,  1,045,230. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Saharanpur, 
95  miles  north  by  east  of  Delhi.  Population, 
66,254. 

Saho  (sa'ho),  or  Shoho  (sho'ho).  A tribe  of 
poor  pastoral  nomads,  dwelling  between  Abys- 
sinia and  Adulis  Bay  (Red  Sea),  of  Hamitic  race, 
they  belong  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Afar  or  Danakil,  and 
profess  Mohammedanism.  They  number  about  45,000. 

Saiaz  (sl-az').  A tribe  of  the  Pacific  division 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, which  formerly  occupied  the  tongue  of 
land  between  Eel  River  and  Van  Dusen’s  Fork, 
California.  See  Athapascan: 

Said  (sa-ed').  [Ar.]  Upper  Egypt. 

SaidPasha(sa-ed'  pash'a).  Born  1822:  died  Jan. 
18, 1863.  Fourth  son  of  Mehemet  Ali : viceroy 
of  Egypt  1854-63.  He  promoted  various  reforms. 

Said  Pasha,  Mehemet.  Born  at  Erzerum,  1835. 
A Turkish  politician,  premier  1879-82,  grand 
vizir  1882-85, 1901-03,  and  Jan. -July,  1912,  and 
president  of  the  Council  of  State  1904-08. 

Saida  (si'da).  A town  in  the  province  of  Oran, 
Algeria,  76  miles  southeast  of  Oran.  Popula- 
tion, about  5,000. 

Saida,  or  Seida  (si'da).  A seaport  in  Syria, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  33°  34' 
N.,  long.  35°  22'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Sidon.  Various  antiquities  have  been  discovered  there 
by  Renan  and  others.  It  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the 
allied  Turkish-Austrian-British  fleet  in  1840.  Population, 
about  10,000. 

Saiduka.  See  Saidyuka. 

Saidyuka  (sid-u'ka).  A confederacy  of  5 small 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians  which  for- 
merly lived  near  Pyramid  Lake,  western  Neva- 
da, whence  they  were  forced  into  Oregon  by  the 
Paviotso : now  on  Klamath  reservation.  Also 
Saiduka , Sidocaw,  and  Oregon  Snakes.  Number 
about  145.  See  Shoshonean. 

Saigon  (si-gon';  F.  pron.  si-gon').  The  capi- 
tal of  French  Cochin-China,  situated  on  the 
Donnai  or  Saigon  River,  not  far  from  the 
China  Sea,  in  lat.  10°  47'  N.,  long.  106°  42'  E. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  center,  and  has 
regular  steamship  communication  with  France. 
It  was  captured  by  the  French  in  1859,  and  was  annexed 
by  France  in  1862.  Population,  50,870. 

SaigO  Takamori  (si'gd  ta-ka-mo're).  Born 
about  1825:  died  1877.  A Japanese  general, 
influential  in  reestablishing  the  rule  of  the  mi- 
kado in  1868.  He  was  a leader  of  the  Satsuma 
rebellion  of  1877. 

Saikio  (si-kyo').  [‘  Western  capital.’]  A name 
sometimes  given  to  Kioto,  the  ancient  capital  of 
Japan,  in  distinction  from  Tokio,  the  eastern 
capital. 

St.  F or  names  of  saints,  see  under  the  proper 
name,  as  George,  Saint. 

Saima  (si'ma),  Lake.  A large  lake  in  southern 
Finland,  north  of  Viborg.  Its  outlet  is  into 
Lake  Ladoga. 

St.-Affrique  (san-taf-rek').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  southern  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sorgues  32  miles  southeast  of  Rodez. 
Population,  commune,  6,571. 

St.  Agnes  (sant  ag'nez).  1.  The  southwestern- 
most  of  the  Scilly  Isles. — 2.  A small  seaport 


St.-Antoine,  Faubourg 

in  Cornwall,  England,  situated  on  Bristol  Chan- 
nel 8 miles  northwest  of  Truro. 

St.-Aignan  (san-tan-yon').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  situated  on 
the  Cher  33  miles  east-southeast  of  Tours.  It 
has  a ruined  chateau.  Population,  commune, 
3,106.  / 

St.  Albans  (al'banz).  A city  in  Hertfordshire, 
England.  20  miles  north-northwest  of  London. 
The  abbey  church  was  constituted  a cathedral  in  1877.  It 
is  a building  of  great  size,  founded  in  the  11th  century ; 
the  handsome  choir  is  of  the  13th.  The  recent  restoration 
has  greatly  altered  the  exterior  aspect  of  the  building, 
and  given  it  a markedly  Early  English  character.  This 
restoration  aroused  a heated  controversy ; but  it  is  certain 
that  the  new  west  front,  with  its  three  portals  and  its 
Decorated  central  window,  and  the  two  side  divisions  ar- 
caded and  flanked  by  slender  turrets,  could  not  be  matched 
architecturally  on  the  western  side  of  the  channel.  The 
square  central  tower  is  Norman.  The  interior  combines 
very  early  and  massive  Romanesque  work  with  the  most 
graceful  fully  developed  Pointed.  The  cathedral  possesses 
many  notable  tombs  and  brasses.  It  is  550  feetlong(second 
only  to  Winchester),  and  measures  175  across  the  transepts. 
The  city  is  situated  near  the  ancient  Verulamium,  one  of 
the  chief  towns  of  the  Britons  and  Romans.  St.  Alban  is 
said  to  have  been  martyred  here  about  300  A.  ».  A Bene- 
dictine monastery  was  founded  in  793.  The  first  battle  in 
the  Wars  of  the  Roses  was  fought  here  in  May,  1455,  the 
Yorkists  under  York  defeating  the  Lancastrians  under 
Somerset,  and  Henry  VI.  being  taken  prisoner;  and  here, 
Feb.  17, 1461,  the  Lancastrians  under  Queen  Margaret  de- 
feated the  Yorkists  under  the  Earl  of  Warwick.  Popula- 
tion, 16,019. 

St.  Albans.  The  capital  of  Franklin  County, 
Vermont,  situated  45  miles  northwest  of  Mont- 
pelier, near  Lake  Champlain,  it  has  an  impor- 
tant trade  in  dairy  products,  and  some  manufactures. 
Population,  6,381,  (1910). 

St.  Albans,  Duchess  of  (Harriot  Mellon). 

Bom  at  London  about  1777 : died  there,  Aug. 
6,  1837.  An  English  comic  actress,  of  Irish  de- 
scent. She  went  on  the  stage  as  a child,  and  appeared, 
through  the  influence  of  Sheridan,  at  Drury  Lane  in  1795 
as  Lydia  Languish.  She  was  vivacious  and  very  popular, 
being  eclipsed  only  by  Mrs.  Jordan.  Her  characters  in- 
cluded Dorinda,  Mrs.  Candour,  Rosalind,  Miranda, Ophelia, 
Miss  Prue,  Estifania,  etc.  In  1815  she  married  the  banker 
Coutts,  and  in  1827  the  ninth  Duke  of  St.  Albans.  8he  left 
a large  fortune  to  Miss  Burdett-Coutts. 

St.  Albans,  Viscount.  See  Bacon,  Francis. 
St.  Alban’s  Head.  A promontory  in  Dorset- 
shire, England,  which  projects  into  the  English 
Channel  19  miles  southeast  of  Dorchester. 

St.  Aldwyn,  Viscount.  See  Hicks-Beach. 
St.-Amand,  or  St.-Amand-Montrond  (san-ta- 
mon'mon-ron').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Cher,  France,  situated  on  the  Marmande,  near 
the  Cher.  Population,  commune,  8,602. 
St.-Amand-les-Eaux  (-la-zo').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  at  the 
union  of  the  Scarpe  and  Elnon,  8 miles  north- 
west of  Valenciennes : noted  for  its  hot  mineral 
springs.  It  has  a ruined  abbey.  Population, 
commune,  14,454. 

St.  Ambrose  (sant  am'broz).  A small  island 
in  the  Pacific,  west  of  Chile  and  near  St.  Felix, 
in  lat.  26°  21'  S.,  long.  79°  40'  W. 

St.  Andrew  (an'dro),  Cape.  A cape  on  the 
western  coast  of  Madagascar,  in  lat.  16°  12'  S., 
★long.  44°  29'  E. 

St.  Andrews  (an'droz).  A city  and  seaport  in 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North  Sea 
11  miles  southeast  of  Dundee.  The  cathedral  was 
founded  in  the  I2th  century,  and  the  castle  (now  in  ruins) 
was  built  in  the  13th  and  rebuilt  in  the  14th  century.  It 
may  be  regarded  as  the  headquarters  of  the  game  of  golf, 
which  is  played  on  the  adjoining  “links.”  The  university, 
founded  by  Bishop  Wardlaw  in  1411,  and  attended  by  about 
300  students,  consists  of  two  colleges  : the  united  college 
of  St.  Salvator  and  St  Leonard,  and  the  college  (theologi- 
cal) of  St.  Mary.  St.  Andrews  was  made  a bishopric  about 
the  9th  century,  and  was  an  archbishopric  from  the  15th 
century  to  the  17th.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  martyrdom  of 
Patrick  Hamilton  and  Wishart,  and  of  the  murder  of  Car- 
dinal Beaton.  Pop.,  royal  and  municipal  borough,  8,827. 
St.  Andrews.  A seaport,  capital  of  Charlotte 
County,  New  Brunswick,  situated  on  Passa- 
maquoddy  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Croix  River, 
54  miles  west  by  south  of  St.  John.  Popula- 
tion, about  2,000. 

St.  Andrew’s  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of 

Mexico,  situated  on  the  coast  of  Florida  80  miles 
east  by  south  of  Pensacola.  Length,  40  miles. 
St.  Anthony  (an'to-ni).  A former  city  of  Min- 
nesota, now  a part  of  Minneapolis. 

St.  Anthony,  Falls  of.  A cataract  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  opposite  the  city  of  Minneapolis. 
Height,  18  feet  (or,  ineludingthe rapids,  50 feet). 
It  is  utilized  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

St.  -Antoine,  Faubourg  (fo-bor'  san-ton-twan'). 
A faubourg  of  Paris,  lying  without  the  Enceinte 
of  Charles  V.,  and  extending  from  the  Place  de 
la  Bastille  eastward  toward  Vincennes.  As  early 
as  the  time  of  Louis  XI.  the  proletariat  of  Paris  began  to 
drift  into  the  neighborhood  of  the  Bastille,  the  H6tel  St.- 
Paul,  and  the  Tournelles.  When  the  two  palaces  were  aban- 


St.-Antoine,  Faubourg 

doned,  the  aristocracy  of  Paris  removed  permanently  to  the 
western  side  of  the  city,  and  the  quartier  St.-Paul  and  Fau- 
bourg St.-Antoine  were  abandoned  to  the  lower  classes. 
The  dmeutes  of  Paris  always  come  out  of  this  region.  It 
corresponds  curiously  in  almost  every  way  to  the  White- 
chapel region  in  London.  See  Rue  St.-Antoine. 

Saint-Arnaud  (san-tar-no'),  Jacques  Achille 

Leroy  de.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  Aug.  20,  1796 : 
died  Sept.  29, 1854.  A French  general.  He  sub- 
dued the  Kabyles  in  Algeria  in  1851 ; was  appointed  min- 
ister of  war  Oct.,  1851 ; participated  in  the  coup  d’dtat  of 
Dec.  2, 1851 ; was  made  marshal  in  1852 ; and  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  French  army  in  the  Crimea  in 
1854.  He  cooperated  with  Lord  Raglan  in  the  battle  of 
the  Alma,  Sept.  20 ; but  died  shortly  after  on  board  ship. 

St.  Asaph  (sant  az'af).  A city  in  Flintshire, 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Clwyd  21  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Liverpool.  The  present  cathedral 
was  built  about  1480. 

St.  Augustine  (a'gus-ten  or  a-gus'ten).  A city 
and  seaport,  capital  of  St.  John's  County,  Flor- 
ida, situated  near  the  Atlantic,  on  the  peninsula 
of  the  Matanzas  and  San  Sebastian  rivers,  in 
lat.  29°  53'  N.,  long.  81°  19'  W.  It  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  United  States,  and  a favorite  winter  resort. 
The  Spanish  fort  San  Marco  (Fort  Marion)  is  notable.  The 
town  was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  under  Menendez  de 
Aviles  in  1565;  was  plundered  by  Drake  in  1686;  was  held 
by  the  British  from  1763  to  1783 ; and  was  ceded  to  the 
Americans,  who  took  possession  in  1821.  Population,  5,494, 
(1910). 

St.  Austell  (as'tel).  A town  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, situated  near  the  English  Channel,  29 
miles  west  of  Plymouth.  Population,  parish, 
11,998. 

St.  Bartholomew  (bar-thol'o-mu),  F.  St.-Bar- 

thelemy  (san-bar-tal-me').  A small  island 
in  the  Lesser  Antilles,  West  Indies,  situated  in 
lat.  17°  54'  N.,  long.  62°  51°  W.  Chief  town, 
Gustavia.  It  is  a colonial  possession  of  France,  and  a 
dependency  of  Guadeloupe.  It  was  settled  by  the  French 
in  1648  ; and  was  ceded  to  Sweden  in  1784,  and  ceded  back 
to  France  in  1878.  Population,  about  3,000. 

St.  Bartholomew,  Massacre  of.  In  French 
history,  a massacre  of  the  Huguenots,  com- 
mencing in  Paris  on  the  night  of  Aug.  23-24 
(St.  Bartholomew’s  day),  1572.  The  anti-Hugue- 
not  leaders  were  the  Duke  of  Guise,  the  queen  mother 
(Catharine  de'  Medici),  and  Charles  IX.  Coligny  was  the 
principal  victim,  and  the  total  number  In  France  is  esti- 
mated at  from  20,000  to  30,000.  The  occasion  was  the 
wedding  festivities  of  Henry  of  Navarre.  A religious  war 
followed  directly.  It  is  disputed  whether  the  massacre 
was  suddenly  caused  by  the  discovery  of  Huguenot  plots 
or  had  been  long  premeditated. 

St.  Bees  (bez).  A village  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Irish  Sea  4 miles  south  of 
Whitehaven.  It  was  the  seat  of  St.Bees  College 
(Anglican  theological)  until  closed  in  1897. 

St.  Bees  Head.  A headland  in  Cumberland, 
England,  projecting  into  the  Irish  Sea  in  lat.  54° 
31'  N.,  long.  3°  38'  W. 

St.-Benoit-SUT-Loire  (san-bS-nwa'siir-lwar'). 
A place  in  the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  on 
the  Loire  20  miles  east-southeast  of  Orleans. 
It  contains  a Benedictine  monastery.  The  abbey  church, 
built  between  1026  and  1218,  is  the  finest  of  its  type  in 
France.  It  is  preceded  by  a narthex  of  3 bays,  with  a 
crypt,  and  has  double  transepts  and  a central  tower.  It 
contains  the  tomb  of  Philip  I.,  and  has  fine  sculpture  and 
handsome  15th-century  choir-stalls. 

St.  Bernard  (sant  b6r-nard';  F.  pron.  san  ber- 
nar'),  Great.  An  Alpine  pass  leading  from 
Martigny,  Valais,  Switzerland,  to  Aosta,  Italy, 
and  connecting  the  valleys  of  the  Rhone  and 
the  Dora  Baltea.  It  was  traversed  by  armies  in  Ro- 
man and  medieval  times.  The  passage  by  the  French  army 
under  Napoleon  in  May,  1800,  is  especially  noteworthy. 
The  great  monastery  or  hospice  of  St.  Bernard,  main- 
tained here  for  the  relief  of  travelers,  consists  of  two  large 
plain  structures  of  masonry.  The  larger  building  dates 
from  the  middle  of  the  16th  century ; with  it  is  connected 
the  church  of  1680.  There  are  many  interesting  memen- 
tos of  those  who  have  been  saved  by  the  monks.  A 
small  separate  building  serves  to  receive  the  bodies  of 
those  found  dead  in  the  snow.  Height  of  the  pass,  8,108 
feet. 

St.  Bernard,  Little.  An  Alpine  pass  leading 
from  Bourg  St.-Maurice,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Isfere,  France,  to  the  valley  of  the  Dora  Baltea, 
Italy.  This  is  almost  certainly  the  pass  traversed  by 
Hannibal’s  army  218  B.  c.  Height,  7,235  feet. 

St.  Blaise  (blaz).  A chestnut  race-horse,  foaled 
in  1880,  winner  of  the  Derby  in  1883.  He  was  im- 
ported in  1885,  and  was  sold  at  auction  in  1891  for  $100,000. 
His  principal  foals  are  St.  Florian,  Potomac,  La  Tosca,  and 
Chesapeake. 

St.  Brandan’s  Island.  See  Brendan,  Saint. 

St.  Bride’s  Bay  (bridz  ba).  A bay  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  South  Wales. 

St.-Brieuc  (san-bre-e').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  C6tes-du-Nord,  France,  situated 
near  the  entrance  of  the  Gouet  into  the  English 
Channel,  in  lat.  48°  31'  N.,  long  2°  47'  W.  it  is 

the  seat  of  a bishopric.  Its  seaport  is  the  neighboring  Ld- 
gud.  Population,  commune,  23,041. 

St.-Calais  (san-kii-la').  A town  in  the  depart- 

c.— 66 


881 

ment  of  Sarthe,  France,  27  miles  east-south- 
east of  Le  Mans.  Population,  commune,  3,676. 

St.  Catharine  (sant  kath'a-rin)  Island.  An 
island  about  1 mile  from  the  coast  of  Georgia, 
to  which  it  belongs,  and  27  miles  south  by 
west  of  Savannah.  Length,  about  14  miles. 

St.  Catharines  (kath'a-rinz)  A city,  capital 
of  Lincoln  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  the  Welland  Canal  about  10  miles  north- 
west of  Niagara  Falls : noted  for  mineral  wells. 
Population,  12,484,  (1911). 

St.  Catharine’s  Island  (Brazil).  See  Santa 
Catliarina. 

Saint  Cecilia’s  Day,  Ode  for.  See  Alexander’s 
Feast. 

Saint  Cecilia’s  Day,  Song  for.  A lyrical  poem 
by  Dryden. 

St.-Cergue  (san-sarg').  A town  in  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  17  miles  north  of  Geneva. 

St.-Chamas  (san-sha-ma/).  A town  in  the 
department  of  Bouehes-du-Rhone,  France,  25 
miles  north vgest  of  Marseilles.  It  contains  a Roman 
bridge(Pont  Flavien)of  fine  masonry  spanning  the  Toulou- 
bre  by  a single  arch.  At  each  end  there  is  a triumphal 
arch  with  Corinthian  ornament.  Population,  commune, 
2,626. 

St.-Chamond  (-sha-m6n').  A manufacturing 
and  mining  town  in  the  department  of  Loire, 
France,  situated  on  the  Gier  25  miles  south- 
west of  Lyons.  Population,  commune,  about 
14,500. 

St.  Charles  (sant  charlz).  A city,  capital  of  St. 
Charles  County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Missouri,  20  miles  northwest 
of  St.  Louis.  The  river  is  spanned  here  by  a long  bridge. 
St.  Charles  was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1769.  Popula- 
tion, 9,437,  (1910). 

St.-Chinian  (san-she-nyon').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Herault,  France,  18  miles  north 
of  Narbonne.  Population,  commune,  3,037. 

St.  Christopher  (sant  kris'to-fer),  or  St.  Kitts 
(kits).  An  island  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  British 
West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  17°  18'  N.,  long.  62° 
43' W.  Capital,  Basseterre.  It  is  traversed  by  moun- 
tains. It  exports  sugar.  It  is  separated  from  Nevis  by  a 
channel  about  II  miles  wide,  and  the  two  islands  are  po- 
litically united.  They  form  part  of  the  colony  of  the  Lee- 
ward Islands.  This  was  the  first  of  the  West  Indies  set- 
tled by  the  French  (1625),  but  the  English  had  a small 
colony  here  in  1623.  The  dispute  regarding  its  possession 
was  settled  in  1713  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  which  left  it 
in  the  hands  of  the  English.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1782  and  restored  in  17S3.  Area,  65  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 29,782. 

St.  Clair  (klar).  A city  in  St.  Clair  County, 
Michigan,  situated  on  St.  Clair  River  47  miles 
northeast  of  Detroit.  Population,  2,633,  (1910). 

St.  Clair,  Arthur.  Born  at  Thurso,  Scotland, 
1734 : died  near  Greensburg,  Pa.,  Aug.  31, 1818. 
An  American  general.  He  served  at  Louisburg  in 
1758  and  at  Quebec  in  1759 ; took  part  in  the  victories  of 
Trenton  and  Princeton  ; commanded  in  1777  at  Ticonde- 
roga,  which  he  evacuated  before  Burgoyne ; and  was  pres- 
ent at  Yorktown.  He  was  president  of  Congress  in  1787, 
and  governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory  1789-1802.  In 
1791  he  was  defeated  by  the  Indians  under  Little  Turtle 
near  the  Miami  villages,  and  resigned  his  command  in 
1792.  He  published  “ A Narrative  of  the  Manner  in  which 
the  Campaign  against  the  Indians  in  the  year  1791  was 
conducted  under  the  Command  of  Maj.-Gen.  St.  Clair, 
etc."  (1812). 

St.  Clair,  Lake.  A lake  lying  between  Michi- 
gan and  Ontario,  Canada,  it  receives  the  waters 
of  Lake  Huron  through  St.  Clair  River,  and  has  it3  outlet 
by  Detroit  River  into  Lake  Erie.  Length,  28  miles. 
Breadth,  12-25  miles. 

St.  Clair  River.  The  outlet  of  Lake  Huron. 

St.  Clare  (klar),  Augustine.  One  of  the  leading 
characters  of  “Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin,”  by  Mrs. 
Stowe : the  amiable  owner  of  Uncle  Tom  and 
father  of  Eva. 

St.-Claude  (san-klod').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  France,  situated  on  the  Bienne 
19  miles  northwest  of  Geneva.  It  has  varied 
manufactures.  Its  cathedral  of  St.  Peter  is  no- 
table. Population,  commune,  10,980. 

St.-Cloud  (san-klo').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seme-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Seine,  1£  miles  west  of  the  for- 
tifications of  Paris.  The  castle  or  palace  formerly 
standing  here  was  rebuilt  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1658  for  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  and  bought  by  Louis  XVI.  for  Marie  An- 
toinette. It  wa3  the  favorite  summer  residence  of  the  two 
Napoleons.  The  interior  was  burned  in  the  war  of  1870, 
and  the  palace  has  since  been  demolished.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  coup  d’dtat  of  the  18th  Brumaire,  1799.  The 
treaty  for  the  capitulation  of  Paris  was  signed  there  in 
1815 ; and  there,  too,  the  ordinances  of  July,  1830,  were 
signed  by  Charles  X.  Population,  commune,  8,354. 

St.  Cloud  (kloud).  The  capital  of  Stearns  Coun- 
ty, Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  75 
miles  northwest  of  St.  Paul.  Population,  10,600, 
(1910). 

St.  Croix  (West  Indies).  See  Santa  Crus. 

St.  Croix  (kroi)  River,  or  Schoodic  (sko'dik). 


Sainte-Beuve 

A river  on  the  boundary  between  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Maine.  It  is  the  outlet  of  Grand  Lake, 
and  flows  into  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  Length, 
about  75  miles. 

St.  Croix  River.  A river  in  northwestern  Wis- 
consin, and  on  the  boundary  between  Wiscon- 
sin and  Minnesota.  It  joins  the  Mississippi 
20  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Saint-Cyr.  See  Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. 

St.-Cyr-l’fjcole  (san-ser'la-kol').  A village  in 
the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  2} 
miles  west  of  Versailles.  It  was  formerly  the  seat 
of  a convent  school  for  young  ladies,  founded  by  Madame 
de  Maintenon,  which  was  transformed  into  a military 
school  (transferred  from  Fontainebleau)  in  1806.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  3,794. 

St.  David  (da'vid)  Islands,  or  Freewill  (fre'- 
wil)  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Pacific,  situated  in  lat.  1°  N.,  long.  134°  15'  E. 

St.  David’s  (da'vidz).  A city  in  Pembroke- 
shire, Wales,  situated  near  the  coast,  almost  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Wales,  15  miles  north- 
west of  Milford.  It  is  the  seat  of  a bishopric.  The 
cathedral  is  a late-Norman  building,  with  later  modifica- 
tions. The  exterior,  with  central  tower,  is  varied  in  outline. 
The  interior  is  very  richly  ornamented,  but  not  vaulted. 
The  dimensions  are  290  by  70  feet ; length  of  transepts, 
120 ; height  of  vaulting,  46. 

St.  David’s  Head.  One  of  the  westernmost 
points  of  Wales,  situated  in  Pembrokeshire 
northwest  of  St.  David’s. 

St.-Denis  (san-de-ne').  A city  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine 
and  the  Crould,  2|  miles  north  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Paris.  It  has  important  manufactures  and 
trade.  The  abbey  church,  the  historic  burial-place  of  the 
kings  of  France,  was  founded  by  Dagobert  and  rebuilt  by 
Suger  (1144),  who  introduced  the  pointed  arch,  one  of  the 
earliest  authenticated  examples.  Suger’s  battlemented 
west  front,  with  recessed  sculptured  portals,  and  his  ap- 
sidal  chapels  and  crypt  survive.  The  intervening  parts 
form  one  of  the  most  elegant  and  purely  designed  cre- 
ations of  the  13th  century,  the  walls  being  little  but  tra- 
ceried  frames  of  stone  in  which  the  glass  of  the  windows 
is  set.  The  great  rose-windows  of  the  transepts  are  un- 
surpassed in  lightness  and  beauty.  The  royal  tombs  were 
injured  in  the  Revolution,  but  have  been  restored  : many 
of  them  are  of  great  interest  and  beauty.  The  church  is 
354  feet  long  ; the  nave  40  feet  wide  and  92  high.  A vic- 
tory was  gained  near  St.-Denis,  Nov.  10, 1667,  by  the  French 
Catholics  under  Montmorency  (who  was  mortally  wound- 
ed) over  the  Huguenots  under  Conde.  Population,  com- 
mune, 64,790. 

St.-Denis.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  island  of 
Reunion,  Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  north 
coast.  Population,  25,689. 

St.-Di§  (saii-dya').  A town  iu  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Meurthe  26 
miles  east-northeast  of  Epinal.  It  has  a lumber 
trade  and  flourishing  manufactures,  and  contains  a cathe- 
dral. In  the  latter  part  of  the  16th  and  first  part  of  the 
16th  century  it  had  a college  and  printing-press  under  the 
patronage  of  the  dukes  of  Lorraine.  Here,  in  1507,  the 
name  America  was  first  proposed  in  a little  tract  published 
by  Waldseemiiller.  Population,  commune,  22,136. 

St.-Dizier  (san'de-zya').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Marne  35  miles  southeast  of  Chalons-sur-Marne. 
It  has  an  important  timber  trade,  andiron  manufactures. 
It  was  defended  against  Charles  V.  in  1644,  and  was  the 
scene  of  several  combats  between  the  French  and  the  Allies 
in  1814.  Population,  commune,  14,661. 

St.  Domingo.  See  Santo  Domingo. 
Sainte-Alaegonde  (sant-iil-d6-g6nd'),  Philipp 
van  Marnix.  Born  at  Brussels,  1538 : died  at 
Leyden,  Dec..  15,  1598.  A Dutch  writer  and 
statesman.  His  early  education  was  received  at  Ghent, 
where  he  was  brought  up  in  the  Calvinistic  faith.  After 
William  of  Orange,  he  played  the  foremost  part  in  the  lib- 
eration of  the  Netherlands.  The  treaty  of  Breda  in  1666 
was  formulated  by  him.  In  1572  he  was  governor  of  Delft 
and  Rotterdam.  In  1684-85  he  conducted  the  defense  of 
Antwerp.  His  principal  work  is  “De  By en corf  der  h. 
Roomscher  Kercke”  (“The  Beehive  of  the  Holy  Church 
of  Rome  "X  a Calvinistic  satire  on  Catholicism,  published 
in  1569  under  the  pseudonym  Isaac  Rabbotenus.  In  1691 
he  published  a metrical  translation  of  the  Psalms,  and  had 
been  commissioned  by  the  States-General  to  make  in  Ley- 
den, where  he  died,  a translation  of  the  whole  Bible.  He 
was  the  author  of  numerous  writings  in  Latin,  French,  and 
Flemish  on  ecclesiastical  and  political  subjects,  and  is  re- 
puted to  have  written  the  folk-song  “ Wilhelmus  van  Nas- 
souwen  " (“William  of  Nassau").  His  “Beehive"  was 
translated  into  German  by  Johann  Fiscliart  with  the  title 
“ Bienenkorb  " (1679). 

Sainte-Anne  (sant-an').  A pilgrim  resort  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan,  France,  10  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Vannes. 

Sainte-Barbe.  See  Noisseville. 

Sainte-Beuve  (sant-bev'),  Charles  Augustin. 
Born  atBoulogne-Sur-Mer,  Dee.  23, 1804:  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  13, 1869.  A French  poet  and  critic.  He 
began  liis  studies  in  his  native  city,  and  completed  them  in 
Paris  at  the  colleges  Charlemagne  and  Bourbon.  On  gradu- 
ation he  took  a course  in  medicine,  but  gave  it  up  a year 
later  as  uncongenial.  A few  book-reviews  brought  him 
favorably  into  notice  in  literary  circles.  Among  the  many 
friends  he  made  there  was  Victor  Hugo.  Iu  1827  he  com- 


Sainte-Beuve 

peted  without  success  for  a prize  offered  by  the  French 
Academy  for  a dissertation  on  the  subject  “Tableau  de  la 
poesie  fran$aise  au  X \ T sifecle An  improved  edition 
of  this  work  appeared  in  1843,  and  is  considered  an  au- 
thority on  the  subject  and  period  in  question.  He  was 
also  a contributor  to  “La  Revue  de  Paris,’’  “La  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes,”  “ Le  Constitutionnel,"  “Le  Moniteur," 
and  “Le  Temps.”  The  revolution  of  1830  developed  the 
political  instinct  within  him,  and  he  became  closely  con- 
nected with  “Le  Globe”  and  “ Le  National.”  His  early 
work  embraces  some  collections  of  poems,  “Pofoies  de 
Joseph  Delorme”  (1829),  “Consolations "(1830),  and  “Pen- 
sdes  d'aofft”  (1837);  also  a novel,  “ Volupte”  (1832).  Of  a 
more  serious  nature  are  “L'HistoiredePort-Royal”(1840- 
1842),  and  “Chateaubriand  et  son  groupe”  (1849).  His 
contributions  to  periodicals  include  most  of  his  work  as  a 
critic.  These  so-called  “Portraits”  and  “Causeries"have 
since  been  collected,  and  constitute  his  strongest  claim  to 
literary  recognition.  They  are  published  as  “Portraits 
litteraires”  (1st  series,  1832-39  ; 2d  series,  1844),  “Portraits 
defemmes”(1844),  “ Portraits contemporains "(1846),  “Can- 
series  du  lundi”  (1851-57),  “Nouveaux  lundis”  (1833-72), 
“ Premiers  lundis’’ (1875).  In  1845 Sainte-Beuve  was  elected 
to  the  French  Academy.  He  gave  a series  of  lectures  on 
literary  subjects  at  Lausanne  in  1837,  and  at  Liege  in  1848. 
For  a brief  period  thereafter  he  tilled  the  chair  in  Latin 
poetry  at  the  College  de  France.  His  last  work  as  an  edu- 
cator was  done  in  connection  with  the  lectureship  he  held 
at  the  Ecole  Normale  1857-61.  He  was  made  senator  in 
1865. 

Sainte-Chapelle  (sant'sha-pel').  [F.,  ‘holy 
chapel.’]  A chapel  in  Paris,  built  by  St. -Louis 
as  the  chapel  of  his  palace,  and  to  receive  and 
enshrine  a precious  relic — the  crown  of  thorns 
— preserved  in  the  treasury  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
peror. Baudouin  (Baldwin),  son-in-law  of  the  Emperor 
of  Constantinople,  Jean  de  Brienne,  and  his  designated 
successor,  had  bound  himself  during  a visit  to  Paris  to  se- 
cure this  relic  for  Louis  IX.  On  his  return  to  Constanti- 
nople he  found  the  emperor  dead,  the  crown  of  thorns  in 
pawn  with  the  Venetians,  and  the  treasury  without  money 
to  redeem  it.  St. -Louis  paid  the  required  ransom  (about 
100,090  francs,  present  value),  and  the  relic  was  sent  to  him. 
It  arrived  Aug.  18,  1239,  and  was  deposited  at  Vincennes, 
whence  it  was  carried  with  great  pomp  by  the  king  him- 
self to  Notre  Dame.  It  was  afterward  placed  in  the  Chapel 
of  St.  Nicholas,  then  the  chapel  of  the  palace.  Sainte-Cha- 
pelle  was  then  built,  and  consecrated  April  25, 1248.  It  is 
now  that  of  the  Palais  de  Justice.  It  is  the  most  perfect 
example  of  its  type  produced  during  the  best  period  of 
Pointed  architecture.  It  consists  of  two  chapels,  one  be- 
low the  other.  The  lower  chapel  was  dedicated  to  the  Vir- 
gin, has  nave  and  narrow  aisles,  and  is  in  itself  archi- 
tecturally remarkable.  The  upper  chapel,  36  by  115  feet, 
is  vaulted  in  a single  span  66  feet  high.  Almost  the 
entire  wall-space  is  occupied  by  the  great  traceried  win- 
dows, which  are  all  filled  with  13th-century  glass  of  inde- 
scribable richness  of  color.  The  Flamboyant  rose-win- 
dow which  occupies  the  entire  upper  half  of  the  west  end 
was  inserted  in  the  15th  century  in  place  of  the  original 
window.  All  the  stonework  of  the  interior  is  decorated 
in  gold  and  brilliant  color,  and  there  is  much  delicate 
sculpture.  Beneath  the  windows  is  a range  of  arcades 
whose  quatrefoils  are  filled  with  illuminations  represent- 
ing martyrdoms.  The  graceful  wooden  tabernacle  at 
the  east  end  is  of  the  13th  century.  The  upper  chapel 
was  built  to  receive  the  crown  of  thorns  and  other 
relics.  Before  the  west  end  there  is  a two-storied  ar- 
caded porch. 

Sainte-Claire  Deville  (sant-klar'  de-vel'), 
Charles.  Born  at  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies, 
1814:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1876.  A French 
scientist.  He  made  a special  study  of  volcanic  and  seis- 
mic phenomena,  exploring  for  this  purpose  the  West  In- 
dies, Teneriffe,  southern  Italy,  etc.  ; was  the  assistant  and 
successor  of  Elie  de  Beaumont  in  the  Coll  ge  de  France ; 
and  established  a chain  of  meteorological  stations  in 
France  and  Algeria.  He  published  “ Voyage  gdologique 
aux  Antilles  et  aux  lies  TCnCriffe  et  de  Fogo”  (7  vols. 
1856-64),  etc. 

Sainte-Croix  (saht-krwa/).  1.  A town  in  the 
canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  22  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Lausanne.  It  has  manufactures 
of  watches,  etc.  Population,  5,914. — 2.  See 
Santa  Cruz. 

St.  Elian’s  Well.  A celebrated  well  in  Den- 
bighshire, known  as  “the  head  of  the  cursing- 
wells.”  It  was  thought  that  by  throwing  a pin  or  a peb- 
ble into  the  well,  inscribed  with  the  name  of  a hated  per- 
son, and  at  the  same  time  per  orming  certain  impious  rites, 
the  victim  would  be  caused  to  pine  and  die,  and  his  fields 
would  be  blasted. 

St.  Elias  (e-li'as),  Mount.  1.  The  name  of  sev- 
eral mountains  in  Greece.  Mountains  so  named  are 
situated  (a)  in  the  western  part  of  Laconia ; (t)  i :i  the  south- 
ern part  of  Euboea  ; (c)  in  Zea  ; (cl)  in  Milo  ; (e)  in  .Egina ; 
(f)  in  Paros ; (g)  in  Santorin. 

2.  A mountain  in  Alaska,  near  the  boundary 
of  British  America,  in  lat.  60°  17'  35"  N., 
long.  140°  55'  47"  W.,  near  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  was  once  thought  to  be  the  highest  peak  in  North 
America,  but  is  now  known  io  be  surpassed  by  the  Peak 
of  Orizaba,  in  Mexico;  by  (Mount  Logan,  in  British  terri- 
tory ; and  by  Mount  McKiSey,  in  Alaska.  Height,  18,023 
feet.  First  ascended  by  the  Duke  of  the  Abruzzi  in  1897. 

St.  Elmo.  See  Elmo , Castle  of  St. 
Sainte-Marguerite  (saht-mar-gret').  One  of 
the  lies  de  Bering,  near  Cannes,  France.  In  its 

fort  Monterey  the  “ man  with  the  iron  mask  " was  confined 
1686-98;  and  Bazaine  was  confined  there  from  1873  until 
his  escape  in  1874. 

Sainte-Marie  (sant-ma-re').  A small  island 
east  of  Madagascar,  about  lat.  17°  S.  It  belongs 
to  the  French,  population,  about  8,000. 


882 

Sainte-Menehould  (saht/me-ne-ol'  orm6-no'). 
A town  in  the  department  of  Marne,  France, 
situated  on  the  Aisne  41  miles  east-southeast  of 
Rheims.  Population,  commune,  4,992. 
St.-Emilion  (san-ta-me-lyon').  A small  town 
in  the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  19  miles 
east  of  Bordeaux : noted  for  its  wines. 

Saintes  (saht).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  situated  on  the  Charente 
38  miles  southeast  of  La  Rochelle : the  ancient 
Mediolanum.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  Roman  remains. 
The  triumphal  arch,  formerly  the  head  of  the  old  Charente 
bridge,  lias  2 arched  openings,  13  feet  wide,  between  pi- 
lasters and  engaged  Corinthian  columns.  The  height  is 
38  feet.  The  inscriptions  show  that  it  was  built  under 
Nero,  in  honor  of  Germanicus,  Tiberius,  and  Drusus.  The 
cathedral  and  the  churches  of  St.  Eutropius  and  Notre 
Dame  are  notable.  The  town  was  the  capital  of  the  San- 
tones,  and  afterward  of  Saintonge  ; was  held  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  the  middle  ages ; and  suffered  in  the  Huguenot 
wars.  Population,  commune,  19,025. 

St.-Etienne  (sah-ta-tyen').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Loire,  France,  situated  in  lat. 45° 
26'  N.,  long.  4°  23'  E.  It  is  the  center  of  the  prin- 
cipal coal-field  in  southern  France,  and  one  of  the  greatest 
manufacturing  cities  of  the  country;  manufactures  iron, 
weapons,  cutlery,  ribbons,  etc.;  has  a national  arms  factory; 
and  is  an  important  railway  center.  It  has  a school  of 
mines  and  a palace  of  art6.  Population,  commune,  146,788. 

St.  Eustache.  See  Eustaclie,  St. 

St.  Eustatius  (sant  u-sta'shi-us),  or  St.-Eu- 
stache  (san-te-stash').  An  island  of  the  Dutch 
West  Indies,  adependency  of  Cura<jao,  situated 
northwest  of  St.  Christopher’s  in  lat.  17°  29'  N., 
long.  62°  59'  W.  Capital,  Orangetown.  It  is  of 

volcanic  formation.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Dutch  in  1635, 
and  lias  been  held  uninterruptedly  by  them  since  1814* 
Area,  7 square  miles.  Population,  1,283. 

Saint-Evrernond  (san-tavr-inon'),  Seigneur  de 
(Charles  de  Marguetel  de  Saint-Denis). 

Bom  at  St.-Denis-di-Guast,  near  Coutances, 
France,  April  1,  1613 ; died  in  England,  Sept. 
29,  1703.  A French  author.  He  was  educated  by 
the  Jesuits,  and  served  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War.  He  was 
a favorite  of  Condd,  but  incurred  his  displeasure  and  later 
that  of  the  king  after  the  fall  of  Fouquet  by  his  letter  on 
the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  also  by  his  adhesion  to  the 
school  of  freethinkers  founded  or  encouraged  by  Gassendi. 
In  1660  he  went  to  England,  and  lived  there  in  exile  at  the 
court  of  Charles  II.  till  Iris  death.  His  works  include  cri- 
tiques, letters,  etc.,  first  published  in  1705. 

St.  Felix  (fe'liks).  A small  island  in  the  Pacific, 
west  of  Chile,  situated  in  lat.  26°  16'  S.,  long. 
80°  7'  W. 

St.-Flour  (san-flor').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Cantal,  France,  33  miles  north  by  east  of 
Aurillae.  Population,  commune,  5,065. 

St.  Francis  (fran'sis).  1.  A river  in  eastern 
Missouri  and  eastern  Arkansas.  It  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  these  two  States,  and  joins  trie  Mis- 
sissippi miles  north  of  Helena.  Length,  about  450  miles. 

2.  A river  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada, 
joining  the  St.  Lawrence  in  Lake  St.  Peter,  24 
miles  southwest  of  Three  Rivers.  Length, 
about  175  miles. 

St.  Francis,  Cape.  1.  A cape  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Avalon,  southeastern  Newfoundland,  at 
the  entrance  to  Conception  Bay. — 2.  A cape 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  situated 
in  lat.  34°  12'  S.,  long.  24°  50'  E. 

St.  Francis,  Lake.  1 . An  expansion  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  below  the  New  York  and  Canada 
boundary.  Length,  about  30  miles.  Width,  2-5 
miles. — 2.  A lake  in  Beauce  County,  Quebec, 
Canada,  59  miles  south  of  Quebec.  Its  outlet  is 
by  the  St.  Francis  River  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Length,  about  14  miles. 

St.  Gall  (sant  gal),  F.  St.-Gall  (san-gal'),  G. 
Sankt  Gallen  (sankt  gal'len).  1.  A canton 
of  Switzerland.  Capital,  St.  Gall.  It  is  bounded 
by  Thurgau  and  the  Lake  of  Constance  on  the  north,  the 
Rhine  (separating  it  from  Vorarlberg,  Liechtenstein,  and 
in  part  from  Grisons)  on  the  east,  Grisons  and  Glarus  on 
the  south,  and  Glarus,  Scliwyz,  Zurich,  and  Thurgau  on 
the  west.  It  incloses  the  canton  of  Appenzell.  Thesur- 
face  is  mountainous  and  hilly:  the  south  and  center  are 
traversed  by  the  Glarneralpen  and  Thuralpen.  It  is  large- 
ly a manufacturing  canton.  The  prevailing  language  is 
German.  About  two  fifths  are  Protestants  and  three  fifths 
Roman  Catholics.  A large  part  of  the  territory  was  for- 
merly subject  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Gall  ; different  por- 
tions’came  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  confederation  in 
the  15th  and  16th  centuries ; the  canton  was  formed  in 
1803.  Area,  779  square  miles.  Population,  301,141,  (1910). 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  St.  Gall,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  47°  26'  N.,  long.  9°  23'  E.,  at  a 
height  of  2,165  feet  above  sea-level,  it  is  one 
of  the  chief  manufacturing  and  commercial  cities  in 
Switzerland,  and  the  center  of  alarge  district  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  embroidery  and  white  goods.  The  abbey 
is  a famous  Benedictine  establishment,  founded  by  the 
Irish  missionary  St.  Gall  in  the  7tl>  century,  and  sup- 
pressed in  1805.  The  existing  buildings,  now  used  for 
cantonal  offices,  schools,  episcopal  palace,  and  the  valua- 
ble library,  are  not  old,  the  grand  medieval  structures 
having  unfortunately  disappeared.  The  church  dates 


St.-Germain-en-Laye 

from  1755.  The  city  grew  up  around  the  abbey,  and  be- 
came an  important  literary  center.  The  abbots  obtained 
extensive  power  in  the  middle  ages.  St.  Gall  joined  the 
Swiss  Confederation  in  1451.  Population,  36,266. 
St.-Galmier  (sah-gal-mya' ) . A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire,  France,  28  miles  west-south- 
we^  of  Lyons.  It  exports  mineral  waters. 
Population,  commune,  3,059. 

St.-Gaudens  (san-go-dan').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Garonne,  France,  situated 
near  the  Garonne  50  miles  southwest  of  Tou- 
louse. It  has  a Romanesque  church.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  7,120. 

Saint-Gaudens  (sant-ga'denz),  Augustus. 
Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  March  1,  1848 : died 
at  Cornish,  N.  EL,  Aug.  3, 1907.  An  American 
sculptor.  He  studied  in  New  York,  Paris,  and  Rome, 
where  he  produced  his  first  6tatue,  “ Hiawatha,"  in  187L 
He  received  the  commission  for  the  Farragut  monument 
in  Madison  Square,  New  York,  in  1876,  and  finished  the 
work  in  1880.  Among  his  other  works  are  “ Adoration 
of  the  Cross  "(a  bas-relief  in  St.  Thomas’s  Church,  New 
York),  “The  Puritan,”  statues  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  Robert 
P.  Randall,  General  Sherman,  etc.,  and  busts  of  ff.  M. 
Evarts,  Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  and  others.  The  “Diana” 
on  the  tower  of  Madison  Square  Garden  is  also  his. 

Saint-Gelais  (san-zhe-la'),  Mellin  (or  Merlin 
or  Melusin)  de.  Born  at  Angouleme,  1487 : 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.,  1558.  A French  poet.  He 

was  the  most  important  poet  of  the  school  of  CICment 
Marot.  He  is  noted  as  the  introducer  of  the  sonnet  from 
Italy  into  France. 

St.-Geniez  (saii-zhe-nya').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lot  19  miles  east-northeast  of  Rodez.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  3,066. 

St.  George  (jorj),  Cape.  1.  A cape  on  a small 
island  off  the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola  River, 
in  Florida. — 2.  A cape  on  the  western  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  forming  the  northern  limit  of 
St.  George  Bay. 

St.  George,  Cape,  or  Cape  George.  A cape  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  the 
entrance  to  St.  George  Bay. 

St.  George,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Argentina,  about  lat. 
45°—47°  S. 

St.  George  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  on  the  western  coast  of  Newfound- 
land. Length,  about  50  miles. 

St.  George  Bay,  or  George  Bay.  An  inlet  of 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  between  Nova  Scotia 
and  Cape  Breton . 

St.  George’s  (jor'jez).  A seaport,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Grenada,  British  West  Indies.  Popu- 
lation, 5,188. 

St.  George.  1.  One  of  the  Bermuda  Islands. 
Length,  3£  miles. — 2.  A seaport  in  the  island 
of  St.  George.  Population,  985. 

St.  George’s  Bank.  A bank  about  100  miles 
east  of  Cape  Cod  in  Massachusetts.  It  is  often 
visited  by  fishermen. 

St.  George’s  Channel.  A sea  passage  sepa- 
rating Wales  and  Ireland,  and  connecting  the 
Irish  Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

St.  George’s  Chapel.  See  Windsor. 

St.  George’s  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  situated  off  the  coast  of  Florida,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola.  Length, 
19  miles. 

St.  George’s  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of 

Mexico,  separating  St.  George’s  Island  from  the 
mainland  of  Florida. 

Saint-Germain  (sah-zhev-man').  Bishop  of 
Paris  and  architect  cf  the  church  which  Childe- 
bert  constructed  in  honor  of  St.  Vincent,  550 

A.  D.  It  became  afterward  the  chapel  of  the  Abbey  of 
St  -Germain-des-Pres.  He  is  also  supposed  to  have  built 
for  Childebert  a church  to  St. -Germain  l’Auxerrois  at 
Angers,  and  trie  monastery  at  Mans. 

Saint-Germain,  called  Comte  de.  Died  in 
Schleswig  or  Cassel  after  1780.  A European  ad- 
venturer, of  unknown  origin.  He  appeared  at  the 
court  of  Louis  XV.  about  1750,  had  a large  fortune,  and 
was  mixed  up  in  all  the  court  intrigues  of  the  day.  He 
claimed  the  possession  of  the  elixir  of  life. 
St.-Germain  (san-zher-man'),  Faubourg  of. 
A once  fashionable  quarter  of  Paris,  situated  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Seine,  long  noted  as  the 
headquarters  of  the  French  royalists.  Many 
of  the  houses  of  the  old  nobility  are  still  stand- 
ing. 

St.-Germain-des-Pr6s  (da-pra').  The  impres- 
sive early-Romanesque  church  of  the  historic 
abbey  of  the  same  name  in  Paris,  conspicuous 
by  its  tall  heavy  pyramid-pointed  tower.  The 
massive  columns  and  arches  and  the  curiously  sculptured 
capitals  are  of  high  interest.  The  walls  of  the  nave  are 
covered  with  beautiful  scriptural  paintings  by  Flandrin. 

St.-Germain-en-Laye  (-on-la').  Atowninthe 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated 


St.-Germain-en-Laye 

on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  8 miles  west- 
northwest  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris.  It  is  a 
frequented  summer  residence.  The  chateau,  a favorite  resi- 
dence of  Francis  I.,  Louis  XIV.,  and  others,  and  of  James 
II.  of  England  after  his  deposition,  has,  like  most  of  such 
residences,  been  constantly  altered  and  renewed  with  the 
development  of  modern  civilization.  The  existing  struc- 
ture, half  citadel,  dates  chiefly  from  the  reign  of  Francis  I. 
The  more  luxurious  Chateau  Neuf,  adjoining,  was  built  by 
Henry  II.,  but,  except  the  Pavilion  Henry  IV.,  was  demol- 
ished in  the  18th  century.  The  chapel,  which  is  earlier 
than  the  rest,  is  of  remarkable  beauty.  The  chateau  now 
contains  the  Museum  of  French  National  Antiquities. 
Among  the  treaties  signed  here  were  that  of  1570  between 
the  French  Roman  Catholics  and  the  Huguenots,  whereby 
the  latter  received  various  concessions,  and  that  of  1679  be- 
tween France  and  Brandenburg,  whereby  the  latter  was 
obliged  to  cede  Sweden  most  of  its  conquests  in  Pome- 
rania. Population,  commune,  17,288. 

St.-Germain  l’Auxerrois  (lo-ser-wa').  The 
parish  church  of  the  kings  of  France,  in  Paris. 
The  existing  picturesque  building  dates  from  the  12th  to 
the  16th  century  ; it  has  a fine  porch  of  6 arches,  beneath 
which  open  the  3 richly  sculptured  13th-century  portals. 
The  interior  has  a nave  and  4 aisles  ; it  contains  fine  glass 
and  good  modern  frescos.  The  signal  for  the  massacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew  was  sounded  from  the  small  belfry  of 
the  south  transept. 

St.-Gervaix  (san-zher-va').  A watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  sit- 
uated in  the  Arve  valley  35  miles  southeast  of 
Geneva  : noted  for  its  hot  baths. 

St.  Giles’s  (jil'ziz).  A locality  in  London,  west 
of  the  City  and  northeast  of  Westminster,  long 
noted  as  a center  of  poverty  and  vice. 
St.-Gilles  (san-zhel').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  France,  12  miles  south  by  east  of 
Nimes.  It  has  a remarkable  church.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  6,300. 

St.-Grirons  (san-zhe-ron').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ariege,  southern  France,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Lez  with  the  Salat,  24 
miles  west  of  Foix.  Population,  commune, 
5,990. 

St.  Gotthard  (E.  sant  goth'ard),  G.  Sankt 
Gotthard  (sankt  got'liart).  A small  town  in 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Eaab  41  miles  east  by 
south  of  Gratz.  It  is  memorable  for  the  victory  of  the 
Imperialists  under  Montecuculi  over  the  Turks  under 
Kiuprili  Aug.  1,  1664. 

St.  Gotthard.  [G.  Sankt  Gotthard , F.  St. -Got- 
thard : named  from  St.  Godehardus,  bishop  of 
Hildesheim  1038.]  A mountain  group  of  the 
Lepontine  Alps,  on  the  borders  of  Valais,  Uri, 
Ticino,  and  Grisons,  Switzerland.  Highest 
points,  over  10,000  feet. 

St.  Gotthard,  Pass  of  the.  A celebrated  pass 

over  the  Alps.  It  leads  from  Fliielen  in  Switzerland 
up  the  valley  of  the  Reuss,  across  the  St.  Gotthard  group, 
and  down  the  valley  of  the  Ticino  to  Bellinzona.  Height 
of  the  pass,  6,935  feet.  A carriage-road  was  constructed 
through  it  in  1820-23.  It  was  the  line  of  the  retreat  of 
Suvaroff  in  1799. 

St.  Gotthard,  Tunnel  of  the.  The  tunnel 
through  the  St.  Gotthard  group,  in  the  St.  Gott- 
hard railway  from  Lucerne  to  Milan,  it  extends 
from  Goschenen  to  Airolo ; was  commenced  in  1872 ; and 
was  opened  in  1882.  It  extends  91  miles,  and  is  surpassed 
by  the  Simplon  tunnel,  12J  miles.  Height  of  central 
point,  3,786  feet 

St.  Helena  (he-le'na).  An  island  in  the  South 
Atlantic,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated 
in  lat.  15°  55'  S.,  long.  5°  44'  W.  it  is  about  1,200 
miles  west  of  Africa,  1,800  miles  east  of  South  America, 
and  820  miles  from  Ascension,  the  nearest  land.  It  is  of 
volcanic  origin.  The  only  town  is  Jamestown.  It  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1501;  became  a British 
possession  in  1651 ; and  is  celebrated  as  the  place  of  im- 
prisonment of  Napoleon,  who  resided  here  at  Longwood, 
1815-21.  Length,  10  miles.  Area,  47  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 9,850. 

St.  Helena  Bay.  A bay  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  about  lat.  32°  4u'  S. 
St.  Helena  Island.  An  island  in  Beaufort  Coun- 
ty, South  Carolina,  southwest  of  Charleston: 
noted  for  the  production  of  sea-island  cotton. 
St.  Helens  (hel'enz).  A municipal  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  in  Lancashire,  England,  sit- 
uated 10  miles  east-northeast  of  Liverpool,  it 
has  important  manufactures  of  glass,  copper,  chemicals, 
etc.  Population,  96,566,  (1911). 

St.  Helen’s,  Mount.  A volcanic  mountain  in 
the  State  of  Washington,  one  of  the  highest 
summits  of  the  Cascade  Range,  situated  in 
lat.  46°  12'  N.,  long.  122°  4'  W. 

St.  Helier  (F.  pron.  san-ta-lya'),  or  St.  Helier’s 
(sant  hel'yerz).  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Jersey,  Channel  Islands,  situated  on  St.  Aubin’s 
Bay  in  lat.  49°  10'  N.,  long.  2°  7'  W.  It  is  a 
fortress,  seaport,  and  watering-place.  Popu- 
lation, 27,866. 

Saint-Hilaire  (san-te-lar'j,  Augustin  Fran- 
cois C6sar  Provensal  de,  called  Auguste 
de  Saint-Hilaire.  Born  at  Orleans,  France, 
Oct.  4,  1799:  died  there,  Sept.  30,  1853.  A 
French  botanist.  He  traveled  in  the  southern  and  in- 


883 

terior  provinces  of  Brazil  1816-22,  bringing  back  a very  val- 
uable collection  of  plants  and  animals.  His  most  impor- 
tant writings  are  “ Flora  Brasilia;  meridionalis  ” (3  vols. 
1824),  and  a series  of  4 works,  in  8 volumes,  describing  his 
travels,  with  the  general  title  “Voyage  dans  l’intbrieur  du 
Bresil  ” (1830-61). 

Saint-Hilaire,  Barthelemy-.  See  Barthelemy- 
Saint-Hilaire. 

Saint-Hilaire,  Geoffroy.  See  Geoffroy  Saint- 
Hilaire. 

Saint-Hilaire,  Marco  de  (properly  Emile  Marc 
Hilaire).  Born  at  Versailles,  May  22,1796 : died 
at  Neuilly,  Nov.  5, 1887.  A French  writer,  page 
at  the  court  of  Napoleon  I.  He  wrote  “Mbmoires 
d’un  page  de  la  cour  impbriale  ” (1830),  and  other  works 
on  Napoleon  I.  and  the  empire. 

St. -Hubert  (san-tii-bar').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Luxemburg,  Belgium,  30  miles  north- 
east of  Sedan : noted  for  its  chapel  of  St.  Hu- 
bert. Population,  3,341. 

St.  Hyacinthe  (sant  hi'a-sinth ; F.  pron.  sant- 
e-a-sant').  A city,  capital  of  St.  Hyacinthe 
County,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  on  the  river 
Yamaska  3l  miles  east-northeast  of  Montreal. 
Population,  9,797,  (1911). 

St.-Imier  (san-te-mya').  A town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  26  miles  northwest 
of  Bern.  It  has  manufactures  of  watches. 
Population,  7,455. 

St.-Imier,  Val,  G.  Sankt  Immerthal  (sankt 
im'mer-tal).  A valley  in  the  Jura,  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  north  of  the  Lake  of  Bienne. 
Saintine  (san-ten'),  Joseph  Xavier  Boniface, 

called.  Born  at  Paris,  July  10, 1798 : died  there, 
Jan.  21,  1865.  A French  poet,  dramatist,  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  nearly  200  plays,  at  first  under  the 
name  of  “Xavier," and  a number  of  novels,  but  is  best  re- 
membered by  his  “Picciola,"  a tale  of  the  love  of  a pris- 
oner for  a flower. 

St.  Ives  (ivz).  A seaport  and  watering-place 
in  Cornwall,  England,  situated  on  St.  Ives  Bay 
57  miles  west-southwest  of  Plymouth,  it  has  an 
important  pilchard-fishery,  and  is  a favorite  winter  resort. 
Population,  6,699. 

St.  Ives.  A town  in  Huntingdonshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Ouse  5 miles  east  of 
Huntingdon.  Population,  2,910. 

St.  James’s  Palace.  A palace  in  London,  adapt- 
ed as  a royal  residence  by  Henry  VIII.,  enlarged 
by  Charles  I.,  damaged  by  fire  in  1809,  and  since 
restored.  Though  no  longer  occupied  by  the  sovereign, 
it  gives  Its  name  officially  to  the  British  court.  The  pic- 
turesque brick  gate  toward  St.  James's  street,  and  the  in- 
teresting presence-chamber,  date  from  Henry  VIII.,  as 
does  the  chapel,  which  is  known  as  the  Chapel  Royal.  The 
apartments  of  state  are  splendidly  decorated. 

St.  James’s  Park.  A public  park  of  87  acres,  in 
London,  east  of  Green  Park.  It  originally  consisted 
of  fields  acquired  by  Henry  VIII.  in  exchange  for  lands  in 
Suffolk.  The  Hospital  of  St.  James,  which  owned  it,  was 
pulled  down,  and  St.  James’s  Palace  was  erected  on  its  site. 
It  is  the  first  of  a series  of  parks  extending  from  near  the 
Thames  at  Whitehall  to  Kensington  Palace,  2 j miles,  east 
and  west.  It  reached  its  greatest  importance  in  the  days 
of  the  Stuarts,  and  is  especially  associated  with  the  private 
life  of  Charles  II. 

St. -Jean  d’Acre.  See  Acre. 

St.-Jean  d’ Ang61y  (sait-zhon'  don-zha-le' ).  A 
townin  the  department  of  Charente-Inferieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  Boutonne  35  miles 
southeast  of  La  Rochelle.  It  suffered  in  the  Hun- 
dred Years’  War;  was  a Calvinist  stronghold;  and  was 
captured  and  dismantled  by  Iouis  XIII.  It  has  remains 
of  a Benedictine  abbey.  Population,  commune,  7,087. 
St.-Jean-de-Luz  (-de-liiz').  A seaport  aDd  wa- 
tering-place in  the  department  of  Basses-Pyr6- 
nees,  France,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ni- 
velle,  in  the  Gulf  of  Gascony,  12  miles  southwest 
of  Bayonne.  It  was  formerly  a center  of  the 
whale-fishery.  Population,  commune,  4,523. 
St.  John  (sant  jon).  An  island  in  the  West 
Indies,  situated  in  lat.  18°  18'  N.,  long.  64°  42' 
W.  It  belongs  to  Denmark.  Area,  21  square 
miles.  Population,  925. 

St.  John.  A city  of  New  Brunswick  and  of 
St.  John  County,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  John  River  in  lat.  45°  16'  N.,  long.  66° 
4'  W . It  has  a fine  harbor,  and  flourishing  foreign  and 
coasting  commerce,  manufactures  (including  ship-build- 
ing), and  fisheries.  It  was  settled  chiefly  by  American 
loyalists  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  ; was  chartered  as 
a city  in  1785 ; and  was  partly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1877. 
Population,  42,511,  (1911). 

St.  John,  or  St.  Johns  (jonz).  A seaport,  capi- 
tal of  Antigua  and  of  the  Leeward  Islands 
colony,  British  West  Indies.  Ponulation, 
9,262. 

St.  John  (sant  jon';  in  England  sin'jon),  Bayle. 
Born  at  London,  Aug.  19,  1822:  died  there, 
Aug.  1,  1859.  An  English  traveler  and  author, 
son  of  J.  A.  St.  John.  He  wrote  “Village  Life 
in  Upper  Egypt”  (1852),  “The  Subalpme 
Kingdom”  (1856),  and  other  works  of  travel. 


St.  John’s  Park 

St.John,  Charles  William  George.  BornDec. 
3, 1809:  died  July  12,  1856.  A British  natural- 
ist and  writer  on  sports. 

St.  John,  Henry,  first  Viscount  Bolingbroke. 
Born  at  Battersea,  London,  Oct.  10, 1678:  died 
at  Battersea,  Dee.  12, 1751.  An  English  states- 
man and  political  writer.  He  entered  Parliament  in 
1701,  and  acted  with  the  Tories.  He  was  secretary  at  war 
1704-08,  and  secretary  of  state  1710-14,  and  was  created 
Viscount  Bolingbroke  in  1714.  He  was  opposed  to  the  ac- 
cession of  the  house  of  Hanover,  and  on  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne  in  1714  fled  to  France,  where  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  Pretender:  he  was  soon  dismissed,  however,  and 
subsequently  returned  to  England.  He  was  a friend  of 
Pope  and  Swift,  He  wrote  “ Dissertation  on  Parties  "(1736), 
“Idea  of  a Patriot  King”  (1749),  etc. 

St.  John,  James  Augustus.  Born  in  Carmar- 
thenshire, Wales,  Sept,  24,  1801 : died  Sept.  22, 
1875.  An  English  traveler  and  miscellaneous 
author.  His  works  include  “Journal  of  a Residence 
in  Normandy  ’ and  “Lives  of  Celebrated  Travelers  " (1831), 
“History,  Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  Hindoos’’  (1832), 
“Egyptand Mohammed  Ali”  (1834),  “The Hellenes  : Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  Ancient  Greece”  (1842),  “ Egypt  and 
Nubia”  (1845),“  Views  in  Borneo  ” (1847),  “Isis,  etc.  "(1863), 
“ History  of  the  Four  Conquestsof  England  ”(1862),  several 
novels,  lives  of  Raleigh  and  Louis  Napoleon,  etc. 

St.  John,  John  Pierce.  Bom  in  Franklin  Coun- 
ty, Ind.,  Feb.  25,  1833.  An  American  politician. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War ; was  Republican  governor  of 
Kansas  1879-83 ; and  was  the  Prohibitionist  candidate  for 
President  in  1884. 

St.  John,  Oliver.  Born  about  1598 : died  1673. 
An  English  politician  and  lawyer.  He  defended 
Hampden  in  the  “ ship-money  trial  ” in  1637 ; was  solicitor- 
general  1641-43 ; and  was  commissioner  of  the  treasury, 
chief  justice  of  Common  Pleas,  and  councilor  of  state 
during  the  period  of  the  Long  Parliament  and  Common- 
wealth. 

St.  John  Lateran.  [It.  San  Giovanni  in  Late- 
rano.']  A famous  church  in  Rome,  “ the  mother 
and  head  of  all  churches.”  The  original  basilica, 
erected  by  Constantine  in  the  palace  of  the  Lateran  (which 
see),  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  896.  It  was  re- 
built, and  was  twice  destroyed  by  fire  (1308,  1360),  and  at 
various  times  remodeled.  Extensive  changes  were  made 
in  the  latter  half  of  the  16th  century.  The  present  clas- 
sical front  is  of  the  18th  century  ; the  heavy  Renaissance 
ornaments  of  the  nave,  mostly  in  stucco,  date  from  1644. 
The  flat  wooden  roof  is  richly  coffered.  The  beautiful 
13th-century  oloisters  have  round  arcades,  slender  coupled 
columns,  and  mosaics.  The  octagonal  baptistery  was 
founded  by  Constantine,  and  is  essentially  unaltered  ; it 
possesses  a much-revered  font  and  beautiful  old  mosaics. 

If  it  could  be  ascertained  at  what  period  in  the  life  ot 
Constantine  these  churches  were  built,  some  light  might 
be  thrown  on  the  history  of  his  personal  religion.  For, 
the  Lateran  being  an  imperial  palace,  the  grant  of  a basil- 
ica within  its  walls  for  the  Christian  worship  (for  such  we 
may  conjecture  to  have  been  the  first  church)  was  a kind 
of  direct  recognition,  if  not  of  his  own  regular  personal 
att  endance,  at  least  of  his  admission  of  Christianity  within 
his  domestic  circle.  The  palace  was  afterwards  granted 
to  the  Christians,  the  first  patrimony  of  the  popes. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  298. 

St.  John  River.  A river  in  Maine  and  Canada. 
It  rises  on  tile  boundary  between  Maine  and  Quebec,  flow's 
northeast  (known  in  part  of  its  upper  course  as  the  VValla- 
stook),  forms  part  of  the  boundary,  then  flows  east,  south- 
east, and  south,  and  empties  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy  at  St. 
John.  Its  chief  branches  are  the  Alleguash,  St.  Francis, 
Madaw'aska,  and  Aroostook.  Length,  about  500  miles: 
navigable  to  Fredericton,  and  for  smaller  vessels  to  Grand 
Falls  and  above. 

St.  John’s  (jonz).  A seaport,  the  capital  of 
Newfoundland,  situated  almost  at  the  east- 
ern extremity  of  the  island,  in  lat.  47°  34'  N., 
long.  52°  41'  W.  It  exports  fish,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  cod  and  seal  oils,  etc.  A large  part  of  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  July  8,  1892.  Population,  29,594. 

St.  Johnsbury  (jonz'bu-ri).  The  capital  of 
Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  situated  on  Pas- 
sumpsic  River  30  miles  east-northeast  of  Mont- 
pelier. It  is  the  seat  of  the  largest  scale  factory  in  the 
world  (Fairbanks's  scales).  Population,  8,098,  (1910). 

St.  John’s  College.  A college  of  Cambridge 
University,  England,  founded  in  1511  by  Lady 
Margaret  Beaufort,  replacing  St.  John’s  Hos- 
pital, which  was  established  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. On  the  first  of  the  four  courts  face  the  hall  and 
the  chapel.  The  former  possesses  a spacious  interior, 
oak-paneled,  and  with  open-framed  wooden  roof.  The 
chapel  is  a very  handsome  modern  Decorated  building  hy 
Sir  Gilbert  Scott.  'J’he  second  court,  built  of  brick  of  a 
purple  tone,  is  the  most  beautiful  in  Cambridge.  From 
the  west  side  of  (he  third  court,  a covered  bridge,  called 
the  Bridge  of  Sighs, whose  arched  openings  are  tilled  with 
tracery,  leads  over  the  Cam  to  the  New  Court,  whose 
buildings  are  of  stone  in  the  Elizabethan  style. 

St.  John’s  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, England,  founded  in  1555.  The  build- 
ings are  of  various  dates,  and  are  picturesquely  grouped ; 
some  of  them  belonged  to  (lie  earlier  College  of  St.  Ber- 
nard, and  were  built  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century. 
The  two  quadrangles  are  connected  by  a vaulted  passage. 
St.  J ohn’s  Park.  A park  formerly  bounded  hy 
Hudson,  Beach,  Varick,  and  Laight  streets,  in 
New  York  city.  It  was  originally  appropriated  from 
Trinity  Church  domains,  and  embellished  by  the  church 
corporation.  It  is  now  covered  by  a freight  depot. 


St.  John’s  River 

St.  John’s  River.  A river  in  Florida,  it  flows 

In  general  northward  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast,  travers- 
ing Lake  George  and  other  lakes,  and  empties  into  the 
Atlantic  16  miles  east- north  east  of  Jacksonville.  Length, 
about  350  miles  ; navigable  to  Enterprise. 

St.  John’s  W OOd.  A quarter  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  London,  west  of  Regent’s  Park,  it  is  a 
large  colony  of  second-rate  villas.  Lord’s  Cricket  Ground 
is  here,  where  the  Eton  and  Harrow  match  is  played  an- 
nually in  July. 

St.  Joseph  (jo'zef).  Acity,  capital  of  Buchanan 
County,  western  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
souri in  lat.  39°  45'  N.  It  is  the  third  city  in  the 
State,  and  an  important  railway,  commercial,  and  manufac- 
turing center.  It  was  founded  in  1843,  and  was  formerly  a 
point  of  departure  for  Western  settlers.  Population, 
77,403,  (1910). 

St.  Joseph  (or  Joseph’s)  Bay.  An  arm  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  coast  of  Florida,  120 
miles  east-southeast  of  Pensacola. 

St.  Joseph  Island.  An  island  belonging  to 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  in  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Superior  into  Lake  Huron.  Length,  20  miles. 
St.  Joseph  River.  1.  A river  in  southwestern 
Michigan  and  northern  Indiana.  It  flows  into  Lake 
Michigan  at  St.  Joseph.  Length,  about  200  miles;  navi- 
gable for  about  half  its  length. 

2.  A river  in  southern  Michigan,  northwestern 
Ohio,  and  northeastern  Indiana,  it  unites  at  Fort 
Wayne  with  the  St.  Mary's  to  form  the  Maumee.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

St.-Junien  (sah'zhii-nyah').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Vienne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Vienne  19  miles  west  of  Limoges.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  11,400. 

Saint- J ust  ( sah-zhiist' ),  Antoine.  Born  at  De- 
cize,  near  Nevers,  France,  Aug.  25, 1767 : guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  July  28, 1794.  A French  revolu- 
tionist, an  intimate  associate  of  Robespierre, 
and  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  Reign  of 
Terror.  He  became  deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792; 
was  a member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  1793-94  ; 
and  was  sent  on  missions  to  the  armies  on  the  frontiers 
1793-94.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  overthrow  of  the 
H^bertists  and  Dantonists,  and  was  involved  in  the  down- 
fall of  Robespierre. 

St.  Kilda  (kil'da).  A remote  island  of  the  Outer 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  situated  west  of  North  Uist, 
in  iat.  57°  49'  N.,  long.  8°  35'  W.  The  surface 
is  rocky.  Length,  3 miles.  Population,  77. 
St.  Eitts.  See  St.  Christopher. 

Saint-Lambert  (san'ion-bar'),  Jean  Frantjois, 
Marquis  de.  Born  at  Nancy,  France,  Dec.  26, 
1716:  died  Feb.  9,  1803.  A French  poet  and 

Ehilosopher;  one  of  the  encyclopedists.  His 
est-known  work  is  the  poem  “Les  saisons” 
★ (1769). 

St.  Lawrence  (l&'rens).  One  of  the  principal 
rivers  of  North  America,  the  outlet  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  The  stream  issues  from  Lake  Ontario,  and  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  at  Cape  (laspe.  For  some 
distance  below  Lake  Ontario  it  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Canada  and  the  United  States  (New  York).  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Ottawa,  St.  Maurice,  and  Saguenay  on 
the  left,  and  the  Richelieu,  St.  Francis,  and  Chauditre  on 
the  right.  It  contains  the  Thousand  Islands,  the  islands 
of  Montreal,  Jesus,  Orleans,  etc.,  and  forms  Lakes  St. 
Francis,  St.  Louis,  and  St.  Peter.  The  chief  fall  is  the 
Lachine  Rapids.  Length  from  Lake  Ontario,  about  740 
miles;  navigable  for  the  largest  vessels  to  Quebec,  for 
large  sea  vessels  to  Montreal.  Width  of  part  below  Que- 
bec, from  7 to  90  (at  its  embouchure)  miles. 

St.  Lawrence.  An  island  in  Bering  Sea,  be- 
longing to  Alaska,  intersected  by  lat.  63°  N., 
long.  170°  W.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

St.  Lawrence,  Cape.  A cape  at  the  northern 
extremity  of  Cape  Breton  Island,  projectinginto 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

St.  Lawrence,  Gulf  of.  [F.  Gol/e  du  St.-Lau- 
rent. ] An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  River.  It  borders  on  the  province 
of  Quebec  on  the  north,  Newfoundland  on  the  east,  Nova 
Scotia  on  the  south,  and  New  Brunswick  and  Quebec  on 
the  west.  It  communicates  with  the  sea  by  a wide  open- 
ing on  the  southeast,  by  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle  on  the 
northeast,  and  by  the  Gut  of  Canso  on  the  south ; and  con- 
tains Prince  Edward  Island,  Antieosti,  and  the  Magdalen 
Islands.  The  chief  branches  are  Chaleur  Bay,  Miramichi 
Bay,  Bay  of  Islands,  and  St.  George  Bay.  The  fisheries  are 
important. 

St.  Leger  (sant  lej'er).  An  English  race,  sec- 
ond in  importance  only  to  the  Derby,  itwasestab- 
lished  in  1776,  and  named  from  Colonel  Anthony  St.  Leger 
in  1778.  It  is  a race  for  three-year-olds,  and  is  run  at  Don- 
caster about  the  second  week  of  September. 

St.  Leger  (sant  lej'er  or  sil'in-jer),  Barry.  Born 
1737 : died  1789.  A British  officer,  of  Hugue- 
not descent.  He  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  war 
and  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  commanded  the  un- 
successful expedition  against  Fort  Stamvix  in  1777,  and 
attained  the  rank  of  colonel  in  1780.  He  published  “St. 
Leger’s  Journal  of  Occurrences  in  America”  (1780). 

St.  L6on  (sah-la-6h'),  Fanny  (originally  Fran- 
cesca Cerrito).  Born  at  Naples,  March  11, 
1821.  A noted  Italian  dancer.  She  made  her  d4but 
at  the  San  Carlo  in  1835,  and  was  a favorite  in  London  1840- 
1845.  She  married  the  dancer  and  violinist  St.  Leon  about 


884 

this  time,  but  was  separated  from  him  in  1850.  She  assisted 
Gautier  iu  the  composition  of  the  ballets  “Gemma," 
“Gipsy,”  and  others. 

St. -Leonard  (sah-la-6-nar').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Vienne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Vienne  10  miles  east  of  Limoges.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Gay-Lussac.  Population, 
commune,  5,985. 

St.  Leonards  (len'itrdz).  A western  suburb  of 
Hastings,  Sussex,  England:  a watering-place 
on  the  English  Channel. 

St.  Leonards,  Baron.  See  Sugden. 

St.-Leu  (san-le').  A village  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  northward  of  Paris. 
It  is  the  place  of  burial  of  Louis  Bonaparte  and 
other  Bonapartes. 

St.-Leu,  Comte  de.  A name  assumed  by  Louis 
Bonaparte  after  his  deposition  (1810)  as'kine:  of 
Holland. 

St.-Lo  (sah-lo').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Manche,  France,  situated  on  the  Vire  in  lat. 
49°  7'  N.,  long.  1°  7'  W.  It  is  largely  engaged  in 
cloth  manufacture.  The  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  lias 
tall  spires,  and  triple  portals  beneath  three  great  arches 
inclosing  large  traceried  windows.  On  the  north  side  of 
the  facade  some  Flamboyant  tabernacle-work  was  added, 
which  is  among  the  most  exquisite  productions  of  that 
style.  St.-Lo  was  pillaged  by  the  Normans,  and  later  by 
the  English,  and  suffered  in  the  religious  struggles. 
Population,  commune,  12,181. 

St.  Louis  (sant  lo'is  or  lo'i).  A city  in  Missouri, 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  in  lat. 
38°  38'  N.,  long.  90°  15'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in 
Missouri  and  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  and  fourth  city  in 
the  United  States ; one  of  the  chief  railway  centers  of  the 
country;  and  one  of  its  leading  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing cities.  The  river  is  crossed  here  by  a bridge  2,225 
feet  long,  connecting  the  city  with  East  St.  Louis.  There  is 
extensive  commerce  by  river : among  the  leading  articles 
of  shipment  are  grain,  live  stock,  tobacco,  flour,  and 
cotton.  The  leading  manufactures  are  flour,  beer,  sugar, 
iron  and  steel,  tobacco,  etc.  The  chief  buildings  are  the 
custom-house  and  post-office,  court-house,  merchants’  ex- 
change, Four  Courts,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  St.  Louis  and 
Washington  universities,  and  is  noted  for  its  public  schools. 
It  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1764  (see  Chouteau,  Au- 
guste) ; was  formally  occupied  by  the  Spaniards  in  1771 ; 
was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1803;  was  made  a city 
in  1822 ; and  has  been  several  times  devastated  by  cholera 
and  flood,  and  in  1849  by  fire.  Its  progress  was  retarded 
by  the  Civil  War.  It  was  separated  from  St.  Louis  County 
in  1877.  Population,  687,029,  (1910). 

St.-Louis  (sah-16-e').  The  capital  of  the  French 
colony  of  Senegal,  West  Africa,  situated  on  an 
island  in  the  Senegal  River,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  16°  1'  N.,  long.  16°  34'  W.  (lighthouse).  It 
has  considerable  commerce.  Population,  com- 
mune, 24,679. 

St.  Louis  (lo'is  or  lo'i),  Lake.  An  expansion 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Lake  St.  Francis  and 
above  Montreal. 

St.  Louis  (lo'is  or  lo'i)  River.  A river  in  north- 
eastern Minnesota  which  flows  into  Lake  Su- 
perior 9 miles  southwest  of  Duluth.  Length, 
about  200  miles. 

St.  Lucas,  Cape.  See  San  Lucas,  Cape. 

St.  Lucia  (lo'sha),  or  Santa  Lucia  (san'ta  15- 
se'a).  An  island  of  the  British  West  Indies, 
situated  in  lat.  14°  N.,  long.  61°  W.  Capital, 
Castries.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  and  volcanic.  It 
exports  sugar,  cacao,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  the  English  in 
1639  ; was  several  times  held  by  the  French ; and  has  been 
held  permanently  by  the  British  since  1803.  It  forms  part 
of  the  colony  of  the  Windward  Islands.  Area,  233  square 
miles.  Population,  65,097. 

St.  Lucia  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Umvolozi  River,  Zululand, 
situated  south  of  the  St.  Lucia  Lake,  it  was 
claimed  by  the  Germans  in  1884,  but  yielded  to  the  British 
iu  1885. 

St.  Lucia  Lake.  A lagoon  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Zululand,  South  Africa,  about  lat.  28°  S.  it 
communicates  with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  St.  Lucia  Bay. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 

St.-Macaire  (sah'ma-kar').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the 
Garonne  25  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux':  a 
Roman  and  medieval  town.  Population,  com- 
mune, 2,152. 

St.-Maixent  (san'ma-kson').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Deux-S6vres,  situated  on  the 
Sevre  30  miles  southwest  of  Poitiers.  It  con- 
tains an  interesting  church.  Population,  com- 
mune, 5,401. 

St.-Malo  ( san'm;i-lo').  A seaport  in  the  de- 

partment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on 
an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ranee,  in  lat.  48° 
40'  N.,  long.  1°  59'  W.  It  is  a strong  fortress,  and 
an  important  commercial  city  and  watering-place ; has 
extended  quays  and  docks ; and  is  celebrated  for  the  height 
of  the  tides,  its  ramparts,  castle,  and  parish  church  (for- 
merly a cathedral)  are  notable.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Cartier,  Maupertuis,  Lamettrie,  Mah6  de  la  Bourdonnais, 
Chateaubriand,  and  Lamennais.  It  was  unsuccessfully 


Saint  Mary’s 

attacked  by  the  English  in  1693,  1695,  and  1758.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  10,647. 

Saint-Marc  Girardin  (san'mar'  zhe-rar-dan'), 
Francois  Auguste  (originally  Marc  Girar- 
din). Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1801:  died  at 
Moi€ang-sur-Seine,  near  Paris,  April  11,  1873. 
A French  author,  publicist,  and  politician.  His 
works  include  “ Cours  de  literature  dramatique  ” (1843- 
1863),  “Essais  de  literature  et  de  morale  ’’  (1844),  etc. 

St.  Margaret’s.  A historic  church  in  West- 
minster, London,  founded  by  Edward  I.  and 
modified  by  Edward  IV.  Here  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
and  William  Caxton  were  buried,  and  Milton  was  married. 
The  chureh  is  full  of  colored-glass  windows  and  other  me- 
morials to  the  great  men  who  have  been  associated  with  it. 

St.  Mark’s  (Venice).  See  Mark,  St.,  Basilicaof. 
St.  Mark’s  Square.  The  principal  square  in 
Venice.  It  contains  St.  Mark’s  Church  and  the 
Campanile.  Near  it  are  the  Ducal  Palace, 
Bridge  of  Sighs,  etc. 

Saint-Mars  (sah-mar'),  Gabrielle  Anne  de 
Cisternes  de  Courtiras,  Marquise  de  Poilow 

de  : best  known  by  her  pseudonym  of  Com- 
tesse  Dash.  Born  at  Poitiers,  Aug.  2,  1804: 
died  at  Paris,  Sept.  11,  1872.  A French  woman 
of  society  and  writer.  Among  her  books  are  “ Le  Jeu 
de  la  reine,”  “ Les  bals  masques,”  “ La  chai,ne  d’or,”  “Les 
chateaux  en  Afrique,”  “La  duchesse  d’Eponnes,”  “ Le 
fruit  d^fendu,”  “ Les  galanteries  de  lacour  de  Louis  XV.,” 
“ La  r^gence,”  “La  jeunesse  de  Louis  XV.,”  “Les  mai- 
tresses  du  roi,”“Le  pare  aux  cerfs,”“La  marquise  de 
Parabere,”  “La  marquise  sanglante,”  “La  poudre  et  la 
neige,”  “ Le  salon  du  diable,”etc. 

St.  Martin  (sant  mar'tin;  F.  pron.  san-mar- 
tah').  An  island  in  the  Lesser  Antilles,  West 
Indies,  situated  in  lat.  18°  4'  N.,  long.  63°  5'  W. 
It  is  divided  between  France  and  the  Netherlands.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  St.  Martin  exports  salt,  sugar,  and  live 
stock  The  capital  of  the  French  part  is  Marigot ; of  the 
Dutch  part,  Philippsburg.  It  was  divided  between  the  two 
nations  iu  1048.  Area  of  French  part,  20  square  miles; 
population,  about  3,500.  Area  of  Dutch  part,  17  square 
miles ; population,  3,185. 

St.  Martin  (mar'tin),  or  St.  Martin’s  (mar'- 

tinz).  One  of  the  Scilly  Islands,  southwest  of 
Cornwall,  England. 

Saint-Martin  (san'mar-tan'),  Antoine  Jean. 

Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1791:  died  there,  July, 
1832.  A French  Orientalist.  His  chief  work  is 
“M6moires  sur  l’histoire  et  la  geographic  de 
l’Armfinie  ” (1818-19). 

Saint-Martin,  Louis  Claude  de,  styled  “ Le 
philosophe  inconnu.”  Born  at  Amboise,  France, 
Jan.  18,  1743:  died  at  Aunay,  near  Paris,  Oct. 
13,1803.  AFrenchmystical  philosopher : called 
“the  French  Boh  me.”  He  entered  the  army,  but 
abandoned  it  about  1800,  and  thereafter  lived  in  retire- 
ment, first  at  Paris  and  later  at  Aunay.  Among  his  works 
are  “Des  erreurs  et  de  la  vdrite  ’’  (1776), "Tableau  naturel 
des  rapports  qui  existent  entre  Dieu,  1’homme  et  l’uni- 
vers  ’’  (1782),  etc. 

Saint-Martin,  Louis  Vivien  de.  See  Vivien 
de  Saint-Martin. 

St. -Martin  de  R6  (de  ra).  The  capital  of  the 
lie  de  Re,  department  of  Chare  nte-Inf6rieure, 
France.  Population,  commune,  2,382. 

St.  Martin's  le  Grand.  A monastery  and 
church  formerly  in  London,  dating  from  very 
early  times.  In  the  second  year  of  William  the  Con- 
queror it  was  exempted  from  ecclesiastical  and  civil  juris- 
diction.  Its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  General  Post 
Office,  built  in  1825-29  from  Smirke’s  designs. 

St.  Mary  (Azores).  See  Santa  Maria. 

St.  Mary  (ma'ri),  Cape.  1.  The  southernmost 
point  of  Madagascar,  situated  in  lat.  25°  39'  S., 
long.  45°  7'  E. — 2.  A cape  in  the  peninsula  of 
Avalon,  southeastern  part  of  Newfoundland,  at 
the  entrance  to  Placentia  Bay. — 3.  A cape  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia. 

St.  Mary  Bay.  1.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  on 
the  southern  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Avalon, 
Newfoundland. — 2.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  western  coast  of  Nova  Scotia. 

St.  Mary  de  Arcubus  or  le  Bow,  or  Bow 
Church.  [L.  de  arcubus,  of  the  arches.]  A 
chureh  in  London,  on  Cheapside,  within  the 
sound  of  whose  celebrated  bells  all  cockneys 
are  born.  It  is  an  excellently  designed  structure  by 
Wren,  begun  in  1671.  It  stands  over  the  tine  Norman  crypt 
of  tlie  older  church,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  fire  of 
1666.  The  spire  (235  feet  high)  is  especially  admired,  and 
lias  been  pronounced  the  most  graceful  in  outline  and  ap- 
propriate in  details  erected  since  the  medieval  period. 

Stow,  usually  very  clear,  rather  contradicts  himself  for 
once  about  the  origin  of  the  name  of  the  church.  In  one 
place  he  says  it  was  so  called  because  it  was  the  first  Lon- 
don Church  built  on  arches  ; and  elsewhere  he  says  it  took 
its  name  from  certain  stone  arches  supporting  a lantern 
on  the  top  of  the  tower.  The  latter  is  more  probably  the 
true  derivation,  for  St.  Paul's  could  also  boast  its  Saxon 
crypt.  Watford  and  Thornburg,  London,  I.  335. 

Saint  Mary’s  (ma'riz),  or  Saint  Mary.  1. 

An  island  of  the  British  colony  of  Gambia, 
western  Africa,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 


Saint  Mary’s 

Gambia. — 2.  The  largest  of  the  Scilly  Islands, 
southwest  of  Cornwall,  England.  Area,  2 square 
miles. 

St.  Marys.  A town  in  Perth  County,  Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  a branch  of  the  Thames 
65  miles  west  of  Hamilton.  Population, 
3,384. 

St.  Mary’s  Falls.  See  Sault  Sainte  Marie. 

St.  Mary’s  Loch  (loch).  A lake  in  the  county 
of  Selkirk,  Scotland,  14  miles  west-southwest 
of  Selkirk.  Length,  including  the  Loch  of  the 
Lowes,  4£  miles. 

St.  Mary’s  River.  1 . The  outlet  of  Lake  Su- 
perior into  Lake  Huron.  Length,  55  miles; 
navigable  by  aid  of  ship-canal. — 2.  A river  on 
the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Florida.  It 
empties  into  the  Atlantic  near  Fernandina, 
Florida.  Length,  about  150  miles. — 3.  A river 
in  northwestern  Ohio  and  northeastern  Indi- 
ana. It  unites  at  Fort  Wayne  with  St.  Joseph’s  River 
to  form  the  Maumee.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

St.  Mary’s  the  Great.  The  official  university 
church  at  Cambridge,  England.  It  is  a Perpen- 
dicular structure,  built  between  1478  and  1519. 
St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Church  of.  The  official 
university  church  at  Oxford,  England.  The  great 
tower  is  surmounted  by  a superb  octagonal  spire  of  1300, 
with  unusually  rich  pinnacles  at  the  angles,  rising  in  the 
form  of  steps.  The  existing  choir  dates  from  1460,  and  the 
nave  from  1488 : they  exhibit  varied  types  of  the  Perpen- 
dicular. The  south  porch,  with  broken  pediment  and 
twisted  columns,  is  of  the  17th  century. 

St.  Matthew  (math'u).  A small  island  in  Be- 
ring Sea,  belonging  to  Alaska,  south-southwest 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

St.  Matthew  (or  Matthew’s)  Island.  A small 
island  of  British  Burma,  lying  near  the  coast 
of  the  Malay  peninsula,  in  lat.  10°  N. 

St. Maurice (santma/ris;  F. pron.  san mo-res'). 
A river  in  Quebec,  Canada,  which  rises  in  a 
chain  of  lakes,  and  joins  the  St.  Lawrence  at 
Three  Rivers.  It  contains  the  Falls  of  Shawenegan  (160 
feet).  Length,  about  350  miles. 

St.-Maurice  (san-mo-res').  A commune  in  the 
department  of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the 
Marne  about  3 miles  east-southeast  of  the  forti- 
fications of  Paris.  Population,  commune,  8,320. 
St.-Maurice.  A town  in  the  canton  of  Valais, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Rhone  28  miles 
southeast  of  Lausanne : the  Roman  Agaunum. 
The  abbey  was  founded  in  the  6th  century.  This  was  one 
of  the  leading  towns  of  the  ancient  Burgundian  kingdom. 
Population,  2,162. 

St.-Maur-les-Foss6s  (san'mor'la-fo-sa').  A 
village  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France, 
situated  on  the  Marne  4 miles  east-southeast 
of  the  fortifications  of  Paris.  Population, 
commune,  28,238. 

St.-Maur-SUr-Loire  (-siir-lwar').  A Benedic- 
tine monastery,  founded  by  St.  Maurus,  situated 
near  Saumur,  France.  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
Normans  in  the  9th  century. 

Saint-M6ry  M6d6ric  Louis  Elie  Moreau  de. 

See  Moreau  de  Saint- Mery. 

St.  Michael.  See  St.  Michel. 

St.  Michael  overcoming  Satan.  A painting 
by  Raphael  (1518),  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The 

archangel,  in  glowing  corselet,  with  one  foot  resting  on 
the  prostrate  form  of  his  adversary,  is  about  to  transfix 
him  with  his  poised  spear.  It  is  a striking  work,  though 
black  in  the  shadows. 

St.Michael’s(mi'kelz),orSt.Michael(mi'kel). 
[Pg.  Silo  Miguel.']  ’The  largest  and  most  popu- 
lous of  the  Azores  Islands,  situated  in  the  east- 
ernmost group.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  vol- 
canic. It  exports  fruit  and  wine,  and  is  noted  for  its  hot 
springs.  The  chief  town  is  Ponta  Delgada.  Area,  300 
square  miles.  Population,  about  125,000. 

St.  Michael’s  Mount.  A pyramidal  rock  in 
Mount’s  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall,  England, 
18  miles  west  of  Falmouth : the  ancient  Ictis.  It 
is  almost  isolated  from  the  mainland.  Height, 
230  feet. 

St.  Michel  (mi'kel),  or  St.  Michael.  1.  Alaen 
in  southern  Finland,  largely  occupied  by  lakes. 
Area,  8,819  square  miles.  Population,  192,- 
682. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  St.  Michel, 
80  miles  northwest  of  Viborg. 

St.-Michel,  Mont.  See  Mont  St.-Michel. 
St.-Mihiel  (san-me-yel').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  33  miles  west-northwest  of  Nancy. 
Population,  commune,  9,661. 

St.-Nazaire  (san-na-zar').  A seaport  in  the 
department  of  Loire-Inf6rieure,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Loire,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  47°  16' 
N.,  long.  2°  12'  W.  It,  is  the  outer  haven  of  Nantes 
and  the  terminus  of  several  ocean  steamship  lines,  and 
has  large  docks  and  quays.  Near  it  is  a large  granite 
dolmen.  Population,  commune,  35,762. 

St.  Neots(ne'ots).  Atownin Huntingdonshire, 


885 

England,  situated  on  the  Ouse  17  miles  west  of 
Cambridge.  Population,  2,789. 

St. -Nicolas  (san-ne-ko-la').  A town  in  the 
province  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  13  miles 
west-southwest  of  Antwerp.  It  has  flourishing 
manufactures.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  an- 
cient Waesland.  Population,  commune,  34,037. 
St. -Nicolas.  A town  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meurtho  6 miles  southeast  of  Nancy.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  5,732. 

St.-Omer  (san-to-mar').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situated  on 
the  Aa  in  lat.  50°  45'  N.,  long.  2°  15'  E.  it  was 
a strong  fortress,  and  is  a commercial  and  manufacturing 
center.  The  cathedral  is  a large  handsome  building  : the 
choir  is  of  the  13th  century,  the  transepts  of  the  14th,  and 
tne  remainder  Flamboyant.  The  interior  contains  paint- 
ings by  Rubens  and  Van  Dyck,  and  several  noteworthy 
tombs.  The  Church  of  Notre  Dame  and  the  ruined  Church 
of  St.  Bertin  (where  Childeric  III.  died)  are  also  note- 
worthy. St.-Omer  formerly  had  a Roman  Catholic  college 
for  British  youth.  In  early  times  it  belonged  to  Flanders. 
It  was  often  taken  and  retaken.  In  1677  it  was  taken  from 
the  Spaniards  by  Louis  XIV.  and  annexed  to  France. 
Population,  commune,  20,993. 

Sainton-Dolby  (san  ' ton  - dol ' bi),  Madame 
(Charlotte  Helen  Dolby).  Bom  at  London, 
1821:  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1885.  An  English 
singer  of  ballads  and  in  oratorio,  and  musical 
writer.  She  wrote  many  songs,  three  cantatas,  etc.  In 
I860  she  married  Prosper  Sainton,  a violinist,  and  in  1872 
opened  a “vocal  academy.” 

Saintonge  (san-tonzli').  A former  division  of 
western  France,  which  formed  with  Angoumois 
a government  before  the  Revolution.  Chief  city, 
Saintes.  It  was  bounded  by  Aunis  and  Poitou  on  the 
north,  Guienne  on  the  east  and  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay on  the  west.  Angoumois  was  in  its  eastern  part.  Sain- 
tonge itself  is  mostly  included  in  the  department  of  Cha- 
rente-Infdrieure.  It  passed  with  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine  to 
the  Plantagenet  house,  and  generally  followed  the  fortunes 
of  Aquitaine. 

St.-Ouen  (san-to-on' ) . A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Seine,  llr  miles  north  of  the  fortifications 
of  Paris.  It  has  various  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments and  docks.  Population,  commune, 
37,866. 

St.-Ouen,  Declaration  of.  A proclamation  to 
the  French  nation,  made  by  Louis  XVIII.  at 
St.-Ouen,  May  2, 1814,  promising  a constitution. 
St.  Pancras  (pang'kras).  A metropolitan  and 
parliamentary  borough  of  London,  situated 
north  of  the  Thames.  It  returns  4 members  to 
Parliament.  Population,  218,453,  (1911). 
Saint  Patrick’s  Day,  or  the  Scheming  Lieu- 
tenant. Afarceby  Sheridan,  produced m 1775. 
St.  Patrick’s  Purgatory.  A cave  on  a small 
island  in  Lough  Derg,  Ireland,  it  was  a famous 
place  of  medieval  pilgrimage,  as  the  supposed  entrance  to 
an  earthly  purgatory  or  place  of  expiation. 

St.  Paul  (pal).  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
situated  in  lat.  38°  43'  S.,  long.  77°  32'  E.,  about 
50  miles  south  of  New  Amsterdam.  It  belongs 
to  France  (since  1892).  The  surface  is  vol- 
canic. Length,  1|  miles. 

St.  Paul  (sant  pal ; F.  pron.  san  pol).  A small 
island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, north -northeast  of  Cape  Breton. 

St.  Paul  (sant  pal).  The  capital  of  Minnesota 
and  of  Ramsey  County,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  93°  7'  W.,  south 
of  and  adjoining  Minneapolis.  Next  to  Minneapo- 
lis it  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State.  It  is  an  important 
railway  center;  is  at  the  head  of  uninterrupted  naviga- 
tion of  the  Mississippi ; has  extensive  commerce ; and  is 
a large  meat-packing  center.  Its  manufactures  include 
machinery,  agricultural  implements,  furniture,  boots  and 
shoes,  etc.  It  was  settled  in  1838,  and  became  a city  in 
1854.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  rapid  growth.  Population, 
214,744,  (1910). 

St.-Paul  ( san-pol').  A seaport  on  the  island  of 
Reunion,  Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  north- 
west coast. 

St.  Paul,  or  Paulus.  Mendelssohn’s  first  ora- 
torio, produced  in  1836  at  Diisseldorf. 

St.  Paul’s  (palz).  A cathedral  in  London,  be- 
gun 1675,  according  to  the  designs  of  Sir  Chris- 
topher Wren,  in  place  of  the  old  cathedral  of 
the  llth-13th  centuries,  which  was  destroyed  in 
the  great  fire  of  1666.  Old  St.  Paul’s  was  a very  notable 
church,  590  feet  long,  and  with  a 14th-century  wooden  cen- 
tral  spire  460  feet  high.  The  existing  cathedral  was  first 
used  for  divine  service  in  1697,  and  was  completed  in  1710, 
the  cost  being  about  $3,500,000.  In  plan  and  architecture 
it  is  akin  to  St.  Peter’B  at  Rome,  but  only  one  half  as  great 
in  area,  and  relatively  longer  and  narrower.  Its  dimen- 
sions are  500  by  118  feet ; length  of  transepts,  250  ; inner 
height  of  dome,  226 ; height  to  top  of  cross,  364 ; diameter 
of  dome,  112  feet — the  diameter  of  that  of  St.  Peter’s  be- 
ing 139}  feet,  and  of  the  Pantheon  143.  The  exterior  is  clas- 
sical, with  two  stories ; the  front  and  transepts  are  pedi- 
mented,  and  the  former  is  flanked  by  bell-towers.  The 


St.  Petersburg 

upper  story  on  the  sides  is  merely  a mask,  the  actual  struc- 
ture of  lofty  nave  and  low  aisles  being  the  same  as  in  a 
medieval  cathedral.  The  dome  is  magnificent : it  is  per- 
haps the  most  imposing  in  existence.  Its  drum  is  sur- 
rounded by  a range  of  Corinthian  columns,  and  it  is  sur- 
mounted by  a lantern.  The  interior  is  impressive  from 
its  size,  and  is  not  dwarfed  like  St.  Peter's  by  dispropor- 
tionate size  of  its  classical  details.  It  has  recently  been 
decorated  under  Sir  William  Richmond.  The  vaulted 
crypt,  like  the  church  itself,  contains  many  tombs  of  fa- 
mous men.  The  modern  reredos,  in  the  Italian  Renais- 
sance style,  is  elaborately  sculptured. 

St.  Paul’s  Bay.  A bay  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Malta,  the  traditional  scene  of  Paul’s  shipwreck. 
St.  Paul’s  Churchyard.  The  open  space  sur- 
rounding St.  Paul’s  Cathedral,  London. 

St.  Paul’s  Rocks.  A group  of  islets  in  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  east  of  South  America,  situated 
in  lat.  0°  55'  N.,  long.  29°  23'  W. 

St.  Paul  Without  the  Walls.  A famous  4th- 
century  basilica  at  Rome,  unfortunately  burned 
in  1823.  The  original  plans  have  been  reproduced  as  far 
as  possible.  The  original  facade,  the  tribune  with  its  im- 
portant mosaics,  and  a number  of  antique  columns  sur- 
vive. The  rich  interior  is  411  feet  long,  the  transepts  214 
feet.  The  fiat  wooden  ceiling  is  elaborately  carved.  The 
main  cloister  is  a beautiful  work  of  the  13th  century,  with 
round  arcades  and  coupled  columns  in  great  variety. 

St.  Peter  (pe'ter).  The  capital  of  Nicollet  Coun- 
ty, Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Minnesota  River 
o2  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul.  Population, 
4,176,  (1910). 

St.  Peter,  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence above  Three  Rivers.  Length,  20  miles. 
Width,  9 miles. 

St.  Peter  Port.  A seaport,  chief  town  of  Guern- 
sey, Channel  Islands,  situated  on  the  east  side. 
It  is  a watering-place,  and  has  a Gothic  church. 
Population,  18,264. 

St.  Peter’s  (pe'terz).  The  metropolitan  church 
of  the  Roman  see.  The  ancient  basilica  had  become 
ruinous  in  1460,  and  it  was  decided  to  replace  it.  Little 
was  accomplished  until  1506,  when  the  carrying  out  of  the 
plans  of  Bramante  was  begun.  Advance  was  slow  until 
1634,  when  Michelangelo’s  designs  were  substituted  ; but 
the  dome  was  not  completed  until  1590,  and  the  basilica 
was  dedicated  only  in  1626.  The  plan  is  a Latin  cross,  613} 
by  446}  feet,  with  rounded  apse  and  transepts,  and  a ves- 
tibule. The  height  of  the  nave  is  162}  feet,  its  width  87}. 
The  interior  diameter  of  the  dome  is  139}  feet,  its  height  to 
the  top  of  the  cross  448.  The  architecture  is  heavy  pseudo- 
Roman,  all  the  members  being  of  such  huge  size  that 
much  of  the  natural  effect  of  magnitude  is  lost.  The  in- 
terior is  lavishly  decorated  with  stucco  ornament  and  gild- 
ing, with  colossal  statues  of  saints.  The  pedimented  dome, 
resting  on  its  four  enormous  piers,  is  one  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent achievements  of  architecture.  The  high  altar  is 
canopied  with  a bronze  baldacchino  95  feet  high,  with 
spiral  columns.  Parts  of  the  walls  and  vaults  are  covered 
with  mosaics.  There  are  many  papal  and  princely  tombs 
rich  in  statuary,  some  of  it  fine.  The  spacious  crypts  are 
in  part  of  the  time  of  Constantine,  and  contain  many  in. 
teresting  memorials  and  art  works. 

St.  Petersburg  (pe'terz-b6rg).  A government 
of  Russia,  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  Fin- 
land, Lake  Ladoga, and  the  governments  of  Olo- 
netz,  Novgorod,  Pskoff,  Livonia,  and  Esthonia. 
The  surface  is  generally  level.  It  corresponds  to  the  an- 
cient Ingermanland.  Area,  17,226  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 2,740,300. 

St.  Petersburg.  [F.  Saint-PStersbourg,  G. 
San  kt-Petersburg,  Petersburg,  Russ.  Sanktpeter- 
burg,  Peterburg.]  The  capital  of  the  Russian 
empire,  situated  in  the  government  of  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva,  in  lat.  60° 
N.,  long.  30°  19'  E.  It  stands  partly  on  the  main- 
land and  partly  on  low  islands  formed  by  the  mouths  of 
the  river.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  empire,  and  the 
fifth  in  population  of  Europe ; has  important  manufac- 
tures, including  cotton,  leather,  glass,  porcelain ; and  has 
extensive  commerce,  foreign  (directly  and  through  Kron- 
stadt) and  internal,  by  its  system  of  railways  and  by  the 
Neva  and  its  connections.  St.  Isaac’s  Cathedral  is  a build- 
ing of  Renaissance  style,  imposing  from  its  size  (364  by 
316  feet)  and  the  magnificence  of  its  materials  : completed 
after  the  middle  of  this  century.  The  plan  is  a Greek  cross 
crowned  by  a fine  dome  336 feet  high,  with  lantern  and  cross. 
From  each  face  projects  an  octastyle  Corinthian  portico 
with  columns60feet  high,  the  shafts monolithsof  polished 
granite,  and  the  capitals  of  bronze.  The  pediments  are 
filled  with  sculpture  in  bronze.  The  huge  doors  are  of 
bronze  covered  with  reliefs.  In  the  interior  the  iconostasis 
is  adorned  with  remarkable  columns  of  malachite,  over  30 
feet  high,  and  its  royal  doors  are  flanked  by  great  pillars  of 
lapis  lazuli.  The  Kazan  cathedral  is  in  plan  a Latin  cross 
with  hexastyle  porticos  before  the  nave  and  transepts,  and 
an  apsidal  chevet.  Though  one  third  smaller  than  St. 
Isaac’s,  it  is  still  an  imposing  structure.  The  chief  entrance, 
which  is  in  the  north  transept,  is  preceded  by  curved  porti- 
cos of  admirable  effect,  in  imitation  of  those  of  St.  Peter’s. 
Rome.  The  dome  rests  on  4 piers  from  which  extend  4 fine 
double  ranges  of  columns  with  granite  shafts  and  bronze 
capitals  and  bases.  The  iconostasis  is  of  silver,  from  the 
spoils  of  Napoleon  I.;  the  cathedral  contains  many  other 
martial  trophies.  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul, 
in  the  fortress,  has  been  since  the  foundation  of  St.  Peters- 
burg the  mausoleum  of  Russian  sovereigns.  In  plan  it  is 
rectangular,  3-aisled,  98  by  210  feet;  it  is  rococoin  style  and 
crowned  by  a slender  pyramidal  spire,  of  Dutch  design,  302 
feet  high,  covered  with  gilded  copper.  The  imperial  tombs 
are  in  teresting,  and  the  icons  and  other  church  orn  am  ents  of 
extreme  richness.  The  interior  contains  a great  number 
of  warlike  trophies.  The  palace  of  thq  grand  duke  Michael, 


St.  Petersburg 

built  1820,  is  architecturally  the  finest  palace  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  of  a stateliness  and  harmony  of  design  which 
would  command  attention  anywhere.  The  garden  front 
presents  long  ranges  of  Corinthian  columns  resting  on  a 
single  story  of  rusticated  masonry,  the  total  height  being 
87  feet.  The  12  columns  of  the  central  portion  stand  free, 
forming  a portico.  At  each  end  a pavilion  projects  slightly, 
and  is  adorned  by  six  engaged  columns  surmounted  by  a 
pediment  The  opposite  front  is  of  varied  but  kindred 
disposition.  The  entrance-hall,  with  the  grand  staircase, 
is  80  feet  square,  and  all  the  interior  arrangements  are  at 
once  appropriate  and  magnificent.  The  cottage  of  Peter 
the  Great,  built  by  the  czar  in  1703,  and  inhabited  by  him 
during  the  building  of  St.  Petersburg,  is  carefully  pre- 
served as  a memorial,  and  contains  many  relics  of  Peter. 
It  is  20  by  55  feet,  of  wood,  with  2 rooms  and  a kitchen. 
The  czar's  bedroom  is  now  arranged  as  a chapel.  The 
Moscow  gate,  a fine  triumphal  arch  in  a neo-Greek  style, 
was  erected  in  1838  in  commemoration  of  Russian  victories 
in  Poland,  Turkey,  and  Persia.  Twelve  columns,  68  feet 
high  and  17  in  diameter,  support  an  attic  which  bears  12 
angels  in  relief  and  inscriptions.  Other  objects  of  inter- 
est are  the  winter  palace,  Hermitage  (which  see),  Anitch- 
koff  palace,  Nikolai  and  Alexander  bridges,  equestrian 
statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  Alexander  column.  The 
Nevskii  Prospekt  is  the  principal  street.  The  city  is  the 
seat  of  the  imperial  library  (over  1,800,000  vols.),  Academy 
of  Sciences  (with  rich  collections),  Academy  of  Arts,  vari- 
ous museums,  military,  mining,  naval,  medical,  and  other 
schools,  and  learned  societies.  The  university,  founded  in 
1819,  has  faculties  of  history  and  philosophy,  physics  and 
mathematics,  law,  and  Oriental  studies,  and  is  attended 
by  about  9,000  students.  The  winter  is  long  and  the  cli- 
mate unhealthy.  St.  Petersburg  was  founded  by  Peter 
the  Great  in  1703,  and  thousands  were  compelled  by  the 
emperor  to  remove  their  residences  to  it.  It  was  largely 
developed  by  Catharine  II.,  Alexander  I,,  and  Nicholas  I. 
Population,  1,678,000. 

St.  Peter's  College,  or  Peterhouse  (pe'tfer- 
hous).  The  oldest  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, England,  founded  as  a hospital  in  1257 
and  as  a college  1280-86  by  Hugh  de  Balsham, 
bishop  of  Ely,  and  named  from  the  parish  church 
of  St.  Peter,  which  was  at  first  used  by  the 
scholars  for  their  devotions.  Only  parts  of  the 
original  buildings  remain. 

St. -Pierre.  See  St.  Peter  Port. 

St.-Pierre  (san-pyar').  1.  A small  rocky  island 
belonging  to  France,  south  of  Newfoundland 
and  southeast  of  Miquelon.  It  is  connected  by  cable 
with  France  and  the  United  States.  The  inhabitants  are 
engaged  in  the  cod-fishery.  Area,  10  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, with  Miquelon,  about  5,000. 

2.  A town  on  the  island  of  St.-Pierre.  It  is  in 
steam  communication  with  Boston  and  Halifax. 

St.-Pierre.  A seaport  and  the  commercial  center 
of  Martinique,  French  West  Indies,  it  wastotally 
destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Mount  Pelee  on  May  8,  1902. 
About.  40,000  people  in  St.-Pierre  and  vicinity  were  killed. 

St.-Pierre.  A seaport  on  the  island  of  Re- 
union, Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  southern 
coast.  Population,  31,927. 

Saint-Pierre,  Bernardin  de.  See  Bernardin 
de  Saint-Pierre. 

St.-Pol-de-Leon  (san'pol'de-la-on').  Atownin 
the  department  of  Finist&re,  France,  situated 
near  the  English  Channel  32  miles  northeast  of 
Brest.  The  cathedral  is  a beautiful  13th-century  build- 
ing, with  west  front  flanked  by  twin  spires,  a splendid  rose 
in  the  south  transept,  and  a large  porch  on  the  south  side. 
The  interior  is  very  beautiful  and  graceful  — the  finest  in 
Brittany.  The  choir  is  inclosed  by  a good  screen,  and  pos- 
sesses handsome  15th-century  stalls.  The  Chapelle  de 
Creizker  is  chiefly  14th-  and  15th-century  work.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  8,140. 

Saint-Preux  (san-pre').  The  lover  of  Julie,  a 
leading  charac ter  in  Rousse au’s  n ovel  “Lan ou- 
velle  Hfdoise.” 

Saint-Priest  (sah-pre'),  Alexis  Guignard, 

Comte  de.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  April  23, 1805: 
died  at  Moscow,  Sept.  29,  1851.  A French  his- 
torian and  diplomatist.  His  best-known  work  is 
41  Oistoire  de  la  conquSte  de  Naples  par  Charles  d’Anjou  ” 
(1847—48). 

St.-Privat-la-Montagne  (sah-pre-va'la-mdh- 
tiiny').  A village  8 miles  northwest  of  Metz. 
See  Gravelotte. 

St.-Quentin  (san-kon-tan').  A city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Somme  25  miles  northwest  of  Laon.  it  is  the 
center  of  an  important  manufacturing  district,  the  lead- 
ing manufactures  being  cotton  and  woolen  goods.  The 
collegiate  church,  chiefly  of  the  13th  century,  ranks  among 
the  most  admirable  examples  of  Pointed  architecture.  The 
hotel  de  ville  is  a typical  Flemish  Pointed  municipal  build- 
ing. The  city,  which  stands  on  the  site  of  the  Roman  Au- 
gusta Veromanduorum,  was  sacked  by  the  Normans  in  the 
9th  century.  It  was  the  chief  town  of  the  former  Verman- 
dois.  Two  battles  have  been  fought  in  its  neighborhood: 
the  army  of  Philip  II.  under  Philibert  Emmanuel,  duke  of 
Savoy,  defeated  the  French  under  the  Constable  de  Mont- 
morency, Aug.  10,  lf>57 ; and  the  Germans  under  Von  Goben 
defeated  the  French  under  Faidherbe,  Jan.  19,  1871.  The 
place  repulsed  a German  attack  Oct.  8,  1870,  hut  was  taken 
by  the  Germans  Oct.  21.  Population,  commune,  52,768. 

Saint-Real  (san-ra-aF),  Cesar  Vicliard,  Abb6 
de.  Born  at  Chambery,  France,  1639:  died 
there,  1692.  A French  historian.  He  went  to 
Paris  early  in  life,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
history.  He  went  to  London,  but  returned  shortly  to  Paris, 
and  in  1679  to  Chambery,  where  he  became  historiographer 


886 

to  the  Duke  of  Savoy.  His  principal  work  was  the  “ Con- 
juration des  Espagnols  contre  Venise  " (1672),  which  was 
the  basis  of  Otway’s  “Venice  Preserved. 

St.  Regis  (re'jis).  An  Iroquois  reservation  sit- 
uated on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  partly  in  Que- 
bec, Canada,  and  partly  in  New  York,  45  miles 
northeast  of  Ogdeusburg. 

St.-Remy  (san-re-me').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  14  miles 
northeast  of  Arles.  Near  it  (about  11  miles  distant)  are 
antiquities  from  the  Roman  town  of  Glantim  Livii.  The 
P^oman  triumphal  arch,  not  ed  for  its  beautiful  proportions 
and  ornament,  and  for  its  fine  reliefs  of  bound  prisoners 
attended  by  women,  is  of  date  about  100  A.  D.  The  Roman 
mausoleum,  called  tomb  of  the  Julii,  is  of  pyramidal  out- 
line, about  60  feet  high,  and  includes  2 stories  above  a 
square  basement  encircled  by  reliefs  of  military  scenes. 
The  lower  story  is  a structure  pierced  by  archways  and  dec- 
orated with  Corinthian  semi  columns,  and  the  upper  is  a 
circular  edicule  with  10  Corinthian  columns  and  a domical 
roof  sheltering  2 statues.  This  beautiful  monument  is  as- 
signed to  the  early  empire. 

Saint-Rene  Taillandier.  See  Taillandier. 

St.-Riquier  (san're-kya'),  or  St.-Ricquier.  A 

town  in  the  department  of  Somme,  France,  19 
miles  northwest  of  Amiens.  Its  abbey  was  notable. 
The  Flamboyant  abbey  church  has  a lavishly  sculptured 
facade  with  a single  graceful  tower,  elaborate  vaulting,  and 
fine  choir-stalls.  The  choir  is  of  earlier  date.  The  sacristy 
is  frescoed  with  a curious  “ Dance  of  Death.  ’’  Population, 
commune,  1,433. 

St.  Ronan’s  Well.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1824. 

St.  Roque,  Cape.  See  Sao  Roque. 

Saint-Ruth  (sah-riit').  Died  1691.  A French 
general.  He  commanded  the  Jacobite  forces  in  Ireland 
in  1691,  and  fell  at  the  battle  of  Aghrim  in  that  year. 

Saint-Saens  (sail -son'),  Charles  Camille. 

Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  9, 1835.  A noted  French  com- 
poser and  pianist.  He  began  tostudy  the  piano  at  the 
age  of  seven,  in  1847  entered  the  Conservatoire,  and  was 
the  pupil  of  llalevy,  Reber,  Benoit,  and  Gounod.  In  1851 
he  composed  his  first  symphony.  He  was  organist  of  St. 
Merri  in  1853,  and  of  the  Madeleine  1858-77.  He  composed 
several  operas,  but  his  instrumental  music  and  orchestra- 
tion have  brought  him  fame.  His  musical  criticisms, 
written  for  various  periodicals,  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1885  as  “ Harmonieet  nrilodie,”  Among  his  works 
are  the  symphonic  poems  “Phaeton,”  “Le  rouet  d’Om- 
phale,”  “Danse Macabre,"  “La  jeunessed’Hercule,  etc., "a 
“Suite  algeriemie, ” Symphonies  in  Ely,  A minor,  and  C 
minor,  a barcarolle  “Une  nuitit  Lisbonne,”  several  masses, 
and  much  vocal,  pianoforte,  and  chamber  music. 

Saint-Sauveur  (san-so-v6r').  A watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Hautes-Pyr6n6es,  France, 
situated  on  the  Gave  de  Pau  29  miles  south  of 

★Tarbes : noted  for  hot  sulphur  springs. 
Saintsbury  (sants'  bu-ri),  George  Edward 
Bateman.  Born  at  Southampton,  Oct.  23, 1845. 
An  English  literary  critic  and  historian.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford  (Merton  College),  where  he  graduated 
in  1867.  He  was  classical  master  at  Elizabeth  College, 
Guernsey,  1868-74,  and  head-master  of  the  Elgin  Education- 
al Institute  1874-76.  Soon  after  1876  he  established  himself 
in  London.  He  has  published  a “ Primer  of  French  Liter- 
ature ” (1880),  “ Dryderi " in  English  Men  of  Letters  (1881), 
“A  Short  History  of  French  Literature  ” (1882),  “French 
Lyrics:  Selected  and  Annotated  "(1883).  “Marlborough "in 
English  Worthies  (1885),  a “ History  of  Elizabethan  Lit- 
erature" (1887),  “Essays  on  English  Literature " (1891), 
“Essays  on  French  Novelists”  (1891),  etc. 

St.  Sebastian.  See  San  Sebastian. 

St.  Sepulchre  (sep'ul-k6r).  A church  in  Cam- 
bridge, England,  commonly  known  as  the  Round 
Church:  a Norman  building  dating  from  110], 
It  is  the  oldest  of  the  four  circular  churches 
surviving  in  England. 

St.-Servan  (san-ser-voh').  A seaport  in  the 
department  of  Ille-et-Vilaibe,  France,  situated 
on  the  Ranee  opposite  St.-Malo.  Population, 
commune,  12,242. 

Saints’  Everlasting  Rest,  The.  A religious 
work  by  Richard  Baxter,  published  in  1650. 

Saint-Simon  (san-se-mon' ; Anglicized  sant  si'- 
mon),  Claude  Henri,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, Oct.  17, 1760:  died  there,  May  19, 1825.  A 
French  philosopher,  the  founder  of  French  so- 
cialism. He  came  of  an  ancient  and  noble  though  impov- 
erished family,  studied  under  D'Alembert,  and  served  asa 
volunteer  in  the  American  Revolution.  He  was  prevented 
by  his  aristocratic  birth  from  playing  a prominent  partin 
the  French  Revolution  (being  indeed  for  a time  impris- 
oned), but  accumulated  a fortune  by  speculating  in  con- 
fiscated lands,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy. The  latter  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  pov- 
erty, hisfortune  having  been  wasted  in  costly  experiments. 
His  first  work,  “ Lettres  d un  habitant  de  Geneve  a ses  eon- 
temporains,”  appeared  in  1802;  but  it  was  not  until  1817 
that  a distinct  approach  to  a system  of  socialism  was  made 
in  “LTndustrie.”  The  fullest  exposition  of  his  socialistic 
views,  which  are  frequently  confused  and  contradictory, 
is  that  given  in  his  “Nouveau  Christianisme"  (1825). 
These  views  were  developed  by  his  disciples  into  the  com- 
plete system  known  as  St.-Simonism.  “ According  to  this 
system  the  state  should  become  possessed  of  all  property  ; 
the  distribution  of  the  products  of  the  common  labor  of 
the  community  should  not,  however,  be  an  equal  one,  but 
each  person  should  be  rewarded  according  to  the  services 
he  has  rendered  the  state,  the  active  and  able  receiving  a 
larger  share  than  the  slow  and  dull ; and  inheritance  should 
be  abolished,  as  otherwise  men  would  be  rewarded  accord- 


St.  Vincent  Island 

ing  to  the  merits  of  their  parents  and  not  according  to 
their  own.  The  system  proposes  that  all  should  not  be 
occupied  alike,  but  differently,  according  to  their  voca- 
tion and  capacity,  the  labor  of  each  being  assigned,  like 
grades  in  a regiment,  by  the  will  of  the  directing  author- 
ity ” OLA  Mill,  Polit.  Econ. , II.  i.  § 4.)  Among  his  other 
works  are  “ De  la  reorganisation  de  la  socidte  europ^enne  ” 
(1814),  “L’Organisateur,"  “Systemeindustriel,"and  “Cate- 
chisme  d_es  industriels  ” (1824). 

Saint-Simon,  Due  de  (Louis  de  Rouvroy), 

Born  Jan.  15,  1675:  died  on  his  estate  Laferte, 
March  2,  1755.  A French  soldier,  statesman, 
and  writer.  He  was  in  the  military  service  of  Louis 
XIV. ; and  was  a member  of  the  council  of  regency  at  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  In  1721  he  was  am- 
bassador to  Spain.  His  celebrated  “ Memoirts  " on  French 
affairs  and  the  court  during  the  last  part  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV".  and  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XV 
(a  period  of  about  30  years)  were  first  published  in  a com- 
plete form  by  Sauteiet  under  the  title  “ Mdmoires  complets 
et  authentiques  du  due  de  Saint-Simon  sur  le  sifccle  de 
Louis  XIV.  et  la  r^gence  " (20  vols.  1829-30).  An  improved 
edition  by  Cheruel  and  Rdgnier  appeared  1856-58  (new 
ed.  1872-).  v 

St.  Simon’s  (sl'monz)  Island.  An  island  on 
the  coast  of  Georgia,  60  miles  south  by  west  of 
Savannah.  Length,  10  miles. 

St.  Sophia.  See  Sophia,  Santa. 

St.-Sulpice  (san-siil-pes').  A large  church  at 
Paris,  built  by  Louis  XIV.  The  facade  of  two  super- 
posed classical  porticos  is  between  square  pedimented 
towers  with  cylindrical  tops.  The  interior  lias  a nave, 
aisles,  and  many  chapels,  with  ovoid  vaulting  and  a low 
dome  at  the  crossing.  The  dimensions  are  462  by  183  feet ; 
height  of  vaulting,  108.  There  are  many  important  fres- 
cos, including  notable  works  by  Eugene  Delacroix. 

St.  Thomas  (tom'as).  An  island  of  the  West 
Indies,  belonging  to  Denmark,  situated  east  of 
Porto  Rico,  in  lat.  18°  20'  N.,  long.  64°  56'  W. 
Chief  town,  Charlotte  Amalie,  in  1870  the  United 
States  Senate  refused  to  ratify  a treaty  for  the  purchase  of 
this  island  from  Denmark,  and  in  1902  a treaty  ceding  the 
Danish  West  Indies  to  the  United  States  was  defeated  in 
the  Kigsdag.  Area,  32  square  miles.  Population,  11,012. 

St.  Thomas.  [Pg.  Sao  Thome.]  Au  island  be- 
longing to  Portugal,  situated  iu  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea,  off  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  in  lat. 
0°  20'  N.,  long.  6°  43'  E.  Thesurfaceis  volcanicand 
mountainous,  and  the  climate  unhealthy.  Cacao  and 
coffee  are  produced.  The  island  was  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese  about  1470.  With  Principe,  it  forms  a prov- 
ince under  a governor.  Area,  390  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 37,776. 

St.  Thomas.  The  capital  of  Elgin  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  situated  75  miles  west-southwest 
of  Hamilton.  Population,  14,054,  (1911). 

St.  Ubes.  See  Setubal. 

St.-Valery-en-Caux  (san-val-re'on-ko').  A 
seaport  and  watering-place  in  the  department 
of  Seine-InfOrieure,  France,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  34  xniles  north-northwest  of 
Rouen.  Population,  commune,  3,544. 

St.- V alery-sur-Somme  (-siir-som').  Aseaport 
in  the  department  of  Somme,  France,  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Somme  into  the  English 
Channel,  36  miles  northwest  of  Amiens.  Wil- 
liam I.  embarked  here  for  the  conquest  of 
England  in  1066.  Population,  commune,  3,- 
656. 

Saint-Victor  (sah-vek-tor'),  Paul  Jacques 
Raymond  Binsse,  Comte  de  (usually  known  as 
Paul  de  Saint-Victor).  Born  at  Paris,  July 
11,  1825:  died  there,  July  9,  1881.  A French 
critic.  In  1848  he  became  the  secretary  of  Lamartine; 
in  1855  theatrical,  artistic,  and  literary  critic  for  “La 
Presse”;  and  in  1870  inspector-general  of  fine  arts.  He 
is  noted  as  a stylist.  Among  his  works  are  “ Hommes  et 
dieux,"  a collection  of  studies  (1867);  “ Les  femmes  de 
Goethe  ” (1869) ; “ Les  dienx  et  les  demi-dieux  de  la  pein- 
ture”  (1863),  with  Gautier  and  Houssaye;  “Les  deux 
masques,"  a history  of  the  stage,  unfinished. 

St.  Vincent  (vin'sent).  An  island  of  the  Brit- 
ish West  Indies,  situated  west  of  Barbados  in 
lat.  13°  9'  N.,  long.  61°  13'  W.  Capital,  Kings- 
town. Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  near  the  northern 
end  there  is  a volcano,  the  Soufriere : in  1812  (April  27- 
May  1)  there  was  a violent  eruption,  and  in  1902  (May  7 
and  later);  the  latter  was  very  destructive  of  life.  Sugar, 
molasses,  arrowroot,  etc.,  are  exported.  The  island  was 
ceded  by  the  French  to  the  British  in  1763.  Area,  132 
square  miles.  Population,  47,648. 

St.  Vincent,  Cape.  1.  A cape  at  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Portugal,  projecting  into 
the  Atlantic  in  lat.  37°  1'  N.,  long.  8°  58'  W. 
A naval  victory  was  gained  off  this  cape,  Feb.  14,  1797,  by 
the  British  fleet  of  15  vessels  under  Jervis  over  the  Span- 
ish fleet  of  27  vessels,  4 of  which  were  captured. 

2.  A cape  on  the  western  coast  of  Madagascar, 
in  lat.  21°  54'  S.,  long.  43°  20'  E. 

St.  Vincent,  Earl  of.  See  Jervis , John. 

St.  Vincent,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea  in- 
denting South  Australia,  situated  east  of  Yorke 
Peninsula,  which  separates  it  from  Spencer 
Gulf.  Length,  100  miles. 

St.  Vincent  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Appa- 
lachicola  River,  Florida. 


St.-Yrieix 

St.-Yrieix  ( san-te-ryaks ' ).  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Vienne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Loue  24  miles  south  of  Limoges.  Kaolin-quar- 
ries were  discovered  here  in  1765.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  7,916. 

Saiph  (sa-if')-  [Ar.]  The  third-magnitude  star 
k Orionis,  in  the  giant’s  right  knee. 

Sals  (sa'is).  [Gr.  Saif.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  in  the  Delta,  on  the  Rosetta  branch  of  the 
Nile,  Egypt,  about  lat.  31°  N.  Its  ruins  are  near  the 
modern  village  of  Sa-el-hugar.  It  was  an  important  cen- 
ter of  commerce  and  learning  ; was  at  times  the  capital  of 
Lower  Egypt ; and  furnished  kings  to  the  Saitic  dynasties 
(the  24th,  26th,  and  28th).  The  chief  local  deity  was  N eith. 

Saisan,  Lake.  See  Zaisan. 

Sajo  (sho'yo).  A river  in  northern  Hungary 
which  joins  the  Theiss  40  miles  northwest  of 
Debreczin.  Near  it,  in  1241,  the  Mongols  defeated  the 
Hungarians  under  King  BMa  IV.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Sak  (sak).  A small  salt  lake  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Crimea,  Russia,  situated  near  Eupa- 
toria  and  the  Black  Sea  coast. 

Sakai  (sa'ki').  A port  near  Osaka,  in  Japan. 
Population,  61,103. 

Sakalava  (sa-ka-la'va).  A collective  name 
for  the  native  tribes  which  occupy  the  western 
part  of  Madagascar.' 

Sakanderabad.  See  Secunderabad. 

Sakaria  (sa-ka-re'a).  A river  in  northwestern 
Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Sangarius.  it  flows  into 
the  Black  Sea  93  miles  east  of  Constantinople.  The  prin- 
cipal tributaries  are  the  Pursak  and  Enguri  Su.  Length, 
about  320  miles.  It  is  not  navigable. 

Sakhrah  (sakk'rii).  [Ar.  as-SaMrah,  the  rock.] 
In  Mohammedan  belief,  a sacred  rock  in  Jeru- 
salem on  which  the  temple  was  erected,  and  on 
which  the  mosque  of  Omar  stands. 

Sakkara  (sak-ka'ra).  A village  near  the  an- 
cient Memphis,  in  Egypt.  Near  it  are  important 
remainsof  antiquity.  The  Apismausoleum(orSerapeum, 
as  it  is  often  called,  though  the  Serapeum,  the  temple 
which  stood  above  the  subterranean  mausoleum,  hasceased 
to  exist),  a famous  sanctuary  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  cult, 
was  discovered  by  Mariette  in  1860,  when  the  great  avenue 
of  sphinxes  which  preceded  the  Serapeum  was  excavated. 
Access  to  the  Apis  tombs  is  by  a sloping  subterranean  pas- 
sage. They  consist  of  three  groups,  beginning  in  the  18th 
dynasty  (about  1700  B.  c.).  The  first  two  groups  are  the  least 
interesting,  and  are  now  again  inaccessible.  The  third 
group,  extending  from  Psammetichus  I.  of  the  26th  dy- 
nasty (about  650  B.  c.)  to  about  50  B.  c.,  consists  of  a series 
of  burial-chambers  opening  from  huge  galleries  about  1,200 
feet  in  extent.  Every  Apis  was  buried  in  a granite  sar- 
cophagus about  13  feet  long,  7)  wide,  and  11  high.  The 
Step  Pyramid  of  Sakkarah  is  believed  to  be  the  oldest  pyra- 
mid in  Egypt.  It  is  assigned  with  probability  to  the  4th 
Pharaoh  of  the  1st  dynasty.  It  consists  of  5 steps  or  stages 
with  sloping  sides ; its  present  height  is  about  197  feet, 
and  its  base  measurement  351  by  394.  Unlike  the  other 
pyramids,  it  is  not  oriented  toward  the  cardinal  points. 
There  are  a number  of  interior  chambers  connected  by  a 
labyrinth  of  passages,  and  a deep  dome-shaped  excavation 
in  the  rock  in  the  axis  beneath  the  base.  Some  of  the 
chambers  are  incrusted  with  blue-green  vitrified  tiles. 

Sakya-Muni.  See  Buddha. 

Sala  (sa'la),  George  Augustus  Henry.  Bora 
♦at  London,  Nov.  24,  1828 : died  Dec.  8,  1895. 
An  English  novelist,  journalist,  and  miscella- 
neous writer.  He  was  correspondent  of  the  London 
“Telegraph  "in  the  United  States  during  the  Civil  War,  in 
France  in  1870-71,  in  Russia  in  1876,  and  in  Australia  in 
1885.  He  founded  “ Temple  Bar,”  and  was  its  first  editor. 
Among  his  works  are  the  novel  “ Seven  Sons  of  Mammon  ’’ 
(1862),  “A  Journey  Due  North,  etc.”  (1868),  “My  Diary  in 
America  in  the  Midst  of  War”  (1866),  “From  Waterloo  to 
the  Peninsula,”  “Rome  and  Venice,”  “Under  the  Sun, 
etc.”  (1872),  “ A Journey  Due  South  ” (1885),  etc. 

Sala  del  Maggior  Consiglio  (sa'la  del  mad'jor 
kon-sel'yo),  or  Hall  of  the  Council  of  Nobles. 

In  the  Ducal  Palace,  Venice,  an  imposing  room, 
175  feet  long,  84wide,and51  high, begun  in  1310. 
It  was  originally  painted  throughout  by  Titian,  Tintoretto, 
the  Bellini,  and  Paolo  V eronese,  but  was  d estroyed  by  fire  in 
1577.  As  restored,  the  sides  are  completely  covered,  except 
the  window-spaces,  with  paintings  by  Tintoretto  and  the 
later  Venetians,  and  the  ceiling  contains  Paolo  Veronese's 
masterpiece,  the  “ Apotheosis  of  Venice,”  framed  in  gilded 
ornament  and  surrounded  with  other  priceless  paintings. 

Saladin  (sal'a-din)  (Salah-ed  din  Yusuf  ibn 
Ayub).  Born  at  Tekrit,  1137 : died  at  Damas- 
cus, March,  1193.  A famous  sultan  of  Egypt  and 
Syria.  He  became  vizir  in  Egypt  about  1169 ; sup- 
pressed theFatimite  dynasty  in  1171 ; was  proclaimed  sul- 
tan about  1174  ; and  conquered  Damascus  and  the  greater 
part  of  Syria.  He  endeavored  to  drive  the  Christians  from 
Palestine  ; totally  defeated  them  near  Tiberias  in  1187, 
taking  prisoner  Guy  de  Lusignan  (king  of  Jerusalem), 
Chatillon  (grand  master  of  the  Templars),  and  many 
others  : and  captured  Acre,  Jerusalem,  Ascalon,  etc.  The 
fall  of  Jerusalem  brought  on  the  scene  a powerful  army 
of  CrusaderB  under  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted  and  Philip 
II.  of  France,  which  captured  Acre  in  1191.  Richard 
took  Cscsarea  and  Jaffa,  and  forced  Saladin  to  accept  a 
truce  for  three  years  in  1192.  Scott  introduces  him  in 
“The  Talisman”  disguised  as  the  Arabian  physician 
Adonbec  and  as  Ilderirn. 

Salado  (sa-lii'THo),  Rio.  [Sp., ‘salt  river.’]  1. 
A river  in  the  Argentine  Republic  which  joins 
the  Parand,  on  the  western  side,  about  100  miles 


887 

north  of  Rosario.  Length,  about  1,000  miles. 
This,  and  other  smaller  rivers  of  the  same  name  in  the 
republic,  are  brackish  or  salty  in  their  lower  cour  ses. 

2.  One  of  the  most  considerable  streams  in 
Arizona,  and  the  main  tributary  of  the  Gila, 
which  it  joins  below  the  town  of  Phenix.  The  Sa- 
lado is  formed  in  the  Apache  reservation  by  the  junction 
of  the  White  Mountain  and  Black  rivers,  and  its  main 
course  is  nearly  from  east  to  west.  Its  waters  are  very 
saline,  as  they  pass  through  large  salt-deposits  shortly 
after  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers  mentioned.  On  its 
banks  are  interesting  aboriginal  ruins. 

3.  A small  riverin  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain, 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  Tarifa.  On 
its  banks,  in  1340,  the  Moors  were  defeated  by  Alfonso  XI. 
of  Castile  and  Alfonso  IV.  of  Portugal. 

Salamanca  (sa-la-man'ka).  Aprovince  of  Spain, 
in  the  ancient  Leon,  bounded  by  Zamora  and 
Valladolid  on  the  north,  Avila  on  the  east,  Ca- 
ceres  on  the  south,  and  Portugal  on  the  west,  it 

is  flat  and  hilly  in  the  north  and  mountainous  in  the  south. 
Area,  4,829  square  miles.  Population,  320,765. 
Salamanca.  »-The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Salamanca,  situated  on  the  Tormes  about  lat. 
41°  N.,  long.  5°  37'  W. : the  Roman  Salmantica. 
The  river  is  crossed  here  by  an  ancient  Roman  bridge.  The 
manufactures  and  commerce  of  Salamanca  were  formerly 
important.  Among  its  notable  buildings  are  the  old  and 
new  cathedrals.  It  contains  also  the  Convent  of  San  Es- 
teban, which  sheltered  Columbus  1484-86.  The  church 
is  of  the  period  of  transition  between  Pointed  and  P.enais- 
sance.  The  front  is  most  elaborately  sculptured  with 
figures  and  arabesques  inclosed  in  a great  round  arch. 
The  choir  is  elevated  on  a broad  flat  arch  at  the  west 
end.  The  cloisters  are  light  and  have  good  sculpture. 
The  once  celebrated  university  was  founded  in  1415.  Sala- 
manca was  the  chief  town  of  the  ancient  Vettones.  Sala- 
manca was  taken  by  Hannibal  in  222  B.  C.,  and  was  re- 
covered from  the  Moors  in  the  11th  century.  Population, 
27,895. 

Salamanca,  Battle  of.  A battle  fought  July 
22,  1812,  at  Arapiles,  near  Salamanca,  in  which 
the  British  army  under  Wellington  defeated 
the  French  under  Marmont. 

Salamanca,  Council  or  Junta  of.  A meet- 
ing held  at  Salamanca,  apparently  in  the 
winter  of  1486-87,  to  consider  the  projects  of 
Columbus.  King  Ferdinand  had  referred  them  to  Ta- 
la vera  to  be  laid  by  him  before  a gathering  of  scholars. 
The  opinions  of  the  majority  were  against  Columbus. 
Probably  the  importance  of  this  council  has  been  over- 
estimated. 

There  seems  no  reason  to  suppose  that  at  best  it  was 
anything  more  than  some  informal  conference  of  Talavera 
with  a few  councilors,  and  in  no  way  associated  with  the 
prestige  of  the  university  of  Salamanca.  The  registers  of 
the  university,  which  begin  back  of  the  assigned  date  for 
such  council,  have  been  examined  in  vain  for  any  refer- 
ence to  it.  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus,  p.  162. 

Salamis  (sal'a-mis).  [Gr.  1a/a/i!c.'\  l.Auisland 
of  ancient  Greece,  situated  in  the  Saronic  Gulf, 
south  of  Attica,  and  opposite  the  harbor  of 
Athens.  In  early  times  it  was  independent,  and  was 
contended  for  by  the  Megarians  and  Athenians.  It  was 
acquired  by  Athens  in  the  beginning  of  the  Cth  century 
B.  c.;  passed  to  Macedon  in  318;  and  was  restored  to  Ath- 
ens about  232  B.  c.  A famous  naval  victory  was  gained  in 
the  bay  between  Salamis  and  Attica,  Sept.  20, 480  B.  c.,  by 
the  Greek  fleet  under  Themistocles  and  Eurybiades  over 
the  Persians.  It  was  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the 
Persian  wars.  Length,  10  miles. 

2.  A city  on  the  south  coast  of  the  island  of 
Salamis,  later  transferred  to  the  east  coast. 
Salamis.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Cyprus.  Teucer  was  its  reputed 
founder.  In  the  Roman  period  it  was  rebuilt  as  Constan- 
ts. A naval  victory  was  gained  near  Salamis,  306  B.  C.,  by 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes  over  Ptolemy  and  his  allies. 

Salammbo  (sa-lam-bo').  A novel  by  Gustave 
Flaubert,  the  history  of  Hannibal’s  sister  Sa- 
lammbo, published  iu  1862. 

Salang  (sa-liing').  An  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  belonging  to  Siam. 

Salanio  (sa-la'ni-o)  and  Salarino  (sa-la-re'no). 
Two  characters  in  Shakspere’s  “Merchant  of 
V enice.”  Their  names  were  confused  by  the  early  com- 
positors, and  the  spellings  are  various.  A third  character, 
Salerio,  was  added  to  the  dramatis  persona;  by  Steevens  in 
his  attempt  to  solve  the  difficulty,  butDyce,  Furness,  and 
others  consider  it  unwarranted  and  the  character  to  be 
Salanio  misspelled.  See  Salerio. 

Salankeman,  or  Salankamen.  See  Slankamen. 
Salassi  (sa-las'i).  In  ancient  history,  a Celtic 
or  Ligurian  tribe  which  occupied  the  valley  of 
the  Dora  Baltea,  northwestern  Italy.  They  were 
in  conflict  with  the  Romans  143  B.  o.  and  later,  and  were 
finally  subdued  in  25  B.  C.  A Roman  colony  was  planted 
at  the  modern  Aosta. 

Salathiel  (sa-la'thi-el).  A romance  by  George 
Croly,  published  in  1827,  on  the  subject  of  the 
Wandering  Jew. 

Salaverry  (sa-la-va're),  Felipe  Santiago  de. 

Born  at  Lima,  May  3,  1806:  died  at  Arequipa, 
Feb.  19,  1836.  A Peruvian  general.  He  headed 

unsuccessful  revolts  in  1833,  and  commanded  a division 
in  the  campaign  against  Gamarra  in  1834.  Being  in  com- 
mand of  the  castle  at  Callao,  which  he  had  taken,  he  de- 
clared against  President  Orbegoso  during  the  latter's  ab- 


Salerno 

sence  (Feb.  23,  1835) ; deposed  the  vice-president ; and  on 
Feb.  25  proclaimed  himself  supreme  chief  of  Peru:  He 
was  soon  acknowledged  by  all  the  country  except  Arequipa. 
Orbegoso  invited  the  aid  of  Santa  Cruz,  president  of  Bo- 
livia, who  marched  into  Peru,  defeated,  captured,  and  shot 
Salaverry,  and  established  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  Confed- 
eration. Salaverry  was  a brilliant  leader  and  extremely 
popular. 

Salawatti,  or  Salawati  (sa-la-wa'te),  or  Sal- 
watti  (sal-wat'te).  An  island  lying  near  the 
northwestern  extremity  of  N ew  Guinea.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Salayer  (sa-li'er),  or  Saleiyer  (sa-li'yer),  or 
Saleyer  (sa-li'er),  or  Silayara  (se-li'a-ra). 
An  island  directly  south  of  Celebes,  East  In- 
dies, belonging  to  the  Dutch.  Area,  estimated, 
180  square  miles. 

Salayer  Islands.  A group  consisting  of  Sa- 
layer and  some  neighboring  islands.  Popula- 
tion, about  80,000. 

SaldanRa  Bay  (sal-da'na  or  sal-dan'ya  ba).  An 
inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  western  coast 
of  Cape  Colony,  60  miles  north-northwest  of 
Cape  Town.  Here  a Dutch  fleet  of  6 ships  sur- 
rendered to  Elphinstone  Aug.  16  (17  f),  1796. 
Length,  about  17  miles. 

Saldanha  de  Oliveira  e Daun  (sal-dan'ya  de 
o-le-va'ra,  e doun),  Joao  Carlos  de,  Duke  of 
Saldanha  from  1846.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  17, 
1791 : died  at  London,  Nov.  21, 1876.  A Portu- 
guese statesman  and  general.  He  was  a moderate 
constitutionalist,  and  supported  Dom  Pedro  against  Dom 
Miguel,  whose  forces  he  defeated  in  1834.  He  was  prime 
minister  in  1835,  1846-49,  1851-56,  and  1870.  He  was  am- 
bassador at  London  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Sale.  See  Sallee. 

Sale  (sal).  A town  in  Cheshire,  England,  5 miles 
southwest  of  Manchester.  Population,  12,- 
088. 

Sale,  George.  Born  in  England,  probably  about 
1697 : died  in  London,  Nov.  13,  1736.  An  Eng- 
lish Orientalist,  best  known  from  his  transla- 
tion of  the  Koran  (1734).  His  Oriental  MSS. 
are  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford. 

Salee,  or  Saleh.  See  Sallee. 

Saleiyer.  See  Salayer. 

Salem  (sa'lem).  [LL.  Salem,  Gr.  'ZaTiij/j,  Heb. 
Shalem .]  1.  The  name  of  the  place  of  which 

Melchizedek  was  king.  It  seems  to  be  impos- 
sible now  to  identify  it  with  certainty. — 2.  An 
ancient  name  of  Jerusalem:  still  used  rhetori- 
cally and  in  poetry. 

Salem.  A city,  one  of  the  capitals  of  Essex 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  a peninsula 
between  North  and  South  rivers,  and  on  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  in  lat.  42°  31'  N.,  long.  70°  54'  W. 
It  has  flourishing  coasting-trade  and  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly of  leather.  Next  to  Plymouth,  it  is  the  oldest  town 
in  the  State.  It  was  settled  by  John  Endicottin  1628  ; was 
noted  in  connection  with  the  witchcraft  delusion  in  1692 ; 
and  was  extensively  engaged  in  privateering  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. At  the  end  of  the  18th  and  the  beginning  of  the  19th 
century  it  was  famous  for  its  foreign  commerce  with  the 
East  Indies,  etc.  It  has  been  the  home  of  many  noted 
men.  It  was  the  birthplace  and  for  several  years  the 
residence  of  Hawthorne.  It  became  a city  in  1836.  Pop- 
ulation, 43,697,  (1910). 

Salem.  A city,  capital  of  Salem  County,  New 
Jersey,  situated  on  Salem  Creek  31  miles  south- 
west of  Philadelphia.  Population,  6,614,  (1910). 

Salem.  A city  in  Columbiana  County,  eastern 
Ohio,  62  miles  southeast  of  Cleveland.  Popu- 
lation, 8,943  (1910). 

Salem.  A city,  capital  of  Oregon  and  of  Marion 
County,  situated  on  the  Willamette  in  lat.  44° 
56'  N.  It  has  extensive  manufactures,  especially  of 
woolens,  flour,  and  tobacco ; and  is  the  seat  of  Willamette 
University  (Methodist).  Population,  14,094  (1910). 

Salem.  The  capital  of  Roanoke  County,  Vir- 
ginia, situated  on  Staunton  River  55  miles 
west  of  Lynchburg.  It  is  the  seat  of  Roanoke 
College.  Population,  3,849,  (1910). 

Salem.  1.  A district  in  Madras,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  12°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area, 
7,530  square  miles.  Population,  2,204,974. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Salem,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Tirumanimuttar  about  lat. 
11°  39'  N.,  long.  78°  10'  E.  Population,  70,- 
621. 

Salemi  (sa-la'me).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Trapani,  Sicily,  41  miles  southwest  of  Palermo : 
the  ancient  Halicyse.  Population,  10,649. 

Salerio  (sa-le'ri-o).  A messenger  from  Venice : 
a character  in  Shakspere’s  “ Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice.” See  Salanio. 

Salerno  (sa-lOr'no;  It.  pron.  sa-ler'no).  1. 
A province  in  Italy  (formerly  called  Princi- 
pato-Citeriore),  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
Area,  1,916  square  miles.  Population,  567,064. 
— 2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Sa- 
lerno, Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno  in 
lat.  40°  41'  N.,  long.  14°  47'  E.:  the  ancient  Sa 


Salerno 

lemum.  It  has  some  commerce  and  manufactures  of 
cotton,  etc.  Its  chief  building,  the  Cathedral  of  San  Mat- 
teo,  was  dedicated  in  1084.  It  is  preceded  by  an  arcaded 
atrium  or  fore  court  with  28  antique  columns.  The  chief 
portal  is  richly  sculptured  with  foliage  and  animals,  and 
has  bronze  doors  with  54  panels  bearing  crosses  and  sacred 
personages.  The  pavement  is  in  rich  mosaic ; the  ambones, 
ornamented  with  sculpture  and  mosaics,  rank  with  the 
best  of  early  medieval  art.  Salerno  was  an  ancient  Roman 
colony ; became  the  seat  of  a Lombard  principality  ; and 
was  taken  by  Robert  Guiscard  about  1077.  Its  medical 
school  was  famous  in  the  middle  ages.  The  university 
was  closed  in  1817.  Pop.,  town,  27,322 ; commune,  42,727. 

Salerno,  Gulf  of,  or  Gulf  of  Paestum.  An  arm 

of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  on  the  western  coast 
of  Italy,  southeast  of  the  Bay  of  Naples. 

Sales  (sal;  E.  salz),  Francois.  Born  in  Rous- 
sillon, France,  1771 : died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Feb.  16,  1854.  A French-American  scholar, 
professor  at  Harvard.  He  published  a Span- 
ish grammar,  and  edited  Spanish  and  French 
classics. 

Sales,  Francis  of.  See  Francis  of  Sales. 
Saleyer.  See  Salayer. 

Salford  (sal'ford).  A municipal  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  in  Lancashire,  England,  ad- 
joining Manchester,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  Irwell.  In  industries  and  interests  it  is  closely 
connected  with  Manchester,  of  which  It  is  practically  a 
part.  Population,  231,380,  (1911). 

Salghir,  or  Salgir  (sal-ger').  The  principal 
river  of  the  Crimea.  It  flows  into  the  Putrid  Sea  on 
the  eastern  coast.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Salian  Emperors.  See  Franconian  Emperors. 
Salian  Franks.  See  Salii  and  Franks. 

Salieri  (sa-le-a're),  Antonio.  Born  at  Legnano, 
Italy,  Aug.  19,  1750:  died  at  Vienna,  Slay  7, 
1825.  An  Italian  composer  of  operas  and  church 
music.  He  went  to  Vienna  in  17G6;  was  made  court 
kapellmeister  there  1788-1824  ; and  was  director  of  opera 
there  1766-90.  His  works  include  five  masses,  a number 
of  Te  Deums  and  lesser  church  music,  four  oratorios,  be- 
tween thirty  and  forty  operas,  etc.  Among  the  latter  are 
“Les  Danaides"  (1784),  “La  Grotte  de  Trofonio ’’  (1785), 
“Tarare’’  (first  produced  in  1787  as  “Axur,  Re  d’Ormus": 
his  most  noteworthy  work),  and  “Die  Neger”  (1804). 
Salies  (sa-le').  [‘Salt-springs.’]  A town  and 
watering-place  in  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyr6n6es,  France,  28  miles  east  of  Bayonne.  It 
has  salt-springs.  Population,  commune,  about 
6,000. 

Salii  ( sa'li-i).  [LL.  Salii,  Fraud  Salii.']  A Ger- 
man tribe,  a part  of  the  Franks,  first  mentioned 
by  Ammianus  late  in  the  4th  century.  They  were 
settled  along  the  lower  Rhine,  about  the  Yssel  on  the 
north  and  the  Maas  and  Schelde  on-the  south  to  the  North 
Sea.  In  the  5th  century,  under  Clovis,  they  overthrew  the 
Roman  power  in  Gaul,  and  founded  the  Merovingian  Frank- 
ish monarchy. 

Salim  (sa'lim).  A place  (not  identified)  men- 
tioned in  John  iii.  23. 

Salina  (sa-le'na).  One  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  in 
the  Mediterranean  4 miles  northwest  of  Lipari. 
Length,  6 miles. 

Salina  (sa-li'na).  [Sp.  salina,  salt-pit,  salt- 
spring.] The  capital  of  Saline  County,  central 
Kansas,  situated  on  Smoky  Hill  River  107  miles 
west  by  south  of  Topeka.  Population,  9,688, 
(1910). 

Salinan  (sa-le'nan).  A linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  now  represented  only  by  the 
Chalone  tribe,  formerly  residing  at  San  Antonio 
and  San  Miguel  missions,  in  Monterey  and  San 
Luis  Obispo  counties,  California.  The  name 
is  derived  from  that  of  the  Salinas  River. 
Salinas,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 
Velasco,  Luis  de. 

Salinas  (sa-le'nas)  River.  A river  in  Califor- 
nia which  flows  into  Monterey  Bay  76  miles 
south-southeast  of  San  Francisco.  Length, 
125-150  miles. 

Saline  (sa-len')  River.  1.  A river  in  central 
andsouthern  Arkansas  which  joins  the  Washita 
near  the  boundary  of  Louisiana.  Length,  about 
200  miles. — 2.  A river  in  southern  Hlinois 
which  joins  the  Ohio  9 miles  south  of  Shawnee- 
town.  Length,  including  the  South  Fork,  over 
100  miles. — 3.  A river  in  Kansas  which  flows 
easterly  and  joins  the  Smoky  Hill  River  about 
100  miles  west  of  Topeka.  Length , 250-300  miles. 
Salins  (sa-lan').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  France,  21  miles  south-southwest  of  Be- 
san<;on:  noted  for  its  salt-springs  and  salt- 
works. Population,  commune,  5,290. 
Salisbury  (salz'bu-ri),  or  New  Sarum  (nusa'- 
rum).  [ME.  Salisbury,  Salesbury,  AS.  Seares- 
burh,  gen.  and  dat.  Searesbyrig,  also  Searoburh, 
Searobyrig,  Searebyrig,  appar.  ‘sear  borough,’ 
‘dry  town,’  but  the  first  element  (ML.  Sarum) 
isperhapsof  other  origin.]  Acityandthecapi- 
talof  Wiltshire,  England,  situatedat  the  junction 
of  the  Wily  and  Bourne  with  the  Avon,  in  lat. 


888 

51°  4'  N.,  long.  1°  48' W.  It  was  formerly  noted  for 
cutlery  and  woolen  manufactures.  Near  it  is  Old  Sarum, 
from  which  the  episcopal  see  was  transferred  in  1220.  The 
cathedral,  the  most  beautiful  of  English  ecclesiastical 
monuments,  was  begun  in  1220  and  finished  in  1260,  in  a 
uniform  and  dignified  early- Pointed  style.  The  plan  has 
a square  chevet  with  projecting  Lady  chapel,  double  tran- 
septs, and  long  nave.  The  west  front,  while  lacking  the 
clearness  and  structural  propriety  of  French  designs,  is  a 
notable  work  : it  is  flanked  by  low  towers,  and  possesses 
3 canopied  portals,  the  central  one  triple.  The  wall-space 
and  that  of  the  towers  is  covered  with  six  bands  of  arcades 
and  quatrefoils,  the  arcades  containing  ranges  of  statues. 
The  capital  exterior  feature  is  the  superb  central  tower 
and  spire  (406  feet  high).  The  interior  is  excellently  pro- 
portioned, with  graceful  arches  and  pillars  but  sober  deco- 
ration. There  is  arich  modern  metal  choir-screen  of  open- 
work, and  there  are  a number  of  fine  medieval  tombs. 
The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  473  by  99  feet ; length 
of  west  transepts,  230 ; height  of  nave-vaulting,  81.  The 
very  large  13th-century  cloister  is  of  great  beauty,  and  the 
octagonal  chapter-house,  vaulted  from  a central  clustered 
column  and  arcaded  below  the  windows,  is  admirable. 
Population,  17,117. 

Salisbury,  Earl  of.  See  Cecil,  Robert. 
Salisbury,  John  of.  See  John  of  Salisbury. 

Salisbury,  Third  Marquis  of  (Robert  Arthur 
Talbot  Gascoyne  Cecil).  Born  at  Hatfield 
House,  Herts,  Feb.  3,  1830 : died  there,  Aug. 
22, 1903.  An  English  Conservative  statesman, 
second  son  of  the  second  Marquis  of  Salisbury. 
Known  at  first  as  Lord  Robert  Cecil,  and  after  his  elder 
brother’s  death  (June  14,  1865)  by  the  courtesy  title  of 
Viscount  Crauborne,  he  succeeded  his  father  as  marquis 
April  12,  1868.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Ox- 
ford (Christ  Church),  graduating  in  1850.  He  entered  Par- 
liament as  member  for  Stamford  in  Feb.,  1854,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  discussion  of  public  questions — notably 
in  opposing  the  abolition  of  church  rates  in  1858,  and  in 
support  of  Disraeli’s  reform  bill  in  1859.  He  held  the 
office  of  secretary  for  India  in  Lord  Derby’s  ministry  from 
July,  1866,  to  March,  1867.  In  1869  he  was  elected  chan- 
cel lor  of  the  University  of  Oxford.  In  1874  he  entered  the 
cabinet  of  Disraeli  (later  Earl  of  Beaconsfield),  again  as 
secretary  for  India.  On  the  reopening  of  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion he  was  sent  to  Constantinople  as  the  representative 
of  Englaud  in  a conference  of  the  European  powers,  and  on 
Lord  Derby’s  resignation  in  April,  1878,  he  became  foreign 
secretary.  The  same  year  he  accompanied  Lord  Beacons- 
field  to  the  Congress  of  Berlin.  The  death  of  Beaconsfield 
(April  19,1881)  made  him  leader  of  the  Conservative  party: 
and  he  held  office  as  prime  minister  in  four  administra- 
tions— June,  1885, -Feb. , 1886,  Aug.,  1886, -Aug.,  1892, 
July,  1895, -Nov.,  1900,  and  Nov.,  1900,-July,  1902.  In  the 
first,  during  the  greater  part  of  the  second,  and  the  third  he 
was  foreign  secretary  as  well  as  premier  until  Nov.,  1900. 

Salisbury  Court  Theatre.  An  old  London 

theater.  It  was  built  in  1629  and  became  one  of  the 
principal  “playhouses.”  It  was  destroyed  in  1649,  and 
Duke's  Theatre  took  Its  place  in  1660. 

Salisbury  Crags.  A high  range  of  hills  east  of 
Edinburgh,  on  the  western  side  of  Arthur’s  Seat. 
Salisbury  Island.  An  island  in  the  western 
part  of  Hudson  Strait,  British  America. 
Salisbury  Plain.  An  extended  undulating  and 
elevated  district  in  Wiltshire,  England,  between 
Salisbury  and  Devizes. 

Salish  (sa'lish).  The  leading  tribe  of  the  Sa- 
lishan  stock  of  North  American  Indians.  They 
formerly  lived  about  Flathead  Lake  and  valley,  Montana. 
They  are  wrongly  caUed  Flatheads  by  surrounding  tribes. 
Wars  with  the  Blackfeet(Algonquian)  have  decreased  their 
numbers.  See  Salishan. 

Salishan  (sa'lish-an).  [From  scilst,  the  Okin- 
agan  word  for  ‘people.’]  A linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  living  in  British  Co- 
lumbia, Montana, Washington, andOregon.  They 
number  about  20,000.  The  principal  tribes  are  the  Atnah, 
Bilqula,  Chehalis,  Clallam,  ColviUe,  Cowichin,  Cowlitz, 
Dwamish,  Kalispel,  Lummi,  Met’how,  Nestucca,  Nisqualli, 
Okinagan,  Pisquow,  Puyallup,  Queniult,  Salish,  Sans  Puell, 
Shooshwap,  Skokomish,  Spokan,  Tillamook,  and  Twana. 
Salis-Seewis  (sa'lis-sa'vis  or  sa-les'sa-ves'), 
Baron  Johann  Gaudenz  von.  Born  in  the 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  Dec.  26, 1762:  died  in  the 
Grisons,  Jan.  29, 1834.  A Swiss  poet.  He  served 

in  the  army  of  the  Helvetic  Republic,  and  became  adjutant- 
general  to  Massdna.  He  published  “Gedichte”  (1793). 
Longfellow  translated  some  of  his  songs. 

Salle,  La.  See  La  Salle. 

Sallee,  or  Salee  (sa-le'),  or  Saleh  (sa-le'),  or 
Sal6  (sa-la').  A seaport  on  the  western  coast 
of  Morocco,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Bu  Rakrak,  opposite  Rabat,  in  lat.  34°  4'  N., 
long.  6°  48  W.  It  was  formerly  an  important  sea- 
port and  pirate  headquarters.  Population,  about  10,000. 
Sallet  (za'let),  Friedrich  von.  Born  at  Neisse, 
Prussia,  April  20,  1812:  died  at  Reichau,  near 
Nimptsch,  Prussia,  Feb.  21,  1843.  A German 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  “ Laienevangelium  ” 
(“Laymen’s  Gospel,”  1842). 

Sallier  Papyrus.  See  the  extract. 

The  great  event  of  the  reign  of  Rameses  was  the  cam- 
paign against  the  Khita  in  his  fifth  year.  It  commenced 
on  the  ninth  of  the  month  Epiphi,  and  is  represented  or 
described  in  the  temples  of  Luxor,  Abusimbel,  Beitoualli, 
and  the  Ramesseum,  as  well  as  on  a papyrus  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  known  as  the  Sallier  papyrus,  in  which  the 
events  are  described  in  terms  resembling  an  epic  poem, 
which  has  been  called  the  Iliad  of  Egypt. 

Birch,  Egypt,  p.  125. 


Salm-Salm,  Madame 

Sallust  (sal'ust)  (Caius  Sallustius  Crispus). 

Born  at  Amiternum,  country  of  the  Sabines, 
Italy,  about  86  b.  c.  : died  about  34  b.  c.  A 
Roman  historian.  He  was  elected  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple ino2.  In  50  he  was  expelled  from  the  senate  by" the 
censors  on  the  ground,  according  to  some,  of  adultery 
with  Fausta,  the  daughter  of  the  dictator  Sulla  and  wife 
of  T.  Annius  Milo,  but  more  probably  for  political  reasons, 
inasmuch  as  he  was  an  active  partizan  of  Cassar.  He  ac- 
companied Caesar  in  46  on  his  African  campaign,  at  the 
conclusion  of  which  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Numi- 
dia,  a post  in  which  he  is  said  to  have  amassed  a fortune 
by  injustice  and  extortion.  He  wrote  “Catilina,”  or 
“Bellum  Catilinarium,”  and  “Jugurtha,”  or  “Bellum 
Jugurthinum." 

Sallust,  Gardens  of.  A noted  imperial  plea- 
sure-ground in  ancient  Rome,  built  originally 
by  the  historian  Sallust,  situated  in  the  north- 
ern part,  east  of  the  Pincian. 

Sallust,  House  of.  See  Pompeii. 

Sally  in  our  Alley.  1 . A popular  ballad  with 
an  original  melody  by  Henry  Carey,  composed 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century. — 2.  A 
comedy  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  produced  in  1826. 

Salm  (selm).  In  the  Shahnamah,the  eldest  of  the 
three  sons — Salm,  Tur,  and  Iraj  — of  Faridun. 
His  mother  was  Shahrinaz,  daughter  of  Jamshid.  He 
wedded,  like  his  brothers,  one  of  the  three  daughters  of 
Sarv,  king  of  Yemen.  On  the  return  of  the  brothers  from 
Yemen,  Faridun  divided  his  realms  among  them,  giving  to 
Salm  Rum  and  the  West ; to  Tur,  Turan ; and  to  Iraj,  Iran. 
Salm,  jealous  of  Iraj,  arouses  Tur  to  jealousy,  and  the  two, 
after  sending  a threatening  message  to  Faridun,  march 
against  Iran.  Iraj  peaceably  advances  to  meet  his  bro- 
thers, and  offers  to  resign  his  throne,  but  Tur  kills  him,  fills 
his  head  with  amber  and  musk,  and  sends  it  to  Faridun. 
When  they  hear  of  the  rise  of  an  avenger  in  Minuchihr, 
Salm  and  Tur  make  overtures  to  Faridun,  but  without  re- 
sult. In  the  ensuing  war  Minuchihr  slays  Tur  and  sends 
his  head  to  Faridun,  after  which  Salm  thinks  of  retiring 
to  Alan ; but  that  fortress  is  taken  by  Qarin  and  Shirui, 
and  Salm  is  forced  to  fight,  this  time  in  alliance  with  Ka- 
kui,  Zohak's  grandson.  Both  fall  by  the  hand  of  Minu- 
chihr, who  sends  Salm’s  head  to  Faridun. 

Salmacis  (sal'ma-sis).  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  nymph  of  a fountain  in  Caria.  She  was 
united  with  Hermaphroditus  into  one  person. 

Salmagundi  (sal-ma-gun'di).  A humorous 
periodical,  published  in  1807  by  Washington 
Irving,  J.  K.  Paulding,  and  William  Irving. 
A second  series,  by  J.  K.  Paulding  alone,  was 
published  in  1819. 

Salmanassar.  See  Shalmaneser. 

Salmantiea  (sal-man'ti-ka).  The  Roman  name 
of  Salamanca. 

Salmasius  (sal-ma'shius),  Claudius,  Latinized 
from  Claude  de  Saumaise.  Bom  at  S6mur, 
Cote-d’Or,  France,  April  15,  1588:  died  Sept. 
3,  1653.  A French  classical  scholar.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  a counselor  of  the  parliament  of  Di- 
jon, but  was  ultimately  deprived  of  this  post  on  account 
of  his  Protestant  faith.  He  became  in  1631  a professor 
in  the  University  of  Leyden,  a position  which  he  occupied 
until  his  death.  He  exercised  a virtual  literary  dictator- 
ship throughout  western  Europe,  and  his  advice  was 
sought  in  English  and  Scottish  politics.  In  1649  he  de- 
fended the  absolutism  of  Charles  I.  of  England  in  “ De- 
fensio  regia  pro  Carolo  I.,’’  which  elicited  an  answer  from 
Milton.  Among  his  other  works  are  editions  of  Florus 
(1609)  and  the  “Augustan  History  "(1620),  and  “Plinianse 
exercitationes  in  Solinum  ’’  (1629). 

Salm-Dyck  (salm-dek'),  Princess  of  (Con- 
stance Marie  de  Theis : by  her  first  marriage 
Madame  Pipelet).  Born  at  Nantes,  France, 
Nov.  17,  1767 : died  at  Paris,  April  13,  1845. 
A French  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  she 
married  the  Prince  de  Salm-Dyck  in  1803.  She  wrote  a 
series  of  poe/ns,  which  she  styled  “Epltres”  (the  first  of 
which  is  “Epitre  aux  femmes,”  and  the  most  notable 
“Epitresurl’aveuglementdu  sifecle’’),  “Messoixante  ans” 
(1833),  “ Les  vingt-quatre  heures  d’une  femme  sensible,” 
“Peusdes,”  “Cantate  sur  le  mariage  de  Napoleon,”  etc.; 
also  several  plays,  etc. 

Salmon  (sam'on),  George.  Bora  at  Dublin, 
Sept.  25,  1819:  died  there,  Jan  22,  1904.  An 
Irish  divine  and  mathematician.  He  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1839 ; took  orders  in  1844 ; 
and  became  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Trinity  College 
in  1866,  and  provost  in  1888.  He  published  text-books  on 
higher  mathematics,  and  works  on  theology. 

Salmon  (sam ' on)  Falls.  A noted  cataract  of  the 
Snake  River,  in  Idaho,  about  long.  114°  50'  W. 

Salmon  River.  A river  in  Idaho  which  joins 
Snake  River  in  lat.  45°  44'  N.  Length,  about 
350-400  miles. 

Salmon  River  Mountains.  A range  of  moun- 
tains, outliers  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  proper, 
situated  in  Idaho  about  lat.  44°  N.  The  lofti- 
est summits  are  about  10,000-12,000  feet  high. 

Salm-Salm  (zalm-zalm),  Madame  (Agnes  Le- 
clercq).  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  25, 1840. 
The  wife  of  Prince  Salm-Salm.  she  obtained  some 
reputation  as  an  actress  under  the  name  of  Agnes  Le- 
clercq  ; married  the  prince  in  1862  ; and  accompanied  him 
in  his  campaigns.  After  his  death  she  organized  a hos- 
pital brigade  which  did  good  service  in  the  Franco- Prus- 
sian war.  She  married  Charles  Heneage  in  1876.  She 
wrote  “Ten  Years  of  My  Life”  (1876).  She  is  living  at 
Bonn. 


Salm-Salm,  Prince  Felix 

Balm-Salm,  Prince  Felix.  Born  at  Anholt, 
Prussia,  Dec.  25,  1828:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Gravelotte,  Aug.  18, 1870.  A German  soldier  of 
fortune.  He  was  an  officer  first  in  the  Prussian  and 
afterward  in  the  Austrian  service.  Compelled  to  resign 
from  the  Austrian  army  on  account  of  pecuniary  difficul- 
ties, he  came  to  the  United  States  in  1861,  and  served  in  the 
Union  army  during  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  brevet  rank 
of  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  entered  the  service 
of  Maximilian,  emperor  of  Mexico,  in  1866,  and  became 
his  aide-de-camp  and  chief  of  the  imperial  household.  He 
returned  to  Europe  on  the  emperor's  execution,  reentered 
the  Prussian  army  as  major  in  the  grenadier  guards,  and 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Gravelotte  in  the  Franco-German  war. 
He  published  “My  Diary  in  Mexico  in  1867,  Including  the 
Last  Days  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  with  Leaves  from 
the  Diary  of  the  Princess  Salm-Salm  " (1868). 

Salo  (sa'lo).  A town  in  the  province  of  Brescia, 
northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lago  di  Garda, 
14  miles  east-northeast  of  Brescia.  Here,  Aug. 
3,  1796,  the  French  defeated  the  Austrians. 
Population,  town,  4,049 ; connnune,  5,098. 
Saloman  (sa-lo-mon' ) , Louis  Etienne  F elicits. 
Born  at  Aux  Cayes,  1820:  died  at  Paris,  France, 
Oct.  19,  1888.  A Haitian  general  and  politician. 
He  was  of  pure  African  descent.  He  was  one  of  Soulouque’s 
ministers,  and  general-in-chief  of  his  army  from  1855.  On 
the  overthrow  of  Soulouque(l859)he  fled  from  the  island, 
but  through  his  friends  incited  several  revolts  ; returned 
in  1879 ; and  on  Oct.  23  of  that  year  was  chosen  president 
for  seven  years.  By  reelection  in  1886  he  ruled  until  Aug., 
1888,  when  he  was  deposed  by  a revolution.  As  president 
lie  was  practically  dictator,  but  the  republic  was  unusually 
prosperous  under  him. 

Salome  (sa-lo'me).  1.  Died  about  12  a.  d.  The 
sister  of  Herod  the  Great.— 2.  The  daughter  of 
Herodias,  and  wife  of  Philip  and  later  of  Aris- 
tobulus.  She  caused  the  death  of  John  the  Bap- 
tist. 

Salome  Alexandra.  Wife  of  Alexander  Jan- 

nEBUS.  She  succeeded  her  husband  in  78  B.  c.  as  regent 
of  Judea,  and  for  9 years  managed  the  affairs  of  the  coun- 
try with  great  skill  and  success.  Contrary  to  the  policy 
of  her  husband,  she  favored  the  Pharisees,  but  was  just  and 
tolerant  to  the  Sadducees.  Under  her  rule  Judea  for  the 
last  time  enjoyed  peace  and  prosperity,  and  she  may  be 
considered  its  last  independent  ruler. 

Salomo,  Salomon.  See  Solomon. 

Salomon  ben  Judah  aben  Gebirol  (ge-be'rSl) 
or  Gabirol  (ga-be'rol),  called  Avicebron  (a-ve- 
tha-bron').  Born  in  Spain : died  about  1070.  A 
Jewish  poet  and  philosopher,  author  of  a philo- 
sophical work  called  in  the  Latin  translation 
“ Fons  Vitte ” (“Fountain  of  Life ”). 

Salomon  Islands.  See  Solomon  Islands. 

Salon  (sa-lon')»  Le.  1.  The  gallery  at  the 
Louvre  in  which  exhibitions  of  art  were  for- 
merly held. — 2.  The  galleries  in  Paris  in  which 
the  works  of  modem  artists  are  now  periodi- 
cally exhibited. — 3.  The  annual  exhibition  of 
such  works. 

Salona  (sa-lo'na).  A village  in  Dalmatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 4 miles  east-northeast  of  Spalato. 
Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Salona,  an  important  Ro- 
man city,  the  birthplace  of  Diocletian,  destroyed  by  Avars 
in  the  7th  century.  Many  Roman  antiquities  have  been  re- 
cently discovered  in  the  vicinity  (amphitheater,  basilica, 
etc.). 

Salona,  on  her  own  inland  sea,  with  her  own  archipelago 
in  front  of  her,  with  her  mountain  wall  rising  above  her 
shores,  became  the  greatest  city  of  the  Dalmatian  coast, 
and  one  of  the  greatest  cities  of  the  Roman  world. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  30. 

Salona.  The  capital  of  the  nomarchy  of  Pho- 
cis,  Greece,  51  miles  northwest  of  Corinth,  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Amphissa.  Population, 
5,677. 

Salona  Bay.  A bay  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Lepanto,  Greece. 

Saloniki  (sa-16-ne'ke).  1.  A vilayet  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey.  Population.  1,180,800. — 2. 
A seaport,  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Saloniki,  sit- 
uated at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki,  in  lat. 
40°  37'  N.,  long.  22°  58'  E.:  the  ancient  Thessa- 
lonica.  It  has  a large  and  increasing  foreign  commerce, 
and  contains  relics  of  Roman  architecture  and  Byzantine 
churcheB.  Santa  Sophia,  now  the  chief  mosque,  is  a ven- 
erable church  built  by  Justinian  upon  the  general  lines  of 
the  great  metropolitan  church  at  Constantinople,  but  on  a 
smaller  scale.  The  beautiful  portico  has  8 columns  of  verd- 
antique ; the  dome  is  lined  with  a great  mosaic  of  the  Sa- 
viour. St.  George  is  an  ancient  church  said  to  have  been 
built  by  Constantine  : now  a mosque.  The  dome  (82  feet 
in  diameter)  is  lined  with  beautiful  mosaics.  The  city,  the 
ancient  Therma,  later  Thessalonica,  became  an  important 
Roman  commercial  center,  and  the  capital  of  Macedonia. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a massacre  by  Theodosius  in  390 ; was 
taken  by  the  Saracens  in  904  ; was  besieged  and  taken  by 
the  Sicilian  Normans  in  1185 ; was  the  seat  of  an  ephemeral 
kingdom  in  the  13th  century ; and  was  taken  from  the  Ve- 
netians by  the  Turks  under  Amurath  II.  in  1430.  A Mo- 
hammedan mob  murdered  the  French  and  German  con- 
suls here  in  1876.  It  was  taken  by  the  Greeks,  Nov.  8, 
1912.  Also  Salonika,  Salonica,  Salonichi,  etc. 
Saloniki,  Gulf  of.  The  northwesteromost  arm 
of  the  Aegean  Sea,  situated  west  of  the  Chal- 
cidic peninsula : the  ancient  Sinus  Thermaicus. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 


889 

Salop.  See  Shropshire. 

Salpetridre  (sal-pa-tre-ar'),  La.  A hospital  or 
almshouse  for  infirm,  insane,  and  otherwise 
helpless  women,  on  the  Faubourg  St. -Victor, 
Paris,  opposite  the  great  arsenal.  It  covers  nearly 
80  acres.  The  general  hospital  was  founded  by  royal  edict 
in  1656.  It  contained  at  one  time  nearly  10,000  people, 
and  the  treatment  was  extremely  brutal.  Formerly  it  was 
a house  of  detention  as  well  as  a hospital.  In  1823  the  ser- 
vice was  reformed,  and  the  institution  assumed  its  present 
form.  The  Bicetre  is  a similar  institution  for  men. 
Salpi  (sal'pe),  Lago  di.  A salt  lake  20  miles 
east  of  Foggia,  eastern  Italy,  near  and  parallel 
to  the  Gulf  of  Manfredonia.  Length,  about  12 
miles. 

Salsette  (sal-set').  An  island  on  the  western 
coast  of  British  India,  lying  near  Bombay  Isl- 
and, with  which  it  is  connected  by  causeway 
and  bridge:  noted  for  cave  antiquities.  The 
Buddhist  chaitya,  one  of  the  group  of  caves  at  Keneri, 
is  a noted  monument.  It  measures  S81  by  40  feet,  and 
dates  from  the  early  5th  century  A.  D.  Salsette  was  taken 
by  the  Portuguese  in  the  16th  century;  by  the  Mahrattas 
in  1739 ; and  by  the  British  in  1774.  Area,  246  square  miles. 
Population,  146,933. 

Salso  (siil'so).  A river  in  Sicily  which  flows 
south  into  the  Mediterranean,  28  miles  south- 
east of  Girgenti : the  ancient  Himera.  Length, 
about  65  miles. 

Salt  (salt),  Sir  Titus.  Born  at  Morley,  near 
Leeds,  Sept.  20,  1803 : died  Dec.  29,  1876.  An 
English  manufacturer  and  philanthropist.  He 

introduced  the  manufacture  of  alpaca  goods  into  England. 
He  established  the  model  village  of  Saltaire  around  his 
mills  near  Bradford.  In  1848  he  was  mayor  of  Bradford. 
He  was  elected  a member  of  Parliament  in  1859,  and  was 
created  a baronet  in  1869. 

Salta  (sal'ta).  1.  A province  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  south  of  the 
province  of  Jujuy  and  bordering  on  Chile. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Area, 
62,184  square  miles.  Population,  142,937. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Salta,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  24°  48'  S.,  long.  65°  30'  W.  It  has 
a flourishing  trade  with  Bolivia.  It  was  founded 
in  1582.  Population,  18,000. 

Saltaire  (sal'tar).  [Named  from  Sir  Titus  Salt.] 
A town  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 3 miles  north-northwest  of  Bradford : 
founded  by  Sir  Titus  Salt  iu  1853.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  woolens  and  worsted,  chiefly  al- 
paca. 

Saltcoats  (s&lt'kots).  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  situated  ou  the 
Firth  of  Clyde  25  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 
Population,  8,121. 

Saltee  (sal'te)  Islands.  Two  small  islands  off 
the  coast  of  Ireland,  14  miles  south-southwest 
of  Wexford. 

Saltens  Fjord  (sal'tens  fyord).  A deep  fiord 
on  the  coast  of  northern  Norway,  about  lat.  67° 
15'  N. 

Saltillo  (sal-tel'yo).  The  capital  of  the  state 
of  Coahuila,  Mexico,  near  lat.  25°  25'  N.,  long. 
101°  4'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1586.  Popula- 
tion, 35,063,  (1910). 

Salt  Key  Bank  (salt  ke  bangk).  A bank  lying 
north  of  Cuba  and  south  of  Florida,  in  about 
lat.  24°  N.,  long.  80°  W. 

Salt  Lake.  See  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Salt  Lake  City  (salt  lak  sit'i).  The  capital  of 
the  State  of  Utah,  situated  on  the  Jordan  River, 
near  Great  Salt  Lake,  about  lat.  40°  45'  N., 
long.  111°  50'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  Utah,  the 
headquarters  of  Mormonlsm,  and  the  Beat  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Utah  (formerly  of  Deseret).  Its  most  noted 
buildings  are  the  Tabernacle,  an  elliptical  structure  260 
feet  long,  150  feet  wide,  and  70  feet  high,  capable  of  seat- 
ing over  8,000  people,  built  1864-67;  and  the  new  Temple, 
a granite  structure,  built  1853-92,  186  feet  long  and  99 
feet  high,  with  three  towers  at  each  end,  the  loftiest  of 
which  is  210  feet  high.  The  cost  of  the  Temple  was 
83,469,118.  The  city  was  laid  out  by  the  Mormons  in  1847. 
Population,  92,777,  (1910). 

Salto  Grande  (sal'to  gran'da).  A cataract  in 
the  river  Jequitinhonha,  Brazil.  Height,  about 
■*■145  feet. 

Salton  Sea.  A large  lake  formed  in  the  Col- 
orado desert  of  southeastern  California  by  the 
overflow  of  the  Colorado  River.  See  supple- 
ment. 

Saltonstall  (sal'ton-st&l),  Sir  Richard.  Born 
m Yorkshire,  England,  1586:  died  in  Eng- 
land in  1658.  One  of  the  early  colonists  of 
Massachusetts,  nephew  of  Sir  Richard  Salton- 
stall, lord  mayor  of  London  ( 1597).  in  I630he  went 
to  Massachusetts  and  was  first  associate  of  the  Court  of 
the  Massachusetts  Bay  Company  ; was  one  of  the  founders 
of  Watertown  in  1630;  and  returned  to  England  in  1631. 

Saltonstall,  Richard.  Born  at  Woodsome,  Eng- 
land, 1610 : died  at  Hulme,  England,  April  29, 
1694.  An  English  colonist  in  Massachusetts, 
son  of  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall.  He  went  out 


Salve  Regina 

to  Massachusetts  with  his  father  in  1630,  and 
became  one  of  the  governor’s  assistants  in  1637. 

Salt  (salt)  Range,  or  Kalabagh  (ka-la-bag'). 
A mountain-range  in  the  Punjab,  India,  from 
the  Jhelum  westward  to  Afghanistan,  about 
lat.  32°  45'  N. : noted  for  its  salt-mines.  The 
loftiest  summits  are  about  5,000  feet  high. 

Salt  River.  1 . A river  in  northern  Kentucky 
which  joins  the  Ohio  19  miles  south-southwest 
of  Louisville.  Length,  over  100  miles. — 2.  A 
river  in  northeastern  Missouri,  formed  by  the 
union  of  its  North,  Middle,  and  South  forks. 
It  joins  the  Mississippi  22  miles  southeast  of  Hannibal. 
Length,  including  the  North  Fork,  about  180  miles. 

Salt  Sea.  See  Bead  Sea. 

Saltstrom  (salt'strem).  A cataract  formed  by 
the  tide  in  the  Skjerstad  Fjord,  on  the  western 

*coast  of  Norway,  about  lat.  67°  15'  N. 

Saltus  (sal'tus),  Edgar  Evertson.  Born  at 
New  York,  June  8,  1858.  An  American  novel- 
ist and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  has  written  a 
life  of  Balzac  (1884),  "Philosophy  of  Disenchantment" 
(1885),  “Anatomy  of  Negation  ” (1886),  “Mr.  Incoul’s  Mis- 
adventure ” (1887),  “ Eden  ” (1888),  etc. 

Saltzburg.  See  Salzburg. 

Saluda  (sa-16'da).  A river  in  South  Carolina 
which  unites  at  Columbia  with  the  Broad  to 
form  the  Congaree.  Length,  nearly  200  miles. 

Salus(sa'lus).  [L., ‘safety, “prosperity.’]  In  Ro- 
man mythology,  a goddess  personifying  health 
and  prosperity : often  identified  with  the  Greek 
Hygeia. 

Saluzzo  (sa-lot'so).  [F.  Saluces.']  A city  in 
the  province  of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Po  31  miles  south-southwest  of  Turin,  it  con- 
tains  a castle  and  a cathedral.  It  was  the  seat  of  a mar- 
quisate  from  the  12th  century  to  1548 ; was  taken  then  by 
the  French;  and  was  ceded  to  Savoy  in  1601.  It  was  the 

★birthplace  of  Silvio  Pellico.  Pop.,  commune,  16,394.  • 

Salvador  (sal-va-THor').  [Sp.  Republica  del 
Salvador;  incorrectly  San  Salvador  from  its 
capital.]  The  smallest  but  most  thickly  popu- 
lated of  the  Central  American  republics,  lying 
between  Guatemala  on  the  northwest,  Hondu- 
ras on  the  north  and  northeast,  Nicaragua  on 
the  east  (separated  by  the  Gulf  of  Fonseca), 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south.  The  surface 
is  traversed  by  several  mountain-chains  with  intervening 
fertile  valleys  and  plains : there  are  many  active  or  quies- 
cent volcanoes,  and  earthquakes  are  frequent.  The  prin- 
cipal products  and  exports  are  coffee,  indigo,  sugar,  and 
balsam  of  Peru ; the  manufactures  are  progressing. 
About  5 per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  are  whites  of  Spanish 
descent ; the  remainder  are  Indians  (55  per  cent.),  mixed 
races  (40  per  cent.),  and  a few  negroes.  Spanish  is  the 
common  language,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  the  Ro- 
man Catholic.  The  government  is  a centralized  republic  : 
the  president  is  elected  for  4 years,  and  congress  consists 
of  a single  house,  the  members  elected  for  one  year.  The 
territory  of  Salvador  was  invaded  by  Pedro  de  Alvarado  1524, 
and  conquered  by  Jorge  de  Alvarado  1528.  Independence 
was  proclaimed  in  1821,  and  from  1823  to  1839  the  country 
was  a state  of  the  Central  American  Union.  Since  then 
there  have  been  frequent  revolutions  and  wars  with  the 
other  Central  American  republics.  The  present  constitu- 
tion dates  from  1886.  Area,  7,225  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 1,707,000. 

Salvages  (sal-va'zhaz)  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands  in  the  Atlantic,  north  of  the  Ca- 
nary Islands,  about  lat.  30°  8'  N. , long.  15°  51'  W. 

Salvandy  (sal-von-de'),  Comte  Narcisse 
Achille  de.  Born  at  Condom,  Gers,  France, 
June  11, 1795:  died  at  the  Castle  of  Graveron, 
Eure,  France,  Dec.  15,  1856.  A French  politi- 
cian, publicist,  and  historical  writer. 

Salvatierra  (sal-va-te-er'ra).  A town  in  Spain, 
18  miles  south-southeast  of  C&ceres. 

Salvation  Army,  The.  An  organization  formed 
upon  a quasi-military  pattern,  for  the  revival  of 
religion  among  the  masses.  It  was  founded  in  Eng- 
land by  the  Methodist  evangelist  William  Booth  about 
1865,  under  the  name  of  the  Christian  Mission : the  present 
name  and  organization  were  adopted  about  1878.  It  has 
extended  to  the  continent  of  Europe,  to  India,  Australia, 
and  other  British  possessions,  to  the  United  States,  South 
America,  and  elsewhere.  Its  work  is  carried  on  by  means 
of  processions,  street-singing  and  -preaching,  and  the  like, 
under  the  direction  of  officers  entitled  generals,  majors, 
captains,  etc.  Both  sexes  participate  in  the  services  and 
direction  of  the  body  on  equal  terms.  Besides  its  religious 
work,  it  engages  in  various  reformatory  and  philanthropic 
enterprises.  It  has  no  formulated  creed,  but  its  doctrines 
bear  a general  resemblance  to  those  common  to  all  Prot- 
estant evangelical  churches,  and  especially  to  those  of 
Methodism. 

Salvator  (sal-va'tor).  A famous  American 
race-horse,  chestnut  with  white  legs  and  blaze, 
foaled  in  1886.  In  1890  he  won  the  Suburban  and  the 
match  against  Tenny  (by  Rayon  d'Or) ; and  in  a race  against 
time  on  the  straight  course  at  Monmouth  he  made  the  rec- 
ord for  one  mile  1:35£.  This  is  still  the  fastest  time  for 
the  distance. 

Salvator  Rosa.  See  Rosa. 

Salve  Regina  (sal've  re-ji'na).  [So  named  from 
its  first  words,  L.  salve,  regina  miscricordix,  hail, 
queen  of  compassion!]  In  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  an  antiphonal  hymn  to  tho  Virgin  Mary. 


Salve  Regina 

It  is  contained  in  the  breviary,  is  much  used  in  private  de- 
votions, and  from  Trinity  Sunday  to  Advent  is  sung  after 
lauds  and  complin. 

Salvi,  Giambattista.  See  Sassoferrato. 
Salvianus  (sal-vi-a'nus).  A Christian  writer 
who  flourished  in  the  5th  century.  He  appears  to 
have  been  a native  of  Cologne,  to  have  been  of  noble  birth, 
and  to  have  been  a priest  at  Marseilles.  He  wrote  “ De 
gubematione  Dei”  and  ‘‘Adversus  avaritiam.” 

Near  the  end  of  the  life  of  Placidia,  a book  was  written 
In  Gaul,  and  circulated  from  monastery  to  monastery, 
which  evidently  produced  a profound  impression  on  the 
minds  of  the  generation  who  first  read  it,  and  which  re- 
mains to  this  day  one  of  our  most  valuable  sources  of  in- 
formation as  to  the  inner  life  of  the  dying  Empire  and  the 
moral  character  of  its  foes.  This  work  is  the  treatise  of 
St.  Salvian,  Presbyter  of  Marseilles,  concerning  the  Gov- 
ernment of  God,  in  eight  hooks. 

Hodgkin , Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  504. 

Salviati  (sal-ve-a'te),  Antonio.  Born  at  Vi- 
cenza, Italy,  in  1816:  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  25, 
1890,  An  Italian  artist.  He  revived  the  ancient 
Venetian  glass  industry  at  Murano  in  1860. 

Salvini  (sal-ve'ne),  Tommaso.  Born  at  Milan, 
Jan.  1,  1829.  A celebrated  Italian  tragedian. 

He  studied  dramaticart  with  Gustavo  Modena.  Hisrepu- 
tation  was  still  confined  to  Italy  when  his  theatrical  career 
was  interrupted  by  the  revolution  of  1848,  in  which  he  took 
an  active  part  and  was  taken  prisoner  with  Mazzini,  Gari- 
baldi, and  Saffi  at  Genoa.  After  quiet  was  restored  he  de- 
voted a year  to  classical  studies  at  Florence,  and  mastered 
many  of  his  Shaksperian  parts.  He  then  returned  to  the 
stage  and  played  with  great  success.  He  visited  South 
America  in  1872  and  the  United  States  in  1873  (for  the 
first  time).  1880, 1882, 1886  (when  he  played  “Othello”  with 
Edwin  Booth  as  Iago,  and  the  Ghost  to  Booth’s  Hamlet), 
and  18S9.  He  played  in  England  in  1875  and  1884.  His 
principal  rOles  are  Egisto  in  Alfieri’s  “Mdrope,”  Paolo  in 
“Francesca  da  Rimini,  ’ Saul  in  Alfleri’s  “Saul,"  QSdipus 
in  a play  written  for  him  by  Nicolini,  Orosmane  in  Vol- 
taire’s “ Zaire,” Conrad  in  “La  Morte  Civile,” Samson,  the 
Gladiator,  Hamlet,  Macbeth,  Coriolanus,  Othello,  Iago  (in 
Italy,  1891),  and  King  Lear. 

Salwatti.  See  Salawatti. 

Salwin  Hill  Tracts.  A district  in  Tenasserim 
division,  British  Burma.  Area,  2,666  square 
miles.  Population,  37,837. 

Salzach  (zalt'zaeh),  or  Salza  (zalt'sii).  Ariver 
in  Salzburg  which,  in  its  lower  course,  forms  the 
boundary  between  Bavaria  and  Upper  Austria. 
It  is  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Inn,  which  it  joins  35  miles 
southwest  of  Passau.  Length,  19D  miles. 

Salzbrunn  (zalts'bron),  or  Obersalzbrunn 

(o' ber-zalts’bron ) . ['Salt-spring.’]  A village 
and  watering-place  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  38  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  It  is 
frequented  on  account  of  its  saline-alkaline 
springs.  Population,  commune,  6,996. 
Salzburg  (zalts'boro).  1.  A crownland  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary.  Capi- 
tal, Salzburg.  It  is  bounded  by  Upper  Austria  on  the 
north,  Upper  Austria  and  Styria  on  the  east,  Carinthia  and 
Tyrol  on  the  south,  and  Tyrol  and  Bavaria  on  the  west.  It 
is  mountainous  (containing  the  Noric  and  Bavarian  Alps), 
and  is  traversed  by  the  Salzach.  Live  stock  is  raised,  and 
there  is  extensive  production  of  salt  and  marble.  Salzburg 
has  7 representatives  in  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  has  a 
Landtag  of  28  members.  The  language  is  German  ; the  re- 
ligion, Roman  Catholic.  This  crownlaDd  formed  part  of 
the  ancient  Noricum.  It  became  a bishopric,  and  was 
raised  in  798  to  an  archbishopric.  Its  archbishops  were  lead- 
ing princes  of  the  Empire,  and  were  noted  for  their  intol- 
erance: the  Jews  were  banished  in  1498,  the  Protestants 
in  1731-32.  The  bishopric  was  secularized  in  1802,  given  to 
Ferdinand  III.  of  Tuscany,  and  made  an  electorate.  The 
region  was  ceded  to  Austria  in  1805 ; was  taken  by  Napoleon 
in  1809,  and  by  him  given  to  Bavaria  in  1810 ; was  ceded 
back  to  Austria  in  1814  ; and  became  a crownland  in  1849. 
Area,  2,767  square  miles.  Population,  214,997,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  crownland  of  Salzburg, 
situated  on  the  Salzach  in  lat.  47°  48'  N.,  long. 
13°  3'  E. : the  ancient  Juvavia.  It  is  noted  for  its 
picturesque  location  ; has  considerable  trade  and  manu- 
factures ; is  a tourist  resort ; and  contains  many  objects  of 
interest.  Hohen-Salzburg,  the  citadel,  is  a picturesque 
medieval  fortress,  crowning  an  abrupt  eminence  above 
the  city.  The  castle  displays  bartizans  at  its  angles,  and 
is  girdled  by  many  square  and  cylindrical  battlemented 
towers,  one  of  them  80  feet  high.  The  fortress  was  founded 
in  the  9th  century,  but  in  its  present  form  is  chiefly  of  the 
early  16th.  The  Chapel  of  St.  George  (1502)  possesses  in- 
teresting sculptures,  among  them  the  apostles  in  red 
marble.  The  university,  founded  in  1620,  was  closed  in 
1810.  Above  the  city  are  the  Monchsberg  and  Kapuziner- 
berg.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Mozart.  Population, 
36,210,  (1910). 

Salzburger  Alps  (zalts'borG-er  alps).  A range 
of  the  Alps  situated  on  the  border  between  Salz- 
burg and  Bavaria. 

Salzkammergut  (zalts'kanPmer-got).  An  Al- 
pine land  and  imperial  domain,  situated  in  the 
southern  part  of  Upper  Austria,  adjoining  part 
of  Styria.  On  account  of  its  lakes  (Traunsee,  etc.)  and 
its  natural  beauty,  it  is  often  called  “ the  A ustrian  Switzer- 
land." It  contains  the  watering  place  Ischl.  The  highest 
mountain  is  the  Dachstein.  The  inhabitants  are  largely 
engaged  in  the  production  of  salt. 

Salzungen  (ziilt'song-en).  A town  and  water- 
ing-place in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Werra  19  miles  north- 


890 

northwest  of  Meiningen.  It  has  salt-works. 
Population,  4,874. 

Salzwedel  (zalts'va-del).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Jeetze 
53  miles  north-northwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  is  a 
very  ancient  place,  noted  in  the  Altmark  ; was  a Hanse- 
atic town ; and  has  old  churches  and  other  buildings. 
Population,  commune,  11,122. 

Sam  (sam).  One  of  the  great  heroes  of  the  Shah- 
namah,  son  of  Nariman,  father  of  Zal,  and  grand- 
father of  Rustam.  The  most  striking  episode  of  his 
history  is  his  exposure  near  Mount  Alburz  of  his  infant  son 
Zal,  whom  he  disowned  because  hishairwas  white,  and  who 
was  reared  by  the  Simurgh.  (See  Simurgh.)  One  night  Sam 
saw  in  a dream  a horseman  coming  from  the  direction  of 
Hindustan,  who  gave  him  news  of  his  son.  Called  to  inter- 
pret the  dream,  the  wise  men  of  the  realm  advised  Sam  to 
seek  his  son,  who  was  brought  to  Sam  by  the  Simurgh, 
received  with  joy,  and  invested  with  distinctions  by  both 
Sam  and  King  Minuchihr — Sam  intrusting  to  him  his  realm. 
Samaden  (sa'ma/den).  [Romansh  Samedan.] 
A tourist  center  and  health-resort  in  the  Upper 
Engadine,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Inn  28  miles  southeast  of  Coire. 
Height,  5,670  feet. 

Samael.  See  Sammael. 

Samak  (sa-mak').  The  chief  island  of  the  Bah- 
rein group,  Persian  Sea,  situated  in  lat.  26°  N. 
Capital,  Menama.  Length,  about  30  miles. 
Population,  60,000  to  70,000. 

Samana  (sa-ma-na').  A peninsula  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  Dominican  Republic.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Samand,  or  Santa  Barbara  de  Samana  (san'- 
ta  bar'ba-ra  da  sa-ma-na').  A seaport  in  the 
Dominican  Republic,  situated  on  Samana  Bay 
in  lat.  19°  12'  N.,  long.  69°  19'  W.  Population, 
about  5,000. 

Samana  Bay.  A bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
Dominican  Republic,  island  of  Santo  Domingo, 
south  of  the  peninsula  of  Samana.  It  forms  one 
of  the  largest  and  finest  harbors  in  the  world. 
Samanids  (sam'a-nidz).  A Persian  dynasty 
which  reigned  in  Transoxiana,  Turkestan,  from 
about  872  to  999. 

Samar  (sii'mar).  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Capital,  Catbalongan.  It  is  separated  from  Luzon  on 
the  northwest  by  the  Strait  of  San  Bernardino,  and  from 
Leyte  on  the  southwest  by  the  Strait  of  San  Juanico. 
Length,  120  miles.  Area,  5,031  square  miles.  Population 
of  province  of  Samar  (including  neighboring  small  isl- 
ands), 266,237. 

Samara  (sa-ma'ra).  1.  Agovernmentof  eastern 
Russia,  situated  east  of  the  Volga.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  governments  of  Astrakhan,  Saratoff,  Simbirsk,  Ka- 
zan, Ufa,  Orenburg,  the  territory  of  the  Ural  Cossacks,  and 
the  Kirghiz  Steppes.  The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture. 
Area,  58,320  square  miles.  Population,  3,428,2C0. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Samara, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  river  Samara 
with  the  Volga,  about  lat.  53°  N.,  long.  50°  12'  E. 
It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  on  the  Volga,  and  has  a large 
trade  in  grain.  Population,  94,900. 

3.  A river  in  eastern  Russia  which  joins  the 
Volga  at  Samara.  Length,  about  300  miles. 

Samara  (sam'a-ra).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Somme. 

Samara  (sa-ma'ra),  or  Sambara  (sam-hii'ra). 
A region  in  eastern  Africa,  bordering  on  the  Red 
Sea  east  of  Abyssinia. 

Samara.  See  Samarrah. 

Samarang(sa-ma-rang').  A seaport,  capital  of 
the  residency  of  Samarang,  Java,  situated  on 
the  north  coast  in  lat.  6°  58'  S.,  long.  110°  26'  E. 
It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  in  the  island,  exporting  sugar, 
coffee,  etc.  Population,  96,600. 

Samarcand.  See  Samarkand. 

Samaria  (sa-ma'ri-a).  [L.  Samana,  Gr.  Saud- 
psia,  also  lepapeup,  Heb.  Shomron,  city  of  She- 
mer  (Gr.  Sfuapor).]  1.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  kingdom  of  Israel. — 2.  A name 
given  about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era 
to  the  central  division  of  western  Palestine, 
lying  north  of  Judea  and  south  of  Galilee. — 3. 
An  ancient  city  of  Palestine,  situated  in  lat.  32° 
15' N.,  long.  35°  12' E.  it  was  founded  by  Omri  (899- 
875  B.  C.).  After  a siege  of  three  years  by  Shalmaneser  IV. 
it  was  taken  by  his  successor  Sargon  in  722,  and  settled 
with  transported  colonists.  John  Hyrcanus  destroyed  it 
in  109,  hut  it  was  soon  rebuilt.  Pompey  included  Samaria 
in  the  province  of  .Syria,  and  from  the  proconsul  Gahinius 
it  obtained  the  name  of  Gabinia  or  Gabiniopolis.  Herod 
changed  its  name  to  Sebaste  (Augusta)  in  honor  of  Au- 
gustus, and  adorned  it  with  magnificent  buildings.  Grad- 
ually Sebaste  was  surpassed  in  growth  by  Nablus  (She- 
chera).  Down  to  the  6th  and  again  in  the  12th  century  an 
episcopal  see  of  Sebaste  is  mentioned,  and  to  this  day  a 
Greek  bishop  derives  his  title  from  it.  At  present  Sebaste 
is  represented  by  the  insignificant  Mohammedan  village 
Sebastieh,  in  which  are  still  seen  the  ruins  of  a church 
erected  by  the  Crusaders  over  the  supposed  grave  of  John 
the  Baptist. 

Samaritans  (sa-mar'i-tanz).  A religious  com- 
munity which  originated  after  the  fall  of  the 
northern  kingdom.  In  place  of  the  Israelites  who  had 


Samnite  "Wars 

been  killed  and  transported,  Sargon  brought  to  the  terri- 
tory of  Samaria  a colony  from  Babylon  and  Cuthah ; and 
this  was  increased  by  contingents  from  the  Assyrian  prov- 
inces (Ezra  iv.  2-10).  Although  priests  were  sent  to  in- 
struct these  foreigners  in  the  “worship  of  Jehovah,"  the 
p.iff  ilation  had  a mixed  belief  and  practice.  After  the  re- 
turn from  the  captivity,  the  Jews  declined  the  aid  of  the 
Samaritans  in  restoring  the  walls  and  the  temple  of  Jeru- 
salem, in  consequence  of  which  the  breach  between  them 
was  widened.  The  Samaritans,  under  the  leadership  of 
Sanballat  and  his  son-in-law,  founded  a sanctuary  of  their 
own  on  Mount  Gerizim  (according  to  Josephus,  in  332). 
In  consequence  of  this  the  town  of  Shechem  (Nablus), 
at  the  base  of  the  mountain,  rose  in  importance,  while 
Samaria  declined.  The  temple  was  destroyed  by  John 
Hyrcanus,  and,  apart  from  some  rebellions  and  repeated 
conflicts  between  them  and  the  Jews  and  Christians,  the 
Samaritans  henceforward  cease  to  have  any  noteworthy 
separate  history.  The  Samaritans  are  strict  monotheists, 
believe  in  spirits  and  a resurrection,  expect  a Messiah  to 
appear  6,000  years  after  the  creation  of  the  world,  and  pos- 
sess only  the  Pentateuch,  written  in  the  old  Hebrew 
characters,  in  its  text  more  akin  to  that  of  the  Septuagint 
than  to  the  Hebrew  Massoretic  text.  They  still  make  a pil- 
grimage on  the  three  principal  festivals  to  Mount  Gerizim, 
Their  numbers  are  steadily  diminishing,  consisting  of 
a few  families  only,  who  live  in  a separate  quarter  of 
Nablus. 

Samarkand,  or  Samarcand  (sam-ar-kand').  A 
city  in  the  district  of  Serafshah,  Turkestan, 
Asiatic  Russia,  situated  near  the  Serafslian 
about  lat.  39°  40'  N.,  long.  67°  E.:  the  ancient 
Maracanda . It  has  active  commerce,  and  manufactures 
of  cotton,  silk,  etc.  Among  the  objects  of  interest  are  the 
grave  of  Timur,  citadel,  3 colleges,  and  neighboring  ruins. 
The  ancient  city  was  destroyed  by  Alexander  the  Great. 
In  the  middle  ages  Samarkand  was  a large  and  flourishing 
city,  renowned  as  a seat  of  learning.  It  was  taken  and  de- 
stroyed by  Jenghiz  Khan  in  1219 ; became  the  capital  of 
Timur  ; was  occupied  by  the  Russians  in  1868 ; and  was 
afterward  annexed  to  Russia,  Population,  68,786. 

Samarobriva  (sam//a-ro-bri'va).  The  ancient 
name  of  Amiens. 

Samarra,  or  Samara  (sa-ma'ra).  A small 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Tigris 
70  miles  north-northwest  of  Bagdad : a noted 
Shiite  place  of  pilgrimage. 

Samary  (sa-ma-re'),  Jeanne  Leonie  Pauline, 
Born  at  Neuilly,  March  4, 1857 : died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  18,  1890.  A French  actress,  she  was  the 
granddaughter  of  Suzanne  Brohan,  and  studied  with  her 
aunt  Augustine  Brohan.  She  entered  the  Conservatoire 
in  1871,  made  her  debut  at  the  Thdatre  Franqais  in  1875  as 
Dorine  in  “Tartufe,”  and  gained  a success  in  soubi;ette 
parts.  Among  her  favorite  roles  were  Toinon  in  “ L'Etin- 
celle”  and  Suzanne  de  Villiers  in  “Lemondeoul'ons'en- 
nuie,”  though  she  attained  distinction  in  the  classic  reper- 
tory. In  1880  she  married  a banker,  M.  Lagarde. 
Samas.  See  Shamasli. 

Samaveda  (sa-ma-va'da).  See  Veda. 
Sambalpur,  or  Sumbulpur  (sum-bul-p6r').  1. 
A district  in  Orissa,  British  India,  intersected 
by  latitude  21°  30'  N.,  longitude  84°  E.  Area, 
3,773  square  miles.  Population,  640,243. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Sambalpur, 
situated  on  the  Mahanadi,  Population,  12,- 
870. 

Sambara  (sam-ba'ra),  orWasambaraf  wa-sftm- 

ba'ra),  or  Sambala.  A Bantu  tribe  of  German 
East  Africa,  in  the  mountainous  district  facing 
the  island  of  Pemba.  Vigorous,  agricultural,  and 
pastoral,  they  are  nevertheless  poor,  because  they  leave  all 
the  trade  to  the  Arabs  and  coast  people.  Usambara  is  the 
name  of  the  country,  Kisambara  that  of  the  language. 

Sambos  (sam'bos).  [Sp.  Sambo,  a person  of 
mixed  Indian  and  negro  blood.]  A name  often 
given  to  the  Mosquitos  (which  see). 

Sambre  (sohbr).  Ariver  in  northeastern  France 
and  Belgium  which  joins  the  Meuse  at  Namur: 
the  Roman  Sabis.  Caesar  defeated  the  Nervii  on  its 
banks  in  57  B.  C.,  and  French  victories  were  gained  on  it 
in  1794.  Length,  110  miles ; navigable  to  Landrecies. 
Sambre-et-Meuse  (sonbr'a-mez').  A depart- 
ment of  France  during  the  period  of  the  repub- 
lic and  the  first  empire.  Capital,  Namur. 
Sambro  (sam'bro),  Cape.  A cape  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  south  of  Halifax,  in 
lat.  44°  27'  N.,  long.  63°  35'  W. 

Sambwa  (sam'bwa).  See  Nyamwesi. 
Samgar-Nebo  (sam'gar-ne'bo).  [Assyr.,  ‘be 
gracious,  Nebo.’]  An  officer  in  the  army  of 
Nebuchadnezzar,  mentioned  in  Jer.  xxxix.  3. 
Samhar.  See  Tigrc. 

Sambara  (eastern  Africa).  See  Samara. 
Samian  Sage.  The.  See  Sage  of  Samos. 
Samland  (zain'lant).  A district  in  the  province 
of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  lying  between  the 
Frisches  HafT  and  Kurisches  Haff,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Konigsbersr.  Its  western  coast  is  noted  as 
“the  Amber  Coast.” 

Sammael,  or  Samael  (sa'ma-el).  In  rabbini- 
cal demonology,  a personification  of  the  evil 
principle. 

Samnite  Wars  (sam'nit  warz).  In  Roman  his- 
tory. the  wars  between  Rome  and  the  Samnites. 
The  following  are  the  most  important : (a)  In  343-341  B.  C.: 
the  war  was  ended  by  a treaty  of  alliance  ; Rome  received 


Samnite  Wars  85)1. 

Capua,  the Samnites Teanum.  (6)  In  326-304  B.  q. : the  Ro-  Sampson,  Deborah.  Born  at  Plympton,  Mass. , 
mans  were  in  general  successful,  though  an  entire  Roman  J)ec.  17,  1760:  died  at  Sharon,  Mass.,  April  29, 
army  was  captured  at  the  Caudine  Forks  by  ' 1827.  An  American  woman  who  served  in  the 

the  Samnites  were  joined  in  the  last  years  of  the  war  by  . . , , . , . , , , , 

the  Etruscans,  Umbrians,  Marsi,  Peligni,  etc.  (c)  In  298-  Revolutionary  War  disguised  under  the  name 
290:  the  Samnites  were  allied  with  the  Umbrians,  Etrus-  of  Robert  Shurtleff.  She  published  a narrative 
cans,  Cisalpine  Gauls,  and  Lucanians ; the  Romans  gained  of  her  army  life,  entitled"  The  Female  Review,” 
a decisive  victory  at  Sentinum  295,  and  the  power  of  the  | j(jy 

SarnniumTsambd-um).  In  ancient  geography,  Sampson,  Dominie  A character  iu  Sir  Walter 
a mountainous  district  in  central  Italy,  it  Scott's  novel  " Guy  Mannering.  He  is  a homely 
was  bounded  by  the  country  of  the  Marsi,  Peligni,  and  awkward  schoolmaster^  loved  for  his  honesty  and  faith- 
^entan  "on  the  north,  Apulia  on  the  east,  Lucania  on  the  f'diess.  who  educates  Godfrey  Bertram  s chddren,  quotes 
southf 'campania  on  the  southwest,  and  Latium  on  the  Latin,  and  exclaims  “Prodigious  ! 
west,  and  was  inhabited  by  the  Samnites,  a race  of  Sabine  Sampson,  William  Thomas. 


origin.  The  Samnite  confederacy  included  also  the  Hir- 
pini  and  Pentri,  and  colonists  of  Samnite  stock  settled 
in  Lucania  and  Campania.  The  first  treaty  with  Rome 
was  concluded  in  354  B.  C.  (For  the  wars  with  Rome,  see 
Samnite  Wars.)  Part  of  the  Samnites  sided  with  Hannibal 
In  the  second  Punic  war.  They  took  a leading  part 
against  Rome  in  the  Social  War  of  90-88  B.  C.,  and  as  par- 
tisans of  Marius  were  finally  defeated  in  the  battle  of  the 
Colline  Gate  (82  B.  C.).  The  principal  towns  were  Bovia- 
num,  ASsernia,  and  Beneventum. 

Samoa.  See  Samoan  Islands. 


Born  at  Pal- 
myra, N.  Y.,  Feb.  9,  1840:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  May  6, 1902.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  entered  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1857, 
served  in  the  Union  navy  during  the  Civil  War,  and  was 
promoted  lieutenant-commander  in  18G6,  commander 
in  1874,  captain  in  1889,  commodore  .Inly  3,  1898,  and 
rear-admiral  Aug.  10,  1898.  He  was  superintendent  of 
the  Naval  Academy  1886-90;  chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Naval  Ordnance  1893-97;  and  president  of  the  board  of 
inquiry  into  the  Maine  disaster  1898.  He  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  North  Atlantic  naval  station  in 


his  people,  are  related  in  the  Book  of  Judges  xiii.-xvi. 
Some  exegetes  relegate  them  to  the  sphere  of  myth,  con- 
sidering Samson,  both  because  of  his  name  and  his  ex- 
ploits, aSemiticformof theGreek Hercules.  Itis, however, 
likely  that  the  accounts  of  his  deeds,  though  embellished 
by  popular  legend,  rest  on  a foundation  of  historical  fact. 

at 


Bamoan  (sa-mo'an  or  sa-mo'an)  Islands,  or  April,  1898  ; bombarded  San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico  May  12 ; 
Samoa  (sa-mo'a  or  sa-mo'a),  formerly  Navi-  and  conducted  the  blockade  of  Santiago.  The  fleet  under 
/vikTr'l  rrS  trvT-zl  Talo-nda  A orounof  bis  command  destroyed  the  Spanish  squadron  under  Cer- 

gators  _ (nav  i-ga-torz)  Islands.  a P'0  up  or  vera  off  the  latter  port  July  3J 1898  £etired  1902. 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  situatod  ahout  lat.  Corriqo+  See  SaTno^atci 

13°  30'-14°  30'  S. , long.  1680-173°  W.  They  are  ggX  (slms'e).  An  island  belonging  to 
2°l' "'chieTt^nS1  ‘“adin^^onCe  Denmark  situated  east  of  Jutland  and  north- 
copra,  cotton,  and  coffee.  Trade  is  in  German  and  Brit-  west  of  Zealand.  Length,  16  miles.  Popular 
ish  hands.  Samoa  was  explored  by  Bougainville  in  1768.  tion,  7,272. 

Christianity  was  introduced  in  1830.  In  1872  theharborof  gamsoe  Belt.  A sea.  passage  between  Zealand 
Pango-Pango  was  granted  to  the  United  States  as  a coal-  & 

ing-station.  An  opposition  king,  Tamasese,  protege  of  the  and  oamsoe. 

Germans,  was  in  1886  set  up  against  King  Malietoa,  and  Samson  (sand son).  [From  Heb.  Shemesh,  sun.] 
in  1887  Germany  declared  war  with  the  islands.  In  1889a  Son  of  Manoah  of  the  tribe  of  Dan,  and  the  fif- 
conference  of  British,  German,  and  American  representa-  t.eenth  in  order  of  flip  “ indues  ” or  deliverers 
tives  met  at  Berlin,  and  the  neutrality  of  the  islands  was  , mtl  m ° ? , ?r  T „ . Juaps>  °.r  deliverers, 
guaranteed.  Malietoa  was  restored  the  same  year.  After  Who  managed  the  affairs  of  Israel  before  the 
his  death,  in  1898,  trouble  arose  over  the  succession,  which  monarchy  was  established.  His  exploits  and  ad- 
resulted  iu  the  bombardment,  in  March,  1899,  of  Apia  and,  ventures  with  the  Philistines,  the  hereditary  enemies  of 
villages  along  the  coast  by  American  and  British  war-ships. 

Later  Great  Britain  withdrew  from  the  islands,  and  Upolu 
and  Savaii  were  ceded  to  Germany,  and  Tutuila  and  Manua 
to  the  United  States.  Area,  1,079  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 43,668.  See  Apia. 

Samogitia(sam-o-jish'i-a).  Aformerdivisionof  ...  _ 

Lithuania,  bordering  on  the  Baltic,  Prussia,  and  Samson  (son-son'),  Joseph  Isidore.  Born  at 
Courland.  Capital,  Rossieny.  Mostof  it  is  now  St.-Denis,  France,  July  2, 1793:  died  at  Auteuil, 
included  in  the  Russian  government  of  Kovno.  March  28,  1871.  A noted  French  actor.  He  was 
Samos  (sa'mos).  [Gr.  Xapor; .]  One  of  the  prin-  admitted.  to  th®  Conservatoire  in  1811,  played  at  first  in 

i - 7T- a.  ...  , K , the  provinces,  and  was  engaged  at  the  Od6on  in  1819.  In 

9 the  A.gean  Sea,  Situated  about  Ig26  he  made  his  ddbut  at  the  Comfdic  Frangaise.  He 
lat.  37  N.,  west  of  Asia  Minor,  from  which  it  played  with  success  in  nearly  all  the  principal  parts  of 
is  separated  by  a narrow  strait.  Capital,  Vathy.  classical  and  modern  comedy.  He  retired  from  the  stage 
It  is  traversed  by  a mountain-range.  The  chief  exports  in  1863-  an,t  gave  lessons  in  dramatic  art  as  professor  at 
are  wine  and  raisins.  It  is  a principality  tributary  to  th®  Conservatoire.  He  also  wrote  a number  of  plays. 

Turkey,  administered  by  a prince  appointed  by  the  sultan,  SamSOIl  AgOnisteS  (sam'son  ag-O-nis'tez). 

“uglot  Greek  £8£h£‘  Samos* ‘wrearl^cSonfzld'by  [Gr-  aytJVitrryf.Struggler ;,  champion.]  "A classical 
Ionians.  It  became  an  important  center  of  Greek  com-  drama  by  Milton,  printed  in  1671. 
merce,  civilization,  and  art,  especially  under  the  despot  Samsun  (sam-son').  A seaport  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
Polycrates,  in  the  6th  century  B.  c.  It  was  freed  from  key,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  20'  N., 
d0!ni"aQti°"  in  47n  B-  a,  :*was  b®sie?ed  and  taken  ]0hK.  36°  21'  E.  Population,  about  13,000. 
nian,  Pergamene,  and  Roman  rule  in  turn.  It  tiok  an  SamUCUS  (sa-mo-kos  ),  or  ZamUCUS  (tha-mo- 
important  part  in  the  Greek  war  of  liberation,  but  was  kos  ).  Indians  ot  the  department  of  Santa  Cruz, 
restored  to  Turkey  in  1830.  The  present  government  was  eastern  Bolivia,  between  lats.  18°  and  20°  S. 

I^ngth"about"27  miies.^1  Areal'l80  Square  miles."1  Rqmla-  (?orthern  border  of  the  Gran  Chaco  region), 
tion  53  424.  4 xupuia  They  were  formerly  numerous,  and  were  divided  into  sev- 

t • * , xi  . . , eral  small  tribes  (Morotocos,  Tapios,  Guaranocas,  Samu- 

bamos.  In  ancient  geography,  the  principal  cus  proper,  etc.).  D’Orbigny  was  the  first  to  apply  the 
city  of  the  island  of  Samos,  situated  on  the  name  to  the  whole  group.  Physically  they  are  a fine  race, 
southern  coast.  tall,  well  formed,  and  rather  light-colored.  They  are 

Samos,  or  Same.  Ancient  city  in  Cephalonia.  hunter,s  and  agriculturists,  and  brave  warriors  but  not 
Samosata  (sa-mos'a-ta)  T~  — — *• quairesome. 


Their  language,  closely  allied  in  the  differ- 

In  ancient  geogra-  ent  tribes,  is  soft  and  musical : it  appeals  to  constitute  a 

phy,  a town  in  Commagene,  Syria,  situated  on  distinct  stock.  The  race  is  nearly  extinct, 
the  Euphrates  about  lat.  37°  32'  N lorn?  38°  Samuel  (sam'u-el).  [F . Samuel,  It.  Samuele,  D. 
- - - ’ ~ " ' T T “ "auovi/l,  Heb.  She- 


37°  32'  N , long  38°  Samuel  (sam'u-el).  [F.  Samuel, 
36'  E. : the  modern  Samsat.  It  was’ the  birth-  G-  Samiuel^ljL.  Samuel,  Gr.  Zam 
place  of  Lucian. 

Samoset  (sam'6-set).  Lived  in  the  first  half  of 
the  17th  century.  An  Indian  chief,  a firm 
friend  of  the  Pilgrim  colonists  at  Plymouth. 

Samothrace  (E.  pron.  sam'o-thras;  L.  sa-m5- 
thra'se).  [Gr.  Zauodpaur/.']  An  island  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  ?Egean  Sea,  belonging  to 
Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  40°  25'  N.,  long.  25° 

30'  E. : tlie  modern  Samothraki.  it  was  in  much 
vogue  in  antiquity  as  a religious  center,  especially  noted 
for  its  cult  and  mysteries  of  the  Cabiri.  It  was  particu- 
larly popular  during  the  Alexandrine  epoch,  from  which 
date  many  of  its  interesting  monuments,  though  there 
are  also  temples  of  the  archaic  period.  On  this  island  was 
found  the  famous  statue  called  "the  Victory  of  Samo- 
thrace,” now  in  the  Louvre.  The  existing  remains  have 
recently  been  scientifically  explored  by  Conze  and  Nie- 
mann. The  circular  temple,  62  feet  in  diameter,  dedi- 
cated by  Arsinoe,  queen  of  Ptolemy  II.,  had  a basement- 
wall  of  masonry,  surmounted  by  44  square  piers  with  or- 
nate capitals,  supporting  a Doric  entablature.  The  Doric 
temple,  of  unusual  plan  for  its  Hellenistic  date,  apparently 
foreshadowing  Roman  types,  was  prostyle,  hexastyle,  with 
2 intervening  columns  between  angle-colnmn  and  anta 
on  each  flank.  The  cella  was  divided  into  3 aisles,  and 
ended  within  in  an  apse,  though  square  outside.  The 
plan  measures  43  by  120  feet.  The  area  of  the  island  is 
about  71  square  miles.  There  are  few  inhabitants.  Mount 
Phengari  rises  to  the  height  of  6,248  feet 

Sampson  (samp'son).  Servant  of  Capulet,  in 
Shakspere’s  “Romeo  and  Juliet.” 


muel.\  A Hebrew  prophet.  He  was  the  son  of  Elka- 
nah  and  Hannah,  of  the  tribe  of  Ephraim  (according  to  I 
Chron.  vi.  27,  34,  of  the  tribe  of  Levi),  and  grew  up  in  the 
sanctuary  of  Shiloh,  under  the  eyes  of  the  high  priest  Eli. 
In  bis  early  youth  he  felt  himself  called  to  the  exalted  vo- 
cation of  prophet,  and  obtained  a place  in  the  history  of 
Israel  second  only  to  that  of  Moses.  He  was  the  preserver 
of  the  work  of  Moses,  reuniting  the  people  and  averting  the 
threatening  decay  and  internal  corruption.  After  the  fall 
of  the  sanctuary  of  Shiloh  and  the  defeat  of  Israel  by  the 
Philistines,  Samuel  rallied  the  people  in  Mizpali  (modern 
Nebi  Samwil),  renewed  the  covenant  with  Jehovah,  and 
repelled  the  Philistines.  He  thus  became  the  religious 
and  political  reformer  of  Israel.  To  spread  a healthy  and 
pure  religious  life  in  Israel,  be  established  the  so-called 
“ Schools  of  Prophets,”  a special  feature  of  which  was 
the  cultivation  of  sacred  poetry  and  song.  His  sons  Joel 
and  Abijah  shared  with  Samuel  the  management  of 
the  affairs  of  the  people.  They  were  disliked,  being  ac- 
cused of  misusing  their  power.  In  addition  to  this,  need 
for  a leader  in  case  of  war  became  more  and  more  felt. 
This  resulted  in  the  demand  by  the  people  for  Samuel  to 
place  a king  at  the  head  of  the  Israelite  community.  With 
a heavy  heart  the  aged  prophet  acceded  to  the  wisli  of  the 
people,  in  which  lie  saw  the  loss  of  their  liberty  and  in- 
dependence, and  anointed  Saul.  Saul's  disobedience  in 
the  war  against  Amalek  caused  a rupture  between  the 
prophet  and  himself,  and  his  virtual  deposition.  Later  he 
anointed  David  as  king,  and  this  is  the  last  act  recorded 
of  him.  He  died  at  an  advanced  age  in  Ramali.  The  time 
of  his  activity  falls  at  the  end  of  the  12th  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  11  tli  century  B.  c.  The  books  of  Samuel  owe 
their  title  to  the  circumstance  that  they  begin  with  the 
history  of  the  prophet : they  were  not  composed  by  him, 


Sancho  Panza 

nor  does  his  history  form  the  chief  part  of  their  contents. 
Like  the  books  of  Kings,  the  books  of  Samuel  formed  orig 
inally  one  book  : the  division  was  introduced  in  the  old 
Greek  and  Latin  versions.  The  books  of  Samuel  comprise 
the  history  of  Israel  from  the  birth  of  Samuel  to  the  death 
of  David  (which,  however,  is  not  distinctly  recorded  in  the 
book)  — i.  e.,  a period  of  more  than  100  years.  The  first 
book  relates  the  birth  of  Samuel,  the  establishing  of  the 
monarchy  in  Israel,  and  the  conflict  between  Saul  and 
David,  closing  with  the  death  of  Saul.  The  second  book 
gives  the  history  of  David’s  reign. 

San  (san).  See  Bushmen  and  Khoikhoin. 

San.  See  Zoan. 

San  (san).  A river  in  Galicia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary. It  rises  in  the  Carpathians,  and  joins  the  Vis- 
tula, near  the  Polish  frontier,  in  long.  21°  50'  E.  Length, 
243  miles. 

San,  or  Saint.  For  Portuguese  and  Brazilian 

names,  see  Sdo. 

Sana,  or  Sanaa  (sa-na').  One  of  the  chief 
towns  of  Yemen,  Arabia,  situated  about  lat.  15° 
20'  N.,  long.  44°  20'  E.  It  has  active  commerce  and 
manufactures,  and  was  formerly  the  most  important  city 
of  Arabia.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1872.  Popula- 
tion, about  60,000. 

San  Antonio  (san  an-to'ni-o).  A city,  capital 
of  Bexar  County,  Texas,  situated  on  the  San 
Antonio  River  about  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  98° 
25'  W.  Its  trade  is  in  wool,  cattle,  grain,  hides,  etc 
It  is  a railway  center,  the  chief  commercial  town  of  west- 
ern Texas,  and  the  first  city  in  the  State.  A fort  was  built 
here  in  1714  ; the  mission  of  the  Alamo  was  established  in 
1718.  Population,  96,614,  (1910). 

San  Antonio,  or  Sant’Antao  (Cape  Verd).  See 
Sdo  Antdo. 

San  Antonio  (san  an-to'ne-o).  Cape.  1.  Acape 
in  the  Argentine  Republic,  at  the  southern  en- 
trance to  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. — 2.  A cape  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  projecting  into  the  Mediterranean. 
— 3.  A cape  at  the  western  extremity  of  Cuba. 
San  Antonio  (san  iin-to'ni-o)  River.  A river 
in  Texas  which  flows  into  Espiritu  Santo  Bay. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Sanballat  (san-bal'at).  [Assyro-Babylonian 
Sin-uballit,  Sin  (the  moon-god)  has  given  life.] 
The  chief  and  most  hostile  opponent  of  Nehe- 
rniah  in  his  endeavors  to  restore  the  city  of 
Jerusalem  aud  its  walls.  He  was  connected  by 
marriage  with  the  house  of  the  high  priest  Eliashib.  He 
was,  very  likely,  head  of  the  Samaritans,  and  himself,  as 
his  name  would  indicate,  a descendant  of  one  of  the  colo- 
nists transplanted  by  the  Assyrian  kings  to  Palestine.  See 
Samaria. 

San  Bernardino  ( san  ber-nar-de  'no).  An  Alpine 
pass  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  it 
connects  the  valleys  of  the  Hinterrhein  and  the  Moesa, 
branching  from  the  Spliigen  road  at  Spliigen,  and  leading 
to  Bellinzona.  It  was  known  to  the  Romans.  Height, 
6,768  feet. 

San  Bernardino,  Mount.  The  loftiest  moun- 
tain of  the  Coast  Range,  California,  giving  name 
to  the  San  Bernardino  range.  Height,  10,630 
feet  (U.  S.  G.  S.). 

San  Bias  (san  bias),  Cape.  A cape  on  the 
southern  coast  of  Florida,  123  miles  east-south- 
east  of  Pensacola. 

San  Bias,  Bay  of.  A small  inlet  of  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama. 

San  Buenaventura  Indians.  See  Chumashan. 
San  Carlo  (san  kar'lo).  The  largest  and  most 
famous  theater  of  Naples.  It  was  built  in  1737 ; was 
burned  in  1816,  but  immediately  rebuilt ; and  in  1844  was 
thoroughly  restored.  Since  1860  its  popularity  has  de- 
clined. 

San  Carlos.  See  Ancud. 

Sancho  (san'cho)  I.,  King  of  Castile.  See  San- 
cho III.,  King  of  Navarre. 

Sancho  II.,  “The  Strong.”  King  of  Castile 
1065-72.  He  conquered  Leon  and  Galicia. 
Sancho  IV.,  “The  Great.”  Born  1258:  died 
1295.  King  of  Castile,  son  of  Alfonso  X.  whom 
he  dethroned  in  1282.  He  took  Tarifa  from  the 
Moors. 

Sancho  I.  King  of  Navarre  905-926. 

Sancho  III.,  surnamed  “The  Great,”  King 
of  Navarre  1001-1035.  His  dominion  ulti- 
mately included  Castile,  Leon,  Navarre,  and 
Aragon. 

Sancho  (sang'sho)  I.  Born  1154:  died  1211. 
King  of  Portugal  1185-1211,  son  of  Alfonso  I. 
Sancho  II.  King  of  Portugal  1223-48,  son  of 
Alfonso  II. 

Sancho  Panza  (sang'ko  pan'zii;  Sp.  san'cho 
pan'tha).  The  “round,  selfish,  and  self-im- 
portant” squire  of  Don  Quixote,  in  Cervantes’s 
romance  of  that  name.  On  his  ass  Dapple  he 
faithfully  follows  the  knight.  See  Don  Quixote. 

At  first  he  is  introduced  as  the  opposite  of  Don  Quixote, 
and  used  merely  to  bring  out  his  master's  peculiarities  in 
a more  striking  relief.  It  is  not  until  we  have  gone  through 
nearly  half  of  the  First  Part  that  he  utters  one  of  those 
proverbs  which  form  afterwards  the  staple  of  his  conver- 


Sancho  Panza 

flation  and  humor ; and  it  is  not  till  the  opening  of  the 
Second  Part,  and,  indeed,  not  till  he  comes  forth,  in  all  his 
mingled  shrewdness  and  credulity,  as  governor  of  Bara- 
taria,  that  his  character  is  quite  developed  and  completed 
to  the  full  measure  of  its  grotesque,  yet  congruous,  pro- 
portions. Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  146. 

Sanchuniathon  (san-ku-nl'a-thon),  or  Sancho- 
niathon (san-ko-ni'a-thon).  [Gr.  iayxovvidtJuv, 
?,ayx(Jvta6on>,  2,ayxo>viatdov,  said  by  Movers  to 
mean  ‘the  whole  law  of  Chon,’  and  thus  the 
name,  not  of  a person,  but  of  a collection  of 
writings.]  An  (alleged)  ancient  Phenician 
writer,  saidtohave  lived  before  the  Trojan  war, 
whose  works  (founded  upon  records  preserved 
in  the  temples)  Philo  Byblius  pretended  to  have 
translated. 

Great  importance  is  usually  attributed  to  the  so-called 
fragments  of  Sanchoniathon.  It  is  wellknownthatin  Eu- 
sebius there  are  complete  extracts  of  a Phcenician  history 
written  by  a certain  Philo  of  Byblos  who  lived  in  the  first 
and  second  centuries  A.  D.  This  Philo  of  Byblos  is  said  to 
have  translated  his  history  from  the  Phoenician  original 
of  a certain  Sanchoniathon.  But  now  the  question  re- 
mains, did  this  ancient  Phoenician  document  ever  exist, 
or  did  Philo  only  wish  to  cover  his  own  work  by  the  author- 
ity of  an  ancient,  more  or  less  mythical,  name?  This  last 
opinion  was  formerly  maintained  by  Movers,  and  quite 
lately  defended  with  important  arguments  by  Baudissin. 
This  opinion  is  supported  by  the  strong  syncretistic  and 
euhemeristic  tendency  of  the  fragments,  which  betray  far 
too  much  knowledge  of  Egyptian,  Greek,  and  perhaps  even 
Persian  ideas  to  be  regarded  as  reliable  statements  as  to 
the  original  form  of  the  Phoenician  religion. 

La  Saussaye , Science  of  Religion,  p.  316. 

San  Cristobal  (san  kres-to'bal).  A town  iu 
Mexico,  formerly  capital  of  the  state  of  Chiapas. 
It  was  formerly  Ciudad  Real  and  Ciudad  de  Las  Casas.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 

Sancroft  (sang'kroft),  William.  Born  at  Fres- 
singfield,  Suffolk,  England,  Jan.  30,  1617 : died 
there,  Nov.  24,  1693.  An  English  prelate. 

He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Emmanuel  College)  in  1641, 
and  became  dean  of  York  in  1663,  dean  of  St.  Paul’s  in 
1664,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1677.  He  wrote  the 
petition  against  reading  the  Declaration  of  Indulgence 
in  1687  ; was  one  of  the  seven  bishops  committed  to  the 
Tower  and  tried  in  1688  ; and  was  deprived  of  office  in  1691 
for  refusal  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

Sand  (solid ; E.  sand),  George : nom  de  plume  of 
Amandine  Lucile  Aurore  Dupin,  Baroness 
Dudevant.  Born  at  Paris,  July  5, 1804 : died  at 
Nohant,Indre,June8, 1876.  A noted  French  nov- 
elist and  playwright.  Her  early  life  was  spent  in  the 
quiet  of  her  grandmother’s  country  house,  and  in  1817  she 
entered  the  Couvent  des  Dames  Anglaises  in  Paris,  where 
she  remained  till  1820.  Her  marriage  with  Baron  Dude- 
vant, a retired  army  officer,  was  celebrated  in  1822.  Their 
union,  although  blessed  with  two  children,  was  not  happy, 
and  in  1831  she  went  to  Paris  with  Jules  Sandeau  in  search  of 
a life  of  independence  born  of  literary  work.  Her  first  writ- 
ing was  done  in  collaboration  with  Jules  Sandeau,  and  was 
signed  jointly  “Jules  Sand."  On  St.  George’s  day,  Sandeau 
urged  her  to  work  on  her  own  account  and  receive  the  full 
credit  due  her.  From  this  concourse  of  circumstances 
arose  her  nom  de  plume.  Embracing  the  views  of  ad- 
vanced republicanism,  she  mingled  freely  in  politics  : she 
published  a couple  of  open  letters,  and  made  prefatory  re- 
marks, at  the  request  of  Louis  Blanc,  to  his  “Histoire  dela 
revolution  francaise  ’’  (1847),  and  also  to  the  official  “ Bul- 
letins de  la  republique.”  At  various  times  she  con- 
tributed to  “La  Revue  Inddpendante  ’’  and  “ La  Commune 
de  Paris,"  and  in  1848  she  even  started  a newspaper  of  her 
own,  “La  Cause  du  Peuple.”  The  preface  to  a work  with 
socialistic  tendencies,  “ Les  conteurs  ouvriers  "(1849),  was 
written  by  her,  and  under  the  title  “ Rdpublique  et  royautd 
en  Italie”  (1850)  she  published  a translation  of  a book 
by  the  celebrated  Italian  revolutionist  Joseph  Mazzini. 
But  her  best  work  is  in  her  novels,  as  for  instance  in  ‘‘In- 
diana’’ (1831X  “Valentine"  (1832),  “ Lelia ” (1833),  “Le 
secretaire  intime"  (1834),  “Jacques"  (1834),  “Mauprat” 
(1836),  “Consuelo"  (1842),  "Francois  le  Champi,”  “La 
mare  au  diable,"  “La  petite  Fadette"  (1846-48),  “Les 
maitres  sonneurs"  (1853),  “ Mont-Reveche  " (1855),  “Elle 
et  lui  ” (1858)  (which  called  out  De  Musset’s  “ Lui  et  elle  ”), 
“L’Homme  de  neige”  (1859),  “Jean  de  la  Roche"  (I860), 
“ Mile,  de  la  Quintinie ’’  (1864),  “Pierre  qui  roule  ” (1869), 
" Nanon  ’’  (1872),  etc.  Most  of  these  books  appeared  first 
in  serial  form  in  “La  Revue  des  Deux-Mondes.”  Of  the 
above,  “Le  secretaire  intime  ” and  “Elle  et  lui,”  and  also 
another  work,  “Lettresd’un  voyageur”(lS30-36),  deal  with 
the  period  of  George  Sand’s  intimacy  with  Alfred  de  Mus- 
set. The  great  novelist  herself  dramatized  her  story  of 
“ Francois  le  Champi  "in  1849 ; most  of  her  plays,  however, 
were  written  direct  for  the  stage,  and  include  “Claudie  ” 
(1851),  “Le  pressoir”  (1853),  and  many  others. 

Sand,  Maurice.  The  pseudonym  of  Maurice 
Dudevant,  the  son  of  George  Sand. 

Sandabar  (sen-de-bar').  The  Mishle  Sandabar, 
‘ Parables  of  Sandabar,’  are  a medieval  collec- 
tion of  tales  in  Hebrew.  They  are  substantially  the 
same  book  as  the  Greek  “Syntipas,  the  Philosopher,”  and 
the  Arabic  “Romance  of  the  Seven  Vizirs.”  The  name 
Sandabar  is  supposed  (Keith-Falconer’s  “Bidpai’s  Fables," 
p.  lxxii.)  to  come  from  a misreading  of  the  unpointed 
Arabic  name  Iiaidaba  (the  Sanskrit  vidyapati,  ‘lord  of 
wisdom  ’),  which  has  become  Bidpai  and  Pilpay.  Baidaba 
may  have  had  in  an  earlier  form  a final  d to  represent 
the  t of  pati:  thus,  when  misread,  yielding  the  form  Sanda- 
bad  (pron.  sen-de-ba'd),  which  also  occurs.  As  written  in 
Hebrew  the  final  d might  he  confounded  with  r,  thus 
giving  the  form  Sandabar.  The  “ Parables  of  Sandabar  " 
must  not  be  confounded  witli  the  Hebrew  versions  of  the 
Arabic  “ Kalilah  and  Dimnah.”  See  “ Paraboles  deSenda- 
bar,  traduites  de  l’Hdbreu  par  E.  Carmoly,"  Paris  (1849); 


892 

“ Syntipas.  De  Syntipa  et  Cyri  fllio  Andreopuli  narratlo 
edita  a Boissonade,"  Paris  (1828);  and  for  the  “Seven 
Vizirs,"  “Tales,  Anecdotesand  Letters, "translated  from  the 
Arabic  and  the  Persian  by  Jonathan  Scott,  Shrewsbury 
(1800) ; also  Comparetti,  “ Researches  Respecting  the  Book 
of  Sindibad  " publication  ix.  of  the  Folk-lore  Society;  and 
“Sindban  oder  die  7 weisen  Meister.  Syrisch  u.  deutsch 
von  Fr.  Baethgen,"  Leipsic  (1879). 

The  famous  collection  which  in  the  East  went  under  the 
title  of  Sendabad  was  translated  into  Latin  at  least  early 
in  the  13th  century,  and  became  very  popular  in  almost 
every  language  of  Western  Europe  under  the  name  of  the 
Romance  of  the  Seven  Sages.  T.  Wright , Essays,  II.  60. 

Sandakan  (san-da-kan').  The  chief  town  of 
British  North  Borneo,  on  the  eastern  coast. 
Population,  9,541. 

Sandalphon  (san-dal'fon).  In  Jewish  angelol- 
ogy,  one  of  the  three  angels  whose  duty  is  to 
receive  the  prayers  of  the  Israelites  and  weave 
them  into  crowns.  Longfellow  has  a poem  on 
the  subject. 

Sandalwood  (san'dal-wud)  Island,  or  Sumba 

(som'ba).  An  island  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies, 
in  the  residency  of  Timor,  south  of  Flores. 
It  is  very  fertile.  Area,  4,385  square  miles. 
Population,  200,000. 

Sandby  (sand'bi),  Paul.  Born  at  Nottingham, 
1725 : died  at  London,  Nov.  7,  1809.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  the  founder  of  the  Eng- 
lish school  of  water-color  painting.  He  studied 
iu  London,  and  in  1746  was  appointed  by  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  draftsman  to  the  survey  of  the  Highlands. 
In  1751  he  retired  to  Windsor  and  devoted  himself  to 
water-color  painting.  His  water-colors  are  mainly  topo- 
graphical. 

Sandeau  (son-do'),  Leonard  Sylvain  Jules. 

Born  at  Aubusson,  Creuse,  France,  Feb.  19, 
1811:  died  at  Paris,  April  24,  1883.  A French 
novelist  and  dramatist.  Having  made  the  acquain- 
tance of  George  Sand,  they  went  to  Paris  together  in  1831 
to  try  their  fortune  in  the  world  of  letters.  They  lived 
and  worked  together,  and  their  articles  were  published  in 
“ Figaro.”  In  1833  Sandeau  went  to  Italy,  and  their  liaison 
came  to  an  end.  He  returned  to  Paris  in  1834.  In  1853 
he  was  made  librarian  of  the  Mazarin  Library,  and  curator 
in  1859.  He  wrote,  under  the  joint  nom  de  plume  “Jules 
Sand,”  in  collaboration  with  George  Sand,  the  novel  “ Rose 
et  Blanche  ’ (1831).  Independently  he  wrote  the  novel 
“Marianna"  and  others.  He  wrote,  in  collaboration  with 
Augier,  the  comedies  “Mile,  de  la  Seigliere, ’’  “Le  gendre 
de  Monsieur  Poirier”  (1854),  etc.,  and  became  a member 
of  the  Academy  in  1858. 

Sandeman  (san 'de- man),  Robert.  Born  at 
Perth,  Scotland,  17i8:  died  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
April  2,  1771.  A Scottish  elder,  son-in-law  of 
John  Glas:  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Sande- 
manians  or  Glassites. 

Sandemanians  (san-de-ma'ni-anz).  A denomi- 
nation, followers  of  Robert  Sandeman  (1718- 
1771),  a native  of  Perth,  Scotland,  and  a zeal- 
ous disciple  of  John  Glas.  Among  the  distinctive 
practices  of  the  body  were  community  of  goods,  abstinence 
from  blood  and  from  things  strangled,  love-feasts,  and 
weekly  celebration  of  the  communion.  Called  Glassites  in 
Scotland. 

Sanderson  (san'der-son),  Robert.  Born  either 
at  Sheffield  or  at  Gilthwaite  Hall,  near  Roth- 
erham, Yorkshire,  England,  Sept.  19, 1587 : died 
at  his  palace  of  Buckden,  Hunts,  Jan.  29,  1663. 
An  English  bishop  and  writer.  He  was  educated 
at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ; took  orders  in  1611 ; in  1631  was 
a royal  chaplain  ; and  was  regius  professor  of  divinity 
at  Oxford  1646-48.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  created 
bishop  of  Lincoln.  The  “Cases  of  Conscience,"  his  most 
celebrated  work,  composed  of  deliberate  judgments  on 
points  of  morality,  was  published  after  his  death.  His 
“ Compendium  of  Logic  " was  published  in  1618. 

Sanderson,  Robert.  Born  at  Eggleston  Hall, 
Durham,  July  27,  1660:  died  Dec.  25,  1741.  An 
English  antiquarian.  He  was  educated  at  St,  John's 
College,  Cambridge ; and  became  a lawyer  in  London,  and 
clerk  of  the  rolls.  He  assisted  Thomas  Rymer  in  preparing 
the  “Foedera,”  and  printed  the  work  after  his  death. 

Sandford  and  Merton,  History  of.  A popular 
book  for  children,  by  Thomas  Day,  published 
1783-89:  named  from  its  heroes,  two  school- 
boys. 

Sandgate  (sand'gat).  A watering-place  on  the 
coast  of  Kent,  England,  near  Hythe. 
Sandhurst  (sand'herst).  A parish  in  Berkshire, 
England,  33  miles  west-southwest  of  London,  it 
is  the  seat  of  the  Royal  Military  College,  and  near  it  is  the 
Staff  College. 

Sandhurst.  A city  in  Bendigo  County,  Vic- 
toria, Australia,  situated  on  Bendigo  Creek  85 
miles  north-northwest  of  Melbourne,  it  is  the 
' center  of  a gold-mining  district.  Population,  30,774.  Of- 
ficially Bendigo. 

San  Diego  (san  de-a'go).  A seaport,  capital  of 
San  Diego  County,  California,  situated  on  the 
Pacific,  at  nearly  the  southwestern  extremity  of 
the  United  States.  It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the 
Pacific  coast ; is  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  F6 
and  other  railroads;  and  is  a winter  health-resort.  It 
was  founded  by  Homan  Catholic  missionaries  (Father 
Junipero  Serra,  etc.)  in  1769.  Population,  39.578.  (1910). 


Sandwich 

San  Diego,  Cape.  A cape  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  main  island  of  Tierra  del  Fuego. 
Sand  Lots  Party.  An  anti-Chinese  working- 
men's  party  in  California  about  the  period  1877- 
1880 : so  called  from  a place  of  meeting  — the 
Sand  Lots,  an  open  space  in  the  western  part  of 
San  Francisco.  Its  leader  was  Denis  Kearney. 
Sando  (san'db),  or  Sandoe  (san'de).  [‘Sand 
island.’]  One  of  the  Faroe  Islands. 

San  Domingo.  See  Santo  Domingo. 

San  Domingo,  Republic  of.  See  Dominican 
Republic. 

Sandomir(zan-do-mer'),Pol.Sandomierz(san- 
do'myarzh).  A town  in  the  government  of  Ra- 
dom,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the  Vistula  on 
the  frontier  of  Galicia.  Under  the  Jagellons  it  was 
one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Poland.  A synod  held  there  in 
April  (9-15),  1570,  effected  the  union  of  various  bodies  of 
Polish  Protestants.  The  town  was  destroyed  by  the  Swedes 
in  1656.  Population,  7,349. 

Sandoval  (san-do-val'),  Gonzalo  de.  Born  at 
Medellin,  Estremadura,  1496:  died  at  Palos, 
Dec.  (?),  1528.  A Spanish  soldier,  one  of  the 
principal  lieutenants  of  Cortes  in  the  conquest 
of  Mexico  (1519-21). 

Sandoval,  Prudencio  de.  Born  about  1560 : 
died  at  Pamplona,  Spain,  March  17,  1621.  A 
Spanish  historian . His  best-known  work  is  “ Historia 
de  laviday  hechos  del  Emperador  Carlos  V."  (“History  of 
the  Life  and  Deeds  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,”  1604). 
Sandown  (san'doun).  A watering-place  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  England,  10 
miles  south  by  west  of  Portsmouth.  Popula- 
tion, 5,006. 

Sandoz  Knob  (san'doz  nob).  A peak  of  the 
Black  Mountains,  in  the  western  part  of  North 
Carolina.  Height,  6,600  feet. 

Sandringham  (sand'ring-am).  A residence 
of  King  Edward  VII.,  near  the  coast  of  Nor- 
folk, England,  north  of  Lynn. 

Sandrocottus  (san-dro-kot'us),  or  Sandrokot- 
tos  (san-dro-kot'os),  or  Chandragupta  (chun- 
dra-gop'ta).  The  founder  of  the  Maurya  or 
Magadha  kingdom  in  India  (capital  Patna). 
He  reigned  about  315-291  B.  c.  According  to  Greek  tra- 
dition he  was  an  Indian  king  who  in  the  time  of  Seleucus 
Nicator ruled  over  the  Gangaridse  and  Prasii  on  the  banks 
of  the  Ganges.  He  was  of  mean  origin,  and  was  the  leader 
of  a band  of  robbers  before  obtaining  the  supreme  power. 
In  the  troubles  following  the  death  of  Alexander,  he  ex- 
tended his  sway  over  the  greater  part  of  northern  India, 
conquering  the  Macedonians  left  by  Alexander  in  the  Pan- 
jab. Seleucus  invaded  his  dominions,  but  did  not  succeed, 
and,  concluding  a peace,  ceded  to  Sandrocottus  his  con- 
quests in  the  Panjab  and  the  country  of  the  Paropamisus, 
receiving  in  return  600  war  elephants.  For  many  years  af- 
terward Seleucus  had  as  his  ambassador  at  the  court  of  San- 
drocottus, Megasthenes,  to  whose  work  entitled  “ Indies  ” 
later  Greek  writers  were  chiefly  indebted  for  their  accounts 
of  India.  The  identity  of  Chandragupta  and  Sandrocottus 
admits  of  no  reasonable  doubt.  The  identification  is  of 
the  utmost  importance  to  Indian  chronology,  in  which 
everything  depends  upon  the  date  of  Chandragupta  as  as- 
certained from  that  of  Sandrocottus  as  given  by  the  clas- 
sical writers.  His  accession  is  the  subject  of  the  Sanskrit 
drama  “ Mudrarakshasa.”  Hindu  and  Buddhist  writers 
are  entirely  silent  as  to  Alexander,  but  show  that  Chandra- 
gupta overthrew  the  dynasty  of  the  Nandas  and  “ estab- 
lished freedom  in  India  by  the  help  of  robbers."  His  cap- 
ital was  Pataliputra  (in  Greek  Palibothra),  the  modern 
Patna.  The  dynasty  of  the  Nandas  is  often  spoken  of 
as  the  “nine  Nandas.”  meaning ‘nine  descents, ‘or,  accord- 
ing to  some,  * the  last  king  Mahapadma  and  eight  sons.  ‘ Ma- 
hapadma  Nanda  was  the  son  of  a Shudra,  and  so  by  law  a 
Shudra  himself.  He  was  a tyrant.  The  Brahman  Chanakya 
is  represented  as  having  brought  about  his  fall.  Chandra- 
gupta was  then  raised  to  the  throne  and  founded  the  Mau- 
ryan  dynasty,  of  which  the  great  Ashoka  was  the  third  king. 
The  commentator  on  the  Vishnupurana  says  that  he  was  a 
son  of  Nanda  by  a low-caste  woman  named  Mura  (whence 
he  and  his  descendants  were  called  Mauryas).  Tne  Bud- 
dhists claim  that  the  Mauryas  were  of  the  same  family  with 
Buddha,  the  Shakyas. 

Sands,  Robert  Charles.  Born  at  Flatbush,  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  May  11,  1799:  died  at  Hoboken, 
N.  J-,  Dec.  17, 1832.  An  American  poet  and  au- 
thor. He  was  associated  with  Bryant  and  Verplanck  in 
the  authorship  of  the  annual  “Talisman  " (1828-30).  His 
works  were  edited  by  Verplanck  (1834). 

Sandusky  (san-dus'ki).  A city,  lake  port,  and 
capital  of  Erie  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  San- 
dusky Bay  in  lat.  41°  26'  N.,  long.  82°  43'  W. 
It  has  a large  trade  in  fish,  also  in  lime,  fruit,  lumber,  ice. 
etc.;  is  the  center  of  an  important  wine-growing  region  ; 
has  manufactures  of  wood,  etc. : and  is  the  seat  of  a large 
fish- hatchery.  Population,  19,989,  (1910). 

Sandusky  Bay.  An  arm  of  Lake  Erie,  near 
Sandusky.  Length,  about  20  miles. 
Sandusky  River.  A river  in  Ohio  which  flows 
into  Sandusky  Bay  at  Sandusky.  Length,  about 
125  miles. 

Sandwich  (sand'wieh).  [ME.  Sandiciche,  AS. 
Sandwic,  sand-town.]  One  of  the  Cinque  Ports, 
situated  in  Kent,  England,  ou  the  Stour  and 
near  the  coast  opposite  the  Downs,  11  miles 
north  of  Dover.  It  was  an  important  seaport 
in  the  middle  ages.  Population,  3,170. 


Sandwich,  Earls  of 

Sandwich,  Earls  of.  See  Montagu. 

Sandwich  Bay.  An  inlet  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Labrador,  about  lat.  53°  30'  N. 

Sandwich  Dome.  A mountain  in  central  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  boundary  of  Grafton  and  Car- 
roll  counties,  43  miles  north  of  Concord.  Height, 
about  4,071  feet. 

Sandwich  Island.  See  Fate. 

Sandwich  Islands.  [Named  by  Cook  for  the 
Earl  of  Sandwich.]  See  Hawaiian  Islands. 
Sandwich  Land.  An  island  group  in  the  South 
Atlantic,  about  lat.  58°  S.,  long.  27°  W. 

Sandy  (san'di)  Cape.  A cape  in  Queensland, 
Australia,  on  Great  Sandy  Island,  at  the  en- 
trance to  Hervey  Bay. 

Sandy  Hook.  A narrow  sandy  peninsula  in 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  which  projects 
into  the  Lower  Bay  of  New  York,  about  16  miles 
south  of  New  York.  Length,  8 miles. 

Sandy  Hook  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Lower  Bay 
of  New  York,  lying  west  of  Sandy  Hook. 

Sandy  River.  See  Big  Sandu. 

Sandys  ( san'dis  or  sandz),  Edwin.  Born  prob- 
ably at  Hawkshead,  Lancashire,  England,  1516: 
died  at  Southwell,  England,  July  10, 1588.  An 
English  prelate,  archbishop  of  York.  He  graduat- 
ed at  St.John’s  College,  Cambridge,  in  1539.  He  embraced 
the  Reformation.  In  1553  he  became  vice-chancellor  of 
Cambridge  University.  He  refused  to  proclaim  Queen 
Mary,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  After  the  acces- 
sion of  Elizabeth  he  was  made  bishop  of  Worcester  (Dec. 
21,  1659),  of  London  (1670),  and  archbishop  of  York  (1576). 
He  was  one  of  the  translators  of  the  “Bishops’  Bible” 
(1565). 

Sandys,  Sir  Edwin.  Born  at  Worcester  about 
1561 : died  at  Northborne,  Kent,  Oct.,  1629.  An 
English  politician  and  author,  son  of  Archbishop 
Sandys.  He  waB  educated  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford; 
waa  associated  with  Bacon  in  drawing  up  the  “Remon- 
strance " of  1604 ; became  treasurer  of  the  Second  V irginia 
Company  in  1619 ; and  assisted  the  Pilgrims  in  chartering 
the  Mayflower.  He  was  knighted  in  1603.  He  wrote 
“ Europse  Speculum  ” (1599). 

Sandys,  George.  Born  at  York,  1577 : died  at 
Bexley  Abbey,  Kent,  March,  1644.  An  English 
traveler  and  translator,  brother  of  Sir  Edwin 
Sandys.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  began  to  travel 
in  1610.  His  records  were  a valuable  contribution  to  early 
geography  and  ethnology.  In  1615  he  published  a valu- 
able account  of  a journey  to  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  Pales- 
tine, and  Egypt.  He  came  out  to  Virginia  as  colonial 
treasurer  in  1621.  He  built  the  first  water-mill,  the  first 
Iron- works,  and  the  first  ship  in  Virginia.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1624.  He  subsequently  printed  various  reli- 
gious works  and  a translation  of  Ovid’s  “Metamorphoses," 
and  paraphrased  the  Psalms,  the  Book  of  Job,  Ecclesiastes, 
and  the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah. 

Sanetsch  (sa'nech).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  cantons  of  Valais  and  Bern,  Switzer- 
land, north  of  Sion.  It  connects  the  valleys  of 
the  Morge  (tributary  of  the  Rhone)  and  the 
Saane. 

San  Fele  (san  fa'le).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Potenza,  southern  Italy,  17  miles  northwest 
of  Potenza.  Population,  6,341. 

Sanfelice,  Giovanni  Vicenzo.  See  Bagnuolo, 
Count. 

San  Felipe  (san  fa-le'pa).  [Sp.,  ‘ Saint  Philip.’] 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Aconcagua, 
Chile,  55  miles  east-northeast  of  Valparaiso. 
Population,  10,426. 

San  Felipe.  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, inhabiting  a pueblo  of  the  same  name 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande,  above 
Bernalillo,  north  central  New  Mexico.  The 
name  originally  was  applied  by  the  Spanish  to 
the  mission.  They  number  about  500. 

San  Felipe  de  Jativa.  See  Jdtiva. 

San  Fernando  (san  fer-nan'do).  A seaport  in 
the  proviuce  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  on  the  Isla  de 
Le6n,  in  the  Bay  of  Cadiz,  8 miles  southeast  of 
Cadiz.  It  exports  salt.  Population,  28,227. 
San  Fernando  de  Apurd  (da  a-po-ra').  A 
town  in  Venezuela,  situated  on  the  Apurd,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Portuguesa,  about  187  miles 
southwest  of  Caracas.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

San  Filippo  d’Argird.  See  Agira. 

San  Francisco  (san  fran-sis'ko).  [Sp.,  ‘Saint 
Francis.’]  A city  and  seaport  of  California, 
situated  on  San  Francisco  Bay,  in  lat.  37°  47'  55// 
N.,  long.  122°  24'  32//  W.  (Washington  Square). 
It  occupies  the  northern  part  of  a peninsula  between  the 
bay  ana  the  Pacific  and  forms  a county.  It  possesses  one 
of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world  ; is  the  largest  city  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  and  one  of  the  chief  seaports  in  the  coun- 
try; and  has  regular  steam  communication  with  China, 
Japan,  Australia,  Central  America,  etc.  It  exports  silver, 
gold,  quicksilver,  wheat,  flour,  wool,  etc.;  and  has  manu- 
factures of  boots  and  shoes,  cigars,  flour,  iron  and  wooden 
articles,  etc.  It  contains  a United  States  mint.  The  Span- 
ish mission  of  San  Francisco  (later  Dolores)  was  established 
there  in  1776.  The  mission  was  aecularized  in  1834.  In 
1835  was  founded  the  village  of  Yerba  Buena  which  de- 


893 


San  Juan  de  Ulua 


veloped  into  the  city  of  San  Francisco,  a name  which  it  aa-  banks  is  supposed  to  have  occurred  the  battle  of  Lake 
Burned  in  1847.  A United  States  man-of-war  took  possession  Trasimene. 

of  it  in  1846,  and  it  became  an  important  place  in  1849  on  ac-  Sanhita  (san'ki-tii).  [Skt.,  ‘combination’:  Sam, 

“waS  together,  and  V dha,  put.]  Technically, in  San- 
■ • ■■  • • - • - skrit  literature,  the  real  continuous  text  of  the 

Veda  as  recited,  in  which  the  individual  words 
are  subjected  to  sandhi,  or  the  rules  of  euphonic 
combination  characteristic  of  Sanskrit:  in  dis- 


in  large  part  destroyed  by  earthquake  and  fire  on  April  18, 
1906,  and  the  following  days.  The  City  Hall  was  destroyed 
but  the  Mint  and  the  Post-office  were  saved.  The  loss  of 
life  was  put  at  425,  of  property  $350,000,000.  The  business 
district  has  been  largely  rebuilt.  Pop.,  416,912,  (1910). 

San  Francisco  (san  fran-this'ko),  Cape.  A 
cape  on  the  coast  of  Ecuador,  lat.  0°  40'  N., 
long.  80°  7'  W. 

San  Francisco  Bay  (san  fran-sis'ko  ba).  A 
landlocked  inlet  of  the  Pacific,  in  California. 


tinction  from  the  pada  text,  in  which  the  words 
(padas)  appear  each  for  itself  uninfluenced  by 
sandhi . The  Pratishakhyas  teach  how  the  padas  must  be 
changed  to  form  the  sanhita ; thence  sanhita  is  also  used  to 
designate  the  collection  of  mantras  or  hymns  thus  formed, 
as  in  the  expression  Bigvedasanhita. 


The  entrance  to  it  from  the  ocean  is  by  the  passage  called  o«n 
the  Golden  Gate,  on  the  northwest  of  San  Francisco  city.  lluelOIlSO.  oee  l.a  tii  a Hj(l . 

It  extends  southeast  for  about  40  miles,  widening  about  San  Jacillto  (san  ja-sin'to).  A river  in  south- 


its  center  to  12  miles.  San  Pablo  Bay  is  an  extension  of 
it  toward  the  north. 

San  Francisco  Mountain  or  Mountains.  The 

loftiest  mountain  group  in  Arizona.  Its  chief 
summit  (Humphrey’s  Peak)  is  12,794 feet  high. 

Sangai  (san-gi').  A volcano  in  the  Andes  of 
Ecuador,  120  miles  south  of  Quito,  it  is  in  a state 
of  constant  activity.  Height,  17,464  feet  (Reiss  and  Stiibel). 

The  saying  Is  current  that  eruptions  of  Sangai  are  to  be 
apprehended  when  Cotopaxi  becomes  tranquil,  and  the 
opinion  seems  to  prevail  that  the  two  mountains  act  as 
safety-valves  to  each  other. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
[Equator,  p.  73. 

Sangallo  (sang-gal'lo),  Antonio  da,  “The 
Elder.”  Born  1450 : died  1543.  An  Italian 
architect  and  military  engineer,  brother  of 
Giuliano  da  Sangallo. 


ern  Texas, which  flows  into  Galveston  Bay  north 
of  Galveston.  Length,  about  120  miles. 

San  Jacinto,  Battle  of.  A battle  fought  on  the 
banks  of  the  San  Jacinto  River,  17  miles  east- 
southeast  of  the  present  city  of  Houston,  be- 
tween the  Mexicans  (1,600)  under  Santa  Anna 
and  the  Texans  (783)  under  Sam  Houston  (April 
21,  1836).  Santa  Anna  was  completely  defeated 
and  was  captured.  This  victory  decided  the  in- 
dependence of  Texas. 

San  Joaquin  (san  Hd-a-ken').  A river  in  Cali- 
fornia which  rises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  trav- 
erses the  fertile  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and 
unites  with  the  Sacramento  near  its  entrance 
into  Suisun  Bay.  Length,  about  350  miles,  it  is 
navigable  for  large  steamers  to  Stockton,  and  for  small 
steamers  for  about  two  thirds  of  its  course. 


Sangallo,  Antonio  da,  “The Younger.”  Born  San  Jos6  (san  Ho-sa').  A city,  capital  of  Santa 


at  Mugello,  near  Florence,  1485:  died  at  Terni, 

1546.  An  Italian  architect,  nephew  of  Giuliano 
da  Sangallo.  He  worked  on  theVatican,  Farnese  Palace, 
and  other  buildings  in  Rome. 

Sangallo,  Francesco  da.  Born  1493 : died  1570. 

A Florentine  sculptor,  son  of  Giuliano  da  San- 
gallo the  architect.  His  best  works  are  the  statues 
of  the  Bishop  of  Cortona  in  the  Florentine  Certosa,  and 
the  Bishop  of  Nocera  in  the  cloisters  of  San  Lorenzo. 

Sangallo,  Giuliano  da.  Born  at  Florence,  1445 : 
died  there,  Oct.  20, 1516.  An  Italian  architect, 
military  engineer,  and  sculptor.  HewenttoRome 
and  in  1465  began  the  famous  album  of  the  Bibliotheque 
Barberini,  a book  of  sketches  of  antique  monuments  many 
of  which  have  since  been  destroyed.  He  entered  the  ser-  San  Juan 


vice  of  Paul  II.  as  mason,  and  later  as  superintendent  of 
the  Tribune  of  St.  Peter’s.  In  1478  he  fortified  the  city 
of  Castellina  and  defended  it  against  a siege  directed 
by  Francesco  di  Giorgio  Martini.  About  1489  he  built 
the  octagonal  sacristy  of  Santo  Spirito  at  Florence  and 
tlie  Villa  di  Poggio  at  Cajano.  In  1492  he  commenced 
the  cloister  of  Cestello  and  Santa  Maria  Maddelcna 
de'  Pazzi,  using  an  Ionic  capital  found  at  Fiesole  as  a 
model  for  his  order.  He  was  at  this  time  especially  at- 
tached to  the  Cardinal  della  Rovere  (later  Julius  II.), 
and  executed  along  series  of  works  for  him.  He  was  prob- 
ably in  France  with  the  cardinal  about  1494,  and  returned 
to  Italy  in  1497.  From  this  time  until  the  accession  of 
Della  Rovere  as  Julius  II.  (1603),  Giuliano  was  engaged  on 
many  important  works,  the  chief  of  which  is  the  Palazzo 
Gondi  at  Florence,  the  sculptured  decorations  of  which 

are  by  his  own  hand.  After  the  accession  of  Julius  II.  _ _ . 

Giuliano  associated  himself  with  Michelangelo  in  the  com-  San  J UcUl.  T he  name  given  by  Columbus  (1493) 
petition  with  Raphael  and  Bramante  for  the  works  of  St.  to  the  island  of  Porto  Rico  : it  was  in  commoi 
Peter’s.  (See  Bramante.)  On  the  accession  of  Leo  X.  he 
was  associated  with  Raphael  in  the  work  of  St.  Peter’s 
(about  1514).  In  1516  he  made  a design  for  the  facade  of 
San  Lorenzo  at  Florence. 

Sangamon  (sang'ga-mon)  River.  A river  in 
central  Illinois,  joining  the  Illinois  River  45 


Clara  County,  California,  48  miles  southeast  of 
San  Francisco.  The  first  California  legislature 
met  there  1849-50.  Population,  28,946,  (1910). 

San  Jose.  The  capital  of  Costa  Rica,  Central 
America,  near  lat.  9°  56'  N.,  long.  84°  8'  W. 
Its  seaports  are  Limon  on  tbe  Caribbean  coast  and  Punta 
Arenas  on  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya.  Itwasfoundedaboutl738, 
and  has  been  the  capital,  except  for  short  intervals,  since 
1823.  Population,  29,660. 

San  Juan  (san  Ho-an').  [Sp.,  ‘ Saint  John.’] 
A province  in  the  western  part  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  bordering  on  Chile.  Area, 
33,715  square  miles.  Population,  about  111,- 
800. 

1.  A river  of  Central  America,  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Nicaragua,  flowing  into  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  near  lat.  10°  55'  N.  The  lower  portion 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Nicaragua  and  Costa 
Rica;  the  remainder  is  entirely  in  Nicaraguan  territory. 
Thechannelis  obstructed,  especially  near  its  mouth  ; butit 
is  proposed  to  utilize  the  upper  course  for  the  interoceanic 
canal  (see  Nicaragua  Canal).  Length,  about  108  miles. 
2.  A river  in  southern  Bolivia,  a tributary  of  the 
Pilaya  and  subtributary  of  the  Pilcomayo. 
Length,  about  300  miles. — 3.  A river  in  the 
province  of  San  Juan,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  flowing  into  the  La- 
goon of  Guanacache.  Length,  about  250 
miles. 


use  until  the  18th  century.  Subsequently  the  island 
was  known  as  San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico,  from  its  capital  ; 
now  generally  shortened  to  Porto  Rico. 

San  Juan.  A locality  about  4 miles  southeast 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba.  It  was  attacked  and 

miles  west-northwest  of  Springfield.  Length,  ^ 

including  the  North  Fork,  about  225  miles  Sa?  J,ua“>  01  ®an  Juan  ,de,  Frontera  (da  la 
Snmrnriiia  (sarm  jra/ri  us)  The  ancient  name  of  fron-ta'ra).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Sail 
banganus  (sang  ga  n us),  Ihe  ancient  name  ot  JuaDj  Argentine  Republic,  situated  on  the  river 

Sangar  Strait  (san -gar'  strat),  or  Tsugaru  San  ^92  miles  north  of  Mendoza.  Popula- 

s^±^hom?r  ** the  "ort"“'tern 

SandeavUUeSee!sae«uni  °f  JaPan  ^ thePaClfic'  San  Juan  Bautista.  See  SanJuande  PortoBico. 

Sam;  ns  Casino  (Ttnlv)  San  Juan  de  Fuca.  See  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Sanrfr ^ (S  eer')Tslands^  aSJ  df  small  San  Juan  de  las  Aguilas.  See  AguUas. 

„ /L  San  Juan  del  Norte  (del  nor  ta),  or  San  Juan 


islands  between  Celebes  and  the  Philippine 
Islands.  They  are  under  the  suzerainty  of  the 
Dutch.  The  chief  island  contains  a volcano,  an  eruption 
of  which  in  1856  killed  12,000  inhabitants  and  nearly  de- 
stroyed the  island. 

Sangpo.  See  Sanpu. 

Sangraal,  or  Sangreal.  See  Grail. 

Sangrado  (san-gra'THo),  Doctor.  A character 
in  Le  Sage’s  “Gil  Bias.”  His  treatment  consists  in 
profuse  blood-letting  and  the  drinking  of  hot  water.  He 
resembles  Doctor  Sagredo  in  Espinel’s  “Marcos  de  Obre- 

★ gon." 

Sangre  de  Cristo  (san'gra  da  kris'to).  [Sp., 

‘ blood  of  Christ.’]  A range  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains in  Colorado,  on  the  northeastern  boundary 
of  San  Luis  Park.  It  contains  Blanca  Peak, 
the  second  highest  summit  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains proper  of  the  United  States  (14,390  feet). 

Sanguinetto  (san-gwe-net'to).  A small  river,  a 
tributary  of  the  Lake  of  Perugia,  in  Italy,  on  its 


de  Nicaragua  (ne-ka-ra'gwii),  or  Greytown 
(gra'toun).  A seaport  of  Nicaragua,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  San  Juan  in  lat.  10° 
55'  N.,  long.  83°  42'  W.  It  is  the  only  important  At- 
lantic seaport  of  the  republic.  It  was  bombarded  and 
burned  by  Commander  Hollins  of  the  United  States  sloop 
of  war  G’yane,  July  13,  1854.  Population,  2,000. 

San  Juan  de  los  Lagos  (da  los  la'gos),  or  La- 
gos. A town  in  the  state  of  Jalisco,  Mexico, 
east  of  Guadalajara.  Population,  15,999. 

San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico  (da  por'to  re'ko),  or 
San  Juan  Bautista  (bou-tes'ta).  A seaport, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Porto  Rico,  situated  on 
the  northern  coast  in  lat.  18°  29'  N.,  long.  66° 
7'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1511.  Population, 
48,716,  (1910). 

San  Juan  de  Ulua  (6-lo'a),  often  called  San 
Juan  de  Ulloa.  A fort,  on  a small  island  of 
the  same  name,  protecting  the  harbor  of  Vera 


San  Juan  de  TJlda 

Cruz,  Mexico.  It  was  built  in  the  17th  century,  was  the 
strongest  fortification  of  Mexico,  and  has  had  an  important 
lace  in  the  history  of  the  country.  It  was  the  last  post 
eld  by  the  Spaniards  in  North  America,  capitulating  Nov. 
I'1,  1825. 

San  Juan  Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia,  belonging  to  the  State  of 
Washington  (see  below).  The  principal  islands 
are  San  Juan,  Orcas,  Lopez,  and  Shaw. 

San  Juan  Question,  The.  A dispute  concern- 
ing the  possession  of  the  San  Juan  Islands  in 
the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  southeast  of  Vancouver, 
which  arose  through  different  interpretation  of 
the  treaty  of  1846.  They  were  occupied  jointly  by 
British  and  American  garrisons  in  1859.  By  the  treaty  of 
Washington  the  question  was  referred  to  the  arbitration 
of  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  who  decided  in  favor  of  the 
United  States  in  Oct.,  1872. 

San  Juan  Range.  A range  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, on  the  western  border  of  San  Luis  Park, 
southern  Colorado.  Highest  peaks,  over  14,000 
feet. 

Sankey  (sang'ki),  Ira  David.  Born  Aug.  28, 
1840  : died  Aug.  13,  1908.  An  American  evan- 
gelist, singer,  and  composer  of  popular  re- 
ligious music:  associated  in  evangelistic  work 

with  D.  L.  Moody. 

Sankhya  (sankhya).  [Skt. : from  sankhya, 
‘reckoning,  enumeration,’  comes  the  adjective 
sankhya,  ‘relating  to  number,  reckoning,  cal- 
culating,’ of  which  Sankhya  is  the  masc.  or 
neuter  sing,  used  substantively  in  the  sense  of 
the  primitive.]  The  third  of  the  six  systems 
of  Hindu  philosophy,  ascribed  to  the  sage 
Kapil  a.  It  repudiates  the  notion  that  matter  can  ori- 
ginate from  spirit,  and  that  anything  can  be  produced  from 
nothing.  Instead  of  an  analytical  inquiry  into  the  uni- 
verse as  existing,  it  proceeds  synthetically,  starting  from 
an  original  primordial  tattva,  or  ‘eternally  existing  es- 
sence.’called  prakriti,  a word  meaning  in  philosophy  ‘ that 
which  evolves  or  produces  everything  else.'  Beginning 
with  this  original,  eternal  germ,  the  Sankhya  reckons  up 
(whence  its  name) 23  other  tattvas  or  ‘entities,’ all  produc- 
tions of  the  first  and  evolving  themselves  spontaneously 
out  of  it.  Of  these  23,  7 are  produced  and  producers, 
whence  come  16 productions.  The  7 are(l)  intellect(bud- 
dhi),  (2)  self-consciousness  (ahankara,  the  “I-making”  fac- 
ulty), (3)  five  principles  called  tanmatras  (‘subtle  elemen- 
tary particles  ’).  The  16  are  the  6 mahabhuta  or  grosser 
elements  (viz.,  ether,  air,  fire  or  light,  water,  and  earth, 
these  being  produced  by  the  tanmatras),  followed  by  the 
11  organs  produced  by  the  ahankara  (viz.,  5 organs  of 
sense  and  5 organs  of  action,  together  with  an  11th,  stand- 
ing between  the  two  sets,  called  manas,  ‘mind,’  an  inter- 
ned organ  of  perception,  volition,  and  action).  Purusha, 
‘the  soul,’  is  the  25th  entity.  It  is  neither  producer  nor 
produced,  but  eternal  like  prakriti,  and  quite  distinct  from 
the  produced  and  producing  elements  of  the  phenomenal 
world.  The  8 producers,  the  6 grosser  elements,  and  the 
11  organs  constitute  the  phenomenal  world  ; but  as  ahan- 
kara or  ‘ self-consciousness  ’ is  after  prakriti  the  most  im- 
portant producer,  the  whole  world  of  sense  is,  according 
to  the  Sankhya,  practically  created  by  the  Ego.  Prakriti 
again  is  viewed  as  constituted  of  3 principles  in  equipoise 
called  gunas,  ‘qualities,’  viz.  goodness  or  purity,  passion 
or  activity,  and  darkness  or  ignorance.  As  the  ingredients 
of  prakriti  they  affect  all  that  is  evolved  from  it.  The 
ethical  end  of  the  Sankhya  system  is  to  effect  the  libera- 
tion of  the  purusha  or  ‘soul’  from  the  fetters  in  which  it 
is  involved  by  union  with  prakriti.  This  is  done  by  p-ama 
or  ‘correct  knowledge’  of  the  24  constituent  principles  of 
creation,  and  discriminating  the  soul  from  them,  its  pra- 
manas,  or  ‘means  of  obtaining  the  correct  measure  of  ex- 
isting things,’ being  3 — viz.,  sense-perception,  inference, 
and  credible  assertion  or  trustworthy  testimony.  Some 
adherents  of  the  Sankhya  maintain  the  existence  of  a su- 
preme soul  called  Hiranyagarbha.  The  Sankhya  proper 
not  so  much  denies  the  existence  of  a supreme  being  as 
ignores  it  as  incapable  of  dialectical  demonstration.  “He 
must  be  free  from  desires  and  not  bound  by  troubles," 
say  in  substance  the  92d  and  following  aphorisms.  “If 
he  were  free  from  desires,  he  could  have  no  wish  to  create. 
If  he  were  bound  by  desires  of  any  kind,  he  would  be  un- 
der bondage  and  deficient  in  power." 

Sankhyakarika  (san-khya-ka'ri-ka).  [Skt. : 
sankhya  and  karikd,  ‘ concise  metrical  explana- 
tion of  difficult  rules,’  especially  in  philosophy 
and  grammar,  ‘a  memorial  verse,  or  collection 
of  such  verses.’]  In  Sanskrit  literature,  a col- 
lection of  memorial  verses  by  Ishvarakrishna, 
in  which  is  given  a summary  of  the  Sankhya 
philosophy.  Itdatesperhapsfromthe6th  century  A.  n. 
It  has  been  edited  and  translated  both  by  Colebrooke  and 
by  Wilson. 

Sankhyasara  (san-khya-sa'ra).  ‘The  essence 
of  the  Sankhya’  philosophy : a work  by  Vijnana- 
bhikshu.  It  has  been  edited  and  translated  by 
Hall. 

Sankt  Andreasberg.  See  Andreasberg. 
Sankt  Beatenberg  (sankt  ba-a'ten-bero).  A 
health-resort  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzer- 
land, north  of  the  Lake  of  Thun,  near  Inter- 
laken. 

Sankt  Blasien  (bla'ze-en).  A health-resort  in 
Baden,  situated  on  the  Alb  20  miles  southeast 
of  Freiburg:  formerly  noted  as  the  seat  of  an 
imperial  abbey. 

Sankt  Gallen  (giil'len).  The  German  name  of 
St.  Gall. 


894 

Sankt  Goar  (go'ar).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  16  miles 
southeast  of  Coblenz.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of 
Rheinfels.  Population,  1,475. 

Sankt-Ingbert  (ing'bert).  A town  in  the 
Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  40  miles  southeast 
of  Treves.  It  is  the  center  of  a coal-  and  iron- 
mining district.  Population,  commune,  15,521. 
Sankt  Jakob  (ya'kop).  A village  1 mile  south- 
east of  Basel,  Switzerland : famous  for  the  heroic 
battle,  Aug.  26,  1444,  between  about  20,000 
Armagnaes  under  the  dauphin  (Louis  XI.)  and 
1,600  Swiss.  The  latter  were  all  killed  except 
16,  after  slaying  about  8,000  of  the  enemy. 
Sankt  Johann  (yo'han).  A town  lying  oppo- 
site Saarbriicken  (which  see). 

Sankt  Moritz  (mo'rits),  Romansh  San  Murez- 
zan  (san  ino-ret'san).  A village  and  water- 
ing-place in  the  Upper  Engadine,  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  situated  near  the  Inn  in 
lat.  46°  29'  N. , long.  9°  51 ' E.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  and  frequented  health-resorts  in  Switzerland, 
and  has  noted  mineral  springs.  Elevation,  6,090  feet 
(highest  in  the  Engadine). 

Sankt  Veit  fit).  AtowninCarinthia,  Austria- 
Hungary.  situated  on  the  Gian  11  miles  north  of 
Klagenfurt.  Pop.,  commune,  5,471,  (1910). 
San  Lazaro,  or  San  Lazzaro  (san  lad'za-ro). 
[‘  Saint  Lazarus.’]  A small  island  2 miles  south 
of  Venice,  noted  as  the  seat  of  the  Mekhitarists. 
The  monastery  contains  a large  Oriental  library. 
San  Lorenzo  (lo-ren'tho),  Cape.  [‘  Saint  Lau- 
rence.’] A cape  on  the  western  coast  of  Ecua- 
dor, lat.  1°  3'  S.,  long.  80°  55'  W. 

San  Lucar  de  Barrameda  (Io'kar  da  bar-ra- 
ma'THa).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Cadiz, 
Spain,  situa  ted  at  the  mouth  of  the  Guadalquivir 
18  miles  north  of  Cadiz.  It  exports  sherry.  It  was 
the  starting-point  of  Magellan  on  his  great  voyage.  Popu- 
lation, 23,883. 

San  Lucas  (lo'kas),  or  Saint  Lucas  (lu'kas), 
Cape.  The  southernmost  point  of  LowerCali- 
fornia,  in  lat.  22°  53'  N.,  long.  109°  55'  W. 

San  Luis  (lo-es').  1.  A province  in  the  interior 
of  the  Argentine  Republic,  east  of  Mendoza.  It 
is  rich  in  mines.  Area,  28,535  square  miles. 
Population,  107,471. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  San  Lius,  155  miles  east-southeast 
of  Mendoza.  Population,  10,500. 

San  Luis  Park.  The  largest  and  one  of  the 
finest  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  parks,  situated  in 
the  southern  part  of  Colorado  and  the  northern 
part  of  New  Mexico.  It  is  partly  traversed  by  the  Eio 
Grande.  Length,  about  100  miles.  Average  width,  about 
60  miles.  Area,  about  9,000  square  miles. 

San  Luis  Potosi  (lo-es'  po-to-se').  1.  A state 
of  Mexico,  bounded  by  Zacatecas,  Coahuila, 
Nuevo  Leon,  Tamaulipas,  Vera  Cruz,  Hidalgo, 
Quer4taro,  and  Guanajuato.  Much  of  the  surface  is 
mountainous  or  hilly,  and  it  is  rich  in  silver  and  other 
minerals,  as  well  as  in  fertile  lands.  Area,  25,316  square 
miles.  Population,  624,748,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  San  Luis  Potosi, 
225  miles  north-northwest  of  Mexico.  It  was 

founded  in  1576.  It  is  an  important  railroad  center,  and 
has  thriving  manufactures  and  commerce.  Population, 
82,946,  (1910). 

San  Marcos,  University  of.  A university  at 

Lima,  Peru.  It  is  the  oldest  in  America  (founded  in 
1551),  and  is  still  one  of  the  most  famous  in  Spanish 
America.  Its  building  was  sacked  by  the  Chileans  in  1881, 
★but  was  reopened  for  lectures  in  188(3. 

San  Marino  (ma-re'no).  1.  The  smallest  state 
in  Europe,  situated  between  the  provinces  of 
Forli  and  Pesaro  e Urbino,  Italy,  on  spurs  of 
the  Apennines.  It  is  governed  by  a great  council  of  60 
members,  two  of  whom  are  captains  regent.  It  has  been 
an  independentcommunity  since  the  middleages  : its  inde- 
pendence was  confirmed  by  the  Pope  in  1631,  and  several 
times  since.  Area,  38  Bquare  miles.  Pop.,  over  10,300. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  republic  of  San  Marino. 
Population,  1,500. 

San  Martin,  Cape.  A cape  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  Spain,  projecting  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean directly  south  of  Cape  San  Antonio. 
San  Martin  (san  mar-ten'),  Jose  de.  Bom  at 
Yapeyn,  Misiones  (now  in  the  Argentine  Re- 
public), Feb.  25, 1778:  died  at  Boulogne,  France, 
Aug.  17, 1850.  A celebrated  Spanish-American 
general  in  the  war  for  independence.  Tie  served  in 
Spain  against  the  French  (1793-1S11),  attaining  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel ; resigned  in  the  latter  year  : and  early 
in  1812  went  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  joined  the  patri- 
ots. In  1813  he  received  command  of  the  army  operating 
in  Upper  Peru  or  Bolivia.  Heretofore  the  patriots  had  en- 
deavored to  strike  the  central  Spanish  power  in  Peru  by 
way  of  Chuquisaca  and  Lake  Titicaca.  San  Martin  resolved 
to  open  a new  line  of  operations  through  Chile,  and  in  this 
he  was  efficiently  supported  by  the  supreme  director  Pueyr- 
redon.  An  army  of  invasion  was  organized  and  drilled  at 
Mendoza  during  two  years  ; and  on  Jan.  17, 1817,  San  Mar- 
tin, with  4,000  men,  began  his  celebrated  march  over  the 
Andes  by  the  Uepallata  Pass  (12,800  feet  high).  The  victory 
of  Chacabuco  (Feb.  12,  1817)  was  followed  by  the  occupa- 


San  Salvador 

tlon  of  Santiago  (Eeb.  15).  On  March  19, 1818,  he  was  defeated 
at  Cancha  Rayada  ; but  his  brilliant  victory  at  the  Maipo 
(April  6, 1818)  virtually  expelled  the  Spaniards  from  Chile. 
He  had  declined  the  office  of  supreme  director  of  Chile,  and 
prepared  for  the  invasion  of  Peru.  A small  navy  was  or- 
ganized, and  in  Aug.,  1820,  the  patriot  army  of  4,500  men 
sailed  for  the  Peruvian  coast.  Mainly  by  skilful  maneu- 
vers, San  Martin  was  able  to  occupy  Lima.  July  9,  ±821,  and 
Callao  soon  after.  On  Aug.  3 hewasproclainied  supreme 
protector  of  Peru.  The  approach  of  Bolivar  with  another 
army  from  the  north  threatened  a strife  for  leadership,  and 
San  Martin  patriotically  gave  way  to  his  rival : after  an  in- 
terview with  Bolivar  at  Guayaquil  (July  26,  1822)  he  re- 
signed his  office  to  the  Peruvian  congress  (Sept.  22),  issued 
an  eloquent  farewell  address,  and  soon  after  left  the  coun- 
try. The  emancipation  of  Peru  was  completed  by  Bolivar. 
San  Martin  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  comparative  poverty 
in  France,  taking  no  further  part  in  South  American  affairs. 
San  Matias  (san  ma-te'as),  Gulf  of.  An  arm 
of  the  Atlantic,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Argen- 
tina, about  lat.  41°-42°  S. 

San  Miguel.  See  St.  Michaels. 

San  Miguel  (rne-gel').  A small  island  off  the 
coast  of  California,  immediately  northwest  of 
Santa  Rosa. 

San  Miguel.  A town  in  Salvador,  Central 
America,  74  miles  east  of  San  Salvador.  Pop- 
ulation (municipality),  22,446. 

San  Miguel,  Duke  Evaristo.  Born  about  1780 : 
died  at  Madrid,  May  29, 1862.  A Spanish  poli- 
tician and  general.  He  was  prominent  in  the  revo- 
lutionof  1820-23;  wa9  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1822; 
and  was  a leader  in  the  events  of  1854.  He  wrote  a his- 
tory of  Philip  II.,  and  other  works. 

San  Miguel,  Gulf  of.  An  eastern  arm  of  the 

Bay  of  Panama. 

San  Miguel  de  Allende  (da  al-yen'da),  or  Al- 
lende  San  Miguel,  or  Allende.  A town  in 
the  state  of  Guanajuato,  Mexico.  Population, 
10,547. 

San  Miniato(me-ne-a'to) . 1 . Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Florence,  Italy,  21  miles  west-southwest 
of  Florence.  It  contains  a cathedral,  founded 
inthe  10th  century  and  remodeled  in  1488.  Pop- 
ulation, town,  4,467 ; commune,  20,042. — 2.  A 
church  on  a hill  southeast  of  Florence,  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Arno.  It  was  built  before  or  in  the 
early  part  of  the  12th  century,  and,  with  its  grounds  cov- 
ering the  whole  hill,  is  now  used  as  a cemetery. 

Sannazaro  (san-nad-za'ro),  Jacopo.  Born  at 
Naples,  July  28,  1458 : died  at  Naples,  April 
27,  1530.  An  Italian  poet.  He  wrote  in  Italian  a 
prose  pastoral, “Arcadia.”  sonnets,  etc.,  and  in  Latin  “De 
partu  Virginia ’’  and  other  poems. 

Sannazaro  — a Neapolitan  gentleman,  whose  family  had 
been  carried  from  Spain  to  Naples  by  the  political  revo- 
lutions of  the  preceding  century — is  the  true  father  of 
the  modern  prose  pastoral,  which,  from  him,  passed  di- 
rectly to  Spain,  and,  during  a long  period  of  success  in 
that  country,  never  entirely  lost  the  character  its  author 
had  originally  impressed  upon  it.  His  “Arcadia” — writ- 
ten, probably,  without  any  reference  to  the  Greek  pastoral 
of  Longus,  but  hardly  without  a knowledge  of  the  ‘ Arne- 
to”  of  Boccaccio  and  the  Eclogues  of  Bembo  — was  first 
published  entire,  at  Naples,  in  1504. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  81. 

San  Pablo  Bay  (pa'blo  ba).  A bay  in  Califor- 
nia, connected  with  San  Francisco  Bay  (of 
which  it  really  forms  a part)  on  the  south.  It 
contains  Mare  Island.  Length,  about  13  miles. 
San  Pedro  Bay  (pe'droba).  A bay  on  the  coast 
of  southern  California,  near  Los  Angeles,  about 
lat.  33°  40'  N. 

San  Pietro  (pe-a'tro).  A small  island  south- 
west of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  belonging  to 
Italy:  the  ancient  Accipitrum. 
SanPietroinVincoli(enveng'ko-le).  [It.,  ‘St. 
Peter  in  chains.’]  A noted  church  in  Rome, 
situated  north  of  the  Colosseum. 

Sanpu  (san-po').  A name  given  to  the  Brah- 
maputra in  the  upper  part  of  its  course. 

San  Rafael  (ra-fa-el').  The  capital  of  Marin 
County,  California,  and  a summer  resort,  situ- 
ated near  San  Francisco  Bay  12  miles  north- 
west of  San  Francisco.  Pop.,  5,934,  (1910). 
San  Remo  (ra'mo).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Porto  Maurizio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Riviera 
26  miles  east-northeast  of  Nice,  it  is  frequented 
as  a health-resort  on  account  of  its  climate.  It  was  the 
residence  of  the  Crown  Prince  (Frederick  III.)  of  Germany 
1887-88.  Population,  town,  18,500 ; commune,  21,440. 

San  Roque  (ro'ka),  or  Saint  Roque  (sant  rok), 
Cape.  See  Sao  Roque. 

San  Salvador  (san  sal-va-THor').  [Sp., ‘holy 
Saviour.’]  The  name  given  by  Columbus  to 
the  first  island  discovered  by  him  in  the  New 
World.  See  Guanahani. 

San  Salvador,  Republic  of.  See  Salvador. 
San  Salvador.  The  capital  of  the  republic  of 
Salvador,  situated  inland,  near  lat.  13°  43'  N., 
long.  89°  12' W.  Itcontains  a university  and  cathedral 
It  was  founded  in  1528,  and  has  often  been  devastated  by 
earthquakes:  the  latest  and  most  destructive  of  these  dis- 
asters were  in  1854  and  IS73.  Population,  62,940. 


San  Salvador 

San  Salvador,  or Quezaltepec  ( ka-zal-ta-pak' ) . 
An  extinct  volcano  in  tiie  republic  of  Salvador, 
3 miles  northwest  of  the  city  of  San  Salvador. 
Height,  about  8,000  feet. 

Sansanding  (san-san-ding'),  or  Sansandig 
(san-san-dig').  A town  in  Upper  Senegal  ana 
Niger,  W.  Africa,  situated  on  the  Niger  about 
lat.  13°  40'  N.,  long.  6°  25'  W.  Pop^  10,00C. 
San  Sebastian  (sa-Biis-te-an'),  or  Saint  Se- 
bastian (sant  se-bas'tyan).  A seaport,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  in  lat. 
43°  20'  N.,  long.  1°  59'  W.  It  was  an  important  for- 

tress,  has  considerable  trade,  is  a fashionable  bathing-re- 
sort, and  is  the  summer  residence  of  the  royal  family.  It 
was  taken  by  Wellington  Aug.  31,  1813. 

Sans  Gene  (son  jan'), Madame.  [F.,  ‘without 
constraint/  hence  in  a free  and  easy  manner, 
without  troubling  one’s  self  as  to  the  opinions  or 
convenience  of  others.  ] A nickname  of  the  wife 
of  Marshal  Lefebvre,  duke  of  Dantzic,  who  was 
raised  from  the  ranks  by  Napoleon  I.  She  was  ori- 
ginally a washerwoman,  and  followed  her  husband  to  the 
wars  as  a vivandi  re.  She  was  rude,  kind-hearted , and  witli- 
out  knowledge  of  social  etiquette,  and  became  the  butt  of 
the  court.  Her  high  temper  and  natural  shrewdness  gave 
her  the  advantage  in  the  long  run.  The  play  of  this 
name  by  Sardou  was  produced  in  1893.  , 

Sansovino  (san-s5-ve'nd),  Andrea  (Andrea 
Contucci  da  Monte  Sansovino).  Bom  at 

Monte  Sansovino,  Tuscany,  1460 : died  at  Rome, 
1529.  A Tuscan  sculptor  and  architect.  He 
studied  in  Florence  with  Pollajuolo.  About  1490  he  was 
appointed  architect  and  sculptor  to  King  John  of  Portugal, 
for  whom  he  built  a royal  palace  and  made  some  sculpture 
still  to  be  seen  at  Coimbra.  He  returned  to  Florence  in 
1600.  To  1502  belongs  the  group  of  the  “ Baptism  of  Christ  ” 
over  one  of  the  doors  of  the  baptistery.  In  1509  he  went 
to  Rome  and  was  commissioned  by  Pope  Julius  II.  to  make 
the  tombs  of  the  two  cardinals  Rovere  and  Sforza  for  Santa 
Maria  del  Popolo  (his  masterpieces).  His  group  of  the  “ Ma- 
donna and  Child  " in  Sant’  Agostino,  ordered  by  the  German 
prelate  Corycius,  was  made  the  subject  of  a collection  of 
120  sonnets  called  “Coryciana. ” In  1513  he  was  sent  by  Leo 
X.  to  Loreto  to  execute  the  bas-reliefs  on  the  exterior  of 
the  marble  temple  which  incloses  the  Santa  Casa. 

Sans  Souci  (F.  pron.  sonso-se').  [F.,‘  free  from 
care.’]  A palace  at  Potsdam,  Prussia,  built  by 
Frederick  the  Great  1745-47,  and  enlarged  and 
adorned  by  Frederick  William  IV.  it  is  of  a single 
story,  with  a projecting  semicircular  central  pavilion,  and 
large  arched  windows  opening  between  coupled  pilasters 
terminating  above  in  caryatids  and  atlantes. 

San  Stefano  (san  stef'a-no),  Treaty  of.  A 
treaty  concluded  between  Russia  and  Turkey 
March  3, 1878,  at  San  Stefano  (a  small  port  on 
the  Sea  of  Marmora,  west  of  Constantinople), 
which  put  an  end  to  the  Russo-Turkish  war. 
Russia  was  to  receive  the  Dobrudja,  Kars,  Batum,  and 
other  possessions,  as  well  as  a war  indemnity  of  300,000,000 
rubles ; a principality  of  Bulgaria  was  to  be  created,  ex- 
tending from  the  Danube  to  the  ASgean ; Rumania,  Servia, 
and  Montenegro  were  recognized  as  independent.  The 
provisions  of  this  treaty  were,  however,  greatly  altered  by 
the  Congress  of  Beilin,  June-July,  1878. 

Santa  (san'ta).  A river  in  Peru,  it  flows  into  the 
Pacific  about  lat.  9°  S.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Santa  Ana  (san'ta.  a'na).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  inhabit  a pueblo  of  the 
same  name  on  the  Rio  Jemez,  a western  afflu- 
ent of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  north  central  New 
Mexico.  The  name  originally  was  applied  by  the  Span- 
ish to  the  mission,  the  native  name  of  the  pueblo  being 
Tamaya.  Number,  about  200.  See  Kereean. 

Santa  Anna,  originally  Santa  Ana  (san'ta 
a'na),  Antonio  Lopez  de.  Born  at  Jalapa, 
Feb.  21,  1795:  died  at  Mexico  City,  June  21, 
1876.  A Mexican  general  and  politician.  He 
served  in  the  Spanish  army  from  1810,  and  supported 
Iturbide  in  1821,  but  was  the  prime  cause  of  his  overthrow 
by  the  revolt  which  he  led  at  Vera  Cruz,  Dec,  2,  1822.  He 
also  led  the  revolts  which  overthrew  Pedraza  (1828)  and 
Bustamante  (1832),  and  was  elected  president  for  the  term 
beginning  April  1,  1833.  During  this  and  his  succeeding 
occupations  of  the  office  he  frequently  retired  to  his  estate 
or  took  command  of  the  army,  leaving  the  administration 
in  the  hands  of  acting  presidents,  who  were  generally 
more  or  less  subservient  to  him  and  took  the  odium  of  ar- 
bitrary proceedings.  In  1836  he  led  the  army  against  the 
revolted  Texans.  His  first  successes  were  followed  by  mas- 
sacres of  the  prisoners.  lie  was  defeated  and  captured 
at  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  April  21,  and  released  only 
on  agreeing  to  favor  the  independence  of  Texas.  The 
popularity  lost  in  this  campaign  was  regained  by  the  part 
which  he  took  in  the  unsuccessful  defense,  against  the 
French,  of  Vera  Cruz,  where  he  lost  a leg  (Dec.,  1338).  He 
was  prominent  in  the  defeat  of  the  federalist  revolt  of 
1839,  supporting  President  Bustamante;  but  in  Oct.,  1841, 
he  forced  Bustamante’s  resignation  and  was  again  pro- 
claimed president.  By  a new  constitution,  adopted  June 
12,  1843,  he  became  practically  dictator.  He  was  deposed 
and  exiled  in  1845 ; recalled  and  again  made  president  in 
Dec.,  1846 ; and  commanded  the  army  in  the  war  with  the 
United  States.  After  .Scott’s  occupation  of  Mexico  (Sept., 
1847)  he  resigned  and  left  the  country.  By  a revolt  of  the 
army  he  was  recalled  and  made  president,  April,  1853,  as- 
suming dictatorial  powers.  The  revolution  which  quickly 
followed  drove  him  into  exile  in  Aug.,  1855;  and,  though  he 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  interfere  in  Mexican 
affairs  in  1864,  he  never  after  rose  to  prominence.  He  re- 
turned to  Mexico  after  the  death  of  Juarez,  and  died  al- 
most forgotten. 


895 

Santa  Barbara  (bar'ba-rfi).  The  capital  of 
Santa  Barbara  County,  California,  situated  on 
the  coast  in  lat.  34°  26'  N.,  long.  119°  43'  W.  It 
is  a watering-place,  known  as  the  American 
Mentone.  Population,  11,659,  (1910). 

Santa  Barbara.  A small  island  off  the  coast 
of  southern  California,  60  miles  southwest  of 
Los  Angeles. 

Santa  Barbara  Channel.  A sea  passage  which 
separates  Santa  Rosa,  Santa  Cruz,  and  other 
small  islands  from  the  mainland  of  California. 

Santa  Barbara  Indians.  See  Chutmshan. 

Santa  Barbara  Islands.  A group  of  8 islands 
in  the  Pacific,  near  the  coast  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia, to  which  they  belong.  The  principal  are 
Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Rosa,  Santa  Cruz,  Santa  Catalina,  and 
San  Clemente. 

Santa  Catalina  (ka-tii-le'na).  An  island  off 
the  coast  of  southern  California,  50  miles  south 
of  Los  Angeles.  Length,  20  miles. 

Santa  Catharina  (ka-ta-re'na).  An  island  sep- 
arated by  a narrow  channel  from  the  coast  of 
the  state  of  Santa  Catharina,  Brazil,  to  which 
it  belongs.  It  contains  the  capital,  Desterro. 
Length,  about  30  miles. 

Santa  Catharina.  A maritime  state  of  south- 
ern Brazil,  lying  northeast  of  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul.  It  has  many  European  colonists,  espe- 
cially Germans.  Area,  28,632  square  miles. 
Population,  320,289. 

Santa  Claus  or  Klaus  (san'ta  ldaz).  [An 
adapted  form  of  the  D.  Sant  Nikolaas,  Niklaas, 
or  Klaas.]  The  Dutch  name  of  Saint  Nicholas, 
patron  saint  of  children,  and  dispenser  of  gifts 
on  Christmas  eve.  See  Nicholas,  Saint. 

Santa  Croce  sull’  Arno  (san'ta  kro'che  sol 
lar'no).  A small  town  in  the  province  of  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  on  the  Arno  24  miles  west  by  south 
of  Florence. 

Santa  Cruz  (san'ta  kroz),  or  Saint  Croix  (sant 
kroi),  or  Sainte  Croix  (sant  krwa).  [‘Holy 
Cross.’]  An  island  in  the  West  Indies,  belong- 
ing to  Denmark,  in  lat.  (of  Cbristiansted)  17° 
45'  N.,  long.  64°  41'  W.  Chief  town,  Christian- 
sted.  The  surface  is  hilly.  The  chief  products  are 
sugar  and  rum.  It  has  been  a Danish  possession  since 
1733.  Area,  84  square  miles.  Population,  18,590. 

Santa  Cruz.  An  island  off  the  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia, in  lat.  34°  N.  Length,  23  miles. 

Santa  Cruz.  A territory  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, comprising  the  southern  part  of  Pata- 
gonia, south  of  Chubut.  Area,  about  109,142 
square  miles.  Population,  4,214. 

Santa  Cruz.  The  capital  of  Santa  Cruz  County, 
California,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Monterey 
in  lat.  36°  58'  N.,  long.  122°  1'  W.  Population, 
11,146,  (1910). 

Santa  Cruz  (san'  ta  kroth).  An  eastern  depart- 
ment of  Bolivia,  bordering  on  Brazil.  The  east- 
ern portion,  which  is  a plain,  is  very  thinly  inhabited. 
Area,  141,700  square  miles.  Population,  243,127. 

Santa  Cruz,  or  Nitendi  (ne-ten'de).  The  chief 
of  the  Santa  Cruz  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific 
in  lat.  10°  40'  S.,  long.  166°  E. 

Santa  Cruz  (san'ta  kroth'),  Andres.  Born  at 
La  Paz  about  1794:  died  near  Nantes,  France, 
1865.  A Bolivian  general  and  politician,  of  In- 
dian race.  He  was  a colonel  in  the  Spanish  army ; but, 
being  captured  by  the  patriots  in  1820,  joined  them,  rose 
to  be  general,  and  led  an  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Upper 
Peru  in  1823.  From  Sept.,  1826,  to  June,  1827,  he  was  presi- 
dent of  Peru.  After  the  deposition  of  Sucre,  president  of 
Bolivia,  Santa  Cruz  was  elected  president  of  that  country 
for  ten  years  (beginning  Jan.  1,  1829),  with  tire  military 
grade  of  grand  marshal.  His  rule  was  tirrn  and  progressive. 
In  1835  he  interfered  in  the  affairs  of  Peru,  ostensibly  to 
reinstate  the  deposed  president,  Orbegoso ; defeated  Ga- 
marra  and  Salaverry  (condemning  the  latter  to  death) ; and 
formed  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation  (proclaimed 
Oct.  28,  1836),  witli  himself  at  its  head  as  “protector." 
Gamarra  and  other  fugitive  Peruvians  obtained  the  aid  of 
Chile ; a Chilean  army  invaded  Peru  ; and  Santa  Cruz  was 
finally  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Yungay  (Jan.,  1839).  He 
immediately  left  the  country,  and  the  confederation  was 
broken  up.  Most  of  his  subsequent  life  was  passed  in 
Europe,  where  he  long  held  diplomatic  positions  for  Bo- 
livia. 

Santa  Cruz  de  la  Palma  (da  la  pal'ma).  A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  island  of  Palma,  Canary 
Islands.  Population,  7,024. 

Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  (da  la  se-er'rii).  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Santa  Cruz,  Bo- 
livia, situated  near  the  Piray  165  miles  north- 
east of  Sucre.  Population,  20,535. 

Santa  Cruz  deTeneriffe(ten-e-rif')orde  San- 
tiago (da  san-te-ii'gb).  A seaport  and  the 
capital  of  the  Canary  Islands,  situated  on  Tene- 
riffe  in  lat.  28°  28'  N.,  long.  16°  15'  W.  It  is  the 

chief  commercial  place  in  the  islands.  Population,  about 
38,500. 

Santa  Cruz  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands 


Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin 

in  the  South  Pacific,  north  of  the  New  Hebrides 
and  east-southeast  of  the  Solomon  Islands. 

Santa  Fe  (fa).  [Sp., ‘holy  faith.’]  1.  A prov- 
ince of  the  Argentine  Republic,  west  of  the  river 
Parand  and  north  of  the  province  of  Buenos 
Aires.  Area,  50,916  square  miles.  Population, 
816,401.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Santa  Fe,  situated  on  the  Salado,  near  the 
Parana,  90  miles  north  of  Rosario.  Popula- 
tion, 33.200. 

Santa  Fe.  The  capital  of  New  Mexico,  it  was 
founded  by  the  Spanish  in  1605,  and  has  remained  the 
seat  of  government  Bince  that  time.  In  1846  the  United 
States  forces  under  General  Kearny  occupied  Santa  Fe 
without  resistance.  It  was  held  by  the  Confederates  in 
1862.  There  are  remains  (very  indistinct)  of  an  ancient 
Indian  village  at  Santa  Fe,  but  the  pueblo  had  been  aban- 
doned long  previous  to  the  16th  century,  and  the  site  was 
deserted  when  the  Spaniards  founded  the  city.  The  stories 
that  it  was  onc6  a “capital  ’’  of  all  the  Pueblo  tribes  of  N ew 
Mexico,  and  that  its  Spanish  settlement  was  founded  in 
1540  or  1550  or  1583,  are  mythical.  Pop.,  6,072;  (1910). 

Santa  Fe,  Audience  of.  The  supreme  court  of 
colonial  New  Granada,  sitting  at  Santa  F6  de 
Bogota.  The  governors,  and  subsequently  the  viceroys, 
were  presidents  of  the  audience,  which  ruled  In  case  of  a 
vacancy.  New  Granada  was  som  etimes  caUed  the  kingdom 
(reino)  of  Santa  FA  See  New  Granada. 

Santa  Fe  de  Bogota.  See  Bogota. 

Santa  Inez  Indians.  See  Cliumashan. 

Santal  Insurrection.  An  unsuccessful  revolt 
by  the  Santals  of  the  Rajmahal  Hills  (Bengal, 
British  India,  northwest  of  Calcutta)  in  1855. 

Santal  Parganas  (san-tal'  par-gun'as).  A dis- 
trict in  Bengal,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  40'  N., 
long.  87°  E.  Area,  5,470  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,809,737. 

Santa  Lucia.  See  St.  Lucia. 

Santa  Luzia  (san'ta  lo-ze'a).  A small  island 
of  the  Cape  Verd  group. 

Santa  Maria  (san'ta  ma-re'a),  La.  The  largest 
vessel  of  Columbus,  and  bis  flag-ship,  in  the 
voyage  of  1492.  She  was  a decked  boat  of  the  type 
known  as  a carack,  over  200  tons  burden,  and  about  63  feet 
long  and  20  feet  beam.  Some  accounts  call  her  the  Marie 
Galante.  The  flag-ship  was  a dull  sailer.  She  was 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Espaiiola,  Dec.  25,  1492. 

Santa  Maria,  or  Saint  Mary.  The  south- 
easternmost  island  of  the  Azores,  south  of  St. 
Michael.  Area,  37  square  miles. 

Santa  Maria,  Puerto  de.  See  Puerto  de  Santa 
Maria. 

Santa  Maria  degli  Angeli’  (del'ye  an'je-le). 
[It.,  ‘ Saint  Mary  of  the  Angels.’]  A church 
on  the  site  of  the  baths  of  Diocletian,  at  Rome, 
constructed  by  Michelangelo,  and  later  remod- 
eled by  Vanvitelli.  The  vestibule  is  the  original  cir- 
cular laconicum,  56  feet  in  diameter,  of  the  ancient  baths. 
The  tepidarium  of  the  baths,  now  the  transept  of  the 
church,  retains  much  of  its  ancient  decoration.  It  is  a 
splendid  hall,  2971  feet  long,  91  wide,  and  84  high,  with 
three  groined  vaults  whose  apparent  imposts  are  received 
by  eight  antique  granite  columns.  The  church  possesses 
fine  paintings. 

Santa  Maria  del  Popolo  (del  po'po-16).  [It., 
‘ Saint  Mary  of  the  People.’]  A church  at  Rome, 
founded,  according  to  tradition,  in  1099  (?)  to 
quiet  the  phantom  of  Nero,  on  whose  burial- 
place  it  was  built,  and  rebuilt  by  the  Roman 
people  in  1227.  It  is  now  modernized,  but  is  remark- 
able for  its  splendid  Renaissance  tombs  (those  of  Cardinals 
Girolamo  Basso  della  Rovere  and  A scanio  Maria  Sforza,  by 
Sansovino,  are  artistically  the  most  important  in  Rome), 
for  its  fine  paintings  and  frescos  by  Pinturicchio,  and  for 
its  magnificent  Renaissance  glass  and  mosaics. 

Santa  Maria  del  Sole  (del  so'le).  [It.,  ‘ Saint 
Mary  of  the  Sun.’]  A circular  temple  at  Rome 
(now  a church),  near  the  Ponte  Rotto,  now  held 
to  he  that  of  Hercules,  but  familiar  under  tbe 
name  of  temple  of  Vesta.  The  cella  is  circular,  33 
feet  in  diameter,  with  a peristyle  of  20  graceful  Corinthian 
columns  32  feet  high.  The  entablature  and  the  ancient  roof 
are  gone.  The  probable  date  is  the  beginning  of  the  empire. 

Santa  Maria  di  Leuca  (de  la'6-ka),  Cape.  A 
cape  at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  Italy,  in 
lat.  39°  48'  N.,  long.  18°  22'  E.:  tbe  ancient  Sa- 
lentinum  Promontorium. 

Santa  Maria  in  Ara  Cceli  (a'ra  se'li).  [‘Saint 
Mary  of  the  Altar  of  Heaven  ’:  from  the  tradi- 
tion that  an  altar  was  here  erected  by  Augustus, 
in  recognition  of  a heavenly  vision  of  the  Virgin 
and  Christ.]  An  old  and  interesting  church  at 
Rome,  rich  in  its  22  varied  ancient  columns,  its 
curious  mosaic  pavement,  its  beautiful  frescos 
of  the  life  of  St.  Bernardino  by  Pinturicchio,  its 
medieval  ambones  covered  with  mosaics,  and 
its  fine  paintings  arid  tombs.  This  church  possesses 
the  famous  miracle-working  image  of  the  Santissimo  Bam- 
bino (‘most  holy  infant’). 

Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin  (in  kos'me-din ).  [It., 
‘Saint  Mary  in  Cosmedin/  a square  in  Con- 
stantinople : it  originally  belonged  to  a Greek 
brotherhood.]  A very  early  church  at  Rome, 
with  antique  columns,  raised  choir,  crypt,  me- 


Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin 

dieval  ambones  and  tabernacle,  fine  mosaic 
pavement,  and  medieval  campanile.  The  church 
is  important  as  having  replaced  the  ancient  temple  of 
Ceres,  Liber,  and  Libera,  a large  peripteral  structure,  with 
Composite  columns,  which  served  as  the  treasury  and 
record-office  of  the  ediles  of  the  people.  Ten  peristyle 
columns  and  parts  of  the  cella-wall  remain  in  situ.  In 
the  vestibule  is  preserved  a large  ancient  mask  with  pierced 
mouth  and  eyes  popularly  called  the  Bocca  della  Veritd. 
It  was  originally  set  in  a pavement  to  permit  water  to 
drain  into  a sewer. 

Santa  Maria  Maggiore  (mad-jo're).  [It., 
1 Saint  Mary  the  Greater.’]  A ehurcb  at  Rome, 
built  352  a.  d.,  and  keeping  much  of  its  original 
character.  The  two-tiered  loggia  of  the  facade  is  of  the 
last  century.  The  interior  has  a wide  nave  bounded  by 
ranges  of  Ionic  columns  with  horizontal  entablature, 
above  which  is  a row  of  arcaded  windows  and  fine  Old  Tes- 
tament mosaics  of  the  6th  century.  The  mosaics  of  the 
apse,  with  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  are  splendid  works 
of  the  13th  century.  There  are  many  fine  monuments  and 
sculptures. 

Santa  Maria  Novella  (nd-vel'la).  A church 
in  Florence,  built  1278-1349  on  the  site  of  an 
older  church  on  the  Piazza  di  Santa  Maria  No- 
vella. It  is  an  example  of  the  purest  Tuscan  Gothic.  In 
1456-70  a marble  facade  was  added,  with  a fine  portal.  Its 
cloisters  are  the  largest  in  Florence,  and  it  is  celebrated 
for  its  frescos  by  Ghirlandajo,  Orcagna,  and  others. 

Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva  (so'pra  me-ner'- 
va).  [It,, ‘Saint  Mary  above  Minerva.’]  A church 
at  Rome,  so  named  from  being  built  over  atemple 
of  Minerva : the  only  medieval  church  in  Rome 
which  retains  its  Pointed  forms  and  decoration. 
The  church  contains  beautiful  tombs,  notable  paintings 
by  Filippino  Lippi  and  others,  and  important  sculptures, 
among  them  Michelangelo’s  Christ. 

Santa  Marta,  or  Santa  Martha  (mar'ta). 
[‘  Saint  Martha.’]  A seaport,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Magdalena,  Colombia,  situated  on 
a hay  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  11°  15'  N., 
long.  74°  14'  W.  Except  Cumana  it  is  the  oldest  city 
of  European  origin  in  continental  South  America,  having 
been  founded  by  Bastidas  in  1525.  From  this  point  Que- 
sada  started  on  the  expedition  which  resulted  in  the  sub- 
jugation of  the  plateau  of  New  Granada.  The  port  was 
long  important  for  its  trade  with  the  Magdalena  Itiver, 
but  is  now  in  decadence.  It  is  the  seat  of  a bishop.  Pop- 
ulation, about  9,000. 

Santa  Maura  (mou'ra),  or  Leucadia  (mod.  Gr. 
pron.  lef-ka-THe'a).  1.  One  of  the  Ionian  Isl- 
ands, Greece,  situated  west  of  Acarnania,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a narrow  channel : the 
ancient  Leukas.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous. 
The  chief  products  are  currants,  wine,  and  oil.  In  its 
southwestern  part  is  a steep  cliff,  known  as  Sappho's  Leap, 
from  which  Sappho  is  said  to  have  thrown  herself  into  the 
sea.  Length,  23  m iles.  Area,  110 miles. 

2.  The  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Santa  Maura, 
situated  on  the  northern  coast.  See  Levkas. 
Santana.  See  San  ta  Ana. 

Santana  (san-ta'na),  Pedro.  Born  at  Hineha, 
June  29, 1801:  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  June  14, 
1864.  A general  and  politician  of  the  Domini- 
can Republic.  He  led  the  revolution  by  which  the  re- 
public separated  from  Haiti  in  1844  ; was  president  1844- 
1848 ; repulsed  the  invasion  of  Soulouciue  in  1849 ; was 
again  president  1853-56,  when  he  was  deposed  ; and,  his 
successor  Baez  having  been  deposed,  was  a third  time 
elected  president  in  Nov.,  1858,  holding  the  post  until 
March  18, 1861,  when  hedelivered  over  the  country  to  Spain. 
Santander  (san-tan-dar').  1.  A province  of 
Spain,  bounded  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the 
north,  Vizcaya  on  the  east,  Burgos  and  Palencia 
on  the  south,  and  Oviedo  and  Leon  on  the  west : 
a part  of  Old  Castile.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Canta- 
brian Mountains.  It  has  flourishing  agriculture  and  man- 
ufactures. Area,  2,108  square  miles.  Population,  about 
276,000. 

2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  San- 
tander, situated  on  a harbor  of  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, in  lat.  43°  28'  N.,  long.  3°  49'  W.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  steam-lines ; exports  grain,  iron 
ore,  wine,  etc. ; and  is  a favorite  summer  water- 
ing-place. It  was  sacked  by  Soult  in  1808. 
Population,  60,202. 

Santander.  A department  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Colombia,  bordering  on  Venezuela  and  on 
the  Magdalena  River,  and  north-northeast  of 
Bogota.  Capital,  Bucaramanga. 

Santander,  or  Jimenez,  or  Rio  de  las  Palmas. 

A river  in  eastern  Mexico  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  100  miles  north  of  Tampico. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Santander  (san-tan-dar' ),  Francisco  de  Paula. 

Born  at  Rosario  de  Cucuta,  April  2,  1792 : died 
at  Bogoth,  May  5,  1840.  A New  Granadan  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  served  in  the  revolutionary 
army  ; was  made  general  of  division  on  the  field  of  BoyacA 
Aug.  7,  1819 ; was  appointed  vice-president  (governor)  of 
Cundinamarca  Sept.,  1819;  and  on  Sept.  7,  1821,  was 
elected  vice-president  of  Colombia.  During  Bolivar’s  ab- 
sence in  the  south  (Dec.,  1821,- Nov.,  1826)  and  in  Vene- 
zuela (Jan.- Sept.,  1827),  he  acted  as  president.  In  1827-28 
he  led  the  federalist  opposition  to  Bolivar.  Bolivar  as- 
sumed dictatorial  powers  and  deposed  him  June,  1828 ; and 
soon  afterward  he  was  condemned  to  death  for  alleged 


896 

complicity  in  an  attempt  to  assassinate  Bolivar,  but  the 
sentence  was  commuted  to  banishment  and  loss  of  rank 
(1829).  During  his  absence  the  republic  of  Colombia  fell  to 
pieces,  and  on  March  9,  1832,  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  new  republic  of  N ew  Granada,  the  vice-president,  Mar- 
quez, presiding  until  his  return.  He  held  the  post  until 
the  beginning  of  1837,  and  subsequently  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  congress.  Santander  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of 
New  Granada  (the  modern  Colombia). 

Sant’  Angelo  (sant  an'je-lo),  Castle  of.  See 

Angelo,  Sant’. 

Santarem  (san-ta-ran').  A city  in  the  province 
of  Estremadura,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Tagus 
46  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon : the  ancient  Sca- 
iahis  Presidium  Julium.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Moors  in  1146,  and  the  Almohades  were  defeated  near  it 
iu  1184.  On  May  16,  1834,  the  Miguelists  were  totally  de- 
feated there  by  Napier  and  Villaflor.  Population,  about 
8,700. 

Santarem.  A district  in  the  province  of  Estre- 
madura, Portugal.  Population,  283,154. 
Santarem.  A town  in  the  state  of  Para,  Brazil, 
situated  ou  the  Tapajos,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Amazon,  in  lat.  2°  24'  S.,  long.  54°  40'  W. 
It  has  a considerable  river  trade.  Population, 
municipio,  16,328. 

Santarem,  Viscount  of  (Manuel  Francisco 
de  Barros  e Sousa).  Born  at  Lisbon,  Nov. 
18,  1791:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  18,  1856.  A 
Portuguese  politician  and  author.  He  was  di- 
rector of  the  archives  of  Portugal  1823-27,  and  minister 
of  state  under  the  regency  and  Dom  Miguel  1827-33; 
subsequently  he  resided  in  Paris.  His  many  important 
works  relate  to  early  Portuguese  discoveries,  diplomatic 
history,  chartography,  etc.  They  include  “Recherches 
sur  1’AmCric  Vespuce”  (1842),  “Essai  sur  l’histoire  de  la 
cosmographie  et  de  la  cartography  pendant  le  moyen 
age”  (3  vols.  1849-52;  succeeding  volumes  by  Mendes 
Leal),  and  "Quadro  elementar  das  relates  politicas  e di- 
plomaticas  de  Portugal”  (10  vols.  published  up  to  1854; 
completed  by  Rehello  da  Silva). 

Santarem  Channel.  A channel  between  the 
Great  Bahama  Bank  and  the  Salt  Key  Bank, 
north  of  Cuba. 

Santa  Rosa  (ro'zii).  An  island  off  the  coast  of 
California,  in  lat.  33°  55'  N.;  long.  120°  8'  W. 
Length,  18  miles. 

Santa  Rosa.  The  capital  of  Sonoma  County, 
California,  50  miles  north  by  west  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. It  is  the  center  of  a wine-producing 
district.  Population,  7,817,  (1910). 

Santa  Rosa  Islanders.  See  Chumashan. 
Santa  Sophia.  See  Sophia,  Santa. 

Santa  Victoria  do  Ameixial  (san'ta  ve-to'- 
re-a  do  a-ma-she-iil').  A place  near  Estremoz, 
Alemtejo,  Portugal,  noted  for  the  victory  gained 
there  by  the  Portuguese  over  the  Spaniards  iu 
1063. 

Santee  (san-te').  A river  in  South  Carolina, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Wateree  and 
Congaree  about  30  miles  southeast  of  Columbia. 
It  flows  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  33°  7'  N.  Length,  about 
150  miles.  Total  length,  including  the  Wateree  or  Cataw- 
ba, over  400  miles. 

Sant’  Elmo  Castle.  A great  fortress  at  Naples, 
Italy,  built  in  the  16th  century  by  Pedro  de  To- 
ledo. It  was  built  on  a very  much  earlier  structure  of 
great  strength  as  a fortification,  on  a high  rock,  called  the 
hill  of  Sant' Elmo,  overlooking  the  city. 

Santerre  (son-tar').  A former  small  division 
of  Picardy,  Prance,  now  divided  between  the 
departments  of  Oise  and  Somme.  Capital,  P6- 
ronne. 

Santerre,  Antoine  Joseph.  Bom  at  Paris, 
March  16,  1752:  died  Feb.  6,  1809.  A French 
revolutionist  and  general.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  storming  of  the  Bastille  in  1789  and  the  overthrow 
of  the  monarchy  in  1792 ; was  commander  of  the  national 
guard  of  Paris  in  1792-93;  fought  against  theVendeans  in 
1793 ; and  was  imprisoned  1793-94. 

Santerre,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Magny, 
France,  Jan.  1,  1658:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  21, 
1717.  A French  genre-  and  portrait-painter. 
His  “ Susanna  Bathing”  (1704)  isin  the  Louvre. 
Sant’  Eufemia  (sant  a-6-fa'me-a),  Gulf  of.  An 
arm  of  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  western  coast 
of  Calabria,  southern  Italy. 

San  Thiago.  See  Sao  Thiago. 

Santiago  (san-te-a'go).  [Sp.,  ‘Saint  James.’] 
A province  in  the  central  part  of  Chile.  Area, 
5,663  square  miles.  Population,  517,648. 
Santiago,  called  Santiago  de  Chile.  The  cap- 
ital of  Chile  and  of  the  province  of  Santiago,  in 
lat.  33°  27'  S.,  long.  70°  40'  W.,  on  the  Rio 
Mapocho.  It  is  the  most  populous  city  on  the  Pacific 
side  of  South  America,  and  has  many  public  institutions, 
including  a university,  cathedral,  military,  art,  and  music 
schools,  national  library,  mint,  etc.  It  was  founded  by 
Pedro  de  Valdivia  in  1541.  Earthquakes  are  frequent,  but 
have  seldom  been  very  destructive.  On  Dec.  8,  1863,  oc- 
curred the  burning  of  the  Jesuit  church,  in  which  2,000 
people  perished.  Population,  332,724. 

Santiago,  or  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros  (da 

los  kii-Bal-ya'ros).  [Sp.,  ‘ St.  James  of  the 
Knights.’]  A town  of  the  Dominican  Republic, 


SSo  Antao 

situated  on  the  Yaqui  87  miles  west  ofSamand. 
It  is  the  richest  town  in  the  republic,  and  has  an  extensive 
trade,  especially  in  tobacco.  Population,  about  12,000. 

Santiago  de  Compostella  (da  kom-pos-tel'ya) 
or  Compostela  (kom-pos-ta'la).  A cityin  the 
province  of  Corunna,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
slope  of  Monte  Pedroso  in  lat.  42°  52'  N.,  long. 
8°  30'  W. : famous  from  the  9th  century  as  con- 
taining the  relies  of  St.  James  the  Great,  it  is 
the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  one  of  the  chief  Spanish  prel- 
ates, and  has  a university.  In  the  middle  ageB  the  town 
was  one  of  the  principal  pilgrim  resorts  in  the  world.  It 
was  the  capital  of  ancient  Galicia.  Population.  about24.- 
200. 

Santiago  de  Cuba  (da  ko'bii ; E.  ku'ba),  often 
locally  called  Cuba  (ko'bii).  1.  A seaport, 
the  capital  of  the  province  of  Oriente,  Cuba, 
situated  on  the  southern  coast  in  lat.  20°  N., 
long.  75°  50'  W.  It  exports  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco, 
copper  ore,  etc.  It  was  founded  in  1514,  and  for  several 
years  was  the  capital  of  the  island.  In  1873  it  was  the 
scene  of  the  execution  of  various  persons  on  the  Virginius 
(which  see).  It  surrendered  to  the  United  States  troops 
July  17,  1898.  The  campaign  lasted  from  June  20,  and 
included  the  battles  of  Las  Guasimas,  June  24,  and  of  San 
J uan  and  El  Caney,  July  1-2.  Population,  about  46,000. 

Santiago  del  Estero  (del  es-ta'ro),  or  San- 
tiago. 1.  A province  in  the  interior  of  the 
Argentine  Republic,  between  Cdrdoba  and  the 
territory  of  Chaco.  Area,  39,764  square  miles. 
Population,  198,529. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Santiago  del  Estero,  situated  on 
the  Rio  Dulce  about  lat.  27°  45'  S.  Popula- 
tion, about  10,000. 

Santillana  (san-tel-ya'na),  Marquis  of  (Inigo 
Lopez  de  Mendoza).  Born  at  Carrion  de  los 
Condes,  Spain,  Aug.  19,  1398 : died  at  Guadala- 
jara, Spain,  March  25,  '1458.  A Spanish  poet, 
distinguished  in  the  military  and  political  ser- 
vice of  Castile.  Among  his  works  are  the  didactic  dia- 
logue  poem  “Bias  contra  fortuna”;  “Los  proverbios,”  a 
collection  of  rimed  proverbs  made  at  the  request  of  John 
II.,  printed  in  1496  (he  made  another  collection,  first 
printed  in  1508,  which  were  not  rimed);  the  “Comedieta 
de  Ponza,”  a dramatic  poem  ; and  serraniUas. 

Santillana  de  la  Mar  (da  la  mar).  A small 
town  in  Spain,  west  of  Santander,  near  the  Bay 
of  Biscay : birthplace  of  Gil  Bias  in  Le  Sage’s 
novel  of  that  name. 

Santley  (sant'li),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Liv- 
erpool, Feb.  28,  1834.  A barytone  singer. 
He  sang  with  success  in  the  United  States  in  187L 

Santlow  (sant'lo),  Hester.  See  under  Booth, 
Barton. 

Santo  Antonio  (Cape  Verd).  See  Sao  Antao. 
Santo  Domingo.  See  Dominican  Eepublic. 
Santo  Domingo  (san'to  do-meng'go).  The  cap- 
ital of  the  Dominican  Republic,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ozama  River,  in  lat.  18°  28'  N., 
long.  69°  53'  W.  It  was  founded  by  Bartholomew  Co- 
lumbus in  1496,  and  is  the  oldest  European  city,  and  was 
long  the  most  important  place,  in  the  New  World.  It 
was  sacked  by  Sir  Francis  Drake  in  1586.  Population, 
18,626. 

Santo  Domingo.  A name  often  given  to  the 
island  of  Haiti  (which  see). 

Santo  Domingo,  Audience  of.  A Spanish  high 
court  and  governing  body  at  Santo  Domingo.  It 
was  established  in  1511,  being  the  first  audience  in  the 
New  World : until  1528  its  jurisdiction  included  all  of 
Spanish  America.  Cortds  derived  his  first  legal  authority 
from  it,  as  did  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  and  other  conquerors. 
Later  this  audience  became  subordinate  to  that  of  Mexico. 
It  existed  as  a legal  tribunal  until  the  union  of  Santo  Do- 
mingo with  Haiti. 

Santo  Espiritu (san'to es-pe're-to).  [Sp.,‘holy 
spirit.’]  A town  on  the  southern  coast  of  Cuba. 
Santorin  (san-to-ren').  An  island  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  Cyclades,  belonging  to  Greece, 
situated  in  lat.  36°  25'  N.,  long.  25°  27'  E.:  the 
ancient  Thera.  Capital,  Thira.  It  rises  steeply  from 
the  sea,  and  is  celebrated  as  a center  of  great  volcanic 
activity.  Eruptions  caused  the  appearance  of  the  islets 
Pala:a  Kaumene  in  199  or  196  B.  c.,  Mikra  Kaumene  in 
1573,  and  Nea  Kaumene  in  1707.  It  sent  forth  the  colony 
of  Cyrene  in  631  B.  c.  It  produces  wine  and  pozzuolana. 
Length,  10  miles.  Population,  12,109. 

Santos  (san'tos).  A seaport  of  the  state  of  Sao 
Paulo,  Brazil,  situated  on  Santos  Bay  in  lat. 
23°  56'  S.,  long.  46°  19'  W.  It  is  the  largest  coffee- 
exporting  center  in  the  world.  Epidemics  of  yellow  fever 
are  frequent  and  often  severe.  Population,  municipio, 
60,389. 

Santos  (siin'tos),  Juan.  Died  about  1760.  A 
Peruvian  Indian  who  claimed  to  be  a descen- 
dant of  the  ancient  sovereigns  of  Peru,  and  took 
the  name  Apu  Inca.  He  led  an  insurrection  in  1741- 
1743,  and  subsequently  lived  as  a bandit  in  the  eastern 
mountains. 

San  Vito  (san  ve'to),  Cape.  A cape  which 
forms  the  northwestern  extremity  of  Sicily. 
Sao  Antao  (sah  an -tan').  [Pg.,  ‘ St.  Anthony.’] 
The  most  northwesterly  of  the  Cape  Verd  Isl- 
ands, west  of  Africa.  It  is  mountainous  and  fertile. 
Population,  about  20,000.  Also  written  San  AntOo,  Sar. 
Antonio,  and  Santo  Antonio. 


SSo  Francisco 

Sao  Francisco  (san  fran-ses'ko).  [Pg.,  ‘St. 
Francis.’]  A river  in  eastern  Brazil,  it  rises  in 
Minas  Geraes,  traverses  Bahia  (separating  Pernambuco), 
separates  Alagoas  and  Sergipe,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
in  lat.  10°  25'  S.  The  chief  tributaries  are  the  Bio  das 
Velhas,  Verde  Grande,  and  Piracatu.  Length,  about  1,800 
miles ; navigable  below  the  cataract  of  Paulo  Affonso  150 
miles,  and  for  several  hundred  miles  above  it. 

Sao  Francisco.  A small  island  on  the  coast 
of  the  state  of  Santa  Catharina,  Brazil  (to 
which  it  belongs),  in  lat.  26°  14'  S. 

Sao  Jorge  (san  zhor'zhe),  or  St.  George.  [Pg., 
*St.  George.’]  One  of  the  Azores  Islands, 
west  of  Terceira.  Area,  40  square  miles. 

Sao  Jos6  do  Rio  Negro.  See  Rio  Negro,  Sao  Jose 
do. 

Sao  Leopoldo  (sanle-o-pol'do).  A town  in  the 
state  of  Bio  Grande  do  Sul,  southern  Brazil, 
situated  on  the  Sinos  28  miles  north  of  Porto 
Alegre.  There  is  a population  of  from  3,000  to  4,000, 
chiefly  German  colonists,  forming  the  center  of  a German 
district  of  about  28,812. 

Sao  Miguel  (san  me-gel').  The  Portuguese 
name  of  St.  Michael. 

Saona  (sa-6'na).  A small  island  in  the  West  In- 
dies, near  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  Do- 
minican Republic,  to  which  it  belongs. 

Saone  (son).  The  principal  tributary  of  the 
Rhone : the  Roman  Arar.  It  rises  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  and  joins  the  Bhone  at  Lyons.  The  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Doubs  and  Ognon.  It  is  connected  by 
canals  with  the  Loire,  Seine,  and  Bhine.  Length,  280  miles ; 
navigable  from  Gray. 

Saone,  Haute-.  See  Hautc-Sadne. 
Saone-et-Loire  (son'a-lwar').  A department 
of  France,  capital  Macon,  formed  from  part  of 
the  ancient  Burgundy.  It  is  bounded  by  COte-d’Or 
on  the  north,  Jura  and  Ain  on  the  east,  Ain,  Bhone,  and 
Loire  on  the  south,  and  AUier  and  N ievre  on  the  west,  and  is 
traversed  by  a low  range  of  mountains.  Agriculture  and 
manufactures  are  in  a flourishing  condition.  Wine  and 
coal  are  among  the  chief  products.  Area,  3,330  square 
miles.  Population,  613,377. 

SSo  Paulo  (san  pou'lij)  [Pg.,  ‘ St.  Paul.’]  1. 
A maritime  state  of  southern  Brazil,  lying 
south  of  Minas  Geraes  and  northeast  of  Parana. 
It  is  the  principal  coffee-producing  state,  and  one  of  the 
richest  and  most  populous  in  the  republic.  Area,  112,307 
, square  miles.  Population,  2,279,608. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo,  Bra- 
zil, situated  in  lat.  23°  33'  S.,  long.  46°  39'  W. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  cities  of  southern  Brazil, 
and  contains  several  professional  schools.  Originally  it 
was  an  Indian  village  (Piratininga)  in  which  the  Jesuit 
Anchieta  founded  a mission,  1564.  It  became  the  capital 
of  the  captaincy  in  1681.  Population,  239,820. 

Sao  Paulo  de  Loanda.  See  Loanda. 

Sao  Pedro.  See  Rio  Grande  do  Sid. 

Sao  Roque  (sah  ro'ka),  or  Saint  Roque  (sant 
rok),  Cape.  A low  headland  of  the  Brazilian 
coast  (state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte),  in  lat.  5° 
29'  15"  S.,  long.  35°  14'  1"  W.  (Mouchez).  it  is 
improperly  called  a cape,  as  there  is  hardly  any  projection. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  easterly  points  of  continental  Amer- 
ica. The  extreme  eastern  point  is  Ponta  de  Pedras  in  Per- 
nambuco (lat.  7°  35'  24"  S.,  long.  34°  45'  42"  W.),  145  miles 
further  to  the  south. 

S5o  Roque.  A town  in  Brazil,  situated  32  miles 
west-southwest  of  Sao  Paulo. 

SSo  Salvador.  See  Bahia. 

Sao  Salvador,  or  Ambassi  (am-ba'se),  or  Kon- 
O (kong'go).  The  capital  of  the  native  kiug- 
om  of  Kongo,  and  one  of  the  chief  towns  of 
the  district  of  Kongo  in  the  province  of  Angola. 
Famous  and  flourishing  in  the  16th  century,  it  declined 
after  the  rise  of  Loanda.  Of  late  years  it  has  reassumed 
some  commercial  importance. 

SSo  Salvador  da  Bahia.  See  Bahia. 

Sao  Thiago  (san  te-a'go).  [Pg.,  ‘ Saint  James.’] 
The  largest  of  the  Cape  Yerd  Islands,  west  of 
Africa.  The  surface  is  hilly.  Porto  Praia  is  the  chief 
place.  Area,  360  square  miles.  Population,  about  45,000. 
Also  San  Thiago. 

Sao  Thom6 (to-ma'),  Cape.  Acape  on  thecoast 
of  Brazil,  in  lat.  22°  S.,long.  40°  59'  W. 

Sao  Vicente  (san  ve-sen'te).  One  of  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands,  west  of  Africa. 

Sao  Vicente.  A colonial  captaincy  of  Brazil, 
formed  in  1534.  it  corresponded  to  the  coast  froih  a 
point  45  miles  north  of  Cape  Frio  southward  to  the  river 
ParanaguA,  now  in  ParanA.  Subsequently  it  was  extended 
southward  and  westward  to  the  limits  of  Brazil.  From  it 
were  successively  cut  off  the  captaincies  (now  states)  of  Bio 
de  Janeiro  (1568),  Minas  Geraes  (1720),  Santa  Catharina 
(then  embracing  Bio  Grande  do  Sul)  (1738),  and  Goyaz 
and  Matto  Grosso  (1748).  In  1681  the  capital  was  removed 
to  Sao  Paulo,  and  the  captaincy  soon  became  known  by  the 
name  of  that  city,  which  it  has  since  retained  as  a province 
and  state.  (See  S(l o Paulo.)  Parana  was  separated  from 
it  in  1853. 

Sapelo  (sa-pe'lo)  Island.  An  island  on  the 
coast  of  Georgia,  belongingto  McIntosh  County, 
42  miles  south  by  west  of  Savannah.  Length, 
12  miles. 

Sapho  (sii-fo').  A name  by  which  the  novel- 
C.-67 


897 

ist  Mademoiselle  de  Scuddry  was  known  among 
her  intimate  friends.  See  Sappho. 

Sapho.  [It.  Saffo .]  An  opera  by  Gounod,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1851,  and  with  alterations 
in  1884. 

Sapienza(sa-pe-en'tsa).  A small  island  off  the 
southwest  coast  of  Messenia,  Greece,  to  which 
it  belongs : one  of  the  ancient  G3nussae  Islands. 
Sapor  (sa'por)  I.,  or  Shapur  (sha-por').  King 
of  Persia  242  (240?  239?)-about  272,  son  of 
Ardashir.  He  waged  war  with  the  Romans  and 
took  prisoner  the  emperor  Valerian,  and  was 
defeated  by  Odenathus. 

Sapor  II.,  surnamed  “The  Great.”  King  of 
Persia  from  about  310  to  380  (381  ?).  He  waged 
war  against  the  Arabs  ; was  for  many  years  at  war  with 
Borne ; and  defeated  Constantius  in  348.  He  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  Nisibis  and  other  cities.  Persia  was  in- 
vaded by  Julian  362-363,  who  was  repulsed  and  died  in  the 
retreat.  By  peace  with  Jovian,  Persia  obtained  territory 
east  of  the  Tigris,  including  Nisibis,  Singara,  etc.  Sapor 
II.  conquered  Armenia  and  persecuted  the  Christians. 
Sapor  III.  King  of  Persia  from  about  384  to 
about  389,  son  of  Sapor  II. 

Saporogians  (sa-po-ro'ji-anz).  [See  Zaporogi- 
ans.]  A warlike  division  of  the  Cossacks,  who 
formerly  dwelt  along  the  lower  Dnieper. 
They  were  compelled  to  remove  in  the  18th  century  to 
the  Crimea,  and  later  to  the  Kuban,  etc. 

Sappa  (sap'a)  Creek.  A river  in  northwestern 
Kansas  and  southern  Nebraska.  It  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  its  North  and  South  Forks,  and  joins  Beaver 
Creek  (a  tributary  of  the  Eepublican  Biver)  about  long. 
99°  35'  W.  Length,  about  175  miles. 

Sapphira  (sa-fi'ra).  In  New  Testament  his- 
tory, a woman  who,  with  her  husband  Ananias, 
was  struck  dead  for  lying. 

Sappho  (saf'o).  [Gr.  2arr^<6,  F.  Sapho,  It.  Saf- 
fo.'] A Greek  lyric  poet  who  flourished  about 
600  B.  C.  She  appears  to  have  been  a native  of  Myti- 
Iene,  in  Lesbos,  where  she  probably  spent  her  life.  Ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  her  father's  name  was  Scamandronyraus, 
her  mother’s  Cleis.  She  had  a brother,  Larichus,  who  in 
his  youth  acted  as  cup-bearer  in  the  prytaneum  of  Myti- 
lene,  an  office  assigned  only  to  beautiful  youths  of  noble 
birth.  Another  brother,  Charaxus,  a merchant,  became 
enamoured  of  the  courtezan  and  slave  Doricha,  surnamed 
Bhodopis,  at  Naucratis,  in  Egypt,  and  purchased  her 
freedom  at  an  immense  price.  So  much  is  known  of  the 
brothers  from  Sappho’s  poems.  She  also  mentions  a 
daughter,  named  Cleis.  Her  husband’s  name  is  said  to 
have  been  Cercolas  or  Cercylas  of  Andros.  She  was  a 
contemporary  of  Alcaeus,  with  whom  she  maintained 
friendly  relations,  and  with  whom  she  shared  the  suprem- 
acy of  the  yEolian  school  of  lyric  poetry.  She  appears  to 
have  given  instruction  in  the  art  of  versification,  and  to 
have  been  the  center  of  a literary  coterie  of  women. 
There  is  no  foundation  for  the  story  that  she  threw  herself 
from  the  Leucadian  promontory  into  the  sea,  out  of  love 
for  a beautiful  youth,  Phaon,  who  disdained  her  advances. 
She  wrote  nine  books  of  lyric  poems,  all  of  which  are  lost 
except  an  ode  to  Aphrodite  and  a number  of  fragments. 
She  was  called  “the  tenth  Muse.” 

Among  the  ancients  Sappho  enjoyed  a unique  renown. 
She  was  called  “The  Poetess,”  as  Homer  was  called  “ The 
Poet.”  Aristotle  quoted  without  question  a judgment 
that  placed  her  in  the  same  rank  as  Homer  and  Archilo- 
chus. Plato,  in  the  Phsedrus,  mentioned  her  as  the  tenth 
Muse.  Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  309. 

Sappho  of  Toulouse,  The.  CMmence  Isaure. 
Sappho’s  Leap  (saf'oz  lep).  A steep  cliff  in 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Leucas  (Santa 
Maura),  Ionian  Islands:  so  called  from  the  tradi- 
tion that  Sappho,  for  love  of  Phaon,  threw  her- 
self from  it  into  the  sea. 

Sarabat  (sa-ra-bat').  A modern  name  of  the 
river  Hermus. 

Saracens  (sar'a-senz).  [Ar.,  ‘ easterns,’  ‘ orien- 
tals.’] Originally  the  name  of  a predatory  Arab 
tribe  (the  Saraceni)  which  harassed  the  Roman 
frontiers,  afterward  applied  in  a broader  sense 
to  the  Bedouins,  later  the  designation  of  the 
Arab  followers  of  Mohammed,  who  established 
the  great  realm  of  the  califs,  and  finally  a 
name  embracing  the  Moslems  in  general  with 
whom  the  medieval  Christian  states  were  at 
war,  including  the  enemies  encountered  in  the 
Crusades.  The  Saracena  conquered  Syria,  Palestine, 
Persia,  and  Egypt  between  634  and  641 ; completed  the  con- 
quest of  northern  Africa  in  709 ; invaded  Spain  in  711,  and 
soon  conquered  it;  invaded  France,  and  were  overthrown 
at  Poitiers  in  732.  Their  subsequent  conquests  included 
that  of  Sicily  in  827-878.  The  disruption  of  their  realm  be- 
gan with  the  establishment  of  the  kingdom  (later  calif- 
ate)  of  Cordova  in  766. 

Saracus  (sar'a-kus).  [Gr.  hapasoc.]  The  name 
of  the  last  Assyrian  king,  Sin-shar-ishkun. 
Saragossa  (sar-a-gos'a).  A province  of  Aragon, 

Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  Navarre  on  the  north,  Huesca, 
Lerida,  and  Tarragona  on  the  east,  Teruel  and  Guadalajara 
on  the  south,  and  Soria  and  Navarre  on  the  west ; is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Abro ; and  is  mountainous  in  the  north 
and  west.  Area,  6,726  square  miles.  Population,  about 
421,900. 

Saragossa,  Sp.  Zaragoza  (tna-ra-go'thS),  F. 
Saragosse  (sa-ra-gos').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Ebro,  at  its  junction  with  the  Huerva,  in  lat. 


Saratoff 

41°  39'  N.,  long.  0°58'  W.  It  has  considerable  trade. 
The  principal  objects  of  note  are  the  two  cathedrals 
(founded  in  the  14th  and  17th  centuries  respectively),  uni- 
versity (founded  1474),  leaning  tower  (Torre  Nueva),  bourse, 
and  citadel.  The  ancient  name  of  the  town  (Salduba)  was 
changed  by  the  Bornans  to  Ca;saraugusta  (whence  the 
modern  name).  It  was  taken  by  northern  invaders  in  the 
5th  century  ; became  important  after  its  conquest  by  the 
Moors  in  the  8th  century  ; and  was  regained  by  the  Chris- 
tians under  Alfonso  I.  in  1118,  becoming  the  capital  of 
Aragon.  Philip  V.  was  defeated  here  in  1710.  It  was 
twice  besieged  by  the  French  in  1808.  The  first  siege  be- 
gan in  June,  the  French  being  commanded  by  Lefebvre 
(later  by  V erdier),  and  the  defenders  by  Palafox;  the  French 
raised  the  siege  in  Aug.  The  second  siege  began  in  Dec., 
the  French  being  commanded  by  Moncey  and  Mortier 
(later  by  Lannes),  and  the  Spanish  by  Palafox  ; the  town 
capitulated,  after  an  obstinate  defense  (with  prolonged 
house-to-house  fighting),  Feb.  21,  1809.  Population,  106,- 
021. 

Saragossa,  Maid  of.  See  Agustina. 

Sarah  (sa'ra).  [Heb.,  ‘princess.’]  In  Old  Tes- 
tament history,  the  wife  of  Abraham  and  mother 
of  Isaac.  Her  name  was  at  first  Sarai  (Heb., 
probably  ‘ contentious  ’) . 

Sarai  (sa-ri'),  or  Serai  (sa-ri').  A medieval 
city,  capital  of  the  khanate  of  Kiptchak.  Its  ruins 
are  in  the  government  of  Astrakhan,  Eussia,  along  the 
Akhtuba  branch  of  the  Volga,  near  Zarevka. 

Sarakhs  (sa-rachs').  A Persian  fort  on  the  Rus- 
sian frontier,  situated  near  the  Tejend,  east- 
northeast  of  Meshhed,  and  62  miles  southwest 
of  Merv.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Russians  in 
1884. 

Sarama  (sa-ra'ma).  In  the  Rigveda,  a dog,  a 
messenger  of  Indra  and  the  Angirases,  who  dis- 
covers the  place  where  the  Panis  have  hidden 
the  stolen  cows  of  Indra,  and  recovers  them. 
Adalbert  Kuhn,  the  first  comparative  student  of  the  myth, 
concluded  that  Sarama  meant  ‘storm.’  Max  Muller  regards 
her  as  the  dawn,  and  Identifies  her  with  the  Homeric  Helen. 

Saramaca,  or  Saramacca  (sa-ra-mak'ka).  A 
river  in  Dutch  Guiana,  flowing  into  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  47  miles  west-northwest  of  Parama- 
ribo. Length,  over  200  miles. 

Saran.  See  Sarun. 

Saranac  (sar'a-nak)  Lake,  Lower.  A lake  in 

the  Adirondacks,  east  of  Upper  Saranac  Lake, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  Round  Lake. 
Length,  6 miles. 

Saranac  Lake,  Upper.  A lake  in  Franklin 

County,  New  York,  in  the  Adirondacks  64 
miles  southeast  of  Ogdensburg.  Length,  8 miles. 

Saranac  River.  A river  in  northeastern  New 
York  which  issues  from  Lower  Saranac  Lake 
and  flows  into  Lake  Champlain  at  Plattsburg. 
Length,  about  65  miles. 

Sarapis.  See  Serapis. 

Sarasate  y Navas  cues  (sa-ra-sa'ta  e nk-vas'- 
ko-as),  Pablo  Martin  Meliton.  Born  at  Pam- 
plona, Spain,  March  10,  1844:  died  at  Biarritz, 
Sept.  21.  1908.  A noted  Spanish  violinist. 

He  entered  the  Conservatoire  in  Paris  in  1856.  Shortly 
alter  1859  he  began  successful  concert  tours.  He  visited 
all  parts  of  Europe  and  many  parts  of  North  and  South 
America.  He  composed  a number  of  fantasias,  arrange* 
ments  of  Spanish  airs  and  dances,  etc. 

Sarasota  Bay  (sa-ra-so'ta  ba).  An  inlet  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
chain  of  keys,  situated  on  the  western  coast  of 
Florida  south  of  Tampa  Bay.  Length,  about 
30  miles. 

Sarasvati  (sa'ras-wa-te).  [Skt.,  ‘rich  in  wa- 
ters.’] 1.  In  the  Rigveda,  the  name  of  a mighty 
river  emptying  into  the  sea  (conjectured  by 
Roth  to  be  the  Indus),  and  of  its  genius,  who 
protects  the  dwellers  upon  its  banks,  and  be- 
stows upon  them  blessings  of  every  kind.  Both 
regards  Sarasvati  as  the  special  and  sacred,  Sindhu  as  the 
general  and  profane,  name  of  the  stream,  and  thinks  that 
its  name  and  sacred  attributes  were  transferred  in  later 
times  to  the  little  river  in  Madhyadesha,  to  which  in  his 
opinion  the  description  in  the  Bigveda  cannot  with  prob- 
ability be  applied. 

2.  Several  times  in  the  Rigveda,  and  very  often 
in  the  later  literature,  a little  river,  regarded  as 
sacred,  that  with  the  Drishadvati  forms  the 
boundaries  of  Brahmavarta,  and  is  lost  in  the 
sand,  but  at  last,  according  to  the  view  of  the 
Hindus,  running  on  under  the  earth,  unites  it- 
self with  the  Ganges  and  the  Jumna.  Muir("  Ori- 
ginal Sanskrit  Texts,"  V.  337-343)  refers  the  name  only  to 
the  latter  river,  and  explains  the  development  of  the  idea 
of  the  goddess.  The  region  between  the  Sarasvati  and 
the  Drishadvati,  called  Brahmavarta,  having  long  been  a 
stronghold  of  Brahmanic  culture,  the  Sarasvati  became  to 
the  early  Indians  what  the  Ganges  has  been  to  their  de- 
scendants ; hence  the  Sarasvati  personified  became  the 
patroness  of  sacrifice,  and  was  imagined  to  have  a part  In 
the  composition  of  the  hymns  and  so  identified  with  Vach, 
the  goddess  of  speech.  As  Brahma  is  essentially  in  origin 
the  personification  of  the  Brahmanic  order  and  of  Brah- 
manism, Sarasvati  is  Brahma’s  wife. 

Saratoff  (sk-ra'tof).  1.  A government  of  east- 
ern Russia.  It  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga,  and 
is  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Penza,  Simbirsk,  Sa 
mara,  Astrakhan,  the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Voro- 


Saratoff 


898 


Sarmatia 


nezh,  andTamboff.  There  is  plateau  land  in  the  north  and 
steppes  in  the  south.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Area,  32,624 
square  miles.  Population,  2,989,600. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Saratoff, 
situated  on  the  Volga  about  lat.  51°  30'  N., 
long.  45°  45'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial  cities 
in  Russia,  with  a trade  in  corn,  tallow,  salt,  wood,  etc., 
and  has  various  manufactures.  It  was  founded  on  its 
present  site  about  1605.  Population,  160,700. 

Saratoga.  See  Saratoga  Springs. 

Saratoga  (sar-a-to'ga),  Battles  of.  Two  bat- 
tles in  the  American  Revolution,  fought  near  the 
Hudson  12  miles  east  of  Saratoga  Springs.  The 
first  was  an  indecisive  battle  between  the  British  under 
Burgoyne  and  the  Americans  under  Gates  (with  Morgan 
and  Arnold  under  him),  fought  Sept.  19,  1777.  The  sec- 
ond was  a decisive  victory  of  the  Americans  over  the  Brit- 
ish (both  ar  mies  under  the  above-mentioned  commanders), 
Oct.  7, 1777 : it  was  followed  by  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne 
and  hisarmy(about6,000)tothe  Americans, Oct.  17.  These 
are  called  also  the  battles  of  Stillwater  or  of  Bemis’s 
Heights. 

Saratoga  Lake.  A lake  in  Saratoga  County, 
New  York,  4 miles  east  of  Saratoga  Springs. 
Length,  about  5 miles. 

Saratoga  Springs.  A village  and  watering- 
place  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  29  miles 

north  of  Albany.  It  was  one  of  the  principal  summer 
resorts  in  the  United  States.  It  ha9  mineral  springs  (cha- 
lybeate,  sulphur,  etc.).  Population,  12,(393  (1910). 

Saravia,  Antonio  Gonzales  de.  See  Mollinedo 
V Saravia. 

Saravia,  Melchor  Bravo  de.  See  Bravo  do  Sa- 
ravia Sotomayor. 

Sarawak  (sa-ra'wak).  A British  protectorate 
in  the  western  part  of  Borneo.  Capital,  Ku- 
ching. Its  surface  is  largely  hilly.  It  produces  sago, 
etc.,  and  has  mines  of  gold,  coal,  antimony,  quicksilver, 
etc.  The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy,  vested  in 
the  Brooke  family.  It  was  formerly  subject  to  Brunei. 
It  was  first  visited  by  Sir  James  Brooke  in  1839-40 ; he  was 
appointed  governor  in  1841,  and  raja  in  1842.  Sarawak 
was  recognized  by  Great  Britain  as  independent  in  1863. 
In  1888  it  was  placed  under  British  protection.  Area, 
about  52,000  square  miles.  Population,  about  600,000. 

Sarawan  (ea-ra-wan').  A district  in  northern 
Baluchistan,  situatednorth  and  west  of  Khelat. 
Sarcey  (sar-sa/),  Francisque.  Born  at  Dour- 
dan,  Seine-et-Oise,  Oct.  8, 1828 : died  at  Paris, 
May  15,  1899.  A French  dramatic  critic  and 
novelist.  He  graduated  from  the  Byc£e  Charlemagne 
in  Paris,  and  entered  the  Eeole  Normale,  where  he  pre- 
pared himself  for  a professor's  career.  After  teaching 
in  the  provinces,  he  came  to  Paris  in  1859  on  leave  of  ab- 
sence for  one  year,  and  tried  his  hand  at  journalism.  He 
contributed  to  the  “Figaro  " and  other  papers,  and  in  1860 
resigned  his  professorship  to  become  dramatic  critic  on 
“BOpinion  Nationale,”  which  had  just  been  founded.  He 
was  employed  in  the  same  capacity  on  “Be  Temps"  after 
1867.  For  three  or  four  years  he  contributed  frequently  to 
a new  paper,  “Be  Ganlois,’’  started  in  1868.  From  that 
time  he  wa9  actively  connected  with  “ Be  _XIX«  Sieclc,"  lie- 
aides  writing  incidentally  for  “Be  Gagne-Petit,"  "B'Es- 
tafette,"  “ Ba  France,”  etc.  Sarcey's  most  important  work 
is  in  the  line  of  dramatic  criticism.  In  the  course  of  his 
long  and  successful  career  he  appeared  repeatedly  as  a 
polemical  writer  in  defense  of  his  own  views  and  opin- 
ions. He  is  known  furthermore  as  the  author  of  a Tew 
novels  and  other  compositions,  including  “Be  nouveau 
seigneur  de  village”  (1862),  “be  mot  et  la  chose”  (1862), 
“Be  siege  de  Paris”  (1871),  “Etienne  Moret ” (1876),  “Be 
piano  de  Jeanne”  (1876),  “Comddiens  et  comediennes” 
(first  series  1876-77;  second  series  1878-84),  “Besmisbres 
d’un  fonctionnaire  chinois”  (1882),  “Souvenirs  de  jeu- 
nesse  ” (1885\“  Souvenirs  d’age  mflr”  (1892),  and  the  second 
volume  of  “ Paris-vivant,"  entitled  “ Be  thd&tre  ” (1893). 
Sard  (sar'se).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, an  offshoot  of  the  Tsa  ottine  or  Beaver, 
and  one  of  the  tribes  of  the  Montagnards.  It  is 
now  confederated  with  the  Siksika  or  Blackfeet  of  the  Al- 
gonquian  stock.  See  Montagnards. 

Sardanapalus.  See  Asurbanipal. 
Sardanapalus.  A tragedy  by  Lord  Byron,  pub- 
lished in  1821.  Macready  produced  it,  and 
played  the  principal  part. 

Sardes.  See  Sardis. 

Sardinia  (sar-din'i-a).  A former  kingdom,  con- 
stituted in  1720  out  of  the  duchy  of  Savoy,  to 
which  the  island  of  Sardiniahad  just  been  ceded. 
It  comprised  Savoy  proper,  Nice,  Aosta,  Montferrat,  Pied- 
mont, Genoa,  and  the  island  of  Sardinia.  It  made  acqui- 
sitions from  Milan  in  1736  and  1748;  joined  the  Allies 
against  France  in  the  French  Revolution  ; lost  dominions 
on  the  mainland  to  France  in  1798,  and  recovered  them  in 
1814.  An  insurrection  in  1821  was  suppressed  with  the 
aid  of  Austria.  King  Charles  Albert  was  at  war  with 
Austria  in  1848-49;  was  defeated  at  Novara,  March  23, 
1849  ; and  immediately  abdicated  in  favor  of  Victor  Em- 
manuel. The  leading  more  recent  events  are  the  follow- 
ing : accession  of  Cavour  to  the  premiership,  1852 ; union 
with  the  Allies  against  Russia  in  the  Crimean  war,  1855 ; 
suoeessful  war  in  alliance  with  France  against  Austria 
ended  by  the  treaty  of  Villafranca,  1859 ; Bombardy  an- 
nexed, 1859 ; Savoy  and  Nice  ceded  to  France,  1860;  Emilia, 
Tuscany,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  Papal  States  annexed, 
1860;  kingdom  of  Naples  invaded  by  Garibaldi  and  an- 
nexed,  1860 ; title  of  king  of  Italy  assumed  by  Victor  Em- 
manuel, 1861.  See  Savoy  and  Italy. 

Sardinia,  It.  Sardegna  (sar-dan'ya),  F.  Sar- 
daigne(sar-dany'),  Sp.Cerdena(ther-dan'ya). 
An  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to 


Italy:  the  ancient  Greek  Iehnousa  (’Ixvovoa) 
and  Sardo  (Sapdoi),  and  the  Roman  Sardinia. 
Capital,  Cagliari.  It,  lies  south  of  Corsica  (separated 
by  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio),  and  about  150  miles  west  of  the 
mainland  of  Italy.  Its  surface  is  largely  mountainous, 
particularly  in  the  east(highest  point, over  6,000  feet).  It  has 
mineral  wealth  in  the  south  (lead,  zinc,  iron,  silver,  etc.). 
The  leading  exports  are  ores  and  live  stock.  It  is  divided 
into  the  two  provinces  of  Sassari  and  Cagliari.  It  was 
settled  and  conquered  by  the  Carthaginians  about  500  B.  c.; 
became  a Roman  possession  in  238 ; was  one  of  the  chief 
sources  of  grain-supply  for  Rome ; was  ravaged  by  the  Van- 
dals, Goths,  and  Saracens  (the  Pisans  dispossessing  the 
Saracens  about  the  middle  of  the  11th  century);  passed  to 
Aragon  about  1325 ; continued  Spanish  until  granted  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht  to  Austria  in  1713 ; was  ceded  to 
Savoy  in  1720 ; and  became  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Sar- 
dinia, and  in  1861  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Area,  9,306 
square  miles.  Population  of  compartimento,  861,294. 

Sardinian  Convention.  A convention  between 
Sardinia,  France,  and  Great  Britain,  Jan.,  1855, 
by  wlii eh  Sardinia  agreed  to  furnish  a military 
contingent  against  Russia  in  the  Crimean  war. 
Sardis  (sar'dis),  or  Sardes  (sar'dez).  [Gr. 

Sapdif.]  In  ancient  geography,  the  capi- 
tal of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Tmolus,  on  the  Pactolus  near  the  Her- 
mus;  in  lat.  38°  29'  N.,  long.  28°  5'  E.  It  was  a 
flourishing  city  under  Croesus ; was  taken  by  the  Athenians 
and  Ionians  from  the  Persians  about  498  B.  c. ; was  the 
residence  of  Persian  satraps  in  western  Asia;  and  was  later 
an  important  Roman  city.  Its  church  was  one  of  the  seven 
addressed  by  the  apostle  John  in  Revelation.  Sardis  was 
several  times  destroyed,  last  by  Timur.  Its  site  is  occu- 
pied by  the  village  Sart.  The  tomb  of  Alyattes  here  is  a 
conical  tumulus  1,180  feet  in  diameter  and  142  high,  with 
a sloping  base-revetment  of  massive  masonry.  The  temple 
of  Cybele,  a famous  sanctuary,  in  its  existing  remains  of 
Hellenistic  date,  was  an  Ionic  dipteros  of  8 by  17  columns, 
with  3 ranges  of  columns  on  the  front,  and  measured  144 
by  2G1  feet.  The  columns  are  6 jfeetin  diameterand  about 
681  high. 

Sardona  (sar-do'nii).  A group  of  the  Glarner 
Alps,  on  the  confines  of  the  cantons  of  Glams, 
St.  Gall,  and  Grisons,  Switzerland.  Height, 
★about  10,000  feet. 

Sardou  (sar-do'),  Victorien.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  7,  1831:  died  there,  Nov.  8,  1908.  A noted 
French  dramati  st.  In  1854  he  wrote  a play,  “ Ba  taveme 
des  dtudiants,’  which  proved  a complete  failure.  Discour- 
aged and  broken  down  in  health, he  fell  dangerously  ill.  He 
was  cared  for  by  a charitable  neighbor,  Mademoiselle  de 
Brecourt,  whom  he  subsequently  married,  and  who  was 
largely  instrumental  in  restoring  his  enthusiasm  for  dra- 
matic writing.  A fortunate  introduction  into  theatrical 
circles  enabled  him  to  place  his  plays:  his  first  success  may 
be  said  to  date  from  his  productions  of  “M.  Garat”  and 
“Bes  pres  Saint-Gervais  ” (1860-61).  Among  his  numerous 
plays  are  the  comedies  “ Bes  pattes  de  mouche " (1861), 
“ Nos  intimes  ” (1861),  “Ba  famille  Benoiton  ” (1865),  “ Bee 
bons  villageois  ” (1866),  “Maisonneuve  " (1866),  “Ferrbol” 
(1875),  “Dora  ”(1877),  " Daniel  Rochat  "(1880),  “Divonjons” 
(1880),  “Odette  ' (1881),  “Georgette”  (1885),  “Marquise” 
(1889),  and  “ Belle-Maman”  (1SS9).  He  was  alBO  the  author 
of  “Rabagas"  (1871),  a political  satire;  “B’Oncle  Sam” 
(1873),  a satire  on  American  society;  “Bes  bourgeois  de 
Pont-Arcy  ” (L878);  “Fedora  "(1882);  “Be  crocodile” (1886); 
and  “ Madame  Sans-Geue  ” (with  others,  1894).  Sardou 
acquired  reputation  for  a more  serious  Btyle  of  work,  as 
“ Patrie " (1869),  “Ba  haine”  (1874),  and  “Theodora" 
(1884), ^ “BaTosca"  (1887),  “ Cleopatre"  (1890),  “Ther- 
midor"  (1891).  The  accusation  of  plagiarism  was  repeatedly 
brought  against  Sardou:  for  instance,  “Bes  pattes  de 
mouche " was  said  to  be  based  on  “ The  Purloined 
Better  ” by  Edgar  Allan  Poe;  “ B'Oncle  Sam  ” to  have  been 
borrowed  from  Alfred  Assollant’s  “Scenes  de  la  vie  des 
Etats-BTni8  ” (1858),  etc.  In  addition  to  winning  cases  of  this 
kind  before  the  courts,  Sardou  wrote  “Mes  plagiats” 
(1883)  in  refutation  of  such  attacks.  He  was  elected  to  the 
French  Academy,  .Time  7, 1877,  succeeding  the  poet  Joseph 
Antoine  Autran. 

Sarduris.  See  Armenia. 

Saree.  See  Sari. 

Sarepta  (sa-rep'ta),  cr  Sarephath(zar'e-fath). 
[Heb.,  ‘smelting-house.’]  An  ancient  city  sit- 
uated between  Tyre  and  Sidon  in  Phenieia.  It 
is  mentioned  in  1 Ki.  xvii.  as  the  home  of  the  widow  at 
whose  housethe  prophet  Elijah  performed  a miracle.  In 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  of  Sennacherib  it  is  mentioned 
under  the  name  of  Cariptu.  Its  wine  was  celebrated. 
The  Crusaders  established  there  an  episcopal  see.  It  is 
now  represented  by  the  village  Sarafend. 

Sarepta  (sa-rep'ta).  A small  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Sarpawith  the  Volga,  230  miles 
northwest  of  Astrakhan.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Moravian  Brethren. 

Sargasso  (sar-gas'o)  Sea.  A region  (or,  more 
propei’ly,  regions)  within  the  great  gyration  of 
the  Gulf  Stream  in  the  North  Atlantic.  It  is  so 
named  from  the  abundance  in  it  of  the  weed  Sargassutn 
bacciferum.  There  existed  no  such  delimited  fucus-bank 
as  was  supposed  by  Humboldt,  hut  merely  areas  where 
the  sargassum  was  most  abundant.  The  maximum  de- 
velopment appears  to  be  south  of  the  35th  parallel  of 
latitude  and  west  of  long.  52°  W. 

Sargent  (sar'jent),  Charles  Sprague.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  April  24,  1841.  An  American 
arboriculturist  and  botanist.  He  was  director  of 
the  botanic  garden  and  Arnold  Arboretum  at  Harvard 
University  1872-78,  and  has  been  Arnold  professor  of  arbori- 
culture since  1879.  He  was  editor  of  “Garden  and  For- 
est” 1887-97.  He  has  published  “Catalogue  of  the  Forest 


Treesof  North  America  "(1880),  “The  Woods  of  the  United 
States”  (1885),  and  edited  “Trees  and  Shrubs,”  etc. 

Sargent,  Epes.  Born  at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  Sept. 
27,1£J2:  died  at  Boston,  Dec.  31. 1880.  AnAmeri- 
ean  miscellaneous  author  and  journalist.  He  was 
for  a number  of  years  editor  of  the  “ Boston  Evening  Tran- 
script,” from  which  he  retired  in  order  to  devote  himself 
to  authorship.  Hepublished  “ The  Bride  of  Genoa  "(1836), 
“Velasco”  (1837),  “Change  Makes  Change,”  “The  Priest- 
ess”; poems,  including  “ Bife  on  the  Ocean  Wave  «;  tales ; 
lives  of  Henry  Clay  and  Benjamin  Franklin : edited  English 
poets,  and  public-school  readers  and  other  school  text- 
books. He  also  published  “The  Modem  Drama ” (1846—), 
“Proof  Palpable  of  Immortality  : an  account  of  the  Mate- 
rialization Phenomena  of  Modern  Spiritualism”  (1876)  and 
other  works  on  Spiritualism,  “Cyclopsedia  of  English  and 
American  Poetry”  (1881),  and  other  compilations. 

Sargent,  John  Singer.  Born  at  Florence,  Italy, 
1856.  A noted  American  portrait-  and  genre- 
painter:  a pupil  of  Carolus  Duran.  In  1878he  re- 
ceived an  honorable  mention  at  the  Salon,  and  in  1881  a 
medal  of  the  second  class.  At  the  International  Exhibi- 
tion of  1889  he  obtained  a m edal  of  honor,  and  was  awarded 
the  Temple  medal  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fioe 
Arts  in  1894.  Among  his  picturesare  “ Portraitof  Carolus 
Duran”  (1879),  “El  Jaleo”  (1882),  etc.  Many  of  his  por- 
traits are  in  America.  He  has  also  executed  a series  of 
decorative  panels  for  the  Boston  Public  library.  Elected 
royal  academician  1897. 

Sargent,  Lucius  Manlius.  Born  at  Boston, 
June  25,  1786:  died  at  West  Roxbury,  Mass., 
June  2,  1867.  An  American  poet,  journalist, 
temperance  lecturer,  and  miscellaneous  author, 
brother  of  Henry  Sargent.  He  wrote  “Tem- 
perance Tales,”  “The  Irrepressible  Conflict.” 

Sargent,  Nathan.  Born  at  Pultney,  Vt.,  May 
5, 1794 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  2, 1875. 
An  American  journalist  and  politician.  He  was 
register  of  the  United  States  treasury  1851-53,  and  com- 
missioner of  customs  1861-67.  He  wrote  “ Bife  of  Henry 
Clay”  (1844)  and  “Public  Men  and  Events”  (1875). 

Sargent,  Winthrop.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 

Sept.  23, 1825 : died  at  Paris,  May  18, 1870.  An 
American  antiquary  and  bibliographer,  grand- 
son of  Winthrop  Sargent  (1753-1820).  He  wrote 
a ‘ ‘ History  of  an  Expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne,  in  1765, 
under  Major-General  Braddock  ” (1855),  “ Boyalist  Poetry 
of  the  Revolution”  (1857),  “Bife  and  Career  of  Major  John 
Andrd  ” (1861),  etc. 

Sargon  (sar'gon).  [Assyr.  Sharru-Tcenu,  the  le- 
gitimate king.]  1.  The  first  historical  king  in 
the  old  Babylonian  period  An  inscription  of  Naboni- 
dus,  the  last  king  of  the  Babylonian  empire  (555-538  B.  c.), 
speaks  of  Sargon s son  Naram-Sin  as  having  ruled  3,200 
years  before  (about  3750  B.  c.).  Sargon's  reign  may  there- 
fore be  placed  at  about  3800  B.  C.  Sargon  ruled  over  North 
Babylonia,  withhis  residence  in  Agade  (Akkad).  He  made 
conquests  in  the  west  (Syria),  and  erected  the  temple 
Eulbar  in  honor  of  Anunit. 

2.  King  of  Assyria  722-705  B.  C.  He  was  prob- 
ably a usurper  and  assumed  this  significant  name  after  his 
accession  to  the  throne.  He  is  one  of  the  most  imposing 
characters  among  the  Assyrian  kings,  great  both  as  a war- 
rior and  ruler.  He  was  the  consolidator  of  the  Assyrian 
empire,  by  subduing  with  an  iron  hand  the  rebellions  which 
continually  broke  out  in  all  parts  of  the  vast  empire,  and 
by  employing  the  policy  of  transplanting  the  subjugated 
peoples  to  remote  provinces,  thus  crushing  their  national 
existence.  The  first  act  recorded  of  him  was  the  conquest 
of  Samaria  and  the  destruction  of  the  northern  kingdom  of 
Israel.  The  inhabitants  of  Samaria  (according  to  Sargon’s 
account,  27,290  in  number)  were  transported  to  “ Halah.  Ha- 
bor  by  the  river  of  Gozan,  and  the  cities  of  the  Medes,"  and 
in  tlieir  place  were  settled  peoples  from  “Babel,  Cuthah, 
Ava,  Hamath,  and  Sepharvaim  ” (2 Ki.  xvii.  6,  24).  (See  Sa- 
maria.) Of  Sargon’s  other  expeditions  maybe  mentioned 
those  against  Ilubi’di  (or  Yahubi’di)  of  Hamath  in  720,  Car- 
chemish  in  717,  Ashdod  in  711  (cf.  Isaiah  jex.  1),  and  espe- 
cially his  war  against  Merodach  Baladan  of  Babylon,  which 
ended  with  the  defeat  of  the  latter  and  Sargon’s  taking  pos- 
session of  Babylon.  He  received  an  embassy  and  gifts  from 
seven  kingswho  ruled  in  Cyprus,  in  return  for  which  he  pre- 
sented them  with  a stele  bearing  his  image  and  an  inscrip- 
tion which  is  now  preserved  in  the  Royal  Museum  of  Ber- 
lin. No  less  energetic  was  Sargon  in  works  of  peace.  He 
established  a city  for  his  residence,  naming  it  Dur-Sharru- 
kin.  It  was  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Musri, 
north  of  Nineveh,  and  is  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of 
Khorsabad.  He  had  great  care  for  the  welfare  and' pros- 
perity of  his  subjects.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  VIII. 

Sari  (sa-re').  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Mazanderan,  northern  Persia,  situated  114 
miles  northeast  of  Teheran. 

Sarine  (sii-ren').  The  French  name  of  the 

Saane. 

Sari-su,  or  Sary-su  (sa-re'so).  A river  in  Ak- 
molinsk,  Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  north- 
east of  the  Sir-Daria.  Its  waters  are  absorbed  by  the 
desert.  Bength,  about  400-500  miles. 

Sarju,  or  Sarjou  (siir-jo').  Aname  given  to  the 
river  Gogra  in  part  of  its  course. 

Sark  (sark),  or  Sercq,  or  Serk  (sark).  One  of 
the  Channel  Islands,  situated  6 miles  east  of 
Guernsey,  of  which  it  is  a dependency.  The 
scenery  is  very  picturesque.  Length,  3$ miles. 

Sariat  (siir-la').  A cathedral  city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  France,  32  miles  south- 
east of  Perigueux.  Population,  commune, 
6,195. 

Sarmatia  (sar-ma'shiii).  [Gr.  2apyd-ia.~\  In  an- 
cient geography,  according  to  Ptolemy,  a terri- 


Sarmatia 

tory  extending  from  the  Vistula  to  the  V olga.  it 
comprised  a large  part  of  Russia  and  of  Poland.  The  Sar- 
matians  were  probably  of  Median  origin  ; according  to  He- 
rodotus, they  were  allied  to  the  Scythians.  In  the  time.of 
the  Roman  Empire  they  penetrated  into  Hungary,  the 
lower  Danube  valley,  etc.  The  Jazyges  and  Roxolani 
were  among  the  principal  tribes.  They  became  finally 
absorbed  in  other  peoples,  as  the  Avars. 

Sarmaticum  Mare  (sar-mat'i-kum  ma're),  or 
Sarmaticus  Oceanus  (sar-mat'i-kus  o-se'a- 
nus).  In  ancient  geography,  a name  of  the  Bal- 
tic Sea. 

Sarmiento  (siir-me-en'td),  Domingo  Faustino. 

Bom  at  San  Juan,  Feb.  15, 1811:  died  at  Asun- 
cion, Paraguay,  Sept.  11, 1888.  An  Argentinian 
educator,  journalist,  author,  and  statesman.  He 
was  minister  of  public  instruction  I860,  and  of  the  interior 
1861 ; governor  of  San  Juan ; and  while  minister  to  the 
United  States  was  elected  president  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public for  the  term  Oct.  12, 1868, -Oct.  12, 1874.  During  this 
period  his  efforts  to  improve  the  educational  system  of  the 
republic  were  continued  with  great  success;  the  Para- 
guayan war  was  brought  to  a close ; and  an  insurrection 
was  put  down.  Sarmiento  published  many  books,  includ- 
ing “ Vida  de  Quiroga"  (1851),  travels,  etc. 

Sarmiento  (sar-me-en'to),  Mount.  The  high- 
est mountain  of  the  Tierra  del  Fuego  group, 
situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  main 
island.  Height,  6,630  feet. 

Sarmiento  de  Gamboa  (sar-me-en'to  da  gam- 
bo'a),  Pedro.  Born  in  Galicia  about  1530:  died 
after  1589.  A Spanish  navigator,  long  promi- 
nent on  the  Peruvian  coast.  In  1579  he  was  sent 
with  a fleet  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan  in  a vain  attempt 
to  intercept  Drake,  who,  it  was  supposed,  would  return 
through  the  strait  after  his  ravages  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Sarmiento  went  on  to  Spain,  and  in  1581  was  associated  with 
Flores  Valdez  in  command  of  a powerful  expedition  des- 
tined to  plant  a colony  on  the  strait.  Many  of  the  ships 
were  lost ; the  commanders  quarreled ; and  Flores  returned 
to  Spain,  leaving  Sarmiento  with  only  four  vessels.  He 
left  a colony  on  the  strait  (1583),  and  while  returning  to 
Europe  was  captured  by  English  ships  belonging  to  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  and  remained  a prisoner  until  1588.  The 
colony  perished  of  hunger,  only  two  persons  being  rescued 
(whence  the  site  is  still  called  Port  Famine).  Sarmiento’s 
report  was  published  in  1708.  Often  written  Pedro  de 
Sarmiento  Gamboa. 

Sarnen  (zar'nen).  The  capital  of  the  half-can- 
ton of  Unterwalden  Obwald,  Switzerland,  sit- 
uated at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Sar- 
nen, 12  miles  south-southwest  of  Lucerne.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,949. 

Sarnen,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  the  canton  of 
Unterwalden,  Switzerland,  5 miles  southwest 
of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  into  which  it  dis- 
charges. Length,  3 miles. 

Sarnia  (sar'ni-a).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
island  of  Guernsey. 

Sarnia  (sar'ni-a).  The  capital  of  Lambton 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  St.  Clair 
River,  near  Lake  Huron,  55  miles  northeast 
of  Detroit.  Population,  9,947,  (1911). 

Saraus  (sar'nus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  of  Italy,  which  flows  into  the  Bay 
of  Naples  near  Pompeii:  the  modern  Samo. 
Near  it  the  Goths  under  Teias  were  totally  defeated  by  the 
Romans  under  Narses  in  553  or  652. 

Saronic  Gulf  (sa-ron'ik  gulf).  [L.  Saronic  us 
Sinus.~\  An  arm  of  the  iEgean  Sea,  lying  south- 
west of  Attica  and  northeast  of  Argolis,  Greece : 
the  modern  Gulf  of  HCgina.  It  contains  the  isl- 
ands of  Salamis  and  JEgina.  Length,  about  50 
miles. 

Saronno  (sa-ron'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ltira  15  miles 
north-northwest  of  Milan.  The  Sanctuary  of  the 
Virgin,  a domed  church  of  the  16th  century,  is  remarkable 
for  its  series  of  frescos  by  Gaudenzio  Ferrari  and  Bernar- 
dino Luini.  Population,  town,  8,754;  commune,  9,534. 

Saros  (sa'ros),  Gulf  of.  A gulf  in  the  north- 
eastern extremity  of  the  iEgean  Sea,  north  of 
the  peninsula  of  Gallipoli : the  ancient  Melas 
Sinus. 

S&r  os-Patak,  or  S&ros-N  agy-Patak  ( sha/  rosh- 
nody-po'tok).  A town  in  the  county  of  Zem- 
plin,  northern  Hungary,  on  the  Bodrog  54  miles 
north  of  Debreczin.  Pop.,  commune,  7,911. 
Sarpa  (sar'pa).  A river  in  the  government  of 
Astrakhan,  Russia.  It  joins  the  Volga  near 
Sarepta.  Length,  150  to  200  miles. 

Sarpedon  (sar-pe'don).  [Gr.  lapm/dov.']  In 
Greek  legend:  (a)  A son  of  Zeus  and  Europa, 
and  king  of  the  Lydians : often  confounded  with 
(6).  (b)  A Lycian  prince,  son  of  Zeus  and  Lao- 
damia,  or,  according  to  others,  of  Evander  and 
Deidameia.  He  was  an  ally  of  the  Trojans  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  during  which  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  Patroclus. 
His  body  was,  at  the  command  of  Zeus,  anointed  with  am- 
brosia by  Apollo  and  carried  by  Sleep  and  Death  to  f ycia 
for  burial. 

Sarpi  (sar'pe),  Pietro  or  Paolo,  called  Fra 
Paolo  (‘  Brother  Paul  ’),and  surnamed  Servita. 
Born  at  Venice,  Aug.  14,  1552:  died  there,  Jan. 
15,1623.  A Venetian  historian.  He  entered  the 


899 

Order  of  the  Servites  in  1565.  In  1570  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  Servite  monastery,  Venice.  He 
was  distinguished,  in  the  controversy  with  Pope  Paul  V. 
1606-07,  as  the  champion  of  free  thought.  His  chief  work 
is  “Istoriadel  concilio  di  Trento  ’’(“History  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  Trent  ’’),  published  in  London  (1619)  by  Antonio  de 
Dominis.  He  was  noted  also  for  his  letters  and  scientific 
attainments,  and  corresponded  with  Galileo;  Harvey,  Ba- 
con, and  others. 

Sarpsfos  (sarps'fos).  A cataract  in  the  river 
Glommen,  Norway,  northeast  of  Fredrikstad. 
Height,  74  feet.  The  fall  is  crossed  by  a sus- 
pension bridge  built  in  1854. 

Sarre.  The  French  name  of  the  Saar. 
Sarrebourg.  The  French  name  of  Saarburg. 
Sarrebruck.  The  French  name  of  Saarbriicken. 
Sarreguemines.  The  French  name  of  Saarge- 
miind. 

Sarrelouis.  The  French  name  of  Saarlouis. 
Sars  (sars),  Michael.  Born  at  Bergen,  Norway, 
Aug.  30, 1805 : died  Oct.  22, 1869.  A noted  Nor- 
wegian zoologist,  professor  at  the  University 
of  Christiania  from  1854.  His  works  include 
“Fauna  littoralis  Norvegke”  (1846),  etc. 
Sarsfield  (sars'feld),  Patrick,  Earl  of  Lucan. 
Killed  at  the  battle  of  Neerwinden,  July,  1693. 
An  Lush  J acobite  general.  He  served  against  Mon- 
mouth at  Sedgmoor  in  1685 ; was  a member  of  the  Irish 
Parliament ; and  served  in  the  army  of  James  II.  in  Ire- 
land. He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  in  1690 ; 
forced  William  III.  to  raise  the  siege  of  Limerick  in  the 
same  year  ; and  negotiated  the  final  capitulation  of  Limer- 
ick in  1691.  He  thereupon  entered  the  service  of  France. 
Sartain  (sar-tan'),  John,  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
24,  1808:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  25,  1897. 
An  English-American  engraver,  pioneer  in 
mezzotint-engraving  in  the  United  States,  to 
which  country  he  came  in  1830.  Until  about  1840 
he  painted  portraits  in  oil  and  miniatures  on  ivory.  He 
published  “Sartain’s  Union  Magazine  ” (1848-52),  and  was 
editor  of  several  other  magazines. 

Sartain,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
21,  1843.  An  American  landscape-  and  genre- 
painter,  son  of  John  Sartain. 

Sarthe  (sart).  A river  in  northwestern  France 
which  unites  near  Angers  with  the  Mayenne  to 
form  the  Maine.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Huisne  and  Loir.  Length,  about  170  miles; 
navigable  from  Le  Mans. 

Sarthe.  A department  of  France,  capital  Le 
Mans,  formed  from  the  eastern  part  of  Maine 
and  small  portions  of  Anjou  and  Perche.  It  is 
bounded  by  Orne  on  the  north,  Eure-et-Loir  on  the  north- 
east, Loir-et-Cher  on  the  east,  Indre-et- Loire  and  Maine- 
et- Loire  on  the  south,  and  Mayenne  on  the  west.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  Area,  2,410  square  miles.  Population. 
421,470. 

Sarti(sar'te),  Giuseppe.  Born  atFaenza,  Italy, 
Dec.  1,  1729 : died  at  Berlin,  July  28, 1802.  An 
Italian  composer.  He  wrote  many  operas  (among 
which  are  “ II  R6  pastore,”  “ Armida  e Rinaldo,"  “ Didone 
Abbandonata,"  etc.)  and  much  sacred  music.  He  also  in- 
vented a machine  for  counting  the  vibrations  of  sound. 

Sarto  (sar'td),  Andreadel.  BornnearFlorence, 
July  16,  1486:  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  22,  1531. 
A noted  Florentine  painter,  famous  for  his 
frescos,  many  of  which  are  in  Florence.  His  real 
name  was  Andrea  d’Angelo  di  Francesco,  but  he  was  called 
del  Sarto  because  his  father  Angelo  was  a tailor ; the  name 
Vanucchi  has  been  given  him  without  good  reason.  The 
subjects  of  the  frescos  are  mostly  religious.  Among  them 
are  the  “Madonna  del  Sacco” in  the  cloisters  of  San  An- 
nunziata;  the  “Madonna  di  San  Francesco  "and  “Birth  of 
St.  John  ” at  the  Scalzo ; the  “Last  Supper’’  at  San  Salvi; 
five  frescos  illustrating  scenes  in  the  life  of  St.  Philip,  in 
thecourtof  Sant’Annunziatade’  Servi;  a “Procession  of  the 
Magi  ” and  the  “Nativity  of  the  Virgin"  in  the  court  of  the 
Servi  (this  “Nativity”  is  said  to  be  the  best  fresco  ever 
painted).  Among  his  easel-pictures  are  two  “Annuncia- 
tions,” two  “Assumptions,"  a “Deposition  from  the  Cross,” 
a “ Holy  Family,”  a “Madonna,”  etc.,  at  the  Pitti  Palace, 
Florence  ; “Charity  “and  a “Holy  Family  ” at  the  Louvre ; 
a portrait  of  himself  and  a “ Holy  Family  ’’  at  the  National 
Gallery,  London  ; and  pictures  at  Vienna,  Dresden,  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, and  other  galleries. 

Sartoris  (sar-to'ris),  Mrs.  (Adelaide  Kemble). 

Born  in  1814 : died  in  1879.  An  English  singer 
and  writer,  the  daughter  of  Charles  Kemble. 
She  appeared  first  in  1835,  and  retired  from  the  stage  on 
her  marriage  in  1843.  She  published  “A  Week  in  aFrench 
Country  House "(1867), “Medusa, etc. "(1868), “Past  Hours,” 
edited  by  her  daughter  (1880). 

Sartoro  (sar'  tor-e').  An  island  off  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Norway,  10  miles  west  of  Bergen. 
Length,  20  miles. 

Sartor  Resartus  (sar'torre-siir'tus).  [L.,  ‘the 
tailor  restitched. ’J  A satirical  work  by  Thomas 
Carlyle,  published  in  “Fraser’s  Magazine” 
1833-34,  and  in  hook  form  in  1835. 

Sarum,  New.  See  Salisbury. 

Sarum,  Old.  See  Old  Sarum. 

Sarun,  or  Saran  (sa-run').  A district  in  the 
Patna  division,  Behar,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  26°  15'  N.,  long.  84°  30'  E.  Area, 
2,674  square  miles.  Population,  about  2,- 
409,000. 


Satire  M6nipp6e 

Sarus  (sa'rus).  The  ancient  name  of  the  river 
Sihun. 

Sarv  (surv).  [Pers.,  ‘cypress.’]  In  the  Shah- 
namah,  the  king  of  Yemen  whose  three  daugh- 
ters were  wedded  to  Salm,  Tur,  and  Iraj,  the 
three  sons  of  Faridun. 

Sarzeau  (sar-zo').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Morbihan,  northwestern  France,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Morbihan  33  miles  southeast  of 
Lorient:  the  birthplace  of  Le  Sage.  Population, 
commune,  4,787. 

Sasanians.  See  Sassanids. 

Sasbach  (zas'bach).  A village  in  Baden,  29 
miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe.  Here,  July  27, 
1675,  Marshal  Turenne  was  killed  in  a skir- 
mish. 

Sasik,  or  Sasyk  (sa-sik'),  or  Kunduk  (kon- 
dok'),  Lake.  A coast  lake  of  Bessarabia,  Rus- 
sia, situated  near  the  Black  Sea,  with  which  it 
communicates  near  the  Kilia  mouth  of  the 
Danube.  Length,  20  miles. 

Saskatchewan  (sas-kach'e-wan).  1.  A river 
in  British  America.  It  is  formed  by  the  North  Branch 
and  South  Branch  (which  rise  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  unite  about  long.  106°  W.),  flows  through  Lake  Win- 
nipeg, and  issues  thence  as  the  Nelson  River.  The  chief 
tributaries  of  the  system  are  the  Red  Deer  River,  Battle 
River,  and  Red  River  of  the  North. 

2.  A former  district  constituted  in  1882  from 
part  of  the  Northwest  Territories  of  Canada. 
It  lay  north  of  Manitoba  and  Assiniboia  and  east  of 
Alberta.  The  province  of  Saskatchewan,  comprising  the 
eastern  half  of  Athabasca  and  the  greater  part  of  the  old 
districts  of  Assiniboia  and  Saskatchewan,  wa3  created 
Sept.  4,  1905.  It  sends  4 senators  and  10  representatives  to 
the  Dominion  parliament.  Capital,  Regina.  Area,  251,- 
700  square  miles.  Population  of  province,  492,432,  (1911). 

Sassanids  (sas'a-nidz),  or  Sassanians  (sa-sa'- 
ni-anz).  The  dynasty  of  Persian  kings  which 
ruled  from  about  226  a.  d.,  when  Ardashir  I. 
overthrew  the  Parthian  realm  of  the  Arsacids, 
until  about  641,  when  it  was  overthrown  by  the 
Arabsat  Nehavend.  It  wasattheheightof  its  power 
under  Khusrau  I.  and  Khusrau  II.  The  Persian  empire 
in  that  period  is  sometimes  called  the  Sassanian  empire. 

Sassari  (sas'sa-re).  1.  The  northernmost  of 
the  two  provinces  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
Italy.  Area,  4,122  square  miles.  Population, 
340, 122. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Sas- 
sari, situated  in  lat.  40°  44'  N.,  long.  8°  34'  E. 
Its  port  is  Porto  Torres.  It  contains  a cathedral,  univer- 
sity, and  castle.  Population,  commune,  36,041. 

Sassoferrato  (sas-so-fer-ra'to).  A small  town 
in  the  province  of  Ancona,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Sentino  36  miles  west-southwest  of  Ancona. 
Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sentinum. 
Sassoferrato,  Giovanni  Battista  Salvi,  called 
II.  Born  at  Sassoferrato,  July  11,  1605:  died 
at  Rome,  April  8,  1685.  An  Italian  painter. 
He  devoted  himself  principally  to  devotional 
subjects  and  Madonnas. 

Sastean  (sas'te-an),  orShastan  (shas'tan).  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
They  formerly  dwelt  in  California  in  the  valleys  of  Shasta 
and  Scott  rivers,  and  along  the  Klamath  from  beyond 
Bogus  Creek  to  the  range  of  hills  above  Happy  Camp.  It 
once  extended  into  Oregon  as  far  as  Ashland,  and  was 
composed  of  the  3 tribes  or  divisions  Autire,  Edohwe,  and 
Iruwai.  Only  a few  survive.  Also  Shaeta,  Shastica, 
Chestes. 

Satan  (sa'tan).  [Heb.,  ‘an  enemy/ ‘ Satan.’] 
The  chief  evil  spirit ; the  great  adversary  of 
man ; the  devil. 

Satanella  (sat-a-nel'a),  or  the  Power  of  Love. 

An  opera  by  Balfe,  produced  at  London  in  1858. 
Satanic  School.  In  19th-century  literary  his- 
tory, a name  first  given  by  Southey  to  a class  of 
writers  who  were  supposed  to  write  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  received  principles  of  morality  and 
the  Christian  religion.  Among  the  most  prom- 
inent were  Byron,  Moore,  Shelley,  Bulwer,  Paul 
de  Kock,  Victor  Hugo,  etc. 

Satanstoe  (sa'tanz-to).  A novel  by  Cooper, 
published  in  1845. 

Satara,  or  Sattara  (sa-ta'ra).  1.  A district  in 
Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  17° 
30'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area,  4,825  square  miles. 
Population,  1,146,559. — 2.  The  capital  of  Sa- 
tara district,  situated  in  lat.  17°  41'  N.,  long. 
74°  E.  Population,  with  cantonment,  26,022. 
Saterland  (za'ter-lant).  A small  district  in  the 
western  part  of  Oldenburg,  Germany,  west  of 
the  city  of  Oldenburg. 

Satilla  (sa-til'a).  Ariverin  southeastern  Geor- 
gia which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  82  miles  south 
southwest  of  Savannah.  Length,  about  200 
miles. 

Satire  Menippee(sa-ter'  ma-ne-pa').  AFrench 
political  satire  (in  prose  and  verse)  which  ap- 
peared in  1594,  and  was  directed  against  the 


Satire  Menipp^e 

League.  It  was  written  by  7 men  (Leroy,  Gillot,  Passerat, 
Rapin,  Chrestien,  Pithou,  and  Durant),  most  of  them  law- 
yers. 

The  plan  of  the  [Satire]  Menipp^e  (the  title  of  which,  it 
is  hardly  necessary  to  say,  is  borrowed  from  the  name  of 
the  cynic  philosopher  celebrated  by  Lucian)  is  for  the  time 
singularly  original  and  bold  ; but  the  spirit  hi  which  the 
subject  is  treated  is  more  original  still.  Generally  speak- 
ing, the  piece  has  the  form  of  a compte-rendu  of  the  assem- 
bly of  the  states  at  Paris.  The  full  title  is  “ De  la  Vertu 
du  Catholicon  d'Espagne  et  de  la  Tenue  des  Etats  de  Pa- 
ris." The  preface  contains  a sarcastic  harangue  in  ortho- 
dox charlatan  style  on  the  merits  of  the  new  Catholicon  or 
Panacea.  Then  comes  a descript  ion  (in  which,  as  through- 
out the  work,  actual  facts  are  blended  inextricably  with 
satirical  comment)  of  the  procession  of  opening.  To  this 
succeeds  a sketch  of  the  tapestries  with  which  the  hall  of 
meeting  was  hung,  all  of  which  are,  of  course,  allegorical, 
and  deal  with  murders  of  princes,  betrayal  of  native  coun- 
tries to  foreigners,  etc.  Then  comes  “L’Ordre  tenu  pour 
les  Stances,"  in  which  the  chief  personages  on  the  side  of 
the  League  are  enumerated  in  a long  catalogue,  every  item 
of  which  contains  some  bitter  allusion  to  the  private  or 
public  conduct  of  the  person  named.  Seven  solemn 
speeches  are  then  delivered  by  the  Duke  de  Hayenne  as 
lieutenant,  by  the  legate,  by  the  Cardinal  de  Pelvt-,  by  the 
Bishop  of  Lyons,  by  Rose  the  fanatical  rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity, by  the  Sieur  de  Rieux  as  representative  of  the 
nobility,  and,  lastly,  by  a certain  Monsieur  d'Aubray  for 
the  Tiers-fitat.  A burlesque  coda  concludes  the  volume, 
the  joints  of  which  are,  first,  a short  verse  satire  on  PelvfS ; 
secondly,  a collection  of  epigrams ; and,  thirdly,  Durant's 
“Regret  Funfebrek  Mademoiselle  maCommbresurleTrdpas 
deson  Ane,”  a delightful  satire  on  the  Leaguers,  which  did 
not  appear  in  the  first  edition,  but  which  yields  to  few 
things  in  the  book.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  259. 

Satire  of  the  Three  Estates.  A morality  play 
by  Sir  David  Lindsay,  produced  in  1540. 
Satiromastix  (sat/,i-r6-mas,tiks),  or  the  Un- 
trussing  of  the  Humorous  Poet.  A play  by 
Dekker,  acted  in  1601  and  printed  in  1602.  It  is 

Dekker’s  answer  to  Jonson’s  “ Poetaster, ” which  is  thought 
to  be  a direct  attack  on  him.  In  1603,  however,  Jonson  and 
Dekker  were  joint  authors  of  a pageant  for  the  reception 
of  James  I. 

Satlej.  See  Sutlej. 

S&toralja-Ujhely  (sa'to-rol-yo-oy'hely).  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Zomplin,  Hungary,  sit- 
uated 61  miles  north  of  Debreczin.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  16,886. 

Satpura  (sat-po'ra)  Mountains.  A mountain- 
range  in  central  India,  extending  generally 
east  and  west  between  the  valley  of  the  Ner- 
budda  on  the  north  and  that  of  the  Tapti  on 
the  south.  Height,  2,000-4,000  feet. 

Satsuma  (sat'so-ma).  A province  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan,  it  is 
one  of  the  most  flourishing  provinces  of  the  empire,  and 
is  especially  noted  for  its  pottery,  called  Satsuma  ware.  It 
was  the  principal  seat  of  the  unsuccessful  rebellion  in  1877 
against  the  mikado's  government. 

Sattel  (zat'tel).  [G.,  ‘ saddle.’]  A village  and 
pass  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Switzerland, 
north  of  Schwyz.  The  pass  is  notable  for  defeats  of 
the  French  by  the  men  of  Schwyz  and  Uri,  May  2 and  3, 
1798. 

Saturday  (sat'6r-da).  [Prom  L.  Saturni  dies, 
Saturn’s  day.]  The  seventh  or  last  day  of  the 
week:  the  day  of  the  Jewish  Sabbath. 

Saturn  (sat 'em).  [L.  Saturnus.']  1.  An  ancient 
Italic  deity,  popularly  believed  to  have  appeared 
in  Italy  in  the  reign  of  Janus,  and  to  have  in- 
structed the  people  in  agriculture,  gardening, 
etc.,  thus  elevating  them  from  barbarism  to 
social  order  and  civilization.  His  reign  was  sung 
by  the  poets  as  “the  golden  age.”  He  became  early  iden- 
tified with  the  Cronus  of  the  Greeks.  Ops,  the  personifi- 
cation of  wealth  and  plenty,  was  his  wife,  and  both  were 
the  especial  protectors  of  agriculture  and  of  all  vegetation. 
2.  The  most  remote  of  the  anciently  known 
planets,  appearing  at  brightest  like  a first- 
magnitude  star.  It  revolves  in  an  orbit  inclined  2J° 
to  the  ecliptic.  Its  mean  distanoe  from  the  sun  is 
9J  times  that  of  the  earth,  or  883,000,000  miles.  Its 
sidereal  revolution  occupies  29  Julian  years  and  167 days; 
its  synodical,  378  days.  The  eccentricity  of  the  orbit  is 
considerable,  the  greatest  equation  of  the  center  being 
6”.4.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  period  of  Saturn  is  very 
nearly  2j  times  that  of  Jupiter,  these  planets  exercise  a 
curious  mutual  influence,  analogous  to  that  of  one  pendu- 
lum upon  another  swinging  from  the  same  support.  Since 
1790,  when  in  consequence  of  this  influence  Saturn  had 
lagged  50'  behind  and  Jupiter  had  advanced  20’  beyond  the 
positions  they  would  have  had  if  undisturbed,  Saturn  has 
been  moving  continually  faster,  and  the  whole  period  of 
the  inequality  is  629  years.  This  is  the  largest  perturbation 
of  those  affecting  the  motions  of  the  principal  bodies  of 
our  system.  Saturn  is  the  greatest  planet  except  Jupiter, 
its  diameter  (76,800  miles)  being  about  9 times,  its  volume 
697  times,  and  its  mass  93.0  times  that  of  the  earth.  Its 
mean  density  is  0.7,  water  being  unity.  Gravity  at  the 
surface  has  If  the  intensity  of  terrestrial  gravity.  Its  al- 
bedo is  0.5  (about  that  of  a cloud),  but  its  color  is  decidedly 
orange ; it  shows  some  bands  and  spots  upon  the  surface 
which  are  not  constant.  The  compression  of  thetpherold  of 
Saturn  exceeds  that  of  every  other  planet,  amounting  to 
of  its  diameter.  Its  rotation,  according  to  Asaph  Hall,  is 
performed  in  10  h.  14.4  m.  Its  equator  is  nearly  parallel  to 
that  of  the  earth.  After  the  discovery  by  Galileo  of  the  4 
satellites  of  Jupiter,  Kepler  conjectured  that  Mars  should 
have  2 and  Saturn  6 or  8 moons.  In  fact,  Saturn  has  10  sat- 
ellites: Mimas,  Enceladus,  Tethys,  Dlone,  Rhea,  Titan, 
Hyperion,  Iapetus,  Themis,  and  Phoebe.  This  planet  has 


900 

the  unique  appendage  of  a surrounding  ring  — consisting 
really  of  three  apparent  rings  lying  in  one  plane.  The  ring 
is  5,900  miles  from  the  surface  of  Saturn,  and  its  total 
breadth  (including  the  distance  from  Saturn  and  the  width 
of  the  division  between  the  rings)  is  48,500  miles,  its  total 
diameter  being  thus  172,800  miles.  The  thickness  of  the 
ring  is  considerably  less  than  100  miles.  Its  plane  is  in- 
clined 7°  to  the  planet’s  equator  and  28°  Iff  to  the  earth’s 
orbit.  It  is  best  seen  when  the  planet  is  in  Taurus  or  in 
Scorpio.  The  symbol  of  Saturn  is  6 , probably  represent- 
ing a Bcythe. 

Saturnalia  (sat-6r-na'li-a).  In  Roman  anti- 
quity, the  festival  of  Saturn,  celebrated  in  the 
middle  of  December  as  a harvest-home  obser- 
vance. It  was  a period  of  feasting  and  mirthful  license 
and  enjoyment  for  all  classes,  extending  even  to  the  slaves. 
Satyrane  (sat'i-ran).  A type  of  the  natural 
man  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie Queene.”  He  was  bred 
in  the  woods,  and  shows  in  the  outer  world  all  the  might 
and  courage  of  his  race. 

Sau.  See  Save. 

Sauchiebum  (sach'i-bfern).  A small  stream 
near  Stirling,  Scotland,  near  which  James  III. 
was  defeated  by  insurgent  nobles  in  1488. 
Saucourt  (so-kor').  A village  near  Abbeville, 
department  of  Somme,  France:  noted  for  the 
defeat  of  the  Northmen  by  Louis  III.  in  880. 
Sauer.  See  Sure. 

Sauerland  (zou'er-lant).  The  southern  part  of 
the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia. 
Sauerland  Mountains.  A plateau  region  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  province  of  Westpha- 
lia and  the  adjoining  part  of  the  Rhine  Province. 
Highest  point,  the  Kahler  Astenberg  (about 
2,700  feet). 

Saugerties  (sa'g6r-tiz).  A town  in  Ulster 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson 
43  miles  south  of  Albany.  Population,  village, 
3,929,  (1910). 

Saugor  (sa-gor').  An  island  of  Bengal,  situ- 
ated in  the  Ganges  delta,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hugli,  50  miles  south  of  Calcutta. 

Sauk.  See  Sac. 

Sauk  (sak)  River.  A river  in  Minnesota  which 
joins  the  Mississippi  near  St.  Cloud. 

Saul  (ski).  [LL.  Said,  Gr.  2,aov'A,  Heb.  Shaul, 
asked  (of  God).]  The  first  king  of  the  Hebrews 
(1055-1033  b.  c. — Duncker),  son  of  Kish  of  the 
tribe  of  Benjamin.  His  reign  was  occupied  by  wars 
against  the  Philistines,  Amalekites,  and  other  Gentile  na- 
tions. He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Philistines  on  Mount 
Gilboa.  See  David  and  Samuel. 

Saul.  The  original  name  of  the  apostle  Paul. 
Saul.  1.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced  at 
London  in  1739.  It  contains  a notable  “Dead 
March.” — 2.  A tragedy  by  Alfieri,  printed  in 
1783.  It  was  a favorite  with  its  author,  and  has  retained 
a place  on  the  stage.  It  is  more  Shaksperian  and  less 
classical  than  any  of  his  other  plays. 

3.  A poem  by  Robert  Browning,  published  in 
his  collected  works. 

Saulcy  (so-se'),  Louis  Fdlicien  Joseph  Cai- 

fnart  de.  Born  at  Lille,  France,  March  19, 1807 : 
ied  at  Paris,  Nov.  3, 1880.  A French  numisma- 
tist, archaeologist,  and  Orientalist.  He  traveled 
extensively  in  Palestine.  Among  his  works  are  “Voyage 
au tour  de  la  Mer  Morte  ” (1852-64),  “Recherches  surlanu- 
mismatique  judaique  "(1854),  “Campagnes  de  Jules  Cesar 
dans  les  Gaules ” (1862),  “Voyage  en  terre  sainte  ” (1865), 
“Derniers  jours  de  Jerusalem"  (1866),  "Histoire  d'Hc-- 
rode"  (1867),  “ Numismatique  de  la  terre  sainte"  (1873), 
“ Sept  sitcles  de  l'histoire  judaique ” (1874). 

Saulsbury  (salz'bu-ri),  Eli.  Born  in  Kent 
County,  Del.,  Dec.  29, 1817 : died  at  Dover,  Del., 
March  22, 1893.  An  American  politician,  Demo- 
cratic United  States  senator  from  Delaware 
1871-89. 

Saulsbury,  Willard.  Born  in  Kent  County, 
Del.,  June  2, 1820 : died  at  Dover,  Del.,  April  6, 
1892.  An  American  politician,  brother  of  Eli 
Saulsbury.  He  was  attorney -general  of  Delaware  1850- 
1855;  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Delaware 
1859-71 ; and  chancellor  of  Delaware  from  1874  until  his 
death. 

Saulteurs.  See  Ojibwa. 

Sault  (or  Saut)  Sainte  Marie  (so  sant  ma'ri ; 
F.  pron.  so  sant  ma-re').  1-  The  capital  of 
Chippewa  County,  Michigan,  situated  at  the 
rapids  of  St.  Mary’s  River,  near  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Superior.  Population,  12,615,  (1910). — 2. 
A town  in  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  opposite 
*Sault  Sainte  Marie  in  Michigan.  Pop.,  10,984. 
Sault  Sainte  Marie,  or  Saint  Mary's  Falls. 
The  rapids  in  St.  Mary’s  River  between  Lakes 
Superior  and  Huron.  The  impediment  to  navigation, 
produced  by  the  fall  of  18  feet,  has  been  obviated  by  two 
canals. 

Saumaise.  See  Salmasius. 

Saumarez,  or  Sausmarez  (so'mii-rez),  James, 
first  Baron  de  Saumarez.  Born  in  Guernsey, 
March  11, 1757 : died  in  Guernsey,  Oct.  9, 1836. 
A British  admiral.  He  served  at  the  battle  of  Cape 
St.  Vincent  in  1797  and  at  the  battle  of  the  Nile  in  1798, 


Savannah 

and  defeated  the  allied  French  and  Spanish  fleets  in  1801. 
He  was  created  Baron  de  Saumarez  in  1831. 

Saumur  (so-miir').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire 
27  miles  southeast  of  Angers,  it  has  manufactures 
of  rosaries,  enamels,  etc.,  and  has  an  important  trade,  par- 
ticularly in  sparkling  wines.  The  chief  buildings  are  the 
castle  and  the  churches  of  Notre  Dame  de  Nantilly  and 
St.  Pierre.  There  are  Roman  and  Celtic  antiquities  in  the 
vicinity,  including  the  dolmen  of  Bagneux.  The  place  is 
the  seat  of  a cavalry  school.  It  was  a Huguenot  strong- 
hold and  the  seat  of  a Protestant  academy  until  the  revo- 
cation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1685.  A victory  was  gained 
here  by  the  Vendeans,  June  9-10,  1793,  over  the  republi- 
cans, and  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Vendeans.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  16,392. 

Saunders  (siin'dGrz),  Frederick.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  13,  1807 : died  Dec.  12,  1902.  An 
American  author.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  State* 
in  1837,  and  became  assistant  librarian  of  the  Astor  Library 
at  New  York  in  1859,  and  librarian  in  1876.  He  published 
“Memoirs  of  the  Great  Metropolis"  (1852),  “Salad  for 
the  Solitary”  (1853),  “Salad  for  the  Social"  (1856), 
“Pearls  of  Thought”  (1858),  ‘Festival  of  Song"  (1866), 
“Evenings  with  the  Sacred  Poets"  (1869),  etc. 

Saunders,  Nicholas.  Born  near  Reigate,  1527 : 
died  in  Ireland  between  1580-83.  An  English 
polemical  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
Oxford,  and  became  fellow  of  New  College.  Oxford,  in  1648, 
and  regius  professor  of  common  law  in  1668.  He  went  to 
Rome,  and  was  ordained  priest  in  1661,  and  subsequently 
was  professor  of  theology  for  13  years  at  Louvain.  He  is  the 
author  of  “Devisibile  monarchia  ecclesise  "(1671)and  “De 
Origine  ac  Progressu  Sehismatis  Anglicani  ” (1585). 

Saunders,  Richard.  The  pseudonym  under 
which  Benjamin  Franklin  published  his  alma- 
nac in  1733.  It  was  known  as  “Poor  Richard’s 
Almanac,”  and  was  issued  by  him  for  25  years. 

Sausmarez.  See  Saumarez. 

Saussier  (so-sya' ),  F61ix  Gustave.  Born  Jan. 
16,  1828:  died  Dec.  20,  1905.  A French  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  army  in  Algeria  in  1881,  and  became  military 
governor  of  Paris  in  1885.  He  retired  in  1898. 

Saussure  (so-siir' ),  Horace  B6n6dicte de.  Born 
at  Geneva,  Feb.  17,  1740:  died  there,  Jan.  22, 
1799.  A Swiss  geologist,  physicist,  and  natu- 
ralist, professor  of  philosophy  at  Geneva.  He 
traveled  extensively,  especially  in  the  Alps  ; made  in  1787 
the  second  ascent  of  Mont  Blanc ; and  made  many  re- 
searches in  meteorology,  the  hygrometer,  etc.  His  chief 
work  is  “Voyages  dans  les  Alpes  " (1779-86). 

Sauternes  (so-tarn').  A village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  France,  23  miles  south-south- 
east of  Bordeaux.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  pro- 
duction of  white  wines. 

Savage  (sav'aj),  James.  Born  at  Boston,  July 
13,1784:  died  there,  March  8,  1873.  An  Ameri- 
can antiquary.  He  edited  Winthrop’s  “History  of 
New  England”  (1825-26),  Paley’s  works  (1828),  and  pub- 
lished a “Genealogical  Dictionary  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
New  England  "(4  vols.  1864). 

Savage,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Dec.  13,  1828 : 
died  at  Spragueville,  Pa.,  Oct.  9,  1888.  An 
Irish-American  journalist,  poet,  and  dramatist. 
He  came  to  America  in  1848.  He  wrote  “’98  and  ’48:  the 
Modern  Revolutionary  History  and  Literature  of  Ireland  ’’ 
(1856),  “Sibyl,"  a tragedy  (produced  in  1858,  printed  In 
1865),  “Our  Living  Representative  Men" (I860),  "Life  of 
Andrew  Johnson  ’’  (1864),  “ Fenian  Heroes,  etc."  (1868),  and 
a number  of  popular  sougs,  including  “The  Starry  Flag." 

Savage,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1698  (?):  died  at  Bristol,  England,  1743.  An 
English  poet.  He  maintained  that  he  was  the  illegitimate 
sonof  thefourthRiversaudtheCountessof  Macclesfield,  but 
the  son  born  of  that  connection  is  thought  to  have  died. 
He  owes  his  literary  fame  to  the  life  which  Johnson  wrote. 
His  lifewas  disreputable,  and  he  abused  the  charity  of  his 
friends.  During  his  last  years  he  lived  on  a pension  al- 
lowed him  by  Pope,  and  finally  died  miserably  in  a debt, 
ors’  prison.  He  published  a poem  on  the  Bangorian  Con- 
troversy (1717),  adapted  a play  (“  Woman  ’b  a Riddle’)  al- 
ready translated  from  the  Spanish  (1717),  published  “Love 
in  a Veil"  (1719:  a comedy),  “Sir  Thomas  Overbury" 
(1724),  In  which  he  played  (very  indifferently)  the  hero, 
“The  Bastard  ’’  (1728  : a poem  addressed  to  his  supposed 
mother),  “ The  Wanderer  ’’  (1729),  etc.  In  1776  his  works 
were  collected  and  published  with  Johnson’s  ’ ‘ Life  of  Sav- 
age ’’  prefixed. 

Savage’s  Station.  A place  10  miles  east  of 
Richmond,  Virginia.  Itwas  the  scene  of  a battle  be- 
tween a part  of  the  Federal  army  of  McClellan  under 
Sumner  and  a part  of  the  Confederate  army  of  Lee  under 
Magruder,  June  29, 1862,  forming  part  of  the  Seven  Days’ 
Battles. 

Savaii  (sa-vi'e),  or  Sawaii.  The  largest  of  the 
Samoan  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  lat. 
13°  45'  S.,  long.  172°  17'  W.  The  surface  iB  moun- 
tainous. It  has  au  active  volcano.  Length,  43  miles.  Area, 
about  660  sq.  m.  Pop.,  12,816.  It  belongs  to  Germany. 

Savanilla  (sa-vii-nel'ya),  or  Sabamlla  (sa-b&- 
nel'ya).  A town  and  port  on  a bay  of  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Colombia,  situated  in  lat.  11°  3'  N., 
long.  74°  58'  W.  The  port  proper  is  Puerto  Colombia, 
3 miles  from  the  town.  A large  part  of  the  commerce  of 
Colombia  passes  through  it  to  and  from  Baranquilla  on 
the  river  Magdalena. 

Savanna.  See  Shawano. 

Savannah  (sa-van'a).  A seaport,  capital  of 
Chatham  County,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  Sa- 


Savannah 

vannah  River,  18  miles  from  the  ocean,  in  lat. 
32°  5'N.,  long.  81°  5'  W.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  cities 
in  the  State  and  the  second  cotton-port  in  the  country,  and 
has  alsoalarge  trade  in  rice,  resin,  turpentine,  and  lumber. 
Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  South.  It  was  settled 
by  Oglethorpe  in  1738  ; repelled  a British  attack  in  1776 ; 
and  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1778.  An  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  recover  it  was  made  by  the  French  and  Ameri- 
cans in  Oct.,  1779,  when  Pulaski  was  killed  in  the  assault. 
It  became  a city  in  1789 ; was  devastated  by  fire  in  1796 
and  In  1820 ; was  an  important  Confederate  post ; was  in- 
vested by  the  Federals  under  Sherman  Pec.  10,  1864;  and 
was  occupied  by  them  Dec.  21.  Population,  65,064,  (1910). 
Savannah  River.  A river  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  it  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Tugaloo  and  Kiowe,  and  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic about  lat.  32°  N.  Length,  including  the  Tugaloo  and 
subtributary  Chattooga,  about  550  miles;  navigable  for 
large  vessels  to  Savannah,  for  smaller  vessels  to  Augusta. 

Savary  (sa-va-re'),  Anne  Jean  Marie  Ren6, 

Due  de  Rovigo.  Born  at  Marcq,  Ardennes, 
France,  April  26,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  June  2, 
1833.  A French  general  and  politician.  He  en- 
tered the  army  in  1790 ; became  the  confidential  agent 
of  Napoleon  about  1800;  presided  at  the  trial  of  the 
Hue  d'Enghien  in  1804 ; captured  Hameln  in  1806 ; de- 
feated the  Russians  at  Ostrolenka  in  1807 ; and  was  en- 
gaged in  various  diplomatic  missions,  particularly  in 
Spain  (1808).  He  was  minister  of  police  1810-14,  and  was 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  Algeria  1831-33.  He 
published  " Mdmoires  ” (1828). 

Save  (sav),  G.  Sau  (sou).  One  of  the  principal 
tributaries  of  the  Danube:  the  Latin  Savus. 
It  rises  near  the  Terglou,  traverses  Carniola,  forms  the 
boundary  between  Carniola  and  Styria,  traverses  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  forms  the  boundary  between  Croatia-Slavonia  on 
the  north  and  Bosnia  and  Servia  on  the  south,  and  joins 
the  Danube  at  Belgrad.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Kulpa, 
Unna,  Bosna,  and  Drina.  Length,  about  650  miles ; navi- 
gable from  the  mouth  of  the  Laibach. 

Save.  A river  in  southwestern  France  which 
joins  the  Garonne  17  miles  northwest  of  Tou- 
louse. Length,  about  85  miles. 

Savelan  (sa-ve-lan'), or  Sevellan  (sa-vel-lan'). 
A mountain  in  the  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
northwestern  Persia,  90  miles  east  by  north  of 
Tabriz.  Height,  about  15,790  feet. 

Savenay  (sav-na/).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Loire-Inf6rieure,  France,  22  miles  northwest 
of  Nantes.  By  a victory  which  the  republicans  under 
KlCber  and  Marceau  gained  here  over  the  Vendeans  (Dec. 
22,  1793),  the  power  of  the  latter  was  almost  annihilated. 
Population,  commune,  3,206. 

Savernake.  A celebrated  forest  region  in  Wilt- 
shire, England,  near  Marlborough. 

Saverne.  The  French  name  of  Zabern. 
Saverne  (sa-varn'),  Col  de,  or  Zabern  Pass 
(tsa'bern  pas).  A low  pass  over  the  Vosges, 
near  the  town  of  Saverne  (Zabern). 
Savigliano  (sa-vel-ya'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Maira 
29  miles  south  of  Turin.  Population,  town, 
9,936 ; commune,  17,321. 

Savigny  (sa-ven-ye'),  Friedrich  Karl  von. 
Born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Feb.  21,  1779 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  25, 1861.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man jurist  and  politician : one  of  the  greatest 
of  modem  jurists,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  historical  school  of  jurisprudence.  He  be- 
came professor  in  Berlin  in  1810 ; held  various  Prussian 
offices ; and  was  minister  for  the  revision  of  the  legisla- 
tion 1842-48.  His  works  include  “Das  Recht  des  Besitz- 
es"  (“Right  of  Possession,”  1803),  “Vom  Beruf  unserer 
Zeit  fur  Gesetzgebung  und  Rechtswissenschaft"  (1814), 
“Geschichte  desrbmischenRechtsim  Mittelalter " (“His- 
tory of  Roman  Law  in  the  Middle  Ages,”  1815-31),  “ System 
des  heutlgen  rbmischen  Rechts”  ("System of  Modern  Ro- 
man Law,”  1840-49),  “ Das  Obligationenrecht  ” (1851-63). 

8avigny,  Karl  Friedrich  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  19,  1814:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
Feb.  11,  1875.  A Prussian  diplomatist  and  poli- 
tician, son  of  F.  K.  von  Savigny.  He  was  am- 
bassador at  Frankfort  1864-66 ; a leading  negotiator  in  the 
treaties  and  arrangements  of  1866 ; and  after  1867  a leading 
member  of  the  Centre  in  the  Reichstag  and  Landtag. 
Savile  (sav'd),  George,  first  Marquis  of  Halifax. 
Bom  Nov.  11,  1633:  died  at  London,  April  5, 
1695.  An  English  statesman,  author,  and  orator. 
He  was  made  privy  councilor  1672 ; and  in  1680  caused  the 
rejection  of  the  Exclusion  Bill  debarring  the  Duke  of  York, 
as  a papist,  from  succeeding  to  the  throne.  He  was  lord 
privy  seal  1682-86  and  1689,  and  was  the  chief  of  the  party 
called  the  “Trimmers.”  His  “Miscellanies”  were  pub- 
lished in  1700. 

Savile,  Sir  Henry.  Bora  near  Halifax, England, 
Nov.  30,  1549:  died  at  Eton,  England,  Feb.  19, 
1622.  An  English  classical  scholar  and  mathe- 
matician. Besides  mathematical  works  he  published 
“Rerum  Anglicarum  scriptores  post  Bedam  " (1596),  an 
edition  of  Chrysostom,  etc. 

Savio  (sa've-o).  A small  river  in  eastern  Italy 
which  flows  into  the  Adriatic  8 miles  southeast 
of  Ravenna  : the  ancient  Sapis. 

Saviolina  (sav//i-6-]i'nii).  A character  in  Ben 
Jonson’s  comedy  “Every Man  out  of  his  Hu- 
mour” : “a  court  lady,  whose  weightiest  praise 
is  a light  wit,  admired  by  herself  and  one  more, 
her  servant  Brisk.” 


901 

Savior  of  Rome.  A title  given  to  Marius  for 
his  victories  over  the  Teutones  and  Cimbri  102- 
101  B.  C. 

Savior  of  Society.  A title  given  to  Napoleon 
III. 

Savior  of  the  Nations.  A title  given  to  the 
Duke  of  Wellington. 

Savitri  (sa'vi-tre).  1.  The  celebrated  verse 
of  the  Rigveda  III.  lxii.  10,  repeated  by  every 
Brahman  at  his  morning  and  evening  devotions, 
and  often  in  religious  ceremonies,  as  especially 
in  investing  the  members  of  the  three  castes  of 
the  twice-born  with  the  sacred  sacrificial  thread 
(whence  the  thread  itself  is  also  known  as  savi- 
tra).  The  verse  is  so  called  as  addressed  to  the  Sun  (Savi- 
tri). It  is  also  called  Gayatri.  See  that  word,  under  which 
it  is  quoted. 

2.  The  heroine  of  an  episode  of  theMahabharata. 

She  was  the  daughter  of  Ashvapati,  king  of  Madra,  and 
beautiful  as  Lakshmi ; hut,  when  the  time  came  for  her  to 
choose  a husband  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  the 
svayamvara,  chose  Satyavant,  the  son  of  the  blind  and 
exiled  king  Dyumatsena,  who  dwelt  with  his  wife  and 
son  in  the  forest.  The  divine  seer  Narada  warns  against  the 
choice,  as  Satyavant,  though  handsome,  magnanimous,  and 
pious,  has  only  a year  to  live.  Savitri  is  firm,  weds  Satyavant, 
and  lives  in  joy  with  him  until  theapproach  of  thefatal  day. 
On  that  day  Satyavant  and  Savitri  go  together  into  the  forest. 
Satyavant  sinks  to  the  ground  in  deadly  illness ; and,  while 
Savitri  supports  his  head  uponher  bosom,  Yamathedeath- 
god  appears  and  withdraws  Satyavant’s  soul.  As  Yama 
turns  to  go,  Savitri  follows  him,  asking  her  husband’s  life. 
Yama  urges  her  to  return,  offering  her  other  gifts  but  not 
Satyavant.  She  obtains  the  restoration  of  Dyumatsena’s 
sight  and  kingdom,  for  her  father  a hundred  sons,  and  a 
hundred  sons  for  herself  and  Satyavant,  but  still  insists 
upon  following  Satyavant  into  the  realm  of  death  if  his 
life  i3  not  restored.  At  last  Yama  relents,  and  when  Savitri 
goes  back  to  Satyavant’s  body  and  again  takes  his  head 
upon  her  bosom,  he  awakes  as  from  a sleep,  and  the  two 
live  happy  many  years  in  the  recovered  kingdom  of  the 
now-seeing  Dyumatsena.  The  Savitri  episode  has  been 
translated  into  German  by  Bopp,  Riickert,  Hofer,  Holtz- 
mann,  Meier,  and  Merkel. 

Savoie  (sa-vwa').  A department  of  France, 
capital  Chamb(>ry,  formed  in  1860  from  a part 
of  Savoy  ceded  by  Sardinia,  it  is  hounded  by 
Haute-Savoie  on  the  north,  Italy  on  the  east,  Italy  and 
Hautes-Alpes  on  the  south,  I sere  on  the  southwest  and 
west,  and  Ain  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  Area,  2,388 
square  miles.  Population,  253,297. 

Savoie,  Haute-.  See  Haute-Savoie. 

Savona  (sa-vo'na).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa 
23  miles  west-southwest  of  Genoa : the  ancient 
Savo.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  Riviera ; has 
an  active  trade  in  silk,  fruits,  etc.;  and  has  manufactures 
of  pottery,  soap,  cloth,  glass,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  a 
very  good  classical  church  of  1598,  containing  magnificent 
inlaid  choir-stalls  from  the  older  cathedral,  and  some  ex- 
cellent sculpturesand  paintings.  The  harbor  was  destroyed 
by  the  Genoese  in  1525.  The  place  was  conquered  by  Sar- 
dinia in  1746,  but  restored  to  Genoa.  It  was  the  enforced 
residence  of  Pope  Pius  VIL  1809-12.  Population,  town, 
24,259;  commune,  38,355. 

Savonarola  (sa-vo-na-ro'la),  Girolamo.  Born 
at  Ferrara,  Italy,  Sept.  21,  1452:  executed  at 
Florence,  May  23,  1498.  An  Italian  moral,  po- 
litical, and  religious  reformer.  He  became  a Do- 
minican monk  at  Bologna  in  1475 ; and  in  1482  removed  to 
Florence,  where  he  became  prior  of  St.  Mark’s  in  1491.  He 
brought  about  a religious  revival  by  his  denunciation 
of  the  vice  and  corruption  prevalent  both  in  the  church 
and  in  the  state,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  instruments  in 
the  overthrow  of  the  Medici  and  the  restoration  of  the 
republic  in  1494.  He  was  for  a time  virtually  dictator  of 
Florence,  but  incurred  the  enmity  of  Pope  Alexander  VI., 
whom  he  had  denounced,  and  was  in  consequence  excom- 
municated in  1497.  He  was  arrested  at  Florence  in  April, 
1498,  and  put  to  death  (strangled  and  then  burned)  at  the 
instance  of  the  Pope. 

Savou,  or  Savu  (sa-vo').  A small  island  and 
island  group  in  the  East  Indies,  belonging  to  the 
Dutch,  situated  east  of  Sandalwood  Island  and 
west  of  Timor.  Also  Savoe,  etc. 

Savoy  (sa-voi'),  F.  Savoie  (sa-vwa'),  It.  Sa- 
voja  (sa-vo'ya).  A former  duchy,  now  divided 
into  the  departments  of  Savoie  and  Haute-Sa- 
voie (which  see)  in  France.  It  was  occupied  in 
ancient  times  by  the  Allobroges ; passed  to  Rome  about 
122  B,  C. ; was  conquered  by  the  Burgundians  in  the  6th 
century,  and  by  the  Franks  in  the 6th  century;  and  later 
was  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Arles  until  1032,  passing  then 
under  German  suzerainty.  The  rise  of  the  counts  of  Sa- 
voy dates  from  the  middle  of  the  11th  century,  and  Turin 
and  Aosta  were  annexed  in  that  century.  Savoy  was  made 
a county  of  the  empire  in  1111 ; Valais  was  annexed  in  the 
13th  century;  and  Nice  was  added  in  the  14th  century. 
Savoy  was  made  a duchy  in  1416  ; Vaud,  Geneva,  Valais, 
Chablais,  and  Gex  were  lost  1533-36.  Montferrat  was  ac- 
quired in  part  in  1631  and  in  part  in  1708.  Sicily  was 
granted  to  Savoy  in  1713,  and  was  exchanged  for  the 
island  of  Sardinia  in  1720.  Savoy  was  made  the  kingdom 
of  Sardinia  in  1720.  See  Sardinia. 

Savoy,  House  of.  A royal  family  of  Europe, 
now  the  reigning  house  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 
Its  members  are  descended  from  Humbert  the  White- 
handed  (died  1048?),  count  of  Savoy.  They  have  been 
dukes  of  Savoy  since  1416,  kingsof  Sardinia  since  1720,  and 
kings  of  Italy  since  1861. 

Savoy,  The.  A former  London  palace,  now  a 


Saxe-Altenburg 

chapel  royal.  On  Feb.  12,  1246,  a grant  of  land  lying 
between  the  “Straunde"  and  the  Thames  was  made  by 
Henry  III.  to  Peter  of  Savoy,  uncle  of  Queen  Eleanor,  and 
he  built  the  palace  there.  Peter  died  and  left  his  property 
to  the  friars  of  Montjoy,  who  sold  the  palace  to  Queen 
Eleanor  in  1270.  In  1284  she  gave  it  to  Edmund,  earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  later  it  became  the  town  seat  of  the  dukes 
of  Lancaster.  When  the  Savoy  was  occupied  by  John  of 
Gaunt  in  1376,  it  was  twice  attacked  by  a mob  and  again 
by  Wat  Tyler’s  followers  in  1381,  who  completely  destroyed 
the  palace.  It  was  rebuilt  about  1505  as  a hospital,  and 
endowed  by  the  will  of  Henry  VII. ; suppressed  by  Edward 
VI.  ; refounded  by  Mary ; and  finally  dissolved  by  Eliza- 
beth. The  present  chapel  royal  was  built  on  the  ruins  of 
a chapel  of  John  of  Gaunt,  dedicated  in  1511.  The  style  Is 
Perpendicular;  the  wooden  ceiling  is  modern ; there  is  ex- 
cellent glass.  This  is  the  only  one  of  the  old  buildings  re- 
maining, and  was  made  a chapel  royal  by  George  III.  In 
1773  ; in  1864  it  was  partly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  was  re- 
opened in  1865  : it  is  entirely  supported  from  the  queen's 
privy  purse.  The  French  Protestants  had  a chapel  here 
from  the  time  of  Charles  II.  till  about  1737 : this  is  the 
origin  of  the  name  Savoy,  given  in  the  18th  century  to  the 
psalm-tune  known  as  “Old  Hundredth."  The  Savoy  The- 
atre was  built  near  here  on  the  Strand,  and  opened  in  188L 

Savoy  Conference.  A conference  held  at  the  Sa- 
voy in  London,  aftertherestorationof  CharlesII. 
(1661),  between  21  Episcopalians  and  an  equal 
number  of  Presbyterians,  for  the  purpose  of  se- 
curing ecclesiastical  unity.  It  utterly  failed, 
leaving  both  parties  more  bitterly  hostile  than 
before. 

Savoy  Declaration.  A “declaration  of  the 
faith  and  order  owned  and  practised  in  the  Con- 
gregational churches  in  England,”  agreed  upon 
at  a meeting  at  the  Savoy,  London,  in  1658.  Doc- 
trinally  it  is  a modification  of  the  W estrainster  Assembly’s 
confession  of  faith.  It  is  no  longer  regarded  as  authorita- 
tive among  Congregational  churches.  Also  called  Savoy 
Confession. 

Savus  (sa'vus).  The  Roman  name  of  the  river 
Save. 

Sawaii.  See  Savaii.  ‘ 

Sawantwari  (sa-wunt-wa're).  A native  state 
in  India,  under  British  control,  situated  near 
the  western  coast,  north  of  Goa,  about  lat.  16°  N. 
Area,  about  900  square  miles.  Population,  217,- 
732. 

Sawatch  Range.  See  Saguache  Range. 
Sawney  (sa'ni).  [A  corruption  of  Sandy , which 
is  a familiar  contraction  of  Alexander.']  A nick- 
name for  a Scotsman. 

Sawtelle’s  Peak  (sa-telz'  pek).  A volcanic 
peak  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  Montana. 
Sawyer  (sa'yer),  Bob.  A medical  student  in 
Dickens’s  “Pickwick  Papers.” 

Sawyer,  Frederick  Adolphus.  Born  at  Bol- 
ton, Mass.,  Dec.  12,  1822:  died  at  Sewanee, 
Tenn.,  July  31,  1891.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a Republican  United  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina  from  1868  to  1873,  when  he  became  assistant  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury,  a post  which  he  occupied  about  a 
year. 

Sawyer,  Mother.  The  “witch  of  Edmonton” 
in  the  play  of  that  name  by  Ford,  Dekker,  and 
Rowley. 

Sax  f saks),  Antoine  Joseph,  known  as  Adolphe 
Sax.  Born  at  Dinant,  Nov.  6, 1814:  died  Feb. 
9,  1894.  A noted  Belgian-French  maker  of 
musical  instruments,  the  son  of  Charles  Joseph 
Sax,  also  a well-known  instrument-maker  ( 1791- 
1865).  Adolphe  Sax  patented  the  saxhorn,  the 
saxotromba,  and  the  saxophone. 

Saxa  Rubra  (sak'sa  ro'bra).  [L.,  ‘ red  stones.’] 
An  ancient  station  on  the  Flaminian  Way,  8 
miles  north  of  Rome. 

Saxe.  The  French  name  for  Saxony. 

Saxe  (saks),  John  Godfrey.  Born  at  Highgate, 
Vt.,  June  2, 1816 : died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March 
31,  1887.  An  American  poet,  journalist,  and 
lecturer.  He  is  best  known  from  his  humorous  poems, 
which  include  “Rhyme  of  the  Rail,”  “The  Proud  Miss 
McBride,”  etc.  He  published  “Progress"  (1846),  “Hu- 
morous and  Satirical  Poems”  (1850),  “The  Money  King 
and  Other  Poems”  (1859),  “Clever  Stories  of  Many  Na- 
tions," “Masquerade  and  Other  Poems”  (1866),  “Fables 
and  Legends,  etc."  (1872),  “Leisure- Day  Rhymes"  (1875), 
etc.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for 
governor  of  V ermont  in  1869  and  1860. 

Saxe,  Comte  Maurice  de,  generally  called  Mar- 
shal de  Saxe  or  Marshal  Saxe.  Born  at 
Goslar,  Germany,  Oct.  28, 1696:  died  at  Cham- 
bord,  France,  Nov.  30,  1750.  A French  mar- 
shal, illegitimate  son  of  Augustus  II.  of  Saxony 
and  Aurora  von  Konigsmark.  He  served  under  Marl- 
borough in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  and  under 
Prince  Eugene  against  the  Turks  ; was  made  a mardchal  de 
camp  in  the  French  service  in  1720;  became  titular  duke 
of  Courland  in  1726  ; served  under  Berwick  in  1734 ; cap- 
tured Prague  in  1741  and  Eger  in  1742  ; was  made  mar- 
shal of  France  in  1744 ; gained  the  victory  of  Fontenoy  in 
1745  ; gained  the  victory  of  Raucouxin  1746;  was  made  mar- 
shal general  in  1747,  and  gained  the  victory  of  Laffeld  and 
stormed  Bergen-op-Zoom  in  the  same  year ; and  captured 
Maestricht  in  1748.  He  wrote  “Reveries"  (1757)  and 
“Lettres  ct  mdmoires”  (1794). 

Saxe-Altenburg  (saks-al'ten-bftrg),  G.  Sach- 
sen-Altenburg  (ziik  ' sen  - al ' ten  - bora).  A 


Saxe-Altenburg 

duchy,  one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Empire, 
situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  Thuringia.  Capi- 
tal, Altenburg.  It  consists  of  two  detached  parts,  the 
eastern  bordering  on  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  and  the  west- 
ern separated  from  the  other  by  Keuss,  and  bordering  on 
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.  The  eastern  part  is  traversed  by 
outliers  of  the  Erzgebirge,  the  western  by  spurs  of  the 
Thuringerwald.  Agriculture  and  manufactures  are  flour- 
ishing. The  government  is  a hereditary  constitutional 
monarchy.  The  duchy  sends  one  member  each  to  the 
Bundesrat  and  Reichstag.  The  religion  is  Protestant. 
The  Altenburg  branch  of  the  Ernestine  line,  founded  in 
1603,  became  extinct  in  1672,  and  was  followed  by  the  line 
of  Gotha- Altenburg,  which  became  extinct  in  1826.  Alten- 
burg was  assigned  in  1826  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Hildburg- 
hausen,  who  took  the  title  of  duke  of  Saxe- Altenburg.  A 
constitution  was  granted  in  1831 : it  was  made  more  liberal 
in  1818,  and  has  been  since  modified.  Area,  611  square 
miles.  Population,  206,608. 

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  (saks-ko'berg-go'ta),  G. 
Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha  (zak ' sen  - ko  ' bora- 
go'ta).  A duchy  in  Thuringia,  one  of  the  states 
of  the  German  Empire.  Capitals,  Gotha  and 
Coburg.  It  consists  principally  of  two  detached  por- 
tions : the  duchy  of  Gotha  in  the  north,  surrounded  by 
Prussia,  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  etc.,  and  the  duchy  of 
Coburg  in  the  south,  surrounded  by  Bavaria  and  Saxe- 
Meiningen.  Coburg  is  hilly  and  Gotha  mountainous,  con- 
taining the  highest  summits  of  the  Thuringerwald.  The 
leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  manufactures  are 
varied  and  flourishing.  The  government  is  a hereditary 
constitutional  monarchy.  The  duchy  has  1 member  in 
the  Bundesrat  and  2 in  the  Reichstag.  The  religion  is 
Protestant.  The  line  of  Saxe-Coburg  was  founded  in  1680, 
but  became  extinct  in  1699.  The  title  of  duke  of  Saxe- 
Coburg-Saalfeld  was  assumed  in  1736.  Its  duke  was  de- 
posed by  Napoleon  in  1807,  but  was  restored  and  entered 
the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine.  A constitution  was 
granted  in  1821.  The  duchy  ceded  Saalfeld  in  1826,  and 
received  Gotha  and  other  possessions  and  took  the  title 
of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Lichtenberg  (acquired  in  1816) 
was  sold  in  1834  to  Prussia.  Area,  764  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 242,432. 

Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg  -( saks  - go ' ta  - al ' ten  - 

bbrg).  A former  duchy  of  Germany.  The  Gotha 
line  was  founded  in  1640,  and  acquired  part  of  Eisenach  in 
1645  and  Altenburg  in  1672.  The  line  of  Gotha- Altenburg 
became  extinct  in  1826.  The  line  of  Hildburghausen  suc- 
ceeded in  1826.  See  Saxe -Altenburg. 

Saxe-Hildburghausen  (saks-hild' borG-hou- 
zen).  A former  Saxon  duchy,  founded  in  1680, 
the  ruler  of  which  became  in  1826  the  Duke  of 
Saxe-Altenburg. 

Saxe-Lauenburg.  See  Laueriburg. 

Saxe-Meiningen  (saks-mi'ning-en),  G.  Sach- 
sen-Meiningen  (zak'sen-mi'ning-en).  A 
duchy  in  Thuringia,  one  of  the  states  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire.  Capital,  Meiningen.  It  consists 
of  a main  division  bounded  by  Bavaria,  Coburg,  Prussia, 
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  etc.,  and  several  small  exclaves. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  has  active  manu- 
factures of  iron,  glass,  porcelain,  toys,  cloth,  etc.  Thegov- 
emment  is  a hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has 
1 vote  in  the  Bundesrat  and  2 in  the  Reichstag.  The  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  The  duchy  was  founded  in  1680 ; joined 
the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  ; and  annexed  in  1826  Hild- 
burghausen, Saalfeld,  etc.  It  sided  with  Austria  in  1866. 
Area,  953  square  miles.  Population,  268,916. 

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach  (saks  - vi ' mar  - 1 ' ze- 
nach),  G.  Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach  (zak'- 
sen-vi'mar-I'ze-nacli).  A grand  duchy  of  Thu- 
ringia, one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Empire. 
Capital,  Weimar.  It  is  composed  of  three  main  de- 
tached portions:  Weimar,  bounded  by  Prussia.  Saxe-Al- 
tenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  etc.  ; Eisenach,  lying 
west  of  Saxe-Meiningen  and  Gotha;  and  Neustadt,  sepa- 
rated from  Weimar  by  Saxe-Altenburg.  It  also  contains 
several  exclaves,  as  Ilmenau,  Allstedt,  etc.  It  is  partly  oc- 
cupied by  theThuringerwald  and  spurs  of  the  Rhongebirge. 
The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  chief  manu- 
factures are  cotton  and  woolen.  The  government  is  a 
hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has  1 vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  3 members  in  the  Reichstag.  The  religion 
is  Protestant.  The  present  Weimar  line  was  founded  in 
1640 ; Jena  was  reunited  to  Weimar  in  1690,  and  Eisenach  in 
1741.  The  state  was  a famous  center  of  learning  and  lit- 
erature under  Charles  August  us  (17  75-1818).  It  entered  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine  and  was  changed  from  a prin- 
cipality to  a duchy  in  1806.  It  received  additional  terri- 
tory in  1814-15,  and  was  made  a grand  duchy.  A consti- 
tution was  granted  in  1816.  It  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866. 
Area,  1,397  square  miles.  Population,  388,096. 

Saxe-Wittenberg  (saks-vit'ten-bero).  A me- 
dieval duchy,  part  of  the  old  Saxon  duchy  which 
was  broken  up  on  the  deposition  of  Henry  the 
Lion  in  1180.  Its  capital  was  Wittenberg.  It 
was  merged  in  the  later  electorate  of  Saxony. 

Saxnot  (saks'not).  [AS.  Saxneat,  OS.  Saxndt.] 
In  Germanic  mythology,  a name  of  the  god  of 
war.  He  is  known  only  from  Saxon  sources  : 
in  Anglo-Saxon  he  appears  as  a son  of  Wodan 
(Odin). 

Saxo  Grammaticus  (sak'so  gra-mat'i-kus). 
A Danish  historian  of  the  13th  century.  Little  is 

known  with  certainty  of  his  personal  history,  except  that 
he  was  a clerk,  and  that  hisfather  and  grandfather  fought 
under  Waldemar  the  Great.  He  had  the  surname  Longus, 
but  is  Sommonly  known  as  Grammaticus  from  his  fluent 
style  as  a writer.  His  history,  called  “ Gesta  Danorum  ” 
or  " Historia  Danica,”  is  written  in  Latin,  and  was  under- 
taken at  the  instance  of  Archbishop  Absalom,  whose  secre- 
tary he  probably  was.  Parts  of  the  work,  from  internal 


902 

evidence,  were  written  before  1202  ; he  is  supposed  to  have 
died  shortly  after  the  year  1208.  The  history  consists  of 
16  books : the  first  9 are  purely  legendary ; the  2 following 
partly;  authentic  history  begins  with  the  twelfth  book. 
The  whole  ends  with  the  y ear  1186.  The  material  for  the  ear- 
liest part  was  oral  traditions,  myths,  legends,  and  poems, 
most  of  which  have  else  been  lost,  although  a few  have 
been  preserved  in  the  original  Old  Norse  form.  Among 
others  of  the  kind  it  contains  the  Hamlet  (“  Amleth”)  le- 
gend, of  which  it  is  the  single  extant  source.  The  oldest 
edition  is  that  of  Kristiern  Pedersen,  Paris,  1514,  according 
to  which  all  subsequent  editions  have  been  printed.  The 
classical  Dauish  translation  is  by  Anders  Sorensen  Vedel 
(1542-1616),  published  first  at  Copenhagen  in  1575. 

Saxon  Duchies.  A collective  designation  for 
the  duchies  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha,  and  Saxe-Meiningen,  and  the  grand 
duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 

Saxon  Dynasty.  A line  of  German  kings  and 
emperors  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  com- 
menced with  Henry  the  Fowler  in  919,  and 
ended  with  Henry  II.  in  1024. 

Saxonland  (sak'sn-land),  G.  Sachsenland 
(zak'sen-lant).  That  part  of  Transylvania 
which  was  settled  principally  by  descendants 
of  the  Saxons,  who  immigrated  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury and  later.  It  lies  mostly  in  the  south 
of  Transylvania,  the  county  of  Hermannstadt 
forming  the  main  part  of  it. 

Saxon  Mark.  See  the  extract. 

In  Saxony  beyond  the  Elbe,  the  modern  Holstein,  the 
Slaves  held  the  western  coast,  and  the  narrow  Saxon  Mark 
fenced  off  the  German  land.  Freeman , Hist.  Geog.,  p.  198. 

Saxons  (sak'snz).  [Usually  explained  as  lit. 
‘sword-men,’  from  OHG.  salts,  a short  sword.] 
1.  The  nation  or  people  that  formerly  dwelt  in 
the  northern  part  of  Germany,  and  invaded  and 
conquered  England  in  the  5th  and  6t.h  centu- 
ries; also,  their  descendants. — 2.  The  English 
race  or  English-speaking  races.  The  name  is  some- 
times used  for  the  Lowlandersof  Scotland  as  distinguished 
from  the  Highlanders  or  Gaels,  and  in  Ireland  for  English- 
men as  distinguished  from  Irishmen. 

3.  The  inhabitants  of  Saxony  in  its  later  Ger- 
man sense,  including  Saxony  and  the  Saxon 
duchies  (which  see). 

Saxon  Shore.  That  portion  of  the  eastern  and 
southern  British  coast  which  was  exposed  to 
forays  of  Saxon  pirates  at  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
man occupation.  The  Saxon  Shore  was  guarded  by  a 
force  of  Roman  soldiers,  whose  commander  enjoyed  the 
title  of  Comes  Litoris  Saxonici,  or  Count  of  the  Saxon  Shore, 
and  whose  jurisdiction  extended  from  Sussex  to  Norfolk. 
Compare  the  extract. 

There  is  some  question  whether  Frisian  or  Saxon  tribes 
were  not  settled  on  the  eastern  coasts  of  Britain  before  the 
landing  of  Caesar.  This  theory  rests  chiefly  on  the  supposed 
Germanic  names  of  two  tribes,  the  Coritavi  and  the  Cati- 
euchlani ; on  a remark  of  Tacitus  that  the  Caledonians 
were  large-limbed  and  red-haired  like  the  Germans  ; on 
the  title  “ Comes  Litoris  Saxonici,"  given  to  the  Roman 
officer  who  governed  the  littoral  from  the  Wash  to  the 
Adur ; and  on  the  fact  that  the  Saxons  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury seem  to  have  found  a kindred  people  already  estab- 
lished in  Ea9t  Anglia,  since  no  conquest  of  that  district 
is  on  record.  Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  6. 

Saxon  Siberia  (si-be'ri-a).  A portion  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony  in  the  Erzgebirge,  noted  for 
its  severe  climate  (whence  the  name). 

Saxon  Switzerland  (swit'zer-land).  [G.  Sach- 
sische  Schweiz,  Elbsandsteingehirge , Meissner 
Hochland,  or  Sachsisch-Bohmische  Schweiz .]  A 
mountainous  region  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Elbe, 
from  Pirna  above  Dresden  to  Tetschen.  Bohemia.  It  is 
noted  for  its  rock-formations  and  its  picturesque  beauty. 
Highest  mountains,  2,000-2,300  feet. 

Saxony  (sak'sn-i).  [ML. Saxonia, It. Sassonia, F. 
Saxe,  fromG.  Sachsen  (AS.  Seaxan ),  prop,  a tribe 
name,  ‘Saxons.’]  The  land  of  the  Saxons:  a 
geographical  name  the  use  of  which  has  greatly 
varied  in  medieval  and  modern  times.  The  an- 
cient duchy  of  Saxony  was  one  of  the  four  great  duchies 
of  the  old  German  kingdom.  It  was  in  northern  Germany, 
comprised  (roughly)  between  the  Eras,  North  Sea,  Eider, 
and  Elbe,  and  extending  to  the  south  of  the  Harz,  touching 
Franconia,  but  not  the  Rhine.  Saxons  appear  first  about 
150  A.  V.,  dwelling  nortli  of  the  Elbe  estuary.  Later  they 
absorbed  the  Chauci,  Cherusci,  and  Angrivarii;  spread 
westward  to  the  Rhine ; and  became  noted  as  pirates,  plun- 
dering the  coasts  of  Gaul  and  Britain.  They  aided  Carau- 
siusin287;  were  defeated  by  Valentinian  ; founded  Essex, 
Sussex,  and  Wessex  in  Britain  in  the  5th  and  6th  centu- 
ries ; and  settled  at  the  mouth  of  the  Loire  and  on  the  coast 
of  Normandy.  Their  four  divisions  in  northern  Germany 
were  the  Westfalia,  Ostfalia,  Engern,  and  Nordalbingia. 
They  were  reduced  by  Charles  the  Great  in  a series  of  wars 
772^804,  and  obliged  to  accept  Christianity.  About  800, 
bishoprics  were  established  at  Osnabriick,  Verden.  Brem- 
en. Paderborn,  Minden,  Munster,  Hildesheim,  and  Halber- 
stadt.  The  duchy  of  Saxony  arose  under  the  Liudolfinger  in 
the  middle  of  the  9th  century.  It  furnished  the  Saxon  line 
of  German  kings  and  emperors  from  Henry  the  Fowler  (919) 
to  Henry  II  (1024).  “ The  modern  kingdom  of  Saxony  has 

nothing  but  its  name  in  common  with  the  Saxony  which 
was  brought  under  Frankish  dominion  by  Charles  the 
Great.”  (Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  196.)  It  was  governed 
later  by  the  house  of  Billing,  and  opposed  Henry  IV.  Its 
duke  Lothaire  became  king  of  Germany  in  1125.  Henry 
the  Lion  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria  (duke  from  1139)  extended 


Saxton 

the  territory,  but  was  overthrown  by  Frederick  Barbarossa 
in  1180.  “ The  duchy  of  Saxony  consisted  of  three  main 
divisions,  Westfalia,  Engern  or  Angria,  and  Eastfalia.  . . . 
The  duchy  was  capable  of  any  amount  of  extension  towards 
tire  east,  and  the  lands  gradually  won  from  the  Wends  on 
this  side  were  all  looked  on  as  additions  made  to  the  Saxon 
territory.  But  the  great  Saxon  duchy  was  broken  up  at 
the  fall  of  Henry  the  Lion.  . . . The  name  of  Saxony, 
as  a geographical  expression,  now  clave  to  the  Eastfalian 
remnant  of  the  old  duchy,  and  to  Thuringia  and  the  Sla- 
vonic conquests  to  the  east.”  (Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,p.  2L2.) 
Westphalia  fell,  as  a duchy,  to  Cologne ; the  eastern  part 
of  Saxony  fell  to  Bernard  of  Ascania ; Bavaria  passed  to  the 
Witt jlsbach  family.  “The  duchy  of  Saxony  . . . was 
granted  to  Bernard  of  Ballensted  [Duke  of  Saxony  1180- 
1212],  the  founder  of  the  Ascanian  house.  Of  the  older 
Saxon  land  his  house  kept  only  for  a while  the  small  dis- 
trict north  of  the  Elbe  which  kept  the  name  of  Sachsen- 
Lauenburg,  and  which  in  the  end  became  part  of  the  Han- 
over electorate.  But  in  Thuringia  and  the  conquered 
Slavonic  lands  to  the  east  of  Thuringia  a new  Saxony 
arose.”  (Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  213.)  This  was  the  later 
duchy  of  Saxony,  the  capital  of  which  was  Wittenberg. 
The  strife  for  the  electorate  between  the  two  branches  of 
Saxe-Wittenberg  and  Saxe-Lauenburg  was  decided  in  favor 
of  the  former  by  the  Golden  Bull  of  1356.  On  the  extinc- 
tion of  the  Ascanian  house  of  Saxe-Wittenberg,  the  elector- 
ate and  duchy  were  conferred  on  Frederick,  margrave  of 
Meissen.  Thuringia  was  separated  in  1445,  and  reunited 
in  1482.  Frederick’s  grandsons,  Ernest  and  Albert,  ruled 
jointly  from  1482  to  1485,  when  there  was  a partition  of  the 
territories,  Ernest  receiving  the  electorate,  Thuringia,  etc., 
and  Albert  Meissen,  etc.,  while  Osterland  was  divided. 
This  was  the  origin  of  the  Ernestine  and  Albertine  lines. 
The  elector  Frederick  the  Wise  (the  son  of  Ernest)  became 
a champion  of  the  Reformation.  By  the  capitulation  of 
Wittenberg  (1547)  the  electorate  and  various  territories 
were  transferred  to  Maurice  of  the  Albertine  line.  Saxony 
flourished  under  Maurice  and  his  brother  Augustus  ; suf- 
fered greatly  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War,  and  vacillated  be- 
tween the  parties ; and  acquired  in  1635  and  1648  Lusatia, 
the  bishopric  of  Merseburg,  etc.  Its  electors  were  kings  of 
Poland  from  1697  to  1763 ; suffered  severely  in  the  Silesian 
and  Seven  Years’  wars,  in  which  it  generally  opposed  Prus- 
sia ; sided  with  Prussia  in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succes- 
sion ; joined  the  Fiirstenbund  in  1785  ; joined  in  the  first 
coalition  against  France,  and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1806, 
but  went  over  to  Napoleon  ; and  entered  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine,  and  became  a kingdom.  (See  Meissen,  Thurin- 
gia, and  Saxony,  Kingdom  of.)  The  portion  of  Saxony  left 
to  the  Ernestine  line  in  1547  soon  became  divided  into  the 
Thuringian  petty  states  of  Weimar,  Gotha,  Altenburg, 
Meiningen,  etc.  See  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  etc. 

Saxony,  Kingdom  of.  [G.  Eonigreich  Sachsen,.'] 
A kingdom  of  Germany,  the  sixth  in  area  and 
third  in  population  of  the  states  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital,  Dresden.  It  is  bounded  by  Prus- 
sia on  the  nortli,  northeast,  and  east,  Bohemiaon  the  south- 
east and  south,  Bavaria  on  the  southwest,  and  Prussia, 
Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  and  Reusson  the 
west.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  north,  elsewhere  hilly, 
and  in  the  south  mountainous,  with  outliers  of  the  Erz- 
gebirge, and  the  Saxon  Switzerland.  It  lies  mostly  in 
the  basin  of  the  Elbe,  which  traverses  it  from  south  to 
north.  It  is  noted  for  its  mineral  wealth,  manufacturing 
activity,  and  agricultural  progress ; produces  cereals,  fruit, 
etc. ; and  has  mines  of  coal,  silver,  tin,  lead,  iron,  zinc, 
porcelain-earth,  etc.  It  is  especially  famous  for  its  textiles 
(cottons, woolens,  half-woolens,  yarns,  hosiery,  etc.).  Other 
leading  manufactures  are  machinery,  tools,  porcelain, 
paper,  glass,  tobacco,  musical  instruments,  china  and  con- 
fectionery. It  has  extensive  trade,  which  is  largely  con- 
centrated in  Leipsic,  and  exports  manufactured  articles. 
It  lias  5 administrative  districts : Zwickau,  Leipsic,  Dres- 
den, Chemnitz,  and  Bautzen.  The  government  is  a heredi- 
tary constitutional  monarchy,  administered  by  a king,  an 
upper  chamber,  and  a lower  chamber  of  91  deputies.  Sax- 
ony sends  4 representatives  to  the  Bundesrat  and  23  to  the 
Reichstag.  The  greater  part  of  the  population  is  Prot- 
estant, About  50, OOOare  Wends.  The  electorate  of  Saxony 
(see  above)  became  a kingdom  in  1806  under  Frederick 
Augustus  I.  The  duchy  of  Warsaw  was  created  for  him  by 
Napoleon  in  1807.  In  1809  its  extent  was  greatly  increased. 
The  king  was  defeated  with  Napoleon  at  the  battle  of 
Leipsic  in  1813,  and  had  to  cede  half  of  Saxony  to 
Prussia  in  1815  (besides  losing  the  duchy  of  Warsaw) ; 
Saxony  was  the  scene  of  riots  in  1830,  and  received  a new 
constitution  in  1831.  A revolutionary  outbreak  in  1849  was 
suppressed  by  Prussian  arms.  Saxony  formed  an  alliance 
with  Prussia  and  Hannover  in  1849 ; sided  with  Austria  in 
1866 ; was  occupied  by  Prussian  troops  and  forced  to  pay 
an  indemnity ; entered  the  North  German  Confederation 
in  1866;  and  entered  the  German  Empire  in  1871.  (See 
Saxony.)  Area,  5,787  square  miles.  Population,  4,802,- 
485,  (1910). 

Saxony,  Lower.  See  Lower  Saxon  Circle. 

Saxony,  Province  of,  or  Prussian  Saxony. 

[G.  Provinz  Sadism.  ] A province  of  Prussia. 

It  is  bounded  by  Hannover  and  Brandenburg  ou  the  north, 
Brandenburg  and  Silesia  on  the  east,  Saxony  and  Thurin- 
gia on  the  south,  aud  Brunswick,  Hannover,  and  Hesse- 
Nassau  on  the  west  It  has  also  several  exclaves,  and 
surrounds  portions  of  other  6tates.  It  produces  sugar- 
beets,  wheat,  barley,  rye,  etc.;  has  large  and  varied  manu- 
factures ; and  has  mines  of  salt,  coal,  copper,  silver,  etc. 
It  is  divided  into  the  government  districts  of  Magdeburg, 
Merseburg,  and  Erfurt.  It  was  formed  from  various  ter- 
ritories. including  parts  of  Saxony  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815, 
the  Altmark,  Magdeburg,  Mansfeld,  Halberstadt,  Quedlin- 
burg,  Erfurt,  etc.  Area,  9,752  square  miles.  Population, 
2,979,221. 

Saxony,  Upper.  See  Upper  Saxon  Circle. 
Saxton  (saks'ton),  Joseph.  Born  at  Hunting- 
don, Pa.,  March  22,  1799;  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Oct.  26,  1873.  An  American  inventor. 

He  accepted  a position  in  the  United  States  mint  at  Phila- 
delphia in  1837,  and  in  1843  became  connected  with  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey,  having  in  charge  the  construc- 
tion of  standard  weights,  balances,  and  measures.  Among 


Saxton 

his  inventions  were  a locomotive  differential  pulley,  a 
deep-sea  thermometer,  and  an  immersed  hydrometer. 

Say  (sa),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Lyons,  Jan. 

5,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  15,  1832.  A noted 
French  political  economist,  a member  of  the 
tribunate  1799-1804.  His  chief  works  are  “Traitd 
d'dconomie  politique”  (1803),  “Cat4chisme  d’economie 
politique  "(1815),  ‘‘Cours  complet  d’economie  politique  pra- 
tique ” (1828-30),  “ De  l'Angleterre  et  des  Anglais  ” (1815). 

Say,  Jean  Baptiste  Leon.  Bom  at  Paris,  J une 

6,  1826 : died  there,  April  30, 1896.  A French 

financier  and  politician,  grandson  of  J.  B.  Say. 
He  was  minister  of  finance  1872-73, 1875-76,  1876-79,  and 
1882  ; and  was  elected  a member  of  the  Academy  in  1874. 
He  published,  conjointly  with  Foyot  and  Lanjalley,  “ Dic- 
tionnaire  des  finances  ” (1889).  . 

Say,  Thomas.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  July  27, 
1787 : died  at  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  Oct.  10, 1834. 
An  American  naturalist.  He  accompanied  Long’s 
expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  1819-20,  and  that  to 
the  sources  of  St.  Peter’s  River  in  1823.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  Robert  Owen’s  short-lived  communistic  settlement 
at  New  Harmony  (1825-27).  His  “American  Entomology  ” 
was  first  published  1824-28,  and  this  title  is  given  to  a col- 
lected edition  of  his  entomological  writings,  with  notes  by 
Leconte  (2  vols.  1869).  Say  also  published  papers  on  the 
Mollusca , etc. 

Sayana  (sa/ya-na).  A great  Hindu  scholar  of 
the  14th  century  a.  D.,  brother  of  Madhavacarya 
and  minister  of  Vira  Bukka,  raja  of  Vijayana- 
gara.  (For  Burnell's  identification  of  Sayana  and  Ma- 
dhava,  see  Madhava).  Sayana  is  especially  famous  as  the 
reputed  author  of  a great  commentary  on  the  Rigveda, 
the  valueof  which  in  Vedic  exegesis  has  been  the  subject 
of  a sometimes  heated  discussion,  in  which  all  the  most 
eminent  Vedic  scholars  have  taken  part,  the  conclusion 
of  which  is  that  the  commentary,  whatever  may  be  its 
value  in  suggestion,  does  not  represent  a genuine  tradi- 
tion and  is  not  authoritative.  On  this  discussion,  see 
Whitney’s  “Oriental  and  Linguistic  Studies,’’  I.  100. 
Saybrook  (sa'bruk).  A town  in  Middlesex  Coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Connecticut  River  28  miles  east  of  New  Haven. 
Population,  1,907,  (1910). 

Saybrook  Platform.  A declaration  of  princi- 
ples adopted  by  a Congregational  synod  at  Say- 
brook in  1708,  substantially  the  same  as  the 
Cambridge  platform  (which  see). 

Sayce  (sas),  Archibald  Henry.  Born  at  Shire- 
hampton,  near  Bristol,  England,  Sept.  25,  1846. 
An  English  philologist,  deputy  professor  of  com- 
parative philology  at  Oxford  1876-90,  and  profes- 
sor of  Assyriology  from  1891 . He  is  especially  noted 
as  an  Orientalist.  His  works  include  an  Akkadian  and 
an  Assyrian  grammar,  “ Principles  of  Comparative  Phi- 
lology ’’  (1874),  “ The  Monuments  of  the  Hittites  ’’  (1881), 
“ Ancient  Empires  of  the  East  ’’  (1884),  “Herodotus  i.-iii.” 
(1883),  “Records  of  the  Past”  (2d  series,  1888-91),  etc. 

Saye  (sa)  (or  Say)  and  Sele  (sel),FirstViscount 
(William  Fiennes).  Born  May  28, 1582:  died 
April  14, 1662.  An  English  politician,  son  of  Rich- 
ard Fiennes, Baron  Saye  and  Sele.  Hetookhisseat 
in  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1613,  and 
became  one  of  the  most  prominent  opponents  of  the  court. 
He  was  created  viscount  in  1624  at  the  instance  of  Bucking- 
ham, who  was  seeking  to  conciliate  the  popular  leaders  with 
a view  to  bringing  on  war  against  Spain  after  the  breaking 
off  of  the  Spanish  match.  In  association  with  Lord  Brooke 
and  ten  others  he  obtained,  March  19, 1632,  a patent  for  a 
large  tract  of  land  on  the  Connecticut  River  from  Lord 
Warwick  and  the  New  England  Company.  John  Winthrop 
was  appointed  governor,  and  a fort  was  established  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  which  received  the  name  of  Saybrook. 
Lord  Saye  and  Sele  was  appointed  a privy  councilor,  mas- 
ter of  the  court  of  wards,  and  a commissioner  of  the 
treasury  in  1641.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he 
raised  a regiment  for  the  Parliament,  but  did  not  favor 
the  abolition  of  the  monarchy,  and  retired  to  private  life 
after  the  execution  of  the  king.  He  was  appointed  to  the 
council  of  the  colonies  in  1660,  after  the  Restoration. 

Sayes  Court  (saz  kort).  The  estate  of  Jolm 
Evelyn  at  Deptford,  England,  itcametohim  with 
his  wife,  who- held  it  on  a lease  from  the  crown.  On  his 
removal  to  VVotton,  Sayes  Court  and  its  gardens  were  let. 
Peter  the  Great  occupied  it  in  1698 ; in  1759  it  was  used 
as  a workhouse.  In  1881  the  owner,  a descendant  of 
Evelyn,  converted  it  into  the  Evelyn  Almshouses,  and  in 
1886  a public  garden  was  endowed.  The  Sayes  Court  Mu- 
seum and  cricket-ground  are  quite  near  it. 

Saypan.  Ono  of  the  Ladrone  Islands. 

Sayre  (sar),  Lewis  Albert.  Born  Feb.  29, 
1820  : died  Sept.  21,  1900.  An  American  sur- 
geon, professor(from  1861)  at  Bellevue  Medical 
College,  New  York  city.  He  invented  many  sur- 
gical instruments  and  appliances,  and  was  the  first  to  use 
plaster  of  Paris  “jackets’’  in  spinal  diseases  and  curva- 
ture. He  published  “ Practical  Manual  of  the  Treatment 
of  Club-Foot’’  (1869),  “Lectures  on  Orthopedic  Surgery 
and  Diseases  of  the  Joints  ” (1876),  etc. 

Sayri  Tupac  (sa-e're  to'pak).  Born  about  1530: 
died  near  Cuzco,  1560.  A Peruvian  chief,  son  of 
Inca  Manco.  After  the  death  of  his  father 
(1544)  he  remained  in  the  mountains  uutil  1558, 
when  he  was  induced  to  be  baptized,  receiving 
a Spanish  title  with  a pension. 

S.  B.  An  abbreviation  of  South  Britain. 

S.  C.  An  abbreviation  of  South  Carolina. 
Scaevola (sev'o-la)  (‘Left-handed ’),  C.  Mucius. 
A Roman  hero.  According  to  legend,  when  Lars  Por- 


903 

sena  was  besieging  Rome  in  509  B.  c.,  Mucius,  conceal- 
ing a dagger  about  his  person,  went  out  to  the  king’s  camp 
with  the  intention  of  putting  him  to  death,  but  killed  in- 
stead a royal  secretary  whom  he  mistook  for  Porsena.  He 
was  threatened  with  death  by  fire  unless  he  revealed  the 
details  of  a conspiracy  which  he  said  had  been  formed  at 
Rome  for  the  purpose  of  assassinating  Porsena,  where- 
upon he  thrust  his  right  hand  into  a sacrificial  fire  burn- 
ing on  an  altar  hard  by.  This  firmness  excited  the  admira- 
tion of  Porsena,  who  ordered  him  to  be  released 

Scaevola,  Q.  Mucius.  Died  82  b.  c.  A Roman 

jurist.  He  was  a tribune  of  the  people  in  106,  curule 
edile  in  104,  and  consul  in  95.  He  was  subsequently  pro- 
consul  of  the  province  of  Asia,  and  ultimately  became 
pontifex  maximus.  He  was  proscribed  by  the  Marian 
party  during  the  Social  War,  and  was  killed  in  sanctuary. 
Excerpts  from  his  writings  are  preserved  in  the  Digest. 
Scafell,  or  Scawfell  (ska-fel').  A mountainin 
the  Lake  District  of  England,  adjoining  Scafell 
Pike.  Height,  3,162  feet. 

Sea  Fell  Pikes.  The  highest  mountain  in  Eng- 
land, in  the  Lake  District,  Cumberland,  10  miles 
west  of  Ambleside.  Height,  3,210  feet. 

Scala  (ska'la),  Cane  Grande  della  (usually 
known  as  Can  Grande).  Born  at  Verona  in 
1291:  died  at  Treviso,  July  22,  1329.  A sover- 
eign prince  of  Verona.  He  was  the  most  illustri- 
ous of  his  line,  and  conquered  Vicenza,  Padua,  and  Treviso. 
He  is  famous  as  the  patron  of  Dante. 

Scala  (ska'la),  La.  A theater  in  Milan,  one  of 
the  largest  in  the  world : inaugurated  1778. 
Scala  Nova,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  iEgean 
Sea,  west  of  Asia  Minor,  partly  inclosed  by 
Samos. 

Scala  Santa  (skii'la  san'ta),  or  Pilate’s  Stair- 
case. [It.,  ‘ holy  stairway.’]  A stairway  on  the 
north  side  of  St.  John  Lateran,  at  Rome,  it 
consists  of  28  marble  steps,  said  to  have  come  from  the 
house  of  Pilate  in  Jerusalem,  and  leads  to  the  medieval 
papal  chapel  in  the  Lateran  Palace.  The  stairs  can  be 
ascended  only  by  penitents  on  their  knees.  The  treasure 
of  the  chapel  is  the  painting  of  the  Saviour  as  a boy,  said 
to  have  been  drawn  by  St.  Luke  and  finished  by  an  angel. 
The  painting  appears  to  be  Greek. 

Scaldis  (skal'dis).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
Schelde. 

Scaletta  (ska-let'ta).  An  Alpine  pass  in  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  leading  from 
Davos  (east  of  Coire)  to  Capella  in  the  Upper 
Engadine. 

Scaliger  (skal'i-jer),  Joseph  Justus.  Born  at 
Agen,  France,  Aug.  5,  1540:  died  at  Leyden, 
Jan.  21,  1609.  A celebrated  Protestant  scholar, 
son  of  J.  C.  Scaliger.  He  studied  at  Bordeaux  and 
Paris ; traveled  in  Italy,  England,  and  Scotland  ; lectured 
in  Geneva  1572-74 ; lived  with  his  patron  La  Roche  Pozay ; 
and  became  professor  at  Leyden  in  1593.  By  his  “De 
emendatione  temporum  ’’  (1583)  and  “ Thesaurus  tempo- 
rum  ” (1606)  he  became  the  founder  of  modern  chronology. 
He  edited  Catullus,  Propertius,  Tibullus,  etc.  His  “Opu- 
scula  varia  ’’  were  edited  by  J.  Casaubon  in  1610. 

Scaliger,  Julius  Caesar  (originally  Della 
Scala,  a nickname  of  his  father,  Benedetto  Bor- 
done).  Born  near  Lago  di  Garda,  Italy,  April 
23,  1484 : died  at  Agen,  Prance,  Oct.  21,  1558. 
A noted  Italian  humanist,  philosopher,  and  sci- 
entist. He  lived  until  1526  at  Venice  or  Padua,  and  then 
at  Agen,  where  he  practised  as  a physician.  His  chief 
philosophical  work  is  “ Exercitationes’’onthe“De  subtili- 
tate”  of  Cardan  (1557).  He  wrote  also  Latin  verse,  “ Poe- 
tices  ’’  (1561),  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  Hippocrates,  and 
Theophrastus,  etc. 

Scalloway  (skal'o-wa).  A small  seaport  on 
Mainland,  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland,  6 miles 
from  Lerwick. 

Scalpa(skal'pji).  1.  An  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  east  of  Harris.  Length,  about  3 
miles. — 2.  An  island  of  the  Hebrides,  Scotland, 
east  and  north  of  Skye  and  south  of  Raasay. 
Length,  4|  miles. 

Scalve  (skal've),  Val  di.  An  Alpine  valley  in 
Bergamasca,  province  of  Bergamo,  northern 
Italy,  25  to  30  miles  northeast  of  Bergamo. 
Scamander  (ska-man'der),  or  Xanthus  (zan'- 
thus).  The  ancient  name  of  a river  in  Mysia, 
Asia  Minor:  the  modern  Mendere  (which  see). 
Scanderbeg,  or  Skanderbeg  (skan'der-beg), 
from  Iskander  (Alexander)  Bey  (originally 
George  Castriota).  Born  1403 : died  at  Ales- 
sio,  Jan.  17,  1468.  An  Albanian  commander. 
He  was  the  son  of  Ivan  (John)  Castriota,  lord  of  a heredi- 
tary principality  in  Albania,  and  in  his  youth  was  sent  as 
a hostage  to  the  Ottoman  court.  On  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther in  1443,  the  Porte  decided  to  annex  this  principality, 
which  had  hitherto  enjoyed  a semi-independent  existence. 
He  returned  to  Albania  in  1444,  proclaimed  iiis  indepen- 
dence, and  maintained  himself  successfully  against  Amu- 
rath  II.  and  Mohammed  II. 

Scandia  (skan'di-ii).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
supposed  island,  identical  with  the  southern 
part  of  Sweden. 

Scandinavia  (skan-di-na'vi-ii).  A name  denot- 
ing either  the  peninsula  which  comprises  Nor- 
way and  Sweden,  or  the  lands  occupied  by  the 
Scandinavian  peoples,  including  Norway,  Swe- 
den, and  Denmark. 


Scarpa 

Scandinavians  (skan-di-na'vi-anz).  Natives  of 
the  region  loosely  called  Scandinavia. 

The  [ancient]  Scandinavians,  a tall  Northern  dolicho- 
cephalic  n*ce,  represented  by  the  Row  Grave  and  Staen- 
genaes  skeletons,  and  the  people  of  the  kitchen-middens. 
The  stature  averaged  5 feet  10  inches.  They  were  dolicho- 
cephalic, with  an  index  of  from  70  to  73,  and  somewhat 
prognathous,  with  fair  hair  and  blue  eyes,  and  a white 
skin.  They  are  represented  by  the  Swedes,  the  Frisians, 
and  the  fair  North  Germans.  Taylor , Aryans,  p.  213. 

Scapa  Flow  (ska/pa  flo).  An  inclosed  sheet  of 
water  in  the  Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  south  of 
Mainland. 

Scapin  (ska-pan';  E.  ska'pin).  [F.,  from  It. 
Scapino .]  A wily  intriguing  valet  in  Moliere’s 
comedy  “Lesfourberies  de  Scapin.”  He  is  fertile 
in  expedients,  and  a consummate  deceiver.  He  conducts 
the  affairs  of  four  lovers,  against  the  wishes  of  their  respec- 
tive fathers,  to  the  desired  end.  In  order  to  escape  the 
consequences  of  his  insolence  in  having  severely  beaten 
G^ronte,  the  father  of  Hyacinthe,  he  lias  himself  brought 
in  in  an  apparently  dying  condition, and  obtains  hispardon. 
The  nickname  of  Jupiter  Scapin  was  given  to  the  first  Na- 
poleon by  the  A bin)  de  Pradt,  in  allusion  to  his  disposition 
to  employ  trickery. 

Scapino  (ska-pe'no).  [It.]  A typical  character 
in  Italian  masked  comedy,  the  cunning  and  kna- 
vish servant  of  Gratiano,  originally  speaking  the 
dialect  of  Bergamo.  Molifere introduced  him  to  French 
comedy  (see  Scapin ) in  such  a manner  as  to  turn  his  name 
into  a proverb. 

Scaramouclie  (skar'a-mouch ; F.  ska-ra-mosh'). 
[F.]  The  Italian  Scaramuccia  (which  see),  it 

was  introduced  into  France  about  1640  by  an  Italian  actor, 
Tiberio  Fiureili  (1608-96). 

Scaramuccia  (ska-ra-mo'eha).  [It.;  F . Scara- 
mouche,  G.  Scaramuz.]  A boaster  and  clown 
who  is  in  mortal  fear  of  Polichinelle  or  Hai’le- 
cjuin:  a typical  character  inltalian  comedy.  He 
grew  out  of  the  old  pantomimic  character  Capitan  (which 
see),  which  was  turned  into  Scaramuccia  after  the  Span- 
iards lost  their  influence  in  Italy.  See  Scaramuuche. 

Scarborough  (skar'bu-ro).  A borough  and 
watering-place  in  the  North  Ridingof  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  36  miles 
northeast  of  York.  The  ruins  of  its  ancient  castle  are 
situated  on  a promontory  northeast  of  the  town.  It  is 
frequented  for  sea-bathing  and  for  its  mineral  springs.  It 
has  a picturesque  situation  and  environs,  and  is  sometimes 
called  “the  Queen  of  Watering-places.’’  Population, 
38,161. 

Scarborough.  The  capital  of  Tobago,  British 
West  Indies,  situated  on  the  southeastern  coast. 
Scarborough  Islands,  or  Scarborough  Eange. 
A group  of  the  Gilbert  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean. 
Scaria  (ska're-a),  Emil.  Bom  at  Gratz,  Styria, 
1840 : died  July  22, 1886.  A German  bass  opera- 
singer.  He  made  his  ddbut  at  Pest,  and  went  to  London 
in  1862,  to  Dessau  in  1862,  to  Dresden  in  1865,  and  to  V ienna 
in  1872,  where  he  sang  for  many  years.  He  was  noted  in 
Wagnerian  opera. 

Scarlatti  (skar-lat'te),  Alessandro.  Bom  at 

Trapani,  Sicily,  1659:  died  at  Naples,  Oct.  24, 
1725.  A celebrated  Italian  composer.  He  is  called 
the  founder  of  modern  opera.  Little  is  known  of  his  early 
life,  but  he  was  a most  prolific  composer,  leaving  over  100 
operas  and  200  masses,  besides  cantatas  and  oratorios. 
He  wasthe  reputed  inventorof  accompanied  recitatives  and 
of  the  “da  capo,”  but  the  latter  was  first  used  by  Cavalli 
in  his  opera  “ Giasone  ” (1655).  He  became  a professor  in 
three  of  the  Naples  conservatories,  and  many  celebrated 
musicians  were  his  pupils. 

Scarlatti,  Domenico.  Born  at  Naples,  1685 : 
died  there,  1 75 < . An  Italian  musician,  son  of 
Alessandro  Scai'latti.  He  was  a noted  performer  on 
the  harpsichord  and  organ ; composed  many  works  for  the 
harpsichord ; and  did  much  for  modern  technic.  Men- 
delssohn and  Liszt  and  other  composers  show  his  influence 
in  this  particular.  His  sonatas  and  fugues,  especially  the 
“ Cat’s  Fugue,’’  are  still  played. 

Scarlet  (skar'let),  Will.  One  of  the  companions 
of  Robin  Hood.  He  is  also  known  in  old  bal- 
lads as  Scadlock  and  Scatheloek. 

Scarlet  Letter,  The.  A romance  by  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,  published  in  1850.  The  scene  is  laid 
in  New  England  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  See 
Prynne,  B ester. 

Scarlett  (skar'let),  Sir  James.  Bom  in  Jamaica, 
1769  : died  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  April  7, 1844. 
An  English  jurist.  In  1789  he  graduatedat  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College)  and  entered  the  Inner  Temple  ; in  1819 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Peterborough  ; in 
1827  was  appointed  attorney-general  by  Canning,  and  in  1834 
lord  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer ; and  in  1835  was  created 
Baron  Abinger. 

Scarlett,  Sir  James  Yorke.  Born  1799:  died 
1871 . An  English  major-general,  younger  son 
of  Lord  Abinger.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Crimean  war,  particularly  at  the  battle  of  Balaklava. 

Scarlet  Woman,  The.  A name  sometimes 
given  by  Protestants  to  the  Church  of  Rome, 
in  allusion  to  Rev.  xvii. 

Scarpa  (skar'pa),  or  Scarp  (skarpj.  An  island 
of  th  e Outer  Hebrides,  county  of  Inverness,  Scot- 
land,  west  of  Harris.  Length,  3 miles. 

Scarpa  (skar'pa),  Antonio.  Born  at  Motta, 
northeastern  Italy,  June  13,  1747 : died  Oct.  31, 
1832.  A noted  Italian  anatomist  and  surgeon. 


Scarpa 

He  became  professor  of  anatomy  at  Modena  in  1772,  and 
at  Pavia  in  1784.  He  was  chief  surgeon  to  Napoleon  I. 
He  published  numerous  anatomical  and  surgical  works, 
of  which  a collective  edition  was  published  by  Vacconi 
in  1836. 

Scarpanto  (skar'pan-to).  An  island  of  the 
ACgean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  north- 
east of  Crete  and  about  30  miles  southwest  of 
Rhodes:  the  ancient  Carpathus.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  Its  early  inhabitants  were  Dorians.  Length 
31  miles.  Population,  about  8,000  (mostly  Greeks). 

Scarpe  (skarp).  A river  in  northeastern  France 
which  joins  the  Schelde  11  miles  north  by  west 
of  Valenciennes.  Length,  70  miles. 

Scarron  (ska-roii'),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1610:  died  there,  Oct.  14,  1660.  A French 
burlesque  poet  and  dramatist.  As  a child,  his 
strained  relations  with  his  stepmother  led  him  to  live 
away  from  home  even  during  his  father’s  lifetime.  He 
began  to  study  for  the  church,  and  lived  meanwhile  on  an 
allowance  amply  sufficient  to  meet  all  his  needs.  About 
1638  he  sustained  some  serious  accident  that  left  him  a 
deformed  paralytic  deprived  of  the  use  of  his  lower  limbs. 
About  the  same  time  his  father  died,  leaving  him  with- 
out any  share  in  the  patrimony.  He  obtained  some  pen- 
sions and  sought  besides  to  help  himself  along  by  means 
of  his  pen.  He  attempted  the  burlesque  style,  and  made 
a success  of  it  in  his  first  publication,  “Le  Typhon,  ou  la 
Gigantomachie  ” (1644).  His  style  of  writing  became  at 
once  the  fashion  : this  made  the  more  acceptable  his 
comedies  “Jodelet,  ou  le  maitre  valet”  and  “ Les  trois 
Dorothee,  ou  Jodelet  souffletC”  (1645),  and  his  farce 
“Sctnes  du  capitan  Matamore  et  de  Boniface  pCdant” 
(1647).  In  1648  he  began  the  publication  of  “Virgile 
travesti.  ” Then  he  wrote  some  stinging  pamphlets,  among 
others  “La  mazarinade,”  and  scored  a great  success  with 
his  “ Roman  comique  ” (1651).  The  following  year  Scarron 
married  Frangoise  d’Aubignd,  who  became  later  Madame 
deMaintenon.  During  the  last  period  of  his  life  he  wrote 
several  short  stories,  “Nouvelles  tragi-comiques  ” (1654), 
one  of  which  (“L'Hypocrite ')  underlies  Moli&re’s  “Tar- 
tufe,”  and  composed  aljo  his  best  comedies,  “ Don  Japhet 
d’Arm^nie  "(1653),  “L’Ecolierde  Salamanque”  (1654),  and 
“Le  marquis  ridicule  ” (1656),  and  a couple  of  posthumous 
plays,  “La  fausse  apparence”  and  “Le  prince  corsaire” 
(1662). 

Scartazzini  (skar-tfit-se'ne),  Johann  Andreas. 
Born  Dec.  30,  1837:  died  Feb.  10,  1901.  A 
Swiss  author,  noted  as  a student  of  Dante. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Dante  Alighieri,  seine  Zeit,  sein 
Leben  und  seine  Werke  ”(1869),  “ DivinaCommedia”with 
commentary  (1874-82),  and  editions  of  Tasso  and  Petrarch. 

Scawfell.  See  Scafell. 

Sceaux  (so).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Seine,  France,  4 miles  south  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Paris.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful 
sortie  of  the  French  Sept.  19,  1870.  Population,  commune, 
4,867. 

Scesaplana(sha-zii-pla'na).  The  highest  moun- 
tain of  the  Rhiitikon,  situated  on  the  border 
of  Vorarlberg  and  the  canton  of  (Prisons,  Swit- 
zerland, 17  miles  north-northeast  of  Coire. 
Height,  9,738  feet. 

Schachenthal  (shach'en-tal).  An  Alpine  val- 
ley in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  east  of 
Altdorf : a side  valley  of  the  Reuss. 

Schack  (shak),  Count  Adolf  Friedrich  von. 
Born  at  Brusewitz,  Germany,  Aug.  2, 1815 : died 
at  Rome,  April  14, 1894.  A German  poet,  trans- 
lator, and  literary  historian.  Among  his  works  are 
“Geschiclite  der  dramatischen  Litterutur  und  Kunst  in 
Spanien  ” (1846-46),“  Poesie  und  Kunst  der  Araber  in  Span- 
ien  und  Sicilien  " (2d  ed.  1877),  translations  from  the  Span- 
ish and  from  Firdausi,  and  dramatic,  epic,  and  lyric  poems. 

Schadow  (sha'do),  Wilhelm  Friedrich  von. 

Born  at  Berlin,  Sept.  6,  1789 : died  at  Diissel- 
dorf,  March  19,  1862.  A German  painter  and 
teacher  of  painting,  son  of  J.  G.  Schadow.  He 

became  professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy  in  1819,  and  ex- 
erted great  influence  as  the  director  of  the  Diisseldorf 
Academy  1826-59,  becoming  the  founder  of  a modern  school 
of  German  painters.  See  Overbeck. 

Schadow,  Johani)  Gottfried.  Born  at  Berlin, 
May  20,  1764 : died  there,  Jan.  27,  1850.  A 
noted  German  sculptor,  founder  of  the  modem 
Berlin  school  of  sculptors.  His  works  include  stat- 
ues of  Frederick  the  Great  (Stettin),  Bliicher  (Rostock), 
Luther  (Wittenberg),  and  the  quadriga  on  the  Branden- 
burger  Thor  (Berlin).  He  also  wrote  several  works  on  art. 

Schafarik  (sha'fa-rik)  (Bohem.  Safaflk),Paul 
Joseph.  Bom  at  Kobelyarowo,  northern  Hun- 
gary, May  13, 1795 : died  June  26, 1861.  A Slovak 
philologist,  noted  for  his  researches  in  Slavic 
speech,  literature,  and  history.  He  was  professor 
at  the  gymnasium  at  Neusatz  1819-33,  and  its  director  1819- 
1825  ; and  was  connected  with  the  library  of  Prague  1841- 
1857.  Among  his  principal  works  are  “ Slavic  Antiquities  ” 
(1837),  “History  of  the  Slavic  Language  and  Literature" 
(1826),  “Slavic  Ethnography ”(1842), a collection  of  Slovak 
songs,  and  works  on  Bohemian  and  South  Slavic  philology 
and  literature. 

Schafberg  (shaf'bera).  A mountain  on  the  bor- 
der of  Salzburg  and  Upper  Austria,  19  miles 
east  of  Salzburg.  It  is  called  “the  Austrian Rigi”  on 
account  of  its  extensive  view.  Height,  5,840  feet. 

Schafer,  or  Schaefer  (sha'fer),  Arnold.  Born 
at  Seehausen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  16,  1819:  died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  20,  1883.  A German 
historian,  brother  of  J.  W.  Schafer  : professor 


904 

of  history  at  Bonn  from  1865.  He  wrote  “ Ge- 
schichte  des  Siebenjahrigen  Kriegs  ” (1867-74), 
etc. 

Schafer, or  Schaefer, Heinrich.  BornatSchlitz, 
Germany,  April  25, 1794 : died  at  Giessen,  Ger- 
many, J uly  2, 1869.  A German  historian,  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Giessen  from  1833,  and  di- 
rector of  the  university  library  from  1864.  He 
wrote  “Geschichte  von  Portugal  "(“HiBtory  of  Portugal,” 
1836-54),  “Geschichte  von  Spanien " (1831-67),  etc. 

Schafer,  or  Schaefer,  Johann  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Seehausen,  near  Bremen,  Sept.  17,  1809 : 
died  at  Bremen,  March  2, 1880.  A German  his- 
torian of  literature.  His  works  include  “Grundriss 
der  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur"  (1836),  “ Hand- 
buch  der  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur  ” (1842^4), 
“Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur  des  18.  Jahrhun- 
derts  ’’  (1855),  lives  of  Goethe  and  Schiller,  etc. 

Schaff  (shaf),  Philip.  Born  at  Coire,  Switzer- 
land, Jan.  1,  1819:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  20, 
1893.  A German-American  church  historian, 
theologian,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  grad- 
uated at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1841,  and  in  1844  ac- 
cepted a professorship  in  the  theological  seminary  of  the 
German  Reformed  Church  of  the  United  States  at  Mer- 
cersburg,  Pennsylvania:  a post  which  he  occupied  until 
1863.  He  was  appointed  professor  in  Union  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  at  New  York  in  1870,  being  elected  presi- 
dent in  1887,  and  retired  as  professor  emeritus  in  the 
spring  of  1893.  He  was  president  of  the  American  com- 
mittee for  the  revision  of  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Bible.  Among  his  works  are  “History  of  the  Christian 
Church”  (new  ed.,  Vols.  I-IV,  and  VI,  1882-88),  “Creeds 
of  Christendom”  (1877),  “The  Person  of  Christ”  (1865), 
“Through  Bible  Lands ” (1878),  and  “Bible  Dictionary" 
(1880).  He  edited  “Christ  in  Song”  (1868),  and,  with  others, 
“ Library  of  Religious  Poetry  ” (1881),  “ Schaff-Herzog  Re- 
ligious Encyclopaedia  ” (3  vols.  and  supp.  1882-87),  etc. 
Schaffhausen  (shaf'hou-zen).  1.  A canton  of 
Switzerland,  situated  north  of  the  Rhine,  and 
lying  partly  in  the  Swabian  Jura  and  partly 
in  the  Klettgau.  Capital,  Schaffhausen.  it  is 
nearly  surrounded  by  Baden,  and  is  bounded  also  on  the 
south  by  the  cantons  of  Zurich  and  Thurgau.  It  has  also 
two  small  exclaves  north  of  the  Rhine.  It  sends  2 mem- 
bers each  to  the  State  and  National  councils.  The  lan- 
guage is  German,  and  the  prevailing  religion  Protestant. 
It  freed  itself  from  Austrian  rule  in  1419 ; was  allied  to  the 
Swiss  Confederates  in  1464 ; became  a canton  in  1501 ; and 
received  a democratic  constitution  in  1876.  Area,  114 
square  miles.  Population,  45,943,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Schaffhausen, 
situated  on  the  Rhine  in  lat.  47°  41'  N.,  long. 
8°  38'  E.  it  has  various  manufactures,  and  contains 
the  castle  of  Munoth,  a cathedral,  "Imthurneum, ” etc. 
It  became  a free  imperial  city  in  1264,  and  passed  later  to 
the  Hapsburga.  Population,  15,275. 

Schaffhausen,  Falls  of.  A cataract  of  the 
Rhine,  at  Laufen,  near  Schaffhausen.  Height, 
about  60  feet;  including  rapids,  about  100  feet.  Width 
above  the  falls,  about  375  feet. 

Schaffle  (shef'fle),  Albert  Eberhard  Fried- 
rich. Born  at  Nurtingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb. 
24,  1831 : died  at  Stuttgart,  Dec.  25,  1903.  A 
German  political  economist.  He  became  professor 
of  political  economy  at  Tubingen  in  1861  and  at  Vienna  in 
1868,  and  was  Austrian  minister  of  commerce  in  1871.  He 
afterward  removed  to  Stuttgart,  and  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  literature.  He  published  “ Die  Nationalokono- 
mie  ” (1861),  the  third  edition  of  which  was  renamed  “ Das 
gesellschaftliche  System  der  menschlichen  Wirtschaft” 
(1873),  “ Kapitalismus  und  Socialismus”  (1870),  “Quintes* 
senz  des  Socialismus  ” (1874),  etc. 

Schamir  (sha'mer).  A mysterious  worm 
which,  according  to  Persian  and  other  tradi- 
tions adopted  by  the  Jews  and  woven  around 
the  legends  of  Solomon,  was  able  to  cut  the 
hardest  stone.  It  was  about  the  size  of  a barleycorn, 
but  nothing  could  resist  its  strength.  It  was  with  the  aid 
of  Schamir  that  Solomon  built  the  temple,  the  stones  of 
which  were  not  hewn  by  human  hands.  In  some  versions 
it  is  called  a stone.  In  early  rabbinical  fable  it  is  not  a 
worm,  and  is  something  more  than  a stone,  being  called 
a “creature.”  It  is  an  impersonation  of  a mysterious  force. 
The  story  passed  over  to  the  Greeks,  and  the  force  became 
a plant.  In  the  English  “Gesta  Romanorum  ” it  is  again 
a worm  called  Thumare.  Gervaiseof  Tilbury  speaks  of  it 
in  connection  with  Solomon  as  a worm  called  Thamir. 
The  same  legend  in  different  forms  is  met  with  in  Ice- 
land and  many  other  European  countries.  In  some 
forms  Schamir  has  the  power  of  giving  life  or  of  paralyz- 
ing life. 

It  bursts  locks  and  shatters  stones;  it  opens  in  the 
mountains  the  hidden  treasures  hitherto  concealed  from 
men;  or  it  paralyses,  lulling  into  a magic  sleep ; or, again, 
it  restores  to  life.  I believe  the  varied  fables  relate  to 
one  and  the  same  object  — and  that,  the  lightning. 

S.  Baring-Gould, Curious  Myths  of  Mid.  Ages,  2d  ser. , p.  144. 

Schamyl  (sha'mil).  Born  1797 : diedat  Medina, 
March,  1871.  A Caucasian  leader.  Hewaselected 
imam  of  the  Lesgliians  in  1S34,  and  acquired  a complete 
ascendancy  over  all  the  tribes  of  Daghestan,  which  he  led 
in  a 30  years’  struggle  for  independence  against  Russia.  His 
last  stronghold,  Weden,  was  taken  April  12, 1S59,  and  he 
himself  was  surprised  and  captured  in  the  following  Sept. 
He  was  assigned  a residence  in  the  interior  of  Russia,  and 
died  on  a pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 

Schandau  (shan'dou).  A town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kir- 
nitsch  with  the  Elbe,  in  the  midst  of  the  Saxon 


Scheffer,  Ary 

Switzerland,  21  miles  southeast  of  Dresden.  It 
is  a tourist  center.  Population,  3,373. 
Schanfigg  (shan-fig'),  or  Schalfigg  (shal-fig'). 
An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  east  of  Coire,  traversed  by  the 
Plessur. 

Schar-Dagh  (shar-dag'),  or  Tchar-Dagh.  A 

mountain-range  in  the  western  part  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  on  the  eastern  border  of  Albania : 
the  ancient  Seardus.  It  separates  the  valleys  of 
the  Drin  and  Vardar.  Highest  peak,  10,005  feet. 
Scharf  (sharf),  John  Thomas.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, May  1,  1843 : died  at  New  York,  Feb.  28, 
1898.  An  American  historian.  He  served  In  the 
Confederate  army  and  navy  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
afterward  engaged  in  journalism.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1874,  and  was  appointed  commissioner  of  the 
land  office  of  Maryland  in  1884.  Among  his  works  are 
“ History  of  Maryland  ’’  (1879),  “History  of  the  Confeder- 
ate States  Navy  ” (1887),  “ History  of  Delaware  " (1888). 

Scharnhorst  (sharn'horst),  Gerhard  Johann 
David  von.  Born  at  Bordenau,  Hannover, 
Nov.  12,  1755 : died  at  Prague,  June  28,  1813. 
A German  general  and  military  writer.  He  was 
in  the  Hanoverian  service  until  1801,  and  then  in  that  of 
Prussia.  He  was  director  of  a Prussian  military  school 
1801-03;  served  against  the  French  1806-07  ; was  president 
of  the  commission  for  reorganizing  the  Prussian  army; 
and  was  director  of  the  department  of  war  1807-10.  He 
was  severely  wounded  at  Grossgorschen  in  1813.  He  wrote 
“Handbuch  fur  Offiziere  ” (1781-90),  etc. 

Scharwenka  (shar-veng'kii),  Philipp.  Bom  at 
Samter,  East  Prussia,  Feb.  16, 1847.  A German 
musician  and  composer,  the  brother  of  Xaver 
Scharwenka.  He  was  a pupil  of  Kullak,  and  has  taught 
in  the  latter’s  academy  at  Berlin.  He  is  also  a caricaturist. 
Scharwenka,  Xaver.  Bom  at  Samter,  East 
Prussia,  Jan.  6,  1850.  A noted  German  pianist 
and  composer.  He  was  a pupil  and  teacher  at  Kullak’s 
academy ; and  played  in  public  at  Berlin  in  1869,  and  in 
England  in  1879,  and  also  in  the  United  States.  He  es- 
tablished a school  of  music  in  New  York  in  1891.  He  has 
published  a numberof  pianoforte  concertos,  songs,  sonatas, 
etc.;  also  a good  deal  of  chamber-music. 

Schassburg  ( shes'boro),  Hung.  Segesvdr  (she'- 
gesh-var).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Nagy- 
Kiikiillo,  Transylvania,  situated  on  the  Nagy- 
Kukullo  in  lat.  46°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  47'  E.  Here, 
July  31,  1849,  the  Russians  under  Liiders  defeated  the 
Hungarians  under  Bern.  Population,  commune,  10,868. 
Schaumburg  (shoum'horG).  1.  A former  count- 
ship  of  Germany,  in  the  valley  of  the  Weser. 
It  was  divided  in  1648  between  Lippe  and  Hesse-Cassel. 
The  former  part  is  now  Schaumburg- Lippe. 

2.  A countship  in  Prussia,  on  the  Lahn.  The 
title  is  now  in  the  family  of  Oldenburg. 
Schaumhurg-Lippe  (shoum'bora-lip'pe).  A 
principality  and  state  of  the  German  Empire, 
situated  west  of  Hannover,  and  surrounded  by 
Hannover,  Westphalia,  and  the  Prussian  part  of 
Schaumburg.  Capital,  Biickeburg.  The  surface 
is  level  or  hilly.  It  is  a hereditary  constitutional  monarchy, 
and  has  1 vote  in  the  Bundesrat  and  1 in  the  Reichstag. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  The  present  line 
was  founded  in  1613,  and  was  at  first  called  Biickebnrg 
Lippe.  It  was  raised  to  a principality  in  1807.  It  sided  at 
first  with  Austria  in  1866,  hut  changed  to  the  Prussian  side. 
Area,  131  square  miles.  Population,  44,992. 

Scheat  (she 'at).  TAr. : a corruption  of  sd’id, 
the  arm  or  cubit.]  A name  given  to  the  sec- 
ond-magnitude star  d Pegasi,  sometimes  called 
MenMb,  and  also  to  the  third-magnitude  star  J 
Aquarii . As  applied  to  the  latter  star  the  name  is  often 
spelled  Skat. 

Schedir,  or  Shedir  (sha'der  or  she'der).  [Ar. 
aJ-qadr,  the  breast.]  The  second-magnitude 
star  a Cassiopeiaa,  in  the  breast  of  the  figure. 
Scheele  (sha'le),  Karl  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Stral- 
sund,  Dec.  2,  1742:  died  at  Hoping,  Sweden, 
May,  1786.  A celebrated  Swedish  chemist.  He 
lived  as  an  apothecary  at  Hoping  from  1777.  He  was  the 
independent  discoverer  of  oxygen,  ammonia,  and  hydro- 
chloric-acid  gas,  and  discovered  many  other  important 
substances,  including  manganese,  chlorin,  baryta,  tartaric 
acid,  Scheele  s green,  arsenic  acid,  glycerin,  lactic  acid, 
etc.  His  collected  works  were  published  in  1793. 

Scheffel  (shef'fel),  Joseph  Victor  von.  Bom 

at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Feb.  16, 1826 : died  there, 
April  9, 1886.  A German  poet  and  novelist.  He 
studied  jurisprudence  at  Heidelberg,  Munich,  and  Berlin. 
In  1850  he  occupied  aminor  judicial  position  in  Sackingen, 
and  in  1852  in  Bruchsal.  Subsequently  he  traveled  in  Italy, 
and  lived  afterward  at  various  places  in  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, and  the  south  of  France.  In  1857  he  was  given  the 
position  of  librarian  at  Donaueschingen.  In  1872  he  re- 
moved to  Rudolfszall,  on  the  Lake  of  Constance,  where  he 
lived  until  his  death.  In  1876  he  was  ennobled.  His  first 
important  work  was  the  idyl  “ Der  Trompeter  von  Sack- 
ingen ” (“  The  Trumpeter  of  Sackingen  ”),  which  appeared 
in  1853.  The  historical  novel  “ Ekkehard  " is  from  1866. 
“ Frau  Aventiure,”  a collection  of  lyrics,  appeared  in  1863, 
“Juniperus”  in  1868,  “ Bergpsalmen1’  (“Mountain 
Psalms”) in  1870, “ Waldeinsamkeit .”  (‘ ‘ Forest  Solitude") in 
1881.  “Gaudeamus, " acollection  of  popular  poems  of  ahu- 
morous  character,  has  been  published  in  some  40  editions. 

Scheffer  (shef'fer),  Ary.  Bom  at  Dordrecht, 
Netherlands,  Feb.  12,  1795:  died  at  Paris,  June 
5,  1858.  A French  painter,  of  a style  between 


Scheffer,  Ary 

the  classical  and  Romantic  schools.  Among  his 
works  are  “Suliote  Women,”  “Eberhard  the  Weeper," 
several  on  the  subjects  of  “ Faust,”  “Mignon,”  and  “ Gret* 
chen,”  “ Francesca  da  Bimini,”  “Charlemagne  and  Witte- 
kind,”  “St.  Augustine  and  his  Mother,”  “Christus  Con- 
solator,”  “ Christus  Remunerator,”  “ Dante  and  Beatrice," 
“Christ  Bearing  the  Cross,"  etc.;  portraits  of  Beranger, 
Marshal  Ney,  Liszt,  Bossini,  the  artist’s  mother,  etc. 

Scheffer,  Henry.  Born  at  The  Hague,  Sept.  27, 
1798 : died  at  Paris,  March  15, 1862.  A French 
historical  and  genre  painter,  brother  of  Ary 
Scheffer. 

Scheffler,  Johannes.  See  Angelus  Silesius. 
Schehallion.  See  Schiehallion. 

Scheherazade,  or  Sheherazade  (she-he'ra- 
zad),  or  Shahrazad  (sha-ra-zad').  A character 
in  the  “Arabian  Nights’  Entertainments,” 
daughter  of  the  grand  vizir  andwife  of  Schariar, 
sultan  of  India.  The  tales  which  she  nightly  relates  so 
interest  the  sultan  that  he  spares  her  life  from  day  to  day 
in  order  to  hear  more,  and  finally  repeals  the  law  con- 
demning to  death  each  morning  his  bride  of  the  previous 
night.  See  Arabian  Nights. 

Scheideck  (shid'ek),  or  Scheidegg.  A spur  of 
the  Rigi,  in  Switzerland. 

Scheideck,  Great.  The  height  of  the  pass 
between  Grindelwald  and  Meiringen,  Bernese 
Oberland,  Switzerland.  Height,  6,430  feet. 
Scheideck,  Little,  or  Wengern-Scheideck 
(veng'em-shi'dek).  A pass  in  the  Bernese 
Oberland,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Grindel- 
wald over  the  Wengernalp  to  Lauterbrunnen. 
Height,  6,798  feet. 

Scheideck,  Reschen-.  A pass  in  western  Tyrol, 
near  the  Swiss  frontier,  leading  from  Landeck 
in  the  valley  of  the  Inn  to  the  Yintschgau  in  the 
valley  of  the  upper  Adige. 

Schelde  (sehel'de),  or  Scheldt  (skelt).  [D. 
Schelde,  formerly  also  Scheldt,  F.  Escaut,  from 
L.  Scaldis.]  A river  in  Europe  which  rises  in 
the  department  of  Aisne,  northeastern  France, 
traverses  Belgium,  andflows  in  the  Netherlands 
into  the  North  Sea  by  its  chief  arms,  the  West 
Schelde  (or  Hont)  and  the  East  Schelde,  its  chief 
branches  are  the  Selle,  Scarpe,  Lys,  and  Bupel ; the  chief 
towns  on  its  banks  are  Tournai,  Oudenarde,  Ghent,  Den- 
dermonde,  and  Antwerp.  It  was  closed  to  navigation  1648- 
1792.  Length,  250  miles;  navigable  to  near  Catelet. 

Scheler  (sha'ler),  Johann  August  Huldreich. 

Bom  at  Ebnat,  Switzerland,  April  6, 1819 : died 
at  Brussels,  Nov.  17, 1890.  A noted  philologist. 
He  held  a professorship  in  the  University  of  Brussels  from 
1876  until  his  death,  and  wrote  a number  of  works  on  Eo- 
mance  philology,  including  “Dictionnaire  d’dtymologie 
frangaise  ” (1861),  and  “ Exposd  des  lois  qui  r^gissent  la 
transformation  frangaise  des  mots  latins”  (1875). 
Schellenberg  (shelTen-bero).  A hill  near  Do- 
nauworth,  Bavaria,  on  which,  July  2,  1704,  the 
Bavarians  and  French  were  totally  defeated 
by  the  Imperialists  under  Marlborough  and 
Louis  of  Baden. 

Schelling  (shelving),  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Jo- 
seph von.  Born  at  Leonberg,  Wiirtemberg, 
Jan.  27, 1775 : died  at  Ragatz,  Switzerland,  Aug. 
20,  1854.  A celebrated  German  philosopher. 
He  was  educated  at  Tubingen ; became  professor  at  Jena 
in  1798,  and  at  WUrzburg  in  1803 ; occupied  various  official 
positions  at  Munich  1806-41  (as  secretary  of  the  Academy 
of  Arts,  from  1827  as  professor  of  philosophy,  and  later 
director  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences) ; lectured  at  various 
times  at  Stuttgart  and  Erlangen ; became  a member  of  the 
Berlin  Academy ; and  1841-46  was  lecturer  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Berlin.  His  works  include  “Erster  Entwurf  eines 
Systems  der  Naturphilosophie”  (“First  Plan  of  a System 
of  the  Philosophy  of  Nature,"  1799),  “Dertranscendentale 
Idealismus  ” (1800),  “Darstellung  meines  Systems  der  Phi- 
losophic” (“Presentation  of  my  System  of  Philosophy,” 
1801),  “Bruno"  (1802),  “ Philosophic  undBeligion”  (1804), 
“Menschliche  FYeiheit”  (1809),  etc.  His  collected  works 
were  published  in  14  vols.  1856-61. 
Schemnitz(shem'nits),  Hung.  Selmecz-Banya 
(shel-mets'ban'yo).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Honth,  Hungary,  67  miles  north  of  Budapest,  it 
is  the  most  important  mining  town  in  Hungary,  with  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  etc. ; and  has  an  academy  of 
mining  and  forestry.  It  existed  as  early  as  the  8th  century. 
Population,  16,376. 

Schenck(skengk),  Robert  Cumming.  Born  at 
Franklin,  Ohio,  Oct.  4,  1809:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  March  23, 1890.  An  American  poli- 
tician, diplomatist,  and  general.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1831;  was  a Whig  memberof  Congress  from 
Ohio  1843-51 ; was  United  States  minister  to  Brazil  1851-53; 
and  served  in  theUnion  army  in  the  Civil  War,  participating 
in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Bun,  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys, 
and  the  second  battle  ofiBuIl  Bun,  and  attaining  the  rank 
of  major-general.  He  was  a Bepublican  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Ohio  1863-71,  and  United  States  minister  to 
Great  Britain  1871-76. 

Schenectady  (ske-nek'ta-di).  A city,  capital 
of  Schenectady  County,  New  York,  situated  on 
the  Mohawk  River  and  the  Erie  Canal,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Albany.  It  has  manufactures  of  loco- 
motives, electrical  machinery,  agricultural  implements, 
etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  Union  College.  It  was  burned  by 
the  French  and  Indians  Feb.  8,  1690,  and  the  inhabitants 
were  massacred.  Population,  72,826,  (1910). 

VI.  30 


905 

Schenkel  (sheng'kel),  Daniel.  Born  at  Dager- 
len,  canton  of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Dec.  21, 1813: 
died  May  19, 1885.  A German  Protestant  theo- 
logian, professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1851 : one 
of  the  chief  founders  of  the  German  Protestant 
Union.  Among  his  works  are  “Christliche  Dog- 
matik”  (1858-59),  “Das  Charakterbild  Jesu” 
(1864),  etc. 

Schenkendorf  (shengk'  en-dorf),  Max  von. 
Born  at  Tilsit,  Prussia,  Dec.  11,  1783:  died  at 
Coblenz,  Dec.  11,  1817.  A German  lyric  poet. 
He  studied  jurisprudence  in  Konigsberg,  where  in  1812  he 
became  a referendary ; but  with  the  advent  of  the  French 
army  in  that  year  he  left,  and  was  subsequently  in  Berlin, 
Weimar,  and  Karlsruhe.  In  1813,  in  response  to  the  Prus- 
sian call  to  arms,  he  joined  the  army  in  Silesia,  andfought 
in  the  battle  of  Leipsic.  After  the  war,  in  1816,  he  was 
made  counselor  at  Coblenz,  where  he  died.  His  lyrics, 
many  of  them  patriotic  songs,  appeared  under  the  title 
“Gedichte"  (“Poems  ”)  in  1815. 

Scherer  (sha-rar'),  Barthelemy  Louis  Joseph. 

Born  at  Delle,  near  Belfort,  France,  Dec.  18, 
1747 : died  on  his  estate  Chauny,  Aisne,  Aug.  19, 
1804.  A French  general.  He  served  in  the  revolu- 
tionary armies;  as  commander-in-chief  in  Italy  gained 
the  battle  of  LoanoNov.  24, 1795;  was  minister  of  war  1797- 
1799 ; and  was  defeated  by  the  Austrians  in  Italy  in  1799. 

Scherer.  Edmond  Henri  Adolphe.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  8,  1815:  died  at  Versailles,  March 
16,  1889.  A French  Protestant  theologian  of 
the  radical  school,  politician,  and  critic.  He 
was  made  professor  of  exegesis  at  the  Ecole  Evangtdique 
at  Geneva  in  1845;  resigned  in  1850,  and  became  a leader 
in  the  liberal  movement  in  Protestant  theology  ; became 
chief  literary  critic  of  “ Le  Temps”  in  1860;  and  later  was 
its  editor  in  chief.  He  was  elected  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly  in  1871,  and  of  the  Senate  in  1875.  He 
wrote  “ Melanges  de  critique  religieuse,”  seven  volumes 
of  literary  criticisms,  etc. 

Scherer  (sha/rer),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Schon- 
born,  Lower  Austria,  April  26,  1841:  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  6,  1886.  A German  philologist 
and  literary  historian.  He  wrote  “Geschichte 
der  deutschen  Litteratur”  (1883),  etc. 

Scheria  (ske'ri-a).  [Gr.  In  the  Odys- 

sey, a mythical  island,  the  abode  of  the  Phsea- 
cians : identified  by  the  ancients  with  Corcyra. 
Scherr  (sher),  Johannes.  Born  at  Hohenrech- 
berg,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  3,  1817:  died  at  Zurich, 
Nov.  21,  1886.  A German  historian  and  demo- 
cratic leader  in  Wiirtemberg  until  his  flight  to 
Switzerland  in  1849.  He  was  professor  in  the  Poly- 
technic School  at  Zurich  from  1860.  His  works  include 
“Deutsche  Kultur-  und  Sittengeschichte ” (“History  of 
German  Civilization  and  Manners,”  1852),  “Schiller  und 
seine  Zeit”  (1859),  “Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur" 
(2d  ed.  1854),  “Geschichte  der  englischen  Litteratur" 
(1854),  “Allgemeine  Geschichte  der  Litteratur”  (1851), 
“Geschichte  der  Beligion”  (1855-57),  “ Bliicher  ” (1862), 
“Geschichte  der  deutschen  Frauenwelt”  (3d  ed.  1873). 

Scherzer(shert'ser),  Karl  von.  Born  at  Vienna, 
May  1, 1821 : died  Feb.  20,  1903.  An  Austrian 
traveler.  He  traversed  North  and  Central  America 
1852-55 ; was  a member  of  the  Novara  expedition  round 
the  world  1857-59;  was  chief  of  an  expedition  to  eastern 
Asia  in  1869;  and  was  Austrian  consul-general  at  Genoa 
from  1884.  Besides  books  of  travel  he  published  “ Welt- 
industrien”  (1880)  and  “Das  wirtschaftliche  Leben  der 
Volker”  (1885),  etc. 

Scheuren  (shoi'ren),  Johann  Kaspar.  Born  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  Aug.  22,  1810 : died  1887.  A 
German  landscape-painter,  of  the  Diisseldorf 
school.  He  became  professor  at  the  Diisseldorf  Academy 
in  1855.  His  pictures  are  mostly  in  German  galleries. 

Sche  veningen  (soba' ven-inG-en ).  A fishing  vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, situated  on  the  North  Sea  3 miles  north- 
west of  The  Hague.  It  is  a celebrated  watering-place, 
and  a favorite  resort  for  artists.  Near  it,  Aug.  10(0.  S. 
July  31),  1653,  the  English  fleet  under  Monk  defeated  the 
Dutch  under  Tromp,  who  fell  in  the  engagement.  Popu- 
★lation,  22,273. 

Schiaparelli  (skya-pii-rel'le),  Giovanni  Vir- 
ginio.  Born  at  Savigliano,  Italy,  March  4, 1835 : 
died  at  Milan,  July  4,  1910.  An  Italian  as- 
tronomer. He  was  director  of  the  observatory  at  Milan 
1862-1900.  He  published  “Note  e reflessioni  sulla  teoria 
astronomica  delle  stelle  cadenti  ” (1870),  and  “ 1 precursori 
di  Copernico  nell’  antichita”  (1876).  He  also  published 
investigations  in  meteorology  and  the  topography  of  Mars. 

Schick  (shik),  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Aug.  15,  1779:  died  there,  April  11,  1812.  A 
German  historical  painter,  in  1799-1802  he  studied 
at  Paris  with  David,  and  at  Borne  1802-11. 

Schiedam  (sche-dam').  A town  in  the  province 
of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  near 
the  junction  of  the  Sehie  and  Meuse,  3i  miles 
west  of  Rotterdam.  It  is  noted  as  a center  of  gin 
manufacture  (Hollands  and  Geneva).  Population,  31,409. 

Schiefner  (shef'ner),  Franz  Anton.  Born  at 
Reval,  Russia,  July  18, 1817 : died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Nov.  16,  1879.  A Russian  philologist, 
noted  for  his  researches  in  Tibetan,  Mongolian, 
and  the  Finnic  and  Caucasian  groups  of  lan- 
gU&ges.  He  was  a member  of  the  Academy  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. and  was  connected  with  its  library  from  1863. 


Schiller 

Schiehallion  (she-lial'yon).  A mountain  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Perth.  It  was  here  that  Maskelyne  conducted  his  ex- 
periments  for  determining  the  density  of  the  earth. 
Height,  3,547  feet.  Also  Schehallion. 

Schiermonnikoog  (seher-mon'nik-oG).  An  isl- 
and in  the  North  Sea,  belonging  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  5 miles  north  of 
the  mainland.  Length,  8 miles. 

Schikaneder  (she-ka-na'der),  Emanuel.  Born 
at  Ratisbon,  1751:  died  at  Vienna,  Sept.  21, 
1812.  AGerman  librettist,  manager,  singer,  and 
actor.  In  1780,  while  manager  of  a company  of  strolling 
players,  he  met  Mozart.  He  wrote  the  text  of  Mozart's 
“ Zauberflote  ” in  1791,  and  played  Papageno  himself. 

Schiller  (shil'ler),  Johann  Christoph  Fried- 
rich von.  Born  at  Marbach,  Wiirtemberg, 
Nov.  10,  1759:  died  at  Weimar,  May  9,  1805. 
A famous  German  poet,  dramatist,  and  histo- 
rian. His  father,  who  had  previously  been  a surgeon, 
entered  the  Wiirtemberg  service  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Seven  Years’ War,  and  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  poet 
was  a lieutenant.  Subsequently  he  rose  to  the  rank  of 
captain,  and  in  1768  was  given  the  position  of  park-keeper 
at  Ludwigsburg  and  the  duke’s  country-seat,  Solitude. 
He  married,  in  1749,  Elizabeth  Dorothea  Kodweis,  daugh- 
ter of  the  landlord  of  the  Golden  Lion  in  Marbach.  Schil- 
ler’s earliest  education  was  obtained  in  the  village  of 
Lorch,  and  then  at  the  Latin  school  of  Ludwigsburg.  It 
was  his  original  intention  to  study  theology,  but  in  ac 
cordance  with  the  demand  of  the  duke,  Karl  Eugen,  who 
in  1770  had  set  up  a military  academy  at  his  castle,  Soli- 
tude, he  entered  there  in  1773  and  began  the  study  of  ju- 
risprudence. In  1775  the  academy  was  removed  to  Stutl- 
gart,  where  lie  exchanged  the  study  of  law  for  that  of  medi- 
cine; and  in  1780,  on  the  conclusion  of  his  studies,  was 
appointed  regimental  surgeon  at  Stuttgart.  His  literary 
career  began  in  1781  with  the  publication  of  the  tragedy 
“ Die  Rauber”(“TJie  Bobbers"),  the  plan  of  which  he  had 
conceived  as  early  as  1778,  when  a pupil  at  the  military 
academy.  He  was  not  able  to  find  a publisher,  and  was 
obliged  to  print  the  work  at  his  own  expense,  but  the  fol- 
lowing year  it  was  successfully  produced  at  Mannheim. 
The  publication  of  the  drama  had  drawn  upon  him  the 
displeasure  of  the  duke,  which  was  intensified  when  he 
went  secretly  to  Mannheim  in  order  to  he  present  at  its 
first  representation.  Subsequently  he  was  forbidden  by 
the  duke  to  print  anything  which  did  not  relate  to  his 
profession.  Once  more  he  went  to  Mannheim  without 
leave,  in  order  to  see  his  drama,  and  this  time,  when  it 
was  discovered,  he  was  condemned  to  a fortnight’s  arrest. 
He  now  determined  to  escape  from  this  restraint,  and  the 
same  year  (1782)  fled  in  company  with  a friend  to  Mann- 
heim, and  thence  went  to  Darmstadt  and  Frankfort.  Un- 
der the  assumed  name  of  Dr.  Schmidt,  he  lived  for  a time 
at  the  village  of  Oggersheim,  near  Mannheim,  and,  not  be- 
lieving himself  here  free  from  pursuit,  accepted  the  in- 
vitation of  Frau  von  Wolzogen,  and  took  up  his  abode  on 
her  estate  Bauerbach,  nearMeiningen.  In  the  meantime 
he  had  been  at  work  on  another  drama  whicli  finally  ap- 
peared in  1783,  after  having  been  twice  rejected  by  the 
theater  direction  at  Mannheim.  This  is  his  “Fiesco” 
(full  title  “Die  Verschworung  des  Fiesco  zu  Genua:  re- 
publikanisches  Trauerspiel ” : “The  Conspiracy  of  Fiesco 
at  Genoa:  a Bepublican  Tragedy").  At  Bauerbach  he 
lived  until  July,  1783,  under  the  name  of  Dr.  Bitter,  en- 
gaged upon  athird  tragedy  which  he  at  first  called  “Luise 
Millerin,’’but  which  was  published  in  1784  under  the  name 
of  “Kabale  und  Liebe”  (“Love  and  Intrigue").  In  1783 
he  returned  to  Mannheim  to  accept  the  position  of  theater 
poet  with  a stipend  of  306  florins,  for  which  he  was  to 
furnish  three  plays  a year : to  eke  out  a support  he  had 
founded  a journal  (which  was  abandoned  in  1793)  called 
“Die  rheinische  Thalia”  (“The  Bhenish  Thalia"),  after- 
ward “Die  neue  Thalia”  (“The  New  Thalia”).  His  con- 
nection with  the  theater  lasted  only  until  Nov.,  1784,  when 
he  resigned.  In  1785,  with  the  advice  and  assistance 
of  Christian  Gottfried  Korner,  the  father  of  the  poet  Kor- 
ner,  he  left  Mannheim  for  Leipsic,  where  he  arrived  in 
April.  Shortly  after  he  moved  out  to  the  little  village  of 
Gohlis,  near  by,  and  then,  that  same  year,  accompanied 
Korner  to  Dresden  : here,  and  in  the  village  of  Loschwitz, 
where  his  friend  had  a villa,  he  lived  until  1787.  In  1786 
three  lyrical  poems  h ad  appeared  in  the  “Thalia  ” : “ Frei- 
geisterei  der  Leidenschaft’\(“Free-thinking  of  Passion"), 
“Resignation, "and  “Lied  andieFreude"(“Hymn  to  Joy  ”), 
the  last  written  in  Gohlis.  In  the  garden-house  at  Losch- 
witz he  completed  the  drama  “ Don  Carlos,  ” begun  at  Mann- 
heim and  finally  published  in  1787.  Unlike  the  preced- 
ing dramas,  which  are  all  in  prose,  this,  like  its  successors, 
is  written  in  iambic  pentameter.  To  the  Dresden  period 
belongs,  farther,  a novel  that  was  never  completed,  called 
“Der  Geisterseher”  (“The  Ghost-seer”).  In  1787,  having 
grown  tired  of  his  life  in  Dresden,  he  removed  to  Weimar, 
where,  with  the  exception  of  the  period  from  1789  to  1799, 
he  subsequently  lived.  In  1788  appeared  his  first  histori- 
cal work,  the  “Geschichte  des  Abfalls  der  Niederlande” 
(“History  of  the  Revolt  of  the  Netherlands").  Belong- 
ing also  to  this  early  time  in  Weimar  are  the  poems  “Die 
Gotter  Griechenlands”  (“The  Gods  of  Greece”)  and  “Die 
Kiinstler  ” (“  The  Artists  ").  In  1789  he  was  called  as  pro- 
fessor extraordinarius  of  history,  but  without  a stipend,  to 
the  University  of  Jena.  The  succeeding  year  (1790)  lie  mar- 
ried Lotte  von  Lengefeld,  having  previously  been  granted, 
on  his  application,  a small  stipend  by  the  Duke  of  Wei- 
mar. During  1790-93  appeared  his  second  historical  work, 
the  “ Geschichte  des  dreiszigjahrigen  Kriegs  ’’  (“  History 
of  the  Thirty  Years’  War”).  In  1794  falls  the  beginning 
of  the  intimate  association  with  Goethe,  whicli  had  a 
marked  influence  upon  botli  poets.  In  1796,  with  the  co- 
operation of  Goethe,  lie  founded  the  journal  “Die  Horen  ” 
(“The  Hone”),  which  was  continued  down  to  1798.  In 
1796  the  annual  “Der  Musenalmanach”  (“The  Almanac 
of  the  Muses")  was  begun  under  his  editorship,  and  was 
published  down  to  1800,  when  it  was  abandoned.  In  it 
appeared  the  satiric  epigrams,  the  famous  “Xenien," 
written  in  collaboration  with  Goethe,  and  a number  of  his 
most  celebrated  poems,  among  them  “Der  Handschuh* 


Schiller 

(“The  Glove'  ),  “ Der  Ring  des  Polykrates  ” (“The  Ring 
of  Polycrates  "),  “ Ritter  Toggenburg  " (“Knight  Toggeu- 
burg”),  “Der  Taucher”  (“The  Diver”),  “Die  Kraniche 
des  Ibycus"  (“The  Cranes  of  Ibycus”),  “Der  Gang  nach 
dem  Eisenliammer”  (“The  Walk  to  the  Forge”),  “Der 
Kampf  mit  dem  Drachen  ” (“  The  Fight  with  the  Drag- 
on”), “Das  Eleusische  Fest”  (“The  Eleusinian  Festi- 
val”), and  (1800)  “Das  Lied  von  der  Glocke”  (“The  Song 
of  the  Bell  ’’),  the  most  popular  of  all  his  poems.  In  1799 
another  drama  had  been  completed,  and  the  following  year 
it  was  revised  for  publication.  This  is  the  trilogy  “Wal- 
lenstein," which  consists  of  the  prelude  “Wallensteins 
Lager ” (“Wallenstein’s Camp ”),  “ Die Piccolomini ” (“The 
Piccolomini ’’),  a drama  in  five  acts,  and  “Wallensteins 
Tod  ” (“  Wallenstein’s  Death  "),  also  in  five  acts.  In  1798, 
further,  he  gave  up  his  professorship  at  Jenaand  went  back 
to  Weimar,  which  washenceforth  his  home.  The  succeed- 
ing years  were  characterized  by  extraordinary  dramatic 
productiveness.  The  tragedy  “Maria  Stuart”  appeared 
in  1801.  “Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans”  (“The  Maid  of  Or- 
leans”), which  he  calls  “aromantic  tragedy,”  followed  in 
1802.  This  same  year  he  was  ennobled  by  the  emperor 
Francis  II.  In  1803  appeared,  further,  “Die  Braut  von 
Messina”  (“The  Bride  of  Messina ”),  with  the  subtitle 
“ Die  feindlichen  Bruder:  Trauerspiel  mitChoren”(“The 
Hostile  Brothers  : a Tragedy  with  Choruses  ”) ; and  final- 
ly, in  1804,  the  drama  “ Wilhelm  Tell.”  He  died  suddenly 
in  1805.  Still  another  tragedy,  “Demetrius,"  was  left  un- 
completed at  his  death.  His  life  may  be  divided  into  3 
periods.  The  first  is  that  of  his  youth,  from  1759  to  1785, 
when  he  removed  to  Leipsic : in  th  is  period  fall  the  “Storm 
and  Stress”  dramas  “ The  Robbers,"  “ Fiesco,”  and  “Love 
and  Intrigue,”  and  the  lyric  poems  published  in  his  “An- 
thologie”  of  1782.  A second  period  is  the  period  of  scien- 
tific production,  in  reality  a time  of  research,  from  1785 
down  to  his  intimate  association  with  Goethe  in  the  publi- 
cation of  the  “ Horen  in  this  period  fall,  most  especially, 
“Don  Carlos, ”his historical  works,  and  several  philosophi- 
cal and  esthetic  treatises,  the  principal  among  them  being 
that  on  “Naive  und  sentimentalische  Dichtung”(“ Naive 
and  Sentimental  Poetry”).  A third  and  last  period  is  from 
1794  until  his  death  in  1895.  This  is  the  time  of  his  great- 
est productivity : in  it  fall  the  best  of  his  poems,  of  which 
there  are  many  besides  the  ballads  mentioned,  and  the 
most  important  of  his  dramas.  A critical  edition  of  his 
complete  works  was  published  at  Stuttgart,  1867-76,  in  17 
volumes. 

Schiller -Stiftung  (shil'ler-stif 'tong).  [G., 
‘Schiller  Institution.’]  A German  society 
founded  in  1855  (definitely  orgauized  at  Dres- 
den, Oct.,  1859)  for  the  purpose  of  rendering 
pecuniary  aid  to  needy  German  authors. 
Schilling  (shil'ling),  Johannes.  Born  at  Mitt- 
weida,  Saxony,  June  23,  1828 : died  at  Dresden, 
March  22, 1910.  A German  sculptor,  professor 
at  Dresden  1868—1006.  Among  his  works  are  the 
Schiller  statue  in  Vienna,  statues  in  the  Bruhl  Terrace, 
Dresden,  and  the  national  monument  in  the  Niederwald. 
Schilthorn  (shilt'horn).  Amountain  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Lau- 
terbrunnen.  Height,  9,748  feet. 

Schimper,  Wilhelm  Philipp.  Born  at  Dosen- 
heim,  Alsace,  Jan.  12,  1808:  died  May  20, 1880. 
An  Alsatian  botanist  and  paleontologist.  He 
published  ‘‘  Traite  de  paldontologie  v6g6tale  ” 
(1867-69),  researches  on  bryology,  etc. 
Schipka  Pass.  See  ShipTca  Pass. 

Schirmer  (shir'mer),  Johann  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Jfilich,  Prussia,  Sept.  5,  1807 : died  at  Karls- 
ruhe, Baden,  Sept.  11,  1863.  A German  land- 
scape-painter. His  subjects  were  taken  largely 
from  Bible  scenes. 

Schirmer,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Berlin,  May  6, 

1802 : died  at  Nyon,  Switzerland,  June  8,  1866. 
A German  landscape-painter.  His  subjects 
were  taken  chiefly  from  the  South. 

Schism,  The  Great.  1.  The  division  between 
the  Latin  and  Greek  churches,  which  began  in 
the  9th  century,  the  principal  doctrinal  diffi- 
culty relating  to  the  “filioque”in  the  creed. 
The  immediate  occasion  of  suspension  of  communion  was 
tile  intrusion  by  the  emperor  Michael  III.,  in  857,  of  the 
learned  Photius  into  the  see  of  Constantinople  instead  of 
Ignatius,  at  that  time  patriarch.  The  Roman  see  asserted 
jurisdiction  in  the  matter  as  possessing  supreme  power, 
and  mutual  charges  of  false  doctrine  and  excommunica- 
tions followed  ; but  Photius  was  finally  acknowledged  at 
Rome  as  patriarch.  The  final  division  was  that  between 
Pope  Leo  IX.  and  the  patriarch  Michael  Cerularius,  in 
1054,  since  which  time  Roman  Catholics  regard  the  Greeks 
or  Easterns  as  cut  off  from  the  Catholic  Church,  while  the 
Greeks  claim  that  they  have  remained  faithful  to  the 
Catholic  creed  and  ancient  usages. 

2.  The  forty  years’  division  (1378-1417)  be- 
tween different  parties  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  which  adhered  to  different  popes. 
Schlagintweit  (shla'gin-tvit),  Adolf  von. 
Bom  Jan.  9,  1829:  killed  in  Kashgar,  1857. 
Brother  of  Hermann  Schlagintweit,  and  his  as- 
sociate in  travel  and  collaborator  in  his  works. 
Schlagintweit,  Hermann  von.  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, May  13,  1826:  died  at  Munich,  Jan.  19, 
1882.  A German  traveler  and  scientist.  He  ex- 
plored the  Alps  in  company  with  Adolf  von  Schlagintweit 
1846-48,  and  published  their  results  in  “ Untersuchungen 
fiber  die  physikalische  Geographic  der  Alpen  " (“Re- 
searches on  the  Physical  Geography  of  the  Alps,”  1850). 
Hemadefurther  journeys  with  hisbrothev.ascendingMonte 
Rosa  (first  ascent  made)  in  1851.  They  published  “ Neue 
Untersuchungen,  etc."  (1854).  In  1854  he  started  on  an 
expedition  to  India  with  his  brothers  Adolf  and  Robert, 


906 

and  the  three,  together  or  separately,  explored  India,  the 
Himalaya,  Tibet,  Sikkim,  Bhutan,  Kashmir,  Ladak,  Nepal, 
and  the  Karakorum  and  Kuenlun  mountains  (1855-57). 
Their  travels  were  published  in  “Results  of  a Scientific 
Mission  to  India  and  High  Asia”  (1860-66)  and  “Reisen  in 
Indien  und  Hochasien  ” (1869-80).  He  received  the  sur- 
name “ Sakuulunski " in  1864  from  his  passage  of  the 
Kwenlun. 

Schlagintweit,  Robert  von.  Born  Oct.  27, 
1833 : died  at  Giessen,  Germany,  June  6,  1885. 
A brother  of  Hermann  von  Schlagintweit,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  India  and  central  Asia.  He 
traveled  in  the  United  States  1868-69  and  1880,  and  pub- 
lished the  results  of  the  journey  in  “Die  Pacific-Eisen- 
bahn  ” (1870),  “ Californien  " (1871),  etc. 
Schlangenbad  (shlang'en-bad).  A watering- 
place  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prus- 
sia, 6 miles  west  of  Wiesbaden:  noted  for  its 
mineral  springs. 

Schlegel  (shla'gel),  August  Wilhelm,  von. 

Born  at  Hannover,  Sept.  8, 1767 : died  at  Bonn, 
May  12,  1845.  A celebrated  German  poet  and 
critic.  He  studied  at  Gottingen.  Subsequently  he  was 
a tutor  for  three  years  at  Amsterdam.  Returning  thence 
to  Germany,  he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  literature,  until 
in  1798  was  made  professor  of  literature  and  esthetics 
at  the  University  of  Jena.  He  had  founded,  with  his 
brother  Friedrich  von  Schlegel,  the  critical  journal  “Athe- 
naeum,” which  became  the  organ  of  the  Romantic  school 
in  Germany.  In  1801  he  left  Jena  for  Berlin,  where  in 
1803-04  he  delivered  lectures  on  literature.  After  1804 
he  traveled  extensively,  and  was  in  France,  Italy,  Austria, 
and  Sweden,  the  greater  part  of  the  time  in  the  company 
of  Madame  de  Stael,  with  whom  he  afterward  also  spent 
some  time  at  her  castle  at  Coppet  in  Switzerland.  In 
Sweden,  as  the  secretary  of  the  crown  prince  Bernadotte, 
he  was  ennobled.  In  1818  he  was  made  professor  of  es- 
thetics and  literature  at  the  University  of  Bonn,  where  he 
subsequently  lived,  and  where  he  died.  He  was  several 
times  in  France,  and  in  1823  in  England,  engaged  in  Ori- 
ental studies.  He  wrote  distichs,  romances,  sonnets,  odes, 
and  elegies.  His  first  volume  of  poems  appeared  in  1800. 
The  tragedy  “Ion  ”(1803),  which  was  produced  at  Weimar, 
was  not  successful.  His  work  asa  critic,  and  particularly  as 
a translator,  is  of  especial  importance.  His  “Spanisches 
Theater”  (“Spanish  Theater")  appeared  1S03-09;  “Vor- 
lesungen  fiber  draraatische  Kunst  und  Litteratur  ” (“Lec- 
tures on  Dramatic  Art  and  Literature  ”),  delivered  origi- 
nally in  Vienna,  were  published  1809-11 ; his  translation 
of  Shakspere,  afterward  continued  by  Ludwig  Tieck,  ap- 
peared 1797-1810.  From  1823  to  1830  he  published  the 
“Indische  Bibliothek  ” (“  Indian  Library  ”),  a periodical  de- 
voted to  Oriental  languages,  and  printed  several  Sanskrit 
texts  in  the  printing-office  which  had  been  equipped  by 
the  Prussian  government  at  his  suggestion.  His  complete 
works  were  published  at  Leipsic,  1846-47,  in  12  vols. 

Schlegel,  Madame  von  (Dorothea  (originally 
V eronika)  Mendelssohn,  Madam  e V eit) . Born 
at  Berlin,  Oct.  24,  1763:  died  at  Frankfort, -on- 
the-Main,  Aug.  3,  1839.  A German  author, 
daughter  of  Moses  Mendelssohn  and  wife  of  K. 
W.  F.  von  Schlegel.  By  her  first  husband  she 
was  the  mother  of  the  painter  Philipp  Veit. 
Schlegel,  Karl  Wilhelm  Friedrich  von.  Born 
at  Hannover,  March  10, 1772:  died  at  Dresden, 
Jan.  12,  1829.  A noted  German  poet,  author, 
and  critic.  He  studied  at  Gottingen  and  Leipsic,  and 
subsequently  lived  in  Dresden,  Berlin,  and  Jena,  where  he 
settled  in  1800  as  docent  at  the  university.  In  1802  he 
renounced  this  position  to  study  Oriental  languages  in 
Paris,  where  he  remained  two  years.  In  1803  he  went 
over  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  In  1808  he  went 
to  Vienna,  where  he  became  secretary  to  the  state 
chancery.  From  1815  to  1818  he  was  Austrian  coun- 
selor of  legation  at  the  Diet  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
He  died  at  Dresden,  whither’  he  had  gone  to  deliver 
a course  of  lectures.  He  wrote  numerous  lyrics,  the 
drama  “Alarcos,”  and  the  novel  “ Lucinde  ” (1799).  More 
important  are  his  essay  “Uber  die  Sprache  und  Weisheit 
der  Indier”  (“On  the  Language  and  Wisdom  of  the  In- 
dians," 1808)  and  the  “Vorlesungen  fiber  die  Geschichte 
der  altenund  neuen  Literatur”  (“Lectures  on  the  History 
of  Old  and  Modern  Literature,”  1815).  His  complete 
works  (“Sammtliche  Werke”)  were  published  at  Vienna, 
1822-25,  in  10  vols.,  increased  in  the  edition  of  1846  to  15 
vols. 

Schlei,  or  Schley  (shli),  or  Sley  (sll).  A narrow 
inlet  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  which 
it  penetrates  as  far  as  Schleswig.  Length,  25 
miles. 

Schleicher  (shli'elier),  August.  Born  at  Mei- 
ningen,  Germany,  Feb.  19,  1821:  died  at  Jena, 
Dec.  6,  1868.  A noted  German  philologist, 
professor  at  Jena  from  1857.  His  works  include 
“Die  Sprachen  Europas”  (“The  Languages  of  Europe,” 
1850),  “Kompendium  der  vergleichenden  Grammatik 
der  indogermanischen  Sprachen  ”(“  Compendium  of  the 
Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Indo-Germanic  Languages," 
1862),  works  on  the  Lithuanian  and  Slavic  languages,  etc. 

Schleiden  (shll'den),  Matthias  Jakob.  Born 
at  Hamburg,  April  5,  1804 : died  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  June  23,  1881.  A noted  German 
botanist.  He  was  professor  at  Jena  1839-62,  and  at  Dor- 
pat  1863-64.  His  chief  work  is  “ Grundztige  der  wissen- 
sehaftlichen  Botanik”  (“  Principles  of  Scientific  Botany,” 
1842-43).  He  also  wrote  “ Die  Pflanze  und  ihr  Leben  ” 
(i860),  “FiirBaum  und  Wald  ”(1870),  etc. 
Schleiermacher  (shli'er-mach-er),  Friedrich 
Ernst  Daniel.  Born  at  Breslau,  Nov.  21,  1768 : 
died  at  Berlin.  Feb.  1 2, 1834.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man philosopher  and  theologian . He  was  the  son  of 


Schleswig 

a clergyman  of  the  Reformed  Church.  The  greater  part  of 
his  youth  was  spent  in  the  Moravian  schools  at  Niesky  and 
Baiiy.  Subsequently  he  studied  theology  at  Halle,  and 
in  1794  was  ordained.  From  1796  to  1802  he  was  pastor  of 
the  Chari  td  Hospital  in  Berlin.  In  1802  he  went  as  pastor 
to  the  little  town  of  Stolpe,  in  Pomerania,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years.  From  1804  to  1807  he  was  university 
preacher  and  professor  at  Halle.  Thence  he  went  once 
more  to  Berlin,  where  he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the 
Trinity  Church,  and  in  1810  was  made  professor  of  theol- 
ogy at  the  new  university  of  Berlin,  in  both  of  which  posi- 
tions he  remained  active  until  his  death.  His  most  im- 
portant works  are  his  “ Reden  Uber  die  Religion  ’’(“Ad- 
dresses on  Religion,”  1799),  “Monologen”  (“Mono- 
logues,” 1800),  “Grundlinien  einer  Kritik  der  bisherigen 
Sittenlehre  ” (“Basis  of  a Critique  of  Ethics  to  the  Present 
Time,"  1803  : the  first  of  his  philosophical  works),  “Wei- 
nachtsfeier”  (“Christmas  Celebration,”  1806),  and  “Kurze 
Darstellung  des  theologischen  Stadiums  ’’  (“A  Short  State- 
ment of  Theological  Study,”  1810),  with  which  he  began 
his  professorial  career  in  Berlin.  His  principal  theologi- 
cal work,  “Der  christliche  Glaube  nach  den  Grundsatzen 
der  evangelischen  Kirche  ” (“  Christian  Dogma  Accord- 
ing to  the  Fundamental  Principles  of  the  Evangelical 
Church”),  appeared  first  in  1821-22,  and  in  a second  edi- 
tion, gTeatly  altered,  in  1830-31.  “Studien  und  Kritiken  ” 
(“Studies  and  Criticisms  ")  appeared  in  1829.  He  made 
the  classical  translation  of  Plato,  the  first,  volume  of  which 
was  published  in  1804 ; the  last,  the  “Republic,”  in  1828. 
As  a theologian  he  made  a deep  impression  upon  the  the- 
ology and  the  religious  life  of  his  own  day ; his  fame 
as  a philosopher  is,  however,  almost  wholly  posthumous. 
Schleissheim  (shlTs'lnm).  A royal  Bavarian 
castle,  8 miles  north  of  Munich.  It  has  a noted 
picture-gallery. 

Schleiz  (shlits).  A town  in  the  principality 
of  Reuss  (younger  line),  Germany,  situated  on 
the  Wiesenthal  36  miles  southeast  of  Weimar. 
It  is  the  second  town  of  the  principality,  and  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  former  principality  of  Reuss-Sclileiz.  It  has  a 
palace.  Here,  Oct.  9, 1806,  the  French  defeated  the  Prus- 
sians. Population,  commune,  5,577. 

Schlern  (shlern).  One  of  the  Dolomite  Moun- 
tains of  Tyrol,  east  of  Botzen.  Height,  8,402 
feet. 

Schlesien  (slila'ze-en).  The  German  name  of 
Silesia. 

Schleswig  (shlaz'vio),  or  Sleswick  (sles'wik), 
Dan.  Slesvig  (sles'vio).  The  northern  part  of 
the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
separated  from  Holstein  by  the  Eider  and  the 
Baltic  Canal.  The  “Danish  Mark”was  organized  by 
the  German  sovereigns  in  the  10th  century.  About  1026 
the  emperor  Conrad  II.  ceded  the  region  to  Canute,  king 
of  Denmark,  and  for  about  200  years  Schleswig  was  closely 
connected  with  Denmark,  being  generally  ruled  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Danish  royal  house,  after  which  it  was  a 
hereditary  duchy,  a fief,  of  the  Danish  crown  (ruled  from 
1232  to  1375  by  a branch  of  the  Danish  dynasty).  In  1386 
Schleswig  and  Holstein  were  formally  united.  From  1460 
the  kings  of  Denmark  of  the  Oldenburg  line  ruled  over 
Schleswig-Holstein  (being  princes  of  the  German  Empire 
as  dukes  of  Holstein).  Under  this  house  various  divisions 
and  subdivisions  took  place,  but  in  1777  nearly  all  of 
Schleswig-Holstein  was  reunited  with  Denmark.  The 
King  of  Denmark  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation 
for  Holstein  in  1815.  The  dual  relations  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  toward  Denmark  and  Germany  led  to  the  Schles- 
wig-Holstein wars  of  1848-50  and  1864  (see  below).  A 
provisional  government  of  the  duchies  was  formed  in 
1848 ; and  Danish  rule  was  restored  in  1851.  The  question 
was  reopened  by  the  death  of  the  King  of  Denmark  in 
1863.  In  consequence  of  the  war  of  1864,  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  were  handed  over  to  Prussia  and  Austria;  and 
in  1865,  by  the  Convention  of  Gastein,  Schleswig  fell  under 
Prussian  rule.  After  the  war  of  1866  both  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  were  annexed  to  Prussia.  See  Holstein. 

The  history  of  the  relations  of  Denmark  and  the  Duch- 
ies to  the  Romano-Germanic  Empire  is  a very  small  part 
of  the  great  Schleswig-Holstein  controversy.  But  having 
been  unnecessarily  mixed  up  with  two  questions  properly 
quite  distinct, — the  first,  as  to  the  relation  of  Schleswig 
to  Holstein,  and  of  both  jointly  to  the  Danish  crown  : the 
second,  as  to  the  diplomatic  engagements  which  the  Dan- 
ish kings  have  in  recent  times  contracted  with  the  German 
poivers, — it  has  borne  its  part  in  making  the  whole  ques- 
tion the  most  intricate  and  interminable  that  has  vexed 
Europe  for  two  centuries  and  a half.  Setting  aside  irrele- 
vant matter,  the  facts  as  to  the  Empire  are  as  follows  : — 
I.  The  Danish  kings  began  to  own  the  supremacy  of  the 
Frankish  Emperors  early  in  the  ninth  century.  Having 
recovered  their  independence  in  the  confusion  that  fol- 
lowed the  fall  of  the  Carolingian  dynasty,  they  were  again 
subdued  by  Henry  the  Fowler  and  Otto  the  Great,  and  con- 
tinued tolerably  submissive  till  the  death  of  Frederick  II. 
and  the  period  of  anarchy  which  followed.  Since  that 
time  Denmark  has  always  been  independent,  although  her 
king  was,  until  the  treaty  of  1S65.  a member  of  the  German 
Confederation  as  duke  of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg.  II. 
Schleswig  was  in  Carolingian  times  Danish;  the  Eyder  be- 
ing, as  Eginhard  tells  us,  the  boundary  between  Saxonia 
Transalbiana  (Holstein)  and  the  Terra  Nortmannorum 
(wherein  lay  the  town  of  Sliesthorp),  inhabited  by  the 
Scandinavian  heathen.  Otto  the  Great  conquered  all 
Schleswig,  and,  it  is  said,  Jutland  also,  and  added  the 
southern  part  of  Schleswig  to  the  immediate  territory  of 
the  Empire,  erecting  it  into  a margraviate.  So  it  re- 
mained till  the  days  of  Conrad  II.,  who  made  the  Eyder 
again  the  boundary.  III.  Holstein  always  was  an  integrtd 
part  of  the  Empire,  as  it  was  afterwards  of  the  Germanic 
Confederation  and  is  now  of  the  new  German  Empire. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  450. 

Schleswig.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
western  extremity  of  the  Schlei,  in  lat.  54°  31' 


Schleswig 

N.,  long.  9°  34'  E.  It  contains  a cathedral  and  the 
ducal  castle  of  Gottorp.  A church  was  founded  here  by 
Ansgar  about  850.  The  town  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
Schleswig,  and  formerly  a commercial  center  ; was  occu- 
pied in  turn  by  the  Danes  and  the  allies  in  April,  1848 ; 
was  regained  by  the  Danes  July,  1850  ; and  was  occupied 
by  the  Austrians  in  Feb.,  1864.  Pop.,  commune,  19,032. 
Schleswig-Holstein  (shlaz'viG-hol'stin).  A 
province  of  Prussia.  Capital,  Schleswig;  chief 
cities,  Kiel  and  Altona.  It  is  bounded  by  Denmark 
on  the  north,  the  Little  Belt,  Baltic  Sea,  Liibeck,  and 
Mecklenburg  on  the  east,  Hamburg  and  the  province  of 
Hannover  on  the  south,  and  the  North  Sea  on  the  west, 
and  consists  of  the  divisions  of  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and 
Lauenburg.  It  contains  various  islands,  including  Feh- 
mern,  Aisen,  and  the  North  Friesian  Islands,  and  includes 
several  enclaves  of  Hamburg,  Liibeck,  and  Mecklenburg. 
It  nearly  surrounds  the  principality  of  Liibeck  in  the 
southeast.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  but  in  parts 
hilly.  It  is  noted  for  its  cattle.  The  prevailing  religion 
is  Protestantism.  The  prevailing  language  is  German; 
but  there  are  many  Danes  in  the  north.  It  was  made  a 
Prussian  province  after  the  war  of  1866.  Area,  7,273 
square  miles.  Population,  1,504.248. 

Schleswig-Holstein  Wars.  1.  A war  carried 
on  with  Denmark  in  1848-50.  The  Schleswig-  Hol- 
steiners  formed  a provisional  government  in  March,  1848, 
and  were  supported  by  German  troops  (chiefly  Prussians). 
The  Danes  invaded  Schleswig,  but  were  driven  back  by  the 
Prussians.  The  war  was  suspended  by  truce  in  Aug. , 1S48, 
but  was  renewed  in  March, 1849,  the  Schleswig- Holsteiners 
being  aided  again  by  German  troops.  Operations  were 
again  suspended  by  a truce  from  July,  1849,  to  July,  1850. 
The  Germanic  Confederation  then  formally  withdrew  from 
the  struggle,  which  was,  however,  renewed  by  Schleswig- 
Holstein  against  Denmark.  The  victory  of  the  latter  at 
Idstedt,  July  24-25,  1850,  restored  Danish  rule. 

2.  A war  of  Austria  and  Prussia  against  Den- 
mark in  1864,  the  object  of  which  was  to  pre- 
vent the  incorporation  of  Schleswig  with  Den- 
mark. Schleswig  was  invaded  by  Austrians  and  Prus- 
sians in  Feb.,  and  the  Duppel  was  stormed  in  April.  The 
success  of  the  allies  in  July  led  to  the  treaty  of  Vienna  in 
Oct.,  and  the  cession  by  Denmark  of  Schleswig,  Holstein, 
and  Lauenburg.  See  Schleswig. 

Schlettstadt  (shlet'stat),  sometimes  Schle- 
stadt  (shla'stat).  A town  in  Alsace-Lorraine, 
on  the  111  27  miles  south-southwest  of  Strasburg. 
It  was  formerly  a free  imperial  city.  A noted  academy 
was  founded  there  by  Agricola  in  the  15th  century.  It  was 
annexed  to  France  in  1634 ; and  was  besieged  and  taken 
by  the  Germans  in  Oct.,  1870.  Pop.,  commune,  9,699. 
Schleusingen  (shloi'zing-en).  A small  town  in 
Prussian  Saxony,  29  miles  south  of  Gotha.  It 
was  the  residence  of  the  counts  of  Henneberg. 
Schley  (sli),  Winfield  Scott.  Born  in  Fred- 
erick County,  Md.,  Oct.  9,  1839:  died  at  New 
York,  Oct.  2,  1911.  An  American  naval  com- 
mander. He  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1860 ; served  in  the  Union  navy  during  the 
Civil  War ; was  instructor  at  the  Naval  Academy  1866- 
1869  and  1874-76 ; and  commanded  the  relief  expedition 
which  rescued  Greely  and  six  of  his  companions  in  1884. 
He  was  promoted  captain  in  1888;  commodore  Feb.  6, 1898; 
rear-admiral  Aug.  10,  1898.  In  the  Spanish- American  war 
he  commanded  the  “ Flying  Squadron  ” (Brooklyn,  Massa- 
chusetts, Texas,  etc.),  and  directed  the  fighting  in  the 
battle  off  Santiago  July  3, 1898.  He  published,  conjointly 
with  Soley,  “ The  Rescue  of  Greely  ” (1885),  and,  alone, 
“Forty-five  Years  under  the  Flag  ” (1904).  Retired  1901. 
Schliemann  (slile'man),  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Neu-Buckow,  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin,  Jan.  6, 
1822 : died  at  Naples,  Dec.  27,  1890.  A noted 
German  archaeologist  and  traveler.  He  acquired 
a large  property  as  a merchant;  traveled  extensively  in 
Greece  and  elsewhere  in  Europe,  the  East,  and  around  the 
world  ; and  became  famous  from  his  explorations  of  Greek 
sites  and  antiquities.  From  1870  to  1882  he  explored  the 
site  of  ancient  Troy,  making  many  remarkable  discoveries, 
and  began  similar  work  in  1876  in  Mycense,  in  1881  in  Or- 
chomenus,  and  in  1884  in  Tiryns.  He  wrote  “ La  Chine  et 
le  Japon  ” (1866),  “ Ithaka,  der  Peloponnesus  und  Troja  ” 
(1869),  “ Trojanische  Altertumer”  (“Trojan  Antiquities,” 
1874),  “ My  ken  a " (1878),  “Ilios"  (1881),  “ Orchomenos" 
(1881),  “ Reise  in  der  Troas  ” (1881),  “ Troja  ” (1883),  “ Ti- 
ryns ” (1886). 

Schliengen(shleng'gen).  AsmalltowniuBaden, 
situated  20  miles  southwest  of  Freiburg.  Here, 
Oct.  24,  1796,  the  archduke  Charles  defeated  the  French 
under  Moreau,  compelling  their  retreat  across  the  Rhine. 

Schlik  or  Schlick  (shlik)  zu  Bassano  und 
Weisskirchen,  Count  Franz  von.  Bom  at 

Prague,  May  23, 1789:  died  at  Vienna,  March  17, 
1862.  An  Austrian  general.  He  served  in  the  wars 
againstNapoleon  ; was  distinguished  in  the  Hungarian  in- 
surrection of  1818-49;  and  commanded  the  right  wing  at 
Solferino  in  1859. 

Schlosser  (shlos'ser),  Friedrich  Christoph. 
Born  at  Jever,  Germany,  Nov.  17,  1776 : died  at 
Heidelberg,  Sept.  23, 1861.  A German  historian, 
professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1817.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Weltgeschichte  in  zusammenhiingender  Erzah- 
lung  " (“History  of  the  World  in  Connected  Narrative,” 
1817-24),  “ Geschichte  des  18.  Jalirhunderts  ”(“  History  of 
the  18th  Century,”  1823 : continued  into  the  19th  century  to 
the  overthrow  of  the  French  empire;  5thed..8voIs  1X66- 
1868),  etc. 

Schlucht  (shloeht).  A pass  over  the  Vosges 
which  leads  from  the  valley  of  the  Munster  in 
Alsace  to  that  of  Gdrardmer  in  France.  Height. 
3,735  feet. 


907 

Schlusselburg  (shliis'sel-borG).  A town  and 
fortress  (now  used  as  a prison)  in  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated  at  the 
exit  of  the  Neva  from  Lake  Ladoga,  about  30 
miles  oast  of  St.  Petersburg.  Ivan  VI.  was 
imprisoned  here  1756-64.  Population,  5,400. 
Schmadrifall  (shma'dri-fal).  A waterfall  in 
the  Ammertenthal,  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzer- 
land, south  of  Lauterbrunnen,  formed  by  the 
Sehmadribach.  Height,  over  200  feet. 
Schmalkalden  (shmal'kaFden),  sometimes  in 
E.  Smalkald  or  Smalcald  (smal'kald).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Stille  and  Schmal- 
kalde,  18  miles  southwest  of  Gotha.  It  is  a center 
of  iron  and  steel  manufactures.  It  passed  with  Hesse- 
Cassel  to  Prussia  in  1866.  It  is  an  ancient  town,  noted  in 
the  Reformation  period.  (See  Smalkaldic  Articles  and 
Smalkaldic  League.)  Population,  commune,  9,529. 

Schmerling  (shmer'ling),  Anton  von.  Born  at 
Vienna,  Aug.  23, 1805 : died  at  Vienna,  May  23, 
1893.  An  Austrian  statesman.  He  was  imperial 
minister  in  the  provisional  national  government  instituted 
by  the  Frankfort  parliament  in  1848  ; Austrian  premier 
1860-65  ; a leading  liberal  member  of  the  Austrian  upper 
house  from  1867;  and  president  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Austria  (Cisleithania)  from  1865-91. 

Schmidel  (shme'del),  Ulrich.  Born  at  Strau- 
bingen,  Bavaria  : died  there,  after  1557.  A Ger- 
man adventurer.  He  served  as  a common  soldier  in 
Paraguay  15S2-52,  and  shared  in  most  of  the  prominent  ex- 
plorations and  conquests.  In  1557  he  published  in  German 
an  account  of  his  travels.  Though  obscured  by  barbarous 
orthography,  it  is  of  great  historical  value.  There  are  old 
and  modern  editions  in  several  languages. 

Schmidt  (shmit),  Heinrich  Julian.  Born  at 
Marienwerder,  Prussia,  March  7,  1818:  died 
March  27,  1886.  A German  literary  historian 
and  journalist.  His  chief  works  are  “Geschichte  der 
Roma’ntik  im  Zeitalter  der  Reformation  und  Revolution  ” 
(1850),  “Geschichte  der  deutschen  Nationalliteratur  im 
19.  Jahrhundert’  (“History  of  the  German  National  Litera- 
ture in  the  19th  Century,”  1853),  “Geschichte  der  franzosi- 
schen  Literatur  seit  der  Revolution  ” (1858),  “ Bilder  aus 
dem  geistigen  Leben  unserer  Zeit”  (1870-78). 

Schmoller  (shmol'ler),  Gustav.  Born  at  Heil- 
bronn,  Wiirtemberg,  June  24, 1838.  A German 
political  economist.  He  became  professor  of  political 
economy  at  Halle  in  1864,  at  Strasburg  in  1872,  and  at  Ber- 
lin in  1882.  He  has  published  “liber  einige  Grundfragen 
des  Rechts  und  der  Volkswirtschaft ’’  (1875),  etc. 
Schnaase  (shna'ze),  Karl.  Born  at  Dantzic, 
Prussia,  Sept.  7, 1798 : died  at  Wiesbaden,  Prus- 
sia, May  20,  1875.  A German  writer  on  art. 
His  chief  work  is  “Geschichte  der  bildenden  Kunste” 
(“History  of  the  Fine  Arts,”  7 vols.  1843-64). 

Schneckenburger  (shnek'en-borg-er),  Max. 
Born  at  Tkalheim,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  17, 1819: 
died  at  Burgdorf,  near  Bern,  May  3,  1849.  A 
German  poet,  author  of  the  song  “Die  Wackt 
am  Rhein”  (“The  Watch  on  the  Rhine,”  1840). 
Schneeberg  (shna'berG).  [G.,  ‘snow-moun- 
tain.’] 1.  A summit  of  the  Austrian  Alps,  about 

20  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  Height,  6,808 
feet. — 2.  The  highest  mountain  of  the  Fiehtel- 
gebirge, Ba  varia,  15  miles  northeast  of  Bayreuth. 
Height,  3,454  feet. 

Schneeberg.  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 

21  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz.  It  was  noted  for- 
merly for  mining,  and  is  now  for  its  manufactures  of  lace, 
chemicals,  etc.  It  has  a noted  Gothic  church.  Popula- 
tion, 9,033. 

Schneeberg,  Great,  A mountain  on  the  fron- 
tier of  Prussian  Silesia,  Moravia,  and  Bohemia, 
46  miles  north-northwest  of  Olmiitz.  Height, 
4,660  feet. 

Schneekopf(shna'kopf).  [G.,‘  snow  head.’]  One 
of  the  highest  mountains  of  the  Thuvingerwald, 
situated  in  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Germany,  19 
miles  south  of  Gotha.  Height,  3,210  feet. 
SchneidemiihKshni'de-mulJ.Pol.  Pila.  Atown 
in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Kiiddow  53  miles  north  of  Posen.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  21,624. 

Schneider  (shni'der).  The  dog  of  Rip  van 
Winkle  in  the  play  of  that  name. 

Schneider  (shni'der),  Friedrich  Johann  Chris- 
tian. Born  at  Alt-Waltersdorf,  near  Zittau, 
Saxony,  Jan.  3,  1786:  died  at  Dessau,  Nov.  23, 
1853.  A German  composer,  teacher,  and  con- 
ductor. Among  his  works  are  the  oratorios  “ Die  Siind- 
flut,”  “Das  verlorene  Paradies,”  “Pharao,”  “Christus  das 
Kind, "a  number  of  massesand  cantatas,  and  about  400 songs 
for  men’s  voices,  etc.  He  conducted  musical  festivals  in 
all  parts  of  Germany  from  1825  till  nearly  1850. 

Schneider  (shna-dar'),  Hortense  Catherine. 

Born  at  Bordeaux  about  1838.  A French  actress. 
She  went  on  the  stage  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  after  playing 
minor  roles  made  a hit  at  the  Varidt^s  in  1864  in  “La  Belle 
Hdline,”  and  till  1881,  when  she  married  and  retired  from 
the  stage,  was  a popular  favorite  in  operas  of  this  class. 

Schneider  (shna-dar'),  Joseph  Eugene.  Born 
at  Nancy,  1805:  died  Nov.  27, 1875.  A French 
manufacturer  and  politician.  He  was  director  of 


Schomburgk,  Robert  Hermann 

the  manufacturing  establishment  at  Le  Creusot ; became 
minister  of  commerce  in  1861 ; and  was  president  of  the 
Corps  L^gislatif  1867-70. 

Schnitzer  (shnits'er),  Eduard.  See  Emin 
Pasha. 

Schnitzler  (shnits'ler),  Jean  Henri.  Born  at 
Strasburg,  June  1,  1802:  died  there,  Nov.  19, 
1871.  An  Alsatian  writer,  best  known  from  hix 
works  on  the  history  and  statistics  of  Russia. 
Schnorr  von  Karolsfeld  (shnor  fon  kar'ols- 
felt)  or  Carolsfeld,  Julius.  Born  at  Leipsic, 
March  26, 1794 : died  May  24, 1872.  A German 
historical  and  landscape  painter.  He  executed 
frescos  (from  Ariosto)  at  the  Villa  Massimi  at  Rome,  and 
held  appointments  at  Munich  and  later  at  Dresden.  He 
painted  frescos  (from  the  “Nibelungenlied”)  at  Munich 
(1830-50),  and  other  frescos  from  the  Charlemagne  and 
other  cycles  of  romance,  etc.  He  published  a pictorial 
Bible,  “Die  Bibel  in  Bildern”  (1852-450). 

Schoelcher  (skel-shar'  or  shel'cher),  Victor. 
Bom  at  Paris,  July  21, 1804:  died  at  Paris,  Dee. 
26, 1893.  A French  politician  and  author,  noted 
for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  emancipation  of 
slaves.  He  published  various  works,  including  “De 
l’esclavage  des.  noirs”  (1833),  “Abolition  de  resclavage" 
(1840),  “ Des  colonies  frangaises  ” (1842),  “ Colonies  6tran- 
geres”  (1843),  etc.  As  under  secretary  for  the  navy  he 
procured  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  colonies  in  1848. 
During  the  reign  of  Napoleon  III.  (1852-70)  he  lived  in 
exile,  chiefly  in  England.  Returning  to  France,  he  served 
in  the  siege  of  Paris,  and  became  a deputy  and  senator. 

Schoffer,  or  Schoeffer  (shef'fer),  Peter.  Born 
at  Germersheim,  Bavaria : died  about  1502.  One 
of  the  earliest  German  printers,  an  associate  of 
Gutenberg  and  Fust, 

His  reputation  as  the  father  of  letter-founders,  and  the 
inventor  of  matrices  and  the  type-mould,  is  entirely  unde- 
served. His  types  show  that  he  had  no  skill  as  a letter- 
cutter  or  mechanic.  It  is  not  possible  that  a man  who 
has  shown  such  feeble  evidences  of  mechanical  ability 
could  have  been  the  first  inventor  of  the  matrices  and  the 
type-mould.  While  Gutenberg  and  Fust  were  living, 
Schoeffer  never  made  the  claim  that  he  was  the  inventor, 
or  even  a co-inventor,  of  printing.  But  when  they  were 
buried,  he  claimed  that  he  was  superior  to  both,  and  that 
he  was  really  the  first  to  enter  the  sanctuary  of  the  art.  In 
1468  he  falsely  said  that  although  Gutenberg  was  the  first 
inventor,  he  was  the  man  who  perfected  the  art. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  472. 

Schofield  (sko'feld),  John  McAllister.  Bom 

in  Chautauqua  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1831: 
died  at  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  March  4,  1906. 
Au  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1853;  was  professor  at  West  Point  1855-60 ; became  chief 
of  staff  to  General  Nathaniel  Lyon  in  1861 ; commanded 
the  Army  of  the  Frontier  1862-63,  and  the  Department  of 
the  Missouri  1863-64 ; was  appointed  commander  of  the 
Army  of  the  Ohio  in  1S64  ; took  part  in  Sherman's  Atlanta 
campaign,  and  gained  the  victory  of  Franklin  over  Hood 
in  the  same  year  ; commanded  the  Department  of  North 
Carolina  in  1865 ; was  secretary  of  war  18681-69  ; became 
commander  of  the  Department  of  the  Missouri  in  1869 ; 
was  commander  of  the  Division  of  the  Pacific  1870-76  and 
1882-83,  of  t!ie  Division  of  the  Missouri  1883-86,  and  of  the 
Division  of  the  Atlantic  1886-88 ; was  superintendent  of 
the  West  Point  Academy  1876-81 ; and  became  general-in- 
chief of  the  army  in  1888  and  lieutenant-general  in  1895. 

Scholastic  Doctor,  The.  Anselm  of  Laon. 
Schollenen  (shel'len-en).  A deep  Alpine  ra- 
vine in  the  canton  of  tJri,  Switzerland,  north 
of  Andermatt.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Reuss. 
Length,  2£  miles. 

Scholten  (schol'ten),  Johannes  Hendrik. 

Born  near  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  Ang.  17,  1811: 
died  at  Leyden,  April  10,  1885.  A Dutch 
Protestant  theologian,  professor  of  theology  at 
Leyden  1843-81.  Among  his  works  are  “ De  leer 
der  revormde  kerk"  (“The  Doctrine  of  the  Reformed 
Church,”  1848-50),  “Geschiedenis  van  Godsdienst  en  wys- 
begeerte  ”(“  History  of  Religion  and  Philosophy,"  1853), 
“De  vrije  wil  ” (“Free  Will,”  1859),  “Het  Evangelie  naar 
Johannes”  (“The  Gospel  According  to  John,”  1864),  etc. 
Schomberg  (shom'berG;  F.  pron.  slion-bar'), 
Friedrich  von,  Duke  of  Schomberg.  Bom 
at  Heidelberg,  Dec.,  1615 : killed  at  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne,  July  1 (O.  S.),  1690.  A noted 
general.  He  entered  the  French  service  in  1650 ; com- 
manded successfully  in  Portugal  against  the  Spaniards  1661- 
1668;  was  naturalized  in  France  in  1668,  and  was  madeagran- 
dee  and  marshal  in  1675;  left  France  after  the  revocation 
of  the  Edict  of  Nantes(1685);  became  conimander-in-chief 
of  the  Brandenburg  army;  accompanied  the  Prince  of 
Orange  to  England  in  1688 ; and  commanded  in  Ireland 
1689-90.  He  was  created  duke  of  Schomberg  in  1689. 
Schomberg,  Comte  Henri  de.  Born  about,  1575 : 
died  1632.  A French  marshal,  distinguished  in 
the  wars  against  the  Huguenots  and  in  Italy  in 
1630. 

Schomburgk  (shorn' berk;  G.  pron.  shom'- 
bork),  Moritz  Richard.  Born  at  Freiburg, 
1811:  died  at  Adelaide,  Australia,  March  24, 
1891.  A Prussian  botanist,  brother  of  Sir  R.  H. 
Schomburgk,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  Guiana  1841-44.  He  published  “Rei- 
sen  in  Britisch-Guiana  ” (3  vols.  1847-48)  and  many  botani- 
cal papers.  In  1865  he  was  made  director  of  the  botanical 
garden  at  Adelaide,  Australia. 

Schomburgk  ( shorn' bfirk ; G.pron.  shom'bork). 
Sir  Robert  Hermann.  Born  at  Freiburg- 


Schomburgk,  Robert  Hermann 

an-der-Unstrut,  June  5, 1804:  died  near  Berlin, 
March  11, 1865.  A Prussian  traveler.  He  went 
ag  a clerk  to  the  United  States  in  1826 ; thence  passed  to  the 
W estlndies  in  1830,  and,  assisted  by  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  made  a geographical  and  botanical  exploration 
of  British  Guiana,  1833-39.  Among  the  many  new  plants 
which  he  made  known  was  the  Victoria  regia.  In  1841- 
1844  he  surveyed  the  boundary  of  British  Guiana  and  Brazil 
for  the  British  government.  Subsequently  he  held  con- 
sular positions  in  the  Dominican  Republic  and  Siam.  His 
works  include  several  books  and  many  scientific  papers  on 
Guiana,  and  a “ History  of  Barbadoes  ’’  (1847).  He  was 

★ knighted  in  England  in  1845. 

Schomburgk  Line.  The  boundary  between 
British  Guiana  and  Venezuela  and  Brazil  sur- 
veyed by  Sir  Robert  Schomburgk  1841-44.  The 
part  bounding  Venezuela  runs  from  a point  west  of  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Barima,  in  about  long.  60°  30'  W.f  in  a 
generally  southerly  direction  to  Mount  Roraimn.  It  was 
not  accepted  by  the  Venezuelans,  who  claimed  all  the 
territory  held  by  the  British  to  the  river  Essequibo ; nor 
did  the  latter  hold  to  it,  but  enlarged  their  claims  to  in- 
clude a large  tract  extending  as  far  west  as  long.  63°.  The 
settlement  of  the  boundary  dispute  by  arbitration  was 
urged  by  the  United  States  government,  most  forcibly  in 
1895-96,  anditsattitudefora  timethreatenedseriouscompli- 
cations  with  England.  Arbitration  was  agreed  to  by  Eng- 
land in  the  latter  year,  and  a decision  was  reached  in  1899. 

Schonbein  (shen'bin),  Christian  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Metzingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  18, 1799: 
died  at  Baden-Baden,  Aug.  29,  1868.  A Ger- 
man chemist,  professor  at  Basel.  He  discovered 
ozone  in  1839,  and  guncotton  and  collodion  in  1845.  He 
wrote  “ Das  Verhalten  des  Eisens  zum  Sauerstoff  " (1837), 
“ tiber  die  Erzeugung  des  Ozons”  (1844),  etc. 

Schonberg  in  Mecklenburg  (shen'bero  in 
mek'len-boro).  The  capital  of  the  principality 
of  Ratzeburg,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  situated 
on  the  Maurine  11  miles  east  of  Lubeck.  Popu- 
lation, 2,838. 

Schonbrunn  (shen'bron).  An  imperial  castle 
three  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  It  is  noted  for 
its  gardens  and  works  of  art.  It  was  several  times  occupied 
by  Napoleon  I.,  and  is  historically  important  (see  below). 

Schonbrunn,  Proclamation  of.  A proclama- 
tion issued  Dec.  27,  1805,  by  Napoleon  I.  at 
Schonbrunn,  declaring  that  the  Bourbon  dy- 
nasty in  Naples  had  ceased  to  reign. 

Schonbrunn,  Treaty  of.  1 . A treaty  concluded 
at  Schonbrunn,  Dec.  15, 1805, between  Napoleon 

1.  and  Haugwitz  (acting  for  Prussia).  -Prussia 
ceded  Cleves,  Ansbach,  and  Neuchatel  to  France,  and  re- 
ceived Hannover. 

2.  A treaty  (called  also  the  treaty  of  Vienna) 
concluded  Oct.  14,  1809,  at  Schonbrunn,  be- 
tween Napoleon  I.  and  Francis  I.  of  Austria. 
Austria  ceded  Salzburg  and  Berchtesgaden,  the  Innviertel, 
and  part  of  the  Hausruckviertel  to  Bavaria ; part  of  Galicia 
to  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  and  part  to  Russia;  andpartof  Ca- 
rinthia,  Carniola,  parts  of  Croatia  and  Hungary,  the  Mari- 
time Province,  etc.,  to  Napoleon,  who  formed  from  them 
the  government  of  the  Illyrian  Provinces.  Austria  joined 
the  Continental  system,  and  paid  an  indemnity. 

Schonbuch  (shen'boch).  A plateau  region  in 
Wiirtemberg,  situated  south  of  Stuttgart  and 
north  of  Tubingen. 

Schonebeck  (she'ne-bek).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe 
9 miles  south-southeast  of  Magdeburg,  its  salt- 

works  are  the  most  important  in  Europe.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  chemicals,  etc.  Population,  commune,  17,786. 

Schdneberg  (she'ne-bero).  A suburb  of  Berlin, 
2 miles  to  the  southwest.  Population,  com- 
mune, 172,672,  (1910). 

Schonefeld  (she'ne-felt).  A village  2 miles 
northeast  of  Leipsic.  It  was  an  important  posi- 
tion in  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  Oct.  16-18,  1813. 
Schonemann  (sho'ne-man),  Anna  Elisabeth, 
later  Frau  von  Tiirckheim.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  June  23,  1758:  died  May  6,  1817. 
A German  lady,  celebrated  by  Goethe  under 
the  name  of  Dili. 

Schonen.  See  Sk&ne. 

Schoner  (she'ner),  Johann.  Born  at  Karlstadt, 
1477:  died  at  Nuremberg,  Jan.  16, 1547.  A Ger- 
man mathematician.  He  took  orders;  subsequently 
joined  the  Protestants;  was  a friend  of  Melanchthon;  and 
was  professor  of  mathematics  at  N uremberg.  Schoner  pub- 
lished several  mathematical  and  geographical  works.  He 
made  at  least  two  globes  (1515  and  1520:  the  former  known 
only  in  copies),  which  are  among  the  earliest  showing  the 
name  America.  They  also  indicate  a strait  (probably  con- 
jectural) at  the  southern  end  of  South  America.  Often 
written  Schoner. 

Schongauer  (shon'gou-er),  Martin,  called  Bel 
Martino,  Hipsch  (Hiibsch)  Martin,  and  Mar- 
tin Schon.  Born  at  Kolmar,  Alsace,  about 
1446:  died  there,  Feb.  2, 1488.  AnotedGerman 
historical  painter  and  engraver,  said  to  be  the 
greatest  of  the  15th  century,  the  founder  of  a 
school  of  painting  at  Kolmar.  His  chief  painting 
fs  a Virgin  and  Child,  called  “The  Madonna  of  the  Rose- 
hedge  ” (1473),  at  Kolmar. 

Schonhausen  (sh6n'hou-zen).  A village  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  near  the 
Elbe  8 miles  east  of  Stendal:  notod  as  the  fam- 
ily seat  and  birthplace  of  Bismarck. 


908 

Schoodic  Lake  (sko'dik  lak).  A lake  on  the  bor- 
der of  Maine  and  New  Brunswick.  Its  two  chief 
divisions  are  sometimes  called  Grand  Lake  and  First  Lake. 
Its  outlet  isinto  the  St.  CroixRiver.  Length,  about  25  miles. 

Schoolcraft  (skol'kraft),  Henry  Rowe.  Born 
at  Watervliet  (Guilderland),  N.  Y.,  March  28, 
1793:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  10, 1864. 
An  American  ethnologist  and  explorer.  He  trav- 
eled in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  1817-18  ; was  geologist  to 
Cass’s  expedition  to  Lake  Superior  in  1820;  was  appointed 
Indian  agent  in  the  lake  region  in  1822 ; discovered  the 
source  of  the  Mississippi  in  Itasca  Lake  in  1832 ; negotiated 
a land  cession  from  the  Indians  in  1836;  and  held  various 
government  positions  relating  to  Indian  matters.  He  pub- 
lished, under  government  auspices.“Historical  and  Statis- 
tical Information  respecting  the  History,  etc.,  of  the  In- 
dian Tribes  of  the  United  States  ”(6  vols.  1851-57).  Among 
his  other  works  are  “ Travels  in  the  Central  Portions  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  ” (1825),  “Expedition  to  Itasca  Lake  ” 
(1834),  “Algic  Researches  ”(1839),“  Notes  on  the  Iroquois  ” 
(1846),  and  “ Personal  Memoirs  of  a Residence  of  Thirty 
Y ears  with  the  Indian  Tribes  ” (1851). 

Schooley’s  (sko'liz)  Mountain.  1.  A moun- 
tain ridge  of  northern  New  Jersey,  the  contin- 
uation of  the  Blue  Ridge  of  Virginia,  Maryland, 
and  Pennsylvania. — 2.  A summer  resort  in 
Washington  township,  Morris  County,  New 
Jersey,  44  miles  west  of  New  York. 

School  for  Husbands.  See  Hcolc  des  Maris,  L\ 
School  for  Scandal,  The.  A play  by  Sheridan, 
produced  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  May  8,  1777. 
It  took  its  position  at  once  as  the  most  brilliant  comedy  of 
modern  society  on  the  English  stage.  “In  1788  the  screen 
and  auction  scenes  were  embodied  in  a piece  called  ‘Les 
Deux  Neveux,’  played  with  success  in  Paris,  and  later  ou 
it  was  produced  at  the  Theatre  Frangais  [in  1803]  under 
the  title  ‘ Le  Tartufe  des  Moeurs,’  and  at  the  Porte  St.  Mar- 
tin as  ‘L’Ecole  du  Scandale.’  A version  of  the  comedy 
was  produced  in  Vienna  by  Schroder,  an  actor  and  author 
of  repute,  who  had  traveled  to  England  for  the  purpose  of 
seeing  it  played ; and  it  has  also  been  played  in  The 
Hague.  ” Molloy,  Famous  Plays. 

School  for  Wives.  See  Fcole  des  Femmes,  L’. 
Schoolmaster,  The.  A treatise  on  education  by 
Roger  Ascham,  published  in  1570  by  his  widow. 
It  was  the  result  of  a conversation  between  tlie  author  and 
Sir  Richard  Sackville,  who  asked  him  to  put  in  writing 
“ the  chief  points  of  this  our  talk  . . . for  the  good  bring- 
ing up  of  children  and  young  men.”  The  whole  title  is 
“The  Scholemaster,  a plaine  and  perfite  way  of  teachyng 
children  to  vnderstand,  write  and  speake  in  Latin  tong.” 
It  has  been  many  times  reprinted. 

Schoolmistress,  The.  A poem  by  Shenstone, 
published  in  1742.  It  originally  had  a ludicrous  turn, 
and  Shenstone  expressly  says  : “ I have  added  a ludicrous 
index  purely  to  show  (fools)  that  I am  in  jest.”  Dodsley, 
however,  in  a later  edition  omitted  the  “ludicrous  index,” 
and,  as  the  poet  foresaw,  his  object  was  mistaken. 

School  of  Abuse,  A.  A book  by  Stephen  Gos- 
son,  published  in  1579. 

School  of  Athens,  The.  1.  A fresco  by  Raphael, 
in  the  Stanza  della  Segnatura  of  the  Vatican, 
Rome.  The  subject  is  Philosophy  — thejoyof  pureknow- 
ledge  and  humanism  as  contrasted  with  the  triumph  of 
religion.  The  great  Greek  philosophers  occupy  the  cen- 
ter ; around  them  are  assembled  the  great  teachers  of  nat- 
ural history,  logic,  and  ethics,  with  votaries  of  learning 
among  Raphael's  contemporaries.  The  grouping  is  ad- 
mirable. The  architectural  setting  of  porticos  and  dome 
is  probably  based  on  Bramante’s  design  for  St.  Peter's. 

2.  A cartoon  by  Raphael  for  the  picture  in  the 
Vatican,  in  the  Ambrosian  Library  at  Milan,  it 
is  of  full  size,  in  black  chalk  on  a gray  ground,  and  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  most  important  and  instructive  of  such 
examples. 

Schopenhauer  (sho'pen-hou-er),  Arthur.  Born 
at  Dantzic,  Feb.  22, 1788 : died  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Sept.  21, 1860.  A celebrated  German 
philosopher,  the  chief  expounder  of  pessimism. 
His  father  was  a well-to-do  merchant.  At  the  outset  he, 
too,  was  intendedfor  a mercantile  career,  and  with  this  end 
in  view  was  placed,  in  1805,  in  the  office  of  a merchant  in 
Hamburg.  His  father  died  a few  months  later,  and  as  soon 
as  he  had  become  of  age  he  gave  up  the  idea  of  a business 
career,  and  studied  first  in  Gottingen  and  then  in  Berlin 
and  Jena.  His  first  work  was  the  monograph  “ tiber  die 
vierfache  Wurzel  des  Satzes  vom  zureichenden  Grunde” 
(“On  the  Fourfold  Root  of  the  Principle  of  Sufficient 
Reason”),  which  was  published  in  1813.  His  principal 
work,  “Die  Welt  als  Wille  und  Vorstellung  ” (“  The  World 
as  Will  and  Idea”),  appeared  in  1819.  In  1820  he  settled 
as  docent  at  the  University  of  Berlin,  hut,  having  failed  to 
obtain  a professorship,  withdrew,  in  1831,  into  private 
life  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  where  lie  subsequently 
lived.  His  other  important  works  are  “tjher  den  Willen 
in  der  Natur”(“On  the  Will  in  Nature,"  1836),  which  was 
directed  against  the  professorial  philosophy  of  the  day, 
and  “Die  beiden  Grundprobleme  der  Ethik”(“The  Two 
Fundamental  Problems  of  Ethics,”  1841).  A collection 
of  his  minor  essays  was  published,  in  1851,  under  the  title 
“Parerga  und  Paralipomena.”  His  complete  works  ap- 
peared at  Leipsic,  1873-74,  in  6 vols. 

Schopenhauer,  Madame  (Johanna  Henriette 
Trosina).  Born  at  Dantzic,  July  9, 1766:  died 
at  Jena,  April  16, 1838.  A German  author,  mo- 
ther of  Arthur  Schopenhauer.  She  wrote  nov- 
els, books  of  travel,  etc. 

Schott  (shot),  Anton.  Born  at  Staufeneck, 
Swabia,  June  25, 1846.  A noted  German  tenor. 
Schott,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Mainz,  Germany, 
Sept.  3,  1802:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 1889.  A 


Schroder-Devrient,  Wilhelmine 

German  Orientalist,  professor  at  Berlin.  He  pub- 
lished many  works  on  the  languages  and  literatures  of  the 
Tatars,  Chinese,  Japanese,  Siamese,  Annamese,  etc. 

Schouler  (sko'ler),  James.  Born  at  West  Cam- 
bridge (now  Arlington),  M’ass.,  March  20,  1839. 
An  American  historian  and  legal  writer,  son  of 
William  Schouler.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1859, 
and  was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lecturer  in  the  Boston  University  Law  School,  and 
in  the  National  Law  School,  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, and  lectured  on  American  constitutional  history  in 
J ohns  Hopkins  U niversity.  Among  his  works  are  “ Treatise 
on  the  Law  of  Bailments”  (1880)  and  “History  of  the 
United  States  under  the  Constitution  ” (1880-99). 

Schouler,  William.  Born  at  Kilbarchan,  Scot- 
land, Dec.  31,  1814 : died  near  Boston,  Oct.  24, 
1872.  An  American  journalist  and  politician, 
author  of  “History  of  Massachusetts  in  the  Civil 
War”  (1868-71),  etc. 

Schouten  (schou'ten),  Willem  Cornells.  Born 
at  Hoorn,  about  1567:  died  on  the  coast  of  Mada- 
gascar, 1625.  A Dutch  navigator,  long  in  the 
service  of  the  East  India  Company.  Aided  by  the 
merchant  Isaac  Lemaire,  he  made  a voyage  to  the  East  In- 
dies by  tlie  west,  being  the  first  to  double  Cape  Horn  (1616). 
The  cape  had  been  seen  by  earlier  explorers. 

Schouten  (sho'ten)  Island.  A small  island  off 
the  eastern  coast  of  Tasmania,  south  of  Frey- 
cinet  Peniusula. 

Schouten  Islands.  1 . A group  of  islands  north- 
west of  New  Guinea,  about  long.  136°  E.,  con- 
taining Misory  and  other  islands. — 2.  A group 
of  small  islands  north  of  New  Guinea,  about 
long.  144°-145°  E. 

Schouvaloff.  See  Sliuvaloff. 
Schrader(shra'der),Eberhard.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  Jan.  5,  1836:  died  at  Berlin, 
July  4, 1908.  A noted  German  Orientalist  and 
Protestant  theologian : professor  at  Berlin  from 
1875.  He  published  “Die  Keilinschriften  und  das  Alte 
Testament"  (“The  Cuneiform  Inscriptions  and  the  Old 
Testament,”  1872)  and  works  on  Oriental  philology,  etc. 

Schrader,  Julius.  Born  at  Berlin,  June  16, 1815 : 
died  at  Grosslichterfelde,  near  Berlin,  Feb. 
16,  1900.  A German  historical  painter,  a master 
of  color.  He  was  a pupil  of  the  Berlin  Academy  and 
of  W.  Schadow  at  Diisseldorf,  and  studied  in  Italy  1845-47. 
In  1848  he  was  elected  professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy, 
Among  his  principal  paintings  are  “Death  of  Leonardo 
da  Vinci”  (1851),  “Dedication  of  the  Church  of  St.  Sophia 
in  Constantinople”  (fresco,  in  Berlin),  “Charles  I.  taking 
Leave  of  his  Family"  (1856),  “Esther  before  Ahasuerus” 
(1856),  portraits  of  A.  von  Humboldt,  Von  Ranke,  etc. 

Schreckhorn,  or  Great  Schreckhorn  (shrek'- 
horn).  One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  Switzerland,  situated  15  miles  south- 
east of  Interlaken.  It  was  first  ascended  in  1861. 
Height,  13,386  feet.  This  mountain  and  the  peaks  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  are  called  the  Schreckhorner. 

Schreiberhau  (shri'ber-hou).  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  Silesia,  Prussia.  Pop..  4,994. 
Schreiner  (shri'ner),  Olive  (Mrs.  S.  C.  Cron- 
wright  Schreiner).  Born  about  1863.  A South 
African  author,  the  daughter  of  a Lutheran 
clergyman  at  Cape  Town.  She  came  to  England 
about  1883  with  her  book  “ The  Story  of  an  African  Farm,” 
which  she  published  in  1883  under  the  pseudonym  Ralph 
Iron.  She  has  also  published  “ Dreams  ” (1890)  and 
“ Dream  Life  and  Real  Life  ” (1893). 

Schreyer  (shri'er),  Adolf.  Born  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Mam,  July  9,  1828:  died  at  Kronberg, 
Prussia,  J uly  30, 1899.  A German  animal-  and 
genre-painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  the  Stadel  Institute 
at  Frankfort,  and  traveled  much  in  Russia,  in  Syria  and 
Egypt,  etc.,  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  the  horse. 
Most  of  his  pictures  depict  horsemen  with  horses  in 
rapid  action.  He  lived  alternately  at  Paris  and  at  Kron- 
berg near  Frankfort.  Among  his  pictures  are  “ Artillery 
attacked  by  Prussian  Hussars  ” (1854  : at  Berlin),  “Battle 
near  Waghausel"  (1858  : at  Schwerin),  “Cossack  Horses” 
(1864),  “Charge  of  Artillery  ”(1865  : at  one  time  in  the  Lux- 
embourg), “Cuirassiers'Attack,”  “Tunisian  Cavalry  "(1883), 
“ Arabs  Resting,”  “Arabs  Retreating, ’’“Watering-Place," 
“Wallachian  Teamsters,"  “Danger,”  “Arabs  on  the 
March,”  “Arab  Scout,”  etc.  The  last  seven  and  a number 
of  others  are  in  the  United  States. 

Schrockh  (shrek),  Johann  Matthias.  Born 
at  Vienna,  July  26,  1733:  died  Aug.,  1808.  A 
German  Protestant  church  historian.  His  chief 
work  is  “Christliehe  Kirchengeschichte  ” (35  vols.  1768- 
1803 : continued  for  the  post-Reformation  period  1804-12). 

Schroder  (shre'der),  Madame  (Antoinette  So- 
phie Burger).  Born  at  Paderborn,  Prussia, 
Feb.  23,  1781:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  25,  1868. 
A noted  German  tragic  actress,  known  as  “the 
German  Siddons.”  She  was  a member  of  the  Hamburg, 
Vienna,  and  Munich  theaters.  Her  chief  parts  were  Pine- 
dra,  Lady  Macbeth,  Medea,  Sappho,  etc. 

Schroder,  Friedrich  Ludwig.  Born  at  Schwe- 
rin, Germany,  Nov.  3,  1744:  died  Sept.  3,  1816. 
A noted  German  actor,  theatrical  director,  and 
playwright.  He  was  director  of  the  Hamburg  theater. 
He  wrote  various  plays  and  arrangements  of  English 
plays. 

Schroder-Devrient  (shre'der-dev-ryon'),  Wil- 
helmine.  Born  at  Hamburg,  Dec.,  1804:  died 


Schroder-Devrient,  Wilhelmine 

at  Coburg,  Jan.  26,  1860.  A noted  German 
opera-singer,  daughter  of  Madame  A.  S.  Schro- 
der. She  made  a very  successful  first  appearance  in 
1821  at  Vienna  in  “Die  Zauberflote" ; and  in  1823  she  cre- 
ated the  part  of  Leonore  in  Beethoven's  “ Fidelio,”  on  its 
revival  in  Vienna,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  composer.  In 
1823  she  sang  in  Dresden,  and  from  that  time  till  1837 
continued  her  successes  as  a popular  favorite.  She  then 
began  gradually  to  lose  power,  though  she  still  delighted 
her  audiences  and  did  not  cease  singing  till  about  1856. 
Her  unusual  dramatic  power  excelled  the  quality  of  her 
voice,  which  was  a strong  soprano.  She  married  Karl  Dev- 
rient  in  1823  ; was  divorced  or  separated  in  1828  ; married 
a Herr  von  Doring  who  wasted  her  money  and  from  whom 
she  was  divorced ; and  in  1850  married  Herr  von  Bock. 
Her  repertoire  was  very  extensive. 

Schrodter  (shret'ter), Adolf.  BornatSchwedt, 
Prussia,  June  28,  1805 : died  at  Karlsruhe,  Ba- 
den, Dec.  9, 1875.  A German  genre-painter  and 
etcher.  He  was  a pupil  of  the  Berlin  Academy  and  of 
W.  Schadow  at  Dusseldorf ; lived  at  Frankfort  1848-54 ; and 
was  prof essor  in  the  polytechnic  school  at  Karlsruhe  1859- 
1872.  He  was  noted  for  his  humorous  representations  of 
“Don  Quixote,”  Falstaff’s  life,  “ Auerbachs  Keller,"  “Hans 
Sachs,”  etc. 

Schroon  (skron ) Lake.  An  expansion  of 
Schroon  River,  on  the  border  of  Essex  and  War- 
ren counties,  New  York.  Length,  about  8 miles. 
Schroon  River.  A small  river  in  eastern  New 
York  which  joins  the  Hudson  7 miles  north- 
west of  Caldwell. 

Schubart  (sko'bart),  Christian  Friedrich  Da- 
niel. Born  at  Obersontheim,  Swabia,  March 
24,  1739:  died  Oct.  10,  1791.  A German  poet. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  the  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg  1777-87. 
His  collected  poems  were  published  1785-86,  including 
religious  poems,  hymn  to  Frederick  the  Great,  etc. 

Schubert  (sho'bert),  Franz  Peter.  Born  at  Vi- 
enna, Jan.  31,  1797 : died  there,  Nov.  19,  1828. 
A celebrated  Austrian  composer.  When  little  over 
10  years  old  he  was  first  soprano  in  the  choir  of  Lichten- 
thal,  the  district  or  parish  in  which  he  was  born,  and  had 
composed  songs  and  violin  solos.  He  was  educated  in 
music  at  the  Imperial  Konvikt,  a school  in  Vienna.  In 
1818  he  became  teacher  of  music  in  the  Esterhazy  family  ; 
but  soon  returned  to  Vienna,  and  lived  there  for  atime  with 
Mayrhofer  the  poet.  In  1819  his  song  the  “ Schafers  Kla- 
gelied  ” was  performed  in  public  at  Vienna.  In  1825  he 
made  a tour  with  his  friend  Vogl,  who  sang  Schubert’s  songs 
from  “The  Lady  of  the  Lake  "to  the  latter’s  accompani- 
ments. He  next  directed  his  attention  to  dramatic  music. 
By  1827  his  prospects  had  decidedly  brightened,  and  he 
composed  ceaselessly,  surpassing  his  former  achievements, 
and  having  many  demands  from  foreign  publishers  ; but 
poverty  and  hard  work  had  already  weakened  his  system, 
and  in  1828  he  succumbed  to  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever. 
The  number  of  his  compositions  is  large,  including  sev- 
eral operas,  cantatas,  10  symphonies,  many  sonatas,  masses, 
marches,  quartets,  fantasias,  etc.,  and  more  than  five  hun- 
dred songs,  in  which  he  reached  the  highest  level  of  song- 
writing. Among  the  songs  are  “Erlkonig,"  “The  Wan- 
derer," “The  Trout,"  “Who  is  Sylvia?"  “Hark,  Hark,  the 
Lark,”  etc.  The  great  mass  of  his  works  published  after 
his  death  almost  excited  suspicion  as  to  their  genuineness. 

Schubert,  Gotthilf  Heinrich  von.  Born  at 
Hohenstein,  Saxony,  April  26, 1780 : died  July  1, 
1860.  A German  naturalist,  natural  philoso- 
pher, and  mystic.  Among  his  works  are  “Ansichten 
vender Nachtseiteder Xaturwissenschaf ten” (1808),  “Sym- 
bolik  des  Traums  ” (1814),  “ Geschichte  der  Seele  ” (1830), 
etc. 

Schiicking  (shiik'ing),  Christoph  Bernhard 

Levin.  Born  at  Clemenswerth,  ancient  bish- 
opric of  Munster,  Sept.  6,  1814:  died  Aug.  31, 
1883.  A German  novelist.  His  novels  include  “Die 
Ritterburtigen ” (1846),  “Ein  Sohn  des  Volks"  (1849), 
“ Schloss  Dornegge  " (1868),  etc. 

Schulpforta.  See  Pforta. 

Schuls.  See  Tarasp-Schuls. 

Schulte  (shol'te),  Johann  Friedrich  von.  Born 
at  Winterberg,  Westphalia,  April  23,  1827.  A 
German  Roman  Catholic  author,  professor  at 
Bonn  from  1873 : after  1870  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Old  Catholics.  He  has  published  “Lehrbuch 
des  katholischen  Kirchenrechts"(“  Manual  of  Catholic  Ec- 
clesiastical Law,”  1863),  and  other  works  on  Roman  Catho- 
lic ecclesiastical  law,  etc. 

Schultze  (sholt/se).  Max  Johann  Sigismund. 

Born  at  Freiburg,  Baden,  March  25,  1825 : died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Jan.  16,  1874.  A German 
anatomist  and  biologist,  professor  atBonnfrom 
1859.  He  is  best  known  from  his  contributions  to  micro- 
scopic anatomy,  and  his  researches  on  protoplasm,  the 
protozoa,  etc. 

Schulz  (sholts),  Albert:  pseudonym  San- 
Marte.  Born  at  Schwedt,  Prussia,  May  18, 
1802 : died  at  Magdeburg,  June  3, 1893.  A Ger- 
man scholar  and  critic.  He  published  studies  on 
medieval  literature,  including  the  Arthurian  cycle  of 
romance,  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach,  etc. 

Schulz,  Johann  Abraham  Peter.  Born  at 
Liineburg,  Prussia,  March,  1747 : died  at 

Schwedt,  Prussia,  June  10,  1800.  A German 
composer,  noted  for  his  folk-songs.  Among  his 
compositions  were  10  operas  and  some  sacred  music.  He 
published  “ Lieder  im  Volkston,  bei  dem  Klavier  zu  sing- 
en  ” (1782),  containing  nearly  50  songs,  and  other  works. 

Schulze  (sholt'se),  Gottlob  Ernst.  Born  at 
Heldrungen,  Thuringia,  1761:  died  at  Gottin- 


909 

gen,  1833.  A German  skeptical  philosopher, 
professor  at  Helmstedt  1788-1810,  and  at  Got- 
tingen 1810-33.  Chief  work  : “ Kritik  der  theo- 
retischen  Philosophic.” 

Schulze  - Delitzsch  (sholt'se-da'lich),  Her- 
mann. Born  at  Delitzsch,  Prussia,  Aug.  29, 
1808:  died  at  Potsdam,  April  29,  1883.  A Ger- 
man politician.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Leipsic 
and  Halle ; was  fora  time  employed  in  the  civil  service  of 
Prussia ; and  in  1841  became  a Patrimonialricliter  (a  kind 
of  estate  manager  with  judicial  and  administrative  func- 
tions)at  Delitzsch.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  founder  of 
the  system  of  working-men's  cooperative  associations  in 
Germany,  including  the  people’s  bank.  He  published 
“ Vorschuss-  und  Kredit-Vereine  als  Volksbanken”  (5th 
ed.  1876),  etc. 

Schumacher  (sho'maeh-er),  Heinrich  Chris- 
tian. Born  at  Bramstedt,  Holstein,  Sept.  3, 
1780 : died  at  Altona,  Holstein,  Dec.  28,  1850. 
A German  astronomer,  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Altona.  He  founded  the  “Astrono- 
misehe  Nachrichten”  in  1821. 

Schumann  (sho'man),  Madame  (Clara  Jose- 
phine Wieck).  Born  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  13, 1819 : 
died  at  Frankfort,  May  20, 1896.  A noted  German 
pianist  and  composer,  wife  of  Robert  Schumann. 
She  was  especially  successful  in  rendering  the  music  of 
Chopin  (which  she  was  the  first  in  Germany  to  play  for 
the  public)  and  Schumann.  She  made  her  ddbut  about 
1832,  and  visited  England  first  in  1856.  After  the  death 
of  her  husband  she  lived  at  Dusseldorf,  and  then  at  Ber- 
lin and  Baden-Baden,  and  in  1878  was  made  principal 
teacher  of  the  pianoforte  at  the  conservatoire  at  Frankfort. 

Schumann,  Robert.  Born  at  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
June  8,  1810:  died  at  Endenich,  near  Bonn, 
Prussia,  J uly  29, 1856.  A distinguished  German 
composer  and  musical  critic,  an  exponent  of  the 
Romantic  school.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg  1828-30, 
and  then  at  Leipsic  under  Wieck;  founded  the  musical 
journal  “Die  neue  Zeitschrift  fiir  Musik”  in  1834;  and  re- 
mained its  editor  until  1844.  In  1835  he  met  Mendelssohn. 
In  1840  he  married  Clara  Wieck.  In  1844  he  left  Leipsic 
and  settled  in  Dresden.  From  1850  to  1853  he  was  director 
of  music  at  Dusseldorf,  a post  for  which  he  was  unfitted. 
From  1851  until  his  death  his  eccentricities,  due  to  disease 
of  the  brain,  increased,  and  in  1854  he  was  placed  in  a 
private  asylum.  Among  his  chief  works  are  symphonies, 
overtures,  quartets,  songs  (“Das  Gluck  von  Edenhall,” 
“Der  Rose  Pilgerfahrt ”),  “Genoveva”  (an  opera),  music 
to  Byron's  “Manfred"  and  Goethe’s  “Faust,”  “Paradise 
and  the  Peri.” 

Schurz  (shorts),  Carl.  Born  at  Libiar,  near 
Cologne,  Prussia,  March  2,  1829 : died  at  New 
York,  May  14,  1906.  A German-American 
statesman,  journalist,  and  general.  He  studied 
at  Bonn  1847-48,  and  in  1849  took  part  in  the  insurrection  in 
the  Palatinate  and  Baden,  on  the  repression  of  which  he 
was  arrested,  but  escaped  to  Switzerland.  He  went  to  the 
United  States  in  1852,  and  became  a prominent  member  of 
the  Republican  party.  He  was  appointed  United  States 
minister  to  Spain  in  1861,  but  resigned  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War  in  order  to  enter  the  Union  army.  He 
served  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Chancellorsville, 
Gettysburg,  and  Chattanooga,  and  attained  the  rank  of 
major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was  Republican  senator 
from  Missouri  1869-75;  was  a leading  member  of  the 
“Liberal-Republican  ’’  revolt  in  1872 ; was  secretary  of  the 
interior  1877-81;  and  was  editor  of  the  New  York  “Even- 
ing Post”  1881-84.  He  was  oneof  the  leaders  of  the  “ Mug- 
wump” movement  in  1884.  He  wrote  a “Life  of  Henry 
Clay  ” (1887),  “ Reminiscences  of  a Long  Life  ” (1905-06),  etc. 

Schuyler  (ski'ler),  Eugene.  Bom  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  26,  1840 : died  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  July 
18, 1890.  An  American  diplomatist  and  author. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1859,  and  at  the  Columbia  Law 
School  in  1863;  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1866; 
was  secretary  of  legation  at  St.  Petersburg  1870-76,  and  at 
Constantinople  1876-78;  traveled  in  central  Asia  in  1873  ; 
became  chargd  d’affaires  at  Bukharest  in  1880 ; was  min- 
ister to  Rumania,  Servia,  and  Greece  1882-84 ; and  was  con- 
sul-general at  Cairo  from  1889  until  his  death.  He  wrote 
“Turkestan”  (1876),  “Peter  the  Great”  (2  vols.  1884),  and 
“American  Diplomacy”  (1886). 

Schuyler,  Philip.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y. , Nov . , 
1733:  died  at  Albany,  Nov.  18, 1804.  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  politician.  He  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war ; was  a delegate  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress in  1775,  1777,  and  1779-81 ; was  appointed  major-gen- 
eral in  1775  ; was  influential  in  the  northern  department 
and  in  the  commissary;  was  commander  of  the  forces 
against  Burgoyne  in  1777  until  superseded  by  Gates  in 
August;  and  resigned  from  the  army  in  1779.  He  was 
Indian  commissioner  during  the  war,  and  was  Federal- 
ist United  States  senator  from  New  York  1789-91  and 
1797-98. 

Schuyler  Lake.  A small  lake  in  Otsego  Coun- 
ty, New  York,  24  miles  southeast  of  Utica.  It 
has  its  outlet  into  the  Susquehanna. 

Schuylkill  (skol'kil).  A river  in  Pennsylvania 
which  joins  the  Delaware  at  Philadelphia.  It 
contributes  largely  to  the  water-supply  of  Phil- 
adelphia. Its  Indian  name  was  Manayunk. 
Length,  130  miles. 

Schuylkill  Haven.  A borough  in  Schuylkill 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill 72  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia.  Popu- 
lation, 4,747,  (1910). 

Schwab  (shvab),  Gustav.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg,  June  19, 1792:  died  there,  Nov.  4, 
1850.  A German  poet  and  author,  one  of  the  chief 


Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 

Swabian  poets.  He  is  best  known  from  his  ballads  and 
romances.  He  wrote  also  “Die  schonsten  Sagen  des  klas- 
sischen  Altertums"  (“The  Most  Beautiful  Legendsof  Clas- 
sical Antiquity,  ”1838-40),  a lifeof  Schiller,  “Deutsche  Volks- 
biicher,"  etc. 

Schwabach  (shva'bach).  A town  in  Middle 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  theriver  Schwa- 
bach 9 miles  south  by  west  of  Nuremberg,  it  has 
manufactures  of  needles,  etc.  A meeting  of  princes  here, 
Oct.  16, 1529,  adopted  the  17  articles  of  Schwabach  that 
formed,  in  part,  the  basis  of  the  Augsburg  Confession. 
Population,  commune,  10,347. 

Schwabach  (shva'bach)  Articles.  1.  Articles 
of  religion  established  1528  by  the  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg-Ansbach  as  the  basis  of  the  Ref- 
ormation in  his  territories. — 2.  Seventeen  arti- 
cles drawn  up  by  Luther  and  submitted  to  the 
convention  of  Schwabach . They  subsequently 
formed  the  basis  of  the  Augsburg  Confession. 
Schwabe  (shva'be),  Heinrich  Samuel.  Born 
at  Dessau,  Germany,  Oct.  25, 1789 : died  at  Des- 
sau, April  11,  1875.  A German  astronomer, 
noted  for  his  discovery  of  the  periodicity  of 
sun-spots. 

Schwaben  (shva'ben).  The  German  name  of 
Swabia. 

Schwabenspiegel  (shva'ben-spe-gel).  [G., 
‘ Swabian  mirror.’]  A compilation  of  law  which 
attained  great  authority  in  southern  Germany, 
compiled  by  an  unknown  author  at  the  end  of 
the  13th  century.  It  was  based  largely  on  the 
Sachsenspiegel. 

Schwabisch-Gmiind.  See  Gmiind. 
Schwabisch-Hall  (shva'bish-hal),  or  Hall.  A 
town  in  the  Jagst  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated 
on  the  Kocber  35  miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart. 
It  has  important  salt-works.  Formerly  a free  imperial 
city,  it  was  annexed  to  Wiirtemberg  in  1802.  Population, 
commune,  9,400. 

Schwalbach.  See  Langenschwalbach. 
Schwann  (shvan),  Theodor.  Born  at  Neuss, 
Prussia,  Dec.  7,  1810:  died  at  Cologne,  Jan.  14, 
1882.  A distinguished  German  physiologist,  the 
founder  of  the  cell-theory,  which  he  published  in 
“ Microscopical  Researches”  (Berlin,  1839).  He 
was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Louvain  1838-48,  and  at  Liege 
from  1848.  He  discovered  pepsin,  and  made  many  impor 
tant  investigations  in  the  nerves,  muscles,  etc. 
Schwansen  (shvan'zen).  A peninsula  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  province  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein, Prussia,  east  of  Schleswig,  it  Is  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  the  Baltic  Sea,  the  Schlei,  and  Eckernforde  Bay. 

Schwanthaler  (shvan 'ta Her),  Ludwig  Mi- 
chael. Born  at.  Munich,  Aug.  26,  1802 : died 
there,  Nov.  15,  1848.  A German  sculptor.  He 
worked  especially  in  Munich  under  official  patronage. 
Among  his  works  there  are  statues  for  the  new  palace  in 
Munich,  the  Old  Pinakothek,  the  Ruhmeshalle,  and  the 
Walhalla,  and  the  colossal  statue  “ Bavaria.”  He  left  his 
collection  of  models  (“Schwanthaler-Museum")  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Bavaria. 

Schwartz,  Christian  Friedrich.  See  Schwarz. 
Schwartz,  or  Schwarz  (shvarts),  Madame  von 
(Marie  Esperance  Brandt):  Grecized  name 
Elpis  Melena  (el'pes  me-la'na).  Born  Nov. 
8,  1818  : died  April  20,  1899.  A German  author. 
After  a separation  from  Von  Schwartz,  who  was  her  second 
husband,  she  went  to  Rome,  became  a great  admirer  of 
Garibaldi,  went  with  him  on  his  campaigns,  and  cared  for 
him  in  his  captivity.  She  wrote  “ Travels  ” in  Crete,  the 
south  of  Italy,  etc.,  and  works  on  Garibaldi’s  career,  and 
also  published  a volume  of  his  letters.  She  has  often  beta 
confounded  with  the  Swedish  novelist. 

Schwartz,  Mme.  (Marie  Sophie  Birath).  Born 
at  Bor&s,  Sweden,  July  4,  1819 : died  at  Stock- 
holm, May  7,  1894.  A Swedish  novelist.  Her 

works  were  translated  into  German  in  44  volumes  (1865- 
1874),  and  several  of  them  have  been  translated  into  French 
and  English. 

Schwartzenberg.  See  Schwareenberg. 
Schwarz  (shviirts),  Berthold  (originally  Kon- 
stantin Ancklitzen).  Born  at  Freiburg:  lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  14th  century.  A German 
Franciscan  monk  and  alchemist,  said  to  have 
invented  gunpowder  about.  1330. 

Schwarz,  or  Schwartz,  Christian  Friedrich. 
Born  at  Sonnenburg,  Prussia,  1726:  died  at  Tan- 
jore,  Hindustan,  Feb.  13,  1798.  A German  mis- 
sionary in  India.  Sent  out  at  first  by  the  Danes,  he  was 
afterward  engaged  in  English  missions.  He  was  remark- 
ably successful  at  Trichinopoly  and  Tanjore. 

Schwarz,  Marie  Esperance.  See  Schwartz. 
Schwarzbach  (shvarts'bach)Fall.  A cascade 
in  the  Salzburg  Alps,  near  Konigssee.  Height, 
300  feet. 

Schwarzburg  (slivarts'borG).  A village  in 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  situated 
on  the  Schwarza  32  miles  south  by  west  of 
Weimar.  It  is  a tourist  center,  and  contains 
the  princely  castle  of  Schwarzburg. 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt  ( shvarts  'borG-ro'  - 
dol-stat).  A principality  and  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  German  Empire,  situated  in  Thurin- 
gia. Capital,  Rudolstadt.  It  consists  of  two  main 


Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 

divisions  — the  larger  in  the  south,  between  Saxe-Weimar- 
Eisenach  and  Saxe-Meiningen,  and  the  smaller  in  the 
north,  surrounded  by  Prussian  Saxony  and  Schwarzburg- 
Sondershausen.  It  has  also  several  small  exclaves.  The 
surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous.  The  government  is  a 
hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has  1 vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  1 member  in  the  Reichstag.  The  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  The  state  was  raised  from  acountship 
to  a principality  in  1711 ; joined  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  in  1807,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815; 
and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866.  Area,  363  square  miles. 
Population,  96,835. 

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen  (-zon'ders-hou- 
zen).  A principality  and  one  of  the  members 
of  the  German  Empire,  situated  in  Thuringia. 
Capital,  Sondershausen.  it.  consists  of  two  por- 
tions— the  southern,  situated  west  of  Schwarzburg-Ru- 
dolstadt, and  the  northern,  nearly  surrounded  by  Prussian 
Saxony.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly.  The  government 
is  a limited  hereditary  monarchy.  It  lias  1 vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  1 member  in  the  Reichstag.  The  religion 
is  Protestant.  The  state  was  raised  from  a countship  to 
a principality  in  1697 ; joined  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  in  1807,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815 ; 
and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866.  Area,  333  square  miles. 
Population,  85,152. 

Schwarzenberg  (shvart'sen-berG),  Prince  Fe- 
lix Ludwig  Johann  Friedrich  von.  Born  at 
Krumau,  Bohemia,  Oct.  2, 1800 : died  April  5, 
1852.  An  Austrian  diplomatist  and  statesman, 
prime  minister  1848-52. 

Schwarzenberg,  Prince  Friedrich  von.  Born 
April  6,  1809 : died  March  27,  1885.  An  Aus- 
trian cardinal,  archbishop  of  Salzburg,  and 
later  of  Prague. 

Schwarzenberg  (shvart'sen-berG),  Prince  Karl 
Philipp  von.  Born  at  Vienna,  April  15, 1771: 
died  at  Leipsic,  Oct.  15,  1820.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Hohenlinden  in 
1800  ; escaped  from  the  surrender  at  Ulm  in  1805;  served 
at  VVagram  in  1809;  tilled  various  diplomatic  missions  in 
Russia  and  France;  commanded  the  Austrian  contingent 
in  Russia  in  1812  ; became  field-marshal  in  1812  ; M as  com- 
mander of  the  Allies  against  Napoleon  1813-14  ; and  gained 
the  victory  of  Leipsic  in  1813. 
Schwarzhorn(shvarts'horn).  [G.,  ‘black horn.’ j 
The  name  of  several  peaks  in  the  Alps.  Among 
them  is  one  in  Valais,  southeast  of  Sierre. 
Schwarzsee  (shvarts'za).  [F.  Lac  Domene  or 
Lac  (V Omenaz.']  A small  Alpine  lake  in  the  can- 
ton of  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  11  miles  southeast 
of  Fribourg. 

Schwarzwald  (shviirts'valt).  See  Mack  Forest. 
Schwatka  (shwot'ka),  Frederick.  Born  at 
Galena,  111.,  Sept.  29,  1849:  died  at  Portland, 
Oregon,  Nov.  2,  1892.  Au  American  explorer. 
He  graduated  at.  West  Point  in  1871,  receiving  a commis- 
sion as  lieutenant  of  cavalry  in  the  United  States  army, 
which  lie  resigned  in  1886.  He  commanded  an  arctic  ex- 
pedition in  search  of  traces  of  Franklin  1878-80  ; explored 
the  course  of  the  Yukon  River  1883-84 ; and  conducted  an 
expedition  to  Alaska  sent  out  by  the  New  York  “ Times  ” 
in  1883.  He  wrote  “Along  Alaska's  Great  River  ” (1885), 
"Nimrod  iu  the  North  "(1885),  and  “Children  of  the  Cold” 
(1886). 

Schwedt  (shvet).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  51 
miles  northeast  of  Berlin.  Population,  com- 
mune, 9,530. 

Schwegler  ( sbvagTer),  Albert.  Born  at  Michel- 
bach,  Wtirtemberg,  Feb.  10,  1819:  died  at  Tu- 
bingen, Jan.  5,  1857.  A German  historian  and 
philosophical  writer,  professor  of  classical  phi- 
lology and  later  of  history  at  Tubingen.  His  works 
include  “Das  nacliapostolische  Zeitalter”  (“The  Post- 
Apostolie  Age,"  1846\  “ Geschichte  der  Philosophie  ”(“  His- 
tory of  Philosophy,"  1848),  “Geschichte  der  grieehisehen 
Philosophie” (1859), “Romische  Geschichte  " (1853-58),  edi- 
tions of  Eusebius,  Aristotle”  “ Metaphysics,"  etc. 
Schweidnitz  (skvid'nits).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weis- 
tritz  31  miles  southwest  of  Breslau,  it  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  and  manufacturing  center,  and  has 
long  been  famous  for  its  beer.  It  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  the  ancient  principality  of  Schweidnitz,  which  be- 
longed to  Bohemia  until  1741.  It  was  several  times  be- 
sieged and  taken  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War  and  the  Seven 
Years’  War.  Population,  commune,  30,540. 

Schweinfurt  (shvin'fort).  A town  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  in  lat. 
50°  4'  N.,  long.  10°  14'  E.  It  has  important  trade 
and  varied  manufactures  (among  the  latter,  the  noted 
Schweinf urt  green).  It  became  a free  imperial  city  in  the 
12th  century;  was  annexed  to  Bavaria  soon  after  the  peace 
of  Lun6ville  (1801) ; and  belonged  to  the  grand  duchy  of 
Wurzburg  from  1810  to  1814.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Riickert.  Population,  commune,  18,403. 

Schweinfurth  (shvin'fort),  Georg  August. 

Born  at  Riga,  Livonia,  Dec.  29,  1836.  An  Afri- 
can explorer  and  botanist.  He  made  a botanical  ex- 
ploration of  the  Nile  valley  in  1864-66 ; traveled  among  the 
Dinka,  Djur,  and  Bongo  in  18H8;  among  the  Nyam-Nyam, 
Jlombutto,  and  Akka  in  1870,  discovering  the  Welle  River ; 
and  returned  to  Khartum  in  1871,  and  to  Europe.  In  1873- 
1874  he  explored  the  oasis  P.l  Chargeh  and  founded  (1874- 
1875)  a geographical  society  at  Cairo,  where  he  has  since  re- 
sided. He  made  botanic  and  mineralogic  explorations  in 
the  desert  between  the  N ile  and  the  Red  Sea  1876-88.  His 
works  include  “ In  the  Heart  of  Africa  "(1874),  “ ArtesAf . 
ricame  ” (1875),  etc.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 


910 

Schweinitz  (shvi'nits),  Hans  Lothar  von. 

Born  near  Ltiben,  Silesia,  Dec.  30,  1822:  died 
at  Cassel,  Prussia,  June  23,  1901.  A German 
diplomatist.  He  became  envoy  of  the  North  German 
Confederation  at  Vienna  in  1869,  and  was  ambassador  of 
the  German  Empire  at  Vienna  1871-76,  and  at  St.  Peters- 
burg 1876-93. 

Schweinitz,  Lewis  Bavr’.  von.  Born  at  Beth- 
lehem, Pa.,  Feb.  13,  1780 : died  there,  Feb.  8, 
1834.  An  American  botanist,  noted  for  his  re- 
searches in  American  flora,  especially  in  fungi. 
Schweinschadel  (shvin'sha-del).  A small  vil- 
lage in  northeastern  Bohemia,  near  Skalitz, 
about  28  miles  east  of  Gitschin.  Here,  June  29, 
1866,  the  Prussians  under  Steinmetz  defeated 
the  Austrians. 

Schweiz  (shvits),  Die.  The  German  name  of 
Switzerland. 

Schwenkfeld  (shvenk'felt),  Kaspar.  Born  in 
Silesia,  1490 : died  at  Ulm,  Germany,  Dec.  10, 
1561.  A German  Protestant  mystic,  persecuted 
by  the  Lutherans : founder  of  a sect  named 
from  him  Schwenkfeldians. 

Schwerin  (shva-ren').  1.  A duchy  in  Mecklen 
burg-Sehwerin,  forming  the  circle  of  Mecklen- 
burg.— 2.  A former  principality  and  imperial 
bishopric,  now  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin. — 3.  The  capital  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Germany,  sit- 
uated on  the  Schwerinersee  in  lat.  53°  38'  N., 
long.  11°  25'  E.  The  principal  buildings  are  the 
grand-ducal  palace,  and  the  Pointed  cathedral  of  the  15th 
century.  An  ancient  Wendish  place,  it  was  captured  by 
Henry  the  Lion  in  1161.  Population,  commune,  41,628. 

Schwerin,  Count  Kurt  Christoph.  Born  at 
Wusecken,  Pomerania,  Oct.  26,  1684:  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Prague,  May  6,  1757.  A German 
general.  He  entered  the  Dutch  service  in  1700,  that  of 
Mecklenburg  in  1706,  and  that  of  Prussia  in  1720.  He  was 
made  a field-marshal  by  Frederick  the  Great,  and  in  1741 
gained  the  victory  of  Mollwitz.  He  distinguished  himself 
in  the  second  Silesian  war  1744-45,  and  in  the  Seven  Years’ 
War  in  the  invasion  of  Bohemia  1756-57. 

Schwerin,  Lake  of.  See  Schwerinersee. 
Schwerin-an-der-Warthe  ( shva  -ren ' an  - der- 
var'te).  A town  in  the  province  of  Posen, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Warthe  59  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Posen.  Pop.,  commune,  6,768. 
Schwerinersee  (shva-ren'er-za),  or  Lake  of 
Schwerin.  A lake  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin, Germany.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Stor  to  the  Elde,  and  thence  to  the  Elbe. 
Length,  14  miles. 

Schwind  ( shvint ) , Moritz  von.  Born  at  Vienna, 
Jan.  21,  1804 : died  at  Munich,  Feb.  8, 1871.  A 
German  painter  of  the  Romantic  school.  His 
chief  works  are  the  cyclus  of  the  “Seven  Ravens”  (Wei- 
mar), the  cyclus  of  Melusine  (Vienna),  and  the  cyclus 
of  Cinderella ; “ Singers’  Contest"  (Frankfort) ; decorative 
paintings  in  the  Wartburg ; etc. 

Schwyz  (shvits).  1.  A canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Schwyz ; largest  town,  Einsiedeln.  it 
is  bounded  by  the  Lake  of  Zug,  Zug,  and  Zurich  on  the 
northwest,  the  Lake  of  Zurich  on  the  north,  St.  Gall  on 
the  northeast,  Glarus  on  the  east,  Uri  and  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne on  the  south,  and  Lucerne  on  the  west,  and  is  one 
of  the  “Four  Forest  Cantons."  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. It  is  noted  for  its  cattle.  It  sends  3 members  to  the 
National  Council.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman 
Catholic  ; the  prevailing  language,  German.  Schwyz  be- 
longed in  the  middle  ages  to  the  Zurich  gau ; was  united 
with  Uri  and  Unterwalden  in  1291  in  league  against  the 
Hapsburgs  ; took  a leading  part,  in  the  14th  and  15th  cen- 
turies in  the  affairs  of  the  Confederation;  opposed  the 
Reformation ; made  resistance  to  the  French  in  1798 ; 
and  had  internal  troubles  in  1832-33.  It  was  a member 
of  the  Sonderbund.  Area,  351  square  miles.  Population, 
57,824,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  sit- 
uated at  the  foot  of  the  Mythen,  in  lat.  47°  1' 
N.,  long.  8°  38'  E.  Its  parish  church  is  nota- 
ble. Population,  7,398. 

Schyn  (shen).  The  lower  valley  of  the  river 
Albula,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated 10-14  miles  south  of  Coire : noted  for  its 
romantic  scenery. 

Sciacca  (shak'ka).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  southern 
coast  46  miles  south-southwest  of  Palermo. 
It  has  a cathedral.  In  its  neighborhood  are 
various  warm  springs.  Population,  20,090. 
Scilla,  or  Scylla  (shel'la),  or  Sciglio  (sbel'yo). 
A seaport  in  the  province  of  Reggio  di  Calabria, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  promontory  of  Scylla, 
Strait  of  Messina,  9 miles  north-northeast  of 
Reggio.  It  has  a cast.le.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake  in  1783.  Population,  commune,  7,182. 

Scilly  (sil'i)  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands 
southwest  of  England,  belonging  to  the  county 
of  Cornwall,  situated  in  lat.  49°  54'  N.,  long.  6° 
21'  W. : probably  the  ancient  Cassiterides.  The 
principal  islands  are  St.  Mary’3  (containing  the  chief  town, 
Hugh  Town),  St.  Martin’s,  St.  Agnes,  Tresco,  and  Bryher. 
The  islands  were  taken  by  the  English  in  the  10th  century 


Scogan 

They  were  a Royalist  stronghold  in  the  civil  war,  and  were 
rediced  by  Blake  in  1651.  Area,  about  6 square  miles. 
Population,  2,092. 

Scinde.  See  .Sind. 

Scindia.  See  Sindliia. 

Scio  (si'o  or  she'o).  An  island  in  the  Higean  Sea, 
belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  west  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, in  lat.  38°  20'  N.,  long.  26°  E. : the  ancient 
Chios  and  Turkish  Saki-Adasi.  Capital.  Seio. 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  rocky.  The  island  has  been  noted 
in  ancient  and  modern  times  for  wine  and  fruit.  The  in- 
habitants are  mostly  Greeks.  It  was  settled  by  Ionians  ; 
passed  under  Persian  rule  in  the  6th  century  B.  c.;  was  a 
member  of  the  Confederacy  of  Delos  until  412  B.  c.;  was 
a center  of  art  and  literature,  and  particularly  noted  for  its 
school  of  epic  poets  ; has  been  claimed  as  the  birthplace 
of  Homer ; formed  part  of  the  Macedonian,  Roman,  and 
other  dominions ; was  taken  by  the  Genoese  in  the  14th 
century;  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  1566 ; was  the 
scene  of  a terrible  massacre  by  the  Turks  in  1822  ; and  was 
ravaged  by  earthquakes  in  1881-82.  Length,  30  miles. 
Population,  about  60,000. 

Scioto  (si-6'to).  Arivei’inOhio.  It  flows  east  and 
then  generally  south  to  the  Ohio,  which  it  joins  at  Ports- 
mouth. Length,  about  250  miles ; navigable  about  130 
miles. 

Scipio  (sip'i-o).  The  secretary  of  Gil  Bias  in 
Le  Sage’s  novel  of  that  name. 

Scipio  (sip'i-o),  Cneius  Cornelius.  Killed  212 
or  211 B.  c.  A Roman  general,  brother  of  P.  C. 
Scipio.  He  was  consul  in  222  B.  c.,  when  with  his  col- 
league  M.  Claudius  Marcellus  he  completed  the  subjuga- 
tion of  Cisalpine  Gaul.  He  was  appointed  legate  in  Spain 
in  218,  and  was  associated  with  his  brother  in  the  Spanish 
campaigns. 

Scipio,  Metellus  Pius.  See  Metellus  Fins  Scipio. 
Scipio,  Publius  Cornelius.  Killed  212  or  211 

B.  c.  A Roman  general.  He  was  consul  in  218  b.  c., 
when  he  attempted  unsuccessfully  to  prevent  Hannibal’s 
passage  of  the  Rhone ; and  was  defeated  at  the  Ticinus 
and  (with  Sempronius)  at  the  Trebia.  In  217  he  defeated 
the  Carthaginian  fleet  at  the  mouth  of  thelberus,  whereby 
he  gained  for  the  Romans  the  supremacy  of  the  sea.  With 
his  brother,  Cneius  Cornelius  Scipio,  he  gained  several  vic- 
tories over  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain,  but  was  defeated 
and  slain  with  his  brother. 

Scipio  (Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  AJmilianus 
Africanus  Minor,  surnamed  also  Numanti- 
nus).  Born  about  185  B.  C. : died  129  B.  c.  A 
celebrated  Roman  general,  son  of  iEmilius 
Paulus  and  grandson  by  adoption  of  Scipio 
Africanus  Major.  He  served  at  Pydna  in  168,  and  in 
Spain  as  military  tribune  in  151:  went  to  Africa  as  mili- 
tary tribune  on  the  outbreak  of  the  third  Punic  war  in  149  ; 
was  elected  consul  and  commander  of  the  army  against 
Carthage  in  147 ; captured  Carthage  in  146 ; was  censor  in 
142  ; was  appointed  consul,  with  Spain  as  hisprovince,  in  134; 
and  took  N umantia in  133.  On  his  return  to  Rome  in  132  he 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  artistocratic  opposition 
to  the  reforms  of  the  popular  party.  He  was  found  dead 
in  his  room  one  morning  after  a tempestuous  day  in  the 
forum,  and  was  commonly  supposed  to  have  been  assas- 
sinated. 

Scipio  (Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus 
Major).  Born  about  234  b.  c.:  died  probably 
183  B.  c.  A Roman  general,  son  of  P.  C.  Scipio. 
He  served  at  the  Ticinus  and  Canna: ; became  edile  in  212  ; 
was  appointed  to  the  chief  command  in  Spain  as  proconsul 
in  210;  captured  New  Carthage  in  210 ; defeated  Hasdrubal 
in  209 ; completed  the  conquest  of  Spain  in  206 ; was  elected 
consul,  with  Sicily  as  his  province,  in  205  ; invaded  Africa 
in  204  ; defeated  Sypliax  and  Hasdrubal  (son  of  Gisco)  in 
203 ; defeated  Hannibal  at  Zama  in  202 ; negotiated  the 
treaty  with  Carthage  ending  the  second  Punic  war  in  201 ; 
was  censor  in  199  and  consul  in  194  ; and  accompanied  his 
brother  in  the  campaign  against  Antiochus  in  190. 
Scipios  (sip'i-oz),  Tombs  of  the.  A group  of 
ancient  Roman  tombs  situated  on  the  Appie' 
Way,  near  Rome. 

Sciron  (sTron).  [Gr.  2/t«pfcwor  S/d/awn.]  InGreek 
legend,  a robber  who  frequented  the  region 
near  Megara,  and  forced  strangers  over  the 
rocks  (the  Scironian  rocks)  into  the  sea,  where 
they  were  devoured  by  a turtle-  He  was  slain 
by  Theseus. 

Scituate  (sit'u-at).  A town  in  Plymouth  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  Massachusetts 
Bay  21  miles  southeast  of  Boston.  Popula- 
tion, 2,482,  (1910). 

Selater-Booth  (skla'ter-both),  George,  first 
Baron  Basing.  Born  1826:  died  Oct.  22,  1894. 
An  English  Conservative  politician.  He  was 
president  of  the  Local  Government  Board  1874- 
1880,  and  was  created  Baron  Basing  iu  1887. 
Sclavinia.  See  Slavinia. 

Sclavonia.  See  Slavonia. 

Sclopis  de  Salerano  (sklo'pes  de  sa-le-ra'no), 
Count  FederigO.  Born  at  Turin,  Jan.  10,  1798: 
died  there,  March  8,  1878.  An  Italian  politi- 
cian and  jurist.  He  was  president  of  the  Geneva  tri- 
bunal of  arbitration  for  settling  the  Alabama  claims  1871- 
1872.  His  chief  work  is  “Histoire  de  la  legislation  itali- 
enne  ” (1840-57). 

Scodra(sko'dra).  The  ancient  name  of  Scutari. 
Scogan(  sko  'gau ) , Henry.  Lived  at  the  end  of  the 
14th  and  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  An 
English  poet,  a contemporary  of  Chaucer.  He 
inserted  in  one  of  his  poems,  called  “Scogan  unto  the  Lords 
and  Gentilmen  of  the  King's  house,  ” Chaucer's  ballade 


Scogan 

“Gentillesse,"  and  refers  to  Chaucer  frequently  as  “my 
maistre.”  He  is  probably  the  man  to  whom  Chaucer's 
“Lenvoy  to  Scogan”  was  written,  and  is  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  a jester  named  John  or  Thomas  Scogan,  to 
whom  a book  called  “Scoggins  Jests"  is  attributed,  and 
who  flourished  at  the  court  of  Edward  IV.  It  is  this  Sco- 
gan that  Shakspere  introduces  anaehronously  in  the  se- 
cond part  of  “Henry  IV.,”  iii.  2 ; but  the  Scogan  to  whom 
Jonson  alludes  in  “The  Fortunate  Isles  ” is  Henry  Scogan. 
Scone  (skon).  A locality  in  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, near  the  Tay,  2 miles  north  of  Perth.  An 

abbey  was  built  here  by  Alexander  I.  in  1115,  and  remained 
tiU  destroyed  in  the  Reformation  riots  about  1579,  Scone 
was  from  early  times  a place  of  residence  of  the  kings  of 
Scotland,  and  notably  the  place  of  their  coronation.  A 
“stone  of  destiny  ” which  formed  part  of  the  coronation 
chair  was  carried  oft  to  Westminster  by  Edward  I.  in  1296. 
The  present  Scone  Palace,  a modern  building,  is  a seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Mansfield. 

Scopas  (sko'pas).  [Gr.  fhcinrac.]  Born  in  the 
island  of  Paros  about  420  b.  c.  A celebrated 
Greek  sculptor  and  architect.  His  first  important 
work  was  the  temple  of  Athene  Alea  atTegea,  built  on  the 
site  of  an  older  temple.  A few  fragments  of  the  sculp- 
ture of  this  temple  have  {men  recovered.  In  its  in- 
terior a Corinthian  order  was  superimposed  upon  an 
Ionic,  the  first  recorded  use  of  this  order.  Scopas  prob- 
ably went  to  Athens  about  377  B.  c.,  and  remained  there 
25  years,  when  he  went  to  Halicarnassus  to  superintend 
the  sculpture  of  the  Mausoleum.  The  fragments  from 
this  monument  in  the  Britisli  Museum  probably  give  us 
our  only  reliable  information  as  to  Scopas’s  style.  A doubt- 
ful passage  of  Pausanias  makes  it  probable  that  he  is  rep- 
resented in  the  sculpture  recovered  from  the  Artemisium 
at  Ephesus.  The  Apollo  Citharoedus  of  the  Vatican  is 
always  associated  with  Scopas  as  a copy  of  his  statue.  The 
original  of  the  Niobe  group  was  by  either  Scopas  or  Praxi- 
teles, probably  Scopas.  The  Niobide  of  the  Vatican  may 
have  belonged  to  the  original  group.  The  style  of  Scopas 
was  highly  ideal  and  sympathetic.  Pathos  is  the  word  by 
which  his  work  is  characterized  in  the  old  writers. 

Scoresby  (skorz'bi),  William.  Born  near  Whit- 
by, Yorkshire,  Oct.  5,  1789 : died  at  Torquay, 
March  21, 1857.  AnEnglish  physicist  and  arctic 
navigator.  Ill  1800  he  accompanied  his  father, William 
Scoresby.  an  arctic  whaler,  on  a voyage  to  Greenland.  On 
May  24,  1806,  as  chief  officer  of  the  Resolution,  he  reached 
lat.  81"  30'  N.,  long.  19"  E. , the  farthest  point  north  (?)  which 
had  been  reached  at  that  date.  In  1811  he  took  command 
of  the  Resolution,  which  was  engaged  in  the  whale-fishery. 
In  1819  he  communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  a 
paper  “On  the  Anomaly  in  the  Variation  of  the  Magnetic 
Needle.”  In  1820  he  published  his  “History  and  Descrip- 
tion  of  the  Arctic  Regions,.  ” He  surveyed  the  east  coast 
of  Greenland  between  lats.  69°  30  N.  and  72"  30'  N.  in  1822, 
and  in  1823published  his 1 ‘Journal  of  a Voyage  to  the  North- 
ern Whale-Fishery,  etc.”  He  now  abandoned  the  sea,  re- 
sided two  years  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1825  was  ordained  and 
appointed  curate  of  Bessingby.  His  especial  study  was 
terrestrial  magnetism.  He  visited  America  in  1844-48,  and 
Australia  in  1856.  Besides  the  works  above  mentioned,  he 
wrote  “Memorials  of  the  Sea  ” (1833),  “ Journal  of  a Voy- 
age to  Australia  for  Magnetic  Research  ” (1859),  etc. 

Scornful  Lady,  The.  A comedy  of  domestic 
life,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  published  in 
1616.  It  was  played  about  1609.  In  1783  it  was 
altered  by  Cooke  and  produced  as  “ The  Ca- 
pricious Lady.” 

Scorpio  (skor'pi-o).  [L.,  ‘ the  Scorpion.’]  A 
constellation  and  the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
represented  by  the  character  6].  The  constellation, 
which  is  conspicuous  in  early  summer  in  the  skies  of  the 
southern  United  States  (where  the  whole  of  the  magnifi- 
cent tail  clears  the  horizon),  contains  the  first-magnitude 
red  star  Antares  and  several  of  the  second  magnitude. 
With  the  Chaldeans  and  Greeks  it  extended  over  one  sixth 
of  the  planetary  circle,  the  Scorpion  being  represented 
with  exaggerated  claws  embracing  a circular  space  where 
Libra  is  now  placed.  From  this  irregularity  it  may  be 
Inferred  that  the  constellation  is  older  than  the  zodiac, 
which  was  formed  before  2000  B.  c.  Libra,  though  later, 
is  of  no  small  antiquity,  since  it  appears  in  the  Egyptian 
zodiacs  Its  adoption  by  Julius  Caesai  in  his  calendar  made 
it  familiar.  Ptolemy,  however,  though  living  in  Egypt 
nearly  two  centuries  later,  follows  Babylonian  and  Greek 
astronomers  in  covering  the  place  of  Libra  with  the  Scor- 
pion's claws.  In  designating  the  stars  of  this  constella- 
tion by  means  of  the  Greek  letters,  the  genitive  Scorpii 
(from  the  alternative  Latin  form  scorpius)  is  used:  thus, 
Antares  is  a Scarpii. 

Scorpion,  The.  See  Scorpio. 

Scot,  or  Scott  (skot),  Michael.  [Identified  by 
Boece  with  Sir  Michael  Scot  of  Balwearie  in 
Fifeshire,  but  by  Camden  with  a Cistercian 
monk  of  Cumberland.]  Born  probably  before 
1180:  died  before  1235.  A Scottish  school- 
man, with  posthumous  fame  as  a wizard  and  ma- 
gician. He  is  said  to  have  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris, 
and  to  have  learned  Arabic  at  Toledo.  On  the  invitation  of 
the  emperor  Frederick  II.  he  superintended  a translation 
of  Aristotle  and  his  commentators  from  Arabic  into  Latin. 
His  original  works  deal  with  astrology,  alchemy,  and  the 
occult  sciences.  The  chief  are  “Super  auctorem  spheric  ” 
(Bologna,  1495  ; Venice,  1631),“  De  sole  et  luna  ” (in  “The- 
atrum  chimicum,”  Strasburg,  1622),  and  “ De  physiog- 
nomic et  de  homlnis  procreatione.”  According  to  a tra- 
dition followed  by  Scott  in  “ The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,” 
and  to  Border  folk-lore,  he  was  buried  in  Melrose  Abbey. 
Scot,  Reginald.  Died  1599.  An  English  author. 

He  studied  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  and  afterward  lived  at 
Smeeth.  He  wrote  a book  against  the  persecution  of 
witches,  entitled  “ Discoverie  of  Witchcraft  ” (1584),  which 
was  burned  by  order  of  James  I. 

Scotia  (sko'shi-a).  [ML., ‘land  of  Scots,’  from 
Scotus,  Scot.]  1.  A name  given  in  the  earl)' 


911 

middle  ages  to  Ireland. — 2.  A name  given  to 
Scotland. 

Scotichronicon  (sko-ti-kron'i-kon),  The.  A 
Scottish  chronicle  written  partly  by  John  of 
Fordun  (see  For clun),  who  brought  the  chroni- 
cle down  to  1153,  and  partly  by  Walter  Bower 
(1385-1449),  who  brought  it  to  1436.  An  abridg- 
ment of  the  work  written  by  Walter  Bower  is  known  as 
the  “Book  of  Cupar”:  this  has  not  been  printed. 
Scotists  (sko'tists).  The  followers  of  Duns 
Scotus.  His  fundamental  doctrine  is  that  distinctions 
which  the  mind  inevitably  draws  are  to  be  considered  as 
real,  although  they  do  not  exist  apart  from  their  relations 
to  mind.  Such  distinctions  were  called  formal,  the  ab- 
stractions thence  resulting  formalities,  and  those  who  in- 
sisted u [ion  them  formalists  or  formalizes  (Middle  Latin 
formalizantes).  He  taught  the  important  principle  of  h*c- 
ceity — that  individual  existence  is  no  quality,  is  capable  of 
no  description  or  general  conception,  but  is  a peculiar  ele- 
ment of  being.  He  held  that  the  natures  of  genera  and 
species,  as  animal  and  horse,  are  real,  and  are  not  in  them- 
selves either  general  or  particular,  though  they  cannot 
exist  except  as  particular  nor  be  thought  except  as  gen- 
eral. The  teaching  of  Scotism  in  the  English  universities 
was  prohibited  by  the  royal  injunctions  of  1535. 
Scotland  (skot'land).  [AS.  Scotland,  land  of 
Scots ; F.  Fcos.se,  G.  Schottland,  L.  Caledonia.] 
A country  of  Europe,  occupying  the  northern 
division  of  the  island  of  Great  Britain,  and 
forming  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  Capital,  Edinburgh ; 
largest  city,  Glasgow.  The  mainland,  which  extends 
from  lat.  64"  38'-58“  4I'N.,  and  from  long.  1°  45'-6°  14'  W., 
is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  west  and  north,  the  North 
Seaon  the  east,  and  England  and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  south. 
The  country  is  divided  generally  into  the  Highlands  in  the 
north  and  west,  and  the  Lowlands  in  the  south  and  east. 
The  chief  indentations  of  the  coast  are  the  Moray  Firth, 
Firths  of  Tay  and  Forth,  Solway  Firth,  and  Firth  of  Clyde. 
The  highest  mountains  are  the  Grampians,  about  4,000 
feet  (Ben  Nevis,  4,406  feet).  The  chief  river-systems  are 
those  of  the  Spey,  Tay,  Forth,  Tweed,  and  Clyde.  There 
are  many  mountain  lakes,  including  Lochs  Tay,  Awe,  Lo- 
mond, Katrine,  etc.  The  principal  islands  are  the  Orkney 
Islands,  Shetland  Islands,  Lewis  and  Harris,  North  Uist, 
South  Uist,  Skye,  Mull,  Jura,  Islay,  Arran,  and  Bute.  Scot- 
land has  important  commerce,  valuable  minesof  ironand 
coal,  fisheries,  flourishing  iron,  cotton,  woolen,  linen,  and 
jute  manufactures,  ship-building  industries,  whisky-dis- 
tilleries, etc.  It  has  33  counties.  The  kingdom  is  repre- 
sented by  72  members  in  the  House  of  Commons;  and  the 
peerage,  to  which  no  additions  have  been  made  since  1707, 
but  which  still  numbers  86  members,  appoints  16  peers 
at  the  opening  of  each  Parliament  to  sit  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  in  which,  however,  60  of  the  other  Scottish  peers 
have  seats  as  holders  of  British  titles.  The  great  majority 
of  the  Scots  are  Presbyterians  (mostly  of  the  Established 
Church,  Free  Church,  or  United  Presbyterian  Church) ; 
there  are  also  Roman  Catholics,  Episcopalians,  Congrega- 
tionalists,  etc.  Gaelic  (a  Celtic  language)  is  spoken  in 
many  parts  of  the  Highlands.  The  original  inhabitants 
were  Celts.  Scotland  was  invaded  by  the  Romans  under 
Agricola  in  the  1st  century.  A wall  between  the  Clyde  and 
Forth  was  built  under  Antoninus  and  Septimius  Severus. 
Invasions  of  Roman  Britain  by  the  Piets  and  Scots  took 
place  in  the  4th  and  6th  centuries.  In  the  6th  century  a 
kingdom  was  founded  by  the  Dalriad  Scots ; there  was  a 
settlement  of  Angles  in  the  southeast;  and  the  conversion 
of  the  Piets  was  begun  by  Columba.  A union  of  Piets  and 
Scots  into  the  kingdom  of  Albania  or  Scotia  was  effected 
in  the  9th  century.  From  the  8th  century  to  the  11th  there 
were  raids  by  the  Norsemen,  and  settlements  were  made 
by  them  especially  in  the  Orkneys  and  Shetlands.  King 
Malcolm  II.  achieved  the  conquest  of  Lothian  in  1018.  In 
the  struggles  bet  ween  England  and  Scotland,  the  latter  was 
invaded  by  William  the  Conqueror,  but  no  territory  was 
lost.  The  kingdom  prospered  in  the  12th  and  13th  centu- 
ries, especially  under  the  three  Alexanders.  The  death  of 
Margaret,  the  Maid  of  Norway,  granddaughter  of  Alexan- 
der III.,  led  to  a notable  dispute  about  the  succession,  and 
to  the  interference  of  Edward  I.  of  England  in  Scottish  af- 
fairs. In  the  contest  between  Bruce  and  Balio],  in  which 
Edward  was  virtually  arbitrator,  Baliol  (s eellaliol,  John  de) 
was  chosen  king  in  1292.  He  paid  homage  to  Edward,  but 
afterward  renounced  his  allegiance,  and  a war  followed 
which  was  really  a struggle  on  Edward’s  part  for  sover- 
eignty and  on  Scotland’s  for  independence.  Scotland  was 
invaded  by  Edward  in  1296.  The  Scots  under  Wallace  were 
victorious  at  Stirling  in  1297,  but  were  defeated  at  Falkirk 
in  1298.  On  the  death  of  Wallace  in  1305,  Robert  Bruce 
succeeded  as  national  leader,  and  was  crowned  king  in 
1306.  The  independence  of  Scotland  was  secured  by  the 
victory  of  Bannockburn  in  1314,  and  was  recognized  by  Ed- 
ward III.  in  1328.  Robert  JI.  (who  succeeded  in  1371),  the 
son  of  Bruce’s  daughter,  was  the  first  sovereign  of  the 
Stuart  dynasty.  In  1613  the  Scots  under  James  IV.  in- 
vaded England  and  suffered  a disastrous  defeat  at  Flod- 
den,  Sept.  9.  The  following  are  important  among  more 
recent  events:  reign  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1542-67;  in- 
troduction of  the  Reformat  ion,  1560 ; invasion  by  the  Eng- 
lish under  Somerset,  and  defeat  at  Pinkie,  1547 ; accession 
of  James  VI.,  king  of  Scotland,  to  the  throne  of  England 
as  James  I.,  1603;  success  of  the  Covenanters  against 
Charles  I.,  1639-40 ; persecution  of  the  Covenanters  under 
Charles  II.  and  James  II.;  legislative  union  of  the  two 
kingdoms  of  England  and  Scotland,  1707  : Jacobite  insur- 
rections 1715  and  1 745—16.  Area,  29,796  square  miles. 
Population,  4,759,445,  (1911). 

When  the  disputed  relations  between  the  English  and 
Scottish  crowns  began,  the  names  of  England  and  Scotland 
seem  not  to  have  been  in  use  at  all.  And  if  we  choose  to 
use  them  as  convenient  ways  of  expressing  the  English 
and  Scottish  territories  as  they  then  stood,  we  must  still 
remember  that  the  limits  of  those  territories  in  no  way 
answered  to  the  modern  limits  of  England  and  Scotland. 
Part  of  modern  England  was  not  yet  English,  and  a very 
large  part  of  modern  Scotland  was  not  yet  Scottish.  The 
growth  of  the  Scottish  nation  and  kingdom  is  one  of  the 


Scott,  Sir  Walter 

most  remarkable  facts  in  history.  It  was  formed  by  the 
fusing  together  of  certain  portions  of  all  the  three  races 
which  in  the  tenth  century,  as  now,  inhabited  the  Isle  of 
Britain.  Those  three  races  may  be  most  conveniently 
spoken  of  as  English,  Welsh,  and  Irish. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  1. 57. 

Scotland  Yard.  A short  street  in  London,  near 
Trafalgar  Square.  Here  formerly  were  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  London  police,  now  removed  to  New  Scotland 
Yard,  on  the  Thames  embankment,  near  Westminster 
Bridge. 

Scots  (skots).  1.  A Gaelic  tribe  which  came 
from  the  northern  part  of  Hibernia  and  settled 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Britannia  (Scotland) 
about  the  6th  century. 

The  Scots  were  properly  the  people  of  Ireland  ; but  a 
colony  of  them  had  settled  on  the  western  coast  of  north- 
ern Britain,  and,  in  the  end,  they  gave  the  name  of  Scot- 
land to  the  whole  North  of  the  island. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  98. 

2.  The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  Scotland. 
Scots’  Darien  Colony.  See  Paterson,  William. 
Scots  Greys  (skots  graz).  A regiment  of  British 
dragoons,  first  organized  under  Claverhouse 
about  1683. 

Scots  wha  hae  wi’  Wallace  bled.  A song  by 
Robert  Burns. 

Scott  (skot),  Clement.  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
6, 1841:  died  there,  June  25, 1904.  An  English 
journalist,  playwright,  and  dramatic  critic. 
He  also  published  several  volumes  of  poems. 

Scott  (skot),  David.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct. 
10  (12?),  1806:  died  there,  March  5,  1849.  A 
Scottish  historical  painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of  his 
father,  an  engraver.  His  chief  works  are  “The  Descent 
from  the  Cross,"  “The  Dead  Rising  at  the  Crucifixion,” 
“Vasco  da  Gama,”  “Peter  the  Hermit,’’  “Ariel  and  Cali- 
ban,” etc.  His  illustrations  for  the  “ Monograms  of  Man  ” 
(outlines),  Coleridge’s  “Ancient  Mariner,”  and  “The  Pil- 
grim's Progress  ” were  published  in  1831,  1837,  and  1860. 
In  1841  he  published  a pamphlet  on  “British,  French,  and 
German  Painting.”  His  works  are  noted  for  boldness  of 
conception  and  exaggerated  draftsmanship. 

Scott,  Sir  George  Gilbert.  Born  at  Gawcott, 
near  Buckingham,  July  13, 1811 : died  atLondon, 
March  27,  1878.  An  English  architect,  grand- 
son of  Thomas  Scott  (1747-1821).  He  became  the 
chief  practical  architect  of  the  Gothic  restoration  in  Eng- 
land. In  1841  he  erected  the  Martyrs’  Memorial  at  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1847  began  at  Ely  the  renovation  of  English 
cathedrals.  In  1856  he  was  obliged  by  Lord  Palmerston 
to  build  the  new  Foreign,  Home,  and  Domestic  Offices  in 
the  Renaissance  style.  In  1862-63  he  designed  and  con- 
structed the  Albert  Memorial.  He  was  buried  in  the  nave 
of  Westminster  Abbey.  His  “Personal  and  Professional 
Recollections  ” were  edited  by  his  son  in  1879.  He  pub- 
lished a number  of  works  on  architecture,  among  which 
are  “Remarks  on  Secular  and  Domestic  Architecture” 
(1850),  “Gleanings  from  Westminster  Abbey  ” (lb62),  etc. ; 
and  others  published  after  his  death,  are  “ Lectures  on  the 
Rise  and  Development  of  Mediaeval  Architecture”  (1879), 
“English  Church  Architecture  prior  to  the  Separation  of 
England  from  Rome  ” (18S1). 

Scott,  Hugh  Stowell : pseudonym  Henry 
Seton  Merriman.  Died  at  Melton,  Suffolk, 
Nov.  19,  1903.  A British  novelist.  He  wrote 
“From  One  Generation  to  Another"  (1892),  “ With  Edged 
Tools”  (1894),  “The  Sowers”  (1896),  “In  Kedars  Tents" 
(1897),  “ Roden’s  Corner”  (serially,  1898),  etc. 

Scott,  Michael.  See  Scot. 

Scott,  Michael,  Born  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  30, 
1789:  died  there,  Nov.  7,  1835.  A British  novel- 
ist, writer  of  sea  stories,  among  which  are 
“ Tom  Cringle’s  Log,”  etc. 

Scott,  Robert.  Born  in  Devonshire,  1811 : died. 
1887.  An  English  lexicographer.  In  1833  he  grad- 
uated at  Oxford  (Christ  Church).  He  took  orders,  and  be- 
came master  of  Balliol  in  1854,  professor  of  exegesis  in 
1861,  and  dean  of  Rochester  in  1870.  He  assisted  in  form- 
ing the  Oxford  library  of  the  “Fathers,”  and  was  associated 
with  Dean  Liddell  in  the  preparation  of  Liddell  and  Scott’s 
“ Greek-English  Lexicon  ” (1843). 

Scott,  Thomas.  Born  at  Braytoft,  Lincoln- 
shire, Feb.  4,  1747 : died  at  Aston,  Sandford, 
Buckinghamshire,  April  16,  1821.  An  English 
clergyman.  He  was  ordained  in  1773,  and  in  1781  suc- 
ceeded John  Newton  as  curate  of  Olney.  He  published 
“ The  Force  of  Truth  ” (1779),  the  “ Holy  Bible,  with 
Notes”  (4  vols.,  1788-92),  etc. 

Scott,  Thomas  Alexander.  Born  at  Loudon, 
Franklin  County,  Pa.,  Dec.  28,  1824;  died  May 
21,  1881.  An  American  financier,  long  con- 
nected as  vice-president  and  president  with  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad.  He  was  assistant  sec- 
retary of  war  1861-62,  and  president  of  the 
Texas  Pacific  Railroad  and  other  roads. 

Scott,  Sir  Walter.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Aug. 
15, 1771 : died  at  Abbotsford,  Sept.  21, 1832.  A 
famous  Scottish  novelist  and  poet.  He  was  the 
son  of  Walter  Scott,  a writer  to  the  signet,  .and  Anne 
Rutherford,  daughter  of  Professor  John  Rutherford  of 
Edinburgh.  He  became  lame  in  infancy.  In  1778  he  was 
sent  to  t lie  Edinburgh  high  school,  and  later  studied  atthe 
university  and  read  for  the  bar.  He  was  admitted  mem- 
ber of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  in  1792,  and  in  1799  was 
made  sheriff  of  Selkirkshire,  and  in  1806  one  of  the  clerks 
of  session.  In  1797  he  married  Miss  Charpentier  (or  Car- 
penter), daughter  of  a French  refugee.  Becoming  inter- 


Scott,  Sir  Walter 

ested  in  the  new  German  romantic  literature  in  1788,  he 
published  translations  of  Burger’s  ballads  in  1796,  and  in 
1799  a translation  of  Goethe’s  “Gbtz  von  Berlichingen.  1 
The  “ Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border  ” appeared  1802-03, 
and  the  first  of  his  poems,  “ The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,” 
in  1805.  These  were  published  by  Ballantyne  with  whom 
he  established  an  unfortunate  partnership  in  business. 
This  was  followed  by  the  poems  “ Marmion  " (1808),  “ The 
Lady  of  the  Lake”  (1810),  “The  Vision  of  Don  Roderick  ” 
(1811),  “Rokeby ’’(1812),  “TheBridalof  Triermain ” (1813), 
“The  Lord  of  the  Isles  ” (1815),  “The  Field  of  Waterloo” 
(1815),  and  “Harold  the  Dauntless”  (1817).  In  1805  he 
wrote  several  chapters  of  a Scottish  novel  of  the  time  of 
the  last  Jacobite  rebellion  : this  was  looked  at  in  1810,  but 
was  again  laid  aside  till  1814,  when  it  was  completed  and 
published  anonymously  (July  7)  under  the  title  of  “Wa- 
verley , or  ’Tis  Sixty  Y ears  Since.  ’’  It  was  the  first  of  those 
masterpieces,  the  “ Waverley  Novels,  "which  place  Scott  in 
the  front  rank  of  the  writers  of  fiction.  The  following  is 
the  list  of  them:  “Waverley”  (1814),  “Guy  Mannering” 
(1815),  “The  Antiquary"  (1816),  “Old  Mortality”  (1816), 
“The  Black  Dwarf  "(1816),  “Rob  Roy”  (1818),  “The  Heart 
of  Midlothian  ” (1818),  “ The Brideof  Lammermoor”  (1819), 
“The  Legend  of  Montrose”  (1819),  “Ivanhoe”  (1820), 
“The  Monastery”  (1820),  “The  Abbot”  (1820),  “Kenil- 
worth" (1821),  “The  Pirate"  (1822),  “The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel”  (1822),  “ Peveril  of  the  Peak”  (1823),  “Quentin 
Durward  ” (1823),  “ St.  Honan's  Well"  (1824),  “ Redgaunt- 
let”  (1824),  “The  Betrothed”  (1825),  “The  Talisman” 
(1825),  “Woodstock”  (1826),  “The  Two  Drovers”  (1827), 
“The  Highland  Widow”  (1827),  “The  Surgeon’s  Daugh- 
ter” (1827),  “The  Fan-  Maid  of  Perth  ” (1828),  “Anne  of 
Geierstein  ” (1829),  “ Count  Robert  of  Paris  ” (1832),  and 
“Castle  Dangerous"  (1832).  His  earliest  printers  and 
publishers  were  the  Ballantynes  with  whom  he  formed  a 
secret  partnership.  The  publishing  business  was  not  suc- 
cessful— mainly,  it  would  appear,  from  the  production  of 
costly  works  for  which  there  was  but  a limited  demand. 
In  1818  and  later  his  copyrights  were  purchased  by  Con- 
stable, and  when  that  publisher  failed  in  1826,  the  novel- 
ist was  involved  to  the  amount  of  £120,000 — in  addition 
to  which  he  had  private  debts  of  £30,000.  The  purchase 
of  the  estate  of  Abbotsford,  and  the  erection,  adornment, 
and  maintenance  of  the  mansion  (which  he  occupied  from 
1812  to  1826)  had  been  a very  serious  drain  on  his  resources. 
He  struggled  manfully  to  meet  his  liabilities;  and  by  his 
publ  ications  (written,  after  the  failure,  in  gradually  failing 
health),  and  the  disposal  of  copyrights  after  his  death,  his 
creditors  were  paid  in  full.  The  writer  of  the  novels  long 
remained  “the  Great  Unknown";  extraordinary  precau- 
tions were  taken  to  conceal  the  authorship,  and  the  vast 
amount  of  literary  work  published  by  Scott  under  his  own 
name  helped  to  preserve  the  secret  of  his  identity.  It  was 
not  till  Feb.  23,  1827,  that  he  publicly  confessed  himself 
“the  total  and  undivided  author.”  He  was  the  first  on 
whom  the  title  of  baronet  was  conferred  (1820)  by  George 
IV.  He  edited  the  works  of  Dryden  (1808 : in  18  vols.,  with 
life)  and  of  Swift  (1814  : in  19  vols.,  with  life),  and  wrote, 
in  addition  to  the  works  mentioned  above,  a “ Life  of  Na- 
poleon ’’  (9  vols.  1827),  “ Tales  of  a Grandfather  ” (1828-30), 
“ History’  of  Scotland  ” (1829-30),  “Letters  on  Demonology 
and  Witchcraft”  (1830),  etc.,  besides  numerous  introduc- 
tions, prefaces,  and  articles  in  magazines  and  reviews.  His 
“Familiar  Letters  ” were  published  in  1893.  A biography  of 
Scott,  by  his  son-in-law,  J.  G.  Lockhart,  appeared  1836-38. 
Scott,  William,  Baron  Stowell.  Bom  Oct.  17, 
1745:  died  Jan.  28,  1836.  An  English  jurist, 
brother  of  Lord  Eldon.  He  became  judge  of  the  Con- 
sistory Court  and  advocate-general  in  1788 : and  was  judge 
of  the  High  Court  of  Admiralty  1798-1828.  He  is  noted 
for  his  decisions  in  international  law. 

Scott,  William  Bell.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept. 
12, 1811 : died  at  Penkill  Castle,  Ayrshire,  Nov. 
22,  1890.  A Scottish  artist  and  poet,  brother 
of  David  Scott. 

Scott,  Winfield.  Born  near  Petersburg,  Va., 
Junel3, 1786:  diedat  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  May29, 
1866.  An  American  general.  He  studied  at  Wil- 
liam  and  Mary  College ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1806; 
entered  the  United  States  army  as  captain  in  1808 ; served 
in  the  War  of  1812,  distinguishing  himself  in  the  attack  on 
Queenstown  Heights  (1812),  and  the  battles  of  Chippewa 
and  Lundy’s  Lane  (1814) ; was  made  brigadier-general  and 
brevet  major-general  in  1814 ; commanded  in  South  Caro- 
lina during  the  Nullification  troubles  of  1832  ; served 
against  the  Seminoles  and  Creeks  1835-37;  took  part  in 
settling  with  Great  Britain  the  disputed  boundary  line  of 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick  in  1839;  became  major-gen- 
eral and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  1841 ; was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chief  command  in  Mexico  in  1847;  took 
V era  Cruz  in  March ; defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Cerro  Gordo 
in  April,  Contreras  and  Churubusco  in  Aug.,  Molino  del 
Rey  and  Chapultepec  in  Sept.,  and  occupied  Mexico  Sept. 
14,  1847  ; was  an  unsuccessful  Whig  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent in  1852  ; was  appointed  brevet  lieutenant-general  in 
1847 ; was  a commissioner  to  settle  the  San  Juan  question 
with  Great  Britain  in  1859  ; and  retired  from  active  service 
in  the  autumn  of  1861.  He  wrote  “General  Regulations 
for  the  Army  ” (1825),  “ Infantry  Tactics  ’’  (1835),  and  an  au- 
tobiography (1864). 

Scottish  Chiefs,  The.  A romance  by  Jane  Por- 
ter, published  in  1810.  It  is  founded  on  early 
Scottish  history. 

Scotus,  Duns.  See  Duns  ScoUis. 

Scotus  Erigena.  See  Erigena. 

Scourers.  See  Mohocks. 

Scourge  of  God,  The.  Attila. 

Scourge  of  Homer.  Zoilus. 

Scourge  of  Princes.  The  satirist  Pietro  Aretino. 
Scourge  of  Scotland.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  Edward  I.  of  England. 

Scourge  of  Villanie,  The.  A work  bvMarston, 
consisting  of  a series  of  sa  tires  published  in  1598 
under  the  name  of  W.  Kinsayder,  which  has 
been  variously  explained. 


912 

Scranton  (skran'ton).  A city,  capital  of  Lacka- 
wanna County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Lack- 
awanna River  in  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  75°  43'  W. 
It  is  the  third  city  in  the  State  ; is  a railway  center  ; is 
the  center  of  a great  coal-mining  region  ; and  has  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  locomotives,  boilers,  ma- 
chinery, iron-ware,  etc.  It  was  made  a city  in  1866. 
Population,  129,867,  (1910). 

Scrap  of  Paper,  A.  A play  adapted  from  Sar- 
dou’s  “Les  pattes  de  mouehe’’  (1861)  by  Pal- 
grave  Simpson.  Charles  Mathews  produced  an  adapta- 
tion, by  himself,  in  1867  as  “Adventures  of  a Love  Letter.  ’’ 
Scribe  (skrib),  The.  A celebrated  early  Egyp- 
tianstatue  (5thdynasty),intheLouvre  Museum, 
Paris.  The  figure  is  colored  red,  and  has  inlaid  eyes  of 
crystal ; it  sits  cross-legged,  with  a striking  expression  of 
life  and  energy. 

Scribe  (skreb),  Augustin  Eugene.  Born  at 
Paris,  Dec.  24,  1791 : died  there,  Feb.  20,  1861. 
A French  dramatist.  While  studying  law  to  please 
his  mother,  he  wrote  for  the  stage  to  satisfy  his  own  tastes. 
He  did  not  meet  with  success.  In  time  he  gathered  ex- 
perience in  dramatic  matters  sufficient  to  locate  public 
taste ; then  he  undertook  to  gratify  it,  and  catered  to  it 
thereafter  almost  altogether.  Either  alone  or  in  collab- 
oration with  others  he  wrote  upward  of  350  plays.  His 
earliest  successes  were  “Flore  et  ZCphire  ” (1816);  “Le  sol- 
liciteur”  (1817),  “L’Ours  et  le  pacha ” (1820),  “Le  secre- 
taire et  le  cuisinier,”  “Mon  oncle  Cesar,”  “Le  menage  de 
gar^on,”  “La  petite  steur  ” (1821),  “Valerie”  (1822),  etc.  A 
number  of  his  comedies  were  produced  for  the  first  time 
at  the  Comedie  Frangaise ; among  the  best  are  “Le  ma- 
nage d’argent”  (1827),  “Bertrand  et  Raton ’’ (1833),  “L’Aru- 
bitieux ” (1834),  “La camaraderie  ” and  “Les independants” 
(1837),  “Lacalomnie”  and  “Le  verre  d’eau ’’ (1840),  “Une 
chaine  ” (1841),  “ Le  fils  de  Cromwell  ” (1842),  “Le  puff,  ou 
Mensonge  et  vriit6”  (1848),  “Les  contes  de  la  reine  de 
Navarre  " (1850),  “ Bataille  de  dames  ” (1851),  and  “ Les 
doigts  de  fee  ” (1858).  The  two  last-named  were  written 
in  collaboration  with  Legouve,  as  was  also  the  well-known 
drama  ‘ ‘ Adrienne  Lecouvreur  ’’  (1849).  Another  drama  of 
Scribe’s  composition  was  “La  czarine”  (1855).  Scribe 
wrote  also  the  words  to  an  unusually  large  number  of 
celebrated  musical  compositions,  as,  for  instance,  to  Boiel- 
dieu’s  “La  dame  blanche ”(1825) ; to  Auber’s  “ La  muette 
de  Portici ’’  (1828),  “Fra  Diavolo”  (1830),  “Le  domino 
noir”  (1837)  etc.;  to  Meyerbeer's  “Robert  le  Diable” 
(1831),  “Les  Huguenots"  (1836),  “Le  pruphete " (1849), 
“L'Etoile  du  Nord  ” (1854),  and  “ L'Africaine ’’  (1865) ; to 
Cherubini's  “AliBaba"  (1833);  to  Hal^vy's  “La  Juive” 
(1835),  etc.;  to  Donizetti’s  “La  favorita”  (1840);  to  Verdi’s 
“ Les  vepres  siciliennes  ” (1855) ; etc.  As  a novelist  Scribe 
was  not  particularly  successful.  He  was  received  into 
the  French  Academy  in  1836. 

Scriblerus  Club  (skrib-le'rus  klub).  A club  of 
writers  in  London,  founded  by  Swift  in  1714 
after  tbe  breaking  up  of  “The  Brothers”  in 
1713.  Among  the  members  were  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  Bo- 
lingbroke,  Gay,  and  others.  The  object  of  the  club  was  to 
satirize  literary  incompetence : it  was  not  political.  See 
Martinus  Scriblerus. 

Scribner  (skrib'ner),  Charles.  Born  at  New 
York,  Feb.  21,  1821:  died  at  Lucerne,  Switzer- 
land, Aug.  26,  1871.  An  American  publisher, 
the  founder  (1846)  of  the  publishing  house  now 
Charles  Scribner’s  Sons,  and  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  “Scribner’s  Monthly”  (1870). 

Scribonia  (skri-bo'ni-a).  The  wife  of  Augus- 
tus Ctesar,  whom  he  married  40  b.  C.  and  di- 
vorced 39  B.  c. : mother  of  Julia. 

Scrivener  (skriv'ner),  Frederick  Henry  Am- 
brose. Born  at  Bermondsey,  near  London, 
Sept.  29,  1813 : died  at  Hendon,  Oet.  30,  1891. 
An  English  biblical  scholar.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  1846-56  washead-master  of 
Falmouth  School,  and  was  one  of  the  revisers  of  the  New 
Testament,  He  published  “ Plain  Introduction  totheCriti- 
cism  of  the  New  Testament"  (1861),  “Cambridge  Para- 
graph Bible ’’ (1873),  “Bezse  codex  Cantabrigiensis,”  etc. 
Scroggs  (skrogz),  Sir  William.  Died  1683.  A 
venal,  unjust,  and  brutal  English  judge,  chief 
justice  of  the  King’s  Bench  1678.  He  tried 
the  victims  of  Titus  Oates’s  antipopish  con- 
spiracies. 

Scrooge  (skroj),  Ebenezer.  The  leading  char- 
acter in  Dickens’s  “ Christmas  Carol.”  He  is  “a 
squeezing,  wrenching,  grasping,  scraping,  clutching,  cove- 
tousold  sinner”;  butisvisited  byspirits  on  Christmas  eve, 
and  changed  by  his  experiences  into  a worthy,  kindly  man. 

Scrope  (skrop),  George  Julius  Poulett.  Born 
at  London,  1797 : died  Jan.  19,  1876.  An  Eng- 
lish geologist.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Cam- 
bridge. On  his  marriage  he  changed  his  name  (Thomson) 
to  that  of  his  wife  (Scrope).  He  studied  volcanic  phe- 
nomena at  Vesuvius  and  in  France;  and  published  “ Geol- 
ogy of  the  Extinct  Volcanoes  in  Central  France"  (1826) 
and  “Considerations  on  Volcanoes”  (1828). 

Scrope,  or  Scroop  (skrop),  Richard,  Executed 
1405.  An  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  York : 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  insurrections  of  1403-05. 
Scrub  (skrub).  In  “ The  Beaux’  Stratagem”  by 
Farquliar,  an  amusing  valet : a favorite  charac- 
ter with  Garrick. 

Scudamour,  Sir.  In  Spenser’s  “Faerie  Queene,” 
the  lover  of  Amoretta. 

Seudder  (skud'er),  Horace  Elisha.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  16, 1838:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Jan.  11,  1902.  An  American  author. 
He  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1858;  edited  “The 


Scyros 

Riverside  Magazine  for  Young  People"  1867-70;  and  the 
“ AWantic  Monthly  ” 1890-98,  succeeding  Thomas  B.  Aid- 
rich.  He  published  “The  Bodley  Books”  (1875-84), “Boston 
Town  "(1881),  “Seven  Little  People  and  their  Friends  ” 
(1881),  “Noah  Webster  " (1882),  “History  of  the  United 
States"  (1884),  “George  Washington"  (1886),  and  “Men 
and  Letters  ” (1887) ; and  edited  “American  Poems  "(1879), 
“American  Prose”  (1880),  and  “The  American  Common- 
wealth Series  " (from  1885) . He  was  joint  author  with  Mrs. 
Taylor  of  the  “Life  and  Letters  of  Bayard  Taylor”  (1884). 

Seudder,  Samuel  Hubbard.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  April  13,  1837 : died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  May  17, 1911.  An  American  naturalist, 
brother  of  Horace  E.  Seudder.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  College  in  1857,  and  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific 
School  of  Harvard  in  1862;  was  assistant  librarian  of  Har- 
vard 1879-82  ; and  was  paleontologist  to  the  U.  S.  Geologi- 
cal Survey  1886-92.  He  published  a “Catalogue  of  Scien- 
tific Serials  of  all  Countries  ’’  (1879),  “ Butterflies  : their 
Structure,  etc.,  with  reference  to  American  Forms  "(1881), 
“Nomenclator  Zoologicus  ’’  (1882),  etc. 

Scudery,  or  Scudery,  or  Scuderi  (skii-da-re'), 
Georges  de.  Born  at.  Havre  about  1601 : died 
at  Paris,  May  14, 1667.  A French  author,  best 
known  from  his  tragicomedy  “ L’Amour  tyran- 
nique”and  his  epic  “Alaric.” 

Scuddry,  Madeleine  de.  Born  at  Havre  in 
1607 : died  at  Paris,  June  2,  1701.  A French 
novelist  and  poet.  On  her  parents’ death  she  wascare- 
fully  brought  up  by  an  uncle,  and  when  he  died  she  went  to 
Paris  with  her  brotherGeorges.  Naturallybrightandclever, 
she  was  not  slow  to  asserther  ability  in  the  literary  circle 
of  the  Hotel  de  Ram bou diet.  When  these  famousgather- 
ings  broke  up  as  a gradual  result  of  the  internal  troubles 
that  attended  the  minority  of  Louis  XIV.,  Mademoiselle 
de  Scudery  was  able  to  command  her  own  salon,  meeting 
every  Saturday.  Her  first  novel,  “Ibrahim,  ou  1’illustre 
Bassa,”  appeared  in  1641  under  her  brother's  name.  En- 
couraged by  its  success,  she  affixed  her  own  signature  to 
the  two  works  for  which  she  is  best  known,  “ Artarnene, 
ou  le  grand  Cyrus  ” (1650)  and  “ C161ie,  histoire  romaine  ” 
(1656).  In  these  novels  she  has  introduced  under  assumed 
names  a great  many  of  her  contemporaries : in  the  former 
she  speaks  of  herself  as  Sapho.  Victor  Cousin  discovered 
the  complete  key  to  all  her  characters.  In  addition  to  these 
works.  Mademoiselle  de  Scudery  published  “Almahide, 
ou  l’esclave  reine  ” (1660),  “ Celinde  ’’  (1061),  “Les  femmes 
illustres,  ou  harangues  h^roiques  ” (1665),  “ Mathilde 
d’Aguilar,  histoire  espagnole”  (1665),  “La  promenade  de 
Versailles,  ou  histoire  de  Celanire  ”(1669),  and  finally  “ Le 
discours  de  la  gloire  ” (1671),  which  won  for  the  first  time 
the  academic  prize  for  French  eloquence  founded  by  Jean- 
Louis  Guez  de  Balzac. 

ScugOg(skii'gog),  Lake.  A lake  in  Ontario,  Can- 
ada, 40  miles  northeast  of  Toronto.  Its  waters 
find  their  way  to  Lake  Ontario.  Length,  about 
10  miles. 

Scurcola,  Battle  of.  See  Tagliacozzo. 

Scutari  (sko'ta-re).  A city  in  Albania,  the  capi- 
tal of  a vilayet  of  the  Turkish  empire,  situated 
at  the  southern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Scutari,  at 
its  outlet  into  the  Bojaua:  the  ancient  Scodra 
and  Slavic  Skadar.  It  has  considerable  commerce, 
and  manufactures  of  amis,  etc.  It  was  the  capital  of  Il- 
lyria, and  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  in  168  b.  c.  It 
passed  from  the  Venetians  to  the  Turks  in  1479.  It  was 
besieged  by  the  Montenegrins  in  1912.  Pop.,  about25,000. 

Scutari,  Turk.  Iskudar  or  Iskuder.  A city 
in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Bos- 
porus opposite  Constantinople.  It  has  long  been 
noted  as  a point  of  departure  and  rendezvous,  and  contains 
various  mosques,  etc.,  and  the  most  famous  cemetery  in 
Turkey.  It  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Chrysopolis. 
Population,  about  80,000. 

Scutari,  Lake  of.  A lake  on  the  border  of 
Montenegro  and  Albania  in  European  Turkey. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Bojana  into  the  Adriatic. 
Length,  29  miles. 

Scutum  Sobiescianum  (sku'tum  so-bi-es-i-a'- 
num).  [L., ‘shield  of  Sobieski.’]  A constella- 
tion made  by  Hevelius  late  in  tbe  17th  century, 
and  representing  the  shield  of  the  king  of  Po- 
land, John  Sobieski,  with  a cross  upon  it  to 
signify  that  he  had  fought  for  the  Christian  re- 
ligion at  the  siege  of  Vienna.  It  lies  in  the  bright- 
est part  of  the  Milky  Way,  over  the  how  of  Sagittarius 
Its  brightest  star  is  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Scylla  (sil'a).  [Gr.  2/rt/za.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, a sea-monster,  said  to  have  been  a sea- 
nymph  (according  to  some  traditions),  and  rep- 
resented as  dwelling  in  the  rock  Scylla,  opposite 
Charybdis,  in  the  Strait  of  Messina.  See  Cha- 
rybdis. 

Scylla.  In  Greek  legend,  a daughter  of  King 
Nisus  of  Megara,  sometimes  confused  with  the 
sea-monster  Scylla. 

Scylla  (town).  See  Scilla. 

Scyllsum  (si-le'um).  [Gr.  2/cuZXatov.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a promontory  in  Argolis, 
Greece,  projecting  into  the  Aegean : the  eastern- 
most point  of  the  Peloponnesus:  the  modern 
Kavo-Skyli. 

Scyllaeum.  [Gr.  S/cr/UaMw.]  A promontory  in 
southern  Italy,  projecting  into  the  Strait  of 
Messina:  the  modern  Scilla  or  Sciglio. 

Scyros  (si'ros).  [Gr.  Ski )pof.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  an  island  of  Greece,  in  the  ^Egean 


Scyros 

Sea  25  miles  east  of  Euboea,  to  which  nom- 
archy  it  now  belongs:  the  modern  Skyro.  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Athenians  under  Cimon  in  469 
B.  c.,  and  is  connected  with  the  legends  ol  Achilles. 
Length,  19  miles. 

2.  The  chief  city  in  ancient  times  of  the  island 
of  Scyros,  occupying  a strong  position  on  the 
northeastern  coast. 

Scythe-Bearers  (siTH'bar^erz),  or  Scythe- 

Men  (slTH'men).  A name  given  to  bodies  of 
revolutionists,  mainly  peasants  armed  with 
scythes,  in  the  Polish  insurrections  of  1794, 
1831, 1846,  and  in  the  movement  of  the  Prussian 
Poles  in  1848. 

Scythia  (sith'i-a).  [Gr.  'Znvdi.a. ] In  ancient 
geography,  a name  of  varying  meaning,  it  des- 
ignated at  first  a region  in  modern  southern  Russia  and 
Rumania  inhabited  by  the  Scythians  (see  below).  They 
resisted  the  invasion  of  Darius  I.  of  Persia.  After  the  time 
of  Alexander  the  Great  they  were  subjugated  by  the  Sar- 
matians  and  others.  Later  Scythia  denoted  northern  and 
much  of  central  Asia,  divided  by  the  Imaus  Mountains 
into  Scythia  Intra  Imaum  and  Scythia  Extra  Imaum.  As 
a Roman  province  it  comprised  the  lands  immediately 
south  of  the  mouths  of  the  Danube. 

Scythians  (sith'i-anz).  In  ancient  times,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  whole  north  and  northeast  of 
Europe  and  Asia  (which  was  called  by  the  Greeks 
Scythia).  After  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  northeast 
of  Europe  received  the  name  of  Sarmatia,  while  all  central 
Asia  was  still  considered  as  inhabited  by  the  Scythians. 
Of  the  nomadic  tribes  of  the  Scythians  are  mentioned  the 
Aorses  north  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  extending  to  the  Jaxartes  ^ 
south  and  east  of  them,  the  Massagetes  and  the  Sacse  (mod- 
ern Kirgises).  In  the  7th  century  B.  C.  Scythian  hordes, 
strengthened  by  the  Cimmerians  (which  see),  invaded  Me- 
dia, next  Armeniaand  Assyria,  reaching  over  Syria  and  Pal- 
estine to  the  frontiers  of  Egypt,  and  leaving  everywhere 
behind  them  desolation.  Many  exegetes  assume  that  Eze- 
kiel, in  his  description  of  the  hosts  of  Gog  and  Magog  (ch. 
xxxviii.  and  xxxix.),  alludes  to  this  invasion.  They  scat- 
tered and  were  disintegrated,  some  of  them  having  been 
killed,  others  returning  to  the  north,  and  still  others  re- 
maining in  the  countries  they  invaded. 

Scythopolis  (si-thop'o-lis).  [Gr.]  Betk-shean, 
a city  of  the  Decapolis:  the  modem  Beisan, 
about  55  miles  north-northeast  of  Jerusalem. 
Sea-Born  City,  The.  An  epithet  of  Venice. 
Seaham  (se'am),  or  Dawdon  (da'don).  A sea- 
port in  the  county  of  Durham,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  North  Sea  5 miles  south  of  Sunder- 
land. Population,  5,285. 

Seal  Islands.  See  Lobos  Islands. 

Seal  (sel)  River.  A river  ill  British  America.  It 
flows  into  the  west  side  of  Hudson  Bay  northwest 
of  Churchill  River.  Length,  about  200  miles. 
Sealsfield  (selz'feld),  Charles  (originally  Karl 
Postl).  Born  at  Poppitz,  Moravia,  March  3, 
1793:  died  near  Solothurn,  Switzerland,  May 
26,  1864.  A German  author.  He  traveled  exten- 
sively in  the  United  States,  and  lived  in  Switzerland.  He 
wrote  the  novel  “ Tokeah,  or  the  White  Rose  ” (1828 : al- 
tered as  “Der  Legitime  und  die  Republikaner,”  1833), 
and  novels  and  works  on  America,  including  “Der  Virey 
und  die  Aristokraten  ” (1835),  “Lebensbilder  aus  beiden 
Hemispharen”  (1835-37  : 2d  ed.  as  “Morton,"  1846),  and 
“Siiden  und  Norden"  (1842-43). 

Sea  of  Glory.  One  of  the  principal  gems  of  the 
Persian  crown.  It  is  a diamond  weighing  66 
carats. 

Sea,  or  River,  of  Light.  The  largest  diamond 
belonging  to  the  Shah  of  Persia.  It  weighs 
186  carats. 

Search  (serch),  Edward,  Esq.  A pseudonym 
of  Abraham  Tucker,  under  which  he  wrote 
“The  Light  of  Nature”  (1768-78). 

Seasons,  The.  A poem  in  blank  verse,  in  four 
parts,  by  James  Thomson . “ winter  " was  published 
in  1726,  “Summer”  in  1727,  “ Spring”  in  1728, the  whole 
(including  “Autumn”  and  a “Hymn  to  Nature”)  in  1730. 

Seasons,  The.  [G.  Die  Jahreszeiten.]  An  ora- 
torio by  Haydn,  produced  at  Vienna  in  1801. 
Seaton,  Baron.  See  Colborne,  John. 

Seattle  (se-at'l).  The  capital  of  King  County, 
Washington,  situated  on  Puget  Sound  in  lat. 
47°  36'  N.,  long.  122°  20'  W.  It  is  the  chief  place 
of  the  State  in  population  and  importance,  and  has  a large 
trade  in  lumber  and  coal.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  uni- 
versity. In  1889  it  was  devastated  by  fire.  Population, 
237,194,  (1910). 

Sea  View  (se  vu),  Mount.  A mountain  in  New 
South  Wales,  about  lat.  31°  25'  S.  Height, 
about  6,000  feet. 

Seb  (seb).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  father 
of  Osiris,  god  of  the  earth  and  consort  of  Nut, 
goddess  of  heaven.  In  art  he  is  giyen  the 
human  form. 

Sebago  Lake  (se-ba'go  lak).  A lake  in  south- 
western Maine,  17  miles  northwest  of  Portland. 
Length.  12  miles. 

Sebaste  (se-bas'te).  [Gr.  2e/?aor#.]  The  name 
of  the  city  of  Samaria  after  the  time  of  Herod 
the  Great. 

Sebasteia  (seb-as-te'yii).  [Gr.  SE/Jdareta.]  The 
ancient  name  of  Sivas" 

58 


913 

Sebastian  (se-bas'tian),  Saint.  Born  at  Nar- 
bonne,  Gault  shot  to  death  by  order  of  Dio- 
cletian, about  288  a.  d.  A Roman  soldier  and 
Christian  martyr,  revered  as  a protector  against 
pestilence. 

Sebastian.  1.  Brother  to  the  King  of  Naples, 
a character  in  “The  Tempest”  by  Shakspere. 
— 2.  Brother  to  Viola,  a character  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “Twelfth  Night.” 

Sebastian.  Born  1554:  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Alcazarquivir,  Aug.  4,  1578.  King  of  Portugal 
1557-78.  He  led  an  expedition  against  Morocco  in  1578, 
in  which  he  was  defeated  and  slain.  Soon  after  the  battle 
rumors  began  to  arise  that  he  was  not  dead,  and  in  1584, 
1594,  and  1598  impostors  appeared  claiming  the  crown. 
The  last  was  hanged  at  San  Lucar  in  Spain  in  1603.  The 
belief  of  the  people  in  these  impostors  arose  from  the  popu- 
larity of  Sebastian  and  their  firm  faith  in  his  reappear- 
ance. So  late  as  1808  in  Portugal  and  1838  in  Brazil,  his 
name  was  used  as  a rallying-cry.  Dryden  and  others  have 
written  plays  on  the  subject. 

Sebastian,  Don.  See  Don  Sebastiano. 
Sebastiani  (sa-bas-te-a'ne),  Comte  Frangois 
Horace  Bastien.  Born  near  Bastia,  Corsica, 
Nov.  10,  1772:  died  at  Paris,  July  21,  1851.  A 
French  marshal,  diplomatist,  and  politician. 
He  served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars;  was  ambassador  in 
Constantinople  in  1802  and  1806-07 ; was  distinguished 
in  the  Spanish  and  Russian  campaigns  and  in  1813-14  ; 
was  minister  1830-34  (minister  of  foreign  affairs  1830- 
1832) ; and  was  ambassador  to  Naples  in  1834,  and  to  Lon- 
don 1835-40. 

Sebastiano  del  Piombo.  See  Piombo,  Sebasti- 
ano del. 

Sebastopol  (se-bas'to-pol  or  seb-as-to'pol),  or 
Sevastopol  (se-vas'to-pol;  Russ.  pron.  sa- 
vas-to'poly).  A seaport  in  the  government 
of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  the  Crimea,  in  lat.  44°  34' 
N. , long.  33°  36'  E.  It  is  situated  in  a strong  posi- 
tion on  arms  of  the  roads  of  Sebastopol,  and  is  an  im- 
portant naval  station  for  the  Black  Seafleet.'  It  was  found- 
ed in  1784  on  the  Site  of  a Tatar  village  Akhtiar,  and  was 
strongly  fortified  under  Alexander  I.  and  Nicholas.  Since 
1870  it  has  been  fortified  anew.  The  siege  of  Sebastopol 
was  the  chief  event  of  the  Crimean  war.  The  allied  army 
(British,  French,  Turkish,  and  later  Sardinian)  commenced 
the  siege  in  Oct.,  1854,  after  the  battle  of  the  Alma  (the 
British  commanded  by  Raglan,  later  by  Simpson ; the 
French  by  Canrobert,  later  by  Pelissier  ; and  the  Russians 
by  Mentchikoff,  later  by  Gortchakoff).  The  Russian  forti- 
fications were  superintended  by  Todleben.  An  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  storm  was  made  June  18,  1855.  On  Sept.  8 
the  French  took  the  Malakoff  by  storm,  and  the  British 
attacked  the  Redan.  The  city  was  entered  by  the  allies 
Sept.  11.  (Compare  Crimean  War.)  Population,  53,595. 
Sebek  (seb'ek).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
crocodile-headed  god,  seemingly  a double  of 
Set,  the  god  of  evil.  In  historical  times  he  was  gener- 
ally detested,  and  his  sacred  animal  (the  crocodile)  was 
hunted  except  in  the  localities  where  his  cult  was  in  honor. 
Sebenico  (sa-ba'ne-ko).  [Sla v.  Zibnilc.]  A sea- 
port in  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Adriatic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kerka,  iu  lat. 
43°  45'  N.,  long.  15°  58'  E.  It  has  a flourishing  trade. 
The  cathedral,  begun  in  the  15th  century  in  the  richest 
Venetian  Pointed  style,  and  finished  a century  later  upon 
Renaissance  lines,  has  a fine  dome  100  feet  high.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  29,548,  (1910). 

Sebennytus  ( se-ben'i-tus).  [Gr.  lefUvvvroc.]  A 
town  of  ancient  Egypt,  nearly  in  the  center  of 
the  Delta.  The  town  of  Semennud  is  on  its  site. 
Sebu  (sa-bo').  A river  in  northern  Morocco 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  of  Sallee : 
the  ancient  Subur.  Length,  over  200  miles. 
Sebustieh  (sa-bos'te-e).  A village  on  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Samaria. 

Secchi  (sek'ke),  Angelo.  Born  at  Reggio,  Emi- 
lia, Italy,  June  29,  1818 : died  at  Rome,  Feb.  26, 
1878.  A noted  Italian  astronomer,  director  of 
the  observatory  in  Rome:  a member  of  the  Jes- 
uit order.  He  made  researches  in  spectrum  analysis,  me- 
teorology, etc.  His  chief  work  is  “Lesoleil ” (“The  Sun,” 
1870). 

Secchia  (sek'ke-ii).  A river  in  northern  Italy 
which  joins  the  Po  12  miles  southeast  of  Man- 
tua : the  ancient  Secia.  Length,  about  80  miles. 
Secession,  Ordinances  of.  In  United  States 
history,  ordinances  passed  by  conventions  of 
eleven  Southern  States  in  1860-61,  declaring 
their  withdrawal  from  the  Union. 

Secession,  War  of.  See  Civil  War. 

Secession  of  the  Plebs  to  the  Sacred  Mount. 
See  Sacred  Mount. 

Sechuen.  See  Specimen. 

Seckendorff  (zek'en-dorf),  Count  Friedrich 
Heinrich  von.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Franconia, 
July  5, 1673:  died  at  Meuselwitz, Germany,  Nov. 
23, 1763.  An  Austrian  general  and  diplomatist, 
nephew  of  V.  L.  von  Seckendorff.  He  became  am- 
bassador in  Berlin  in  1726 ; defeated  the  French  at  Klauzen 
Oct.  20,  1735  ; commanded  against  the  Turks  in  1737 ; and 
was  in  the  Bavarian  service  1740-45. 

Seckendorff,  Veit  Ludwig  von.  Born  at  Her- 
zogenaurach,  Bavaria,  Dec.  20, 1626 : died  Dec. 


Sedgemoor 

18, 1692.  A German  historian  and  official  in  the 
service  of  several  German  states.  His  chief  works 
are  “Der  deutsche  Fiirstenstaat ” (1656),  “Commentarius 
historicus  et  apologeticus  de  Lutheranismo  ” (1692). 
Seckenheim  (zek'en-him).  A village  in  north- 
ern Baden,  situated  on  the  Neckar  near  Schwetz- 
ingen.  Here,  June  30,  1462,  the  elector  Frederick  I.  of 
the  Palatinate  gained  a decisive  victory  over  the  allied 
forces  of  Baden  and  Wiirtemberg. 

Seclin  (se-klan').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  situated  6 miles  south-southwest 
of  Lille.  Population,  commune,  6,982. 

Second  Maiden’s  Tragedy,  The.  A play  at 
one  time  attributed  to  Chapman  and  also  to 
Shakspere,  from  their  names  having  been  writ- 
ten on  the  back  of  a manuscript  where  the  name 
of  Goughe  stood  erased.  It  was  licensed  in  1611  and 
first  printed  in  1824.  It  is  thought  to  be  by  Massinger  and 
Tourneur  from  internal  evidence,  and  probably  owes  its 
existence  to  the  success  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s 
“Maid’s  Tragedy,”  though  the  plot  is  entirely  different. 

Second  Nun’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s 
‘ ‘ Canterbury  Tales.”  It  is  a tale  of  the  life  and  pas- 
sion of  St.  Cecilia,  and  was  taken  from  the  “ Legenda  Au- 
rea  ” of  Jacobus  a Voragine.  There  was  a French  version 
of  this  by  Jehan  de  Vignay  about  1300,  an  Early  English 
one  before  1300,  and  Caxton’s  “Golden  Legend  ” in  1483; 
also  a Latin  version  by  Simeon  Metaphrastes.  The  pre- 
amble to  Chaucer’s  poem  contains  fourteen  or  fifteen  lines 
translated  from  the  33d  canto  of  Dante’s  “ Paradiso,”  or 
perhaps  from  their  original  in  some  Latin  prayer  or  hymn. 
See  Nun’s  Priest's  Tale. 

Secretan  (sek-ra-tan'),  Charles.  Born  at  Lau- 
sanne, Jan.  19,  1815 : died  there,  Jan.  22,  1895. 
A Swiss  philosopher.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Lausanne  in  1838,  in  1840  at  Neuchatel, 
and  returned  to  the  same  position  at  Lausanne  in  1866. 
He  wrote  many  philosophical  works,  and  was  for  some 
time  editor  of  the  “ Revue  Suisse.” 

Secunderabad  (se-kun-de-ra-bad'),  or  Sakan- 
derabad  (sa-kun-de-ra-bad'),  or  Sikandera- 
bad  (se-kun-de-ra-bad'),  or  Sekunderabad  (se- 
kun-de-ra-bad' ).  A British  cantonment  and 
town  in  the  Nizam’s  Dominions,  India,  situated 
6 miles  north  of  Hyderabad,  itisoneof  the  largest 
British  military  stations  in  India.  Population  of  canton- 
ment, 83,560. 

Secundra  (se-kun'dra).  A village  situated  5 
miles  northwest  of  Agra,  British  India,  it  is  nota- 
ble for  the  tomb  of  Akbar,  dating  from  the  beginning  of 
the  17th  century,  an  imposing  monument  whose  Indian- 
Saracenic  style  is  much  influenced  by  Buddhist  models.  It 
stands  in  a large  inclosed  garden  with  a fine  arched  gate- 
way, and  consists  of  4 square  terraces  of  red  sandstone, 
Superposed  in  the  form  of  a stepped  pyramid.  On  a plat- 
form in  the  middle  is  the  splendid  cenotaph  of  the  king, 
covered  with  sculptured  arabesques.  The  real  tomb  is  in 
a vaulted  chamber  in  the  basement.  The  lowest  terrace 
is  320  feet  square,  the  highest  167. 

Secundus,  Johannes.  See  Johannes  Secundus. 
Sedaine  (se-dan'),  Michel  Jean.  Born  at  Paris, 
July  4, 1719 : died  there,  May  17, 1797.  A French 
dramatist  and  poet.  Among  his  works  are  the  comic 
operas  “Le  diable  ii  quatre ’’ (1756),  “Blaise  le  savetier” 
(1759),  “Rose  et  Colas”  (1764);  the  comedies  “Le  philo- 
sophe  sans  le  savoir  ” (1765),“  La  gageure  imprdvue  ’’  (1768) ; 
a poem,  “ Le  vaudeville  ” (1750) ; etc.  He  also  wrote  “ Guil- 
laume Tell  ’’  and  “ Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  ” with  Grrtry,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Academy  in  1786. 

Sedalia  (se-da'li-a).  A city,  the  capital  of  Pet- 
tis County,  Missouri,  situated  60  miles  west  of 
Jefferson  City.  It  is  a leading  railroad  center,  and  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and  commerce.  Population, 
17,822,  (1910). 

Sedan  (se-don').  1.  A former  barony  or  princi- 
pality in  France,  the  chief  place  of  which  was 
the  town  of  Sedan.  It  was  annexed  to  France 
in  1642. — 2.  A city  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, France,  situated  on  the  Meuse  in  lat. 
49°  43'  N.,  long.  4°  56'  E.  It  has  important  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  and  was  formerly  a strong  fortress.  In 
early  times  it  was  under  the  rule  of  lords  and  princes  of 
the  families  La  Marck  and  Turenne,  but  passed  to  France 
in  1642.  It  was  taken  by  the  Germans  in  1815.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a notable  victory,  gained  Sept.  1, 1870,  by  the 
German  army  of  250,000,  under  the  direct  command  of 
William  I.,  over  the  French  under  Napoleon  III.,  Mac- 
Mahon,  and  Wimpffen.  lhe  next  day  the  French  emperor 
and  army  (about  84,000)  surrendered.  The  battle  and 
capitulation  led  directly  to  the  fall  of  the  French  empire 
and  the  establishment  of  the  republic.  Population,  town, 
10,381 ; commune,  19,599. 

Seddon  (sed'on),  James  Alexander.  Born  at 
Falmouth,  Stafford  County,  Va.,  July  13,  1815: 
died  in  Goochland,  Va.,  Aug.  19,  1880.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Virginia  1845-47  and  1849-51,  and  was 
afterward  Confederate  congressman  and  secretary  of  war# 

Seddon,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  28, 
1821 : died  at  Cairo,  Nov.  23,  1856.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter.  In  1852 he  began  to  exhibit 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1853  he  joined  Holman  Hunt 
at  Cairo,  and  devoted  himself  to  topographical  landscape 
in  the  East.  He  exhibited  “The  Pyramids”  and  “Jeru- 
salem" in  1854,  and  returned  to  Cairo  in  1856. 
Sedgemoor  (sej'mor).  A locality  in  Somerset, 
England,  near  Bridgwater.  Here,  July  6,  less,  the 
Royalists  under  Feversnam  defeated  the  forces  of  the 


0 


Sedgemoor 

Duke  of  Monmouth.  The  battle  (which  hag  been  called 
the  last  battle  in  England)  resulted  in  the  overthrow  and 
capture  of  Monmouth. 

Sedgwick  (sej'wik),  Adam.  Born  at  Dent, 
Yorkshire,  1785:  died  at  Cambridge,  Jan.  27, 
1873.  An  English  geologist.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1808,  and  was  elected  fel- 
low in  1809.  In  1818  he  became  Woodwardian  professor 
of  oeologv  at  Cambridge.  His  principal  discoveries  were 
in  "the  Paleozoic  strata  of  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  and 
the  Permian  of  the  northwest  of  England. 

Sedgwick,  Catharine  Maria.  Born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  28,  1789:  died  near  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  July  31,  1867.  An  American 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  daughter  of 
Theodore  Sedgwick.  Her  works  include  “A  New  Eng- 


914 


Y ears  Since  in  America  ( loan;,  - ' ' 

“Means  and  Ends,  etc.”  (1838),  “ Letters  from  Abroad, 
etc."  (1841),  “ Married  or  Single  ” (1857),  etc. 

Sedgwick,  John.  Born  at  Cornwall,  Conn., 
Sept.  13,  1813:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Spottsyl- 
vauia,  May  9,  1864.  An  American  general. 

He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837  ; served  in  the  Semi- 
nole  and  Mexican  ware ; and  was  a lieutenant-colonel  ot 
cavalry  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  served  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  as  commander  of  brigade  and 
division  until  Feb.,  1803,  when  he  obtained  command  of 
the  Gth  array  corps.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the  bat- 
ties  of  Fair  Oaks,  Savage's  Station,  and  Glendale  ; was  se- 
verely wounded  at  Antietam  ; and  took  a leading  part  m 
the  battles  of  Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg,  and  the  Wilder- 

Sedgwick,  Theodore.  Born  at  West  Hartford, 
Conn.,  1747:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  24,  1813.  An 
American  Federalist  politician  and  jurist.  He 
served  in  the  Revolution  ; was  a delegate  to  the  Continen- 
tal Congress  from  Massachusetts  1785-86 ; was  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1789-96;  was  United  States 
senator  1796-99  (and  president  pro  tempore) ; was  mem- 
ber of  Congress  and  speaker  1799-1801 ; and  was  judge  of 
the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court  1802-13. 

Sedley  (sed'li),  Amelia.  The  foolish  daugh- 
ter of  a broken-down  London  stockbroker,  m 
Thackeray’s  “Vanity  Fair.”  She  marries  George 
Osborne,  whom  she  adores,  and  after  his  death  Captain 
Dobbin,  who  has  long  adored  her.  She  is  the  antithesis  of 
Becky  Sharp. 

Sedley,  Catherine,  Countess  of  Dorchester. 
Died  1717.  The  daughter  of  Sir  Charles  Sedley, 
and  the  mistress  of  James  H. 

Sedley,  Sir  Charles.  Born  in  Kent,  1639 : died 
Aug.  20, 1701.  A wit,  poet,  and  dramatist  of  the 
Restoration.  His  first  comedy,  “The  Mulberry  Gar- 
den,” was  published  in  1668.  He  also  wrote  “ Antony 
and  Cleopatra ” (1677),  “BeUamira,  etc.”  (1678),  Beauty 
the  Conqueror”  (1702),  “The  Grumbler  (1702)  and  The 
Tyrant  King  of  Crete  " (1702).  He  sat  in  Parliament  for 
New  Romney,  and  took  an  active  part  in  politics.  . His  life 
was  scandalous,  and  he  is  remembered  as  excusing  him- 
self for  tlie  part  he  took  in  the  Revolution  by  saying  that, 

“ as  James  II.  had  made  his  [Sedley’s]  daughter  a countess 
[see  above],  he  could  do  no  less  than  endeavour  to  make  the 
king’s  daughter  a queen.”  „ _ 

Sedley  Joseph.  A collector  from  Bogley  w ai- 
lah,  in’ Thackeray’s  “Vanity Fair”:  brother  of 
Amelia  Sedley.  He  is  a fat,  sensual,  but  timid 
dandy,  and  falls  a victim  to  Becky  Sharp. 
Sedlitz  (sed'lits),  or  Seidlitz  (sidTits).  A small 
village  in  northern  Bohemia,  near  Briix:  noted 
for  its  springs  of  mineral  water. 

Sedulius  (se-du'li-us),  Coelms.  Lived  in  the 
5th  century.  A Roman  Christian  poet.  He  was 
the  author  of  a poetical  version  of  the  history  of  the 
NewTestament,  entitled  “ Carmen  Paschale  ’ (subsequently 
enlarged  in  prose  as  “Pascliale  opus”),  and  of  an  abece- 
darian liymn,  “A  solis  ortus  cardine.” 

Seduni  (se-du'ni).  In  ancient  geography,  a peo- 
ple in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Rhone,  Switzer- 
land. „ 

Seeberg  (za'berG).  A height  near  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, long  noted  as  the  seat  of  an  observatory. 
Seebohm  (se'bom),  Frederick.  Born  at  Brad- 
ford, Yorkshire,  1833:  died  at  Hitchm,  Feb.  6, 
1912.  An  English  historian.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1856,  and  subsequently 
became  a member  of  a bpkmg  firm  at  Hitch  in,  Herts. 
Among  his  works  are  “The  Oxford  Retainers  of  14. 
(1867)  “The  Era  of  the  Protestant  Revolution  (1874), 

“The’ English  Village  Community,  etc.”  (1883). 

Seeland.  1.  See  Zealand  (in  Denmark). — 2. 
See  Zealand  (in  Netherlands). 

Seeley  (se'li),  Sir  John  Robert.  Born  1834: 
died  Jan.  13,  1895.  An  English  historian.  He 

graduated  at  Cambridge  (Christ  College)  in  18n7 ; and  be- 
came professor  of  Latin  m University  College,  London,  in 
1863,  and  in  1869  professor  of  modern  history  at  Cam- 
bridge. “ Ecce  Homo,  or  Survey  of  the  Life  and  Work 
of  Jesus  Christ,”  bis  most  celebrated  work,  appeared 
anonymously  in  1865.  His  other  works  are  an  edition  of 
Livy.  “ Lectures  and  Essays  ” (1870),  ‘Life  and  limes  of 
Stein”  (1878),  “Natural  Religion"  (1882),  “The  Expan- 
sion of  England " (1883),  “ Short  History  of  Napoleon  I. 

Seelve  Ae'li),  Julius  Hawley.  Born  Sept.  14, 
1824:  died  May  12, 1895.  An  American  educator. 
He*became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Amherst  College  in 
1858-  was  president  of  Amherst  College  1876-90;  and  was 
Independent  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 


chusetts 1875-77.  He  translated  Schwegler's  “ History 
of  Philosophy  ” (1856),  and  wrote  “ Lectures  to  Educated 
Hindus"  (1873),  “Christian  Missions  ' (1875),  and  philo- 
sophical text-books. 

Seelye,  Laurens  Clark.  Born  at  Bethel,  Conn., 
Sept.  20,  1837.  A clergyman  and  educator, 
brother  of  J.  H.  Seelye.  He  was  professor  of  Eng- 
lish literature  at  Amherst  College  1865-73 ; and  was  presi- 
dent of  Smith  CoUege  (for  young  women)  at  Northamp- 
ton, Massachusetts,  1874-1910. 

Sees.  See  Sees. 

See ! the  Conquering  Hero  Comes ! An  air  m 

Handel’s  “Joshua.”  It  is  introduced  three  times, 
and  was  so  popular  that  he  used  it  again  in  his  “Judas 
Maccabseus.  ” It  has  frequently  been  used  as  a motif  by 
others  with  many  variations.  The  words  were  written 
by  Dr.  Thomas  Morell  for  Handel’s  “Joshua”  (1748);  they 
were  introduced  in  late  acting  versions  of  Lee's  “Rival 
Queens  ” at  the  beginning  of  the  second  act.  As  this  first 
appeared  in  1677,  Lee  has  been  erroneously  supposed  to 
have  written  the  verses  long  before  “Joshua"  appeared. 
Seewis  (za'vis).  A village  and  noted  health- 
resort  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
situated  in  the  Prattigau  12  miles  north-north- 
east of  Coire. 

Seez,  or  Sees  (sa-es').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Orne,  northern  France,  situated  on  the  Ome 
11  miles  north-northeast  of  Alemjon.  The  cathe- 
dral is  a fine  13th-century  building.  The  west  front  has 
handsome  buttressed  spires,  pleasing  arcades,  and  a south 
portal  of  charming  design  and  ornament.  The  south 
transept,  with  its  great  rose,  closely  approaches  that  of 
the  cathedral  of  Paris ; and  the  choir  is  admirable,  with 
its  radiating  chapels  and  the  tracery  of  the  clearstory. 
Population,  commune,  3,982. 

Sefid  (se-fed'),  or  Safid  (sa-fed').  A river  in 
northwestern  Persia  which  flows  into  the  south- 
western side  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  east  of  Resht. 
Length,  including  its  main  head  stream  (the 
Kizil-Uzen),  about  300  miles. 

Segan  Fu.  See  Singan  Fw. 

Segesta  (se-jes'ta).  [Gr.  Sfynrra.j  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Sicily,  situated  near  the 
coast  27  miles  west-southwest  of  Palermo.  It 
was  of  non-Hellenic  (reputed  Trojan)  origin ; was  often 
at  war  with  Selinus;  was  an  ally  of  Athens  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesian war ; became  a dependent  of  Carthage  about  400 
B C * w<is  sacked  by  Agnthoclcs,  and  had  its  name  changed 
to  Dicaiopolis ; and  passed  under  Roman  supremacy  in  the 
time  of  the  first  Punic  war.  There  are  ruins  near  the 
modern  Calatafimi.  The  Greek  temple,  though  never  fin- 
ished, is  one  of  the  most  complete  examples  surviving.  It 
is  Doric,  hexastyle,  with  14  columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a 
stylobate  of  4 steps.  The  architectural  details  are  of  the 
best  period.  All  the  36  peristyle  columns  are  still  stand- 
in",  and  the  entablature  and  pediments  are  almost  entire. 
There  is  also  a Greek  theater,  of  the  5th  century  B.  C. , with 
Roman  modifications.  In  plan  it  is  more  than  a semicircle . 
the  diameter  is  209  feet,  that  of  the  orchestra  54 ; the 
length  of  the  stage  is  91.  The  cavea  is  in  great  part  rock- 
liewn. 

Segesv&r.  See  Schassburg. 

Seginus  (se-ji'mis).  [Origin  uncertain.  J One 
of  the  many  names  of  the  constellation  Bootes: 
assigned  on  some  maps  as  the  name  of  the  third- 
magnitude  star  y Bootis.  . 

Segnes  (zeg'nes)  Pass.  An  Alpine  pass  m bwit- 
zerland,  leading  from  Glarus  to  the  valley  of  the 
Vorderrhein  in  Grisons,  15  miles  west-north- 
west of  Coire.  . 

gep’jii  (sen'ye).  A.  town  in  Latiinn,  It.alyj  situ- 
ated  near  th eVolscian  Mountains  31  miles  south- 
east of  Rome:  the  ancient  Signia.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  colonized  by  Tarquin,  and  was  a Roman  frontier 
town  against  the  Volscians.  It  contains  many  antiquities. 
Population,  commune,  6,994. 

Sego.  See  Segu. 

Sego  (sa'go),  or  Beg  (seg),  Lake.  A lake  mthe 
government  of  Olonetz,  northern  Russia,  north- 
west of  Lake  Onega.  It  has  its  outlet  into  Lake 
Vyg  and  the  White  Sea.  Length,  about  Zo 
miles. 

Segovia  (se-go'vi-a ; Sp.  pron.  sa-go've-a).  1. 
A province  of  Old  Castile,  Spam.  It  is  bounded 
by  Valladolid  on  the  northwest,  Burgos  on  the  north 
Soria  on  the  northeast,  Guadalajara  and  Madrid  on  the 
southeast,  and  Avila  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is 
generally  a plateau.  Area,  2,635  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 159,243.  _ . 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Segovia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eresma  in  lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  4° 
10'  W.  The  cathedral,  begun  in  1525  by  the  architects 
of  the  new  cathedral  at  Salamanca,  is  very  large,  built,  of  a 
rich  yellow  stone  in  the  Pointed  style,  plain  without,  but 

lofty  and  light  within,  and  with  good  stained  glass.  There  is 

a beautiful  Flamboyant  cloister,  of  earlier  date,  surround- 
fng  an  attractive  garden.  The  Roman  aqueduct,  presumed 
to  be  of  the  time  of  Trajan,  forms  a great  bridge,  937  feet 
long,  and  consisting  of  320  arches  in  two  tiers.  The  high- 
est arches  (in  the  middle  of  the  lower  tier)  are  10-  feet 
high  It  is  built  of  large  blocks  of  granite,  somewhat 
rounded  at  the  edges  and  assembled  without  cement  Se- 
govia was  a Roman  city,  and  was  a residence  of  the  kings 
of  Le6n  and  Castile.  Population,  15,636.  . 

Se°re  (sa'gra).  A river  in  northern  spam. 
It  rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  and  joins  the  Ebro  22  miles  south- 
west  of  Lerida.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Cinca.  Length, 
about  250  miles.  . - . ~ 

Segu  (sa'go),  or  Sego  (sa  go).  1.  A forrnei 
Negro  realm  in  French  West  Africa,  situ- 


Seine-et-Marne 

ated  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Niger.  The  in- 
habitants are  Bambarras. — 2.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Segu,  situated  on  the  Niger.  It  is 
in  the  French  sphere  of  influence.  Population, 
36,000. 

Seguin  (sa'gwin),  Arthur  Edward  Shelden, 
known  as  Edward  Seguin.  Bom  at  London, 
April  7,  1809  : died  at  New  York,  Dec.  9,  1852. 

A popular  English  bass  singer.  A pupil  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  he  appeared  first  in  1828,  and  sang  success- 
fully in  England  till  1838,  when  he  came  to  New  York. 
The  Seguin  Opera  Troupe,  which  he  organized,  was  suc- 
cessful in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Seguin  (se-gan'),  Edouard.  Born  at  Clamecy, 
France,  Jan.  20,  1812 : died  at  New  York  city, 
Oct.  28, 1880.  A French- American  physician,  a 
specialist  in  the  training  of  idiots,  and  the  in- 
ventor of  a physiological  thermometer.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Traitement  moral,  hygiene  et  Education  des 
idiots,”  “Historical  Notice  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of 
the  Treatment  of  Idiots,”  etc. 

Segur  (sa-gllr'),  Comte  Louis  Philippe  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  1753 : died  1830.  A French  poli- 
tician and  author.  He  served  in  the  American  Revo- 
lution ; was  ambassador  to  B.ussia ; was  a councilor  of 
state  under  the  empire ; and  was  made  a peer  at  the 
Restoration.  His  chief  work  is  “Mirfnoires,  ou  souvenirs 
et  anecdotes  ” (1824).  He  also  wrote  a history  of  France, 
a universal  history,  etc. 

Segur,  Comte  Philippe  Paul  de.  Born  Nov.  4, 
1780 : diedFeb.  25, 1873.  A French  general  and 
historian,  son  of  L.  P.  do  Segur.  He  served  in  the 
Napoleonic  campaigns.  His  best-known  work  is  a “His- 
toire  de  Napoleon  et  de  la  grande  armee  en  1812  ” (1824). 

Segura  (sa-go'ra).  A river  in  southeastern 
Spain  which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  19 
miles  southwest  of  Alicante : the  ancient  Tader. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Segura,  Juan  Bautista.  Born  at  Toledo,  Spain, 
about  1542 : died  in  Virginia,  Feb.  (?),  1571.  A 
Jesuit  missionary.  He  went  to  Florida  as  vice-pro- 
vincial of  his  order  in  1568.  In  Aug.,  1570,  he  and  several 
companions  were  sent  to  Chesapeake  Bay  to  establish  a 
mission.  They  ascended  the  Potomac  and  thence,  appa- 
rently, crossed  to  the  Rappahannock,  where  all  were  killed 
by  the  Indians. 

Segusiani  (se//gu-si-a'nl).  [L.]  In  the  time  of 
Julius  Ctesar,  a Gallic  people  living  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Rhone,  in  the  vicinity  of  Lyons. 
Seharunpoor.  See  Saharanpur. 

Seidl  (zi'dl),  Anton.  Born  at  Pest,  Hungary, 
Majr  7, 1850 : died  at  New  York,  March  28, 1898. 
A Hungarian  conductor,  especially  of  Wagner’s 
music.  He  was  a pupil  of  the  conservatory  at  Leipsic, 
and  in  1879  through  Wagner’s  influence  obtained  the  posi- 
tion of  conductor  at  the  Leipsic  Opera  House.  In  1882  he 
left  it  for  a tour  through  various  parts  of  Europe  as  con- 
ductor of  the  Nibelungen  Opera  Troupe.  In  1883  lie  was 
made  conductor  of  the  Bremen  Opera  House,  and  in  1885 
of  German  opera  in  New  York,  from  whicli  time  he  con- 
ducted the  concerts  of  the  Philharmonic  Society,  New 
York,  etc. 

Seidlitz.  See  Sedlits. 

Seiero  (si'e-re).  A small  island  belonging  to 
Denmark,  situated  northwest  of  Zealand. 
Seiero  Bay.  All  indentation  on  the  northwest- 
ern coast  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark. 
Seiland  (sl'land).  An  island  of  Norway,  off 
the  northern  coast,  southwest  of  Hammerfest. 
Length,  27  miles. 

Seille  (say).  A river  in  Lorraine  which  joins 
the  Moselle  near  Metz.  Length,  about  70miles. 
Seim  (sa-em' ).  A river  of  southern  central  Rus- 
sia which  joins  the  Desna  52  miles  east  of 
Tehemigoff.  Length,  about  350  miles. 

Seine  (s;7n).  One  of  the  principal  rivers  of 
France : the  Roman  Sequana.  It  rises  in  the  pla- 
teau of  Langres,  in  the  department  of  C6te-d’0r ; flows  gen- 
erally northwest ; widens  into  an  estuary  near  Quillebeuf  ; 
and  flows  into  the  English  Channel  between  Havre  and 
Honfleur.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Aube,  Marne,  and 
Oise  on  the  right,  and  the  Yonne,  Loing,  Essonne,  and 
Eure  on  the  left.  The  most  important  places  on  its  banks 
are  ChatiUon , Bar,  Troyes,  Nogent,  Melun,  Paris,  St. -Denis, 
Mantes,  Rouen,  Caudebec,  Havre,  and  Honfleur.  The  basin 
is  connected  by  canals  with  those  of  the  Somme,  Meuse, 
Rhine,  Rhone,  and  Loire.  Length,  482  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  Marcilly,  for  larger  vessels  to  Paris,  and  for  large 
sea-vessels  to  Rouen. 

Seine . Th esmallest in  area  and  largest  m popula- 
tion of  the  departments  of  France.  It  contains  the 
city  of  Paris ; is  surrounded  by  the  department  of  Seine-et- 
Oise  • is  the  seat  of  very  important  manufactures  and  com- 
merce ; and  has  a flourishing  market-gardening  industry. 
It  formed  part  of  the  ancient  province  of  Ile-de-France. 
Area,  185  square  miles.  Population,  3,848,618. 
Seine-et-Marne  (san'a-marn').  A department 
of  France,  capital  Melun,  formed  from  parts  of 
the  former  Brie  andGatinais  (belonging  to  an- 
cient Ile-de-France  and  Champagne),  it  is 
bounded  by  Oise  on  the  north,  Aisne  on  the  northeast, 
Marne  and  Aube  on  the  east,  Yonne  and  Loiret  on  the 
south,  and  Seine-eLOise  on  the  west.  Its  surface  is  gen- 
erallv  level.  It  contains  many  forests,  including  that  ol 
Fontainebleau.  The  manufactures  and  commerce  are  im- 
portant, and  agriculture  is  flourishing.  Area,  2,275  square 
miles.  Population,  361,939. 


Seine-et-Oise 

Seine-et-Oise  (san'a-wtiz').  A department  of 
France,  capital  Versailles,  formed  from  part  of 
the  ancient  Ile-de-France,  it  is  bounded  by  Eure  on 
the  northwest,  Oise  on  the  north,  Seine-et-Marne  on  the 
east,'  Loiret  on  the  south,  and  Eure-et-Loir  on  the  west,  and 
surrounds  the  department  of  Seine.  The  surface  is  level, 
and  in  parts  hilly.  Agriculture  and  manufactures  are 
highly  developed.  Area,  2,184  square  miles.  Population, 
749,763. 

Seine-Inferieure(san'an-fa-ryer').  [F.,‘  lower 
Seine.’]  Adepartmentof  France, capitalEouen, 
formed  from  part  of  the  ancient  Normandy. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  English  Channel  on  the  west,  north- 
west, and  north,  Sommeon  the  northeast,  Oise  on  the  east, 
and  Eure  and  Calvados  on  the  south.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertile  and  agriculture  flourishing.  It  has  important  man- 
ufactures, commerce,  and  fisheries.  Area,  2,448  square 
miles.  Population,  863,879.  m 

Seir  (se'ir),  Mount.  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain-ridge  in  Edom,  occupying  part  of  the 
region  between  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Elanitic 
Gulf  of  the  Bed  Sea. 

Seisseralp  (zls'ser-alp).  A pastoral  plateau 
in  the  Alps  of  Tyrol,  about  15  miles  east  of 
Botzen.  Length,  12  miles.  Height,  6,000-7,000 
feet. 

Seistan.  See  Sistan, 

Sejanus  (se-ja'nus),  iElius.  Died  31  a.  d.  A 
Boman  courtier.  He  was  the  son  of  Seius  Strabo,  a 
Roman  eques,  commander  of  the  pretorian  guard,  and 
was  a native  of  Vulsinii  in  Etruria.  He  became  the  favor- 
ite of  the  emperor  Tiberius,  who  raised  him  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  pretorians.  With  a view  to  usurping  the  im- 
perial power,  he  poisoned  in  23  Drusus,  son  of  the  emperor, 
with  the  assistance  of  Livia,  the  wife  of  Drusus,  whom  he 
had  seduced,  and  induced  theemperorto banish  Agrippina, 
the  widow  of  Germanicus.  His  design  was  ultimately  dis- 
covered, and  he  was  put  to  death  by  the  senate  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  emperor. 

Sejanus  His  Fall.  A tragedy  by  Ben  Jonson, 
acted  in  1603  and  published  in  1605.  it  is  said  that 
Shakspere  played  in  it.  “The  Favourite,”  a satire,  was 
founded  on  it  in  1770. 

Sejour  (sa-zhor'),  Victor.  Born  at  Paris,  1816: 
died  there,  Sept.  21, 1874.  A French  dramatist. 
Among  his  plays  are  “Richard  III.”  (1852),  “Le  fils  de  la 
nuit”(1857),  “Lesfils  deCharles-Quint”(1864),  etc.  They 
are  all  chiefly  remarkable  for  their  scenic  effects. 
Sekhet.  In  Egyptian  mythology:  see  Pakht. 
Sekiang.  See  Sikigng. 

Sekunderabad.  See  Secunderabad. 

Selangor  (se-lan-gor'),  or  Salangore  (sa-lan- 
gor').  One  of  the  Federated  Malay  States, 
situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  Malay  Pe- 
ninsula, intersected  by  lat.  3°  N.  Area,  3,200 
square  miles.  Population,  about  168,800. 
Selbig  (zel'big) , Elisa.  The  pseudonym  of  Frau 
von  Ahlefeld  (Charlotte  Elizabeth  Sophie  Wil- 
helmine  von  Seebach). 

Selborne  (sel'born).  A parish  in  Hampshire, 
England  : noted  on  account  of  Gilbert  White’s 
“Natural  History  of  Selborne.” 

Selborne,  Earl  of.  See  Palmer,  Roundell. 
Selby  (sel'bi).  A town  in  the  West  Biding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Ouse  20 
miles  east  of  Leeds,  Its  abbey  church  is  a very  fine 
Benedictine  foundation  of  the  12th  century.  Part  of  the 
original  nave  and  transepts  survives:  the  remainder  of 
them  is  Early  English.  The  Lady  chapel  is  Decorated,  and 
some  Perpendicular  windows  have  been  inserted.  The 
church  possesses  some  interesting  sculptures  and  abba- 
tial  tombs.  The  length  is  306  feet.  Population,  7,786. 
Selden  (sel'den),  John.  Born  at  Salvington, 
Sussex,  Dec.  16,  1584:  died  at  London,  Nov.  30, 
1654.  An  English  jurist,  antiquary,  Oriental- 
ist, and  author.  At  about  16  years  of  age  he  entered 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  and  in  1602  Clifford’s  Inn,  London  ; in 
1604  he  migrated  to  the  Inner  Temple.  He  was  intimately 
associated  with  Ben  Jonson,  Drayton,  Edward  Little- 
ton, Henry  Rolle,  Edward  Herbert,  and  Thomas  Garde- 
ner. He  was  first  employed  by  Sir  Robert  Cotton  to  copy 
and  abridge  parliamentary  records  in  the  Tower.  He  es- 
tablished a large  and  lucrative  practice,  but  his  chief  repu- 
tation was  made  as  a writer  and  scholar.  In  1610  he  pub- 
lished “ England’s  Epinomis  ” and  “ Jani  Anglorum, Facies 
Altera,"  which  treated  of  English  law  down  to  Henry  II. 
These  were  followed  by  “ Titles  of  Honour  ” (1614),  “ Ana- 
lecton  Anglo- Britannicon  " (1615),  “ De  Diis  Syriis  ’’  (1617). 
The  “ History  of  Tithes,”  published  in  1618,  was  sup- 
pressed. He  was  the  instigator  of  the  “ protestation  " of 
Dec.  18,  1621,  and  was  committed  to  the  Tower.  In  1623 
he  entered  Parliament  as  member  for  Lancaster,  and  in 
1628  helped  to  draw  up  and  carry  the  Petition  of  Right. 
In  1635  he  dedicated  his  “ Mare  Clausum  ” to  the  king 
(Charles  I.),  and  seems  to  have  inclined  to  the  court  party. 
He  was  returned  to  the  Long  Parliament  (1640)  for  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  was  a member  of  the  committee 
which  impeached  Archbishop  Laud.  In  1645  he  declined 
the  mastership  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge.  Besides  the 
works  mentioned,  he  was  theauthorof  “ De  Juri  Natural! 
etc.”  (1640),  “ Privileges  of  the  Baronage  of  England,  etc/’ 
(1642),  and  “Table-Talk,”  his  best-known  work  (1689). 

Sele  (sa'le).  A river  in  southern  Italy  which 
flows  into  the  Mediterranean  17  miles  south- 
west of  Salerno : the  ancient  Silarus.  Length, 
about  60  miles. 

Sele  (sa'le),  or  Basele  (ba-sa'le).  See  Sumbe. 
Selene  (se-le'ne).  [Gr . InGreekmy- 


915 

thology,  the  goddess  of  the  moon,  daughter  of 
Hyperion  and  Thea. 

Selenga  (sa-leng'ga).  A river  in  northern  Mon- 
golia and  southern  Siberia.  It  is  the  largest 
stream  that  flows  into  Lake  Baikal.  Length, 
600-800  miles. 

Seleucia  (sel-u'si-a),or  Seleuceia  (sel-u-se'ya). 
[Gr.  ZemvKsia.y  The  name  of  many  ancient 
towns.  The  following  are  the  principal : (1)  A city  in 
Syria,  situated  on  the  coast  north  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Orontes:  the  port  of  Antioch.  It  was  built  by  Seleueus 
Nicator,  and  is  sometimes  called  Seleucia  Pieria.  There  are 
many  antiquities  on  the  site.  (2)  A city  near  the  Tigris, 
about  17  miles  below  Bagdad.  It  was  built  largely  from 
the  ruins  of  Babylon  by  Seleueus  Nicator,  and  was  one  of 
the  largest  cities  of  the  East.  It  was  plundered  by  Tra- 
jan, and  was  destroyed  by  Verus  about  162  A.  I>.  (3)  A 

city  in  Cilicia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  near  the  coast  about 
70  miles  southwest  of  Tarsus.  There  are  remains  of  a 
Roman  hippodrome.  (4)  A city  in  northern  Pisidia,  Asia 
Minor,  near  the  frontier  of  Phrygia. 

Seleucians  (se-lu'si-anz).  A sect  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury, whichfollowed  Seleueus  of  Galatia,  whose 
teaching  included  the  doctrines,  in  addition  to 
those  of  Hermogenes,  that  baptism  by  water  is 
not  to  be  used,  and  that  there  is  no  resurrec- 
tion of  the  body  and  no  visible  paradise. 
Seleucids  (se-lu'sidz),  or  Seleucidse  (so-lu'si- 
de).  A royal  dynasty  in  Syria  which  reigned 
312  B.  C.  to  about  64  B.  C. : descended  from 
Seleueus  Nicator. 

Seleueus  (se-lu'kus)  L,  surnamed Nicator.  [Gr. 

hEXevimg:  NwaTop,  Doric  for  N udjrup,  a conquer- 
or.] Born  about  358  B.  c. : assassinated  280 
B.  c.  A Macedonian  general  in  the  army  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  After  the  death  of  Alexander 
he  became  satrap  of  Babylonia;  engaged  in  war  against 
Antigonus;  conquered  Babylon  312 (era  of  the  Seleucids); 
extended  his  conquests  into  central  Asia  and  India ; and 
assumed  the  title  of  king  about  306.  He  was  one  of  the 
leading  allies  in  the  overthrow  of  Antigonus  at  Ipsus  in 
301;  obtained  part  of  Asia  Minor;  took  Demetrius  pris- 
oner ; defeated  Lysimachus  at  Corupedlon  281 ; and  was 
ruler,  for  a short  time,  of  nearly  allot  Alexander’s  empire. 
Seleueus.  1 . In  Shakspere’s  ‘ ‘ Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra,” an  attendant  of  Cleopatra. — 2.  In  Shir- 
ley’s “The  Coronation,”  the  supposed  son  of 
Eubulus,  but  in  reality  Leonatus,  the  king  of 
Epirus. 

Self-denying  Ordinance.  In  English  history, 
an  ordinance  passed  by  the  Parliament  April 
3,  1645,  requiring  members  of  either  house  of 
Parliament  holding  military  or  civil  office  to 
vacate  such  positions  at  the  expiration  of  forty 
days. 

Seliger,  or  Seligher  (sa-le-gar' ),  or  Selguer  (sel- 
gar'),  Lake.  A lake  on  the  border  of  the  gov- 
ernments of  Novgorod  and  Tver,  Bussia,  situ- 
ated southeast  of  Novgorod,  it  is  the  source  of  an 
affluent  of  the  upper  Volga,  and  is  sometimes  considered 
as  the  source  of  the  Volga.  Length,  about  30  miles. 
Selim  (se'lim  or  se-lem')  I.  Born  about  1465 ; 
died  Sept.  22,  1520.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  son  of 
Bajazet  II.  whom  he  dethroned  and  succeeded  in 
1512.  He  was  an  ardent  Sunnite,  and,  in  order  to  main- 
tain uniformity  in  the  Mohammedan  faith  throughout  his 
dominions,  put  to  death  40,000  Shiites  shortly  after  his  ac- 
cession. He  extended  his  empire  by  conquests  from  Per- 
sia in  1514,  and  subsequently  annexed  Syria  and  Palestine 
(1516)  and  Egypt  (1517). 

Selim  II.,  surnamed  “ The  Sot.”  Died  Dec.  12, 
1574.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  son  of  Solyman  the 
Magnificent,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1566.  Among 
the  events  in  his  reign  were  the  conquest  of  Cyprus  in 
1570-71,  and  the  battle  of  Lepanto  in  1671. 

Selim  III.  Born  Dec.  24,  1761:  put  to  death 
May  8, 1808.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  nephew  of  Ab- 
dul Hamid  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1789.  He 
inherited  a war  with  Austria  and  Russia,  with  whom  he 
concluded  the  peace  of  Sistowa  (1791)  and  that  of  Jassy 
(1792)  respectively.  He  concluded  an  alliance  with  Russia 
and  England  against  France  on  the  invasion  of  Egypt  by 
Napoleon.  In  1805  he  began  the  reorganization  of  the 
Turkish  army  on  the  European  model,  which  occasioned 
a revolt  of  the  janizaries  in  1807.  He  was  deposed  in 
favor  of  Mustapha  IV.,  and  was  strangled  in  prison. 
Selinus  (se-li'nus).  [Gi\  SePavoi >y.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  southwestern  Sicily,  situ- 
ated near  the  coast  48  miles  southwest  of  Paler- 
mo, near  the  modern  Castelvetrano.  it  was  built 
by  colonists  from  Megara  and  Megara  Hybkea  about  628 
B.  o.,  and  soon  became  rich  and  powerful.  A quarrel  be- 
tween it  and  Segeata  caused  the  Athenian  expedition  to 
Sicily  in  the  Peloponnesian  war.  It  was  conquered  and 
destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians  about  409  B.  c. ; was  rebuilt 
as  a subject  city  to  Carthage ; but  was  finally  destroyed  in 
the  first  Punic  war.  Besides  minor  remains  of  antiquity,  the 
siteretains  the  ruinsof  seven  important  Doric  temples,  sev- 
eral of  them  among  the  most  archaic  examples  of  the  style 
known,  and  metopes  from  an  eighth  temple  have  recently 
been  found.  This  is  the  most  extensive  existing  group  of 
Greek  temples.  Four  of  them  were  on  the  Acropolis,  and 
three  on  a hill  about  a mile  to  the  east.  The  sculptured 
metopes  found  are  now  in  the  museum  at  Palermo:  they 
are  of  importance  in  the  study  of  Greek  sculpture. 
Selish.  See  Salishan. 

Selish  Lake.  See  Flathead  Lake. 


Selzerbrmmen 

Seljuks  (sel-joks').  [Turk.]  The  name  of  sev- 
eral Turkish  dynasties,  descended  from  the 
Ghuzz  chieftain  Seljuk,  which  reigned  iu  cen- 
tral and  western  Asia  from  the  11th  to  the  13th 
century.  After  conquering  Persia,  Toghrul  Beg,  the 
grandson  of  Seljuk,  who  belonged  to  the  orthodox  Mo- 
hammedan sect  of  the  Sunnites,  rescued  the  faineant 
Abbassid  calif  at  Bagdad  from  his  Shiite  lieutenant  (1056), 
and  was  nominated  “commanderof  the  faithful.”  He  was 
in  1063  succeeded  by  his  nephew  Alp  Arslan,  who  took 
Syria  and  Palestine  from  the  Fatimite  calif  of  Egypt,  and 
in  1071  defeated  and  captured  the  Byzantine  emperor  Ro- 
manus  Diogenes, who  purchased  his  release  by  the  cession 
of  a large  part  of  Anatolia  or  Asia  Minor.  Alp  Arslan  was 
followed  in  1072  by  his  son  Malik  Shah,  on  whose  death  in 
1092  (he  succession  was  disputed.  Civil  war  ensued,  which 
resulted  in  the  partition  of  the  empire  among  four  branches 
of  the  Seljukian  family,  of  which  the  principal  dynasty 
ruled  in  Persia,  and  three  younger  dynasties  at  Kerman, 
Damascus,  and  Iconium  respectively.  The  last  named, 
whose  sultanate  was  called  Roum  (i.  e.  ‘of  the  Romans’), 
outlasted  the  others : it  was  superseded  by  the  Ottomans 
at  the  end  of  the  13th  century. 

Selkirk  (sel'kerk).  1.  A county  in  the  south 
Of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  by  Peebles  on  the  west 
and  north,  Edinburgh  on  the  north,  Roxburgh  on  the  east 
and  southeast,  and  Dumfries  on  the  southwest.  Its  sur- 
face is  largely  hilly.  It  contains  the  valleys  of  the  Ettrick 
and  the  Yarrow,  and  is  celebrated  in  poetry  and  romance. 
Area,  267  square  miles.  Population,  23,339. 

2.  The  capital  of  Selkirkshire,  Scotland,  30 
miles  south-southeast  of  Edinburgh.  It  has 
tweed  manufactures.  Population,  5,701. 
Selkirk,  or  Selcraig  (sel'krag),  Alexander. 
Born  at  Largo,  Fifeshire,  1676 : died  on  the  ship 
Weymouth,  1721.  A Scottish  sailor,  the  sup- 
posed original  of  Defoe’s  “Bobinson  Crusoe.” 
He  was  engaged  in  bucaneering  exploits  in  the  south  seas, 
and  in  1703  was  sailing-master  of  a “ Cinque  Ports  ” galley. 
In  1704  he  was  at  his  own  request  put  ashore  on  the  island 
of  Juan  Fernandez,  and  remained  there  alone  four  years. 
His  “Life  and  Adventures”  were  published  by  Howell  in 
1829,  and  he  is  the  subject  of  a poem  by  Cowper. 

Selkirks(sel'kerks),The.  A group  of  lofty  moun- 
tains in  the  Boeky  Mountain  system  of  Canada. 

Sellasia  (se-la'shi-a).  [Gr.  Se/t/tola.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a place  in  Laconia,  Greece,  a 
few  miles  northeast  of  Sparta.  Here,  in  221  b.  c., 
the  Lacedsemonians  under  Cleomenes  III.  were  totally 
defeated  by  the  Macedonians  and  their  allies  under  An- 
tigonus Doson. 

Sellers  (sel'erz),  Colonel.  A leading  character 
in  the  novel  “The  Gilded  Age,”  by  Mark  Twain 
and  C.  D.  Warner.  It  was  dramatized,  and  the  char- 
acter created  by  J.  T.  Raymond.  Sellers  is  a visionary 
Southern  speculator. 

Sellier  (se-lya'),  Henri.  Born  at  Chatel-Cen- 
soir,  France,  March 26, 1849 : died  June  26, 1899. 
A noted  French  tenor  singer.  He  sang  the  part  of 
Arnold  in  “ Guillaume  Tell  ” in  1878  with  such  effect  that 
he  succeeded  to  all  the  great  tenor  roles.  He  created 
Radamir  in  “Aida”  (1880),  Manoel  in  “Le  tribut  de  Za- 
mora ” (18S1),  Paolo  in  “ Francesca  da  Rimini  ’’  (1882),  and 
Sigurd  in  “Sigurd  ” (1885).  He  also  sang  in  “ Salammbo  ” 
at  Brussels  (1890). 

Selma  ( sel'ma).  A city,  capital  of  Dallas  County, 
Alabama,  situated  on  the  Alabama  Biver  43 
miles  west  of  Montgomery,  it  is  a railway  center 
and  the  head  of  steamer  navigation,  and  has  manufactures 
and  trade  in  cotton.  It  was  an  important  Confederate 
arsenal  In  the  Civil  War,  and  was  taken  by  the  Federate 
under  Wilson  Feb.  2,  1865.  Population,  13,649,  (1910). 

Selous  (se-lo'),  Frederick  Courteney.  Born 
at  London,  Dee.  31,  1851.  A noted  sportsman. 
He  went  to  Africa  in  1871  as  explorer,  and  on  hunting 
trips  1882-88.  In  1889  he  conducted  a gold-prospecting 
party  through  eastern  Mashonaland,  where  he  made  treat- 
ies, opened  up  roads,  etc.,  returning  to  England  in  1892. 

Selsea,  or  Selsey  (sel'se),  Bill.  A headland  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Sussex,  England, 
15  miles  east-southeast  of  Portsmouth. 

Selters  (zel'ters),  Nieder.  A village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  17  miles  north 
of  Wiesbaden  : famous  for  its  spring  of  Selters 
water,  discovered  in  the  16th  century  (errone- 
ously called  Selzer  water:  see  Selzerbrunnen). 

Selvretta.  See  Silvretta. 

Selwyn  (sel'wiu),  George  Augustus.  Boru 
Aug.  11,  1719:  died  at  London,  Jan.  25,  1791. 
An  English  wit.  In  1745  he  was  expelled  from  Hert- 
ford College,  Oxford,  for  a blasphemous  travesty  of  the 
Eucharist.  I11  1747  he  was  a member  of  Parliament.  He 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  Horace  Walpole. 

Selwyn,  George  Augustus.  Born  April  5, 1809 : 
died  April  11,  1878.  An  English  missionary  and 
bishop.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge.  In 
1829  he  rowed  in  the  first  university  boat-race.  In  1841  he 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  New  Zealand  and  Melanesia. 
In  1867  he  became  bishop  of  Lichfield. 

Selwyn  College.  A college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, founded  in  1882  to  meet  the  wants  of 
students  of  the  Church  of  England  who  cannot 
afford  to  attend  the  more  expensive  colleges. 
It  was  founded  in  memory  of  George  Augustus 
Selwyn,  bishop  of  Lichfield. 

Selzerbrunnen  (selt'ser-bron-nen).  A mineral 
spring  in  Hesse,  near  Grosskarben,  north  of 


Selzerbrunnen 

Frankfort:  noted  for  Selzer  water  (sometimes 
confused  with  Setters  water : see  Setters). 
Semaine  (se-man'),  La.  [F.,‘  The  Week,’  i.  e. 
‘ of  Creation.’]  A descriptive  poem  by  Du  Bar- 
tas,  published  in  1575.  See  Bartas. 

Semao  (sa-ma'd),  or  Simao  (se-ma'o).  A small 
island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  southwest  of 
Timor.  It  belongs  to  the  Dutch. 

Semele  (sem'e-le).  [Gr.  Ze/ieAj/.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  Har- 
monia,  and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Dionysus.  Wish- 
ing to  behold  Zeus  as  the  god  of  thunder,  she  was  con- 
sumed  by  lightning. 

Semele.  A musical  drama,  after  the  manner  of 
an  oratorio,  by  Handel,  it  was  first  played  in  1744 
at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  London.  The  libretto  is  altered 
from  an  opera  by  Congreve  written  in  1707  but  never  played. 

Semendria  (se-men'dre-a),  Serv.  Stnederevo 
(sme-de-re'vo).  A fortified  town  in  Servia.  it  is 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Jesava  and  Danube,  25 
miles  southeast  of  Belgrad.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
1439,  1459,  1690,  and  1738,  and  by  the  Austrians  in  1717 
and  1789.  Population,  7,141. 

Seminara  (sa-me-na'ra).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Reggio  di  Calabria,  southern  Italy,  20 
miles  northeast  of  Reggio.  Here  the  French  under 
D'Aubigny  defeated  Ferdinand  II.  of  Naples  in  1495 ; and 
D'Aubigny  was  defeated  here  and  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Spaniards  under  Andrada,  April  21,  1503.  Population, 
town,  3,861 ; commune,  5,467. 

Seminole(senTi-n61).  [Pl.,also-Ste»ti«o?e8.  Their 
name  means  ‘separatist  ’ or  ‘renegade.’]  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians  composed  of  the 
members  of  the  Creek  Confederacy  who  during 
the  18th  and  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century 
left  the  main  body  and  settled  in  Florida.  They 
were  engaged  in  two  wars  with  the  United  States(1817-18 
and  1835-42).  That  of  1817-18  was  occasioned  by  their  dep- 
redations on  the  frontier  settlements  of  Georgia  and  of 
Alabama  Territory.  General  E.  P.  Gaines  destroyed  an 
Indian  village  on  the  refusal  of  the  inhabitants  to  sur- 
render certain  alleged  murderers,  and  the  Indians  retali- 
ated by  waylaying  a boat  ascending  the  Appalachicola 
with  supplies  for  Fort  Scott,  and  killing  34  men  and  a num- 
ber of  women.  General  Jackson  took  the  field  against  the 
Indians  in  Jan.,  1818,  and  after  a short  but  sharp  campaign 
destroyed  the  Seminole  villages  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
present  city  of  Tallahassee,  in  April.  He  court-martialed 
and  executed  two  British  subjects,  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrist- 
er,  who  were  among  the  captives,  and  whom  he  accused 
of  stirring  up  the  Indians,  and  on  May  24,  1818,  entered 
the  Spanish  town  of  Pensacola,  which  he  claimed  had  given 
refuge  to  the  savages.  The  war  of  1835-42  was  the  most 
bloody  and  stubborn  of  all  those  against  Indian  tribes.  It 
originated  in  the  refusal  of  a part  of  the  tribe  to  cede  their 
Florida  lands  and  remove  to  the  Indian  Territory  accord- 
ing to  a treaty  ratified  in  1834.  Osceola  was  the  Seminole 
leader,  and  the  war  was  conducted  with  varying  success 
under  Scott,  Call,  Jesup,  Taylor,  and  others,  till  the  sub- 
jugation of  the  Indians  in  1842.  The  number  of  Seminoles 
finally  removed  in  1843  was  officially  reported  as  3,824. 
Those  who  reached  the  Indian  Territory  constituted  one 
of  the  five  “civilized  nations”  there,  now  numbering  about 
3,000,  including  negroes  and  adopted  whites,  and  more  than 
200  remain  in  southern  Florida.  See  Muskhogean. 
Semipalatinsk  ( se  -me-pa-la-tinsk' ) . 1 . A prov- 
ince in  the  Kirghiz  Steppe,  Russian  Central 
Asia.  It  lies  to  the  south  of  Siberia,  and  borders  on  the 
Chinese  empire  on  the  east  and  Lake  Balkash  on  the  south. 
Besides  steppes,  it  contains  several  mountain-ranges,  in- 
cluding chains  of  the  Altai.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Irtish. 
Area,  178,320  square  miles.  Population,  802,300  (chiefly 
Kirghiz). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Semipala- 
tinsk, situated  on  the  Irtish  about  lat.  50°  25' 
N.,  long.  80°  13'  E.  It  is  an  important  trading 
center  for  central  Asia.  Population,  36,040. 
Semir amide  (se-me-ra'mi-de).  [It.,  “Semira- 
mis.”]  The  name  of  various  Italian  operas.  The 
most  important  are  “ Semiramide,”by  Rossini,  libretto  by 
Rossi  (produced  at  Venice,  1823);  and  “ Semiramide  Rico- 
nosciuta,"  by  Gluck,  libretto  by  Metastasio  (produced  at 
Venice,  1748). 

Semir  amis  (se-mir'a-mis).  [Assyr.  Sammu- 
ramat,  loving  doves ; Gr.  Sepipagic;.']  In  the 
Greek  historiographers,  wife  of  Ninus  the 
founder  of  Nineveh,  she  was  the  daughter  of  the 
Syrian  goddess  Derketo,  and  was  endowed  with  surpassing 
beauty  and  wisdom.  She  assumed  the  government  of  As- 
syria after  her  husband’s  death  ; built  the  city  of  Babylon 
with  its  hanging  gardens,  the  temple  of  Bel,  and  the  bridge 
over  the  Euphrates ; conquered  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  and  Libya ; 
and  organized  a campaign  against  India  : in  short,  every- 
thing marvelous  in  the  Orient  was  ascribed  by  the  Greeks 
to  the  supernatural  queen.  These  statements  of  Greek 
writers  find  no  confirmation  in  the  cuneiform  monuments. 
Some  of  the  exploits  of  Semiramis  are  identical  with  those 
recorded  of  the  goddess  Ishtar  in  the  so-called  Nimrod  epic. 
It  is  possible,  however,  that  there  was  some  historical  foun- 
dation for  these  legends,  as  the  name  Sammuramat  occurs 
in  the  inscriptions  as  the  queen  of  Ramman-Nirari  III. 
(811-782  b.  o.).  She  is  the  only  Assyrian  queen  whose  name 
is  recorded  on  the  monuments. 

Semiramis.  See  Semiramide. 

Semiramis  of  the  North,  The.  1.  Margaret, 
queen  of  Norway,  Denmark,  and  Sweden. — 2. 
Catharine  H.  of  Russia. 

Semiryetchensk  (se-me-rye-cheDsk').  A prov- 
ince in  the  governor-generalship  of  Turkestan, 
Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  south  of  Lake 
Balkash,  and  bordering  on  the  Chinese  empire 


916 

on  the  east.  It  contains  steppes  and  various  mountain- 
ranges,  including  part  of  the  Tian-Shan.  The  chief  rivers 
are  the  Ili  and  others  belonging  to  the  basin  of  Lake  Bal- 
kash.  Area,  144,550  square  miles.  Population,  1,480,400 
(hugely  Kirghiz). 

Semites(sernTts).  Thedescendants,  or  supposed 
descendants,  of  Shem,  son  of  Noah:  a name 
given  by  Eiclihorn  to  the  Hebrews  and  allied 
races  in  southwestern  Asia  and  eastern  Africa. 

The  true  Semite,  whether  we  meet  with  him  in  the  des- 
erts and  towns  of  Arabia,  in  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  Assyrian 
palaces,  or  in  the  lanes  of  some  European  ghetto,  is  dis- 
tinguished by  ethnological  features  as  definite  as  the  philo- 
logical features  which  distinguish  the  Semitic  languages. 
He  belongs  to  the  white  race,  using  the  term  ‘'race"  in 
its  broadest  sense.  But  the  division  of  the  white  race 
of  which  he  is  a member  has  characteristics  of  its 
own  so  marked  and  peculiar  as  to  constitute  a special 
race  — or,  more  strictly  speaking,  a sub-race.  The  hair 
is  glossy-black,  curly  and  strong,  and  is  largely  developed 
on  the  face  and  head.  The  skull  is  dolichocephalic.  It  is 
curious,  however,  that  in  Central  Europe  an  examination 
of  the  Jews  has  shown  that  while  about  15  per  cent,  are 
blonds,  only  25  per  cent,  are  brunettes,  the  rest  being  of 
intermediate  type,  and  thatbrachycephalismoccurs  almost 
exclusively  among  the  brunettes.  It  is  difficult  to  account 
for  this  except  on  the  theory  of  extensive  mixt  ure  of  bloijd. 
Whenever  the  race  is  pure,  the  nose  is  prominent  and 
somewhat  aquiline,  the  lips  are  thick,  and  the  face  oval. 
The  skin  is  of  a dull  white,  which  tans  but  does  not  redden 
under  exposure  to  the  sun.  There  is  usually,  however,  a 
good  deal  of  colour  in  the  lips  and  cheeks.  The  eyes  are 
dark  like  the  hair.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  77. 

Semler  (zem'ler),  Johann  Salomo.  Born  at 
Saalfeld,  Thuringia,  Dec.  18,  1725:  died  March 
14, 1791.  A German  Protestanttheologian,  critic, 
and  church  historian,  professor  at  Halle  : some- 
times styled  the  “ father  of  German  rational- 
ism.” Among  his  works  are  “ Abhandlung  von  der  Un- 
tersuchung  des  Kanons  ” (“Treatise  on  the  Investigation 
of  the  Canon,”  1771-75),  “Selecta  capita  historiae  ecclesias- 
ticse  ” (1767-69),  etc. 

Semliki  (sem-le'ke).  A river  in  central  Africa 
which  forms  the  outlet  of  Lake  Albert  Edward 
Nyanza  into  Lake  Albert  Nyanza. 

Semlin  (sem-len'),Hung.  Zimony  (zim'ony), 
Servian  Zemun  (ze-mon').  A city  in  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Danube,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Save,  nearly  op- 
posite Belgrad.  It  has  important  transit  trade 
with  the  Balkan  peninsula.  Population,  about 
15,100. 

Semmering,  or  Semering  (zem'er-ing),  or  Som- 
mering  (zem'mer-ing).  A pass  in  the  Alps,  on 
the  border  of  Styria  and  Lower  Austria,  often 
regarded  as  marking  the  eastern  limit  of  the 
Alps.  It  has  been  traversed  since  1854  by  the  Semmer- 
ing Railway,  connecting  Gloggnitz  with  Miirzzuschlag,  and 
more  remotely  Vienna  with  Laibach,  Triest,  Italy,  etc. 
Height  at  the  tunnel,  2,940  feet. 

Semmering  Alps.  A branch  of  the  Alps,  on  the 
borders  of  Styi’ia  and  Lower  Austria.  Greatest 
elevation,  about  4,500  feet. 

Semmes  (semz),  Raphael.  Born  in  Charles 
County,  Md.,  Sept.  27, 1809:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala., 
Aug.  30, 1877.  A noted  Confederate  naval  com- 
mander. He  served  in  the  Mexican  war ; and  was  com- 
mander of  the  privateer  Sumter  in  1861,  and  of  the  cele- 
brated privateer  Alabama  1862-64.  (See  Alabama  and 
Kearsarge.)  He  published  “ Service  Afloat  and  Ashore  dur- 
ing the  Mexican  War  ”(1851),  “Campaign  of  General  Scott 
in  the  Valley  of  Mexico  ” (1852),  “Cruise  of  the  Alabama  ” 
(1864),  and  “ Service  Afloat  during  the  War  between  the 
States  ” (1869). 

Semneh  (sem'ne).  AnancientfortressinEgypt, 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Nile,  south  of  the  sec- 
ond cataract : built  to  check  the  Cushites. 

Semnones  (sem-no'nez  or  sem'no-nez).  [L. 
(Tacitus)  Semnones,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Sr/mare?.]  A 
German  tribe,  a principal  branch  of  the  Suevi, 
first  mentioned  by  Strabo,  who  describes  them 
as  subject  to  Maroboduus.  They  were  situated  about 
the  middle  Elbe  eastward  to  the  Oder.  They  are  named 
for  the  last  time  at  the  end  of  the  2d  century,  in  the  so- 
called  Marcomannic  war. 

Sempach  (zem'pach).  A small  town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Sempach  8 miles  northwest  of  Lucerne. 
A victory  gained  here  by  the  Swiss  Confederates  over  the 
Austrians  under  Duke  Leopold,  July  9,  1386,  secured  the 
independence  of  the  Swiss.  Compare  Winkelried. 

Sempach,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  Switzerland,  8 miles  northwest  of  Lu- 
cerne. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Suhr  to  the  Aare. 
Length,  5 miles. 

Sempronia  (sem-pro'ni-a).  A character  in  Ben 
Jonson’s  “Catiline.”  “ She  dabbles  in  politics,  reads 
Greek,  and  thinks  herself  the  match  of  Cicero  in  eloquence, 
of  Caesar  in  statecraft.”  Symonds. 

Sempronia  gens  (sem-pro'ni-a  jenz).  A Roman 
house  or  clan  containing  several  noted  families 
in  the  time  of  the  republic,  the  most  famous  of 
which  was  the  family  of  the  Gracchi. 

Sempronius  (sem-pro'ni-us).  1.  A character  in 
Shakspere’s  “ Timon  of  Athens.”  — 2.  A char- 
acter in  Addison’s  tragedy  “ Cato.” 


Seneca 

Sempronius  (Tiberius  Sempronius  Longus). 

Died  about  210  B.  C.  A Roman  consul  in  218 
b.  c.  He  was  a colleague  of  Publius  Scipio, 
with  whom  he  was  defeated  by  Hannibal  on 
the  Trebia. 

Semur  ( se-miir ' ) . A town  in  the  department  of 
Cote-d’Or,  France,  situated  on  the  Armamjon 
36  miles  west-northwest  of  Dijon.  Notre  Dame  is 
an  unusually  beautiful  church  of  the  13th  century,  with 
triple  porch,  fine  sculptured  portals,  and  interior  of  ex- 
cellent proportions  and  details.  There  is  fine  glass,  and 
the  chapels  contain  noteworthy  scriptural  reliefs.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  3,512. 

Senaar.  See  Sennar. 

Senancour  (se-non-kor'),  Etienne  Pivert  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  1770:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  France, 
1846.  A French  ^ethical  writer,  moral  essayist, 
and  disciple  of  Rousseau.  Among  his  works  are 
“Reveries  sur  la  nature  primitive  de  l’homme"  (1799), 
“Obermann  ” (1804 : which  see),  “ De  l’amour  selon  les  lois 
primordiales,  etc.”  (1805),  “Observations  sur  le  g^nie  du 
Christianisme  ” (1816),  a number  of  resumes  of  history, 
tradition,  etc.  (1821-27),  “Isabella,"  a romance  (1833),  etc. 

Senate.  [L.  senatus,  from  senex,  old.]  1.  In 
ancient  Rome,  a body  of  citizens  appointed  or 
elected  from  among  the  patricians,  and  later 
from  among  rich  plebeians  also,  or  taking  seats 
by  virtue  of  holding  or  of  having  held  certain 
high  offices  of  state.  Originally  the  senate  had  supreme 
authority  in  religious  matters,  much  legislative  and  judi- 
cial power,  the  management  of  foreign  affairs,  etc.  At 
the  close  of  the  republic,  however,  and  under  the  empire, 
the  authority  of  the  senate  was  little  more  than  nominal. 
The  original  senate  of  the  patricians  numbered  100 ; after 
the  adjunction  of  the  Sabines  and  Luceres,  the  number 
became  300,  and  so  remained  with  little  change  until  the 
supremacy  of  Sulla.  Julius  Caesar  made  the  number  900, 
and  after  his  death  it  became  over  1,000,  but  was  reduced 
to  600  by  Augustus,  and  varied  under  subsequent  em- 
perors. 

2.  The  upper  or  less  numerous  branch  of  the 
legislature  in  various  countries,' as  in  France, 
Italy,  the  United  States,  most  South  American 
countries,  and  in  the  separate  States  of  the 
American  Union.  The  Senate  of  theUnited  States  con- 
sists of  2 senators  from  each  State,  and  numbers  96  mem- 
bers. A senator  must  be  at  least  30  years  of  age,  9 years 
a citizen  of  the  country,  and  a resident  of  the  State  from 
which  he  is  chosen.  Senators  (from  1913)  are  elected  by 
direct  vote,  and  sit  for  6 years,  but  the  terms  of  office  are 
so  arranged  that  one  third  of  the  members  retire  every  2 
years.  In  addition  to  its  legislative  functions,  the  Senate 
has  power  to  confirm  or  reject  nominations  and  treaties 
made  by  the  President,  and  also  tries  impeachments.  The 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  is  the  president  of  the 
Senate : in  his  absence  a senator  is  chosen  president  pro 
tempore.  The  name  Senate  has  been  adopted  by  the  upper 
houses  of  the  Canadian  Parliament,  of  the  Commonwealth 
of  Australia,  and  of  the  Union  of  South  Africa. 

Senchus  Mor  (sen'ckos  mor),  The.  [Ir.,  ‘The 
Great  Law.’]  A revision  of  the  Brehon  laws  of 
Ireland,  said  to  have  been  made  by  the  chief 
lawyers  of  the  country,  with  the  assistance  of 
St.  Patrick,  in  the  5th  century. 

Sendabad.  See  Sandabar. 

Sendai  (sen-di').  A town  in  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast.  Popula- 
tion, 97,944. 

Seneca  (sen'e-ka).  [PL,  also -Senecas.]  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  The  name  is  foreign 
to  their  language,  and  is  probably  a corruption  of  a word 
meaning  ‘red  paint.’  They  called  themselves  by  a name 
meaning  ‘people  of  the  mountain.’  The  French  called 
them  Tsonnontouan.  They  shared  with  the  Mohawks  the 
glory  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy,  and  wire  conspicuous 
in  the  wars  west  of  Lake  Erie.  When  first  known  they  oc- 
cupied the  land  in  western  New  York  between  Seneca 
Lake  and  the  Genesee  River.  On  the  defeat  of  the  Erie  and 
the  Neuter  tribes,  they  took  possession  of  the  territory  west 
to  Lake  Erie  and  south  along  the  Allegheny  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  received  by  adoption  many  of  the  conquered  peo- 
ples, by  which  they  became  the  largest  tribe  of  the  con- 
federacy. They  sided  with  the  British  in  the  Revolution, 
but  did  not  generally  abandon  their  homes.  They  num- 
ber about  3,000.  See  Iroquois. 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus.  Born  at  Corduba 
about  4 b.  c. : died  at  his  villa  near  Rome, 
65  A.  D.  A celebrated  Roman  Stoic  philoso- 
pher. He  was  the  son  of  M.  Annseus  Seneca  and  Helvia, 
and  when  a child  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Rome, 
where  he  studied  rhetoric  and  philosophy  and  rose  to 
prominence  as  a pleader  of  causes.  Hewas  a senator  un- 
der Caligula.  In  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Caligula’s 
successor,  Claudius  (41),  he  was  banished  to  Corsica  at  the 
instigation  of  the  empress  Messalina,  who  accused  him  of 
improper  intimacy  with  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Germani- 
cus.  He  was  recalled  in  49  through  theinfluence  of  Agrip- 
pina, the  new  wife  of  Claudius,  who  intrusted  him  with 
the  education  of  her  son  Nero.  On  the  accession  of  his 
pupil  in  54  he  obtained  virtual  control  of  the  government, 
which  he  exercised  in  concert  with  the  pretorian  prefect 
Burrus.  The  restraint  which  his  counsel  imposed  on  *he 
emperor  made  his  tenure  of  power  precarious,  and  on  the 
assassination  of  Burrus  in  62  he  petitioned  for  permission 
to  retire  from  the  court.  The  permission  was  withheld  : 
nevertheless  he  withdrew  from  the  management  of  affairs. 
He  was  ultimately  charged  with  complicity  in  the  con- 
spiracy of  Piso,  and  took  bis  own  life  in  obedience  to  the 
order  of  Nero.  His  writings  consist  of  the  prose  works 
“De  ira,”  “De  consolatione  ad  Helviam  matrem  liber," 
“ De  consolatione  ad  Polybium  liber,"  “ Liber  de  consola- 
tione  ad  Marciam,”“De  providentia  liber,”  “De  animi 


917 


Seneca 

tranquilitate,"  " Do  constantia  sapientis,”  “ De  dementia 
ad  Neronem  Csesarem  libri  duo,"  “De  brevitate  vitae  ad 
Paulinum  liber,"  “De  vita  beata  ad  Gallionem,”  “ De  otio 
aut  secessu  sapientis,”  “ De  beneficiis  libri  septem,"  “ Epis- 
tolte  ad  Lucilium,"  “ Apocolocyntosis,  ” and  “Qusestionum 
naturalium  libri  septem";  and  the  tragedies  “Hercules,” 
“Troades,"  “ Phoenissse ” or  "Thebais,”  “Medea,”  “Phai- 
dra"  or  “ Hippolytus,”  “(Edipus,"  “ Agamemnon,”  “ Thy- 
estes,”  “Hercules  CEtaeus,"  and,  according  to  some,  “Oc- 
tavia.  ” 

Seneca  Falls.  A village  and  township  in  Sene- 
ca County,  New  York,  situated  on  Seneca  River 
45  miles  east-southeast  of  Rochester.  It  has  va- 
rious manufactures.  Pop.,  village,  6,588,  (1910). 

Seneca  Lake.  A lake  in  western  central  New 
York,  west  of  Cayuga  Lake.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Seneca  River.  Length,  about  36  miles.  Great- 
est breadth,  4 miles. 

Senefelder  (za'ne-fel-der),  Aloys.  Born  at 
Prague,  Nov.  6,  1771:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  26, 
1834.  A German  inventor,  discoverer  of  the  pro- 
cess of  lithography  (1798). 

Seneffe  (se-nef').  A village  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  22  miles  south  by  west  of 
Brussels.  Here,  Aug.  11,  1674,  an  indecisive  battle  was 
fought  by  the  French  under  Conde  and  the  Dutch  under 
William  of  Orange ; and  here,  July  2,  1794,  the  French 
under  Marceau  defeated  the  Austrians. 

Senegal  (sen-e-gal').  A river  in  western  Africa, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Bating  and  Bakhoy. 
It  flows  generaHy  northwest  and  west,  and  empties  into 
the  Atlantic  about  lat.  16“  N.  Length,  about  1,000  miles ; 

★ anvigable  to  Mafu,  and  in  the  raiuy  season  to  Medine. 

Sen6gal  (sa-na-gal').  Acolonyinwestern Africa, 
belonging  to  France.  Capital,  St.  Louis,  it  lies 
mainly  south  of  the  river  Senegal,  and  extends  eastward  to 
theupper  Niger  valley.  Various  native  states  in  the  vicinity 
are  under  a French  protectorate.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly 
negroes.  It  became  a French  colony  in  the  17th  century; 
was  twice  held  temporarily  by  the  British ; and  was  greatly 
developed  under  Faidherbe  in  1854  and  succeeding  years. 

Senegambia  (sen-e-gam'bi-a).  [From  Sene(gal) 
and  Gambia .]  A region  in  western  Africa,  ex- 
tending along  the  Atlantic  coast  south  of  the 
Sahara  (from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the 
Senegal)  to  Sierra  Leone,  and  eastward  to  the 
upper  Niger  valley.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Sen- 
egal and  Gambia.  It  is  divided  between  the  French  (colony 
of  Senegal),  English  (Gambia,  etc.),  and  Portuguese  (Bis- 
sagos  Archipelago,  etc.).  See  also  Sudan,  French,  and 
•kSenegal-Niger  Colony,  Upper. 

Senior  (se'nyor),  Nassau  William.  Born  at 
Compton,  Berkshire,  England,  Sept.  26,  1790 : 
died  at  Kensington,  June  4,  1864.  An  English 
political  economist  and  critic.  At  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  he  was  a private  pupil  of  Richard  Whately 
(afterward  archbishop  of  Dublin).  He  graduated  in  1812 ; 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1819;  and  became  master  in  chan- 
cery in  1836.  From  1825  to  1830  he  was  professor  of  political 
economy  at  Oxford.  He  filled  the  chair  again  1847-52.  He 
was  a member  of  the  Education  Commission  of  1857.  He 
published  “ An  Outline  of  the  Science  of  Political  Economy  ” 
(1836),  a lecture  on  the  “Production  of  Wealth”  (1849), 
“Suggestions  on  Popular  Education"  (1861),  “American 
Slavery"  (1856),  “Essays  on  Fiction ” (1864),  “Historical 
and  Philosophical  Essays"  (1865),  and  many  lectures  and 
essays  on  economic  subjects,  and  journals  of  travels. 

Senkereh  (sen'ke-re).  A place  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Chaldean  city  Larsa.  See  Ellasar. 
Tablets  containing  lists  of  squares  and  cubes  of  numbers 
have  been  found  in  the  ruins. 

Senlac  (sen'lak).  A hill  in  Sussex,  England, 
near  Hastings.  It  is  notable  as  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  Senlac  (or  battle  of  Hastings),  Oct.  14,  1066,  in  which 
William  the  Norman  (William  I.  of  England,  William  the 
Conqueror)  defeated  the  English  under  Harold,  who  was 
slain  in  the  battle.  This  was  the  one  battle  fought  in  the 
Norman  conquest  of  England. 

Senlis  (son-les'  or  son-le').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  No- 
nette  25  miles  north-northeast  of  Paris,  it  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  a bishopric.  The  cathedral  is  an  in- 
teresting church  of  the  12th  century  and  later.  The  west- 
ern facade  possesses  a very  fine  sculptured  portal  and  a 
13th-century  spire  which,  though  not  very  lofty  (211  feet), 
is  a model  of  grace,  and  forms  an  architectural  type  for  its 
date.  Sixteen  towers  of  the  Gallo-Roman  fortifications 
are  still  to  be  seen.  The  town  is  of  ten  mentioned  in  medie- 
val history.  Population,  commune,  7,126. 

Sennaar.  See  Sennar. 

Sennacherib  (se-nak'e-rib).  [Assyr.  Sin-ahe- 
erba,  Sin  (the  moon-god)  increase  the  brothers.] 
King  of  Assyria  705-681  b.  c.,  son  and  successor 
of  Sargon : one  of  the  great  Assyrian  monarchs, 
and  well  known  in  biblical  history.  He  was  first 
engaged,  like  his  father,  in  many  bloody  wars  against  the 
Babylonian  and  Elamite  alliance  headed  by  Merodach- 
baladan,  the  hereditary  foe  of  Assyria.  These  ended  with 
the  capture  and  destruction  of  Babylon  in  689,  and  the  de- 
feat of  Elam  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Halule  in  691 
B.  c.  (See  Flam.)  Of  his  further  expeditions,  which  ac- 
cording to  Greek  and  cuneiform  accounts  reached  as  far  as 
Cilicia  in  Asia  Minor,  where  he  is  supposed  to  have  founded 
the  city  of  Tarsus,  may  be  mentioned  that  against  Phenicia 
and  Palestine  known  from  the  Old  Testament.  (Concern- 
ing therelation  of  the  biblical  account  to  that  of  the  cunei- 
form inscriptions,  see  Hezekiah  and  Jerusalem.)  The 
expedition  was  provoked  by  the  coalition  of  Phenicia, 
Palestine,  and  the  principalities  of  Syria  with  Egypt, 
Mesopotamia's  rival  for  the  supremacy  over  Asia,  and  its 
object  was  to  isolate  Egypt.  The  bulk  of  the  Assyrian 


army  met  the  forces  of  the  coalition  at  Eltekeh  (Assyrian 
Altaku).  The  battle  seems  to  have  been  indecisive.  The 
siege  of  Jerusalem  had  to  be  given  up  on  account  of  a pes- 
tilence which  broke  out  in  the  Assyrian  army.  Like  Sargon, 
Sennacherib  indulged  in  building,  and  endeavored  to  pro- 
mote the  welfare  of  the  country  by  introducing  improve- 
ments. His  reign  was  of  special  importance  for  the  his- 
tory of  the  city  of  Nineveh,  which,  after  having  long  been 
neglected,  was  again  raised  by  him  to  the  dignity  of  a capi- 
tal, and  restored  to  unprecedented  splendor  and  glory. 
While  praying  in  a temple  he  was  murdered  by  two  of  his 
sons,  who  fled  to  Armenia  (Urartu). 

Sennar,  or  Sennaar,  or  Senaar  (se-nar').  1.  A 
region  iu  eastern  Africa.  It  extends  between  the 
White  Nile  and  the  Rahad  (a  tributary  of  the  Blue  Nile) 
southward  from  Khartum  to  about  lat.  11°  N.  The  sur- 
face, generally  level,  is  mountainous  in  the  southeast.  Be- 
fore the  Mahdist  revolt  of  1881  it  was  a province  of  the 
Egyptian  Sudan,  and  is  now  a province  of  the  Anglo- Egyp- 
tian Sudan.  The  inhabitants  are  Arabs,  Funji(Negro),  etc. 
Capital,  Singa. 

2.  Formerly,  the  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
Sennar,  situated  on  the  Blue  Nile. 

Sennheim  (zen'him),  F.  Cernay  (ser-na/).  A 
town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situ- 
ated on  the  Thur  9 miles  northwest  of  Miil- 
hausen.  Near  it  is  the  Ochsenfeld,  where  Caesar  is  said 
to  have  defeated  Ariovistus  58  B.  c.  Pop.,  commune,  5,214. 

Senonais  (sa-no-na').  A former  division  of  the 
ancient  Champagne,  in  France.  Capital,  Sens. 
Senones  (sen'o-nez).  1.  In  ancient  history,  a 
people  of  the  Cisalpine  Gauls,  dwelling  between 
the  Adriatic  and  the  Apennines,  about  lat.  43° 
30'-44°  N.  They  were  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
mans about  283  b.  c.  and  expelled  from  their 
lands. — 2.  In  ancient  history,  a tribe  in  central 
Gaul,  situated  northwest  of  the  AUdui,  and  hav- 
ing Agedincum  (Sens)  as  their  capital.  They 
revolted  against  Caesar  54-52  B.  c. 

Senones  (se-non').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  eastern  France,  41  miles  southeast 
of  Nancy.  Population,  commune,  4,343. 
Senova  (sa-no'va).  A place  south  of  the  Bal- 
kans, in  the  Valley  of  Roses,  Eastern  Rumelia, 
where  the  Russians  under  Skobeleff  defeated 
the  Turks,  Jan.  9,  1878. 

Sens  (sons).  A city  in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Yonne  61  miles  south- 
east of  Paris:  the  ancient  Agedincum.  The 
Cathedral  of  St.  Etienne  is  a beautiful  early-Pointed 
structure,  rebuilt  in  the  12th  century,  and  taken  as  a 
model  by  the  architect  of  Canterbury  cathedral.  There 
are  remains  of  Roman  walls.  The  town  was  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  Senones,  and  became  an  important  Roman  city. 
Its  archbishop  was  “primate  of  Gaul  and  Germany.”  It 
was  the  meeting-place  of  the  church  council  which  con- 
demned Abelard.  It  favored  the  League  and  resisted 
Henry  IV.  until  1594.  It  was  besieged  in  1814,  and  was 
held  by  the  Germans  in  1870-71.  Pop.,  commune,  15,007. 

Sense  and  Sensibility.  A novel  by  Jane 
Austen,  written  during  1797-98  and  published 
in  1811. 

Sent  (sent),  or  Senta  (sen'ta).  An  Egyptian 
king.  See  the  extract. 

It  is  even  possible  to  go  back  for  another  500  years, 
when  we  come  at  last  to  the  very  earliest  extant  inscrip- 
tion in  the  world.  This  venerable  record  is  a tablet  now 
in  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford,  which  was  erected 
by  Sent,  a king  of  the  second  dynasty,  to  the  memory  of 
Shera,  who  appears  to  have  been  his  grandson.  According 
to  the  chronological  scheme  of  M.  Mariette,  King  Sent 
must  have  lived  about  the  year  4700  b.  c.  But,  as  will  pres- 
ently be  shown,  this  very  inscription,  the  oldest  written 
record  in  existence,  affords  conclusive  proof  that  even  at 
that  distant  date  of  some  60  or  70  centuries,  the  hiero- 
glyphic writing  was  already  an  extremely  ancient  graphic 
system,  with  long  ages  of  previous  development  stretch- 
ing out  behind  it  into  a distant  past  of  almost  inconceiva- 
ble remoteness.  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  56. 

Sentimental  Journey  through  France  and 
Italy,  A.  A work  by  Laurence  Sterne,  two 
volumes  of  which  were  published  shortly  before 
his  death  in  1768.  He  intended  to  make  it  a much 
larger  work.  Several  continuations  have  been  written  by 
others. 

Sentinum  (sen-ti'num).  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  in  Italy,  near  the  Apennines,  37  miles 
west-southwest  of  Ancona:  the  modern  Sen- 
tmo.  It  is  noted  for  the  decisive  victory  gained  there 
295  B.  C.  by  the  Romans  under  Fabius  and  Decius  Mus 
over  the  allied  Samnites  and  Gauls. 

Sentis,  or  Santis  (sen'tis).  A mountain  in 
Switzerland,  6 miles  south  of  Appenzell.  It  is 
about  8,215  feet  high,  and  is  most  easily  as- 
cended from  the  Weissbad. 

Seoni,  or  Seonee  (se-6'ne).  1.  Adistrictinthe 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  22°  N.,  long.  79°  45'  E.  Area,  3,206  square 
miles.  Population,  327,709. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Seoni.  Population,  11,864. 
Seoul.  See  Seal. 

Sepharad  (sef'a-rad).  A region  where  de- 
ported Israelites  lived.  Its  geographical  location  is 
uncertain.  The  Septuagint  renders  it  by  Ephratha,  the 
Vulgate  by  Bosphorus.  Some  identify  it  with  Spard  which 
occurs  iu  the  Persian  cuneiform  inscriptions,  and  which  is 


Septennial  Act 

supposed  to  represent  Sardis  and  Lydia ; others  with  Se« 
parda  in  the  southwest  of  Media,  mentioned  in  Sargon’s 
inscriptions  ; still  others  with  Sepurd,  a mountain  south- 
west of  Erzerum.  The  Syriac  translation  of  the  Peshita  and 
Jewish  interpreters  render  it  by  Spain,  and  in  medieval  and 
modern  Jewish  writings  the  name  always  designates  Spain. 

Sephardim  (se-far'dim).  [Heb.]  Spanish-Por- 
tuguese  Jews,  as  distinguished  from  Ashkena 
zim,  or  German-Polish  Jews.  See  Ashkenazim , 
Sephardo  (se-f  ar'do) , Salomo.  In  George  Eliot’s 
“ Spanish  Gipsy,”  a Jewish  astrologer  who  per- 
ceives clearly  the  scientific  limits  to  astrologi- 
cal prediction. 

Sepharvaim  (sef-ar-va'im).  In  the  Assyrian 
inscriptions,  Sippara,  a city  in  Mesopotamia,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  it  was  divided  by 
the  “Royal  Canal  ’’  or  the  “Canal  of  Agade,”  one  part  be- 
ing originally  called  Sippar,  the  other  Agade ; but  the 
name  of  Agade,  it  seems,  was  lost  in  the  lapse  of  time,  and 
both  cities  became  one.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions 
the  two  portions  of  the  city  are  distinguished  as  “Sippar 
ofShamash”  and  “Sipparof  Annuit,”  being  centers  of  the 
cult  of  these  divinities.  The  temple  of  Shamash,  the  sun- 
god,  called  E-babbara,  was  also  consecrated  to  the  worship 
of  Moloch,  who  was  the  sun-god  in  his  destructive  aspect. 
This  agrees  with  2 Ki.  xvii.  31,  according  to  which  the  colo- 
nists from  Sepharvaim  settled  in  Samaria  “burned  their 
sons  with  fire  to  Adrammelech  and  Anammelech.”  Seph- 
arvaim is  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of  Abuhabba, 
where,  in  1881,  Hormuzd  Rassam  discovered  the  temple 
of  the  sun-god. 

Sephestia(se-fes'tia).  In  Greene’s  novel  “Mena- 
phon,”  the  banished  daughter  of  King  Damo- 
cles, beloved  by  the  shepherd  Menaphon.  While 
disguised  as  the  shepherdess  Samela,  she  is  also  the  object 
of  the  passion  of  her  father,  her  husband  Maximus,  and  her 
son  Pleusidippus.  Her  song  to  her  child  — 

“Weep  not,  my  wanton,  smile  upon  my  knee  : 

When  thou  art  old,  there ’s  grief  enough  for  thee 
is  well  known. 

Sephiroth  (sef'i-roth).  [Heb.,  from  saphar, 
write,  count.]  In  the  Kabbala,  the  ten  attri- 
butes or  intelligences  forming  the  Adam  Kad- 
mon  (first  man)  and  emanating  from  the  En- 
Soph  or  Infinite  : compared  to  rays  of  light,  and 
identified  with  Scripture  names  of  God. 

Sepoy  Mutiny.  See  Indian  Mutiny. 

Sepp  (sep),  Johann  Nepomuk.  Born  at  Tolz, 
Bavaria,  Aug.  7,  1816:  died  at  Munich,  June 
11, 1909.  A German  Roman  Catholic  theologian 
and  historian,  professor  of  history  at  Munich 
1846-47  and  1850-67.  His  works  include  “ Leben  Jesu  ” 
(“Life  of  Jesus,”  1842-46),  etc. 

Sepphoris  (sef 'o-ris).  [In  the  Talmud,  Zippori.'] 
The  modern  village  Sefuriyeh,  situated  1 } miles 
distant  from  Nazareth.  Herod  Antipas  made  it  the 
capital  of  Galilee.  Its  Roman  name  was  Diocsesarea. 
Under  Rabbi  Jehuda  the  Prince  (ha  Nasi)  it  became  the 
seat  of  the  Sanhedrim ; later  it  was  the  residence  of  a 
bishop  of  Palestina  Secunda.  In  339  (under  Constan- 
tine) it  was  destroyed  in  consequence  of  a revolt  of  the 
Jews.  During  the  Crusades,  the  tradition  that  Sepphoris 
was  the  home  of  Joachim  and  Anna,  the  parents  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,  was  generally  accepted,  and  the  Crusaders 
erected  a church  on  the  traditional  site  of  their  dwelling. 
The  modern  Sefuriyeh  numbers  about  600  inhabitants. 
September  (sep-tem'ber).  [L.  September , sc. 
mensis,  the  ‘ seventh  month’  of  the  Roman  year, 
which  began  with  March.]  The  ninth  month 
of  the  year,  containing  thirty  days. 
September,  Massacres  of.  A series  of  murders 
perpetrated  by  the  extreme  revolutionists  at 
Paris,  Sept.  2-6,  1792,  the  victims  being  royal- 
ists and  constitutionalists  confined  in  prison. 
The  massacres  were  undertaken  by  the  Commune  of  Paris, 
and  were  occasioned  by  the  consternation  felt  over  the 
approach  of  the  Prussians,  whose  avowed  object  was  to 
restore  the  king. 

Danton  believed  that  before  going  forth  to  conquer 
foreign  enemies  it  was  necessary  to  exterminate  those  at 
home,  at  least  to  “ strike  terror  to  the  royalists.”  He  or- 
dered, or  allowed  the  committee  of  surveillance  to  order, 
the  frightful  massacres  of  September  2-6.  A band  of  four 
or  five  hundred  assassins,  hired  by  the  Commune,  took 
possession  of  the  prisons.  Some  of  them  constituted  them- 
selves a tribunal,  others  served  as  executioners.  The  pris- 
oners were  called,  and  after  a few  questions  they  were  set 
at  liberty  or  led  into  the  courtyard  of  the  prison  and  de- 
spatched with  sabres,  pikes,  axes,  and  clubs.  After  having 
killed  the  political  prisoners,  they  murdered  prisoners  of 
all  classes.  The  number  of  killed  amounted  to  nine  hun- 
dred and  sixty-six.  Duruy,  Hist,  of  France,  p.  552  (trails.). 

September  Convention.  A treaty  concluded 
Sept.  15, 1864,  between  France  and  Italy,  in  ac- 
cordance with  which  France  was  to  withdraw 
troops  from  Rome  in  two  years,  and  Italy  was  to 
guarantee  the  retention  of  Rome  by  the  Pope. 
September  Laws.  In  French  history,  laws  re- 
stricting the  freedom  of  the  press,  p romulgated 
in  Sept.,  1835. 

Septembrists  (sep-tem'brists).  1.  The  insti- 
gators of  the  September  massacres  in  Paris  in 
1792. — 2.  In  Portuguese  history,  the  partizans 
of  the  liberal  constitution  of  Sept.,  1822. 
Septennial  Act.  In  English  history,  an  act  of 
Parliament  passed  in  1716,  which  superseded 


Septennial  Act 

the  Triennial  Act,  and  prolonged  to  seven 
years  the  possible  life  of  Parliament:  Parlia- 
ment must  be  dissolved  at  the  end  of  seven 
years. 

Septentriones  (sep-ten-tri-o'nez).  [From  sep- 
tem,  seven,  and  trio,  a plow-ox.  ] The  seven  stars 
belonging  to  the  constellation  of  the  Great 
Bear  (or  Charles’s  Wain) ; hence,  this  constel- 
lation itself,  which  is  also  called  Septentrio. 
Sept  lies  (set  el).  [F.,  ‘seven  islands.’]  A 
group  of  seven  small  islands,  situated  in  the 
English  Channel  26  miles  northeast  of  Morlaix. 
They  form  a part  of  the  department  of  Cotes- 
du-Nord,  France. 

Septimania  (sep-ti-ma'ni-a),  or  Gotliia  (go'- 
thi-a).  [Named  from  the  seventh  Roman  le- 
gion, which  established  a colony  at  Beterrte 
(Beziers).]  An  ancient  territory  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  France,  of  varying  limits.  Chief 
place,  Narbonne.  It  comprised  part  of  the  Homan 
Narbonensis,  extending  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone  to 
the  Pyrenees  along  the  Mediterranean  coast,  and  north- 
westward to  the  Cbvennes,  and  comprising  also  Nimes  and 
Carcassonne.  It  formed  part  of  the  West-Gothic  kingdom, 
and  was  retained  by  the  West  Goths  in  the  Merovingian 
epoch ; was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  early  in  the  8th 
century ; and  was  conquered  by  Pepin  the  Short  752-759. 
It  was  made  a duchy,  and  in  the  9th  century  became  a 
marquisate.  Later  it  followed  the  fortunes  of  Toulouse. 
Septimer  (zep'ti-mer).  An  Alpine  pass  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. It  leads  from  Bivio  and  the  Oberhalbstein  valley  to 
Casaccia  and  the  valley  of  the  Maira.  Height,  7,682  feet. 
Septimius  Felton.  An  unfinished  story  by  Na- 
thaniel Hawthorne,  published  in  1872,  after  his 
death. 

Septimius  Severus.  See  Severus. 

Septimius  Severus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  ofSep- 
timius  Severus. 

Septinsular  (sep-tin 'sfi-lar)  Republic.  A 

name  sometimes  given  to  the  republic  of  the 
seven  Ionian  Islands. 

Septuagint  (sep'tu-a-jint).  [From  L.  septua- 
ginta,  seventy.]  A Greek  version  of  the  Hebrew 
Scriptures  made,  accord  ingto  tradition,  by  about 
seventy  translators : usually  expressed  by  the 
symbol  LXX  (‘the  Seventy’).  The  legend  is  that 
it  was  made  by  seventy-two  persons  in  seventy-two  days. 
It  is  said  by  Josephus  to  have  been  made  in  the  reign 
and  by  the  order  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  king  of  Egypt, 
about  270  or  280  B.  C.  It  i3  supposed,  however,  by  mod- 
ern critics  that  this  version  of  the  several  books  is  the 
work  not  only  of  different  hands  but  of  separate  times. 
It  is  probable  that  at  first  only  the  Pentateuch  was  trans- 
lated, and  the  remaining  books  gradually;  but  the  trans- 
lation is  believed  to  have  been  completed  by  the  2d  cen- 
tury B.  c.  The  Septuagint  is  written  in  the  Hellenistic 
(Alexandrine)  dialect,  and  is  linguistically  of  great  im- 
portance from  its  effect  upon  the  diction  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, and  as  the  source  of  a large  part  of  the  religious  and 
theological  vocabulary  of  the  Greek  fathers,  and  (through 
the  Old  Latin  version  of  the  Bibleand  the  influence  of  thison 
the  V ulgate)  of  that  of  the  Latin  fathers  also  and  of  all  west- 
ern nations  to  the  present  day.  In  the  Greek  Church  the 
Septuagint  has  been  in  continuous  use  from  the  earliest 
times,  although  other  Greek  versions  (see  Hexapla ) were 
anciently  also  in  circulation,  and  it  is  the  Old  Testament 
still  used  in  that  church.  The  Septuagint  contains  the 
books  called  Apocrypha  intermingled  among  the  other 
books.  It  is  the  version  which  agrees  with  most  of  the 
citations  in  the  New  Testament. 

Sepulcher  (sep'ul-ker),  Knights  of  the  Holy. 

A military  order  established  by  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon  in  1099 to  watch  the  sepulcher  of  Christ. 
Sepulcher,  The  Holy.  The  sepulcher  in  which 
the  body  of  Christ  lay  between  his  burial  and 
resurrection.  Its  traditional  site  at  Jerusalem  has  been 
marked  since  very  early  times  by  a church. 

Sepulveda  (sa-pol'va-Tiiii),  Juan  Ginez  de. 
Born  near  Cordova  about  1490 : died  at  Mariano, 
near  Cordova,  1573.  A Spanish  theologian  and 
historian.  He  was  royal  historiographer  from  1636,  and 
preceptor  of  Prince  Philip,  afterward  Philip  II.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  noted  opponents  of  Las  Casas,  holding  in 
his  treatise  “Democrates  Secundus”  that  war  on  the  In- 
dians and  Indian  slavery  were  justifiable.  Sepulveda’s 
numerous  works  are  all  in  Latin.  They  include  histories 
of  the  reigns  of  Charles  V.  and  Philip  II.,  and  many  the- 
ological treatises.  Referring  to  the  elegance  of  his  Latinity, 
Erasmus  called  him  “the  Spanish  Livy.” 

Sequana  (sek'wa-na).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
Seine. 

Sequani(sek'wa-nl).  Inancienthistory,  apeople 
of  eastern  Gaul  who  dwelt  east  of  the HMui  (from 
whom  they  were  separated  by  the  Saone)  and 
west  of  the  jura.  They  were  allied  with  the  Arverni 
against  the  JEdui.  They  invited  Ariovistus  and  the  Ger- 
mans across  the  Rhine ; allowed  the  Helvetii  passage 
through  their  country  in  68  B.  0.;  and  joined  the  league 
against  Caesar  in  62  B.  c. 

Serafshan.  See  Zerafshan. 

Seraglio  (se-ral'yo).  [It.,  ‘ an  inclosure.’]  The 
chief  or  official  palace  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey 
at  Constantinople.  It  is  of  great  size,  and  contains 
government  buildings,  mosques,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  sultan’s 
harem. 

Seraglio  Point.  The  point  on  the  southern  side 


918 

of  the  Golden  Horn  where  that  inlet  joins  the 
Bosporus. 

The  old  walls  run  out  to  a point,  and  then  wind  round 
to  the  north,  bounding  the  harbour.  The  Point  is  crowned 
by  a group  of  irregular  ruinous  buildings,  and  a few  bet- 
ter preserved  kiosques,  which  are  all  that  remain  of  the 
Seraglio  of  the  Grand  Signior.  Over  them  rise  the  bulbous 
dome  and  cupolas  of  St.  Sophia,  with  its  Turkish  minarets, 
and  beyond  are  other  domes  and  minarets  innumerable. 
Rounding  Seraglio  Point,  the  vessel  glides  into  the  Golden 
Horn  — the  wide  inlet  which  forms  the  splendid  harbour 
of  Constantinople,  and  divides  the  city  into  its  European 
and  its  Turkish  quarters.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  262. 

Serai.  See  Sarai. 

Seraievo.  See  Bosna-Serai. 

Seraing  (se-ran').  A village  in  the  province  of 
LieSge,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Meuse  3 miles 
southwest  of  Liege.  It  is  the  seat  of  a large  establish- 
ment formanufacturing  machinery,  engines,  cast- iron  arti- 
cles, etc.,  founded  by  John  Cockerill  in  1817.  Population, 
commune,  42,638. 

Serajewo,  or  Serajevo.  See  Bosna-Serai. 

Serampur  ( ser-am-por ' ) , or  Ser  ampore  ( ser-am- 
por').  A town  in  Hugli  district,  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  13  miles  north 
of  Calcutta.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  English  Baptist  mis- 
sion. It  belonged  to  Denmark  until  1846.  Population, 
44,451. 

Serang.  See  Ceram. 

Serapeum,  or  Serapeium  (ser-a-pe'um).  [Gr. 

Zeparreiov,  a temple  of  Serapis.]  1.  The  great 
Egyptian  sanctuary  near  Memphis,  where  the 
Apis  bulls  were  buried.  It  was  explored  by 
Mariette  in  1851.  See  Serapis  and  Sakkarali. — 
2.  A famous  temple  of  Serapis  in  ancient  Alex- 
andria, destroyed  by  Theodosius.  See  the  ex- 
tract, and  that  under  Serapis,  below. 

The  Serapion,  at  that  time,  appeared  secure  in  the  su- 
perstition which  connected  this  inviolable  sanctuary,  and 
the  honor  of  its  god,  with  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Nile, 
with  the  fertility  and  existence  of  Egypt,  and,  as  Egypt 
was  the  granary  of  the  East,  the  existence  of  Constanti- 
nople. The  Pagans  had  little  apprehension  that  the  Sera- 
pion itself,  before  many  years,  would  be  levelled  to  the 
ground.  The  temple  of  Serapis,  next  to  that  of  Jupiter 
in  the  Capitol,  was  the  proudest  monument  of  Pagan  reli- 
gious architecture.  Like  the  more  celebrated  structures 
of  the  East,  and  that  of  Jerusalem  in  its  glory,  it  compre- 
hended within  its  precincts  a vast  mass  of  buildings,  of 
which  the  temple  itself  formed  the  center.  It  was  built 
on  an  artificial  hill,  in  the  old  quarter  of  the  city,  called 
Rlvaeotis,  to  which  the  ascent  was  by  a hundred  steps.  All 
the  substructure  was  vaulted  over ; and  in  these  dark  cham- 
bers, which  communicated  with  each  other,  were  supposed 
to  be  carried  on  the  most  fearful  and,  to  the  Christian, 
abominable  mysteries.  All  around  the  spacious  level  plat- 
form were  the  habitations  of  the  priests,  and  of  the  ascet- 
ics dedicated  to  the  worship  of  the  god.  Within  these 
outworks  of  this  city  rather  than  temple  was  a square,  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  with  a magnificent  portico.  In  the 
center  arose  the  temple,  on  pillars  of  enormous  magnitude 
and  beautiful  proportion.  The  work  either  of  Alexander 
himself  or  of  the  first  Ptolemy  aspired  to  unite  the  colossal 
grandeur  of  Egyptian  with  the  fine  harmony  of  Grecian 
art.  MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  III.  150. 

Seraphic  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  seraphicus.  The 

scholastic  theologian  Bonaventura. 

Seraphic  Saint,  The.  St.  Francis  of  Assisi. 

Seraphita(sa-ra-fe'ta).  Anovelby Balzac, pub- 
lished ill  1835.  It  presents  the  destiny  of  woman  as  an 
ascending  series  of  lives  reaching  from  love  of  self  to  love 
of  heaven. 

Serapion,  or  Serapeion.  See  Serapeum. 

Serapionsbriider  (za-ra-pe-ons'briVder),  Die. 
A collection  of  tales  by  E.  T.  A.  Hoffmann,  pub- 
lished 1819-21. 

Serapis  (se-ra'pis).  The  Greek  and  Roman 
name  of  a deity  of  Egyptian  origin  whose  wor- 
ship was  officially  promotedunderthePtolemies, 
and  was  introduced  into  Greece  and  Rome. 
Serapis  was  the  dead  Apis,  honored  under  the  attributes 
of  Osiris ; he  was  lord  of  the  under  world  and  identified 
with  the  Greek  Hades.  His  worship  was  a combination 
of  Egyptian  and  Greek  cults,  and  was  favored  by  the 
Ptolemies  for  political  reasons.  See  Serapeum.  >» 

Egyptian  and  Greek  met  as  worshippers  of  Serapis.  The 
Serapis  of  Egypt  was  said  to  have  been  worshipped  for 
ages  at  Sinope  ; he  was  transported  from  that  city  with  great 
pomp  and  splendor,  to  be  reincorporated,  as  it  were,  and 
reidentified  with  his  ancient  prototype.  . . . The  colossal 
statue  of  Serapis  [in  the  Serapeum]  embodied  these  various 
attributes.  It  filled  the  sanctuary  : its  outstretched  and 
all-embracing  arms  touched  the  walls;  the  right  the  one, 
the  left  the  other.  It  was  said  to  have  been  the  work  of 
Sesostris  ; it  was  made  of  all  the  metals  fused  together  — 
gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  tin  ; it  was  inlaid  with 
all  kinds  of  precious  stones ; the  whole  was  polished,  and 
appeared  of  an  azure  color.  The  measure  or  bushel,  the 
emblem  of  productiveness  or  plenty,  crowned  its  head.  By 
its  side  stood  the  symbolic  three-headed  animal,  one  the 
fore-part  of  a lion,  one  of  a dog,  one  of  a wolf.  In  this  the 
Greeks  saw  the  type  of  their  poetic  Cerberus.  The  serpent, 
the  symbol  of  eternity,  wound  round  the  whole,  and  re- 
turned resting  its  head  on  the  hand  of  the  god. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Cliristianity,  III.  151-152. 

Serawatty  Islands.  See  Serwati. 

Serayevo.  See  Bosna-Serai. 

Serbal  (ser-bal'),  Jebel.  A mountain  in  the  Si- 
naitic  peninsula,  situated  on  the  western  side : 


Seringapatam 

sometimes  identified  with  the  biblical  Sinai. 
Height,  over  6,000  feet. 

Serbati.  See  Rosmini-Serbati. 

Serbie,  or  Servie  (sar-ve').  The  French  name 
of  Servia. 

Serbien  (zer'be-en).  The  German  name  of 
Servia. 

Serbonis  Lacus.  See  Sirbonis  Lacus. 

Serbs  (serbz).  [Serv.  Serb,  lit.  ‘ kinsman.’]  Na- 
tives of  Servia ; Servians. 

Serbs’  Rout.  See  Maritza. 

Serchio  (ser'ke-o).  A river  in  western  Italy 
which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  8 miles 
northwest  of  Pisa : the  ancient  Auser.  Length, 
about  55  miles. 

Sere  (sa're).  A tribe  of  the  eastern  Sudan, 
neighbors  of  the  Nyam-Nyam  and  the  Bongo, 
and  related  to  both.  They  were  once  strong  and  inde- 
pendent, but  are  now  conquered  and  scattered  by  the  Ny- 
am-Nyam. They  are  hunters  and  agriculturists,  makingre- 
markable  granaries,  but  keep  no  domestic  animals  except 
fowls.  The  women  wear  tufts  of  grass  in  front  and  behind ; 
the  men  do  not  tattoo  themselves  like  the  Nyam-Nyam. 
Travelers  say  that  they  are  hardy,  patient,  and  jovial. 

Serena.  See  La  Serena. 

Serendib  (se-ren-dib').  An  ancient  name  of 
Ceylon. 

Serer  (se-rar').  A negro  tribe  of  French  Sene- 
gambia,  dwelling  between  Cape  Verd  and  the 
basin  of  the  Salum  River.  Some  are  also  found  in 
Cayor,  where  they  have  mixed  with  their  kinsmen  the 
Wolof.  In  other  places  they  have  mixed  with  the  Man- 
dingos,  to  which  nation  their  rulers  belong.  They  are  di- 
vided in  two  main  sections  (the  Serer  None  and  the  Serer 
Sine),  speaking  different  dialects.  They  are  the  tallest 
race  of  Senegambia,  but  their  features  are  coarse.  They 
are  honest,  industrious,  and  opposed  to  slavery,  but  are 
given  to  drinking. 

Seres  (se'rez).  The  inhabitants  of  the  ancient 
Serica. 

Seressaner (ze-res-sa'ner).  [‘Redcloaks.’]  For- 
merly, a corps  of  Austrian  troops  (established 
about  1700),  stationed  on  the  southern  frontier 
to  guard  against  Turkish  inroads;  since  1871, 
a body  of  gendarmerie  in  Croatia-Slavonia. 

Sereth.  (ser-et'  or  sa-ret').  A river  which  rises 
in  Bukowina,  traverses  Moldavia,  in  its  lower 
course  separates  Moldavia  from  Wallachia,  and 
joins  the  Danube  near  Galatz  : the  ancient  Hie- 
rasus.  Length,  about  290  miles. 

Sergeant  (sar'jant),  John.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Dec.  5,  1779:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
25,  1852.  An  American  politician  and  lawyer. 
He  was  a member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1815- 
1823, 1827-29,  and  1837-42,  and  was  the  unsuccessful  Whig 
candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1832. 

Sergievsk  Posad  (ser-gyefsk'  po-zad').  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Moscow,  Russia,  47 
miles  northeast  of  Moscow,  it  was  built  around  the 
monastery  Troitsk,  and  is  a noted  place  of  pilgrimage.  It 
has  manufactures  of  toys  and  sacred  pictures.  Popula- 
tion, 31,413. 

Sergipe  (ser-zhe'pe).  A maritime  state  of 
Brazil,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  northeast  of 
Bahia,  and  separated  from  Alagoas  by  the  river 
Sao  Francisco.  Capital,  Aracaju.  Area,  15,093 
square  miles.  Population,  356,264. 

Sergius  (ser'ji-us),  Saint.  Died  about  300.  A 
martyr  whose  cult  is  celebrated  particularly  by 
the  Eastern  Church. 

Sergius.  Patriarch  of  Constantinople  610-638,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Monothelite  controversy. 

Sergius,  Saint.  Born  1315:  died  Sept.  7,  1391. 
A saint  of  the  Eastern  Church,  founder  of  the 
Troitsk  monastery  in  Sergievsk  Posad. 

SerglUS  I.  Pope  687-701.  He  rejected  certain  provis- 
ions of  the  Quinisext  Council  of  692,  whereupon  the  empe- 
ror Justinian  IT.  ordered  his  arrest.  The  soldiers,  however, 
prevented  the  imperial  officers  from  carryingout  the  order. 

Sergius  II.  Pope  844-847.  During  his  pontifi- 
cate Rome  was  plundered  by  the  Saracens  (846). 

Sergius  III.  Pope  904-911. 

Sergius  IV.  Pope  1009-12. 

Seri  (sa-re').  A tribe  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans, living  on  Tiburon  Island  and  the  adjacent 
coast  of  Mexico,  extending  into  the  interior. 
See  Yuman. 

Seriana  (sa-re-a'na),  Val  or  Valle.  A valley 
in  the  district  of  Bergamasea,  province  of  Ber- 
gamo, northern  Italy. 

Serica  (ser'i-ka).  [Gr.  S^/a/.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a country  in  eastern  Asia,  probably 
identical  with  northern  China.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  noted  for  their  production  of  silk. 

Seriuagur.  See  Srinagar. 

Seringapatam  (ser-ing-ga-pa-tam'),  or  Sri- 
rangapatam  (sri-rang-ga-pa-tam').  [Named 
from  its  famous  temple  of  Vishnu,  Shri  Ranga.] 
A town  in  Mysore,  India,  situated  on  an  island 
in  the  Kaveri,  7 miles  north  of  Mysore.  It  was 
formerly  famous  for  its  fortress,  and  contains  the  former 
royal  palace  and  a mausoleum  of  Hyder  Ali.  It  was  be- 


Seringapatam 

sieged  by  the  British  in  1792,  when  the  successes  of  thebe- 
siegers  under  Cornwallis  forced  Tippu  Sail)  to  sign  a treaty ; 
and  again  in  April  and  May,  1799,  by  Harris,  when  the  town 
was  Stormed  by  a detachment  under  Baird  (May  4),  and 
Tippu  Saib  was  killed.  Population,  8,684. 

Seringham.  See  Srirangam. 

Seriphos  (se-ri'fos),  or  ‘Seriphus  (se-ri'fus). 
[Gr.  SepKpo f.]  An  island  of  the  Cyclades,  be- 
longing to  Greece,  situated  in  the  zEgean  Sea 
in  lat.  37°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  30'  E. : the  modern 
Serpho.  Here,  according  to  the  legend,  the  chest  con- 
taining Danae  and  the  infant  Perseus  was  cast  ashore. 
The  island  was  a place  of  banishment  during  the  Homan 
Empire.  Length,  9 miles.  Population,  4,024. 

Serlio  (sar'le-o),  Sebastian.  Born  at  Bologna, 
Sept.  6, 1473 : died  at  Fontainebleau,  1554.  An 
Italian  painter,  engraver,  and  architect.  From 
1600-14  he  was  at  Pesaro,  where  he  worked  as  painter  and 
architect.  From  Pesaro  he  went  to  Rome  and  Venice, 
where  he  was  associated  with  Titian.  In  1532  he  was  again 
in  Rome  ; in  1537  he  returned  to  Venice,  where  he  pub- 
lished his  great  work  “ Regole  general!  d’architectura." 
He  visited  France  in  1540,  where  he  is  supposed  to  have 
assisted  Pierre  Lescot  on  the  Louvre.  In  1541  Prunaticcio 
was  appointed  architect  of  Fontainebleau,  with  Serlio  as 
his  assistant.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  determine  on 
what  parts  of  Fontainebleau  Serlio  worked,  though  the 
east  front  of  the  Court  of  the  Fountain  has  been  attributed 
to  him.  With  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  the  supremacy  of 
the  Italians  passed  away,  and  Serlio  left  for  Lyons.  In  1553 
he  returned  to  Fontainebleau. 

Sermione  (ser-me-6'ne).  A peninsula  project- 
ing into  the  southern  part  of  the  Lago  di  Garda, 
Italy. 

Serna  y Hinojosa,  Jose  de  la.  See  La  Serna. 
Serneus  (zer-nois').  A watering-place  in  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  situated  in  the 
Prattigau  15  miles  east  of  Coire. 

Seroux  d’Agincourt  (se-ro'  da-zhan-kor'), 
Jean  Baptiste  Louis  Georges.  Born  1730: 
died  1814.  A French  archaeologist,  author  of 
“ Histoire  de  l'art  par  les  monuments,”  etc. 
Serpa  (sar'pa).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo,  Portugal,  situated  near  the  Guadi- 
ana,  106  miles  southeast  of  Lisbon.  Popula- 
tion, 6,130. 

Serpa  Pinto  (sar'pa  pen'to),  Alexandre  Al- 
berto da  Rocha.  Born  at  Sinfaes,  Portugal, 
April  20,  1846:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  21,  1900. 
An  African  explorer  and  Portuguese  politician. 
As  major  in  the  army  he  was  sent,  with  Capelloand  Ivens, 
to  Angola  on  a scientific  expedition,  and  crossed  the  con- 
tinent to  Pretoria,  Transvaal  (1877-79).  In  1884-86  he, 
with  Cardozo,  extended  Portuguese  influence  from  Mozam- 
bique to  Lake  Nyassa,  where  he  came  in  conflict  with 
British  interests.  He  wrote  “How  I Crossed  Africa” 
(1881).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Serpentarius.  See  Ophiuchus. 
Serpent-bearer,  The.  See  Ophiuchus. 

Serpent  Column,  The.  A bronze  column  in 
Constantinople : the  base  of  the  golden  tripod 
set  up  in  the  sanctuary  at  Delphi  from  the 
spoils  of  the  Persians  at  Platsea  in  479  b.  c.  it 
was  placed  in  the  spina  of  the  hippodrome  by  Constan- 
tine. It  consists  of  three  intertwined  serpents,  whose  di- 
verging heads  are  now  broken,  and  is  18  feet  high. 

Serpentine  (ser'pen-tin),  The.  A sheet  of  arti- 
ficial water  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  it  was  formed 
by  order  of  Queen  Caroline,  and  is  now  supplied  from  the 
Thames. 

Serpent’s  Mouth.  See  Boca  del  Sierpe. 
Serpho.  See  Seriphos. 

Serpukhoff  (ser-po-chof ' ) . A town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Nara  56  miles  south  of  Moscow.  It  has  impor- 
tant commerce,  and  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  leather, 
etc.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Tatars  in  1382.  Population, 
30,571. 

Serra  (sar'ra)?  Miguel  Jose  (Junlpero).  A 

Franciscan  friar  who  took  the  name  “Juni- 
pero  ” on  receiving  holy  orders.  He  was  bom  in  the 
island  of  Majorca  in  1713,  and  died  at  Monterey,  Califor- 
nia, in  1784.  Hearrived  in  Mexico  in  1749,  and  eventually 
became  president  of  the  missions  of  California.  In  the 
spring  of  1769  he  went  overland  from  Loreto,  on  the  west 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  with  Portola  and  others, 
and  cattle,  sheep,  and  horses,  totheeiteofSan  Diego,  send- 
ing ships  around ; and  immediately  (1769)  founded  San 
Diego,  the  first  European  settlement  in  Aita  California. 
He  then  established  many  other  missions  : San  Carlos  de 
Monterey,  1770 ; San  Antonio  de  Padua  and  San  Gabriel, 
1771 ; San  Luis  Obispo,  1772  ; San  Francisco  and  San  Juan 
Capistrano,  1776 ; Santa  Clara,  1777 ; etc. 

Serra  do  Mar  (do  mar').  [Pg.,‘  sea-chain.’]  A 
division  of  the  Brazilian  mountains  of  the  Coast 
System,  forming  a chain  parallel  to  and  near 
the  coast,  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state 
of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  to  the  river  Parahyba  do 
Sul  (confines  of  Espirito  Santo).  It  culminates  in 
the  group  called  the  Organ  Mountains,  at  the  head  of  the 
Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  (7.326  feet).  The  valley  of  the  Para- 
hyba separates  it  from  the  Serra  da  Mantiqueira. 

Serra  dos  Aimores  (doz  I-mo-ras').  [From  the 
Botocudos  or  Aimores,  an  Indian  tribe.]  Moun- 
tains near  the  Brazilian  coast,  from  the  river 
Parahyba  do  Sul  northward  nearly  to  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Sao  Francisco.  They  are  properly  a 


919 

northern  prolongation  of  the  Serra  da  Mantiqueira,  which 
here  becomes  the  Coast  Range,  the  Serra  do  Mar  dying  out. 
Northward  the  chain  is  lower  and  much  broken.  It  sep- 
arates Minas  Geraes  from  Espirito  Santo. 

Serrano  y Dominguez  (ser-ra'no  e do-men'- 
gath),  Francisco,  Duke  de  la  Torre.  Born  at 
Argonilla,  Andalusia,  Sept.  17,  1810:  died  at 
Madrid,  Nov.  26,  1885.  A Spanish  statesman 
and  general.  He  served  in  the  war  against  the  Carlists 
after  1833 ; was  a member  of  various  ministries;  was  minis- 
ter at  Paris  in  1857 ; was  captain-general  of  Cuba  1859-62 ; 
attempted  to  annex  Santo  Domingo  to  Spain ; headed  the 
revolution  of  1868;  defeated  the  royalists  at  AlcoleaSept. 
28,  1868 ; became  president  of  the  provisional  ministry  in 
1868;  was  appointed  regent  in  1869,  and  resigned  Jan.  2, 
1871 ; commanded  successfully  against  the  Carlists  in  1872 ; 
was  again  head  of  the  government  in  1874 ; defeated  the 
Carlists  in  the  same  year ; and  was  minister  at  Paris  in  1883. 

Sertorius  (ser-to'ri-us),  Quintus.  Assassinated 
72  B.  C.  A Roman  general.  He  served  under  Ma- 
rius against  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones ; served  in  Spain  in 
97 ; was  questor  in  91;  was  a Marian  leader  in  the  civil 
wars ; was  pretor  in  83 ; went  to  Spain  as  Marian  com- 
mander in  82;  captured  Tangier;  waged  war,  generally 
with  success,  against  the  Sullan  commanders;  was  op- 
posed by  Metellus  after  79,  and  also  by  Pompey  after  76 ; 
and  was  joined  by  Perpenna  in  77,  who  intrigued  against 
him  and  overthrew  him. 

Serva  Padrona  (ser'va  pa-dro'na),  La.  [It., 

‘ The  Maid  as  Mistress.’]  An  Italian  musical 
drama  by  Pergolesi,  words  by  Nelli,  produced 
at  Naples  in  1733.  In  1754  it  was  produced  at 
Paris  in  French  as  “La  servante  maitresse,” 
and  in  1873  at  London. 

Servetus  (ser-ve'tus),  Michael  (originally 
Miguel  Serveto).  Born  at  Tudela  (he  has 
given  both  Tudela  and  Villanova  as  his  birth- 
place), Spain,  1511:  burned  at  Geneva,  Oct.  27, 
1553.  A Spanish  controversialist  and  physician. 
He  studied  law  at  Saragossa  and  Toulouse,  and  afterward 
visited  Italy  in  the  train  of  Juan  de  Quintana,  confessor  to 
Charles  V.  He  published  atHagenau  in  1531  an  essay  di- 
rected against  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  entitled  “De 
trinitatis  erroribus,"  which  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion. It  was  revised  and  reprinted  under  the  title  of  “ Dia- 
logorum  de  trinitate  libri  duo  ” in  1532.  In  1535  he  was 
at  Lyons  editing  scientific  works  for  the  printing  firm  of 
Trechsel,  under  the  name  of  Michel  de  Villeneufve,  or 
Michael  de  Villanova:  this  name  he  henceforth  used  with- 
out interruption.  He  removed  in  1536  to  Paris,  where, 
accordingto  his  own  statement,  he  graduated  in  medicine 
and  lectured  on  geometry  and  astrology.  He  afterward 
studied  theology  at  Louvain.  After  practising  medicine 
for  short  periods  at  Avignon  and  Charlieu,  and  after  fur- 
ther study  in  medicine  at  Montpellier,  he  settled  in  1541  as 
a medical  practitioner  at  Vienne.  In  1553  he  published 
“Christianismi  restitutio,”  which  caused  him  to  be  ar- 
rested by  order  of  the  inquisitor-general  at  Lyons.  He 
escaped,  but  was  apprehended  at  the  instance  of  Calvin 
at  Geneva  on  his  way  to  Naples,  and  was  burned  after  a 
trial  for  heresy  lasting  from  Aug.  14  until  Oct.  26,  1553. 
Servia  (ser'vi-a).  [F.  Serbie  or  Servie,  G.  Ser- 
bien .]  A kingdom  in  the  Balkan  peninsula, 
southeastern  Europe.  Capital,  Belgrad.  it  is 
bounded  by  Austria-nungary  (separated  by  the  Save  and 
Danube)  on  the  north,  Rumania  (separated  by  the  Dan- 
ube) and  Bulgaria  on  the  east,  Turkey  and  Bosnia  on  the 
south,  and  Bosnia  (mainly  separated  by  the  Drina)  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous  and  hilly. 
The  principal  river  (besides  the  frontier  rivers)  is  the  Mo- 
rava. The  leading  occupations  are  agriculture  and  the 
raising  of  live  stock  ; the  chief  products  are  hogs,  sheep, 
wheat,  and  maize.  The  government  is  a constitutional 
hereditary  monarchy.  The  legislative  body  is  the  Skupsh- 
tina. The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Greek  Catholic.  The 
inhabitants  are  mostly  Serbs  (with  over  100,000  Ruma- 
nians, besides  Gipsies,  etc.).  The  Serbs(or  Croats)  expelled 
the  Avars  and  settled  the  country  in  the  7th  century,  and 
expelled  the  Byzantine  governors  in  the  11th  century. 
The  title  of  king  was  assumed  in  the  11th  century.  The 
country  was  most  flourishing  under  Stephen  Dushan(about 
1334-56),  who  assumed  the  title  of  emperor  and  annexed 
Macedonia,  Albania,  etc.  The  Servian  power  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Kossova  in  1389,  and 
Servia  was  incorporated  with  Turkey  about  1458.  The 
greater  part  of  the  country  was  occupied  by  Austria  1718- 
1739.  A rising  under  Czerny  George  in  1804  result  ed  in  the 
expulsion  of  the  Turks,  but  they  reconquered  the  country 
in  1813.  A rising  in  1815  under  Milosh  Obrenovitch  (who 
was  elected  prince  in  1817)  was  more  successful,  and 
Servia  became  practically  independent.  The  Turkish  gar- 
risons were  withdrawn  in  1867.  The  war  against  Turkey 
in  1876  was  unsuccessful.  Servia  took  part  witli  Russia 
against  Turkey  in  1877-78,  and  became  absolutely  inde- 
pendent, receiving  a considerable  addition  of  territory  in 
1878.  ITince  Milan  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  1882.  A 
war  with  Bulgaria  in  Nov.  and  Dec.,  1885,  proved  unsuc- 
cessful. King  Alexander  was  assassinated  May  29,  1903, 
and  was  succeeded,  June  15,  by  Peter  I.  Servia  declared 
war  against  Turkey,  October,  1912.  Area  18,676  square 
miles.  Population,  over  2,688,000. 

Servian  W all,  The.  [N amed  from  Servius  Tul- 
lius, its  (traditional)  builder.]  The  earliestwall 
which  included  the  entire  seven-hilled  city  of 
Rome,  of  which  the  Capitoline  was  the  cita- 
del. It  connected  the  fortifications  which  existed  pre- 
viously on  almost  all  the  hills.  Practically  the  entire  cir- 
cuit of  the  wall  and  the  positions  of  its  gates  are  known, 
but  most  of  its  remains  have  been  destroyed,  especially 
during  the  recent  modernization  of  Rome.  On  the  Aven- 
tine  there  is  a fine  fragment  of  11  courses,  and  in  the  Vigna 
Torlonia  there  is  a stretch  which  attains  25  courses,  and  is 
50  feet  high  and  10,’,  thick.  The  masonry  is  massive  ash- 
ler of  tufa,  in  the  lower  part  quarry-faced  with  margin- 
draft.  The  upper  part  consisted  of  a range  of  line  arches. 


Sete  Quedas 

Servian  Voivodeship  and  Temesv&r  Banat 

(tem'esh-var  ba-niit').  A crownland  of  Austria, 
formed  in  1849  from  parts  of  southern  Hun- 
gary and  Slavonia.  Capital,  Temesvar.  It  was 
abolished  in  1860. 

Serviles  (ser-ve'les).  [Sp., ‘serviles.’]  Origi- 
nally, in  1823,  a nickname  given  to  the  moder- 
ate or  conservative  party  of  Guatemala.  It  passed 

into  common  use  in  this  and  to  some  extent  in  the  other 
Central  American  states.  The  party  was  at  first  composed 
of  the  richer  Spanish  families  and  their  descendants 
(whence  they  were  also  called  Aristocrats),  with  their  fol- 
lowers, the  ignorant  portion  of  the  population,  who  were 
generally  laborers  or  servants.  See  Fiebres. 

Servile  Wars  (ser'vil  warz).  Three  wars  con- 
ducted by  the  Romans  against  insurgent  slaves. 
(1)  The  first  war  (134—132  B.  o.)  was  occasioned  by  an  insur- 
rection in  Sicily.  The  slaves  were  led  by  the  Syrian  Eu- 
nus,  who  styled  himself  King  Antiochus,  defeated  several 
Roman  armies,  and  maintained  himself  at  Henna  and  Taro- 
menium,  but  was  ultimately  captured  and  executed.  (2) 
The  second  war  (192-99  B.  c.)  was  occasioned  by  an  insur- 
rection, also  in  Sicily,  under  Tryphon  and  Athenion,  which 
was  put  down  by  the  consul  Manius  Aquillius.  (3)  The  third 
war  (73-71  B.  c.),  also  called  the  war  of  the  gladiators,  was 
occasioned  by  bands  of  gladiators  who  had  escaped  from 
a gladiatorial  school  at  Capua  and  occupied  Vesuvius, 
whence  under  the  command  of  two  Gauls  and  the  Thra- 
cian Spartacus  they  plundered  the  neighborhood.  They 
were  joined  by  runaway  slaves,  defeated  four  Roman  armies 
in  succession,  and  wandered  about  Italy,  even  threatening 
the  capital,  but  were  finally  put  down  by  M.  Licinius  Cras- 
sus  and  Cn.  Pompeius.  Spartacus  feU  fighting. 

Servilius  Ctepio.  See  Csepio. 

Servius  Tullius  (ser'vi-us  tul'i-us).  Accord- 
ing to  Roman  legend,  the  sixth  king  of  Rome 
(578-534  B.  C. ),  son-in-la w of  Tarquinius  Priscus : 
noted  for  his  reformation  of  the  constitution 
through  the  institution  of  the  tribes,  classes, 
centuries,  and  Comitia  Centuriata.  He  ex- 
tended the  limits  of  Rome,  and  surrounded  it 
with  a wall.  See  Servian  Wall. 
Serwati(ser-wa'te),  or  Serawatty  (ser-a-wat'- 
te),  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  east-northeast  of  Timor. 
Sesha  (sa/sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  king 
of  the  serpents,  upholder  of  the  world. 

Sesia  (sa'ze-a).  A river  in  northwestern  Italy 
which  rises  in  the  Alps  and  joins  the  Po  6 miles 
east  of  Casale : the  ancient  Sessites.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Sesostris  (se-sos'tris).  [Gr.  Zecum-pig.]  In  an- 
cient Greek  legend,  a king  of  Egypt,  said  to 
have  conquered  the  world.  His  legendary  ex- 
ploits were  foundedou  the  deeds  of  Rameses  II. 
and  others. 

In  all  probability  the  exploits  of  Rameses  himself  had 
already  become  blended  with  those  of  Thothmes  and  Se- 
thos  into  the  legend  of  the  imaginary  hero  Sesostris. 

Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  10. 

Sessa  (ses'sa).  A town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
serta,  Italy,  32  miles  northwest  of  Naples : the 
ancient  Suessa  Anrunca.  It  is  famous  for 
its  wine.  Population,  town,  5,912 ; commune, 
21,844. 

Sestos  (ses'tos),  or  Sestus  (ses'tus).  [Gr. 
rog.  ] In  ancient  geography,  a town  in  the  Thra- 
cian Chersonesus,  situated  on  the  shore  of  the 
Hellespont,  opposite  Abydos.  It  is  noted  as  the 
residence  of  Hero  in  the  legend  of  Hero  and  Leander,  and 
as  the  place  of  debarkation  of  the  army  of  Xerxes  in  hi3 
invasion  of  Europe. 

Set  (set),  called  by  the  Greeks  Typhon  (ti'fon). 
In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  brother  or  son  and 
deadly  opponent  of  Osiris.  He  was  the  god  of  evil, 
of  the  powers  that  oppressed  souls  after  death,  of  the  en- 
emies of  Egypt,  and  of  the  desert.  In  later  times  he  was 
excluded  from  the  circle  of  divinities,  and  while  remain- 
ing the  virulent  god  of  all  evil,  was  dreaded  but  no  longer 
worshiped.  In  art  he  was  shown  with  a strange  animal’s 
head,  having  a pointed  muzzle  and  high  square  ears. 
Setebos  (set'e-hos).  A Patagonian  god,  alluded 
to  by  Shakspere  in  “ The  Tempest.” 

Setebos  was  the  name  of  an  American  god,  or  rather 
devil,  worshipped  by  the  Patagonians.  In  Eden’s  “His- 
tory of  Travaile,"  printed  in  1577,  is  an  account  of  Magel- 
lan’s voyage  to  the  South  Pole,  containing  a description 
of  this  god  and  his  worshippers  : wherein  the  au  thor  says  : 
“When  they  felt  the  shackles  fast  about  their  legs,  they 
began  to  doubt;  but  the  captain  did  put  them  in  comfort 
and  bade  them  stand  still.  In  fine,  when  they  saw  how 
they  were  deceived,  they  roared  like  bulls,  and  cryed  upon 
their  great  devil  Setebos  to  help  them.” 

Hudson,  Int.  to  The  Tempest. 

Sete  Lagoas  (sa'te  lii-go'as).  [Pg.,  ‘seven 
lakes.’]  The  source  of  the  river  Paraguay,  in 
the  Brazilian  state  of  Matto  Grosso,  near  lat. 
14°  36'  Si,  long.  56°  7'  W.  The  name,  an  old  one, 
probably  originated  in  reports  of  the  Indians,  and  is  in- 
correct. The  river  rises  in  a swamp,  and  immediately  re- 
ceives the  water  of  two  very  small  ponds  or  springs,  called 
lagoas  flakes),  a term  which,  in  this  region,  is  applied  to 
any  bony  of  still  water. 

Sete  Quedas  (sa'te  ka'das),  also_  called  the 
Guayra  (gwi-ra')  or  Conendiu  (ko-nan-de-8') 
Cataract.  [Pg., ‘seven  falls.  ] A fall  on  the 


Sete  Quedas 

river  Parana  (lat.  24°  2'  59"  S.,  long.  53°  57' 
53"  W.,  according  to  Bourgade  la  Dardye).  The 
river  above  is  broad  and  lake  like,  but  at  the  falls  is  sud- 
denly divided  into  many  small  channels.  “Traversing 
slightly  inclined  planes,  the  waters  gather  themselves 
in  circular  eddies,  whence  they  flow  in  falls  varying  from 
60  feet  to  60  feet  in  depth.  These  circular  eddies,  which 
are  quite  independent  of  each  other,  range  along  an  arc 
of  about  two  miles  in  its  stretch  ; they  are  detached,  like 
giant  cauldrons  yawning  unexpectedly  at  one’s  feet,  in 
which  the  flood  seethes  with  incredible  fury;  everyone 
of  these  has  opened  for  itself  a narrow  orifice  in  the  rock, 
through  which,  like  a stone  from  a sling,  the  water  is 
hurled  into  the  central  whirlpool.  The  width  of  these 
outlets  rarely  exceeds  15  yards,  but  their  depth  cannot  be 
estimated.  They  all  empty  themselves  into  one  central 
channel,  about  200  feet  wide,  rushing  into  it  with  as- 
tounding velocity.” — Bourgade  la  Dardye,  Paraguay. 
Seth  (seth).  [Heb.,  ‘appointed.’]  The  third 
son  of  Adam,  and  the  ancestor  of  Noah,  ac- 
cording to  the  account  in  Genesis.  He  was  the 
father  of  Enos. 

Sethos.  See  Seti. 

Seti(se'ti)  I.,  or  Sethos  (se'thos).  About  1366 
B.  c.  A king  of  Egypt,  of  the  19th  dynasty, 
father  of  Rameses  II. : noted  as  a builder. 

Seti  II.  A king  of  Egypt,  of  the  19th  dynasty, 
son  of  Menepthah. 

Setibos  (sa-te'bds).  Indians  of  northern  Peru, 
on  the  river  Ucayale  about  lat.  5°  30'  S.  They 
belong  to  the  Pano  linguistic  stock,  and  are  closely  allied 
to  the  Couibos,  Cachibos,  Sipibos,  and  other  tribes  of  the 
same  region.  They  are  agriculturists,  and  use  cotton 
garments  of  their  own  manufacture.  A few  thousand  re- 
main, essentially  in  a wild  state. 

Seton  (se'ton),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  AnnBayley). 
Born  at  New  York  city,  Aug.  28,  1774:  died  at 
Emmittsburg,  Md.,  Jan.  4, 1821.  An  American 
philanthropist : founder  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
order  of  Sisters  of  Charity  1809,  of  which  she 
was  the  first  mother  superior. 

Sette  Comuni  (set'te  ko-mo'ne).  [‘  Seven  com- 
munes.’] A district  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  province  of  Vicenza,  northern  Italy,  long 
noted  as  the  seat  of  communities  speaking  a 
Germanic  dialect.  This  language  is  now  nearly 
supplanted  by  Italian.  The  district  formerly 
possessed  extensive  privileges. 

Settle  (set'l),  Elkanah.  Born  at  Dunstable, 
1648 : died  in  the  Charterhouse,  London,  1723. 
An  English  poet  and  playwright  of  the  Restora- 
tion. He  was  a fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and 
wrote  and  edited  many  political  pamphlets  in  the  time  of 
Charles  II.  He  offended  Dryden,  who  attacked  him  in  a 
coarse  pamphlet  (assisted  by  Crowne  and  Shadwell) ; he 
criticized  and  “answered”all  Dryden’s  political  poems  in 
retaliation,  andthe  town  tooksides,  Settlebeing  thefavorite 
among  the  younger  Cambridge  and  London  men.  He  has 
been  immortalized  by  the  ridicule  of  Dryden  and  Pope,  be- 
ing the  Doeg  of  “Absalom  and  Achitophel  ” and  appearing 
in  the  "Dunciad."  Later  he  was  made  city  poet,  and  com- 
posed verses  to  be  recited  at  the  pageants  : he  was  the  last 
to  hold  that  office.  Among  hisjplays  are  “The  Empress  of 
Morocco"  (1671  and  1673),  “Love  and  Revenge”  (1675), 
“Cambyses,  King  of  Persia " (1671),  “Pastor  Fido,  or  the 
Faithful  Shepherd  ” (1677  : a pastoral  drama,  being  an  al- 
teration of  Sir  R.  Fanshawe’s  translation  from  GuariDi), 
“Fatal  Love,  or  the  Forced  Inconstancy”  (1680),  “The 
Female  Prelate,  or  the  History  of  the  Life  and  Death  of 
Pope  Joan  ” (1680),  “The  Heir  of  Morocco,  with  the  Death 
of  Gayland  ” (produced  1682,  printed  1604),  “ Distressed 
Innocence,  or  the  Princess  of  Persia  ” (1691 : Mr.  Montfort 
wrote  the  last  scene  of  this  play,  and  Betterton  gave  as- 
sistance),“The  World  in  the  Moon  " (1697 : acomic  opera), 
•‘The  City  Eamble,  or  the  Play-house  Wedding"  (1711), 
and  “ The  Ladies'  Triumph  ” (1718 : a comic  opera). 

Settlement,  Act  of,  or  Succession  Act.  In 

English  history,  an  act  of  Parliament  regulating 
the  succession  to  the  throne,  passed  in  1701. 
See  the  extract. 

The  Crown  to  pass  after  Anne  to  the  Electress  Sophia  and 
her  Protestant  descendants.  The  sovereign  not  to  leave 
England  without  consent  of  Parliament.  No  foreigner  to 
hold  office  or  receive  grants  from  the  Crown.  Public  busi- 
ness to  be  done  by  the  Privy  Council,  and  resolutions  to 
be  signed  by  those  members  who  advise  him.  No  war 
to  be  made  for  the  foreign  dominions  of  the  sovereign. 
Judges  are  to  receive  fixed  salaries,  and  cannot  be  removed 
except  for  conviction  of  some  offence,  or  on  the  address 
of  both  nouses  of  Parliament. 

Acland  and  Ransome,  Handbook  of  Political  History,  p.  124. 

Setubal  (sa-to'bal),  or  Setuval  (sa-to'val),  also 
called  St.  Ubes  (sant  ubz)  or  St.  Yves  (Ivz). 
A seaport  in  the  province  of  Estremadura, 
Portugal,  situated  on  Setubal  Bay  in  lat.  38° 
31'  N.,  long.  8°  53'  W.  It  has  important  commerce 
and  fisheries,  and  is  one  of  the  chief  seaports  of  Portugal, 
and  the  leading  port  for  the  exportation  of  salt.  It  occu- 
pies the  site  of  the  Homan  Cetobriga.  It  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  earthquake  in  1756.  Population,  22,074. 

Seul,  or  Seoul  (se-ol').  The  capital  of  Korea, 
situated  on  the  river  Han.  Its  seaport  is  Che- 
mulpo. Population,  about  150,000. 

Sevanga,  or  Sevan,  or  Sevang  Lake.  See 
Goktcha. 

Sevastopol.  See  Sebastopol. 

Seven  against  Thebes,  Expedition  of  the.  In 

Greek  legend,  an  expedition  by  the  heroes  Ad- 


920 

rastus,  Polynices,  Tydeus,  Amphiaraus,  Hippo- 
medon,  Capaneus,  and  Parthenopteus  against 
Thebes : all  perished  except  Adrastus. 

Seven  against  Thebes,  The.  A tragedy  by 
jEschvlus,  exhibited  468  B.  c. 

Seven  Bishops,  Case  of  the.  A famous  Eng- 
lish trial  in  1688.  Archbishop  Bancroft  and  six  bishops 
were  arraigned  on  a charge  of  libel  in  protesting,  in  a peti- 
tion to  James  II.,  against  his  order  that  his  “ declarations 
for  liberty  of  conscience”  be  read  in  the  churches.  They 
were  acquitted  on  the  day  (June  30)  that  the  invitation  was 
sent  to  William  of  Orange  to  land  in  England. 

Seven  Champions  of  Christendom.  1.  In 

medieval  tales,  the  following  seven  national 
saints:  St.  Denis  of  France,  St.  Anthony  of 
Italy,  St.  James  of  Spain,  St.  George  of  Eng- 
land, St.  Andrew  of  Scotland,  St.  Patrick  of 
Ireland,  and  St.  David  of  Wales.  Their  exploits 
are  celebrated  in  many  ballads,  plays,  etc.,  notably  in  the 
“Famous  History  of  the  Seven  Champions  of  Christen- 
dom,” by  Bichard  Johnston,  a romance  entered  on  the 
“Stationers’  Register"  in  1596 : a second  part  was  brought 
out  in  1608,  and  a third  in  1616.  Sir  George  Buc  made  a 
poetical  version  in  1622. 

2.  A play  by  John  Kirke,  licensed  in  1638  and 
probably  acted  in  1636:  it  is  in  prose  and 
verse. 

Seven  Cities.  [Sp.  Sicte  Ciudades.']  A name 
given  (1536-40)  to  supposed  large  and  powerful 
cities  in  the  present  New  Mexico.  Fray  Marcos 
de  Niza  (1539)  reported  that  one  of  them  was  larger  than 
Mexico,  and  rich  in  precious  metals.  Coronado’s  expedi- 
tion (1540)  proved  that  they  were  villages  of  the  Zuni  In- 
dians. See  Cibola  and  Niza. 

Seven  Cities,  Island  of  the.  A fabled  island 
which,  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries,  was  sup- 

?osed  to  exist  in  the  Atlantic  west  of  Europe. 

t was  said  to  have  been  peopled  by  seven  bishops  who, 
with  many  followers,  had  been  driven  out  of  Spain  by  the 
invasion  of  the  Moors.  In  1475,  and  later,  the  kings  of 
Portugal  granted  privileges  to  discover  and  govern  it. 
The  geographers  of  the  time  frequently  called  it  Antilla 
or  Antiilia. 

Seven  Communes.  See  Sette  Comuni. 

Seven  Days’  Battles.  In  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign of  the  American  Civil  War,  the  series  of 
battles  between  the  Federal  army  under  Mc- 
Clellan and  the  Confederate  army  under  Lee, 
in  the  Chickahominy  swamp  region  east  of 
Richmond.  The  fighting  began  at  Oak  Grove  June  25, 
1862,  and  the  Federals  won  a victory  at  Mechanicsville 
June  26.  McClellan  then  determined  to  remove  his  base 
to  the  James  River,  and  while  this  operation  was  being 
effected  the  battles  of  Gaines’s  Mill  (June  27),  Savage’s 
Station  (June  29),  and  Frayser’s  Farm  (June  30)  occurred. 
The  Federals  now  rested  in  a strong  position  on  the 
James,  at  Malvern  Hill,  and  were  unsuccessfully  assailed 
there  by  Lee,  July  1.  A few  weeks  later  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  was  withdrawn  from  the  James,  and  the  Penin- 
r sular  campaign  was  ended. 

Seven  Days’  Campaign.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  series  of  battles  in  Bohemia  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  in  1866,  ending  with 
the  decisive  Prussian  victory  of  Sadowa,  July 
3,  1866. 

Seven  Deadly  Sins  of  London,  The.  A pam- 
phlet by  Thomas  Dekker,  published  in  1606. 
It  is  described  on  the  title-page  as  “Opus  Sep- 
tem  Dierum.” 

Seven  Dials.  A locality  in  London,  about  mid- 
way between  the  British  Museum  and  Trafal- 
gar Square.  It  was  long  notorious  as  a center 
of  poverty  and  crime. 

Seven-hilled  City,  The.  Rome. 

Seven  Hills  of  Rome,  The.  The  seven  hills  on 
which  Rome  was  originally  built,  included  with- 
in the  circuit  of  the  Servian  Wall.  They  are  the 
Palatine,  the  Capitoline,  the  Quirinal,  the  Aventine,  the 
Coelian,  the  Esquiline,  and  the  Viminal.  The  elevations 
are  inconsiderable,  the  highest,  the  Quirinal,  rising  226 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  the  lowest,  the  Aventine,  151.  The 
Capitoline  and  the  Aventine  rise  above  the  left  bank  of 
the  Tiber,  the  former  to  the  north.  The  Palatine  lies  be- 
tween them,  a little  back  from  the  river.  North  of  the 
Palatine,  the  furthest  north  of  the  seven,  is  the  Quirinal, 
and  on  the  east  are  the  Viminal,  the  Esquiline,  and  the 
Cselian,  respectively  northeast,  east,  and  southeast  of  the 
Palatine. 

Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture,  The.  A treatise 
on  architecture  by  Ruskin,  published  in  1849. 
Sevenoaks  (sev-n-oks').  A town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, 20  miles  southeast  of  London.  Near  it 
is  Knole  Park.  Population,  8,106. 

Seven  Pines.  See  Fair  Oaks. 

Seven  Sages,  The.  1.  Seven  men  of  ancient 
Greece,  famous  for  their  practical  wisdom.  A 
list  commonly  given  is  made  up  of  Thales,  So- 
lon, Bias,  Chilo,  Cleobulus,  Periander,  and  Pit- 
tacus. — 2.  See  Seven  Wise  Masters. 

Seven  Sleepers  of  Ephesus,  The.  Seven  Chris  - 
tian youths  who  are  said  to  have  concealed 
themselves  in  a cavern  near  Ephesus  during 
the  persecution  under  Decius  (a.  d.  249-251), 
and  to  have  fallen  asleep  there,  not  awaking 
till  two  or  three  hundred  years  later,  when 


Severo,  Cape 

Christianity  had  become  the  religion  of  the 
empire. 

Seven  Streams,  Land  of  the.  The  delta  of 
the  river  Ili  at  its  entrance  into  Lake  Balkash, 
Russian  Central  Asia. 

Seventy,  The.  1.  The  Jewish  Sanhedrim.— 2. 
The  body  of  disciples  mentioned  in  Luke  x.  as 
appointed  by  Christ  to  preach  the  gospel  and 
heal  the  sick. — 3.  The  body  of  scholars  who, 
according  to  tradition,  were  the  authors  of  the 
Septuagint  (which  see) : so  called  from  their 
number,  which,  however,  is  given  as  seventy- 
two. — 4.  Certain  officials  in  the  Mormon 
Church  whose  duty  it  is,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  “to  travel  into  all  the 
world  and  teach  the  Gospel  and  administer  its 
ordinances”  ( Mormon  Catechism). 

Seven  Weeks’  War.  The  war  of  1866  (some- 
times called  the  Austro-Prussian  war),  caused 
immediately  by  the  Schleswig-Holstein  ques- 
tion and  indirectly  by  the  long  rivalry  between 
Austria  and  Prussia.  Austria  was  supported  by  the 
South  German  states  and  by  Hannover,  Nassau,  Frank- 
fort, etc.,  while  Prussia  was  supported  by  most  of  the 
North  German  states  and  by  Italy.  The  main  interest  of 
the  war  is  in  the  rapid  successes  of  the  Prussian  army 
under  the  direction  of  Von  Moltke.  Bohemia  was  invaded 
and  the  Austrian  army  was  overthrown  at  the  battle  of 
Sadowa  or  Koniggratz  July  3.  Elsewhere  the  Prussians 
were  almost  uniformly  successful ; but  their  Italian  allies 
were  defeated  on  land  at  Custozza  June  24,  and  on  sea  at 
Lissa  July  20.  The  war  was  ended,  after  about  seven 
weeks  of  fighting,  by  the  preliminaries  of  Nikolsburg,  July 
26,  confirmed  by  the  peace  of  Prague,  etc.  Prussia  became 
the  leading  political  and  military  power  in  Germany,  and 
Italy  acquired  Venetia. 

Seven  Wise  Masters,  The.  An  old  collection 
of  tales,  of  Eastern  origin,  which  has  undergone 
many  transformations.  It  consists,  in  the  main,  of 
the  story  of  a king  who  is  dissuaded  from  executing  his 
son  (on  the  false  accusation  of  one  of  his  queens)  by  his 
son’s  instructors,  each  of  whom  narrates  one  or  more  stories 
(which  are  answered  by  the  king),  showing  the  dangers  of 
hasty  punishment.  The  collection  is  an  important  one 
in  the  history  of  popular  fictions.  See  Sandabar. 

Seven  Wise  Men  of  Greece,  The.  Same  as 

The  Seven  Sages,  1. 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  World,  The.  The  seven 
most  remarkable  structures  of  ancient  times. 
These  were  the  Egyptian  pyramids,  the  mausoleum  erected 
by  Artemisia  at  Halicarnassus,  the  temple  of  Artemis  at 
Ephesus,  the  walls  and  hanging  gardens  at  Babylon,  the 
colossus  at  Rhodes,  the  statue  of  Zeus  by  Phidias  in  the 
great  temple  at  Olympia,  and  the  Pharos  or  lighthouse  at 
Alexandria. 

Seven  Years’  War.  One  of  the  greatest  wars 
of  the  18th  century.  It  was  waged  against  Frederick 
the  Great  of  Prussia  by  an  alliance  whose  chief  members 
were  Austria,  France,  and  Russia.  Frederick  had  the  as- 
sistance of  British  subsidies  and  of  the  Hanoverian 
troops.  Saxony  and  Sweden  were  against  him.  The  chief 
events  were  the  following:  battle  of  Lobositz,  Oct.  1,  1756; 
Frederick’s  invasion  of  Bohemia  in  1757  ; his  victory  over 
the  Austrians  at  Prague,  May  6 ; his  defeat  at  Kolin,  June 
18 ; the  French  victory  at  Hastenbeck,  July  26,  leading  to 
the  Convention  of  Closter-Zeven ; the  Russian  victory  at 
Grossjagerndorf,  Aug.  30;  Frederick’s  great  victories  at 
Rossbach  (Nov.  5)  and  Leuthen  (Dec.  5)  ; his  victory  over 
the  Russians  at  Zorndorf,  Aug.  25,  1758 ; his  defeat  by  the 
Austrians  at  Hochkirch,  Oct.  14 ; the  victory  of  Minden 
over  the  French,  Aug.  1, 1759 ; Frederick's  crushing  defeat 
at  Kunersdorf,  Aug.  12 ; his  victories  at  Liegnitz  (Aug.  15) 
and  at  Torgau  (Nov.  3),  1760 ; death  of  the  czarina,  Jan., 
1762  (her  successor,  Peter  III.,  sided  with  Frederick) ; vic- 
tory of  Frederick  at  Burkersdorf,  July  21 ; victory  of  his 
brother  Henry  at  Freiberg,  Oct. ; peace  of  Hubertusburg, 
Feb.,  1763  (by  this  Silesia  was  confirmed  to  Frederick). 
The  war  is  sometimes  known  as  the  third  Silesian  war. 
Closely  connected  with  the  Seven  Years’  War  was  the 
struggle  between  the  French  and  English  1754-63,  ending 
with  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1763,  and  the  triumph  of  England 
in  America  and  India.  (For  the  American  part,  see  French 
and  Indian  War.)  Other  important  events  were  Clive’s 
victory  at  Plassey  June  23,  1757;  English  naval  victories 
at  Lagos  in  Aug.,  and  at  Quiberon  Nov.  20, 1769 ; and  the 
conquest  of  various  French  possessions.  The  war  raised 
Prussia  to  the  front  rank  of  European  powers,  and  devel- 
oped England’s  colonial  empire. 

Severians  (se-ve'ri-anz).  1.  An  Encratite  sect 
of  the  second  century. — 2.  A Gnostic  sect  of 
the  second  century,  often  identified  with — 3. 
A Monophysite  sect,  followers  of  Severus,  pa- 
triarch of  Antioch  512-519  A.  d.  See  Niobites. 
Severn  (sev'ern).  Next  to  the  Thames,  the  long- 
est river  in  England:  the  Roman  Sabrina.  It 

rises  in  Montgomeryshire,  Wales ; traverses  Shropshire, 
Worcestershire,  and  Gloucestershire ; and  empties  into  the 
Bristol  Channel  at  the  junction  of  the  Lower  Avon,  west 
of  Bristol.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Tern,  Teme,  Avon, 
Wye  and  Lower  Avon.  It  passes  Worcester  and  Gloucester. 
Length,  about  200  miles ; navigable  to  Stourport,  for  large 
vessels  to  Gloucester. 

Severn.  A river  in  Canada  which  flows  north- 
east into  the  southwestern  side  of  Hudson  Bay, 
near  Fort  Severn. 

Severn,  Joseph.  Born  1793:  died  at  Rome, 
Aug.  3,  1879.  An  English  portrait- and  figure- 
painter,  noted  for  his  devotion  to  Keats. 
Severo  (sa-va'ro),  Cape,  or  Northeast  Cape. 
The  northernmost  cape  of  Asia,  situated  at  the 


Severo,  Cape 


921 


Seymour,  Robert 


extremity  of  the  Taimyr  peninsula  in  Siberia,  in 
lat.  77°  41'  N.,  long.  i04°  1'  E.  It  was  visited 
by  Nordenskjold  in  1878.  Also  called  Cape 
Severo-  Vostokhnoi,  Cape  Chelyuskin,  etc. 
Severus,  Alexander.  See  Alexander  Severus. 
Severus  (se-ve'rus),  Lucius  Septimius.  Born 
at  Leptis  Magna,  Africa,  146  a.  d.  : died  at 
Eboracum  (York),  Britain,  211.  Roman  em- 
peror 193-211.  He  was  questor  and  later  pretor  un- 
der Marcus  Aurelius ; and  was  commander  in  Upper  Pan- 
nonia  at  the  time  of  the  death  of  Commodus  in  192.  He 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  his  soldiers  and  overthrew 
Didius  Julianus  at  Rome  in  193  ; crushed  his  rival  Pescen- 
nius  Niger  in  194 ; overthrew  his  rival  Albjnus  near  Lyons 
in  197  ; waged  war  successfully  against  the  Parthians  197- 
202 ; and  passed  the  years  208-211  in  Britain.  During  his 
reign  improvements  in  the  administration  of  justice  were 
made  by  the  jurist  Papinianus. 

Severus, Wall  of.  A wall  built  about  208  A.  D., 
by  the  emperor  Septimius  Severus,  between  the 
Tyne  and  the  Solway  in  Britain,  as  a defense 
against  northern  inroads.  It  followed  the  line 
of  the  fortifications  of  Hadrian. 

Sevier  (se-ver'),  John.  Born  in  Rockingham 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  23, 1745  : died  near  Fort  De- 
catur, Ga.,  Sept.  24,  1815.  An  American  pio- 
neer, general,  and  politician,  famous  as  an  In- 
dian-fighter.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  PointPleas- 
antOct.  10, 1774,  and  King’s  Mountain  in  1779;  was  gover- 
nor of  Franklin  (which  see)  1785-88  ; member  of  Congress 
from  North  Carolina  1790-91 ; governor  of  Tennessee  1796- 
1801  and  1803-09;  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee 
1811-15 ; and  United  States  commissioner  to  negotiate  with 
the  Creeks  in  1815. 

Sevier  Desert.  A desert  in  western  Utah,  in- 
cluding the  valley  of  Sevier  Lake  and  the  ad- 
jacent region  to  the  north. 

Sevier  Lake.  A salt  lake  in  Millard  County, 
western  Utah,  120  miles  south-southwest  of 
Great  Salt  Lake.  Length,  20-25  miles.  It  has 
no  outlet. 

Sevier  River.  A river  in  western  Utah  which 
flows  northerly  and  then  southwesterly  into 
Sevier  Lake.  Length,  200  miles. 
S6vigne(sa-ven-ya'). Marie  deRabutin-Chan- 
tal,  Marquise  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  6,  1626 : 
died  at  Grignan  (Drome),  April  18,  1696.  A 
French  epistolary  writer.  Her  parents  died  when 
she  was  a child,  and  she  was  brought  up  by  a maternal  un- 
cle. She  had  the  best  of  teachers,  and  as  she  grew  up  she 
had  also  access  to  court.  In  1644  she  was  married  to  Henri, 
marquis  de  S6vign6,  who  was  killed  in  a duel  in  1651. 
Their  union  had  not  been  happy,  though  it  was  blessed 
with  two  children,  a daughter  and  a son.  The  former  mar- 
ried in  1669  M.  de  Grignan,  who  occupied  an  administra- 
tive position  in  southern  France.  Madame  de  Grignan  ac- 
companied her  husband  to  his  home,  while  her  mother, 
Madame  de  Sdvignd,  spent  her  time  either  at  Paris  or  at  her 
country-seat,  Les  Rochers,  in  Brittany.  It  was  this  sepa- 
ration that  occasioned  the  famous  correspondence  from 
mother  to  daughter  which  still  ranks  as  one  of  the  finest 
monuments  in  the  French  language.  As  everything  of 
daily  interest  is  recorded  by  Madame  de  SAvignd  for  her 
daughter's  benefit,  these  letters  are  valuable  from  a his- 
torical point  of  view  as  well  as  for  the  charm  of  their  ex- 
pression. The  best  edition  of  Madame  de  Sdvign^'s  letters 
was  made  by  Paul  Mesnard  for  the  series  of  “Les  grands 
6crivains  de  la  France.” 

Seville  (sev'ilorse-vil'),  Sp.  Sevilla  (sa-vel'- 
ya).  A province  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  bounded 
by  Badajoz  on  the  north,  Cordova  on  the  north- 
east, Malaga  on  the  southeast,  Cadiz  on  the 
south,  and  Huelva  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
generally  level  in  the  south  and  mountainous  in  the  north. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  productive.  Area,  5,428  square 
miles.  Population,  555,256. 

Seville,  Sp.  Sevilla  (sa-vel'ya),  F.  Seville  (sa- 
vel').  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Seville, 
Spain, situated  on  theleftbank  of  the  Guadalqui- 
vir, in  lat.  37°  22'  N.,  long.  5°  59'  W. : the  Roman 
Hispalis  or  Sevilla.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
important  commercial  cities  of  Spain.  Besides  extensive 
commerce  it  has  manufactures  of  tobacco,  etc.,  andformer- 
ly  had  silk  manufactures.  Opposite  it  is  the  Gipsy  suburb 
of  Triana.  It  contains  many  specimens  of  Moorish  archi- 
tecture. The  cathedral,  of  the  15th  century,  but  preserv- 
ing the  broad  rectangular  plan  of  the  original  mosque,  is 
very  large,  with  great  richness  in  its  florid  ornament  and 
picturesque  vistas  through  its  shadowy  arches.  The  nave 
is  150  feet  high.  There  is  beautiful  Flemish  colored  glass. 
Here  is  buried  Fernando,  son  of  Columbus,  and  the  Colum- 
bus books  and  manuscripts  are  in  the  chapter  library. 
The  Moorish  Court  of  Oranges,  with  its  venerable  gate, 
adjoins  the  cathedral.  The  Torre  del  Oro,  or  tower  of 
gold,  is  Moorish  with  later  alterations,  in  plan  an  octagon, 
and  rises  in  three  stages.  It  has  its  name  from  having 
been  used  for  the  storage  of  the  precious  metals  brought 
from  America  from  the  time  of  the  discovery.  Other 
buildings  are  the  Moorish  palace  Alcazar,  the  exchange 
(Lonja),  university,  amphitheater,  museum  (containing 
masterpieces  of  Murillo,  etc.),  Roman  aqueduct,  and  Ca- 
sa de  Pilatos.  The  place  was  a Phenician  colony ; an  im- 
portant Roman  city,  and  the  capital  of  Baitica  ; and  a Van- 
dal capital  and  important  city  under  the  Goths.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Arabs  in  712  ; became  one  of  the  chief  Moor- 
ish cities;  was  the  capital  of  the  Abbadid  dynasty  in  the 
11th  century ; was  taken  by  the  Almoravides  in  1091,  and  by 
the  Almohades  in  114-7 ; was  recovered  by  the  Christians 
under  Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile  in  1248  (many  of  its  in- 
habitants emigrating) ; and  was  made  the  capital ; car- 


ried on  extensive  commerce  with  America ; was  plundered 
by  the  French  under  Soult  in  1810  ; and  was  bombarded 
by  Espartero  in  1843.  Population,  166,066. 

Seville,  Archives  of.  A great  collection  of 
documents  relating  to  colonial  (particularly 
American)  affairs,  at  Seville,  Spain,  in  1778 
Charles  III.  ordered  that  all  such  documents  in  the  gov- 
ernment offices  should  be  collected  in  one  place.  A build- 
ing was  provided  for  them  at  Seville,  and  in  1788  the  most 
important  papers  of  the  Simancas  and  other  deposits  were 
transported  to  it.  There  are  said  to  be  47,000  large  pack- 
ages of  manuscripts. 

Seville,  Council  of.  See  Casa  de  Contratacion 
de  las  Indias. 

Seville,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  between  Great 
Britain,  Spain,  and  France,  concluded  at  Se- 
ville in  1729.  It  put  an  end  to  the  war  between  Eng- 
land and  Spain,  left  England  in  possession  of  Gibraltar. 
and  established  a close  alliance  between  the  three  powers. 

Sevres  (savr).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  2i  miles  southwest  of 
Paris.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  porcelain  manufactures, 
established  at  Vincennes  in  1745,  removed  to  Stvres  in  1756, 
and  acquired  by  the  state  in  1759.  A mosaic  establish- 
ment was  founded  here  in  1875.  There  is  an  important 
art  museum.  Population,  commune,  8,143. 

Sevres,  Deux-.  See  Deux-Sevres. 

Sewall  (sii'al),  Arthur.  Born  at  Bath,  Maine, 
Nov.  25,  183’5  : died  at  Small  Point,  near  Bath, 
Me.,  Sept.  5, 1900.  An  American  ship-builder 
and  banker.  He  was  an  advocate  of  the  free  coin- 
age of  silver,  and  as  such  he  received  the  nomination  of 
the  Democratic  party  for  Vice-President  at  the  Chicago 
Convention  of  July,  1896. 

Sewall  (su'al),  Jonathan  Mitchell.  Bom  at 

Salem,  Mass.,  in  1748:  died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  March  29, 1808.  An  American  poet.  He 
wrote  a number  of  patriotic  songs,  and  in  his  epilogue  to 
Cato  (1778)  occur  the  lines 

“No  pent-up  Utica  contracts  your  powers, 

But  the  whole  boundless  Continent  is  yours.  ” 

His  poems  were  published  in  1801. 

Sewall,  Samuel.  Born  at  Bishopstoke,  Eng- 
land, March  28,  1652:. died  at  Boston,  Jan.  1, 
1730.  An  American  judge  and  official  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. He  was  one  of  the  judges  at  the  trials  for 
witchcraft  in  1692,  and  became  chief  justice  in  1718. 

Sewall,  Samuel.  Born  at  Boston,  Dec.  11, 
1757 : died  at  Wiscasset,  Maine,  June  8,  1814. 
An  American  jurist,  chief  justice  of  Massa- 
chusetts 1813-14. 

Sewall,  Stephen.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Dec. 
18,  1704:  died  Sept.  10,  1760.  An  American 
jurist,  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  1752-60. 

Seward  (su'ard),  Anna.  Born  at  Eyam,  Derby- 
shire, England,  1747 : died  at  Lichfield,  March 
25,  1809.  An  English  poet,  called  “ the  Swan 
of  Lichfield.”  In  1782  she  published  her  poetical  novel 
“Louisa”;  this  was  followed  by  “Sonnets”  (1799)  and 
the  “ Life  of  Dr.  Darwin  ” (1804).  She  was  associated  with 
Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Darwin,  and  others,  and  her  letters,  in 
which  she  imitated  Johnson,  were  published  in  six  vol- 
umes 1811-13.  She  bequeathed  the  publication  of  her 
poems  to  Sir  Walter  Scott.  They  were  issued  in  three 
volumes  in  1810. 

Seward,  Frederick  William.  Born  1830.  An 
American  lawyer,  assistant  secretary  of  state 
1861-69  and  1877-81.  He  published  “Life  and 
Letters  ” of  his  father,  W.  H.  Seward. 

Seward,  George  Frederick.  Born  at  Florida, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  8, 1840.  An  American  diplomatist, 
nephew  of  W.  H.  Seward.  He  became  consul  in 
China  in  1861  and  consul-general  in  1863,  and  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1876-80. 

Seward,  Mount.  [Named from  W.  H.  Seward.] 
A summit  of  the  Adirondacks,  situated  in 
Franklin  County,  New  York,  14  miles  west  of 
Mount  Marcy.  Height,  4,384  feet. 

Seward,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Florida, 
Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  May  16,  1801:  died  at 
Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Oc-t.  10,  1872.  A noted  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  graduated  at  Union  College  in 
1820  ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1822;  settled  in  Auburn 
in  1823 ; was  elected  in  1830  as  anti-Masonic  candidate  to 
the  New  York  State  Senate,  in  which  he  served  until 
1S34  ; was  the  unsuccessful  Whig  candidate  for  governor 
in  1834;  was  elected  (Whig)  governor  of  New  York  in 
1838;  was  reelected  in  1840,  and  served  till  Jan.  1,  1843; 
was  Whig  and  afterward  Republican  United  States  sen- 
ator from  New  York  1849-61 ; made  in  1858  a celebrated 
speech  at  Rochester,  in  which  he  declared  that  the  an- 
tagonism between  freedom  and  slavery  was  an  “irrepres- 
sible conflict  ” between  opposing  forces ; was  a candidate 
for  the  Republican  nomination  for  President  in  1860 ; was 
secretary  of  state  1861-69 ; was  severely  wounded  by  an 
accomplice  of  John  Wilkes  Booth  April  14,  1865;  made  a 
journey  to  Europe  1859  (having  made  a similar  journey  in 
1833)  ; traveled  in  western  United  States  and  Mexico  in 
1869 ; and  made  a journey  around  the  world  1870-71.  Dur- 
ing his  incumbency  of  the  secretaryship  of  state  he  averted 
serious  complications  with  Great  Britain  by  his  prudence 
and  skiU  in  the  negotiations  over  the  “ Trent  affair  " (which 
see) ; prevailed  on  the  French  government  to  withdraw  its 
troops  from  Mexico ; and  in  1867  concluded  the  negotiat  ions 
with  Russia  for  the  cession  of  Alaska.  He  supported  the 
reconstruction  policy  of  President  Johnson.  His  works 
were  published  by  G.  E.  Baker  in  5 vols.  1863-84. 


Sewestan  (se-wes-tan'),  or  Sewistan  (se-wis- 
tan').  A district  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Afghanistan,  bordering  on  British  India  on  the 
east  and  Baluchistan  on  the  south. 

Sextans  (seks'tanz).  [NL.,‘ the  sextant.’]  A 
constellation  introduced  by  Hevelius  in  1690. 

It  represents  the  instrument  used  by  Tycho  Brahe ; but  it 
is  placed  between  Leo  and  Hydra,  two  animals  of  a fiery 
nature  according  to  the  astrologers,  to  commemorate  the 
burning  of  his  own  instruments  and  papers  in  1679.  The 
brightest  star  of  the  constellation  is  of  magnitude  4.5. 
Sextus  (seks'tus).  In  Roman  legend,  the  son 
of  Tarquinius  Superbus,  noted  in  the  story  of 
Lucretia. 

Sextus  Empiricus  (em-pir'i-kus).  Lived  about 
200  a.  d.  A Greek  skeptical  philosopher.  Ho 
wrote  ‘ ‘ Pyrrhoniae  hypotyposes  ” and  ‘ ‘ Adversus 
mathematicos.” 

Seybert  (si'bert),  Adam.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
1773 : died  at  Paris,  May  2,  1825.  An  American 
chemist  and  politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Pennsylvania  1809-15  and  1817-19.  He  wrote  “Sta- 
tistical Annals  of  the  United  States”  (1818),  etc. 
Seychelles  (sa-shel').  A group  of  small  islands 
in  the  Indian  Ocean,  belonging  to  Great  Britain, 
situated  east  of  Zanzibar,  about  lat.  5°  S.,  long. 
55°  30'  E.  The  surface  is  granitic.  The  largest  island 
is  Mahd  ; the  principal  port  is  Port  Victoria.  Coeoanut- 
oil  and  vanilla  are  among  the  exports.  Population,  19,- 
258. 

Seydlitz  (zid'lits),  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von. 

Boro  at  Kalkar,  near  Cleves,  Feb.  3,  1721 : died 
Nov.  8,  1773.  A Prussian  cavalry  general.  He 
Berved  with  distinction  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  particu- 
larly at  Kolin,  Rossbach,  Zorndorf,  Hochkirch,  Freiberg, 
etc.  He  was  wounded  at  Kunersdorf. 

Seymour  (se'mor).  A city  in  Jackson  County, 
Indiana,  58  miles  south  by  east  of  Indianapo- 
lis. Population,  6,305,  (1910). 

Seymour,  Edward,  Duke  of  Somerset.  Bom 
about  1500:  beheaded  at  London,  Jan.  22, 1552. 
An  English  politician,  brother  of  Jane  Seymour 
and  uncle  of  Edward  YI. : made  earl  of  Hert- 
ford in  1537.  He  invaded  Scotland  in  1544  (sacked  Ed- 
inburgh) and  1545 ; became  protector  in  1547  and  duke  of 
Somerset ; and  gained  the  battle  of  Pinkie  in  1547.  He 
supported  the  Reformation.  In  1549  he  was  removed  from 
the  protectorate ; was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  1549-50 ; 
and  was  executed  for  treason. 

Seymour,  Sir  Edward.  Born  1633:  died  1708. 
An  English  Tory  politician,  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  took  part  in  the  revo- 
lution of  1688. 

Seymour,  Frederick  Beauchamp  Paget,  first 
Baron  Alcester.  Born  April  12,  1821 : died 
March  30, 1895.  An  English  admiral.  He  entered 

the  navy  in  1834 ; became  captain  1854 ; rear-admiral  1870 ; 
vice-admiral  1876 ; and  admiral  in  1882.  In  1880  he  com- 
manded the  allied  fleet  off  the  Albanian  coast  which 
compelled  the  Turks  to  agree  to  the  cession  of  Dulcigno  to 
Montenegro.  He  commanded  the  English  fleet  in  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria,  July,  1882,  and  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  Nov.  24. 

Seymour,  Sir  George  Hamilton.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, 1797 : died  at  London,  Feb.  2,  1880.  A 
British  diplomatist.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford 
(Merton  College).  In  1817  he  entered  the  diplomatic  ser- 
vice. In  1830  he  became  minister  at  Florence,  in  1836  at 
Brussels,  and  in  1851  at  St.  Petersburg.  Through  him  the 
czar  Nicholas,  before  entering  on  tile  Crimean  war,  made 
his  famous  proposals  for  a joint  dismemberment  of  the 
Turkish  empire  by  Russia  and  England. 

Seymour,  Horatio.  Born  at  Pompey  Hill, Onon- 
daga County,  N.  Y.,  May  31, 1810;  died  at  Utica, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  12, 1886.  Am  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1832 ; entered 
the  New  York  State  assembly  in  1841,  and  became  its 
speaker  in  1845  ; was  elected  mayor  of  Utica  in  1842 ; was 
the  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of 
New  York  in  1850 ; was  governor  1863-55  ; vetoed  a pro- 
hibition bill  in  1854 ; was  defeated  as  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor in  1854;  and  was  governor  1863-65.  Among  the 
events  in  his  second  term  were  the  draft  riots  in  1863. 
He  presided  over  the  Democratic  national  conventions  of 
1864  and  1868  ; was  defeated  as  Democratic  candidate  for 
governor  in  1864 ; and  was  the  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  President  in  1868. 

Seymour,  Jane.  Born  in  England  about  1510 : 
died  Oct.  24,  1537.  The  third  queen  of  Henry 
VIII.,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Seymour  and  sister 
of  the  protector  Somerset.  She  was  lady-in-waiting 
to  Catharine  of  Aragon,  and  later  to  Anne  Boleyn.  She 
married  the  king  May  20, 1536,  the  day  after  the  execution 
of  Anne  Boleyn.  On  Oct.  12,  1537,  her  son  (afterward  Ed- 
ward VI.)  was  bom. 

Seymour,  Sir  Michael.  Born  1802 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  23,  1887.  A British  admiral.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1813 ; was  promoted  captain  in  1826  and 
vice-admiral  in  1854 ; and  commanded  the  naval  force 
which  operated  against  Canton  in  1857.  He  was  promoted 
admiral  in  1864,  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1870. 
Seymour,  Robert.  Born  about  1800 : died  April 
20,  1836.  An  English  caricaturist.  He  was  first 
apprenticed  to  a pattern-drawer  of  Duke  street.  Shortly 
after  the  termination  of  his  apprenticeship  lie  set  up  a 
studio  as  a painter  in  oils,  and  executed  several  pictures. 
The  ■;  Humourous  Sketches  ’’  appeared  1834-36.  The  “Book 
of  Christmas, " with  some  of  his  best  work,  is  now  very  rare. 
On  Dec.  10, 1831,  he  began  “Figaro  in  London,”  continued 


Seymour,  Robert 

until  1834.  Seymour  was  associated  with  Dickens  as  the 
first  illustrator  of  “ Pickwick  Papers."  In  a fit  of  depres- 
sion after  a difference  with  that  author,  he  committed  sui- 
cide, April  20,  1836. 

Seyne  (san),  La.  A seaport  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Toulon 
4 miles  southwest  of  Toulon.  It  has  important 
si  dp-building.  Population,  commune,  19,- 
747. 

Sfax  (sfaks).  A seaport  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Tunis,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gabes  142 
miles  south  of  Tunis.  It  has  important  exports.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French,  July  16,  1881,  after  a twenty 
days' bombardment.  Population,  about  30,000.  Also  writ- 
ten Sfaks,  Sfakus,  or  Sfakis. 

Sforza  (sfort'sa),  Francesco.  Born  1401:  died 
1466.  An Italiancondottiere.sonofMuzio Sforza. 
He  married  Bianca  Maria  Visconti,  the  natural  daughter  of 
Filippo  Maria  Visconti,  duke  of  Milan,  on  whose  death  with- 
out male  heirs  he  procured  his  own  elevation  as  duke(1450). 

Sforza, Francesco  II.  Died  1535.  Dukeof  Milan, 
son  of  Lodovico  Sforza.  His  elder  brother,  Massimi- 
liano,  had  been  deprived  of  his  duchy  by  Francis  I.  of 
France  in  1515.  After  the  defeat  of  the  French  at  La 
Bicocca  in  1522,  Francesco  was  restored  to  the  duchy. 
He  was  the  last  of  the  Sforzas. 

Sforza,  Lodovico,  surnamed  II  Moro  (‘the 
Moor’),  Died  a prisoner  at  Loches,  France, 
about  1510.  Duke  of  Milan,  son  of  Francesco 
Sforza.  He  was  agent  for  Giovanni  Galeazzo  Sforza, 
whose  throne  he  usurped,  and  whom  he  is  said  to  have 
poisoned.  He  was  expelled  from  Milan  by  Loui3  XII.  of 
France  in  1499.  He  was  afterward  restored,  but  was  taken 
prisoner  in  1500,  and  carried  to  France. 

Sforza,  Muzio  Attendolo.  Born  about  1369: 
died  1424.  Anltalian  leader  of  mercenary  troops, 
founder  of  the  Sforza  family.  Originally  a peasant, 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  famous  condottiere  Alberico 
da  Barbiano.  from  whom,  on  account  of  his  great  strength, 
he  received  the  surname  of  Sforza.  He  ultimately  became 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Neapolitan  forces,  and  was 
drowned  in  the  Pescara  during  the  siege  of  Aquilain  1424. 
Sganarelle  (sga-na-rel').  A comic  character 
out  of  ancient  comedy,  frequently  introduced 
by  Moli&re  in  his  plays,  and  invested  by  him 
with  different  traits  and  peculiarities  according 
to  the  necessities  of  the  subject.  He  first  appears 
in  “ Sganarelle,  ou  le  cocu  imaginaire  ” (1660),  and  after 
that  in  many  other  plays  (in  “Don  Juan,  ou  le  festin  de 
Pierre"  (where  he  is  the  leporello  of  the  opera  “Don Gio- 
vanni "),  in  “ L’Amourmhiecin,”  “Le  m^decin malgrd lui," 
“ Le  m4decin  volant,”  “L’Ecole  des  maris,”  “Le  mariage 
force,”  etc.).  The  Sganarelle  to  which  most  frequent  al- 
lusion is  made  is  that  in  “Le  m£decin  malgr4  lui."  where 
he  uses  many  expressions  which  have  become  proverbial, 
as  “ Nous  avons  changd  tout  cela,”  etc. 

’S  Gravesande.  See  Gravesande. 

Shadrach  (sha/drak).  [Heb.  Hananiali. ] In 
Old  Testament  history,  a companion  of  Daniel : 
one  of  the  three  (Shadrach,  Meshach,  and  Abed- 
nego)  thrown  into  the  fiery  furnace. 

Shadwell  (shad'wel),  Thomas.  Born  in  Nor- 
folk, 1640  : died  at  London,  Nov.  20,  1692.  An 
English  playwright  and  poet  laureate.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge  and  the  Inner  Temple,  but  de- 
serted the  law  for  literature.  He  is  chiefly  remembered 
for  his  quarrel  with  Dryden,  who  revenged  Shadwell’s  at- 
tack upon  him  in  “ The  Medal  of  John  Bayes"  by  merci- 
lessly satirizing  him  in  “MacFlecknoe,”  and  as  “Og"  in  the 
second  part  of  “Absalom  and  Achitophel."  He  succeeded 
Dryden,  however,  as  poet  laureate  and  historiographer 
royal  in  1688  (when  Dryden  would  not  take  the  oath),  not- 
withstanding his  predecessor’s  satire  in  “MacFlecknoe,” 
“ The  rest  to  some  faint  meaning  make  pretence, 

But  Shadwell  never  deviates  into  sense.” 

Shadwell  was  heavy,  but  not  so  dull  as  Dryden  saw  fit  to 
depict  him.  His  plays  are  coarse  and  witty.  Among 
them  are  “The  Sullen  Lovers,  or  the  Impertinents  ”(1668), 
“ The  Humourists,” “ Psyche  ”(an  opera),  “Epsom  Wells,” 
“The  Virtuoso,”  “ The  Libertine,"  “The  True  Widow  ” (a 
comedy  to  which  Dryden  wrote  an  epilogue  in  1678,  before 
their  quarrel),  “The  Lancashire  Witches,  etc.,”  “The 
Squire  of  Alsatia,"  “Bury  Fair,”  “The  Volunteers.”  His 
son,  Charles  Shadwell,  was  the  author  of  several  plays 
sometimes  confounded  with  Thomas  Shadwell’s.  They  are 
“ The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,  or  the  Humours  of  the  Navy  ” 
(1710  : Hester  Santlow  played  Dorcas  in  this  plav  and  con- 
tributed largely  to  its  success),  “The  Humours  of  the  Army  ” 
(1716),  “Rotheric  O’Connor,”  “The  Sham  Prince,"  etc. 
Shanites  (shaf'i-its).  [From  Ar.  Shafi’i,  name 
of  the  founder.]  The  members  of  one  of  the 
four  divisions  or  sects  into  which  the  Orthodox 
Mohammedans,  or  Sunnites,  are  divided. 
Shafter  (shaf'ter),  William  Rufus.  Born  Oct. 
16,  1835:  died  Nov.  12,  1906.  An  American 
general.  He  served  in  the  Union  army,  and  was 
brevettedbrigadier-general  of  volunteers  March  13,  1865. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regular  army 
in  1866;  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  May,  1897  ; 
and  was  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers  May  4, 
1898.  He  led  the  expedition  to  Cuba  which  effected  the 
surrender  of  Santiago  July  17,  1898.  Retired  1899. 

Shaftesbury  (shafts'bu-ri),  or  Shaston  (shas'- 
ton).  A town  in  Dorset,  England,  19  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Salisbury.  Population,  2,027. 
Shaftesbury,  Earls  of.  See  Cooper.  Eight  of  the 
nine  earls  of  Shaftesbury  have  borne  the  name  Anthony 
Ashley  Cooper,  being  all  eldest  sons. 

Shahabad  (shii-hii-bad').  Adistrictin  the’Patna 
division,  Behar,  British  India,  intersected  by 


922 

lat.  25°  N.,  long.  84°  E.  Area,  4,373  square 
miles.  Population,  1,962,696. 

Shahaptian  (sha  - hap ' te  - an).  A linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  which  in- 
habited a large  territory  along  the  Columbia 
River  and  its  tributaries  in  Oregon,  Washing- 
ton, and  northern  Idaho. 

Shah  Jehan  (shah  je-han'),  or  Shah  Jahan 
(ja-han').  Born  about  1592:  died  1666.  Mo- 
gul emperor  1628-58,  son  of  Jahangir.  During 
his  reign  the  Mogul  empire  reached  its  highest  point. 
He  founded  the  modern  Delhi,  and  built  the  Taj  Mahal 
and  other  magnificent  buildings  at  Agra.  (See  Agra.)  He 
was  deposed  by  his  son  Aurung-Zeb. 

Shahnamah  (shah-na-me').  [‘Book  of  Kings.’] 
The  title  of  several  works,  the  most  celebrated 
of  which  is  the  great  Persian  epic  of  Firdausi. 
See  Abul  Kasim  Mansur.  There  is  also  a Shahnamah 
in  Turkish,  written  by  Firdausi  al  Thauil,  and  recounting 
the  history  of  all  the  kings  of  the  East.  When  Bajazet  II., 
to  whom  it  was  dedicated,  ordered  its  abridgment  from 
300  to  80  volumes,  the  author  emigrated  in  mortification 
to  Khorasan. 

Shahpur  (shah-por').  A district  in  Rawal 
Pindi  division,  Panjab,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  72°  30'  E.  Area, 
4,840  square  miles.  Population,  524,259. 

Shahrazad.  Same  as  Scheherazade. 

Shairp  (sharp),  John  Campbell.  Born  at 
Houston,  Linlithgowshire,  Scotland,  July  30, 
1819:  died  Sept.  18,  1885.  A British  literary 
critic  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  at 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  Newdigate  prize  in  1842.  From 
1846  to  1857  he  was  a master  at  Rugby,  and  became  in 
1861  professor  of  Latin  at  St.  Andrews,  in  1868  principal 
of  the  United  College,  St.  Andrews,  and  in  1877  professor 
of  poetry  at  Oxford.  He  published  “Kilmahoe  ” (1864), 
“Studies  in  Poetry  and  Philosophy  ” (1868),  “Culture  and 
Religion”  (1870),  “Poetic  Interpretation  of  Nature” 
(1877),  “Aspects  of  Poetry  ” (1S81),  etc. 

Shakas  (sha'kaz).  In  the  history  of  India,  a 
people  identified  with  the  Sakai  and  Sac®  of 
classical  writers  (the  Indo-Scythians  of  Ptole- 
my), who  about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian 
era  extended  along  the  west  of  India  to  the 
mouths  of  the  Indus.  They  were  probably  Turks  or 
Tatar  tribes.  As  they  pushed  toward  Central  India  they 
were  met  by  a general  league  of  Hindu  princes.  The  Gup- 
tas shared  in  the  league,  and  possibly  led  it.  A great  bat- 
tle was  fought  at  Kahror,  near  the  eastern  limits  of  the 
great  desert  of  Manvar.  The  Indo-Scythians  were  utterly 
defeated  and  lost  their  place  in  history.  The  battle  of  Kah- 
ror was  probably  fought  about  A.  D.  78.  It  is  said  that  the 
year  78  A.  D.  has  become  known  as  the  Shaka  or  Shali- 
vahana  era  in  consequence  of  this  battle. 

Shakspere  (shak'sper,  originally  shak'sper), 
William.  [Also  Shakespeare,  Shakespear, 
Shaxpcr,  and  many  other  forms,  the  proper 
modern  form  etymologically  being  Shakespear, 
as  in  the  1664  impression  of  the  third  folio 
and  the  fourth  folio  of  the  dramatist’s  works ; 
lit.  ‘one  who  shakes  a spear/ orig.,  like  Break- 
spear,  a complimentary  or  sarcastic  name  for 
a knight  or  soldier;  from  Shake  and  spear.] 
Born  at  Stratford-on-Avon,  April,  1564  (baptized 
April  26) : died  there,  April  23,  1616  (buried 
April  25).  A famous  English  poet,  the  great- 
est of  dramatists.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  He 
was  the  first  son  and  the  third  child  of  John  Shak- 
spere, a glover,  and  Mary  Arden,  both  children  of  hus- 
bandmen. His  parents  were  possessed  of  a little  prop- 
erty, and  the  father  held  various  public  offices  (consta- 
ble, alderman,  and  high  bailiff)  in  Stratford : but  their 
prosperity  did  not  survive  the  poet’s  boyhood.  Where  or 
when  Shakspere  was  educated  is  not  known.  On  Nov.  28, 
1582,  he  took  out  a bond  (in  which  the  name  is  written 
Shagspere)  for  license  of  marriage  with  Anne  (or  Agnes) 
Hathaway  of  Shottery,  who  survived  him  seven  years. 
(Her  birthplace  was  bought  for  the  nation  in  1892.)  The 
date  of  the  religious  ceremony  is  not  known.  A child, 
Susanna,  was  bom  to  them  May  26,  1583,  and  early  in 
1585,  twins,  Hamnet  and  Judith.  About  1587  Shakspere 
went  to  London  to  seek  liis  fortune  in  connection  with  the 
stage,  and  became  an  actor,  probably  in  Lord  Leicester’s 
company  of  players,  who  had  visited  Stratford  about  that 
time.  After  the  death  of  Leicester  it  became  Lord 
Strange’s  company.  (The  story  that  he  wasforced  to  leave 
Stratford  for  deer-stealing  in  the  park  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy 
at  Charlecote  is  a fable ; but  there  may,  be  truth  in 
Davenant’s  story  that  he  held  horses  at  the  theater  doors.) 
Shakspere  had  the  advantage  of  being  associated  with 
Alleyne,  the  best  tragic  actor  in  England,  and  with  Kempe 
and  Pope,  the  best  comedians.  Greene,  Kyd,  Marlowe, 
Wilson,  Peele,  Lodge,  Lyly,  Munday,  and  others  were  all 
at  this  time  writing  plays  for  the  different  companies 
playing  in  the  London  theaters;  and  as  early  as  1589  or 
1590  Shakspere  was  part  author  or  reviser  of  some  of  the 
plays  acted  by  his  own  company,  Lord  Strange's  men.  It 
was  this  collaboration  that  induced  Greene,  his  rival  play- 
wright, to  allude  to  him  in  his  “Groatsworth  of  Wit”  as 
“an  upstart  crow  beautified  with  our  feathers,  that,  with 
his  Tiger’s  heart  wrapped  in  a player’s  hide,  supposes  he 
is  as  well  able  to  bombast  out  a blank  verse  as  the  best; 
and,  being  an  absolute  Johannes-fac-totum,  is  in  his  own 
conceit  the  oidy  Shake-scene  in  a country.”  About  1593 
he  ceased  to  work  as  a collaborator,  and  in  reviving  the 
plays  produced  at  this  period  seems  to  have  taken  out  the 
work  of  the  other  hands,  substituting  lines  of  his  own. 
In  1593  Lord  Strange’s  men  played  at  the  Rose  Theatre.  At 
Lord  Strange’s  death  in  this  year  the  company  became 
“The  Chamberlain's,"  and  with  Shakspere  and  Burbage 
played  at  “The  Theatre.”  After  this  time  Shakspere  was 


Shaktas 

one  of  the  chief  actors  in  the  best  company  in  London,  and 
its  acknowledged  play- writer,  aud  attained  fame  as  a poet 
as  well.  His  son  Hamnet  having  died  in  1596,  Shakspere 
went  for  a short  time  to  Stratford.  He  obtained  a grant 
of  arms,  and  in  1597  bought  New  Place.  In  this  year 
the  Chamberlain’s  Company  removed  to  “The  Curtain,” 
and  about  this  time  Ben  Jonson  began  to  write  for  them. 
Shakspere  lived  at  this  time  in  St.  Helen’s,  Bishopsgate, 
with  occasional  absences  in  Stratford.  In  1598  he  played 
in  Ben  Jonson’s  “ Every  Man  in  his  Humour.”  The  Globe 
Theatre  was  opened  in  1599,  and  after  this  Shakspere’s 
plays  were  first  produced  here.  In  1601  the  Chamberlain's 
Company  traveled,  having  become  obnoxious  to  the  court 
for  playing  “Richard  II.  ” They  played  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, and  also  went  to  Scotland.  In  this  year  Shak- 
spere’s father  died.  The  turbulent  quarrel  known  as  “the 
war  of  the  theaters,"  which  had  raged  since  1599  between 
Jonson,  Dekker,  Chapman,  Marston,  Shakspere,  and  others, 
seems  to  have  been  composed  about  1602.  The  plays  pro- 
duced between  these  years  are  filled  with  bitter  personal 
allusions.  In  this  latter  year  the  Chamberlain’s  Company 
went  back  to  the  court.  In  1603  the  theaters  were  closed 
on  account  of  the  plague;  the  queen  died ; and  the  cham- 
berlain’s men  took  the  name  of  “The  King’s  Company.” 
In  1605  Shakspere  invested  money  in  a lease  of  the  tithes 
of  Bishopton,  Welcombe,  Stratford,  and  Old  Stratford.  In 
1607  his  daughter  Susanna  married  John  Hall,  a physician 
at  Stratford,  and  his  brother  Edmund  died.  His  mother 
died  in  1608.  In  1610  he  retired  from  the  theater,  and 
was  living  in  Stratford  in  1611.  In  1613  he  bought  a house 
near  Blackfriars  Theatre,  his  brother  Richard  died,  and 
it  is  thought  that  at  this  time  Shakspere  sold  his  shares 
in  the  Globe  and  Blackfriars  theaters.  Little  is  known  of 
his  life  in  Stratford  after  his  retirement  from  the  stage, 
but  his  name  appears  in  documents  until  1615.  On  Feb. 

10,  1616,  his  daughter  Judith  married  Thomas  Quiney,  a 
vintner.  Shakspere  died  the  following  April  (it  is  sup- 
posed on  the  23d,  which  is  also  celebrated  as  his  birthday). 
Shakspere’s  poems  are  “ Venus  and  Adonis  ’’(entered  on  the 
“Stationers’  Register  ’’  1593),  “The  Rape  of  Lucrece” (1594), 
“Sonnets  ” (not  published  till  1609,  but  conjectured  to  have 
been  written  1594-98),  “A  Lover’s  Complaint”  (published 
with  the  “ Sonnets,”  probably  written  about  1594).  The 
sonnets  are  154  in  number,  and  were  published  with  a 
dedication  by  the  publisher,  Thomas  Thorpe,  to  “Mr.  W. 
H.,”  “their  only  begetter,"  about  whom  controversy  has 
raged.  The  “Passionate  Pilgrim”  was  first  published  in 
1594.  A volume  called  “Poems:  written  by  Wil.  Shake- 
speare, Gent.,”  was  published  in  1640.  It  contains  many 
poems  now  known  to  be  by  others.  In  1796  the  famous 
Ireland  forgeries  were  published  (see  Ireland,  W.  H.). 
The  authenticity  of  Shakspere’s  plays  was  first  discussed 
in  1848  by  J.  C.  Hart  in  “The  Romance  of  Yachting.” 
He  was  followed  by  others,  notably  by  Miss  Delia  Ba- 
con in  1857  and  by  Nathaniel  Holmes  in  1866  and  1288, 
and  by  Ignatius  Donnelly,  all  striving  to  prove  that  Bacon 
wrote  the  plays.  About  500  works  have  appeared  on  the 
subject.  In  the  following  list  the  dates  of  production  are 
given  as  nearly  as  possible ; but  reference  should  be  made 
to  the  separate  entries.  “ Love's  Labour ’s  Lost  ” (1589 : 
revised  in  1597),  “Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  ” (1591  and 
1595),  “Romeo  and  Juliet”  (1591  and  1596),  “ Henry  VI." 
(in  three  parts,  1592-94),  “A  Comedy  of  Emus"  (1594), 
“King  Richard  III.” (1594),“  Titus Andronicus  ”(?)(1594), 
“A  Midsummer  Night’s  Dream”  (15951  “King  Richard 

11. ”  (1595),  “The  Merchant  of  Venice ”(1598),  “King  John” 
(1596),  “Henry  IV.”  (in  two  parts,  1597  and  1698),  “ Much 
Ado  about  Nothing  ”(1598),“  As  you  Like  it”(  1599), “Henry 
V.” (1599),  “Merry  Wivesof  Windsor  ”(1600),“Tioilus and 
Cressida”  (1600),  “Julius  Caesar"  (1600),  “ Hamlet”  (1601), 
“Macbeth"  (1601),  “All 's  Well  that  Ends  Well"  (1601). 
“Twelfth  Night”  (1602),  “The  Taming  of  the  Shrew" 
(1603),  “ Othello”  (1604),  “Measure  for  Measure”  (1604), 
“King  Lear”  (1605),  “Antony  and  Cleopatra”  (1697).  “Ti- 
mon  of  Athens "(1607-08),  “Coriolanus”  (1608),  “Pericles” 
(1608),  “Cvmbeline”  (1609),  “The  Tempest  ” (1611),  “The 
Winter's  Tale "(1611),  “King  Henry  VIII."  (1613).  The 
doubtful  plays  were  first  attributed  to  Shakspere  in 
the  1664  issue  of  the  third  folio  : they  are  “The  Two  No- 
ble Kinsmen,”  “Edward  III.,”  “The  London  Prodigal," 
“Thomas  Lord  Cromwell,”  “Sir  John  Oldcastle,”  “The 
Puritan  Widow,”  “Locrine,”and  “A  Yorkshire  Tragedy." 
“Arden  of  Feversham,”  “The  Birth  of  Merlin," and  other 
plays  have  also  been  attributed  to  him.  Some  of  the  plays 
were  printed  in  quarto  during  Shakspere's lifetime.  The 
first  collected  edition  was  the  folio  of  1623;  the  second 
folio  appeared  in  1632,  a third  in  1663  and  1664,  a fourth 
in  1685.  Rowe  issued  the  first  critical  edition  of  the  plays 
with  the  poems  in  1709.  Among  the  many  later  editions 
may  be  mentioned  that  of  Pope  (1725),  Johnson  (1765), 
Johnson  and  Steevens  (1773),  Malone  (1790),  Boj  dell’s 
edition,  revised  by  Steevens  (1802),  Bowdler’s  expurgated 
edition  (1818),  Knight  (1838-43  and  later),  Collier  (1841-44 
and  later),  Halliwell  (1853),  Dyce  (1857),  Richard  Grant 
White  (1857-65  and  1883).  Hudson  (I860),  Cambridge  edi- 
tion (1863-66),  Globe  edition  (1864).  Variorum  editions 
have  been  edited  by  Reed  (1803)  and  Boswell  (1821),  and 
notably  by  Furness  (begun  in  1877). 

Shakspere  of  Divines,  The.  Jeremy  Taylor. 
Shakspere  of  Germany,  The.  A name  some- 
times given  to  Kotzebue. 

Shakspere’s  Cliff.  A cliff  near  Dover,  England, 
bordering  the  Strait  of  Dover.  It  is  graphically  pic- 
tured in  Shakspere’s  “King  Lear.”  Height,  350  feet. 
Shaktas  (shak'taz).  [Skt.  shakta,  relating  to 
Shakti  (which  see).]  In  India,  the  worshipers 
of  the  divine  power  under  its  female  representa- 
tion. As  Hinduism  has  resolved  itself  into  two  great  sys- 
tems (Shaivism  and  Vaishnavism),  so  the  adherents  of  each 
of  these  are  divided  into  two  great  classes  (the  Dakshina- 
margis  and  the  Vamamargis).  Both  are  Shaktas,  but  the 
first,  the  * followers  of  the  right-hand  path.’  worship  Shiva 
and  Vishnu  in  their  double  nature  as  male  and  female,  do 
not  show  undue  preference  for  the  female  or  left-hand  side 
of  the  deity,  and  are  not  addicted  to  mystic  or  secret  rites ; 
while  the  second,  the  Vamamargis,  or'  followers  of  the  left- 
hand  path,’  worship  exclusively  the  female  side  of  Shiva 
and  Vishnu.  Theformerflnd theirBiblein the Puranas  the 
latter  in  the  Tontras.  The  rites  of  the  latter  are  orgiastic, 
and  represent  the  most  corrupt  development  of  Hinduism. 


Shakti 

Shakti(shak'ti).  In  Sanskrit,  ‘strength,  energy/ 
and  then  in  Hindu  religion  the  energy  or  active 
power  of  a deity  personified  as  his  wife  and  wor- 
shiped under  various  names.  Fifty  different  forms 
of  the  Shakti  of  Vishnu  besides  Lakshnii  are  reckoned,  and 
fifty  of  the  Shakti  of  Shiva  besides  Durga  or  Gauri.  Brah- 
manism holds  that  the  One  Universal  Self-existent  Spirit 
is  pure  existence.  The  moment  he  becomes  conscious,  his 
nature  becomes  duplex ; and  this  double  nature  is  held  to 
be  partly  male  and  partly  female,  the  female  constituting 
his  left  side.  The  male  side  of  the  god  is  believed  to  rel- 
egate his  more  onerous  functions  to  the  female  ; hence 
the  female  side  of  the  personal  god  is  more  often  propiti- 
ated than  the  male.  See  Shaktas. 

Shakuntala  (sha-kon'ta-la).  The  heroine  of 
th  e great  drama  of  Kalidasa.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  the  sage  Vishvamitra  by  the  nymph  Menaka,  and  was 
left  at  birth  in  a forest  where  she  was  nourished  by  birds 
until  found  by  the  sage  K anva,  who  brought  her  up  in  his 
hermitage  as  his  daughter.  In  the  drama  she  is  seen  in  the 
forest  by  King  Dushy  anta,  who  has  gone  there  to  hunt.  He 
induces  her  to  contract  with  him  a Gandharva  marriage  — 
that  is,  one  formed  by  a simple  declaration  of  mutual  ac- 
ceptance. On  leaving  her  to  return  to  his  capital,  he  give3 
her  a ring.  When  Shakuntala  goes  back  to  the  lrerm  itage, 
she  does  not  heed  the  approach  of  the  testy  sage  Durvasas, 
who  pronounces  upon  her  thecurse  of  being  forgotten  by 
her  beloved.  Relenting,  however,  Durvasas  promises  that 
Dushyanta  shall  remember  heron  seeing  the  ring.  Shakun- 
tala sets  out  to  join  her  husband,  but  on  the  way  bathes  in 
a sacred  pool  and  loses  the  ring.  The  king  does  not  recog- 
nize her,  and  she  isobliged  to  return  to  the  forest,  where  she 
gives  birth  to  Bharata.  A fisherman  catches  a fish  in  which 
he  finds  a royal  ring,  which  is  taken  to  the  king  with  the 
fisherman,  who  is  thought  to  have  stolen  it.  On  seeing  the 
ring  the  king  recognizes  it,  remembers  Shakuntala,  and 
goes  in  quest  of  her.  The  play  exists  in  two  recensions, 
one  known  as  the  Devanagari,  the  other  as  the  Bengali,  of 
which  th e former  is  thought  to  be  the  older  and  purer.  It 
was  from  the  latter  that  Sir  William  Jones  made  his  cele- 
brated translation  of  1789,  which,  translated  into  German 
by  Forster  in  1791,  so  excited  the  admiration  of  Herder  and 
Goethe.  Monier-VVilliams  has  published  an  exquisite  and 
* masterly  translation  of  the  Devanagari  recension. 

Shaler  (sha'ler), Nathaniel  Southgate.  Born 
at  Newport,  Ky.,  Feb.  22, 1841:  died  April  10, 
1906.  An  American  geologist  and  paleontol- 
ogist. He  graduated  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School 
(Harvard)  in  1862 ; served  in  the  Union  army  during  the 
Civil  War ; and  was  professor  of  paleontology  at  Harvard 
from  1868  to  1887,  when  he  became  professor  of  geology. 
Among  his  works  are  “A  First  Book  in  Geology”  (1884), 
“Kentucky”  (1884 : in  American  Commonwealths  series), 
“ The  Interpretation  of  Nature  ’’  (1893),  etc. 

Shallow  (shal'o).  A solemn,  insignificant  coun- 
try justice  in  the  “ Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,” 
and  in  the  2d  part  of  “ King  Henry  IV.,”  by 
Shakspere.  ne  has  lofty  pretensions  to  having  been 
a roaring  blade  in  his  youth,  and  is  a satire  on  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy,  the  author's  old  Stratford  enemy.  Phelps  made  a 
great  hit  in  London  in  this  part. 

Shalmaneser  (shal-ma-ne'zer).  [Assyr.  &ul- 
man-asarid,  the  god  Shulman  is  the  leader.]  The 
name  of  four  Assyrian  kings.  The  first  reigned 
about  1330  B.  C.  From  an  inscription  of  Asurnazirpal 
(884-860  B.  c.)it  is  known  that  he  founded  the  city  of  Calah 
(modern  Nimrud),  which  he  made  his  residence,  and  that 
he  extended  the  boundaries  of  the  Assyrian  empire  in  the 
northwest-  The  second  reigned  860-824  B.  c.  He  was  war- 
like and  enterprising  like  his  father  Asurnazirpal,  and 
under  him  the  first  direct  collision  between  Assyr  ia  and 
Israel  took  place.  The  extant  monuments  of  him  are  the 
“black  obelisk,"  about  7 feet  high,  with  190  lines  of  cunei- 
form writing  and  representations  of  war-scenes  in  bas-re- 
lief, discovered  by  Layard  in  the  Nimrud  mound ; two  bull- 
colossi  covered  w ith  inscriptions,  found  in  the  same  place  ; 
a monolith,  found  in  Kurkh ; the  bronze  coverings  of  his 
palace  doors  decorated  with  scenes  of  war,  games,  sacri- 
fices, etc.,  and  an  account  of  the  first  nine  years  of  his 
reign,  in  repousse  work,  discovered  by  Hormuzd  Rassam 
in  Balawat.  From  these  monuments  we  learn  that  Shal- 
maneser II.  invaded  Babylonia,  conquering  the  city  of 
Babylon  and  many  other  cities.  He  then  directed  his  forces 
against  the  confederation  of  the  Syrian  kings  to  which 
also  Ahab  of  Israel  belonged,  and  defeated  it  in  the  battle 
of  Karkar.  In  842,  after  the  defeat  of  Hazael  of  Damascus, 
he  received  tribute  from  Tyre,  Sidon,  and  Jehu  of  Israel. 
The  last  four  years  of  his  reign  were  occupied  with  the  re- 
bellion which  one  of  his  sons  had  aroused,  and  which  his 
other  son  put  down  two  years  after  his  father’s  death.  The 
third  reigned  782-772  B.  c.  During  the  ten  years  of  his 
reign  he  made  six  expeditions  against  Armenia  (Urartu), 
one  against  Damascus,  and  one  against  Chatarika  (the  bib- 
lical Hadrach).  The  fourth  reigned  727-722.  He  is  known 
from  the  Old  Testament.  He  undertook  an  expedition  into 
the  west,  on  which  occasion  Hosea,  king  of  Israel,  who  be- 
came tributary  to  his  predecessor,  Tiglath-Pileser  III.,  re- 
peated the  assurance  of  his  submission  and  brought  him 
presents  But,  soon  after  the  departure  of  the  Assyrian 
king,  Hosea  sent  an  embassy  to  the  Egyptian  king  Sliabe 
(biblical  So)  offering  him  his  alliance,  whereupon  Shal- 
maneser IV.  appeared  before  Samaria,  took  the  faithless 
Hosea  captive,  andlaid  siege  to  the  city  (2  Ki.  xvii.).  From 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  it  is  known  that  Shalmaneser 
IV.  himself  met  with  his  death  during  the  siege,  and  that 
it  was  his  successor,  Sargon,  who  succeeded  in  taking  Sa- 
maria after  a three  years'  siege. 

Shamaka.  See  Sliemalclia. 

Shamash  (sha'niash).  In  the  Assyro-Babylo- 
nian  pantheon,  the  god  of  the  snn.  ne  is  called 
the  “light  of  the  gods,”  the  “illuminator  of  heaven  and 
earth,"  and  especially  the  “great  judge  of  heaven  and 
earth.”  His  wife  is  Aa,  the  “lady  of  mankind, "the  “lady 
of  the  countries,”  The  principal  seats  of  his  worship  were 
Sippara  (the  biblical  Sepharvaim)  and  Larsa  (modern  Sen- 
kereh). 

Shamba  (sham'ba).  See  Kabail. 


923 


Shasu 


Shamo,  Desert  of.  See  Gobi.  Chad,  Sudan,  which  it  joins  from  the  south: 

Shamokin  (sha-mo'kin).  A borough  in  North-  source  unknown.  Length,  700  miles  (’!). 
umberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  50  miles  Shark  Bay  (shark  ba).  An  inlet  of  the  Indian 
northwest  of  Beading.  It  is  important  as  the  Ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  West.  Australia, 
center  of  a coal-mining  region.  Population,  Sharkieh  (shar-ke'ye).  The  easternmost prov- 
19,588,  (1910).  ince  of  Lower  Egypt.  Area,  1,314  square  miles. 

Shamrock  (sham'rok).  A sloop  yacht,  the  un-  Population,  879,646. 

successful  challenger  for  the  America’s  cup  in  Sharon  (shar ' on).  A borough  in  Mercer 
1899.  She  was  owned  by  Sir  Thomas  Lipton  and  designed  County,  western  Pennsylvania.,  situated  on 
by  William  Fife,  Jr.  Her  dimensions  were : length  over  ShenangO  River  64  miles  northwest  of  Pitts- 
all, 128  feet ;;  water-line  length,  87  feet  8-}  inches  (for  the  burg.  It  has  important  iron  manufactures. 
Jast  race,  88  feet  Ilf  inches)  ; beam,  25  feet  5 inches.  Population,  15,270,  (1910). 


by  Ueorge  j-i.  iihiduu  nuiu  vwaeu  uy  n ,,  . . • , „ “ t , "V,  a ,, 

Sir  Thomas  Lipton.  She  failed  to  win  a race.  £ro,m  t l/  vieinlfYof  J°PPa  Cssarea  or  Car- 
Shamyl:  See  Schamyl.  “eL  lt;  was  celebrated  for  its  fertility. 

Shandon  (sha.n'don),  Captain.  A witty,  sweet  “harp  (sharp),  James.  Born  at  Castle  Banff, 
tempered,  hut  intemperate  literary  hack  who  -/ay  4,  1618 : ^ murdered^ on.  Magus  Muir,  near 


lives  in  the  Fleet  Prison : a character  in  Thack- 
eray’s ‘ ‘ Pendennis .”  His  original  was  W illiam 
Maginn. 

Shandy  (shan'di),  Captain.  See  Toby,  Uncle. 

Shandy,  Tristram.  See  Tristram  Shandy. 

Shanghai  (shang-hi').  A city  and  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Kiangsu,  China,  situated  on  the 
river  Wusung,  at  the  junction  of  the  Hwangpu, 
and  near  the  Yangtse,  in  lat.  31°  15'  N.,  long. 

121°  29'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  of  the  country, 
exporting  tea,  silk,  etc.  It  contains  an  important  foreign 
quarter  inhabited  by  British,  Americans,  French,  etc.  It 
became  a treaty  port  in  1S43.  It  was  taken  by  the  rebels 
and  held  temporarily  in  1853.  Population,  estimated, 

651,000. 

Shankara  (shang'ka-ra),  or  Shankaracarya 
(-a-char'ya).  [‘The  teacher  or  doctor  Shan- 
kara/] One  of  the  most  renowned  theologians 
of  India,  nis  exact  date  is  uncertain : Wilson  puts  it  in 
the8thor9thcentury  A.D.  Tradition  generally  makes  him  a - _ 

native  of  Malabar.  He  is  described  as  having  led  a wander-  Sharp,  J Gun.  Born  at  Bradford,  England,  Feb. 
ing,  controversial  life^and  as  having  gone  toward  the  close  16,  1644:  died  at  Bath,  Feb.  2,  1714.  An  Eng- 
of  it  to  Kashmir  and  then  to  Kedarnath  in  the  Himalaya  Hsff  prelate,  archbishop  of  York, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  died  at  the  age  of  32.  He  is  held  * -p  i ’ £ \ r\  * ., 

to  have  worked  various  miracles,  among  others  reaniraat-  ollcirp,  XvGDGCCS;  vi3GCXy  One  of  the 

ing  and  entering  the  dead  body  of  King  Amaru  in  order 


St.  Andrews,  May  3,  1679.  A Scottish  prelate, 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews.  In  1637  he  graduated 
at  King’s  College,  Aberdeen ; in  1643  was  chosen  a re- 
gent of  philosophy  in  St.  Leonard’s  College,  St.  Andrews ; 
and  in  1648  he  was  appointed  minister  of  Crail  in  F’ifeshire. 
He  was  aleaderof  the  Resolutioners against  the  Protesters. 
In  1667  he  went  to  Loudon  to  counteract  the  influence  of 
the  Protesters  with  the  Protector.  In  Feb.,  1660,  he  vis- 
ited London  again  to  watch  the  movements  of  Monk.  He 
was  well  received  by  Monkand  sent  to  Charles II.  at  Breda, 
ostensibly  to  advocate  the  Presbyterian  cause.  He  was 
in  confidential  communication  with  Charles  and  Claren- 
don, assisted  in  the  restoration  of  Episcopacy  In  Scot- 
land, and  for  his  treachery  was  appointed  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews  in  Aug.,  1661.  When  Lauderdale  became 
supreme,  Sharp  cooperated  in  passing  the  National  Synod 
Act  of  1663,  the  first  step  in  subjecting  the  church  to  the 
crown.  In  1667,  with  Rothes,  he  was  the  governing  power 
in  Scotland.  Their  tyranny  and  crueltj^provoked  a rising 
of  the  Covenanters.  On  July  10, 1668,  an  attempt  to  assas- 
sinate him  was  made  by  James  Mitchell,  a preacher.  He 
was  murdered  by  a number  of  Covenanters  while  on  his 
way  to  St.  Andrews. 


to  become  temporarily  the  husband  of  Amaru’s  widow  that 
he  might  be  able  to  argue  with  a Brahman  on  the  wedded 
state,  and  was  even  regarded  as  an  incarnation  of  Shiva. 
He  is  made  the  founder  of  the  Dashnamidandins,  or  ‘Ten- 
named  Mendicants  ’ (so  called  as  divided  into  10  classes, 
each  distinguished  by  the  name  of  one  of  the  10  pupils  of 
each  of  Shankara’s  4 chief  pupils),  one  of  the  principal 
Shaiva  sects.  South  Indian  pandits  represent  him  also  as 
founder  of  all  the  6 principal  sects  of  Hinduism  — viz.,  the 
Shaivas,  the  Vaishnayas,  the  Shaktas,  the  Ganapatyas,  the 
Sauras,  and  the  Pashupatas — though  falsely,  as  Shankara 
was  opposed  to  all  sectarian  ideas.  He  is  said  to  have  es- 
tablished several  maths,  or  monasteries,  particularly  one 
still  flourishing  at  Sringiri  on  the  Western  Ghats,  near  the 
sources  of  the  Tungabudra.  The  essential  fact  of  his  life 
is  that  he  molded  theUttaramimansa  or  Vedanta  philoso- 
phy into  its  final  form,  and  popularized  it  into  a national 
religion.  A large  number  of  works  are  ascribed  to  him, 
of  which  the  most  important  are  commentaries  on  the  Ve- 
dantasutras,  the  Bhagavadgita,  and  the  principal  Upani- 
shads. 

Shankar  avijaya  (shang-ka-ra-vi'ja-ya).  [Skt., 
‘the  triumph  of  Shankara.’]  The  name  of 
several  Sanskrit  works,  hut  especially  of  a bi- 
ography of  Shankara  (which  see),  by  Ananda- 
giri. 

Shanklin  (shangk'lin).  A watering-place  situ 


principal  characters  in  Thackeray’s  “Vanity 
Fair”:  a friendless  girl,  “with  the' dismal  pre- 
cocity of  poverty,”  whose  object  it  is  to  rise  in 
the  World.  She  is  agreeable,  cool,  selfish,  and  entirely 
unmoral ; “ small  and  slight  of  person,  pale,  sandy-haired, 
and  with  green  eyes,  habitually  cast  down,  but  very  large, 
odd,  and  attractive  when  they  looked  up.” 

But  the  finest  character  in  the  whole  novel  is  Miss  Re- 
beoca  Sharp,  an  original  personage,  worthy  to  be  called 
the  author  s own,  and  as  true  to  life  as  hypocrisy,  ability, 
and  cunning  can  make  her.  She  is  altogether  the  most 
important  person  in  the  work,  being  the  very  impersona- 
tion of  talent,  tact,  and  worldliness,  and  working  her  way 
with  a graceful  and  executive  impudence  unparalleled 
amongmanaging women.  She indicatestlieextremepoint 
of  worldly  success  to  which  these  qualities  will  carry  a 
person,  and  also  the  impossibility  of  their  providing  against 
all  contingencies  in  life. 

Whipple,  Essays  and  Reviews,  II.  407. 

Sharp,  Timothy.  The  “lying  valet”  in  Gar- 
rick’s play  of  that  name. 

Sharp,  William.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  29, 
1749:  died  at  Chiswick,  England,  July  25, 1824. 
An  English  line-engraver.  He  executed  excel- 
lent plates  from  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  the 
. — ~ , -,  , b-  T,  . old  masters, 

ated  on  the  southeastern  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Sharper  (shar'per).  A character  in  Congreve’s 
Wight,  England.  Population,  4,533.  “Old  Bachelor.”  It  is  he  who  says : 

Shannon  (shan  on).  The  principal  river  of  «Thusgrief  still  treads  upon  the  lieels  of  pleasure  - 
Ireland.  It  rises  in  the  north  ; flows  south  and  south-  Marry’d  in  haste,  we  may  repent  at  leisure.” 

west ; traverses  Loughs  Allen,  Ree,  and  Derg  ; and,  form- - , . ..  ,,, . , n1  , • 

ing  a wide  estuary,  empties  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  52°  Sharpsburg  (sharps  berg).  1 . A small  town  m 
30' N.  The  chief  tributary  is  the  Suck.  Length,  about  250  Washington  County,  western  Maryland,  situ- 
miles ; navigable  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course  (for  ato<l  near  the  Potomac  12  miles  south  of  Ha- 
large  vessels  to  Limerick}.  gerstown.  For  the  battle  of  Sharpsburg,  see 

Shannon,  The.  A British  man-of-war  which  j^ntietam. — 2.  A borough  of  Allegheny  County, 
captured  the  American  vessel  of  war  Chesa-  Pennsylvail5aj  situated  on  the  Allegheny  River 
Peake  off  Marblehead,  Massachusetts,  June  1,  5 ,npes  northeast  of  Pittsburg.  Population, 
1813. ; See  Chesapeake  8,153,  (1910). 

Shansi  (shan-se  ).  [ Mountainous  west.  ] A Sharswood  (shSrz'wud),  George.  BornatPhil- 

province  of  northern  China.  Capital,  Taiyuen-  ’adel  hi  j„ly  7 1810:  died  it  Philadelphia, 

IU»  It  borders  on  jVIon^olio,  on  tlio  noitn  &nd  on  the  oq  i cqq  Ah  Attipfiooti  jitk!  Iccrnl 

Hwangho  on  the  south  and  west;  the  surface  is  largely  MaY  28>  Av\  American  jurist  ana  legal 

mountainous.  Area,  81,830  square  miles.  Population,  writer.  He  became  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  ( ourt  of 
12  200  456.  Pennsylvania  in  1867,  and  later  chief  justice.  He  edited 

Shan'  (shan)  States.  A group  of  Lao  states,  Ahk-sP’ etc!‘ Klackstone  ” (1859)l  and 

partly  under  British  rule  in  Burma,  partlymde-  . See  Sastcan. 

pendent,  and  partly  under  the  rule  of  Siam.  Shasta  (shas'ta),  Mount.  A mountain-peak  in 
Shan-tung  (shan-tong  ).  A maritime  province  giski  \ Gonniy,  California,  situated  about  lat. 
of  China.  Capital,  Tsinan.  It  borders  on  the  Yel-  41o  25 ' N.  It  is  one  of  the  highest  peaks  in  the 

low  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li.  The  surface  is  gener-  . , rr  • I, . 1 , .A,.  /'  L 

ally  level,  except  in  the  peninsular  portion.  Area,  55,970  United  btates.  Height,  14,ooU  leer, 
square  miles.  Population,  38,247,900.  _ Shastica.  See  Sastean. 

Sharezer  (sha-re'zer).  According  to  2 Ki.xix.  SLasu  (shii'so).  See  the  extract. 

37,  Isa.  xxxvii.  38,  the  son  of  Sennacherib  who, 
with  his  brother  Adrammelech,  assassinated 
his  father.  In  Abydenus  he  hears  the  name  of  Nergilos, 
and  it  is  not  improbable  that  his  complete  name  was  Ner- 
gal-Sharezer  (Assyrian  Senjal-iar-ue.ur,  “Nergal(the  god 
of  war)  protect  the  king").  The  name  Sharezer  occurs  also 
as  that  of  a Judean  in  the  time  of  Darius  (Zech.  vii.  2). 

Shari  (shii're).  The  chief  tributary  of  Lake 


Very  distinct  from  the  Phcctiicians  of  Kaft  are  the  Shasu 
or  Bedawin,  ‘Plunderers,’  of  the  Egyptian  monuments. 
They  were  the  scourge  of  the  settled  populations  of 
Canaan  as  their  descendants  are  at  the  present  day.  VV  e 
hear  of  them  as  existing  from  the  Egyptian  frontier  up  to 
the  north  of  Palestine,  ' the  land  of  the  Amorite  where 
their  place  was  taken  in  the  fifteenth  century  before  our 
era  by  the  invading  Hittite.  They  were  properly  inhabi- 


Shasu 

tarits  of  the  desert,  who  perpetually  hovered  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cultivated  land,  taking  advantage  of  every  op- 
portunity to  harry  and  plunder  it. 

Sayce , Kacea  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  105. 

Shat-el-Arab  (shitt-el-ii'riib).  Tho  lower  course 
of  tlie  Euphrates  after  its  junction  with  the 
Tigris. 

Shattuck  (shat'uk),  Aaron  Draper.  Born  at 
Francestown,  N.  H.,  Marcli !),  1832.  An  Ameri- 
can landscape-painter,  lie  first  exhibited  in 
1856,  and  was  made  a national  academician  in 
1861. 

Shattuck,  Lemuel.  Born  at  Ashby,  Mass.,  Oet. 
15,  1793:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  17,  1859.  Au 
American  historical  and  statistical  writer. 
Shaula  (sha'lii).  [Ar.  al-Saula,  tho  sting.]  Tho 
second-magnit  ude  star  J Scorpii,  at  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  creature’s  tail. 

Shavano  (shii-vii'no),  Mount.  A mountain  of 
the  Saguache  Mountains,  central  Colorado. 
Height,  14,239  feet. 

Shaw  (sha),  Henry  Wheeler:  pseudonyms 
J Osh  Billings  and  Uncle  Esek.  Born  at  Lanes- 
borough,  Mass.,  April  21,1818:  died  at  Monterey, 
Cal.,  Oct.  14, 1885.  An  American  humorist.  He 
published  annually  “Josh  Billings’  Farmers’  Allminax,” 
ami  began  his  career  as  a lecturer  in  1803.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  1877. 

Shaw,  Lemuel.  Born  at  Barnstable, Mass.,  Jan. 
9, 1781:  died  at  Boston,  March  30, 1861.  A noted 
American  jurist.  He  was  chief  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  1830-60. 
Shaw,  Robert  Gould.  Born  at  Boston,  Oct.  10, 
1837 : killed  at  Fort  Wagner,  S.C.,  July  18, 1863. 
A Union  officer  in  the  Civil  War.  He  enlisted  as 
a private  in  1861 ; was  promoted  captain  Aug.  10, 1862 ; and 
April  17,  1863,  became  colonel  of  the  54th  Massachusetts, 
the  first  regiment  of  colored  troops  from  afree  State  mus- 
tered into  the  United  States  service. 

Shawangunk  (shong'gum)  Mountains.  A 

range  of  the  Appalachian  system  in  Orange, 
Sullivan,  and  Ulster  counties,  southeastern 
New  York,  extending  from  New  Jersey  north- 
eastward. Height,  about  2,000  feet. 

Shawano  (sha'wa-no),  or  Shawnee  (sha'ne),  or 
Savannas  (sa-van ' az ) . A tribe  of  N orth  Ameri- 
can Indians.  From  their  wanderings  and  the  difficul- 
ties of  identification,  their  habitat  lias  been  much  dis- 
cussed. They  were  early  known  in  the  Cumberland  valley 
in  Tennessee  and  on  the  upper  Savannah  in  South  Carolina. 
About  the  middle  of  the  18th  century  these  two  bodies, 
after  several  changes  of  homes,  were  united  in  the  Ohio 
valley,  and  were  almost  constantly  at  war  with  the  English 
and  afterward  with  theUnitedStates.beingunderTecum- 
seh’s  leadership  in  the  War  of  1812.  There  are  about 
six  hundred  living  in  Oklahoma.  The  name  is  translated 
‘southerners,’  referring  to  the  fact  that  for  a long  period 
they  lived  farther  south  than  any  of  the  other  Algon- 
quian  divisions.  See  Algonquian. 

Shawano  (slia-wa'nd)  Lake.  A lake  in  Sha- 
wano County,  eastern  Wisconsin,  30  miles  north- 
west of  Green  Bay.  Its  outlet  is  by  Wolf  River  into 
Lake  Winnebago.  Length,  about  6 miles. 

Shawnee.  See  Shawano. 

Shays  (shaz),  Daniel.  Born  at  Hopkinton, 
Mass.,  1747 : died  at  Sparta,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29, 
1825.  An  American  insurgent,  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  insurrection  of  1786-87  in  western 
Massachusetts  commonly  known  as  Shays’s  Re- 
bellion. He  was  an  ensign  in  Woodbridge’s  regiment  at 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  attained  the  rank  of  captain 
in  the  Continental  army.  After  resigning  his  commission 
he  settled  at  Pelham  (now  Prescott),  Massachusetts.  He 
fled  on  the  suppression  of  the  insurrection  in  question 
to  New  Hampshire  and  thence  to  Vermont,  where  he  re- 
mained about  a year,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he  received 
a pardon.  He  thereupon  removed  to  Sparta,  New  York. 
He  enjoyed  a pension  during  his  later  years  for  his  ser- 
vices in  the  Revolution. 

Shays’s  Rebellion.  An  insurrection  in  western 
Massachusetts  against  the  State  government, 
1786-87,  under  the  leadership  of  Daniel  Shays 
and  others,  occasioned  by  the  unsettled  condi- 
tion of  affairs  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  and 
the  con  sequent  popular  discontent.  Thechief  grie- 
vances complained  of  were  that  the  governor’s  salary  was 
too  high,  that  the  Senate  was  aristocratic,  that  the  lawyers 
were  extortionate,  and  that  taxes  were  too  burdensome  ; 
and  the  principal  remedy  demanded  was  a large  issue  of 
paper  money.  Shays,  in  Dec.,  1786,  attempted  at  the  head 
of  1,000  followers  to  prevent  the  session  of  the  Supreme 
Court  at  Springfield,  but  was  forestalled  by  the  militia. 
In  Jan.,  1787,  three  bodies  of  insurgents,  under  Shays,  Luke 
Day,  and  Eli  Parsons  respectively,  marched  on  Springfield 
with  a view  to  capturing  the  Continental  arsenal.  The 
largest  body,  that  under  Shays,  numbering  1,000,  was  at- 
tacked by  the  militia  (about  4,000)  under  General  Benjamin 
Lincoln  on  the  25th,  and  was  put  to  flight  with  a loss  of 
3 men  killed  and  1 wounded.  The  fugitives,  including 
Shays,  joined  the  force  under  Eli  Parsons.  The  insurgents 
were  finally  dispersed  Feb.,  1787,  at  Petersham,  where  150 
of  them  were  captured.  Shays  escaped.  Some  of  the  other 
leaders  were  sentenced  to  death,  but  were  ultimately  par- 
doned. 

She  (she).  A novel  by  Rider  Haggard,  published 
in  1887.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  interior  of 
southern  Africa. 


924 

Shea  (sha),  John  Dawson  Gilmary.  Bom  at 

New  York,  July  22, 1824:  died  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J., 
Feb.  22,  1892.  An  American  historical  writer 
arid  philologist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846, 
but  soon  abandoned  law  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly 
to  literature.  He  wrote  “Discovery  and  Exploration  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley"  (1863),  “ History  of  the  Catholic 
Missions  among  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  United  States” 
(1854),  “Early  Voyages  up  and  down  the  Mississippi ”(1862), 
and  “Lincoln  Memorial  ”(1865).  He  also  published  gram- 
mars and  dictionaries  of  various  Indian  languages,  and 
various  translations,  including  Charlevoix’s  “History  and 
General  Description  of  New  France"  (1806-72);  and  edited 
“ Washington’s  Private  Diary  ” (1861). 

Sheaffe,  Sir  Roger  Hale.  Bom  at  Boston,  July 
15,  1763:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  17,  1851.  A 
British  general.  He  defeated  the  Americans  at  Queens- 
ton,  Canada,  1812,  and  commanded  at  the  defense  of  York 
(Toronto)  in  the  following  year. 

Sheba  (she/bii).  A grandson  of  Cush  (Gen.  x.  7); 
a descendant  of  Jokshan  (x.  28) ; grandson  of 
Abraham  and  Keturah  (xxv.  2).  The  Sabieans  were, 
according  to  biblical  and  classical  notices,  the  most  im- 
portant people  of  South  Arabia.  They  were  settled  in 
southwestern  Arabia,  Yemen,  with  the  capital  Mariba. 
The  numerous  inscriptions  bear  evidence  of  their  culture. 
From  this  country  there  came  a queen  to  test  Solomon's 
wisdom  (1  Ki.  x.  1) : Arabic  legends  give  her  the  name  of 
Balkis,  and  assert  that  she  bore  a son  to  Solomon.  It  is  from 
this  son  that  the  Ethiopians  claim  descent.  In  24  B.  C.  the 
Egyptian  governor  -Elms  Galius  undertook  an  expedition 
against  Mariba  with  the  aid  of  the  Nabataeans,  but  with- 
out success.  According  to  Arabic  accounts  the  capital 
was  destroyed  by  a flood  200  A.  D.  The  Himyarite  dynasty 
of  Yemen  was  extinguished  shortly  before  Mohammed. 
Shebat  (shvat';  Eng.  she-bat').  [Assyr.  Saba- 
tu.~\  InZeeh.  i.  7,  the  eleventh  month  of  the  He- 
brew year,  corresponding  to  Jan. -Feb. : bor- 
rowed by  the  Jews  from  the  Babylonians  after 
the  exile.  Among  the  Assyro-Babylonians  this  month 
was  sacred  to  Ramman,  the  storm-god.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  verb  shabat,  to  strike,  and  means  ‘the 
month  of  devastation,’  on " account  of  the  destructive 
storms  and  inundations  which  it  brought  in  its  train. 
Sheboygan  (she-boi'gan).  A city,  capital  of 
Sheboygan  County,  Wis.,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Sheboygan  River, 
48  miles  north  by  eastof  Milwaukee,  ithasalarge 
export  trade  in  grain,  has  varied  manufactures,  and  is  a 
dairy  center.  Population,  26,398,  (1910). 

Shechem  (she'kem).  [Heb., ‘shoulder.’]  An 
ancient  city  of  Palestine,  situated  in  the  val- 
ley between  Mount  Ebal  and  Mount  Gerizim. 
It  was  afterward  called  Neapolis  (whence  the  modern 
nameNablus),  or  morefully  Flavia  Neapolis,  from  its  hav- 
ing been  restored  by  Titus  Flavius  Vespasianus  after  its 
destruction  in  the  Jewish-Roman  war.  Shechem  (or  Si- 
chem)  played  an  important  part  throughout  the  history  of 
Israel.  The  patriarch  Jacob  and  his  sons  sojourned  there 
for  some  time.  It  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  tribe  of. Ephraim, 
and  Joshua  held  there  his  farewell  meeting.  It  was  one 
of  the  free  Levitical  cities.  During  the  period  of  the 
judges  it  was  thecenterof  theruleof  Abimelech,  andafter 
the  division  of  the  kingdom  Jeroboam  made  it  his  tempo- 
rary residence.  After  the  exile  it  became  the  center  of 
the  Samaritans,  who  erected  near  it  their  temple  on  Mount 
Gerizim.  It  suffered  a great  deal  during  the  Crusades, 
but  is  still  an  important  city.  See  Nablus. 

Shechinah,  or  Shekinah  (she-M'nii).  [From 
Heb.  shaJchan,  dwell.]  The  Jewish  name  for  the 
symbol  of  the  divine  presence,  which  rested  in 
the  shape  of  a cloud  or  visible  light  over  the 
mercy-seat. 

Shedd  (shed),  William  Greenough  Thayer. 

Born  June  21,  1820:  died  Nov.  17,  1894.  An 
American  theologian.  He  became  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical history  in  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1854,  professor  of  biblical  literature  at  Union  Theological 
Seminary  (New  York)  in  1863,  and  professor  of  systematic 
theology  in  the  latter  institution  1874-90.  Among  his 
works  are  “ History  of  Christian  Doctrine  ” (1863),  “ Homi- 
letics and  Pastoral  Theology”  (1867),  “Sermons  to  the 
Natural  Man  ” (1871),“  Theological  Essays”  (1877),“  Liter- 
ary Essays  ”(1878),  “Commentary  on  Romans "(1879),  “Ser- 
mons to  the  Spiritual  Man”  (1884),  “Doctrine  of  Endless 
Punishment  ” (1886),  “Dogmatic  Theology  ” (1888-94),  etc. 
Sheelin  (she'lin),  Lough.  A lake  on  the  south- 
ern border  of  County  Cavan,  Ireland,  12  miles 
south  of  Cavan.  Length,  about  5 miles. 
Sheepshanks  (shep'shangks),  John.  Bom  at 
Leeds,  1787 : died  at  London,  Oct.  5,  1863.  An 
English  art-collector.  He  collected  the  works  of 
modern  British  artists,  especially  Landseer,  Mulready, 
and  Leslie.  In  1857  he  gave  his  collection  to  the  British 
Museum. 

Sheepshanks,  Richard.  Born  at  Leeds,  1794 : 
died  at  Reading,  1855.  An  English  astronomer, 
brother  of  John  Sheepshanks.  His  represen- 
tatives founded  the  “ Sheepshanks  Astronomi- 
cal Exhibition  ” in  1858. 

Sheepshead  Bay  (sheps'hed  ha).  A small  in- 
let of  the  Atlantic,  near  Coney  Island,  Long 
Island,  New  York.  Near  it  is  a noted  race- 
course. 

Sheep-shearing,  The.  A play  by  George  Col- 
man  the  elder,  produced  in  1777.  It  is  taken 
from  Garrick’s  alteration  of  “The  Winter’s 
Tale.” 

Sheeraz.  See  Shiraz. 


Sheliak 

Sheerness  (sher-nes').  A seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Kent,  England,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Medway  with  the  Thames,  on 
the  Isle  of  Sheppey,  36  miles  east  of  London. 
It  lias  been  a naval  establishment  with  dockyards  and 
strong  fortifications.  In  1667  it  was  taken  by  the  Dutch 
under  De  Ruyter.  Population,  18,179. 

Sheffield  (shef 'eld).  A parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal borough  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Don,  Sheaf,  and  other 
streams,  in  lat.  53°  24'  N.,  long.  1°  28'  W.  it  is 
the  chief  seat  of  English  cutlery  manufacture.  Among 
the  articles  manufactured  are  knives,  scissors,  razors,  tools 
of  all  kinds,  rails,  armor-plates,  castings,  surgical  instru- 
ments, machinery,  silver-plate,  axles,  etc.  The  grammar- 
school,  Firth  College,  St.  Peter’s  Church,  St.  George’s 
Museum,  corn  exchange,  and  music-hall  are  noteworthy. 
Its  cutlery  has  been  celebrated  from  early  times.  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  was  confined  in  the  castle.  Sheffield  has 
been  a headquarters  of  trades-unions.  It  returns  6 mem- 
bers to  Parliament.  Population,  454,653,  (1911). 
Sheffield.  A city  in  northern  Alabama,  on  the 
Tennessee.  It  is  an  iron-manufacturing  and 
mining  center,  of  recent  foundation.  Popula- 
tion, 4,865,  (1910). 

Sheffield,  John,  Duke  of  Buckinghamshire. 
Bom  April  7,  1648:  died  Feb.  24,  1721.  An 
English  statesman  and  poet.  In  1658  he  succeeded 
to  the  titles  of  his  father,  the  second  Earl  of  Mulgrave. 
He  fought  against  the  Dutch  in  1666  ; was  chamberlain  to 
James  II.,  cabinet  councilor  to  William  III.,  and  lord 
privy  seal  (1702-05).  In  1694  he  was  made  marquis  of 
Normanby,  and  in  1703  was  created  duke  of  Normanby 
and  duke  of  Buckinghamshire.  He  was  deprived  of  all 
his  offices  by  Godolphin  and  Marlborough.  He  wrote  an 
“ Essay  on  Satire  " which  was  attributed  to  Dryden,  an 
“ Essay  on  Poetry,”  two  tragedies,  and  minor  poems.  His 
works  were  published  in  1723. 

Sheffield  Scientific  School.  A department  of 
Yale  University,  devoted  to  special  training  in 
science.  It  confers  various  degrees,  including  bachelor 
of  philosophy,  civil  engineer,  and  doctor  of  philosophy. 
It  was  established  in  1847,  and  was  named  from  its  chief 
benefactor,  J.  E.  Sheffield  (1793-  1882). 

Sheherazade.  See  Scheherazade. 

Sheil  (shel),  Richard  Lalor.  Born  at  Drum- 
downey,  Tipperary,  Aug.  17, 1791 : died  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  May  25, 1851.  An  Irish  politician, 
orator,  and  dramatist.  He  graduated  from  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  1811 ; studied  law  at  Lincoln’s  Inn ; 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1814,  but  devoted 
himself  for  some  years  to  literature.  In  1814  his  drama 
“ Adelaide,  or  the  Emigrants  " was  brought  out  at  Crow . 
St.  Theatre.  “The  Apostate  ”(1817)  confirmed  his  reputa- 
tion, and  waB  followed  by  “ Bellamira  " (1818),  “Evadne” 
(1819),  “ The  Huguenot  ” (1822),  and  “ Montini  ” (1820).  In 
1823  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Catholic  Association. 
He  supported  O’Connell's  agitation  until  Catholic  emanci- 
pation was  granted  in  1829.  In  1830  he  was  member  of  Par- 
liament for  Milbome  Port,  Somerset ; and  in  1831  was  re- 
turned for  Louth,  and  later  for  Tipperary  and  Dungarvan. 
He  was  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  1838-41  in  Lord 
Melbourne’s  ministry ; in  1846  master  of  the  mint  under 
Lord  John  Russell ; and  in  1850  British  minister  at  Florence. 
His  memoirs,  by  McCullagh,  were  published  in  1856. 
Sheksna  (sheks'na).  A river  in  the  govern- 
mentsof  Novgorod  and  Yaroslaff,  Russia,  which 
joins  the  Volga  at  Rybinsk.  It  is  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Bieloe.  Length,  about  275  miles. 
Shelburne  (shel'bern).  A seaport,  capital  of 
Shelburne  County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  104 
miles  southwest  of  Halifax.  It  has  a fine  har- 
bor. Population,  about  1,500. 

Shelburne,  Earl  of.  See  Petty,  William. 
Shelby  (shel'bi),  Isaac.  Born  in  Maryland,  Dec. 
11, 1750  : died  in  Kentucky,  July  18,  1826.  An 
American  pioneer  and  officer,  distinguished  in 
contests  with  the  Indians  1774  and  1776.  He 
served  in  the  Revolution;  was  governor  of  Kentucky 
1792-96  and  1812-16 ; and  commanded  a Kentucky  contin- 
gent at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  in  1813. 

Shelbyville  (shel'bi-vil).  1.  The  capital  of  Shel- 
by County,  Illinois,  56  mi  les  southeast  of  Spring- 
field.  Population,  3,590,  (1910). — 2.  The  cap- 
ital of  Shelby  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  Big 
Blue  River  27  miles  southeast  of  Indianapolis. 
Population,  9,500,  (1910). — 3.  The  capital  of 
Shelby  County,  Kentucky,  17  miles  west  of 
Frankfort.  Population,  3,412,  (1910). — 4.  The 
capital  of  Bedford  County,  Tennessee,  situated 
on  Duck  River  50  miles  south-southeast  of 
Nashville.  Population,  2,869,  (1910). 

Sheldon  (shel'don),  Gilbert.  Born  1598:  died 
1677.  AnEnglisli  prelate,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury 1663-77. 

Sheldonian  (shel-do'ni-an)  Theatre.  A theater 
at  Oxford  University,  built  by  Archbishop 
Sheldon  (Sir  Christopher  Wren  architect)  in 
1664-69,  in  which  the  “ Encamia,”  or  annual 
commemoration  of  founders  (with  the  reading 
of  prize  poems  and  essays  and  conferring  of 
honorary  degrees),  is  held. 

Sheliak,  or  Shelyak  (shel'yak).  [From  an  Ara- 
bianized  form  of  Gr.  a tortoise : in  allu- 

sion to  the  fabled  origin  of  tho  lyre.]  The  name 
of  the  third-magnitude  variable  star  /?  Lyric. 


Sheliff 

Sheliff  (shel'if).  [F.CWKjf.]  Tho  largest  river  of 
Algeria:  tho  ancient  Chinalaph.  itrlsos  In  the  Jo- 
bel-Amur,  and  Hows  into  the  Mediterranean  near  Mustafa 
nera.  Length,  from  350  to  400  miles. 

Shelley  (sliol'i),  Mrs.  (Mary  Wollstonecraft 
Godwin).  Born  at  London,  Aug.  30, 1707 : died 
Fob.  1,  1851.  An  English  author,  daughter 
of  William  Godwin,  ana  second  wife  of  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley.  Sho  returned  to  England  in  1823  with 
her  son  (see  ShcUey,  Percy  Hysslie).  Her  chief  work  is  a 
romance,  "Frankenstein"  (isih),  originating:  in  Byron's 
proposition  that  he  himself,  Polldorl,  and  Shelley  and  his 
wife  should  each  write  a ghost-story.  Site  also  wrote 
“ Vnlpergn,  etc.  ”(1823),  “The  Last  Man  " (1826),  “Lodoro" 
(1835),“ Falknor  " (1837),  and  other  novels;  “Journal  of  a 
Six  Weeks’  Tour  "with  Shelley  (1814),  and  “Rambles  in  Ger- 
many and  Italy  ” (1844) ; and  edited  Shelley's  pooms,  etc. 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe.  Born  at  Field  Place, 
near  Horsham,  Sussex,  England,  Aug.  4,  1792 : 
drowned  off  Viareggio,  Italy,  July  8,  1822. 
A famous  English  poet,  son  of  Timothy  (after- 
ward (1815)  Sir  Timothy)  Shelley.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  1804-10;  entered  University  College,  Ox- 
ford, in  1810;  and  was  expelled  on  accountof  the  publication 
of  the  pamphlet  “The  Necessity  of  Atheism  ” (1811).  He 
married  Harriet  W estbrook  (the  young  daughter  of  a cof- 
fee-house keeper)  in  1811.  He  was  19,  she  16,  years  of  age, 
and  the  marriage  proved  unfortunate.  In  May,  1814,  he 
met  Mary  Wollstonecraft,  daughter  of  William  Godwin 
and  Mary  Wollstonecraft,  the  author  of  “ The  Rights  of 
Women."  He  abandoned  Harriet  and  went  to  Switzerland 
with  Mary  in  1814,  and  returned  to  England  in  1815  and 
settled  at  Bishopsgate,  near  Windsor  Forest,  where  he 
wrote  “Alastor,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude."  They  joined 
Byron  in  Switzerland  in  1816.  Harriet  Shelley  drowned 
herself  Nov.  9,  1816,  and  Dec.  30,  1816,  Shelley  formally 
married  Mary.  In  March,  1818,  they  went  again  to  Italy, 
where  they  remained,  in  the  society  of  Byron,  Trelawney, 
Edward  Williams,  and  others,  for  the  rest  of  Shelley's  life. 
By  the  capsizing  of  the  boat  in  which  he  and  Edward  Wil- 
liams were  returning  to  Spezia,  their  summer  home,  both 
were  drowned.  Their  bodies  were  consumed  on  a funeral 
pyre  in  the  presence  of  Hunt,  Byron,  and  Trelawney  on  the 
19th  of  July,  1822.  His  chief  long  poems  are  “ Queen  Mab  ” 
(1813,  printed  1821),  “Alastor,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude, 
etc."  (1816),  “Laon  and  Cythna,  or  the  Revolution  of  the 
Golden  City  ” (1818 : it  was  at  once  recalled  and  issued 
with  some  alterations  as  “The  Revolt  of  Islam”),  “Ro- 
salind and  Helen "(1819),  “The  Cenci”(a  tragedy,  1819), 
“Prometheus  Unbound,  etc." (1820),  “Adonais,  etc.  (1821), 
and  “Epipsychidion  " (1821).  His  “Poetical  Work’s,  con- 
taining “Julian  and  Maddalo,”  “Ode  to  the  Skylark,”  “The 
Cloud,”  “Ode  to  the  West  Wind,”  “Hellas,"  “Witch  of 
Atlas,”  etc.,  were  edited  by  Mrs.  Shelley  in  1839,  and  in 
1840  she  edited  his  letters,  essays,  etc. 

Shellif.  See  Sheliff. 

Shelomohibn  Gebirol.  See  Salomon  ibn  Gebirol. 
Shelter  (shel'ter)  Island.  An  island  in  Gar- 
diner’s Bay,  east  of  Long  Island,  New  York.  It 
forms  a township  in  Suffolk  County.  Length, 
about  6 miles. 

Shelton  (shel'ton),  Thomas.  Lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  17th  century.  An  English  author. 
He  published  the  first  English  translation  of  “Don  Qui- 
xote " (1612-20).  Gayton’s  “ Pleasant  Notes  upon  Don  Qui- 
xote ” was  based  on  Shelton's  translation. 

Shem  (shem).  In  Old  Testament  history,  one 
of  the  three  sons  of  Noah,  represented  as  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Semitic  races.  See  Semites. 
Shemakha  (she-ma/cha),  or  Shamaka  (sha- 
ma/ka).  A town  in  the  government  of  Baku, 
Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Pirsagat,  68  miles  west  by  north  of  Baku. 
It  is  built  near  the  site  of  Old  Shemakha,  once  a flour- 
ishing commercial  place,  destroyed  by  Nadir  Shah.  The 
new  town  was  overthrown  by  earthquakes  in  1859,  1872, 
and  1902.  Population,  20,007. 

Shenandoah  (shen-an-do'a).  A river  in  Vir- 
ginia which  joins  the  Potomac  at  Harper’s 
Ferry.  Length,  about  175  miles. 
Shenandoah.  A borough  in  Schuylkill  County, 
Pennsylvania,  84  miles  northwest  of  Philadel- 
phia. It  is  the  center  of  an  important  coal- 
mining region.  Population,  25,774,  (1910). 
Shenandoah.  A vessel  built  at  Glasgow  in 
1863  for  the  China  trade,  and  sold  to  the  Con- 
federates in  1864.  It  was  used  as  a privateer  under 
command  of  J.  I.  Waddell  1864-65,  and  captured  38  United 
States  vessels. 

Shenandoah  Mountains.  A part  of  the  range 
which  forms  the  western  boundary  of  the  Shen- 
andoah Valley. 

Shenandoah  Valley.  The  valley  of  the  Shen- 
andoah in  Virginia.  It  lies  between  the  Blue  Ridge 
on  the  east  and  a parallel  range  of  the  Alleghanies  on  the 
west,  and  is  noted  for  its  fertility.  It  was  the  scene  of 
various  important  events  in  the  Civil  War,  including 
"Stonewall”  Jackson’s  campaign  in  1862  and  Sheridan’s 
campaign  In  1864. 

Shenango  (she-nang'go)  River.  A river  in 
northwestern  Pennsylvania  which  unites,  near 
New  Castle,  with  the  Mahoning  to  form  Beaver 
River.  Length,  about  80-90  miles. 

Shendy,  or  Shendi  (slien'de).  Atown  in  Nubia, 
situated  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  16°  40'  N.  it  was  an 
important  place  before  its  destruction  by  the  Egyptians  in 
1822.  It  was  captured  by  the  Mahdists  in  1884  and  recap- 
tured by  Gordon,  but  later  retaken.  Population  variously 
estimated  at  from  3,000  to  5,000. 


926 

Shen-si  (sbon-se').  A province  of  northern 
China,  bordering  on  Mongolia  and  west  of 
Shan-si.  Chief  city,  Bingan.  Area,  75,270 
square  miles.  Population,  8,450,182. 
Shenstone  (shen'ston),  William.  Born  at 
Halesowen,  England,  Nov.  13,1714:  died  there, 
Feb.  11,  1763.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated 
at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  Ilis  best-known  poem  is 
“The  Schoolmistress"  (which  see).  Besides  this,  which 
gained  for  him  the  title  of  “tho  water-gruel  bard"  from 
Horace  Walpole,  ho  published  “Poems,  etc.”  (1737),  “The 
Judgment  of  Hercules”  (1741),  etc. 

Sheol  (she'ol).  [lleb.  slie’61;  etym.  doubtful.] 
Tho  place  of  departed  spirits.  The  original  is  in 
tho  authorized  version  generally  rendered  grave,  hell,  or 
pit;  in  the  revised  version  of  the  Old  Testament  tho  word 
Sheol  is  substituted.  It  corresponds  to  the  word  Hades  in 
Greek  classic  literature  and  in  the  revised  version  of  the 
New  Testament. 

Shepherd  Kings.  See  Hylcsos. 

Shepherd  of  Banbury.  A title  assumed  by 
JohnClaridge  in  publishing  in  1744  a collection 
of  juilos  for  predicting  weather  changes.  The 
Shepherd  of  Ban  oury’s  rules  attained  great  popularity,  and 
passed  through  many  editions. 

Shepherd  of  Hermas  (her'mas),  The.  [L.  Pas- 
tor Hcrmse .]  An  early  Christian  allegorical 
and  didactic  book,  classed  among  the  works  of 
the  apostolic  fathers.  The  first  part  of  the  book  con- 
sists of  “Visions,”  in  the  last  of  which  a man  appears 
dressed  as  a shepherd  (whence  the  name  Shepherd  or 
Pastor  given  to  the  book).  This  shepherd  gives  Hermas  in- 
structions in  the  form  of  “Mandates  "and  “Similitudes," 
which  form  the  second  and  third  parts  of  the  book.  The 
scene  of  the  visions  is  laid  in  Rome  or  its  neighborhood, 
and  the  writer  speaks  of  St.  Clement  as  a contemporary. 
Accordingly  some  assign  the  date  of  composition  to  about 
A.  D.  100 ; others,  however,  date  it  about  A.  D.  150.  The 
“Shepherd”  was  in  early  times  much  esteemed,  and  was 
publicly  read  in  the  churches  and  accounted  as  in  some 
sense  Scripture,  though  not  afterward  included  in  the 
canon.  Hermas  has  often  been  identified  with  the  Hermas 
of  Rom.  xvi.  14.  Also  called  The  Pastor  of  Hermas. 

Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain,  The.  A popular 
moral  tale  by  Hannah  More. 

Shepherd  of  the  Ocean.  A name  given  by 
Spenser  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

Shepherd’s  Calendar,  The.  A pastoral  poem 
in  12  eclogues  by  Edmund  Spenser,  published 
in  1579.  In  this  form  he  gave  utterance  to  his  opinions 
on  the  most  important  questions  of  the  day.  Some  of  the 
eclogues  are  paraphrases  of  Clement  Marot,  and  sugges- 
tions are  taken  from  the  pastorals  of  Mantuan.  With  the 
publication  of  this  poem  the  Elizabethan  age  of  literature 
may  be  said  to  begin.  See  Colin  Clout. 

Shepherd’s  Week,  The.  A series  of  burlesque 
pastoral  poems  by  John  Gay,  published  in  1714. 
They  were  intended  to  ridicule  the  fashion  of  pastoral 
poems  and  to  depict  pastoral  life  without  any  illusions,  but 
they  are  so  good  that  they  have  survived  as  a collection  of 
excellent  bucolics.  See  Blowzelinda  and  Colin  Clout. 

Sheppard  (shep'ard),  Elizabeth  Sara.  Born 
at  Blackheath,  England,  about  1830;  died  at 
Brixton,  March  13,  1862.  An  English  novelist. 
She  is  said  to  have  sometimes  written  under  the  pseu- 
donym E.  Berger.  Among  her  books  are  “Charles  Au- 
chester  ” (1853),  “ Counterparts ” (1854),  “My  First  Season, 
by  Beatrice  Reynolds"  (1855),  “Rumour"  (1868). 
Sheppard,  Jack.  Born  at  Stepney, 1702:  hanged 
at  Tyburn,  Nov.  16,  1724.  A famous  English 
robber.  He  was  a carpenter  by  trade,  and  began  his  ca- 
reer of  robbery  about  1720.  He  was  of  a generous  disposi- 
tion, and  was  very  popular.  His  portrait  was  painted  by 
Sir  John  Thornhill ; apantomime,  “Harlequin Sheppard,” 
was  produced  at  Drury  Lane  ; Defoe  wrote  a narrative  about 
him  in  1724 ; and  a novel  by  Ainsworth,"  Jack  Sheppard," 
was  published  in  1839.  He  made  two  remarkable  escapes 
from  Newgate,  but  after  many  vicissitudes  was  finally  cap- 
tured in  an  ale-house  while  drunk. 

Sheppey  (shep'i),  or  Isle  of  Sheppey.  An  isl- 
and in  the  county  of  Kent,  England,  lying  be- 
tween the  estuaries  of  the  Thames  and  Medway 
and  the  Swale.  Length,  9£  miles. 

Shepton  Mallet  (shep'ton  mal'et).  A town  in 
Somerset,  England,  18  miles  south  of  Bristol. 
Population,  5j238. 

Sheratan  (sher-a-tan').  [Ar.  Saratain,  the  two 
signs  (referring  to  the  two  stars  in  the  ram’s 
head).]  The  ordinary  name  for  the  third-mag- 
nitude star  (3  Arietis. 

Sheraton  (sher'a-ton),  Thomas.  Born  at  Stock- 
ton-on-Tees, 1751:  died  at  London,  1806.  A 
noted  English  furniture-maker  and  -designer. 
Sherborne  (sher 'bom).  A town  in  Dorset, 
England,  31  miles  south-southwest  of  Bath,  its 
abbey  church  and  Sherborne  Castle  are  notable.  It  was 
the  seat  of  a bishopric  from  the  8th  to  the  11th  century. 
Population,  6,760. 

Sherbro  (sher'bro),  or  Sherboro  (sher'bur-o), 
Island.  A n island  off  the  coast  of  Sierra  Leone, 
W est  Africa.  It  belongs  to  the  colony  of  Sierra  Leone, 
and  lies  off  the  mouth  of  Sherbro  River.  Its  length  is 
about  30  miles. 

Sherbrooke  (sher'bruk).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Sherbrooke,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Magog  with  the  St.  Fran- 
cis, 79  miles  east  of  Montreal.  Population, 
16,405,  (1911). 


Sheridan’s  Ride 

Sherbrooke,  Viscount.  See  Lowe,  Robert. 
Shere  Ali  (sher  iiTo).  Born  1825:  died  in  Rus- 
sian Turkestan,  Fob.,  1879.  Ameer  of  Afghanis- 
tan, son  of  Dost  Mohammed  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1863.  lie  lost  the  throne  in  1860  ; regained  it  in  1868.’ 
suppressed  the  insurrection  of  Yakub  in  1870;  and  fled 
from  Kabul  in  Dec.,  1878,  on  tho  approach  of  the  British 
troops. 

Sheriat-el-Kebir  ( she-ro  'iit-el-ke-ber ' ) . A mod- 
ern namo  of  tho  Jordan. 

Sheridan  ( sher ' i-dan ) , Mrs.  (Frances  Chamber- 
laine).  Born  in  Ireland,  1724  : died  at  Blois, 
Franco,  1766.  A British  novelist  and  dramatist, 
wife  of  Thomas  and  mother  of  R.  Brinsley  Sheri- 
dan. Among  her  novels  are  “Memoirs  of  Miss  Sidney 
Biddulph  "(1761)  and  “ Nourjahad  ” (1788 : afterward  dram- 
atized). She  wrote  two  comedies,  “The  Discovery" 
1763 : the  principal  r61o  was  played  by  Garrick)  and  “ The 
Jupe  ” (1764). 

Sheridan,  Mount.  [Named  from  General  P. 
H.  Sheridan.]  A peak  of  the  Red  Mountains 
in  Yellowstone  National  Park,  south  of  Yellow- 
stone Lake.  Height,  10,385  feet. 

Sheridan, Philip  Henry.  Born  at  Albany,  N.Y., 
March  6, 1831:  died  at  Nonquitt,  Mass.,  Aug.  5, 
1888.  A famous  American  general.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1853  ; was  promoted  captain  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  in  1861 ; was  appointed  quarter- 
master of  the  army  in  southwestern  Missouri  in  Dec.  ,1861 ; 
was  quartermaster  under  Halleck  during  the  advance  on 
Corinth  in  1862  ; was  appointed  colonel  of  cavalry  in  May, 
1862,  and  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  July  1,  1862 ; 
served  with  distinction  as  division  commander  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Perryville  Oct.  8,  and  at  Murfreesboro  Dec.  31, 1862,- 
Jan.  2,1863 ; was  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers  Dec. 
31, 1862  ; served  at  Chickamauga  in  1863  ; commanded  an 
important  assault  at  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge  in  1863  ; 
became  commander  of  the  cavalry  corps  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  in  April,  1864  : took  part  in  the  battle  of  the 
Wilderness  May  5-6;  led  an  important  raid  May  9-25; 
fought  the  battles  of  Hawe’s  Shop  May  28,  and  Trevellian 
Station  June  11 ; was  appointed  commander  of  the  Middle 
Military  Division  Aug.  7 ; conducted  the  successful  cam- 
paign in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  against  Early,  gaining  the 
victories  of  Winchester  Sept.  19.  and  Fisher’s  Hill  Sept.  22; 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  in 
Sept. ; devastated  the  Shenandoah  Valley ; gained  the 
victory  of  Cedar  Creek  Oct.  19  (“Sheridan’s  Ride”:  see 
below);  was  appointed  major-general  in  the  regular  army 
Nov.  8 ; conducted  a successful  raid  from  Winchester  to 
Petersburg,  Feb. -March,  1865,  gaining  the  victory  of 
Waynesboro ; commanded  at  the  battle  of  Five  Forks, 
March  31-April  1 ; and  took  a leading  part  in  the  pursuit 
to  Appomattox  Court  House  in  April.  He  commanded  the 
Military  Division  (later  Department)  of  the  Gulf  1865-67 ; 
was  appointed  commander  of  the  Department  of  the  Mis- 
souri in  1867  ; was  made  lieutenant-general  in  1869  ; visited 
Europe  in  1870  to  witness  the  conduct  of  the  Franco-Prus- 
sian  war ; succeeded  Sherman  as  general  ln-chief  in  1883  ; 
and  received  the  rank  of  general  from  Congress  in  1888. 
He  wrote  “ Personal  Memoirs  ” (2  vols.  1888). 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley  Butler.  Bom 

at  Dublin,  Oct.  30, 1751 : died  at  London,  July 
7,  1816.  A noted  British  dramatist,  orator, 
and  politician:  son  of  Thomas  Sheridan  (1721- 
1788).  He  was  educated  at  Harrow ; settled  in  London  in 
1773 ; and  married  Miss  Linley,  a singer  (“  the  Maid  of 
Bath  ”),  and  daughter  of  the  composer.  He  bought  Gar- 
rick's share  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre  in  1776 ; and  in  1778,  with 
his  associates,  bought  the  remaining  half.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1780  as  Whig  member  for  Stafford;  and  was 
under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs  in  1782,  and  secretary  of 
the  treasury  in  1783.  He  was  one  of  the  Whig  leaders ; was 
distinguished  by  his  speeches  (1787-94)  on  the  impeach- 
ment of  Warren  Hastings  ; was  treasurer  of  the  navy  in 
1806 ; and  left  Parliament  in  1812.  He  was  in  favor  of  the 
French  Revolution,  and  denounced  Napoleon.  He  was  a 
favorite  companion  of  the  prince  regent  (George  IV.)  and 
the  wits  of  the  time,  but  his  last  years  were  obscured  by 
debt  and  disappointment.  His  dramatic  works  are  “The 
Rivals”  (1775),  “ St.  Patrick’s  Day  ” (1775),  “ The  Duenna" 
(1775),  “A  Trip  to  Scarborough  ” (1777  : altered  from  Van- 
brugh’s “Relapse”),  "The  School  for  Scandal”  (1777), 
“The  Critic ’’ (1779),  and  “Pizarro”  (1799:  a translation 
from  Kotzebue). 

Sheridan,  Thomas.  Born  about  1687 : died 
Oct.  10, 1738.  An  Irish  clergyman,  grandfather 
of  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  the  dramatist. 
He  was  a favorite  companion  of  Swift  in  Ireland.  In  1728 
he  published  an  edition  of  the  satires  of  Persius.  Swift 
wrote  a part  of  “ Gulliver  " at  his  house. 

Sheridan,  Thomas.  Born  at  Quilca,  near  Dub- 
lin, 1719 : died  at  Margate,  England,  1788.  An 
Irish  actor,  elocutionist,  and  author:  son  of 
Thomas  Sheridan.  He  first  went  on  the  stage  at  Dub- 
lin in  1743  and  at  London  in  1744,  and  played  with  Garrick 
in  1745.  He  was  manager  of  a Dublin  theater  for  10  years, 
and  of  Drury  Lane  after  his  son  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan 
bought  out  Garrick  there.  He  wrote  “Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language,”  “Life  of  Swift"(1784 ; whose  works  he 
edited  in  17  volumes),  and  works  on  education. 
Sheridan’s  Ride.  A famous  incident  of  the  bat- 
tle of  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia,  Oct.  19, 1864.  Sheri- 
dan’s army,  which  was  encamped  on  Cedar  Creek  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  was  surprised  before  daybreak  and  de- 
feated by  the  Confederates  under  General  Early.  Sheri- 
dan,  who  was  at  Winchester,  twenty  miles  from  the  field, 
on  his  return  from  a visit  to  Washington,  heard  the  sound 
of  battle  and  rode  rapidly  to  the  scene  of  action.  As 
he  galloped  past  the  retreating  soldiers,  he  shouted, 
“ Face  the  other  way,  boys ! We  are  going  back  !"  He  re- 
formed his  corps,  and  before  the  close  of  the  day  had 


Sheridan’s  Ride 

gained  a decisive  victory.  This  incident  has  been  made 
the  subject  ol  a poem  by  T.  B.  Read,  entitled  “Sheridan’s 
Ride  " (1865). 

Sheriffmuir  (sher-if-mur').  A plateau  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  situated  near  Dunblane 
5 miles  north  of  Stirling.  Here,  Nov.  13,  1715,  an 
indecisive  battle  was  fought  between  the  Royalists  (.3,000- 
4,000),  under  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  and  the  Jacobite  High- 
landers (9,000-12,000),  under  the  Earl  of  Mar. 

Sherlock  (sher'lok),  Thomas.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1678 : died  July  18, 1761.  An  English  prel- 
ate, son  of  William  Sherlock.  He  became  bishop 
of  Bangor  in  1728,  and  later  of  Salisbury  and  London.  He 
published  “ Trial  of  the  Witnesses  of  the  Resurrection  of 
Jesus  ” (1729),  “Pastoral  Letters”  (1750),  and  sermons. 
Sherlock,  William.  Born  at  London,  1611: 
died  at  Hampstead,  June  19,  1707.  An  English 
clergyman.  He  was  suspended  in  1689  for  refusing  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  and  Mary,  hut  sub- 
mitted later,  and  was  made  dean  of  St.  Paul’s  in  1691.  He 
published  “The  Case  of  Resistance  of  the  Supreme  Pow- 
ers "(1684),  “Doctrine  of  the  Trinity  ” (1690),  “Discourse 
Concerning  Death,”  etc. 

Sherman  (sher'man).  A city  and  the  capital 
of  Grayson  County,  northern  Texas,  60  miles 
north  of  Dallas.  It  is  a trading  center.  Popu- 
lation, 12,412,  (1910). 

Sherman,  John.  Born  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  May 
10, 1823:  died  at  Washington,  Oct.  22,  1900.  An 
American  Republican  statesman  and  financier, 
brotherof  W.  T.  Sherman,  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1844 ; was  a Republican  member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio  1855-61  ; United  States  senator  from  Ohio  1861-77 
and  1881-97 ; secretary  of  the  treasury  under  President 
Hayes  1877-81  ; and  secretary  of  state  under  President 
McKinley  1897-98.  He  was  intimately  associated  with 
financial  legislation  during  and  after  the  Civil  War. 
Sherman,  Roger.  Born  at  Newton,  Mass. , April 
19,  1721 : died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  July  23, 
1793.  An  American  patriot.  He  bpcame  a judge  in 
Connecticut  and  a member  of  the  Connecticut  legislature. 
He  was  a delegate  from  Connecticut  to  Congress  1774-89  ; 
and  was  one  of  the  committee  of  five  to  draft  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  and  one  of  its  signers.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787,  and  of 
the  Connecticut  ratifying  convention.  He  was  United  States 
senator  from  Connecticut  1791-93. 

Sherman,  Thomas  West.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  March  26,  1813:  died  at  Newport,  March 
16,1879.  An  American  general.  He  served  against 

the  Indians  and  in  the  Mexican  war;  commanded  the  land 
forces  in  the  Port  Royal  expedition  1861 ; and  was  division 
commander  at  the  sieges  of  Corinth  and  Port  Hudson. 

Sherman,  William  Tecumseh.  Born  at  Lan- 
caster, Ohio,  Feb.  8,  1820:  died  at  New  York 
city,  Feb.  14, 1891.  A celebrated  American  gen- 
eral. Itegraduated  at  West  Point  in  1840  ; served  in  Cali- 
fornia during  the  Mexican  war ; resigned  from  the  army  in 
1853,  in  order  to  accept  a position  as  manager  of  a bank  at 
San  Francisco,  California;  and  was  superintendent  of  the 
State  military  academy  at  Alexandria,  Louisiana,  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  He  accepted  a colonelcy  in  the 
Union  army  in  1861 ; commanded  a brigade  at  Bull  Run  in 
July;  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
Aug. ; commanded  a division  at  Shiloh  in  April,  1862,  and 
in  the  advance  on  Corinth ; was  made  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers May  1 ; commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition 
against  Vicksburg  Dec.  26-29 ; stormed  Fort  Hindman  Jan. 
11,  1863;  took  an  important  part  in  the  campaign  before 
Vicksburg  in  1863  ; was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the 
regular  army  July  4, 1863  ; served  with  distinction  at  Chat- 
tanooga in  Nov.;  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Mili- 
tary Division  of  the  Mississippi  in  March,  1864 ; started  from 
Chattanooga  on  his  march  through  Georgia  May  6 ; won 
the  battles  of  Dalton,  P>,esaca,  and  New  Hope  Church  in 
May,  Kenesaw  Mountain  in  June,  and  Peachtree  Creek  and 
Atlanta  in  July ; was  made  major-general  in  the  regular 
army  Aug.  12  ; occupied  Atlanta  Sept.  2 ; started  from  At- 
lanta on  his  “ march  to  the  sea”  Nov.  15  ; entered  Savan- 
nah Dec.  21 ; marched  northward  through  the  Carolinas  in 
1865  ; gained  the  battles  of  Averysboro  and  Bentonville ; 
and  received  the  surrender  of  Johnston’s  army  April  26. 
He  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Military  Division  of 
the  Mississippi  in  1865,  and  of  the  Division  of  the  Missouri 
in  1866 ; was  made  lieutenant-general  in  1866 ; succeeded 
Grant  as  general  and  as  commander  of  the  army  in  1869 ; 
visited  Europe  1871-72 ; and  retired  from  the  service  in 
1884.  He  published  “Memoirs  of  General  William  T. 
Sherman,  by  Himself  "(2  vols.  1875). 

Sherman  Bill.  An  act  of  Congress  approved 
July  14,  1890.  It  was  supported  by  Senator  Sherman 
and  others  as  a compromise  measure,  since  the  two  houses 
were  unable  to  agree  on  a financial  policy.  It  directed  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury  to  purchase  silver  bullion  to  the 
amount  of  4,500,000  ounces  per  month,  issuing  treasury 
notes  in  payment.  The  repeal  of  the  act  was  often  urged. 
In  the  summer  of  1893  the  act  was  believed  to  be  a main 
cause  of  the  business  depression,  and  President  Cleveland 
summoned  Congress  to  meet  in  special  session  Aug.  7. 
A bill  to  repeal  the  silver-purchasing  clause  passed  the 
House  Aug.  28;  in  the  Senate  a substitute,  the  Voorhees 
bill,  which  repealed  the  silver-purchasing  clause  but  af- 
firmed bimetallism  as  a national  policy,  passed  after  a 
prolonged  struggle  Oct.  30.  The  Voorhees  bill  was  con- 
curred in  by  the  House  Nov.  1,  and  approved  the  same  day 
by  the  President. 

Sherrington  (sher'ing-ton),  Madame  Lem- 
mens.  Born  Oct.  4,  1834:  died  May  9,  1906. 
An  English  soprano  singer.  She  madeherfirstap- 
pearance  in  London  in  1856,  and  soon  took  a leading  posi- 
tion on  the  operatic  stage. 

Sherwood  (sher'wud),  Mrs.  (Mary  Martha 
Butt).  Born  at  Stanford,  Worcestershire,  May 


926 

6,  1775:  died  at  Twickenham,  England,  Sept. 
22,  1851.  An  English  author.  She  went  to  India  in 
1804  with  her  husband,  and  was  interested  in  the  mission- 
ary work  of  Henry  Martyn  and  Bishop  Corrie.  She  is  known 
for  her  works  for  j uveniles,  among  which  are  “ Little  Henry 
and  his  Bearer,”  “History  of  Susan  Gray,”  etc. 

Sherwood  Forest.  AforestinNotting'namshire, 
England,  14  miles  north  of  Nottingham,  it  was 
formerly  of  large  extent.  It  is  the  principal  scene  of  the 
legendary  exploits  of  Robin  Hood. 

Shesha  (slia'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a thou- 
sand-headed serpent,  regarded  as  the  emblem 
of  eternity(whence  he  is  also  called  Ananta,  ‘ the 
infinite  ).  He  is  king  of  thenagasor  serpents  inhabiting 
Patala  (which  see).  He  forms  the  couch  and  canopy  of 
Vishnu  while  sleeping  during  the  intervals  of  creation, 
bears  the  entire  world  on  one  of  his  heads,  or  supports  the 
seven  Patalas. 

Sheshonk,  or  Sheshenk.  See  SMshak. 

She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  or  the  Mistakes  of 
a Night.  A comedy  by  Oliver  Goldsmith,  first 
played  March  15,  1773,  printed  1774. 

At  the  present  day  it  is  probably  the  best  known  <Sf  the 
author’s  works,  and,  outside  Shakespeare  and  Sheridan, 
the  English  play  with  which  the  greatest  number  of  per- 
sons are  familiar.  Of  post-Elizabethan  comedies  which  pre- 
ceded it  in  this  country,  those  of  Congreve  alone  can  be 
named  by  its  side  ; and,  if  it  is  less  artistically  constructed, 
somewhat  less  carefully  written,  and  much  less  witty,  its 
moral  purity  and  wholesomeness,  its  fund  of  good  spirits, 
and  its  wonderful  flow  of  natural  dialogue,  are  qualities 
that  raise  it  almost  to  a level  with  “Love  for  Love”  or 
“The  Way  of  the  World.”  Of  succeeding  comedies,  but 
one  has  approached  it  in  lasting  popularity  — the  “School 
for  Scandal,”  produced  four  years  later,  by  Sheridan. 

Gosse,  Hist.  Eng.  Lit.,  p.  319. 

Shetimasha.  See  Chitimachan. 

Shetland  (shet'land)  Islands,  or  Zetland  (zet/- 
land)  Islands.  [ Shetland , Zetland, earlier *Sliclt- 
land,  orig.  Hialtland,  Icel.  Hjaltland,  later  Hct- 
land,  land  of  Hjalt  or  Hjalti,  a man’s  name, 
from  7y7df=E.  hilt.']  A group  of  islands  north  of 
Scotland,  forming  the  county  of  Shetland,  situ- 
ated about  50  miles  northeast  of  the  Orkneys. 
Chief  town,  Lerwick.  The  group  contains  about  100 
islands,  of  which  30  or  more  are  inhabited.  The  surface 
is  hilly  and  rocky.  The  principal  island  is  Mainland  ; 
others  are  Unst,  Yell,  Fetlar,  Bressay,  Whalsay,  Papa- 
Stour,  and  Foula.  The  inhabitants  are  of  Norse  descent. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Piets.  The  islands  were 
settled  by  the  Northmen  in  the  9th  century,  arid  were  ac- 
quired by  Scotland  in  1469.  (Compare  Orkney  Islands.) 
Area,  551  square  miles.  Population,  (civil  county),  28,185. 
Shetueket  (she-tuk'et).  Ariver  in  eastern  Con- 
necticut. It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Willimantic 
and  Natchaug,  and  unites  at  Norwich  with  the  Yantic  to 
form  theThames.  Length,  including  the  Natchaug,  nearly 
60  miles ; including  the  Quinebaug,  about  90  miles. 

She  Would  if  She  Could.  A very  successful 
comedy  by  George  Etlierege,  produced  in  1668. 
Sheyenne.  See  Cheyenne. 

Shiahs  (she'az).  A division  of  the  Mohamme- 
dans which  maintains  that  Ali,  first  cousin  of 
Mohammed  and  husband  of  his  daughter  Fati- 
ma, was  the  first  legitimate  imam  or  successor 
of  the  prophet,  and  rejects  the  first  three  califs 
of  the  Sunnis  (the  other  great  division)  as  usurp- 
ers. TheShiahs  “are  also  called  the  Imamiyahs,  because 
they  believe  the  Muslim  religion  consists  in  the  true 
knowledge  of  the  Imam  or  rightful  leaders  of  the  faithful " 
( Hughes , Diet,  of  Islam).  They  claim  to  be  the  orthodox 
Mohammedans, but  are  treated  by  the  Sunnis  as  heretics. 
The  Shiahs  comprise  nearly  the  whole  Persian  nation,  and 
are  also  found  in  Oudli,  a province  of  British  India  ; but 
the  Mohammedans  of  the  other  parts  of  India  are  for  the 
most  part  Sunnis.  Also  Shiites. 

Shiawassee  (slh-a-wos'e).  Ariver  in  Michigan 
which  unites  with  Flint  River  8 miles  southwest 
of  Saginaw  City  to  form  Saginaw  River.  Length, 
about  90  miles. 

Shidzuoka  (shed-zo-o'kii).  A city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Suruga,  Japan,  95  miles  southwest  of 
Tokio.  Population,  53,614. 

Shiel  (shel)  , Loch.  A lake  in  western  Scotland, 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Argyll 
and  Inverness.  It  communicates  with  the  ocean 
by  Loch  Moidart.  Length,  174  miles. 

Shield  (slield),  William.  Born  at  Swalwell, 
near  Newcastle,  1748 : died  at  London,  Jan.  25, 
1829.  An  English  operatic  composer,  in  1772  he 

was  second  violin  in  an  opera  orchestra.  In  1778  he  pro- 
duced “The  Flitch  of  Bacon,”  his  first  comic  opera.  He 
was  engaged  at  Covent  Garden  as  composer,  and  remained 
there  1791-97.  He  composed  Rosina,  “The  Mysteries 
of  the  Castle,”  “Robin  Hood,”  “The  Lock  and  Key,” 
“ Aladdin,”  “The  Castle  of  Andalusia,”  etc.  Among  his 
songs  are  “The  Arethusa,”  “The  Heaving  of  the  Lead,” 
“The  Thorn,”  “The  Wolf,”  the  trio  “O  Happy  Fair,”  etc. 

Shields  (sheldz),  Charles  Woodruff.  Born  at 
New  Albany,  Ind.,  April  4,  1825:  died  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  Aug.  26,  1904.  An  American  theo- 
logian and  philosopher,  professor  at  Princeton. 
He  published  “ Philosophia  Ultima  ” (1861),  “ Religion  and 
Science  in  their  Relation  to  Philosophy  ” (1875),  etc. 

Shields,  J ames.  Born  in  County  Tyrone,  Ireland, 
1810 : died  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  June  1, 1879.  An 
American  general  and  politician.  He  was  a general 


Shimonoseki 

in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Cerro 
Gordo  and  Chapultepec  in  1847 ; was  Democratic  United 
States  senator  from  Illinois  1849-55,  and  from  Minnesota 
1858-59  ; gained  the  victory  of  Winchester  March  23, 1862  ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Port  Republic  June  9,  1862. 
Shields,  North.  A town  which  forms  part  of 
the  borough  of  Tynemouth,  England.  See  Tyne- 
mouth. 

Shields,  South.  See  South  Shields. 

Shift  (shift).  1.  An  impudent  beggar  who  pre- 
tends to  be  a disbanded  soldier,  “one  that 
never  was  a soldier,  yet  lives  upon  lendings  ” : 
a character  in  Jonson’s  “ Every  Man  out  of 
his  Humour,”  since  frequently  imitated. — 2. 
An  attorney’s  clerk,  a mimic,  appearing  as 
Smirk,  an  auctioneer,  in  Foote’s  play  “The 
Minor.”  This  part  was  played  by  Foote  himself, 
and  was  designed  to  satirize  Tate  Wilkinson, 
his  associate. 

Shiites.  See  Shiahs. 

Shikarpur  (shik-ar^por').  1.  A former  district 
in  Sind,  British  India.  Of  its  four  subdivisions, 
Larkana  and  Mehar  were  detached  in  1901  to  form  the 
new  district  of  Larkana,  and  Roliri  and  Sukkur  now  con- 
stitute Sukkur  district. 

2.  Thecapital of thedistrictof Sukkur,  Bombay. 
It  is  situated  about  lat.  27°  57'  N.,  long.  68°  40'  E.  Pop- 
illation,  49,491. 

Shikoku  (she-ko'ko),  or  Sikoku  (se-ko'ko). 
One  of  the  four  principal  islands  of  Japan,  sit- 
uated southwest  of  the  main  island  and  north- 
east of  Kiusiu.  It  is  mostly  occupied  by  low  moun- 
tains. Length,  about  160  miles.  Area,  7,031  square  miles. 
Population,  3,288,290. 

Shilange  (she-liing'ge).  See  Luba. 

Shilha  (shil'ha),  or  Shlu  (shlo).  The  Berber 
tribes  of  southern  Morocco  and  of  the  Adrar 
Mountains  in  the  western  Sahara. 

Shilka  (shil'ka).  A large  river  of  southern  Si- 
beria. It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Onon  and  In- 
goda,  and  unites  with  the  Argun  to  form  the  Amur. 

Shillaber  (shil'a-ber),  Benjamin  Penhallow. 

Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  July  12,  1814 : died 
at  Chelsea,  Mass.,  Nov.  25, 1890.  An  American 
humorist,  from  1840-50  editor  of  the  “Boston 
Post,”  and  from  1856-66  editor  of  the  “ Saturday 
Evening  Gazette”:  noted  as  the  author  of  the 
“ Sayings  of  Mrs.  Partington.”  Among  his  works 
are  “Life  and  Sayings  of  Mrs.  Partington  "(1854),  “Rhymes 
with  Reason  and  Without  ” (1853),  “ Knitting  Work  ’’  (1857), 
“ Partingtonian  Patchwork  ” (1873),  “ Wide-Swath  " (1882: 
poems),  etc.  The  “ Ike  Partington  Juvenile  Series  ” was 
published  1879-82. 

Shilluk  (shelTok).  A negro  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Sudan,  occupying  the  left  bank  of  the  White  Nile 
from  Bahr-el-Ghazal  to  Dar  Nuba,  and  stretch- 
ing westward  to  the  Baggara  tribe.  They  are  black 
and  ill-featured,  but  them  hair  is  not  always  woolly. 
They  are  both  agricultural  and  pastoral.  The  Dyur  (in 
the  south),  the  Belanda,  and  the  Dembo  tribes  are  branches 
of  the  Shilluk,  speaking  practically  the  same  language. 
They  are  said  to  number  1,000,000,  living  in  3,000  villages. 
They  call  themselves  Luoh.  Shilluk  is  tlieir  name  in  Dinka. 
Shiloah.  See  Siloam. 

Shiloh  (siiiTo).  In  Old  Testament  geography, 
a town  in  Ephraim,  Palestine,  identified  with 
Seilun,  19  miles  north  by  east  of  Jerusalem.  It 
contained  the  sanctuary  of  the  ark  of  the  cov- 
enant. 

Shiloh  may  be  regarded  as  having  been  the  first  central 
point  of  the  whole  family  of  Israel.  As  soon  as  the  great 
temporary  camp  of  Gilgal  was  raised,  the  ark  was  estab- 
lished there,  and  it  remained  there  for  centuries.  Shiloh 
was,  in  this  way,  a common  city.  The  fine  stretch  of  plain 
was  a favourable  place  of  meeting  of  ail  Israel. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  210. 

Shiloh.  A locality  in  Hardin  County,  Tennes- 
see, near  Pittsburg  Landing,  on  the  Tennessee 
River,  88  miles  east  of  Memphis,  it  was  the  scene 
of  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  or  Pittsburg  Landing,  April  6 and  7, 
1862.  The  Federals  under  Grant  were  surprised  by  the 
Confederates  under  A.  S.  Johnston  and  forced  back  to  the 
river.  Johnston  was  killed,  and  Beauregard  succeeded 
him.  On  the  7th  Grant,  reinforced  by  Buell’s  army, 
drove  the  Confederates  from  the  battle-field.  Loss  of 
Federals,  13,573,  including  1,735  killed  ; loss  of  Confeder- 
ates, 10,699. 

Shiniba  (shem'ba),  or  Bashimba  (ba-shem'ba), 
Pg.  Baximba.  A Bantu  tribe  of  southern 
Angola,  West  Africa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
lower  Kunene  River.  They  are  closely  allied, 
linguistically  with  the  Ndonga  tribe. 
Shimoga(she-mo'ga),or  Sheemogga(she-mog'- 
ga) . A district  in  Mysore,  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  14°  N.,  long-  75°  30'  E.  Area,  4,025  square 
miles.  Population,  531,736. 

Shimonoseki  (shim-6-no-sek'e).  or  Simono- 
seki  (sim-o-no-sek'e).  A seaport  at  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  the  main  island  of  Japan, 
situated  in  lat.  33°  58'  N.,  long.  130°  58'  E. 
It  was  bombarded  by  the  Americans,  British,  French,  and 
Dutch  in  1864,  in  retaliation  for  injuries  received.  An 
indemnity  was  paid  by  the  Japanese  government  in  1875. 
Formerly  called  Akamagaseki.  Population,  68,254. 


Shimonoseki,  Strait  of 

Shimonoseki,  Strait  of.  A sea  passage  which 
separates  the  main  island  of  Japan  from  Kiusiu, 
andconnectsthe  Suwonadawiththe  Seaof  Japan. 
Shimonoseki, Treaty  of.  A treaty  of  peace  con- 
cluded between  China  and  Japan  at  Shimono- 
seki, April  17,  1895.  The  Chinese  plenipotentiaries 
were  Li-hung-chang  and  Li-ching-fong ; the  Japanese, 
Count  Ito  Hirobumi  and  Viscount  Mutsu  Munemitsu. 
China  recognized  the  independence  of  Korea ; ceded  to 
Japan  the  southern  portion  of  the  province  of  Shingking 
(i.  e.,  the  Liautung  peninsula  from  Port  Arthur  to  the 
fortieth  parallel),  the  island  of  Formosa,  and  the  Pesca- 
dores Islands  ; agreed  to  pay  a war  indemnity  of  200,000,- 
000  Kuping  taels  (about  8175,000,000);  opened  Shashih, 
Chungking,  Sttchow,  and  Hangchow ; and  granted  other 
important  commercial  privileges.  Japan  later  agreed  to 
give  up  the  Liautung  peninsula  in  deference  to  the  objec- 
tions of  .Russia. 

Shin  (shin),  Loch.  A lake  in  the  county  of  Suth- 
erland, Scotland,  situated  about  lat.  58°  5'  N., 
long.  4°  30'  W.  Its  waters  are  discharged  by  the  Oy- 
kill  into  the  North.Sea.  Length,  17  miles. 

Shinar  (shi'nar).  In  Bible  geography,  the  tract 
of  land  between  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  down 
to  the  Persian  Gulf — i.  e.,  Babylonia  in  distinc- 
tion from  Mesopotamia  (Irak).  It  is  now  commonly 
identified  with  Shumer,  which  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions denotes  Southern  or  Lower  Babylonia,  in  contrast  to 
Akkad  (the  biblical  Accad),  Upper  Babylonia. 

Shingking  (shing-king').  A province  of  Man- 
churia, bordering  on  Mongolia,  Korea,  Korea 
Bay,  the  Gulf  of  Liautung,  China  proper,  and 
Kirin.  Capital,  Mukden. 

Shingle  (shing'gl),  Solon.  A character  in  “The 
People’s  Lawyer,”  a play  by  J.  S.  Jones.  The 
part  was  made  popular  by  John  E.  Owens. 
Shinji(shen'je),  orMashinji  (ma-shen'je),Pg. 
Xinge  or  Chinge.  A Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kuangu 
River,  north  and  south  of  lat.  9°  S.  They  are 
linguistically,  but  not  politically,  allied  with  the  Maki- 
oko.  At  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century  their  princi- 
pal chief  was  Kapenda  ka  Mulemba. 

Shinnecock  Bay  (shin'e-kok  ba).  An  inlet  of 
the  Atlantic,  on  the  southern  side  of  Long  Isl- 
and, 75  miles  east  of  New  York  city. 

Shinvuno.  See  Tusayan. 

Shipka  Pass  (ship'ka  pas).  A pass  in  the  Bal- 
kans, 47  miles  northeast  of  Philippopolis.  It  be- 
came famous  in  the  war  between  Turkey  and  Russia  in 
1877-78,  especially  for  the  unsuccessful  attacks  of  Sulei- 
man Pasha  on  the  Russian  positions  in  Aug.  and  Sept., 
1877. 

Shipley  (ship'li).  A town  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Aire  10 
miles  west-northwest  of  Leeds.  Population, 
25,573. 

Shipman’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Can- 
terbury Tales.”  The  story  is  from  the  first 
novel  of  the  eighth  day  of  Boccaccio’s  “De- 
cameron.” 

Ship-money  (ship'ramPi).  In  old  English  law, 
a charge  or  tax  imposed  by  the  king  upon  sea- 
ports and  trading  towns,  requiring  them  to  pro- 
vide and  furnish  war-ships,  or  to  pay  money 
for  that  purpose.  It  fell  into  disuse,  and  was  included 
in  the  Petition  of  Right  (1628)  as  a wrong  to  be  discontin- 
ued. The  attempt  to  revive  it  met  with  strong  opposition, 
and  was  one  of  the  proximate  causes  of  the  Great  Rebel- 
lion. (See  Hampden,  John.)  It  was  abolished  by  statute 
16  Charles  I.  c.  14  (1640),  which  enacted  the  strict  obser- 
vance of  the  Petition  of  Right. 

Ship  of  Fools,  The.  A translation  by  Alexan- 
der Barclay,  in  1508,  of  Brant’s  “Narrenschiff” 
(which  see).  The  first  English  book  in  which 
mention  is  made  of  the  New  World. 

Shippegan  (ship-e-gan'),  or  Shippagan  (ship- 
a-gan'),  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  situated  near  the  northeastern  ex- 
tremity of  New  Brunswick  (to  which  it  belongs), 
at  the  southern  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Chaleur. 
Length,  about  14  miles. 

Shippen  (ship'eu),  Edward.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  16, 1729:  died  there,  April  10,1806. 
An  American  jurist.  He  became  chief  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  in  1799. 
Shipton(ship'ton),  Mother.  Born  near  Knares- 
borough,  Yorkshire,  July,  1488:  died  about 
1559.  A half-mythical  English  prophetess, bap- 
tized Ursula  Southiel.  She  married  Tony  Shipton, 
a builder.  According  to  tradition,  however,  she  was  the 
child  of  Agatha  Shipton  and  the  devil.  See  Mother  Ship- 
ton's  Prophecies. 

Shipwreck,  The.  A descriptive  poem  by  Wil- 
liam Falconer,  published  in  1762. 

Shir  Ali.  See  Sliere  AU. 

Shiraz  (she'raz).  The  capital  of  Farsistan,  Per- 
sia, situated  about  lat.  29°  36'  N.,  long.  52°  35' 
E.  It  has  considerable  commerce,  and  manufactures  of 
wine,  etc.;  was  formerly  famous  for  its  surroundings,  as 
the  residence  of  Haflz  and  Sadi,  and  as  a seat  of  culture  in  < 
the  middle  ages ; and  was  atone  time  of  great  importance 
and  the  capital.  It  was  devastated  by  earthquakes  in  1824 
and  in  1853.  Population,  estimated,  60,000. 


927 

Shire  (she'ra).  A river  in  eastern  Africa  which 
issues  from  Lake  Nyassa  and  joins  the  Zambesi 
near  its  mouth.  Length  below  Lake  Nyassa, 
about  370  miles ; navigable  to  Murchison  Falls. 
Shirley  (shfer'li).  A town  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, 2 miles  northwest  of  Southampton.  Popu- 
lation of  Shirley  and  Freemantle,  25,547. 
Shirley.  A novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte,  pub- 
lished in  1849  under  the  pseudonym  of  Currer 
Bell.  The  heroine,  Shirley  Keeldar  (an  idealized  por- 
trait of  Emily  Bronte),  is  an  impulsive  girl  of  twenty  who 
inherits  her  father’s  estate  and  administers  it  as  squire. 

Shirley,  James.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  18, 
1596:  died  at  London,  Oct.  29  (?),  1666.  AnEng- 
lish  dramatist.  He  was  educated  at  Merchant  Taylor’s 
School,  London,  and  at  both  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  Owing 
to  scruples  of  conscience  he  gave  up  a living  to  which  he 
had  been  presented  after  ordination,  taught  school  for  a 
time,  and  from  about  1625  wrote  from  thirty  to  forty  plays. 
Among  them  are  “Love  Tricks ” (published  in  1631),  “The 
Maid  s Revenge  ” (1639),  “ The  Brothers  ” (1653),  “The  Witty 
Fair  One”  (1633),  “The  Grateful  Servant”  (licensed  in 
1629,  under  the  title  of  “ The  Faithful  Servant,” and  printed 
in  163D),  “The  Traitor”  (1635:  the  most  powerful  and 
pathetic  of  Shirley’s  tragedies),  “Love’s  Cruelty  ” (1640), 
“The  Changes”  (1632),  “Bird  in  a Cage”  (1633),  “Hyde 
Park”  (1637),  “The  Ball  ’’(licensed  Nov.  16, 1632,  and  printed 
1639  as  the  j oint  work  of  Chapman  and  Shirley),  “ The  Game- 
ster ” (1637), “ The  Contention  of  Honour  andRiches”(pub- 
lished  in  1633,  and  evidently  not  intended  for  representa- 
tion), “The  Coronation”  (licensed  Feb.  6, 1634-35,  as  “a play 
by  Shirley,”  but  the  title-page  of  the  first  edition  in  1640 
gives  it  to  Fletcher,  who  had  died  ten  years  before : Shirley 
claimed  it  as  his,  but  it  has  continued  to  appear  in  all  collec- 
tions of  Beaumontand  Fletcher’s  works),  “Chabot,  Admiral 
of  France”  (the  joint  performance  of  Chapman  and  Shirley, 
licensed  April  29,  1635,  and  printed  1639:  Shirley  had  lit- 
tle to  do  with  this),  ‘ ' The  Lady  of  Pleasure  ’’  (1637  : gener- 
ally considered  his  best  play),  “ St.  Patrick  for  Ireland  ” 
(1640),  “The  Humorous  Courtier  ” (1640),  “The  Arcadia” 
(1640),“The  Imposture  ” (1652),  “ The  Cardinal  ”(1652),  and 
“The  Sisters  ” (1052).  In  1659  Shirley  published,  together, 
“ Honoriaand  Mammon  ’’and  “ 'The  Contentionsof  A jax  and 
Ulysses  for  the  Armour  of  Achilles.”  The  first  piece  was  a 
revision  of  his  own  interlude  called  “The  Contention  of 
Honour  and  Riches."  He  also  wrote  “Manductio,  or  a 
Leading  of  Children  by  the  Hand  through  the  Principles 
of  Grammar  ” (1660).  He  also  finished  and  fitted  for  the 
stage  a number  of  Fletcher’s  plays.  Henry  Shirley,  a con- 
temporary of  James  Shirley,  wrote  a play  called  “The  Mar- 
tyred Soldier,”  which  was  acted  and  printed  in  1638. 

Shirley,  John.  Born  about  1366 : died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  21,  1456.  An  English  traveler  and 
collector  of  manuscripts,  especially  those  of 
Chaucer  and  Lydgate.  He  copied  them  himself  “ in 
sundry  volumes  to  remain  for  posterity.”  Some  of  them 
are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum  ; one  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge; and  one  at  Sion  College. 

Shirley,  Laurence,  fourth  Earl  Ferrers.  Born 
in  Aug.,  1720  : died  May  5,  1760.  An  English 
nobleman,  notable  as  the  last  nobleman  who 
died  a felon’s  death  in  England.  He  murdered  his 
land-steward,  Johnson,  in  a fit  of  ungovernable  passion  (to 
which  he  was  subject),  in  Jan.,  1760,  and  was  hanged  at 
Tyburn. 

Shirley,  Selina,  Countess  of  Huntingdon.  Born 
near  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  Aug.  24, 1707:  died  at 
London,  June  17,  1791.  An  English  religious 
leader,  daughter  of  the  second  Earl  Ferrers. 
She  was  noted  as  the  founder  of  chapels  and  as  the  leader 
of  the  sect  of  the  “ Countess  of  Huntingdon’s  Connexion.” 
Shirley,  William.  Born  at  Preston,  Sussex, 
England,  1693 : died  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  March 
24, 1771.  A colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1741-56.  He  planned  the  expedition  against  Louis- 
burg  in  1745 ; became  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1753 ; 
was  commander  of  the  British  forces  in  America  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Old  French  and  Indian  war  in  1755  ; 
planned  the  expedition  against  Niagara  in  1755  ; was  made 
lieutenant-general  in  1759;  and  was  governor  of  the  Ba- 
hama Islands  1759-70.  He  published  “Letter  to  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle”  (1746),  “Conduct  of  General  William  Shir- 
ley" (1758),  etc. 

Shirvan  (shir-van').  Amedieval  khanate  south 
of  the  Caucasus,  now  forming  part  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Baku,  Transcaucasia,  Russia.  Chief 
place,  Shemakha.  It  was  incorporated  with 
Russia  in  1820. 

Shirwa  (slier' w;i).  A lake  in  eastern  Africa, 
south-southeast  of  Lake  Nyassa  and  east  of  the 
Shire.  Length,  about  40  miles. 

Shishak  (shi'shak)  I.,  or  Sheshonk  (she'- 
shonk),  or  Shashanq.  Lived  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury B.  C.  A king  of  Egypt,  of  the  22d  dynasty. 
He  plundered  Jerusalem  in  the  reign  of  Reho- 
boam. 

Shiva  (shi'va).  The  third  god  of  the  Hindu 
triad,  in  the  later  mythology  regarded  as  the 
destroyer,  while  Brahma  is  the  creator  and  Vish- 
nu the  preserver.  The  Sliaivas,  or  Sliiva-worshlpers, 
assign  to  him  the  first  place  in  the  triad,  identifying  him 
with  creation  and  reproduction  as  well  as  destruction,  and 
so  constituting  him  the  Supreme  Being.  This  character 
in  present  Hinduism  is  supposed  to  tie  a development  of 
that  of  the  Vedic  Rudra  (which  see)  by  the  addition  of 
many  characteristics  drawn  from  the  popular  as  distin- 
guished from  the  priestly  religion,  and  taken  especially 
from  the  religion  of  the  aborigines,  whose  chief  god  some 
suppose  Shiva  to  have  been.  The  name  Shiva,  ‘ the  pro- 
pitious,’ seems  to  have  been  at  first  only  a euphemistic 


Shore 

epithet  used  to  propitiate  Rudra,  the  god  of  storms,  and 
then  to  have  supplanted  the  name  Rudra  itself.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Vishnupurana  there  are  8 principal  manifesta- 
tions of  Shiva,  viz.  : Rudra,  Bhava,  Sharva,  Ishana,  Pashu- 
pati,  Bhima,  Ugra,  and  Mahadeva,  which  are  visibly  repre- 
sented under  8 tanus,  or  material  forms,  viz. : the  Sun,  Wa- 
ter, Earth,  Air,  Fire,  Ether,  the  officiating  Brahman,  and 
the  Moon,  Shiva  upholding  the  universe  by  means  of  these 
forms.  As  presiding  over  reproduction  which  follows  de- 
struction, he  is  generally  worshiped  under  phallic  sym- 
bols. As  sharing  with  Yamaand  Varuna  the  attributes  of 
justice  and  punishment,  he  rides  on  a white  bull,  Dharma 
having  taken  this  form  to  become  Shiva’s  vehicle  ; as 
Kala,  or  destroying  ‘time,’ he  is  black ; as  Ardhanari,‘half- 
female,’  he  symbolizes  the  unity  of  the  generative  princi- 
ple ; as  Panehanana  he  has  6 faces ; he  has  3 eyes,  one  in 
his  forehead,  which  are  held  to  denote  his  view  of  pres- 
ent, past,  and  future ; while  a crescent  about  the  central 
eye  marks  the  measure  of  time  by  months,  a serpent  around 
his  neck  that  by  years,  and  a necklace  of  skulls  and  ser- 
pents about  his  person  the  revolution  of  ages.  His  hair  is 
thickly  matted,  and  projects  like  a horn  from  his  forehead. 
On  his  head  he  bears  the  Ganges.  His  throat  is  dark  blue 
from  the  poison  whicli  would  have  destroyed  the  world 
had  he  not  swallowed  it  at  the  churning  of  the  ocean. 
He  wears  sometimes  a deerskin,  sometimes  a tigerskin, 
sometimes  an  elephant’s  skin,  and  at  times  sits  on  a tiger- 
skin  or  holds  a deer  in  one  of  his  hands.  His  weapons 
are  a trident  (now  held  to  symbolize  him  as  Creator,  De- 
stroyer, and  Regenerator),  a bow,  a thunderbolt,  an  ax,  a 
skull-surmounted  staff,  and  a nondescript  weapon,  the 
khinkira.  He  carries  a drum  shaped  like  an  hour-glass, 
and  a noose.  His  servants  are  the  demons  called  Prama- 
tlias,  liis  chief  wife  Durga  with  her  various  names,  and  his 
sons  Ganesha  and  Karttikeya.  His  residence  is  Kailasa, 
one  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Himalaya.  He  is  espe- 
cially  worshiped  at  Benares.  He  has  even  more  names  than 
Vishnu,  1,008  being  specified  in  the  Shiva  Parana  and  the 
Mahabharata.  See  Barth’s  “Religions  of  India,”  159  ff. ; 
Williams’s  “Brahmanism  and  Hinduism,"  III.  IV.;  and 
Muir’s  “Original  Sanskrit  Texts,”  Vol.  IV. 

Shlu.  See  Sliilha. 

Shoa  (sho'a).  A kingdom  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  Abyssinia,  southeast  of  Amhara.  The 
chief  towns  are  Licheli  (the  capital),  Ankober,  and  An- 
golalla.  The  inhabitants  (Amharas  and  Gallas)  are  esti- 
mated at  1,500,000. 

Shoalhaven  (sliol'ha-vn).  A river  in  New 
South  Wales,  Australia,  which  flows  into  the 
Pacific  about  80  miles  south-southwest  of  Syd- 
ney. Length,  over  150  miles. 

Shoalwater  Bay  (shol'wa/ter  ba).  An  inlet 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  Pacific  County, 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington. Length,  28  miles. 

Shoeburyness  (slio'ber-i-nes).  A headland  in 
Essex,  England,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Thames  estuary,  33  miles  east  of  London. 
Near  it  is  the  village  of  Shoeburyness,  with  a 
noted  artillery  shooting-range. 

Shoemaker’s  Holiday,  The,  or  the  Gentle 

Craft.  A comedy  by  Dekker.  it  was  published 
anonymously  in  1600,  and  had  been  played  the  year  before. 
It  contains  one  of  his  best  characters,  Simon  Eyre,  “shoo- 
maker  and  Lord  Maior  of  London.” 

Shoe-string  District,  The.  See  the  extract. 

The  most  flagrant  instance  of  gerrymandering  is  prob- 
ably the  sixth  [Congressional]  district  of  Mississippi.  This 
remarkable  district  consists  of  all  the  counties  of  the  State 
which  touch  the  Mississippi  River.  Its  length  is  about 
300  miles  and  its  average  breadth  about  20,  and  its  peculiar 
shape  has  given  it  its  popular  name  of  the  “shoe-string” 
district.  Lalor,  Cyc.  Polit.  Science,  II.  368. 

[In  the  late  redistribution  the  Shoe-string  District  has  dis- 
appeared.] 

Sholapur  (sho-lii-por').  1.  A district  in  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  18°  N., 
long.  75°  20'  E.  Area,  4,541  square  miles. 
Population,  720,977. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Sholapur,  situated  about  lat.  17° 
40'  N.,  long.  75°  54'  E.  It  is  a trading  center. 
Population,  75,288. 

Shona  (sho'na),  or  Mashona  (ma-sho'na).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  British  South  Africa,  living  on  the 
highland  which  forms  the  watershed  between 
the  Limpopo  and  Zambesi  basins  (intersected 
by  lat.  18°  S.  and  long.  30°  E.).  They  are  indus- 
trious, work  iron,  and  spin  and  weave  native  cotton.  They 
were  subjects  of  the  Matabele  before  the  subjugation  of 
these  by  the  British  South  Africa  Company  in  1894.  See 
Mashonaland. 

Shoofoo.  See  Kliufu. 

Shoomla.  See  Shumla. 

Shoosha.  See  Shuslia. 

Shooter’s  Hill  (sho'terz  hil).  A prominent  hill 
in  Kent,  England,  8 miles  southeast  of  London. 
Height,  446  feet. 

Shore  (shor),  Jane.  Born  at  London  : died  in 
1527.  The  mistress  of  King  Edward  IV.  While 
still  a girl  she  married  William  Shore,  a citizen  of  London. 
After  her  intrigue  witli  the  king  began  she  lived  in  the 
greatest  luxury,  and  after  his  death  she  became  the  mis- 
tress of  Lord  Hastings  who  was  beheaded  by  Richard  III. 
June  13,  1483.  Richard  imprisoned  Jane  Shore  out  of 
malice  and  pretended  virtue,  robbed  her  house,  accused 
her  of  witchcraft,  and  obliged  her  to  do  penance  for  un- 
chastity at  Paul's  Cross.  She  afterward  became  the  mis- 
tress of  tlie  Marquis  of  Dorset.  The  agonizing  details  of 
her  death  in  a ditch  from  starvation  are  without  author- 
ity, though  the  old  ballad  gives  them  with  great  precision. 
See  Jane  Shore. 


Shoreditch 

Shoreditch  (shor'dich).  A borough  (metropoli- 
tan) of  London,  situated  north  of  the  Thames. 
Shoreham  (shor'am),  or  New  Shoreham.  A 
seaport  in  Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  6 miles  west  of  Brighton. 
Population,  3,837. 

Shorncliffe  (shorn'klif).  A height  in  the  county 
of  Kent,  situated  near  the  English  Channel 
west  of  Folkestone. 

Short  (short),  Bob.  The  pseudonym  of  Pope  in 
his  contributions  to  the  “Guardian,”  Nos.  91 
and  92. 

Shorthouse  (short'hous),  Joseph  Henry.  Born 
at  Birmingham,  Sept.  9,  1834  : died  at  London, 
March  4,  1903.  An  English  author.  His  works 
include  “John  Inglesant”  (1881),  “The  Platonism  of 
Wordsworth”  (1882),  “The  Little  School-Master  Mark ’’ 
(1883-84),  “Sir  Percival”  (1886),  “A  Teacher  of  the 
Violin”  (1888),  “The  Countess  Eve"  (1888),  “Blanche, 
Lady  Falaise”  (1891),  etc. 

Short-Lived  Administration,  The.  In  British 
history,  a name  given  to  the  administration  un- 
der the  premiership  of  William  Pulteney  in  1746, 
which  lasted  only  two  days. 

Short  Parliament.  In  English  history,  the  Par- 
liament which  sat  from  April  13  to  May  5, 1640. 
It  was  followed  in  November  by  the  Long  Par- 
liament. 

Shoshoko  (sho-sho'ko).  [PL,  also  Shoshokos."] 
A name,  meaning  ‘walker,’  applied  collectively 
to  the  poorer  bands  and  individuals  of  Shosho- 
nean  tribes  of  North  American  Indians  who  do 
not  own  horses,  and  are  therefore  “walkers.” 
The  name  Digger  (which  see)  has  been  applied  more  gen- 
erally to  this  class  than  to  any  other. 

Shoshonean  (sho-sho'ne-an).  An  important 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
Their  early  habitat  included  southwestern  Montana ; allot 
Idaho  south  of  lat.  46°  30';  southeastern  Oregon  south  ot 
the  Blue  Mountains  ; western  and  central  Colorado ; a strip 
in  northern  New  Mexico ; eastern  New  Mexico ; all  of 
northwestern  Texas  ; the  entire  territory  of  Utah  ; a sec- 
tion in  northern  Arizona;  all  of  Nevada  ; and  a small  strip 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  California,  east  of  the  Sierras, 
and  a wide  section  along  the  eastern  border  south  of  lat. 
38°,  extending  also  across  the  mountains  to  the  sources  of 
the  San  Joaquin  and  Kings  rivers,  as  well  as  in  a wide  band 
over  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  reaching  northward 
to  Tulare  Lake.  Along  the  Pacific  the  tribes  of  this  stock 
forced  their  way  between  the  Chumashan  and  Yuman 
stocks,  and  occupied  the  coast  between  lats.  33°  and  34°  N. 
The  principal  Shoshonean  tribes  are  the  Bannock,  Clieme- 
huevi,  Comanche,  Gosiute,  Paiute,  Paviotso,  Saidyuka, 
Shoshoni,  Tobikhar,  Tukuarika,  Tusayan,  and  Uta.  The 
name  of  the  stock  is  adopted  from  that  of  the  Shoshoni 
tribe. 

Shoshone  Falls  (sho-sho'ne  falz).  A cataract 
in  the  Snake  River,  in  Idaho,  about  lat.  42°  35' 
N.,  long.  114°  20' W.  it  is  one  of  the  grandest  falls 
in  the  United  States.  Height,  210  feet.  Width,  about  900 
feet. 

Shoshone  Lake.  A lake  in  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park,  west-southwest  of  Yellowstone 
Lake.  It  is  one  of  the  sources  of  Snake  River. 
Shoshone  River.  See  Snake  River. 

Shoshoni  (sho-sho'ni).  [Origin  of  name  uncer- 
tain.] The  most  northerly  division  of  the  Sho- 
shonean stock  of  North  American  Indians.  It 
comprises  a number  of  tribes  which  formerly  occupied 
western  Wyoming,  part  of  central  and  southern  Idaho,  a 
small  area  in  eastern  Oregon,  western  and  central  Nevada, 
and  a small  strip  of  Utah  west  of  Great  Salt  Lake.  The 
Snake  River  region  of  Idaho  was  their  chief  seat.  In  1803 
they  were  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri  in  western 
Montana,  but  they  had  earlier  ranged  farther  east  on  the 
plains,  whence  they  had  been  driven  into  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains by  the  Atsina  and  Blackfeet.  The  most  important  of 
the  twenty  known  tribes  comprising  the  Shoshoni  division 
are  the  Panamint,  Tukuarika  or  Sheep-eaters,  and  Wa 
shaki.  They  number  about  2,000.  Most  of  them  are  under 
Fort  Hall  agency  and  the  Lemhi  agency,  Idaho.  Also 
called  Snakes.  See  Shoshonean. 

Shotover  Hill  (shot'o-ver  hil).  A bill  4 miles 
east  of  Oxford,  England.  Height,  600  feet. 
Shottery  (shot'er-i).  A village  in  Warwick- 
shire, noted  as  the  residence  of  Anne  Hatha- 
way, Shakspere’s  wife.  The  farm-house  in  which  she 
is  thought  to  have  lived  was  bought  for  the  nation  in  1892. 
It  is  known  as  “Anne  Hathaway’s  Cottage.” 

Shovel  (shuv'l),  Sir  Cloudesley.  Born  about 
1650:  died  Oct.  22,  1707.  Am  English  ad- 
miral. He  served  at  Bantry  Bay  in  1689,  Beachy  Head  in 
1690,  La  Hogue  in  1692,  and  later  in  the  Mediterranean.  He 
became  commander  of  the  British  fleets  in  1705,  and  was 
shipwrecked  off  the  Scilly  Isles  on  his  way  home  from  an 
unsuccessful  expedition  against  Toulon. 

Shreveport  (shrev'port).  A city,  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Caddo  parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the 
Red  River  in  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  93°  46'  W. 
It  is  the  second  commercial  city  in  the  State,  and  has  an 
important  export  trade  iu  cotton  and  other  products. 
Population,  28,015,  (1910). 

Shrewsbury  (shroz'bu-ri).  [See  extract  under 
Shropshire .]  A parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  and  the  capital  of  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Severn  in  lat.  52°  43'  N., 
tong.  2°  46'  W.  It  has  manufactures  of  line  i thread, 


928 

cakes,  iron  wares,  etc. , and  considerable  trade.  It  contains 
several  ancient  churches  and  a celebrated  grammar-school. 
It  was  the  ancient  Pengwerne  and  the  capital  of  Powis  ; 
was  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  early  England  ; and  was  often 
taken  and  retaken  in  the  W elsh  wars.  A victory  was  gained 
near  it,  July,  1403,  by  Henry  IV.  over  the  insurgents  un- 
der the  Percys,  when  Henry  Percy(Hotspur)wa3slain.  The 
place  was  made  the  headquarters  of  Charles  I.  in  1642.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1645.  Population, 
28,395. 

Shrewsbury,  Earls  of.  See  Talbot. 

Shri  (shre).  [Skt.,  ‘beauty.’]  The  Hindu  god- 
dess of  beauty  and  fortune,  Lakshmi.  See 
Lakshmi. 

Shrimp-Girl,  The.  A painting  by  Hogarth,  in 
the  National  Gallery,  London,  it  is  a half-length 
figure,  almost  in  full  face,  wearing  a white  cap  covered 
with  a piece  of  dark  stuff,  on  which  rests  the  tray  of 
shrimps. 

Shropshire  (shrop'shir),  or  Salop  (sal'op).  A 
western  county  of  England.  Capital,  Shrews- 
bury. It  is  bounded  by  Wales  and  Cheshire  on  the 
north,  Stafford  on  the  east,  Worcester  on  the  southeast, 
Hereford  on  the  south,  and  Wales  on  the  southwest  and 
west.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating.  It  is  trav- 
ersed in  the  west  by  high  hills,  and  belongs  chiefly  to  the 
valley  of  the  Severn.  It  is  largely  an  agricultural  county, 
buthas  coal-mineB  and  iron  manufactures.  Area  (ad.  co.), 
1,346.6  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  239,324. 

But  the  Scrobsaetan  have  done  more  than  this;  they 
have  given  their  name  to  Shropshire,  the  only  Mercian 
shire  which  keeps  a tribe-name  ; and,  like  our  own  Sum- 
ersaetan,  Dorsaetan,  and  Wilsaetan,  the  shire  contains  a 
town  with  a cognate  name,  the  borough  of  the  Scrobsae- 
tan, Scrobbesbtirh  or  Shrewsbury.  Shropshire  and  Rut- 
land are  the  only  two  Mercian  shires  which  have  strictly 
names  of  their  own,  not  taken  from  any  town. 

Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  123. 

Shubrick  (shu'brik),  William  Branford.  Born 
onBull’s  Island,  S.C.,  Oct.  31, 1790 : died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  May  27, 1874.  An  American  admi- 
ral. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  War  of  1812,  and 
commanded  the  Pacific  squadron  in  the  Mexican  war.  In 
1859  he  was  sent  in  command  of  a squadron  to  Paraguay, 
inasmuch  as  a United  States  steamer  had  been  fired  upon. 
He  obtained  an  apology  and  a promise  of  pecuniary  in- 
demnity. He  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1861. 

Shucker.  See  Shoshoko. 

Shufeldt  (sho'felt),  Robert  Wilson.  Born 
Feb.  21,  1822:  died  Nov.  7,  1895.  An  Amer- 
ican admiral.  He  commanded  the  United  States 
steamer  Conemaugh  in  the  blockade  of  Charleston,  and 
afterward  the  steamer  Proteus  of  the  Eastern  Gulf  Block- 
ading Squadron,  during  the  Civil  War.  He  was  promoted 
rear-admiral  in  1883,  and  was  retired  in  1884. 
Shufflebottom  (shuf'l-bot//om),  Abel.  A pseu- 
donym sometimes  used  by  Southey. 
Shukulumbwe  ( sho-ko-lom'bwe),  or  Mashuku- 
lumbwe  (ma-sho-ko-16m'bwe).  A Bantu  tribe 
in  British  Zambesia,  Africa,  between  the  Ba- 
rotse,  Lunda,  the  Zambesi,  and  the  Kafue.  They 
are  periodically  raided  by  the  Barotse,  who  claim  authority 
over  them,  and  are  fiercely  hostile  to  white  men. 

Shuli  (sho'le).  See  Lur. 

Shumagin  (sho'ma-gen)  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands  south  of  the  Alaska  Peninsula, 
Alaska. 

Shumanas.  See  Jumanas. 

Shumer.  See  Shinar. 

Shumla  (shom'la),  or  Shumna  (shom'nii).  A 
town  and  fortress  in  Bulgaria,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  15'  N.,  long.  26°  56'  E.  It  has  manufactures  of 
clothes,  slippers,  etc.  It  is  a place  of  great  strength  ; was 
burned  by  the  Byzantine  emperor  in  811 ; was  besieged  by 
Alexius  in  1087 ; was  surrendered  to  the  Turks  about  1387 ; 
was  strengthened  in  the  17th  centurv  ■ was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  the  Russians  in  1774,  1810,  and  1828 ; and  was 
occupied  by  the  Russians  in  1878.  Population,  22,275. 
Shunem  (sho'nem).  In  Bible  geography,  a place 
in  Palestine,  about  7 miles  south  of  Nazareth : 
the  modern  Sulem. 

Shurtleff  (shert'lef),  Nathaniel  Bradstreet. 

Born  at  Boston,  June  29,  1810 : died  there,  Oct. 
17,  1874.  An  American  antiquary  and  poli- 
tician, mayor  of  Boston  1868-70.  He  published 
“The  Passengers  of  the  Mayflower  ” (1849),  and  various 
genealogical  and  other  works;  and  edited  “Records  of  the 
Governor  and  Company  of  Massachusetts  Bay  ” (1853-54) 
and  “ Records  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth  ” (with  Pul- 
sifer,  1855-61). 

Shusha  (sko'ska).  A town  in  the  government 
of  Yelisavetpol,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated 
about  lat.  39°  40'  N.,  long.  46°  40'  E.  It  is  an 
important  fortress.  Population,  25,881. 
Shushan  (sho'shan).  [In  the  Persian  inscrip- 
tions Shushuna.'}  The  capital  of  Elam,  situated 
on  the  Eulaeus  (Hebrew  and  Assyrian  Ulai). 
It  was  destroyed  in  645  B.  C.  by  Asurbanipal.  The  Ache- 
menid  kings  of  Persia  made  it  their  winter  residence,  and 
provided  it  with  a citadel.  It  was  still  flourishing  in  the 
12th  century  A.  D.  Since  the  13th  century  it  has  gradually 
fallen  into  decay.  It  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  books 
of  Daniel  and  Esther.  See  Elam  and  Susa. 

Shute  (shut),  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  1662: 
died  in  England,  March  15, 1742.  An  English  of- 
ficer, colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts  1716- 
1727.  He  carried  on  a controversy  with  the 
legislature  regarding  his  prerogative. 


Siamese  Twins,  The 

Shuter  (shu'ter),  Edward.  Born  about  1728: 
died  Nov.  1,  1776.  An  English  actor,  said  by 
Garrick  to  be  the  greatest  comic  genius  he  had 
ever  known.  He  went  on  the  stage  in  1744,  and  ended 
his  career  as  Falstaff,  at  his  own  benefit  at  Covent  Garden, 
in  1776.  He  had  a wide  comic  repertory.  Among  his 
original  creations  are  Papjllon  in  “The  Liar,”  Old  Hard- 
castle,  and  Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  and  he  won  fame  as  Jus- 
tice Woodcock  in  “Love  in  a Village/’  etc. 

Shuvaloff  (sho-va'lof),  Count  Paul.  Born  1830: 
died  in  Jalta,  Russia,  April  20,  1908.  A Rus- 
sian general  and  diplomatist,  brother  of  Peter 
Shuvaloff.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  war,  was  ambas- 
sador to  Berlin  1885-94,  and  in  1894  was  appointed  governor 
of  Poland. 

Shuvaloff  (sho-va'lof), Count  Peter.  Born  July 
15, 1827 : died  March,  1889.  A Russian  diploma- 
tist. He  was  a special  envoy  to  London  in  1873 ; ambassa- 
dor to  London  1874-79 ; and  plenipotentiary  to  the  Congress 
of  Berlin  in  1878. 

Shuzub  (sho'zob).  A name  of  two  Babylonian 
kiDgS.  (a)  The  first  was  of  Babylonian  origin.  On  his 
accession  to  the  Babylonian  throne,  he  assumed  the  name 
of  Nergal-Ushezib  (‘Nergal  delivered’).  After  reigning 
a year  and  six  months,  he  was  taken  captive  by  Sennach- 
erib in  the  battle  of  Nippur  (Niffer),  694  B.  c.  (6)  The 
second  was  a Chaldean,  successor  of  the  preceding  under 
the  name  of  Mushezib-Marduk.  He  bought  with  the  trea- 
sures of  the  temple  of  Marduk  (Merodacli)  the  help  of 
the  Elamite  king  Umman-menann,  but  both  were  routed 
by  Sennacherib  in  the  battle  of  Halule,  691  B.  c.  When 
in  690  (or  689)  Sennacherib  invaded  and  destroyed  Baby- 
lon, Shuzub  sought  refuge  with  his  former  aUy  Umman- 
menann,  but  was  delivered  by  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
Assyrians. 

Shyenne.  See  Cheyenne. 

Shylock  (shi'lok).  A Jew,  one  of  the  princi- 
pal characters  in  Shakspere’s  “Merchant  of 
Venice.”  He  lends  Bassanio  3,000  ducats  on  condition 
that  if  they  are  not  repaid  at  the  promised  time  he  shall 
be  allowed  to  cut  a pound  of  flesh  from  the  body  of  An- 
tonio, Bassanio’s  friend  and  surety.  He  claims  the  forfeit- 
ure, but  is  defeated  by  Portia,  who,  in  a celebrated  speech, 
reminds  him  that  he  loses  his  life  if  he  sheds  one  drop  of 
Christian  blood  or  takes  more  or  less  than  his  lawful  pound 
of  flesh.  Down  to  the  time  of  Macklin  the  part  was  played 
by  the  low  comedian,  and  was  grotesque  to  buffoonery.  He 
transformed  it  from  “ the  grimacings  of  low  comedy  to  the 
solemn  sweep  of  tragedy, ’’and  made  Shylock  a revengeful, 
inexorable  money-maker.  Edmund  Kean,  in  1814,  played 
the  part  as  that  of  “a  Jew  more  sinned  against  than  sin- 
ning. . . . From  that  hour  a reaction  in  favor  of  Shylock 
set  in,  until  now  it  is  generally  agreed  that  up  to  a certain 
point  he  was  the  victim  of  a downright  quibble,  and  that 
even  on  the  third  point,  that  of  conspiracy,  his  conviction 
was  perhaps  of  doubtful  propriety  ” (Furness). 

Sia  (se'a).  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
inhabiting  a pueblo  of  the  same  name  on  the 
Rio  J emez,  a western  affluent  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
in  New  Mexico.  In  1582  Sia  was  said  to  be  the  largest 
of  five  villages  forming  a province  called  Punames.  The 
present  pueblo  dates  from  about  1692,  when  the  village 
formerly  occupied  was  abandoned.  The  tribe,  which  was 
once  comparatively  populous,  now  numbers  but  119.  The 
decrease  is  attributed  largely  to  infectious  disease  and  to 
the  killing  of  persons  accused  of  witchcraft.  Also  Chea, 
Chia,  Cia,  Cilia,  Silla,  Tsea,  Tsia,  Tzia,  Zia.  See  Keresan. 
Sialkot,  or  Sealkote  (se-al-kot').  1.  A district 
in  Lahore  division,  Panjab,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  32°  20'  N.,  long.  74°  30'  E.  Area, 
1,991  square  miles.  Population,  1,083,909. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Sialkot,  situated 
about  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  74°  32'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 57,956. 

Siam  (si-am'  or  se-am').  A kingdom  in  the 
peninsula  of  Indo-China,  in  southeastern  Asia. 
Capital,  Bangkok.  It  is  bounded  by  Burma  on  the 
west,  the  vague  Shan  states  on  the  north,  the  French  de- 
pendencies Tongking,  Annam  (the  river  Mekong  being 
the  recognized  boundary),  and  Cambodia  on  the  east,  and 
the  Gulf  of  Siam  on  the  south.  In  addition  Siam  has  a 
considerable  part  of  the  Malay  Peninsula.  The  principal 
river  is  the  Menam.  The  chief  product  is  rice.  The  gov- 
ernment is  vested  in  the  king  and  a council  of  ministers. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Buddhism.  The  capital,  Ayuthia, 
was  founded  about  1350.  In  the  16th  century  the  country 
was  enlarged,  and  trade  commenced  with  Europe.  Ayu- 
thia was  sacked  by  the  Burmese  in  1767,  and  the  capital 
transferred  to  Bangkok  1782.  Western  civilization  has 
been  partially  introduced  in  recent  years.  French  ad- 
vances and  claims  along  the  eastern  frontier  led  in  1893 
to  serious  complications,  nearly  involving  England.  The 
French  in  July  entered  the  Menam  River  and  blockaded 
Bangkok ; and  in  Oct.  Siam  ceded  to  France  about  100,000 
square  miles  east  of  the  river  Mekong.  Area,  about  195,000 
square  miles.  Population,  over  6,686,800. 

Siam,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
partly  inclosed  by  the  Malay  Peninsula  on  the 
west,  Siam  on  the  north,  and  Cambodia  and 
Cochin-China  on  the  northeast.  Length,  about 
470  miles. 

Siamese  Twins  (si-a-mes'or  -mez'  twinz),The. 
Born  in  Siam,  April  15,  1811:  died  in  North 
Carolina,  Jan.  17, 1874.  Eng  and  Chang,  twins 
bom  of  a Chinese  father  and  a Siamese  mother. 
They  were  joined  to  one  another  by  a short  tubular  cartila- 
ginous band,  through  which  their  livers  and  hepatic  ves- 
° sels  communicated,  and  in  the  center  of  which  was  their 
common  umbilicus.  They  were  brought  to  America  for  ex- 
hibition in  1828,  and  after  making  a competency  in  various 


Siamese  Twins,  The 

countries  settled  in  North  Carolina.  They  married  sistera 
in  1842.  In  1869  they  again  exhibited  themselves  in  Europe. 
The  one  survived  the  other  two  horns  and  a half. 

Sianti.  See  Ashanti. 

Siao  (se-a'd),  or  Siamo  (se-a'mo).  A small 
island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  northeast  of 
Celebes. 

Sibbald  (sib'ald),  Sir  Robert.  Born  about 
1641:  died  1712.  A Scottish  physician  and 
scientist.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  Leyden,  and 
Paris.  He  was  the  first  professor  of  medicine  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  the  first  president  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  geographer  royal.  In  1710  he  published 
“A  History  of  Fife  and  Fifeshire,”  followed  by  similar 
works  of  local  interest. 

Siberia  (si-be'ri-a).  [Russ.  Sibir,  F.  Siberie , G. 
Sibirien .]  A vast  region  in  northern  and  central 
Asia,  which  forms  part  of  the  Russian  empire. 
Chief  towns,  Tomsk  and  Irkutsk,  it  is  bounded  by 
the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Bering  Strait  on  the  north- 
east, the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east,  the  Chinese  repub- 
lic and  Russian  Central  Asia  on  the  south,  and  Russia  on 
the  west.  It  comprises  officially  West  Siberia  (includ- 
ing the  governments  of  Tobolsk  and  Tomsk),  Irkutsk 
(with  the  governments  of  Irkutsk,  Yeniseisk,  and  Yakutsk), 
and  the  Amur  Region  (Amur,  Transbaikalia,  the  Maritime 
Province)  and  the  northern  part  of  the  island  of  Saghalin. 
The  surface  is  largely  a low-lying  plain  in  the  north : in 
the  interior  and  the  south  it  is  a plateau  traversed 
by  chains  of  mountains,  including  the  Altai,  Sayan, 
Baikal,  Yablonoi,  Stanovoi,  etc.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Obi  (with  the  Irtish),  Yenisei  (with  the  Angara), 
Lena,  and  Amur.  The  largest  lake  is  Baikal.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  is  agriculture.  Siberia  contains  con- 
siderable mineral  wealth,  including  gold,  platinum,  silver, 
iron,  lead,  etc.  Government  is  administered  by  gover- 
nors-general  and  governors.  The  inhabitants  are  largely 
Russians ; there  are  also  Buriats,  Kirghiz,  Tunguses, 
Yakuts,  Kalmucks,  Ostiaks,  Samoyeds,  Kamchadales, 
etc.,  besides  many  thousands  of  exiles  from  European 
Russia.  The  Russian  conquest  commenced  in  the 
16th  century,  in  the  reign  of  Ivan  the  Terrible,  and 
advanced  to  Lake  Baikal,  the  Amur,  and  the  Pacific  in 
the  17th  century.  Saghalin  was  formally  acquired  in 
1875  and  the  island  south  of  lat.  50°  N.  was  ceded  to 
Japan  in  1905.  Area,  4,786,730  square  miles.  Population, 
about  7,049,200. 

Siberian  Railway.  A railway  constructed  by 
the  Russian  government,  traversing  Siberia 
and  Manchuria  from  west  to  east.  Ground  was 
broken  in  1891,  and  the  work  was  practically  completed  in 
1899.  The  line  runs  from  Cheliabiusk,  via  Omsk,  Irkutsk, 
and  the  southern  end  of  Lake  Baikal,  to  Vladivostok  on 
the  Pacific — over  4,000  miles — with  a branch  from  Har- 
bin to  Port  Arthur  (finished  in  1902). 

Sibi  (se'be).  A district  on  the  border  of  Af- 
ghanistan and  Baluchistan,  now  under  British 
rule. 

Sibley  (sib'li),  Henry  Hastings.  Born  at  De- 
troit, Mich. , Feb.  20, 1811 : died  at  St.  Paul , Minn. , 
Feb.  18, 1891.  An  American  pioneer,  politician, 
and  general.  He  was  a delegate  to  Congress  from  Wis- 
consin Territory  in  1849,  and  from  Minnesota  Territory 
1849-53;  and  was  elected  first  governor  of  Minnesota  as  a 
Democrat  in  1858.  He  organized  a force  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  frontier  settlements  against  the  Sioux  in  1862, 
when  he  received  a commission  as  brigadier-general.  He 
put  down  the  Sioux  outbreak  of  that  year. 

Sibley,  Henry  Hopkins.  Born  at  Natchitoches, 
La.,  May  25, 1816:  died  at  Fredericksburg,  Va., 
Aug.  23,  1886.  An  American  general.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war ; entered  the  Confederate  service  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861 ; and  commanded  in  New 
Mexico  in  1862.  He  entered  the  Egyptian  service  in  1869, 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  returning  to  the  thiited 
States  five  years  later. 

Sibley,  Hiram.  Born  at  North  Adams,  Mass., 
Feb.  6,  1807 : died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  July  12, 
1888.  An  American  financier.  He  was  one  of  the 
organizers  and  the  first  president  of  the  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company,  and  constructed  in  1861  the  telegr  aph 
line  across  the  continent  to  California  (afterward  trans- 
ferred to  the  Western  Union).  During  his  presidency  the 
Western  Union  expended  .$3,000,000  on  a line  to  Europe 
via  Bering  Strait,  which  was  abandoned  on  the  completion 
of  the  Atlantic  cable.  He  gave  8100,000  for  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Sibley  College  of  Mechanical  Engineering  and 
the  Mechanic  Arts,  connected  with  Cornell  University. 
Sibley,  John  Langdon.  Born  at  Union,  Maine, 
Dec.  29,  1804:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec. 
9,  1885.  An  American  librarian.  He  was  assistant 
librarian  of  Harvard  College  1841-56,  and  librarian  1856-77. 
He  was  editor  for  manyyears  of  the  annual,  triennial,  and 
quinquennial  catalogues  of  Harvard;  and  wrote  “Bio- 
graphical Sketches  of  the  Graduates  of  Harvard  Univer- 
sity ” (3  vols.  1873-85). 

Sibola.  See  Cibola  and  Zufti. 

Sibthorp  (sib'thorp),  John.  Born  at  Oxford, 
England,  Oct.  28,  1758 : died  at  Bath,  Feb.  8, 
1796.  An  English  botanist,  son  of  Dr.  Hum- 
phrey Sibthorp,  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1777 ; studied  medicine;  and  in 
1784  succeeded  his  father  as  Sherardian  professor  of  botany 
at  Oxford.  He  wrote  “ Flora  Oxoniensis"  (1794)  and  “ Flora 
Grama”  (edited  by  J.  E.  Smith  and  John  Lindley,  1806 
et  seq.). 

Sibylline  Books,  Sibylline  Oracles.  See 

Sibyls. 

Sibyls  (sib'ilz).  In  ancient  mythology,  certain 
women  reputed  to  possess  special  powers  of 
prophecy  or  divination  and  intercession  with 
c.— 59 


929 

the  gods  in  behalf  of  those  who  resorted  to  them. 
Different  writers  mention  from  one  to  twelve  sibyls,  but 
the  number  commonly  reckoned  is  ten,  enumerated  as  the 
Persian  or  Babylonian,  Libyan,  Delphian,  Cimmerian,  Ery- 
thraean, Samian,  Cunuean,  Hellespontine  or  Trojan,  Phry- 
gian, and  Tiburtine.  Of  these  the  most  celebrated  was  the 
Cumsean  sibyl  (of  Cum®  in  Italy),  who,  according  to  the 
story,  appeared  before  Tarquin  the  Proud  and  offered  him 
nine  books  for  sale.  He  refused  to  buy  them,  whereupon 
she  burned  three,  and  offered  the  remaining  six  at  the 
original  price.  On  being  again  refused,  she  destroyed  three 
more,  and  offered  the  remaining  three  at  the  price  she  had 
asked  for  the  nine.  Tarquin,  astonished  at  this  conduct, 
bought  the  books,  which  were  found  to  contain  directions 
as  to  the  worship  of  the  gods  and  the  policy  of  the  Romans. 
These  Sibylline  Books,  or  books  professing  to  have  this 
origin,  written  in  Greek  hexameters,  were  kept  with  great 
care  at  Rome,  and  consulted  from  time  to  time  by  oracle- 
keepers  under  the  direction  of  the  senate.  They  were  de- 
stroyed at  the  burning  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  in  83  B.  c. 
Fresh  collections  were  made,  which  were  finally  destroyed 
soon  after  A.  D.  400.  The  Sibylline  Oracles  referred  to  by 
the  Christian  fathers  belong  to  early  ecclesiastical  litera- 
ture, and  are  a curious  mixture  of  Jewish  and  Christian 
material,  with  probably  here  and  there  a snatch  from  the 
older  pagan  source,  in  composition  they  seem  to  be  of 
various  dates,  from  the  2d  century  before  to  the  3d  century 
after  Christ. 

But  the  Sibylline  verses,  which  clearly  belong  to  this 
period  [of  Antoninus],  express,  in  the  most  remarkable  man- 
ner, this  spirit  of  exulting  menace  at  the  expected  simul- 
taneous fall  of  Roman  idolatry  and  of  Roman  empire.  The 
origin  of  the  whole  of  the  Sibylline  oracles  now  extant  is 
not  distinctly  apparent,  either  from  the  style,  the  manner 
of  composition,  or  the  subject  of  their  predictions.  It  is 
manifest  that  they  were  largely  interpolated  by  the  Chris- 
tians to  a late  period  ; and  some  of  the  books  can  be  as- 
signed to  no  other  time  but  the  present.  Much,  no  doubt, 
was  of  an  older  date.  It  is  scarcely  credible  that  the 
Fathers  of  this  time  would  quote  contemporary  forgeries 
as  ancient  prophecies.  The  Jews  of  Alexandria,  who  had 
acquired  some  taste  for  Grecian  poetry,  and  displayed 
some  talent  for  the  translation  of  their  sacred  books  into 
the  Homeric  language  and  metre,  had,  no  doubt,  set  the 
example  of  versifying  their  own  prophecies  and  of  ascrib- 
ing them  to  the  Sibyls,  whose  names  were  universally 
venerated,  as  revealing  to  mankind  the  secrets  of  futurity. 
They  may  have  begun  by  comparing  their  own  prophets 
with  these  ancient  seers,  and  spoken  of  the  predictions  of 
Isaiah  or  Ezekiel  as  their  Sibylline  verses,  which  may  have 
been  another  word  for  prophetic  or  oracular. 

MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  121. 

Almost  every  region  of  heathenism  boasts  its  Sibyl. 
Poetic  predictions,  ascribed  to  these  inspired  women,  were 
either  published  or  religiously  preserved  in  the  sacred 
archives  of  cities.  Nowhere  were  they  held  in  such  awful 
reverence  as  in  Rome.  The  opening  of  the  Sibylline  books 
was  an  event  of  rare  occurrence,  and  only  at  seasons  of 
fearful  disaster  or  peril. 

MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  122. 

Sibyls,  The.  Paintings  by  Michelangelo,  alter- 
nating with  his  figures  of  the  prophets  on  the 
coved  triangles  of  the  vaulting  of  the  Sistine 
Chapel,  Rome. 

Sicambri  (si-kam'bri).  A powerful  German 
tribe  in  ancient  times.  Also  called  Sugambri 
(which  see). 

Sicanians  (si-ka'ni-anz).  [Gr.  'Zinavoi,  L.  Si- 
cam.]  The  primitive  inhabitants  of  Sicily, 
found  there  on  the  arrival  of  the  Siculians,  or 
Sicilians  proper. 

Sicard  (se-kar'),  Abbe  Roch  Ambroise  Cucur- 
ron.  Born  at  Fousseret,  near  Toulouse,  France, 
Sept.  20,  1742:  died  May  10, 1822.  A French  phi- 
lanthropist, known  as  an  instructor  of  deaf- 
mutes.  He  published  “Theorie  des  signes  pour 
l’instruetion  des  sourds-muets”  (1808),  etc. 
Sicarii  (si-ka'ri-I).  A class  of  assassins  and 
zealots  in  Palestine  in  the  later  years  of  Nero's 
reign.  They  are  referred  to  in  Acts  xxi.  38. 
Sichseus.  See  Elissa. 

Sichem.  See  Sliechem. 

Sicilian  Bull,  The.  A bronze  bull  made  as  an 
instrument  of  torture  by  Perillus  for  the  Sicil- 
ian tyrant  Phalaris. 

Sicilian  Vespers.  A name  given  to  the  mas- 
sacre of  the  French  in  Sicily  by  the  Sicilians 
1282:  so  called  from  its  commencement  at  ves- 
pers on  Easter  Monday.  See  Veprcs  Siciliennes. 

Sicilien,  Le,  ou  l’Amour  Peintre.  A comedy 
by  Moliere,  produced  in  1667. 

Sicilies,  Kingdom  of  the  Two.  See  Two  Sici- 
* lies.  Kingdom  of  the. 

Sicily  (sis'i-li).  [Gr.  Snu/Ua,  from  'Zua/.oi  (L. 
Siculi ),  the  ancient  inhabitants ; L.  Sicilia,  It.  Si- 
cilia, F.  Sidle,  G.  Sicilien.']  An  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, belonging  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy, 
and  forming  (with  small  neighboring  islands)  a 
eompartimento.  Its  chief  cities  are  Palermo, 
Catania,  and  Messina,  it  is  situated  southwest  of 
the  mainland  of  Italy  (separated  by  the  Strait  of  Messina), 
and  is  triangular  in  shape.  The  general  surface  is  elevated 
and  mountainous  : the  culminating  point  is  Mount  Etna, 
and  the  principal  ranges  are  in  the  north  (Peloritan,  Ne- 
brodian,  and  Madonie).  The  principal  plain  is  Catania. 
The  leading  products  are  wheat,  oranges,  citrons,  olives, 
lemons,  and  other  fruits,  sulphur,  silk,  and  salt.  Sicily 
was  formerly  famous  as  the  granary  of  Italy  and  Rome.  It 
contains  7 provinces  — Messina,  Catania,  Syracuse,  Calta- 
nissetta,  Palermo,  Girgenti,  and  Trapani.  The  inhabitants 


Siddons,  Mrs. 

are  of  mixed  descent.  The  early  inhabitants  were  the  Si- 
cani,  Siculi,  and  Elymi;  and  Phenician  colonies  were  set- 
tled in  early  times.  Greek  colonization  commenced  in 
the  8th  century  B.  c. : among  the  chief  Greek  cities  were 
Syracuse,  Catana,  Agrigentum,  Selinus,  and  Himera.  An 
unsuccessful  Carthaginian  invasion  occurred  in  480  B.  c., 
and  an  Athenian  invasion  in  415-413.  The  western  part  of 
Sicily  was  conquered  by  Carthage  in  the  end  of  the  5th 
century  B.  c.  Syracuse  was  the  leading  Greek  power  un- 
der Dionysius  the  Elder,  Timoleon,  Agathocles,  etc.,  in  the 
4th  century.  The  island  was  the  scene  of  important  events 
in  the  campaigns  of  Pyrrhus  and  in  the  first  Punic  war. 
The  greater  part  of  it  was  annexed  by  Rome  in  241.  Syra- 
cuse and  Agrigentum  were  annexed  in  the  second  Punic 
war.  Sicily  suffered  in  the  Servile.  Wars  of  the  2d  century 
B.  C.,  and  under  the  administration  of  Verres  (73-71  B.  c.). 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Vandals,  and  passed  to  the  East 
Goths  in  the  5th  century ; was  taken  from  the  Goths  by 
the  Eastern  Empire  in  the  6tli  century  (the  conquest  be- 
ginning with  the  successes  of  Belisarius  in  535);  was  con- 
quered by  the  Saracens  827-965 ; was  temporarily  con- 
quered by  the  Christians  about  1040 ; and  was  conquered 
by  the  Normans  under  Robert  and  Roger  Guiscard  1061- 
1090.  Roger  II.  united  Sicily  with  southern  Italy  (Sicily 
this  side  of  the  Faro)  in  1127,  and  in  1130  assumed  the  title 
of  king.  The  Two  Sicilies  were  taken  possession  of  by  the 
Hohenstaufen  emperor  Henry  VI.  in  1194.  The  Hohen- 
staufens  were  overthrown  by  Charles  of  Anjou  in  1266. 
The  Sicilians  revolted  against  the  Angevins  in  1282,  and 
Sicily  came  under  the  rule  of  Aragon.  It  was  separated 
from  Aragon  in  1296;  was  reunited  with  it  in  1412;  was 
several  times  united  and  separated  from  Naples,  and  final- 
ly united  with  it  under  Spanish  rule  in  1503  ; was  ceded 
to  Savoy  in  1713,  and  to  Austria  in  1720;  was  conquered 
by  Spain  in  1734  ; was  united  with  Naples  and  ruled  by 
a Bourbon  dynasty  in  1734 ; and  was  separated  from  Na- 
ples and  made  a separate  kingdom  under  British  protec- 
tion 1806-15.  There  were  unsuccessful  risings  in  1820, 
1836,  and  1848-49.  The  Bourbons  were  overthrown  by  the 
expedition  of  Garibaldi  in  1860,  and  Sicily  was  annexed  to 
the  dominions  of  Victor  Emmanuel.  Area,  9,935  square 
miles.  Population,  about  3,574,600. 

Sickingen  (zik'king-en),  Franz  von.  Born 
near  Kreuznach,  March  2,  1481:  died  May  8, 
1523.  A German  knight,  influential  in  the  reigns 
of  Maximilian  I.  and  Charles  V.  He  was  often  at 
war  with  the  various  states,  as  Worms,  Metz,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  etc.;  favored  the  Reformation ; and  became  the  head 
of  a league  (1522-23)  for  the  forcible  introduction  of  the 
Reformation  and  the  overthrow  of  the  princes  and  the 
ecclesiastical  rulers.  He  besieged  Treves  in  1522  ; was  op- 
posed by  Hesse  and  the  Palatinate;  and  was  besieged  in 
his  fortress  near  Kaiserslautern  and  mortally  wounded. 

Sickles  (sik'lz),  Daniel  Edgar.  Born  at  New 
York,  Oct.  20,  1825.  An  American  general  and 
politician . Hewas  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844  ; and  was 
a Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1857-6L 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  raised  the  Excelsior 
Brigade  of  United  States  Volunteers  at  New  York,  and 
was  commissioned  colonel  of  one  of  the  regiments.  He 
served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign; took  part  in  the  battle  of  Antietam ; and  distin- 
guished himself  as  a corps  commander  at  Chancellorsville 
and  Gettysburg  (where  he  was  severely  wounded).  He 
commanded  the  military  district  of  the  Carolinas  after  the 
war;  was  United  States  minister  toSpain  1869-73 ; and  later 
was  president  of  the  New  York  State  Board  of  Civil  Service 
Commissioners.  He  was  a Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  New  York  1893-95. 

Sick  Man,  The,  or  Sick  Man  of  the  East.  A 

name  given  to  the  Turkish  empire,  in  allusion 
to  its  decaying  condition : first  used  by  the  czar 
Nicholas  of  Russia  in  a conversation  with  the 
British  ambassador  Seymour. 

Siculi  (sik'u-li).  [Gr.  SocsAoh]  One  of  the  early 
peoples  of  Sicily  and  southern  Italy : probably 
allied  to  the  Latins.  They  gave  its  name  to  the 
island. 

Sicyon  (sish'i-on).  [Gr.  2ikv6v.~\  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a city  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Pel- 
oponnesus, Greece,  situated  near  the  Gulf  of 
Corinth  10  miles  northwest  of  Corinth.  Sicyon 

was  a flourishing  commercial  center,  and  was  renowned 
for  its  art.  It  was  ruled  by  the  dynasty  of  the  Ortha- 
goridse  in  the  7th  and  6th  centuries  B.  c.,  and  251  became 
a member  of  the  Achaean  League.  Its  site  is  occupied  by 
the  village  of  Vasilika.  The  ancient  theater,  a large  and 
important  monument,  has  recently  been  excavated  by  the 
American  School  at  Athens.  At  the  bottom  of  the  cavea 
there  is  a row  of  seats  of  honor,  in  the  form  of  benches 
with  backs  and  arms.  Access  to  the  cavea  from  without 
is  facilitated  by  two  Greek  vaulted  passages.  There  is  a 
covered  underground  passage,  as  at  Eretria,  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  orchestra  to  the  interior  of  the  stage-structure. 
Sicyonia  (sish-i-o'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  territory  surrounding  Sicyon,  and  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  on  the  northeast,  Co- 
rinthia  on  the  east,  Argolis  and  Phliasia  on  the 
south,  Arcadia  on  the  west,  and  Achaia  on  the 
northwest. 

Siddhartha  (si-dhar'tha).  The  personal  name 
of  the  founder  of  Buddhism.  See  Buddha. 
Siddim  (sid'im).  A valley,  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament  (Gen.  xiv.  3,  8,  10),  which  con- 
tained the  cities  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrah.  It 
has  not  been  identified  with  certainty. 
Siddons  (sid'onz),  Mrs.  (Sarah  Kemble). 
Born  at  Brecon,  Wales,  July  5,  1755:  died  at 
London,  June  8,  1831.  A celebrated  English 
tragic  actress,  daughter  of  Roger  Kemble,  a 
theatrical  manager.  She  was  educated  at  the  schools 
of  the  towns  in  which  Kemble’s  company  played,  and  Nov. 
26,  1773,  married  William  Siddons,  an  actor.  She  made 


Siddons,  Mrs. 

her  first  appearance  in  London  in  1775  as  Portia.  In  1777 
she  returned  to  the  provinces,  and  in  1782  appeared  at 
Drury  Lane  with  extraordinary  success  as  Isabella  in 
Southerne’s  “ Fatal  Marriage.”  In  1785  she  first  appeared 
as  Lady  Macbeth,  her  greatest  role,  and  in  1788  appeared 
as  Queen  Katharine  in  her  brother’s  revival  of  Henry 
Vin.  In  1803  her  brother  John  bought  a share  of  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  and  she  joined  his  company,  playing 
there  until  she  left  the  stage,  June  29, 1812,  after  a remark- 
able career  in  her  profession.  She  made  a great  impres- 
sion as  Jane  Shore,  as  Belvidera  in  “ Venice  Preserved," 
and  as  Queen  Elinor  in  “King  John.”  Many  stories  are  told 
of  her  tragic  mien  in  private  life.  In  1783  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds  painted  her  as  “the  Tragic  Muse.” 

Siddons,  Mrs.  A portrait  by  Gainsborough 
(1784),  in  the  National  Gallery,  London.  The 
figure  is  half-length  and  seated. 

Siddons,  Mrs.,  as  the  Tragic  Muse.  Apainting 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1783),  in  Grosvenor 
House,  London.  The  great  actress  is  seated,  in  deep 
thought,  on  a throne  surrounded  by  clouds  ; behind  her 
stand  two  figures  impersonating  open  and  secret  violence. 
Siddons,  Mrs.  Scott.  Born  in  India,  1844 : died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  19,  1896.  An  English  actress. 

She  was  the  great-granddaughter  of  the  celebrated  Mrs. 
Siddons,  and  was  educated  in  Germany.  She  made  her 
first  professional  appearance  at  Nottingham,  England,  as 
Lady  Macbeth,  and  her  ddbut  in  America  as  an  actress  at 
the  Boston  Museum  about  1868,  although  she  had  pre- 
viously appeared  in  New  York  as  a dramatic  reader. 

Side  (sl'de ).  [Gr.  StJjy.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  of  Pamphylia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Pamphylia,  about  lat.  36°  45'  N.,  long. 
31°  25'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Eski  Adalia. 
It  contains  a Roman  theater,  in  part  excavated  from  a hill- 
side and  in  part  built  up  of  masonry.  The  cavea,  greater 
than  a semicircle,  has  26  tiers  of  marble  seats  below  the 
precinction  and  23  above  it.  A number  of  vaulted  pas- 
sages lead  from  the  precinction  to  the  exterior.  The  di- 
ameter is  409  feet ; that  of  the  orchestra,  125. 

Sidelhorn.  See  Siedelhorn. 

Sidgwick  (sij'wik),  Henry.  Born  May  31, 
1838  : died  Aug.  28,  1900.  An  English  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge (being  elected  fellow  in  1859),  and  was  Knight- 
bridge  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Cambridge  1883- 
1900.  He  published  “Methods  of  Ethics  ” (1874), 

“ Principles  of  Political  Economy"  (1883),  “Outlines  of 
the  History  of  Ethics  ” (1886),  etc. 

Sidlaw  Hills  (sid'la  hilz).  A range  of  low 
mountains  in  eastern  Perthshire  and  southern 
Forfarshire,  Scotland. 

Sidmouth  (sid'muth).  A seaport  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 13  miles  east  by  south  of  Exeter.  Popula- 
tion, 4,201. 

Sidmouth,  Viscount.  See  Addington,  Henry. 
Sidney  (sid'ni).  The  capital  of  Shelby  County, 
western  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Miami  69  miles 
west-northwest  of  Columbus.  Population,  6,- 
607,  (1910). 

Sidney,  or  Sydney  (sid'ni),  Algernon.  Born  at 
Penshurst,  Kent,  England,  about  1622:  behead- 
ed at  London,  Dec.  7,  1683.  An  Euglish  poli- 
tician and  patriot,  younger  son  of  the  second 
Earl  of  Leicester.  He  served  in  the  Parliamentary  army, 
being  wounded  at  Marston  in  1644  ; was  in  1646  elected  to 
Parliament,  where  he  took  rank  aB  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Independents  ; became  governor  of  Dublin  and  lieu- 
tenant-general of  horse  in  Ireland  1647 ; became  coun- 
cilor of  state  in  1659;  was  peace  commissioner  between 
Denmark  and  Sweden  1659-60 ; lived  on  the  Continent  after 
the  Restoration  until  1677  ; and,  being  known  to  be  a sup- 
porter of  Monmouth,  was  arrested  on  the  discovery  of  the 
Rye  House  Plot  (with  which  he  had  no  connection)  in  June, 
1683,  and  condemned  to  death  for  high  treason.  He  wrote 
“ Discourses  Concerning  Government”  (1698),  etc. 

Sidney,  Mary,  Countess  of  Pembroke.  Born 
Oct.  27,  1561 : died  in  1621.  An  English  poet, 
sister  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  She  married  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke  in  1577,  and  in  1580  Sidney,  being  in  disgrace 
at  court,  went  to  stay  at  Wilton  with  her.  They  made  a 
poetical  version  of  the  psalms  together,  and  Sidney  wrote 
for  her  there  his  “ Arcadia,"  which  she  prepared  for  the 
press  and  published  in  1590,  after  his  death.  She  also 
wrote  poems,  and  rendered  into  blank  verse  Robert  Gar- 
nier’s  French  tragedy  “Antonie."  She  is  the  subject  of 
a well-known  epitaph  by  Ben  Jonson. 

Sidney,  or  Sydney,  Sir  Philip.  Born  at  Pens- 
hurst, Kent,  England,  Nov.  30, 1554 : died  at  Arn- 
heim,  Netherlands,  Oct.  17,  1586.  An  English 
author  and  general.  He  studied  at  Shrewsbury  school 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  supplementing  his  scholastic 
educat  ion  by  several  years  of  travel  on  the  Continent.  He 
was  envoy  to  the  emperor  Rudolf  II.  1576-77 ; was  an  offi- 
cer in  the  English  expedition  to  the  Netherlands  under 
Leicester  1585-86 ; was  appointed  governor  of  Flushing  in 
1585  ; and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Zutphen 
Sept.  22, 1586.  He  w’rote  the  pastoral  romance  “ Arcadia  ” 
(1590),  the  series  of  sonnets  “ Astrophel  and  Stella  " (1591), 
“ Defence  of  Poesie  " (1595),  etc.  A complete  edition  of  his 
works  was  published  in  1725;  his  “ Complete  Poems  ” were 
edited  by  Grosart  in  1873. 

Sidney  Sussex  College.  A college  of  Cambridge 
University,  founded  in  1595  by  the  Countess  of 
Sussex,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Sidney,  on  the 
site  of  a Franciscan  monastery. 

Sidon(si'don).  [‘Fishingtown.’  Gr.  S/rlou.]  The 
oldest  city  of  ancient  Phenicia.  From  the  17th  cen- 
tury to  about  1100  B.  o.  it  held  supremacy  in  Phenicia  and 


930 

established  most  of  the  Phenician  colonies.  Later  it  was 
outrivaled  by  Tyre,  but  continued  to  maintain  an  impor- 
tant position.  In  351  B.  C.  it  was  destroyed  in  consequence 
of  a revolt  against  the  Persian  king  Artaxerxes  III.  Ochus. 
It  was  still  a wealthy  city  about  the  beginning  ol  the  Chris- 
tian era.  During  the  Crusades  it  was  several  times  de- 
stroyed. At  present  Sidon  is  represented  by  the  town  of 
Saida,  with  about  12,000  inhabitants.  The  ancient  Necropo- 
lis, long  known  and  exploited,  has  yielded  numerous  monu- 
ments of  the  most  diverse  ages  and  civilizations,  from  the 
oldest  Phenician,  still  under  Egyptian  influence,  through 
the  various  stages  of  Greek  art.  In  1887  an  important  dis- 
covery was  made,  consisting  of  an  intact  subterranean 
mausoleum  of  several  chambers,  containing  22  sarcophagi, 
several  of  them  bearing  polychrome  sculptures  in  relief 
of  the  best  Greek  art,  and  almost  uninjured.  The  sarcoph- 
agi were  transported  to  the  museum  at  Constantinople, 
where  they  form  one  of  the  most  important  existing  col- 
lections of  ancient  art.  The  Greek  sarcophagi  were  not 
executed  at  Sidon,  but  were  imported  from  different 
places  and  at  different  times.  Their  usual  form  is  that  of 
a temple.  Four  only  are  completely  covered  with  sculp- 
ture ; but  these  four  rank  with  the  finest  existing  pro- 
ductions of  Greek  art,  and  are  the  only  sarcophagi  known 
which  belong  to  the  best  period  of  sculpture.  The  old- 
est is  of  Lycian  form,  with  Centaurs  and  Lapiths  and  hunt- 
ing-scenes. The  second,  dating  from  the  beginning  of  the 
4th  century  B.  c. , is  called  “ the  Sarcophagus  of  the  W eep- 
ing  Women,” from  the  graceful  figures  in  the  intercolum- 
niations  of  its  Ionic  colonnade.  The  third  hears  varied 
scenes  from  the  life  of  an  Oriental  ruler.  The  fourth  is  so 
splendid  that  its  discoverers  may  be  pardoned  for  pro- 
claiming it  the  sarcophagus  of  Alexander.  Four  of  its  six 
sculptured  panels  represent  hunting-or  battle-scenes  in 
which  the  portrait  of  Alexander,  almost  contemporaneous, 
actually  figures.  It  is  no  doubt  the  tomb  of  an  Oriental  chief 
who  had  enjoyed  the  companionship  of  the  Macedonian 
conqueror.  See  Phenicia. 

Sidonius  Apollinaris  (si-do'ni-us  a-pol-i-na'- 
ris)  (properly  Caius  Sollius  Apollinaris  Si- 
donius).  Born  at  Lyons  about  430:  died  in  482 
or  484.  A Christian  author.  Tie  was  descended  from 
a noble  family,  received  a careful  education,  and  married 
Papianilla,  the  daughter  of  Avitus  (afterward  emperor). 
He  was  appointed  governor  of  Rome  by  the  emperor 
Anthemius  in  467,  and  afterward  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
patrician  and  senator.  He  ultimately  entered  the  church, 
however,  and  in  472  succeeded  Eparchius  as  bishop  of 
Clermont.  His  extant  works  are  “Carmina”and“Episto- 
larum  libri  ill.” 

One  man  alone  . . . gives  us  that  more  detailed  infor- 
mation concerning  the  thoughts,  characters,  persons  of 
the  actors  in  the  great  drama  which  can  make  the  dry 
bones  of  the  chronologers  live.  This  is  Cains  Apollinaris 
Sidonius,  man  of  letters,  Imperial  functionary,  country 
gentleman  and  bishop,  who,  notwithstanding  much  mani- 
fest weakness  of  character  and  a sort  of  epigrammatic 
dulness  of  style,  is  still  the  most  interesting  literary  figure 
of  the  fifth  ceutui-y. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  29S. 

Sidra  (sid'ra),  Gulf  of.  The  largest  arm  of  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa, 
situated  north  of  Tripoli  and  west  of  Barca: 
the  ancient  Syrtis  Major.  Length,  about  260 
miles. 

Sidrophel  (sid'ro-fel).  A character  in  Samuel 
Butler’s  ‘ ‘ Hudibras,”  probably  intended  for 
William  Lilly. 

Siebenbiirgen  (ze'ben-biirg-en).  [G.,  ‘seven 
castles.’]  The  German  name  of  Transylvania. 

Siebengebirge  (ze'ben-ge-ber"ge).  [G.‘  ‘seven 
mountains.’]  A mountainous  region  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  near  Konigswinter,  22  miles  south- 
east of  Cologne.  Its  chief  mountains  are  the  Drachen- 
fels,  Olberg,  and  Lowenburg.  It  is  famous  for  its  pictur- 
esque scenery  and  legendary  and  historical  associations. 

Siebold  (ze'bolt),  Karl  Theodor  Ernst  von. 

Born  at  Wurzburg,  Bavaria,  Feb.  16, 1804 : died 
at  Munich,  April  7,  1885.  A German  zoologist 
and  physiologist,  brother  of  P.  F.  von  Siebold : 
professor  of  physiology,  comparative  anatomy, 
and  zoology  at  Munich  from  1853.  He  published 
“ Lelirbuch  der  vergleichenden  Anatomie  der  wirhellosen 
Tiere  ” (“  Manual  of  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Inverte- 
brates,” 1848),  etc. 

Siebold, Philipp  Pranz  von.  BornatWurzburg, 
Bavaria,  Feb.  17,  1796 : died  there,  Oct.  18, 1866. 
A German  explorer  in  Japan.  He  entered  the  Dutch 
medical  service  in  1822,  and  was  stationed  in  Java;  and 
was  employed  on  a Dutch  mission  to  Japan  1823-30.  He 
published  “ Nippon,  Archiv  zitr  Beschreibung  von  Japan  ” 
(1832),  “Fauna  Japonica”  (with  collaborators,  1833-  ), 
“ FloraJaponica”(1835-  ),  “ Bibliotheca  Japonica "(1833- 
1841),  “Catalogus  liltrorum  Japonicorum  ” (1845),  etc. 

Siedelhorn,  or  Sidelhorn  (ze' del-horn).  A 
mountain  in  the  Alps,  with  two  summits  (Gross 
Siedelhorn  and  Klein  Siedelhorn),  situated  on 
the  border  of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais, 
Switzerland,  24  miles  southeast  of  Interlaken. 
Height,  9,395  feet. 

Siedlce  (sya'dl-tse),Russ.  Syedlets  (syad'lets). 
1.  A government  of  Russian  Poland,  situated 
east  of  the  government  of  Warsaw.  Area,  5,528 
square  miles.  Population,  644,300. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Siedlce,  situated 
50  miles  east  by  south  of  Warsaw. 

Si&ge  de  Corinthe,  Le.  An  opera  by  Rossini, 
produced  in  1826. 


Siena 

Siege  of  Corinth,  The.  A narrative  poem  by 
Lord  Byron,  published  in  1816. 

Siege  of  Rhodes,  The.  A play  by  Davenant, 
first  brought  out  as  a musical  and  spectacular 
entertainment  in  1656.  In  1662  it  was  produced  in 
a much  elaborated  form  with  a great  deal  of  music,  and 
a second  part  was  added  ; both  were  printed  in  1663.  It 
is  important  as  being  practically  the  first  opera  produced 
in  England.  Lock,  Lawes,  and  Cook  provided  the  music, 
and  Lock,  Cook,  Purcell,  Harding,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cole- 
man were  among  the  actors. 

Siege  of  the  Legations.  The  siege  of  the  for- 
eign legations  in  Peking  by  Boxers  and  Chinese 
troops  during  the  summerof  1900.  It  lasted  from 
June  21  until  Aug.  14,  when  it  was  raised  by  the  capture 
of  Peking  by  the  allied  forces. 

Siege  of  Troy.  See  Becuyell  de  Troie. 

Siegen  (ze'gen).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Sieg  47 
miles  east  by  south  of  Cologne.  It  is  the  center  of 
an  iron-mining  and  leather-manufacturing  district,  and 
contains  the  castie  of  the  princes  of  Nassau-Siegen.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Rubens.  Population,  commune, 
25,201. 

Siege  (sej)  Perilous,  The.  A vacant  seat  at 
the  Round  Table,  in  Arthurian  romance,  which 
could  be  filled  only  by  the  predestined  finder  of 
the  Holy  Grail.  Any  other  who  sat  in  it  paid 
for  the  act  with  his  life. 

Siegfried,  or  Sigfrid  (seg'fred;  G.  pron.  zeg'- 
fret).  [MHG.  Sifrit.~]  A mythical  prince  (later 
king)  of  Niderland  on  the  lower  Rhine : the 
hero  of  the  “Nibelungenlied.”  He  is  the  husband 
of  Kriemhild,  and  is  slain  by  Brunhild.  Siegfried  is  the 
Sigurd  of  the  Old  Norse  version  of  the  legend  in  the  Vol- 
sunga  Saga  and  the  Edda. 

Siegfried.  One  of  the  four  parts  of  Wagner’s 
musical  tetralogy  “ Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen,” 
first  represented  in  1876. 

Siemens  (ze'mens),  Werner.  Born  at  Lenthe, 
near  Hannover,  Dec.  13,  1816:  died  at  Berlin, 
Dec.  6,  1892.  A German  inventor  and  manu- 
facturer. He  entered  the  Prussian  army  in  1834,  but 
left  the  service  in  1849.  In  1847  he  established  the  firm 
of  Siemens  and  Halske  at  Berlin,  branches  of  which  were 
subsequently  established  at  St.  Petersburg  (1857),  LondoD 
(1858).  Vienna  (1858),  and  Tiflis  (1863).  He  was  ennobled 
in  1888.  He  is  noted  for  his  researches  in  electricity,  and 
was  the  author  of  numerous  scientific  papers. 

Siemens  (se ' menz  : G.  pron.  ze ' mens),  Sir 
William  (G.  Wilhelm).  Born  at  Lenthe,  near 
Hannover,  April  4, 1823:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
18, 1883.  A German-English  physicist, engineer, 
and  inventor:  brother  of  Werner  Siemens.  He 
settled  in  England  in  1844;  became  a naturalized  British 
subject  in  1859  ; was  elected  to  the  Royal  Society  in  1862  ; 
was  president  of  the  British  Association ; and  in  1883  was 
knighted.  His  researches  relate  chiefly  to  electricity  and 
heat.  He  published  ‘ 1 On  the  "Utilization  of  Heat  and  Other 
Natural  Forces  "(1S7S),  “ The  Dynamo-Electric  Current  and 
its  Steadiness”  (1881),  and  “On  the  Conservation  of  Solar 
Energy  ” (1S83).  His  “Scientific  Works  ” have  been  edited 
by  E.  F.  Bamber  (1888). 

Siena  (se-a'na).  A province  of  Tuscany,  Italy. 
Area,  1,471  square  miles.  Population,  about 
238,800. 

Siena  (se-a'na),  or  Sienna  (se-en'na).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Siena,  Italy,  sit  uated  in  lat. 
43°  19'  N.,  long.  11°  19'  E. : the  ancient  Sena 
Julia  or  Colonia  Julia  Senensis.  it  has  consider- 
abletrade  and  manufactures,  and  is  celebrated  foritsworks 
of  art.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  notable  of  Italian 
Pointed  buildings,  essentially  of  the  13th  century.  289  feet 
long,  80}  across  nave  and  aisles,  and  170  across  the  tran- 
septs. In  the  14th  century  the  plan  was  formed  to  make 
the  existing  church  merely  the  transept  of  a grand  new 
cathedral,  facing  the  south,  and  much  was  done  toward 
carrying  this  out,  but  the  work  was  stopped  by  the  plague 
of  1356.  The  rich  triple-pedimented  front  is  inlaid  in  black, 
red,  and  white,  with  painting  and  gilding ; the  interior, 
built  throughout  of  alternate  courses  of  black  and  white 
marble,  even  to  the  high  clustered  columns,  is  very  im- 
pressive : it  is  famous  for  its  mosaic  and  graffito  pavement 
in  pictorial  designs  (the  finest  work  of  the  kind  in  exis- 
tence), and  for  its  hexagonal  sculptured  pulpit  by  Niccolo 
Pisano.  In  addition,  it  is  full  of  fine  church  furniture, 
and  possesses  statues  by  Michelangelo,  a noted  painting 
of  the  Madonna  by  Duccio,  and  many  beautiful  frescos  by 
Pinturicchio  and  others.  There  is  a lofty  square  campanile 
on  the  south  transept.  The  Palazzo  del  Governo,  or  Pic- 
colomini  (now  containing  the  Sienese  archives),  by  Rosel- 
lino,  finished  in  1500,  is  one  of  the  best-proportioned  and 
most  effective  Renaissance  palaces  in  Tuscany.  The  Pa- 
lazzo Pubblico,  an  imposing  14th-century  structure,  with 
traceried  windows,  arcades,  and  battlemented  roof,  is  fa- 
mous for  the  frescos  which  adorn  its  halls.  The  Piazza 
del  Campo,  churches  of  San  Giovanni  and  San  Domenico, 
university,  Opera  del  Duomo,  Oratorio  di  San  Bernardino, 
picture-gallery,  libraries,  house  ol  St.  Catherine,  fountains, 
and  palaces  of  Tolomei,  Buonsignori,  etc.,  are  also  notable. 
Siena  was  probably  a settlement  of  the  Senonian  Gauls. 
It  was  made  a Roman  colony  by  Augustus  ; was  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  the  capital  of  a powerful  republic,  and  an  im- 
portant art  center  ; w as  a stronghold  of  the  Ghibeliines, 
and  a rival  of  Florence,  which  it  defeated  at  Monte  Aperto 
in  1200 : was  under  the  rule  of  the  despot  Pandolfo  Pe- 
trucci  about  1500  : was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Floren- 
tines and  Imperialists  in  1555;  and  was  tormally  incor- 
porated with  Tuscany  in  1557.  It  was  famous  in  the 
development  of  architecture,  painting,  and  wood-carving. 
Population,  town,  25,673  ; commune,  28,355. 


Siena,  Council  of 

Siena, Council  Of.  A council  of  the  church  held 
*in  Siena  1423-24.  It  was  unproductive  of  results. 
Sienkiewicz  (syen-kye'vich),  Henryk.  Born 
in  Lithuania  in  1845.  A Polish  novelist.  He 
studied  at  Warsaw,  and  passed  some  of  his  early  years  in 
California.  Among  his  works  are  “Ogniem  i mieczem  ” 
(“By  Fire  and  Sword  "),  ‘ ‘ Bartek  Zwycierca  ” (“  Bartek  V ic- 
torious"),  “Rodzina  Polanieckich”  (translated  as  “Chil- 
dren of  the  Soil  and  “Quo  Vadis?” 

Sienna.  See  Siena. 

Sierra  (se-er'ra).  [Sp.,  ‘mountain-range’:  in 
South  America  often  used  for  mountainous 
and  open  lands,  in  contradistinction  to  plains 
and  forest.]  A common  name  in  Peru  for  the 
region  between  the  central  and  eastern  Cordil- 
leras of  the  Andes,  drained  by  affluents  of  the 
upper  Amazon.  It  was  the  principal  seat  of  the 
Inca  civilization. 

Sierra  (se-er'ra)  Blanca.  [Sp.,  ‘white  moun- 
tains.’] The  name  of  three  distinct  mountain- 
chains  in  the  Southwest.  One  Is  in  southern  Colo- 
rado, and  contains  Blanca  Peak  (14,390  feet) ; another  is  in 
southeastern  New  Mexico,  and  rises  to  about  12,000  feet; 
and  the  third  is  in  eastern  Arizona  (its  highest  peaks  are 
not  over  11,000  feet). 

Sierra  Capitana  (ka-pe-ta'na).  [Sp.,  ‘captain 
(i.  e.  ‘ chief’)  mountains.’]  A mountain-range  in 
middle  New  Mexico,  having  an  elevation  of  over 

10.000  feet.  It  lies  between  the  Pecos  River 
and  the  Rio  Grande. 

Sierra  de  Dolores  (da  do-lo'res).  [Sp., ‘moun- 
tains of  our  Lady  of  Sorrow.’]  A mountain- 
chain  south  of  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  also 
called  Placer  Viejo  (‘Old  Placer’),  its  altitude  is 
about  9,000  feet.  It  contains  placers  of  gold  of  some  value, 
but  not  productive  on  account  of  lack  of  water. 

Sierra  de  Gredos  (da  gra'THos).  A mountain- 
range  in  contra!  Spain,  in  the  provinces  of  Avila 
and  Caceres.  Highest  point,  8,693  feet. 

Sierra  de  Guadalupe  (da,  gwa-Tna-lo'pa).  A 
mountain-range  in  the  province  of  Caceres, 
western  Spain. 

Sierra  de  Guadarrama  (gwa-THar-ra'ma).  A 
mountain-range  in  central  Spain,  north  and 
northwest  of  Madrid.  It  divides  northern  from 
southern  Spain.  Highest  point,  7,888  feet. 

Sierra  de  los  Ladrones  (da  los  la-THro'nes). 
[Sp.,  ‘ mountains  of  the  thieves.’]  A picturesque 
cluster  of  mountains  in  New  Mexico,  south- 
west of  Albuquerque,  about  9,000  feet  high,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century  it  was  a favorite  re- 
sort of  the  Apaches:  hence,  probably,  the  name,  as  these 
marauders  were  accustomed  to  retire  thither  with  their 
booty. 

Sierra  de  San  Francisco  (san  fran-thes'ko). 
See  San  Francis  Mountain. 

Sierra  de  Santa  Rita  (da  san'ta  re'ta).  A 
high  range  in  southern  Arizona,  southeast  of 
the  town  of  Tucson. 

Sierra  Florida  (flo-re'THa).  [Sp., ‘blooming 
mountains.’]  A mountain  cluster,  a little  over 

7.000  feet  high,  rising  a short  distance  from 
Doming  in  southeastern  New  Mexico,  its  slopes 
are  very  barren,  but  the  gorges  in  its  interior  are  quite 

^.rich  in  flowers : hence  the  name. 

Sierra  Leone  (le-6'ne,  locally  le-on';  Sp.  pron. 
la-o'na).  A British  colony  on  tlie  coast  of  west- 
ern Africa.  Capital,  Freetown,  it  includes  Sierra 
Leone  proper  and  various  territories  under  British  protec- 
tion, and  is  situated  between  French  Guinea  on  the  north 
and  Liberia  on  the  east  and  southeast.  The  peninsula  of 
Sierra  Leone  is  traversed  by  hills.  The  chief  exports  are 
palm  products,  rubber,  nuts,  etc.  The  inhabitants  are 
mostly  negroes  of  various  races.  The  establishment  of  a 
colony  of  liberated  slaves  here  in  1787  was  unsuccessful ; 
but  a successful  attempt  was  made  in  1791,  under  the 
patronage  of  Wilberforce  and  others.  Sierra  Leone  be- 
came a crown  colony  in  1807. 

Sierra  Madre  (ma'THra).  [Sp.,  ‘mother  moun- 
tains,’!. e.  ‘ main  range.’]  A mountain-range 
in  Mexico.  In  an  extended  sense  the  name  is  applied 
to  the  Rocky  Mountain  system  in  New  Mexico. 

Sierra  Magdalena  (mag-da-la'na).  The  high- 
est mountain-range  in  southern  New  Mexico, 
west  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Its  greatest  elevation 
is  about  11,000  feet.  It  is  very  rich  in  silver 
ores. 

Sierra Morena(mo-ra'na).  [Sp.,  ‘brownmoun- 
tains.’]  A mountain-range  in  southern  Spain, 
stretching  nearly  east  and  west  on  the  border 
of  Ciudad  Real  on  the  north  and  Jaen  on  the 
south.  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  include  the 
chains  westward  to  the  frontier  of  Portugal. 

Sierra  Nevada  (na-va ' Tiiii).  [Sp.,  ‘snowy 
mountains.’]  The  highest  mountain-range  in 
Spain.  It  is  situated  in  the  southern  part  of  Andalusia, 
south  and  southeast  of  Granada,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
coast.  Highest  peak,  Mulahacen  (11,680  feet). 

Sierra  Nevada  (ne-va'da).  A collection  of 
mountain-ranges  in  California,  nearly  parallel 
to  the  Pacific  coast,  ft  is  continued  by  the  Cascade 
Mountains  on  the  north,  and  on  the  south  merges  with  the 
Coast  Range  near  the  Tejon  Pass.  It  forms  the  eastern 


931 

border  of  the  great  valley  of  California,  and  is  famous  for 
its  grand  scenery  (big  trees,  Yosemite  V alley,  etc.).  High- 
est summit,  Mount  Whitney  (14,897  feet). 

Siete  Partidas  (se-a/ta  par-te' th&s),  Las. 
[Sp.,  ‘ The  Seven  Laws.’]  A code  of  Spanish 
law,  compiled  under  the  direction  of  Alfonso 
X.  of  Castile. 

Sievers  (ze'vers),  Georg  Eduard.  Born  Nov. 
25,  1850.  A noted  German  philologist,  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Jena  (1871-83),  Tubing- 
en (1883-87),  Halle  (1887-92),  and  Leipsic 
(1892) . Among  his  works  on  Teutonic  philology  are  “Der 
Heliand  und  die  angelsaehsische  Genesis  ” (1875),  “Angel- 
sachsische  Grammatik” (“Anglo-Saxon  Grammar  ";  2d  ed. 
1886),  etc. 

Sievershausen  (ze'vers-hou-zen).  A village  in 
Prussia,  17  miles  east  of  Hannover.  Here,  July 
9,  1553,  Maurice,  elector  of  Saxony  (who  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  battle),  defeated  the  margrave  Albert  of 
Brandenburg. 

Siey6s  (se-a-yas'),  Comte  Emmanuel  Joseph, 

fenerally  called  Abbe  Sieves.  Born  at  Frejus, 
ranee,  May  3,  1748:  died  at  Paris,  June  20, 
1836.  A French  statesman  and  publicist.  He 
was  the  son  of  a bourgeois  family  at  Frdjus ; received  his 
preliminary  education  from  the  Jesuits  of  his  native  town 
and  the  Doctrinaire  Fathers  atDraguignan  ; studied  theol- 
ogy at  St.-Sulpice ; and  became  vicar-general  of  the  Bishop 
of  Chartres.  He  was  in  thorough  sympathy  with  the  as- 
pirations of  the  reform  party  in  the  political  agitation 
which  preceded  the  French  P.evolution  ; and  his  brochure 
“ Qn’est-ce  que  le  tiers  dtat?  ” created  a tremendous  sen- 
sation, furnishing  a program  for  the  popular  leaders  in  the 
initial  steps  of  the  Revolution.  He  was  elected  deputy  of 
the  third  estate  in  1789;  tookanimportantpartintheorgan- 
ization  and  early  measures  of  the  National  Assembly;  was 
a deputy  to  the  Convention  1792-95;  was  a member  of  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred;  was  ambassador  toBerlin  1798-99; 
became  a member  of  the  Directory  in  1799 ; and  was  oneof 
the  chief  organizers  of  the  coup  d’etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire 
of  that  year,  which  placed  Napoleon  at  the  head  of  the 
government  as  first  consul.  He  was  laterpresident  of  the 
Senate ; was  created  a count  of  the  empire ; and  became  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy.  He  went  into  exile  on 
the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  and  returned  to  France 
in  1S30. 

Sif(sef).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, tbe  wife 
of  Thor.  She  was  robbed  of  her  golden  hair  by  Loki,  who 
was  compelled  to  procure  new  hair  made  by  the  black 
elves  out  of  gold. 

Sigebert  (sij'e-bert;  F.  pron.  sezli-bar')  of 
Gemblours.  Born  in  Brabant  about  1030: 
died  1112.  A Belgian  chronicler.  He  left  a chron- 
icle of  events  from  A.  D.  381  to  his  own  times  (1112),  and  a 
work  containing  the  lives  of  illustrious  men. 

Sigel  (se'gel),  Franz.  Born  at  Sinsheim, 
Baden,  Nov.  18,  1824:  died  at  New  York,  Aug. 
21,  1902.  A German-American  general.  He 
took  a leading  part  in  the  Baden  insurrections  of  1848 
and  1849,  but  escaped  capture,  and,  after  having  lived  in 
Switzerland  and  England,  came  to  the  United  States  in  1852, 
settling  at  St.  Louis  as  a teacher  in  a German  institute  in 
1858.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  organized  a 
regiment  of  United  States  volunteers  of  which  he  became 
colonel.  He  won  the  battle  of  Carthage  in  1861;  com- 
manded a wing  of  the  army  at  Pea  Ridge  and  at  the  sec- 
ond battle  of  Bull  Run  in  1S62 ; and  was  commander  of  the 
Department  of  West  Virginia  in  1864,  being  defeated  by 
Breckinridge  at  Newmarket.  He  was  United  States  pen- 
sion agent  at  New  York  under  Cleveland  1885-89. 
Sigeum  (si-je'um).  [Gr.  Slyeior.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a promontory  andtowninthe  Troad, 
Asia  Minor,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Hellespont. 
It  was  the  legendary  station  of  the  Greek  fleet  in  the 
Trojan  war. 

Sigismund  (sij'is-mund;  G.  pron.  ze'gis-mont). 
Born  1361 : died  Dec.  9,  1437.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  Charles  IV.  and 
brother  of  Wenzel.  He  received  the  margravate  of 
Brandenburg  in  1378  ; married  the  heiress  of  Hungary  and 
became  king  of  that  country  in  1387  ; was  defeated  by  the 
Turks  at  Nicopolis  in  1396 ; was  deposed  by  the  Hungarians 
in  1401,  but  recovered  the  throne  by  force ; succeeded 
Wenzel  as  emperorin  1411 ; and  on  Wenzel's  death  in  1419 
succeeded  to  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  where,  however,  his 
authority  was  set  at  naught  by  the  Hussites  until  shortly 
before  his  death.  Among  the  events  of  his  reign  were  the 
Council  of  Constance,  where  he  had  Huss  burned  in  spite 
of  a safe-conduct;  the  Hussite  war;  and  the  granting  of 
Brandenburg  to  Frederick  of  Nuremberg  (1415).  He  was 
crowned  by  the  Pope  in  1433.  lie  was  the  last  emperor 
of  the  house  of  Luxemburg. 

Sigismund  I.  Born  Jan.  1,  1467:  died  at  Cra- 
cow, April  1, 1548.  King  of  Poland  1506-48.  He 
waged  war  successfully  with  Russia,  Wallacliia,  and  Mol- 
davia, and  was  a capable  and  energetic  ruler. 

Sigismund  II.  Augustus.  Born  Aug.  1,  1520 : 
died  1572.  King  of  Poland,  son  of  Sigismund  I. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1548.  Lithuania  and  the 
Ukraine  were  united  to  Poland  in  his  reign.  He  was  the 
last  of  the  Jagellons. 

Sigismund  III.,  or  Sigismund  Vasa.  Born  1566 : 
died  at  Warsaw,  1632.  King  of  Poland  1587- 
1632.  ne  inherited  Sweden  in  1592,  and  was  crowned  king 
of  Sweden  in  1594,  but  was  deposed  and  succeeded  by 
Charles  IX.  in  1601. 

Sigmaringen  (zig'mii-ring-en).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Hohenzollern,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  48°  5'  N.,  long.  9°  13'  E. 
It  waa  tlie  capital  of  the  former  principality  of  Sigma- 


Sikhs 

ringen,  and  has  an  important  art  and  archaeological  collec- 
tion. Population,  commune,  4,621. 

Sigmund.  See  Sigismund. 

Signol  (sen-yol'),  Emile.  Born  at  Paris  in  1804: 
died  there,  Oct.  17,  1892.  A French  historical 
and  genre  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Blondel  and 
Gros,  and  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1830.  His  “ Wo- 
man taken  in  Aduitery  ” was  bought  for  the  Luxembourg 
in  1840.  He  executed  a good  deal  of  work  for  the  Made- 
leine in  Paris  and  other  churches. 

Signorelli  (sen-yo-rel'le),  Luca  di  Egidio  di 
Ventura  de’.  Born  at  Cortona  in  1441 : died 
there  in  1523.  An  Italian  painter.  He  was  the 
pupil  of  his  uncle,  Lazzaro  Vasari,  and  later  of  Piero  della 
Francesca,  who  is  supposed  to  have  taken  him  to  Rome 
with  him.  In  1472  he  executed  his  first  independent  work, 
the  decoration  of  tlie  Chapel  of  Santa  Barbara  in  San  Lo- 
renzo at  Arezzo,  which  was  followed  by  other  works  in  that 
city.  As  a fresco-painter  his  career  is  marked  by  great 
works  — the  decoration  of  the  Sacristy  of  Loretto,  that  of 
the  Sistine  Chapel  at  Rome  (before  1484),  and  that  of  the 
Chapel  of  the  Virgin  at  Orvieto.  In  1499  he  was  invited 
to  complete  the  work  begun  by  Fra  Angelico  50  years  be- 
fore at  Orvieto,  which  resulted  in  the  great  frescos  espe- 
cially associated  with  his  name. 

Sigourney  (sig'er-ni),  Mrs.  (Lydia  Huntly). 

Born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Sept.  1,  1791  : died  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  June  10,  1865.  An  American 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Her  works  include 
“ Letters  to  Young  Ladies  ” (1833),  “Pocahontas,  and  Other 
Poems'"  (1811),  “Pleasant  Memories  of  Pleasant  Lands" 
+(1842). 

Sigsbee  (sigs'be),  Charles  Dwight.  Born  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1845.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  was  graduated  from  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1863  ; served  under  Farragut  at 
the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  Aug:.  5,  1864  ; and  was  promoted 
commander  in  1882,  and  captain  in  1897.  He  commanded 
the  United  States  battleship  Maine  at  the  time  of  her  de- 
struction in  Havana  harbor,  Feb.  16,  1898.  During  the 
Spanish-Amerioan  war  he  commanded  the  auxiliary 
cruiser  St.  Paul,  and  was  later  transferred  to  the  Texas. 

sigtuna  (sig-to'na),  or  Sigtun  (sig'ton).  A 
small  town  on  Lake  Malar,  Sweden,  26  miles 
north  by  west  of  Stockholm : said  to  be  the 
oldest  city  of  Sweden. 

Sigurd  (ze'gord).  In  the  northern  Volsunga 
Saga,  the  Siegfried  of  the  “ Nibelungenlied.” 
Sigyn  (se'giin).  In  Norse  mythology,  the  wife 
of  Loki. 

Sihasapa  (se-lia'sa-pa).  [‘Blackfeet.’]  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  commonly  called 
Blackfoot.  or  Blackfeet.  They  are  to  be  distinguished 
from  the  Blackfeet,  or  Siksika,  who  belong  to  the  Algon- 
quian  stock.  The  Sihasapa  are  the  people  of  the  chief 
John  Grass. 

Sihon  (si'hon).  In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
ldng  of  the  Amorites,  defeated  by  the  Israelites. 
Sihon.  Ana  me  sometimes  given  totheSir-Daria. 
Sihun  (se-hon').  A river  in  Asiatic  Turkey 
which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  28  miles 
southwest  of  Adana : the  ancient  Sams. 

Sikes  (silss),  Bill.  A hard  unfeeling  thief  in 
Dickens’s  “Oliver  Twist,”  the  murderer  of 
Nancy,  and  the  persecutor  of  Oliver  whom 
Nancy  tries  to  befriend. 

Sikhiin,  or  Sikkim  (sik'im).  A native  state  in 
northern  India.  Capital,  Tumlung.  it  is  bounded 
by  Tibet  on  the  north,  Bhutan  on  the  east,  British  India 
on  the  south,  and  Nepal  on  the  west,  and  is  comprised 
within  the  Himalaya  region.  The  inhabitants  are  Lepchas 
or  Rong.  It  is  governed  by  a raja,  subsidized  by  the  Brit- 
ish. It  became  a British  protectorate  in  1889-90.  Area, 
2,818  square  miles.  Population,  69,014. 

Sikhs  (seks).  [From  Hind.  Sikh,  lit.  a ‘disci- 
ple’: a distinctive  name  of  the  disciples  of 
Nanak  Shah,  who  founded  the  sect.]  The  mem- 
bers of  a politico-religious  community  in  In- 
dia, founded  near  Lahore  about  1500  as  a sect 
based  on  the  principles  of  monotheism  and  hu- 
man brotherhood.  Under  their  hereditary  theocratic 
chiefs  the  Sikhs  were  organized  into  a political  and  mil- 
itary force,  collectively  called  Ehalsa,  ‘ tbe  portion  " (of 
God),  while  every  member  received  the  surname  of  Singh 
(in  Sanskrit  sinha,  ‘lion  ’).  This  military  organization  was 
especially  due  to  Govind  Singh.  Social  inequality  was 
abolished.  Of  the  Hindu  usages  only  the  respect  paid  to 
cows  was  retained.  Every  one  was  an  unbeliever  who  had 
not  been  admitted  to  the  Khalsa  by  having  five  of  the  in- 
itiated drink  with  him  the  sherbet  of  the  Palilul.  A Sikh 
was  forbidden  to  return  the  salutation  of  a Hindu,  and 
was  bound  to  kill  a Mussulman  on  meeting  him.  The  holy 
war  was  his  vocation.  The  Sikh  soldier  prayed  to  his 
sword.  Govind  Singh  struggled  with  the  Moguls  30  years, 
and  then  accepted  a command  in  tlie  imperial  army.  He 
fell  by  an  Afghan  assassin  in  1708,  appointing  no  succes- 
sor and  declaring  tlie  Granth  (see  Adi-Granth)  to  be  the 
future  guru.  After  him  an  ascetic  named  Banda  was  the 
chief  of  tlie  Khalsa.  Under  him  the  Sikhs  were  almost 
annihilated  by  the  armies  of  Farrukhshir.  Banda  himself 
was  captured,  compelled  for  a week  to  witness  the  torture 
of  740  companions(of  whom  no  one  winced)  and  the  death 
of  Iris  own  son,  and  then  tortured  to  death  with  red-hot 
pincers,  while  he  praised  God  for  choosing  him  to  be 
the  instrument  of  his  vengeance.  After  Banda's  death 
in  1716,  the  Akalis,  ‘the  faithful  of  the  Eternal,"  became 
the  guardians  of  the  sanctuary  at  Amritsar,  where  the  Adi- 
Granth  was  kept.  The  Gurmata,  ‘council  of  the  guru,’ 
held  supreme  authority.  The  political  history  of  the  Sikhs 


Sikhs 

ended  in  1849,  when  the  English,  after  a violent  struggle, 
annexed  the  Panjab.  The  Sikhs  have  now  ceased  their 
religious  fanaticism,  and  are  a valuable  contingent  of  the 
British  armies.  See  Adi  Granth  and  Nanak. 

Sikh  Wars.  Two  wars  between  the  British  un- 
der Sir  Hugh  Gough  and  the  Sikhs.  The  Sikhs 
invaded  British  territory  in  Dec.,  1845,  and  were  defeated 
in  the  battles  of  Mudki,  Ferozshah,  Aliwal,  and  Sobraon. 
Lahore  was  taken  by  the  British,  and  peace  was  concluded 
March  9,  1846.  The  second  war  began  with  the  massacre 
of  British  officers  at  Multan  in  April,  1848.  A drawn  bat- 
tle at  Chillianwalla  was  followed  by  a British  victory  at 
Gujrat  (Feb.  22,  1849),  which  completely  broke  the  power 
of  the  Sikhs,  and  led  to  the  annexation  of  the  Panjab  to 
British  India. 

Sikiang  (se-ke-iing').  A river  in  southern  China 
which  rises  in  Yunnan  and  flows  into  the  China 
Sea.  Canton  and  Hong-Kong  are  in  its  delta. 
Sikino  (se'ke-no  or  se-ke'no).  An  island  of  the 
Cyclades, Greece,  19  miles  south  of  Paros:  the 
ancient  Sicinos  (Gr.  Ziiavut;).  Length,  9 miles. 
Sikkim.  See  > Sikli ini. 

Sikoku.  See  Shikoku. 

Siksika  (sik'sik-a).  A confederacy  of  North 
American  Indians,  one  of  the  most  important 
still  existing  in  the  Northwest,  consisting  of  3 
tribes,  the  Siksika  proper  or  Blaekfeet,  the  Kino 
or  Blood,  and  the  Piegan.  Their  country  is  in  north- 
ern Montana  and  the  adjacent  part  of  Canada,  extending 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  junction  of  Milk  River 
with  the  Missouri,  and  from  the  Muscle  Shell  River  in  Mon- 
tana to  the  Belly  and  South  Saskatchewan  rivers  in  Can- 
ada. Their  present  number  is  about  4,600.  The  Siksika 
proper  and  the  Kino  are  chiefly  in  Canada,  and  the  Piegans 
at  Blackfoot  agency,  Montana.  The  name  is  translated 
‘Black  feet,’  with  several  traditional  explanations.  See 
Algonquian. 

Sil  (sel).  A river  in  northwestern  Spain  which 
joins  the  Minho  9 miles  northeast  of  Orense. 
Length,  about  125  miles. 

Sila  (se'lii),  or  Monte  Nero  (mon'te  na'ro). 
An  extensive  wooded  region  in  the  Apennines 
of  Calabria,  southern  Italy,  situated  east  of 
Cosenza.  It  rises  to  the  height  of  6,200  feet. 
Length,  about  37  miles. 

Silarus  (sil'a-rus).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
river  Sele  in  southern  Italy.  Near  it,  in  71 B.  c., 
Spartaeus  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Ro- 
mans under  Crassus. 

Silas  (si'las),  or  Silvanus  (sil-va'nus).  Lived 
in  the  1st  century.  A Christian  missionary,  a 
companion  of  the  apostle  Paul. 

Silas  Marner  (mar'ner),  the  Weaver  of  Rave- 
loe.  A novel  by  George  Eliot,  published  in 
1861. 

Silberberg  (zil'ber-berG).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  42  miles 
south-southwest  of  Breslau.  It  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  silver-mines  and  for  its  fortress. 
Silbury  Hill  (sil'bu-ri  hil).  A large  barrow 
near  Avebury,  in  Wiltshire,  England.  Height, 
130  feet. 

Silcher  (zil'cher), Friedrich.  Born  at  Schnaith, 
Wiirtemberg,  June  27,  1789:  died  at  Tubin- 
gen, Aug.  26,  1860.  A German  composer  of 
popular  songs,  director  of  music  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen  from  1817. 

Silchester  (sil'ches-ter).  A village  near  Basing- 
stoke in  Hampshire,  England,  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Roman  town  of  Calleva.  Many  remains 
of  antiquity  have  been  discovered  here. 

It  is  a speakingfact  that  of  what  must  have  been  one  of 
the  greatest  Roman  cities  of  Britain  we  have  absolutely  no 
history  whatever.  Antiquaries  are,  webelieve,  now  pretty 
well  agreed  that  Silchester  is  the  Roman  Calleva  Atreba- 
tum  — in  Gaul  the  place  might  have  been  called  Arras  and 
its  district  Artois — and  it  is  so  marked  in  Dr.  Guest's  map. 
But  this  is  merely  a geographical  and  not  an  historical 
fact.  Calleva  is  simply  a name  in  the  Itineraries;  nothing 
that  we  ever  heard  of  is  recorded  to  have  happened  there. 

Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  159. 

Silence  (si'lens).  A dull  country  justice  in  the 
second  part  of  Shakspere’s  “King  Henry  IV.” 
He  is  the  cousin  of  Shallow,  and  prides  himself  oh  having 
“ been  merry  twice  and  once  ere  now." 

Silent  Woman,  The.  See  Epiccene. 

Silenus  (sl-le'nus).  [Gr.  'LuAijvor.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  a divinity  of  Asiatic  origin,  the  fos- 
ter-father of  Bacchus,  and  leader  of  the  satyrs, 
but  very  frequently  merely  one  of  a number  of 
kindred  attendants  in  the  Dionysiac  thiasus. 
He  was  represented  as  a robust  full-bearded  old  man,  hairy 
and  with  pointed  ears,  frequently  in  a state  of  intoxica- 
tion, often  riding  on  an  ass  and  carrying  a cantharus  or 
other  wine-vessel. 

Silenus  and  Bacchus.  A Greco-Roman  group 
in  marble, in  the  Glyptothek, Munich.  Silenus,  as 
a strong,  bearded  man,  nude,  his  head  wreathed  with  ivy, 
holds  the  smiling  infant  in  his  arms. 

Silenus  and  Satyrs.  A painting  by  Rubens, 
in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich,  silenus  reels 
along,  supported  by  a satyr  and  a negro  and  attended  by 
a train  of  satyrs  and  bacchantes,  who  are  accompanied 
by  a tiger  and  two  goats. 

Silesia  (si-le'shia).  [NL.  Silesia,  F.  Silesie,  G. 


932 

Sehlesien,  a name  of  Slavic  origin,  earlier  Sleen- 
sanc,  Zlesane , Pol.  Zlesaki .]  A large  region  of 
central  Europe,  mainly  iu  the  upper  basin  of  the 
Oder,  northeast  of  the  Sudetic  Mountains.  Its 
early  inhabitants  were  Slavs.  The  possession  of  it  was  dis- 
puted between  Poland  and  Bohemia.  It  became  Polish  in 
the  10th  century;  was  separated  from  Poland  in  1163; 
was  divided  into  various  duchies  ruled  by  branches  of  the 
Polish  dynasty  of  Piast;  gradually  became  largely  Ger- 
manized ; and  was  incorporated  with  Bohemia  in  1355. 
With  Bohemia  it  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg.  It 
suffered  in  the  Hussite,  Thirty  Years',  Silesian,  and  Napo- 
leonic wars.  It  was  conquered  by  Frederick  the  Great 
1741-42,  and  the  larger  part  of  it  was  ceded  by  Austria  to 
Prussia  in  1742 : the  cession  was  confirmed  iu  1763. 

Silesia,  or  Austrian  Silesia.  A crownland 
and  titular  duchy  belonging  to  the  Cisleithan 
division  of  Austria-Hungary.  Chief  town, 
Troppau.  It  is  bounded  by  Prussian  Silesia  on  the 
north,  Galicia  on  the  east,  Hungary  and  Moravia  on  the 
south,  and  mainly  by  Moravia  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  largely  mountainous,  being  traversed  by  branches  of 
the  Sudetic  and  Carpathian  mountains.  SUesia  has  min- 
eral wealth  in  coal,  iron,  etc.,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures. It  sends  15  members  to  the  Reichsrat.  The  in- 
habitants are  Germans,  Poles,  Czechs,  Slovaks,  and  Mo- 
ravians. The  crownland  comprises  the  part  of  ancient 
Silesia  not  conquered  by  Prussia.  It  was  united  to  Mo- 
ravia until  1849.  Area,  1,987  square  miles.  Population, 
756,590,  (1910). 

Silesia,  or  Prussian  Silesia.  A southeastern 
province  of  Prussia.  Capital,  Breslau,  it  is 
bounded  by  Brandenburgon  the  northwest,  Posen  and  Prus- 
sian Poland  on  the  northeast,  Austrian  Silesia,  Moravia, 
and  Bohemia  on  the  south,  and  Bohemia,  Saxony,  and 
Prussian  Saxony  on  the  west.  It  comprises  most  of  the 
ancient  duchy  of  Silesia,  Glatz,  part  of  Upper  Lusatia,  etc. 
The  surface  is  mountainous  and  hilly  in  the  southwest  and 
south,  and  level  generally  in  the  north  and  northeast.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Oder.  Prussian  Silesia  is  noted  for  its 
mineral  wealth,  especially  for  coal, 'iron,  and  zinc,  and  is 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  provinces  of  the  kingdom. 
Among  its  leading  industries  are  metal-working  and  man- 
ufactures of  machinery,  linen,  cotton,  woolen,  etc.  It 
contains  three  government  districts:  Liegnitz,  Breslau, 
and  Oppeln.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans, 
but  there  are  many  Poles  and  some  Czechs,  Moravians, 
and  Wends.  Area,  15,569  square  miles.  Population,  over 
4,942,600. 

Silesian  (si-le  'shian)  Poetical  Schools.  In 

German  literature,  two  groups  of  minor  poets 
in  the  17th  century — one  composed  of  followers 
of  Opitz,  the  other  of  followers  of  Hofmann 
von  Hofmannswaldau. 

Silesian  Wars.  Three  wars  waged  by  Freder- 
ick the  Great  of  Prussia  against  Austria  for 
the  possession  of  Silesia,  in  the  first  war  (1740-42) 
Prussia  was  allied  with  Saxony,  Bavaria,  and  France,  and 
Austria  with  Great  Britain.  Frederick  invaded  Silesia 
in  1740,  and  the  Prussians  were  victorious  at  Mollwitz  in 
1741,  and  at  Chotusitz  in  1742.  By  the  peace  of  Breslau 
(June,  1742)  the  greater  part  of  Silesia  was  ceded  to  Prus- 
sia. In  the  war  of  1744^5  Austria  was  aided  by  Saxony. 
Frederick  invaded  Bohemia  and  took  Prague,  but  had  to 
fall  back  into  Saxony  in  1744.  Prussian  victories  were  won 
at  Hohenfriedberg,  Sorr,  and  Kesselsdorf  in  1745.  The  pos- 
session of  Silesia  by  Prussia  was  confirmed  by  the  peace  of 
Dresden,  Dec.  25, 1745.  The  third  of  the  Silesian  wars  is 
the  Seven  Years’  War  (which  see). 

Silesius,  Angelus.  See  Angelus  Silesius. 

Silistria  (si-lis'tri-a).  A town  in  Bulgaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  Danube  in  lat.  44°  7'  N.,  long.  27° 
16'  E. : the  ancient  Durostorus  or  Durostorum. 
Silistria  and  its  vicinity  have  been  the  field  of  many  mili- 
tary operations,  especially  between  theRussians  and  Turks. 
It  was  attacked  by  the  Russians  in  1773 ; taken  by  them 
in  1810 ; besieged  by  them  in  1828 ; besieged  and  taken  in 
1829;  unsuccessfully  besieged  inlS54 ; and  occupied  by  them 
in  1878.  The  fortifications  were  razed  in  1878.  Popula- 
tion, 12,055. 

Silkworm  (silk'werm),  Sir  Diaphanous.  A 

courtier  “of  a most  elegaut  thread,”  in  Jon- 
son’s  comedy  “ The  Magnetick  Lady.” 

Sill  (sil),  Edward  Rowland.  Born  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  1841:  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Feb.  27, 
1887.  An  American  poet.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1861,  and  was  professor  of  the  English  language  and 
literature  in  the  University  of  California  1874-82.  Among 
his  works  are  “The  Venus  of  Milo,  etc.”  (1883),  and 
“Poems”  (1887). 

Sillery  (sel-re').  A village  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  France,  on  the  Vesle  6 miles  south- 
east of  Rheims : celebrated  for  its  champagne. 

Silliman  (sil'i-man),  Benjamin.  Born  at  North 
Stratford  (Trumbull),  Conn.,  Aug.  8, 1779:  died 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Nov.  24,  1864.  ' A noted 
American  chemist,  geologist,  and  physicist. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1796  ; wras  appointed  tutor 
there  in  1799,  and  professor  in  1802 ; and  became  professor 
emeritus  in  1853.  He  founded  the  “American  Journal 
of  Science  ” in  1818,  and  was  long  its  editor.  He  published 
“Elements  of  Chemistry”  (2  vols.  1830),  “Travels  in  Eng- 
land, etc.”  (1810),  “ Narrative  of  a Visit  to  Europe  " (1853), 
etc. ; and  edited  Henry’s  “Chemistry  "(1808-14)  and  Bake- 
well’s  “Introduction  to  Geology"  (1829-). 

Silliman,  Benjamin.  Born  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Dec.  4,  1816:  died  there,  June  14,  1885. 
An  American  chemist,  son  of  Benjamin  Silli- 
man. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1837  ; became  professor 
In  the  scientific  school  (afterward  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School)  in  1846 ; was  professor  at  Louisville  1849-54  : and 
was  again  professor  at  Yale  1854-85.  He  became  associate 


Silves 

editor  of  the  “ American  Journal  of  Science  ’’  in  1838,  and 
associate  proprietor  in  1846.  His  scientific  articles  in- 
clude about  100  titles,  published  1841-74.  In  1869  he  was 
made  one  of  the  State  chemists  of  Connecticut.  He  pub- 
lished “First  Principles  of  Chemistry  ”(1847),  “Principles 
of  Physics,  etc.”  (1859),  and  “American  Contributions  to 
Chemistry.”  He  edited,  with  C.  G.  Goodrich,  “The  World 
of  Science,  Art,  and  Industry”  (1853),  and  “Progress  of 
Science  and  Mechanism  ” (1854),  which  recorded  the  chief 
results  of  the  VVorld's  Fair  (New  York,  1853). 

Silliman,  Mount.  A peak  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, in  the  northern  part  of  Tulare  County, 
California. 

Silly  Billy  (sil'i  bil'i).  A nickname  of  Wil- 
liam IV.,  king  of  Great  Britain. 

Siloam  (si-16'am),  or  Siloah  (si-16'a).  [Heb. 
Shiloach,  sending.]  A pool  at  the  southeast 
end  of  Jerusalem  (Neh.  iii.  15,  “by  the  king’s 
garden”),  fed  by  the  waters  of  a spring  of  the 
Gihon  (the  modern  Virgin’s  Fount),  which  were 
conducted  to  it  through  a tunnel.  It  consisted  of 
several  artificial  channels  and  basins  which  supplied  Jeru- 
salem with  water.  The  pool  of  Siloam  which  is  still  in 
existence  formerly  had  an  outlet  in  the  southeast  called 
the  “lower  pond,”  and  is  now  called  Birket-el-Hambra  (‘red 
pond  ’).  Another  part  of  the  former  water-  reservoir  is  now 
occupied  by  gardens.  The  Virgin’s  Fount  is  intermittent. 
In  1880  the  oldest  Hebrew  inscription  known  was  dis- 
covered in  the  rocky  aqueduct.  It  gives  the  length  of  the 
channel,  and,  among  other  details,  mentions  that  the  work- 
men began  the  boring  from  both  ends.  The  Arabs  called 
Siloam  .1  in  Silwan. 

Hardly  less  interesting  has  been  the  discovery  of  the 
inscription  of  Siloam,  which  reveals  to  us  the  very  char- 
acters used  by  the  Jews  in  the  time  of  Isaiah,  perhaps 
even  in  the  time  of  Solomon  himself.  The  discovery  has 
cast  a flood  of  light  on  the  early  topography  of  Jerusalem, 
and  has  made  it  clear  as  the  daylight  that  the  Jews  of  the 
royal  period  were  not  the  rude  and  barbarous  people  it 
has  been  the  fashion  of  an  unbelieving  criticism  to  as- 
sume, but  a cultured  and  literary  population. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  5. 

Sils  (zils).  The  name  of  several  villages  in  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland.  Sils  in  the  Upper 
Engadine  is  situated  8 miles  southwest  of  Pontresina. 
Near  it  is  Silser  See,  formed  by  the  Inn,  44  miles  long. 
Silsilis  (sil'si-lis).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  on  the  Nile,  near  Edfu : the  modern  Sil- 
sili.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  sandstone-quarries. 
Silures  (sil'u-rez).  In  ancient  history,  a people 
dwelling  in  the  western  part  of  Great  Britain, 
mainly  in  what  is  now  South  Wales,  at  the  pe- 
riods of  the  Roman  and  Anglo-Saxon  conquests. 
Silurist  (si-lu'rist),  The.  A name  given  to 
Henry  Vaughan,  from  his  birth  in  Wales. 
Silva  (sel'va),  Antonio  Jos6  da.  Bom  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  May  8,  1705 : died  at  Lisbon,  Oct. 
13,  1739.  A Portuguese  dramatist.  His  comedies 
are  among  the  finest  in  the  Portuguese  language.  Silva  was 
twice  imprisoned  by  the  Inquisition  on  the  charge  of 
“Judaism.”  The  last  incarceration  was  in  1738,  and  ended 
in  his  being  burned  with  his  wife  and  aged  mother. 

Silva,  Innocencio  Francisco  da.  Born  at  Lis- 
bon, Sept.  28, 1810:  died  there,  June  28,  1876.  A 
Portuguese  bibliographer.  He  labored  under  great 
disadvantages,  being  poor  and  forced  to  spend  much  of  his 
time  in  the  subordinate  government  positions  which  he 
was  able  to  obtain.  His  principal  work  is  the  “Dicciona- 
rio  bibliographico  portuguez  ” (7  vols.  1858-62,  and  unfin- 
ished supplement,  2 vols.  1867-70).  It  is  the  most  com- 
plete bibliography  of  Portuguese  (including  Brazilian) 
literature,  containing  19,328  titles,  with  biographical  notes 
on  the  authors. 

Silva  Alvarenga.  See  Alvarenga. 

Silva  Marciana.  See  Abnoba. 

Silvana  (sil-va'na),  or  Silvana  das  Wald- 
madchen.  An  opera  by  Weber,  produced  at 
Frankfort  in  1810. 

Silvanus,  or  Sylvanus  (sil-va'nus).  In  Italian 
mythology,  a god,  protector  of  woods,  fields, 
herds,  etc. 

Silva  Paranhos  (sel'va  pii-ran'yos),  Jose  Ma- 
ria da.  Born  in  Bahia,  March  16, 1819:  died  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Nov.  1, 1880.  A Brazilian  diplo- 
matist and  statesman,  viscount  of  Rio  Branco 
from  1870.  He  was  senator  from  1862,  several  times 
cabinet  minister,  and  premier  1871-73.  During  the  latter 
period  he  proposed  and  carried  through  parliament  the 
law  of  Sept.  28,  1871,  by  whicli  children  born  of  slave  pa- 
rents were  declared  free  under  certain  conditions,  and  a 
fund  was  provided  for  manumissions.  This  is  often  called 
“the  Rio  Branco  law”:  it  prepared  the  way  for  the  final 
extinction  of  slavery. 

Silver-Fork  School.  Ill  English  fiction,  a nick- 
name given  to  a group  of  novelists  (Theodore 
Hook,  Mrs.  Trollope,  Lady  Blessington,  etc.) 
who  laid  great  stress  on  matters  of  etiquette. 
Silver  Grays.  The  bolting  Whigs,  led  by  Fran- 
cis Granger,  who  left  the  New  York  conven- 
tion of  1848 : so  called  from  the  fact  that  several 
of  them  were  gray-haired  men. 

Silver  (sil'ver)  Mountain.  Apeak  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  in  Alpine  County,  California. 

Silves  (sel'ves).  A town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
garve, southern  Portugal,  112  miles  south-south- 
east of  Lisbon.  The  cathedral  is  a fine  Romanesque 
building  with  some  Pointed  arches  and  windows,  and 


• Silves 

other  later  features.  The  castle  is  of  Moorish  foundation, 
with  a fine  cistern  and  six  main  towers  : in  front  of  the 
walls  there  are  detached  towers : communicating  with  the 
fortress  by  stone  bridges,  as  is  the  great  tower  of  Bellver, 
near  Palma.  The  city  walls  are  Moorish,  well  preserved, 
and  picturesque.  Several  of  the  gates  are  noteworthy : 
one,  of  great  size,  has  three  large  arches  opening  on  diverg- 
ing streets.  Population,  9,687. 

Silvester,  or  Sylvester  (sil-ves'ter),  I.  [L., 

‘ of  the  woods,’  F.  Silvestre,  Pg.  Sylvestre,  G.  Sil- 
vester.] Bishop  of  Rome  314-335.  Little  is  known 
concerning  his  pontificate.  The  story  which  connects 
his  name  with  the  baptism  of  Constantine  the  Great  is  pure 
fiction  (see  Donation  of  Cotistantine). 

Silvester  II.,  originally  Gerbert.  Died  May  12, 
1003.  Pope  999-1003.  He  was  a native  of  Aquitania, 
and  before  his  accession  became  famous  under  his  Chris- 
tian name  of  Gerbert,  first  as  an  educator  and  afterward 
as  archbishop  successively  of  Rheims  and  Ravenna. 
Silvester  III.  Pope  or  antipope  1044.  He  was 
elevated  on  the  expulsion  from  Rome  of  Boniface  IX.  in 
1044,  but  was  in  turn  expelled  some  months  later.  He  was 
deprived  of  his  priesthood  by  the  Council  of  Sestri  in  1046, 
and  was  confined  in  a monastery. 

Silvestre,  or  Sylvestre  (sil-vastr '),  Israel. 

Bom  at  Nancy,  1621:  died  in  1691.  An  eminent 
French  engraver.  The  Silvestres  were  a large  family 
of  painters  and  engravers  of  which  Israel  was  the  most 
important  member.  He  formed  his  style  on  Delle  Bella 
and  Callot.  He  was  discovered  by  Louis  XIV.,  for  whom 
he  engraved  his  plates  of  the  royal  monuments  and  fes- 
tivals. He  was  a member  of  the  Academy,  and  visited 
Italy  twice.  His  plates  number  more  than  1,000. 

Silvestre  de  Sacy.  See  Sacy. 

Silvia,  or  Sylvia  (sil'vi-a).  1.  In  Shakspere’s 
“ Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,”  the  daughter  of 
the  Duke  of  Milan,  loved  by  Valentine : “.the  au- 
burn-haired Silvia,  rash  and  reckless.” — 2.  The 
principal  female  character  in  Farquhar’s  com- 
edy “The  Recruiting  Officer.”  she  is  the  daughter 
of  Baliance,  and  in  love  with  Captain  Plume.  She  disguises 
herself  as  a rakish  soldier  and  serves  in  his  company,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  sparkling  and  witty  characters  of  com- 
edy. This  was  a favorite  character  with  the  actresses  of 
the  18th  century. 

3.  The  forsaken  mistress  of  Vainlove  in  Con- 
greve’s “Old  Bachelor.” 

Silvius  (sil'vj-us).  A shepherd  in  Shakspere’s 
“As  you  Like  it.” 

Silvretta  (sil-vret'ta),  or  Selvretta  (sel-vret'- 
ta).  A group  of  the  Rhastian  Alps,  situated  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  the  Inn,  and  on  the  borders  of 
Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  about  25-30  miles  east  of 
Coire.  Highest  summit,  Piz  Linard  (11,207  feet). 
Simabara  (se-ma-ba'ra),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  the 
island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan. 

Simancas  (se-man'kas).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Valladolid,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Pisuerga  7 miles  southwest  of  Valladolid.  The 
castle  is  a moated  and  battlemented  fortress,  formerly  a 
seat  of  the  admirals  of  Castile.  From  the  time  of  Charles 
V.  it  has  been  the  place  of  deposit  of  the  national  archives 
of  Spain. 

Simancas,  Archives  of.  A collection  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  Spain  and  its  colonies,  formed 
at  Simancas  by  order  of  Charles  V.  (1543).  it 
was  reorganized  by  Philip  II.  in  1567.  In  1788  many  im- 
portant papers  relating  to  the  colonies  were  sent  to 
Seville;  many  others  disappeared  during  the  Napoleonic 
wars ; and  the  collection,  once  very  large,  is  now  com- 
paratively unimportant.  It  is  kept  in  the  old  castle  (see 
above). 

Simbirsk  fsim-bersk').  1.  A government  of 
eastern  Russia.  It  lies  west  of  the  Volga,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  governments  of  Kazan,  Samara,  Saratoff, 
Penza,  and  Nijni-Novgorod.  Area,  19,110  Bquare  miles. 
Population,  1,863,300. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Simbirsk, 
situated  on  the  Volga  and  the  Sviyaga,  about 
lat.  54°  25'  N.  It  has  an  important  fair. 
Population,  43,300. 

Simcoe  (sim'ko).  [Named  from  J.  G.  Simcoe.] 
The  capital  of  Norfolk  County,  Ontario,  Can- 
ada, situated  on  the  river  Lynn  37  miles  south- 
west of  Hamilton.  Population,  2,627. 

Simcoe,  John  Graves.  Born  at,  Cotterstock, 
Northamptonshire,  Feb.  25,  1752 : died  at  Tor- 
bay,  England,  Oct.  26,  1806.  A British  com- 
mander in  the  American  Revolution,  and  later 
colonial  governor  in  upper  Canada. 

Simcoe,  Lake.  A lake  in  Ontario,  Canada,  37 
miles  north  of  Toronto.  Its  outlet  is  into  Geor- 
gian Bay,  Lake  Huron.  Length,  about  30  miles. 
Simeon  (sim'e-on).  [Heb.  Sim'dn;  F.  Simeon, 
Simon,  It.  Simone,  Sp.  Simon,  Pg.  Simao,  Si- 
mecCo,  G.  Simeon,  Simon.]  1.  One  of  the  patri- 
archs, a son  of  Jacob  and  Leah. — 2.  One  of 
the  tribe3  of  the  Israelites,  descended  from  the 
patriarch  Simeon.  It  occupied  the  extreme 
southwestern  part  of  Palestine. 

Simeon,  or  Symeon,  of  Durham.  Died  about 
1130.  An  English  historian,  author  of  a history 
of  the  church  of  Durham,  and  of  a history  of  the 


933 

kings  of  Northumbria.  His  works  were  edited 
by  Hinde  (1868)  and  by  T.  Arnold  (1882-85). 
Simeoni  (se-ma-6'ne),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Pa- 
liano,  July  23, 1816 : died  at  Rome,  Jan.  14, 1892. 
A noted  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  statesman.  He 
became  secretary  to  the  Congregation  of  the  Propaganda 
in  1808 ; was  made  a cardinal  in  1875 ; was  secretary  of  state 
under  Pius  IX.  1876-78 ; and  became  prefect  of  the  Propa- 
ganda on  the  accession  of  Leo  XIII. 

Simeon  Stylites  (sim'e-on  sti-li'tez).  [Gr.  otv- 
Xirry;,  of  the  pillar.]  Born  at  Sisan,  Syria : died 
459.  A Syrian  ascetic  who  passed  the  last  30 
years  of  his  life  on  a pillar  near  Antioch.  He 
was  the  first  and  most  notable  of  the  stylites 
(pillar-saints). 

Simferopol  (sim-fer-o'poly).  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  in  the 
Crimea,  on  the  Salghir,  in  lat.  44°  58'  N.,  long. 
34°  6'  E.  It  was  formerly  a Tatar  seat  of  government, 
and  has  been  the  capital  of  Taurida  since  1784.  Popula- 
tion, 49,378. 

Simkin.  A nickname  for  Simeon. 

Simla  (sim'la).  1.  A district  in  the  northern 
part  of  British  India,  about  lat.  31°  7'  N.,  long. 
77°  7'  E.  Area,  101  square  miles.  Population, 
40,351. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Simla, 
situated  about  7,000  feet  above  sea-level,  it  is 
noted  as  a sanatorium,  and  as  the  residence  of  many  offi- 
cials (including  the  viceroy)  during  the  hot  season.  Popu- 
lation, 13,960  (winter  enumeration). 

Simme  (zim'me),  Greater  or  Great.  A small 
river  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  which 
joins  the  Kander  (tributary  of  the  Aare)  5 miles 
south  of  Thun. 

Simmenthal  (zim'men-tal),  popularly  Sieben- 
thal  (ze'ben-tal).  An  AJpine  valley  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  Swit- 
zerland, traversed  by  the  Great  Simme. 
Simmering  (sim'mer-ing).  A southeastern  sub- 
urb of  Vienna. 

Simms  (simz),  William  Gilmore.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  April  17,  1806:  died  there, 
June  11, 1870.  An  American  novelist,  historian, 
and  poet.  He  wrote  many  novels,  largely  on  Southern 
life,  and  many  of  them  historical  (Revolutionary  and  colo- 
nial epoch)  and  frontier  romances.  These  include  “ The 
Yemassee”  (1835),  “ Carl  Werner  " (1838),  “ Pelayo”  (183&), 
“The  Kinsman " (later  called  “The  Scout,”  1841),  “The 
Partisan”  (1835),  and  "Count  Julian  ”(1845).  His  best- 
known  poem  is  “Atalantis:  a Drama  of  the  Sea”  (1832).  His 
historical  works  include  "A  History  of  South  Carolina" 
(1840),  “South  Carolina  in  the  Revolution”  (1854),  lives  of 
Marion,  Greene,  etc. 

Simnel  (sim'nel),  Lambert.  Born  about  1475. 
A pretender  to  the  throne  of  England,  person- 
ating the  Earl  of  W arwick.  His  adherents  were 
defeated  by  Henry  VII.  at  Stoke  in  1487. 

Lambert  Simnel,  with  his  tutor,  Simon  the  priest,  fell 
into  the  king’s  hands,  who  spared  their  lives,  and  appointed 
the  former  to  the  office  of  turnspit,  being  eventually  pro- 
moted to  that  of  falconer,  and  as  guardian  of  the  king’s 
hawks  he  lived  and  died. 

Laivless,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  135. 

Simois  (sim'o-is).  [Gr.  Zi/ideie.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a small  river  in  the  Troad,  Asia 
Minor,  often  mentioned  in  the  Iliad. 

Simon.  [F.  Simon,  Sp.  Simon,  Pg.  Simao,  It. 
Simone,  LL.  Simon,  Gr.  H/juv,  prop,  a Gr.  name, 
lit.  ‘flat-nosed,’  but  in  part  also  an  accommoda- 
tion of  the  different  Heb.  name  Shimon,  Simeon. 
See  Simeon.]  See  Peter. 

Simon  (si'mon).  A brother  or  relative  of  Jesus : 
often  identified  with  Simon  the  Canaanite. 
Simon.  A tanner  of  Joppa  at  whose  house  St. 
Peter  resided. 

Simon,  surnamed  MagUS  (‘the  Magician’).  A 
sorcerer  of  Samaria,  represented  in  Acts  viii.  as 
having  been  converted  by  Philip,  and  as  seeking 
to  purchase  miraculous  powers  with  money.  In 
later  accounts  he  is  represented  as  the  founder  of  a hereti- 
cal sect.  The  legend  of  Doctor  Faustus  contains  traces  of 
the  legends  of  Simon  and  Helena,  his  companion. 

Simon  probably  was  one  of  that  class  of  adventurers 
which  abounded  at  this  period,  or  like  Apollonius  of  Ty- 
ana  and  others  at  a later  time,  with  whom  the  opponents 
of  Christianity  attempted  to  confound  Jesus  and  his  apos- 
tles. His  doctrine  was  Oriental  in  its  language  and  in  its 
pretensions.  He  was  the  first  ZEon  or  Emanation , or  rather 
perhaps  the  first  manifestation,  of  the  primal  Deity.  He 
assumed  not  merely  the  title  of  the  Great  Power  or  Virtue 
of  God,  but  all  the  other  appellations  — the  Word,  the  Per- 
fection, the  Paraclete,  the  Almighty — the  whole  combined 
attributes  of  the  Deity.  He  had  a companion,  Helena,  ac- 
cording to  the  statement  of  his  enemies  a beautiful  pros- 
titute, whom  he  found  at  Tyre,  who  became  in  like  man- 
ner the  first  conception  (the  Ennoea)  of  the  Deity ; but  who, 
by  her  conjunction  with  matter,  had  been  enslaved  to  its 
malignant  influence,  and,  having  fallen  under  the  power 
of  evil  angels,  had  been  in  a constant  state  of  transmigra- 
tion, and,  among  other  mortal  bodies,  had  occupied  that 
of  the  famous  Helen  of  Troy. 

Milman , Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  61. 

Simon.  The  mayor  of  C^ueenborougli  iu  Middle- 
ton’s  play  of  that  name. 


Simple  Cobbler  of  Agawam,  Tbe 

The  comic  figure  is  the  tanner  Simon,  the  mayor  of 
Queenborough,  who  is  cozened  by  a company  of  pretended 
comedians  while  looking  on  at  what  he  takes  to  be  a play. 

Ward. 

Simon  the  Canaanite,  or  Simon  Zelotes  (ze- 
lo'tez).  [Gr.  an  emulator.]  One  of  the 

apostles,  often  identified  with  Simon  the  relative 
of  Jesus. 

Simon  (se-mon').  A novel  by  George  Sand,  pub- 
lished in  1836. 

Simon  bar  Giora.  One  of  the  heroes  and  leaders 
of  the  Zealot  party  during  the  Judeo-Roman 
war.  He  was  a man  of  iron  will,  stern  character,  and 
reckless  boldness.  After  the  fall  of  Jerusalem  he  surren- 
dered to  the  Romans,  and,  after  appearing  in  the  triumph 
of  Titus,  was  hurled  from  the  Tarpeian  Rock  in  Rome. 
Simon  ben  Shetach.  Brother-in-law  of  Alex- 
ander Jamneus,  and  president  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim. In  conjunction  with  Judah  ben  Tabbai,  he  intro- 
duced many  reforms,  promoted  instruction,  and  restored 
law  and  order,  which  had  been  disturbed  through  the  ar- 
bitrariness and  tyranny  of  his  brother-in-law.  They  were 
therefore  honored  with  the  title  "restorers  of  the  law.” 

Simon  de  Montfort.  See  Montfort. 

Simon  (se-moh'),  Jules  (in  full  Jules  Fran- 
*Qois  Simon  Suisse).  Born  at  Lorient,  Morbi- 
han,  France,  Dec.  31,  1814 : died  at  Paris,  June 
8,  1896.  A distinguished  French  statesman, 
philosopher,  and  publicist : professor  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  He  was  a republican  member  of  the  Assembly 
1848-50 ; was  removed  from  his  professorship  in  1851 ; was 
a leading  opposition  member  of  the  Corps  L^gislatif  1863- 
1870 ; was  member  of  the  government  of  national  defense 
and  minister  of  public  instruction  1870-71  and  1871-73 ; was 
chosen  senator  and  member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1875 ; 
and  was  premier  1876-77.  Among  his  works  are  “ Histoire 
de  ldeole  d Alexandrie  ” (1844-45),  “Le  devoir”  (1854), 
“La,  liberty  de  conscience  ” (1859),  “ L’Ouvriere  ’’  (1863), 
“ L’Ecole  ” (1864),  “ Le  travail  ” (1866),  etc. 

Simon  (se-mon'),  Pedro  Antonio.  Bom  at  La 

Parrilla,  Spain,  in  1574:  died  in  New  Granada 
after  1627.  A Franciscan  missionary  and  his- 
torian. He  went  to  New  Granada  in  1604,  and  began  to 
write  a history  of  the  conquest  in  1623,  when  he  was  pro- 
vincial of  his  order.  Only  the  first  part,  relating  mainly 
to  Venezuela,  was  published  (1627),  and  it  is  now  very  rare. 
Two  other  parts  are  known  in  manuscript.  The  work  is 
of  great  value. 

Simon  (se-moh'),  Richard.  Born  at  Dieppe, 
France,  May  13, 1638:  died  there,  April  11, 1712. 
A French  biblical  critic,  a member  of  the  Con- 
gregation of  the  Oratory.  His  chief  works  are  “His- 
toire critique  du  Vieux  Testament”  (“Critical  History  of 
the  Old  Testament, ” printed  in  France,  but  suppressed; 
published  in  Holland  in  1685),  “Histoire  critique  du  texte 
du  Nouveau  Testament”  (1689),  “Histoire  critique  des 
versions  du  Nouveau  Testament"  (1690),  and  “Histoire 
critique  des  principaux  commentateurs  du  Nouveau  Tes- 
tament" (1693). 

Simonides  (si-mon'i-dez),  or  Semonides  (se- 
mon'i-dez),  of  AmorgOS.  [Gr.  ~2.ifiuvt6yg.]  Bora 
in  Samos : lived  about  660  b.  c.  A famous  Greek 
iambic  poet.  Fragments  of  his  poems  have  been 
preserved  (Bergk’s  “Poetse  lyrici  Grseci”). 

The  next  poet  of  this  period  is  Simonides,  or,  as  some 
call  him,  Semonides,  son  of  Krines,  of  Samos,  who  led  a 
colony  to  the  island  of  Amorgos,  after  which  the  poet  is 
called,  to  distinguish  him  from  the  later  Simonides  of 
Keos.  Here  he  dwelt  in  the  town  of  Minoa.  The  chro- 
nologists  place  him  about  01.  29  or  30  (660  B.  c.),  and  make 
him  contemporary  with,  if  not  later  than,  Archilochus. 
Though  chiefly  celebrated  as  one  of  the  earliest  iambic 
poets,  he  wrote  the  “ Archaeology  of  Samos,”  in  two  books 
of  elegiacs,  of  which  no  trace  now  remains.  About  forty 
fragments  of  his  iambic  verse  are  to  be  found  in  Bergk’s  col- 
lection, but  only  two  of  them  are  of  any  importance.  One 
(25  lines)  reflects  on  the  restlessness  and  trouble  of  life, 
and  recommends  equanimity  in  a spirit  of  sad  wisdom. 
The  other  (120  lines)  is  the  famous  satire  on  women,  com- 
paring them  to  sundry  animals,  owing  to  their  having  been 
created  of  these  respective  natures. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  L 161. 
Simonides  of  Ceos.  Born  at  Iulis,  island  of 
Ceos,  Greece,  556  b.  c.:  died  at  Syracuse  about 
469-467  B.  C.  A noted  Greek  poet.  He  lived  in 
Athens,  Thessaly,  Syracuse,  and  elsewhere,  and  wrote  epi- 
grams, lvrics,  threnodies,  etc. 

Simon  Maccabseus.  See  Maccabees. 
Simonoseki.  See  Shimonoseki. 

Simon’s  Town  (si'monz  toun).  A small  sea- 
port in  Cape  Colony,  South  Africa,  situated  on 
False  Bay  18  miles  south  of  Cape  Town. 
Simony  (si'mo-ni),  Dr.  A character  ill  Foote’s 
play  “ The  Cozeners,”  supposed  to  be  intended 
for  Dr.  Dodd  who  was  afterward  executed 
(though  for  forgery,  not  for  simony). 

Simon  Zelotes.  See  Simon  the  Canaanite. 
Simpcox  (sim'koks).  An  impostor  in  the  sec- 
ond part  of  Shakspere’s  “King  Henry  VI.” 
Simple  (sim'pl).  A servant  of  Slender:  achar- 
acterin Shakspere’s  “Merry  Wivesof  Windsor.” 
Simple,  Peter.  The  hero  of  a novel  of  tho  same 
name  by  Marryat,  published  in  1837. 

Simple  Cobbler  of  Agawam,  The.  A satire 
by  Nathaniel  Ward,  published  in  1647.  Though 
written  in  America,  it  was  sent  or  taken  to  England  by 
the  author,  and  published  there  under  the  pseudonym  of 
Thbodore  de  la  Guard. 


Simplicius 

Simplicius  (sim-plish'i-us).  Bishop  of  Rome 
468-183. 

Simplicius.  Born  in  Cilicia:  lived  in  the  first 
half  of  the  6th  century  a.  d.  A Greek  Neopla- 
tonist.  He  lived  in  Persia  about  532-533.  He  wrote  com- 
mentaries  on  Aristotle  and  Epictetus. 

Simplon  (san-plon'),  It-  Sempione  (sem-pe- 
o'ne).  One  of  the  chief  passes  over  the  Alps, 
situated  on  the  border  of  northern  Italy  and  the 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland.  Through  it  runs 
one  of  the  chief  roads  over  the  Alps,  built  by  Napoleon 
1800-06.  It  leads  from  Brieg,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rhone,  to 
Domo  d’Ossola,  in  the  valley  of  the  Toce  (a  subtributary 
of  the  Po).  Height  of  summit  ot  pass,  about  6,590  feet. 

Simplon  Railway.  A railway  projected  in 
1889,  runningfromBrieg,  Switzerland,  to  Iselle, 
Italy,  through  a tunnel  in  the  Simplon  Moun- 
tain. The  money  was  furnished  by  the  Jura-Simplon 
Company  (Swiss)  and  the  Italian  and  Swiss  governments. 
Work  on  the  tunnel  was  begun  in  1898  and  the  first  trains 
were  run  through  it  in  1905.  The  length  of  the  tunnel  is 
about  12^  miles,  the  altitude  about  2,300  feet. 

Simpson  (simp'son),  Edward.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  3, 1824 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Dec.  2,  1888.  An  American  rear-admiral.  He 

served  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  and  was  appointed 
rear-admiral  in  1884.  He  wrote  “Ordnance  aud  is' aval 
Gunnery  " (1862),  etc. 

Simpson,  Sir  James  Young.  Born  at  Bathgate, 
Scotland,  June  7,  1811:  died  May  6,  1870.  A 
Scottish  physician,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  University  from  1839  : noted  for  his 
introduction  of  chloroform  and  of  other  anes- 
thetics, especially  in  midwifery.  He  was  created 
a baronet  in  1866.  Among  his  works  are  “Obstetric  Mem- 
oirs and  Contributions”  (1855-56),  “ Acupressure  ” (1864), 
“ Homoeopathy,”  etc. 

Simpson,  Matthew.  Born  at  Cadiz,  Ohio,  June 
20,1810:  died  at  Philadelphia,  June  18, 1884.  An 
American  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  He  was  president  of  Indiana  Asbury  University 
(Greencastle,  Indiana)  1839-48,  and  was  elected  bishop  in 
1852.  He  was  distinguished  as  a pulpit  orator.  He  pub- 
lished “One  Hundred  Years  of  Methodism  ” (1876),“  Cyclo- 
pedia of  Methodism  ” (1878),  etc. 

Simpson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Market  Boswortk, 
England,  Aug.  20, 1710 : died  there,  May  14, 1761. 
An  English  mathematician.  He  wrote  “ Ele- 
ments of  Plane  Geometry  ” ( 1747),  ‘ ‘ Miscellane- 
ous Tracts”  (1757),  etc. 

Simpson,  Thomas.  Born  1808:  died  1840.  A 
British  explorer.  He  conducted  an  expedition  to  the 
Mackenzie  Valley  and  the  arctic  coast  of  British  America 
1836-39.  “Life  and  Travels"  by  his  brother  Alexander 
Simpson  (1845). 

Simrock  (zim'rok),  Karl.  Born  at  Bonn,  Prus- 
sia. Aug.  28,  1802 : died  there,  July  18,  1876.  A 
German  poet,  translator,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  professor  of  Old  German  literature  at 
Bonn  from  1850.  His  chief  original  poem  is  “ Wieland 
der  Schmied  ” (1835).  His  other  works  include  transla- 
tions of  the  “ Nilielungenlied ” (1827),  “Der  arrae  Hein- 
rich " “ Parzival.”  “Titurel,"  “Tristan," and  other  Middle 
High  German  works,  and  of  the  “Edda”(1851), “Beowulf,” 
“ Heliand,”  and  shakspere’s  poems  and  dramas,  in  part. 
He  also  published  “ Heldenbuch  ” (1843-49),  “ Handbuch 
der  deutschen  Mytliologie ” (1853-55),  “Deutsche  Volks- 
bucher  ” (1889-67),  “Lauda  Sion  ”(1850),  “Deutsche  Sion- 
sharfe"  (1857',  “Quellen  des  Shakspere”  (with  collabora- 
tors. 1831),  “Rheinland,”  etc. 

Sims  (simz),  James  Marion.  Born  in  Lancas- 
ter County,  S.  C.,  Jan.  25,  1813:  died  in  New 
York  city,  Nov.  13, 1883.  An  American  surgeon, 
noted  for  his  development  of  the  science  of 
gynecology.  He  invented  the  silver  suture  and  various 
medical  instruments.  He  was  the  organizer  of  the  Woman’s 
Hospital  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  in  1870  of  the 
Anglo-American  Ambulance  Corps  in  the  Franco-German 
war. 

Simurgh  (se-morgk').  [From  si,  thirty,  and 
murgli,  bird  (as  having  the  size  of  thirty  birds).] 
In  the  Shahnamah,  the  huge  bird  that  cared  for 
and  reared  the  infant  Zal  when,  in  consequence 
of  his  white  hair,  he  had  been  exposed  by  his 
father  Sam  near  Mount  Alburz. 

The  child  remained  thus  in  this  place  one  day  and  one 
night  without  shelter.  Sometimes  he  sucked  liis  thumb, 
sometimeshe  uttered  cries.  The  little  ones  of  the  Simurgh 
being  hungry  the  mighty  bird  rose  from  his  nest  into  the  air. 
He  saw  a child  who  needed  milk  and  was  crying,  he  saw 
the  earth  that  seemed  like  asurging  sea.  Thorns  formed  the 
cradle  of  the  child,  his  nurse  was  the  earth,  his  body  was 
naked,  his  mouth  devoid  of  milk.  Around  him  was  the  soil 
black  and  burned,  above  the  sun  that  had  become  fiery  hot. 
Oh,  why  were  hisfather  and  his  mothernot  tigers?  He  would 
then  perhaps  have  found  a shelter  against  the  sun.  God 
gave  to  Simurgh  an  impulse  of  pity,  so  that  the  bird  did 
not  think  of  devouring  that  child.  He  came  down  from 
the  clouds,  took  him  in  his  talons,  and  carried  him  from 
the  burning  rock.  He  bore  him  swiftly  to  Mount  Alburz, 
where  was  the  nest  of  his  family.  He  bore  him  to  liis  little 
ones  that  they  might  see  him,  and  that  his  mournful  voice 
might  prevent  them  from  devouring  him,  for  God  granted 
him  his  favors,  since  he  was  predestined  to  enjoy  life.  The 
Simurgh  and  his  little  ones  looked  at  this  child,  whose 
blood  was  streaming  from  his  two  eyes.  They  surrounded 
him  with  marvellous  tenderness,  they  were  astonished  at 
the  beauty  of  his  countenance.  The  Simurgh  chose  the 
tendereet  venison,  that  his  little  guest,  who  had  no  milk, 


934 

might  suck  blood.  So  a long  time  passed  during  which 
the  child  remained  hidden  in  this  place.  When  the  child 
had  grown,  a long  time  still  passed  upon  this  mountain. 
He  became  a man  like  a lofty  cypress,  his  breast  was  like 
a hill  of  silver,  his  stature  like  a reed. 

Shahnamah , Reign  of  Minuchihr. 

Simusir  ( se-mo-ser' ) . One  of  the  Kurile  Islands, 
situated  in  lat.  47°  3'  N.,  long.  151°  53'  E. 

Sin  (sin).  The Assyro-Babylonian  moon-god.  He 
ranks  before  Shamash,  the  sun-god.  His  wife  is  Nin-gal, 

‘ the  great  lady.  ’ The  oldest  and  chief  seat  of  his  worship 
was  in  Ur,  and  next  to  this  in  Harran. 

Sin,  Wilderness  of.  A desert  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Sinaitic  peninsula,  noted  in  the 
wanderings  of  the  Israelites. 

Sinae  (si'ne).  An  ancient  name  of  a people  in 
eastern  Asia  (the  Chinese  or  Cochin-Chinese). 
Sinai  (si'na  or  si'ni).  [From  Sin,  the  Babylo- 
nian moon-god  (?).]  The  main  mountain  group 
of  the  Sinaitic  peninsula ; the  mountain  (called 
also  Horeb)  near  which  the  Israelites  encamped 
and  whence  the  law  was  given  to  Moses.  Th^ 
identity  of  the  latter  is  not  certain.  See  Sina- 
itic Peninsula. 

Sinai,  Convent  of,  or  of  St.  Catherine.  A 

convent  on  Mount  Sinai,  consisting  of  a laby- 
rinth of  buildings  and  courts  inclosed  by  a 
fortified  wall  measuring  about  209  by  235  feet. 
The  chief  interest  is  in  the  great  Byzantine  church,  built 
in  the  reign  of  Justinian,  but  often  altered  since.  It  has 
narthex,  nave,  and  aisles  divided  by  granite  columns,  and 
semi-domed  apse  with  superb  mosaics,  on  gold  ground,  of 
the  Transfiguration  and  other  subjects.  The  iconostasis 
is  richly  sculptured,  and  adorned  with  curious  Russian 
icons.  See  Sinaitic  Peninsula. 

Sinaitic  (si-na-it'ik)  Peninsula.  A peninsula 
situated  between  the  Gulf  of  Suez  and  the 
Gulf  of  Akaba.  In  the  north  of  the  peninsula  is 
the  desert  Paran  (modern  et-Tih),  a desolate  limestone 
plateau,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Jebel-et-Tih  (4,000 
feet  high).  This  is  joined  in  the  south  by  a tract  of  low 
sandstone  mountains,  ravines,  and  valleys  rich  in  minerals 
which  had  been  worked  as  early  as  3000  B.  C.  Then  rises 
the  barren,  rugged,  and  majestic  triangle  of  the  Sinai 
Mountain,  the  Jebel-et-Tur  or  Tur-Sinai,  formed  of  masses 
of  granite  rock  and  gneiss,  intermingled  with  diorites  and 
porphyries.  In  this  mountain-chain  are  to  be  distin- 
guished the  following  groups : in  the  northwest  is  the 
Jebel-Serbal  (6,731  feet  high),  overhanging  the  coast  plain 
el-Koah  and  the  Wady  Feiran,  the  most  fertile  spot  of 
the  peninsula.  From  here  through  the  Wady  esh-Sheikh 
in  the  southeast  appears  the  Jehel-Musa  (‘mountain  of 
Moses  ’),  or  Sinai  proper,  which  embraces  the  Jebel  Musa 
itself  (7,862  feet  high,  and  in  the  south  the  highest  point 
of  the  peninsula)  and  the  Jebel  Katherin  (‘ mountain  of  St. 
Catherine’)  (8,538 feet  high).  In  the  southwest  rises  the 
third  and  last  group,  the  Jebel  Um-Shomar  (‘the  watch  or 
guard  ’)  (over  8,000  feet  high),  in  the  neighborhood  of  el- 
lioah.  The  Jebel  -Musais  generally  thought  tobe  the  moun- 
tain of  the  law  (Lepsius  and  Ebers  claim  the  distinction  for 
tlie  Serbal),  and  the  plain  er-Rahah,  north  of  the  Musa 
group,  to  be  the  valley  in  which  the  Israelites  camped  dur- 
ing their  sojourn  at  Sinai.  The  Wady  er-Rahah  is  joined  in 
a right  angle  from  the  northeast  by  the  Wady  ed-Deir,  while 
to  the  southeast  of  the  Musa  stretches  the  high  plateau 
Wady  es-Sebaiyeh.  The  western  ridge  of  the  Musa  is  the 
Jebel  el-Humr  (‘  the  red  mountain  ’),  from  which  the  St. 
Catherine  Mountain  in  the  south  rises ; the  eastern  ridge 
is  the  Jebel  ed-Deir  (‘  mountain  of  the  monastery  ’).  In  the 
Wady  Shurib,  or  Jethro  valley,  between  the  Musa  and  ed- 
Deir,  the  monastery  of  St.  Catherine  is  situated,  with  its 
beautiful  gardens.  Tradition  attributes  its  foundation  to 
the  emperor  Justinian  (527-565),  and  it  was  originally  ded- 
icated to  the  remembrance  of  the  Transfiguration.  Its 
present  name  was  obtained  when  the  relics  of  St.  Cath- 
erine were  transferred  thither.  The  monastery  contains 
at  present  only  20-30  monks  instead  of  the  309-400  of  for- 
mer times.  It  became  celebrated  in  recent  years  by  the 
discovery  of  the  Codex  Sinaiticus  (theGreek  version  of  the 
Old  Testament  and  theGreek  New  Testament),  made  in  it 
by  Tischendorf  in  1844.  The  Sinaitic  peninsula  is,  as  a 
whole,  barren.  The  mountains  are  naked,  and  the  valleys 
are  dry  river-beds.  There  are,  however,  exceptions,  as  the 
lovely  Wady  Feiran  and  other  oases.  The  present  popu- 
lation of  the  peninsula  consists  of  about  6,000  Bedouins. 

Sinaloa,  or  Cinaloa  (se-na-16'a).  1.  A state 
of  Mexico,  bounded  by  Sonora  on  the  north- 
west, Chihuahua  and  Durango  on  the  northeast, 
Jalisco  on  the  southeast,  and  the  Pacific  and 
the  Gulf  of  California  on  the  southwest.  The  chief 
occupations  are  agriculture  and  mining.  Capital,  Culi- 
acan  ; chief  port,  Mazatlan.  Area,  33,671  square  miles. 
Population,  323,499,  (1910). 

2.  A small  town,  formerly  the  capital  of  Sina- 
loa, on  the  river  Sinaloa  about  230  miles  north- 
west of  Mazatlan. 

Sinbad.  See  Sindbad. 

Sin  chi  Roca.  See  Inca  Rocca. 

Sinclair  (sing'kler  or  sin-klar'),  Catherine. 
Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  17,  1800  : died  at  Ken- 
sington, Aug.  6,  1864.  A Scottish  novelist  and 
writer,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Sinclair.  She  was 
supervisorof  a charitable  institution  forwidows  of  officers 
of  the  army  and  navy,  and  was  active  in  good  works.  She 
wrote  “Modern  Accomplishments”  (1836),  “Modern  So- 
ciety” (1830),  “Holiday  House,”  “ Modern  Flirtations" 
(1841),  “Beatrice"  (a  “Protestant”  novel,  over  40,000 
copies  of  which  were  sold  within  16  months  of  its  publi- 
cation in  1852),  etc. 

Sinclair,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Thurso  Castle, 
Caithness,  Scotland,  May  10, 1754:  died  Dee.  21, 
1835.  A Scottish  agriculturist,  financial  writer, 


Sing  Sing 

and  politician.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity ; became  a member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates ; 
and  was  later  called  to  the  English  bar.  He  was  a member 
of  Parliament  1784-1811.  He  developed  greatly  the  re- 
sources of  Caithness.  He  wrote  a “ History  of  the  Public 
Revenue  of  the  British  Empire  " (2  vols.,  1784),  “ Statistical 
Account  of  Scotland  ” (1791-99),  etc. 

Sind  (sind).  One  of  the  names  of  the  river 
Indus. 

Sind  (river  in  Gwalior).  See  Sindh. 

Sind,  or  Sinde,  or  Scinde,  or  Sindh  (sind).  A 
province  of  British  India,  comprised  in  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Bombay.  It  is  bounded  by  Panjab, 
Bhawalpur,  and  Rajputana  on  the  east ; the  Ran  and 
Cutch  on  the  south ; the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  southwest ; 
and  Baluchistan  on  the  west.  It  contains  the  districts 
Frontier,  Sukkur,  Larkaua,  Hyderabad,  Karachi,  Thar,  and 
Parkar.  The  chief  towns  are  Karachi,  Hyderabad,  and  Shi- 
karpur.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Sindis  and  Hindus. 
It  was  invaded  by  Alexander  the  Great ; was  conquered 
by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni ; formed  part  of  the  Mogul  empire 
and  of  Nadir  Shah’s  dominions  ; was  governed  later  by 
ameers ; and  was  conquered  by  Sir  Charles  Napier  in  1843, 
and  annexed  to  British  India.  Area,  53,116  square  miles. 
Population,  3,410,223. 

Sindbad  (sind'bad)  the  Sailor.  A character 
in  the  story  of  that  name  in  the  “Arabian 
Nights’  Entertainments.”  He  is  a wealthy  citizen  of 
Bagdad,  called  “the  sailor”  because  of  his  seven  wonderful 
voyages,  in  which  he  discovers  a roc’s  egg  and  the  valley 
of  diamonds,  escapes  twice  from  the  Anthropophagi,  is 
buried  alive,  kills  the  Old  Man  of  the  Sea  (a  monster 
which  got  on  his  hack  and  would  not  dismount),  is  the 
bearer  of  a letter  and  gifts  from  the  King  of  the  Indies  to 
Harun-al-Rashid,  and  is  sent  back  by  that  monarch  with 
his  acknowledgment  of  the  letter.  During  this  last  voy- 
age he  finds  a valley  filled  with  the  dead  bodies  of  ele- 
phants, from  which  he  obtains  much  ivory.  Sometimes 
spelled  Sinbad. 

Well  known  in  Europe  as  having  the  history  of  his  voy- 
ages incorporated  in  the  Thousand  and  One  Nights,  but 
they  form  in  Arabic  a distinct  work,  which  Baron  Walke- 
naer  (in  “Nouvelles  Annales  des  Voyages,”  tomeLIII,  p.  6) 
regards  as  of  equal  value  with  those  of  Soliman  and  Abu 
Said.  The  voyages  belong  to  the  9th  century,  when  the 
commerce  of  the  Arabs  under  the  khalifs  of  Baghdad  was 
at  its  highest  activity.  In  his  first  voyage  Sindbad  reaches 
the  country  of  the  maharaja.  ...  In  Sindbad’s  second 
voyage  mention  is  made  of  the  kingdom  of  Riha  (the 
Malay  Peninsula  according  to  some),  and  the  manner  of 
the  preparation  of  camphor, .produced  in  the  mountain 
forests  there,  is  accurately  described.  In  the  third  voyage 
the  island  of  Silaheth  Is  mentioned.  In  the  fourth  he 
was  carried  to  a country  (Malabar)  where  he  found  men 
gathering  pepper,  and  from  it  he  went  to  the  isle  of  Na- 
cous(the  N icobars  ?)  and  on  to  Kela(Quedah  or  Keydah?). 
In  the  fifth  voyage  he  is  shipwrecked  on  the  island  (i.  e. 
country)  of  the  Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  probably  somewhere 
on  tlie  Konkan  coast.  Thence  he  crossed  the  sea  to  the 
Maldives,  and  back  again  to  the  pepper  country  of  Mala- 
bar, passing  on  to  the  peninsula  of  Comorin,  where  he 
found  the  aloes-wood  called  santy,  and  afterwards  to  the 
pearl-fisheries  of  the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  whence  he  traveled 
back  to  Baghdad.  In  the  sixth  voyage  he  visited  an  isl- 
and (i.  e.  country)  where  were  superb  trees  of  the  kinds 
named  santy  and  comary,  and  the  island  of  Serendib  (Cey- 
lon), which  was  also  the  limit  of  his  seventh  and  last 
voyage.  Balfour,  Cyclopaedia  of  India. 

The  story  of  Polyphemus  is  in  the  third  voyage  of  Sin- 
bad. Other  parts  of  the  adventures  of  that  bold  mariner 
seem  to  be  borrowed  from  the  History  of  Aristomenes  in 
Pausanias.  Dunlop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction,  II.  508. 

Sindh,  or  Sind  (sind).  A river  in  Gwalior, 
India,  which  joins  the  Jumna  about  70  miles 
west  of  Cawnpore.  Length,  about  225  miles. 

Sindhia,  or  Sindia,  or  Scindia  (sin'di-a).  The 
name  of  a Mahratta  dynasty  reigning  in  Gwa- 
lior, India,  from  the  18th  century. 

Sinestra  (se-nes'tra),  Val.  A small  valley  in 
the  Lower  Engadine,  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, 40  miles  east  of  Coire. 

Singan-fu  (se-ngan'fo),  or  Sian-fu  (se-an'fo), 
or  Segan-fu  (se-gan'fo).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Shen-si,  China,  situated  about  lat. 
34°  17'  N.,  long.  108°  55'  E.  it  is  one  of  the  chief 

cities  of  the  republic,  an  important  commercial  center,  and 
a point  of  great  strategic  importance.  Many  antiquities 
are  in  the  neighborhood.  Population,  about  1,000,000. 

Singapore  (sing-ga-por').  1.  An  island  south 
of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  separated  from  the 
mainland  of  Johore  by  a narrow  strait.  Length, 
27  miles. — 2.  A British  settlement,  belonging 
to  the  colony  of  the  Straits  Settlements,  and 
comprising  the  island  of  Singapore  and  some 
neighboring  islets.  It  was  purchased  from  the 
Sultan  of  Johore  in  1824.  Area,  206  square 
miles.  Population,  228,555. — 3.  The  capital 
of  the  Straits  Settlements,  situated  on  the 
southern  coast  of  the  island  of  Singapore,  on 
the  Strait  of  Singapore,  in  lat.  1°  17'  N.,  long. 
103°  51'  E.  It  lias  extrusive  trade,  and  is  an  important 
port  of  call  for  steamers.  An  English  factory  was  estab- 
lished there  in  1819.  Population,  193,089. 

Singbhum  (sing-bhom').  A district  in  Chota 
Nagpur,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  22° 
30'  N.,  long.  85°  45'  E.  Area,  3,891  square 
miles.  Population,  613,579. 

Single-Speech  Hamilton.  See  Hamilton,  W.  G. 

Sing  Sing  (sing  sing).  A village  (since  1901 
Ossining)  in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  on 


Sing  Sing 

the  Tappan  Bay  of  Hudson  River,  32  miles 
north  of  New  York.  It  has  a State  prison. 
Population,  11,480,  (1910). 

Singular  Doctor.  Occam. 

Sinigaglia  (se-ne-gal'ya),  or  Senigallia  (sa-ne- 
gal'le-a).  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Ancona, 
Italy,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Misa  into 
the  Adriatic,  17  miles  northwest  of  Ancona : the 
ancient  Sena  Gallica  (whence  the  name),  it  was 

formerly  of  great  importance.  It  was  an  ancient  town  of 
the  Senones,  and  became  a Roman  colony  about  285  B.  C. 
Near  it  occurred  the  battle  of  the  Metaurus  in  207  B.  c.  It 
was  sacked  by  Pompey  in  the  civil  war  between  Marius 
and  Sulla.  Population,  town,  5,635  ; commune,  23,166. 

Sinkat  (sen-kat'),  or  Singat.  A fortress  in  the 
Egyptian  possessions,  40  miles  west-northwest 
of  Suakim.  It  was  defended  by  the  Egyptians  under 
Tewflk  Pasha  against  the  Mahdists  under  Osman  Digma 
1883-84.  Tewfik’s  force  abandoned  Sinkat  with  the  inten- 
tion of  cutting  its  way  through  to  Suakim,  but  was  anni- 
hilated by  the  Mahdists,  Feb.  11,  1884. 

Sinnamary  (sen-na-ma-re'),  or  Sinnimari  (sen- 
ne-ma-re').  A river  in  French  Guiana  which 
flows  into  the  Atlantic  northwest  of  Cayenne. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Sinno  (sin'no).  The  modern  name  of  the  Siris. 
Sinope  (si-no'pe),  Turk.  Sinuh  (se-nob').  [Gr. 
S/vtiay.]  A seaport  in  Asia  Minor,  in  the  ancient 
Pontus,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  42°  N. 
It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  Black  Sea.  It  was 
an  ancient  colony  from  Miletus  ; was  an  important  Greek 
city  and  colonizing  center ; was  conquered  by  Pliarnaces 
in  183  B.  c.  and  became  the  capital  of  Pontus ; was  con- 
quered by  iucullus  and  became  a Roman  city ; and  was 
captured  by  the  Turks  under  Mohammed  II.  in  the  15th 
century.  A part  of  the  Turkish  fleet  was  destroyed  here 
by  the  Russian  admiral  Nakhimoff  Nov.  30,  1853.  Popula- 
tion, about  9,000. 

Sinsheim  (zins'him).  A small  town  in  the  circle 
of  Heidelberg,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Elsenz 
28  miles  northeast  of  Karlsruhe,  it  has  been  the 
. scene  of  several  battles,  including  one  (.Tune  16,  1674)  be- 
tween the  French  under  Turenne  and  the  Imperialists  un- 
der Bournonville. 

Sintram  and  his  Companions.  A tale  by  Fou- 
qud 

Simi  (se-no'),  or  Zenii  (tha-no'),  or  Zinii  (the- 
no ' ).  A river  in  Colombia  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Morosquillo  south-southwest  of  Carta- 
gena. Length,  about  250  miles. 

Sinuessa  (sin-u-es'a).  [Gr.  Sivoieaoa.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a town  on  the  borders  of  La- 
tium  and  Campania,  Italy,  situated  on  the  coast 
89  miles  southeast  of.  Rome.  On  its  site  is  the 
modern  Mondragone. 

Sion.  See  Zion. 

Sion  (se-6n'),  G.  Sitten  (zit'ten).  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Sionne,  near  the  Rhone,  in  lat.  46°  14' 
N.,  long.  7°  22'  E.:  the  Roman  Sedunum.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,048. 

Sion  College.  A London  college,  founded  in 
1623  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  White  as  a college  and 
almshouse.  Ill  1884  the  almshouse  was  abolished.  In 
1886  a new  building  was  formally  opened.  It  is  situated 
toward  the  east  end  of  the  Victoria  Embankment.  It  con- 
tains the  most  valuable  theological  library  in  London, 
numbering  60,000  volumes.  The  original  buildings  were 
on  the  foundation  of  an  old  priory  near'  the  London  Wall. 

Sioot.  See  Siut. 

Sicilian  (so'an).  [See  Sioux.]  A linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians:  so  called  from  the 
Sioux  or  Dakota,  its  principal  division.  The 
former  habitat  of  this  family  included  parts  of  Brit- 
ish North  America  and  of  each  of  the  following  States  and 
Territories:  Montana,  Wyoming,  North  and  South  Dakota, 
Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Missouri, 
Oklahoma,  Indian  Territory,  Mississippi,  the  Carolinas, 
the  Virginias,  and  Kentucky.  The  Dakota  tribes  have 
been  the  most  warlike  of  this  stock.  They  have  been  hos- 
tile not  only  to  white  settlers  and  to  Indians  of  other 
stocks  (especially  the  Ojibwa  and  Pawnee),  but  even  to 
tribes  of  their  own  stock,  such  as  the  Crow,  Hidatsa,  Man- 
dan,  and  Omaha.  The  principal  Siouan  divisions  are: 
(1)  The  Dakota  division,  including  the  Dakota  tribes  and 
the  Assiniboin.  (2)  The  Dhegiha  division,  including  the 
Ponka,  Omaha,  Kwapa,  Osage,  and  Kansa  tribes.  (3) 
The  Tciwere  division,  to  which  belong  the  Iowa,  Missouri, 
and  Oto  tribes.  (4)  The  Winnebago.  (5)  The  Mandan. 
(6)  The  Hidatsa  division,  including  the  Iii  atsa  and  Ab- 
saroka  tribes.  (7)  The  Tutelo  and  cognate  tribes.  (8) 
The  Biloxi.  (9)  The  Kataba  group,  including  several 
Carolina  tribes.  In  addition  to  these,  there  was  a Vir- 
ginia division  to  which  belonged  many  tribes  whose  names 
were  recorded  by  Captain  John  Smith.  The  present  num- 
ber of  the  Siouan  stock  is  about  40,000,  of  whom  about 
1,500  are  in  British  North  America,  the  rest  being  in  the 
United  States. 

Sioux  (so).  [A  French  corruption  of  the  Algon- 
kian  word  nadowe-ssiwag,  tire  snake-like  ones 
or  enemies.]  See  Dakota. 

Sioux  (so)  City.  A city,  capital  of  Woodbury 
County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Missouri  River 
88  miles  north  by  west  of  Omaha.  It  is  an  im- 
portant railway,  manufacturing,  and  trading 
center.  Population,  47,828,  (1910). 


935 

Sioux  Falls.  The  capital  of  Minnehaha  County, 
South  Dakota,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Big 
Sioux  River,  59  miles  northeast  of  Yankton. 
It  has  important  granite-quarries.  Population, 
14,094,  (1910). 

Sipand  (si-pend').  In  the  Shahnamah,  the  for- 
tress in  the  siege  of  which  Nariman,  father  of 
Sam,  lost  his  life,  and  which  was  taken  and 
burned  by  Rustam,  his  great-grandson,  to 
avenge  him.  The  mountain  is  described  as  steep  on 
all  sides,  with  only  one  road  and  gate  leading  to  its  sum- 
mit. It  has  been  identified  with  Qala-i-safaid,  near  Shiraz. 
See  Rustam. 

Sipan  Bagla  (se-pan'  dag')-  A mountain  in  Ar- 
menia, Turkey,  north  of  Lake  Van.  Height, 
about  12,000  feet. 

Siplinos  (sif'nos).  [Gr.  Ztyvog.]  An  island  of 
the  Cyclades,  Greece,  situated  in  the  iEgean 
Sea  about  lat.  37°  N.,  long.  24°  44'  E. : the 
modern  Sifanto,  Siphanto,  or  Sipheno.  it  was 
formerly  noted  for  its  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  Length, 
10  miles.  Population,  3,777. 

Sipibos  (se-pe'bos).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Peru, 
on  the  Ucayale  River  between  lats.  6°  and  8°  S. 
They  belong  to  the  Pano  stock,  were  gathered  into  mis- 
sionsduring  thel8th  century,  but  relapsed  to  barbarism, 
and  are  now  nearly  extinct.  See  Combos  and  Setibos. 
Sippar,  Sippara.  See  Sejdiarvaim. 

Sipylus  (sip'i-lus).  [Gr.  SbnAof.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a mountain  of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor, 
near  Smyrna. 

Not  far  from  Karabel  anothermonument  of  Hittite  art  has 
been  discovered.  Hard  by  the  town  of  Magnesia,  on  the 
lofty  cliffs  of  Sipylos,  a strange  figure  has  been  carved  out 
of  the  rock.  It  represents  a woman,  with  long  locks  of  hair 
streaming  down  her  shoulders,  and  a jewel  like  a lotus- 
flower  upon  the  head, who  sits  on  a throne  in  a deep  artificial 
niche.  Lydian  historians  narrate  that  it  was  the  image  of 
the  daughter  of  Assaon,  who  had  sought  death  by  casting 
herself  down  from  a precipic  e ; but  Gr:  k legend  preferred 
to  see  in  it  the  figureof  “ weeping  Niobe”  turned  to  stone. 
Already  Homer  told  how  Niobe,  when  her  twelve  children 
had  been  slain  by  the  gods,  “ now  changed  to  stone,  broods 
over  the  woes  the  gods  had  brought  there,  among  the  rocks, 
in  lonely  mountains,  even  in  Sipylos,  where  t1  4y  say  are 
the  couches  of  the  nymphs  who  dance  on  the  banks  of  the 
Akheloios.”  But  it  was  only  after  the  set  leme  t of  the 
Greeks  in  Lydia  that  the  old  monument  on  Mount  Sipylos 
was  held  to  be  the  image  of  Niobe.  The  limest  ne  rock 
out  of  which  it  was  carved  dripped  with  moisture  after 
rain ; and  as  the  water  flowed  over  the  face  of  the  figure, 
disintegrating  and  disfiguring  the  stone  as  it  ran,  the  pious 
Greek  beheld  in  it  the  Niobe  of  his  own  mythology.  The 
figure  was  originally  that  of  the  great  goddess  of  Asia 
Minor,  known  sometimes  as  Atergatis  or  Derketo,  some- 
times as  Kybele,  sometimes  by  other  names. 

Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  69. 

Sirajganj  (se-raj-gunj'), or  Suraigunje.  A trad- 
ing center  in  the  district  of  Pabna,  Eastern 
Bengal  and  Assam,  British  India,  situated  on 
the  Jamuna  arm  of  the  Brahmaputra,  152  miles 
northeast  of  Calcutta.  Population,  23,114. 
Siraj-ud-Daula  (se-raj'od-dou'la),  or  Surajah 
Dowlah  (so-ra/jii  dou'la).  Put  to  death  in 
1757.  A nawab  of  Bengal,  notorious  for  his 
imprisonment  of  146  British  prisoners  in  the 
Black  Hole  of  Calcutta  in  1756.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Clive  at  Plassey  in  1757.  See  Black 
Hole. 

Sirang.  See  Ceram. 

Sirbonis,  or  Serbonis,  Lacus  ( ser-bo/nis  la'kus). 
In  ancient  geography,  a bog  or  morass  situated 
between  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  the  Delta;  “the  Sirbonian  bog.” 

Sir  Charles  Grandison.  A novel  by  Richard- 
son, published  in  1753.  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  the 
hero,  is  respectfully  in  love  with  Harriet  Byron  whom  he 
marries. 

He  [Grandison]  is,  in  fact,  “the  faultless  monster  whom 
the  world  ne’er  saw  !’’  Young,  rich,  graceful,  and  accom- 
plished, he  is  not  only  absolutely  free  from  vice,  but  all 
his  actions  are  governed  by  high  religious  principle.  He 
is  romantically  generous  and  yet  perfectly  prudent,  and 
his  behavior  toward  the  fair  sex  is  marked  with  all  that 
chivalrous  delicacy  and  respect  which,  since  the  novel 
was  written,  has  passed  into  a proverb,  and  to  be  a Sir 
Charles  Grandison  to  the  ladies  is  supposed  to  be  a mod- 
ern lady's  perfect  knight. 

Forsyth , Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Century,  p.  220. 

Sir  Courtly  Nice,  or  It  Cannot  Be.  A com- 
edy by  Crowne,  prod ueed  in  1685.  The  title  is  the 
name  of  the  principal  character,  an  insignificant  but  self- 
important  fop.  The  play  held  the  stage  for  nearly  a cen- 
tury. 

Sir-Daria,  or  Syr-Baria,  or  Syr-Darya  (ser- 
diir'ya).  A river  in  Russian  Central  Asia  which 
rises  in  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains  and  flows 
by  a delta  into  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sea  of 
Aral  about  lat.  46°  N.:  the  ancient  Jaxartes  or 
Sihon.  It  is  called  in  its  upper  course  the  Naryn. 
Length,  about  1,500  miles ; navigable  in  the  lower  half  of 
its  course. 

Sir-Daria.  A province  in  the  governor-gene- 
ralship of  Turkestan,  Russian  Central  Asia,  east 
of  the  Sea  of  Aral,  north  of  Bokhara,  and  south 
of  Turgai  and  Akmolinsk.  The  largest  city  is  Tash- 


hirsa 

kend.  The  inhabitants  are  Kirghiz,  etc.  Area,  194,147 
square  miles.  Population,  1,815,400. 

Sirkue  (se-ran' ),  La.  An  opera  by  Auber,  words 
by  Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1844. 

Sirens  (si'renz).  In  Greek  mythology,  two,  three, 
or  an  indeterminate  number  of  sea-nymphs  who 
by  their  singing  fascinated  those  who  sailed 
past  their  island,  and  then  destroyed  them,  in 
works  of  art  they  are  represented  as  having  the  head,  arms, 
and  generally  the  bust  of  a young  woman,  and  the  wings 
and  lower  part  of  the  body,  or  sometimes  only  the  feet,  of 
a bird.  In  Attic  usage  they  are  familiar  as  goddesses  of 
the  grave,  personifying  the  expression  of  regret  and  lam- 
entation for  the  dead. 

In  the  classic  Sirens  we  cannot  fail  to  detect  the  wailing 
of  the  rising  storm  in  the  cordage,  which  is  likely  to  end 
in  shipwrecks.  The  very  name  of  Siren  is  from  the  Greek 
to  pipe  or  whistle,  just  as  them  representatives  in  Vedic 
mytlu  logy,  the  Ribhus,  draw  their  name  from  the  word 
to  sound.  . . . The  Sirens  are  themselves  winged  beings 
rushing  over  the  earth,  seeking  everywhere  the  lost  Perse- 
phone. Baring -Gould,  Curious  Myths,  etc.,  2d  ser.,  p.  164. 

Sir  Fopling  Flutter.  See  Man  of  Mode. 

Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight.  An 

Early  English  romance  taken  from  the  French 
“Roman  de  Perceval.”  It  was  written  about 
1360. 

Sir  Harry  Wildair.  A comedy  by  George  Far- 
quhar,  printed  in  1701 : a sequel  to  “ The  Con- 
stant Couple.”  See  Wildair. 

Sir  Hercules  Buffoon,  or  the  Poetical  Squire. 

A play  by  John  Lacy,  published  in  1684,  after 
Lacy’s  death. 

Sirhind  (ser-hind').  1.  A region  in  northern 
India,  southeast  of  Lahore  and  northwest  of 
Delhi,  comprising  part  of  the  Panjab  and  sev- 
eral protected  native  states  (Patiala,  etc.).  It 
lies  between  the  Sutlej  and  the  Jumna. — 2.  A 
small  town  iu  the  state  of  Patiala,  India,  147 
miles  north-northwest  of  Delhi. 

Siricius  (si-rish'ius).  Bishop  of  Rome  from  384 
or  385  to  398. 

SirikM,  Lake.  See  Victoria,  Lake. 

Siris  (si'ris).  [Gr.  In  ancient  geography, 

a small  river  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Ta- 
rentum  in  the  modern  province  of  Potenza : the 
modern  Sinno.  Near  it  Pyrrhus  defeated  the 
Romans  in  the  battle  of  Heraclea  280  b.  c. 
Siris.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  Magna 
Grtecia,  Italy,  situated  at  or  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Siris,  about  lat.  40°  5'  N. 

Siris,  situated  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  midway  be- 
tween Sybaris  and  Tarentum,  was,  according  to  different 
authors,  a Trojan,  a Rhodian,  or  an  Ionian  settlement. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  502,  note. 

Siris.  A work  by  Bishop  Berkeley,  published 
in  1744.  It  is  an  extraordinary  series  of  inquiries  and 
philosophical  reflections  concerning  his  favorite  panacea, 
tar-water,  which  he  distilled  at  Cloyne. 

Sirius  (sir'i-us).  A very  white  star,  the  bright- 
est in  the  heavens ; the  dog-star,  it  is  more  than 
half  a magnitude  brighter  than  Canopus,  the  next  bright- 
est ; its  magnitude  is  —1.4.  It  is  situated  in  the  mouth 
of  the  Dog. 

Sir  John  oidcastle.  A play  by  Drayton,  Mon- 
day, Hathaway,  and  Wilson,  it  was  published  in 
1600  as  “by  Wm.  Shakespeare,”  but  this  was  withdrawn 
in  the  second  issue  of  the  same  year.  It  was  evidently 
written  against  Shakspere’s  “ Henry  IV.,’’  in  which  Sir 
John  Oidcastle  was  the  original  name  of  Falstaff,  and  was 
thought  to  be  a caricature  of  Sir  John  Oidcastle,  “the 
good  Lord  Cobham.”  But  it  was  not  written  till  Shakspere 
had  been  compelled  to  change  the  name,  which  he  did 
early  in  1508.  See  Oidcastle,  Sir  John. 

Sir  John  van  Olden  Barneveld.  A play  by 
Massinger  and  Fletcher,  acted  Aug.  14,  1619. 
Barneveld  had  been  executed  on  the  13th  of 
May.  See  Barneveld. 

Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,  The  History  of.  A 

satirical  romance  by  Smollett,  published  se- 
rially in  the  “British  Magazine”  1760-61.  sir 
Launcelot  is  a Don  Quixote  who  undertakes  to  redress 
wrongs  and  reform  society  in  England  in  the  reign  of 
George  II. 

Sir  Martin  Mar-all,  or  the  Feigned  Inno- 
cence. A comedy  by  Dryden,  produced  in  1667 
and  printed  in  1668.  Dryden  adapted  it  from  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle’s  translation  of  Molifere’s  “L’Etourdi,"  with 
additions  from  QuinaultVL’Amourindiscret.’’  the  prin- 
cipal character,  Sir  Martin  Mar-all,  is  a foolish  knight 
always  committing  blunders  against  his  own  interest  un- 
less acting  under  the  advice  of  his  servant  Warner. 
Sirmium  (ser'mi-um).  [Gr.  2 ip/nov.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  an  important  city  of  Lower 
Paunonia,  situated  on  the  Save.  Its  ruins  are 
near  the  modern  Mitrovitz  in  Slavonia,  in  lat. 
44°  59'  N.,  long.  19°  37'  E. 

Sirrah  (sir'ra).  [Ar.  sirrar-al-faras,  the  navel 
of  the  horse.]  A not  unusual  name  for  the  sec- 
ond-magnitude star  a Andromeda4,  which  is  also 
J Pegasi.  See  Alpheratz. 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley.  See  Coverlet /. 

Sirsa  (ser'sii).  1.  A subdivision  of  Hissai  dis- 
trict, in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected 


Sirsa 

by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  74°  30'  E.  Area,  1,642 
square  miles.  Population,  158,651. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Sirsa,  144  miles  north- 
west of  Delhi.  Population,  15,800. 

Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  The  Famous  History  of. 
A play  by  Webster  and  Dekker,  printed  in  1607. 
It  appears  to  be  an  abridgment  of  the  first  part  of  a play 
called  “Lady  Jane." 

Sir  Thopas.  See  Rime  of  Sir  Tliopas. 

Sisenna  (si-sen'a),  Lucius  Cornelius.  Born 
about  119  B.  C. : died  67  B.  c.  A Roman  annal- 
ist, author  of  a lost  work  on  Roman  history. 
Sisera  (sis'e-ra).  In  Old  Testament  history,  the 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  Jabin,  king 
of  Canaan  ( Judges  iv.).  He  was  routed  by  Barak,  and 
was  treacherously  slain  by  .Tael,  wife  of  Heberthe  Kenite, 
in  whose  tent  he  had  sought  refuge. 

Sismondi  (sis-mon'di;  F.  pron.  ses-mon-de'), 
Jean  CharlesLeonard(de  Simonde)de.  Born 
at  Geneva,  May  9,  1773:  died  there,  June  25, 
1842.  A noted  Swiss  historian  and  economist. 
He  lived  in  early  life  in  Geneva,  England,  and  Italy,  and 
after  1800  chiefly  at  Geneva.  His  works  include  “ Histoire 
des  rdpubliques  italiennes”  (“History  of  the  Italian  Re- 
publics,” 1807-18),  “He  la  littoral  lire  du  midi  de  l’Europe  ” 
(“On  the  Literature  of  the  South  of  Europe,"  1813-29), 
“Histoire  des  Fran^ais ” (“History  of  the  French,”  1821- 
1842),  the  historical  novel  “Julia  Severa  ” (1829),  “ Histoire 
de  la  renaissance  de  la  liberty  en  Italie”(1832),  "Histoire 
de  la  chute  de  I empire  domain,  etc.  ” (1835),  “ De  la  richesse 
commerciale  "(1803),  “ Etudes  des  sciences  sociales”  (1836- 
1838),  etc.  His  correspondence  was  edited  by  Saint-Rend 
Taillandier,  Montgolfier,  Villari,  and  Mouod.  About  1801 
he  observed  that  his  family  arms  were  identical  with  those 
of  the  Italian  house  of  the  Sismondi,  and  assumed  the  con- 
nection. 

Sistan  (ses-tan'),  or  Seistan  (sa-es-tan').  A re- 
gion in  eastern  Persia  and  southwestern  Af- 
ghanistan, lying  near  the  lower  Helmand  and 
the  Hamun.  By  British  arbitration  in  1872  it  was  di- 
vided into  Sistan  proper  (chiefly  west  of  the  Helmand), 
which  was  adjudged  to  Persia,  and  outer  Sistan  (lying  east 
and  southeast  of  Sistan  proper),  which  was  awarded  to  Af- 
ghanistan. Population  of  Sistan  proper,  estimated,  45,000. 
Sisteron  (sest-ron').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Basses- Alpes,  France,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Bueeh  and  the  Durance,  25  miles  south 
by  west  of  Gap.  It  has  a citadel,  and  a noted 
church.  Population,  commune,  3,702. 

Sisters  (sis'terz),  The.  A comedy  by  Shirley, 
licensed  in  April,  1652.  It  was  one  of  the  last 
productions  of  the  pre-Restoration  drama. 
Sisters,  The,  G.  Die  Schwestern.  A histori- 
cal novel  by  Ebers,  published  in  1880.  The 
scene  was  laid  in  Egypt  164  b.  c. 

Sistine  (sis'tin),  or  Sixtine  (siks'tin),  Chapel. 
The  papal  private  chapel  in  the  Vatican,  con- 
structed by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  (whence  the  name). 
It  was  built  1473,  and  is  in  plan  a rectangle  1571  by  521  feet, 
and  69  feet  high.  Architecturally  it  is  insignificant ; but 
it  is  world-famous  for  the  paintings  which  cover  its  walls 
and  vault,  including  works  by  Perugino,  Botticelli,  Luca 
Signorelli,  Ghirlandajo,  and  above  all  the  pictures  by 
Michelangelo  of  the  Creation,  the  Deluge,  and  the  Last 
Judgment.  The  singing  of  the  papal  choir  of  the  chapel 
has  long  been  celebrated,  and  its  archives  contain  a remark- 
able collection  of  illuminated  manuscript  works  of  the 
composers  of  the  15th  and  16th  centuries.  The  first  cata- 
logue of  these  was  published  in  1888  by  Dr.  Haberl  at 
Leipsic. 

Sistine  Madonna.  See  Madonna. 

Sistova  (sis'to-va).  A town  in  Bulgaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Danube  in  lat.  43°  36'  N.,  long.  25° 
20'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade.  The  Russians  crossed 
the  Danube  near  here  in  1877.  Population,  13,441. 

Sistova,  Peace  of.  A treaty  concluded  be- 
tween Turkey  and  Austria,  Aug.  4,  1791.  It 
fixed  as  the  boundaries  practically  those  estab- 
lished by  the  peace  of  Belgrad  in  1739. 
Sisyphus  (sis'i-fus).  [Gr.  2invij>or,  the  crafty.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  a son  of  iEolus  and  Ena- 
rete,  brother  of  Athamas,  and  husband  of  the 
Pleiad  Merope.  He  was  the  founder  of  Ephyra  (later 
Corinth).  According  to  Homer,  he  was  the  craftiest  of  all 
men.  For  some  (unstated)  reason  he  was  condemned  in 
the  lower  world  to  roll  up  a hill,  without  ceasing,  a huge 
stone  which  when  he  reached  the  top  always  rolled  back 
to  the  valley. 

Sita(se'ta).  [Skt., 'furrow  ; as  pointed  out  by 
Weber  (“Indian  Literature,” p.  192),  originally 
the  field-furrow,  to  which  divine  honors  are  paid 
in  the  Rigvedaand  still  more  in  the  ritual  of  the 
Grihyasutras.]  The  heroine  of  the  Ramayana, 
where  she  is  the  daughter  of  Janaka,  king  of 
Videha,  and  wife  of  Ramacliandra  who  rescues 
her  when  she  is  carried  off  by  Ravana,  the 
demon-king  of  Lanka.  See  Ramacliandra. 
Sitapur  (se-ta-por').  A district  in  the  United 
Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
27°  30'  N.,  long.  80°  40'  E.  Area,  2,250  square 
miles.  Population,  1,175,473. 

Sitcanxu  (se-chiin'gho),  or  Bois  Brfiles,  or 
BlUlSs.  A tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
a part  of  the  Titonwan,  divided  into  Upper 
Brides,  or  highland  Sitcanxu,  and  Lower  Brfilds, 


936 

or  lowland  Sitcanxu.  They  were  Spotted  Tail’s 
people. 

Sitka  (sit'ka).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  on  Baranoff  Island,  Alaska. 
Sitka  (sit'ka),  formerly  New  Archangel.  The 
capital  (prior  to  1906)  of  Alaska,  situated  on 
Sitka  Island  in  lat.  57°  3'  N.,  long.  135°  20'  W. 
Population,  village,  539 ; native  village,  500, 
(1910). 

Sitka  Island,  or  Baranof  (ba-ran'of)  Island. 
An  island  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  containing 
the  town  of  Sitka.  Length,  about  85  miles. 
Sitten.  See  Sion. 

Sittingbourne  (sit'ing-born).  A town  in  Kent, 
England,  36  miles  east-southeast  of  London. 
Population,  8,943. 

Sitting  Bull  (sit'ing  bul).  Born  in  1834: 
died  Dec.  15,  1890.  A Dakota  chief.  He  com- 
manded the  Indians  who  defeated  Custer’s  command  at 
the  battle  of  the  Little  Big  Horn,  1876 ; and  was  killed  near 
Fort  Yates,  North  Dakota,  while  resisting  arrest  by  the 
Indian  police  during  the  Sioux  outbreak  in  1890. 

Situla  (sit'u-la).  The  fourth-magnitude  star  k 
Aquarii,  on  the  edge  of  the  stream  which  issues 
from  the  urn. 

Siuchu  (syo'cho//).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Szechuen,  China,  at  the  junction  of  the  Wen 
and  Yangtse. 

Siut  (se-ot'),  or  Assiut,  or  Assiout,  or  Asyoot 

(a-syot').  Thecapital  of  Upper  Egypt,  situated 
near  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  in  lat.  27°  12'  N. : 
one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Egypt.  It  is  a rail- 
road terminus.  Population,  39,442. 

Siva  (se'va).  See  Shiva. 

Sivaji,  or  Sivajee  (se-va'je).  Originally,  a law- 
less chief  of  the  Konkan,  the  northern  section 
of  the  Western  Ghats,  son  of  a vassal  of  the 
Sultan  of  Bijapur,  who  as  such  held  the  for- 
tresses of  J oonere  and  Poona.  He  was  born  at  Joo- 
nere  in  1627.  Forming  the  mountaineers  of  theKonkaninto 
loose  but  organized  bands  of  horsemen,  he  waged  for  many 
years  a war  of  craft  and  arms  with  the  Mogul  emperor  Au- 
rung-Zeb,  at  last  compelling  the  Sultan  of  Bijapur  to  recog- 
nize him  as  the  independent  sovereign  of  the  Konkan, 
being  installed  as  Maharaja  with  great  pomp  in  1674.  In 
1677  he  led  a Mahratta  army  through  Golconda,  and  con- 
quered a kingdom  represented  down  to  recent  times  by 
the  Raja  of  Tanjore.  He  died  about  1680,  having  main- 
tained his  independence  until  his  death. 

Sivalik  Hills.  See  Siwalik  Hills. 

Sivan  (siv'an).  [Hob. sivdn,  Assyro-Babylonian 
sirndnu.  ] The  third  ecclesiastical  and  ninth  civil 
month  of  the  Jewish  year,  corresponding  to 
the  latter  part  of  May  and  part  of  June  : conse- 
crated to  the  moon-god  (Sin)  of  the  Assyrians. 
Sivas  (se-vas').  1.  A vilayet  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Area,  23,970  square  miles.  Population,  1,057,- 
500. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Sivas, 
situated  on  the  Kizil  Irmak  about  lat.  39°  37' 
N.,  long.  37°  2'  E.  It  was  the  ancient  Sebasteia  ; was 
the  capital  of  part  of  Armenia  ; and  later  belonged  to  the 
Seljuks  and  to  Irak.  Population,  about  43,100. 

Sivash  ( se-vash' ),  or  Putrid  Sea  (pu'trid  se).  An 
arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azoff , northeast  of  the  Crimea, 
separated  from  the  main  sea  by  the  tongue  of 
Arabat,  and  connected  with  it  by  the  Strait  of 
Genitchi.  It  is  shallow,  very  salt,  and  largely  occupied 
by  lagoons  and  swamps.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Siwa  (se'wa).  An  oasis  in  the  desert  of  north- 
eastern Africa,  below  the  sea-level,  west-south- 
west of  Alexandria,  about  lat.  29°  N.,  long.  26°E. 
It  contains  several  lakes  and  the  town  of  Siwa.  It  was 
anciently  the  seat  of  the  oracle  of  J upiter  Ammon.  Length, 
about  20  miles.  Population,  about  7,000. 

Siwalik  (se-wa'lik),  or  Sivalik  (se-va'lik), 
Hills.  A range  of  low  mountains  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  British  India,  between  the  head 
waters  of  the  Jumna  and  the  Ganges,  nearly 
parallel  with  the  Himalaya. 

Siward  (se'ward).  Died  1055.  Earl  of  North- 
umberland 1041-55.  He  is  introduced  as  a 
character  in  Shakspere’s  “ Macbeth.” 

Siwash.  See  Sivash. 

Six  Articles,  Act  of.  In  English  history,  an 
act  passed  in  1539.  It  asserted  (1)  Transubstantia- 
tion;  (2)  the  sufficiency  of  communion  inonekind;  (3)celi- 
bacy  of  the  clergy ; (4)  the  maintenance  of  vows  of  chastity ; 
(5)  the  continuation  of  private  masses ; and  (6)  auricular 
confession.  The  penalty  for  denying  the  first  was  death ; 
for  the  rest,  forfeiture  of  property  for  the  first  offense,  death 
for  the  second. 

Six  Cities,  The.  In  German  history,  the  cities 
Bautzen,  Zittau,  Lobau,  Kamenz,  Gorlitz,  and 
Lauban,  which  in  1346  formed  a league  against 
plundering  knights,  and  received  privileges. 
The  last  two  were  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815  ; the  first  four 
(under  the  name  Four  Cities)  retain  certain  rights. 

Six  Months’  War.  The  Franco-German  war, 
July,  1870, -Jan.,  1871. 

Six  Nations,  The.  A confederation  of  Indian 
tribes  of  the  Huron-Iroquois  family,  it  was 
composed  at  first  of  the  Mohawks,  Senecas,  Cayugas, 


Skardo 

Oneidas,  and  Onondagas  (the  Five  Nations),  to  which  later 
the  TuscaToras  were  added.  See  Iroquois. 

Sixtine  Chapel,  Sixtine  Madonna.  See  Sis- 
tine and  Madonna. 

Sixtus  (siks'tus)  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  about 
119-126  A.  D. 

Sixtus  II.  Bishop  of  Rome  257-258.  He  was 
martyred  under  Valerian. 

Sixtus  III.  Bishop  of  Rome  432-440. 

Sixtus  IV.  (Francesco  della  Rovere).  Bom 
near  Savona,  Italy,  July,  1414:  died  Aug., 
1484.  Pope  1471-84.  He  was  a patron  of  art  and 
learning,  but  was  notorious  for  his  nepotism.  He  built 
the  Sistine  Chapel  in  the  Vatican. 

Sixtus  V.  (Felice  Peretti).  Born  Dec.,  1521: 
died  Aug.,  1590.  Pope  1585-90.  He  fixed  the 
number  of  cardinals  at  70. 

Skadi(ska'de).  [ON. Skadhi.]  In OldNorse my- 
thology, a giantess,  the  daughter  of  the  giant 
Thjazi  and  the  wife  of  the  god  Njord.  Three 
nights  she  dwelt  with  Njord  at  his  abode  Noatun(ON. 
Noatun) ; nine  she  and  Njord  were  in  Thor’s  abode  Thrud- 
heim  (ON.  Thrudhheimr),  where  she  hunted  with  bow  and 
snow-shoes.  She  was  also  called  Ondurdis  (ON.  (hidurdis ), 
the  snow-shoe  goddess. 

Skagastolstind  (ska'gas-tels-tind).  One  of  the 
highest  summits  of  Norway,  situated  in  the 
Jotun  Fjeld  about  lat.  61°  34'  N.  Height,  7,875 
feet. 

Skagen,  Cape.  See  Slcaw,  The. 

Skager-Rack  (skag'  er-rak ' ) . A chan  nel,  north  of 
Jutland  and  south  of  Norway,  which  connects 
the  North  Sea  with  the  Cattegat,  and  hence  with 
the  Baltic.  Breadth,  about  70-90  miles. 
Skagit  (skag'it).  A river,  in  the  southern  part 
of  British  Columbia  and  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  Washington,  which  flows  into  Puget 
Sound  52  miles  north  of  Seattle.  Length, 
about  150  miles. 

Skalitz,  or  Bohmisch-Skalitz  (be'mish-ska'-- 
fits).  A small  town  in  northeastern  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Aupa  73  miles  east-northeast  of 
Prague.  Here,  .Tune  28,  1S66,  the  Prussians  under  Von 
Steinmetz  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Archduke  Leopold. 
Skanda  (skan'da).  [Skt.,  ‘the  leaper.’]  In  Hin- 
du mythology,  the  younger  of  the  two  sons 
of  Shiva,  Ganesha  and  Skanda.  He  is  called  the 
god  of  war  because  he  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies 
of  good  demons,  whom  he  leads  against  the  evil,  especially 
against  those  who  seek  to  overcome  and  enslave  the  gods. 
He  is  often  called  Karttikeya,  from  his  foster-mothers,  the 
six  Krittikas,  or  Pleiades,  and  then  has  six  heads  and 
twelve  arms  : the  six  heads  that  he  might  be  nursed  by  the 
six  nurses,  and  the  twelve  arms  to  hold  at  the  same  time 
various  weapons.  In  the  south  of  India  he  is  not  worshiped 
as  presiding  over  war,  but  as  Subrahmanya,  ‘the  very  pi- 
ous or  sacred  one.'  Subrahmanya  and  his  two  wives,  De- 
vayani  and  Valliamman,  are  there  believed  to  grant  chil- 
dren, and  to  thwart  and  cast  out  devils. 

Skandapurana  ( skan  - da  - po  - ra ' na ).  In  San- 
skrit literature,  a Purana  in  which  Skanda  is  the 
narrator.  It  is  said  to  contain  81,800  stanzas,  and  is  an 
aggregation  of  many  originally  unrelated  works  and  frag- 
ments. The  most  celebrated  is  the  Kashi  Khanda,  ‘Benares 
Section,'  describing  minutely  the  temples  of  Shiva  at  or 
near  Benares,  and  giving  directions  for  Shiva-worship  and 
legends  attesting  the  holiness  of  Kashi  or  Benares.  The 
greater  part  of  the  Kashi  Khanda  antedates  the  first  attack 
upon  Benares  by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  the  first  renowned 
conqueror  of  India,  who  reigned  997-1030  A.  P.,  and  is  said 
to  have  made  twelve  expeditions  into  India.  The  Utkala 
Khanda  is  the  section  explaining  the  holiness  of  Orissa, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  were  known  as  ITtkalas.  A part 
of  the  Skandapurana  has  been  printed  at  Bombay. 

Skanderbeg.  See  Scanderbeg. 

Skanderun,  or  Scanderun,  or  Scanderoon. 

See  Alexandretta. 

Skanderun,  or  Scanderun,  Bay  of.  See  Iskan- 

derun,  Bay  of. 

Sk&ne  (ska'ne),  G.  Schonen  (sho'nen).  The 
southernmost  of  the  old  divisions  of  Sweden, 
comprising  the  modem  laens  (provinces)  of 
Malmohus  and  Christian stad. 

Skaneateles  (skan-e-at'les).  A town  in  Onon- 
daga County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Lake  Skaneateles,  15  miles  west-southwest  of 
Syracuse.  Population,  1,615,  (1910). 
Skaneateles,  Lake.  A lake  in  central  New 
York,  southwest  of  Syracuse  and  east  of  Au- 
burn. Its  outlet  is  into  Seneca  River.  Length, 
14  miles. 

Skaptar  Jokull  (skap'tarye-kol').  Avolcanic 
group  in  southern  Iceland,  on  the  western  side 
of  the  Vatna  Jokull.  It  was  the  scene  of  a great 
eruption  in  1783. 

Skaraborg  (ska'ra-borg).  A laen  in  Gothland, 
Sweden,  between  Lakes  Wener  and  Wetter. 
Area,  3,280  square  miles.  Population,  about 
239,900. 

Skardo  (skar'do),  or  Iskardo  (is-kfir'do).  The 
capital  of  Baltistan,  Kashmir,  situated  on  the 
Indus  in  lat.  35°  17'  N. 


Skaw,  The 

Skaw  (ska),  The,  or  Skagen  (ska'gen),  Cape. 
A cape  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  J utland, 
Denmark,  in  lat.  57°  44'  N.,  long.  10°  37'  E. 
Skeat  (sket), Walter  William.  Born  Nov.  21, 
1835:  died  Oct.  6,  1912.  An  English  philolo- 
gist. He  graduated  at  Christ’s  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1858,  and  was  mathematical  lecturer  there  1864-71,  and 
English  lecturer  1867-83.  He  was  appointed  first  Elrington 
and  Bosworth  professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Cambridge  in 
1878.  He  edited  “Parallel  Extracts  from  Twenty-Nine  Man- 
uscripts of  Piers  Plowman  ” (1866),  “ The  Romans  of  Parte- 
nay,  or  of  Lusignan,  otherwise  known  as  the  Tale  of  Melu- 
sine”  (1860),  “The  Vision  of  William  concerning  Piers 
Plowman  " (1867-85  : the  three  versions  of  the  text  with 
“Richard  the  Redeles  "and  “The  Crowned  King”),  “Speci- 
mensof  English  Literature,  A.D.  1394-1579 "(1871),  “Speci- 
mens of  English  Literature,  A.D.  1298-1393  ” (1872),  Chau- 
cer’s “Treatise  on  the  Astrolabe”  (1872),  “Seven  Reprint- 
ed Glossaries  ” (1873),“  Ray’s  Glossary  Reprinted”  (1874), 
“ Tales  from  the  Canterbury  Tales  ” (1874),  “ Plutarch : be- 
ing a Selection  from  the  Lives  in  North’s  ‘ Plutarch  ’ which 
illustrate  Shakespeare's  Plays  ” (1S75),  “ The  Gospel  of  St. 
Mark  in  Gothic,  according  to  the  Translation  made  by 
Wulflla  in  the  Fourth  Century : with  a Grammatical  Intro- 
duction and  Glossarial  Index  ” (1882),  “Chaucer’s  Minor 
Poems  ” (1888),  a complete  edition  of  Chaueer,  the  publica- 
tion of  which  was  begun  in  1894,  etc.  He  also  wrote  “An 
Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  ar- 
ranged on  a Historical  Basis  ” (1879-81, 1884, 1892, 1910),  “ A 
Concise  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  ” 
(1883, 1886),  “The  Principles  of  English  Etymology  ” (first 
series  1887:  with  A.  L.  Mayhew),“  A Concise  Dictionary  of 
Middle  English  1150-1580  ”(1888),  “ Primer  of  English  Ety- 
mology ” (1892),  etc.  For  many  of  his  Early  English  Text 
Society  publications  he  wrote  critical  introductions  and 
supplied  notes  and  glossarial  indexes. 

Skeggs  ( skegz) , CarolinaWilhelmina  Amelia. 

One  of  the  town  ladies  who  imposed  upon  the 
innocent  family  of  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  in 
Goldsmith’s  novel  of  that  name. 

SkellefteS,  Elv  (skel-lef'te-a  elv).  A river  in 
northern  Sweden  which  rises  in  the  Stor-Afvan 
and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  about  lat. 
64°  45'  N.  Length,  about  140  miles. 

Skelligs  (skel'igz),The.  Agroup  of  rocks  south- 
west of  Ireland,  in  lat.  51°  46'  N. , long.  10°  32'  W. 
Skelton  (skel'ton),  John.  Born  about  1460: 
died  at  Westminster,  June  21,  1529.  An  Eng- 
lish Scholar  and  poet.  He  was  a protege  of  Henry 
VII.,  a noted  scholar,  and  the  tutor  of  Henry  VIII.  He 
took  holy  orders  in  1498,  and  for  25  years  was  rector  of 
Diss  in  Norfolk : he  was  suspended  from  this  office  for 
marrying,  but  was  not  deprived.  He  wrote  “The  Bowge 
of  Court,"  “ The  Boke  of  Phyllyp  Sparrow,"  “ Magnifi- 
cence,” “The  Tunning  of  Elinor  Rummyng,”  “The  Gar- 
land of  Laurel,”  “ Colin  Clout,"  a satire  on  the  clergy,  and 
“Why  come  ye  not  to  Court?"  a satire  on  Wolsey,  etc. 
He  was  the  hero  of  a book  of  “merye  " tales. 

Skene  (sken),  William  Forbes.  Born  at  In- 
verie,  Knoydart,  Scotland,  June  7, 1809 : died  at 
Edinburgh,  Aug.  29, 1892.  A Scottish  historian. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  High  School,  in  Ger- 
many, and  at  the  university  of  St.  Andrews.  In  1881  he 
succeeded  Hill  Burton  as  historiographer  for  Scotland. 
He  wrote  “ The  Highlanders  of  Scotland  " (1837),  edited 
“ Chronicles  of  the  Piets  and  Scots  " (1867),  and  published 
“The  Four  Ancient  Books  of  Wales"  (1868),  etc. 
Skerries  (sker'iz),  Out.  A group  of  islets 
of  the  Shetlands,  Scotland,  10-12  miles  east  of 
Mainland. 

Skerries  Bocks.  A group  of  rocks  in  the  Irish 
Sea,  northwest  of  Anglesea,  Wales,  in  lat.  53° 
25'  N.,  long.  4°  36'  W. 

Skerryvore  (sker-i-vor').  A reef  in  the  Atlan- 
tic, southwest  of  Tiree,  Scotland,  in  lat.  56°  19' 
N.,  long.  7°  7'  W.  It  has  a lighthouse. 
Sketch-Book,  The.  A collection  of  tales  and 
sketches  by  Washington  Irving,  published  in 
1820.  It  contains  “RipV  an  Winkle,”  “The  Legend  of 
Sleepy  Hollow,”  etc. 

Sketches  by  Boz.  A collection  of  stories  by 
Dickens,  published  1835-36. 

Sketchley  (skech'li),  Arthur.  The  pseudonym 
of  George  Rose  (1830-82),  an  English  humor- 
ous writer.  In  1863  he  appeared  before  the  English  pub- 
lic as  the  originator  of  “ Mrs.  Brown.” 

Skibbereen  (skib-e-ren').  A town  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  lieu,  near  its 
mouth,  42  miles  southwest  of  Cork.  Popula- 
tion, 3,208. 

Skidhladner  (skid-blad'ner).  In  Norse  my- 
thology, the  ship  of  Frey. 

Skiddaw(skid'a).  A mountain  in  Cumberland, 
one  of  the  highest  in  Engl  and,  situated  near  Kes- 
wick, 19  miles  southwest  of  Carlisle.  Height, 
3,058  feet. 

Skidi  (ske'de),  or  Pawnee  Loup  (pa/ne  16)  (i.  e. 
‘Wolf  Pawnee’).  A tribe  of  the  Pawnee  Con- 
federacy of  North  American  Indians,  in  prehis- 
toric  times  they  were  east  of  the  Mississippi,  being  allies 
of  the  Siouan  tribes;  but  after  they  reached  Nebraska 
they  were  conquered  by  the  other  Pawnee  tribes,  with 
whom  they  remained.  See  Pawnee. 

Skierniewice  (skyer-nye-vit'se).  Atowninthe 
government  of  Warsaw,  Russian  Poland,  42 
miles  southwest  of  Warsaw.  It  was  the  meeting- 
place  of  the  emperors  of  Russia,  Germany  and  Austria 
In  Sept.,  1884. 

VI.  31 


937 

Skillet  Fork  (skil'et  fork).  A river  in  southern 
Illinois  which  joins  the  Little  Wabash  near 
Carmi,  in  White  County.  Length,  about  100 
miles. 

Skilloot.  See  Echeloot. 

Skimpole  (skim'pol),  Harold.  A character  in 
“Bleak  House,”  by  Dickens.  He  was  drawn 
from  Leigh  Hunt. 

Skinner  (skin'er),  Cortlandt.  Bom  in  New 
Jersey,  1728 : died  at  Bristol,  England,  1799.  A 
Tory  commander  in  the  American  Revolution. 

He  was  attorney-general  of  New  Jersey  in  1775,  and  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution  raised  a corps  of  loyalists  — 
the  New  Jersey  Volunteers  — which  he  commanded  with 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  removed  to  England  on 
the  conclusion  of  peace. 

Skinner,  John.  Born  in  Birse,  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  in  1721:  died  June,  1807.  A Scottish 
clergyman  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Marischal 
College,  Aberdeen  ; and  took  orders  in  the  Scottish  Epis- 
copal Church;  and  had  a charge  at  Longside,  Aberdeen- 
shire. He  was  persecuted  for  Jacobitism.  He  is  known 
by  his  songs,  collected  in  1809:  of  these  “ Tullochgorum  ” 
was  called  by  Burns  “the  best  Scotch  song  Scotland  ever 
saw.”  In  1788  he  published  an  “Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Scotland." 

Skinner,  Stephen.  Born  at  London,  1623 : died 
at  Lincoln,  Sept.  5, 1667.  An  English  lexicog- 
rapher. He  graduated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in 
164«,  and  studied  medicine  at  Heidelberg.  His  etymologi- 
cal dictionary  of  the  English  language  (“  Etymologicon 
Linguae  Anglicanae  ”)  was  published  by  Henshaw  in  1671. 

Skinners  (skin'erz),  The.  1.  See  Ecorchenrs. 
— 2.  A body  of  marauders  who  pillaged  West- 
chester County,  New  York,  during  Revolution- 
ary times. 

Skiold,  or  Skjold  (shold).  In  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  son  of  Odin,  and  a mythical  king  of 
Denmark. 

Skioldungs,  or  Skjoldungs  (shol'dongz).  The 
descendants  and  followers  of  Skiold. 

Skipetar  (skip'e-tar).  [Albanian  Skipetar,  lit. 

‘ mountaineer,’  from  stipe,  a mountain.]  1 . An 
Albanian  or  Arnaut.  See  Albanian. — 2.  The 
language  of  the  Albanians:  same  as  Albanian. 
Skipton  (skip'ton).  Atownin  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Aire  23 
miles  northwest  of  Leeds.  It  contains  a castle, 
partly  destroyed  in  1649.  Population,  11,- 
986. 

Skirnir  (skir'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  messenger  of  the  gods,  but  especially  of 
Frey.  He  is  sent  to  the  giants  to  woo  for  Frey  the  giant 
maiden  Gerd  (ON.  Gerdhr),  and  to  the  dwarfs  to  procure 
the  bonds  with  which  the  wolf  Fenris  is  secured. 
Skirophoria  (skir-o-fo'ri-a).  [From  Gr.  iKipo- 
<j>6pta , pi.,  from  aiapotpopot;,  from  otdpov,  a white 
parasol  borne  in  honor  of  Athene  (lienee  called 
S/c(pdf),  and  -<popoc,  from  <j>rpetv  = E.  bear.]  An 
ancient  Attic  festival  in  honor  of  Athene,  cele- 
brated on  the  12th  of  the  month  Skirophorion 
(about  July  1). 

Skirophorion  (skir-o-fo'ri-on).  [From Gr.  2/upo- 
< popiuv , the  12th  Attic  month,  from  2Kipo<f>6pia : see 
Skirophoria.]  In  the  ancient  Attic  calendar,  the 
last  month  of  the  year,  containing  29  days,  and 
corresponding  to  the  last  part  of  June  and  the 
first  part  of  July. 

Skittagetan  (skit'ta-ge//tan).  A linguistic, 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  in  two  chief 
divisions,  the  Haida  proper  and  the  Kaigani. 
Habitat,  the  islands  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  group,  and 
Forester  and  Prince  of  Wales  islands,  off  the  west  coast 
of  British  America.  Number,  from  2,500  to  2,700.  Also 
called  Haida  and  Kygani  or  Kaigani. 

Skjold.  See  Skiold. 

Skobeleff  (sko'be-lef),  Mikhail.  Born  1844: 
died  at  Moscow,  July  7,  1882.  A Russian  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  expedition  against 
Khiva  in  187.S,  and  against  Khokand  in  1875 ; took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  Russo-Turkish  war  of  1877-78;  and  as 
connnander-in-chief  took  Geok-Tepe  and  conquered  the 
Tekke-Turkomans  in  1881. 

Skopelo  (sko-pa'lo).  An  island  in  the  iEgean 
Sea,  belonging  to  the  nomarehy  of  Euboea, 
Greece,  16  miles  from  Euboea,  and  southeast 
of  Thessaly.  It  is  identical  either  with  the  ancient 
Halonnesus  or  with  the  ancient  Peparethus.  Length,  14 
miles. 

Skowhegan  (skou-he'gan).  The  capital  of 
Somerset  County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Ken- 
nebec 30  miles  northeast  of  Augusta.  Popu- 
lation, 5,341,  (1910). 

Skropha,  or  Scropha  (skro'fa),  Cape.  A cape 
in  Greece,  at  the  northwestern  entrance  to  the 
Gulf  of  Patras,  lat.  38°  16'  N.,  long.  21°  10'  E. 
Skrzynecki  (skzhii-net'ske),  Jan  Boncza. 
Born  in  Galicia,  Feb.  18,  1786  : died  at  Cracow, 
Jan.  12,  1860.  A Polish  general.  He  served  in  the 
Polisli  contingent  in  aid  of  Napoleon;  joined  the  Polish 
insurrection  in  1830;  served  with  distinction  at  Grocliow 
Feb.  25, 1831,  and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  Fell. 
26 ; defeated  the  Russians  at  Wawre  and  Dembe  in  March, 
and  at  Iganie  on  April  8;  was  defeated  at  Ostrolenka 


Slavs 

May  26 ; and  was  superseded  in  Aug.  He  was  temporary 
commander  of  the  Belgian  army  in  1839. 

Skunk  (skungk)  River.  A river  in  Iowa  which 
joins  the  Mississippi  11  miles  south  of  Burling- 
ton. It  receives  from  the  north  a tributary,  the  North 
Skunk.  Length,  over  250  miles. 

Skupshtina  (skupsh'ti-na).  The  national  as- 
sembly of  Servia,  consisting  of  one  chamber  and 
comprising  160  members,  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple. There  is  also  a state  council,  appointed  in  part  by 
the  king  and  in  part  by  the  assembly,  which  is  always 
sitting. 

Skye  (ski).  An  island  belonging  to  Inverness- 
shire,  Scotland,  the  largest  of  the  Inner  Heb- 
rides. It  is  separated  from  the  mainland  on  the  east  by 
the  Sound  of  Sleat,  Loch  Alsh,  etc.;  from  North  Uist  and 
Harris  on  the  northwest  by  the  Little  Minch  ; and  from 
Lewis  by  the  Minch.  It  contains  many  mountains  (the 
highest  over  3,000  feet).  The  chief  town  is  Portree.  The 
language  is  mostly  Gaelic.  Area,  643  square  miles.  Popl 
illation,  14,600. 

Skyros.  See  Scyros. 

Slankamen  (slan'ka-men).  A small  town  in 
Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situatedatthe  junc- 
tion of  the  Theiss  with  the  Danube,  26  miles 
north  by  west  of  Belgrad.  Here,  Aug.  19. 1691,  the 
Imperialists  under  Louis  of  Baden  defeated  the  Turks  un- 
der Koprili,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle. 

Slate  (slat)  Mountain.  A summit  of  the  Elk 
Mountains  in  Colorado. 

Slater(sla'ter),  John  Fox.  Born  at  Slatersville, 
R.  I.,  March  4, 1815:  died  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
May  7,  1884.  An  American  manufacturer  and 
philanthropist.  He  established  in  1882  the  Slater  Fund 
of  §1,000,000  for  the  education  of  freedmen  in  the  South. 
Slatina  (sla-te'na).  A town  in  Wallacbia,  Ru- 
mania, situated  near  Aluta  85  miles  west  of 
Bukharest.  Population,  8,150. 

Slave  Coast  (slavkost).  A region  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Africa,  bordering  the  Bight  of  Be- 
nin. It  extends  from  the  Volta  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Benin  on  the  east.  It  is  now  divided  between  Great  Brit- 
ain, France,  and  Germany. 

Slave  Lake.  See  Great  Slave  Lake. 

Slave  River.  See  Great  Slave  River. 
Slave-Ship,  The.  A painting  by  J.  M.  W.  Tur- 
ner, in  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston.  The 
slaver  has  been  wrecked  by  a storm,  which  is  subsiding  ; 
the  slaves  have  been  thrown  overboard,  ami  many  are 
seen  struggling  in  the  surf,  hampered  by  their  chains. 
The  scene  is  illumined  by  a crimson  light. 

Slave  States,  The.  Those  of  the  United  States 
in  which,  in  the  period  before  the  Civil  War, 
slavery  flourished.  They  were  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Missis- 
sippi, Louisiana,  Texas,  Arkansas,  and  Tennessee  (all  of 
which  seceded),  and  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  and 
Delaware. 

Slavinia  (sla-vin'i-ii).  The  Slavic  region  in 
medieval  times,  near  the  Baltic.  The  name  was 
also  used  to  comprise  the  Slavic  regions  further 
south. 

The  name  of  Slavinia  reached  from  the  Danube  to  Pelo- 
ponnesos,  leaving  to  the  Empire  only  islands  and  detached 
points  of  coast  from  Venice  round  to  Thessalonica.  Their 
settlements  in  these  regions  gave  a new  meaning  to  an  an- 
cient name,  and  the  word  Macedonian  now  bpgan  to  mean 
Slavonic.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  . 115. 

Slavonia  (sla-vo'ni-a),  G.  Slawonien  or  Sla- 
vonien  (sla-vo'ne-en),  F.  Esclavonie  (es-kla- 
vo-ne').  [L.,  from  Slavus , Sclavns,  Slav.]  A 
region  in  Austria-Hungary,  forming  part  of 
the  land  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia  in  the  Trans- 
leithan  (Hungarian)  division  of  the  dual  mon- 
archy. Capital,  Essek.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Drave 
(separating  it  from  Hungary) on  the  north  and  northeast, 
by  the  Danube  (separating  it  from  Hungary)  on  the  east, 
by  the  Save  (separating  it  from  Servia  and  Bosnia)  on  the 
south,  and  by  Croatia  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by 
low  mountains  and  by  bills.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  in- 
habitants are  mostly  Slavs.  The  prevailing  languages  are 
Croatian  and  Servian.  Slavonia  formed  part  of  the  Ro- 
man province  of  Pannonia.  Its  possession  was  disputed 
between  Hungary  and  the  Byzantine  empire.  It  passed 
to  Hungary  in  the  12th  century,  and  was  under  Turkish 
rule  for  the  greater  part  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries. 
See  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  and  Militai'y  Frontier, 
Slavonians  (sla-vo'ni-anz).  1.  The  Slavs. — 2. 
The  inhabitants  of  Slavonia. 

Slavonisch-Brod  (slS-vo'nish-brod").  A trad- 
ing town  in  Slavonia,  on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45° 
8'  N.,  long.  18°  E. 

Slavophiles  (slav'o-filz),  The.  A Russian 
literary  school,  the  principal  representatives  of 
which  in  the  first  half  of  the  19th  century  were 
Pogodin,  Shevireff,  and  particularly  Aksakoff, 
Khomiakoif,  and  Kirievsky.  They  epoke  with  scorn 
of  western  Europe,  and  particularly  of  France,  and  pro- 
claimed the  superiority  of  Old  Russia  and  theold  Byzantine 
civilization,  and  prophesied  a brilliant  future  for  the  Slav 
race.  It  was  a literary  movement  of  which  the  doctrines 
are  now  fallen  into  disuse.  It  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  doctrine  of  Panslavism,  which  is  political. 

Slavs  (sl&vz).  1.  A race  of  peoples  widely 
spread  in  eastern,  southeastern,  and  central 
Europe.  The  Slavs  are  divided  into  two  sections— the 


Slavs 

southeastern  and  the  western.  The  former  section  corn- 
prices  the  Russians,  Ruthenians,  Bulgarians,  Serbo-Croa- 
tians,  Bosniaks,  Montenegrins,  and  Slovenes ; the  latter, 
the  Poles,  Bohemians,  Moravians,  Slovaks,  Wends,  etc. 

We  start  with  the  north  of  Europe,  with  that  race  which 
at  the  present  day  occupies  the  east  of  our  portion  of  the 
globe,  the  Slavs.  It  is  generally  known  that  these  peoples 
appear  for  the  first  time  in  history  in  the  first  century  of 
our  era  under  the  name  of  Veneti  (Tacitus,  Germ.,  46)  or 
Venedi  (Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.,  IX.  96),  and  their  abode  at  this 
period  can  be  made  out  with  tolerable  certainty.  On  the 
one  hand,  they  cannot  yet  have  touched  the  north  coast 
of  the  Black  Sea,  for  this  district  was  occupied  by  the 
Persian  Sarmatce  or  Sauromate  ; on  the  other  hand,  they 
cannot  on  thewest  have  crossed  either  the  Carpathians  or 
the  Vistula ; for,  as  far  as  the  river  mentioned,  Tacitus  is 
acquainted  with  Teutonic  tribes,  which  partially,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  Bastarnse,  extended  over  it  as  far  as  the 
modern  Galicia  and  farther ; and  in  the  ancient  Getic  or 
Dacian  and  Pannonian  proper  names,  large  numbers  of 
which  have  come  down  to  us,  no  one  as  yet  has  succeeded 
in  discovering  any  trace  of  Slavonic.  If,  then,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  our  era,  the  abode  of  the  Slavs  must  be  sought 
north  of  the  Black  Sea  steppes,  and  east  of  the  Vistula  and 
the  Carpathians,  it  is  also  probable  that  the  same  people 
was  settled  in  the  district  mentioned  as  much  as  five  cen- 
turies earlier. 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  427. 

2.  See  the  extract. 

The  force  he  (Abd-er- Rahman  III.)  employed  to  sustain 
the  central  power  was  a large  standing  army,  at  the  head 
of  which  stood  his  select  body-guard  of  Slavs,  or  pur- 
chased foreigners.  They  were  originally  composed  chiefly 
of  men  of  Slavonian  nationality,  but  came  by  degrees  to  in- 
clude Franks,  Galicians,  Lombards,  and  all  sorts  of  peo- 
ple, who  were  brought  to  Spain  by  Greek  and  Venetian 
traders,  and  sold  while  still  children  to  the  Sultan,  to 
be  educated  as  Moslems.  Many  of  them  were  highly  cul- 
tivated men,  and  naturally  attached  to  their  master. 
They  resemble  in  many  respects  the  corps  of  Mamluks 
which  Saladin’s  successors  introduced  into  Egypt  as  a 
body-guard,  and  which  subsequently  attained  such  renown 
as  Sultans  of  Egypt  and  Syria. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  114. 

Slawkenbergius  (si  a - ken  - b er ' j i - us) , Hafen. 
An  imaginary  author,  noted  for  the  length  of 
his  nose:  referred  to  in  Sterne’s  “Tristram 
Shandy.”  A story  professedly  by  him  is  intro- 
duced in  the  latter  work. 

Slay-Good  (sla'gud),  Giant.  A giant  in  the 
second  part  of  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress”  : 
killed  by  Mr.  Greatkeart. 

Sleaford  (sle'ford).  A town  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  17  miies  south-southeast  of  Lincoln. 
Population,  4,508. 

Sleek  (slek),  Aminadab.  A hypocritical  char- 
acter in  Morris  Barnett’s  comedy  “The  Serious 
Family.” 

Sleep  and  Death.  A group  of  Greek  sculp- 
ture in  the  royal  museum  at  Madrid.  The  two 
youths,  ivy-crowned,  stand  in  easy  attitudes,  the  arm  of 
Sleep  thrown  around  his  brother’s  neck,  while  Death  holds 
a reversed  torch  upon  a small  altar  at  their  feet.  Behind 
Death  there  is  a small  figure  of  Aphrodite  with  the  pome- 
granate— a death-goddess.  The  work  dates  from  about 
the  beginning  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Sleeping  Ariadne.  A celebrated  statue  in  the 
Vatican,  Rome.  The  figure,  richly  draped  in  thin  tu- 
nic  and  liimation,  reclines  with  one  arm  thrown  over  the 
head,  which  is  supported  on  the  other  bent  at  the  elbow. 
It  is  a fine  antique  copy  of  a Greek  original,  probably  of 
the  time  of  the  Pergamene  school.  The  present  pedestal 
is  a handsome  antique  sarcophagus  with  a vigorous  gigan- 
tomachy  in  high  relief. 

Sleeping  Beauty,  The.  [F.  La  belle  aux  bois 
dormant , G.  Dornroschen.]  In  Perrault’s  fairy 
tales,  a princess  who  in  her  fifteenth  year  pricks 
her  finger  with  a spindle,  and  falls  into  a sleep 
which  lasts  a hundred  years,  thus  fulfilling  the 
prediction  of  the  fairies  at  her  christening.  All 
the  inmates  of  the  palace  share  the  magic  slumber,  till  the 
fairy  prince  arrives  who  wakens  the  princess  with  a kiss. 
This  story  has  been  often  told  in  French  and  English  ; and 
Grimm  has  told  it  in  German.  Tennyson  takes  it  for  the 
subject  of  his  poem  “The  Day-Dream.” 

Sleepy  Hollow  (sle'pi  hol'o).  A locality  in  Tar- 
rytown.  New  York,  rendered  famous  by  Wash- 
ington Irving  in  “ The  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hol- 
low ” in  “ The  Sketch-Book.” 

Sleipnir  (slap'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  eight-footed  steed  of  Odin. 

Slemmer  (slem'er),  Adam  J.  Born  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Pa.,  1828:  died  at  Fort  Lara- 
mie, Kan.,  Oct.  7,  1868.  An  American  officer. 
He  successfully  defended  Fort  Pickens  against  the  Confed- 
erates at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War(Jan. -April,  1861), 
thereby  preserving  the  key  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  for  the 
Union.  He  took  part  as  a brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  the  battle  of  Stone  River.  Dec.  31,  1862,  where  he 
was  disabled  for  further  active  service  in  the  field. 

Slender  (slen'der),  Master  Abraham.  In 

Shakspere’s  “ Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,”  a pro- 
vincial gentleman,  cousin  to  Robert  Shallow, 
Esq.  He  is  an  inimitable  official  booby,  in  love 
with  “sweet  Anne  Page.” 

Slesvig.  The  Danish  name  of  Schleswig. 

Sleswick.  See  Schleswig. 

Sley.  See  Sehlei. 

Slick  (slik),  Samuel  or  Sam.  A Yankee  clock- 


938 

maker,  introduced  from  about  1835  as  a char- 
acter into  various  works  by  T.  C.  Haliburton, 
who  afterward  used  the  name  as  a pseudonym. 

Slidell  (sll-del'),  John.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  1793  : died  at  London,  July  29,  1871.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1843-45  ; was  sent  as  United 
States  minister  to  Mexico  in  1845,  but  was  not  received  ; 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Louisiana  1853-61,  re- 
signing as  a Secessionist  Feb.,  1861.  He  was  sent  as  a 
Confederate  commissioner  to  France  1861,  and  with  Ma- 
son was  arrested  on  the  British  vessel  Trent  by  the  Fed- 
eral captain  Wilkes  Nov.,  1861.  On  his  release  he  sailed 
for  Europe  (Jan.,  1862).  He  failed,  however,  to  secure 
the  recognition  of  the  French  government  for  the  Con- 
federate States.  See  Trent,  The. 

Sligo  (sli'go).  1.  A county  in  Connaught,  Ire- 
land, bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north, 
Leitrim  on  the  east,  Roscommon  on  the  south- 
east, and  Mayo  on  the  south  and  west.  The 
surface  is  diversified.  Area,  707  square  miles. 
Population,  84,083. — 2.  A seaport,  capital  of 
County  Sligo,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Garvogue,  in  Sligo  Bay,  in  lat.  54°  17'  N.,  long. 
8°  28'  W.  It  has  considerable  coasting  trade,  and  con- 
tains a ruined  abbey  of  some  architectural  interest. 
Population,  10,870. 

Sliven  (sle'ven),  or  Selimnia  (sa-lim'ne-a).  A 
town  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated  at 
the  base  of  the  Balkans,  in  lat.  42°  40'  N., 
long.  26°  21'  E.  It  has  trade  and  manufactures,  and 
is  a point  of  strategic  importance.  Population,  25,027. 
Also  called  Sliono,  Islivne,  Islimye,  etc. 

Slivnitza  (sliv-nit'sa).  A village  in  Bulgaria, 
13  miles  northwest  of  Sofia.  Here,  Nov.  17-19, 
1885,  the  Bulgarians  under  Prince  Alexander 
defeated  the  Servians  under  Milan. 

Sloane  (slon),  Sir  Hans.  Bom  at  Killyleagh, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  April  16,  1660 : died  at 
London,  Jan.  11,  1753.  A British  physician  and 
naturalist.  He  resided  in  Jamaica  1687-89 ; was  physi- 
cian to  Christ’s  Hospital,  London,  1694-1730 ; and  physician- 
general  to  the  army  from  1714 ; was  president  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  1719-35  ; and  was  physician  to  the  king  from 
1727.  In  the  latteryear  he  succeeded  Sir  Isaac  Newton  as 
president  of  the  Royal  Society.  His  works  include  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyage  to  Jamaica  and  of  the  natural  products 
of  that  island, generally  called“NaturalHistoryof  Jamai- 
ca ” (1707-25 : whole  title,  “Voyage  to  the  Islands  Madeira, 
Barbados,  Nieves,  St.  Christopher’s,  and  Jamaica,  with  the 
Natural  History,  etc.,  of  the  last  ”) ; a catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  Jamaica : and  many  papers  in  the  “Philosophical 
Transactions.”  His  library  (50,000  vols.  and  over  3,000 
MSS.)  and  collections  were  bequeathed  to  the  nation  on 
condition  that  £20,000 — much  less  than  their  value  — 
should  be  paid  to  his  heirs : they  formed  the  nucleus  of 
the  British  Museum. 

Sloane,  William  Milligan.  Born  at  Rich- 
mond, Ohio,  Nov.  12, 1850.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  writer.  He  graduated  from  Columbia  Col- 
lege 1868 ; studied  at  Berlin  and  Leipsic  1872-76 ; was 
George  Bancroft’s  secretary  at  Berlin  1873-75 ; was  as- 
sistant and  professor  of  Latin  at  Princeton  1876-83  ; was 
professor  of  history  there  1883-96  ; and  became  professor 
of  history  in  Columbia  University  in  1896.  From  1885-88 
he  edited  the  “New  Princeton  Review.”  He  has  written 
“The  French  War  and  the  Revolution,"  “The  French 
Revolution  and  Religious  Reform,”  and  the  “Life  of  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte.” 

Sloane  Museum.  See  Sloane,  Sir  Hans. 

Sloat  (slot),  John  Drake.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  1780 : died  at  New  Brighton,  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  28, 1867.  An  American  admiral.  He 
served  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  was  engaged  in 
suppressing  piracy  in  the  West  Indies  1824-25. 

Slocum  (sld'kum),  Henry  Warner.  Born  at 
Delphi,  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  24, 1827 : 
died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April  14,  1894.  An 
American  general  and  politician.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1852;  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army 
in  1856 ; and  took  up  the  practice  of  law  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
He  was  a member  of  the  State  legislature  in  1S59.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  accepted  a commission  as 
colonel  of  volunteers  in  the  Union  army,  and  commanded 
a regiment  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21, 1861. 
He  was  made  a brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  same 
year,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign. He  was  promoted  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
1862,  and  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Bull  Run  (Aug.  29-30, 
1862),  South  Mountain,  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Chan- 
cellorsville,  and  Gettysburg  (where  he  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  army).  He  commanded  the  left  wing  of 
the  army  in  Sherman’s  march  to  the  sea  and  his  invasion 
of  the  Carolinas  1864-65.  He  resigned  from  the  army  in 
Sept.,  1865,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Brooklyn, 
New  York.  He  was  a Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  New  York  1869-73. 

Slop  (slop),  Doctor.  In  Sterne’s  novel  “Tris- 
tram Shandy,”  Mrs.  Shandy’s  attendant  physi- 
cian, who  breaks  Tristram’s  nose  at  his  birth. 
He  is  described  as  having  “a  breadth  of  back  and  a ses- 
quipedality  of  belly  which  might  have  done  honour  to  a 
serjeant  in  the  Horse-Guards.” 

Sloper  ( slo'per) , Mace.  A pseudonym  of  Charles 
Godfrey  Leiand. 

Slote  (slot),  Hon.  Bardwell.  In  B.  E.  Woolf’s 
play  “ The  Mighty  Dollar,”  a character  created 
by  W.  J.  Florence : a caricature  of  the  American 
politician.  He  is  an  unprincipled  greedy  member  from 


Smart,  Henry 

the  Cohosh  district,  and  is  in  the  habit  of  Indicating  ex- 
pressions by  their  initials : as,  k.  k.  (cruel  cuss),  p.  d.  q. 
(pretty  d d quick),  etc. 

Slough  of  Despond,  The.  A hog  described  in 
the  first  part  of  “The  Pilgrim’s  Progress”  by 
Bunyan . 

Slovaks  (slo-vaks').  A Slavic  race  dwelling 
chiefly  in  northern  Hungary  and  the  adjoining 
part  of  Moravia. 

Slovenes  (slo-venz').  A Slavic  race  chiefly  in 
Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  parts  of  the 
Kiistenland  and  Hungary. 

Slowboy  (slo'boi),  Tilly.  In  Dickens’s  “Crick- 
et on  the  Hearth,”  an  awkward  nurse  employed 
by  Mr.  Peerybingle.  She  is  constantly  sur- 
prised at  being  so  well  treated,  and  has  a ge- 
nius for  bumping  the  baby’s  head, 

Sluis,  or  Sluys  (slois).  [F.  L’Lcluse.']  A sea- 
port in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands, 
situated  near  the  Belgian  frontier  10  miles 
northeast  of  Bruges.  A naval  victory  was  gained 
here  by  Edward  III.  of  England  and  his  Flemish  allies 
over  the  French  in  1340.  ' Population,  2,364. 

Sly  (six),  Christopher.  A tinker  in  the  induc- 
tion to  Shakspere’s  “ Taming  of  the  Shrew.” 
He  is  found  in  a drunken  sleep  by  a nobleman,  who  has 
him  taken  to  his  own  home  as  a jest ; and  when  he  wakes 
he  is  made  to  believe  that  he  is  the  lord  of  the  manor. 
The  “Taming  of  the  Shrew”  is  then  played  for  his  enter- 
tainment before  his  illusion  is  broken.  Harun-al-Puishid 
played  the  same  trick  on  Abu  Hassan. 

Sm&land  (sma'lant).  A region  in  southern 
Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Baltic.  It  comprises 
Jonkoping,  Kronoberg,  and  Kalmar. 
Smalcald,  or  Smalkald.  See  Schmallalden. 
Smalkaldic  (smal-kal'dik)  Articles.  The  arti- 
cles of  Protestant  faith  drawn  up  by  Luther  and 
submitted  to  a meeting  of  electors,  princes,  and 
states  at  Smalkald  (or  Schmalkalden)  in  1537, 
designed  to  show  how  far  the  Protestants  were 
willing  to  go  in  order  to  avoid  a rupture  with 
Rome. 

Smalkaldic  League.  A league  entered  into  at 
Smalkald  in  1531  by  several  Protestant  princes 
and  free  cities  for  the  common  defense  of  their 
faith  and  political  independence  against  the 
emperor  Charles  V. 

Smalkaldic  War.  The  unsuccessful  war  waged 
by  the  Smalkaldic  League  against  Charles  V. 
(i.546-47). 

Small-Endians.  See  Little-endians. 

Small  Isles.  A collective  name  for  the  islands 
of  Canna,  Rum,  Eigg,  and  Muck,  off  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Scotland. 

Smallweed  (smal'wed),  Grandfather.  In  Dick- 
ens’s “Bleak  House,”  an  old  man,  the  grandfa- 
ther of  young  Smallweed  (called  Chiekweed), 
“in  a helpless  condition  as  to  his  lower  and 
nearly  so  as  to  his  upper  limbs.”  He  enjoys  throw- 
ing his  pillows  at  his  more  feeble  wife;  both  are  then 
shaken  up  and  settled  by  their  granddaughter  Judy. 

Smaragdus  Mons  (sma-rag'dus  monz).  [Gr. 
'SgapaySoe,  emerald.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain  in  Africa,  near  the  western  coast  of 
the  Red  Sea,  about  lat.  24°  45'  N.,  noted  for  its 
emeralds:  the  modern  Jebel  Zabareh. 

Smart  (smart),  Benjamin  Humphrey.  Bom 
in  England  about  1786 : died  in  1872.  An  Eng- 
lish grammarian,  lexicographer,  and  philosoph- 
ical writer,  for  50  years  a teacher  of  elocution 
in  London.  He  published  “ A Grammar  of  English  Pro- 
nunciation ” (1810),  “The  Rudiments  of  English  Grammar 
Elucidated”  (1811),  “A  Grammar  of  English  Sounds” 
(1812),  “ Practical  Logic  ’’(1823),  “ Outlines  of  Sematology ’’ 
(1831),  “ Pronouncing  Dictionary  based  on  that  of  John 
Walker"  (1836),“  Grammar  on  its  True  Basis  ”(184 7), “Let- 
ter to  Dr.Whately  on  the  Effect  of  his  Elements  of  Logic, 
etc.”  (1852),  “Thought  and  Language”  (1856),  “Accidence 
of  Grammar,”  etc. 

Smart,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Shipbonme, 
Kent,  April  11,  1722  : died  at  London,  May  21, 
1771.  An  English  poet.  He  entered  Cambridge 
(Pembroke  Hall)  in  1739,  and  was  elected  fellow  in  1745.  He 
became  a hack  writer,  and,  his  mind  giving  way.  he  died 
in  the  rules  of  the  King’s  Bench.  In  the  intervals  of  a 
fit  of  insanity  he  wrote  the  poem  “A  Song  to  David,” 
published  in  1763,  which  was  omitted  from  his  collected 
works  and  has  been  discovered  quite  recently.  He  also 
wrote  “ The  Hilliad,”  a poetical  translation  of  Phsedrus 
(1765),  a prose  translation  of  Horace,  and  metrical  ver- 
sions of  the  psalms  and  parables. 

Smart,  Sir  George  Thomas.  Born  at  London, 
May  10,  1776:  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1867.  An 
English  musical  conductor,  instructor,  and  com- 
poser. He  was  appointed  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
in  1822,  and  composer  in  1838.  He  was  the  first  to  produce 
Mendelssohn's  “St.  Paul”  in  England,  and  was  in  great 
repute  as  a conductor  of  musical  festivals  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  (1823-40).  He  edited  Orlando  Gibbon’s  “ Mad- 
rigals "and  the  “Dettingen  Te  Deum,”  and  published  sev- 
eral volumes  of  glees,  anthems,  etc. 

Smart,  Henry  Thomas.  Born  Oct.  26,  1813 : 
died  July  C,  1879.  An  English  musician  and 
composer:  nephew  of  8ir  G.  T.  Smart,  and  eon 


939 


Smart,  Henry 

of  Henry  Smart  (1778-1823),  a conductor  and 
manufacturer  of  pianofortes.  He  was  organist  in 
various  London  churches  (at  St.  Luke’s  (1844-64),  and  at 
St.  Pancras  in  1864,  when  he  became  blind  and  was  obliged 
to  dictate  his  compositions).  His  church  music  and  part- 
songs  are  best  known.  He  also  wrote  an  opera  “Bertha, 
or  the  Gnome  of  Hartzburg  ” (1855),  and  several  cantatas, 
“ The  Bride  of  Dunkerron  ” (1864),  “ King  Rent's  Daugh- 
ter," “ The  Fisher  Maidens  ” (1871),  and  “ Jacob  ” (1873). 

Smartas  (smiir'taz),  or  Smarta  Brahmans. 

One  of  the  three  principal  classes  into  which 
the  Hindus  proper  of  the  present  day  may  he 
divided  as  to  religion,  the  other  two  being  the 
Shaivas  and  the  Vaishnavas.  The  Smartas  believe 
that  man’s  spirit  is  identical  with  the  one  Spirit,  which 
is  the  essence  of  the  universe  and  only  cognizable  through 
meditation  and  self-communion.  They  believe  also  in 
the  three  personal  gods  Brahma,  Shiva,  and  Vishnu,  with 
their  subordinate  deities,  but  only  as  coequal  manifesta- 
tions of  the  one  impersonal  Spirit  and  as  destined  to  be 
reabsorbed  into  that  Spirit.  They  are  followers  of  Shan- 
kara  (which  see). 

Smeaton  (sme'ton),  John.  Born  at  Austhorpe, 
near  Leeds,  England,  June  8, 1724:  died  at  Aus- 
thorpe, Oct.  28,  1792.  An  English  civil  engi- 
neer. He  rebuilt  the  Eddystone  Lighthouse,  and  built 
various  canals,  bridges,  etc. 

Smectymmius  (smek-tim'nu-us).  The  professed 
author  of  a controversial  tract  against  episco- 
pacy, written  In  the  middle  of  the  17th century 
in  answer  to  Bishop  Hall.  The  name  is  a sort  of 
acrostic  made  up  from  the  initials  of  the  names  of  the 
authors : Stephen  Marshall,  .Edmund  Calamy,  Thomas 
Koung,  Matthew  jVewcomen,  B'illiam  .S'purstow. 

Smedley  (smed'li),  Francis  Edward.  Bom  at 
Marlow  in  1818:  died  at  London,  May  1, 1864. 
An  English  novelist,  editor  for  a time  of 
“ Sharpe’s  London  Magazine.”  He  wrote  “ Frank 
Fairleigh”  (1850),  “Lewis  Arundel"  (1852),  and  “Harry 
Coverdale’s  Courtship  ” (1855).  His  books  were  illustrated 
by  Cruikshank  and  “ Phiz.  ” 

Smelfungus  (smel-fung'gus).  A name  given 
by  Sterne  to  Smollett,  on  account  of  the  pes- 
simistic character  of  Smollett’s  “Travels.” 
Smellie  (smel'i),  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh 
in  1740:  died  there,  June  24,  1795.  A Scottish 
printer  and  author.  He  edited  the  first  edition  of  the 
“ Encyclopaedia  Britannica”  (1768-71),  and  is  understood 
to  have  been  largely  responsible  for  the  plan  of  that  work 
and  to  have  been  the  principal  compiler.  He  also  wrote 
“Philosophy  of  Natural  History  ” (1790-99). 

Smerdis  (smer'dis),  or  Bardija.  Killed  about 
523  B.  C.  The  brother  of  Cambyses  of  Persia, 
by  whose  orders  he  was  put  to  death. 

Smerdis,  Pseudo-,  or  the  False  Smerdis. 
Killed  521 B.  c.  A Magian  and  Mede  who  claimed 
to  be  Smerdis  and  usurped  the  throne  of  Persia 
522-521  B.  C. 

Smeru  (sma'rii).  The  highest  mountain  in  Java, 
situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  island: 
an  active  volcano.  Height,  12,148  feet. 
Smetana  (sme-ta/nii),  Friedrich.  Born  in  Bo- 
hemia, March  2,  1824 : died  May  12,  1884.  A 
Bohemian  musician  and  composer,  a pupil  of 
Proksch  and  Liszt.  He  produced  a numberof  operas, 
symphonic  poems,  etc.,  and  was  conductor  in  the  National 
Theater  at  Prague  1866-74,  when  he  resigned  on  account 
of  deafness.  Among  his  operas  are  “ Married  for  Money,’’ 
“The  Brandenburger  in  Bohemia,”  and  “The  Bartered 
Bride."  The  last  suddenly  became  famous  in  Vienna  in 
1892,  and  since  that  time  Smetana's  name  has  been  widely 
known  outside  of  Bohemia.  He  died  insane. 
Smethwick  (sme'l'll'ik).  AtowninStalfordshire, 
Eng.,  3 miles  west  of  Birmingham.  It  has  va- 
rious manufactures.  Pop.,  70,681,  (1911). 
Smike  (smik).  In  Dickens’s  “Nicholas  Nick- 
leby,”  a poor  homeless  persecuted  boy,  abused 
by  Squeers,  afterward  befriended  by  Nicholas 
Niekleby,  and  finally  discovered  to  be  Ralph 
Nickleby’s  son. 

Smiles  (smilz),  Samuel.  Born  at  Haddington, 
Scotland,  Dec.  23,  1812 : died  at  London,  Aprii 
16,  1904.  A Scottish  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  graduated  in  medicine  at  Edinburgh ; but,  after 
practising  at  Haddington,  became  editor  of  the  “Leeds 
Times.”  He  was  assistant  secretary  to  the  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  Railway  Company  1845-54,  and  secretary  of  the 
South-Eastern  Railway  1854-66.  His  works  include  “ His- 
tory of  Ireland  ” (1844),“  Life  of  George  Stephenson  " (1857), 
“Self-Help,  with  Illustrations  of  Character  and  Conduct” 
(1859), “ Brief  Biographies ’’(1860),“  Lives  of  the  Engineers” 
(1861-65),  “Industrial  Biography  ”(1863),  “The  Huguenots” 
(1867),  “Character"  (1871),  “The  Huguenots  in  France” 
(1874),  “Thrift" (1875). 

Smillie  (smi'li),  George  Henry.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Dec.  29,  1840.  An  American  landscape- 
painter,  brother  of  J.  D.  Smillie.  Ini87ihemade 
a sketching  tour  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Yosem- 
ite  Valley,  and  in  Florida  in  1874.  He  first  exhibited  at 
the  National  Academy  in  1863,  and  was  made  a national 
academician  in  1882. 

Smillie,  James.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
1807 : died  at  New  York,  Dec.  5,  1885.  A Scot- 
tish-American  engraver.  He  came  to  America  in 
1821,  and  settled  in  New  York  in  1829.  lie  engraved  bank- 
notes and  was  eminent  as  an  engraver  of  landscapes, 
among  which  are  Cole's  aeries  “ The  Voyage  of  Lite,” 
Biers tadt's  “ Rocky  Mountains,”  etc. 


Smillie,  James  David.  Bom  at  New  York, 
June  16,  1833:  died  there,  Sept.  14,  1909.  An 
American  landscape-painter,  son  of  James 
Smillie  the  engraver.  He  became  a member 
of  the  National  Academy  in  1876. 

Smilltheus  (smin'thus).  [Gr.  2/uvdev f.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a surname  of  Apollo. 

The  very  name,  Smintheus,  by  which  his  favourite  priest 
calls  on  him  in  the  “Iliad”  (i.  39),  might  be  rendered 
“ Mouse  Apollo,”  or  “Apollo,  Lord  of  Mice.”  As  we  shall 
see  later,  mice  lived  beneath  the  altar,  and  were  fed  in  the 
holy  of  holies  of  the  god,  and  an  image  of  a mouse  was 
placed  beside  or  upon  his  sacred  tripod. 

Lang,  Custom  and  Myth,  p.  103. 

Smirke  (smferk),  Robert.  Born  near  Carlisle, 
England,  1752:  died  at  London,  Jan.  5,  1845. 
An  English  historical  painter  and  illustrator. 
Smirke,  Sir  Robert.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  1, 
1781 : died  at  Cheltenham,  April  18, 1867.  An 
English  architect,  son  of  Robert  Smirke.  He 
designed  the  British  Museum. 

Smirke,  Sydney.  Born  1798 : died  Dec.  8, 1877. 
An  English  architect,  brother  of  Sir  Robert 
Smirke.  He  succeeded  his  brottier  as  architect  to  the 
British  Museum  in  1847. 

Smith  (smith),  Adam.  Bom  at  Kirkcaldy,  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland,  June  5,1723:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
July  17,  1790.  A celebrated  Scottish  political 
economist.  Ho  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Oxford, 
and  in  1748  became  lecturer  on  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres 
at  Edinburgh.  He  accepted  in  1751  the  chair  of  logic  at 
. Glasgow,  which  he  exchanged  for  that  of  moral  philosophy 
in  the  same  university  in  1752.  In  1703  he  resigned  his 
professorship  in  order  to  travel  on  the  Continent  as  tutor 
of  the  young  duke  of  Euccleuch  (1764-66),  and  afterward 
lived  for  a time  in  studious  retirement  at  Kirkcaldy.  He 
became  commissioner  of  customs  at  Edinburgh  in  1778; 
and  was  elected  lord  rector  of  the  University  of  Glasgow 
in  1787.  His  chief  works  are  “Inquiry  into  the  Nature 
and  Causesof  the  Wealth  of  Nations  ” (1776)  and  “ Theory 
of  Moral  Sentiments  ” (1759). 

Smith,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Kilmarnock,  Scot- 
land, Dec.  31, 1830 : died  at  Wardie,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Jan.  5,  1867.  A Scottish  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous author.  He  wrote  “A  Life  Drama  and 
other  Poems  ” (1853),  “War  Sonnets ’’ (with  Dobell,  1855), 
etc.  His  chief  prose  works  are  “A  Summer  in  Skye  " (1865) 
and  “ Alfred  Hagart’s  Household  ” (1866). 

Smith,  Andrew  Jackson.  Born  April  28. 
1815:  died  Jan.  30,  1897.  A Union  general 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Vicksburg  and  Red  River  campaigns  (18(12-63  and  18G4X 
participating  in  the  battles  of  Pleasant  Hill  and  Nashville 
(1864).  He  also  bore  a conspicuous  part  in  the  reduction 
of  Mobile,  March-April,  18G5. 

Smith,  Benjamin  Leigh.  Born  1828.  An  Eng- 
lish arctic  explorer.  He  conducted  expeditions  to 
Spitzbergen  in  1871,  1872,  and  1873,  and  to  Franz  Josef 
Land  in  1880  and  1881-82. 

Smith,  Buckingham.  Born  at  Cumberland  Isl- 
and, Ga.,  Oct.  31, 1810:  died  at  New  York  city, 
Jan.  5,  1871.  An  American  antiquary.  He  ed- 
ited, translated,  and  wrote  various  works  in  Spanish  and 
English  relating  to  early  Spanish  explorations  in  America. 

Smith,  Charles  Emory.  Bom  in  1842 : died 
Jan.  19, 1908.  An  American  journalist,  editor 
of  the  Philadelphia  “Press.”  He  was  minister  to 
Russia  under  President  Harrison  1890-92,  and  postmaster- 
general  1898-Dec.,  1901. 

Smith,  Charles  Ferguson.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, April  24, 1807  : died  at  Savannah,  Tenn., 
April  25, 1862.  An  American  general.  He  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1825;  served  as  instructor,  adju- 
tant, and  commandant  at  West  Point  1829-42  ; commanded 
a light  battalion  in  the  Mexican  War ; commanded  the 
Red  River  expedition  in  1856 ; and  served  in  the  Utah 
expedition  1857-60.  He  was  appointed  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  in  1861 ; captured  the  heights  commanding 
the  fort  at  the  battle  of  Fort  Donelson  in  1862  ; and  was 
made  major-general  of  volunteers  in  March,  1862. 

Smith,  Edmund  Kirby.  Born  at  St.  Augus- 
tine, Fla. , May  16, 1824 ; died  at  Se wanee,  Tenn., 
March  28,  1893.  A Confederate  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845 ; served  in  the  Mexican 
and  Indian  wars;  was  wounded  at  Bull  Run  in  1861 ; led 
the  advance  in  Bragg’s  invasion  of  Kentucky  in  1862; 
gained  the  bat  le  of  Richmond,  Kentucky,  Aug.  30,  1862, 
and  wasmadelieutenant-general ; served  at  Perryville  and 
Murfreesboro ; was  commander  of  the  Trans-Mississippi 
department  in  1863 ; was  opposed  to  Banks  in  the  Red 
River  campaign  of  1864 ; was  made  general ; and  was  the 
last  Confederate  commander  to  surrender  (Slay  26,  1865). 
Smith,  Eli.  Born  at  Northford,  Conn.,  Sept.  13, 
1801:  died  at  Beirut,  Syria,  Jan.  11,  1857.  An 
American  missionary  in  Syria,  and  Arabic  schol- 
ar. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1821,  and  at  Andover  in  1826, 
and  in  that  year  became  superintendent  of  the  missionary 
printing-house  at  Malta : later  he  became  connected  with 
the  mission  in  Syria.  In  1829  he  traveled  in  Greece.  In 
1830-31,  with  Dr.  H.  G.  0.  Dwight,  he  made  a journey 
through  Armenia,  Georgia,  and  Persia,  and  settled  in  Beirut 
in  1833.  In  1838,  with  Professor  Edward  Robinson,  he 
made  a remarkable  exploration  of  Palestine,  which  is  said 
to  have  "opened  the  second  great  era  of  our  knowledge 
of  the  Promised  Land.”  In  1852  they  visited  Jerusalem 
again.  He  began  in  1844  to  translate  the  Bible  into  Ara- 
bic, and  a portion  of  it  was  in  print  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  It  was  completed  by  Dr.  Cornelius  Van  Dyke  in 
1800-67.  He  had  devised  an  improved  font  of  Arabic  type, 


Smith,  Henry  Boynton 

which  was  cast  at  Leipsic  in  1839  under  his  direction.  He 
assisted  Professor  Robinson  in  the  production  of  “Bibli- 
cal Researches  in  Palestine,  Mount  Sinai,  and  Arabia  Pe- 
trsea”  in  1841:  with  the  second  edition  (1856)  appeared 
“ Later  Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine,  etc.”  He  wrote 
“ Missionary  Researches  in  Armenia  ” (with  Dr.  Dwight, 
1833)  and  “Sermons  and  Addresses  ” (1834),  and  contrib- 
uted to  the  “ Bibliotheca  Sacra,”  etc. 

Smith,  Erasmus  Peshine.  Born  at  New  York, 
March  2,  1814;  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Oct. 
21,  1882.  An  American  jurist  and  political 
economist.  He  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1832,  and  at 
the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1833 ; was  for  some  time  an 
official  in  the  state  department ; and  about  1871  became 
adviser  on  international  law  to  the  Mikado  of  Japan,  a 
post  which  he  occupied  five  years. 

Smith,  Mrs.  (Erminnie  Adelle  Platt).  Born 

at  Marcellus,  N.  Y.,  April  26, 1836 : died  at  Jersey 
City,  N.  J.,  June  9, 1886.  An  American  ethnolo- 
gist. She  published  an  Iroquois-English  dictionary,  etc. 

Smith,  Francis  Hopkinson.  Born  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Oct.  23, 1838.  AnAmerican painter, 
writer,  and  civil  engineer.  He  has  published  “ Well- 
worn  Roads,  etc.  ” (1886),  “ A Book  of  the  Tile  Club  ’’  (1887), 
“A  White  Umbrella  in  Mexico ” (1889),  “Colonel  Carter 
of  Cartersville ” (1891),  “A  Day  at  Laguerre’s,  etc.”  (1892), 
“American  Illustrators’’  (1892),  “Tom  Grogan”  (1896), 
“Caleb  West"  (1898),  “The  Fortunes  of  Oliver  Horn” 
(1902),  “The  Wood  Fire  in  No.  3”  (1905),  “The  Tides  of 
Bamegat”  (1906),  “Peter”  (1908),  “Kennedy  Square” 
(1911),  “The  Arm-chair  at  the  Inn”  (1912). 

Smith,  George.  Born  March  26,  1840:  died  at 
Aleppo,  Aug.  19,  1876.  An  English  Assyriolo- 
gist,  a bank-note  engraver  by  trade.  He  studied 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  in  the  British  Museum,  and, 
through  the  influence  of  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson  and  Dr. 
Birch,  was  appointed  assistant  in  the  department  of  an- 
tiquities in  the  museum.  In  1872  he  discovered  the  Chal- 
dean account  of  the  deluge,  and  in  1871  the  key  to  the 
Cypriote  character  and  script.  In  1872  he  was  sent  by 
the  “Daily  Telegraph”  to  Nineveh,  and  in  1873  returned 
to  Nineveh  by  commission  of  the  British  Mnseum  and 
completed  his  excavations.  He  published  “Assyrian  Dis- 
coveries" in  1875.  On  a third  visit,  in  1876,  he  died.  He 
also  wrote  “Annals  of  Assurbanipal”  (1871),  “History  of 
Assyria  ” (1875),  “ Eponym  Canon  ” (1876),  etc. 

Smith,  George  Barnett.  Bom  1841 : died 
Jan.  2,  1909.  An  English  journalist  and 
writer.  He  went  to  London  in  1864  and  was  connected 
with  the  “ Globe  ” and  the  “ Echo."  He  contributed 
to  the  “ Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ” and  to  a number  of  peri- 
odicals. Among  his  works  are  “ Poets  and  Novelists  " (1875), 
lives  of  Shelley  (1877),  Gladstone  (1879),  Sir  Robert  Peel 
(1881),  John  Bright(l  881),  Victor  Hugo(1885),QueenVictoria 
(1886),  and  “William  I.  and  the  German  Empire ”(1889). 
Smith,  Gerrit.  Bom  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  March  6, 
1797 : died  at  New  York  city,  Dec.  28, 1874.  An 
American  philanthropist.  He  was  connected  with  the 
Colonization  Society,  and  later  with  the  Antislavery  Soci- 
ety, and  gave  pecuniary  assistance  to  John  Brown,  in  whose 
affair  at  Harper’s  Ferry  he  was  not,  however,  implicated. 
He  was  an  abolitionist  member  of  Congress  from  New 
*York  1853-54. 

Smith,  Goldwin.  Bom  at  Reading,  England, 
Aug.  13,  1823:  died  at  Toronto,  June  7,  1910. 
An  English  historian  and  publicist.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Oxford  in  1845  ; was  regius  p’rofessor  of  modern 
history  at  that  university  1858-66 ; and  was  professor  of 
English  and  constitutional  history  at  Cornell  University 
(Ithaca,  New  York)  from  1868  to  1871,  when  he  exchanged 
his  chair  for  that  of  a non-resident  professor  and  removed 
to  Toronto.  He  became  a member  of  the  senate  of  the 
Toronto  University ; was  editor  of  the  “ Canadian  Monthly” 
1872-74  ; and  founded  the  “Toronto  Week  ” in  1884.  He 
published  “Lectures  on  Modem  History”  (1861),  “Irish 
History  and  Irish  Character  " (1861),  “ Rational  Religion  ” 
(1861),  “ On  Church  Endowments  ‘‘  (1862),  “ The  Empire  " 
(1863),  “Civil  War  in  America”  (1866),  “Three  English 
Statesmen"  (1867),  “Reorganization  of  the  University  of 
Oxford  ” (1868),  “ Relations  between  America  and  Eng- 
land ”(1869),  “Short  History  of  England'’  (1869),  “Con- 
duct of  England  to  Ireland  ” (1882),  a “ History  of  the 
United  States  ” (1893),  etc. 

Smith,  Green  Clay.  Bom  1832  : died  June  29, 
1895.  An  American  politician,  general,  and 
clergyman.  He  was  a Federal  general  in  the  Civil  War ; 
Unionmember  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1863-66 ; gov- 
ernor of  Montana  Territory  1866-69  ; and  later  a Baptist 
minister.  Prohibition  candidate  for  the  presidency  1876. 

Smith,  Gustavus  Woodson.  Bora  in  Scott 
County,  Ky.,  Jan.  1,  1822:  died  June  23,  1896. 
An  American  soldier.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1842 ; served  in  the  Mexican  war ; and  resigned  from  the 
army  in  1854.  He  was  street  commissioner  of  New  York 
city  from  1858  to  1861,  when,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  lie  entered  the  Confederate  army,  and  was  appointed 
major-general  in  Sept.,  1861.  He  commanded  the  Georgia 
militia  in  1864.  He  was  insurance  commissioner  of  Ken- 
tucky 1870-76.  He  published  “ Notes  on  Life  Insurance  ’’ 
(3d  ed.  1877)  and  “Confederate  War  Papers”  (1884). 

Smith,  Henry  Boynton.  Born  at  Portland, 

Maine,  Nov.  21,  1815:  died  at  New  York  city, 
Feb.  7,  1877.  An  American  clergyman  and 

scholar.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Amherst 
College  in  1847,  and  professor  of  church  history  at  Union 
Theological  Seminary  in  1850  (and  later  of  systematic 
theology).  He  resigned  in  1874.  He  was  editor  of  the 
“ American  Theological  Review,”  “ Presbyterian  Review,  ” 
and  “Princeton  Review.”  His  works  include  “Relations 
of  Faith  and  Philosophy  "(1849),“  History  of  the  Church  of 
Christ  in  Chronological  Tables  ’’  (1859),  “ Church  History  ” 
(1851),“  The  Idea  of  Christian  Theology  as  a System  ’’  (1877), 
with  R.  D.  Hitchcock  a life  of  Edward  Robinson  (1864),  etc. 


t 


Smith,  Horace 

Smith,  Horace.  Born  at  London,  Dec.  31, 1779 : 
died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  July  12, 1849.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer: 
brother  of  James  Smith,  and  associated  with 
him  in  the  “ Rejected  Addresses.”  He  wrote 
“Brambletye  House”  (1826)  and  many  other 
novels. 

Smith,  James.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  10, 1775 : 
died  there,  Dec.  24, 1839.  An  English  poet,  noted 
for  a collection  of  parodies  entitled  “Reject- 
ed Addresses”  (in  collaboration  with  Horace 
Smith  in  1812).  He  aided  Charles  Mathews  in 
“Country  Cousins,”  etc. 

Smith,  John.  Born  at  Willoughby,  Lincoln- 
shire, in  Jan.,  1579:  died  at  London,  June  21, 
1631.  An  English  adventurer,  president  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia  1608-09.  He  was  the  eldest  son 
of  George  Smith,  a tenant  farmer.  Little  is  known  of  his 
life,  except  through  his  own  writings,  which  are  largely 
eulogistic  of  himself  and  of  questionable  authority.  He 
studied  at  the  free  schools  of  Alford  and  Louth,  and  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  was  apprenticed  to  a trade,  hut  ran  away  and 
served  under  Lord  YVilloughbyin  theNetherlandsand  else- 
where. He  afterward  served  in  Hungary  and  Transylvania 
against  the  Turks,  and  was  captured  and  sent  into  slavery, 
but  escaped  to  Russia  and  ultimately  returned  to  England, 
probably  about  1605.  He  accompanied  the  expedition,  con- 
sisting of  three  vessels  and  105  men,  which  left  London  Dec. 
19,  1606,  under  the  command  of  Christopher  Newport,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a colony  in  Virginia.  He  pro- 
fessed to  have  been  kept  under  arrest  during  part  of  the 
voyage,  on  suspicion  of  aiming  to  usurp  the  government 
and  make  himself  king.  The  colonists  sighted  the  Virginia 
coast  (Cape  Henry)  April  26,  1607.  The  same  day  they 
opened  the  sealed  orders  which  they  carried  with  them  pro- 
viding for  the  local  government  of  the  colony.  Theorders 
named  a council  of  seven  members, including  John  Smith 
(although  for  the  present  he  was  not  allowed  to  take  his 
seat),  which  was  to  elect  an  annual  president,  and  which 
ultimately  chose  Edward  Maria  Wingfield.  The  settle- 
ment of  Jamestown  began  May  13,  1007.  Smith’s  energy 
in  exploring  the  neighboring  rivers,  and  his  success  in  ob- 
taining supplies  from  the  Indians,  soon  secured  for  him 
admission  to  his  place  on  the  council.  While  on  a voyage 
of  exploration  up  the  James  in  1607  he  was  captured  by 
the  Indians  and  brought  before  Powhatan,  who  after  a six 
weeks’  captivity  sent  him  back  to  Jamestown  (see  Poca- 
hontas). When  he  returned  to  Jamestown,  he  found  the 
colonists  reduced  to  40  men  ; but  they  were  presently  re- 
inforced by  the  arrival  of  Captain  Nelson  with  140  immi- 
grants. Smith  explored  the  coasts  of  the  Chesapeake  as 
far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Patapsco  June-July,  and  the  head 
of  the  Chesapeake  July-Sept.,  1608.  On  Sept..  10, 1608,  he 
was  elected  president.  Captain  Newport  returned  from 
a visit  to  England  with  70  colonists.  Insubordination 
and  Indian  uprisings  were  overcome  by  Smith's  tact  and 
energy,  but  false  accounts  of  his  administration  were  sent 
home  by  his  enemies.  A new  charter  was  obtained  by  the 
proprietors  in  England  (the  London  Company) ; Lord  Dela- 
ware was  made  governor  ; and  three  commissioners  were 
empowered  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  colony  until  the 
arrival  of  the  governor.  The  commissioners  sailed  in  1609 
with  over  500  emigrants  in  nine  ships,  one  of  which,  the 
8ea  Venture,  was  shipwrecked  off  the  Bermudas.  The 
warrant  of  the  new  commission  was  lost  in  the  ship- 
wreck, with  the  result  that  Smith  retained  his  presidency 
and  enforced  his  authority  over  the  new-comers,  who 
were  composed  targely  of  the  riffraff  of  London.  While 
on  an  exploring  expedition  he  was  severely  wounded  by 
the  explosion  of  his  powder-bag,  and  returned  to  Lon- 
don in  the  autumn  of  1609.  He  subsequently  (in  1614) 
conducted  an  expedition  fitted  out  by  some  London 
merchants  to  the  coast  of  New  England,  which  he  ex- 
plored from  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod.  In  1615  he  started  on 
a similar  voyage,  but  was  captured  by  the  French.  He 
escaped  the  same  year,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  vain  endeavors  to  procure  financial  support  for 
the  establishment  of  a colony  in  New  England.  He  ob- 
tained the  promise  of  20  ships  in  1617,  and  received  the 
title  of  Admiral  of  New  England,  which  he  bore  until  his 
death.  The  expedition,  however,  never  sailed.  He  wrote 
“A  True  Relation  ’’  (1608),  “A  Map  of  Virginia”  (1612),  ‘‘A 
Description  of  New  England"  (1616),  “New  England’s 
Trials  ” (1620),  “The  Generali  Historie  of  Virginia,  New 
England,  and  the  Summer  Isles  ”(16241,  “An  Accidence  for 
Young  Seamen"  (1626),  “The  True  Travels  ” (1630),  and 
“Advertisements  for  the  Inexperienced  Planters  of  New 
England  ” (1631). 

Smith,  John  Cotton.  Born  at  Sharon,  Conn., 
Feb.  12,  1765:  died  there,  Dec.  7,  1845.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Federalist  member  of 
Congress  from  Connecticut  1801-07,  and  governor  of  Con- 
necticut 1813-18.  He  was  president  of  the  American  Bible 
Society  and  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  of 
Foreign  Missions. 

Smith,  John  Cotton.  Born  at  Andover,  Mass., 
Aug.  4,  1826 : died  at  New  York,  Aug.  10,  1882. 
An  American  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman. 
He  became  rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Ascension,  New 
York  city,  in  1860,  and  was  a leader  in  tenement-house 
reform.  He  wrote  “Miscellanies,  Old  and  New  ” (1876), 
“ The  Liturgy  as  a Basis  of  Union,”  etc. 

Smith,  John  Pye.  Born  at  Sheffield,  England, 
May  25, 1774:  died  at  Guildford,  England,  Feb. 
5,  1851.  An  English  Independent  clergyman. 
He  wrote  “Scripture  Testimony  to  the  Messiah”  (1818-21), 
“ Scripture  and  Geology  ” (1839),  etc. 

Smith,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Sharon,  Vt.,  Dec.  23, 
1805:  killed  at  Carthage,  111.,  June  27, 1844.  A 
Mormon  prophet.  He  removed  with  his  parents,  poor 
farmers,  to  the  State  of  New  York  about  1815,  and  resided 
successively  at  Palmyra  and  Manchester.  About  1820  he 
began,  as  he  claimed,  to  have  supernatural  visions,  and 
Sept,  22,  1827,  received  from  an  angel  a book  written  in 


940 

strange  hieroglyphics  on  golden  plates,  which  he  subse- 
quently translated  with  the  aid  of  Urim  and  Thummim, 
a pair  of  magic  spectacles.  The  translation,  which  was 
dictated  by  Smith  from  behind  a curtain,  was  published 
in  1830  under  the  title  of  the  “Book  of  Mormon" 
(which  see),  on  the  basis  of  which  the  Mormon  Church 
was  organized  in  the  same  year.  In  Feb.,  1831,  he  re- 
moved with  his  followers  from  New  York  State  to  Kirt- 
land,  Ohio,  settling  afterward  in  Missouri.  In  1840  he 
founded  the  city  of  Nauvoo,  Illinois.  Therevelation  which 
he  professed  to  have  received  July  12,  1843,  authorizing 
polygamy,  stirred  up  violent  opposition  among  his  follow- 
ers, which  found  expression  in  the  “Nauvoo  Expositor," 
a newspaper  founded  especially  for  this  purpose.  Smith’s 
adherents  destroyed  the  press,  and  a warrant  was  procured 
for  his  arrest.  He  resisted ; the  militia  was  called  out  to 
assist  the  constable  in  serving  the  instrument ; and  he  was 
ultimately  lodged  in  the  jail  at  Carthage  with  his  brother 
Hyrum,  where  they  were  shot  to  death  by  a mob. 
Smith,  Joshua  Toulmin.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
England,  May  29, 1816 : died  April  28, 1869.  An 
English  antiquary.  His  works  include  “Dis- 
covery of  America  by  the  Northmen”  (1839), 
“History  of  English  Guilds”  (1870),  etc. 
Smith,  Kirby.  Bee  Smith,  Edmund  Kirby. 
Smith,  Marcus.  Born  at  New  Orleans,  Jan.  27, 
1829 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  11, 1884.  An  Ameri- 
can actor,  known  as  Mark  Smith:  son  of  Solo- 
mon F.  Smith.  Heplayed  many  Shaksperian  parts,  and 
had  great  versatility,  ranging  easily  from  Sir  Peter  Teazle 
and  Sir  William  Fondlove  to  Diggory  and  Powhatan  (in 
Brougham’s  burlesque  “Pocahontas”). 

Smith,  Melancton  or  Melancthon.  Born  at 
New  York,  May  24, 1810  : died  at  Green  Bay, 
Wis.,  July  19, 1893.  An  American  admiral.  He* 
was  appointed  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy  in 
1826;  was  promoted  commander  in  1855,  captain  in  1862, 
commodore  in  1866,  and  rear-admiral  in  1870.  He  served 
in  theCivil  War  before  New  Orleans,  at  Port  Hudson,  Fort 
Fisher,  etc.  He  was  commandant  of  the  Brooklyn  navy- 
yard  1870-72,  and  was  afterward  governor  of  the  Naval 
Asylum  at  Philadelphia. 

Smith,  Morgan  Lewis.  Born  in  Oswego  County, 
N.  Y. , March  8, 1822 : died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 
Dec.  29,  1874.  An  American  general,  brigade 
and  division  commander  underGrant  and  Sher- 
man in  the  West  during  the  Civil  War. 

Smith,  Philip.  Born  1817 : died  1885.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  brother  of  Sir  William  Smith. 
He  was  head-master  of  the  Mill  Hill  Protestant  Dissen- 
ters’ School,  Hendon,  and  was  a coadjutor  of  his  brother 
in  the  compilation  of  the  dictionaries  of  Greek  and  Roman 
antiquities,  biography,  and  geography.  He  published  “A 
History  of  the  Ancient  World  ” (1863-65). 

Smith,  Robert.  Born  1689:  died  at  Cambridge, 
1768.  An  English  mathematician.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Cambridge  in 
1716,  and  master  of  Trinity  College  in  1742.  He  is  chiefly 
known  as  the  founder  of  Smith’s  prizes  (which  see)  at 
Cambridge.  Hexvrote  “Complete System  of  Optics ”(1738), 
etc. 

Smith,  Robert.  Bom  Nov.,  1757 : died  at  Bal- 
timore, Nov.  26,  1842.  An  American  politician, 
brother  of  Samuel  Smith  (1752-1839).  He  was 

secretary  of  the  navy  1801-05 ; attorney-general  1805 ; and 
secretary  of  state  1809-11. 

Smith,  Robert  Payne.  Born  Nov.,  1818: 
died  April  1,  1895.  An  English  Crientalist 
and  theologian.  He  xvas  regius  professor  of  divinity 
at  Oxford  from  1865  to  1871,  when  he  became  dean  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  a member  of  the  Old  Testament  Revision 
Company.  He  published  “The  Authenticity  and  Mes- 
sianic Interpretation  of  the  Prophecies  of  Isaiah  Vindi- 
cated” (1862),  “Prophecy:  a Preparation forClirist"  (1869), 
“Thesaurus  Syriacus ” (1868  et  seq.),  etc. 

Smith,  Roswell.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
March  30,1829:  died  at  New  York,  April  19, 1892. 
An  American  publisher,  a founder,  with  Dr.  J. 
G.  Holland  and  Charles  Scribner  & Co.,  of 
“Scribner’s  Monthly,”  later  (1881)  the  “Cen- 
tury "magazine.  He  wasthe  founderand  presi- 
dent of  The  Century  Co.  (New  York  city). 
Smith,  Samuel  Francis.  Born  at  Boston,  Oct. 
21, 1808 : died  Nov.  16, 1895.  An  American  Bap- 
tist clergyman  and  poet.  He  is  well  known  from  his 
hymns  and  songs,  including  “My  Country,  ’Tis  of  Thee" 
(1832),  “The  Morning  Light  is  Breaking  ”(1832),  etc. 
Smith,  Seba.  Born  at  Buckfield,  Maine,  Sept- 
Id,  1792 : died  at  Patehogue,  L.  I.,  July  29, 1868. 
An  American  journalist  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter. He  published  “Life  and  Letters  of  Major  Jack  Down- 
ing” (1833),  “ ’Way  Down  East,  etc.”  (1855),  “My  Thirty 
Years  Out  of  the  Senate,  by  Major  Jack  Downing  ” (1859- 
1860),  etc. 

Smith,  Sydney.  Born  a t Woodford,  Essex,  Eng- 
land, June  3, 1771 : died  at  London,  Feb.  22, 1845. 
An  English  clergyman,  wit,  and  essayist.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  at  New  College,  Oxford  : took 
orders;  and  was  curate  of  Netheravon  on  Salisbury  Plain. 
He  lived  in  Edinburgh  from  1798  to  1803,  and  then  went 
to  London.  While  in  Edinburgh  he  was  one  of  thefounders 
of  the  “Edinburgh  Review,”  its  first  editor (1802), and  one 
of  its  chief  contributors  for  twenty  years.  From  1804  to 
1808  he  was  one  of  the  lecturers  on  moral  philosophy  at 
the  Royal  Institution,  London,  teaching  the  principles  of 
Dugald  Stewart.  These  lectures  were  published  in  1850. 
In  1806  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Foston-le-Clay, 
Yorkshire,  where  there  had  been  no  clergyman  for  150 
years : he  lived  there  1814-28  as  a village  priest.  In 
1828  he  was  presented  to  a prebend  of  Bristol,  and  in 


Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney 

1829  to  the  living  of  Combe-Florey  in  Somerset;  and  in  1831 
he  was  canon  residentiary  of  St.  Paul's.  He  was  noted  as 
a brilliant  critic,  and  as  a talker  and  a wit.  Macaulay  calls 
him  “ the  greatest  master  of  ridicule  that  has  appeared 
among  us  since  Swift.”  His  chief  works  are  "Letters  on 
the  Subject  of  the  Catholics,  by  Peter  Plymley  " (1807-08 : 
advocating  Catholic  emancipation  and  Parliamentary  re- 
form); sixty-five  articles  from  the  “ Edinburgh  Review,” 
republished  in  1839;  "Wit  and  Wisdom"  (edited  by 
Duyckinck,  1856);  and  a number  of  volumes  of  speeches, 
sermons,  and  letters  on  questions  of  the  day.  His  life  was 
published  by  his  daughter,  Lady  Holland  (1855 : Including 
his  letters). 

Smith,  Walter  Chalmers.  Born  at  Aberdeen 
in  1824:  died  Sept.  19,  1908.  A Scottish  clergy- 
man and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and 
Edinburgh,  and  held  pastoral  charges  in  the  Free  Church 
of  Scotland  at  Orwell,  Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh.  He  was 
distinguished  as  a preacher  and  for  his  practical  interest 
in  public  affairs.  His  poems  include  “The  Bishop’s 
Walk”  (1861),  “Olrig  Grange"  (1872),  “Hilda  among  the 
Broken  Gods ’’ (1878),  “Kildrostan”  (1884),  etc. 

Smith,  Waylandi  S eeWayland. 

Smith,  William.  Bom  at  New  York,  June  25, 
1728 : died  at  Quebec,  Canada,  Nov.  3,  1793. 
An  American  jurist  and  historian.  He  graduated 
from  Yale  in  1745,  studied  law,  and  became  chief  justice  of 
the  province  of  New  York  in  1763,  and  a member  of  the 
council  in  1767.  He  finally  attached  himself,  after  much 
wavering,  to  the  cause  of  the  British,  and  became  chief 
justice  of  Canada  in  17S6.  He  wrote  “ History  of  the  Prov- 
ince of  New  York,  etc.  ’’  (1757). 

Smith,  William.  Born  at  Churchill,  Oxford- 
shire, England,  March  23, 1769 : died  at  North- 
ampton, England,  Aug.  28,  1839.  An  English 
geologist,  called  “the  Father  of  English  Geol- 
ogy.” He  began  as  a mineral  surveyor  and  civil  engineer, 
and  in  1794  was  appointed  engineer  of  the  Somerset  Coal 
Canal.  He  published  “Geological  Map  of  England  and 
Wales  xvith  Part  of  Scotland  ” (1816),  geological  county 
maps,  and  works  on  the  connection  of  strata  with  organic 
remains. 

Smith,  Sir  William.  Born  at  London  in  1813 : 
died  at  London,  Oct.  7,  1893.  A classical 
and  biblical  scholar.  He  studied  at  University  Col- 
lege (London),  and  kept  terms  at  Gray's  Inn,  but  aban- 
doned law  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  clas- 
sical literature.  He  was  editorof  the  “ Quarterly  Review  ” 
from  1867  until  his  death,  and  was  knighted  in  1892.  He 
edited  a “ Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities" 
(1842),  “ Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and 
Mythology”  (3  vols.,  late  ed.  1880),  “Dictionary  of  Greek 
and  Roman  Geography  ” (2  vols.  1854-57),  “ Dictionary  of 
the  Bible"  (1860-63),  Latin-English  dictionary  (1855) ; was 
joint  editor  of  “Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities” 
(1875-80),  and  “ Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography  "(4  vols. 
1877-87) ; and  wrote  or  edited  various  classical  text-books, 
historical  manuals,  etc. 

Smith,  William  Farrar.  Born  Feb.  17, 1824: 
died  Feb.  28, 1903.  An  American  (Union 'gen- 
eral and  engineer.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1845 ; was  a division  commander  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign and  at  Antietam  ; and  was  a corps  commander  at 
Fredericksburg.  He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland  and  of  the  Division  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. He  took  an  important  part  in  the  operations 
near  Chattanooga,  1863.  In  1864  he  was  confirmed  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  was  corps  commander  at  ( old 
Harbor  and  before  Petersburg  in  the  same  year. 

Smith, William  Henry.  Born  at  London,  June 
24,  1825 : died  at  Walmer  Castle,  Oct.  6,  1891. 
An  English  Conservative  politician  and  pub- 
lisher. He  was  financial  secretary  to  the  treasury  1874- 
1S77 ; first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1877-80 ; secretary  for  war 
18S5-86  and  1886-87 ; and  first  lord  of  the  treasury  and 
leader  of  the  Houseof  Commons  from  1887  until  his  death. 

Smith,  William  Robertson.  Born  at  Keig, 
Aberdeenshire,  Nov.  8,  1846:  died  at  Cam- 
bridgej  England,  March  31,  1894.  A distin- 
guished Scottishbiblicalscholarand  Orientalist. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  a Free  Church  minister,  who  was 
his  sole  teacher  till  he  entered  Aberdeen  University.  After 
gaining  exceptional  distinction  there,  he  went  to  the  Free 
Church  College  at  Edinburgh,  and  afterward  studied  at 
the  universities  of  Bonn  and  Gottingen.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Hebrew  professor  in  the  Free  Church  College 
at  Aberdeen.  A keen  ecclesiastical  controversy  arose  out 
of  certain  of  his  writings — the  question  at  issue  being  the 
extent  of  liberty  in  matters  of  biblical  criticism  and  inter- 
pretation permissible  in  an  evangelical  church.  His  con- 
tributions to  the  “ Encyclopedia  Britannica,”  especially 
the  article  “ Bible,"  published  in  1875,  led  to  a series  of  at- 
tempts to  convict  him  of  heresy.  These  were  unsuccess- 
ful, largely  owing  to  the  attraction  of  a powerful  personal 
influence,  as  well  as  to  his  skilful  conduct  of  his  defense  ; 
but  in  1881  he  was  removed  from  his  chair  without  being 
deprived  of  its  emoluments,  of  which,  however,  he  declined 
to  continue  acceptance.  The  ground  assigned  by  the  As- 
sembly for  this  action  was  that  “they  no  longer  considered 
it  safe  or  advantageous  for  the  church  that  Professor  Smith 
should  continue  to  teach  in  one  of  her  colleges."  From 
1881  he  was  associated  as  joint  editor  of  the  “ Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica”  with  T.  Spencer  Baynes,  after  whose 
death  in  1887  he  was  sole  editor.  He  was  lord  almoner’s 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge  University  1883-86,  libra- 
rian of  the  university  18S6-89,  and  professor  of  Arabic 
1889-94.  He  published  “ The  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish 
Church"  (1881),  “The  Prophets  of  Israel,  and  their  Place 
in  History  ” (1882),  “Kinship  and  Marriage  in  Early  Ara- 
bia” (1885),  “The  Religion  of  the  Semites  ’’  (1S89),  etc. 

Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney:  often  called  Sir 
Sidney  Smith.  Born  at  Westminster,  June  21. 
1764:  died  at  Paris,  May  26, 1840.  An  English 
admiral.  Entering  the  navy  at  11,  he  won  a lien  tenancy  in 


Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney 

the  battle  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  Jan.,  1780.  In  1788-90  he 
advised  the  King  of  Sweden  in  his  war  with  Russia ; in 
1793  he  joined  Lord  Hood  at  Toulon  ; and  on  April  19, 1796, 
he  was  captured  in  the  harbor  of  Havrede-Grace,  and  sent 
to  Paris.  He  escaped  in  1798,  and  crossed  the  Channel  in 
a skiff.  In  Oct.,  1798,  he  was  sent  to  Constantinople  as 
plenipotentiary ; but,  learning  of  Bonaparte's  operations  at 
St.-Jean  d'Acre,  went  to  its  relief.  On  March  16,1799,  he 
captured  the  French  flotilla,  and  on  May  20  compelled  Bon- 
aparte to  raise  the  siege.  He  served  as  brigadier-general 
under  Ahercromby  at  the  battle  of  Abukir.  In  1802  he  was 
member  of  Parliament  for  Rochester  ; in  1805  was  sent  on 
secret  service  to  Sicily  and  Naples  ; in  1807  joined  Sir  John 
Duckworth  against  the  Turks  ; and  on  Feb.  7 destroyed  the 
Turkish  fleet  at  Abydos. 

Smith  College.  An  institution  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  situated  at  Northampton, 
Massachusetts.  It  was  founded  by  Sophia  Smith 
(1796-1870),  and  opened  in  1875.  It  has  over 
1,600  students. 

Smithfield  (smith'feld).  A locality  in  London, 
north  of  St.  Paul’s.  It  was  formerly  a recreation- 
ground,  and  was  long  famous  for  its  cattle-market.  It  was 
noted  in  the  time  of  Queen  Mary  as  the  place  for  burning 
heretics  at  the  stake. 

Smith’s  Island  (smiths  I'land).  A small  island 
off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  to  which  it  be- 
longs, 24  miles  south  of  Wilmington.  It  con- 
tains Cape  Fear. 

Smithson  (smith'son),  James  (James  Lewis 

Macie).  Born  in  France,  about  1765  : died  at 
Genoa,  June  27, 1829.  An  English  scientist,  il- 
legitimate son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land. He  made  a bequest  to  the  United  States  for  the 
establishment  of  a scientific  institution.  See  Smithsonian 
Institution. 

Smithsonian  Institution.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Washington,  established  in  1846, 
for  the  “ increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge 
among  men.”  It  was  founded  by  James  Smithson,  an 
English  chemist  and  mineralogist,  and  a fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  At  his  death,  in  1829,  he  bequeathed  £105,000  to 
the  government  of  the  United  States  in  trust  “ to  found 
at  Washington  an  establishment,  under  the  name  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of 
knowledge  among  men,’’  which  bequest  became  operative 
in  1835.  In  1838  the  United  States  government  received 
from  the  Court  of  Chancery  of  Great  Britain  8515,169, 
which  sum  was  increased  by  careful  financial  management 
to  $703,000.  This  amount  was  further  increased  in  1891 
by  a gift  from  Mr.  Thomas  George  Hodgkins  of  Setauket, 
New  York,  of  8200,000,  a portion  of  the  income  of  which 
was  to  be  devoted  to  “the  increase  and  diffusion  of  more 
exact  knowledge  in  regard  to  the  nature  and  properties 
of  the  atmospheric  air,  in  connection  with  the  welfare  of 
man.”  Mr.  Hodgkins  also  named  the  Institution  as  his 
residuary  legatee.  The  funds  of  the  Institution  are  de- 
posited in  the  United  States  Treasury,  the  government 
paying  6 per  cent,  interest  on  the  fund.  After  the  discus- 
sion of  numerous  plans.  Congress  passed  an  act  in  1846 
creating  an  “establishment”  consisting  of  the  President 
and  members  of  the  cabinet  and  a board  of  regents  (the 
Vice-President,  3 senators,  3 members  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  six  other  citizens),  the  executive 
officer  to  be  a secretary  elected  by  the  board  of  regents. 
The  Institution  has  devoted  itself  to  the  two  lines  of 
work  marked  out  in  the  terms  of  the  bequest  — the 
prosecution  of  original  research,  and  the  publication  and 
distribution  of  memoirs  on  subjects  relating  to  science. 
During  the  course  of  its  existence,  it  has  originated  many 
scientific  undertakings  of  great  importance,  which  have 
since  been  taken  up  by  the  government,  and  for  which 
separate  bureaus  have  been  established,  some  independent 
of  the  Institution,  others  under  its  direction.  Out  of  its 
meteorological  service  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau 
has  grown  ; in  connection  with  its  work  in  ichthyology  the 
United  States  Fish  Commission  was  established.  Under 
the  direction  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  are  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  the  legal  custodian  of  all  govern- 
ment collections ; the  Bureau  of  International  Exchanges ; 
the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology ; the  Astrophysical  Ob- 
servatory ; the  National  Zoological  Park ; the  National  Gal- 
lery of  Art ; and  the  Regional  Bureau  of  the  International 
Catalogued  Scientific  Literature.  The  Institution  has  a li- 
brary of  over  250,000  volumes  (especiallyrich  in  transactions 
ofleamed  societies)  and scientificjournals.  Thislibrarywas 
deposited  in  1866,  by  act  of  Congress,  with  the  library  of 
Congress,  only  a working  library  being  retained  by  the  In- 
stitution. The  Institution  hashad  four  secretaries — Joseph 
Henry,  a physicist  (1846-78) ; Spencer  Fullerton  Baird,  a 
zoologist  (1878-87) ; Samuel  Pierpont  Langley,  an  astrono- 
mer and  physicist  (1887-1906),  and  Charles  D.  Walcott,  a 
geologist  (1907-).  Its  publications  consist  of  “Contribu- 
tions to  Knowledge,"  “Miscellaneous  Collections,"  and 
reports,  reports  of  the  National  Museum,  bulletins  of  the 
National  Museum,  proceedings  of  the  National  Museum, 
annual  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  etc.  It  has 
a building,  used  for  offices  and  exhibition  halls.  It  has 
taken  part  in  all  the  scientific  expeditions  and  explora- 
tions conducted  by  the  government,  and  in  all  interna- 
tional expositions.  It  offers  prizes  for  essays  on  specified 
subjects,  and  supports  a table  at  the  Naples  zoological 
station  for  the  purpose  of  original  research. 

Smith  Sound.  A sea  passage  in  the  arctic  re- 
gions, leading  northward  from  Bafiin  Bay,  and 
separating  Prndhoe  Land  (in  Greenland)  on 
the  east  from  Ellesmere  Land  on  the  west. 
Smith’s  Prizes.  Two  prizes  at  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  founded  by  Robert  Smith  (1689- 
1/68).  From  1769  to  1882  they  were  awarded  to  the  stu- 
dents  proceeding  B.  A.  who  were  most  successful  in  a spe- 
cial examination  in  mathematics.  From  1883  they  have 
been  awarded  to  writers  of  the  best  essays  on  any  subject 
in  mathematics  or  natural  philosophy. 


941 

Smoky  (smo'ki)  City,  The.  A name  frequently 
given  to  Pittsburg. 

Smoky  Hill  River,  or  Smoky  Hill  Fork.  A 

river  which  rises  in  eastern  Colorado,  flows 
east  through  Kansas,  and  unites  with  the  Sol- 
omon River  about  long.  97°  22'  W.  to  form  the 
Kansas  River.  Length,  about  400  miles. 
Smoky  Mountains,  or  Great  Smoky  Moun- 
tains. A range  of  the  Appalachian  system,  on 
the  border  between  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee. It  contains  peaks  over  6,000  feet  high. 
Smolen  (sme'len).  An  island  off  the  western 
coast  of  Norway,  about  lat.  63°  25'  N.  Length, 
about  15  miles. 

Smolensk  (smo-lensk').  1.  A.  government  of 
western  central  Russia,  sm-rounded  by  the 
governments  of  Pskoff,  Tver,  Moscow,  Kaluga, 
Tehernigoff,  Moghileff,  and  Vitebsk.  The  chief 
occupation  is  agriculture.  Area,  21,624  square 
miles.  Population,  1,860,500. — 2.  A cathedral 
city,  the  capital  of  the  government  of  Smo- 
lensk, situated  on  the  Dnieper  about  lat.  54° 
48'  N.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point,  and  is  one  of 
the  oldest  cities  of  Russia.  It  was  annexed  to  Lithuania  in 
1404 ; conquered  and  annexed  by  Russia  inl514 ; taken  by 
Sigismund  III.  of  Poland  in  1611 ; retaken  by  the  Russians 
in  1654 ; and  in  1667  definitely  reannexed  by  Russia.  A 
victory  was  gained  there  by  the  French  army  under  Na- 
poleon over  the  Russians  under  Barclay  de  Tolly  and 
Bagration,  Aug.  17,  1812  (N.  S. ),  when  the  town  was  partly 
burned.  Population,  49,300. 

Smolensk,  Principality  of.  A medieval  prin- 
cipality of  central  Russia,  acquired  by  Lithua- 
nia about  1400. 

Smolkin  (smol'kin).  A fiend  mentioned  in 
Shakspere’s  “King  Lear.” 

Smollett  (smol'et),  Tobias  George.  Born  at 
Dalquhurn,  Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  March, 
1721:  died  at  Antignano,  near  Leghorn,  Italy, 
Sept.  17,  1771.  A British  novelist,  historical 
writer,  and  miscellaneous  author.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar-school  of  Dumbarton  and  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a surgeon. 
About  1739  he  went  to  London  and  entered  the  navy  as  a 
surgeon,  and  in  1741  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Carta- 
gena. In  1744  he  returned  to  England,  and  until  1767 
lived  there  and  on  the  Continent,  devoting  himself  to 
literary  work,  and  editing  “ The  Critical  Review  ” and 
“ The  Briton."  In  1767  he  retired  to  a villa  near  Leghorn, 
where  he  died.  Among  his  works  are  the  novels  “ The 
Adventures  of  Roderick  Random  ” (1748),  “ The  Adven- 
tures of  Peregrine  Pickle  "(1751),  “The  Adventures  of  Fer- 
dinand, Count  Fathom”  (1753),  “The  Adventures  of  Sir 
Launcelot  Greaves"  (1762),  and  “The Expedition  of  Hum- 
phrey Clinker”  (1771);  and  among  his  other  works  are 
-‘A  Complete  History  of  England  " (1757-65),  “The  Repri- 
sals, or  the  Tars  of  Old  England  ” (1757  : a farce),  “ The 
History  and  Adventures  of  an  Atom"  (1709:  a satire', 
“ Travels  ” (1766),  and  translations  of  ‘ * Don  Quixote  ” (175  ) 
and  “Gil  Bias  ” (1701 : a later  translation  by  Mr.  Benjamin 
Heath  Malkin  has  been  printed  with  Smollett's  name). 

Smyrna  (smer'nsi),  Turk.  Ismir  (iz-mer').  A 
seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Aidin,  Asia  Minor, 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Smyrna  in  lat. 
38°  26'  N..  long.  27°  9'  E.  It  is  the  most  important 
city  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  chief  commercial  center  in  the 
Levant.  Its  exports  include  cotton,  figs,  raisins,  carpets, 
opium,  etc.  It  consists  of  a Turkish  and  a Frank  quarter, 
and  is  the  terminus  of  two  railway  lines.  It  was  an  an- 
cient Hiolian  settlement,  and  later  was  colonized  from  the 
Ionian  city  Colophon,  and  became  a member  of  the  Ionian 
League(C88  B.  c.).  It  claimed  tobethebirthplaceof  Homer. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Lydian  king  Alyattes,  and  was 
rebuilt  and  enlarged  by  Antigonus  and  J.ysimachus,  and 
became  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Asia.  It  was  one  of  the 
seven  cities  addressed  by  John  in  the  Revelation.  It  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  178  A.  D.,  and  was  restored  by 
Marcus  Aurelius;  was  occupied  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John 
in  the  14th  century;  and  was  sacked  by  Timur  in  1402. 
From  1424  it  has  been  under  Turkish  rule.  Population, 
201,000  (Greeks,  Turks,  Armenians,  aud  F ranks). 

Smyrna,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  iEgean  Sea, 
situated  west  and  northwest  of  Smyrna. 
Smyth  (smith  or  smith),  Charles Piazzi.  Born 
at  Naples,  Jan.  3,  1819:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Feb.  21,  1900.  Astronomer  royal  for  Scotland 
(1845-88),  son  of  Admiral  W.  H.  Smyth.  He 
wrote  “Teneriffe:  An  Astrohomer’s  Experiment,  etc.” 
(1858),  “Three  Cities  in  Russia”  (1862),  “Our  Inheritance 
in  the  Great  Pyramid”  (1864),  “Life  and  Work  at 
the  Great  Pyramid”  (1367),  “Antiquity  of  Intellectual 
Man  ” (1868),  “ The  Great  Pyramid  and  the  Royal  Society” 
(1874),  “New  Measures  of  the  Great  Pyramid  ” (1884),  etc. 

Smyth,  Egbert  Coffin.  Born  Aug.  24,  1829: 
died  April  12,  1904.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  theologian,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Smith  (1797—1868).  He  became  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical history  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1863,  and  president  of  its  faculty  in  1878.  He  was  chosen 
editor  of  the  “Andover  Review  ” in  1884. 

Smyth,  Samuel  Phillips  Newman.  Born  at 
Brunswick,  Maine,  J une  25,  1843.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman,  brother  of  E.  C. 
Smyth.  lie  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1863,  and  at  Andover 
in  1867,  having  in  the  meantime  served  in  the  Union  army 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  had  charge  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church  at  New  Haven,  Gonnecticut,  1882-1907  (emeritus), 
lie  has  published  “Religious  Feeling  ” (1877),  “Old  Faiths 
in  New  Lights ” (1879),  “The  Orthodox  Theology  of  To- 


Snoilsky 

day”  (1881),  “ The  Reality  of  Faith"  (1884),  “The  Morality 
of  the  Old  Testament  ’’  (1886:  in  “ Helps  to  Belief"),  and 
“ Christian  Facts  and  Forces  ” (1887). 

Smyth,  William.  Born  at  Pittston,  Maine, 
1797 : died  at  Brunswick,  Maine,  April  3,  1868. 
An  American  educator,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Bqwdoin  College.  He  wrote  mathe- 
matical text-books,  etc. 

Smyth,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, Jan.  21,  1788:  died  near  Aylesbury,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  9,  1865.  An  English  naval  officer 
and  kydrographer.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1805 ; 
madesurveysof  Sicily,  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic,  and  Sar- 
dinia by  order  of  the  admiralty ; attained  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral  in  1853  ; and  was  appointed  hydrographer  to  the 
admiralty  in  1857.  nis  chief  work  is  “The  Mediterranean” 
(1854). 

Snsehaetten  (sna'hat-ten).  A mountain  in  the 
Dovre  Fjeld,  Norway,  long  regarded  as  the 
highest  mountain  of  northern  Europe.  Height, 
7,570  feet. 

Snagsby  (snagz'bi),  Mr.  A mild,  bald,  timid 
man,  very  retii’ing  and  unassuming,  in  the 
law  stationery  business,  in  Dickens’s  “Bleak 
House.”  He  is  in  great  fear  of  his  domineering  wife, 
and  usually  prefaces  his  remarks  with  “Not  to  put  too 
fine  a point  upon  it.” 

Snake  (snak),  Mr.  A malicious  character  in 
Sheridan’s  “ School  for  Scandal.” 

Snake  Island.  See  Anguilla. 

Snake  (snak)  River,  or  Lewis  (lu'is)  River,  or 
Shoshone  (slio-sho'ne)  River.  A river  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  United  States,  it  rises 
in  Shoshone  Lake  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park  ; flows 
south  in  Wyoming,  west  through  Idaho  to  the  Oregon  bor- 
der, north  (forming  the  boundary  between  Idaho  on  the  east 
and  Oregon  and  Washington  on  the  west),  and  west  through 
Washington ; and  joins  the  Columbia  about  long  119“  W.  It 
is  noted  for  its  scenery  (cataracts  and  cations).  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Malade,  Boisd,  Salmon,  Clearwater, 
and  Palouse  on  the  right,  and  the  Owyhee,  Malheur,  and 
Grande  Ronde  on  the  left.  Length,  about  1,100  miles; 
navigable  to  Lewiston. 

Snakes.  See  Shoshoni. 

Snare  (snar).  A sheriff’s  officer : a character  in 
the  secondpart  of  Shakspere’s  ‘ * King  Henry  IV.” 

Sneak  (snek),  Jerry.  A foolish  good-natured 
henpecked  husband  in  Foote’s  play  “The 
Mayor  of  Garratt.”  He  is  unable  to  “pluck  up  a 
spirit,”  and,  when  elected  mayor,  is  unequal  to  the  office. 
He  has  become  the  type  of  henpecked  husbands. 

Sneehsetten.  See  Sneehsetlen. 

Sneer  (suer).  A disagreeable  eritic  in  Sheri- 
dan’s play  “ The  Critic.” 

Sir  Fret.  Plague  on ’t  now,  Sneer,  I shall  take  it  ill.  I 
believe  you  want  to  take  away  my  character  as  an  author. 

Sneer.  Then  I am  sure  you  ought  to  be  very  much 
obliged  to  me.  The  Critic. 

Sneerwell  (sner'wel),  Lady.  A beautiful  wi- 
dow, a scandalmonger,  in  Sheridan’s  “ School 
for  Scandal.”  “ Everybody  allows  that  Lady  Sneerwell 
can  do  more  with  a word  and  a look  than  many  can  with 
the  most  laboured  detail,  even  when  they  happen  to  have 
a little  truth  on  their  side  to  support  it.  ” 

Sneeuwbergen  (snaw'ber-oen).  [D.,  ‘snow 
mountains.’]  A range  of  mountains  in  Cape 
Colony,  about  lat.  32°  S.,  long.  25°  E.  Highest 
point,  about  8,000  feet. 

Sneffels,  Mount.  See  Sniffels. 

Snehsstten.  See  Snsehsetten. 

Snell,  Willebrord.  See  Snellius. 

Snellius  (snel'i-us),  or  Snell  (snel),  Wille- 
brord. Born  at  Leyden,  1581:  died  Oct.  30, 
1626.  A Dutch  mathematician,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Leyden  from  1613.  He  discov- 
ered the  law  of  refraction. 

Snevellicci  (sna-vel-le'che),  Miss.  An  actress, 
engaged  in  Mr.  Vincent  Crummies’s  theatrical 
troupe,  “who  could  do  anything,  from  a med- 
ley dance  to  Lady  Macbeth”:  a character  in 
Charles  Dickens’s  “Nicholas  Nickleby.” 

Sneyders.  See  Snyders. 

Sniffels  (snif'elz) , or  Sneffels  ( snef 'elz) , Mount. 
A peak  of  the  San  Juan  range,  southern  Colo- 
rado. Height,  14,158  feet. 

Snodgrass  (snod'gras),  Mr. Augustus.  Amem- 
ber  of  the  famous  Pickwick  Club,  with  a turn 
for  poesy,  in  Dickens’s  “Pickwick  Papers.” 

Snoilsky  (snoil'ske).Carl  Johan  Gustav.  Born 
at  Stockholm,  Sept.  8, 1841 ; died  there,  May  19, 
1903.  A Swedish  lyric  poet.  He  studied  at  Up- 
srila  after  1860,  where,  in  1861,  he  published  his  first  collec- 
tion of  poems,  “Smadikter”  (“Little  Poems”),  under  the 
pseudonym  Sven  Trbst.  In  1862  appeared  a second  volume 
of  poems  entitled  “Orchideer.”  In  1365  he  joined  the 
Swedish  embassy  at  Paris ; in  1866  he  was  appointed 
second  secretary  in  the  ministry  for  foreign  affairs,  and  in 
1874  first  secretary.  In  1875  he  was  made  Swedish  charg6 
d’affaires  at  Copenhagen.  He  had  the  hereditary  title  of 
count.  In  addition  to  the  works  named,  a volume  of  “ Pik- 
ter”  (“Poems”)  was  published  in  1869;  “Sonetter”  (“Son- 
nets”) in  1871.  A translation  of  Goethe's  ballads  appeared, 
iurther,  in  1876;  *‘Nye  Dikter"  ((i New  Poems”)  in  1881. 


Snorre  Sturleson 

Snorre  (snor'ra)  (or  Snorri  (snor're)  or  Snorro 
(snor'ro))  Sturleson  (stor'la-son)  or  Sturlu- 
son  (stor'lo-son).  Born  at  Hvamm,  1179:  as- 
sassinated on  his  estate  Reykjaholt,  Sept.  23, 
1241.  An  Icelandic  historian  and  high  legal 
officer  in  Iceland.  He  twice  visited  Norway.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  “Heimskringla”  (“  Saga*  of  the  Norwe- 
gian Kings  ” : English  translation  by  Laing),  and  the  re- 
puted author  of  the  “Younger  Edda.”  See  Edda  and 
Heimskringla. 

Snout  (snout).  In  Shakspere’s  “Midsummer 
Night’s  Dream,”  a tinker  who  plays  the  part  of 
the  father  of  Pyramus  in  the  interpolated  play. 
Snow-Bound  (sno'bound).  A poem  by  Whit- 
tier, published  in  1866 : a winter  idyl  of  New 
England  life. 

Snowdon  (sno'don),  Mount,  W.  Eryri.  [L. 

Mans  Henri.]  A mountain  in  Carnarvonshire, 
Wales,  10  miles  southeast  of  Carnarvon,  it  is 
the  highest  mountain  in  England  or  Wales,  and  is  noted 
for  its  grand  form  and  extensive  view.  It  has  five  peaks. 
Height,  3,590  feet. 

Snowdon.  See  the  extract. 

Snowdon,  which  is  also  the  official  title  of  one  of  the 
Scottish  heralds,  has  no  connection  with  the  Welsh  moun- 
tain of  that  name,  but  is  simply  the  descriptive  name  of 
Stirling  — Snua-dun,  the  fort,  or  fortified  hill,  on  the  river. 

“Stirling's  tower 
Of  yore  the  name  of  Snowdoun  claims," 
says  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Stuart  Glennie , Arthurian  Localities,  in.  1. 

Snowdoun,  Knight  of.  [See  above.]  The  title 
assumed  by  James  V.  of  Scotland  in  Scott’s 
poem  “The  Lady  of  the  Lake.”  Under  this  dis- 
guise  he  meets  Ellen  Douglas,  the  “Lady  of  the  Lake,” 
and  vanquishes  Roderick  Dhu  in  single  combat. 

Snowe  (sno),  Lucy.  The  principal  characterin 
Charlotte  Bronte’s  novel  “ Villett.e.”  She  is  a 
homeless  governess. 

Snow  King,  The.  An  epithet  given  by  the 
Austrians  to  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden. 
Snow  Mass  Mountain.  A peak  in  the  Elk 
Mountains,  western  Colorado.  Height,  13,970 
feet. 

Snow  Mountains.  See  Sneeuwbergen. 

Snowy  Range.  A name  given  to  the  range  of 
mountains  in  Colorado  known  also  as  the  Front 
Range  or  Colorado  Range. 

Snug  (snug).  In  Shakspere’s  “Midsummer 
Night’s  Dream,”  a joiner  who  plays  the  part  of 
the  lion  in  the  interpolated  play. 

Snyders  (sni'ders),  Frans  or  Franz.  Born  at 
Antwerp,  Nov.  11,  1579:  died  there,  Aug.  19, 
1657.  A Flemish  painter,  noted  especially  for 
representations  of  animals.  He  assisted  Rubens, 
Jordaen3,  and  others  in  painting  the  animals,  fruit,  flowers, 
etc.,  on  their  canvases. 

So  (so).  See  Sabaco. 

Hoshea,  as  we  know,  was  encouraged  by  the  hope  of 
support  from  So(Sewe),  king  of  Egypt  (2  Kings  xvii.  4),  and 
this  monarch,  the  Sebech  [Sabe)  of  the  Assyrian  monu- 
ments, was  in  fact  concerned  with  the  whole  movement  that 
threatened  the  Assyrian  supremacy  in  the  districts  west  of 
the  Euphrates.  W.  H.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  279. 

Soa  (so'a).  A small  island  of  the  Hebrides. 
Soane  (son),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Whitechurch, 
near  Reading,  Sept.  10,  1753:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  20,  1837.  An  English  architect.  The  Bank 
of  England  was  built  from  his  designs.  He  founded,  by 
will,  the  Soane  Museum  at  No.  13  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields, 
his  residence. 

Soar  (sor).  A small  river  in  England,  princi- 
pally in  Leicestershire.  It  joins  the  Trent  8 
miles  southeast  of  Derby. 

Sobat  (so-bat').  A large  right-hand  tributary 
of  the  White  Nile,  which  it  joins  about  lat.  9° 
20' N.  Its  sources  are  not  well  known.  Length, 
estimated,  600-700  miles. 

Sobieski.  See  John  III.,  King  of  Poland. 
Sobraon  (sd-bra-on' ).  A small  place  in  the  Pan- 
jab, British  India,  situated  on  the  Sutlej  45 
miles  southeast  of  Lahore.  Here,  Feb.  10, 1846, 
the  British  army  under  Sir  Hugh  Gough  de- 
feated the  Sikhs. 

Sobrarbe  (so-brar'ba).  A former  independent 
state  and  later  countship  in  Spain,  now  com- 
prised in  the  northern  part  of  the  province  of 
Huesca,  Aragon. 

Social  War,  or  Marsic  War.  A war  (90-88  b.  c.) 
between  Rome  and  the  greater  part  of  her  Ital- 
ian allies  in  central  and  southern  Italy,  includ- 
ing the  Marsi,  Peligni,  Samnites,  and  Luca- 
mans.  It  was  caused  by  the  refusal  on  the  part  of  the 
Romans  to  extend  the  privileges  of  Roman  citizenship. 
The  Italians  formed  a new  republic  with  its  capital  at 
Corfinium.  The  chief  Roman  commanders  were  Marius 
and  Sulla.  Rome  made  many  concessions  and  suppressed 
the  rebellion. 

Social  Wars.  In  Greek  history:  (a)  A war  (357 
(358  ? )— 355  B.  C.)  in  which  Athens  was  defeated 
by  her  former  allies  Byzantium,  Chios,  Cos, 


942 

and  Rhodes,  (b)  A war  between  the  Achaean 
and  -Etolian  leagues  (220-217  B.  c.). 

Society  and  Solitude.  A collection  of  essays 
by  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  published  in  1870. 

Society  (so-sl'e-ti)  Islands,  or  Tahiti  (ta-he'te) 
Archipelago.  [F.  ArcMpel  de  Taiti,  or  Arclti- 
pel  de  la  Societe .]  A large  group  of  islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  about  lat.  16°-18° 
S.,  long.  148°— 155°  W.  It  comprises  two  subgroups, 
the  Leeward  and  the  Windward.  The  chief  Islands  are 
Tahiti,  Raiatea,  Borabora,  Meetia,  and  Eimeo.  They  ex- 
port cocoanuts,  oranges,  cotton,  mother-of-pearl,  etc.  The 
capital  is  Papeete.  The  inhabitants  are  natives  (nomi- 
nally Christianized),  French,  and  others.  The  islands  were 
visited  (probably)  by  the  Spanish  navigator  Pedro  Fer- 
nandez de  Quiros  in  1607,  and  in  the  18th  century  by  Bou- 
gainville, Cook,  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty,  and  others. 
They  were  taken  under  French  protection  in  1842  by  Du 
Petit- Thouars,  and  Tahiti,  Eimeo,  and  other  islands  were 
made  a French  colony  in  1880.  Area,  660  square  miles. 
Population  of  Tahiti,  11,690. 

Society  of  Friends.  The  proper  designation 
of  a Christian  sect  commonly  called  Quakers, 
which  took  its  rise  in  England  about  the  middle 
of  the  17th  century  through  the  preaching  of 
George  Fox.  A division  occurred  in  portions  of  the 
Society  in  America  in  1827,  through  the  preaching  of  Elias 
Hicks,  whose  followers,  commonly  called  Hicksites,  hold 
doctrinal  views  closely  approximating  those  of  the  Uni- 
tarians, while  in  church  government  and  other  respects 
they  retain  the  usages  of  the  orthodox  Friends.  The  lat- 
ter agree  doctrinally  with  other  evangelical  Christians, 
but  lay  greater  stress  on  the  doctrine  of  the  personal  pres- 
ence and  guidance  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  They  have  no  paid 
minister,  and  accept  the  ordinances  of  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  Supper  in  a spiritual  sense  only,  rejecting  their 
outward  observance  as  church  rites.  They  condemn  all 
oath-taking  and  all  war.  The  organization  of  the  society 
involves  four  periodical  gatherings  called  “meetings" : 
namely,  preparative  meeting,  monthly  meeting,  quarterly 
meeting,  and  yearly  meeting.  The  body  called  the  Year- 
ly Meeting  has  legislative  power.  There  are  two  Yearly 
Meetings  in  Great  Britain,  one  in  Canada,  and  fourteen 
in  the  United  States. 

Socinians  (so-sin'i-anz).  Those  who  hold  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  Italian  theologians  Lad  i us 
Socinus  (1525-62)  and  Faustus  Socinus  (1539- 
1604)  and  their  followers.  The  term  Socinianism  is 
in  theological  usage  a general  one,  and  includes  a con- 
siderable variety  of  opinion.  The  Socinians  believe  that 
Christ  was  a man  miraculously  conceived  and  divinely 
endowed,  and  therefore  entitled  to  honor  and  reverence, 
but  not  to  divine  worship;  that  the  object  of  his  death 
was  to  perfect  and  complete  his  example  and  to  prepare 
the  way  for  his  resurrection,  the  necessary  historical  basis 
of  Christianity ; that  baptism  is  a declarative  rite  merely, 
and  the  Lord  s Supper  merely  commemorative ; that  di- 
vine grace  is  general  and  exerted  through  the  means  of 
grace,  not  special  and  personally  efficacious:  that  the 
Holy  Spirit  is  not  a distinct  person,  but  the  divine  energy ; 
that  the  authority  of  Scripture  is  subordinate  to  that  of 
the  reason  ; that  the  soul  is  pure  by  nature,  though  con- 
taminated by  evil  example  and  teaching  from  a very  early 
age ; and  that  salvation  consists  in  accepting  Christ  s 
teaching  and  following  his  example.  The  Socinians  thus 
occupy  theologically  a position  midway  between  the  Ari- 
ans,  who  maintain  the  divinity  of  Jesus  Christ,  but  deny 
that  he  is  coequal  with  the  Father,  and  the  Humanita- 
rians, who  deny  his  supernatural  character  altogether. 

Socinus  (so-sl'iius),  Faustus,  Latinized  from 
Fausto  Sozzini.  Born  at  Siena,  Italy,  1539: 
died  near  Cracow,  March,  1604.  An  Italian 
Unitarian  theologian,  nephew  of  Ltelius  Soci- 
nus. He  lived  in  Italy  and  Basel ; visited  Transylvania 
1578-79;  and  resided  in  Poland  after  1579.  Among  his 
works  are  “De  Jesu  Christo  Servatore,”  “De  auctoritate 
S.  Scriptune.” 

Socinus,  Laelius,  Latinized  from  Lelio  Sozzini 
(or  Sozini  or  Soccini).  Born  at  Siena,  Italy, 
1525 : died  at  Zurich,  1562.  An  Italian  Protes- 
tant thinker,  an  antitrinitarian.  See  Socinians. 

Soconusco  (so-ko-nos'ko).  A department  which 
forms  the  southern  part  of  the  state  of  Chia- 
pas, Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Pacific.  It  was 
conquered  by  Alvarado  in  1524,  and  formed  apart  of  Guate- 
mala until  1825.  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  (Soconuscans) 
were  perhaps  of  Chiapanec  stock,  but  had  submitted  to  the 
Aztecs  before  the  Spanish  conquest.  The  region  is  said  to 
have  been  very  populous. 

Socotra  (so-kd'tra  or  sok'o-tra),  or  Socotora 
(sok'6-to-ra),  or  Sokotra  (so-ko'tra  or  sok'o- 
tra).  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  east  of 
Cape  Guardafui  and  south  of  Arabia,  iu  lat.  (of 
Tamarida)  12°  39'  N.,  long.  53°  59'  E. : the  an- 
cient Dioscorides.  The  surface  is  generally  moun- 
tainous ; the  chief  products  are  aloes  and  dragon’s-blood. 
Its  principal  place  is  Tamarida.  The  inhabitants  were 
formerly  Nestorian  Christians.  Socotra  was  occupied  by 
the  Portuguese  in  the  16th  century,  and  was  annexed  by 
Great  Britain  in  1886.  Length,  71  miles.  Area,  1,382 
square  miles.  Population,  12,000. 

Socrates  (sok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  lejnparr/r.]  Born  at 
Athens  about  470  b.  c. : died  there,  399.  A 
famous  Greek  philosopher.  He  was  the  son  of 
Sophroniscus,  a sculptor,  and  of  Phasnarete,  a midwife. 
He  at  first  adopted  his  father's  art : in  the  time  of  Pausa- 
nias  a group  of  draped  Graces,  by  him,  still  stood  on  the 
approach  to  the  Acropolis.  He  soon,  however,  devoted 
himself  entirely  to  the  pursuit  of  philosophy,  and  became 
famous  through  the  persistency  and  skill  with  which,  in 
conversation  with  the  sophists  and  with  every  one  who 
would  yield  himself  to  the  dialogue,  he  conducted  the 


Sofonisba 

analysis  of  philosophical  and  ethical  ideas  (“the  Socratic 
method”).  He  was  above  all  a searcher  after  a knowledge 
of  virtue  (which  indeed  he  identified  with  knowledge), 
and  was  in  himself  the  noblest  exponent  of  the  ethical  life 
of  the  Greeks.  He  served  at  Potidiea  (431),  Delium  (424), 
and  Amphipolis  (422) ; was  president  of  the  prytanes  in 
406 ; and  opposed  the  Thirty  Tyrants.  He  is  the  chief 
character  in  the  dialogues  of  Plato,  in  which  his  teachings 
are  set  forth  (greatly  modified  by  Plato's  own  views),  and 
i3  the  subject  of  the  “ Memorabilia  ” of  Xenophon.  His 
most  famous  pupils  were  Plato,  Xenophon,  and  Alcibia- 
des.  He  was  bitterly  attacked  by  Aristophanes  as  a so- 
phist and  innovator,  and  drew  upon  himself  by  his  mode 
of  life  and  the  character  of  his  opinions  the  enmity  of 
many  others.  In  399  he  was  accused  of  impiety  (the  in- 
troduction of  new  gods)  and  of  corrupting  the  youth  ; de- 
fended himself  in  a famous  speech  which  enraged  rather 
than  conciliated  his  judges  ; was  condemned  ; and  drank 
hemlock  in  his  prison,  surrounded  by  his  disciples. 

Socrates.  Born  at  Constantinople : died  after 
440  a.  D.  A Greek  church  historian.  His  ecclesi- 
astical history  was  edited  by  Migne  and  by  Hussey  (1853 : 
English  translation  by  Hanmer  1619). 

Soden  (zo'den).  The  name  of  several  water- 
ing-places in  Germany.  The  most  notable  one  is 
in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  9 miles  west- 
northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It  has  mineral 
springs. 

Soderkoping  (se'der-che-ping).  A small  town  in 
the  laen  of  Linkoping,  Sweden,  86  miles  south- 
west of  Stockholm.  It  was  of  great  impor- 
tance in  the  middle  ages. 

Sodermanland  (se'der-man-lant).  A laen  in 
eastern  Sweden,  southwest  of  Stockholm.  Also 
called  Ny  hoping.  Area,  2,631  square  miles. 
Population,  173,207. 

Sodermann  (se'der-man),  August  Johann. 

Born  at  Stockholm,  July  17,  1832:  died  there, 
Feb.  10,  1876.  A Swedish  composer,  author  of 
the  “ Brollops-March.” 

Sodo  Lake  (so'do  lak).  A lake  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Louisiana,  near  Shreveport: 
connected  with  Caddo  Lake. 

Sodom  (sod'om).  In  scriptural  geography,  one 
of  the  cities  of  the  Vale  of  Siddim  (which  see), 
destroyed  on  account  of  its  wickedness  in  the 
time  of  Abraham  and  Lot.  According  to  tradition 
its  site  is  covered  by  the  Dead  Sea : but  this  is  not  geo- 
logicaUy  possible. 

Sodoma  (so-dd'ma),  or  Sodona  (so-do'na),  H 
(properly  Giannantonio  or  Giovanni  An- 
tonio Bazzi,  corrupted  to  Razzi).  Born  at 
Vercelli,  Italy,  1477 : died  at  Siena,  Italy,  1549. 
An  Italian  painter.  Among  his  best  works  are  “St. 
Catherine,”  “Christ  Scourged,”  “Deposition  from  the- 
Cross”  (all  in  Siena),  etc. 

Sodor  and  Man  (so'dorandman).  A medieval 
diocese,  comprising  the  Hebrides  (Sodor,  from 
a Scandinavian  name)  and  the  Isle  of  Man. 
The  diocese  now  consists  of  the  Isle  of  MaD.  The  bistoop 
has  a seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  but  no  vote. 

Sodus  (so'dus)  Bay,  Great  and  Little.  Two 

indentations  of  the  coast  of  Lake  Ontario, 
southwest  of  Oswego,  New  York. 

Soest  (zost).  A town  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  34  miles  southeast  of  Munster. 
It  has  manufactures  of  iron,  soap,  beer,  etc.  ; and  eon- 
tains  several  notable  churches,  including  St.  Mary-in-the- 
Fields,  the  cathedral,  and  St.  Peter's.  It  was  an  ancient 
Hanseatic  city,  and  in  the  middle  ages  was  one  of  the 
chief  places  of  northern  Germany.  Its  municipal  code 
was  celebrated.  Soest  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
the  army  of  Cologne  in  1444,  and  passed  from  Cologne  to 
Cleves  in  1449.  Population,  commune,  17,394. 

Soester  Fehde  (zos'ter  fa'de).  [‘  Feud  of  Soest.”) 
A war  between  Cologne  and  Cleves  1444-49, 
caused  by  a dispute  over  the  possession  of 
Soest  (which  see). 

Sofala  (so-fa'la).  1.  A district  in  Mozambique, 
eastern  Africa,  extending  along  the  coast  from 
the  Zambesi  to  Delagoa  Bay.  It  has  by  some 
been  identified  with  the  biblical  Ophir. — 2.  A 
seaport,  the  chief  place  in  the  district  of  Sofala, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Sofala  River,  in  lat. 
20°  11'  S.,  long.  34°  36'  E.:  formerly  a flourish- 
ing commercial  place.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1505.  Population,  1,000-2,000. 

Sofala  Bay.  An  indentation  in  the  coast-line 
of  eastern  Africa,  near  Sofala. 

Sofi  (so'fi).  See  Mittu. 

Sofia,  or  Sophia  (so-fe'a).  The  capital  of  Bul- 
garia, situated  in  lat.  42°  38'  N.,  long.  23°  15' 
E.:  the  ancient  Serdiea  or  Sardica.  It  was  called 
Triaditza  by  the  Byzantine  Greeks.  It  was  plundered  by  the 
Huns;  was  captured  by  the  Bulgarians  in  809;  was  taken 
by  the  Turks  about  1382  ; was  occupied  temporarily  by  the 
Hungarians  in  1443;  and  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  Jan., 
1878.  It  has  been  greatly  developed  ana  moaemtzed 
within  the  last  few  years.  Population,  82,62L 

Sofonisba  (so-fon-es'ba).  1.  A tragedy  by  Ga- 
leotto  del  Carretto,  acted  in  1502:  the  first  Ital- 
ian tragedy. — 2.  A tragedy  by  Trissino,  writ- 
ten about  1515,  printed  1529:  the  first  Italian 
tragedy  of  note.— 3.  A tragedy  byAlfieri,  pro- 
duced in  1783.  See  Soj)honisba. 


Soga 


943 


Soga  (so  ga),  or  Wasoga  (wa-so'ga).  A Bantu  Soldau  (zol'dou).  A town  in  the  province  of 
tribe  of  British  East  Africa,  on  the  northern  East  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Russian  frontier, 
shore  of  Lake  Victoria,  where  the  Nile  separates  102  miles  southeast  of  Dantzic.  Here,  Dec.  26, 
them  from  the  Baganda.  Though  nominally  subject  1806,  the  French  defeated  the  Prussians.  Popu- 
to  Unyoro,  they  are  practically  under  Ganda  rule.  The  lation,  4,187. 

country  is  called  Usoga.  Population  estimated  at  500,000  goldier*s  Fortune,  The.  A comedy  by  Otway, 
(by  Stanley  m 1876).  „ produced  in  1681. 

Sogdiana  (sog-di-a  na),  or  Sogdiane Soldiers  Three.  A collection  of  stories  by  Rud- 
ne).  [Gr.  y ZopUavy.]  In  anci, m ^ geography  ^ Ki  li  pubUshed  in  1889. 

a large  region  in  central  Asia  lying  north  of  g.oldin  A town  in  the  province  of 

Bactriana,  between  the  Oxus  and  Jaxartes,  in  Bl.audevnbm.g  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Soldin- 
the  vicinity  of  Bokhara  and  Samarkand.  It  0 milf’ east.no ’theast  of  Berim.  Popu- 
was  invaded  by  Alexander  the  Great.  lation,  commune,  5,704. 

Sogne  Fjord  (sog'ne  fyord).  The  longest  fiord  Solebay,  Battle  of.  See  Southwold,  Battle  of. 

inrNr°,roVMy’  sit;la,^d  °"  th.(i  rel"‘”lC0Tl  ,a  0U  Soleillet  (so-la-ya'),  Paul.  Born  at  Nimes, 
lat.  61°  N. : noted  for  its  wild  scenery . imtsupper  A , 0 . u , 

part  it  is  bounded  by  high  mountains  (6,000  feet)  and  gla-  I ranee,  1842 . died  at  Aden,  1886. 
ciers.  Length,  112  miles. 

Soham  (so'ham).  A town  In  Cambridgeshire, 

England,  14  miles  northeast  of  Cambridge. 

Sohar  (so-har').  A seaport  in  Oman,  Arabia, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Oman  in  lat.  24°  22'  N., 
long.  56°  45'  E.  It  was  a flourishing  commer- 
cial cityinthemiddleages.  Population, 5, 000(f). 

Sohar.  See  Zohar.  ooiem, 

Sohell  (so'he-il). 

first-magnitude  star  a Argus,  usually  known  as 
Canopus. 

Sohn  (zon),  Karl  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Berlin, 

Dec.  10,  1805:  died  at  Cologne,  Nov.  26,  1867. 

A German  painter,  especially  noted  for  female  g^esmes  ^64am'X™  A town  in  the  depart- 


An  African 

explorer.  Ht*  carried  on  explorations  in  Algeria  1865-36 ; 
endeavored  to  open  the  way  between  Algeria  and  Senegal, 
but  failed  to  penetrate  beyond  the  oasis  Ain-Salah  ; agi- 
tated for  a trans-Sahara  railroad ; visited  Senegal  in  1878 ; 
and  pioneered  for  French  influence  in  Shoa,  bringing  about 
the  occupation  of  Obok.  His  works  include  ‘‘Explora- 
tion du  Sahara  Central  ”(1874),  “ L’Avenir  de  la  France  en 
Afrique”  (1876),  and  “Voyages  en  Ethiopie”  (1885). 

See  Slmnem. 

Th.  Arabian  „.n»  for  fha  bet™.  the 

Isle  of  Wight  and  the  mainland  of  Hampshire, 
England,  which  connects  the  English  Channel 
on  the  west  with  Spithead  on  the  east.  Length, 
about  16  miles.  Greatest  width,  4 miles. 


figures. 

Sohn,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Berlin,  Aug.  29, 1830 : 
died  near  Bonn,  March  16,  1899.  A German 
painter,  nephew  of  K.  F.  Sohn. 

Soho  (so'ho).  A manufacturing  suburb  of  Bir- 
mingham, England,  situated  in  Staffordshire. 
Soho  Square.  A square  in  London,  south  of  Ox- 
ford street,  about  f mile  north  of  Charing  Cross. 
It  was  made  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  was  at  one  time 
called  King’s  Square,  from  Gregory  King,  its  architect. 

Sohrab.  See  Suhrab. 


ment  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Selle  8 
miles  south  of  Valenciennes.  Population, 
commune,  5,910. — 2.  A village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Sarthe 
26  miles  west-southwest  of  Le  Mans,  its  Bene- 
dictine abbey  contains  remarkable  sculptures  of  the  first 
part  of  the  16th  century. 

Soleure.  The  French  name  of  Solothurn. 
Soley  (sd'li),  James  Russell.  Born  at  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  Oct.  1,  1850:  died  at  New  York, 
o t-  i-  j t»  . . , Sept.  11,  1911.  An  American  writer,  chiefly 

Sohrab  and  Rustum.  A poem  by  Matthew  At-  onFnaval’  affairs.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1870; 

nolu.  bee  liustam.  became  assistant  professor  of  English  at  the  U.  S.  Naval 

SohtaU  (zo'rou).  A town  in  the  province  of  Academy  in  1871 ; was  head  of  the  department  of  English 
Silesia,  Prussia,  56  miles  southeast  of  Oppeln.  studies,  history,  and  law  at  that  institution .1872-82;  was 
Pnrmlntinn  A nio  commissioned  a professor  in  the  U.  fe.  navy  in  1876  ; after 

„ , , . . _ , 1883 superintended  the  publication  of  the  naval  records  of 

taoigne  (swany),  x Orest  OI.  A forest  in  Bel-  the  Civil  War;  and  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  pavy 
giurn,  south-southeast  of  Brussels.  1890-93.  He  published  “ History  of  the  Naval  Academy  ” 

Soignies  (swan-ve').  A town  in  the  province  “ Memoir  of  Joh “ri?di|e!nS (18**2),  “ The ^Blockade 

Ax.  t>  i • ii  i o and  the  Cruisers  (1883:  “The  Navy  m the  Civil  Wai  ),  “lhe 

Ol  Hainaut,  Belgium,  miles  southwest  of  Boys  of  1812  ” (1887),  “ The  Sailor  Boys  of  ’61  ” (1888),  etc. 
Brussels.  It  has  a very  old  abbey  church. Solfatara  (sol-fa-ta'ra).  A volcano  near  Poz- 
Population,  commune,  10,860.  zuoli,  in  Italy,  in  the  “solfatara”  stage. 

Soissonnais  (swa-so-na  ).  The  region  around  Solfatara.  A small  sulphur  lake,  4 miles  west 
boissons.  A of  Tivoli,  Italy,  noted  for  its  floating  islands. 

SoiSSOUS  (swa-son  ).  A city  in  the  departmen  t Solferino  (sol-fe-re'no).  A village  in  the  prov- 
of  Aisne  I ranee,  situated  on  the  Atsne  1J  juce  0f  Mantua,  northern  Italy.  It  is  famous  for 
miles  southwest  of  Laon:  an  important  and  the  battle  of  June  24, 1859,  in  which  the  allied  French  and 
formerly  strongly  fortified  strategic  point.  Sardinian  armies  under  Napoleon  III.  and  Victor  Em- 
it has  manufactures  and  trade  in  agricultural  products,  manueldefeated  the  Austrians  under  Francis  Joseph.  Loss 
The  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame,  chiefly  of  the  13th  cen-  of  the  allies,  about  18,000 ; of  the  Austrians,  about  20,000. 
tury,  is  masked  by  buildings  and  is  not  very  ertectivegoli  (so'li).  TGr.  £d/.0f.]  In  ancient  geography, 
externally,  but  presents  au  admirable  interior  of  excellent  A ‘ tb(,  -f  of  p;i;„;n  Asia  Minor  26 
proportions  and  beautiful  arcading  and  details.  The  a ^ on  , 6 coast  or  Ollicia,  Asia  Minor,  zo 
south  transept  has  a semicircular  end  and  a double  tri-  miles  southwest  Ot  tarsus.  It  was  destroyed  by 
foriuin,  offering  notable  persp  ective  effects.  The  cathedral  Tigranes,  and  was  rebuilt  by  Ponipey  and  called  Pompeiu- 
has  rich  glass  and  a handsome  chapter-house.  The  Abbey  polis.  The  corruptness  of  the  Greek  spoken  there  was 
of  St.  Jean  des  Vignes  was  almost  wholly  destroyed  in  the  proverbial  (whence  the  word  solecism). 

Revolution,  except  the  fine  west  front  of  the  church,  which  Solignv-la-Trappe  (so  -len  - ye  ' la -trap  A 

has  3 recessed  and  canopied  portals,  a large  rose,  and  2 ,i  i • !,  A:  . xn 

massive  flanking  towers, all  of  the  13th  century, crowned  by  small  place  in  the  department  of  Ome,  r ranee, 
later  spires  of  unequal  height.  Soissons  was  probably  the  24  miles  east-northeast  of  Alenijon : famous  for 
ancient  Belgic  town  Noviodunum,  and  was  the  chief  town  its  Trappist  monastery.  See  Trappists. 
H^^dA^'^Somr-  HwllA^’caJtoDffSolihun  Cso-li-lnil').  A town  in  Warwickshire, 
the  Frankish  kingdom  of  Clotaire  in  the  6th  century.  It  Lngland,  7 miles  southeast  of  Birmingham, 
has  often  been  besieged  and  taken  (as  in  1814  and  1815),  the  Population , 7,517. 
last  time  by  the  Germans  in  Oct.  1870.  It  was  the  scene  Soliman.  See  Soluman. 
of  several  church  councils.  Population,  commune,  14,334.  q -i  . q ,,,, 

Soissons,  Battles  of.  Among  the  most  im-  SolimSes  (s5-le-m6n'es).  The  common  Bra- 

Lilian  name  for  theiuiddle  portion  of  the  Ama- 
--  - - - - zon  River,  from  the  frontier  of  Peru  to  the  junc- 


governor  of  Gaul,  Syagrius,  and  established  the  Frankish 
power  in  northern  Gaul.  (2)  A victory  of  Charles  Martel 
over  the  Duke  of  Aquitania  in  719. 

Sojourner  Truth.  See  Truth , Sojourner. 


tion  of  the  Rio  Negro.  The  Solimoes  or  Sorimoes, 
an  Indian  tribe  from  which  the  name  is  derived,  formerly 
occupied  a portion  of  the  banks  near  the  junction  of  the 

S°k?rt0i(^^°-tO);  VAn.at,ve  kingdom  of  the  Solingen  (z6'ling-en).  A town  in  the  Rhine 

ri  irf h/dl  en  r " J0m  h,e  Pnue  Rlver  Province,  Prussia,  18  miles  north-northeast  of 
northward,  between  Gando  and  Bornu.  The  ’ • * A , ..  - * , 

population,  estimated  at  10,000,000,  consists  of  heathen  Cologne.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  iron  and 
negroes,  semi-civilized  and  Mohammedan  llausas  and  Bteel  (sword-blades,  knives,  scissors,  flies,  bayonets,  revol- 
the  ruling  Fulahs.  Wumu  and  Sokoto  are  the  capitals.  vers>  etc-)-  Population,  commune,  49,018. 

In  1885  the  sultan  accepted  the  British  protectorate.  It  SolinUS  (so-ll'nus).  The  Duke  of  Ephesus,  a 
is  now  included  in  Northern  Nigeria.  character  in  Shakspere’s  “Comedy  of  Errors.” 

2.  A capital  of  tho  realm  of  Sokoto,  situated  Solinus  (so -li'nus),  Caius  Julius.  Lived  in 
about  lat.  13°  N.  the  3d  century  A.  D.  A Roman  grammarian, 

Sokotra.  See  Socotra.  author  of  a geographical  work  drawn  largely 

Sol  (sol).  [L.,  ‘the sun.’]  In  Roman  mythology,  from  Pliny. 


the  sun-god. 

Solario  (so-la're-o),  Antonio,  called  Zingaro 
(‘the  Gipsy  ).  Bora  about  1382:  died  1455.  A 
Neapolitan  painter. 

Soldfin,  Paz.  See  Paz  Solddn. 


The  grammarian  C.  .Tillius  Solinus  composed  his  Collec- 
tanea rerum  memorabilium  in  the  first  ten  or  twenty  years 
of  this  period,  if  not  earlier.  The  work  is  mainly  a selec- 
tion  from  the  curiosities  mentioned  in  Pliny’s  Natural 
History,  arranged  from  the  geographical  point  of  view 
and  greatly  enlarged.  Solinus  did  not,  however,  himself 


Solomon 

compose  this  epitome,  but  merely  further  abridged  an 
earlier  and  more  extensive  one ; for  the  historical  mat- 
ter therein  a chronicle  of  the  best  period  has  been  em- 
ployed. The  individual  additions  of  the  author  are  quite 
worthless,  his  diction  is  pretentious  and  void  of  taste,  the 
style  long-winded.  But  this  work  was  well  suited  to  the 
taste  of  the  succeeding  age.  It  was  revised  in  the  sixth 
century,  and  then  received  the  new  title  of  Polyhistor. 

Tevffei  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Korn.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  291. 

Solis  (so-les'),  Juan  Diaz  de.  Born  at  Lebrija, 
Andalusia  (according  to  some  at  Oviedo,  As- 
turias, or  in  Portugal),  about  1470:  died  on  the 
hank  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  1516.  A Spanish 
navigator.  He  was  associated  with  Vicente  Yafiez  Pin- 
zon  in  exploring  the  coasts  of  Honduras  and  a small  part 
of  Yucatan  in  i506,  and  the  south  American  coast  from 
Cape  St.  Augustine  to  lat.  40°  S.  in  1508.  In  this  voyage 
they  entered  (though  they  did  not  discover)  the  Bay  of 
Bio  de  Janeiro,  and  passed  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  without  exploring  it.  Varnhagen  believed  that 
Solis  was  with  Gongalo  Coelho  on  the  Brazilian  coast  as 
early  as  1503.  In  1512  he  succeeded  Vespucci  as  chief 
pilot  of  Spain.  In  Oct.,  1515,  he  sailed  from  Lepe,  with  3 
vessels,  to  seek  a southwestern  route  to  the  Pacific.  En- 
tering the  Bio  de  la  Plata,  he  explored  it  for  some  dis- 
tance, but,  having  landed,  was  killed  by  the  Indians.  It 
is  probable  that  the  river  had  been  partly  explored  by 
Portuguese  navigators  some  years  before. 

Solis,  River  of.  [Sp.  Bio  de  Solis.]  A name 
given,  in  early  maps  and  books,  to  the  Rio  de 
la  Plata.  See  Solis,  Juan  Diaz  de. 

Solis  y Ribadeneyra  (so-les'  e re-ba-THa-na'rii), 
Antonio  de.  Born  at  Alcaic  de  Henares,  July 
18,  1610:  died  at  Madrid,  April  19,  1686.  A 
Spanish  author.  He  was  secretary  of  Philip  IV.,  and 
in  1666  was  appointed  historiographer  of  the  Indies.  In 
1667  he  took  orders.  His  earlier  works  include  poems, 
collected  and  published  at  Madrid  in  1692 ; dramas,  among 
which  are  “Gitanilla,”  “One  Fool  Makes  a Hundred,”  and 
“ Love  a la  Mode  ” ; an  opera  called  “ Triumphs  of  Love  and 
Fortune";  etc.  His  “Historiade la Conquistade Mexico " 
(1st  ed.  1684)  is  one  of  the  Spanish  prose  classics,  but  shows 
little  profundity  of  research.  There  is  a continuation  by 
Ignacio  Salazar  y Olarte  (1743). 

Sollas  (sol'as),  W.  J.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
England,  May  30,  1849.  An  English  geologist 
and  biologist,  professor  of  geology  and  miner- 
alogy in  the  University  of  Dublin  1883-97,  and 
professor  of  geology  and  paleontology  at  tha 
University  of  Oxford  1897-. 

Sollinger  Wald  (zol'ling-er  valt),  or  Soiling 
(zol'ling).  A low  mountain-range  in  Bruns- 
wick and  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
situated  north  and  northwest  of  Gottingen  and 
east  of  the  Weser.  Highest  point,  about  1,600 
feet. 

Soil  und  Haben  (zol  out  ha'hen).  [G.,  ‘Debit 
and  Credit/]  A novel  by  Gustav  Frev tag,  pub- 
lished in  1855.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Germany 
in  the  19th  century. 

Solmona  (sol-mo'na),  or  Sulmona  (sol-mo'na). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Aquila,  central 
Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Vella  and 
Gizzio,  33  miles  southeast  of  Aquila:  the  an- 
cient Sulroo.  It  was  a city  of  the  Peligni ; and  is  the 
birthplace  of  Ovid.  Pop.,  town,  13,191 ; commune,  17,988. 
Solness  (sol'nes).  The  “master  builder”  in 
Ibsen’s  play  of  that  name.  He  is  superstitious, 
egotistical,  and  cowardly. 

Solnhofen  (zoln'h5-fen),  or  Solenhofen  (zo'- 
len-ho-fen).  A village  in  Middle  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Altmiihl  36  miles 
north  of  Augsburg:  noted  for  its  quarries  of 
lithographic  stone.  In  this  formation  was  made 
in  1861  the  famous  discovery  of  the  Archaeop- 
teryx. 

Solo  (so'lo).  Ariverin  Java,  flowing  into  Java 
Sea  opposite  Madura.  Length,  over  300  miles. 
Sologne  (so-lony').  A level  region  in  the  de- 
partments of  Loir-et-cber,  Loiret,  and  Cher, 
France : naturally  sandy  and  sterile. 

Sololci  (so-16-la').  A town  in  Guatemala,  near 
Lake  At,itl4n,  47  miles  northwest  of  Guate- 
mala. Capital  of  the  department  of  Solola. 
It  is  the  ancient  Tecpan-A  tit  lari,  chief  town  of 
the  Cakchiquel  Indians.  Population,  7,627. 
Solomon  (sol'o-mon).  [F.  Salomon,  It.  Salo- 
mone,  Sp.  Salomon,  Pg.  Salomao,  G.  Salomo,  LL. 
Salomo,  Gr.  2a/Uyt4r,  Heb.  Shelomoh,  peace- 
able.] A famous  king  of  Israel,  993-953  B.  c. 
(Duncker),  son  of  David  and  Bathsheba.  He 
was  the  youngest  sou  of  David,  but,  through  the  influence 
of  his  mother  and  of  Nathan,  was  made  his  heir.  Under 
him  Israel  became  a great  power,  and  he  himself  became 
famous  for  his  wealth,  his  luxury,  and  his  wisdom  — the 
last,  according  to  the  Bible  account,  a special  gift  of  God. 
His  great  work  was  the  building  of  the  temple  (which  see), 
ne  was  in  alliance,  political  and  commercial,  with  Hiram 
of  Tyre  and  with  other  powers,  and  extended  Israelitish 
commerce  to  all  parts  of  the  known  world.  The  name  of 
Solomon,  who  was  supposed  to  have  possessed  extraordi- 
nary magical  powers,  plays  an  important  part  in  Eastern 
and  thence  in  European  legendB.  According  to  one  tradi- 
tion, the  Ethiopians  are  descended  from  him  through  a 
son  which  the  Queen  of  Sheba  bore  him. 


Solomon 

The  Arabians  attribute  to  Solomon  a perpetual  enmity 
and  warfare  against  wicked  genii  and  giants,  and  they 
have  numberless  tales  of  his  wonder-working  ring. 

D'Herbelot,  Southey's  Poems. 

Solomon.  1.  An  epic  poem  by  Prior,  published 
in  1718. — 2.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced 
at  London  in  1749. 

Solomon  ben  or  ibn  Gabirol.  See  Gabirol. 
Solomon  Islands  or  Archipelago,  or  Salo- 

*mon  (F.pron.  sa-lo-mon')  Islands.  A group 
of  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  New 
Guinea,  about  lat.  5°-ll°  S.  The  chief  islands  of 
the  group  are  Bougainville,  Choiseul,  Ysabel,  Malanta, 
Guadalcanal  New  Georgia,  and  San  Christoval.  They  are 
mountainous  and  volcanic.  Their  inhabitants  are  princi- 
pally Melanesians, and  are  warlike  cannibals.  The  islands 
were  discovered  by  Mendana  in  the  16th  century.  The 
northern  part  of  the  group,  with  an  area  of  4,200  square 
miles  and  a population  of  45,000,  belongs  to  Germany. 

Solomon  River.  A river  in  northern  Kansas 
which  unites  with  the  Smoky  Hill  River  to  form 
the  Kansas  River.  Length,  about  300  miles. 

Solon  (so'lon).  [Gr.  2d/.wu.]  Born  about  638 
B.  c. : died  about  559.  A famous  Athenian 
lawgiver.  He  encouraged  the  Athenians  to  regain 
possession  of  Salamis.  In  594  he  became  archon  and  was 
charged  with  various  reforms.  He  improved  the  condi- 
tion of  the  debtors,  divided  the  population  into  four 
“classes,"  and  reorganized  the  Boule,  the  popular  assem- 
bly, and  the  council  of  the  Areopagus.  He  traveled  in 
Cyprus  and  the  East. 

Solon  (594  B.  c.),  the  great  lawgiver,  used  elegy  more  In 
the  manner  of  Callinus  or  Tyrtams.  In  his  early  man- 
hood, his  stirring  verses  moved  the  Athenians  to  win  back 
Salamis  from  the  Megarians.  And  when  he  had  carried  his 
great  reforms,  elegy  became  the  voice  of  his  calm  joy. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  54. 

Solor  (so-lor').  A small  island  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  east  of  Flores,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Strait  of  Flores. 

Solorzano  y Pereira  (so-lor'tha-no  e pa-ra'- 
e-ra),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  Nov.  30, 1575 : 
died  there,  1654.  A Spanish  jurist  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  law  at  Salamanca,  a judge  of  the  au- 
dience of  Lima,  Peru,  1610-27,  and  subsequently  a coun- 

•cilorof  the  Indies.  His  works  include  “Politica  Indiana,” 
and  “He  Indiarum  Jure,”  relating  largely  to  colonial 
affairs,  and  containing  much  information  regarding  the 
Indians. 

Solothurn  (zd'16-torn).  [F.  Soleure.\  1.  A can- 
ton of  Switzerland,  of  very  irregular  shape, 
bounded  by  Basel,  Aargau,  and  Bern.  Capital, 
Solothurn.  It  has  5 members  in  the  National  Council. 
The  prevailing  language  is  German  ; the  religion  largely 
Roman  Catholic  (over  20  per  cent.  Protestant).  A large 
part  of  the  territories  of  the  canton  was  acquired  by  the 
city  of  Solothurn  in  the  15th  century.  It  was  admitted 
as  a canton  into  the  confederation  in  1481.  Area,  302 
square  miles.  Population,  116,728,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Solothurn, 
situated  on  the  Aare  in  lat.  47°  13'  N.,  long. 
7°  32'  E. : the  Roman  Solodurum.  it  became  a 
free  imperial  city  in  1218,  and  was  allied  with  Bern  in 
1295.  It  has  a cathedral.  Population,  10,960. 

Solta  (sol'ta).  An  island  in  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
belonging  to  Dalmatia,  situated  10  miles  south- 
west of  Spalato.  Length,  11  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 3,516,  (1910). 

Soltikoff  (sol'te-kof),  or  Saltikoff  (sal'te-kof), 
Nikolai.  Born  Nov.  11, 1736:  died  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, May  28,  1816.  A Russian  field-mar- 
shal, regent  of  the  empire  during  the  absence 
of  Alexander  I.  1813-15. 

Soltikoff,  Count  Peter.  Born  about  1700 : died 
Dec.  15,  1772.  A Russian  field-marshal.  He 
commanded  the  Russian  contingent  in  the  victory  of  Ku- 
nersdorf  in  1759. 

Solus  (so'lus),  or  Soluntum  (so-lun'tum).  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  on  the  northern  coast 
of  Sicily,  12  miles  southeast  of  Palermo.  It  was 
an  ancient  Phenician  colony. 

Solway  Firth  (sol'wa  ferth).  An  arm  of  the 
Irish  Sea,  lying  between  the  counties  of  Kirk- 
cudbright and  Dumfries  in  Scotland  on  the 
north,  and  Cumberland  in  England  on  the  south- 
east: noted  for  the  rapidity  of  its  tides.  The  es- 
tuary of  the  Esk  forms  its  upper  part,  length,  36  miles. 
Greatest  width,  22  miles. 

Solway  MOSS.  A district  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, 8 miles  north  by  west  of  Carlisle,  on  the 
Scottish  border.  It  was  formerly  a bog,  but  is  now 
drained.  It  was  the  sceneof  avictory  of  the  English  over 
the  Scots  in  1542. 

Solyman  (sol'i-man)  I.  (sometimes  called  Soly- 
man  II. ),  surnamed  “ The  Magnificent.”  [ Turk. 
Ar.  Suleiman,  from  Gr.  Solomon.]  Born 

about  1490:  died  before  Sziget,  Hungary,  1566. 
Sultan  of  Turkey  1520-66,  son  of  Selim  I.  He 
raised  the  Turkish  empire  to  its  highest  point ; captured 
Belgrad  from  the  Hungarians  in  1521 ; besieged  and  cap- 
tured Rhodes  from  the  Knights  of  St.  John  in  1522 ; in- 
vaded Hungary  in  1526,  and  totally  defeated  King  Louis 
II.  at  Mohics  ;and  unsuccessfully  besieged  Viennain  1529. 
By  the  treaty  of  1533  a part  of  Hungary  was  ceded  to  the 
Prince  of  Transylvania,  an  ally  of  Turkey.  Solyman  con- 
quered from  Persia  Mosul,  Bagdad,  part  of  Armenia,  etc.; 
received  the  submission  of  the  Barbary  States  ; and  again 


944 

waged  war  with  Hungary,  and  annexed  by  the  treaty 
of  1547  a great  part  of  Hungary  and  Transylvania.  His 
troops  were  repulsed  in  the  siege  of  Malta  in  1565.  In 
1566  he  invaded  Hungary  with  a vast  army,  and  died 
while  besieging  Sziget.  He  was  the  greatest  of  the  Otto- 
man sultans,  and  equally  noted  as  a ruler  and  as  a patron 
and  encourager  of  the  fine  arts  and  of  learning. 

Solyman  II.  (sometimes  called  Solyman  III.). 

Turkish  Sultan  1687-91,  brother  of  Mohammed 
IY. 

Solyman,  or  Soliman,  or  Suleiman  (so-la- 
man').  Killed  about  1410.  Eldest  son  of  Baja- 
zet  I.,  and  an  independent  ruler  in  Adrianople. 
Soma  (so'ma).  [Skt.,  ‘ extract,’  from  -\/  su,  ex- 
tract.] In  Sanskrit,  a plant  and  its  sap,  often 
personified  as  a god ; also,  the  moon.  This  plant, 
now  represented  by  the  Sarcostemma  viminalis  or  Ancle- 
pias  acida,  was  in  Vedic  times  collected  by  moonlight  on 
certain  mountains,  stripped  of  its  numerous  leaves,  and 
then  carried  to  the  place  of  sacrifice,  where  the  priests 
crushed  the  stalks  between  stones,  sprinkled  them  with  wa- 
ter, and  placed  them  on  a sieve  or  strainer  for  purification, 
whence  the  acid  juice  trickled  into  a vessel,  after  which  it 
was  mixed  with  clarified  butter,  barley,  etc.,  allowed  to  fer- 
ment, and  offered  in  libations  to  the  gods,  or  drunk  by 
the  Brahmans.  Itissometimesdescribedasbroughtfrom 
the  sky  by  a falcon  and  guarded  by  the  Gandliarvas,  or  as 
brought  by  the  daughters  of  the  Sun  from  a spot  where  it 
had  been  nourished  by  Parjanya,  the  rain-god,  whom  the 
Rigveda  represents  as  its  father.  All  the  114  hymns  of 
the  9th  Mandala  of  the  Rigveda,  besides  many  others  in 
this  Veda,  and  the  whole  Samaveda,  are  devoted  to  its 
praise.  In  some  parts  of  India  soma-sacrifices  are  still 
offered,  but  the  use  of  the  plant  is  little  known,  and  it  is 
questionable  whether  the  plant  now  regarded  as  the  soma 
is  really  that  of  the  Vedas.  The  modern  medical  work  of 
Sushruta  distinguishes  24  varieties.  The  juice  was  re- 
garded in  Vedic  times  as  a nectar  conferring  eternal  life 
and  vigor  on  its  drinkers,  whether  gods  or  men,  and  was 
a favorite  propitiatory  offering.  In  its  character  as  agod 
it  was  represented  as  primeval,  all-powerful,  all-pervad- 
ing, healing  all  diseases,  lord  of  all  other  gods.  This  wor- 
ship of  Soma  has  great  similarity  to  the  Dionysiac  and 
Bacchic  worship  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  The  name 
becomes  in  Avestan  Haoma,  where  it  designates  a plant 
with  yellow  flowers  and  knotty  stalk,  growing  in  Ghilan, 
Mazandaran,  Shirvan,  and  Yazd,  also  its  juice  and  the 
Geniusof  the  plant.  Haomaisoften  invoked  inthe  Avesta, 
where  the  9th  Ha  of  the  Vasna  is  devoted  to  his  praises. 
The  haoma  plays  a great  part  in  the  rites  of  the  Parsis. 
The  prominence  of  Soma  and  Haoma  in  the  Veda  and 
the  Avesta,  respectively,  constitutes  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant indications  of  an  original  Indo-Iranian  unity. 
The  name  soma  came  to  designate  the  moon  in  post- 
Vedic  mythology  probably  from  the  fact  that  the  moon 
was  regarded  as  the  yellow  drop  in  the  sky. 

Somadeva  (so-ma-da'va).  The  author  of  the 
Kathasaritsagara  (which  see). 

Somain  (so-m:m').  A ruining  and  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  France, 
12  miles  west  of  Valenciennes.  Population, 
commune,  6,545. 

Somali  (so-ma'le),  or  Somal  (so-mal')-  A Ha- 
mitic  nation  inhabiting  the  Eastern  Horn  of  Af- 
rica— that  is,  the  arid  region  between  the  Strait 
of  Bab-el-Mandeb  and  a point  south  of  the 
Juba  River.  They  are  mixed  with  Arab  blood  in  the 
north  and  with  Negro  blood  in  the  south,  and  vary,  there- 
fore, much  in  color  and  form.  Their  language,  which  is 
practically  one  in  the  whole  region,  is  decidedly  Hamitic, 
and  has  no  written  character  or  literature.  The  Somali 
are  pastoral,  owning  herds  of  camels,  horses,  oxen,  sheep, 
and  goats  : their  limited  agriculture  is  carried  on  by  do- 
mestic slaves.  Nominally  Mohammedan  and  split  into 
many  petty  tribes,  they  are  fierce’y  opposed  to  foreign 
intrusion,  though  naturally  sociable  and  jovial.  The 
Hashia  and  Hawiya  are  the  principal  subtribes.  England 
*and  Italy  claim  most  of.the  Somali  coast. 

Somali  Coast  Protectorate,  or  Somaliland  (so- 
ma,'le-laud).  A British  protectorate  in  eastern 
Africa,  along  the  Gulf  of  Aden. 

Somaliland.  An  Italian  protectorate  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa.  It  extends  from  the  Juba 
River  to  British  Somaliland,  and  comprises  the  sultanate 
of  the  Mijertins,  the  territory  of  the  Nogal,  and  the  sultan- 
ate of  Obbia,  and  the  colony  of  Beuadir.  The  British 
boundary  was  settled  in  1891;  the  inland  boundary  was 
determined  by  treaty  with  Abyssinia  in  1908.  Area, 
147,000  square  miles.  Population,  about  400,000. 

Somanatha  (so-ma-na'tha).  The  name  of  a 
celebrated  Linga,  or  emblem  of  Shiva,  or  of  the 
temple  where  it  was  set  up  at  Somanathapat- 
tana,  or  Somnath  Pattan,  in  the  peninsula  of 
Kathiawar  in  Guzerat.  The  temple  wasone  of  12  Linga 
temples  held  in  special  veneration.  A legend  devised  to 
explain  the  name,  the  precise  meaning  of  which  is  uncer- 
tain, relates  that  Soma  propitiated  Shiva  by  great  auster- 
ities performed  there,  whereupon  Shiva  granted  him  a 
boon,  and  Soma  set  up  a Linga  on  the  spot  where  he  had 
done  penance.  This  makes  the  name  mean  ‘the  lord  of 
Soma,’  in  the  sense  of  the  divinity  set  up  by  Soma.  _ 
Sombrerete  (sdm-bra-ra'ta).  A decayed  mining 
town  in  the  state  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico,  about  100 
miles  northwest  of  Zacatecas.  Its  silver-mines 
were  formerly  among  the  richest  in  the  world. 
Somers  (sum'erz),  John.  Baron  Somers.  Born 
near  Worcester, England,  March  4,1650-51 : died 
April  26, 1716.  An  English  statesman  and  jurist. 
He  was  counsel  for  the  seven  bishops  in  their  trial  in 
1688;  and  a member  of  the  Convention  Parliament  in 
1689.  He  became  solicitor-general  in  1689,  attorney-gen- 
eral in  1692,  and  lord  keeper  in  1693.  He  was  a leading  mem- 


Sommen,  Lake 

ber  of  the  Whig  junto ; was  one  of  the  lords  justices  in 
the  absence  of  William  III.  in  1695 ; was  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1697 ; was  lord  chancellor  1697-1700 ; and  was 
impeached  and  acquitted  in  1701.  In  1706  he  was  influ. 
ential  in  arranging  the  union  with  Scotland.  From  17u8- 
1710  he  was  president  of  the  council. 

Somerset  (sum'er-set).  [ME.  Somerset,  Somer- 
sete,  AS.  Sumorssete,  orig.  the  name  of  the  in- 
habitants, appar. ‘summer-settlers,’  from  sumor, 
summer,  and  -seete,  settler:  an  explanation  re- 
flected in  the  ML.  translation  JEstiva  regio, 
summer  country,  and  the  W.  Gwlad  yr  haf, 
country  of  summer.]  A county  in  the  south- 
western part  of  England,  bounded  by  the  Bris- 
tol Channel  and  Gloucester  on  the  north,  Wilt- 
shire on  the  east,  Dorset  on  the  southeast, 
and  Devon  on  the  south,  southwest,  and  west. 
Its  surface  is  hilly  and  undulating,  the  chief  hills  being 
the  Mendip  Hills,  Exmoor,  and  Brendon  Hills,  and  it  con- 
tains the  plain  of  Sedgemoor.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Parret  and  Lower  Avon  ; the  chief  cities,  Bath  and  (part  of) 
Bristol.  Somerset  was  thoroughly  occupied  by  the  Ro- 
mans ; was  conquered  gradually  from  the  Welsh  from  the 
6th  to  the  8th  century ; and  sided  generally  with  the 
Parliament  and  later  with  Monmouth  in  the  17th  century. 
Area  (ad.  co.),  1,616  square  miles.  Pop.  (pari,  co.),  508,256. 

Somerset,  Second  Duke  of  (Edmund  Beau- 
fort). Died  1455.  An  English  politician,  son 
of  John,  earl  of  Somerset,  and  grandson  of 
John  of  Gaunt.  He  succeeded  his  brother  as  duke  of 
Somerset  in  1448,  and  was  lieutenant  of  France  1447-50, 
during  which  time  Normandy  was  lost  by  the  English. 
He  was  appointed  lord  high  constable  of  England  on  his 
return  in  1450,  and  succeeded  Suffolk  as  the  chief  minister 
of  Henry  VI.  In  1453,  when  the  king  was  stricken  with 
insanity,  Somerset  supported  Queen  Margaret  in  her  con- 
test for  the  regency  with  the  Luke  of  York,  the  heir  pre- 
sumptive to  the  throne.  York  triumphed,  and  Somerset 
was  imprisoned.  Somerset  was,  however,  released  and 
restored  to  office  on  the  recovery  of  the  king  in  1455,  but 
fell  at  the  battle  of  St.  Albans  in  the  same  year. 

Somerset,  Duke  of.  See  Seymour,  Edward. 
Somerset,  Earl  of.  See  Carr,  Robert. 
Somerset,  Fitzroy  James  Henry,  first  Baron 
Raglan.  Born  Sept.  30, 1788:  died  near  Sebas- 
topol, Russia,  June  28, 1855.  A British  general, 
youngest  sou  of  the  fifth  Duke  of  Beaufort  by 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Admiral  Edward  Bosca- 
wen.  He  entered  the  army  in  1804  ; served  in  the  Penin- 
sularwar;  was  military  secretary  to  the  Buke  of  Welling- 
ton ; and  commanded  the  British  in  the  Crimea  1854-55. 

Somerset  House.  A palace  in  the  Strand,  Lon- 
don, built  by  the  Protector  Somerset  in  1549. 
Later  it  was  crown  property.  It  was  demolished  in  1775, 
but  has  been  rebuilt  and  is  used  for  government  offices 
(Registrar-General,  Inland  Revenue,  Exchequer,  etc.). 

Somers  Islands.  See  Bermudas. 
Somersworth  (sum'erz-werth).  A city  in 
Strafford  County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on 
Salmon  Falls  River  33  miles  east  of  Concord. 
It  contains  the  manufacturing  village  of  Great 
Falls.  Population,  6,704,  (1910). 

Somerville  (sum'cr-vil).  A city  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  2 miles  northwest  of 
Boston.  It  was  made  a city  in  1872.  Popula- 
tion, 77  236,  (1910). 

Somerville,  Mrs.  (Mary  Fairfax).  Bom  at 

Jedburgh,  Scotland,  Dec.  26,  1780:  died  at  Na- 
ples, Nov.,  1872.  A British  mathematician 
and  scientific  writer,  daughter  of  Admiral  Sir 
William  George  Fairfax.  She  married  in  1804  Cap- 
tain Samuel  Greig,  a cousin,  who  died  in  1806;  and  in 
1812  she  married  another  cousin,  Dr.  William  Somerville. 
With  his  assistance  she  studied  the  physical  sciences.  In 
1831  she  published  a translation  of  the  “ Mbcanique  ce- 
leste ” of  Laplace.  She  also  published  “ Connection  of  the 
Physical  Sciences”  (1834),  "Physical  Geography  " (1848), 
“ Molecular  and  Microscopic  Science  ” (1869).  Her  “ Per- 
sonal Recollections  ” appeared  after  her  death. 

Somerville,  or  Somervile,  William.  Born  at 
Edstone,  Warwickshire,  1675:  died  there,  Julyl7, 
1742.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
Chester  and  New  College,  Oxford.  He  wrote  The  Chase  M 
(1733),  “Hobbinol,  etc.”  (1740),  “Field  Sports”  (1742),  etc. 
Somes  Sound  (somz  sound).  An  inlet  on  the 
coast  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine. 

Somma  Vesuviana  (som'ma  va-so-ve-a'na). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy,  situ- 
ated at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  9 miles 
east  of  Naples.  Population,  10,110. 

Somme  (som).  A river  in  northern  France  which 
flows  into  the  English  Channel  30  miles  north- 
east of  Dieppe : the  ancient  Samara.  Length, 
152  miles;  navigable  by  aid  of  a canal. 
Somme.  A maritime  department  of  northern 
France,  hounded  by  Pas-de-Calais  and  Nord  on 
the  north  and  northeast,  Aisne  on  the  east, 
Oise  on  the  south,  Seine-Inferieure  on  the  south- 
west, and  the  English  Channel  on  the  west. 
Capital.  Amiens.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it 
is  one  of  the  leading  agricultural  departments.  It  has  also 
flourishing  manufactures.  It  wasforined from  tlie greater 
part  of  Picardy  and  a small  part  of  Artois.  Area,  2,443 
square  miles.  Population,  632,567. 

Sommen  (som'men),  Lake.  A lake  in  southern 
Sweden,  east  of  Lake  Wetter.  Length,  24  miles. 


Sommerda 

Sommerda  (z6m'mer-da).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Un- 
strut 13  miles  north-northeast  of  Erfurt : n9ted 
for  the  manufacture  of  firearms.  Population, 
commune,  5,155. 

Sommerfeld  (zom'mer-felt).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lubis  44  miles  southeast  of  Frankfort-on- 
the-Oder.  It  has  important  manufactures  of 
cloth.  Population,  commune,  12,251. 
Sommering  (zem'mer-ing),  Samuel  Thomas 
VOn.  Born  at  Thorn,  Prussia,  Jan.  18, 1755:  died 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  March  2,  1830.  A 
noted  German  anatomist  and  physiologist.  He 
became  professor  of  anatomy  at  Cassel  in  1778  and  at  Mainz 
in  1784,  and  later  practised  medicine  at  Frankfort.  In 
1804  he  went  to  Munich,  returning  to  Frankfort  in  1820. 
Among  his  works  are  “Vom  Baue  des  menschlichen  Kor- 
pers  ” (1791-96),  ‘ ‘ De  corpori s humani  f abrica  ” (1794-1801), 
“ Uber  das  Organ  der  Seele  ” (1796),  etc. 

Sommi&res  (som-myar').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  France,  situated  on  the  Vidourle 
15  miles  west-southwest  of  Nimes.  Population, 
commune,  3,796. 

Somnath.  A town  in  Bombay,  India,  situated 
on  the  Arabian  Sea  in  lat!  20°  53'  N.  it  was 
formerly  of  importance,  and  is  noted  for  its  temple.  It  is 
doubtful  whether  the  so-called  “gates  of  Somnath,"  car- 
ried off  by  the  British  from  Ghazni  in  1842,  and  now  at 
Agra,  were  ever  at  this  town.  Population,  8,341.  See 
Somanatha. 

Somnium  Scipionis  (som'ni-um  sip-i-6'nis). 
[L.,  ‘Scipio’s  Dream.’]  An  episode  in  the  sixth 
book  of  Cicero’s  “De  Republica,”  in  which 
Scipio  Africanus  the  Younger  relates  a dream 
which  he  had  in  youth,  in  which  Africanus  the 
Elder  appeared  to  him,  intimated  his  destiny, 
and  urged  him  to  continue  in  the  path  of  vir- 
tue and  renown. 

Somnus  (som'nus).  [L.  somnus,  sleep.]  In 
Roman  mythology,  the  personification  and  god 
of  sleep,  the  Greek  Hypnos,  a brother  of  Death 
(Mors  or  Thanatos)  and  a son  of  Night  (Nox). 
In  works  of  art  Sleep  and  Death  are  represented  alike  as 
youths,  often  sleeping  or  holding  inverted  torches. 
Somosierra  ( so-mo-se-er'ra).  A village  in  Spain, 
at  a pass  of  the  Sierra  de  Guadarrama,  52  miles 
north  of  Madrid.  Here,  Nov.  30, 1808,  the  French  un- 
der Napoleon  routed  the  Spaniards  and  carried  the  pass. 

Sompnour,  The.  See  Summoner’s  Tale. 
Soncino  (son-clie'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Cremona,  northern  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Oglio,  33  miles  east  of  Milan.  Population,  town, 
6,080;  commune,  8,063. 

Sonderbund  (zon'der-bont).  [G.,  ‘separate 
league.’]  A league  of  most  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic cantons  of  Switzerland,  formed  in  1843  and 
including  eventually  Lucerne,  Uri,  Unterwal- 
den,  Schwyz,  Zug,  Fribourg,  and  Valais,  it  was 
reactionary  in  its  aims,  and  in  favor  of  the  Jesuits.  Its  abo- 
lition was  resolved  on  by  the  Swiss  Confederation  July  20, 
1847.  War  upon  it  was  begun  in  Nov.,  1847,  the  Federal 
Swiss  troops  being  commanded  by  Dufour.  The  result  was 
the  overthrow  of  the  Sonderbund,  and  the  adoption  of  a 
new  constitution  in  1848. 

Sonderburg  (zon'der-borG).  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  the 
chief  town  in  the  island  of  Alsen,  situated  on  Al- 
sen  Sound  29  miles  north-northeast  of  Schles- 
wig. It  was  a strategic  point  in  the  Schleswig 
wars.  Population,  commune,  7,047. 
Sondershausen  (zon'ders-hou-zen).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  principality  of  Schwarzburg-Sonders- 
hausen,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Wipper  33 
miles  northwest  of  Weimar.  Population, 
commune.  7,383. 

Sondre  Bergenhus  (sen  ' dre  her  ' gen-hos). 
[‘  South  Bergenhus.’]  A maritime  province  in 
southwestern  Norway,  intersected  by  lat.  60° 
30'  N.  Area,  6,026  square  miles.  Population, 
135,752. 

Sondre  Trondhjem  (s6n  ' dre  trond  ' yem). 
[‘  South  Trondhjem.’]  A province  in  Norway, 
bordering  the  ocean  on  the  west  and  Sweden 
on  the  east,  and  intersected  by  lat.  63°  20'  N. 
Area,  7,185  square  miles.  Population,  135,382. 
Sondrio(son'dre-o).  1.  A province  in  the  com- 
artimento  of  Lombardy,  Italy,  bordering  on 
witzerland  and  Tyrol.  Area,  1,232  square 
miles.  Population,  134,400. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Sondrio,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Malero,  near  the  Adda,  in  lat.  46°  10'N., 
long.  9°  52'  E.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  the  Val- 
tellina,  which  is  now  traversed  by  a railway. 
Population,  town,  4,897;  commune,  8,171. 
Songamino  (song-ga-mo'no),  or  Basongamino 
(ba-song'ga-me'no).  A Bantu  tribe  of  the 
Belgian  Kongo,  settled  between  the  Lukenje 
and  Sankuru  livers  and  southward. 

Songari.  See  Sungari. 

O.-60 


945 

Songaria.  See  Sungaria. 

Songe  (song'ge),  or'Basonge  (ba-song'ge).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  between  the 
Lubilashi  and  Lomami  rivers,  about  lat.  5°-6° 
S.,  related  to  the  Luba  nation. 

Songhai  (song-gl').  See  Surliai. 

Song-koi.  See  Bed  River. 

Songo  (song'go),  or  Masongo  (ma-song'go).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  western  Africa,  occupy- 
ing Great  and  Little  Songo,  between  Malange 
and  the  head  waters  of  the  Luandu  River,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Kuanza  (lat.  9°-ll°  S. ).  They 
are  a tall  and  strong  race,  closely  resembling  the  Mba- 
lundu  (Bailtindo)  people ; but  they  speak  a dialect  of  Kim- 
bundu.  They  are  agricultural  and  pastoral,  and  engage 
in  the  carrying  business  for  white  traders.  Most  of  the 
petty  Songo  chiefs  are  independent. 

Song  of  Solomon.  The  Songs,  otherwise  called 
the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Canticles  (LL.  Canticum 
Canticorum  Salomonis),  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.  Until  the  19th  century  it  was  univer- 
sally ascribed  to  Solomon,  but  critics  now  regard  it  as 
of  later  date. 

Song  of  the  Shirt.  A poem  by  Thomas  Hood. 

Song  of  the  Three  Holy  Children.  An  addi- 
tion to  the  Book  of  Daniel,  found  in  the  Sep- 
tuagint  and  in  the  Apocrypha,  purporting  to  be 
the  prayer  and  song  of  the  three  Hebrews  in 
the  fiery  furnace. 

Songs  without  Words.  See  Lieder  oh ne  Worte. 

Sonho  (son'yo).  A native  countship  and  tribe 
of  the  Kongo  Nation,  on  the  Kongo  River  south 
of  its  mouth.  The  counts  of  Sonho  always  gave  much 
trouble  to  the  kings  of  Kongo.  They  nominally  adopted 
Christianity  about  1500,  but  have  always  been  practically 
heathen. 

Sonnambula  (son-nam  'bo-la),  La.  An  opera 
by  Bellini,  produced  first  at  Milan  in  1831. 

Sonnblick  (zon'blik).  [G.,  ‘sun-glance.’]  A 
summit  of  the  Salzburg  Alps.  Height,  10,180 
feet. 

Sonneberg  (zon'ne-berG).  A town  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  situ- 
ated on  the  Rothen  13  miles  northeast  of  Coburg. 
It  is  the  center  of  a district  manufacturing  papier-machd 
articles,  etc.  Population,  commune,  15,003. 

Sonnenburg  (zon'nen-borG).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lenze  59  miles  east  of  Berlin.  Population, 
4,427. 

Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese.  A series  of 
sonnets  by  Mrs.  Browning,  published  in  1850. 

Sonora  (so -no  'ra).  The  north  westernmost 
state  of  Mexico,  between  Arizona  (United 
States),  Chihuahua,  Sinaloa,  and  the  Gulf  of 
California.  Capital,  Hermosillo ; principal  port, 
Guaymas.  The  eastern  part  is  mountainous  ; the  west- 
ern part  is  lower,  and  has  extensive  arid  plains.  Except 
in  the  higher  valleys,  little  of  the  land  can  be  used  for 
agriculture  without  irrigation.  The  most  important  in- 
dustry is  mining  (silver,  gold,  etc.).  Large  districts  are 
occupied  exclusively  by  Indians.  Area,  70,900Bquaremiles. 
Population,  262,545,  (1910). 

Sonora.  The  capital  of  Tuolumne  County,  Cali- 
fornia, 110  miles  east  by  north  of  San  Francisco. 

Sonora  Pass.  A high  pass  in  the  Sierra  Neva- 
da Mountains,  California,  about  110  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Sacramento. 

Sonsonate  (son-so-na'ta).  A town  in  Salvador, 
Central  America,  40  miles  west  by  north  of  San 
Salvador.  It  was  founded  by  Pedro  de  Alva- 
rado. Population,  13,332,  (1910). 

Sontag  (zon'tag),  Henriette,  Countess  Rossi. 
Born  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  May  13,  1805  (Jan. 
3,  1806?):  died  in  Mexico,  June  17,  1854.  A 
German  soprano  singer.  She  made  her  first  appear- 
mice  when  only  six  years  old.  and  acted  in  children’s  parts 
till  she  was  fifteen.  She  retired  from  the  operatic  stage 
1830-49,  on  her  marriage,  but  resumed  her  career,  which 
was  one  of  unbroken  success.  She  traveled  extensively  in 
Europe  and  America. 

Soochow,  or  Su-chau  (so'chou').  A city  in 
the  province  of  Kiaug-su,  China,  situated  on 
the  Imperial  Canal  about  55  miles  west-north- 
west of  Shanghai.  It  has  flourishing  trade  and  man- 
ufactures,  and  was  long  the  center  of  Chinese  fashion. 
Population,  about  500,000. 

Soodan.  See  Sudan. 

Sooloo  Islands.  See  Sulu  Islands. 

Soongaria.  See  Sungaria. 

Soonwald  (zon'valt).  A portion  of  the  plateau 
of  Hundsriiek,  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated south  of  Sankt  Goar,  west  of  Bingen,  and 
north  of  the  river  Nahe. 

Soor,  or  Sorr,  or  Sohr  (zor).  A village  in 
northeastern  Bohemia,  21  miles  north  of  Konig- 
griitz.  Here,  Sept.  30,  1745,  the  Prussians  under  Fred- 
erick the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  under  the  Duke  of 
Lorraine  (Prussian  loss,  3,000;  Austrian  loss,  8,000,  and  22 
guns) ; and  here,  June  28, 1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the 
Austrians. 

Soosa.  See  Susa  (in  Tunis). 


Sophonisba 

SopherimCso'fe-rim).  [Heb.]  Writers:  scribes. 
In  the  Old  Testament  the  title  Sopher  is  applied  to  Ezra, 
who  is  called  “ a ready  scribe  in  the  law  of  Moses  ” (Ezra 
vii.  6).  It  was  ill  the  time  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah,  when 
the  law  became  the  center  of  Jewish  life,  that  the  institu- 
tion of  the  Sopherim  took  its  origin.  The  task  of  these 
men  was  to  explain  the  law,  and  to  adapt  it  to  the  ever- 
changing  conditions  and  requirements  of  daily  life.  They 
were  thus,  in  a measure,  the  successors  and  followers  of 
the  prophets.  As  the  name  would  indicate,  they  were 
also  engaged  in  multiplying  copies  of  the  Torah  (Penta- 
teuch) by  writing,  or  by  transcribing  it  from  the  old  He- 
brew script,  no  longer  intelligible  to  their  generation,  into 
the  square  characters  still  in  use.  The  Sopherim  deliv- 
ered their  interpretations  of  and  decisions  on  the  law  be- 
fore audiences  in  schools.  They  were  called  collectively 
“the  men  of  the  great  synagogue,”  and  were  succeeded  by 
the  Tanaim  and  Amoraim.  The  results  of  the  mental  ac- 
tivity of  these  teachers  of  the  law  through  several  centu- 
ries are  laid  down  in  the  Talmud. 

Sophia.  See  Sofa. 

Sophia,  Santa  (san't.a  so-fe'a).  [It.  Santa 
Sofia,  ML.  Sancta  Sophia,  MGr.  to<pia,  wisdom, 
the  church  being  dedicated  to  Christ  as  the 
hypostatized  wisdom  of  God.]  The  famous 
metropolitan  church  of  the  Greeks  at  Constanti- 
nople, built  by  Justinian : since  1453  a mosque. 
In  plan  it  consists  of  outer  and  inner  nartliex  preceding 
a square  the  central  portion  of  which  is  covered  by  the 
great  dome,  105  feet  in  diameter  and  184  high  (interior), 
in  whose  base  open  40  arched  windows.  Most  of  the  re- 
mainder of  the  nave  is  covered  by  two  lower  semi-domes, 
which  buttress  the  central  dome.  The  aisles  have  gal- 
leries resting  on  arcades  with  beautiful  columns.  All  the 
vaults  and  arches  are  covered  with  superb  mosaics  on 
gold  ground  ; all  the  human  figures  appearing  in  these  are 
now  masked  with  whitewash.  The  walls  are  incrusted 
with  marbles.  The  exterior  of  the  venerable  church  is 
now  plain  and  unimpressive. 

Sophia,  Santa,  The  Little.  The  church  of  Sts. 
Sergius  and  Bacchus  at  Constantinople,  fin- 
ished by  Justinian  in  565  A.  d.,  and  now  a 
mosque.  It  is  quadrangular,  with  a dome  and  two 
tiers  of  vaulted  arcades  ; there  is  a narthex  and  an  apse, 
and  fine  mosaics  under  the  whitewash. 

Sophia  Dorothea  ( so-fl'a  dor-o-the'a) , Electress 
of  Hannover.  Born  Sept.  15, 1666:  died  Nov.  13, 
1726.  Daughter  of  the-  Duke  of  Bruns  wick-Liine- 
burg-Celle,  wife  of  the  elector  George  of  Han- 
nover (later  George  I.  of  England),  and  mother 
of  George  II.  She  was  divorced  Dec.  28,  1694,  on  ac. 
count  of  her  relations  with  Count  Konigsmark,  and  re. 
mainedfor  the  rest  of  her  life  a prisoner  in  Ahlden  Castle. 

Sophie  Charlotte,  Queen  of  Prussia.  Bom  Oct. 
20,  1668 : died  Feb.  1, 1705.  Wife  of  Frederick 
I.,  king  of  Prussia : noted  for  her  literary  and 
philosophical  tastes.  Charlottenburg  was  named 
from  her. 

Sophocles  (sof'o-klez).  [Gr.  2o^o/c?,^f.]  Bom  at 
Colonus,  near  Athens,  495  or  496  B.  c. : died  406 
B.  c.  One  of  the  three  great  tragic  poets  of 
Greece.  He  defeated  yEsclivlus  for  the  tragic  prize  in 
468,  and  was  defeated  by  Euripides  in  441.  He  was  one 
of  the  Athenian  generals  in  the  Samian  war  (440).  He 
added  the  third  actor  to  the  drama,  and  made  various 
changes  in  the  chorus.  His  tragedies  include  “G5dipus 
Tyrannus”(or  “CEdipusKex”),  “(Edipusat Colonus,"  “An- 
tigone," “ Electra,”  “ Philoctetes,”  “Ajax,”  and  “Maidens 
of  Trachis.” 

From  this  date  till  his  death,  at  the  age  of  90,  the  poet 
devoted  all  his  energy  to  the  production  of  those  famous 
works  of  art,  which  gave  him  such  a hold  over  the  Athe- 
nian public  that  he  came  to  be  considered  the  very  ideal 
of  a tragic  poet,  and  was  worshipped  after  his  death  as  a 
hero,  under  the  title  Dexion.  He  is  said  to  have  won  eigh- 
teen or  twenty  tragic  victories,  and.  though  sometimes 
postponed  to  Philocles  and  others,  was  never  placed  third 
in  all  his  life.  The  author  of  the  “Poetic”  and  the  Alex- 
andrian critics  follow  the  judgment  of  the  Attic  public, 
and  most  modern  critics  have  agreed  with  them  that  the 
tragedies  of  Sophocles  are  the  most  perfect  that  the  world 
Iihs  ever  seen* 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  280. 

Sophocles.  A Greek  portrait-statue,  in  the 
Lateran  Museum,  Rome.  The  face  is  full-bearded ; 
the  attitude  upright  and  simple ; tire  drapery  a closely 
wrapped  liimation.  The  style  is  of  about  300  B.  C.  The 
statue  is  perhaps  from  a bronze  original. 

Sophocles,  Evangelinus  Apostolides.  Born 
near  Mount  Pelion,  Greece,  March  8,  1807 : died 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dee.  17,  1883.  A Greek- 
American  scholar,  professor  of  Greek  in  Har- 
vard College.  He  published  a “Greek  Grammar  ” (1838), 
and  other  works  on  Greek  grammar,  and  a “Greek  Lexi- 
con of  the  Roman  and  Byzantine  Periods”  (1870). 

Sophon  (so'fon),  Bridge  of.  A bridge  over  the 
Sangarius,  built  a.  d.  561  by  Justinian,  it.  sur- 
vives  almost  perfect,  except  the  structures  for  defense  or 
shelter  at  the  ends.  It  is  1,400  feet  long,  with  8 arches, 
each  having  a span  of  75  feet  and  small  arches  on  each 
side. 

Sophonisba  (so-fo-niz'bii).  Died  about  204b. c. 
A Carthaginian  woman,  daughter  of  Ilasdru- 
bal,  son  ol  Gisco.  She  was  betrothed  to  the  Numi- 
dian  prince  Masinissa,  hut  was  afterward  married  in  206 
B.  o.,  for  political  reasons,  to  Syphax,  the  rival  Numidian 
ruler.  Her  husband  was  defeated  by  Masinissa,  who  acted 
as  an  ally  of  the  Romans  while  Syphax  was  an  ally  of  the 
Carthaginians,  in  the  second  Punic  war.  Sophonisba  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  conqueror,  who  married  her,  but 


Sophonisba 

was  compelled  by  Scipio  to  reject  her.  She  died  by  poi- 
son sent  by  Masinissa  to  prevent  her  from  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  Romans. 

Sophonisba.  A tragedy  by  Thomson,  produced 
in  1730. 

Sophonisba,  or  Hannibal’s  Overthrow.  A 

tragedy  by  Nathaniel  Lee,  produced  in  1676. 
Sophonisba,  or  the  Wonder  of  Women.  A 

tragedy  by  Marston,  produced  in  1602.  The 
plot  is  semi-historical.  See  Sofonisba. 
Sophonisbe.  1.  A tragedy  by  Mairet,  produced 
in  1631.  It  is  said  to  be  the  first  French  tragedy, 
and  is  imitated  from  Trissino’s  “ Sofonisba.” — 
2.  A tragedy  by  Corneille  (1663). 

Sophron  (so'fron).  [Gr.  lu^puv.]  Lived  about 
440  b.  c.  A Syracusan  writer  of  comedy,  noted 
for  his  mimes.  Fragments  of  his  works  have 
survived. 

As  to  the  controversy  whether  the  mimes  were  in  prose 
or  in  verse,  I fancy  them  like  Walt  Whitman’s  so-called 
poems,  which,  if  they  survive,  may  yet  give  rise  to  a simi- 
lar discussion.  The  mimes  of  Sophron  were  evidently 
very  coarse  also  — another  parallel  — and  were  full  of  pro- 
verbs, and  full  of  humour,  often  using  patois , which  is 
very  rare  in  Greek  literature.  But  Sophron’s  neglect  of 
form  did  not  imply  a revolutionary  creed : it  was  rather  a 
carefully  concealed  submission  to  the  laws  of  art. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  407. 
Sophronia  (sof-ro'ni-a).  [Gr.,  ‘of  a sound 
mind.’]  A character  in  Tasso’s  “Jerusalem 
Delivered.” 

Sophy  (so'fi),  The.  A play  by  Sir  John  Denham, 
acted  in  1641  at  Blaekfriars,  and  printed  in  1642. 
It  is  founded  on  a story  in  Herbert’s  “Travels.” 
Sora  (so'ra).  A town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
serta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Garigliano  62  miles 
east-southeast  of  Rome.  It  has  a cathedral  and  some 
manufactures.  It  was  an  ancient  Volscian  town,  was 
captured  by  the  Romans,  and  was  colonized  by  them  in 
303  B.  C.  Population,  town,  6,149;  commune,  10,001. 

Soracte  (so-rak'te).  A detached  mountain  in 
Italy,  situated  near  the  Tiber  25  miles  north  by 
east  of  Rome : the  modern  Monte  Sant’  Oreste. 
There  is  an  extensive  view  from  its  summit,  and  it  is  nota- 
ble for  an  ancient  temple  of  Apollo.  Height,  2,260  feet. 

Sorata  (so-ra'ta),  Nevado  de,  or  Illampu  (el- 
yam'po).  A volcanic  mountain  of  the  Bolivian 
Andes,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Lake  Titicaca, 
nearly  north  of  La  Paz.  Height,  21,500  (ac- 
cording to  some,  23,000-24,000)  feet. 

Sorau  (so'rou).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  56  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder.  it  has  man- 
ufactures  of  cloth,  linen,  etc.,  and  is  the  oldest  town  in 
Lower  Lusatia.  Population,  commune,  16,410. 

Sorbonne  (sor-bon'),  La.  A celebrated  house 
founded  in  the  University  of  Paris  about  1250 
by  Robert  de  Sorbon  or  Sorbonne,  chaplain 
and  confessor  of  Louis  IX.  The  college  of  the  Sor- 
bonne became  one  of  the  four  constituent  parts,  and  the 
predominant  one,  of  the  faculty  of  theology  in  the  univer- 
sity. It  exercised  a high  influence  in  ecclesiastical  affairs 
and  on  the  public  mind,  especially  in  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries.  It  was  suppressed  during  the  Revolution,  and 
deprived  of  its  endowments.  At  the  reconstruction  of  the 
university  under  Napoleon  I.,  the  building  erected  for  it 
by  Richelieu,  and  still  called  the  Sorbonne,  was  ceded  to 
the  city  of  Paris  on  condition  that  the  theological  faculty, 
in  connection  with  the  faculties  of  science  and  belles- 
lettres,  should  remove  there.  New  buildings  were  erected 
1884-89. 

Sordello  (sor-del'lo),  or  Sordel.  Born  at  Goito, 
near  Mantua,  about  1180:  died  about  1255.  A 
Provencal  poet  or  troubadour.  He  was  attached  for 
a time  to  the  household  of  the  Count  of  St.  Bonifazio,  the 
chief  of  the  Guelph  party,  in  the  march  of  Treviso,  and 
afterward  entered  the  service  of  Raymond  Berenger,  the 
last  Count  of  Provence  of  the  house  of  Barcelona.  It  was 
thought  at  that  time  that  the  Italian  language  was  not 
susceptible  of  polish,  and  Sordello  wrote  in  the  Provencal 
language.  He  gradually  became  in  popular  tradition  a 
hero  of  romance,  a preux  chevalier,  and  an  Italian  knight 
errant.  Many  fables  were  woven  about  his  name.  It  was 
even  said  that  the  sovereignty  of  Mantua  had  been  be- 
stowed upon  him.  He  owes  his  reputation  principally  to 
Dante’s  mention  of  him : he  speaks  of  him  with  admir  a- 
tion eight  times  in  the  “ Purgatorio."  Nothing  survives 
of  his  prose  or  his  Italian  poems,  but  about  34  Provencal 
poems  still  exist,  and  are  included  in  Raynouard’s  “ Chois 
des  poesies  des  troubadours  ” and  his  “Lexique  roman.” 

Sordello  of  Mantua,  whose  real  merit  consists  in  the 
harmony  and  sensibility  of  his  verses.  He  was  amongst 
the  first  to  adopt  the  ballad  form  of  writing,  and  in  one  of 
those,  which  has  been  translated  by  Millot,  lie  beautifully 
contrasts,  in  the  burthen  of  his  bailed,  the  gaieties  of  na- 
ture and  the  ever-reviving  grief  of  a heart  devoted  to 
love.  Sismondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  103. 

Sordello.  A poem  by  Robert  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  1840.  It  is  a picture  of  the  restless  and 
troubled  condition  of  northern  Italy  in  the  early  part  of 
the  13th  century,  and  a history  of  the  development  of 
the  soul  of  Sordello  the  troubadour.  It  is  the  most  ob- 
scure of  Browning’s  poems. 

Sorel  (so-rel').  The  capital  of  Richelieu  County, 
Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Richelieu  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  44  miles  north- 
east of  Montreal.  Population,  8,420,  (1911). 
Sorel  (so-rel'),  Agnes.  Born  at  Fromenteau, 


946 

Touraine,  about  1409 : died  near  Jumigny,  Feb. 
9, 1450.  The  favorite  mistress  of  Charles  VII. 
of  France.  She  was  brought  up  with  Isabelle,  the  wife 
of  Rene  d’Anjou,  and  remained  her  friend  through  life. 
Charles,  who  first  saw  her  when  she  was  about  tweuty 
years  old,  remained  faithful  to  her  till  her  death,  and  her 
influence  over  him  was  generally  beneficial. 

Soreze  (so-raz').  A small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  southern  France,  situated  about 
35  miles  east-southeast  of  Toulouse : the  medie- 
val Sorecinum.  It  is  noted  for  its  Roman  Cath- 
olic college. 

Soria  (so're-a).  1.  A province  of  Old  Castile, 
Spain,  bounded  by  Burgos  on  the  northwest, 
Logrono  on  the  north,  Saragossa  on  the  east, 
Guadalajara  on  the  south,  and  Segovia  on  the 
west.  Area,  3,983  square  miles.  Population, 
150,462. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Soria,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Duero  in  lat.  41° 
45'  N.,  long.  2°  34'  IV.  Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient. Numantia.  It  was  sacked  by  Ney  iu  1808.  Popula- 
tion, 7,466. 

Sorlingues  (sor-lahg').  The  French  name  of 
the  Scilly  Islands. 

Soroe:l(so're-e),  or  Soro  (so're).  A small  town 
in  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  44  miles 
west-southwest  of  Copenhagen  : noted  for  its 
academy.  Population,  2,335. 

Sorosis  ( so-ro'sis).  [In  botany,  a multiple  fruit, 
like  the  pineapple ; from  Gr.  aupd f,  a heap.] 
The  first  women’s  club  in  the  United  States, 
founded  at  New  York  in  1868. 

Sorr.  See  Soor. 

Sorrel  (sor'el),  Hetty.  One  of  the  principal 
female  characters  in  George  Eliot’s  novel 
“Adam  Bede”:  a pretty,  vain,  and  pleasure- 
loving  dairymaid. 

Sorrento  (sor-ren't5).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples, 
16  miles  sofith-southeast  of  Naples : the  ancient 
Surrentum.  It  is  a favorite  watering-place ; was  noted 
in  antiquity  forits  wines ; and  was  the  birthplace  of  Tasso. 
Population,  town,  6,969 ; commune,  8,933. 

Sorrows  of  Wertlier,  The.  [G.  Das  Leiden  des 
jungen  TVerther.']  A sentimental  novel  by 
Goethe  (published  in  1774),  written  in  the  form 
of  letters. 

Sosigenes  (so-sij'e-nez).  [Gr.  'Zuoryevr/^.']  Lived 
in  the  1st  century  B.  C.  An  Alexandrian  astron- 
omer who  reformed  the  calendar,  under  the 
direction  of  Julius  Caesar,  46  B.  C.  He  is  some- 
times identified  with  an  Egyptian  Peripatetic 
philosopher. 

Sospel  (sos-pel').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situated  on  the  B6- 
velre  16  miles  northeast  of  Nice.  Population, 
commune,  3,768. 

Soter  (so'ter).  [Gt.  ouri/p,  savior  or  preserver.] 
A Greek  surname  of  various  gods  and  men  (as 
Zeus,  Ptolemy  I.  of  Egypt,  etc.). 

Sothern  (suTH'ern),  Edward  Askew.  Born 
at  Liverpool,  April  1,  1826 : died  at  London, 
Jan.  21,  1881.  AnEnglish-American  comedian. 
He  first  played  in  Jersey  in  1849 ; appeared  in  the  United 
States  in  1852  ; and  in  1858  made  his  mark  in  the  character 
of  Lord  Dundreary  (see  Dundreary).  His  two  sons,  Lytton 
and  Edward,  went  on  the  stage : Lytton  died  in  1887. 
Sothis  (so'this),  or  Sept  (sept).  The  Egyptian 
name  of  the  dog-star  (Sirius). 

Soto  (so'to),  Hernando  or  Fernando  de.  Born 
at  Badajos,  Estremadura,  in  1500  or  1501 : died 
near  the  Mississippi  River,  May  21,  1542  (ac- 
cording to  others,  June  5 or  June  30,  1542).  A 
Spanish  soldier,  discoverer  of  the  Mississippi. 
He  went  to  Darien  with  Pedrarias,  1514  ; was  with  Cdrdoba 
in  Nicaragua,  1524;  had  an  encounter  with  Gil  Gonzalez 
Davila,  who  had  entered  that  country  from  the  north ; 
and  opposed  Cdrdoba’s  defection  in  1525.  Ill  April,  1532, 
he  joined  Pizarro  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  with  reinforce- 
ments ; and  thereafter  was  prominent  in  the  conquest  of 
Peru,  returning  to  Spain  very  rich  in  1536.  In  1537  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Cuba  and  Florida,  with  orders  to 
explore  and  settle  the  latter  country.  Leaving  San  Lucar 
in  April,  1538,  he  finally  sailed  from  Havana,  Cuba,  on 
May  12,  1539,  with  9 vessels  and  570  (or  950)  men,  includ- 
ing many  cavaliers  of  rank ; landed  at  Tampa  Bay,  May  25 ; 
and,  having  sent  part  of  his  ships  back  to  Cuba,  set  out  on 
July  15  to  explore  the  interior.  His  route  during  the  next 
three  years  can  be  determined  only  approximately.  He 
was  constantly  urged  forward  by  the  hope  of  finding  new 
and  rich  countries;  during  the  winter  months  he  halted 
at  some  Indian  village ; and  he  twice  had  communication 
with  his  vessels  on  the  coast.  Reckoning  by  the  present 
State  boundaries,  he  first  made  a great  circuit  northward 
through  northern  Florida,  Georgia,  perhaps  the  Carol  inas 
and  Tennessee,  and  Alabama,  descending  the  Alabama 
River  to  Mobile  Bay,  where  he  had  a fierce  battle  with  the 
Indians  (Oct.,  1540).  Thence  he  turned  northward  and 
northwestward  through  Mississippi ; wintered  at  an  Indian 
village  on  the  Yazoo,  where  he  had  another  battle ; and 
reached  the  Mississippi  River,  crossing  it  at  the  Lower 
Chickasaw  Bluffs  about  May,  1541.  Subsequently  he  ex- 
plored northward  nearly  to  the  Missouri,  then  turned 
southward,  reached  the  junction  of  the  Red  Riverand  the 
Mississippi,  and  died  there  of  malarial  fever : 250  of  his 
men  had  perished.  The  survivors,  under  Moscoso,  de- 


Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu 

scended  the  river  and  reached  Mexico.  It  should  be  noted 
that  Alonso  de  Pineda  discovered  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi (which  he  called  the  Espiritu  Santo)  in  1519,  and 
that  Cabeza  de  Vaca  crossed  it,  near  its  mouth,  in  1528. 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Sotomayor,  Melchor  Bravo  de  Saravia.  See 

Bravo  de  Saravia  Sotomayor. 

Sotomayor  y Valdes  (e  val-das'),  Ramon. 
Born  at  Santiago,  April,  1830.  A Chilean  jour- 
nalist, diplomatist,  and  historian.  His  most  im- 
portant Work  is  “Historia  de  Chile  ” (2  vols.  1875). 

Sotteville  lez  Rouen  (sot-vel'  la  ro-oh').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inf  (jrieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  Seine  above  Rouen. 
Population,  commune,  19,042. 

Souabe  (so-ab').  The  French  name  of  Swabia. 
Soubise  (so-bez'),  Seigneur  de  (Benjamin  de 
Rolian).  Born  at  La  Rochelle,  1583  : died  at 
London,  Oct.  9,  1642.  A French  commander, 
brother  of  Henri  de  Rohan.  He  was  one  of  the 
Huguenot  leaders  in  the  wars  of  1621-29.  He  conducted 
the  heroic  though  unsuccessful  defense  of  La  Rochelle 
1627-28. 

Soubise,  Prince  de  (Charles  de  Rohan).  Born 
at  Paris,  July  16,  1715:  died  there,  July  4, 1787. 
A French  general.  He  was,  through  the  influence  of 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  mistress  of  Louis  XV., appointed 
to  the  command  of  an  army  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the 
Seven  Years’  War.  He  was  totally  defeated  by  Frederick 
II.  at  Rossbach  Nov.  6,  1757,  but  in  the  following  year 
gained  the  victories  of  Sondershausen  and  Liitzelburg,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  marshal  of  France. 

Soublette  (so-blat'ta  or  sob-let'),  Carlos.  Born 
at  Caracas,  1790:  died  there,  Feb.  12, 1870.  A 
Venezuelan  general  and  statesman.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  war  for  independence,  commanding  in 
V enezuela  1821-23 ; was  minister  of  war  for  Colombia  1825- 
1827  ; president  of  the  Venezuelan  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion 1830 ; minister  of  war  for  V enezuela  1830-34 ; envoy  to 
Spain  1835  ; and  in  the  latter  year  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent of  Venezuela.  On  the  resignation  of  Vargashe  assumed 
the  executive  May  11,  1836,  but  soon  after  placed  it  in 
charge  of  Narvarte  and  went  to  Spain  to  conclude  an  im- 
portant treaty,  returning  and  resuming  his  post  March  11, 
1837.  He  was  succeeded  Feb.  1, 1839,  by  Paez,  who  made 
him  secretary  of  war ; and  was  again  president  Jan.  28, 
1843,  to  March  1, 1847.  From  1848  to  1858hewas  banished : 
subsequently  he  held  cabinet  positions  and  commanded 
the  army. 

Soudan.  See  Sudan. 

Soulary  (so-la-re'),  Joseph  Marie,  called  Jo- 
sephin.  Born  at  Lyons,  Feb.  23,  1815:  died 
there,  March  28, 1891.  A French  poet,  notable 
for  the  beauty  of  his  sonnets.  His  works  were 
published  in  3 vols.  (1872-83). 

Soule  ( so-la' ),  Pierre.  Born  at  Castillon , France, 
in  Sept.,  1802 : died  at  New  Orleans,  March  26, 
1870.  A French-Ameriean  politician.  He  left 
France  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  government  in 
1825,  and  settled  at  New  Orleans,  where  he  rose  to  dis- 
tinction as  a lawyer.  He  was  a Democratic  United  States 
senator  from  Louisiana  1847-53,  and  United  States  minister 
to  Spain  1853-55.  He  was  one  of  the  framers  of  the  Ostend 
Manifesto  in  1854,  and  sided  with  the  Confederacy  during 
the  Civil  War.  He  was  arrested  at  New  Orleans  in  1862 
and  imprisoned  at  Fort  Lafayette,  but  obtained  his  re- 
lease on  condition  that  he  would  not  return  to  the  South 
until  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion.  > 

Soulouque  (sodok'),  Faustin  Elie.  Born  at 
Petit  Goiave,  1785 : died  there,  Aug.  6, 1867.  A 
Haitian  general  and  politician.  He  was  a negro 
slave ; took  part  in  the  insurrection  of  1803 ; rose  to  be 
general  under  Guerrier  and  Rich6 ; and  on  the  death  of 
the  latter  was  elected  to  the  presidency,  March  1,  1847, 
principally  because  he  was  old  and  ignorant  and  it  was 
supposed  that  he  would  be  a ready  tool  of  the  senators. 
He  displayed  an  unexpected  independence ; secured  the 
support  of  the  blacks ; and,  though  unsuccessful  in  an  in- 
vasion of  the  Dominican  Republic  (March-^pril,  1849),  had 
himself  proclaimed  emperor  as  Faustin  I.,  Aug.  26,  1849. 
In  1855  he  again  invaded  the  Dominican  Republic,  but  was 
defeated.  He  was  deposed  Dec.  22. 1858,  left  the  country 
Jan.  15, 1859, and  lived  in  exile  until  shortly  before  his  death. 

Soult  (solt),  Napoleon  Hector.  Born  1801: 

died  at  Paris,  Dec.  31,  1857.  A French  diplo- 
matist and  politician,  son  of  Marshal  Soult.  He 
was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Berlin  in  1844. 
Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu,  Due  de  Dalma- 
tie.  Born  at  St.-Amans-la-Bastide  (now  in 
the  department  of  Tarn),  France,  March  29, 
1769:  died  at  St.-Amans,  Nov.  26,  1851.  A 
French  marshal.  He  entered  the  army  in  1785  ; served 
at  Fleurus  in  1794,  and  at  Altenkirchen  in  1796 ; became 
general  of  division  in  1799,  and  distinguished  himself  un- 
der Mass6na  at  the  battle  of  Zurich  (1799)  and  the  defense 
of  Genoa  (1800) ; was  made  a marshal  of  France  in  1804  ; 
distinguished  himself  as  commander  of  the  right  wing  at 
Austerlitz  in  1805;  served  at  Jena,  Pultusk,  and  Eylau ; 
was  created  duke  of  Dalmatia  in  1807 ; was  sent  to  Spain  in 
1808,  and  gained  thebattleof  Gamonal  and  pursued  Moore 
to  Corunna;  took  Oporto  in  1809;  was  appointed  com’- 
mander-in-cliief  in  Spain  and  gained  the  victory  of  Ocafia 
in  1809;  conquered  Andalusia  in  1810;  was  defeated  at 
Allmera  in  1811 ; served  at  l.iitzen  and  Bautzen  in  1813  ; 
conducted  the  French  retreat  before  Wellington  in  the 
south  of  France  1813-14 ; was  minister  of  war  under  Louis 
XVIII.  Dec.,  1814, -March,  1816;  was  general-in-chief  under 
Napoleon  iu  the  Hundred  Days;  was  inconsequence  ban- 
ished, but  was  recalled  to  France  in  1819 ; was  again  made 
a marshal  of  France  in  1820  ; was  created  a peer  in  1827  •' 


Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu 

and  was  minister  of  war  1830-34,  ambassador  extraordinary 
at  the  coronation  of  Queen  Victoria  in  1838,  and  minister 
of  war  1840-44. 

Soumet  (so-ma'),  Alexandre.  Born  at  Castel- 
naudary,  1788 : died  at  Paris,  1845.  A French 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  “La  divine  epopde”  (1840). 
Among  his  other  productions  are  “ Clytemnestre  ” and 
“ Saiil " (tragedies  produced  in  1822),  “ Cleopatre  ” (1824), 
“Les  Macchab0es”(1827),  “Jeanne  Dare  "(1827),  “Jeanne 
de  France  " (1828),  “ Emilia  ’’  (1829),  etc. 

Sound  (sound),  The,  Dan.  Orasund  (e'ra- 
sond).  A sea  passage  between  Sweden  and 
the  island  of  Zealand  in  Denmark,  connecting 
the  Cattegat  on  the  north  with  the  Baltic  on  the 
south.  Its  width  in  the  narrowest  part  is  3 miles.  “Sound 
duties  ” on  foreign  vessels  were  levied  here  by  Denmark 
until  1857. 

Sour.  See  Sure. 

Source  (sors),La.  [F.,  'the  spring.’]  A paint- 
ing by  Ingres  (1856),  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  A 
graceful,  golden-haired  girl  stands  nude  in  a rocky  recess, 
her  right  arm  passed  over  her  head,  and  supporting  the 
bottom  of  a vase  held  on  her  shoulder  with  the  left  hand. 
Streams  of  water  fall  from  the  vase  into  a pool  at  the  girl’s 
feet. 

Souriciuois.  See  Micmac. 

Sousa  (so'za),  Martim  Affonso  de.  Born  at 
Bragamja  about  1500 : died  at  Lisbon,  July  21, 
1564.  A Portuguese  captain.  He  commanded  the 
first  expedition  sent  to  Brazil  for  colonization  (1530-33), 
and  founded  the  first  Portuguese  settlement  at  Sao  Vi- 
cente, Jan.,  1532.  In  1534  he  was  granted  the  captaincy  of 
Sio  Vicente  (which  see)  in  hereditary  right,  and  he  con- 
tinued to  attend  to  its  affairs  though  he  did  not  again 
visit  it  personally.  He  was  admiral  of  the  seas  of  India 
1534-40,  commanding  in  several  combats ; and  from  1542 
to  1545  he  was  governor  of  the  Portuguese  East  Indies. 

Sousa,  Pero  Lopes  de.  Born  about  1503:  died  on 
the  coast  of  Madagascar,  Dec.  (?),  1539.  APortu- 
guese  captain,  brother  of  M.  A.  de  Sousa.  Hecom- 
manded  two  caravels  in  his  brother’s  fleet  (1530-33) , and  by 
his  orders  explored  the  lower  Paran&(1631-32).  He  received, 
in  hereditary  right,  three  portions  of  Brazil,  corresponding 
to  northern  Pernambuco  and  Parahyba,  a portion  of  Sao 
Paulo,  and  Santa  Catharina : some  attempt  was  made  to 
settle  the  two  former  through  lieutenants  whom  he  ap- 
pointed. In  1539  he  commanded  a fleet  sent  to  the  East 
Indies,  and  was  shipwrecked  and  killed  while  returning. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  the  Brazilian  expedition  which  has 
been  published  in  recent  times. 

Sousa,  Thome  de.  Bom  about  1510 : died  after 
1563.  A Portuguese  administrator,  first  gover- 
nor-general of  Brazil  (1549-53).  He  founded 
Sao  Salvador,  or  Bahia,  April,  1549. 

South  (south),  Robert.  Born  at  Hackney,  near 
London,  1633  : died  at  London,  July  8, 1716.  A 
noted  English  divine.  He  was  made  prebendary  of 
Westminster  in  1663,  canon  in  Oxford  in  1670,  and  rector 
of  Islip  in  1678.  His  “Works ’’  appeared  in  1823. 

South  Africa  (af'ri-ka).  A name  given  col- 
lectively (and  somewhat  vaguely)  to  that  por- 
tion of  Africa  south  of  the  Zambesi  and  Angola, 
most  of  which  is  under  British  influence.  The 
chief  political  divisions  are  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Natal  (in- 
cluding Zululand),  Basutoland,  Bechuanaland  Protectorate, 
Southern  Rhodesia,  Swaziland,  the  Orange  Free  State, 
Transvaal,  and  German  Southwest  Africa. 

South  Africa  Company,  British.  See  Bru- 
tish South  Africa  Company. 

South  African  Repubiic,  now  Transvaal 

(trans-val').  A British  colony  (formerly  a 
republic)  in  South  Africa.  Capital,  Pretoria. 
It  is  bounded  by  Rhodesia  on  the  north  ; Portuguese  East 
Africa  on  the  east;  Zululand,  Natal,  and  the  Orange  Free 
State  on  the  south ; and  the  Bechuanaland  Protectorate 
and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
a plateau,  with  the  Drakenberge  Mountains  in  the  east. 
The  chief  river-systems  are  those  of  the  V aal  and  Limpopo. 
The  colony  exports  wool,  minerals,  hides,  ostrich  feathers, 
etc.;  and  iB  rich  in  gold,  diamonds,  iron,  etc.  It  con- 
tains 23  districts.  The  government  was  a republic 
under  a nominal  British  suzerainty,  administered  by 
a president  (assisted  by  a council)  and  two  Volksraden 
of  27  members  each.  The  inhabitants  are  Boers,  English, 
and  natives  (Bechuanas,  Basutos,  etc.).  The  prevailing 
religion  is  the  Dutch  Reformed.  Immigration  by  Boers 
from  Cape  Colony  commenced  about  1836.  The  state  was 
recognized  as  independent  in  1852,  and  was  annexed  by 
Great  Britain  in  1877.  A successful  revolt  of  the  Boers 
(1880-81)  gained  them  self-government  under  British 
suzerainty.  British  control  was  restricted  in  1884.  In  1890 
small  portions  of  Swaziland  and  Amatongaland  were  ceded 
to  the  republic,  and  in  1895  a protectorate  over  Swaziland 
was  established.  In  1900-01  it  was  conquered  and  an- 
nexed by  Great  Britain.  Area,  110,425  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,347,227,  including  289,952  whites  and  1,021,656 
aborigines.  See  -A Union  of  South  Africa. 

South  America  (a-mev'i-ka).  The  southern 
continental  division  of  the  New  World,  be- 
tween the  South  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans, 
connected  with  North  America  by  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama.  It  forms  a triangular  mass  with  the  south- 
ern angle  lengthened  out  and  terminating  in  the  archi- 
pelago of  Tierra  del  Fuego.  The  extreme  points  on  the 
continent  are  Point  Gallinas  or  Chimare,  in  Colombia,  lat. 
12°  25'  N. ; Cape  Froward,  on  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  lat. 
53°  54'  S.;  Ponta  de  Pedras,  in  Brazil,  long.  34°  45'  62"  W.; 
and  Cape  Parifia,  in  northern  Peru,  long.  81°  19'  37"  W. 
The  coast-line  presents  no  large  Indentations,  but  near  the 
southern  end  it  is  broken  by  numerous  small  bays  and 
channels  cutting  off  islands.  More  than  two  thirds  of  the 


947 

surface  lies  within  the  tropics.  The  principal  mountain 
system  is  the  Andean,  near  the  western  coast,  dividing 
northward  into  three  diverging  chains,  with  an  extension 
along  the  northern  coast  to  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  A 
notable  feature  of  this  system  is  the  giant  volcanoes  of  the 
Pacific  border.  (See  Andes,  Cordilleras,  Aconcagua,  So- 
rata,  Chimborazo,  Cotopaxi,  Illimani,  etc.)  There  is  a 
smaller  mountain  system  near  the  southeastern  coast  in 
Brazil,  and  some  of  the  highlands  of  Guiana  and  Vene- 
zuela are  mountainous  in  character.  Three  great  river- 
systems,  the  Orinoco,  Amazon,  and  Paraguay-I'aram'i,  oc- 
cupy corresponding  broad  depressions,  which  are  but 
slightly  raised  above  the  sea-level.  Separated  by  them 
are  the  great  table-land  of  Brazil,  with  its  mountains 
near  the  coast;  the  table-land  of  Guiana;  and  similar 
table-lands  bordering  the  Andean  system.  These  table- 
lands are  diversified  in  their  vegetation,  but  with  little 
forest  except  near  rivers.  The  most  extensive  forests 
are  in  the  Amazon  valley,  and  on  the  mountains  of  the 
northern  and  southeastern  coasts.  The  llanos,  north 
of  the  Orinoco,  and  the  pampas  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, are  great  grassy  plains.  The  fauna  and  flora 
are  extremely  rich  in  species  : there  are,  however,  but 
few  large  mammals.  South  America  was  discovered 
by  Columbus  in  1498,  and  its  continental  character  was 
ascertained  before  1515.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Span- 
iards and  Portuguese;  and  their  descendants,  with  In- 
dians, negroes,  and  mixed  races,  form  the  bulk  of  the 
modern  population.  The  Dutch  and  French  had  short- 
lived colonies  in  Brazil ; and  the  English,  Dutch,  and 
French  established  colonies  in  Guiana  which  still  exist. 
Brazil  represents  the  Portuguese  conquests : the  other 
South  American  republics  correspond  to  Spanish  colo- 
nies, but  have  undergone  some  changes  since  the  inde- 
pendence. The  independent  states  are  Brazil,  Uruguay, 
Paraguay,  the  Argentine  Republic,  Chile,  Bolivia,  Peru, 
Ecuador,  Colombia,  and  Venezuela.  British  Guiana, 
French  Guiana  (or  Cayenne),  and  Dutch  Guiana  (or  Suri- 
nam) are  colonies  of  European  powers.  Large  portions 
of  the  interior  are  inhabited  only  by  scattered  Indian 
tribes,  and  the  boundaries  of  the  republics  in  these  regions 
are  still  unsettled.  Extreme  length,  4,592  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  3,230  miles.  Estimated  area,  with  the  depen- 
dent islands,  7,681,420  square  miles.  Population,  about 
45,000,000,  (1910). 

South  American  Revolution.  The  political 
movement  and  war  by  which  the  Spanish  South 
American  colonies  became  independent.  The 
principal  causes  were  the  restrictions  on  commerce  in 
favor  of  Spanish  monopolies,  burdensome  taxes,  and  un- 
just laws ; exclusion  of  the  colonists  from  high  offices ; 
the  Inquisition;  and  the  examples  of  France  and  the 
United  States.  The  immediate  cause  was  the  chaotic 
condition  of  Spanish  affairs  produced  by  Napoleon’s  in- 
vasion of  Spain.  Most  of  the  colonists  refused  to  recog- 
nize Joseph  Bonaparte;  and  the  junta  of  Seville,  which 
had  represented  the  legitimate  monarch,  having  fallen, 
the  authority  of  the  viceroys  and  captains-general  disap- 
peared ipso  facto.  Under  these  circumstances,  revolts 
broke  out  almost  simultaneously  in  Venezuela  (April  9, 
1810),  New  Granada  (July  20-21,  1810),  Buenos  Ayres 
(May  22, 1810),  and  Chile  (July  16,  1810),  the  royal  officers 
in  each  case  being  deposed  and  juntas  established  with 
the  avowed  purpose  of  holding  the  countries  for  Ferdi- 
nand VII. : later  all  of  them  declared  their  independence 
of  Spain.  In  Peru,  which  was  the  center  of  Spanish 
power,  there  was  no  outbreak  until  much  later.  The 
Spanish  officers,  adhering  to  Joseph  Bonaparte  or  to  one 
of  the  Spanish  juntas,  regarded  the  colonists  as  rebels. 
War  broke  out  at  once,  and  at  first  the  patriots  were  gen- 
erally successful.  In  Venezuela  the  great  earthquake  of 
May  26,  1812,  paralyzed  the  country.  The  Spaniards,  tak- 
ing advantage  of  the  confusion,  marched  on  Caracas ; Mi- 
randa capitulated  (July  25),  and  was  sent  a prisoner  to 
Spain ; and  the  Spanish  general  Monteverde  obtained  en- 
tire control.  His  cruelties  provoked  fresh  outbreaks,  led 
by  Bolivar  and  Marino;  but  the  defeats  of  La  Puerta 
(June  14,  1814)  and  Urica  (Dec.  6)  forced  the  patriot  lead- 
ers to  abandon  the  country.  Shortly  after  Morillo  ar- 
rived with  a large  force  from  Spain  ; occupied  Venezuela ; 
took  Cartagena  after  a disastrous  siege  (Dec.  6, 1815);  and 
captured  Bogota  May  6, 1816.  In  a short  time  all  of  northern 
South  America  was  in  his  power.  The  patriots  in  Chile, 
weakened  by  party  strife,  had  to  meet  forces  sent  from 
Peru ; they  were  defeated  at  Rancagua  (Oct.  2,  1814),  and 
the  leaders  fled  over  the  Andes.  Upper  Peru  (Bolivia) 
was,  from  1810  to  1816,  the  field  of  a continuous  struggle 
between  the  royalists,  strongly  aided  from  Peru,  and  the 
patriots,  supported  by  armies  sent  from  Buenos  Ayres. 
The  royalist  general  Goyeneche  swept  the  country  in  1814, 
and  thereafter  the  war  took  on  a guerrilla  character,  for 
which  the  mountain-land  was  especially  fitted.  A for- 
midable revolt  in  Peru,  led  by  the  Indian  Pumacagua,  wa3 
ended  by  his  defeat  at  Umachiri,  March  11, 1815.  Thus,  in 
the  middle  of  1816,  the  Platine  provinces  were  the  only 
ones  which  retained  their  independence.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  revolt  the  royalist  forces  under  Elio  had  been 
besieged  in  Montevideo,  which  was  taken  by  the  patriots 
in  June,  1814.  Paraguay  proclaimed  its  independence  in 
May,  1811,  but  soon  submitted  to  the  dictatorship  of 
Francia,  and  took  no  further  part  in  the  struggle.  The 
government  of  Buenos  Ayres  was  at  first  very  weak,  and 
was  frequently  changed  : in  1813  it  was  centralized  under 
a supreme  director,  and  thereafter  it  showed  more 
strength.  San  Martin,  who  had  come  into  prominence  as 
a military  leader,  conceived  the  plan  of  invading  Peru  by 
way  of  Chile,  and  to  this  end  massed  an  army  in  Men- 
doza. Meanwhile  Bolivar  returned  in  1816  to  Venezuela, 
and  in  July,  1817,  established  a patriot  central  govern- 
ment at  Angostura,  on  the  Orinoco.  The  subsequent 
events  may  be  reduced  to  two  great  movements  under 
Bolivar  and  San  Martin,  centering  on  the  Spanish  power 
in  Peru.  Bolivar’s  victories  of  BoyacA  (Aug.  7,  1819)  and 
Carabobo  (June  24,  1821),  and  that  of  his  general  Sucre  at 
Pichincha  (May  24,  1822),  were  the  principal  events  which 
secured  the  independence  of  New  Granada,  Venezuela, 
and  Quito  or  Ecuador : these  countries  united  in  the  re- 
public of  Colombia.  (See  Bolivar.)  San  Martin  crossed  the 
Andes  Jan.,  1817,  and  gained  the  battle  of  Chacabuco  Feb. 
12.  The  independence  of  Chile  was  proclaimed  Feb.  12, 
1818,  and  practically  secured  by  the  victory  of  Maipo 
April  5,  1818.  Aided  by  Cochrane’s  fleet,  San  Martin  in- 


South  Carolina 

vaded  Peru  (Aug.,  1820),  and  took  Lima  (July  9,  1821); 
but,  after  an  interview  with  Bolivar  at  Guayaquil  (July, 
1822),  he  resigned  and  left  the  country.  (See  San  Martin.) 
The  viceroy  of  Peru,  La  Serna,  driven  into  the  interior, 
led  the  final  struggle  against  Bolivar.  The  crowning 
events  of  the  war  were  the  victory  at  Junin  (Aug.  6, 1824), 
and  the  final  defeat  and  capture  of  La  Serna  by  Sucre  at 
the  battle  of  Ayacucho  (Dec.  9, 1824).  The  remnants  of  the 
Spanish  forces  were  soon  driven  from  Upper  Peru,  which 
became  the  republic  of  Bolivia.  Callao  Castle,  the  last 
Spanish  stronghold,  surrendered  Jan.  19,  1826,  thus  end- 
ing the  war. 

Southampton  (south-amp'ton  or  suTH-hamp'- 
ton).  A seaport  in  Hampshire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  a peninsula  at  the  head  of  Southampton 
Water,  at  the  mouths  of  the  Test  and  theltehen, 
in  lat.  50°  54'  N. , long.  1°  24'  W.  it  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal seaports  of  Great  Britain  ; the  terminus  of  steamer 
lines  to  France,  Ireland,  North  and  South  America,  the 
West  Indies,  the  Pacific,  and  Cape  Colony ; anda  port  of  call 
for  various  transatlantic  lines.  It  has  extensive  docks 
and  ship-building  industries,  and  has  relics  of  old  fortifi- 
cations. It  is  noted  for  its  double  tides.  It  is  a very 
ancient  town.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Danes  ; was  the 
place  of  embarkation  of  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted  for 
the  third  Crusade  in  1189,  of  Edward  III.  in  1345,  and  of 
Henry  V.  in  1415 ; was  attacked  by  the  French  and  Geno- 
ese in  1338 ; and  was  the  place  where  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 
embarked  on  the  Mayflower  in  1620.  Population,  119,039, 
(1911). 

Southampton.  A rarely  used  name  for  Hamp- 
shire. 

Southampton,  Earls  of.  See  Wriothesley. 
Southampton  Island.  An  island  of  British 
America,  at  the  entrance  of  Hudson  Bay. 
Length,  230  miles. 

Southampton  Water.  An  inlet  of  the  English 
Channel  which  extends  from  the  Solent  and 
Spithead  northwestward  about  10  miles. 

South  Anna  (an'a).  A river  in  Virginia  which 
unites  with  the  North  Anna  21  miles  north  of 
Richmond  to  form  the  Pamunkey. 

Southard  (suTH'ard),  Samuel  L.  Born  at 
Basking  Ridge,  Ni  J.,  June  9, 1787:  died  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  June  26,  1842.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Whig  United  States  senator  from 
New  Jersey  1821-23;  secretary  of  the  navy  1823-29 ; acting 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1825;  governor  of  New  Jersey 
1832 ; and  United  States  senator  1833-42. 

South  Australia  (as-tra'lia).  A state  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Australia.  Capital,  Adelaide. 
It  is  bounded  by  Northern  Territory  on  the  north,  Queens- 
land, New  South  Wales,  and  Victoria  on  the  east,  the 
ocean  on  the  south,  and  West  Australia  on  the  west.  It 
has  gold,  copper,  etc.,  and  exports  wool,  wheat  and  flour, 
copper,  etc.  Government  is  vested  in  a crown  governor, 
with  executive  council,  and  a parliament  comprising  a 
legislative  council  and  a house  of  assembly  (both  elected). 
The  colony  was  founded  in  1836,  and  the  constitution  was 
established  in  1856.  The  Northern  Territory  (north  of  lat. 
26°  S.)  was  annexed  in  1863  (but  was  transferred  to  the 
Commonwealth  Jan.  1,  1911).  Area,  380,070  square  miles. 
Population,  408,568,  (1911). 

South  Bend  (bend).  A city,  the  capital  of  St. 
Joseph  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  St.  Joseph 
River  73  miles  east  by  south  of  Chicago.  It 
has  manufactures  of  carriages,  wagons,  iron, 
plows,  etc.  Population,  53,684,  (1910). 

South  Berwick  (ber'wik).  A town  in  York 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  Salmon  Falls  River 
31  miles  southwest  of  Portland.  Population, 
2,935,  (1910). 

South  Bethlehem  (beth'le-em).  Aboroughin 
Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated 
on  Lehigh  River  48  miles  north  by  west  of 
Philadelphia.  It  is  the  seat  of  Lehigh  Univer- 
sity (non-sect.).  Population,  19,973,  (1910). 
South  Brabant.  See  Brabant. 

South  Carolina  (kar-o-ll 'na).  One  of  the 
South  Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States 
of  America.  Capital,  Columbia;  chief  city, 
Charleston.  It  is  bounded  by  North  Carolina  on  the 
north  and  northeast,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  southeast, 
and  Georgia  (separated  for  most  of  the  distance  by  the 
Savannah  River)  on  the  southwest  and  west.  The  sur- 
face is  level  near  the  coast,  hilly  and  undulating  in  the 
interior,  and  mountainous  in  the  northwest.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Great  Pedee,  Santee,  Edisto.  and  Savan- 
nah. The  State  has  gold,  porcelain  clay,  and  other  minerals, 
and  is  especially  noted  for  the  production  of  rice  and  sea- 
island  cotton.  It  has  44  counties,  sends  2 senators  and 
7 representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  9 electoral  votes. 
A majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  negroes.  An  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  colonize  was  made  by  the  French  under 
Ribault  in  1562.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made 
bytheEnglishinl670.  Charleston  wasfoundedin  1680.  The 
territory  remained  under  a proprietary  government  with 
North  Carolina  until  1729,  when  it  became  a separate  crown 
colony.  Many  of  the  early  colonists  were  French  Hugue- 
nots, Scotch-Irish,  Swiss,  and  Germans.  South  Carolina 
was  one  of  the  13  original  States  (1776).  It  was  the  scene  of 
many  battles  in  the  Revolution  (Fort  Moultrie,  Charleston, 
Camden,  King’s  Mountain  Cowpens,  Eutaw  Springs),  and 
of  many  partisan  contests,  and  was  held  by  the  British  1780- 
1781.  Its  advocacy  of  nullification  nearly  led  to  civil  war 
in  1832-33.  It  took  the  lead  in  advocating  States-riglits 
doctrines,  and  was  the  first  State  to  secede  (Dec.  20, 1860). 
It  opened  the  Civil  War  by  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter, April  12, 1861 ; and  suffered  severely  by  the  blockade, 
attacks  on  Charleston  Harbor,  and  the  march  of  Sher- 
man’s array  in  1865.  It  was  readmitted  in  1868.  The 


South  Carolina 

State  was  visited  by  a severe  earthquake  in  1886.  In  1892  the 
sale  of  liquors  was  restricted  to  State  dispensaries,  and  the 
constitutionality  of  the  law  (of  1893)  was  affirmed  in  1894. 
Area,  30,670  square  miles.  Population,  1,515,400,  (1910). 

Southcott  (south' kot),  Joanna.  Born  in  Dev- 
onshire, 1750 : died  Dec.  27,  1814.  An  English 
religious  fanatic,  originally  a domestic  servant. 
She  became  a Methodist,  and,  pretending  supernatural 
gifts,  dictated  prophecies  in  rime,  proclaimed  herself  to 
be  the  woman  mentioned  in  the  Apocalypse  (ch.  xii.),  and, 
although  64  years  old,  affirmed  that  she  was  to  be  delivered 
of  “Shiloh."  Her  sect  numbered  over  100,000,  and  was 
still  in  existence  in  1889.  She  wrote  “Strange  Effects  of 
Faith”  (1801,  etc.),  “The  True  Explanation  of  the  Bible" 
(1804-10),  the  “ Book  of  Wonders  ” (1813-14),  etc. 
Southcottians  (south'kot-i-anz).  A religious 
body  of  the  19th  century,  founded  by  Joanna 
Southcott  in  England.  This  body  expected  that  its 
founder  would  give  birth  to  another  Messiah.  Also  called 
New  Israelites  and  Sabbatarians. 

South  Dakota  (da-ko'ta).  A North  Central 
State  of  the  United  States.  Capital,  Pierre,  it 
is  bounded  by  North  Dakota  on  the  north,  Minnesota  and 
Iowa  on  the  east,  Nebraska  on  the  south,  and  Wyoming 
and  Montana  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  rolling  and 
mountainous  in  the  west.  Wheat  is  one  of  the  most 
important  products.  The  State  has  61  counties,  sends  2 
senators  and  3 representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  5 elec- 
toral votes.  In  1889  it  was  separated  from  North  Dakota 
and  admitted  as  a State.  Area,  77,650  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 583,888,  (1910). 

South  Downs  (dounz).  A district  in  the  west 
of  Sussex  and  in  Hampshire,  of  considerable 
elevation,  forming  natural  pastures,  and  largely 
devoted  to  sheep- raising. 

Southend  (south-end').  A watering-place  in 
Essex,  England,  situated  on  the  Thames  34 
miles  east  of  London.  Population,  28,857. 
Southern  Continent.  See  Antarctic  Continent. 
Southerne,  or  Southern  (suTH'ern),  Thomas. 
Born  in  County  Dublin  in  1660 : died  May  22, 
1746.  A British  dramatist.  He  studied  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  London, 
but  abandoned  law  for  play-writing.  Among  his  plays  are 
“ The  Loyal  Brother,  or  the  Persian  Prince  ” (1682),  “ The 
Fatal  Marriage,  or  the  Innocent  Adultery”  (1694),  “Oroo- 
noko"  (1696),  “Sir  Anthony  Love,  or  the  Rambling  Lady," 
etc. 

Southern  Fish.  See  Piscis  Australis. 
Southern  Killamuk.  See  Yaquina. 

Southern  Ocean.  A name  given  by  some  ge- 
ographers to  that  part  of  the  ocean  which  lies 
between  lat.  40°  S.  and  the  Antarctic  Circle. 
Southern  Triangle.  See  Triangulum  Australe. 
Southey  (souTH'i  or  suTH'i),  Mrs.  (Caroline 
Ann  Bowles).  Born  at  Lymington,  Hants, 
England,  Oct.  7, 1786 : died  there,  July  20,  1854. 
An  English  poet  and  author,  the  second  wife  of 
Robert  Southey  whom  she  married  in  1839. 
Among  her  works  are  the  poems  “ Ellen  Fitzarthur  ” (1820) 
and  “ The  Widow’s  Tale,  etc.”(1822).  Her  collected  poems 
were  published  in  1867.  Among  her  prose  works  are 
“Chapters  on  Churchyards"  (1829), “Selwyn  in  Search  of  a 
Daughter  ” (1835),  etc.*  Her  correspondence  with  Southey 
is  her  best-known  work. 

Southey,  Robert.  Born  at  Bristol,  England, 
Aug.  12,  1774:  died  at  Greta  Hall,  near  Kes- 
wick, England,  March  21,  1843.  An  English 
poet  and  prose-writer:  one  of  the  Lake  School 
of  poets.  He  went  to  Westminster  School,  but  was  ex- 
pelled in  1792  for  an  essay  on  “ Flogging  ” in  the  “ Flagel- 
lant,” a school  magazine.  He  was  refused  admittance  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  on  account  of  this  essay,  but  was 
admitted  to  Balliol.  He  made  the  acquaintance  of  Cole- 
ridge in  1794,  and  formed  with  him  the  scheme  of  an  ideal 
colony,  “ Pantisocracy.”  He  traveled  in  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal 1795-96 ; held  for  a 3hort  time  a government  sinecure ; 
and  settled  down  to  literary  work  in  1803  at  Greta  Hall, 
near  Keswick,  where  he  collected  a large  library  and  wrote 
with  great  regularity.  He  was  made  poet  laureate  in  1813 
and  pensioned  by  the  government.  In  1839  he  married  his 
second  wife,  Caroline  Bowles,  and  in  the  same  year  be- 
came demented,  dying  afterward  of  softening  of  the  brain. 
His  chief  poems  are  “Joan  of  Afc”(17:>6),  “Thalaba,  the  De- 
stroyer’ (1801),  “ Madoc  ” (1805),  “The  Curse  of  Kehama” 
(1810)  “ Roderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths  ”(1814),  “A  Vision 
of  Judgment  ” (1S21),  etc.  His  prose  works  include  “His- 
tory of  Brazil " (1810 : still  a standard  work),  “ Life  of  Nel- 
son ”(1813),  “Life  of  John  Wesley  ”(1820),  “History  of  the 
Expedition  of  Orsua  and  Crimes  of  Aguirre”  (1821),  “His- 
tory of  the  Peninsular  War  " (1823),  “Book  of  the  Church" 
(1824),  and  “Sir  Thomas  More  ”(1829).  He  edited  “The  Pil- 
grim’s Progress,”  with  a life  of  John  Bunyan  (1830) ; wrote 
“The  Doctor  "(1834-37);  and  edited  Cowper’s  works,  with 
his  life  (1833-37).  He  also  translated  “Amadis  de  Gaul  ” 
(1805),  “Palmerin  of  England "(1807),  Espriella’s  “Letters 
from  England  ” (1807),  and  “Chronicle  of  the  Cid  ” (1808). 
His  “Common-Place  Book  "was  edited  in  1849-51,  and  his 
letters  in  1856. 

South  Foreland.  See  Foreland,  South. 

South  Georgia  (jor'jia).  An  uninhabited  island 
in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  lat.  54°-55° 
S. : a dependency  of  the  Falkland  Islands.  It 
was  annexed  by  the  British  in  1775.  Area,  est., 
1,000  square  miles. 

South  Hadley  (had'li).  A town  in  Hampshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  11  miles  north  of 
Springfield.  It  is  the  seat  of  Mount  Holyoke 
College  (which  see).  Population,  4,894,  (1910). 
South  Holland  (hol'and).  A province  of  the 


948 

Netherlands  which  borders  on  the  North  Sea, 
south  of  North  Holland  and  north  of  Zea- 
land. It  contains  The  Hague  and  Rotterdam. 
Area,  1,166  square  miles.  Population,  1,363,- 
277.  ’ 

South  Island.  The  southernmost  of  the  two 
chief  islands  of  New  Zealand. 

South  Kensington  Museum.  One  of  the  “ sub- 
divisions of  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Council  on  Education.” 
The  museum,  which  is  in  Brompton,  in  the  western  part 
of  London,  south  of  Hyde  Park,  was  opened  in  1857  for  the 
purpose  of  promoting  science  and  art.  It  contains  a mu- 
seum of  ornamental  or  applied  art,  the  National  Gallery  of 
British  Art,  an  art  library,  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  a 
science  and  education  library,  the  National  Art  Training- 
Schools,  etc.  The  museum  is  greatly  indebted  to  private 
liberality  in  the  loan  of  treasures  of  art,  but  the  govern- 
ment has  also  purchased  and  presented  to  it  much  valuable 
material.  The  India  Museum  is  now  officially  a part  of  it. 
The  south  and  west  galleries  of  the  buildings  used  for 
the  International  Exhibition  of  1871-74  now  contain  some 
of  the  collections  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  and 
the  east  gallery  contains  the  India  Museum.  The  Muse- 
um of  Natural  History,  removed  from  the  British  Museum, 
is  in  a new  building  south  of  the  International  Exhibition 
Galleries,  built  in  1873-80.  In  1899  extensive  new  build- 
ings  were  begun,  and  the  name  was  changed,  by  Order  of 
the  Queen,  to  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum. 

South  Mountain.  A ridge  of  the  Alleghaniesin 
western  Maryland  and  southern  Pennsylvania. 
A victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Federals  under  McClel- 
lan over  the  Confederates  under  Lee,  Sept.  14,  1862.  The 
loss  of  the  Federals  was  1,813 ; of  the  Confederates,  934. 
Called  also  the  battle  of  Boonsboro. 

South  Norwalk  (nor'wak).  A seaport  and  city 
in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on 
Long  Island  Sound  31  miles  southwest  of  New 
Haven.  It  has  various  manufactures.  Com- 
*pare  Norwalk.  Population,  8,968?  (1910). 
South  Orkney  Islands,  or  Powell’s  (pou'elz) 
Islands,  or  New  Orkney  (ork'ni).  A group 
of  islands  in  the  Southern  Ocean,  southeast  of 
Cape  Horn  and  east  of  South  Shetland. 

South  Park  (park).  A plateau  or  elevated  val- 
ley in  central  Colorado,  southwest  of  Denver 
and  south  of  Middle  Park.  Area,  about  1,200 
square  miles.  Length,  about  40  miles. 

South  Platte.  See  Platte. 

Southport  (south'port).  A town  and  watering- 
place  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Irish  Sea  17  miles  north  of  Liverpool.  It  is 
a favorite  resort  for  sea-bathing.  Population, 
51,650,  (1911). 

South  Russia  (rush'a).  A collective  name  for 
the  governments  in  the  southern  part  of  Euro- 
pean Russia,  including,  according  to  one  classi- 
fication, Bessarabia,  Kherson,  Taurida,  Yeka- 
terinoslatt'.andtheprovinceof  theDon  Cossacks. 
South  Sea.  The  name  given  to  the  Pacific  by 
its  discoverer,  Balboa  (1513).  As  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama,  where  he  crossed  it,  runs  nearly  east  and  west, 
the  Pacific  forms  its  southern  shore : hence,  to  the  Span- 
iards on  the  Isthmus  it  was  the  South  Sea.  Until  the 
19th  century  this  was  the  common  name,  sometimes  em- 
ployed in  a special  manner  for  the  South  Pacific.  It  is 
still  frequently  used.  See  Pacific  Ocean. 

Southsea  (south 'se).  An  eastern  suburb  of 
Portsmouth,  England. 

South  Sea  Bubble.  A financial  scheme  which 
originated  in  England  about  1711  and  collapsed 
in  1720.  It  was  proposed  by  the  Earl  of  Oxford  to  fund 
a floating  debt  of  £10,000,000,  the  purchasers  of  which 
could  become  stockholders  in  a corporation,  the  South 
Sea  Company,  which  was  to  have  a monopoly  of  the  trade 
with  Spanish  South  America,  and  a part  of  the  capital 
stock  of  which  was  to  constitute  the  fund.  The  refusal 
of  Spain  to  enter  into  commercial  relations  with  England 
made  the  privileges  of  the  company  worthless:  but,  by 
means  of  a series  of  speculative  operations  and  the  infat- 
uation of  the  people,  its  shares  were  inflated  from  £100  to 
£1,050.  Its  failure  caused  great  distress  throughout  Eng- 
* land. 

South  Shetland,  or  New  South  Shetland 

(shet'land).  A group  of  islands  in  the  Southern 
Ocean,  south  of  Cape  Horn,  about  lat.  60°-65°  S. 
South  Shields  (sheldz).  A seaport  in  Durham, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tyne,  at  its  mouth, 
opposite  Tynemouth.  It  has  coal-trade,  ship-build- 
ing,  manufactures  of  glass,  etc.  Roman  antiquities  have 
been  discovered  there.  Population,  108,649,  (1911). 
South  Uist  (wist).  An  island  of  the  Outer 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  about  20  miles  west  of  the 
Isle  of  Skye.  Length,  21  miles. 

Southwark  (suTH'ark).  A parliamentary  and 
metropolitan  borough  in  London,  situated  on 
the  southern  bank  of  the  Thames.  It  returns 
3 members  to  Parliament.  Population  of  the 
registration  districts,  191,951,  (1911). 
Southwell  (south'wel).  A town  in  Notting- 
hamshire, England,  12  miles  northeast  of  Not- 
tingham. The  bishopric  of  Southwell  comprises  the 
counties  of  Nottingham  and  Derby  and  parts  of  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire.  The  minster  is  a Norman  church 
with  square  central  tower  and  two  lofty  western  towers 
with  pyramidal  roofs.  The  nave  is  of  the  most  massive 
Norman  work,  with  round  arches  and  huge  cylindrical 


Sozomen 

piers,  a large  and  high  triforium-gallery  with  great  open 
round  arches,  and  a very  small  clearstory.  The  roof  is  a 
barrel-vault  of  wood.  The  choir  is  of  the  most  beautiful 
Early  English,  with  two  tiers  of  lancets  in  the  square 
chevet.  The  length  of  the  cathedral  is  306  feet.  Popula- 
tion, 3,161. 

Southwell,  Robert.  Born  about  1561 : executed 
at  Tyburn,  Feb.  21,  1595.  An  English  poet  and 
Jesuit  martyr.  He  was  educated  at  Paris,  and  in  1678 
was  received  into  the  Society  of  J esus.  In  1586  he  returned 
to  England ; in  1589  became  domestic  chaplain  to  the  Coun- 
tess of  Arundel,  and  wrote  “ Consolations  for  Catholics  ” 
and  most  of  his  poems ; in  1592  he  was  betrayed  to  the 
authorities ; was  tortured  and  closely  imprisoned  for  three 
years ; and  was  tried  at  Westminster  and  executed.  He 
wrote  “St.  Peter's  Complaint  ’ (his  longest  poem),  and 
“ The  Burning  Babe,”  much  admired  by  Ben  Jonson. 
Southwold  (south'wold).  A seaport  in  Suffolk, 
England,  situated  on  the  North  Sea,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Blythe,  31  miles  northeast  of  Ips- 
wich. A naval  battle,  also  called  the  battle  of  Solebay, 
was  fought  off  Southwold  in  1072  between  the  English  and 
French  fleets  under  the  Duke  of  York  (later  James  II.)  and 
the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Ruyter.  The  Dutch  retired. 
Population,  2,800. 

Southworth  ( south 'werth),  Constant.  Born  at 

Leyden,  Netherlands,  1614:  died  at  Duxbury 
Mass.,  about  1685.  Acolonistof  New  England, 
stepson  of  William  Bradford : the  reputed  author 
of  the  “ Supplement  ” to  Morton’s  “ Memorial.” 
Southworth,  Mrs.  (Emma  D.  E.  Nevitt). 
Born  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  26,  1818:  died 
there,  June  30,  1899.  An  American  novelist. 
Among  her  novels  are  “Retribution,”  “The  Deserted 
Wife,”  "The  Mother-in-Law,”  “Children  of  the  Isle,” 
“ The  Foster  Sisters,”  “The  Bridal  Eve,’  “ The  Fatal  Mar- 
riage,” “ Vivia,  or  Secret  of  Power,”  etc. 

Souvaroff.  See  Suvaroff. 

Souvestre  (so-vestr'),  Emile.  Bom  at  Mor- 
laix,  France,  April  15, 1806:  died  at  Paris,  July 
5,  1854.  A French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Derniers  Bretons  ” (1835-37),  “ Le 
foyer  breton  ”(1844), “ Un  philosophe  sous  les  toits  ” (1850), 
“ Causeries  historiques  et  litteraires  ” (18.54),  etc. 
Souvigny  (so-ven-ye').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  France,  on  the  Quene  7 miles 
west-southwest  of  MouliDS.  The  abbey  church  of  the 
Cluniac  priory  is  a notable  monument  of  great  size.  The 
greater  part  is  Romanesque  ; the  remainder,  with  much  of 
the  vaulting,  was  rebuilt  in  the  15th  century.  There  are 
double  aisles  and  curious  sculpture.  This  church  was  the 
ancestral  burial-placeof  the  Bourbon  family,  manyof  whose 
tombs  remain  in  two  rich  Flamboyant  chapels,  inclosed  by 
sculptured  screens.  Population,  commune,  3,078. 

Souza.  See  Sousa. 

Souza-Botelho  (so'za-bo-tel'yo),  Marquise  de 
(Adelaide  Marie  Emilie  Filleul,  later  Com- 
tesse  de  Flahaut).  Born  at  Chateau  Longprfi, 
Normandy,  May  14,  1761:  died  at  Paris,  April 
16,  1836.  A French  novelist.  Her  works  in- 
clude “Ad&le  de  Senanges” (1794),  “Eugene  de 
Rothelin”  (1808),  etc. 

Souza  Brazil.  See  Pompeu  de  Souza  Brazil. 
Souzdal.  See  Suzdal. 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas.  The  largest  of  the 
early  English  war-ships,  100  guns,  launched  at 
Woolwich  in  1637  (reign  of  Charles  I.).  Her  di- 
mensions were  : length  over  all,  232  feet;  length  of  keel, 
128  feet ; beam,  48  feet.  She  had  flush  decks,  a forecastle, 
half-deck,  quarter-deck,  and  roundhouse.  She  is  supposed 
to  have  been  burned  in  1696. 

Sowerby  (sou'er-bi),  George  Brettingham. 

Born  March  25,  1812:  died  1884.  An  English 
conchologist,  son  of  G.  B.  Sowerby.  He  wrote 
“ Mauual  of  Conchology  ” (1839).,  and  (with  his 
father)  “Thesaurus  Conchyliorum.” 

Sowerby,  James.  Born  1757:  died  1822.  An 
English  naturalist  and  artist.  He  published  “ Brit- 
ish Mineralogy"  (1804-17),  “British  Miscellany”  (1804), 
“ English  Botany,"  “ Mineral  Conchology  of  Great  Britain  ” 
(cont.  by  J.  de  Carle  Sowerby  1812-46),  etc. 

Sowerby,  James  de  Carle.  Born  1787:  died 
1871.  An  English  artist  and  conchologist,  son 
of  James  Sowerby. 

Sowerby  Bridge.  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Calder  10  miles  southwest  of  Brad- 
ford. Population,  11,477. 

Sozomen  (soz'6-men)  (Hermias  Sozomenus). 
Born  probably  near  Gaza,  Palestine,  about  400 
A.  D. : died  about  the  middle  of  the  5th  eentury. 
An  ecclesiastical  historian,  author  of  a church 
history  (edited  by  Valesius  1668). 

The  “ecclesiastical history  "of  Hermeias  Salamanes Soz- 
omenus, commonly  known  as  Sozomen.  was  nearly  con- 
temporary and  coextensive  with  thatof  Socrates  [Scholas- 
ticus],  whom  Sozomen  is  supposed  to  have  copied,  as  far 
at  least  as  the  plan  of  his  work  is  concerned.  It  extends, 
as  we  now  have  it,  from  324  to  415,  but  was  designed  to 
reach  the  year  439.  It  is  divided  into  nine  books,  and  is 
generally  superior  to  the  work  of  Socrates  in  elegance  of 
style,  though  it  often  exhibits  puerilities  which  the  other 
historian  had  avoided.  Sozomen  was  born  at  Bethel,  near 
Gaza,  in  Palestine,  and  spent  mostof  his  early  years  in  the 
Holy  Land,  to  which  he  makes  familiar  reference  in  sev- 
eral parts  of  his  book. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  403. 

[(Donaldson.) 


Spa 

Spa  (spa;  F.  and  Flem.  pron.  spa),  or  Spaa 
(spa).  A town  and  watering-place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Li&ge,  Belgium,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Spa,  Wayai,  and  Picherotte,  17  miles 
southeast  of  Liege.  It  is  the  oldest  of  the  large  Euro- 
pean watering-places  (spas).  The  chief  spring  is  the  Pou- 
hon.  Population,  commune,  8,293. 

Spagnoletto.  See  Ribera. 

Spahawn.  See  Ispahan. 

Spain  (span).  [Sp.  Espafia,  Pg.  Hespanha,  It. 
Spagna,  D.  Spanje,  F.  Espagne,  L.  Hispania 
and  Iberia,  Gr.  'I anavia,  'Ecmepia  (western 
land),  and  ’Ifir/pia.]  A kingdom  of  southwest- 
ern Europe,  which  occupies  the  greater  part 
of  the  Iberian  or  Spanish  peninsula.  Capital, 
Madrid.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  France 
on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east  and  south, 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  southwest, 
and  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  The  interior 
is  occupied  by  table-lands ; and  there  are  numerous  moun- 
tain-ranges, including  tiie  Cantabrian  Mountains,  Sierra 
de  Guadarrama,  Sierra  de  Gredos,  Mountains  of  Toledo, 
Sierra  de  Guadalupe,  Sierra  Morena,  and  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ebro,  Guadalquivir,  Guadi- 
ana,  Tagus,  Duero,  and  Mi  no.  Spain  has  very  valuable 
mineral  resources  (especially  quicksilver,  lead,  copper, 
silver,  salt,  zinc).  Other  leading  products  are  wine  (sherry, 
Malaga,  etc.),  grapes,  raisins,  olive-oil,  oranges,  figs,  and 
other  fruits,  and  cork.  It  comprises  47  provinces  on  the 
mainland  (formed  from  the  13  old  provinces)  and  2 insular 
provinces  (Canaries  and  Balearic  Islands).  The  govern- 
mentis  ahereditaryconstitutional  monarchy,  lhelegisla- 
tive  body  is  the  Cortes,  composed  of  a senate  and  a cham- 
ber of  deputies.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic. The  language  is  Spanish.  The  early  inhabitants 
were  Celts  and  Iberians.  Various  coast  towns  were  colo- 
nized by  the  Phenieians.  The  country  wa=  conquered  in 
part  by  Carthage  (Hamilcar,  Hasdrubal,  and  Hannibal), 
237-219  B.  c.  The  period  of  Roman  conquest  (under  the 
Scipios,  Cato,  Gracchus,  Pompey,  etc.,  against  Carthage, 
Viiiathus,  Numantia,  the  Celtiberians,  Sertorius,  the  Can- 
tabri,  etc.)  extended  from  about  205  to  19  b.  c.  Spain  was 
ravaged  by  Vandals,  Suevi,  and  Alani  in  409  A.  D.  A West- 
Gothic  kingdom  was  established  in  418.  and  overthrown 
by  the  Saracens  in  711,  and  the  Ommiad  kingdom  was  es- 
tablished at  Cordova  in  756.  An  invasion  by  Charles  the 
Great  led  to  the  foundation  of  the  “Spanish  Mark.’’  The 
Ommiad  dynasty  ended  in  1031.  Christian  kingdoms  were 
founded  — that  of  Asturias  (later  Leon)  in  the  8th  century, 
Navarre  in  the  9th  century,  Castile  in  1033,  and  Aragon  in 
1035.  Toledo  was  taken  from  the  Moors  by  Castile  at  the 
close  of  the  11th  century.  The  Almoravides  had  a realm 
in  Spain  in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries;  the  Almohades 
in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  Castile  and  Aragon  were 
united  in  1479.  Granada  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1492. 
Spain  reached  its  greatest  power  in  the  16th  century.  The 
Hapsburg  dynasty  ruled  from  1516  to  1700,  when  the  Bour- 
bons succeeded  them.  The  throne  was  given  to  Joseph 
Bonaparte  in  1808.  The  Peninsular  war  lasted  from  1808 
to  1814.  The  revolution  of  1820  was  suppressed  with  French 
help  in  1823.  The  first  C'arlist  war  was  carried  on  from 
1833  to  1840.  Isabella  II.  was  dethroned  in  1868  ; and  Ama- 
deus reigned  1870-73.  The  republic  formed  in  1873  was  over- 
thrown and  th  e Bourbons  were  restored  in  1875.  There  was 
a second  Carlist  war  1872-76.  Tne  foreign  dependencies 
of  Spain  were  reduced,  by  the  Spanish-American  war  and 
the  sale  of  the  Carolines  and  Ladrones  to  Germany,  to  her 
possessions  in  Africa.  Area,  including  Balearic  and  Ca- 
nary Islands,  194,783  sq.  m.  Population,  19,588,688. 
Spain,  Era  of.  An  era,  long  used  in  Spain, 
which  began  with  the  first  day  of  the  year 
38  b.  c. 

Spalatin  (spa-la-ten'),  Georg  (originally 
Burckhard).  Born  at  Spalt,  Bavaria,  Jan.  17, 
1484:  died  Jan.  16, 1545.  A noted  German  Re- 
former, a friend  of  Luther.  He  was  in  the  diplo- 
matic and  other  service  of  Frederick  the  Wise,  elector  of 
Saxony,  and  his  successors.  He  wrote  various  historical 
works. 

Spalato  (spa-la/to),  or  Spalatro  (spa-la/tro). 
[From  L.  palatinm,  palace  (the  palace  of  Dio- 
cletian) ; Slav.  Split.']  A seaport  in  Dalmatia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in  lat. 
43°  30'  N.,  long.  16°  27'  E.,  near  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Salona.  It  has  the  largest  trade  in  Dalmatia. 
It  is  noted  for  its  Roman  antiquities,  especially  for  the 
ruins  of  the  palace  of  Diocletian,  built  about  300,  an  ag- 
glomeration of  highly  ornamented  structures  inclosed  by 
a fortified  wall  forming  approximately  a rectangle  of  600 
by  700  feet.  Streets  connecting  the  great  gates  in  the 
middle  of  each  side  divide  the  whole  into  4 blocks.  The 
present  spacious  arcaded  Piazza  del  Duomo  is  the  great 
court  of  the  palace,  on  the  south  side  of  which  are  vesti- 
bule, atrium,  and  remains  of  a beautiful  series  of  rooms. 
Flanking  the  great  courts  are  areas  containing  the  impe- 
rial mausoleum  (now  the  cathedral)  and  a temple  of  rKscu- 
lapius.  The  arcnes  of  the  great  court  are  of  importance 
in  architecture,  as  the  earliest  which  can  be  precisely  dated 
that  spring  directly  from  columns  without  the  interven- 
tion of  an  entablature.  This  marks  the  development  from 
Roman  architecture  of  the  germ  of  the  medieval.  When 
Salona  was  destroyed  by  the  Avars,  about  640,  fugitives 
from  that  place  took  refuge  in  the  ruins  of  the  palace. 
Population,  commune,  31,449,  (1910). 

Fast  by  the  bay,  with  the  high  mountain  at  his  back, 
with  the  lower  hills  on  each  side  of  him,  Diocletian  built 
his  villa,  bis  palace,  of  Salona.  The  prouder  name,  the 
name  which  savoured  of  the  Rome  which  Diocletian  had 
forsaken,  clave  to  the  spot,  and  the  city  which  in  after 
ages  grew  up  within  the  palatinm  of  Diocletian  still  bears 
the  name  of  Spalato.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  44. 

Spalding  (spal'ding).  A town  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  river  Welland  34  miles 


949 

south-southeast  of  Lincoln.  Population,  about 
9,500. 

Spalding,  Martin  John.  Born  in  Marion  Coun- 
ty, Ky.,  May  23,  1810:  died  at  Baltimore,  Feb. 
7, 1872.  An  American  Roman  Catholic  prelate. 
He  was  bishop  of  Louisville,  and  became  archbishop  of 
Baltimore  in  1864 ; was  president  of  the  second  plenary 
council  in  Baltimore  in  1866 ; and  was  prominent  as  a del- 
egate to  the  Vatican  Council  1869-70.  He  wrote  “Evi- 
dences of  Catholicity  " (1847),  “History  of  the  Protestant 
Reformation  in  Germany  and  Switzerland  ” (1860),  a trans- 
lation of  Darras  s “ General  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  ” 
(1866). 

Spalding,  William.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, 1809:  died  Nov.  16,  1859.  A Scottish 
critic,  philosopher,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Edinburgh  in  1833,  and  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Edinburgh  University  l«40-45,  and 
professor  of  logic  at  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  from 
1845  until  his  death.  He  wrote  ‘‘Italy  and  the  Italian 
Islands ” (1841),  “History  of  English  Literature ”(1853),  etc. 
Spandau  (spau'dou).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Spree  and  Havel,  8 miles  west  by 
north  of  Berlin.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  the 
Julius  Tower  in  the  citadel  contains  the  imperial  war 
treasure.  It  has  a cannon-foundry,  a small-arms  factory, 
a school  of  musketry,  artillery  workshops,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  70,295. 

Spangenberg  (spang'en-bera),  Gustav  Adolf. 
Born  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  1, 1828:  died  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  19,  1891.  A German  historical  painter. 
Among  his  works  is  “ Luther  Translating  the  Bible  ” (1870). 
Spanish  America.  A collective  name  for  those 
portions  of  America  which  were  settled  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  are  now  inhabited  by  their  de- 
scendants— that  is,  the  whole  of  South  America 
except  Brazil  and  the  Guianas,  Central  Amer- 
ica, Mexico,  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  Domini- 
can Republic,  with  some  small  islands  of  the 
West  Indies. 

Spanish-American  War.  A war  between 
Spain  and  the  United  States  in  1898,  waged  by 
the  latter  for  the  liberation  of  Cuba,  its  chief 
events  were  the  breaking  off  of  diplomatic  relations  by 
Spain  April  21;  beginning  of  the  blockade  of  Cuba  April 
22;  declaration  of  war  by  Spain  April  24,  and  by  the  United 
States  April  25 ; destruction  of  Spanish  fleet  in  the  Bay  of 
Manila  May  1 ; arrival  of  Cervera's  squadron  at  Santiago 
May  19;  sinking  of  the  Merrimac  in  the  entrance  to  San- 
tiago harbor  June  3;  landing  of  United  States  troops  at 
Baiquiri  June  20-22;  battles  of  San  Juan  and  El  Caney 
July  1-2;  attempted  escape  and  destruction  of  Cervera's 
squadron  July  3;  surrender  of  Santiago  July  17 : campaign 
in  Porto  Rico  July  25-Aug.  12;  signing  of  peace  protocol 
Aug.  12  ; capture  of  Manila  Aug.  13 ; signing  of  treaty  of 
peace  at  Paris  Dec.  10.  By  the  treaty  Spain  relinquished 
her  sovereignty  over  Cuba,  and  ceded  Porto  Rico,  Guahnn 
in  the  Ladrones,  and  the  Philippines  to  the  United  States. 

Spanish  Armada,  The.  1.  See  Armada. — 2. 
Mr.  Puff’s  tragedy  rehearsed  in  Sheridan’s 
“dramatic  piece”  “The  Critic.” 

Spanish  Barber,  The,  or  the  Fruitless  Pre- 
caution. A comedy  by  George  Colman  the 
elder,  taken  from  “Le  Barbier  de  Seville”  of 
Beaumarchais,  and  produced  at  London  in  1777. 
Spanish  Curate,  The.  A play  by  Fletcher  and 
Massinger,  licensed  in  1622,  printed  in  1647. 
Several  alterations  of  it  have  been  acted.  The  plot  is  from 
a Spanish  story,  called  in  English  “Gerado  the  Unfortu- 
nate Spaniard,”  by  Cespedes. 

Spanish  Fury,  The.  A name  given  to  the  sack 
of  Antwerp  by  Spanish  troops  in  1576. 

Spanish  Gypsy,  The.  1 . A play  by  Middleton 
(with  Rowley),  acted  1623,  printed  1653.  It  is 
founded  on  Cervantes’s  “Fuerza  de  la  Sangre” 
and  “La  Gitanilla.” — 2.  A poem  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1868. 

Spanish  Main,  The.  A name  applied,  some- 
what  vaguely,  to  the  northern  coast  of  South 
America,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  west- 
ward. Sometimes  it  included  the  Isthmus  of  Panama 
and  Central  America,  or  all  the  continental  lands  border- 
ing on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  as  distinguished  from  the  islands. 
The  term  was  probably  derived  from  the  Spanish  Tierra 
Firme,  or  Costa  Firme,  used  in  the  16th  century  for  the 
continental  coast  from  Paria  to  Costa  Rica,  and  in  a more 
restricted  sense  for  the  Isthmus.  Many  modem  writers 
appear  to  suppose  that  the  Spanish  Main  was  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  (a  popular  use  of  the  name). 

Spanish  Mark,  The.  A Frankish  possession, 
conquered  by  Charles  the  Great,  situated  in  the 
northeastern  extremity  of  Spain.  It  was  ruled  by 
counts  of  Barcelona,  and  became  merged  in  Catalonia,  and 
finally  in  Aragon. 

Spanish  Moliere,  The.  Moratin. 

Spanish  Moor's  Tragedy,  The.  A play  by 
Thomas  Dekker,  Day,  and  Haughton,  licensed 
in  1600  and  printed  in  1657. 

Spanish  Peaks.  Two  isolated  mountains  of 
conical  shape,  in  southern  Colorado,  near  the 
boundary  of  Now  Mexico,  which  rise  to  an  ele- 
vation of  nearly  14,000  feet.  They  are  very 
prominent  landmarks.  Their  aboriginal  name 
is  Huajatoyas. 

Spanish  Succession,  War  of  the.  A war  aris- 


Spartel,  Cape 

ing  out  of  disputes  about  the  succession  in 
Spain  on  the  death  of  Charles  II.,  fought  1701-14 
between  the  emperor  and  the  navafpowers  on 
the  one  hand,  and  France  and  its  allies  on  the 
other.  The  question  of  the  succession  agitated  the  va- 
rious cabinets  for  many  years  before  the  extinction  of 
the  Hapsburg  dynasty  in  Spain  by  the  death  of  Charles 
II.,  as  it  involved  the  balance  of  power  in  Europe.  There 
were  three  claimants:  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  the  em- 
peror Leopold  I.,  and  the  el  afford  prince  of  Bavaria  (see 
the  extract).  As  England  and  Holland  would  not  allow 
the  Spanish  possessions  to  be  united  intact  to  the  French 
or  Austrian  monarchy,  Leopold  asserted  his  claim  in  be- 
half of  his  second  son  Charles,  while  Louis  urged  his  in 
behalf  of  his  grandson  Philip  of  Anjou.  Treaties  of  par- 
tition were  made  in  1698  and  1700  dividing  the  inheritance 
between  the  claimants  (see  Partition  Treaties ),  but  when 
the  vacancy  occurred  in  1700  Louis  decided  to  ignore  his 
treaty  obligations,  and  recognized  Charles  II. 's  will,  which 
made  Philip  of  Anjou  heir.  He  found  himself  opposed  in 
Sept.,  1701,  by  the  Grand  Alliance  of  The  Hague  between 
England,  Holland,  Austria,  and  the  Empire,  joined  later 
by  Portugal,  while  his  only  allies  were  the  Elector  of  Ba- 
varia and  the  dukes  of  Modena  and  Savoy.  Spain,  indeed, 
sided  with  him,  but  had  neither  money  nor  men.  The 
most  conspicuous  leaders  of  the  Grand  Alliance  were  the 
English  general  Marlborough,  the  imperial  general  Prince 
Eugene,  and  Heinsius,  pensionary  of  Holland.  The  seat  of 
the  war  was  principally  Italy,  the  Netherlands,  and  Ger- 
many. The  chief  events  were  the  victory  of  Eugene  and 
Marlborough  over  the  Bavarians  and  French  under  Tallard 
at  Blenheim,  Aug  13, 1704  ; the  victory  of  Marlborough  over 
Villeroi  at  Ramillies,  May  23,  1706;  the  victory  of  Eugene 
and  Leopold  of  Dessau  over  Marsin  and  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans at  Turin,  Sept.  7,  1706;  the  victory  of  the  French 
under  Berwick  at  Almansa,  April  25,  1707  ; the  virtory  of 
Marlborough  and  Eugene  over  Vendome  and  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy  at  Oudenarde,  July  11,  1708 ; and  the  victory 
of  Marlborough  and  Eugene  over  Villars  at  Mnlplaquet, 
Sept.  11, 1709.  The  death  of  the  emperor  Joseph,  the  eldest 
son  and  successorof  Leopold  I.,  in  1711,  placed  Charles  on 
the  imperial  throne,  thus  removing  the  chief  obstacle  to 
the  recognition  of  Philip  of  Anjou  (the  electoral  prince  of 
Bavaria  having  died  in  1699).  The  war  was  ended  by  the 
peace  of  Utrecht  (which  see)  in  1713,  and  that  of  Rastatt 
and  Baden  in  1714,  Philip  of  Anjou  being  recognized  as 
king  of  Spain  under  the  title  of  Philip  V. 

Spanish  Town,  or  Santiago  de  la  Vega  (san- 

te-a'go  da.  lii  va'ga).  A town  in  Jamaica,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Cobre  about  10  miles  west  of 
Kingston.  Population,  5,019. 

Spanish  Tragedy,  The,  or  Hxeronimo  (Jeroni- 
mo) is  Mad  Again ! A play  by  Thomas  Kyd, 
the  continuation  of  another  play  usually  called 
“The  First  Part  of  Jeronimo.”  it  was  licensed  in 
1692,  and  in  1602  was  altered  by  Jonson.  See  Jeronimo. 

Spanker  (spang'ker),  Lady  Gay.  A brilliant 
character  in  Dion  Boucicault’s  comedy  “Lon- 
don Assurance.”  She  is  devoted  to  horses  and  hunt- 
ing, and  keeps  the  whip-hand  of  her  meek  little  husband, 
Dolly  Spanker. 

Sparagus  Garden,  The,  or  Tom  Hoyden  of 
Taunton  Dean.  A comedy  by  Brome,  acted 
in  1635  and  printed  in  1640. 

Sparkish  (spar'kish).  A character  in  Wycher- 
ley’s “Country  Wife.”  He  is  the  original  of 
Congreve’s  Tattle. 

The  character  of  Sparkish  is  quite  new,  and  admirably 
hit  off.  He  is  an  exquisite  and  suffocating  coxcomb : a 
pretender  to  wit  and  letters,  without  common  understand- 
ing, or  the  use  of  his  senses.  Hazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  101. 

Sparks  (sparks),  Jared.  Born  at  Willington, 
Conn.,  May  10, 1789:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
March  14,  1866.  An  American  historian.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1816,  and  became  a Unitarian 
clergyman.  He  was  pastor  of  a church  in  Baltimore 
1819-23;  was  editor  of  the  “North  American  Review" 
1824-31 ; was  professor  of  history  at  Harvard  1839-49 ; and 
was  president  of  Harvard  1849-53.  He  was  also  the  founder 
and  first  editor  of  the  “American  Almanac  and  Repository 
of  Useful  Knowledge  " (Boston,  1830-61) . He  wrote,  among 
other  works,  the  “Life  of  John  Ledyard " (1828)  and  the 
“ LifeofGouverneur  Morris  "(1832),  and  edited  “Diplomatic 
Correspondence  of  the  American  Revolution  " (12  vols. 
1829-30),  “ Writings  of  George  Washington,  with  a Life  of 
the  Author  "(12  vols.  1834-38),  “Library  of  American  Biog- 
raphy " (1834-38 : writing  the  lives  of  Arnold,  Ethan  Allen, 
Marquette,  La  Salle,  etc.),  “ Works  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
with  a Life  of  the  Author"  (10  vols.  1836-40),  and  “Corre- 
spondence of  the  American  Revolution  " (1854),  etc. 
Sparta(spar't&),orLacedasmon(las-e-de'mon). 
[Gr.  2-dpry,  A aKedaipuv.]  An  ancient  city  of 
Laconia,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Eurotas  in 
lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long.  22°  24'  E.  It  became  powerful 
after  the  legislation  of  Lycurgus  in  the  9th  century  B.  C.; 
conquered  Messenia  in  the  8th  and  7th  centuries ; was  the 
leading  Greek  state  by  the  6t.h  century,  and  the  champion 
of  aristocratic  government;  took  a leading  part  in  (he 
Persian  war  • and  with  allies  fought  against  Athens  in  the 
Peloponnesian  war.  The  years  404-371  were  the  period  of 
Spartan  hegemony.  Sparta  passed  under  Roman  rule  in 
146  B.  0. 

Spartacus  (spar'ta-kus).  Killed  71  b.  c.  A 
Thracian  who  became  a Roman  slave  and  glad- 
iator in  Capua.  He  headed  an  insurrection  of  slaves  in 
Italy  in  73  B.  c.,  and  routed  several  Roman  armies,  but  was 
ultimately  defeated  by  Crassus  on  the  Silarus,  and  slain. 

Spartel  (spar-tel'),  Cape.  The  nortlnvestern- 
most  point  of  Africa,  situated  in  Morocco,  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  in  lat.  35° 
47'  N.,  long.  5°  56'  W. 


Spartianus 

Spartianus  (spar-ti-a'nus),  ^Elius.  Lived  at 
the  end  of  the  3d  century  a.  d.  A Roman  his- 
torian, one  of  the  authors  of  the  “ Augustan 
History.”  He  composed  the  lives  of  Verus, 
Severus,  Niger,  etc. 

Spartivento  (spar-te-ven'to),  Cape.  1.  A cape 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  Italy,  in  lat.  37°  55' 
29//  N.,  long.  16°  3'  31"  E. : the  ancient  Her- 
culis  promontorhim. — 2.  A cape  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  in  lat.  38° 
52'  34"  N.,  long.  8°  51'  8"  E. 

Spasmodic  School,  The.  A name  given  col- 
lectively to  various  19th-century  writers,  on  ac- 
count of  their  alleged  unnatural  style : among 
them  were  Gerald  Massey,  Sydney  Dobell, 
Bailey,  GiLfillan,  Alexander  Smith,  and  others. 

Its  adherents,  lacking  perception  and  synthesis,  and  mis- 
taking the  materials  of  poetry  for  poetry  itself,  aimed  at 
the  production  of  quotable  passages,  and  crammed  their 
verse  with  mixed  and  conceited  imagery,  gushing  diction, 
interjections,  and  that  mockery  of  passion  which  is  but 
surface-deep.  Steelman,  Victorian  Poets,  p.  262. 

Specie  Circular,  The.  In  United  States  history, 
an  order  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  July 
11,  1836,  which  directed  that  payment  for  pub- 
lic lands  should  be  made  to  government  agents 
in  gold  and  silver  only  (except  in  certain  eases 
in  Virginia).  It  was  designed  to  check  specu- 
lative purchases  of  public  lands. 

Spectator  (spek-ta'tor),  The.  An  English  pe- 
riodical, published  daily  from  March  1, 1711,  to 
Dec.  6,  1712.  It  comprised  555  numbers,  of  which  274 
were  by  Addison  (“Sir  Roger  deCoverley”  papers,  critiques 
on  “Paradise  Lost,”  etc.),  236  by  Steele,  1 by  Pope  (“The 
Messiah,"  No.  378),  and  19  by  Hughes.  Eustace  Budgell 
also  contributed  to  it.  Addison  killed  Sir  RogerdeCoverley 
in  No.  517,  “that  nobody  else  mightmurder  him."  It  was 
revived  in  1714. 

Specter  of  the  Brocken.  See  Brocken. 

Speculum  Salutis  (spek'u-lum  sa-lu'tis),  or 
Speculum  Humanss  Salvationis  (spek'u-lum 
hu-ma'ne  sal-va-ti-o'nis).  [L., ‘mirror  of  safe- 
ty,’ or  ‘of  man’s  salvation.’]  An  early  book  in 
Latin  rime,  in  45  chapters.  It  tells  the  incidents 
of  the  Bible  story  from  the  fall  of  Lucifer  to  the  redemp- 
tion. There  are  manuscript  copies  as  old  as  the  12th  cen- 
tury. It  is  of  great  interest  in  relation  to  the  invention 
of  printing.  The  earliest  date  which  can  be  assigned  to 
the  printed  book  is  1467. 

The  “ Speculum  ” was  printed  at  different  times  and 
places  duringthe  fifteenth  century,  but  the  copies  of  great- 
est value  are  those  which  belong  to  four  correlated  edi- 
tions—two  in  Latin  and  two  in  Hutch  — all  without  date, 
name,  or  place  of  printer.  In  these  four  editions  the  illus- 
trations are  obviously  impressions  from  the  same  blocks; 
but  eacli  edition  exhibits  some  new  peculiarity  in  the  shape 
or  disposition  of  the  letters.  Those  who  favor  the  theory 
of  an  invention  of  typography  in  Holland  maintain  that 
these  letters  are  the  impressions  of  the  first  movable  types, 
and  that  the  curious  workmanship  of  the  book  marks  the 
development  of  printing  at  the  great  turning-point  in  its 
progress  when  it  was  passing  from  xylography  to  typog- 
raphy. De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  269. 

Spedding  (sped'ing),  James.  Bom  at  Mire- 
nouse,  near  Bassentbwaite,  June,  1808 : died, 
from  an  injury,  at  St.  George’s  Hospital,  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1881.  An  English  editor  of  Ba- 
con. He  entered  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1827  ; 
from  1835  to  1841  was  a clerk  in  the  Colonial  Office;  and  in 
1842  was  appointed  private  secretary  of  Lord  Ashburton 
in  America.  Prom  1857  to  1874  he  published  “Works, 
Life,  and  Letters  of  Bacon."  In  1878  he  published  an  “Ac- 
count of  the  Life  and  Times  of  Bacon,”  and  in  1881  “Studies 
in  English  History,"  etc. 

Speed  (sped).  Servant  of  Valentine,  in  Shak- 
spere’s  ‘‘Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona.” 

Speed  (sped),  John.  Born  at  Farrington,  Che- 
shire, 1552  (?) : died  atLondon,  July  28, 1629.  An 
English  antiquary.  He  wrote  a “History  of  Great 
Britain  under  the  Conquests  of  the  Romans,  Saxons, 
Danes,  and  Normans”  (1611)  and  “Theater  of  the  Empire 
of  Great  Britain  ” (1611). 

Speed  the  Plough.  A comedy  by  Thomas  Mor- 
ton, produced  in  1798. 

Speedwell  (sped'wel).  A ship  of  about  60  tons 
burden,  bought  and  fitted  out  in  Holland, 
which  sailed  from  Southampton  with  the  May- 
flower in  1615  for  New  England,  she  was  sent 
back  from  Plymouth,  England,  owing  to  a series  of  mis- 
haps. and  those  of  the  “pilgrims"  who  were  disheartened 
turned  back  with  her. 

Speicher  (spl'cher).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  canton  of  Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  Switzer- 
land, 21  miles  southeast  of  Constance.  Here, 
in  1403,  the  inhabitants  of  Appenzell  defeated 
the  troops  of  the  Abbot  of  St.  Gall. 

Speichern.  See  Spicheren. 

Speier.  See  Speyer. 

Speke  (spek),  John  Hanning.^  Born  at  Jor- 
dans, Somersetshire,  May  4, 1827 : died  at  Bath, 
England,  Sept.  18,1864.  An  African  explorer. 
After  military  and  scientific  service  in  India,  he  accom- 
panied Sir  R.  F.  Burton  to  the  great  central  African  lakes 
(1858),  and  crossed  the  continent  with  Grant  from  Zanzibar 
over  Victoria  Nyanza  and  down  the  Nile  to  Egypt  (1860- 


950 

1863).  He  discovered  the  Victoria  Nyanza  and  its  affluent, 
the  Kagera,  or  Alexandra  Nile,  the  main  source  of  the 
Nile.  He  published  a “ Journal  of  the  Discovery  of  the 
Source  of  the  Nile"  (1863).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Spelman  (spel'man),  Sir  Henry.  Born  at 
Congham,  England,  about  1564:  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1641.  An  English  antiquary. 

Spence  (spens),  Joseph.  Born  at  Eingsclere, 
Hampshire,  April  25,  1699 : drowned  at  Byfleet, 
Surrey,  Aug.  20,  1768.  An  English  critic. 
His  chief  works  are  an  “ Essay  on  Pope’s  Odyssey"  (1726), 
“Polymetis,  etc."  (a  work  on  Roman  art  and  poetry,  1747), 
and  a volume  of  anecdotes,  observations,  and  characters  of 
books  and  men.  Of  this  work  an  edition  by  Malone  and 
one  by  Samuel  Weller  Singer  were  published  in  1820,  on 
the  same  day. 

Spence,  William.  Born  1783 : died  at  London, 
Jan.  6,  1860.  An  English  entomologist.  He  col- 
laborated with  Kirby  in  his  “Introduction  toEntomology.  ” 
Spencer,  Cape.  A cape  at  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  Yorke  Peninsula,  South  Australia. 
Spencer,  Charles,  third  Earl  of  Sunderland. 
Born  in  1674:  died  April  19,  1722.  An  English 
politician,  son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Sunder- 
land. He  was  envoy  to  Vienna  in  1705;  secretary  of  state 
1706-10;  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1714-15;  lord  privy 
seal  1715-17 ; secretary  of  state  1717-18 ; and  first  lord  of 
the  treasury  and  prime  minister  1718-21.  He  was  involved 
in  the  South  Sea  scheme. 

Spencer,  George  John,  second  Earl  Spencer. 
Born  Sept.  1,  1758:  died  Nov.  10, 1834.  An  Eng- 
lish bibliophile  and  politician.  He  collected  a very 
valuable  library,  described  in  “Bibliotheca  Spenceriana” 
(1814)  by  Dibdin. 

Spencer.  Herbert.  Born  at  Derby,  April  27, 
1820  : died  at  Brighton,  Dec.  8,  1903.  A cele- 
brated English  philosopher,  founder  of  the 
system  named  by  himself  the  synthetic  philos- 
ophy. He  was  educated  by  his  father,  a schoolmaster 
at  Derby,  and  by  his  uncle,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Spencer,  rec- 
tor of  Hinton.  He  was  articled  to  a civil  engineer  in 
1837,  but  in  1845  abandoned  engineering  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  He  was  assistant  editor  of  the 
“Economist"  1848-53,  and  in  1882  visited  the  United 
States,  where  he  gave  a number  of  lectures.  His  first 
effort  in  the  field  of  general  literature  (lie  had  previ- 
ously published  a number  of  professional  papers  in  the 
“Civil  Engineers’  and  Architects'  Journal”)  was  a series 
of  letters  to  the  “Nonconformist”  on  “ The  Proper  Sphere 
of  Government,”  which  appeared  in  1842  and  was  reprinted 
in  pamphlet  form  in  the  following  year.  In  1855  (four  years 
before  the  appearance  of  Darwin's  “Origin  of  Species") 
he  published  his  “Principles  of  Psychology,”  which  is 
based  on  the  principle  of  evolution.  In  1860  he  issued  a 
prospectus  of  his  “System  of  Synthetic  Philosophy,"  in 
which,  beginning  with  the  first  principles  of  knowledge,  he 
proposed  to  trace  the  progress  of  evolution  in  life,  mind,  so- 
ciety, and  morality.  His  works  include  “Social  Statics,  or 
the  Conditions  Essential  to  Human  Happiness  Specified, 
etc."  (1850),  “Over-Legislation "(1854),  “The  Principles  of 
Psychology"  (1855),  “Part  I.:  The  Data  of  Psychology” 
(1869 : an  enlarged  edition  of  these  two  was  published 
later  (1870-72) : see  below),  “ Essays  ” (1857-63-64-74),  “ Ed  u- 
cation  : Intellectual,  Moral,  and  Physical” (1861),  “Classi- 
fication of  the  Sciences  ” (1864),  “Illustrations of  Universal 
Progress  " (1861),  “The  Study  of  Sociology " (1873),  “De- 
scriptive Sociology  " (1874-82  : compiled  under  his  direc- 
tion by  James  Collier,  I).  Duncan,  and  Richard  Sheppig), 
“ Progress ; its  Law  and  Course  ” (1881).  “ The  Philosophy 
of  Style”  (1882),  “The  Man  versus  the  State”  (1884),  “The 
Factors  of  Organic  Evolution  ” (reprinted  in  1887  from  the 
“Nineteenth  Century  "),  etc.  The  series  announced  in  1860 
under  the  general  title  “A  System  of  Synthetic  Philoso- 
phy ” was  published  as  follows  : Vol.  I,  “ First  Pr  inciples  " 
(1862);  Vols.  II,  III,  “The  Principles  of  Biology  ’’  (1863- 
and  1867);  Vols.  IV,  V,  “The  Principles  of  Psychology” 
(1870-72);  Vols.  VI,  VII,  VIII,  “The  Principles  of  Sociol- 
ogy" (1877;  vol.  i of  these  includes  “The  Data  of  Soci- 
ology,” “ The  Inductions  of  Sociology,"  and  “The  Domestic 
Relations”;  vol.  ii  includes  “Ceremonial  Institutions" 
(1879),  “Political  Institutions”  (1882),  and  “Ecclesiastical 
Institutions”  (1885);  vol.  iii  was  published  in  1897); 
Vols.  IX,  X,  “The  Principles  of  Morality  or  of  Ethics" 
(vol.  i of  these  includes  “The  Data  of  Ethics  ”(1879),  “ In- 
duction of  Ethics " (1892),  and  "Ethics of  Individual  Life” 
(1892),  and  vol.  ii  contains  “Justice”  (1891)  and  “Nega- 
tive Beneficence  and  Positive  Beneficence  ” (1893)). 

Spencer,  John  Charles,  third  Earl  Spencer: 
known  as  Viscount  Althorp  previous  to  his  ac- 
cession to  the  earldom.  Born  at  London,  May 
30,  1782:  died  at  Wiseton  Hall,  Nottingham- 
shire, Oct.  1,  1845.  An  English  statesman, 
son  of  the  second  Earl  Spencer : leader  of  the 
Whig  opposition  in  the  House  of  Commons 
under  George  IV.  He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
and  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  1839-34,  and  was 
largely  instrumental  in  procuring  the  passage  of  the  Re- 
-form Bill.  He  became  Earl  Spencer  in  1834. 

Spencer,  John  Poyntz,  fifth  Earl  Spencer.  Born 
Oct.  27,  1835 : died  Aug.  13,  1910.  An  English 
statesman,  nephew  of  the  third  Earl  Spencer. 

De  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1868-74  and  1882-85; 
president  of  the  council  1880-82  and  1886;  and  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty  1892-95. 

Spencer,  Robert,  second  Earl  of  Sunderland. 
Born  1640:  died  at  Althorp,  Northamptonshire, 
Sept.  28,  1702.  An  English  politician.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  earldom  in  1643;  served  as  ambassador  at 
several  courts  under  Charles  II. ; was  secretary  of  state 
1679-81 ; became  secretary  again  in  1683 ; and  continued  in 
office  under  James  II.  He  was  made  lord  chamberlain 
nnd  lord  justice  by  William  III.,  to  whom  he  was  said  to 
have  rendered  important  services  before  bis  accession. 


Speyer 

Spencer,  William  Robert.  Born  in  1769: 

died  at  Paris,  1834.  An  English  poet.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford.  He  spent  the  last  ten 
years  of  his  life  in  Paris.  His  principal  poems  are  vers 
de  so'cidtii  and  ballads,  among  the  latter  that  of  “Beth 
Gelert,  or  the  Grave  of  the  Grey-Hound.  ’’ 

Spencer  Gulf.  [Named  from  the  second  Earl 
Spencer.]  A gulf  on  the  coast  of  South  Aus- 
tralia, about  lat.  32°  30'-35°  S.  Length,  inland, 
about  200  miles. 

Spener  (spa'ner),  Philipp  Jakob.  Bom  at  Rap- 

poltsweiler,  Alsace,  Jan.  13,  1635:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  5, 1705.  A German  theologian:  called 
“ the  Father  of  Pietism.”  He  was  pastor  at  Frankfort 
1666-68,  and  court  chaplain  in  Dresden  1668-91,  and  later 
(1691)  in  Berlin.  He  wrote  “Theologische  Bedenken,”  etc. 

Spenlow  (spen'lo),Dora.  The  “child-wife”  of 
David Copperfield,  in  Dickens’s  “David Copper- 
field.” 

Spennymoor  (spen'i-mor).  A town  in  Durham, 
England,  5 miles  south  of  Durham.  Popula- 
tion, 16,665. 

Spens  (spens),  Sir  Patrick.  The  subject  of  a 
Scottish  ballad : said  to  have  been  wrecked  in 
the  Orkneys. 

Spenser  (spen's6r),  Edmund.  Bom  at  London 
about  1552 : died  at  London,  Jan.  16,  1599.  A 
celebrated  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Merchant  Taylors’  School,  London,  and  at  Pembroke  Col- 
lege,  Cambridge,  1569-76,  where  he  associated  with  Gabriel 
Harvey,  Edward  Kirke,  and  other  men  ol  note.  After- 
ward he  became  intimate  with  Sir  Philip  Sidney  and  Lei. 
cester,  who  did  much  for  him.  He  was  sent  abroad  by  Lei- 
cester in  1579,  and  went  in  1580  as  secretary  with  Lord  Grey 
de  Wilton  to  Ireland,  to  assist  in  suppressing  Desmond’s  re- 
bellion, and  became  extremely  unpopular.  In  the  redistri- 
bution of  Munster  he  became  an  undertaker  for  the  settle- 
ment of  about  3,000  acres  of  land,  with  Kilcolman  Castle, 
County  Cork,  attached  (forfeited  by  theDesmonds),  thegov- 
ernmept  undertaking  his  security.  In  1581  he  was  made 
a clerk  of  the  Irish  court  of  chancery,  and  in  1588  clerk  to 
the  council  of  Munster.  In  his  “View  of  the  State  of 
Ireland”  (written  about  1596,  but  not  published  till  1633) 
Spenser  advocates  the  most  oppressive  measures,  little 
short  ol  wholesale  depopulation.  At  the  suggestion  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  whom  he  met  at  the  Fort  del  Ore  in  1580, 
he  returned  to  London  in  1589  with  the  first  three  books  of 
the  “Faerie  Queene,"  which  were  entered  at  Stationers’ 
Hall,  Dec.,  1589,  and  published  in  1590.  In  1591  he  re- 
turned, already  famous,  to  Kilcolman  Castle,  and  wrote 
“Colin  Clout  ’s  Come  Home  Again”  (published  in  1595). 
His  house  was  burned  by  the  Irish  rebels  in  1598,  and  he 
fled  with  his  family  to  Cork,  and  then  went  to  London, 
where  about  four  weeks  later  he  died.  His  first  poems 
were  published  in  a small  volume  entitled  “ The  Theatre 
for  Worldlings”  (1569),  said  to  have  been  translations  from 
Belhiy  and  Petrarch,  but  this  has  been  disputed.  He  also 
wrote  “The  Shepherd's  Calendar”  (1579),  "The  Faerie 
Queene  ” (1590-96)  (see  these  entries),  “ Daphnaida”  (1591), 
“Complaints”  (1591:  including  “Tears  of  the  Muses," 
“Mother  Hubberd's  Tale,”  etc.),  “ Epithalamion  ” and 
“Amoretti”  (1595),  "Astrophel,”  “ Prothalamion,”  “Four 
Hymns”  (1596),  etc. 

Speransky,  or  Speranski  (spa-ran'ske),  Count 
Mikhail.  Bom  in  the  government  of  Vladimir, 
Jan.  1,  1772:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  11, 
1839.  A Russian  statesman.  He  became  state 
secretary  in  1801,  colleague  of  the  minister  of  justice  in 
1808,  and  secretary  of  the  empire  in  1S09.  He  was  in  ban- 
ishment 1812-16.  From  1819  to  1821  he  was  governor-gen- 
eral of  Siberia.  He  directed  the  compilation  of  the  Rus- 
sian laws. 

Sperchius(sper-ld'us).  [Gr.  XTrcp^crir.]  A river 
in  Greece  which  flows  (now)  into  the  Gulf  of 
Lamia  (Maliacus  Sinus)  near  Thermopylse : the 
modern  Hellada.  Length,  about  50  miles. 

Spessart(spes'sart),or  Spesshart  (spes'hart). 
A mountain  group  or  range  in  Lower  Franconia, 
and  in  the  neighboring  part  of  Hesse-Nassau, 
situated  north  of  the  Main,  between  the  Kin- 
zig  and  Sinn:  noted  for  its  forests.  Highest 
point,  the  Geiersberg,  1,920  feet. 

Speusippus  (spu-sip ' us).  [Gr.  Xmvonnroc.] 
Born  about  407  B.  c. : died  339  B.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian philosopher, nephew  and  disciple  of  Plato: 
head  of  the  Academy  after  Plato’s  death.  He 
left  a fragment  of  a work  on  “Pythagorean 
Numbers.” 

Spey  (spa).  A river  in  Scotland  which  rises  in 
Inverness,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Elgin  and  Banff,  and  flows  into  the  North  Sea 
8 miles  east-northeast  of  Elgin.  It  has  valu- 
able salmon-fisheries.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Speyer,  or  Speier  (spi ' er  or  spir),  E.  Spires 
(spirz),  F.  Spire  (sper).  [L.  Spir  a.]  The  capi- 
tal of  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Speyerbach  and  Rhine,  in 
lat.  49°  19'  N.,  long.  8°  26'  E.  Its  cathedral  is  a Ro- 
manesque structure,  founded  in  1030  and  completed  in 
1061,  and  still,  despite  fires  and  restorations,  retaining  in 
great  part  its  original  form.  The  three  portals  of  the 
west  end  open  into  a narthex  called  the  Kaiser-Halle 
from  which  one  great  recessed  and  sculptured  door  leads 
into  the  nave.  Over  the  west  end  rise  two  bold  square 
towers.  The  transepts  are  at  the  east  end,  immediately 
in  front  of  the  semicircular  apse,  and  the  crossing  is  cov- 
ered with  a fine  dome.  The  church  is  surrounded  with 
open  arcading  beneath  the  roof.  The  interior  produces 
a striking  effect  of  great  size ; it  is  adorned  with  excellent 


Speyer 

modern  frescos  of  Old  and  New  Testament  subjects,  and 
other  art  works  medieval  and  modern.  The  interesting 
crypt  is  wholly  of  the  early  11th  ceutury.  The  dimensions 
are  440  by  125  feet ; length  of  transepts,  180 ; height  of 
vaulting,  105  ; width  of  nave,  45.  Speyer  is  theRoman  No- 
viomagusNemetum.  It  became  the  seat  of  abishopricabout 
610  A.  D. ; became  a free  imperial  city  1294;  and  was  long 
the  seat  of  the  imperial  chamber.  It  was  burned  by  the 
French  in  1689.  The  chief  diets  of  Speyer  were  those  of 
1526  and  1529 : the  latter  condemned  the  Reformation,  and 
the  “ Protestation  ” then  made  by  the  Reformers  gave  rise 
to  the  name  “ Protestant.”  Population,  commune,  21,856. 
Speyerbach  (spi'er-bach).  A small  river  which 
joins  the  Rhine  at  Speyer.  On  its  banks,  Nov.  15, 
1703,  the  French  (18,000)  under  Tallard  defeated  a German 
army  (12,000)  under  the  Count  of  Nassau-Weilburg. 
Spezia,  or  Spezzia  (spet'se-a).  A seaport  in 
the  province  of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Spezia,  in  lat.  (of  lighthouse)  44°  4' 
N.,  long.  9°  51'  E. : the  ancient  Pityussa  or 
Haliussa  (?).  It  is  one  of  the  chief  Italian  naval  sta- 
tions, has  the  largest  and  best  harbor  in  Italy,  and  has  a 
marine  arsenal,  docks,  and  extensive  ship-building  works. 
It  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Roman  Luna.  Popula- 
tion, town,  38,294 ; commune,  65,612. 

Spezia,  Gulf  of.  A small  arm  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, near  Spezia. 

Spezzia,  or  Spetzia  (spet'se-a).  1.  An  island 
belonging  to  Argolis,  Greece,  situated  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  28  miles  south- 
east of  Nauplia.  Length,  5 miles. — 2.  A seaport 
on  the  island  of  Spezzia. 

Sphacteria  (sfak-te'ri-a).  [Gr.  S^a/cr^p/a.]  A 
small  island  near  Navarino,  off  the  coast  of 
Messenia,  Greece : the  modern  Sphagia.  Here, 
425  B.  c.,  the  Spartans  were  blockaded  by  the  Athenians, 
and  were  compelled  by  Cleon  to  surrender. 

Spheres  of  Influence.  Large  areas  of  land  in 
Africa  recognized  as  under  the  control  of  Euro- 
pean powers.  The  phrase  came  into  use  about  1885. 
It  designates  the  region  which  may  be  occupied  and  de- 
veloped by  the  power  for  which  it  is  named.  The  Euro- 
pean spheres  of  influence  in  Africa  comprise  a large  part 
of  the  continent.  See  East  Africa  (British,  German,  Portu- 
guese), German  Southwest  A frica,  and  Kongo,  French. 

Sphinx,  Temple  of  the.  A structure  (incor- 
rectly called  a temple)  lying  a short  distance 
southeast  of  the  Sphinx  at  Gizeh.  it  is  in  fact  a 
family  mausoleum  of  Khaf  ra  or  Chephren,  the  builder  of  the 
Second  Pyramid,  and  is  connected  with  the  Temple  of  the 
Second  Pyramid  by  a rock-cut  passage.  Here  was  found 
the  colossal  statue  of  Khafra  now  in  the  Cairo  Museum. 
The  temple  is  built  of  splendid  blocks  of  red  granite  and 
alabaster.  It  consists  of  a passage  descending  to  an  open 
three-aisled  area  with  square  piers  and  lintels,  and  two 
cross-passages  or  transepts  toward  the  east.  At  the  end 
of  the  first  transept  there  is  a burial-chamber  with  6 niches 
for  mummies,  in  two  tiers,  and  similar  chambers  open  from 
the  entrance  passage. 

Sphinx  (sfingks),  The.  A celebrated  figure  at 
Gizeh,  Egypt,  about  a quarter  of  a mile  south- 
east of  the  Great  Pyramid,  it  consists  of  an  enor- 
mous figure  of  a crouching  sphinx  of  the  usual  Egyptian 
type,  hewn  from  the  natural  rock,  with  the  flaws  and  cavi- 
tieB  filled  in  with  masonry.  The  body  is  140  feet  long  ; the 
head  measures  about  30  feet  from  the  top  of  the  forehead 
to  the  chin,  and  is  14  wide.  Except  the  head  and  shoul- 
ders, the  figure  has  for  ages  generally  been  buried  in  the 
desert  sand.  The  face,  despite  the  mutilation  of  eyes  and 
nose  due  to  Mohammedan  fanaticism,  impresses  by  its 
calm  dignity.  The  low  head-dress  extends  broadly  out- 
ward on  each  side.  A long  rock-cut  passage  composed  of 
inclined  plane  and  steps  leads  down  in  front  to  the  ex- 
tended fore  paws  of  the  Sphinx,  which  are  60  feet  long 
and  cased  with  masonry.  Between  the  paws  were  found 
an  altar,  a crouching  lion  with  fragments  of  others,  and 
3 large  inscribed  tablets,  one,  14  feet  high,  against  the 
Sphinx’s  breast,  and  the  two  others  extending  from  it  on 
each  side,  thus  forming  a sort  of  shrine.  The  Sphinx  is 
now  thought  to  represent  the  body  of  a lion  with  the 
head  of  Khafra  (Chefren),  the  builder  of  the  second  of 
the  great  pyramids  at  Gizeh.  But  see  the  extract. 

To  this  day,  the  most  ancient  statue  known  is  a colossus 
— namely,  the  Great  Sphinx  of  Gizeh.  It  was  already  in 
existence  in  the  time  of  Khoofoo  (Cheops),  and  perhaps  we 
should  not  be  far  wrong  if  we  ventured  to  ascribe  it  to 
the  generations  before  Mena,  called  in  the  priestly  chron- 
icles “ the  Servants  of  Horus."  Hewn  in  the  living  rock 
at  the  extreme  verge  of  the  Libyan  plateau,  it  seems,  as 
the  representative  of  Horus,  to  uprear  its  head  in  order  to 
be  the  first  to  catch  sight  of  his  father,  P„a,  the  rising  sun, 
across  the  valley.  For  centuries  the  sands  have  buried  it 
to  the  chin,  yet  without  protecting  it  from  ruin.  Its  bat- 
tered body  preserves  but  the  general  form  of  a lion's  body. 
The  paws  and  breast,  restored  by  the  Ptolemies  and  the 
Ciesars,  retain  but  a part  of  the  stone  facing  with  which 
they  were  then  clothed  in  order  to  mask  the  ravages  of 
time.  The  lower  part  of  the  head-dress  has  fallen,  and  the 
diminished  neck  looks  too  slender  to  sustain  the  enormous 
weight  of  the  head.  The  nose  and  beard  have  been  broken 
off  by  fanatics,  and  the  red  hue  which  formerly  enlivened 
the  features  is  almost  wholly  effaced.  And  yet,  notwith- 
standing its  fallen  fortunes,  the  monster  preserves  an  ex- 
pression of  sovereign  strength  and  greatness.  The  eyes 
gaze  outafar  with  a look  of  intense  and  profound  thought- 
fulness ; the  mouth  still  wears  a smile  ; the  whole  counte- 
nance is  informed  with  power  and  repose. 

Maspero,  Egypt.  Archceol.,  p.  201. 

Spica  (spi'kii).  Avery  white  star  of  magnitude 
1.2,  the  sixteenth  in  order  of  brightness  in  the 
heavens,  a Virginis,  situated  in  the  left  hand 
of  the  Virgin. 


951 

Spice  Islands.  See  Moluccas. 

Spicheren  (spe'cher-en),  or  Speichern  (spi'- 
chern).  A village  in  German  Lorraine,  3 miles 
south  of  Saarbriicken.  There,  Aug.  6, 1870,  the  Ger- 
mans defeated  the  French  under  Frossard.  Loss  of  each 
army,  about  4,000.  Also  called  the  battle  of  Forbach. 

Spiegel  (spe'gel),  Friedrich  von.  Born  at  Kit- 
zingen,  near  Wurzburg,  Bavaria,  July  11, 1820 : 
died  at  Munich,  Dec.  15,  1905.  A German 
Orientalist : professor  at  Erlangen  1849-90. 

Among  his  works  are  an  edition  and  translation  of  the 
“A vesta"  (1853-68),  “JDie  altpersischen  Keilinschriften ” 
(1862),  “ Eran  ” (1863),  “ Eranische  Altertumskunde  ” (1871- 
1878),  Iranian  grammars,  etc. 

Spiekeroog  (spe'ker-oG).  A small  island  of 
the  East  Friesian  Islands,  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 
Population,  about  200. 

Spielberg  (spel'berG).  A former  fortress  and 
state  prison  near  Briinn,  Moravia. 

Spielhagen  (spel'ha/'gen),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Magdeburg,  Feb.  27,  1829 : died  at  Cbarlotten- 
burg,  Berlin , Feb.  25, 1911.  A German  novelist. 
He  studied  at  Berlin,  Bonn,  and  Greifswald,  first  jurispru- 
dence and  subsequently  philology  and  literature.  In  1854 
he  went  to  Leipsic  and  became  a teacher,  but  on  the  death 
of  his  father  chose  a literary  career.  From  1860  to  1862 
he  was  literary  editor  of  the  “Zeitung  fur  Norddeutsch- 
land”  in  Hannover.  In  the  latter  year  he  removed  to 
Berlin,  where  he  made  his  home.  Among  his  novels  are 
particularly  to  be  mentioned  “ Problematische  Naturen  ’ 
(“  Problematic  Natures,”  1861)  and  its  continuation 
“Durch  Naeht  zum  Licht”  (“Through  Night  to  Light,” 
1862),  “ Die  von  Hohenstein  ” (1864),  “ In  Reih’  und  Glied  " 
(“In  Rank  and  File,”  1866),  “Hammer  und  Amboss” 
(“  Hammer  and  Anvil,”  1869),  “Allzeit  voran  1 ’’  (“Always 
Ahead!”  1872),  “Was  die  Schwalbe  sang”  (“What  the 
Swallow  Sang,”  1873),  “Sturmflut"  (“Flood  Tide,”  1878), 
“Platt  Land”  (“  Flat  Land,”  1879),  and  “ Quisisana ” (1880). 
He  also  wrote,  besides  a number  of  minor  novels  and 
stories,  the  two  dramas  “Liebe  fur  Liebe”  (“Love  for 
Love,"  1875)  and  “ Hans  und  Grethe  " (1876). 

Spiers  (sperz),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Gosport, 
England,  1807  : died  at  Passy,  near  Paris,  Aug. 
26,  1869.  An  Anglo-French  grammarian  and 
lexicographer.  He  published  a French-Eng- 
lish  and  English-French  dictionary  (1846). 
Spies  (spes),  August.  Born  in  Germany,  1855: 
hanged  at  Chicago,  Nov.  11,  1887.  A German- 
American  anarchist,  condemned  for  his  part  in 
provoking  the  Haymarket  Square  (Chicago) 
massacre.  See  Haymarket  Square  Riot. 
Spindler  (spind'ler),  Karl.  Born  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Oct.  16,  1796 : died  at  Freiersbach, 
July  12,  1855.  A German  novelist.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Der  Jude  ” (“The  Jew,”  1827),  “Der  Jesuit  ” 
(1829),  “Der  Invalide  ” (1831),  etc. 

Spinello,  or  Spinello  Aretino  (spe-nel'lo  a-ra- 
te'no).  Born  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  about  1330 : died 
about  1410.  An  Italian  painter.  His  works  in- 
clude frescos  in  Siena  and  in  the  Campo  Santo 
of  Pisa. 

Spinner  (spin'er),  Francis  Elias.  Born  at 
German  Flats  (Mohawk),  N.  Y.,  Jan.  21,  1802: 
died  at  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  Dec.  31,  1890.  An 
American  financier,  politician,  and  general  of 
militia.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  1855-57;  Republican  member  of  Congress 
1857-61 ; and  United  States  treasurer  1861-75. 

Spinola  (spe'no-la),  Marquis  Ambrogio  di. 
Born  at  Genoa  about  1570:  died  at  Castel-Nu- 
ovo  di  Scrivia,  Italy,  Sept.  25,  1630.  An  Ital- 
ian general  in  the  Spanish  service.  He  captured 
Ostend  in  1604 ; commanded  in  the  Netherlands  against 
Maurice  of  Nassau  until  the  peace  of  1609;  conquered 
the  Palatinate  in  1620 ; besieged  and  took  Breda  in  1625 ; 
and  later  commanded  in  Italy. 

Spinoza  (spi-no'za),  Baruch  (or  Benedict). 

Bom  at  Amsterdam,  Nov.  24,  1632 : died  at  The 
Hague,  Feb.  21,  1677.  A famous  philosopher, 
the  greatest  modern  expounder  of  pantheism. 
His  parents  were^ members  of  a community  of  Jews  who 
had  emigrated  from  Portugal  and  Spain.  In  1656  he  was 
condemned  by  the  Jewish  congregation  of  Amsterdam  as 
a heretic,  and  excommunicated.  From  this  time  on  he  sup- 
ported himself  by  grinding  lenses,  an  art  in  which  he  was 
very  proficient.  He  lived  with  a friend  (a  Remonstrant) 
just  outside  of  Amsterdam  until  about  the  beginning  of 
1661,  when  they  removed  to  the  village  of  Rhynsburg,  near 
Leyden.  In  1664  he  went  to  Voorburg,  a suburb  of  The 
Hague,  and  in  1670  took  up  his  residence  in  The  Hague  it- 
self. An  attempt  upon  his  life  was  made  at  Amsterdam  in 
1656.  He  was  a student  of  the  philosophy  of  Descartes,  and 
his  metaphysical  speculations  have  the  Cartesian  philoso- 
phy as  their  point  of  departure.  He  wrote  “Tractatus 
theologico-politicus  ” (1670),  a practical  political  treatise 
designed  to  demonstrate  the  necessity  in  a free  common- 
wealth of  freedom  of  thought  and  speech  ; “Ethicaordine 
geometricodemonstrata”(completed  in  1674,  but  published 
posthumously:  “Ethics  Demonstrated  in  the  Geometri- 
cal Order  ”),  his  most  famous  work,  and  the  one  containing 
his  metaphysical  system  ; “ De  intellectus  emendatione"; 
and  a small  treatise  on  the  rainbow  (published  in  1687:  sup- 
posed to  be  lost,  but  discovered  by  Van  Vloten  and  re- 
printed 1882-83). 

Spirdingsee  (spir'ding-sa).  One  of  the  largest 
lakes  of  Prussia,  situated  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia  80  miles  south-southeast  of  Ko- 


Spofford,  Mrs. 

nigsberg.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Pissek  into  the 
Vistula.  Length  (not  including  arms),  about 
12  miles. 

Spires.  See  Speyer. 

Spiridion  (spi-rid'i-on).  A novel  by  George 
Sand,  published  in  1839. 

Spirillen  (spe-ril'len),  Lake.  A lake  in  south- 
ern Norway,  about  40  miles  northwest  of  Chris- 
tiania. Length,  15  miles. 

Spirit  Lake  (spir'it  lak).  A lake  in  Dickinson 
County,  northwestern  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
frontier  of  Minnesota.  Length,  11  miles. 
Spirit  of  Hebrew  Poetry.  [G.  Geist  der  ebrti- 
ischen  Poesie.']  A critical  work  by  J.  G.  von 
Herder,  published  in  1782-83. 

Spirit  of  the  Cape,  The.  See  Adamastor. 
Spirit  of  the  Laws.  See  Esprit  des  Lois. 
Spiritual  Quixote,  The.  A novel  by  the  Rev. 
Richard  Graves,  published  in  1772.  It  was  in- 
tended to  ridicule  the  illiterate  and  fanatical 
among  the  Methodists. 

The  hero  ...  is  Geoffrey  Wildgoose,  a young  man  of 
a respectable  family  and  small  estate,  who,  having  picked 
up  some  old  volumes  of  Puritan  divinity,  such  as  “Crumbs 
of  Comfort,”  “Honeycombs  for  the  Elect,”  the  “Marrow 
of  Divinity,”  the  “Spiritual  Eye  Salve  and  Cordials  forthe 
Saints,”  and  a book  of  Baxter  with  an  unmentionable 
name,  resolves  to  sally  forth  and  convert  his  benighted 
fellow-countrymen  in  the  highways  and  by-ways  of  Eng- 
land. He  is  accompanied  by  Jeremiah  Tugwell,  a cob- 
bler, who  acts  as  a sort  of  Sancho  Panza ; and  they  visit 
Gloucester,  Bath,  and  Bristol,  where  they  are  involved 
in  various  adventures  more  creditable  to  the  zeal  of  Wild- 
goose  than  to  his  discretion. 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  297. 

Spitalfields  (spit'al-feldz).  A quarter  of  Lon- 
don, north  of  the  Tower,  noted  as  a seat  of 
silk-manufacture,  which  was  introduced  by 
French  refugees  expelled  in  1685,  on  the  rev- 
ocation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  It  once  be- 
longed to  the  Priory  of  St.  Mary  Spital,  founded 
in  1197. 

Spithe&d  (spit'hed).  A roadstead  off  the  south- 
ern coast  of  England,  between  Portsmouth  and 
Ryde  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  communicates 
with  the  Solent  and  Southampton  Water  on  the 
west. 

Spithead  Mutiny.  A mutiny  of  the  British 
sailors  in  the  ships  stationed  at  Spithead  in 
1797.  It  was  settled  amicably,  and  the  sailors’ 
grievances  were  remedied  by  Parliament. 
Spitzbergen  (spits-ber'gen).  [Named  from  its 
sharp-pointed  mountains.]  A group  of  islands 
in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  Norway  and  north- 
east of  Greenland,  in  lat.  76°  30'-80°  48'  N. 
long.  10°-30°  (32°  ?)  E. : called  also  East  Green- 
land. It  comprises  West  Spitzbergen,  North  East  Land, 
Barents  Land,  Stans  Foreland,  Prince  Charles  Foreland, 
and  King  Charles  Land,  and  many  smaller  islands.  The 
islands  are  partly  mountainous,  abound  in  glaciers,  and 
are  cut  by  many  fiords  and  bays.  Coal  is  now  mined 
there.  They  were  discovered  in  1596  by  the  Dutch  sail- 
ors Jakob  van  Heemskerck,  Jan  Corneliszoon  Ripp, 
and  Willem  Barents,  who  took  them  to  be  part  of 
Greenland  and  named  them  “New  Land."  They  have 
been  much  visited  by  whalers  and  walrus-hunters.  Re- 
cently they  have  been  made  the  base  of  arctic  expeditions, 
especially  by  the  Swedes  (Nordenskjold  and  others).  Area, 
about  28,000  square  miles. 

Spitzkop  (spits'kop).  Amountain  in  the  Com- 
pass Berg,  in  Cajpe  Colony. 

Spix  (spiks),  Johann  Baptist  von.  Bom  at 
lIoehstadt-an-der-Aiseh,  Feb.  9,  1781:  died  at 
Munich,  March  13,  1826.  A Bavarian  natural- 
ist, the  companion  of  Martius  in  Brazil  1817- 
1820.  He  wrote  part  of  the  “Reise  in  Brasilien,”and 
published  important  papers  on  South  American  verte- 
brates, etc.  See  Martius. 

Spleen  (splen),  The.  A poem  by  Matthew 
Green,  published  in  1796. 

Splitter  (split'er).  A village  in  East  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Memel  near  Tilsit.  Here,  Jan. 
30.  1679,  the  forces  of  Brandenburg  defeated 
the  Swedes. 

Spliigen  (splii'gen),  It.  Spluga  (splo'ga).  An 
Alpine  pass  leading  from  the  village  of  Splii- 
gen,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  to  Chia- 
venna  in  Italy.  It  connects  the  valleys  of  the  Hinter- 
rhein  and  the  Maira,  a subtributary  of  the  Po.  Height 
of  highest  point,  6,945  feet.  The  road  was  built  1819-21. 

Spofford  (spof'ord),  Ainsworth  R.  Bom  at 
Gilmanton,  N.  A.,  Sept.  12, 1825:  died  at  Hol- 
derness,  N.  H.,  Aug.  11, 1908.  Librarian  of  the 
Congressional  Library  1865-97.  He  edited 
the  “American  Almanac”  (from  1878). 
Spofford,  Mrs.  (Harriet  Prescott).  Born  at 
Calais,  Maine,  April  3, 1835.  An  American  nov- 
elist and  poet.  Among  her  works  are  “Sir  Rohan  s 
Chost”  (1859),  “The  Amber  (lode,  and  Other  Stories” 
(1863),  “The  Thief  in  the  Night”  (1872),  “Poems ” (1881), 
“Marquis  of  Carabas ” (1882),  “Ballads  about  Authors” 
(1887),  “The  Scarlet  Poppy’*  (1894),  “A  Master  Spirit” 
(1890),  “ The  Maid  He  Married  ” (1899),  “The  Children  of 
the  Valley”  (1901). 


Spohr 

Bpohr  (spor),  Louis.  Born  at  Brunswick,  Ger- 
many, April  5,  1784 : died  at  Cassel,  Oct.  22, 
1859.  A German  violinist  and  composer.  He 
became  court  concert-master  at  Gotha  i n 1805 : went  to 
Vienna  in  1812  as  second  kapellmeister  at  the  Theater  an 
der  Wien  ; employed  the  years  1815-17  in  concert  tours ; 
was  kapellmeister  at  Frankfort  1817-19;  went  to  London 
in  1820 ; and  became  established  as  court  kapellmeister 
at  Cassel  in  1822.  Among  his  works  are  the  operas 
“Faust"  (1818),  “Zemire  und  Azor"  (1819),  “Jessonda" 
(1823),  “ Der  Berggeist”  (1825),  “Pietro  von  Albano"  (1827), 
'•Her  Alchemist"  (1830),  and  “Die  Kreuzfahrer"  (1845); 
the  oratorios  “ Die  letzten  Dinge”  (“  The  Last  Judgment," 
1826),  “ Des  Heilands  letzte  Stunden  " (1835  : known  in 
English  as  “Calvary"),  and  “The  Fall  of  Babylon";  and 
compositions  for  the  violin,  songs,  etc. 

Spokane  (spo-kan'),  or  Spokan  (spo-kan').  A 
river  in  Idaho  and  Washington  which  joins  the 
Columbia  about  lat.  47°  51'  N.  Length  from 
Coeur  d’Alene  Lake,  over  100  miles. 

Spokane  (spo-kan').  A city  in  Spokane  County, 
Washington,  situated  on  Spokane  River,  in 
lat.  47°  20'  N.,  long.  117°  25'  W.  It  is  the 
chief  commercial  and  railroad  center  in  east- 
ern Washington.  It  was  devastated  by  fire 
1889.  Population,  104,402,  (1910). 

Spoleto  (spo-la'to).  [L.  Spoletiuvi.']  A city  in 
the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  60  miles  north 
by  east  of  Rome.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric. 
It  contains  a castle  and  a cathedral,  and  has  various  an- 
tiquities, including  a triumphal  arch.  Its  aqueduct  was 
built  by  the  Lombards  604  A.  D.  Spoleto  was  an  ancient 
Etruscan  city ; was  colonized  by  Rome  about  240  B.  c. ; and 
was  defended  successfully  against  Hannibal  in  217  B.  C. 
The  Marians  were  defeated  there  by  Crassus  and  Pompey 
in  82  B.  c.  It  was  an  important  fortress  in  Gothic  times ; 
became  about  570  the  capital  of  an  important  Lombard 
duchy;  and  afterward  belonged  to  the  Papal  States.  Pop- 
ulation, town,  9,677 ; commune,  24,642. 

Spontini  (spon-te'ue),  Gasparo  Luigi  Pacifico. 

Born  at  Majolati,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  Nov.  14, 
1774:  died  there,  Jan.  14,  1851.  An  Italian  ope- 
ratic composer,  director  of  Italian  opera  in  Paris 
1810-12,  and  musical  director  in  Berlin  1820-42. 
His  chief  operas  are  “LaVestale"  (1807),  "Ferdinand Cor- 
tez ”(1809,  1817),  “ Olympia  ” (1819,  1821),  and  “Agnes  von 
Hohenstaufen  ”(1829,  1837). 

Spooner  (spon'er),  Shearjashup.  Bornat  Bran- 
don, Vt.,  1809:  died  at  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  March, 
1859.  An  American  author.  He  published  a “ Bio- 
graphical and  Critical  Dictionary  of  Painters,  Engravers, 
Sculptors,  and  Architects  ”(1853). 

Spoon  (spon)  River.  A river  in  western  Illi- 
nois which  joins  the  Illinois  River  opposite 
Havana.  Length,  about  150  miles. 

Sporades  (spor'a-dez).  [Gr.  S-n-opadtf  (so.  vycoi), 
scattered  isles.]  A group  of  islands  in  the 
iEgean  and  neighboring  seas.  The  list  is  differ- 
ently given  by  ancient  writers.  It  includes  Melos,  Thera, 
Cos,  etc.,  and  sometimes  Samos,  Chios,  Lesbos,  and  others. 
The  modern  Sporades  are  divided  between  Turkey  and 
Greece. 

Sporus  (spo'rus).  A favorite  of  tho  emperor 
Nero.  Hewasabeautiful  youth  of  servile  origin,  andpos- 
sessed  a striking  resemblance  to  Nero's  wife  Poppaea  Sa- 
bina. After  tlie  deatli  of  Sabina,  which  occurred  in  65  A.D., 
Nero  had  him  castrated  and  dressed  as  a woman,  and  gave 
him  the  name  of  Sabina,  publicly  going  through  the  cere- 
mony of  marriage  with  him  in  Greece  in  67.  Sporus  fled 
with  Nero  from  Rome  on  the  insurrection  of  Galba  in  the 
following  year,  and  was  present  at  his  suicide.  He  was 
afterward  intimate  with  the  emperor  Otho,  a former  com- 
panion in  debauchery  of  Nero,  and  ultimately  committed 
suicide  under  Vitellius  to  avoid  the  indignity  of  appearing 
under  degrading  circumstances  as  a girl  on  the  stage. 

Sporus.  A name  given  by  Pope  to  Lord  Hervey. 

Spotswood  (spots'wud),  or  Spotiswood,  or 
Spottiswood  (spot'is-wud),  John.  Born  1565 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  26, 1639.  A Scottish  prel- 
ate, made  archbishop  of  Glasgow  in  1603  (not 
consecrated  till  1610),  and  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews  and  primate  of  Scotland  in  1615.  He 

was  chancellor  of  Scotland  1635-38 : in  the  latter  year  he  was 
deposed  and  excommunicated.  Hewrote  a "History  of  the 
Church  and  State  of  Scotland  ” (1655),  etc. 

Spotsylvania  (spot-sil-va'ni-a)  Court  House. 

The  capital  of  Spotsylvania  County,  Virginia, 
situated  on  the  Po  49  miles  north  by  west  of 
Richmon  d.  A series  of  battles  occurred  here  between  the 
Federate  under  Grant  and  the  Confederates  under  Lee,  May 
8-21, 1864.  The  Confederates  withdrew  to  the  North  Anna. 

Spottiswoode,  William.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
11,1825:  died  June  27, 1883.  An  English  mathe- 
matician and  physicist,  son  of  Andrew  Spottis- 
woode, a printer  and  member  of  Parliament. 

He  was  educated  at  Eton,  Harrow,  and  Oxford  (Balliol 
College).  In  1846  he  entered  his  father’s  business.  In 
1847  he  published  “ Meditationes  Analytical.”  In  1856  he 
traveled  in  Russia,  ami  in  1857  published  “A  Tarantasse 
Journey  through  Eastern  Russia,”  etc.  In  1878  he  was 
president  of  the  Royal  Society.  His  mathematical  work 
was  especially  in  the  field  of  higher  algebra. 

Sprague  (sprag),  Charles.  Born  at  Boston,  Oct. 
26, 1791 : died  there,  Jan.,  1875.  An  American 
poet.  Among  his  poems  are  “ Curiosity  ” (1829),  “Ode  to 
Shakspere,”  prologues,  etc.  His  collected  works  were 
published  in  1841  and  1876. 

Sprague,  Peleg.  Born  at  Duxbury,  Mass.,  April, 
1793 : died  at  Boston,  Oct.  13,  1880.  An  Ameri- 


952 

can  politician  and  jurist.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Maine  1825-29,  and  United  States  senator  from 
Maine  1829-35.  He  published  “Speeches  and  Addresses" 
(1858). 

Sprague,  William.  Born  at  Cranston,  R.  I., 
Nov.  3, 1799  : died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  19, 
1856.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Rhode  Island  1835-37; 
governor  of  Rhode  Island  1838-39 ; and  United  States  sen- 
ator 1842—44. 

Sprague,  William.  Born  at  Cranston,  R.  I., 
Sept.  12, 1830.  An  American  politician  and  man- 
ufacturer, nephew  of  William  Sprague.  He  was 
Republican  governor  of  Rhode  Island  1860-63  ; served  as 
a colonel  in  the  Civil  War ; and  was  United  States  senator 
from  Rhode  Island  1863-75. 

Sprat  (sprat),  Thomas.  Born  in  Dorset,  1635 : 
died  at  Bromley,  May  20,  1713.  An  English 
prelate,  bishop  of  Rochester.  He  was  a member 
of  James  II.  s ecclesiastical  commission.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  the  Royal  Society,  an  account  of  the  Rye 
House  Plot,  poems,  etc. 

Spree  (spra).  A river  in  Germany  which  rises 
in  eastern  Saxon)',  flows  through  Berlin,  and 
joins  the  Havel  at  Spandau,  8 miles  west  by 
north  of  Berlin.  Length,  225  miles. 
Spreewald  (spra'valt).  [G.,‘  Spree  forest.’]  A 
swampy  region  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  traversed  by  the  Spree : situated  in  the 
vicinity  of  Kottbus  and  Liibben.  Its  inhabitants 
are  Wends.  Length,  28  miles. 

Spremberg  (spram'bero).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Spree  78  miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  cloth.  Pop.,  commune,  11,188. 
Sprengel  (spreng'el),  Kurt.  BornatBoldekow, 
near  Anklam,  Prussia,  Aug.  3,  1766 : died  at 
Halle,  March  15, 1833.  A German  botanist  and 
physician,  professor  of  medicine  at  Halle  from 
1789.  Amonghis worksare“Versucheinerpragmatischen 
Geschichteder  Arzneikunde,”  "Handbuch  der  Pathologie” 
(1795-97),  “ Institutiones  medic®  ” (1809-16),  “Geschichte 
der  Botanik  ” (1817-18),  “Neue  Entdeckungen”  (1819-22). 
Springer;  spring'er),  William  M.  Born  in  Sul- 
livan County,  Ind.,  May  30,  1836:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  4,  1903.  An  Ameri- 
can Democratic  politician.  He  removed  to  Illinois 
with  his  parents  in  1848;  graduated  at  the  Indiana  State 
University,  Bloomington,  in  1858;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1859;  was  a member  of  the  State  legislature  of 
Illinois  1871-72;  and  a member  of  Congress  from  that 
State  1875-95.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  1891-93. 

Springfield  (spring'feld).  The  capital  of  Elinois 
and  of  Sangamon  County.  It  contains  the  State 
capitol,  the  former  home  of  Lincoln,  and  the  National 
Lincoln  Monument,  It  was  laid  out  in  1822,  and  became 
the  capital  of  Illinois  in  1837.  Population,  51,678,  (1910). 
Springfield.  The  capital  of  Hampden  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  in 
lat.  42°  6'  N.,  long.  72°  35'  W.  It  is  an  important 
railway  junction  ; has  various  manufactures ; and  contains 
a national  armory  founded  in  1794.  Springfield  was  settled 
in  1636  (or  1635),  and  was  at  first  called  Agawam.  It  was 
burned  by  the  Indians  in  1075.  The  arsenal  was  unsuc- 
cessfully attacked  by  insurgents  in  Shays’s  Rebellion  in 
1787.  It  was  incorporated  as  a city  in  1852.  Population, 
88,926,  (1910). 

Springfield.  The  capital  of  Green  e County,  Mis- 
souri, situated  in  the  Ozark  Mountains  115 
miles  south  west  of  Jefferson  City.  It  is  a railroad 
center,  and  is  the  seat  of  Drury  College.  Pop.,  35,201,  (1910). 
Springfield.  A town  in  New  Jersey,  west  of 
Newark.  It  was  the  scene  (June  23,  1780)  of  a defeat 
of  the  British  and  Hessians  by  the  Americans. 
Springfield.  The  capital  of  Clark  County,  Ohio, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  Lagonda  Creek  and 
Mad  River,  45  miles  west  of  Columbus,  it  is  a 
railroad  center,  and  has  extensive  manufactures  of  agri- 
cultural machinery,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Wittenberg 
College  (Lutheran).  Population,  46,921,  (1910). 

Spring  Garden.  A place  of  refreshment  in 
St.  James’s  Park,  London,  much  frequented 
in  the  17th  century  by  persons 'of  quality. 
Sprottau  (sprot'tou).  A manufacturing  town 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Bober  74  miles  northwest  of  Breslau. 
Population,  commune,  7,900. 

Spruner  von  Mertz  (spro'ner  fon  merts),  Karl. 
Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wurtemberg,  Nov.  15, 1803 : 
died  at  Munich,  Aug.  24,  1892.  A chartogra- 
pher,  geographer,  historian,  and  Bavarian  gen- 
eral. He  produced  many  atlases,  especially  “Historisch- 
geographischer  Handatlas  ” (1837-52),  medieval  and  school 
atlases,  “Atlas  antiquus,”  etc. 

Spuller  (spii-lar'),  Eugene.  Born  at  Seurre, 
Cote-d’Or,  Dec.  8,  1835 : died  July  23,  1896.  A 
French  politician  and  journalist.  He  was  secretary 
to  Gambetta  1870-71 ; minister  of  education  1887-89  ; and 
vice-president  of  the  chamber  in  1890. 

Spumador  (spo-ma-ddr').  [Sp.,  ‘the  foamer.’] 
Prince  Arthur's  steed  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene.” 

Spurgeon  (sper'jon),  Charles  Haddon.  Born  at 
Kelvedon,  Essex,  Juno  19,  1834:  died  at  Men- 


Sraosha 

tone,  France,  Jan.  31, 1892.  An  English  Baptist 
preacher.  He  was  educated  at  Colchester  and  Maid- 
stone, and  became  usher  in  a private  school  at  Cambridge. 
In  1851  he  became  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  at  Water- 
beach,  five  miles  from  Cambridge,  while  retaining  his 
place  as  usher.  He  accepted  a call  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
New  Park  Street  Baptist  Church  in  Southwark,  London, 
in  1853,  removing  with  his  congregation  in  1861  to  a new 
edifice,  the  Tabernacle,  in  Newington,  London.  He  was 
also  the  founder  of  a pastors’  college,  schools,  alms-houses, 
and  an  orphanage  ; and  edited  a monthly  magazine, 
“The  Sword  and  the  Trowel.”  Among  his  works  are 
“The  Treasury  of  David  : Exposition  of  the  Book  of 
Psalms  " (1870-85),  “Feathers  for  Arrows,  or  Illustrations 
for  Preachers  and  Teachers”  (1870),  "Lectures  to  my  Stu- 
dents” (1875-77),  “ Commenting  and  Commentaries:  to- 
getherwith  a Catalogue  of  Biblical  Commentaries  and  Ex- 
positions"  (1876),  “John  Ploughman’s  Pictures : More  of 
his  Plain  Talk  ” (1880),  and  many  volumes  of  sermons. 

Spurn  Head  (spern  bed).  A point  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  project- 
ing into  the  North  Sea. 

Spurs,  Battle  of  the.  1.  The  victory  of  the 
Flemings  over  the  French  at  Courtrai,  1302 : so 
called  on  account  of  the  number  of  gilt  spurs 
captured. — 2.  The  victory  of  the  English  over 
the  French  at  Guinegate,  1513 : so  called  from 
the  precipitate  flight  of  the  French. 

Spurzheim  (sports'him),  Kaspar.  Born  at 
Longwich,  near  Treves,  Dec.  31, 1776:  died  at 
Boston,  Nov.  10, 1832.  A German  phrenologist, 
a disciple  of  Gall.  He  wrote  “The  Physiognomical 
System  of  Drs.  Gall  and  Spurzheim ” (1815),  “Outlines  of 
the  Physiognomical  System  ’’  (1815),  and  philosophical  and 
anatomical  works. 

Spuyten  Duyvil  Creek  (spi'tn  di'vil  krek).  A 
creek  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Manhattan 
Island,  NewYork,  connecting  the  Harlem  River 
with  the  Hudson. 

Spy  ( spi),  The.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1821.  The  scene  is  laid  in  southeastern  New 
York,  about  1780. 

Squab  (skwob)  Poet,  The.  A nickname  given  to 
Dryden  by  his  antagonist  Rochester,  and  after- 
ward adopted  by  lampooners  of  every  degree. 

Squam  Lakes  (skwom  laks).  Two  lakes  in 
the  central  part  of  New  Hampshire,  north- 
west of  Lake  Winnipiseogee.  The  outlet  is 
into  the  Merrimac. 

Squeamish  (skwe'mish).  Lady.  1.  A charac- 
ter in  Wycherley’s  “Couutry  Wife.” — 2.  A 
character  in  Otway’s  “Friendship  in  Fashion.” 

Squeers  (skwerz),‘Mr.  Wackford.  The  cruel 
and  ignorant  schoolmaster  of  Dotheboys  Hall 
(Yorkshire):  a character  in  Dickens’s  “Nicho- 
las Nickleby.” 

Squier  (skwir),  Ephraim  George.  Born  at 
Bethlehem,  N.  Y.,  June  17, 1821:  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  April  17,  1888.  An  American  archae- 
ologist  and  traveler.  In  1843-48,  while  conducting  a 
newspaper  in  Ohio,  he  investigated  the  mounds  and  other 
ancient  monuments  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  in  1848 
examined  similar  works  in  New  York.  In  1849-60  he 
was  special  chargd  d'affaires  for  the  United  States  in 
Central  America,  and  in  1853  again  visited  that  region  to 
examine  the  line  of  a proposed  interoceanic  railroad  : 
on  both  occasions  he  made  extensive  archeological  ex- 
plorations. In  1863-64  he  visited  Peru  as  special  commis- 
sioner of  the  United  States.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
consul-general  of  Honduras  at  New  York,  and  in  1871 
was  elected  first  president  of  the  American  Anthropologi- 
cal Institute.  After  1874  his  health  was  seriously  impaired. 
His  numerous  and  valuable  works  include  “Ancient  Mon- 
uments of  the  Mississippi  Valley  ” (with  Dr.  E.  H.  Davis, 
1848),  “ Antiquities  of  the  State  of  New  York  " (1851), 
“Travels  in  Central  America"  (1852),  “ Waikna,  or  Adven- 
tures on  the  Mosquito  Shore”  (1856:  under  the  pseudonym 
Samuel  A.  Bard).  “The  States  of  Central  America"  (1858), 
and  “Peru  ’’  (1877). 

Squillace  (skwel-la'che).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catanzaro,  southern  Italy,  7 miles  south- 
west of  Catanzaro:  the  Roman  Seylacium. 
The  emperor  Otto  II.  was  defeated  there  by  the 
Saracens  in  982.  Population,  3,220. 

Squillace,  Prince  of.  See  Borja  y Array  on. 

Squillace,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Calabria,  Italy. 

Squint  (skwint),  Lawyer.  A character  in  the 
play  “A  Citizen  of  the  World,”  by  Goldsmith. 

Squire  of  Alsatia.  A comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1688. 

Squire’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s  “Can- 
terbury Tales.”  It  is  told  by  the  squire  “who  left 
half  told  the  story  of  Cambuscan  bold,”  which  Milton 
wished  Musaeus  or  Orpheus  could  finish.  Spenser  tried  to 
finish  itin  the  fourth  book  of  “The  Faerie  Queene." 

Sraosha  (sra-o'sha).  [From  -\/  srush,  hear, 
obey,  obedience.]  In  the  Avesta,  a Yazata, 
or  sacred  being,  who  first  taught  the  law  and 
is  the  especial  foe  of  Aeshma,  the  demon  of 
wrath.  As  heavenly  guardian  of  the  world  heisawakened 
by  fire  in  the  third  night-watch,  and  then  awakes  the  cock, 
who  by  his  crowing  drives  away  Busliyansta,  the  demon  of 
sleep.  To  him  is  addressed  in  the  Yasna  the  Srosh  Yasht. 
In  Firdausi,  as  Sarush  or  Surush,  he  becomes  the  messenger 
of  heaven  and  in  the  later  literature  is  often  identified 
with  Gabriel. 


Srinagar 

Srinagar  (sri-nug'ur),  or  Serinagur  (ser-i- 
nug'ur),  or  Kashmir,  or  Cashmere  (kash- 
mer').  The  capital  of  Kashmir,  on  the  Jhelum 
in  lat.  34°  5'  N.,  long.  74°  50'  E.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  carpets,  silver  and  copper  ware, 
and  was  formerly  renowned  for  shawls  and  pa- 
pier-mache work,  etc.  Population,  122,618. 
Srirangam  (sri-rang'gam),or  Seringham  (ser- 
ing'am).  A town  in  the  district  of  Trichi- 
nopoli,  Madras,  India,  situated  on  an  island  of 
the  Kaveri  near  Trichinopoli.  It  has  a noted  temple 
of  Vishnu.  The  temple  is  remarkable  especially  for  its 
great  size  (the  outermost  inclosure  measures  1,024  by  840 
yards),  and  for  the  lavish  sculptured  ornament  of  its  many 
magnificent  gopuras,  or  lofty  pyramidal  pylon  gateways. 
The  general  plan  presents  a series  of  courts,  in  the  central 
one  of  which  is  the  sanctuary,  and  in  the  fourth  the  choul- 
try, or  hall  of  1,000  columns,  which  is  traversed  by  a beau- 
tiful central  aisle  of  double  the  height  and  width  of  the 
others.  The  Jambu  Keswaram  temple,  dedicated  to  Siva, 
is  also  notable.  Population,  23,039. 

Srirangapatam.  See  Seringapatam. 

St.  For  words  beginning  with  St.,  see  Saint, 
Sankt,  San,  Sao,  Santo,  or  Santa. 

Staal  (stal),  Baronne  de  (Marguerite  Jeanne 
Cordier) : often  called  Mme.  de  Staal-Delau- 
nay.  Bom  at  Paris,  May  30,  1684:  died  June 
16,1750.  A French  writer  of  memoirs.  Shewasthe 
daughter  of  the  painter  Cordier,  whose  name  she  dropped 
for  that  of  her  mother,  Delaunay.  She  received  her  edu- 
cation at  the  convent  of  St.  Louis  at  Rouen,  and  at  27  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  Duchesse  de  Maine,  in  17:  5 she 
married  the  Baron  de  Staal,  but  remained  in  the  duchess’s 
household.  Her  “ Memoires  ” were  published  in  1 755.  She 
also  left  two  comedies  and  some  letters. 

Stabat  Mater  (sta'bat  ma'ter).  [So  called 
from  the  first  words  of  the  Latin  text,  Stabat 
mater,  ‘The  mother  (sc.  of  Jesus)  was  stand- 
ing.’] In  the  Roman  Catholic  liturgy,  a se- 
quence on  the  Virgin  Mary  at  the  crucifixion, 
written  about  1300  by  Jacobus  de  Bene- 
dicts (Jacopone  da  Todi).  It  has  also  been  as- 
cribed to  Innocent  III.  and  others,  and  was  probably 
modeled  on  older  hymns  such  as  the  staurotheotokia  of 
the  Greek  Church.  It  is  sung  after  the  Epistle  on  the 
feast  of  the  Seven  Dolours  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  on 
the  Friday  before  Good  Friday  and  on  the  third  Sunday 
in  Sept.  Music  for  it  has  been  written  by  Palestrina, 
Pergolesi,  Rossini,  Dvoritk,  and  others. 

Stabiae  (sta'bi-e).  An  ancient  Roman  watering- 
place,  on  the  Bay  of  Naples,  4 miles  south  of 
Pompeii,  overwhelmed  by  the  eruption  of  Vesu- 
vius in  79  a.  d.  It  has  been  excavated  in  part. 
Castellamare  occupies  its  site. 

Stabroek  (stab'rok).  The  old  name  of  George- 
town, British  Guiana : given  by  the  Dutch  who 
were  its  original  settlers  in  1774. 

Stachelberg  (staeb'el-bera).  A watering-place 
in  the  canton  of  Glarus,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Linth  9 miles  south-southwest  of  Gla- 
rus. It  has  sulphur  springs. 

Stachys  (sta'kis).  [Gr.  ord^uf,  a spike  of  wheat.] 
A rarely  used  name  for  a Virginis,  ordinarily 
called  Spica. 

Stade  (sta'de).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Schwinge 
22  miles  west  by  north  of  Hamburg,  it  was  for- 
merly an  important  commercial  place,  and  until  recently 
a fortress.  It  passed  from  the  archbishopric  of  Bremen 
to  Sweden  in  1648;  was  ceded  to  Hannover  in  1719;  and 
passed  to  Prussia  in  1866.  Population,  commune,  10,837. 

Stade,  or  Staden  (sta'den),  or  Stadt  (stat), 
Hans.  Born  in  Hesse-Homburg  about  1520 : 
died  after  1557.  A German  soldier.  He  was  in 
Brazil  1547-48;  enlisted  in  a Spanish  expedition  for  the  Rio 
de  la  Plata  1549 ; was  shipwrecked  in  Santa  Catharina ; and 
passed  3 years  in  captivity  among  the  Indians.  Ultimately 
(late  in  1554)  he  escaped  to  a French  ship.  An  account  of 
his  adventures  was  published  in  1557  as  “Geschichte  eines 
Landes  America  genannt.”  There  are  later  editions  in 
several  languages. 

Stadion  (sta'de-5n),  Count  Johann  Philipp 
Karl  Joseph  von.  Born  June  18,1763:  died 
at  Baden,  near  Vienna,  May  14-15,  1824.  An 
Austrian  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs from  the  peace  of  Presburg  (Dec.,  1805)  to  1809,  and 
later  was  minister  of  finance. 

Stadtlohn  (stat-lon').  A town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Berkel 
25  miles  northeast  of  Wesel.  Here,  Aug.  6, 1623, 

the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  defeated  the  administrator 
Christian  of  lialberstadt.  Of  the  army  of  the  latter  6,000 
fell  and  4,000  were  captured,  including  William,  duke  of 
W eimar. 

Stael-Holstein  (sta'el-hol'strn;  F.  prori.  sta/el- 
ol-stan'),  Anne  Louise  Germaine  Necker, 
Baronne  de  t commonly  callod  Madame  de 
Stael.  Born  at  Paris,  April  22, 1766 : died  there, 
July  14, 1817.  A celebrated  French  writer,  she 
was  the  daughter  of  Necker,  the  minister  of  finance  un- 
der Louis  XVI.  Already  as  a child  she  enjoyed  in  her 
own  home  the  society  of  men  like  Buffon,  Marrnontel, 
Grimm,  and  Gibbon,  who  were  all  personal  friends  of  her 
father,  and  who  stimulated  her  to  mental  activity.  She 
especially  admired  J.  .1.  Rousseau,  and  devoted  to  him 
her  first  serious  essay,  "Lettres  sur  le  caractore  et  les 
Merits  de  J.  J.  Rousseau  "(1788).  In  1786  she  was  married 


953 

to  the  Baron  of  Stael-Holstein,  ambassador  from  Sweden 
to  France  : he  died  in  1802.  Madame  de  Stael  spent  a 
couple  of  years  in  Germany  (1803-04),  and  met  both  Goethe 
and  Schiller  at  Weimar.  In  1805  she  took  a short  trip  to 
Italy.  In  1800  she  published  one  of  her  best  works,  “ De 
la  literature  considdrde  dans  ses  rapports  avec  les  insti- 
tutions sociales.”  In  1802  appeared  her  novel  “ Delphine,” 
and  in  1807  “Corinne.”  She  returned  to  Germany  in  1808 
to  finish  “De  TAllemagne,”  her  best-known  work.  The 
first  edition  (Paris,  1810)  was  destroyed,  presumably  at  the 
instigation  of  Napoleon,  who  at  all  times  evinced  a spirit 
of  petty  enmity  toward  the  great  writer.  He  was  further- 
more the  cause  of  her  exile  from  France  (1812-14),  when 
she  visited  Austria,  Russia,  Sweden,  and  England.  She  also 
wrote  “ Considerations  sur  la  revolution  fran^aise  ” (1818). 
Other  posthumous  works  by  her  are  “Dix  annees  d’exil  ” 
and  “ Essais  dramatiques  “ (1821),  and  finally  her  “CEuvres 
inedites  ” (1836). 

Staempfli.  See  Stampfli. 

Staffa  (staf'a).  A small  island  of  the  Inner 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  off  the  western  coast  of 
Mull,  north  of  Iona  and  southwest  of  Ulva.  It 
contains  Fingal’s  Cave. 

Stafford  (Stafford),  or  Staffordshire  (staff ord- 
shir).  [ME.  Stafford,  AS.  Stafford,  appar.  from 
stsef,  staff,  and  ford,  ford.]  A midland  county 
of  England,  bounded  by  Cheshire  on  the  north- 
west, Derby  and  Leicester  on  the  east,  Warwick 
on  the  southeast,  Worcester  on  the  south,  and 
Shropshire  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  level  or  un- 
dulating. Stafford  produces  iron,  coal,  clay,  and  marble, 
and  has  manufactures  of  iron  wares,  pottery,  ale,  etc.  It 
was  an  ancient  Druid  stronghold.  It  formed  part  of  the 
medieval  Mercia.  Area  (ad.  co.),  1,128  square  miles. 
Population  (pari,  co.),  1,234,506. 

Stafford.  The  capital  of  Staffordshire,  situated 
on  the  Sow  in  lat.  52°  48'  N.,  long.  2°  6'  W.  It 

has  various  manufactures,  including  boots  and  shoes. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Izaak  Walton.  Population, 
20,895. 

Stafford,  Henry,  second  Duke  of  Buckingham. 
Born  in  England  about  1454:  beheaded  at  Salis- 
bury, Nov.  2,  1483.  An  English  soldier,  son  of 
Humphrey,  the  first  duke.  He  was  the  most  prom- 
inent supporter  of  Richard  III.  in  usurping  the  throne, 
and  in  1483  was  made  hereditary  lord  high  constable  of 
England.  Having  joined  a conspiracy  to  restore  the  Lan- 
castrians,  he  was  betrayed  and  executed.  He  is  a promi- 
nent character  in  Shakspere’s  “King  Richard  III.” 

Stafford,  Humphrey,  fourth  Earl  of  Stafford, 
afterward  Duke  of  Buckingham.  Born  in  1402 : 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Northampton,  July  10, 
1460.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  present  at  the 
coronation  of  Henry  VI.  as  king  of  France  in  Paris  in  Dec., 
1431.  He  was  made  lord  high  constable  of  England,  and 
in  1444  was  created  duke  of  Buckingham. 

Stafford,  First  Viscount  (William  Howard). 

Born  in  England,  Nov.  30,  1614:  executed  on 
Tower  Hill,  Dec.  29,  1680.  The  chief  victim 
of  the  Oates  conspiracy,  fifth  son  of  Thomas 
Howard,  earl  of  Arundel.  He  was  brought  up  as  a 
Roman  Catholic.  About  1634  he  married  Mary,  sister  and 
heir  of  Henry,  Baron  Stafford,  through  whom  he  acquired 
the  title  of  Baron  Stafford.  He  was  created  Viscount  Staf- 
ford in  1640.  He  was  a Royalist  during  the  civil  war.  He 
was  accused  of  complicity  in  the  “Popish  Plot  ” of  Titus 
Oates,  and  of  treason,  and  was  convicted  Dec.  7, 1680. 

Stagira  (sta-jl'ra),  or  Stagirus  (sta-ji'rus). 
[Gr.  Irayeipa .]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  on 
the  coast  of  Chalcidice,  Macedonia,  about  43 
miles  east  of  Thessalonica:  the  birthplace  of 
Aristotle.  It  was  colonized  from  Andros. 

Stagirite  (staj'i-rlt),  The.  Aristotle : so  named 
from  his  birthplace  Stagira. 

Stagnelius  (stag-na/le-os),  Erik  Johan.  Born 
in  Oland,  Sweden,  Oct.  14, 1793:  died  at  Stock- 
holm, April  13, 1823.  A Swedish  poet.  He  stud- 
ied at  Lund  and  Upsala.  Subsequently  he  received  a mi- 
nor government  position  at  Stockholm,  where  he  died 
in  his  thirtieth  year.  His  short  life  was  embittered  by 
physical  infirmity,  and  his  cares  and  sufferings  reflected 
themselves  in  his  poetry.  His  first  important  work  was 
the  epic  “Wladimir  den  Store  ’’  (“  Wladimir  the  Great  ’’), 
which  appeared  in  1817.  The  year  after  he  was  awarded 
the  prize  of  the  Academy  for  the  poem  “Quinnorna  i 
Norden"  (“The  Women  of  the  North”).  His  greatest 
work  is  the  cycle  of  poems,  philosophical-religious  in 
character,  under  the  title  “Liljor  i Saron”  (“The  Lilies  of 
Sharon  ”),  published  in  1821.  Among  his  other  works  are 
the  uncompleted  epics  “Blenda"  and  “Gunlcig”;  the  dra- 
matic poem  “ Martyreme"(“  The  Martyrs  ”);  the  drama 
“Riddartornet”  (“  The  Knight’s  Tower’’) ; and  the  trage- 
dies “Bacchantorna"(“The  Bacchanals  ”),  “ Visbnr.”and 
“Signrd  Ring. " His  collected  works  were  published  at 
Stockholm,  1867-68,  in  2 vols. 

Stagnone  (stan-yo'ne)  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands  off  the  western  coastof  Sicily,  north 
of  Marsala  and  south-southwest  of  Trapani. 

Stahl  (stal),  Friedrich  Julius.  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  16,  1802:  died  at  Briickenau,  Bava- 
ria, Aug.  10,  1861.  A noted  German  political 
philosopher  and  conservative  politician : pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1840.  He  was  an  advocate  for 
close  union  between  church  and  state.  He  wrote  “Philo- 
sophic dcs  Rcchts"  (1830-37),  etc. 

Stahl,  Georg  Ernst.  Born  at  An sbach,  Bava- 
ria, Oct.  21,  1660:  died  at  Berlin,  May  14,  1734. 
A noted  German  chemist,  physician  of  the  King 
of  Prussia  from  1716.  His  works  include  “Theoriame- 


Stampalia 

dica  vera  ’’  (1707),  “ Experiments  et  observationes  cherni- 
cse  ” (1731),  etc. 

Stahr  (star),  Adolf  Wilhelm  Theodor.  Born 
at  Prenzlau,  Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1805:  died  at 
Wiesbaden,  Prussia,  Oct.  3,  1876.  A German 
Scholar  and  author.  Among  his  works  are  “Aristo- 
telia  ” (1830-32)  and  various  other  works  on  Aristotle, 
“ Ein  Jahr  in  Italien  ” (“A  Year  in  Italy,”  1847-50),  “ Die 
preussische  Revolution"  (1850),  “Torso,  oder  Kunst, 
Kunstler,  und  Kunstwerke  der  Alten  ” (1854-55),  “Les- 
sing” (1858),  “Bilder  aus  dem  Altertum  ” (1863-66),  etc. 

Stahremberg.  See  Starhemberg. 

Stainer  (sta'ner),  Sir  John.  Born  June  6, 1840: 
died  March  31,  1901.  An  English  composer  of 
sacred  music,  and  organist.  He  was  organist  and 
choir-master  at  St.  Benedict  and  St.  Peter’s  in  1854,  and 
organist  of  the  college  at  Tenbury  in  185G.  He  matricu- 
lated at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1859 ; and  was  organist 
of  the  University  of  Oxford  1863-72,  and  of  St.  Paul’s,  Lon- 
don, 1872-88,  when  he  resigned  on  account  of  failing  sight. 
He  was  professor  of  music  at  Oxford  University  1889-99. 
He  was  the  author  of  a manual  on  harmony  and  of  one  on 
the  organ,  and  was  editor  with  W.  A.  Barrett  of  a “ Dic- 
tionary of  Musical  Terms  ” (1870) . H e was  knighted  in  1888. 
Staines  (stanz).  A town  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  England,  situated  on  the  Thames 
19  miles  west-southwest  of  London.  Popular 
tion,  6,688. 

Stair,  Earls  of.  See  Dalrymple. 

Stair,  Viscount.  See  Dalrymple,  James. 

Stair  of  Sighs.  See  the  extract. 

The  flight  of  steps  which  led  from  the  door  of  the  upper 
prison  down  to  the  Forum  was  called  the  Scalse  Gemo- 
nise:  or,  according  to  Pliny  (Hist.  Nat.,  viii.  145),  Gradus 
Gemitorii,  ‘ the  stairs  of  sighs’;  see  also  Tac.,  Hist.,  iii. 
74  and  85.  On  it  the  body  of  Sabinus,  and  a few  days 
afterwards  that  of  the  murdered  Vitellins,  were  thrown 
(Suet.,Vit,  17);  and  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius  the  bodies  of 
jElius  Sejanus,  his  family  and  friends,  after  they  were 
cruelly  murdered  by  the  Emperor’s  orders,  were  exposed 
on  these  Scalse  to  the  number  of  twenty  in  one  day ; see 
Suet.,  Tib.,  61.  Middleton , Remains  of  Anc.  Rome,  I.  154. 

Staked  Plain,  Sp.  Llano  Estacado  (lya'no  es- 
ta-ka'do).  Anextensive  sterile  plateau  in  north- 
western Texas  and  southeastern  New  Mexico. 
The  name  is  derived  from  lines  of  stakes  which  were  set 
up  to  guide  travelers,  or,  according  to  another  account, 
from  the  stalks  of  a yucca  plant  resembling  stakes. 

Staleybridge.  See  Stalybridge. 

Stalybridge,  or  Staleybridge  (sta'li-brij).  A 
town  in  Cheshire  and  Lancashire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tame  7 miles  east  of  Manchester. 
It  has  important  cotton  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation, 27,673. 

Stamboul  (stam-bol').  [Turk.  Istambul,  from 
MGr.  tif  t!/v  irdXiv,  into  the  city.]  The  Turkish 
name  of  Constantinople,  and  also,  in  a narrower 
use,  of  the  oldest  part  of  it,  southwest  of  the 
Golden  Horn. 

Stambuloff  (stam-bo'lof),  Stephen.  Born  1853: 
died  at  Sofia,  July  18, 1895.  A Bulgarian  liberal 
politician.  He  was  president  of  the  Sobranye  1884-86  ; 
one  of  the  regents,  1886-87,  between  the  abdication  of 
Alexander  and  the  accession  of  Ferdinand  : and  premier 
1887-94.  He  was  shot  by  an  assassin  July  15,  1895. 

Stamford  (stam'ford).  [ME.  Stamford,  AS.  Stan- 
ford, stone  ford.]  A town  in  Lincolnshire  and 
Northamptonshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Welland.  It  was  one  of  the  “ five  Danish 
boroughs.”  Population,  8,229. 

Stamford.  A city  in  Fairfield  County,  Con- 
necticut, situated  on  Long  Island  Sound.  Pop- 
ulation, 25,138;  township,  28,836,  (1910). 
Stamford  (stam'ford),  Battle  of.  A victory 
gained  by  Edward  IV.  over  the  Lancastrian  in- 
surgents in  1470.  Also  called  the  battle  of  Lose- 
coat  Field. 

Stamford  Bridge.  A place  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 8 miles  east-northeast  of  York.  Here,  Sept., 
1066,  the  English  under  Harold  II.  defeated  the  army  of 
Harold  Hardrada  of  Norway  and  Tostig. 

Stammerer  (stam'er-er),  The.  A surname  of 
Louis  II.  of  France,  and  also  of  Michael  H.t 
Byzantine  emperor. 

Stamp  Act.  An  act  imposing  or  regulating  the 
imposition  of  stamp  duties  ; in  American  colo- 
nial history,  an  act,  also  known  as  Grenville’s 
Stamp  Act,  passed  by  the  British  Parliament  in 
1765,  providing  for  the  raising  of  revenue  in  the 
American  colonies  by  the  sale  of  stamps  and 
stampedpaperforcommercialtransactions, real- 
estate  transfers,  lawsuits,  marriage  licenses,  in- 
heritances, etc. : it  also  provided  that  the  royal 
forces  in  America  should  bo  billeted  on  the  peo- 
ple. The  act  was  to  go  into  effect  Nov.  I,  1705;  but  it 
aroused  intense  opposition,  led  by  the  assemblies  of  Vir- 
ginia, Massachusetts,  and  other  colonies.  A “Stamp  Act 
Congress,”  with  delegates  from  many  of  the  colonies,  met 
at  New  York  in  Oct.,  1765,  and  a petition  against  this  and 
other  repressive  measures  was  sent,  to  England.  The  Stamp 
Actwas  repealed  in  March,  1766,  but  the  agitation  was  one 
of  the  leading  causes  in  effecting  the  Revolution. 

Stampalia  (stam-piL-le'S),  or  Astropalia  (as- 
tro-pa-le'ii).  An  island  in  the  iEgean  Sea,  be- 


Stampalia 

longing  to  Turkey,  77  miles  west-northwest  of 
Rhodes:  the  ancient  Astypalaea.  Length,  13 
miles. 

Stampfli  (stempf'li),  Jakob.  Born  at  Schiip- 
fen,  Bern,  Switzerland,  1820:  died  at  Bern,  May 
15, 1879.  A Swiss  liberal  politician.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  government  of  the  canton  of  Bern  1849-50,  and 
was  vice-president  of  the  Bundesrat  in  1855,  and  president 
in  1S56  and  1862.  He  was  president  of  the  federal  bank  in 
Bern  from  1865. 

StancMo  (stan'ke-o).  A modern  name  of  Cos. 
Standard,  Battle  of  the.  A victory  gained  by 
the  English,  led  by  Archbishop  Thurstan,  over 
the  Scots  under  King  David,  near  Northallerton, 
Yorkshire,  in  1138 : so  called  from  the  English 
banner. 

Standish  (stan'dish),  Miles  or  Myles.  Born 
in  Lancashire,  England,  about  1584:  died  at 
Duxhury,  Mass.,  Oct.  3, 1656.  One  of  the  early 
colonists  of  New  England.  He  served  in  the  Nether- 
lands as  a soldier;  came  over  in  the  Mayflower  to  Ply- 
month  in  1620,  and  was  appointed  captain  by  the  Pilgrims ; 
commanded  various  expeditions  against  the  Indians,  de- 
feating them  at  Weymouth  in  1623 ; was  agent  of  the  colony 
in  England  1625-26;  and  was  one  of  the  settlers  and  a 
magistrate  of  Duxhury.  He  is  the  subject  of  a poem  by 
Longfellow,  “The  Courtship  of  Mies  Standish." 

Stanfield  (stan'feld),  Clarkson.  Born  at  Sun- 
derland, England,  Dec.  3,  1793:  died  March 
18,  1867.  A noted  English  painter,  chiefly  of 
marine  subjects.  He  was  a sailor  in  his  youth.  In 
1818  he  painted  scenery  for  the  Old  Royalty,  a sailors' 
theater,  in  London.  From  1822-34  he  painted  at  Drury 
Lane.  In  1827  he  exhibited  his  first  important  picture, 
“Wreckers  off  Fort  Rouge,"  at  the  British  Institution. 
In  1830  he  traveled  on  the  Continent.  He  was  made 
associate  royal  academician  in  1832,  and  royal  academician 
in  1835.  Among  his  paintings  are  “ The  Battle  of  Trafal- 
gar " (1836),  “ The  Castle  of  Ischia  ” (1841),  “ Isola  Bella  " 
*(1842),  “Battle  of  Roveredo"  (1851),  etc. 

Stanford  (stan'ford),  Sir  Charles  Villiers. 

Born  at  Dublin,  Sept.  30, 1852.  A British  com- 
poser and  conductor.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  con- 
ductor of  the  Cambridge  University  Musical  Society,  and 
graduated  there  in  1874.  He  is  professor  of  composition 
aud  orchestral  playing  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music,  Lon- 
don, and  in  1887  was  elected  professor  of  music  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  Among  his  compositions  are  the 
operas  “The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Klrorassan"  (1881),  “Sa- 
vonarola " (1884),  and  “ The  Canterbury  PilgTinis  ’’  (1884). 
He  lias  also  written  many  overtures,  songs,  suites,  etc. , anil 
some  church  music.  He  was  knighted  in  1902. 

Stanford  fstan'ford),  Leland.  Born  at  Water- 
vliet,  N.  Y.,  March  9,  1824:  died  at  Palo  Alto, 
Cal.,  June  20,  1893.  An  American  capitalist 
and  politician.  He  was  Republican  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia 1861-63 ; first  president  of  the  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
road (elected  1861);  and  United  States  senator  from  Cali- 
fornia 1885-93.  He  gave  to  California  the  Leland  Stanford 
Junior  University  at  Palo  Alto,  with  an  endowment  of 
about  §20,000,000. 

Stanhope  (stan'op),  Charles,  third  Earl  Stan- 
hope. Born  Aug.  3,  1753:  died  at  Chevening, 
Kent,  Dec.  15, 1816.  An  English  statesman  and 
scientist.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Geneva.  From 
1780 to  1786,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  he  wasmem- 
ber  of  Parliament  for  Wycombe,  Buckinghamshire,  and  was 
a supporterof  Pitt, whose  sister  he  married  Dec.  19, 1774.  In 
the  arbitrary  measures  of  his  later  career  Lord  Stanhope 
opposed  his  brother-in-law.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
“Revolutionary  Society,"  formed  in  commemoration  of 
the  revolution  of  1688,  which  sympathized  with  the  French 
Revolution ; and  in  1795  introduced  a motion  in  the 
House  of  Lords  deprecating  interference  with  French  af- 
fairs. He  was  left  in  a “minority  of  one,"  a sobriquet 
which  clung  to  him,  and  left  Parliament  for  five  years. 
He  was  caricatured  by  Sayers  and  Gillray.  On  March  17, 
1781,  he  married  as  his  second  wife  a niece  of  the  first  Earl 
Temple  and  George  Grenville.  Lady  Hester  Stanhope 
was  a daughter  of  his  first  wife.  He  invented  the  Stan- 
hope printing-press  and  lens,  improved  canal-locks,  and 
(1795-97)  made  experiments  in  steam  navigation.  He  pub- 
lished “ Principles  of  Electricity  " (1779)  and  a reply  to 
Burke's  “ Reflections  on  the  Revolution  in  France "(1790). 

Stanhope,  Lady  Hester  Lucy.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, March  12,  1776:  died  at  Djoun  in  Mount 
Lebanon,  June  23, 1839.  Daughter  of  the  third 
Earl  Stanhope,  and  niece  of  William  Pitt,  and 
from  1803  the  head  of  Pitt’s  household  and  his 
private  secretary.  She  attended  his  death-bed.  In 
Feb.,  1810,  she  left  England  and  established  a small  satrapy 
at  Djoun  in  Mount  Lebanon.  In  1832  Ibrahim  Pasha,  when 
about  to  invade  Syria,  was  obliged  to  secure  her  neutrality. 
Her  “Memoirs,  as  Related  by  Herself  in  Conversations 
with  her  Physician"  (Dr.  Meryon),  were  published  in  1845, 
and  later  (1846)  the  “Memoirs  ” were  supplemented  by  her 
“ Travels. 

Stanhope,  James,  first  Earl  Stanhope.  Born 
at  Pans,  1673:  died  at  London,  Feb.  5,  1721. 
An  English  general  and  politician,  nephew  of 
the  second  Earl  of  Chesterfield.  He  resided  in 
Spain,  where  his  father  was  minister ; entered  the  army  in 
1694 ; entered  Parliament  in  1701 ; served  as  brigadier, 
general  at  the  siege  of  Barcelona  in  1705 ; was  command. 
er-in-chief  in  Spain  in  1708,  when  he  captured  Port 
Mahon;  with  Starhemberg  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Al- 
menara  July  17, 1710,  and  at  Saragossa  Aug.  20;  and  sur- 
rendered at  Brihuega  (1710).  On  the  accession  of  George 
I.  (1714)  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state ; in  1717  was 
first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ; 
and  in  April,  1718,  was  created  Earl  Stanhope. 


954 

Stanhope,  Philip  Dormer,  fourth  Earl  of  Ches- 
terfield. Born  at  London,  Sept.  22,  1694:  died 
March  24,  1773.  An  English  politician,  orator, 
and  writer : famous  as  a man  of  fashion.  He  was 
a graduate  of  Trinity  Hail,  Cambridge ; occupied  a num- 
ber of  diplomatic  positions ; and  was  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland  1744-46.  His  chief  work  is  “Letters  to  his  Son," 
which  were  not  written  for  publication,  but  were  published 
in  1774.  These  letters  give  instruction  in  manners 
and  morals,  and  the  method  of  “ uniting  wickedness  and 
the  graces,"  written  by  the  man  who  of  all  others  in  Eng- 
land desired  to  be  considered  the  mirror  of  politeness.  It 
was  to  Chesterfield  that  Johnson  wrote  his  celebrated  in- 
vective about  the  dictionary  in  1755,  which  is  now  thought 
to  be  unjust. 

Stanhope,  Philip  Henry,  fifth  Earl  Stanhope, 
designated  by  the  courtesy  title  Lord  Mahon 
before  his  accession  to  the  earldom.  Bom  Jan. 
30,  1805:  died  at  Bournemouth,  Dec.  24,  1875. 
An  English  historian  and  politician,  grandson  of 
the  third  Earl  Stanhope.  He  wrote  a “ History  of  Eng- 
land from  the  Peace  of  Utrecht  to  the  Peace  of  Versailles  ’’ 
(1836-53) ; “ The  War  of  Succession  in  Spain  ” (1832) ; lives 
of  Belisarius,  Cond6,  Joan  of  Arc,  and  William  Pitt;  and 
a “History  of  England,  comprising  the  Reign  of  Anne  un- 
til the  Peace  of  Utrecht  ” (1870). 

Stanihurst.  See  Stanyliurst. 

Stanislaus  (stan'is-las),  or  Stanislas  (stan'is- 
las),  Saint.  Born  1030 : killed  1079.  Bishop  of 
Cracow,  andpatron  saint  of  Poland. 
Stanislaus  I.  Leszcynski  (lesh-cktin'ske). 
Born  at  Lemberg,  Galicia,  Oct.  20,  1677 : died 
Feb.  23,  1766.  King  of  Poland,  elected  as  the 
candidate  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  in  1704, 
and  crowned  in  1705.  He  was  obliged  to  leave  Poland 
in  1709;  was  again  a candidate  in  1733;  and  formally  ab- 
dicated in  1735,  hut  retained  the  title  and  received  the 
duchies  of  Lorraine  and  Bar  in  1737. 

Stanislaus  II.  Augustus  (a-gus'tus)  (Ponia- 
towski).  Born  at  Wolczyn,  Lithuania,  Jan. 
17,  1732 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  12,  1798. 
King  of  Poland  1764-95.  He  was  elected  through 
the  intervention  of  Russia.  He  was  in  1795  forced  to  sign 
the  third  partition  of  Poland,  which  put  an  end  to  his 
kingdom. 

Stanislaus  River.  A river  in  California  which 
joins  the  San  Joaquin  22  miles  south  of  Stock- 
ton.  Length,  over  150  miles. 

Stanislawow.  See  Stanislaus. 

Stanko  (stan'ko).  A modern  name  of  Cos. 
Stanley.  See  Falkland  Islands. 

Stanley  (stan'li),  Arthur  Penrhyn.  Born  at 
Alderley,  Cheshire,  England,  Dec.  13, 1815 : died 
at  London,  July  18,  1881.  An  English  divine, 
histprian,  and  theological  writer.  He  was  a tu- 
tor in  Oxford  1843-51 ; canon  of  Canterbury  1851-56 ; and 
professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  in  Oxford  1856-63.  He 
was  appointed  dean  of  W estminster  1863,  and  entered  on  the 
office  in  1864.  He  traveled  in  Egypt  and  Palestine  1852-53, 
in  Russia  in  1857,  in  Egypt  and  Palestine  with  the  Prince 
of  Wales  in  1862,  aud  in  America  in  1878.  He  was  a 
leader  of  the  “Broad  Church."  His  works  include  “Life 
and  Correspondence  of  Thomas  Arnold "(1844),  “Sermons 
on  the  Apostolic  Age  ’’  (1847),  “ Commentary  on  the  Epistles 
to  the  Corinthians"  (1855),  “Memorials  of  Canterbury" 
(1855),  “Sinai  and  Palestine”  (1856), “Lectures  on  the  His- 
tory of  the  Eastern  Church  " (1861),  “ History  of  the  Jewish 
Church  ” (1863-76),  “ Historical  Memorials  of  Westminster 
Abbey”(1868),  “ Essays  on  Church  and  State"  (1870),  “Church 
of  Scotland  " (1872),  and  “ Christian  Institutions  ” (1881). 

Stanley,  Edward  George  Geoffrey  Smith, 

fourteenth  Earl  of  Derby.  Born  at  Knowsley, 
Lancashire,  England,  March  29,  1799:  died  at 
Knowsley,  Oct.  23, 1869.  A British  statesman. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1822 ; was  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland  1830-33,  and  colonial  secretary  1833-34  and  1841-44 ; 
was  created  Baron  Stanley  in  1844  ; succeeded  to  the  eari- 
dom  in  1851 ; and  was  premier  in  1852,  1858-59,  and  1866- 
1868.  He  published  a translation  of  the  Iliad  (1864). 

Stanley,  Edward  Henry  Smith,  fifteenth  Earl 
of  Derby.  Born  at  Knowsley,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, July  21,  1826:  died  there,  April  21, 1893. 
A British  politician,  son  of  the  fourteenth  Earl 
of  Derby.  He  was  secretary  of  state  for  India  1858-59 ; 
foreign  secretary  1866-68  and  1874-78  ; and  colonial  sec- 
retary 1882-85.  Originally  a Conservative,  he  acted  with 
the  Liberals  from  1880  to  1886,  when  he  joined  the  Liberal- 
Unionists. 

Stanley,  Frederick  Arthur,  sixteenth  Earl  of 
Derby.  Born  Jan.  15,  1841 : died  at  London, 
June  14,  1908.  An  English  nobleman,  second 
son  of  the  fourteenth  earl.  He  was  financial  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury  1877-78  ; secretary  for  war  1878-S0 ; 
colonial  secretary  1885-86;  president  of  the  board  of 
trade  1886-88 ; and  governor-general  of  Canada  1888-93. 
He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Stanley  of  Preston 
in  1886,  and  in  1893  succeeded  to  the  earldom. 

Stanley,  Sir  Henry  Morton  (originally  John 
Rowlands).  Born  near  Denbigh,  Wales,  1841: 
died  at  London,  May  10,  1904.  A noted  Afri- 
can  explorer.  He  was  of  obscure  parentage;  was 
thrown  upon  his  own  resources  at  an  early  age ; and,,it 
is  said,  worked  his  way  as  a cahin-boy  to  New  Orleans, 
where  he  was  employed  by  a merchant  named  Stanley, 
whose  name  he  adopted.  He  served  in  the  Confederate 
army,  and  later  in  the  United  States  navy  ; went  to  Tur- 
key as  a newspaper  correspondent ; went  with  the  British 
expedition  to  Abyssinia  in  1868  as  correspondent  of  the 
New  York  “ Herald  ” ; was  sent  oy  the  “ Herald  ” in  search 


Stapleton 

of  Livingstone  in  1869;  started  from  Zanzibar  March,  1871 ; 
found  Livingstone  at  Ujiji  Nov.,  1871,  and  returned  1872- 
was  sent  by  the  “Herald  " and  London  “Telegraph"  to 
central  Africa  1874 ; left  the  coast  Nov.,  1874 ; circum- 
navigated Victoria  Nyanza  1875  ; explored  Albert  Nyanza 
and  Tanganyika  ; discovered  the  Albert  Edward  Nyanza, 
and  descended  the  Lualaba  (Kongo)  1876-77.  To  him 
is  due  the  demonstration  that  the  great  system  of 
waters  immediately  west  of  Lake  Tanganyika,  including 
the  lake  itself,  lies  in  the  upper  basin  of  the  Kongo,  and 
is  tributary  to  that  river.  He  was  sent  under  the  auspices 
of  the  International  African  Association  to  develop  the 
Kongo  region  1879 ; was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
Free  State  of  the  Kongo  ; took  part  in  the  KoDgo  confer- 
ence in  Berlin  1884-85 ; was  sent  to  the  relief  of  Emiu 
Pasha  1887 ; returned  with  Emin  from  the  Nile  to  the 
coast  1889  ; and  arrived  in  England  in  1890.  He  wrote 
“ How  I Found  Livingstone  ” (1872),  “ Through  the  Bark 
Continent”  (1878),  “The  Congo  and  the  Founding  of  its 
Free  State  ’’  (1885),  “ In  Darkest  Africa  ” (1890),  “ My  Dark 
Companions,  etc."  (1893),  “Slavery  and  the  Slave  Trade 
in  Africa”  (1893),  etc.  His  “Autobiography,”  edited  by 
his  wife,  appeared  in  1909.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 
Stanley,  Sir  Hubert.  An  impoverished  squire 
in  Thomas  Morton’s  comedy  “ A Cure  for  the 
Heart  Ache  ” (1797).  The  phrase  “Approbation  from 
Sir  Hubert  Stanley  is  praise  indeed”  occurs  in  Act  v., 
scene  2. 

Stanley,  Thomas.  Born  in  Hertfordshire, 
1625:  died  at  London,  April  12, 1678.  An  Eng- 
lish translator,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
authorof  a “History  of  Philosophy”  (1655-62). 

Stanley  Falls.  [Named  from  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley.] A series  of  falls  in  the  upper  Kongo, 
situated  near  the  equator. 

Stanley  Pool.  [From  H.  M.  Stanley.]  A lake 
formed  by  the  Kongo,  about  lat.  4°  5'  S. 
Stanmore,  Lord.  See  Gordon,  Arthur  Hamilton. 
Stanovoi (sta-no-voi') Mountains.  Amountain- 
chain  in  eastern  Siberia,  which  extends  from  the 
borders  of  Mongolia  and  Manchuria  to  Bering 
Strait.  It  connects  in  the  southwest  with  the 
Yablonoi  Mountains.  Height,  5,000-7,000  feet. 
Stanton  (stan'ton),  Edwin  McMasters.  Bom 
at  Steubenville,  Ohio,  Dec.  19,  1814:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  24,  1869.  A noted 
American  statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar ; practised  in  Ohio,  at  Pittsburg,  and  at  Wash- 
ington before  the  United  States  Supreme  Court ; was  at- 
torney-general Dec.,  1860, -March,  1861;  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war  by  President  Lincoln  in  Jan.,  1862  ; was 
suspended  by  President  Johnson  in  Aug.,  1867 ; and  was 
restored  by  the  Senate  in  Jan.,  1868.  Johnson  s attempt 
to  remove  him  in  Feb.,  1868,  caused  the  impeachment  of 
the  President : on  the  latter’s  acquittal  in  May,  1868,  Stan- 
ton resigned.  He  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  Dec.  20,  1869. 

Stanton,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Cady).  Bom  at 
Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  12,  1815:  died  at  New 
York,  Oct.  26,  1902.  An  American  reformer,  a 
prominentadvocate ofwomansuflrage.  Theflrst 
woman  s rights  convention  was  held  at  her  house  in  1848. 
Stanwix  (stan'wiks),  John.  Born  in  England 
about  1690 : lost  at  sea,  Oct.,  1766.  An  English 
general  in  the  French  and  Indian  war.  He 
erected  Fort  Stanwix  on  the  Mohawk  in  1758. 
stanyhurst  (stan'i-herst),  Richard.  Bom  at 
Dublin  in  1547 : died  at  Brussels,  1618.  An 
Irish  miscellaneous  author  and  translator,  an 
uncle  of  Archbishop  Usher.  He  was  educated  at 
University  College,  Oxford,  and  studied  law  at  Fumival’a 
Inn.  Later  he  became  the  chaplain  of  Albert,  archduke 
of  Austria,  the  governor  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands.  He 
translated  the  first  four  books  of  Vergil's  “ Aneid,"  printed 
with  translations  of  four  of  the  PBalms,  etc.,  in  Leyden  in 
1582,  and  the  next  year  in  London.  “ This  wonderful 
book  (in  which  the  spelling  is  only  less  marvellous  than 
the  phraseology  and  verse)  shows  more  than  anything  else 
the  active  throes  which  English  literature  was  undergoing; 
and  though  the  result  was  but  a false  birth,  it  is  none  the 
less  interesting  ” ( Saintibury ).  He  also  wrote  the  descrip- 
tion of  Ireland  in  Holinshed’s  “Chronicles,”  a life  of  St. 
Patrick  (1587),  etc. 

Stanz  (slants),  or  Stans  (stans).  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Unterwalden  nid-dem-Wald, 
Switzerland,  7 miles  south-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. It  was  the  scene  of  a battle  between  the 
French  and  the  men  of  Unterwalden  Sept.  9, 
1798.  Population,  2,798. 

stanzerthal  (stant'ser-tal).  An  Alpine  valley 
in  western  Tyrol,  50  miles  west  of  Innsbruck. 
Staple  of  News  (sta'pl  ov  nuz),  The.  A com- 
edy by  Ben  Jonson,  acted  in  1625. 

Staples  (sta'plz),  William  Read.  Bora  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  10,  1798 : died  at  Provi- 
dence, Oct.  19,  1868.  An  American  historian 
and  jurist,  author  of  several  historical  and  legal 
works  relating  to  Rhode  Island. 

Stapleton  (sta'pl-ton),  or  Stapylton,  Sir  Rob- 
ert. Died  in  1669.  An  English  soldier,  trans- 
lator, dramatist,  and  poet.  He  was  a student  at  Donai, 
but  was  converted  to  Protestantism,  and  became  gentle- 
man usher  to  King  Charles  II.  He  translated  Juvenal  and 
Musicus,  and  wrote  two  plays,  “The  Slighted  Maid  ” (acted 
in  1663)  and  Hero  and  Leander,”  based  on  Musseus(printed 
in  1669).  Langbaine  states  that  he  translated  De  Marrnet  a 
“Entertainments  of  the  Coura,  or  Academical  Conversa- 


Stapleton 

tions”  (1658)  and  De  Bergerac's  “Government  of  the 
World  in  the  Moon”  (1659),  but  these  should  be  credited 
to  Thomas  Saint  Serfe  (or  Sydserf). 

Star  and  Garter.  A famous  tavern  formerly 
standing  in  Pall  Mall,  London. 

Starbuck  (star'buk)  Island.  A small  island  in 
the  Pacific,  in  lat.  5°  38'  S.,  long.  155°  55'  W. 
It  has  deposits  of  guano. 

Star  Chamber  (star  cham'ber).  [So  called,  it 
is  said,  because  the  roof  was  orig.  ornamented 
with  stars:  perhaps  from  Heb.  shtar,  a contract, 
the  name  of  the  financial  documents  executed 
between  the  exchequerof  the  Jews(who  farmed 
the  British  revenues)  and  the  early  kings  of 
England.]  In  English  history,  a court  of  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiction  at  Westminster,  it  was 
constituted  in  view  of  offenses  and  controversies  most  fre- 
quent at  the  royal  court,  or  affecting  the  interests  of  the 
crown,  suchas  maintenance, fraud,  libel,  conspiracy,  or  riots 
resulting  from  faction  or  oppression,  but  freely  took  juris- 
diction of  other  crimes  and  misdemeanors,  and  adminis- 
tered justice  by  arbitrary  authority  instead  of  according 
to  the  common  law.  Such  a jurisdiction  was  exercised  at 
least  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  the  tribunal  then 
consisting  of  the  privy  council.  A statute  of  3 Henry 
VII.  authorized  a committee  of  the  council  to  exercise 
such  a jurisdiction,  and  this  tribunal  grew  in  power  (al- 
though successive  statutes  from  the  time  of  Edward  IV. 
were  enacted  to  restrain  it)  until  it  fell  into  disuse  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  In  31  Henry  VIII., 
a statute  declared  that  the  king’s  proclamation  should 
have  theforce  of  law,  and  that  offenders  might  be  punished 
by  the  ordinary  members  of  the  council  sitting  with  cer- 
tain bishops  and  judges  “in  theSterr  Chamber  at  Westm. 
or  elsewhere.”  In  1640  the  court  of  Star  Chamber  was 
abolished  by  an  act  of  16  Charles  I.,  reciting  that  “the 
reasons  and  motives  inducing  the  erection  and  continu- 
ance of  that  court  [of  Star  Chamber]  do  now  cease.” 

Starhemberg  (sta'rem- berG),  Count  Ernst 
Rudiger.  Born  at  Gratz,  Styria,  1035:  died  in 
1701.  An  Austrian  field-marshal,  celebrated  as 
commander  of  Vienna  during  the  attack  by  the 
Turks  in  1683. 

Starhemberg,  Count  Guido.  Born  Nov.  11, 
1654:  died  at  Vienna,  March  7,  1737.  A noted 
Austrian  field-marshal,  cousin  of  Count  E.  It. 
Starhemberg:  distinguishedintheTurkishwars. 
As  Austrian  commander  in  Spain,  he  gained  with  Stan- 
hope the  victories  of  Almenara  and  Saragossa  in  1710. 
Stark  (stark),  John.  Born  at  Londonderry, 
N.  H.,  Aug.  28, 1728 : died  at  Manchester,  N.  H., 
May  8,  1822.  A noted  American  general.  He 
was  taken  captive  by  the  Indians  in  1752 ; was  an  officer 
in  Rogers's  Rangers  in  the  French  and  Indian  war,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  campaigns  near  Lakes  Cham- 
plain and  George.  He  was  colonel  of  a regiment  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Bunker  Hill  in  1775 ; served  in  the  expedition  against 
Canada,  and  in  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton  ; won 
the  victory  of  Bennington  Aug.  16,  1777;  and  later  was 
commander  of  the  Northern  Department.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  court  martial  which  condemned  Andre. 

Starnberg  (starn'berG).  A village  and  summer 
resort  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  Starnber- 
gersee. 

Starnbergersee  (starn'berg-er-za),  or  Staren- 
bergersee,  or  Stahrenbergersee  (sta'ren- 
berg//er-za),  or  Wiirmsee  (vtirm'za).  A lake  in 
Upper  Bavaria,  14  miles  southwest  of  Munich. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Wiirm  to  the  Isar.  Length, 
13  miles. 

Star-Spangled  Banner,  The.  An  American 
national  song,  composed  by  Francis  Scott  Key, 
Sept.,  1814,  at  the  time  of  the  bombardment 
of  Fort  McHenry  (near  Baltimore)  by  the  Brit- 
ish. It  was  set  to  the  music  of  “Anacreon  in 
Heaven.” 

Start  (start)  Point.  Aheadland  in  Devonshire, 
England,  25  miles  southeast  of  Plymouth,  pro- 
jecting into  the  English  Channel. 

Starucca  (sta-ruk'a)  Viaduct.  Astone  viaduct 
of  the  Erie  Railway  over  Starucca  Creek,  near 
Lanesborough,  Susquehanna  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Height,  110  feet.  Length,  1,200  feet. 
Starvation  Dundas.  A nickname  given  to  Lord 
Melville  (Henry  Dundas)  because  in  1775,  in  a 
speech  on  American  affairs,  he  invented  (or 
brought  into  notice)  the  word  “starvation.” 
Starveling  (starv'ling).  In  Shakspere’s  “Mid- 
summer Night’s  Dream,”  a tailor  who  plays  the 
part  of  Thisbe’s  mother  in  the  interpolated  play. 
Stassfurt  (stiis'fort).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Bode  20 
miles  south  of  Magdeburg : one  of  the  centers 
of  salt-production  in  Germany.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  chemicals.  Pop.,  commune,  18,310. 
Staten  (stat'n)  Island.  An  island  forming  Rich- 
mond County,  New  York,  and  the  borough  of 
Richmond  in  the  enlarged  city  of  New  York. 
It  is  separated  from  Long  Island  by  the  Narrows,  and 
from  New  Jersey  (north  and  west)  by  the  Kill  van  Hull, 
Newark  Bay,  and  Staten  Island  Sound.  Its  surface  is  un- 
dulating, and  hilly  in  the  north.  Length,  13  miles.  Area, 
58  square  miles.  Population,  85,969,  (1910). 

Staten  (stat'n  or  sta'ten)  Island.  An  island 
at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  archipel- 


955 

ago  of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  separated  from  the 
main  island  by  the  Strait  of  Le  Maire.  Length, 
about  50  miles. 

Staten  Island  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic 
which  separates  Staten  Island  from  New  Jer- 
sey, and  connects  Newark  Bay  on  the  north 
with  Raritan  Bay  on  the  south. 

States,  The.  1.  The  Netherlands. — 2.  The 
United  States  of  America. 

States,  The.  The  legislative  body  in  the  island  of 
Jersey.  It  consists  of  the  bailiff,  jurats  of  the  royal  court, 
constables,  rectors  of  the  parishes,  and  fourteen  depu- 
ties. Thelieutenant-governorhastheveto  power.  Guern- 
sey has  a similar  body,  the  Deliberative  States,  and  a more 
popular  assembly,  the  Elective  States. 

States-General  (stats 'jen'e-ral).  [F.  Ittats- 
G&neraux .]  The  name  given  to  the  legislative 
assemblies  of  France  before  the  revolution  of 
1789,  and  to  those  of  the  Netherlands. 

States  of  the  Church.  See  Papal  States. 

State  street.  A street  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, noted  as  a financial  center. 

Statira  (sta-ti'ra).  [Gr.  Irdretpa.']  1.  The  wife 
of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  king  of  Persia:  put 
to  death  by  Parysatis.  — 2.  The  wife  of  Darius 
Codomannus,  king  of  Persia:  taken  prisoner 
by  Alexander  the  Great  after  the  battle  of 
Issus.  — 3.  The  daughter  of  Darius  Codoman- 
nus, and  wife  of  Alexander  the  Great.  She  was 
put  to  death  by  Roxana.  Also  called  Barsine. 

Statius,  Caecilius.  See  Ceecilius  Statius. 

Statius  (sta'shi-us),  Publius  Papinius.  Born 
about  45  A.  D.:  died  about  96.  A Roman  poet: 
court  poet  to  Domitian.  He  wrote  the  epics  “ The- 
bais  ” and  “ Achilleis  ” (unfinished),  and  the  collection 
“Silvse.” 

Stator  (sta'tor).  [L.,  1 the  stayer.’]  A surname 
of  Jupiter  as  the  stayer  of  flight. 

Staubbach  (stoub'bach).  A waterfall  in  the 
Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  situated  near 
Lauterbrunnen,  9 miles  south  of  Interlaken. 
Height,  980  feet. 

Stauffacher  (stquf'fach//er),  Werner.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  a patriot  of  Schwyz  who,  with 
Arnoldvon  Melchthal  and  Walter  Fiirst,  planned 
the  liberation  of  Switzerland  on  the  Riitli,  1307. 

Staunton  (stan'ton).  A river  in  southern  Vir- 
ginia which  breaks  through  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  unites  with  the  Dan  at  Clarksville,  Meck- 
lenburg County,  to  form  the  Roanoke.  Length, 
about  200  miles. 

Staunton  (stan'ton),  Sir  George.  The  seducer 
of  Effie  Deans  in  Scott’s  “Heart  of  Midlothian.” 
Also  known  as  Gentle  Geordie. 

Staunton,  Sir  George  Leonard.  Born  in  Ire- 
land, 1737 : died  1801.  A British  diplomatist  in 
India  and  China.  He  published  “An  Authentic  Ac- 
count of  an  Embassy  from  the  King  of  Great  Britain  to 
the  Emperor  of  China"  (1797). 

Staunton,  Howard.  Born  about  1810 : died  at 
London,  June  22,  1874.  An  Euglish  chess- 
player, writer  on  chess,  and  Shaksperian  com- 
mentator. He  defeated  the  French  chess-player  Saint- 
Amant  in  1843,  and  was  regarded  as  the  strongest  player 
of  that  time.  He  was  for  many  years  the  chess  editor  of 
the  “Illustrated  London  News,”  and  by  his  column  there 
and  his  books  did  much  to  expound  and  popularize  the 
game.  He  published  an  edition  of  Shakspere  (1857-60), 
“Memorials  of  Shakspere  ” (1864),  a facsimile  of  the  folio 
of  1623  (1864),  “ The  Great  Schools  of  England  ” (1865), 
“Chess-Player's  Handbook  ” (1847),  “Chess-Player's  Com- 
panion" (1849),  “Chess  Praxis"  (1860). 

Stavanger  (sta-viing'ger).  A maritime  amt 
of  southwestern  Norway.  Area,  3,531  square 
miles.  Population,  127,592. 

Stavanger.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  amt  of 
Stavanger,  Norway,  situated  on  Stavanger 
Fjord  in  lat.  (lighthouse)  58°  58'  N.,  long.  5° 
44'  E.  It  has  important  trade,  and  exports  fish,  espe- 
cially herringB.  The  cathedral  of  Stavanger  was  founded 
in  the  11th  century  and  rebuilt  in  the  13th.  The  massive 
nave-piers,  of  Byzantine  character,  belong  to  the  original 
building.  The  choir  is  Pointed ; it  is  flanked  by  four 
towers  and  has  a fine  east  window.  There  are  two  note- 
worthy doorways  on  each  side.  The  west  tower  is  ruinous. 
The  church  measures  250  by  70  feet.  Stavanger  is  one  of 
the  oldest  towns  in  Norway.  Population,  30,613. 

Stavanger  Fjord  (fyord).  A bay  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  Norway,  near  Stavanger. 

Stavenhagen  (sta'ven-ba-gen),  Bernhard. 
Born  at  Greiz,  Nov.  24, 1862.  A German  com- 
poser and  pianist.  He  studied  at  Berlin ; in  1880  re- 
ceived the  Mendelssohn  prize ; and  in  1885  became  a pupil 
of  Liszt.  He  appeared  at  New  York  in  1894.  He  has 
written  Norse  songs  and  piano  pieces,  etc. 

Stavoren  (stii'vo-ren).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  Zuyder  Zee,  22  miles  south-south- 
west of  Franeker.  It  was  the  ancient  Friesian 
capital,  and  a prosperous  seaport  in  the  middle 
ages. 

Stavropol  (stiiv'ro-poly).  1.  A government  of 
Caucasia,  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Caspian 


Steelyard 

Sea  south  of  Astrakhan  and  the  province  of 
the  Don  Cossacks.  Area,  20,654  square  miles. 
Population,  1,088,800. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Stavropol,  about  lat.  45°  N. 
It  was  built  as  a military  post  about  1776. 
Population,  41,590. 

Stead  (sted ),  william  Thomas.  Born  at  Em- 

bleton,  Northumberland,  July  5, 1849:  drowned 
in  the  wreck  of  the  Titanic,  April  15,  1912. 
An  English  journalist,  son  of  a Congregational 
minister.  He  left  school  at.  the  age  of  fourteen  in  order 
to  become  oftice-boy  in  a mercantile  office.  He  was  ap- 
pointed editor  of  the  “ Northern  Echo  ” (Darlington)  in 
1871,  and  in  1880  assistant  editor  of  the  “ Pall  Mall  Ga- 
zette," of  which  he  was  editor  1883-89.  In  1890  he  founded 
the  “Review  of  Reviews,”  of  which  he  was  the  editor  and 
publisher. 

Stedinger  (sted'ing-er).  [From  OS.stath, beach, 
shore.]  In  the  middle  ages,  the  dwellers  along 
the  lower  Weser.  They  resisted  the  authority  of  the 
archbishop  of  Bremen  and  were  overthrown  at  Altenesch, 
★May,  1234. 

Stedman  (sted'man),  Edmund  Clarence.  Bom 

at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct.  8,  1833:  died  at  New 
York,  Jan.  18,  1908.  A noted  American  poet 
and  critic.  He  entered  Yale  in  1849,  leaving  in  his 
junior  year;  was  war  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
“World"  1861-63;  and  later  became  a stock-broker  in 
New  York  city.  He  published  “ Poems  Lyric  and  Idyllic  " 
(1860),  “ Alice  of  Monmouth,  and  other  Poems  ” (1864), 
“ The  Blameless  Prince,  and  other  Poems  ” (1869),  “ Haw- 
thorne, and  other  Poems  " (1877),  “ Lyrics  and  Idylls,  etc.” 
(1879),  and  various  poems  for  public  occasions,  as  “ Gettys- 
burg,” “ Dartmouth  Ode,”  etc.  His  collected  poems  were 
published  in  1884.  His  chief  critical  works  are  “ Victorian 
Poets  ” (1875  : revised  ed.,  with  supplement,  1887),  “ Edgar 
Allan  Poe"  (1880),  and  “Poets  of  America”  (1885).  With 
Ellen  Mackay  Hutchinson  he  edited  “A  Library  of  Ameri- 
can Literature,  etc.”  (11  vols.  1888-90). 

Stedman,  John  Gabriel.  Born  in  Holland, 
1744:  died  in  1797.  An  officer  in  the  Dutch 
service.  He  was  brevet  captain  in  an  expedition  against 
the  “ bush  negroes  ’ of  Dutch  Guiana,  1772-77.  He  pub- 
lished “Narrative  of  an  Expedition  against  the  Revolted 
Negroes  of  Surinam  "(2  vols.  1796).  It  is  one  of  the  stan- 
dard works  on  Guiana. 

Steedman  (sted'man),  James  Barrett.  Bom 

in  Northumberland  County,  Pa.,  July  30,  1818: 
died  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  Oct.  18,  1883.  A Union 
general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  served  in  West  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky ; and  was  distinguished  at  Chieka- 
mauga  in  1863,  and  in  the  Atlantic  and  Nashville  cam- 
paigns in  1864. 

Steele,  Sir  Richard.  Born  at  Dublin,  March, 
1672 : died  near  Carmarthen,  Sept.  1,  1729.  A 
British  essayist,  dramatist,  and  Whig  politician: 
companion  of  Addison  at  the  Charterhouse 
School,  and  later  at  Oxford.  He  did  not  gradu- 
ate, but  entered  the  army  (1694),  serving  as  a trooper 
under  the  Duke  of  Ormonde,  and  becoming  a captain. 
He  was  gazetteer  1707-10,  and  later  member  of  Parlia- 
ment, but  was  expelled  for  seditious  language  in  “The 
Crisis."  He  was  knighted  and  held  various  offices  under 
George  I.  He  was  a member  of  the  Kit-Kat  Club,  and  in 
1707  is  said  to  have  tirst  met  Swift : by  1710  their  relations 
became  strained,  and  in  1719  he  quarreled  with  Addison. 
He  was  extremely  careless  in  money  matters  and  incon- 
sistent in  morals,  but  warm-hearted  and  impulsive.  He 
founded  and  edited  the  “ Tatler”  1709-11,  under  the  name 
of  Isaac  Bickerstaffe,  and  next  to  Addison  was  chief  con- 
tributor to  the  “Spectator”  1711-12.  He  founded  and  was 
chief  contributor  to  the  “Guardian”  in  1713.  To  attack 
the  Tory  ministry  he  started  “The  Englishman  ” in  Oct., 
1713:  his  later  ventures,  “Town  Talk,”  “The  Tea  Table,” 
and  “ Chit  Chat,"  were  unsuccessful.  In  his  most  famous 
political  periodical,  “The  Plebeian”  (1718),  he  opposed 
Addison  on  Sunderland's  Peerage  BilL  His  last  venture 
was  “The Theatre  ” (Jan.- April,  1720) : about  this  time  he 
was  patentee  of  Drury  Lane.  In  1714  he  wrote  “ An  Apol- 
ogy " for  himself  and  his  writings.  He  was  an  ardent  Whig, 
and  in  1710  lost  his  gazetteership  on  the  accession  of  the 
Tories  to  power.  He  wrote  the  treatise  “ The  Christian 
Hero  ’’  (1701 : a manual  of  religious  ethics  at  variance 
with  his  loose  career),  and  the  comedies  (which  were  writ- 
ten with  the  avowed  purpose  of  reforming  the  morals  of 
the  age)  “The  Funeral " (1701),  “The Lying  Lover”  (1704), 
“The  Tender  Husband  ” (1706),  “The  Conscious  Lovers  ” 
(1722),  besides  pamphlets,  etc. 

Steele  Glas,  The.  A satire  in  blank  verse  by 
George  Gascoigne, written  in  1576  and  published 
with  “ The  Complaint  of  Philomene.”  It  is  the 
first  English  satire  in  blank  verse,  and  holds  up  a mirror 
“ true  as  steel  ” to  the  vices  of  his  countrymen,  the  allu- 
sion being  to  the  early  mirrors  made  of  polished  metal. 
Steelton  (stel'ton).  A borough  in  Dauphin 
County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susquehanna 
near  Harrisburg.  It  has  manufactures  of  steel. 
Population,  14,246,  (1910). 

Steelyard  (stel'yard,  colloq.  stil'yiird).  [Ex- 
plained as  orig.  ’the  yard  in  London  where 
steel  was  sold  by  German  merchants,’  as  if  from 
steel  and  yard  ; but  in  fact  an  imperfect  trans- 
lation of  the  MD.  staelhof,  later  staalhof,  = 
MLG.  stalhof,  an  office  or  hall  where  cloth  was 
marked  with  a leaden  seal  as  being  properly 
dyed ; from  MD.  stael , a sample,  test  of  dyeing.] 
A place  in  London,  comprising  great  ware- 
houses called  before  the  reign  of  Edward  IV. 
Gildhalla  Teutonicorwm,  ‘Gildhall  of  the  Ger- 
mans,’ where,  until  expelled  in  1597,  the  mer- 


Steelyard 

chants  of  the  Hanseatic  League  had  their  Eng- 
lish headquarters ; also,  the  company  of  mer- 
chants themselves.  The  merchants  of  the  Steelyard 
were  bound  by  almost  monastic  gild  rules  under  a sepa- 
rate jurisdiction  from  the  rest,  of  London,  were  exempt 
from  many  exactions  and  restrictions,  and  for  centuries 
controlled  most  of  the  foreign  trade  of  England. 

Steen  (stan),  Jan.  Born  at  Leyden  about  1626: 
died  at  Leyden,  1679.  A Dutch  genre-painter. 
Among  his  works  are  “Feast  of  St.  Nicholas,” 
“Human  Life,”  “Marriage  Feast,”  etc. 
Steenbergen  (stan'berG//en).  A town  in  the 
province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  25 
miles  south-southwest  of  Rotterdam.  Popula- 
tion, commune.  7,537. 

Steenie  (ste'ni).  A name  given  by  James  I., 
king  of  England,  to  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
on  account  of  a fancied  resemblance  to  St. 
Stephen. 

Steenkerke  (stan ' kerk^e),  or  Steenkerken 

(stan'kerk//en).  A village  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  20  miles  southwest  of  Brus- 
sels. Here,  Aug.  3,  1892,  the  French  under  the  Duke  of 
Luxembourg  defeated  the  Allies  under  William  III.  of  Eng- 
land. Also  called  the  battle  of  Steinkirk. 

Steenwijk  (stan'vik).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  52°  47'  N., 
long.  6°  7'  E.  It  was  defended  against  the 
Spaniards  in  1581,  and  was  taken  by  them  in 
1582.  Population,  commune,  5,591. 
Steerforth (ster'forth),  James.  Tliemostprom- 
inent  youth  at  Salem  House,  in  Dickens’s 
“ David  Copperfield” : a friend  and  protector  of 
David  Copperfield,  and  afterward  the  lover  and 
betrayer  of  Little  Em’ly. 

Steevens  (ste'venz),  George.  Born  at  Stepney, 
London,  May  10, 1736:  died  at  Hampstead,  near 
London,  Jan.  22, 1800.  An  English  Shaksperian 
scholar.  He  was  educated  as  a foundationer  at  Eton, 
and  was  a scholar  at  King's  College,  Cambridge.  He  pub- 
lished “ Twenty  of  the  Plays  of  Shakspere  ” (1766),  and 
with  Dr.  Johnson  edited  Shakspere  in  1773.  His  own 
edition  (with  Reed)  of  Shakspere,  in  which  he  adopted 
“ the  expulsion  of  useless  and  supernumerary  syllables, 
etc  ,"  supplying  what  he  thought  necessary,  appeared  in 
1793  and  1803,  and  was  an  authority  till  Malone’s  “Va- 
riorum Shakspere,”  edited,  after  Malone's  death,  by  Bos- 
well in  1821,  took  its  place.  His  life  was  one  of  constant 
quarrels  from  his  habit  of  making  anonymous  attacks  upon 
his  friends  in  the  newspapers,  and  his  bad  temp  r. 

Stefanie  (ste-fa-ne'),  Lake.  A lake  in  British 
East  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake  Rudolf. 
Steffani  (stef'fa-ne),  Agostino.  Born  at  Castel- 
franco,  Italy,  in  1655  (1653  ?) : died  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main  in  1730  (1728?).  An  Italian 
composer,  diplomatist,  and  ecclesiastic.  He  was 
court  musician  at  Munich,  and  after  1688  kapellmeister  at 
Hannover  and  diplomatist  in  the  Hannoverian  service,  and 
later  in  the  service  of  the  Palatinate. 

Steier.  See  Steyr. 

Steiermark  (sti'er-mark).  The  German  name 
of  Styria. 

Steigerwald  (sti'ger-valt).  A mountain-range 
in  Franconia,  Bavaria,  south  of  the  Main,  east 
of  Wurzburg,  and  west  of  Bamberg.  Its  lofti- 
est summit  is  about  1,600  feet  high. 

Stein  (stln),  Baroness  von  (Charlotte  Alber- 
tine  Ernestine  von  Schardt).  Bom  at  Wei- 
mar, Germany,  Dec.  25,  1742:  died  there,  Jan. 
6,  1827.  A German  lady,  noted  for  her  friend- 
ship with  Goethe.  The  latter’s  letters  to  her 
were  edited  by  Scholl  and  by  Fielitz. 

Stein,  Baron  vom  und  zum  fHeinrich  Fried- 
rich Karl).  Born  at  Nassau,  Germany,  Oct.  26, 
1757:  died  at  Kappenberg,  Westphalia,  June  29, 
1831.  Anoted  Prussian  statesman.  He  was  educated 
at  Gottingen ; entered  the  Prussian  service  in  the  depart- 
ment of  mines  in  1780;  became  head  of  (he  department  of 
commerce,  customs,  etc.,  in  the  Prussian  ministry  in  1804 ; 
was  dismissed  in  Jan.,  1807;  waschief  minister  1807-Nov., 
1898 ; carried  out  a vast  system  of  reforms ; was  proscribed 
by  Napoleon  Dec.,  1808,  and  exiled ; was  the  intimate 
counselor  of  Czar  Alexander  I.  in  1812-13;  and  brought 
about  the  anti-Napoleonic  alliance  between  Prussia  and 
Russia.  He  founded  the  society  for  editing  the  “ Monu- 
ments Germanise.” 

Stein,  Lorenz  von.  Born  Nov.  18,  1815 : died 
Sept.  23, 1890.  A noted  German  economist  and 
writer  on  politics,  professor  at  Vienna  1855-85. 
He  published  several  works  on  French  social  and  politi- 
cal history,  “System  der  Staatswissenschaften  "(1852-56), 
“ Lehrbueh  der  Volkswirthschaft  " (1858),  “Lehrbuch  der 
Finanzwissenschaft  ”(“  Manual  of  the  Science  of  Finance," 
1860),  “Handbuch  der Verwaltungslehre ” (“Handbook of 
the  Theory  of  Administration,"  1865-68),  etc. 

Steinamanger  (stln-am-ang'er),  Hung.  Szom- 
bathely  (som'bot-hely).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Vas  (Eisenburg),  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Guns  70  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  built  on  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Sabaria  or  Savaria.  Population,  com- 
mune, 24,761. 

Steinau  (sti'nou).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Oder  34  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau.  Here,  in  1474,  King  Matthias  of 


956 

Hungary  defeated  the  Poles,  and  on  Oct.  11, 1633,  Wallen- 
stein defeated  the  Swedes.  Population,  4,269. 

Steinen  (sti'nen),  Karl  von  den.  Born  at 
Miilheim-an-der-Ruhr,  March  7,  1855.  A Ger- 
man traveler  and  ethnologist.  He  made  a voyage 
round  the  world  1879-81 ; was  naturalist  of  the  German 
expedition  toSouth  Georgia,  1882 ; andinl884-85  made  avoy- 
age  through  the  central  parts  of  South  America,  ascending 
the  Paraml  and  Paraguay  and  making  the  first  (modern) 
descent  of  the  river  Xingu.  In  its  geographical  and  eth- 
nographical results  this  was  one  of  the  most  important 
South  American  explorations  of  the  century.  Von  den 
Steinen  made  a second  tr.p  to  the  upper  Xingu  1887-88. 
He  has  published  “ Durcli  Centralbrasilien  ” (1886),“Unter 
den  Naturvolkern  Zentral-Brasiliens  ” (1894),  and  other 
works  on  South  America,  with  special  reference  to  eth- 
nology. 

Steiner  (sti'ner),  Jakob.  Born  at  Utzendorf, 
Switzerland,  March  18, 1796 : died  at  Bern,  April 
1, 1863.  A Swiss-German  geometer,  noted  for 
his  researches  in  synthetic  geometry.  His  chief 
work  is  “ Systematische  Entwickelung  der  Abhangigkeit 
geometrischer  Gestalten  von  einander  ’’  (1832). 

Steiner  Alpen  (sti'ner  al'pen).  A division  of 
the  Karawanken,  situated  near  the  frontiers  of 
Carniola,  Carinthia,  and  Styria.  Height,  6,000- 
8,000  feet. 

Steinernes  Meer  (sti'ner-nes  mar).  [G.,  ‘sea 
of  rocks.’]  A wild  mountainous  region  in  the 
Salzburger  Alps,  south  of  the  Konigssee. 
Steinfurt  (stin'fort).  A former  countship  in 
Westphalia. 

Steinfurt,  or  Burg-Steinfurt  (borg-stin'fort). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
17  miles  northwest  of  Munster.  Population, 
commune,  5,441. 

Steinheil  (stin'kil),  Karl  August.  Born  at  Rap- 
poltsweiler,  Alsace,  Oct.  12,  1801:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Sept.  12,  1870.  A German  physicist  and 
astronomer,  especially  noted  in  the  develop- 
ment of  telegraphy. 

steinitz  (stin'its), 'William.  Born  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  May  17,  1836 : died  at  New  York, 
Aug.  12,  1900.  A noted  German  chess-player 
and  chess  analyst.  He  resided  in  London  from  1862 
to  1883,  when  he  iame  to  New  York.  He  was  never  beaten 
in  a match  until  he  succumbed  to  Lasker  in  1894  (see 
Lasker,  Emanuel),  losing  then  the  position  of  chess  cham- 
pion of  the  world,  which  he  had  been  regarded  as  holding 
from  the  time  he  defeated  Anderssenby  8 games  to  6 (1866). 
Steinkirk.  See  SteenkerJce. 

Steinmetz  (stin'mets),  Karl  Friedrich  von. 
Born  at  Eisenach,  Germany,  Dec.  27, 1796:  died 
at  Landeck,  Silesia,  Aug.  4, 1877.  A noted  Prus- 
sian general.  He  served  against  the  French  1813-15; 
fought  in  Schleswig-Holstein  1848-49 ; as  corps  com- 
mander defeated  the  Austrians  at  Nachod,  Skalitz,  and 
Schweinschadel,  June,  1866  ; was  appointed  commander 
of  the  first  army  July,  1870,  which  fought  at  Spicheren, 
Colombey-Nouilly,  and  Gravelotte;  was  removed  Sept., 
1870,  and  appointed  governor-general  of  Posen  and  Silesia ; 
and  was  made  field-marshal  general  in  1871. 
Steinsehonau  (stIn'she"nou).  Atown  in  north- 
ern Bohemia,  50  miles  north  of  Prague : the 
center  of  a glass-manufacturing  region.  Popu- 
lation, 5,306,  (1910). 

Steinthal  (stin'tal).  [G.,  ‘stone-valley.’]  A 
mountainous  region  in  Lower  Alsace,  about  25 
* miles  west-southwest  of  Strasburg. 

Steinthal,  HeymaniL  Born  at  Grobzig,  An- 
halt, May  16,  1823:  died  March  14,  1899.  A 
noted  German  philologist,  professor  at  Berlin 
from  1863.  His  works  include  “Der  Ursprung  der 
Sprache  ” (“The  Origin  of  Language,”  1851),  “ Klassiflka- 
tion  der  Sprachen  ’’  (1850 : later  edition  as  “Charakteristik 
der  hauptsachliehsten  Typen  des  Sprachbaues,”  I860), 
“ Die  Entwickelung  der  Sehrift"  (1852),  etc. 

Steinway  (stln'wa),  C.  F.  Theodore.  Bom  at 

Seesen,  Germany,  Nov.  6,  1825:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, March  26,  1889.  A German  inventor  and 
piano-manufacturer.  The  art  of  piano-making  in 
America,  Germany,  and  Russia  has  been  developed  upon 
his  practice  and  theory,  especially  in  the  construction  of 
the  metal  frame. 

Steinwehr  (stin'var),  Baron  Adolph  Wilhelm 
Friedrich.  Born  atBlankenburg,  Brunswick, 
Sept.  25,  1822:  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Fob.  25, 
1877.  A German- American  general.  He  com- 
manded  a division  of  the  Union  army  at  Chancellorsville 
and  at  Gettysburg.  He  published  a series  of  geographies, 
and  a map  and  gazetteer  of  the  United  States. 

Stella  (stel'a).  [L.,  ‘star.’]  A name  given  to 
Penelope  Devereux  (afterward  Lady  Rich  and 
later  Countess  of  Devonshire),  beloved  by  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  and  celebrated  in  his  sonnets.  It 
has  been  sought  to  identify  her  with  the  “dark 
lady  ” of  Shakspere’s  sonnets. 

Stella.  The  name  given  by  Swift  to  Esther 
Johnson  (died  1728),  to  whom  in  1716  he  was 
secretly  married. 

Stella.  A play  by  Goethe,  published  in  1776. 
In  1806  he  altered  its  close,  making  Stella  take  poison.  I n 
the  first  version  she  surrenders  her  rights  to  her  husband’s 
second  wife.  In  this  form  the  play  suggested  to  Canning 
his  parody  “The  Rovers,  or  the  Double  Arrangement." 


Stephen 

Stella  del  Nord,  La.  See  Utoile  du  Nord. 
Stellaland  (stel'a-land).  An  ephemeral  Boer 
republic,  west  of  the  Transvaal,  founded  in  1882. 
It  was  in  1884-85  absorbed  by  the  Transvaal  and  by  Great 
Britain  (in  Bechuanaland). 

Stelvio  Pass  (stel've-o  pas).  [G.  Stilfser  Joch.'] 
An  Alpine  pass  which  leads  from  the  Vintsch- 
gau  in  the  valley  of  the  Adige,  Tyrol,  to  Bor- 
mio  in  the  valley  of  the  Adda,  Italy : the  highest 
pass  in  Europe.  A road  was  constructed  through  it 
1820-25.  It  was  contested  in  the  wars  of  1848,  1859,  and 
1866.  Highest  point,  9,055  feet. 

SteHhock  (sten'bok),  Count  Magnus  VOH.  Born 
at  Stockholm,  1664 : died  1717.  A Swedish  gen- 
eral. He  was  distinguished  at  Narva  in  1700 ; defeated 
the  Danes  at  Helsingborg  Feb.  28, 1710 ; and  invaded  Hol- 
stein, but  was  forced  to  surrender  at  Tonning  May  16, 
1713. 

Stendal  (sten'dal).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  on  the  Uchte  32  miles  north 
by  east  of  Magdeburg,  it  is  a railway  junction,  and 
has  important  railway  works.  It  contains  a cathedral. 
Stendal  was  founded  by  Albert  the  Bear  ; was  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Altmark  ; and  was  the  seat  of  the  Stendal 
line  of  the  Ascanian  house.  Population,  commune,  23,281. 

Stendhal  (ston-dal'),  De.  The  nom  de  plume 
of  Marie  Henri  Beyle. 

Steno  (sta'no),  Nicolaus.  Born  at  Copenha- 
gen, 1638:  died  about  1687.  A Danish  anato- 
mist, discoverer  of  “Steno’s  duct.” 
Stenterello  (sten-te-rel'lo).  A farcical  person- 
age who  assumes  various  parts  in  Florentine 
comedy.  See  the  extract. 

Stenterello  is  the  Florentine  mask  or  type  which  snr- 
vives  the  older  Italian  comedy  which  Goldoni  destroyed  ; 
and  during  carnival  he  appeared  in  a great  variety  of  char- 
acters at  three  dill  erent  theaters.  . . . With  this  face  [ab- 
surdly paintedl  and  thi3  wig  he  assumes  any  character 
the  farce  requires. 

IF.  D.  Howells,  The  Century,  XXX.  210. 

Stentor  (sten'tor).  [Gr.  Srenro/i.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a Greek  herald  before  Troy,  who,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  had  a voice  as  loud  as  those 
of  fifty  other  men  together.  The  adjective  sten- 
torian is  derived  from  his  name. 

Stenzel  (stent'sel),  Gustav  Adolf  Harald. 
Born  at  Zerbst,  Germany,  March  21,  1792:  died 
at  Breslau,  Jan.  2,  1854.  A German  historian, 
professor  at  Breslau  from  1820.  He  wrote  “Die 
Geschichte  Deutschlandsunterden  frankischen 
Kaisern”  (1827-28),  etc. 

Stephano.  1 (stef'a-nb).  A drunken  butler  in 
Shakspere’s  ‘ ‘ Tempest.”  He  is  the  master  of  the 
ship  in  Dryden  and  Davenant’s  versi  on . Mack- 
lin  played  the  part. — 2 (ste-fa'no).  A messen- 
ger in  Shakspere’s  “Merchant  of  Venice.” 
Stephanus  (printers).  See  Estienne. 
Stephanus  Byzantius  (stef'a-nus  bi-zan'shi- 
us).  [L.  Stephanus,  Stephen.]  Lived  probably 
in  the  first  half  of  the  6th  century.  A Byzantine 
geographer,  author  of  a work  “Ethnika.” 
Stephen  (ste'ven),  Saint.  [Gr.  orttyavoq,  a crown; 
L.  Stephanus,  It.  Stefano,  Sp.  Estevan,  Pg.  Es- 
ter ao,  F.  lttienne  (Estienne).']  In  New  Testa- 
ment history,  a deacon  of  the  church  at  Jeru- 
salem, stoned  to  death  by  the  people.  He  was 
the  first  martyr,  and  his  day  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman 
and  Anglican  churches  on  Dec.  26.  In  England  St.  Ste- 
phen's day  is  known  as  Boxing  Day,  as  Christmas-boxes, 
or  presents  of  money,  are  then  begged  or  given. 
Stephen  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  254-257  A.  d. 
Stephen  (II.).  Chosen  pope  in  752:  died  four 
days  after  his  election.  He  is  sometimes  omitted 
from  the  list  of  popes. 

Stephen  II.  Pope  752-757.  He  demanded  aid  from 
Pepin  the  Short  against  Aistulf,  king  of  the  Lombards, 
ana  received  from  the  former  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna 
and  the  Pentapolis  (foundation  of  the  Papal  States). 

Stephen  III.  Pope  768-772. 

Stephen  IV.  Pope  816-817. 

Stephen  V.  Pope  885-891. 

Stephen  VI.  Pope  896-897. 

Stephen  VII.  Pope  929-931. 

Stephen  VIII.  Pope  939-942. 

Stephen  IX.  Died  at  Florence,  1058.  Pope 
1057-58,  brother  of  the  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
whom  he  wished  to  make  emperor.  He  ex- 
erted himself  to  eradicate  the  abuses  in  the 
church. 

Stephen.  Bom  at  Blois,  1105 : died  Oct.  25, 1154. 

King  of  England.  He  was  the  son  of  Stephen,  earl  of 
Blois,  and  Adela,  daughter  of  William  the  Conqueror.  He 
obtained  the  couuty  of  Boulogne  by  marriage  with  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Count  Eustace.  Although  he  had  sworn 
to  secure  the  succession  of  the  empress  Matilda  and  her 
son,  he  went  to  England  on  the  death  of  Henry  I.  in  1135, 
and,  with  the  help  of  his  brother  Henry,  bishop  of  Win- 
Chester,  was  elected  and  crowned  (Dec.  26).  In  two  char 
ters  he  undertook  to  observe  the  laws  and  his  subjects’ 
liberties.  His  defective  title  was  the  cause  of  outbreaks 
in  1136  and  1137.  David,  king  of  Scotland,  Matilda's  uncle, 
invaded  Yorkshire,  but  his  advance  was  checked  by  the 
Battle  of  the  Standard  in  1138.  Matilda  landed  in  England 
in  1139,  and  the  country  was  plunged  in  civil  war.  This 


Stephen 

continued  till  1153,  when  the  treaty  of  Wallingford  gave 
Stephen  permission  to  reign  until  his  death  and  secured 
the  succession  to  Henry  (Henry  II.),  the  son  of  Matilda. 
Stephen  I.,  Saint.  Died  1038.  King  of  Hungary. 
He  succeeded  as  duke  in  997 ; and  was  crowned  first  king 
of  Hungary  in  1000.  He  promoted  the  spread  of  Chris- 
tianity, and  became  the  patron  saint  of  Hungary. 

Stephen  IT.  King  of  Hungary  1114-31. 
Stephen  III.  Died  March  4,  1173.  King  of 
Hungary  1161-73. 

Stephen  IV.  Died  1164.  King  of  Hungary, 
uncle  of  Stephen  III.  and  rival  claimant  to  the 
throne  in  1161. 

Stephen  V.  Died  Aug.  1,  1272.  King  of  Hun- 
gary 1270-72,  son  of  Bela  IV. 

Stephen,.  Henry  John.  Born  1787:  died  1864. 
An  English  barrister,  brother  of  Sir  James  Ste- 
phen. He  wrote  “Summary  of  the  Criminal  taw  " (1834), 
and  “New  Commentaries  on  the  La wsof  England"  (1841-45). 
Stephen,  Sir  Janies.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  3, 
1789:  died  at  Coblenz,  Sept.  14,  1859.  An 
English  historical  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge (Trinity  Hall)  and  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  waB  under- 
secretary for  the  colonies  1834-47.  In  1849  he  was  ap- 
pointed regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Cambridge. 
He  published  “Essays  in  Ecclesiastical  History,  ” and  in 
1852  “Lectures  on  the  History  of  France." 

Stephen,  Sir  James  Fitzjames.  Born  March  3, 
1829:  died  March  11,  1894.  An  English  jurist, 
son  of  Sir  James  Stephen  (1789-1859).  He  was  educated 
at  Eton,  at  King’s  College,  London,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  1851.  In  1854  he 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple.  From  1879  to 
1891  he  was  judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice.  He  pub- 
lished “General  View  of  the  Criminal  Law  of  England" 
(1863),  “Digest  of  the  Law  of  Evidence"  (1876),  “History 
of  the  Criminal  Law  of  England”  (1883). 

Stephen,  Sir  Leslie.  Born  at  Kensington,  Nov. 
28,  1832 : died  there  February  22,  1904.  An 
English  man  of  letters,  son  of  Sir  James 
Stephen.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  at  King's  College, 
London,  and  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the 
degree  B.  A.  in  1854.  He  was  editor  of  the  “Cornhill 
Magazine”  1871-82,  and  editor  of  the  “Dictionary  of  Na- 
tional Biography  " 1885-91,  latterly  in  association  with  Sid- 
ney Lee,  who  succeeded  him.  He  published  “Tlie  Play, 
ground  of  Europe  ” (1871),  “ Hours  in  a Library  ” (1874-79), 
“ History  of  English  Thought  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  " 
(1876),  and  “ Life  of  Henry  Fawcett ’’  (1885),  etc.  He  was 
knighted  in  1902. 

Stephen  Bathori.  See  Bathori. 

Stephens  (ste'venz),  Alexander  Hamilton. 
Born  near  Crawfordville,  Ga.,  Feb.  11,  1812: 
died  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  March  4, 1883.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Georgia  in  1832  ; studied  law ; was  chosen  member  of  the 
State  legislature  in  1836  ; was  member,  of  Congress  from 
Georgia  1843-59,  acting  at  first  with  the  Whigs  and  later 
with  the  Democrats  ; opposed  secession  in  1860;  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  Confederacy  1861-65  ; was  chief  Confed- 
erate commissioner  in  the  Hampton  Roads  conference  in 
Feb.,  1865 ; was  imprisoned  in  Fort  Warren,  Boston  harbor, 
May-Oct.,  1865 ; was  elected  United  States  senator  in  1866, 
but  was  not  seated ; was  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  Georgia  1873-82;  and  was  governor  of  Georgia  in 
1883.  He  wrote  “The  War  between  the  States "(2  vols. 
1868-70),  a “ History  of  the  United  States”  (1883),  etc. 

Stephens,  George.  Bora  at  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  13,  1813 : died  Aug.  9,  1895.  An  Eng- 
lish archaeologist  and  philologist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  University  College,  London.  In  1851  he  was 
lector  and  later  professor  of  English  in  the  University  of 
Copenhagen.  He  published  “Old  Northern  Kunic  Monu- 
ments of  Scandinavia  and  England  ” (1866,  1868,  1884). 

Stephens,  James.  Bom  1824  : died  March  29, 
1901.  A Fenian  .agitator.  He  was  employed  in  the 
construction  of  the  Waterford  and  Limerick  Railway; 
joined  the  Young  Ireland  party,  and  was  wounded  at  Bal- 
lingarry  June  29,  1848;  fled  to  Paris;  and  in  1853  became 
“Head  Centre"  of  the  Fenian  conspiracy.  He  visited 
America  in  1864,  and  on  Nov.  10,  1864,  was  arrested  in 
Dublin.  He  escaped  to  New  York,  where  he  was  deposed 
by  the  Fenians.  He  returned  to  Ireland  in  1891. 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd.  Bom  at  Shrewsbury, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  28,  1805:  died  in  New  York  city, 
Oct.  10,  1852.  An  American  lawyer,  traveler, 
and  archaeologist.  In  1834-36  he  traveled  in  Europe 
and  the  East,  and  after  his  return  published  “ Egypt, 
Arabia  Petrsea,  and  the  Holy  Land  ” (2  vols.  1837)  and 
“Greece,  Turkey,  Russia,  and  Poland"  (1838).  In  1839  lie 
was  envoy  to  Central  America,  Accompanied  by  the  Eng- 
lish artist  Catherwood,  he  visited  many  of  the  ruined 
Indian  cities  of  that  region,  and  these  explorations  were 
supplemented  in  a second  trip.  The  results  were  pub- 
lished as  “ incidents  of  Travel  in  Central  America,  etc." 
(2  vols.  1841)  and  "Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yucatan  ” (2 
vols.  1843).  Mr.  Stephens  was  president  of  the  Panama 
Railway  Company,  and  died  from  the  results  of  exposure 
while  personally  superintending  the  work. 

Stephenson  (ste'ven-son),  George.  Born  at, 
Wylam,  near  Newcastle,  June  9,  1781:  died 
near  Chesterfield,  Aug.  12, 1848.  The  perfecter 
of  the  locomotive.  He  was  the  son  of  Robert  Stephen- 
son, fireman  of  a colliery  engine  at  Wylam,  and  while  as- 
sisting his  father,  educated  himself  at  night-schools.  In 
1812  he  was  made  enginewright  at  a coal-pit  at  Killing- 
worth.  He  constructed  a “traveling  engine ” worked  by 
steam,  for  a tramroad  between  the  colliery  and  the  port, 
nine  miles  distant;  and  on  July  26,  1814,  made  a success- 
ful  trial  oi  it.  Continuing  his  experiments,  he  was  made 
engineer  of  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway,  which 


957 

was  opened  Sept.  27,  1825,  being  the  first  to  carry  passen- 
gers and  goods  by  steam  locomotion.  This  was  followed 
by  the  construction,  under  his  direction,  of  the  Liverpool 
and  Manchester  Railway,  opened  Sept.  15, 1830.  He  is  said 
by  some  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  the  safety-lamp,  usu- 
ally attributed  to  Sir  Humphry  Davy. 

Stephenson,  Robert.  Bora  at  Willington,  near 
Newcastle,  England,  Oct.  16,  1803 : died  Oct. 
12,  1859.  An  English  railway  engineer,  son  of 
George  Stephenson.  He  assisted  his  father  in  the 
construction  of  the  engine  “Rocket”  in  1829.  He  built 
many  railway  bridges  and  viaducts,  including  the  Britan- 
nia tubular  bridge  over  the  Menai  Strait,  the  Victoria 
tubular  bridge  near  Montreal,  the  viaduct  of  Berwick, 
a bridge  at  Newcastle,  etc. 

Stepney  (step'ni).  [The  Stibbenliidde  or  Steben- 
heth  of  early  deeds : the  affix  indicating  the 
“hid”  or  hteredium  of  a Saxon  freeman.]  A 
borough  (metropolitan)  of  London,  2 miles  east 
of  St.  Paul’s.  Population,  280,024,  (1911). 

Stepniak  (step'nyak),  Sergius.  Born  about. 
1851 : died  Dec.  23,  1895.  A pseudonym  of  a 
Russian  author.  He  was  compelled  to  leave  Russia  in 
1876,  and  settled  in  Loudon.  He  wrote  much  in  the  Little 
Russian  dialect,  and  worked  for  the  establishment  of  equal 
political  rights  in  his  country,  declaring  against  social- 
ism and  absolutism.  Among  his  works  are  “Russia  under 
the  Czars,”  “The  Russian  Storm  Cloud,"  “The  Career  of 
a Nihilist,"  “The  Turks  Within  and  Without,”  “Tyran- 
nicide in  Russia,”  “Little  Russian  Internationalism," 
“Underground  Russia,"  etc. 

Step  Pyramid.  See  SaTcJcarah. 

Sterkrade  (sterk'ra-de).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  20  milesnorth  byeastof  Diis- 
seldorf.  Population,  country  commune,  21,205. 

Sterling  (ster'ling).  A city  in  Whiteside  Co., 
Illinois,  on  Rock  River  108  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago. It  has  varied  manufactures.  Pop.,  7,467,  (1910). 

Sterling,  Antoinette.  Born  at  Sterlingville, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1850:  died  at  Hampstead,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  9,  1904.  A noted  American  contralto 
singer.  Shestudied  with  Abella,Marchesi, Manuel  Garcia, 
and  Pauline  Viardot.  In  1871  she  returned  to  the  United 
States,  and  made  a success  as  a concert-singer.  In  1873 
she  made  her  first  appearance  in  London  in  concert,  and 
after  that  time  mostly  lived  there.  She  married  John 
MacKinlay  in  1875. 

Sterling,  John.  Bom  at  Karnes  Castle,  Bute, 
Scotland,  July  20,  1806 : died  at  Ventnor,  Isle 
of  Wight,  Sept.  18,  1844.  An  English  poet  and 
author,  best  known  as  a friend  of  Carlyle.  His 
father,  Edward  Sterling  (1773-1347)  was  an  editor  of  the 
“Times.”  Sterling  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Cambridge 
(but  left  without  a degree);  went  to  London  and  purchased 
the  “ Athenaeum  ” in  1828,  but  soon  gave  it  up ; and  in  1834 
became  curate  at  Hurstmouceaux,  where  Julius  Hare  was 
vicar.  He  wrote  “Arthur  Coningsby”  (1833),  “Poems" 
(1S39),  “Strafford  ” (1843),  “Essays  and  Tales  ” (edited  by 
Hare,  1848),  and  “The  Onyx  Ring ’’(reprinted  from  “Black- 
wood” in  1856).  His  life  was  written  by  Carlyle  (1851). 

(stern  (stern),  Daniel.  Pseudonym  of  the 
Comtesse  d’Agoult. 

Sternberg  (stem'berG).  A town  in  Moravia, 
Austria-Hungary,  9 miles  north-northeast  of 
Oliniitz.  It  is  a center  of  cotton  manufactures.  Here, 
in  1241,  Yaroslatf  of  Steinberg  defeated  the  Mongols.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  14,584,  (1910). 

Sternberg,  Ungern-.  See  Ungern-Sterriberg. 

Sterne  (stern),  Laurence.  Born  at  Clonmel, 
Ireland,  Nov.  24,  1713:  died  at  London,  March 
18,  1768.  A celebrated  English  novelist  and 
humorist.  His  father  was  an  officer  in  one  of  Marl- 
borough’s regiments  stationed  in  Ireland.  Sterne  fol- 
lowed the  army  until  he  was  10  years  of  age,  and  was  at 
school  in  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  for  nine  years.  He  gradu- 
ated at  J esus  College,  Cambridge,  in  1736.  He  took  orders ; 
in  1738  obtained  the  living  of  Sutton,  near  York ; and  later 
was  made  a prebendary  of  the  cathedral.  He  was  associated 
with  John  Hall  Stephenson,  of  Skelton  Castle,  Yorkshire, 
a supporter  of  Wilke3  and  author  of  “Fables  for  Grown 
Gentlemen”  and  “Crazy  Tales."  On  Jan.  1, 1760.  he  pub- 
lished the  first  two  volumes  of  “ Tristram  Shandy,”  which 
immediately  made  hi  in  famous.  In  1762  he  visited  France, 
and  in  1765  Italy.  In  1768  he  published  the  first  two  volumes 
of  the  “Sentimental  Journey  through  France  and  Italy,” 
and  died  the  same  year.  His  chief  works  are  “The  Life 
and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy,  Gent."  (9  vols.  1760-67: 
a fictitious  third  volume  was  published  in  1760,  and  latera 
ninth  — Lowndes),  “A  SentimentalJourney  through  France 
and  Italy  by  Mr.  Yoriek”(1768  : several  fictitious  continu- 
ations were  published),  “Sermons  ” (1760-69) : several  vol- 
umes of  his  letters  were  also  published  in  1776. 

Sternhold  (stern'hold),  Thomas.  Born  near 
Blakeney,  in  Gloucestershire,  about  1500  : died 
Aug.,  1549.  An  English  writer,  joint  author 
with  John  Hopkins  of  a metrical  version  of  the 
Psalms  (first  edition  about  1547 : enlarged  as 
“ The  Whole  Book  of  Psalms,”  1561). 

Sterzing  (stert'sing).  A town  in  Tyrol,  situated 
on  the  Eisack,  near  the  Brenner  Pass,  26  miles 
south  of  Innsbruck:  the  Roman  Vipitenum. 
It  flourished  in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  through  the 
neighboring  silver-mines  ; and  has  been  the  scene  of  sev- 
eral Tyrolese  victories  over  the  French  and  Bavarians. 
Population,  1,672. 

Stesichorus  (ste-sik'o-rus).  [Gr.  Sr^fn'^opof.] 
Lived  about  630-550  b.  c.  A celebrated  Greek 
lyric  poet  of  Hiraera  in  Sicily.  Fragments  of  his 
works  have  survived. 


Stevens,  Thaddeus 

Stettin  (stet-ten').  A seaport,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Oder  in  lat.  53°  26'  N.,  long.  14°  34'  E. : one  of 
the  chief  seaports  of  Germany.  It  has  a large  trade 
in  wood,  cement,  potatoes,  herrings,  petroleum,  coal, 
grain,  spirits,  wine,  etc.,  and  important  ship-building 
works  (notably  the  “ V ulcan  ” works),  and  manufactures  of 
cement,  sugar,  chemicals,  machinery,  etc.  It  comprises 
the  city  proper ; the  quarters  of  Lastadie  and  Silberwiese, 
separated  from  it  by  the  Oder ; and  the  suburbs  of  Grabow, 
Bredow,  etc.  It  contains  a castle  and  several  notable  old 
churches.  Stettin  was  a settlement  of  the  Wends  (date 
unknown) ; was  a Hanseatic  town  in  the  middle  ages  ; and 
became  the  capital  of  Pomerania.  It  belonged  to  Sweden 
1648-1720,  qnd  then  passed  to  Prussia.  It  surrendered  to 
the  French  in  1806,  and  was  recovered  in  1813.  Population, 
commune,  234,033,  (1910). 

Stettiner  Half  (stet-te'ner  haf ),  orPomeranian 
Haff.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  north  of  Stet- 
tin. It  receives  the  Oder.  The  eastern  part  is  called  the 
Greater  Haff,  the  western  the  Lesser  Haff.  Length,  about 
30  miles. 

Steuben  (stu'ben ; G.  pron.  stoi'ben),  Baron 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  August  Heinrich  Ferdi- 
nand von.  Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Nov. 
17, 1730 : died  at  Steubenville,  Nov.  28,  V'QA.  A 
Prassian-American  general.  He  entered  the  Prus- 
sian military  service  in  1747,  rising  to  the  rank  of  adjutant- 
general  and  staff-officer;  was  distinguished  at  Prague, 
Rossbach,  Kunersdorf,  and  the  siege  of  Schweidnitz;  and 
later  was  grand  marshal  to  the  Prince  of  Hohenzollern.  In 
1777  he  came  to  the  United  States ; was  appointed  by 
Washington  inspector-general,  with  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  in  1778 ; and  reorganized  the  army.  He  served  at 
Monmouth  and  Yorktown,  and  was  a member  of  the  court 
martial  on  Andrd  in  1780.  He  wrote  a manual  of  army 
regulations.  After  the  war  he  settled  in  New  York. 
Steubenville  (stu'beu-vil).  A city,  capital  of 
Jefferson  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
20  miles  north  of  Wheeling.  Pop.,  22,391,  (1910). 
Stevens  (ste'venz),  Abel.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  19, 1815 : died  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  Sept. 
12,  1897.  An  American  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  historical  writer.  He  was  editor 
of  “ Zion’s  Herald,"  of  the  “ Christian  Advocate  and  Jour- 
nal,” and  of  the  “Methodist."  He  published  works  on  the 
introduction  and  progress  of  Methodism  in  the  Eastern 
States,  “Church  Polity”  (18471,  “ Preaching  Required  by 
the  Times”  (1866),  “History  of  Methodism”  (1858-61), 
“History  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church”  (1364-67), 
“Madame  de  Stael"  (1881),  etc. 

Stevens,  Alfred.  Born  at  Blandford,  Dorset 
(baptized  Jan.  28, 1818) : died  at  London,  May 
1,  1875.  An  English  sculptor.  In  1833  he  was  sent 
to  Italy,  where  he  remained  nine  years,  part  of  the  time  as 
assistant  in  Thorwaldsen’s  studio.  In  1845  he  became 
teacher  of  architectural  drawing  in  the  School  of  Design, 
Somerset  House.  He  also  did  much  commercial  designing. 
From  1356  to  the  end  of  his  life  he  was  occupied  with  his 
chief  work,  the  monument  to  Wellington  in  St.  Paul’s 
ithedral. 

evens  (stev'enz),  Alfred.  Born  at  Brussels, 
May  11,  1828:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  24,  1906.  A 
distinguished  Belgian  painter.  He  went  to  Paris 
at  seventeen,  and  was  educated  uuder  Camille  Rocqueplan 
and  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts.  His  first  pictures  show 
the  influence  of  the  Belgian  school ; the  later  exhibit  the 
most  modem  French  feeling  both  in  technic  and  in  con- 
ception. He  wa9  preeminently  a painter  for  painters,  an 
impressionist  in  the  highest  artistic  sense  of  the  term. 

Stevens  (ste'venz),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bora 
at  Barnet,  Vt.,  Feb.  19,  1833:  died  at  Surbi- 
ton, Surrey,  March  5,  1902.  A bibliographer, 
brother  of  Henry  Stevens.  He  edited  “Campaign 
in  Virginia  in  1781  ” (1888),  “ Facsimiles  of  MSS.  in  Euro- 
pean Archives  relating  to  America  1773-83  ” (1889). 

Stevens,  Henry.  Born  at  Barnet,  Vt.,  Aug. 
24,  1819:  died  at  South  Hampstead,  England, 
Feb.  28, 1886.  An  American  bibliographer.  He 
collected  “Americana”  for  the  British  Museum,  and  was 
the  London  agent  of  many  American  libraries  He  pub- 
lished “Catalogue  Raisonn^  of  English  Bibles  "(1854),  cata- 
logues of  American,  Canadian,  Mexican,  etc.,  works  in  the 
British  Museum,  “ Bibliotheca  Americana  ”(1861),  “Bibles 
in  tlie  Caxton  Exhibition  ’’  (1878),  and  edited  “ The  Dawn 
of  Britisli  Trade,  etc.”  (1886),  etc. 

Stevens,  Isaac  Ingalls.  Bom  at  Andover, 

Mass.,  March  28,  1818:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Chantilly,  Sept.  1, 1862.  A Union  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1839;  served  in  the  Mexican 
war;  was  governor  of  Washington  Territory  1853-57;  was 
a delegate  to  Congress  1867-61 ; served  in  the  Port  Royal 
expedition  ; and  was  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run. 

Stevens,  John  Austin.  Born  in  New  York 

city,  Jan.  21,  1827 : died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
June  16,  1910.  An  American  antiquarian  and 
author.  He  founded  and  edited  the  “ Magazine  of  Amer- 
ican History,"  and  wrote  “Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande” 
(1864),  “Colonial  Records  of  the  New  York  Chamber  of 
Commerce  ’’  (1867),  “ Resumption  of  Specie  Payment  ” 
(1873),  “Yorktown  Centennial  Handbook  ’’  (1881),  a life  of 
Gallatin  (1884),  etc. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus.  Born  in  Caledonia  County, 
Vt.,  April  4,  1793:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Aug.  11,1868.  An  American  statesman.  Hegradu- 

ated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1814  ; studied  law  ; and  re- 
moved to  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  1816  ; became  lead- 
ing member  of  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania;  and  was 
Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1849-58;  and 
Republican  member  of  Congress  1869-68.  He  was  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  radical  section  of  the  Republicans  : 


Stevens,  Thaddeus 

was  a strong  opponent  of  slavery,  and  a leading  advocate 
of  reconstruction  measures ; and  was  chief  manager  of  the 
impeachment  of  President  Johnson  in  1868,  which  he  pro- 
posed. 

Stevens,  Thomas.  Born  in  England,  1855.  An 
Anglo-American  bicyclist  and  writer.  He  made 
a tour  of  the  world  (partly  by  bicycle)  1884-86,  which  he 
described  in  “ Around  the  World  on  a Bicycle,”  and  made 
a trip  to  Masailand,  East  Africa. 

Stevenson  (ste'ven-son),  Adlai  Ewing.  Bom 
in  Christian  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  23,  1835.  An 
American  lawyer  and  politician,  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States  1893-97.  He  was  educated  at 
Illinois  Wesleyan  University  and  Centre  College,  Ken- 
tucky ; was  a member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1875-77, 
1879-81;  and  was  first  assistantpostmaster-general  1885-89. 

Stevenson,  Andrew.  Born  in  Culpeper  County, 
Va.,1784 : diedinAlbemarle County,  Va.,J an. 25, 
1857.  An  American  Democratic  politician.  He 

was  memberof  Congressfrom  V irginia  1823-34;  speakerl827- 
1834 ; and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1836-41. 
Stevenson,  James.  Born  at  Maysville,  Ky., 
1840:  died  at  New  York  city,  July  25,  1888. 
An  American  ethnologist.  He  served  in  the  geo- 
logical survey  under  Hayden,  and  investigated  the  Zunis, 
Moquis,  Navajos,  and  other  Indian  tribes. 

Stevenson,  Robert.  Born  at  Glasgow,  June 
8,  1772:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  12,  1850.  A 
Scottish  civil  engineer.  At  19  he  assisted  his  step- 
father, Thomas  Smith,  in  the  erection  of  a lighthouse  on 
Little  Cumbrae,  attending  Edinburgh  University  in  the 
winter.  In  1799  he  succeeded  liis  stepfather  as  engineer 
to  the  Board  of  Northern  Lighthouses.  Between  1797  and 
1843  he  built  not  less  than  18  lighthouses,  including  that 
on  the  Bell  Bock  (1807-10).  He  invented  intermittent  and 
flashing  lights  and  other  contrivances.  He  constructed  har- 
^.bors,  docks,  breakwaters,  and  several  important  bridges. 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis  Balfour.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  Nov.  13, 1850:  died  at  Apia,  Samoa, 
Dec.  4,  1894.  A Scottish  poet,  essayist,  and 
novelist.  His  father  was  a lighthouse  engineer,  a son 
of  Robert  Stevenson.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  but  never 
practised.  From  1889  he  resided  in  Samoa.  He  published 
"An  Inland  Voyage  ” (1878),  “Edinburgh:  Picturesque 
Notes  ” (1878),  “ Travels  with  a Donkey  in  the  Cevennes  " 
(1879),  “Virginibus  Puerisque,  and  other  Papers”  (1881), 
“ Familiar  Studies  of  Men  and  Books  ” (1882),  “ New  Ara- 
bian Nights ”(1882),  “ Treasure  Island"  (1882), “The  Silver- 
ado Squatters"  (1883),  “The  Dynamiter  : More  New  Ara- 
bian Nights  " (1885  : with  his  wife),  “ A Child's  Garden  of 
Verse”  (1885),  “Prince  Otto”  (1885),  “ The  Strange  Case  of 
Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde”  (1886),  “Kidnapped  : Memoirs 
of  the  Adventures  of  David  Balfour,  etc.”  (1886),  “The 
Merry  Men,  and  other  Tales”  (1886),  “Underwoods  " (1887), 
“Memories  and  Portraits"  (1887),  “The  Black  Arrow” 
(1888),  “ The  Master  of  Ballantrae  ” (1889),  “ Ballads  ” 
(1890),  “The  Wrecker"  (with  Lloyd  Osbourne,  1891-92), 
“A  Foot-note  to  History  : Eight  Years  of  Trouble  in  Sa- 
moa" (1893),  “David  Balfour”  (1893),  “Island  Nights' 
Entertainments”  (1893),  “ The  Ebb  Tide ”(1894),  “Vailima 
Letters"  (1895),  “Fables"  (1896),  “In  the  South  Seas” 
(1896),  “A  Mountain  Town  in  France”  (1897),  “St.  Ives" 
(unfinished  : completed  by  A.  T.  Quiller-Couch  1897). 
Stevenson  Road.  A road  constructed  by  the 
British  between  Lakes  Nyassa  and  Tanganyika. 
It  is  near  the  Anglo-German  frontier. 

Stevens  Point  (ste'venz  point).  The  capital 
of  Portage  County,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wiscon- 
sin River.  Population,  8,692,  (1910). 

Stewart  (royal  family).  See  Stuart. 

Stewart  ( stu'art),  Alexander  Peter.  Bora  at 
Rogersville,  Tenn.,  Oct.  2,  1821:  died  at  Bi- 
loxi, Miss.,  Aug.  30,  1908.  A Confederate 
lieutenant-general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1842  ; was  assistant  professor  of  mathematics  there  1843- 
1845;andwas professorof  mathematicsat  Cumberland  Uni- 
versity 1845-49,  and  at  Nashville  University  1854-55.  He 
served  in  the  West  under  Bragg,  Johnston,  Hood,  etc.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  and  nat- 
ural philosophy  in  the  University  of  Mississippi. 

Stewart,  Alexander  Turney.  Born  near  Bel- 
fast,Ireland,Oct.  12,1803:  died  in  New  York  city, 
April  10,  1876.  An  American  merchant  and 
Capitalist.  He  became  established  in  the  dry-goods 
business  in  New  York  city  in  1825,  and  acquired  great 
wealth  (about  $40,000,000).  He  was  nominated  by  Grant 
as  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1869,  but  was  not  confirmed. 
Stewart,  Balfour.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  1, 
1828:  died  near  Drogheda,  Ireland, Dec.  19. 1887. 
A Scottish  physicist.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Andrews 
and  Edinburgh  universities.  In  1846  he  entered  upon  a 
business  career  in  Australia.  In  1853  he  returned  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  became  in  1859directorof  the  Kew  Observatory, 
and  in  1870  professor  of  physics  at  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester. He  is  especially  noted  for  his  work  on  the  radi- 
ation of  heat,  and  as  one  of  the  founders  of  the  method  of 
spectrum  analysis.  He  published  “Kadiant  Heat ”(1858), 
“A  Treatise  on  Heat  ” (1866),  “ Elementary  Lessons  in  Phys- 
ics "(1870),  “Elementary  Treatise  on  Heat”  (1871),  “ Phys- 
ics Primer”  (1872),  and  “Conservation  of  Energy  " (1872). 
With  Professor  Tait  he  published  “ The.  Unseen  Universe, 
or  Physical  Speculations  on  a Future  State  " (1875),  and 
with  others  “ Researches  in  Solar  Physics." 

Stewart,  Charles.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  July 
28,  1778:  died  at  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Nov.  6, 
1869.  An  American  admiral.  He  was  distinguished 
in  the  cruises  against  French  privateers  1798-1800,  in  the 
Tripolitan  War,  and  in  the  War  of  1812.  As  commander  of 
the  Constitution  he  made  various  captures  1813-15.  He 
became  rear-admiral  in  1862. 


958 

Stewart,  David.  Died  March  27,  1402.  Eld- 
est son  of  Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Stewart,  Dugald.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  22, 
1753 : died  there,  June  11,  1828.  A Scottish 
philosopher.  He  was  the  son  of  Matthew  Stewart  (1717- 
1785),  a Scottish  mathematician;  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh ; wasapupil  of  Reid  atGlasgow  U Diversity  in  1771 ; be- 
came instructor  in  mathematics  at  Edinburgh  in  1772,  con- 
jointprofessorofmathematicsin  1775,  and  professorof  moral 
philosophy  in  1785 ; and  retired  from  active  service  in  1810. 
His  chief  works  are  “Elements  of  the  Philosophy  of  the 
Human  Mind  ” (3  vols.  1792, 1814, 1827),  “ Outlines  of  Moral 
Philosophy  ” (1793),  “Philosophical  Essays"  (1810),  disser- 
tation for  the  supplement  of  the  “ Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,”  entitled  “ General  View  of  the  Progress  of  Meta- 
physical, Ethical,  and  Political  Philosophy  since  the  Re- 
vival of  Letters  ” (1815-21),  and  “ Philosophy  of  the  Active 
and  Moral  Powers " (1828).  His  collected  works  were 
edited  by  Sir  William  Hamilton  (1854-58),  with  a memoir 
by  Veitch. 

Stewart,  Esme,  Lord  of  Aubigny  and  Earl  and 
Duke  of  Lennox.  Bom  in  France  about  1542 : 
died  at  Paris,  May  26,  1583.  A Scottish  noble, 
grandson  of  John,  third  earl  of  Lennox.  His 
French  title  came  from  Sir  John  Stewart  of  Darnley,  con- 
stable of  the  Scots  army  in  the  wars  of  Charles  VII.  of 
France.  He  was  a favorite  of  James  VI.,  who  made  him 
duke  of  Lennox  in  1581.  He  secured  the  condemnation  of 
Morton  for  the  murder  of  Darnley.  In  Dec.,  1582,  he  was 
expelled  from  Scotland  for  treason. 

Stewart,  Sir  Herbert.  Born  at  Winchester, 
Jan.  30,  1843:  died  at  Gakdul,  Feb.  16,  1885. 
An  English  general.  He  served  in  South  Africa 
against  the  Zulus  in  1879 ; was  chief  of  Sir  Garnet  Wol- 
seley's  staff,  and  was  quartermaster-general  in  the  Boer 
war  in  1881.  He  went  to  Egypt  in  1882 ; served  (then 
quartermaster-general  of  the  cavalry)  at  Tel-el-Kebir ; 
commanded  the  cavalry  division  under  Sir  Gerald  Graham 
in  1884  ; and  as  commander  of  Wolseley's  advance-guard  in 
1885  gained  the  victory  of  Abu-Klea,  Jan.  17.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Gubat  Jan.  19. 

Stewart,  Robert,  Earl  of  Fife  and  Duke  of  Al- 
bany. Born  about  1340 : died  1420.  Younger 
son  of  Robert  II.  of  Scotland,  and  brother  of 
Robert  III. : regent  of  Scotland  from  1389,  in 
the  reign  of  Robert  II.,  the  greater  part  of  the 
reign  of  Robert  III.,  and  the  first  part  of  the 
reign  of  James  I.  He  was  accused  of  the  mur- 
der of  the  Duke  of  Rothsay. 

Stewart,  Robert,  second  Marquis  of  London- 
derry: known  till  his  father’s  death  (April  8, 
1821)  by  the  courtesy  title  Viscount  Castle- 
reagh.  Born  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  June  18,  1769: 
committed  suicide  in  a fit  of  insanity  at  Foots 
Cray,  Kent,  Aug.  12, 1822.  A British  statesman, 
son  of  an  Ulster  proprietor  (who  was  created 
Viscount  Castlereagh  in  1795,  earl  of  London- 
derry in  1796,  and  marquis  of  Londonderry  in 
1816).  He  became  acting  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1797, 
and  secretary  in  1798 ; was  instrumental  in  carrying  the 
union  in  1800 ; became  president  of  the  board  of  control  in 
1802 ; was  secretary  for  war  July,  1805, -Jan.,  1806,  and  April, 
1807,  to  Sept.,  1809 ; planned  the  Portuguese(1808)and  Wal- 
cheren  (1809)  expeditions ; and  was  foreign  secretary  1812- 
1822.  He  represented  England  at  the  congresses  of  Oha- 
tillon,  Vienna,  and  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Stewart  Diamond,  The.  A large  diamond 
found  in  1872,  on  the  claim  of  a Mr.  Spalding, 
in  South  Africa.  It  weighed  288f  carats  in  the 
rough,  and  is  of  a light-yellow  tinge. 

Stewart  Island,  or  New  Leinster  (len'ster  or 
lin'ster).  The  southernmost  of  the  three  prin- 
cipal islands  of  New  Zealand,  situated  south 
of  South  Island.  The  surface  is  hilly.  Pop- 
ulation, 384. 

Stewart  Islands.  A small  group  of  islands  in 
the  Solomon  Archipelago,  Pacific  Ocean. 
Steyne  (stin),  Marquis  OI.  A brutal  and  cyn- 
ical man  of  the  world,  in  Thackeray’s  “ Vanity 
Fair.” 

Steyr  (stir),  or  Steier,  or  Steyer  (sti'er).  A 
town  in  Upper  Austria,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Steier  with  the  Enns,  90  miles  west  by 
south  of  Vienna.  It  has  manufactures  of  cutlery,  fire- 
arms, etc.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  a countship  of 
Steyr,  and  belonged  to  Styria.  Population,  17,442,  (1910). 

Stickeen,  or  Stikine  (stik-en'),  River,  or  Fran- 
ces (fran'ses)  River.  A river  in  British  Amer- 
ica and  Alaska  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  east 
of  Sitka.  There  are  gold-mines  in  its  vicinity. 
Stieler  (ste'ler),  Karl  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mainz, 
Germany,  Nov.  1,  1781:  died  at  Munich,  April 
9,  1858.  A German  portrait-painter. 

Stierno  (ster'ne).  An  island  of  Norway,  off  the 
northern  coast,  about  lat.  70°  30'  N. 

Stigand  (stig'and).  Died  at  Winchester  after 
1072.  An  English  prelate.  He  was  a favorite  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  who  made  him  (1044)  bishop  of 
Elmham  or  of  the  East  Angles,  and  in  1052  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  On  the  death  of  Harold,  Stigand  voted  for 
Edgar  .Etheling  to  be  king.  For  this  reason  he  was  dis- 
trusted by  William  the  Conqueror,  who  induced  the  Pope 
to  deprive  him  of  his  see  and  to  condemn  him  to  perpetual 
imprisonment. 

Stikine,  or  Stikeen.  See  Stickeen. 

Stiklestad  (stik'le-stiid).  A place  near  Trondh- 


Stirling,  James 

jem,  Norway,  where,  in  1030,  St.  Olaf,  king  of 
Norway,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Danes. 

Stiles  (stilz),  Ezra.  Bom  at  North  Haven, 
Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1727 : diedatNew  Haven,  Conn., 

'May  12,  1795.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  scholar,  and  educator.  He  was  pastor 
for  many  years  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  president 
of  Yale  College  from  1778.  He  wrote  “An  Account  of  the 
Settlement  of  Bristol  ’’  (1785),  “History  of  Three  of  the 
Judges  of  Charles  I.”  (1794),  etc. 

Stilfser  Joch.  See  Stelvio  Pass. 

Stilicho  (stil'i-ko),  Flavius.  Bom  about  359 
a.  D.:  beheaded  at  Ravenna,  Italy,  Aug.  23,  408. 
A famous  Roman  general  and  statesman.  He 
was  the  son  of  a Vandal  chief  who  had  entered  the  service 
of  the  emperorValens.  Hewasambassadorto  Persia  under 
Theodosius,  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  ; and  was 
the  guardian  and  chief  adviser  of  Honorius  and  his  father- 
in-law.  He  carried  on  war  against  Alaric ; repelled  an  in- 
vasion of  Alaric  in  403  after  the  battles  of  Pollentia  and 
Verona;  and  defeated  the  barbarians  under  Radagaisus  at 
Fsesulae  in  406  or  405.  His  troops  revolted  at  Pavia,  and 
he  fled  to  Ravenna  and  was  put  to  death  by  Honorius. 

Still  (stil),  John.  Bom  at  Grantham  about 
1543:  died  Feb.  26, 1607-08.  An  English  prelate. 
He  was  a student  at  Christ’s  College,  Cambridge ; after- 
ward dean  of  Booking,  canon  of  Westminster,  master  of 
St.  Johns  and  of  Trinity,  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  (1593-1607).  In  1670  he  was  Lady 
Margaret’s  professor  of  divinity.  He  was  probably  the 
author  of  the  comedy  “Gammer  Gurton’s  Needle  "(which 
see).  He  made  a large  fortune  in  lead-mines  discovered 
in  the  Mendip  Hills. 

Stille  (stil'e),  Alfred.  Born  Oct.  30,  1813: 
died  Sept.  24,  1900.  An  American  physician, 
professor  in  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  College, 
and  later  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  published  various  medical  works. 

Stille,  Charles  Janeway.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Sept.  23, 1819 : died  at  Atlantic  City,  N.  J., 
Aug.  11,  1899.  An  American  historian,  brother 
of  Alfred  Stille  : provost  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  1868-80.  His  works  include  “ How  a 
Free  People  Conduct  a Long  War  "(1862), “Northern  Inter- 
est and  Southern  Independence : a Plea  for  United  Action  ” 
(1863),  “ History  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion” (1866),  “Studies  in  Medieval  History”  (1882),  and 
“ Beaumarchais  and  ‘the  Lost  Million  ’ : a Chapter  of  the 
Secret  History  of  the  American  Revolution  ” (1886). 

Stilling.  See  Jung. 

Stillingfleet  (stil'ing-flet),  Edward.  Bom  at 
Cranborne,  Dorset,  England,  April  17,  1635 : 
died  at  Westminster,  March  27,  1699.  A noted 
English  prelate  and  theologian.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  (St.  John’s  College),  in  1652;  was  chaplain 
to  Charles  II.,  and  dean  of  St.  Paul’s ; and  was  made  bishop 
of  Worcester  in  1689.  Among  his  works  are  “ Irenicum  ” 
(1659),  “Origines  Sacra; ’’  (1662),  “Unreasonableness  of 
Separation,”  “Origines  Britannicaa  ” (1685),  works  against 
the  nonconformists  and  Roman  Catholics,  etc. 

Stillwater  (stil'waHer).  The  capital  of  Wash- 
ington County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  St.  Croix 
River  19  miles  northeast  of  St.  Paul.  It  is  an 
important  seat  of  the  lumber  trade.  Popula- 
tion, 10,198,  (1910). 

Stillwater,  Battles  of.  See  Saratoga, Battles  of. 

Stimson  (stim'son),  Frederic  Jesup:  pseu- 
donym J.  S.  of  Dale.  Born  at  Dedham,  Mass., 
July  20, 1855.  An  American  lawyer  and  novel- 
ist. He  has  published  a law  glossary  (1881),  and 
a number  of  novels  under  his  pseudonym. 

Stinkomalee  (stingk-o-ma-le').  A name  given 
to  London  University,  first  by  Theodore  Hook. 

Stirling  (ster'ling),  or  Stirlingshire  (ster'ling- 
shir).  A county  of  Scotland,  bounded  by  Perth 
and  Clackmannan  on  the  north,  the  Forth  on  the 
east,  Linlithgow  on  the  southeast,  Lanark  and 
Dumbarton  on  the  south,  and  Dumbarton  (partly 
separated  by  Loch  Lomond)  on  the  west,  it  has 
two  detached  portions  to  the  northeast.  The  surface  is 
largely  hilly  or  mountainous  (Lennox  Hills,  Ben  Lomond) 
It  was  the  scene  of  many  battles  in  the  wars  of  Wallace, 
Bruce,  Montrose,  and  the  Young  Pretender.  Area,  461 
square  miles.  Population  (civil  co.),  142,338. 

Stirling.  A royal  and  parliamentary  burgh,  cap- 
ital of  the  county  of  Stirling,  situated  near  the 
Forth  in  lat.  56s  7'  N.,  long.  3°  57'  'W.  it  has  im- 
portant woolen  manufactures.  Its  castle  is  a picturesque 
agglomeration  of  battlemented  buildings  of  various  dates, 
occupying  a height  commanding  the  town.  It  was  a favor- 
ite abode  of  the  kings  of  Scotland,  whose  palace  of  the  16th 
century  still  stands  on  the  lower  court : on  the  upper 
court  front  the  Parliament  House  and  the  Chapel  Royal. 
It  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken  by  the  Scotch  and 
English  in  the  wars  of  Edward  I.,  Edward  II.,  and  Edward 
III.  ; was  taken  by  Monk  in  1651 ; and  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  the  Highlanders  in  1745.  The  town  contains 
also  the  Greyfriars  Church.  In  a picturesque  location  in 
the  vicinity  are  Bannockburn,  Sauchieburn,  and  Cambus- 
kenneth  Abbey.  Stirling  is  one  of  the  oldest  Scotch  towns 
and  was  long  a royal  residence.  Pop.,  royal  burgh,  14,355. 

Stirling,  Earl  of.  See  Alexander , Sir  William. 

Stirling,  James.  Born  at  Garden,  Stirlingshire, 
1692 : died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  5,  1770.  A Scot- 
tish mathematician.  At  eighteen  he  entered  Oxford, 
but  was  expelled  in  1715  for  corresponding  with  bis  Jaco- 
bite relatives,  and  as  accessory  to  the  acts  of  rebellion. 
He  went  to  Venice  and  taught  mathematics  there,  return- 


Stirling,  James 


959 


Stolzenfels 


ing  to  London  about  1725.  He  wrote  “ Line®  Tertii  Ordi* 
uia  Newtonian®  ” (1717)  and  “ Methodus  Differentialis  " 
(1730 : his  most  important  work).  In  1735  he  was  made 
manager  of  the  Scots  Mining  Company  at  Leadhills. 

Stirling,  James  Hutchison.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
June  22,  1820 : died  March  19,  1909.  A Scot- 
tish philosopher.  He  graduated  both  in  arts  and  in 
medicine  at  Glasgow  University;  practised  medicine  in 
South  Wales  for  a short  time  ; and  then  studied  philoso- 
phy in  Germany.  He  published  “The  Secret  of  Hegel" 
(1865),  “Sir William  Hamilton:  being  the  Philosophy  of 
Perception”  (1865).  a translation  of  Schwegler’s  “History 
of  Philosophy  ” (1867),  “ As  Regards  Protoplasm  ” (1869- 
1872),  “ Text-book  to  Kant  ” (1881),  etc.  . 

Stirling  Bridge,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained 
at  Stirling  by  the  Scots  under  Wallace  over  the 
English  in  1297. 

Stirling-Maxwell  (ster'ling-maks'wel),  Sir 
William.  Born  near  Glasgow,  1818  : died  at 
Venice,  Jan.  15, 1878.  A Scottish  author.  He 

graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1839.  His 
works  include  “Annals  of  the  Artists  of  Spain"  (1848), 
“Cloister  Life  of  Charles  V.”  (1852),  “Velasquez  and  his 
Works"  (1856),  “Don  John  of  Austria”  (1883:  privately 
printed  earlier). 

Stobseus  (sto-be'us),  Joannes.  Born  at  Stobi, 
Macedonia : lived  probably  about  the  5th  cen- 
tury a.  d.  A Greek  writer,  author  of  an  an- 
thology. 

Among  the  Byzantine  writers  to  whom  we  are  indebted 
for  precious  relics  of  the  older  Greek  authors,  perhaps 
the  earliest,  and  certainly  not  the  least  important,  is  John 
of  Stobi  in  Macedonia,  generally  known  as  Stobseus.  His 
personal  existence  has  vanished  from  all  records,  and  even 
his  date  is  determined  rather  by  inference  than  by  testi- 
mony. He  mentions  Hierocles,  who  flourished  about  the 
middle  of  the  5th  century,  and  does  not  name  any  subse- 
quent writer.  It  is  therefore  concluded  that  he  lived  soon 
after  that  author. 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  379. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Stockach  (stok'kach).  A town  in  the  circle  of 
Constance,  Baden,  16  miles  north-northwest  of 
Constance.  There,  on  March  25,  1799,  the  archduke 
Charles  defeated  the  French  under  Jourdan  ; and  on  May 
4,  1800,  the  French  under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians 
under  Kray. 

Stockbridge  (stok'brij).  A town  in  Berkshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Housa- 
tonic  River  43  miles  west-northwest  of  Spring- 
field  : noted  for  picturesque  scenery,  and  as  a 
summer  resort.  It  was  the  scene, in  the  18th  century, 
of  the  missionary  labors  of  Jonathan  Edwards  and  others 
among  the  Stockbridge  Indians.  Population,  1,933,  (1910). 

Stockbridge  Indians.  See  Mahican. 
Stockholm  (stok'holm).  A laen  of  Sweden. 
Area,  3,015  square  miles.  Population,  about 
213,600. 

Stockholm.  The  capital  of  Sweden,  situated 
at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Malar  into  a bay  of  the 
Baltic  Sea,  in  lat.  59°  20'  35//  N.,  long.  18°  3' 
30//  E.  (of  observatory).  It  comprises  the  city  proper, 
or  “Staden”;  the  northern  quarters  Norrmalm,  Blasie- 
holmen,  Skeppsholmen,  Ladug&rdslandet,  and  Kungshol- 
men ; and  the  southern  suburb  Sodermalm.  Stockholm  is 
a principal  emporium  for  the  commerce  of  central  and 
northern  Sweden,  and  has  extensive  and  varied  manufac- 
tures. The  royal  palace  is  a massive  building,  in  plan 
forming  a rectangle  400  by  380  feet,  begun  in  1697  in  the 
style  of  the  Italian  Renaissance.  The  north  and  south 
facades  are  extended  by  large  wings.  The  state  apartments 
are  fine,  and  are  richly  adorned  with  ceiling  paintings, 
tapestry,  and  sculpture.  The  Riddarholms-Kyrka,  the  old 
church  of  the  Franciscans,  is  a large  medieval  building 
with  Renaissance  and  later  modifications.  It  has  been 
for  centuries  the  burial-place  of  the  kings  and  distin- 
guished men  of  Sweden,  and  is  full  of  their  tombs,  with 
monuments  of  which  many  possess  historic  and  some  ar- 
tistic interest.  The  openwork  spire  of  iron  is  290  feet 
high.  The  city  also  contains  the  National  Museum,  the 
Northern  Museum,  and  the  Royal  Library ; and  is  the  seat  of 
the  Swedish  Academy,  and  of  academies  of  science,  belles- 
lettres,  history  and  antiquities,  music,  etc.  It  is  noted  for 
its  picturesque  location  and  environs.  It  was  founded  in 
the  13th  century;  has  several  times  been  besieged;  and 
was  taken  by  Christian  II.  in  1520,  who  ordered  the  “Blood 
Bath"  of  Stockholm  (see  Christian  11.).  Population, 
339,582. 

Stockholm,  Treaties  of.  1.  A treaty  (1719) 
between  Sweden  and  Hannover.  To  the  latter 
were  ceded  Bremen  and  Verden  in  return  for 
a payment  of  money. — 2.  A treaty  (1720)  be- 
tween Sweden  and  Prussia.  Sweden  ceded  Stettin, 
Hither  Pomerania  to  the  Peene,  and  Wollin  and  Usedom, 
and  received  a payment  of  money. 

Stockmar  (stok'mar),  Baron  Christian  Fried- 
rich von.  Born  at  Coburg,  Germany,  Aug.  22, 
1787:  died  there,  July  9,  1863.  A German  physi- 
cian, an  official  in  the  service  of  Coburg.  He  was 
a friend  of  Prince  Leopold  (king  of  Belgium)  and  of  Prince 
Albert,  consort  of  Queen  Victoria.  His  son  published  selec- 
tions from  his  papers  (“Denkwiirdigkeiten-  aus  den  Pa- 
pieren,  etc.,”  1872). 

Stockport  (stok'port).  A town  in  Cheshire  and 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Tame  with  the  Mersey,  5 miles  southeast 
of  Manchester.  Its  chief  industries  are  cotton- 
spinning  and  weaving.  Population,  108,693, 
(1911). 


Stockton  (stok ' ton).  The  capital  of  San  Joa- 
quin County,  California,  situated  on  the  Stock- 
ton  navigable  channel,  near  the  San  Joaquin 
River,  64  miles  east  by  north  of  San  Francisco. 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  the  San  Joaquin 
valley.  Population,  23,253,  (1910). 

Stockton,  Frank  Richard.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, April  5, 1834 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
April  20, 1902.  An  American  humorist.  His  chief 
works  are  “ Rudder  Grange  ” (1879),  “The  Rudder  Gran- 
gers Abroad,"  “The  Lady  or  the  Tiger?  and  other  Stories” 
(1884),  “ The  Late  Mis.  Null  ’’  (1886),  “The  Casting  Away 
of  Mrs.  Leeks  and  Airs.  Aleshine"  (1886:  with  its  sequel 
“The  Dusantes,”  1888),  “The  Hundredth  Man”  (1887), 
“Personally  Conducted”  (1889),  “The  Merry  Chanter” 
(1890),  “The  Squirrel  Inn”  (1891),  “The  Clocks  of  Ron- 
daine,  etc.”  (1892),  “ The  Watchmaker’s  Wife,  etc.”  (1893), 
“Pomona’s  Travels”  (1894),  “The  Adventures  of  Captain 
Horn  ’’  (1895),  etc. 

Stockton,  Robert  Field.  Born  at,  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  1795  : died  at  Princeton,  Oct.  7, 1866.  An 
American  naval  officer  and  politician,  son  of 
Richard  Stockton  (1764-1828).  He  served  in  the 
War  of  1812,  and  in  the  Algerine  war  ; negotiated  the  pur- 
chase of  Liberia  in  1821 ; served  against  the  pirates  ; was 
sent  to  California  in  command  of  a squadron  in  1845 ; with 
Fremont  conquered  California  1846-47,  and  organized  a 
government ; resigned  from  the  navy  in  1850 ; and  was 
Democratic  United  States  senator  from  New  Jersey  1851-53. 

Stockton-on-Tees  (stok'ton-on-tez').  A sea- 
port inthecountyof  Durham, England, situated 
on  the  Tees  in  lat.  54°  34'  N.,  long.  1°  19'  W.  It 
has  considerable  commerce,  and  important  iron 
and  6teel  manufactures.  Population,  51,478. 
Stockwell  (stok'wel).  A district  of  London,  in 
Southwark. 

Stoddard  (stod'ard),  Amos.  Born  at  Wood- 
bury, Conn.,  Oct.  26,  1762 : died  at  Fort  Meigs, 
Ohio,  May  11, 1813.  An  American  soldier,  an 
officer  in  the  Revolution  and  in  the  War  of  1812. 
He  was  governor  of  Missouri  Territory  1 804-05. 
★He  published  “ Sketches  of  Louisiana”  (1812). 
Stoddard,  Charles  Warren.  Born  at  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  1843  : died  at  Monterey,  Cal.,  April 
24,1909.  An  American  writer.  He  was  professor 
of  English  literature  at  Notre  Dame  College,  Indiana, 
1885-86,  and  later  lecturer  on  English  literature  at  the 
Catholic  University,  Washington,  D.  C.  He  has  written 
“ South  Sea  Idylls  ’’  (1873),  “ Summer  Cruising  in  the  South 
Seas "(1874),  “ Mashallah  ! ” (1S80),  “The  Lepers  of  AIolo- 
kai  ” (1885)  etc 

Stoddard,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Barstow).  Born 

at  Mattapoisett,  Mass.,  May  6,  1823:  died  at 
New  York,  Aug.  1, 1902.  An  American  poet  and 
novelist,  wife  of  R.  H.  Stoddard.  Among  her 
novels  are  “The  Morgesons”  (1862),  “Two 
Men”  (1865),  “Temple  House”  (1867). 
Stoddard,  Richard  Henry.  Bom  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  July  2,  1825:  died  at  New  York,  May 
12, 1903.  An  American  poet  and  literary  critic. 
He  published  “Poems  ”(1852),  “Songsof  Summer”(1857), 
“The  King's  Bell”  (1862),  “The  Story  of  Little  Red 
Riding  Hood”  (1864),  “Children  in  the  Wood”  (1865), 
“Abraham  Lincoln:  a Horatian  Ode”  (1865),  “Putnam 
the  Brave”  (1869),  “The  Book  of  the  East”  (1867  : “The 
Book  of  the  East,  and  other  Poems,”  1871) ; and  edited 
various  works,  including  the  “ Bric-a-Brac  ” series  (1874- 
1876)  and  the  “ Sans  Souci  ” series. 

Stoddert  (stod'ert),  Benjamin.  Born  in  Mary- 
land, 1751:  died  at  Bladensburg,  Md.,  Dec., 
1813.  An  American  politician : the  first  secre- 
tary of  the  navy  (1798-1801). 

Stoics  (sto'iks).  [Formerly  also  StoicTc;  F.  sto- 
ique,  Sp.  estoico,  Pg.  estoico,  It.  stoico,  from 
L.  stoicus,  from  Gr.  oroindg,  pertaining  to  a 
porch  or  portico,  specifically  pertaining  to  that 
called  2rod  llondXr/,  ‘the  Painted  Porch’ in  the 
Agora  at  Athens,  and  to  the  school  of  philosophy 
founded  by  Zeno,  who  frequented  this  porch.] 
Disciples  of  the  philosopher  Zeno,  who  founded 
a sect  about  308  B.  C.  He  taught  that  men  should  be 
free  from  passion,  unmoved  by  joy  or  grief,  and  submit 
without  complaint  to  the  unavoidable  necessity  by  which 
all  things  are  governed.  The  Stoics  are  proverbially 
known  for  the  sternness  and  austerity  of  their  doctrines, 
and  for  the  influence  which  their  tenets  exercised  over 
some  of  the  noblest  spirits  of  antiquity,  especially  among 
the  Romans.  Their  system  appears  to  have  been  an  at- 
tempt to  reconcile  a theological  pantheism  and  a material- 
ist psychology  with  a logic  which  seeks  the  foundations 
of  knowledge  in  the  representations  or  perceptions  of  the 
senses,  and  a morality  which  claims  as  its  first  principle 
the  absolute  freedom  of  the  human  will.  The  Stoics  teach 
that  whatever  is  real  is  material ; that  matter  and  force 
are  the  two  ultimate  principles ; and  that  matter  is  of 
itself  motionless  and  unformed,  though  capable  of  receiv- 
ing all  motions  and  all  forms.  Force  is  the  active,  mov- 
ing, and  molding  principle,  and  is  inseparably  joined  with 
matter;  the  working  force  in  the  universe  is  God,  whose 
existence  as  a wise,  thinking  being  is  proved  by  the  beauty 
and  adaptation  of  the  world.  The  supreme  end  of  life,  or 
the  highest  good,  is  virtue  — that  is,  a life  conformed  to 
nature,  the  agreement  of  human  conduct  with  the  all- 
controlling law  of  nature,  or  of  the  human  with  the  divine 
will ; not  contemplation, but  action,  is  the  supreme  problem 
for  man  ; virtue  is  sufficient  for  happiness,  but  happiness 
or  pleasure  should  never  he  made  the  end  of  human  en- 
deavor. The  wise  man  alone  attains  to  the  complete  per- 
formance of  his  duty ; he  is  without  passion,  although  uot 


without  feeling  ; he  is  not  indulgent  but  just  toward  him- 
self and  others ; he  alone  is  free  ; he  is  king  and  lord,  and 
is  inferior  in  inner  worth  to  no  other  rational  being,  not 
even  to  Zeus  himself. 

Stoke  (stok),  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  by 
Henry  VII.  over  the  adherents  of  the  pretender 
Lambert  Simnel  at  Stoke-upon-Trent,  1487. 

Stoke  Newington  (stok  nu'ing-ton).  A bor- 
ough (metropolitan)  of  London,  3-4  miles 
N.N.E.  of  St.  Paul’s.  Population,  50,683, (1911). 

stoke  Poges  (stok  po'jis).  A village  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, England,  23  miles  west  of  London : 
the  burial-place  of  Thomas  Gray. 

Stokes  (stoks),  Sir  George  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Skreen,  Ireland,  Aug.  13,  1819 : died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Feb.  1,  1903.  A British  mathema- 
tician and  physicist.  He  graduated  in  1841  at  Cam- 
bridge (Pembroke  College)  as  senior  wrangler  and  first 
Smith’s  prizeman  ; was  appointed  Lucasian  professor  of 
mathematics  in  1849  ; was  made  president  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1885;  and  represented  Cambridge  University 
in  Parliament  1887-92.  In  1846  he  wrote  a report  for  the 
British  Association  on  hydrodynamics.  He  discovered 
the  refrangibility  of  light,  for  which  discovery  the  Rum- 
ford  medal  was  awarded  to  him  in  1852.  He  was  made  a 

★ baronet  in  1889. 

Stokes,  Whitley.  Born  at  Dublin,  Feb.  28, 
1830 : died  at  London,  April  13, 1909.  A Brit- 
ish Celtic  scholar  and  Anglo-Iudian  jurist.  He 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; went  to  India 
(Madras)  as  a barrister ; was  law  member  of  the  council 
of  the  governor-general  of  India  1877-82,  and  president  of 
the  Indian  law  commission  on  the  civil  and  criminal  codes 
in  1887.  He  published  “Irish  Glosses”  (1860),  “Three 
Irish  Glosses  ” (1862),  and  edited  “ Cormac’s  Glossary, 
translated  by  O'Donovan  ” (1868),  “ Goidelica  ” (1872),  “ Sal- 
tair  na  Rann  ” (1883),  etc.,  besides  editing  the  Anglo-In- 
dian codes. 

Stoke-upon-Trent  (stok  ' u - pon  - trent').  A 
county  borough  in  Staffordshire, England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Trent  33  miles  south  of  Manchester. 
It  has  manufactures  of  earthenware  and  porcelain.  It  is 
tlie  center  of  the  “ Potteries.”  Population,  234,553,  (1911). 

stolberg  (stol'berG).  1.  A countship  in  Thu- 
ringia, at  the  southern  foot  of  the  Harz.  It  is 
divided  into  Stolberg-Stolberg  and  Stolberg- 
Rossla. — 2.  The  chief  town  of  the  countship  of 
Stolberg-Stolberg,  50  miles  southwest  of  Mag- 
deburg. It  contains  a castle.  Population,  2,083. 

Stolberg.  A town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Vichtbach  7 miles  east  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  In  Stolberg  and  its  vicinity  are  ex- 
tensive  manufactures  of  brass,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  glass,  etc. 
Its  manufactures  were  established  by  French  Hugue- 
nots in  the  17th  century.  Population,  commune,  14,963. 

Stolberg,  Count  Christian.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Oct.  15,  1748:  died  on  his  estate  Windebye, 
near  Eckernforde,  Schleswig,  Jan.  18, 1821.  A 
German  poet,  a member  of  the  “Gottingen 
Dichterbund.”  His  works,  with  those  of  his 
brother,  were  published  1820-25. 

Stolberg,  Count  Friedrich  Leopold.  Bom  at 
Bramstedt,  Holstein,  Nov.  7,  1750:  died  near 
Osnabriick,  Dec.  5,  1819.  A German  poet  and 
author,  brother  of  Christian  Stolberg,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  “Gottingen  Dichterbund.”  He  wrote 
the  “Iamben"  (1784),  with  his  brother  “Schauspiele  mit 
Choren,”  and  “ Vaterlandische  Gedichte”;  he  also  wrote 
a translation  of  the  Hiad,  Plato,  etc. , the  novel  “ Die  Insel " 
(1788),  travels,  etc. 

Stolen  Heiress,  The,  or  the  Salamanca  Doctor 
Outplotted.  A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre, 
produced  in  1702:  from  Thomas  May’s  comedy 
“The  Heir.” 

Stollberg  (stol'berG).  A town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  10  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz. 
Population,  7,373. 

Stollhofen  (stol'ho',/fen).  A small  village  in 
Baden,  near  the  Rhine  23  miles  southwest  of 
Karlsruhe.  The  Stollhofen  lines  were  a de- 
fense against  the  French  1703-07. 

Stolp  (stolp),  or  Stolpe  (stol'pe).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  river  Stolpe  65  miles  west  of  Dantzic. 
A Hanseatic  town.  Pop.,  commune,  31,154. 

Stolpe.  A river  in  northern  Prussia  which  flows 
into  the  Baltic  Sea  at  Stolpmiinde.  Length, 
about  90  miles. 

Stolpmiinde  (stolp'miin//de),  or  Stolpemiinde 

(stol'pe-miin-de).  [G.,  ‘mouth  of  the  Stolpe.’] 
A small  seaport  and  watering-place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Stolpe,  in  the  Baltic,  74  miles  west 
by  north  of  Dantzic. 

Stolzenfels  (stolt'sen-fels).  [G., ‘proud  rock.’] 
A picturesque  castle,  situated  on  a height  above 
the  Rhine,  4 miles  south  of  Coblenz,  it  was  founded 
in  the  13th  century,  on  the  site  of  an  older  structure,  by  an 
archbishop  of  Treves,  and  was  ruined  by  LouisXIV.  in  1689. 
In  the  present  century  it  was  restored  as  a royal  residence 
by  Frederick  William  IV.  It  is  a picturesque  modified 
medieval  castle  with  clustering  towers,  the  central  one  1 10 
feet  high.  The  interior  is  adorned  with  historical  and  alle- 
gorical frescos,  sculptures,  and  many  interesting artworks. 


Stone 

Stone  (ston).  A town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Trent  7 miles  north  of 
Stafford.  Population,  5,080. 

Stone,  Amasa.  Born  at  Charlton,  Mass.,  April 
27,  1818 : died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  May  11, 1883. 
An  American  financier  and  philanthropist.  He 
largely  endowed  Adelbert  College  of  Western 
Reserve  University. 

Stone,  Charles  Pomeroy.  Born  at  Greenfield, 
Mass.,  Sept.  30,  1824:  died  in  New  York  city, 
Jan.  24,  1887.  An  American  general  and  en- 
gineer. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845  ; served  in 
the  Mexican  war ; was  head  of  the  survey  and  scientific 
exploration  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  1857-60 ; was  engaged  in 
the  winter  of  1861  at  Washington  (as  colonel  and  inspec- 
tor-general of  the  local  militia)  in  drilling  volunteers ; 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  defenses  of  Washington 
May  14, 1861 ; served  as  brigade  commander  under  Patter- 
son in  the  Shenandoah ; was  in  command  of  the  corps  of 
observation  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Aug.  10, 1861, -Feb. 
9. 1862  ; directed  the  unfortunate  attack  at  Ball's  Bluff  Oct. 
21,  1861;  was  imprisoned  in  Fort  Lafayette  (New  York 
harbor)  Feb.-Aug.,  1862  ; served  at  the  siege  of  PortHudson 
in  1863 ; and  was  chief  of  staff  in  the  Red  River  campaign 
of  1864.  He  was  in  the  service  of  the  khedive  1870-83, 
and  became  chief  of  staff.  He  was  chief  engineer  for  the 
erection  of  the  pedestal  of  the  Bartholdi  Statue  of  Liberty 
in  New  York  harbor. 

Stone,  Edwin  Martin.  Born  at  Framingham, 
Mass.,  April  29,  1805 : died  1883.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman  and  author.  He 
edited  hymn-books,  and  wrote  the  “Invasion  of 
Canada  in  1775”  (1867),  memoirs,  etc. 

Stone,  Lucy  (Blackwell).  Born  in  West 
Brookfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1818:  died  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  Oct.  18,  1893.  An  American 
reformer,  a prominent  advocate  of  woman’s 
rights. 

Stone,  Samuel.  Born  at  Hertford,  England, 
about  1602 : died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  20, 
1663.  A clergyman  and  colonist  in  New  Eng- 
land. He  emigrated  to  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  in 
1633,  and  became  pastor  there,  and  was  one  of  the  early 
colonists  of  Hartford  in  1636. 

Stone,  William  Leete.  Born  at  New  Paltz, 
N.  Y.,  April  20, 1792 : died  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  15,  1844.  An  American  journalist 
and  author,  editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  the  New  York  “Commercial  Advertiser” 
from  1821.  He  wrote  “Letters  on  Masonry  and  Anti- 
Masonry”  (1832),  “ Tales  and  Sketches  ” (1834),  “ Ups  and 
Downs  in  the  Life  of  a Distressed  Gentleman  ” (1836), 
“ Border  Wars  of  the  American  Revolution,”  lives  of  Brant 
(1838)  and  Red  Jacket  (1840),  etc. 

Stone,  William  Leete.  Born  April  4,  1835 : 
died  June  11,  1908.  An  American  lawyer  and 
historical  writer,  son  of  W.  L.  Stone  (1792- 
1844) . He  published  the  “ Life  and  Times  of  Sir  William 
Johnson"  (1865),  and  wrote  a “History  of  New  York 
City”  (1872),  “Campaign  of  Lieutenant-General  John 
Burgoyne,  etc.  " (1877),  etc. 

Stoneham  (ston'am).  A town  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  9 miles  north  by  west 
of  Boston.  Population,  7,090,  (1910). 
Stonehaven  (ston-ha'vn).  A seaport,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Kincardine,  Scotland,  situated 
on  the  North  Sea  14  miles  south-southwest  of 
Aberdeen.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Dunnottar 
Castle.  Population,  4,565. 

Stonehenge  (stdn'henj).  A celebrated  prehis- 
toric monument  in  Salisbury  Plain,  Wiltshire, 
England,  8 miles  north  of  Salisbury.  The  original 
plan  seems  to  have  included  two  concentric  circles  of  up- 
right stones  inclosing  two  ellipses.  In  the  middle  there 
is  a slab  called  the  altar.  Seventeen  stones  of  the  outer 
circle  (16-18  feet  high)  are  standing,  in  part  connected  by 
lintel-slabs  resting  on  their  tops.  In  the  vicinity  are 
many  barrows  and  a race-course  (“  cursus  ”). 

We  cannot  leave  this  point  without  alluding  to  the  ques- 
tion, whose  temple  Stonehenge  was,  or  whose  it  chiefly 
was.  After  giving  it  all  the  attention  I can,  I have  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  we  cannot  do  better  than  follow 
the  story  of  Geoffrey,  which  makes  Stonehenge  the  work 
of  Merlin  Emrys,  commanded  by  another  Emrys  which  I 
interpret  to  mean  that  the  temple  belonge'd  to  the  Celtic 
Zeus,  whose  later  legendary  self  we  have  in  Merlin.  It 
would  be  in  vain  to  look  for  any  direct  argument  for  or 
against  such  an  hypothesis  ; one  can  only  say  that  it  suits 
the  facts  of  the  case,  and  helps  to  understand  others  of  a 
somewhat  similar  nature.  What  sort  of  a temple  could 
have  been  more  appropriate  for  the  primary  god  of  light 
and  of  the  luminous  heavens  than  a spacious,  open-air  en- 
closure of  a circular  form  like  Stonehenge?  Nor  do  I see 
any  objection  to  the  old  idea  that  Stonehenge  was  the 
original  of  the  famous  temple  of  Apollo  in  the  island  of  the 
Hyperboreans,  the  stories  about  which  were  based  in  the 
first  instance  most  likely  on  t he  journal  of  Pytheas’ travels. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  194. 

Stoneman  (ston'mau),  George.  Bom  at  Busti, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  8,  1822 : died  at  Buffalo,  Sept.  5, 
1894.  An  American  general  of  cavalry.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846;  was  chief  of  cavalry  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861-62  ; was  later  division  and 
corps  commander  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ; conducted 
a raid  toward  Richmond  in  1863 ; took  part  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign  of  1864 ; was  captured  in  a raid  in  Georgia  in 
1864  ; and  engaged  in  other  raids  and  military  operations. 
He  was  Democratic  governor  of  California  1883-87. 


960 

Stonemason  of  Cromarty.  A pseudonym  of 
Hugh  Miller. 

Stone  Mountain.  A small  village  in  De  Kalb 

County,  Georgia,  about  12  miles  east-northeast 
of  Atlanta : noted  for  its  isolated  granite  dome 
(about  2,200  feet  high). 

Stone  of  the  Sun.  An  Aztec  monument,  con- 
sisting of  a piece  of  basalt  twelve  feet  in 
diameter,  carved  with  characters  representing 
divisions  of  time,  and  supposed  to  serve  as  a 
calendar.  It  was  carved  about  1512,  and  is  now  in  the 
National  Museum  of  Mexico.  Chavero  is  of  opinion  that 
it  is  a votive  monument  to  the  sun.  It  is  also  called  the 
Aztec  Calendar  Stone. 

Stone  River,  Battle  of.  See  Murfreesboro, 
Battle  of. 

Stones  of  Venice,  The.  An  art  treatise  by 
Ruskin,  published  in  1851. 

Stonewall  Jackson.  A nickname  of  General 
Thomas  J.  Jackson.  See  Jackson,  Thomas  J. 
Stonington  (sto'ning-ton).  A seaport  in  New 
London  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Long 
Island  Sound  in  lat.  41°  20'  N.,  long.  71°  54'  W. 
It  has  railroad  and  machine  shops,  factories  and  mills. 
It  was  defended  against  the  British  in  1814.  Population, 
town,  9,154,  (1910). 

Stony  (sto'ni)  Creek.  A village  in  Ontario,  Can- 
ada, situated  near  Hamilton,  at  the  western  end 
of  Lake  Ontario.  Here,  1813,  the  British  de- 
feated the  Americans. 

Stony  Point.  A promontory  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Highlands, 
35  miles  north  of  New  York.  It  was  occupied  by  an 
American  fort  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  was  captured 
by  the  British  in  1779,  and  was  retaken  by  assault  by  the 
Americans  under  Anthony  Wayne,  July  16,  1779. 

Stora  (sto'ra).  The  seaport  of  Philippeville, 
Algeria. 

Storace  (sto-ra'che  or  sto'ras),  Anna  (or  Ann) 
Selina.  Born  at  London,  1766 : died  Aug.  24, 
1817.  An  English  opera-singer,  sister  of  Stephen 
Storace.  She  created  the  role  of  Susanna  in 
Mozart’s  “ Nozze  di  Figaro.” 

Storace,  Stephen.  Born  at  London,  1763:  died 
there,  March  19, 1796.  An  English  composer  of 
operas,  son  of  Stefano  Storace,  an  Italian  con- 
trabassist. Among  his  works  are  “The  Haunted  Tow- 
er ” (1789),  “ No  Song  no  Supper  " (1790),  “ The  Siege  of  Bel- 
grade ” (1791),  “The  Pirates ” (1792),  and  “The  Iron  Chest” 
(1796),  with  Colman. 

Stora  Lulelr  (sto'ra  lo'la-a).  A river  in  north- 
ern Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia about  lat.  65°  40'  N.  Length,  about  240 
miles. 

Stora  Luleci  Lake.  An  expansion  of  Stora  Lu- 
lefi  River  in  its  upper  course. 

Storer  (sto'r6r),  David  Humphreys.  Bom  at 
Portland,  Maine,  March  26,  1804:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Sept.  10,  1891.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  naturalist.  He  was  a practising  physician 
at  Boston  from  1826,  and  was  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
medical  jurisprudence  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School, 
and  its  dean  from  1854-68.  He  was  a collaborator  with 
Agassiz.  He  wrote  “ Fishes  of  North  Am  erica  ”(1846),  etc. 

Storer,  Francis  Humphreys.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  27, 1832.  An  American  chemist, 
professor  in  Harvard  University  (1870),  and 
dean  of  the  Bussey  Institution. 

Stork,  King.  See  Lot 7,  King. 

Storm  and  Stress.  See  Sturm  und  Drang. 
Storm  King  (storm  king).  A mountain  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Hudson,  above  West  Point. 
Height,  1,530  feet. 

Storms,  Cape  of.  A name  given  by  Bartholo- 
meu  Dias  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Stornoway  (stor'no-wa).  A seaport  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  the  island  of  Lewis,  Hebrides,  in 
lat.  58°  11'  N.,  long.  6°  22'  W.  It  is  the  largest 
town  in  the  Hebrides.  Population,  3,711. 
Storo  (sto're).  An  island  on  the  western  coast 
of  Norway,  about  35  miles  south  of  Bergen. 
Storrs  (stdrz),  Richard  Salter.  Born  at  Brain- 
tree, Mass.,  Aug.  21,  1821:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  June  5,  1900.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman,  noted  as  a pulpit  orator.  He 
was  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Pilgrims,  Brooklyn,  1846- 
1900.  He  was  an  editor  of  the  “ Independent  " 184S-61. 
His  works  include  “Conditions  of  Success  in  Preaching 
without  Notes”  (1875),  “John  Wyclitte  and  the  First 
English  Bible”  (1880),  etc. 

Storthing  (stor'ting).  [From  Dan.  Norw.  stor- 
thing (Icel.  storthing),  great  or  high  court.] 
The  national  parliament  of  Norway.  It  is  com- 
posed of  123  members,  who  are  chosen  by 
direct  election.  The  Storthing  assembles  every  year, 
and  divides  itself  into  an  upper  house  (Lagthing)  and  a 
lower  house  (Odelsthing).  The  former  is  composed  of  one 
fourth  and  the  latter  of  three  fourths  of  the  members. 
See  Lagthing  and  Odelsthing. 

Stor-Umail  (stor-o'miin).  A large  lake  in  Swe- 
den, about  lat.  65°  N.  Its  outlet  is  the  Umefi 
Elf. 


Stowe,  Mrs. 

story  (sto'ri),  Joseph.  Born  at  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  Sept.  18, 1779:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Sept.  10,  1845.  An  eminent  American  jurist.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1798  ; began  the  practice  of  law  in 
1801  in  Salem  ; was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1808-09  ; was  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1811-45  ; and  was  professor  of  law  at 
Harvard  1829-45.  He  published  “CommentariesontheLaw 
of  Bailments  ”(1832),“Commentarieson  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  ” (1833),  “On  the  Conflictof  Laws  "(1834),- 
“On  Equity  Jurisprudence”  (1835-36),  “Equity  Plead- 
ings” (1S38),  “ Law  of  Agency"  (1839),  “Law  of  Partner- 
ship" (1841),  “Law  of  Bills  of  Exchange"  (1843),  “ Law  of 
Promissory  Notes,”  Circuit  Court  decisions,  and  Supreme 
Court  reports.  His  “Miscellaneous  Writings  "were  edited 
by  his  son. 

Story,  William  Wetmore.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Eeb.  19, 1819:  died  at  Vail  ombrosa,  Italy, 
Oct.  7,  1895.  An  American  sculptor  and  poet, 
son  of  Joseph  Story . Among  his  works  are  statues 
of  Edward  Everett  (Boston),  George  Peabody  (London), 
“Cleopatra,”  “Semiramis”  (New  York),  etc.  He  wrote 
legal  treatises,  several  volumes  of  poetry,  “Robadi  Roma, 
or  Walks  and  Talks  about  Rome  ” (1862),  etc. 

Stosch  (stosh),  Albrecht  von.  Born  April  20, 
1818 : died  F eh.  29,  1896.  A Prussian  general 
and  state  minister,  chief  of  the  imperial  ad- 
miralty 1872-83. 

Stosch,  Baron  Philipp  Von.  Bom  at  Kiistrin, 
Prussia,  March  22, 1691 : died  at  Florence,  Nov. 
7,  1757.  A German  art  connoisseur,  noted  for 
his  collection  of  antique  gems. 

Stoss  (stos),  Der.  Au  Alpine  pass  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Appenzell  and  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  5 
miles  northeast,  of  Appenzell. 

Stothard  (stotli'ard),  Thomas.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  17,  1755 : died  there,  April  27,  1834. 
An  English  painter  and  illustrator.  Among  his 
paintings  is  the  “Canterbury  Pilgrims.”  He  designed  il- 
lustrations for  Shakspere,  “Robinson  Crusoe,"  “The  Pil- 
grim’s Progress,”  Rogers’s  “ Italy,"  etc. 

Stotteritz  (stet'te-rits).  A village  in  Saxony, 
miles  southeast  of  Leipsic:  the  headquarters 
of  Napoleon  in  the  battle  of  Leipsic  (1813). 
Stoughton  (sto'ton),  Israel.  Died  at  Lincoln, 
England,  1645.  An  early  colonist  in  Massa- 
chusetts. He  commanded  the  Massachusetts 
troops  in  the  Pequot  war,  1637. 

Stoughton,  William.  Born  in  England  about 
1630:  died  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  July  7,  1701. 
An  American  jurist,  son  of  Israel  Stoughton. 
He  became  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1692, 
and  later  acting  governor.  As  chief  justice  of  the  Supe- 
rior Court  he  presided  over  the  Salem  witchcraft  trials. 
Stour  (stor).  [L.  Sturius. ] 1.  A small  river 

in  southern  England,  chiefly  in  Dorsetshire, 
which  unites  with  the  Avon  at  Christchurch. — 
2.  A small  river  in  Kent,  England,  which  flows 
past  Canterbury  and  empties  into  the  North 
Sea  at  the  Isle  of  Thanet. — 3.  A river  on  the 
boundary  between  Essex  and  Suffolk,  England, 
which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  10  miles  south- 
east of  Ipswich. — 4.  A river  in  Staffordshire 
and  Worcestershire,  England,  which  joins  the 
Severn  at  Stourport. 

Stourbridge  (ster'brij).  A town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Stour  10  miles 
west  of  Birmingham.  It  has  manufactures  of 
glass,  fire-brick,  etc.  Population,  10,372. 
Stourport  (ster'port).  A town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Stour  with  the  Severn,  10  miles  north  by  west 
of  Worcester.  Population,  4,529. 

Stow(sto),  John.  Born  at  London,  about  1525: 
died  there,  April  6, 1605.  A noted  English  his- 
torian and  antiquary,  son  of  Thomas  Stow,  a 
tailor.  In  1565  he  published  “A  Summary  of  Englische 
Chronicles,”  and  in  1580  his  “Annales,  or  a Generale  Chron- 
icle  of  England  from  Brute  until  the  present  yeare  of 
Christ  1580. " Stow  is  best  known  from  his  “Survey  of 
London ’’ (1598),  the  standard  authority  on  old  London. 
Through  the  patronage  of  Archbishop  Parker  he  was  able 
to  print  the  “Flores  Bistoriarum  ” of  Matthew  of  West- 
minster (1567),  the  “Chronicle"  of  Matthew  Paris  (1571), 
and  the  “Historia  Brevis"  of  Thomas  Walsingham  (1574). 
In  1604  he  was  authorized  bv  James I.  to  collect  “amongst 
our  loving  subjects  their  voluntary  contributions  and  kind 
gratuities.” 

Stowe  (sto).  A village  in  Buckinghamshire, 
England,  3 miles  northwest  of  Buckingham: 
noted  for  its  castle  and  park. 

Stowe,  Calvin  Ellis.  Born  at  Natick,  Mass., 
April  6, 1802:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Aug.  22, 
1886.  An  American  educator  and  theological 
writer,  professor  successively  in  Dartmouth. 
College,  Lane  Theological  Seminary  (Ohio), 
Bowdoin  College,  and  1852-64  (of  sacred  litera- 
ture) in  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  He  pub- 
lished “Introduction  to  the  Criticism  and  Interpretation 
of  the  Bible”  (1835),  “Origin  and  History  of  the  Books  of 
the  Bible  ” (l867  and  1887),  translation  of  Jahn’s  ‘ ‘ Hebrew 
Commonwealth”  (1828). 

Stowe,  Mrs.  (Harriet  Elizabeth  Beecher). 

Born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  June  14,  1811:  died 
at  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  1, 1896.  A noted  Ainer- 


Stowe,  Mrs. 

ican  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer : daugh- 
ter of  Lyman  Beecher,  sister  of  H.  W.  Beecher, 
and  wife  of  C.  E.  Stowe.  She  was  educated  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.;  taught  school  there  and  at  Cincinnati ; and 
after  her  marriage  lived  in  Cincinnati,  Brunswick  (Maine), 
Andover,  Hartford,  Florida,  and  elsewhere.  Her  famous 
work,  “Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,”  was  published  in  the  Wash- 
ington “ National  Era"  1851-52,  and  in  book  form  in  1852. 
Among  her  other  works  are  “ Dred  " (1856  : also  published 
as  “Nina  Gordon”),  “The  Minister’s  Wooing  "(1859),  “ The 
Pearl  of  Orr’s  Island  ” (1862),  “Agnes  of  Sorrento  ” (1863), 
“Old  Town  Folks  ” (1869),  “ My  Wife  and  I " (1872),  “ Pink 
and  White  Tyranny”  (1871),  “We  and  Our  Neighbors” 
(1875),  “Sam  Lawson's  Fireside  Stories  ” (1871),  “ Poganuc 
People”  (1878),  “KeytoUncle  Tom's  Cabin  " (1853),  “Sunny 
Memories  of  Foreign  Lands  ” (1854),  “ Lady  Byron  Vindi- 
cated ” (1869),  etc. 

Stowell,  Baron.  See  Scott,  William. 
Stowmarket  (sto'mar-ket).  A town  in  the 
county  of  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the  Gip- 
ping  11  miles  northwest  of  Ipswich.  Popular 
tion,  4,162. 

Stow-on-the-Wold  (st5  ' on  - th§  - wold').  A 
town  in  Gloucestershire,  England,  24  miles 
northwest  of  Oxford.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  last 
battle  of  the  English  civil  war,  March,  1646,  in  which  the 
Royalists  under  Astley  were  defeated. 

Strabane  (stra-ban').  A town  in  the  county  of 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  on  the  Mourne,  opposite  Lif- 
ford and  the  mouth  of  the  Finn,  13  miles  south- 
west of  Londonderry.  Population,  5,033. 
Strabo  (stra'bo).  [‘  Squint-eyed’: from Gr.]  Bom 
at  Amasia,  Pontus,  about  63  b.  c.  : died  about  24 
a.d.  A celebrated  Greek  geographer.  He  traveled 
extensively,  and  wrote  a geographical  work,  in  17  books, 
describing  Europe  (Books  IIL-X.),  Asia  (XI. -XVI. ),  and 
Egypt  and  Libya  (XVII.).  “The  first  two  books  contain 
a general  introduction,  in  which  the  author  reviews  his 
principal  predecessors,  beginning  with  Homer  and  pass- 
ing on  to  Anaximander,  Hecatteus,  Democritus,  Eudoxus, 
Dicaearchus,  Ephorus,  Eratosthenes,  Polybius,  and  Posei- 
donius.  He  also  gives  us  his  general  notions  of  the  figure 
and  dimensions  of  the  earth,  and  the  climatology  of  the 
different  zones.  According  to  him  the  earth  is  a globe, 
fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  and  its  habitable  por- 
tion resembles  a military  cloak,  and  extends  from  Ireland 
to  Ceylon.” 

Strachey,  William.  Lived  in  the  first  part  of 
the  17th  century.  An  English  colonist,  secre- 
tary of  Virginia  about  1610-12.  He  wrote  “A  True 
Repertory  of  the  Wracke  and  Redemption  of  Sir  Thomas 
Gates,  upon  and  from  the  Islands  of  the  Bermudas  ” (edited 
by  Purchas),“  For  theColony  in  Virginea  Britannia:  Lawes 
Divine,  Morall,  and  Martiall”  (1612),  “Bistorie  of  Travaile 
into  Virginia  Britannia”  (published  by  the  Hakluyt  Society 
1849). 

Strada,  Alonzo  de.  See  Estrada. 

Stradella  (stra-del'la).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Pavia,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Aversa 
10  miles  southeast  of  Pavia.  Population, 
town,  6,546;  commune,  8,979. 

Stradella.  1 . An  opera  by  Flotow.  It  was  first 
produced  as  a short  lyrical  piece  in  Paris  in  1837,  and  after- 
ward rewritten  and  produced  in  its  present  form  in  Ham- 
burg, Dec.  30,  1844,  as  “Alessandro  Stradella.” 

2.  An  opera  by  Niedermeyer,  produced  at  Pa- 
ris in  1837. 

Stradella,  Alessandro.  Born  at  Naples  about 
1645 : diedat  Genoa  about  1681.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, alleged  to  have  been  also  a noted  singer 
and  performer. 

Stradella,  Alessandro.  See  Stradella,  1. 
Stradella  .Defile  of.  A famous  pass  and  strate- 
gic point  between  the  Po  and  spurs  of  the  Apen- 
nines, near  Pavia. 

Stradivari  (strii-de-va're),  Antonio,  Latinized 
Antonius  Stradivarius.  Born  at  Cremona, 
Italy,  about  1644  (?):  died  there,  Dec.  17  or  18, 
1737.  A famous  Italian  maker  of  violins,  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  masters  of  the  art : a pupil 
of  Nicolo  Amati.  His  best  violins  were  made  about 
1700-25.  His  sons  Francesco  and  Omobono  are  also  noted. 
Strafford  (straf'ord).  A tragedy  by  Robert 
Browning,  relating  to  the  Earl  of  Strafford.  It 
was  written  for  Macready,  at  his  own  request,  and  he 
played  the  title  role  on  its  production  in  1837. 

Strafford,  Earl  of.  See  Wentworth,  Thomas. 
Strafford  Going  to  Execution.  A painting  by 
Paul  Delaroche  (1835),  in  Stafford  House.  Lon- 
don. The  earl  is  kneeling  beneath  the  prison  window 
of  Archbishop  Laud,  who  extends  his  hands  through  the 
bars  in  blessing,  while  the  guards  wait, 
strahlegg  (strii'lek).  A glacier  pass  in  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  lead- 
ing from  the  Grimsel  hospice  to  Grindelwald. 
Straits  Settlements  (strats  set'l-ments).  A 
British  crown  colony  in  the  Malay  Peninsula. 
Itcomprises  Singapore,  Malacca,  Penang  (Bindings  Wel- 
lesley); and  administration  is  exercised  over  the  Feder- 
ated Malay  States  (see  supplement),  British  North  Borneo, 
and  Sarawak. 

Strakonitz  (stra'ko-nits),  Czech  Strakonice 
(stra-ko-net'se).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Wattawa  61  miles 
southwest  of  Prague.  Population,  commune, 
5,441,  (1910). 

O.— 61 


961 

Strakosch  (stra'kosh),  Maurice.  Born  at  Lem- 
berg, Galicia,  1823 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  9, 1887. 
An  opera  and  concert  manager.  He  introduced 
Patti,  Nilsson,  and  other  famous  singers  to 
American  audiences. 

Strakosch,  Max.  Born  1835.  An  opera  mana- 
ger, brother  of  Maurice  Strakosch,  and  partner 
in  many  of  his  ventures. 

Stralsuild  (stral'sond).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Strelasund  in  lat.  54°  19'  N.,  long.  13°  5'  E. 
It  exports  grain,  and  has  varied  manufactures.  It  con- 
tains a Rathaus  and  3 large  Gothic  churches.  The  city 
was  founded  by  the  Prince  of  Riigen  in  1209 ; was  a Hanse- 
atic town;  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  Wallenstein  in 
1628;  passed  to  Sweden  in  1648;  was  several  times  cap- 
tured ; was  defended  unsuccessfully  by  Schill  against  the 
French  allies  in  1809;  and  passed  to  Prussia  in  1815. 
Population,  commune,  31,809. 

Strand  (strand).  One  of  the  chief  thorough- 
fares of  London,  extending  southeast  from 
Fleet  street  to  Charing  Cross.  Originally  the  only 
route  between  the  City  and  Westminster  was  by  Wat- 
ling  street  over  Holborn  Bridge.  Later,  when  Ludgate 
was  opened  and  Fleet  Bridge  built,  a more  direct  way  was 
made  by  the  “Straunde  ” through  the  fens  or  marsh  bythe 
river  side.  The  street  became  the  fashionable  quarter,  and 
was,  especially  on  the  river  side,  built  up  with  fine  palaces 
and  monasteries  (Bridewell,  Whitefriars,  The  Temple, 
Savoy,  etc.). 

Strange  (stranj),  Sir  Robert.  Born  in  Main- 
land, Orkney,  July  14,  1721:  died  at  London, 
July  5, 1792.  A British  line-engraver,  in  1735  he 
was  apprenticed  to  an  Edinburgh  engraver,  and  in  1745- 
1746  he  was  in  the  Jacobite  army.  In  1748  he  studied 
drawing  under  J.  B.  Descamps  at  Rouen ; in  1749  was 
a pupil  of  Le  Bas  at  Paris  : and  in  1750  returned  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  superintended  the  illustrations  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Hunter  s work  on  the  “ Gravid  Uterus  ” from  red 
chalk  drawings  by  Van  Rymsdyck,  published  in  1774.  In 
1753  he  engraved  the  “Magdalen"  and  “ Cleopatra ” of 
Guido,  and  in  1760  went  to  Italy.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  academies  of  Rome,  Florence,  Parma,  and 
Paris,  and  was  knighted  in  1787. 

Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde, 
The.  A tale  by  R.  L.  Stevenson,  published  in 
1886. 

Stranger  (stran'jer),  The.  A translation  from 
Kotzebue’s  “ Misanthropy  and  Repentance,”  by 
Thompson,  altered  and  improved  by  Sheridan. 
Strange  Story,  A.  A novel  by  Bulwer  Lyt- 
ton,  published  during  1862  in  “All  the  Year 
Round.” 

Strangford  (strang ' ford),  Lough.  A lake  or 
branch  of  the  Irish  Sea,  situated  in  northeast- 
ern Ireland  10  miles  southeast  of  Belfast. 
Length,  about  16  miles. 

Straniera  (stra-ne-a'ra),  La.  [It.,  ‘The 
Stranger.’]  An  opera  by  Bellini,  first  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1829. 

Stranraer  (stran-rar ' ).  A seaport  in  Wig- 
townshire, Scotland,  situated  at  the  head  of 
Loch  Ryan,  in  lat.  54°  54'  N.,  long.  5°  2'  W. 
It  has  some  coasting  trade.  Population, 
2,856. 

Strap  (strap),  Hugh.  A follower  of  Roderick 
Random  in  Smollett’s  novel  of  that  name.  He 
is  a simple,  disinterested  fellow,  ill  treated  by  his  mother. 

Straparola  da  Caravaggio  (stra-pa-ro'la-  da 
ka-ra-vad'jo),  Giovanni  Francesco,  known  as 
Straparola.  Born  near  the  end  of  the  15th 
century:  died  about  1557.  An  Italian  novelist. 
He  published  “Sonetti,  strambotti,  epistole  e eapitole” 
(1508),  but  is  best  remembered  by  his  collection  of  stories 
called  “ Tredeci  piaeevoli  notti,”  drawn  from  many  sources 
and  published  at  Venice  in  two  series  in  1550  and  1554. 
Many  editions  were  issued,  and  the  book  has  been  a store- 
house from  which  succeeding  writers  have  obtained  plots, 
etc.  Shakspere  and  ,\  Inhere  are  indebted  to  it,  one  of  the 
stories  is  in  Painter’s  “ Palace  of  Pleasure,”  and  there  have 
been  several  French  translations.  The  stories  are  told  on 
separate  nights  by  a party  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  enjoy- 
ing the  cool  air  at  Murano  (Venice),  and  are  frequently 
called  “ Straparola’s  Nights.” 

Strasburg  (stras'berg),G.  Strassburg  (stras'- 
borG),  F.  Strasbourg  (stras -bor').  The  capi- 
tal of  Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Breusch  and  111,  about  2 miles  from  the 
Rhine,  in  lat.  48°  35'  N.,  long.  7°  46'  E.:  the  Ro- 
man Argentoratum.  It  is  a railway  center,  a fortress 
of  the  first  rank,  and  an  important  strategic  point.  It  has 
manufactures  of  beer,  leather,  tobacco,  dyes,  etc.;  and  ex- 
ports beer,  sausages,  “fat  liver  pies,” sauer-kraut,  hops, 
etc.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  monument,  founded 
in  the  11th  century,  and  not  finished  until  the  15th.  The 
west  front  and  openwork  tower  and  spire  are  famous  : the 
front  is  very  richly  decorated  with  traceried  windows  and 
slender  arcading,  and  has  fine  sculptured  portals  and  a 
splendid  rose,  but  it  bears  little  relation  to  the  remainder  of 
the  edifice,  far  above  which  it  rises  irra  heavy  square  mass. 
The  spire  is  468  feet  high.  The  13th-century  nave  is  100 
feet  high,  and  excellent  in  design  : the  east  end  is  of  mas- 
sive Romanesque,  with  an  early  crypt.  The  medieval  glass 
is  gorgeous  in  color,  and  the  great  astronomical  clock 
(1842)  is  an  artistic  and  scientific  curiosity.  The  Church  of 
St.  Thomas  is  chieily  of  the  time  of  transition  from  Roman- 
esque to  Pointed,  of  massive  and  imposing  architecture, 
and  possesses  good  glass.  It  is  chieily  remarkable,  how- 
ever, for  the  tomb  of  the  Mar6chal  de  Saxe,  erected  by 


Stratonice 

Louis  XV.,  and  designed  by  Pigalle.-  The  marshal  ap- 
pears descending  to  the  grave,  to  which  he  is  conducted 
by  Death,  while  France  in  the  form  of  a beautiful  woman 
seeks  to  hold  him  back.  The  University  of  Strasburg  was 
founded  in  the  first  part  of  the  17th  century ; was  sup- 
pressed in  the  French  Revolution  ; was  refounded  later  as 
a French  academy  ; and  was  refounded  as  a university  in 
1872.  Connected  with  it  are  an  observatory  and  a library  of 
over  900,000  volumes.  Near  Argentoratum  the  emperor  Ju- 
lian defeated  the  Alamanni  in  357 ; but  the  town  was  later 
conquered  by  the  Alamanni  and  by  the  Franks.  Strasburg 
was  confirmed  as  a free  imperial  city  in  consequence  of 
the  victory  of  the  citizens  over  the  bishop  in  1262.  The 
gilds  obtained  a share  in  the  government  in  1332. 
wholesale  execution  of  J ews  took  place  in  1349.  The  town 
became  one  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  Empire  ; accepted 
the  Reformation ; was  taken  by  the  French  in  1681  and  con- 
firmed to  them  in  1697 ; and  was  annexed  with  Alsace  to 
Germany  in  1871.  The  city  was  invested  by  the  Germans 
in  the  middle  of  Aug.,  1870;  was  bombarded  Aug.  24  and 
succeeding  days  ; and  capitulated  (after  great  damage  to 
the  city  and  cathedral)  Sept.  28,  with  a garrison  of  nearly 
18,000  men  commanded  by  General  Uhrich.  The  attack- 
ing force  was  under  General  von  Werder.  Population, 
commune,  178,290,  (1910). 

Strasburg.  A village  in  Shenandoah  County, 
Virginia,  situatedon  the  North  Fork  of  the  Shen- 
andoah, 72  miles  west  of  Washington.  Itwasan 
important  point  in  the  Civil  War.  Near  it  occurred  the 
battle  of  Fisher's  Hill,  or  Woodstock,  Sept.  22,  1864. 

Strasburg,  Oath  of.  See  the  extract. 

This  fact  comes  prominently  forth  in  the  famous  oath 
of  Strassburg,  preserved  by  N ithard.  That  precious  docu- 
ment has  been  commented  upon  over  and  over  again  as 
a matter  of  philology ; it  is  no  less  valuable  as  a matter 
of  history.  It  shows  that  in  841  the  distinctions  of  race 
and  language  were  beginning  to  make  themselves  felt. 
The  Austrasian  soldiers  of  King  Lewis  swear  in  the  Old- 
German  tongue,  of  which  the  oath  is  an  early  monument; 
but  of  the  language  in  which  the  oath  is  taken  by  the 
Neustrian  soldiers  of  King  Charles,  the  oath  itself  is,  as  far 
as  our  knowledge  goes,  absolutely  the  oldest  monument. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  181. 

Strasburg-an-der-Drewenz  ( stras ' borG  - an  - 
der-ara'vents).  A town  in  the  province  of  West 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Drewenz  84  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Dantzie.  Pop.,  commune,  7,217. 
Strasburg-in-der-Uckermark  (stras'boro-in- 
der-ok'er-mark).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  72  miles  north-northeast 
of  Berlin.  Population,  commune,  6.797. 
Strassburg  (in  Alsace).  See  Strasburg. 
Strassnitz  (stras ' nits),  Slav.  Str£2nice 
(strazh'net'se).  A town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  March  37  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Briinn.  Population,  4,948,  (1910). 
Stratford  (atrat'ford).  A suburb  of  London, 
situated  in  Essex,  on  the  Lea,  44  miles  east- 
northeast  of  St.  Paul’s. 

Stratford.  The  capital  of  Perth  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  situated  on  the  Avon  58  miles 
west  of  Hamilton.  Population,  12,946,  (1911). 

Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  Viscount.  See  Can- 
ning, Stratford. 

Stratford-upon-Avon(strat'fqrd-u-pon-a'vqn), 
or  Stratford.  A town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Avon  8 miles  southwest  of 
Warwick:famousasthebirthplaceof  Shakspere. 
It  contains  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  (Early  English 
and  Perpendicular  styles),  with  the  tomb  of  Shakspere ; the 
house  where  Shakspere  was  born;  and  the  New  Place,  the  site 
of  the  house  built  by  Sir  H ugh  Clopton  in  the  time  of  Henry 
VII.,  and  bought  by  Shakspere  in  1597 ; Shakspere’s  birth- 
place is  now  national  property  and  has  been  suitably  re- 
stored. The  low  gabled  exterior  and  the  interior  rooms 
preserve  their  16th-century  character.  An  interesting 
Shakspere  Museum  has  been  formed  in  the  house.  The 
Shakspere  Memorial  Building  includes  a theater,  gallery, 
and  library.  The  Shakspere  fountain  was  erected  in  1887 
by  George  W.  Childs.  Near  by  is  Shottery,  with  Anne 
Hathaway’s  cottage.  Population,  8,310. 

Strathbogie  (strath-bo'gi).  A district  iu  the 
county  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

Strathclyde  (strath-klid').  A medieval  Celtic 
kingdom,  embracing  in  its  greatest  extent 
southwestern  Scotland  to  the  Clyde  and  north- 
western England  to  the  Mersey.  The  northern 
part  was  finally  annexed  to  Scotland  in  1124.  Called  Cum- 
bria in  its  later  history. 

Strathearn  (strath-ern').  The  valley  of  the 
Earn,  in  Perthshire,  Scotland. 

Strathmore  (strath-mor').  An  extensive  plain 
in  eastern  Perthshire  and  Forfarshire,  Scot- 
land. 

Strath  Spey  (strath  spa).  The  valley  drained 
by  the  Spey  in  the  counties  of  Inverness,  Elgin, 
and  Banff,  Scotland. 

Strato  (stra'to),  or  Straton  (stra'ton).  [Gr. 
"ZTpaTitv.  ] A Greek  peripatetic  philosopher,  the 
successor  of  Theophrastus  in  the  presidency  of 
the  Lyceum  in  288  B.  C.  lie  was  called  “the  natu- 
ralist” because  he  declared  the  intervention  of  a deity  in 
nature  unnecessary. 

Stratonice  (strat-o-ni'se).  [Gr.  Zrparow'xy.] 
Lived  about  300  b.  c.  Daughter  of  Demetrius 
Poliorcetes,  and  wife  of  Seleucus  Nicator,  and 


Stratonice 

later  of  his  son  Antiochus  I.  Seleucus,  discovering 
his  son's  passion  for  her,  gave  her  to  him,  and  at  the  same 
time  made  him  king  of  the  provinces  of  upper  Asia. 

Stratton  (strat'n).  A place  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, 26  miles  southwest  of  Barnstaple,  where, 
in  1643,  the  Royalists  defeated  the  Parliamenta- 
rians. 

Stratton,  Charles  Sherwood  (sobriquet  Tom 
Thumb).  Born  at  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  1838:  died 
at  Middleborough,  Mass.,  1883.  An  American 
dwarf,  exhibited  by  P.  T.  Barnum  in  various 
parts  of  the  world.  He  married  in  1863  Mercy  Lavinia 
Bump  (Lavinia  Warren),  also  a dwarf.  When  first  exhib- 
ited he  was  about  two  feet  high,  but  grew  to  a height  of 
forty  inches. 

Strauss  (strous),  David  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Ludwigsburg,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  27, 1808 : died 
at  Ludwigsburg,  Peb.  8,  1874.  A celebrated 
German  theological  and  philosophical  writer 
and  biographer.  He  was  educated  at  Tubingen  and 
Berlin,  and  was  “repetent”  at  the  Theological  Seminary 
and  lecturer  at  the  University  of  Tubingen  1832-35.  He 
was  deprived  of  his  office  on  account  of  his  “Leben  Jesu,'’ 
and  received  the  position  of  teacher  at  the  Lyceum  of 
Ludwigsburg : this,  however,  he  abandoned  in  i836,  and 
went  to  Stuttgart.  In  1839  he  was  called  as  professor  of 
dogmatics  and  church  history  to  Zurich ; hut  his  appoint- 
ment caused  so  much  opposition  that  he  was  at  once 
pensioned,  and  soon  driven  from  the  place.  He  lived 
thereafter  at  Stuttgart,  Darmstadt,  and  elsewhere.  He 
sought  to  prove  that  the  gospel  history  is  mythical  in 
character.  Among  his  works  are  “Das  Leben  Jesu ’’(“Life 
of  Jesus,”  1835),  “Die  christliche  Glaubenslehre,  etc.” 
(‘‘Christian  Doctrine  of  Belief,”  1840-41),  biographies  of 
Schubart  (1849),  Mitrklin  (1851),  Frischlin  (1855),  Ulrich 
von  Hutten  (1858-60),  Reimarus  (1862),  Voltaire  (1870), 
“Das  Leben  Jesu  fur  das  deutsche  Volk  ” (1864),  “Der 
alte  und  der  neue  Glaube  ” (“The  Old  and  the  New  Be- 
lief,” 1872),  and  controversial  works. 

Strauss,  Eduard.  Born  at  Vienna,  Feb.  14, 
1835.  An  Austrian  composer  of  dance-music, 
son  of  Johann  Strauss  (1804-49).  In  1870  he  be- 
came conductor  of  the  court  balls.  He  has  composed  more 
than  200  pieces  of  dance  music. 

Strauss,  Johann.  Born  at  Vienna,  March  14, 
1804:  died  there,  Sept.  25,  1849.  An  Austrian 
composer  and  conductor,  famous  for  his  dance 
music.  In  1826  he  became  the  conductor  of  a small 
orchestra  at  Vienna,  which  gave  successful  concerts,  and 
he  was  engaged  for  six  years  at  the  “Sperl.”  The  baud 
was  finally  enlarged  to  200  members,  out  of  which  a se- 
lection was  made  of  a certain  number  who  played  music 
of  the  highest  class.  He  now  began  a series  of  tours,  ap- 
pearing for  the  first  time  in  England  in  1838.  He  raised 
dance-music  (of  which  he  composed  about  250  pieces)  to  a 
high  level. 

Strauss,  Johann.  Born  at  Vienna,  Oct.  25, 1825: 
diedthere,  June  3, 1899.  An Austriancomposer, 
son  of  Johann  Strauss  (1804-49).  He  composed 
nearly  400  pieces  of  dauce-music,  among  them  the  waltz 
“An  derschoueu  blauen  Donau  ” (“  By  the  Beautiful  Blue 
Danube”).  Among  his  operettas  are  “Indigo,  Oder  die 
vierzig  Rauber”  (1871),  “Der  Karneval  in  Rom,’’  “Die 
Fledermaus,"  “ Cagliostro,”  “Prinz  Methusalem,”  etc. 

Strauss,  Joseph.  Born  at  Vienna,  Aug.  22, 
1827 : died  there,  July  22,  1870.  An  Austrian 
composer  of  dance-music,  son  of  Johann  Strauss 
(1804-49).  He  composed  about  280  pieces  of 
dance-music. 

Strawberry  Hill  ( stra/berri  hil).  Horace  Wal- 
pole’s country  house,  near  Twickenham,  Surrey. 
He  gave  Kitty  Clive  a small  house  near  it,  which  he  called 
Cliveden,  sometimes  “Little  Strawberry  Hill.” 

Streaky  Bay  (stre'ki  ha).  An  inlet  of  the 
ocean,  on  the  coast  of  South  Australia,  in  long. 
134°  E. 

Street  (stret),  Alfred  Billings.  Born  at  Pough- 
keepsie, N.Y.,  Dec.  18, 1811:  died  at  Albany, N.Y., 
June  2,  1881.  An  American  poet  and  author, 
State  librarian  of  New  York.  Among  his  poems 
are  “ The  Burning  of  Schenectady  ” (1842),  “ Drawings  and 
Tintings ” (1844),  “Fugitive  Poems”  (1846),  “Frontenac" 
(1849).  His  other  works  include  “Woods  and  Waters," 
on  Adirondack  travel  (1860),  etc. 

Street,  The.  A popular  name  for  the  part  of 
New  York  in  and  near  Wall  street,  famous  as 
a financial  center. 

Strelasund  (stra'la-zont).  The  narrow  strait 
which  separates  Riigen  in  the  Baltic  from  the 
mainland  of  Germany. 

Strelitz.  See  Neustrelitz. 

Strelna  (stral'na).  A Russian  royal  palace, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland  12  miles  west- 
southwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 

Strephon  (stref'on).  A shepherd,  a character 
in  Sir  Philip  Sidney’s  “Arcadia.”  In  English 
poetry  it  is  often  a conventional  name  of  a lover. 

Stretford  (stret'ford).  A town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey  3 miles  south- 
west of  Manchester.  Population,  30,436. 

Stretton  (stret'on),  Hesba.  Born  1832:  died 
1911.  The  pseudonym  of  Sarah  Smith,  an 
English  novelist  and  juvenile  writer.  She  pub- 
lished  “Jessica’s  First  Prayer,”  “Bede’s  Charity,”  etc. 

Strieker  (strik'er),  Der.  Lived  in  Austria 
about  1240.  A Middle  High  German  poet.  Of 


962 

his  life  nothing  i3  known.  He  wrote  epics  and  “Bei- 
spiele”  (fables,  stories,  etc.). 

Strickland  (strik'land),  Agnes.  Born  Aug. 
19,  1796:  died  July,  1874.  An  English  histori- 
cal writer.  Her  chief  works  are  “ Lives  of  the  Queens 
of  England  ” (12  vols.  1840-48),  “ Lives  of  the  Queens  of 
Scotland”  (8  vols.  1850-59),  “Bachelor  Kings  of  England” 
(1861),  and  “ Lives  of  the  Seven  Bishops  " (1866).  She  also 
edited  “Letters  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,"  and  wrote  sev- 
eral novels. 

Stringham  (string'am),  Silas  Horton.  Born 
at  Middletown,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  7, 
1798:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  7,  1876. 
An  American  admiral.  He  served  in  the  War  of 
1812,  and  in  the  Algerine  and  Mexican  wars,  and  com- 
manded the  expedition  to  the  Hatteras  forts  in  Aug.,  1861. 

Strobeck  (stre'bek).  A small  village  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  near  Halberstadt. 
Its  inhabitants  are  renowned  for  their  skill  as 
chess-players. 

Stroma  (stro'ma).  A small  island  of  Scotland, 
situated  in  Pentland  Firth  between  Caithness 
and  the  Orkneys. 

Str emboli  (strom'bo-le).  One  of  the  Lipari  Isl- 
ands, north  of  Sicily : famous  for  its  constantly 
active  volcano  (height,  3,038  feet). 

Stromness  (strom-nes')-  A seaport  on  the 
western  coast  of  Mainland,  Orkney  Islands,  13 
miles  west  of  Kirkwall. 

Stromo  (stre'me).  The  chief  one  of  the  Faroe 
Islands. 

Stromstad  (strem  ' stad).  A small  watering- 
place  on  the  southwestern  coast  of  Sweden, 
near  the  Norwegian  frontier. 

Strong  (strong),  Caleb.  Born  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Jan.  9,  1745 : died  there,  Nov.  7,  1819. 
An  American  politician,  a leading  patriot  in  the 
Revolution.  He  was  a member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1787 ; Federalist  United  States  senator  from 
Massachusetts  1789-96;  and  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1800-07  and  1812-16. 

Strong,  George  Crockett.  Born  atStockbridge, 
Vt.,  Oct.  16,  1832:  died  in  New  York  city,  July 
30,  1863.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  was  a staff-officer  under  McDowell,  McClel- 
lan, and  Butler;  and  as  brigadier-general  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  assault  on  Fort  Wagner,  July  18,  1863. 

Strong,  James.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  14, 
1822:  died  at  Round  Lake,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  7, 1894. 
An  American  scholar,  acting  president  of  Troy 
University  1858-61,  and  professor  of  exegeti- 
cal  theology  in  Drew  Theological  Seminary, 
Madison,  N.  J.,  from  1868.  He  was  one  of  the  Old 
Testament  revisers,  and  was  associated  with  Dr.  J.  Mc- 
Clintock  in  editing  the  “Cyclopedia  of  Biblical,  Theolo- 
gical, and  Ecclesiastical  Literature,”  becoming  sole  editor 
after  McClintock’s  death.  He  also  published  “A  New 
Harmony  and  Exposition  of  the  Gospels”  (1852),  a “ Har- 
mony ” in  Greek  (1854),  and  various  other  works,  chiefly 
religious. 

Strong,  James  Hooker.  Born  at  Canandaigua, 
N.  Y.,  April  26,  1814:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C., 
Nov.  23,  1882.  An  American  admiral,  dis- 
tinguished as  commander  of  the  Monongahela 
in  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay  in  the  Civil  War. 
He  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1873  ; commanded  the 
South  At  lantic  squadron  1S73-75  ; and  retired  in  1876. 

Strong,  William.  Boi’n  May  6, 1808 : died  Aug. 
19,  1895.  An  American  jurist.  He  was  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1847-51 ; 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  1857-68; 
and  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
1870-80.  He  was  a member  of  the  Electoral  Commission 
in  1877. 

Strongbow,  Richard.  See  Clare,  Richard  de. 

Strong  Island,  or  Ualan  (wa-liin'),  or  Kusai 
(ko-si').  An  island  of  the  Caroline  Archipel- 
ago, Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  5°  21'  N.,  long.  163° 
1'  E.  It  has  an  American  mission.  Length, 
about  10  miles. 

Strongoli  (strong'go-le).  A small  town  in  the 
province  of  Catanzaro,  southern  Italy,  36  miles 
northeast  of  Catanzaro:  the  ancient  Poetelia. 

Stronsa  (stron'sa),  or  Stronsay  (stron'sa).  An 
island  of  the  Orkneys,  Scotland,  northeast  of 
Pomona.  Length,  7-J  miles. 

Stronsa  Firth.  An  arm  of  the  sea  between 
Stronsa  and  Pomona. 

Strontian  (stron'shi-an,  locally  stron-te'an). 
A village  in  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  situated  on 
Loch  Sunart  20  miles  north  by  west  of  Oban. 
The  metal  strontian  (found  there)  was  named 
from  it. 

Strophades  (strof'a-dez).  [Gr.  Srpo^dtJef,  turn- 
ing islands:  seethe  def.]  A group  of  small 
islands  west  of  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  in  lat. 
37°  14'  N.,  long.  21°  E.:  the  modern  Strivali 
or  Stamphane.  Hither  the  sons  of  Boreas  were  said, 
in  Greek  legend,  to  have  pursued  the  Harpies,  and  here 
they  turned  back  from  their  pursuit  (whence  the  name). 

Strother  (stroTH'er),  David  Hunter.  Born  at 
Martinsburg,  Va.,  Sept.  16,  1816:  died  at 
Charleston,  W.  Va.,  March  8,  1888.  An  Arneri- 


Stuart 

can  author  and  artist.  Und er  the  pseudonym  " Porte 
Crayon  " he  contributed  to  “ Harper’s  Magazine ’’ illus- 
trated articles,  chiefly  on  the  South.  He  was  a Federal 
officer  (colonel  of  cavalry)  in  the  Civil  War. 

Stroud  (stroud).  A town  in  Gloucestershire, 
England,  26  miles  northeast  of  Bristol : famous 
for  its  cloth  manufactures.  Population,  7,673. 

Strozzi  (strot'se),  Bernardo.  Bom  at  Genoa, 
1581:  died  at  Venice,  1644.  An  Italian  painter, 
surnamed  “II  Capuccino”  (‘The  Capuchin’) 
and  “II  Prete  Genovese”  (‘The  Genoese 
Priest’). 

Strudel  (stro'del),  Der.  [G.,  ‘ the  whirlpool.’] 
A whirlpool  in  the  Danube,  near  Grein  in  Upper 
Austria:  formerly  very  dangerous.  Length,  900 
feet. 

Struensee  (stro'en-za),  Count  Johann  Fried- 
rich von.  Born  at  Halle,  Germany,  Aug.  5, 
1737 : executed  at  Copenhagen,  April  28, 1772. 
A German-Danish  politician.  He  was  educated  as 
a physician  ; was  appointed  physician  to  Christian  VII.  of 
Denmark  in  1768  ; became  the  favorite  of  Queen  Caroline 
Matilda  (sister  of  George  III.  of  England),  and  in  1771 
the  most  influential  minister ; introduced  various  reforms ; 
and  was  overthrown  by  a conspiracy  in  1772. 

Struldbrugs  (struld'brugz).  An  immortal  race, 
inhabitants  of  Luggnagg,  an  imaginary  land 
described  in  “ Gulliver’s  Travels”  by  Swift. 

Struma  ( stro 'rna) , or  Kar asu  (ka-ra' so) . A river 
in  Bulgaria  and  Turkey  which  Hows  through 
Lake  Taehyno  (the  ancient  Cercinites),  and 
empties  into  the  .ZEgean  Sea  50  miles  east  of 

*Saloniki:  the  ancient  Strymon. 

Strutt  (strut),  John  William,  third  Baron  Ray- 
leigh. Born  Nov.  12,  1842.  A noted  English 
physicist.  He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  a fellow  in  1866 ; was  professor  of  ex 
perimental  physics  at  Cambridge  1879-84  ; ana  was  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Royal  Institution  in 
1887-96.  In  1895  he,  with  Professor  William  Ramsay,  dis- 
covered argon— at  first  supposed  to  be  a new  element — in 
the  atmosphere. 

Strutt  (strut),  Joseph.  Born  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  27,  1749:  died  at  London,  Oct.  16, 
1802.  An  English  engraver  and  antiquary. 
He  published  “ The  Regal  and  Ecclesiastical  Antiquities 
of  England  ” (1773),  “ Horda-Angel-Cynnan  ” (1774),  “The 
Chronicle  of  England  ” (1777-79),“  Biographical  Dictionary 
of  Engravers  “(1785-86),  “Complete  View  of  the  Dress  and 
Habits  of  the  People  of  England  ” (1796-99),  “Sports  and 
Pastimes  of  the  People  of  England  ” (1801). 

Struve  (stro've),  Friedrich  Georg  Wilhelm 
von.  Born  at  Altona,  Germany,  April  15, 1793  : 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  23, 1864.  A noted 
German-Russian  astronomer,  director  of  the 
Dorpat  observatory  1817,  and  afterward  (1839- 
1862)  of  the  Pulkowa  observatory.  He  is  especially 
noted  for  his  researches  on  double  stars,  and  for  his  work 
in  geodesy.  He  published  “Stellarum  duplicium  men- 
surse  micrometricae  ” (1837),  “ Stellarum  fixarum,  impri- 
mis compositarum  positiones  mediae  ” (1852),“  Arc  du  mi- 
ridien  entre  le  Danube  et  laMerGlaciale"  (1861),  etc. 

Struve,  Gustav  von.  Born  at  Munich,  Get.  11, 
1805:  died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  21, 1870.  A German 
republican  agitator.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
revolutionary  movements  in  Baden  1848-49,  and  published 
works  on  politics,  history,  etc. 

Struve,  Otto  Wilhelm  von.  Bom  at  Dorpat, 
Russia,  May  7,  1819 : died  at  Karlsruhe,  April 
14,  1905.  A Russian  astronomer,  son  of  F.  G. 
W.  von  Struve,  and  his  successor  as  director 
of  the  Pulkowa  observatory.  He  discovered  about 
500  double  stars  and  a satellite  of  Uranus,  and  published 
important  researches  on  comets,  nebula?,  Saturn,  etc. 

Stryj  (stre).  A river  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  which  joins  the  Dniester  31  miles 
southeast  of  Lemberg.  Length,  over  100  miles. 

Stryj,  or  Stry  (stre).  A town  in  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  river  Stryj  39 
miles  south  of  Lemberg.  It  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1886.  It  has  cattle-markets. 
Population,  commune,  30,203,  (1910). 

Strymon  (strl'inon).  [Gr.  iTpvuuv.]  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Struma. 

Strymonicus  Sinus  (stri-mon'i-kns  si'nns).  In 
ancient  geography,  an  arm  of  the  iEgean  Sea, 
on  the  coast  of  Macedonia,  east  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Chalcidiee:  the  modern  Gulf  of  Con- 
tessa. 

Strype  (strip),  John.  Born  at  Stepney,  near 
London,  Nov.  1,  1643 : died  at  Hackney,  Dec. 
11,  1737.  An  English  biographer  and  histori- 
cal writer.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and 
at  Cambridge,  and  in  1669  w as  made  perpetual  curate  of 
Theydon-Bois  in  Essex.  His  works  fill  13  folio  volumes. 
They  include  “ Memorials  of  Archbishop  Cranmer”  (1694). 
“Annals  of  the  Reformation  in  England"  (1709-31),  an 
edition  of  Stow’s  “Survey  of  London”  (1720),  “Ecclesias- 
tical Memorials”  (1721),  and  lives  of  Sir  Thomas  Smith, 
Aylmer,  Cheke.  Grindal,  Matthew  Parker,  and  Whitgift. 

Stuart,  or  Stewart,  or  Steuart  (stu'art.).  A 
royal  family  of  Scotland  and  England.  It  was 
descended  from  a family  which  for  several  generations 
held  the  office  of  high  steward  of  Scotland  (whence  the 
name).  Walter,  the  sixth  high  steward,  married  Margaret, 


Stuart  963 

daughter  of  Robert  Bruce,  and  on  the  death  of  Margaret’s  He  became  a secretary  of  state  in  1761,  and  was  prime 
brother  David  II.  in  1371,  the  only  child  of  this  marriage  minister  from  May,  1762,  to  April,  1763.  He  was  extremely 
succeeded  as  Robert  II.  The  Stuart  sovereigns  of  Scot-  unpopular.  During  his  administration  occurred  the  cap- 
land  were  Robert  II.,  Robert  III.,  James  I.,  James  II.,  ture  of  Havana  and  of  Manila,  and  the  peace  of  Paris. 


James  III.,  James  IV.,  James  V.,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  James  VI.  James  IV.  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  VII.  of  England,  and  on  the  failure  of  direct  heirs 
at  the  death  of  Elizabeth,  the  last  of  Henry  VIII.  ’s  de- 
scendants, in  1G03,  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  Margaret’s  great- 
grandson,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England  as  James 
I.  The  Stuart  sovereigns  of  England  and  Scotland  jointly 
were  James  I.,  Charles  I.,  Charles  II.,  James  IE,  Mary 
(consort  of  William  III.),  and  Anne. 

Stuart  (stu'art),  Arabella.  Born  about  1575: 
died  in  the  Tower  of  London,  Sept.  27,  1615. 
A daughter  of  Charles  Stuart,  earl  of  Lennox 
(younger  brother  of  Darnley),  and  cousin  of 
J ames  I.  She  was  the  next  heir  after  James  to  both  the 
English  and  Scottish  crowns.  “Lady  Margaret  Douglas, 
the  mother  of  Darnley  and  his  brother,  having  been  the 
daughter  of  Archibald,  sixth  earl  of  Angus,  by  Margaret, 
queen  dowager  of  James  IV.,  James  VI.  (I.  of  England) 
was  thus  nearest  heir  of  the  junior  English  branch  by 
a double  descent,  Arabella  Stuart  being  next  heir  by  a 
single  descent.”  (Encyc.  Brit.)  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was 
accused  of  a plot  to  place  her  on  the  throne  in  1603.  She 
married  William  Seymour  in  1610,  and  was  imprisoned 
by  James  in  consequence. 

Stuart,  Charles  Edward.  See  Charles  Ed- 
ward Louis  Philip  Casimir. 

Stuart,  Gilbert.  Born  at  Narragansett,  R.  I., 
1755 : died  at  Boston,  July  27,  1828.  A noted 
American  portrait-painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  West 
in  London,  and  settled  in  the  United  States  in  1793.  He 
painted  five  whole-lengths  and  a number  of  other  portraits 
of  Washington,  and  also  portraits  of  John  Adams,  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Story,  Ames,  Astor,  etc.  Of 
his  portraits  of  Washington  the  so-called  “Athenseum 
head,”  and  its  pendant  the  portrait  of  Mrs.  Washington, 
were  painted  at  Germantown,  and  were  bought  from  Stu- 
art’s widow  by  the  Washington  Association  and  other 
gentlemen,  who  presented  them  to  the  Boston  Athemeum 
in  1831.  Stuart  copied  them  for  General  Washington,  ac- 
cording to  the  statement  of  his  daughter,  keeping  the 
originals  by  agreement.  The  “Gibbs  Washington”  is 
also  in  the  same  institution.  Excellent  specimens  of  his 
work  are  to  be  found  in  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts 
and  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  the  latter  including 
the  portrait  of  Egbert  Benson,  painted  in  1807.  His  great- 
est works  are  the  portraits  of  Judge  Stephen  Jones  and  of 
F.  S.  Richards  of  Boston.  His  best  work  in  England  is  a 
portrait  of  Mr.  Grant  of  Congalton  skating,  exhibited  as  a 
Gainsborough  in  1878. 

Stuart,  Henry  Benedict  Maria  Clement.  Born 
at  Rome,  1725 : died  at  Frascati,  Italy,  July  13, 
1807.  A son  of  the  Old  Pretender.  He  was  created 
cardinal  in  1747,  and  assumed  the  title  of  Henry  IX  of 
England  on  the  death  of  his  brother  (the  Young  Preten- 
der) in  1788.  Usually  known  as  Cardinal  York. 

Stuart,  James,  second  Earl  of  Murray  or  Mo- 
ray. Boml531(T):killedJan.  21,1570.  Regentof 
Scotland:  illegitimate  son  of  James  Y.  of  Scot- 
land and  Margaret,  daughter  of  Lord  Erskine. 
At  the  age  of  5 he  was  made  prior  of  St.  Andrews ; and  at 
15  he  routed  an  English  force  on  the  Fife  coast.  He 
joined  Knox  on  his  return,  and  became  the  chief  adviser 
of  Mary  Stuart  on  her  accession.  In  1562  he  was  created 
earl  of  Mar.  Resigning  this  earldom,  he  was  created  earl 
of  Murray  or  Moray.  He  opposed  the  Darnley  marriage, 
and  was  outlawed.  On  the  abdication  of  Queen  Mary  at 
Lochleven  he  was  made  regent.  He  defeated  the  queen 
at  Langside,  and  was  murdered  by  one  of  her  followers, 
Hamilton  of  Bothwellhaugh. 

Stuart,  James.  Born  at  London,  1713:  died 
Feb.  2,  1788.  An  English  antiquarian,  called 
“Athenian  Stuart.”  He  began,  with  Revett, 
“Antiquities  of  Athens  ” (1762-1814). 

Stuart,  James  Ewell  Brown.  Born  in  Patrick 
County,  Va.,  Feb.  6,  1833:  died  at,  Richmond, 
Va.,  May  12,  1864.  A Confederate  cavalry 
general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  1854 ; was  distin- 
guished at  the  first,  battle  of  Bull  Run  ; became  the  lead- 
ing cavalry  officer  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia ; con- 
ducted a raid  around  McClellan’s  army  June,  1862  ; served 
in  the  Seven  Days'  Battles ; captured  Pope’s  camp  and  Ma- 
nassas Junction  Aug.,  1862 ; was  distinguished  at  Antietam 
and  elsewhere  in  the  invasion  of  Maryland  ; later  in  1862 
made  a raid  into  Pennsylvania ; commanded  the  extreme 
right  at  Fredericksburg ; succeeded  Jackson  as  corps  com- 
mander at  Chancellorsville ; commanded  a large  cavalry 
force  in  the  Gettysburg  campaign ; was  distinguished  in  the 
further  operations  of  1863-64 ; and  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Yellow  Tavern,  near  Richmond. 

Stuart,  James  Francis  Edward,  Prince  of 
Wales : also  called  the  Chevalier  de  St. 
George  and  the  Old  Pretender.  Born  at  St. 
James’s  Palace,  June  10,  1688:  died  at  Rome, 
Jan.  1,  1766.  Son  of  James  II.  of  England  and 
Mary  of  Modena.  Suspicion  was  aroused  by  the  cir- 
cumstances of  his  birth,  and  it  was  believed  by  many  that 
a fraud  had  been  perpetrated  : but  that  he  was  the  child 
of  the  king  and  queen  there  is  no  doubt.  When  his  father 
fled  from  the  kingdom,  the  child  was  sent  to  France.  He 
was  proclaimed  king  of  England  (James  Ill.)and  Scotland 
(James  VIII.)  by  Louis  XIV.  in  Sept.,  1701;  made  an  un- 
successful attempt  to  invade  Scotland  with  a French  force 
in  1706 ; served  in  the  French  army,  distinguishing  himself 
at  Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet ; countenanced  the  unsuc- 
cessful Jacobite  rising  in  Scotland  in  1715,  appearing  there 
in  person  in  the  latter  part  of  that  year  ; and  was  driven 
out  early  in  1716.  He  soon  retired  to  Rome. 

Stuart,  John,  third  Earl  of  Bute.  Born  1713: 
died  March  10,  1792.  An  English  statesman. 


Stuart,  John  Patrick  Crichton-,  third  Mar- 
quis of  Bute.  Died  Oct.  9,  1900. 

Stuart,  John  MacDouall.  Born  1818:  died 
1866.  An  Australian  explorer.  He  conducted 
expeditions  1858-62,  traversing  Australia  from 
south  to  north  1862. 

Stuart,  Matthew,  Earl  of  Lennox.  Born  in 
Scotland,  1516:  died  at  Stirling,  Sept.  4,  1571. 
A Scottish  statesman  and  soldier,  son  of  John 
Stewart,  third  earl  of  Lennox.  He  was  the  heir 
male  of  the  Stuarts  of  Scotland  at  the  death  of  James  V. 
He  married  Lady  Margaret  Douglas,  daughter  of  Archi- 
bald, earl  of  Angus,  and  the  queen  dowager  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  England.  Matthew  succeeded 
to  the  earldom  in  1526.  In  the  civil  war  he  sided  with  the 
party  of  the  English  king.  He  was  declared  guilty  of  trea- 
son, and  joined  the  invasion  of  Scotland  in  1545  and  1547. 
In  1662  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  planning  the 
marriage  of  Lord  Darnley,  his  elder  son,  and  Mary  Stuart. 
He  assisted  in  the  imprisonment  of  the  queen  at  Lochleven 
Castle  in  1567,  and  was  elected  regent  July  12,  1570. 

Stuart,  Moses.  Bom  at  Wilton,  Conn.,  March 
26, 1780:  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Jan.  4,  1852. 
An  American  philologist,  and  theologian.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1799;  was  a Congregational  clergyman 
at  New  Haven  1806-10  ; and  was  professor  of  sacred  litera- 
ture in  Andover  Theological  Seminary  1810-48.  His  chief 
works  are  “Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language  without 
Points”  (1813),  “Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language  with 
Points”  (1821),  “Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  He- 
brews ’’  (1827-28),  “Hebrew  Chrestomathy  ” (1829),  “Com- 
mentary on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans  ” (1832),  “ Grammar 
of  the  New  Testament  Dialect”  (revised  edition  1834), 
“ Hints  on  the  Prophecies,”  “ Philological  View  of  Modern 
Doctrines  of  Geology,”  “Critical  History  and  Defense  of 
the  Old  Testament  Canon  ” (1845),  commentaries  on  the 
Apocalypse  (1845),  Daniel  (1850),  Ecclesiastes  (1851),  Prov- 
erbs (1852).  He  wrote  also  translations  of  German  works, 
including  Greek  and  Hebrew  grammars. 

Stuart  Island.  A small  island  in  Bering  Sea, 
near  the  western  coast  of  Alaska, 
stubai  Alps  (sto'bi  alps).  A group  of  moun- 
tains in  Tyrol,  sometimes  included  in  the  Otz- 
thaler  Alps. 

Stubaithal  (sto'bi-tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in 
Tyrol,  southwest  of  Innsbruck,  famous  for  its 
sublime  scenery.  • 

Stubbs  (stubz),  George.  Bom  1724 : died  1806. 
An  English  anatomist  and  painter  of  horses. 

He  went  to  Italy  to  study  in  1754.  In  1766  he  published  his 
celebrated  work  on  equine  anatomy.  In  1780  he  was  made 
an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  a full  member  in 
1781. 

Stubbs,  William.  Born  at  Knaresborough,  Eng- 
land, June  21, 1825:  diedatCuddesdon,  Oxford- 
shire, April  22,  1901.  A distinguished  English 
historian.  He  studied  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  grad- 
uating in  1848.  He  was  appointed  regius  professor  of 
modern  history  at  Oxford  in  1866,  curator  of  the  Bodleian 
Library  in  1868,  canon  of  St.  Paul’s  in  1879,  and  bishop  of 
Chester  in  1884,  and  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Oxford  in 
1889.  He  was  the  author  of  “TlieConstitutional  History  of 
England  in  its  Origin  and  Development"  (1874-78),  “The 
Early  Plantagenets”  (1876  : “ Epochs  of  Modern  History  ” 
seriesj.and  “Seventeen  Lectures  on  the  Study  of  Mediaeval 
and  Modern  History  and  Kindred  Subjects"  (1886) ; and 
edited  Benedict  of  Peterborough’s  “Gesta  Regis  Henrici 
Secundi  Benedict!  Abbatis  : Chronicles  of  the  Reigns  of 
Henry  II.  and  Richard I.,  1169-92”  (1867),  “Select  Charters 
and  other  Illustrations  of  English  Constitutional  History, 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Reign  of  Edward  the  First  ” 
(1870),"MemorialeFratrisWalteri  deCoventria:  The  His- 
torical Collections  of  Walter  of  Coventry:  Edited  from 
the  MS.  in  the  Library  of  Corpus  Ctiristi  College,  Cam- 
bridge" (1872-73), “Memorials  of  St.  Dtinstan,  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury”  (1874),  “Radulft  de  Diceto  Decani  Ludo- 
niensis  Opera  Historica : The  Historical  Works  of  Master 
Ralph  de  Diceto,  Dean  of  London”  (1876),  “ The  Historical 
Worksof  Geryaseof  Canterbury : Vols.  I and  II,  The  Chron- 
icle of  the  Reigns  of  Stephen,  Henry  II.,  and  Richard  I.  By 
Gervase,  the  Monk  of  Canterbury  ’’  (1879-80),  “ Chronicles 
of  the  Reigns  of  Edward  I.  and  Edward  II.”  (1882-83),  etc. 
Students,  The.  A play  printed  in  1762,  said  by 
Genest  to  be  “professedly  ‘Love’s  Labour ’s 
Lost’  adapted  to  the  stage,”  but  it  does  not 
seem  ever  to  have  been  acted. 
Stuhlweissenburg  (stol-vis'seii-borG),  Hung. 
Szekes-Fehervar  (sa'kesh-fe'har-var).  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Stuhlweissenburg, 
Hungary,  37  miles  southwest  of  Budapest : the 
Roman  Alba  regia  or  Alba  regalis.  It  was  the 
place  of  coronation  of  the  kings  of  Hungary  from  the  11th 
to  the  16th  century,  and  was  held  by  the  Turks  (with  one 
interruption,  1601-02)  from  about  1543  to  1688.  It  has  a 
cathedral.  Population,  32,168. 

Stukely(stukTi),orStucley,SirThomas.  Born 
at  London  about  1525;  died  at  Alcazar-Quivir 
(Alcazar),  Aug.  4,  1578.  A younger  son  in  an 
old  Devonshire  family,  who,  after  a life  of  ad- 
venture, died  in  the  company  of  three  kings 
on  the  battle-field  of  Alcazar.  Peele  made  him 
the  hero  of  his  play  “The  Battle  of  Alcazar” 
(acted  in  1588). 

Stukeley  (stuk'li),  William.  Bom  at  Hol- 
beach,  Lincolnshire,  Nov.  7,  1687:  died  March 


Styria 

3,  1765.  An  English  antiquarian.  He  published 
some  20  works  on  the  antiquities  of  England 

Stundists  (ston'dists).  [<  G.  stunde,  hour, 
lesson ; from  their  meetings  for  Bible-reading.] 
A Russian  sect  which  originated  about  1860. 
Its  tenets  and  practices  are  in  the  main  evangelical  and 
Protestant  in  character.  Since  1870  the  Stundists  have 
been  objects  of  persecution  by  the  government.  The  sect 
has  rapidly  increased  in  numbers. 

Sturgeon  (ster'jon),  Major.  A character  in 
Foote’s  play  “ The  Mayor  of  Garratt,”  played 
by  himself. 

Sturgeon  Bay  (ster'jon  ba).  An  arm  of  Green 
Bay,  in  Wisconsin. 

Sturluson.  See  Snorre  Stwleson. 

Sturm  (storm),  Julius  Karl  Reinhold.  Born 
* at  Kostritz,  Germany,  July  21,  1816:  died  at 
Leipsic,  May  2,  1896.  A German  pastor  and 
lyric  poet.  He  published  “ Fromrae  Lieder,”  etc. 
Sturm  und  Drang  (storm  out  drang).  [G., 
‘ storm  and  stress.’]  A period  in  German  liter- 
ature (about  1770-80)  noted  for  the  impetuosity 
of  thought  and  style  of  the  younger  writers : 
so  named  from  Klinger’s  drama  “Sturm  und  Drang.” 
Among  the  representatives  of  this  movement  were  Her- 
der, Goethe  (in  “ Werther"),  Basedow,  Klinger,  Lenz,  etc. 

Sturt  (stert),  Charles.  Died  at  Cheltenham, 
England,  June  16,  1869.  An  English  explorer 
in  Australia.  He  discovered  the  Darling  River  in  1828, 
and  the  Murray  River  and  Lake  Alexandria  1830-31, 
and  conducted  an  expedition  into  the  interior  1844-45. 

Sturt,  Mount.  [Named  from  Sir  Charles  Sturt.] 
A mountain  of  the  Gawler  Range,  South  Aus- 
tralia, south-southwest  of  Lake  Gairdner. 
Stutly  (stut'li).  Will.  A character  in  the  Robin 
Hood  cycle  of  English  legend. 

Stuttgart  (stot'gart).  The  capital  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Nesenbach,  near  the  Neck- 
ar,  in  lat.  48°  46'  N.,  long.  9°  11'  E.  It  is  the  lead- 
ing city  in  south  Germany  in  the  business  of  book-pub- 
lishing, and  has  manufactures  of  chemicals,  dyes,  musical 
Instruments,  drugs,  sugar,  etc.  The  new  royal  palace,  be- 
gun in  1746,  surrounds  three  sides  of  a square,  and  contains 
finely  proportioned  and  decorated  apartments  with  some 
good  modern  paintings  and  sculptures.  The  old  palace, 
adjoining,  is  of  the  16th  century : it  has  cylindrical  angle- 
towers,  and  a picturesque  arcaded  court.  Stuttgart  also 
contains  a noted  academy  of  music,  a royal  library  (of  over 
500,000  volumes),  and  an  art  museum.  It  was  made  the 
capital  of  all  W urtemberg  lands  in  1482,  and  has  developed 
rapidly  in  the  19th  century.  The  seat  of  the  “ Rump  Par- 
liament” in  1849.  Pop.,  commune,  285,589,  (1910). 

Stuyvesant  (stl've-sant),  Peter.  Born  in  Hol- 
land, 1592  died  at  New  York,  Feb.,  1672. 
The  last  Dutch  governor  of  New  York.  He 
served  in  the  West  Indies;  was  for  a time  governor  of  Cu- 
rasao; and  returned  to  the  Netherlands  in  1644.  He  was 
appointed  director-general  of  New  Netherlands  in  1646, 
arriving  at  New  Amsterdam  in  1647.  He  conciliated  the 
Indians  ; arranged  aboundary  line  with  the  English  colo- 
nists at  Hartford  in  1650 ; dismissed  a convention  demand- 
ing popular  reforms  in  1653 ; took  possession  of  the  col- 
ony of  New  Sweden  in  1655 ; was  compelled  to  surrender 
the  colony  to  the  English  in  Sept.,  1664 ; and  sailed  for 
the  Netherlands  in  1665,  but  returned  and  lived  on  his 
farm,  the  “Bouwerij”  (Bowery),  New  York. 

Styles  (stilz),  Tom  or  John.  A fictitious  name 
formerly  used  by  lawyers  in  actions  of  eject- 
ment. 

Stylites.  See  Simeon  Stylites. 

Stymphalides  (stim-fal'i-dez).  [Gr.  Xrvyipa.- 
/htSff.]  In  Greek  legend,  a flock  of  fierce  birds 
near  Lake  Stymphalus.  They  had  brazen  claws, 
beaks,  and  wings,  and  could  discharge  their  own  feathers 
like  arrows.  To  kill  them  was  one  of  the  laborsof  Hercules. 

Stymphalus  (stim-fa'lus).  [Gr.  In 

ancient  geography,  a district  and  lake  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  near 
Mount  Cyllene. 

Styr  (ster).  A river  in  Galicia  and  western 
Russia  which  joins  the  Pripet  about  lat.  52°  N. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Styria  (stir'i-a).  [G.  Steiermark  or  Steyermark, 
F.  Styrie.~\  A crownland  and  titular  duchy 
of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary, 
bounded  by  Upper  Austria  and  Lower  Austria 
on  the  north,  Hungary  on  the  east,  Croatia 
and  Carniola  on  the  south,  Carinthia  on  the 
south  and  west,  and  Salzburg  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Gratz.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  Styria  in  the 
north  and  Lower  Styria  in  the  south.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally mountainous  (the  Alps,  including  the  Styrian  Alps 
and  the  Karawanken),  and  is  traversed  by  the  Mur  and 
Drave : the  Save  is  on  its  southern  frontier.  It  is  rich  in 
agricultural  products,  has  great  mineral  wealth  (iron 
and  coal,  lead,  zinc,  also  salt,  etc.),  and  has  important 
manufactures  of  iron  and  iron  and  steel  articles.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  About  two  thirds  of 
the  inhabitants  are  Germans,  about  one  third  Slovenes. 
Styria  has  30  members  in  the  Reichsrat,  and  a Landtag  of 
71  members.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Celtic 
Taurisci.  The  country  was  a part  of  ancient  Noricum  and 
Pannonia.  The  Wends  settled  in  it  in  the  6th  century.  It 
wa^  conquered  by  Charles  the  Great ; was  erected  from  a 
margravate  into  a duchy  about  1180;  was  united  with  Aus- 
tria in  1192  ; and  has  been  in  the  possession  of  the  Haps, 
burgs  since  1282.  It  was  several  times  invaded  by  the 


Styria 


964 


Suevi 


Turks.  The  Reformation  was  suppressed  by  force  in 
the  16th  century.  Area,  8,670  square  miles.  Population, 
1,441,604,  (1910). 

Styrian  Alps  (stir'i-an  alps).  A name  given 
by  some  geographers  to  a division  of  the  Alps 
which  lies  east  of  the  Hohe  Tauern. 

Styx  (stiks).  [Gr.  Sruf,  the  hateful.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a daughter  of  Oceanus,  and  mother 
of  Zeal,  Victory,  Power,  and  Strength,  she  first. 

came  to  the  aid  of  Zeus  against  the  Titans,  and  as  a reward 
he  kept  her  children  with  him  in  Olympus,  and  made  her 
the  goddess  by  whom  the  most  inviolable  oaths  were 
sworn.  She  was  the  goddess  of  the  river  Styx. 

Styx.  In  Greek  mythology,  a mighty  river,  the 
tenth  part  of  the  water  of  Oceanus,  which  flows 
in  the  lower  world.  An  oath  sworn  by  any  of  the  gods 
in  the  name  of  the  river  was  confirmed  by  drinking  a cup 
of  its  water  brought  by  Iris.  If  such  an  oath  was  violated, 
the  guilty  party  was  punished  by  being  deprived  of  speech 
and  breath  for  a year  and  banished  from  the  council  of 
gods  for  nine  years.  The  name  was  also  given  to  a water- 
fall in  Arcadia.  See  the  extract. 

Pausanias  describes  the  terrible  water  as  "a  stream 
falling  from  a precipice,  the  highest  that  he  had  ever  be- 
held, and  dashing  itself  upon  a lofty  rock,  through  which 
it  passed  and  then  fell  into  the  Crathis”  (VIII.  xviii. 
§ 2).  Homer  and  Hesiod  give  similar  descriptions.  Colo- 
nel Leake  (“Morea,”  iii.  p.  160)  seems  to  have  discovered 
the  waterfall  intended,  near  Solos,  where  “two  slender 
cascades  of  water  fall  perpendicularly  over  an  immense 
precipice,  and,  after  winding  for  a time  among  a laby- 
rinth of  rocks,  unite  to  form  the  torrent  which,  after 
passing  the  Klukines,  joins  the  river  Akrata  ” (Crathis). 
Superstitious  feelings  of  dread  still  attach  to  the  water, 
which  is  considered  to  be  of  a peculiarly  noxious  char- 
acter. Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  457,  note. 

Suabia.  See  Swabia. 

Suakim  (swa'kim),  or  Suakin  (swa'kin).  A 
seaport  belonging  to  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Red 
Sea  in  lat.  19°  7'  N.,  long.  37°  19'  E.,  on  a 
small  island : the  chief  seaport  on  the  west  coast 
of  the  Red  Sea.  It  exports  cotton,  gum,  ivory,  senna, 
etc.,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the  Berber-Suakiin-Sudan 
Railway.  It  was  occupied  by  British  troops  in  the  Mah- 
dist  revolt ; and  near  it  occurred  several  conflicts  between 
the  Anglo-Egyptian  troops  and  the  Mahdists  under  Osman 
Digna  in  1884  and  later.  Population,  about  14,000.  Also 
Suwakim,  Sauakin,  and  Sauakin. 

Suarez(swa'reth), Francisco.  BomatGranada, 
Spain,  Jan.  5,  1548:  died  at  Lisbon,  Sept.  25, 
1617.  A noted  Spanish  Jesuit  theologian  and 
scholastic  philosopher.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
“ Defensio  Fidei  ” (1613  : burned  in  England  and  France). 
His  works  were  edited  by  Migne. 

Subanrika  (so-bun-re'ka).  A river  in  India 
which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  96  miles 
southwest  of  Calcutta.  Length,  nearly  300 
miles. 

Suben  (so'ben).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  childbirth,  akin  to  the  Greek  Eilei- 
thyia  and  the  Roman  Lucina.  She  was  honored  in 
southern  Egypt,  and  especially  at  the  city  Eileithyia,  con- 
secrated to  her.  In  northern  Egypt  her  place  was  filled 
by  Nati,  also  called  Buto.  Her  emblem  was  the  vulture. 
Subiaco  (so-be-a/ko).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Teverone  33 
miles  east  of  Rome:  the  ancient  Sublaqueum. 
There  are  Benedictine  monasteries  in  the  neighborhood; 
and  it  contains  a castle  built  in  the  11th  century,  long  a 
papal  residence.  It  also  contained  a villa  of  Nero!  Popu- 
lation, town,  7,082 ; commune,  8,005. 

Sublime  Porte  (sub-lim'  port).  The  building  in 
which  are  the  offices  of  the  grand  vizir  and 
other  high  functionaries  of  the  Ottoman  em- 
pire; hence,  the  Turkish  government  itself. 

A quay,  on  which  were  mounted  several  large  pieces  of 
artillery,  ran  along  outside  the  whole  ength  of  the  sea-wall, 
which,  as  well  as  the  city-wall,  was  pierced  with  a number 
of  gates,  but  one  only  was  in  general  use.  This  was  the 
great  gate  of  the  Seraglio,  the  Bah-i-Hnmayun  or  Imperial 
Gate,  that  “Sublime  Porte  "from  which  the  Ottoman  Gov- 
ernment derives  the  name  by  which  it  is  best  known.  Piled 
up  on  one  side,  just  without  this  gate,  were  pyramids  of 
heads,  trophies  of  victory  over  Greek  or  Serbian  rebels,  as 
ghastly  as  the  skulls  that  once  bleached  upon  London 
Bridge  or  over  Temple  Bar.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  268. 

Subtle  (sut'l).  1.  The  Alchemist  in  Ben  Jon- 
son’s  play  of  that  name.  He  is  a knavish  cheat  and 
pretender,  who  offers  to  make  gold  for  his  dupes,  and 
cheats  them  in  various  ways,  inflaming  their  cupidity  and 
lust  of  power.  He  is  thought  to  be  meant  for  the  charla- 
tan Dr.  Dee. 

2.  A sharper  in  Foote’s  comedy  “The  English- 
man in  Paris.” 

Subtle  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Subtilis(snb'ti-lis). 

A name  given  to  Duns  Scotus,  from  his  meta- 
physical acuteness. 

Subunreeka.  See  Subanrika. 

Subltra  (su-bu'rg,).  A valley  in  ancient  Rome, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Fora,  and  extending 
between  the  Yiminal  and  the  Esquiline.  It 
*was  drained  by  the  Cloaca  Maxima. 

Suburban  (sub-fer'ban),  The.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal American  horse-races : a handicap  sweep- 
stakes  run  annually  at  the  June  meeting  of  the 
Coney  Island  Jockey  Club  at  Sheepshead  Say, 
Long  Island.  It  is  for  horses  three  years  old  and  up- 
ward. The  distance  is  li  miles.  The  winners  have  been : 


1884,  General  Monroe;  1885,  Pontiac ; 1886,  Troubadour; 
1887,  Eolus  ; 1888,  Elkwood  ; 1889,  Raceland ; 1890,  Salva- 
tor ; 1891,  Loantaka;  1892,  Montana;  1893,  Lowlander; 
1894,  Ramapo ; 1895,  Lazzarone  ; 1896,  Henry  of  Navarre  ; 
1897,  Ben  Brush;  1898,  Tillo;  1899,  Imp;  1900,  Kinley 
Mack;  1901,  Alcedo;  1902,  Gold  Heels;  1903,  Africander. 
Succoth  (suk'oth).  1 . In  scriptural  geography, 


Sudbury.  A town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 19  miles  west  of  Boston.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a battle  with  the  Indians  in  1676.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,120,  (1910). 

Sudermania.  See  Sodermanland. 

Sudermann  (zo'der-man),  Hermann.  Born  at 


a place  in  Palestine  probably  east  of  the  Jor-  * Matzicken,  East  Prussia  bee.  9,  1857.  A Ger- 

non  onn  oAnth  at  tho  on  ia  it  • rl  not  tt  a/1  nw  - ' ' 


dan  and  south  of  the  Jabbok:  destroyed  by 
Gideon. — 2.  The  place  of  the  first  encampment 
of  the  Israelites  in  the  Exodus.  It  is  called  in 
Egyptian  records  Thukot,  and  lay  east  of  San. 

Suchet  (sii-sha'),  Louis  Gabriel,  Due  d’Albu- 
f6ra.  Born  at  Lyons,  March  2,  1770:  died  at 
Marseilles,  Jan.  3,  1826.  A marshal  of  France. 
He  served  with  distinction  in  Italy,  especially  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1800-01,  becoming  a brigadier-general  in  1797, 
chief  of  staff  to  Massbna  in  1798,  and  general  of  division 
in  1800 ; and  later  at  Austerlitz,  Saalfeld,  Pultusk,  and 
elsewhere.  He  received  the  command  in  Aragon  in  April, 
1809 ; defeated  Blake  at  Santa  F0  and  Belchite,  June,  1809, 
and  O’Donnell  near  Lerida  April  23, 1810 ; captured  Tortosa 
Jan.  2,  1811 ; stormed  Tarragona  June  28,  1811;  captured 
Valencia  Jan.  9,  1812;  and  gained  other  victories.  He 


man  dramatic  poet.  He  is  a disciple  of  Ibsen. 
He  has  written  “Die  Ehre,”  “Sodoms  Ende,"  “Heimat,” 
“ Es  War,"  “ Das  Gluck  im  Winkel,”  “Es  Lebe  das  Leben," 
“Stein  unter  Steinen,"  etc. 

Sudero  (so'de-re).  One  of  the  Faroe  Islands. 

Sudeten(so-de'ten).  [G.,  ‘Sudetic’  Mountains.] 
A mountain  system  in  Moravia,  Austrian  Sile- 
sia, Prussian  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Saxony,  it 
extends  from  the  basin  of  the  Beczwa  in  Moravia  to  the 
gap  of  the  Elbe  near  the  Bohemian  and  Saxon  frontier. 
Its  chief  divisions  are  the  Isergebirge,  Riesengebirge, 
Glatzer  Mountains  (Schneeberg),  Reichensteiner  Moun- 
tains, Eulengebirge,  Adlergebirge,  Habelschwerter  Moun- 
tains, Heuscheuergebirge,  Schweidnitzer Mountains,  Lan- 
sitzer  Mountains,  and  the  Moravian  Gesenke  and  Altvater 
Schneegebirge. 


served  under  Napoleon  in  the  Hundred  Days.  He  became  Sudini.  See  JEslii. 
a marshal  in  1811,  and  later  a peer  of  France.  He  wrote  Sue  (sii), Marie  Joseph  (best knownasEug&ne). 

trwimoira  AT  hia  klivotiien  citvmnirrna  — . * . . ° 


memoirs  of  his  Spanish  campaigns. 

Suchow,  or  Su-chau.  See  Soochow. 

Siichteln  (zuch'teln).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Niers  36 
miles  northwest  of  Cologne.  Population,  com- 
mune, 9,371. 

Suckling  ( suk ' ling) , Sir  John.  Bor n at  Whitton, 
Middlesex  (baptized  Feb.  10,  1609) : supposed 
to  have  committed  suicide  at  Paris  about  1642. 
An  English  Royalist  poet  and  man  of  fashion  of 
the  Court  of  Charles  I.  His  father  was  a comptroller 
of  the  household  of  Charles  I In  1623  he  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  1631-32  fought  in  the  Marquis  of 
Hamilton's  troop  in  Gustavus  Adolphus’s  army.  Return- 
ing to  court  just  as  the  masks  had  passed  their  splendor, 
he  wrote  plays  adapted  to  the  scenery  which  the  taste  for 
them  had  developed.  “Aglaura”  was  produced  in  1637, 
and  “Brennoralt,”  under  tiie  name  of  its  first  draft,  “The 
Discontented  Colonel,”  appeared  in  quarto  in  1640.  When 
the  war  with  the  Scottish  Covenanters  began  (1639),  he 
raised  a troop  of  100  horse  for  the  king.  In  May,  1641,  he 
was  implicated  in  a plot  for  the  liberation  of  Strafford, 
was  charged  with  high  treason,  and  fled  from  England. 
He  is  best  known  from  his  lyric  poems  and  ballads. 

Sucre  (sg'kra),  Antonio  Jose  de.  Born  at  Cu- 
man&,  Venezuela,  June  13,  1793:  died  in  the 
province  of  Pasto,New  Granada,  June  4. 1830.  A 


Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1804:  died  at  Annecy, 
Savoy,  July  3,  1857.  A celebrated  French  nov- 
elist. His  sponsors  were  Prince  Eugfene  Beauhamais 
and  the  empress  Josephine ; from  the  former  he  took  the 
name  Engine,  which  he  prefixed  to  Sue  to  form  his  nom 
de  plume.  After  a short  stay  at  the  Lycbe  Bonaparte  in 
Paris,  he  took  up  painting  and  then  medicine,  and  wrote 
also  a couple  of  poor  plays.  He  spent  six  years  in  the  navy 
as  a surgeon,  falling  heir  to  his  father’s  large  estate  on  his 
return  to  France  in  1830.  Chance  led  him  to  write  his 
first  novel,  “ Plicket  Plock  ” (1831),  and  he  was  encouraged 
by  its  success  to  publish  “Atar-Gull  ” (1831),  “La  sala- 
mandre”  (1832),  “La  Coucaratcha”  (1832-34),  and  “La  vi- 
gie  de  Koat-Ven”  (1833).  For  the  subject-matter  of  all 
these  works  he  drew  largely  upon  his  store  of  personal 
reminiscences  and  experiences.  A great  deal  of  sound  in- 
formation on  naval  matters  is  found  embodied  in  Sue’s 
“Histoire  de  la  marine  francaise”  (1835-37).  Dropping 
gradually  into  the  general  style  of  novel,  he  published 
“ Arthur”  (1838),  “Le  marquis  de  L^toriere”  (1839),  “Ma- 
thilde”  (1841),  “Le  morne  au  diable”  (1842).  In  a more 
erudite  strain  he  composed  two  historical  novels,  “La- 
trdaumont”  (1837)  and  “Jean  Cavalier"  (1840).  He  ex- 
erted a profound  influence  by  the  views  to  which  he  gave 
expression  in  “Les  mystOresde  Paris "(1842-43),  and  in  “Le 
Juif  errant  "(1844-45).  A change  of  government  drove  him 
into  exile  in  1852,  and  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
Annecy.  In  addition  to  the  works  mentioned  above,  he 
wrote  a few  plays  and  a number  of  novels. 


Spanish- American  general  in  the  war  for  iude-  Suess  (zfis),  Eduard.  Born  at  London,  Eng 

i ° loud  A -i-i  a*  OA  1 UQ1  A viAtorl  inoftnon  ffDAlfurict 


pendence.  He  was  a trusted  lieutenant  of  Bolivar,  and 
during  his  absence  gained  twoof  the  most  decisive  victories 
of  the  war— the  battle  of  Pichincha  (May  24,  1822).  which 
freed  Quito  or  Ecuador ; and  that  of  Ayacucho  (Dec.  9, 1824), 
which  put  an  end  to  Spanish  rule  in  South  America.  Sucre 
was  awarded  the  title  of  grand  marshal  of  Ayacucho,  and 
was  elected  first  president  of  Bolivia  Oct.  3,  1826.  He  re- 
signed in  Sept.,  1828,  to  prevent  a war  with  Peru,  the  gov- 
ernment of  that  country  having  demanded  his  removal  as 
an  adherent  of  Bolivar.  Sucre  went  to  Colombia,  where 
he  took  command  of  the  army  then  acting  against  Peru, 
gained  the  battle  of  Giron,  near  Cuenca,  Feb.  26, 1829,  and 


land,  Aug.  20, 1831.  A noted  Austrian  geologist. 
In  1857  he  became  professor  of  geology  at  the  University 
of  Vienna.  He  has  been  a member  of  the  Landtag  of 
Lower  Austria  since  1869,  and  in  1873  he  entered  the 
Reicllsrat  as  deputy  from  Vienna,  and  was  a member  of 
the  ljiberal  party.  He  has  held  several  public  offices.  He 
is  noted  for  his  special  researches  on  the  stratigraphy  of 
the  Alps,  the  geology  of  Italy,  and  the  organization  of  the 
brachiopod  mollusks.  Among  his  works  are  “DerBoden 
der  Stadt  Wien”  (1862),  “Die  Entstehung  der  Alpen” 
(1875),  “ Die  Zukunft  des  Goldes  ” (1877),  “ Das  Antlitz  der 
Erde  ’’  (1885-1909). 


thus  practically  ended  the  war.  He  was  president  of  the  Suessiones  (swes-i-6'nez).  An  ancient  people 


Colombian  congress  of  1829,  and  while  returning  to  his 
home  in  Quito  was  assassinated,  at  the  instigation,  as  was 
supposed,  of  his  political  enemies. 

Sucre,  or  Chuquisaca  (cko-ke-sa'ka).  The  offi- 


of  Gallia  Belgica,  allied  to  and  situated  near 
the  Remi,  in  the  vicinity  of  Soissons  (named 
from  them).  They  were  subjugated  by  Julius 

cial  capital  of  Bolivia,  situated  nearlat.  19°5' S.  J a sai  , w ,B‘ c\,  ....  T - , , 

Itcontamsacathedralandseveraleducationalinstitutions.  SueSSUla  (swes  u-la).  In  ancient  geography,  a 

■ . _ . — . place  m Campania,  Italy,  13  miles  northeast  of 

Naples : the  traditional  scene  of  a Roman  vic- 
tory over  the  Samnites  in  the  first  Samnite 


Originally  it  was  the  Indian  village  of  Chuquisaca.  The 
Spaniards  called  it  La  Plata  de  Chuquisaca,  or  simply  La 
Plata,  from  the  important  silver-mines  of  the  vicinity. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  Spanish  province  of  Choreas, 
whence  it  was  also  known  as  Charcas.  The  official  name 
Sucre  was  given  when  it  became  the  capital  of  Bolivia  in 
1826.  For  many  years  La  Paz  has  been  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment. Population,  23,416. 

Suczawa  (so-cka'va).  A town  in  Bukowina, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  river  Sucza- 
wa 45  miles  south  by  east  of  Czernowitz.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  11,539,  (1910). 

Sudan,  or  Soudan  (so-dan'),  sometimes  called 
Nigritia  (ui-grish'ia).  [Ar.  Sudan,  the  Blacks.] 
A vast  region  in  Africa,  with  indefinite  boun- 
daries, including  the  territories  from  the  Atlan- 
tic (or  Senegambia)  eastward  to  Abyssinia  or 


Suetonius  (swe-to'ni-us)  (Caius  Suetonius 
Tranquillus).  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  2d 
century  a.  d.  A Roman  biographer  and  histo- 
rian. He  was  private  secretary  of  Hadrian  about  119- 
121,  and  was  a friend  of  the  younger  Pliny,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Bithynia  in  112.  His  chief  work  is  “ Lives 
of  the  Caesars,  ’’  which  contains  biographies  (of  an  anecdoti- 
cal  character)  of  the  first  twelve  Csesars.  including  Julius. 
It  is  important  on  account  of  its  revelations  concerning 
the  private  life  of  the  emperors.  Fragments  of  his  “De 
grammaticis  ” and  of  other  works,  are  extant. 

Suett  (su'et),  Richard.  Born  in  1755 : died  in 
1805.  An  English  comedian. 


the  Red  Sea,  and  from  the  Sahara  southward  Suevi  (swe'vl).  [L.  (Ctesar)  Suebi.  (Pliny) 


to  the  Guinea  coast,  and  the  Kongo  Basin. 
The  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan  extends  southward  from  the 
frontier  of  Egypt  to  the  Uganda  Protectorate  and  the  Bel- 
gian Kongo,  eastward  to  the  Red  Sea  and  Abyssinia,  and 
westward  to  Wadai.  Divided  into  13  provinces.  Its  area  is 
about  950,000  sq.  m.,  and  its  population  about  3,000,000.  Of 
the  central  Sudan  states  Wadai,  Baghirmi,  and  Kanem  are 
within  the  French  sphere  of  influence,  and  a part  of  Bormi, 
with  Sokoto  and  Gando, within  the  British.  Adamawa  falls 
within  the  German  Kamerun  Hinterland.  The  bounda- 
ries between  the  English  and  tile  French  possessions  and 
spheres  of  influence  both  west  and  east  of  the  Niger  were 
determined  by  a convention  between  the  United  Kingdom 
and  France  ratified  June  13,  1899. 

Sudani  (so-da'ne).  A dialect  of  Arabic  spoken 
in  the  Sudan. 

Sudbury  (sud'bu-ri).  A town  in  Suffolk  and 
Essex,  England,  situated  on  the  Stour  50  mileB 
northeast  of  London.  Population,  7,109. 


Suevi,  Gr.  (Strabo)  26r/$oi,( Jordanes)  Sovapoi.) 
The  collective  name  of  a German  people  men- 
tioned by  Caesar,  who  describes  them  as  the 
largest  and  most  warlike  of  the  German  tribes. 
At  the  time  of  Tacitus  the  Suevi  occupied  all  central 
Germany  west  of  the  Oder,  from  the  boundaries  of 
the  Harudes,  who  alone  intervened  between  them  and  the 
Baltic,  to  the  Danube.  The  common  name  included  the 
Semnones,  Chatti,  Hermunduri,  Marcomanui,  Quadi,  and 
Juthungi,  with  many  of  which  tribal  appellations  the  com- 
mon name  interchanged.  In  file  first  half  of  the  5th  cen- 
tury the  suevi,  so  called  (possibly  the  Juthungi),  appeared 
as  neighbors  and  allies  of  the  Alamanni,  with  whom  they 
acted  as  one  folk : either  name  may  be  used  of  the  whole 
people.  Together  they  were  crushingly  defeated  by  the 
Franks  under  Clovis.  Subsequently  the  Suevi  were  settled 
about  the  head  waters  of  the  Danube,  where  their  name  is 
still  preserved  in  Swabia  (Schwaben).  The  Suevi  who  set- 
tled in  Spanish  Galicia  in  the  5th  century  were  possibly 
the  Semnones. 


Suevicum,  Mare 

Suevicum  (swe'vi-kum),  Mare.  [L.,  ‘Suevic 
Sea.’]  A Roman  name  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

Suez  (so'ez  or  so-ez').  A seaportof  Egypt,  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  and  at  the 
southern  terminus  of  the  Suez  Canal,  in  lat. 
29°  58'  N.,  long.  32°  33'  E. : the  ancient  Arsinoe, 
later  Clysma  and  Kolzum.  it  was  the  terminus  of 
an  ancient  canal.  It  was  developed  in  recent  times  by  the 
opening  of  the  fresh-water  canal  (1863),  which  extended 
from  Suez  to  Ismailia,  and  of  the  Suez  Canal  in  1869.  It 
has  harhors  and  quays.  Population,  17,173. 

Suez,  Gulf  Of.  The  northwestern  arm  of  the 
Red  Sea,  bounding  the  Sinaitic  peninsula  on 
the  west : the  ancient  Heroopolites  Sinus. 
Suez,  Isthmus  Of.  The  isthmus  which  unites 
Asia  and  Africa,  and  separates  the  Mediterra- 
nean from  the  Red  Sea:  now  intersected  by 
*the  Suez  Canal  (which  see). 

Suez  Canal.  A ship-canal  which  connects  the 
Mediterranean  with  the  Red  Sea.  Napoleon  I. 
entertained  the  idea  of  building  a maritime  canal  between 
these  two  bodies  of  water,  but  abandoned  it  in  conse- 
quence of  a report  by  the  engineer  l.epere  (1798),  which 
placed  the  surface  of  the  Red  Sea  nearly  30  feet  higher  than 
that  of  the  Mediterranean.  This  mistake  was  corrected  by 
British  officers  in  1841,  and  in  1849  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps 
began  a thorough  investigation  of  the  isthmus.  With  the 
consent  of  the  Khedive  of  Egypt  and  the  Porte  he  organ- 
ized the  Universal  Company  of  the  Maritime  Suez  Canal 
in  1856,  half  the  capital  of  which  was  raised  by  public  sub- 
scription in  Europe  (chiefly  in  France),  the  other  half  by  the 
khedive.  Work  began  April  25, 1859,  and  Nov.  17,  1869,  the 
canal  was  opened  for  navigation,  having  cost  about  £20,- 
000,000.  It  is  87  miles  long,  traversing  Lake  Menzaleh, 
Lake  Timsah,  and  the  Bitter  Lakes,  and  was  originally 
from  150  to  300  feet  wide  at  the  water-surface,  and  72  at 
the  bottom,  with  a minimum  depth  of  26  feet:  but  has 
since  (1886-90)  been  deepened  to  : 8 feet  and  considerably 
widened.  The  original  capital  of  the  company  consisted 
of  400,000  shares  of  £20  each  (besides  100,000  founders' 
shares),  of  which  176,602  belonged  to  the  khedive  and 
were  purchased  by  the  British  government  in  1875.  The 
following  table  shows  the  increase  in  the  number  of  ves- 
sels passing  through  the  canal  and  the  receipts  of  the 
company: 

r«ir  No.  Tonnage.  Receipts, 

1870 486  ..  654,915  ..  £ 206,373 

1880  2,026  ..  4,344,519  ..  1,629,577 

1890  3,389  ..  9.749,129  ..  2,680,436 

1895  3,434  ..  11,833,637  ..  3,124,149 

1896  3,409  ..  12,039,859  ..  3,182,800 

1897  2,986  ..  11,123,403  ..  2,913,222 

1898  3,503  ..  12,962,632  ..  3,411,791 

1899  3,607  ..  13,815,992  ..  3,652,751 

1910  4,533  ..  23,054,901  ..  5,348,000 

Suffolk  (suf'ok).  [ME.  Suffolk,  AS.  Suthfolc, 
south  folk:  opposed  to  Northfolc,  north  folk, 
Norfolk.]  The  easternmost  county  of  England, 
bounded  by  Norfolk,  the  North  Sea,  Essex,  and 
Cambridge.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it  is  one 
of  the  chief  agricultural  counties  of  England.  It  formed 
part  of  the  old  kingdom  of  East  Anglia.  Area  (ad.  co. ), 
1,470  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  384,293. 
Suffolk,  Dukes  Of.  See  Brandon,  Charles,  and 
Grey,  Henry. 

Suffolk,  Earl  and  later  Duke  of  (William  de 
la  Pole).  Executed  1450.  An  English  politi- 
cian, grandson  of  Michael  de  la  Pole,  earl  of 
Suffolk : leading  minister  under  Henry  VI. 
Suffren  de  Saint-Tropez  (su-frah'  de  san-tro- 
pa'),  Pierre  Andre  de.  Bom  at  Saint-Cannat, 
France,  July  13,1726:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8, 
1788.  A French  vice-admiral.  He  entered  the 
Fiench  navy  in  1743;  was  twice  captured  by  the  English  ; 
and  was  made  captain  in  1772.  For  ten  years  he  was  in 
the  service  of  Malta.  In  1781  he  was  sent  to  protect 
French  interests  in  the  East  Indies.  After  an  action  at 
the  Cape  Vcrd  Islands  (April  16,  1781)  he  outsailed  Com- 
modore Johnstone  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  so  pre- 
vented an  attack  of  the  English  upon  Cape  Town.  He 
fought  five  hard  but  indecisive  battles  against  the  English 
under  Admiral  Hughes : off  Sadt  as  (Feb.  17,  1782),  off 
Trincomalee  (April  12  and  Sept.  3,  1782),  off  Negapatam 
(July  6,  1782),  off  Cuddalore  (June  20,  1783).  He  was  re- 
called to  France  by  the  treaty  of  Versailles,  and  was  re- 
ceived with  the  highest  honors  and  created  a vice-admiraL 

Sufis  (so'fiz),  or  Saffis,  or  Safawis.  A dynasty 
of  Persian  monarchs  who  reigned  from  about 
1501  to  the  accession  of  Nadir  Shah  in  1736. 
Sugambri  (su-gam'bri),  also  Sigambri  (si- 
gam'bri)  or  Sicambri(si-kam'bri).  [L.(Ctesar) 
Sigambri,  (Tacitus)  Sugambri.  Gr.  (Strabo)  Xov- 
yayPpoi. ] A German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by 
Caasar,  in  whose  time  they  were  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  lower  Rhine,  north  of  the 
Ubii,  on  both  sides  of  the  Ruhr. 

Sugden  (sug'den),  Edward  Burtenshaw,  first 
Baron  Saint  Leonards.  Born  at  London,  Feb. 
12,  1781:  died  at  Thames  Dellon,  Jan.  29, 
1875.  An  English  statesman  and  jurist.  He  was 
solicitor-general  1829-30 ; lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  1834- 
1835  and  1841-46  ; and  was  created  Lord  St.  Leonards,  and 
appointed  lord  high  chancellor  of  England  in  Lord  Herby's 
first,  administration  in  1852.  He  wrote  “Law  of  Venders 
and  Purchasers  ” (1805), “Powers "(1808), “Law of  Property 
as  Administered  by  the  House  of  1-ords  ” (1849),  and  other 
legal  treatises. 

Suhl(zol).  A town  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 


965 

Prussia,  situated  in  the  Thuringerwald,  on  the 
Lauter,  23  miles  south  of  Gotha.  It  is  famous  for 
manufactures  of  Iron,  especially  of  firearms,  and  was  long 
called  “the  armory  of  Germany.”  Pop.,  commune,  13,814. 

Suhrab  (modern  Pers.  pron.  so-hrab';  earlier, 
following  the  Arabic,  so-hrab').  In  the  Shah- 
namah,  the  son  of  Rustam  by  Tahminah.  Rus- 
tam kills  Suhrab  without  knowing  that  he  is 
his  son.  (See  Rustam.)  Also  Sohrab. 

Suidas  (su'i-das).  [Gr.  2ow'<5af.]  Lived  probably 
in  the  second  half  of  the  10th  century  a.  d.  A 
Byzantine  lexicographer,  author  of  a famous 
encyclopedic  Greek  lexicon.  “ The  works  of  Suidas, 
like  those  of  Photius,  contain  a vast  store  of  various  learn- 
ing, singularly  useful  on  points  of  criticism  and  literary 
history.  The  lexicon  of  this  writer,  besides  the  definition 
of  words,  contains  accounts  of  ancient  authors  of  all  classes, 
and  many  quotations  from  works  that  have  since  per- 
ished. ” Taylor. 

The  author  of  the  great  lexicon  which  bears  the  name 
of  Suidas  is  known  to  us  only  from  the  title-page  of  this 
compilation,  and  from  some  citations  in  the  commentary 
of  Eustathius.  That  he  was  a Byzantine  monk  is  merely 
a conjecture  started  by  Joannes  Rosinus  and  adopted  by 
subsequent  scholars.  Even  the  age  in  which  he  flourished 
is  quite  uncertain  ; for  it  cannot  be  ascertained  whether 
the  references  to  certain  personages  of  a comparatively 
modern  date  belong  to  the  original  fabric  of  the  lexicon, 
or  were  subsequent  additions. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  385. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Suiones(su-I'o-nez).  [L . (Tacitus)  iSm iones,  ( J or- 
danes)  Suelians,  ON.  Sviar,  AS.  Swceon.]  Ac- 
cording to  Tacitus,  the  collective  name  of  the 
Germanic  inhabitants  of  Scandinavia.  In  Jor- 
danes,  in  the  6th  century,  asSuehans(i.  e.  Swans),  the  name 
is  limited  to  the  inhabitants  of  central  Sweden,  whence  it 
has  been  extended  to  include  the  whole  country. 

Stlir  (shor).  A river  in  Ireland  which  unites 
east  of  Waterford  with  the  Barrow  to  form 
Waterford  Harbor.  Length,  over  100  miles. 
Suisse  (sties),  La.  The  French  name  of  Swit- 
zerland. 

Suisun  Bay  (so-e-sou'  ba).  A bay  in  California 
which  communicates  on  the  west  by  Carquinez 
Strait  with  San  Pablo  Bay,  and  through  it 
with  San  Francisco  Bay.  It  receives  the  Sac- 
ramento and  San  Joaquin  rivers.  Length, 
about  20  miles. 

Suivante  (siie-vont'),  La.  A comedy  by  Cor- 
neille, issued  in  1634,  in  which  the  character  of 
the  soubrette  makes  its  first  appearance. 
Sukuma  (s6-k6'ma),orWasukuma(wa-so-ko'- 
ma).  A Bantu  tribe  of  German  East  Africa,  in- 
h abiting  a vast  undulating  plateau  south  of  Lake 
Victoria.  This  region,  called  Usukuma,  is  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  the  northern  part  of  Unyamwezi.  The  lan- 
guage, Kisukuma,  is  closely  allied  to  Nyamwezi,  being 
possibly  only  a dialect  of  the  latter.  The  VVasukuma  are 
agricultural  and  pastoral.  Their  petty  chiefs  used  to  exact 
toll  from  travelers. 

Sul,  Rio  Grande  do.  See  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 
Sula  (so'la).  A river  in  southern  Russia  which 
joins  the  Dnieper  75  miles  west-southwest  of 
Poltava.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Sulaphat  (so'la-fat).  [Ar.  al-suUiafdt,  the  tor- 
toise. See  Shahin. ] The  third-magnitude  star 
y Lyras. 

Suleiman  (Turkish  sultans).  See  Solyman. 
Suleiman  (so-la-man'),  Mosque  of.  A mosque 
in  Constantinople,  begun  in  1550.  It  is  the  finest 
edifice  in  the  city,  after  Santa  Sophia,  whose  plan  it  some- 
what resembles,  having  anave  with  central  dome  buttressed 
by  two  large  semi-domes,  and  arcaded  aisles  with  domes 
over  every  bay.  The  dome  is  17  feet  higher  than  that  of 
Santa  Sophia.  The  walls  and  piers  are  incrusted  with 
colored  marbles,  and  in  part  with  beautiful  Persian  tiles. 
The  forecourt,  arcaded  and  domed,  is  beautiful  in  mate- 
rials and  proportions.  There  are  four  minarets. 

Suleiman  Mountains.  See  Suliman  Mountains. 
Suleiman  Pasha.  Born  1840:  died  at  Constan- 
tinople, Aug.  11,  1892.  A Turkish  general.  He 
was  one  of  the  chief  movers  in  the  deposition  of  Abdul 
Aziz  in  1876;  served  with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Ser- 
via  in  1876,  and  in  Herzegovina  and  Montenegro  in  1877  ; 
commanded  the  attacks  against  the  Shipka  Pass,  Aug.- 
Sept.,  1877 ; and  later  was  commander  in  Bulgaria,  and  was 
forced  to  retreat  to  Constantinople  in  1878.  He  was  con- 
demned to  imprisonment  on  a charge  of  high  treason  in 
1878,  but  was  soon  pardoned. 

Sulen  (so'len)  Islands.  A group  of  islands  off 
the  western  coast  of  Norway,  50  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Bergen. 

Suli  (so'le).  A mountainous  district  in  Alba- 
nia, European  Turkey,  about  15-20  miles  west 
of  Janina. 

Suliman  (so-le-man'),  or  Suleiman,  or  Sulai- 
man  (so-la-man'),  Mountains.  A range  of 
mountains  near  the  border  of  Afghanistan  and 
British  India,  extending  from  the  river  Kuram 
south  and  west  toward  the  Bolan  Pass.  The 
highest  point  is  about  11,300  feet. 

Sulimana  (so-le-mii'na).  A region  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Senegambia,  western  Africa. 


Sully,  Due  de 

Sulina  (so-le'na).  The  middle  one  of  the  three 
chief  mouths  of  the  Danube,  and  the  one  most 
frequented  by  ships. 

Sulina.  A town  in  Rumania,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Sulina  branch  of  the  Danube. 

Suliotes  (so'li-otz).  A Greco-Albanian  peo- 
ple who  settled  in  Suli  and  carried  on  war  in 
the  18th  century  against  the  Turks  and  Alba- 
nians. They  were  finally  subdued  in  1822,  and  forced  to 
leave  Suli  for  Greece,  where  they  played  an  important  part 
in  the  war  of  liberation. 

Sulla  (sul'a),  Lucius  Cornelius,  surnamed  Fe- 
lix. Born  about  138  b.  c. : died  78  b.  c.  A cele- 
brated Roman  general  and  dictator.  As  questor 
in  the  army  of  Marius  he  served  in  the  war  against  Ju- 
gurtha  107-106,  and  captured  Jugurtha ; fought  against 
the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  104-101  ; was  pretor  in  93 ; as 
propretor  in  Cilicia  in  92  defeated  the  general  of  Mithri- 
dates  and  restored  Ariobarzanes  to  the  throne  of  Cappa- 
docia; took  part  in  the  Social  War  90-89,  and  captured 
Bovianum  89 ; and  was  consul  in  88.  The  civil  war  be- 
tween him  and  Marius  broke  out  in  88.  He  led  an  army 
against  Rome  and  expelled  the  Marians  (this  was  the 
first  time  that  a Roman  had  led  a Roman  army  against 
Rome).  As  commander  in  theMithridatic  war,  87-84,  he  de- 
feated Archelaus  at  Cliaeronea  in  86  and  Orchomenns  in 
85,  and  defeated  the  Marian  leader  Fimbria  in  84.  He 
landed  in  Italy  in  83,  and  defeated  the  Marians  in  83  and 
82,  and  the  Samnites  at  the  Colline  Gate  in  82.  He  issued 
a sweeping  proscription  against  his  enemies  (see  extract 
below) ; was  appointed  dictator  in  82 ; and  was  consul  in 
80.  He  attempted  various  constitutional  reforms ; reor- 
ganized the  senate  and  the  judiciary;  established  military 
colonies  in  Italy  ; and  resigned  the  dictatorship  in  79. 

One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  draw  up  a list  of  his  enemies 
who  were  to  be  put  to  death,  which  list  was  exhibited  in 
the  forum  to  public  inspection,  and  called  a Pruscriptio. 
It  was  the  first  instance  of  the  kind  in  Roman  history. 
All  persons  in  this  list  were  outlaws,  who  might  be  killed 
by  any  one  with  impunity,  even  by  slaves  ; their  prop- 
erty was  confiscated  to  the  state,  and  was  to  be  sold  by 
public  auction. 

Smith,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biog.,  etc.,  III.  938. 

Sullen  (sul'en),  Mrs.  The  gay,  youthful  wife 
of  the  drunken  blockhead  Sullen,  in  Farquhar’s 
“Beaux’  Stratagem.”  Incompatibility  leads  to  a di- 
vorce,  and  she  marries  Archer  whom  she  loves. 

Sullivan  (sul'i-van),  Sir  Arthur  Seymour. 

Born  at  London,  May  13,  1842:  died  there, 
Nov.  22,  1900.  A noted  English  composer  and 
conductor.  He  was  choir  boy  in  the  Chapel  Royal ; 
gained  the  Mendelssohn  scholarship  in  1856;.  studied  in 
Leipsic  1858-61 ; was  principal  of  the  National  Training 
School  for  Music  1876-81 ; and  president  of  the  Birming- 
ham aud  Midland  Institution  in  1888.  He  is  famous  for 
his  operettas  (for  the  titles  of  those  composed  with  W.  S. 
Gilbert  as  librettist,  see  Gilbert).  Those  composed  with 
others  are  “ Cox  aud  Box  ” (1867  : with  Burnaud),  “ The 
Zoo  " (1875  : with  B.  Rowe),  “ Ivanhoe  ” (1891),  and  “ Had- 
don  Hall”  (1892:  with  S.  Grundy).  He  composed  many 
songs  (“  The  Lost  Chord,”  “ Arabian  Love  Song,”  “O  Fair 
Dove,  O Fond  Dove,”  “If  Doughty  Deeds,” etc.) ; the  ora- 
torios “The  Prodigal  Son”  (1869),  “The  Light  of  the 
World”  (1873),  “The  Martyr  of  Antioch  ” (1880),  etc. ; in- 
cidental music  for  “The  Tempest,”  “The  Merchant  of 
Venice,"  “Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,”  “Macbeth,”  and 
“ Henry  VIII.,’  and  for  Wills’s  “Olivia";  besides  part- 
songs,  anthems,  services,  hymn-tunes,  cantatas,  a sym- 
phony in  E,  music  for  Longfellow's  “Golden Legend,” etc. 
He  was  knighted  in  1883. 

Sullivan,  Barry.  Born  at  Birmingham,  1821  : 
died  at  Brighton,  May  3, 1891.  An  English  ac- 
tor. He  first  appeared  at  Cork  in  1837,  and  in  London  at 
the  Haymarket  in  1852.  He  visited  the  United  States 
1857-60,  and  Australia  1861-66. 

Sullivan,  James.  Born  at  Berwick,  Maine, 
April  22, 1744 : died  at  Boston,  Dec.  10,  1808. 
An  American  politician,  brother  of  John  Sulli- 
van. He  was  a delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress,  and 
governor  of  Massachusetts  1807-08.  He  wrote  a “ History 
of  Maine  " (1795),  a “ History  of  Land-Titles  in  Massachu- 
setts ” (1801),  etc. 

Sullivan,  John.  Born  at  Berwick,  Maine,  Feb. 
17, 1740 : died  at  Durham,  N.  H.,  Jan.  23, 1795. 
An  American  general.  He  was  amemberof  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  in  1774  ; seized  a fort  near  Portsmouth 
in  Dec.,  1774  ; became  brigadier-general  in  1775  ; served 
at  the  siege  of  Boston ; commanded  in  Canada  in  1776  ; 
was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island, in  1776; 
served  at  Trenton  and  Princeton  ; attacked  Staten  Island 
in  1777;  served  at  Brandywine  and  Germantown  ; com- 
manded in  Rhode  Island  in  1778,  and  gained  the  victory 
of  Butt’s  Hill  Aug.  29 ; commanded  an  expedition  against 
the  Six  Nations  in  1779;  and  defeated  the  Indians  and 
Tories  at  Newtown  (Aug.  29)  and  elsewhere,  and  ravaged 
their  country.  He  was  a delegate  to  Congress  in  1780; 
and  was  president  of  N ew  Hampshire  1786-89. 
Sullivan’s  Island.  [Named  from  Gen.  John 
Sullivan.]  An  island  at  the  entrance  of  Charles- 
ton harbor,  South  Carolina,  east  of  Charleston : 
the  site  of  Fort  Moultrie. 
Sullivant(sul'i-vant), William  Starling.  Born 
near  Columbus,  Ohio,  Jan.  15, 1803  ; died  there, 
April  30, 1873.  An  American  botanist,  noted  as  a 
bryologist.  He  wrote  “ Musci  Alleghanienses  " (1845), 
“Musci  ami  Hepaticsc  of  the  United  States  East  of  the 
Mississippi  River  ” (1856),  “leones  Muscorum  ” (1864),  etc. 
Sully  (sul'i ; F.  pron.  sii-le'),  Ducde  (Maximil- 
ien  de  Bethune,  Baron  de  Rosny).  Bom  at 
Rosny,  France,  Dec.  13, 1560:  died  at.  the  castle 


966 


Sully,  Due  de 

of  Villebon,  France,  Dec.  22,  1641.  A French 
Protestant  statesman.  He  became  the  companion 
and  friend  of  Henry  of  Navarre;  served  with  distinction  in 
the  civil  wars,  especially  at  Ivry  ; and  became  celebrated 
as  minister  of  finance  under  Henry  IV.  (1697-1610).  He 
was  made  due  de  Sully  in  1606;  was  appointed  governor 
of  the  Bastille  in  1602  ; and  was  made  a marshal  by  Louis 
XIII.  in  1634.  He  was  influential  in  nearly  all  depart- 
ments of  the  government  during  the  reign  of  Henry  IV. 
He  published  “ Mdmoires  des  sages  et  royales  Economies 
d’dtat,  domesticities,  politiques,  et  militaires,  de  Henri  le 
Grand  ” (2  vols.  1634).  Two  other  volumes  were  published 
by  Jean  le  Laboureur  In  1662. 

The  extraordinary  form  of  Sully’s  Memoirs  is  well 
known.  They  are  neither  written  as  if  by  himself,  nor  of 
him  as  by  a historian  of  the  usual  kind.  They  are  directly 
addressed  to  the  hero  in  the  form  of  an  elaborate  reminder 
of  his  own  actions:  “You  then  said  this”;  “his  Majesty 
thereupon  sent  you  there  ”;  “when  you  were  two  leagues 
from  your  halting-place,  you  saw  a courier  coming,"  etc. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  this  manner  of  telling  history  is 
in  the  highest  degree  unnatural  and  heavy ; and,  after  the 
first  quaintness  of  it  wears  off,  it  makes  the  book  very  hard 
to  read.  It  contains,  however,  a very  large  number  of  short 
memoirs  and  documents  of  all  kinds,  in  which  the  elabo- 
rate farce  of  “ V OU3  ” is  perforce  abandoned.  It  shows  Sully 
as  he  was  — a great  and  skilful  statesman  ; but  it  does  not 
give  a pleasant  idea  of  his  character. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit. , p.  254. 

Sully,  James.  Born  at  Bridgwater,  Somerset- 
shire, 1842.  An  English  psychologist.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Regent’s  Park  College,  London,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottingen,  and  the  University  of  London.  His 
works  include  “Sensation  and  Intuition”  (1874),  “ Pessi- 
mism ” (18771  “ Illusions  ’’  (1881),  “ Outlines  of  Psychology, 
with  Special  Reference  to  the  Theory  of  Education  ” (1884), 
“The  Teachers'  Handbook  of  Psychology”  (1886),  “^Es- 
thetics," with  G.  C.  Robertson  (1888),  “The  Human  Mind  ” 
(1892),  “ Studies  of  Childhood  ” (1895),  etc. 

Sully,  Thomas.  Born  at  Homcastle,  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  1783:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
5,  1872.  An  American  portrait-painter.  Among 
his  best-known  works  are  “Washington  Crossing  the 
Delaware  ” (in  Boston),  portraits  of  Jefferson,  Lafayette, 
Madison,  and  Jackson,  etc. 

Sully-Prudhomme  (su-le'prfi- doin'),  Rene 
Francois  Armand.  Born  at  Paris,  March  16, 
1839:  died  near  Paris,  Sept.  7,  1907.  A French 
poet  and  critic,  elected  memberof  the  Academy. 

He  published  “Poesies”  (1865),  “Les  epreuves"  (1866), 
“Les  solitudes”  (1869),  “Les  destine"  (1872),  “Les  vaines 
tendresses ” (1875),  “La  justice "(1878),  “Le  prisme”  (1886), 
etc.  He  also  published  “ L’Expression  dans  les  beaux 
arts”  (1884),  “Reflections  sur  Part  des  vers”  (1892).  A 
general  edition  of  his  works  was  published  1883-84. 
Sulmo  (sul'mo).  The  ancient  name  of  Solmona. 
Sulphur  Fork  (of  the  Red  River).  A river  in 
northeastern  Texas  and  southwestern  Arkan- 
sas, which  joins  the  Red  River  near  the  south- 
west corner  of  Arkansas.  Length,  about  180 
miles. 

Sulphur  Island.  A small  island  in  the  North 
Pacific,  north  of  the  Loochoo  group. 
Sulpicians,  or  Sulpitians  (sul-pish'ianz). 
[From  F.  Sulpktien,  the  parish  of  St.  Sulpice  in 
Paris,  where  they  were  first  organized.]  A 
Roman  Catholic  order  of  priests,  established  at 
Paris  by  the  Abbfi  Olier,  about  1645,  for  the 
purpose  of  training  young  men  for  the  clerical 
office. 

Sulpicius  Rufus  (sul-pish'ius  ro'fus),  Publius. 
Born  124  B.  c. : killed  88  b.  c.  A Roman  ora- 
tor. As  tribune  of  the  plebs  he  was  put  to 
death  by  the  party  of  Sulla. 

Sultanpur  (sul-tan-por').  1.  A district  in  the 
United  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  26°  N.,  long.  82°  E.  Area,  1,713  square 
miles.  Population,  1,083,904. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Sultanpur,  situated  on  the 
Gumti  80  miles  southeast  of  Lucknow.  Popu- 
lation, 9,550. 

Sulu  (so-lo').  A sultanate  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  Borneo.  Part  of  it  was  ceded  to  the 
British  North  Borneo  Company  about  1880. 
Sulu.  1.  The  chief  island  of  the  Sulu  Archi- 
pelago.— 2.  The  chief  town  of  the  Sulu  Archi- 
pelago. 

Sulu,  or  Sooloo  (so-lo'),  Islands.  An  archi- 
pelago lying  northeast  of  Borneo  and  south- 
west of  Mindanao  (in  the  Philippine  Islands). 
The  inhabitants  are  Malays  and  Mohammedans.  It  was 
annexed  by  Spain  in  1878,  and  acquired  by  the  United 
States  in  1898.  It  was  long  notorious  for  piracy.  Area, 
about  1,000  square  miles.  Population,  117,777. 

Sulzbacher  Alps  (ziilts'baeh-er  alps).  Same 
as  Steiner  Alps. 

Sulzer  (zolts'er),  Johann  Georg.  Born  at  Win- 
terthur, Switzerland,  Oct.  5, 1720  : died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  27,  1779.  A Swiss-I  Prussian  philoso- 
pher and  writer  on  esthetics.  His  chief  work 
is  “ Allgemeine  Theorie  der  schonen  Kiinste.” 
Sumatra  (so-ma'tra).  The  second  largest  isl- 
and of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  situated  west 
and  south  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  and 
separated  from  Java  on  the  southeast  by  the 


Strait  of  Sunda.  It  is  traversed  by  a range  of  moun- 
tains (highest  point,  Indrapura,  about  12,500  feet),  and  has 
many  volcanoes ; contains  mineral  wealth ; produces  cof- 
fee, pepper,  sugar,  rice,  etc. ; and  is  chiefly  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Netherlands.  Administrative  divisions : West 
Coast,  East  Coast,  Palembang,  Benkulen,  Lampongs,  and 
Atjeh.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Malays : among  other 
peoples  are  the  Battaks.  The  religion  is  largely  Moham- 
medan. Dutch  influence  began  in  the  17th  century  : Dutch 
territories  in  Sumatra  were  taken  by  the  British  1811,  but 
restored  (last  English  possession,  Benkulen,  ceded  1825). 
War  against  Atchin  commenced  1873,  and  ended  with  the 
subjugation  and  annexation  of  Atchin.  Length,  1,100 
miles.  Area,  161,612  square  miles.  Population,  4,029,503. 

Sumba.  See  Sandalwood  Island. 

Sumbawa  (soin-ba'wa).  One  of  the  Sunda  Isl- 
ands, Malay  Archipelago,  situated  east  of  Lom- 
bok and  west  of  Flores.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous and  volcanic.  The  island  contains  several  native  states, 
under  Dutch  control.  It  was  devastated  by  an  eruption 
in  1815.  Area,  estimated,  about  5,186  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 150,000. 

Sumbe  (som'be),  orBasumbe  (ba-som'be).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa,  settled 
around  Novo  Redondo,  about  lat.  11°  S.  They 
form  one  nation,  linguistically  and  ethnically,  with  their 
southern  neighbors,  the  Basele.  Inhabiting  a hilly  and 
fertile  district,  they  are  an  athletic,  hardy,  and  industrious 
people,  furnishing  the  best  slaves  and  contract  laborers 
for  the  plantations  of  Angola  and  S.  Thorn 6,  and  produ- 
cing corn  and  beans  for  the  cities  along  the  coast.  The 
Mbuiyi  tribe,  north  of  the  Basumbe,  is  also  closely  allied, 
but  differs  in  several  respects. 

Sumbulpur.  See  Sambalpur. 

Sumer  (su'mer).  See  Sumeria. 

Sumeria  (su-me'ri-a).  In  the  Assyrian  inscrip- 
tions, southern  or  lower  Babylonia,  the  country 
toward  and  around  the  Persian  Gulf,  as  opposed 
to  Akkad  (in  Gen.  x.  10  Accad  as  name  of  a 
city),  or  North  Babylonia.  The  derivation  of 
the  name  is  uncertain.  It  is  identified  with 
Shinar  (which  see). 

Sumer  is  Icumen  In.  A very  ancient  folk-song 
set  to  a round  or  canon.  The  original  manuscript 
of  the  music  is  in  the  British  Museum.  Sir  Frederick 
Madden  assigns  it  to  the  first  half  of  the  13th  century. 

Sumir.  See  Sumeria. 

Summa  Theologiae  (sum'a  the-o-16'ji-e).  [L., 
‘substance'  or  ‘summary  of  theology.’]  1.  A 
theological  work  by  Thomas  Aquinas. — 2.  A 
theological  work  by  Alexander  of  Hales. 

Summer  (sum'er),  or  Somers  (sum'erz),Will. 
The  jester  of  Henry  VIII.  His  effigy  is  at  Hampton 
Court,  and  his  portrait,  by  Holbein,  at  Kensington.  Several 
fools  in  oldpiays  are  called  by  his  name. 

Summer  Islands.  1.  A group  of  small  islands 
off  the  western  coast  of  Cromarty,  Scotland, 
about  lat.  58°  N. — 2.  See  Bermudas. 

Summerside  (sum'er-sid).  A seaport  in  Prince 
Edward  Island,  capital  of  Princes  County,  situ- 
ated on  Bedeque  Bay  35  miles  west-northwest 
of  Charlotte  Town.  Population,  2,875. 

Summerson  (sum'er-son),  Esther.  The  ille- 
gitimate daughter  of  Lady  Dedlock  and  Captain 
Hawdon,  and  ward  of  Mr.  Jarndyce  who  calls 
her  “Dame  Durden” : one  of  the  principal  char- 
acters in  Dickens’s  “Bleak  House.” 
Summoner’s  or  Sompnour’s  Tale,  The.  One 
of  Chaucer’s  “Canterbury  Tales.”  The  somp- 
nour’s business  was  to  summon  delinquents  to  the  eccle- 
siastical courts.  The  story  is  in  large  part  from  Seneca’s 
treatise  “ De  Ira,”  and  is  a contemptuous  sketch  of  a hypo- 
critical friar. 

Sumner  (sum'ner),  Charles.  Born  at  Boston, 
Jan.  6, 1811:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  March 
11,1874.  Anoted  American  statesman.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Boston  Latin  School  and  at  Harvard,  gradu- 
ating in  1830;  studied  law  at  Harvard  ; and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1834.  He  traveled  in  Europe  1837-40 ; became 
noted  as  an  advocate  of  antislavery  ideas ; took  an  active 
part  in  politics  as  a Whig,  and  from  1848  as  a Free-soiler ; 
was  an  unsuccessful  Free-soil  candidate  for  Congress  in 
1848;  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  Massachu- 
setts by  Free-soil  and  Democratic  votes  1851 ; became  a 
leading  opponent  of  slavery  in  Congress ; was  assaulted  in 
the  senate-chamber  by  Preston  Brooks  May  22,  1856;  was 
reelected  senator  as  a Republican  in  1857,  1863,  and  1869; 
was  absent  from  his  seat  1856-59 ; became  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  foreign  affairs  in  1861 ; and  was  removed 
from  it  in  1871  for  his  opposition  to  Grant’s  policy  regard- 
ing the  annexation  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  was  a champion 
of  the  Civil  Rights  Bill  for  the  negroes,  and  opposed  the 
reelection  of  Grant  in  1872.  His  works,  in  15  vols.,  were 
published  1870-83. 

Sumner,  Edwin  Vose.  Born  at  Boston,  Jan.  30, 
1797  : died  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  March  21,  1863. 
An  American  general.  He  served  in  the  Black  Hawk 
war ; was  distinguished  as  a cavalry  commander  at  Cerro 
Gordo  and  Molino  del  Rey  in  1847  ; was  governor  of  New 
Mexico  1851-53 ; commanded  the  Department  of  the  Pa- 
cific in  1861 ; was  a corps  commander  at  Fair  Oaks,  in  the 
Seven  Days'  Battles,  and  at  Antietam  ; and  commanded  a 
grand  division  at  Fredericksburg.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Missouri  in  1863. 

Sumner,  John  Bird.  Born  at  Kenilworth,  Eng- 
land, 1780:  died  at  London,  Sept.  6,  1862.  An 
English  prelate.  He  became  bishop  of  Chester  in  1828, 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1848.  He  published 
“ Records  of  Creation  ” (1816),  “ Evidence  of  Christianity  ” 
(1824),  etc. 


Sund 

Sumner,  William  Graham.  Born  at  Paterson, 

N.  J.,  Oct.  30,  1840:  died  at  Englewood,  N.  J., 
April  12,  1910.  An  American  political  econo- 
mist, professor  of  political  and  social  science 
at  Yale  1872-1909.  He  was  a prominent  advocate  of 
free  trade.  His  works  include  “A  History  of  American 
Currency  ’’  (1874),  a life  of  Andrew  Jackson  (in  “ American 
Statesmen  " series,  1882),  “ What  Social  Classes  Owe  to 
Each  Other”  (1883),  “Problems  in  Political  Economy” 
(1884),  “ Protectionism  ” (1885),  “ Collected  Essays  ” (1885), 
“War  and  Other  Essays”  (1911,  edited  by  A.  G.  Keller). 

Sumter,  Fort.  See  Fort  Sumter. 

Sumter  (sum'ter),  Thomas.  Born  in  Virginia, 
1734:  died  near  Camden,  S.  C.,  June  1,  1832. 
An  American  Revolutionary  general.  He  was 
present  at  Braddock’s  defeat  in  1755  ; was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  a regiment  of  South  Carolina  riflemen  in 
1776 ; became  a leading  partizan  commander  in  1780,  de- 
feating the  Toriesat  Hanging  Rock  Aug.  6,  but  wasrepulsed 
by  the  British  regulars  under  Tarleton  ; was  defeated  by 
Tarleton  at  Fishing  Creek  Aug.  18;  and  defeated  Tarleton 
at  Blackstock  Hill  Nov.  20.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  South  Carolina  1789-93 ; United  States  senator  1601- 
1809  ; and  United  States  minister  to  Brazil  1809-1L 
Sumy  (so' me).  A town  in  Kharkoff,  southern 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Psiol  106  miles  north- 
west of  Kharkoff.  It  is  an  important  trading 
center  for  the  Ukraine.  Population,  42,779. 
Sun  (sun).  The  central  body  of  the  solar  system, 
aroundwhichtheearthandotherplanetsrevolve, 
retained  in  their  orbits  by  its  attraction,  and 
supplied  with  energy  by  its  radiance,  its  mean 
distance  from  the  earth  is  a little  less  than  93  millions 
of  miles,  its  horizontal  parallax  being  8.  " 80  + 0.  " 02.  Its 
mean  apparent  diameter  is  32'  4" ; its  real  diameter  866,600 
miles  (109.)  times  that  of  the  earth).  Its  volume  is  therefore 
a little  more  than  1,300,000  times  that  of  the  earth.  Its 
mass— that  is,  the  quantity  of  matter  in  it — is  330,000  times 
as  great  as  that  of  the  earth,  and  is  about  900  times  as 
great  as  the  united  masses  of  all  of  the  planets.  The  force 
of  gravity  at  the  sun’s  surface  is  nearly  28  times  as  great 
as  at  the  earth’s  surface.  The  sun’s  mean  density  is  only 
one  fourth  that  of  the  earth,  or  less  than  1)  times  that  of 
wat  er.  By  means  of  thespotsits  rotation  can  be  determined. 
It  is  found  that  the  sun’s  equator  is  inclined  7}°  to  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic.  The  sun’s  visible  surface  is  called 
the  photosphere,  and  is  made  up  of  minute  irregularly 
rounded  “granules,”  intensely  brilliant,  and  apparently 
floating  in  a darker  medium.  These  are  usually  400  or  500 
miles  in  diameter,  and  so  distributed  in  streaks  and  groups 
as  to  make  the  surface,  seen  with  a low-power  telescope, 
look  much  like  rough  drawing-paper.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  sun-spots,  and  to  some  extent  upon  all  parts 
of  the  sun,  faculae  (bright  streaks  due  to  an  unusual  crowd- 
ing together  and  upheaval  of  the  granules  of  the  photo- 
sphere) are  found.  At  the  time  of  a total  eclipse  certain 
scarlet  cloud-like  objects  are  usually  observed  projecting 
beyond  the  edge  of  the  moon.  These  are  the  prominences, 
called  protuberances,  which  in  1868  were  proved  by  the 
spectroscope  to  consist  mainly  of  hydrogen,  and  have  been 
discovered  to  be  merely  extensions  from  an  envelop  of  in- 
candescent gases  which  overlies  the  photosphere  like  a 
sheet  of  scarlet  flame,  and  is  known  as  the  chrmnosphere. 
The  thickness  of  this  is  very  irregular,  but  averages  about 
5,600  miles.  The  prominences  are  often  from  60,000  to 
100,000  miles  in  height,  and  occasionally  exceed  200,000  : 
they  are  less  permanent  than  the  spots,  and  their  changes 
and  motions  are  correspondingly  swift.  They  are  not  con- 
fined to  limited  zones  of  the  sun’s  surface : those  of  the 
greatest  brilliance  and  activity  are,  however,  usually  con- 
nected with  spots,  or  with  the  faculie  which  attend  the 
spots.  The  corona — the  most  impressive  feature  of  a total 
eclipse — is  a great  “glory,”  of  irregular  outline,  surround- 
ing the  sun,  and  composed  of  nebulous  rays  and  Btreams 
which  protrude  from  the  solar  surface,  and  extend  some- 
times to  a distance  of  several  millions  of  miles,  especially 
in  the  plane  of  the  sun’s  equator.  The  lower  parts  are  in- 
tensely bright,  but  the  other  parts  are  faint  and  indefinite. 
Its  real  nature,  as  a true  solar  appendage  and  no  mere 
optical  or  atmospheric  phenomenon,  has  been  abundantly 
demonstrated  by  both  the  spectroscope  and  the  camera. 
The  sun  is  believed  to  be,  in  the  main,  a mass  of  intensely 
heated  gas  and  vapor,  powerfully  compressed  by  its  own 
gravity.  The  central  part  is  entirely  gaseous,  because  its 
temperature,  being  from  physical  necessity  higher  than 
that  of  the  inclosing  photosphere,  is  far  above  the  so-called 
“ critical  point”  for  every  known  element:  no  solidifica- 
tion, no  liquefaction  even,  can  therefore  occur  in  the 
solar  depths.  But  near  the  outer  surface  radiation  to 
space  is  nearly  free,  the  temperature  is  lowered  to  a point 
belowthe  “critical  point”  of  certain  substances,  and  under 
the  powerful  pressure  due  to  solar  gravity  condensation 
of  the  vapors  begins,  and  thus  a sheet  of  incandescent 
cloud  is  formed,  which  constitutes  the  photosphere.  The 
chromosphere  consists  of  the  permanent  gases  and  the  un- 
condensed vapors  which  overlie  the  cloud-sheet,  while 
the  corona  still  remains  in  great  degree  a mystery,  as  re- 
gards both  the  substances  which  compose  it  and  the  forces 
which  produce  and  arrange  its  streamers. 

Sunapee  Lake  (sun'a-pe  lak).  A lake  in  New 
Hampshire,  27  miles  west-northwest  of  Concord. 
Its  outlet  is  through  Sugar  River  into  the  Con- 
necticut. Length,  8 miles. 

Sunart  (sun'art),  Loch.  An  arm  of  the  ocean 
on  the  coast  of  Argyllshire,  western  Scotland, 
situated  north  of  Mull.  Length,  194  miles. 
Sunbury  (sun'bu-ri).  A village  in  Middlesex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  16  miles  west- 
southwest  of  London.  Population,  4,544. 
Sunbury.  The  capital  of  Northumberland 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 42  miles  north  of  Harrisburg.  Popula- 
tion, 13,770,  (1910). 

Sund.  See  Sound,  The. 


Sunda,  Strait  of 

Snnda  (sun'da),  Strait  of.  A sea  passage 
which  separates  Sumatra  and  Java.  It  con- 
tains the  volcanic  island  of  Krakatoa  (which 
see).  Width,  about  13  miles. 

Stmda  Islands.  A collective  name  for  a group 
of  islands  in  the  Malay  Archipelago.  As  often 
used,  it  includes  the  Great  Sunda  (Sumatra,  Java,  Bor- 
neo, Celebes,  and  smaller  islands  near  them),  and  the 
tittle  Sunda  (Bali,  Lombok,  Sumbawa,  Sandalwood  Isl- 
and, Flores,  etc.,  to  Timor) : sometimes  restricted  by  ex- 
cluding Celebes  and  the  islands  east  of  Sumbawa ; also 
further  restricted  by  excluding  Borneo.  Another  classifi- 
cation includes  the  chain  from  Sumatra  to  Timor,  exclud- 
ing Borneo  and  Celebes.  Still  another  classification  com- 
prises the  smaller  islands  between  Java  and  Timor. 

Sundarbans  (son'dar-banz),  or  S underbuilds 
(son'der-bundz).  A wilderness  region  of  swamps 
and  islands  in  the  southern  part  of  the  deltas 
of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmaputra,  southeast  of 
Calcutta. 

Snnda  Sea  (sun'da  se).  A part  of  the  ocean 
lying  north  of  Java  and  south  of  Borneo : often 
considered  as  identical  with  the  Java  Sea. 

Sunday  (sun'da).  The  first  day  of  the  week; 
the  Christian  Sabbath ; the  Lord’s  Day.  The 
name  Sunday,  or  ‘day  of  the  Sun, ’belongs  to  the  first  day 
of  the  week  on  astrological  grounds,  and  has  long  been 
so  used  from  far  beyond  the  Christian  era,  and  far  outside 
of  Christian  countries.  The  ordinary  name  of  the  day  in 
Christian  Greek  and  Latin  and  in  the  Romanic  languages 
is  the  Lord's  Day  (Greek  K V LJ  i a K r'l . Latin  dominica,  French 
dimanche,  etc.),  while  the  Germanic  languages,  including 
English,  call  it  Sunday. 

Sunday  Island,  or  Raoul  (ra-ol')  Island.  A 
small  island  of  the  South  Pacific,  near  lat.  29° 
25'  S.,  long.  178°  W. 

Sunday  River.  A river  in  Cape  Colony  which 
flows  into  Algoa  Bay  25  miles  northeast  of  Port 
Elizabeth.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Sundeep.  See  Sundip. 

Sunderbunds.  See  Sundarbans. 

Sunderland  (sun'der-land).  A seaport  in  Dur- 
ham, England,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Wear  in  lat.  54°  55'  N.,  long.  1°  20'  W.  it  is  an 
important  seaport  and  a coal-mining  center ; and  has  also 
yards  for  building  iron  and  steel  vessels,  and  manufactures 
of  chemicals,  glass,  etc.  The  bridge  over  the  Wear  (built 
1793-96)  is  notable.  Sunderland  includes,  besides  Sun- 
derland proper,  Bishopwearmouth  and  Monkwearmouth 
(north  of  the  Wear).  The  town  grew  up  about  a convent 
founded  in  Monkwearmouth  in  the  7th  century.  Popula- 
tion. 151,162,  (1911). 

Sundewitt  (zon'de-vit).  A peninsula  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
situated  opposite  the  island  of  Alsen,  north  of 
Flens'borg  Fjord. 

Sundgau(zont'gou).  Aname  given  to  the  south- 
ern part  of  Alsace. 

Sundl  (son'de),  orBasundi  (ba-son'de).  Atribe 
of  the  Kongo  nation,  included  in  the  Belgian. 
Kongo,  and  settled  on  the  lower  Kongo  River 
between  Vivi  and  Manvanga. 

Sundip,  or  Sundeep  (sun-dep'),  or  Sandwip 
(sund-wep').  An  island  belonging  to  British  In- 
dia, situated  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Meghna.  Length,  17  miles. 

Sundsvall  (sonds'val).  A seaport  in  the  laen 
of  Hemosand,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia  in  lat.  62°  23'  N.,  long.  17°  19'  E.  It 
has  considerable  trade  and  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, 16,278. 

Sune.  See  Zurti. 

Sunflower  (sun'flou//er)  River.  A river  in  west- 
ern Mississippi  which  flows  into  the  Yazoo  27 
miles  northeast  of  Vicksburg.  Length,  about 
150  miles. 

Sung  (song).  A medieval  kingdom  in  southern 
China,  reduced  by  Kublai  Khan  in  the  13th 
century. 

Sungari  (son-ga-re'  or  son-ga're),  or  Songari 
(son-ga-re'  or  son-ga're).  A river  in  Manchuria 
which  flows  into  the  Amur  about  lat.  47°  30'  N. 
Length,  including  the  Nonni,  over  1,000  miles. 

Sungaria,  or  Soongaria  (son-ga're-a),  or  Dzun- 
garia (dzon-ga're-a),  or  Songaria  (son-ga'- 
re-a).  A name  given  to  a province  of  Ili,  in  the 
Chinese  empire : called  also  the  “ Northern  Cir- 
cuit.” It  lies  south  of  the  Altai,  west  of  Mongolia,  and 
east  and  south  of  Asiatic  Russia.  But  the  name  is  some- 
times restricted  to  a part  of  this  province.  It  was  the 
nucleus  of  a Mongol  kingdom,  that  of  the  Songares,  in  the 

★17th  and  18th  centuries. 

Sungei  Ujong  (son'ge  6-jong').  A small  native 
state  in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  British  protecto- 
rate, now  a part  of  the  Federated  Malay  States 
(which  see,  in  supplement). 

Sunium  (su'ni-um).  [Gr.  Sovveov.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  the  promontory  at  the  south-east- 
ern extremity  of  Attica,  Greece,  now  known 
as  Cape  Colonna.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  a temple  of 
Athene,  a famous  landmark  from  the  sea.  It  was  a Doric 
peripteros  of  white  marble,  of  6 by  12  or  13  columns,  on  a 
stylobate  of  3 steps,  measuring  44  by  98  feet.  Twelve  col- 
umns are  still  standing,  with  part  of  the  cella.  The  col- 


967 

umns  have  only  16  channels,  and  are  20  feet  high.  The 
temple  possessed  a frieze  sculptured  with  the  exploits  of 
Theseus. 

2.  In  ancient  geography,  a town  on  the  promon- 
tory of  Sunium. 

Sunk  Islet  (sungk  l'let).  A small  district  in 
Y orkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  estuary  of 
the  Humber,  southeast  of  Hull:  f ormerlyan  islet. 

Sunnis.  See  Sunnites. 

Sunnites  (sun'Its).  A Mohammedan  sect  com- 
prising the  greater  part  of  the  Moslem  world, 
usually  claiming  to  be  the  traditional  or  ortho- 
dox sect.  They  recognize  the  first  three  califs  as  legiti- 
mate successors  of  Mohammed,  and  accept  six  books  of  the 
Sunna,  or  ‘rule,’  which  purport  to  contain  the  verbal  ut- 
terances of  Mohammed,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Koran, 
the  written  revelation.  The  Sunnites  are  opposed  by  the 
Shiites,  who  hold  that  Ali  was  the  first  legitimate  successor 
of  Mohammed.  They  also  have  five  books  of  traditions 
differingfrom  thoseof  the  Sunnites.  Inthecourseof  time 
many  differences  of  practice  have  grown  up.  The  Moham- 
medans of  Turkey,  Arabia,  North  Africa,  and  India  are 
mostly  Sunnites,  those  of  Persia  and  many  in  India  being 
Shiites.  Also  Sunnis. 

The  Turks  were  orthodox  Sunnis,  or  believers  in  the 
conventional  doctrine  of  the  Koran  and  in  the  traditions 
handed  down  by  the  respectable  divines  of  the  orthodox 
school.  The  Persians,  on  the  other  hand,  were  Shias,  or 
believers  in  a somewhat  mystical  variety  of  Islam,  which 
presented  many  and  important  differences  from  the  ortho- 
dox teaching,  and  offered  not  a few  temptations  to  politi- 
cal as  well  as  religious  revolution. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  154. 

Sunnyside  (sun'i  sid).  The  bouse  in  which 
Washington  Irving  resided  at  Irvington,  New 
York.  It  was  built  in  the  17th  century,  and  was  originally 
known  as  “ Wolfert’s  Roost.  ’ 

Sunol  (so'nol).  An  American  bay  trotting  mare 
by  Electioneer,  dam  Waxana:  Waxana  by  Gen- 
eral Benton  out  of  Waxy.  Waxy  was  supposed  to 
have  been  a thoroughbred  daughter  of  Lexington.  Sunol 
was  foaled  in  1886,  and  held  all  age  records  except  that  for 
one  year  until  1891,  when  she  broke  Maud  S.’s  record  of 
2:08J  by  a mile  on  a kite-shaped  track  in  2 : US]. 

Sun’s  barling,  The.  A “moral  masque”  by 
Ford  and  Dekker,  licensed  in  1624  and  published 
in  1656 . It  is  probably  an  old  play  of  Dekker’s  (“Phaeton  ”) 
worked  into  its  present  shape  by  Ford.  The  songs  are 
evidently  by  Dekker. 

Siintel  (ziin'tel).  A group  of  mountains  in 
Germany,  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Han- 
nover. Height,  about  1,400  feet. 

Suomi  (so-6 ' me ) . The  native  name  of  Finland. 

Suonada.  See  Smvonada. 

Superba  (so-per'ba),  La.  [It.,  ‘the  superb.’] 
An  epithet  given  to  Genoa,  on  account  of  its 
situation. 

Superior  (su-pe  'ri-or).  A city  in  Douglas 
County,  Wisconsin,  at  the  western  end  of  Lake 
Superior,  near  Duluth.  Population,  40,384, 
(1910). 

Superior,  Lake.  [F.  le  lac  Superieur,  the  upper 
lake.]  The  largest  sheet  of  fresh  water  in  the 
world : one  of  the  chain  of  the  Great  Lakes  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  system,  lying  between  British 
America  and  the  United  States.  Among  its  tribu- 
taries are  the  rivers  St.  Louis,  Pigeon,  and  Nipigon.  Its 
outlet  is  by  St.  Mary’s  River  into  Lake  Huron.  Elevation 
above  sea-level,  about  600  feet.  Length,  about  370  miles. 
Area,  about  32,000  square  miles. 

Superunda,  Count  of,  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 

Manso  de  Velasco. 

Suppe  (sop-pa'),  Franz  von.  Born  April  18, 
1820 : died  May  21,  1895.  An  Austrian  com- 
poser, kapellmeister  at  Vienna.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  operettas,  which  include  “Fa- 
tinitza”  (1876),  “Boccaccio”  (1879),  etc. 

Supper  at  Emmaus,  The.  1.  A masterpiece 
by  Rembrandt,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  Christ  is 
seated  at  a table  between  two  disciples,  before  a niche 
flanked  by  pilasters.  The  color  is  glowing  and  admirably 
treated,  red  predominating. 

2.  A noted  painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris.  Christ  is  seated  at  a table  with  St.  Luke  and  Cleo- 
pas,  in  a rich  architectural  setting,  attended  by  a varied 
company  with  pages  and  servants.  It  is  a genre  picture, 
approaching  in  type  the  later  compositions  of  Paolo  Vero- 
nese. 

Supper  of  Trimalchio.  See  Trimalchio. 

Supple  (sup'l).  1.  A character  in  Cibber’s 
comedy  “The  Double  Gallant.” — 2.  The  spir- 
itual adviser  and  boon  companion  of  Squire 
Western  in  Fielding’s  “ Tom  Jones.” 

Suppliants  (sup'li-ants),  The.  A tragedy  by 
rEschylus,  brought  out  in  462  n.  c.  in  it  the  50 
daughters  of  Danaus,  who,  to  avoid  marrying  theircousins, 
the  50  sons  of  zEgyptus,  have  fled  witli  their  father  from 
Egypt  to  Argos,  find  asylum  with  Pelasgus,the  Argive  king. 

Supplicants  (sup'li-kants),  The.  In  Scottish 
history,  those  persons  who,  about  1637-38,  pro- 
tested against Laud’spolicy  inScotland:  known 
later  as  Covenanters. 

Supposes  (su-po'zez),  The.  A comedy  from  Ari- 
osto’s “ I Suppositi”  (1512),  by  Gascoigne,  acted 
in  1566.  It  is  said  to  be  the  earliest  extant  English  prose 


Surratt 

comedy.  Shakspere  was  indebted  to  it  in  “The  Taming 
of  the  Shrew.” 

Supremacy  (su-prem'a-si),  Act  of.  1.  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1534  (26  Hen.  VIH.,  c.  1)  which 
proclaimed  that  Henry  VIII.  was  the  supreme 
head  of  the  English  Church. — 2.  An  English 
statute  of  1558-59  (1  Eliz.,  c.  1)  vesting  spiri- 
tual authority  in  the  crown,  to  the  exclusion  of 
all  foreign  jurisdiction. 

Siiptitz  (zup'tits).  A village  near  Torgan,  Prus- 
sia, the  chief  scene  of  the  battle  of  Torgau. 
See  Torgau,  Battle  of. 

Sura  (so'ra).  A river  in  eastern  Russia  which 
joins  the  Volga  at  Vasil,  below  Nijni-Novgorod. 
Length,  400-500  miles. 

Surabaya, or  Soerabaya(so-ra-bi'a).  1.  Aresi- 
dency  in  eastern  Java. — 2.  A seaport  and  one 
of  the  largest  cities  of  Java,  situated  on  the 
northern  coast  in  lat.  7°  12'  S.,  long.  112°  34'  E. 
It  has  government  arsenals,  dockyards,  etc. 
Population,  150,198. 

Surajah  Dowlah.  See  Siraj-ud-Daula. 

Surakarta,  or  Soerakarta  (so-ra-kar'ta).  1. 
A residency  of  central  Java. — 2.  A city  of 
Java,  about  75  miles  southeast  of  Samarang. 
Also  called  Solo.  Population,  104,589. 

Surat  (so-ra.t').  A district  in  the  northern 
division  of  the  Bombay  Presidency,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
Area,  1,653  square  miles.  Population,  637,017. 

Surat.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  district  of  Su- 
rat, situated  on  the  river  Tapti,  near  the  sea,  in 
lat.  21°  12'  N.,  long.  72°  50'  E.  It  became  a chief 
emporium  of  India  under  the  Mogul  empire.  An  English 
factory  was  established  here  about  1613.  It  was  very  pop- 
ulous in  the  18th  century.  Population,  including  canton- 
ment, 119,306. 

Surbiton  (ser'bi-ton).  A suburb  of  Kingston, 
in  Surrey,  England,  situated  on  the  Thames  11 
miles  southwest  of  London.  Population,  11,- 
981. 

Sure  (sur  or  sii're),  G.  Sauer  (zou'er).  A river 
in  southeastern  Belgium,  grand  duchy  of  Lux- 
emburg, and  on  the  boundary  between  Luxem- 
burg and  the  Rhine  Province  of  Prussia,  it  joins 
the  Moselle  at  Wasserbillig,  near  Treves.  Length,  about 
110  miles. 

Surenen  (so're-nen).  A pass  of  the  Urner  Alps, 
Switzerland,  which  leads  from  Engelberg,  in  Un- 
terwalden,  to  the  valley  of  the  Reuss,  in  Uri. 
Height,  7,562  feet. 

Suresnes  (sii-ran').  A western  suburb  of  Paris, 
situated  near  the  Seine,  beyond  the  Bois  de 
Boulogne.  Population,  commune,  13,660. 

Surettahorn  (so-ret'ta-hom).  A mountain  on 
the  border  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, and  the  province  of  Sondrio,  Italy,  east 
of  the  Spliigen  Pass. 

Surface  (ser'fas),  Charles.  A light-hearted 
prodigal  in  Sheridan’s  “ School  for  Scandal.” 

Surface,  Joseph.  A malicious  hypocrite  in 
Sheridan’s  “School  for  Scandal.”  He  is  the 
elder  brother  of  the  reckless  Charles,  and  is 
called  by  Moore  “ the  Tartufe  of  sentiment.” 

Surface,  Sir  Oliver.  The  rich  uncle  of  Charles 
and  Joseph  Surface,  in  Sheridan’s  “School  for 
Scandal.” 

Surgeon’s  Daughter,  The.  A short  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1827. 

Surgeres  (siir-zbar').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inf6rieure,  France,  20  miles 
east-southeast  of  La  Rochelle.  Population, 
commune,  3,301. 

Surhai  (so-ri'),  or  Sonrhai  (son-ri').  A great 
negro  nation  of  the  west  central  Sudan,  settled 
around  Timbuctu  between  the  Niger  River  and 
the  Sahara.  They  are  strongly  mixed  with  Hamitic 
and  Fulah  elements,  and  are  known  to  have  been  in  their 
present  habitat  since  the  middle  ages.  In  books  of  travel 
they  appear  as  Kissour,  Guber,  Kallaghi,  Garaugi,  etc.  Be- 
cause of  its  extensive  use,  the  Surhai  language  is,  with 
Hausa,  called  “ Kalam  al  Sudan  " (language  of  the  Sudan) 
by  the  Arabs. 

Surinam  (so-ri-nam').  A river  in  Dutch  Guiana 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  Paramaribo. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Surinam.  See  Guiana,  Dutch. 

Surly  (ser'li).  A kind  of  “plain  dealer”  in 
Crowne’s  ‘ ‘ Sir  Courtly  Nice.”  He  is  the  antithesis 
of  Sir  Courtly,  and  one  of  the  most  repulsive  figures  in  the 
whole  range  of  English  comedy. 

Surprise  Plot.  See  Bye  riot. 

Surratt  (sur-rat'),  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Died  July  7, 
1865.  A member  of  the  conspiracy  to  assassi- 
nate Abraham  Lincoln.  'The  conspirators,  including 
her  son  John  H.  Surratt,  had  their  ordinary  rendezvous  at 
her  house,  a small  boarding-house  in  Washington.  Lin- 
coln was  shot  by  John  Wilkes  Booth  on  the  14th  of  April. 
Hie  other  conspirators,  with  the  exception  of  John  H. 
Surratt,  were  tried  by  a military  commission  in  May  and 


Surratt 

June.  Mrs.  Surratt  was  hanged  on  the  7th  of  July,  and 
John  H.  Surratt  escaped  to  Canada,  thence  to  Europe.  He 
was  detected  in  Egypt,  and  brought  back  in  1867.  His  trial 
lasted  two  months,  and  ended  in  a disagreement  of  the  j ury. 
Surrentum  (su-ren'tum).  The  Roman  name 
of  Sorrento. 

Surrey  (sur'i).  [ME.  Surry,  Surrye,  Suthrey,  AS. 
Suthrege,  Suthrige,  prob.  for  Suthrice,  South 
Kingdom.]  A county  in  England,  bounded 
by  Berkshire  and  Middlesex  (from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Thames),  Kent,  Sussex,  and 
Hampshire.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Downs.  Area  (ad. 
co.),  707.5  square  miles.  Population,  (pari,  co.),  675,774; 
including  part  of  London,  2,012,744. 

Surrey,  Earl  of.  See  Howard,  Henry. 

Surrey,  Second  Earl  of.  See  Howard,  Thomas. 
Sursee  (zor'za).  A small  town  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Suhr  13 
miles  northwest  of  Lucerne. 

Surtr  (sortr).  In  Scandinavian  mythology,  a 
fire-giant  of  Ragnarok. 

Surville(siir-vel'),Clotilde  de.  AFrenchpoet, 
said  to  have  lived  in  the  15th  century  : the  al- 
leged author  of  “ Poesies  de  Clotilde”  (pub- 
lished by  Vanderbourg  1803:  second  collection 
published  1823). 

Survilliers,  Comte  de.  See  Bonaparte,  Joseph. 
Surya  (sor'ya).  [InSkt.,  an  adjective  of  relation 
(from  svar,  the  sun,  sunlight,  light : pronounced 
in  the  Veda  suar)  which  came  to  be  used  sub- 
stantively.] The  Sun:  in  the  Rigveda  one  of 
the  two  most  common  designations  of  the  Sun, 
the  other  being  Savitri.  Surya  ia  called  the  son  of 
Dyaus  and  also  the  son  of  Aditi,  while  in  some  passages 
he  is  distinguished  from  the  Adityas.  In  oneplace  Ushas, 
the  Dawn  is  said  to  be  his  wife,  while  in  another  the  Dawns 
are  said  to  produce  him  together  with  Sacrifice  and  Agni. 
He  moves  on  a car  drawn  sometimes  by  one,  sometimes 
by  several  or  by  seven,  fleet  and  ruddy  horses  or  mares. 
Pushan  goes  as  his  messenger  with  hi3  golden  ships,  which 
sail  in  the  aerial  ocean.  Surya  is  the  preserver  of  all 
things  stationary  and  moving,  the  vivifler  of  men,  and 
common  to  them  all,  and  beholds  the  good  and  bad  deeds 
of  mortals.  He  is  the  eye  of  Mitra  and  Varuna.  and  some- 
times also  of  Agni.  He  is  at  times  identified  with  Indra, 
but  in  many  passages  his  position  is  dependent,  his  path 
being  prepared  by  Indra,  the  Ushases,  Soma,  Dhatri,  Va- 
runa, Mitra  and  Varuna,  Indra  and  Varuna,  Indra  and 
Vishnu,  or  the  Angirases,  when  the  divine  personality  of 
the  sun  is  thrown  into  the  background,  and  it  becomes 
little  more  than  a part  of  nature.  (On  Surya  in  the  Veda, 
see  Muir's  “Original  Sanskrit  Texts,”  V.  155-161.)  There 
is  also  a feminine  personality  Surya  (sor-ya'),  who  is  some- 
times merely  the  sun  personified  as  feminine,  sometimes 
the  wife  of  Surya,  sometimes  the  daughter  of  Surya  or 
Savitri  and  given  in  marriage  to  Soma,  the  Moon.  The 
Surya  or  Suryasukta,  ‘Surya  hymn  ’ ( Rigveda  X.  85),  de- 
scribing this  wedding  plays  an  important  part  in  the 
wedding  ceremony. 

Suryasiddhanta  (sor-ya-sid-dhan'ta).  [San- 
skrit title  : ‘ Siddhanta  of  the  Sun.’]  A cele- 
brated astronomical  work  in  Sanskrit,  said  to 
be  a direct  revelation  from  the  Sun,  and  thought 
by  some  to  be  the  same  as  the  Saurasiddhanta, 
or  one  of  the  five  earlier  works  on  which  was 
founded  the  Panchasiddhantika  of  Varahami- 
hira,  who  lived  about  the  beginning  of  the  6th 
century  A.  D.  The  Suryasiddhanta  has  been  edited  by 
Fitzedward  Hall  and  BapuDeva  Shastrin  in  the  “Bibliothe- 
ca Indica,"  and  translated  by  the  latter  for  the  same  series. 
The  “ Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  Society"  (Vol.  VI) 
also  contains  a translation  nominally  by  Ebenezer  Burgess, 
but  practically  by  \V.  D.  Whitney,  accompanied  by  a very 
thorough  commentary  by  Whitney,  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able contributions  of  that  scholar  to  Oriental  research. 
Sus  (sos).  A mountainous  district  in  Morocco, 
lying  south  and  southwest  of  the  city  of  Mo- 
rocco. 

Susa  (so'sa).  In  ancient  geography,  the  capital 
of  Susiana  or  Elam,  situated  between  the  rivers 
Kerkha  and  Dizful,  about  lat.  32°  N.,  long.  48° 
25'  E. : the  modern  Sus  or  Shush,  and  the  scrip- 
tural Shushan.  It  was  a royal  residence  and  flourish- 
ing city  throughout  the  period  of  the  Achsemenid  kings. 
The  site  at  present  exhibits  a group  of  large  and  high 
mounds,  forming  together  a diamond-shaped  figure  about 
3i  miles  in  circuit.  Excavations  were  made  in  18 'J  by 
Loftus  in  one  of  the  mounds.  With  the  result  of  disclosing 
the  palace  of  ArtaxerxesMnemon.  the  chief  feature  being  a 
fine  colonnade  of  340  feet  front.  The  excavations  of  Di  ula- 
foy.  between  1884  and  1886,  laid  bare  beneath  these  ruins 
those  of  the  palace  of  Darius,  son  of  Hystaspes,  and  showed 
that  the  upper  strata  of  the  mound  are  formed  by  super- 
posed layers  of  ruins,  still  but  imperfectly  explored. 

Susa  (so'sa).  A seaport  in  Tunis,  situated  on 
tbe  Gulf  of  Hamama  72  miles  south  by  east  of 
Tunis:  probably  the  ancient  Hadrumetum. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Susa.  A town  in  the  province  of  Turin,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Dora  Riparia,  near  the  French 
frontier,  32  miles  west  of  Turin:  the  Roman  Se- 
gusio.  It  was  an  important  city  and  the  chief  town  of 
the  Cottian  Alps.  It  has  a cathedral,  of  which  the  cam- 
panile and  the  massive  round  arches  of  the  nave  are  of 
the  11th  century:  the  remainder  of  the  church  is  later 
and  Pointed.  Among  its  Roman  antiquities  is  a trium- 
phal arch  in  honor  of  Augustus,  now  serving  as  a city  gate. 
Population,  town,  3,529;  commune,  4,957. 


968 

Susanna  (so-zan'a).  [Heb.,‘  a lily’;  F.  Susanne, 
It.  Susanna,  Sp.  and  Pg.  Susana,  G.  Susanne.'] 
The  wife  of  Joachim,  the  subject  of  “The  His- 
tory of  Susanna,”  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Apocrypha — an  addition  to  the  Book  of  Daniel. 
The  subject  of  her  surprisal  by  two  of  the  elders  while  in 
her  bath  has  been  frequently  used  by  painters. 
Susanna.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced  in 
1749. 

Susanna  and  the  Elders.  A painting  by  Rem- 
brandt (1637),  in  the  Royal  Gallery  at  The 
Hague,  Holland.  Susanna  is  about  to  enter  her  bath, 
when  she  is  startled  at  perceiving  one  of  the  elders  in  the 
thicket. 

Susanna  at  the  Bath.  1 . One  of  the  most  fin- 
ished and  carefully  composed  paintings  of  Rem- 
brandt (1647),  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin. — 
2.  A painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Old  Pinako- 
thek  at  Munich.  Susanna  turns  her  back  to  the  elders, 
and  seeks  to  veil  herself.  One  of  the  intruders  seizes  her 
drapery,  and  the  other  touches  her  back. 

Susdal.  See  Suzdal. 

Susiana  (su-si-a'na).  A province  of  the  Per- 
sian empire:  the  same  as  Elam.  It  was  an  in- 
dependent state  after  the  first  destruction  of 
Nineveh,  and  was  subdued  by  Sargon. 
Suspension  Bridge.  A former  village  in  Ni- 
agara County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Ni- 
agara River  below  the  falls.  Near  it  was  the 
suspension  railroad  bridge  over  the  Niagara. 
Now  a part  of  Niagara  Falls. 

Suspicious  Husband,  The.  A comedy  by  Dr. 
Hoadley,  produced  in  1747.  David  Garrick  was 
the  original  Ranger  in  this  play. 

Susquehanna  ( sus-kwe-han'ii).  A river  in  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland,  it  rises  in 
Otsego  Lake,  New  York;  flows  generally  south-southwest 
past  the  Great  Bend  in  Pennsylvania ; reenters  New  York ; 
flows  southeast  and  then  southwest  through  Pennsylvania 
(and  is  also  called  the  North  or  East  Branch) ; unites  at 
Northumberland  with  the  West  Branch;  and  flows  into 
Chesapeake  Bay  at  Havre  de  Grace.  Among  its  tributaries 
are  the  Chenango  and  Juniata.  Length  of  united  stream, 
about  150  miles;  total  length,  including  the  North  Branch, 
over  400  miles;  length  of  West  Branch  to  the  junction, 
over  200  miles. 

Sussex  (sus'eks).  [ME.  Sussex,  Sussexe,  AS. 
Suth  sexe,  Suth.  seaxe,  South  Saxons.  Cf.  Essex, 
Wessex.]  A maritime  county  of  southern  Eng- 
land. It  is  bounded  by  Surrey,  Kent,  the  English  Channel, 
and  Hampshire,  and  traversed  by  the  range  of  the  South 
Downs.  The  northern  part  of  the  county  is  called  the 
Weald  (part  of  the  ancient  Andredsweald).  It  is  mainly  an 
agricultural  county.  Formerly  it  was  the  chief  seat  of  the 
English  iron  manufactures.  It  contains  many  seaside  re- 
sorts. It  nearly  corresponds  to  the  ancient  kingdom  of 
Sussex,  which  was  founded  by  JSlle  (who  landed  here  477), 
and  came  under  the  supremacy  of  Wessex  about  685.  It 
was  the  scene  of  the  landing  of  William  the  Conqueror 
and  of  the  battles  of  Senlac  and  Lewes.  Area  (ad.  co.), 
1,446  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  605,202. 

Sussex,  Duke  of.  See  Augustus  Frederick. 
Sustenpass  (zos'ten-pas).  A pass  of  the  Urner 
Alps,  Switzerland,  which  connects  the  Hasli 
Valley,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern, 
with  the  valley  of  the  Reuss,  canton  of  Uri. 
Sustermans  (sus'ter-mans),  or  Suttermans 
(sut'ter-mans),  Justus.  Born  at  Antwerp,  1597 : 
died  at  Florence,  April  23, 1681.  A Flemish  por- 
trait-painter, pupil  of  Willem  de  Vos  and  of 
Franz  Pourbes  the  younger  in  Paris.  At  Flor- 
ence he  was  patronized  by  Grand  Dukes  Cosmo  II.  and 
III.  and  Ferdinand  II.  At  Vienna  (1623-24)  he  painted  the 
emperor’s  portrait.  In  1627  he  painted  Pope  Urban  VIII. 
He  returned  to  Florence  in  1653.  He  was  a friend  of  Ru- 
bens and  of  Vandyke. 

Sutherland  (suTH'br-land).  The  northwestern- 
most  county  of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  by  the  At- 
lantic on  the  west  and  north,  Caithness  on  the  east,  the 
North  Sea  on  the  southeast,  and  Ross  and  Cromarty  on  the 
south  and  southwest.  The  surface  is  generally  mountain- 
ous and  elevated.  Area,  2,028  square  miles.  Population, 
(civil  county),  21,550. 

Sutherland,  First  Duke  of.  See  Leveson- 
Gowcr,  George  Granville. 

Sutherland  Falls.  A noted  cascade  near  Mil- 
ford Sound,  in  New  Zealand.  Height,  1,900 
feet. 

Sutlej,  or  Satlej  (sut'lej).  One  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  the  Panjab.  It  rises  in  Tibet  near  the  source 
of  the  Brahmaputra ; flows  generally  west ; breaks  through 
the  Himalaya;  receives  the  Bias,  and  is  known  also  as 
the  Ghara ; unites  with  the  Chenab,  and  is  known  as  the 
Panjnad ; and  flows  into  the  Indus  about  lat.  29°  N.  Length, 
about  1,000  miles  ; navigable  to  near  Ludhiana. 

Sutra  (so'tra).  In  Sanskrit,  originally  a ‘ thread, 
cord,’  and  then  a brief  rule,  or  book  of  such 
rules,  so  named  because  each  rule  was  a short 
‘line,’ or  because  the  collection  was  a ‘string’ 
of  rules.  These  rules  appear  to  have  been  at  first  mere 
aids  to  the  memory  of  teachers,  whence  they  came  to  be 
the  basis  of  teaching  not  only  in  religious  ritual  but  also 
in  philosophy  and  grammar.  Thus  there  are  the  Shrau- 
tasutras,  and  among  them  especially  the  Kalpasutras, 
founded  on  Shruti  (see  Smriti  and  Shruti ) and  treating 


Svendborg 

especially  of  ritual,  and  the  Grihyasutras  and  Samayachari- 
kasutras  op  Dharmasutras.  which  are  ‘rules  for  domestic 
ceremonies’  and  ‘rules  for  conventional  customs,'  the 
last  two  being  called  collectively  Smartasutras,  as  based 
on  Smriti.  Out  of  the  last  grew  the  Dharmashastras  or 
‘ law-books.  ’ Each  system  of  philosophy  has  its  text-book 
written  in  Sutras.  Examples  in  grammar  and  related 
subjects  are  the  celebrated  Sutras  of  Panini,  the  Unadisu- 
tras  on  certain  affixes,  and  the  Pratishakyas  on  V edic  accent 
and  phonetics. 

Sutri  (so'tre).  A town  in  Italy,  29  miles  north- 
west of  Rome  : tbe  ancient  Sutrium.  it  was  an 
ancient  Etruscan  town,  and  later  a Roman  colony.  Popu- 
lation, 2,795. 

Sutro  (so'tro),  Adolph  Heinrich  Joseph.  Born 

at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Rhenish  Prussia,  April  29, 
1830:  died  Aug.  8, 1898.  A German- American 
mining  engineer.  He  received  his  education  in  the 
polytechnic  schools  in  Germany;  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1850;  and  in  1860  went  to  Nevada,  where  he 
planned  the  famous  Sutro  tunnel  at  Virginia  City,  con- 
necting with  and  draining  the  mines  of  the  Comstock 
Lode.  The  main  tunnel  is  over  20,000  feet  in  length.  It 
was  begun  in  1869,  and  connection  was  made  with  the  first 
of  the  mines  in  1878.  Elected  mayor  of  San  Francisco  1894. 

Sutter  (so'ter),  John  Augustus.  Born  at  Kan- 
dern,  Baden,  Feb.  15,  1803 : died  at  Washing- 
ton,,D.  C.,  June  17,  1880.  A Swiss-American 
pioneer  and  trader.  He  founded  a settlement  on  the 
site  of  Sacramento.  Gold  was  first  discovered  in  Califor- 
nia on  his  property  in  1848. 

Sutton  (sut'on),  Charles  Manners-,  first  Vis- 
count Canterbury.  Born  1780  : died  1845.  An 
English  politician,  for  many  years  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons. 

Suva  (so'va).  A seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Viti  Levu,  capital  of  the  Fiji  Islands. 
Suvaroff  (so-va'rof),  or  Suvoroff  (so-vo'rof),  or 
Suwarrow  (so-va'rov),  or  Suwaroff  (so-va'- 
rof), Count  Alexander.  Born  in  Finland,  Nov. 
25,  1729  : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  18,  1800. 
A celebrated  Russian  field-marshal,  of  Swedish 
descent.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years’  War  against  the 
Poles,  and  1773-74  against  the  Turks ; suppressed  the  revolt 
of  Pugatcheff  1774-75  ; defeated  the  Turks  at  Kinburn  in 
1787,  and  at  Fokshani  and  Rymnik  in  1789  (being  surnamed 
Rymnimski  for  this  last  victory) ; stormed  Ismail  in  1790 : 
stormed  Praga,  near  Warsaw,  and  was  made  field-marshal 
in  1794  ; defeated  the  French  at  the  battles  of  Cassano,  the 
Trebbia,  and  Novi  in  1799  (for  which  he  was  surnamed 
Italiiski)  ; and  crossed  the  Alps  and  traversed  Switzerland 
1799.  Having  been  recalled  in  disgrace  by  the  emperor 
Paul,  he  retired  to  his  country-seat,  where  he  died. 
Suwalki  (so-val'ke).  The  northernmost  gov- 
ernment in  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on  East 
Prussia  and  the  governments  of  Kovno,  Vilna, 
Grodno,  andLomza.  Area,  4,756  square  miles. 
Population,  644,300. 

Suwalki.  The  capital  of  the  government  of 
Suwalki,  in  lat.  54°  12'  N.,  long.  22°  55'  E. 
Population,  23,500. 

Suwanee,  or  Suwannee  (su-wa'ne).  A river 
in  southern  Georgia  and  Florida  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  about  lat.  29°  18'  N. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Suwaroff,  or  Suwarrow.  See  Suvaroff. 
Suwonada  (so-wo-na'da),  or  Inland  Sea.  A 
part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  which  lies  southwest 
of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  and  is  nearly  in- 
closed by  it  and  the  islands  of  Kiusiu  and  Shi- 
koku. Its  length  is  about  240  miles. 

Suzdal  (soz-daP),  or  Susdal  (sos-dal'),  or  Souz- 
dal  (soz-dill').  A town  in  the  government  of 
Vladimir,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Kamenka 
115  miles  east-northeast  of  Moscow.  It  was 
the  seat  of  a medieval  Russian  principality. 
Population,  6,900. 

Suzdal,  Principality  of  (or  Vladimir).  A 

principality,  and  at  times  grand  principality,  of 
Russia,  about  the  upper  basin  of  the  Volga : 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  12th  century,  it 
supplanted  Kieff  as  the  chief  Russian  state,  and  was  united 
with  the  principality  of  Moscow  in  the  14th  century. 
Svalocin  (sval'o-sin).  [Nicolaus  reversed : see 
Rotanev.]  The  name  given  in  the  Palermo  Cata- 
logue to  the  fourth-magnitude  star  a Delphini. 
Svartisen  (svart'e-sen).  [‘Black  ice.’]  An  ice- 
covered  tract  near  the  northwestern  coast  of 
N orway,  just  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle.  Length, 
about  35  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  about 
4,000  feet. 

Sveaborg  (sva'a-borg).  A fortress  in  the  har- 
bor of  Helsingfors,  Finland.  It  was  constructed  in 
1749  ; was  betrayed  to  the  Russians  May  3,  1808  ; and  was 
bombarded  by  the  Anglo-French  fleet  Aug.  9-10,  1855. 

Svealand  (sva'a-land).  * The  historical  name 
of  central  Sweden.  It  comprised  Soderman- 
land,  Upland,  Westermanland,  Nerike,  Werm- 
land,  and  Dalecarlia. 

Svend.  See  Sweyn. 

Svendborg  (svend'borg).  An  amt  of  Denmark, 
comprising  part  of  Fiinen  with  Langeland, 
Taasinge,  etc.  Population,  132,034. 


Svendborg 

Svendborg.  A seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  the  island  of  Fiinen,  Denmark,  in  lat.  55°  4' 
N.,  long.  10°  37'  E.  Population,  11,766. 
Svengali.  See  Trilby. 

Svenigorodka  (sve-ne-go-rod'ka).  A town  in 
the  government  of  Kieff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Gniloi  Tikitch  98  miles  south  of  Kieff. 
Population,  20,100. 

Sverige  (sva're-ge).  The  Swedish  name  of 
Sweden. 

Svetchine.  See  Swetchine. 

Sviatoi  (sve-a'toi),  Cape.  A headland  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Russia,  projecting  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  near  the  entrance  to  the  White  Sea. 
Svir  (sver).  A river  in  the  government  of  Olo- 
netz,  northern  Russia,  which  flows  from  Lake 
Onega  into  Lake  Ladoga.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Swabia,  or  Suabia  (swa'bi-a).  [F.  Souabe, 
ML.  Suabia , from  MHO.  Swaben,  G.  Schwaben, 
Swabia,  orig.  dat.  pi.  of  Sivab,  G.  Schwabe,  a 
Swabian.]  An  ancient  duchy  of  Germany,  cor- 
responding in  general  to  Wiirtemberg,  Baden, 
and  southwestern  Bavaria,  and  also,  at  various 
times,  to  eastern  Switzerland,  Alsace,  part  of 
Tyrol,  etc.  : sometimes  called  Alamannia.  it 
was  one  of  the  four  great  duchies  of  the  early  German 
kingdom,  and  endured  from  917  to  1268.  The  Swabian 
house  of  Hohenstaufen  furnished  a famous  dynasty  of 
German  kings  and  emperors.  The  name  Swabia  was  re- 
vived as  that  of  one  of  the  circles  of  the  Empire,  and  now 
includes  the  southern  central  part  of  Wiirtemberg,  the 
adjoining  part  of  Baden,  and  the  southwestern  part  of 
Bavaria. 

Swabia  and  Neuburg  (G.  pron.  noi'bora).  A 
governmental  district  of  Bavaria,  bounded  by 
Middle  Franconia  on  the  north,  Upper  Bava- 
ria on  the  east,  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg  and  Lake 
Constance  on  the  south,  and  Wiirtemberg  on 
the  west.  Capital,  Augsburg.  Area,  3,793 
square  miles.  Population,  753,177. 

Swabian  Alp.  See  Sivabian  Jura. 

Swabian  (swa'bi-an)  Circle.  [G.  SchwdbiscJier 
Kreis.)  One  of  the  ten  circles  of  the  old  Ger- 
man Empire,  as  established  by  the  emperor 
Maximilian  I.,  1512.  It  comprised  substantially  the 
modern  Wiirtemberg,  a part  of  Bavaria,  and  a great  part 
of  Baden. 

Swabian  Emperors.  The  German-Roman  em- 
perors who  reigned  from  1138  to  1254  (the  Ho- 
henstaufen line) : so  called  because  the  founder 
was  duke  of  Swabia. 

Swabian  Jura,  or  Swabian  Alp,  or  Rauhe 

Alp  (rou'e  alp)  or  Alb.  A mountain-range 
in  Wiirtemberg  and  Hohenzollern,  which  ex- 
tends from  near  Sulz  northeasterly  to  near  the 
Bavarian  frontier,  between  the  valleys  of  the 
Neckar  and  Danube.  Among  its  divisions  are  the 
Hardt  and  the  Eauhe  Alp  proper. 

Swabian  League,  or  Swabian  Cities’  League. 

A league  of  various  Swabian  cities  formed  in 
1376,  and  extended  into  Franconia,  Bavaria, 
and  the  Rhine  lands,  as  a defense  against  the 
extortions  and  depredations  of  the  counts  of 
Wiirtemberg.  It  fell  into  decay  after  1388. 
Swabian  League,  Great.  A league  of  Swabian 
cities  and  governments  formed  in  1488  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  public  peace.  It  was  dis- 
solved in  1533  on  account  of  religious  dissen- 
sions. 

Swabian  Poets,  The.  In  German  literature:  ( a ) 
A former  collective  name  of  the  Minnesingers. 
(b)  A group  of  modern  poets  of  Wiirtemberg, 
the  chief  of  whom  were  Uhland,  Kerner,  arid 
Schwab. 

Swabian  Sea.  An  occasional  name  of  the  Lake 
of  Constance. 

Swain  (swan),  Charles.  Born  at  Manchester, 
England,  Jan.  4,  1801 : died  Sept.  22,  1874.  An 
English  poet,  called  14  the  Manchester  Poet.” 
He  wrote  “ Dryburgh  Abbey”  (1832),  etc. 
Swainson(swan'son),  William.  BornatLiver- 
ool,  Oct.  8,1789:  died  at  Hutt  Valley,  New 
ealand,  Dec.  7,  1855.  A British  naturalist. 
His  works  include  “Zoological  Illustrations"  (1820),  “Ex- 
otic Conchology  " (1821),  “ Naturalist's  Guide,"  “Ornitho- 
logical Drawings"  (1834-41),  and  volumes  in  Lardner’s 
“Cabinet  Cyclopaedia"  and  in  Jardine's  “Naturalist’s 
Library."  He  was  associated  with  Kichardson  in  writing 
the  “Fauna  Boreali-Americana,”  and  with  Shuckard  in 
the  “History  and  Natural  Arrangement  of  Insects." 

Swale  (swal).  An  inlet  of  the  North  Sea  (or 
mouth  of  the  Medway),  south  of  the  Isle  of 
Sheppey,  in  Kent,  England. 

Swale.  A river  in  Yorkshire,  England,  which 
joins  the  Ure  14  miles  northwest  of  York. 
Length,  60-70  miles. 

Swalli,  or  Swally  (swol'e).  The  outer  harbor 
of  Surat,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tapti. 

VI.  32 


969 

Swammerdam  (swam'mer-dam),  Jan.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  Feb.  12,  1637 : died  there,  Feb.  15, 
1680.  A noted  Dutch  naturalist,  distinguished 
as  an  anatomist  and  entomologist. 

Swamp  (swomp),  The.  A low-lying  region  in 
the  lower  part  of  New  York  city,  east  of  the 
post-office,  known  as  a center  of  the  hide  and 
leather  trade. 

Swamp  Angel,  The.  A name  given  by  the  Fed- 
eral soldiers  to  an  8-inch  Parrott  gun  which  was 
mounted  on  a battery  built  on  piles  driven  into 
a swamp  outside  of  Charleston,  and  used  during 
the  siege  of  that  city.  It  burst  Aug.  22, 1S63.  After  the 
war  it  was  bought  with  some  condemned  metal  and  sent  to 
Trenton,  New  Jersey,  to  be  melted  ; but,  having  been  iden- 
tilied,  was  set  up  on  a granite  base  on  the  corner  of  Perry 
and  Clinton  streets  in  that  city. 

Swampscott  (swomp'skot).  A watering-place 
in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  on  Massachu- 
setts Bay.  Population,  6,204,  (1910). 

Swan  (swon),  The.  See  Cygnus. 

Swan,  The.  A playhouse  built  on  the  Bank- 
side,  Southwark,  London,  about  1594-95. 
Swan,  The  Mantuan.  See  Mantuan  Swan. 
Swan,  Knight  of  the.  A local  religious  myth 
of  Brabantine  origin.  The  principal  part  of  the  story 
is  that  of  a mysterious  knight  who  appears  in  a small 
boat  drawn  by  a swan,  and  performs  helpful  deeds,  saves 
the  lady  of  the  story,  and  marries  her,  but  who  can  remain 
with  her  only  on  condition  that  she  does  not  ask  his  name : 
this  connects  him  with  the  Knights  of  the  Grail,  who 
were  obliged  to  disappear  if  questioned.  The  condition 
having  been  broken,  the  swan  and  boat  reappear  and  he 
is  carried  swiftly  away.  This  story  is  very  ancient,  and  is 
told  of  Helias,  Lohengrin  (in  the  Round  Table  cycle).  Sal- 
vius,  Gerhard  the  Swan,  and  others,  and  the  lady  is  Else  of 
Brabant  or  Beatrice  of  Cleves.  There  are  numerous  ro- 
mances in  French,  German,  and  English  on  this  subject. 
The  story  of  the  seven  swan-maidens  is  another  myth 
pieced  on  to  the  genuine  story  of  the  Knight  of  the  Swan. 

It  was  in  commemoration  of  the  beautiful  myth  of  the 
Swan-Knight  that  Frederick  II.  of  Brandenburg  instituted 
the  Order  of  the  Swan,  in  1440.  . . . The  badge  of  the 
Cleves  order  of  knighthood  was  also  a silver  swan  sus- 
pended from  a gold  chain.  Charles,  Duke  of  Cleves,  at- 
tempted to  revive  the  Order  of  the  Swan.  When  Cleves 
fell  to  Prussia,  the  Count  de  Bar  endeavored  to  persuade 
Frederick  the  Great  to  resuscitate  the  order,  but  in  vain. 
With  Anne  of  Cleves,  the  white  swan  passed  to  our  tavern 
sign-boards. 

S’.  Baring-Gould,  Curious  Myths  of  the  Mid.  Ages,  2d  ser. , 

[p.  335. 

Swan  (swon)  Lake.  A small  lake  in  Nicollet 
County,  southern  Minnesota,  northwest  of  Man- 
kato. 

Swan-maidens.  See  Swan,  Knight  of  the. 
Swan  of  Avon,  Sweet.  A name  given  by  Ben 
Jonson  to  Shakspere. 

Swan  of  Cambrai,  The.  Fdnelon. 

Swan  of  Lichfield,  The.  A name  given  to  Miss 
Anna  Seward,  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson. 
Swan  of  Padua,  The.  Francesco  Algarotti. 
Swan  of  the  Thames,  The.  John  Taylor. 
Swan  (swon)  River.  [Named  from  the  black 
swans  seen  in  it  by  its  discoverer,  Willem  de 
Vlaming,  1697.]  A river  in  West  Australia 
which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  near  Perth. 
It  gave  name  to  the  colony  which  formed  the 
nucleus  of  West  Australia. 

Swansea  (swon'se).  A seaport  of  Glamorgan- 
shire, Wales,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
river  Tawe  into  Swansea  Bay,  inlat.  51°  37'  N., 
long.  3°  56'  W.  It  is  the  principal  seat  of  copper- 
smelting  in  Great  Britain,  and  perhaps  in  the  world,  and 
has  also  manufactures  of  lead,  iron,  tin-plate,  zinc,  and 
other  metals,  chemicals,  etc.  There  are  extensive  coal- 
mines in  its  vicinity.  It  has  docks,  and  exports  of  tin- 
plate and  other  manufactured  goods,  coal,  etc.  The  castle 
was  built  in  1099.  Population,  114,673,  (1911). 

Swansea,  or  Swanzey  (swon'zi).  A village  in 
Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  4 miles  north- 
west of  Fall  River.  Here,  June  24,  1675,  the  Indians 
murdered  several  settlers : this  event  was  the  immediate 
cause  of  King  Philip’s  war. 

Swan’s  Island.  An  island  of  Hancock  County, 
Maine,  5 miles  southwest  of  Mount  Desert. 
Length,  54  miles. 

Swanzey.  See  Swansea. 

Swarga  (swar'gk),  or  Swerga  (swer'gii).  In 
Hindu  mythology,  the  heaven  of  Indra  and 
other  gods,  situated  on  Mount  Meru. 
Swarthmore  (swarth'mor)  College.  An  in- 
stitution of  learning  situated  at  Swarth- 
more, Pennsylvania,  12  miles  west-southwest 
of  Philadelphia.  It  is  under  control  of  the 
Friends. 

Swat  (swat),  or  Suwat  (su-wat').  One  of  the 
tracts  comprised  in  the  Dir,  Swat,  and  Chitral 
Agency,  North-West  Frontier  Province,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  34°  50'  N.,  long.  73°  W.  It  was 
under  the  rule  of  Abdul  Ghafur,  a chief  en- 
titled the  Akhoond,  1835-77. 

Swatow  (swa-tou'),  or  Skantow  (sban-tou'),  or 


Swedenborgians 

Swartow  (swiir-tou').  A treaty  port  in  the 
province  of  Kwangtung,  China,  situated  at  one 
mouth  of  the  river  Han,  in  lat.  (of  Double  Isl- 
and) 23°  20'  N„  long.  116°  43'  E.  It  has  con- 
siderable trade  in  tea,  bean -cake,  oranges,  cloth, 
etc.  Population,  about  67,000. 

Swayne  (swan),  Noah  Haynes.  Born  in  Cul- 
peper County,  Va.,  Dec.  7,  1804:  died  at  New 
York,  June  8,  1884.  An  American  jurist,  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 

★Court  1861-81. 

Swaziland  (swa'ze-land).  Formerly,  a small 
independent  state  in  South  Africa,  situated 
near  the  Transvaal,  Amatongaland,  and  Zulu- 
land.  Its  independence  was  recognized  in  1884.  In  1890 
a commission  was  formed,  with  representatives  of  Great 
Britain,  the  Transvaal,  and  the  Swazis,  to  rule  over  the 
whites.  It  became  subject  to  the  Transvaal  in  1895  and 

^to  Great  Britain  in  1900. 

Sweden  (swe'den).  [Formerly  also  Sweeden; 
F.  Subde , D.  Zweden,  G.  Schweden;  orig.  dat.  pi. 
of  Swede,  D.  Zweed,  G.  Schwede,  Goth.  *Swetha 
(pi.  Swethans  in  Jordanes);  a form  appar. 
cliff,  from  the  other  designation,  AS.  Swedn, 
Sivion,  Icel.  Sviar,  Sw.  Svear,  L.  Suiones.  also 
Sued,  whence  the  ML.  name  Sueda  (It.  Svezia, 
Sp.  Sueda).  The  Sw.  name  for  Sweden  is 
Sverige,  Dan.  Sverrig,  Icel.  Sviariki,  kingdom  of 
the  Svear  or  Swedes.]  A kingdom  of  Europe, 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Scandinavian  penin- 
sula. Capital,  Stockholm.  It  is  bounded  by  Nor- 
way on  the  west  and  north,  F’inland,  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
and  the  Baltic  Sea  on  the  east,  the  Baltic  on  the  south, 
and  the  Sound,  Cattegat,  and  SkagerRackon  the  S.W. ; and 
extends  from  lat.  55°  20'  to  69°  3'  N.,  and  from  long.  11°  6'  to 
24°  8'  E.  There  are  three  main  divisions  : Gotaland  in  the 
south,  Svealand  in  the  center,  and  Norrland  in  the  north. 
Thesurface  is  generally  hilly:  amountain-range(theKolen) 
runs  along  the  northwestern  boundary  between  Sweden 
and  Norway.  The  kingdom  contains  many  lakes  (Wenern, 
Wettern,  Malar,  etc.)  and  rivers,  and  comprises  many 
neighboring  islands,  including  Gotland  and  bland.  The 
leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  There  is  considera- 
ble mineral  wealth,  particularly  iron.  Timber,  iron,  hard- 
ware and  wooden  wares,  etc.,  are  exported.  The  country 
is  subdivided  into  25  laens  or  provinces.  The  government 
is  a hereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  legislate  e author- 
ity being  vested  in  the  king  and  the  Riksdag  of  two  houses 
(both  elected).  Sweden  and  Norway  were  united  under 
the  same  king  1814-1905  and  were  bound  to  stand  by  each 
other  in  war,  but  were  otherwise  free  and  independent. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Swedes  : there  are  a few  Finns 
and  Lapps  in  the  north.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protes- 
tant (Lutheran).  Sweden  was  inhabited  in  early  times 
by  various  tribes,  the  chief  of  them  being  the  Goths  in  the 
south  and  the  Swedes  in  the  north.  Christianity  was  finally 
established  about  the  end  of  the  lltli  century.  A fusion 
of  the  Goths  and  Swedes  took  place  in  the  13th  century. 
The  union  of  the  three  kingdoms  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway  was  effected  at  Kalmar  in  1397.  A rebellion 
against  the  Danes  was  led  by  Gustavus  Vasa,  who  was 
elected  king  in  1523.  The  Reformation  was  introduced 
by  him.  Sweden  became  one  of  the  leading  European 
powers  in  the  17th  century.  It  took  a leading  part  in 
the  Thirty  Years’  War  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  his 
successor;  obtained  a large  part  of  Pomerania,  Bremen, 
Verden,  etc.,  in  1648 ; carried  on  successful  wars  with  Den- 
mark and  Poland;  received  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Scania,  etc., 
in  1660 ; carried  on  the  Northern  War,  under  Charles  XII., 
against  Denmark,  Russia,  Poland,  and  Saxony ; ceded  a 
large  part  of  its  possessions  in  northern  Germany  in  1719- 
1720 ; ceded  Livonia,  Esthonia,  etc.,  to  Russia  in  1721 ; and 
ceded  Finland  to  Russia  in  1809.  Norway  was  united  with 
it  in  1814  and  separated  from  it  J une  7,  1905.  Its  remain- 
ing possessions  in  Germany  were  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815. 
Area,  172,876  square  miles.  Population,  5,429,600. 

Swedenborg  (swe'dn-borg;  Sw.  pron.  sva'den- 
borg)  (originally  Svedberg  or  Swedberg), 
Emanuel.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  29,  1688: 
died  at  London,  March  29,  1772.  A celebrated 
Swedish  philosopher  and  tlieosophist,  founder 
of  the  New  Church.  He  was  educated  at  Upsala  ; 
traveled  in  Europe  1710-14  ; was  appointed  assessor  of  the 
Swedish  college  of  mines  in  1716;  distinguished  himself  at 
the  siege  of  Frederikshall  in  1718  by  the  invention  of  ma- 
chines for  the  transport  of  boats  overland  from  Stromstadt 
to  Iddefjord ; and  was  subsequently  elevated  to  the  nobil- 
ity. About  1743  he  commenced  to  have  “visions,”  and  in 
1747  resigned  his  office  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly 
to  the  expounding  of  Scripture  as  the  immediate  mouth- 
piece of  God.  His  chief  theological  and  mystical  work  is 
“Arcana  caelestia”  (1749-56).  Among  his  other  works  are 
“Opera  philosophies  et  mineralogies "(1734),  “(Kconomia 
regni  animalis  ’’  (1740-41),  and  “Regnum  animale  ” (1744). 
See  Swedenborgians. 

Swedenborgians(swe-dn-bor'ji-anz).  The  be- 
lievers in  the  theology  and  religious  doctrines 
of  Swedenborg ; the  New-Churchmen.  Sweden- 
borg held  Rev.  xxi.  2,  “ And  I John  saw  the  holy  city,  new 
Jerusalem,  coming  down  from  God  out  of  heaven,”  to  be 
a prediction  of  the  establishment  of  a new  dispensation, 
the  initiation  of  which  took  place  by  the  execution  of  the 
last  judgment  in  the  spiritual  world  in  the  year  1757,  where- 
by man  was  restored  to  moral  freedom  by  the  restriction 
of  evil  infestations,  the  power  of  which  had  threatened  its 
utter  extinction.  In  proof  of  this  belief,  his  followers  point 
to  the  unparalleled  spiritual  and  material  progress  of  man- 
kind. They  were  first organized  in  London  (where  Sweden- 
borg long  resided)  in  1778  under  the  name  of  the  “ Society 
of  the  New  Church  signified  by  the  New  Jerusalem,"  usu- 
ally abbreviated  to  New  Church.  Professed  Swedenbor 
gians,  thougli  widely  scattered,  have  never  been  numerous ; 


Swedenborgians 

but  Swedenborg  himself  appears  not  to  have  contemplated 
the  formation  of  a separate  church,  trusting  to  the  permea- 
tion of  his  doctrines  through  the  existing  churches.  Swe- 
denborgians believe  that  this  process  is  going  on,  and  that 
thus  the  new  dispensation  is  making  its  way  indepen- 
dently of  their  own  organization  or  efforts,  and  even  with- 
out the  conscious  knowledge  of  most  of  those  affected  by 
it.  Swedenborg  considered  himself  the  divinely  appointed 
herald  and  expounder  of  this  dispensation,  being  prepared 
for  t he  office  by  open  intercourse  during  many  years  with 
spirits  and  angels  (all  originally  human  beings),  and  with 
God  himself,  who  revealed  to  him  the  spiritual  or  symbolic 
sense  of  the  Divine  Word  (which  the  world  had  not  previ- 
ously been  in  a state  to  receive  or  apprehend),  setting  forth 
spiritual  and  celestial  truths  in  every  part  through  the 
correspondence  of  all  material  things  with  the  spiritual 
principles,  good  or  evil,  of  which  they  are  the  outgrowth 
and  manifestation.  This  doctrine  of  correspondencies  is 
the  foundation  of  his  system,  which  he  elaborated  with 
uniform  consistency  in  many  volumes,  all  first  published 
in  Latin.  In  this  correspondence  consists  the  plenary  in- 
spiration of  the  Word,  which  includes  only  the  Pentateuch, 
Joshua,  Judges,  Samuel,  Kings,  the  Prophets  and  Psalms, 
the  four  Gospels,  and  the  Apocalypse  : the  other  books  of 
the  Bible  are  valuable  for  instruction,  but  lack  thisdivine 
character. 

Swedish  (swe'dish).  The  language  of  the 
Swedes:  a Scandinavian  dialect  akin  to  Danish 
and  Norwegian-Icelandic.  old  Swedish  is  preserved 
in  runic  inscriptions  from  the  end  of  the  viking  age  in  the 
11th  century,  and  in  literature  from  late  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury. Modern  Swedish  dates  from  the  Deformation. 

Swedish  Nightingale,  The.  Jenny  Lind. 

Swedish  Pomerania.  A name  formerly  given 
to  the  western  part  of  Pomerania,  which  was 
granted  to  Sweden  at  the  peace  of  Westphalia 
in  1648.  It  comprised  Vorpommem  and  Riigen,  and 
part  of  Hinterpommern.  Part  of  it  was  ceded  to  Prussia 
in  1720  ; the  remainder  was  ceded  to  Denmark  in  1814,  and 
by  Denmark  to  Prussia  in  1815. 

Sweedlepipe  (swe'dl-plp),  Paul  or  Poll.  In 

Dickens’s  “Martin  Chuzzlewit,”  a bird-fancier 
and  “easy  shaver,”  Mrs.  Gamp’s  landlord:  “a 
disapp’intin’  Sweedlepipes.” 

Sweeny  (swe'ni),  Thomas  William.  Born  at 
Cork,  Ireland,  Dec.  25, 1820:  died  at  Astoria, 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  April  10,  1892.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the 
Civil  War  (at  Wilson’s  Creek,  Fort  Donelson,  and  Shiloh, 
and  in  the  Atlanta  campaign) ; and  took  part  in  the  Fenian 
invasion  of  Canada. 

Sweet  Singer  of  the  Temple.  George  Herbert. 
Sweetwater  (swet ' waiter)  Mountains.  A 

range  of  the  Bockv  Mountains  in  Wyoming, 
southeast  of  the  Wind  River  Mountains,  and 
northwest  of  the  Medicine  Bow  Mountains. 

Sweetwater  River.  A tributary  of  the  North 
Pork  of  thePlatte, in  central  Wyoming.  Length, 
about  150  miles. 

Sweet  William’s  Farewell  to  Black-eyed 
Susan.  See  Black-eyed  Susan. 

Swegen.  See  Sweyn. 

Swerga.  See  Sioarga. 

Swetchine  ( svech-en' ),  Madame  (Anne  Sophie 
Soymonoff).  Born  at  Moscow,  1782:  died  at 
Paris,  1857.  A Russian  author.  Her  works 
and  letters  were  edited  by  Falloux. 

Swett  (swet),  Samuel.  Born  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  June  9,  1782 : died  at  Boston,  Oct.  28, 
1866.  An  American  historical  writer.  He  pub- 
lished “ Bunker  Hill,”  controversial  and  other 
works  on  that  battle,  etc. 

Sweyn, or  Swein  (swan),  or  Swegen  (sva'gen), 
or  Svend  (svend).  Died  1014.  King  of  Den- 
mark, son  of  Harold  Blaatand  and  father  of 
Canute.  He  invaded  England  in  994  and  1003, 
and  conquered  England  in  1013. 

Sweyn,  or  Swein.  Died  about  1051.  An  Eng- 
lish earl,  eldest  son  of  Godwine.  He  was  out- 
lawed and  exiled  in  1046;  was  restored;  and  was  finally 
exiled  with  Godwine  in  1051. 

Sweyn.  Died  1076.  King  of  Denmark  1047- 
1076,  son  of  Canute.  He  invaded  England  in  1068. 

Swift  (swift),  Jonathan.  Born  at  Dublin,  Nov. 
30, 1667 : died  there,  Oct.  19, 1745.  A celebrated 
English  satirist  and  man  of  letters : usually 
spoken  of  as  Dean  Swift.  His  grandfather,  Thomas 
Swift,  vicar  of  Goodrich  in  Herefordshire,  was  a follower 
of  Charles  I.  Swift  matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, in  1632,  leaving  with  only  a degree  sprciali  gratia  in 
1686.  In  1688,  owing  to  the  Revolution,  he  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  in  1689  became  amanuensis  or  secretary  to  Sir 
William  Temple  (who  was  in  some  way  related  to  Swift’s 
mother)  at  Moor  Park,  near  Farnliam.  He  disliked  his  sub- 
ordinate position,  and  returned  to  Dublin  in  about  a year. 
In  1692  he  received  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Oxford,  took 
orders  in  1695,  and  in  1695  obtained  the  living  of  Kilroot, 
Antrim,  Ireland.  In  1696,  tired  of  obscurity,  he  returned 
to  Sir  William  Temple,  and  remained  with  him  till  his 
death  in  Jan.,  1699.  During  these  years  of  quiet  he  not  only 
read  much,  but  was  in  such  relations  with  the  court  as  to 
obtain  an  insight  into  politics  which  later  was  of  use  to 
him.  In  1690  he  wrote  “A  Tale  of  a Tub,"  and  in  1697 
the  “Battle  of  the  Books”  (both  published  in  1704): 
he  also  published  an  edition  of  Temple's  works  (1700- 
1703).  He  was  made  rector  of  Agher,  in  Meath,  and  vicar 
of  Laracor  in  1700,  and  held  other  small  livings.  In  1696 
he  had  offered  marriage  to  Miss  Waring  (“Varina”),  who 
refused  him  on  account  of  her  ill  health  and  his  poverty. 


970 

When  he  received  the  living  of  Laracor,  however,  in  1700, 
she  wished  the  marriage  to  take  place.  He  broke  off  the 
match  by  saying  that  if  she  would  submit  to  be  edu- 
cated so  that  she  could  entertain  him,  soothe  his  ill  hu- 
mor, accept  his  likes  and  dislikes,  etc.  he  would  overlook 
deficiencies  in  looks  and  income.  He  published  the  Whig 
tract  “A  Discourse  on  the  Dissensions  in  Athens  and 
Rome  ” in  1701.  At  Laracor  he  was  joined  by  Mrs.  Rebecca 
Dingley  and  by  Esther  Johnson  (born  in  1681),  a dependent 
of  Sir  William  Temple,  who  presided  over  his  house — the 
“Stella”  of  later  years.  In  1708  he  published  the  pam- 
phlets “The  Sentiments  of  a Church  of  England  Man  ” and 
“On  the  Reasonableness  of  a Test”  : these  were  followed 
by  the  ironical  “Argument  Against  Abolishing  Christian- 
ity " and  by  his  best  poem,  “Baucis  and  Philemon.”  He 
was  in  London  for  a longer  or  shorter  period  nearly  every 
year  from  1701  to  1710.  At  this  time  he  abandoned  the 
Whigs  and  went  over  to  the  Tories : a full  account  of  this 
Is  given  in  the  “Journal  to  Stella,"  written  1710-13,  and 
not  intended  forthe public.  In  Nov.,  1710,  he  began  to  write 
for  the  “ Examiner,  ” a Tory  journal,  and  formed  the  “ So- 
ciety of  Brothers.”  In  July,  1711,  he  left  the  “Examiner,” 
but  continued  to  write  Tory  pamphlets(“The  Conduct  of 
the  Allies  ” and  “ Remarks  on  the  Barrier  Treaty  ”).  He 
was  appointed  by  Queen  Anne  dean  of  St.  Patrick’s,  Dublin, 
in  1713.  He  was  intimately  associated  with  Oxford  and 
Bolingbroke,  and  was  a friend  of  Steele,  Addison,  Pope,  Ar- 
buthnot,  Congreve,  Atterbury,  Parnell,  and  Gay.  Some  of 
his  best  work  belongs  to  this  period  — the  last  four  years 
of  Queen  Anne.  After  the  fall  of  the  Tories  he-retired  to 
Dublin.  While  living  in  London,  Esther  Vanhomrigh, 
the  “Vanessa”  of  his  poem  “Cadenus  and  Vanessa,"  had 
formed  an  attachment  for  him.  In  1714  her  mother  died, 
and  she  followed  Swift  to  Dublin.  It  is  generally  said 
that  in  1716  he  was  privately  married  to  “Stella,"  and  in 
1717  “Vanessa"  retired  to  Marl  ey  Abbey  at  Celbridge, 
where  Swift  visited  her.  In  1723  “Vanessa"  wrote  to 
“Stella”  demanding  an  explanation  of  her  relation  to 
Swift.  “Stella”  replied  that  she  was  his  wife,  and  sent 
“Vanessa’s  "letter  to  Swift,  who  at  once,  in  one  of  his  char- 
acteristic fits  of  passion,  went  to  “ Vanessa,”  threw  her 
letter  on  a table  without  a word,  and  rode  away.  This 
was  her  death-blow : she  lived  only  a few  weeks  longer. 
Swift  devoted  himself  earnestly  to  the  condition  of  Ireland 
and  Irish  politics,  and  in  1720  published  his  “Proposal 
for  the  Universal Dse  of  Irish  Manufactures.”  urging  the 
disuse  of  English  good8  by  thelrish.  A patent  for  supplying 
Ireland  with  copper  coins  had  been  accorded  to  oneWilliam 
Wood,  who  shared  a 40  per  cent,  profit  with  the  Duchess 
of  Kendal,  the  king's  mistress.  In  1724  Swift  attacked 
this  abuse  in  letters  signed  “ M.  B.  Drapier,”  which  ra  sed 
his  popularity  to  a height  that  it  always  retained.  Return- 
ing to  England,  he  was  recalled  on  account  of  “Stella’s” 
illness,  but  she  did  not  die  till  1728.  In  1726  he  published 
“ Gulliver’s  Travels,”  and  in  1729  his  “ Modest  Proposal  for 
Preventing  the  Children  of  Poor  People  in  Ireland  from 
being  a Burden  to  their  Parents” — his  ironical  suggestion 
being  that  they  should  be  fattened  and  eaten.  In  his  later 
years  his  brain  became  diseased,  and  he  was  alternately  in 
a state  of  torture  and  apathe.  ic  torpor ; for  a year  or  two 
his  intellect  was  almost  wholly  eclipsed,  a fact  of  which 
he  was  conscious  at  intervals.  He  was  putunder  restraint 
in  1741,  and  lingered  till  1745.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Pat- 
rick’s Cathedral,  Dublin.  With  Arbuthnot  and  Pope  he 
carried  out  the  scheme  of  the  “Scriblerus  Club  ” (which 
see).  Among  his  works  not  mentioned  above  are  “ Pin- 
darics. ” “ Predictions  for  1 708  ” ( L708 : an  attack  upon  ast  rol- 
ogyin  the  person  of  Partridge,  the  almanac-maker,  in  which 
Swift  assumed  the  character  of  an  almanac-maker  and  the 
nameof  Isaac  Bickerstaffe),“AProject  forthe  Advancement 
of  Religion”  (1708),  “Vindication  of  Bickerstaffe  " (1709), 
“Proposal  for  Correcting,  Improving,  and  Ascertaining 
the  English  Tongue”  (the  only  work  to  which  he  ever 
put  his  name  : 1712),  “Free  Thoughts  on  the  State  of  Pub- 
lic Affairs  ”(1714),  “History  of  the  Last  Four  Years  of  Queen 
Anne  "(not  published  till  17r>7-68 : anumberof  volumes  of 
miscellanies  with  Arbuthnot,  Pope,  Gay,  Sheridan,  and 
others),  “ The  Legion  Club  ” (1735 : a satire  against  the  Irish 
House  of  Commons), “ Directions  to  Servants,”  and  “Polite 
Conversation  ” (1738). 

Swift.  Lewis.  Born  at  Clarkson,  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
29,  1820.  A distinguished  American  astrono- 
mer, director  of  the  Warner  Observatory  at 
Rochester,  New  York,  and  subsequently  of 
Lowe  Observatory.  He  is  especially  noted  as 
a discoverer  of  comets  and  nebulai. 

Swilly  (swil'i),  Lough.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic 
in  Ulster,  Ireland,  northwest  of  Londonderry. 
^Length,  25  miles. 

Swinburne  (swin'bern),  Algernon  Charles. 

Born  at  London,  April  5, 1837  : died  there,  April 
10,  1909.  An  English  poet,  son  of  Admiral 
Swinburne  and  Lady  Henrietta  Ashburnham. 
He  was  educated  in  Fiance,  and  at  Eton  and  Oxford 
(P.alliol  College),  entering  the  university  in  1857  and 
leaving  it  without  a degree.  He  was  especially  re- 
markable for  his  facile  metrical  invention.  He  pub- 
lished “The  Queen  Mother"  and  “Rosamund”  (1861), 
“Atalanta  in  Calydon  ” (1864),  “Chastelard:  a Tragedy” 
(1865),  “ Poems  and  Ballads  ” (1866 ; these  were  so  severely 
censured  that  the  edition  was  withdrawn,  but  it  was  re- 
printed the  same  year  as  “Laus  Veneris,  and  other  Poems 
and  Ballads,”  and  Swinburne  replied  to  the  criticism  (also 
in  1866)  with  “Notes  on  Poems  and  Reviews"),  “William 
Blake  : a Critical  Essay  ”(1867),  “An  Ode  on  the  Proclama- 
tion of  the  French  Republic  ” (1870),  “ Songs  Before  Sun- 
rise” (1871),  “Under  the  Microscope”  (1872:  an  answer 
to  Robert  Buchanan’s  pamphlet  “The  Fleshly  School  ”), 
“Bothwell’s  Tragedy"  (1S74),  “Songs  of  Two  Nations” 
(1875),  “Essays and  Studies” (1876),  “George Chapman : a 
Critical  Essay"  (1875),  “Erechtheus:  a Tragedy ” (1876), 
“A  Note  on  Charlotte  Bronte  ” (1877),  a second  series  of 
“ Poems  and  Bal  lads  ” (1878),  * ‘A  Study  of  Shakspere  ” (1879), 
“ The  Modern  Heptalogia,  or  the  Seven  Against  Sense " 
(1880),  “Songs  of  the  Springtides ” (1880),  “Studies  in 
Song  ”(1880),  “ Maty  Stuart : a Tragedy  ” (1881),  “Tristram 
of  Lyonesse,  etc.”  (1882),  “ A Century  of  Roundels  " (1883), 
“A  Midsummer  Holiday,  etc.”  (1884),  “Marino  Faliero: 
a Tragedy  ” (1885),  “ Prose  Miscellanies  ” (1886),  “A  Study 


Switzerland 

of  Victor  Hugo  "(1886),“A  Study  of  Ben  Jonson  ” “ Locrine: 
a Tragedy  ” (1887),“The  Armada  " (1888),  and  “ Poems  and 
Ballads  ’’  (1889). 

Swinemiinde  (sve'ne-mun-de).  A seaport  in 
the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  island  Usedom,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swine, 
in  lat.  53°  55'  N.,  long.  14°  17'  E.  it  forms  the 
outer  port  of  Stettin.  It  is  a watering-place,  and  has  an 
excellent  harbor  and  important  commerce.  Population, 
commune,  13,272. 

Swing  (swing),  Captain.  A fictitious  name 
signed  to  various  threatening  letters  in  Eng- 
land, about  1830,  especially  to  letters  addressed 
to  the  users  of  threshing-machines,  which  were 
obnoxious  to  the  old-fashioned  threshers. 

Swing  (swing),  David.  Born  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  Aug.  23,  1830 : died  Oct.  3,  1894.  An 
American  Presbyterian  clergyman,  tried  for 
heresy  in  Chicago  in  1874,  and  acquitted.  He 
was  afterward  pastor  of  an  independent  church. 

Swinton  (swin'ton).  A village  in  Lancashire, 
England,  6 miles  west-northwest  of  Manches- 
ter. Population,  with  Pendlebury,  27,005. 

Swinton.  A manufacturing  town  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  10  miles  northeast  of  Sheffield.  Pop- 
ulation, 12,217. 

Swinton,  William.  Born  in  Haddingtonshire, 
Scotland,  April  23, 1833 : died  at  New  York,  Oct. 
24,  1892.  An  American  journalist  and  author. 
He  became  connected  with  the  “New-Yrork  Times”  in 
1858,  and  was  its  war  correspondent  1862-64 : his  letters 
several  times  involved  him  in  difficulties  with  tue  mili- 
tary authorities.  From  1869  to  1874  he  was  professor 
of  English  at  the  University  of  California.  He  wrote  a 
series  of  historical  ami  other  text-books,  and  “Rambles 
Among  Words”(1859\  “The  Times’s  Review  of  McClellan  : 
his  Military  Career  Reviewed  and  Exposed  ” (1864),  “ Cam- 
paigns of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac”  (1866),  “Twelve  De- 
cisive Battles  of  the  War”  (1867),  “History  of  the  New 
York  Seventh  Regiment  during  the  Rebellion  ” (1870),  etc. 

Swiss  Family  Robinson.  A romance  by  Ro- 
dolplie  Wyss.  The  scene  is  laid  in  a desert  isl- 
and about  1800. 

Swiss  Guards,  The.  A corps  of  Swiss  merce- 
nary troops  in  the  French  service,  formed  in 
1616  and  finally  disbanded  in  1830.  They  are  cele- 
brated for  their  valor  in  the  defense  of  the  Tuileries, 
Aug.  10, 1792,  commemorated  in  the  “Lion  of  Lucerne”  at 
Lucerne. 

Swithin  (swith'in),  or  Swithun  (swith'un), 
Saint.  Born  near  Winchester,  probably  about 
800 : died  about  862.  A bishop  of  Winchester. 
It  was  fabled  that  he  performed  many  miraculous  cures 
after  his  death,  and  he  was  translated  with  great  cere- 
monial July  15,  971.  H e was  not  regularly  canonized,  but 
received  his  title  of  saint  on  his  translation.  He  has,  for 
no  known  reason,  become  associated  in  the  popular  mind 
with  drunkenness.  He  is  noted  in  folk-lore,  a common 
adage  being  that  if  it  rains  on  St.  Swithin’s  day  (July  15), 
it  will  rain  for  forty  days  after. 

Switzerland  (swit'zer-land).  [‘Landof  the  Swit- 
zers’; G.  Die  Schweiz,  F!  Suisse,  It.  Svizzera,  Sp. 
Suiza.']  A country  of  Europe,  bounded  by  France 
on  the  west  and  northwest,  Alsace  and  Baden  on 
the  north,  the  Lake  of  Constance  on  the  north- 
east, Vorarlberg  and  Tyrol  on  the  east,  and  Italy 
andFrance  onthesouth:Latin  Helvetia.  Capital, 
Bern.  The  main  range  of  the  Alps  in  the  south  (partly 
on  the  Italian  border)  is  separated  from  a secondary  range 
of  the  Alps  (Bernese  Oherland,  Todi,  Santis,  etc.)  by  the 
valleys  of  the  Rhone  and  Rhine  : (he  Jura  is  in  the  west 
and  north.  (See  Alps.)  The  highest  mountain  is  Monte 
Rosa  (over  15,000  feet).  The  chief  lakes  are  the  Lakes  of 
Geneva,  Constance,  Lucerne,  Zurich,  and  Neuehatel.  The 
leading  industries  are  cotton,  woolen,  and  silk  manufac- 
tures, straw-plaiting,  manufactures  of  embroidery,  clocks 
and  watches,  wooden  wares,  chemicals,  machinery,  music- 
boxes,  etc.,  and  dairy-farming.  The  country  contains  many 
pleasure-  and  health-resorts,  and  is  famous  as  a summer 
resortof  tourists.  It  contains  22  cantons  united  in  a con- 
federation, the  several  cantons  being  very  largely  indepen- 
dent in  internal  matters.  The  government  of  the  confed- 
eration is  vested  in  a federal  assembly  of  two  chambers : 
the  State  Council  (“  Standerath  ” or  “ Conseil  des  Etats  ”) 
of  44  members  (2  for  each  canton),  and  the  National  Coun- 
cil (“Natioualrath ” or  “Conseil  National  ”),  with  167 rep- 
resentatives. The  Federal  Assembly  in  jointsession  elects 
the  executive  body,  the  Federal  Council  (“Bundesrath”  or 
“ Conseil  F6d6ral  ”),  of  7 members,  and  also  the  president 
of  the  Federal  Council, who  is  elected  for  one  year  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Swiss  Confederation.  “Whenever  a petition 
demanding  the  revision  or  annulment  of  a measure  passed 
by  the  Legislature  is  presented  by  30,000  citizens,  or  the 
alteration  is  demanded  by  eight  cantons,  the  law  in  ques- 
tion must  be  submitted  to  the  direct  vote  of  the  nation. 
This  principle,  called  the  referendum,  is  frequently  acted 
on.”  (The Statesman’s  Year-Book,  1909,  p.  1249.)  Cantonal 
government  is  exercised  by  a great  council  or  directly  by  the 
citizens  in  popular  assembly  (“  Landesgemeinde  ”).  About 
three  fifths  of  the  inhabitants  areProtestants  and  about  two 
fifths  Roman  Catholics.  About  2,300,000  speak  German, 
730,000  French,  222,000  Italian,  and  38,000  Romansh.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  Helvetii  and  other  tribes.  The 
land  became  part  of  the  Roman  Empire  and  largely  of  the 
province  of  Gaul,  and  was  settled  by  Burgundians,  Alaman- 
ni,  etc.  The  league  between  Uri,  Schwyz,  and  Nidwald  (in 
Unterwalden)  against  Hapsburg  oppression  was  formed 
1291.  The  legend  of  Tell  and  (lie  founding  of  the  confedera- 
tion at  Riitli  are  assigned  to  the  beginning  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury, The  Swiss  defeated  the  Austrians  at  Morgarten  in 
1316,  and  renewed  the  league  the  same  year.  Lucerne 


Switzerland 

joined  the  confederation  in  1332,  Zurich  in  1351,  Glarus  in 
1352,  Zug  in  1352,  and  Bern  in  1353.  The  Austrians  were  de- 
feated at  Sempacli  in  1386,  and  various  conquests  were  made 
in  the  14th  century.  Besides  its  own  members,  the  con- 
federation recognized  “associates"  and  “protected  dis- 
tricts." The  Swiss  were  freed  from  Austrian  claims  in 
1394  and  1474.  They  defeated  Charles  the  Bold  of  Bur- 
gundy at  Granson  and  Murten  in  1476.  The  “Compact  of 
Stanz  "was  formed  in  1481.  Fribourg  and  Solothurn  were 
admitted  in  1481.  Switzerland  became  practically  inde- 
pendent of  the  Empire  in  1499.  Basel  and  Schaffhausen 
were  admitted  in  1501,  and  Appenzell  in  1513.  The  Swiss 
were  defeated  at  Marignano  by  Francis  I.  of  France  in 
1515,  and  concluded  peace  with  France  in  1516.  The  Ref- 
ormation was  introduced  into  various  parts  by  Zwingli, 
Farel,  Calvin,  etc.  The  Golden  League  between  Catholic 
members  was  formed  in  1586.  Switzerland  became  for- 
mally independent  of  the  Empire  in  1643.  The  Helvetic 
Republic  was  established  in  1798,  under  the  influence  of 
France.  A revolt  of  the  Forest  Cantons  was  suppressed  by 
the  French  in  1798,  and  the  country  was  the  scene  of  much 
fighting  in  the  wars  of  the  Directory  and  Consulate.  The 
confederation  was  restored  in  1803,  and  the  cantons  of  St. 
Gall,  Gri sons,  Aargau.Thurgau, Ticino, andVaud  were  added. 
A new  constitution  was  adopted,  neutrality  was  guaran- 
teed, and  the  cantons  of  Geneva,  Valais,  and  Neuchatel 
were  added  in  1815.  The  war  of  the  “ Sonderbund  ” oc- 
curred in  1847.  Government  was  made  more  centralized 
by  the  constitution  of  1848.  Neuchatel  was  freed  from 
Prussian  claims  in  1857.  The  constitution  was  revised 
in  1874.  Area,  15,976  square  mileB.  Population,  3,738,600, 
(1910). 

Such  is  the  Switzerland  of  our  own  time,  but  such  was 
not  the  Switzerland  with  which  Charles  the  Bold  had  to 
deal.  In  those  days  the  name  of  Switzerland,  asadistinct 
nation  or  people,  was  hardly  known.  The  names  Swit- 
enses,  Switzois,  Suisses,  were  indeed  beginning  to  spread 
themselves  from  a single  canton  to  the  whole  Confeder- 
ation ; but  the  formal  style  of  that  Confederation  was 
still  the  “Great  (or  Old)  League  of  Upper  Germany 
perhaps  rather  of  “Upper  Swabia.”  That  League  was 
much  smaller  than  it  is  now,  and  it  was  purely  German. 
It  consisted  of  eight  German  districts  and  cities,  united, 
like  many  other  groups  of  German  cit  ies,  by  a lax  Federal 
tie,  which  tie.  while  other  similar  unions  have  died  away, 
has  gradually  developed  into  a perfect  Federal  Govern- 
ment, and  has  extended  itself  over  a large  non-German 
territory.  The  League  then  consisted  of  eight  cantons 
only  — Zurich,  Bern,  Luzern,  Uri,  Schwyz,  Unterwalden, 
Zug,  and  Glarus.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  353. 

Switzerland,  Saxon.  See  Saxon  Switzerland. 
Swiyeller  (swiv'l-6r),  Dick.  A happy-go-lucky, 
devil-may-care  fellow  in  Dickens’s  “Old  Curi- 
osity Shop.” 

Altogether,  and  because  of  rather  than  in  spite  of  his 
weaknesses,  Dick  is  a captivating  person.  His  gaiety  and 
good  humour  survive  such  accumulations  of  “ staggerers," 
he  makes  such  discoveries  of  “ the  rosy”  in  the  very  small- 
est of  drinks,  and  becomes  himself  by  his  solacements  of 
verse  such  a “perpetual  grand  Apollo,”  that  his  failings 
are  all  forgiven,  and  hearts  resolutely  shut  against  victims 
of  destiny  in  general  open  themselves  freely  to  Dick  Swiv- 
eller.  Forster,  Life  of  Dickens,  ii.  7. 

Swordfish,  The.  See  Xiphias. 

Sword  of  God,  The.  A name  given  to  the  Sara- 
cen conqueror  Kkaled. 

Sword  of  Rome,  The.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  Marcellus. 

Swords  (sordz).  Thomas.  Born  at  New  York, 
Nov.  1,  1806 : died  there,  March  20,  1886.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  conquest  of, New 
Mexico  and  California  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the 
Civil  War. 

Swynford  (swin'ford),  Katharine.  Died  1403. 
The  third  wife  of  John  of  Gaunt,  mother  of  the 
Beauforts  and  ancestress  of  Henry  VII.  of  Eng- 
land. 

Syagrian  (si-a'gri-an)  Promontory.  In  an- 
cient geography,  a headland  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Arabia. 

Syagrius  (si-a'gri-us).  The  last  Roman  gov- 
ernor of  Gaul.  He  was  defeated  by  Clovis  near 
Soissons  in  486. 

Syamantaka  ( sya-man'ta-ka ).  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a celebrated  jewel  of  which  the  story 
is  told  in  the  Vishnupurana.  it  yielded  daily  eight 
loads  of  gold,  and  expelled  all  fear  of  portents,  wild  beasts, 
fire,  robbers,  and  famine : but,  though  an  inexhaustible  re- 
source to  a virtuous,  it  was  deadly  to  a wicked,  wearer.  It 
was  given  by  Surya,  the  Sun,  to  Satrajit,  Surya  recompens- 
ing Satrajit  for  praises  rendered  him  by  allowing  himself 
to  be  seen  in  his  proper  form  and  by  the  bestowal  of  the 
gem.  Afraid  that  Krishna  would  take  it  from  him,  Satra- 
jit gave  the  jewel  to  hisown  brother,  Prasena,  but  Prasena 
was  killed  by  a lion.  Jambuvat,  king  of  the  bears,  killed 
the  lion  and  carried  off  the  gem  ; but  Krishna  took  it  from 
him  and  restored  it  to  Satrajit,  who  in  thankfulness  gave 
him  his  daughter  Satyabhama  in  marriage.  One  of  the 
many  suitors  of  Satyabhama  had  been  Shatadhanvan,  who 
now  killed  Satrajit  in  his  sleep  and  carried  off  the  gem. 
Pursued  by  Krishna  and  Balarama,  Shatadhanvan  gave  it 
to  Akrura  and  continued  his  flight,  but  was  overtaken  and 
killed  by  Krishna.  As  Krishna  did  not  bring  back  the  jewel, 
Balarama  upbraided  him  with  secreting  it,  and  parted  from 
him.  Akrura,  after  fifty-two  years,  produced  it,  when  it  was 
claimed  by  Krishna,  Balarama, and  Satyabhama, and  decided 
that  Akrura  should  keep  it,  whence  he  moved  about  like  the 
sun  wearing  a garland  of  light. 

Sybaris  ( sib'a-ris).  [Gr.  Zi'ftap/r.'}  In  ancient 

geography,  a city  of  Magna  Grtncia,  southern 
Italy,  situated  near  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum  in 
lat.  39°  41'  N.,  long.  16°  28’  E.  It,  was  founded  by 
Achsean  colonists  in  720  B.  c.  It  was  celebrated  for  its 


971 

wealth,  and  its  inhabitants  were  proverbial  for  their  lux- 
ury (whence  the  epithet  Sybarite).  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Crotona  in  510  B.  c. 

Sybaris  was  one  of  the  most  important  towns  of  Magna 
Graecia.  According  to  Strabo,  it  was  founded  by  the 
Achseans  (vi.  p.  378),  probably  about  B.  c.  720.  (Clinton’s 
F.  H.,  vol.  i..  pp.  168,  174.)  The  colonisation  was  most 
likely  connected  with  the  gradual  conquest  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnese  by  the  Dorian  invaders.  Its  site  is  marked  by  the 
junction  of  the  Crathis  ( Crati ) with  the  Sybaris  ( Cossile ). 
Sybaris  flourished  210  years  (Seym.  Ch.  1.  360).  Its  walls 
were  50  stadia  in  circumference ; it  had  twenty-five  sub- 
ject cities,  and  ruled  over  four  neighbouring  tribes.  In  the 
great  war  with  Crotona,  it  is  said  to  have  brought  into  the 
field  300,000  men  (Strab.  1.  s.  c.).  Its  excessive  luxury  is 
proverbial.  It  was  taken  (B.  c.  510)  after  a siege  of  70 
days  by  the  Crotoniats,  who  turned  the  river  upon  the 
town,  and  in  this  way  destroyed  it.  A second  Sybaris  arose 
upon  the  ruins  of  the  first,  but  it  never  flourished,  and  was 
finally  merged  in  the  Athenian  colony  of  Thurii(B.  c.  443), 
which  was  built,  on  a spot  in  the  neighbourhood.  Herodo- 
tus was  one  of  the  colonists  (Suidas). 

Rawllnson , Herod.,  III.  242,  note. 

Sybel  (ze'bel),  Heinrich  von.  Born  at  Diissel- 
dorf,  Prussia,  Dec.  2,  1817:  died  at  Marburg, 
Prussia,  Aug.  1,  1895.  A noted  German  his- 
torian. He  has  been  a member  of  the  Hessian  and 
Prussian  chambers,  of  the  Erfurt  Parliament  of  1850,  and 
later  of  the  Reichstag,  and  professor  at  Marburg,  Munich 
(where  he  founded  the  first  historical  seminary  in  Ger- 
many), and  (1861)  Bonn.  His  chief  work  is  “Geschichte 
der  Revolutionszeit  1789-1800  ” (“History  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary Period  of  1789-1800,”  1853-).  His  other  works  in- 
clude “ Geschichte  des  ersten  Kreuzzugs  ” (“  History  of 
the  first  Crusade,”  1841),  “ Die  Entstehung  des  deutschen 
Konigtums  ” (1844),  and  “ Die  Begriindung  des  deutschen 
Reiches  durch  Wilhelm  I.”  (“The  Foundation  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  by  William  I.,”  1889-90). 

Sybil  (sib'il).  A political  novel  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  published  in  1845. 

Sybota  (sib'o-ta).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  island  and  town  on  the  coast  of  Epirus, 
opposite  the  southern  end  of  Corcyra.  Near  it, 
in  432  B.  c.,  wa’S  fought  a naval  battle  between  Corcyra 
(aided  by  Athens)  and  Corinth. 

Sycorax  (sik'o-raks).  A witch,  the  mother  of 
Caliban,  referred  to  in  Shakspere’s  “ Tempest.” 
In  Dryden  and  Davenant's  version  she  is  his  sister,  and  a 
monster  like  him. 

Sydenham  (sid'n-am).  A suburb  of  London, 
in  Kent,  7 miles  south  of  London.  Near  it  is 
the  Crystal  Palace.  Population,  43,653. 
Sydenham,  Thomas.  Born  at  Winford  Eagle, 
Dorsetshire,  England,  1624:  died  at  London, 
Dec.,  1689.  A noted  English  physician,  sur- 
named  “the  English  Hippocrates.”  In  1642  he 
entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  His  course  there  was 
interrupted  by  service  in  the  Parliamentary  army ; but 
he  graduated  (bachelor  of  medicine)  in  1648,  and  became 
a feiiow  of  All  Souls.  In  1663  he  was  licensed  by  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  to  practise  in  Westminster.  He  was  a 
warm  friend  of  John  Locke  and  Robert  Boyle,  nis  works 
include  “MethodusCurandiFebres”(166S),“  Epistoh-e  Re- 
sponsorire ” (1680),  “Tractatus  de  Podagra  et  Hydrope” 
(1683),  etc.  Sydenham  anticipated  modern  practice  in  many 
ways,  especially  in  a minute  study  of  predisposing  causes 
external  and  internal,  and  in  assisting  natural  crises,  as  well 
as  by  the  general  liberality  of  his  practice. 

Sydney  (sid'ni).  A seaport,  capital  of  New 
South  Wales,  Australia,  situated  on  the  harbor 
of  Port  Jackson,  in  lat.  33°  52'  S.,  long.  151° 
13'  E. : one  of  the  turn  chief  cities  of  Austra- 
lia. Its  suburbs  include  Glebe.  Paddington,  etc.  Its 
commerce  and  manufactures  are  important,  and  it  is  the 
terminus  of  various  steamship  lines.  Near  it  are  extensive 
coal-mines.  It  is  the  seat  of  a mint  and  of  Sydney  Univer- 
sity. It  was  settled  in  1788  as  a convict  colony.  Popu- 
lation, with  suburbs,  487,932. 

Sydney,  A seaport  in  Cape  Breton,  Nova 
Scotia,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast  in  lat. 
46°  16'  N. , long.  60°  7'  W.  It  is  in  the  vicinity  of  a 
coal-raining  region.  Population,  17,723,  (1911). 

Sydney,  Algernon  Philip.  See  Sidney. 
Syene.  See  Assuan. 

Syennesis  (sl-en'e-sis).  [Gr.  hvhvsa/c,'}  A king 
of  Cilicia,  vassal  of  Persia,  at  the  time  of  the 
expedition  of  Cyrus  the  Younger  401  B.  c.  The 
name  is  common  to  all  the  kings  of  Cilicia  men- 
tioned in  history. 

Sykes  (siks),  George.  Born  at  Dover,  Del.,  Oct. 
9, 1822 : died  in  Texas,  Feb.  9, 1880.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  HegraduatedatWestPointinl842;  served 
in  the  Mexican  and  in  Indian  wars  ; and  was  a division  and 
corpB  commander  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Sykes,  Mrs.  (Olive  Logan).  Born  at  Elmira, 
N.  Y.,  April  16,  1841:  died  at  Banstead,  Eng., 
April  27,  1909.  An  American  actress  and 
writer,  daughter  of  Cornelius  A.  Logan  (1806- 
1853).  Shemade  her  d5but  in  1854  at  Philadelphia,  and  in 
1857  went  to  England,  where  she  finished  her  education. 
She  married  Henry  A.  Delillc,  but  was  divorced  in  1865. 
In  1864  she  appeared  in  New  York  in  a play  of  her  own, 
“Evelecn.”  She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1868,  devoted 
herself  to  lecturing,  and  was  a frequent  contributor  to 
newspapers.  She  married  William  Wirt  Sykes  in  1871  : 
he  died  in  1884,  and  in  1892  she  married  James  O'Neill 
She  wrote  a number  of  books,  principally  about  theatrical 
matters,  and  several  plays. 


Symonds 

Sylhet,  or  Silhet  (sil-het').  1,  A district  in 
Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  24°  45'  N.,  long.  91°  45'  E.  Area, 
5,388  square  miles.  Population,  2,241,848. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Sylhet,  situ- 
ated on  the  Surma.  Population,  13,893. 

Sylla.  See  Sulla. 

Sylphide  (sel-fed'),  La.  A ballet  in  two  acts, 
music  by  Schneitzhoffer,  libretto  by  Nourrit. 
It  was  produced  at  Paris  in  1832.  La  Sylphide  was  one  of 
Taglioni’s  greatest  parts. 

Sylt,  or  Silt  (silt).  An  island  in  the  North  Sea, 
belonging  to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein, Prussia,  intersected  by  lat.  55°  N.  it  con- 
tains the  watering-place  Westerland.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  Friesians.  Length,  22£  miles.  Population,  about 
3,500. 

Sylva  (sel-va/).  A river  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  eastern  Russia,  which  joins  the  Tcliuso- 
vaya  near  Perm.  Length,  250-300  miles. 
Sylva,  Carmen.  See  Carmen  Sylva. 

Sylva,  or  a Discourse  of  Porest  Trees,  etc. 
A report  on  the  condition  of  timber  in  the  Eng- 
lish dominions,  bv  John  Evelyn,  published  in 
1664. 

Sylvander  (sil-van'der).  The  name  under 
which  Burns  corresponded  with  Mrs.  Maclehose 
(“  Clarinda”).  The  letters  were  published  in 
1802,  afterward  suppressed,  and  republished 
in  1845. 

Sylvester  (Popes).  See  Silvester. 

Sylvester  (sil-ves'ter),  James  Joseph.  Born 
at  London,  Sept.  3, 1814 : died  there,  March  15, 
1897.  A distinguished  English  mathematician, 
professor  successively  at  University  College, 
London,  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  at  Wool- 
wich, at  the  Johns  Hopkius  University,  and  at 
Oxford  (Savilian  professor  1883). 

Sylvester  Daggerwood  (sil-ves'ter  dag'er- 
wud).  A “whimsical  interlude”  by  George  Col- 
man  the  younger;  produced  in  1795.  There  are 
but  two  characters  — Sylvester  Dajrgerwood,  a strolling 
player,  and  Fustian,  a Grub-street  playwright. 

Sylvia.  See  Silvia. 

Sylvius,  iEneas.  See  Pius  II. 

Sylvius  (sil'vi-us),  Franz  (originally  De  le 
Boe).  Born  at  Hanau,  Prussia,  1614 : died  at 
Leyden,  1672.  A German  physician,  professor 
of  medicine  at  Leyden. 

Sylvius  (sil'vi-us)  (Jacques  Dubois).  Born  at 
Amiens,  France,  1478 : died  at  Paris,  1555.  A 
French  anatomist,  lecturer  ou  an  atomy  at  Pari  s . 
He  made  various  anatomical  discoveries,  and  invented  in- 
jection. From  him  the  Sylvian  aqueduct,  the  Sylvian 
artery,  and  the  Sylvian  fissure  (of  the  brain)  were  named. 

Syme.  See  Symi. 

Syme  (sim),  James.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  7, 
1799 : died  June  26, 1870.  A noted  Scottish  sur- 
geon. Among  his  works  are  “Excision  of  Dis- 
eased Joints”  (1831),  “ Principles  of  Surgery” 
(1832),  etc. 

Symeon,  Henry.  See  the  extract. 

The  inceptor  [at  Oxford)  was  required  to  swear  that  he 
would  never  consent  “to  the  reconciliation  of  Henry  Sy- 
meon,” or  reassume  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  that  Facul- 
ty. The  exact  nature  of  Henry  Symeon’s  offence  is  not 
stated,  but  for  century  after  century  the  implacable  uni- 
versity held  him  up  to  the  obloquy  of  every  Bachelor  who 
was  about,  to  become  a Master  of  Arts.  This  singular  oath 
has  been  taken  by  some  men  who  are  still  living,  for  it  was 
not  abolished  until  the  year  of  grace  1827.*  [‘Ward’s 
“ Oxford  University  Statutes,”  vol.  ii,  p.  139.  Bryan  Twyne 
states  that  Symeon  was  a Regent  in  Arts  at  Oxford  who 
feigned  himself  a Bachelor  in  order  to  obtain  admission  to 
a foreign  monastery  in  which  regency  in  secular  arts  was 
not  allowed.  (“  Antiquitatis  Oxon.  Apologia,”  p.  376.)  He 
does  not,  however,  cite  any  authority  for  this  plausible 
explanation.)  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  214. 

Symeon  of  Durham.  See  Simeon  of  Durham. 
Symi  (se'me).  A small  island  off  the  southwest 
coast  of  Asia  Minor,  15  miles  north  of  Rhodes : 
the  ancient  Syme.  It  belongs  to  Turkey. 
Symi,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  coast 
of  Asia  Minor,  near  the  island  of  Symi. 
Symmachus  (sim'a-kus).  Lived  at  the  end  of 
the  2d  century  A.  D.  The  author  of  a Greek  ver- 
sion of  the  Old  Testament,  included  in  Origen’s 
“ Hexapla.” 

Symmachus.  Pope  498-514.  The  “Palmary 
Synod”  was  held  in  his  reign  (501). 
Symmachus,  Quintus  Aurelius.  Lived  about 
400  A.  D.  A Roman  pagan  orator,  writer,  and 
politician.  He  was  prefect  of  Rome,  and  consul  391. 
He  wrote  epistles  and  orations,  fragments  of  which  are 
extant. 

Symonds  (sim'ondz),  John  Addington.  Born 
at  Bristol,  Oct.  5,  1840 : died  at  Romo, 
April  19,  1893.  An  English  man  of  letters.  He 
graduated  at  Oxford  (BallioT  College),  winning  the  New- 
digate  prize  in  1800.  He  published  “ An  Introduction  to 


Symonds 

the  Study  of  Dante  " (1872),  “Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets  " 
(1873-76),  and  ‘‘Sketches  in  Italy  and  Greece  ” (1874).  His 
best-known  work,  “The  Renaissance  in  Italy,”  consists  of 
five  parts:  “The  Age  of  the  Despots ” (1875),  “The  Re- 
vival of  Learning”  (1877),  “ The  Fine  Arts"  (1877),  “Ital- 
ian Literature  "(1881),  and  “The Catholic  Reaction  "(1886). 
He  also  wrote  a “Life  of  Shelley”  (1878),  “ Sketches  and 
Study  in  Italy  ” (1879),  “Italian  Byways  " (1883),  “Shak- 
spere’s  Predecessors  in  theEnglish  Drama ”(1884),“  Wine, 
Woman,  and  Song,  etc.”(1884:  an  essay  on  the  Latin  songs 
of  the  12th-century  students),  “Life  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney” 
(1886),  “Life  of  Ben  Jonson ” (18S6),  “Life  of  Michelan- 
gelo " (1892),  and  several  volumes  of  verse.  He  translated 
the  sonnets  of  Michelangelo  and  Catnpanella  (1878),  and 
the  autobiography  of  Benvenuto  Cellini  (1887). 

Symplegades  (sim-pleg'a-dez).  In  the  legend 
of  the  Argonauts,  two  movable  rocky  islets  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Bosporus  into  theBlack  Sea. 

Symposium  (sim-po'si-um),  The.  [Also  some- 
times Symposion ; from  L.  symposium,  from  Gr. 
ovftTromov,  a drinking-party,  drinking  after  a 
dinner,  from  avpnivuv,  drink  with  or  together, 
from  aim,  together,  and  mveiv,  drink.]  1 . A cele- 
brated work  by  Plato,  an  account  given  by  Aris- 
todemus  of  a banquet  at  the  house  of  the  tragic 
poet  Agathon  after  on  e of  his  victories,  at  which, 
together  with  other  less  famous  persons,  Soc- 
rates, the  physician  Eryximaehus,  Aristopha- 
nes, and  by  and  by  Aleibiades,  discuss  the  na- 
ture and  praise  of  Eros  (love). — 2.  A work  by 
Xenophon,  describing  the  character  of  Socrates. 

Syn.  See  Sin. 

Syndesmos  (sin-dez  ' mos).  [Gr.  cvvdsapog,  a 
knot.]  The  fourth-magnitude  double  star  o.  Pi  s- 
cium,  situated  at  the  bend  or  knot  in  the  rib- 
bon by  which  the  two  fishes  are  represented  as 
joined. 

Syndics  of  the  Arquebusiers.  A painting  by 
Van  der  Heist  (1657),  in  the  Rijks  Museum,  Am- 
sterdam, Holland.  The  four  syndics,  richly  dressed, 
are  seated  about  a table  examining  the  plate  of  the  gild. 
Behind  is  a maid  bringing  in  a large  drinking-horn,  and  to 
the  right  in  the  distance  are  seen  soldiers  with  longbows. 

Syndics  of  the  Gild  of  the  Clothmakers,  or 
De  Staalmeesters.  A masterpiece  by  Rem- 
brandt (1661),  in  the  Rijks  Museum  at  Amster- 
dam, Holland.  The  five  syndics,  robed  in  black,  are 
assembled  about  a table,  attended  by  a servant.  It  is  a 
striking  example  of  the  powerful  effects  attained  by  the 
master  with  the  simplest  means. 

Synesius  (si-ne'shi-us).  Born  at  Cyrene,  378: 
died  about  430  A.  d.  A Neoplatonist  philoso- 
pher and  writer.  He  was  at  Constantinople  397-400, 
and  was  bishop  of  Ptolemais,  in  the  Pentapolis  of  Libya, 
about  410-414.  His  works  include  letters,  hymns,  “En- 
comium Calvitii,”  “De  Providentia,”  the  oration  “De 
Regno,"  etc. 

Synesius,  who  was  born  at  Cyrene  in  A.  D.  378,  must  be 
classed  rather  with  the  school  of  Justin,  Clement,  and 
Origen  than  with  the  Christian  sophists  whom  we  have 
been  considering  in  the  last  few  sections.  Perhaps  he 
was  the  only  eminent  Christian  in  the  fourth  or  fifth  cen- 
tury who  ventured  to  maintain  the  parallel  importance  of 
heathen  and  Christian  literature.  He  was  bom  a pagan, 
and  was  not  converted  to  Christianity  till  he  was  about, 
thirty  years  old.  He  had  been  a hearer  and  sincere  ad- 
mirer of  Hypatia,  and  even  after  he  became  a Christian 
and  bishop  of  Ptolemais,  towards  the  end  of  A.  D.  409,  he 
was  far  from  embracing  all  the  tenets  of  orthodoxy.  He 
did  not  hesitate  to  confess  in  the  most  candid  manner 
that  his  doctrines  were  rather  those  of  Origen  than  those 
of  Theophuus:  and  though  he  declared  that  his  thoughts 
should  never  rise  in  open  revolt  against  his  tongue,  he 
conceived  himself  at  liberty  to  maintain  an  esoteric  faith 
in  accordance  with  his  philosophical  convictions,  as  well 
as  the  popular  views  of  Christianity  which  he  preached  to 
his  less  instructed  hearers.  He  lived  to  about  A.  D.  430. 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  344. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Synnada  (sin'a-da).  [Gr.  SrWada.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a town  of  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor, 
identified  with  the  modern  Eski-Karahissar.  It 
is  noted  for  its  marble-quarries. 

Synod  (sin'od),  Holy  Governing,  of  all  the 
Russias.  A synod  which  is  the  highest  ecclesi- 
astical authority  in  the  Russian  Church,  it  con- 
sists of  several  metropolitans  and  other  prelates  and  offi- 
cials— the  chief  procurator  of  the  synod  representing  the 
czar.  It  was  instituted  by  Peter  the  Great,  in  1721,  to  sup- 
ply the  place  of  the  Patriarch  of  Moscow.  The  last  patri- 


972 

arch  had  died  about  1700,  and  Peter  would  not  allow  the 
appointment  of  a successor,  thinking  the  power  of  the  pa- 
triarchal office  too  great.  The  orthodox  national  church 
of  the  kingdom  of  Greece  is  also  governed  by  a synod  of 
archbishops  and  bishops,  independent  of  any  patriarch. 

Synod,  The  Robber.  See  Ephesus,  Council  of,  2. 

Synod  of  Dort.  See  Dort,  Synod  of. 

Syntax,  Doctor.  See  Combe,  William. 

Syphax  (si'faks).  [Gr.  Xv<pa£.~\  Died  about 
201  b.  c.  A king  of  the  Masssesylians  in  west- 
ern Numidia.  He  vacillated  between  the  Roman  and 
Carthaginian  alliances ; was  often  at  war  with  Masinissa; 
and  was  finally  allied  with  Carthage,  and  married  Soplio- 
nisba,  daughter  of  Hasdrubal.  He  overran  all  of  Numidia, 
but  was  defeated  by  Scipio  in  203  and  taken  prisoner  to 
Rome. 

Syra  (se'ra).  An  island  of  the  Cyclades,  in  the 
Aegean  Sea,  belonging  to  Greece,  intersected 
by  lat.  37°  25'  N.,  long.  24°  54'  E. : the  ancient 
Syros.  Its  surface  is  rocky.  It  was  of  minor  impor- 
tance until  its  settlement  by  Greek  refugees  at  the  time  of 
the  war  of  independence  in  the  19th  century.  The  chief 
town  is  Hermupolis.  Length,  11  miles.  Population, 
27,325. 

Syra  (city).  See  Hermupolis. 

Syracuse  (sir'a-kus).  [Br.  Xvpaicovacu.']  A prov- 
ince in  the  southeastern  part  of  Sicily.  Area, 
1,442  square  miles.  Population,  455,078. 

Syracuse.  [Gr.  XvpaKovaat,  L.  Syracusse,  It.  Sira- 
cusa.'] A city,  capital  of  the  province  of  Syra- 
cuse, situated  on  the  island  of  Ortygia  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Sicily,  in  lat.  37°  3'  N.,  long.  15° 
18'  E.  It  contains  a cathedral  (see  below)  and  museum, 
and  some  relics  of  the  ancient  city  are  near  it.  There  is  a 
Roman  amphitheater,  presumably  of  the  time  of  Augustus, 
formed  of  masonry  on  the  south  side,  and  in  other  parts 
hewn  from  the  rock.  Portions  of  the  ancient  barrier  in 
marble  remain  standing  about  the  arena.  The  temple  of 
Athene  (Pallas),  of  the  6th  century  B.  c.,  was  famous  for 
its  wealth,  and  was  plundered  by  Verres.  In  the  7th  cen- 
tury it  was  converted  into  a church,  and  is  now  the  cathe- 
dral. The  temple  was  Doric,  hexastyle,  peripteral,  with 
14  or  15  columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a stylobate  of  3 steps, 
measuring  74^  by  188  feet.  The  columns  of  the  flanks  are 
embedded  in  the  walls  of  the  cathedral ; those  of  the  front 
were  overthrown  by  an  earthquake  in  1693.  The  two  col- 
umns in  antis  of  the  pronaos  survive.  Proportions  and 
details  are  of  archaic  character.  The  temple  of  Diana,  so 
called,  probably  in  fact  the  temple  of  Apollo,  is  a Greek 
Doric  structure  of  the  6th  ccntuiy  B.c.,with  notably  archaic 
features.  It  was  a peripteros  of  6 by  19monolithic  columns, 
on  a stylobate  of  4 steps.  Sixteen  columns  and  a part  of 
the  cella  wall  are  standing.  Syracuse  was  founded  by 
Corinthian  colonists  about  735  B.  C.  on  the  island,  and 
spread  over  the  adjoining  part  of  the  mainland,  form- 
ing Achradina,  Epipoloe,  Neapolis,  etc.  Gelon,  ruler  of 
Gela,  became  tyrant  of  Syracuse  in  485  B.  c.;  and  it  became 
the  chief  power  in  Sicily.  The  tyrant  Thrasybulus  was 
expelled  about  466,  and  Syracuse  became  ademocratic  com- 
monwealth. It  was  besieged  by  the  Athenians  under  Nicias 
and  Demosthenes  in  414-413,  the  Athenians  being  finally 
defeated  with  the  aid  of  Spartan  allies  in  413.  It  was  under 
the  rule  of  Dionysius  the  elder  about  405-367 ; was  fre- 
quently at  war  with  Carthage ; was  ruled  by  Dionysius  the 
younger  and  Dion,  and  about  343-337  by  Timoleon ; had 
Agathocles  as  tyrant  317-289 ; and  was  defended  by  Pyrrhus 
against  Carthage  about  278.  Hiero  II.,  its  king,  was  allied 
with  Rome  in  the  first  and  second  Punic  wars.  It  was 
allied  with  Carthage  later ; was  besieged  by  the  Romans 
under  Marcellus  212,  captured,  and  annexed  by  Rome ; and 
was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in  the  9th  century.  Popula- 
tion, 23,247. 

Syracuse.  The  capital  of  Onondaga  County, 
New  York,  situated  near  Onondaga  Lake  in 
lat.  43°  3'  N.,  long.  76°  13'  W.  It  stands  on  the 
Erie  and  Oswego  canals ; was  noted  for  extensive  salt- 
works (among  the  largest  in  the  country) ; has  varied 
manufactures  and  large  trade ; is  an  important  railroad 
center;  and  is  the  seat  of  Syracuse  University  (non-sec- 
tarian). It  was  settled  about  the  end  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury ; had  its  present  name  given  it  in  1824 ; and  became 
a city  in  1847.  Population,  137,249,  (1910). 

Syr-Daria,  or  Syr-Darya.  See  Sir-Daria. 

Syria  (sir'i-a).  [F.  Syrie,  G.  Syrien,  L.  Syria,  Gr. 
Xvpia,  from  tvpoi,  L.  Syri,  the  Syrians.]  Acountry 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  extending  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean eastward  to  the  Euphra  tes  and  the  desert 
of  Arabia,  and  from  Egypt  northward  to  about 
lat.  36°  N.  Chief  city,  Damascus.  It  includes 

Palestine  (in  the  southwest),  Phenicia,  etc. ; but  by 
some  Palestine  is  regarded  as  distinct.  It  is  traversed 
by  mountains  north  and  south  (Lebanon,  Anti-Libanus, 
etc.).  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Orontes,  Litany,  and 
Jordan.  The  inhabitants  are  Bedouins,  town  Arabs,  Druses, 


Szigethvar 

Maronites,  Jacobites,  Jews,  etc.  The  ancient  inhabitants 
were  Hittites,  Arameans,  Canaanites,  Hebrews,  and  Pheni- 
eians.  Syria  became  subj ect  to  Assyria  about  733  B.  C.,  and 
was  later  under  Babylon,  Persia,  and  Macedon.  Part  of  Syria 
was  conquered  by  Seleucus  Nicator  about  300  B.  c.,  and 
Syria  gave  its  name  to  the  whole  realm  of  the  Seleucidse, 
which  had  Antioch  as  its  capital,  and  embraced  a great 
part  of  the  Macedonian  conquests  in  Asia.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Pompey  about  64  B.  C.,  and  annexed  to  the  Ro- 
man Empire  ; was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  634-636  A.  D. ; 
and  belonged  to  the  califate,  Seljuk  Turks,  etc.  A Chris- 
tian kingdom  was  established  in  part  of  it  during  the 
Crusades.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  1516  ; and 
was  held  temporarily  by  Mehemet  Ali  of  Egypt  1832-41. 
Massacres  of  Christians  in  1860  led  to  temporary  French 
occupation.  Population  of  vilayet  estimated  at  about 
3,675,000. 

Syrian  Gates,  The.  A pass  between  the  moun- 
tains (ancient  Amanus)  and  the  northeastern 
angle  of  the  Mediterranean,  leading  from  Cilicia 
to  Syria  : the  modern  Pass  of  Beilan. 

Syrinx  (sl'ringks).  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
nymph  who  was  changed  by  Pan  into  a reed. 

Syrmia  (ser'mi-a),  G.  Syrmien  (zir'me-en). 
A former  duchy,  situated  in  Slavonia,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  peninsula  comprised  be- 
tween the  Drave,  Danube,  and  Save. 

Syro-Phenicia  (sp'ro-fe-nish'a).  A Roman 
province  which  included  Phenicia  and  the  ter- 
ritories of  Damascus  and  Palmyra. 

Syrophenicians  (sFro-fe-nisli'anz).  In  ancient 
history,  either  the  Phenicians  dwellingin  Syria, 
or  persons  of  mixed  Syrian  and  Phenician  de- 
scent, or  the  inhabitants  of  Syro-Phenicia. 

Syros  (si'ros).  The  ancient  name  of  Syra. 

Syrtis  Major  (ser'tis  ma'jor).  [L.,  ‘ Greater 
Syrtis.’]  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of 
Sidra. 

Syrtis  Minor  (ser'tis  mi'nor).  [L.,  ‘ Lesser 
Syrtis.’]  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of 
Cabes. 

Syzran  (siz-rany').  A town  in  the  government 
of  Simbirsk,  eastern  Russia,  situated  near  the 
Volga  80  miles  south  of  Simbirsk.  It  has 
manufactures  of  leather,  etc.  Population, 
about  34,900. 

Szabad  (Hung,  so'bod),  Emeric.  Born  in 
Hungary  about  1822.  A Hungarian- American 
author  and  soldier.  He  was  secretary  to  the  Hun- 
garian revolutionary  government  in  1849,  and  served  in 
the  American  Civil  War.  He  wrote  “Hungary,”  “State 
Policy  of  Modern  Europe,”  “Modern  War,”  etc. 

Szabadka.  See  Theresienstadt. 

Szecbuen  (sih'chwen').  A province  of  western 
China,  bounded  by  Kansu  and  Shensi  on  the 
north,  Hupeh  and  Hunan  on  the  east,  Kwei- 
chow and  Yunnan  on  the  south,  and  Tibet  on 
the  west  and  northwest.  Capital,  Chingtu. 
Area,  about  218,480  square  miles.  Population, 
68,724,890. 

Szegedin  (seg'ed-en).  A royal  free  city,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  Csongrad,  Hungary,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Maros  with  the 
Theiss,  in  lat.  46°  16'  N.,  long.  20°  10'  E.  it  is 
the  second  city  of  Hungary.  It  has  important  trade  aud 
various  manufactures.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  was 
held  by  the  Turks  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries.  It  was 
a seat  of  the  Hungarian  revolutionary  government  in 
July,  1849.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  inundation  of 
the  Theiss  in  March,  1879.  Population,  118,000,  (1910). 

SzegSZcird  (sek'sard).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Sar- 
viz,  near  the  Danube,  in  lat.  46°  23'  N.  It  has 
a trade  in  wine.  Population,  commune,  13,895. 

Sziget  (sig'et),  or  Marmaros-Sziget  (mar'- 
mo-rosh-sig'et).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
Marmaros,  Hungary,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Iza  and  the  Theiss,  in  lat.  47°  56'  N. 
Near  it  is  a salt-mining  region.  Population, 
commune,  17,445. 

SzigetvAr  (sig'et-var),  or  Sziget.  A town  in 
the  county  of  Somogy,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Almas  25  miles  south  of  Kaposvar:  noted 
for  its  defense  under  Zrinyi  against  the  Turks 
in  1566.  Population,  commune,  5,601. 


aaffe  (ta'fe),  Count  Eduard 
von.  Born  at  Prague,  Feb. 
24,  1833:  died  Nov.  29, 1895. 
An  Austrian  statesman,  of 
Irish  descent.  He  was  governor 
of  Salzburg  1863-67,  and  of  Upper 
Austria  in  1867 ; entered  the  Aus- 
trian (Cisleithan)  ministry  as  min- 
ister of  the  interior  in  1867 ; was 
premier  from  Oct.,  1869,  to  Jan., 
1870 ; was  minister  of  the  interior  1870-71 ; became  gov- 
ernor of  Tyrol  in  1871 ; and  was  again  premier  1879-93. 

Taasinge  (t&'sing-e).  An  island  belonging  to 
the  amt  of  Svendborg,  Denmark,  situated  south 
of  Fiinen.  Length,  9 miles.  Population,  3,933. 

Tab  (tab).  A river  in  western  Persia  which  flows 
into  the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf  near  lat.  30°  N. 
Tabago.  See  Tobago. 

Tabard  (tab'ard),  The.  An  ancient  London 
hostelry,  made  famous  by  Chaucer  as  the  house 
at  which  his  pilgrims  assembled  before  starting 
for  Canterbury.  It  was  situated  on  the  High  Street 
of  Southwark,  near  the  Kent  Road.  Stow  says  in  1598  that 
it  was  then  “amongst  the  most  ancient"  of  the  “fair  inns 
for  receipt  of  travellers.”  It  received  its  name  from  its 
sign,  which  was  a tabard,  or  sleeveless  coat.  It  was  ori- 
ginally the  property  of  the  Abbey  of  Hyde.  In  1765  the 
sign  of  the  talbot  (see  the  extract)  was  removed  as  a street 
obstruction,  and  in  1866  the  inn  was  condemned, and  shortly 
afterward  demolished  and  a freight  depot  of  the  Midland 
Railway  built  on  the  spot. 


Table  Mountain.  A mountain  in  Pickens  Coun- 
ty, in  the  northwestern  part  of  South  Carolina. 
Height,  3,124  feet. 

Table  of  Abydos.  See  the  extract. 

To  the  above-named  monuments  must  be  added  the 
Table  of  Abydos.  As  may  be  gathered  from  its  name,  it 
came  from  that  site,  being  brought  away  by  M.  Mimaut, 
Consul-General  of  France ; it  is  now  in  the  British  Muse- 
um. Of  all  the  innumerable  Egyptian  monuments  there 
is  not  one  that  is  so  famous,  nor  that  less  deserves  its 
fame.  This  time  it  is  Ramses  II.  who  adores  his  ances- 
tors, and  out  of  the  fifty  cartouches — besides  that  of 
Ramses  repeated  twenty-eight  times— there  are  now  but 
thirty  left,  and  these  are  in  a state  more  or  less  incom- 
plete. Like  the  Hall  of  Ancestors,  the  Table  of  Abydos 
gives  a list  resulting  from  the  artist’s  choice,  the  reason 
of  which  is  also  unknown.  Anotherfact  that  depreciates 
its  value  is  that  we  do  not  possess  its  commencement. 
After  the  Twelfth  Dynasty,  however,  the  list  passes  at 
once  without  a break  to  the  Eighteenth. 

Maiielte,  Outlines,  p.  104. 


[There  are  two  temples  at  Abydos  dedicated  to  the  local 
divinity:  the  one  built  by  Seti,  the  other  by  Ramses.  The 
same  series  of  kings,  twice  repeated,  without  any  varia- 
tion, adorns  these  buildings.  One  is  the  Table  described 
above,  the  other  was  discovered  comparatively  lately. 
Although  in  an  admirable  state  of  preservation,  this  Tab- 
let adds  but  little  to  our  knowledge.  It  mentions  some 
new  kings,  and  shows  the  correct  sequence  of  others,  but 
is  far  from  giving  us  a connected  series  of  all  the  kings 
of  Egypt  from  Menes  to  Seti  I.— Note,  p.  105.] 


bns  (te-bres'),  or  Tauris  (ta'ris).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Azerbaijan,  Persia,  situ- 
ated on  a tributary  of  Lake  Urumiah,  about 
lat.  38°  4'  N.,  long.  46°  18'  E.:  the  second  city 
of  Persia,  and  its  chief  commercial  center,  it 
lies  on  the  main  route  between  Teheran  and  Turkey  and 
Russia.  Among  the  buildings  are  the  citadel  and  •'  Blue 
Mosque.”  It  is  noted  for  its  orchards  and  gardens.  It 
has  often  been  devastated  by  sieges  and  earthquakes. 
Population,  about  200,000. 

Tacanas  (ta-ka'nas).  Indians  of  northern 
Bolivia,  between  the  rivers  Beni  and  Madre  de 
Dios.  They  are  divided  into  many  small  tribes, 
some  of  which  have  been  gathered  into  the 
Beni  missions.  The  wild. tribes  are,  to  some  extent, 
agriculturists,  and  the  women  weave  cotton  cloths ; but 
they  are  said  to  be  very  savage,  and  are  accused  of  canni- 
balism. Their  language  appears  to  constitute  a distinct 
stock. 

Tacchinardi  (tak-ke-niir'de),  Niccolo.  Born  at 
Leghorn,  Sept.  3,1772  : died  at  Florence.  March 


Up  to  a few  years  before  its  destruction  it  was  marked 
by  an  inscription  [not  ancient]  which  said  “This  is  the 
Inne  where  Sir  Jeffrey  Chaucer  and  twenty  pilgrims  lay  in 
their  journey  to  Canterbury  anno  1383.”  . . . The  front 
towards  the  street  was  comparatively  modern,  having  per- 
ished in  the  fire  of  1676,  after  which,  says  Aubrey,  “the  ig- 
norant landlord  or  tenant  instead  of  the  ancient  sign  of 
the  Tabard  put  up  the  Talbot  or  Dog." 

Hare,  London,  I.  462. 

labaristan  (ta-ba-ris-tan').  The  mountain- 
ous region  in  the  southeast  of  the  province  of 
Mazanderan,  Persia. 

Tabaristan,  Sea  of.  A medieval  name  of  the 
Caspian  Sea. 

Tabariyeb  (ta-ba-re'ye),  or  Tabariya  (ta-ba- 
re'ya).  The  modern  name  of  Tiberias. 
Tabasco  (ta-Biis'ko).  A maritime  state  of  Mex- 
ico. Capital,  San  Juan  Bautista.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Mexican  states  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Chiapas  and  Campeche,  and  Guatemala.  The  surface  is 
low  except  in  the  southern  part,  and  the  soil  is  fertile. 
Area,  10,072  square  miles.  Population,  183,708,  (1910). 
Tabatinga  (ta-ba-teng'ga).  A military  post  and 
town  in  the  state  of  Amazonas,  Brazil,  situated 
on  the  Amazon  close  to  the  Peruvian  frontier. 
Tabernacle.  See  Salt  Lake  City. 

Tabira  (ta-be-ra').  [Origin  of  name  doubtful, 
possibly  Piro.]  The  proper  name  of  the  ruined 
pueblo  on  the  mesa  of  Jumanos  in  New  Mex- 
ico, now  called  la  gran  Quivira.”  TabirA  was  a 
Franciscan  mission  in  the  17th  century',  but  was  abandoned 
about  1670,  on  account  of  the  Apaches,  at  the  same  time 
as  the  village,  the  inhabitants  of  which  retreated  to  the 
south  and  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

Tabitha  (tab'i-tha).  [LL.  Tabitha,  Gr.  TapiOa ; 
an  Aramaic  name  meaning  ‘a  female  gazel': 
its  Gr.  translation  is  Aopxdf.]  A Christian  wo- 
man at  Joppa,  mentioned  in  Acts  ix.  as  making 
garments  for  the  poor : also  called  Dorcas.  She 
was  miraculously  restored  to  life  by  the  apostle 
Peter. 

Tablas  (ta'blas).  One  of  thePhilippine  Islands, 
southeast  of  Mindoro.  Length,  about  30  miles. 
Table  (ta  bl)  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  ocean,  on  the 
southwestern  coast  of  the  province  of  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  South  Africa.  On  it  is  Cape  Town. 
Table  Diamond,  The  Great.  A famous  royal 
Indian  diamond,  ranked  by  Tavernier,  who  saw 
it  in  Golconda  in  1642,  as  the  third  in  size  and 
quality  seen  by  him.  it  weighed  about  242  A,  carats. 
It  was  then  in  the  hands  of  a dealer,  the  king  having  been 
obliged  to  raise  money  on  it.  It  has  disappeared,  and  it 
has  been  suggested  that  the  Russian  Table  diamond  may 
be  a part  of  it.  The  latter  diamond  weighs  68  carats. 

Table  Mountain,  or  Tafelberg  (tii'M-bera). 
A mountain  immediately  south  of  Cape  Town. 
South  Africa,  remarkable  for  its  flattened  sum- 
mit. Height,  about  3,500  feet. 


Table  Rock.  A rocky  mass  formerly  at  Niagara 
Falls,  the  presence  of  which  is  said  to  have  at 
one  time  caused  a separate  fall.  Until  a part 
of  it  fell  in  June,  1850,  it  largely  overhung  the 
water.  Some  of  it  still  remains. 

Table  Round.  See  Round  Table. 

Tables,  The.  In  Scottish  history,  an  organi- 
zation, consisting  of  members  of  the  privy 
council  and  others,  whieh  took  the  lead  in  op- 
position to  the  introduction  of  episcopacy  into 
Scotland  about  1638-39.  They  were  so  called 
from  sitting  separately  or  conjointly  at  the  ta- 
bles in  the  Parliament  House. 

Table-talk.  A name  given  to  various  collec- 
tions of  essays.  The  most  notable  works  so  entitled 
are  those  of  Luther,  of  John  Selden  (published  in  1689, 
after  his  death,  by  his  amanuensis),  of  Hazlitt(lS21-57),  and 
of  Coleridge  (published  by  his  son  in  1835,  and  republished 
m 1884).  Dyce  published  in  1856  “ Recollections  of  the 
Table  Talk  of  Samuel  Rogers”;  and  Cowper  added  a poet- 
ical dialogue  entitled  “ Table  Talk  ” to  a volume  of  poems 
published  in  1782. 

Tablet  of  Sakkarah.  See  the  extract. 

The  most  interesting,  as  also  the  most  perfect,  monu- 
ment of  this  kind  is  the  one  that  was  found  during  the 
French  excavations  at  Sakkarah,  and  which  is  now  in  the 
Gizeh  palace.  [Removed  to  Cairo,  1902.]  It  was  discovered 
in  the  tomb  of  an  Egyptian  priest  named  Tunari,  who  lived 
in  the  days  of  Ramses  If.  According  to  the  Egyptian  belief, 
one  of  the  good  things  reserved  for  the  dead  who  were 
deemed  worthy  of  eternal  life  was  to  be  admitted  to  the 
society  of  their  kings,  and  Tunari  is  represented  as  hav- 
ing been  received  into  the  august  assembly  of  fifty-eight. 
Here  again  in  the  Tablet  of  Sakkarah,  as  before  in  that  of 
Abydos,  is  raised  the  same  question ; Why  these  fifty- 
eight  kings  more  than  any  others? 

Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  106. 

Tabnit  (tiib'nit).  King  of  Sidon  (Pkenicia)  in 
the  first  part  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.,  father  of 
Eshmunazar. 

Tabor  (ta'bor).  [See  Taborites .]  A town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Luschnitz  48  miles 
South  of  Prague.  It  was  founded  as  a stronghold  by 
the  Hussites  under  Ziska  in  1419.  It  gave  name  to  the 
Taborites.  Population,  11,926,  (1910). 

Tabor  (ta'bor),  Mount.  A wooded  mountain  in 
Palestine,  6 miles  east  of  Nazareth,  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  plain  of  Esdraelon : famous  in  Old 
Testament  history.  According  to  a tradition  it  was 
the  scene  of  the  Transfiguration ; and  in  the  monastic  ages 
it  was  peopled  with  hermits.  Height,  about  1,800  feet. 
Taborites  (ta'bor-its).  [So  called  from  their 
great  fortified  encampment  formed,  in  1419,  on 
a hill  in  Bohemia  named  by  them  Mount  Ta- 
bor, probably  with  reference  both  to  Bohemian 
tabor,  encampment,  and  to  Mount  Tabor  in 
Palestine.]  The  members  of  the  more  extreme 
party  of  the  Hussites.  They  were  fierce  and  success- 
ful warriors  under  their  successive  leaders  Ziska  and  Pro- 
copius, causing  wide-spread  devastation,  till  their  final  de- 
feat in  1434.  See  Hussites. 

Tabriz  (tii-brez'),  or  Tavris  (ta-vres'),  or  Te- 

973 


Leghorn,  Sept,  3, 1772 : died  at  Florence,  March 
14,  1859.  A noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  He  ap- 
peared first  in  opera  in  1804,  made  a brilliant  success  in 
Rome  and  other  cities,  and  visited  Paris  in  1811.  In 
1814  he  returned  to  Italy,  and  was  appointed  chief  singer 
to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany.  He  retired  from  the  stag  e 
in  1831,  and  became  celebrated  as  a teacher. 

Tache  (ta-sha'),  Alexandre  Antonine.  Born 
at  Rivi&re-du-Loup,  Canada,  July  23,  1823: 
died  at  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  June  22,  1894.  A 
Canadian  archbishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  brother  of  E.  P.  Tach6 : distinguished 
for  his  early  missionary  labors  among  the  In- 
dians.  He  became  bishop  of  St,  Boniface  in  1863,  and 
archbishop  in  1871,  when  St.  Boniface  was  made  a metro- 
politan  see.  He  mediated  between  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment and  the  Metis  in  1870.  His  best-known  work  is  “Es- 
quisse  sur  le  nord-ouest  de  l’Amdrique  ” (1869 : translated 
into  English). 

Tache,  Sir  Etienne  Paschal.  Born  at  St.  Tho- 
mas, Lower  Canada,  Sept.  5,  1795:  died  there, 
July  29, 1865.  A Canadian  politician.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1841,  and  was  commissioner  of  public  works 
1848-49,  and  speaker  of  the  legislative  council  1856-57. 

Tacitus  (tas'i-tus),  Cornelius.  Bom  about  55 
A.  D. : died  probably  after  117.  A celebrated 
Roman  historian  and  n oted  legal  orator.  He  was 
pretor  in  88  and  consul  in  97.  He  was  a friend  of  the 
younger  Pliny.  His  extant  works  include  “Dialogus  de 
oratoribus,”  an  “attempt  to  demonstrate  and  explain  the 
decay  of  oratory  in  the  imperial  period,  in  the  form  of  a 
dialogue  between  literary  celebrities  of  the  time  of  Ves- 
pasian”; a biography  of  his  father-in-law  Julius  Agricola 
(“De  vita  et  moribus  Julii  Agricolse  ”) ; the  “Germania,” 
a celebrated  ethnographical  work  on  the  Germans ; the 
“Historis,”  a narrative  of  events  in  the  reigns  of  Galba 
Otho,  Vitellius,  Vespasian,  Titus,  and  Domitian,  of  which 
only  the  first  four  books  and  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  hook 
survive;  and  the  “Annales,”  a history  of  the  Julian  dy- 
nasty from  the  death  of  Augustus.  Of  the  last  work  only 
the  first  four  books  and  parts  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  have 
come  down  to  us. 

Tackers  (tak'erz).  In  English  history,  a sec- 
tion of  extreme  Tories  who  in  1704  attempted 
to  carry  their  point  by  “tacking”  a “rider”  to 
a revenue  bill.  They  were  defeated. 

Tackleton  (tak'l-ton),  Mr.  A character  in 
Dickens’s  “ Cricket  on  the  Hearth.”  He  is  a toy- 
merchant  who  has  mistaken  his  vocation  in  life,  and, 
“cramped  and  chafing  in  the  peaceable  pursuit  of  toy- 
making, ” becomes  at  las  t the  implacable  enemy  of  children 
Tacna  (tak'na).  1.  A province,  provisionally 
under  Chilean  government,  but  formerly  be- 
longing to  Peru.  (See  Arica.)  It  borders  on 
Peru.  Area,  9,248  square  miles.  Population, 
28,748.  — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Tacna,  situated  on  the  river  Tacna  about  lat. 
18°  S.  It  is  the  terminus  of  one  of  the  main  routes  to 
Bolivia.  A victory  was  gained  here.  May  26,  1880,  by  the 
Chileans  (14,000  men,  under  General  Baquedano)  over  the 
allied  Peruvians  and  Bolivians  (9,000,  under  Campero). 
Population,  9,176. 

Tacoma  (ta-ko'ma).  A seaport  in  Pierce 
County,  Washington,  situated  on  Puget  Sound 
about  28  miles  northeast  of  Olympia:  the  ter- 
minus of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  it  has 
a flourishing  trade  in  grain  and  lumber,  and  large  smelt- 
ing works.  It  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Puget 
Sound,  has  large  facilities  for  the  shipment  of  its  manu- 
factures and  products,  and  is  a starting-point  of  steamers 
for  Alaska.  It  is  called  the  “City  of  Destiny.”  Popula- 
tion, 83,743,  (1910). 

Tacoma,  Mount.  See  Rainier. 


Taconic  Mountains 

Taconic  . (ta-kon'ik),  or  Taghkanic,  Moun- 
tains. A low  range  of  mountains  in  eastern 
New  York,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts, 
and  southwestern  Vermont. 

Tadcaster  (tad'kas-ter).  A town  in  the  West 
Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Wharfe  10  miles  southwest  of  York.  Popula- 
tion, 3,043. 

Tadema,  Alma-.  See  Alma-Tadema. 

Tadmir  (tad-mer').  In  the  early  period  of  Mo- 
hammedan domination  in  Spain,  a state  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  peninsula,  dependent 
on  the  ealifate  of  Cordova.  It  comprised  Mur- 
cia with  portions  of  Valencia  and  Grenada. 
Tadmor.  See  Palmyra. 

Tadousac.  See  Hontagnais. 

Tadousac  (ta-do-zak').  [From  the  Indian 
name.]  A watering-place  in  the  county  of  Sa- 
guenay, Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Saguenay  with  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Taenarum  (ten'a-rum).  [Gr.  laivapov.]  The 
ancient  name  of  the  promontory  in  Greece  now 
called  Cape  Matapan.  The  name  was  also 
given  to  the  adjoining  peninsula. 

Taensa  (ta-en'sa).  A tribe  or  confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  living  in 
Louisiana,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
near  St.  Joseph.  D’Iberville  in  1699  enumerated 
seven  villages.  They  were  united  until  1706,  but  were 
then  pressed  by  other  tribes  and  in  turn  attacked  others. 
In  1764  they  were  settled  on  the  Chetimachas  Fork  about 
thirty  leagues  from  New  Orleans,  and  there  were  later 
changes  of  habitat,  until  they  became  extinct  or  absorbed. 
Also  called  Tenisaws,  Tensau,  Tensagini,  Tinnsals.  See 
Natchesan. 

Taeping.  See  Tai-ping. 

Tafalla  (ta-fal'ya).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Navarre,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Zidaco  23  miles 
south  of  Pamplona.  Population,  5,494. 
Tafelbsrg.  See  Table  Mountain. 

Taff  (taf).  A river  in  South  Wales  which  flows 
into  the  estuary  of  the  Severn  at  Cardiff. 
Length,  about  40  miles. 

Taffy  (taf'i).  [A  corruption  of  David.']  A 
nickname  for  a Welshman. 

Tafilet  (ta-fe-let').  A large  oasis  in  Morocco, 
about  lat.  31°  N.,  long.  4°  W.  Its  chief  place 
is  Abuam.  Population,  about  100,000. 

Tafna  (taf'na).  A small  river  in  the  province 
of  Oran,  Algeria,  which  flows  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean 58  miles  southwest  of  Oran.  It  was 
the  scene  of  conflicts  between  the  French  and 
Kabyles  Jan.  26-28,  1836. 

Tafna,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  concluded  between 
the  French  general  Bugeaud  and  Abd-el-Kader 
May  30,  1837. 

Taft  (taft).  A town  in  central  Persia,  165  miles 
east-southeast  of  Ispahan.  It  has  manufactures 
of  felt  and  carpets.  Population,  about  7,000. 
Taft  (taft),  Alphonso.  Born  at  Townshend,Vt., 
Nov.  5,  1810:  died  at  San  Diego,  Cal.,  May  21, 
1891.  An  American  jurist  and  Republican  poli- 
tician. He  was  secretary  of  war  in  1876,  attorney-gen- 
eral 1876-77,  and  United  States  minister  to  Austria  1882- 
1884,  and  to  Russia  1884-85. 

Tagal  (ta-Gal'),  or  Tegal  (te-oal').  1.  A seaport 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Java,  about  100  miles 
west  of  Samarang. — 2.  A residency  of  north- 
ern Java. 

Taganrog  (ta-gan-rog').  A seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Taganrog,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Don,  about  lat.  47°  15'  N.  Next  to  Odessa  it  is  the 
leading  seaport  in  southern  Russia.  It  was  bombarded 
by  the  Allies  J une  3,  1855.  Population,  60,900. 

Taghanuck  Falls.  See  Taughannock  Falls. 
Taghkanic  Mountains.  See  Taconic. 

Taginae  (taj'i-ne).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  near  the  modern  Gualdo  Tadino,  east- 
northeast  of  Perugia,  Italy.  There,  552,  Nar- 
ses  defeated  the  Goths  under  Totila. 

Tagish  (ta'gish).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  lived  about  the  head  waters  of 
Lewis  River,  Alaska,  and  in  British  Columbia. 
See  Koluschan. 

Tagle  y Portocarrero  (tag'la  e por-to-kar-ra'- 
ro),  Jose  Bernardo,  Marquis  of  Torre-Tagle. 
Born  at  Lima,  March  21, 1779:  died  at  Callao, 
1825.  A Peruvian  general  and  politician.  He 
represented  Peru  in  the  Spanish  Cortes  1813-14  ; subse- 
quently was  brigadier-general  and  governor  of  Trujillo  ; 
and  in  1820  deserted  to  the  patriots.  San  Martin  named 
him  grand  marshal  and  president  of  the  council  of  state, 
and  in  J uly-Aug.,  1822,  he  had  charge  of  the  executive,  with 
the  title  of  supreme  delegate.  From  July,  1823,  to  Feb., 
1824,  he  was  again  nominally  the  head  of  the  government, 
but  in  reality  acted  for  Sucre  and  Bolivar.  Charged  with 
treason,  he  took  refuge  with  the  loyalists  in  Callao,  where, 
despised  by  both  parties,  he  died  of  hunger  or  disease 
during  the  subsequent  siege. 

Tagliacozzo  (tiil-ya-kot'so).  [ML.  Tallaco- 


974 

sum.]  A town  in  the  province  of  Aquila,  cen- 
tral Italy,  44  miles  east-northeast  of  Rome. 
Near  it,  Aug.  23,  1268,  a victory  was  gained  by  Charles  of 
Anjou  over  Conradin  of  Swabia  (also  called  the  battle  of 
Scurcola).  Population,  town,  4,455 ; commune,  8,607. 
Tagliamento  (tal-ya-men'to).  A river  in 
northeastern  Italy  which  rises  in  the  Vene- 
tian Alps  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice 
40  miles  east-northeast  of  Venice:  the  ancient 
Tiliaventus  (ML.  Tiliamentum).  On  its  banks  a 
victory  was  gained,  Nov.  12,  1805,  by  the  French  under 
Massena  over  the  Austrians  under  the  archduke  Charles. 
Length,  about  100  miles. 

Taglioni  (tal-yo'ne),  Filippo.  Born  at  Milan, 
1777 : died  nearthe  Lake  of  Como,  Feb.  11.1871. 
An  Italian  ballet-master  and  composer  of  bal- 
lets. His  best-known  ballet  is  “La  sylphide.” 
Taglioni,  Maria.  Born  at  Stockholm,  April 
23  (March  18'/),  1804  (?) : died  at  Marseilles, 
France,  April  23,  1884.  A celebrated  dancer. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Filippo  Taglioni,  an  Italian  bal- 
let-master. She  first  appeared  as  a premiere  danseuse  in 
June,  1822.  Her  most  celebrated  parts  were  in  “ La  baya- 
dere,” “ La  sylphide,”  and  “Lafille  du  Danube.”  Her  style 
was  original,  and  was  known  as  “the  ideal  it  was  light 
and  airy.  She  married  Comte  Guilbert  des  Voisins  in  1832. 
Retired  1847. 

Taglioni,  Marie.  Born  at  Berlin,  Oct.  27, 1833 : 
died  Aug.  27,  1891.  A ballet-dancer,  daughter 
of  Paul  Taglioni.  She  married  Prince  Joseph 
Windischgratz  in  1866. 

Taglioni,  Paul.  Bom  at  Vienna,  1808:  died  Jan. 
7,  1884.  A ballet-dancer,  ballet-master  (at  Ber- 
lin), and  composer  of  ballets,  son  of  Filippo 
Taglioni.  His  most  noted  ballets  are  “ Sar- 
danapal,”  “Undine,”  etc. 

Tagno.  See  Tano. 

Tagulanda  (ta-go-liin'da).  A small  island 
northeast  of  Celebes,  in  lat.  2°  22'  N.,  long. 
125°  24'  E. : under  Dutch  protection. 

Tagus  (ta'gus),  Sp.  Tajo  (ta'Ho),  Pg.  Tejo 
(ta'zho).  The  longest  river  in  the  Spanish 
peninsula : the  Roman  Tagus,  it  rises  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Teruel,  Spain,  in  the  mountain  Muelade  San  Juan  ; 
flows  west  through  New  Castile  and  Estremadura ; forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Spain  and  Portugal ; and 
empties  by  two  arms  into  the  Bay  of  Lisbon.  The  chief 
place  on  its  banks  in  Spain  is  Toledo.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Jarama,  Alberche,  Tietar,  Alagon,  Zezere,  and  Zatas. 
Length,  about  5C0  miles ; navigable  from  Abrantes  in 
Portugal  for  large  vessels  from  Santarem. 

Tahaa  (ta-ha'),  or  Otaha  (o-ta-ha/).  One  of  the 
Society  Islands. 

Tahamis  (ta-a'mes).  An  extinct  Indian  tribe 
of  the  department  of  Antioquia,  Colombia.  At 
the  timeof  the  Spanish  conquest  they werenumerous and 
powerful,  occupying  a region  west  of  the  river  Magda- 
lena. The  Chibehas  were  their  neighbors  on  the  southeast, 
and  the  Nutabes  onthenorth.  The  Tahamis  were  hardly 
less  advanced  in  civilization  than  the  Chibehas,  but  they 
had  no  hereditary  chiefs  or  “kings,”  and  their  wealth  in 
gold  was  less  apparent, owing  to  their  custom  of  burying 
it  with  the  dead.  Many  of  their  tombs  ( hnacas 1,  opened 
in  modern  times,  have  yielded  large  quantities  of  gold  or- 
naments. See  Nutabes. 

Tahano.  See  Tano. 

Tahiti  (ta-he'te,  locally  tl'te),  formerly  Ota- 
heite.  The  principal  island  of  the  Society 
Archipelago  in  the  South  Pacific.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  the  highest  point  being  7,300  feet  above  the 
sea.  Annexed  to  France  1897.  The  chief  town  is  Papeete. 
Length,  35  miles.  Area,  about  600  sq.  m.  Pop.,  11,691. 

Tahiti  Archipelago.  See  Society  Islands. 
Tahlequah  (ta-le-kwa').  The  former  capital 
of  the  Cherokee  Nation,  Indian  Territory.  It 
is  now  a city  of  Cherokee  County,  Oklahoma. 
Population,  2,891,  (1910). 

Tahmurath  (ta-mo-rat').  In  the  Avesta,  as 
Takhmo  urupa,  a son  of  Vivanghao,  and  elder 
brother  of  Yima.  He  tames  Ahriman  and  rides  upon 
him  30  years  until  Ahriman  devours  him,  when  Yima  over- 
comes Ahriman  by  subterfuge  and  delivers  Takhmo  urupa 
from  the  body  of  Ahriman.  In  Firdausi  he  becomes  the 
third  Iranian  king,  who  taught  weaving  and  subdued 
animals,  but  was  especially  the  vanquisher  of  the  devs  or 
demons,  who,  freed  by  him,  taught  the  king  writing.  He 
chained  Ahriman  and  rode  him  as  a courser  round  the  world. 

Tahoe  (ta-ho'),  Lake.  A lake  ill  the  SierraNe- 
vada  Mountains,  situated  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween California  and  Nevada,  and  intersected 
by  lat.  39°  N.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 
Its  outlet  is  the  Truckee  River.  Length,  about  20  miles. 
Elevation,  over  6,225  feet. 

Tai,  or  Thai,  or  T’hai  (ti).  [Siamese,  lit.1  free- 
men.’] The  principal  race  of  people  in  the 
Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  including  the  Siamese, 
the  Shan  tribes,  the  Laos,  etc. 

Tai-chau  (ti'chou').  A city  in  the  province  of 
Chekiang,  China,  situated  on  the  river  Taichow 
80  miles  south-southwest  of  Ningpo. 
Taillandier  (ta-yon-dya'),  Rene  Gaspard  Er- 
nest, called  Saint-Rene.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
16,  1817:  died  there,  Feb.  24,  1879.  A French 
scholar  and  litterateur,  noted  especially  for  His 
historical  and  literary  writings  on  Germany  and 
Russia : professor  in  the  Faculte  des  Lettres  at 


Tai-ping  Rebellion 

Paris  from  1863.  His  works  include  “Histoire  de  la 
jeune  Allemagne  ” (1849),  “ Allemagne  et  Russie  ” (1856), 
“ Maurice  de  Saxe  " (1865),  etc. 

Taillebourg  (tay-bor').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Charente-Inferieure,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Charente  34  miles  southeast  of 
La  Rochelle.  Here,  in  1242.  Louis  IX.  defeated 
the  English  under  Henry  III. 

Taillefer  (tay-far').  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Sen- 
lac,  1066.  A Norman  trouvere  in  the  invading 
army  of  William  of  Normandy. 

Before  the  two  armies  met  hand  to  hand,  a juggler  or 
minstrel,  known  as  Taillefer,  the  Cleaver  of  Iron,  rode 
forth  from  the  Norman  ranks  as  if  to  defy  the  whole  force 
of  England  in  his  single  person.  He  craved  and  obtained 
the  Duke’s  leave  to  strike  the  first  blow ; he  rode  forth 
singing  songs  of  Roland  and  of  Charlemagne — so  soon  had 
the  name  and  exploits  of  the  great  German  become  the 
spoil  of  the  enemy.  He  threw  his  sword  into  the  air  and 
caught  it  again  ; but  he  presently  showed  that  he  could 
use  warlike  weapons  for  other  purposes  than  for  jugglers’ 
tricks  of  this  kind  : he  pierced  one  Englishman  with  his 
lance,  he  struck  down  another  with  his  sword,  and  then 
himself  fell  beneath  the  blows  of  their  comrad' s.  A bra- 
vado of  this  kind  might  serve  as  an  omen,  it  might  stir  up 
the  spirits  of  men  on  either  side ; but  it  could  in  no  other 
way  affect  the  fate  of  the  battle. 

Freeman,  Norman  Conquest  of  England,  III.  319. 

Tailors  of  Tooley  Street,  The  Three.  Three 
tailors  of  Tooley  street,  London,  referred  to 
by  Canning,  who  wrote  a petition  to  Parlia- 
ment, beginning  “ We,  the  people  of  England.” 
Taimyr  (ti-mer'j,  or  Taimur  (tl-mor').  Penin- 
sula. The  northernmost  peninsula  of  Siberia, 
projecting  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Tain  (tan).  A town  in  Ross-shire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  Dornoch  Firth  24miles  north-north- 
east of  Inverness.  Population,  2,756. 
Tain(tah).  A town  in  the  department  of  Drome, 
France,  situated  on  the  Rhone  11  miles  north 
of  Valence.  Near  it  is  produced  the  Ermitage 
wine.  Population,  commune,  3,227. 

Taine  (tan),  Hippolyte  Adolphe.  Born  at 
Vouziers,  Ardennes,  April  21,  1828:  died  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1893.  A distinguished  French 
historian,  philosopher,  and  critic.  He  graduated 
with  the  highest  honors  from  the  Collfege  Bourbon  in 
Paris,  and  was  admitted  in  the  first  rank  to  the  Ecole 
Normale  in  1848.  He  maintained  this  high  standing 
throughout  his  course,  and  went  then  as  a professor  into 
the  provinces.  He  soon  returned  to  Paris.  Anxious  to 
broaden  his  knowledge  of  science,  he  took  a three  years' 
course  in  medicine.  In  this  time  he  accumulated  an  ex- 
tensive fund  of  information,  and  wrote  a series  of  articles 
that  brought  him  into  notice.  In  1853  he  took  his  doc- 
tor’s degree  before  the  Faculty  of  Letters  in  Paris  : as  a 
dissertation  he  presented  the  celebrated  “ Essai  sur  les 
fables  de  La  Fontaine.’’  Other  essays  by  Taine  are  on 
Livy  (1854),  on  Carlyle  (v.  “ L'ldealisme  aDglais,”  1864), 
and  on  Stuart  Mill  (v.  “Le  positivisme  anglais,”  1864). 
He  composed  also  a volume  of  “ Essais  de  critique  et 
d’histoire  ” (1857),  and  another  entitled  “Nouveaux  essais 
de  critique  et  d’histoire”  (1865).  In  1864  he  accepted  the 
chairof  esthetics  at  theEcole  des  Beaux  Arts.  His  course 
of  lectures  appeared  as  “ L'Ideal  dans  l'art  ’’  (1867).  Other 
works  of  the  same  nature  are  “ Philosophic  de  l'art” 
(1865),  “id.  en  Italie"  (1866),  “id.  dans  les  Pays-Bas  ” 
(1868).  His  personal  experiences  and  impressions  about 
men  and  things  both  at  home  and  abroad  are  related  in 
his  “Voyage  aux  Pyrenees  ” (1855),  “Voyage  en  Italie" 
(1866),  “ Notes  sur  Paris  ou  vie  et  opinions  de  M.  Frede- 
ric-Thomas  Graindorge  ” (1867),  and  “Notes  sur  I’Angle- 
terre  ” (1872).  Lastly  came  the  series  of  brilliant  works 
that  have  chiefly  made  his  reputation.  These  are  “ Les 
philosophes  classiques  du  XI A e siecle  en  France”  (1856), 
“Histoire  de  la  litteralure  anglaise”  (1864-65).  “De  l'in- 
telligence  "(1870),  and  “ Les  origines  de  la  France  contem- 
poraine”  (in  three  parts:  “L’Ancien  regime,"  “La  revo- 
lution,” “ Le  regime  moderne  ” (1875-90)).  The  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford  conferred  upon  Taine  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.  D.  in  1871,  and  the  French  Academy  elected  him 
to  membership  Nov.  14,  1878. 

Tainos  (ti'nos).  [From  taini,  chiefs  (the  name 
which  they  gave  to  themselves).]  The  ancient 
Indian  inhabitants  of  the  island  of  Haiti.  Their 
number  is  conjectural,  but  all  accounts  agree  that  the 
island  was  very  populous.  They  are  described  as  a race 
of  agriculturists,  going  nearly  naked,  and  living  in  small 
villages : theirchiefs  had  little  power,  except  in  war.  The 
island  was  divided  among  several  tribes  or  subtribes,  in- 
habiting districts  which  the  Spaniards  called  provinces. 
The  tribes  in  the  central  and  eastern  districts  were  more 
warlike  than  the  others,  perhaps  from  admixture  of  Oarib 
blood.  Those  of  the  northern  coast  were  very  friendly  to 
Columbus  in  1492,  and  the  subsequent  uprisings  appear 
to  have  been  provoked  entirely  by  Spanish  cruelty.  Wars 
with  the  whites  and  the  slavery  to  which  they  were  re- 
duced soon  destroyed  the  tribes,  and  their  blood  is  seen 
only  in  the  mixed  "races  of  the  Dominican  Republic.  The 
few  words  of  their-  language  which  have  comedown  to  us 
show  that  they  belonged  to  the  Arawak  or  Maypure  stock. 

Tai-ping,  or  Taeping  (tl'ping'),  Rebellion. 
[Chinese,  from  t’ai,  a form  of  ta,  great,  and 
p’ing,  peace.]  The  great  rebellion  inaugurated 
in  southern  China  in  1850  by  one  Hung-siu- 
tsuen,  who,  calling  himself  the  “ Heavenly 
Prince,”  pretended  that  he  had  a divine  mis- 
sion to  overturn  the  Manchu  dynasty  and  set 
up  a purely  native  dynasty,  to  be  styled  the 
T’ai-pHng  Chao , or  ‘ Great-peace  Dynasty.’  As 
tire  cue  had  been  imposed  (about  1644)  upon  the  Chinese 


Tai-ping  Rebellion 

by  theManchus  as  an  outward  expression  of  loyalty  to  the 
Tatar  dynasty,  the  Taipings  discarded  the  cue,  and  hence 
were  styled  by  the  Chinese  Ch'ang-mao-tseh,  or  ‘long- 
haired rebels.’  Hung-siu-tsuen  also  promulgated  a kind 
of  spurious  Christianity,  in  which  God  (Shangti)  was 
known  as  the  “ Heavenly  Father,"  and  Jesus  Christ  as  the 
“Heavenly  Elder  Brother.”  The  insurrection  was  sup- 
pressed about  1864,  largely  with  the  aid  of  the  “ Ever  vic- 
torious Army  ” under  Colonel  Gordon,  who  from  that  time 
became  known  as  “Chinese  Gordon." 

Taironas.  See  Tayronas. 

Tais  (ta'is).  [Ar.  al-ta'is.  the  goat.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  6 Draconis.  Another  form  given 
on  some  maps  is  Jais. 

Tait  (tat),  Archibald  Campbell,  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Dee.  21,  1811:  died  Dec.  1,  1882.  An 
English  prelate.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and 
Oxford  ; became  head  master  of  Kugby  in  1842 ; and  was 
made  dean  of  Carlisle  in  1849,  bishop  of  London  in  1856, 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1869.  He  wrote  “Dangers 
and  Safeguards  of  Modern  Theology  "(1861),  “The  Word  of 
God  and  the  Ground  of  Faith  ” (1863),  and  various  sermons 
and  charges. 

Tait,  Peter  Guthrie.  Born  April  28, 1831 : died 
July  4,  1901.  A Scottish  mathematician  and 
physicist,  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in 
Edinburgh  University  1860-1901.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  and  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge.  He 
made  important  investigations  in  electricity,  heat,  and 
light,  and  was  an  authority  on  quaternions.  He  wrote, 
with  Steele,  “ Dynamics  of  a Particle  ” ; with  Thomson 
(now  Lord  Kelvin),  a “ Treatise  on  Natural  Philosophy 
and  with  Balfour  Stewart,  “The  LTnseen  Universe.”  He 
also  wrote  “Properties  of  Matter,”  etc. 

Taittiriyas  (tit-ti-re'yaz).  [In  Skt.,  a patro- 
nymic from  Tittiri : ‘ the  scholars  of  Tittiri.’] 
The  name  of  a school  of  the  Yajurveda,  whence 
Taittiriyasanhita  as  a name  for  the  Yajurveda 
itself  as  handed  down  in  the  text  of  this  school. 
The  Taittiriyas  have  also  a pratishakhya,  a 
brahmana,  an  aranyaka,  and  an  upaniskad. 

Taiwan (tI-wan'),orTaiwan-ju(-j6).  Thecapi- 
tal  of  Formosa  while  it  belonged  to  China. 
The  Japanese  capital  is  (Chinese)  Tai-peh  or 
(Japanese)  Dai  Hoku.  Population,  53,794. 

Tai-yuan  (ti-wan').  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Shansi,  China,  about  lat.  37°  54'  N. 

Tajak  (ta-zhak'),  or  Tajik  (ta-zhak').  A name 
given  collectively  to  all  persons  of  Iranian  de- 
scent in  central  and  western  Asia. 

Taj-e-mah  (tazh'e-mah'),  The.  [‘Crown  or 
crest  of  the  moon.’]  An  Indian  diamond  in  the 
Persian  collection  of  crown  jewels.  It  weighs 
146  carats. 

Taj  Mahal  (tazhma-hal').  [‘Gem  of  buildings.’] 
The  famous  mausoleum  erected  at  Agra,  India, 
by  Shah  Jehan  for  his  favorite  wife,  it  stands 
on  a platform  of  white  marble  18  feet  high  and  313  square, 
with  tapering  cylindrical  minarets  133  feet  high  at  the  an- 
gles. The  mausoleum  itself  is  in  plan  186  feet  square  with 
the  corners  cut  off ; it  consists  without  of  two  tiers  of  keel- 
shaped arches  with  a great  single-arched  porch  in  the  mid- 
dle of  each  side.  The  structure  is  crowned  by  a pointed 
and  slightly  bulbous  dome,  58  feet  in  diameter  and  about 
210  in  exterior  height,  flanked  by  4 octagonal  kiosks.  The 
interior  is  occupied  by  4 domed  chambers  in  the  comers, 
and  a large  arcaded  octagon  in  the  middle,  all  connected 
by  corridors.  In  the  central  chamber  stand  two  cenotaphs 
inclosed  by  a remarkable  openwork  rail  in  marble.  No  light 
is  admitted  to  the  interior  except  through  the  delicately 
pierced  marble  screens  which  till  all  the  windows.  The 
decoration  is  enriched  by  admirable  mosaic  inlaying  in 
stone  of  flower-motives  and  arabesques,  much  of  it  in 
agate,  bloodstone,  and  jasper. 

Tajo.  The  Spanish  name  of  the  Tagus. 

Tajurrah  (ta-jo'ra).  A seaport  of  the  French 
Somali  Coast  Protectorate,  East  Africa,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Tajurrah.  Ceded  to  France  in  1884. 

Tajurrah,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of 
Aden,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about  lat. 
11°  40'  N.  It  is  now  within  the  French  Somali 
Coast  Protectorate. 

Taka  (ta'ka).  A region  near  Kassala,  in  the 
eastern  Sudan,  Africa. 

Takala  (tii-ka'la),  or  Tekele  (ta-ka'le).  A 
region  in  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  south  of 
Kordofan  and  west  of  the  White  Nile. 

Takao  (tit-kou').  A treaty  port  in  Formosa, 
situated  on  the  southwestern  coast  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Taiwan. 

Takelma  (tii-kel'ma),  or  Takilma  (ta-kil'ma). 
[Their  own  name  for  themselves.]  A tribe 
which  constitutes  the  Takilman  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  It  formerly  occupied  seventeen 
villages  extending  along  the  south  side  of  upper  Hogue 
River,  Oregon,  from  the  valley  of  Illinois  Creek  on  the 
west  to  Deep  Rock  in  Curry  County.  There  were  27  sur- 
vivors in  1884  on  the  Siletz  reservation  in  western  Oregon. 
Sometimes  called  Rogue  River  Indians  and  Upper  Rogue 
River  Indians  (see  Athapascan).  See  Takilman. 

Takiang  (ta-kyang').  A name  sometimes  given 
to  the  lower  course  of  the  river  Yang-tse- 
Kiang  in  China. 

Takilma.  See  Takelma. 

Takilman  (ta-kil'man).  A linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  Its  former  habitat  was 


975 

the  upper  part  of  Rogue  River,  along  the  south  side, 
through  Jackson,  Josephine,  and  Curry  counties,  Oregon. 
It  consists  of  but  one  tribe,  the  Takelma. 

Takovo  (ta-ko'vo).  A village  near  Budnik, 
south  of  Belgrad,  Servia : the  scene  of  the  up- 
rising of  the  Servians  under  Milosh  Obreno  vitch 
against  Turkish  rule. 

Taku  (tak'o).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians living  about  Taku  Lake  and  Inlet,  Alaska 
and  British  Columbia. 

Taku  Forts.  Fortifications  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Peiho,  China,  which  guard  the  approach 
to  Tientsin  and  Peking.  They  were  taken  by 
the  English  and  French  forces  Slay  23, 1858,  and 
Aug.  21,  1860,  and  by  the  allies  June  17,  1900. 
Also  Peilio  Forts. 

Takulli  (ta-kul'i),  or  Carrier.  A confederacy  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  found  along  and 
near  Fraser  Biver,  British  Columbia.  See  A tha- 
pascan. 

Talamanca  (tal-a-man'ka).  A region  on  the 
eastern  or  Caribbean  side  of  Costa  Eiea,  south 
of  Puerto  Limon,  and  extending  from  the  coast 
to  the  central  Cordillera.  See  Talamancas. 

Talamancas  (ta-la-man'kas).  Indians  of  Costa 
Bica,  in  the  district  called  Talamanca  (which 
see).  The  name  is  loosely  used  for  several  tribes  of  dif- 
ferent race  who  have  taken  refuge  in  this  region  and  still 
retain  their  independence.  The  true  Talamancas  appear 
to  be  distantly  allied,  by  their  language,  to  the  ancient 
Chibchas  of  New  Granada.  They  are  said  to  be  sun-wor- 
shipers. 

Talanta  (ta-lan'ta),  Channel  of.  The  north- 
western portion  of  the  sea  passage  which  sepa- 
rates Euboea  from  the  mainland  of  Greece. 

Talaut  (ta-louU)  Islands,  or  Salibabo  (sa-le- 
ba'bo)  Islands.  A group  of  small  islands 
northeast  of  Celebes  and  south-southeast  of  the 
Philippines,  about  lat.  4°  N.,  long.  127°  E.  It 
is  under  Dutch  control. 

Talavera  delaReina(ta-la-va'radalara'e-na). 
A town  in  the  province  of  Toledo,  Spain,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagus  44  miles  west  of  Toledo:  the 
ancient  Tala  Briga.  It  manufactures  earthenware. 
Near  it,  July  27-28,  1809,  the  allied  English  and  Spanish 
army  under  Wellington  and  Cuesta  defeated  the  French 
under  King  Joseph.  Population,  10,580. 

Talbot  (tal'bot),  Catherine.  Born  in  May, 
1721 : died  1770.  An  English  writer,  she  was 
the  lifelong  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  imitated  his  manner. 
She  wrote  No.  30  of  the  “Rambler,”  and  was  the  correspond- 
ent of  Elizabeth  Carter : their  letters  were  published  in 
1809.  She  also  wrote  “Reflections  on  the  Seven  Days  of 
the  Week”  (published  after  her  death,  1770),  “Essays” 
(1772),  etc.  A collective  edition  of  her  works,  published 
by  Elizabeth  Carter,  has  gone  through  many  editions. 

Talbot,  Charles,  twelfth  Earl  and  only  Duke 
of  Shrewsbury.  Born  1660:  died  Feb.  1,  1718. 
An  English  statesman.  He  was  one  of  the  noblemen 
who  invited  the  Prince  of  Orange  to  England  in  1688 ; was 
secretary  of  state  1689-90  and  1694 ; under  Queen  Anne  was 
lord  chamberlain  and  ambassador  to  France ; was  made 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1713 ; and  as  lord  high 
tr  asurer  in  1714  secured  the  succession  of  the  house  of 
Hanover  by  proclaiming  George  I.  He  was  created  duke 
of  Shrewsbury  in  1694,  but  had  no  successor  in  the  duke- 
dom. 

Talbot,  John,  first  Earl  of  Shrewsbury.  Born 
about  1388 : killed  at  the  battle  of  Castillon, 
France,  July,  1453.  An  English  general.  He  was 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  under  Henry  V.;  and  fought 
with  distinction  in  France.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Patay 
by  Joan  of  Arc  in  1429.  He  was  created  earl  of  Shrews- 
bury in  1442,  receiving  in  addition  the  title  of  earl  of  Wex- 
ford and  Waterford  in  1446. 

Talbot,  Lying  Dick.  A nickname  given  to  Tyr- 
connel. 

Talbot,  Silas.  Born  at  Dighton,  Mass.,  1751: 
died  at  New  York,  June  30, 1813.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  served  on  the  Hudson,  the  Delaware, 
and  near  Newport  in  the  Revolution ; captured  several 
British  prizes;  was  member  of  Congress  from  New  York 
1793-95 ; and  commanded  the  Constitution  in  the  war  with 
France. 

Talbot,  William  Henry  Fox.  Born  Feb.  11, 
1800 : died  at  Laycock  Abbey,  Wiltshire,  Sept. 
17,  1877.  An  English  inventor  and  antiquary, 
best  known  from  hisdiscoveriesin  photography. 
He  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1821. 
About  1839,  contemporaneously  with  Daguerre,  he  dis- 
covered photography.  In  1841  he  made  known  the  calo- 
type  process  discovered  by  him.  In  1838-39  he  published 
“Hermes, or  Classical  and  Antiquarian  Researches.”  He 
was  among  the  first  to  decipher  the  cuneiform  inscriptions 
of  Nineveh.  In  1847  he  published  “English  Etymologies." 

Talca  (tal'ka).  1.  A province  in  Chile,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  35°  30'  S.  Area,  3,839  square 
miles.  Population,  131,957. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Talca,  situated  on  the  Claro 
135  miles  south-southwest  of  (Santiago.  Popu- 
lation, 38,040. 

Talcahuano  (tal-ka-wii/no).  A town  and  an 
important  seaport  of  southern  Chile,  on 


Talismano,  II 

Talcahuano  Bay  8 miles  north-northwest  of 
Concepcion.  Population,  15,561. 

Tale  of  a Tub,  A.  1 . A comedy  by  Ben  Jonson, 
licensed  in  1633.  Fleay  assigns  the  date  of  its  first 
performance  to  1601,  on  account  of  the  meter.  It  was  al- 
tered  just  before  it  was  licensed,  and  was  played  in  this 
shape  in  1634,  and  printed  in  the  folio  edition  of  1640. 

2.  A satire  by  Swift,  written  about  1696,  but 
not  printed  till  1704. 

In  the  wonderful  allegory  of  the  “Tale  of  a Tub,”  in 
which  the  corruptions  and  failings  of  the  English,  Roman, 
and  Presbyterian  churches  were  ridiculed  in  the  persons 
of  Jack,  Peter,  and  Martin,  Swift  displayed  at  an  early 
age  his  exuberant  wit  and  surpassing  satirical  power. 

Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  172. 

Tale  of  the  Two  Brothers,  The.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

In  another  Egyptian  story,  called  “The  Tale  of  the  Two 
Brothers,”  a lock  of  hair  from  the  head  of  a beautiful 
damsel  is  carried  to  Egypt  by  the  river,  and  its  perfume  is 
so  ravishing  that  the  king  despatches  his  scouts  through- 
out the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land,  that  they  may 
bring  to  him  the  owner  of  this  lock  of  hair.  She  is  found, 
of  course,  and  she  becomes  his  bride.  In  these  tales  we 
have  apparently  the  germ  of  Cinderella. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  223. 

Tale  of  Two  Cities,  A.  A novel  by  Charles 
Dickens.  It  first  appeared  serially  in  “All  the 
Year  Bound”  between  April  and  Nov.,  1859. 

Tales  in  Verse.  A poetical  work  by  Crabbe, 
published  in  1812. 

ales  of  a Grandfather.  A collection  of  his- 
torical stories  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published 
in  four  series  1827-30. 

Tales  of  a Traveler.  A work  by  Washington 
Irving,  published  in  1824. 

Tales  of  a Wayside  Inn.  A series  of  poems 
by  Longfellow,  published  in  1863. 

Tales  of  my  Landlord.  A collective  name  for 
four  series  of  the  Waverley  novels  by  Scott. 
The  first  series  comprised  “Old  Mortality”  and  “The 
Black  Dwarf”;  the  second,  “The  Heart  of  Midlothian"; 
the  third,  “The  Bride  of  Lammermoor”  and  “A  Legend 
of  Montrose  ” ; and  the  fourth,  “Count  Robert  of  Paris  ” 
and  “Castle  Dangerous.” 

Tales  of  the  Crusaders.  A collective  name 
for  “ The  Talisman”  and  “ The  Betrothed”  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Tales  of  the  Genii.  A series  of  tales  pub- 
lished by  J ames  Bidley  in  1764,  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  Sir  Charles  Morell,  as  a translation 
from  the  Persian  of  “Horam  the  Son  of  As- 
rna-r.”  See  Ahudali. 

Tales  of  the  Hall.  A work  in  verse  by  Crabbe, 
published  in  1819. 

Tales  of  the  Irish  Peasantry.  A work  by 
Mrs.  Hall,  published  in  1840. 

Talfourd  (tal'ferd),  Sir  Thomas  Noon.  Bom 

at  Doxey,  near  Stafford,  England,  Jan.  26,  1795 : 
died  at  Stafford,  March  13,  1854.  An  English 
jurist,  dramatic  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
As  member  of  Parliament  he  advocated  the  International 
Copyright  Bill.  In  1849  he  became  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  His  best-known  work  is  the  classical 
tragedy  “ Ion  ” (produced  1836).  H is  other  plays  include 
“Athenian  Captive”  (1838),  “ Glencoe ” (1840),  “The  Cas- 
tilian” (1853).  He  published  also  “Life  and  Letters  of 
Lamb”(1837),  “Final  Memorialsof  Charles  Lamb  " (1849- 
1850),  travels,  a history  of  Greek  literature,  etc. 

Taliesin  (tal'i-sin).  A Cymric  hard  said  to 
have  lived  in  the  6th  century.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  school-fellow  of  Gildas  at  Llanveithm  in  Glamor- 
gan, to  have  been  seized  by  Irish  pirates  when  young, 
and  to  have  escaped  by  using  his  wooden  shield  for  a boat, 
and  floating  into  the  fishing-weir  of  the  son  of  Urien, 
who  made  him  his  foremost  bard.  He  followed  his  chief 
to  battle,  and  sang  his  victories.  The  songs  are  his  authen- 
tic poems.  It  is  also  said  that  he  died  in’ Cardiganshire, 
and  was  buried  near  Aberystwith.  Many  of  the  poems 
handed  down  as  his  are  of  later  origin.  The  “Romance 
or  Hook  of  Taliesin,”  included  in  the  “ Mabinogion,”  is  not 
older  than  the  13th  century.  Rhys  connects  him  with  the 
sun  myth.  Also  Taliessin. 

In  the  last  section  I spoke  of  the  Sun-god  in  the  person 
of  a mythic  judge : we  have  now  to  discuss  a Welsh  story 
which  makes  him  a great  bard  and  poet  bearing  the  well- 
known  name  of  Taliessin.  It  is  convenient  to  follow  the 
long-established  custom  of  speaking  of  certain  Welsh 
poems  as  Taliessin’s,  and  of  a manuscript  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury in  which  they  are  contained  as  the  Book  of  Taliessin. 
Those  poems  represent  a school  of  Welsh  bardism,  but 
we  know  in  reality  nothing  about  their  authorship  ; and 
the  personality  of  Taliessin  is  as  mythic  as  that  of  Gwy- 
dion  and  Merlin,  both  of  whom  have  also  been  treated  as 
the  authors  of  Welsh  verse.  The  name,  however,  of  Tal- 
iessin, viewed  in  this  light,  has  an  interest  far  surpassing 
even  that  of  Merlin.  Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  544. 

Talisman  (tal'is-man),  The.  A novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1825.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Palestine  during  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
of  England. 

Talismano  (ta-lez-mii'no),  II.  [It.,  ‘The  Talis- 
man.’] An  opera  by  Balfe  (finished  byMaefar- 
ren),  first  produced  at  London  in  1874.  The 
words  were  English,  founded  on  Scott’s  “Talis- 
man,” and  afterward  translated  into  Italian. 


Talita 

Talita  (ta'le-ta).  [Ar.  al-tlialitha,  the  third  verte- 
bra: the  name  is  supposed  to  refer  to  some  an- 
cient Oriental  constellation.]  The  third-mag- 
nitude double  star  /.  Ursae  Majoris,  in  the  Bear’s 
right  fore  paw.  The  name  is  often  written  Ta- 
li tha. 

Talkative  (ta'ka-tiv).  A character  in  Bun- 
yan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress.” 

Talladega  (tal-a-de'ga).  The  capital  of  Talla- 
dega County,  Alabama,  80  miles  north  by  east 
of  Montgomery.  It  is  the  seat  of  Talladega  Col- 
lege. Population,  5,854,  (1910). 

Tallahassee  (tal-a-has'e).  The  capital  of  Flor- 
ida and  of  Leon  County,  situated  about  lat. 
30°  26'  N.,  long.  84°  18'  W.  Population,  5,018, 
(1910). 

Tallahatchie  (tal-a-hach'i).  A river  in  north- 
ern Mississippi  which  unites  with  the  Yallo- 
busha  to  form  the  Yazoo.  Length,  over  200 
miles  ; navigable  about  half  its  length. 
Tallapoosa  (tal-a-po'sii).  A river  in  Georgia 
and  Alabama  which  unites  with  the  Coosa  to 
form  the  Alabama  northeast  of  Montgomery. 
Length,  nearly  250  miles ; navigable  about  40 
miles. 

Tallard  (ta-lar'),  Due  de  (Camille  d’Hostun). 

Born  1652 : died  1728.  A marshal  of  France. 
He  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  Speyer  in  1703  ; and  was 
totally  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at  Blenheim  in  1704. 
He  was  minister  of  state  under  Fleury. 

Talleyrand-Perigord  (tal'i-rand ; F.  pron.  tal- 
a-ron'  pa-re-gor'),  Charles  Maurice  de, 
Prince  de  Bouevent.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  13, 
1754 : died  at  Paris,  May  17,  1838.  A famous 
French  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  church ; became  an  abbd,  and  a general  agent 
of  the  French  clergy  ; was  appointed  bishop  of  Autun  in 
1788  ; was  chosen  deputy  to  the  States-General  in  1789  ; 
urged  theclergy  to  join  with  the  third  estate ; becamenoted 
as  a financier  and  leader  in  the  Constituent  Assembly ; pro- 
posed the  confiscation  of  church  property  Oct.  10,  1789 ; 
took  a prominent  part  in  the  fete  of  the  Champ  de  Mars 
July  14,  1790 ; was  excommunicated  by  the  Pope  in  1791; 
and  made  a report  in  favor  of  national  education  in  Sept., 
1791.  He  was  envoy  in  England  in  1792;  was  obliged  to 
leave  England  for  the  United  States  in  1794  ; returned  to 
Paris  in  1796  ; became  a member  of  the  Institute  ; was  ap- 
pointed minister  of  foreign  affairs  July,  1797  (resigned  1799); 
was  one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  preparing  the  way  for 
the  coup  d’dtat  of  the  18th  Brumaire,  1799 ; was  reappointed 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  by  Bonaparte  in  1799 ; took  a 
leadingpartin  negotiatingthetreatiesof  Lundville,  Amiens, 
Presburg,  and  Tilsit,  together  with  the  Concordat,  and  was 
one  of  the  chief  agents  employed  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine;  was  made  Prince  of  Bdndvent 
in  1806 ; resigned  in  1807 ; quarreled  with  Napoleon  in  1809 ; 
opposed  Napoleon’s  Russian  and  Spanish  policy;  took  a 
prominent  partin  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons ; became 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1814  under  Louis  XVIII. ; was 
plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  by  his 
tact  secured  the  territorial  integrity  of  France ; was 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  July-Sept , 1815  ; took  part  in 
the  revolution  of  1830  ; was  ambassador  in  London  1830- 
1834  ; and  formed  the  Quadruple  Alliance  in  1834.  His  cor- 
respondence with  Louis  XVIII.  was  edited  by  Pullain  in 
1880.  His  memoirs  (the  publication  of  which  before  1890 
was  prohibited  by  will)  appeared  under  the  editorship  of 
the  Due  de  Broglie  in  1891,  and  have  been  translated  into 
English  by  Mrs.  A.  Hall  (1891-92). 

Tallien  (ta-lyan'),  Jean  Lambert.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1769:  died  Nov.  16, 1820.  A French  revo- 
lutionist. He  was  connected  with  the  Paris  “Moniteur”; 
edited  the  “Ami  des  Citoyens”  in  1791 ; was  secretary  of 
the  Revolutionary  communeafter  Aug.  10,1792;  waselected 
deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792  ; was  a prominent  Jacobin 
and  the  agent  of  the  “Terror"  in  Bordeaux  ; took  the  lead 
in  overthrowing  Robespierre  on  the  9th  Thermidor,  1794  ; 
was  a member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  and  a 
leading  thermidorian  1794-95  ; and  was  a member  of  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred.  He  was  with  Napoleon  in  Egypt, 
and  later  was  consul  in  Alicante. 

Tallien,  Madame  de.  See  Chimay,  Princesse  de. 
Tallis,  or  Tallys,  or  Talys  (tal'is),  Thomas. 
Born  about  1510:  died  Nov.  23,  1585.  An  Eng- 
lish composer,  called  “ the  father  of  English 
cathedral  music.”  He  was  organist  of  Waltham  Abbey 
and  later  gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal  and  music-printer. 
His  works  include  “First  Service  in  the  Dorian  Mode,” 
“ Litany,”  etc. 

Tallmadge  (tal'maj),  Benjamin.  Born  at 
Brookhaven,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  25, 1754:  died  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  March  7, 1835.  An  American  Rev- 
olutionary officer  and  politician.  He  captured  a 
band  of  Tories  at  Lloyd’s  Neck  (Long  Island),  Sept , 1779, 
and  captured  Fort  George  (Oyster  Bay,  Long  Island),  1780. 
He  had  the  custody  of  Andrd  in  1780.  From  1801  to  1817 
he  was  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut. 

Tallmadge,  Frederick  Augustus.  Born  at 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  Aug.  29,  1792:  died  there, 
Sept.  17,  1869.  An  American  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, son  of  Benjamin  Tallmadge.  He  was  Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1847-49.  As  recorder 
of  New  York  city  he  had  an  important  part  in  suppressing 
the  Astor  Place  riots  in  1849. 

Tallyho  (tal'i-ho'),  Sir  Toby.  A roistering 
character  in  Foote’s  play  “The  Englishman 
returned  from  Paris.” 

Talma  (tal-mii/),  Francois  Joseph.  Born  at 


976 

Paris,  Jan.  15,  1763:  died  there,  Oct.  19,  1826. 
A famous  French  tragic  actor.  He  was  educated 
in  England,  and  made  his  ddbut  in  the  Thd&tre  Francis  at 
Paris  in  1787.  In  the  small  role  of  Proculus  in  Voltaire's 
“ Brutus”  lie  first  introduced  on  the  French  stage  the  cus- 
tom of  wearing  the  costume  of  the  period  represented  in 
the  play.  The  reform  was  soon  adopted.  His  first  great 
triumph  was  in  the  part  of  Charles  IX.,  in  Chdnier’s  tra- 
gedy of  that  name,  iu  1789.  Among  his  parts  were  Othello 
(Ducis),  Cesar,  Oreste,  Achille,  Ndron,  China,  etc.  He  wrote 
“Reflexions  sur  Lekain  et  sur  Part  theatrnl  ” (1825).  He 
was  a friend  of  Napoleon  as  general,  consul,  and  emperor. 

Talma,  Madame  (Mademoiselle  Vanhove). 
Boru  at  The  Hague,  1771:  died  in  1860.  - A 
French  actress,  wife  of  Talma. 

Talmage  (tal'maj),  Thomas  De  Witt.  Born 
near  Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  1832:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  April  12,  1902.  An  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  and  the  New 
Brunswick  (New  Jersey) Theological  Seminary  ; was  pastor 
of  Reformed  Dutch  churches  at  Belleville  (New  Jersey), 
Syracuse,  and  Philadelphia  ; and  was  pastor  of  the  Central 
Presbyterian  Church  in  Brooklyn  1869-94,  and  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Washington  1895-99.  His  church 
known  as  the  Brooklyn  Tabernacle  was  built  1870,  burned 
1872,  rebuilt  1873-74,  burned  1889,  again  rebuilt  on  a new 
site,  and  again  burned  May,  1894.  He  has  edited  the  “ Chris- 
tian at  Work,"  “The  Advance,”  “Frank  Leslie’s  Sunday 
Magazine,"  etc.  Among  his  works  are  “Crumbs  Swept 
Up"  (1870),  “Abominations  of  Modern  Society"  (1872), 
“ Around  the  Tea-Talde  "(1874),  “ Mask  Torn  Gif"  (1879), 
“The  Brooklyn  Tabernacle:  a Collection  of  104  Sermons" 
(1884),  “The  Marriage  Ring"  (1886),  etc. 

Talmud  (tal'mud ) . [From  Heb.  lamad,  to  learn 
— study,  doctrine.]  The  monumental  work 
which  contains  the  Jewish  traditional  or  oral 
laws  and  regulations  of  life  explanatory  of 
the  written  law  of  the  Pentateuch  as  applied 
to  the  various  aud  varying  conditions  and 
circumstances  of  life,  and  developed  by  logi- 
cal conclusions,  analogies,  and  combination  of 
passages.  To  a lesser  degree  the  Talmud  contains  com- 
ments on  the  historical,  poetical,  and  ethical  portions  of 
the  Scriptures,  in  a homiletical  spirit.  This  latter  part 
is  called  Hagada  or  Agada  (from  nagad,  to  say,  make 
known  — narrative,  tale),  while  the  former,  or  legislative, 
part,  which  comprises  all  the  rules  of  life,  is  called  1 1 ala- 
dux  (from  halach,  to  go,  walk  — the  path  or  way  of  life  as 
ruled  and  governed  by  the  law).  The  Talmud  may  be  ex- 
ternally divided  into  the  Mishnah  and  Gemara.  The  re- 
lation of  one  to  the  other  is  that  of  exposition  to  thesis. 
The  Mishnah  gives  a simple  statement  of  a law  or  precept ; 
the  Gemara  presents  the  discussion  and  debate  on  it.  The 
authors  of  the  Mishnah  are  called  Tenaim  (doctors); 
they  were  preceded  by  the  Sophen'm  (scribes).  The  activ- 
ity of  the  Tenaim  began  in  the  time  of  the  Maccabees,  and 
their  rules  and  decisions,  nearly  4,000  in  number,  were 
codified  and  arranged  according  to  subjects  (see  under 
Mishnah ) by  Rabbi  Judah  1.  (patriarch  190-220  A.  D.).  The 
authors  of  the  Gemara  are  called  Amoraim  (from  amar,  to 
say— speakers).  The  discussions  of  the  Amoraim  in  the 
schools  of  Palestinefespecially  in  Tiberias)  were  codified  in 
the4th  century  A.  D.  in  the  Jerusalem  Talmud ; the  discus- 
sionsof  the  Amoraim  of  the  schools  of  Babylonia  were  codi- 
fied in  the  course  of  the  5th  and  6th  centuries  A.  D.  in  the 
Babylonian  Talmud.  The  chief  redactors  were  Rab  Ashi, 
principal  of  the  school  of  Sora  375-427,  and  Rabbina,  head 
of  the  same  academy  473-499.  The  Mishnah  is  composed 
in  Hebrew  (“post-biblical,”  or  “New  Hebrew"),  the  Ge- 
mara mainly  in  Aramean.  Neither  the  Jerusalem  nor  the 
Babylonian  Talmud  contains  the  complete  Gemara  to  the 
entire  Mishnah.  But  the  Babylonian  Talmud  is  about 
four  times  as  voluminous  as  that,  of  Jerusalem.  The 
Babylonian  Talmud  obtained  greater  popularity  and  au- 
thority among  the  Jews  than  that  of  Jerusalem,  and  is 
always  meant  when  the  Talmud  is  spoken  of  without  a 
qualification.  Its  63  tracts  are  usually  printed  in  12  folio 
volumes  on  2,947  pages.  The  Mishnah  is  besides  sepa- 
rately printed  in  6 volumes,  according  to  its  division  into 
6 orders  or  sedarim  ; and  also  the  portions  of  the  Hagada 
under  the  title  of  Ain  Yakob.  See  Agada,  Amoraim, 
Gemara,  Mishnah. 

Talos  (ta'los).  [Gr.  TaXtif.]  1.  In  Greek  le- 
gend, an  inventor,  nephew  of  Dasdalusby  whom 
lie  was  slain.  See  Dmdalus. — 2.  A man  of 
brass,  constructed  by  Hephaestus  for  Minos  to 
guard  the  island  of  Crete. 

Talus  (ta'lus).  An  iron  man,  the  attendant 
of  Artegal:  a character  in  Spenser’s  “Faerie 
Queene.”  Compare  Talos,  2. 

Tamanacs  (ta-ma-naks'),  or  Tamanacas  (tii- 
ma-na'kas).  Indians  of  Venezuela,  south  of 
the  Lower  Orinoco  (state  of  Bolivar).  Formerly 
very  numerous  and  powerful,  they  are  now  reduced  to  a 
few  thousands  ; some  of  them  are  partly  civilized,  while 
others,  in  the  interior,  retain  their  independence.  The 
Tamanacs  belong  to  the  Carib  linguistic  stock.  The  Chay- 
mas  of  Barcelona  (state  of  Bermudez)  are  closely  related 
to  them.  Also  writteu  Tamanacks,  Tamanaques,  etc. 
Tamanieb  (tii-ma-ne-eb').  Avillage  near  Sua- 
kim,  Sudan.  Near  it,  March  13, 1884,  occurred  a battle 
between  the  British  forces  under  Graham  and  the  Mah- 
dists  under  Osman  Digma. 

Tamaqua  (ta-ma'kwa).  A borough  in  Schuyl- 
kill County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Lit- 
tle Schuylkill  River  34  miles  north  of  Reading. 
It  is  a coal-mining  center.  Pop.,  9,462,  (1910). 
Tamar  (ta'mar).  1.  A river  on  the  border 
of  Cornwall  and  Devonshire,  England,  which 
empties  into  Plymouth  Sound  above  Plymouth. 
Length,  about  50-60  miles. — 2.  One  of  the 


Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The 

principal  rivers  of  Tasmania,  flowing  northward 
into  Bass  Strait. 

Tamaroa.  See  Illinois. 

Tamatave  (ta-ma-tav').  A seaport  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Madagascar,  in  lat.  18°  10'  S.,  long. 
49°  28'  E.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  center  of 
the  island.  Population,  7,026. 

Tamaulipas  (ta-mou-le'pas).  A frontier  state 
of  Mexico,  bordering  on  Texas,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  the  states  of  Coahuila,  Nuevo 
Leon,  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  Vera  Cruz,  its  sur- 
face  is  low  in  the  east  and  diversified  in  the  west.  Capi- 
tal,  Ciudad  Victoria.  Area,  about  32,128  square  mileB. 
Population,  249,243,  (1910). 

Tamaya,  See  Santa  Ana. 

Tambelan  (tam-ba-lan')  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands  west  of  Borneo  and  east  of  Singa- 
pore, under  Dutch  control. 

Tamberlane.  See  Tamburlaine. 

Tamberlik  (tam-ber-lek'),  Enrico.  Born  at 
Rome,  March  16, 1820 : died  at  Paris,  March  15; 
1889.  A noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  He  made  his 
first  appearance  at  Naples  in  1841,  and  in  England  in  1850, 
where  he  sang  with  success  for  twenty-four  years.  In  1857 
he  sang  in  America.  His  later  years  were  passed  in  Madrid 
as  a manufacturer  of  arms. 

Tamboff  (tam-bof').  1.  A government  of  cen- 
tral Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of 
Vladimir,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Penza,  Saratoff,  Vo- 
ronezh, Orel,  Tula,  and  Ryazan.  The  surface  is 
undulating  or  level.  The  chief  export  is  corn.  Area,  25,- 
710  square  miles.  Population,  3,354,900. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Tamboff, 
situated  on  the  Tsna  about  lat.  52°  45'  N. 
Population,  56,200. 

Tamburlaine  (or  Tamberlane)  the  Great,  or 
the  Scythian  Shepherd  and  the  Scourge  of 
God.  A tragedy  in  two  parts,  by  Marlowe,  acted 
in  1587,  and  entered  on  the  “Stationers’  Regis- 
ter” and  printed  in  1590.  it  is  his  earliest  play  and 
the  first  in  which  blank  verse  was  introduced  on  the  public 
stage.  See  Tamerlane  and  Timur. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Herford  and  Mr.  A.  Wagner  have  investigated 
the  authorities  from  which  Marlowe  drew  his  conception 
of  Tamburlaine’s  character  and  hi  tory.  They  show,  at 
some  length,  and  at  the  cost  of  considerable  research,  that 
Marlowe  was  indebted  to  the  lives  of  Timur  by  Pedro 
Mexia  theSpaniard and  Petrus  Perondinus.  Mexia  s “ Silva 
de  varia  lecion,"  published  at  Seville  in  1543,  obtained 
great  popularity,  and  was  translated  into  Italian.  French, 
and  English.  The  English  translation,  known  as  Fortes- 
cue’s  “The  Foreste,"  appeared  in  1571 ; and  there  can  be 
little  doubt  hut  that  the  book  was  an  early  favourite  of 
Marlowe’s.  Bullen,  Introd.  to  Marlowe’s  Works,  p.  xxii. 

The  subject  of  “Tamburlaine,”  ...  if  we  would  ex- 
press it  in  the  simplest  way,  is  a mere  lust  of  dominion, 
the  passion  of  “ a mighty  hunter  before  the  Lord  " for  sov- 
ereign sway,  the  love  of  power  in  its  crudest  shape.  This, 
and  this  alone,  living  and  acting  in  the  person  of  the  Scy- 
thian shepherd,  gives  unity  to  the  multitude  of  scenes 
which  grow  up  before  us  and  fall  away.  . . . There  is  no 
construction  in  “Tamburlaine.”  Instead  of  two  plays 
there  might  as  well  have  been  twenty,  if  Marlowe  could 
have  found  it  in  his  heart  to  husband  his  large  supply  of 
kings,  emperors,  soldans,  pashas,  governors,  and  viceroys 
who  perish  before  the  Scourge  of  God,  or  had  he  been  able 
to  discover  empires,  provinces,  and  principalities  with 
which  to  endow  a new  race  of  rulers.  The  play  ends  from 
sheer  exhaustion  of  resources. 

Dowden , Transcripts  and  Studies,  p.  44. 
Tame  (tarn).  A small  river  in  central  England 
which  joins  the  Trent  northeast  of  Lichfield. 
Tamega  (ta-ma'ga).  Ariver  in  northern  Portu- 
gal and  Spain  which  joins  the  Donro  20  miles 
east  of  Oporto.  Length,  about  90  miles. 
Tamera  (tam'e-ra).  An  ancient  name  of  Lower 
Egypt. 

Tamerlane.  See  Timur. 

Tamerlane  (tam-er-lan').  A play  by  Rowe, 
producedin  1702.  Tamerlane,  though  supposed  to  be 
the  Timur  (Tamburlaine)  of  Marlowe’s  play,  is  made  a 
calm  philosophic  prince,  with  poetical  allusion  to  William 
III.,  so  that  it  was  played  for  many  year9  on  the  4th  and 
6th  of  Nov.,  the  anniversaries  of  the  birth  and  of  the  land- 
ing of  William  III.  Handel  composed  the  music  for  a li- 
bretto by  Piovene,  called  Tamerlano : it  was  produced  in 
London  in  1724. 

Tamesis  (tam'e-sis).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Thames. 

Tamiahua  (ta-me-a'wa),  Lake  of.  A lagoon 
on  the  coast  of  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico, 
immediately  south  of  Tampico.  Length,  nearly 
100  miles.  Also  written  Tamiagua. 

Tamils  (tam'ilz).  [Also  Tamuls:  a Tamil  name.] 
A race  inhabiting  southern  India  and  Ceylon, 
belonging  to  the  Dravidian  stock.  The  Tamils 
form  the  most  civilized  and  energetic  of  the 
Dravidian  peoples. 

Tamina  (ta'me-na).  A small  streaminthe  can- 
ton of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  which  joins  the 
Rhine  near  Ragatz:  noted  for  its  romantic 
scenery. 

Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The.  A.  comedy  by 
Shakspere,  produced  in  1603  and  printed  in  1623 : 
altered  from  “ The  Taming  of  a Shrew”  printed 
in  1594.  The  earlier  play  was  not  by  Shakspere,  but  by 


Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The 

some  one  else  (Marlowe  and  Kyd  have  been  suggested) 
for  Pembroke’s  company  in  1588-89.  The  version  alterea 
by  Shakspere  was  by  Lodge  ( Fleay ).  See  Katherine  and 
Petruchiot  Cobbler  of  Preston , Rule  a Wife  and  Have  a 
Wife , and  The  Honeymoon , all  of  which  are  more  or  less 
based  on  this  play. 

Tamise  (ta-mez').  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situ- 
ated on  the  Schelde  20  miles  north-northwest 
of  Brussels.  Population,  commune,  13,332. 
Tammany  Hall  (tam'a-ni  hal').  [From  the 
conventional  spelling  of  the  name  of  a sachem 
of  the  Delaware  Indian  s who  sold  land  to  William 
Penn,  in  the  aboriginal  tongue  his  name  means 
‘ the  Affable,'  and  tradition  credits  him  with 
being  a lover  of  peace ; further  than  this,  the 
legends  and  adventures  attached  to  his  name 
are  the  invention  of  members  of  different 
American  societies  which  held  May-day  fes- 
tivals in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  before 
and  after  the  devolution,  and,  adopting  the  sa- 
chem as  their  patron  saint,  commonly  described 
themselves  as  “Sons  of  St.  Tammany.”]  A 
New  York  political  organization,  having  its 
headquarters  in  Tammany  Hall,  the  property  of 
the  “Tammany  Society  or  Columbian  Order.” 
The  latter  was  founded  in  New  York  city  on  May  12, 17S9, 
with  benevolent  and  fraternal  purposes.  In  general  op- 
position to  the  Federalists  the  Tammany  Society  became 
identified  with  the  Republicans  (now  the  Democratic 
party),  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  campaign  of  1800, 
which  resulted  in  the  choice  of  Thomas  Jefferson  for 
President.  In  1805  the  society  was  incorporated.  While 
adhering  to  its  original  character  as  a secret  social  organi- 
zation, with  a governing  council  of  sachems  and  a ritual 
with  aboriginal  flavor,  the  Tammany  Societ  y grew  in  public 
influence,  and  in  1811  built  the  original  Tammany  Hall 
at  Frankfort  street,  fronting  the  City  Hall  Park.  Since 
then  a local  political  party,  favored  by  a majority  of  the 
members  of  the  Tammany  Society,  has  always  had  its 
headquarters  in  the  home  of  the  Society,  and  has  been 
popularly  known  as  “Tammany  Hall  "—the  present  hall, 
erected  in  1867,  being  on  14th  street,  between  Irving  Place 
and  Third  Avenue.  Although  in  theory  the  Tunmany 
Hall  General  Committee  has  no  relation  to  the  Tammany 
Society  save  as  tenant  of  the  latter’s  edifice,  in  practice 
they  are  coordinate  branches  of  one  political  system,  the 
Society  being  in  effect  the  citadel  of  the  controlling  spirits 
of  the  Tammany  Hall  party.  Tammany  Hall  purports  to 
be  the  regular  Democratic  organization  of  the  city  and 
county  of  New  York,  though  that  claim  has  often  been 
contested.  By  means  of  a highly  organized  system  of 
Tammany  clubs  and  assembly-district  associations,  it  has 
usually  held  a paramount  place  in  city  politics.  In  1893, 
Tammany  Hall,  controlled  virtually  by  one  man,  was  in 
possession  of  every  important  office  and  avenue  of  public 
employment  pertaining  to  the  municipal  administration. 
It  was  overthrown  1894,  regained  power  1897,  was  again 
overthrown  1901,  and  again  regained  power  1903. 

Tammerfors  (tam'mer-fors).  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  government  of  Tavastehus,  Fin- 
land, 105  miles  north-northwest  of  Helsingfors. 
Population,  41,307. 

Tammuz  (tarn 'uz).  [Heb.]  1.  The  fourth  ec- 
clesiastical and  tenth  civil  month  of  the  Hebrew 
year.  It  corresponds  to  part  of  June  and  part 
of  July. — 2.  A Syrian  deity,  the  same  as  the 
Phenieian  Adon  or  Adonis,  in  whose  honor  a 
feast  was  held  every  year,  beginning  with  the 
new  moon  of  the  month  Tammuz.  He  was 
identical  with  the  Assyro-Babylonian  Du’uzu 
or  Dumuzu.  Also  Thummuz.  See  Adonis. 
Tam  o’  Sbanter  (tam  6 shan'ter).  A famous 
poem  by  Robert  Burns. 

Tamoyos  (ta-mo'yos).  [Tupi  tamuya,  a grand- 
father or  ancestor:  hence  ‘the  ancient.’]  A 
powerful  tribe  of  Indians  who  at  the  time  of  the 
conquest  dominated  the  Brazilian  coast  from 
Cape  Frio  to  Ubatuba  (Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Sao 

Paulo).  They  were  a branch  of  the  great  Tupi  stock. 
They  repeatedly  attacked  the  Portuguese  settlements  of 
sao  Vicente  and  Santos,  and  by  their  alliance  with  the 
French  oolonists  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  enabled  the  latter  to 
maintain  their  position  until  1567.  As  a tribe  they  have 
long  been  extinct. 

Tampa  (tam'pii).  A seaport,  capital  of  Hills- 
borough County,  Florida^  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Hillsborough  River  in  Tampa  Bay,  in  lat. 
27°  57'  N.  Population,  37,782,  (1910). 

Tampa  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
on  the  western  coast  of  Florida.  Length,  about 
40  miles. 

Tampico  (tiim-pe'ko).  A seaport  in  the  state 
of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Panuco, 
near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  (of  lighthouse) 
22°  16'  N.,  long.  97°  49'  W.  It  has  important  com- 
merce  with  the  United  States  and  Europe.  Population. 
16,313. 

Tamraparni  (tiim-ra-par'ne).  [Skt.:  tamra, 
dark-red,  copper-colored,  and  parna,  leaf: 
having  dark-red  leaves,  or  “copper-leaf,  most 
probably  from  the  color  of  the  soil  in  the  isl- 
and” (E.  Muller , Pali  Grammar,  p.  132).]  1. 

The  Sanskrit  name  of  a town  in  Ceylon,  and 
then  of  the  island:  the  Greek  Taprobane. — 2. 
A river  in  southern  India. 

C.— 62 


977 

Tamsui  (tam-shoi').  A seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Formosa,  Japan . It  was  bombarded  by  the 
French  Oct.  2-3, 1884  ; and  near  it  occurred  other  combats 
between  the  French  and  Chinese  in  the  same  month. 

Tamuz.  See  Tammuz. 

Tamworth  (tam'werth).  A town  in  Stafford- 
shire and  Warwickshire,  England,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Tame  and  Anker,  13  miles 
northeast  of  Birmingham.  It  has  an  ancient  castle, 
which  was  the  principal  residence  of  the  kings  of  Mercia. 
Formerly  a parliamentary  borough,  it  was  represented  by 
Sir  Robert  Feel  from  1833  until  his  death.  Population, 
7,271. 

Tamyras  (ta-mi'ras),  or  Damuras  (da-mu'ras). 
[Gr.  Tapvpag,  Aa//.nvfjar.  ] In  ancient  geography, 
a river  of  Phenicia,  between  Sidon  and  Bery- 
tus:  the  modern  Nahr-ed-Damur. 

Tana-Elv  (ta'na-elf).  A river  in  northern  Nor- 
way, and  on  the  boundary  between  Norway 
and  Russia,  which  flows  into  the  Tana-Fjord. 
Length,  about  180  miles. 

Tana-Fjord.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  on 
the  extreme  northern  coastof  Norway.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Tanagra  (tan'a-gra).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  of  Boeotia,  Greece,  situated  near  the  Aso- 
pus  24  miles  north-northwest  of  Athens.  A vic- 
tory was  gained  here,  in  457  B.  c.,  by  the  Spartans  over  the 
Athenians  and  their  allies.  Its  extensive  necropolis  has 
made  this  obscure  town  famous,  for  from  it  came  about 
1874  the  first  of  the  terra-cotta  figurines  which  drew  at- 
tention to  the  interest  and  charm  of  antiquities  of  this 
class.  Such  figurines,  previously  ignored,  have  since  been 
eagerly  sought  and  found  in  great  quantities,  not  only  at 
Tanagra,  but  upon  a great  number  of  sites  in  all  parts  of 
the  Greek  world.  Those  from  Tanagra,  despite  ancient 
animadversions  on  Boeotian  taste,  still  hold  the  palm  for 
elegance  and  artistic  quality. 

Tanaim  (ta-na'im),  or  Tanaites.  [From  Ara- 
mean  tena,  to  learn  and  to  teach:  ‘teachers, 
doctors.’]  The  name  applied  among  the  Jews 
to  the  rabbis  or  teachers  of  the  law  in  the  Mish- 
nic  period  (10-220  A.D.);  the  authors  of  the 
Mishnah,  as  opposed  to  the  Amoraim,  the 
authors  of  the  Gemara.  See  under  Talmud. 

Tanais  (ta'na-is).  1.  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Don,  Russia. — 2.  An  ancient  Greek  colony  near 
the  head  of  Lake  Mteotis,  near  the  site  of  the 
modern  Azoff,  Russia. 

Tananarive)  (ta-na-na-re'vd),  or  Antananari- 
vo (an-ta-na-na-re'vo).  The  capital  of  Mada- 
gascar, situated  in  the  interior,  about  lat.  19°  S. 
It  contains  the  royal  palaces  and  many  buildings  in  the 
European  style.  Population,  estimated,  about  72,000. 

Tanaquil  (tan'a-kwil).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
wife  of  Tarquinius  Priscus,  king  of  Rome. 

Tanaquill  (tan'a-kwil).  A British  princess. 
Spenser  uses  the  name  with  reference  to  Queen  Elizabeth 
in  the  “Faerie  Queene." 

Tanaro  (ta-na'ro).  A river  in  northwestern 
Italy:  the  ancient  Tanarus.  It  rises  in  the  Ligurian 
Alps,  flows  past  Asti  and  Alessandria,  and  empties  into  the 
Po  11  miles  northeast  of  Alessandria.  Length,  about  130 
miles. 

Tancred  (tang'kred).  Died  •at  Antioch,  1112. 
One  of  the  chief  heroes  of  the  first  Crusade, 
1096-99.  He  was  the  son  of  Otho  the  Good  and  Emma, 
sister  of  Robert  Guiscard.  He  joined  the  crusading  army 
under  his  cousin,  Bohemund  of  Tarentum,  son  of  Robert 
Guiscard.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the  taking  of  Nice 
and  Tarsus,  the  siege  of  Antioch,  the  capture  of  Jerusalem, 
and  the  battle  of  Ascalon.  He  became  prince  of  Galilee 
and  later  of  Edessa.  His  virtues  and  achievements  are 
celebrated  in  Tasso’s  “Jerusalem  Delivered." 

Tancred.  Died  1194.  King  of  Sicily,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Roger,  duke  of  Apulia.  He  was 
crowned  king  1190,  and  contended  for  his  throne 
with  Henry  VI.  of  Germany. 

Tancred  and  Gismunda.  A tragedy  originally 
written  in  rime  by  five  gentlemen,  probably 
members  of  the  Inner  Temple,  it  was  acted  there 
in  1568,  and  was  republished  in  1572  by  Robert  Wilmot, 
the  author  of  the  last  act.  The  edition  was  put  into  blank 
verse.  It  is  remarkable  as  the  oldest  English  play  extant 
the  plot  of  which  is  known  to  be  taken  from  an  Italian 
novel. 

Tancr&de  (toh-krad').  A play  by  Voltaire,  pro- 
duced in  1760. 

Tancredi  (tan-kra'de).  An  opera  by  Rossini, 
first  produced  at  Venice  in  1813  and  at  Lon- 
don in  1820. 

Taney  (ta'ni),  Roger  Brooke.  Born  in  Calvert 
County,  Md.,  March  17,  1777 : died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,Oct.  12, 1864.  An  American  jurist. 
He  became  a leading  lawyer  in  Maryland,  and  a Federalist 
politician;  was  made  attorney-general  of  Maryland  in  1827; 
was  a prominent  supporter  of  Andrew  Jackson  ; was  Unit- 
ed States  attorney-general  1831-33 ; became  secretary  of 
the  treasury  in  1833  (Congress  not  being  in  session),  and 
removed  the  deposits  from  the  United  States  Bank,  but  was 
rejected  by  the  Senate  in  1834;  was  nominated  for  associ- 
ate justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1835,  but  was  rejected 
by  the  Senate ; and  was  confirmed  as  chief  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1836.  His  most  noted  decision  was  that 
in  the  “Dred  Scott  Case  ” (which  see)  in  1857. 


Tannhauser 

Tanganyika  (tan-gan-ye'kii),  Lake.  A lake  in 
eastern  central  Africa,  extending  from  about  lat. 
3°  15'  S.  to  8°  45'  S. : the  longest  fresh-water 
lake  in  the  world,  its  outlet  is  the  Lukuga,  which  flows 
into  the  Kongo.  It  was  discovered  by  Burton  and  Speke 
in  1858,  and  has  been  explored  by  Livingstone,  Cameron, 
Stanley,  Thomson,  Wissmann,  and  others.  Length,  410 
miles.  Area,  estimated,  12,650  squar  e miles.  Height  above 
sea-level,  2,680  feet. 

Tanger.  See  Tangier. 

Tangermiinde  (tang'er-miin-de).  Atowninthe 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Tanger  with  the  Elbe,  30  miles 
northeast  of  Magdeburg.  Population,  com- 
mune, 12,829. 

Tangier  (tan-jer'),  or  Tangiers  (tan-jerz'),  F. 
Tanger  (toh-zba'),  G.  Tanger  (tan'ger),  native 
Tanja  (tiin'ja).  A seaport  of  Morocco,  sit- 
uated on  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  in  lat.  35° 
47'  N.,  long.  5°  49'  W. : the  Roman  Tingis. 
It  is  the  principal  center  of  commerce  in  Morocco;  has 
important  trade  with  Europe ; and  is  the  residence  of 
consuls  and  the  diplomatic  corps  sent  to  Morocco.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  Roman  province  of  Tingitana; 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  Portuguese  in  the  16th 
century ; was  ceded  to  England  on  the  marriage  of  Catha- 
rine of  Braganza  with  Charles  II.  in  1662  ; and  was  aban- 
doned to  the  Moors  in  1684.  It  was  bombarded  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1790,  and  by  the  French  in  1844.  Population, 
about  35,000. 

Tangier  (tan-jer')  Island.  An  island  of  Vir- 
ginia, situated  in  Chesapeake  Bay  southeast  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Potomac. 

Tanglewood  Tales,  The.  A series  of  tales  by 
Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  published  in  1853. 

Tanis  (ta'nis).  See  Zoan. 

Tanit  (ta'nit).  A Phenieian  goddess.  With 
Baal,  Hamraon,  and  Eshinun  she  formed  the  supreme 
triad.  Her  symbol  was  the  solar  disk  with  a crescent. 

Tanitic  (ta-nit'ik)  Branch.  A northeastern 
mouth  of  the  Nile,  which  was  silted  up  in  an- 
cient times. 

Tanjore  (tan-jor').  1.  A Mahratta  state  in 
southern  India,  founded  in  the  17th  century. 
It  came  under  British  rule  about  1800. — 2.  A 
district  in  Madras,  British  India.,  intersected  by 
lat.  11°N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area,  3,710  square  miles. 
Population,  2,245,029. — 3.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Tanjore,  situated  on  an  arm  of  the 
Kaveri  about  lat.  10°  47'  N.,  long.  79°  8'  E. 
It  has  important  manufactures,  and  is  noted  as  a literary 
and  religious  center.  It  was  once  a princely  residence. 
The  Great  Pagoda  is  a stately  Dravidian  temple,  dating 
from  the  11th  century.  The  shrine  measures  82  feet  square, 
and  rises  in  two  vertical  stages  with  windows  and  en- 
gaged columns,  upon  which  rests  the  great  Vimana  pyra- 
mid, with  13  stages,  and  a domical  crowning  ISO  feet 
above  the  ground.  The  whole  is  covered  with  rich  or- 
namentation, in  which  a fan-shaped  detail  and  figure- 
sculpture  are  conspicuous.  Before  the  shrine  is  a some- 
what low  closed  porch,  from  which  an  avenue  of  columns 
leads  to  the  Bull  Shrine,  a low  flat-roofed  columned  pa- 
vilion in  which  is  the  noted  colossal  bull  statue.  The  in- 
closure which  contains  the  temple  is  250  by  500  feet ; be- 
sides the  buildings  described,  it  contains  several  other 
notable  shrines,  and  has  a monumental  sculptured  gopura 
or  gate.  Population,  57,870. 

Tann  (tan),  Von  der  (in  full:  Baron  Ludwig 
Samson  von  und  zu  der  Tann-Rathsam- 
hausen).  Born  at  Darmstadt,  June  18,  1815: 
died  at  Meran,  April  26,  1881.  A Bavarian  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war  of  1848- 
1850  and  against  Prussia  in  1866  ; was  commander  of  the 
1st  Bavarian  armv  corps  in  the  Franco-German  war:  and 
commanded  independently  on  the  Loire.  He  was  defeated 
atCoulmiers  Nov.  9,  1870. 

Tanna(tiin'na).  An  island  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Tannahill  (tan'a-hil),  Robert.  Born  at  Pais- 
ley, Scotland,  June  3,  1774:  committed  sui- 
cide May  17,  1810.  A Scottish  poet.  Among 
his  best-known  lyrics  are  “The  Flower  of  Dun- 
blane” and  “Gloomy  Winter ’s  noo  awa’.” 

Tannenberg  (tan'nen-berG).  A village  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia*,  14  miles 
south  of  Osterode.  Here,  in  1410,  the  Polish  and 
Lithuanian  army  defeated  and  broke  the  power  of  the 
Teutonic  Order. 

Tannhauser  (tan'hoi-zer).  [MHG.  Der  Tan- 
hilser.]  A Middle  High  German  lyric  poet  of 
the  13th  century.  He  belonged  to  the  Salzburg  family 
of  Tanhusen.  From  about  1240  to  1270  he  led  a wander- 
ing life  in  which  he  lived  at  the  Bavarian  Austrian,  and 
other  courts,  and  visited  the  far  East.  He  was  a minne- 
singer and  the  writer,  particularly,  of  dance-songs.  A 
German  ballad  of  the  16th  century  has  preserved  the 
memory  of  the  historical  Tannhauser.  This  first  describes 
his  parting  with  Lady  Venus,  with  whom  he  has  been  for 
a year  in  the  Venusberg.  He  makes  a visit  of  penance  to 
Rome  and  asks  for  absolution,  but  Pope  Urban,  who  holds 
a dry  staff  in  his  hand,  declares  that  as  little  as  the  staff 
can  grow  green,  so  little  can  he  have  God’s  mercy.  In  de- 
spair he  goes  away.  On  the  third  day  after,  the  staff, 
however,  begins  to  bud,  and  the  Pope  sends  out  in  search 
of  him  ; but  he  has  gone  back  to  Venus  in  the  mountain. 
The  legend  of  Tannhauser  is  the  subject  of  the  opera  of 
the  same  name  by  Richard  Wagner. 


Tannhauser 

Tannhauser  und  der  Sangerkrieg  auf  Wart- 
burg.  An  opera  by  Wagner,  founded  on  the 
legend  of  Tannhauser,  produced  at  Dresden  in 
1845,  and  in  England  in  1876. 

Tano  (ta'no),  or  Tahano,  or  Thano.  [From 
Tan-u-ge,  Tigua  Tahano,  their  name  for  them- 
selves.] A tribal  division  of  the  Tahoan  stock 
of  Noi'th  American  Indians,  which  formerly 
occupied  a number  of  pueblos  in  the  vicinity 
of  Galisteo,  20  miles  south  of  Santa  F6,  New 
Mexico.  It  waa  almost  destroyed  as  a tribe  in  the  Pueblo 
revolt  of  1680.  The  remnants  are  settled  with  the  Tigua 
and  Tewa.  See  Tanoan. 

Tanoan  (tan'yo-an),  or  Enaghmagh.  A linguis- 
tic stock  of  North  American  Indians,  which 
embraces  the  Tewa,  Tano,  Tigua,  Jemez,  and 
Piro,  divisions  which  speak  more  or  less  closely 
allied  dialects  and  inhabit  various  communal 
pueblos  or  villages  in  the  main  and  tributary 
valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  N ew  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  Chihuahua,  as  well  as  one  of  the  Tusavan 
villages,  Arizona.  Number,  about  4,000. 
Tanta,  or  Tantah  (tan'ta).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Gharbiyeh,  Egypt,  situated  in  the 
Delta  72  miles  southeast  of  Alexandria.  It  is 
the  seat  of  important  fairs  and  festivals.  Pop- 
ulation, 54,437. 

Tantalam  (tan-ta-lam')  Island.  An  island  in 
the  Gulf  of  Siam,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  intersected  by  lat.  7°  30'  N. 
Length,  40  miles. 

Tantallon(tan-tal'on)  Castle.  Acastlein  Had- 
dingtonshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  North 
Sea  near  North  Berwick:  now  in  ruins.  It  was 
a stronghold  of  the  Douglas  family. 

Tantalus  (tan'ta-lus).  [Gr.  T avraXoc.]  InGreek 
mythology,  a soil  of  Zeus  and  Pluto,  and  father 
of  Pelops  and  Niobe : king  of  Mount  Sipylus  in 
Lydia.  For  revealing  the  secrets  of  the  gods  he  was 
condemned  to  stand  in  Tartarus  up  to  his  chin  in  water 
under  a loaded  fruit-tree,  the  fruit  and  water  retreating 
whenever  he  sought  to  satisfy  his  hunger  or  thirst.  From 
his  name  is  derived  the  word  tantalize. 

Tantra  (tan'tra).  [Skt.,  ‘loom,  thread,  warp,’ 
and  then  ‘order  of  rites,  theory,  treatise.’]  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  a religious  treatise  teach- 
ing magical  formulas  for  the  worship  of  the  gods 
or  the  attainment  of  superhuman  power.  The 
Tantras  are  the  Bible  of  Sliaktism  (see  Shaktas).  Like  the 
Puranas,  they  are  sometimes  called  a fifth  Veda.  They 
are  also  known  as  Agama,  ‘that  which  has  come  down’ 
(also  applied  to  the  Brahmana  portion  of  the  Veda),  in  dis- 
tinction from  Nigama,  a general  name  for  the  Vedas, 
Dharmashastras,  Puranas,  and  other  Smriti  literature. 
Their  authorship  is  sometimes  ascribed  to  Dattatreya,  who 
is  worshiped  as  an  incarnation  of  Brahma,  Vishnu,  and 
Shiva ; but  they  are  generally  thought  to  have  been  re- 
vealed by  Shiva  alone.  None  has  as  yet  been  printed  or 
translated  in  Europe.  They  are  said  to  number  64,  with- 
out counting  many  works  of  a Tantrik  character.  They 
are  generally  written  in  the  form  of  a dialogue  between 
Shiva  and  his  wife,  and  every  Tantra  ought  in  theory  to 
treat  of  five  subjects:  the  creation,  the  destruction  of  the 
world,  the  worship  of  the  gods,  the  attainment  of  super- 
human power,  and  the  four  modes  of  union  with  the  Su- 
preme Spirit.  Whole  Tantras  treat  only  of  various  modes 
of  using  spells  for  acquiring  magical  power;  others  simply 
describe  the  most  effectual  modes  of  worshiping  the 
Shaktis.  The  oldest  known  Tantra  cannot  antedate  the 
6th  or  7 th  cent  ury  A.  D.  Full  as  they  are  of  doubtful  sym- 
bolism, and  tending  in  their  teaching  to  licentiousness, 
they  are  not  all  necessarily  impure.  They  seem  connected 
with  a distorted  view  of  the  Sankhya  philosophy  and  with 
some  corrupt  forms  of  Buddhism.  They  have  greatly  in- 
fluenced the  later  Buddhist  literature  of  Nepal.  There 
are  also  Vaishnava  Tantras,  such  as  the  Gautamiya  and 
the  Sanatkumara ; but  even  in  these  Shiva  is  the  speaker 
and  his  wife  the  listener.  In  them  Radha,  the  wife  of 
Krishna,  takes  the  place  of  Durga  as  the  chief  object  of 
worship. 

Taormina  (ta-or-me'nii).  A decayed  town  in 
the  province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  situated  on  the 
coast  31  miles  southwest  of  Messina:  the  an- 
cient Tauromenium.  It  has  acastle and  a cathedral, 
and  is  noted  for  its  antiquities,  especially  for  its  very  fine 
theater,  of  Greek  foundation  but  altered  by  the  Romans. 
This  important  ancient  city  was  founded  about  396  B.  C. 
It  was  often  besieged  and  taken.  Population,  4,391. 

Taos  (ta'os).  Tue  northernmost  of  the  Pueblo 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  occupying 
a village  of  the  same  name  about  52  miles 
northeast  of  Santa  Fe,  on  the  Rio  de  Taos,  a 
tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  New  Mexico. 
See  Tigua. 

Tapajos  (ta-pa-zhos'),  orTapajosos  (ta-pa-zho'- 
zos).  An  Indian  tribe  which,  in  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries,  occupied  the  territory  about  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Tapajos.  The  sites  of  their  vil- 
lages, which  were  large  and  close  together,  are  still  marked 
by  great  quantities  of  broken  pottery  strewn  over  the 
ground.  The  Tapajos  were  probably  of  Tupi  race.  Many 
of  them  were  enslaved ; others  were  gathered  into  mis- 
sions, and  their  descendants  form  part  of  the  peasant  popu- 
lation of  the  same  region. 

Tapajos  (ta-pa-zhos').  A river  in  the  states  of 
Matt.o  Grosso  and  Pard,  Brazil.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  southern  tributaries  of  the  Amazon,  which  it 


978 

joins  near  long.  54°  35’  W.  The  main  head  streams  are  the 
Arinos  (which  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Paraguay)  and 
the  Juruena.  Length,  with  the  Arinos,  nearly  1,100  miles ; 
navigable  by  steamboats  to  Itaituba,  150  miles  ; above  this 
there  are  numerous  rapids,  but  canoes  ascend  nearly  to 
the  source  of  the  Arinos.  Also  written  Tapajoz. 

Tapanecs.  See  Tepanecs. 

Tapes  (fa-pas').  Indians  of  the  Guarany  race 
who  formerly  occupied  much  of  the  territory 
between  the  rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay,  ex- 
tending eastward  nearly  to  the  Atlantic!  Like 
the  Guaranys  proper  they  had  hardly  any  tribal  organiza- 
tion, and  probably  the  name  itself  was  loosely  used.  The 
Jesuits  had  some  of  their  largest  missions  among  these 
Indians.  Descendants  of  the  Tapes  form  a large  portion 
of  the  country  population  of  Corrientes  and  Misiones,  part 
of  EntreP.ios,'  northern  Uruguay,  and  southern  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul.  See  Guaranys. 

Taphise  (ta'fi-e).  [Gr.  Taipiuv  vf/aot.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a group  of  islands  west  of  Acarna- 
nia,  Greece,  corresponding  to  the  modern  Mega- 
nisi,  Kalamo,  etc. : earlier  called  Teleboides. 
Tapia  (ta'pe-a),  Andres  de.  Born  in  Spain 
about  1495  : died  in  Mexico  after  1539.  A Span- 
ish soldier.  He  was  a nephew  of  Velasquez,  governor 
of  Cuba;  joined  Cortes  in  1 5 1 0 ; took  a prominent  part  in 
the  conquestof  Mexico;  and  subsequently  settled  at  Mex- 
ico City,  where  he  held  high  civil  offices.  He  wrote  an  in- 
complete but  very  valuable  account  of  the  conquest,  which 
was  published  by  Icazbalceta  in  1866. 

Tap  ley  ( tap'  li),  Mark.  A character  in  Dickens’s 
“ MartinChuzzlewit. ’’Martin’s  servantand  trav- 
eling companion,  alight-hearted,  merry  fellow, 
who  takes  constant  credit  to  himself  for  being 
jolly  under  the  most  adverse  circumstances. 
Tappan  (tap'an),  Arthur.  Born  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  May  22,  1786 : died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  July  23,  1865.  An  American  merchant 
and  philanthropist.  He  was  the  first  president 
of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society. 
Tappan,  Lewis.  Born  at  Northampton,  Mass., 
May  23,  1788:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June 
21,  1873.  An  American  merchant,  philanthro- 
pist, and  antislavery  advocate : brother  of  Ar- 
thur Tappan.  He  was  a leading  founder  of  the 
American  Missionary  Association. 

Tappan,  William  Bingham.  Bom  at  Beverley, 
Mass.,  Oct.  29,  1794:  died  at  West  Needham, 
Mass.,  June  18,  1849.  An  American  poet.  He 
wrote  “New  England,  and  other  Poems ” (1819),  “Poetry 
of  the  Heart  ” (1845),  “ Sacred  and  Miscellaneous  Poems  ” 
(1846),  etc. 

Tappan  Bay,  or  Tappan  Sea.  [D.  Tappaan 
Zee.']  An  expansion  of  the  Hudson  River,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Tarrytown  and  Sing  Sing,  New 
York.  Length,  about  12  miles.  Greatest  width, 
about  4 miles. 

Tappertit  (tap'er-tit),  Sim  or  Simon.  A char- 
acter in  Dickens’s  “Barnaby  Rudge.”  He  is  a 
ridiculously  conceited  and  pompous  apprentice,  veiy  proud 
of  his  figure,  and  in  love  with  Dolly  Varden.  He  is  after- 
ward concerned  in  the  “Gordon  riots.” 

Taprobane  (tap'ro-ban).  A fabulous  island  in 
the  dominion  of  Prester  John,  in  which,  ac- 
cording to  Mandeville,  there  are  huge  pismires, 
as  large  as  hounds,  that  guard  hills  of  gold,  and 
work  in  them,  finding  and  storing  the  pure  gold. 
Taprobane  (ta-prob'a-ne).  [Gr.  T airpofiavr),  Skt. 
Tamraparni:  see  Tamraparni.]  The  ancient 
name  of  Ceylon. 

Tapti  (tap'te),  sometimes  Tuptee  (tup'te).  A 
river  in  western  central  India  which  flows  into 
the  Gulf  of  Cambay  below  Surat.  Length,  about 
450  miles. 

Tapuya  stock  (ta-po'ya  stok).  [Tupi  tapuia , 
a stranger:  first  applied  to  these  Indians  as  a 
term  of  dislike  or  reproach.]  A name  given  by 
many  ethnologists  to  the  Crens  (which  see). 
On  the  Amazon  the  name  Tapuya  is  now  used 
for  any  Indian. 

Tara  (ta'ra).  A place  in  County  Meath,  Ireland, 
21  miles  northwest  of  Dublin,  it,  was  famous  in  the 
early  history  of  Ireland  as  a royal  residence.  In  1843  it 
was  the  scene  of  a large  mass-meeting  in  favor  of  repeal 
of  the  Union. 

The  assembly  of  Tara  was  held  at  the  beginning  of  No- 
vember, every  third  year,  and  . . . was  a sort  of  parliament 
at  which  all  the  nobles  and  principal  scholars  of  Erinn  met 
to  institute  new  laws,  or  to  renew  and  extend  old  ones, 
and  to  examine,  to  compare,  and  to  correct  the  national 
annals  and  history  of  the  country. 

O’Curry,  Ancient  Irish,  I.  i. 

Tarahumar  (ta-ra-lio-mar').  [Adapted  from 
words  signifying  ‘ foot-racers,’  in  allusion  to 
their  custom  of  kicking  a ball  in  racing.]  A di- 
vision of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  embracing  the  Tarahumar,  Varoliio, 
Guazapar,  Pachera,  and  Tubar  tribes.  Its  habitat 
embraces  the  head  waters  of  the  principal  streams  in  the 
Sierra  Madre  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico.  The  names 
of  nearly  all  their  settlements  terminate  in  the  locative 
form  chic.  Number,  estimated,  30,000-40,000.  See  Piman . 
Tarai  (ta-ri').  [‘Moist  land.’]  1.  A region  in 
India,  at  the  foot  of  the  Himalaya. — 2.  A small 


Tarbat  Ness 

district  in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India,  near  the  Himalaya. 

Tarancon  (ta-ran-kon').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cuenca,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ri&n- 
sares  46  miles  southeast  of  Madrid.  Popula- 
tion, 5,292. 

Taranto  (ta-ran'to).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Lecce,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Taranto 
and  the  Mare  Piccolo,  in  lat.  40°  25'  N.,  long. 
17°  12'  E.:  the  ancient  Tarentum  or  Taras. 
It  has  considerable  commerce  and  fisheries.  The  chief 
building  is  the  castle.  (For  history,  see  Tarentum.)  Pop- 
ulation, town,  50,914 ; commune,  60,733. 

Taranto,  Duke  of.  See  Macdonald. 

Taranto,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  southern  coast  of  Italy : the  an- 
cient Tarentinus  Sinus.  It  separates  the  so-called 
“heel  "of  the  peninsula  from  the  “toe,"  projecting  into 
_the  “foot"  about  85  miles. 

Tarapaca  (ta-ra-pa-ka').  1.  A maritime  prov- 
ince of  Chile,  situated  west  of  Bolivia  and  south 
of  Tacna:  noted  for  its  rich  nitrate  deposits. 
Capital,  Iquique.  It  was  seized  by  the  Chileans  in 
1879,  and  was  ceded  by  Peru  to  Chile  in  1883.  Area, 
18,125  square  miles.  Population,  110,036. 

2.  A small  town,  the  former  capital  of  Tara- 
pacd,  situated  in  lat.  20°  3'  S.,  long.  69°  58'  W. 
On  Nov.  27,  1879,  a Peruvian-Bolivian  force  defeated  the 
Chileans  near  this  place. 

Tarare  (ta-rar').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the  Turdine  22 
miles  northwest  of  Lyons,  it  is  the  center  of  a 
large  manufacturing  region,  turning  out  silk  plush,  vel- 
vet, embroidery,  dyes,  muslin,  etc. ; and  has  considerable 
trade.  Population,  commune,  12,180. 

Taras.  See  Tarentum. 

Taras  Bulba  (ta-ras'  bol'ba).  A tale  of  the 
Cossacks,  by  Gogol.  It  appeared  in  its  first  form  in 
the  “ Evenings  at  the  Farm, " but  was  rewritten  and  re- 
published. Taras  Bulba  is  a type  of  one  of  those  fighting 
Cossack  chiefs  who  played  an  important  part  in  the  his- 
tory of  Poland,  and  later  in  the  history  of  Russia. 

Tarascans.  See  Tarascos. 

Tarascon  (ta-ras-kon').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ari&ge,  France,  on  the  Arihge  5 miles 
south  of  Foix.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron. 
Population,  commune,  1,684. 

Tarascon.  A town  in  the  department  of 
Bouches-du-Rhone,  France,  situated  on  the 
Rhone  10  miles  north  of  Arles:  the  Roman 
Tarasco.  It  is  connected  by  bridges  with  Beaucaire 
opposite.  The  Church  of  Ste.  Marthe  and  the  castle  are 
notable.  It  has  a festival  in  honor  of  the  legendary  preser- 
vation of  the  town  from  a monster  (Tarasque).  Popula- 
tion, commune,  8,972. 

Tarasco3  (ta-ras'kos),  or  Tarascans  (ta-ras'- 
kanz).  An  Indian  race  of  Mexico,  formerly  a 
powerful  nation  which  occupied  the  territory 
now  included  in  the  state  of  Michoacan.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition  they  came  from  the  north  about  the  time 
of  the  Aztec  migration,  establishing  their  capital  at  Tzin- 
tzontzan  on  the  Lake  of  Patzcuaro.  Their  language  was 
entirely  distinct  from  the  Nahuatl,  forming  in  itself  a lin- 
guistic stock.  They  were  quite  as  far  advanced  in  civili- 
zation as  the  Aztecs,  building  temples  and  houses  of 
stone,  weaving  cotton  for  clothing,  and  using  a very  com- 
plete defensive  armor  in  war ; their  calendar  was  similar 
to  that  of  the  Mexicans,  and  they  had  a form  of  picture- 
writing, no  specimeu  of  which  has  been  preserved.  Human 
sacrifices  were  made  to  their  gods  and  at  funerals.  Their 
chief  hero  god  was  Curicanberi.  Their  chiefs  (caUed 
kings  by  the  Spaniards)  were  elected  and  had  considerable 
power.  The  Tarascos  were  frequently  at  war  with  the 
Aztecs,  and  were  never  conquered  by  them.  They  sub- 
mitted without  resistance  to  the  Spaniards;  but,  notwith- 
standing this,  Nuilo  de  Guzman  tortured  and  killed  their 
last  chief,  BimbichA  or  Tangaxoan.  Under  Hidalgo  they 
were  the  first  to  revolt  against  the  Spaniards  in  1810,  thus 
opening  the  war  for  independence,  in  which  they  fought 
bravely.  About  275,000  Tarascos  survive,  principally  in 
Michoacan,  with  outlying  villages  in  Guerrero  and  Jalisco. 

Tarasp-Schuls  (ta-rasp'shSls").  A health-re- 
sort and  watering-place  in  the  Lower  Enga dine, 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
the  Inn  36  miles  east  of  Coire.  It  has  mineral 
springs. 

Tarasque  (ta-rask').  A legendary  monster  that 
ravaged  the  neighborhood  of  Tarascon,  France. 
A figure  of  him  is  carried  in  procession  at  a festival  held 
annually  at  Beaucaire  and  at  Tarascon  to  celebrate  his  de- 
struction. 

Tarazed  (tar'a-zed).  [Ar.  slidlitn  tdrdzed,  the 
soaring  falcon,  which  is  the  Persian  name  for  the 
constellation  Aquila.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  y Aquilte. 

Tarazona  (ta-ra-tho'na).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saragossa,  Spain , situated  on  the  Queiles 
43  miles  northwest  of  Saragossa.  Population, 
8,790. 

Tarbagatai  (tar-bii-ga-ti').  A range  of  moun- 
tains in  Asiatic  Russia  and  on  the  borders  of 
Ili  (in  the  Chinese  empire),  about  lat.  47°—48°  N. 
Height,  about  10,000  feet. 

Tarbat  Ness  (tar'bat  nes).  A cape  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Scotland, between  Moray  Firth  and 
Dornoch  Firth. 


Tarbelli 

Tarbelli  (tar-bel'i).  In  ancient  history,  a peo- 
ple living  in  the  southwestern  extremity  of 
Aquitania,  in  Gaul. 

Tarbert  (tar'bert),West  Loch.  An  inlet  of  the 
ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland,  north  of  Kintyre.  There  are  also  two 
lochs  (West  Loch  Tarbert  and  East  Loch  Tarbert)  on  the 
west  and  east  coasts  of  Harris,  Hebrides. 

Tarbes  (tarb).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Hautes-Pyrenees,  France,  situated  on  the 
Adour  in  lat.  43°  14'  N.,  long.  0°  5'  E.  it  has 

manufactures  of  paper,  flax,  woolens,  machinery,  etc.  The 
principal  buildings  are  the  cathedral  and  the  museum. 
Its  Jardin  Massey  is  notable.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  old 
county  of  Bigorre  ; was  in  the  possession  of  the  English 
about  1360-1406 ; and  suffered  severely  in  the  Huguenot 
wars.  .Near  it  the  British  defeated  the  French  in  1814. 
Population,  commune,  25,869. 

Tarbox  (tar'boks),  Increase  Mies.  Born  at 
East  Windsor,  Conn.,  Feb.  11,  1815 : died  at 
Newton,  Mass.,  May  3,  1888.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman,  and  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer : secretary  of  the  Ameri- 
can College  and  Education  Society.  He  wrote 
“Nineveh”  (1864),  “Tyre  and  Alexandria" (1865),  “ Life  of 
Israel  Putnam”  (1876),  “Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  his  Col- 
ony in  America”  (1884),  “Songs  and  Hymns  for  Common 
Life  ” (1885),  etc. 

Tarentaise  (ta-roii-taz').  A district  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoie,  France,  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  Isere.  It  is  mountainous  and  pictur- 
esque. 

Tarentaise  Alps.  A part  of  the  Graian  Alps  in 
Tarentaise,  southeastern  France.  The  highest 
point  is  the  Grande-Casse  (12,665  feet). 
Tarentinus  Sinus  (tar-en-tl'nus  sl'nus).  The 
ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Taranto. 
Tarentum  (ta-ren'tum).  The  ancient  and  me- 
dieval name  of  Taranto  (which  see),  in  south- 
ern Italy.  It  was  colonized  by  Sparta  about  705  B.  c. ; be- 
came the  leading  city  of  Magna  Gracia,  and  noted  for  wealth 
and  luxury ; was  at  war  with  the  Lucanians,  etc.,  in  the  4th 
century,  and  with  Rome  in  281,  aided  by  Pyrrhus ; was  taken 
by  Rome  in  272 ; was  taken  by  Hannibal  in  212  (except  the 
citadel);  was  retaken  by  Fabius  in  209;  and  received  a 
Roman  colony  in  123.  In  the  middle  ages  it  passed  to  the 
Goths,  Lombards,  Saracens,  and  Byzantine  Greeks,  and  in 
1063  to  the  Normans  under  Robert  Guiscard. 

Targovitz  (tar'go-vits),  or  Targovitza  (tiir-gd- 
vit'sa).  A small  town  in  the  government  of 
Kielf,  Russia,  about  120  miles  south  of  Kieff. 
Targovitz,  Confederation  of.  A union  of  cer- 
tain Polish  nobles,  formed  at  Targovitz  in  1792, 
in  opposition  to  the  constitution  of  1791. 
Targum  (tar'gum).  [Aram./ interpretation.’] 
The  name  applied  to  the  Chaldean  (i.  e.,  Ara- 
mean)  versions  ofthe  Old  Testament.  Theydevel- 
oped  out  of  the  oral  translations  and  paraphrases  of  the 
passages  of  Scripture  read  in  the  synagogues : a custom 
which  probably  began  soon  after  the  return  of  the  Jews 
from  the  captivity.  The  most  popular  Targum  is  that 
which  passes  under  the  name  of  Onkelos,  which  originated 
probably  in  the  3d  century  A.  D.  in  Babylonia  : the  name 
is  supposed  to  be  a corruption  of  Aquila(Akylos),  the  cele- 
brated convert  and  author  of  a Greek  version  of  the  Old 
Testament,  to  whom  it  was  ascribed.  It  gives  in  general  a 
faithful  translation  of  the  Hebrew  text.  Another  Targum 
is  attributed  to  Jonathan  ben  Uzziel  a disciple  of  Hillel, 
which  is  more  free  in  its  rendering  of  the  original ; while 
the  so-called  Jerusalem  Targum  (“pseudo-Jonathan”)  is 
moreof  ahomiletical  paraphrase  than  a translation.  None 
of  these  Targums  is  in  its  present  shape  a complete  trans- 
lation of  the  Old  Testament. 

Tarifa  (ta-re'fa).  A seaport  and  fishing  town 
in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  in  lat.  36°  S. : the  Punic 
Josa  and  Roman  Julia  Traducta.  It  occupies  the 
southernmost  point  of  the  continent  of  Europe.  The  Sar- 
acens under  Tarik  landed  there  in  711.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Castilians  in  the  end  of  the  13th  century  and  was  de- 
fended by  the  British  in  1812.  Population,  11,723. 

Tariff  of  Abominations.  In  United  States  his- 
tory, a name  given  by  its  opponents  to  the 
high  tariff  act  of  1828. 

Tarija  (ta-re'Ha).  1.  A department  in  south- 
eastern Bolivia,  bordering  on  the  Argentine 
Republic,  Paraguay,  and  Brazil.  The  eastern 
part  is  included  in  the  Gran  Chaco  (which 
see) ; the  western  part  is  mountainous.  Area, 
70,800  square  miles.  Population,  119,439. — 2 . 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Tarija,  200 
miles  south-southeast  of  Sucre.  Population, 
7,817. 

Tarik  (t&'rik).  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the 
8th  century.  A Saracen  general.  As  subordinate 
of  Musa,  the  governor  of  North  Africa,  he  led  the  invasion 
of  Spain;  landed  at  Gibraltar;  defeated  Roderick  near 
Xerez  de  la  Frontera  in  711;  and  conquered  Cordova,  To- 
ledo, etc.  He  aroused  the  jealousy  of  Musa,  and  was  over- 
thrown by  him  in  712. 

Tarim  (tii-rem').  A river  of  Eastern  Turkestan, 
Chinese  empire,  which  flows  easterly  into  Lake 
Lob  Nor.  It  is  supposed  to  receive  the  Aksu, 
Khoten,  etc.  Length,  estimated,  over  1,000 
miles. 


979 

Tarkhan  (tar-chan'),  Cape.  A cape  at  the  west- 
ern extremity  of  the  Crimea,  Russia. 

Tarleton  (tarl'ton),  Sir  Banastre.  Born  at 
Liverpool,  Aug.  21, 1754 : died  Jan.  25, 1833.  An 
English  general,  notorious  in  the  Revolution  for 
his  cruelty  as  a partizan  commander  in  the  Caro- 
linas  (1780-81).  He  organized  the  “British  Legion” of 
regulars  and  Tories ; served  at  Camden ; defeated  Sum- 
ter at  Fishing  Creek  and  was  defeated  by  him  at  Black- 
stock’s  Hill  Nov.  20, 1780  ; was  defeated  by  Morgan  at  the 
Cowpens  in  Jan.,  1781 ; and  surrendered  with  Cornwallis  at 
Yorktown.  He  was  later  member  of  Parliament  and  lieu- 
tenant-general. He  wrote  a “ History  of  the  Campaigns  of 
1780-81,  etc."  (1787). 

Tarlton  (tarl'ton),  Richard.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, 1588.  A famous  clown  and  comic  actor. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  brought  to  London  from  Shrop- 
shire, and  to  have  been  a “ prentice  in  his  youth  ” in  the 
city  of  London,  later  a “water-bearer."  He  was  enrolled 
afterward  as  one  of  the  twelve  of  the  Queen’s  Company,  and 
became  a kind  of  court  jester  as  well.  He  was  celebrated 
for  his  extemporaneous  rimes  and  for  his  “jigs  ” (comic 
songs  with  a dance),  which  he  invented.  His  popularity 
and  audacity  were  both  unbounded.  He  fell  into  disgrace 
and  was  dismissed  from  court  for  scurrilous  reflections 
upon  Leicester  and  Raleigh.  He  then  kept  a tavern  in 
Paternoster  Row,  and  later  the  Tabor  in  Gracechurch 
street.  He  wrote  “The  Seven  Deadly  Sins,”  a play  which 
appears  to  have  been  the  result  of  his  real  or  pretended 
repentance  of  his  irregularities. 

Tarma  (tar'ma).  A colonial  intendency  of 
Pern,  corresponding,  nearly,  to  the  present  de- 
partment of  Junin  (which  see). 

Tarn  (tarn).  A river  in  southern  France  which 
joins  the  Garonne  below  Moissac : the  Roman 
Tarnis.  A gorge  or  cafion,  31  miles  long,  in  its  upper 
course,  is  remarkable  for  the  height  of  the  rocks.  Among 
its  tributaries  are  the  Aveyron  and  the  Agout.  Length, 
about  235  miles. 

Tarn.  A department  of  France,  formed  from 
part  of  tlie  ancient  Languedoc.  Capital,  AIM. 
It  is  bounded  by  Tarn-et-Garonne  on  the  northwest,  Avey- 
ron on  the  north  and  east,  Herault  on  the  southeast,  Aude 
on  the  south,  and  Haute-Garonne  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  hilly  or  mountainous  (containing  part  of 
the  Cevennes).  Area,  2,231  square  miles.  Population, 
330,533. 

Tarn-et-Garonne  (tarn'a-ga-ron').  A depart- 
ment of  France,  formed  from  parts  of  the  an- 
cient Guienne,  Gascony,  and  Languedoc.  Capi- 
tal, Montauban.  It  is  bounded  by  Lot  on  the  north, 
Aveyron  on  the  northeast,  Tarn  on  the  east  and  southeast, 
Haute-Garonne  on  the  south,  and  Gersand  Lot-et-Garonne 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mostly  low  plateau.  Area, 
1,440  square  miles.  Population,  188,553. 

Tarnopol  (tar'no-pol).  A town  in  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Sereth  73 
miles  east-southeast  of  Lemberg.  Its  trade  is 
flourishing,  and  it  has  horse-fairs.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  33,853,  (1910). 

Tarnow  (tar'nov).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Dunajec  47  miles  east 
of  Cracow.  Pop.,  commune,  37,263,  (1910). 
Tarnowitzer  (tar'no-vits-er)  Plateau.  A pla- 
teau in  the  southeastern  part  of  Silesia,  Prussia, 
near  Tarnowitz. 

Taro  (ta'ro),  A small  river  in  the  province  of 
Parma,  Italy,  which  joins  the  Po  14  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Parma. 

Tarpeia  (tar-pe'ya).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
daughter  of  Spurius  Tarpeius,  governor  of  the 
citadel  of  Rome  on  the  Capitoline  Hill.  Tempted 
by  offers  of  the  golden  bracelets  and  collars  ofthe  Sabines, 
she  betrayed  the  fortress  to  them : but  as  they  entered 
they  cast  their  shields  upon  her,  and  she  was  crushed  to 
death.  From  her  the  Tarpeian  Rock  was  named. 

Tarpeian  Rock  (tar-pe'yan  rok).  [L.  Mons  Tar- 
peius. ] Originally,  the  name  of  the  entire  Capi- 
toline Hill  in  Rome,  or  at  least  of  the  peak 
occupied  by  the  citadel,  in  memory  of  the 
treason  of  tlie  maid  Tarpeia  in  connection  with 
the  Sabine  siege;  later,  that  part  ( Rupes  Tar- 
peia) of  the  cliff  of  the  Capitoline  above  the 
Vieus  Jugarius  and  the  Forum  Romanum,  over 
whose  precipice  condemned  criminals  were 
hurled:  now  unrecognizable  owing  to  artificial 
and  natural  changes  in  the  rocks.  The  popular 
identification  as  the  Tarpeian  Rock  of  a portion  of  the 
Capitoline  cliff  which  is  cut  to  a vertical  surface,  and  with 
a deep  vertical  channel,  above  the  Vicolo  della  Rupe  Tar- 
peia, is  incorrect. 

Tarquin  (tar'kwin).  See  Tarquinius. 
Tarquinii  (tar-kwin'i-i).  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  of  Etruria,  situated  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  near  the  modern  Corneto,  45  miles 
northwest  of  Rome.  It  was  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
the  Etruscan  League,  the  original  residence  of  Tarquinius 
Priscusin  Roman  legend.  It  was  often  at  war  with  Rome, 
especially  in  the  4th  century  B.  c. 

Tarquinius  Priscus  (tar-kwin'i-us  pris'kus). 
[L.  priscus,  old,  original.]  In  Roman  legendary 
history,  the  fifth  king  of  Rome:  the  son  of  a 
Greek  colonist  in  Tarquinii.  He  settled  in  Rome, 
became  guardian  of  the  sons  of  Ancus  Marcius,  and  suc- 
ceeded the  latter,  ne  is  said  to  have  built  the  Cloaca1, 
the  Circus  Maximus,  and  the  Capitoline  Temple.  The 
traditional  date  of  his  reign  is  016-578  B.  0. 


Tartini 

Tarquinius  Sextus.  See  Sextus. 

Tarquinius  Superbus  (su-per'bus).  [L.  super- 

bus,  haughty.]  In  Roman  legendary  history, 
the  seventh  and  last  king  of  Rome  : son  of  Tar- 
quinius Priscus,  and  son-in-law  of  Servius  Tul- 
lius whom  he  put  to  death  and  succeeded.  He 
extended  Roman  influence  abroad,  but  is  represented  as  a 
despot  and  tyrant,  and  as  overthrown  through  the  crime 
of  his  son  Sextus.  Unsuccessful  attempts  were  made  to  re- 
store him  through  the  Etruscans  and  others.  The  tradi- 
tional date  of  his  reign  is  534-510  B.  c. 

Tarracina  (tar-a-sl'nii),  or  Anxur  (anks'ur). 
In  ancient  geography"  a city  of  Latium,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  57  miles  south- 
east of  Rome : the  modern  Terracina.  A Vol- 
scian  town,  it  was  later  in  possession  of  Rome. 

Tarraco  (tar'a-ko).  The  ancient  name  of  Tar- 
ragona. 

Tarraconensis  (tar//a-ko-nen'sis).  In  ancient 
geography,  a Roman  province  in  Spain,  called 
at  first  Hispania  Cit.erior.  It  occupied  the  north- 
ern and  eastern  parts  of  the  peninsula. 

Tarragona  (tar-ra-go'na).  1.  A province  ill 
northeastern  Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  the  provinces  of  Barcelona,  Lerida,  Saragossa, 
Teruel,  and  Castellon.  It  corresponds  to  part  of  the  an- 
cient Catalonia.  The  surface  is  partly  mountainous. 
Area,  2,505  square  miles.  Population,  337,964. 

2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Tarra- 
gona, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Prancoli, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  41°  6'  N.,  long.  1° 
15'  E. : the  ancient  Tarraco.  It  has  a growing  com- 
merce, exporting  wine,  oil,  etc.  The  interior  of  the  cathe- 
dral is  of  French  early  Pointed  work : the  fine  west  door 
and  rose  and  the  geometrical  tracery  of  the  chapels  lend  a 
later  character  to  the  exterior.  The  old  city  walls  are  of 
high  interest.  Their  base  is  of  rude  cyclopean  work,  pre- 
historic, with  stones  unshaped.  Above  this  is  Roman 
ashler,  with  wide  margin-drafts,  and  still  higher  up  more 
modern  masonry.  There  Is  much  pre-Roman  masonry,  in 
very  large  blocks,  both  in  the  fortifications  and  within  the 
city.  There  are  remains  of  a Roman  aqueduct,  of  11  arches 
in  the  lower  tier  and  25  in  the  upper.  Its  length  is  742 
feet ; its  height  is  96  feet.  The  margin-drafted  masonry 
is  very  solid  and  imposing.  This  town  was  a Phenician 
settlement ; was  fortified  by  the  Scipios ; became  one  of  the 
leading  cities  of  Spain,  and  the  capital  of  Hispania  Tar- 
raconensis ; was  sacked  by  the  West  Goths  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  by  the  Saracens  in  the  8th  ; and  was  rebuilt  in 
the  I2th  century.  It  was  captured  by  the  British  in  1705, 
and  by  the  French  under  Suchet  in  1811.  Population, 
24,548. 

Tar  (tar)  River.  A river  in  North  Carolina 
wMoh  flows  into  Pamlico  Sound,  it  is  called  in 
its  lower  course  Pamlico  River.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Tarrytown  (tar'i-toun).  A village  in  West- 
chester County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
Hudson  (Tappan  Sea)  24  miles  north  of  New 
York  City.  It  was  the  scene  of  AndrO’s  capture  in  1780, 
and  is  the  burial-place  of  Washington  Irving.  Sunnyside, 
the  residence  of  Irving,  is  in  the  neighborhood.  Popula- 
tion, 5,600,  (1910). 

Tarshish  (tar'shish).  Ill  ancient  geography,  a 
place  or  region  several  times  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament.  It  is  commonly  identified  with  a dis- 
trict in  southern  Spain  near  the  mouth  of  the  Guadal- 
quivir, and  was  probably  the  ancient  Tartessus.  It  was 
noted  for  its  commerce. 

Tarsus  (tiir'sus).  [Gr.  Tapffdf.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, the  capital  of  Cilicia,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  Cydnus  in  lat.  36°  56'  N.,  long. 
34°  58'  E. : the  modern  Tersus  or  Tarsus.  It  was 
an  important  city  in  the  Persian  period ; became  partly 
Hellenized,  and  the  seat  of  a school  of  philosophy;  and 
received  important  concessions  from  the  Romans.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  the  apostle  Paul.  Population,  16,000. 

Tartan  (tiir'tan).  [Turtanu  in  the  cuneiform 
inscriptions.]  The  Assyrian  title  of  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army.  2 Ki.  xviii. 

Tartar.  Same  as  Tartarus. 

Tartarin  (tar-ta-ran').  A gasconading  humbug, 
the  principal  character  in  Alphonse  Daudet’s 
“Tartarin  de  Tarascon,”  “Tartarin  sur  les 
Alpes,”  and  “Port  Tarascon”:  a satire  on 
the  typical  character  attributed  to  southern 
Prance. 

Tartars.  See  Tatars. 

Tartarus  (tar'ta-rus).  [Gr.  T dprapoc.]  A deep 
and  sunless  abyss,  according  to  Homer  and  the 
earlier  Greek  mythology  as  far  below  Hades  as 
earth  is  below  heaven.  It  was  closed  by  adamantine 
gates,  and  in  it  Zeus  imprisoned  the  rebel  Titans.  Later 
poets  describe  Tartarus  as  the  place  in  which  the  spirits 
of  the  wicked  receive  their  due  punishment ; and  some- 
times the  name  is  used,  as  synonymous  with  Hades,  for  the 
lower  world  in  general. 

Tartary.  See  Tatary. 

Tartas  (tar-ta').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Landes,  southwestern  France,  situated  on  the 
Midouze  16  miles  west-southwest  of  Mont-de- 
Marsan.  Population,  commune,  3,095. 

Tartessus.  See  Tarshish. 

Tartini  (tar-te'ne),  Giuseppe.  Born  atPirano, 
Istria,  April  12, 1692 : died  at  Padua,  Italy,  Feb. 
16,  1770.  An  Italian  violinist,  composer  for 
the  violin,  and  writer  on  music.  He  lived  chiefly 


Tartini 

in  Padua,  and  wrote  “Trattatodi  musica"(1754),  “Devil's 
Sonata,”  etc.  He  discovered  the  so-called  “third  sound 
of  Tartini.” 

Tartufe,  or  Tartuffe  (tar-tuf').  A famous 
comedy,  by  Moliere,  which  was  produced  at  the 
Com6die  Fran<jaise  iu  1667.  Tartufe  is  « an  obscene 
pedant,  a red-faced,  hypocritical  wretch,  who,  palming 
himself  off  on  an  honest  and  refined  family,  tries  to  drive 
the  son  away,  marry  the  daughter,  corrupt  the  wife,  ruin 
and  imprison  the  father,  and  almost  succeeds  in  it,  not 
by  clever  plots,  but  by  vulgar  mummery  and  by  the  coarse 
audacity  of  his  caddish  disposition  ” ( Taine , Eng.  Lit., 
I.  606).  Matthew  Medbourne  translated  and  adapted  it  in 
1670  as  “Tartuffe,  or  the  French  Puritain.”  (See  Hypo- 
crite, The.)  “ Lady  Tartufe,”  a play  by  Madame  de  Girar- 
din,  was  produced  in  1853.  Rachel  was  much  admired  in 
the  title  role. 

Tarudant  (ta-ro-dant').  The  capital  of  Sus, 
Morocco,  situated  near  the  Wadi  Sus,  125  miles 
southwest  of  Morocco.  Population,  estimated, 
8,500.  Also  Terodant,  Tcrudant,  etc. 

Tarumas  (ta-ro-maz').  Indians  inhabiting  the 
highlands  in  Ihe  southern  part  of  British  and 
Dutch  Guiana.  They  belong  to  the  Arawak  or  May- 
pure  stock,  and  formerly  lived  on  the  Rio  Negro,  where 
they  are  said  to  have  been  numerous. 

Tarutino  (ta-ro-te'no).  A village  in  Russia, 
48  miles  south -southwest  of  Moscow.  Here,  Oct. 
18,  1812,  the  Russians  under  Kutusoff  defeated  the  French 
under  Murat. 

Taschereau  (tash-ro'),  Elzear  Alexandre. 

Born  at  Sainte  Marie  de  la  Beauce,  province 
of  (Quebec,  Canada,  Feb.  17,  1820  : died  at  Que- 
bec, April  12, 1898.  A Canadian  Roman  Catho- 
lic prelate.  He  became  rector  of  Laval  University  in 
1860,  archbishop  of  Quebec  in  1871,  and  cardinal  in  1886. 

Taschereau,  Jules  Antoine.  Bom  at  Tours, 
France,  1801 : died  at  Paris,  1874.  A French 
journalist,  politician,  and  author.  He wasa  mem- 
ber of  the  legislative  body,  and  had  charge  of  the  imperial 
library.  He  founded  the  “Revue  retrospective"  (1833), 
wrote  histories  of  the  lives  and  works  of  Moliere  and 
Corneille,  and  edited  Molitre,  etc. 

Tashkend  (tash-kend'),  or  Tashkent  (tash- 
kent').  The  capital  of  the  general  government 
of  Turkestan,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  in  the 
valley  of  the  Tchirtchik  about  lat.  41°  20'  N., 
long.  69°  20'  E.  It  consists  of  the  Asiatic  city  and  a 
European  or  Russian  quarter ; contains  many  gardens ; and 
is  the  seat  of  extensive  trade  and  of  silk  manufactures. 
It  has  belonged  to  Russia  since  1868.  Population,  155,- 
673. 

Tashmet  (tash'met).  [From  SencA,  to  hear  (the 
one  who  hears  prayer).]  In  Assyrian -Baby- 
lonian  mythology,  a name  or  epithet  of  the  wife 
of  Nebo  {Nairn).  Her  proper  name  was  Nana. 
Her  principal  seat  of  worship  was  in  Ereeh. 
Task  (task),  The.  A descriptive  poem,  in  six 
parts,  by  William  Cowper,  published  in  1785. 
Tasman  (tas'man),  Abel  Janszen  (Janszon, 
etc.).  Born  probably  at  Hoorn,  Netherlands, 
about  1602:  died  at  Batavia,  Oct.,  1659.  A 
Dutch  navigator.  He  sailed  from  Batavia  in  Aug., 
1642,  in  command  of  an  exploring  expedition  to  Australia, 
despatched  by  Van  Diemen,  governor-general  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies  ; and  discovered  Tasmania  (which  he  named 
Van  Diemen’s  Land)  in  Nov.,  1G42;  New  Zealand  in  Dec., 
1642;  part  of  the  Friendly  Islands  in  1643;  returning  to 
Batavia  in  June,  1643.  In  a second  voyage  (1644)  he  dis- 
covered the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Tasman  (taz'man)  Bay.  [Named  from  A.  J. 
Tasman.]  An  inlet  of  the  ocean,  on  the  north- 
*ern  coast  of  South  Island,  New  Zealand. 
Tasmania  (taz-ma'_ni-a),  formerly  Van  Die- 
men’s Land  (van  de'menz  land).  [Named  from 
its  discoverer.]  An  island  and  British  colony 
in  Australasia,  situated  south  of  Australia 
(separated  by  Bass  Strait).  Capital,  Hobart. 
Its  surface  is  largely  mountainous  or  hilly.  It  has  good 
agricultural  resources,  and  mines  of  gold,  tin,  etc.;  and 
exports  wool,  gold,  tin,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  states  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Australia,  under  a governor,  legislative 
authority  being  vested  in  a council  and  assembly  (both 
elected).  The  aborigines  are  extinct.  It  was  discovered 
by  Tasman  in  1642 ; was  visited  by  Cook,  Bass,  and  others ; 
was  settled  in  1803.-  and  at  first  was  partly  a penal  colony. 
It  was  a dependency  of  New  South  Wales  until  1825. 
Area,  26,385  square  miles.  Population,  185,824. 

Tasman  (taz'man)  Peninsula.  A peninsula 
at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  Tasmania, 
nearly  cut  off  from  the  mainland. 

Tasman  Sea.  The  name  proposed  by  the  Aus- 
tralian Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  and  adopted  by  the  English  Admiralty, 
for  the  part  of  the  Pacific  inclosed  by  Australia 
and  Tasmania  on  the  one  side,  and  New  Zea- 
land and  smaller  islands  on  the  other. 

Tasso  (tas'o;  It.  pron.  tiis'so),  Bernardo. 
Born  at  Venice,  Nov.  11,  1493:  died  at  Ostiglia, 
Sept.  4,  1569.  An  Italian  poet,  father  of  Tor- 
quato Tasso.  His  chief  work  is  the  romantic 
poem  “L’Amadigi”  (“Amadis,”  1560),  in  oc- 
tave stanzas. 

Tasso,  Torquato.  [F,  Le  Tasse .]  Born  at  Sor- 
rento, Italy,  March  11,  1544:  died  at  Rome, 
April  25,  1595.  A celebrated  Italian  poet.  He 


980 

was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  schools  at  Naples,  Rome,  and 
Bergamo.  His  father,  Bernardo  Tasso,  was  involved  in  the 
troubles  of  the  Prince  of  Salerno,  his  patron,  and  joined 
the  prince  in  Rome ; but,  that  city  becoming  unsafe  for 
him,  he  accepted  shelter  at  Pesaro,  the  courtfof  the  Duke 
of  Urbino,  where  his  son  Torquato  was  taught  with  the 
son  of  the  duke.  In  1557  Torquato  went  to  study  Jaw  at 
Padua.  He  was  influenced  by  his  father’s  writings  and 
not  by  his  advice,  and  in  1562,  while  still  at  Padua,  pub- 
lished “Rinaldo.”  It  was  successful,  and,  his  father  ceas- 
ing his  opposition  to  a literary  career,  Tasso  went  to  Bo- 
logna to  study  philosophy  and  literature.  He  returned  to 
Padua  shortly  after,  and  by  1565  was  attached  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  house  of  Este,  the  glories  of  which  he  celebrated 
in  “Jerusalem  Delivered”:  Rinaldo  was  said  to  be  of 
that  race.  He  was  well  received  at  court,  aud  was  en- 
couraged to  finish  the  epic  “Goffredo”  (later  called  “Ge- 
rusalemme  Liberata”),  which  he  had  begun  at  Bologna. 
In  1570  Cardinal  Luigi  d’Este,  his  patron,  went  to  Paris, 
taking  Tasso  with  him.  There  he  met  Ronsard  and  other 
distinguished  men.  He  left  the  cardinal  after  his  return  on 
accountof  adifference  in  religious  opinion, butwas  received 
by  Duke  Alfonso  of  Ferrara,  who  loaded  him  with  favors. 
He  produced  his  “Aminta  ” in  1573,  and  had  written  18 
cantos  of  “ Goffredo  " in  1574,  when  he  was  seized  with 
fever.  After  this  his  mind  was  not  clear:  lie  became 
quarrelsome,  worried  himself  about  the  orthodoxy  of  his 
poem,  and  became  subject  to  delusions,  dreading  accu- 
sations of  heresy  aud  assassination  or  poison.  At 
length  he  was  placed  in  a convent  at  Ferrara  for  medi- 
cal treatment.  He  escaped  and  fled  to  his  sister  in  the 
disguise  of  a shepherd.  She  cared  for  him,  and  in  1578  the 
duke  received  him  again ; but  his  delusions  continued, 
and  he  wandered  from  place  to  place  (to  Mantua,  Turin, 
etc.),  finally  returning  to  Ferrara.  There  he  became  so 
violent  in  accusing  the  duke  of  a design  to  poison  him 
that  he  was  placed  in  an  insane  asylum.  After  he  had  re- 
mained there  for  seven  years  he  was  released,  on  the  per- 
sonal promise  of  the  Prince  of  Mantua  that  Alfonso 
should  not  again  be  exposed  to  his  insane  attacks.  A 
theory  has  obtained  credit  that  Tasso  was  shut  up  in  an 
asylum  on  account  of  his  aspirations  for  the  hand  of  Leo- 
nora d’Este,  the  duke’s  sister,  and  Goethe’s  play  was  based 
on  this  supposition.  “Goffredo”  was  published  at  Ven- 
ice during  the  time  of  Tasso’s  seclusion,  but  it  was  very 
inaccurately  printed,  and  in  1581  a revised  edition  was 
printed  at  Parma,  with  its  present  title  “Gerusalemme 
Liberata  ” (“Jerusalem  Delivered  ”).  He  remained  a year 
at  Mantua,  wrote  “Torrismondo”  (1586),  and  again  re- 
sumed his  wanderings.  He  had  many  friends  eager  to 
help  him,  but  was  broken  in  health  and  spirits.  His 
“Gerusalemme  Conquistata,”  much  inferior  to  the  “Ge- 
rusalemme Liberata,"  was  published  in  159.3.  Two 
years  later  he  died  at  Rome,  whither  he  had  been  sum- 
moned by  Pope  Clement  VIII.  to  be  crowned  poet  laure- 
ate : the  ceremony  was  never  performed,  owing  to  his  ill- 
ness. The  “Gerusalemme  Liberata”  has  been  translated 
into  many  languages.  The  most  famous  English  transla- 
tion is  that  of  Fairfax  (1600). 

Tasso  (tas'so),  Torquato.  A tragedy  by  Goethe, 
printed  in  1790. 

Tassoni  (tas-so'ne),  Alessandro.  Born  at  Mo- 
dena, Italy,  1565  : died  there,  1635.  An  Italian 
poet  aud  author.  His  best-known  work  is  aburlesque 
heroic  poem,  “La  secchia  rapita”  (“Rape  of  the  Bucket,” 
1622).  He  also  wrote  “Considerazioni  sopra  il  Petrarca” 
(1609),  etc. 

Tatar-Bazardjik  (ta-tar'ba-zar-jek'),  or  Ba- 
zardjik.  A town  in  Eastern  Rumelia, Bulgaria, 
situated  on  the  Maritza  25  miles  west  of  Philip- 
popolis.  Population,  17,555. 

Tatars  (ta'tarz),  or  Tartars  (tar'tarz).  [From 
Pers.  Tatar,  Chinese  Tali  tar,  a Tatar.  Tartar, 
probably  dne  to  some  confusion  with  Tartarus, 
was  formerly  the  established  form,  and  is  still 
frequently  used.]  1.  Certain  Tungusic  tribes 
whose  original  home  was  in  the  region  vaguely 
known  as  Chinese  Tatary  (Manchuria  and  Mon- 
golia), and  who  are  now  represented  by  the  Fish- 
shin  Tatars  in  northern  Manchuria,  and  the 
Solons  and  Daurians  in  northeastern  Mongolia, 
but  more  particularly  by  the  Mauchus  (the  re- 
cent rulers  of  China).  The  chief  among  these  tribes 
were  ( a ) the  Khitans,  who  in  907  conquered  China  and  set 
up  a dynasty  there  (called  the  Liao)  which  lasted  until 
1123,  when  they  were  conquered  by  their  rivals ; ( b ) the 
Niuchi,  Juchi,  or  Jurehin  (the  true  Tatars,  and  the  ances- 
tors of  the  modern  Manchus),  who  also  established  a dy- 
nasty, called  Kin  (‘golden  ’),  and  are  lienee  known  as  the 
Kin  Tatars ; (c)  the  Kara-Khitai  (or  black  Tatars),  a 
remnant  of  the  Khitans  who,  when  their  empire  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Juch’,  escaped  westward  and  founded  an 
empire  which  stretched  from  the  Oxus  to  the  desert  of 
Shamo,  and  from  Tibet  to  the  Altai ; (d)  the  Onguts  (or 
white  Tatars). 

2.  In  the  middle  ages,  the  host  of  Mongol,  Turk, 
aud  Tatar  warriors  who  swept  over  Asia  under 
the  leadership  of  Jenghiz  Khau,  and  threatened 
Europe. — 3.  Numerous  tribes  or  peoples  of 
mixed  Turkish,  Mongol,  and  Tatar  origin  (de- 
scendants of  the  remnants  of  these  hosts)  now 
inhabiting  the  steppes  of  central  Asia,  Russia 
in  Europe,  Siberia  (the  latter  with  an  additional 
intermixture  of  Finnish  and  Samoyedic  blood), 
and  the  Caucasus,  such  as  the  Kazan  Tatars  (the 
remnant  of  the  Kiptehaks,  or  “ Golden  Horde  ”), 
the  Crim  Tatars  in  the  Crimea,  the  Kalmucks 
or  Eleuths  (who  are  properly  Mongols),  etc. 

Tatary  (ta'ta-ri),  more  frequently  Tartary 
(tar'ta-ri).  A name  formerly  given  to  central 
Asia,  on  account  of  the  inroads  of  Tatar  hordes 
in  the  middle  ages.  It  was  later  sometimes  divided 


Tatu 

in  part  into  Chinese  Tatary  (East  Turkestan)  and  Inde- 
pendent Tatary  (Turkestan).  The  name  has  also  often 
been  extended  to  include  Manchuria,  Mongolia, and  Europe 
westward  to  tile  Dnieper  or  Don.  Hence  the  division  into 
European  and  Asiatic  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Chinese.  See  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Crim.  See  Crimea. 

Tatary,  Gulf  or  Sound  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea 
which  sepa  rates  Saglialin  from  the  mainland  of 
Siberia,  north  of  the  Sea  of  Japan. 

Tatary,  High.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
East  Turkestan. 

Tatary,  Independent.  See  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Little.  A name  formerly  given  to  the 
regions  in  southern  Russia  occupied  by  Tatars 
(Crimea,  Kiptchak,  etc.). 

Tate  (tat),  Nahum.  Born  at  Dublin,  1652 : died 
at  London,  Aug.  12,  1715.  An  English  poet  and 
play-writer,  appointed  poet  laureate  in  1692. 
He  was  associated  with  Brady  in  a poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  Psalms  (1696),  and  wrote  various 
poems  and  plays. 

Tatian  (ta'shian),  L.  Tatianus  (ta-shi-a'nus). 
Born  in  Assyria : lived  in  the  middle  of  the  2d 
century  a.  d.  A Christian  apologist.  He  was 
educated  as  a Greek ; went  to  Rome,  and  became  converted 
to  Christianity ; and  later  adopted  in  part  Gnostic  views. 
He  wrote  “ Oratio  ad  Griecos  ” (an  apology  for  Christianity) 
and  “ Diatessaron  ” (a  harmony  of  the  Gospels,  recovered 
by  Zalm  and  edited  by  him  1881). 

Tatihou  (ta-te-o').  A small  fortified  island  on 
the  coast  of  the  department  of  Manche,  Prance, 
16  miles  east  of  Cherbourg. 

Tatius,  Achilles.  See  Achilles  Tatius,  and 
Statius. 

Tatius  (ta'shi-us),  Titus.  In  Roman  legend,  a 
king  of  the  Sabines  who  attacked  Rome,  and 
ruled  over  it  conjointly  with  Romulus. 

Tatler  (tat'ler),  The.  A periodical  founded  by 
Steele  in  1709,  and  discontinued  in  1711.  Ad- 
dison wrote  41  papers;  Addison  and  Steele 
together  34.  Steele  wrote  a much  larger  num- 
ber alone. 

Tatra  (ta'tro)  Mountains.  The  highest  group 
of  the  Carpathian  system,  situated  in  northern 
Hungary  and  on  the  Galician  frontier,  about 
lat.  49°  15'  N.,  long.  19°-20°  E.  Also  called 
the  Central  or  High  Carpathians.  Highest 
point,  the  Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  (8,737  feet). 
Tattam  (tat'am),  Henry.  Born  in  Ireland, 
Dec.  28,  1788 : died  at  Stamford  Rivers,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  8, 1868.  A British  clergyman  noted  as 
an  Orientalist,  and  especially  as  an  authority 
on  Coptic.  He  published  a Coptic  grammar, 
a Coptic  dictionary,  various  Coptic  works,  etc. 
Tattersall’s  (tat'er-salz).  A sporting  estab- 
lishment and  auction  mart  for  horses,  inLondon, 
opened  about  1770  by  Richard  Tattersall  (1724— 
1795).  Since  1865  it  has  been  situated  near  Knightsbridge 
Green.  The  “subscription  room  ” was  opened  in  1818. 
The  name  has  been  given  to  similar  establishments  in 
other  cities. 

Tattle  (tat'l).  A character  in  Congreve’s  “Love 
for  Love  ” : a vain,  impertinent  beau,  boasting 
of  his  amours,  yet  priding  himself  on  his  secrecy. 
Tattnall  (tat'nal),  Josiall.  Born  near  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  1762:  died  at  Nassau,  Bahamas,  June 
6,  1803.  An  American  Revolutionary  soldier 
and  politician.  He  was  United  States  senator 
from  Georgia  1 796-99,  and  governor  of  Georgia 
1801-02. 

Tattnall,  Josiall.  Born  near  Savannah,  Ga., 
Nov.  9,  1795 : died  at  Savannah,  June  14.  1871. 
An  American  naval  officer,  son  of  J.  Tattnall 
(1762—1803).  He  served  in  the  War  of  1812  ; in  the  Al- 
gerine war;  against  the  pirates  infesting  the  West  Indies; 
and  in  the  Mexican  war.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  flag- 
officer  of  the  Asiatic  station.  While  occupying  this  post 
he  violated  the  law  of  neutrality  by  assisting  the  British 
in  an  attack  on  the  Beiho  forts,  China  (“Blood,  ’ he  said, 
“ is  thicker  than  water  ”) : his  conduct  was  sustained  by 
the  government.  In  1861  he  accepted  a captaincy  in  the 
Confederate  navy,  and  in  1862  succeeded  Franklin  Buchanan 
in  command  of  the  Merrimac.  When,  soon  after,  the  Con- 
federates were  forced  to  abandon  Norfolk,  he  destroyed 
the  Merrimac  off  Craney  Island  (May  11,  1862)  in  order  to 
prevent  her  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals. 

Tattvabodhinisabha  (tut-twa-bo-dhi-ne-su'- 
bhii).  [‘  Truth-investigating ’ or  ‘ Truth-teach- 
ing Society.’]  A society  founded  at  Calcutta 
in  1839  by  Debendranath  Tagore  to  carry  on 
the  labors  of  Ram  Mohun  Roy  in  restoring  the 
monotheistic  system  believed  by  him  to  be 
taught  in  the  original  Hindu  scriptures.  It 
lasted  20  years,  being  merged  in  1859  iu  the 
Brahmasamaj  (which  see). 

Tattycoram  (tat-i-ko'ram).  A character  in 
Dickens’s  “ Little  Dorrit.”  Her  real  name  is 
Harriet  Beadle. 

Tatu  (ta'to),  or  Huchnom  (kocli'nom).  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  living  in  Upper 
Potter  Valley,  California.  See  Yukian. 


Tauber 

Tauber  (tou'ber).  A river  in  Wiirtemberg,  Ba- 
varia, and  Baden,  which  joins  the  Main  at  Wert- 
heim,  19  miles  west  of  Wurzburg.  Its  valley 
(the  Taubergrund ) produces  the  Tauber  wines. 
Length,  74  miles. 

Taubert(tou'bert),  Karl  Gottfried  Wilhelm. 

Born  at  Berlin,  March  23, 1811:  died  there,  Jan. 
7, 1891.  A German  composer.  He  was  made  music- 
director  of  the  royal  opera  in  1841,  cour  t kapellmeister  in 
1845,  and  chief  kapellmeister  in  1867.  He  wrote  songs, 
operas  (“Macbeth,”  “Cesario,”  etc.),  sonatas,  music  to 
dramas,  etc. 

Tauchnitz  (touch'nits),  Christian  Bernhard 

Von.  Born  Aug.  25, 1816 : died  Aug.  14,  1895.  A 
German  publisher,  nephew  of  K.C.  T.  Tauchnitz. 
He  founded  in  1837  a printing  and  publishing  house  at 
Leipsic,  and  in  1841  began  the  publication  of  his  “Col- 
lection of  British  Authors " (the  “Tauchnitz  Edition  ”),  to 
which  were  subsequently  added  “Collection  of  German 
Authors  ” (in  English  translations)  and  “ Students'  Tauch- 
nitz Editions.” 

Tauchnitz,  Karl  Christoph  Traugott.  Born 
at  Grosspardau,  near  Gremma,  Saxony,  Oct.  29, 
1761:  died  Jan.  14,  1836.  A German  publisher 
(in  Leipsic).  Heintroduced  stereotyping  into  Germany. 
He  was  especially  noted  for  his  editions  of  the  classics. 
Tauern  (tou'ern),  Hohe.  A lofty  group  of  the 
Alps,  in  Tyrol  and  on  the  borders  of  Salzburg 
and  Carinthia.  Highest  point,  the  Grossglock- 
ner.  See  Gloclfner. 

Tauern,  Niedere.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
a mountain-range  in  Salzburg  and  Styria,  east 
of  the  Hohe  Tauern. 

Tauferer  Thai  (tou'fer-er  tal).  An  Alpine  val- 
ley in  central  Tyrol. 

Taugenichts  (tou'ge-nichts),  aus  dem  Leben 

eines.  [G.,  ‘ From  the  Life  of  a Good-for- 
Nothing.’]  A romance  by  Eichendorif,  pub- 
lished in  1826. 

Taughannock  (ta-gan'ok),  or  Taghanuck, 
Falls.  A perpendicular  cascade,  212  feet  in 
height,  near  Cayuga  Lake,  western  New  York. 
Tauler  (tou'ler),  Johann.  Born  at  Strasburg 
about  1300:  died  there,  June  16,  1361.  A noted 
German  mystic  and  preacher.  He  entered  the  Do- 
minican order  about  1318 ; was  driven  from  Strasburg 
with  other  Dominicans  who  disregarded  the  interdict  of 
John  XXII.  in  1339;  and  established  himself  at  Basel. 
Here  he  became  intimately  associated  with  the  “Friends 
of  God.”  In  1352  he  returned  to  Strasburg . His“Sermons” 
were  published  in  1498.  Other  works  (“Book  of  Spiritual 
Poverty,"  etc.)  also  have  been  ascribed  to  him. 

Taunay  (to-na' ),  Alfredo  d’Escragnolle.  Born 
at  Rio  do  Janeiro,  Feb.  22,  1843  : died  there  in 
Feb.,  1899.  A Brazilian  military  engineer,  au- 
thor, and  politician.  He  served  in  the  Paraguayan  war 
1865-70 ; subsequently  was  prominent  in  congress  as  an  ad- 
vocate of  means  for  promoting  immigration ; was  president 
of  Sant aCatharina  and  Parana ; and  mlS86becamesenator. 
His  “Retraitede Laguna”  (1871 : Portuguese  edition  1872) 
describes  an  episode  of  the  Paraguayan  war,  and  is  widely 
known.  He  is  the  best  of  the  Brazilian  novelists,  and 
published  many  critical  and  political  essays,  poems,  etc. 
Taunton  (tan'ton).  The  capital  of  Somerset, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tone  38  miles  south- 
west of  Bristol.  It  has  a castle  (said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Ine)  and  a Gothic  church;  was  made  by  Ine, 
the  JVest-Saxon  king,  a frontier  fortress  in  the  8th  century ; 
was  long  held  by  the  bishops  of  Winchester ; was  seized  by 
Perkin  Warbeck  in  1497 ; was  taken  by  the  Royalists  in 
1643 ; was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  un- 
der Blake  in  1644  ; and  was  defended  by  Blake  in  1644-45, 
and  relieved  by  Fairfax.  The  Duke  of  Monmouth  was  pro- 
claimed king  here  in  1685,  and  the  “ Bloody  Assizes  " were, 
held  here  by  Jeffreys  in  the  same  year.  Population,  21,- 
087. 

Taunton  (tan'ton).  A city  in  Bristol  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  Taunton  River,  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  32  miles  south  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  locomotives,  nails,  cotton 
goods,  copper,  silver-plated  and  britannia  ware,  etc.  It 
was  settled  about  1638,  and  became  a city  in  1864.  Popu- 
lation, 34,259,  (1910). 

Taunton  River.  A small  river  in  southeastern 
Massachusetts  which  flows  into  Mount  Hope 
Bay  (Narragansett  Bay)  at  Fall  River. 

Taunus  (tou'nos).  A mountainous  and  plateau 
region  in  Prussia  and  Hesse,  lying  between  the 
Rhine,  the  Lahn,  the  Main,  and  the  Wetter. 
The  name  is  generally  limited  to  the  southern  portion  of 
this  region,  called  also  Die  Hohe.  Its  culminating  point 
is  the  Grosser  Feldberg  (about  2,900  feet).  It  contains 
many  mineral  springs. 

Taupo  (ta'po),  Lake.  A lake  in  North  Island. 
New  Zealand,  situated  about  lat.  38°  45'  S. 
Length,  24  miles. 

Tauri  (ta'ri).  In  ancient  history,  a people  dwell- 
ing in  the  Crimea. 

Taurian  games  (ta'ri-an  gamz).  A name  un- 
der the  Roman  republic  for  the  games  called 
secular  (ludi  saaculares)  under  the  empire. 
Also  called  Tar en  tine  games. 

Tauric  (ta'rik)  Chersonese,  or  Tauric  Penin- 
sula. The  Crimea. 

Taurida  (tav-re'da).  [G.  TaurienJ]  A govern- 
ment of  southern  Russia.  Capital,  Simferopol. 


981 

It  is  bounded  by  the  governments  of  Kherson  and  Yeka- 
terinoslaff,  the  Black  Sea,  and  the  Sea  of  Azoff,  and  in- 
cludes the  Crimea.  The  inhabitants  include  Russians, 
Tatars,  Germans  (Mennonites,  etc.),  and  others.  Area, 
23,312  square  miles.  Population,  1,789,700. 

Taurids  (ta'ridz).  A shower  of  meteors  ap- 
pearing Nov.  20,  and  radiating  from  a point 
north,  preceding  Aldebaran  in  Taurus.  The  me- 
teors are  alow,  and  fire-balls  occasionally  appear  among 
them. 

Taurini  (ta-rl'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a Ligu- 
rian tribe  which  dwelt  in  the  valley  of  the 
upper  Po,  near  Turin. 

Tauris.  See  Tabriz. 

Taurisci  (ta-ris'i).  A Celtic  people  which 
dwelt  in  the  ancient  Noricum. 

Tauroggen  (tou'rog-en),  Convention  of.  A 
convention  between  the  Prussian  general  York 
and  the  Russian  general  Diebitseh,  concluded 
Dee.  30, 1812,  at  Poscherun  (or  Poscherau),  near 
Tauroggen,  in  the  Russian  government  of  Kov- 
no.  The  Prussian  corps  (auxiliary  to  the  French) 
was  neutralized. 

Tauromenium  (ta-ro-me'ni-rim).  The  Roman 
name  of  Taormina. 

Taurus  (ta'rus).  [Perhaps  from  Aramean  twr, 
mountain.]  A mountain-range  in  the  southern 
part  of  Asia  Minor.  It  extends  from  the  southwest- 
ern extremity  eastward  to  near  the  northeastern  angle  of 
the  Mediterranean  (or  to  the  valley  of  the  Jihun , separating 
it  from  the  Amanus).  The  Anti-Taurus  is  an  offshoot  to 
the  northeast.  The  chief  pass  is  the  Cilician  Gates.  High- 
est point,  probably  about  11,000  feet. 

Taurus.  [L.,  ‘ the  bull.’]  An  ancient  constella- 
tion and  sign  of  the  zodiac,  representing  the 
forward  part  of  a bull.  It  contains  the  star  Alde- 
baran of  the  first  magnitude,  the  star  Nath  of  the  second 
magnitude,  and  the  striking  group  of  the  Pleiads.  Its 
sign  is  8 . 

Taus,  or  Tauss  (tous).  A manufacturing  town 
in  western  Bohemia,  29  miles  southwest  of  Pil- 
sen.  Population,  commune,  8,170,  (1910). 
Tautphceus  (tout'fe  -os),  Baroness  von  (Je- 
mima Montgomery).  Born  in  Ireland  in  1807 : 
died  at  Munich,  Nov.  12,  1893.  An  Irish  nov- 
elist. She  visited  Munich  in  1836,  and  married  there 
Baron  von  Tautphceus.  She  published  ‘ ‘ Cyrilla,”  “ Quits,” 
“At  Odds,”  “ The  Initials,”  etc. 

Tavannes  (ta-van'),  Gaspard  de  Saulx  de. 

Born  at  Dijon,  March,  1509:  died  1573.  Amarshal 
of  France.  He  captured  Metz  in  1552-53  ; took  part  in 
the  capture  of  Verdun  and  decided  the  victory  of  Renti 
in  1554 ; and  took  a leading  part  in  the  wars  against  the 
Huguenots  (at  the  battles  of  Jarnac  and  Moncontour  in 
1569),  and  in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1572. 
Tavastekus  (tii-vas'ta-hos).  1.  A government 
in  southern  Finland,  Russia.  Area,  8,334  square 
miles.  Population,  320,659. — 2.  The  capital 
of  Tavastehus,  situated  60  miles  north  of  Hel- 
singfors. Population,  5,626. 

Tavda  (tav'da).  A river  in  western  Siberia 
which  rises  in  the  Urals  and  joins  the  Tobol 
southwest  of  Tobolsk.  Total  length,  about  400 
miles. 

Tavernier  (ta-ver-nya' ),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born 
at  Paris,  1605:  died  1689.  A French  traveler. 
As  a merchant  he  made  various  journeys  to  Turkey,  Per- 
sia, central  Asia,  and  the  East  Indies.  His  “Voyages" 
was  published  1676-79. 

Tavetscher  Thai  (ta-vech'er  tal).  An  Alpine 
valley  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  canton 
of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  at  the  head  of  the  val- 
ley of  the  Vorderrhein,  west  of  Dissentis. 
Tavira  (ta-ve'ra).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Algarve,  Portugal,  situated  in  lat.  37°  7'  N., 
long.  7°  36'  W.  It  has  a coasting  trade  and 
fisheries.  Population,  12,175. 

Tavistock  (tav'is-tok).  A town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tavy  12  miles  north 
of  Plymouth.  It  has  ruins  of  an  abbey  founded  in  the 
10th  century,  and  is  the  center  of  a large  mining  district 
(tin,  copper,  lead,  etc.).  Population,  4,728. 

Tavoy  (ta-voi').  1.  A district  in  the  Tenasse- 
rim  division,  Lower  Burma,  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  14°  N.  Area,  5,308  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 109,979. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Tavoy,  situated  on  the  river  Tavoy, 
near  the  coast,  about  160  miles  west  of  Bang- 
kok. Population,  22,371. 

Tavris,  or  Tavriz.  See  Tabriz. 

Taw  (ta).  A river  in  Devonshire,  England, 
which  unites  with  the  Torridge  and  flows  into 
Barnstaple  Bay.  Length,  about  50  miles. 
Taxila  (tak'si-la).  [Gr.  Td^/ia.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  in  the  Panjab,  India,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  modern  Rawal  Pindi. 

Taxiles  (tak'si-lez).  [Gr.  Taffily?.]  1 . An  In- 
dian king  in  the  Panjab  at  the  time  of  the  in- 
vasion of  Alexander  the  Great  (about  326  b.  c.). 
— 2.  Aleading general  of  Mithridates  the  Great. 
Tay  (ta).  The  longest  river  in  Scotland,  it  rises 
on  the  borders  of  Perthshire  and  Argyllshire,  being  called 
at  first  the  Fillan  and  then  the  Dochart ; traverses  Loch 


Taylor,  Isaac 

Tay  ; passes  Perth  ; forms  the  estuary  or  Firth  of  Tay  ; and 
empties  into  the  North  Sea  below  Dundee.  The  principal 
tributaries  are  the  Lyon,  Tummel,  Isla,  and  Earn  It  has 
valuable  salmon-fisheries.  Length,  118  miles  ; navigable  to 
Perth. 

Tay,  Firth  of.  The  estuary  of  the  Tay,  Scot- 
land. It  extends  to  about  the  mouth  of  the  Earn,  sepa- 
rating Fife  from  Perthshire  and  Forfarshire.  Greatest 
width,  about  2\  miles. 

Tay,  Loch,  A lake  in  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
traversed  by  the  river  Tay.  Length,  144  miles. 
Tayabas  (tl-a'Bas).  A town  ill  the  southern 
part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  60  miles 
southeast  of  Manila.  Population,  16,058. 
Taygeta  (ta-ij'e-tii).  [Gr.  T avyerr/,  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  Pleione.]  The  fifth- 
magnitude  star  19  e Pleiadum,  situated  at  the 
southwest  eorner  of  the  group. 

Taygetus  (ta-ij'e-tus).  The  highest  mountain- 
range  in  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  it  is  situated 
in  the  western  part  of  Laconia,  on  the  border  between  La- 
conia and  Messenia,  extending  into  Arcadia.  Length,  70 
miles.  Highest  point,  St.  Elias  (the  ancient  Taletum) 
(about  7,900  feet). 

Taylor(ta'lqr),  Alfred.  Born  in  Fairfax  County, 
Ya.,  May  23,  1810:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
April  19,  1891.  An  American  admiral.  He  was 
appointed  a midshipman  in  theUnitedStatesnavyin  1825  ; 
commander  in  1855 ; and  rear-admiral  in  1872.  He  served 
in  the  blockade  of  Vera  Cruz  during  the  Mexican  war ; ac- 
companied Commodore  Perry  on  his  expedition  to  Japan 
1853-54 ; and  was  attached  to  the  Boston  navy-yard  during 
the  Civil  War.  He  was  retired  in  1872. 

Taylor,  Bayard.  Born  at  Kennett  Square, 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  11,  1825:  died  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  19, 1878.  An  American  poet,  trav- 
eler, writer  of  travels,  translator,  and  novel- 
ist. He  was  named  after  James  A.  Bayard,  and  in  early 
life  sometimes  signed  himself  “ J.  Bayard  Taylor.  ” He  was 
apprenticed  to  a printer  in  1842.  He  traveled  on  foot  in 
Great  Britain,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Italy,  France,  etc., 
1844^6,  writing  letters  to  American  papers ; was  connect- 
ed with  the  New  York  “ Tribune,"  and  its  correspondent 
in  California  1849-50  ; and  traveled  in  Egypt,  Asia  Minor, 
Syria,  and  Europe  1851-52,  and  in  Spain,  India,  China,  and 
Japan  1852-53,  joining  Perry's  expedition  in  Japan.  On  his 
return,  having  traveled  more  than  fifty  thousand  miles,  he 
began  his  series  of  lectures.  He  traveled  in  Germany, 
Norway,  and  Lapland  in  1S55 ; traveled  later  in  Greece, 
etc.;  was  secretary  of  legation  and  chargA  d’affaires  at  St. 
Petersburg  1862-63 ; resided  afterward  on  the  Continent ; 
visited  Egypt  and  Iceland  in  1874 ; and  was  appointed  Unit- 
ed States  minister  at  Berlin  1878.  His  principal  works  are 
“Ximena,  etc.”  (1844:  poems),  “Views  Afoot”  (1846), 
"Rhymes  of  Travel  ” (1849),  “ Eldorado,  or  Adventures  in 
the  Path  of  Empire”  (1850),  “Book  of  Romances,  Lyrics, 
and  Songs  ” (1851),  “ A Journey  to  Central  Africa  ” (1854), 
“ The  Lands  of  the  Saracen  ” (1854),  “ Poems  and  Ballads  ” 
(1854),  “ A Visit  to  India,  China,  and  Japan  ” (1855),  “ Poems 
of  the  Orient”  (1855),  “ Poems  of  Home  and  Travel  ” (1855), 
“ Northern  Travel ” (1857),  “ Travels  in  Greece,  etc." (1859), 
“At  Home  and  Abroad”  (1859-62),  “The  Poet  s Journal  " 
(1862),  “Hannah  Thurston  " (1863:  a novel),  “John  God- 
frey’s Fortunes  ” (1864),  “ The  Story  of  Kennett  ” (1866), 
“Colorado ” (1867),  “Byways  of  Europe ” (1869),  “Joseph 
and  his  Friend  ” (1870),  “ The  Masque  of  the  Gods  ” (1872), 
“BeautyandtheBeast”(1872),  “ Lars, etc.” (1873),  “School 
History  of  Germany  to  1871  ’’  (1874),  “ Egypt  and  Iceland  ” 
(1874),  “The  Prophet”  (1874:  a tragedy  of  Mormonism), 
“ Home  Pastorals  ” (1875),  “The  Echo  Club,  and  other  Lit- 
erary Diversions"  (1876),  “Boys  of  Other  Countries" 
(1876),  “The  National  Ode”  (1876),  “Prince  Deucalion" 
(1878),  “Studies  in  German  Literature”  (1879),  “Critical 
Essays,  etc."  (1880),  and  “Dramatic  Works”  (1880:  with 
notes  by  M.  H.  Taylor).  He  edited  Tegner’s  “ Frifhjofs 
Saga"  in  1867  (translated  by  Blackley),  and  translated 
Goethe’s  “ Faust  ” in  the  original  meters  (1870-71). 

Taylor,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born  at  Low- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  July  19,  1819:  died  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  Feb.  24,  1887.  An  American  poet,  mis- 
cellaneous author,  and  war  correspondent.  He 
wrote  “ Pictures  of  Life  in  Camp  and  Field  ” (1871),  “ The 
World  on  Wheels,  etc.”  (1874),  “Song  of  Yesterday"  (1877), 
“Between  the  Gates  ”(1878), “Summer  Savory,  etc. ’’(1879), 
“Dulce  Domum”  (1884),  “Theophilus  Trent”  (a  novel, 
1887),  etc.  His  poems  include  “Isle  of  the  Long  Ago,” 
“Rhymes  of  the  River,”  and  “The  Old  Village  Choir.” 
Taylor,  Brook.  Born  at  Edmonton,  England, 
Aug.  18,  1685 : died  at  Somerset  House,  Dec. 
29,1731.  AnEnglish  mathematician.  He  entered 
St.  John’s  College,  Cambridge,  in  1701.  In  1708  he  solved 
the  problem  of  the  center  of  oscillation  (results  pub- 
lished later  in  “ Philosophical  Transactions  ”).  His  works 
include  “ Methodus  incrementorum  directa  et  inversa  ” 
(1715),  “New  Principles  of  Linear  Perspective”  (1719), 
“Contemplatio  Philosophica ’’ (1793).  He  is  best  known 
as  the  discovererof  “Taylor’s  theorem.” 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry.  Born  near  Durham,  Oct. 
18, 1800:  died  at  Bournemouth,  March  27,  1886. 
A noted  English  dramatic  poet,  statesman,  and 
critic.  He  went  to  London  in  1823,  and  obtained  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  colonial  office  in  1824,  retiring  in  1872. 
He  became  editor  of  the  “London  Magazine  ” in  1824,  and 
was  made  knight  commander  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George  in  1869.  His  chief  dramas  are  “Isaac 
Comnenus”  (1827), “Philip  van  Artevelde  ” (1834),“  Edwin 
the  Fair  ’’  (1842),  “ The  Virgin  Widow  ” (1850).  Among  his 
other  works  are  “The  Statesman  ” (1836),  “Notes  from 
Life  ” (1817), “The  Eve  of  the  Conquest,  and  other  Poems” 
(1847),  “Notes  from  Books"  (1849).  His  autobiography 
was  published  in  1885 ; his  letters  were  edited  by  Edward 
Dowden  in  1880. 

Taylor,  Isaac.  Born  at  Lavonham,  Suffolk, 
England,  Aug.  17,  1787 : died  at  Stanford  Riv- 


Taylor,  Isaac 

ers,  Essex,  England,  June  28, 1865.  An  English 
author.  He  studied  art,  but  ultimately  adopted  litera- 
ture as  a profession.  Among  his  works  are  “ Natural  His- 
tory of  Enthusiasm  ” (1829),  “Saturday  Evening"  (1832), 
“Natural  History  of  Fanaticism " (1833),  “Spiritual  Des- 
potism ” (1835),  “Physical  Theory  of  Another  Life  ” (1836), 
“Ancient  Christianity”  (1839),  “Restoration  of  Belief" 
(1855),  “ Spirit  of  Hebrew  Poetry  ” (1861),  etc. 

Taylor,  Isaac,  Born  at  Stanford  Rivers,  May 
2,  1829  : died  at  Settrington,  Oct.  18, 1901.  An 
English  philologist  and  antiquarian,  son  of  Isaac 
Taylor  (1787-1865).  He  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and,  after  holding  benefices  at  Bethnal  Green 
and  Twickenham,  was  rector  of  Settrington,  Yorkshire, 
1875-1901, and  a canon  of  York  1885-1901.  Among  his  works 
are  “Words  and  Places ” (1864),  “The  Alphabet:  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Origin  and  Development  of  Letters  ” (1883), 
“Etruscan  Researches”  (1874),  “ Greeics  and  Goths:  a 
Study  on  the  Runes”  (1879),  “The  Origin  of  the  Aryans” 
(1890),  etc. 

Taylor,  Baron  Isidore  Justin  Severin.  Born 
at  Brussels,  Aug.  15,  1789 : died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
8,1879.  A French  artist  and  author.  He  published 
“ Voyages  pittoresques  et  romantiques  de  l ancienne 
France  ” (1820-63),  etc. 

Taylor,  Jane,  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  23, 1783: 
died  at  Ongar,  Essex,  April  13, 1824.  An  English 
poet  and  author.  Conjointly  with  her  sister  Ann  Taylor 
she  wrote  “Original  Poems  for  Infant  Minds,”  “ Hymns 
for  Infant  Minds,”  etc.  Among  her  independent  works 
are  “Display”  (1815),  “Essays  in  Rhyme  on  Morals  and 
Manners  ” (1816),  etc. 

Taylor,  Jeremy.  Born  at  Cambridge,  England 
(baptized  Aug.  15, 1613) : died  at  Lisburn,  Ire- 
land, Aug.  13,  1667.  An  English  bishop  and 
celebrated  theological  writer.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
barber,  and  was  educated  atCaius  College,  Cambridge,  be- 
ing elected  a fellow  of  his  college  in  1613.  He  was  after- 
ward appoin  t ed  to  a fellowship  at  All  Souls,  Oxford,  by  Arch- 
bishop Laud.  He  became  rector  of  Uppingham,  in  Rut- 
landshire, in  1638.  During  the  civil  war  he  adhered  to  the 
royal  cause  serving  as  chaplain  to  Charles  I.  He  lost  his 
living  in  1642,  and  supported  himself  by  teaching.  After 
the  Restoration  he  was  made  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor 
and  a member  of  the  Irish  privy  council.  His  chief  works 
are  “Liberty  of  Prophesying"  (1646),  “Life  of  Christ,  or 
the  Great  Exemplar”  (1649),  “Holy  Living"  (1650),  “Holy 
Dying  ” (1651),  “ Golden  Grove  ” (1655),  “ Ductor  Dubitan- 
tium  ” (1660),  and  “ Dissuasive  from  Popery  ” (1661).  His 
collected  works  were  edited  by  Heber  in  1822. 

Taylor,  John.  Born  in  Gloucestershire,  1580: 
died  at  London,  Dec.,  1653.  An  English  poet, 
known  as  “ the  Water  Poet.”  By  occupation  he 
was  a waterman,  and  afterward  collector  of  wine  duties 
for  the  Tower  lieutenant.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  became  a Royalist,  and  kept  a tavern  at  Ox- 
ford ; at  the  time  of  his  death  lie  kept  the  Crown  Tavern 
in  Phcenix  Alley,  Longacre,  London.  His  writings  are  val- 
uable illustrations  of  the  manners  of  his  age.  He  wrote 
many  poetical  and  prose  works,  first  collected  in  1630,  which 
were  very  popular.  His  complete  works,  comprising  about 
140  separate  titles,  were  edited  by  Hindley  in  1872. 

Taylor,  John.  Born  in  England,  Nov.  1, 1808: 
died  July  25, 1887.  A Mormon  missionary  and 
apostle.  He  emigrated  to  Toronto,  Canada,  in  1832 ; was 
converted  to  the  Mormon  faith  in  1836;  became  an  apostle 
in  1838 ; was  with  Joseph  Smith  during  theattackon  Car- 
thage jail  in  1844  ; succeeded  Young  as  president  of  the 
Mormon  Church  in  1877  ; and  in  1880  became  president  of 
the  faction  which  sanctioned  polygamy. 

Taylor,  Joseph.  An  English  actor  of  the  time 
of  Shakspere.  He  was  the  successor  of  Burbage  in 
Hamlet  and  Othello,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  the 
original  Iago.  It  is  said  that  Shakspere  personally  in- 
structed him  to  play  Hamlet,  and  the  remembrance  of  this 
performance  enabled  Davenant  to  give  the  traditions  of 
Shakspere’s  directions. 

Taylor,  Nathaniel  William.  Born  at  New  Mil- 
ford, Conn.,  July  23, 1786 : died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  March  10, 1858.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  theologian,  leader  of  the 
“ New  Haven  School  of  Theology”  (also  called 
“ Taylorism”).  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1807;  became 
pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church  at  New  Haven  in 
1812 ; and  was  professor  of  theology  at  Yale  1822-58.  He 
wrote  “ Practical  Sermons  ” (1858),  “Lectures  on  Moral 
Government”  (1859),  “Essays,  Lectures,  etc.,  on  Select 
Topics  of  Revealed  Theology”  (1859). 

Taylor,  Richard,  often  called  Dick.  Born  at 
New  Orleans,  Jan.  27, 1826:  died  at  New  York, 
April  12,  1879.  A Confederate  general,  son  of 
Zachary  Taylor.  He  was  a member  of  the  Secession 
Convention  of  Louisiana ; served  under  Jackson  in  the 
Valley  campaign  and  the  Seven  Days’  battles  in  1862 ; later 
was  commander  in  Louisiana  ; defeated  Banks  at  Sabine 
Cross  Roads,  and  was  defeated  by  him  at  Pleasant  Hill,  in 
1864;  commanded  east  of  the  Mississippi  1864-65 ; and  sur- 
rendered to  General  Canby  May  4,  1865.  He  wrote  “De- 
struction and  Reconstruction  ” (1879). 

Taylor,  Samuel  Harvey.  Born  at  Derry,  N.  H., 
Oct.  3,  1807 : died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Jan.  29, 
1871.  A noted  American  educator.  He  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  College  in  1832  and  at  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  in  1837,  and  was  principal  of  Phillips  Academy, 
Andover,  Massachusetts,  1837-71.  He  prepared  several 
Greek  and  Latin  text-books,  and  wrote  “Method  of  Clas- 
sical Study  ” (1861). 

Taylor,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  May  15, 
1758:  died  Nov.  1,  1835.  An  English  classical 
scholar  and  miscellaneous  author.  He  studied 
three  years  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  afterward  received 
instruction  from  private  teachers;  was  for  a time  a bank 


082 

clerk,  and  then  a teacher  in  private  schools ; and  spent  the 
last  forty  years  of  his  life  in  studious  retirement.  He  mad  3 
translations  of  Plato,  Aristotle,  Pausanias,  and  various 
Neoplatonists.  He  is  sometimes  called  “ the  Platonist.” 
Taylor,  Tom.  Born  at  Sunderland  in  1817: 
died  at  Wandsworth,  July  12, 1880.  An  English 
dramatist  and  art  critic,  editor  of  “ Punch” 
from  1874  to  1880.  He  studied  at  Glasgow  University 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  for  two  years  was 
professor  of  English  at  University  College,  London.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1846,  and  in  1854  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  board  of  health.  lie  wrote  or  adapted 
over  100  plays,  among  whicli  are  “ Still  Waters  Run  Deep,” 
“Victims,”  “An  Unequal  Match,”  “The  Overland  Route,” 
“The  Contested  Election,"  “Our  American  Cousin,”  “To 
Parents  and  Guardians,”  “The  Ticket-of-Leave  Man,” 
" Twixt  Axe  and  Crown,”  “Joan  of  Arc,  Lady  Clancarty,” 
“Anne  Boleyn,"  and,  with  Charles  Reade,  “Masks  and 
Faces,”  “Two  Loves  and  a Life,"  and  “The King’s  Rival.” 
He  wrote  a life  of  Haydon,  edited  the  “Autobiographical 
Recoil  ections  ’’  of  C.  R.  Leslie,  and  wrote  “Leicester  Square, 
its  Associations  and  its  Worthies  ” (1874),  etc. 

Taylor,  William.  Born  in  Rockbridge  County, 
Va.,  May  2,  1821:  died  at  Palo  Alto,  Cal.,  May 
18, 1902.  An  American  missionary  of  theMeth- 
odist  Episcopal  Church.  He  founded  independent 
missions  to  India  and  South  America,  and  became  a mis- 
sionary bishop  to  Africa  in  1884.  He  wrote  “ Seven  Years' 
Street  Preaching  in  San  Francisco”  (1856),  “California 
Life  Illustrated  ” (1858),  “ Model  Preacher”  (I860),  “Four 
Years' Campaign  iu  Iudia  ” (1875),  etc. 

Taylor,  William  Mackergo.  Boru  at  Kilmar- 
nock, Scotland,  Oct.  23,  1829 : died  at  New 
York,  Feb.  8, 1895.  A Scottish- American  Pres- 
byterian clergyman  and  author  : pastor  of  the 
Broadway  Tabernacle  (Congregational)  in  New 
York  city  1872,  pastor  emeritus  1892.  Among 
his  works  are  “The  Miracles”  (1865),  “David"  (1875), 
“ Elijah  ” (1876),  “ Ministry  of  the  Word  ” (1876),  “ Peter  ” 
(1876),  “Daniel  ”(1878),  “Moses "(1879),  “ Gospel  Miracles ’’ 
(1880),  “Paul"  (1882),  “John  Knox”  (1884),  “Joseph" 
(1887),  “Parables  of  our  Saviour  ’’  (1886),  etc. 

Taylor,  William  Rogers.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Nov.  7,  1811:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
April  14,  1889.  An  American  admiral,  son  of 
W.  V.  Taylor.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a midshipman 
in  1828 ; served  in  the  Mexican  war  ; and  during  the  Civil 
War  acted  as  fleet-captain  under  Dahlgren  in  the  attack 
on  Morris  Island  in  July,  1863.  He  was  promoted  rear- 
admiral  in  1871  and  retired  in  1873. 

Taylor, William  Vigneron.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  1781:  died  there,  Feb.  11,  1858.  An 
Americannaval  officer.  Heentered  the  United  States 
navy  as  a sailing-master  in  1813  (having  previously  attained 
the  rank  of  captain  in  the  merchant  marine),  and  in  the 
same  year  served  with  distinction  under  Perry  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Lake  Erie. 

Taylor,  Zachary.  Born  in  Orange  County,  Va., 
Sept.  24, 1784:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  July 
9,  1850.  The  twelfth  President  of  the  United 
States.  He  entered  the  army  as  first  lieutenant  in  1808 ; 
served  in  the  War  of  1812,  attaining  the  rank  of  major; 
defended  Fort  Harrison  against  the  Indians  in  1812 ; served 
in  Black  Hawk’s  war  in  1832,  with  the  rank  of  colonel ; de- 
feated the  Seminole  Indians  at  Okeechobee  in  1837,  and 
was  brevetted  brigadier-general ; and  became  commander- 
in-chief  in  Florida  in  1838.  Later  he  commanded  in  the 
Southwest.  In  1845  he  took  command  of  the  army  in  Texas. 
He  commanded  in  northern  Mexico  in  the  Mexican  war  ; 
gained  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto  May  8,  1846,  and  that  of 
Resaca  de  la  Palma  May  9 ; took  possession  of  Matamoros 
May  18  ; captured  Monterey  Sept.  24  ; and  defeated  Santa 
Anna  at  Buena  Vista  Feb.  22-23, 18' 7.  He  was  appointed 
major-general  June  29,  1846.  In  1848  he  was  elected  as 
Whig  candidate  to  the  presidency,  and  was  inaugurated 
March  4,  1849. 

Taylorville  (ta'lor-vil).  The  capital  of  Chris- 
tian County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  South 
Fork  of  the  Sangamon,  26  miles  southeast  of 
Springfield.  Population,  5,446,  (1910). 
Tayronas  (ti-ro'nas).  An  extinct  tribe  of  In- 
dians who  occupied  the  mountaiu  region  of 
Santa  Marta,  now  in  northern  Colombia.  They 
were  very  brave  and  warlike,  fighting  the  first  Spanish  in- 
vaders with  poisoned  arrows.  The  Tayronas  were  per- 
haps of  Chibclia  stock.  Also  written  Taironas. 

Taywah.  See  Tewa. 

Taz  Bay.  An  eastern  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  Obi. 
Tazewell  (taz'wel),  Littleton  Waller.  Born 
at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  Dec.  17,  1774:  died  at 
Norfolk,  Va.,  March  6,  1860.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia 
1800-01;  United  States  commissioner  under  the  Florida 
treaty  with  Spain  ; United  States  senator  1824-32 ; and 
governor  of  Virginia  1834-36. 

Tcawi  (cha-we'),  or  Grand  Pawnee  (pa-ne'). 
The  leading  tribe  of  the  Pawnee  Confederacy 
of  North  American  Indians.  See  Pawnee. 
Tceme  (clia-ma'),  or  Tceme  Tunne (clia-ma'  tu- 
na'), sometimes  called  Yahshutes,  or  Joshua 
Indians.  [‘People  at  the  mouth  of  the 
stream.’]  A tribe  of  the  Pacific  division  of  the 
Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
Theyformerlylivedatthe  mouth  of  RogueRivei, Oregon,  but 
are  nowon  the  Siletzrese  rvation,  Oregon.  See  Athapascan. 

Tcetlestcan  Tunne  (chet-les'chan  tu-na'),  or 
Chetlessentun.  [‘People  among  the  big 
rocks.’]  A village  of  the  Pacific  division  of 
the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 


Tearless  Battle 

dians.  Their  habitat  was  formerly  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  Oregon,  below  the  mouth  of  Rogue  River ; it  is  now  on 
the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  See  Athapascan. 

Tchad,  Lake.  See  Chad. 

Tchadvr-Dagh  (cha-der-dag').  [‘Tent  moun- 
tain.’] A mountain  in  the  Crimea,  south  by 
east  of  Simferopol : the  ancient  Trapezus  Mons. 
Height,  5,131  feet. 

Tchai  (chi).  The  Turkish  word  for  ‘river’:  com- 
mon in  geographical  names. 

Tchalabone.  See  Cholovone. 

Tchatal-Dagh  (cha-tal-dag').  A range  of  the 
Balkans  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated 
near  Sliven. 

Tcheliuskin,  Cape.  See  Severo,  Cape. 
Tchernaya  (char'ni-a).  A small  river  in  the 
Crimea,  which  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  near 
Sebastopol.  On  its  banks,  Aug.  16, 1855,  the  al- 
lies repelled  an  attack  by  the  Russians. 
Tchernigoff  (eher-ne-gof').  A government  of 
Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Mo- 
ghileff,  Smolensk,  Orel,  Kursk,  Poltava,  Kieff, 
and  Minsk.  It  lies  in  the  basin  of  the  Dnieper,  which 
forms  part  of  its  boundary.  Area,  20,232  square  miles. 
Population,  2,858,100.  Also  Chernigoff. 

Tchernigoff.  The  capital  of  the  government  of 
Tchernigoff,  situated  on  the  Desna  in  lat.  51° 
30'  N. : one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Russia.  Pop- 
ulation, 27,716.  > 

Tchernigoff,  Principality  of.  A medieval  prin- 
cipality in  central  Russia.  It  was  acquired  by 
Lithuania  under  Gedimin  (1315-40). 
Tchernyshevsky  (cher-ne-shef'ske),  Nikolai. 
Born  at  Saratoff,  1828 : died  there,  Oct.  29, 1889. 
A Russian  historical  and  political  writer  and 
novelist,  exiled  to  eastern  Siberia  as  a Nihilist : 
well  known  from  his  “tendency”  novel  “What 
is  to  be  Done?”  (1867). 

Tcheskaya  (ehes'ka-ya),  Gulf  of.  A gulf  in 
the  north  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel. 

Tchesme,  or  Chesme  (ches'me).  A small  port 
on  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  opposite 
Chios  and  west  of  Smyrna.  Near  it,  July,  1770,  the 
Russian  fleet  under  Orloif,  aided  by  Rear-Admiral  John 
Elpliinstoue  and  Sir  Samuel  (later  Admiral)  Greig,  nearly 
annihilated  the  Turkish  fleet.  The  Turkish  vessels  were 
burned  by  the  enemy  during  the  night. 

Tchishi  (che'she).  The  Warm  Springs  Apaches : 
so  named  because  they  formerly  lived  at  Aguas 
Calientes,  or  Hot  Springs,  New  Mexico.  Their 
chief,  Victoria  or  Cochise,  was  killed  in  1881. 
See  Apaches. 

Tchita,  or  Chita  (che'ta).  The  capital  of  Trans- 
baikalia, Siberia,  situated  near  the  junction  of 
the  Tchita  and  Ingoda,  410  miles  east  of  Ir- 
kutsk. It  is  a trading  center  for  Eastern  Si- 
beria. Population,  16,627. 

Tchitimacha.  See  Chitimachan. 

Tcholovone.  See  Cholovone. 

Tchu  (eho).  A river  in  Russian  Central  Asia 
which  rises  in  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains  and 
is  lost  in  the  sands.  It  was  formerly  a tribu- 
tary of  the  Sir-Daria.  Length,  about  600  miles. 
Tchuktches  (chok'chez).  A people  dwelling 
in  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Siberia,  near 
the  Arctic  Ocean  and  Bering  Sea:  allied  to  the 
Koryakes. 

Tchusovaya  (cho-so'  va-ya).  A river  in  the 
government  of  Perm,  eastern  Russia,  which 
joins  the  Kama  northeast  of  Perm.  Length, 
300-400  miles. 

Tchuvashes  (cho-vash'ez).  A people  in  east- 
ern Russia,  livingmainly  near  the  Volga:  prob- 
ably of  mixed  Finnic  and  Tatar  origin.  Their 
number  is  estimated  at  about  600,000. 

Tciwere  (che'wa-ra).  [An  Oto  term  meaning 
‘autochthon.’]  A division  of  the  Siouan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  composed  of  three 
tribes:  the  Iowa,  Oto,  and  Missouri.  Their 
number  is  about  600 : most  of  them  are  in  Okla- 
homa. See  Siouan. 

Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles.  A didac- 
tic work  for  use  in  the  early  church,  discovered 
by  the  metropolitan  Bryennius  at  Constanti- 
nople, and  published  in  1883:  date  and  author 
unsettled. 

Teague  (teg).  [So  called  from  the  former  prev- 
alence of  Teague  as  an  Irish  name.]  A nick- 
name for  an  Irishman. 

Teague  (teg).  A character  in  Howard’s  play 
“The  Committee.”  He  is  a faithful  Irishman,  a char- 
acter said  by  Dibdin  to  have  been  copied  from  Howard  s 
own  Irish  servant.  “ Teague  ” became  a half-contemptu- 
ous name  for  an  Irishman  in  the  17th-century  plays  and 
novels : it  appears  in  the  famous  ballad  “Lillibullero.” 

Teapi,  or  Teapy.  See  Easter  Island. 

Tearless  Battle.  A battle,  367  b.  c.,  between 
the  allied  Arcadians  and  Argives  on  one  side 


Tearless  Battle 

and  the  Spartans  on  the  other : so  called  from 
the  immunity  from  loss  of  the  Spartans. 
Tearsheet  (tar'shet),  Doll.  A disreputable 
character  in  the  second  part  of  Shakspere’s 
“Henry  IV.” 

Tears  of  the  Muses.  A poem  by  Edmund 
Spenser. 

Tea  Water  Spring.  A famous  spring  in  New 
York,  which  issued  from  the  ground  in  a hollow 
near  what  is  now  the  junction  of  Chatham  and 
Roosevelt  streets,  then  out  of  town.  The  water 
was  the  best  on  the  island  of  Manhattan  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century,  and  was  highly  prized  by  house- 
wives for  making  tea.  Before  the  Revolution  the  old 
spring  was  a popular  resort.  A pump  was  erected,  orna- 
mental grounds  were  laid  out,  and  the  wealth  and  fashion 
of  the  city  gathered  there  on  summer  evenings  to  sip  the 
water,  fortified  by  other  beverages. 

Teazle  (te'zl),  Lady.  A gay  and  innocent  but 
imprudent  country-bred  girl  in  Sheridan’s 
“School  for  Scandal.”  Married  to  an  old  man,  she 
plunges  into  the  temptations  of  town  life.  Mrs.  Abing- 
ton,  the  creator  of  the  part  made  her  an  entirely  affected 
fine  lady,  giving  no  hint  of  her  rustic  origin.  Mrs.  Jordan 
was  the  first  who  allowed  a trace  of  country  breeding  to 
be  visible  through  the  glitter  of  her  artificial  town  manner. 

When  the  veterans  in  the  art  of  scandal  are  joined  by  a 
brilliant  and  mischievous  recruit  in  the  shape  of  Lady 
Teazle,  rushing  in  amongst  them  in  pure  gaite  dw  cceur, 
the  energy  of  her  young  onslaught  outdoes  them  all.  The 
talk  has  never  been  so  brilliant,  never  so  pitiless,  as  when 
she  joins  them.  She  adds  the  gift  of  mimicry  to  all  their 
malice.  Mrs.  Oliphant,  Sheridan. 

Teazle,  Sir  Peter.  The  husband  of  Lady  Teazle 
in  Sheridan’s  “ School  for  Scandal.”  He  is  “some- 
thing of  a curmudgeon  ” in  the  first  act,  but  improves  on 
acquaintance,  and  secures  the  affection  of  his  young  wife 
at  the  crisis  of  the  play. 

Teb,  El.  See  El  Tcb. 

Tebessa  (ta-bes'sji).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Constantine,  Algeria,  108  miles  southeastof 
Constantion : the  ancient  Thereste.  it  has  im- 
portant Roman  antiquities,  including:  ( a ) A Roman  ba- 
silica, in  plan  71  by  212  feet,  with  nave  and  two  aisles,  and 
a semicircular  apse  at  the  further  end.  The  basilica 
is  preceded  by  an  atrium,  or  open  court,  surrounded  by 
arcades.  The  building  stands  in  a large  walled  inclosure 
of  later  date,  strengthened  by  towers.  The  structure  is 
assigned  to  the  beginning  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.,  and 
though  it  served  long  as  a Christian  church,  underwent 
but  little  alteration.  ( b ) A temple  of  Jupiter:  a prostyle, 
tetrastyle,  Corinthian  building,  measuring  26  by  45  feet,  on 
a basement  12  feet  high,  with  a fine  flight  of  steps  in  front, 
(c)  A triumphal  arch  of  Caracalla:  a four-way  arch  like  that 
of  Janus  Quadrifrons  at  Rome  and  the  Roman  arch  at 
Tripoli.  It  is  shown  by  inscriptions  to  have  been  founded 
about  211  A.  D. 

Tebeth  (te-bet').  [Heb.;  in  Assyrian  tebetu,  in- 
terpreted to  signify  ‘the  muddy  month.’]  The 
tenth  ecclesiastical  and  the  fourth  civil  month 
in  the  Hebrew  year,  corresponding  to  February- 
March  (Esther  ii.  16). 

Tebris,  or  Tebriz.  See  Tabriz. 

Tecbe  (tesh),  Bayou.  A river  in  southern 
Louisiana  which  flows  into  the  lower  Atcha- 
falaya.  Length,  about  175  miles ; navigable  to 
St.  Martinsville. 

Teck  (tek).  A small  medieval  duchy  in  Swabia, 
now  belonging  to  Wiirtemberg. 

Tecpan  (tak-pan').  An  old  province  of  Mexico, 
established  by  Morelos  in  1811  as  a revolution- 
ary measure,  but  retained  after  the  indepen- 
dence. It  corresponded,  nearly,  to  the  state 
of  Guerrero,  which  was  formed  from  it  in  1847. 
Tecpanecs.  See  Tepanccs. 

Tecumseh  (te-kum'se).  Born  near  the  site 
of  Springfield,  Ohio,  about  1768:  killed  in  the 
battle  of  the  Thames,  Canada,  Oct.  5,  1813.  A 
chief  of  the  Shawnee  Indians.  He  aided  his  bro- 
ther (“  the  Prophet")  in  his  attempt  to  unite  the  western 
Indian?  against  the  whites,  and  was  an  important  ally  of 
the  British  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  served  at  the  Raisin 
River  and  at  Maguaga ; commanded  an  Indian  contingent 
at  the  siege  of  Fort  Meigs ; and  commanded  the  right  wing 
at  the  battle  of  the  Thames. 

Tecumseh.  A township  in  Lenawee  County, 
Michigan,  situated  on  the  Raisin  River  41  miles 
west-southwest  of  Detroit.  Population,  2,763; 
village,  2,332,  (1910). 

Tecumseh.  An  iron-clad  vessel,  a single-tur- 
reted  monitor,  of  the  United  States  navy. 
It  was  one  of  Admiral  Farragut’s  fleet  in  the  attack  on  Mo- 
bile, Alabama ; was  commanded  by  Captain  Craven ; and 
was  sunk  by  a torpedo  in  Mobile  Bay  Aug.  5,  1864. 

Tecunas.  See  Tueunas  and  Jumanas. 
Teddington  (ted'ing-ton).  A village  in  Middle- 
sex, England,  situated  near  the  Thames  12 
miles  west-southwest  of  London.  Population, 
14,037. 

Te  Deum  (te  de'um).  [So  called  from  the  first 
words,  “ Te  Dcum  laudamus,”  ‘Thee,  God,  we 
praise.’]  An  ancient  hymn,  in  the  form  of  a 
psalm,  sung  at  matins  or  morning  prayer  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  and  in  the  Anglican  churches, 
and  also  separately  as  a service  of  thanksgiving 
on  special  occasions.  The  Te  Deum  is  first  men- 


983 

tioned  early  in  the  6th  century.  Its  authorship  is  popu- 
larly attributed  to  St.  Ambrose  and  St.  Augustine,  but  it 
probably  assumed  nearly  its  present  form  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury, during  the  Arian  and  Macedonian  controversies, 
though  in  substance  it  seems  to  be  still  older,  St.  Cyprian 
in  A.  D.  252  using  words  closely  similar  to  the  seventh, 
eighth,  and  ninth  verses,  and  several  of  the  latter  verses 
(“Day  by  day,"  etc.)  agreeing  with  part  of  an  ancient 
Greek  hymn,  preserved  in  the  Alexandrine  Codex,  the  be- 
ginning of  which  is  a form  of  the  Gloria  in  Excelsis.  Origi- 
nally it  was  modeled  on  the  preface  and  great  intercession 
of  a primitive  liturgy,  probably  African,  of  the  type  of  the 
liturgy  of  St.  James.  Also,  more  fully,  TeDeum  Laudamus. 
Tees  (tez).  A river  in  northern  England  which 
forms  the  boundary  between  York  and  Durham. 
It  flows  into  the  North  Sea.  Length,  70  miles ; 
navigable  for  small  vessels  to  Stockton. 
Teewah.  See  Tigua. 

Teffe(tef-fa').  A southern  tributary  of  the  Ama- 
zon, which  it  joins  about  long.  64°  40'  W. 
Teffe,  formerly  Ega  (a'ga).  A town  of  the 
state  of  Amazonas,  Brazil,  on  a lake  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Teffe.  It  was  originally  a. Tesuit 
mission,  and  is  now  the  chief  commercial  town  between 
Manaoa  and  Tabatinga.  Population,  municipio,  12,745. 
Tegea  (te'je-a).  [Gr.  Tryta.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  in  Arcadia,  Greece,  in  lac.  37°  28' 
N.,  long.  22°  26'  E.  Itfoughtinthebattle of  Plata;a479 
B.  c.,  and  sided  with  Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesian  and  Corin- 
thian wars ; was  later  a member  of  the  Arcadian  Confeder- 
acy; fought  against  Sparta  at  Mantinea  302  B.  c.;  andwaha 
member  of  the  JCtolian  and  Acliaran  leagues.  It  contained 
a famous  temple  of  Athene  Alea,  burned  about  394  B.  c.,  and 
restored  by  Scopas.  It  was  a Doric  peripteros  of  6 by  13 
columns,  measuring  72  by  154  feet.  The  columns  within  the 
cella  were  Ionic  and  Corinthian.  The  sculptures  of  the 
eastern  pediment  represented  the  slaying  of  the  Caly- 
donian  boar ; those  of  the  western,  the  combat  of  Telephus 
and  Achilles. 

Tegel  (ta'gel).  A village  and  popular  resort, 
situated  on  the  Tegeler  See  7 miles  northwest 
of  Berlin. 

Tegernsee  (ta'gem-za).  A lake  in  Upper  Bava- 
ria, situated  near  the  Alps  29  miles  south  of 
Munich:  noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  Mangfall  to  the  Inn.  Length, 
nearly  4 miles.  Elevation  2,400  feet. 
Tegetthoff  (te'get-hof),  Baron  Wilhelm  von. 
Born  at  Marburg,  Styria,  Dec.  23,  1827 : died 
at  Vienna,  April  7, 1871.  An  Austrian  admiral. 

He  commanded  the  Austrian  contingent  in  the  allied  naval 
victory  over  the  Danes  near  Helgoland  May  9,  1864  ; and 
is  especially  noted  for  his  victory  near  Lissa  over  the 
Italian  fleet  under  Persano,  July  20,  1866. 

Tegner  (teng-nar' ),  Esaias.  Born  in  Kyrkerud, 
in  Wermland,  Sweden,  Nov.  13,  1782:  died  at 
Wexio,  Nov.  2,  1846.  A Swedish  poet  He  was 
the  son  of  a clergyman : both  parents  were  from  the  peas- 
ant class.  He  was  in  his  tenth  year  when  his  father  died 
and  left  the  family  in  extremely  poor  circumstances. 
Friends  enabled  him  to  obtain  his  early  education,  and  in 
1799  lie  went  as  a student  to  Lund.  The  following  year, 
from  lack  of  means  to  continue  his  studies,  he  became  a 
tutor  in  SmMand,  but  subsequently  returned  to  Lund, 
where  he  finally  took  his  examination  in  1802.  In  1803 
he  was  appointed  docent  in  esthetics;  ten  years  later 
he  was  made  professor  of  Greek  and  prebendary.  In  1824 
he  was  elected  bishop  of  Wexio.  Subsequently  he  was 
afflicted  with  a hereditary  mental  disease,  and  from  the 
autumn  of  1840  until  the  following  spring  he  was  in  an 
asylum  in  Schleswig.  He  then  resumed  the  duties  of  his 
office,  but  never  recovered  his  health.  His  literary  career 
began  in  1808  with  the  “ Krigss&ng  for  det  Skanska  landt- 
varnet”  (“  War  Song  for  the  Militia  of  Scania  ").  In  1811 
he  was  awarded  the  prize  of  the  Academy  for  the  long  poem 
“ Svea ” (the  poetical  name  of  Sweden).  The  idyl  “ Natt- 
vardsbarnen  ” (“The  Children  of  the  Lord’s  Supper”)  ap- 
peared in  1820 ; this  was  followed  two  years  later  by  the 
narrative  poem  “Axel.”  In  1825  appeared  in  its  complete 
foim  the  cycle  of  romances,  based  upon  the  Old  Norse  saga 
of  thesame  name,  the  “Frithjofs  Saga,”  his  most  celebrated 
work  and  one  of  the  most  famous  in  Scandinavian  liter- 
ature. He  wrote  numerous  shorter  poems,  among  them 
“ KarlXII."  (“Charles  XII.’’)  and  “Sfing  til  solen"(“  Hymn 
to  the  Sun”).  The  longer  poems  “Gerda”  and  “Kruw- 
bruden  ” were  left  unfinished.  His  last  poem,  written  a 
short  time  before  his  death,  is  “ Afsked  til  min  lyra” 
(“Farewell  to  My  Lyre”).  He  was  the  principal  poet  of  the 
so-called  Gothic  school.  His  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished at  Stockholm,  1876,  in  2 vols.  His  posthumous  works 
appeared  at  Stockholm,  1873-74.  in  3 vols. 

Tegnum  (teg'num).  See  the  extract. 

His  [Galen’sl  greatest  medical  works  were  the  treatise, 
in  seventeen  books,"  on  the  use  of  the  parts  of  the  human 
body  ”;  the  essay  “on  the  art  of  medicine,”  which  was  the 
text-book  and  chief  subject  of  examination  for  medical 
students : a the  middle  ages,  when  it  was  known  in  barbar- 
ous Latin  as  the  Tegnum  or  Microtegnum  ( Microtechnum ) 
of  Galen;  the  fourteen  books  “on  therapeutic  method,’ 
known  in  the  middle  ages  as  his  Megalotegnum,  in  which 
he  defends  his  own  dogmatic  or  Hippocrat  ic  system  against 
the  Empirics  and  Methodics;  the  ten  books  “on  the  com- 
position of  medicines  according  to  the  places,”  which  con- 
tained the  pharmacopoeia  of  Archigenes.  and  which  is  a 
text-book  with  the  Arabic  physicians  under  the  name  Mi- 
ramir.  or  ‘ the  bonk  of  ten  treatises.’ 

K.  O.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  ITT.  274. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Tegua.  See  Tew  a. 

Tegucigalpa  (ta-go-the-giil'pa).  The  capital 
(since  1880)  of  Honduras,  Central  America, 
about  lat.  14°  10' N.  It  contains  a cathedral 
and  a university.  Population,  34,692. 


Telamon 

Tehama  (ta-ha'ma).  A comparatively  low-lying 
region  on  the  western  coast  of  Arabia. 
Teheran  (teh-e-ran'),  or  Tehran  (teh-ran'). 
The  capital  of  Persia,  situated  about  lat.  35° 
41'  N.,  long.  51°  25'  E.  It  became  the  royal 
residence  about  the  end  of  the  18th  century. 
Population,  estimated,  280,000. 

Tehri  (teh-re').  A native  state  in  the  Hima- 
layas, India,  intersected  by  lat.  31°  N.,  long. 
79°  E.  Area,  4,200  square  miles.  Population, 
268,885. 

Tehua.  See  Tewa. 

Tehuacan  (ta-wa-kan').  A town  in  the  state 
of  Puebla,  Mexico,  125  miles  east-southeast  of 
Mexico.  Population,  7,139. 

Tehuantepec  (ta-wan-ta-pek').  A town  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state  of  Oajaca,  Mex- 
ico, on  the  Tehuantepec  River,  13  miles  from 
its  mouth  in  the  Pacific.  It  was  an  ancient 
settlement.  At  the  time  of  the  Spanish  con- 
quest it  belonged  to  a branch  of  the  Zapotecs ; 
its  chief,  Cociyopu,  submitted  to  the  Spaniards 
in  1522.  Population,  10,386. 

Tehuantepec,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Mexico  at  the 
Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec. 

Tehuantepec,  Isthmus  of.  An  isthmus  in 
southeastern  Mexico,  between  the  Bay  of  Cam- 
peche on  the  north  and  the  Gulf  of  Tehuante- 
pec on  the  south.  Width  at  the  narrowest  part, 
about  120  miles.  The  mountain  lands  are  here  some- 
what interrupted,  and  there  are  several  passes  below  900 
feet.  The  Tehuantepec  Railway,  connecting  the  parts  of 
Coatzacoalcos  and  Salina  Cruz,  was  opened  Jan.  23,  1907.  A 
canal  and  a ship-railway  have  been  projected. 

Tehuelches.  See  Patagonians. 

Teian  (te'an)  Muse,  The.  A name  given  to 
Anacreon,  from  his  birthplace  in  Teos,  Asia 
Minor. 

Teifi,  or  Teify,  or  Tivy  (ti've).  A river  in  Wales 
which  flows  into  Cardigan  Bay  below  Cardigan. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 

Teign,  or  Teigne  (tan).  A small  river  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  which  flows  into  the  English 
Channel  at  Teignmouth. 

Teignmouth  (tan'muth).  A seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Teign  into  the  English  Chan- 
nel, 13  miles  south  of  Exeter.  Population, 
8,636. 

Teith  (teth).  A small  river  chiefly  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  which  joins  the  Forth  near 
Stirling. 

Teixeira  (ta-sha'ra),  Pedro.  Born  in  Portugal 
about  1575:  died  at  Para,  Brazil,  .June  4,  1640. 
A Portuguese  soldier.  He  served  in  Brazil,  taking 
part  in  the  recovery  of  Maranhao  from  the  Fren.  h 1614, 
and  the  founding  of  Pari  1615.  In  1620-21  he  was  governor 
of  Pari.  In  16.'. 7 he  was  placed  in  command  of  a power- 
ful expedition  which  ascended  the  Amazon  and  Napo  and 
crossed  the  mountains  to  Quito,  returning  by  the  same 
route  and  arriving  at  Pari  Dec.  12,  1639.  This  was  the 
first  careful  exploration  of  the  Amazon,  and  had  impor- 
tant results:  an  account  of  it  was  published  byAcufia. 
(-!ee  that  name.)  Teixeira  was  again  governor  of  Pari 
from  Feb.  28, 1640,  until  a few  days  before  his  death.  Often 
written  Texeira  or  Texeyra. 

Teja  (te'ja),  or  Tejas  (te'jas).  Killed  Sept.,  553. 
The  last  king  of  the  East  Goths  in  Italy,  suc- 
cessor to  Totila  July,  553.  He  was  slain  in 
the  battle  on  Mount  Lactarius. 

Tejada,  Lerdo  de.  See  Lcrdo  de  Tejada. 

Tejal  (ta-yal'  or  te'jal).  [Ar.  tali  yah. ] An 
Arabic  name,  of  uncertain  meaning,  for  the  two 
stars  y and  g Geminorutn.  The  former,  a double 
variable  star,  usually  of  the  fourth  magnitude,  is  Tejal 
prior,  and  the  latter,  of  the  third  magnitude,  is  Tejal  post. 
The  first-named  star  is  also  known  as  Propus  (which  see). 
Tejano.  See  Coahuiltecan. 

Tejend  (te-jeud').  The  name  given  to  the  lower 
course  of  the  river  Heri-Rud,  partly  on  the 
boundary  between  Persia  and  Asiatic  Russia. 
Tejo.  The  Portuguese  name  of  the  Tagus. 
Tekele.  See  Takala. 

Tekes  (tek'es).  A head  stream  of  the  river  Hi. 
Tekke-Turcomans  (tek'ke-ter'ko-manz).  A 
race  of  Tatar  nomads  in  central  Asia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Asiatic 
Russia.  Their  power  was  broken  by  the  Russians  under 
Skobeleff  at  Geok-Tepe  in  1881.  Merv  was  taken  by  the 
Russians  in  1884. 

Tekna  (tek'na).  A region  south  of  Morocco. 
Tel-Abib  (tel-ii'beb).  [In  the  Assyrian  inscrip- 
tions Tel  Abubi,  hill  of  the  deluge.]  A city  on 
the  canal  of  Kebar,  in  Babylonia,  where  many 
of  the  Jewish  exiles  were  settled,  amongst  whom 
was  the  prophet  Ezekiel. 

Telamon  (tel'a-mon).  In  Greek  legend,  son  of 
.zEacus,  brother  of  Peleus,  and  father  of  Ajax. 


Telamon 

He  took  part  in  the  Calydonian  hunt  and  the  Argonautic 
expedition,  and  accompanied  Hercules  against  Laomedon 
of  Troy. 

Telamon.  In  ancient  geography,  a place  on  the 
coast  of  Etruria,  Italy,  about  76  miles  north- 
west of  Rome.  Near  here,  in  225  B.  c.,  the 
Romans  nearly  annihilated  an  army  of  Gauls. 
Telde  (tel'da).  A town  in  the  island  of  Gran 
Canaria,  Canary  Islands. 

Tel-  (or  Tell-)  Defenneh  (tel-da-fen'ne).  See 
the  extract. 

Tell  Defenneh  is  a large  mound,  or  group  of  mounds, 
situated  close  to  Lake  Menzaleh,  at  the  extreme  northeast- 
ern comer  of  the  Delta ; and  the  name  of  this  group  of 
mounds,  “ Defenneh,"  is  a corrupt  Arab  version  of  “Daph- 
nae,"  the  “Daplinse  of  Pelusium  ” of  the  Greek  histori- 
ans. The  identity  of  Defenneh  and  Daphna;  has  never 
been  questioned  by  scholars,  and  the  identity  of  both 
with  the  Biblical  Tahpanhes  has  also  been  admitted  by 
the  majority  of  Bible  commentators.  Here  Mr.  Petrie 
discovered  the  ruins  of  “Pharaoh’s  House  at  Tahpanhes.” 
Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  58. 

Telegonia  (tel-e-go'ni-a),  or  Lay  of  Telegonus. 

A cyclic  poem  by  Eugamon  of  Cyrene  (about 
566  B.  C.).  It  was  a continuation  of  the  Odyssey,  and 
was  named  from  its  hero  Telegonus,  son  of  Odysseus 
and  Circe,  who  slew  his  father.  The  poem  completed  the 
“Trojan  cycle.” 

Telegonus  (te-leg'o-nus).  [Gr.  Ty/Jyovor.]  In 
Greek  legend:  (a)  A son  of  Proteus,  slain  by 
Hercules,  (b)  A son  of  Odysseus  and  Circe. 
He  was  sent  by  his  mother  to  Ithaca,  where  he  killed  Odys- 
seus and  whence  he  returned  to  Circe  with  Telemachus 
and  Penelope:  the  latter  he  married.  He  was  said  to  have 
been  the  founder  of  Tusculum  and  Prseneste. 

Tel-  (or  Tell-)  el-Amarna  (tel -el -a -marina). 
The  ruins  of  a residence  of  Amenophis  IV.,  in 
cen  tral  Egypt.  In  the  winter  of  1S87-88  there  were  dis- 
covered there  about  three  hundred  clay  tablets  covered 
with  cuneiform  inscriptions  which  have  since  been  deci- 
phered : they  contain  the  diplomatic  correspondence  of 
kings  of  Babylonia,  Assyria,  and  other  countries  of  west- 
ern Asia,  including  Palestine,  with  the  Egyptian  court. 
Tel- (or  Tell-)el-Kebir(tel-el-ke-ber').  Avillage 
in  Lower  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Freshwater 
Canal  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Cairo.  Here, 
Sept.  13,  1882,  the  British  under  Wolseley  defeated  the 
Egyptian  insurgents  under  Arabi  Pasha : loss  of  the  lat- 
ter, about  3,000.  The  surrender  of  Arabi  Pasha  followed. 

Telemachus  (te-lem'a-kus).  [Gr.  Tt/Ttifiaxog.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Odysseus  and  Pe- 
nelope. He  visited  Pylos  (attended  by  Athene  in  the 
guise  of  Mentor)  and  Sparta,  in  search  of  his  father,  and 
joined  the  latter,  on  his  return  to  Ithaca,  in  slaying  the 
suitors  of  Penelope. 

Telemachus.  An  Asiatic  monk,  famous  for  his 
attempt  in  404  to  stop  the  gladiatorial  shows. 
He  sprang  into  the  arena  and  endeavored  to  separate  the 
gladiators,  but  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  spectators.  He 
was  proclaimed  a martyr  by  the  emperor  Honorius;  and 
his  act  and  death  led  to  the  abolition  of  the  exhibitions. 

Telemaque  (ta-la-mak'),  Aventures  de.  [F., 
‘Adventures  of  Telemachus.’]  A romance  by 
Fenelon,  published  in  1699.  It  is  founded  on  the 
legendary  history  of  Telemachus,  and  is  one  of  the  classics 
of  French  literature. 

Though  the  beautiful  fiction  of  Telemachus,  which  has 
much  in  common  with,  and  was  doubtless  suggested  to 
FCnelon  by  the  Argenis,  be  rather  an  epic  poem  in  prose 
than  a romance,  it  seems  to  have  led  the  way  to  several 
political  romances,  or,  at  least,  to  have  nourished  a taste 
for  this  species  of  composition. 

Dunlop , Hist,  of  Prose  Fict.,  II.  348. 

Telemarken  (ta-la-mar'ken).  A mountainous 
and  picturesque  region  in  the  amt  of  Bratsberg, 
southern  Norway. 

Telephus  (tel'e-fus).  [Gr.  T^/U^of.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  son  of  Hercules  and  Auge:  king  of 
Mysia  at  the  time  of  the  Greek  expedition 
against  Troy. 

Telescope,  The.  See  Telescopium. 

Telescope  (tel'e-skop)  Mountains.  A moun- 
tain group  in  eastern  California,  east  of  Owen’s 
Lake  and  west  of  Death  Valley. 
Telescopium(tel-e-sko,pi-um).  Asoutherncon- 
stellation,  introduced  by  Lacaille  in  1752.  it 
contains  one  star  of  the  fourth  magnitude.  Telescopium 
Herschelii  is  a constellation  inserted  by  the  Abbe  Hell  in 
1789  between  Lynx,  Auriga,  and  Gemini.  It  is  obsolete. 

Telford  (tel'ford),  Thomas.  Born  at  Eskdale, 
Dumfriesshire,  Aug.  9,  1757:  died  at  Westmin- 
ster, Sept.  2, 1834.  A Scottish  civil  engineer.  He 
built  the  bridge  across  the  Severn  at  Montford  in  1792 ; 
was  engineer  of  the  Ellesmere  Canal  (1793),  the  Caledonian 
Canal  (1802),  the  Gloucester  and  Berkeley  Canal  (1818),  and 
the  Grand  Trunk  Canal  (1822);  and  in  1810  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  Gotha  Canal,  Sweden.  From  1803 
he  superintended  the  construction  of  nearly  1,000  miles  of 
road  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  con- 
structed lines  of  road  through  North  Wales,  surmounting 
great  natural  difficulties.  The  most  notable  parts  of  this 
undertaking  were  the  erection  of  the  Menai  suspension- 
bridge  and  the  Conway  bridge.  He  built  the  road  from 
Warsaw  to  Brest-Sitovski  in  Poland.  He  improved  the 
harbors  of  Aberdeen  and  Dundee,  afid  built  St.  Cath- 
erine’s docks  in  London.  In  1828-30  he  drained  nearly 
50,000  acres  of  the  Fen  country.  The  Telford  pavement 
was  his  invention. 

Tell  (tel),  The.  That  part  of  Algeria  which 


984 

lies  along  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  and 
comprises  the  cultivated  land.  The  name  is 
extended  to  include  the  similarly  placed  regions 
of  Morocco  and  Tunis. 

Tell  (tel),  William.  One  of  the  legendary  heroes 
of  Switzerland  in  the  struggle  for  independence 
of  the  cantons  Schwyz,  Uri,  and  Unterwalden 
with  Albrecht  of  Austria  (the  German  emperor 
Albrecht  I. ) . The  story,  in  its  familiar  form,  is  that  Tell, 
who  was  the  head  of  the  independent  confederates,  hav- 
ing refused  to  salute  the  cap  which  Gessler,  the  Austrian 
governor,  had  placed  for  that  purpose  in  the  market  place 
of  Altorf,  was  ordered  to  place  an  apple  on  the  head  of  his 
little  son  and  shoot  it  off.  He  did  so,  and  revealed  another 
arrow  with  which  he  had  intended  to  shoot  Gessler  if  he 
had  killed  his  son.  He  was  taken  across  the  lake  by  Gessler 
to  Kussnacht  Castle  to  be  eaten  alive  by  reptiles ; but,  a 
storm  coming  up,  he  shot  the  governor,  escaped,  and  after- 
ward liberated  his  country.  The  Tell  legend  in  its  Swiss 
form  appears  for  the  first  time  in  a chronicle,  written  be- 
tween 1467  and  1476,  contained  in  a manuscript  known  as 
the  ‘ ‘ White  Book  of  Sarmen,  ” which  places  the  events  after 
the  accession  of  Rudolf  to  the  empire  in  1273.  It  is  also 
found  in  the  “ Chronicle  "of  Melchior  Buss  of  Lucerne,  who 
began  to  write  in  1482.  The  principal  source,  however,  of 
the  life  and  deeds  of  Tell  is  the  “Chronicon  Helveticum  ” 
("Swiss  Chronicle")  of  45gidius  Tschudi  (1505-72),  where 
the  year  1307  is  given  as  the  date  of  the  Tell  incident. 
Based  principally  upon  Tschudi  is  Schiller’s  drama  “Wil- 
helm Tell  ”(1804),  which  closely  follows  the  episode  as  re- 
lated by  the  Swiss  chronicler,  and  even  incorporates  some 
of  the  speeches  word  for  word.  The  legend  of  William 
Tell  is  in  its  ultimate  origin  a Germanic  myth.  The  earli- 
est extant  version  of  this  story  of  the  apple  is  contained 
in  the  Old  Norse  Vilkina  Saga,  from  the  13th  century, 
whose  material,  however,  according  to  its  own  account, 
was  derived  from  German  sources.  The  story  of  the  fa- 
mous shot  of  the  archer  Eigil  is  here  related  with  circum- 
stantiality of  detail.  At  the  command  of  King  Nidung 
an  apple  is  placed  upon  the  head  of  the  three-year-old  son 
of  Eigil,  who  is  then  made  to  shoot,  and  strikes  it,  directly 
in  the  middle,  with  his  first  arrow.  When  asked  why  he 
had  taken  two  other  arrows  when  only  one  shot  was 
allowed,  he  replied  boldly,  “In  order  to  shoot  the  king  if 
I had  injured  the  child.”  Another  version  of  the  legend 
is  found  in  Saxo  Grammaticus,  who  wrote  his  “ Historia 
Danica  ” early  in  the  13th  century.  The  apple-shot  is  also 
told  in  English  territory  of  William  of  Cloudesley.  The 
Swiss  story  of  William  Tell  is  simply  a localization  of  the 
legend,  which  was,  apparently,  once  common  Germanic 
property. 

Tell-el-Amama.  See  Tel-el-Amarna, 

Tell-el-Kebir.  See  Tel-el-Kebir. 

Teller  (tel'er),  Henry  Moore.  Bom  at  Granger, 
Alleghany  County,  N.  Y.,  May  23,  1830.  An 
American  lawyer  and  Republican  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Colorado  1876-52  ; sec- 
retary of  the  interior  1882-85  ; and  United  States  senator 
from  Colorado  1885-1909. 

Tellez  (tel'yeth),  Gabriel:  pseudonym  Tirso 
de  Molina.  Born  at  Madrid  about  1570:  died 
in  the  convent  of  Soria,  1648.  A noted  Span- 
ish dramatist.  He  entered  the  church  before  1613,  and 
became  the  head  of  the  convent  of  Soria.  Five  volumes 
of  his  plays  were  published  underhis  pseudonym  between 
1616  and  1636  : among  these  the  best-known  out  of  Spain 
is  “El  Burlador  de  Sevilla”  (“The  Seville  Deceiver”), 
“the  earliest  distinct  exhibition  of  that  Don  Juan  who  is 
now  seen  on  every  stage  in  Europe.”  In  Spain  “Don  Gil 
de  las  Cabas  Verdes ’’(“Don  Gil  in  the  Green  Panta- 
loons”) is  the  favorite.  Among  his  other  plays  may  be 
mentioned  “ Vergonzoso  en  Palacio  ” (“  A Bashful  Man  at 
Court”),"  La  Lealtad  contra  la  Envidia,”  “ For  el  Sotano  y 
el  Torno,”  and  “Escarmientos  para  Cuerdos.”  He  pub- 
lished in  1624  “Cigarrales  de  Toledo,”  an  account  of  en- 
tertainments given  by  a wedding  party  at  a cigarral  or 
small  country  house  resorted  to  for  recreation  in  summer. 
These  were  stories  told,  plays  acted,  poetry  recited,  etc., 
a theatrical  framework  being  used  to  connect  the  sepa- 
rate parts  instead  of  the  narrative  adopted  by  Boccaccio 
in  the  “ Decamerone,”  from  which  the  idea  was  taken. 
This  style  was  soon  imitated  by  other  authors.  Tirso 
published  another  of  a graver  tone,  “Pleasure  and  Profit,” 
in  1635. 

Tellez  y Giron  (tel-yeth'  e He-ron'),  Pedro, 
Duke  of  Osuna  (or  Ossuna).  Bom  at  Valla- 
dolid, Spain,  1579:  died  1624.  A Spanish  states- 
man, viceroy  of  Sicily  1611-15,  and  of  Naples 
1616-20. 

Tellicherri,  or  Tellicherry  (tel-i-cher'i).  A 
seaport  in  the  Malabar  district,  Madras,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  11° 
45'  N.,  long.  75°  29'  E.  It  has  considerable 
trade.  Population,  27,883. 

Tello,  or  Tel-loh  (tel-lo').  A site  in  Chaldea 
excavated  by  De  Sarzec  between  1877  and  1881. 
These  explorations  have  shed  a new  light  upon  the  de- 
velopment of  Mesopotamian  art  by  supplying  a series  of 
very  ancient  monuments  of  architecture  and  sculpture 
which  can  be  dated.  The  site  is  believed  to  be  the  an- 
cient Sirpulla.  Its  remains  form  a number  of  the  low 
mounds  produced  by  the  degradation  of  Mesopotamian 
platforms  and  buildings  in  unburned  brick,  spread  over  a 
space  nearly  5 miles  long.  The  sculpture  which  is  more 
direct  in  spirit  and  more  lifelike  than  that  of  the  later 
Babylonian  and  Assyrian  art,  reached  its  best  period  about 
2500  B.  c.;  but  much  that  is  older  and  more  primitive  has 
been  found.  The  architecture  already  exhibits  the  later 
types,  though  in  simpler  form.  The  chief  portable  re- 
mains are  in  the  Louvre. 

Tellsplatte  (telz-pliit'te).  [G.,‘Tell’s  slab.’]  A 
stone  on  the  Axenberg,  north  of  Fliielen,  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  where 


Tempest,  The 

William  Tell,  according  to  the  legend,  sprang 
out  of  Gessler’s  boat. 

Tellus  (tel'us).  [L.,  ‘earth.’]  In  Roman  my- 
thology, a goddess,  the  personification  of  the 
earth. 

Telmessus  (tel-mes'us).  In  ancient  geography, 
a town  on  the  coast  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  in 
lat.  36°  36'  N.,  long.  29°  10'  E.,  on  the  site  of 
the  modem  village  of  Makri.  Among  the  impor- 
tant antiquities  on  its  site  is  an  ancient  theater,  well  pre- 
served and  of  good  style.  The  cavea  is  semicircular,  with 
one  precinction  : its  diameter  is  254  feet,  that  of  the  or- 
chestra 92._  The  stage  structure  measures  141  by  40  feet. 
Teman  (te'man).  [‘  South,’  properly  ‘the  coun- 
try to  the  right.’]  The  southern  district  and 
people  of  Edom  (Idumea) : from  Teman,  the 
grandson  of  Esau  (Gen.  xxxvi.  11-15). 

Teme  (tern).  A river  on  the  boundary  between 
Wales  and  England,  and-  in  western  England, 
which  joins  the  Severn  3 miles  south  of  Wor- 
cester. Length,  about  70  miles. 

Temeraire  (ta-ma-rar ' ).  1.  Aline-of-battleship 
of  98  guns,  called  “the  Fighting  Tdmdraire,” 
captured  from  the  French  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile,  Aug.  1,  1798.  She  fought  next  to  the  Victory 
in  the  line  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,  1805,  under 
Captain  Harvey.  She  was  broken  up  in  1838.  Turner's 
picture  of  “the  Fighting  T6m6raire  ” was  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1839. 

2.  A British  armored  war-ship,  launched  in  1876. 
Her  dimensions  are  : length,  285  feet ; breadth,  62  feet ; 
draught,  27  feet ; displacement,  8,540  tons.  She  has  an  ar- 
mored water-line  belt  11  inches  thick,  andacentral  single- 
decked citadel  with  armor  10.8  inches  thick.  She  has 
4 25-ton  guns  mounted  en  barbette  fore  and  aft  upon  the 
upper  deck. 

Temes  (tem'esh).  A river  in  southern  Hun- 
gary which  joins  the  Danube  8 miles  east  of 
Belgrad.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Temeser  Banat  (tem'esh-er  bii-nat').  A former 
administrative  division,  comprising  the  present 
counties  of  Temes,  Krasso,  and  Toront&l,  in 
Hungary. 

Temesvar  (tem'esh-var).  A free  city,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Temes,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Bega  Canal  in  lat.  45°  47'  N.,  long.  21° 
13'  E.  It  consists  of  the  city  proper,  or  fortress,  and  sev- 
eral suburbs.  It  is  an  administrative  and  military  cen- 
ter. Among  its  buildings  are  a Roman  Catholic  cathe- 
dral, and  a castle  built  in  the  middle  of  the  15th  century. 
Temesvir  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1552; 
and  was  several  times  fruitlessly  besieged,  but  finally 
taken,  by  Prince  Eugene  in  1716  and  reunited  to  Hungary. 
It  was  made  a royal  free  city  in  1781.  It  was  defended  by  the 
Austrians  against  the  Hungarian  insurgents  in  1849,  who 
were  defeated  by  Haynau  Aug.  9, 1849.  Population,  72,500, 
(1910). 

Temiscaming  (te-mis'ka-miug),  Lake.  A lake 
on  the  border  line  between  the  provinces  of 
Quebec  and  Ontario,  Canada,  intersected  by 
lat.  47°  30'  N.  Its  outlet  is  the  Ottawa  River. 
Length,  about  26  miles. 

Temiscouata  (tem-is-ko-a'ta),  Lake.  A lake 
in  Temiscouata  County,  Quebec,  Canada,  east 
of  Quebec.  Its  outlet  is  the  Madawaska  River. 
Length,  about  22  miles. 

Temme  (tem'me),  Jodocns  Donatus  Huber- 

tus.  Born  at  Lette,  Westphalia,  Oct.  22. 1798 : 
died  at  Zurich,  Nov.  14, 1881.  A German  jurist, 
liberal  politician,  and  novelist : in  the  judicial 
service  of  Prussia.  He  was  tried  for  high  treason 
in  1849,  and  was  acquitted  but  was  dismissed  from  the  ser- 
vice. He  wrote  “criminal  novels.” 

Temminck  (tem'mink),Coenraad  Jacob.  Born 
about  1778  : died  in  1858.  A Dutch  naturalist, 
noted  as  an  ornithologist. 

Temora  (tem'o-ra).  One  of  the  poems  of  Os- 
sian,  published  in  1763.  See  Ossian. 

Tempe  (tem'pe),  Vale  of.  [Gr.  Ttfirrn,  con- 
tracted from  Te^rrra.]  A valley  in  eastern 
Thessaly,  Greece,  deeply  cleft  between  Olym- 
pus on  the  north  and  Ossa  on  the  south,  and 
traversed  by  the  Peneius.  It  has  been  celebrated 
from  ancient  times  for  its  beauty;  but  “the  scenery  is 
distinguished  rather  by  savage  grandeur  than  by  the  sylvan 
beauty  which  Lilian  and  others  attribute  to  it.”  Length, 
about  6 miles. 

Tempel  (tem'pel),  Ernst  Wilhelm  Leberecht. 

Born  at  Nieder-Kunersdorf,  Lusatia,  Dec.  4, 
1821 : died  at  Arcetri,  Italy,  March  16,  1889.  A 
German  astronomer,  director  of  the  observatory 
at  Arcetri,  near  Florence.  He  discovered  sev- 
eral asteroids,  comets,  etc. 

Tempest  (tem'pest),  The.  A play  by  Shakspere, 
first  performed  at  court  in  1611,  first  printed  in 
the  folio  of  1623.  The  subject  was  taken  from  a pam- 
phlet “ A Discovery  of  theBermudas,  otherwise  called  the 
Isle  of  Devils,”  by  “one  Jourdan,  who  probably  returned 
from  Virginia”  (1610).  Fleay  thinks  it  was  probably 
abridged  by  Beaumont  about  1613,  and  the  mask  inserted. 
In  1667  Dry  del  i and  Davenant  produced  “The  Tempest,  or 
the  Enchanted  Island  ” (printed  in  1670),  a version  in- 
tended to  improve  Shakspere’s  play  : the  mutilations,  or 
rather  additions,  are  now  said  by  a German  scholar  to  be 
wholesale  conveyances  from  a play  of  Calderon.  (Furness.) 


Tempest,  The 

In  1673  Shadwell  turned  "The  Tempest"  into  an  opera, 
and  in  1756  Garrick  produced  an  opera  with  the  same  name, 
based  on  Shakspere  and  Dryden : he  repudiated  the  au- 
thorship. Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  has  written  “ The  Music 
to  Shakspere’s  Tempest,"  in  twelve  numbers : this  was 
first  performed  in  1862. 

Templars  (tem'plarz).  A military  order,  also 
called  Knights  Templars  or  Knights  of  the 
Temple,  from  the  early  headquarters  of  the 
order  in  the  Crusaders’  palace  at  Jerusalem 
(the  so-called  temple  of  Solomon).  The  order 
was  founded  at  Jerusalem  about  1118,  and  was  confirmed 
by  the  Tope  in  1128.  Its  special  aim  was  protection  to 
pilgrims  on  the  way  to  the  holy  shrines,  and  the  distin- 
guishing garb  of  the  knights  was  a white  mantle  with  a 
red  cross.  The  order  took  a leading  part  in  the  conduct 
of  the  Crusades,  and  spread  rapidly,  acquiring  gr  eat  wealth 
and  influence  in  Spain,  France,  England,  and  other  coun- 
tries in  Europe.  Its  chief  seats  in  the  East  were  Jeru- 
salem, Acre,  and  Cyprus,  and  in  Europe  a foundation 
called  the  Temple,  then  just  outside  Paris.  The  members 
comprised  knights,  men-at-arms,  and  chaplains ; they  were 
grouped  in  commanderies,  with  a preceptor  at  the  head  of 
each  province,  and  a grand  master  at  the  head  of  the  order. 
The  templars  were  accused  of  heresy,  immorality,  and 
other  offenses  by  Philip  IV.  of  France  in  1307,  and  the  order 
was  suppressed  by  the  Council  of  Vienne  in  1312. 
Temple  (tem'pl),  The.  The  religious  edifice  of 
the  Jews  in  Jerusalem.  There  were  three  buildings 
successively  erected  in  the  same  spot,  and  entitled,  from 
the  names  of  their  builders,  the  temple  of  Solomon,  the 
temple  of  Zerubbabel,  and  the  temple  of  Herod.  The  first 
was  built  by  Solomon,  and  was  destroyed  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar about  586  B.  c.  The  second  was  built  by  the  Jews 
on  their  return  from  the  captivity  (about  537  B.  c.),  and 
was  pillaged  or  partly  destroyed  several  times,  especially 
by  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  Pompey,  and  Herod.  The  third, 
the  largest  and  most  magnificent  of  the  three,  was  begun 
by  Herod  the  Great,  and  was  completely  destroyed  at  the 
capture  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Romans  (A.  D.  70).  Various 
attempts  have  been  made  toward  the  restoration  of  the 
first  and  the  third  of  these  temples,  but  scholars  are  not 
agreed  in  respect  to  architectural  details.  The  ornament 
and  design  were  in  any  case  of  severe  and  simple  char- 
acter, though  rich  materials  were  used.  The  successive 
temples  all  consisted  of  a combination  of  buildings,  com- 
prising courts  separated  from  and  rising  one  above  an- 
other, and  provided  also  with  chambers  for  the  use  of  the 
priests  and  for  educational  purposes.  The  inclosure  of 
Herod's  temple  covered  19  acres.  It  comprised  an  outer 
court  of  the  Gentiles,  a court  of  the  women,  a court  of  Is- 
rael, a court  of  the  priests,  and  the  temple  building  with 
the  holy  place,  and,  within  all  (entered  only  once  a year, 
and  only  by  the  high  priest),  the  holy  of  holies.  Within 
the  court  of  the  priests  were  the  great  altar  and  the  laver ; 
within  the  holy  place,  the  golden  candlestick,  the  altar  of 
incense,  and  the  table  for  the  showbread ; and  within  the 
holy  of  holies,  the  ark  of  the  covenant  and  the  mercy-seat. 

Temple,  The.  A lodge  in  London  of  the  reli- 
gious and  military  establishment  of  the  middle 
ages  known  as  the  Knights  Templars.  The  Tem- 
ple Church,  London,  is  the  only  part  of  it  now  existing. 
The  first  settlement  of  the  Knights  Templars  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre  in  London  was  in  Holborn,  where  in  1118  they 
built  a house  which  must  have  stood  near  the  northeast 
corner  of  Chancery  Lane.  They  removed  to  the  New  Tem- 
ple in  the  Strand  in  1184.  When  the  order  was  suppressed 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  their  house  was  given  by  the 
king  to  the  Earl  of  Pembroke ; it  went  next  to  the  Earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  at  his  death  reverted  to  the  crown.  In 
1338  it  went  to  the  Knights  Hospitalers  of  St.  John  of  Je- 
rusalem, at  Clerkenwell.  who  leased  part  of  it  in  1346  to 
students  of  the  common  law,  and  on  the  site  of  the  London 
Temple  the  two  Inns  of  Court  called  the  Middle  Temple 
and  Inner  Temple  now  stand : they  have  ever  since  been 
occupied  by  barristers,  and  are  the  joint  property  of  the 
Societies  of  the  Inner  and  of  the  Middle  Temple,  which 
have  the  right  of  calling  candidates  to  the  degree  of  bar- 
rister. The  Inner  Temple  is  so  called  because  itis  within 
the  precincts  of  the  City,  the  Middle  Temple  because  it 
was  between  the  Inner  and  Outer  Temple.  The  Outer 
Temple  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  Bishop  of  Exe- 
ter when  the  remainder  was  leased,  and  was  afterward 
converted  into  the  Exeter  Buildings. 

Temple,  The  Mormon.  The  chief  religious 
building  of  the  Mormons.  See  Salt  Lake 
City. 

Temple  (tohpl),  Le.  A fortified  lodge  of  the 
Knights  Templars  established  in  Paris  by  the 
Council  of  Troyes  in  1128,  standing  where 
the  Marchfi  du  Temple  now  stands.  After  the  abo- 
lition of  the  order  in  1312,  the  old  building  was  used  for 
various  purposes.  The  chapel  (similar  in  general  plan  to 
that  in  London)  stood  until  1650,  and  the  great  square 
tower,  made  memorable  by  the  imprisonment  of  Louis 
XVI.  in  1792-93,  was  destroyed  in  1810. 

Temple  (tem'pl),  Frederick.  Bom  Nov.  30, 
1821 : died  Dec.  23,  1902.  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury (1896).  He  graduated  at  Balliol  College, 
1842 ; was  head-master  of  Rugby  1858-69 ; in  1860  became 
prominent  as  the  author  of  the  first  of  the  “ Essays  and 
Reviews”;  and  in  1868-70  advocated  the  disestablish- 
ment of  the  Irish  Church.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Exeter  1869,  and  bishop  of  London  1885.  He  published 
•‘Sermons  Preached  in  Rugby  Chapel"  (1861). 

Temple,  Henry  John,  Viscount  Palmerston. 
Bom  at  Broadlands,  near  Romsey,  Hampshire, 
Oct.  20,  1784 : died  at  Brocket  Hall,  near  Hat- 
field, Hertfordshire,  Oct.  18,  1865.  A British 
statesman.  He  belonged  to  the  Irish  branch  of  the  Tem- 
ple family.  On  April  17, 1802,  he  succeeded  to  his  father's 
title.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow.  He  became  member 
of  Parliament  for  Newtown,  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1807,  and  ju- 
nior lord  of  the  admiralty  in  the  Duke  of  Portland's  ad- 
ministration in  the  same  year.  From  1809  to  1828  he  was 
secretary  of  war.  At  this  time  he  was  a Tory,  a disciple 


986 

of  Pitt,  and  an  advocate  of  Catholic  emancipation.  In 
1830  he  entered  the  Whig  ministry  of  Lord  Grey  as  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs.  His  activity  in  this  position  was 
very  great.  He  was  interested  in  the  policy  which  estab- 
lished Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  on  the  throne  of 
Belgium,  and  in  the  maintenance  of  the  Ottoman  empire 
as  a defense  against  Russia  on  the  Bosporus  and  France 
on  the  Nile.  At  the  close  of  the  Melbourne  administra- 
tion  in  1841,  Palmerston  went  out  of  office  for  5 years.  In 
1848,  in  the  ministry  of  Lord  Johu  Russell,  he  sympathized 
with  the  revolutionary  party  in  Europe,  and  ardently  sup- 
ported the  Italian  revolution.  In  1851  he  openly  approved 
the  coup  d'etat  of  Louis  Napoleon,  and  was  dismissed  from 
the  foreign  office.  He  became  secretary  of  state  for  the 
home  office  under  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  in  1852.  On  Feb.  5, 
1856,  he  became  prime  minister,  and  retained  the  office, 
with  the  interval  of  Lord  Derby  s administration  in  1858- 
1859,  until  his  death. 

Temple,  Knights  of  the.  See  Templars. 
Temple,  Sir  William.  Born  at  London,  1628: 
died  at  Moor  Park,  Surrey,  Jan.  27,  1699.  An 
English  diplomatist,  statesman,  and  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge;  entered  Parliament  in 
1660 ; concluded  a treaty  with  the  Bishop  of  Munster  in 
1665;  became  minister  at  Brussels  in  1665;  negotiated  the 
treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance  in  1668;  was  ambassador  at 
The  Hague  1668-71 ; negotiated  a peace  with  the  Nether- 
lands in  1674 ; was  ambassador  to  the  Congress  of  Nimwe- 
gen  ; formed  aplanforaprivycouncilinl679,  and  became 
one  of  its  chief  members  ; and  withdrew  from  public  life 
in  1681.  He  wrote  “An  Essay  on  the  Present  State  and 
Settlement  of  Ireland  " (1668),  “ The  Empire,  etc.”  (1671), 
“ Observations  upon  the  United  Provinces  ” (1672),  “ Essay 
upon  Government  " (written  1671,  published  1680),  “ Trade 
in  Ireland"  (1673),  “ Miscellanies,"  including  poems  (1679 
and  1692),  “ Memoirs  " (1691  and  1709),  and  “ Introduction 
to  the  History  of  England  ” (1695). 

Temple  Bar.  A famous  gateway  before  the 
Temple  in  London,  which  formerly  divided 
Fleet  Street  from  the  Strand.  According  to  ancient 
custom,  when  the  sovereign  visited  the  City,  he  asked  per- 
mission of  the  lord  mayor  to  pass  it.  In  its  last  form  it 
was  a rather  ugly  archway  built  by  Wren  in  1670.  It 
spanned  the  street  with  an  elliptical  arch  flanked  by  two 
small  arches  over  the  footways,  and  had  a second  story  in 
which  were  four  niches  with  statues  of  sovereigns,  and  a 
curved  pediment  above.  It  was  removed  in  1878,  and  re- 
erected  at  Waltham  Cross,  Herts.  It  is  now  represented 
by  a monument  called  the  Temple  Bar  Memorial,  a tall 
pedestal  with  statues  of  Queen  Victoria  and  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  niches  at  the  sides,  surmounted  by  the  griffin 
and  arms  of  the  city  of  London. 

Temple  Beau,  The.  A comedy  by  Henry  Field- 
ing, produced  in  1730. 

Temple  Church.  A church  within  the  bounds 
of  the  Inner  Temple  in  London,  it  consists  of  the 
Round  Church  and  the  Choir.  The  former  is  in  a rich  Nor- 
man style ; it  is  68  feet  in  diameter,  and  was  finished  in 
1185.  The  Choir  is  Early  English.  The  Round  Church 
contains  several  beautiful  altar-tombs  of  Templars. 

Temple  Gardens.  Gardens  belonging  to  the 
Temple,  London,  separated  from  the  Thames 
by  the  Victoria  Embankment.  According  to  Shak- 
spere, the  red  and  white  roses  which  were  assumed  as 
badges  of  the  houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  were  plucked 
in  this  garden  by  Plantagenet  and  Somerset  at  the  end  of 
the  brawl  which  began  the  civil  war. 

Temple  of  Concord.  See  Girgenti. 

Temple  of  Fame,  The.  A poem  by  Alexander 
Pope,  published  in  1715.  It  differs  from  Chau- 
cer’s “House  of  Fame,”  though  imitating  it. 
Temple  of  Glass,  The.  A poem  by  Lydgate,  part- 
ly imitated  from  Chaucer’s  “ House  of  Fame.” 
Temple  of  Heaven  or  of  the  Great  Dragon. 
A temple  at  Peking,  perhaps  the  most  notable 
of  Chinese  temples.  It  stands  in  an  inclosureof  about 
a square  mile.  From  the  gate  a causeway  leads  to  the 
temple,  which  is  surrounded  by  subordinate  buildings. 
The  temple  proper  stands  on  a 3-staged  terrace  ascended 
by  flights  of  steps ; it  i3  circular,  rising  in  3 recessed  stages 
each  with  a widely  projecting  roof,  that  of  the  highest 
stage  forming  a concave  cone  of  blue  tiles  terminating  in 
a gilded  ovo;d  finial.  The  date  assigned  is  1420. 

Temple  of  Mexico.  See  Teocalli. 

Temple  of  the  Cross.  A name  commonly  gi-ven 
to  one  of  the  ruined  edifices  at  Palenque,  Mex- 
ico. In  a small  inner  room  of  this  building  there  is  a 
structure  resembling  an  altar;  and  above  this  altar  for- 
merly stood  the  remarkable  symbolic  group  from  which 
the  temple  derives  its  name.  This  consisted  of  3 sculp- 
tured slabs  joined  together,  showing  a central  cross-like 
symbol,  with  a human  figure  on  each  side,  and  numerous 
hieroglyphics.  The  middle  slab,  containing  the  cross,  is 
now  in  the  museum  at  Mexico;  one  of  the  others  is  at 
Washington,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Palenque  tablet; 
the  third  is  still  at  Palenque.  The  meaning  of  the  cross 
has  been  a subject  for  much  conjecture  and  dispute:  it 
was  probably  a symbol  of  the  fertilizing  powers  of  nature. 
Another  sculpture  from  the  same  building  is  supposed  to 
represent  the  Maya  rain-god.  The  temple  itself  is  a quad- 
rilateral, and  rests  on  a truncated  pyramid.  See  Palenque 
Tablet. 

Temple  of  the  Sun  (at  Cuzco).  See  CuricaneJia. 
Temptation  of  St.  Anthony.  1.  A painting 
by  Pieter  Brueghel  the  younger  (1604),  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  The  saint  is  praying  in  a cave 
partly  roofed  with  old  planks,  and  undergoes  temptation 
from  a young  woman  richly  dressed  and  attended  by  fan- 
tastic demons.  The  archit  ecture  and  scenery  of  the  back- 
ground present  a free  rendering  of  Tivoli. 

2.  A painting  by  Tintoretto,  in  San  Trovaso  at 
Venice.  The  saint  sits  calmly,  with  four  tempters  about 
him,  one  a demon,  and  two  women,  young  ami  beautiful. 

Ten,  Council  of.  In  the  ancient  republic  of 


Teniers,  David 

Venice,  a secret  tribunal  instituted  in  1310  and 
continued  down  to  the  overthrow  of  the  repub- 
lic in  1797.  It  was  composed  at  first  of  10  and  later  of 
17  members,  and  exercised  unlimited  power  in  the  super- 
vision of  internal  and  external  affairs,  often  with  great 
rigor  and  oppressiveness. 

Tenaino  (te-ni'no).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  nearly  related  to  the  Warm  Springs 
Indians.  They  formerly  lived  at  Celilo,  Oregon,  on  the 
Columbia  River.  Their  remnants  are  on  the  Warm  Springs 
reservation,  Oregon,  and  number  about  30. 

Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall,  The.  A novel  by 
Anne  Bronte  (Acton  Bell),  published  in  1848. 

Tenasserim  (te-nas'e-rim).  A river  in  Lower 
Burma  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal 
near  Tenasserim.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Tenasserim.  1.  A division  of  Lower  Burma. 
Area,  36,076  square  miles.  Population,  1,159,- 
558. — 2.  A village  in  the  division  of  Tenasse- 
rim,  Lower  Burma,  situated  on  the  river  Tenas- 
serim, near  the  coast,  lat.  12°  6'  N.,long.  99°  3'E. 

Tenavucan.  See  Tescuco. 

Ten  Brink.  See  Brink. 

Tenbury  (ten'bu-ri).  A town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Teme  17  miles 
west-northwest  of  Worcester. 

Tenby  (ten'bi).  A watering-place  and  seaport 
in  Pembrokeshire,  Wales,  situated  on  Carmar- 
then Bay  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long.  4°  43'  W. 
Population,  4,400. 

Tenchebrai,  or  Tenchebray.  See  Tinchebray. 

Tencin  (toh-san'),Claudine  Alexandrine  Gue- 
rin de.  Bom  at  Grenoble,  France  ; died  1749. 
A French  leader  of  society  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XV. : mother  of  D’Alembert.  She  wrote  various 
works. 

Tencteri  (tengk'te-ri).  [L.  (Ctesar)  Tenchtheri, 
(Tacitus)  Tencteri,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  T^yrfpot.]  A 
German  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Caesar,  who 
describes  them  as  having  been  driven  by  the 
Suevi  (59  B.  C.),  together  with  the  Usipites, 
out  of  their  original  homes.  They  were  crushingly 
defeated  by  Caesar  iu  Gallic  territory  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Maas  with  the  Rhine.  They  afterward  joined  other 
tribes  in  wars  against  Rome.  They  were  probably  merged 
ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 

Tenda  (ten'da),  Col  di.  A pass  in  the  Alps,  16 
miles  south  of  Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy.  According 
to  one  classification,  it  separates  the  Ligurian  and  Mari- 
time Alps.  Height,  6,195  feet. 

Tendelti.  Same  as  Pastier. 

Tender  Husband,  The,  or  the  Accomplished 
Fools.  A comedy  by  Sir  Richard  Steele,  pro- 
duced in  1705. 

Tendra  (ten'dra).  A narrow  island  in  the  Black 
Sea,  near  the  coast  of  Russia,  about  45  miles 
southwest  of  Kherson.  Length,  about  40  miles. 

Tendra  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Black  Sea,  nearly 
inclosed  by  Tendra. 

Tenedos  (ten'e-dos).  [Gr.  Truedof.]  A small 
island  in  the  iEgean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey, 
situated  off  the  Troad,  on  the  northwestern 
coast  of  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  39°  50'  N.,  long.  26° 
E. : the  Turkish  Bogdsha-Adassi.  It  was  settled  by 
Aiolians;  is  noted  in  the  legends  of  Trojan  times;  was 
subjugated  by  the  Persians ; and  was  in  alliance  with 
Athens  in  the  6th  century  B.  o.  Length,  about  7 miles. 

Tenerani  ( ta-na-ra'ne),  Pietro.  Born  at  Torano, 
near  Carrara,  Italy,  Nov.  11,  1789:  died  at 
Rome,  Dec.  14, 1869.  An  Italian  sculptor.  Among 
his  works  are  “Psyche  with  Pandora's  Box,” ‘‘Cupid  Ex- 
tracting a Thorn,”  " Psyche  and  Venus,”  ‘‘Descent  from 
the  Cross,”  “ Christ  on  the  Cross,”  etc. 

Teneriffe  (ten-er-if'),  or  Tenerife  (ta-na-re'fa), 
orTeneriffa  (ta-na-ref'fa).  The  largest  of  the 
Canary  Islands.  It  is  traversed  by  mountains,  and  con- 
tains the  famous  Peak  of  Teneriffe.  On  it  is  the  capital  of 
the  group,  Santa  Cruz  de  Santiago.  Length,  60  miles. 
Population,  138,008. 

Teneriffe,  Peak  of.  See  Pico  de  Teyde. 

Teniers  (ten'yerz;  F.  pron.  ta-nyar'),  David, 
the  elder.  Bom  at  Antwerp,  1582:  died  there, 
July  29, 1649.  A Flemish  historical,  genre,  and 
landscape  painter:  a pupil  of  Rubens.  He  painted 
mostly  peasants  with  landscape.  His  "Temptation  of 
Saint  Anthony”  and  “Dutch  Kitchen"  are  at  the  Metro- 
politan Museum,  New  York. 

Teniers,  David,  the  younger.  Born  at  Antwerp 
(baptized  Dec.  15,  1610):  died  near  Brussels, 
April  25,  1690.  A noted  Flemish  genre,  land- 
scape, and  portrait  painter,  influenced  by  Ru- 
bens : son  and  pupil  of  D.  Teniers  the  elder.  He 

lived  mostly  at  Antwerp  and  Brussels,  and  was  master  of  the 
Antwerp  gild  in  1632,  and  dean  1644-45.  He  was  well  re- 
ceived at  the  court  in  the  Netherlands,  and  obtained  many 
important  commissions  from  other  courts.  His  subjects 
are  taken  from  peasant  life  in  Flanders,  from  sacred  history, 
etc.  He  painted  hundreds  of  pictures,  among  them  “The 
Temptation  of  St.  Anthony,"  “Seven  Works  of  Mercy," 
“The  Denial  of  St.  Peter,"  and  “The  Prodigal  Son  " (all  at 
the  Louvre,  with  about  30  others),  “Marriage  of  Teniers" 
(Rothschild  collection,  London),  “Kirmess"  (Brussels), 
“ Temptation  of  St.  Anthony  " (Berlin),  “Archers  of  Ant- 
werp" (Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg),  “Village  Festival” 


Teniers,  David 

(Vienna),  “Rinaldo  and  Armida"  (Madrid),  “Marriage 
Festival  ''and  “Judith”(Metropolitau  Museum, New  York), 
and  “Incantation  Scene,”  “ Parableof  theLaborer,”  “Boors 
Feasting,”  “Village  Fete,”  and  “Charles V.  Leaving  Dort,” 
etc.  (all  at  the  rooms  of  the  Historical  Society,  New  York). 

Tenimber.  See  Timorlaut. 

Teniquech.  See  CherncJmevi. 

Tenisaws.  See  Taensa. 

Tenison  (ten'i-son),  Thomas.  Born  at  Cotten- 
kam,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  1636:  died  1715. 
An  English  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of  Lincoln ; 
became  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1G91 ; and  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  lords  justices  during  the  absence  of 
William  III.  in  1695. 

Tennant  (ten 'ant),  William.  Born  at  An- 
strutker,  Fifeshire,  Scotland, May  15, 1784:  died 
near  Dollar,  Scotland,  Oct.  14, 1848.  A Scottish 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  the  mock-heroic  poem 
“Anster  Fair”  (1812).  He  also  wrote  “Thane  of 
Fife,”  etc. 

Tennemann  (ten'ne-man),  Wilhelm  Gottlieb. 

Born  at  Brembach,  near  Erfurt,  Prussia,  1761: 
died  at  Marburg,  Sept.  30,  1819.  A German 
philosopher,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Mar- 
burg from  1804.  His  chief  work  is  “Geschichte  der 
Philosophie”(“Historyof  Philosophy, ’’1798-1S19):  abridged 
in  “Grundriss  der  Geschichte  der  Philosophie”  (1812). 

Tennent(  ten'ent),  Sir  JamesEmerson.  Born  at 
Belfast,  Ireland,  April  7, 1804 : died  at  London, 
March  6,  1869.  A British  traveler,  politician, 
and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin ; traveled  in  Greece,  where  he  met  Lord  Byron ; and 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  in  1831.  He  married 
a daughter  of  William  Tcnnent  of  Belfast,  and  adopted  her 
name.  He  was  returned  as  member  of  Parliament  for 
Belfast  in  1832,  and  was  colonial  secretary  at  Ceylon  1845- 
1850,  and  permanent  secretary  of  the  board  of  trade  1852- 
1867.  He  published  a “Picture  of  Greece”  (1826),  “Let- 
ters from  the  ASgean  "(1829),  “History  of  Modern  Times” 
(1830),  “Calico  Printing  in  Belgium,  etc.”  (1841),  “Chris- 
tianity in  Ceylon  " (1850),  “ Ceylon,  Physical,  Historical, 
and  Topographical " (1869),  etc. 

Tennessee  (ten-e-tee').  The  principal  tributary 
of  the  Ohio  River.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  at  King- 
ston, East  Tennessee,  of  the  Clinch  and  Holston  (which  rise 
in  Virginia),  and  flows  southwest  in  Tennessee  past  Chatta- 
nooga, then  west  through  Alabama,  touchingthe  northeast 
corner  of  Mississippi,  and  then  north  through  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  to  join  the  Ohio  at  Paducah,  Kentucky.  To- 
tal length,  including  the  Holston,  1,100  to  l,200miles;  navi- 
gable the  greater  part  of  its  course.  The  chief  obstruction 
is  at  the  Muscle  Shoals  in  Alabama. 

Tennessee.  One  of  the  South  Central  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Nash- 
ville ; chief  cities,  Memphis  and  Chattanooga. 
It  is  bounded  by  Kentucky  and  V irginiaon  the  north ; North 
Carolina  on  the  southeast;  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Missis- 
sippi on  the  south  ; and  Arkansas  and  Missouri  (separated 
by  the  Mississippi  River)  on  the  west.  It  is  mountainous 
in  the  east,  containing  the  Alleghanies  and  the  Cumber- 
land plateau,  and  is  lower  in  the  center  and  west.  The 
leading  agricultural  productions  are  Indian  corn,  cotton, 
and  tobacco.  The  manufactures  (iron,  cotton,  etc.)  are  in- 
creasing. The  State  has  96  counties,  sends  2 senators  and 
10  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  12  electoral  votes. 
This  region  was  claimed  in  early  times  by  North  Carolina, 
and  by  the  French  and  Spaniards.  The  leading  settlement 
was  made  from  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  in  1769.  The 
temporary  State  of  Franklin  was  formed  in  1784.  North 
Carolina  ceded  its  claims  to  the  United  States,  and  the 
Territory  of  Tennessee  was  formed  in  1790.  It  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Union  in  1796.  It  seceded  June  8,1861,  and  was 
the  scene  of  many  important  events  in  the  Civil  War,  in- 
cluding the  battles  of  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  Island  No.  10, 
Memphis,  Murfreesboro,  Chickamauga.therelief  Of  Chatta- 
nooga and  Knoxville,  and  the  battles  of  Franklin  and  Nash- 
ville. It  was  readmitted  in  1866.  Area,  42,050  square 
miles.  Population,  2,184,789,  (1910). 

Tennessee,  Army  of  the.  A Federal  army  in 

the  Civil  War.  It  was  commanded  after  the  battle  of 
Shiloh  by  Halleck,  and  later  by  Grant,  Sherman,  McPher- 
son, Howard,  and  Logan. 

Tennessee  Pass.  A pass  over  the  main  chain 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  central  Colorado. 
Height,  10,400  feet. 

Tenney  (ten'i),  Sanborn.  Born  at  Stoddard, 
N.  H.,  Jan.  13, 1827 : died  at  Buchanan,  Mich., 
July  9, 1877.  An  American  naturalist  and  geol- 
ogist, professor  of  natural  history  at  Vassal1  Col- 
lege 1865-68,  and  at  Williams  College  1868-77. 
He  wrote  “Geology  for  Teachers,  etc.”  (1859),  “A  Manual 
of  Zoology”  (18  5),  “Elements  of  Zoology”  (1875),  etc. 

Tenney,  William  Jewett.  Bom  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  1814:  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Sept.  20, 
1883.  An  American  editor  and  author.  He 
edited  “Appletons’  Annual  Cyclopaedia”  (1861-82),  and 
wrote  a “Military  and  Naval  Histoi'y  of  the  Rebellion  in 
the  United  States”  (1865)  and  other  works. 

Tenniel  (ten'i-el),  Sir  John.  Born  at  London, 
1820.  An  English  artist  and  cartoonist.  He 
was  a member  of  the  staff  of  “ Punch  ” 1851-1901.  He 
illustrated  “Alice’s  Ad  ventures  in  Wonderland,  ” “Through 
the  Looking  Glass,”  etc.  Knighted  in  1893. 

Tennis  Court.  See  Jcu  de  Paume. 

Tennyson  (ten'i-son),  Alfred,  first  Lord  Tenny- 
son. Born  at  Somersby,  Lincolnshire,  Aug.  6, 
1809:  died  at  Aldworth  House,  near  Haslemere, 
Surrey,  Oct.  6, 1892.  A celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  George  Clayton  Tennyson,  vicar  of  Great 


986 

Grimsby  and  rector  of  Somersby  and  Enderby.  He  pub- 
lished with  his  brother  Charles  a collection  of  juvenile 
poems  (“Poems  by  Two  Brothers  ”)  in  1827  ; was  a student 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1828-31  (with  Arthur  H.  Hal- 
lam,  Houghton,  Trench,  and  others),  where  he  wrote  the 
prize  poem  “Timbuctoo"  (1829);  lived  at  various  places 
till  1850,  when  he  married  and  settled  at  Twickenham ; 
and  afterward  lived  at,  Aldworth  (Sussex),  and  from  1853 
at  Farringford  (Isle  of  Wight).  He  received  a state  pen- 
sion in  1845,  succeeded  Wordsworth  as  poet  laureate  in 
1850,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Tennyson  of 
Aldworth  in  1884.  He  lived  a secluded  life,  and  died  of  old 
age  after  a short  and  painless  illness.  He  was  buried  in  the 
Poets’  Comer,  near  Chaucer,  in  Westminster  Abbey.  He 
wrote  “ Poc  ms, Chiefly  Lyrical  ” (1830 : including  “ Mariana,  ” 
“ Recollections  of  the  Arabian  N ights,"  “ The  Ballad  of  Ori- 
ana,”  etc. ),“  Poem  s ’’  (1832 : including  “ Th  eLady  of  fehalott,  ” 
“The  Miller’s  Daughter,”  “CEnone,”  “The  Palace  of  Art,” 
“The  May  Queen,”  “The  Lotus  Eaters,”  and  “A  Dream 
of  Fair  Women”),  “Poems ” (1842  : including  “Ulysses,” 
“Two  Voices,”  “The  Talking  Oak,”  “Morte  d’Arthur,” 
“The  Gardener’s  Daughter,”  and  “Locksley  Hall ”),  “The 
Princess,”  a medley  (1847),  “In  Memoriam  ” (I860),  “Ode 
on  the  Death  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  ” (1852),  “ Charge 
of  the  Light  Brigade,"  “Maud  "and  other  poems  (1855), 
“Idylls  of  the  King”  (1859-85),  “A  Welcome  to  the  Prin- 
cess Alexandra  ” (1863),  “Enoch  Arden  and  Other  Poems  ” 
(1864),  “ The  Golden  Supper  ” (18.,9),  “The  Window,  or  the 
Songs  of  the  Wrens,”  with  music  by  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan 
(1871),  “ Queen  Mary  ’’  (a  drama,  1876),  “ Harold  ”.(a  drama, 
1876),  “ The  Falcon  ” (a  short  play,  acted  1879,  published 
1884),  “The  Cup”  (a  short  play,  acted  1881,  published 
1884),  “The  Promise  of  May  ’’(acted  1882,  published  1886), 
“Becket”  (a  drama,  1884),  “The  Lover’s  Tale”  (1879:  in- 
cluding as  its  fourth  part  “ The  Golden  Supper  "),  “ Ballads 
and  Other  Poems”  (1880),  “Tiresias  and  Other  Poems" 
(partly  new,  1885),  “Locksley  Hall  Sixty  Years  After” 
(1S86),  “Demeter  and  Other  Poems ’’  (1889),  “The  Death 
of  CEnone,  Akbar’s  Dream,  and  Other  Poems”  (1892),  “The 
Foresters,  Robin  Hood,  and  Maid  Marian  ” (a  drama,  1892). 
Tennyson,  Charles.  See  Turner. 

Tennyson,  Frederick.  Born  in  1807 : died  at 
Kensington,  London,  Feb.  26,  1898.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  brother  of  Alfred  Tennyson.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  in  1828  took 
the  medal  for  a Greek  poem.  He  published  a volume  of 
poems  entitled  “Days  and  Hours  ” (1854),  “ Isles  of  Greece  " 
(1890),  “ Daphne  and  Other  Poems  ” (1891). 

Tenochtitlan  (ten-dch-tet-lan').  [Derivation 
doubtful.]  The  chief  seat  of  the  Aztecs,  occu- 
pying the  site  of  the  modem  city  of  Mexico. 
It  was  founded  about  1325  on  what  was  then 
an  island  in  Tezcuco  Lake.  Causeways  were 
built  to  the  adjacent  mainland,  and  these  ap- 
pear to  have  been  the  only  approaches.  Many 
of  the  streets  were  occupied  by  canals,  and 
the  houses  were  subject  to  frequent  inunda- 
tions. Water  was  supplied  from  Chapultepee 
by  an  aqueduct.  The  most  remarkable  building  was 
the  teocalli,  or  great  temple : most  of  the  other  edifices 
were  low,  and  built  of  adobe.  The  Spaniards  under  Cor- 
tes entered  peaceably,  but  were  subsequently  driven  out, 
and  took  the  place  in  1521,  only  after  a terrible  siege,  in 
which  a great  part  of  the  city  was  destroyed.  (See  CorUs.) 
The  new  capital  was  built  on  its  6ite. 

Tenos  (te'nos),  or  Tinos  (te'nos),  or  Tino  (te'- 
no).  [Gr.  T-yiw;.]  An  island  of  the  Cyclades, 
belonging  to  Greece,  southeast  of  Andros  and 
northeast  of  Syra : one  of  the  most  prosperous 
of  the  Greek  islands.  It  exports  wine  and 
marble.  The  chief  place  is  Tino  (St.  Nicolo). 
Greatest  length,  about  17  miles.  Population, 
11,816. 

Tensas  (ten'sas),  or  Tensaw  (ten'sa),  River. 
An  offtake  or  bayou  of  the  Alabama  River,  in 
Alabama,  which  flows  parallel  with  Mobile  River 
and  empties  into  Mobile  Bay. 

Tensas,  or  Tensaw,  River.  * A river  in  south- 
eastern Arkansas  and  northeastern  Louisiana, 
which  joins  the  Washita  about  26miles  west  by 
north  of  Natchez.  Length,  over  200  miles; 
navigable  about  two  thirds  of  its  course. 
Tensau.  See  Taensa. 

Tenterden  (ten'ter-den).  A small  town  in  Kent, 
England. 

Tenterden,  Baron.  See  Abbott. 

Tenth  Legion.  A 1 egion  of  the  Roman  army,  cel- 
ebrated for  its  valor,  in  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar. 
Ten  Thousand,  Retreat  of  the.  See  Anabasis. 
Ten  Thousand  a Year.  A novel  by  Samuel 
Warren,  published  in  1841. 

Tent  on  the  Beach,  The.  A collection  of  poems, 
chiefly  narrative,  by  Whittier,  published  in  1867. 
Tentyra,  or  Tentyris.  See  Denderah. 

Teocalli  (ta-o-ka'li).  [Nahuatl,  ‘house  of 
god.’]  A general  name  applied  to  any  pyrami- 
dal temple  in  ancient  Mexico ; as,  for  instance, 
the  great  temple  in  Tenoehtitl&n  or  Mexico 
City.  It  was  completed  about  1486.  According  to  the 
accounts  which  have  come  down  to  us,  it  was  an  artificial 
truncated  pyramid,  faced  with  stone,  and  well  adapted 
for  defense.  The  dimensions  are  hut  vaguely  given,  and 
even  these  statements  are  conllicting.  On  the  fiat  surface 
were  several  small  buildings,  with  the  images  of  liuitzilo- 
pochtli  and  other  gods  and  sacrificial  stones.  The  pyra- 
mid was  surrounded  by  a wall  of  adobe  capped  by  blocks 
of  stone  cut  in  the  shape  of  serpents’  heads,  several  of 
which  are  at  the  national  museum  of  Mexico.  The  great 


Teramo 

teocalli  was  the  scene  of  several  fierce  battleB  between  the 
Spaniards  and  Indians  in  1520-21.  After  the  city  was 
taken,  the  pyramid  was  tom  down,  and  a part  of  its  site 
is  now  occupied  by  the  cathedral.  Some  of  the  sculptured 
stones  and  idols  which  were  on  or  near  it  are  now  in  the 
Mexican  national  museum.  See  Huitzilopochtli,  Teoyao- 
miqui,  and  Sacrificial  Stone. 

Teos  (te'os).  [Gr.  TAir.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, an  Ionian  city  of  Asia  Minor,  situated  on 
the  western  coast  25  miles  southwest  of  Smyrna. 
Its  ruins  contain  a noted  temple  of  Bacchus,  a beautiful 
Ionic  hexastyle  peripteros  on  a stylobate  of  3 steps.  It 
stood  in  a court  surrounded  by  stoas.  The  fine  sculptured 
frieze  is  in  the  museum  at  Constantinople. 

Teotihuac&n,  or  San  Juan  Teotihuacan  (san 
Hoan  ta-o-te-wa-kiin').  A town  of  the  repub- 
lic and  state  of  Mexico,  27  miles  northeast  of 
Mexico  City.  In  the  vicinity  are  many  remarkable 
ruins,  including  two  very  large  and  many  small  pyramids, 
a walled  inclosure  called  the  “citadel,”  etc.  Tradition  as- 
signs these  remains  to  the  Toltecs  (which  see),  and  they 
are  certainly  older  than  the  Aztec  period.  Population  of 
the  modern  town,  about  5,000. 

Teoyaomiqui(ta-o-you-me'ke).  Thename given 
to  a stone  idol  which  was  dug  up  near  the  an- 
cient teocalli  at  Mexico,  and  is  now  in  the  Mexi- 
can national  museum.  Leon  y Gama,  who  first  de- 
scribed it  under  this  name,  states  that  Teoyaomiqui  was 
the  wife  or  female  companion  of  the  war-god  Huilzilo- 
pochtll ; others  suppose  that  the  statue  is  compound,  rep- 
resenting several  gods.  It  is  doubtful  if  Teoyaomiqn  i was 
really  a personage  in  the  Nahuatl  mythology ; and  the 
best  modern  investigators  are  inclined  tc  believe  that  this 
hideous  stone  was  the  war-god  himself.  It  is  about  8) 
feet  high  and  5J  feet  wide.  See  Huitzilopochtli. 

It  is  covered  with  carvings  almost  to  overloading.  . . . 
The  general  effect,  however,  is  appalling,  and  the  stone 
presents  a most  hideous  agglomeration  of  repulsiv  e forms. 
...  In  place  of  christening  the  monolith  after  an  imagi- 
nary composite  deify  of  whose  existence  the  oldest  authori- 
ties make  no  mention,  it  strikes  me  as  much  more  natural 
to  believe  that  it  represents  the  well-known  w.  r-g  d of 
the  Mexican  tribe,  Huitzilopochtli ; and  that  consequently 
it  was  indeed  the  famous  principal  idol  of  aboriginal 
Mexico,  or  Tenochtitlan. 

Bandelier,  Report  of  an  Archaeological  Tour  in  Mexico, 

fpp.  £9,  67. 

Tepanecs  (ta-pa-naks'),  or  Tecpanecs  (tak-pa- 
naks').  A Nahuatl  tribe  of  the  Mexican  valley. 
They  were  originally  a branch  of  the  Tezcu- 
cans  who  settled  at  Azcapozalco,  on  the  west- 
ern shore  of  Lake  Tezcuco,  about  1168.  In 
the  14th  century  the  Aztecs  of  Tenochtitl&n 
paid  tribute  to  them.  About  1430  the  Aztecs 
conquered  them.  The  Tepanecs  joined  with  Tenoch- 
titl&n  and  Tezcuco  in  the  confederacy  formed  soon  after, 
but  never  rose  to  prominence.  Tlacopan  was  joined  to 
Tenochtitldn  by  a causeway  over  which  Cortes  retreated 
on  the  Noche  Triste. 

Tepeguana.  See  Tepehuan. 

Tepehuan  (ta-pa-hwan').  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  inhabit  mainly  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  from  lat.  25° 
to  26°  N.,  in  the  state  of  Durango,  Mexico. 
Their  domain  formerly  extended  across  the  borders  into 
Chihuahua,  Sinaloa,  Jalisco,  Zacatecas,  and  Coahuila. 
Their  tribal  name  is  adapted  from  a term  signifying 
* conqueror.’  See  Piman. 

Tepic  (ta-pek').  1.  A territory  of  Mexico,  on 
the  Pacific  coast  north  of  the  state  of  Jalisco, 
to  which  it  was  formerly  attached.  Area,  11,- 
279  square  miles.  Population,  171,337,  (1910) 
(mostly  semi-civilized  Indians). — 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  territory,  18  miles  from  the  Bay  of 
San  Bias.  Population,  16,805,  (1910). 

Teplitz  (tep'lits),  or  Toplitz  (tep'lits).  A town 
and  watering-place  in  northern  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated in  the  valley  of  the  Biela,  near  the  moun- 
tains, 46  miles  northwest  of  Prague,  it  is  one  of 

the  most  frequented  watering-places  in  Europe  (saline- 
alkaline  springs),  and  has  been  the  scene  of  several  con- 
ferences of  princes.  Population,  commune,  26,776,  (1910). 

Teplitz,  Alliance  of.  A treaty  of  alliance  be- 
tween the  monarchs  of  Russia,  Austria,  and 
Prussia  against  Napoleon,  signed  at  Teplitz 
Sept,  9,  1813. 

Tequendama  (ta-kan-da'ma).  A celebrated 
waterfall  of  the  republic  of  Colombia,  on  the 
Funza  or  Bogota  River,  12  miles  southwest  of 
Bogota.  It  is  475  feet  high,  and  perpendicular. 

Ter  (ter).  A river  in  northeastern  Spain,  flow- 
ing into  the  Mediterranean  east  of  Gerona. 
Length,  about  85  miles. 

Terah  (te'ra).  The  father  of  Abraham  (Gen. 
xi.).  The  name  is  etymologically  connected  by 
some  with  the  Assyrian  turaliu , antelope. 

Teramo  (ta'rii-mo),  formerly  Abruzzo  Ulteri- 
ore  I.  A province  in  central  Italy,  in  the  eom- 
partimento  of  the  Abruzzi  and  Molise.  Area, 
1,067  square  miles.  Population,  323,260. 

Teramo.  The  capital  of  theprovince  of  Teramo, 
Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Vezzola 
with  the  Tordino,in  lat.  42° 40'  N.,  long.  13°  45' 
E.:  the  ancient  Interamnium,  and  the  medieval 
Aprutium(also  Interampne,Teramne,Terame). 


Teramo 

It  has  a cathedral  and  Roman  antiquities.  Pop- 
ulation, town,  11,044;  commune,  24,563. 
Terburg  (ter'borch)  (originally  Ter  Borch), 
Gerard.  Born  at  Zwolle,  Netherlands,  about 
1608 : died  at  Deventer,  Netherlands,  1681.  A 
Dutch  genre-  and  portrait-painter,  noted  par- 
ticularly for  his  draperies. 

Terceira  (ter-sa'ra).  One  of  the  principal  isl- 
ands of  the  Azores,  situated  northwest  of  St. 
Michael.  It  contains  Angra,  the  capital  of  the  group. 
A regency  in  behalf  of  Queen  Maria  was  established  here 
in  1829  by  Villaflor  with  Palmella  and  Guerreira.  Length, 
about  28  miles.  Population,  about  45,000-50,000. 

In  Dec.,  1828,  an  expedition,  consistingof  652  Portuguese 
refugees  of  the  party  of  the  queen,  sailed  from  England  for 
Terceira  in  four  vessels,  under  the  command  of  Count  Sal- 
danha.  Terceira  held  for  the  queen,  and  arms  and  am- 
munition had  previously  been  sent  them  from  England. 
The  British  government  ordered  Captain  Walpole,  of  the 
“ Banger,’’  to  stop  this  expedition  otf  Terceira.  which  he 
did  by  firing  a gun  into  Saldanha’sship.  The  ground  taken 
by  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  defence  of  this  measure  was 
his  resolution  to  maintain  the  neutrality  of  England  be- 
tween the  two  parties  then  contending  for  the  crown  of 
Portugal ; but  the  proceeding  was  vehemently  attacked  in 
Parliament  and  elsewhere.  -v 

Oreville,  Memoirs  (editor's  note),  I.  169. 

Terceira,  Duke  of  (Antonio  Jose  de  Souza, 

Count  of  Villaflor).  Born  at  Lisbon,  March  10, 
1792:  died  there,  April  27,  1860.  A Portuguese 
general  and  politician.  He  went  to  Terceira  in  1828, 
and  took  part  in  the  political  events  there  ; conquered  the 
Azores  in  1831  in  behalf  of  Maria  da  Gloria ; landed  at  Oporto 
May  20, 1832  ; and  defeated  the  Miguelists  several  times  in 
1833  and  li<34.  He  was  minister  of  war  and  premier. 
Terek  (ter'ek).  A river  in  Caucasia,  Russia, 
which  flows  by  a broad  delta  into  the  Caspian 
Sea  about  lat.  44°  N.  Length,  about  350  miles. 
Terek.  A province  of  Caucasia,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  south  of 
Stavropol.  Capital,  Vladikavkas.  Area,  27,- 
902  square  miles.  Population,  1,124,300. 
Terek  Pass.  A celebrated  and  long  used  pass 
over  the  mountain  harrier  between  Eastern 
Turkestan  and  Asiatic  Russia.  It  connects 
Khokand  with  Kashgar. 

Terenas.  See  Guanas. 

Terence  (ter'ens)  (Publius  Terentius  Afer). 

Born  at  Carthage  about  185  b.  c. : died  about  159. 
A celebrated  Roman  comic  poet.  H«  went  early  to 
Rome  as  a slave,  and  was  soon  liberated  ; became  a friend 
of  the  younger  Scipio  and  of  Lselius ; and  went  to  Greece 
after  bringing  out  his  plays.  The  material  of  his  works 
was  taken  largely  from  the  Greek  writers  Menander  and 
Apollodorus.  He  left  six  comedies : “Andria,”  “Hecyra,” 
“Heauton-timoroumenos,"  “Eunuchus,”  “Phormio,”and 
“ Adelphi.” 

Terentia  (te-ren'shi-a).  The  first  wife  of  Cicero, 
from  whom  she  was  divorced  46  b.  c. 

Teresa,  Saint.  See  Theresa. 

Tereus  (te're-us  or  te'rus).  In  Greek  legend, 
a king,  son  of  Ares.  See  Philomela. 
Tergeste(ter-jes'te).  The  ancientname  ofTriest. 
Terglou  (ter'glo),  Slavic  Triglav.  The  high- 
est summit  of  the  Julian  Alps,  situated  on  the 
borders  of  Carniola  and  Gorz,  28  miles  south- 
west of  Klagenfurt.  Height,  9,394  feet. 

Ter  Goes.  See  Goes. 

Terhune  (ter- hun'),  Mrs.  (Mary  Virginia 
Hawes):  pseudonym  Marion  Harland.  Born 
in  Amelia  County,  Va.,  1830.  An  American 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  her 
novels  are  “ Alone  " (1854),  “The  Hidden  Path”  (1855), 
“Sunnybank,”  etc.  Her  works  on  housekeeping  include 
“Common  Sense  in  the  Household  ” (1871),  “Breakfast, 
Luncheon,  and  Tea"  (1875),  etc. 

Terlizzi  (ter-let'se).  A town  iu  the  province  of 
Bari,  Italy,  20  miles  west  of  Ban.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  23,232. 

Termagaunt  (ter'ma-gant).  A name  given  to  the 
god  of  the  Saracens  in  the  medieval  romances, 
in  which  he  is  constantly  linked  with  Mahound. 
In  “ Orlando  Furioso  ” he  is  called  Trevigant.  The  French 
romancers  called  it  Tervagaunte.  The  origin  of  the  term 
is  unknown.  It  is  possible  that  the  latter  part  of  the  word, 
■mayaunt,  may  conceal  the  name  Mahound,  or  Mahomet; 
if  so,  it  is  simply  an  invocation  of  the  prophet.  The  word 
in  recent  times  means  only  a ‘scolding  woman.’ 
Terminalia  (t6r-mi-na'li-a).  In  Roman  anti- 
quity, a festival  celebrated  annually  in  honor 
of  Terminus,  the  god  of  boundaries.  It  was 
held  on  the  23d  of  February,  its  essential  feature  being 
a survey  or  perambulation  of  boundaries. 

Termini  (tar'me-ne),  or  Termini  Imerese.  A 

seaport  in  tbe  province  of  Palermo,  Sicily,  21 
miles  east-southeast  of  Palermo-  the  ancient 
Thermse  Himerenses.  It  has  warm  springs,  and  con- 
tains  many  antiquities.  It  is  noted  for  its  macaroni,  and 
for  its  sardine-  and  tunny-fisheries.  Near  it  is  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Himera  (which  see).  Population,  commune, 
18,050. 

Terminos  (tar'me-nos),  Laguna  de.  A large 
lagoon  on  the  coast  of  tbe  state  of  Campeche, 
Mexico,  communicating  with  the  Bay  of  Cam- 
peche. It  was  so  called  by  the  pilot  Alaminos, 


987 

in  1518,  because  he  supposed  it  to  mark  the 
western  limit  of  Yucatan. 

Terminus  (ter'mi-nus).  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  god  of  boundaries  : the  deity  who  presided 
over  boundaries  or  landmarks.  He  was  represented 
with  a human  head,  but  without  feet  or  arms,  to  intimate 
that  he  never  moved  from  whatever  place  he  occupied. 
Termoli  (tar'mo-le).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Campobasso,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic in  lat.  42°  N.  Population,  5,117. 

Ternant  (ter-non'),  Chevalier  Jean  de.  Died 
1816.  A French  officer.  He  served  in  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  and  was  minister  to  the  United 
States  under  Washington. 

Temate  (ter-na'te).  1.  A small  island  in  the 
Moluccas,  west  of  Jilolo,  in  lat.  0°  47'  N.,  long. 
127°  23'  E.  It  is  under  Dutch  control. — 2.  A 
Dutch  residency,  including  parts  of  Celebes, 
Jilolo,  and  smaller  islands. — 3.  A seaport  in 
the  island  of  Ternate. 

Ternaux-Compans  (ter-no'kon-pon')  (original- 
ly Ter naux),  Henri.  Born  at  Paris,  1807 : died 
there,  Dec.,  1864.  A French  bibliographer  and 
historian.  Heheld diplomatic positionsin  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, and  Brazil,  and  at  one  time  was  a deputy  in  tire  French 
congress.  His  collection  of  books  and  manuscripts  relat- 
ing to  the  early  history  of  America  was  one  of  the  largest 
ever  brought  together.  His  publications  include  “Bib- 
liothfeque  Am^ricaine,”  a catalogue  of  books  relating  to 
America  published  previous  to  1700(1836) ; “Voyages,  re- 
lations et  mernoires  originaux  pour  servir  it  l’histoire  de  la 
ddcouverte  de  l’Am^rique,”  French  translations  of  docu- 
ments from  his  collection,  of  great  value  (2  series,  in  20 
vols.,  1836-40);  etc. 

Terni  (ter'ne).  A town  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
rugia, Italy,  situated  between  two  arms  of  the 
Nera,  47  miles  north  by  east  of  Rome  : the  an- 
cient Interamna.  It  has  a cathedral  and  the  ruins  of 
a Eoman  amphitheater,  and  many  other  antiquities.  Near 
it  are  the  Falls  of  the  Veliono.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
the  emperors  Tacitus  and  Florian,  and  perhaps  of  the 
historian  Tacitus.  Here,  Nov.  27,  1798,  the  French  de- 
feated the  Neapolitans.  Population,  commune,  30,641. 

Terni,  Falls  of.  See  Marniore. 

Terodant.  See  Tarudant. 

Ter  or  (ta-ror').  A small  town  in  the  island  of 
Gran  Canaria,  Canary  Islands. 

Terpander  (ter-pan ' der).  [Gr.  T epiravSpo^.'] 
Bom  at  Antissa,  Lesbos  : lived  in  tbe  first  half 
of  tbe  7th  century  B.  C.  A famous  Lesbian  mu- 
sician and  lyric  poet,  settled  in  Sparta ; called 
“the  father  of  Greek  music,”  perhaps  from  his 
development  of  the  lyre. 

We  know  nothing  of  Terpander’s  youth,  save  that  he 
was  born  in  Lesbos,  the  real  home  of  melie  poetry,  and 
came,  or  was  called,  to  Sparta,  where  he  established  the 
musical  contests  at  the  Karnean  festival  about  670  B.  c. 
(01.  26).  He  was  said  to  have  been  victor  at  the  Pythian 
contests  for  four  consecutive  eight-year  feasts,  which 
brings  down  his  activity  at  least  to  the  year  640  B.  c. 
Thus  we  may  imagine  him  the  older  cont  emporary  of  Tyr- 
tffius.  Not  twenty  lines  of  his  hymns  remain  — solemn 
fragments  in  hexameters  or  heavy  spondaic  meters,  which 
show  that  hymns  to  the  gods  (nomes)  were  his  chief  pro- 
ductions. ' Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1. 167. 

Terpsichore  (terp-sik'o-re).  [Gr.  T epijjcxSpg,  de- 
lighting in  the  dance.]  In  classical  mythology, 
one  of  the  Muses,  the  especial  companion  of 
Melpomene,  and  the  patroness  of  the  choral 
dance  and  of  the  dramatic  chorus  developed 
from  it.  In  the  last  days  of  the  Greek  religion  her  at- 
tributions became  restricted  chiefly  to  the  province  of  lyric 
poetry.  In  art  this  Muse  is  represented  as  a graceful 
figure,  clad  in  flowing  draperies,  often  seated,  and  usually 
healing  a lyre.  Her  type  is  closely  akin  to  that  of  Erato, 
hut  the  latter  is  always  shown  standing. 

Terra  (ter'ii).  [L., ‘earth.’]  In  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, a goddess,  the  personification  of  the  earth. 
Terracina  (ter-ra-che'na).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean 58  miles  southeast  of  Rome : the  an- 
cient Anxiu-  or  Tarracina.  It  has  a cathedral  and 
the  ruins  of  a castle  of  Theodoric.  (See  Tarracina.)  Pop- 
ulation, town,  7,590 ; commune,  11,310. 

Terracina,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, near  Terracina. 

Terra  del  Fuego.  See  Tierra  del  Fuego. 

Terra  di  Bari.  See  Bari. 

Terra  di  Lavoro.  See  Caserta. 

Terra  di  Otranto.  See  Lecce. 

Terra  Firma(ter'afer'ma).  [L., ‘solid ground.’] 
A name  sometimes  given  to  (a)  the  part  of  the 
mainland  of  Italy  that  was  formerly  subject 
to  Venice;  ( b ) the  region  known  in  Spanish  as 
Tierra  Pirme.  See  Spanish  Main. 
Terranova.or  Terranova  di  Sicilia(ter-r;i-no'- 
va  de  se-che'le-a),  or  Terranuova  (ter-rii-no- 
o'va).  [It,,  ‘new  land.’]  A seaport  in  the 
province  of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  situated  on  the 
southern  coast  56  miles  west  of  Syracuse,  it 
has  some  trade.  It  was  founded  by  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.  near  the  ancient  Gela.  Population,  commune,  22,- 
114. 


Teruel 

Terranova.  A small  town  on  the  northeastern 
coast  of  the  island  of  Sardinia. 

Terrasson  (ter-a-son').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Vezere  30  miles  east  by  south  of  Perigueux. 
Population,  commune,  3,572. 

Terre  (tar).  La.  [F.,  ‘the  earth.’]  A novel  by 
Zola,  published  in  1887. 

“La  Terre”  was  by  common  consent  his  farthest  excur- 
sion, and  is  perhaps  the  farthest  excursion  possible  on  the 
quest  after  a representation  of  man  and  nature  which  shall 
he  not  disrealised  but  disidealised,  which  shall  be  confined 
to  the  merely  ugly,  base,  and  low,  to  the  study  of  degrada- 
tion and  deformity,  and  to  the  study  even  of  these  things 
from  what  may  be  called  the  purely  police-court  and  re- 
porter point  of  view.  Sainbsbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  6. 

Terre  Haute  (ter'e  hot).  [F.,  ‘high  land.’]  A 
city,  capital  of  Vigo  County,  Indiana,  situated 
on  the  Wabash  72  miles  west-southwest  of  In- 
dianapolis. It  is  an  important  railroad  and  manufac- 
turing center,  and  contains  the  State  Normal  School,  Rose 
Polytechnic  Institute,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  French  col- 
onists. Population,  58,157,  (1910). 

Terre-Noire (tar-nwar').  [F.,  ‘black country.’] 
An  industrial  commune  in  tbe  department  of 
Loire,  France,  east  of  St.-Etienne.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  5,261. 

Terror  (ter' or).  An  arctic  exploring  vessel 
which  sailed  from  England  with  the  Erebus 
under  Sir  John  Franklin  in  1845.  a document  was 
discovered  on  the  shore  of  King  William’s  Land  by  Captain 
McClintock,  stating  that  both  ships  were  abandoned  about 
a year  after  the  death  of  Sir  John  Franklin  in  1847,  and 
that  the  survivors  had  started  for  the  Great  Fish  River. 
They  all  perished  on  their  journey  southward.  No  traces 
of  the  vessels  appear  to  have  been  found.  The  Erebus  and 
Terror  had  previously  been  the  vessels  of  the  Antarctic 
expedition  under  command  of  Sir  James  Clark  Ross. 
Terror,  The.  See  Reign  of  Terror. 

Terror  of  the  World.  A name  given  to  Attila. 
Terry  (ter'i),  Alfred  Howe.  Boru  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Nov.  10, 1827:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Dec.  16,  1890.  An  American  general.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Yale  law  school ; became  a colonel  of 
militia  in  1854  ; served  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  at  the 
capture  of  Port  P.oyal,  and  at  the  siege  of  Fort  Pulaski  in 
1861 ; took  part  as  brigadier-general  in  the  operations 
against  Char  leston  in  1862  ; was  a division  and  corps  com- 
mander in  Virginia  in  1864 ; served  at  Drury's  Bluff,  Ber- 
muda Hundred,  the  siege  of  Petersburg,  and  elsewhere ; 
captured  Fort  Fisher  by  assault  Jan.  15,  1865 ; served  at 
the  capture  of  Wilmington,  and  as  corps  commander  under 
Sherman  in  1865  ; and  later  was  department  (Dakota  and 
the  South)  and  division  commander.  In  1876  he  com- 
manded a successful  expedition  against  Sitting  Bull.  He 
was  made  major-general  in  the  regular  army  in  1886,  and 
retired  in  1888. 

Terry,  Ellen  (Mrs.  James  Carew).  Born  at 
Coventry,  Feb.  27,  1848.  An  English  actress. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  with  Charles 
Kean’s  company  in  1856  in  the  parts  of  Mamillius  in  “ The 
Winter’s  Tale”  and  Prince  Arthur  in  “King  John.”  She 
appeared  in  London  in  1863  as  Gertrude  in  “The  Little 
Treasure.”  In  1864  she  married  George  Frederick  WattB 
and  left  the  stage,  but  reappeared  in  1866.  In  1878  she 
made  her  first  appearance  at  the  Lyceum  with  Henry 
Irving,  and  was  associated  with  him  in  all  his  successful 
Shalcsperian  productions,  and  as  Camma  in  Tennyson's 
“The  Cup"  and  Rosamonde  in  his  “Becket.”  She  visited 
America  eight  times,  seven  with  Irving.  Her  memoirs, 
“ The  Story  of  My  Life,”  appeared  in  1908. 

Terry  Alts  (ter'i  alts).  A body  of  rebels  wbo 
appeared  in  County  Clare,  Ireland,  about  the 
beginning  of  tbe  19th  century. 

Terschellmg  (ter-schel'ling).  An  island  in  the 
North  Sea,  belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  sit- 
uated northwest  of  Friesland. 

Tersteegen  (ter-sta'Gen),  Gerhard.  Born  at 
Mors,  Prussia,  Nov.  25, 1697 : died  at  Miilheim, 
Prussia,  April  3,  1769.  A German  hymn-writer. 
His  hymns  were  included  iu  “ Blumengartlein  ” 
(1729). 

Tersus.  See  Tarsus. 

Tertre,  Jean  Baptiste  du.  See  Dutertre. 
Tertuliian  (ter-tul'yan)  (Quintus  Septimius 
Florens  Tertulliarius).  Born  at  Carthage 
about  150  A.  d.  : died  about  230.  A celebrated 
ecclesiastical  writer,  oue  of  the  fathers  of  the 
Latin  Church.  He  became  converted  to  Christianity 
about  192;  lived  in  Rome  and  Carthage;  and  became  a 
Montanist  about  203.  His  chief  work  is  his  “Apologeti- 
CU8,”  a defense  of  Christianity  called  forth  by  the  persecu- 
tions under  Septimius  Severus.  Among  his  other  works 
are  “Ad  Martyres,”  “De  Baptismo,”  “ De  Poenitentia,” 
“De  Spectaculis,”  “De  Patientia,”  “ De  Prcescriptione," 
“Adversus  Marcionem,”  “ De  Virginibus  velandis,”  ••  Ad- 
versus  Praxean.” 

Tertullianists  (ter-tul'yan-ists).  A branch  of 
the  African  Montauists  of  the  3d  and  4th  cen- 
turies, who  held  the  doctrines  of  Montanism 
as  modified  by  Tertuliian.  The  divergence  of  the 
Tertullianists  from  orthodoxy  seems  to  have  been  much 
less  marked  than  that  of  the  original  Asiatic  Montanists. 
They  called  themselves  “ Pneumatics,”  or  spiritual  men, 
and  the  Catholics  “ Psychics,”  natural  or  sensual  men. 
Terudant.  See  Tarudant. 

Teruel  (ta-ro-el').  1.  A province  iu  Aragon, 
Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  Saragossa  on  the  north,  Tarra- 


Teruel 

gona  on  the  east,  Castellon  on  the  southeast,  Valencia  on 
the  south,  and  Cuenca  and  Guadalajara  on  the  west,  and  is 
traversed  by  mountain-chains.  Area,  5,720  square  miles. 
Population,  240,001. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Teruel,  situ- 
ated on  the  Guadalaviar  in  lat.40°  23'  N.,long. 
1°  12'  W.  It  has  a medieval  cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 10,878. 

Teschen  (tesh'en),  Slav.  Cieszyn  (tse-esh'in). 
A manufacturing  town  in  Austrian  Silesia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Olsa  61  miles  west-southwest  of 
Cracow.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  duchy  of 
Teschen,  and  has  a ruined  castle.  A treaty  concluded  here, 
May  13,  1779,  between  Austria  and  Prussia,  which  termi- 
nated the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession,  is  known  as  the 
peace  of  Teschen.  Population,  commune,  22,538,  (1910). 
Tesla  (tes'la),  Nikola.  Born  at  Smiljan,  Lika, 
Austria-Hungary,  in  1857.  A noted  physicist 
and  electrician.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1884 
with  a view  of  developing  motors  based  on  his  discovery 
of  the  rotating  magnetic  held  : this  he  completed  in  1888. 
He  has  invented  a number  of  methods  and  appliances  in 
the  line  of  electrical  vibrations  aiming  at  the  production 
of  efficient  light  with  lamps  without  filaments,  and  the 
production  and  transmission  of  power  and  intelligence 
without  wires.  On  his  discovery  of  the  action  of  air  or 
gaseous  matter  when  subjected  to  rapidly  alternating  elec- 
trostatic stresses  is  based  the  modern  art  of  insulating 
currents  of  very  high  tension.  He  has  also  constructed 
steam-engines  and  electrical  generators  (oscillators)  with 
which  otherwise  unattainable  results  are  obtained. 

Tessin.  See  Ticino. 

Testament  (tes'ta-ment).  A collection  of 
books  containing  the  history  and  doctrines  of 
the  Mosaic  or  old  dispensation  and  of  the  Chris- 
tian or  new,  in  two  divisions,  known  sever- 
ally as  the  Old  Testament  and  the  New  Testa- 
ment. The  word  testament  in  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible  always  represents  the  Greek  word  6 laOrjKr]  (else- 
where rendered  1 covenant’),  which  in  early  Christian 
Latin,  and  regularly  in  the  Vulgate,  is  rendered  ‘ testa- 
mentum,’  perhaps  from  its  use  in  Heb.  ix.  15-20. 

Testament  of  Love.  A prose  work,  wrongly 
attributed  by  Speght  to  Chaucer,  it  purports  to 
be  written  by  a prisoner  in  danger  of  being  hanged,  and 
dates  probably  from  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 

Teste-de-Buck  (test-de-biish'),  La.  A town  in 
the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on 
theBasinof  Arcachon  32mileswest-southwest  of 
Bordeaux.  Population,  commune,  7,082. 
Testry,  or  Testri  (tes-tre').  A small  place  in 
northern  France,  situated  near  the  Somme, 
north  of  Soissons.  Here,  in  687,  Pepin  of  He- 
ristal  overthrew  the  power  of  Neustria. 
Tete-Noire  (tat-nwar').  [F./ black  head.’  ] An 
Alpine  pass  on  the  frontiers  of  Savoy  and 
Switzerland,  leading  from  Martigny  [o  the  val- 
ley of  Chamonix.  It  is  so  called  from  a mountain  of 
the  same  name  near  the  pass.  Height,  4,997  feet. 

Tetes  Plates.  See  Choctaws. 

Tethys  (te'this).  [Gr.  Tt?0c<\]  A sea-goddess. 
Tethys.  The  third  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  March,  1684. 

Teton  (te-ton'  or  te'ton).  A river  in  northern 
Montana  which  joins  the  Missouri  northeast  of 
Fort  Benton.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
Tetons.  See  Three  Tetons. 

Teton,  Grand.  See  Hayden,  Mount. 

Teton  Range.  A mountain-range  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  system,  near  the  borders  of  Idaho 
and  Wyoming,  north  of  the  Snake  River. 
Tetrapolis  (te-trap'5-lis),  Chaldean.  [Gr.  T>- 
Tpano'Ats,  a name  applied  to  several  groups  of 
four  cities.]  The  four  cities  Babylon,  Erech, 
Akkad,  and  Calneh. 

Tetrapolitan  (tet-ra-pol'i-tan)  Confession. 

A confession  of  faith  presented  at  the  Diet  of 
Augsburg  in  1530  by  the  representatives  of  the 
four  cities  (whence  the  name)  Constance,  Lin- 
dau,  Memmingen,  and  Strasburg.  It  resembled 
the  Augsburg  Confession,  but  inclined  some- 
what to  Zwinglian  views. 

Tetrieus  (tet'ri-kus).  A pretender  to  the  Ro- 
man Empire  who  usurped  the  throne  in  Gaul 
about  267-270  a.  d. 

Tetschen  (tet'shen).  A town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Elbe  49  miles  north  by  west  of 
Prague.  It  is  a center  for  the  upper  Elbe  navigation, 
and  a touriBt  center  for  the  Saxon-Bohemian  Switzerland. 
Population,  commune,  10,641,  (1910). 

Tetuan  (tet-6-an').  A town  in  Morocco,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Martil,  near  its  mouth  in  the 
Mediterranean,  25  miles  southeast  of  Tangier. 
It  has  manufactures  of  guns.  Here,  Feb.  4, 1860,  the  Span- 
iards under  O’Donnell  gained  a decisive  victory  over  the 
troops  of  Morocco.  Population,  estimat  ed,  20,000  to  25,000. 

Tetzel,  or  Tezel  (tet'sel),  Johann  (properly 
Diez,  Diezel,  etc.).  Born  at  Leipsic  about  1455 : 
died  1519.  A German  Dominican  monk  and  in- 
quisitor. The  scandal  of  his  sale  of  indulgences  led  to 
the  publication  of  Luther’s  ninety-five  theses  at  Witten- 
berg in  1517,  and  to  the  German  Beformation.  See  Luther. 
Teucer  (tu'ser).  [Gr.  Trikpof.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend.: (a)  A son  of  Scamander,  and  the  first 


988 

king  of  Troy.  ( h ) A son  of  Telamon  and  step- 
brother of  Ajax : noted  as  an  archer.  He  was 
said  to  have  founded  Sal  amis  in  Cyprus. 

Teufelsbriicke  (toi'felz-bruk-e).  German  for 
Devil's  Bridge  (which  see). 

Teufelsdrockh  (toi'felz-drek),  Herr.  A Ger- 
man philosopher,  the  central  character  in  Car- 
lyle’s “ Sartor  Resartus.” 

Teuffel  (toif'fel),  Wilhelm  Sigismund.  Born 
at  Ludwigsburg,  Wurtemberg,  Sept.  27,  1820: 
died  at  Tubingen,  March  8,  1878.  A German 
philologist,  literary  historian,  and  archaeologist: 
professor  of  classical  philology  at  Tubingen 
from  1849.  His  chief  work  is  “Geschichte  derromisch- 
en  Litteratur  ” (“History  of  Roman  Literature,"  1868-70). 

Teul,  or  Gran  Teul  (gran  ta-ol').  A small  town 
in  the  state  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico,  17  miles 
south-southwest  of  Tlaltenango.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal and  largest  town  of  the  Nayarits,  and  was  burned  by 
the  Spaniards  about  1530. 

Teulada  (ta-6-la'da),  Cape.  A cape  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
west  of  Cape  Spartivento. 

Teumman  (ta-om'man).  Kin^  of  Elam.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Urtaki.  In  the  battle  of  Ulai  (the 
classical  Eulseus)  he  was  defeated  by  the  Assyrian  king 
Asurbanipal  (668-626  B.c. ) ; and  in  the  triumphal  procession 
of  Asurbanipal, Teumman’s  head  was  suspended  by  a string 
around  the  neck  of  one  of  his  chief  allies  and  friends. 

Teutobod  (tu'to-bod).  A king  of  the  Teutones, 
totally  defeated  by  Marius  at  the  battle  of 
Aquae  Sextiae,  102  b.  C. 

Teutoburgerwald  (toi'to-borg-er-valt).  A 
mountain-range  in  Germany,  extending  from 
the  vicinity  of  Osnabriick  in  Hannover  south- 
east through  Westphalia  and  Lippe.  Itisknown 
in  different  parts  as  the  Lippischer  Wald,  Osning,  etc. 
The  Egge,  to  the  south,  is  sometimes  included.  A victory 
was  gained  in  this  range  (exact  locality  undetermined)  in 
9 a.  d.  by  the  Germans  under  Arminius  (Hermann)  over 
the  Romans  under  Varus,  the  Roman  army  being  nearly 
annihilated.  Highest  point,  about  1,500  feet. 

Teutones  (tu'to-nez),  or  Teutoni  (tu'to-ni).  In 
ancient  history,  a Germanic  people  who,  with 
the  Cimbri,  defeated  several  Roman  armies  at 
the  end  of  the  2d  century  B.  C.,  and  were 
nearly  destroyed  by  Marius  at  Aquae  Sextiae, 
102  B.c.  They  are  mentioned  later  as  dwelling 
near  the  lower  Elbe  and  eastward. 

We  have  a Teutonic  parallel  of  the  same  etymological 
origin  in  the  Gothic  “thiudans,”  . . . Norse  “thjddann,” 
‘ a king,' and  A. -Saxon  “theoden,”  which  also  meant  a king 
or  lord  : both  the  Norse  and  the  A. -Saxon  words  are  found 
only  in  poetry,  which  is  an  indication  that  they  are  very 
ancient  formations,  going  back  probably  far  behind  the 
time  of  Ulfilas,  as  may  be  shown  by  approaching  the  ques- 
tion  from  another  direction:  the  word  touta  and  its  con- 
geners entered  into  many  proper  names,  and  when  the 
Romans  had  to  write  these  names  they  represented  the 
Teutonic  dental,  as  they  did  the  Gaulish  one,  as  a simple 
t : witness  Caesar’s  Teutones,  Ammianus  Marcellinus'  Teu- 
tomeres,  Eutropius’Teutobodus,  and  Floras'  Teutobochus. 
Now  in  Teutones  or  Teutoni  we  have  the  plural,  as  given 
by  Roman  authors,  of  the  word  “thiudans,”  “thjddann,” 
and  “ theoden”;  and  that  a people  should  have  given  them- 
selves such  a name  as  Teutones,  meaning  kings,  will  sur- 
prise no  one  who  has  noticed  such  Celtic  names  as  that  of 
the  Remi,  which  signified  princes;  those  of  the  Caturiges 
and  Catuvellauni,  meaning  war-kings  or  battle-princes; 
and  that  of  the  Bituriges,  which  actually  meant  Welt- 
herrscher,  or  lords  of  the  world.  This  explanation  of  the 
origin  of  the  modern  term  Teutonic  is  doubtless  open  to 
the  objection  of  implying  that  a natural  inclination  to  brag 
was  not  quite  confined  to  the  Celt. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  46. 

Teutonic  Order.  See  Order. 

Tevastehus.  See  Tavastehus. 

Teverone.  See  Anio. 

Teviot  (te'vi-ot).  A river  in  Roxburghshire 
which  joins  the  Tweed  near  Kelso.  Length, 
about  40  miles, 

Teviotdale  (te'vi-ot-dal).  A name  often  given 
to  Roxburghshire. 

Tewa  (ta'wii),  or  Taywah,  or  Tegua,  or  Tehua. 
[‘  Moccasins.’]  A division  of  the  Tahoan  lin- 
guistic stock  of  North  American  Indians,  occu- 
pying the  pueblos  of  Namb6,  San  Ildefonso, 
San  -Juan,  Santa  Clara,  and  Tesuque,  in  the  Rio 
Grande  valley,  New  Mexico,  and  the  pueblo  of 
Hano  which  forms  one  of  the  Tusayan  group 
in  northeastern  Arizona. 

Tewfik  Pasha  (tu'fik  pash'a),  Mohammed. 
Born  Nov.  15,  1852:  died  in  his  palace  near 
Cairo,  Egypt,  Jan.  7,  1892.  Khedive  of  Egypt, 
son  of  Ismail  Pasha  whom  he  succeeded  June 
26,  1879.  From  his  accession  until  1882  Egyptian  finances 
continued  under  Anglo-French  control,  in  that  year  oc- 
curred the  rebellion  of  Arabi  Pasha.  Its  suppression  by 
the  British  marked  the  cessation  of  Frencli  influence,  and 
the  virtual  establishment  of  a British  protectorate.  The 
revolt  of  the  Mahdistsled,  in  spite  of  British  expeditions, 
to  the  loss  of  the  upper  Nile  and  Sudan  regions  in  1884- 
1885.  lie  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son,  Abbas  Pasha. 

Tewkesbury  (tuks'bu-ri).  A town  in  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Avon  and  Severn,  10  miles  northeast  of 


Tezcuco 

Gloucester:  the  Roman  Etocessa.  The  abbey 
church,  chiefly  of  the  12th  century,  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  English  Romanesque  structures.  The  exterior 
is  marked  by  its  massive  tower,  its  beautiful  radiating 
choir-chapels  in  the  Decorated  style,  and  the  curious  re- 
cessed porch  and  wiudow  of  the  west  front.  The  interior 
is  highly  effective,  and  possesses  excellent  14th-century 
glass  and  medieval  monuments.  A victory  was  gained  here 
May  4,  1471,  by  the  Yorkists  under  Edward  IV.  over  the 
Lancastrians  under  Margaret  of  Anjou  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward: by  it  Edward  was  reestablished  on  the  throne.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,419. 

Tewkesbury  Chronicle.  A chronicle,  chiefly 
of  English  ecclesiastical  history,  kept  at  th’e 
Abbey  of  Tewkesbury,  1066-1263. 

Texarkana  (teks-ar-kan'a).  The  capital  of 
Miller  County,  in  the  southwestern  extremity 
of  Arkansas,  situated  partly  in  Texas,  it  is  a 
railroad  center.  Population,  in  Arkansas,  5,655 ; in  Texas, 
9,790,  (1910). 

Texas  (tek'sas).  One  of  the  South  Central  States 
of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Aus- 
tin ; chief  seaport,  Galveston,  it  is  bounded  by 
Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  on  the  north,  Arkansas  on 
the  northeast  (separated  by  the  Red  River),  Louisiana  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the 
south,  Mexico  (separated  by  the  Rio  Grande)  on  the  south- 
west, and  New  Mexico  on  the  west.  It  is  the  largest  State 
in  the  Union,  comprising  a low  coast  region,  a prairie 
country,  a central  hilly  region,  high  plains  to  the  north 
and  west  (including  the  Staked  Plain),  and  a mountainous 
region  westof  the  Pecos.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Canadian, 
Red  River,  Sabine,  Trinity,  Brazos,  Colorado,  Nueces,  and 
Rio  Grande.  It  is  an  important  agricultural  State,  the 
leading  products  being  cotton,  Indian  corn,  live  stock, 
sugar,  and  rice.  It  also  produces  lead  and  petroleum.  It 
has  245  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  18  representatives 
to  Congress,  and  lias  20  electoral  votes.  An  attempt  at 
settlement  was  made  by  La  Salle  about  1685,  and  various 
missions  were  established  by  the  Spaniards  in  the  18th 
century.  The  region  was  invaded  by  various  adventurers 
early  in  the  19th  century.  It  formed  with  Coahuila  a 
state  of  Mexico,  and  was  settled  rapidly  about  1820-30  by 
American  colonists.  A rebellion  against  Mexico*broke  out 
in  1835 ; the  garrisons  at  the  Alamo  and  Goliad  were  mas- 
sacred by  the  Mexicans  in  1836 ; and  the  Mexicans  were 
finally  defeated  by  Houston  at  San  Jacinto,  April  21,  1836. 
Texas  was  a republic  from  1836  to  1845,  when  it  was  an- 
nexed to  the  United  States.  It  was  the  scene  of  early 
events  in  the  Mexican  war  in  1846 ; seceded  Feb.  1, 1861 ; 
was  tile  scene  of  various  events  in  the  Rebellion,  and  of 
the  last  conflicts ; and  was  readmitted  in  1870.  Area,  265,- 
780  square  miles.  Population,  3,896,542,  (1910). 

Texcocans.  See  Tezcucans. 

Texcoco.  See  Tezcuco. 

Texel  (tek'sel).  An  island  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  Netherlands.  It  lies  north  of  North 
Holland  (separated  by  the  Marsdiep).  The  surface  is  low. 
Its  neighborhood  has  been  the  scene  of  many  naval  en- 
gagements. Length,  15  miles.  Population,  about  6,000. 

Texier  (tes-ya'),  Charles  Felix  Marie,  Born 

at  Versailles,  France,  Aug.  29,  1802:  died  at 
Paris,  July  1, 1871.  A French  archteologist  and 
traveler.  Among  his  works  are  “Description  de  l’Asie 
Mineure ” (1839-48), “ Description  del'ArmOnie,  deia  Perse, 
de  la  iiesopotamie  ” (1842-45),  etc. 

Tezcatlipoca  (tatif-kat-le-po' ka).  In  Aztec 
(Mexican)  mythology,  one  of  the  principal 
deified  shamans  and  chiefs  of  their  tribe.  On  the 
teocalli  at  Mexico  he  had  a chapel  near  that  of  Huitzilo- 
pochtli.  Human  sacrifices  were  made  to  him.  The  vic- 
tim (said  by  some  to  represent  the  god  himself)  was  selected 
a year  before,  and  was  a young  man  of  perfect  form.  He 
was  kept  under  a kind  of  tutelage  for  the  ceremony,  but 
was  allowed  every  pleasure ; beautiful  girls  were  given 
him  for  companions ; and  at  feasts  he  was  honored  as  a 
divinity.  On  the  day  of  the  sacrifice  he  was  stripped  of 
his  gaudy  clothes,  and  while  ascending  to  the  temple  threw 
away  his  chaplets  of  flower»and  broke  his  musical  Instru- 
ments. 

Tezcotzinco  (tas-kot-sen'ko).  A hill  about 
5 miles  east  of  the  town  of  Tezcuco,  Mexico. 
Ixtlilxochitl  gives  an  absolutely  fanciful  de- 
scription of  it.  The  place  is  marked  by  a few 
ruins  overgrown  with  vegetation.  Some  small 
artificial  pools  are  erroneously  called  the  Baths 
of  Montezuma. 

Tezcucans  (tas-ko'kans),  or  Texcocans  (tas- 
ko'kans),  or  Acolhuans  (a-kol'6-ans).  An 
ancient  Nahuati  tribe  of  the  valley  of  Mexico. 
Some  traditions  make  them  the  offspring  of 
the  semi-mythical  race  called  Chichimecs. 
About  1120  they  settled  at  Tenayucan  or  Tez- 
cuco, then  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  lake, 
and  this  soon  became  the  most  powerful  pue- 
blo of  the  valley.  Early  in  the  15th  century 
they  were  for  a time  conquered  by  the  Te- 
panecs ; subsequently  they  joined  in  a league 
with  Tenocktitlan  and  Tlacopan,  and  eventu- 
ally became  subordinate  in  power  to  the  former 
place.  Their  last  chief,  Ixtlilxochitl,  joined  CortCs  in 
1520,  and  assisted  in  the  siege  of  Tenochtitl&n  or  Mexico. 
The  Tezcucans  claim  for  their  nation  a preeminence  in 
civilization  among  (he  Nahuati  tribes. 

Tezcuco  (tas-ko'ko),  or  Texcoco  (tas-ko'ko).  A 
town  of  the  state  and  republic  of  Mexico,  near 
the  eastern  shore  of  Tezcuco  Lake,  about  16 
miles  from  Mexico  City.  It  was  the  seat  and  home 
of  the  Tezcucans  or  Acolhuans,  who  called  it  Acolhua- 
can  or  Tenayucan.  (See  Tezcucans.)  At  this  place,  in 


Tezcuco 

1521,  Cortes  organized  the  siege  of  Mexico  and  built 
the  brigantines  with  which  he  assaulted  that  city  from 
the  lake.  Population,  town,  11,044 ; commune,  24,663. 

Tezcuco,  or  Texcoco,  Lake  of.  The  largest  of 
the  cluster  of  lakes  in  the  valley  of  Mexico. 
At  present  it  is  nearly  oval  in  outline,  about  12  miles  long, 
7 wide,  and  less  than  2 feet  deep.  Mexico  City  is  about  4 
miles  from  the  western  shore,  and  Tezcuco  is  about  the 
same  distance  from  the  eastern  side.  Low  and  more  or 
less  swampy  lands  around  it  mark  its  ancient  limits, 
which  were  at  least  four  times  as  great  as  at  present ; Mex- 
ico was  then  on  an  island  in  it,  approached  by  causeways, 
and  Tezcuco,  Tlacopan,  and  other  towns  were  on  its  shore. 
The  water  w as  deep  enough  in  1520  to  float  the  ships  of 
CortOs.  During  the  Aztec  and  early  colonial  periods  it 
was  frequently  swelled  by  rains,  causing  disastrous  floods 
in  Mexico ; one  of  these  floods  lasted  3 years  (1629-32). 
The  shrinkage  is  due  to  tilling  in  with  sediment,  drainage, 
and  evaporation.  Until  1813  the  drains  of  Mexico  opened 
into  the  lake,  and  its  polluted  waters,  forced  back  through 
them  during  the  rains,  caused  great  mortality  in  the  city. 
This  has  been  remedied  by  extensive  drainage  works,  and 
it  is  now  proposed  to  empty  the  lake  entirely.  Tezcuco  is 
the  lowest  of  the  valley  lakes,  and  its  waters  are  brackish. 
It  has  no  fish,  but  the  singular  amphibian  called  the  axolotl 
was  formerly  abundant. 

Tezel.  See  Tetzel. 

Thacher(tkacli'6r), George.  Born  at  Yarmouth, 
Maine,  April  12, 1754:  diedatBiddeford,  Maine, 
April  6,  1824.  An  American  jurist  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  a delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the 
Continental  Congress  ; was  member  of  Congress  from  the 
Maine  district  of  Massachusetts  1789-1801 ; and  was  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  and  of  Maine. 
Thacher , Thomas  Anthony.  Born  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  11,1815:  died  at  New  Haven, Conn., 
April  7, 1886.  An  American  classical  scholar, 
professor  of  Latin  at  Yale  from  1842.  He  trans- 
lated Madvig’s  Latin  grammar,  and  edited  va- 
rious Latin  works. 

Thackeray  (thak'e-ri),  William  Makepeace. 
Born  at  Calcutta,  July  18,  1811:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  24, 1863.  A celebrated  English  novel- 
ist, satirist,  and  critic.  He  was  taken  to  England 
In  the  year  1817,  and  was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse 
school  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  leaving  in  1830. 
He  traveled  on  the  Continent  (visiting  Weimar,  etc.)  for 
several  years.  In  1833  he  began  to  devote  himself  se- 
riously to  literature  and  art,  wrote  for  the  “National  Stan- 
dard ” (of  which  he  was  afterward  both  editor  and  pro- 
prietor), and  later  for  “The  Times,"  for  “Fraser’s  Maga- 
zine” (to  which  he  long  contributed  as  Michael  Angelo 
Titmarsh),  for  “ Punch,”  etc.  He  had  a talent  for  draw- 
ing and  caricature,  and  about  1834  went  to  Paris,  with 
the  idea  of  studying  painting.  In  this  he  was  unsuccess- 
ful ; but  he  illustrated  many  of  his  own  works,  and  about 
1835  made  his  well-known  application  to  illustrate  “Pick- 
wick.” In  1837,  having  married  Miss  Isabella  Shawe,  he 
returned  to  England.  About  1840  his  wife’s  mind  became 
affected,  after  the  birth  of  her  third  daughter,  and  she 
never  recovered,  though  she  did  not  die  until  many  years 
after  her  husband's  death.  He  visited  the  East  in  1844,  lec- 
tured in  the  United  States  in  1852-53  and  1854-55,  and  was 
editor  of  the  “ Cornhill  Magazine  ’’  1860-62.  His  chief 
novels  are  “ Vanity  Fair  ’’  (1847-48 : which  made  his  repu- 
tation), “ Pendennis  " (1849-50),  “ Henry  Esmond  ’’  (1852), 
“The  Newcomes”  (1853-55),  and  “The  Virginians”  (1857— 
1859).  Among  his  other  novels  and  stories  are  “The  Yel- 
lowplush  Papers "(1838  and  1840),  “History  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Titmarsh  and  the  Great  Hoggarty  Diamond”  (1841),  “The 
Paris  Sketch  Book”  (1840),  “Jeames's  Diary,"  “Fitz- 
Boodle’s  Confessions,"  “Shabby  Genteel  Story,”  “The 
Book  of  Snobs  ” (collected  from  “ Punch  ” 1848),  “ The  Irish 
Sketch  Book ”(1843),  “Notes of  a Journey  from  Cornhill 
to  Grand  Cairo  ” (1846),  “Memoirs of  Barry  Lyndon  ” (1844), 
“Mrs.  Perkins’s  Ball"  (1847),  “Punch's  Prize  Novelists,” 
“The  Kickleburys on  theRhine,"  “Rebecca and Rowena,” 
“Lovel  the  Widower”  (1860-61),  “Adventures  of  Philip” 
(1861-62),  “The  Rose  and  the  Ring,”  and  “Denis  Duval” 
(unfinished).  Many  of  these  appeared  first  in  “ Fraser’s,” 
“Cornhill, and  other  periodicals.  His  other  works  in- 
clude “English  Humourists  of  the  18th  Century’’  (firstde- 
livered  as  lectures  in  1851),  “The  Four  Georges  ” (lectures 
delivered  iu  the  United  States  1855,  first  printed  in  1860), 
“The  Roundabout  Papers"  (1860-63),  “ Early  and  Late 
Papers”  (edited  by  J.  T.  Fields,  1867),  “The  Orphan  of 
Pimlico,  etc.”  (edited  1875),  balladB,  etc. 

Thaddseus  (tha-fle'us).  [Gr.  OaMalor.~\  One  of 
the  apostles,  otherwise  called  Jude  or  Judas 
and  Lebbaeus.  See  Jude. 

Thaddeus  of  Warsaw.  A novel  by  Jane  Por- 
ter, published  in  1803:  named  from  its  hero. 
Thais  (tha'is).  [Gr.  0aif.]  Lived  in  the  last 
part  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A famous  Athe- 
nian hetsera,  mistress  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
She  is  alleged  (probably  erroneously)  to  have  incited  him 
to  fire  the  Persian  palace  at  X’ersepolis.  She  was  afterward 
mistress  of  Ptolemy  Lagi. 

Thaisa  (tha'is-a).  The  daughter  of  Simonides 
and  wifeof  Pericdesin  Shakspere’s  (?)  “Pericles.” 
Thalaba  the  Destroyer.  A descriptive  poem 
by  Southey:  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  hero. 
Thalberg  (tal'bero),  Sigismond.  Born  at  Ge- 
neva, 1812:  died  at  Naples,  1871.  A pianist 
and  composer  for  the  piano,  illegitimate  son  of 
Prince  von  Dietrichstein.  His  works  include 
various  fantasias,  nocturnes,  etc. 

Thale  (tii'le).  A watering-place  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  in  the  Harz,  on  the 
Bode,  5 miles  west  of  Quedlinburg.  Popula- 
tion, country  commune,  13,194. 

Thales  (tha'lez).  [Gr.  0aA^f.]  Born  at  Miletus, 


989 

Asia  Minor,  about  640  b.  c.  : died  about  546.  A 
famous  Greek  philosopher,  astronomer,  and  ge- 
ometer: one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece, 
and  the  earliest  of  the  Ionian  natural  philoso- 
phers. He  regarded  water  as  the  principle  of  ail  things. 
He  predicted  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  for  May  28,  585  B.  C. ; 
and  to  him  were  attributed  various  discoveries  in  geometry 
and  astronomy. 

Volney  considered  the  eclipse  [of  Thales]  to  have  taken 
place  B.  o.  625(“Reeherches,  etc.,”  vol.  i.  p.  342).  Clinton 
places  it  B.  c.  603  (F.  H.  vol.  i.  p.  419).  Ideler  considers 
that  no  eclipse  about  this  period  fulfils  the  necessary  condi- 
tions except  that  of  B.  c.  610(“Handbuchder  Chronologie," 
vol.  i.  p.  203).  Mr.  Hind  and  Professor  Airy  have  recently 
suggested  the  late  date  of  B.  c.  5S5  (Bosanquet,  “ Fall  of 
Nineveh,”  p.  14).  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  I.  359,  note. 

Thales,  or  Thaletas  (tha-le'tas).  [Gr.  Oalyc, 
Qa'/J/rac.']  Bornin  Crete:  lived  about  the  7th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A lyric  poet  and  musician  of  Sparta. 

Thalia  (tha-li'a).  [Gr.  QuXev.q,  Oa/.ta.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  joyful  Muse,  to  whom  is  due  the 
bloom  of  life.  She  inspired  gaiety ; was  the  patroness 
of  the  banquet  accompanied  by  song’and  music ; and  also 
favored  rural  pursuits  and  pleasures.  At  a late  period  she 
became  the  Muse  of  comedy,  and  to  the  Romans  was  little 
known  in  any  other  character.  In  the  later  art  she  is 
generally  represented  with  a comic  mask,  a shepherd’s 
crook,  and  a wreath  of  ivy. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  23)  discovered  at  London 
by  Hind,  Dec.  15,  1852. 

Thallo  (thal'o).  [Gr.  0a?26.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, one  of  the  Hours. 

Thame  (tam).  A river  in  Buckinghamshire 
and  Oxfordshire,  England,  which  joins  the 
Thames  (of  which  it  is  a main  tributary)  at 
Dorchester.  Length,  about  35  miles. 

Thame.  A town  in  Oxfordshire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Thame  13  miles  east  of  Oxford. 
Population,  2,911. 

Thames  (temz).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Thamys, 
Tames,  Temse,  ME.  Temse,  AS.  Temes , Temese, 
Txmese,  L.  Tamesis  (Caesar),  Tamesa  (Tacitus), 
Gr.  T apeaa  or  T apeaay  (Dion  Cassius),  and  said  to 
be  Celtic,  meaning ‘broad  water.’  TheF.  Tamise 
is  from  the  L.,  G.  Tliemse  from  the  E.]  The 
principal  river  in  Great  Britain.  It  rises  near  Ciren- 
cester; flows  on  the  border  between  Gloucester  and  Wilt- 
shire ; separates  Oxford  and  Buckingham  from  Berkshire, 
Middlesex  from  Surrey,  and  Essex  from  Kent ; and,  broad- 
ening into  an  estuary,  flows  into  the  North  Sea.  Its  course 
is  generally  easterly.  To  its  junction  with  the  Thame  it  is 
called  also  the  Isis.  The  principal  tributaries  are  the  Cher- 
well,  Thame,  Colne,  Lea,  and  Roding  on  the  north,  and  the 
Kennet,  Mole,  and  Medway  on  the  south.  The  chief  places 
on  its  banks  are  Oxford,  Reading,  Windsor,  Eton,  Kingston, 
Richmond,  Brentford,  London,  Woolwich,  Gravesend,  and 
Sheerness.  Length  to  Sheerness,  228  miles.  Width  at 
London  Bridge,  909  feet;  at  Gravesend,  half  a mile.  It  is 
tidal  to  Teddington,  and  is  navigable  by  locks  for  barges 
from  Lechlade ; for  large  vessels,  from  the  Pool,  London. 

Thames.  A river  in  Ontario,  Canada,  which 
flows  into  Lake  St.  Clair  32  miles  east  of  De- 
troit. Near  its  banks,  Oct.  5, 1813,  tiie  Americans  under 
Harrison  (cavalry  under  R.  M.  Johnson)  defeated  the  allied 
British  (under  Proctor)  and  Indians  (under  Tecumseh, 
who  was  killed  in  the  battle).  Length,  about  160  miles ; 
navigable  to  Chatham. 

Thames  (temz;  locally  also  thamz).  A navi- 
gable river  in  Connecticut,  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion at  Norwich  of  the  Quinebaugand  the  Yan- 
tic.  It  empties  into  Long  Island  Sound  below 
New  London.  Length,  15  miles. 

Thames  Embankment.  A wide  macadamized 
carriageway,  with  foot-pavements  on  each  side, 
constructed  1864-70  bythe  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  in  London  along  the  north  bank  of 
the  Thames,  from  Blackfriars  Bridge  to  West- 
minster. Strictly  this  is  the  Victoria  Embankment, 
while  the  Albert  Embankment,  finished  1868,  extends  from 
Westminster  Bridge  to  Vauxhall  Bridge  on  the  south 
bank,  and  the  Chelsea  Embankment,  finished  1873,  ex- 
tends from  the  Chelsea  Hospital  to  the  Albert  Suspension 
Bridge  on  the  north  bank.  These  embankments  have  a 
granite  wall  on  the  river  side ; the  whole  area  was  once 
covered  by  the  tide. 

Thames  Tunnel.  A tunnel  under  the  Thames 
at  London,  near  the  Tower,  opened  in  1843. 

Thamien  (tha'mi-en).  A tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  which  formerly  inhabited  the 
country  between  the  Almaden  mines  and  Alviso 
Landing,  Santa  Clara  County,  California;  also, 
the  native  name  of  the  site  of  Santa  Clara  mis- 
sion. See  Costanoan. 

Thammuz.  See  Tammuz. 

Thamyris  (tham'i-ris).  [Gr.  Qauvp/r.  ] In  Greek 
legend,  a Thracian  singer.  He  boasted  that  he  could 
surpass  the  Muses,  and  was  deprived  by  them  of  his  sight 
and  of  the  power  of  singing. 

Thanatopsis  (than-a-top'sis).  [From  Gr.  dava- 
rof  and  ofic,  vision : 1 a vision  of  death.’]  A poem 
by  William  Cullen  Bryant,  published  in  1816. 

Thanatos  (than'a-tos).  [Gr.  Havaroc,  death.  ] In 
Greek  mythology,  the  personification  of  death, 
brother  of  Sleep.  See  Sleep  and  Death. 

Thanet  (than'et),  Isle  of.  An  island  at  the  east- 


Theagenes  and  Chariclea 

ern  extremity  of  Kent,  England,  it  is  formed  by 
a bifurcation  of  the  Stour,  and  contains  Margate  and  Rams- 
gate (so  called  from  Ruim,  the  older  name  of  the  island). 
Length,  9 miles. 

Thanet,  Octave.  The  pseudonym  of  Alice 
French. 

Thann  (tan).  A town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  situated  on  the  Thur  23  miles  south- 
west of  Kolmar.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
silk,  and  wine  is  produced  in  the  vicinity.  Its  church  of 
St.  Theobald  is  noteworthy.  Population,  commune,  7,901. 

Thano.  See  Tano. 

Thapsacus  (thap'sa-kus).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a town  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Eu- 
phrates : the  biblical  Tiphsah.  it  was  probably 
situated  near  the  modern  Rakka,  about  lat.  35°  50'  N. 
The  Euphrates  was  crossed  here  in  the  expedition  of  Cy- 
rus the  Younger,  by  Darius,  and  by  Alexander  the  Great. 
Thapsus  (thap'sus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  northern  Africa,  situated  on  the  coast, 
near  the  modern  Cape  Dimas  in  Tunis,  30  miles 
southeast  of  Susa.  Here,  46  B.  c.,  Caesar  totally  de- 
feated the  Pompeians  under  Cato,  Scipio,  and  Juba,  and 
ended  the  war  in  Africa. 

Tharand  (ta'rant).  A small  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Wilde  Weis- 
seritz,  9 miles  southwest  of  Dresden.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a noted  academy  of  forestry. 
Thargelia  (thar-ge'li-a).  [Gr.  Bapyr/2ia.]  In 
Greek  antiquity,  a festival  celebrated  at  Athens 
on  the  6th  and  7th  of  the  month  Thargelion,  in 
honor  of  the  Delian  Apollo  and  of  Artemis.  On 
the  first  day  of  the  festival  (probably  not  every  year)  there 
was  an  expiatory  sacrifice  of  two  persons,  for  the  men  and 
the  women  of  the  state  respectively,  the  victims  being 
condemned  criminals  ; on  the  second  day  there  were  a 
procession  and  a contest  for  a tripod  between  cyclic  cho- 
ruses provided  by  the  choragi. 

Tkarrawaddy  (thar-a-wod'i).  A district  in 
Pegn  division,  Lower  Burma,  intersected  by 
lat.  18°  N.  Area,  2,851  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 395,570. 

Thasos  (tha'sos).  [Gr.  0a<ro<;.]  1.  An  island  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  zEgean  Sea,  intersected 
by  lat.  40°  40'  N.  It  belongs  to  Turkey,  and  is  about 
4 miles  from  the  mainland.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
It  was  colonized  from  Paros  about  the  end  of  the  8th 
century  B.  c. ; was  long  noted  for  its  gold-mines  ; belonged 
to  the  Athenian  confederacy  ; revolted  about  465  B.  c.,  but 
was  besieged  and  subjugated  by  Cimon ; was  subject  to 
Philip  V.  of  Macedon  ; and  was  a free  city  under  the  Ro- 
mans. The  inhabitants  (Greeks)  number  about  12,000. 
Length,  15  miles. 

2.  The  ancient  capital  of  Thasos,  situated  on 
the  northern  coast. 

Thatcher  (thach'er),  Benjamin  Bussey.  Born 

at  Warren,  Maine,  Oct.  8,  1809:  died  at  Boston, 
July  14,  1848.  An  American  author.  His  works 
include  “ Biography  of  North  American  Indians  ” (1832), 
“ Tales  of  the  American  Revolution  ” (1846),  etc. 

Thatcher,  Henry  Knox.  Born  at  Thomaston, 
Maine,  May  26,  1806 : died  at  Boston,  April  5, 
1880.  An  American  rear-admiral.  He  served  in  the 
attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  and  commanded  the  Western  Gulf 
Squadron  in  the  naval  operations  against  Mobile  in  1865. 
Thau  (to),  Etang  de.  A lake  in  the  department 
of  Herault,  southern  France,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean  (with  which  it  communicates 
by  a canal)  near  Cette.  Length,  12  miles. 
Thaumaturgus  (tha-ma-ter'gus).  [L.,fromGr. 
davyaTovpyo f,  wonder-working.]  A surname 
given  to  Gregory  of  Cappadocia  (3d  century),  a 
reputed  worker  of  miracles. 

Thaumaturgus  of  the  West,  The.  A name 
given  to  St.  Bernard. 

Thaxter  (thaks'ter),  Mrs.  (Celia  Leighton). 

Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  1835:  died  at  the 
Isles  of  Shoals,  Aug.  26,  1894.  An  American 
poet. 

Thayer  (thar),  Abbott  Henderson.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Aug.  12,  1849.  An  American  animal-, 
figure;,  aud  landscape-painter.  He  was  a student 
at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  under  Lehmann  and  Geronie 
1875-79.  He  was  for  two  years  president  of  the  Society 
of  American  Artists.  Among  his  pictures  are  “Virgin 
Enthroned,"  “Caritas,"  etc.  He  has  made  special  studies 
in  protective  coloration  in  the  animal  kingdom. 

Thayer,  Joseph  Henry.  Born  at  Boston,  Nov. 
7,  1828  : died  Nov.  26, 1901.  An  American  bib- 
lical scholar,  professor  at  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  1864-82,  and  at  the  Divinity  School, 
Harvai'd,  1884-1901. 

Thesetetus(the-e-te'tus).  [Gr.0Ea(Y?/rof.]  Lived 
about  the  end  of  the  5th  century  b.  c.  An 
Athenian,  a disciple  of  Socrates.  He  is  the 
principal  character  in  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  Plato’s  dialogues. 

Theagenes  (the-aj'e-nez).  [Gr.  QeayJvyc.]  A 
tyrant  of  Megara,  who  ruled  about  the  end  of 
the  7th  century  B.  c. 

Theagenes  and  Chariclea  (kar-i-kle'a).  An 
ancient  romance  by  one  Heliodorus,  written  in 
the  4th  century.  It  recounts  the  loves  and  adventures 
of  Theagenes,  a Thessalian,  and  Chariclea,  the  daughter  of 


Theagenes  and  Chariclea 

Persina,  queen  of  Ethiopia.  It  was  rendered  into  English 
prose  by  Thomas  Underdown  (1577),  and  into  French  by 
Arnyot.  It  “supplied  with  materials  many  of  the  early 
writers  of  romance.  It  was  imitated  in  the  composition  of 
Achilles  Tatius  and  subsequent  Greek  fablers ; and  was 
the  model  of  those  heroic  fictions  which,  through  the 
writings  of  Gomberville  and  Scuddry,  became  for  a con- 
siderable period  so  popular  and  prevalent  in  France” 
( Dunlop).  Also  called  JEthiopica. 

Theatins.or  Theatines  (the'a-tinz).  [From  The- 
ate  or  Teate , Chieti.  ] A monastic  order  of  regu- 
lar clerks,  founded  at  Rome  in  1524,  principally 
by  the  Archbishop  of  Chieti,  in  Italy,  with  the 
purpose  of  combating  the  Reformation.  There 
were  also  Theatin  nuns.  The  order  flourished  to  some 
extent  in  Spain,  Bavaria,  and  Poland,  but  its  influence  is 
now  confined  chiefly  to  Italy. 

Theatre,  The.  The  first  London  theater,  it  was 

a wooden  building  erected  by  James  Burbage,  the  father 
of  Richard  Burbage,  in  1576,  on  the  site  of  the  priory  of 
St.  John  the  Baptist,  Shoreditch,  which  was  destroyed  at 
the  Reformation.  It  was  taken  down  in  1598,  and  the 
Globe,  Bankside,  built  of  the  materials. 

Theatre  de  la  Foire  (ta-atr'  de  la  fwar).  [F., 
‘theater  of  the  fair.’]  A theater  set  up  by 
provincial  comedians  at  the  fairs  of  St.-Germain 
and  St. -Laurent,  outside  of  Paris.  These  theaters 
had  privileges,  in  the  interests  of  commerce,  which  the 
regular  theaters  had  not.  The  plays  were  originally  given 
by  marionettes,  and  their  performance  can  be  traced  as 
far  back  as  1596.  Le  Sage,  Fuselier,  Dominique,  Dorneval, 
Boissy,  Sedaine,  and  others  wrote  for  it,  Le  Sage  alone 
writing  more  than  100  little  pieces,  farces,  etc.,  with  or 
without  songs. 

Theatre  Franqais  (ta-atr'  froh-sa'),  Le.  The 
most  noted  theater  in  France.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Place  du  Theatre  Frangais,  Rue  St.-Honor6,  near  the 
Palais  Royal,  in  Paris.  Its  rights  having  been  restricted 
during  the  Revolution,  Napoleon  reinstated  it  in  nearly 
sole  possession  of  the  right  of  producing  classic  drama. 
Its  present  constitution  was  given  to  it  in  1830,  and  it  is 
now  the  chief  home  of  the  regular  drama,  and  receives  a 
subsidy  from  the  government.  It  has  a governing  board 
of  six,  who  in  turn  are  supervised  by  government  officials. 
It  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  fire,  March  8,  1900. 
See  Comidie  Francaise,  La. 

Theatre  Italien,  or  Les  Italiens  (ta-atr'  e-ta- 
lyan'  or  laz  e-ta-lyan').  The  name  given  to  the 
old  Italian  opera-house  in  the  Rue  Le  Peletier 
in  Paris.  For  many  years  the  lyric  drama  was  given 
here.  In  1875  the  new  opera-house  was  opened. 

Theatre  Royal.  Same  as  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
(which  see).  It  was  the  first  London  theater 
so  named. 

Thebaid  (the'ba-id),  The.  [L.  Thebais,  Gr. 
0///!cur.]  In  ancient  geography,  the  domain  of 
Thebes  in  Egypt,  or  Upper  Egypt.  It  included 
the  valley  of  the  Nile  from  about  lat.  27°  45'  N.  southward 
to  Syene  (about  lat.  24°  N.). 

Thebaid,  The.  An  epic  poem  by  Statius,  re- 
lating to  the  expedition  of  the  Seven  against 
Thebes. 

This  poem,  which  is  admitted  by  Merivale  to  be  faultless 
in  epic  execution,  and  has  been  glorified  by  the  admiration 
of  Dante,  occupied  the  author  twelve  years  in  the  compos- 
ing, probably  from  80  to  92  A.  D. 

Cruttwell,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit.,  p.  427. 

Thebaide  (ta-ba-ed'),  La.  A play  by  Racine, 
produced  June  20,  1664,  by  Moliere’s  company. 

Thebais  (the'ba-is).  A Greek  epic  poem  of  the 
Theban  cycle,  of  unknown  authorship,  relating 
to  a mythical  war  between  Argos  and  Thebes. 

Theban  (the'ban)  Cycle,  The.  A group  of  le- 
gends or  poems  relatin  g to  the  mythical  war  be- 
tween Argos  and  Thebes.  See  Cyclic  Poets,  The. 

Theban  Eagle,  or  Theban  Bard.  Pindar. 

Theban  Legion.  In  Christian  legend,  a legion 
(from  the  Thebaid  ?)  in  the  army  of  Maximian 
which  refused  to  obey  the  emperor’s  order  to 
persecute  the  Christians,  and  was  twice  deci- 
mated and  finally  exterminated  for  its  disobedi- 
ence. 

Thebaw  (the'ba).  The  last  king  of  Burma,  de- 
posed by  the  British  in  1885. 

Thebes  (tliebz).  [Gr.  6 ypai,  L.  Thebse  or  Thebe 
(also  Diospolis  Magna),  Egyptian  Cast. j A 
city  of  ancient  Egypt,  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Nile,  in  lat.  25°  38'  N.,  long.  32° 39'  E.  Thebes 

proper  was  on  the  east  bank,  and  the  Libyan  suburb  (Pa- 
thyris,  Memnonia)  on  the  west  bank  The  village  of  Luxor 
now  stands  on  the  site.  The  remains  of  antiquity  here  are 
of  great  interest.  The  Colossi,  or  statues  of  Memnon  as 
commonly  called,  are  two  huge  seated  figures,  originally 
monolithic,  of  Amenhotep  III.  (about  1500  B.  c.),  stand- 
ing, with  others  now  ruined,  before  the  ruined  temple  of 
that  king.  They  are  about  50  feet  high,  and  are  raised  on 
sandstone  pedestals  measuring  about  10  feet.  They  are 
now  much  weather-beaten  and  broken  by  earthquake 
shocks,  but  have  suffered  still  more  from  vandalism.  The 
northernmost  figure  is  the  famed  vocal  statue  of  Memnon, 
which  is  said  to  have  emitted  a sound  when  touched  by 
the  rays  of  the  rising  sun.  The  temple  of  Rameses  I. 
and  Seti  I.,  or  of  Amen-Ra,  is  entered  by  a dromos  of 
sphinxes  between  two  pylons,  the  second  of  which  is  fol- 
lowed by  a similar  dromos  before  the  fine  prostyle  colon- 
nade, whose  columns  are  of  the  early  type  resembling  stalks 
bound  together.  The  portal  opens  on  a columned  hall  sur- 
rounded by  chambers,  beyond  which  lies  a large  hall  with 
four  columns,  preceding  the  now  ruined  sanctuary.  On 


990 

both  sides  of  the  main  temple  there  are  other  halls  and 
rooms : those  on  the  west  may  have  formed  part  of  the 
royal  palace.  The  sculptures,  which  refer  to  Rameses  I., 
Seti  I.,  and  Rameses  II.,  are  of  high  interest.  The  tomb 
of  Seti  I.  (about  1400  B.  c.),  No.  17  of  the  Tombs  of  the 
Kings  (commonly  called  Belzoni’s  tomb,  from  its  discov- 
erer). is,  like  its  fellows,  a rock-cut  tomb.  At  its  entrance, 
which  is  a mere  shaft  in  the  face  of  the  cliff,  a long,  steep 
stair  descends,  followed  by  a narrow  passage,  another 
stair,  and  another  passage,  at  the  end  of  which  there  was 
a deep  pit  (now  filled),  the  continuation  of  the  passage  be- 
yond which  was  walled  up,  stuccoed,  and  painted  over 
with  scenes  continuing  those  on  the  side  walls.  Beyond  is 
a first  hall  with  four  pillars,  elaborately  sculptured  and 
painted ; then  another  hall,  and  a series  of  passages  by 
which  is  reached  the  great  hall,  27  feet  square,  with  6 pil- 
lars. A vaulted  chamber  19  by  30  feet  continues  this  hall, 
and  contained  the  alabaster  sarcophagus  of  the  king.  Other 
columned  chambers  flank  this  one,  and  still  other  passages 
and  chambers  extend  on  a lower  level  into  the  mountain, 
the  total  length  open  being  470  feet,  and  the  depth  below 
the  entrance  180.  The  continuation  of  the  tomb  is  choked, 
and  its  extent  is  unknown.  The  sculptures,  historical, 
mythological,  and  ceremonial,  with  particular  reference 
to  the  rites  of  royal  burial,  are  exceedingly  remarkable. 
With  allowance  for  endless  differences  of  detail,  this  may 
be  taken  as  a type  of  the  Tombs  of  the  Kings.  The  Tombs 
of  the  Queens,  temple  of  Rameses  III.,  Memnonium  (see 
Ramesseum),  temple  of  Luxor,  temple  of  Karnak,  obelisks, 
and  sphinxes  are  also  noteworthy.  Thebes  is  first  men- 
tioned in  the  11th  dynasty.  It  supplanted  Memphis  as  the 
great  Egyptian  center;  was  very  flourishing  in  the  18th, 
19th,  and  20th  dynasties  (Thothmes  III.,  Amenhotep  III., 
Seti,  Rameses  II.,  RamesesIII.) ; was  afterward  supplanted 
by  cities  of  the  Delta;  and  declined  under  the  Ptolemies. 
See  Karnak  and  hux<n\ 

Thebes.  [Gr.  Qijpai,  L.  Thebse  or  Thebe.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  chief  city  of  Bceotia, 
Greece,  situated  in  lat.  38°  19' N.,  long.  23°  19' 
E. : the  modern  Thiva.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Cadmus  (hence  Cadmea,  the  citadel),  and  is  celebrated 
in  connection  with  Amphion,  Zethus,  Laius  and  tEdipus, 
and  the  expeditions  of  the  Seven  against  Thebes  and  of  the 
Epigoni.  It  was  early  settled  by  the  Boeotians  from  Thes- 
saly ; had  a quarrel  with  Athens  at  the  end  of  the  Gth  cen- 
tury B.  c. ; was  allied  with  the  Persians  in  the  Persian  war ; 
was  defeated  by  Athens  at  (Enophyta  456;  and  was  under 
democratic  and  Athenian  influence  until  447  ; was  the  hit- 
ter enemy  of  Athens  in  the  Peloponnesian  war;  had  a se- 
vere struggle  with  Sparta  in  the  battle  of  Coronea  in  394; 
had  to  yield  to  Sparta  382-379  ; defeated  Sparta  at  Leuctra 
in  371,  and  at  Mantinea  in  362,  and  held  the  hegemony  in 
Greece  under  the  leadership  of  Epaminondas ; took  part  in 
the  Sacred  War ; was  allied  with  Athens  in  the  defeat  at 
ChEcronea  in  338,  and  was  severely  treated  by  Philip ; re- 
belled in  335,  but  was  retaken  by  Alexander  and  destroyed ; 
was  rebuilt  by  Cassander  ; became  insignificant  under  the 
Roman  Empire ; was  important  in  the  middle  ages  and 
noted  for  its  silk  manufactures  ; and  was  plundered  by  the 
Normans  of  Sicily  and  others.  It  was  the  reputed  birth- 
place of  Tiresias,  Amphion,  Hercules,  and  Bacchus.  Popu- 
lation of  the  modern  town,  3,491. 

Thecla  (thek'la),  Saint.  A saint  of  Iconium, 
Asia  Minor,  said  to  have  been  a disciple  of  the 
apostle  Paul. 

Theia  (the'ya).  See  Titans. 

Theiner  (ti'iier),  Augustin.  Born  at  Breslau, 
April  11,  1804:  died  Aug.  10,  1874.  A noted 
German  Roman  Catholic  historian.  He  was  pre- 
fect of  the  Vatican  archives  1855-70.  He  was  suspected 
of  misusing  his  official  position  for  the  advantage  of  the 
bishops  of  the  opposition  in  the  Vatican  Council,  and  the 
key  of  the  archives  was  taken  away  from  him.  He  pub- 
lished many  ecclesiastical  works  on  the  old  monuments 
of  Poland,  Hungary,  Russia,  etc. ; “Geschichte  des  Pontifi- 
catsClemensXlV.”  (1853) ; “Codex  diplomaticus  dominii 
temporalis  Sanctfe  Ledis  ” (1862  : on  the  temporal  power  of 
the  papacy) ; etc. 

Theiss  (tls),  Hung.  Tisza  (tis'o).  The  largest 
tributary  of  the  Danube:  the  Slavonian  Tisa, 
and  the  ancient  Pathissus,  or  Tissus,  or  Tisia 
(less  probably  Tibiscus).  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  Black  Theiss  and  White  Theiss  in  the  Carpathians  on 
the  border  of  Galicia ; Hows  west,  southwest,  and  south 
through  Hungary  ; and  empties  into  theDanub.e  26  miles 
north  by  west  of  Belgrad.  Its  principal  tributaries  arethe 
Hernad  on  the  right,  and  the  Szamos,  Koros,  Maros,  and 
Bega  on  the  left.  The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Szigeth, 
Tokay,  Szolnok,  Csdngrad,  and  Szegedin.  Length,  esti- 
mated, about  700  miles ; navigable  for  steamboats  from 
Tokay. 

Themis  (the'mis).  [L.,  from  Gr.  0e///.f.]  1.  A 

Greek  goddess,  the  personification  of  law,  order, 
and  abstract  right. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  24) 
discovered  by  De  Gasparis  at  Naples,  April  5, 
1853. 

Themistocles  (the-mis'to-klez).  [Gr.  Qe/uiero- 
ic'Afjc.  ] Born  in  the  latter  part  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury b.  c. : died  about  460  (perhaps  as  late  as 
447).  A famous  Athenian  statesman  and  com- 
mander. He  became  a political  leader  in  opposition  to 
Aristides,  who  was  ostracized  in  483  ; was  instrumental  in 
increasing  the  naval  resources  of  Athens;  induced  the 
Athenians  to  leave  Athens  for  Salamis  and  the  fleet,  and 
brought  about  the  victory  of  Salamis  in  480;  urged  on  the 
fortifications  of  Athens  and  of  the  Piraeus,  and  the  devel- 
opment of  the  naval  power  of  Athens  ■ and  was  ostracized 
about  470.  He  was  charged  with  complicity  in  the  treason 
of  Pausanias.  He  lived  in  exile  in  Argos,  Corcyra,  Epirus, 
and  elsewhere,  and  went  to  Persia  in  465,  when  lie  was  pen- 
sioned by  Artaxerxes,  and  established  himself  at  Magnesia. 

Even  after  Leonidas  had  so  gallantly  perished,  Themis- 
todes  had  great  difficulty  in  persuading  them  not  to  take 
flight  in  their  ships  ; if  once  they  went  to  sea,  he  said,  all 
was  lost.  And  then  his  reply  to  Eurybiades,  which  has 


Theodoric 

been  by  some  censured,  appears  to  me  to  have  been  one  of 
the  grandest  ever  made  by  man.  Eurybiades,  in  the  heat 
of  dispute,  shook  his  staff  in  a menacing  manner  at  him. 
“ Strike,  hut  hear,”  was  the  only  return  he  made.  To  have 
drawn  forth  the  sword  by  his  side,  and  to  have  smote  him 
dead  for  such  an  insult,  would  have  been  no  more  than 
natural ; but  any  one  could  have  done  that.  A poor  dray- 
man in  a pothouse  might  have  done  it ; but  to  forbear,  to 
waive  his  own  redress  in  order  to  extinguish  resentments, 
and  keep  the  troops  united  for  his  country’s  sake,  this  ap- 
pears to  me  truly  great ! 

Carlyle , Lects.  on  the  Hist,  of  Lit.,  p.  31. 

Thenard  (ta-nar'),  Louis  Jacques.  Bom  at 

Louptiere,  near  Nogent-sur-Seine,  France,  May 
4, 1777 : died  at  Paris,  June  21, 1857.  A French 
chemist,  professor  in  the  College  de  France : 
baron  and  peer  of  France.  He  discovered  Thfinard’s 
blue,  etc.  He  wrote  “ Traits  £l<§mentaire  de  chimie  ” (1813). 
He  worked  in  connection  with  Gay-Lussac. 

Theobald  (tbe'o-bald).  Died  1161.  An  English 
prelate,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1139-61. 

Theobald,  Lewis.  Born  at  Sittingboume,  Kent, 
England : died  1774.  An  English  playwright, 
translator,  Shaksperian  commentator,  and  his- 
torical writer.  He  published  “ Shakspere  Restored," 
abusing  Pope  (1726),  and  edited  Shakspere  (1733).  He  was 
the  original  hero  of  Pope’s  “Dunciad,”  as  a revenge  for 
“Shakspere  Restored.” 

Theocritus  (the-ok'ri-tus).  [Gr.  Oedapiroc.]  Born 
at  Syracuse : lived  in  the  3d  century  B.  c.  A 
famous  Greek  idyllic  poet.  He  lived  in  Syracuse, 
Cos,  and  Alexandria.  His  idyls  represent  the  life  of  herds- 
men, shepherds,  and  fishermen. 

Theocritus,  a Syracusan,  flourished  about  270  B.  C.,  un- 
der Ptolemy  II.  (Philadelphus),  and  is  the  Greek  repre- 
sentative of  pastoral  or  bucolic  poetry.  Shepherds  con- 
tending for  a prize  in  alternate  or  amcebseic  strains  give 
rise  to  tins  rustic  poetry,  which  was  distinctively  Dorian 
and  especially  Sicilian ; hence  Milton  calls  his  “Lycidas,” 
in  which  one  shepherd  is  supposed  to  be  mourning  for 
another,  a Doric  lay,  and  invokes  the  Sicilian  muse.  Be 
sides  some  epigrams  and  fragments,  we  have  31  short 
poems  under  the  name  of  Theocritus, — though  the  gen- 
uineness of  some  is  doubtful,— mainly  in  the  Doric  dia- 
lect. Scarcely  one  half  of  these  are  properly  pastoral  in 
subject ; but  most  of  them  may  properly  be  called  idyls, 
i.  e.  little  pictures  of  life.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  141. 

Theodelinde  (the-od'e-lind;  G.  pron.  ta-6-de- 
lin'de).  Lived  about  590.  A Bavarian  prin- 
cess and  Lombard  cpieen,  daughter  of  Garibald 
I.,  and  wife  of  Authari  and  later  of  Ago. 

Theoderic.  See  Theodoric. 

Theodora  (tke-o-do'ra).  [Gr.  QeoSupa,  gift  of 
God.]  Born  at  Constantinople,  in  Cyprus:  died 
547  or  548.  An  actress  and  courtezan  (accord- 
ing to  the  usual  account)  who  married  Justin- 
ian about  523,  and  became  Byzantine  empress  in 
527.  she  took  an  important  part  in  the  administration 
of  the  affairs  of  the  empire. 

Theodora,  surnamed  “ The  Elder.”  Lived  about 
the  beginning  of  the  10th  century.  A Roman 
woman  influential  iu  Italy  and  in  papal  affairs : 
mother  of  Marozia. 

Theodora,  “ The  Younger.”  Lived  in  the  10th 
century.  Daughter  of  Theodora  the  Elder : 
influential  at  Rome. 

Theodore  (the'o-dor)  I.  [L.  Theodoras,  from 
Gr.  Qiofieipoc,  gift  of  God ; F.  Theodore,  It.  Teo- 
dor o,  G.  Theodor,  Russ.  Feodor.']  Pope  642-649, 
au  opponent  of  the  Monothelites. 

Theodore  II.  Pope  898. 

Theodore  I.  (Lascaris).  Died  1222.  Son-in- 
law  of  Alexius  III  Angelus.  He  was  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Nicea  April  13,  1204,  on  the  storming  of  Con- 
stantinople by  the  Venetians  and  Crusaders. 

Theodore  II.  (originally  Kasa  or  Kassa).  Born 
about  1818 : committed  suicide  at  Magdala, 
April  13,  1868.  King  of  Abyssinia.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  educated  for  a priest,  but  became  a partisan 
leader.  Repeated  successes  resulted  in  the  conquest  of 
Tigrd  and  the  proclamation  of  Theodore  as  king  in  1855. 
He  also  conquered  Shoa  and  waged  war  with  the  Gallas. 
At  first  a reformer,  he  became  at  last  a cruel  despot.  His 
imprisonment  of  the  British  consul  Cameron  and  other 
Europeans  brought  about  the  intervention  of  the  English. 
Abyssinia  was  invaded  by  British  troops  under  Napier  in 
1868,  and  Magdala  was  stormed  April  13,  1868. 

Theodore  I.,  King  of  Corsica.  See  Netdwf. 

Theodore  of  Tarsus.  Died  690.  An  English 
prelate,  of  Greek  origin:  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury 668-690. 

Theodoret  (tkf-od'o-ret),  L.  Theodoretus 

(the-od-o-re'tus).  Born  at  Antioch  about  390: 
died  about  457.  A Greek  theologian,  church 
historian,  and  exegete : a member  of  the  school 
of  Antioch.  He  became  bishop  of  Cyrus  or  Cyrrlius 
(near  the  Euphrates)  about  423 ; was  deposed  about  448 : 
and  was  restored  by  the  Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451.  He 
wrote  commentaries,  controversial  works,  a continuation 
uf  tlie  history  of  Eusebius,  lives  of  ascetics,  letters,  etc. 

Theodoric  (the-od'o-rik),  “The  Great.”  [LL. 
Theodoricus,  LG r.  BeodupncSt;,  accom.  form  of  a 
Gothic  name  cognate  with  OHG.  Deotrth,  Dio- 
terih,  MHG.  Dietrich , G.  Dietrich,  ruler  of  the 
people.]  Bora  in  Pannonia  about  454:  died 
Aug.  30,  526.  A celebrated  king  of  the  East 


Theodoric 

Goths,  son  of  the  Amaling  prince  Theodemer. 

He  passed  his  boyhood  as  a hostage  at  Constantinople ; 
with  his  father  invaded  Moesia  in  473 ; and  succeeded  his 
father  about  474.  He  started  on  the  invasion  of  Italy  late 
in  488  ; repeatedly  defeated  the  Gepidse  ; and  defeated 
Odoacerat  the  Isonzo  Aug.  28,  489,  at  Verona  Sept.  30,  and 
on  the  Adda  Aug.  11,  490.  On  Feb.  27,  493,  a peace  was 
concluded  according  to  which  the  two  kings  were  to  live 
together  in  Italy,  Odoacer  as  the  military  subordinate  of 
Theodoric.  But  in  March  Odoacer  was  slain  by  Theodoric 
at  a banquet,  and  the  latter  became  the  sole  ruler  in  Italy 
and  the  founder  of  the  East-Gothic  power  there.  He  in- 
troduced many  reforms.  He  put  to  death  Boethius  and 
Symmachus.  In  medieval  German  romance  he  is  cele- 
brated as  Dietrich  von  Bern.  Also  spelled  Theoderic. 

It  is  no  wonder  that  Theoderic  became  the  subject  of 
many  fabulous  stories,  and  that  tradition  represented  his 
reign  as  having  been  almost  a kingdom  of  heaven  upon 
earth,  liven  before  the  sixth  century  closed,  men  told 
in  Italy  nearly  the  same  story  that  was  told  in  England  re- 
specting the  days  of  Alfred — how  the  great  king  had  made 
righteousness  to  prevail  in  his  realm  so  that  gold  pieces 
could  be  left  exposed  on  the  highway  for  a year  and  a day 
without  being  stolen.  Many  of  his  sayings  were  quoted 
as  proverbs  in  the  land,  and  anecdotes  were  related  to 
show  how,  like  Solomon  in  the  matter  of  the  two  mothers 
and  their  infants,  Theoderic  h id  displayed  in  the  judg- 
ment seat  his  wonderful  insight  into  human  nature.  But 
it  was  not  in  Italy  or  amongst  the  Goths  that  his  legen- 
dary fame  reached  its  highest  point.  The  whole  Teutonic 
race  regarded  his  glory  as  their  own,  and  his  imagined 
deeds  were  the  theme  of  popular  songs  in  all  the  German 
lands.  The  story  of  “Dietrich  of  Bern ’’(the  High  Ger- 
man way  of  pronouncing  “ Theoderic  of  Verona  ”)  is  in- 
deed, as  told  in  the  poems,  very  different  from  the  history 
of  the  real  Theoderic.  He  is  described  as  the  vassal  of 
Attila  and  the  foe  of  Ermanaric,  who  is  partly  confounded 
with  Odovacar ; and  in  some  of  the  songs  “Dietrich"  is 
even  represented  as  vanquished,  and  as  a fugitive  or  a 
captive.  But  amid  all  this  strange  distortion  of  the  his- 
tory, the  character  of  the  legendary  Dietrich  is  essen- 
tially that  of  the  Gothic  king. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  171. 

Theodoras.  See  Theodore. 

Theodosia  (the-o-do'shi-a).  [Gr.  Beodooia,  gift 
of  God.]  See  Feodosia. 

Theodosian  Code  (the-o-do'shi-an  kod).  A col- 
lection of  Roman  laws  from  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine to  that  of  Theodosius  II.,  comprised 
in  16  books,  first  published  a.  d.  438. 
Theodosius  (the-o-do' shi-us).  Executed  at 
Carthage  376  a.  d.’  A Roman  general,  distin- 
guished for  his  services  in  Britain,  on  the  Dan- 
ube, and  in  Africa. 

Theodosius  I.,  “ The  Great.”  Born  at  Cauca,  in 
northern  Spam,  about  346:  died  at  Milan,  Jan. 
17, 395.  Roman  emperor,  son  of  Flavius  Theodo- 
sius, a general  (chiefly  noted  for  his  campaigns 
in  Britain)  of  Valentinian  I.  He  commanded  in 
Moesia  in  374  ; was  made  joint  emperor  by  Gratian  and 
ruler  over  the  East  in  379  ; defeated  the  Goths  and  other 
invaders  ; and  after  382  enrolled  the  Goths  in  the  empire. 
After  the  death  of  Gratian  in  383,  he  had  as  colleagues 
Maximus,  Valentinian  II.,  and  Eugenius.  He  defeated 
Arbogast  and  Eugenius  at  the  Frigidus  near  Aquileia  in 
394,  and  became  sole  emperor.  In  ecclesiastical  history 
he  is  noted  for  his  submission  to  Ambrose. 

Theodosius  II.  Born  401 : died  450.  Emperor  of 
the  East,  son  of  Areadius  whom  he  succeeded 
in  408.  He  was  controlled  largely  by  his  sister  Pulche- 
ria  and  his  wife  Eudocia.  He  carried  on  war  with  Persia. 
During  his  reign  the  empire  was  invaded  by  the  Huns. 
The  Theodosian  Code  was  formed  by  his  order. 

Theodosius  III.  Byzantine  emperor  716-717. 

Theodosius,  Obelisk  of.  See  Obelisk  of  Theo- 
dosius. 

Theodule  (ta-6-dttl')  Pass,  or  Matterjoch 
(mat'ter-yoch).  A pass  over  the  Alps,  leading 
from  Zermatt  in  Switzerland  to  Val  Tournan- 
che  in  Italy.  Height,  10,900  feet. 

Theognis  (the-og'nis).  [Gr.  Beoyvtr.]  Born  in 
Megara : lived  in  the  middle  or  last  part  of  the 
6th  century  B.  c.  A celebrated  Greek  elegiac 
poet. 

Theognis  (540  B.  C.),  a Dorian  noble  of  Megara,  has  left 
us  about  1,400  elegiac  verses  in  the  Ionic  dialect  — much 
more  than  we  have  from  any  early  Greek  elegist — in  which 
he  seeks  to  impress  the  orthodox  doctrines  of  the  Dorian 
aristocracy  on  a young  Megarian  noble  named  Cyrnus,  and 
puts  in  many  quaint  bits  of  worldly  wisdom  by  the  way. 
His  tone,  and  the  respectability  of  his  views,  made  him 
a standard  author  in  Attic  schools,  and  his  text  has  been 
much  confused  by  additions.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  54. 

Theogony  (the-og'6-ni),  The.  [Gr.  Beo yovia, 
the  origin  of  the  gods.]  An  ancient  Greek  poem 
of  1,022  lines,  attributed  to  Hesiod,  treating  of 
the  origin  of  the  order  of  nature  from  chaos  and 
the  origin  of  the  gods.  It  was  a standard  work 
on  theology  among  the  Greeks. 

Theon  (the'on).  [fir.  Bhrv.]  Lived  in  the  lat- 
ter half  of  the  4th  century  a.  d.  An  Alexan- 
drian mathematician  and  astronomer,  father  of 
Hypatia.  He  wrote  a commentary  on  the  “ Al- 
magest.” 

Theophilus ( the-of ' i-lus ) . [L.,fromGr.  Be6<j>iko<;, 
one  who  loves  God;  F.  ThSophile,  It.  Sp.  Teo- 
filo,  Pg.  Theophilo,  G.  Theophilus  ( Gottlieb ).] 
In  legend,  the  administrator  of  a bishopric  in 


991 

Adana,  Asia  Minor,  said  to  have  made  a com- 
pact with  the  devil. 

Theophrastus  (the-o-fras'tus).  [L.,from  Gr. 
QedippaoToc .]  Born  at  Eresus,  Lesbos,  about  372 
B.  C. : died  288  or  287  B.  C.  A Greek  philoso- 
pher, a disciple  of  Aristotle  whom  he  succeeded 
as  head  of  the  Peripatetic  school.  He  wrote  on 
the  “History  of  Plants,”  etc. 

Theophrastus  of  Eresus  in  Lesbos  (374-287  B.  c.)  suc- 
ceeded Aristotle  at  the  head  of  the  Lyceum,  and  followed 
his  master  in  handling  physical  as  well  as  moral  science. 
We  have  from  him  two  botanical  works,  “Researches  about 
Plants,”  in  nine  books,  and  “Principles  of  Vegetable  Life," 
in  six  books,  which  show  him  to  have  been  a thorough  and 
acute  inquirer  ; also30  short,  lively  sketches  of  character — 
such  as  “ The  Flatterer,”  “ The  Grumbler,"  “The  Boastful 
Man,”  “The  Man  of  Petty  Ambition.”  These  characters 
were  the  original  models  of  those  sketches  which  English 
literature  produced  in  the  17th  century,  such  as  Hall’s 
“ Characterismes  of  Vertues  and  Vices,”  Overbury’s  “ Char- 
acters or  Witty  Descriptions  of  the  Properties  of  Sundry 
Persons,”  and  Earle's  “ Microcosmographie. ” 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  135. 

Theophrastus  Such  (the-o-fras'tus  such),  The 
Impressions  of.  A series  of  essays  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1879. 

Theopompus  (the-o-pom'pus).  [Gr.  Be6nopno^, 
sent  of  God.]  Born  in  Chios  about  378  B.  c. : 
died  about  the  end  of  the  4th  century  b.  c.  A 
Greek  historian  and  rhetorician,  the  aristocratic 
and  pro-Macedonian  leader  in  Chios.  His  chief 
works  are  “ Hellenics ” and  “Philippics ” (frag- 
ments edited  by  Muller). 

Theotocos  (the-ot'6-kos).  [From  LGr.  6eot6kos, 
bearing  God,  mother  of  God.]  The  mother  of 
God:  a title  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Also  Theot- 
okos. 

Theramenes  (the-ram'e-nez).  [Gr.  Or/pa/uv7/r.~\ 
Executed  404  b.  c.  An  Athenian  politician  and 
commander.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  oligarchic  rule  of  the  400,  which  he  later 
opposed ; served  at  Cyzicus,  Arginusse,  and  elsewhere ; was 
instrumental  in  procuring  the  condemnation  of  the  Athe- 
nian generals  after  Arginusas ; was  one  of  the  negotiators 
for  peace  with  Sparta  ; became  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  ; 
and  was  put  to  death  through  the  influence  of  Critias. 
Theresa,  or  Teresa  (te-re'sa  or  ta-ra'sa),  Saint. 
[It.  Sp.  Teresa,  Pg.  Theresa,  G.  Therese,  F.  The- 
rese. ] Born  at  Avila,  Spain,  March  28,  1515: 
died  at  Alba  de  Liste,  Spain,  1582.  A Spanish 
saint  and  author.  She  entered  the  Carmelite  order  in 
1534  ; established  a reformed  order  of  Carmelites  in  1562  ; 
and  became  famous  for  her  mystic  visions.  Her  works, 
including  “El  camino  de  la  perfeccion"  (“Way  of  Per- 
fection ”)and  “El  Castillo  interior”  (“Castle  of  the  Soul”), 
were  published  in  1587. 

Theresa  Christina  Maria.  Born  at  Naples, 
March  14, 1822:  died  at  Oporto,  Portugal,  Dec. 
28,  1889.  Empress  of  Brazil.  See  Pedro  II. 
Theresienstadt  _(ter-a'ze-en-stat),  or  Theresi- 
opel  ( ter  - a'ze  - o - pel),  or  Maria-Theresiopel 
(ma-re'a-ter-a'ze-o-pel),Hung.  Szabadka(so'- 
bod-ko).  A royal  free  city  in  the  county  of  Bacs, 
Hungary,  situated  24  miles  west-southwest  of 
Szegedin.  It  is  an  agricultural  center.  Popula- 
tion, 95,000,  (1910). 

Theresienstadt,  Slav.  Terezin  (ta-ra-zen').  A 
town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Eger,  near 
its  junction  with  the  Elbe,  32  miles  north-north- 
west  of  Prague.  It  is  the  principal  fortified 
place  in  Bohemia.  Population,  6,094,  (1910). 
Thermaic  Gulf  (ther-ma'ik  gulf).  [L.  Ther- 
maicus  Sinus.  ] The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf 
of  Saloniki. 

Thermidor  (ther-mi-dor';  F.  pron.  ter-me-dor'). 
[F.,  from  Gr.dep/ar/,  heat,  and  dupov,  a gift.]  The 
name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  first  French  republic  for  the  eleventh 
month  of  the  year.  Itconsistedof  30  days,  beginning 
in  the  years  1 to  7 with  July  19,  and  in  8 to  13  with  July  20. 
Thermidorians  (ther-mi-do'ri-anz).  The  more 
moderate  party  in  the  French  Revolution,  who 
took  part  in  or  sympathized  with  the  overthrow 
of  Robespierre  and  his  adherents  on  the  9th 
Thermidor,  year  2 (July  27,  1794). 
Thermopylae  (ther-mop'i-le).  [Gr.  Bep/ioirv'kai, 
gate  of  the  hot  springs.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a narrow  pass  from  Thessaly  to  Locris,  between 
Mount  (Eta  and  a marsh  bordering  the  Maliac 
Gulf.  The  configuration  of  the  land  has  been  somewhat 
changed  in  recent  times.  Through  it  passed  the  only  road 
from  northern  to  southern  Greece.  Here,  in  480  B.  c.,  oc- 
curred one  of  the  most  famous  conflicts  of  the  Persian  wars. 
A small  army  of  Greeks  under  Leonidas  defended  the  pass 
against  a vast  army  under  Xerxes.  Their  position  was  be- 
trayed, and  Leonidas  sent  away  his  troops,  except  300  Spar- 
tans and  700  Thespians,  who  remained  and  were  slain. 
Here,  too,  in  279  or  278  B.  c.,  the  allied  Greeks  attempted 
unsuccessfully  to  prevent  the  passage  of  the  Gauls  under 
Brennus  ; and  here,  in  191 B.  c.,  the  Romans  under  Glabrio 
defeated  Antiochus  the  Great  of  Syria. 

The  springs  at  Thermopylae  are  hot  (about  100°  Falir.) 
and  salt.  There  are  two  of  them,  which  seem  anciently 
to  have  been  devoted  respectively  to  male  and  female 


Thespis 

bathers  (Pausan.).  They  are  enclosed  within  receptacles 
of  masonry,  about  two  feet  in  depth,  from  which  in  cool 
weather  a strong  vapour  rises.  1 he  name  “ Cauldron  ” is 
thus  very  expressive.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  145. 

Theroigne  de  Mericourt  (ta-rwany'  de  ma-re- 
kor'),  Anne  Joseph  Terwagne,  called.  Born 
at  Marcouit,  Luxemburg,  Aug.  13,  1762 : died  at 
Paris,  June  9, 1817.  Aheroineof  the  Fren  eli  Re  vo- 
lution, an  adnerentoftheGirondist  party:  called 
the  “Amazon  of  the  Revolution,”  the  “Belle 
Lidgeoise,”  the  “Fury  of  the  Gironde,”  etc.  she 
played  a prominent  part  in  the  taking  of  the  Bastille,  (he 
expedition  of  the  women  to  Versailles  in  Oct.,  1789.  the 
events  of  Aug.  10,  1792,  etc.  She  was  insane  in  her  later 
years. 

Theron  (the'ron).  [Gr.  9 i/puv.~]  Tyrant  of  Agri- 
gentum  in  Sicily  488^72  B.  C.  He  ruled  also 
over  Himera. 

Ther sites (thor-si'tez).  [Gr. Bepairr/r.]  InGreek 
legend,  the  most  hateful  and  impudent  of  the 
Greeks  assembled  before  Troy.  Shakspere  in- 
troduces him  in  “Troilus  and  Cressida.” 

Thervings  (ther'vingz).  See  the  extract. 

About  the  year  200,  when  they  were  living  on  the  north 
shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  the  Gutans  or  Goths  divided  them- 
selves  into  twogreat  branches,  the  Thervings  and  the  Greu- 
tungs.  These  two  peoples  had  also  other  names  which  are 
much  betterknown  in  history.  The  Thervings  were  called 
Visigoths  (i.  e.,  West  Goths),  and  the  Greutungs  Ostro- 
goths (East  Goths).  These  latter  names  referred  at  first  to 
the  situation  which  the  two  divisions  then  occupied,  one 
east,  the  other  west  of  the  river  Dniester ; but  by  a curious 
coincidence  they  continued  to  be  appropriate  down  to  the 
latest  days  of  Gothic  history  for  when  the  Goths  con- 
quered the  south  of  Europe,  the  Visigoths  went  westwards 
to  Gaul  and  Spain,  while  the  Ostrogoths  settled  in  Italy. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  pp.  6-7. 

Theseum  (the-se'um).  [Gr.  Biiatiov.]  A temple 
at  Athens,  probably  a temple  of  Hephaestus 
(Vulcan).  It  is  one  of  the  three  most  perfect  surviving 
Greek  temples.  Itis  a Doric  peripteros  of  Pentelic  marble, 
of  6 by  13  columns,  on  a stylobate  of  3 steps  mea  uring  45J 
by  104  feet.  The  columns  are  19  feet  high  and  3 feet  5 
inches  in  base  diameter.  The  cellahas  2 columns  in  antis 
in  both  pronaos  and  opistbodomos.  The  metopes  of  the 
eastern  frieze  and  those  nearest  on  the  flanksare  sculptured 
from  the  myths  of  Hercules  and  Theseus  ; the  pediments 
were  filled  with  sculptures,  now  lost.  Over  the  antae  and 
columns  of  both  ends  of  the  cella  there  is  a sculptured 
frieze:  thaton  the  east  represents  a combat  between  Athe- 
niansandThracians ; thaton  the  west,  a fight  with  centaurs. 

Theseus  (tlie'sus  or  the'se-us).  [Gr.  Bpoive;.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  chief  hero  of  Attica : son 
of  JEgeus,  king  of  Athens,  and  iEthra,  daughter 
of  Pittheus,  king  of  Troezen.  He  was  brought  up 
at  Troezen,  and  when  hereached  maturity  setout  for  Athens, 
which  he  reached  after  wonderful  adventures,  and  where 
he  was  recognized  and  acknowledged  by  ASgeus.  He  cap- 
tured the  Marathonian  bull,  and  when  the  Athenians  sent 
their  tribute  of  youths  and  maidens  to  Minos,  he  went 
with  them  and  -lew  the  Minotaur  with  the  help  of  Ariadne, 
daughter  of  Minos,  who  fell  in  love  with  him.  She  gave 
him  a sword  and  a clue  of  thread  by  means  of  which  he 
found  his  way  through  the  labyrinth.  He  sailed  away 
with  Ariadne,  but  abandoned  her  on  the  island  of  Naxos. 
He  also  fought  with  the  Amazons,  who  in  turn  invaded  At- 
tica ; was  one  of  the  Argonauts  ; took  part  in  the  Calydo- 
nian  hunt;  and  performed  other  marvelous  exploits.  He 
was  slain  in  Scvros  by  Lycomedes. 

Theseus.  The  Duke  of  Athens,  a character  in 
Shakspere’s  “ Midsummer  Night’s  Dream.” 

The  days  of  the  Frank  duchy  of  Athens  have  almost 
passed  away  from  memory.  But  from  the  memory  of  Eng- 
lish-speaking men  at  least  they  should  not  pass  away.  It 
was  from  the  French  and  Italian  holders  of  that  duchy 
that  Shakespere  borrowed  that  title  which,  to  purely  clas- 
sical ears,  seems  so  strange,  when  Theseus  himself,  the 
legendary  statesman  who  wrought  the  union  of  the  At- 
tic towns,  was  brought  on  the  stage,  like  a De  la  Roche 
or  an  Acciaiuoli,  as  Theseus,  Duke  of  Athens.  And  doubt- 
less many  readers  of  English  and  French  history  ha  ve  been 
puzzled  when,  in  the  story  of  the  fight  of  Crecy,  a Duke  of 
Athens  appears  as  if  he  were  as  naturally  to  be  looked  for 
at  such  a moment  as  the  Count  of  Alengon  or  the  Earl  of 
Warwick.  Freeman , Hist.  Essays,  III.  295. 

Thesiger  (thes'i-jer),  Frederic  Augustus, 

second  Baron  Chelmsford.  Born  May  31, 
1827:  died  April  9,  1905.  An  Euglish  general. 
He  served  as  aide-de-camp  in  the  Crimean  campaign,  and 
as  adjutant-general  in  the  Abyssinian  campaign  of  1868; 
was  adjutant-general  of  the  forces  in  India  1869-74 ; be- 
came major-general  in  1877 ; and  had  chief  command  of 
the  British  troops  in  the  Zulu  war  of  1879  until  relieved 
by  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley.  He  gained  a decisive  victory 
over  the  Zulus  under  Cettiwayo  at  Ulundi  July  4,  1879. 

Thespiss  (thes'pi-e).  [Gr.  Beanai,  Bloneia,  Bta- 
7 no.]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Bceotia, 
Greece,  8 miles  west  by  south  of  Thebes.  The 
city  is  mentioned  by  Homer  (Catalogue).  With  Platsen  it 
refused  to  give  earth  and  water  to  the  heralds  of  Xerxes  , 
and  it  sent  to  Thermopylse  700  men  who  remained  and 
perished  with  the  Spartans.  The  Thespians  fought  at 
Plataea  in  479,  and  against  Athens  at  Delium  in  424.  The 
walls  of  the  city  were  later  destroyed  by  Thebes.  Tliespia) 
was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Eros  and  the  Muses. 

Thespian  Maids.  The  Muses.  See  Tliespise. 

Thespis  (thes'pis).  [Gr.  Gt-cunf.]  Lived  in  the 
midale  of  the  6th  century  B.  O.  An  Attic  poet, 
the  reputed  founder  of  tragedy.  He  is  said  to 
have  introduced  monologues  and  perhaps  dia- 
logues into  the  dithyrambic  choruses. 


Thesprotia 

Thesprotia  (thes-pro'ti-a),  or  Thesprotis 

(thes-pro'tis).  In  ancient  geography,  a region 
in  southwestern  Epirus,  lying  near  the  sea. 
Thessalonians  (thes-a-16'ni-anz),  Epistle  to 
the.  The  title  of  two  of  the  Pauline  epistles 
in  the  New  Testament.  The  main  theme  of 
both  epistles  is  the  second  coming  of  Christ. 
Thessalonica  (thes',/a-lo-nI'ka).  [Gr.  Qtcod/.o- 
vUri.']  The  ancient  name  of  Saloniki. 
Thessaly  (thes'a-li).  [L.  Thessalia,  from  Gr. 
QeaaaXia.]  A district  which  in  ancient  times 
formed  the  northeastern  division  of  Greece. 
It  was  bounded  by  Macedonia  on  the  north  (separated  by 
the  Cambunian  Mountains  and  Mount  Olympus),  the 
Thracian  Sea  and  Magnesia  (or  including  Magnesia)  on 
the  east,  Doris  and  Aitolia  on  the  south,  and  Epirus  on 
the  west  (separated  by  Mount  Pindus).  Thessaly  contains 
the  mountains  Ossa,  Pelion,  and  Othrys,  aud  is  traversed 
by  the  Peneius.  Its  chief  divisions  were  Perrhsebia,  Pe- 
lasgiotis,  Thessaliotis,  Hestiaeotis,  Magnesia,  and  Phthio- 
tis.  Many  of  its  cities,  mountains,  and  valleys  were  cele- 
brated in  Greek  legend.  It  was  aristocratic  and  pro-Persian 
in  its  tendencies.  The  greater  part  of  it  was  ceded  by 
Turkey  to  Greece  in  1881.  The  present  inhabitants  are 
Greeks,  with  some  Turks  and  Rumanians. 

Thetford  (thet'ford).  A town  in  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the*  Little  Ouse 
31  miles  northeast  of  Cambridge.  It  was  the 
capital  of  East  Anglia.  Thomas  Paine  was  born 
there.  Population,  4,613. 

Thetis  (the'tis).  [Gr.  Gf-nf.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  chief  of  the  Nereids : mother  by 
Peleus  of  Achilles. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  17) 
discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  April  17,  1852. 
Theuerdank  (toi'  er-dangk) . [G. , ‘ dear  thanks/] 
1.  A name  given  to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I. 
— 2.  A German  poetical  romance,  founded  on 
the  life  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.,  and  in 
*part  designed  by  him . It  was  published  in  1517. 
Theuriet  (te-re-a'),  Andre.  Born  at  Marly- 
le-Roi,  Oct.  8,  1833:  died  at  Bourg-la-Reine, 
April  23,  1907.  A French  novelist  and  poet. 
He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  1896. 

Th6venot  (tav-no'),  Jean  de.  Born  1633 : died 
1667.  A French  traveler,  nephew  of  Melchis6- 
dech  Th4venot.  He  made  journeys  in  the  East  1655- 
1659,  and  traveled  again  in  the  East,  particularly  in  Per- 
sia and  India,  1664-67.  His  collected  “Voyages"  were  pub- 
lished in  1689. 

Th6venot,  Ivlelchisedech.  Born  about  1620: 
died  1692.  A French  scholar.  He  published 
“Relations  de  divers  voyages”  (1663-72),  etc. 
Thiaki  (the-a'ke).  A modern  name  of  Ithaca. 
Thibaudeau  (te-bo-do'),  Comte  Antoine 
Claire  de.  Born  at  Poitiers,  France,  March  23, 
1765:  died  at  Paris,  March  1,  1854.  A French 
politician  and  historian.  He  became  deputy  to  the 
Convention  in  1792,  and  a member  of  the  Mountain ; be- 
came president  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  Feb., 
1796  ; was  ennobled  by  Napoleon  I.;  lived  in  exile  under 
the  Bourbons ; and  was  made  senator  by  Napoleon  III. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Mdmoires  sur  la  Convention  et  le 
Directoire”  (1824),  “Mdmoires  sur  le  Consulat”  (1826), 
“ Histoire  gdndrale  de  Napollon  Bonaparte" (1827-28), etc. 
Thibaut  (te-bo')  XV.,  Count  of  Champagne  and 
King  of  Navarre.  Born  1201:  died  1253.  A 
French  ruler,  noted  as  a poet. 

Thibaut  de  Champagne,  King  of  Navarre, ...  is  indeed 
the  most  important  single  figure  of  early  French  lyrical 
poetry.  . . . Thibaut’s  poems  have  been  more  than  once  re- 
printed, the  last  edition  being  that  of  M.  Tarbd  ; this  con- 
tains eighty-one  pieces,  not  a few  of  which,  however,  are 
probably  the  work  of  others.  The  majority  of  them  are 
Chansons  d'Amour.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  68. 

Thibet.  See  Tibet. 

Thierry,  or  Thierri  (ti-er'i;  F.  pron.  tya-re'),  I., 
or  Theodoric  (the-od'o-rik).  Died  534.  King 
of  Austrasia:  son  of  Clovis,  and  one  of  his  suc- 
cessors in  511. 

Thierry  II.  Died  613.  King  of  Burgundy  and 
later  of  Austrasia,  second  son  of  Childebert  II. 
Thierry  III.  Died  691  (692?).  King  of  the 
Franks,  a younger  son  of  Clovis  II. 

Thierry  IV.  Died  737.  King  of  the  Franks,  one 
of  the  “ rois  faineants.”  The  government  was 
administered  by  Charles  Martel.  See  Charles. 
Thierry  (tya-re').  Amedee  Simon  Dominique. 
Born  at  Blois,  France,  Aug.  2, 1797 : died  at  Pa- 
ris, March  26,  1873.  A French  historian  and 
politician,  brother  of  J.  N.  A.  Thierry.  He  was  for 
a time  professor  atBesamjon  ; after  the  revolution  of  1830 
was  prefect  of  the  upper  Sadne ; and  later  held  other  politi- 
cal offices.  He  was  made  a senator  in  1860.  He  wrote 
“Histoire  des  Gaulois”  (1828),  “Histoire  de  la  Gaule  sous 
Tadministration  romaine'’  (1S4CM7),  “Histoire  d'Attila” 
(1866),  "Tableau  de  l’empire  romain”  (1862),  “Rdcits  de 
l'histoire  romaine  "(I860, 1864),  “ Saint-JdrOme”  (1867),  etc. 

Thierry,  J acques  Nicolas  Augustin.  Born  at 
Blois,  May  10, 1795:  died  at  Paris,  May  22, 1856. 
An  eminent  French  historian.  He  obtained  a free 
scholarship  at  the  college  of  his  native  town,  and  graduated 
with thehighest honors.  Then  hetookatwoyears'courseof 
studyattheEcoleNormalein  Paris  (1811-13),  and  fitted  him- 
self for  a teacher.  After  a brief  stay  in  a provincial  college, 


992 

he  returned  to  Paris  to  follow  up  literature  as  a means  of 
livelihood.  For  a while  he  worked  in  collaboration  with 
the  philosopher  Saint-Simon,  and  published  with  him  3 
books  (1814-17).  Then  he  contributed  several  original 
papers  to  various  periodical  publications.  These  papers 
he  subsequently  fused  together,  and  composed  in  this  way 
his  “Histoire  de  la  conquete  de  l’Angleterre  par  les  Nor- 
mands”  (1825)  and  his  “Lettres  sur  1 histoire  de  France” 
(1827).  In  1826  he  became  completely  broken  down  in 
health,  and  was  left  blind  and  paralyzed.  The  remainder 
of  his  literary  work  was  done  through  the  medium  of 
secretaries.  With  their  help  he  published  his  “Dix  ans 
d’dtudes  historiques”  (1834),  his“Rdcits  des  temps  mdro- 
vingiens  ”(1840),  and  an“  Essai  sur  l'histoire  de  la  formation 
et  des  progres  du  tiers-dtat”  (1853). 

Thierry  and  Theodoret.  A play  by  Fletcher, 
Massinger,  and  another,  published  in  1621 
(written  a few  years  earlier). 

Thiers  (tyar).  A town  in  the  department  of 
Puy-de-Dome,  France,  situated  on  the  Durolle 
24  miles  east-northeast  of  Clermont-Ferrand. 
Cutlery  is  made  here  and  in  the  vicinity.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  17,418. 

Thiers,  Louis  Adolphe.  Born  at  Marseilles, 
April  15,  1797 : died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1877.  A distinguished  French 
statesman  and  historian.  He  studied  law'at  Aix,  and 
in  1821  went  to  Paris,  where  he  became  a journalist.  His 
“Histoire  de  la  revolution  frangaise”  appeared  1823-27. 
In  1830  he  established  with  Mignet  and  Armand  Carrel 
the  “National,”  which  contributed  greatly  to  the  down- 
fall of  the  Bourbons.  He  was  a prominent  supporter  of 
Louis  Philippe,  and  held  various  cabinet  positions  18 ,2-36 
(premier  Feb. -Aug.,  1836).  In  March,  1840,  he  again  be- 
came  premier : resigned  in  Oct.  His  principal  work,  ‘ His- 
toire du  consulat  et  de  l’empire,  ” was  published  1845-62. 
He  was  a conspicuous  member  of  the  Constituent  and 
Legislative  assemblies  1848-51,  and  was  arrested  by  Napo- 
leon III.  at  the  time  of  the  coup  d'dtat  in  1851.  In  1&63 
he  was  elected  to  the  Corps  Ldgislatif,  where  he  led  the 
opposition  to  the  imperial  regime.  He  protested  against 
the  declaration  of  war  in  1870,  on  the  ground  that  France 
was  not  ready.  He  conducted  the  negotiations  for  an 
armistice  with  Germany,  was  elected  to  the  National  As- 
sembly, and  was  chosen  chief  of  the  executive  power  Feb. 
17,  1871.  He  negotiated  the  peace  with  Germany,  sup- 
pressed the  insurrection  of  the  Commune,  and  by  his  ex- 
traordinary energy  and  admirable  financiering  freed  his 
country  of  foreign  occupation  before  the  stipulated  time. 
On  Aug.  31, 1871,  he  was  declared  by  the  Assembly  presi- 
dent of  the  republic  fora  term  of  three  years,  and  resigned 
May  24,  1873.  He  was  a member  of  the  Academy  from 
1834. 

Thing  (ting).  [Not  from  AS.  thing,  a council, 
but  repr.  Icel.  thing,  au  assembly,  conference, 
= Sw.  Dan.  ting,  a court,  a place  of  assembly, 
a legal  trial.]  In  Scandinavian  countries  and 
in  regions  largely  settled  by  Scandinavians  (as 
the  east  and  north  of  England),  an  assembly, 
public  meeting,  parliament,  or  court  of  law. 
Also  Ting. 

Thionvilie  (tyon-vel').  The  French  name  of 
Diedenhofen. 

Thira.  See  Santonin. 

Thirlwall  (tberl'wal),  Connop.  Born  at  Step- 
ney, London,  Feb.  11,  1797:  died  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, July  27, 1875.  An  English  historian,  critic, 
and  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of  St.  David's  1840-74.  His 
chief  work  is  a “History  of  Greece”  (1835-44). 

Thirteen  Communes.  See  Tr edict  Comuni. 
Thirty,  Battle  of  the.  A fight  between  thirty 
Bretons  and  thirty  Englishmen,  pitted  by  Jean 
de  Beaumanoir  and  Bemborough,  an  English- 
man, against  each  other,  to  decide  a contest. 
The  fight  is  said  to  have  taken  place  between  the  castles 
of  Josselin  and  Ploerrael  in  France  in  1351.  The  English 
were  beaten. 

Thirty  Tyrants,  The.  1 . An  aristocratic  body 
which  usurped  the  government  of  Athens  404— 
403  B.  c.  The  most  notable  was  Critias.  They 
were  expelled  by  the  democratic  party  under 
the  lead  of  Thrasybulus. — 2.  A popular  name 
given  collectively  to  the  body  of  pretenders 
to  the  Roman  Empire  under  the  reigns  of  Vale- 
rian, Gallienus,  etc.  Among  them  were  Tet- 
ricus  and  Odenatlius. 

Thirty  Years’  War,  The.  A religious  and  po- 
litical war  in  central  Europe  which  involved 
Germany  and  various  countries.  It  was  caused  by 
the  friction  between  the  Protestants  and  Catholics  in  the 
Empire ; and  the  immediate  occasion  was  the  infringe- 
ment by  the  court  of  Austria  of  the  rights  of  the  Bohemian 
Protestants,  who  in  May,  1618,  rose  in  revolt  under  the 
lead  of  Count  Thurn.  The  following  were  the  main  events: 
In  1619  the  emperor  Matthias  died,  and  was  succeeded  in 
the  Hapsburg  dominions  and  as  emperor  by  Ferdinand 
II..  but  Frederick  V.,  elector  of  the  Palatinate,  was  chosen 
as  a rival  king  by  the  Bohemians ; in  Nov.,  1620,  the  Cath- 
olic League  defeated  Frederick  at  the  White  Mountain; 
in  1622  Tilly  and  the  Catholic  League  were  victorious  at 
Wimpfen  and  Hochst ; in  1625  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark 
became  the  leader  of  the  Protestants ; in  1626  Tilly  defeated 
Christian  IV.  at  Lutter,  and  Wallenstein,  the  Imperialist 
general,  defeated  Mansfeld  at  Dessau  : in  1629  the  edict  of 
Restitution  was  issued  by  Ferdinand  II  (see  Restitution) ; 
in  1630  Wallenstein  was  dismissed,  while  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus of  Sweden  became  the  Protestant  leader.  The  events 
of  1631  were  the  storming  of  Magdeburg  by  Tilly  and  the 
victory  of  Gustavus  at  Breitenfeld  ; of  1632,  the  successes  of 
Gustavus,  the  reentry  of  Wallenstein  to  the  Imperialist  ser- 


Thomas  the  Rhymer 

vice,  and  the  victory  and  death  of  Gustavus  at  Liitzen  (Nov. 
16) ; of  1634,  the  murder  of  Wallenstein,  and  the  Imperial- 
ist victory  at  NOrdlingen;  of  1635,  the  treaty  of  Prague 
between  Saxony  and  Ferdinand  II.,  and  the  interference  of 
France  on  the  Protestant  side  under  the  lead  of  Richelieu  ; 
of  1636,  the  victory  of  the  Swedes  at  Wittstock ; of  1637’ 
the  accession  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III. ; of  1642,  the 
victory  of  the  Swedes  at  Breitenfeld  ; and  of  1643, 1644,  and 
1645,  generally  French  and  Swedish  victories  under  Cond4, 
Turenne,  and  Torstenson.  In  1648  the  war  was  terminated 
by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  (which  see).  In  general  the 
Protestants  were  strong  in  northern  Germany,  the  Catho- 
lics in  southern  Germany.  Spain  was  the  chief  ally  of  the 
emperor ; France,  Sweden,  and  Denmark  were  the  princi- 
pal allies  of  the  Protestants.  The  main  profits  of  the  war 
fell  to  France  and  Sweden.  Germany  suffered  severely  in 
loss  of  life,  property,  and  morale. 

This  (this).  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in 
Upper  Egypt,  near  Abydus  or  perhaps  identi- 
cal with  it. 

Thisbe(thiz'he).  [Gr.9  iofb/.']  In  classical  legend, 
a maiden  of  Babylon, beloved  by  Pvramus.  Living 
in  adjoining  houses,  they  were  able  to  converse  through  a 
hole  in  the  wall  without  the  knowledge  of  their  parents, 
who  opposed  their  marriage.  A rendezvous  was  appointed 
at  the  tomb  of  Ninus.  Thisbe,who  appeared  first,  was  fright- 
ened by  a lion,  and,  running  away,  dropped  her  mantle 
which  the  beast  soiled  with  blood.  Pyramus,  seeing  the 
blood,  and  believing  that  Thisbe  had  been  slain,  killed  him- 
self under  a mulberry-tree,  the  fruit  of  which  was  ever 
after  blood-red.  Sliakspere  introduced  the  story  in  the 
farcical  interlude  in  the  “Midsummer  Night’s  Dream.” 
Thistle  (this'l).  A steel  yacht  (cutter),  designed 
by  George  L.  Watson,  and  launched  at  Glasgow 
April  21,  1887.  Her  principal  dimensions  were  : length 
over  all,  108.06  feet;  length  at  water  line,  86.46;  beam, 
20.03;  draught,  13.80;  displacement,  about  138 tons.  She 
was  designed  expressly  to  capture  the  America’s  cup,  but 
lost  the  cup  races  to  Volunteer.  She  was  afterward  sold 
to  the  Emperor  of  Germany  and  rechristened  Meteor. 
Thlinkit,  or  Thlinkeet.  See  Kolusclian. 
Tholen  (to'len).  1.  An  island  in  Zealand,  Neth- 
erlands, situated  northeast  of  the  East  Schelde 
and  22  miles  northwest  of  Antwerp.  Length, 
9 miles. — 2.  A small  town  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  island  of  Tholen. 

Tholuck  (to'lok),  Friedrich  August  Gotttreu. 

Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  March  30,  1799 : died 
at  Halle,  Prussia,  June  10,  1877.  A German 
Protestant  theologian  and  preacher,  professor 
of  theology  at  Halle  from  1826.  He  was  educated 
at  Breslau  and  at  Berlin,  where  he  was  appointed  professor 
(extraordinary)  in  1823.  His  works  include  “Die  Lehre 
vom  Sunder  und  Versohner”(“The  Doctrine  of  the  Sinner 
and  Redemption  ”),“Stundender  Andacht”  (“Hours  of  De- 
votion, ” 1840),  commentaries  on  Romans,  .Tolin,  the  Sermon 
on  theMount,  Hebrews,  and  Psalms,  an  answer toStrauss’s 
“Leben  Jesu”  (“Glaubwiirdigkeit  der  evangtlischen  Ge- 
schichte,”1837),  “ VorgeschichtedesRationalismus  ’(1853- 
1862),  “Geschichte  des  Rationalismus  ” (1865),  etc. 

Thomas  (tom'as),  Saint,  or  Didymus.  [Heb., 
‘a  twin’ ; Gr.  Qu/xac ; L.  Didymus,  from  Gr.  6 didv- 
goc,  a twin;  It.  Tommaso,  Sp.  Tomas,  Pg.  Tho- 
mas or  Thomaz.']  One  of  the  twelve  apostles : 
according  to  tradition,  an  evangelist  in  Parthia 
and  India,  where  he  suffered  martyrdom. 
Thomas  of  Erceldoune.  See  Thomas  theBhymer. 
Thomas  of  London.  Born  at  London,  1118: 
murdered  in  Canterbury  cathedral,  Dec  29, 
1170.  An  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  the  son  of  a rich  merchant,  and  his 
career  was  advanced  by  Theobald,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, in  whose  household  he  was  about  1142.  He  became 
archdeacon  of  Canterbury  in  1154,  and  chancellor  of  Henry 
II.  in  1155,  an  office  he  filled  with  great  magnificence : and, 
though  only  in  deacon’s  orders,  was  suddenly  appointed 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1162.  He  became  a strong 
advocate  of  the  church’s  rights,  defending  her  against  the 
king  whose  partizan  he  had  previously  been.  He  refused 
to  consent  to  the  constitutions  of  the  Council  of  Clarendon, 
curtailing  clerical  privileges,  but  was  prevailed  upon  to 
do  so  by  the  Pope.  He  was  tried  by  Henry  for  breach  of 
allegiance  in  endeavoring  to  leave  the  country  after  this, 
and  his  property  was  confiscated  and  his  ecclesiastical 
revenue  sequestered.  He  finally  escaped  to  France,  and 
thence  to  Rome,  where  the  Pope  reinstalled  him  in  his 
see.  After  much  correspondence  and  many  threats  of  ex 
communication  against  the  English  bishops,  he  was  recon- 
ciled with  Henry  in  1170,  and  returned  to  England;  but 
his  temper  was  as  haughty  as  ever,  and  Henry  prayed  “to 
be  rid  of  this  turbulent  priest."  Four  knights,  overhearing 
this  hasty  exclamation,  slew  Becket  before  the  altar  of  St. 
Benedict  in  the  north  transept  of  Canterbury  cathedral, 
Dec.  29,  1170.  In  1173  he  was  canonized,  and  in  1220  his 
bones  were  removed  to  Trinity  Chapel,  where  they  were 
for  several  centuries  the  object  of  pilgrimages.  Chaucer’s 
“ Canterbury  Tales  "were  told  on  a pilgrimage  to  his  shrine. 
Henry  VIII.  destroyed  it,  and  burned  and  scattered  his 
bones.  Also  Thomas  Becket  or  a Bccket. 

Thomas  of  Woodstock,  Duke  of  Gloucester. 
Born  at  Woodstock,  England,  Jan.  7,  1355: 
murdered  at  Calais,  France,  Sept.  8 ( ?),  1397. 
The  youngest  son  of  Edward  III.,  a leading  pol- 
itician in  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 

Thomas  the  Rhymer,  or  Thomas  of  Ercel- 
doune (nowEarlston).  Livedaboutl220?-1297? 
A Scottish  poet,  noted  in  folk-lore  and  Arthu- 
rian legend  as  a prophet  and  a guide  to  the 
mvsterious  halls  beneath  the  Eildon  Hills.  Ac- 
cording to  the  popular  story,  the  Queen  of  Faery  came  to 
him  as  he  Bat  under  the  Eildon  tree,  and  earned  him  to 


Thomas  the  Rhymer 

Fairyland,  where  they  lived  in  happiness  for  three  years, 
at  the  end  of  which  time  she  brought  him  back  to  the  Eildon 
tree  and  told  him  of  many  things  that  were  to  happen  in 
the  wars  between  England  and  Scotland.  He  was  called 
“True  Thomas"  from  the  truth  of  these  prophecies.  He 
finally  disappeared  in  a forest,  following  a hart  and  hind, 
and  was  seen  no  more.  (Compare  Tannhduser.)  “The  Ro- 
mance :.nd  Prophecies  of  Thomas  of  Erceldoune  ” has  been 
edited  by  Dr.  Murray  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
(1875).  Sir  Walter  Scott  attributed  to  him  the  poem  “ Sir 
Tristrem,”  a 13th-century  romance,  which  he  edited  from 
the  Auchinleck  MS.  in  1804 ; but  it  is  not  now  thought  to 
be  his.  “Sir  Tristrem  "was  edited  by  McNeill  in  1886 
for  the  Scottish  Text  Society. 

The  charter  [dated  1299,  in  which  his  son  describes  him- 
self as  the  heir  of  Thomas  Rymour  de  Erceldon]  quoted 
in  the  “ Minstrelsy  ” contains  written  evidence  that  the 
epithet  of  Rymour  was  peculiar  to  our  Thomas,  and  was 
dropped  by  his  son,  who  designates  himself  simply  Thomas 
of  Erceldoune,  son  of  Thomas  the  Rymour  of  Erceldoune ; 
which  I think  is  conclusive  upon  the  subject.  In  all  this 
discussion,  I have  scorned  to  avail  myself  of  the  tradition 
of  thecountry,  as  well  as  the  suspicious  testimony  of  Boece, 
Dempster,  &c.,  grounded  probably  upon  that  tradition, 
which  uniformly  affirms  the  name  of  Thomas  to  have  been 
Learmont  or  Leirmont,  and  that  of  the  Rhymer  a personal 
epithet.  . . . Certain  it  is  that  his  castle  is  called  Leir- 
mont’s  Tower,  and  that  he  is  as  well  known  to  the  country 
people  by  that  name  as  by  the  appellation  of  the  Rhymer. 
Letter  from,  Scott  to  George  Ellis,  in  Lockhart,  I.  217. 

Thomas,  Annie.  See  Cudlip,  Mrs. 

Thomas  (td-ma'),  Charles  Ambroise.  Born  at 
Metz,  Aug.  5, 1811:  died  Feb.  12, 1896.  A French 
composer,  director  of  the  Conservatory  in  Paris. 
Among  his  works  are  the  operas  “Mignon” 
(1866),  “Hamlet”  (1868). 

Thomas  (tom'as),  Edith  Matilda.  Born  at 
Chatham,  Ohio,  in  1854.  An  American  poet. 

Among  her  works  are  “A  New  Year’s  Masque"  (1885), 
“The  Round  Year"  (1886),  “Lyrics  and  Sonnets”  (1887). 

Thomas  (tom'as),  George  Henry.  Bom  in 

Southampton  County,  Y a.,  July  31, 1816:  died  at 
San  Francisco,  March  28, 1870.  A distinguished 
American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1840 ; served  in  the  Seminole  war ; was  distinguished  in  the 
Mexican  war  at  Monterey  in  1846  and  Buena  Vista  in  1847  ; 
was  instructor  at  West  Point  1851-54 ; and  served  in  Texas 
until  the  Civil  War.  He  was  appointed  colonel  in  May, 
1861,  and  served  under  Patterson ; was  appointed  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  and  transferred  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland  in  Aug.,  1861 ; gained  the  victory 
of  Mill  Springs  Jan.  19, 1862 ; was  distinguished  at  Perry- 
ville  Oct.  8,  and  as  commander  of  the  center  at  Murfrees- 
boro; and  became  famous  for  his  defense  of  the  Union 
position  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20,  1863 
(hence  called  “the  Rock  of  Chickamauga").  On  Oct.  19, 
1863,  he  was  made  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland, with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general ; and  fought  at 
the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  and  with  Sherman  in  the  in- 
vasion of  Georgia  in  1864.  He  was  sent  to  Tennessee  to 
repel  Hood’s  invasion  in  Sept.,  1864,  and  defeated  Hood  at 
Nashville  Dec.  15-16,  1864.  He  was  promoted  major-gen- 
eral in  the  regular  army  and  organized  cavalry  operations 
(capture  of  Davis,  etc.)  in  1865.  He  was  commander  of 
military  divisions  and  departments  in  Tennessee,  etc.,  and 
lastly  of  the  military  division  of  the  Pacific  1869-70. 

Thomas,  Joseph.  Born  in  Cayuga  County,  N.  Y. , 
Sept.  23, 1811 : died  Dec.  24, 1891.  An  American 
author.  He  was  educated  as  a physician,  and  was  for  a 
time  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Haverford  College. 
He  was  associated  with  Baldwin  in  compiling  the  “Pro- 
nouncing Gazetteer”  (1845);  edited  the  biographical  and 
geographical  vocabularies  to  Webster’s  dictionaries;  col- 
laborated with  Baldwin  in  the  compilation  of  “A  New 
and  Complete  Gazetteer  of  the  United  States”  and  of 
“Lippincott’s  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  of  the  World  ” (1855); 
and  edited  “ A Comprehensive  Medical  Dictionary  ” (1864  : 
revised  1886)  and  Lippineott’s  “Pronouncing  Dictionary 
of  Biography  and  Mythology"  (1870-71).  He  wrote  also 
“ Travels  in  Egypt  and  Palestine  ’’  (1853),  etc. 

Thomas,  Lorenzo.  Bom  at  Newcastle,  Del., 
Oct.  26,  1804 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  March 
2, 1875.  An  American  general.  He  served  in  the 
Seminole  war ; was  chief  of  staff  to  Butler  in  the  Mexican 
war.  and  later  chief  of  staff  to  Scott ; was  adjutant-general 
in  the  Civil  War ; and  was  appointed  by  Johnson  secretary 
of  war  ad  interim  1868  (but  did  not  serve). 

Thomas,  Philemon.  Bom  in  North  Carolina, 
1764:  died  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  1847.  An 
American  officer  and  politician . He  was  leader  of 
the  West  Florida  insurrection  against  Spain  1810-11,  and 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1831-35. 
Thomas,  Theodore.  Bom  at  Esens,  Hannover, 
Oct.  11, 1835 : died  at  Chicago,  Jan.  4, 1905.  An 
American  musical  conductor.  He  first  appeared 
about  1841  as  a violinist.  He  was  brought  to  the  United 
States  in  1845,  and  was  first  and  solo  violin  in  concerts  and 
opera  till  1861.  From  1855  to  1869  he  gave  a series  of  con- 
certs of  chamber-music ; and  his  symphony  concerts  in 
New  York,  begun  in  1864,  were  given  every  season  (except 
from  1869  to  1872)  until  1878,  when  he  became  director  of 
the  College  of  Music  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He  returned  to 
New  York  in  1880,  and  made  it  the  headquarters  of  his 
orchestra  till  1891,  when  he  removed  to  Chicago.  He  was 
mainly  instrumental  in  developing  the  musical  taste  of 
the  country  by  his  series  of  orchestral  concerts,  as  well  as 
by  his  work  as  conductor  of  the  New  York  and  Brooklyn 
Philharmonic  Societies,  of  the  New  York  Chorus  Society, 
the  Cincinnati  festivals,  the  Chicago  Orchestra,  etc. 

Thomas  a Kempis  (kem'pis):  properly  Thomas 
Hammer  ken  or  Hamerken.  Born  at  Kempen, 
Rhenish  Prussia,  about  1380 : died  near  Zwolle, 
Netherlands,  July  25,  1471.  A German  mystic 
c— 63 


993 

and  ascetic  writer,  generally  regarded  as  the 
author  of  “De  imitatione  Christi”  (“Imitation 
of  Christ,”  I486)  (which  see).  He  entered  the 
Augustinian  convent  Agnetenberg,  near  Zwolle,  in  1407, 
and  became  subprior  in  1423,  and  again  in  1447. 

Thomas  Aquinas,  or  of  Aquino.  See  Aquinas, 
Thomas. 

Thomas  Becket  or  a Becket.  See  Thomas  of 
London. 

Thomists  ( to  'mists) . The  followers  of  Thomas 
Aquinas.  He  held  two  sources  of  knowledge  — faith  and 
reason — the  doctrines  of  unconditional  predestination  and 
efficacious  grace,  and  a physical  as  well  as  a moral  efficacy ; 
and  denied  the  doctrine  of  the  immaculate  conception. 
His  theology,  embodied  in  his  great  work  “Summa  theo- 
logian," was  based  on  a philosophical  system  rather  than 
on  either  the  Bible  or  the  traditional  teaching  of  the 
church.  It  was  an  attempt  to  reconcile  Aristotelian  phi- 
losophy with  the  Christian  faith.  It  is  of  very  high  author- 
ity in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  its  influence  is 
great  even  outside  of  that  church. 

Thompson  (tomp'son),  Benjamin,  Count  Rum- 
ford.  Born  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  March  26, 1753: 
died  at  Auteuil,  near  Paris,  Aug.  21, 1814.  An 
American  scientist  and  Bavarian  administrator. 
Having  been  refused  a commission  in  the  Continental 
army,  he  offered  his  services  to  the  British,  and  in  1776  was 
sent  to  England  with  despatches  from  General  William 
Howe.  Here  he  was  given  a place  in  the  administrative 
service  by  Lord  George  Germaine,  secretary  of  state  for 
the  colonies,  and  rose  to  the  post  of  under-secretary  of 
state  (1780).  He  was  elected  a fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci- 
ety in  1779.  On  the  retirement  of  his  patron,  he  returned 
in  1781  to  America,  and  raised  in  New  York  the  “King’s 
American  Dragoons,”  of  w hich  he  was  commissioned  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. He  returned  to  England  before  the  close 
of  the  war,  and  in  1784  accepted  a confidential  appoint- 
ment with  the  rank  of  aide-de-camp  and  chamberlain  at 
the  court  of  the  Elector  of  Bavaria.  He  reorganized  the 
military  establishment  of  Bavaria,  and  introduced  impor- 
tant economic  and  other  reforms,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  rapidly  promoted  to  the  highest  offices  in  the  state, 
including  those  of  commander-in-chief  of  the  general  staff, 
minister  of  war,  and  superintendent  of  the  police.  He 
was  created  a count  in  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  in  1791. 
Owing  to  illhealth  he  quitted  Bavaria  about  1798,  and  was 
for  a time  a private  agent  of  Bavaria  in  England.  He  re- 
moved to  Paris  in  1802,  and  in  1804  married  as  his  second 
wife  the  widow  of  the  French  chemist  Lavoisier.  The  rest 
of  his  life  was  spent  at  his  wife’s  villa  in  Auteuil.  He  gave 
§5,000  to  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and 
a like  amount  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  to  found 
prizes  bearing  his  name  for  the  most  important  discov- 
eries in  heat  and  light.  He  left  to  Harvard  the  funds 
with  which  the  Foimford  professorship  of  the  physical  and 
mathematical  sciences  as  applied  to  the  useful  arts  has 
been  erected. 

Thompson,  Elizabeth.  See  Butler,  Lady. 

Thompson,  Jacob.  Born  in  Caswell  County, 
N.  C.,  May  15, 1810:  died  at  Memphis,  Tenn., 
March  24,  1885.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Mississippi 
1839-51  ; secretary  of  the  interior  1857-61 ; governor  of 
Mississippi  1862-64 ; and  Confederate  agent  in  Canada. 

Thompson,  Joseph  Parrish.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Aug.  7, 1819 : died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  20, 
1879.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
theological  writer,  and  Egyptologist.  He  was 
pastor  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle,  New  York,  1845-71, 
and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  “New  Englander”  and  of  t lie 
“Independent.”  He  lived  in  his  later  years  at  Berlin.  His 
works  include  “ Egypt,  Past  and  Present  ” (1856),  ‘ ‘ Theology 
of  Christ”  (1870),  “ Church  and  State  in  the  United  States  ” 
(1874),  and  “ Life  of  Christ  ” (1875). 

Thompson,  Launt.  Born  in  Queen’s  County, 
Ireland,  1833 : died  at  Middletown,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
26,  1894.  An  American  sculptor. 

Thompson,  Richard  Wigginton.  Born  in  Cul- 
peper County,  Va.,  June  9,  1809:  died  at  Terre 
Haute,  Ind.,  Feb.  9, 1900.  An  American  politi- 
cian. He  was  a Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana 
1841-43  and  1847-49 ; and  secretary  of  the  navy  1877-81. 

Thompson,  Robert  Ellis.  Bom  near  Lurgan, 
Ireland,  1844.  An  American  educator,  editor,  and 
economist : an  advocate  of  protection.  He  was 
editor  of  the  “Penn  Monthly”  and  the  “American,”  and 
was  the  first  editor  of  the  “American  Supplement ’’to  the 
“Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ”;  was  formerly  professor  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania ; and  in  1894  became  principal 
of  the  Central  High  School,  Philadelphia. 

Thompson,  Smith.  Born  at  Stanford,  N.  Y., 
Jan.,  1768:  died  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
18,  1843.  An  American  jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York 
1814-18;  secretary  of  the  navy  1818-23;  and  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1823-43. 

Thompson,  Thomas  Perronet  or  Peronnet. 

Born  at  Hull,  England,  March  15,  1783 : died 
Sept.  6, 1869.  An  English  politician  and  mathe- 
matician. He  studied  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge ; 
entered  the  navy  in  1803 ; and  in  18136  wentover  to  the  army. 
In  1808  he  was  made  governor  of  Sierra  Leone  through  the 
influence  of  Wilberforce,  but  was  recalled  in  the  second  year 
of  office.  He  served  with  the  army  in  the  Pyrenees,  India, 
and  Persia,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  general  in  1868.  In 
1835  he  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Hull.  He 
published  “ A Catechism  of  the  Corn  Laws”  (1827),  a telling 
pamphlet.  His“Theory  of  Just  Intonation'’ (1850)  was  an 
early  contribution  to  the  principles  of  musical  acoustics 
that  have  been  developed  as  the  tonic  sol-fa  system.  He 
was  for  a time  proprietor  and  joint  editor  of  the  "West- 
minster Review.” 


Thoreau 


Thompson,  Waddy.  Born  at  Pickeusville,  S.C., 
Sept.  8,  1798;  died  at  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  Nov. 
23,  1868.  An  American  politician.  He  was  Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1835-41,  and 
United  States  minister  to  M exico  1842-44.  He  wrote  “Rec- 
ollections of  Mexico” (1846). 

Thomson  (tom'son ),  Sir  Charles  W y ville.  Bom 

at  Bonsyde, Linlithgowshire. March  5, 1830:  died 
at  Edinburgh,  March  10, 1882.  A noted  Scottish 
biologist.  He  lectured  on  botany  at  Aberdeen  in  1860- 
1853,  and  was  successively  professor  of  natural  history  at 
Cork,  Belfast,  and  Edinburgh.  With  Dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter, 
he  conducted  the  deep-sea  dredging  expeditions  in  the 
war-ships  Lightning  and  Porcupine  (1868-69).  He  is  beat 
known  as  the  director  of  the  scientific  staff  of  the  im- 
portant Challenger  expedition  for  deep-sea  exploration 
(1872-76).  In  1877  he  published  “The  Voyage  of  the 
Challenger,"  descriptive  of  its  general  results.  He  was 
knighted  in  1S76,  and  is  generally  designated  Sir  Wyville 
Thomson.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Thomson,  James.  Bom  at  Ednam,  Roxburgh- 
shire, Scotland,  Sept.  11, 1700:  died  near  Rich- 
mond, England,  Aug.  27, 1748.  A British  poet. 
He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  studied  for  the  church; 
was  private  tutor  for  a short  time  ; and  held  several  sine- 
cure offices.  He  wrote  “The  Seasons ’’(“  Winter,”  1726; 
“Summer,"  1727 ; “Spring,”  1728;  “Autumn,"  1730),  “The 
Castle  of  Indolence”  (1748), an  “Ode  to  the  Memory  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  ” (1727),  “ Liberty  ” (1734-36),  and  the  plays 
“ Sophonisba ’’ (1730 : containing  the  famous  line  (which 
killed  the  piece)  “O  Sophonisba,  Sophonisba  0,’’  parodied 
by  everyone  as  “ 0 Jemmy  Thomson,  Jemmy  Thomson  O”) 
and  “ Agamemnon  "(1738),  the  masque  “Alfred, ”in  con  junc- 
tion with  Mallet  (1740),  and  “Tailored  and  Sigismunda” 
(1745). 

Thomson,  James.  Bom  at  Port  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, Nov.  23,  1834:  died  at  London,  June  3, 
1882.  A Scottish  poet,  known  as  “the  poet  of 
despair.”  He  became  a lawyer’s  clerk  in  1862 ; later 
came  to  America  as  a mining  agent. ; was  war  correspon- 
dent in  Spain  ; and  during  the  last  years  of  his  life  labored 
as  a journalist.  He  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  “The 
City  of  Dreadful  Night”  (1880).  He  also  wrote  “ Vane’s 
Story,”  “A  Voice  from  the  Nile”  (1884),  and  “Shelley,  a 
Poem  ” (1885). 

Thomson,  William.  Bom  Feb.  11,  1819:  died 
Dec.  25,  1890.  An  English  prelate  and  author, 
archbishop  of  York  1862.  He  wrote  “Outline  of 
the  Necessary  Laws  of  Thought  ” (1842),  and  theological 

+ works. 

Thomson,  Sir  William,  Baron  Kelvin.  Born 
at  Belfast,  Ireland.  June,  1824:  died  at  London, 
Dec.  17,  1907.  A celebrated  British  mathe- 
matician and  physicist,  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  in  Glasgow  University  1846-1899. 
He  made  important  investigations  in  the  domains  of  heat, 
electricity,  and  magnetism ; invented  the  mirror-galva- 
nometer and  siphon-recorder,  various  forms  of  apparatus 
used  in  navigation  and  deep-sea  exploration,  and  otherwise 
did  much  for  the  advancement  of  practical  electricity ; and 
took  a prominent  part  in  the  laying  of  the  first  submarine 
cables  in  the  Atlantic.  He  was  joint  author  with  Professor 
P.  G.  Tait  of  “An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Natural  Philos- 
ophy,” and  besides  wrote  extensively  on  theoretical  sub- 
jects connected  with  geology,  terrestrial  physics,  tidal 
phenomena,  etc.  He  was  the  first  boldly  to  enunciate  the 
doctrine,  now  largely  received  by  geologists  and  mathe- 
matical physicists,  that  the  earth  has  the  rigidity  of  steel 
or  glass,  and  is  practically  solid  to  the  center.  He  was 
president  of  the  British  Association  in  1871 ; was  knighted 
in  1866 ; and  was  created  Baron  Kelvin  in  1892. 

Thomson,  William  McClure.  Bom  near  Cin- 
cinnati, Dec.  31,  1806 : died  April  8,  1894.  An 
American  Presbyterian  missionary  in  Syria  and 
Palestine,  and  biblical  archeologist.  He  wrote 
“The  Land  and  the  Book ”(1859),  “The  Land  of  Promise  ” 
(1865),  etc. 

Thopas,  Sir.  See  Rime  of  Sir  Thopas. 

Thor  (thor  or  tor).  [Icel.  Thorr  = AS.  Tlmnor, 
thunder.]  The  second  principal  god  of  the  an- 
cient Scandinavians:  the  god  of  thunder.  He 
was  the  son  of  Odin,  or  the  supreme  being,  and  Jordh, 
the  earth.  He  was  the  champion  of  the  gods,  and  was 
called  to  their  assistance  whenever  they  were  in  straits. 
He  was  also  the  friend  of  mankind,  and  the  slayer  of  trolls 
and  evil  spirits.  He  always  carried  a heavy  hammer  (Mjoll- 
nir,  ‘the  crusher’),  which,  as  often  as  he  discharged  it, 
returned  to  his  hand  of  itself,  and  he  possessed  a girdle 
which  had  the  virtue  of  renewing  his  strength.  Thor  is 
represented  as  a powerful  man,  in  the  prime  of  life,  with 
a long  red  beard. 

Thorah.  See  Torah. 

Thorbecke  (tor'bek-e),  Jan  Rudolph.  Bom 

at  Zwolle,  Jan.  15,  1798 : died  at  The  Hague, 
June  4,  1872.  A Dutch  statesman.  He  was 
premier  1849-53,  1862-66,  and  1871-72. 

Thoreau  (tho'ro),  Henry  David.  Born  at  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  July  12,  1817:  died  at  Concord, 
May  6,  1862.  An  American  writer.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1837,  taught  school,  and  afterward  be- 
came a land-Burveyor.  He  lived  alone  on  the  shore  of 
Walden  Pond,  Concord,  1845-47.  He  was  a transcenden- 
talist,  and  a friend  of  Emerson,  Alcott,  etc. ; stood  out 
for  the  rights  of  the  individual ; anil  was  at  one  time  im- 
prisoned for  his  refusal  to  pay  taxes.  Among  his  works 
are  “A  Week  on  the  Concord  and  Merrimac  Rivers” 
(1849),  “Walden,  or  Life  in  die  Woods  ” (1854),  “Excur- 
sions in  Field  and  Forest”  (1868  : with  a memoir  by  Em- 
erson), “The  Maine  Woods”  (1864),  “Cape  Cod "(1865), 
“Letters  to  Various  Persons  ” (1865 : with  a notice  by  Em- 
erson), “A  Yankee  in  Canada,  etc.”  (1866).  He  wrote  for  the 
leading  periodicals,  and  was  the  author  of  several  poems. 


Thorenburg 

Thorenburg  (to'ren-boro),  orTorda,  orThorda 

(tor'do ).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Torda- 
Aranyos,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Aranyos 
.16  miles  south-southeast  of  Klausenburg.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  12,117. 

Thorfinn  (thor'fin).  Lived  at  the  beginning  of 
the  11th  century.  A Scandinavian  navigator, 
said  to  have  explored  the  coast  of  New  England 
about  1107-10,  and  to  have  attempted  a settle- 
ment in  southeastern  Massachusetts. 

Thorn  (torn),  Pol.  Torun  (to'ron).  A town 
and  fortress  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Vistula  in  lat.  53°  2'  N., 
long.  18°  34'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade,  partly  by 
the  Vistula,  and  contains  several  medieval  churches.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Teutonic  Order  in  1231,  but  the  people 
destroyed  the  castle  of  the  order  and  attached  themselves 
to  Poland  in  1454.  The  first  peace  of  Thorn  between  Po- 
land and  the  Teutonic  Order  was  concluded  in  1411 ; by 
the  second  (1466)  the  order  made  important  cessions  to 
Poland.  Thorn  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic  town.  Several 
Protestants  were  put  to  death  in  1724.  It  passed  to  Prus- 
sia at  the  second  partition  of  Poland  (1793),  to  the  grand 
duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1807,  and  to  Prussia  in  1815.  As  an 
important  border  strategic  point  it  has  been  strongly  for- 
titled  since  1878.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Copernicus. 
Population,  commune,  31,801. 

Thorn,  Conference  of.  A fruitless  congress 
held  at  Thorn  in  1645  between  representatives 
of  the  Roman  Catholic,  Lutheran,  and  Re- 
formed churches  in  Poland. 

Thornbury  (thorn' bu-ri),  George  Walter. 
Born  at  London,  1828:  died  there,  June  11, 
1876.  An  English  miscellaneous  writer,  com- 
monly known  as  Walter  Thornbury.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Lays  and  Legends  ” (1851),  “ The  Buccaneers, 
or  Monarehs  of  the  Main  ” (1855),  “ Shakspere’s  England  ” 
(1856),  “Art  and  Nature  at  Home  and  Abroad”  (1856), 
“Songs  of  the  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads  ” (1857),  “Every 
Man  his  own  Trumpeter"  (1858),  “Life  in  Spain"  (1860), 
“British  Artists  from  Hogarth  to  Turner"  (1861),  “Life 
of  Turner"  (1861),  etc. 

Thornhill  (thorn'hil).  A town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  situated  near  the  Calder 
10  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  Population, 
10,290. 

Thornhill,  Sir  James.  Born  at  Melcombe  Re- 
gis, 1675:  died  at  Thornhill,  near  Weymouth, 
May  13, 1734.  An  English  painter.  His  first  teacher 
was  Thomas  Highmore.  He  visited  Holland,  Flanders, 
Germany,  and  France.  When  George  I.  became  king  he 
appointed  Thornhill  court  painter  as  successor  to  High- 
more.  He  executed  the  decorations  of  part  of  the  cupola 
of  St.  Paul’s,  the  ceiling  and  walls  of  the  hall  of  Greenwich 
Hospital,  the  great  hall  at  Blenheim,  parts  of  Hampton 
Court,  and  many  chapels  in  Oxford,  etc.  He  was  knighted 
by  George  I.  in  1715.  Hogarth  was  his  most  distinguished 
pupil  and  his  son-in-law. 

Thornhill,  Sir  William.  A character  in  Gold- 
smith’s “Vicar  of  Wakefield.”  He  assumes  the 
name  of  Mr.  Burchell,  and  is  the  good  genius  of  the  story. 

Thornton  (thorn'ton),  Sir  Edward.  Born  at 
London,  July  13,  1817:  died  there,  Jan.  26, 
1906.  An  English  diplomatist.  He  was  minister 
to  Brazil  1865-67,  and  to  the  United  States  1867-81 ; mem- 
ber of  the  joint  high  commission  1871 ; and  ambassador 
to  Russia  1881-84,  and  to  Turkey  1884-87. 

Thornycroft  (th6r'ni-kr6ft),Mrs.  (Mary  Fran- 
cis). Born  in  England,  1814:  died  Feb.  1, 1895. 
An  English  sculptor. 

Thornycroft,  William  Hamo.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1850.  An  English  sculptor,  son 
of  the  sculptor  Mary  Thornycroft.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Artemis"  (1880),  at  Eaton  Hall,  the  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Westminster;  “Teucer"  (1881),  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum  ; “ Hypatia  ” (1884),  in  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery  ; a statue  of  General  Gordon  (1885),  in  Trafalgar 
Square;  an  equestrian  statue  of  Edward  I.  (1885);  “Sci- 
ence " (1891),  a high  relief ; a statue  of  John  Bright  (1892), 
at  Rochdale;  “The  Mower,”  in  the  Liverpool  Gallery; 
and  the  Cromwell  statue  at  Westminster. 

Thorough  (thur'o).  The  name  given  by  Straf- 
ford to  his  policy.  See  Strafford. 

Thorough  Doctor,  The.  William  Varro. 
Thorpe  (th6rp),  Benjamin.  Born  in  1782: 
died  at  Chiswick,  England,  July  19,  1870.  An 
English  philologist,  noted  as  an  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar.  He  edited  various  Anglo-Saxon  works,  including 
Caedmon’s“Paraphrase”(1832),  “Analecta  Anglo-Saxonica” 
(1834),  “Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of  England"  (1840), 
gospels,  homilies,  Beowulf  (1855),  “Anglo-Saxon  Chron- 
icle" (1861),  “ Diplomatarium  Anglicum  .-Evi  Saxonici" 
(1865) ; and  translated  Lappenberg’s  history  of  England. 

Thorvald  (tor'vald).  A Scandinavian  naviga- 
tor, said  to  have  explored  the  coast  of  New 
England  about  1003-04. 

Thorvaldsen  (tor'viild-zen),  often  Thorwald- 
sen  (tor'wald-sen),  Albert  Bertel.  Born  at  sea, 
Nov.  19,  1770  (or  at  Copenhagen,  Nov.  15, 1770): 
died  at  Copenhagen,  March  24,  1844.  A noted 
Danish  sculptor.  He  gained  the  first  gold  medal  at 
the  Academy  at  Copenhagen  in  1793,  carrying  with  it 
three  years'  residence  abroad.  He  lived  mostly  in  Rome 
from  1797,  except  from  1838  to  1841,  when  he  was  at 
Copenhagen.  He  died  suddenly  on  a visit  to  his  home. 
Among  his  works  are  the  colossal  lion  at  Lucerne  (de- 
aigned  by  him,  executed  by  his  pupils) ; the  bas-reliefs 


994 

“Triumphal  Entry  of  Alexander  Into  Babylon  “and  “Night 
and  Morning”  (his  best-known  work);  statues  of  Jason, 
Ganymede,  Venus,  Psyche,  the  Graces,  and  other  classi- 
cal subjects ; “Christ  and  the  Twelve  Apostles  ” (Copenha- 
gen), probably  his  best  work ; and  “ Preaching  of  John  the 
Baptist”  (Copenhagen). 

Thorvaldsen  Museum.  A museum  at  Copen- 
hagen, at  once  the  mausoleum  of  the  great 
sculptor  and  a repository  of  his  works.  It  was 
completed  in  1848.  The  building,  inspired  by  Greek 
and  Etruscan  prototypes,  is  solemn  and  impressive.  It  is 
a long  rectangle,  preceded  by  a vestibule,  and  inclosing  a 
court  in  the  middle  of  which,  on  an  ivy-covered  mound, 
is  the  tomb  of  Thorwaldsen.  The  museum  contains,  ar- 
rayed in  a series  of  rooms,  80  statues  from  the  master’s 
hand  or  in  casts,  three  long  friezes,  220  smaller  reliefs, 
and  130  busts. 

Thorwaldsen.  See  Thorvaldsen. 

Thospitis  (thos-pi'tis).  The  ancient  name  of 
Lake  Van. 

Thoth  (thoth  or  tot),  Eg.  Tehuti  (te-ho'te).  An 
Egyptian  divinity  whom  the  Greeks  assimilated 
to  their  Hermes  (Mercury).  He  was  the  god  of 
speech  and  hieroglyphics  or  letters,  and  of  the  reckoning 
of  time,  and  the  source  of  wisdom.  The  cynocephalous 
ape  and  the  ibis  were  sacred  to  him.  He  is  represented 
as  a human  figure,  usually  with  the  head  of  an  ibis,  and 
frequently  with  the  moon-disk  and  crescent.  Also  Tat. 

Thot  (Tehuti)  is  generally  drawn  with  an  ibis  head,  or 
as  a dog-ape.  We  recognize  in  him  the  moon-god,  but  he 
generally  appears  as  the  god  of  civilization  (of  intelligence 
and  writing),  or  as  the  god  who  protects  and  revives  dead 
bodies.  He  is  worshipped  more  especially  at  Sesennu 
(Hennopolis)  and  in  the  peninsula  of  Sinai. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  410. 

Thothmes  (thoth'mez  or  tot'mes)  I.,  Egypt . Te- 
huti-mes,  pren.  Aa-kheper-ka-Ra.  [‘  Tehuti’s 
child.’]  Lived  about  1633  b.  c.  (Brugsch).  An 
Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty.  He  was  a sue- 
cessful  warrior,  and  conducted  a campaign  as  far  as  the 
Euphrates.  An  important  record  of  his  deeds  is  preserved 
in  an  inscription  on  the  rocks  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
third  cataract. 

Thothmes  II.,  Eg.  Tehuti-mes,  pren.  Aa-khe- 
per-en-Ra.  Lived  about  1600  b.  c.  (Brugsch). 
An  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty,  son  of 
Thothmes  I.  He  married  his  sister  Hatshepsu, 
who  obtained  control  of  the  government. 
Thothmes  III.,  Eg.  Tehuti-mes,  pren.  Men- 
Kheper-Ra.  Lived  about  1600  b.  c.  (Brugsch). 
A famous  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty.  He 
reigned  for  54  years,  and  under  him  “Egypt,  to  use  the 
poetic  expression  of  the  time,  ‘placed  her  frontiers  where 
she  would.’  Her  empire  consisted  of  the  whole  of  Abys- 
sinia, the  Sftdan,  Nubia,  Egypt  proper,  Syria,  Mesopota- 
mia, Irak- Arabia,  Kurdistan,  and  Armenia”  ( ilarictte ). 
He  married  his  sister  Hatshepsu,  widow  of  Thothmes  II. 
The  records  of  his  reign  are  extensive. 

Now,  ThothmesIII.  was  the  Alexanderof  ancient  Egyp- 
tian history.  He  conquered  the  known  world  of  his  day  ; 
he  carved  the  names  of  six  hundred  and  twenty-eight 
vanquished  nations  and  captured  cities  on  the  walls  of 
Karnak  ; and  he  set  up  a tablet  of  Victory  in  the  Great 
Temple.  It  is  in  this  famous  tablet,  engraved  with  the 
oldest  heroic  poem  known  to  science,  that  we  find  the 
Greeks  mentioned  for  the  second  time  in  Egyptian  history. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  160. 

Thou  (to),  Jacques  Auguste  de  (Latinized 
Thuanus).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,1553:  died 
May  7,  1617.  A French  historian  and  states- 
man. He  was  educated  for  the  church ; held  the  offices 
of  master  of  requests,  of  president  h mortier,  etc.  ; and 
was  employed  on  diplomatic  missions.  He  is  celebrated 
for  his  contemporary  history  “ Historic  sui  temporis  ” 
(in  Latin,  1604-20;  standard  edition,  edited  by  Buckley  and 
Carte,  1733 ; French  translation  by  Desfontaines  and  others 
1734).  He  also  wrote  Latin  poems. 

Thouars  (to-ar').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Deux-Sevres,  France,  situated  on  the  Thouet 
40  miles  northwest  of  Poitiers.  The  castle  and 
chapel  are  notable.  It  was  formerly  a seat  of  viscounts 
who  took  a prominent  part  in  medieval  wars.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  6,273. 

Thouars.  See  Dupetit-Thouars. 

Thousand  and  One  Days.  A series  of  Persian 
tales,  resembling  the  “Thousand  and  One 
Nights.”  They  were  translated  into  French  by  IVtis  de 
la  Croix  and  Le  Sage,  and  were  published  in  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction, 
If.  510. 

Thousand  and  One  Nights.  See  Arabian 
Nigh  ts’  Entertainmen  ts. 

Thousand  Islands,  Lake  of  the.  The  expan- 
sion of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  which  contains 
the  Thousand  Islands  (see  below). 

Thousand  Islands,  The.  A collection  of  isl- 
ands in  the  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  from 
the  northeastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario  for  about 
40  miles.  They  are  partly  in  New  Fork  and  partly  in 
Canada.  Their  number  is  estimated  at  from  1,500  to  1,800. 
They  contain  summer  resorts,  and  are  noted  for  their 
beauty. 

Thouvenel  (tov-nel'),  Edouard  Antoine.  Bom 

at  Verdun,  France,  Nov.  11, 1818 : died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  19, 1866.  A French  politician  and  diploma- 
tist. He  had  charge  of  political  matters  in  the  ministry  of 
foreign  affairs  1852-55  ; became  ambassador  at  Constanti- 
nople in  1855  ; and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1860-62. 

Thrace  (thras).  A region  in  southeastern  Eu- 


Three  Rivers 

rope,  with  varying  boundaries:  the  ancient 
Thracia  (Gr.  (),')(/  /;//).  In  early  times  it  was  regarded  as 
the  entire  region  north  of  Greece.  As  a Roman  province 
it  was  bounded  by  the  Haem  us  or  Balkan  (separating  it 
from  Moesia)  on  the  north ; the  Euxiue  and  Bosporus  on  the 
east ; the  Propontis,  Hellespont,  and  zEgean  Sea  on  the 
south,  and  the  Nestus  (separating  it  from  Macedonia)  on 
the  west;  corresponding,  therefore,  to  EasternRumeliaand 
part  of  Turkey.  The  principal  mountain-range  is  the 
Rhodope  ; the  principal  river,  the  Hebrus.  Greek  colo- 
nies were  planted  at  Byzantium,  on  the  Thracian  Cherso- 
nesus,  and  at  Abdera,  Perintlius,  etc.  The  climate  was  nota- 
ble for  its  severity,  and  the  inhabitants  for  their  ferocity 
and  barbarity.  The  affinities  of  the  ancient  Inhabitants 
are  unknown : they  may  have  been  ancestors  of  the  Wal- 
lachs.  In  the  5th  century  B.  c.  Thrace  was  largely  under 
the  rule  of  Teres,  king  of  t he  Odrysse.  It  was  successively 
under  Macedonian,  Roman,  Byzantine,  and  Turkish  rule. 

The  wide  stretch  of  country  between  the  lower  course 
of  the  Banube  and  the  shores  of  the  Higean  and  the  Pro- 
pontis was  occupied  in  antiquity  by  the  tribe  of  the  Thra- 
cians, which  Herodotus  (v.  3)  regards  as  the  greatest  of 
all  peoples  next  to  the  Indi.  The  scanty  remains  of  the 
Thracian  language  are  enough  to  establish  traces  of  its 
Indo-Germanie  character,  but  not  enough  to  define  its 
position  in  the  Indo-European  family  more  closely.  Cer- 
tain it  is,  however,  that  from  hence  a large  part  of  Asia 
Minor  received  its  Indo-Germanic  population.  In  the 
first  place,  it  is  known  that  the  Thracians  themselves 
spread  eastwards  over  the  strait  a considerable  distance 
towards  Asia.  According  to  the  unanimous  opinion  of 
antiquity,  again,  the  Phrygians  emigrated  from  Europe, 
and  were  originally  connected  with  the  Thracians. 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  430. 

Thrace.  A diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefec- 
ture of  the  East.  It  extended  from  the  /Egean  and  the 
Propontis  to  the  lower  Danube,  comprising  the  eastern 
parts  of  Bulgaria  and  Rumelia. 

Thracian  Bosporus.  See  Bosporus. 

Thracian  Chersonesus.  See  Chersonesus. 
Thraetaona  (thra-a-ta-o'na).  [See  Trita , Fori- 
dun.’]  In  the  Avesta,  a son  of  Athwya  (see 
Trita),  originally  a deity  like  Indra,  but  later 
a hero  who  fetters  the  serpent  Dahaka.  He 
divided  his  realm  among  his  three  sons,  giving  Salm  the 
Sairimian,  Tur  the  Turanian,  and  Iraj  the  Iranian  lands. 
Iraj  is  killed  by  his  brothers.  Compare  the  modern  Per- 
sian legends  under  Faridun  and  Salm. 

Thrale,  Mrs.  See  Piozsi,  Mrs. 

Thrasybulus  (thras-i-bu'lus).  [Gr.  Qpaovflov- 
Jof.]  Killed  about  389  B.  c.  A celebrated 
Athenian  commander  and  statesman.  He  opposed 
the  oligarchists  at  Samos  in  411  B.  c. ; was  the  leading 
commander  at  the  battle  of  Cynossema  in  411 ; was  ban- 
ished by  the  Thirty  Tyrants  in  404  ; overthrew  the  thirty 
by  seizing  Phyle  and  Piraeus  and  restored  the  democracy 
in  403;  aided  Thebes  against  Sparta  in  395;  and  com- 
manded in  the  Hagean  Sea  in  390. 

Thrasyllus  (thra-sil'us).  [Gr.  Opuori./of.]  Put 
to  death  406  B.  C.  An  Athenian  commander  in 
the  Peloponnesian  war.  He  opposed  the  oligarchists 
in  411 ; was  one  of  the  commanders  at  Cynossema  in  411 ; 
and  was  a general  at  Arginusse  in  406,  and  one  of  those 
who  were  executed. 

Thrasymenus  (thras-i-me'nus),  Lacus.  See 

Trasimeno,  Lago. 

Threadneedle  (thred'ne'Ml)  street.  A prom- 
inent commercial  street,  in  the  city  of  London, 
which  leads  out  from  the  Bank  of  England. 
Three  Bishoprics,  The.  In  French  and  Ger- 
man history,  the  three  bishoprics  of  Metz,  Toul, 
and  Verdun.  They  were  taken  by  France  in 
1552. 

Three  Chapters,  The.  1 . An  edict  issued  by 
Justinian,  about  A.  D.  545,  condemning  the  writ- 
ings of  Theodore  of  Mopsuestia,  those  of  Theo- 
doret  in  defense  of  Nestorius  and  against  Cy- 
ril, and  the  letter  of  Ihas  to  Maris. — 2.  The 
writings  SO  condemned.  The  edict  was  intended  to 
reconcile  the  Monophysites  to  the  church  by  seeming  to 
imply  a partial  disapproval  of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon, 
which  had  admitted  Theodoret  and  Ibas,  after  giving  ex- 
planations, to  communion. 

Three  Hours  After  Marriage.  A play  by  Pope, 
Arbuthnot,  and  Gay,  produced  in  1717.  it  was 
Cibber’s  ridicule  of  this  play  in  his  part  of  Bayes  in  “The 
Rehearsal  ” which  was  the  occasion  of  the  quarrel  between 
him  and  Pope. 

Three  Kings,  Alliance  of  the.  An  alliance 
between  the  kings  of  Prussia,  Saxony,  and  Han- 
nover, in  1849,  for  the  furtherance  of  law  and 
order  in  Germany. 

Three  Kings  of  Cologne,  The.  The  three  wise 
men  of  the  East,  known  in  legend  as  Kaspar, 
Melchior,  and  Balthasar.  See  Magi,  2. 

Three  Musketeers,  The.  See  Trots  Mousque- 
taires. 

Three  Points  (thre  points),  Cape.  A cape  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Guinea,  Africa,  situated 
in  lat.  4°  45'  N.,  long.  2°  6'  W.  It  marks  the 
western  limit  of  the  Bight  of  Benin. 

Three  Rivers  (thre  riv'erz).  The  capital  of  St. 
Maurice  County,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Law- 
rence, 68  miles  southwest  of  Quebec.  It  lias 
manufactures,  and  a large  export  trade  in  lum- 
ber. Population,  13,691,  (1911). 


Three  Sisters,  The 

Three  Sisters,  The.  The  Fates  or  Parc®. 
Three  Tailors  of  Tooley  Street.  See  Tailors. 
Three  Tetons  (te-ton'  or  te'tonz),  The.  A group 
of  high  mountains  in  the  Teton  Range,  western 
Wyoming,  culminating  in  three  peaks,  the  high- 
est of  which  is  Mount  Hayden. 

Three  Wise  Men.  See  Three  Kings  of  Cologne. 
Thresher  (thresh'er),  Captain.  The  assumed 
name  of  the  leader  of  a number  of  Irish  law- 
breakers, about  1806. 

Throcmorton  (throk'mor-ton),  or  Throgmor- 
ton (throg'mor-ton),  Sir  Nicholas.  Born  in 
1515:  died  1571.  An  English  politician.  Betook 
part  in  Wyatt’s  rebellion  in  1554 ; was  ambassador  to 
France  under  Elizabeth  ; and  intrigued  for  the  marriage 
of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  with  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

Throndhjem.  See  Trondhjem. 

Throop  (trop),  Enos  Thompson.  Born  at 

Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  21,  1784:  died  near 
Auburn,  N.  Y.,  1874.  An  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress  f rom  N ew  Y ork 
1815-16;  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  in 
1828 ; succeeded  Van  Buren  as  governor  March,  1829 ; was 
reelected  as  governor  in  1830  and  served  until  1833  ; and 
was  charge  d’affaires  at  Naples  1838-42. 

Thrym  (trim).  [ON.  Thrymr . ] In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  giant  who  stole  from  Thor  his 
hammer  Mjollnir. 

Thnanus.  See  Thou. 

Thuban  (tho-ban').  [Ar.  al-thu' ban,  the  dragon.] 
The  star  a Draconis,  now  of  the  fourth  magni- 
tude only,  though  three  hundred  years  ago  it 
was  estimated  as  of  the  second.  About  b.  c.  2750 
it  was  the  pole-star,  and  at  one  time  was  within  10’  of  the 
true  pole  itself. 

Thucydides  (thu-sid'i-dez).  [Gr.  BovKv6t^.\ 
Born  probably  471  B.  c. : died  probably  about 
401  b.  c.  A celebrated  Greek  historian.  He  was 
a native  of  Athens ; belonged  to  a family  which  claimed 
blood-relationship  with  Miltiades  and  Cimon ; is  said  to 
have  been  a pupil  of  Antiphon  of  Rhamnus  and  of  Anaxag- 
oras ; and  possessed  an  ample  fortune,  part  of  which  was 
invested  in  gold-mines  in  Thrace,  opposite  Thasos.  In 
424  he  commanded  an  expedition  sent  to  the  assistance  of 
Amphipolis  against  Brasidas,  but  failed  to  prevent  the 
capture  of  the  city,  and  in  consequence  went  into  exile 
(whether  enforced  or  voluntary  is  unknown),  from  which 
he  returned  twenty  years  later,  in  403.  He  was  commonly 
supposed  by  the  ancients  to  have  died  a violent  death  soon 
after,  probably  at  Athens.  He  began  a “History  of  the 
Peloponnesian  War,  ’ which  he  did  not  live  to  finish,  the 
narrative  ending  in  411,  seven  years  before  the  end  of 
the  war.  The  Greek  text  was  first  printed  by  Aldus  at  Ven- 
ice in  1502. 

Thugut  (to'got),  Baron  Franz  Maria  von. 
Bora  at  Linz,  Austria,  March  8,  1739:  died  at 
Vienna,  May  29, 1818.  An  Austrian  diplomatist 
and  politician.  He  was  ambassador  at  Constantinople 
1771-76;  was  employed  later  in  various  diplomatic  mis- 
sions ; and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  for  nearly  all  of 
the  period  1794-1800.  Among  the  events  of  his  ministry 
were  the  wars  with  France,  the  loss  of  Belgium  and  Lom- 
bardy, and  the  acquisition  of  Western  Galicia  and  Venice. 
Thule  (thu'le).  [Gr.  Qovlr). ] The  name  given 
by  Pytheas  of  Marseilles  to  a region  or  island 
north  of  Great  Britain,  the  position  of  which 
has  been  for  more  than  two  thousand  years  the 
subject  of  investigation  and  a matter  of  con- 
troversy. Of  the  voyage  of  Pyfheas,  who  xvas  probably 
nearly  contemporaneous  with  Alexander  the  Great,  no- 
thing is  known  with  certainty,  since  none  of  his  writings 
has  been  preserved.  It  is,  on  the  whole,  most  probable 
that  he  followed  the  east  coast  of  Great  Britain  (of  whose 
size  he  got  a very  much  exaggerated  idea),  and  that  he 
obtained  information  in  regard  to  the  groups  of  islands 
lying  still  further  north  — namely,  the  Orkney  and  Shetland 
Islands  — which  he  embraced  under  the  general  name  of 
Thule.  From  what  he  is  believed  to  have  said  in  regard 
to  the  length  of  the  day  in  Thule  at  the  summer  solstice, 
it  is  evident  that,  as  he  is  known  to  have  been  a skilled 
astronomer,  he  thought  that  this  land  was  situated  on  or 
near  the  Arctic  Circle.  The  Romans  frequently  added  to 
Thule  the  designation  of  “ Ultima"  (the  Farthest  Thule), 
and,  from  classic  times  down  to  the  present  day,  Thule, 
besides  remaining  a subject  for  voluminous  controversy 
among  geographical  critics,  has  been  in  constant  use  by 
poets  and  others  as  designating  some  unknown,  far-distant, 
northern,  or  purely  mythical  region,  or  even  some  goal, 
not  necessarily  geographical,  sought  to  be  attained.  This 
use  of  Thule  and  Ultima  Thule  runs  throughout  the  litera- 
ture of  all  the  cultivated  languages  of  Europe. 

“Ultima  Thule,”  the  furthest  of  the  “Britannic  Isles,” 
has  been  identified  with  all  sorts  of  localities  since  the 
time  when  Pytheas  sailed  with  his  Cimbric  guides  to  the 
country  of  the  midnight  sun.  The  controversy  is  bound- 
less, and  its  details  are  too  tedious  to  be  examined  at 
length.  But  we  may  select  sufficient  evidence  to  show 
why  the  story  of  the  journey  should  be  believed,  and  to 
justify  the  selection  of  Lapland  as  the  northern  limit  of 
the  expedition.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  64. 

Thun  (ton).  A town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  situated  at  the  exit  of  the  Aare 
from  the  Lake  of  Thun,  16  miles  southeast  of 
Bern . It  is  a frequented  tourist  center,  and  has  consid- 
erable trade.  Population,  6,030. 

Thun,  Lake  of,  G.  Thunersee  (ton'er-za).  A 
lake  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  south- 
east of  Bern  and  west  of  the  Lake  of  Brienz. 


995 

It  is  traversed  by  the  Aare.  Length,  11  miles. 
Width,  nearly  2 miles. 

Thunberg  (ton'bera),  Karl  Peter.  Born  at 
Jonkoping,  Sweden,  Nov.  11,  1743:  died  near 
Upsala,  Aug.  8,  1828.  A Swedish  botanist  and 
traveler,  a pupil  of  Linnseus.  He  wrote,  besides 
his  travels  (1788),  “Flora  Japonica,”  “Flora  Capensis,” 
“leones  plantarum  Japonicarum,”  etc. 

Thunder  Bay  (thun'der  ba).  A bay  of  Lake 
Huron,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Michigan,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  45°  N. 

Thunderbolt  of  Italy,  The.  Gaston  de  Foix. 
Thunderer  (thun'der-er),  The.  A name  given 
to  the  London  “Times.” 

Thundering  Legion,  The.  In  Christian  tradi- 
tion, a legion  of  Christians  in  the  army  of 
Marcus  Aurelius,  in  battle  with  the  Quadi, 
whose  prayers  for  rain  were  answered  by  a 
thunder-shower  which  refreshed  the  thirsty  Ro- 
mans while  it  destroyed  numbers  of  the  enemy 
by  lightning. 

Thur  (tor).  A river  in  the  cantons  of  St.  Gall, 
Thurgau,  and  Zurich,  Switzerland,  which  joins 
the  Rhine  7 miles  south  by  west  of  Schaffhau- 
sen.  Length,  about  75  miles. 

Thuralpen  (tor'al-pen).  A group  of  the  Alps 
in  the  cantons  of  St.  Gall  and  Appenzell,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  the  Lake  of  Wallenstadt  and 
west  of  the  Rhine.  They  culminate  in  the 
Sentis  (which  see). 

Thurgau  (tor'gou),  F.  Thurgovie  (tur-go-ve'). 
A canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  by  Schaff- 
hausen,  Baden  (from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Rhine  and  the  Unter  See),  the  Lake  of  Con- 
stance, St.  Gall,  and  Zurich.  Capital,  Frauen- 
feld.  It  sends  6 members  to  the  National  Council.  The 
language  is  German,  and  about  two  thirds  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  Protestant.  In  the  early  middle  ages  Thurgau 
included  northeastern  Switzerland.  It  fell  to  the  Haps- 
burgs  in  the  13th  century ; was  conquered  by  the  SwiBs 
Confederation  in  1460,  and  ruled  by  them  as  a subject 
district  until  1798 ; and  became  an  independent  canton 
in  1803.  The  present  constitution  was  adopted  in  1869. 
Area,  381  square  miles.  Population,  134,055,  (1910). 

Thurii  (thu'ri-I),  or  Thurium  (thu'ri-um).  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  of  Magna  Graecia, 
Italy,  situated  near  the  ancient  Sybaris  and 
near  the  modern  Terranova.  It  was  founded  by 
fugitives  from  Sybaris  in  452  B.  c.,  who  were  soon  ex- 
pelled by  Croton  ; and  was  refounded  by  colonists  from 
Athens  and  other  cities  about  443.  It  was  defeated  by  the 
Lucanians  in  390  B.  c ; called  Rome  to  its  aid  against  Ta- 
rentum  in  282;  and  later  was  subject  to  Rome.  It  xvas 
plundered  by  Hannibal  in  204  B.  c.,  and  had  a Roman  colony 
planted  in  it  in  194  B.  C. 

Tliuringerwald  (tu'ring-er-valt).  [G., ‘Thu- 
ringian  Forest/]  A mountain-range  in  central 
Germany,  connected  by  the  Frankenwald  with 
the  Fichtelgebirge  on  the  southeast,  and  with 
the  Rhongebirge  on  the  southwest : famed  for 
picturesque  scenery  and  for  the  legends  con- 
nected with  it.  Length,  95  miles.  Highest 
point,  Grosser  Beerberg  (3,226  feet). 

Thuringia  (thu-rin'ji-a),  G.  Thiiringen  (tfi'- 
ring-en),  F.  Thuringe  (tu-ranzh').  Aregionin 
central  Germany,  included  between  the  Harz, 
the  Werra,  the  Saale,  and  Franconia.  It  com- 
prises in  large  part  the  hilly  and  mountainous  district  of 
the  Tliuringerwald.  The  Thuringians  were  probably  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  Hermunduri,  with  admixture 
of  other  tribes.  They  appeared  in  history  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  extended  their  power  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Dan- 
ube ; but  were  overthrown  bythe  Austrasian  Franksin  the 
first  part  of  the  6th  century.  Thuringia  soon  became  prac- 
tically independent.  Later  it  was  an  important  landgravi- 
ate  ; the  line  of  landgraves  became  extinct  in  1247.  In 
1263  Meissen  secured  most  of  the  Thuringian  territory, 
which  eventually  passed  to  the  Saxon  states.  See  Thu- 
ringian States  and  Hesse  (landgraviate). 

Thuringian  (thu-rin'ji-an)  Gates.  Two  heights 
in  the  basin  of  the  Unstrut  in  Thuringia,  situ- 
ated near  Sachsenburg. 

Thuringian  Saale.  See  Saale. 

Thuringian  States.  Those  German  states  which 
correspond  nearly  to  ancient  Thuringia.  They 
are  Saxe-Altenhurg,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Saxe-Meiningen, 
Saxe-  Weimar-Eisenach.Schwarzburg-Rudplstadt,  Sell  warz- 
burg-Sondershausen,  Reuss  (elder  line),  Reuss  (younger 
line),  and  parts  of  Prussia,  and  a fexv  other  exclaves. 
Thurkell  (ther'kel),  or  Thurkill  (tber'kil),  or 
Thurcytel.  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  11th 
century.  A Danish  piratical  leader,  allied  with 
Sweyn  and  afterward  with  ZEthelred.  He  was 
earl  of  East  Anglia  under  Canute. 

Thurles  (therlz).  A town  in  the  county  of  Tip- 
perary, Ireland,  situated  on  the  Suir  34  miles 
east  of  Limerick.  It  is  the  seat  of  a Roman  Catholic 
archbishop,  and  was  the  scene  of  a battle  between  the  Danes 
and  the  Irish  in  the  10th  century.  Population,  4,411. 

Thurloe  (ther'lo),  John.  Born  1616:  died  1668. 
An  English  politician,  secretary  of  state  1653- 
1660.  Ilis  “ State  Papers  ” were  edited  by  Birch 
in  1742. 


Tiahuanacu 

Thur  low  (ther'lo),  Edward,  Baron  Thurlow. 
Born  at  Bracon-Ash,  Norfolk,  Dee.  9, 1731:  died 
at  Brighton,  Sept.  12,  1806.  An  English  jurist 
and  statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (Caius 
College) ; became  king’s  counsel  in  1761 ; entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1765  ; xvas  made  solicitor-general  in  1770  and  at- 
torney-general in  1771 ; and  was  lord  chancellor  1778-83 
and  1783-92.  He  xvas  a Tory  leader  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  a bitter  opponent  of  the  American  colonists. 

Thurman  (ther'man),  Allen  Granbery.  Born 
at  Lynchburg,  Va.,  Nov.  13,  1813:  died  Dec.  12, 
1895.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1835  ; xvas  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Ohio  1845-47 ; became  judge  of  the  Ohio 
Supreme  Court  in  1851;  was  chief  justice  1854-56;  was  the 
(unsuccessful)  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Ohio 
in  1867;  and  was  United  States  senator  1869-81.  He  served 
as  chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee;  promoted  the 
passage  of  the  “Thurman  Act,”  compelling  the  Pacific 
railroads  to  fulfil  their  obligations  to  the  government ; xvas 
United  States  commissioner  at  the  international  monetary 
conference  in  Paris  in  1881 ; was  a prominent  candidate  for 
the  Democratic  nomination  for  President  in  1876, 1880,  and 
1884 ; and  xvas  the  (unsuccessful)  Democratic  candidate  for 
Vice-President  in  1888. 

Thurmayr.  See  Aventinus. 

Thurn  (torn),  Count  Heinrich  Matthias  von. 
Bom  1580:  died  Jan.  28,  1640.  The  leader  of 
the  Bohemian  Protestant  insurrection  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Thirty  Years’  War  (1618). 
He  invaded  Austria  in  1610;  served  in  the  Swedish  army; 
and  surrendered  to  Wallenstein  in  1633. 

Thursby  (thers'bi),  Emma.  Born  at  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,Feb.21, 1857.  An  American  soprano  singer. 
Thursday  (therz'da).  [Orig.  two  words, ‘Thun- 
der’s day,'  ‘Thor’s  day,’  translating  L.  Dies 
Jovis. ] The  fifth  day  of  the  week. 

Thurso  (tlier'so).  A seaport  in  Caithness, 
Scotland,  situated  on  Thurso  Bay  in  lat.  58° 
36'  N.,  long.  3°  32'  W. : an  ancient  Northman 
stronghold.  It  exports  flagstones.  Population, 
3,724. 

Thurstan  (thers'tan).  Died  1140.  An  English 
archbishop  of  York,  one  of  the  leaders  in  the 
Battle  of  the  Standard. 

Thurston  (thers' ton),  Robert  Henry.  Born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  25,  1839 : died  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  25,  1903.  An  American  engineer. 
He  served  as  a naval  engineer  in  the  Civil  War;  was  de- 
tailed as  assistant  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the 
naval  academy  in  1865;  resigned  from  the  navy  in  1872  ; 
xvas  professor  of  mechanical  engineering  m the  Stevens 
Institute,  Hoboken,  1871-85 ; and  after  1885  was  director 
of  Sibley  College,  Cornell  University.  He  xvas  United 
States  commissioner  at  the  Vienna  Exposition  in  1873; 
and  xvas  a member  of  various  United  States  scientific 
boards.  Among  his  works  are  “Report  on  Machinery  and 
Manufactures”  (Vienna  Exposition),  “History  of  the 
Groxvth  of  the  Steam-Engine”  (1878),  “Materials  of  En- 
gineering” (1884-86),  “ Materials  of  Construction  ” (1885), 
“ A Manual  of  Steam  Boilers,  etc.”  (1888),  etc. 
Thyatira  (thi-a-ti'ra).  [Gr.  Qvdreipa.' ] In  an- 
cient geography,  a city  of  Lydia,  on  the  site  of 
the  modern  Akhissar:  also  called,  in  antiquity, 
Pelopeia,  Euhippa,  and  Semiramis.  It  was  one 
of  the  seven  cities  of  Asia  Minor  mentioned  in 
the  Book  of  Revelation. 

Thyestes  (thi-es'tez).  [Gr.  Oviortjc.']  In  Greek 
legend,  son  of  Pelops,  brother  of  Atreus,  ami 
father  of  AUgisthus.  Thyestes  seduced  the  wife  of 
Atreus  and  attempted  his  life  : in  revenge  Atreus  slew  the 
sons  of  Thyestes  and  served  them  up  to  their  father  to  eat. 
Thymbrius  (tliim'bri-us).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a small  river  near  Ilium. 

Thyrsis  (ther'sis).  A herdsman  in  the  “Idylls” 
of  Theocritus ; a shephei’d  in  the  ‘ ‘ Eclogues  ” of 
Vergil;  in  later  literature,  a rustic  or  shepherd . 
Thyrsus  (ther'sus).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Tirso. 

Ti  (te).  See  the  extract. 

In  marked  contrast  to  the  plebeian  type  of  Ea-em-ka  is 
the  limestone  statue  of  one  Ti,  a courtly  gentleman  of  the 
Fifth  Dynasty.  No  less  than  nineteen  statues  of  Ti  were 
found  immured  in  the  substance  of  the  walls  of  his  tomb, 
xvhich  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  Egypt,  ’t  he  figure 
stands  about  seven  feet  high,  the  flesh  tints  being  of  a 
pale  brick-dust  color,  and  the  xvig  yelloxv.  The  pose  of 
the  head  is  spirited,  and  the  expression  of  the  face  is  open 
and  lifelike.  Ti’s  shoulders  are  very  square,  his  arms 
long,  his  body  slender ; this  being  the  characteristic  type 
of  the  xvell-groxvn  fellah  of  the  present  day. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  140. 

Tiahuanacu  (te-a-wa-na/ko).  [Also  Tiahua- 
vaco.']  A group  of  ancient  ruins  in  western 
Bolivia,  about  12  miles  from  the  southern  end 
of  Lake  Titicaca,  near  the  Peruvian  frontier, 
and  about  12,900  feet  above  the  eea.  An  Indian 

village  of  that  name  stands  on  the  edge  of  the  ruins.  These 
were  formerly  also  called  “ Taypikala  ” (‘  stone  in  the  mid- 
dle’) and  Chucara.  The  church  of  the  village  and  most  of 
its  houses  are  built  of  the  smaller  and  well-cut  blocks  of 
trachyte  of  the  ruins,  so  that  the  latter  are  largely  de- 
stroyed. Only  a large  artificial  mound  showing  traces  of 
original  stone-facings  ; txvo  courts  indicated-by  inclosures 
of  huge  and  well-cut  pillars  set  at  irregular  intervals ; 
ledges  of  red  sandstone  carved  into  xvhat  resemble  seats 
or  small  compartments ; colossal  statues  of  either  ma- 
terial ; and  several  monolithic  gateways  remain  standing. 


Tiahuanacu 

Very  large  blocks  cut  into  prisms  and  more  or  less  orna- 
mented slabs  remain  on  the  surface.  There  is  not  a single 
building  of  which  the  original  form  and  purpose  could  be 
recognized.  The  largest  human  statue  is  18  feet  tall.  The 
great  monolithic  gateway  has  an  opening  of  7 feet,  and 
a front  13  feet  long,  and  is  nearly  3 feet  thick.  Its 
outer  front  is  elaborately  carved  with  clumsy  figures  of 
imaginary  forms  of  animals,  as  well  as  of  partly  human 
beings.  What  remains  of  the  stonework  shows  patient 
Indian  work,  but  there  is  lack  of  symmetry.  In  front  of 
the  village  churcharetwo  colossal  human  figures  squatting. 
These  and  a few  other  statues  are  valuable  as  indicating 
costumes.  Much  obsidian  is  found  scattered  over  the 
surface.  Other  artefacts  hint  at  three  distinct  periods  of 
occupation : an  oldest  one,  about  which  only  vague  and 
doubtful  traditions  remain  ; a subsequent  occupation  by 
Avmard  Indians ; and,  together  with  it  and  up  to  the 
coming  of  the  Spaniards,  the  presence  of  the  Incas. 
Neither  the  Aymara  nor  the  Incas  dwelt  on  the  site  in 
the  16th  century ; only  the  Indian  village  of  Tiahuanacu 
was  occupied  by  the  former. 

Tiamat  (te-a'mat).  In  Assyro-Babylonian  cos- 
mogony, the  personification  of  the  primeval 
chaos,  the  beginning  of  all.  it  is  hostile  to  the  gods, 
to  law  and  order,  and  is  depicted  in  the  form  of  a drapon. 
Bel-Merodach  conquers  the  monster  in  a struggle,  driving 
a wind  into  its  opened  jaw  and  splitting  it  in  twain. 

Tian-Shan,  or  T’ien-Shan  (tven'shan'),  or 
Celestial  Mountains.  A mountain  system  in 
central  Asia,  extending  from  about  long.  75°  to 
95°  E.  Between  about  long.  75“  and  80°  E.  it  forms  the 
boundary  between  East  Turkestan  and  Russian  Central 
Asia.  By  some  geographers  the  Trans-Alai  and  Hissar 
Mountains,  lying  southwest  of  the  main  chain,  are  con- 
sidered to  be  a part  of  the  Tian-Shan.  The  Khan  Tengri, 
assumed  to  be  the  culminating  point  of  the  range,  is  said 
to  have  an  elevation  of  24,000  feet. 

Tiber  (tl'ber).  [It.  Tevere,  L.  Tiberis,  Tibris, 
Tybris,  Tiberinus,  Gr.  Tifte/ur,  Tt/leptof;  said  to 
have  been  called  earlier  Alba  or  Albas  or  Albula, 
white  river.]  The  second  largest  river  in  Italy. 
It  rises  in  the  Apennines  about  20  miles  north-northeast 
of  Arezzo,  flows  generally  south,  and  empties  into  the 
Mediterranean  16  miles  southwestof  Rome,  which  is  on  its 
banks.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Chiana,  Nera,  and 
Teverone.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Tiber.  A colossal  recumbent  statue,  of  the  pe- 
riod of  the  early  Roman  Empire,  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris.  Romulus  and  Remus,  with  the  wolf,  are 
at  the  river-god’s  side. 

Tiberias  (ti-be'ri-as).  [Gr.  Tifpidc:  named  by 
its  founder  from  the  emperor  Tiberius.]  A town 
in  Palestine,  situated  on  the  western  shore  of 
the  Sea  of  Galilee,  17  miles  east-nortlieast  of 
Nazareth : the  modern  Tabariya.  it  was  founded 
by  Herod  Antipas  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century  A.  D. ; 
was  long  a seat  of  Hebrew  learning ; was  a bulwark  of  the 
Crusaders  ; and  was  taken  by  Saladin  in  1187.  Popuia- 
tion,  5,000. 

Tiberias,  Battle  of.  A victory  of  Saladin  over 
the  Crusaders  under  Guy  of  Lusignan  in  1187. 
It  was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Jerusalem. 

Tiberias,  Lake  or  Sea  of.  See  Galilee,  Sea  of. 
Tiberius  (ti-be'ri-us)  (Tiberius  Claudius  Nero 
Caesar).  Born  Nov.  16, 42  b.  c.  : died  March  16, 
37  A.  D.  Roman  emperor,  son  of  Tiberius 
Claudius  Nero  and  Livia  Drusilla,  and  stepson 
of  Augustus : infamous  for  his  vices  and  cru- 
elty. He  was  divorced  by  command  of  Augustus  from 
his  wife  Vipsania  Agrippina  (daughter  of  Agrippa).  and  11 
B.  c.  married  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus  and  widow  of 
Agrippa ; served  in  Spain,  in  Armenia,  against  the  Rhse- 
tians  and  Vindelicians,  and  on  the  Danube ; became  consul 
in  13  B.  c.,  and  tribune  in  6 B.  c.;  spent  several  years  prac- 
tically in  exile  in  Rhodes  ; returned  to  Rome  in  2 A.  D. ; 
was  adopted  by  Augustus  in  4 A.  D. ; conducted  several  cam- 
paigns in  Germany,  Pannonia,  and  Dalmatia;  and  suc- 
ceeded Augustus  as  emperor  in  14  A.  D.  His  administra- 
tion of  the  affairs  of  the  empire  was  generally  successful, 
but  his  private  life,  especially  in  his  later  years  (which  were 
passed  in  large  part  on  the  island  of  Capri),  was  marked  by 
gross  vices  and  cruelty  toward  his  enemies.  His  chief  min- 
ister was  Sejanus. 

Tiberius.  Byzantine  emperor  578-582. 

Tibesti  (te-bes-te'),  or  Tu  (to).  A district  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Sahara,  in  the  region  in- 
★habited  by  the  Tibbus. 

Tibet,  or  Thibet  (tib'et  or  ti-bet').  A land  in 
central  Asia:  a dependency  of  China,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Kwenlun  Mountains  on  the  north  (sepa- 
rating it  from  Eastern  Turkestan),  by  China  proper  on  the 
east,  by  the  Himalaya  on  the  south  (separating  it  from 
British  India,  Bhutan,  Nepal,  etc.),  and  by  Kashmiron  the 
west.  Chief  city,  Lhasa.  The  surface  is  an  elevated  table- 
land: the  interior  is  little  known.  It  contains  the  sources 
of  the  Indus,  Brahmaputra,  Yangtse-Kiang,  and  other 
large  rivers.  The  foreign  and  military  affairs  of  Tibet  are  di- 
rected by  imperial  delegates ; the  supreme  civil  authority 
is  vested  in  the  dalai-lama.  The  inhabitants  are  of  Mon- 
goloid race ; the  religion  Lamaism  and  the  Bon  religion. 
Tibet  became  subject  to  China  in  the  17th  century.  Area, 
about  750,000  square  miles.  Population,  about  6,500,000. 

Tibet,  Little.  See  Baltistan. 

Tibet,  Middle.  See  La  dab. 

Tibullus  (ti-bul'us),  Albius.  Born  about  54 
B.  C.:  died  18  b.  c.  A Roman  elegiac  poet.  He 
was  patronized  by  Messala  whom  he  accompanied  in  a 
campaign  to  Aquitania.  He  wrote  the  first  two  of  the 
books  extant  under  his  name. 

Tibur  (tl'ber).  The  ancient  name  of  Tivoli. 
Tiburon  (te-Bo-ron').  [‘Shark’ island.]  An 
island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  about  lat.  29° 


996 

N.,  belonging  to  the  state  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 
Length,  about  34  miles.  The  only  inhabitants 
are  a few  Seri  Indians. 

Tichborne  (tich'bom),  Roger  Charles.  Born 
Jan.  5,  1829:  died  at  sea,  1854.  The  presump- 
tive heir  to  the  Tichborne  estates  in  England. 
He  sailed  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  for  New  York,  April  20, 1854, 
on  the  Bella,  which  was  lost.  A famous  trial  for  the  re- 
covery of  the  estates  by  Arthur  Orton,  the  Tichborne  claim- 
ant (see  Orton),  was  decided  against  the  claimant  in  1872. 
Orton  was  tried  for  perjury  1873-74,  and  imprisoned  1874- 
1884. 

Ticino  (te-ehe'no).  [L.  Ticinus,  P.  Tessin,  G. 
Tessin.']  A river  in  Switzerland  and  Italy, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  two  head  streams 
near  Airolo.  It  traverses  the  Val  Leventina  and  the 
Riviera  in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Lago  Maggiore,  and  the 
Lombard  plain,  and  joins  the  Po  near  Pavia.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Brenno  and  Moesa.  Length,  about  150 
miles. 

Ticino.  [F.  Tessin,  G.  Tessin.]  A canton  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  Valais,  Uri,  Grisons, 
and  Italy.  Capital,  Bellinzona.  It  sends  7 mem- 
bers to  the  National  Council.  The  Inhabitants  are  Ital- 
ian in  race  and  language,  and  Roman  Catholic  in  religion. 
It  was  subjugated  by  Rome  with  the  rest  of  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina ; and  fell  under  the  power  of  the  Ostrogoths  in  the  6th 
century,  of  the  Longobards  in  the  6th,  and  of  the  Franks 
in  the  8th.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  held  in  large  part 
by  Milan.  The  Val  Leventina  was  conquered  by  Uri  in 
1403,  and  finally  in  1440  ; and  the  remainder  of  Ticino  was 
taken  by  the  confederates  and  the  Forest  Cantons  about 
1500.  It  was  divided  into  the  cantons  of  Bellinzona  and 
Lugano  in  1798,  and  these  were  consolidated  in  1803. 
A constitution  was  adopted  in  1830.  The  canton  has 
been  disturbed  by  contests  between  the  Ultramontanes  and 
the  radicals,  and  the  intervention  of  federal  troops  was 
necessary  in  1876  and  1890.  Area,  1,088  square  miles. 
Population,  169,555,  (1910). 

Ticinum  ( ti-si'num) . The  Roman  name  of  Pavi  a. 

Ticinus  (ti-si'nus).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
river  Ticino. 

Ticinus,  Battle  of  the.  A victory  gained  near 
the  Ticinus  and  probably  near  Pavia,  218  b.  c., 
by  Hannibal  over  the  Romans  under  Publius 
Scipio : chiefly  a cavalry  engagement. 

Tickell  (tik'el),  Thomas.  Born  at  Bri dekirk, 
Cumberland*  1686 : died  at  Bath,  April  23, 1740. 
An  English  poet.  In  1708hegraduated  at  Queen’s  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  a friend  of  Addison,  and  through 
him  in  1717  was  appointed  under-secretary  of  state.  His 
poem  on  “ The  Prospect  of  Peace”  appeared  in  1713,  and 
a poem,  “ Kensington  Gardens,"  in  1722.  He  contributed 
to  the  “Spectator  ' and  “Guardian,”  and  wrote  the  elegy 
on  Addison  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  Addison's  works  in 
1721 : his  finest  work.  He  translated  the  first  book  of  the 
“Iliad,”  which  Pope  suspected  was  done  by  Addison,  and 
wrote  the  popular  ballad  “Colin  and  Lucy.”  ■ 

Ticket-of-Leave  Man,  The.  A play  by  Tom 
Taylor,  produced  in  1863.  It  is  from  the  French 
play  ‘‘Leonard,”  by  Edouard  Brisbarre  and  Eu- 
gene Nus. 

Ticknor  (tik'nor),  George.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Ang.  1,  i791:  died  there,  Jan.  26,  1871. 
An  American  author.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1807 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1813;  resided  at  Got- 
tingen and  elsewhere  in  Europe  1815-19;  and  was  profes- 
sor of  French,  Spanish,  and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard  1819- 
1835.  He  spent  theyears  1835-38  in  Europe.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Boston  public  library.  His  chief  work 
is  a “ History  of  Spanish  Literature  ” (1849).  He  also  wrote 
various  essays,  and  a life  of  Prescott  (1864).  His  life  and 
letters  were  published  in  1876. 

Ticonderoga  (ti-kon-de-ro'ga).  A town  inEssex 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  outlet  from 
Lake  George  to  Lake  Champlain,  88  miles  north 
by  east  of  Albany.  It  was  fortified  by  the  French  in 
1755,  and  was  called  at  first  Carillon  ; was  the  rendezvous 
of  Montcalm’s  army  in  1757 ; was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  British  under  Abercrombie  July  8,  1758;  was  in- 
vested and  taken  by  the  British  under  Amherst  in  1759 ; 
was  surprised  and  captured  by  the  Americans  under  Ethan 
Allen,  May  10, 1775;  was  taken  by  the  British  under  Bur- 
goyne  in  July,  1777 ; and  was  taken  by  the  British  under 
Haldeman  in  1780.  Population,  4,940 ; village,  2,475,  (1910). 

Tidewater  (tid'wa/'ter).  A section  of  Virginia 
extending  from  tbe  sea-coast  westward  as  far 
as  the  rivers  are  affected  by  the  tides. 

Tieck  (tek),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Berlin,  May  31, 
1773 : died  there,  April  28,  1853.  A German 
poet  and  critic.  He  studied  at  Halle,  Gottingen,  and 
Erlangen.  Subsequently  he  lived  alternately  in  Berlin, 
Jena,  and  Dresden.  In  1805  he  undertook  a journey  to 
Italy,  and  in  1817  to  England.  In  1820  he  was  made  a mem- 
ber of  the  direction  of  the  royal  theater  at  Dresden.  In 
1841  he  was  called  to  Berlin  by  Frederick  William  IV.,  by 
whom  he  was  granted  a pension.  Among  his  many  works 
in  almost  all  departments  of  literature  are  particularly  to 
be  mentioned  tw'o  collections  of  popular  tales,  partly  from 
old  German  sources,  partly  original,  “Volksmarchen” 
(“Folk  Tales,”  1797)  and  “Phantasus”  (1812-17),  the  ro- 
mantic novel  “ Franz  Sternbalds  Wanderungen  ” (“Franz 
Sternbald’s  Wanderings,"  1798),  the  classical  translation 
of  “ Don  Quixote"  (1799-1801),  a modem  German  version 
of  Middle  Higli  German  “ Minnelleder”  (“  Minnesongs,” 
1803).  After  1825  he  was  engaged  upon  a translation  of 
Shakspere  to  complete  the  work  begun  by  A.  W.  von 
Schlegel.  In  1823  and  1827,  during  his  connection  with 
the  Dresden  theater,  he  published  a series  of  dramatic 
criticisms  under  the  title  of  “ Dramaturgische  Blatter" 
(“Dramaturgic  Leaves”).  Other  works  are  the  two  nov- 
els with  which  he  began  his  literary  career,  “Abdallah  " 


Tiers  £tat 

and  “William  Lovell”;  the  comedies  " Blaubart”  (“Bine- 
beard  ”),  “Der  gestiefelte  Kater”  (“Puss  in  Boots”), 
“ Prinz  Zerbino  "(“  Prince  Zerbino  ”);  the  dramas  "Le- 
ben  und  Tod  der  heiligen  Genoveva”  (“The  Life  and 
Death  of  St.  Genoveve  "),  “Kaiser  Oktavianus”  (“  Em- 
peror Octavian  ”),  “ Fortunat”(“Fortunatus”).  Among  his 
many  shorter  stories,  written  between  1821  and  1840,  are 
especially  to  he  named  “ Das  Dichterleben  ” (“  The  Poet’s 
Life  ’’),  which  describes  the  youth  of  Shakspere,  and 
“Der  Tod  des  Dichters”  (“The  Death  of  the  Poet”), 
whose  motive  is  the  death  of  the  poet  Camoens.  He 
wrote,  besides,  many  lyrics,  the  best  of  which  are  in  his 
Italian  journey  in  1805-06.  He  was  the  most  prolific  of 
the  poets  of  the  Romantic  school  in  Germany.  A collec- 
tion of  his  writings,  made  by  himself,  was  published  in 
Berlin,  1828-46,  in  20  vols.;  his  critical  writings,  in  the 
same  way,  appeared  in  Berlin  1852-54 ; and  his  short  stories 
(“Gesammelte  Novellen ’’)  were  published  in  Berlin, 
1852- 58,  in  12  vols.  His  posthumous  works  (“Nachge- 
lassene  Schriften  ”)  appeared  at  Leipsic,  1855,  in  2 vols. 

Tiedemann  (te 'de-man),  Dietrich.  Born  at 
Bremervorde,  near  Bremen,  April  3, 1748 : died 
at  Marburg,  Sept.  24,  1803.  A German  philoso- 
pher, professor  of  philosophy  at  Marburg  from 
1776.  His  chief  work  is  “ Geist  der  spekuiativen 
Philosophie”  (1791-96). 

Tiedge  (ted'ge),  Christoph  August.  Born  at, 
Gardelegen,  Prussia,  Dec.  14,  1752 : died  at 
Dresden,  March  8,  1841.  A German  poet.  His 
chief  work  is  the  lyrico-didactic  poem  “ Ura- 
nia” (1800). 

Tientsin  (ten'tsin').  A city  in  the  province 
of  Chihli,  China,  situated  on  the  Peiho  in  lat. 
39°  9'  N.,  long.  117°  12'  E.  it  is  an  important  cen- 
ter of  transit  trade,  and  the  terminus  of  the  imperial 
canal  and  of  a railroad  to  Tongshan  opened  in  1888.  A 
treaty  was  concluded  here  in  1858  betw  een  China  on  one 
side  and  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  France,  and 
Russia  on  the  other.  Tientsin  was  occupied  by  the  Eng- 
lish and  French  in  1860,  and  w7as  made  an  open  port.  A 
massacre  of  Christians  occurred  there  in  1870.  Captured  by 
the  allies  July  14,  1900.  Population,  760,000-900,000. 

Tiepolo  (te-a'po-lo),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  Venice,  March  5,  1693 : died  at  Madrid, 
March  25,  1769  (?).  A Venetian  painter,  a pu- 
pil of  Gregorio  Lazzarini : the  last  great  deco- 
rative painter  of  the  Venetian  school.  He  was 
influenced  by  Giovanni  Battista  Piazzetta,  and  still  more 
by  the  works  of  Paolo  Veronese.  After  painting  frescos 
at  Milan  and  other  Italian  cities,  he  decorated  the  episco- 
pal palace  at  Wurzburg,  Bavaria,  in  1750 ; and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Venice  in  1753  he  was  appointed  first  director  of 
the  Academy  of  Painting.  In  1761  he  was  called  to  Spain 
by  Charles  III.,  and  executed  frescos  in  the  royal  palace, 
with  the  assistance  of  Giovanni  Domenico  Tiepolo,  his 
son  (1726—77).  There  are  many  of  his  easel-pictures  in  the 
galleries  of  Europe. 

Tierney  (ter'ni),  George.  Born  at  Gibraltar, 
March  20,  1761:  died  at  London,  Jan.  25,  1830. 
An  English  Whig  politician.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Peter’s  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  called  to  the  bar, 
but  devoted  himself  to  politics.  He  entered  Parliament 
as  member  for  Colchester  in  1788,  and  sat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  for  different  constituencies  from  1796  to  his 
death.  He  was  a prominent  opponent  of  William  Pitt.  In 
1798  Pitt  accused  him  of  want  of  patriotism,  and  fought  a 
Woodless  duel  with  him  (May  27).  In  1803  he  joined  the 
Addington  ministry  as  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  in  1806 
the  Grenville  ministry  as  president  of  the  board  of  con- 
trol. From  1817  he  was  the  leader  of  the  opposition  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  He  was  master  of  the  mint  in 
Canning’s  ministry  (1827),  and  also,  with  a seat  in  the  cabi- 
net, in  Goderich’s  ministry  (1827-28). 

Tierra  Bomba  (te-er'ra  bom'ba).  A small  isl- 
and near  the  coast  of  Colombia,  west  of  Car- 
tagena. 

Tierra  de  Canelo.  See  Cinnamon,  Land  of. 
Tierra  del  Fuego  (te-er'ra  del  fwa'go),  or  Ter- 
ra del  Fuego.  [‘  Land  of  Fire.’]  1.  An  archi- 
pelago south  of  the  southern  end  of  South  Amer- 
ica, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of 
Magellan.  It  comprises  the  large  island  of  King  Charles 
South  Land  (or  Tierra  del  Fuego  proper,  or  Fuegia)  and  the 
smaller  Desolation  Island,  Clarence  Island,  Dawson  Island, 
Navarin,  Hoste,  Horn,  Wollaston,  Stewart,  Londonderry, 
etc.:  these  are  separated  from  each  other  by  narrow  and 
tortuous  channels,  and  the  islands  themselves  are  cut  by 
deep  fiords.  The  central  and  western  parts  of  King  Charles 
South  Land,  and  most  of  the  smaller  islands,  are  moun- 
tainous and  partly  covered  with  forest.  Politically  it  is 
divided  nominally  between  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Chile.  It  was  discovered  by  Magellan  in  1520  ; and  has 
been  explored  by  Darwin,  King, Wilkes,  Bove,  etc.  Length 
of  group,  about  400  miles.  Area,  over  21,000  square  miles. 
Population,  civilized,  about  2,000 ; the  aboriginal  inhabi- 
tants probably  do  not  exceed  1,000.  See  Fuegians. 

2.  A territory  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  com- 
prising the  Argentine  portion  of  the  archipelago 
(the  eastern  part  of  King  Charles  South  Land 
and  the  Isla  de  los  Estados).  There  are  two  small 
settlements  established  by  Englishmen,  one  as  a mission 
station.  Gold  is  obtained  in  considerable  quantities. 
Area,  8,299  square  miles.  Population,  1,637. 

Tierra  Firme,  or  Costa  Firme.  See  Spanish 
Main. 

Tiers  Etat  (tyar-za-ta').  [F.,  ‘third  estate.’] 
In  France,  that  portion  of  the  nation  which  be- 
longed neither  to  the  nobility,  nor  the  clergy 
(the  two  privileged  classes),  nor  the  peasantry. 
It  consisted  chiefly  of  the  burghers  who  sent  representa- 
tives to  the  States-General.  The  name  was  made  famous 
by  the  struggles  of  the  representatives  of  this  order 


Tiers  Etat 

in  the  last  French  StatesGeneral  for  power  equal  to  that 
of  both  the  other  orders,  and  their  final  assumption  of 
supreme  authority,  consummating  the  Revolution. 

Tiete  (te  a -ta').  A river  in  the  state  of  Sao 
Paulo,  Brazil,  a tributary  of  the  Parana. 
Length,  about  700  miles. 

Tietjens,  or  Titiens  (tet'yens),  Therese  Car- 
oline Johanna.  Born  at  Hamburg,  July 
17,  1831 : died  at  London,  Oct.  3,  1877.  A so- 
prano singer,  of  Hungarian  descent : settled  in 
England  from  1858.  She  was  noted  in  opera 
and  oratorio. 

Tifata  (te-fa'ta).  A low  mountain-range  near 
Capua,  Italy,  17  miles  northeast  of  Naples : now 
called  Monte  di  Maddaloni.  Near  it,  in  83  b.c., 
Sulla  defeated  the  Marian  general  Norbanus. 
Tifernum  Tiberinum  (ti-fer'numtib-e-ri'num). 
In  ancient  geography,  a city  of  Italy,  on  or  near 
the  site  of  the  modern  Citta  di  Castello,  about 
20  miles  from  Arezzo. 

TifernUS  (ti-fer'nus).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Bifern  o. 

Tiffin  (tif'in).  A city  and  capital  of  Seneca 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  Sandusky  River  43 
miles  south-southeast  of  Toledo.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Heidelberg  University.  Population, 
11  894,  (1910). 

Tinis  (tif-les').  1.  A government  in  Transcau- 
casia, Russia,  intersected  by  lat.  41°  30'  N., 
long.  45°  E.  Area,  15,776  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,117,100. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Tiflis,  and  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment of  Caucasia,  situated  on  the  Km-  in 
lat.  41°  42°  N.,  long.  44°  48'  E.  It  is  the  chief  com- 
mercial city  in  Caucasia,  and  is  on  the  main  route  between 
Russia  and  Persia.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  silks, 
leather  goods,  silverware,  swords,  guns,  etc.  Formerly  it 
was  the  capital  of  Georgia.  It  has  often  been  plundered 
(last  by  the  Persians  in  1795).  Population,  159,590. 

Tiger  of  Central  America,  The.  An  epithet  of 
General  Santos  Guardiola. 

Tiger  of  Tacubaya,  The.  An  epithet  applied 
to  the  Mexican  general  Leonardo  Marquez  for 
his  massacre  of  prisoners  at  Tacubaya. 
Tiglath-Pileser  (tig'lath-pi-le'zer).  [Assyr. 
Tukulti-pal-eshara,  my  support  is  the  son  of 
Eshara  (i.  e.  ‘Adar  the  god  of  war  and  the 
chase’).]  The  name  of  three  Assyrian  kings. 
(a)  King  1120-1100  B.  c.,  one  of  the  most  warlike  and  en- 
ergetic of  Assyrian  rulers.  According  to  inscriptions  on 
prisms  found  in  the  ruins  of  Kileh  Sherghat  (on  the  site  of 
the  ancientcity  of  Ashur),  he  undertook  campaignsagainst 
forty-two  countries  and  their  kings,  among  them  the  Mo- 
schoi,  Kummuch  (Commagene),  Hittites,  the  “Aramean 
river-land,”  the  country  of  Nairi,  and  Babylonia.  He  also 
indulged  in  the  adventures  of  the  chase,  and  relates  that 
he  killed  with  his  own  hand  10  elephants  and  920  lions.  ( b ) 
King  about  950-930  n.  C.  (c)  King  745-727  B.  C.  In  the  Old 
Testament  he  bears  thenameof  Phut.  In  741  he  conquered, 
after  a three  years’  siege,  the  city  of  Arpad  (modern  Tel- 
Erfad,  north  of  Aleppo).  In  738  he  brought  nineteen  dis- 
tricts of  Hamath  under  Assyrian  supremacy.  In  the  same 
year  he  received  tribute  from  Rezin  of  Damascus,  Mena- 
hem  of  Samaria  (2  Ki.  xv.  19),  Hiram  of  Tyre,  and  many 
other  kings  of  Syria.  Several  years  later  Rezin  of  Damas- 
cus and  Pekah  of  Israel  entered  into  a coalition  against 
Assyria,  and  waged  war  against  Ahaz  of  Judah  because  he 
would  not  join  this  alliance  (Isa.  vii.).  At  the  behest  of 
Ahaz,  Tiglath-Pileser  again  marched  against  the  west  734- 
732.  Rezin  was  killed  and  the  kingdom  of  Damascus  de- 
stroyed, and  many  cities  were  taken  from  Israel  (2  Ki. 
xv.  29),  Pekah  being  left  as  a vassal  king.  While  in  Damas- 
cus the  Assyrian  king  received  tribute  from  Ahaz  of  Ju- 
dah, and  the  kings  of  Moab,  Ascalon,  Edom,  Gaza,  etc.  For 
a third  time  Tiglath-Pileser  took  a hand  in  the  policy  of 
Israel  when  Pekah  was  assassinated  by  Hosea.  The  As- 
syrian king,  according  to  his  account,  placed  Hosea  on  the 
throne  and  received  10  talents  of  gold  and  1,000  talents 
of  silver  as  tribute.  He  also  made  several  expeditions  to 
Babylonia,  against  Urartu  (743-735)  and  Elam  (744-737). 
Tigranes  (tig-ra'nez)  I.  [Gr.  Trypavijg.']  Died 
after  56  B.  c.  King  of  Armenia,  son-in-law  of 
Mithridates  the  Great.  He  conquered  Syria  and  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  founded  Tigranocerta.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Lucullus  near  Tigranocerta  69  B.  o. ; surrendered 
at  Artaxata  to  Pompey ; and  was  deprived  of  his  conquests. 
Tigre  (te'gra).  A river  in  Ecuador  which  joins 
the  Amazon  about  40  miles  west  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Ucayale.  Length,  about  400  miles. 
Tigr6  (te-gra').  The  northernmost  division  of 
Abyssinia.  Chief  city,  Adowa.  It  was  formerly 
an  independent  kingdom. 

Tigris  (ti'gris).  A river  in  Asiatic  Turkey  which 
is  formed  by  head  streams  that  rise  in  the 
mountains  of  Armenia  and  Kurdistan,  and  flows 
south  and  southeast,  joining  the  Euphrates 
about  40  miles  northwest  of  Basra,  its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Great  Zab,  Little  Zab,  and  Diyala;  the 
chief  places  on  its  banks  are  Diarbekir,  Mosul,  and  Bagdad. 
Length,  about  1,100  miles;  navigable  for  small  vessels  to 
Bagdad,  and  for  rafts  to  Diarbekir.  It  is  the  biblical 
Hiddekel. 

Tigiia,  or  Teewah,  orTihua  (te'wii).  [PL,  also 
Tigua  s.]  A division  of  the  Tanoan  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  occupying  the 
pueblos  of  Senecii  del  Sur  in  Chihuahua,  Isleta 


997 

del  Sur  in  Texas,  and  Isleta,  Picuris,  Sandia, 
and  Taos  iu  northern  central  New  Mexico.  The 
population  of  the  southern  Tigua  pueblos  is  small,  while 
those  in  New  Mexico  have  a population  of  over  1,000.  See 
Tanoan. 

Tigurini  (tig-u-ri'ni).  In  ancient  history,  one 
of  the  branches  of  the  Helvetii,  which  took  an 
active  part  in  the  defeat  of  the  Romans  107  B.  c., 
and  were  cut  to  pieces  by  Caesar  58  B.  c. 
Tihua.  See  Tigua. 

Tilburg  (til'borG).  A town  in  the  province  of 
North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  36  miles  southeast 
of  Rotterdam.  It  has  important  woolen  manu- 
factures. Population,  49,319. 

Tilburina  (til-bu-ri'na,).  The  daughter  of  the 
governor  of  Tilbury  Fort,  a character  in  the 
tragedy  rehearsed  iu  Sheridan’s  “Critic”:  a 
type  in  which  the  sorrows  of  the  tragedy  hero- 
ine are  burlesqued. 

Tilbury  Fort  (til'bu-ri  fort).  A fortification 
in  Essex,  England,  situated  near  the  Thames 
20  miles  east  of  London. 

Tilden  (til'den),  Samuel  Jones.  Born  at  New 
Lebanon,  N.Y.,  Feb.  9, 1814:  died  at  Greystone, 
near  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1886.  A noted 
American  statesman  and  lawyer.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Yale  and  at  the  University  of  New  York  ; early 
took  an  active  part  in  politics ; was  admitted  to  the  barin 
1841 ; was  elected  asaDemocrat  to  theNewY’ork  Assembly 
in  1845,  and  was  a member  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion in  1846 ; became  a Free-soiler  in  1848 ; was  the  unsuc- 
cessful Democratic  candidate  for-attorney-general  in  1855 ; 
and  became  chairman  of  the  Democratic  State  Committee 
in  1866.  He  was  prominent  in  the  successful  contest  against 
the  “ Tweed  Ring  ” ; and  was  elected  Democratic  governor 
of  New  York  in  1874,  and  served  1876-76.  He  promoted  the 
reform  of  the  management  of  the  canals.  In  1876  he  was 
Democratic  candidate  for  President,  and  received  about 
250,000  more  votes  than  Hayes,  the  Republican  candidate, 
and  184  uncontested  electoral  votes  (see  Electoral  Com- 
mission). The  decision  of  the  contest  was  in  favor  of  Hayes. 
Tilden  declined  to  be  a candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomi- 
nation for  President  in  1880  and  1884.  His  works  were 
edited  by  John  Bigelow  (1885). 

Tillemont  (tey-moh'),  Sebastien  le  Nain  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  30, 1637 : died  Jan.  10, 1698. 
A distinguished  French  historian.  He  was  edu- 
cated among  the  Jansenists  at  Port-Royal;  resided  for 
many  years  at  Beauvais,  occupied  with  his  studies;  re- 
turned to  Paris  in  1670 ; and  in  1679  retired  to  Tillemont, 
near  Montreuil.  He  wrote  “M<5moirespour  servirkl’hi3- 
toire  eccldsiastique  des  six  premiers  siccles  ” (1693-1712) 
and  “Histoire  des  empereurs  et  des  autres  princes  qui 
out  rdgnd  pendant  les  six  premiers  sibcles  del’dglise”  (1690- 
1738),  and  collaborated  in  the  writings  of  the  Port-Roy- 
alists. 

For  a perfect  digest  of  all  the  authorities  bearing  on 
every  fact  in  Roman  imperial  history  we  naturally  turn 
to  Tillemont,  who  devoted  the  patient  industry  of  a life 
to  his  two  great  works,  “Memoires  Eccldsiastiques  ” and 
“Histoire  des  Empereurs.” 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  91. 

Tillotson  (til'ot-son),  John.  Born  at  Sowerby, 
Yorkshire,  England,  Oct..,  1630:  died  Nov.  22, 
1694.  An  English  prelate  and  theological  writer. 
He  was  dean  of  Canterbury  and  of  St.  Paul's,  and  became 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1691.  His  collected  works 
were  published  1707-12. 

Tilly  (til'i ; F.  pron.  te-ye'),  Count  of  (Johann 
Tserclaes).  Born  at  the  castle  of  Tilly,  near 
Gembloux,  Belgium,  Feb.,  1559:  died  at  Ingol- 
stadt,  Bavaria,  April  30,  1632.  A famous  gen- 
eral in  the  Spanish,  Bavarian,  and  Imperial  ser- 
vice. He  served  under  Farnese  in  the  Netherlands,  and 
as  lieutenant-colonel  under  Duke  Philip  Emanuel  of 
Lorraine  in  Hungary  against  the  Turks  1600-02 ; became 
field-marshal  general  and  commander  of  the  Bavarian 
army  in  1610 ; was  commander  of  the  Catholic  League  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Thirty  Years’  War ; gained  the  vic- 
tory of  the  White  Mountain,  near  Prague,  Nov.  8,  1620; 
subdued  Bohemia  in  1621 ; conquered  the  Palatinate  in 
1622  ; defeated  Christian  of  Brunswick  at  Stadtlohn  Aug. 
6,  1623,  and  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark  at  Lutter  Aug.  27, 
1626;  became  imperial  generalissimo  in  1630;  stormed 
Magdeburg  May  20, 1631 ; was  defeated  by  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus at  Breitenfeld,  near  Leipsic,  Sept.  17,  1631;  and  was 
mortally  wounded  in  a contest  with  Gustavus  Adolphus 
near  the  Lech,  April  15,  1632.  He  was  victorious  in  36 
battles. 

Tilsit  (til'sit).  A town  in  the  province  of  East 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Memel  61  miles  north- 
east of  Konigsberg.  It  has  varied  manufactures, 
and  trade  in  lumber,  fish,  grain,  hemp,  flax,  etc.  It  is  fa- 
mous from  the  peace  between  France  on  one  side  and  Rus- 
sia and  Prussia  on  the  other,  agreed  upon  there  in  July, 
1807.  The  meeting  between  Napoleon  and  Alexander 
took  place  on  araft  in  theriver,  June  25,  1807.  Thetreaty 
between  France  and  Russia  was  signed  July  7,  and  that 
between  France  and  Prussia  July  9.  According  to  the  terms 
of  the  peace,  the  grand  duchy  of  Warsaw  was  formed  out 
of  parts  of  Prussia ; part,  of  Prussia  was  ceded  to  Russia, 
and  a small  portion  to  Saxony  ; Dantzic  was  made  free  ; 
the  region  west  of  the  Elbe  was  ceded  to  Napoleon  ; the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine  and  Joseph,  Louis,  and  Jdrftme 
Bonaparte  were  recognized ; Prussian  harbors  were  closed 
to  British  trade  ; the  Prussian  army  was  reduced  to  42,000  ; 
a secret  conditional  alliance  was  arranged  between  France 
and  Russia ; and  large  indemnities  were  to  be  paid  by 
Prussia,  which  was  reduced  to  a second-rate  state.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  37,148. 

Tilton  (til'ton),  Theodore.  Born  at  New  York, 


Timotes 

Oct.  2,  1835:  died' at  Paris,  May  25,  1907.  An 
American  editor.  He  edited  the  “Independent” 
and  founded  the  “Golden  Age.”  He  was  known  chiefly 
from  his  suit  against  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  begun  in  1874, 
which  resulted  in  a disagreement  of  the  jury. 

Timseus  (tl-me'us).  [Gr.  Tfywwo?.]  Lived  about 
400  B.  c.  A Greek  Pythagorean  philosopher 
of  Locri  in  Italy : the  reputed  author  of  a phil- 
osophical work,  “On  the  Soul  of  the  World,” 
probably  of  a later  period.  He  appears  in 
Plato’s  dialogue  named  from  him. 

Timseus.  Lived  about  352-256  b.  c.  A Greek 
historian  of  Tauromenium  in  Sicily.  He  lived  in 
exile  in  Athens.  He  wrote  a history  of  Italy  and  Sicily 
from  the  earliest  times  to  264  B.  o. , fragments  of  which  have 
been  preserved. 

Timan  (te-man').  A plateau  or  group  of  low 
mountains  in  the  governments  of  Vologda  and 
Archangel,  northeastern  Russia. 

Timanthes  (ti-man'thez).  [Gr.  T i/iavdr/i;.']  Bom 
in  the  island  of  Cythnos  (?) : lived  about  400  b.  c. 
A Greek  painter  of  Sicyon.  He  is  known  mainly  as 
the  painter  of  one  of  the  great  pictures  of  antiquity,  the 
“Sacrifice  of  Iphigenia,”  in  which  Agamemnon  conceals 
his  uncontrollable  grief  by  covering  his  head  with  his 
mantle.  This  picture  was  a favorite  of  Cicero.  Pliny's  re- 
mark that  there  is  “always  something  more  implied  than 
expressed  in  his  work  ” is  suggestive  of  bold  and  general- 
ized execution. 

Timbuktu,  or  Timbuctoo  (tim-buk'to).  A city 
of  Africa,  situated  near  the  southern  border  of 
the  Sahara  and  about  10  miles  north  of  the  Niger, 
about  lat.  16°  47'  N.  It  has  considerable  trade  in 
gold,  gum,  salt,  ivory,  etc.,  being  a center  of  various  cara- 
van routes  from  Morocco,  the  Guinea  coast,  and  elsewhere. 
It  was  occupied  by  the  Tuaregs  in  the  11th  century,  and 
later  by  Fellatalis,  Arabs,  and  various  other  peoples.  It 
has  been  visited  by  Laing,  C.iillie,  Barth  (1853),  and  Lenz 
(1880).  Population,  estimated,  5,000. 

Times  (tlmz),  The.  A leading  British  news- 
paper, published  in  London,  founded  in  1785 
underthe  title  of  “The  London  Daily  Universal 
Register.”  The  present  name  was  adopted  in 
1788.  The  paper  was  developed  under  John 
Walter  1803-47. 

Tirnocrate  (te-mo-krat' ).  A tragedy  by  Thomas 
Corneille,  produced  in  1656. 

Timoga.  See  Timuquanan. 

Timoleon  (ti-mo'le-on).  [Gr.  Tifioleuv.']  Born 
at  Corinth:  died  337  or  336  b.  c.  A celebrated 
Greek  general  and  statesman.  He  favored  the 
death  of  his  brother  Timophanes  (tyrant  of  Corinth),  and 
withdrew  from  public  life ; was  sent  from  Corinth  to  aid 
Syracuse  against  Dionysius  the  Younger  and  Hicetas  in 
344;  delivered  Syracuse  from  Dionysius  the  Younger  in 
343;  reorganized  the  city  and  the  Greek  power  in  Sicily; 
and  defeated  the  Carthaginians  at  the  Crimisus  in  339  (?). 

Timomachus  (ti-mom'a-kus).  [Gr.  Tmd/zayof.] 
Lived  in  the  1st  century  (?)  B.  c.  A Byzantine 
painter.  According  to  Pliny,  Csesar  paid  a large  sum  for 
two  of  his  pictures,  an  Ajax  and  a Medea.  The  Medea  of 
Timomachus  was  not  less  praised  in  song  and  epigram  than 
the  Aphrodite  of  Apelles.  An  echo  of  the  original  per- 
haps remains  in  some  of  the  Pompeiian  wall-paintings. 
An  Iphigenia  in  Tauris  and  a Gorgon  were  also  celebrated. 
He  seems  to  have  shown  tact  in  choosing  the  right  moment 
just  after  or  just  before  the  catastrophe. 

Timon  (ti'mon).  [Gr.  Lived  in  the  last 

part  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  An  Athenian 
misanthrope.  He  is  the  subject  of  a tragedy 
by  Shakspere.  See  Timon  of  Athens. 

Timone  (te-mo'ne).  A comedy  by  Boiardo, 
produced  before  1494 : the  first  original  Italian 
comedy. 

Timon  of  Athens.  A tragedy  by  Shakspere, 
which  unquestionably  contains  much  by  an- 
other hand.  It  was  produced  1607-08  and 
printed  iu  1623,  and  was  adapted  by  Shadwell. 
Timon  of  Phlius  (fii'us).  Lived  about  280  b.  c. 
A Greek  skeptical  philosopher  and  author.  He 
wrote  satiric  poems  called  “Silloi”  (hence  he  was  called 
the  “sillographer”),  in  hexameter  verse,  ridiculing  all  the 
dogmatic  schools  of  philosophy.  Fragments  of  them  sur- 
vive. 

Timor  (te-mor').  An  island  of  the  Malay  Arehi- 
pelago,lat.8°  30'-10°20'S.,  long.  124°-127°30'E. 
The  surface  is  mountainous ; the  southwestern  part  is 
claimed  by  the  Netherlands,  the  northeastern  by  Portugal ; 
the  capital  of  the  Dutch  part  is  Kupang ; thatof  the  Portu-' 
guese,  Deli.  Length,  about  300  miles.  Area,  about  12,600 
square  miles.  Population  (Papuas  mixed  with  Malays, 
etc.),  estimated,  400,000. 

Timor  laut  (te-mor'lout),  or  Tenimber  (te-nim'- 
ber).  A group  of  islands  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, east  by  north  of  Timor  and  southwest 
of  the  Aru  Islands  and  of  New  Guinea : claimed 
by  the  Dutch.  It  comprises  three  large  and  several 
small  islands  (formerly  supposed  to  form  a whole).  The 
formation  is  generally  that  of  coral  reefs  and  low.  The  in- 
habitants are  largely  Papuas.  Area,  about  2,000  square 
miles. 

Timotes  (te-mo'tas).  Indians  of  Venezuela,  in 
the  mountain  region  south  and  southeast  of 
Lake  Maracaibo,  and  the  adjacent  plains  (state 
of  Los  Andes).  The  early  explorers  described  them 
as  agriculturists,  divided  into  many  small  tribes  or  hordes 
(Tatuyes,  Mocochies,  etc.),  and  having  few  arts.  Those  in 


Timotes 

the  lowlands  went  naked  and  painted  their  bodies  red ; 
the  mountain  tribes  wore  a cotton  mantle.  They  buried 
their  dead  in  caves  or,  in  some  tribes  (Mocochies,  etc.), 
in  artificial  vaults.  Their  descendants  are  civilized,  and 
occupy  villages  which  take  their  names  from  the  tribes. 
Their  language,  now  nearly  extinct,  is  said  to  have  had  re- 
lations with  the  Chibcha,  but  this  is  doubtful. 

Timotheus  (ti-mo'the-us).  [Gr.  Tqwfeof.]  Died 
about  354  B.  C.  An  Athenian  naval  commander, 
son  of  Conon.  He  conquered  Corcyra  in  375  n.  c.,  and 
secured  the  favor  of  Acarnania,  Cephalonia.  and  Epirus ; 
took  Samos  from  the  Persians  in  305  ; and  was  unjustly 
condemned  during  the  Social  War. 

Ticiotheus.  Born  at  ’Miletus : died  about  357 
B.  c.  A celebrated  Athenian  musician  and 
dithyrambic  poet.  He  improved  the  cithara  by 
adding  to  it  a string  (the  eleventh  "!). 

Timothy  (tim'o-thi),  or  Timotheus.  A Lvca- 
onian  Christian  missionary,  a disciple  aud  com- 
panion of  the  apostle  Paul. 

Timour.  Same  as  Timur  or  Tamerlane. 

Timrod  (tim'rod),  Henry.  Born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Dec.  8,  1829:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C., 
Oct.  6,  1867.  An  American  poet,  author  of 
Confederate  war  lyrics.  His  poems,  with  mem- 
oir by  P.  Id.  Hayne,  were  edited  1873. 

Timsah  (tim'sa),  Lake.  A small  lake  traversed 
by  the  Suez  Canal,  near  Ismailia. 

Timuquanan  (tim-o-kwan'an).  [‘Ruler’ or 
‘ master.’]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  The  name  was  first  used  for  a village  or 
tribe  upon  St.  John's  River,  Florida,  but  afterward  to  in- 
clude the  ancient  tribes  (now  extinct)  in  that  peninsula. 
When  their  towns  were  destroyed  in  1706,  the  fugitives 
settled  on  the  eastern  coast,  upon  Tomoco  River  and  the 
Mosquito  Lagoon.  There  were  60  tribes  or  villages  attrib- 
uted to  the  stock,  the  names  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished. Also  Atimuca,  Timoga. 

Timur,  or  Timour  (te-mor'),  or  Timur  Bey 
(te-mor'  ba),  also  Timiir-Leng  (te-mor'leng) 
(‘Timur  the  Lame’):  corrupted  to  Tamerlane 
(tam-er-lan').  Born  in  central  Asia,  1333:  died 
1405.  A Tatar  conqueror,  said  to  have  been 
descended  from  a follower  of  Jenghiz  Khan. 
He  became  ruler  about  1370  of  a realm  whose  capital  was 
Samarkand ; conquered  Persia,  central  Asia,  and  in  13!i8  a 
great  part  of  India ; waged  war  with  the  sultan  Bajazet  I., 
whom  he  defeated  at  Ancyra  in  1402  and  took  prisoner; 
and  died  while  preparing  to  invade  China.  He  is  the 
Tamerlaine  of  the  plays. 

Just  at  the  moment  when  the  Sultan  [Bajazet]  seemed 
to  have  attained  the  pinnacle  of  his  ambition,  when  his 
authority  was  unquestioningly  obeyed  over  the  greater 
part  of  the  Byzantine  Empire  in  Europe  and  Asia,  when 
the  Christian  states  were  regarding  him  with  terror  as  the 
scourge  of  the  world,  another  and  a greater  scourge  came  to 
quell  him,  and  at  one  stroke  all  the  vast  fabric  of  empire 
which  Bayezld  had  so  triumphantly  erected  was  shattered 
to  the  ground.  This  terrible  conqueror  was  Timur  the 
Tartar,  oraswecallliim“Tamerlane.”  Timurwas  of  Turk- 
ish race,  and  was  born  near  Samarkand  in  1333.  He  was 
consequently  an  old  man  of  nearly  seventy  when  he  came 
to  encounter  Bayezld  in  1402.  It  had  taken  him  many 
years  to  establish  his  authority  overa  portion  of  the  numer- 
ous divisions  into  which  the  immense  empire  of  Chingiz 
Khan  had  fallen  after  the  death  of  that  stupendous  con- 
queror. Timur  was  but  a petty  chief  among  many  others  : 
but  at  last  he  won  his  way,  and  became  ruler  of  Samar- 
kand and  the  whole  province  of  Transoxiana,  or  ‘Beyond 
the  River’(Ma-wara-n-nahr),  as  the  Arabs  called  the  coun- 
try north  of  the  Oxus.  Once  fairly  established  in  this 
province,  Timur  began  to  overrun  the  surrounding  lands, 
and  during  thirty  years  his  ruthless  armies  spread  over  the 
provinces  of  Asia,  from  Dehli  to  Damascus,  and  from  the 
Sea  of  Aral  to  the  Persian  Gulf.  The  subdivision  of  the 
Mohammedan  Empire  into  numerous  petty  kingdoms  ren- 
dered it  powerless  to  meet  the  overwhelming  hordes  which 
Timur  brought  down  from  Central  Asia.  One  and  all.  the 
kings  and  princes  of  Persia  and  Syria  succumbed,  and  Ti- 
mur carried  his  banners  triumphantly  as  far  as  the  frontier 
of  Egypt,  where  the  brave  Mamluk  Sultans  still  dared  to 
defy  him.  He  had  so  far  left  Bayezld  unmolested ; partly 
because  he  was  too  powerful  to  be  rashly  provoked,  and 
partly  because  Timur  respected  the  sultan’s  valorous  deeds 
against  the  Christians:  for  Timur,  though  a wholesale 
butcher,  was  very  conscientious  in  matters  of  religion,  and 
held  that  Bayezid’s  fighting  for  the  Faith  rightly  covered 
a multitude  of  sins.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  63. 

Tinchebray,  or  Tinchebrai  (tansh-bra/),  or 
Tenchebray,  or  Tenchebrai.  A town  in  the 
department  of  Orne,  Normandy,  44  miles  north- 
west of  AlentJOn.  Here,  Sept  .28, 1106,  Henry  I.  ofEng- 
land  defeated  and  captured  his  brother  Robert,  duke  of 
Normandy.  Population,  3,952. 

Tindal  (tin'dal),  Matthew.  Born  at  Beer-Fer- 
rers,  Devonshire,  about  1656 : died  at  Oxford, 
Aug.  16,  1733.  An  English  deist.  He  studied  at 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford.  In  1685  he  joined  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  but  returned  in  1688  to  the  Church  of 
England.  He  published  “ An  Essay  of  Obedience  to  the 
Supreme  Powers  "(1694),  and  “ The  Rights  of  the  Christian 
Church  asserted  against  the  Romish  and  all  other  priests 
who  claim  an  independent  power  over  it  ” (1706-09).  His 
defense  of  the  theory  of  state  control  of  the  church  led 
to  the  proscription  of  the  work,  Dec.  12,  1707.  He  con- 
tinued to  defend  his  deistic  position,  and  in  1730  published 
“ Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation,  or  the  Gospel  a Repub- 
lication of  the  Religion  of  Nature,”  a work  recognized  as 
the  “ Bible  ” of  deism.  The  work  was  translated  into  Ger- 
man by  J.  Lorenz  Schmidt  in  1741,  and  had  great  influence 
on  German  theology.  Tindal  called  himself  a “Christian 
deist ' 


998 

Tindale,  William.  See  Tyndale. 
Ting-hai(ting-hi'),orTmghae  (ting-M').  The 

capital  of  the  island  of  Chusan,  China. 

Tingis.  See  Tangier. 

Tingitana  (tin-ji-ta'na).  An  ancient  Roman 
province,  included  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
modern  Morocco. 

Tinne  (tin'ne),  Alexandrine  or  Alexine.  Born 
at  The  Hague,  Oct.  17,  1839:  murdered  in  the 
vicinity  of  Murzuk,  Fezzan,  Aug.  11,  1869.  A 
Dutch  traveler,  of  English  descent,  she  traveled 
extensively  in  Europe  and  the  East ; with  her  mother,  aunt, 
and  others  explored  the  White  Nile  to  Gondokoro,  and 
the  regions  of  the  Sobat  and  Bahr-el-Ghazal,  1862-64 ; trav- 
eled in  1865  and  following  years  in  southern  Europe  and 
northern  Africa ; and  started  for  the  interior  of  Africa  in 
1869,  but  was  murdered  by  her  escort. 

Tinneh.  See  Athapascan. 

Tinnevelli  (tin-e-vel'i),  or  Tinavelly  (tin-a- 
vel'i).  1.  A district  in  Madras,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  9°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Ai'ea, 
5,389  square  miles.  Population,  2,059,607. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Tinnevelli,  in  lat. 
8°  44'  N.  Population,  40,469. 

Tintagel  (tin-t.a'jel),  or  Trevena  (tre-ve'na). 
A village  in  Cornwall,  near  the  sea,  18  miles 
west  of  Launceston.  Near  it  is  the  ruined  Tintagel 
Castle,  celebrated  in  Arthurian  legend.  It  was  the  re- 
puted birthplace  of  Arthur.  In  the  romance  of  Sir  Tris- 
tram it  is  the  castle  of  King  Mark.  Tintagel  Head  is  a 
high  cliff  on  the  coast. 

Tintern  (tin'tern)  Abbey.  A ruined  medieval 
abbey  in  Monmouthshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Wye  17  miles  north  by  west  of  Bristol.  The 
ivy-clad  church,  of  the  middle  of  the  13th  century,  is  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  of  English  ruins.  The  vaulting 
is  gone,  but  otherwise  it  is  well  preserved.  It  retains  most 
of  its  window-tracery,  and  has  a fine  west  portal  of  two 
cusped  arches,  and  a single  very  large  window,  a typical 
English  feature,  in  each  of  the  main  and  transept  facades. 
The  monastic  buildings  survive  in  part. 

Tinto  (tin'to),  Dick.  The  light-hearted  artist 
who  is  supposed  to  relate  Scott’s  tale  of  “ The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor”to  Peter  Mattieson.  It 
is  also  the  pseudonym  of  Frank  Booth  Goodrich. 
Tinto  Hills  (tin'to  hilz).  A group  of  hills  in 
Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  southeast  of  Lanark. 
Height,  about  2,300  feet. 

Tintoretto  (ten-to-ret'to),  or  Tintoret  (tin'to- 
ret)  (Jacopo  Kobusti : called  Tintoretto  from 
the  trade  of  his  father,  a dyer).  Born  at  Venice, 
Sept.  16, 1518 : died  there,  May  31, 1594.  A cele- 
brated Venetian  painter.  He  entered  the  atelier  of 
Titian,  with  whom  it  does  not  appear  that  he  stayed  very 
long.  From  Titian  he  went  to  Andrea  Schiavone.  In  1546 
he  received  his  first  important  order  for  the  decoration  of 
the  choir  of  Sta.  Maria  dell’  Orto.  The  compositions  were 
over  50  feet  high.  They  brought  him  great  reputation  and 
a commission  to  paint  the  “ Miracle  of  St.  Mark,”  now  in 
the  Accademia  delle  Arti  in  Venice,  his  most  perfect  and 
important  work.  The  “ Last  Supper,”  in  the  Sacristy  of  San 
Giorgio,  is  more  powerful  and  vaster  in  technical  range, 
but  is  less  successful  in  its  attainment  of  the  finer  quali- 
ties of  art.  In  1560  Tintoretto  began  to  paint  the  Scuola 
di  San  Rocco  and  the  doge’s  palace.  The  famous  “Cruci- 
fixion ”of  the  Scuola  di  San  Rocco  dates  from  this  time.  In 
1576  he  painted  the  ceiling  of  the  great  hall.  In  1560  he 
seems  to  have  taken  the  place  of  Titian  as  court  painter 
to  the  doges.  The  great  conflagrations  of  1574  and  1577 
threw  much  of  the  work  of  restoration  into  the  hands  of 
Tintoretto.  The  work  accomplished  by  him  on  these  com- 
missions includes  the  great  ‘ ‘ Paradise  ” (1589-90). 

Tiny  Tim  (tl'ni  tim).  The  little  crippled  son  of 
Bob  Cratchit  in  Dickens’s  “Christmas  Carol.” 
Tioga  (ti-6'gii).  A small  river  in  northern  Penn- 
sylvania and  Steuben  County,  New  York,  which 
unites  near  Corning  with  the  Conhocton  to  form 
the  Chemung. 

Tionoiltati  (te^on-on-ta/te).  [Their  own  name, 
meaning  ‘there  the  mountain  stands.’]  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  who  formerly 
lived  in  the  mountains  south  of  Nottawasaga 
Bay,  Ontario.  They  wore  first  met  in  1616  by  the 
French,  who  called  them  Nation  du  Petun,  or  Tobacco 
Nation,  from  their  large  fields  of  tobacco.  On  the  defeat 
of  the  Hurons  in  1648,  many  of  the  fugitives  took  refuge 
with  the  Tionoiltati,  and  the  Iroquois  attacked  that  tribe 
and  drove  them  with  the  Hurons  to  the  head  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. In  1670  the  united  remnants  lived  at  Mackinaw 
under  the  name  of  Wyandots.  See  Iroqvoian. 
Tipitapa  (te-pe-tii'pa).  A river  of  Nicaragua, 
joining  Lakes  Managua  and  Nicaragua.  Length, 
about  20  miles. 

Tipkin  (tip'kin),  Biddy.  A romantic  charac- 
ter in  Steele’s  “ Tender  Husba  nd.”  she  feels  “ that 
it  looks  so  ordinary  to  go  out  at  a door  to  be  married.” 
She  is  the  original  of  Lydia  Languish. 

Tippecanoe  (tip//e-ka-no/).  A nickname  of  Wil- 
liam Henry  Harrison,  from  his  victory  near 
the  Tippecanoe  River. 

Tippecanoe,  Battle  of  tbe.  A victory  gained 
at  Battle  Ground,  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana, 
near  Tippecanoe  River,  Nov.  7,  1811,  by  the 
Americans  under  General  William  Henry  Har- 
rison over  the  Indians  under  the  “Prophet,” 
brother  of  Tecumseh. 


Tirnova 

Tippecanoe  River.  A river  in  northern  Indi- 
ana which  joins  the  Wabash  10  miles  north- 
east of  Lafayette.  Length,  about  175  miles. 

Tipperah  (tip'e-ra).  A district  in  the  Chitta- 
gong division,  Bengal,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  23°  45'  N.,  long.  91°  E.  Area, 
2,499  sq.  m.  Population,  2,117,991. 

Tipperary  (tip-e-ra'ri).  A county  in  Munster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Galway,  King’s  County, 
Queen’s  County,  Kilkenny,  Waterford,  Cork, 
Limerick,  and  Clare.  It  is  a rich  agricultural 
county,  containing  the  “ Golden  Vale.”  Area, 
1,659  square  miles.  Population,  160.232. 

Tipperary.  A town  in  the  county  of  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  23  miles  southeast  of  Limerick.  It 
has  a trade  in  agricultural  products.  Popula- 
tion, urban  district,  6,281. 

Tippermuir  (tip'er-mur).  A place  near  Perth, 
Scotland,  where,  Sept.  1,  1644,  the  Royalists 
under  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  defeated  the 
Covenanters. 

Tippoo  Sahib  (ti-po'  sa'hib),  or  Tipu  Saib  (ti- 
po'  sa'ib).  Born  1749:  killed  at  the  storming 
of  Seringapatam,  May  4,  1799.  Sultan  of  My- 
sore, son  of  HyderAli.  He  was  distinguished  ill  the 
Mahratta  war  1775-79;  defeated  Braithwaite  on  the  Cole- 
run  in  1782 ; succeeded  his  father  in  1782  ; gained  several 
successes  in  the  war  with  the  British,  and  concluded  peace 
in  1784 ; attacked  Travancore  1789-90,  and  provoked  the 
second  Mysore  war ; was  defeated  by  Cornwallis  at  Ari- 
kera  in  1791;  and  concluded  peace  and  ceded  about  half 
of  his  dominions  to  the  British  in  1792.  He  intrigued 
against  the.  British  and  renewed  the  war  in  1799. 

Tippoo  Tib  (ti-po 'tib),  or  Tippoo  Tip  (tip).  Ha- 
midi  bin  Muhammad,  nicknamed.  Born 
about  1837  or  1838 : died  at  Zanzibar,  June  14, 
1905.  A trader  and  slaver  in  equatorial  Africa, 
of  Arabian  and  African  descent,  influential  in 
the  Upper  Kongo  region.  He  aided  Cameron  in 
1874  and  Stanley  in  1876,  and  in  the  Emin  relief  expedition 
in  1887  ; and  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Stanley  Falls 
district  for  the  Kongo  State. 

Tipton  (tip'ton).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Staffordshire,  England,  8 miles  west-northwest 
of  Birmingham.  Population,  30,543. 

Tirabosclii  (te-ra-bos'ke),  Girolamo.  Born  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  Dec.  28,  1731:  died  near  Mo- 
dena, Italy,  June  3,  1794.  A distinguished 
Italian  historian  of  literature.  He  was  professor 
at  Milan,  and  later  librarian  to  the  Duke  of  Modena.  His 
chief  work  is  “Storia  della  ietteratura  italiana"  (“History 
of  Italian  Literature,"  1771-82,  13  vole.). 

Tirard  (te-rar'),  Pierre  Emmanuel.  Born  at 

Geneva,  Sept.  27,  1827 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  4, 
1893.  A French  politician,  a jeweler  by  trade. 
He  was  minister  of  trade  and  agriculture  1879-82;  minister 
of  finance  1882-85 ; premier  Dec.,  1887, -March,  18^8.  and 
Feb.,  1889, -March,  1890;  and  minister  of  finance  1892-93. 

Tiraspol  (te-ras-poly').  A fortified  town  in  the 
government  of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  59  miles  northwest  of  Odessa.  Popu- 
lation, 31,616. 

Tiresias  (ti-re'si-as).  [Gr.  T«pi/<r«zf.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a blind  Theban  seer.  He  was  said 
to  have  been  blinded  by  Athene,  whom  he  saw  bathing. 
The  goddess  relented,  but  was  unable  to  restore  his  sight, 
and  so  gave  him  instead  the  vision  of  the  seer  and  under- 
standing of  the  voices  of  birds  and  beasts  (other  accounts 
are  given  in  the  legends).  At  the  request  of  Circe,  Odys- 
seus descended  into  Hades  to  consult  him. 

Tirhakah  (t£r'ha-ka).  A king  of  Egypt  and 
Ethiopia  who  encountered  Sennacherib  while 
he  was  on  his  expedition  against  Judah  (Isa. 
xxxvii.  9;  2 Ki.  xix.  9).  He  was  defeated  by  Sen- 
nacherib in  the  battle  of  Eltekeh  (701  B.  C.),  and  by  his 
son  and  successor  Esarliaddon  (680-668  B.  c.):  the  entire 
country  was  conquered  by  the  Assyrian  king,  the  names 
of  the  cities  changed,  and  over  the  1 wenty  principalities 
into  which  the  country  was  divided  were  placed  vassals 
loyal  to  Assyria.  This  took  place  after673B.c.  Butsoon  Tir- 
hakah put  to  flight  tbe  Assyrian  vassals  and  got  posses- 
sion of  Memphis.  Asurbanipal  (668-626),  in  whose  annals 
he  is  first  mentioned  by  name  (Tarku),  defeated  him  in  the 
battle  of  Karbanit  (about  6S8).  The  twenty  kings  were 
restored,  and  Necho  was  put  at  their  head.  Soon  afterward 
these  twenty  vassals  entered  into  a plot  with  Tirhakah 
against  Assyria.  But  the  plot  was  discovered  by  the  As- 
syrian garrison  of  Egypt,  aud  frustrated.  Tirhakah  fled, 
and  died  in  the  place  of  his  refuge.  According  to  Manetho, 
Tirhakah  (Tarkos,  Tarakos)  was  the  last  of  the  Ethiopian 
kings  in  Egypt.  The  Egyptian  monuments  call  this  third 
and  last  king  of  the  25tli  “ Ethiopian  ’’  dynasty  Tahark  or 
Taharka.  He  enlarged  the  temple  of  Amun  in  Thebes. 

Tirlemont  (ter-le-mon'),  Flem.  Thienen  (te'- 
nen).  A town  in  the  province  of  Brabant,  Bel- 
gium, situated  on  the  Geete  26  miles  east  of 
Brussels.  It  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  in 
1705 ; and  near  it  the  French  under  Dumouriez  defeated 
the  Austrians  March  16,  1793.  Pop.,  commune,  18,966. 

Tirnovo  (ter’n6-vo),or  Tarnovo  (tiir'no-vo).  A 
city  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Jantra  in  lat. 
43°  6'  N.,  long.  25°  36'  E.  It  is  an  important  strategic 
point  on  the  route  between  the  Danube  aud  the  Balkans  ; 
and  was  formerly  the  place  of  coronation  of  the  Bulgarian 
kings.  Alexander  I.  was  chosen  prince  here  and  took  the 
oath  to  the  constitution  in  1879.  l’opulation,  12,185. 


Tiro 

Tiro  (ti'ro),  Marcus  Tullius.  Lived  in  the  1st 
century  B.  c.  A freedman  and  amanuensis  of 
Cicero,  supposed  to  have  greatly  developed  ste- 
nography. See  Notse  Tironianse. 

Tirocinium  (tl-ro-sin'i-um).  A poem  by  Cowper. 
Tirol.  See  'Tyrol. 

Tironian  Notes.  See  Notse  Tironianse. 

Tirso  (ter'so).  The  principal  river  of  the  island 
of  Sardinia:  the  ancient  Thyrsus.  It  flows  into 
the  Gulf  of  Oristano  near  Oristano.  Length, 
about  80  miles. 

Tirso  de  Molina.  The  pseudonym  of  Tellez. 
Tiruvalluvar  (ti-ro-val-16-var').  [Properly  Ti- 
ru-valluva-nayanar,  the  sacred  devotee,  priest, 
or  soothsayer  of  the  Pariahs.]  The  name  given 
to  the  greatest  of  Tamil  poets,  the  author  of 
the  Rural . His  date  is  uncertain.  Pope  puts  it  between 
800  and  1000  A.  D.  All  that  seems  certain  about  the  details 
of  his  life  is  that  he  lived  at  S.  ThomS,  orMayilapur,  now 
a suburb  of  Madras  ; was  a weaver  and  a Pariah;  and  had 
an  intimate  friend,  probably  a patron,  called  Elelacinkan, 

‘ Lion  of  the  Surf,’  who  was  the  captain  of  a small  vessel. 
Kural,  the  name  of  his  work,  means  ‘anything  short,’ 
then  the  couplet,  and  thence  this  collection  of  couplets. 
It  is  divided  into  three  books,  treating  of  Virtue,  Wealth, 
and  Pleasure,  and  consists  of  133  chapters,  each  containing 
10  couplets,  and  so  numbers  2,660 lines.  The  Venpa  meter, 
in  which  it  is  composed,  is  very  curious,  and  in  fact  unique. 
“A  kurral,”says  Pope,  “is  a couplet  containing  a complete 
and  striking  idea  expressed  in  a refined  and  intricate  meter. 
No  translation  can  convey  an  idea  of  its  charming  effect. 
It  is  truly  ‘an  apple  of  gold  in  a network  of  silver.’” 
Every  Hindu  sect  claims  the  poet,  and  interprets  his 
verses  so  as  to  favor  its  own  dogmas,  the  Jains  especially. 
He  was  influenced  by  Shankara’s  reforms,  the  later  devel- 
opments of  Jainism,  and  the  P.hagavadgita,  his  philosophy 
seeming  to  be  of  the  eclectic  school  represented  by  the  last. 
Tiryns  (tl'rinz).  [Gr.  T tpwf.]  In  aueient  geog- 
raphy, a city  of  Argolis,  Greece,  situated  near 
the  coast  southeast  of  Argos  and  3 miles  north 
of  Nauplia.  It  was  built  on  a rock,  and  is  celebrated 
for  its  antiquities,  including  the  Cyclopean  walls,  gates, 
and  a palace  (excavated  by  Schliemann  and  Dorpfeld 
1884-85)  of  the  10th  or  11th  century  B.  c.  The  citadel  is 
a famous  memorial  of  the  earliest  known  Greek  civiliza- 
tion. The  massive  walls,  built  of  great  blocks  with  the 
interstices  filled  with  small  stones,  surround  the  summit 
of  an  oblong  hill.  At  one  end  are  the  well-known  gaUeries 
of  arcades  resembling  pointed  arches : these  were  maga- 
zines for  munitions  and  supplies.  Within  the  walls  there 
is  an  extensive  prehistoric  palace,  with  outer  and  inner 
courts,  men’s  apartments,  bath-room, and  secluded  women’s 
quarters,  the  whole  corresponding  with  the  spirit  of  the 
Homeric  picture.  Wall-paintings  and  other  details  of 
high  interest  were  found  by  Schliemann.  According  to  the 
legend,  Hercules  lived  for  many  years  at  Tiryns.  It  was 
destroyed  by  Argos  about  468  B.  c. 

Tischendorf  (tish'en-dorf),  Lobegott  Fried- 
rich Konstantin  von.  Born  at  Lengenfeld, 
Saxony,  Jan.  18,  1815:  died  at  Leipsie,  Dec.  7, 
1874.  A noted  German  Protestant  biblical 
critic,  professor  at  Leipsie  from  1845.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Leipsie ; made  investigations  in  Paris,  Holland, 
England,  Italy,  Egypt,  Sinai,  Palestine,  and  other  parts  of 
the  East ; and  brought  many  manuscripts  from  the  East, 
including  the  famous  Sinaitic  Codex  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. He  published  a critical  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment (1872),  various  codices  of  the  Old  Testament  and 
New  Testament,  “Anecdota  sacra  et  profana,”  “Wann 
wurden  unsere  Evangelien  verfasst?  ” (1865),  etc. 

Tishri  (tish'ri).  [Assyr.  tashritu,  explained  to 
mean‘beginning’(i.  e.  of  the  second  half-year).] 
The  seventh  month  of  the  Hebrew  year,  corre- 
sponding to  September-October.  In  Tishri  fall 
the  holy  days  New  Year’s  day,  Atonement  day, 
and  Tabernacles. 

Tisiphone  (ti-sif'o-ne).  [Gr.  Ticn^Avri.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Eumenides  (which  see). 
Tissaphernes  (tis-a-fer'nez).  [Gr.  T tma<pipv7i<;.] 
Executed  about  395  b.  c.  A Persian  satrap. 
He  became  satrap  in  Asia  Minor  414  B.  c.;  carried  on  war 
against  the  Athenians  ; was  hostile  to  Cyrus  the  Young- 
er, and  discovered  and  disclosed  the  latter’s  plans  to  Ar- 
taxerxesll.;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Cunaxa  401  B.  c.; 
pursued  the  Ten  Thousand  on  part  of  their  return  jour- 
ney and  molested  them ; was  appointed  chief  ruler  in  west- 
ern Asia  by  Artaxerxes ; was  defeated  by  Agesilaus  in  395 ; 
and  was  put  to  death  through  the  influence  of  Parysatis. 

Tissot  (te-so' ),  James  Joseph  Jacques.  Bom  at 
Nantes,  Oct.  15,  1836:  died  at  the  Abbey  of 
Buillon,  Doubs,  Prance,  Aug.  9,  1902.  A noted 
French  genre-painter.  He  at  first  painted  after  the 
Dutch  school,  but  became  the  pupil  of  Flandrin  and  La- 
mothe.  He  painted  (1893-96)  a series  of  water-colors  illus- 
trating the  life  of  Christ. 

Tissot  (te-so'),  Simon  (or  Samuel)  Auguste 

Andr6  David.  Bornat  Grancy,Vaud,  Switzer- 
land, March  20,  1728:  died  at  Lausanne,  Switzer- 
land, June  15, 1797.  A physician  of  Lausanne. 
His  best-known  works  are  “L’Onanisme” 
(1760),  “Avis  au  peuple  sur  la  sant6”  (1761). 
Tisza  (tis'o),  Kalman.  Bom  at  Geszt,  Hun- 
gary, Dec.  16,  1830:  died  at  Budapest,  March  23, 
1902.  A noted  Hungarian  statesman.  He  en- 
tered the  Diet  in  1861,  and  became  leader  of  the  Left  Cen- 
ter. He  was  one  of  the  founders  in  1875  of  the  liberal 
party,  which  succeeded  the  Dealt  party,  and  was  premier 
of  Hungary  1876-90. 

Titan  (tl'tan).  [Gr.  Titov.]  1.  See  Titans. — 


999 

2.  The  sun  personified,  the  name  Titan  being 
at  times  substituted  by  the  Latin  poets  for  He- 
lios as  god  of  the  sun. — 3.  The  sixth  in  order 
of  the  eight  satellites  of  the  planet  Saturn,  and 
the  largest,  appearing  as  a star  of  the  ninth 
magnitude : discovered  by  Huygens  March  25, 
1655.  See  Saturn. 

Titan.  One  of  the  principal  romances  of  Jean 
Paul  Richter,  published  in  1803. 

Titania  (ti-ta'ni-a).  A fairy  queen  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “ Midsummer  Night’s  Dream.”  Shak- 
spere  is  said  to  be  the  first  to  give  this  name  to 
the  queen  of  the  fairies. 

Titania.  The  third  satellite  of  Uranus,  discov- 
ered by  Lassell  in  1847. 

Titans  (ti'tanz).  [Gr.  Ttravcc,  from  Tnavideq, 
children  of  Titan.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a race 
of  primordial  deities,  children  of  Uranus  and 
Gsea  (Heaven  and  Earth),  in  the  oldest  accounts 
there  were  six  male  Titans  (Oceanus,  Coeus,  Crius,  Hype- 
rion, Japetus,  and  Cronus),  and  six  female  (Theia,  Rhea, 
Themis,  Mnemosyne,  Phoebe,  andTethys).  They  were  im- 
prisoned by  their  father  Uranus  from  their  birth,  but,  after 
unmanning  and  dethroning  him,  were  delivered  by  Cronus. 
Zeus,  son  of  Cronus,  compelled  him  to  disgorge  his  elder 
brothers  and  sisters,  whom  he  had  swallowed  at  their  birth, 
and  after  a terrible  war  thrust  the  Titans  (except  Oceanus) 
into  Tartarus,  under  guard  of  the  hundred-armed  giants. 
In  the  later  legends.  Titan,  the  father  of  the  Titans,  yielded 
the  supreme  power  to  his  younger  brother  Cronus,  but 
regained  it,  and  was  finally  overcome  by  the  thunderbolts 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  son  of  Cronus  (Saturn),  who  then  became 
the  supreme  god.  The  Titans  in  their  wars  are  said  to 
have  piled  mountains  upon  mountains  to  scale  heaven, 
and  they  were  taken  as  the  types  of  lawlessness,  gigantic 
size,  and  enormous  strength. 

Titcomb  (tit/kom),  Timothy.  Thepseudonym 
of  J.  G.  Holland. 

Tithonus  (ti-tho'nus).  [Or.  Ti(k>v6c.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a son  (or  brother)  of  Laomedon, 
beloved  by  Eos.  He  received  from  the  gods  the  gift 
of  immortality,  but  not  of  eternal  youth,  and  in  his  ex- 
treme old  age  withered  away  and  was  metamorphosed  into 
a grasshopper. 

Titian(tis_h'an),It.TizianoVecelli(tet-se-a'n6 
va-chel'le)  orVecellio(va-chelTe-o):  surnamed 
Da  Cadore,  and  II  Divino  (‘The  Divine’). 
Born  at  Pieve  di  Cadore,  Friuli,  1477  (?):  died  at 
Venice,  Aug.27, 1576.  Afamous  Venetian  paint- 
er. He  first  studied  paintingathis  native  place,  and  at9or 
10  years  of  age  went  to  Venice  and  was  put  to  study  with 
Giovanni  Bellini.  He  does  not  seem  to  have  been  influ- 
enced by  any  of  the  foreign  schools.  From  1507-08  he 
worked  as  collaborator  with  Giorgione  in  the  decoration 
of  the  exterior  of  the  Fondaco  de’ Tedeschi  at  Venice: 
these  frescos  are  destroyed.  In  1511  Titian  was  at  work 
at  the  school  of  Padua  with  Campagnola,  who  was  his 
assistant.  He  returned  to  Venice  in  1512,  and  in  1513 
sought  to  obtain  an  order  for  a battle-piece  for  the  council- 
hall,  and  applied  for  the  first  vacancy  as  broker  at  the 
Fondaco,  a privilege  already  accorded  to  Bellini  and  Car- 
paccio. About  this  time  he  declined  an  invitat  ion  to  work 
at  Rome  for  the  Pope.  On  the  death  of  Bellini  he  became 
his  successor  as  broker  at  the  Fondaco  and  as  portrait- 
painter  to  the  doges.  In  1516  he  went  to  Ferrara  at  the 
invitation  of  Alphonso  d’Este,  and  painted  several  pictures, 
some  of  which  are  now  in  various  public  and  private  col- 
lections. From  this  time  he  was  occupied  with  commis- 
. sions  from  various  royal  and  private  clients  until  1523, 
' when  he  returned  to  Venice  to  paint  the  portrait  of  the 
new  doge,  Andrea  Gritti,  and  the  fresco  over  the  landing 
of  the  doge’s  palace,  “St.  Christopher  Carrying  the  Christ 
Child,”  which  still  remains.  About  this  time  he  married, 
and  in  1530  was  left  a widower  with  three  children.  In 
1532  Titian  was  called  to  Bologna  by  Charles  V.,  who  had 
come  to  meet  the  Pope.  He  became  painter  to  the  em- 
peror, and  enjoyed  his  friendship.  This  relation  led  him 
in  1546  to  Rome,  where  he  met  Michelangelo  and  became 
acquainted  with  theworksofRaphaeland  theGreeks.  He 
was  at  this  time  69  years  old.  In  1547  he  was  summoned 
to  Augsburg  by  the  emperor,  and  there  he  painted  many 
portraits.  His  court  life  was  brilliant  and  profitable.  In 
1549  he  was  again  at  Venice,  and  in  1550  returned  to  Augs- 
burg. His  life  from  this  time  forward  is  a succession  of 
honors  and  triumphs.  He  succeeded  to  the  favor  of  Philip 
on  the  death  of  Charles  V.  He  died  of  the  plague.  Among 
his  chief  paintings  are  many  representations  of  the  Mag- 
dalen, Venus,  Danae,  the  Madonna,  the  Holy  Family,  etc.; 
“Sacred  and  Profane  Love  ’’(Rome),  “Bacchusand  Ariadne’’ 
(London),  “Ecce  Homo”  (Vienna),  “Entombment  of 
Christ  ” (Louvre),  “ Tribute  Money  ” (Dresden);  “ Martyr- 
dom of  St.  Laurence,”  “St.  Peter  Martyr,"  “Last  Supper," 
“Christ  Crowned  with  Thorns”  (Louvre) ; “Bella  di  Tiz- 
iano"  (“Titian’s  Mistress”:  Palazzo  Pitti,  Florence,  and 
another  at  The  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg),  “Venus  of  the 
Tribune  "(Uffizi,  Florence), “ L’Hommeau  Gant  ” (Louvre), 
“ Knight  of  Malta  ” (Madrid),  “ Titian  and  his  Mistress  ” 
(Louvre),  etc. 

Titicaca  (te-te-ka/ka).  An  island  in  Lake  Titi- 
caca, near  the  Peninsula  of  Copacabana.  It  was 
a sacred  place  of  the  Incas,  the  birthplace  of  the  Sun  ac- 
cording to  one  of  their  legends,  and  by  some  said  to  be  the 
place  whence  Manco  Capac  and  his  wife  issued  to  found 
the  empire  at  Cuzco.  Ruins  of  a temple  of  the  Sun,  a pal- 
ace, convent,  etc.,  still  exist  on  it.  The  lake  itself  prob- 
ably took  its  name  from  this  island. 

Titicaca  (te-te-kii/ka),  Lake,  The  largest  and 
most  important  inland  lake  of  South  America, 
situated  in  a high  basin  between  two  ranges  of 
the  Andes,  on  the  confines  of  Peru  and  Bolivia, 
12,645  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  irregular  in  form, 
and  almost  cut  in  two  by  the  Peninsula  of  Copacabana. 
Near  the  eastern  side  it  attains  a depth  of  over  700  feet, 


Tlacopan 

but  along  the  western  and  southern  sides  there  are  exten- 
sive shallows  and  marshes.  The  outlet  is  the  Desaguadero, 
at  the  southern  end.  There  are  many  small  islands : some 
of  these,  as  well  as  the  Peninsula  of  Copacabana  and  many 
parts  of  the  shore,  have  interesting  ruins  of  the  Incarial 
andpre-Incarial  periods  : the  most  celebrated  of  the  latter 
are  at  Tiahuanacu  (which  see).  The  lake  is  connected  with 
many  legends  of  the  Incas.  The  Indians  still  navigate  Ti- 
ticaca on  rafts  made  of  rushes ; latterly  small  steamers 
have  been  placed  on  it.  Ice  sometimes  forms  along  the 
shore.  Extreme  length,  101  miles.  Average  width,  about  37 
miles.  Area,  3,200 square  miles.  See  Titicaca  Basin,  below. 
Titicaca  Basin.  An  elevated  inclosed  plateau 
of  the  Andes  of  Bolivia,  extending  into  Peru. 
It  is  about  200  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  80  miles 
wide,  and  averages  13,000  feet  above  the  sea.  Much  of  the 
surface  is  unfit  for  agriculture,  and  the  climate  is  so  cold 
that  corn  grows  only  in  a few  sheltered  places.  Lake  Titi- 
caca, near  the  northern  end,  discharges  through  the  deep 
and  rapid  Desaguadero  River,  190  miles  long,  into  Lake 
Aullagas  or  Poop6.  Beyond  that  the  water  is  lost  in  sands 
and  marshes.  The  northern  part  of  the  basin,  and  some- 
times the  whole  of  it,  is  called  the  Oollao. 

Titlis  (tet'lis).  A mountain  on  the  borders  of 
Unterwalden,  Bern,  and  Uri,  Switzerland,  20 
miles  south  by  east  of  Lucerne..  Height,  10,627 
feet. 

Titmarsh  (tit'marsh),  M.  A.  (or  Michael  An- 
gelo ).  The  name  under  which  Thackeray  wrote, 
in  “Fraser’s  Magazine,”  his  “ Paris  "Sketch 
Book,”  “ Yellowplush  Memoirs,”  etc. 
Titmouse  (tit'mous),  Tittlebat  (titT-bat).  One 
of  the  principal  characters  in  Warren’s  novel 
“Ten  Thousand  a Year”:  a vulgar  shopman  in 
Oxford  street,  London. 

Titurel  (tit'u-rel).  A hero  of  the  legend  of  the 
Holy  Grail,  the  subject  of  a series  of  poems  by 
Wolfram  von  Eschenbaeh  (generally  called 
“Titurel  ” because  the  first  begins  with  Titurel, 
the  grandfather’ of  Parzival),  and  of  a “later 
Titurel”  published  in  1477. 

Titus  (ti'tus).  A convert  and  companion  of  the 
apostle  Paul. 

Titus  (Titus  Flavius  Sabinus  Vespasianus). 

Born  40  or  41  a.  d.  : died  Sept.,  81.  A Roman 
emperor,  son  of  Vespasian : called  “the  delight 
of  mankind.”  He  was  educated  with  Britaunicus ; 
served  in  the  army;  conducted  the  Jewish  war  aftei  the 
departure  of  his  father;  and  captured  Jerusalem  in  70. 
He  was  associated  with  Vespasian  in  the  government,  and 
succeeded  to  the  throne  June,  79.  He  finished  the  Colos- 
seum, and  built  the  “baths  of  Titus.1’  An  eruption  of 
V esuvius  and  a fire  at  Rome  occurred  in  his  reign. 

Titus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Titus. 

Titus  Andronicus  (ti'tus  an-dr*on'i-kus  or  -ni'- 
kus).  A tragedy,  produced  in  1594,  variously 
attributed  to  Marlowe,  Kyd,  and  Shakspere.  It 
is  published  with  Shakspere’s  plays.  Ra.vens- 
croft  adapted  it  in  1678. 

Titusville  (ti 'tus-vil).  A city  in  Crawford 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Oil  Creek  81 
miles  north  by  east  of  Pittsburg : noted  for  the 
production  and  refining  of  petroleum,  and  the 
manufacture  of  oil-machinery.  Petroleum  was 
discovered  there  in  1859.  Population,  8,533, 
(1910). 

Tityus  (tit'i-us).  [Gr.  Titvoc.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  son  of  Zeus  or  of  Gsea : a giant  of 
Euboea,  father  of  Europa.  He  assaulted  Artemis  or 
Leto  at  the  instigation  of  Hera  (Juno),  and  was  killed  by 
her  arrows  or  those  of  Apollo,  or  by  the  lightning  of  Zeus. 
In  Tartarus  he  was  extended  on  the  ground  (covering  nine 
acres)  while  vultures  gnawed  his  liver. 

Tiumeil.  See  Tyumen. 

Tiverton  (tiv'er-ton).  A borough  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Lowman  and  Exe,  14  miles  north  of  Exeter. 
It  has  manufactures  of  lace,  and  was  formerly  noted  for  its 
woolen  manufactures.  It  was  taken  by  Fairfax  in  1045. 
Population,  10,382. 

Tivoli  (te'vo-le).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Teve- 
rone  (the  ancient  Anio),  15  miles  east-northeast 
of  Rome : the  ancient  Tibur.  The  castle,  erected  by 
Pope  Pius  II.  in  the  16th  century,  is  a highly  picturesque 
fortress  with  five  great  cylindrical  battlemented  towers  of 
different  heights,  connected  by  lofty  machicolated  cur 
tain-walls.  According  to  tradition,  the  town  was  founded 
by  the  Siculi.  It  was  conquered  by  Rome  about  335  B.  c., 
and  was  the  favorite  place  of  residence  of  many  Romans 
(Maecenas,  Augustus,  Hadrian,  etc.).  Among  the  antiqui- 
ties on  the  site  are  Hadrian’s  Villa  (which  see),  and  the 
so-called  temple  of  Vesta  (perhaps  the  temple  of  the 
Tiburtine  Sibyl).  It  is  circular,  with  a cella  surrounded 
by  a peristyle  of  slender  graceful  Corinthian  columns, 
rising  from  a simple  basement.  Ten  columns,  with  their 
entablature,  of  the  original  eighteen  are  still  standing. 
The  diameter  is  24  feet,  the  total  height  34.) . The  date  ie 
anterior  to  Augustus.  Pop.,  11,933  ; commune,  13,396. 
Tizona  (Sp.  pron.  te-tho'nii).  The  sword  of  the 
Cid. 

Tlaasaht  (tlii'as-at),  or  Klaizaht  (kla'iz-at), 
or  Makah  (ma-kS/).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  Their  habitat  was  once  on  Vancouver 
Island,  but  they  have  occupied  the  region  about  Cape 
Flattery,  Washington,  since  they  have  been  known  to  his- 
tory. See  Aht. 

Tlacopan.  Seo  Tepanccs. 


Tlaloc 

Tlaloc  (tla-lok').  In  Aztec  mythology,  the  god 
of  rain.  His  cult  was  said  to  be  older  than  any  other, 
having  come  down  from  the  Toltecs.  According  to  Duran, 
his  statue  at  Mexico  “ was  of  stone,  formed  in  the  shape 
of  a terrible  monster  with  an  ngly  face  like  that  of  a lizard.” 
In  seasons  of  drought  it  is  said  that  children  were  sacri- 
ficed to  Tlaloc.  Also  written  Tlaloch. 

Tlamath.  See  Klamath. 

Tlamatl.  See  Klamath. 

Tlaokwiaht  (tla-6'kwe-at),  or  Clahoquaht 
(kla'ho-kwat).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians living  on  Clayoquaht  Sound,  Vancouver 
Island,  British  Columbia.  Number,  304.  See 
Aht. 

Tlascala.  See  Tlaxcala. 

Tlaxcala  (ancient).  See  Ttaxcalans. 

Tlaxcala  (tlas-ka'la).  1.  A state  of  Mexico, 
surrounded  by  the  states  of  Hidalgo,  Puebla, 
and  Mexico.  Area,  1,595  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 183,805,  (1910). — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Tlaxcala,  situated  on  the  Atoyac  64 
miles  east  of  Mexico.  Population,  2,812,  (1910). 
Tlaxcalans  (tlas'ka-lanz),  or  Tlaxcaltecs 
(tlas-kal-teks').  A tribe  of  Mexican  Indians, 
of  the  Nahuatlecan  stock,  who  occupied  the 
territory  now  included  in  the  state  of  Tlaxcala, 
east  of  the  valley  of  Mexico.  They  were  less  ad- 
vanced in  arts  than  the  Aztecs  ; but  they  were  brave  war- 
riors and  had  repeatedly  defeated  the  Aztecs,  retaining 
their  independence.  They  had  elective  chiefs,  but  the 
true  governing  power  was  the  tribal  council,  called  a sen- 
ate by  Spanish  historians.  Their  principal  pueblo  wai  on 
or  near  the  site  now  occupied  by  the  city  of  Tlaxcala. 
Cortes,  in  his  first  march  to  Mexico,  took  the  route  through 
Tlaxcalan  territory,  and  they  resisted  him  in  several  fierce 
battles  (Sept.,  1519).  Having  been  defeated,  they  made  terms 
with  the  Spaniards,  joined  CortCs  with  a large  force  of  war- 
riors, and  took  a prominent  part  in  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Mexico.  The  modern  Indian  population  of  Tlaxcala 
is  mainly  descended  from  this  tribe.  Also  written  Tlas- 
calans,  Tlaxcaltecos. 

Tlinkit.  See  Koluschan. 

Tmolus  (rno'lus).  [Gr.  T/toAof.]  A mountain- 
range  in  Asia  Minor,  extending  eastward  from 
near  Smyrna,  south  of  the  Hermus  and  north  of 
the  Cayster. 

Tobacco  Nation.  See  Tionontati. 

Tobago  (to-ba'go),  or  Tabago  (ta-ba'go).  An 
island  of  the  British  West  Indies,  northeast  of 
Trinidad.  Capital,  Scarborough.  Its  northern  point 
is  in  lat.  11°  21'  N.,  long.  60°  3T  W.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. It  was  seen  by  Columbus  in  1498,  and  was  settled 
by  the  Dutch  in  1654,  but  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
French  and  eventually  (1763)  of  the  English.  In  1889  it 
was  annexed  to  the  colony  of  Trinidad.  Length,  26  miles. 
Area,  114  square  miles.  Population,  18,751. 

Tobias  (to-bi'as).  [Heb.,  ‘God  is  good.’] 
The  son  of  Tobit,  and  a character  in  the  Book 
of  Tobit. 

Tobias,  Family  of,  and  the  Angel.  A fine  paint- 
ing by  Rembrandt,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 
Tobikhar  (to-bik -har').  A division  of  North 
American  Indians,  comprising  a number  of 
tribes  which  formerly  lived  about  the  missions 
of  San  Gabriel,  San  Luis  Rey,  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano. San  Fernando,  Los  Angeles,  and  San 
Bernardino,  in  southern  California.  The  name, 
signifying  ‘residents,  settlers, ’belongsstrictly  to  the  former 
inhabitants  of  San  Gabriel  and  Los  Angeles,  but  is  now 
used  to  designate  also  the  entire  group  of  tribes  which 
form  the  southwestern  or  coast  division  of  the  Shoshonean 
stock.  They  have  been  gradually  dispossessed  of  their 
lands,  and  are  now  mostly  under  the  Mission  agency, 
California,  being  classed,  with  natives  of  other  tribes  of 
totally  distinct  stocks,  as  “Mission  Indians."  Number, 
about  2,200.  See  Shoshonean. 

Tobit  (to'bit),  Book  of.  A romance,  one  of  the 
apocryphal  books  of  the  Old  Testament:  so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  leading  character. 
Tobitschau  (to'bit-shou).  A town  in  Mora- 
via, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  March 
12  miles  south  of  Olmiitz.  Here,  July  15,  1866,  a 
Prussian  brigade  defeated  an  Austrian  force.  Population, 
commune,  3,157,  (1910). 

Tobol  (to-bol').  A river  in  western  Siberia,  it 
rises  on  the  slopes  of  the  Urals,  and  joins  the  Irtish  near 
Tobolsk.  Length,  about  600  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  a 
large  part  of  its  course. 

Tobolsk  (td-bolsk').  1.  A government  of  West- 
era  Siberia.  Capital,  Tobolsk,  it  is  bounded  by  the 
Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north,  the  governments  of  Yeniseisk 
and  Tomsk  on  the  east,  Semipalatinsk  and  Akmolinsk  on 
the  south,  and  European  Russia  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  generally  level.  It  is  fertile  in  the  Tobol  and  Ishim 
steppes.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Russians.  Area, 
535,739  square  miles.  Population,  1,722,200. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Tobolsk, 
situated  on  the  Irtish,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Tobol,  about  lat.  58°  20'  N.  It  has  considers- 
ble  trade,  and  contains  a picturesque  kreml.  Founded  in 
the  last  part  of  the  16th  century,  it  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  western  Siberia,  and  was  long  an  administrative  cen- 
ter for  exiles.  Population,  21,401. 

Toboso  (to-bo'so).  A small  town  60  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Toledo,  Spain.  It  is  notable  as 
the  home  of  Dulcinea  in  “Don  Quixote.” 

Toby  (to'bi), Uncle,  or  Captain  Shandy  (shan'- 


1000 

di).  The  uncle  of  Tristram  Shandy,  in  Sterne’s 
novel  of  that  name : one  of  its  chief  characters. 
See  Le  Feme. 

He  represents,  it  has  been  said,  the  wisdom  of  love,  as  Mr. 
Shandy  exemplifies  the  love  of  wisdom ; more  precisely,  he 
is  the  incarnation  of  the  sentimentalism  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a Library,  III.  350. 

Tocantins  (to-kan-tenz').  [So  called  from  an 
Indian  tribe.  ] An  important  river  of  central  and 
northern  Brazil.  It  rises  in  the  state  of  Goyaz,  flows 
northward,  and  reaches  the  Atlantic  through  the  Pari 
River.  The  latter  may  be  regarded  as  its  estuary,  though 
it  also  receives  a large  amount  of  water  from  the  Amazon. 
The  most  important  affluent  of  the  Tocantins  is  the  Ara- 
guaya. Navigation  is  interrupted  by  a series  of  rapids  be- 
ginning about  200  miles  above  ParA : beyond  these  both  t he 
Tocantins  and  the  Araguaya  are  navigable  for  many  hun- 
dred miles.  Length  (from  ParA),  about  1,700  miles;  with 
the  Araguaya,  nearly  1,900  miles. 

Tocqueville  (tok'vil;  F.  pron.  tok-vel'),  Alexis 
Charles  Henri  Clerel  de.  Bora  at  Paris, 
July  29,  1805 : died  at  Cannes,  April  16,  1859. 
A celebrated  French  statesman  and  writer.  His 
studies,  begun  at  Metz,  were  completed  by  a course  in  law 
at  Paris.  He  took  bis  flnaldegreein  1826,  and  spent  then 
a year  or  more  traveling  in  Italy  and  Sicily.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France  he  occupiedapost  in  the  law-courtof  Ver- 
sailles. But  jurisprudence  was  not  altogether  suited  to  his 
tastes,  and  April2, 1831,  he  left  France  for  the  United  States, 
whither  he  was  sent  by  his  government  for  the  purpose 
of  studying  the  penitentiary  system.  He  did  not  limit 
himself,  however,  to  this  special  field,  hut  extended  his 
observations  also  to  the  social  and  political  institutions 
and  customs  of  the  new  country.  The  following  year  he 
published  in  France,  together  with  his  friend  and  travel- 
ing companion,  M.  de  Beaumont,  the  result  of  their  of- 
ficial investigations,  under  the  title  “Du  systeme  peni- 
tentiaire  aux  Etats-Unis  et  de  son  application  en  France.” 
This  important  work  attracted  much  attention,  and  was 
crowned  by  the  French  Academy.  From  the  notes  that 
he  had  taken  in  a private  capacity  while  on  his  visit  to 
the  United  States,  he  wrote  his  masterpiece,  “DAmocratie 
en  AmCrique  ” (1835-40).  Its  success  secured  his  admis- 
sion to  the  French  Academy  (Dec.  23, 1841).  After  several 
years  of  public  life  (1839-51),  he  retired  in  order  to  de- 
vote his  entire  time  to  travel  and  writing.  Besides  the 
works  already  mentioned,  he  wrotea  numberof  pamphlets 
on  various  subjects,  also  an  “Histoire  philosophique  du 
rtgne  de  Louis  XV.”  (1846),  and  the  first  volume  of  the 
work  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  “L’Ancien  regime  et 
la  revolution  ” (1856).  A paper  entitled  “Etat  social  et 
politique  de  la  France  ” was  translated  into  English  by 
John  Stuart  Mill,  and  published  in  the  April  number  of 
the  “Westminster  Review,"  1834.  De  Tocqueville’s  com- 
plete works  were  edited  by  Iris  friend  M.  de  Beaumont 
1860-65. 

Todd  (tod),  John,  Born  at  Rutland,  Vt.,  Oct.  9, 
1800:  died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  24,  1873. 
An  American  Congregational  clergyman  and 
author,  long  pastor  in  Pittsfield.  Among  his 
works  are  “Lectures  to  Children  ’’  (1834),  “Student's  Man- 
ual” (1835),  “Index  Rerum”  (1835),  “Truth  Made  Sim- 
ple” (1839),  “The  Young  Man "(1843),  “Mountain  Gems  ” 
(1864),  "Sunset  Land"  (1869),  “Old-Fashioned  Lives” 
(l870),  and  other  works. 

Todd’s  Tavern  (todz  tav'ern).  A place  in  Vir- 
ginia, 11  miles  west  by  south  of  Fredericksburg. 
Here,  May  7 and  8, 1864,  the  Federal  cavalry  under  Torbert 
and  Gregg  defeated  the  Confederate  cavalry  under  Hamp- 
ton and  Fitzhugh  Lee. 

Todhunter  (tod'lnm-ter),  Isaac.  Born  at  Rye, 
England,  1820 : died  there,  March  1, 1884.  An 
English  mathematician,  author  of  an  extensive 
series  of  mathematical  text-hooks.  He  graduated 
as  senior  wrangler  atCambridge(St.  John’s  College)  in  1848. 
He  also  wrote  “History  of  the  Progress  of  the  Calculus  of 
Variations  during  the  19th  Century  " (1861),  and  “ History 
of  the  Mathematical  Theories  of  Attraction  and  the  Fig- 
ure of  the  Earth  "(1873),  “A  History  of  the  Theory  of  Elas- 
ticity and  the  Strength  of  Materials,  etc.”  (1886),  etc. 

Todi  (te'de).  The  highest  summit  of  the  Glar- 
ner  Alps,  situated  on  the  borders  of  the  cantons 
of  Glarus,  Grisons,  and  Uri,  31  miles  southeast 
of  Lucerne.  Height,  11,887  feet. 

Todi  (to'de).  A small  town  in  the  province  of 
Perugia,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Tiber  23  miles 
south  of  Perugia:  the  ancient  Tuder.  It  has  a 
noted  Renaissance  church  (Sta.  Maria  della  Consolazione), 
and  contains  Etruscan  and  Roman  antiquities,  including 
walls,  temple,  theater,  etc. 

Todleben,  or  Totleben  (tot' la-ben),  Count 
Franz  Eduard.  Born  at  Mitau,  Courland, 
Russia,  May  20, 1818 : died  at  Soden,  near  Frank- 
fort, July  1,  1884.  A noted  Russian  military  engi- 
neer and  general.  He  was  educated  in  the  St.  Peters- 
burg school  of  engineers  ; served  as  captain  in  the  Caucasus 
1848-50,  and  at  the  siege  of  Silistria  1854 ; became  famous  as 
the  chief  engineer  in  the  defense  of  Sebastopol  1854-55 ; was 
made  major-general  in  1855;  was  wounded  in  June,  1855; 
was  employed  in  fortifying  Nikolaieff  and  Kronstadt ; be- 
came assistant  to  the  inspector-general  of  engineers,  and 
in  1869  general  of  engineers  ; took  charge  of  the  siege  of 
Plevna  in  the  Turkish  war  Sept. -Dec.,  1877 ; was  employed 
in  the  reduction  of  the  Bulgarian  fortresses  in  1878 ; became 
commander  of  the  Russian  army  in  Turkey  in  1878  ; and 
later  served  as  governor  of  Odessa  and  in  other  stations. 
He  wrote  “ Defense  de  Sevastopol  ” (1864-72),  etc. 

Todmorden  ( tod-mor'den).  A town  in  Yorkshire 
and  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Calder 
17  miles  north-northeast  of  Manchester.  It  has 
cotton  manufactures.  Population,  25,418. 

Toggenburg  (tog'en-boro).  A region  in  the 


Toledo 

canton  of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  traversed  by  the 
Thur.  It  was  a medieval  countship.  The  most  notable 
of  the  so-called  Toggenburg  wars  was  that  of  1712,  caused 
by  the  oppressive  action  of  the  Abbot  of  St.  Gall : Bern  and 
Zurich  supported  Toggenburg  successfully  against  the 
Catholic  forces  of  Lucerne,  the  Forest  Cantons,  etc. 

Togoland  (to'go-land).  A German  protector- 
ate on  the  Slave  Coast  of  western  Africa,  east 
of  the  Gold  Coast,  about  long.  1°  20'  E.  Capi- 
tal, Lome.  The  protectorate  was  proclaimed 
in  1884.  Area,  est.,  33,700  sq.  m Population, 
about  1,000,000. 

To  grill  (to'grol),  or  Togril  (to'gril),  Beg.  Died 
about  1063.  The  founder  of  the  first  dynasty 
of  the  Seljuk  Turks  (which  see).  He  made 
many  conquests  in  Persia. 

Toilers  of  the  Sea,  The.  See  Travailleurs  de  la 
Mer,  Les. 

Toinette  (twa-net').  The  capable  but  exasper- 
ating servant  of  Argan  in  Moliere’s  “ Le  ma- 
lade  imaginaire.” 

Toisond’Or(twa-son' dor), La.  [F./TheFieece 
of  Gold.’]  A play  by  Corneille,  “it  includes  a 
great  deal  of  spectacle,  and  is  rather  an  elaborate  masque 
interspersed  with  regular  dramatic  scenes  than  a tragedy.” 

Saintsbury. 

Toiyabe  Range  (toi-ya'be  ranj).  A range  of 
mountains  in  the  central  part  of  Nevada,  about 
long..  117°  20'  W. 

Tokaido  (to-ki'do).  [From  to,  eastern,  kai,  sea, 
do,  road.]  The  main  road  along  the  eastern 
coast  of  Japan,  extending  from  Tokio  to  Kioto. 

Tokaj.  See  Tokay. 

Tokar  (to-kar').  A town  of  the  Anglo-Egyp- 
tian  Sudan,  near  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  40 
miles  south  of  Suakim.  The  town  was  surrendered 
to  the  Malidists.  Near  it  a battle  (called  also  the  battle  of 
Trinkitat)  was  fought  Feb.  4,  1884,  when  the  Mahdists 
under  Osman  Digna  totally  defeated  the  Egyptian  forces 
under  Baker  Pasha. 

Tokat  (to-kat').  Atown  in  the  vilayet  of  Sivas, 
Asiatic  Turkey, situated  near  the  Yesbil-Irmak. 

It  was  formerly  a seat  of  important  trade,  and  still  has 
copper  manufactures.  Population,  about  30,000. 

Tokay,  or  Tokaj  (to-ka';  Hung.  pron.  to'koi). 
A town  in  the  county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Bodrog  with  the 
Theiss,  42  miles  north  by  west  of  Debreczin. 
The  celebrated  Tokay  wines  are  produced  in  its 
vicinity.  Population,  commune,  5,110. 

Tokio,  Tokyo  (to'kyo),  or  Yedo,  Yeddo  (yed'o). 
The  capital  of  Japan,  situated  north  of  the 
Bay  of  Tokio,  on  the  main  island,  in  lat.  35°  41' 
N.,  long.  139°  46'  E.  It  is  situated  on  low  and  flat 
ground,  traversed  by  several  streams.  It  is  the  seat  of  im- 
portant commerce  and  manufactures,  and  a center  of  cul- 
ture, containing  the  imperial  university.  Yokohama  is  the 
seaport.  The  Shiba  temple  is  remarkable  for  its  succession 
of  inclosures,  each  with  an  elaborately  decorated  covered 
gateway.  The  tombs  of  the  shoguns  are  admirable  monu- 
ments of  the  national  style,  chiefly  in  wood,  with  a succes- 
sion of  inclosures,  gates,  corridors,  and  halls,  ornamented 
with  sculpture  and  color,  and  with  delicate  work  in  metal. 
Yedo  was  the  seat  of  the  shogunate  until  its  abolition  in 
1868,  and  succeeded  Kioto  as  the  capital  in  1869,  when  the 
name  was  changed  to  Tokio  (‘Eastern  Capital  ’).  Popula- 
tion, 2,186,079. 

Tokio,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  ocean,  on  the 
coast  of  Japan,  near  Tokio. 

Toland  (to'land),  John  (baptized  Janus  Ju- 
nius). Bom  near  Londonderry,  Nov.  30,  1669 
(1670?):  died  at  Putney,  March  11,  1722.  An 
English  deist.  He  was  brought  up  a Catholic,  but  at 
fifteen  became  a Protestant,  and  was  educated  at  Glas- 
gow and  Edinburgh,  graduating  from  the  latter  university 
in  1690.  He  then  studied  at  Leyden,  and  in  1694  began  to 
reside  at  Oxford.  In  1696  he  published  “Christianity  not 
Mysterious.”  The  work  aroused  considerable  controversy, 
which  was  increased  by  its  similarity  to  “The  Reasonable- 
ness of  Christianity  ” by  John  Locke.  In  1698  he  published 
the  “Life  of  Milton,”  in  1704  the  “ Letters  to  Serena  ” (the 
Queen  of  Prussia),  followed  in  1705  by  his  “ Account  of 
Prussia  and  Hanover."  In  1710  he  returned  to  England, 
and  published  “Nazarenus  ” in  1718,  and  “Tetradymus” 
and  “ Pantheisticon  ” in  1720.  In  his  last  years  his  life 
was  that  of  an  adventurer. 

Tolbiacum  (tol-bi'a-kum).  The  ancient  name 
of  Ziilpich. 

Toledo  (to-le'do;  Sp.  pron.  to-la'do).  1.  A 
province  of  New  Castile,  Spain.  It  is  bounded  by 
Avila  and  Madrid  on  the  north,  Cuenca  on  the  east,  Ciu- 
dad Real  and  Badajoz  on  the  south,  and  Caceres  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  mountainous.  Area, 
5,919  square  miles.  Population,  376,814. 

2.  Tbe  capital  of  tbe  province  of  Toledo,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagus  in  lat.  39°  51'  N.,  long.  4°  1' 
W. : the  ancient  Toletum.  It  is  picturesquely  situ- 
ated on  hills ; is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  primate  of 
Spain  ; was  long  noted  for  manufactures,  and  is  still  fa- 
mous for  its  swords ; and  has  a trade  in  coal,  iron,  lumber 
and  grain.  It  formerly  contained  a university.  The 
cathedral,  the  metropolitan  church  of  Spain,  was  com 
menced  in  1227,  and  is  essentially  of  the  13th  century, 
though  it  was  not  finished  until  1492.  Like  most  Spanish 
churches,  it  is  not  effective  without.  The  five-aisled  in- 
terior, though  not  lofty,  is  very  impressive  and  pictur- 
esque : it  has  much  good  glass,  and  is  a museum  of  sculp 
ture  and  rich  old  church  furniture.  The  choir-stalls  are 


Toledo 

carved  with  the  long  series  of  victories  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  over  the  Moors.  The  cloisters  are  large,  with  fine 
Bimple  tracery  and  vaulting.  The  city  contains  many  other 
churches  and  religious  houses,  and  many  specimens  of 
Moorish  architecture.  The  Alcazar  is  a combined  palace 
and  citadel  rebuilt  and  decorated  by  Charles  V.,  but  greatly 
damaged  by  lire  in  1886.  The  patio,  or  inner  court,  is  a fine 
example  of  Renaissance  arcading.  The  bridges  of  Alcan- 
tara and  San  Martin,  over  the  Tagus,  are  both  essentially 
of  the  13th  century,  narrow,  very  lofty,  and  with  an  enor- 
mouB  central  arch.  The  first  has  only  one  side  arch,  and  a 
battlemented  tower  at  the  inner  end  and  a simple  gate  at 
the  outer ; the  second  has  four  side  arches,  and  a fortified 
tower  at  each  end.  The  city  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  Carpetani,  and  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  about 
193  B.  c.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  West-Gothic  realm ; 
has  been  the  seat  of  many  councils ; was  the  second  city  in 
the  country  under  the  Moorish  rule ; was  taken  by  Alfonso 
VI.  of  Castile  and  Leon  in  10S5  ; was  defended  against 
Moorish  attacks  in  the  12th  century  ; and  was  the  capital 
of  Castile  until  superseded  by  Madrid  in  the  16th  century. 
Population,  24,695. 

Toledo  (to-le'do).  A city  and  lake  port,  capital 
of  Lucas  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Maumee 
River,  near  Lake  Erie,  about  lat.  41°  38'  N. 

It  is  a leading  railroad  center;  has  important  commerce 
in  grain,  flour,  live  stock,  lumber,  etc. ; and  has  manufac- 
tures of  wood,  iron,  etc.  Its  art  museum  was  opened  in 
1912.  It  was  formed  by  the  union  of  two  villages  in  1836. 
(See  Toledo  War.)  Population,  168,497,  (1910). 

Toledo  (to-la'do).  The  main  street  of  Naples; 
called  officially  the  Via  di  Roma. 

Toledo  (to-la'do),  Francisco  de.  Born  about 
1515 : died  at  Seville,  Sept.,  1584.  A Spanish 
administrator.  He  wasayoungersonof thethird Count 
of  Oropesa.  From  Nov.  26,  1569,  to  Sept.  23, 1581,  he  was 
viceroy  of  Peru.  During  this  period  the  young  Inca  Tupac 
Amaru  was  seized  and  executed ; the  Inquisition  was  in- 
troduced (1669) ; and  the  code  of  laws  called  Libro  de  Ta- 
sas  (which  see)  was  promulgated.  On  hisreturn  to  Spain, 
Toledo  was  imprisoned  for  malversation  of  public  funds, 
and  was  severely  rebuked  by  the  king  for  having  caused  the 
death  of  the  Inca. 

Toledo  Molina  y Salazar  (to-la'do  mo-le'na  e 
sfi-la-thar'),  Antonio  Sebastian  de,  Marquis 
ofMancera.  Born  about  1620 : died  after  1675. 
A Spanish  nobleman,  viceroy  of  Mexico  from 
Oct.  15,  1664,  to  Nov.  9,  1673.  He  was  one  of 
the  best  and  ablest  of  the  viceroys. 

Toledo  War.  A bloodless  dispute  between  Ohio 
and  Michigan,  in  1835,  relating  to  the  city  of 
Toledo,  which  was  claimed  by  both.  It  termi- 
nated in  favor  of  Ohio. 

Tolentino  (to-len-te'no).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Macerata,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Chienti 
30  miles  south-southwest  of  Ancona:  the  an- 
cient Tolentinum.  It  has  several  noted  churches  and 
works  of  art.  A victory  gained  here  by  the  Austrians  un- 
der Bianchi  over  the  Neapolitans  under  Murat,  May  2 and 
3,  1815,  led  to  Murat's  loss  of  his  throne.  Population, 
town,  4,944 ; commune,  12,872. 

Tolentino,  Peace  of.  A treaty  concluded  at 
Tolentino,  Feb.,  1797,  between  Pope  Pius  VI. 
and  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  The  Pope  ceded 
Avignon,  the  Comtat-Venaissin,  Bologna,  Fer- 
rara, the  Romagna,  and  Ancona  to  the  French. 

Toleration,  Act  of.  In  English  law,  the  name 
given  to  the  statute  1 Will,  and  Mary,  cap. 
18  (1689).  By  this  the  Protestant  dissenters  from  the 
Church  of  England,  except  such  as  denied  the  Trinity, 
were  relieved  from  the  restrictions  under  which  they  had 
formerly  lain  with  regard  to  the  exercise  of  religious  wor- 
ship according  to  their  own  forms,  on  condition  of  their 
taking  the  oaths  of  supremacy  and  allegiance,  and  repu- 
diating the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  and,  in  the 
case  of  dissenting  ministers,  subscribing  also  to  the  Thirty- 
nine  Articles  with  certain  exceptions  relating  to  ceremo- 
nies, ordination,  infant  baptism,  etc. 

Tolima  (to-le'ma).  An  interior  department  of 
Colombia,  about  the  head  waters  of  the  river 
Magdalena.  Capital, Ibague.  It  lies  between  the 
Cordillera  Central  and  the  Cordillera  Oriental. 

Tolima.  The  highest  mountain  of  Colombia,  in 
the  Central  Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  near  lat. 
4°  40'  N.,  northwest  of  the  town  of  Ibague,  To- 
lima. It  is  a quiescent  volcano.  Height,  18, 325 
feet. 

Toll  (tol),  Count  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  April 
19,  1777 ; died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  5,  1842. 
A Russian  general.  He  was  distinguished  in  Swit- 
zerland and  Italy,  and  in  the  Turkish  and  Napoleonic 
wars ; was  chief  of  staff  in  the  Turkish  war  in  1829,  and 
In  the  Polish  revolution  in  1831 ; and  succeeded  Diebitsch 
as  commander  in  Poland  in  1831. 

Tollan.  See  Tula  and  Toltecs. 

Tollens  (tol'lens),  Hendrik.  Born  at  Rotter- 
dam, Sept.  24,  1780 : died  at  Ryswick,  Oct.  21, 
1856.  A Dutch  poet.  His  father  was  a merchant  in 
Rotterdam,  and  his  early  education  was  in  the  direction  of 
the  mercantile  career, twhich  he  followed  until  1846,  when 
he  retired  to  private  life.  His  earliest  works  were  the 
comedies  “De  Bruiloft"  (“The  Wedding,"  1799)  and 
“Gierigheid  en  baatzucht”(“  Avarice  and  Covetousness,” 
1801).  From  1801  to  1805  appeared  the  poems  “Idyllen 
en  Minnezangen ’’  (“Idyls  and  Love  Songs”),  “Gedich- 
ten"  (“  Poems.”  1808-15),  “ Tafereel  van  de  overwintering 
der  Nederlanders  op  Nova  Zembla”  (“  A Picture  of  the 
Wintering  of  the  Netherlanders  on  Nova  Zembla,'  1816), 
“ Komancen,  balladen  en  legenden  ”(“  Romances,  Ballads, 
VI.  33 


1001 

and  Legends,”  1818-19),  “Nieuwe  gedichten'  (“New 
Poems,"  1821, 1829),  and,  finally,  in  1848  and  1853,  “Laatste 
gedichten  ” (“  Last  Poems  ’’). 

Tolosa  (to-16'sa).  The  ancient  name  of  Tou- 
louse. 

Tolosa  (to-16'sa).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  at  the  junction  of  the  Arages 
with  the  Oria,  25  miles  northwest  of  Pamplona. 
It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  province. 
Population,  8,111. 

Tolosa.  A suburb  of  La  Plata  (which  see). 
Tolosa,  Battle  of.  See  Navas  de  Tolosa. 
Tolowa  (tol'6-wa).  A tribe  of  the  Pacific  di- 
vision of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  living  on  the  northern  coast  of 
California.  See  Athapascan. 

Tolstoy  (tol'stoi),  Count  Alexei  Konstantino- 
vich. Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  5,  1818; 
died  near  Pochep,  Oct.  10,  1875.  A Russian 
poet.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  war.  His  chief  works 
are  “ Prince  Serebrany  ” (1861 : a historical  romance)  and 
the  dramatic  trilogy  “Death  of  Ivan  the  Terrible  "(1867), 
“ Czar  Feodor  ” (1868),  and  “ Czar  Boris  ’’  (1870). 
Tolstoy.Count  Dmitri.  Born  1823 : died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  May  7,  1889.  A Russian  politician. 
He  was  minister  of  public  instruction  1866-80, 
and  minister  of  the  interior  1883-89. 

Tolstoy,  Count  Lyeff  or  Lyoff  (i.  e.  Leo) 
Nikolaievich.  Born  in  the  government  of 
Tula,  Russia,  Aug.  28,  1828  (O.  S.):  died  at 
Astapova,  Nov.  20,  1910.  A Russian  novelist, 
social  reformer,  and  religious  mystic.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Kazan,  and  served  in  the 
army  in  the  Caucasus  and  in  the  Crimean  war,  being  ap- 
pointed commander  of  a battery  in  1855.  He  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  the  Tchernaya,  was  in  the  storming  of  Sebas- 
topol, and  after  it  was  sent  as  a special  courier  to  St.  Peters- 
burg. He  retired  at  the  end  of  the  campaign.  After  the 
liberation  of  the  serfs  he  lived  on  his  estates,  working  with 
and  relieving  the  peasants,  and  also  devoting  himself  to 
study.  The  stories  regarding  his  life  have  almost  assumed 
the  proportions  of  a myth.  His  chief  novels  are  “ War  and 
Peace  ” (1865-68  : a picture  of  Russian  society  1805-15)  and 
“ Anna  Karenina  ” (1875-78).  Among  his  other  works  are 
“Sevastopol"  (1853-55),  “The  Cossacks”  (composed  while 
in  the  army),  “Ivan  Ilyitch"  (1886),  “Two  Pilgrims," 
“Childhood,  Boyhood,  and  Youth,”  “My Religion”  (1885), 

“ My  Confession,”  “ A Commentary  on  the  Gospel,"  “Life,” 
“The  Kreutzer  Sonata"  (1890),  “War”  (1892),  “Resur- 
rection " (1900),  and  “ The  End  of  the  Age  ” (1906). 

Toltecs  (tol'teks  or  tol-taks').  A traditional  or 
perhaps  mythical  Indian  stock  or  tribe,  said  to 
have  occupied  the  Mexican  plateau  during  sev- 
eral centuries  previous  to  the  advent  of  the 
Aztecs.  According  to  the  story,  they  came  from  Hue- 
huetlapallan,  somewhere  in  the  north,  and  after  various 
migrations  and  temporary  settlements  arrived  at  Tollan 
(supposed  to  be  Tula  in  Hidalgo).  Here  they  settled,  and 
a list  is  given  of  9 or  11  “kings"  who  ruled  them.  The 
legends  also  connect  them  with  the  ruins  at  Teotihuacan, 
the  pyramid  at  Cholula,  etc. ; and  the  prophet  or  hero  Quet- 
zalcohuatl  is  Baid  to  have  appeared  among  them,  making 
his  final  departure  from  Tlapallan,  an  unknown  locality, 
but  supposed  to  be  near  the  sea-coast.  Later  on  the  Tol- 
tec  power  was  overthrown,  and  its  remnants  drifted  south- 
ward and  disappeared ; but  many  have  supposed  that  the 
Maya  stock  is  of  Toltec  origin.  The  vagueness  and  confu- 
sion which  characterize  all  accounts  of  the  Toltecs  have 
given  rise  to  many  and  widely  diverse  theories  about  them. 
Some  ethnologists,  notably  Dr.  Brinton,  deny  that  they 
ever  had  any  real  existence  except,  perhaps,  as  an  early  and 
small  gens  of  the  Aztecs;  others  believe  that  they  formed 
a powerful  kingdom  which  left  profound  traces  on  the  later 
civilizations. 

They  were  a sedentary  Indian  stock  which  at  some  remote 
time  settled  in  portions  of  central  Mexico,  as  for  instance 
at  Tula,  Tullantzinco,  Teotihuacan,  and  perhaps  Cholula. 
Nothing  certain  is  known  of  their  language,  and  it  must 
not  be  overlooked  that  the  so-called  Toltec  names  men- 
tioned in  the  chronicles  are  in  the  Nahuatl  idiom,  with  a 
few  exceptions,  whose  etymology  and  interpretation  are 
yet  doubtful. 

Bandelier,  An  Archseological  Tour  in  Mexico,  p.  191. 

Toluca  (to-16'ka).  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Mexico,  Mexico,  32  miles  west-southwest  of  the 
city  of  Mexico.  It  is  one  of  the  places  said  to  have 
been  settled  by  the  Toltecs,  and  was  an  important  Aztec 
pueblo  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  Population, 
31,247,  (1910). 

Tom  (tom).  A river  in  the  government  of 
Tomsk,  Siberia,  which  joins  the  Obi  near 
Tomsk.  Length,  about  450  miles. 

Tom,  Mount.  Amountain  in  Hampshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Connecticut,  opposite 
Mount  Holyoke,  near  Northampton.  Height, 
1,214  feet. 

Tomales  Bay  (to-ma'les  ba).  An  inlet  of  the 
Pacific,  on  the  coast  of  California,  35  miles 
northwest  of  San  Francisco. 

Tom  and  Jerry,  or  Life  in  London.  A novel 
by  Pierce  Egan,  published  1821-22,  which  con- 
tains the  adventures  of  Jerry  Hawthorn,  Corin- 
thian Tom,  and  Bob  Logic.  It  was  illustrated 
by  Cruikshank,  and  was  very  popular. 
Tombigbee,  or  Tombigby  (tom- big ' bi).  A 
river  in  eastern  Mississippi  and  western  Ala- 
bama, which  unites  with  the  Alabama  to  form 


Tonale  Pass 

the  Mobile.  Length,  estimated,  about  450 
miles;  navigable  to  Aberdeen,  Mississippi. 
Tom  Brown  at  Oxford.  A story  by  Thomas 
Hughes,  published  in  1861;  a continuation  of 
“Tom  Brown’s  School  Days.” 

Tom  Brown’s  School  Days.  A story  by  Thomas 
Hughes,  published  in  1856.  It  describes  life  at 
Rugby  School  under  the  rule  of  Dr.  Arnold. 
Tombs  (tomz),  The.  A prison  in  New  York 
city,  built  1838  and  partly  rebuilt  1897-99. 
It  fronts  on  Centre  street,  on  the  block  bounded  by  Leon- 
ard, Lafayette,  and  Franklin  streets.  It  was  in  the  Egyp- 
tian style  of  architecture.  The  new  criminal  law  courts, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Franklin  street,  are  connected 
with  the  Tombs  by  a bridge  from  the  second  story,  known 
as  “the  Bridge  of  Sighs”  (which  see). 

Tombs  of  the  Scipios.  See  Scipios,  Tombs  of  the, 
Tomelloso  (to-mel-yo'so).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain.  It  exports  wine 
and  brandy. 

Tom  Gate.  A gate  of  Christ  Church  College, 
Oxford,  begun  by  Wolsey,  and  completed  by 
Wren  in  1682. 

Tomi  (to'mi),  or  Tomis  (to'mis).  [Gr.  T<5mf.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a town  on  the  coast  of 
the  Black  Sea,  near  the  modern  Kustendje, 
Rumania.  It  was  the  place  of  Ovid’s  banish- 
ment. 

Tomini  (to-me'ne),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea 
which  separates  the  northern  from  the  eastern 
peninsula  of  Celebes. 

Tom  Jones.  The  title  of  a novel  by  Fielding, 
published  in  1749,  and  the  name  of  its  hero. 
He  is  represented  as  a foundling  who  is  brought  up  by 
Squire  Allworthy,  and  in  the  end  is  discovered  to  be  the 
squire’s  (illegitimate)  nephew,  and  is  made  his  heir. 
Jones  is  a young  man  of  a naturally  attractive  and  gener- 
ous character,  but  many  of  his  adventures  are  unsavory. 

Tomki[n]s  (tom'kinz  or  -kis),  Thomas.  A 
scholar  of  Trinity  College  (B.  A.,  1600),  author 
of  “ Albumazar”  and,  according  to  Fumival 
and  Fleay,  of  “Lingua,  or  the  Combat  of  the 
Tongue  and  the  Five  Senses  for  Superiority.” 
The  latter  has  also  been  attributed  to  Antony  Brewer. 
[He  is  always  spoken  of  as  Tomkis,  though  his  father’s  name 
was  Tomkins.] 

Tommaseo  (tom-mii-sa'o),  Niccold.  Born  at 
Sebenico,  Dalmatia,  1802 : died  at  Florence, 
May  1, 1874.  An  Italian  author.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  revolutionary  government  of  Venice  in  1848,  and 
was  exiled  from  Venice  in  1849.  His  works  include  “ Dizi- 
onario  dei  sinonimi  della  lingua  italiana  ” (1832),  a com- 
mentary on  Dante  (1837),  “Lettere  di  Pasquale  de'  Paoli  ” 
(1846),  “Canti  popolari,”  etc.  He  was  collaborator  with 
Bellini  on  an  Italian  dictionary. 

Tommy  Atkins  (tom'i  at'kinz).  A generic 
name  for  a private  in  the  British  army ; also,  the 
rank  and  file  collectively.  The  name  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  usage  of  making  out  blanks  for  military 
accounts,  etc.,  with  the  name  “I,  Thomas  Atkins,"  etc. 
Tom  o’  Bedlam  (tom  6 bed'lam).  An  incura- 
ble lunatic : so  called  from  Bethlehem  Hospital, 
London.  See  Bedlam. 

Tompkins  (tomp'kinz),  Daniel  D.  Born  at 
(what  is  now)  Scarsdale,  Westchester  County, 
N.  Y.,  June  21, 1774:  died  on  Statenlsland,  June 
11,1825.  An  American  statesman.  Hewaseducated 
at  Columbia  College,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1797. 
He  was  associate  justice  of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court 
1804-07,  and  governor  of  New  York  1807-17.  Inl812he  pro- 
rogued the  legislature  for  10  months  to  prevent  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Bank  of  North  America  in  New  York  city. 
He  was  elected  Vice-President  in  1816  and  was  reelected 
in  1820,  serving  1817-26.  He  recommended,  in  1817,  the 
abolition  of  slavery  in  New  York. 

Tom  Quad  (kwod).  The  great  quadrangle  of 
Christ  Church  College,  Oxford. 

Tom’s  (tomz).  A famous  coffee-house,  named 
from  its  proprietor,  Thomas  West,  formerly  sit- 
uated on  Russell  street,  London : removed  in 
1865.  In  1764  a club  of  nearly  700  members  was  formed 
here,  consisting  of  the  most  noted  men  of  the  age,  and 
called  Tom's  Club. 

Tomsk  (tomsk).  1.  A government  of  Western 
Siberia,  bounded  by  Tobolsk,  Yeniseisk,  the 
Chinese  republic,  and  Semipalatinsk.  it  is  moun- 
tainous (Altai,  etc.)  in  the  southeast,  and  has  great  min- 
eral wealth.  Area,  327,173  square  miles.  Population, 
2,537,800. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Tomsk, 
Siberia,  situated  on  the  Tom,  near  the  Obi, 
about  lat.  56°  40'  N.  it  is  one  of  the  chief  Siberian 
cities,  and  is  situated  on  the  great  Siberian  road  from  Ty- 
umen to  Irkutsk.  Population,  67,419. 

Tom’s  River  (tomz  riv'er).  The  capital  of 
Ocean  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  Tom’s 
River  34  miles  southeast  of  Trenton. 

Tom  Thumb.  See  Stratton,  Charles  S. 

Tom  Thumb  the  Great.  A burlesque  by  Field- 
ing, produced  in  1730.  Carey’s  “ Chrononliotonthol- 
ogos”  was  imitated  from  it  in  part.  O’Hara  turned  it  into 
an  opera. 

Tonale  Pass  (to-nii'le  pas).  An  Alpine  pass, 
30  miles  west-northwest  of  Trent,  which  con- 
nects the  valley  of  the  Noce  in  Tyrol  with  that 


Tonale  Pass 

of  the  Oglio  in  the  province  of  Brescia,  Italy. 
It  was  the  scene  of  various  contests  in  the  Napoleonic  wars 
ami  in  the  Austrian  wars  of  1848  and  1866.  Elevation, 
6,160  feet. 

Tonantzin.  See  Cihuacohuatl. 

Tonatiuh  (to-na-te'o).  [Mex.,‘sun.’]  Aname 
given  by  the  Indians  of  Mexico  to  Pedro  de  Al- 
varado, in  allusion  to  his  ruddy  complexion  and 
blond  hair  and  beard. 

Tonawanda  (ton-a-won'da).  A town  in  Erie 
County,  New  York,  at  the  junction  of  Tona- 
wanda Creek  with  Niagara  River.  Itisan  impor- 
tant center  of  the  lumber  trade.  Pop.,  village,  8,290,  (1910). 

Tonawanda  Creek.  A river  in  western  New 
York  which  joins  the  Niagara  10  miles  north  of 
Buffalo.  Length,  about  75  miles. 

Tonbridge.  See  Tunbridge. 

Tone  (ton),  Theobald  Wolfe.  Born  at  Dublin, 
June  20,  1763:  committed  suicide  in  prison  at 
Dublin,  Nov.  19,  1798.  An  Irish  revolutionist, 
one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  United  Irish- 
men. He  promoted  and  served  in  the  expedition  of  Hoche 
to  Ireland  in  1796 ; and  was  captured  on  a French  squadron 
on  its  way  to  Ireland  in  1798,  and  sentenced  to  death.  His 
autobiography  was  edited  by  his  son  in  1826. 

Tone-gawa.  The  longest  river  in  Japan,  on  the 
main  island,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  east  of 
Tokio.  Length,  about  170  miles. 

Tonga  Bay  (tong'ga  ba).  An  inlet  on  the  east- 
*ern  coast  of  South  Africa,  near  Cape  Delgado. 
Tonga  Islands,  or  Friendly  Islands.  A group 
of  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  south  of  the  Sa- 
moan Islands.  Thev  belong  to  Great  Britain. 
Tongaland  (tong'ga-land).  A native  state,  un- 
der British  rule,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa 
north  of  Zululand.  in  1897  it  was  incorporated  with 
the  colony  of  Natal.  Area,  about  1,200  square  miles. 
Population,  about  100,000.  Also  Amatongaland. 

Tongas  (tong'giiz).  A tribe  of  North  American 
Indians  who  live  on  an  island  at  the  mouth  of 
Portland  Canal,  and  on  Prince  of  Wales  Island, 
Alaska.  Number,  about  200. 

Tongatabu,  or  Tongataboo  (tong-ga-ta'bo). 
The  largest  island  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  It 
contains  the  capital  of  the  group.  Length,  21 
miles. 

Tongking  (tong-king'),  sometimes  Tungking 
(tong-king'),  also  Tonkin  (ton-ken')  and  (F.) 
Tonquin  (ton-kan').  A French  colonial  posses- 
sion in  Farther  India.bounded  by  China, the  Gulf 
of  Tongking,  Annam,and  the  Shan  States.  Capi- 
tal, Hanoi.  The  surface  is  generally  low,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  river  Song-koi.  The  chief  exports  are  rice,  silk,  silk 
goods,  and  tin.  It  was  long  a kingdom,  nominally  tributary 
to  China,  and  until  1897  under  Annamese  suzerainty.  In 
1873  an  unsuccessful  French  expedition  under  Gamier 
was  sent  against  Tongking  ; and  a treaty  between  France 
and  Annam  was  ratified  in  1874.  The  contest  for  Tongking 
was  renewed  in  1882,  and  campaigns  were  undertaken  by 
the  French  under  Riviere,  Negrier,  Briere  de  l'lsle,  and 
others  against  the  Black  Flags  and  the  Chinese  1883-85. 
Tongking  was  ceded  to  France  by  treaty  with  China  in 
1885.  Area,  46,400  square  miles.  Population,  10,000,000. 

Tongking,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  China  Sea, 
partly  inclosed  by  China,  Tongking,  and  the 
island  of  Hainan. 

Tongking  River.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Red  River  in  Tongking. 

Tongoland.  See  Tongaland. 

Tongue  (tung)  River.  A river  in  northern 
Wyoming  and  southeastern  Montana  which 
unites  with  the  Yellowstone  near  Miles  City. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Tonikan  (ton'e  kan),  or  Otonnica,  or  Tanico. 
[F  rom  a word  in  their  language  meaning  ‘man’ 
or  ‘ people.’]  A linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  which  lived,  when  first  met  with 
(about  1700),  in  Mississippi  on  the  lower  Yazoo 
River.  They  were  faithful  allies  of  the  French.  In  1708 
they  were  driven  from  their  villages  by  the  C’hikasa  and 
Alabama;  afterward  occupied  the  lands  of  the  Huma;  and 
in  1730  were  driven  thence  down  the  Mississippi  by  the 
Nachi.  In  1817  some  of  them  were  in  Avoyelles  parish, 
Louisiana,  where  a few  till  live. 

Tonkawan  (tong'ka-wan).  A linguistic  family 
of  North  American  Indians  which,  when  first 
known  (about  1719),  lived  in  several  parts  of 
Texas,  and  later  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
that  State.  But  three  tribes  are  known — theTonkawe, 
Mayes,  and  Yakwal:  the  last  two  are  extinct  or  are  merged 
in  the  first.  Thirteen  subdivisions  or  bands  are  known 
by  name. 

Tonkaways.  See  Tonkawe. 

Tonkawe  (tong'ka-wa),  or  Tancahuas,  or 
Tanks.  [PL,  also  Tonkaways;  from  a Caddo 
term  meaning  ‘they  all  stay  together.’]  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  for- 
merly roamed  in  the  western  and  central 
regions  of  Texas.  Those  still  living  together  are  in 
Oklahoma.  See  Tonkawan. 

Tonkin.  See  Tongking. 

Tonna  (ton'ii),  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Elizabeth 


1002 

Browne;  Mrs.  Phelan):  pseudonym  Char- 
lotte Elizabeth.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
Oct.  1,  1790:  died  at  Ramsgate,  July  12,  1846. 
An  English  religious  writer.  She  married  Captain 
Phelan,  who  died  in  1837 ; and  in  1841  she  married  Mr. 
ToiVna.  Amon^  her  works  are  “Judah’s  Lion,”  “ The  Siege 
of  Derry,”  “Floral  Biography,”  “The  Rockite,”  etc.,  and 
many  religious  tracts.  She  edited  the  “ Christian  Lady’s 
Magazine  ” 1836-46. 

Tonnante  (ton-noht').  The  first  ironclad,  oue 
of  five  floating  batteries  built  by  Napoleon  III. 
during  the  Crimean  war.  it  was  launched  at  Brest 
in  March,  1855.  Its  length  was  172  feet ; breadth,  44  feet ; 
draught,  9 feet.  The  armored  casemate  carried  41-inch 
armor  and  17-inch  wooden  backing,  and  mounted  16  guns. 
Tonnay-Charente  (ton-na'sha-ront').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Charente-Infdrieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  Charente  4 miles  east 
of  Rochefort.  Population,  commune,  about 
4,900. 

Tonneins  (ton-nan').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Garonne  20  miles  northwest  of  Agen.  It 
was  destroyed  by  Louis  XIII.  in  1622.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  6,689. 

Tonnerre  (ton-nar').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Youne,  France,  situated  on  the  Armamjon 
32  miles  south  by  west  of  Troyes.  It  produces 
wiues.  Population,  commune,  4,522. 

Tonning  (ten'ning).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Eider,  30  miles  west-southwest  of 
Schleswig.  It  has  several  times  been  besieged.  The 
Swedish  general  Stenbock  surrendered  here  to  the  Rus- 
sians and  Hanes  May  16,  1713.  Population,  4,427. 

Tonquin.  See  Tongking. 

Tonson  (ton'son),  Jacob.  Born  about  1656:  died 
1736.  Anoted  English  bookseller.  He  published 
some  of  Otway's  and  Tate’s  plays;  was  Dryden’s  pub- 
lisher in  1679  and  later ; and  published  Rowe's  Shak- 
spere  in  1709.  See  Kit-Cat  Club. 

Tonstall,  Cuthbert.  See  Tunstall. 

Tonti  (ton 'te),  Lorenzo.  Lived  about  1650.  An 
Italian  banker,  inventor  of  the  tontine  system 
of  life-insurance. 

Tonto  Apache.  See  Pinal  Coyotero. 

Tonty  (ton'te),  or  Tonti,  Henryde.  Bornabout 
1650 : died  at  Mobile,  1704.  An  Italian  explorer 
in  the  Mississippi  valley,  son  of  Lorenzo  Tonti : 
a companion  of  La  Salle. 

Tooke  (tok) , Horne : the  assumed  name  of  John 
Horne.  Born  at  Westminster,  England,  June 
25, 1736:  died  at  Wimbledon,  England,  March 
18, 1812.  An  English  politician  and  philologist. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge;  was  vicar  at 
New  Brentford  until  1773 ; began  his  political  career  about 
1765  as  a Liberal;  engaged  in  controversies  with  Wilkes 
and  Junius;  was  the  chief  founder  of  the  “Society  for 
Supporting  the  Bill  of  Rights  ” in  1769 ; opposed  the  Ameri- 
can war ; and  was  imprisoned  for  libel  1767-68.  He  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Tooke  in  1782.  In  1794  he  was  tried 
for  high  treason  and  acquitted.  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament 1831-02,  but  was  excluded  later,  as  a clergyman. 
His  chief  work  is  the  philological  treatise  “ Epea  Pte- 
roenta,  or  Diversions  of  Furley  "(1786, 1805).  He  also  wrote 
various  political  pamphlets,  including  “Petition  of  an 
Englishman”  (1765),  “Two  Pair  of  Portraits”  (1788),  etc. 
Toombs  (tomz),  Robert.  Born  in  Wilkes  Coun- 
ty, Ga.,  July  2,  1810 : died  at  Washington,  Ga., 
Dec.  15, 1885.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Georgia  1815-53 ; United 
States  senator  from  Georgia  1853-61 ; a leading  disunion- 
ist ; member  of  the  Confederate  Congress  1861 ; and  Con- 
federate secretary  of  state  1861.  He  served  as  brigadier- 
general  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  and  at  Antietam 
in  1862  ; and  served  as  a volunteer  aide  upon  the  staff  of 
Gen.  Gustavus  W.  Smith,  who  commanded  the  Georgia 
militia  in  1864.  He  lived  abroad  1865-67,  when  he  re- 
turned, but  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
United  States  government. 

Topeka  (to-pe'kii).  The  capital  of  Kansas,  and 
of  Shawnee  County,  on  the  Kansas  River. 

It  is  a railroad  center ; has  manufactures  of  flour,  ma- 
chinery, etc.;  and  is  the  seat  of  Washburn  College  (non- 
sectarian),  and  of  the  College  of  the  Sisters  of  Bethany 
(Episcopal),  and  other  educational  institutions.  It  was 
settled  in  1854,  and  was  incorporated  in  1857.  Population, 
43,684,  (1910). 

Topeka  Constitution.  A constitution  for  the 
projected  State  of  Kansas,  adopted  in  conven- 
tion at  Topeka  1855.  It  prohibited  slavery. 
Topelius  (to-pa'le-os),  Zachris.  Born  at  Ny- 
karleby,  Finland,  Jan.  14,  1818:  died  March  12, 
1898.  A Swedish  poet  and  novelist.  His  father 
was  a physician.  After  1833  he  studied  at  Helsingfors. 
Here  he  subsequently  settled,  and  1842-61  was  editor  of  the 
“ Helsingfors  Tidningar,”  in  whichhis  earliest  poems  and 
stories  originally  appeared.  Afterward  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor extraordinarius  of  the  history  of  Finland  and  the 
North  at  the  University  of  Helsingfors,  and  in  18(53  pro- 
fessor ordinarius.  In  1876  he  became  professor  of  univer- 
sal history.  From  1875  to  1878  he  was  the  rector  of  the 
university.  In  the  latter  year  he  finally  withdrew  from  his 
academic  labors.  Hisfirst  collection  of  lyrics  appeared  in 
1845  with  the  title  “Ljungbloinmor  ”(“  Heath  Blossoms"). 
Three  other  collections  were  published  in  1850,  1854,  and 
1860  respectively,  and  still  another,  “Nya  blad  " (“  New 
Leaves  ”),  in  1870.  Among  his  dramatic  works  are  partic- 


Tordesilhas,  Convention  of 

ularly  to  be  mentioned  “ Titians  forsta  karlek  " (“  Titian’s 
First  Love”),  “Efter50  ar”  (“  After  Fifty  YearB”),  and 
“ Prinsessan  of  Cypern  ” (“  The  Princess  of  Cyprus" : with 
which  the  Helsingfors  theater  was  opened  in  1860).  His 
most  celebrated  work  is  the  series  of  novels  in  six  vol- 
umes, depicting  life  in  Sweden  and  Finland  in  the  17th 
and  18th  centuries,  with  the  title  “ Faltskams  berattelser  " 
(“The  Surgeon’s  Stories,”  1872-74).  His  “Lasning  for 
Barn  ” (“Reading  for  Children  ’’)  has  been  translated  into 
English  and  German.  He  is  the  author,  besides,  of  several 
historical  and  descriptive  works  on  Finland. 

Tophet  (to'fet).  [From.  Heb.  topheth,  lit.  ‘a 
place  to  be  spit  on.’]  A place  situated  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Gehenna  or  the  Val- 
ley of  Hinnom,  to  the  south  of  Jerusalem,  it  was 
there  that  the  idolatrous  Jews  worshiped  the  fire-gods  and 
sacrificed  their  children.  In  consequence  of  these  abomi- 
nations the  whole  valley  became  the  common  laystall  of  the 
city,  and  symbolical  of  the  place  of  torment  in  a future 
life. 

Toplady  (top'la-di),  Augustus  Montague. 

Born  at  Farnbam,  Surrey,  Nov.  4, 1740  : died  at 
London,  Aug.  14, 1778.  An  English  clergyman, 
controversialist,  and  sacred  poet.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In  1768 
he  was  appointed  vicar  of  Broadh  Eembury,  Devonshire. 
He  was  an  earnest  Calvinist.  He  published  “The  Doc- 
trine of  Absolute  Predestination  Stated  and  Asserted’’ 
(1769),  “Historic  Proof  of  the  Doctrinal  Calvinism  of  the 
Church  of  England”  (1774),  “The  Church  of  England  Vin- 
dicated from  the  Charge  of  Arminianism  ” (1769),  “ Poems 
on  Sacred  Subjects  ” (1775),  and  “Psalms  and  Hymns” 
(1776).  He  wrote  several  other  volumes  of  hymns  and 
sacred  poems.  He  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  the 
noble  hymn  “Rock  of  Ages.” 

Toplitz.  See  Teplitz. 

Topsham(tops'am).  A town  in  Devonshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  beginning  of  the  estuary 
of  the  Exe,  4 miles  southeast  of  Exeter.  Popu- 
lation, 2,790. 

Topsy  (top'si).  A negro  girl,  an  amusing  char- 
acter in  “Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin.” 

Toquima  Range  (to-ke'ma  ranj).  A range  of 
mountains  in  the  central  part  of  Nevada,  about 
long.  117°  W. 

Torah  (to'ra).  [Heb., ‘instruction,’  ‘teaching.’] 
The  name  given  to  the  first  five  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  or  Pentateuch,  bytheJews.  it  is  con- 
sidered by  them  the  most  important  part  of  the  Bible. 
Weekly  lessons  are  read  from  it  in  the  synagogue,  and  only 
manuscript  copies  are  used  for  this  purpose.  See  Pen- 
tateuch. 

Tor  Bay  (tor  ba).  A small  bay  of  the  English 
Channel,  situated  near  Torquay.  William  of 
Orange  landed  there  in  1688.  It  has  important 
fisheries. 

Torbert  (tor'bert),  Alfred  Thomas  Archime- 
des. Born  at  Georgetown,  Del.,  July  1.  1833: 
died  at  sea,  Sept.  30, 1880.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Civil  War.  He  served  in  the  infantry  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac;  became  distinguished  in  1864 
as  a cavalry  commander  under  Sheridan  ; and  commanded 
the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah  in  1865.  Later  he  was  in  the 
diplomatic  and  consular  service.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  in  the  United  States  army,  March  13, 1865,  and  re- 
signed in  Oct.,  1866. 

Torcello  (tor-chel'lo).  A small  island  6 miles 
northeast  of  Venice,  of  importance  in  the  10th 
and  11th  centuries.  It  contains  an  ancient  Byzan- 
tine cathedral  of  Santa  Maria,  and  a church  of  Santa 
Fosca.  The  former  was  rebuilt  in  the  11th  century,  but 
preserves  the  early  basilican  plan.  The  south  windows  of 
the  choir  have  stone  shutters  turning  on  pivots.  The  nave 
and  aisles  end  in  apses  : that  of  the  nave  has  a primitive 
presbyterium  of  three  steps  at  the  back,  forming  seats  for 
the  clergy,  with  the  raised  episcopal  throne  inthenriddle. 
The  chief  apse  and  other  portions  of  the  interior  are  cov- 
ered with  curious  and  beautiful  mosaics;  and  the  pavement 
and  msL'-y  details  of  furniture  and  decoration  are  of  the 
highest  interest.  Santa  Fosca  is  a remarkable  church, 
probably  of  the  12th  century,  in  plan  a Greek  cross  46  by 
62  feet,  originally  the  baptistery  of  the  cathedral.  It  has 
porches  of  stilted  arches  on  three  side3,  three  apses  on  the 
east,  and  was  originally  domed  at  the  crossing.  The  grace- 
ful interior  is  surrounded  by  12  handsome  columns  from 
earlier  churches. 

Torch  Lake  (torch  lak).  A lake  chiefly  in  An- 
trim County,  Michigan,  about  lat.  45°  N.  It 
communicates  with  Lake  Michigan.  Length, 
about  14  miles.  . 

Torda.  See  Thorcnburg. 

Tordesilhas  (tor-da-sei'yas),  Sp.  Tordesillas 
(tor-da-sel'yas),  Convention  of.  A treaty  be- 
tween Spain  and  Portugal,  signed  at  Tordesil- 
has June  7,  1494,  regulating  their  rights  of  dis- 
covery and  conquest..  The  Pope,  by  his  celebrated 
bull  of  May  3, 1493,  had  drawn  ameridian  “100  leagues  west 
of  the  Azores  and  Cape  Verd  Islands,”  giving  to  Spain 
the  right  of  conquest  to  the  west  of  it,  and  to  Portugal  the 
same  right  on  the  east.  The  convention  of  Tordesilhas  re- 
moved this  line  to  a meridian  370  leagues  west  of  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands.  At  that  time  the  continental  character 
of  America  was  unknown,  and  the  powers  supposed  that 
they  were  dividing  “ the  Indies,”  or  Asia;  but  apparently 
it  never  occurred  to  them  that,  in  pushing  their  conquests, 
they  would  eventually  meet  on  the  same  meridian,  but  on 
the  opposite  sideof  the  world.  Unfortunately  themeridian 
was  not  definitely  fixed  — first,  because  it  was  reckoned 
from  an  archipelago,  and  not  from  one  island  or  point ; and 
second,  because  the  term  “league  "admitted  of  several  dif- 
ferent meanings.  The  Brazilian  coast,  discovered  soon 


Tordesilhas,  Convention  of 

after,  was  clearly  to  the  east  of  the  Tordesilhas  line,  and 
it  was  accordingly  settled  by  the  Portuguese  ; but  the  line 
passed  near  the  mouths  of  the  two  great  rivers  Plata  and 
Amazon,  and  in  the  uncertainty  as  to  its  position  disputes 
arose  in  those  regions  which  have  come  down  to  the  pres- 
ent day.  Eventually,  and  partly  because  of  the  uncertainty, 
the  Portuguese  pushed  their  conquests  far  westward.  In 
the  course  of  time  the  two  powers  met  in  the  East  Indies, 
and  here  the  field  of  dispute  was  broader,  owing  to  the 
defective  methods  of  determining  longitude  which  were 
then  in  vogue.  The  Philippine  Islands,  discovered  by  Ma- 
gellan, were  claimed  and  held  by  Spain  as  lying  within  her 
hemisphere ; but  in  fact  they  were  in  the  hemisphere 
which  had  been  assigned  to  Portugal. 

Toreno  (to-ra'no),  Jose  Maria,  Count  of  To- 
reno.  Born  at  Oviedo,  Spain,  1786 : died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  16,  1843.  A Spanish  historian  and 
politician,  minister  in  the  regency  of  Maria 
Christina.  He  wrote  “Historiadellevantamiento,  guerra 
y revolution  deEspafia”  (“History  of  the  Rising, "War,  and 
Revolution  of  Spain,"  1835-38),  a standard  history  of  the 
Peninsular  war. 

Torfaeus  (tor-fe'us),  or  Torfason  (tor'fa-son), 
Thormodr.  Born  in  Iceland,  1639:  died  1719. 
An  Icelandic  antiquary.  His  chief  work  is  a “ His- 
tory of  Norway  ” (1711).  He  also  wrote  works  on  Green- 
land, Vinland,  etc.,  and  translated  Icelandic  works  into 
Danish. 

Torgau  (tor'gou).  A fortified  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe 
31  miles  east-northeast  of  Leipsic.  its  chief  build- 
ing is  the  castle  Hartenfels.  It  suffered  in  the  Thirty 
Years’  War ; was  fortified  by  Napoleon  in  1810  ; was  be- 
sieged by  the  Allies  in  1813;  and  surrendered  Jan.  14, 
1814.  Population,  commune,  12,299. 

Torgau,  Alliance  of.  A league  formed  at  Tor- 
gau, 1526,  by  Saxony  and  Hesse  and  other 
Protestant  powers  against  the  Roman  Catholic 
states. 

Torgau,  Battle  of.  A battle  fought  at  Stiptitz, 
near  Torgau,  Nov.  3, 1760,  in  which  the  Prussians 
under  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians under  Daun. 

Torgau  Articles.  A document,  drawn  up  at 
Torgau  in  1530,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the 
Augsburg  Confession. 

Torgau  Book.  A document,  drawn  up  at  Torgau 
in  1576,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the  Formula 
of  Concord. 

Toribio,  Saint.  See  Mogrovejo,  Toribio. 

Toribio  de  Benavente.  See  Motolinia. 

Tories  (to'riz).  [From  Ir.  toiridhe,  a pursuer,  a 
plunderer.]  1.  In  English  history,  one  of  the 
two  great  political  parties  which  arose  at  the  end 
of  the  17th  century.  It  may  be  regarded  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  the  Cavaliers,  Court  Party,  and  Abhorrers.  It  fa- 
vored conservative  principles  in  church  and  state.  One 
wing  after  the  revolution  of  1688  became  known  as  Jaco- 
bites ; it  was  the  peace  party  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Ann  e ; and 
from  the  Hanoverian  succession  (1714)  it  was  in  opposition 
for  about  half  a century.  It  took  stronger  ground  than 
the  Whig  party  against  the  American  colonies  and  against 
the  French  Revolution.  Among  its  leaders  were  Pitt, 
Canning,  and  Wellington.  From  about  the  time  of  the  Re- 
form Bill  (1832),  which  the  Tories  opposed,  the  name  began 
to  be  replaced  by  Conservative.  The  word  Tory,  however, 
is  still  in  common  use. 

2.  The  loyalist  or  British  party  during  the 
American  Revolutionary  period. 

Torino.  The  Italian  name  of  Turin. 
Tormentine  (tor-men'tin),  Cape.  A headland 
at  the  eastern  extremity  of  New  Brunswick, 
projecting  into  North umherland  Strait. 
Tormes  (tor'mes).  [L.  Termes,  ML.  Turmus .] 
A left-hand  tributary  of  the  Duero,  which  it  joins 
46  miles  west-northwest  of  Salamanca,  Spain. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Torne«L  (tor'ne-a) . A small  town  in  the  laen  of 
Ule&borg,  Finland,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Torneh  Elf, 
in  lat.  65°  48'  N.,  long.  24°  12'  E.  It  is  a resort 
for  summer  tourists,  who  visit  it  to  see  the  ‘ ‘mid- 
night sun.” 

Torne&,  Lake.  A lake  in  northern  Sweden,  the 
source  of  the  Tomefi  Elf.  Length,  about  35 
miles. 

TomecL  Elf.  A river  in  northern  Sweden,  and 
on  the  boundary  between  Sweden  and  Finland, 
which  flows  into  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 
Length,  about  275  miles. 

Toro  (to'ro).  A town  in  the  province  of  Zamo- 
ra, Spain,  situated  on  the  Duero  38  miles  north 
by  east  of  Salamanca.  It  was  an  important  medieval 
city.  Near  it,  in  March,  1476,  the  Castilians  defeated  the 
Portuguese.  Population,  8,379. 

Toro,  Manuel  Murillo-.  See  Murillo- Toro. 
Toronaic  Gulf  (tor-o-nii'ik  gulf).  In  ancient 
geography,  an  arm  of  the  Aegean  Sea  between 
the  peninsulas  of  Pallene  and  Sithonia,  Chalci- 
dice,  Macedonia : now  called  Gulf  of  Cassandra. 
Toronto  (to-ron'to).  [From  an  Indian  (Huron) 
word,  ‘place  of  meeting.’]  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Lake 
Ontario  in  lat.  43°  40'  N.,  long.  79°  24'  W.  It 
is  the  second  city  in  population  in  the  dominion ; is  an  im- 


1003 

portant  railway  and  commercial  center ; has  varied  manu- 
factures ; and  is  the  seat  of  a university  (burned  in  1890) 
with  affiliated  colleges,  and  numerous  other  educational 
institutions.  The  early  name  of  Toronto  was  York.  It 
was  settled  and  made  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada  by  Gov- 
ernor Simcoe  in  1794 ; was  taken  and  burned  by  the  Ameri- 
cans in  1813 ; and  was  incorporated  as  a city  and  had  its 
name  changed  to  Toronto  in  1834.  It  was  at  one  time,  alter- 
nately with  Quebec,  the  seat  of  government  of  Canada.  It 
has  been  the  capital  of  Ontario  since  1867.  Population, 

• 376,538,  (1911). 

Torquato  Tasso.  A drama  by  Goethe,  printed 
in  1790. 

Torquatus.  See  Manlius. 

Torquay  (tor-ke').  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on  Tor 
Bay  18  miles  south  of  Exeter.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  mild  climate,  and  is  a favorite  winter  health-resort. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Tor  Abbey  (12th-14th  century). 
It  has  manufactures  of  terra-cotta  articles.  Population, 
33,626. 

Torquemada(tor-ka-mfi'da),  Juan  de.  Born  at 
Valladolid,  Spain,  about  1545 : died  in  Mexico 
after  1617.  A Spanish  historian.  He  went  to  Mex- 
ico in  his  youth ; joined  the  Franciscan  order  there ; and 
was  a professor  in  the  College  of  Tlatelolco,  and  provincial 
1614-17.  His  principal  work  is  the  “Monarquia  Indiana” 
(3  vols.,  folio,  1615 ; 2d  ed.  1723).  It  is  the  most  voluminous 
and  one  of  the  best  of  the  early  histories  of  Mexico. 
Torquemada  (tor-ka-ma'da),  Tomas  de.  Born 
about  1420:  died  1498.  A Dominican  prior,  made 
by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  first  inquisitor-gen- 
eral for  Castile  in  1483.  He  organized  the  Inquisition 
in  Spain,  and  became  infamous  for  the  barbarous  severity 
with  which  he  administered  his  office.  The  number  of  his 
victims  who  suffered  death  is  placed  at  nearly  9,000.  He 
favored  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  in  1492. 

Its  earliest  victims  were  Jews.  Six  were  burned  within 
four  days  from  the  time  when  the  tribunal  first  sat,  and 
Mariana  states  the  whole  number  of  those  who  suffered 
duringthe  eighteen  terrible  years  of  Torquemada’s  Inquis- 
itorship  at  two  thousand,  besides  seventeen  thousand  who 
underwent  some  form  of  punishment  less  severe  than  that 
of  the  stake.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  408. 

Torre  del  Greco  ( tor're  del  gra'ko) . [It. , ‘ tower 
of  the  Greek.’]  A town  in  the  province  of  Na- 
ples, Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples,  7 miles 
southeast  of  Naples,  at  the  base  of  Vesuvius.  It 
has  coral-fisheries.  It  has  often  been  ravaged  by  eruptions 
and  earthquakes  (last  in  1900).  Population,  33,299. 

Torre  dell’  Annunziata  (tor're  del  lan-non-ze- 
a'ta).  A town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples,  12  miles  south- 
east of  Naples,  at  the  base  of  Vesuvius.  It  has 
considerable  trade,  and  manufactures  of  maca- 
roni, etc.  Population,  commune,  28,143. 
Torregiano(tor-re-ja'no).  Born  1472:  died  1522. 
A Florentine  sculptor,  popularly  known  as  the 
sculptor  who  broke  Michelangelo’s  nose  in  a 
quarrel  about  1491.  For  many  years  he  served  in  the 
papal  army  under  Cesare  Borgia.  About  1503  he  went  to 
England,  where  he  won  great  reputation  and  made  the 
tomb  of  Henry  VII.  in  Westminster  Abbey  which  Lord 
Bacon  called  “one  of  the  stateliest  and  daintiest  monu- 
ments in  Europe.”  He  afterward  wandered  to  Spain,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  starved  to  death  in  a prison  at  Seville. 
Torrens  (tor'enz),  Lake.  A salt  lake  in  South 
Australia,  about  lat.  30°-32°  S.  Estimated 
length,  about  125  miles.  It  is  at  times  a salt 
marsh. 

Torrente  (tor-ran'ta),  Mariano.  Born  atBar- 
bastro,  Aragon,  1792:  diedinCuba(?)afterl853. 
A Spanish  author.  His  most  important  work  is  “His- 
toriadelarevolucionHispano- Americana  "(3  vols.,  Madrid, 
1829).  It  is  the  best  history  of  the  Spanish-American  rev- 
olution from  the  Spanish  side,  but  has  been  severely  criti- 
cized by  the  republicans.  After  1832  Torrente  lived  iD 
Havana,  where  he  published  various  works. 

Torre  Pellice  (tor're  pel-le'ehe).  A small  town 
in  Piedmont,  Italy,  among  the  Alps,  near  the 
French  frontier,  southwest  of  Pinerolo.  It  has 
been  for  centuries  a center  of  the  Waldenses. 
Torres  (tor'res)  Strait.  A sea  passage  which 
separates  Australia  on  the  south  from  Papua  on 
the  north,  and  connects  the  Pacific  with  Ara- 
fura Sea.  It  was  discovered  by  Torres  in  1606. 
Width,  about  90  miles.  Its  navigation  is  dan- 
gerous. 

Torres  Vedras  (tor'res  va'dras).  [Pg.,  ‘old 
towers.’]  A town  in  the  province  of  Estre- 
madura,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Zizandra  26 
miles  north  by  west  of  Lisbon.  Population, 
6,890. 

Torres  Vedras,  Lines  of.  Lines  of  fortifica- 
tions extending  from  near  Torres  Vedras  to  the 
Tagus.  They  were  defended  by  the  Anglo-Portuguese 
under  Wellington  against  the  French  under  Massdna  Oct., 
1810,-March,  1811.  Length  of  longest  line,  29  miles. 
Torrey  (tor'i),  John.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  15, 
1796:  diod  there,  March  10, 1873.  An  American 
botanist  and  chemist.  He  was  professor  at  Princeton 
and  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (New  York 
city);  State  geologist  of  New  York;  United  States  assayer; 
and  botanical  editor  of  the  reports  of  various  exploring 
expeditions.  He  published  “Catalogue  of  Plants  Growing 
Spontaneously  within  Thirty  Miles  of  the  City  of  New 


Tostig 

York  ” (1819),  “ Flora  of  the  State  of  New  York  ” (1843-44), 
“ Flora  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States  ” (begun  1824), 
and  began  with  Gray  “ Flora  of  North  America  ” (1838-43). 
Torrey’s  Peak  (tor'iz  pek).  A mountain  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado,  48  miles  west  by 
south  of  Denver.  Height,  14,335  feet. 
Torricelli  (tor-re-chel'le),  Evangelista.  Born 
at  Piancaldoli,  Italy,  Oct.  15,  1608:  died  at 
Florence,  Oct.  25,  1647.  A celebrated  Italian 
physicist  and  mathematician.  He  was  the  friend 
and  amanuensis  of  Galileo,  and  his  successor  as  professor 
at  Florence.  He  discovered  the  principle  of  the  barome- 
ter in  1G43  ; made  other  mathematical  and  physical  dis- 
coveries; and  improved  the  microscope.  His  “Opera 
geometrica”  were  published  in  1644. 

Torridon  (tor'i-don),  Loch.  An  inlet  of  the 
ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  Ross-shire,  Scot- 
land, in  lat.  57°  35'  N.  Length,  including  up- 
per Loch  Torridon,  14  miles. 

Torrington  (tor'ing-ton).  A town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Torridge  5 
miles  south-southeast  of  Bideford.  It  contains 
a blueeoat  school  and  several  churches.  Pop- 
ulation, rural  district,  9,260. 

Torrington,  First  Viscount  (George  Byng). 
Born  at  Wrotham,  Kent,  England,  1663:  died 
Jan.  17,  1733.  An  English  admiral,  father  of 
Admiral  John  Byng.  He  was  distinguished  in  the 
battle  of  Malaga  1704  ; defended  the  coast  against  the 
Pretender  in  1715  ; and  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  in  the 
victory  off  Cape  Passaro  in  1718.  He  became  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty  in  1727. 

Torso  Belvedere  (of  Hercules).  A celebrated 
ancient  work,  signed  by  the  Athenian  Apollo- 
nius, in  the  Vatican,  Rome,  it  is  ascribed  to  the 
middle  of  the  1st  century  B.  o.,  and  is  remarkable  as  a 
skilful  portrayal  of  muscular  development,  and  for  the 
anatomical  knowledge  shown  in  the  sitting  position  of  the 
figure. 

Torstenson  (tor'sten-son),  Lennart,  Count  of 
Ortala.  Born  at  Torstena,  West  Gothland, 
Sweden,  Aug.  17,  1603:  died  at  Stockholm, 
April  7, 1651.  A Swedish  general  in  the  Thirty 
Years’  War.  He  served  in  Germany  after  1630  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  later  under  Bailor ; became  com- 
mander-in-chief in  1641 ; gained  the  victory  of  Schweid- 
nitz  in  1642  ; overran  Silesia  ; gained  the  victory  of  Brei- 
tenfeld  Nov.  2,  1642 ; overran  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and 
Jutland  1643-44 ; defeated  the  Imperialists  under  Gallas 
at  Jiiterbog  in  1614  ; gained  the  victory  of  Jankau  March 
6,  1645  : united  with  Rakdczy,  conquered  Moravia,  and  in- 
vaded Austria  in  1645  ; and  resigned  his  command  in  1646. 
Tortola  (tor-to'lii).  1.  The  chief  island  of  the 
Virgin  Islands,  British  West  Indies. — 2.  A 
town  on  the  island  of  Tortola,  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  the  British  Virgin  Islands. 
Tortona  (tor-to'na).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Alessandria,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Scrivia  12 
miles  east  of  Alessandria:  the  Roman  Dertona. 
It  contains  a cathedral.  Tortona  was  destroyed  by  Fred- 
erick Barbarossa  in  1155,  and  again  by  the  Ghibellines  in 
1163  ; and  was  several  times  captured  in  later  years  (War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  etc.).  Population,  town,  11,- 
371 ; commune,  17,452. 

Tortosa  (tor-to'sa).  A city  in  the  province 
of  Tarragona,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ebro  43 
miles  southwest  of  Tarragona : the  Roman  Der- 
tosa.  It  is  a fortified  town,  and  has  some  manufactures 
and  trade.  It  was  an  important  Moorish  stronghold  ; was 
taken  by  the  Crusaders,  Pisans,  and  Genoese  in  1148  ; and 
was  captured  by  the  French  in  1708,  and  again  under  Su- 
chet  in  1811.  Population,  24,452. 

Tortuga  (tor-to'ga).  [F.  Tic  da  la  Tortue.~\  An 
island  north  of  Haiti,  to  which  it  belongs.  It  was 
a noted  resort  of  the  bucaneers,  where  most  of  their  ex- 
peditions were  organized,  and  whence  they  passed  over  to 
Haiti  under  French  commanders.  Length,  about  20  miles. 

Tortuga.  A small  island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
belonging  to  Venezuela,  125  miles  east-north- 
east of  Caracas. 

Tortugas.  See  Dry  Tor  togas. 

Tory  Party.  See  Tories. 

Torzburg  Pass  (terts'borc  pas).  A pass  in  the 
Transylvanian  Alps,  near  Torzburg,  between 
Transylvania  and  Rumania. 

Tosa  (to'sa)  Falls.  The  falls  of  the  Tosa  or 
Toce,  in  the  Alps  of  northern  Italy,  near  the 
source.  Height,  470  feet. 

Toscanelli  (tos-ka-nel'le),  Paolo  del  Pozzo. 
Born  at  Florence,  1397 : died  there,  May  15, 1482. 
An  Italian  astronomer.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
map  used  by  Columbus  on  the  voyage  which  resulted  in 
the  discovery  of  America. 

Tosti  (tos'te),  Sir  Francesco  Paolo.  Born  at 
Ortona,  Italy,  April  9,  1846.  An  Italian  com- 
poser.  In  1880  he  became  teacher  of  singing  to  the  royal 
family  of  England.  He  is  noted  for  his  songs,  especially 
English  ballads.  Knighted  in  1908. 

Tostig  (tos'tig).  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Stam- 
ford Bridge,  Sept.  25,  1066.  An  English  earl, 
son  of  Earl  Godwine.  ne  was  banished  with  his  fa- 
ther  in  1051 ; became  earl  of  Northumbria  in  1055 ; as- 
sisted Harold  in  the  Welsh  campaign  in  1063;  was  de- 
posed by  the  Northumbrians  in  1065,  and  went  to  Flanders ; 
ravaged  the  southern  coast  of  England  ; and  joined  with 
Harold  Hardrada  in  the  invasion  of  England  in  1066. 


Totilas 

Totilas  (tot'i-las),or  Totila(tot'i-la).  Died  552. 
An  East-Gothic  king  in  Italy.  He  overran  the 
peninsula;  opposed  Belisarius  and  Narses ; took  Home 546 
and  549  ; and  was  defeated  and  mortally  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Taginte  in  July,  552. 

Totleben.  See  Todleben. 

Totnes,  orTotness(tot'nes).  A town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Dart  21  miles 
east  by  north  of  Plymouth.  It  has  a ruined 
castle.  Population,  4,035. 

Totnes,  or  Totness,  First  Earl  of.  See  Carew, 
George. 

Totonicapam  (to-to-ne-ka-pam'),  or  Totonica- 

pan  (to-to-ne-ka-pan').  A town  of  Guatemala, 
60  miles  west-northwest  of  Guatemala  City.  It 

was  an  ancient  Indian  stronghold  and  village,  and  is  now 
the  capital  of  the  smallest  but  most  densely  populated  de- 
partment of  the  republic.  It  has  manufactures  of  textiles, 
pottery,  etc.  Population,  28,310. 

Totter s Miscellany.  The  first  regular  collec- 
tion of  poetical  miscellany,  it  was  issued  in  1557  by 
Bichard  Tottel,  and  was  probably  edited  by  Nicholas  Grim- 
ald.  It  contained  the  songs  and  sonnets  of  Sir  Thomas 
Wyatt  and  the  Earl  of  Surrey,  Grimald,  and  others.  A 
second  edition,  omitting  Grimald,  appeared  in  the  same 
year,  and  eight  editions  had  been  issued  by  1587. 

Totten  (tot'en),  Joseph  Gilbert.  BornatNew 
Haven,  Conn.,  Aug.  23, 1788 : died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  April  22,  1864.  An  American  mili- 
tary engineer,  general,  and  scientist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1805  ; was  chief  engineer  under  Van 
Bensselaer,  Dearborn,  and  Macomb  in  the  War  of  1812; 
was  engaged  in  developing  the  coast  defenses  of  the  United 
States;  became  chief  engineer  of  the  army  in  1838;  di- 
rected the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  in  1847 ; and  later  was  in- 
spector at  the  Military  Academy.  He  wrote  “Hydraulic 
and  Common  Mortars,"  etc. 

Tottenham  (tot'en-am).  A suburb  of  London, 
situated  in  Middlesex  6 miles  north  by  east  of 
St.  Paul’s.  Population,  102,519. 

Toucey  (tou'si),  Isaac.  Born  at  Newtown, 
Conn.,  Nov.  5,  1796:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
July  30,  1869.  An  American  Democratic  poli- 
tician. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut 
1835-39 ; governor  of  Connecticut  1846-47 ; United  States 
attorney-general  1848-49;  United  States  senator  1852-57 ; 
and  secretary  of  the  navy  1857-61. 

Touchstone  (tuch'ston).  1.  An  “allowed  fool” 
in  Sliakspere’s  “As  you  Like  it.”  He  is  wise 
and  facetious,  a fool  by  profession,  not  an  un- 
conscious clown. — 2.  A shrewd  honest  gold- 
smith in  “ Eastward  Ho ! ”by  Jonson,  Chapman, 
and  Marston. 

Touchwood  (tuch'wud),  Lady.  1.  A brilliant 
and  shameless  woman  in  Congreve’s  “Double 
Dealer,”  in  love  with  her  husband’s  nephew 
Mellefont. — 2.  A simple  countrywoman,  in 
Mrs.  Cowley’s  “Belle’s  Stratagem,”  whose  hus- 
band tries  to  keep  her  away  from  the  world. 

Toul  ( tol ) . A to  wn  in  the  departm  ent  of  Meurthe- 
et-Moselle,  France,  situated  on  the  Moselle  14 
miles  west  of  Nancy.  It  is  an  important  fortress, 
and  one  of  the  chief  strategic  points  on  the  eastern  fron- 
tier. The  Church  of  St.  Etienne,  formerly  a cathedral,  is  a 
lofty  13th-century  building  with  an  elaborate  florid  west 
front  flanked  by  twin  towers.  It  has  fine  Benaissance 
glass,  and  a beautiful  cloister,  appropriately  though  so- 
berly ornamented,  and  remaining  quite  perfect.  Toul 
was  long  the  seat  of  a bishopric;  was  an  imperial  city  in 
the  middle  ages ; was  taken  by  Henry  II.  of  France  in  1552 ; 
was  formally  annexed  to  France  in  1648 ; and  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Germans  and  capitulated  Sept.  23,  1870. 
Population,  commune,  13,663. 

Toulmin,  Camilla.  See  Crosland. 

Toulon  (to-lon').  A seaport  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  43° 
7'  N.,  long.  5°  56'  E. : the  Roman  Telo  Martius. 
It  is  the  second  naval  station  in  France,  and  the  chief  sta- 
tion of  the  Mediterranean  fleet.  It  has  large  roadsteads, 
and  a harbor  with  five  basins.  The  naval  arsenal  was  de- 
veloped by  Vauban.  Toulon  is  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  the  Phenicians.  It  was  taken  by  Charles  V.  in  1524 
and  1536 ; resisted  the  Allies  in  1707  ; received  the  British 
and  Spanish  in  1793 ; and  was  taken  by  the  Convention  in 
the  same  year.  Population,  commune,  103,549. 

Toulon,  Sieges  of.  1 . An  unsuccessful  siege 
by  the  allied  army  and  navy  (Piedmontese, 
British,  Dutch,  etc.), in  1707,  under  Prince  Eu- 
gene.— 2.  In  1793  Toulon,  which  had  received 
an  Anglo-Spanish  fleet,  was  besieged  by  the 
French  republicans,  and  was  taken  in  Dec., 
largely  through  the  skill  of  N apoleon  Bonaparte . 

Toulouse  (to-loz').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Garonne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Garonne  in  lat.  43°  35'  N.,  long.  1°  25'  E.,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Canal  du  Midi  and  the  Canal 
Lateral : the  ancient  Tolosa.  it  is  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric  ; contains  a university,  a school  of  medicine, 
the  Academy  of  the  Floral  Games,  and  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  Inscriptions,  and  Belles-Lettres ; and  has  a trade 
in  grain,  wine,  manufactured  articles,  etc.  The  cathedral 
is  notable  for  the  great  width  (62  feet)  of  the  13th-century 
nave,  without  aisles.  It  has  a very  beautiful  rose-window 
in  the  facade.  The  choir  is  later,  in  part  Flamboyant, 
light  and  graceful,  and  with  flue  glass.  Toulouse  was  the 
capital  of  the  Tectosages  ; was  allied  with  the  ( ’imbri  in  106 
B.  C. ; was  taken  by  Csepio,  and  afterward  reduced  by  Ma- 
rius ; was  the  capital  of  the  West-Gothic  kingdom  from  419 ; 


1004 

was  taken  by  the  Franks  in  507  (see  Toulouse , County  of,  be- 
low); was  captured  by  Montfort  in  the  Albigensian  crusade 
in  1216;  and  later  often  revolted  and  was  besieged.  It  suf- 
fered in  the  Huguenot  wars,  and  was  the  scene  of  mas- 
sacres of  Huguenots  in  1562  and  1572,  and  of  the  torture 
of  Galas  in  1762.  The  last  battle  of  the  Peninsular  war  was 
fought  there,  April  10,  1814,  in  which  the  Allies  under  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  defeated  the  French  under  Soult. 
Population,  commune,  149,438. 

Toulouse,  Comte  de  (Louis  Alexandre  de 
Bourbon).  Born  June  6,1678:  died  at  Ram- 
bouillet,  Dec.  1,  1737.  A son  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
Madame  de  Montespan  : noted  as  a naval  com- 
mander. He  fought  a bloody  but  indecisive  battle  with 
the  English  under  Admiral  Booke,  Aug.  24,  1704,  near 
Malaga. 

Toulouse,  County  of.  An  ancient  county  in 
southern  France,  whose  center  was  the  city  of 
Toulouse.  It  was  established  in  778,  and  its  counts  ac- 
quired various  other  possessions.  Its  fiefs — Narbonne, 
Beziers,  etc.  — were  annexed  to  the  French  crown  about 
1229.  It  was  united  to  France  in  1271,  and  formed  part 
of  Languedoc. 

Toulouse,  Family  of.  A medieval  family  who 
reigned  as  counts  of  Toulouse  and  its  territory 
from  the  time  of  Raymond  I.  (9th  century)  to 
1271 : long  the  leading  line  of  rulers  in  southern 
France. 

Toulouse,  War  of.  A war  in  1159,  caused  by 
the  claim  of  Henry  II.  of  England  to  the  count- 
ship  of  Toulouse.  He  reduced  a large  part  of 
the  territory. 

Touraine  (to-ran').  An  ancient  government  of 
France.  Chief  city,  Tours,  it  was  hounded  by  An- 
jou, Maine,  OrRanais,  Berry,  and  Poitou.  It  was  called 
“ the  garden  of  France  ” on  account  of  its  fertility.  It 
corresponded  nearly  to  the  depar  tment  of  Indre-et-Loire. 
Touraine  was  ruled  in  early  times  by  counts ; was  united 
with  Anjou  in  1044,  and  with  it  formed  part  of  the  Plan- 
tagenet  possessions ; was  conquered  by  Philip  Augustus  of 
France  about  1204;  and  was  made  a duchy  in  1356,  and 
continued  an  appanage  of  the  king's  son  until  its  incor- 
poration with  France  in  1584. 

Tourcoing  (tor-kwan').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  8 miles  northeast  of 
Lille.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen, 
linen,  silk,  carpets,  etc.  It  is  virtually  a part  of  Boubaix. 
★ Population,  commune,  81,671. 

Tourgbe  (tor-zha') , Albion  Winegar.  Bom  at 

Williamsfleld,  Ohio,  May  2,  1838 : died  at  Bor- 
deaux, France,  May  21,  1905.  An  American 
lawyer  and  novelist.  He  served  in  the  Federal  army 
in  the  Civil  War;  settled  at  Greensboro,  North  Carolina, 
and  became  judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  and  later  entered 
the  consular  service.  He  has  published  works  relative  to 
political  affairs  in  the  South,  including  “ Figs  and  Thistles  ” 
(1879),  “ A Fool’s  Errand  ” (1879),  “ Bricks  without  Straw  ” 
(1880),  “ Hot  Ploughshares  " (1883),  “An  Appeal  to  Cajsar" 
(1884) ; also  legal  works. 

TourguSnief.  or  Tourgueneff.  See  Turgenieff. 
Tournai,  or  Tournay  (tor-na' ),  Flem.  Doornick 

(dor'nik).  A town  in  the  province  of  Hainaut, 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  Schelde  34  miles 
south-southwest  of  Ghent : the  Roman  Torna- 
eum  or  Turris  Nerviorum.  It  has  Important  manu- 
factures of  carpets,  stockings,  etc.  Its  cathedral  is  one  of 
the  most  notable  of  Flemish  churches,  with  a picturesque 
group  of  5 towers.  The  nave  is  Bomanesque,  and  was  not 
vaulted  until  the  last  century.  The  transept  is  French,  of 
the  13th  century,  and  the  admirable  choir  is  still  later. 
The  Bomanesque  facade  has  a Pointed  porch  with  abundant 
and  excellent  sculptures.  There  are  some  good  pictures, 
and  fine  15th-century  glass  made  in  Haarlem.  The  ornate 
Benaissance  rood-loft  dates  from  1566.  The  dimensions  are 
408  by  78  feet ; length  of  transepts,  220 ; height  of  nave  78, 
of  choir  107  feet.  Tournai  was  a town  of  the  Nervii,  and 
a Merovingian  capital  in  the  5th  century.  It  was  defended 
unsuccessfully  by  the  Princesse  d’Epinoy  against  the  Duke 
of  Parma  in  1581 ; was  taken  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1667  and 
fortified  by  Vauban ; was  captured  by  the  Allies  in  1709 
and  assigned  to  Austria  in  1713;  and  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1745,  and  restored  in  1748.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Perkin  Warbeck.  Population,  commune,  37,640. 

Tournefort  (torn-for'),  Joseph  Pitton  de. 

Born  at  Aix,  France,  June  5,  1656  : died  Nov. 
28,  1708.  A distinguished  French  botanist,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  botany  at  the  royal  gar- 
den of  plants  at  Paris  in  1683.  He  traveled  ex- 
tensively in  Europe  and  the  East.  His  chief  work  is 
“Institutiones  rei  herbariae”  (1700). 

Tournette  (tor-net').  A mountain  near  the 
Lake  of  Annecy,  in  the  Alps  of  Savoy.  Height, 
7,730  feet. 

Tourneur  (tor-ner'  or  ter'ner),  Cyril.  Born 
about  1575:  died  in  Ireland,  Feb.  28,  1625-26. 
An  English  tragic  poet.  His  name  was  originally 
Turner  : he  adopted  the  spelling  Tourneur  in  1611.  He 
published  in  1600  an  allegorical  poem,  and  in  1613  an  elegy 
on  the  death  of  Prince  Henry,  son  of  James  I.  His  fame 
rests  on  two  tragedies,  published  1607-11,  “ The  Atheist's 
Tragedy  ” and  “ The  Bevenger’s  Tragedy  ” : the  latter  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  language. 

Tournus  (tor-mis').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  on  the  Saone 
56  miles  north  of  Lyons.  Itis  acommercial  and  man- 
ufacturing town.  It  contains  a noted  abbey  church  of 
St.  Philibert,  of  the  11th  century.  The  facade  is  machic- 
olated  and  loopholed  : it  precedes  a large  narthex.  The 
nave  has  cylindrical  piers,  and  is  vaulted  at  right  angles 
to  its  axis.  The  choir  is  later,  with  rich  ornament  and 
columns  of  great  elegance.  There  is  a central  tower  and 


Tower  of  London 

lantern,  and  an  extensive  crypt.  It  is  the  Boman  Tlnur- 
tium,  ML.  Trinorcium  or  Toruusium.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,846. 

Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax.  See  Combe,  William. 

Tours  (tor).  [ML.  Turones,  in  L.  the  name  of 
the  inhabitants,  the  city  being  Urbs  Turonum .] 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Indre-et-Loire, 
France,  on  the  Loire,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Cher,  in  lat.  47°  24'  N.,  long.  0°  42'  E. : the  Ro- 
man Ctesarodunum.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk, 
cloth,  carpets,  etc.  Its  cathedral  is  a building  of  the  12th 
to  the  16th  century,  with  rich  florid  facade,  canopied 
portals,  and  two  high  towers,  and  lofty  graceful  interior, 
which  retains  much  splendid  early  glass.  In  the  south 
transept  is  the  beautiful  monument  of  the  children  of 
Charles  VIII.,  whose  effigies  are  guarded  by  angels. 
Tours  was  anciently  the  capital  of  the  Turones  in  Gallia 
Lugdunensis,  and  in  later  times  was  the  capital  of  Tou- 
raine and  the  residence  of  French  kings.  Several  church 
councils  have  sat  there.  It  was  noted  for  silk  manufacture 
until  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1685.  In  1870 
it  was  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  national  defense. 
Population,  commune,  67,601. 

Tours,  or  Poitiers,  Battle  of.  One  of  the  “ de- 
cisive battles  of  the  world, ’’fought  between  Poi- 
tiers and  Tours,  Prance,  732,  in  wbicb  Charles 
Martel  defeated  the  Saracen  invaders  under 
Abd-er-Rahman.  France  and  northern  Europe 
were  rescued  from  Mohammedan  conquest. 
Tourville  (tor-vel'),  Comte  de  (Anne  Hila- 
rion  de  Cotentin).  Born  at  Tourville,  Nor- 
mandy, Nov.  24,  1642:  died  May  28,  1701.  A 
French  admiral.  He  defeated  the  Anglo-Dutch  fleet 
off  Palermo  1677 ; served  in  the  wars  with  the  Barbary  pi- 
rates; defeated  the  Anglo-Dutch  fleet  near  the  Isle  of 
Wight  July  10,  1690 ; was  defeated  at  La  Hogue  May  29, 
1692,  by  an  English-Dutch  fleet  under  Bussell ; and  de- 
feated an  Anglo-Dutch  fleet  off  Cape  St.  Vincent  May 
26-27,  1693. 

Toussaint,  Anna  Luize  Geertruide.  See  Box- 
boom. 

Toussaint  Louverture  or  L’Ouverture  (to- 
sah'  lo-ver-tiir'),  Dominique  Franqois.  Born 
near  Cap  Franoais,  Haiti,  1743:  died  at  the 
Castle  of  Joux,  near  Pontarlier,  France,  April 
27,  1803.  A Haitian  revolutionist.  He  was  a negro 
slave,  butreceived  a rudimentary  education.  In  1791,  after 
protecting  the  flight  of  his  master,  he  joined  Jean  Fratic;ois, 
with  whom  hesubsequentlyfoughtfortheroyalist  faction, 
at  that  time  united  with  the  Spanish  Dominicans.  In  1794, 
with  a large  force  of  blacks,  he  deserted  to  the  French 
republicans,  thus  turning  the  scale  In  their  favor  and  ac- 
quiring unbounded  influence  for  himself.  He  was  made 
deputy  governor  and  commander-in-chief  ; and  eventu- 
ally the  French  commissioners,  who  were  supposed  to  rule 
the  island,  were  left  with  only  nominal  power.  When  the 
British  under  General  Maitland  evacuated  the  island  in 
1798,  they  refused  to  treat  with  Commissioner  IRdouville, 
but  surrendered  the  posts  which  they  had  held  to  Tous- 
saint as  the  real  ruler.  Soon  after  an  insurrection,  incited 
by  Toussaint,  drove  Hedouville  from  the  island : he  del- 
egated his  powers  to  the  mulatto  general  Kigaud,  but 
in  1799  Kigaud  was  defeated  by  Toussaint,  who  thus  be- 
came undisputed  master  of  the  western  part  of  the  island. 
He  issued  a general  amnesty,  protected  the  whites,  and 
put  the  blacks  at  work  on  their  old  plantations  under  a 
compulsory  system  which,  however,  secured  them  a part 
of  the  profits.  In  1801  he  occupied  the  eastern  part  of 
the  island,  which  had  been  ceded  to  France.  Finally  he 
threw  off  all  semblance  of  subjection  to  France,  promul- 
gating a constitution  which  made  him  president  for  life, 
with  power  of  nominating  his  successor  (July,  1801). 
Bonaparte  thereupon  sent  General  Leclerc  with  a formida- 
ble force  to  subdue  the  island  (see  Leclerc).  After  a series  of 
bloody  conflicts  Toussaint  capitulated,  and  was  pardoned 
(May  1,  1802).  The  next  month  he  was  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  conspiracy  and  sent  to  France,  where  he  re- 
mained a prisoner  until  his  death. 

Towakarehu  (to-wa-ka'ra-ho).  A tribe  of  the 
Wichita  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians. This  name  they  give  to  themselves,  translating 
it  ‘three  canes.’  They  are  also  called  Towaconi,  Towoc- 
conie,  and  Tawakani.  See  Wichita. 

To  wan  da  (to-wan'da).  The  capital  of  Bradford 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 50  miles  west-northwest  of  Scranton. 
Population,  4,281,  (1910). 

Tower  Hamlets.  A parliamentary  borough  in 
London,  situated  east  of  the  City  and  north  of 
the  Thames.  It  returns  six  members  to  Parlia- 
ment. 

Tower  Hill.  A hill  in  London,  near  the  Tower, 
formerly  the  scene  of  execution  of  political  of- 
fenders. 

Tower  of  London.  The  ancient  palace-citadel 
of  London.  It  is  situated  on  the  Thames  at  the  south- 
east angle  of  the  old  walled  city  of  London.  The  Boman 
wall  ran  through  the  site.  It  consists  of  a large  and  ir- 
regular agglomeration  of  buildings  of  different  periods, 
inclosed  within  battlemented  and  moated  walls.  While 
a stronghold  of  some  kind  existed  earlier  on  the  site,  the 
history  of  the  Tower  begins  with  William  the  Conqueror. 
The  chief  buildings  are  the  work  of  Norman  kings  and 
Henry  HI.  No  important  additions  were  made  after  Ed- 
ward I.  When  it  ceased  tube  a royal  residence  it  became 
famous  as  a state  prison,  and  is  now  a national  arsenal. 
The  royal  mint  was  located  there  in  the  middle  ages.  The 
Tower  has  fourgates — the  Iron,  Water,  and  Traitors'  Gates 
on  the  side  toward  the  Thames,  and  the  Lions’  Gate  at  the 
southwest  angle.  In  the  middle  of  the  inclosure  rises  the 
square  and  lofty  White  Tower,  the  keep  of  the  medieval 
fortress.  It  is  characterized  by  its  four  tall  angle-turrets 


Tower  of  London 

with  modern  crowning.  In  the  White  Tower  is  the  vener- 
able Chapel  oi  St.  John,  with  heavy  cylindrical  pillars, 
round  arches,  and  rude  capitals  ; it  is  unsurpassed  as  an 
example  of  the  earliest  type  of  Norman  architecture.  In 
the  halls  above  is  shown  an  admirable  collection  of 
medieval  arms  and  armor.  The  buildings  of  the  inner 
inclosure  include  12  towers,  with  many  of  which  are  as- 
sociated memories  of  historic  captives,  executions,  and 
crimes.  In  the  Record  or  Wakefield  Tower  are  kept  the 
crown  jewels  of  England.  In  the  Chapel  of  St.  Peter  ad 
Vincula,  in  the  northwest  angle,  and  the  little  cemetery 
adjoining,  are  buried  most  of  the  celebrated  persons  who 
suffered  death  within  the  Tower  precincts  or  on  Tower 
Hill.  The  buildings  are  for  the  most  part  severely  plain, 
in  rough  masonry  of  small  stones,  their  great  interest  lying 
almost  wholly  in  their  manifold  associations. 

Tower  Of  the  Winds.  The  horologium  or 
water-clock  erected  by  the  Syrian  Andronicus 
Cyrrhestes,  at  Athens,  in  the  1st  century  b.  c. 
It  is  octagonal  in  plan,  26  feet  in  diameter,  and  42  high. 
Toward  the  top  of  each  face  is  sculptured  the  figure  of  a 
Wind  with  appropriate  attributes.  The  structure  was 
surmounted  by  a bronze  Triton  which  served  as  a weather- 
vane. 

Towle  (tol),  George  Makepeace.  Born  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Aug.  27, 1841 : died  at  Brook- 
line, Mass.,  Aug.  8, 1893.  An  American  journal- 
ist. politician,  and  historical  writer.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1861;  studied  law  at  Harvard ; was  United  States 
consul  at  Nantes  1866-68  and  at  Bradford,  England,  1868-70; 
and  was  managing  editor  of  the  Boston  “ Commercial  Bulle- 
tin ” and  foreign  editor  of  the  Boston  “ Post.  ” His  works  in- 
clude “American  Society,”  “ The  Eastern  Question,”  “ Prin- 
cipalities of  the  Danube,”  “ Beaconsfield,"  “ Heroes  of  His- 
tory," “Modern  France,"  “Certain  Men  of  Mark,”  “Young 
People’s  History  of  England,”  “ The  Literature  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language,"  etc. 

Towneley  Mysteries.  See  Wakefield. 
Townley  (toun'li),  Lord.  The  “provoked  hus- 
band” in  Vanbrugh  and  Cibber’s  play  of  that 
name.  Lady  Townley.  a frivolous  but  not  heartless 
woman,  was  a favorite  character  with  Peg  Woffington, 
Ellen  Tree,  and  others. 

Townsend  (toun'zend),  George  Alfred : pseu- 
donym Gath.  Born  at  Georgetown,  Del.,  Jan. 
30,  1841.  An  American  journalist  and  author, 
noted  as  a war  correspondent  aud  lecturer. 
Townsend,  Virginia  Frances.  Bom  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  1836.  An  American  novelist 
and  biographical  writer.  Among  her  works  are 
“Life  of  Washington”  (1887)  and  “Our  Presi- 
dents” (1888).  Many  of  her  stories  have  been 
collected  in  “ The  Breakwater  Series.” 
Townshend  (toun'zend),  Charles,  second  Vis- 
count Townshend.  Born  1674:  died  June  21, 
1738.  An  English  statesman,  originally  a Tory 
and  later  a Whig.  He  was  plenipotentiary  with  Marl- 
borough in  the  negotiations  of  Gertruydenberg  1709 ; am- 
bassador at  The  Hague  1709-11 ; and  secretary  of  state 
1714-16.  He  became  president  of  the  council  in  1720,  and 
secretary  of  state  in  1721.  He  quarreled  with  Walpole  and 
resigned  in  1730. 

Townshend,  Charles.  Born  Aug.  29, 1725 : died 
Sept.  4,  1767.  An  English  politician,  younger 
son  of  the  third  Viscount  Townshend.  He  entered 
the  House  of  Commons  in  1747  ; became  noted  as  an  ora- 
tor ; was  secretary  of  war  1761-62 ; became  later  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymaster-general ; and  be- 
came chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1766.  He  championed 
resolutions  for  taxing  various  articles  imported  into  the 
American  colonies  1767.  From  his  political  instability  he 
was  called  “ the  Weathercock.” 

Townshend,  George,  first  Marquis  Townshend. 
Born  1724:  died  1807.  Eldest  son  of  the  third 
Viscount  Townshend  and  brother  of  Charles 
Townshend.  He  succeeded  Wolfe  as  commander  in 
Canada,  and  received  the  surrender  of  Quebec ; later  he 
was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

Towton  (tou'ton).  A village  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 12  miles  east-northeast  of  Leeds.  Here, 
March  29, 1461,  the  Yorkists  under  Edward  IV.  totally  de- 
feated the  Lancastrians  under  Henry  VI.  and  Margaret. 
The  Lancastrian  loss  is  stated  at  28,000  killed  (?).  The  vic- 
tory secured  the  throne  to  Edward  IV. 

Toxophilus  (tok-sof'i-lus):  The  Schools  and 
Partitions  of  Shooting.  [B.,  from  Gr.  rifov, 

bow,  and  love.]  A treatise  relating  to 

archery,  written  by  Roger  Ascham  (1545). 
Toxteth  Park  (toks'teth  park).  A southeast- 
ern suburb  of  Liverpool,  England. 

Toyama  Bay  (to-ya-ma/  ba).  An  indentation  on 
the  western  shore  of  the  main  island  of  Japan. 
Toynbee  Hall  (toin'be  lial).  An  institution 
in  Whitechapel,  London,  founded  in  1885  as 
the  outcome  of  plans  set  on  foot  by  the  mem- 
bers of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  universities  “ to 
provide  education  and  the  means  of  recreation 
and  enjoyment  for  the  people  of  the  poor  dis- 
tricts of  London,”  etc.  Some  of  the  members  reside 
at  the  hall,  which  is  something  between  a college  and 
a club.  In  connection  with  it  are  Balliol  House  and 
Wadham  House.  It  was  organized  and  named  in  memory 
of  Arnold  Toynbee  (1852-83),  a graduate  of  Oxford,  who  de- 
voted himself  to  work  among  the  poor  in  Whitechapel  and 
died  of  overstrain,  and  from  whose  example  sprang  the 
idea  of  such  a residence  house. 

Trachenberg  (tra'chen-bers).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  an 


1005 

arm  of  the  Bartsch  26  miles  north  by  west  of 
Breslau.  Here,  July,  1813,  plans  for  the  cam- 
paign were  signed  by  the  czar  Alexander  I.  and 
Frederick  William  III. 

Trachiniae  (tra-kin'i-e).  [Gr.  T pax'iviai,  Women 
of  Trachis.]  A play  by  Sophocles,  founded  on 
the  death  of  Hercules  at  Trachis. 

The  play  called  the  “Trachiuise,”  or  “Women  of  Tra- 
chis,” because  these  form  the  chorus,  tells  how  Deianeira, 
living  at  Trachis  in  Thessaly,  learns  that  Heracles  has 
fallen  in  love  with  Iole,  and  sends  him  a robe  anointed 
with  the  blood  of  the  Centaur  Nessus,  knowing  not  that  it 
is  aught  but  a harmless  love-charm ; and  how  Heracles, 
in  mortal  torment  from  the  poison,  bids  his  son  Hyllus 
take  him  to  the  top  of  Mount  (Eta,  and  lay  him  on  a fu- 
neral pyre;  and  thence,  “wrapped  in  heavenly  flame,  is 
gathered  to  the  host  of  the  gods.”  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  85. 

Trachis  (tra'kis).  [Gr.  Tpaxf- ] In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Greece,  situated  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  (Eta  near  Thermopyl®.  It  was  an  im- 
portant strategic  point,  and  the  legendary  scene  of  the 
death  of  Hercules.  The  Spartan  colony  of  Heraclea  was 
established  there  in  426  B.  C. 

Trachonitis  (trak-o-ni'tis).  [Gr.  T paxuvLTLS.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a region  in  Syria,  east 
or  northeast  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee. 
Tractarians.  See  Oxford  School. 

Tractatus  Theologico-politicus.  See  Spinoza. 
Tract  No.  90.  See  Tracts  for  the  Ti  mes. 

Tracts  for  the  Times,  or  Oxford  Tracts.  A 
series  of  90  pamphlets,  published  at  Oxford 
from  1833  to  1841,  the  doctrines  of  which  formed 
the  basis  of  the  Tractarian  movement.  The  move- 
ment began  as  a counter-movement  to  the  liberalizing 
tendency  in  ecclesiasticism  and  the  rationalizing  tendency 
in  theology,  and  was  in  its  first  inception  an  endeavor  to 
bring  the  church  back  to  the  principles  of  primitive  and 
patristic  Christianity.  Its  fundamental  principles  were 
that  the  Christian  religion  involves  certain  well-defined 
theological  dogmas,  and  a visible  church  with  sacraments 
and  rites  and  definite  religious  teaching  on  the  foundation 
of  dogma,  and  that  this  visible  church  is  based  upon  and 
involves  an  unbroken  line  of  episcopal  succession  from  the 
apostles,  and  includes  the  Anglican  Church.  The  tracts 
consisted  of  extracts  from  the  High-church  divines  of  the 
17th  century  and  the  church  fathers,  with  contributions 
by  Newman,  Froude,  Pusey,  and  Isaac  Williams.  In  the 
last  of  the  series,  Tract  No.  90,  Dr.  (afterward  Cardinal) 
Newman  took  the  ground  that  the  Thirty-nine  Articles 
of  the  Church  of  England  are  in  large  part  susceptible 
of  an  interpretation  not  inconsistent  with  the  doctrines 
of  the  Council  of  Trent.  This  tract  was  condemned  by  a 
number  of  bishops  and  heads  of  colleges,  and  a part  of  the 
Tractarians  (among  them  Newman  in  1845)  entered  the 
Church  of  Rome,  others  remaining  with  Dr.  Pusey  and 
John  Keble  in  the  Church  of  England,  and  maintaining 
the  principles  of  sacramental  efficacy  and  apostolic  au- 
thority within  that  communion. 

Tracy.  See  Destutt  de  Tracy. 

Tracy  (tra'si),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born  at 
Owego,  N.Y.,  April  26,  1830.  An  American  law- 
yer and  Republican  politician.  He  served  as  a vol- 
unteer in  the  Civil  War,  and  wasbrevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral ; was  United  States  district  attorney  in  New  York 
1866-68  ; and  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1889-93. 

Tracy,  Joseph.  Born  at  Hartford,  Vt.,  Nov.  3, 
1794:  died  at  Beverley,  Mass.,  March  24,  1874. 
An  American  Congregational  clergyman,  New 
England  secretary  of  the  American  Coloniza- 
tion Society.  He  published  “The  Great  Awak- 
ening” (1842),  “A  History  of  the  American 
Board,  etc.”  (1842),  etc. 

Traetto  (tra-et'to),  or  Trajetto  (tra-yet'to).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  39  miles 
northwest  of  Naples.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  Minturnce.  Population,  commune, 
about  5,300. 

Trafalgar  (traf-al-gar'),  Battle  of.  The  great- 
est British  naval  victory  in  the  Napoleonic 
wars,  gained  off  Cape  Trafalgar  Oct.  21,  1805. 
The  British  fleet  numbered  27  ships  of  the  line  and  4 frig- 
ates under  Nelson  (Collingwood  second  in  command) ; the 
French-Spanish  fleet  numbered  33  ships  of  the  line  and  5 
frigates  under  VilleneuveandtheSpanish  admirals  Gravina 
and  Alava.  The  Allies  lost  19  ships.  Gravina  was  killed 
and  Villeneuve  taken  prisoner : Nelson  was  killed. 
Trafalgar,  Cape.  A promontory  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Spain,  projecting  into  the  Atlantic  be- 
tween Cadiz  and  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  in  lat. 
(of  lighthouse)  36°  11'  N.,  long.  6°  2'  W. 
Trafalgar  Square  (tra-fal'gar  skwar).  One  of 
the  principal  squares  in  London,  about  1 J miles 
west  by  south  of  St.  Paul’s.  It  contains  the 
Nelson  monument  and  the  site  of  CharingCross, 
and  the  National  Gallery  faces  on  it. 

Traitors’  Gate  (tra'torz  gat).  The  Southwark 
end  of  London  Bridge,  where  after  1577  the 
heads  of  persons  executed  for  treason  were  ex- 
hibited. See  London  Bridge. 

Trajan  (tra'jan)  (Marcus  Ulpius  Trajanus), 
surnamed  Dacicus  and  Parthicus.  Born  in 
Italica,  Spain,  about  53  a.  d.  : died  at  Selinus, 
Cilicia,  July  or  Aug.,  117.  A famous  Roman 
emperor  98-117.  He  early  entered  the  army;  served 
as  military  tribune  in  various  provinces ; marched  from 
Spain  to  Germany  about  89 ; was  made  consul  91,  and  by 
Nerva  consular  legate  in  Germany;  and  was  adopted  by 


Transleithania 

Nerva,  and  succeeded  him  in  Jan.,  98.  He  developed  the 
defenses  of  the  empire  on  the  northeastern  frontier ; built 
many  roads,  etc. ; founded  the  institution  of  alimenta  (for 
rearing  poor  children  in  Italy) ; and  encouraged  various 
reforms.  Lie  conducted  about  101-106  a successful  war 
against  the  Dac'ans  under  Decebalus ; annexed  Dacia  to 
the  empire  ; incorporated  Damascus,  etc. , and  part  of  Ara- 
bia; and  carried  on  an  unsuccessful  war  with  the  Parthians 
114-116.  There  were  revolts  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
empire  and  among  the  Jews  in  the  last  part  of  his  reign. 

Trajan,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Trajan. 

Trajan,  Bridge  of.  See  Alcantara  (Spain). 
Trajan,  Forum  of.  A forum  in  Rome,  con- 
structed under  Trajan,  situated  north  of  the 
Roman  Forum.  See  Forum. 

Trajanopolis  (traj-a-nop'o-lis).  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Thrace,  often  identified 
with  Orikhova. 

Trajan’s  Column.  See  Column  of  Trajan. 
Trajan’s  Gate.  1.  A name  given  to  the  Roth- 
erthurm  Pass. — 2.  A pass  in  the  Balkans  which 
connects  Adrianople  with  Sofia. 

Trajan’s  Wall.  1.  Remnants  of  a Roman  for- 
tification in  Bessarabia,  Russia,  between  the 
Pruth  and  the  Black  Sea. — 2.  Remnants  of  a 
Roman  fortification  in  the  Dobrudja,  Rumania, 
between  the  Danube  and  the  Black  Sea. 
Trajectum  ad  Rhenum  (tra-jek'tum  ad  re'- 
num).  The  Roman  name  of  Utrecht. 
Trajetto.  See  Traetto. 

Tralee  (tra-le').  A seaport,  chief  town  of  the 
county  of  Kerry,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Lee 
(Leigh),  near  Tralee  Bay,  in  lat.  52°  17'  N., 
long.  9°  43'  W.  Population,  9,867. 

Tralee  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  on  the 
western  coast  of  Ireland,  near  Tralee. 

Tralles  (tral'ez).  [Gr.  Tpdr./.eic,  Tpd/l/hf.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a city  of  Caria,  Asia  Minor, 
situated  near  the  Meander  28  miles  east-south- 
east of  Ephesus. 

Trani  (tra'ne).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  27  miles 
northwest  of  Bari.  It  has  considerable  trade  in  fruits, 
wine,  and  grain.  Its  cathedral  is  a basilica  of  the  12th 
century,  with  three  apses  and  a large  crypt.  The  Norman 
tower,  of  five  tiers,  is  imposing ; the  round-arched  re- 
cessed portal  is  delicately  sculptured ; the  doors  are  of 
bronze,  with  42  relief-panels  ranking  with  the  finest  Ro- 
manesque metal-work  in  southern  Italy.  The  crypt  is  re- 
markable for  its  choir  and  its  beautiful  columns.  Trani, 
the  ancient  Turenum,  was  a flourishing  commercial  city  in 
the  middle  ages  under  the  Normans  and  their  successors. 
Population,  commune,  31,800. 

Tranio  (tra'ni-o).  The  servant  of  Lucent.io, 
a character  in  Shakspere’s  “ Taming  of  the 
Shrew.”  He  is  clever  enough  to  change  parts 
with  his  master. 

Trans-Alai  (trans-a/li).  A mountain-range  in 
Ferghana  (Russian  Turkestan),  south  of  the 
Alai  Mountains. 

Transbaikalia (trans-bi-kaTi-a).  Aprovince  of 
eastern  Siberia,  bounded  by  Irkut  sk,  Yakutsk, 
the  Amur  Province,  Manchuria,  Mongolia,  and 
Lake  Baikal.  Capital,  Tchita.  it  is  traversed  by 
the  Yablonoi  Mountains.  There  are  gold-mines  at  Kara 
and  elsewhere.  Area,  229,520  square  miles.  Population, 
745,600. 

Transcaspian  (trans-kas'pi-an)  Railway.  A 

Russian  strategic  railway,  built  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  General  Annenkoff,  and  open- 
ed in  1888.  It  extends  from  Ouzoun  Ada  on  the  Cas- 
pian (connected  by  steamer  with  Baku  and  the  Russian 
railroad  system)  to  Samarkand,  largely  through  the  desert. 

Transcaspian  Region  or  Province.  A terri- 
tory belonging  to  Russia,  under  the  administra- 
tion of  the  government  of  Turkestan,  situated 
east  of  the  Caspian,  north  of  Persia  and  Af- 
ghanistan, and  west  of  Khiva  and  Bokhara. 
It  is  largely  a desert,  containing  the  oases  of  Atok,  Merv, 
etc.  The  inhabitants  are  Turkomans.  Geok-Tepe  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1881,  Merv  in  1884,  and  Pendjdeh 
in  1885.  Area,  218,855  square  miles.  Population,  415,700. 

Transcaucasia  (trans-ka-ka'sia).  The  south- 
ern division  of  the  general  government  of  the 
Caucasus,  Russia.  It  comprises  the  governments  of 
Baku,  Black  Sea,  Elizabethpol,  Erivan,  Kutais,  and  Tiflis  ; 
the  provinces  of  Batura  and  Daghestan  ; and  the  districts 
of  Sukhum  and  Zakataly.  Total  area,  95,402  sq.  miles  ; 
pop.,  6,199,100. 

Transfiguration,  The.  A famous  painting  by 
Raphael,  in  the  Vatican.  Rome.  Christ  floats  in 
glory,  attended  by  Moses  and  Elias,  above  a group  of  apos- 
tles ; below,  people  are  leading  a boy  possessed  of  an  evil 
spirit  to  the  remaining  apostles  for  relief. 

Transformation.  See  Marble  Faun,  The. 
Transkei  (trans-ke').  A territory  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  province  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
South  Africa.  Area,  2,552  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 177,730. 

Translator  General.  A title  given  to  Phile- 
mon Holland. 

Transleithania  (traus-li-ta'ni-a),  or  Translei- 
thanian  (tr&ns-li-tha'ni-an)  Division.  A name 
given  to  the  lands  of  Austria-Hungary  which 


Transleithania 


1006 


are  under  Hungarian  rule,  comprising  Hun- 
gary with  Transylvania,  Croatia-Slavonia,  and 
Fiume.  See  Leith  a. 

Transpadane  (tr&ns-pa'dan)  Republic.  [From 

L.  transpadanus,  beyond  the  Po.]  A republic 
established  by  Bonaparte  in  1796,  corresponding 
generally  to  Lombardy : united  in  1797  with  the 
Cispadane  Republic  to  form  the  Cisalpine  Re- 
public. 

Trans-Siberian  Railway.  See  Siberian  Bail- 
way. 

Transvaal.  See  South  African  Bepublic. 
Transvaal  War.l.A  war  between  the  South 
African  Republic  and  Great  Britain  in  1880-81. 
The  most  notable  event  was  the  Boer  victory  at  Majuba 
Hill,  Feb.  27, 1881.  The  battle  was  soon  toUowed  by  peace. 
See  South  African  Republic. 

Transylvania  (trim-sil-va'ni-a),  G.  Sieben- 
biirgen  (ze'ben-biirg-en),  F.  Transylvanie 
(troh-sel-va-ne').  A titular  grand  principality 
of  the  Austrian  empire,  now  incorporated  with 
the  kingdom  of  Hungary,  it  is  bounded  by  Hungary 
proper,  Bukowina,  Moldavia,  and  Wallachia,  and  is  sur- 
rounded and  traversed  by  the  Carpathians.  It  has  15 
counties,  and  among  the  chief  towns  are  Hermannstadt, 
Klausenburg,  and  Kronstadt.  The  chief  races  are  the  Ru- 
maus  or  Wallachs  (over  half),  Hungarians  (including 
Szeklers),  and  Germans  (see  Saxonland),  with  Gipsies, 
Jews,  Armenians,  etc.  Transylvania  was  formerly  a part 
of  Dacia.  It  was  conquered  by  Stephen  I.  of  Hungary  in 
1004,  and  made  a province  ruled  by  a voivode;  received 
colonists  from  Lower  Germany  about  1143  ; was  recognized 
as  a sovereign  principality  in  1538  ; was  aided  by  the  Turks 
against  Austria ; took  a prominent  part  on  the  side  of  the 
Protestants  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War  ; and  was  taken  pos- 
session of  by  Leopold  I.  of  Austria  in  1697.  The  sover- 
eignty of  Austria  was  recognized  by  Turkey  in  1699,  and 
Transylvania  was  incorporated  with  Hungary  in  1713  and 
was  made  a grand  principality  in  1766.  It  was  the  scene 
of  a bloody  insurrection  of  the  Rumans  against  the  Hun- 
garians in  1848,  and  of  contests  between  the  Hungarians 
and  the  Russians  in  1849 ; received  autonomy  and  a Land- 
tag in  1860 ; and  was  finally  incorporated  with  Hungary 
in  1868.  Area,  21,512  square  miles.  Population,  2,466,838. 

Transylvanian  Alps  (trim-sil-va'ni-an  alps). 
A range  of  the  Carpathians,  on  the  southern  bor- 
der of  Transylvania,  on  the  Rumanian  frontier. 
Transylvanian  Erzgebirge  (erts'ge-ber-ge). 
[‘Transylvanian  ore  mountains.’]  A range  of 
mountains  in  the  Carpathian  system,  situated 
in  western  Transylvania,  and  Hungary. 
Trapani  (tra'pa-ne).  1.  A province  in  western 
Sicily.  Area,  948  square  miles.  Population, 
374,363. — 2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Trapani,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  west- 
ern coast  in  lat.  38°  I'  N.,  long.  12°  29'  E.  : 
the  ancient  Drepanum,  orDrepana,  near  Eryx. 
It  figures  in  the  yEneid.  It  was  one  of  the  last  remaining 
strongholds  of  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily  in  the  first 
Punic  war,  and  was  fortified  by  Hamilcar  Barca.  The 
Carthaginians  won  a naval  victory  near  it  in  249  B.  C. 
Population,  town,  36,788  ; commune,  59,452. 

Trapezus  (tra-pe'zus).  The  ancient  name  of 
Trebizond. 

Trapezus  Mons.  See  Tchadyr-Dagli. 

Trappe,  La.  See  La  Trappe. 

Trappists  (trap'ists).  [From  F.  Trappiste : so 
called  from  the  abbey  of  La  Trappe  in  France.] 
A monastic  body,  a branch  of  the  Cistercian  or- 
der. It  is  named  from  the  village  of  Soligny-la- Trappe, 
in  the  department  of  Orne,  France,  where  the  abbey  of  La 
Trappe  was  founded  in  1140  by  Rotrou,  count  of  Perche. 
The  abbey  soon  fell  into  decay,  and  was  governed  for  many 
years  by  titular  or  commendatory  abbots.  De  Ranee  (1626- 
1700),  who  had  been  commendatory  abbot  of  La  Trappe 
from  his  boyhood,  became  its  actual  abbot  in  1664,  and 
thoroughly  reformed  and  reorganized  the  order.  The  rules 
of  the  order  are  noted  for  their  extreme  austerity,  and  in- 
culcate extended  fasts,  severe  manual  labor,  almost  per- 
petual silence,  abstinence  from  flesh,  fish,  etc.,  and  rigor- 
ous asceticism  in  general.  The  order  was  repressed  in 
France  during  the  Revolutionary  and  Napoleonic  periods. 
There  are  branch  monasteries  in  France,  Belgium,  Great 
Britain,  Italy,  etc.,  and  two  in  the  United  States  — abbeys 
of  Gethsemane  (Kentucky)  and  of  New  Melleray  (Iowa). 
There  is  also  an  establishment  at  Tracadie,  N.  S. 

Trasimene,  Lake,  Ba  ttle  of.  See  Trasimenus. 
Trasimeno  (tra-se-ma'no),  Lago,  or  Lago  di 

Perugia  (la/ go  de  pa-ro'jii)  ( ‘ Lake  of  Perugia’). 
A lake  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  10 
miles  west  of  Perugia : the  ancient  Trasimenus 
(erroneously  Thrasymenus)  Lacus.  Length,  10 
miles ; depth,  20  feet.  It  has  no  natural  outlet. 
Trasimenus  (tras-i-me'nus),  Battle  of  Lake. 
A victory  gained  by  Hannibal  over  the  Romans 
under  the  consul  Flaminius,  on  the  northern 
shore  of  Lake  Trasimenus,  in  the  summer  of  217 
b.  c.  The  Roman  army  was  nearly  annihilated, 
and  the  consul  was  slain. 

Tras-os-Montes  (tras'os-mon'tes),  or  Traz-os- 
Montes  (triiz'os-mon'tes).  The  northeastern 
province  of  Portugal,  bounded  by  Spain,  Beira, 
and  Entre  Minho  e Douro.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous or  table-land.  It  comprises  the  districts  Villa  Real 
and  Bragan<;a.  Capital,  iiraganca.  Area,  4,163  square 
miles.  Population,  427,358. 

Trastevere  (tras-ta'va-re'b  [It.,  ‘beyond  the 


Tiber.’]  A working-men’s  quarter  of  Rome, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber.  With- 
in it  is  the  Janiculum. 

Trau  (tra-o').  A town  in  Dalmatia,  situated  on 
an  island  adjacent  to  the  coast,  10  miles  west 
of  Spalatro.  It  contains  a noted  cathedral  of  the  13th 
century  : a later  Pointed  campanile  rises  over  the  north- 
western angle.  The  magnificent  recessed  sculptured  por- 
tal is  Romanesque ; the  impressive  interior  has  round 
arches  on  massive  square  piers,  a fine  altar,  choir-stalls, 
and  a sculptured  pulpit  supported  on  eight  columns. 
Population,  commune,  18,765,  (1910). 

Traun  (troun).  A river  which  rises  in  Styria, 
traverses  the  Hallstattersee  and  Traunsee  in 
Upper  Austria,  and  joins  the  Danube  near  Linz. 
It  forms  a noted  waterfall  near  the  village  of  Roitham. 
Length,  110  miles. 

Traunsee(troun'za),  oi'Gmundenersee(gm6n'- 
den-er-za).  A picturesque  lake  in  Upper  Aus- 
tria, in  the  Salzkammergut,  near  Gmunden, 
traversed  by  the  Traun.  Length,  8 miles. 
Trautenau  (trou'te-nou).  Bohem.  Trutnov.  A 
town  in  northeastern  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
Aupa  72  miles  east-northeast  of  Prague,  it  is 
the  center  of  linen- weaving  in  the  Riesengebirge  in  Bohe- 
mia. Here,  on  June  27,  1866,  the  Austrians  defeated  the 
Prussians ; and  on  the  following  day  the  Prussians  de- 
feated the  Austrians.  Population,  16,096,  (1910). 

Trautmann  (trout'man),  Franz.  Born  at  Mu- 
nich, March  28,  1813 : died  there,  Nov.  2,  1887. 
A German  novelist,  poet,  dramatist,  and  writer 
on  art.  His  works  include  “Die  Abenteuer  des  Her- 
zogs Christoph  von  Bayern”  (1853),  ‘‘Traum  und  Sage” 

S,  ‘‘Leben,  Abenteuer  und  Tod  des  Dr.  Th.  Thadaus 
er  im  Jenseits  ” (1864),  etc.;  the  comedies  “Schloss 
Latour,”  “Blemers  Leiden  ” ; the  drama  “Cagliostro  ’;  and 
the  tragedy  “ Jugurtlia." 

Trauttmansdorff  (trout'mans  - dorf),  Count 
Maximilian  von.  Born  1584 : died  1650.  An 
Austrian  diplomatist  and  politician.  He  negoti- 
ated the  alliance  between  the  emperor  and  the  Elector 
of  Bavariain  1619;  informed  the  emperor  of  Wallenstein’s 
designs;  negotiated  the  peace  of  Prague  in  1635  ; and  was 
the  chief  negotiator  of  the  peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648. 

Travailleurs  de  la  Mer  (tra-vi-yer'  de  la  mar), 
Les.  [F. , ‘ The  Toilers  of  the  Sea.’]  A novel  by 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1866.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  the  Channel  Islands. 

Travancore  (trav-an-kor' ).  A tributary  native 
state  of  India,  under  British  control,  situated 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  peninsula, 
along  the  western  coast,  about  lat.  8°-10°  N. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Western  Ghats.  Its  products  are 
cocoanuts,  areca-nuts,  pepper,  coffee,  etc.  Capital,  Tri- 
vandrum. It  is  ruled  by  a maharaja,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  of  the  vassal  states  in  India.  Area,  7,091 
scuare  miles.  Population,  2,952,157. 

Trave  (tra/ve).  A river  in  the  principality  and 
territory  of  Liibeck,  and  in  Holstein,  which  flows 
into  the  Baltic  at  Travemiinde  below  Liibeck. 
Length,  70  miles ; navigable  for  large  vessels  to 
Liibeck. 


Traveller,  The.  A poem  by  Oliver  Goldsmith, 
published  in  1765. 

Traveller’s  Club.  A London  club  originated 
shortly  after  the  peace  of  1814  by  the  Marquis 
of  Londonderry  (then  Lord  Castlereagh).  The 
present  house  in  Pall  Mall  was  built  in  1832. 

Travelling  Bachelor,  The.  A work  by  Cooper, 
published  in  1828. 

Travendal  (tra'ven-dal),  or  Traventhal  (triV- 
ven-tal).  A village  in  Holstein,  on  the  Trave  15 
miles  west  of  Liibeck.  Here,  inl700,  CharlesXII. 
of  Sweden  extorted  a treaty  from  Denmark. 

Travers  (tra-var'),  Val  de.  A short  valley  be- 
tween two  ranges  of  the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of 
Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Neucha- 
tel,  renowned  for  its  beauty. 

Traverse  (trav'ers),  Lake.  A lake  on  the  boun- 
dary between  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  river  Bois  des  Sioux  to  the  Red 
River  of  the  North.  Length,  17  miles. 

Traviata  (tra-ve-a/ta),  La.  [It.,  ‘the  wander- 
ing or  lost  one.’]  An  opera  by  Verdi,  first  pro- 
duced at  Venice  in  1853.  The  words  are  by  Piave. 

Traz-os-Montes.  See  Tras-os-Montes. 

Treasure  Island.  A tale  by  R.  L.  Stevenson, 
published  in  1883. 

Treasury  of  Atreus.  See  the  extract. 


The  most  ancient  remains  of  buildings  in  Greece  are  of 
Cyclopean,  or,  as  some  have  it,  of  Pelasgic origin  ; and  the 
most  famous  of  these  Cyclopean  works  are  two  subter- 
raneous structures  known  as  the  Treasury  of  Atreus  and 
the  Treasury  of  Minyas  — the  former  at  Mycenae  in  Ar- 
golis,  the  latter  at  Orchomenos  in  Bceotia.  Both  are  built 
after  the  one  plan,  being  huge  dome-shaped  constructions 
formed  of  horizontal  layers  of  dressed  stones,  each  layer 
projecting  over  the  one  next  below,  till  the  top  was  closed 
by  a single  block.  The  whole  was  then  covered  in  with 
earth,  and  so  buried. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  167. 

Treaty  Elm,  The.  A tree,  formerly  standing 
near  Philadelphia,  beneath  which  Penn  nego- 
tiated a treaty  with  the  Indians  in  1682. 


Trench 

Treaty  of  Washington.  See  Washington. 
Trebbia  (treb'be-a).  A river  in  northern  Italy 
which  joins  the  Po  near  Piacenza : the  ancient 
Trebia.  Length,  about  60  miles. 

Trebbia,  Battle  of  the.  A victory  gained  near 
the  Trebbia,  June  17-19, 1799,  by  the  allied  Rus- 
sian-Austrian  army  under  Suvaroff  over  the 
French  under  Macdonald.  Sometimes  called 
the  battle  of  Parma. 

Trebelli  (tra-bel'le),  Madame  (Zelia  Gilbert) 
Born  at  Paris,  1838 : died  at  Etretat,  Seine-In- 
ffrieure,  Aug.  18, 1892.  A French  soprano  opera- 
singer.  She  became  Madame  Bettini  in  1863, 
but  soon  separated  from  her  husband.  Trebelli 
was  her  stage-name. 

Trebia  (tre'bi-a).  See  Trebbia. 

Trebia,  Battle  of  the.  A victory  gained  by  Han- 
nibal over  the  Romans  under  Sempronius,  near 
the  Trebia,  in  Dec.,  218  B.  c. 

Trebizond  (treb'i-zond).  A vilayet  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Asia  Minor,  Turkey.  Area,  12,500 
square  miles.  Population,  948,500. 
Trebizond,  or  Trapezunt  (trap-e-zont').  A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Trebizond,  on 
the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  1'  N.,  long.  39°  46'  E. : 
the  ancient  Trapezus.  It  is  picturesquely  situated 
on  a table  land  between  two  deep  ravines,  and  is  defended 
by  a citadel  and  forts.  Next  to  Smyrna  itis  the  chief  com- 
mercial city  in  Asia  Minor ; and  it  is  a center  of  transit 
trade  between  Europe  and  Armenia,  Persia,  and  central 
Asia.  It  is  the  terminus  of  steamship  lines  (Austro-Hun- 
garian,  Lloyd's,  Messageries  Maritimes,  etc.).  It  was  the 
Greek  colony  of  Sinope  ; was  a resting-place  in  the  retreat 
of  the  Ten  Thousand  ; was  an  important  city  about  the 
time  of  Hadrian  ; and  became  the  center  of  the  empire  of 
Trebizond.  It  was  captured  by  the  sultan  Mohammed  II. 
in  1461.  Population,  about  35,000. 

Trebizond,  Empire  of.  A Byzantine  realm  on 
the  southern  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  whose  capi- 
tal was  Trebizond.  It  was  founded  by  Alexius  Com- 
nenus  after  the  establishment  of  the  Latin  Empire  of  Con- 
stantiuople  in  1204 ; and  maintained  its  independence 
against  the  Seljuks,  Constantinople,  Nicaea,  etc.,  until  its 
overthrow  by  the  Ottoman  Turks  in  1461. 

Trebur  (tra'bor),  or  Tribur  (tre'bor).  A vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hesse, 
situated  near  the  Rhine  5 miles  southeast  of 
Mainz.  It  contained  a palace  of  Charles  the 
Great,  and  was  the  seat  of  several  diets  in  the 
middle  ages. 

Tredegar  (tred' e-gar).  A town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Sirhowy  6 miles 
east-northeast  of  Merthyr  Tydfil.  It  has  im- 
portant iron-works.  Population,  18,497. 

Tredgold  (tred'gold),  Tbomas.  Born  at  Bran- 
don, near  Durham,  England,  Aug.  22, 1788 : died 
at  London,  Jan.  28, 1829.  An  English  engineer. 
He  wrote  “ Elementary  Principles  of  Carpentry  ” 
(1820),  “The  Steam  Engine”  (1827),  etc. 
Tredici  Comuni  (tra-de'cheko-mo'ne).  [‘Thir- 
teen Communes.’]  A locality  in  the  province 
of  Verona,  Italy,  in  the  vicinity  of  Badia.  It 
has  long  been  noted  for  the  preservation  of 
a Germanic  dialect  (Cimbro),  now  nearly  sup- 
planted by  Italian.  Its  chief  town  is  Giazza. 
It  formerly  had  extensive  privileges.  Compare 
Sette  Comuni. 

Tree,  Ellen.  See  Kean,  Mrs. 

Tregelles  (tre-gel'es),  Samuel  Prideaux.  Born 
near  Falmouth,  England,  Jan.  30,  1813:  died 
there,  April  24,  1875.  An  English  New  Testa- 
ment scholar,  noted  for  his  critical  edition  of 
the  New  Testament  (1857-72).  He  translated 
Gesenius’s  Hebrew  grammar,  and  wrote  various 
critical  works. 

TrSguier  (tra-gya').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Cotes-du-Nord,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Guindy  and  Jaudy,  29  miles  north- 
west of  St.-Brieuc.  It  has  a cathedral,  and  was 
the  birthplace  of  Renan.  Population,  com- 
mune, 3,028. 

Treitschke  (tritsh ' ke),  Heinricb  Gotthard 

von.  Born  at  Dresden,  Sept.  15, 1834:  died  April 
28,  1896.  A noted  German  historian  and  pub- 
licist, professor  in  Berlin  from  1874,  and  a Na- 
tional Liberal  member  of  the  Reichstag  1871-84. 
Among  his  works  are  “Zehn  Jahre  deutscher  Kainpfe  ” (2d 
ed.  1879),  “ Historische  und  politische  Aufsatze”  (essays 
on  recent  history,  5th  ed.  1886),  “ Der  Sozialisnms  und  seine 
Gonner"  (1875),  and  “Deutsche  Geschichte  im  19.  Jahrhun- 
dert”  (“German  History  in  the  19th  Century,”  1879-89). 

Trelawney  (tre-la'ni),  Edward  John.  Born 

1792:  died  Aug.  13,  1881.  An  English  adven- 
turer, a friend  of  Shelley.  He  accompanied  Byron  to 
Greece,  and  served  in  the  war  of  independence.  He  wrote 
“ Recollections  of  the  Last  Days  of  Shelley  and  Byron” 
(1858),  rewritten  as  “Records  of  Shelley,  Byron,  and  the 
Author.” 

Tremont  (tre-mont').  See  Trimountain. 
Trench  (trench),  Richard  Chenevix.  Born  at 
Dublin,  Sept.  9,  1807 : died  at  London,  March 


Trench 

28,  1886.  A British  prelate,  philologist,  theo- 
logian, and  poet.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity 
College);  became  dean  of  Westminster  in  1856;  and  was 
archbishop  of  Dublin  1864-84.  Among  his  works  are 
the  “Story  of  Justin  Martyr " (1835),  “Sabbation”  (1838), 
“ Poems  from  Eastern  Sources  ” (1842),  “ Study  of  Words  ” 
(1861X  ' English  Past  and  Present"  (1856),  "Select  Glos- 
sary of  English  Words"  (1859),  “Notes  on  the  Parables" 

S,  “ Notes  on  the  Miracles  " (1846),  ‘‘Lectures  on  Me- 
l Church  History  " (1878). 

Trenchard  (tren'chard),  Asa.  The  title  role  of 
Tom  Taylor’s  “Our  American  Cousin.”  Though 
intended  for  the  principal  part,  it  was  soon  overshadowed 
by  that  of  Lord  Dundreary. 

Trenck  (trengk),  Baron  Franz  von  der.  Born 
at  Reggio,  Calabria,  Italy,  Jan.  1, 1711 : died  at 
Brtinn,  Moravia,  Oet.  14,  1749.  An  Austrian 
officer  and  adventurer,  later  in  the  Russian  ser- 
vice. He  raised  a corps  of  pandoors  for  Maria  Theresa 
in  1740,  and  became  notorious  for  his  cruelty  in  the  war  in 
Bavaria  and  elsewhere.  He  was  finally  imprisoned  by 
the  Austrian  government.  His  autobiography  (“Merlc- 
wiirdiges  Leben  und  Thaten  des  Freiherrn  Franz  von  der 
Trenck  ")  was  published  in  1770. 

Trenck,  Baron  Friedrich  von  der.  Born  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  16, 1726:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  July  25, 1794.  A German  adventurer, 
cousin  of  Franz  von  der  Trenck.  He  entered  the 
Prussian  service  in  1742  ; was  imprisoned  by  Frederick  the 
Great  at  Glatz  on  account  of  intrigues ; escaped  in  1747, 
and  entered  the  Austrian  service  in  1749 ; was  again  im- 
prisoned by  Frederick  the  Great  in  Magdeburg  until  1763 ; 
went  to  Paris  during  the  French  Revolution  ; and  was  ar- 
rested by  Robespierre  and  put  to  death  as  a secret  agent 
of  foreign  powers.  He  published  an  autobiography  in 
1786. 

Trendelenburg  (tren'de-len-borG),  Friedrich 
Adolf.  Bom  at  Eutin,  Germany,  Nov.  30, 1802 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  24, 1872.  A noted  German 
philosopher,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin 
from  1833.  He  was  especially  noted  for  his  researches 
on  Plato  and  Aristotle,  and  as  an  opponent  of  Hegelian- 
ism. He  wrote  “Elementa  logices  Aristotelicse " (1837), 
“ Brian terungen  zu  den  Elementen  der  Aristotelischen 
Logik " (1842),  “Logische  Untersuchungen  ” (“Logical  Re- 
searches," 1840),  “Historisehe  Beitrage  zur  Philosophie" 
(1846-07),  “Naturrecht"  (1860),  etc. 

Trent  (trent).  A river  of  England  which  rises 
in  northern  Staffordshire,  flows  through  Staf- 
ford, Derby,  Nottingham,  and  Lincoln,  and 
unites  with  the  Ouse  to  form  the  Humber. 
Length,  about  170  miles  ; navigable  for  larger  vessels  to 
Gainsborough,  and  for  barges  to  Burton-on-Trent. 
trent.  A river  in  Ontario,  Canada,  which  flows 
into  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  Lake  Ontario. 

Trent,  It.  Trento  (tren'td),  G.  Trient  (tre-ent'). 
[L.  Tridentum,  from  the  Tridentini,  an  Alpine 
tribe.]  The  chief  city  of  “Welsck”  (non-Ger- 
man) Tyrol,  situated  on  the  Adige  and  on  the 
Brenner  Railway  in  lat.  46°  5'  N.,  long  11°  6'  E. 
The  cathedral,  founded  1048,  was  rebuilt  in  the  13th  and 
completed  in  the  15th  century.  It  is  in  type  a Romanesque 
basilica  with  two  domes.  The  west  portal  has  two  lions. 
The  interior  possesses  curious  monuments  and  wall-paint- 
ings, and  peculiar  flights  of  steps  in  the  aisles.  Santa  Ma- 
ria Maggiore  is  the  church  in  which  the  Council  of  Trent 
met  3545—03.  In  the  choir  there  is  a picture  with  portraits 
of  the  3 patriarchs,  7 cardinals,  33  archbishops,  and  235 
bishops  who  sat  in  the  council.  Trent  was  anciently  the 
capital  of  the  Tridentini,  and  became  successively  a Ro- 
man, Gothic,  Lombard,  and  Frankish  city.  It  passed  un- 
der the  rule  of  the  bishops  of  Trent  in  1027,  and  became 
connected  with  Tyrol.  Population,  30,004,  (1910). 

Trent,  Council  of.  A famous  council  (usually 
reckoned  as  the  18th  ecumenical)  held  (with  sev- 
eral prorogations  and  suspensions)  at  Trent,  in 
Tyrol,  Dec.  13,  1545, -Dec.  4,  1563.  it  condemned 
the  leading  doctrines  of  the  Reformation  concerning  the 
Bible,  original  sin,  and  justification.  Its  decrees  were  con- 
firmed by  Pius  IV.,  Jan.  26, 1564.  He  also  published  in  that 
year  the  Tridentine  Profession  of  Faith. 

Trent,  The.  A British  steamer  on  whicli  were 
seized,  in  the  Bahama  Channel,  Nov.  8, 1861,  the 
Confederate  commissioners  to  Europe,  Mason 
and  Slidell,  by  the  American  captain  Wilkes. 
The  disavowal  of  Wilkes’s  act  by  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment prevented  serious  complications  from  arising 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

Trent  Affair,  The.  See  Trent,  The. 

Trentine  Alps  (tren'tin  alps).  A group  of  the 
Alps  near  Trent,  Tyrol,  south  of  the  Ortler 
group. 

Trento.  The  Italian  name  of  Trent. 

Trenton  (tren'ton).  The  capital  of  New  Jer- 
sey and  of  Mercer  County,  situated  on  the  Dela- 
ware River  in  lat.  40°  13'  N.,  long.  74°  46'  W.  it 
has  manufactures  of  pottery,  iron,  tools,  rubber  goods,  etc. 
It  was  settled  in  1680,  and  was  named  Trenton  in  1720 ; be- 
came the  capital  in  1790 ; and  was  made  a city  in  1792. 
Population,  96,815,  (1910). 

Trenton,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  by  the 
Americans  under  Washington  over  the  British, 
Dec.  26,  1776.  Washington  crossed  the  Delaware  with 
2,400  men  on  the  night  of  Dec.  25,  and  attacked  the  Hes- 
sian mercenaries  (about  1,500)  under  Rahl.  The  Hessians 
were  defeated,  and  about  1,000  were  captured. 

Trenton  Falls.  A series  of  picturesque  cascades 


1007 

in  West  Canada  Creek,  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Utica.  Total 
descent,  312  feet. 

Treport  (tra-por'),  Le.  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inferieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Bresle,  16  miles  east-northeast  of 
Dieppe.  Population,  commune,  4,985. 

Trescot  (tres'kot),  William  Henry.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.C.,  1822:  died  at  Pendleton,  S.C., 
May  4,  1898.  An  American  diplomatist,  sent  as 
special  envoy  to  Chile,  Peru,  and  Bolivia  in  1881. 
He  wrote  “Diplomatic  History  of  the  Administrations  of 
Washington  and  Adams  " (1857),  and  other  works  on  diplo- 
macy. 

Tressel  (tres'el).  A character  in  Shakspere’s 
“ Richard  III.” 

Treubund  (troi'bond).  1 . A reactionary  politi- 
cal union  in  Prussia,  1848-49. — 2.  A reaction- 
ary political  union  in  Electoral  Hesse,  1850-53. 
Trevelyan  (tre-vel'yan),  Sir  Charles  Edward. 
Born  April  2, 1807 : died  June  19,  1886.  An  Eng- 
lish official  in  India,  and  publicist,  brother-in- 
law  OI  Lord  Macaulay.  He  was  governor  of  Madras 
1859-60,  and  Indian  financial  minister  1862-68.  He  was 
created  a baronet  in  1874. 

Trevelyan,  Sir  George  Otto.  Bom  at  Rothley 
Temple,  Leicestershire,  July  20, 1838.  An  Eng- 
lish baronet  and  Liberal  politician,  son  of  Sir 
Charles  E.  Trevelyan.  He  entered  Parliament  as 
member  for  Tynemouth  in  1865.  He  succeeded  Lord  Fred- 
erick Cavendish  as  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1882-84;  was 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1884-85 ; and  was  sec- 
retary of  state  for  Scotland  in  1886,  and  again  1892-1895. 
He  joined  the  Liberal-Unionist  party  on  its  formation,  hut 
returned  to  the  Gladstonian  ranks  in  1887.  He  has  pub- 
lished “ Letters  of  a Competition  W allah  ” (1864),  “ Life  and 
Letters  of  Lord  Macaulay"  (1876),  “History  of  Charles 
James  Fox  " (1886),  “The  American  Revolution  ” (1905),  etc. 
Treveri  (trev'e-ri),  or  Treviri.  In  ancient  his- 
tory, a Celtic  (or  Germanic  ?)  people  in  eastern 
Gaul,  who  dwelt  near  the  Moselle.  Their  chief 
town  was  Treves  (which  was  named  from  them). 

But,  if  we  admit  the  witness  of  Jerome  as  to  the  Celtic 
speech  of  the  Treveri,  it  follows  that  we  must  admit  their 
Celtic  descent.  During  the  times  between  Caesar’s  day 
and  Jerome’s,  the  Treveri  might  have  exchanged  either 
German  or  Gaulish  for  Latin  ; they  were  not  at  all  likely  to 
exchange  German  for  Gaulish.  In  the  face  of  such  wit- 
ness as  this,  it  is  hardly  safe  for  German  writers  to  as- 
sume, as  they  sometimes  do,  without  doubt  or  qualifica- 
tion, that  the  Treveri  were  a German  people. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  74. 

Treves  (trevz),  F.  Treves  (trav),  G.  Trier  (trer). 
[L.  Augusta  Trevirorum,  imperial  city  of  the 
Treviri;  ML.  Treviris.']  A city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Moselle  in 
lat.  49°  45'  N.,  long.  6°  38'  E.  It  contains  more  Ro- 
man antiq  lilies  than  any  other  city  in  northern  Europe 
(see  below).  Its  cathedral  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  German 
churches,  occupying  the  site  of  a 4th-century  basilica  built 
by  Valentinian  I.,  some  portions  of  which  are  Incorporated 
in  the  existing  structure.  In  the  11th  century  an  addition 
was  made  at  the  west  end  with  an  apse,  and  the  eastern 
apse  was  built  a century  later.  The  vaulting  is  of  the  13th 
century.  The  different  styles  of  masonry  and  ornament 
are  plaiuly  distinguishable  on  the  exterior.  The  interior 
possesses  a fine  Renaissance  pulpit,  choir-screen,  and  high 
altar,  and  beautiful  monuments.  It  contains  the  famous 
seamless  or  "Holy  Coat"  said  to  have  been  worn  by  Jesus 
Christ.  According  to  the  legend,  the  empress  Helena 
brought  it  to  Treves  in  1106.  About  1512  it  became  a 
fruitful  source  of  revenue.  Its  last  exhibitions  were  in 
1844  and  1891.  It  attracted  over  a million  and  a half  pil- 
grims. Treves  contains  a Roman  basilica,  assigned  to  the 
reign  of  Constantine : one  of  the  special  class  of  Roman 
monuments  intended  for  the  administration  of  justice  and 
the  convenience  of  trade.  The  monument  has  been  put 
to  various  uses  since  the  Roman  day,  and  is  now  a Prot- 
estant Church.  It  is  built  entirely  of  brick,  in  the  form 
of  a rectangular  hall  with  a large  semicircular  apse  at  the 
north  end.  The  Porta  Nigra  is  another  memorial  of  the 
old  Roman  city,  consisting  of  a fortified  gate  flanked  by 
two  towers.  It  is  assigned  to  the  4th  century,  and  has  its 
name  from  the  black  hue  acquired  by  its  masonry  from 
age.  It  has  two  gateways,  23  feet  high,  and  consists  of 
three  stories.  It  measures  115  by  29  feet,  and  the  towers 
are  93  feet  high.  There  is  a Roman  amphitheater,  assigned 
to  the  time  of  Trajan  or  Hadrian,  and  in  excellent  preser- 
vation. On  one  side  the  structure  is  supported  against  a 
side  hill  ; on  the  other  it  is  built  up  architecturally.  At 
the  north  and  south  ends  there  are  triple  gateways,  the 
central  passage  leading  to  the  arena,  and  those  at  the  sides 
giving  access  to  the  auditorium.  There  are  two  other  en- 
trances for  spectators  on  the  west  side.  The  axes  of  the 
elliptical  plan  are  228  and  159  feet,  and  the  auditorium 
could  receive  about  30,000  people.  There  are  also  Roman 
baths,  after  those  of  Badenweiler  the  best-preserved  struc- 
ture of  this  class  north  of  Italy,  dating  from  the  4th  cen- 
tury A.  D.,  and  lately  excavated.  The  length  of  the  chief 
facade  is  660  feet ; the  disposition  of  the  cold  bath  (frigi- 
darium),  warm  bath  (tepidarium),  hot-air  bath  (calda- 
rium),  heating  devices  (hypocaustum),  etc.,  is  still  clear. 
Treves,  founded  perhaps  by  the  emperor  Claudius,  was 
one  of  the  most  important  provincial  cities  under  the  Ro- 
man Empire,  of  which  it  was  the  western  capital.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Franks  about  464  ; had  great  importance  in 
the  middle  ages  as  the  capital  of  the  archbishopric  of 
Treves  ; passed  to  France  in  1794,  and  became  the  capital 
of  the  department  of  Sarre  ; and  passed  to  Prussia  in  1815. 
Population,  commune,  46,709. 

Treves,  F. Treves,  G.  Trier,  Electorate  of.  An 


Triboci 

electorate  and  archbishopric  of  the  old  German 
Empire.  It  lay  chiefly  west  of  the  Rhine,  but  a part  lay 
east,  opposite  Coblenz.  The  bishopric  of  Treves,  the  old- 
est in  Germany,  was  erected  into  an  archbishopric  in  the 
9th  century.  The  archbishop  was  recognized  as  one  of  the 
seven  electors  in  1356.  The  part  on  the  left  of  the  Rhine 
was  annexed  by  France  in  1797.  Treves  was  secularized 
in  1801,  and  the  part  east  of'  the  Rhine  was  given  to  Nassau. 
Nearly  all  of  the  electorate  was  assigned  to  Prussia  1815. 
Trevi  (tra've),  Fountain  of.  A celebrated  foun- 
tain at  Rome,  situated  east  of  and  near  the 
Corso. 

Treviglio  (tra-vel'yo).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Bergamo,  Italy,  20  miles  east  by  north  of 
Milan.  Population,  commune,  15,138. 
Treviranus  (tra-ve-ra'nos),  Gottfried  Rein- 
hold.  Born  a t Bremen,  Feb.  4, 1776 : died  there, 
Feb.  16,  1837.  A German  naturalist.  His  chief 
work  is  “ Biologie,  oder  Philosophie  der  lebenden  Natur  ” 
(1802-22). 

Treviranus,  Ludolf  Christian.  Bom  at  Bre- 
men, Sept.  10, 1779;  died  at  Bonn,  May  6, 1864. 
A German  botanist,  brother  of  G.  R.  Trevira- 
nus : professor  at  Bonn. 

Treviri.  See  Treveri. 

Trevisa  (tre-ve'sa),  John,  or  John  of.  Died 
about  1412.  An  English  translator.  He  com- 
pleted in  1387  the  translation  of  Higden’s  “ Polychroni- 
con  " into  English. 

Trevise  (tra-ves')  (Treviso),  Due  de.  A title  of 

the  French  general  Mortier. 

Treviso  (tra-ve'so).  1.  A province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  955  square 
miles.  Population,  468,940. — 2.  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Treviso,  situated  on  the  Sile 
18  miles  north  by  west  of  Venice  : the  ancient 
Tarvisium.  It  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  the  14th 
century  ; was  taken  by  the  French  under  Mortier  in  1797  ; 
was  the  scene  of  a revolutionary  outbreak  in  March,  1848  ; 
and  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  June. 
1848.  Population,  town,  18,237  ; commune,  33,987. 

Trevor  (tre'vor),  Sir  John.  Born  1635:  died 
May  20,  1717.  An  English  politician,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  which  met  May  19, 
1685  (reelected  in  1690).  in  1695  he  was  accused  of 
receiving  SI, 000  for  advancing  a local  London  bill.  On 
the  motion  that  he  was  guilty  of  a high  crime  and  misde- 
meanor, he  had,  as  speaker,  to  put  the  question,  and  to 
declare  it  carried.  He  was  deprived  of  the  speakership, 
but  remained  master  of  the  rolls. 

Trevoux  (tra-vo').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  situated  on  the  Saone  13  miles 
north  of  Lyons.  Population,  commune,  about 
2,700. 

Triangle,  the  Lesser.  See  Triangulum  Minus. 
Triangle,  the  Northern.  See  Triangulum  Bo- 
reale. 

Triangle,  the  Southern.  See  Triangulum  Aus- 
trale. 

Triangulum  (tri-ang'gu-lum).  [L.,  ‘a  tri- 
angle.’] An  ancient  northern  constellation,  in 
the  form  of  the  letter  delta  (A).  It  has  one 
star  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Triangulum  Australe  (as-tra'le).  [L.,  ‘the 
Southern  Triangle.’]  A southern  constella- 
tion, added  by  Petrus  Theodori  in  the  15th 
century,  south  of  Ara.  It  contains  one  star  of 
the  second  and  two  of  the  third  magnitude. 
Triangulum  Boreale.  Same  as  Triangulum. 
Triangulum  Minus  (mi'nus).  [L.,  ‘the  Les- 
ser Triangle.’]  A constellation  introduced  by 
Hevelius  in  1690,  immediately  south  of  Trian- 
gulum. It  is  no  longer  in  use. 

Trianon  (trya-noh'),  Decree  of  the.  An  edict 
issued  by  Napoleon  I.  at  the  Grand  Trianon, 
1810,  placing  an  import  duty  of  50  per  cent,  on 
colonial  products. 

Trianon, Grand.  [F.,‘  Large  Trianon.’]  Asmall 
palace  at  Versailles,  of  only  one  story  but  con- 
siderable length,  built  by  Louis  NIV.  for  Mme. 
de  Maintenon,  and  since  used  by  successive 
French  sovereigns  as  a private  residence.  Many 
of  the  apartments  are  interesting  as  retaining  the  furni- 
ture of  their  former  occupants,  and  there  are  a number  of 
good  modern  works  of  art. 

Trianon, Petit.  [F.,‘LittleTrianon.’]  Agraee- 
ful  neo-classical  villa  in  the  park  at  Versailles, 
built  by  Louis  XV.,  and  closely  associated  with 
the  memory  of  Marie  Antoinette,  whose  favo- 
rite abode  it  was.  It  has  two  stories  over  a basement, 
and  tetrastyle  Corinthian  porticos.  Its  furniture  and  fit- 
tings  are  in  large  part  memorials  of  the  queen.  Her 
Swiss  village  and  dairy  and  “temple  of  Love”  still  stand. 
Triballi  (tri-bal'i).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
Thracian  people  who  dwelt  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Danube. 

Triboci  (trib'o-si).  [ L.  (Cassar)  Triboci,  Gr. 
(Strabo)  T ptpouxoi.  The  name  is  of  Gallic  ori- 
gin.] A German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by  Cte- 
sar  as  in  the  army  of  Ariovistus.  They  were  situ- 
ated on  the  middle  Rhine,  east  of  the  Vosges,  in  the  region 


Triboci 

to  the  southwest  of  Strasburg,  where  they  still  remained 
after  the  defeat  of  Ariovistus  (B.  C.  58).  They  were  prob- 
ably merged  ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 

Tribonian  (tri-bo'ni-an),  L.  Tribonianus  (tri- 
bo-ni-a'nus).  Born  in  Pamphylia  about  the  end 
of  the  5th  century : died  545.  A Byzantine 
jurist  and  official,  head  of  the  commission  for 
the  codification  of  the  laws  under  the  direction 
of  Justinian. 

Tribuna  (tre-bo'na),  La.  [It.,  ‘the  tribune.’] 
A celebrated  room  in  the  Uffizi  Gallery,  Flor- 
ence, containing  many  noted  paintings  and 
statues,  among  them  the  Medicean  Venus. 

Tribunal,  Revolutionary.  See  Revolutionary 
Tribunal. 

Tribur.  See  Trebur. 

Tribute-Money,  The.  1.  A noted  fresco  by 
Masaccio,  in  the  Brancacci  Chapel  of  the  Car- 
mine, Florence.  The  picture  consists  of  three  scenes, 
in  the  chief  of  which  Christ,  surrounded  by  the  Apostles, 
points  to  St.  Peter,  who  draws  a fish  from  the  stream. 

2.  A painting  by  Titian  (about  1514),  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  There  are  only  two  figures,  seen 
at  half  length— Christ  in  full  face,  and  the  Pharisee,  hold- 
ing the  coin,  in  profile.  Also  called  Cristo  della  Moneta 
(Christ  of  the  coin). 

Trichinopoli  (trich-in-op'o-li).  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Trichinopoli,  situated  on  the 
Kaveri  in  lat.  10°  49'  N.  Population,  104,721. 

Trichinopoli.  A district  in  Madras,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  11°  N.,  long.  79° 
E.  The  Kaveri  River  crosses  it  from  west  to 
east-  Area,  3,632  square  miles.  Population, 
1,444.770. 

Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One,  A.  A comedy 
by  Middleton,  printed  iu  1608. 

Tricoteuses  (tre-ko-tez'),  Les.  [F./the  knit- 
ters.’] A class  of  women  who  frequented  the 
tribunals  and  places  of  execution  during  the 
French  Revolution,  and  sat  knitting  while  they 
expressed  their  approval  or  disapproval  of  the 
turn  of  events.  From  their  violence  they  have  received 
the  name  of  “ Furies  of  the  Guillotine."  They  were  not 
seen  after  1794. 

Tricoupis.  See  Trikoupis. 

Tridentine  Council.  See  Trent,  Council  of. 

Tridentum  (tri-den'tum).  The  Roman  name  of 
Trent. 

Triennial  Act  (trl-en'i-al  akt).  In  English  his- 
tory, an  act  of  Parliament,  passed  in  1694, 
which  limited  the  duration  of  Parliaments  to 
three  years,  and  forbade  a period  of  three 
years  to  pass  without  the  summoning  of  a Par- 
liament. It  was  superseded  by  the  Septennial 
Act  of  1716. 

Trient  (tre-ent').  The  German  name  of  Trent. 

Trient,  Col  de.  A pass  over  the  Alps,  between 
Martigny  and  Chamonix. 

Trient,  Gorges  du.  A deep  gorge  in  Valais, 
Switzerland,  formed  by  the  stream  Trient, 
which  unites  with  the  Rhone  north-northwest 
of  Martigny.  Length,  7|  miles. 

Trier  (trer).  The  German  name  of  Treves. 

Triest  (tre-est'),or  Trieste  (It.  pron.  tre-es'te). 
A crownland  belonging  to  the  Cisleithan  di- 
vision of  Austria-Hungary,  comprising  the  city 
of  Triest  and  adjoining  territory.  Area,  36 
square  miles. 

Triest,  or  Trieste.  [L.Tergeste.]  The  principal 
seaport  of  Austria-Hungary,  picturesquely  sit- 
uated on  the  Gulf  of  Triest  in  lat.  45°  39'  N., 
long.  13°  46'  E.  It  comprises  an  Altstadt,  Neustadt, 
and  suburbs.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Austrian  Lloyd's  Com- 
pany ; has  extensive  commerce  with  Italy,  Russia,  Greece, 
Egypt,  Turkey,  the  Danube  lands,  the  East,  England, 
America,  etc.  ; and  has  varied  manufactures.  It  contains 
a castle,  a cathedral,  an  exchange,  and  Roman  antiqui- 
ties. Triest  was  a Roman  colony  established  under 
Vespasian  ; was  under  Venetian  supremacy  in  the  13th 
and  14th  centuries ; submitted  to  Austrian  suzerainty  in 
1382  ; wa9  made  a free  port  in  1719  ; was  held  by  the 
French  1797-1805 ; was  a part  of  the  Illyrian  Provinces 
1809-13 ; was  blockaded  by  the  Italians  in  1848 ; and 
was  made  an  imperial  city  in  1849.  Population,  157,765, 
(1910). 

Triest,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
near  Triest,  north  of  Istria. 

Trifanum  (tri-fa'num),  Battle  of.  A decisive 
victory  in  the  Great  Latin  War,  gained  by  the 
Romans  at  Trifanum  (between  Minturnse  and 
Suessa,  Italy),  over  the  Latins  and  Campanians, 
about  338  b.  c. 

Trifels  (tre'fels).  A ruined  imperial  fortress 
near  Annweiler,  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  it  was 
a resort  of  the  medieval  emperors.  Richard  the  Lion- 
Hearted  was  imprisoned  there  in  1193. 

Triglaw  (tre'glav).  A Slavic  deity,  chief  divin- 
ity of  the  Pomeranian  Slavs. 

Trikala  (tre'ka-la),  or  Trikkala.  1.  A nom- 
archy  of  northern  Greece,  on  the  Turkish  bor- 
der. Area,  1,181  square  miles.  Population, 
90,548. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  nomarchy  of 


1008 

Trikala,  33  miles  west  of  Larissa.  Population 
17,809. 

Trikoupis,  or  Tricoupis  (tre-ko'pis),  Chari- 
laos.  Born  1832 : died  at  Cannes,  April  11, 1896. 
A Greek  statesman,  son  of  Spyridon  Trikoupis. 
He  became  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1866,  and  was 
premier  1878-79,  1882-85,  1886-90,  1892-93,  and  1893-95. 

Trikoupis,  or  Tricoupis  (tre-ko'pis),  Spyridon. 
Born  April  20.  1788 : died  1873.  A Greek  politi- 
cian, diplomatist,  historian,  and  poet.  Hewrote 
a history  of  the  Greek  Revolution  (1853-57). 
Trilby  (tril'bi).  A novel  by  George  Du  Mau- 
rier,  published  in  1894.  it  deals  with  artist  life  in 
the  Quartier  Latin  in  Paris.  It  has  been  dramatized. 
Trilby  O’Ferrall,  the  heroine,  is  by  occupation  a laundress 
and  also  a model  “for  the  altogether  ” in  the  artists’  quar- 
ter. She  is  gay,  generous,  and  friendly,—  has,  in  short,  all 
the  virtues  save  one, — and  is  famous  for  the  possession  of 
the  most  beautiful  foot  in  Paris.  Her  comradeship  with 
the  three  artists, — Taffy,  the  Laird  (a  Scotchman),  and  Lit- 
tle Billee, — who  all  love  her  more  or  less,  forms  the  theme 
of  the  story.  Svengali,  a Polish  .Tew  and  a musical  genius, 
gains  control  of  her  hypnotically,  and  by  means  of  this 
power  develops  her  voice,  and  transforms  her  into  a cele- 
brated prima  donna. 

Trim  (trim),  Corporal.  The  military  servant 
of  Uncle  Toby  in  Sterne’s  “Tristram  Shandy.” 
Trimalchio  (tri-mal'ki-o).  In  the  satirical  novel 
of  Petronius  Arbiter,  a rich  and  ignorant  par- 
venu who  gives  a feast,  an  account  of  which 
forms  one  of  the  largest  of  the  fragments  of 
which  the  work  now  consists. 

Trimble  (trim'bl),  Robert.  Born  in  Berkeley 
County,Va.,  1777:  died  Aug.  25, 1828.  An  Ameri- 
can politician,  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1826-28. 

Trimmers  (trim'erz).  In  English  politics,  a 
party  which  followed  the  Marquis  of  Halifax 
about  1680-90  in  trimming  between  the  Whigs 
and  the  Tories. 

Trimountain  (tri'moun//tan),  or  Tremont  (tre- 
mont').  An  early  name  of  Boston.  See  Boston. 
Trimurti  (tri-mor'ti).  [In  Skt., ‘having  three 
forms,’  and  then  at  the  beginning  of  a compound 
a collective  designation  of  Brahma, Vishnu,  and 
Shiva.]  The  Hindu  triad,  consisting  of  these 
gods,  associated  in  a threefold  impersonation 
of  the  Supreme  Spirit.  Brahma  is  the  creator,  Vishnu 
the  preserver,  and  Shiva  the  destroyer.  Brahma  should 
strictly  be  the  first  of  three  equal  persons,  but  ordinarily 
either  Shiva  orVishnu  is  identified  with  theSupreme  Being, 
and  the  other  two,  especially  Brahma,  are  reduced  to  a sub- 
ordinate part.  Although  there  are  tracesof  a triadic  princi- 
ple in  the  earlier  literature,  as  in  the  triad  of  Agni,  Vayu  or 
Indra,  and  Surya,  the  doctrine  of  the  Trimurt  i is  a develop- 
ment of  the  later  Puranic  theology,  and  rathera  philosophi- 
cal conception  than  an  important  article  of  popular  belief. 
Its  significance  has  been  much  exaggerated.  These  gods 
are  creations  of  the  Supreme  Spirit,  rather  than  the  Su- 
preme Spirit  himself.  They  are  composed  of  material 
particles,  and  are  subject  to  destruction  and  reabsorption. 
The  points  of  difference  from  are  quite  as  noticeable  a3 
the  points  of  resemblance  to  the  Christian  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity. 

Trinacria  (tri-na'kri-a).  [Gr.  T pivanpla.']  An 
old  name  of  Sicily,  from  the  three  promontories 
Pachynum,  Pelorum,  and  Lilybseum. 

Trincalo  (trin'ka-lo),  or  Trinculo  (trin'ku-15). 
The  principal  character  in  Tomkis’s  “ Albuma- 
zar”:  a farmer. 

Trincomali  (tring//ko-ma-le').  A seaport  in 
Ceylon,  situated  on  the  northeastern  coast  in 
lat.  8°  33'  N.,  long.  81°  14'  E.  It  has  a fine  harbor, 
and  is  one  of  the  chief  British  naval  stations  in  Asia.  It 
was  finally  taken  by  the  British  from  the  Dutch  in  1795. 
Population,  13,000. 

Trinculo  (trin'ku-lo).  A jester,  a character  in 
the  “ Tempest”  by  Shakspere. 

Trinidad  (trin-i-dad';  Sp.pron.  tre-ne-THaTH'). 
[Sp.,  ‘Trinity.’  Columbus  is  said  to  have 
given  the  name  to  the  island  on  account  of  three 
prominent  peaks  near  the  shore  where  he  first 
saw  it.]  Am  island  of  the  British  West  Indies, 
forming  with  Tobago  a crown  colony,  situated 
northeast  of  Venezuela,  near  the  coast,  and 
opposite  the  northern  mouths  of  the  Orinoco. 
Capital,  Port  of  Spain.  The  surface  is  varied,  portions 
being  mountainous.  The  chief  exports  are  sugar,  cocoa, 
molasses,  coffee,  and  asphalt  (from  the  celebrated  pitch 
lake  of  La  Brea).  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498  ; 
and  was  taken  by  the  British  from  the  Spanish  in  1797. 
Length,  about  80  miles.  Area,  1,754  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 265,148. 

Trinidad.  A small  island  belonging  to  Brazil, 
situated  in  the  South  Atlantic  in  lat.  20°  32' 
Sv  long.  29°  20'  W. 

Trinidad.  The  capital  of  Las  Animas  County, 
Colorado,  situated  on  Las  Animas  River,  in  lat. 
37°  10'  N.  Population,  10,204,  (1910). 
Trinidad.  A seaport  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Cuba,  about  long.  80°  W.  Population,  about 
11,200. 

Trinidad.  A town  of  Bolivia,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Beni,  near  the  river  MarnorA 
It  was  the  most  celebrated  of  the  .Jesuit  mission  towns  of 


Tripitaka 

the  Madeira  valley,  but  is  now  a mere  village.  Popula- 
tion, 4,810. 

Trinity  (trin'i-ti).  A small  seaport  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Newfoundland,  57  miles  north- 
northwest  of  St.  John’s. 

Trinity  Bay.  A large  bay  on  the  eastern  side 
of  Newfoundland,  deeply  indenting  the  coast, 
and  nearly  cutting  off  the  peninsula  of  Avalon. 

Trinity  Church.  1 . A notable  church  (Episco- 
palian) at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  designed  by 
H.  H.  Richardson,  founded  in  1873,  and  conse- 
crated in  1877 . The  building  is  cruciform,  160  by  120 
feet,  in  the  Romanesque  style  of  Auvergne,  the  masonry 
exhibiting  inlaid  patterns  in  stone  of  different  colors. 
The  transeptshave  triple  windows,  and  the  front,  with  it3 
graceful  arcaded  loggia,  is  flanked  by  towers.  The  chief 
feature  of  the  church  is  the  imposing  central  tower,  which 
has  square  openings  below  and  arcades  above,  with  cylin- 
drical turrets  at  the  angles,  and  a pyramidal  tiled  roof  211 
feet  high,  broken  by  picturesque  dormers.  The  interior 
is  ornamented  with  mural  paintings  by  John  La  Farge 
and  other  artists. 

2.  One  of  the  oldest  religious  foundations 
(Episcopalian)  in  New  York  city,  though  the 
present  building  dates  only  from  1846.  it  is  an 
example  in  brown  stone  of  the  English  Perpendicular 
style,  witli  square  chevet,  without  transepts,  and  with  an 
effective  tower  and  spire,  284  feet  high,  at  the  east  end, 
which  is  the  front.  The  richly  sculptured  reredos  and  the 
bronze  doors  are  artistically  notable. 

Trinity  College.  The,  largest  college  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  England,  founded  by  Henry 
VIII.  in  1546  by  the  union  of  several  older  foun- 
dations. The  beautiful  gateway  on  the  street  is  mainly 
of  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  The  great  court,  340  by  280 
feet,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  chapel  and  on  the 
west  by  the  hall.  The  chapel  is  of  the  Tudor  period,  with 
fine  wood-carving  and  portrait-sculptures.  The  cloister 
court  is  arcaded  on  three  sides,  and  on  the  fourth  is 
bounded  by  the  handsome  classical  library  built  by  Wren. 
There  are  several  other  comparatively  modern  courts. 

Trinity  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Pope  in  1554  upon 
the  site  of  an  old  college  of  the  priors  of  Dur- 
ham which  had  been  founded  in  1286.  The  Renais- 
sance chapel,  built  in  1694,  has  a plain  exterior  with  large 
round-arched  windows,  and  possesses  a fine  altarpiece  and 
a beautiful  carved  screen. 

Trinity  College,  or  The  University  of  Dub- 
lin. The  leading  educational  institution  in 
Ireland,  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1591. 
The  chief  front,  toward  College  Green,  is  ornamented  with 
Corinthian  columns  and  pilasters  and  a pediment.  The 
extensive  buildings  inclose  several  quadrangles  or 
“squares.”  The  chapel  has  a Corinthian  portico;  the 
decorations  of  the  fine  library  are  also  Corinthian.  The 
campanile,  which  stands  alone,  is  a circular  domed  Corin- 
thian belvedere,  surmounted  by  a lantern,  and  resting  on 
a rusticated  basement  pierced  by  arches. 

Trinity  College.  An  institution  of  learning  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut.  It  was  opened  in  1824,  and 
was  known  as  Washington  College  until  1846.  It  is  under 
Episcopal  control.  It  has  about  260  students  and  a li- 
brary of  60,000  volumes. 

Trinity  Hall.  A college  of  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity, England,  founded  in  1350,  and  occupied 
chiefly  by  students  of  law. 

Trinity  House,  Corporation  of.  An  English 
corporation,  first  chartered  in  1514,  charged 
with  various  naval  matters,  especially  with 
erecting  lighthouses,  etc. 

Trinity  River.  1.  A tributary  of  the  Klamath 
River  in  northwestern  California.  Length,  over 
100  miles. — 2.  Ariver  in  Texas,  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  West  Fork  and  Elm  Fork,  and 
flowing  into  Galveston  Bay.  Length,  over  500 
miles ; navigable  about  half  its  length. 

Trinkitat  (tring-ki-tat').  A port  on  the  Red 
Sea,  about  38  miles  southeast  of  Tokar : an  im- 
portant strategic  point  in  the  Sudanese  cam- 
paign of  1884. 

Trinkitat,  Battle  of.  See  Tokar. 

Trinobantes  (trin-o-ban'tez).  See  the  extract. 

The  Trinobantes,  another  Belgian  tribe,  had  settled  in 
such  parts  of  the  modern  Middlesex  and  Essex  as  were  not 
covered  by  the  oak  forests  or  overflowed  by  the  sea.  Their 
western  boundary  may  be  fixed  in  the  Valley  of  the  Lea 
and  along  the  edge  of  the  “ Forest  of  Middlesex,"  which 
once  spread  northwards  from  the  swamp  at  Finsbury  and 
covered  the  Weald  of  Essex.  Their  northern  limit  was 
fixed  at  the  Valley  of  the  Stour,  a flat  and  marshy  tract 
which  is  thought  to  have  been  covered  at  that  time  by  the 
sea  for  a distance  of  many  miles  above  the  termination  of 
the  modern  estuary.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  105. 

Trinummus  (tri  - num  ' us).  A comedy  by 
Plautus. 

Triomphe,  Arc  de.  See  Arc  de  Triomphe. 

Tripartite  Chronicle.  A Latin  historical  poem 

by  Gower. 

Tripitaka  (tri-pi'ta-ka).  [In  Pali  Tipitaka,  the 
Three  Baskets.]  A collective  name  for  the 
three  classes  into  which  the  sacred  writings  of 
the  Southern  Buddhists  are  divided,  viz.  the 
Sutrapitaka  (Pali  Suttapitaka),  ‘Aphorisms,’ 
‘Discourses  for  the  Laity’;  Vinayapitaka,  ‘Dis- 
cipline for  the  Order’;  and  Abhidharmapitaka 


Tripitaka 

(Pali  Abliidhammapitaka),  ‘ Metaphysics.’  The 
term  “basket"  was  applied  to  these  divisions  because  the 
palm-leaves  on  which  they  were  written  were  kept  in 
baskets.  A list  in  detail  of  the  several  treatises  included 
in  each  of  these  divisions  may  be  found  in  Rhys  Davids’s 
“Buddliism"(London,1886),pp.  18-21.  Discussiugtheques- 
tion  of  their  enormous  mass,  Davids  finds  that,  exclu- 
sive of  the  very  frequent  repetitions,  they  contain  rather 
less  than  twice  as  many  words  as  the  Bible,  and  that  a 
translation  of  them  into  English  would  be  about  four 
times  as  long. 

Triple  Alliance.  1.  A league  between  Eng- 
land, Sweden,  and  the  Netherlands,  formed  in 
1668,  and  designed  to  check  the  French  aggres- 
sions.— 2.  A league  between  France,  Great 
Britain,  and  the  Netherlands,  formed  in  1717, 
and  directed  chiefly  against  Spain.  After  the 
accession  to  it  of  Austria  in  1718,  it  was  known 
as  the  Quadruple  Alliance. — 3.  An  alliance  be- 
tween Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  aud  Italy, 
formed  in  1883,  and  designed  to  check  Rus- 
sia and  also  France.  It  is  chiefly  the  creation  of 
Prince  Bismarck.  By  its  provisions  the  three  powers  are 
bound  to  support  one  another  in  certain  contingencies. 
Its  influence  has  succeeded  to  that  of  the  League  of  the 
Three  Emperors  (the  German,  Austrian,  and  Russian), 
which  was  also  largely  the  creation  of  Bismarck.  It  was 
renewed  in  June,  1902,  and  in  December,  1912. 

Triple  Alliance,  War  of  the,  or  Paraguayan 

War.  The  war  waged,  1865-70,  between  Pa- 
raguay on  one  side  and  Brazil,  the  Argentine 
Republic,  and  Uruguay  on  the  other,  in  1864-65 
Brazil  had  a short  war  with  Uruguay  which  ended  in  the 
downfall  of  the  government  of  the  latter  country,  Flores 
assuming  the  presidency.  Lopez,  president  of  Paraguay, 
protested  against  the  interference  of  Brazil  in  the  affairs 
of  Uruguay,  and  commenced  the  war  by  seizing  a Brazil- 
ian passenger  steamer  at  Asuncion  (Nov.,  1864)  and  in- 
vading Matto  Grosso  (Dec.-Jan.,  1864-65).  Early  in  1865  he 
sent  a force  across  Argentine  territory  against  the  Bra- 
zilian province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ; subsequently  he 
seized  Argentine  merchantmen,  and  on  April  14, 1865,  oc- 
cupied Corrientes,  taking  two  Argentine  war  vessels.  On 
June  11  the  Paraguayan  flotilla  was  nearly  annihilated  in 
a combat  with  the  Brazilian  squadron  at  Riachuelo,  below 
Corrientes.  The  Argentine  Republic  declared  war  on 
Paraguay  April  6;  and  on  May  1 the  triple  offensive  and 
defensive  alliance  between  Brazil,  the  Argentine,  and 
Uruguay  was  signed  at  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Emperor  of 
Brazil  and  Presidents  Mitre  and  Flores  took  personal  part 
in  the  campaign  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ; the  Paraguayans 
who  had  invaded  that  province  were  besieged  in  Uruguay- 
ans, and  surrendered  (6,000  men)  Sept.  18, 1865.  On  Oct.  25 
Corrientes  was  occupied  by  the  allies,  who,  after  some 
fighting,  crossed  the  ParanA  into  Paraguay,  April,  1866. 
The  most  important  of  the  subsequent  operations  were 
near  the  river  Paraguay,  and  especially  at  Humaita  and 
Curupaity,  where  Lopez  had  strong  fortifications.  The 
principal  events  were : Paraguayans  defeated  at  Estero 
Bellaco  (May  2,  1866)  and  Tuyuty  (May  24) ; Boqueron 
taken,  July  16 ; allies  repulsed  at  Sauce,  July  18 ; Curuzu 
bombarded  Sept.  1,  taken  by  assault  Sept.  3 (the  Brazil- 
ian ironclad  Rio  de  Janeiro  was  sunk  by  a torpedo  Sept. 
2);  allies  repulsed  at  Curupaity,  Sept.  22;  second  battle 
of  Tuyuty,  Nov.  3, 1867  ; passage  of  HumaitA  by  the  allied 
fleet,  Feb.  19,  1868;  Brazilians  repulsed  at  HumaitA,  July 
16;  Paraguayans  abandoned  HumaitA,  July  25;  repulsed 
at  Pikisiry,  Sept.  23  ; battles  near  Villeta,  Dec.  6 and  11 ; 
Villeta  occupied  by  the  allies,  Dec.  11 ; battles  on  Dec.  21, 
22,  and  27,  ending  in  the  surrender  of  Angostura  Dec.  30 ; 
allies  entered  Asuncion,  Jan.  1, 1869.  Subsequently  there 
were  numerous  combats,  generally  adverse  to  the  Para- 
guayans. Lopez  was  forced  into  the  northern  part  of  Para- 
guay, and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  the  Aquidaban.  A 
small  Brazilian  army  had  operated  in  Matto  Grosso,  but 
its  movements,  from  a military  point  of  view,  were  unim- 
portant. The  allies  were  commanded  successively  by 
Mitre,  Lima  e Silva,  and  the  Count  d’Eu. 

Tripoli  (trip'o-li).  A former  vilayet  of  the 
Turkish  empire,  situated  along  the  coast  of 
northern  Africa,  bounded  by  Tunis  on  the 
northwest  and  by  the  desert  on  the  west  and 
south.  It  contains  the  oasis  of  Fezzan  and  other  oases, 
and  has  a narrow  fertile  belt  near  the  coast.  The  capital 
is  Tripoli.  The  inhabitants  are  Moors,  Kabyles,  Arabs, 
Turks,  etc.  It  was  anciently  a possession  of  Carthage  and 
later  of  Rome ; was  conquered  by  the  Arabs  in  the  7th 
century,  and  by  the  Turks  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury ; became  a seat  of  Iiarbary  pirates ; secured  its  inde- 
pendence in  1714 ; was  reconquered  by  Turkey  in  1835  and 
annexed  by  Italy  in  1912.  Pop.,  est.,  800,000  to  1,300,000. 

Tripoli.  [Gr.  Tp«7ro/Uf,  name  of  several  places 
regarded  as  including  ‘three  cities.’]  A sea- 
port, the  capital  of  Tripoli,  in  lat.  32°  54'  N., 
long.  13°  11'  E.  It  has  some  foreign  trade,  and  is  the 
starting-point  of  caravans  for  the  interior.  It  was  formerly 
a piratical  stronghold,  and  several  times  has  been  bom- 
barded. Population,  over  30,000. 

Tripoli,  or  Tripolis  (trip'o-lis),  or  Tarabulus 

(ta-ra'bo-los).  A town  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, situated  on  the  river  Abu-Ali  (Kadisha), 
near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  34°  27'  N.,long.  35°  49'  E. 
It  has  considerable  trade,  fisheries,  and  manufactures  of 
silk ; its  neighboring  seaport  is  Al-Mina.  Tripoli  was 
an  ancient  Phenician  city ; was  taken  by  the  Saracens 
about  639 ; was  besieged  by  the  Crusaders  in  1104,  and 
taken  in  1109 ; and  was  destroyed  in  1289,  but  rebuilt.  Its 
castle  is  a large  structure  with  crenellated  walls  and  ma- 
chicolated  towers.  Its  halls,  courts,  arcades,  and  rock-cut 
passages  and  casemates  are  of  great  interest.  Pop.,  30,000. 

Tripolitan  War.  A war  between  the  United 
States  and  Tripoli,  1801-05.  War  was  declared  by 
Tripoli  June  10, 1801,  because  the  United  States  refused  to 
Increase  its  payment  for  immunity  from  the  depredations 
0.— 64 


1009 

of  the  Tripolitan  corsairs.  In  anticipation  of  this  event, 
however,  the  United  States  had  already  sent  a squadron 
to  the  Mediterranean.  In  Oct.,  1803,  the  frigate  Phila- 
delphia, Captain  Bainbridge,  while  chasing  a corsair  into 
the  harbor  of  Tripoli,  struck  a sunken  rock  and  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Tripolitans  : she  was  burned  by  Decatur  Feb. 
16, 1804.  In  July,  1804,  Commodore  Edward  Preble  began 
a series  of  only  partially  successful  attacks  on  the  harbor 
fortifications,  the  fifth  and  last  of  which  was  made  in  the 
following  September.  In  the  meantime  a land  expedition 
under  William  Eaton  induced  Tripoli  to  conclude  peace 
June  4,  1805  (see  Eaton,  William). 

Tripolitza  (tre-po-lit'sa),  or  Tripolis.  The 
capital  of  the  nomarchy  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  in 
lat.  37°  30'  N.,  near  the  ancient  Mantinea  and 
Tegea.  It  became  the  capital  of  the  pashalic  of  Morea 
in  1718 ; was  stormed  by  the  Greeks  Oct.  17,  1821 ; and  was 
retaken  by  Ibrahim  PaBha  June  22,  1825,  and  ruined. 
Population,  10,789. 

Trip  to  Calais,  A.  A play  by  Foote,  in  which, 
under  the  name  of  Lady  Kitty  Crocodile,  he  un- 
dertook to  ridicule  the  notorious  Duchess  of 
Kingston.  She  secured  the  prohibition  of  the  play,  and 
he  altered  it  and  produced  it  as  “ The  Capuchin  ” ; but  his 
health  broke  down  under  an  indictment  for  criminal  as- 
sault, procured  by  a creature  of  the  duchess,  and  he  died 
not  long  after. 

Triptolemus  (trip-tol'e-mus).  [Gr.  Tp(7rrdAe- 
yor.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a favorite  of  De- 
meter: the  inventor  of  the  plow  and  patron 
of  agriculture.  He  was  honored  in  the  Eleu- 
sinian  mysteries. 

Trip  to  Scarborough,  A.  An  alteration  by 
Sheridan  of  Vanbrugh’s  “Relapse,”  produced 
in  1777. 

Trismegistus.  See  Hermes. 

Trissino  (tres-selno),  Giovanni  Giorgio.  Born 
at  Vicenza,  Italy,  July  8,  1478:  died  in  Dec., 
1550.  An  Italian  lyric,  epic,  and  dramatic  poet 
and  scholar.  See  the  extract. 

Gian-Giorgio  Trissino  had,  in  fact,  sufficient  merit  to  jus- 
tify that  celebrity  which,  during  a whole  century, placed  Iris 
name  in  the  first  rank  in  Italy.  Born  at  Vicenza  in  1478, 
of  an  illustrious  family,  he  was  equally  qualified  by  his 
education  for  letters  and  for  public  business.  He  came  to 
Rome  when  he  was  twenty-four  years  of  age,  and  had  re- 
sided there  a considerable  time  when  Pope  Leo  X.,  struck 
by  his  talents,  sent  him  as  his  ambassador  to  the  Emperor 
Maximilian.  Under  the  pontificate  of  Clement  VII.  he 
was  also  charged  witli  embassies  to  Charles  V.  and  to  the 
Republic  of  Venice,  and  was  decorated  by  thefonnerwith 
the  order  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  In  the  midst  of  public 
affairs  he  cultivated,  with  ardor,  poetry  andthe  languages. 
He  was  rich ; and,  possessing  aline  taste  in  architecture,  he 
employed  Palladio  to  erect  a country  house,  in  the  best 
style,  at  Criccoli.  Domestic  vexations,  and  more  particu- 
larly a lawsuit  with  his  own  son,  embittered  his  latter 
days.  He  died  in  1560,  aged  seventy-two.  The  most  just 
title  to  fame  possessed  by  Trissino  is  founded  on  his  “So- 
fonisba,”  which  may  be  considered  as  the  first  regular  tra- 
gedy since  the  revival  of  letters. 

Sismondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  408. 

Trissotin  (tre-so-tan').  A “ pedant”  in  Mo- 
like’s  “Les  femmes  savantes,”  intended  to 
ridicule  the  Abbe  Cotin. 

Tristan  (tris'tan).  A prose  Breton  or  Cornish 
romance.  The  first  part  was  written  or  translated  about 
1170  by  a Norman  knight,  Luces  de  Gast,  who  lived  near 
Salisbury  in  the  time  of  Henry  II.  The  second  part  was 
written  by  Hclie  de  Borron,  who  connected  Tristan  (“  Tris- 
tram ” in  the  Old  English  form)  with  the  Round  Table  ro- 
mances. The  name  appears  in  many  forms,  as  Tristan, 
Tristans,  Tristanz,  Tristant,  Tristran,  Tristram,  Tristrant, 
Trystren,  Tristram,  Tristrem,  Trystrem,  Trustram,  Tritan, 
Tritans,  Tritanz,  and  was  associated  with  the  Latin  tristis, 
sorrowful. 

The  story  of  Tristan  seems  to  have  been  current  from  the 
earliest  times.  It  was  the  subject  of  a number  of  metrical 
tales  in  the  Romance  language,  which  were  versified  by  the 
French  minstrels  from  ancient  British  authorities.  From 
these  original  documents,  or  from  the  French  metrical 
tales,  was  compiled  the  Sir  Tristrem  attributed  to  Thomas 
of  Erceldoune,  and  which  has  been  edited  by  Mr.  [Sir  Wal- 
ter] Scott.  There  are  also  extant  two  fragments  of  metri- 
cal versions,  which  are  supposed  to  be  parts  of  one  whole 
work,  written  by  Raoul  de  Beauvais,  who  lived  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  thirteenth  century. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  193. 

Tristan  da  Cunha  (tris-tan'  da  kon'ya).  A 
group  of  three  islands  and  two  islets  in  the 
South  Atlantic,  in  lat.  37°  6'  S.,  long.  12°  16'  W. 
They  are  of  volcanic  formation.  The  group  includes 
Tristan,  Inaccessible,  and  Nightingale.  They  were  dis- 
covered by  the  Portuguese  in  1506,  and  were  taken  pos- 
session of  by  Great  Britain  in  1816.  Highest  peak,  about 
8,500  feet.  Population,  75. 

Tristan  1’Ermite  (tres-t,on'  ler-met').  The  pro- 
vost of  Louis  XL  of  France,  infamous  for  his 
cruelty. 

Tristan  und  Isolde  (tris'tan  ont  e-zol'de).  1. 
An  epic  poem  by  Eilhard  von  Obergc,  written 
in.  the  last  half  of  the  12th  century.  He  intro- 
duced this  romance  tq  German  literature. — 2. 
A famous  epic  poem  by  Gottfried  von  Strass- 
burg,  written  in  the  12th  century,  but  later  than 
Eilhard’s  poem.  This  is  the  classical  form  of  the  story. 
It  was  left  unfinished,  and  sequels  were  written  by  two 
later  poets,  the  last  in  1300.  It  was  closely  connected  with 
the  English  “ Sir  Tristrem  ’’  and  with  a Northern  saga. 


Troad,  The 

3.  An  opera,  both  words  and  music  by  Wag- 
ner, first  produced  at  Munich  in  1865. 

Tristram,  or  Tristrem.  See  Tristan. 

Tristram  (tris'tram),  Sir,  of  Lyonesse.  [From 
L.  tristis,  sorrowful.]  One  of  the  most  cele- 
brated knights  of  the  Round  Table.  His  love 
for  Isolde,  or  Iseult,  the  wife  of  King  Mark,  forms  the  sub- 
ject of  many  romances.  He  was  born  in  the  open  country, 
where  his  mother,  who  died  shortly  after,  was  in  great  sor- 
row : hence  she  gave  him  this  name.  See  Tristan . 

Tristram  Shandy  (tris'tram  shan'di).  A fa- 
mous novel  by  Sterne  (9  vols.  1760-67) : so 
called  from  its  nominal  hero.  The  first  volume  in- 
troduces Walter  Shandy  and  his  brother  the  Captain 
(Uncle  Toby),  Slop,  and  Yorick.  Corporal  Trim  is  promi- 
nent in  the  second  volume  ; the  third  and  fourth  contain  a 
good  deal  on  the  subject  of  noses  and  Slawkenbergius ; 
the  sixth  contains  the  episode  of  Le  Fevre;  and  the  Widow 
Wadman  is  introduced  in  the  eighth.  The  character  of 
Walter  Shandy,  Tristram's  father,  an  opinionated,  captious 
old  gentleman,  is  taken  from  that  of  Arbuthnot's  Martin 
Scriblerus  the  elder. 

Trita  (tri-ta').  A Vedic  god  appearing  in  con- 
nection with  the  Maruts,  Vata  or  Vayu,  and 
Indra,  and  to  whom,  as  to  them,  combats  with 
demons,  such  as  Tvashtra,  Vritra,  and  the  dra- 
gon, are  ascribed.  He  is  called  Aptya,  a word  perhaps 
related  to  ap,  ‘water,’  and  thought  of  as  living  concealed 
and  very  far  away  when  ills  are  wished  to  Trita.  Related 
to  Trita  is  Traitana,  the  name  of  a superhuman  being  or 
designation  of  a god.  With  Aptya  is  compared  the  Aves- 
tan  Athivya,  inhabitant  of  the  waters,  the  name  of  a fam- 
ily whence  descended  Yima  and  in  modern  Persian  At- 
bin  or  Abtin,  the  name  of  the  father  of  Faridun  ; with 
Traitana,  A vestan  Thraetaona  (which  see),  modern  Persian 
Faridun  (which  see). 

Triton  (tri'ton).  [Gr.  Tpirov.]  In  Greek  and 
Latin  mythology,  a son  of  Poseidon  and  Amphi- 
trite  (or  Celseno),  who  dwelt  with  his  father 
and  mother  in  a golden  palace  at  the  bottom  of 
the  sea,  and  was  a gigantic  and  redoubtable 
divinity.  In  the  later  mythology  Tritons  appear  as  a 
race  of  subordinate  sea  deities,  fond  of  pleasure  and  fig- 
uring with  the  Nereids  in  the  train  of  the  greater  sea- 
gods  : they  were  conceived  as  combining  the  human  figure 
with  that  of  lower  animals  or  monsters.  A common  at- 
tribute of  Tritons  is  a shell-trumpet,  which  they  blow  to 
quiet  the  restless  waves. 

Tritons.  See  Triton. 

Triumph  of  Caesar,  The.  A series  of  nine 
paintings  in  tempera  on  linen,  each  nine  feet 
square,  by  Mantegna,  in  Hampton  Court  Pal- 
ace, England.  Ctesar  advances  in  a chariot, 
attended  by  a train  of  soldiers,  captives,  and 
trophies. 

Triumph  of  Death,  The.  A fresco  in  the  Campo 
Santo,  Pisa,  formerly  ascribed  to  Orcagna,  but 
now  to  the  Lorenzetti  (1350).  It  is  an  allegory  con- 
trasting worldly  pomp  and  delight  with  their  annihilation 
in  death  and  with  the  outcome  in  a future  existence. 

Triumph  of  Galatea.  See  Galatea. 

Triumph  of  Silenus.  A painting  by  Rubens,  in 
the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin  (until  1885  at  Blen- 
heim Palace).  Silenus  totters  forward,  supported  by  a 
negro  and  a satyr  and  preceded  by  a faun  with  a flute. 
In  front  are  boys  and  a tiger,  and  behind  nymphs  and 
satyrs  with  a landscape  background.  Vandyke  is  said  to 
have  collaborated  in  this  painting. 

Triumvirate  (trl-um' vi-rat),  First.  In. Ro- 
man history,  an  agreement  or  alliance  formed 
in  B.  c.  60  between  Caesar,  Pompey,  and  Cras- 
sus,  for  the  purpose  of  dividing  the  power 
among  them.  Csesar  obtained  the  consulship  for  the 
next  year  (59)  and  a command  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  (extended 
to  Transalpine  Gaul)  and  Illyricum  for  6 years  (extended 
for  5 years  more).  Pompey  received  for  his  veterans  as- 
signments of  lands,  and  for  himself  later  the  commission- 
ership  of  corn  supplies.  By  a renewal  of  the  league  at 
Lucca  in  65,  Pompey  received  the  consulship  and  com- 
mand in  Spain,  and  Crassus  the  consulship  and  command 
in  the  East  (where  he  was  killed  in  63).  The  union  be- 
tween Caesar  and  Pompey  was  formally  broken  by  the  civil 
war  in  49. 

Triumvirate,  Second.  An  alliance  formed  in 
43  B.  C.  between  Octavian  (Augustus),  Mark 
Antony,  and  Lepidus,  on  an  island  in  the  river 
Reno,  near  Bologna.  The  triumvirs  were  to  have  con- 
sular powers  for  3 years : they  appointed  magistrates, 
and  their  decrees  were  valid  as  laws.  Octavian  received 
Africa  and  the  islands ; Antony,  Gaul ; Lepidus,  Spain  and 
Narbonensis.  The  alliance  was  followed  by  a wholesale 
proscription,  and  by  the  overthrow  of  the  republicans  un- 
der Brutus  and  Cassius  in  42.  Lepidus  was  soon  reduced 
to  a minor  position,  and  eventually  banished.  By  a treaty 
at  Brundisium  Octavian  received  the  West  and  Antony  the 
East.  The  union  was  broken  in  31,  and  Antony  was  over- 
thrown in  the  battle  of  Actium. 

Trivia  (triv'i-ii),  or  the  Art  of  Walking  the 
Streets  of  London.  A burlesque  poem  by  Gay, 
published  in  1716.  It  is  a mine  of  information 
on  outdoor  life  in  the  roign  of  Queen  Anne. 

Troad  (tro'ad),  The.  The  region  at  the  north- 
western extremity  of  Asia  Minor,  included  be- 
tween the  HUgean,  the  Hellespont,  the  Sea  of 
Marmora,  Mount  Ida,  and  the  Gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium:  the  ancient  Troas.  It  contained  the  Ho- 
meric Troy  (which  see). 


Trobriand 

Trobriand  (tro-bryon'),  Philippe  Regis  de. 

Born  at  Tours,  France,  June  4,  1816:  died  at 
Bayport,  L.  I.,  N.  Y.,  July  15, 1897.  A French- 
American  officer,  journalist,  and  author.  He 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1841 ; was  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  "Revue  de  Nouveau  Monde,”  New  York, 
1849-50;  and  was  joint  editor  of  the  “Courrier  des  Etats- 
Unis"  1854-61.  He  joined  the  United  States  volunteer 
service  as  colonel  in  1861,  and  became  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  in  1864.  He  commanded  a brigade  of  the  2d 
army  corps  in  the  engagements  at  Deep  Bottom,  Peters- 
burg, Hatcher's  Run,  and  five  Forks,  and  was  at  the  head 
of  a division  in  the  final  operations  against  Richmond. 
He  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers  in  1865 ; en- 
tered the  regular  army  as  colonel  of  the  31st  infantry  in 
1866 ; and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1879.  Author  of 
“Quatre  ans  de  campagnes  a l’arm^e  du  Potomac”  (1867). 
Trobriand  (tro-bre-and')  Islands.  A group  of 
small  islands,  east  of  New  Guinea  and  south 
of  New  Britain. 

Trocadero  (tro-ka-da'ro).  A fort  near  Cadiz, 
Spain,  taken  by  the  French  Aug.  31,  1823. 
Trocadero.  A square  in  Paris,  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Seine,  opposite  the  Champ-de- 
Mars.  It  contained  the  Exposition  building  in 
1878. 

Trocadero,  Palais  du.  See  Palais  du  Trocadero. 
Trochu(tro-shu'),  Louis  Jules.  BornatPalais, 
Morbihan,  France,  May  12, 1815:  died  at  Tours, 
France,  Oct.  7,  1896.  A French  general.  He 
served  in  Algeria,  in  the  Crimean  war,  and  in  the  Italian 
war  of  1859 ; was  appointed  governor  of  Paris  in  Aug. , 1870 ; 
became  member  of  the  government  of  national  defense 
and  was  charged  with  the  defense  of  Paris  in  Sept. ; re- 
signed in  Jan.,  1871 ; was  a deputy  1871-72 ; and  resigned 
from  the  army  in  1873.  He  wrote  “L’Arm6e  fran?aise  en 
1867,”  and  several  works  in  his  own  defense. 

Trcezen  (tre'zen).  [Gr.  T poiC.yv.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  sit- 
uated near  the  coast  39  miles  southwest  of 
Athens.  It  was  originally  an  Ionian  settlement,  but 
later  became  Doric.  It  took  an  active  part  in  the  Persian 
wars,  and  sided  later  with  Sparta. 

Troezen,  anciently  Posidonia  (Strab.  viii.  p.  542 ; Steph. 
Byz.  ad  voc.),  was  situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Pe- 
loponnese,  not  quite  two  miles (15  stades)  from  theshore, 
between  the  peninsula  of  Methana  and  Hermione.  The 
remains  of  the  ancient  city  may  be  traced  near  the  mod- 
ern village  of  Dhdmala.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  84,  note. 
Troglodytae  (trog-lo-di'te).  [L.,  from  Gr.  rpo- 
yAodrrjyf,  one  who  creeps  into  holes.]  Cave- 
dwellers;  troglodytes:  a name  given  in  an- 
tiquity to  various  racesof  men,  especiallyto  cer- 
tain inhabitants  of  the  shores  of  the  Bed  Sea. 
Trogus  Poinpeius(tro'guspom-pe'yus).  Lived 
about  10  A.  d.  A Roman  historian,  author  of 
a general  history,  partly  preserved  in  an  epit- 
ome by  Justin.  See  the  extract. 

About  the  same  time  as  Livy,  and  as  it  were  to  supple- 
ment his  history,  Pompeius  Trogus  wrote  his  Universal 
History,  Historic  Philippic®,  in  44  books,  beginning  with 
Ninus  and  extending  to  the  writer’s  own  time,  from  a 
Greek  source  (probably  Timagenes);  it  was  composed  in 
a lively  style  and  classical  diction,  and  was  also  more  rich 
in  material  and  less  rhetorical  than  Livy.  We  know  the 
work  chiefly  through  the  abridgment  of  Justinus.  Be- 
sides his  historical  work,  Trogus  wrote  also  on  zoology 
and  botany,  after  the  best  authorities,  Aristotle  and  Theo- 
phrastos. 

Teuffel  and  Schivabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warn),  I.  531. 
Troil  (troil),  Magnus.  The  udalev  or  magnate 
of  Zetland  in  Scott’s  novel  “The  Pirate.”  His 
daughters  Minna  and  Brenda  are  the  principal 
female  characters. 

Troilus  (tro'i-lus).  In  Greek  legend,  according 
to  a common  account,  a son  of  Priam.  See 
Troilus  and  Cressida. 

Troilus  and  Cressida  (tro'i-lus  and  kres'i-da). 

1 . A poem  by  Chaucer,  written  about  1369.  it 
is  a version  of  Boccaccio’s  “ Filostrato.”  There  are  addi- 
tions, however,  which  show  his  reading  of  the  “Gestede 
Troie"  of  Benoit  de  Sainte-Maure  (in  which  the  story  first 
appeared  as  an  addition  of  Sainte-Maure’s  to  the  legen- 
dary history  of  Troy  ascribed  to  Dares  Phrygius  and  Dictys 
Cretensis),  or  of  the  Latin  version  of  Sainte-Maure  by  Guido 
Colonna.  The  Lollius  to  whom  Chaucer  attributes  the 
story  is  now  thought  to  be  mythical. 

2.  A play  by  Dekker  and  Chettle,  acted  in 
1599.—  3.  A tragedy  by  Shakspere,  thought  to 
be  altered  from  an  older  one.  It  was  played  at  the 
Globe  about  1609,  licensed  to  be  printed  in  1603  and  1609, 
and  printed  in  the  folio  edition  of  1623. 

Troilus  and  Cressida,  or  Truth  Found  too 
Late.  A play  by  Dryden,  printed  in  1678,  in 
which  be  undertook  to  “correct”  what  he 
“opined  was  in  all  probability”  one  of  “Shak- 
spere’s  first  Endeavours  on  the  Stage.” 

Trois  Couleurs  (trwii  ko-ler'),  Les.  [F.,  ‘The 
Tricolor.’]  A popular  French  political  song, 
written  after  1830  by  Adolphe  Vogel,  celebrat- 
ing the  fall  of  the  white  flag  and  the  return  of 
the  tricolor. 

Trois  fichelles  (trwa  za-shel').  [F.,  ‘three  lad- 
ders.’] The  executioner  of  Louis  XI.  of  France. 
Scott  introduces  him  in  “Quentin  Durward.” 
Trois  Mousquetaires  (trwii  mos-ke-tar'),  Les. 
[F.,  ‘ The  Three  Musketeers.’]  A novel  by  Alex- 


1010 

andre  Dumas  pere,  published  iu  1844.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  the  time  of  Richelieu.  The  three  musketeers  are 
Athos,  Portlios,  and  Aramis,  but  D’Artagnan  is  the  princi- 
pal character.  See  these  names. 

Troizen.  See  Trcezen. 

Trojan  (tro'jan)  Cycle,  The.  A group  of  legends 
or  poems  relating  to  the  Trojan  war.  See  Cyclic 
Poets. 

Trojan  War.  In  Greek  legend,  a war  waged  for 
ten  years  by  the  confederated  Greeks  under  the 
lead"  of  Agamemnon,  king  of  Mycente  and  Ar- 
golis,  against  the  Trojans  and  their  allies,  for 
the  recovery  of  Helen,  wife  of  Menelaus,  king 
of  Sparta  or  Lacedeemon,  who  had  been  carried 
off  by  Paris,  son  of  the  Trojan  king  Priam.  See 
Iliad. 

The  dates  for  the  Trojan  war  vary  almost  two  cen- 
turies. Duris  placed  it  as  early  as  B.  C.  1335  (Clem.  Alex. 
Stromat.  i.  p.  337,  A.).  Clemens  in  B.  C.  1149.  Isocrates, 
Ephorus,  Democritus,  and  Phanias  seemed  to  have  in- 
clined to  the  later,  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  the  author  of 
the  Life  of  Homer,  and  the  compiler  of  the  Parian  Marble, 
to  the  earlier  period.  The  date  now  usually  received,  B.  c. 
1183,  is  that  of  Eratosthenes,  whose  chronology  was  purely 
artificial  and  rested  on  no  solid  basis.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  principal  views  on  this  subject : Duris  placed 
the  fall  of  Troy  in  1335  B.  c.;  author  of  the  Life  of  Homer, 
1270 ; Herodotus,  1260 ; Thucydides,  1260 ; Parian  Marble, 
1209;  Eratosthenes,  1183;  Sosibius,  1171;  Ephorus,  1109; 
Clemens,  1149.  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  II.  223,  note. 

Trollope  (trol'up),  Anthony.  Born  at  London, 
April  24, 1815 : died  Dec.  6,  1882.  An  English 
novelist,  son  of  Frances  Trollope.  He  studied  at 
Harrow  and  Winchester,  and  spent  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  in  the  postal  service,  as  inspector  in  Ireland,  England, 
and  abroad.  He  assisted  in  establishing  the  “Fortnightly 
Review  ” in  1865.  In  1867  he  retired  from  the  post-office 
and  undertook  the  management  of  “ St.  Paul’s,”  a maga- 
zine which  existed  only  for  about  31  years.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1868  on  post-office  affairs  and  with  a 
view  to  establishing  an  international  copyright.  Among 
his  novels,  in  many  of  which  the  same  characters 
(notably  Mrs.  Proudie  and  Lady  Glencora)  and  the  same 
localities  reappear,  retaining  their  identity,  are  “ The 
Macdermots  of  Ballycloran  ” (1847),  “ The  Kellys  and 
the  O’Kellvs”  (1848),  “La  Vendee”  (1850),  “The  War- 
den" (1855),  “Barchester  Towers”  (1857),  "The  Three 
Clerks”  (1858),  “Doctor  Thorne”  (1858),  “The  Bertrams” 
(1859),  “ Castle  Richmond  ’’(I860),  “Orley  Farm  "(1861-62), 
"Framley  Parsonage”  (1861),  "Tales  of  All  Countries” 
(1861-631,  "The  Struggles  of  Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson” 
(1862),  “ Rachel  Ray"  (l863),  " The  Small  House  at  Ailing- 
ton”  (1864).  “Can  You  Forgive  Her?”  (1864),  “Miss  Mac- 
kenzie" (1865),  “The  Claverings”  (1867),  “Nina  Balatka" 
(1867),  “The  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset  ” (1867),  “ Linda  Tres- 
sel"  (1868),  “He  Knew  He  was  Right”  (1869),  “Phineas 
Finn”  (1869),  “The  Vicar  of  Bullhampton  ” (1870),  “Sir 
Harry  Hotspur  of  Humblethwaite  ’’  (1870),  “ Phineas 
Redux”  (18732,  “Lady  Anna”  (1874),  “Harry  Heathcote, 
etc.” (1874\  “The  Way  we  Live  Now  ” (1875),  “The  Prime 
Minister"  (1876),  “The  American  Senator''(l877),  “Is  He 
Popenjoy?”  (1878),  “John  Caldigate”  (1879),  “An  Eye  for 
an  Eye”  (1879),  “Cousin  Henry”  (1879),  “The  Duke’s 
Children"  (1880),  “Ayala’s  Angel”  (1881),  “Dr.  Wortle’s 
School  ” (1881),  “The  Fixed  Period  ” (1882),  “Kept  in  the 
Dark”  (1882),  “ Marion  Fay  ” (1882),  “Mr.  Scarborough’s 
Family  ” (1882),  “The  Land  Leaguers ’’ (unfinished,  1882), 
“An  Old  Man’s  Love"  (1884).  His  “ Autobiography”  was 
published  in  1883 : it  was  written  in  1875-76,  with  additions 
in  1879.  Among  his  books  of  travel  are  “The  West  Indies 
and  the  Spanish  Main”  (1859).  “North  America"  (1862), 
and  travels  in  South  Africa,  Australia,  etc.  He  also  wrote 
lives  of  Cicero  (1880),  and  of  Thackeray  (in  “English  Men 
of  Letters,"  1879),  etc. 

Trollope,  Mrs.  (Frances  Milton).  Bom  at  Sta- 
pleton, near  Bristol,  1780:  died  at  Florence,  Oct. 
6, 1863.  An  English  novelist  and  writer  of  trav- 
els, the  mother  of  Anthony  and  T.  Adolphus 
Trollope.  She  lived  in  the  United  States  1829-32.  She 
wrote  “Domestic Mannersof  theAmericans  "(1832  : which 
created  much  comment)  and  various  travels  on  the  Conti- 
nent. Among  her  numerous  novels  are  “The  Vicar  of 
Wrexhill,”  “The  Widow  Barnaby,”  and  “Petticoat  Gov- 
ernment.” 

Trollope,  Thomas  Adolphus.  Bom  April  29, 
1810:  died  at  Clifton,  Nov.  11,  1892.  An  Eng- 
lish writer,  brother  of  Anthony  Trollope.  Hewas 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford.  He  went  to  Italy  in 
1843,  and  resided  in  Florence  till  1873,  when  he  went  to 
Rome.  About  1890  he  returned  to  England.  He  wrote 
“A  Summer  in  Brittany " (1840),  “A  Summer  in  Western 
France  ” (1841),  “ Impressions  of  a Wanderer,  etc.”  (1850), 
“ The  Girlhood  of  Catherine  de’ Medici  ”(1856),  “A  Decade 
of  Italian  Women  ” (1859  : Vittoria  Colonna  was  included 
in  this),  “Tuscany  in  1849  and  in  1859”  (1859),  “Filippo 
Strozzi”  (1860),  “Paul  V.  the  Pope  and  Paul  the  Friar” 
(1860),  “A  Lenten  Journey  in  Umbria,  etc.”  (1862),  “ A His- 
tory of  the  Commonwealth  of  Florence”  (1865),  “The  Pa- 
pal Conclaves  as  they  Were  and  as  they  Are  ”(1876),  “ Life 
of  Pope  Pius  the  Ninth  "(1877),  “A  Peep  Behind  the  Scenes 
at  Rome  ” (1877),  “ Sketches  from  French  History  ” (1878), 
“ What  I Remember  ” (1887),  etc.  He  wrote  also  a num- 
ber of  novels,  among  them  “La  Beata,”  “Lindisfarn  Chase,” 
“ Diamond  Cut  Diamond. ’’and  “TheGarstangsof  Garstang 
Grange."  His  second  wife,  Frances  Eleanor  Ternan,  has 
written  a number  of  novels,  among  them  “Aunt  Margaret’s 
Trouble,”  “ The  Sacristan’s  Household,”  and  “That  Unfor- 
tunate Marriage.”  With  her  husband  she  wrote  “Homes 
and  Haunts  of  the  Italian  Poets  " (1881). 

Tromp  (tromp),  Cornells  or  Cornelius.  Born 
Sept..  9,  1629 : died  at  Amsterdam,  May  29, 1691. 
A Dutch  admiral,  son  of  M.  H.  Tromp.  He  ob- 
tained a command  against  the  Algerine  pirates  at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  and  was  promoted  rear-admiral  about  1653 
He  was  defeated  by  the  English  at  Solebay  in  1665  ; served 


Trowbridge,  John 

under  De  Ruyter  in  1666  ; and  gained  several  victories  over 
the  Allies  in  1673.  He  afterward  assisted  the  Danes  against 
the  Swedes,  and  became  lieutenant-admiral-general  of  the 
United  Provinces  on  the  death  of  De  Ruyter  in  1676. 

Tromp,  Martin  Harpertzoon.  Born  at  Briel, 
Netherlands,  1597 : killed  July  31, 1653.  A Dutch 
admiral.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1624 ; was  made  lieuten- 
ant-admiral in  1637  ; gained  two  decisive  victories  over 
the  Spaniards  in  1639 ; was  worsted  by  Blake  in  the  Downs 
May  19,  1662 ; defeated  Blake  off  Dungeness  Nov.  29, 1652 ; 
fought  a drawn  battle  with  Blake,  Monk,  and  Deane  in  the 
Channel  Feb.  18-20,  1653;  fought  an  indecisive  engage- 
ment with  Deane  and  Monk  in  the  Channel  in  June  ; and 
was  defeated  by  Monk  off  t he  Texel,  and  killed,  J uly  31,1653. 

Trompeter  von  Sackingen,  Der.  [G.,  ‘The 

Trumpeter  of  Sackingen,’]  A popular  epic  poem 
by  Joseph  Victor  von  Scheffel  (published  in 
1853),  which  has  reached  its  200th  edition  in  Ger- 
many. It  has  been  translated  into  English  under  the  title 
of  “The  Trumpeter:  a Romance  of  the  Rhine,”  and  is  the 
subject  of  several  operas  : one  by  Victor  Nessler  was  pro- 
duced in  1884. 

Tromso  (trom'se).  The  capital  of  the  stiff  and 
amt  of  Tromso,  Norway,  situated  on  the  small 
island  Tromso,  in  Tromso  Sound,  in  lat.  69°  39' 
N.,  long.  18°  57'  E._  It  has  seal-  and  walrus-fish- 
eries, and  a trade  in  furs  and  fish.  Population, 
7,447. 

Trondhjem  (trond'yem).  A stiff  in  central  Nor- 
way. 

Trondhjem,  or  Tbrondhjem  (trond'yem),  or 
Drontheim  (dront'him).  A seaport  and  the 
third  city  in  Norway,  capital  of  Trondhjem 
stiff,  situated  on  the  Trondhjem  Fjord  in  lat. 
63°  27'  N.,  long.  10°  23'  E.  It  has  important  foreign 
and  domestic  commerce ; exports  fish,  lumber,  copper,  etc. ; 
and  has  ship-building  and  manufactures.  Its  cathedral,  the 
most  notable  church  in  Scandinavia,  was  founded  in  the 
11th  century,  but  rebuilt  in  the  12th  and  13th.  The  Roman- 
esque transept,  with  its  tower,  and  the  beautiful  chapter- 
house  are  of  the  12th  century ; and  the  choir,  with  its 
chapels  and  the  octangular  chevet,  and  the  impressive 
nave  are  of  the  13th.  The  eastern  end  of  the  church  is 
architecturally  distinct  from  the  remainder  of  the  build- 
ing, and  forms  a feature  of  the  nature  of  Becket’s  Crown 
at  Canterbury.  The  western  facade  exhibits  a rose- window 
and  a profusion  of  sculpture.  The  cathedral  was  an  early 
burial-place  for  the  kings  of  Norway,  and  is  now  the  place 
of  their  coronation.  It  has  for  many  years  been  under- 
going a careful  restoration.  The  city  was  founded  toward 
the  end  of  the  10th  century.  Population,  45,228. 

Trondhjem  Fjord.  A fiord  on  the  western  coast 
of  Norway,  extending  inland  about  70  miles. 

Trophonius  (tro-fo'ni-us).  [Gr.  Tpotpuvior.]  A 
Greek  architect,  reputed  to  have  been  the  son 
of  Erginus,  king  of  Orchomenus,  or  of  Apollo. 
He  is  said  to  have  built,  with  his  brother  Agamedes,  the 
temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  He  was  celebrated  as  a hero 
after  his  death,  and  had  an  oracle  in  a cave  near  Lebadeia 
in  Boeotia. 

Troppau  (trop'pou).  A former  principality, 
now  in  large  part  belonging  to  Prussia. 

Troppau,  Slav.  Opava.  The  capital  of  Austri  an 
Silesia,  situated  on  the  Oppa,  on  the  Prussian 
frontier,  in  lat.  49°  56'  N.,  long.  17°  54'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, 30,686,  (1910). 

Troppau,  Congress  of.  A congress  of  the  mon- 
arch of  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  held  at 
Troppau  Oct. -Dec.,  1820,  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
liberating on  the  Neapolitan  revolution  and 
other  popular  movements,  and  preserving  the 
Holy  Alliance. 

Trossachs,  or  Trosachs  (tros'aks).  A romantic 
valley  in  the  Highlands  of  western  Perthshire, 
between  Lochs  Katrine  and  Achray : made  cel- 
ebrated by  Scott  in  the  “Lady  of  the  Lake.” 

Trotwood  (trot'wud),  Betsey.  The  eccentric 
but  kind-hearted  greataunt  of  David  Copper- 
field,  in  Dickens’s  novel  “David  Copperfield.” 

Troup  (trop),  George  McIntosh.  Born  at  Mc- 
Intosh Bluff,  Ga.,  Sept.  8, 1780 : died  in  Laurens 
County,  Ga.,  May  3,  1856.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Georgia  1807- 
1815 ; United  States  senator  1816-18 ; governor  of  Georgia 
1823-27;  and  United  States  senator  1829-33.  He  was  a 
promiuent  advocate  of  State  rights. 

Trousseau  (tro-so'),  Armand.  Born  at  Tours, 
France,  1801:  died  at  Paris,  June  27,  1867.  A 
noted  French  physician,  professor  in  the  medi- 
cal faculty  and  physician  at  the  Hotel  Dieu  at 
Paris.  He  wrote  “ Traits  de  thfrapeutique  et 
de  matifere  m6dieale  ” (1836-39),  etc. 

Trouville  (tro-vel').  A seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  France,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Touques  in  the  Bay  of  the  Seine, 
9 miles  south  of  Le  Havre.  It  is  a frequented  sea- 
side resort.  Population,  commune,  6,401.  On  the  other 
side  of  the  Touques  is  the  town  Deauville. 

Trovatore  (trd-va-to're),  II.  [It.,  ‘ The  Trou- 
badour.’] An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at 
Rome  iu  1853.  An  English  version,  “ The  Gip- 
sy’s Vengeance,”  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane 
in  1856. 

Trowbridge  (tro'brij),  John.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1843.  An  American  physicist, 


Trowbridge,  John 

Rumford  professor  of  applied  science  at  Har- 
vard 1888-1910,  and  director  of  the  Jefferson 
physical  laboratory  at  Harvard  from  1884. 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend.  Born  at  Ogden, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  18,  1827.  An  American  novelist, 
poet,  and  editor.  Among  his  works  are  the  novels 
“Neighbor  Jackwood  ” (1857),  “Cud jo’s  Cave"  (1863), 
“Coupon  Bonds,  etc.”  (1871);  books  for  the  young,  “His 
Own  Master " (1877),  “The  Tinkham  Brothers’  Tide-Mill" 
(1884),  the  “ Jack  Hazard  " stories,  etc.  ; and  several  vols. 
of  poems,  notably  “The  Vagabonds,  and  Other  Poems” 
(1869),  “The  Book  of  Gold  ’’  (1877),  “The  Lost  Earl  ” (1888). 

Trowbridge,  William  Petit.  Born  in  Oakland 
County, Mich., May 25, 1828:  diedatNewHaven, 
Conn.,  Aug.  12,  1892.  An  American  engineer. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1848  ; was  for  many  years 
connected  with  the  United  States  Coast  Survey;  and  be- 
came professor  of  engineering  in  the  School  of  Mines  at 
Columbia  College  in  1876.  He  published  “Heat  as  a 
Source  of  Power  ” (1874),  etc. 

Troy  (troi).  [L.  Troja,  Gr.  T poia,  T poi-q,  Tputa, 
Tpuir/.’]  An  ancient  city  of  the  Troad,  famous 
in  Greek  legend  as  the  capital  of  Priam  and  the 
object  of  the  siege  by  the  allied  Greeks  under 
Agamemnon.  See  Iliad  and  Trojan  War.  The 
site  of  this  Homeric  city  was  generally  believed  in  an- 
tiquity to  be  identical  with  that  of  the  Greek  Ilium  (which 
see),  the  modern  Hissarlik;  and  this  view  has  been  sup- 
ported in  recent  times  most  notably  by  Schliemann,  whose 
explorations  at  Hissarlik  laid  bare  remains  of  a series  (6 
or  7)  of  ancient  towns,  one  above  the  other,  at  least  one  of 
which  is  universally  admitted  to  be  prehistoric.  The  third 
and  later  the  second  from  the  bottom  he  identified  with 
the  Homeric  town.  On  the  other  hand,  some  scholars  re- 
gard the  situation  of  Ilium  as  irreconcilable  with  Homer's 
description  of  Troy,  and  prefer  a site  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  modern  BunArbashi,  holding  Schliemann's  results  to 
be  inconclusive. 

Troy  (troi).  The  capital  of  Rensselaer  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  6 miles  north  of  Albany,  at  the  head  of 
steam  navigation  of  the  Hudson,  it  is  practically 
the  terminus  of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals,  and  has 
extensive  manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  stoves,  shirts,  col- 
lars, etc.  It  iB  the  seat  of  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute. Troy  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  18th  century,  and  was  incorporated  in  1816.  The 
name  Troy  was  adopted  in  1789.  Pop.,  76,813,  (1910). 

Troy,  West.  See  West  Troy. 

Troya  (tro'ya),  Carlo.  Born  at  Naples,  June 
7,  1784:  died  there,  July  27, 1858.  An  Italian 
historian,  a writer  on  Dante  and  on  early  Ital- 
ian history.  His  chief  work  is  “ Storia  d’ltalia 
del  medio  evo”  (1839-51). 

Troyes  (trwa).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  several  arms  of 
the  Seine  in  lat.  48°  18'  N.,  long.  4°  4'  E. : the 
Roman  Augustobona  and  the  ML.  Tree*  and 
Trecas.  It  has  large  manufactures  of  stockings,  etc., 
and  flourishing  trade.  Its  cathedral  is  in  great  part  of  the 
13th  century,  with  a fine  Flamboyant  west  front.  It  has 
double  aisles  and  numerous  chapels  ; the  nave  is  unusu- 
ally wide,  and  the  effect  is  of  notable  lightness  and  space. 
There  is  much  old  glass,  splendid  in  color.  The  length  is 
374  feet,  the  height  96.  Troyes  was  the  capital  of  the  Tri- 
casses(or  Tricassi)  ; was  sacked  by  the  Normans  ; and  be- 
came the  capital  of  Champagne  and  a great  commercial 
center.  It  is  said  to  have  given  name  to  troy  weight.  It 
took  a leading  part  in  the  Hundred  Years’ War ; sided  with 
the  Burgundians  ; and  was  taken  from  the  English  by  Joan 
of  Arc  in  1429.  It  accepted  the  Reformation,  and  was  in- 
jured by  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1685. 
Population,  commune,  53,447. 

Troyes,  Chrestien  de.  See  Chrestien  de  Troyes. 
Troyes,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  between  Henry  V. 
of  England  and  France,  1420,  by  which  Henry 

V.  was  to  marry  Catharine,  daughter  of  Charles 

VI. ,  to  become  regent  of  France,  and  to  succeed 
to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Charles. 

Troynovant.  The  name  given  to  London  in  the 
early  chronicles,  as  the  city  of  the  Trinobantes. 
In  Layamon’s  “Brut” it  is  given  as  Trinovant. 
Troyon  (trwa-yon'),  Constant.  Born  at  Sevres, 
France,  Aug.  25,  1810:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  21, 
1865.  A noted  French  landscape-  and  animal- 
painter.  Among  his  numerous  works  are  “Val- 
ley of  LaTouque,”  “Oxen  Going  to  Work,”  “Re- 
turn to  the  Farm,”  etc. 

Triibner  (trtib'ner),  Nikolaus.  Born  at  Heidel- 
berg, June  12,  1817 : died  at  London,  March  30, 
1884.  A German-English  publisher  and  book- 
seller in  London.  He  made  specialties  of 
American  and  Oriental  subjects. 

Truce  of  God.  A suspension  of  private  feuds 
which  was  observed,  chiefly  in  the  1 1th  and  12th 
centuries,  in  France,  Italy,  England,  and  else- 
where. The  terms  of  such  a tmee  usually  provided  that 
such  feuds  should  cease  on  all  the  more  important,  church 
festivals  and  fasts,  or  from  Thursday  evening  to  Monday 
morning,  or  during  the  period  of  Lent,  or  the  like.  This 
practice,  introduced  by  the  church  during  the  middle  ages 
to  mitigate  the  evils  of  private  war,  fell  gradually  into 
disuse  as  the  rulers  of  the  various  countries  became  more 
powerful. 

Truckee  (truk-e').  A town  in  Nevada  County, 
California,  situated  on  Truckee  River  and  on 


1011 

the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  91  miles  northeast 
of  Sacramento. 

Truckee  River.  A river  in  eastern  California 
and  western  Nevada  which  flows  from  Lake 
Tahoe  into  Pyramid  Lake.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Truculentus  (truk-u-len'tus).  [L.,  ‘ fierce,’ 
‘ stern.’]  A comedy  by  Plautus. 

Truewit  (tro'wit).  A scholar  and  gentleman, 
the  exposit  or  of  the  other  characters  in  J onson’s 
“ Epicoene.”  Dryden  says  in  the  preface  to  his  “ Even- 
ing’s Love”  that  he  is  the  best  character  of  a gentleman 
that  Ben  Jonson  ever  made. 

Trujillo,  or  Truxillo  (tro-hel'yo).  A seaport 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Honduras,  near  long. 
85°  58'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1525.  Popula- 
tion, about  3,000. 

Trujillo,  or  Truxillo.  A town  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Libertad,  Peru,  about  3 miles  from  the 
coast,  in  lat.  8°  8'  S.  It  was  founded  by  Francisco 
Pizarro,  in  1535,  near  an  Indian  town  of  the  Chirnus  (see 
Chirnu).  Population,  about  8,000. 

Trujillo,  Intendency  of.  See  Libertad. 

Truli  (tro'li).  [MGr.  T povloi.)  See  the  extract. 

Some  Gothic  soldiers  bought  from  some  Vandals  a trula 
of  wheat  for  an  aureus.  As  the  trula  was  only  the  third 
part  of  a pint,  and  the  aureus  was  worth  about  twelve 
shillings,  the  bargain  did  not  redound  greatly  to  the  profit 
of  the  Visigoths,  who  received  from  the  other  nation  the 
contemptuous  nickname  of  Truli.  Many  a time,  as  we 
can  well  imagine,  were  the  streets  of  Spanish  towns  made 
red  with  Teuton  blood,  and  the  yellow  locks  of  slain  bar- 
barians lay  thick  across  the  pathway,  after  the  taunting 
shout  “Truli,  Truli  ” and  some  unknown  word  of  answering 
defiance  had  greeted  the  ears  of  the  trembling  provincials. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  416. 

Trullan  (trul'an)  Council.  1.  The  sixth  ecu- 
menical council,  held  in  the  imperial  palace  in 
Constantinople,  Nov.  7,  680, -Sept.  16,  681:  so 
named  from  the  domed  hall  (trullus)  in  which 
it  was  held.  It  deposed  Macarius,  patriarch  of  Alexan- 
dria, as  a Monothelite,  and  condemned  Pope  Honorius  I. 
for  holding  similar  views. 

2.  The  name  of  the  Quinisext  Council,  held  at 
Constantinople  in  692,  considered  as  ecumeni- 
cal in  the  Eastern  Church,  but  not  so  acknow- 
ledged in  the  Western:  called  the  second  Trul- 
lan Council  or  Synod.  It  allowed  the  continuance  in 
marriage  of  the  priests,  and  passed  a number  of  canons  in- 
consistent with  Roman  authority  and  Western  legislation 
and  usages. 

Trulliber  (trul'i-ber),  Parson.  In  Fielding’s 
novel  “Joseph  Andrews,”  a coarse  and  brutal 
curate  represented  as  lacking  all  the  virtues 
which  Parson  Adams  (see  Adams)  possessed. 
He  is  exhibited  in  an  interview  with  Adams  in  which  the 
latter’s  request  for  a small  sum  of  money  brings  out  all  the 
uncharitableness  and  brutality  of  Trulliber’s  nature. 

Trumbull  (trum'bul),  Benjamin.  Born  at  He- 
bron, Conn.,  Dec.  19, 1735:  died  at  North  Haven, 
Conn.,  Feb.  2,  1820.  An  American  clergyman 
and  historian.  His  chief  works  are  a “Complete  His- 
tory of  Connecticut  from  1630  tiU  1713 ”(1797) and  a “Gen- 
eral History  of  the  United  States  of  America”  (1765,  1810). 

Trumbull,  James  Hammond.  Born  at  Ston- 
ington,  Conn.,  Dec.  20, 1821 : died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Aug.  5,  1897.  An  American  philolo- 
gist aud  historical  writer:  an  authority  on  the 
languages  of  the  North  American  Indians.  His 
works  include  “ Composition  of  Indian  Geographical 
Names”  (1870),  “Best  Method  of  Studying  the  Indian 
Languages”  (1871),  several  works  on  Algonkin,  “Defense 
of  Stonington  ” (1864),  “The  True  Blue  Laws  of  Connec- 
ticutand  New  Haven, etc."(1877), “Indian  NamesofPlaces 
in  . . . Connecticut  "(1881),  etc. 

Trumbull,  John.  Bom  at  Westbury  (the  pres- 
ent Watertown),  Conn.,  April  24, 1750:  died  at 
Detroit,  Mich.,  May  10, 1831.  An  American  law- 
yer and  poet.  He  wrote  the  burlesque  epic  “ McFin- 
gal”  (1775)  in  imitation  of  “Hudibras,”  “l.legy  on  the 
Times”  (1774),  etc.,  and  collaborated  with  Barlow  and 
others  on  the  “Anarchiad.” 

Trumbull,  J ohn.  Born  at  Lebanon , Conn . , Jun  e 
6,  1756:  died  at  New  York  city,  Nov.  10,  1843. 
An  American  painter,  son  of  Jonathan  Trum- 
bull. He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  attaining  the 
rank  of  colonel  and  deputy  adjutant-general;  studied  in 
London  under  West,  and  on  the  Continent ; and  settled  as 
a portrait-painter  in  New  York  in  1804.  He  gave  a large 
collection  of  his  paintings  to  Yale  College.  Among  his 
works  are  portraits  of  Washington,  Adams  Jefferson,  and 
others,  “Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,”  “Death  of  Montgomery," 
four  pictures  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington 
(“The  Declaration  of  Independence,”  “The  Surrender  of 
Burgoyne,”  “The  Surrender  of  Cornwallis,”  “The  Resig- 
nation of  Washington”),  etc. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
Oct.  12,  1710;  died  there,  Aug.  17,  1785.  An 
American  magistrate  and  patriot.  HewasaWhig 
leader  in  New  England  during  the  Revolutionary  period, 
and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1769-83.  He  was  a friend 
and  adviser  of  Washington,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the 
original  “ Brother  Jonathan,”  that  being  Washington’s 
familiar  name  for  him. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
March  26,  1740 : died  there,  Aug.  7,  1809.  An 


Tschudi,  .ffigidius 

American  statesman,  son  of  Jonathan  Trumbull. 
He  served  on  Washington’s  staff  in  the  Revolutionary  War ; 
was  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  1789- 
1795 ; was  speaker  of  the  House  1791-93  ; was  United  States 
senator  1795-96 ; and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1798- 
1809. 

Triimmelbach  (trum'mel-bach)  Fall.  A noted 
cascade  in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland, 
near  Lauterbrunnen. 

Trumpeter  of  Sackingen.  See  Trompeter. 
Trunnion  (trun'yon),  Commodore  Hawser. 

The  kind-hearted  uncle  of  Peregrine  Pickle,  in 
Smollett’s  novel  of  that  name.  He  gives  every- 
thing a nautical  turn,  and  utters  volleys  of 
oaths. 

Truro  (tro'ro).  A seaport  and  the  chief  town 
of  Cornwall,  England,  situated  near  Truro 
Creek  8 miles  north  of  Falmouth.  There  are 
tin-mines  in  its  neighborhood.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a bishopric.  Population,  11,562. 

Truro.  The  chief  town  of  Colchester  County, 
Nova  Scotia,  situated  at  the  head  of  Cobequid 
Bay,  54  miles  north-northeast  of  Halifax.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,107,  (1911). 

Truth.  A poem  hy  Chaucer,  usually  known 
as  “Flee  from  the  Press”  (“Fie  fro  the 
Pres”). 

Truth  (troth),  Sojourner.  Born  in  Ulster 
County,  N.  Y.,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th 
century:  died  at  Battle  Creek,  Mich.,  Nov.  26, 
1883.  A negro  lecturer  and  reformer,  origi- 
nally a slave.  She  obtained  her  freedom  probably  in 
1817,  at  which  time  New  York  liberated  all  her  slaves  who 
were  over  40  years  of  age. 

Truxillo.  See  Trujillo. 

Truxtun  (truks'tun),  or  Truxton  (truks'ton), 
Thomas.  Born  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  Feb., 
1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  5,  1822.  An 
American  naval  officer,  distinguished  as  a com- 
mander of  privateers  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
In  the  French  war  he  defeated  the  frigate  L'Insurgente 
Feb.  9, 1799,  and  La  Vengeance  in  Jan.,  1800,  hut  the  latter 
escaped  owing  to  a storm. 

Tryon  (tri'on),  Dwight  William.  Born  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1849.  An  American  land- 
scape-painter. 

Tryon  (tri'on),  William.  Bornin  Ireland  about 
1725:  died  at  London,  Dec.  27, 1788.  A British 
colonial  governor  in  America,.  He  was  governor  of 
North  Carolina  1765-71 ; suppressed  the  “Regulators’  ” re- 
volt ; was  governor  of  New  York  1771-78  ; and  conducted 
various  expeditions  against  Connecticut  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War. 

Tsaribrod,  or  Zaribrod  (tsar'i-brod).  A place 
in  Bulgaria,  34  miles  north-northwest  of  Sofia. 
There,  Nov.  23,  1885,  the  Bulgarians  defeated 
the  Servians. 

Tsaritzin  (tsar-it'zin).  A town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga 
230  miles  northwest  of  Astrakhan.  It  has  im- 
portant transit  trade  by  railway  and  river.  Pop- 
ulation, 67,650. 

Tsarskoe  Selo  (tsar'sko-e  sa-lo').  A town  in 
the  government  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  about 
15  miles  south  of  St.  Petersburg,  it  contains  a 
famous  imperial  palace,  a favorite  summer  residence  of 
the  court.  The  Old  Palace,  begun  in  1744,  is  780  feet  long. 
The  interior  is  richly  decorated ; the  walls  of  one  room 
are  incrusted  with  amber,  those  of  another  with  lapis  la- 
zuli. The  magnificent  marble  gallery,  270  feet  long,  con- 
nects the  palace  with  a detached  building.  The  park  is 
full  of  caprices,  such  as  a Chinese  tower  and  village,  an 
Egyptian  pyramid,  a Turkish  kiosk,  and  the  so-called  doll- 
houses of  the  princesses. 

Tschaikovsky  (chi-  kof ' ski),  Peter  Hitch. 
Born  at  Votkinsk,  government  of  Perm,  Dec. 
25,  1840 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  6,  1893. 
A noted  Russian  composer.  In  1862,  when  the  Con- 
servatory of  Music  was  founded  at  St  Petersburg,  he  gave 
up  an  official  position  to  devote  himself  to  music.  He 
studied  composition  with  Anton  Rubinstein,  and  harmony 
and  counterpoint  with  Zaremba ; and  from  1866  to  1877 
was  professor  of  harmony,  composition,  and  the  history  of 
music  in  the  conservatory  at  Moscow.  From  1878  he  gave 
himself  entirely  to  composition.  He  visited  England  in 
1881  and  1889.  In  1891  he  came  to  New  York  at  the  invi- 
tation of  the  New  York  Symphony  Society,  and  conducted 
a number  of  his  own  compositions.  He  wrote  several 
operas  and  other  music,  but  is  best  known  from  his  “Fifth 
Symphony  in  E minor,”  “Fourth  Symphony  in  F minor," 
“Third  Suite,”  “Francesca  daRimini”  (a  symphonic  poem), 
and  his  two  overtures  to  “Hamlet"  and  “Romeo  and 
Juliet" respectively.  His  “Sixth Symphony  ” was  not  per- 
formed till  after  his  death. 

Tschermak  (cher'mak),  Gustav.  Born  at  Lit- 
tau,  Moravia,  April  19,  1836.  A noted  Austrian 
mineralogist,  professor  at  Vienna  from  1868.  lie 
is  a specialist  in  petrography,  crystallography,  and  the 
study  of  meteorites,  and  has  published  “ Lehrbuch  der 
Mineralogie ” (2d  ed.  1885),  etc.,  and  numerous  scientific 
papers. 

Tschesme.  See  Tcliesme. 

Tscbudi  (ebo'de),  jEgidius  or  Gilg.  Born  at 
Glarus,  Switzerland,  1505:  died  Feb.  28,  1572. 
A Swiss  historian  and  Roman  Catholic  theolo- 
gian, called  “the  father  of  Swiss  history.”  nil 


Tschudi,  .SIgidius 

most  noted  work  is  his  “Chronicon  helveticum,”  a Swiss 
history  of  the  period  1000-1470,  published  after  his  death 
(1734-36). 

Tschudi,  Johann  Jakob  von.  Born  at  Glarus, 
Switzerland,  July  25,  1818:  died  in  Jakobs- 
thal,  Oct.  8,  1889.  A Swiss  naturalist,  philol- 
ogist, traveler,  and  diplomatist.  He  traveled  in 
Peru  1838-43,  and  later  again  in  South  America  ; and  was 
ambassador  to  Brazil  1860,  and  to  Austria  1866-83.  He 
wrote  “Fauna  Peruana"  (1844-47),  “ Peruanische  Reise- 
skizzen  "(“  Peruvian  Travels,”  1846),  “Die  Kechua-Sprache” 
(1853),  “ Reisen  durch  Siidamerika  " (“Travels  through 
South  America,"  1866-68),  “Organismus  der  Kechua- 
Sprache”  (1884),  etc.,  and  was  part  author  of  “Antigue- 
dades  Peruanas”  (1851). 

Tseng,  or  Tsting  (tsung),  Marquis.  Born  1839  : 
died  April  12,  1890.  A Chinese  diplomatist, 
ambassador  at  Paris  and  London. 

Tsimshian  (tsim-she-an').  The  principal  divi- 
sion of  the  Chimmesyan  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  living  mainly  on  Skeena  River, 
western  British  Columbia.  It  embraces  the  Ts'em- 
sian,  Gyits’umralon,  Gyits’alaser,  Gyitqatla,  Gyitgaata,  and 
Gyidesdzo  tribes,  most  of  which  comprise  numerous  sub- 
tribes, each  inhabiting  a single  village.  Also  Chemsian , 
Chimsian,  Simpsian,  Tshimsian,  Tsimsian.  See  Chimme- 
syan. 

Tsimsian.  See  Tsimshian. 

Tsi-nan(tse-nan').  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Shan-tung,  situated  about  lat.  36°  40'  N., 
near  the  Hwang-ho.  Population,  34,887.  Also 
6,000  floating  population. 

Tsing,  properly  Ta  Tsing  (ta  tsing).  [‘Great 
Pure.’]  The  name  of  the  Manchu  dynasty  of 
China  (1644-1912). 

Tsugaru  Strait.  See  Sangar  Strait. 

Tsushima  (tso-she'ma')  Islands.  Two  islands 
belonging  to  Japan,  situated  in  the  Channel  of 
Korea  south  of  Korea  and  northwest  of  Kiusiu. 
Tualatim.  See  Atfalati. 

Tuam  (tii'am).  A townin  the  county  of  Galway, 
Ireland,  19  miles  northeast  of  Galway  : the  seat 
of  an  Anglican  bishopric  and  a Roman  Catho- 
lic archbishopric.  Population,  2,896. 
Tuamotu  Islands.  See  Low  Archipelago. 
Tubal  (tu'bal).  One  of  the  sons  of  Japheth,  ac- 
cording to  the  account  in  Genesis. 

Tubal  and  Meshech,  whose  Dames  follow  that  of  Javan, 
are  almost  always  coupled  together  in  the  Old  Testament, 
and  were  famous  for  their  skill  in  archery.  In  the  Assyrian 
inscriptions  the  names  appear  as  Tubla  and  Muska,  and 
they  were  known  to  the  classical  geographers  as  Tibareni 
and  Moskhi.  In  classical  days,  however,  their  seats  were 
further  to  the  north  than  they  had  been  in  the  age  of  the 
Assyrian  monuments.  In  the  time  of  Sargon  and  Sen- 
nacherib their  territories  still  extended  as  far  south  as  Ci- 
licia and  the  northern  half  of  Komagene.  Later  they  were 
forced  to  retreat  northward  towards  the  Black  Sea,  and  it 
was  in  this  region  of  Asia  Minor  that  Xenophon  and  his 
Greek  troops  found  their  scanty  remains. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  48. 

Tubal.  A Jew,  the  friend  of  Shylock,  in  Shak- 
spere’s  “Merchant  of  Venice.” 

Tubal-Cain  (tu'bal-kan  or  -ka'in).  Son  of  La- 
ntech the  Cainite  and  Zillah:  the  pioneer  of 
workers  in  brass  and  iron,  according  to  the  ac- 
count in  Genesis. 

Tubantes  (tu-ban'tez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Tubantes, 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  T ovpavroi.]  A German  tribe  lo- 
cated by  Tacitus  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
north  of  the  Lippe,  in  territory  afterward  occu- 
pied by  the  Usipites.  Ptolemy  subsequently  places 
them  fur  ther  to  the  south,  back  from  the  Rhine,  near  the 
Chatti.  They  were  probably  merged  ultimately  in  the 
Alamanni. 

Tubar  (to-bar').  See  Tardhumar. 

Tubingen  (tii'bing-en).  A town  in  the  Black 
Forest  Circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neckar,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ammer  and  Stein- 
lach,  18  miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart. 
The  castle  Hohentiibingen,  built  in  the  first  half  of  the 
16th  century,  occupies  a commanding  position  : it  now 
contains  the  university  library.  The  university,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  in  Germany,  was  founded  by  Count  Eber- 
hard-im-Bart  in  1477.  It  adhered  to  the  Reformation,  and 
has  long  been  noted  for  its  theological  teaching,  which, 
especially  under  F.  C.  Baur,  founderof  theso-called “Tu- 
bingen School  "(which  see),  has  latterly  been  distinctively 
of  a liberal  and  advanced  type.  The  university  has  about 
100  instructors  and  over  2,000  students.  Tubingen  feU 
to  Wiirtemberg  in  1342.  It  was  taken  by  the  Swabian 
League  in  1519,  and  by  the  French  in  1647  and  1388.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  16,809. 

Tubingen,  Treaty  of.  A treaty,  concluded  on 
July  10,  1514,  by  which  Duke  Ulrich’s  subjects 
secured  certain  privileges  from  him  in  return 
for  their  payment  of  his  debts. 

Tubingen  School.  A name  given  to  a certain 
phase  of  modern  rationalistic  philosophy  which 
took  its  rise  (1825-60)  at  the  University  of  Tu- 
bingen, in  Germany,  under  Ferdinand  Christian 
Baur.  The  fundamental  principle  of  this  school  is  that 
the  books  of  the  New  Testament  were  written  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  certain  opinions  and  parties  in  the 
early  church  ; that  many  of  them  were  written  at  a later 
date  than  the  one  usually  assigned  to  them  ; and  that  they 
are  rather  valuable  as  indications  of  the  spirit  of  the 


1012 

early  church  than  as  authoritative  revelations  or  even  as 
authentic  records.  The  name  is  also  sometimes,  though 
more  rarely,  given  to  an  earlier  school  in  the  same  univer- 
sity which  taught  almost  exactly  the  reverse — namely,  the 
credibility,  integrity,  and  authority  of  the  New  Testament. 

Tubuai  (to-bo-i')  Islands.  A group  of  islands 
inPolynesia.south  of  the  Society  Islands,  belong- 
ing to  France  since  1881,  Also  called  Austral  Is- 
lands. Population,  1,881. 

Tubular  Bridge,  Britannia.  See  Britannia 
Tubular  Bridge. 

Tubus  (to-boz').  A tribe  of  the  Sahara. 

Tucca  (tuk'a),  Captain.  A bragging  bully  in 

Jonson’s  “Poetaster.”  Dekker  introduces  him  in  his 
“Satiromastix,”  but  without  the  success  which  attended 
Jonsou’s  character. 

Tucca  is  the  creation  of  Jonson.  He  is  described  as  a 
general  railer,  a man  whose  whole  conversation  is  made 
up  of  scurrilous  exaggerations  and  impossible  falsehoods. 

Gifford,  Memoirs  of  Ben  Jonson,  p.  xii.,  note. 

Tuck  (tuk),  Friar.  A vagabond  monk,  a charac- 
ter in  the  Robin  Hood  ballads  and  legends  and 
in  the  morris-dance.  Sir  Walter  Scott  intro- 
duces him  in  “Ivanhoe”  as  the  “holy  clerk  of 
Copmanhurst.” 

Tucker  (tuk'er),  Abraham.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  2,  1705:  died  Nov.  20,  1774.  An  English 
metaphysician  and  moralist.  He  wrote  “The 
Light  of  Nature  Pursued  ” under  the  pseudonym  “ Ed- 
ward Search ’’(4  vols.  1768  ; 3 vols.  edited  after  his  death; 
edited  again  by  Mildmay  1805). 

Tucker,  Charlotte  Maria.  Born  in  England 
in  1821 : died  in  India,  Dec.  2,  1893.  An  Eng- 
lish writer,  mostly  of  juvenile  or  religious  works 
under  the  signature  “A.  L.  O.  E.”  (A  Lady  of 
England).  When  she  was  fifty-four  years  old  she  went 
as  a missionary  to  India,  and  worked  there  for  eighteen 
years.  She  wrote  more  than  fifty  volumes,  the  proceeds 
of  which  were  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  missions. 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverley.  Born  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  Sept.  6,  1784:  died  at  Winches- 
ter, Va.,  Aug.  26,  1851.  An  American  jurist, 
novelist,  and  political  writer.  His  best-known 
work  is  the  novel  “The  Partisan  Leader:  a 
Tale  of  the  Future”  (1836). 

Tuckerman  (tuk'er-man),  Edward.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.,  1817 : died  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  March  15,  1886.  An  American  botanist, 
noted  as  a lichenologist : professor  at  Amherst 
College  from  1858. 

Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  April  20,  1813:  died  at  New  York, 
Dec.  17,  1871.  An  American  critic,  essayist, 
and  poet.  His  works  include  “Italian  Sketch-Book” 
(1835),  “Isabel,  or  Sicily”  (1839),  “Rambles  and  Reve- 
ries” (1841),  “Thoughts  on  the  Poets”  (1846),  “Artist 
Life”  (1847),  “Characteristics  of  Literature”  (1849-51), 
“Essays”  (1857),  and  “Book  of  the  Artists”  (1867). 

Tuckerman’s  Ravine.  [Named  from  Prof.  Ed- 
ward Tuckerman.]  A deep  ravine  on  the  side 
of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire. 

Tucson  (tu-son'  or  tuk'son).  The  capital  of 
Pima  County,  Arizona,  situated  on  the  Santa 
Cruz  River  in  lat.  32°  14'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  chief 
towns  of  the  Territory,  and  was  formerly  its  capitaL  An 
Indian  village,  of  unknown  age,  first  mentioned  in  1699, 
existed  on  the  site  of  the  present  city.  A presidio  was  es- 
tablished there  by  the  Spaniards  in  1776.  Population, 
13,193,  (1910). 

Tucuman  (to-ko-man').  A colonial  division 
( gobernacion ) of  Spanish  South  America,  itcor- 
responded  nearly  to  the  modern  provinces  of  Cordoba, 
Rioja,  Catamarca,  Santiago  del  Estero,  Tucuman,  Salta, 
and  Jujuy,  now  in  the  Argentine  Republic.  The  capital 
was  Tucuman.  It  was  a part  of  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru, 
subordinate  to  Charcas,  until  1776,  when  it  was  attached 
to  the  viceroyalty  of  La  Plata. 

Tucuman.  An  interior  province  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  surrounded  by  Salta,  Santiago 
del  Estero,  and  Catamarca.  The  surface  is  hilly. 
Principal  products  sugar,  rum,  and  wheat.  Area,  8,926 
square  mileB.  Population,  293,211. 

Tucuman,  or  San  Miguel  de  Tucuman.  The 

capital  of  the  province  of  Tucuman,  situated 
on  the  Tala.  Population,  55,000. 

Tucunas  (to-ko'nas),  or  Ticunas  (te-ko'nas). 
Indians  of  the  upper  Amazon  and  its  branches 
in  northeastern  Peru  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Brazil.  They  are  divided  into  many  small  hordes,  and 
are  savages  of  a rather  low  grade,  though  harmless  and 
friendly  to  the  whites.  The  Jesuits  labored  among  them 
from  1683  to  1727. 

Tudela  (to-THa'la).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Navarre,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ebro  47  miles 
northwest  of  Saragossa.  A victory  was  gained  near 
Tudela,  Nov.,  1808,  by  the  French  under  Lannes  over  the 
Spanish.  Population,  9,449. 

Tudor  (tu'dor).  [W.  Tewdyr,  L.  Theodoras,  Gr. 
Gebdcjpof:  see  Theodoras.']  An  English  dynasty, 
descended  on  the  male  side  from  Owen  Tudor, 
on  the  female  side  from  John  of  Gaunt  through 
the  Beauforts.  It  comprised  the  sovereigns 
Henry  VII.,  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth. 

Tudor,  Jasper,  Earl  of  Pembroke.  Died  Dec., 


Tula 

1495.  Son  of  Owen  Tudor  and  Catharine  of 
France,  and  uncle  of  Henry  VII.:  a Lancastrian 
partizan. 

Tudor,  Owen.  Executed  1461.  A Welsh  knight 
who  married  Catharine,  widow  of  Henry  V., 
and  was  grandfather  of  Henry  VH.  He  joined 
the  Lancastrians. 

Tuesday  (tuz'da).  The  third  day  of  the  week. 
Tufts  (tufts)  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing founded  by  Charles  Tufts,  situated  at  Med- 
ford, Massachusetts:  opened  in  1855.  It  is 
non-sectarian,  and  has  about  1,150  students. 
Tugendbund  (to'gent-bont).  A German  asso- 
ciation formed  at  Konigsberg,  1808,  with  the 
acknowledged  purpose  of  cultivating  patriot- 
ism, reorganizing  the  army,  and  encouraging 
education,  and  with  the  secret  aim  of  aiding  in 
throwing  off  the  French  yoke.  Frederick  William 
III.  was  forced  to  dissolve  it  in  1809 ; but  it  continued  in 
secret  for  several  years,  and  exerted  a very  considerable 
influence,  especially  in  1812.  It  was  vehemently  attacked 
in  1816  by  reactionary  politicians. 

Tuggurt  (tog-gort').  A town  in  an  oasis  in  the 
province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  about  lat.  33° 
14'  N. 

Tugb  (togh).  See  the  extract. 

The  Tugh,  or  ensign  of  the  Turkish  tribes,  was  origi- 
nally the  tail  of  a yak  ; but  when  the  Ottomans  left  Central 
Asia,  that  of  a horse  was  substituted.  Governors  of  prov- 
inces received  one,  two,  or  three  tughs,  according  to  their 
rank ; the  Sultan  alone  displayed  seven. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  278,  note. 
Tughra  (togh'ra).  See  the  extract. 

Among  the  functionaries  who  formed  the  first  depart- 
ment were  the  Defterdar,  or  Minister  of  Finance,  and  the 
Nishanji  Bashi,  whose  duty  was  to  trace  the  Tughra  or 
cypher  of  the  Sultan  at  the  head  of  all  the  documents  pre- 
sented to  him  for  that  purpose.  This  Tughra,  with  the 
appearance  of  which  most  of  us  are  familiar  from  seeing 
it  on  Turkish  coins  and  postage-stamps  or  on  pieces  of  em- 
broidery or  inlaid  mother-of-pearl  work,  contains,  orna- 
mentally written  as  a sort  of  monogram,  the  names  of  the 
reigning  Sultan  and  his  father,  together  with  the  title 
Khan  and  the  epithet  el-muzaffar-daima,  or  ‘ victor  ever.' 
The  Tughra  is  said  to  have  originated  in  this  way : Sultan 
Murad  I.  entered  into  a treaty  with  the  Ragusans,  but 
when  the  document  was  brought  for  his  signature,  he,  be- 
ing unable  to  write,  wetted  his  open  hand  with  ink  and 
pressed  it  on  the  paper.  The  first,  second,  and  third  fin- 
gers were  together,  but  the  thumb  and  fourth  finger  were 
apart.  Within  the  mark  thus  formed  the  scribes  wrote 
the  names  of  Murad  and  his  father,  the  title  Khan,  and  the 
“victor  ever.”  The  Tughra,  as  we  now  have  it,  is  the 
result  of  this  : the  three  long  upright  lines  represent  Mu- 
rad's  three  middle  fingers,  the  rounded  lines  at  the  left  side 
are  his  bent  thumb,  and  the  straight  ones  at  the  right  his 
little  finger.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  328. 

Tuhwalati.  See  Atfalati. 

Tuileries  (twe'le-riz;  F.  pron.  twel-re'),  Pal- 
ace of  the.  [F.  tuileries,  tile-kilns.]  A royal 
residence  formerly  existing  in  Paris,  connect- 
ed with  the  Louvre  by  wings.  In  1518  Francis  I. 
bought  a house  here  for  the  Duchesse  d’Angouleme. 
It  was  demolished  in  1664  by  Catharine  de’  Medici, 
who  began  the  erection  of  the  Tuileries,  which  was 
enlarged  by  Henry  IV.  and  Louis  XIV.  The  palace,  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  most  memorable  disasters  attending 
the  subversion  of  the  ancient  French  monarchy,  was  in- 
vaded by  the  mob  June  20,  and  stormed  by  the  mob  Aug. 
10,  1792,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Convention.  It  was 
taken  by  the  people  July  29,  1830,  and  Feb.  24,  1848, 
and  was  burned  by  the  Commune  in  1871,  the  ruins  not 
being  removed  till  1883.  Nothing  remains  except  the 
pavilions  at  the  two  extremities,  which  have  been  restored 
and  now  form  a rich  architectural  termination  to  the  two 
extended  arms  of  the  Louvre.  Its  history  as  a royal  resi- 
dence came  to  an  end  with  the  battle  of  Sedan  and  the 
departure  of  the  empress  Eugdnie.  The  Jardin  des  Tuile- 
ries, a popular  promenade,  was  enlarged  in  1889,  and  now 
covers  the  site  of  the  palace.  The  Quai  des  Tuileries  ex- 
isted at  a very  early  period  as  the  road  to  St.-Cloud.  The 
wall  of  Charles  V.  terminated  at  the  Tour  du  Bois,  between 
the  Louvre  and  the  Tuileries.  Outside  of  this  wall  were 
the  tile-yards  or  tuileries,  mentioned  as  early  as  1274.  In 
1865  excavations  disclosed  the  furnaces  of  Palissy  here. 

Tuke  (tuk),  William.  Bom  at  York,  1732:  died 
1822.  An  English  philanthropist.  He  was  especially 
devoted  to  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  insane. 
In  1792  he  projected  the  “Retreat”  at  York  under  the  man- 
agement of  the  Society  of  Friends,  in  which  it  was  at- 
tempted to  manage  the  insane  without  the  excessive  re- 
straint then  common.  His  improvements  led  to  important 
legislation  on  the  treatment  of  the  insane  after  his  death. 
His  grandson,  Samuel  Tuke  (1784-1857)  wrote  an  account 
of  the  Retreat  (1813),  and  published  works  on  the  construc- 
tion of  hospitals  for  the  insane. 

Tukuarika  (to"kwa-re'ka),  or  Tucarica,  or 
Sheep-eaters.  [‘Sheep-eaters.’]  A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  in  Yellow- 
stone Park,  subsequently  on  Lemhi  and  Malade 
rivers  in  western  central  Idaho,  and  now  on 
Lemhi  reservation.  Number,  about  90.  See 
Shoshoni. 

Tula  (to'la).  1.  A government  of  Russia, 
bounded  by  Moscow,  Ryazan,  Tamboff,  Orel, 
and  Kaluga.  Area,  11,954  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,722,100. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tula,  situated  on  the  Upa  in  lat. 
54°  12'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  centers 
of  Russia  : especially  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  small 
arms.  Population,  111,048. 


Tula 

Tula  (to'la).  A small  town  in  the  state  of  Hi- 
dalgo, Mexico,  50  miles  (by  railroad)  north  of 
Mexico  City.  It  is  a very  ancient  place,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  same  as  Tollan,  the  Toltec  capital  (see 
Toltecs).  Some  ruins  near  it  indicate  communal  struc- 
tures similar  to  those  of  Arizona. 

Tulare  (to-lar';  or,  as  Sp.,  to-la'ra)  Lake.  A 
lake  in  California,  chiefly  in  Tulare  County,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  36°  N.  It  receives  Kern  River 
and  other  tributaries,  but  has  no  outlet.  Length, 
32  miles. 

Tuldja.  See  Tultcha. 

Tulkingkorn  (tul'king-horn),  Mr.  An  attor- 
ney, a character  in  Dickens’s  “Bleak  House.” 
Tullamore  (tul-la-mor').  The  chief  town  of 
King’s  County,  Ireland,  51  miles  west  of  Dublin. 
Population,  4,639. 

Tulle  (tiil).  [L.  Tutela  Lemovicum,  ward  of  the 
Lemovices  (Limoges).]  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Correze,  Prance,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Solane  with  the  Correze,  in  lat. 
45°  16'  N.,  long.  1°  45'  E.  It  has  varied  manufac- 
tures, and  contains  a national  factory  of  firearms.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1346  and  in  1369,  and  by  the  Hu- 
guenots in  1585.  Population,  commune,  17,245. 

Tullia  (tul'i-a).  [L.,  fem.  of  Tullius.']  In  Roman 
legend,  a daughter  of  Servius  Tullius.  She  was 
the  wife  of  Aruns,  brother  of  Tarquin  (Lucius  Tarquiuius). 
She  murdered  her  husband,  and  Tarquin,  having  killed 
his  wife,  married  her,  slew  Servius  Tullius,  and  proclaimed 
himself  king.  Tullia  rode  to  the  senate-house  to  greet  her 
husband  as  king,  and  on  her  return  drove  over  the  dead 
body  of  herfather,  which  lay  in  the  way.  The  street  through 
which  she  passed  thereafter  bore  the  name  Vicus  Scelera- 
tus  (‘Abominable  Street’). 

Tullia.  Bom  about  79  b.  c.:  died  45  b.  c.  The 
daughter  of  Cicero  and  Terentia,  and  wife  of 
Calpurnius  Piso  and  later  of  Dolabella. 
Tullius,  Servius.  See  Servius  Tullius. 
Tulliver  (tul'i-ver),  Maggie.  The  principal 
character  in  George  Eliot’s  “Mill  on  the  Floss.” 
Tulin,  or  Tuln  (toln).  A town  in  Lower  Aus- 
tria, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube 
18  miles  northwest  of  Vienna:  the  Roman  Com- 
agenffi.  Population,  commune,  4,323,  (1910). 
Tulloch  (tul'och),  John.  Born  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  1823 : died  at  Torquay,  England,  Feb. 
13,  1886.  A Scottish  Presbyterian  theologian, 
educator,  and  author.  He  became  principal  of  St. 
Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  in  1854.  His  works  include 
Theism"  (1855),  “Leaders  of  the  Reformation”  (1859), 
“English  Puritanism  and  its  Leaders"  (1861),  “Beginning 
Life  ” (1862),  “ The  Christ  of  the  Gospels  and  the  Christ 
of  Modern  Criticism  ” (1864),  “Rational  Theology  and 
Christian  Philosophy”  (1872),  “The  Christian  Doctrine  of 
Sin  ” (1876),  “ Modem  Theories  in  Philosophy  and  Religion  ’’ 
(1884),  “Movements  of  Religious  Thought  in  the  19th 
Century  ’’  (1885),  etc. 

Tullus  Hostilius  (tul'us  hos-til'i-us).  Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  the  third  king  of  Rome.  He  was 
said  to  have  reigned  672-640  b.  c.,  and  to  have 
carried  on  many  wars,  especially  with  Alba. 
Tully  (tul'i).  See  Cicero. 

Tully-Veolan  (tul'i-ve-6'lan).  The  house  of 
Baron  Bradwardine  in  Scott’s  “ Waverley.” 
Tulomo  (to'16-mo),  or  Tulumono,  or  Tuolomo. 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  on 
San  Francisco  Bay,  California.  See  Costanoan. 
Tultcha  (tol'cha),  or  Tuldja  (tol'ja).  A town  in 
the  Dobrudja,  Rumania,  situated  on  an  arm  of 
the  Danube  45  miles  east-southeast  of  Galatz. 
Population,  estimated,  20,000. 

Tuminel  (tum'el).  A river  and  loch  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  tributary  to  the  Tay. 
Tunbridge,  or  Tonbridge  (tun'brij).  A town 
in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Medway  27 
miles  southeast  of  London.  Population,  12,736. 
Tunbridge  Wells  (tun'brij  welz).  A town  and 
watering-place  in  Kent  and  Sussex,  England, 
31  miles  southeast  of  London : long  celebrated 
as  a fashionable  resort.  It  has  a chalybeate  spring 
(discovered  about  1606)  and  a trade  in  “Tunbridge  ware” 
(woodenware).  It  was  very  fashionable  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury. The  favorite  promenade  is  the  Parade  or  Pantiles 
(so  named  from  Its  first  pavement).  Population,  33,373. 

Tundja  (ton'ja).  A river  in  Eastern  Rumelia 
and  Turkey  which  joins  the  Maritza  near  Adri- 
anople : the  ancient  Tonzus  or  Tonsus.  Length, 
over  150  miles. 

Tung-chau  (tong'chou').  A city  in  the  province 
of  Chi-li,  China,  situated  on  the  Pei-ho,  at  the 
head  of  navigation,  12  miles  east  of  Peking. 
Population,  estimated,  50,000. 

Tunguragua  (ton-go-ra'gwa).  A name  formerly 
given  to  the  Maraiion  or  Amazon  in  its  upper 
course. 

Tunguragua.  A province  in  the  interior  of 
Ecuador.  Population,  103,000. 

Tunguragua.  A volcano  in  Ecuador,  south  of  Co- 
topaxi. Height,  16,690  feet  (Reiss  and  Stiibel). 
Tunguses  (ton-go'sez).  A Mongolian  people, 


1013 

chiefly  nomads,  dwelling  in  eastern  and  central 
Siberia,  east  of  the  Yenisei,  and  in  the  basin 
of  the  Amur.  Their  numbers  are  estimated  at 
70,000-80,000. 

Tunis  (tu'nis),  F.  Tunisie  (tii-ne-ze').  AFrench 
protectorate  in  northern  Africa.  Capital,  Tunis. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north  and 
east,  Tripoli  on  the  southeast,  the  desert  on  the  south,  and 
Algeria  on  the  west.  The  north,  east,  and  center  are  oc- 
cupied by  comparatively  low  mountains,  and  there  are 
considerable  lakes  (“shotts  ’’)  in  the  south.  The  principal 
river  is  the  Medjerda.  The  island  of  Jerba  and  the  Ker- 
kenua  group  belong  to  Tunis.  It  produces  gram  and  fruits 
(particularly  dates,  olives,  etc.),  and  has  important  fisher- 
ies. Government  is  administered  nominally  by  a native 
bey,  actually  by  France  through  a minister  resident,  sup- 
ported by  a corps  of  occupation.  The  inhabitants  are 
Berbers,  Arabs,  and  Jews,  and  in  less  numbers  Italians, 
Turks,  Maltese,  and  French.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the 
Mohammedan.  The  region  in  ancient  times  formed  part 
of  the  domains  of  Carthage  and  of  Rome,  and  as  part  of 
Roman  Africa  it  flourished  greatly  under  the  empire,  and 
was  the  leading  seat  of  Latin  Christianity.  It  was  con- 
quered by  the  Vandals  in  the  5th  century,  by  the  Greeks 
in  the  6th,  and  by  the  Arabs  in  the  7th ; was  invaded  by 
St.  Louis  in  1270,  and  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1535 ; 
was  reduced  to  a Turkish  province  about  1575 ; was  ruled 
by  deys  and  beys,  and  was  long  noted  as  a piratical  state ; 
and  was  occupied  by  a French  army  in  1881,  and  (May  12) 
made  a French  protectorate.  Area,  about  60,000  square 
miles.  Population,  estimated,  1,500,000. 

Tunis.  A seaport,  capital  of  Tunis,  situated  on 
a lagoon  connected  with  the  Gulf  of  Tunis,  in 
lat.  36°  50'  N.,  long.  10°  12'  E.:  the  Roman 
Tunes.  The  port  Goletta  is  situated  at  the  entrance  to 
the  lagoon.  Tunis  is  the  center  of  a caravan  trade ; is  con- 
nected by  steamer  line3  with  France  and  Italy,  and  by  a 
railroad  with  Constantine,  Oran,  and  Algiers ; and  has  tex- 
tile and  other  manufactures.  The  seat  of  government  is 
at  the  neighboring  castle  of  Bardo.  The  chief  objects  of 
interest  are  the  bazaars,  the  mosque  of  the  Olive  Tree,  the 
town  palace  of  the  bey,  and  the  Moslem  college  and  other 
institutions.  The  ruins  of  Carthage  are  situated  to  the 
northeast.  The  city  was  founded  in  Carthaginian  times. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1535.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  227,519. 

Tunis,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean, 
northeast  of  Tunis. 

Tunja  (ton'ha).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Boyaed,  Colombia,  75  miles  north-northeast 
of  Bogota.  Near  it  is  the  battle-field  of  Boyaca, 
(which  see).  Population,  estimated,  10,000. 

Tunstall  (tun'stal).  A town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  29  miles  south  of  Manchester.  It  has 
manufactures  of  pottery,  ironware,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 19,492. 

Tunstall  (tun'stal),  or  Tonstall  (ton'stal), 
Cuthbert.  Born  at  Hatchford,  Yorkshire, 
England,  in  1474:  died  at  Lambeth  Palace, 
1559.  An  English  prelate.  He  was  made  bishop  of 

London  in  1522,  was  sent  to  the  Tower  in  1551,  and  de- 
prived of  his  see  in  1552 ; was  restored  by  Mary ; and  was 
again  deprived  by  Elizabeth  in  1559.  He  was  lord  privy 
seal  under  Henry  VIII. 

Tuolumne  (twol'um-ne)  River.  A river  in  Cali- 
fornia which  joins  the  San  Joaquin  River  25 
miles  south  of  Stockton.  Length,  150-175 
miles. 

Tupac  (to'pak),  called  Toparca  (td-par'ka)  by 
Spanish  historians.  Born  about  1514:  died  at 
Jauja,  Oct.,  1533.  A younger  brother  of  the 
Inca  Atahualpa  of  Peru.  After  the  execution  of 
Atahualpa  (Aug.,  1533),  he  was  made  nominal  ruler  of 
Peru  by  Pizarro,  and  forced  to  swear  allegiance  to  the 
Spanish  monarchs.  He  died  during  the  march  to  Cuzco. 

Tupac  Amaru  (to'pak  a-mii-ro').  [Quicliua, 
‘bright  or  shining  snake.’]  Date  of  birth  un- 
certain. Said  to  have  been  a son  of  Manco,  the 
last  Inca  war-chief,  who  resided  at  Cuzco  when 
that  place  was  already  a Spanish  city.  Together 
with  his  elder  brother,  Sayrl  Tupac,  he  retired  to  the 
mountainous  districts  of  V ilcabamba  and  maintained  there 
a sort  of  independence  until  1571.  The  viceroy  Francisco 
de  Toledo  sent  to  him  special  envoys  to  put  an  end  to  the 
depredations  which  the  Indians  were  committing  under 
the  leadership  of  Tupac  Amaru.  These  envoys,  who  came 
under  a flag  of  truce,  Tupac  Amaru  had  killed.  There- 
upon an  armed  force  was  sent  against  him,  and  after  a 
short  resistance  he  was  captured,  brought  to  Cuzco,  and 
there  executed  for  having  caused  the  death  of  peace- 
bearing messengers.  His  case  has  been  grossly  misrepre- 
sented and  exaggerated  by  subsequent  writers,  and  the 
title  attributed  to  him,  “ last  of  the  Incas,"  is  wholly  ima- 
ginary. 

Tupac  Amaru  (Jos6  Gabriel  Condorcanqui). 

Born  at  Tungasuca,  departmentof  Cuzco,  about 
1743 : died  at  Cuzco,  May  18, 1781.  A Peruvian 
revolutionist.  When  the  Spaniards  began  to  organize 
Peru  they  gave  titles  of  nobility,  franchises,  and  privileges 
to  Indian  chiefs,  with  hereditary  rights.  The  office  of 
cacique  was  made  hereditary  in  many  special  cases. 
Hereditary  succession  being  thus  introduced,  it  was  in- 
evitable that  contentions  and  lawsuits  under  Spanish 
laws  should  arise.  It  was  cne  of  these  lawsuits  that 
brought  Condorcanqui  to  a certain  limited  prominence  in 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century.  He  claimed  the  office  of 
cacique  of  Tungasuca  by  birthright  under  Spanish  colo- 
nial laws,  but  his  claim  was  for  some  time  disputed.  Tho 
documents  in  the  case  are  the  only  ones  which  contain  any 
reliable  information  concerning  the  youth  and  position  of 
Tupac  Amaru,  his  certificate  of  baptism  and  correlated 
papers  having  (so  he  asserted)  been  destroyed,  together 


Turanian 

with  the  curacy  of  Tungasuca,  by  fire.  The  assertion  that 
the  Spanish  officials  had  destroyed  all  evidence  of  his  origin 
and  descent  is  false.  Tupac  Amaru  did  not  profess  any 
grievances  himself,  but  secretly  aspired  to  the  post  of 
corregidor,  which  was  always  held  by  a Spaniard.  In  the 
early  part  of  1780  a tumult  broke  out  at  Arequipa  among 
the  Creoles  and  Mestizos,  caused  by  an  increase  in  duties. 
The  disturbance  was  soon  quelled,  but  six  months  after 
a more  dangerous  revolt  broke  out  in  western  Bolivia 
among  the  Aymaras,  under  Tomas  Catari.  Tupac  Amaru 
revolted  in  November,  1780,  seized  the  corregidor  of  Tinta, 
and  hung  him  publicly.  Then  the  insurrection  broke  out 
around  Cuzco,  though  independently  of  what  was  going 
on  in  Bolivia.  Tupac  Amaru  threatened  Cuzco,  but  was 
defeated.  He  fled  and  was  captured  with  his  family  by  In- 
dians at  Longui,  brought  to  Cuzco,  tried,  and  cruelly  exe- 
cuted, together  with  most  of  his  near  relatives.  His  death 
had  no  influence  on  the  uprising  in  Bolivia,  which  con- 
tinued with  unabated  fury  until  the  close  of  1781,  when 
the  siege  of  La  Paz  was  raised.  The  Indians  gradually 
submitted  in  the  course  of  the  year  1782.  Subsequent  en- 
deavors to  rise,  under  various  leaders,  were  easily  quelled. 
The  importance  of  Jose  Gabriel  Tupac  Amaru  has  been 
greatly  exaggerated,  and  the  events  of  his  career  have 
been  misrepresented.  A few  months  previous  to  his  death 
he  had  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Peru,  but  to  his  title 
the  Indians  paid  hardly  any  attention.  Nor  did  the  various 
leaders  of  the  partial  insurrections  throughout  Bolivia  ac- 
knowledge any  allegiance  or  obedience  to  Tupac  Amaru. 

Tupi-Guarani  stock.  Same  as  Tupi  stocic. 
Tupis  (to-pez').  A general  name  for  Brazilian 
Indians  of  the  Tupi  stock  in  Brazil,  especially 
near  the  coast  and  on  the  lower  Amazon. 
Their  language  in  those  regions  was  essentially  the  same, 
though  the  Indians  were  divided  into  many  tribes;  it  was 
closely  allied  to  the  Guarani  of  Paraguay,  and  is  the  basis 
of  the  modern  Lingoa  Geral.  See  Tupi  stock.  Also  writ- 
ten Tupys , Tupies. 

Tupi  stock  (to-pe'  stok).  One  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  South  American  Indian  linguis- 
tic stocks,  extending  over  a great  part  of  Bra- 
zil, Paraguay,  and  Uruguay.  Their  villages  were 
generally  near  the  coast  or  scattered  along  the  great  riv- 
ers. Their  dialects  were  closely  allied.  Their  physical 
characteristics  and  customs  were  much  the  same ; but 
they  had  no  national  organization : neighboring  towns 
were  often  at  war  with  each  other,  and  distant  ones  had 
no  knowledge  of  one  another.  The  power  of  their  chiefs 
was  very  limited,  and  was  generally  confined  to  a single 
village.  The  Tupis  were  agriculturists,  and  lived  in  fixed 
villages  of  considerable  size,  the  houses  framed  with  poles 
and  thatched  with  palm-leaves  or  grass.  They  made  large 
and  serviceable  wooden  canoes,  showed  some  taste  in  orna- 
menting pottery, making  feather- work, etc., and  were  natur- 
ally intelligent.  Most  of  them  went  nearly  naked,  painting 
or  tattooing  the  face  and  body.  In  war  they  used  bows  and 
arrows  and  a heavy  club  called  macand.  They  believed  in 
certain  malignant  or  mischievous  spirits,  and  their  medi- 
cine-men had  great  influence.  Generally  they  were  friendly 
to  strangers,  but  when  provoked  were  fierce  warriors.  Some 
ofthe  tribes  killedand  atetheirprisoners  of  war.  The  first 
European  colonists  found  these  Indians  the  dominant  race 
all  along  the  Brazilian  coast,  on  the  lower  Amazon,  Uru- 
guay, Paran4,  and  Paraguay ; those  about  the  Platine  river- 
system  were  called  collectively  Guaranis,  as  those  on  the 
Brazilian  coast  were  called  Tupis ; but  neither  of  these 
names  was  properly  a tribal  appellation.  Most  of  these 
Indians  submitted  readily  to  missionary  influence,  and 
their  descendants,  mixed  with  European  and  Afr  ican  blood, 
form  a large  part  of  the  country  population  of  Brazil, 
northern  Uruguay,  northeastern  Argentina,  and  Paraguay. 
A few,  in  the  interior,  retain  a semi-independence.  Among 
the  extinct  or  existing  tribes  and  groups  of  this  stock  are 
the  Tupinambas,  Tupiniquins,  Potiguaras,  Papanazes, 
Caites,  Tupinaes,  and  Tamoyos  of  the  Brazilian  coast ; the 
Tupinambas,  Mundurucus,  Maues,  Apiacas,  etc.,  in  the 
Amazon  valley ; the  Tapes  in  theArgentine ; Guaranis ; etc. 

Tupman  (tup'man),  Tracy.  A member  of  the 
famous  Pickwick  Club,  in  Dickens’s  “ Pick- 
wick Papers.” 

Tupper  (tup'Or),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Am- 
herst, Nova  Scotia,  July  2,  1821.  A Canadian 
Conservative  statesman.  He  studied  medicine  in 
Edinburgh  University ; settled  as  a physician  in  his  na- 
tive town  of  Amherst,  Nova  Scotia;  and  was  president 
of  the  Canadian  Medical  Association  1857-70.  He  entered 
the  provincial  legislature  in  1855,  and  was  prime  minister 
of  Nova  Scotia  1864-67.  He  advocated  the  formation  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  which  took  place  in  1867  ; and  in 
1870  entered  Macdonald’s  cabinet,  going  out  of  office  with 
his  chief  in  1873.  He  took  office  as  minister  of  public 
works  on  Macdonald's  return  to  power  in  1878 ; and  from 
1879  to  1884  was  minister  of  railways  and  canals,  in  which 
capacity  he  promoted  the  construction  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway.  In  1884  he  was  appointed  high  commis- 
sioner for  Canada  at  London,  and  was  prime  minister  of 
Canada  in  1896.  He  was  leader  of  the  Opposition  in  the 
House  of  Commons  1896-1900.  He  was  one  of  the  nego- 
tiators of  the  fisheries  treaty  with  the  United  States  1887- 
1888,  and  was  created  a baronet  in  the  latter  year.  . 

Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar.  Born  at  London, 
July  17,  1810:  died  Nov.  29,  1889.  An  English 
poet.  He  graduated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1832, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln’s  Inn  in  1835,  but  soon 
abandoned  law  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  literature. 
His  chief  work  is  “Proverbial  Philosophy”  (four  series 
1839-76). 

Tur  (tor).  In  the  Shahnamah,  the  second  of  the 
three  sons — Salm,  Tur,  and  Iraj — of  Faridun. 
His  mother  was  Shahrinaz.  See  Salm. 

Tura  (to'ra).  A river  in  eastern  Russia  and 
western  Siberia  which  joins  the  Tobol  below 
Tyumen.  Longth,  about  500  miles. 

Turanian  (tu-ra'ni-an).  [Pcrs.  Tur  an,  from  Tur, 
a legendary  ancestor  of  the  Turks,  etc.]  A 
word  loosely  and  indefinitely  used  to  designate 


Turanian 

a family  of  languages  and  also  an  ethnological 
group.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  Asiatic  languages 
in  general  outside  of  the  Indo-European  and  Semitic  fam- 
ilies, and  so  includes  various  discordant  and  independent 
families ; but  is  sometimes  used  especially  or  restrictedly 
of  the  Ural-Altaic  or  Scythian  family. 

Turbervile,  or  Turberville  (ter'bev-vil), 
George.  Born  about  1540:  died  about  1610.  An 
English  poet,  translator,  and  writer  on  hunting. 

(George]  Turberville,  of  whom  not  much  is  known,  was  a 
Dorsetshire  man  of  good  family,  and  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  Oxford.  He  was  probably  born  before  1530, 
and  died  after  1594.  Besides  a book  on  Falconry  and  nu- 
merous translations  (to  which,  like  all  the  men  of  his 
school  and  day,  he  was  much  addicted),  he  wrote  a good 
many  occasional  poems,  though  none  of  great  length. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit..,  p.  18. 

Turbia  (tor'be-a).  [F.  Turbie. ] A small  place 
near  Monaco.  It  contains  a Roman  tower  of 
the  time  of  Augustus. 

Turcaret  (tiir-ka-ra').  A comedy  by  Le  Sage, 
produced  in  1709 : so  called  from  its  chief  char- 
acter. 

Despite  his  theatrical  successes  he  [Le  Sage]  was  never 
on  very  good  terms  with  the  players  of  the  regular  theatre, 
and  a small  piece  — “ Les  Etrennes  " — was  refused  by  them 
at  the  beginning  of  1708.  The  author  took  it  back,  set  to 
work  on  it,  and  refashioned  it  into  “Turcaret,"  the  best 
French  comedy,  beyond  all  doubt,  of  the  18th  century, 
and  probably  the  best  of  its  kind  to  be  found  outside  the 
covers  of  Molifere’s  works. 

Saintsbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  71. 

Turcomans.  See  Turkomans. 

Turdus  Solitarius  (tAr'dus  sol-i-ta'ri-us).  [NL. , 

‘ Solitary  Thrush.’]  A constellation  introduced 
by  Le  Monnier  in  1776,  on  the  tail  of  Hydra,  and 
encroaching  on  the  southern  scale  of  Libra.  It 
is  no  longer  recognized. 

Turenne  (tii-ren').  A place  in  the  department 
of  Correze,  France,  18  miles  southwest  of  Tulle. 
It  has  a ruined  chateau. 

Turenne,  Vicomte  de  (Henri  de  La  Tour 
d’ Auvergne).  Born  at  Sedan,  France,  Sept. 
11,  1611 : killed  at  Sasbach,  near  Offenburg, 
Baden,  July  27, 1675.  A celebrated  French  mar- 
shal, grandson  of  William  the  Silent.  He  was 
brought  up  in  the  Reformed  Church ; learned  theart  of  war 
under  his  uncle  Maurice  of  Nassau  ; and  was  given  a regi- 
ment in  the  French  army  by  Richelieu  in  1630.  He  served 
with  distinction  under  De  la  Force,  Cardinal  La  Valette, 
Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar,  and  D'Harcourt,  and  in  1639  was 
appointed  to  a command  in  Italy.  He  was  in  1643  trans- 
ferred to  Germany  by  Mazarin,  by  whom  lie  was  created  a 
marshal  of  France  in  1644.  His  four  brilliant  campaigns 
in  Germany  (1644-47)  prepared  the  way  materially  for  the 
peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648.  During  the  disturbances  of  the 
Fronde  (1648-53)  he  at  first  supported  the  parliament,  but 
afterward  sided  with  the  court,  and  in  1652  defeated  Conde 
at  Gien  and  at  the  Faubourg  Saint-Antoine.  After  the  re- 
turn of  peace  at  home,  he  took  command  against  the  Span- 
iards under  Condd  (who  had  in  the  meantime  fled  from 
France  and  accepted  the  post  of  general-in-chief  of  the 
Spanish  armies).  His  victory  of  the  Dunes  in  1658  decided 
the  war,  and  was  followed  by  the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees  in 
1659.  He  was  created  marshal-general  of  the  armies  of 
France  in  1660  ; conquered  French  Flanders  in  1667 ; ab 
jured  Protestantism  and  joined  theRoman  Catholic  Church 
in  1668;  commanded  in  theNetherlands  in  1672 ; and  devas- 
tated the  Palatinate  in  1674.  He  was  opposed  during  the  next 
campaign  by  the  Imperial  general  Montecuculi,  and  was 
killed  by  a cannon-bail  while  reconnoitering  at  Sasbach. 

Turfan  (tor-fan').  An  occasional  name  of  apart 
of  Eastern  Turkestan. 

Turgai  (tor-gi'),  or  Turgansk  (tor-gansk').  A 
province  in  the  Kirghiz  Steppe,  Russian  Cen- 
tral Asia,  situated  east  of  Uralsk  and  north  of 
the  Sea  of  Aral  and  Sir-Daria.  Area,  169,832 
square  miles.  Population,  557,100. 
Turgenieff  (tor-gan'yef),  Alexander.  Born 
1784:  died  at  Moscow,  Dec.  17,  1845.  A Rus- 
sian historian,  author  of  “Historica  Russia 
monumenta”  (1841-42),  etc. 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich.  Born  at  Orel, 
Russia,  Nov.  9,  1818:  died  at  Bougival,  near 
Paris,  Sept.  3,  1883.  A celebrated  Russian 
novelist.  He  wa9  educated  at  Moscow  and  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  in  1838  went  to  Berlin  to  study  philosophy  and 
the  classics.  About  1840  he  received  an  appointment  in 
the  ministry  of  the  interior.  He  began  to  publish  poems 
in  1841 ; and  his  first  novel,  “Andrei  Kolossoff,"  appeared 
in  1844.  He  contributed  to  the  emancipation  of  the  serfs 
through  his  “ Annals  of  a Sportsman,”  sometimes  translat- 
ed as  “ Sketches  from  the  Diary  of  a Sportsman  ” (1845-57) : 
the  first  of  these  appeared  in  English  in  the  “Contempo- 
rary Review  ” in  1847 ; they  were  also  published  in  French 
and  German,  and  raised  him  to  a high  rank  as  an  author. 
In  1852  some  remarks  on  Russian  officialism,  made  in  an 
obituary  letter  on  Gogol,  led  to  his  being  deprived  of 
his  position,  imprisoned,  and  afterward  banished  several 
years  in  Orel,  in  the  interior  of  Russia.  In  1854  he  was 
allowed  to  return,  and  in  later  life  lived  in  Baden-Ba- 
den and  Paris,  with  short  visits  to  Russia  and  elsewhere. 
He  created  much  personal  antagonism  by  his  analysis  of 
political  parties,  and  was  misunderstood  by  those  with 
whom  he  was  most  in  sympathy.  The  epithet  “ Nihilist," 
which  he  applied  to  revolutionary,  was  applied  by  the 
government  to  all  socialistic  and  democratic,  tendencies. 
Later,  however,  popular  opinion  was  in  his  favor.  Among 
his  chief  novels  are  “ Rudin  ” (1855),  “ A Nest  of  Nobles” 
(1858),  “Helene  "(translated  as  “On  the  Eve,"  1860),  ‘ Fa- 
thers and  Sons  ” (1862  : in  this  the  epithet  Nihilist  is  in- 


1014 

troduced  and  defined),  “Smoke"  (1867),  “Virgin  Soil' 
(1876),  “Punin  and  Baburin,”  “A  Lear  of  the  Steppe." 
“Clara  Militch."  He  also  wrote  “ Senilia  "(1883  : a poem), 
etc.  The  name  is  also  written  Turgeneff,  Tourguenieff , etc. 

Turgenieff,  Nikolai.  Born  1790 : died  at  Paris, 
Nov.,  1871.  A Russian  historian,  brother  of 
Alexander  Turgenieff.  He  wrote  “ La  Russie 
et  les  Russes  ” (1847),  etc. 

Turgot  (tilr-go'),  Anne  Robert  Jacques,  Baron 
de  L’Aulne.  Born  at  Paris,  May  10, 1727 : died 
there,  March  20,  1781.  A noted  French  states- 
man, political  economist,  and  financier.  He  at 
first  studied  theology  and  then  law,  and  became  an  advo- 
cate in  1752,  and  master  of  “requetes”  in  1753.  He  was 
intendant  of  Limoges  1761-74 ; and  was  appointed  minister 
of  marine  in  1774,  and  immediately  afterward  controller- 
general  of  finance.  In  this  office  he  planned  many  reforms, 
including  the  abolition  of  corvdes  and  of  various  feudal 
privileges,  the  securing  of  liberty  of  trade,  the  establish- 
ment of  a comprehensive  system  of  public  instruction, etc., 
which  outlived  many  of  the  results  afterward  attained  by 
the  Revolution.  Hewas  bitterly  opposed  by  various  classes, 
and  was  dismissed  by  the  king  in  May,  1776.  His  complete 
works  were  edited  by  Dupont  de  Nemours  1808-11. 

Turia  (tu'ri-a).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gua- 
dalaviar. 

Turin  (tu'rin).  A province  in  the  comparti- 
mento  of  Piedmont,  Italy.  Area,  3,955  square 
miles.  Population,  1,172,843. 

Turin,  It.  Torino  (to-re'no).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Po,  near  its  junction  with  the  Dora  Riparia,  in 
lat.  45°  4'  N.,  long.  7°  42'  E. : the  ancient  Tau- 
rasia,  Roman  Augusta  Taurinorum  (whence  the 
modern  name).  It  is  regularly  built,  with  many 
squares  and  broad  streets ; is  the  seat  of  important  trade 
for  northern  Italy ; has  varied  manufactures ; and  is  rap- 
idly growing.  It  contains  a university,  cathedral,  cas- 
tle (Palazzo  Madama),  royal  palace  (with  the  royal  armory 
and  library),  Palazzo  Carignano  (former  seat  of  Parliament, 
now  containing  collections  in  natural  history),  palace  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  (with  a museum  of  antiquities 
and  picture-gallery),  monument  of  Cavour,  etc.  Victor 
Emmanuel  and  Cavour  were  born  there.  Turin  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  Taurini  (whence  the  name) ; was  cap- 
tured by  Hannibal  in  218  B.  c.  ; became  the  chief  town  of 
Piedmont,  and  was  acquired  by  the  dukes  of  Savoy  in  1032 ; 
was  occupied  by  the  French  in  the  first  part  of  the  16th 
century,  but  was  recovered  by  Savoy  in  1562 ; was  again 
taken  by  the  French  in  1640  ; was  taken  by  the  Imperialists 
under  Prince  Eugene  in  1706  ; was  captured  by  the  French 
in  1798,  and  by  Suvaroff  in  1799 ; and  was  retaken  by  the 
French  in  1800,  and  restored  to  Sardinia  in  1814.  Turin 
played  an  important  part  in  the  national  movements  of 
the  19th  century,  and  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy  1861-65.  Population,  commune,  371,000- 

Turin,  Treaties  of.  1.  A peace  between  France 
and  Savoy  in  1696. — 2.  An  armistice  negoti- 
ated by  Bonaparte  with  Sardinia  in  1796. 

Turkestan  (tor-kes-tan'),  or  Turkistan  (tor- 
kis-tan').  [‘Land  of  the  Turks.’]  A region 
with  indefinite  limits  in  Asia,  east  of  the  Cas- 
pian, south  of  Siberia,  and  north  of  Persia, 
Afghanistan,  and  Tibet.  The  name  is  sometimes 
used  as  synonymous  with  central  Asia,  but  is  generally 
limited  to  the  western  portion  of  this  region,  included 
chiefly  in  Russia  and  its  dependencies,  or  to  the  highlands 
and  plains  east  of  the  Transcaspian  lowlands  and  west  of 
Eastern  Turkestan. 

Turkestan,  or  Turkistan.  A general  govern- 
ment of  Russian  Central  Asia,  comprising  the 
provinces  Samarkand,  Sir-Daria,  Ferghana,  and 
Semiryetchensk.  Area,  about  400,770  square 
miles.  Population,  about  5,856,400. 

Turkestan,  Afghan.  See  Afghan  Turkestan. 

Turkestan,  East.  See  East  Turkestan. 

Turkestan,  Russian.  See  Turkestan. 

Turkestan,  West.  That  part  of  central  Asia 
which  is  west  of  Eastern  Turkestan.  See  Tur- 
kestan. 

Turkey  (ter'ki),  or  the  Ottoman  Empire.  [F. 

Turquie,  G.  Die  Tiirlcei,  It.  Turcliia,  Sp.  Turquia : 
Turk,  name  of  the  empire  Osmanli  Vilaieti : NL. 
Tarda , from  Turcus,  Turk : see  Turks."]  An  em- 
pire in  the  southeast  of  Europe,  southwest  of 
Asia,  and  northern  Africa.  Capital,  Constanti- 
nople. It  comprises  as  possessions:  in  Europe,  the  vilayets 
or  divisions  of  Constantinople,  Adrianople,  Saloniki,  Mon- 
astir,  Skutari,  Janina,  Kosovo,  and  Chatalja  (mutes- 
sarifat) ; in  Africa,  until  1912,  the  vilayets  of  Tripoli  and 
Bengazi ; and  in  Asia,  Asia  Minor  (11  vilayets),  Armenia 
and  Kurdistan  (5),  Mesopotamia  (3),  and  Syria  and  Arabia 
(8).  It  has  also  the  following  nominal  possessions : the 
tributary  principality  of  Samos  ; Cyprus  (administered  by 
Great  Britain) ; Crete  (which  see) ; and  Egypt  (which 
pays  annual  tribute).  The  principal  occupations  are  agri- 
culture and  pastoral  pursuits.  The  leading  exports  are 
raisins,  silk,  mohair,  opium,  wheat,  cotton,  wool,  coffee, 
fruits,  skins,  oil,  and  valonia.  The  government  was  for- 
merly an  absolute  monarchy.  Constitutional  government, 
which  had  been  attempted  in  1876  (1876-Feb.,  1878),  was 
reestablished  in  1908  a9  a result  of  the  influence  of  the 
Young  Turk  party.  The  reactionary  attitude  of  the  Sul- 
tan, Abdul  Hamid  II.,  in  the  winter  of  1909  led  to  the  cap- 
ture of  Constantinople  (April  24)  by  the  army  of  the 
Young  Turks  (starting  from  Salonika)  and  the  deposition 
of  the  Sultan  (April  27).  He  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother  Mehmed  V.  The  leading  religion  is  Moham- 
medanism. The  inhabitants  comprise  Turks,  Greeks, 
Armenians,  Bulgarians,  Albanians,  Jews,  Syrians,  Arabs, 
etc.  The  nucleus  of  the  Ottoman  empire  was 


Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  William 

formed  in  Asia  Minor  in  the  13th  century  under  Er-Togb- 
rul.  Under  his  son  Osman  or  Othman  (1288-1326),  who  is 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  empire,  and  Osman  s son 
Orkhan  (1326-59),  a powerful  realm  was  reared  on  the 
ruins  of  the  Seljukian  and  Byzantine  power  in  Asia  Minor. 
Amurath  I.  took  Adrianople  (1361),  which  he  made  the 
capital,  and  broke  the  power  of  Servia  in  1389.  The  Turk- 
ish power  was  extended  under  Bajazet  I.,  who  subjugated 
Bulgaria  and  made  Wallachia  tributary,  and  under  Amu- 
rath  II.  Mohammed  II.  took  Constantinople  and  over- 
threw the  Byzantine  empire  in  1453,  and  conquered  Trebi- 
zond,  etc.  The  empire  reached  its  height  in  the  16lh 
century,  through  the  conquest  of  Syria,  Egypt,  Rhodes,  a 
great  part  of  Hungary,  and  the  extension  of  suzerainty  over 
Algeria,  etc.  The  Turks  were  repulsed  before  Vienna  in 
1683 ; suffered  great  losses  at  the  hands  of  Austria  in  the 
end  of  the  17th  century  and  the  beginning  of  the  1 8th,  and 
at  the  hands  of  Russia  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th  century 
and  the  beginning  of  the  19th  ; lost  Greece  1821-29  ; had 
an  unsuccessful  war  with  Russia  1828-29 ; and  took  part 
in  the  Crimean  war  1853-56.  Egypt  meanwhile  had  be- 
come practically  independent.  Insurrections  in  Crete, 
Bosnia,  and  Herzegovina,  and  wars  with  Servia  and  Mon- 
tenegro, were  followed  by  the  unsuccessful  war  with  Rus- 
sia 1877-78;  the  independence  of  Rumania,  Servia,  and 
Montenegro  was  recognized  in  1878 ; and  Bulgaria,  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  and  Cyprus  were  practically  lost.  Turkey 
was  compelled  to  make  a large  cession  to  Greece  in  1881, 
but  was  victorious  in  a conflict  with  that  country  in  1897. 
Eastern  Rumelia  was  united  with  Bulgaria  in  1885.  Tur- 
key was  at  war  with  Italy  1911-12  and  lost  Tripoli  and 
Bengazi,  and  was  invaded  and  defeated,  Oct. -Dec.,  1912,  by 
the  allied  armies  of  Bulgaria,  Greece,  Montenegro,  and 
Servia. 

Turkey  River.  A river  in  northeastern  Iowa. 

Tiirkheim  (tiirk'him).  A town  in  Upper  Alsace, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  40  miles  southwest  of  Stras- 
lntrg.  There,  Jan.  5,  1675,  the  French  under 
Turenne  defeated  the  Imperialists. 

Turkistan.  See  Turkestan. 

Turkmantchai.  A place  in  Persia,  70  miles 
southeast  of  Tabriz.  Here,  in  1828,  peace  was  con- 
cluded between  Russia  and  Persia.  Russia  acquired  Per- 
sian Armenia,  and  great  influence  over  Persia. 

Turkomania  (ter-ko-ma'ni-a).  The  country 
of  the  Turkomans,  in  central  Asia,  north  of  Per- 
sia and  Afghanistan : annexed  by  Russia. 

Turkomans  (ter'ko-manz).  A branch  of  the 
Turkish  race,  found  chiefly  in  central  Asia  (in 
Russian  territory),  Persia,  and  Afghanistan. 
Nearly  all  are  nomads.  Among  the  tribes  are  the  Tekkes 
of  Merv  and  Akhal,  the  Sariks,  etc.  Also  Turcomans  or 
Turkmans. 

Turko-Russian  Wars.  See  Russian  Wars  with 
Turkey. 

Turks  (terks).  1.  The  race  now  dominant  in 
Turkey:  the  Ottomans.  See  Ottomans. — 2.  In 
an  extended  sense,  the  members  of  a race  re- 
garded as  related  to  the  Mongols : a branch  of 
the  Ural-Altaic  family.  In  this  sense  the  Turkish 
race  includes  the  Petchenegs,  Uzbegs,  Turkomans,  Otto- 
man Turks,  etc. 

A revolt  took  place  against  the  Jouan-Jouan  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  sixth  century,  when  the  Turks  eo  nomine 
are  for  the  first  time  heard  of  in  history.  They  founded 
an  empire  which  stretched  from  the  borders  of  Manchuria 
to  the  Carpathians,  and  commanded  also  Transoxiana  and 
the  country  as  far  as  the  Indus.  Their  power  south  of  ihe 
Sihun  or  Jaxartes  was  sapped  and  eventually  destroyed  by 
the  Arabs,  who  founded  the  Samani  dynasty ; but  the  Turks 
remained  masters  of  the  steppes,  and  supplied  the  Sama- 
nis.  and  even  the  Khalifs,  with  mercenary  troops  whose 
leaders  presently  supplanted  their  masters  and  founded  a 
famous  Turkish  dynasty  at  Ghazni,  while  somewhat  later 
fresh  hordes  under  their  own  leaders  planted  themselves 
in  Khorasan  and  created  the  splendid  empire  of  the  Sel- 
juks,  who  from  the  eleventh  to  the  thirteenth  century  gov- 
erned the  greater  part  of  the  Khalifs’  dominions  in  Asia, 
and  advanced  the  Mohammedan  rule  into  the  mountain 
ranges  of  Anatolia,  and  thus  prepared  the  way  for  the  Otto- 
mans, their  successors.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  4. 

Turnacum.  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of 
northern  Gaul,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Tour- 
nai.  See  Tournay. 

Turner  (ter'ner),  Charles  Tennyson.  Born  at 
Sowerby,  July  4. 1808:  died  April  25, 1879.  An 
English  poet,  brother  of  Alfred  Tennyson. 
Turner,  Charles  Y.  Born  at  Baltimore.  Md., 
Nov.  25,  1850.  An  American  figure-painter. 
He  studied  at  New  York,  and  with  Laurens,  MunkacBy, 
and  Bonnat  at  Paris. 

Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  William.  Born  at 
London.  April  23, 1775:  died  there,  Dee.  19, 1851. 
A famous  English  landscape-painter,  the  son  of 
a barber  in  London.  His  education  was  meager,  but 
he  devoted  himself  to  drawing  at  a very  early  age.  In 
1789  he  entered  the  school  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  for 
a short  time  worked  with  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  In  1790 
he  exhibited  a “View  of  the  Archbishop's  Palace,  Lam- 
beth,” at  the  Royal  Academy.  He  was  made  associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1799,  and  royal  academician  in 
1802.  Before  the  latter  date  he  was  more  noted  for  his 
water-color  painting,  the  advance  in  which  is  largely 
due  to  him.  Between  1795  and  1799  he  sent  thirty-nine 
works  to  the  academy  exhibitions.  In  1808  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  perspective  at  the  academy.  He  visited  Scot- 
land in  1800,  and  the  Continent  about  1802  and  in  1804.  In 
1803  he  exhibited  six  foreign  subjects,  among  them  the 
famous  “ Calais  Pier."  From  1807  to  1819  he  produced 
his  “Liber  Studiorum”  (which  see),  a rival  of  the  “Liber 
Veritatis  " of  Claude.  After  1797  his  work  becomes  more 
and  more  imaginative.  In  1814  he  commenced  the  illus- 


Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  William 

trations  for  Cooke's  “ Southern  Coast. " 111  1818  he  wentto 
Scotland  to  make  the  illustrations  for  Scott's  “ Provincial 
Antiquities.”  In  1819  he  visited  Italy  for  the  first  time. 
The  visit  was  followed  by  increased  brilliancy  of  color,  as 
in  “The  Golden  Bough”  and  “The  Fighting  Tetneraire." 
In  1816-  he  illustrated  Whitaker's  “ History  of  Richmond- 
shire”  (pub.  1823),  in  1824  “The  Rivers  of  England,"  in 
1830  Rogers’s  “Italy,"  and  in  1833-35  “The  Rivers  of 
France.”  He  developed  a new  school  of  engravers.  In 
1828  he  again  visited  Italy.  His  first  Venetian  picture  ap- 
peared at  the  academy  in  1833.  In  1839  he  exhibited  “ The 
Fighting  T6m^raire,”  in  1840  “The  Slave  Ship,"  and  in 
1842  “ The  Burial  of  Wilkie  at  Sea.  ” He  continued  to  ex- 
hibit till  1850. 

Turner,  Sharon.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  24, 
1768:  died  there,  Feb.  13,  1847.  An  English 
historian.  His  chief  works  are  a “History  of  England 
from  the  Earliest  Period  to  the  Norman  Conquest " (4 
vols.  1799-1805),  and  a “History  of  England  from  the  Nor- 
man Conquest  to  1509  " (1814-29). 

Turner’s  Falls  (ter'nerz  falz).  A manufac- 
turing village  in  Franklin  CouDty,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  the  Connecticut  35  miles 
north  of  Springfield. 

Turner’s  Gap  (ter'nerz  gap).  A pass  in  the 
South  Mountain,  Maryland : the  scene  of  part 
of  the  battle  of  South  Mountain,  Sept.  14, 1862. 
Turnhout  (torn'hout).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  25  miles  east  by  north  of 
Antwerp.  Here,  Jan.  22,  1597,  the  Dutch  under  Mau- 
rice of  Nassau  defeated  the  Spaniards  ; and  here,  Oct.  27, 
1789,  the  Belgians  defeated  the  Austrians.  Population, 
23,503. 

Tumus  (ter'nus).  In  Roman  legend,  the  king 
of  the  Rutulians,  in  Italy,  at  the  period  of  the 
arrival  of  the  Trojans  under  rEneas. 

Turpin  (ter'pin;  F.  pron.tur-pan').  Died  about 
794.  An  archbishop  of  Rheims,  famous  as  the 
erroneously  reputed  author  of  a history  of 
Charlemagne  which  was  really  composed  in  the 
11th  or  12th  century. 

The  chronicle  of  the  pseudo-Turpin  is  of  little  real  im- 
portance in  the  history  of  French  literature,  because  it  is 
admitted  to  have  been  written  in  Latin.  The  busy  idle- 
ness of  critics  has,  however,  prompted  them  to  discuss  at 
great  length  the  question  whether  the  “Chanson  de  Roland  ” 
may  not  possibly  have  been  composed  from  this  chronicle. 
The  facts  are  these.  Tilpin  or  Turpin  was  actually  arch- 
bishop of  Rheims  from  753-794,  but  nobody  pretends  that 
the  chronicle  going  under  his  name  is  authentic.  All  that 
is  certain  is  that  it  is  not  later  than  1165,  and  that  it  is 
probably  not  earlier  than  the  middle,  or  at  most  the  be- 
ginning, of  the  eleventh  century,  while  the  part  of  it  which 
is  more  particularly  in  question  is  of  the  end  of  that  cen- 
tury. “ Roland  " is  almost  certainly  of  the  middle  at  latest. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  127,  note. 

Turpin  (t6r'pin),  Dick.  A notorious  English 
highwayman  who  was  executed  in  1739.  The 
popular  account  of  his  famous  ride  to  York  on  his  mare 
“Black  Bess”  is  not  mentioned  in  the  “Newgate  Calen- 
dar," and  in  its  original  form  is  said  to  have  been  written 
by  Maginn. 

Turretin  (F.  pron.  tiir-tan'),  or  Turretini  (tor- 
ra-te'ne),  Ben4dict.  Born  1588:  died  1631.  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 

Turveydrop  (ter'vi-drop),  Mr.  A fatuous  char- 
acter, a “model  of  deportment,”  in  Dickens’s 
“Bleak  House.” 

Tus.  See  Tuz. 

Tusayan,  or  Tu$ayan  (to-sa-yan'),  or  Tuzan. 
A confederacy  of  North  American  Indian  tribes 
inhabiting  the  pueblos  of  Mashongnavi,  Oraibi, 
Shumepovi,  Shupaulovi,  Sichumovi,  Walpi,  and 
Hano,  on  the  summits  of  four  mesas  about  50 
miles  east  of  the  Colorado  Chiquito,  northeast- 
ern Arizona.  All  the  pueblos  except  Hano  are  inhab- 
ited by  a kindred  people.  This  distinct  village  was  built 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century  by  fugitive  Tewa  Indi- 
ans (which  see)  from  the  Rio  Grande  valley.  New  Mexico. 
The  name  is  derived  from  Usaya,  the  Zuni  name  of  the 
two  principal  pueblos  once  inhabited  by  the  Tusayan  Con- 
federacy. Hopi  or  Hopituh  is  the  name  by  which  the  tribe 
calls  itself.  Also  called  Cinyumuh,  Hapitu,  Hopec,  Mayui , 
Maqui,  Mnhoce,  Mohotz ",  Moki,  Monkey  Indians,  Opii,  She- 
noma,  Shinumo,  and  Totonteac.  (See  Shoshonean. ) N um- 
ber, about  2,000. 

Tuscaloosa  (tus-ka-lo'sii).  The  capital  of  Tus- 
caloosa County,  Alabama,  situated  on  the 
Black  Warrior  River  89  miles  northwest  of 
Montgomery.  It  is  the  seat  of  Alabama  Uni- 
versity, and  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Ala- 
bama. Population,  8,407,  (1910). 

Tuscan  (tus'kan)  Archipelago.  A group  of 
islands  west  of  Tuscany,  including  Elba  and 
some  smaller  islands. 

Tuscan  Sea.  A name  sometimes  given  to  the 
part  of  the  Mediterranean  west  of  Tuscany. 
Tuscany  (tus'ka-ni).  [G.  Toscana,  F.  Toscane, 
from  It.  Toscana,  theTuscanstate,fromL.  Etrus- 
cus, Etruscan.]  Acompartimentoof  the  kingdom 
of  Italy,  and  former  grand  duchy,  bounded  by 
Liguria,  Emilia,  the  Marches,  Umbria,  Latium, 
and  the  Mediterranean.  It  comprises  the  provinces  of 
Florence,  Lucca,  Massa  e Carrara,  Pisa,  Leghorn,  Grosseto, 
Arezzo,  and  Siena.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Etruria  (see  Etruria).  It  was  ruled  by  the  Romans,  Goths, 
Byzantine  Greeks,  Lombards,  and  Franks,  and  after  the 


1015 

Frankish  conquest  constituted  a margravate.  The  cele- 
brated countess  Matilda,  who  reigned  from  1076  to  1115, 
bequeathed  her  dominions  to  the  popes.  Their  possession, 
however,  was  contested  by  the  emperors  of  Germany,  and 
in  the  meanwhile  Tuscany  became  completely  disinte- 
grated, various  independent  republics  in  addition  to  Pisa 
(Florence,  Lucca,  Siena,  etc.)  rising  to  prominence.  Flor- 
ence ultimately  absorbed  the  other  republics,  and  in  1569 
her  dominions  were  erected  into  the  grand  duchy  of 
Tuscany,  under  the  house  of  Medici.  Tuscany  passed 
from  the  house  of  Medici  to  that  of  Lorraine  in  1737,  and 
became  an  Austrian  “secundogeniture” ; was  occupied 
by  the  French  in  1799;  was  given  as  the  kingdom  of 
Etruria  to  the  house  of  Parma  in  1801;  was  taken  again 
by  the  French  in  1807,  and  incorporated  with  France  in 
1808;  and  was  restored  to  the  H apsburg-Lorraine  line  in 
1814.  There  were  revolutionary  troubles  in  1848-19.  The 
grand  duke  Leopold  II.  was  obliged  to  quit  the  country 
in  1859,  and  in  1860  Tuscany  was  annexed  by  Victor 
Emmanuel.  Area  of  compartimeuto,  9,304  square  miles. 
Population,  2,701,631. 

Tuscarawas  (tus-ka-ra'was)  River.  A river  in 
northeastern  Ohio  which  unites  with  the  Mohi- 
can River  at  Coshocton  to  form  the  Muskingum. 
Length,  about  125  miles. 

Tuscarora (tus-ka-ro'ra).  [PL, also Tuscaroras.} 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians  who  lived, 
when  first  known,  upon  the  Neuse,  Roanoke, 
Taw,  and  Pamlico  rivers  in  North  Carolina. 

In  1711  they  rose  against  the  colonists,  and  after  several 
years  of  warfare  were  nearly  destroyed  ; the  remainder 
subsequently  joined  the  Iroquois,  forming  the  sixth  tribe 
of  that  confederacy,  and  settling  in  the  territory  of  the 
Oneidas  in  New  York.  Their  name  means  ‘hemp-gath- 
erers,' the  Indian  hemp  being  used  by  them  in  many  ways. 
They  number  now  about  700,  about  equally  divided  be- 
tween New  York  and  Ontario.  See  Iroquois. 

Tusculan  Disputations.  A work  in  five  books 
by  Cicero,  dedicated  to  M.  Brutus,  consisting 
of  conversations  represented  as  taking  place  at 
Cicero’s  estate  at  Tusculum. 

Tusculum  (tus'ku-lum).  In  ancient  geography, 
a city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  in  the  Alban 
Moun tains,  13  miles  southeast  of  Rome,  near 
the  modern  Frascati.  Accordingtotradition  itschief, 
Mamilius,  joined  Tarquinius  Superbus  against  theRomans. 
Later  it  was  allied  with  Rome.  Under  the  republic  and 
empire  it  contained  villas  of  many  Romans  (Lucullus,  Pom- 
pey,  Brutus,  and  Cicero).  It  was  destroyed  near  the  end  of 
the  12th  century.  Its  ruins  contain  aRoman  amphitheater 
and  a theater.  The  interior  of  the  former  is  reticulated 
masonry ; the  seats  are  supported  on  vaulting  of  brickwork. 
The  axes  of  the  outer  ellipse  are  230  and  171  feet;  of  the 
arena,  157  and  95  feet.  The  latter  is  in  excellent  preserva- 
tion. There  are  15  tiers  of  seats,  divided  by  radial  stair- 
ways into  4 cunei ; there  are  three  main  entrances.  The 
orchestra  remains  perfect,  and  there  is  much  of  the  stage 
structure. 

Tuscumbia  (tus-kum'bi-a).  The  capital  of  Col- 
bert County,  Alabama,  situated  near  the  Ten- 
nessee 5 miles  south  of  Florence.  Population, 
3,324,  (1910). 

Tussaud’s  (tii-soz'),  Madame,  Waxworks.  A 

collection  of  waxworks  representing  notable 
persons,  and  various  curiosities,  on  the  Maryle- 
bone  Road,  London,  near  Baker  street  station. 
It  was  established  by  Madame  Marie  Grosholtz  Tussaud,  a 
Swiss,  in  1802 : she  died  in  1850.  She  learned  to  model  in 
Paris,  and  after  an  imprisonment  during  the  Revolution 
brought  her  collection  to  London.  Many  of  the  figures  now 
on  exhibition  were  modeled  by  her.  There  is  also  a “Cham- 
ber of  Horrors,”  with  casts,  relics,  etc.,  of  executed  crimi- 
nals. 

Tusser  (tus'er),  Thomas.  Born  at  Rivenhall, 
Essex,  about  1524 : died  at  London  about  April, 
1580.  An  English  poet.  He  was  a chorister  of  St. 
Paul’s ; studied  at  Eton  and  at  King’s  College,  Cambridge ; 
spent  ten  years  at  court;  and  then  settled  on  a farm  in 
Suffolk  He  wrote  “A  Hundred  Good  Points  of  Good  Hus- 
bandry ”(1557),  “Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good  Husbandry 
United  to  as  Many  of  Good  Wiferie”  (1573),  etc. 
Tutivillus  (tu-ti-vil'us).  A demon  who  was 
said  to  collect  all  the  fragments  of  words  which 
the  priests  had  skipped  over  or  mutilated  in  the 
performance  of  the  service,  and  to  carry  them 
to  hell.  Halliwell. 

Tuttlingen  (tut'ling-en).  A town  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated onthe  Dan- 
ube 29  miles  northwest  of  Constance,  it  has 
manufactures  of  shoes,  knives,  surgical  instruments,  etc. 
Here,  1643,  the  Imperialists  and  Bavarians  defeated  the 
^French.  Population,  commune,  14,627. 

Tutuila.  The  third  in  importance  of  the  Sa- 
moan Islands.  It  contains  the  harbor  of  Pango- 
Pango.  It  belongs  to  the  United  States. 
Length,  17  miles.  Area,  55  square  miles. 
Tuxedo  (tuk-se'do)  Club.  A fashionable  club, 
having  its  house  at  Tuxedo  Park,  New  York, 
and  a membership  of  400  non-residents. 
Tuxedo  Park  (tuk-se'do  park).  A fashionable 
settlement  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  35 
miles  north-northwest  of  New  York  city. 

Tuz,  or  Tus,  or  Toos  (tciz).  The  medieval  capi- 
tal of  Khorasan,  Persia.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Firdausi. 

Tvashtri  (twash'tri).  [Skt.,  ‘the  Shaper,’  from 
y/  tvaksh,  work,  hew,  fashion.  ] In  the  later  Hindu 


Twiggs 

mythology,  one  of  the  Adityas,  but  in  the  Rig- 
veda  the  Hephaestus  or  V ulcan  of  the  Indian 
pantheon,  the  ideal  artist,  the  divine  artisan. 
He  sharpens  the  iron  ax  of  Brahmanaspati  and  forges  the 
thunderbolts  of  Indra,  which  are  golden,  or  of  iron  with 
a thousand  points  and  a hundred  edges.  He  bestows  off- 
spring and  forms  husband  and  wife  for  each  other,  even 
from  the  womb.  All  worlds  or  beings  are  his.  He  is  in 
several  passages  connected  with  the  Ribhus,  who,  likehim, 
are  skilful  workmen.  His  daughter  is  Saranyu,  whom  he 
gives  in  marriage  to  Vivasvant,  and  to  whom  she  bears  the 
Ashvins,  and  Yama  and  Yami,  the  primeval  pair. 

Tver  (tvar).  1.  A government  of  Russia,  sur- 
rounded by  the  governments  of  Novgorod, 
Yaroslav,  Vladimir,  Moscow,  Smolensk,  and. 
Pskoff.  Area,  24,975  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 2,098,700. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Tver,  situated  on  both  banks  of  the 
Volga,  at  its  junction  with  the  Tvertsa,  about 
lat.  56°  50'  N.,  long.  36°  E.  It  has  manufactures  of 
cotton  goods,  etc.,  and  considerable  trade.  Formerly  it 
was  the  capital  of  an  independent  principality.  Popula- 
tion, 59,300. 

Tver,  Principality  of.  A medieval  principal- 
ity in  northern  central  Russia  in  the  13th-15th 
centuries.  It  was  annexed  by  Ivan  III.  of  Mos- 
cow in  1482. 

Twain,  Mark.  See  Clemens. 

Tweed  (twed).  A river  in  Scotland  and  on  the 
boundary  between  Scotland  and  England.  It 
rises  in  Peeblesshire ; traverses  Peebles,  Selkirk,  and 
Roxburgh ; forms  the  boundary  between  Berwick  and 
Northumberland  ; and  enters  the  North  Sea  at  Berwick. 
Among  its  tributaries  are  the  Ettrick,  Teviot,  Till,  Gala, 
Leader,  Eden,  Leet,  and  Whiteadder.  On  it  are  Peebles, 
Abbotsford,  Melrose,  Dryburgh  Abbey,  Kelso,  Norham 
Castle,  etc.  Length,  97  miles. 

Tweed,  William  Marcy.  Born  at  New  York, 
April  3,  1823:  died  there,  April  12,  1878.  A 
Democratic  politician  and  notorious  criminal. 
He  was  the  son  of  a chair-maker,  and  learned  his  father’s 
trade.  In  1852  he  became  an  alderman ; served  in  Con- 
gress 1853-55  ; was  chairman  of  the  board  of  supervisors 
of  New  York  city  1856,  and  school  commissioner  1856-57; 
was  State  senator  1867-71  (reelected  in  the  latter  year) ; 
and  was  appointed  commissioner  of  public  works  for  the 
city  in  1870.  He  became  chairman  of  the  general  com- 
mittee of  Tammany  Hall  and  grand  sachem  in  1863.  As 
the  head  of  a group  of  influential  politicians  (ConnoUy, 
Sweeny,  Hall,  and  others),  known  as  the  “Tweed  Ring,” 
he  succeeded  in  getting  control  of  the  financial  affairs  of 
the  city,  and  in  robbing  it  of  many  millions  of  dollars.  He 
was  arrested  in  a civil  suit  Oct.  28,  1871,  and  in  a criminal 
action  in  December;  was  tried  in  Jan.,  1873,  and,  the 
jury  disagreeing,  was  again  tried  in  November  and  sen- 
tenced to  12  years’  imprisonment ; was  released  on  legal 
technicalities  in  1875,  hut  was  committed  to  Ludlow  street 
jail  in  default  of  bail  in  civil  suits;  escaped  and  fled  to 
Spain  ; was  arrested  by  the  Spanish  authorities  and  re- 
turned to  the  United  States;  and  was  recommitted  to 
Ludlow  street  jail,  where  he  died. 

Tweed  Ring.  See  Tweed,  William  Marcy. 

Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee.  A phrase  in  a 
satirical  squib  by  Byrom  (1692-1763)  alluding 
to  the  differences  between  the  adherents  of 
Handel  and  of  Buononcini.  See  Handel. 
Twelfth  Night,  or  What  You  Will.  A com- 
edy by  Shakspere,  first  acted  in  1602  and  printed 
in  1623. 

The  critics  all  agree  that  some  outlines  of  the  serious 
portion  of  “ Twelfth  Night  ’’  were  drawn,  directly  or  in- 
directly, from  the  Italian  of  Bandello.  Several  intermedi- 
ate sources  have  been  pointed  out,  to  which  the  poet  may 
have  gone  ; and  among  them  the  English  of  Barnabe  Rich 
and  the  French  of  Belleforest,  either  of  which  might  well 
enough  have  been  the  true  one.  Besides  these,  two  Ital- 
ian plays  have  lately  been  discovered,  severally  entitled 
“GF  Inganni”  and  “GT  Ingannati,”  both  also  founded 
upon  Bandello,  though  differing  considerably  from  each 
other.  Hudson,  Int.  to  Twelfth  Night. 

Twelve  Tables.  The  tables  on  which  were  en- 
graved and  promulgated  in  Rome  (451  and  450 
b.  c.)  short  statements  of  those  rules  of  Roman 
law  which  were  most  important  in  the  affairs  of 
daily  life.  They  were  drawn  up,  in  large  part,  it  seems, 
from  the  existing  law,  and  in  part  as  new  legislation,  by 
the  decemvirs,  and  hence  were  at  first  called  “the  laws 
of  the  decemvirs.”  Ten  were  first  promulgated,  and  two 
were  soon  added.  They  formed  thereafter  the  principal 
basis  or  source  of  the  Roman  jurisprudence. 

Twenty-four  Parganas  (par-ga'naz).  A dis- 
trict in  Bengal,  British  India,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Calcutta.  Area,  4,844  square  miles. 
Population,  excluding  Calcutta,  about  2,- 
078,000. 

Twenty  Years  After.  See  Vingt  Ans  Aprts. 
Twice-Told  Tales.  A collection  of  stories  by 
Hawthorne,  published  in  1837.  A second  series 
under  the  same  title  was  published  in  1842. 
Twickenham  (twik'n-am).  A town  in  Middle- 
sex, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  11  miles 
west-southwest  of  London.  Its  manor  belongs  to 
the  crown.  It  contains  many  villas,  and  was  once  the 
residence  of  Alexander  Dope.  Population,  20,991. 

Twiggs  ( twigz),  David  Emanuel.  Born  in  Rich- 
mond County,  Ga.,  1790:  died  at  Augusta,  Ga., 
Sept.  15, 1862.  An  American  general.  He  served 


1016 


Twiggs 

In  the  War  of  1812  and  in  the  Mexican  war,  becoming 
brigade  and  division  commander  under  Scott  in  1847.  As 
commander  of  the  department  of  Texas,  lie  surrendered 
his  army,  stores,  etc.,  to  the  Confederate  general  McCul- 
loch, Feb.,  1861.  He  was  thereupon  dismissed  from  the 
United  States  service,  and  was  appointed  a Confederate 
major-general.  He  commanded  for  a time  in  Louisiana. 

Twightwees.  See  Miami. 

Twin  Rivals,  The.  A play  by  Farquhar,  pro- 
duced in  1702. 

Twist,  Oliver.  See  Oliver  Twist. 

Twitcher  (twich'er),  Jemmy.  A treacherous 
highwayman  in  Gay’s  “ Beggar’s  Opera.”  The 
nickname  was  given  to  Lord  Sandwich  by  the  newspapers 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  century  on  account  of  certain 
irregularities  of  conduct. 

Two  Admirals,  The.  A novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1842. 

Two  Drovers,  The.  Anovel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
one  of  the  •‘Chronicles  of  the  Canongate,” pub- 
lished in  1827. 

Two  Foscari  (fos'ka-re),  The.  A tragedy  by 
Lord  Byron. 

Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  The.  A comedy 
by  Shakspere  (the  date  of  production  is  uncer- 
tain: variously  stated  to  be  1591  and  1595), 
printed  in  1623.  Fleay  thinks  the  play  was  produced  in 
1591  with  work  by  a different  hand  in  it,  which  was  cut 
out  and  replaced  by  Shakspere’s  own  in  1595.  Parts  of 
the  story  are  identical  with  that  of  the  shepherdess  Filis- 
mena  in  Montemayor’s  “Diana,"  translated  in  manuscript 
by  Young  about  1583,  and  with  Bandellos  “Apollonius 
and  Sylla.” 

Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  The.  A play  produced 
in  1625  and  published  in  1634  as  by  Fletcher  and 
Shakspere.  It  is  not  now  supposed  that  Shakspere 
had  any  hand  in  it,  but  Massinger  and  Rowley  are  thought 
to  have  worked  with  Fletcher.  Fleay  suggests  Beaumont 
with  Fletcher.  The  story  is  that  of  Palamon  and  Arcite. 

Two  Sicilies  (sis'i-liz),  Kingdom  of  the.  The 

united  kingdom  of  Sicily  and  southern  Italy.  The 
latter,  when  separate,  is  called  Sicily  on  this  side  the 
Faro  (or  Capo  del  Faro,  the  northeastern  promontory  of 
Sicily),  or  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  The  kingdom  com- 
prised (besides  the  island  of  Sicily),  Abruzzi  and  Molise, 
Apulia,  Campania,  Basilicata,  and  Calabria.  The  princi- 
pal periods  of  union  have  been  the  12th  and  13th  centuries 
(under  the  Normans,  Hohenstaufens,  and  Charles  of  An- 
jou), 1503-1713, 1713-1806,  and  1815-60.  Naples  was  under 
Joseph  Bonaparte  1806-08,  and  under  Murat  1808-15.  See 
further  under  Sicily. 

Two  Years  Ago.  A novel  by  Kingsley,  pub- 
lished in  1857. 

Two  Years  Before  the  Mast.  A narrative  of 
sea  adventure,  by  Richard  Henry  Dana,  Jr., 
published  in  1840. 

Tyana  (ti'a-na).  [Gr.  Tiara.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a city  of  Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor,  its 
ruins  are  near  the  modern  Hflissa-Hissar,  75  miles  northwest 
of  Adana.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Apollonius  (of  Tyana). 
Tybalt  (tib'alt).  The  nephew  of  Lady  Capulet 
in  Shakspere’s  “Romeo  and  Juliet.” 

Tybee  (ti-be').  An  island  at  the  entrance  to 
the  Savannah  River,  Georgia.  On  it  were  placed 
Gilmore’s  batteries  which  reduced  the  Confederate  fort 
Pulaski,  April,  1862.  Length,  6 miles. 

Tybee  Roads.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  near 
Savannah. 

Tyburn  (ti'bern).  In  old  London,  a tributary 
of  the  Thames  which  rose  in  the  clay-beds  at  the 
foot  of  the  Hampstead  Hills.  It  went  through 
Regent’s  Park,  crossing  Oxford  street  at  Sussex  Court, 
then  to  Green  Park,  through  Buckingham  Palace  gardens, 
and  through  St.  James’s  Park,  to  Thorney,  Westminster. 
The  manor  at  Tybourne,  which  took  its  name  from  this, 
adjoined  that  of  Marylebone.  There  was  a place  of  execu- 
tion on  the  Tyburn  near  what  is  now  the  Marble  Arch, 
Hyde  Park.  “ Tyburn  Tree  ” was  the  public  gallows  till 
the  executions  were  transferred  to  Newgate  in  1783. 
Tyburnia  (tl-ber'ni-a).  A fashionable  quarter 
of  London,  north  of  Hyde  Park:  named  from 
the  former  Tyburn. 

Tyche  (ti'ke).  [Gr.  Try//,  a personification  of 
good  fortune.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  god- 
dess of  fortune,  a divinity  whose  protection  was 
believed  to  assure  prosperity,  wealth,  and  good 
luck : often  in  the  form  Agathe  Tyche  (Good 
Fortune). 

Tycho  Brahe.  See  Brahe. 

Tydides  (ti-di'dez).  A patronymic  of  Diomedes, 
the  son  of  Tydeus. 

Tyldesley  (tildz'li)  (with  Shakerley).  Atownin 
Lancashire,  England,  10  miles  west-northwest 
of  Manchester.  Population,  14,843. 

Tyler  (ti'ler).  The  capital  of  Smith  County, 
Texas,  115  miles  east  by  south  of  Fort  Worth. 
Population,  10,400,  (19i0). 

Tyler,  John.  Born  at  Greenway,  Charles  City 
County,  Va.,  March  29, 1790 : died  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  Jan.  18,  1862.  The  tenth  President  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary 
College ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1809  ; was  member  of 
the  Virginia  legislature  1811-16;  volunteered  for  the  de- 
fense of  Richmond  in  1813 ; was  member  of  Congress  from 
Virginia  1816-21 ; was  a member  of  the  legislature  1823-25 ; 
was  governor  of  Virginia  1825-27 ; and  was  United  States 
senator  from  Virginia  1827-36.  He  opposed  the  tariff,  the 


bank,  and  the  Force  Bill ; and  resigned  in  Feb.,  1836,  from 
unwillingness  to  obey  instructions  of  the  Virginia  legisla- 
ture to  vote  for  the  “expunging  resolution  "(which  see). 
He  received  47  electoral  votes  in  1836  as  candidate  of  the 
“State-rights  Whigs  ” for  Vice-President ; was  reelected  to 
the  Virginia  legislature  in  1838;  and  was  nominated  by 
the  Whigs  as  candidate  for  Vice-President  in  Dec.,  1839, 
and  elected  in  1840.  By  the  death  of  President  Harrison, 
he  became  President  April  4,  1841.  Among  the  leading 
events  of  his  administration  were  the  quarrel  with  the 
Whig  leaders;  the  veto  of  the  fiscal  bank  bills  in  1841, 
notwithstanding  the  resignation  of  nearly  all  the  cabinet 
in  Sept.,  1841;  veto  of  the  protective  bill  in  1842;  the 
Ashburton  treaty;  .and  the  annexation  of  Texas.  He  was 
nominated  for  President  by  a Democratic  convention  in 
1844,  but  soon  withdrew.  He  was  made  peace  commis- 
sioner by  President  Buchanan  in  1861 ; was  president  of  the 
peace  convention  in  Feb.,  1861;  favored  secession  in  Vir- 
ginia ; and  became  a member  of  the  Confederate  provisional 
congress. 

Tyler,  Moses  Coit.  Born  Aug.  2,  1835:  died 
Dee.  28,  1900.  An  American  scholar,  professor 
of  English  at  the  University  of  Michigan  1867- 
1881,  and  of  American  history  at  Cornell  from 
1881.  Among  his  works  are  “History  of  American  Lit- 
erature”(1878),  “A  Manual  of  English  Literature  ” (1S79), 
“ Life  of  Patrick  Henry  ”(1887). 

Tyler,  Wat  (Walter  the  Tyler).  Killedat  Smith- 
field,  June  15,  1381.  The  leader  of  a revolt  of 
peasants  of  England  in  1381.  He  is  said  to  have 
killed  a tax-gatherer  who  insulted  his  daughter,  and  with 
Jack  Straw  to  have  led  the  men  of  Kent  and  Essex  to  Lon- 
don. While  treating  with  Richard  II.  at  Smithfield,  he 
was  killed  by  Lord  Mayor  Walworth. 

Tylor  (ti'lor),  Sir  Edward  Burnett.  Born  at 
Camberwell,  Oct.  2,  1832.  A noted  English 
anthropologist.  He  was  educated  at  the  Friends’ 
School,  Grove  House,  Tottenham  ; undertook  with  Henry 
Christy  a scientific  journey  through  Mexico  in  1856;  wras 
appointed  keeper  of  the  Oxford  University  Museum  in 
1883,  and  reader  (1883)  and  professor  (1896)  in  anthropology 
(now  emeritus);  and  was  president  of  the  Anthropological 
Institute  1891-92.  His  works  include  “ Anahuac,  or  Mex- 
ico and  the  Mexicans”  (1861),  “Researches  into  the  His- 
tory of  Mankind  " (1865),  “ Primitive  Culture”  (1871),  and 
“ Anthropology  ’’  (1881).  Knighted  1912. 

Tyndale,  or  Tindale  (tin'dal),  William.  Born 

in  Gloucestershire,  England,  about  1484:  exe- 
cutedatVilvorde,near  Brussels, Oct.6, 1536.  An 
English  reformer,  and  translator  of  the  Bible. 
He  studied  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ; was  ordained  priest 
about  1521 ; aDd  was  for  a time  chaplain  and  domestic  tutor 
in  the  family  of  Sir  John  Walsh,  Little  Sodbury,  Gloucester- 
shire. Having  exposed  himself  to  persecution  on  account 
of  his  professions  of  sympathy  with  the  new  learning,  he 
left  England  for  the  Continent  in  1524,  and  after  a visit  to 
Luther  at  W ittenberg  settled  at  Cologne,  whence,  however, 
he  was  presently  expelled.  He  took  refuge  in  Worms, 
where  he  published  his  octavo  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  1525.  His  translation  of  the  Pentateuch  appeared 
at  Marburg  in  1530.  His  movements  between  1526  and  1530 
are  uncertain  ; after  1530  he  lived  chiefly  at  Antwerp.  He 
was  arrested  at  the  instance  of  Henry  VIII.,  May  24,  1535 ; 
was  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  Vilvorde,  near  Brussels ; 
and  after  a protracted  trial  for  heresy  was  strangled,  Oct. 
6,  1536,  his  body  being  burned  at  the  stake.  Among  his 
other  works  are  “ Parable  of  the  Wicked  Mammon  ” (1528), 
“Obedience  of  a Christian  Man”  (1528),  and  “Practice  of 
Prelates  " (1530). 

Tyndall  (tin'dal),  John.  Born  at  Leiglilin 
Bridge,  Ireland,  Aug.  2,  1820:  died  at  Hasle- 
mere,  Surrey,  England,  Dec.  4,  1893.  A distin- 
guished British  physicist.  Having  been  educated 
partly  at  home,  partly  at  a school  near  his  native  town  of 
Leighliu  Bridge,  he  entered  the  employment  of  a firm 
of  engineers  in  1844.  He  was  teacher  at  Queenwood  Col- 
lege, Hants,  1847—48 ; studied  at  the  University  of  Marburg 
1848-50;  was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1852  ; 
became  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Royal  In- 
stitution of  London  in  1853 ; explored  with  Huxley  the 
glaciers  of  Switzerland  in  1856,  thus  beginning  a study  to 
which  he  afterward  devoted  much  attention  ; climbed  the 
Weisshorn  in  1861 ; scaled  the  Matterhorn  in  1868 ; visited 
Algeria  in  1870 ; and  lectured  in  the  United  States  in  1872. 
He  was  especially  noted  for  his  investigations  in  electricity 
and  magnetism,  radiant  heat,  light,  acoustics,  and  glaciers. 
He  was  a zealous  advocate  of  the  doctrine  of  materialism, 
which  he  upheld  in  an  address  delivered  while  presiding 
over  a meeting  of  the  British  Association  at  Belfast  in 
1874.  His  works  are  “Faraday  as  a Discoverer”  (1868), 
“Researches  on  Diamagnetism  and  Magne-Crystallic  Ac- 
tion ” (1870),  “ Notes  of  a Course  of  Nine  Lectures  ou  Light 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution,  1869”(1870),  “ Notes  of 
a Course  of  Seven  Lectures  on  Electrical  Phenomena  de- 
livered at  the  Royal  Institution,  1870"  (1870),  “Essays  on 
the  Imagination  in  Science  ” (1870),  “Hours  of  Exercise  in 
the  Alps "(1871),  “Fragments  of  Science  for  Unscientific 
People  ” (1871),  “ Contributions  to  Molecular  Physics  in  the 
Domain  of  Radiant  Heat:  a Series  of  Memoirs"  (1872), 
“ The  Forms  of  Water  in  Clouds  and  Rivers,  Ice  and  Gla- 
ciers" (1872),  “Six  Lectures  on  Light,  delivered  in  America, 
1872-73 ” (1873),  "Address  delivered  before  the  British  As- 
sociation assembled  at  Belfast:  with  Additions”  (1874), 
“On  the  Transmission  of  Sound  by  the  Atmosphere  ”(1874), 
“ Lessons  in  Electricity  at  the  Royal  Institution,  1875-76” 
(1876),  “ Fermentation ” (1877),  “Essays  on  the  Floating 
Matter  of  the  Air  in  Relation  to  Putrefaction  and  Infec- 
tion” (1881),  “Free  Molecules  and  Radiant  Heat  ” (“Philo- 
sophical Transactions  1882),  “ Fragments  of  Science  ’’  and 
“New  Fragments"  (1892),  etc. 

Tyndall,  Mount.  A mountain  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  California, about lat.  36°39'N.  Height, 
about  14,386  feet. 

Tyndarides  (tin-dar'i-dez).  Patronymic  of 
Castor,  Polydeuces,  and  Helena,  children  of 
Tyndareus. 


Tyrol 

Tyne  (tin).  A river  in  northern  England,  it 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  Tyne  and  South 
Tyne,  which  unite  near  Hexham  after  traversing  North- 
umberland ; flows  eastward  past  Newcastle ; forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Northumberland  and  Durham ; and 
empties  into  the  North  Sea  at  Tynemouth.  Length,  about 
80  miles ; navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Newcastle. 

Tynemouth  (tin'muth  or  tin'muth).  A borough 
in  Northumberland,  England,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tyne  in  lat.  55°  1'  N.,  long.  1°  25' 
W . It  comprises  the  wards  of  Tynemouth,  North  Shields, 
and  Percy.  It  is  a watering-place  and  seaport,  and  has 
ship-building,  fisheries,  manufactures  of  ropes  and  sails, 
etc.  Its  priory  was  founded  in  the  7th  century,  and  has 
several  times  been  rebuilt.  Population,  58,822,  (1911). 

Tyner  (ti'ner),  James  Noble.  Born  at  Brook- 
ville,  Ind.,  Jan.  17,  1826:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Dec.  5,  1904.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Republican  United  States  senator  from  Indiana 
1869-75  ; postmaster-general  1875-77  ; first  assistant  post- 
master-general 1877-82 ; and  assistant  attorney-general 
1889-93,  1897-1903. 

Tynewald,  or  Tinewald  (tin'wold).  The  par- 
liament or  legislature  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  consist- 
ing of  the  governor  and  council,  constituting  the 
upper  house,  and  the  House  of  Keys,  or  lower 
house.  It  is  independent  of  the  British  Parliament,  its 
acts  requiring  only  the  assent  of  the  sovereign  in  council. 

Tyng  ( ting) , Stephen  Higginson.  Bom  at  Ne  w- 

b ury port,  Mass.,  March  1, 1800:  died  at  Irving- 
ton, N.  Y Sept . 4,  1885.  A Protestant  Episc  opal 
clergyman  and  author:  rector  of  St.  George’s 
Church,  New  York  city,  1844-78,  when  he  re- 
tired as  rector  emeritus.  He  published  several  vol- 
umes of  sermons,  “Recollections  of  England”  (1847), 
“Forty  Years’  Experience  in  Sunday-Schools "(1860),  “The 
Prayer-Book  Illustrated  by  Scripture  ” (1863-67),  etc. 

Typhon  (ti'fdn).  [Gr.  T v^aov.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  a son  of  Tvphoeus,  and  the  father  of 
the  winds:  later  confused  with  Typlios  or  Ty- 
phoeus.—  2.  In  Egyptian  mythology  : see  Set. 

Tyr  (tir).  [ON.  Tyr.']  In  Northern  mythology, 
the  god  of  war  and  victory,  son  of  Odin.  He  is 
the  same  as  the  Anglo-Saxon  Tiw.  He  is  represented  with 
one  hand,  the  other  having  been  bitten  off  by  the  wolf 
Fenris,  in  whose  mouth  he  had  placed  it  as  a pledge. 

Tyrannic  Love,  or  the  Royal  Martyr.  A 

tragedy  by  Dryden,  produced  in  1668  or  1669, 
printed  in  1670. 

Tyras  (ti'ras).  The  ancient  name  of  the  river 
Dniester. 

Tyre  (tir) . [L.  Tyr  us,  Gr.  T vpoc,  from  Phen.  (Heb. ) 
l'sor  (cor,  modern  yur),  rock.]  Next  to  Sidon, 
the  oldest  and  most  important  city  of  Phenicia. 
It  consisted  of  a town  on  the  mainland,  which  was  the 
oldest  part  (Palsetyrus),  and  two  rocky  islands  directly  op- 
posite Palaetyrus.  These  islands  originally  contained  only 
the  temple  of  Melkarth  and  warehouses.  In  the  13th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  they  were  more  settled,  and  they  were  united 
by  Hiram,  the  contemporary  of  Solomon,  by  an  embank- 
ment. In  the  11th  century  B.  c.  Tyre  began,  under  its  first 
king,  Abibaal,  father  of  Hiram,  to  rival  itsmothercity  Sidon, 
and  soon  supplanted  it  as  queen  of  the  Phenician  cities. 
Of  its  magnificence  and  luxury  the  prophet  Ezekiel  gives 
a detailed  and  graphic  description.  It  established  colo- 
nies in  Sicily,  Sardinia,  Spain,  Africa  (Carthage),  and  sent 
out  mercantile  fleets  to  India  and  Brittany.  Under  Hiram 
Tyre  reached  the  height  of  its  prosperity  and  splendor.  It 
then  came  into  close  friendly  relations  with  Israel.  Later, 
Ahab,  king  of  Israel,  married  Jezebel,  daughter  of  Eth- 
baal,  whose  great-granddaughter  Elissa  (Dido)  is  said  to 
have  founded  Carthage.  Tyre  was  often  the  aim  of  at- 
tacks by  Eastern  rulers.  It  became  Tributary  to  Assyria 
under  Tiglath-Pileser  III.  (745-727  B.  c.).  Shalmaneser 
IV.  (727-722)  besieged  it  for  five  years,  apparently  without 
success.  Under  Nebuchadnezzar  it  stood  a siege  of  13 
years  (585-572).  Later  it  came  under  Persian  supremacy. 
Alexander  the  Great  reduced  the  city  after  a siegeof  nine 
months,  though  he  did  not  completely  destroy  it.  From 
this  blow  Tyre  never  fully  recovered,  but  continued  to 
flourish  in  a quiet  manner  through  its  manufactures  of 
metal-work,  fine  textiles,  and  purple  dye.  In  the  Roman 
period  Tyre  was  still  a prosperous  city,  and  it  retained 
some  importance  down  to  the  middle  ages.  During  the 
Crusades  it  often  changed  hands  between  the  Christians 
and  the  Mohammedans,  and  was  repeatedly  destroyed. 
The  modern  bur  is  an  unimportant  town  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  Beirut,  with  about  6,000  inhabitants. 

Tyrian  Cynosure.  The  constellation  Ursa 
Minor,  anciently  called  the  Cynosure,  which 
served  as  a guide  to  the  Tyrians  in  their  long 
voyages. 

Tyrol  (tir'ol ; G.  pron.  te-rol'),  or  Tirol,  some- 
times the  Tyrol,  It.  Tirolo  (te-ro'lo).  A 
county  in  Austria-Hungary  which  forms  with 
Vorarlberg  a crownland  in  the  Cisleithan  di- 
vision of  the  Austrian  empire.  Capital,  Inns- 
bruck. Tyrol  itself  is  bounded  by  Vorarlberg,  Bavaria, 
Salzburg,  Carinthia,  Italy,  and  Switzerland.  1 1 is  traversed 
by  the  Alps,  and  contains  the  upper  valleys  of  the  Lech, 
Adige,  and  Drave,  and  the  middle  valley  of  the  Inn.  Among 
its  chief  products  are  dairy  products,  fruits,  and  wine  (in 
South  Tyrol).  It  has  mines  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  cop- 
per, etc.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic  ; most 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans,  but  there  are  also  about 
15,000  Ladins,  and  in  South  Tyrol  over  one  third  of  the 
population  is  Italian.  It  has  25  representatives  in  the 
Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  68  members  in  its  Landtag.  Tyrol 
was  part  of  the  ancient  Rhretia  and  Noricum  under  the 
Roman  Empire,  and  later  in  great  part  a portion  of  Ba- 
varia.  It  belonged  to  the  empire  of  Charles  the  Great,  and 


Tyrol 

later  to  the  duchy  of  Bavaria.  The  counts  of  Tyrol  ex- 
tended their  power  from  the  neighborhood  of  Meran  in 
the  middle  ages,  and  became  paramount  in  the  country. 
Tyrol  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in  1363,  and  was 
granted  by  Napoleon  to  Bavaria  in  1805.  In  1809occurred 
an  insurrection  against  the  French  and  Bavarian  rule. 
Barts  of  Tyrol  were  ceded  to  France  in  1809-10.  It  was 
recovered  by  Austria  in  1814.  Area,  with  Vorarlberg, 
11,324  square  miles.  Population,  946,498,  (1910). 

Tyrol,  Welsch.  That  part  of  Tyrol  not  inhab- 
ited principally  by  German-speaking  people; 
specifically,  South  Tyrol,  inhabited  principally 
by  Italians. 

Tyrone  (ti-ron').  A county  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  Donegal,  Londonderry,  Lough 
Neagh,  Armagh,  Monaghan,  and  Fermanagh. 
Capital,  Omagh.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly. 
Area,  1,260  square  miles.  Population,  about 
150,500. 

Tyrone,  Earl  of.  See  O’Neil,  Hugh. 

Tyropceon  (tir-o-pe'on).  [Gr.  n>v  Tvpoiroiuv,  of 
the  cheese-makers.]  A valley  at  Jerusalem. 
See  the  extract. 

The  Pool  of  Siloam  lies  on  the  opposite  side  of  this  ridge, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  valley  called  that  of  the  Cheesemak- 
ers  (Tyropceon)  in  the  time  of  Josephus,  but  which  is  now 
filled  up  with  rubbish,  and  in  large  part  built  over. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  98. 

Tyrrhenians  (ti-re'ni-anz).  A name  given  by 
the  Greeks  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Etruria. 

Tyrrhenian  Sea,  or  Inferum  Mare  (in'fe-rum 
ma're).  In  ancient  geography,  that  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  which  lies  west  of  Italy. 

Tyrtseus  (ter-te'us).  [Gr.  Tvpraioc.\  Lived  in 


1017 

the  middle  of  the  7th  century  B.  c.  A famous 
elegiac  poet  of  Sparta,  said  to  have  been  a 
native  of  Attica.  According  to  a (doubtless  un- 
founded) tradition,  the  Spartans  who  were  at  war  with 
the  Messenians  were  commanded  by  the  oracle  to  take  a 
leader  from  among  the  Athenians.  The  latter,  not  wish- 
ing to  aid  the  Spartans,  sent  Tyrtseus,  a lame  schoolmaster 
of  no  reputation  ; but  by  his  songs  he  so  inspired  his  fol- 
lowers that  they  obtained  the  victory.  Fragments  of  his 
poems  are  extant. 

Tyrus  (ti'rus).  The  Latin  name  of  Tyre. 

Tyrwhitt  (ter'it),  Thomas.  Born  at  London, 
March  29,  1730 : died  at  Loudon,  Aug.  15,  1786. 
An  English  critic.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  was 
elected  a fellow  of  Merton  in  1755,  but  in  1762  abandoned 
his  academic  career  in  order  to  become  clerk  of  the  House 
of  Commons.  He  resigned  his  clerkship  in  1768,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  “Observations  on 
Some  Passages  of  Shakespeare  ” (1766),  and  prepared  ex- 
cellent editions  of  Chaucer's  “ Canterbury  Tales  " (1775-78) 
and  Aristotle’s  “Poetics ” (1794).  He  is  chiefly  known  as 
the  original  editor  of  “ Rowley’s  Poems,”  which  he  demon- 
strated were  written  by  Chatterton. 

Tytler  (tlt'ler),  Alexander  Fraser,  Lord 
Woodhouselee.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  15, 
1747 : died  there,  Jan.  5, 1813.  A Scottish  his- 
torical and  general  writer,  son  of  William  Tytler 
(judge-advocate  of  Scotland).  Among  his  works  are 
“Elements  of  General  History”  (1801:  first  published  as 
“ Outlines”  1782),  livesof  Lord  Kames  (1807)audof  Petrarch 
(1810),  “ Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Translation  ” (1791). 

Tytler,  C.  C.  Fraser.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Christina  Catherine  Fraser  Tytler  Liddell. 

Tytler,  Patrick  Fraser.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Aug.  30, 1791 : died  at  Great  Malvern,  England, 
Dec.  24,  1849.  A Scottish  historian,  son  of  A. 


Tzume 

F.  Tytler.  His  chief  work  is  a “History  of  Scotland" 
(9  vols.  1828-43).  Among  his  other  works  are  lives  of 
Admirable  Crichton,  Wyciif,  Raleigh,  and  Henry  VIII., 
“Lives  of  Scottish  Worthies"  (1831-33),  and  “Progress  of 
Discovery  on  the  Northern  Coasts  of  America  ” (1832). 

Tytler,  Sarah.  The  pseudonym  of  Henrietta 
Keddie. 

Tytler,  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  12, 
1711:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  12,  1792.  A 
Scottish  historical  and  antiquarian  writer.  His 
chief  work  is  “ An  Inquiry,  Historical  and  Critical,  into  the 
Evidence  against  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  " (1759). 

Tyumen,  or  Tinmen  (tyo-meny').  A town  in 
the  government  of  Tobolsk,  West  Siberia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tura  about  140  miles  southwest 
of  Tobolsk.  It  has  important  commerce  through  the 
Obi  river-system ; is  the  terminus  of  a railway  from 
Yekaterinburg  ; and  is  on  the  great  Siberian  highway.  It 
is  the  chief  manufacturing  center  in  Siberia : among  its 
manufactures  are  leather  and  carpets. 

Tz.  For  Russian  words  in  Tz,  see  Ts. 

Tzana,  or  Tsana  (tsa'nii),  or  Dembea  (dem'ba- 
a),  Lake.  A lake  in  the  interior  of  Abyssinia, 
intersected  by  lat.  12°  N.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Blue  Nile.  Elevation  above  sea-level,  about 
5,700  feet.  Length,  55  miles. 

Tzigane  (tse-gan'),  La.  An  opera  by  Strauss, 
produced  at  Paris  in  1877. 

Tzum6  (tzo-ma/),  or  Tsome  (tzo-ma').  A tra- 
ditional or  perhaps  mythical  hero  of  the  Tupi 
Indians  of  Brazil.  Some  of  the  missionary  au- 
thors of  the  17th  century  identified  him  with  St. 
Thomas. 


For  an  explanation  of  Afri- 
can names  of  countries  and 
languages  beginning  with 
U,  see  African  names,  un- 
der A frica. 

Ualan.  See  Strong  Island. 
Uarda  (o-ar'da).  A novel 
by  Ebers,  published  in  1877. 
The  scene  is  laid  chiefly  in 
Egypt  at  the  time  of  the  reign  of  Raineses  II. 
Uaup6s  (wa-6-pas')-  Ariverof  southern  Colom- 
bia and  Brazil,  the  largest  affluent  of  the  Rio 
Negro.  Length  unknown  (probably  over  700 
miles).  Also  written  Uaupez. 

Ubangi  (o-bang'ge),  or,  better,  Mobangi  (mo- 
bang'ge),  in  its  upper  course  Makua  (ma-ko'- 
a)  and  Welle  (wel'e).  The  chief  right-hand 
tributary  of  the  Kongo,  in  the  Belgian  Kongo. 
It  joins  the  Kongo  a little  south  of  the  equator.  Its  length 
is  probably  about  1,500  miles. 

Ubara-tutu.  See  Otiartes. 

tJberweg  (ii'ber-vee),  orUeberweg,  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Leichlingen.  Prussia,  J an.  22, 1826 : died 
at  Konigsberg,  June  9, 1871.  A German  philos- 
opher, professor  at  Konigsberg  from  1867.  His 
chief  works  are  “ Grundriss  der  Geschichte  der  Philoso- 
phic "(“ Outline  of  the  History  of  Philosophy":  in  many 
editions,  the  first  1863-66),  and  “System  der  Logik  und 
Geschichte  der  logischen  Lehren”  (1857). 

Ubicini  (ii-be-se-ne'),  Jean  Henri  Abdolo- 

nyme.  Born  at  Issoudun,  France,  Oct.  20, 
1818:  died  at  Roche-Corbon,  Oct.  8,  1884.  A 
French  publicist.  He  traveled  in  Italy,  Greece,  and 
the  Orient,  and  took  part  in  the  insurrection  of  Bukharest 
in  1848.  He  wrote  various  works  on  southeastern  Europe, 
including  “Lettres  surlaTurquie  ’’  (1847-51),  “ La  question 
d ’Orient"  (1854),  etc. 

Ubii  (u'bi-i).  [L.  (Ctesar)  Ubii,  Gr.  (Strabo) 

Ovfiiot.']  A German  people  first  mentioned  by 
Caesar,  in  whose  time  they  were  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  north  of  the  Taunus 
region  to  the  Sieg.  Made  tributary  to  the  Suevi,  they 
sought  Roman  protection,  under  Augustus,  ontheleftbank 
of  the  Rhine,  somewhat  further  to  the  north.  Their  prin- 
cipal place,  named  Colonia  Agrippinensis  (modern  Cologne) 
from  Agrippina,  daughter  of  Germanicus  and  wife  of  Clau- 
dius, became  the  chief  seat  of  Roman  power  on  the  lower 
Rhine.  The  Ubii  themselves  are  also  frequently  called 
Agrippinenses.  They  were  merged  ultimately  in  the  Franks. 

Ucayale  (o-ki-a'la),  or  Ucayali  (o-kl-a'le). 
One  of  the  principal  head  streams  of  the  Ama- 
zon, in  Peru.  It  rises  near  lat.  14°  30'  S.,  receives  the 
Apurimac,  and  joins  the  Maraiion  at  Nauta.  Length,  over 
1,400  miles;  navigablefor  1,000  miles.  Called  in  its  upper 
course  Vilcamayu  and  Urubamba. 

Uchard  (ii-shar'),  Mario.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec. 
28, 1824 : died  there,  Aug.  1,  1893.  A French 
dramatist,  husband  of  the  actress  Madeleine 

Brohan.  He  wrote  the  dramas  “LaFiammina”(1857)and 
“La  Charmeuse ” (1864) ; the  comedies  “La  seconde  jeu- 
nesse  ” (1859),  “ La  postOritd  d’un  bourgmestre  ’’  (1864) ; the 
romance  “ Raymond  ” (1861) ; etc. 

Uchatius  (6-eha/ti-6s),  Baron  Franz  von.  Born 
at  There sienf eld,  in  Lower  Austria,  Oct.  20, 
1811:  committed  suicide  at  Vienna,  June  4, 1881. 
An  Austrian  artillery  general  (lieutenant  field- 
marshal)  and  authority  on  artillery  tactics.  He 
invented  a steel  bronze  for  cannon  (named  from  him 
Uchatius  steel),  ballistic  apparatus,  etc. 

Uchean  (u'che-an),  or  Yuchi,  or  Euchees.  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  of 
which  but  one  tribe,  the  Yuchi,  is  definitely 
known.  Its  earliest  known  habitat  was  the  coast  tract 
of  South  Carolina  southwest  of  Charleston,  and  in  the  early 
part  of  the  18th  century  they  lived  also  upon  the  lower 
Savannah  River.  They  became  allies  of  the  Creek  Confed- 
eracy without  joining  it,  and  were  removed  at  the  same 
time  with  the  Creeks  (1836-40)  to  the  Indian  Territory 
(Oklahoma),  where  a few  now  live. 

Uchtritz  (uch'trits),  Friedrich  von.  Born  at 
Gorlitz,  Prussia,  Sept.  12,  1800:  died  there, 
Feb.  15,  1875.  A German  dramatist  and  nov- 
elist. His  best-known  drama  is  “Alexander 
und  Darius”  (1827). 

Uckermark.  See  Ukermark. 

Uckermiinde  (ok-er-miin'de),  or  Ukermiinde 
(ok-er-miin'de).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  ticker, 


near  the  Lesser  Half,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Stettin.  Population,  communej  6,263. 

Ucl6s  ( o-klas').  A small  town  m the  province 
of  Cuenca,  Spain,  56  miles  southeast  of  Madrid. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a battle  between  the  Moors  and  Cas- 
tilians in  1108  ; and  here.  Jan.  13, 1809,  the  French  under 
Victor  defeated  the  Spaniards. 

Udaipur  (o-dl-por'),  or  Oodeypore  (o-dl-por'). 

1 . A tributary  native  state  in  Rajputana,  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  74°  E. : the 
ancient  Meywar.  It  is  under  British  protec- 
tion. Area,  12,691  square  miles.  Population, 
1,018,805. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Udai- 
pur, about  lat.  24°  35'  N.  Population,  about 
38,000. 

Udall  (u'dal),  John.  Died  in  the  Marshalsea 
Prison,  1592.  An  English  nonconformist,  one 
of  the  writers  for  the  Marprelate  press.  He  pub- 
lished “ Diotrephes”  in  1588,  the  first  answer  to  Bridges's 
“Defense  of  the  Government  Established  in  the  Church 
of  England  for  Ecclesiastical  Matters,”  and  was  sum- 
moned before  the  Court  of  High  Commission  and  finally 
deprived  of  his  living  and  imprisoned  at  Southwark.  He 
then  printed  a work  called  “A  Demonstration  of  the 
Truth  of  that  Discipline  which  Christ  hath  Prescribed, 
etc."  This  book  was  declared  seditious,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  death  in  Feb.,  1591.  Efforts  were  made  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  and  others  for  his  release,  but  just  when 
they  were  successful  he  was  taken  ill  in  prison  and  died. 
He  also  wrote  “The  Key  to  the  Holy  Tongue,"  the  first 
Hebrew  grammar  in  English,  printed  at  Leyden  in  1593. 
Udall,  Nicholas.  Born  in  Hampshire  in  1505 : 
died  1556.  An  English  dramatist  and  Latin 
scholar.  He  was  head-master  at  Eton  in  1534,  and  of 
Westminster  School  about  1654  to  1556.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  first  English  comedy,  “Ralph  Roister  Doister" 
(which  see).  In  1542  he  published  his  translation  of  the 
“Apothegms"  of  Erasmus;  he  also  (1542-45)  translated 
Erasmus's  paraphrase  on  Luke. 

Udine  (o'de-ne).  1.  A province  in  Venetia, 
Italy.  Area,  2,541  square  miles.  Population, 
674,612. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Udine,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Roja  in  lat.  46°  4' 
N.,  long.  13°  14'  E. : the  ancient  Vedinum  or 
Utinum.  It  has  flourishing  silk  manufactures.  It 
became  the  capital  of  Friuli  in  i238  ; and  passed  to  Venice 
in  1420.  Population,  town,  24,257 ; commune,  37,942. 

Udolpho,  The  Mysteries  of.  See  Mysteries  of 
Udolpho,  The. 

Ueberweg.  See  Uberweg. 

Uechtland  (ucht'lant),  or  Helvetian  (hel-ve'- 
shan)  Desert.  A medieval  name  for  a region 
in  the  modern  cantons  of  Fribourg  and  Bern, 
Switzerland,  between  the  Aar  and  the  Saane : 
so  called  because  often  devastated  by  war  in 
the  early  middle  ages. 

Ufa(o'fa).  1.  A government  of  eastern  Russia, 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Perm,  Oren- 
burg, Samara,  Kazan,  and  Vyatka.  It  is  traversed 
by  ranges  of  the  Urals.  The  chief  river  is  the  Byelaya.  Ufa 
has  iron-  and  copper-mines.  Area,  47,109  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  2,777,700. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Ufa,  situ- 
ated  at  the  junction  of  the  Ufa  with  the  Bye- 
laya, about  lat.  54°  45'  N.  Population,  56,000. 

Uffizi  (of-fet'se).  One  of  the  chief  art  galleries 
in  the  world,  situated  in  Florence  near  the 
Arno,  and  connected  with  the  galleries  in  the 
Palazzo  Pitti  by  a covered  gallery  over  the 
*Ponte  Vecchio:  founded  in  the  15th  century. 
Uganda  (o-gan'da).  A protectorate  in  Brit- 
ish East  Africa,  at  the  northwest  end  of  Lake 
Victoria,  bordering  on  German  East  Africa  on 
the  south  and  the  Belgian  Kongo  on  the  west. 
It  was  definitely  placed  in  the  British  sphere  of  influence 
in  1890.  In  March.  1893,  the  British  East  Africa  Company 
retired  from  Uganda.  Area,  about  117,681  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  over  3,000,000.  Altitude  of  plateau, 
about  4,000  feet.  See  Ganda. 

Uggione.  See  Oggione. 

Ugogo  (o-go'go).  See  Gogo. 

Ugolino.  See  Gherardesca. 

Uhehe  (o-ha'he).  See  Helie. 

Uhland  (o'lant),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Tubingen, 
April  26, 1787 : died  there,  Nov.  13, 1862.  A Ger- 
man lyric  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Tubing- 
en, and  afterward  became  an  advocate  at  Stuttgart.  He 
subsequently  devoted  himself  to  linguistic  studies.  In 
1810  he  was  in  Paris  engaged  in  study,  particularly  of  man- 
uscripts of  the  middle  ages.  In  1829  he  was  made  pro- 
1018 


fessor  of  the  German  language  and  literature  at  Tubingen, 
a post  which  he  resigned  in  1833  on  the  refusal  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  grant  him  a leave  of  absence  to  attend  the  Diet 
of  Wurtemberg  as  delegate.  In  1848  and  1849  he  was  a 
member  of  the  German  National  Assembly.  His  first  po- 
ems (“  Gedichte  ")  appeared  in  1806 : a complete  collection 
was  published  in  1815.  “ Vaterlandische  Gedichte  ’’  (‘  Fa- 

therland Poems"),  a volume  of  patriotic  lyrics  evoked  by 
the  Wurtemberg  constitutional  troubles  of  1815,  was  pub- 
lished in  1816,  and  in  an  augmented  edition  in  1817.  In  1818 
appeared  the  first  of  his  two  dramas,  the  tragedy  “Ernst 
Herzog  von  Schwaben ''(“Ernst,  Duke  of  Swabia"),  which 
was  followed  in  1819  by  “Ludwig  der  Baier”  (“Louis  the 
Bavarian  ").  His  fame  as  a poet  is  based  chiefly  upon  his 
songs  and  ballads,  some  of  which  are  among  the  most 
famous  in  German  literature.  Several  of  his  lyrics,  like 
“Ich  liatt’  einen  Kameraden,"  “Droben  stehet  die  Ka- 
pelle, " and  “ Es  zogen  drei  Burschen  wohl  fiber  den  Rhein," 
and  the  religious  poem  “Das  ist  der  Tag  des  Herrn,”  have 
become  genuine  folk-songs.  As  a poet  he  belonged  to  the 
so-called  Swabian  School.  His  poems  and  dramas  (“Ge- 
dichte und  Dramen  ")  were  published  at  Stuttgart  in  1876, 
in  3 vols.  His  “Schriften  zur  Geschichte  der  Dichtung 
und  Sage”  (“Writings  on  the  History  of  Poetry  and  Le- 
gend") appeared  at  Stuttgart,  1865-73,  in  8 vols. 

Uhrich  (o'rich  or  ii-rek'),  Jean  Jacques  Alexis. 

Born  at  Pfalzburg,  Alsace,  Eeb.  15, 1802 : died 
at  Passy,  Oct.  9,  1886.  A French  general.  He 
served  in  Spain,  Algeria,  the  Crimea,  and  Italy;  and  was 
commandant  of  Strasburg  at  the  time  of  its  siege  and  ca- 
pitulation in  1870. 

Uigurs  (o'i-gorz).  A Turkish  people  dwelling 
in  central  Asia,  especially  in  the  Tian-Shan 
region.  Also  Vighurs. 

TheUighurs  eventually,  . . . under  the  names  of  Yueh- 
chi  and  White  Huns,  broke  in  pieces  the  Greek  kingdom 
of  Bactria,  and  founded  a famous  empire,  with  its  capital 
at  Balkh,  which  became  the  scourge  of  the  Sassanians  on 
the  one  hand,  and  filled  a more  remarkable  place  in  Indian 
history  than  is  generally  suspected  on  the  other. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  3. 

Uintah,  or  Uinta  (u-in'ta),  Mountains.  A 

range  of  mountains  chiefly  in  northern  Utah, 
on  the  borders  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  It 
extends  nearly  east  and  west. 

Uiracocha  (we-ra-ko'cha).  [Quichua:  perhaps 
from  Uayra,  air,  spirit,  and  ccocha,  sea,  space.] 
The  Supreme  Deity  of  the  ancient  Peruvians. 
He  was  described  as  the  creator  of  all  living  things.  His 
worship  had  come  down  from  very  ancient  times,  and  was 
attributed  to  the  people  who  had  ruled  about  Lake  Titi- 
caca (see  Piruas).  He  was  adored,  at  least  by  the  amau- 
tas,  or  wise  men,  and  temples  were  dedicated  to  him  (see 
Curicancha).  The  festival  of  Ccapac  Raymi,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  year,  was  held  in  his  honor.  The  early  Spanish 
writers  corrupted  the  name  to  Yiracocha  and  mistrans- 
lated it  ‘foam  of  the  sea.'  Uiracocha  was  sometimes  rep- 
resented as  white  and  bearded,  whence  the  Indians  are 
said  to  have  applied  the  name  to  the  Spaniards.  For  the 
same  reason  the  missionaries  supposed  him  to  be  identical 
with  the  Mexican  Quetzalcohuatl  (which  see),  and  ima- 
gined that  the  traditions  of  him  referred  to  St.  Thomas. 
Also  called  Illa-ticsi  (‘eternal  light’),  Pachayachachic 
(‘teacher’),  and  Pachacamac  (‘ruler  of  the  world  ’). 

Uist,  North.  See  North  TJist. 

Uist,  South.  See  South  Uist. 

Ujfalvy,  Charles  Eugene.  Bom  at  Vienna, 
May  16,  1842:  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  31,  1904. 
A philologist,  ethnologist,  and  traveler,  of  Hun- 
garian descent.  He  became  professor  at  the  Oriental 
Academy  at  Paris  in  1873,  and  made  journeys  to  Asia  (1876- 
18S2)  under  French  auspices.  lie  wrote  various  works  on 
Magyar,  the  Finnic  and  other  Ural-Altaic  languages. 

Ujiji  ( o-je'je)-  1-  The  country  of  the  Jiji  tribe 
(Wajiji),  of  Bantu  stock,  in  central  Africa.  The 
natives  are  well  built  and  strong,  able  fishermen  and  boat- 
men, agriculturists,  iron-workers,  and  traders  in  ivory, 
palm-oil,  and  cattle.  They  are  settled  on  the  northeastern 
shore  of  Lake  Tanganyika  in  German  East  Africa. 

2.  The  chief  town  of  the  Wajiji,  situated  in 
lat.  5°  S.,  long.  30°  E.,with  about  14,000  popula- 
tion and  a strong  settlement  of  Arabs.  It  was 
here  that  Burton  discovered  the  lake,  and  here 
Stanley  found  Livingstone  on  Nov.  10,  1871. 

Ukaqpa.  See  Kwap>a. 

Ukerewe  (o-ke-re'we).  All  island  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza. 

Ukermark,  or  Uckermark  (o'ker-mark).  The 
northernmost  division  of  the  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, Prussia,  surrounded  by  Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz,  Pomerania,  the  Neumark,  and  the  Mit- 
telmark.  It  is  divided  now  into  the  circles  Prenzlau, 
Templin,  and  Angermiinde.  The  early  inhabitants  were 
Polabian  Slavs.  It  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  chiefly  in 
the  reign  of  Frederick  I.  (1415-40). 


Ukermiinde 

Ukermiinde.  See  Uckermunde. 

Ukert  (o'kert),  Friedrich  August.  Bom  at 
Eutin,  Germany,  Oct.  28,  1780:  died  at  Gotha, 
May  18,  1851.  A German  historian  and  geog- 
rapher, chief  librarian  of  the  ducal  library  at 
Gotha  from  1808.  He  published  “Geographic  der 
Griechen  und  Rbmer"  (1816-46),  etc.,  and  was  a collabo- 
rat  or  of  Heeren. 

Ukko.  See  Jumala. 

Ukraine  (u'kranor  o-kran').  [Russ.  Ukrdina, 
border  land.]  A region  in  Russia,  of  vague 
boundaries,  lying  chiefly  in  the  valley  of  the 
middle  Dnieper:  nearly  the  same  as  Little  Rus- 
sia, and  corresponding  nearly  to  the  govern- 
ments Kieff,  Tchernigoff,  Pultowa,  and  Khar- 
koff.  It  was  long  an  object  of  contention  between  Po- 
land and  Russia.  The  part  east  of  the  Dnieper  was  ceded 
to  Russia  by  Poland  in  1667  and  1686 ; the  part  west  of  the 
Dnieper  fell  to  Russia  in  1793. 

Uledborg  (o'le-d-borg).  1.  A laen  of  Finland, 
occupying  the  northern  part  of  that  country. 
Area,  63,957  square  miles.  Population,  299,450. 
— 2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the  laen  of  Ule&- 
borg,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ulea-Elf  in 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  in  lat.  65°  N.,  long.  25° 
30'  E.  It  has  considerable  foreign  commerce. 
Population,  18,398. 

Uled  Lake  (o'le-a  lak).  A lake  in  Finland, 
southeast  of  Ule&borg.  Length,  about  40  miles. 
Ulfilas  (ul'fi-las),  Goth.  Wulfila (‘little  wolf’). 
Bom  311:  died  at  Constantinople  in  382.  A 
Gothic  bishop  and  translator  of  the  Bible.  His 
parents  were  Christians  of  Cappadocian  origin.  At  the 
Synod  of  Antioch,  341,  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  the 
Arlan  Visigoths,  who  lived  to  the  north  of  the  lower  Dan- 
ube. In  348,  persecuted  and  driven  out  of  this  region  by 
Athanarich,  Ulfilas  and  his  people,  with  the  permission  of 
the  emperor  Constantius,  emigrated  to  Moesia,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Nicopolis.  From  their  new  home  they  are  con- 
sequently frequently  called  Mcesogoths  and  their  language 
Mcesogothie.  Ulfilas  died  at  Constantinople,  where  he  had 
gone  to  defend  the  doctrines  of  Arianism.  He  preached 
in  Greek,  Latin,  and  Gothic.  He  translated  the  Bible  into 
Gothic  from  a Greek  original,  but  is  said  to  have  omitted 
the  Books  of  Kings.  For  his  translation  he  invented  a 
written  alphabet  by  supplementing  the  Greek  alphabet  in 
necessary  instances  from  the  Gothic  runes.  His  transla- 
tion, which  from  internal  evidence  shows  the  work  of 
several  hands,  and  was,  doubtless,  in  part  done  by  others 
under  his  supervision,  has  been  preserved  only  in  a frag- 
mentary form  : in  all  there  are  the  greater  part  of  the  Gos- 
pels, a large  portion  of  the  Epistles,  and  scraps  of  the  Old 
Testament.  The  principal  manuscript  is  the  so-called 
Codex  Argenteus  of  the  University  Library  at  Upsala, 
Sweden,  which  is  written  in  silver  characters  on  a purple 
ground.  Fragments  of  other  manuscripts  are  preserved 
at  Wolfenbuttel,  Germany,  and  at  Milan  and  Turin.  The 
Gothic  translation  of  the  Bible  is  the  oldest  extant  literary 
monument  in  the  Germanic  languages.  It  has  been  many 
times  published.  A recent  edition  is  by  E.  Bernhardt 
(“  Vulfila  oder  die  Gotische  Bibel,”  Halle,  1875). 

The  grammar  of  the  Gothic  tongue,  as  exhibited  in  the 
translation  of  Ulfilas,  is,  it  need  hardly  be  said,  of  priceless 
value  in  the  history  of  human  speech.  We  here  see,  not 
indeed  the  original  of  all  the  Teutonic  languages,  but  a 
spedimen  of  one  of  them  three  centuries  earlier  than  any 
other  that  has  been  preserved,  with  many  inflections  which 
have  since  been  lost,  with  words  which  give  us  the  clue 
to  relationships  otherwise  untraceable,  with  phrases  which 
cast  a strong  light  on  the  fresh  and  joyous  youth  of  the 
Teutonic  peoples.  In  short,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  same  place  which  the  study  of  Sanscrit  holds  in 
the  history  of  the  development  of  the  great  Indo-European 
family  of  nations  is  occupied  by  the  Gothic  of  Ulfilas 
(Moeso-Gothic,  as  it  is  sometimes  not  very  happily  named) 
in  reference  to  the  unwritt  en  history  of  the  Germanic  races. 

Hodgkin , Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  69. 

Ulleswater.  See  Ullswater. 

Ullmann  (ol'man),  Karl.  Bom  at  Epfen- 
bach,  near  Heidelberg,  March  15,  1796:  died 
at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Jan.  12,  1865.  A German 
Protestant  evangelical  theologian.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Reformatoren  vor  der  Reformation  " (“  Reformers 
before  the  Reformation,"  1841),  “Uber  die  Sundlosigkeit 
Chri8ti”(  ‘Onthe  Sinlessness  of  Christ,"  1841),“  Das  Wesen 
des  Christentums  " (1845),  and  a reply  to  Strauss's  “ Life  of 
Jesus,"  entitled  “Historisch  Oder  mythischv” 

Ulloa  (ol-yo'a),  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Seville, 
Jan.  12, 1716 : died  near  Cadiz,  July  3, 1795.  A 
Spanish  naval  officer.  In  1735  he  was  chosen,  with 
Jorge  Juan,  another  young  naval  officer,  to  accompany  to 
Peru  the  French  commission  for  the  measurement  of  an 
arc  of  the  meridian.  (See  Condamine.)  While  there  they 
studied  the  natural  features  and  politicial  condition  of  the 
colony,  and  were  also  employed  in  defending  it  against 
Lord  Anson.  During  his  return  voyage  in  1744-45,  Ulloa 
was  captured  by  the  English,  but  soon  released.  Charles 
III.  gave  him  high  naval  and  civil  offices,  including  the 
governorship  of  Louisiana  (1766-68),  but  he  showed  little 
aptitude  for  command,  and  after  1780  was  not  in  active 
service.  He  founded  the  observatory  at  Cadiz  and  the 
first  Spanish  metallurgical  laboratory,  and  was  prominent 
in  other  scientific  enterprises.  He  published  “ Relacion 
histdrica  del  viage  a la  America  meridional  " (with  Juan  : 2 
vols.,  1748,  translated  into  various  languages),  “Noticias 
Americanae"  (1772),  etc.  The  secret  report  of  Juan  and 
Ulioa  on  the  American  colonies  was  published  in  English 
in  1826  ; it  is  important  as  showing  the  causes  which  led 
to  the  war  for  independence. 

Ulloa,  Francisco  de.  Died  in  1540(f).  A Spanish 

captain.  He  was  with  Cortes  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico, 
and  in  July,  1539,  was  sent  by  him  to  explore  the  Gulf  of 


1019 

California,  He  left  Acapulco  with  three  vessels,  one  of 
which  was  lost  in  a storm  : with  the  others  he  ascended 
to  the  head  of  the  gulf,  subsequently  exploring  the  west- 
ern coast  of  the  peninsula,  and  attaining  about  lat.  28°,  or, 
as  some  assert,  lat.  30°  30'  N.  One  account  says  that  he 
was  lost  at  sea  ; another  that  he  was  assassinated  shortly 
after  his  return  to  Acapulco.  Ulloa  proved  that  Lower 
California  is  a peninsula.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Ullswater,  or  Ulleswater  (ulz'wa//ter).  A lake 
on  the  border  between  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland, England,  20  miles  south  of  Carlisle: 
the  second  in  size  of  the  English  lakes.  Its  outlet 
is  the  Eamont  into  the  Eden.  Length,  9 miles. 
Ulm  (olm).  The  chief  town  of  the  Danube  cir- 
cle of  Wiirtemberg,  and  an  imperial  fortress, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Iller  and  Blau 
with  the  Danube,  in  lat.  48°  24'  N.,  long.  9°  59' 
E.  It  is  an  important  strategic  and  railway  center ; has 
active  trade  in  leather,  wood,  cloth,  etc. ; has  manufac- 
tures of  beer,  pipe-bowls,  metal-work,  hats,  etc.;  and  is 
noted  for  its  vegetables.  Its  cathedral,  the  largest  church 
in  Germany  except  the  cathedral  of  Cologne,  was  begun 
in  1377,  and  finished  early  in  the  16th  century.  The  west 
front  has  a splendid  triple  portal  surmounted  by  a rich 
tower  terminating  in  an  octagon  and  a spire  529  feet  high, 
completed  in  1890,  and  forming  the  loftiest  structure  of 
its  kind.  The  interior  has  double  aisles,  and  much  fine 
church  furniture.  The  15th-century  choir-stalls  of  oak 
are  covered  with  remarkable  figure-sculpture,  illustrating 
paganism,  Judaism,  and  Christianity.  There  is  some 
beautiful  glass.  The  cathedral  measures  420  by  165  feet ; 
height  of  nave  vault,  141.  Ulm  was  a free  imperial  city  ; 
was  one  of  the  chief  places  in  Swabia,  and  a leading  mem- 
ber of  the  Swabian  leagues ; joined  the  Reformation  in 
1530 ; and  passed  to  Bavaria  in  1803,  and  to  Wiirtemberg 
in  1810.  Population,  commune,  51,820. 

Ulm,  Capitulation  of.  The  surrender  of  an 
Austrian  army  (about  25,000-30,000)  under 
Mack  to  Napoleon,  Oct.  17,  1805. 

Ulm,  Truce  of.  A truce  concluded  in  1647  be- 
tween the  Franco-Swedish  forces  and  the  Ba- 
varians. 

Ulmecs.  See  Olmecs. 

Ulphilas.  See  Ulfilas. 

Ulpian  (ul'pi-an),  L.  Ulpianus  (ul-pi-a'nus), 
Domitius.  Murdered  about  228  a.  d.  A eele- 
bratedRoman jurist,  of  Phenician  descent.  He 
held  office  from  the  time  of  Septimius  Severus ; was  ban- 
ished by  Elagabalus ; and  was  pretorian  prefect  under  Alex- 
ander Severus.  He  wrote  many  commentaries  and  other 
legal  works  (“Ad  Edictum,”  “ AdSabinum,”  etc.),  largely 
used  in  the  “Digest.”  Fragments  of  his  “Institutiones" 
were  published  by  Endlicher  in  1835. 

Although  Ulpian’s  chief  merit  lies  rather  in  the  colla- 
tion of  very  voluminous  materials  than  in  the  well-bal- 
anced arrangement  of  the  same,  his  works  enjoyed  for  a 
long  time  high  authority  on  account  of  their  rich  con- 
tents, and  likewise  in  virtue  of  their  pertinent  criticism 
and  clear  style.  In  Justinian’s  Digest  the  extracts  from 
his  works  form  a full  third  of  the  whole  work. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  W art  ),  II.  267. 

Ulrich  (ol'rich).  Born  1487 : died  1550.  Duke 
of  Wiirtemberg,  son  of  Heinrich  IV.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  duchy  in  1498 ; was  expelled  by  the  Swabian 
League  in  1519;  was  restored  with  the  aid  of  Philip  of  Hesse 
in  1534  ; and  joined  the  Smalkaldic  League. 

Ulrich  von  Hutten.  See  Butten. 

Ulrich  von  Lichtenstein  (ol'rich  fonlich'ten- 
stin).  Born  about  1200 : died  1276.  A Middle 
High  German  lyric  poet.  He  was  descended  from 
a noble  family  in  Styria.  His  principal  poem  is  his  auto- 
biography ca  led  “ Frauendienst”  (“Service  of  Ladies”), 
containing  his  loves  and  adventures  from  1222  to  1255,  in 
which  year  it  was  written.  His  other  work,  “Frauen- 
buch”  (“Book  of  Ladies”),  from  1257,  is  descriptive  of  the 
morals  of  his  time.  His  works  were  published  by  Karl 
Lachmann  (Berlin,  1841). 

Ulrici  (ol-ret'se),  Hermann.  Born  at  Pforten, 
Prussia,  March  23,  1806 : died  at  Halle,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  11, 1884.  A German  theistic  philoso- 
pher and  critic,  professor  at  Halle.  His  works 
include  “Uber  Shakspere’s  dramatische  Kunst ’’(“OnShak- 
spere's  Dramatic  Art,”  1830),  “ Geschichte  der  liellen- 
ischen  Dichtkunst" (1835), “Uber Prinzip  und  M ethode der 
Hegelschen  Philosopliie"  (1841),  “ Grundprinzip  der  Phi- 
losophic" (1845),  “System  der  Logik"  (18521,  “Glauben 
und  Wissen  " (1858),  “Gott  und  die  Natur”  (1862),  “Gott 
und  der  Mensch”(1866),  etc. 

Ulrike  Eleonore  (ol-re'ke  el-e-o-no're).  Born 
at  Stockholm,  Jan.  23, 1688:  died  Nov.  24, 1741. 
Queen  of  Sweden,  younger  sister  of  Charles 
XII.  She  married  the  hereditary  prince  Frederick  of 
Hesse-Cassel,  and  was  proclaimed  queen  in  1718.  Her  hus- 
band was  crowned  as  reigning  king  in  1720. 

Ulster  (ul'ster).  [ME.  Ullister,  Ulcistcr,  Ulsister, 
Ir.  Uladh,  with  termination  as  in  Leinster,  Mun- 
ster.'] The  northernmost  of  the  four  great 
divisions  of  Ireland,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  North  Channel,  Irish  Sea,  Leinster,  and 
Connaught.  It  contains  the  counties  Donegal,  London- 
derry, Tyrone.  Antrim,  Down,  Armagh,  Monaghan,  Cavan, 
and  Fermanagh.  It  was  early  colonized  by  Scots  ; was  long 
ruled  by  kings ; and  in  recent  times  has  been  a Protestant 
and  loyalist  stronghold.  Population,  1,582,826. 

Ulster,  Settlement  or  Plantation  of.  The 

colonization  of  a large  part  of  Ulster  with 
English  and  Scottish  settlers,  about  1609-11. 
Ulster  Rebellion.  An  outbreak  of  the  Irish 
in  Ulster  against  the  English  colonists  in  1641. 
Ultramontane  (ul-tra-mon'tan)  Party.  [From 


Unaka  Mountains 

L.  ultra,  beyond,  and  montanus,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a mountain.]  In  German  politics,  the 
Center  party,  which  opposes  legislation  sup- 
posed to  be  inimical  to  the  Church  of  Rome. 
Ulugh  Beg  (o'logh  beg)  or  Beigh.  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  A prince  of  Samar- 
kand, grandson  of  Timur : noted  as  an  astrono- 
mer.  Histables,  which  were  published  by  Hyde  in  1665,  are 
referred  to  as  important  authority  by  modern  astronomers. 

Ulundi  (6  -lon'de).  A place  in  Zululand,  South 
Africa,  about  lat.  28°  10'  S.,  where,  in  1879,  the 
British  under  Lord  Chelmsford  defeated  the 
Zulus  under  Cettiwayo. 

Ulva  (ul'va).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Scotland, west  of  Mull.  Length,  about  5 miles. 
Ulverston  (ul'v6r-ston).  A town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  situated  near  Morecambe  Bay 
16  miles  northwest  of  Lancaster:  once  the  chief 
town  in  Furness.  It  has  various  manufactures 
andminesofhematite.  Population,  10,064. 
Ulwar.  See  Alwar. 

Ulysses  (u-lis'ez),  or  Ulixes  (u-lik'sez).  See 
Odysseus. 

Ulysses.  A poem  by  Tennyson. 

Uma  (o'mii).  A name  of  the  goddess  Devi. 
Umah.  See  Cuchan. 

Umatilla  (u-ma-til'a).  A tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  originally  dwelling  on  Umatilla 
River,  Oregon.  There  are  now  about  200  of  them  on 
the  Umatilla  reservation,  near  their  former  habitat.  See 
Shahaptian. 

Umatilla  River.  [From  the  Indian  tribal 
name.]  A river  in  northern  Oregon  which 
joins  the  Columbia  about  long.  119°  18'  W. 
Umbagog  Lake  (um-ba'gog  lak).  A lake  on 
the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, intersected  by  lat.  44°  45'  N.  Its  out- 
let is  by  the  Androscoggin.  Length,  9 miles. 
Umballa.  See  Ambala. 

Umbertide.  See  Fratta. 

Umberto.  See  Humbert. 

Umbria  (um'bri-a).  [L.  Umbria,  Gr.  ?/  yfj  or 
X(JPr/  ’Oyppadjv  or  ’OpBpiKr/,  from  Umbri,  Gr. 
”0 pfipoc,  Cvuppoi,  or  ’Opfjptsot,  the  inhabitants.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a region  in  Italy,  situ- 
ated east  of  Etruria  and  west  of  Picenum.  The 
Umbrians  took  part  in  the  second  Samnite  war,  but  were 
defeated  by  Rome  in  308  B.  c.  After  the  third  Samnite  war 
they  were  gradually  Romanized.  Modern  Umbria  is  a com- 
partimento  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  It  contains  the  prov- 
ince Perugia. 

The  Umbria  of  Herodotus,  as  Niebuhr  observes  (Hist, 
of  Rome,  vol.  i.,  p.  142  E.  T.),  “ is  of  large  and  indefinite  ex- 
tent.” It  appears  to  include  almost  the  whole  of  Northern 
Italy.  It  is  from  the  region  above  the  Umbrians  that  the 
Aipis  and  the  Carpis  flow  into  the  Danube  (iv  49).  This 
would  seem  to  assign  to  them  the  modern  Lombardo-Ve- 
netiau  kingdom,  and  to  place  them  on  the  Adriatic.  The 
arrival  of  the  Tyrrhenians  on  their  shores  extends  them  to 
the  opposite  coast,  and  makes  Tuscany  also  a part  of  their 
country.  Herodotus  knows  of  no  Italian  nations  except  the 
Tyrrhenians,  the  Umbrians,  the  Venetians  (Veneti),  the 
(Enotrians,  and  the  Messapians. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  I.  223,  note. 
Umbriel  (um'bri-el).  [Formed  from  L.  umbra, 
shade,  and  -iel  as  in  Uriel,  Gabriel.]  A dusky 
sprite  in  Pope’s  “ Rape  of  the  Lock.” 

Umbriel.  The  second  satellite  of  Uranus,  dis- 
covered by  Herschel  in  1787. 

Umbundu  (om-bon'do).  The  language  of  the 
Ovimbundu  (sing.Ochimbundu),  who  are  settled 
between  Benguella  (Bangela),West  Africa,  and 
the  Kuangu  River,  due  east.  The  two  principal 
tribes  are  those  of  Bailundo  (Ombalundu)and  Bihe(Oviye). 
As  these  people  are  traveling  traders  who  have  opened 
the  Zambesi  valley,  Katanga,  Urua,  and  Lubuku  to  the 
commerce  of  Benguella,  the  language  is  understood  far 
beyond  its  tribal  territory.  In  structure  it  belongs  to  the 
same  cluster  as  Ndongaand  Herero.  It  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  Kimbundu  (which  see).  American  mission- 
aries are  developing  a native  Christian  literature. 
Ume&-Elf  ( o'me-a  elf).  A river  in  Sweden 
which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  near 
Umefl : the  outlet  of  various  lakes,  including 
StorUman.  Length,  261  miles. 
Ummerapoora.  See  Amarapura. 

Umon  (o-mon').  An  African  town,  built  on  an 
island  in  the  Oyono  or  Old  Kalabar  River,  West 
Africa,  about  70  miles  from  its  mouth,  it  is  an 
important  market  where  the  tribes  of  the  upper  river  come 
to  barter  their  produce  for  European  goods  brought  up  by 
the  Ehk  traders  of  the  coast.  Population,  about  8,000. 
Umpqua  (ump'kwa).  A river  in  Oregon  which 
flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  about  lat.  43°  40'  N. 
Length,  about  180  miles. 

Umritsir.  See  Amritsar. 

Una(u'nii).  [L.,  fem.  of  unus,  one.]  “A  lovely 
ladie,”  the  personification  of  truth,  in  Spenser’s 
“ Faerie  Queene.”  She  is  ultimately  united  to  St. 
George,  the  lied  Cross  Knight,  who  has  slain  the  dragon 
in  her  behalf.  In  her  wanderings  she  is  followed  by  a lion 
who  has  been  tamed  by  her  gentleness  and  purity. 
Unaka  (u'na-ka)  Mountains.  A range  of  moun- 
tains on  the  border  between  North  Carolina  and 


Unaka  Mountains 


1020 


University  College 


Tennessee  : a continuation  of  the  Great  Smoky 
Mountains,  or  identical  with  them. 

Unakhotana  (uni'/a-eh6-ta,na),  or  Yukonikho- 
tana  (y6-kon//e-ch6-ta/na).  [The  first  name 
means  ‘distant  people’;  the  second,  ‘people  of 
the  Yukon.’]  A tribe  of  the  northern  group 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, living  in  several  villages  along  the  Yu- 
kon River,  between  the  Koyukuk  River  and 
the  Tananah  River,  Alaska.  See  Athapascan. 

Unao  (6  ' na-  6).  A district  in  Oudh,  British 
India,  situated  east  of  Cawnpore.  Area,  1,792 
square  miles.  Population,  976,639. 

Unas.  See  Mastabat-el-Faraun. 

Uncas  (ung'kas).  Died  about  1682.  An  Indian 
chief,  a Pequot  by  birth.  He  revolted  from  the 
Pequots  and  became  chief  of  the  Mohegans  ; joined  the 
English  in  the  Pequot  war  ; and  defeated  the  Narragan- 
sets  under  Miantonomoh  in  1643.  Cooper  introduces  a 
character  Uncas  in  his  “ Last  of  the  Mohicans.” 

Uncle  Esek  (ung'kl  e'zek).  The  pseudonym  of 
Henry  W.  Shaw. 

Uncle  Remus.  See  Remus,  Uncle. 

Uncle  Sam  (sam).  The  government  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  United  States : a jocular  extension  of 
the  initials  U.  S. 

Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin.  A novel  by  Mrs.  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  published  in  book  form  in  1852. 
It  was  directed  against  negro  slavery  in  the  Southern 
States.  The  scene  is  laid  chiefly  in  Kentucky  and  Loui- 
siana. It  has  appeared  in  numerous  editions  and  trans- 
lations. 


1, 1707. — 3.  A statute  of  1800,  which  united  the 
kingdoms  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  on  and 
after  Jan.  1,  1801. 

Unionists  (u'nyon-ists).  In  British  politics, 
those  who  are  opposed  to  the  dissolution  or 
rupture  of  the  legislative  union  existing  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  especially 
to  the  separatist  principles  and  tendencies  of 
those  who  desire  to  establish  home  rule  in  Ire- 
land : a name  applied  to  the  Conservatives  and 
Liberal-Unionists. 

Union  Jack.  The  national  ensign  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  used  in 
a small  form  as  a jack — that  is,  displayed  at  the 
end  of  the  bowsprit.  The  name  “union  jack  "has  come 
wrongly  to  be  applied  to  the  larger  union  flag  itself.  It  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  cross  of  St.  George  (red  on  a 
white  field),  the  diagonal  cross  or  saltier  of  St.  Andrew 
(white  on  a blue  field),  and  the  diagonal  cross  or  saltier  of 
St.  Patrick  (red  on  a white  field).  The  jack  is  not  flown 
on  shore. 

Union  League  Club.  A social  and  political  (Re- 
publican) club,  organized  in  New  York  city  in 
1863,  and  incorporated  in  1865.  its  stated  objects 
at  the  time  of  its  organization  during  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion were  “to  promote,  encourage,  and  sustain,  by  all 
proper  means,  absolute  and  unqualified  loyalty  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  ; to  discountenance  and  re- 
buke, by  moral  and  social  influences,  all  disloyalty  to  said 
government,  and  every  attempt  against  the  integrity  of 
the  Nation  ” ; and  also  to  establish  a library  and  art  gallery 
for  the  collection  of  literature,  works  of  art,  and  military 
trophies  relating  to  the  war.  House,  Fifth  Avenue  and 
39th  street.  Similar  clubs  were  formed  in  other  cities. 


It  came  out  as  a sort  of  feuilleton  in  the  “National 
Era,”  a Washington  paper.  The  death  of  Uncle  Tom  was 
the  first  portion  published,  indeed  the  first  that  was  writ- 
ten. It  appeared  in  the  summer  of  1851,  and  excited  so 
much  attention  that  Mrs.  Stowe  added  a beginning  and 
middle  to  her  end,  by  composing  and  printing  from  week 
to  week  the  story  as  we  now  have  it,  until  it  was  concluded 
in  March,  1852.  Before  the  end  of  1852  it  had  been  trans- 
lated into  Italian,  Spanish,  Danish,  Swedish,  Dutch,  Flem- 
ish, German,  Polish,  and  Magyar.  There  are  two  Dutch 
translations  and  tw  elve  German  ones ; and  the  Italian 
translation  enjoys  the  honour  of  the  pope’s  prohibition. 
It  has  been  dramatised  in  twenty  forms,  and  acted  in  every 
capital  in  Europe,  and  in  the  free  States  of  America. 

Senior,  Essays  on  Fiction,  p.  397. 

Uncommercial  Traveller,  The.  A volume  of 
sketches  by  Dickens,  first  published  serially  in 
“Ail  the  Year  Round”  in  1860. 

Uncompahgre  (un-kom-pa'gre)  River.  A trib- 
utary of  the  Gunnison  River,  in  Colorado. 
Undine  (un-den'  or  un'den ; G.  pron.  on-de'ne). 
A tale  by  Fouque,  Baron  de  la  Motte,  published 
in  German  in  1811.  Undine  is  a water-spirit  who  is 
endowed  with  a soul  by  her  marriage  with  a mortal. 

Unfortunate  Peace,  The.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  treaty  of  Cateau-Cambresis  (which 
see). 

Ungama  Bay.  See  Formosa  Bay. 
Ungarisch-Brod.  A town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  near  the  Olsawa  45  miles 
south-southeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,709,  (1910). 

Ungam.  The  German  name  of  Hungary. 
Ungava  Bay  (ung-ga'va  ba).  An  arm  of  Hud- 
son Strait,  projecting  into  Labrador. 

Unger  (ong'er),  Franz.  Born  in  Styria,  1800: 
died  at  Gratz,  Feb.  13,  1870.  A distinguished 
Austrian  botanist  and  paleontologist,  professor 
of  botany  at  Vienna  from  1850.  He  was  particu- 
larly noted  for  his  researches  in  the  anatomy  and  physiol- 
ogy of  plants  and  in  fossil  botany. 
Ungern-Sternberg  (ong'em-stern'bero),  Baron 
Alexander  von.  Born  near  Reval,  Esthonia, 
1806 : died  at  Dannenwalde,  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz,  Aug.  24,  1868.  A German  novelist.  Among 
his  best-known  novelsare  “Der  Missionar,’’  “Diane, ’’and 
“ Die  Royalisten." 

Unicorn,  The.  See  Monoceros. 

Unieh  (u'ni-e  or  u-ne'e).  A small  seaport  on 
the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  Asiatic  Turkey,  120 
miles  west  of  Trebizond. 

Uniformity  Act.  In  English  history:  (a)  An 
act  of  Parliament,  passed  in  1549,  which  pro- 
vided for  uniformity  of  religious  service,  (b) 
An  act  of  Parliament  passed  May  19,  1662.  it 
obliged  holdersof  church  livings  to  be  ordained  by  abish- 
op ; to  assent  to  the  Prayer-book ; to  renounce  the  Cove- 
nant ; to  declare  the  unlawfulness  of  bearing  arms  against 
the  sovereign  ; and  to  make  oath  of  canonical  obedience. 
Many  clergymen  resigned  their  benefices. 

Unigenitus  DeiFilius  (u-ni-jen'i-tus  de'i  fil'i- 
us).  [L.,‘ Only-begotten  Son  of  God.’]  A bull 
promulgated  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  in  1713,  in 
which  the  Jansenists  were  condemned. 

Union  (u'nyon),  The.  1.  The  United  States  of 
America. — 2.  Same  as  Union,  Act  of,  3. 
Union,  Act  of.  1.  A statute  of  1535-36,  which 
enacted  the  political  union  of  Wales  to  England. 
— 2.  A statute  of  1706,  which  united  the  king- 
doms of  England  and  Scotland  on  and  after  May 


Union  Square.  A public  park  in  New  York 
city,  between  Broadway,  Fourth  Avenue,  14th 
street,  and  17th  street. 

Uniontown  (u'nyqn-toun).  The  capital  of 
Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  42  miles  south 
by  east  of  Pittsburg.  Population,  13,344, (1910). 

United  African  Company.  A British  mercan- 
tile company  formed  in  recent  years  for  the 
purpose  of  operating  on  the  Niger,  it  became  the 
National  African  Company  in  1882,  and  the  Royal  Niger 
Company  in  1886. 

United  Brethren.  See  Moravians. 

United  Irishmen.  An  Irish  society  formed  in 
1791  by  Wolfe  Tone,  for  the  purpose  of  procur- 
ing parliamentary  reform  and  the  repeal  of  the 
penal  laws.  It  afterward  became  a secret  society  with 
revolutionary  aims,  and  was  influential  in  causing  the 
Irish  rebellion  of  1798. 

United  Kingdom,  The.  See  Great  Britain. 

United  Netherlands,  The.  See  Netherlands. 

United  Provinces,  The.  The  seven  provinces 
of  the  Low  Countries — Holland,  Zealand, 
Utrecht,  Friesland,  Gelderland,  Groningen,  and 
Overyssel — which  in  1579  formed  the  Union  of 
Utrecht  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  republic 
of  the  Netherlands. 

United  Provinces  of  La  Plata.  See  La  Plata. 

United  States  (u-m'ted  stats),  or  United 

^States  of  America.  [F.  Etats-Unis,  G.  Ferein- 
igte  Staaten,  It.  Stall  Uniti,  Sp.  Estados  Unidos, 
D.  Vereenigde  Staten.]  A federal  republic  which 
occupies  the  central  part  of  North  America. 
Capital,  Washington.  Excluding  the  detached  dis- 
trict of  Alaska,  it  is  bounded  by  British  America  on  the 
north,  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  Florida  Strait,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the 
west.  The  great  physiographical  divisions  are  the  At- 
lantic slope,  Appalachian  system,  Gulf  coastal  plain,  cen- 
tral plain  (including  the  Mississippi  valley  and  the  Great 
Lakes  basin),  Rocky  Mountain  system,  Columbian  plateau, 
great  interior  basin,  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  systems, 
and  Pacific  slope.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Mississippi 
(with  the  Missouri,  Ohio,  etc.),  St.  Lawrence  (forming  a 
part  of  the  boundary  with  Canada),  Yukon,  Rio  Grande, 
Colorado,  and  Columbia;  the  principal  lakes,  the  group 
known  as  ‘ ‘ the  Great  Lakes  ” (partly  in  Canada),  Great  Salt 
Lake,  and  Lake  Champlain.  The  most  elevated  point  of 
land  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  Mount  Mitchell 
(Black  Dome)  in  North  Carolina ; west  of  the  Mississippi, 
apparently  Mount  McKinley  in  Alaska  (20,300  feet). 
There  are  seemingly  no  fully  active  volcanoes  within  the 
United  States  at  the  present  day,  but  volcanic  outbursts 
have  been  reported  within  a comparatively  recent  period, 
and  many  of  the  western  peaks  (Shasta,  Tacoma,  etc.)  are 
volcanic  in  origin.  The  leading  agricultural  products  are 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  rye,  rice,  dairy 
products,  live  stock,  hay,  and  potatoes.  The  metallic  pro- 
ducts are  iron,  silver,  gold,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  quicksilver, 
nickel,  aluminium,  antimony,  platinum  ; other  products 
are  coal,  petroleum,  natural  gas,  mineral  waters,  etc.  The 
principal  exports  are  breadstuff  s,  cotton,  provisions,  petro- 
leum, Indian  com,  tobacco,  iron  and  steel,  lumber,  oil- 
cake, leather,  machinery,  cattle.  The  country  is  the  first 
in  the  world  in  the  production  of  steel,  pig-iron,  cotton, 
wheat,  and  Indian  corn,  and  ranks  among  the  first  in  to- 
bacco and  sugar.  There  is  no  universally  recognized  sys- 
tem of  grouping  the  States  of  the  Union  : they  are  often 
classified  as  New  England  States,  Middle  States,  Southern 
States  (including  the  subdivision  Gulf  States),  Western 
States  (including  Lake  States  and  “the  Northwest”),  and 
Pacific  States.  The  following  is  an  accepted  arrange- 
ment—Worth  Atlantic  division:  Maine,  New  Hampshire, 
Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania.  South  Atlantic  division : 
Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida  (and  the  District  of 


Columbia).  North  Central  division : Ohio,  Indiana,  Hlinois, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  North 
Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas.  South  Central 
division:  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  Texas,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma.  Western  Division  : 
Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Washington,  Oregon,  Cali- 
fornia, Nevada,  Idaho,  Utah,  Arizona  (admitted  1912),  and 
New  Mexico  (admitted  1911).  An  act  enabling  these  two 
last  to  become  States  was  signed  by  the  President,  June, 
1910.  In  addition  there  are  two  Territories,  Alaska  and 
Hawaii,  and  the  Philippine  Islands,  Guahan,  Porto  Rico, 
etc.  The  District  of  Columbia  contains  Washington, 
the  capital,  and  is  administered  by  the  Federal  govern- 
ment. The  largest  cities  are  New  York,  Chicago,  Philadel- 
phia, andSt.Louis.  TheFederal  executive  power  is  vested 
in  a President,  elected  for  4 years  by  an  electoral  college 
elected  by  the  votes  of  the  people  of  the  different  States. 
He  is  assisted  by  a cabinet  of  9 members  of  his  own  ap- 
pointment. The  legislative -authority  is  vested  in  Con- 
gress, which  consists  of  a Senate,  2 members  of  which  are 
returned  by  each  State,  and  a House  of  Representatives, 
at  present  (1913)  of  435  members,  returned  by  the  States 
in  the  proportion  of  one  for  every  211,877  inhabitants. 
The  separate  States  have  extensive  independent  powere 
reserved  to  them  under  the  Constitution  of  the  republic. 
The  State  governments  are  administered  each  by  a gover- 
nor and  a legislature  of  two  houses.  There  are  distinct 
Federal  and  State  judicial  systems,  the  highest  court  in 
the  land  being  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  The 
inhabitants  are  mainly  of  British  descent  ; about  8,000,- 
000  are  colored.  There  are  many  immigrants  and  de- 
scendants of  recent  immigrants  from  Germany,  Nor- 
way, Sweden,  Italy,  Bohemia,  Russia  proper,  Poland, 
Hungary,  etc.;  also  Indians  and  Chinese.  All  reli- 
gions are  tolerated,  and  in  a population  of  such  diversi- 
fied origin  all  may  be  said  to  have  adherents.  The 
largest  of  the  Protestant  denominations  are  the  Method- 
ists and  Baptists.  The  region  is  said  to  have  been  visited 
and  temporarily  colonized  by  Northmen  about  1000.  It  was 
seen  by  the  Cabots  in  1497-98, and  explored  by  Poncede  Leon 
in  1513-14,  Verrazano  in  1524,  De  Soto  in  1539-42,  and  others. 
The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  at  St.  Augustine 
in  1565.  Thirteen  colonies  were  planted,  which  by  their 
union  in  1776  formed  the  thirteen  original  States : V ii  ginia 
(1607),  Massachusetts  (1620),  New  Hampshire  (1623),  Mary- 
land (1634),  Connecticut  (1635),  Rhode  Island (1636),  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Pennsylvania  (1682),  and  Georgia 
(1733),  all  by  the  English ; New  York  andNew  Jersey  by  the 
Dutch ; and  Delaware  (1638)  by  Swedes.  Among  the  wars 
carried  on  with  the  Indians  were  the  Pequot  war  and 
King  Philip’s  war ; with  the  French  and  Indians,  King 
William’s  war,  Queen  Anne’s  war,  King  George’s  war, 
and  the  French  and  Indian  war.  The  following  areamong 
the  leading  events  of  United  States  history  : Revolution 
hastened  by  the  Stamp  Act  of  1765,  taxes  in  1767,  and  the 
Boston  Port  Bill  of  1774  ; commencement  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, 1775  (see  Revolutionary  War) ; Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, 1776 ; Articles  of  Confederation  adopted,  1777- 
1781 ; surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,  1781 ; recog- 
nition of  independence,  1783  ; Ordinance  of  1787  relating 
to  the  Northwest  Territory ; Constitution  framed,  1787; 
new  form  of  government  inaugurated,  1789,  with  the  capi- 
tal at  New  York ; capital  removed  to  Philadelphia,  1790 ; 
Indian  wars,  1790-94;  French  war,  1798-1800 ; capital 
transferred  to  Washington,  1800;  Tripolitan  war,  1801-05; 
Louisiana  Purchase,  1803  ; embargo,  1807 ; war  with  Great 
Britain,  1812-15 ; cession  of  Florida  by  Spain,  1819 ; Mis- 
souri Compromise,  1820;  Nullification  movement,  1832-33 ; 
financial  crisis,  1837 ; annexation  of  Texas,  1845 ; Mexican 
war,  1846-48 ; acquisition  of  territory  from  Mexico,  1848, 
and  by  the  Gadsden  Purchase,  1853 ; Omnibus  BiU,  1850 ; 
Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  1854  ; financial  crisis,  1857  ; seces- 
sion of  eleven  States,  1860-61 ; Civil  War,  1861-65  (see  Civil 
War);  Lincoln’s  emancipation  proclamations,  1862’and 
1863 ; constitutional  prohibition  of  slavery,  1865  ; recon- 
struction in  the  South,  1865-70 ; .purchase  of  Alaska  from 
Russia,  1867  ; financial  crisis,  1873 ; disputed  presiden- 
tial election,  1876-77  ; resumption  of  specie  payments, 
1879 ; Spanish-American  war,  1898,  resulting  in  the 
acquisition  of  Porto  Rico,  Guahan,  and  the  Philippines. 
Area,  3,025,640  square  miles;  including  Alaska  and 
Hawaii,  3,622,933  square  miles.  Population,  including 
the  Territory  of  Alaska  and  the  Territory  of  Hawaii, 
92,228,531,  (1910). 

United  States.  An  American  frigate,  bnilt  at 
Philadelphia  in  1797,  which,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Decatur,  captured  the  British  frigate 
Macedonian,  Oct.  25,  1812. 

United  States  Military  Academy.  See  West 
Point  Military  Academy. 

United  States  Naval  Academy.  See  Naval 

Academy,  United  States. 

United  States  of  Brazil.  See  Brazil. 

United  States  of  Colombia.  [Sp.  Estados  Uni- 
dos de  Colombia.]  The  official  name  of  Colom- 
bia from  1861  to  1886,  when  a federal  constitu- 
tion was  in  force. 

United  States  of  Mexico.  See  Mexico. 
United  States  of  Venezuela.  See  Venezuela. 
Universal  Doctor, The,  L.  Doctor  Universalis 

(dok'tor  u//ni-ver-sa'lis).  A name  given  to 
Thomas  Aquinas,  and  also  to  Alain  de  Lille. 
Universite  Nationale  de  France.  An  insti- 
tution which  virtually  included  the  entire  edu- 
cational system  of  France.  The  organization  of  the 
old  University  of  Paris  having  been  destroyed  by  the  Rev- 
olution, certain  “dcoles  centrales”  appeared  at  various 
points  in  the  country.  These  were  abolished  by  Napoleon, 
and  the  whole  system  was  reconstructed. 

University  College.  A non-sectarian  London 
college,  founded  in  1828.  It  is  situated  on  Gower 
street.  Opposite  is  the  University  College  Hospital,  the 
patients  of  which  are  treated  by  the  professors  of  medi- 
cine of  the  college.  In  1881  additions  were  made  to  the 
main  building.  It  is  now  incorporated  in  the  University 
of  London. 


University  College 

University  College.  The  oldest  college  of  Ox- 
ford University.  According  to  an  apparently  baseless 
tradition,  it  was  founded  by  King  Alfred  in  872.  It  doubt- 
less originated  in  a fund  bequeathed  by  William,  arch- 
deacon of  Durham,  in  1249  ; and  the  college  was  practically 
established  in  1280.  The  foundation  consists  (according  to 
the  new  statutes  made  in  1881)  of  a master,  13  fellows, 
16  scholars,  and  (ultimately)  17  exhibitors. 

Unkiar-Skelessi  (on'ke-ar-ska-les'se),  or  Hun- 
kiar-Skelessi.  A small  place  in  Asia  Minor, 
near  Constantinople,  where,  in  1833,  Russia  and 
Turkey  concluded  a treaty  favorable  to  the 
former. 

Unlearned  Parliament,  The.  See  Parliament 
of  Dunces. 

Unnatural  Combat,  The.  A play  by  Philip 
Massinger,  acted  about  1619,  printed  in  1639. 

Unready,  The.  An  epithet  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
king  iEthelred.  See  JEthelred. 

Unst  ( unst).  The  northernmost  of  the  Shetland 
Islands,  Scotland.  Length,  12  miles. 

Unstrut  (on'strot).  Ariverin  central  Germany 
which  joins  the  Saale  near  Naumburg.  Length , 
108  miles. 

Unter  den  Linden  (on'ter  den  lin'den).  (G., 

‘ under  the  lindens.’]  A famous  street  in  Ber- 
lin which  extends  from  the  Brandenburger  Thor 
eastward  about  three  fifths  of  a mile.  On  itarethe 
imperial  and  princely  palaces,  the  university,  the  academy, 
the  statue  of  Frederick  the  Great,  etc.  Width,  160  feet. 

Unterpfalz.  See  Palatinate. 

Untersberg  (on'ters-berG).  A mountain  in  the 
Salzburger  Alps,  situated  near  the  border  be- 
tween Salzburg  and  Bavaria,  8 miles  southwest 
of  Salzburg:  celebrated  in  folk-lore  (legends  of 
Charles  the  Great).  Height,  6,480  feet. 

Untersee  (on'ter-za).  [G.,‘  lower  lake.’]  The 
name  given  to  the  western  arm  of  the  Lake  of 
Constance.  Length,  about  13  miles. 

Unterseen  (on'ter- za-en).  A village  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  between  the 
Lakes  of  Thun  and  Brienz,  near  Interlaken. 

Unterwalden  (on'ter- val-den).  [G.,‘ lower  for- 
est.’] One  of  the  Forest  Cantons  of  Switzerland, 
bounded  by  Lucerne,  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  Uri, 
and  Bern.  It  comprises  the  two  half-cantons  Nidwalden 
and  Ob  walden.  The  surface  is  mountainous ; highest  point, 
the  Titlis.  The  chief  towns  are  StanzandSarnen  ; the  lan- 
guage is  German ; the  religion  Roman  Catholic.  It  has 
two  representatives  in  the  National  Council.  Unterwalden 
united  with  the  other  Forest  Cantons  in  the  leagues  of 
the  12th-14th  centuries.  It  was  assigned  to  the  canton  of 
Waldstatten  in  1798;  the  resistance  of  Nidwalden  was 
suppressed  by  the  French.  It  became  again  a canton  in 
1803,  a position  secured  in  1815  (resistance  of  Nidwalden 
suppressed  by  Confederate  troops  in  1815),  and  joined  the 
Sonderbund.  Area,  295  square  miles.  Population,  28,801. 

Untrussing  of  the  Humorous  Poet,  The.  See 

Satiromastix. 

Unukalhai  (iUnuk-al-ha'i).  [Ar.  'unuq-al-haiya, 
the  neck  of  the  serpent.J  The  third-magnitude 
star  a Serpentis. 

Unungun  (u-nung'un),  or  Aleut.  [‘People.’] 
A division  of  the  Eskimauan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  inhabiting  the  Aleutian  Ar- 
chipelago. Number,  about  1,500. 

Unyamwezi  (o-nya-mwa'zi).  See  Nyamwesi 
and  Mirambo. 

Unyanyembe  (o-nya-nyem'be).  See  Nyamwezi. 

Unyoro  (o-nyo'ro).  A region  of  British  East 
Africa,  just  north  of  the  equator,  between 
Uganda  and  Lake  Albert.  It  is  now  a district  of 
the  Northern  Province  of  the  Uganda  Protectorate.  The 
principal  native  tribe,  the  Wanyoro,  are  kinsmen  of  the 
Ganda  tribe,  but  less  powerful  and  less  progressive.  See 
Nyoro. 

Upanishads  (o-pa-ni-shadz').  [Skt.,  from  upa, 
unto,  ni,  down,  and  sad,  to  sit;  and  so,  liter- 
ally, ‘a  sitting  down  by,’  ‘setting  oneself  at 
the  feet  of  another,’  ‘confidential  communica- 
tion,’ ‘ esoteric  doctrine.’]  With  the  Aranyakas, 
the  oldest  speculative  treatises  of  the  Hindus:  they 
lie  at  the  root  of  the  philosophical  side  of  Hinduism. 
Not  only  are  they  viewed  as  shruti,  or  revelation, 
equally  with  the  Mantras  and  Brahmanas,  but  they  are 
practically  the  only  Veda  of  all  educated  Hindus  at  the 
present  day.  Properly  each  Brahmana  had  its  Aranyakas, 
or  ‘forest  treatises,’  intended  for  the  Vanaprasthas,  or 
‘dwellers  in  the  forest ’(that  is,  Brahmans  who,  having 
passed  the  two  earlier  stages  of  the  brahmacharin,  or  stu- 
dent, and  the  grihastha,  or  householder,  retire  into  the 
forest  to  devote  themselves  to  self-mortification  and  reli- 
gious meditation) ; but  the  mystical  doctrines  of  the  latter 
were  so  mingled  with  extraneous  matter  that  the  chapters 
called  Upanishads  appear  to  have  been  added  to  investi- 
gate more  exclusively  and  definitely  such  problems  as  the 
origin  of  the  universe,  the  nature  of  deity,  the  nature  of 
the  soul,  and  the  connection  of  spirit  and  matter.  Some 
of  the  most  important  are  the  Aitareya  Upanishad  and 
the  Kaushitakibrahmana  Upanishad  of  the  Rigveda;  the 
Taittiriya  belonging  to  the  Taittiriyasanhita  of  the  Yajur- 
veda ; the  Brihadaranyaka  attached  to  the  Shatapathabrah- 
mana  of  the  Vajasancyisanhita  of  that  Veda,  and  the  Isha 
or  Ishavasya,  forming  the  40th  chapter  of  the  latter  San- 
hita;  the  Chhandogya  and  Kena  belonging  to  the  Sama- 
veda;  and  the  Prashna,  Mundaka,  Mandukya,  and  Katha 
belonging  to  the  Atharvaveda.  Following  the  stratiflca- 


1021 

tory  principle,  in  general  the  only  guide  in  determining 
the  age  of  Sanskrit  works,  the  ancient  Upanishads  — that 
is,  those  which  occupy  a place  in  the  Sanhitas,  Brahmanas, 
and  Aranyakas  — are  believed  to  be  older  than  600  B.  o.,  or 
anterior  to  Buddhism,  though  the  germs  of  the  doctrines 
contained  in  them  are  to  be  found  in  some  of  the  latest 
hymns.  The  others  range  through  a long  period,  and  are 
very  numerous.  The  ancient  V edic  literature  first  became 
known  outside  of  India  through  these  Upanishads.  They 
were  translated  from  Sanskrit  into  Persian  by  or  for  Dara 
Shukoh,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Mogul  emperor  Shah  Jehan, 
who  held  the  liberal  religious  views  of  Akbar.  He  had 
heard  of  the  Upanishads  in  Kashmir  in  1040,  invited  several 
pandits  to  Delhi  to  assist  in  their  translation,  and  finished 
the  work  in  1657.  Translated  into  Persian,  then  the  most 
widely  read  language  of  the  East,  they  became  generally 
accessible.  In  1775  a manuscript  of  this  Persian  transla- 
tion was  sent  by  the  French  resident  at  the  court  of  Shuja 
ud  Daula  to  Anquetil  Duperron,  the  discoverer  of  the 
Avesta;  and  later  another  manuscript.  Anquetil  Duperron 
collated  the  two,  and  translated  the  work  into  French 
and  into  Latin,  publishing  the  latter  version  in  1801  and 
1802  under  the  title  of  Oupnekhat,  a corruption  of  Upani- 
shad. This  Latin  translation  was  studied  by  Schopen- 
hauer. Twelve  of  them  are  translated  by  Max  Muller,  with 
introductions  and  notes,  in  the  “ Sacred  Books  of  the  East,” 
I.  and  XV. 

Upernivik  (o-per'ni-vik).  The  northernmost 
Danish  district  in  Greenland,  situated  on  the 
western  coast.  Position  of  the  chief  settlement, 
lat.  72°  48'  N.,  long.  55°  54'  W. 

Upham  (up'am),  Charles  Wentworth.  Born 
at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  May  4, 1802:  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  June  14, 1875.  An  American  Unitarian 
clergyman,  author,  and  politician.  He  was  a 
Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1853-55. 

Upham,  Thomas  Cogswell.  Born  at  Deer- 
field, N.  H.,  Jan.  30,  1799:  died  at  New  York, 
April  2,  1872.  An  American  philosophical  and 
★religious  writer  and  poet. 

Upolu  (6-po-lo').  The  second  in  size  of  the 
Samoan  Islands,  southeast  of  Savaii.  it  is  moun- 
tainous  and  fertile,  and  contains  Apia,  the  chief  town  of  the 
group.  Area,  340  square  miles.  Population,  about  19,000. 

Upper  Austria.  See  Austria. 

Upper  Avon.  See  Avon. 

Upper  Bavaria,  G.  Oberbayern.  A govern- 
ment district  in  the  southeast  of  Bavaria,  ex- 
tending from  the  Alps  to  the  Danube.  Area, 
6,458  square  miles.  Population,  1,414,224. 
Upper  Brules.  See  Sitcanxu. 

Upper  Canada.  See  Ontario. 

Upper  Chinook  (up'er  chi-nuk').  One  of  the 
two  divisions  of  the  Chinookan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  The  principal  tribes  are 
Cathlamet,  Clackama,  Echeloot,  Multnoma, 
Wasco,  andWatlala.  See  ChinooTcan. 

Upper  Germany  (jer'ma-ni),  G.  Oberdeutsch- 
land  (o'ber-doich'lant).  1.  A geographical 
term  nearly  coextensive  with  South  Germany, 
or  Germany  south  of  the  Main. — 2.  A geo- 
graphical term  for  the  German-speaking  lands 
of  the  German  Empire  and  Austria-Hungary 
which  are  situated  in  the  Alps  or  about  their 
northern  slopes.  It  comprises  Baden,  Hohenzollern, 
Wiirtemberg,  southern  Bavaria,  Upper  and  Lower  Austria, 
Salzburg, Tyrol,  and  parts  of  Styria,Carinthia,  and  Carniola. 

Upper  Hesse,  G.  Oberhessen.  A province  in 
the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse.  Area,  1,269  square 
miles.  Population,  296,755. 

Upper  Peru.  See  Charcas  and  Bolivia. 

Upper  Rhine  (rin)  Circle,  G.  Oberrheinkreis 
(o'ber-riii  'kris).  One  of  the  ten  circles  of  the 
ancient  German  Empire,  comprising  an  aggre- 
gation of  ecclesiastical  and  temporal  lordships, 
mainly  west  of  the  Rhine. 

Upper  Saxon  Circle,  G.  Obersachsischer- 
kreis  (o'ber-zek//sish-er-kris).  One  of  the 
ten  circles  of  the  ancient  German  Empire,  com- 
prising electoral  Saxony,  Brandenburg,  the 
Saxon  duchies,  Anhalt,  Pomerania,  Schwarz- 
burg,  Reuss,  etc. 

Uppingham  (up'ing-am).  A town  in  Rutland- 
shire, England,  situated  17  miles  east  by  south 
of  Leicester. 

Upsala  (op-sa'la).  1.  A laen  in  eastern  Swe- 
den. Area,  2,051  square  miles.  Population, 
126,334. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Upsala, 
situated  on  the  river  Fyris  in  lat.  59°  51'  N., 
long.  17°  38'  E.  It  is  the  seat  of  a noted  university 
and  of  an  archbishopric.  The  university  was  founded  by 
Sten  Sture  in  1477.  It  has  a library  of  350,000  volumes,  col- 
lections of  coins  and  minerals,  botanic  garden  and  museum, 
observatory,  etc.  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  1260,  but 
has  since  been  altered.  Among  the  radiating  choir-chapels 
is  that  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  adorned  with  historical  frescos, 
and  containing  the  king’s  tomb  with  sculptured  figures 
of  himself  and  bis  first  two  wives.  The  dimensions  are  359 
by  103  feet ; length  of  transepts,  136  ; height  of  vaulting, 
90.  The  two  west  towers  have  reached  only  about  half  of 
their  projected  height  of  388  feet.  The  side  portals  and 
the  exterior  of  the  choir  are  exceedingly  fine.  Near  Upsala 
was  the  medieval  city  Old  Upsala,  one  of  the  oldest  in  the 
country.  Population,  25,311. 

Upshur  (up ' sh6r),  Abel  Parker.  Born  ill 
Northampton  County,  Va.,  June  17,  1790  : killed 


Urban  VII. 

on  the  Potomac,  Feb.  28,  1844.  An  American 
politician,  secretary  of  the  navy  1841-43,  and 
secretary  of  state  1843-44. 

Upton  (up'ton),  Emory.  Born  at  Batavia, 
Genesee  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1839:  died 
at  San  Francisco,  March  14,  1881.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1861; 
served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  in  Georgia  and 
Alabama  during  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general in  1864;  and  was  commandant  of  cadets  at 
West  Point  1870-75.  He  wrote  “New  System  of  Infantry 
Tactics"  (1867),  “Armies  of  Asia  and  Europe"  (1878),  etc. 

Ur  (er).  The  place  (in  Gen.  Ur  Easdim,  Ur  of  the 
Chaldeans)  from  which  Abraham  set  out  on  his 
journey  to  Canaan.  It  has  been  identified  with  Uru 
which  figures  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  as  the  oldest 
capital  of  Babylonia  and  at  the  same  time  as  an  important 
maritime  and  commercial  city.  It  is  now  represented  by 
the  ruins  of  Mugheir  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Euphrates. 
It  was  the  principal  seat  of  worship  of  the  moon-god  Sin, 
and  is  therefore  sometimes  qualified  in  the  inscriptions  as 
the  “ moon  city." 

Uraba  (o-ra-ba') , Gulf  of.  An  old  name  for  the 
Gulf  of  Darien:  generally  restricted  to  the 
southern  arm  which  receives  the  river  Atrato. 

Ural  (o'ral  or  u'ral).  A river  which  rises  in  the 
Ural  Mountains,  flows  southwest  and  south,  and 
empties  by  a delta  into  the  northern  end  of  the 
Caspian  Sea.  It  forms  for  a large  part  of  its  course 
part  of  the  conventional  boundary  between  Europe  and 
Asia.  Length,  about  1,000  miles ; navigable  for  large  ves- 
sels from  Orenburg. 

Ural  Mountains.  A collection  of  mountain- 
ranges  situated  mainly  on  the  border  between 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  in  Russian  territory. 
They  extend  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  southward  to  near  lat. 
51°  N.  The  chief  divisions  are  the  Arctic  Urals  (in  Nova 
Zembla),  Northern  Urals  (with  the  Pai-hoi,  Vogul,  and 
Obdorsk  Mountains),  Middle  Urals,  and  Southern  Urals. 
They  are  famous  for  their  mineral  wealth  (gold,  iron, 
copper,  platinum,  and  precious  stones).  Highest  peak 
(Tel-pos),  5,540  feet. 

Uralsk  (6-ralsk').  1.  A province  of  Russia,  in 
Central  Asia,  lying  between  Astrakhan  and 
Turgai.  Area,  137,679  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  758,000. — 2.  The  capital  of  Uralsk, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Tchagan  with  the 
Ural,  about  lat.  51°  10'  N.  Population,  36,466. 

Urania  (u-ra'ni-a).  [NL.,  from  L.  Urania,  from 
Gr.  0 vpavia,  one  of  the  Muses,  lit.  ‘ the  Heavenly 
One.’]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of 
astronomy  and  celestial  forces,  and  the  arbi- 
tress  of  fate,  second  only  to  Calliope  in  the 
company  of  the  Muses.  Her  usual  attributes  are  a 
globe,  which  she  often  holds  in  her  hand,  and  a little  staff 
or  compass  for  indicating  the  course  of  the  stars. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  30)  discovered  by  Hind  at 
London,  July  22,  1854. 

Uranienborg  (o-ra'ne-en-borg).  A castle  on  the 
island  of  Hven,  Sweden,  the  seat  of  the  obser- 
vatory of  Tycho  Brahe. 

Uranus  (u'ra-nus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Qhfxivor,  a 
personification  of  heaven,  equivalent  to  Skt. 
Varuna,  a deity  of  the  highest  rank  in  the  Veda, 
later  a god  of  the  waters.]  1.  In  classical  my- 
thology, the  son  of  Gaea  or  Ge  (the  Earth),  and 
by  her  the  father  of  the  Titans,  Cyclopes,  etc. 
He  hated  his  children,  and  confined  them  in  Tartarus ; but, 
on  the  instigation  of  Gsea,  Cronus,  the  youngest  of  the 
Titans,  overthrew  and  dethroned  him. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  outermost  but  one  of  the 
planets,  appearing  to  the  naked  eye  as  a faint 
star.  It  was  discovered  as  a moving  body  with  a disk, 
March  13,  1781,  by  Sir  W.  Herschel ; but  had  previously 
been  observed  twenty  times  as  a star  by  different  obser- 
vers. These  are  called  the  ancient  observations  of  Uranus. 
The  planet,  seen  with  a telescope  of  the  first  class,  appears 
as  a small  bluish  disk  with  two  bands.  It  is  a little  smaller 
than  Neptune,  its  diameter  being  31,000  miles  ; its  mass  is 
TiBffTi  °f  tlrat  of  the  sun,  or  14.7  times  that  of  the  earth ; its 
density  therefore  is  about  1.4,  being  a little  more  than  that 
of  Jupiter.  It  is  about  19.2  times  as  far  from  the  sun  as  the 
earth  is  ; and  its  period  of  revolution  is  about  84  years  and 
a week.  It  has  four  satellites  — Ariel,  Umbriel,  Titania, 
and  Oberon  — of  which  the  first  two  are  extremely  diffi- 
cult telescopic  objects.  They  revolve  in  one  plane,  nearly 
perpendicular  to  that  of  the  planet. 

Urartu.  See  Ararat. 

Urban  (er'ban)  I.  [L.  Urbanus,  of  the  city;  It. 
Urbano,  F.  Urbain.~\  Bishop  of  Rome  222-230. 

Urban  II.  (Udo  or  Eudes).  Born  at  Chatillon- 
sur-Marne,  France : died  1099.  Pope  1088-99. 
He  continued  the  policy  of  Gregory  VII.  against  lay  in- 
vestiture and  in  opposition  to  Henry  IV. ; excommunicated 
Philip  I.  of  France ; and  furthered  the  first  Crusade. 

Urban  III.  (Uberto  Crivelli).  Pope  1185-87. 

He  opposed  the  emperor  Frederick  I. 

Urban  IV.  (Jacques  Pantaleon).  Pope  1261- 
1264.  He  opposed  Manfred  of  Sicily. 

Urban  V.  (Guillaume  de  Grimoard).  Born  in 
southern  France : died  1370.  Pope  1362-70. 
Urban  VI.  (Bartolommeo  Prignani).  Pope 
1378-89.  The  papal  schism  began  in  his  reign  : 
the  cardinals  elected  Clement  VII.  antipope. 
Urban  VII.  (Giovanni  Battista  Castagna). 
Pope  in  1590,  for  13  days. 


Urban  VIII.  1022  Usedom 


Urban  VIII.  (Maffeo  Barberini).  Born  at 
Florence,  1568:  died  1644.  Pope  1623-44.  He 
annexed  the  duehy  of  Urbino,  and  supported  the 
policy  of  France  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War. 
Urban,  Sylvanus.  The  pseudonym  of  the  edi- 
tor of  the  “ Gentleman’s  Magazine.” 

Urbino  (or-be'no).  [L.  Urvin/um  Metaurense, 
ML.  Urbinum.']  A city  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
saro  e Urbino,  Italy,  situated  on  a hill  in  lat. 
43°  44'  N.,  long.  12°  38'  E. : the  capital  of  the 
formerduchy  of  Urbino,  and  a celebrated  center 
of  art  and  literature  in  the  15th  and  16th  cen- 
turies. It  was  the  birthplace  of  Raphael.  It  contains  a ca- 
thedral  and  a ducal  palace,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop, 
and  formerly  of  a university.  The  ducal  palace  is  one  of 
the  finest  examples  of  the  cinque-cento  or  early  Renais- 
sance style,  light  in  proportions  and  richly  ornamented. 
The  south  front  has  three  superimposed  loggie,  and  two 
machicolated  cylindrical  flanking  towers.  The  court, 
with  two  stories  and  an  attic,  the  lower  story  arcaded,  is 
celebrated.  The  saloons  are  well  proportioned,  and  dec- 
orated with  sculptured  arabesques,  foliage,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  29,720. 

Urbino,  Duchy  of.  A former  duchy  compris- 
ing Urbino,  Pesaro,  and  other  places  in  their 
vicinity.  It  was  ruled  by  princes  of  the  Montefeltro 
family,  and  later  was  under  the  house  of  Della  Rovere. 
It  was  annexed  by  the  Papal  States  in  1631,  and  by  Victor 
Emmanuel  in  1860. 

Ure  (ur),  Andrew.  Born  at  Glasgow,  1778: 
died  at  London,  Jan.  2, 1857.  A Scottish  chem- 
ist, professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  history 
at  the  Andersonian  institution  in  Glasgow.  He 
published  a “ Dictionary  of  Chemistry  "(1821),  “ A New  Sys- 
tem of  Geology  ” (1829),  “ Philosophy  of  Manufactures  ” 
(1835),  “Dictionary  of  Aits,  Manufactures,  and  Mines” 
(1837-39 : revised  by  Hunt),  etc. 

Ures  (o'res).  A former  capital  of  the  state  of  So- 
nora, Mexico,  situated  on  the  Rio  Sonora  about 
lat.  29°  20'  N.  Population,  about  2,500. 

Urfe  (tir-fa'),  Honore  D’.  Born  at  Marseilles, 
1567 : died  in  1625.  A French  writer.  He  was 
of  a noble  family,  and  seems  to  have  been  intended  for 
the  church.  A marriage  unfortunate  in  all  its  circum- 
stances drove  him  into  retirement,  where  he  composed  his 
“Astr^e  ’ (which see),  as  the  author  of  which  he  is  usually 
known.  He  was  a voluminous  pastoral  and  amatory  writer. 
Urganda  (or-gan'da).  A fairy  and  enchantress 
in  the  legend  of  Amadis  de  Gaul. 

Urgel  (or-Hel').  A town  in  the  province  of 
Lerida,  Spain,  on  the  Segre  74  miles  north-north- 
west of  Barcelona.  It  is  the  seat  of  a bishop  who,  con- 
jointly with  France,  supervises  the  republic  of  Andorra. 
Uri  (o'ri).  One  of  the  Forest  Cantons  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  the  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
Schwyz,  Glarus,  Grisons,  Ticino,  Valais,  Bern, 
and  Unterwalden.  Capital,  Alt orf.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Reuss  and  by  the  St.  Gotthard  Railway.  The  lan- 
guage is  chiefly  German  (but  Italian  also  is  spoken);  reli- 
gion, Roman  Catholic.  Uri  sends  one  representative  to  the 
National  Council.  It  united  in  leagues  with  other  Forest 
Cantons  in  the  12th  and  14th  centuries ; conquered  the  Val 
teventina  in  the  15th  century;  was  assigned  to  the  canton 
Waldstatten  in  1798;  was  the  scene  of  conflicts  between 
the  French  and  the  Russians  and  Austrians  in  1799 ; be- 
came a canton  in  1803,  without  the  Val  Leventina;  and 
joined  the  Sonderbund.  Area,  415  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 22,055,  (1910). 

Uri,  Bay  of  or  Lake  of,  or  Urner  See  (or'ner  za). 
The  southeastern  arm  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
Switzerland.  Length,  7 miles.  It  is  bordered 
by  bigh  mountains. 

Uriah  (u-ri'a).  [Heb.,‘Yahveh  is  my  light.’]  A 
Hittite  officer  in  the  army  of  David,  husband  of 
Bathsheba : killed  by  design  of  David. 

Urian  (u'ri-an ; G.  pron.  o're-an),  Sir.  A name 
formerly  used  to  designate  an  unknown  person, 
or  one  whose  name,  even  if  known,  it  was  not 
thought  proper  to  mention,  in  this  sense  it  was 
sometimes  applied  to  the  devil.  In  the  “ Parzival  "of  Wolf- 
ram von  Eschenbach,  the  unprincipled  Prince  of  Puntur- 
tois  is  called  Urian.  Bayard  Taylor,  Notes  to  Eaust,  sc.  xxi. 
Uriconium(u-ri-k6'ni-um),orViroconium(vir- 
o-ko'ni-um).  An  ancient  town  in  Britain,  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  Wroxeter.  near  Shrewsbury. 
Uriel  (u'ri-el).  [Heb.,‘ light  of  God.’]  One  of 
the  seven  archangels.  He  is  spoken  of  in  2 Esdras  as 
the  good  angel.  He  has  been  conceived  to  be  an  angel  of 
light,  and  his  station  to  be  in  the  sun.  He  is  introduced  by 
Milton  in  “Paradise  Lost,  “and  by  Longfellow  in  the  “Golden 
Legend.” 

Uri-Rothstock  (o'ri-rot'stok).  A summit  of 
the  Urner  Alps,  in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzer- 
land, west  of  Altorf.  Height,  9,620  feet. 
Urmia.  See  Urumiah. 

Urn-burial.  See  Hydriotaphia. 

Urner  (or'ner)  Alps.  A group  of  the  Alps  in 
Switzerland,  comprised  between  the  Lake  of 
Lucerne,  the  Reuss,  the  Furca  Pass,  Aare,  and 
the  Sarner  Aa. 

Urner  Loch.  A tunnel  in  the  St.  Gotthard  Pass, 
Switzerland,  between  the  Devil’s  Bridge  and 
Andermatt. 

Urner  See  (or'ner  za).  Same  as  Uri,  Bay  of. 
TJrquhart  (Srch'art),  David.  Born  in  the  county 


of  Cromarty,  Scotland,  1805:  died  1877.  ABrit- 
ish  publicist  aud  politician.  He  was  a Conservative 
member  of  Parliament.  He  published  “Observations  on 
European  Turkey  ” (1831),  “ Turkey  and  its  Resources  " 
(1833),  “Spirit  of  the  East ’’ (1838),  “Pillars  of  Hercules" 
(I860),  “ The  Lebanon  ” (I860),  and  various  works  on  Rus- 
sia, the  United' States,  on  French  affairs,  etc. 

Urquhart,  orUrchard  (erch'ard),  Sir  Thomas. 
Born  in  1611 : died  1660.  A Scottish  Roy- 
alist and  author.  He  possessed  estates  in  Cromarty ; 
was  educated  at  King’s  College,  Aberdeen ; and  traveled, 
having  a good  knowledge  of  foreign  tongues.  He  was  de- 
clared a rebel  by  Parliament ; took  arms  on  the  king’s  side ; 
fought  in  the  battle  of  Worcester ; and,  though  sent  a pris- 
oner to  London,  had  some  liberty.  He  escaped,  and  died 
abroad.  He  published  several  works,  but  is  best  known 
from  his  translation  of  Rabelais  (1653). 

Urquiza  (or-ke'tha),  Justo  Jose.  Born  near 
Concepcion  del  Uruguay,  Entre  Rios,  March  19, 
1800:  assassinated  on  his  estate  of  San  Jos6, 
near  the  same  place,  April  11,  1871.  An  Ar- 
gentine general  and  politician.  As  a country 
shopkeeper  he  acquired  great  influence  over  the  Gau- 
chos,  and  in  1844-45,  with  an  army  of  4,000  of  them,  as- 
sisted Oribe  against  the  government  of  Montevideo,  de- 
feating Rivera  at  India  Muerta,  March  28,  1845.  In  1846 
he  was  elected  governor  of  Entre  Rios.  Tiie  loose  feder- 
ative system  then  in  vogue  in  the  Argentine  gave  prac- 
tically unlimited  powers  to  the  governors  or  dictators. 
Urquiza  ruled  Entre  Rios  as  an  independent  state  aud  for 
his  own  advantage,  acquiring  a very  large  fortune.  As  a 
leader  of  the  federalist  party  he  made  war  on  the  Unita- 
rians of  Corrientes.  In  1851  he  joined  forces  with  Brazil 
and  Montevideo ; compelled  Oribe  to  capitulate  Oct,  8, 
ending  the  “nine  years’  siege”  of  Montevideo;  and  on 
Feb.  3,  1852,  defeated  and  overthrew  Rosas  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Monte-Caseros.  He  was  at  once  proclaimed  provi- 
sional dictator  of  the  Argentine  Confederation,  and  in 
May,  1853,  was  elected  president  for  6 years.  Buenos 
Ayres  refused  to  join  the  confederation  until  forced  to  do 
so  by  Urqniza’s  victory  at  Cepeda,  Oct.  23,  1859.  Urquiza 
retained  the  presidency  until  May,  1860,  when  he  took 
command  of  the  army.  Buenos  Ayres  revolted  soon  after, 
and  the  federalist  army  of  Urquiza  was  defeated  by  Mitre 
at  Pavon,  Sept.  17,  1861.  With  this  battle  the  federalist 
system  came  to  an  end.  Urquiza  retired  to  Entre  Rios, 
where  he  continued  to  rule  in  a kind  of  feudal  state,  though 
with  somewhat  diminished  power,  until  his  death.  He 
evaded  taking  an  active  part  in  the  Paraguayan  war. 

Urraca(or-ra'ka).  Died  1126.  Queen  of  Castile, 
daughter  of  Alfonso  VI.  of  Castile,  she  married 
Alfonso  of  Aragon;  was  divorced  from  him  in  1111;  and 
carried  on  civil  war  in  Spain  against  her  husband  and  son. 

Ursa  Major  (er'sa  ma'jor).  [L.,  ‘the  Greater 
Bear.’]  The  most  prominent  constellation  of 
the  northern  heavens,  representing  a bear  with 
an  enormous  tail.  There  is  a rival  figure  for  the  same 
constellation  — a wagon.  (See  Wain.)  Both  figures  are 
mentioned  by  Homer.  The  nameof  thebearis  translated 
from  some  original  Aryan  language,  since  the  constella- 
tion in  Sanskrit  is  called  rilcsha  — a word  which  means  in 
different  genders  a ‘bear’  and  a ‘star.’  As  the  seven 
stars  of  the  Great  Bear  are  in  many  languages  called  the 
Septentrions,  it  is  probable  the  figure  of  the  bear,  which 
by  its  tail  would  seem  to  have  originated  among  some  peo- 
ple not  familiar  with  bears,  may  have  been  the  result  of 
a confusion  of  sound.  Draco  appears  to  have  had  formerly 
a longer  tail,  twisting  down  in  front  of  Ursa  Major.  The 
principal  stars  of  the  Great  Bear  compose  the  figure  of 
Charles’s  Wain,  or  the  Dipper. 

Ursa  Minor  (6r'sa  ml'nor).  [L.,‘the  Smaller 
Bear.’]  A constellation  near  the  north  pole, 
the  figure  of  which  imitates  that  of  Ursa  Ma- 
jor, which  its  configuration  resembles.  It  also 
has  a rival  figure  of  a wagon,  and  is  sometimes  called  the 
Cynosure,  which  seems  to  mean  ‘ dog’s  tail.’  At  the  time 
of  the  formation  of  these  constellations  the  pole  must  have 
been  near  a Draconis  ; and  during  the  greater  part  of  his- 
tory sailors  have  steered  by  Ursa  Minor  as  a whole.  In 
the  tail  of  the  Little  Bear  is  the  pole-star. 

Ursern  (or'zern),  or  Urseren  (or'zer-en).  The 
same  as  Andermatt. 

Ursinus  (er-si'nus),  or  Urcicinus  (er-si-si'nus). 
Antipope  366-384. 

Ursua  (or-so'a),  Pedro  de.  Bom  at  Ursua, 
near  Pamplona,  Navarre,  about,  1510:  died  at 
Machiparo,  on  the  Upper  Amazon,  Jan.  1, 1561. 
A Spanish  soldier.  He  was  governor  of  New  Gra- 
nada 1545  40:  led  expeditions  from  Bogota  in  search  of  El 
Dorado  1547  and  1549-52,  founding  Pamplona  and  other 
places ; and  subdued  the  rebellious  Cimarrones  of  Pana- 
ma 1555-57.  In  1559  the  Marquis  of  Canete,  viceroy  of 
Peru,  commissioned  him  to  lead  an  expedition  to  the 
region  of  the  upper  Amazon  in  search  of  El  Dorado  and 
the  “kingdom"  of  theOmaguas  (which  see).  The  ulterior 
object  of  the  viceroy  was  to  get  rid  of  the  wild  adven- 
turers who  had  been  attracted  to  Peru  by  the  civil  wars. 
Some  hundreds  of  these  joined  Ursua,  who  took  the  title 
of  “Governor  of  Omaguaand  El  Dorado,” and  embarked  in 
boats  at  Lamas  on  the  Moyobamba  in  Sept.,  1560.  He  de- 
scended the  Moyobamba  and  Huallaga  to  the  Amazon, 
where  he  was  killed  by  Lope  de  Aguirre  and  other  con- 
spirators. (See  Aguirre.)  Also  written  Orsiui. 

Ursula  (er'su-la),  Saint.  [ML.,‘a she-bear’;  It. 
Orsola,  Sp.  TJrsola,  F.  Ursule. ] In  Christian  le- 
gend, a British  saint  and  martyr  who,  with 
11,000  virgins,  was  said  to  have  been  put  to 
death  by  an  army  of  Huns  near  Cologne.  In  the 
first  part  of  the  12th  century,  iti  digging  foundations  for 
new  walls,  the  citizens  of  Cologne  found  a large  number 
of  bones  in  the  cemetery  of  the  old  Roman  town  Colonia 
Agrippina.  These  were  announced  by  Elizabeth  of  Shbnau, 
a visionary  nun,  as  the  relics  of  the  11,000  virgins,  and  for 
many  years  were  so  venerated.  Bones  of  men  and  children, 


however,  were  found  among  them,  and  this  was  variously 
explained  by  inspired  persous.  The  Church  of  St.  Ursula 
of  Cologne  is  still  visited  bv  thousands  of  credulous  be- 
lievers in  the  miraculous  properties  of  the  bones  of  Roman 
colonists.  One  matter-of-fact  explanation  of  the  11,000  re- 
duces them  to  one  in  the  person  of  a St.  “ Undecemilla.’’ 
St.  Ursula  has  been  identified  by  Dr.  Oscar  Schade  with 
the  Swabian  goddess  Horsel,  or  Ursel,  who  is  the  Holda 
(or  Venus)  of  Teutonic  mythology  turned  into  a saint  of 
the  Christian  calendar. 

Urubamba  (o-ro-bam'ba).  A name  given  to  the 
Ucayale  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course. 

Urugal(6-ro-gal').  The  Babylonian  Hades.  The 
word  is  of  Sumerian  origin,  and  means  ‘ the 
great  city.’ 

Uruguay  (o-ro-gwi' ; or,  as  Eng.,  u'ro-gwa).  A 
river  which  rises  in  southeastern  Brazil  (Santa 
Catharina),  near  the  coast,  flows  west,  south- 
west, and  south,  forms  the  boundary  between 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul  in  Brazil  and  Uruguay  on 
the  east,  and  the  Argentine  Republic  on  the 
west,  and  empties  into  the  estuary  of  the  Rio 
de  la  P lata  in  lat.  34°  S.  its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Ibicuy  and  Negro.  Length,  about  1,000  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  Salto  (about  200  miles),  and  above  that,  for  small 
vessels,  300  miles  farther. 

Uruguay,  orRepublica  Oriental  del  Uruguay 

(ra-po'ble-ka,  o-re-en-tal'  del  o-ro-gwi'),  often 
Banda  Oriental  (ban'da  o-re-en-tal').  A re- 
public in  South  America,  bounded  by  Brazil, 
the  Atlantic,  the  estuary  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
and  the  river  Uruguay  (which  separates  it  from 
the  Argentine  Republic).  Capital,  Montevideo. 
The  surface  consists  generally  of  grassy  lands  traversed 
by  low  ridges ; the  chief  occupation  is  the  rearing  of  cattle 
and  sheep ; the  leading  exports,  live  stock,  wool,  beef, 
hides,  tallow,  etc.  It  has  19  departments.  The  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  a president  and  a parliament  consisting 
of  a senate  and  a chamber  of  representatives.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Of  the  inhabitants 
the  majority  are  native  Uruguayans,  many  of  the  country 
people  being  of  the  mixed  race  called  Gauchos  (which 
see) ; but  there  are  also  many  Italians,  Spaniards,  French, 
Brazilians,  etc.  The  prevailing  language  is  Spanish.  Uru- 
guay was  settled  by  Spanish  Jesuits  in  the  17th  century, 
and  by  Portuguese  and  Spanish  colonists  later ; became  a 
Spanish  province,  annexed  to  the  viceroyalty  of  La  Plata, 
in  1776 ; was  joined  to  Brazil  in  1821 ; revolted  against 
Brazil  in  1825;  and  was  recognized  as  an  Independent  state 
in  1828.  Montevideo  was  besieged  by  the  combined  forces 
of  Oribe  and  Rosas  1842-51.  Area,  72,210  square  miles. 
Population,  1,042,668. 

Uruguayana  (6-ro-gwi-a'na).  A town  of  the 
state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  on  the  river 
Uruguay  near  lat.  29°  35'  S.  It  is  the  principal 
Brazilian  port  on  the  Uruguay,  and  has  an  important  trade 
in  cattle.  The  Paraguayan  army  which  invaded  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  in  1865  was  besieged  in  this  place  by  the 
combined  forces  of  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  the  Argentine 
Republic,  and  surrendered  (nearly  6,000  men)  Sept.  18. 
The  Emperor  of  Brazil  and  Presidents  Mitre  and  Flores 
took  part  in  the  siege.  Population,  municipio,  23,194. 

Urumiah,  or  Oroomiah  (o-ro-me'a),  or  Urmia 
(or-me'a).  A city  in  the  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
Persia,  70 miles  west-southwest  of  Tabriz:  the 
traditional  birthplace  of  Zoroaster.  It  is  the 
seat  of  an  American  mission.  Population,  es- 
timated, 30,000-50,000. 

Urumiah,  Lake.  A salt  lake  in  Persia,  west 
of  Tabriz,  intersected  by  lat.  38°  N.  it  contains 
many  small  islands.  The  water  is  intensely  salt  and  is 
shallow.  It  has  no  outlet.  Elevation  above  sea-level,  over 
4,000  feet.  Length,  about  85  miles. 

Urundi  (o-ron'de).  A land  in  Africa,  north  of 
Lake  Tanganyika. 

Urungu  (o-rijng'go),  or  Ulungu  (o-long'go). 
A district  in  central  Africa,  south  and  southeast 
of  Lake  Tanganyika. 

Urus,  or  Uros.  See  Puquinas. 

Urvashi  (or'va-she;  Vedic  or-va'she).  [Ac- 
cording to  Bohtlingk  and  Roth,  from  uru,  wide, 
and  then  great,  and  va$i = vaga,  desire.]  In  the 
Rigveda,  ‘ longing,’  ‘desire,’  and  in  X.  95  per- 
sonified as  a woman  beloved  by  Pururavas. 
The  obscure  hymn  consists  of  a dialogue  between  Purura- 
vas and  Urvashi.  They  are  interpreted  by  Max  Miiller 
(“Oxford  Essays”  (1856)  and  “ Chips  from  a German  Work- 
shop ”)  as  the  Sun  and  the  Dawn.  Urvashi  is  especially 
important  as  the  heroine  of  Kalidasa’s  “ Vikramorvashi. ” 

Ushegs  (us'begz),  or  UzbegS  (uz'begz).  A 
Turkish  people,  socially  and  politically  rather 
than  ethnically  distinct,  dwelling  in  various 
parts  of  central  Asia,  chiefly  in  the  cities.  They 
form  the  influential  class.  Number,  estimated,  2,000,000. 
They  rose  to  power  in  the  13th  century. 

Ushoi  (os-boi').  A depression  in  central  Asia, 
east  of  the  Caspian  Sea  and  west  of  the  Amu- 
Daria:  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  ancient 
course  of  the  latter. 

Usedom  (o'ze-dom).  An  island,  belonging  to 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  which,  with  the  island  of 
Wollin,  separates  the  Pomeranian  Hail  from  the 
Baltic.  Chief  town,  Swinemunde.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Usedom,  Count  Karl  Georg  Ludwig  Guido 
von.  Born  on  the  island  of  Riigen,  July 


Usedom 

17,  1805:  died  at  San  Remo,  Jan.  22,  1884.  A 
Prussian  diplomatist,  distinguished  as  ambas- 
sador to  Italy  1863-69. 

Ushak  (o-shak').  A town  in  the  western  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  about  120  miles  east  of  Smyrna. 
Population,  15,000. 

Ushant  (ush'ant),  F.  Ouessant  (wes-son').  An 
island  off  the  coast  of  France,  belonging  to  the 
department  of  Finistere,  in  lat.  48°  28'  N.,  long. 
5°  3'  W.  It  contains  the  village  St. -Michel. 
Length,  4£  miles.  Population,  2,717. 

Ushant,  Battle  of.  A naval  battle  fought  near 
Ushant,  in  1778,  between  the  French  underd’Or- 
villiers  and  the  British  under  Keppel.  The  ad- 
vantage was  with  the  former. 

Ushas  (o'shas;  Vedic  o-shas').  [From  -\/  ms, 
light  up,  dawn ; cognate  with  Gr.  'IUV,  L . Aurora 
for  Ausosa,  and  E.  eas-t.  With  the  kindred 
Skt.  nsra' , dawn,  is  also  to  be  compared  the  Old 
Germanic  Aus-t-rd,  a goddess  of  the  year-dawn 
or  spring-light,  and  AS.  Eos-t-ra,  the  name  of 
whose  festival,  Easter,  occurring  in  April,  was 
transferred  to  the  Christian  festival  which  re- 
placed it.]  The  Vedic  Dawn,  a favorite  object 
of  celebration  with  the  poets  of  the  Rigveda. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  the  Sky  (Dyaus),  sister  of  Bhaga, 
and  kinswoman  of  Varuna,  and  also  sister  of  Night,  and  in 
one  passage  the  elder  sister.  The  Sun  is  her  lover,  and 
follows  her  track.  She  brings  the  eye  of  the  gods.  Agni 
is  also  her  lover,  Are  being  kindled  for  sacrifice  at  dawn. 
She  is  the  friend  of  the  Ashvins,  whom  she  awakens  with 
her  song.  She  is  borne  onward  in  a shining  chariot  from 
the  distant  east,  and  in  one  passage  arrives  in  a hundred 
chariots.  She  is  drawn  by  ruddy  horses,  or  by  cows  or 
bulls  of  the  same  hue.  She  is  compared  to  a beautiful 
maiden  dressed  by  her  mother,  to  a richly  decked  dancing- 
girl,  a gaily  attired  wife  appearing  before  her  husband,  or 
a female  rising  resplendent  from  her  bath.  She  is  the  life 
and  breath  of  all  things,  causing  the  birds  to  fly  from  their 
nests,  and,  like  an  active  wife  arousing  her  household, 
awakening  the  five  races  of  men.  She  is  young,  being  born 
anew  every  day,  and  yet  old  — nay,  immortal.  See  Muir’s 
“Original  Sanskrit  Texts,”  V.  181-198,  for  translations  of 
Ushas  hymns  and  details. 

Usher,  or  Ussher  (ush'er),  James,  Latinized 
Usserius  (us-se'ri-us).  Born  at  Dublin,  Jan.  4, 
1580-81 : died  at  Reigate,  Surrey,  England, 
March  21,  1656.  A British  prelate,  theologian, 
and  scholar.  He  took  the  degree  of  11.  A.  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  ItiOO ; was  regius  professor  of  divinity 
there  1607-20,  and  chancellor  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral, 
Dublin,  in  1605 ; was  appointed  bishop  of  Meath  in  1621 ; 
and  became  archbishop  of  Armagh  and  primate  of  Ireland 
in  1025.  He  waB  on  a visit  to  England  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war,  and  took  sides  with  Charles  I.,  with  the 
result  that  he  lost  nearly  all  his  property  in  Ireland,  with 
the  exception  of  his  library.  He  was  preacher  to  the  So- 
ciety of  Lincoln's  Inn,  London,  from  1647  until  shortly 
before  hiB  death.  His  most  notable  work  is  “ Annales 
Veteris  et  Novi  Testamenti"  (1650-541,  in  which  he  pro- 
posed a scheme  of  biblical  chronology  that  was  universally 
accepted  until  disproved  by  recent  investigations. 

Usipites  (u-sip'i-tez),  or  Usipii  (u-sip'i-I),  or 
Usipes  (u-si'pez).  [L.  (Caesar)  Usipites,  (Taci- 
tus) Usipii,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Ovmiroi.]  A German 
tribe  first  mentioned  by  Caesar,  who  describes 
them  as  having  been  driven  by  the  Suevi  (59 
B.  c.),  together  with  the  Tencteri,  from  their 
Original  homes.  With  the  Tencteri  they  were  defeated 
by  Csesar  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Maas,  whence  they  withdrew  to  the  opposite 
side,  to  the  north  of  the  Sugambri.  Ptolemy,  who  names 
them  for  the  last  time,  places  them  further  to  the  south, 
in  the  Main  region.  They  were  probably  merged  ulti- 
mately in  the  Alamanni. 

Usk  (usk).  [Celtic,  ‘ water.’]  A-river  in  South 
Wales  and  Monmouthshire,  England,  which 
joins  the  estuary  of  the  Severn  18  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Bristol.  Length,  about  60  miles. 
Uskoken  (os'ko-ken).  [Serb,  ‘fugitives.’] 
Fugitives  from  Servia  and  Bosnia  who  went 
to  Venetian  and  Hungarian  lands  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  16th  century  to  escape  Turkish 
tyranny. 

Uskup(os'kup),  orUskub  (os'kub),  or  Uskiub 
(os'ke-ub),  or  Skoplie.  The  capital  of  the 
vilayet  of  Kosovo,  European  Turkey,  situated 
on  the  Vardar  in  lat.  42°  1'  N.,  long.  21°  32'  E. : 
the  ancient  Scupi  or  Scopi.  It  is  a strategic  point. 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  etc.  Population,  about 
28,000. 

Uspallata  (os-pal-yii'tii)  Pass.  [Sp.  Boquete  or 
Portillo  de  Uspallata.']  A pass  over  the  Andes, 
between  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Chile, 
near  lat.  32°  49'  S.  The  highest  point  is  about  12,800 
feet  above  the  sea.  During  the  colonial  period  this  pass 
was  tho  principal  means  of  communication  between  San- 
tiago and  the  Chilean  cities  east  of  the  Andes.  It  was 
the  route  taken  by  San  Martin  in  his  famous  invasion  of 
Chile,  Jan.,  1817.  The  Transandine  Railroad  passes 
through  it.  Also  Cumbre  ( Carnbre ) Pass. 

Ussher,  James.  See  Usher. 

Ustica  (os'te-ka).  A mountainous  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Italy,  43  miles 


1023 

north  by  west  of  Palermo.  It  contains  a penal 
establishment.  Length,  4 miles.  Population, 
1,992. 

Ust-Kamenogorsk  (ost'ka-men-6-gorsk').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Semipalatinsk,  Russian 
Asia,  situated  on  the  Irtish  150  miles  southeast 
of  Semipalatinsk.  Population,  8,721. 

Ust-Urt  (ost'ort').  A plateau  in  central  Asia, 
between  the  Sea  of  Aral  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
It  is  mainly  a desert. 

Usuramo  (o-so-ra'mo).  A region  in  East  Africa, 
situated  southwest  of  Zanzibar,  near  the  coast. 
Since  1885  it  has  been  a possession  of  the  Ger- 
man East  Africa  Company.  Also  Uzaramo. 
uta  (u'ta),  or  Utah,  or  Ute  (u'te),  or  Youta. 
[PI. , also  Utas  or  Utahs.]  A division  of  the  Sho- 
shonean  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  em- 
bracing 15  tribes,  which  formerly  occupied  the 
entire  central  and  western  portions  of  Colorado 
and  the  northeastern  portion  of  Utah,  including 
the  eastern  part  of  Salt  Lake  valley  and  Utah 
valley.  On  the  south  they  extended  into  New  Mexico, 
occupying  much  of  the  country  drained  by  the  Rio  San 
Juan.  In  the  northeastern  part  of  their  range  they  inter- 
married extensively  with  other  Shoshonean  branches,  as  the 
Shoshoni,  Bannock.  Paiute,  and  with  the.Ticarilla  Apache. 
The  first  treaty  with  the  Uta  was  concluded  Dec.  30,  1849. 
They  have  always  been  warlike  and  restless.  The  Uta  are 
now  confined  to  reservations  in  Utah  and  Colorado,  and 
number  about  3,000.  See  Shoshonean. 

Utah  (u'ta  or  u'ta).  [From  the  Indian  tribal 
name.]  Oneof  the  United  States  (the  45th).  Cap- 
ital, Salt  Lake  City.  It  is  bounded  by  Idaho  and  Wyo- 
ming on  the  north,  Wyoming  and  Colorado  on  the  east,  Ari- 
zona on  the  south,  and  Nevada  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  mountainous  and  plateau,  including  theWahsatch  and 
Uintah  Mountains  and  part  of  the  Great  Basin.  The 
Great  Salt  Lake  is  in  the  north.  The  silver-,  copper-,  and 
lead-mines  are  important.  Utah  contains  27  counties,  and 
sends  2 senators  and  2 representatives  to  Congress.  The  in- 
habitants are  largely  Mormons.  This  region  formed  part 
of  the  lands  ceded  by  Mexico  in  1848.  The  Mormons  set- 
tled here  in  1847-48.  Utah  was  organized  as  a Territory 
in  1850.  The  Mountain  Meadow  massacre  of  Gentile  set- 
tlers by  Indians  and  Mormons  occurred  in  1857.  Disturb- 
ances in  1856  led  to  the  sending  of  an  expedition  of  United 
States  troops  to  Utah  in  1857 ; the  Mormons  submitted  in 
1868.  The  Edmunds  Act  of  1882,  followed  by  supplemen- 
tary legislation,  punished  and  discouraged  polygamy  in  the 
Mormon  Church.  A large  Gentile  immigration  has  taken 
place  in  recent  years.  On  July  17,  1894,  the  President 
signed  a bill  for  the  admission  of  Utah  to  the  Union  as  a 
State  (“  enabling  act "),  and  it  was  admitted  in  1896.  Area, 
84,970  square  miles.  Population,  373,351,  (1910). 

Utah  Lake.  A fresb-water  lake  in  Utah,  28 
miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Jordan  into  Great  Salt  Lake.  Height  above 
eea-level,  about  4,400  feet.  Length,  23  miles. 
Utatlan  (o-tat-lan'),  or  Gumarcaah  (go-mar- 
ka-a').  The  ancient  seat  of  the  Quichd  In- 
dians of  Guatemala,  near  the  site  of  the  modern 
city  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Quichd.  it  was  an  easily 
defensible  place,  of  difficult  access.  It  was  abandoned  after 
1524,  the  Indians  gradually  settling  outside. 

Ute.  See  Uta. 

Ute  (ut)  Peak.  A peak  in  Williams  Range, 
Colorado,  west  of  Central  City. 

Utgard  (ut ' gard).  In  Norse  mythology,  the 
dwelling-place  of  the  giant  Utgard-Loki. 
Utgard-Loki  (ut'gard-lo'ke).  In  Norse  my- 
thology, the  chief  of  the  giants. 

Uther  (u'ther).  In  the  Arthurian  cycle  of 
romance,  a king  of  Britain  and  father  of  Ar- 
thur, known  from  his  rank  as  Uther  Pendragon. 
Utica  (u'ti-ka).  [L.  Utica,  Gr.  0 bruit/,  Ovtikt/, 
’lrijKTj.]  In  ancient  geography,  a city  in  Africa, 
situated  near  the  Bagradas  25  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Carthage.  It  was  founded  by  the  Phe- 
nicians ; sided  in  the  third  Punic  war  with  Rome ; and  suc- 
ceeded Carthage  as  the  leading  city  of  Africa.  It  was  held 
by  Cato  for  the  Pompeians  in  46  B.  c. 

Utica.  The  capital  of  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Mohawk  River  83  miles 
west-northwest  of  Albany.  It  is  a railroad  center, 
and  is  on  the  Erie  Canal.  It  is  the  leading  market  in  the 
United  States  for  cheese,  and  has  manufactures  of  cloth- 
ing, boots  and  shoes,  etc.  Fort  Schuyler  was  built  in  1758, 
and  the  town  was  settled  after  the  Revolution.  It  was  in- 
corporated as  a city  in  1832.  Population,  74,419,  (1910). 

Uticensis  (u-ti-sen'sis).  [L.,‘ of  Utica.’]  Asur- 
name  of  Cato  the  Younger. 

Utila  (o-te'la).  One  of  the  Bay  Islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  Honduras. 

Utliberg  (iit'le-berG).  A peak  of  Mount  Albis, 
Switzerland,  4 miles  west  of  Zurich:  noted  for 
its  view.  Height,  2,864  feet. 

Utopia  (u-to'pi-a).  [NL.,  ‘no  where,’  from  Gr. 
ov,  no,  not,  and  rbjrof,  place,  spot.]  A political 
romance  by  Sir  Thomas  More, published  in  Latin 
in  1516 : so  called  from  an  imaginary  island,  the 
seat  of  an  ideal  commonwealth.  The  original  title 


Uzziali 

was  “De  Optimo  Reipublicse  Statu,  deque  Nova  Insula 
Utopia.”  It  was  translated  in  1661  by  Ralph  Robinson, 
and  by  Bishop  Burnet  in  1683.  The  name  “ Utopia  ” has 
given  rise  to  the  adjective  utopian  with  the  meaning  of 
‘impracticable’ or  ‘ideal,’  especially  as  applied  to  schemes 
for  the  advancement  of  social  conditions. 

Utrecht  (u'trekt;  D.  pron.  ii'trecht).  1.  A 
province  of  the  Netherlands,  bounded  by  North 
Holland,  Zuyder  Zee,  Gelderland,  and  South 
Holland.  Area,  534  square  miles.  Population, 
285,480. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Utrecht,  situated  on  the  Kromme  Rijn,  at  its 
division  into  the  Vecht  and  the  Oude  Rijn,  in 
lat.  52°  5'  N.,  long.  5°  7'  E. : the  Roman  Tra- 
jectus  (ferry).  It  is  a railway  center,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  cigars,  chemicals,  etc.  The  noted  Cathedral 
of  St.  Martin  consists  of  a spacious  choir  and  transepts  of 
the  13th  century.  The  nave  fell  in  1674,  and  was  not  re- 
built : thus  the  fine  west  tower,  338  feet  high,  stands  at  a 
distance  from  the  existing  church.  The  vaulting  is  116 
feet  high,  and  the  proportions  and  details  are  excellent. 
Utrecht  is  also  the  seat  of  a university.  Its  medieval  bish- 
ops possessed  great  power.  It  was  often  a residence  of 
the  German  emperors,  and  was  an  early  seat  of  the  States- 
General.  Population,  116,783. 

Utrecht,  Peace  of.  The  peace  concluded  in 
1713,  through  several  separate  treaties,  bet  ween 
France  on  one  side  and  Great  Britain,  Holland, 
Prussia,  Savoy,  and  Portugal  on  the  other,  and 
acceded  to  by  Spain.  With  the  subsequent  treaties 
of  Rastatt  and  Baden,  it  put  an  end  to  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession.  Philip  V.  (of  Bourbon)  was  confirmed 
as  king  of  Spain,  the  crowns  of  France  and  Spain  never  to 
be  united  ; and  France  recognized  the  Protestant  succes- 
sion in  England.  Prussia  was  recognized  as  a kingdom. 
Great  Britain  received  Newfoundland,  Nova  Scotia,  etc., 
in  North  America,  and  Gibraltar  and  Minorca,  with  the 
right  to  semi  African  slaves  to  America.  Holland  was  se- 
cured by  the  Barrier  Treaty.  The  Spanish  Netherlands, 
Sardinia,  the  Milanese,  and  Naples  were  ceded  to  Austria. 
Savoy  received  Sicily  from  Spain.  Prussia  received  Neu- 
chatel  and  part  of  Gelderland,  and  renounced  its  claims 
to  Orange.  Portugal  received  additions  in  South  America. 
Utrecht,  Union  of.  The  union,  concluded  in 
1579,  of  the  seven  united  provinces,  Holland, 
Zealand,  Utrecht,  Gelderland,  Overyssel,  Gron- 
ingen, and  Friesland,  which  became  the  Dutch 
republic. 

Uttoxeter  (uks'e-ter  or  u-tok'se-t6r).  A town 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  near  the 
Dove  28  miles  north  of  Birmingham.  Popula- 
tion, 5,133. 

Uvaroff  (o-va'rof),  Count  Sergei.  Born  at 
Moscow,  Aug.  25,  1785:  died  there,  Sept.  16, 
1855.  A Russian  statesman  and  scholar.  He  was 
president  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Academy  of  Sciences  from 
1818,  and  minister  of  public  instruction  1832-48.  He  did 
much  to  promote  higher  instruction  in  Russia.  He  wrote 
“ Etudes  de  philologie  et  de  critique  ’’  (1843),  “ Esquisses 
politiques  et  littdraires  ” (1848),  etc. 

Uvira  (o-ve'ra).  See  Vira. 

Uxbridge  (uks'brij).  A town  in  Middlesex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Colne  18  miles  west 
by  north  of  London.  It  was  the  scene  of  unsuccess- 
ful negotiations  between  Parliamentary  and  Rovalist  com- 
missioners at  the  beginning  of  1645.  Population,  8,686. 

Uxmal  (oz-mal').  A ruin  in  Yucatan,  Mexico, 
about  70  miles  south  of  Merida.  The  remains 
are  scattered  over  several  square  miles,  but 
only  a few  of  the  buildings  have  the  walls  still 
standing.  These  are  generally  raised  on  terraced  foun- 
dations (truncated  pyramids),  and  are  faced  with  dressed 
stone,  in  many  cases  elaborately  sculptured.  Some  of 
them  are  very  large.  The  one  called  “ Casa  del  Gober- 
nador  ’’  is  320  feet  long,  but  narrow.  The  so-called  “ Casa 
de  las  Monjas”  is  built  around  a courtyard  which  measures 
258  by  214  feet.  There  are  no  idols  as  at  Copan, and  nothing 
resembling  the  stucco-work  of  Palenque.  One  of  the  most 
curious  features  is  the  great  number  of  protuberant  or- 
naments called  “elephants’ trunks ” by  Waldeck.  The  ori- 
gin of  Uxmal  is  unknown,  but  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  it  was  built  by  a Maya  people.  Stephens  believed 
that  some  of  the  temples  were  used  by  the  Indians  as  late 
as  1673. 

Uz  (uz).  Iu  biblical  geography,  a land  east  of 
Palestine:  the  home  of  Job.  It  is  sometimes 


Uz6s  (ii-zas').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Gard,  France,  situated  on  the  Auzon  12  miles 
north  by  east  of  Nimes.  It  contains  a castle 
and  the  campanile  of  the  ancient  cathedral. 
Population,  commune,  5,182. 

Uzziali  (u-zi'a).  A name  of  Azariah,  king  of 
Judah,  sonof  Amaziab.  He  reigned  792-740B.C. 
(Duncker.) 

Amaziah  was  succeeded  by  Uzziah,  whose  long  and  pros- 
perous reign  appears  to  have  corresponded  pretty  exactly 
with  that  of  Jeroboam  II.  The  current  chronology,  which 
obscures  this  correspondence,  is  certainly  corrupt ; and  we 
shall  not  be  far  wrong  if  we  view  Uzziah  and  Jotham  as 
the  contemporaries  of  Jeroboam  II.  and  Menahem,  while 
Ahaz  of  Judah  came  to  the  throne  soon  after  Menahem ’s 
death,  and  saw  the  greater  part  of  the  wars  which  began 
with  the  invasion  of  Tlglath-Pileser  and  closed  with  the 
fall  of  Samaria.  W.  It.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  194. 


aal  (val).  The  chief  head 
stream  and  tributary  of  the 
Orange  River,  South  Afri- 
ca. It  forms  the  chief  part  of 
the  boundary  between  the  Trans- 
vaal and  the  Orange  Free  State, 
and  joins  the  Orange  River  about 
lat.  29°  l<y  S.,  long.  24°  15'  E. 
Length,  500-600  miles. 

Vaca,  Cabeza  de.  See  Ca- 

beza  de  Vaca. 

Vaca  de  Castro  (va'ka  da  k&s'tro),  Cristoval. 
Born  in  1492 : died  in  1562.  A Spanish  lawyer 
and  administrator.  He  was  a member  of  the  audi- 
ence of  Valladolid,  and  in  1540  was  sent  to  Peru  to  in- 
quire into  certain  alleged  abuses,  with  orders  to  act  as 
governor  in  case  of  Pizarro's  death.  He  landed  on  the 
coast  of  New  Granada  (spring  of  1541),  and  crossed  to 
Popayan,  where  he  heard  of  the  assassination  of  Pizarro 
and  the  rebellion  of  the  younger  Almagro.  Aided  by 
loyal  Spaniards,  he  advanced  into  Peru.  Almagro  was  de- 
feated at  Chupas  (Sept.  16,  1542),  and  executed,  and  Cas- 
tro held  the  government  until  the  arrival  of  Viceroy  Vela, 
May  15,  1544.  The  latter  imprisoned  him  on  suspicion  of 
conspiring  with  the  rebels  against  the  new  laws,  but  he 
escaped  and  reached  Spain  in  1545.  There  he  was  arrested 
on  charges  of  peculation,  etc.,  hut  was  exonerated  in  1556, 
after  11  years'  imprisonment. 

Vach  (vach).  [Skt.,  cognate  with  Latin  vox  — 
voc-s,  and  with  Greek  f>\ p for  uip,  originally  Fvm-r, 
voice.]  In  the  Rigveda,  a feminine  personifi- 
cation of  speech;  the  Word;  Logos.  In  the 
later  literature  she  is  identified  with  Sarasvati. 
Vacberot  (vash-ro'),  Etienne.  Born  at  Lan- 
gres,  France,  July  29, 1809  : died  at  Paris,  July 
28,  1897.  A French  philosophical  writer,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  the  Sorbonne  1839-52. 
He  was  attacked  by  the  clerical  party  on  account  of  his 
philosophical  doctrines  ; was  deprived  of  his  office  in  1852 
for  political  reasons  ; and  in  1859  was  condemned  to  three 
months'  imprisonment  for  his  book  “La  democratic. ’’  In 
1871  he  waB  elected  to  the  National  Assembly  from  the 
department  of  Seine.  His  other  works  include  “ His- 
toire  critique  de  ITcole  d'Alexandrie  " (1846),  “ La  mC-ta- 
physique  et  la  science"  (1858),  “La  religion  " (1868),  “ La 
science  et  la  conscience  ” (1870),  etc. 

Vacquerie  (vak-re'),  Auguste.  Born  Nov.  19, 
1819  : died  Feb.  19,  1895.  A French  journal- 
ist and  dramatist,  founder  in  1869,  with  Paul 
Meurice  and  others,  of  the  radical  “Le  Rap- 
pel.” His  dramatic  works  include  “ Tragaldabas,”  a 
melodrama  (1848),  “Jean  Baudry,”  a comedy  (1863), 
“Jalousie,"  a comedy  (1888),  etc.  He  also  published 
poems,  etc. 

Vacuna  (va-ku'na).  A Sabine  goddess  of  agri- 
culture. 

V£cz.  See  Waitzen. 

Vadimonian  Lake  (vad-i-mo'ni-an  lak).  [L. 
Vadimonis  Lacus.~\  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  lake  in  Italy,  near  the  Tiber  and  near  the 
modern  Orte : the  modern  Laghetto  di  Bassano. 
Here,  in  310  or  309  B.  c.,  the  Romans  under  Fabius  Maxi- 
mus defeated  the  Etruscans ; and  in  283  B.  c.  the  Romans 
defeated  the  combined  northern  Italians  and  Gauls. 

Vadred  (va'dret),  or  Vadret,  Piz.  A peak  of 
the  Rhsetian  Alps,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, 24  miles  east-southeast  of  Coire.  Height, 
10,609  feet. 

Vaga  (va'ga),  Perino  del:  properly  Piero,  or 
Pierino,  or  Perino  Buonaccorsi  (bo-d-nak- 
kor'se).  Born  at  Florence,  1500  or  1501:  died  at 
Rome,  1547.  An  Italian  painter,  a pupil  and 
assistant  of  Raphael.  He  worked  in  Rome  and 
Genoa,  and  painted  chiefly  historical  and  mythological 
subjects. 

Vagienni  (vaj-i-en'i).  In  ancient  history,  a 
Ligurian  tribe  which  dwelt  in  northwestern 
Italy,  near  the  Maritime  Alps. 

Vahlen  (va'len),  Johann.  Born  Sept.  27, 1830 : 
died  Nov.  30,  1911.  A German  classical  phi- 
lologist, professor  at  Berlin  1874-1911. 
Vaigatch  (vi-gach').  An  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  southeast  of  Nova  Zembla,  intersected 
by  lat.  70°  N.,  long.  60°  E.  It  belongs  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel,  Russia.  It  is  visited  in  the  summer  by 
hunters.  Length, 70 miles.  Also  Vaigats,  Vaigatz,  Waigalch. 
Vaikuntha  (vl-kon'tha).  In  later  Hindu  my- 
thology, Vishnu’s  heaven,  described  as  situated 
in  the  northern  ocean,  or  on  the  eastern  peak 
of  the  mythical  Mount  Meru.  Each  of  the  modern 


systems  has  its  own  heaven,  that  of  Shiva  being  Kailasa, 
and  that  of  Krishna  Goloka. 

Vaillant,  Franqois  Le.  See  Levaillant. 

Vaillant  (va-yon'),  Comte  Jean  Baptiste  Phi- 
libert. Born  at  Dijon,  Franee,  Dec.  6,  1790 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  4,  1872.  A marshal  of 
France.  He  served  as  lieutenant  and  adjutant  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  as  chief  of  battalion  in  Algeria,  and  as 
lieutenant-colonel  at  the  siege  of  Antwerp(1832);  directed, 
as  engineer,  the  siege  and  capture  of  Rome  in  1849,  and 
was  made  a marshal ; was  minister  of  war  1854-59 ; fought 
at  the  battle  of  Solferino  in  1859;  commanded  the  army 
of  occupation  in  Italy  1859-60 ; and  was  minister  of  the 
emperor  s household  1860-70,  and  for  part  of  the  time 
minister  also  of  the  fine  arts.  He  was  banished  in  1870, 
but  returned  to  Paris  in  1871. 

Vainlove  (van'luv).  A character  in  Congreve’s 
comedy  “ The  Old  Bachelor.”  He  is  capricious  in  his 
love,  and  cares  for  nothing  that  he  finds  difficulty  in  pro- 
curing. 

Vaishya  (visli'ya).  [‘Belonging  to  the  vi?,  or 
“ folk.’”]  In  the  Sanskrit  designation  of  castes, 
a member  of  the  third  caste,  the  folk,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Brahmans,  or  priests,  and 
the  Kshatriyas,  or  warriors. 

VaisseauFantome(va-s6'  fon-tom'),  Le.  [F., 

‘ The  Phantom  Ship.’]  An  opera  by  Dietsch,  the 
words  translated  from  Wagner’s  “DerFliegende 
Hollander.”  It  was  produced  in  Paris  in  1842. 

Vakh  (vak).  A river  in  western  Siberia  which 
joins  the  Obi  about  lat.  60°  30'  N.  Length, 
about  300  miles. 

Valais  (va-la'),  G.  Wallis  (val'lis).  [From 
L.  valles,  a valley.]  A canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Sion.  It  is  hounded  by  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
Vaud,  and  Bern  on  the  north  (separated  from  Bern  by  the 
Bernese  Alps), Uri,  Ticino,  and  italy  on  the  east,  Italy  on  the 
south  (separated  by  the  main  chain  of  the  Alps),  and  France 
on  the  west.  It  comprises  the  upper  valley  of  the  Rhone 
and  the  surrounding  mountains,  it  has  6 representatives 
in  the  National  Council.  The  inhabitants  are  about  two 
thirds  French  and  about  one  third  German.  The  prevail- 
ing religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Valais  was  incorporated 
in  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  time  of  Augustus.  In  the  mid- 
dle ages  it  was  a part  of  Burgundy,  and  later  was  divided 
among  various  rulers  (Savoy,  bishop  of  Sion,  etc.).  Upper 
Valais  formed  a league  with  the  Swiss  cantons  in  1416, 
and  about  1475  reduced  most  of  Lower  Valais.  Valais  was 
made  a canton  of  the  Helvetic  Republic  in  1798;  became 
a separate  republic  in  1802  ; was  incorporated  with  France 
in  1810 ; and  was  made  a canton  in  1815.  It  was  disturbed 
by  civil  dissensions,  and  joined  the  Sonderbund  in  1845. 
Area,  2,027  square  miles.  Population,  126,340,  (1910). 

Valais,  Alps  of.  The  Pennine  Alps. 

Valbert  (val-bar'),  G.  A pseudonym  of  Victor 
Cherbuliez. 

Valbonne  (val-bon').  A district  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  department  of  Ain,  France, 
east  of  Lyons  : the  seat  of  a French  military 
encampment. 

Valcour  (val-kor')  Island.  A small  island  in 
Lake  Champlain,  4 miles  south-southeast  of 
Plattsburg,  in  New  York. 

Valdai  Hills  (val'di  liilz).  A group  of  hills  and 
plateaus,  chiefly  in  the  governments  of  Novgo- 
rod and  Pskoff,  Russia:  the  most  elevated  region 
in  the  interior  of  Russia.  They  form  in  general  the 
watershed  between  the  rivers  which  flow  into  the  Baltic  and 
the  head  waters  of  the  Volga.  Height,  about  1,100  feet. 

Val  d’Anniviers  (val  da-ne-vya'),  G.  Einfisch- 
tlial  (ln'fisb-tal)  or  Eifischthal  (i'fish-tal). 
An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, south  of  Sierre. 

Val  d’Anzasca  (val  dan-zas'ka).  An  Alpine 
valley  in  northern  Italy,  east  of  the  Monte  Rosa 
group. 

Val  d’Arno.  See  Arno,  Val  d\ 

Valdepenas  (val-da-pan'yas).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  30  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Ciudad  Real : noted  for  its  mines. 
Population,  21,015. 

Valdes  (val-das'),  Juan.  Born  at  Cuenca,  Spain, 
about  1500:  died  about  1541.  A Spanish  theo- 
logian. He  held  many  views  which  were  at  va- 
riance with  Roman  Catholic  doctrines. 

Juan  Valdes  . . . enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  one  of 
the  first  Spaniards  that  embraced  the  opinions  of  the  Ref- 
ormation, and  the  very  first  who  made  an  effort  to  spread 
them.  Tichnor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  19. 


Val  de  Travers.  See  Travers. 

Valdez,  Melendez.  See  Melendez  Valdes. 
Valdez  (Sp.  pron.  val-deth')  Island.  An  island 
belonging  to  British  Columbia,  situated  in  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia  about  lat.  50°-50°  20'  N.  Length, 
24  miles. 

Val  d’Herens  (val  da-ron').  An  Alpine  valley 
in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  south  of 
Sion. 

Val  di  Demone  (val  de  da-mo'ne).  The  ancient 
northeastern  division  of  Sicily. 

Valdieri  (val-de-a're),F.Vaudier  (vo-dya').  A 
town  and  watering-place  in  the  province  of  Cu- 
neo,  Italy,  12  miles  southwest  of  Cuneo : noted 
for  its  sulphur-springs.  Population,  town, 
1,298;  commune,  2,291. 

Val  di  Genova  (val  de  jen'6-va).  A valley  in 
southern  Tyrol,  in  the  Adamello  Alps. 

Val  d’llliez.  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  west  of  St. -Maurice. 
Length,  about  15  miles. 

Val  di  Mazzara  (val  de  mat-sa'ra).  The  an- 
cient western  division  of  Sicily. 

Val  di  Non  (val  de  non).  The  lower  part  of  the 
valley  of  the  Noce,  in  southern  Tyrol,  north  of 
Trent. 

Val  di  Noto  (val  de  no'to).  The  ancient  south- 
eastern division  of  Sicily. 

Val  di  Sole  (val  de  so'le).  The  upper  part  of 
the  valley  of  the  Noce,  in  southwestern  Tyrol, 
southeast  of  the  Ortler. 

Valdivia  (val-de've-a).  1.  Aprovince  inChile, 
intersected  by  lat.  40°  S.  Area,  8,352  square 
miles.  Population,  118,277.-— 2.  A town,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Valdivia,  Chile,  on  the 
Calle  Calle  River  near  the  sea : its  port,  called 
the  Corral,  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  it  was 
founded  as  a fort  by  Pedro  de  Valdivia  in  Feb.,  1552 ; 
was  a point  of  great  importance  during  the  wars  with  the 
Araucanians  ; and  was  destroyed  by  them  in  the  great  up- 
rising of  1599.  Rebuilt  in  1644,  it  was  strongly  fortified ; 
pronounced  for  independence  in  1810,  but  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Spaniards  ; and  was  finally  taken  by  the  pa- 
triots under  Cochrane,  after  a three  days’  fight  from  fort 
to  fort,  Feb.  2-4,  1820.  Population,  15,229. 

Valdivia,  Luis  de.  Born  in  Granada,  1561:  died 
at  Valladolid,  Nov.  5,  1642.  A Spanish  Jesuit, 
missionary  in  Chile  from  about  1590  to  1621. 
He  published  several  works  on  the  Araucanian  and  other 
Indian  languages,  and  histories  of  the  Indian  wars. 

Valdivia,  Pedro  de.  Born  near  La  Serena, 
Estremadura,  1498  or  1500 : died  near  the  fort  of 
Tucapel,  southern  Chile,  Jan.  1 (?),  1554.  A 
Spanish  soldier,  conqueror  of  Chile.  He  served  in 
the  Italian  wars;  went  to  Venezuela  about  1534;  and  in  1535 
passed  to  Peru,  where  he  served  with  Pizarro's  forces  at 
the  battle  of  Las  'Salinas,  April  26,  1538.  After  Almagro’s 
death,  Pedro  Sanchez  de  Hoz,  an  incompetent  man,  was 
sent  from  Spain  to  complete  the  conquest  of  Chile ; Pizarro 
associated  Valdivia  with  him,  aud  Hoz  soon  became  a ci- 
pher in  the  expedition.  Leaving  Cuzco  in  March,  1540, 
with  150  Spanish  soldiers  and  a large  body  of  Indians,  Val- 
divia marched  by  the  coast  deserts,  defeated  a large  body 
of  natives  in  the  valley  of  Chile,  and  on  Feb.  12,  1541, 
founded  Santiago.  The  Indians  soon  rose  against  him,  and 
he  was  closely  besieged  until  the  arrival  of  reinforcements 
from  Peru  in  Dec.,  1543.  Valparaiso  was  founded  in  Sept., 
1544,  and  in  1546  Valdivia  pushed  into  the  Araucanian 
country  to  the  river  Biobio.  In  1547-49  he  was  in  Peru, 
serving  with  Gasca  to  suppress  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo 
Pizarro : during  his  absence  the  country  was  ruled  by  Vil- 
lagra.  In  1550-51  the  Spaniards  continued  their  conquest 
of  the  Araucanian  country,  passing  the  Biobio  and  found- 
ing Concepcion,  Imperial,  Valdivia,  etc.  Late  in  1553  there 
was  a great  uprising  of  the  Indians.  Valdivia,  with  fifty 
horsemen,  started  from  Concepcion  to  relieve  Tucapel, 
which  was  closely  besieged  ; was  attacked  and  defeated  by 
the  Indians  ; and  was  captured  and  put  to  death  shortly 
after.  Authorities  do  not  agree  as  to  the  precise  date  of 
the  battle  and  of  Valdivia’s  death. 

Valdo.  See  Waldo. 

Valee  (va-la'),  Comte  Sylvain  Charles.  Born 
at  Brienne-le-Ckateau,  Aube,  France,  Dec.  17, 
1773 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  16,  1846.  A marshal 
of  France.  He  served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  especially 
in  the  Peninsula,  commanding  the  artillery  of  the  3d  army 
corps  in  Spain  in  1809,  and  attaining  the  rank  of  general 
of  division  in  1811 ; was  inspector-general  of  artillery  under 
the  first  restoration  (1814);  supported  Napoleon  during 
the  Hundred  Days ; retained  his  position  under  the  second 
restoration  ; was  created  a peer  of  France  in  1835 ; went  to 


1024 


Valee 

Algeria  in  1837  in  command  of  the  artillery;  captured 
Constantine  Oct.  13,  and  was  made  a marshal ; and  was 
governor-general  of  Algeria  1837-40. 

Valeggio  (va-led'jo).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Verona,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mincio  14  miles 
west-southwest  of  Verona.  It  has  a notable  forti- 
fied bridge,  crossing  the  Mincio  to  Borghetto,  built  in  1393 
on  Roman  foundations  by  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti  with 
much  architectural  lavishness.  There  is  a battlemer  led 
causeway  about  1,800  feet  long,  with  a high  gate-tower  at 
each  end,  and  a bridge,  now  broken,  in  the  middle.  Here, 
May  30, 1796,  the  French  under  Kilmaine  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians under  Beaulieu.  Population,  commune,  5,789. 

Valentjay  (va-lon-sa').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  France,  situated  on  the  Nahon 
46  miles  east-southeast  of  Tours.  In  its  castle 
Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain  was  confined  1808-14. 
Population,  commune,  3,411. 

Valence  (va-loiis').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone 
in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  4°  53'  E.  It  has  an  impor- 
tant trade  and  manufactures  (silks,  metal- work,  etc.); 
and  is  the  seat  of  a suffragan  bishop  of  the  archbishopric 
of  Avignon.  The  Romanesque  cathedral  was  consecrated 
in  1095.  Valence  originated  in  the  Roman  colony  of  V a- 
lentia  (whence  the  name)  of  the  Segalauni  in  Gallia  Nar- 
bonensis.  Population,  commune,  28,112. 

Valencia  (va-len'shia  ; Sp.  pron.  va-len'the-a). 

1.  A Moorish  kingdom  in  Spain.  It  was  conquered 
by  Aragon  1233-53,  and  was  permanently  united  with 
Aragon  in  1319.  It  comprised  the  provinces  of  Castellon, 
Valencia,  and  Alicante. 

2.  A province  of  Spain,  hounded  by  Teruel  and 
Castellon  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  east,  Alicante  on  the  south,  and  Albacete 
and  Cuenca  on  the  west.  It  is  well  cultivated 
and  fertile.  Area,  4,150  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 806,556. — 3.  The  chief  town  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Valencia,  situated  on  the  river  Gua- 
dalaviar,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  39°  27'  N.,long. 
0°  19'  W.  (of  port) : the  Roman  Valentia  Edi- 
tanorum.  It  is  the  third  city  in  Spain  ; has  manufac- 
tures of  silks,  tiles,  cigars,  paper,  etc.;  and  exports  wine, 
fruits,  corn,  rice,  etc.  It  has  a university,  an  academy,  a 
museum,  a botanic  garden,  and  has  been  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric  since  1492.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1262, 
originally  a Pointed  building,  has  been  much  modernized. 
The  original  lantern  remains,  also  the  north  transept, 
with  a fine  rose  and  recessed  door.  The  interior  has  good 
light-effects,  beautiful  jaspers  and  marbles,  and  some  ex- 
cellent Florentine  painting.  Valencia  was  founded  as  a 
Roman  colony  by  D.  Brutus  about  138  B.  C. ; was  taken 
by  the  Moors  from  the  Goths  about  711 ; was  conquered 
by  the  Cid  about  1095,  but  soon  lost ; was  reconquered  by 
■layme  1.  of  Aragon  in  1238 ; was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  French  in  1808 ; and  was  taken  by  the  French  under 
Suchet  Jan.  9,  1812.  Its  school  of  painting  in  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries  is  noted.  Population,  233,260. 

Valencia  (va-lan'the-a).  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Caraboho,  Venezuela,  situated  near 
the  Lake  of  Valencia,  86  miles  west  by  south 
of  Caracas.  Population,  about  40,000. 
Valencia,  Duke  of.  A title  of  the  Spanish  poli- 
tician Narvaez. 

Valencia,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  northern  Vene- 
zuela, west  of  Caracas,  near  the  Caribbean  Sea. 
Length,  30  miles. 

Valenciana  (va-lan-the-a'na).  A celebrated  sil- 
ver-mine near  Guanajuato,  Mexico.  It  yielded 
$14,000,000,  in  less  than  five  years,  toward  the 
end  of  the  18th  century. 

Valenciennes (va-lon-syen').  [L.  Valencia nx  or 
Falentiana.]  A formerly  strongly  fortified  city 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Rhondelle  with  the 
Schelde,  in  lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  3°  31'  E.  it  is 
in  the  center  of  a coal-mining  and  agricultural  region;  has 
foundries,  forges,  and  manufactures  of  iron-ware,  sugar, 
woolens,linen8,etc.  ;and  was  long  famous  for  its  lace.  In  the 
middle  ages  Valenciennes  formed  part  of  the  county  of 
Hainaut ; was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1567  ; was  defended 
by  Conde  against  the  French  under  Turenne  in  1656  ; was 
taken  by  Louis  XIV.  and  annexed  to  France  in  1677 ; was 
captured  by  the  Allies  (Austrians  and  English  under  Fer- 
raris  and  the  Duke  of  York)  in  July,  1793  ; was  recovered 
by  the  French  under  Scherer  Aug.  27,  1794 ; and  surren- 
dered to  the  Prussians  Aug.  18, 1815.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Froissart,  Watteau,  and  Pujol.  Pop.,  commune,  31,759. 
Valens  (va'lenz).  One  of  the  principal  gener- 
als of  Vitellius,  69  A.  d.  He  defeated  Otho  at 
Bedriacum. 

Valens.  Born  at  Cibalse,  in  Pannonia,  about 
328:  killed  in  the  battle  of  Adrianople,  Ang. 
9,  378.  Roman  emperor,  younger  brother  of 
Valentinian  I.  by  whom  he  was  made  emperor 
of  the  East  in  364.  He  defeated  and  put  to  death  his 
rival  Procopius  in  366 ; terminated  the  troubles  with  Persia 
by  a truce  in  377 ; and  permitted  the  Goths  to  settle  south 
of  the  Danube  in  376.  The  Goths  revolted  under  Frithi- 
gem  in  377  ; overcame  the  generals  of  the  emperor,  who 
was  then  in  Syria ; and  totally  defeated  and  slew  Valens 
himself  at  Adrianople  Aug.  9,  378. 

Valens.  A pseudonym  of  Richard  Burke. 
Valens,  Aqueduct  of.  See  Aqueduct  of  Valens. 
Valentia  (va-len'shia).  A province  in  Britain, 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  Roman  period,  gener- 
ally thought  to  have  been  between  the  walls  of 
Antonine  and  Severus. 
c.— 65 


1(125 


Valladolid 


Valentia.  An  island  off  the  southwest  coast  of 
Ireland,  belonging  to  County  Kerry,  in  lat.  51° 
56'  N.,  long.  10°  19'  W.  Valentia  harbor,  on  the  east 
coast,  was  the  terminus  of  the  earliest  submarine  cables  to 
Newfoundland.  Length,  6A  miles. 

Valentin  (va'len-ten),  Gabriel  Gustav.  Born 
at  Breslau,  Prussia,  July  8, 1810 ; died  at  Bern, 
May  24,  1883.  A German  physiologist,  profes- 
sor at  Bern  from  1836.  Among  his  works  are  “Lehr- 
buch  der  Physiol ogie  des  Menschen  ” (1845),  “Grundriss 
der  Physiologie  des  Menschen  ”(1846),  etc. 

Valentine  (val'en-tin),  Saint.  A Christian  mar- 
tyr of  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Claudius  (about 
270).  His  festival  was  observed  on  the  14th  of  Feb.  before 
the  time  of  Gregory  the  Great.  The  custom  of  sending 
valentines  had  its  origin  in  a heathen  practice  connected 
with  the  worship  of  Juno  on  or  about  this  day : its  asso- 
ciation with  the  saint  is  wholly  accidental. 

Valentine.  1.  One  of  the  “two  gentlemen  of 
Verona”  in  Shakspere’s  play  of  thatname. — 2. 
A gentleman  attending  on  the  duke  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Twelfth  Night.”  — 3.  The  principal 
character  in  Congreve’s  “ Love  for  Love.”  Bet- 
terton was  famous  in  this  part,  with  Mrs.  Brace- 
girdle as  Angelica. — 4.  Alight-hearted  spend- 
thrift in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  “ Wit  with- 
out Money.” — 5.  The  brother  of  Gretehen  in 
Goethe’s  “Faust.”  He  is  killed  by  Faust  in 
a street  affray. 

Valentine.  A novel  by  George  Sand,  published 
in  1832:  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  heroine. 


Valerian  (va-le'ri-an),  L.  Publius  Aurelius 
Licinius  Valerianus  (va-le-ri-a'nus).  Roman 
emperor  254-260.  He  became  princeps  senatus  in  238, 
and  was  censor  in  251.  He  appointed  his  son  Gallienus  as 
his  colleague  in  254.  The  empire  was  in  great  disorder 
during  his  reign,  and  was  attacked  by  the  Goths,  Alamanni, 
Persians,  and  others.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Per- 
sians in  260,  and  was  put  to  death  about  269. 

Valerien,  Mont.  See  Mont  Valerien. 
Valerius  (va-le ' ri-us),  Marcus,  surnamed 
Corvus  (kor'vus).  Born  about  371  B.  c. : died 
about  270  B.  c.  A Roman  general,  distinguished 
in  the  first  Samnite  war  343  B.  C. 

Valerius,  Publius,  surnamed  Publicola  (pub- 
lik'o-la).  According  to  tradition,  the  colleague 
of  Brutus  in  the  first  year  of  the  Roman  repub- 
lic. He  introduced  various  liberal  measures, 
and  was  three  times  elected  consul. 

Valerius  Antias  (an'ti-as).  Lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A Roman  annalist. 
Valerius  Flaccus.  See  Flaccus. 

Valerius  Maximus  (mak'si-mus).  Lived  in  the 
first  part  of  the  1st  century  A.  d.  A Roman 
rhetorician  and  historian.  Of  his  life  nothing 
is  known  except  that  he  accompanied  Sextus 
Pompeius  to  Asia  in  27  A.  D.  He  dedicated  to  Ti- 
berius a collection  of  anecdotes  for  rhetorical  purposes. 
Val-es-Dunes  (val-a-diin').  A plain  near  Caen, 
Normandy,  where,  in  1047,  William,  duke  of 
Normandy  (William  the  Conqueror),  defeated 


The  scene  is  laid  in  Berry. 

Valentine  and  Orson  (or'son).  A romance  of 
the  Charlemagne  cycle,  which  was  written  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Charles  VIII.,  and  first  printed 
in  1495  at  Lyons.  Several  plays,  etc.,  have  been 
founded  on  it.  Hathaway  and  Munday  produced  one  in 
1598.  An  interlude  of  the  same  name  was  produced  in  1595. 
Valentine  and  Orson  were  twins,  born  in  a forest.  Orson 
was  carried  off  by  a hear,  and  became  rough  and  uncouth. 
Valentine  was  carried  off  by  his  uncle,  King  Pepin,  and 
grew  up  a courtier.  Hence  the  allusions  in  literature. 

Valentinian  I.  (val-en-tin'i-an),  L.  Flavius 
Valentinianus  (val-en-tin-i-a'nus).  Bora  at 
Cibalse,  Pannonia,  about  321 : died  at  Bregetio 
(nearKomorn),  Nov.  17,  375.  A Roman  officer, 
proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  in  364.  He  as- 
sociated with  himself  his  younger  brother  Valens  as  em- 
perorof  the  East,  and  retained  the  West.  He  was  actively 
engaged  in  strengthening  the  northern  frontiers  against 
the  barbarians. 

Valentinian  II.  Born  about  371:  murdered  in 
392.  Son  of  Valentinian  I.,  made  associate 
emperor  of  the  West  with  bis  half-brother  Gra- 
tian  in  375.  He  was  delivered  from  the  rivalry  of  the 
usurper  Maximus  by  Theodosius  387-388,  and  was  assas- 
sinated by  his  general  Arbogast. 

Valentinian  III.,  L.  Flavius  Placidus  Val- 
entinianus. Born  419  ; assassinated  455.  Son 
of  Constantius  and  Placidia,  made  emperor  of 
the  West  in  425.  HisfamousgeneralAetiusgainedthe 
victory  of  Chalons-sur-Marne  over  Attila  in  451,  but  was 
murdered  by  Valentinian,  from  jealousy,  in  454.  Among 
the  losses  of  his  reign  were  Africa  (to  the  Vandals),  Britain, 
and  large  parts  of  Gaul  and  Spain. 

Valentinian.  A tragedy  by  Fletcher,  pro- 
duced before  1618,  printed  in  1647.  It  con- 
tains some  beautiful  songs. 

Valentinois  (va-lon-te-nwa').  A former  small 
county  of  France,  in  Dauphind,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Valence. 

Valentinois,  Duchess  of.  A title  of  Diana  of 

Poitiers. 

Valentinus  (val-en-ti'nus).  Bora  probably  in 
Egypt : died  about  160  A.  d.  One  of  the  chief 
Gnostic  teachers.  He  was  educated  probably  in  Alex- 
andria ; went  to  Rome  about  138  ; and  was  an  instructor 
of  Origen  and  Clement.  Fragments  of  his  works  have  sur- 
vived. 

Valentinus  appears  to  have  been  considered  the  most 
formidable  and  dangerous  of  this  school  of  Gnostics.  He 
was  twice  excommunicated,  and  twice  received  again  into 
the  bosom  of  the  Church.  He  did  not  confine  his  danger- 
ous opinions  to  the  school  of  Alexandria  : he  introduced 
the  wild  Oriental  speculations  into  the  more  peaceful 
West ; taught  at  Rome  ; and,  a third  time  being  expelled 
from  the  Christian  society,  retired  to  Cyprus — an  island 
where  the  Jews  were  formerly  numerous  till  the  fatal 
insurrection  in  the  time  of  Hadrian,  and  where  probably 
the  Oriental  philosophy  might  not  find  an  unwelcome 
reception,  on  the  border,  as  it  were,  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Mil-man,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  72. 

Valentinus.  Pope  in  827. 

Valdre  (va-lar').  1.  A character  in  a number 
of  Moli ore’s  plays,  usually  a lover:  found  in 
“L’Avare,”  “Le  d6pit  amoureux,”  “ L’Ecole 
desmans,”  “Lem6decin volant,” etc. — 2.  The 
principal  character  in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  play 
“The  Gamester.” 

Valeria  (va-le'ri-ii,).  1.  A character  in  Shak- 
spere’s “Coriolanus.” — 2.  A girl  with  a mania 
for  biological  research  in  Mrs.  Centlivre’s  “Bas- 
set-Table.” 

Valeria,  who  is  an  F.  R.  S.  in  petticoats,  hut  has  feelings  to 
spare  for  a lover  as  well  as  for  a Lumlrricus  lietus.  Ward. 


the  Norman  rebels. 

Valespir  (va-les-per').  A small  ancient  district 
in  France,  now  included  in  the  department  of 
Pyronees-Orien  tales. 

Valetta,  or  Valletta  (val-let'ta).  [Namedfrom 
•J.  P.  de  la  Valette.]  A seaport,  capital  of  the 
Maltese  group,  founded  in  1566.  It  is  strongly  forti- 
fled,  and  contains  many  relics  of  the  occupation  of  the 
Knights  of  Malta.  Population,  22,680. 

Valette  (va-let'),  Jean  Parisot  de  la.  Born 
1494 : died  1568.  Grand  Master  of  the  Knights 
of  Malta  1557-68,  famous  from  his  conduct  of 
the  successful  defense  of  Malta  against  the 
Turks  in  1565.  He  built  Valetta. 

Valhalla  (val-kal'a).  [NL.,  repr.  Icel.  Valliott 
(gen.  Valhallar),  ball  of  the  slain.]  In  Old 
Norse  mythology,  the  abode  of  Odin  in  Asgard. 
Originally  the  realm  of  the  dead,  it  became  in  the  viking 
age  a warriors’  paradise  to  which  only  those  go  who  are 
slain  in  battle.  It  was  situated  in  Gladsheim  (Old  Norse 
Gladhsheimr),  the  region  of  joy.  Its  roof  was  of  gold.  On 
it  lived  the  goat  Heidrun  (Old  Norse  Heidhriin ),  from 
whose  udders  flowed  mead ; the  tree  Laerad  (Old  Norse 
Laeradhr ) rose  above  the  hall  and  furnished  her  with  food. 
Within,  it  contained  many  halls  whose  walls  were  hung 
with  spears  and  shields.  Troops  of  heroes  issued  daily  from 
the  many  hundred  doors  to  delight  themselves  in  battle, 
and  returned  to  drink  and  feast  at  evening,  when  Odin  was 
the  host  and  the  Valkyrs  bore  about  the  mead-horns.  Also 
Walhalla. 

Valiant  (val'yant),  The.  A surname  of  Al- 
fonso VI.  of  Spain. 

Valiant- for-Truth.  A character  in  the  second 
part  of  Bunyan’s  “ Pilgrim’s  Progress.” 
Valjean  (val-zkon'),  Jean.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Victor  Hugo’s  “ Les  misdrables.” 
Valkyrie.  See  Walkure. 

Valkyrie  (val-ki're)  II.  A keel  cutter  built  at 
Glasgow  in  1893  for  Lord  Dunraven.  she  went  to 

America  in  October,  1893,  to  race  for  the  America’s  cup,  and 
was  defeated  in  three  races  by  the  Vigilant.  She  was  sunk 
by  collision  with  tire  Satanita,  July  5,  1894,  at  the  Mud 
Hook  Regatta  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde.  Length  over  all,  126 
feet ; draught,  16.6 ; beam,  20.06 ; load  water  line,  85.60. 

Valkyrie  III.  A cutter  built-  in  1895  for  Lord 
Dunraven  to  compete  for  the  America’s  cup. 
The  cup  was  defended  by  the  Defender.  In  the  first  race, 
Sept.  7,  the  Defender  won ; in  the  second,  Sept.  10,  the 
yachts  fouled  and  the  race  was  awarded  to  the  Defender, 
which  was  injured,  though  the  Valkyries  time  was  47 
seconds  less ; in  the  third  race  the  Valkyrie  withdrew  im- 
mediately after  crossing  the  line,  while  the  Defender  sailed 
over  the  course.  The  cup  was  awarded  to  the  latter. 
Valkyrs(val'kirz).  [ON.  Valkyrja,  AS.  Wselcyrie, 
G.  Walkure,  lit.  ‘ chooser  of  the  slain.’]  In  Norse 
mythology,  the  company  of  handmaidens  of 
Odin,  usually  said  to  number  nine,  though  the 
number  varies.  They  serve  at  the  banquets  at  Val- 
halla, but  are  best  known  as  “the  choosers  of  the  slain," 
being  sent  forth  by  Odin  to  every  battle.  They  ride  through 
the  air,  and  with  their  spears  designate  the  heroes  who 
shall  fall,  whom  they  afterward  conduct  to  Valhalla.  In 
the  Norse  versions  of  the  “Nibelungenlied,”  Brunhild,  the 
daughter  of  Odin,  appears  as  a Valkyr,  as  also  in  Wagner's 
music-drama  “ Die  Walkiire.” 

Valla  (val'lii),  Lorenzo  or  Laurentius.  Born 
about  1407 : died  Aug.  1,  1457.  An  Italian  hu- 
manist and  critic,  ne  lived  at  Milan  and  Naples, 
and  was  papal  secretary  and  canon  of  the  Church  of  St. 
John  Lateran  at  Rome.  He  wrote  on  the  "Elegances  of 
tlie  Latin  Language  " (1471 : “ Elegant  ire  Latini  sermonis  "), 
“ De  Voluptate,"  against  the  forged  “ Donation  of  Con- 
stantine," etc. 

Valladolid  (val-ya-do-leTH').  A province  of 
Old  Castile,  Spain,  bounded  by  Leon  on  the 


Valladolid 

northwest,  Palencia  on  the  north,  Burgos  on 
the  east,  Segovia  on  the  southeast,  Avila  and 
Salamanca  on  the  south,  aud  Zamora  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Duero.  It  is  a leading  agri- 
cultural  province.  Area,  2,922  square  miles.  Population. 
278,561. 

Valladolid.  [ML.  Vallisoletum The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Valladolid,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Esgueva  with  the  Pisuerga,  in 
lat.  41°  38'  N.,  long.  4°  46'  W.  it  has  a noted 
university  (founded  in  1346),  a royal  palace,  and  an  un- 
finished cathedral.  Before  the  16th  century  it  was  often 
a royal  residence.  In  it  occurred  the  marriage  of  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella,  the  death  of  Columbus,  and  the  birth  of 
Philip  II.,  and  it  was  the  residence  of  Cervantes.  Popu- 
lation, 74,513. 

Valladolid.  See  Morelia. 

Vallandigham  (va-lan'di-gam),  Clement 
Laird.  Born  at  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  July  29, 
1820 : died  at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  June  17,  1871. 
An  American  Democratic  politician.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1858-63,  and  a leader  of 
the  Copperheads  during  the  Civil  War.  He  was  arrested 
by  United  States  troops  in  May,  1863 ; was  court-mar- 
tialed ; and  was  banished  to  the  Confederate  lines : not 
being  well  received  there,  he  went  to  Canada.  He  was  the 
unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Ohio 
in  1863,  and  was  a prominent  member  of  the  Democratic 
National  Convention  in  1864  at  which  McClellan  was 
nominated. 

Valle  (val'le),  Pietro  della.  Born  at  Rome, 
April  2,  1586 : died  there,  April  20,  1652.  An 
Italian  traveler.  He  made  a journey,  1614-26,  to  Tur- 
key, Egypt,  Palestine,  Persia,  and  India.  His  account  of 
his  travels  was  published  in  1650-63  (Eng.  trans.  1665). 
Vallejo  (val-ya'Ho).  A city  and  seaport  in 
Solano  County,  California,  situated  on  San 
Pablo  Bay  28  miles  northeast  of  San  Francisco. 
Population,  11,340,  (1910). 

Valle  y Caviedes  (val'ya  e ka-ve-a'THas),  Juan 
del.  Bom  at  Lima,  1652 : died  there,  1692.  A 
Peruvian  satirical  poet,  author  of  the  “ Diente 
de  Pamaso,”  one  of  the  best  productions  of  its 
kind.  It  was  first  published  in  1874.  Caviedes 
led  a very  dissipated  life. 

Valley  Forge  (val'i  forj').  A village  in  Ches- 
ter County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  20  miles  west-northwest  of  Phila- 
delphia : famous  as  the  place  near  which  Wash- 
ington and  the  American  army  passed  the  win- 
ter of  1777-78  amid  great  privations. 

Valley  of  Humiliation.  The  scene  of  the  con- 
test between  Christian  and  Apollyon,  in  Bun- 
yan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress.” 

Valley  of  the  Shadow  of  Death.  A valley 
traversed  by  Christian  in  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s 
Progress.” 

Valli&re,  La.  See  La  Valliere. 

Vallombrosa  (val-lom-bro'sa).  [It.,  from  L. 

valles  utnbrosa,  shady  valley.]  A famous  abbey 
in  a valley  of  the  same  name,  east  of  Florence. 
It  was  founded  about  1038  by  Gualbert,  and  the  present 
buildings  were  erected  in  1637. 

Vails  (viilys).  A manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Tarragona,  Catalonia,  Spain,  situ- 
ated on  the  Francoli  10  miles  north  of  Tarra- 
gona. Here,  Feb.  25,  1809,  the  French  under  St.  Cyr  de- 
feated the  Spaniards  under  Reding  (who  was  mortally 
wounded)  in  a bloody  coniliot.  Population,  12,625. 
Valrniki  (val-me'ki).  The  name  of  the  reputed 
author  of  the  Ramayana.  He  is  represented  as  taking 
part  in  some  of  the  scenes,  as,  for  example,  receiving  the 
banished  Sita  in  his  hermitage  at  Chitrakuta,  and  rearing 
her  twin  sons  Kusha  and  Lava. 

Valmore,  Madame.  See  Desbordes -Valmore. 
Valrny  (val-me').  A village  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  France,  36  miles  east  by  south  of 
Rheims.  Here  an  important  battle  was  fought  Sept.  20, 
1792,  in  which  the  French  under  Kellermann  repulsed  the 
Prussians  underthe  Duke  of  Brunswick:  sometimes  classed 
among  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

Valmy,  Due  de.  A title  conferred  on  F.  C. 
Kellermann  (see  above). 

Valognes  (va-lony').  A town  in  tbe  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  11  miles  southeast  of 
Cherbourg.  Population,  commune,  5,746. 
Valois(val-wa').  An  ancient  territory  of  France 
which  formed  part  of  the  government  of  Ile- 
de-France.  It  lay  northeast  of  Paris,  and  is  comprised  in 
the  departments  of  Oise  and  Aisne.  The  chief  town  was 
Crespy.  Itwasacountshipinthemiddleages;  was  united 
to  the  crown  by  Philip  II.  in  1215 ; was  given  by  Philip 
III.  to  his  younger  son  Charles  (ancestor  of  the  Valois 
house  of  French  kings)  in  1285  ; and  was  reunited  to  the 
crown  in  1515. 

Valois,  Charles  de.  See  AngouUme,  Due  d’. 
Valois  House  of.  A French  dynasty,  a branch 
of  the  Capetian  family:  reigned  1328-1589. 
See  Valois. 

Valona.  See  Avlona. 

Valparaiso  (val-pa-ri'so;  Sp.  pron.  val-pa-ra- 
*e'sd).  [Sp.,  ‘Vale  of  Paradise.’]  1.  A prov- 

ince in  Chile.  Area,  1,953  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 281,385. — 2.  A seaport,  capital  of  the 


1026 

provinceofValparaiso,  situated  on  a bay  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  in  lat.  33°  1'  S.,  long.  71°  38'  W. 
It  is  the  principal  commercial  and  manufacturing  center 
of  Chile,  and  the  most  important  seaport  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  South  America.  It  consists  of  the  old  town,  Puerto, 
and  the  new  to.wn,  Almendral.  It  was  founded  in  Sept., 
1544  ; was  taken  by  Drake  1578,  by  Sir  Richard  Hawkins 
1594,  and  by  Dutch  pirates  1600 ; has  several  times  been 
devastated  by  earthquakes  and  fires  ; and  was  bombarded 
by  a Spanish  fleet  under  N unez  March  31,  1866.  Popula- 
tion, 162,447. 

Valparaiso,  Battle  of.  The  decisive  battle  of 
the  Chilean  civil  war  of  1891,  fought  on  Aug.  28. 
The  congressional  army  (about  12,000)  attacked  Valpa- 
raiso, which  was  defended  by  about  9,000  Balmaeedists 
under  Generals  Barbosa  and  Alzerreca,  taking  the  city  after 
a bloody  engagement  of  three  hours.  The  congressional- 
ists  met  with  no  further  opposition.  Also  called  the  bat- 
tle of  Placillas,  from  the  place  where  the  heaviest  fighting 
began. 

Valreas  (val-ra-a/).  A town  in  the  department 
of  Vauclu.se,  France,  32  miles  north  by  east  of 
Avignon.  Population,  commune,  5,535. 

Vais  (val),  sometimes  Vals-les-Bains  (viilTa- 
ban').  A town  in  the  department  of  Ardbehe, 
France,  situated  on  the  Volane  20  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Privas:  noted  for  its  alkaline 
springs.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk,  etc. 
Population,  commune,  4,352. 

Valsalva  (val-sal'va),  Antonio  Maria.  Born 
atlrmola,  Italy,  Feb.  15, 1666:  died  at  Bologna, 
Feb.  2,  1723.  An  Italian  anatomist,  professor 
at  Bologna : noted  for  researches  on  the  ear. 
Valtellina  (val-tel-le'na),  or  Valtelline  (val- 
tel-len'),  or  Val  Tellina  (val  tel-le'na).  [G. 
Veltlin.\  A region  in  the  province  of  Sondrio, 
Italy.  It  comprises,  in  a narrow  sense,  the  valley  of  the 
upper  Adda,  from  the  Lake  of  Como  to  the  Serra  di  Mori- 
gnone  (separating  it  from  the  district  of  Bormio) ; in  an  ex- 
tended sense,  also  the  district  of  Bormio  (sometimes  also 
Poschiavol.  It  belonged  in  the  middle  ages  to  Lombardy 
and  to  Milan,  and  came  in  1512  under  the  rule  of  Grisons. 
There  were  many  struggles  for  its  possession  at  the  epoch 
of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  It  passed  to  the  Cisalpine  Re- 
public in  1797,  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1805,  to  Austria 
1814-15,  and  to  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia  in  1859. 

Val  Tournanche,  or  Valtournanche  (val-tor- 
nonsh').  An  Alpine  valley  in  northern  Italy, 
southwest  of  the  Monte  Rosa  group. 
Vamamargis  (va-ma-inar-gez').  [Skt.  vdma- 
margin,  nom.  vamamargi , he  who  holds  the 
left-hand  ( vama ) path  (■ marga ).]  In  Hinduism, 
those  who  worship  exclusively  the  left  or  female 
side  of  the  dual  nature  of  Shiva  or  Vishnu. 
See  ShaTctas  and  Shalcti. 

Vamana  (va'ma-na).  [‘ The  Dwarf.’]  The  fifth 
of  the  incarnations  of  Vishnu.  In  the  second  age  of 
the  world  Vishnu  infused  a part  of  his  essence  into  the 
body  of  a dwarf  in  order  to  wrest  from  the  tyrant-demon 
Bali  the  dominion  of  the  three  worlds.  The  dwarf  pre- 
sented himself  before  the  demon  and  asked  as  much  land 
as  he  could  step  over  in  three  paces.  His  form  expanding, 
he  strode  in  two  steps  over  heaven  and  earth,  but  in  com- 
passion left  the  lower  world  to  Bali. 

Vamanapurana  (va-ma-na-po-ra'na).  [‘The 
Dwarf  Purana.’]  A Purana  (see  Pur  ana)  extend- 
ing to  about  7,000  stanzas,  and  containing, 
among  other  things,  an  account  of  the  dwarf  in- 
carnation of  Vishnu.  It  is  of  very  recent  origin, 
having  been  compiled,  apparently,  only  three  or  four  cen- 
turies ago. 

Vambery  (vam'ba-re),  Arminius,  or  Arinin, 

or  Hermann.  Born  March  19, 1832:  died  Sep- 
tember 15,  1913.  A noted  Hungarian  traveler, 
Orientalist,  and  historian  : professor  at  Buda- 
pest until  1905.  He  lived  many  years  in  Constanti- 
nople, and  1863-64  visited  Persia,  Khiva,  Bokhara,  Sa- 
markand,Herat,  and  other  parts  of  central  ABia.  Among 
his  works  are  “Travels  in  Central  Asia’’  (1865),  “Wander- 
ings and  Adventures  in  Persia  ” (1867),  “ Sketches  of  Cen- 
tral Asia"  (1868),  “History  of  Bokhara"  (1873),  “Central 
Asia  and  the  Anglo-Russian  Boundary  Question,"  “Islam 
in  the  19th  Century"  (1875),  “Manners  in  Oriental  Coun- 
tries ” (1876),  “ Primitive  Civilization  of  the  Turko-Tatar 
People'’ (1879),“  Origin  of  the  Magyars  ” (1882),  “ The  Turk- 
ish People"  (1885),  “ The  Future  Contest  for  India  "(1886), 

“ Western  Culture  in  Eastern  Lands  " (1906),  and  various 
linguistic  works,  including  a “German-Turkish  Diction- 
ary," a “ Dictionary  of  the  Turko-Tatar  Languages  " (1878). 
Van.  See  Armenia. 

Van  (van).  1.  A vilayet  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  border  of  Persia,  south  of  Erze- 
rum.  Area,  15,170  square  miles.  Population* 
379,800. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Van, 
situated  near  Lake  Van,  about  lat.  38°  30'  N., 
long.  43°  10'  E.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a fertile  plain ; 
has  some  manufactures  and  trade ; and  is  an  important 
strategic  point.  It  is  especially  noted  for  ancient  cunei- 
form inscriptions  in  its  neighborhood.  Population,  about 
30,000.  See  Biainia. 

Van,  Lake.  A salt  lake  in  eastern  Turkey. 
Length,  about  75  miles.  It  has  no  outlet. 
Height  above  sea-level,  5,400  feet. 

Vana  (va'na),  pl.Vanas  (vii'nas).  [ON.  Vanr , 
pi.  Yanir.~\  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a race 
of  gods  originally  at  war  with  the  Asas,  but 
later  received  by  them  into  Asgard.  Heimdall, 


Vancouver  Island 

Njord,  Frey,  and  Freyja  were  Vanas.  They  are  all  godsof 
light.  The  myth  of  a war  between  the  two  races  of  gods 
most  probably  had  its  origin  in  the  subordination  of  an 
older  local  cult  of  the  light-gods  to  the  newer  cult  of  Odin. 
Vanaprastha  (va-na-pras'tha).  See  Upani- 
shads. 

Van  Artevelde.  See  Artevelde. 

Vanbrugh  (van-bro'),  Sir  John.  Bom  1663-64: 
died  at  London,  March  26,  1726.  An  English 
dramatist  and  architect.  He  was  educated  in  France, 
and  in  1695  was  a commissioner  for  finishing  Greenwich 
Hospital.  About  1697  he  joined  Congreve  in  the  manage- 
ment of  a theater  which  was  not  successful.  He  was  comp- 
troller of  the  Board  of  Works  1702-13  and  again  in  1715, 
and  was  knighted  in  1714.  He  was  Clarencieux  king  at 
arms  for  about  twenty  years  before  his  death.  He  built 
Castle  Howard  in  Yorkshire,  Blenheim  House,  and  other 
country  houses.  Collier’s  allegation  that  all  his  heroes 
were  professed  libertines  gave  rise  to  a controversy  in 
which  Vanbrugh  did  not  hold  his  own.  Among  his  plays 
are  “The Relapse "(1697),  “ ,Esop  "(1697),  “ The  Provoked 
Wife  ” (1697),  “ The  False  Friend  ” (1702),  “ The  Confeder- 
acy ” (1705),  and  “ A Journey  to  London,”  which  he  left 
unfinished  (Cibber  finished  it,  and  produced  it  in  1728  as 
“The  Provoked  Husband"). 

Van  Buren  (van  bu'ren),  John.  Bom  at  Hud- 
son, N.  Y.,  Feb.  18,  1810  : died  at  sea,  Oct.  13, 
1866.  An  American  lawyer,  son  of  Martin  Van 
Buren:  known  as  “Prince  John,” from  his  fig- 
ure and  manners.  He  was  attorney-general  of 
New  York  1845-46. 

Van  Buren,  Martin.  Born  at  Kinderhook, 
N.Y.,Dec.5,1782:  died  there,  July  24,1862.  The 
eighth  President  of  the  United  States  (1837-41). 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1803  ; became  surrogate  of 
Columbia  County  in  1808 ; entered  the  New  York  State 
Senate  in  1812,  and  was  reelected  in  1816  ; was  attorney- 
general  of  New  York  State  1815-19 ; was  United  States 
senator  from  New  York  1821-28;  was  a member  of  the 
New  York  State  constitutional  convention  in  1821 ; was 
governor  of  New  York  1828-29 ; was  secretary  of  state  un- 
der President  Jackson  1829-31 ; was  sent  as  United  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  in  1831,  but  presently  returned, 
his  nomination  having  been  rejected  by  the  Senate  ; was 
elected  as  Democratic  candidatefor  V ice- President  in  1832, 
and  served  1833-37;  was  elected  as  Democratic  candidate 
for  President  in  1836,  and  served  1837-41;  procured  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  independent  treasury  system  in  1840 ; 
was  defeated  as  Democratic  candidate  for  President  in 
1840  ; was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Democratic 
nomination  for  President  in  1844 ; was  unsuccessful  Free- 
soil  candidate  for  President  in  1848  ; and  traveled  in  Eu- 
rope 1853-55.  He  wrote  “ Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and 
Course  of  Political  Parties  in  the  United  States”  (1867). 

Vance  (vans),  Zebulon  Baird.  Born  in  Bun- 
combe County,  N.  C.,  May  13, 1830:  died  April 
14, 1894.  An  American  politician.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  North  Carolina  1858-61 ; was  a Con- 
federate colonel  in  the  Civil  War;  was  governor  of  North 
Carolina  1862-65;  was  elected  United  States  senator  in 
1870,  but  was  not  seated  ; and  was  United  States  senator 
from  North  Carolina  1879-94. 

Van  Cortlandt  (van  kort'lant),  Oloff  (Oliver) 
Stevense.  Bom  near  Utrecht,  1600:  died  at 
New  York,  April  4, 1684.  A Dutch  colonist  and 
magistrate  in  New  York. 

Van  Cortlandt,  Pierre.  Born  at  Cortlandt 
Manor,  Jan.  10,  1721:  died  at  New  York,  May 
1,  1814.  An  American  magistrate,  first  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  New  York:  great-grandson 
of  Oloff  Van  Cortlandt. 

Van  Cortlandt,  Stephanus.  Born  at  New  Am- 
sterdam (afterward  New  York),  May  4,  1643: 
died  at  New  York,  Nov.  25,  1700.  A colonial 
magistrate  in  New  York,  son  of  Oloff  Van  Cort- 
landt. He  is  said  to  have  filled  at  one  time  or  another 
every  oflice  of  prominence  in  the  province  of  New  York, 
except  the  governorship ; and  in  1697  his  estate  was  erected 
into  the  lordship  and  manor  of  Cortlandt  by  patent  of 
William  III.  Appletons'  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biogra- 
phy. 

Vancouver  (van-ko'ver).  A seaport  in  British 
Columbia,  situated  on  Burrard  Inlet  about  lat. 
49°  20'  N.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway  and  of  several  lines  of  steamers.  Population, 
100,401,  (1911). 

Vancouver,  George.  Born  in  1758 : died 

near  London,  May  10,1798.  A British  navigator. 
He  served  under  Cook  in  his  second  and  third  voyages ; and 
commanded  an  expedition  to  the  Pacific  1791-95,  on  which 
he  explored  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  the  Gulf  of  Geor- 
gia, and  the  shores  of  Vancouver  Island.  He  left  a narra- 
tive of  his  voyage  which  was  published  by  his  brother 
under  the  title  “ Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean  and  Round  the  World  ” (1798). 

Vancouver  Island,  or  Vancouver’s  (van-ko'- 
verz)  Island.  An  island  belonging  to  British 
Columbia,  situated  west  of  tbe  mainland  of  that 
province  and  northwest  of  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington, and  separated  from  them  by  Queen 
Charlotte  Sound,  Johnstone  Strait,  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia,  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.  Capital. 
Victoria.  It  was  discovered  in  1774  by  the  Spaniards 
Juan  Perez  and  Martinez,  and  explored  by  Juan  Francisco 
de  la  Bodega  y Cuadra  in  1775and  1779.  by  Cook  in  1778,  and 
by  Vancouver  in  1792.  It  was  settled  by  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company  in  1843,  and  was  united  with  British  Columbia 
in  1866.  Length,  about  290  miles.  Area,  12,176  6quare 
miles. 


Vandalia 

Vandalia  ( van-da'li-a).  The  capital  of  Fayette 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Kaskaskla  65 
miles  southeast  of  Springfield:  formerly  the 
State  capital.  Population,  2,974,  (1910). 
Vandals  (van'dalz).  A Germanic  race  which 
first  appeared  in  midi  lie  and  southern  Germany, 
and  in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  ravaged 
Gaul,  Spain,  northern  Africa,  etc.,  and  in  455 
Rome  itself,  with  great  damage  to  the  accumu- 
lated treasures  of  art  and  literature  (whence  the 
term  Vandalism).  They  founded  a kingdom  in  Africa, 
with  Carthage  as  its  capital,  which  took  in  also  the  great 
islands  of  the  western  Mediterranean,  including  Sicily. 

The  Romans  often  confounded  the  two  peoples  [Goths 
and  Vandals]  together,  and  not  unfrequently  they  applied 
the  name  of  Goths  in  a loose  sense  to  all  those  Teutonic 
nations  who  invaded  the  southern  lands. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  8. 

Vandalusia.  See  Andalusia.  _ 

Vandamme  (von-dam7),  Dominique  Josephe. 

Born  at  Cassel,  Nord,  France,  Nov.  5,  1770 : 
died  there,  July  15, 1830.  A French  general. 
He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  North  in  1793,  gaining  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general ; fought  in  the  campaigns  in 
Germany  1795-97,  and  1799-1801  as  general  of  division ; ob- 
tained command  of  the  16th  military  division  in  1803 ; 
fought  at  Austerlitz  in  1805  ; was  defeated  and  taken  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Kulm  Aug.  30, 1813  ; was  made  a peer 
during  the  Hundred  Days  and  placed  in  command  of  the 
3d  army  corps  : and  was  distinguished  at  Wavre  June  18, 
1815. 

Van  den  Eeckhout.  See  Eeckhout. 

Van  der  Aa.  See  Aa. 

Vanderbilt  (van'der-bilt),  Cornelius : called 
“Commodore.”  Born  near  Stapleton,  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y.,  May  27, 1794 : died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  4,  1877.  An  American  financier.  He  began 
life  as  a boatman,  conveying  passengers  and  goods  between 
Staten  Island  and  New  York : became  a steamboat  captain, 
manager,  and  owner ; established  steam-lines  between 
New  York  and  New  England  ports,  Hudson  River  ports, 
Nicaragua,  Havre,  and  other  places ; became  chief  owner 
of  the  Harlem  Railroad  in  1863  ; became  soon  the  principal 
owner  of  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  and  New  York  Central 
Railroad,  which  he  consolidated ; and  extended  his  control 
to  the  Lake  Shore,  Canada  Southern,  and  Michigan  Central 
railroads.  He  gave  $1,000,000  to  Vanderbilt  University. 
His  fortune  was  estimated  at  about  $100,000,000. 

Vanderbilt,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  New 

Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  May  8,  1821:  died  at 
New  York,  Dec.  8,  1885.  An  American  finan- 
cier, son  of  Cornelius  Vanderbilt.  He  extended 
the  Vanderbilt  system  of  railroads,  and  made  large  gifts 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (New  York),  the 
Metropolitan  Museum,  etc.  He  was  reputed  to  be  the 
richest  man  in  the  world. 

Vanderbilt  University.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  at  Nashville,  Tennessee,  it 
was  founded  in  1872  as  the  Central  University  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  (South) ; but  received  its  present 
name  in  1873  in  recognition  of  a gift  of  $1,000,000  by  Cor- 
nelius Vanderbilt.  It  is  under  Methodist  control.  Ithas 
about  120  instructors  and  1,000  students. 
Vanderdecken  (van'der-dek//en).  The  captain 
of  the  Flying  Dutchman  in  the  English  form  of 
the  legend.  He  was  condemned,  as  a penalty  for  his 
sins,  to  sail  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  forever.  His 
ship  has  nothing  unreal  in  her  appearance. 

Van  der  Goes.  See  Goes. 

Van  der  Heist.  See  Heist. 

Van  der  Heyden.  See  Heyden. 

Van  der  Hoeven.  See  Hoeven. 

Van  der  Meer.  See  Meer. 

Van  der  Meulen.  See  Meulen. 

Van  der  Poorten-Schwarz.  (van  der  por'ten 
*shvarts7),  J.  M.  H.  Born  at  Amsterdam,  Aug. 
15,  1858.  A Dutch  novelist.  His  works  are  pub- 
lished under  the  pseudonym  of  Maarten  Maartens.  They 
include  “ Joost  Avelingh  ” (1890),  “ A Question  of  Taste  ” 
(1891),  “ God’s  Fool"  (1892),  and  “ The  Greater  Glory  ” (1894). 
Van  Diemen’s  (van  de'menz)  Gulf.  An  inlet 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Australia,  west  of  the 
Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Van  Diemen’s  Land.  A former  name  of  Tas- 
mania. 

Van  Dorn  (van  d6m),  Earl.  Born  near  Port 
Gibson,  Miss.,  Sept.  17,  1820 : assassinated  in 
Tennessee,  May  8,  1863.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842;  served  in 
the  Mexican  war  and  in  the  Indian  wars ; entered  the 
Confederate  service  in  1861 ; was  commander  (as  major- 
general)  of  the  Trans- Mississippi  district  in  1862  ; was  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  March  7-8,  1862 ; and 
was  defeated  with  Price  at  Corinth  Oct.  3-4,  1862. 

Vandyke  (van-dlk7),  or  Van  Dyck,  Sir  An- 
thony. Bom  at  Antwerp,  March  22, 1599 : died 
at  London,  Dec.  9,  1641.  A famous  Flemish 
painter,  best  known  as  a portrait-painter : a 
pupil  of  Rubens  whom  he  assisted  in  some  of 
his  great  compositions.  He  was  in  England  1620-21; 
in  Italy  1621-25 ; later  in  Antwerp ; and  after  1632 
chiefly  in  England.  In  1632  he  was  knighted  and  made 
court  painter  to  Charles  I.  Among  his  best-known  works 
arc  ‘‘Cruciflxions"(especiallyone  at  Mechlin),  “Elevation 
of  the  Cross  "(Courtrai),  “ St.  Augustine  in  Ecstasy  ’’  (Ant- 
werp), and  portraits  of  Charles  I.  and  members  of  his 
family,  and  of  prominent  men  of  the  time. 


1027 

Vane  (van),  Sir  Henry:  commonly  called  Sir 
Harry  V ane.  Born  at  Hadlow,  Kent,  England, 
1613  : beheaded  at  London,  June  14, 1662.  An 
English  Puritan  statesman  and  patriot,  son  of 
Sir  Henry  Vane,  comptroller  of  the  household 
of  Charles  I.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster  and  Ox- 
ford ; visited  Vienna  with  the  English  ambassador  in  1631 ; 
emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1635;  was  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Colony  from  1636  to  1637,  when  he  failed  of 
reelection  on  account  of  siding  with  Anne  Hutchinson ; 
returned  to  England  in  Aug.,  1637 ; entered  Parliament 
in  1640,  and  in  the  same  year’  was  knighted  and  made  joint 
treasurer  of  the  navy ; was  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
negotiated  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  with  Scotland 
in  1643;  furthered  the  Self-Denying  Ordinance  and  the 
New  Model ; condemned  Pride’s  Purge ; became  a mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state  in  1649;  was  imprisoned  for 
four  months  in  1656  for  his  attack  on  the  protectorate  of 
Cromwell  in  a publication  of  that  year ; was  arrested  at  the 
Restoration  (1660);  and,  excepted  from  the  Act  of  Pardon 
and  Oblivion,  was  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Van  Erpe.  See  Erpenius. 

Vanessa  (va-nes'a).  Swift’s  poetical  name  for 
his  friend  Esther  Vanhomrigh:  composed  of 

* Van-  and  Essa  for  Esther.  See  Vanhomrigh. 

Vane-Tempest-Stewart,  Charles  Stewart, 
sixth  Marquis  of  Londonderry.  Born  1852.  A 
British  politician.  As  Viscount  Castlereagh  he  en- 
tered Parliament  as  member  for  South  Kensington  in  1874, 
and  subsequently  sat  for  Montgomery  District  and  County 
Down  until  his  accession  to  the  peerage  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1884.  He  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  from 
1886  to  1889,  and  postmaster-general  1900-02. 

Van  Eyck.  See  Eyck. 

Vangiones  (van-ji'o-nez).  [L.  (Ctesar)  Van- 
giones,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  0 vayjidvoc.]  A German 
tribe  first  mentioned  by  Caesar  as  in  the  army 
of  Ariovistus.  They  were  situated  on  the  left  side  of 
the  middle  Rhine,  in  the  region  about  Worms.  They 
were  probably  merged  ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 

Vanguard  (van'gard).  1.  A British  line-of- 
battle  ship  of  74  guns  and  1,603  tons.  She  served 
in  the  Channel  squadron  of  Lord  Howe  in  1793,  and  was 
flag-ship  of  Vice-Admiral  Sir  Horatio  Nelson  in  the  battle 
of  the  Nile,  Aug.  1-2,  1798. 

2.  An  armored  battle-ship  of  the  Iron  Duke 
class.  She  came  in  collision  with  the  Iron  Duke  off  the 
coast  of  Ireland  in  1875,  and  was  sunk. 

Van  Helmont.  See  Helmont. 

Vanhomrigh  (van-um'ri),  or  Vanhomerigh 

(van-um'er-i),  Esther.  BornFeb.  14,  1689-90: 
died  1723.  The  Vanessa  of  Swift’s  “Gadenus 
and  Vanessa.”  He  made  her  acquaintance  in  1708.  She 
became  his  pupil,  fell  in  love  with  him,  and  followed  him 
to  Ireland  in  1714.  See  Swift. 

Vanikoro  (va-ne-ko'ro).  One  of  the  largest  of 
the  Santa  Cruz  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Vanini  (va-ne'ne),  Lucilio,  self-styled  Julius 
Caesar.  Born  at  Taurisano,  kingdom  of  Naples, 
about  1585 : burned  at  the  stake  at  Toulouse, 
France,  Feb.  19, 1619.  An  Italian  free-thinker, 
condemned  to  death  as  an  atheist  and  magician. 
He  studied  at  Rome  and  Padua ; became  a priest;  traveled 
in  Germany  and  the  Netherlands;  and  began  teaching  at 
Lyons,  but  was  obliged  to  flee  to  England,  where  he  was 
arrested.  After  his  release  he  returned  to  Lyons,  and 
about  1617  settled  at  Toulouse.  Here  he  was  arrested  for 
his  opinions,  condemned,  and  on  the  same  day  executed. 
His  chief  works  are  “Amphitheatrum  astern*  Providen- 
tiae  ’’  (1615),  “De  admirandis  naturae  regime  deseque  mor- 
talium  arcanis”  (1616). 

Vanity  Fair.  A fair  described  in  Bunyan’s 
“Pilgrim’s  Progress.”  it  was  held  in  the  town  of 
Vanity,  and  the  phrase  is  often  used  as  a synonym  for  the 
present  world  and  its  worldliness. 

Vanity  Fair.  [From  the  preceding.]  Anovel 
by  Thackeray,  the  publication  of  which  was  be- 
gun in  1847  in  monthly  parts. 

Van  Lennep.  See  Lennep. 

Vanloo  (voh-lo7),  Charles  Andre.  Bom  at 
Nice,  1705:  died  at  Paris,  1765.  A French 
painter,  brother  of  J.  B.  Vanloo. 

Vanloo,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Aix,  France, 
1684:  died  at,  Aix,  1745.  A French  painter  of 
portraits  and  religious  subjects. 

Vannes  (van),  Breton  Gwened.  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  France,  situated 
near  the  Gulf  of  Morbihan  in  lat.  47°  39'  N., 
long.  2°  46'  W.  It  contains  a museum  of  Celtic  and 
Gallo-Roman  antiquities  and  a cathedral.  It  was  the  an- 
cient Dariorigum  or  Civitas  Venetorum  (whence  the  mod- 
ern name),  capital  of  the  Veneti ; and  was  a favorite  resi- 
dence of  the  dukes  of  Brittany,  and  the  seat  of  a parle- 
ment.  Population,  commune,  23,561. 

Vannucchi.  See  Sarto,  Andrea  del. 

Vannucci,  Pietro.  See  Perugino. 

Vanoise  (vii-nwaz7).  A range  in  the  Tarentaise 
Alps,  southeastern  France.  Highest  point, 
12,180  feet. 

Van  Oost.  See  Oost. 

Vanora.  Same  as  Guinevere. 

Van  Ostade.  See  Ostade. 

Vanozza  (vii-not'sii),  Rosa.  The  mistress  of 
Pope  Alexander  VI.,  and  the  mother  of  Cesare 
and  Lucrezia  Borgia. 


Varallo 

Van  Rensselaer  ( van  ren 7 se-ler) , Killian.  Bom 
at  Amsterdam,  Holland,  1595;  died  there,  1644. 
A Dutch  merchant,  the  first  patroon  of  Rensse- 
laerswick.  He  was  a wealthy  dealer  in  pearls  and  dia- 
monds at  Amsterdam,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
West  India  Company.  Through  an  agent  he  purchased  of 
the  Indians  the  territory  comprised  in  the  present  coun- 
ties of  Albany,  Columbia,  and  Rensselaer,  New  York, 
which  received  the  name  of  Rensselaerswick,  and  which 
he  colonized. 

V an  Rensselaer,  Solomon.  Born  in  Rensselaer 
County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  6,  1774:  died  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  April  23, 1852.  An  American  officer  and 
politician,  cousin  of  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer. 
He  served  with  distinction  under  General  Anthony  Wayne 
at  the  battle  of  Maumee  Rapids,  Aug.,  1794 ; commanded 
the  assault  at  the  battle  of  Queenston  Heights,  Oct.,  1812 ; 
and  was  a member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1819-22. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  called  “The  Pa- 
troon.” Bom  at  New  York,  Nov.  1,  1765:  died 
at  Albany,  Jan.  26, 1839.  An  American  general. 
He  was  a descendant  of  Killian  Van  Rensselaer,  and  was  the 
eighth  patroon  of  Rensselaerswick  (see  Killian  Van  Rensse- 
laer), although  his  manorial  rights  were  material  lyeurt  ailed 
on  the  dissolution  of  the  colonial  government.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1782,  became  a major  of  militia  in  1786 
and  a major-general  in  1801,  and  was  lieutenant-governor 
of  New  York  1795-1801.  He  was  made  commander  of  the 
United  States  forces  on  the  northwestern  frontier  in  1812, 
and  lost  the  battle  of  Queenston  Heights  Oct.  13  of  that 
year.  He  cooperated  with  De  Witt  Clinton  in  promoting 
the  Erie  Canal  (completed  in  1825),  being  president  of  the 
board  of  commissioners  for  fourteen  years.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1823-29,  and  founded 
the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  which 
was  begun  in  1824  and  incorporated  in  1826. 

Van  Schaick  (vanskoik7),  Gozen.  Born  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  1737 : died  there,  July  4,  1787. 
An  American  general.  He  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war;  in  the  Cherry  Valley  against  the  Indian 
Joseph  Brant;  and  at  Monmouth,  where  he  acted  as 
brigadier-general.  He  destroyed  the  Onondaga  settle- 
ments in  1779. 

Vansen  (van'zen).  A dissipated  clerk  and  pub- 
lic agitator  in  Goethe’s  “ Egmont.” 

Vansittart  (van-sit'art),  Nicholas,  Baron  Bex- 
ley. Bom  1766 : died  1851.  An  English  poli- 
tician. He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in 
the  Liverpool  ministry,  and  later  chancellor  of 
the  duchy  of  Lancaster. 

Vansittart  Island.  [Named  from  Nicholas 
Vansittart,  Baron  Bexley.]  An  island  in  the 
arctic  regions  of  North  America,  south  of  Mel- 
ville Peninsula.  , 

Van  Tassel  (van  tas'el),  Caterina.  A village 
beauty  in  Irving’s  “ Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow.” 

Van  Tromp.  See  Tromp. 

Van  Twiller  (van  twil'er),  Wouter  (Walter). 
Born  atNieukirk,  Holland,  about  1580:  died  at 
Amsterdam  after  1646.  A Dutch  governor  of 
New  Netherlands  1633-37.  He  had  disputes 
with  the  Massachusetts  colony  relating  to  Con- 
necticut. 

Vanua  Levu.  (va-no'a  la'vo).  One  of  the  two 
chief  islands  of  the  Fiji  group.  Length,  about 
100  miles. 

Vapereau  (vap-ro7),  Louis  Gustave.  Bom  at 
Orleans,  April  4,  1819:  died  April  18,  1906.  A 
French  author,  best  known  as  editor  of  the 
“Dictionnaire  universel  des  contemporains  ” 
(1858  and  successive  editions). 

Var  (viir).  [L.  Varus,  It.  Varo.~\  A river  in 
southeastern  France,  chiefly  in  the  department 
of  Alpes-Maritimes,  which  flows  into  the  Medi- 
terranean 4 miles  west-southwest  of  Nice,  it 
was  long  the  boundary  between  France  and  Italy,  and 
in  ancient  times  between  Cisalpine  and  Transalpine  GauL 
Length,  about  80  miles. 

Var.  A department  of  France,  hounded  by 
Basses-Alpes  on  the  north,  Alpes-Maritimes  on 
the  northeast,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south- 
east and  south,  and  Bouches-du-Rhone  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Draguignan;  chief  place,  Tou- 
lon. The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Var  was 
formed  from  part  of  the  ancient  Provence.  A part  of  it 
was  given  to  the  department  of  Alpes-Maritimes  in  1860. 
Area,  2,333  square  mileB.  Population,  324,638. 

Varaha  (va-ra/ha).  [‘The  Boar.’]  The  third 
incarnation  of  Vishnu,  who  infused  a part  of 
his  essence  into  a hoar  to  deliver  the  world 
from  the  demon  Hiranyaksha  who  had  seized 
the  earth  and  carried  it  down  into  the  ocean. 
After  a thousand  years  the  divine  boar  slew  the  monster 
and  brought  back  the  earth.  According  to  the  Vanapar- 
van(‘ forest-section’ of  the  Mahabharata),  the  earth,  pressed 
down  by  superabundant  population,  was  submerged  by  a 
deluge,  when  the  boar  descended  and  upheaved  it  on  one 
of  his  tusks. 

Varallo  (va-riilTo).  A town  jn  the  province 
of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  32  miles 
north-northwest  of  Novara.  Near  it  is  Sacro  Monte, 
a place  of  pilgrimage  founded  in  1486,  where  46  chapels 
are  ranged  along  a winding  path  on  the  beautiful  ascent, 
each  one  containing  a group  of  colored  and  clothed  lift- 
sized  terra-cotta  figures  representing  in  order  a scene  from 
the  story  of  Christ.  The  series  is  extremely  curious,  and 


Varallo 

some  of  the  figures  are  highly  artistic.  The  architecture 
of  the  chapels  is  ornate,  and  their  walls  are  covered  with 
frescos,  some  of  them  admirable.  Pop.,  commune,  4,218. 

Varanger  Fjord,  or  Waranger  Fjord  (va- 
rang'ger  fyord).  An  arm  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Norway  and 
the  northwestern  extremity  of  Russia.  Length, 
about  60-70  miles. 

Varangian  Guard  (va-ran'ji-an  gard).  A body- 
guard of  the  Byzantine  emperors  about  the 
11th  century,  formed  around  a nucleus  of  Va- 
rangians. 

Varangians  (va-ran'ji-anz).  [ML.  *Varangi, 
MGr.  B apayyoi,  Icel.  Vseringjar,  confederates.] 
Norse  warriors  who  ravaged  the  coast  of  the 
Baltic  about  the  9th  century,  and  who  (accord- 
ing to  common  account)  founded  the  Russian 
monarchy  in  862,  and  formed  an  important  ele- 
ment in  the  early  Russian  people. 

Varas  (va'ras),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Cauquenes, 
1817 : died  at  Santiago,  1886.  A Chilean  jurist 
and  politician.  He  was  minister  of  justice  under 
Bulnes  1845-50,  and  the  principal  minister  of  President 
Montt  1851-56,  and  for  a short  time  in  1861.  Varas  is  re- 
garded as  the  greatest  of  the  conservative  politicians. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  party  called  Montt-Varistas. 
Varaville  (va-ra-vel').  A place  near  Falaise, 
Normandy, where,  in  1058,  William  of  Normandy 
defeated  the  forces  of  France  and  Anjou. 
Varazze  (va-rat'se).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa 
18  miles  west  by  south  of  Genoa. 

Vardar  (var-dar').  A river  in  European  Tur- 
key which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki  15 
miles  southwest  of  Saloniki : the  ancient  Axius. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Varden  (var 'den),  Dolly.  A notable  charac- 
ter in  Dickens's  “Barnaby  Budge,”  daughter 
of  Gabriel  Varden,  a prosperous  locksmith. 

The  good-hearted  plump  little  Dolly,  coquettish  minx 
of  a daughter,  with  all  she  suffers  and  inflicts  by  her  fickle 
winning  ways  and  her  small,  self-admiring  vanities. 

Forster , Life  of  Dickens,  ix. 

Vardo,  or  Wardo  (var'de).  An  island  and  town 
in  Finmark,  Norway.  Near  it  is  the  northern- 
most fortress  of  Europe,  Vardohuus,  in  lat.  70° 
22'  N.,  long.  31°  7'  E. 

Varela  (va-ra'la),  Cape.  Aheadlandon  the  east- 
ern cqast  of  Annam,  projecting  into  the  China 
Sea. 

Varela  (va-ra'la),  Hector  Florencio.  Born 
1833:  died  1891.  An  Argentine  journalist  and 
author.  He  founded  and  edited  the  “ Tribuna  ” at  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  and  “El  Americano,”  a literary  journal  pub- 
lished at  Paris.  He  was  a noted  orator,  and  held  important 
diplomatic  positions.  His  works  include  several  novels, 
historical  and  critical  studies,  etc. 

Varela  y Morales  (e  mo-ra'las),  Felix.  Born 
at  Havana,  Nov.  20,  1788:  died  at  St.  Augus- 
tine, Florida,  Feb.  18, 1853.  A Spanish-Ameri- 
can  author.  He  took  orders  in  the  Homan  Catholic 
Church  ; was  deputy  to  the  Spanish  Cortes  1822-23;  and 
was  one  of  the  66  deputies  condemned  to  death  in  1823. 
He  escaped,  and  passed  most  of  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  New  York,  where  he  was  vicar-general  from  1845.  His 
writings,  mainly  on  philosophical  suhj  ects,  have  had  a wide 
circulation  in  Spain  and  Spanish  America. 

Varennes  (va-ren'),  Flight  to.  An  attempt  of 
Louis  XVI.  and  the  royal  family  to  escape  from 
France  in  1791.  They  left  Paris  June  20-21,  and  were 
arrested  at  Yarennes-en-Argonne  June  22  and  taken  back 
to  Paris  by  order  of  the  National  Assembly. 

Varennes-en-Argonne  (va-ren' on-ar-gon').  A 
small  town  in  the  department  of  Meuse,  France, 
situated  on  the  Aire  18  miles  west  of  Verdun. 
See  above. 

Varese  (va-ra'se),  Lago  di.  A lake  in  northern 
Italy,  east  of  Lago  Maggiore.  Length,  6 miles. 
Vargas  (var'gas),  Jose  Maria.  Born  at  La 
Guaira,  March  2, 1786 : died  at  New  York,  July 
13,1854.  A Venezuelan  politician.  He  was  an 
eminent  physician ; was  several  times  deputy  to  Congress ; 
and  was  elected  president  of  Venezuela  in  Feb.,  1835.  Re- 
volts broke  out,  and  he  resigned  in  April,  1836.  Subse- 
quently he  held  various  public  offices.  He  was  greatly  re- 
spected. 

Vargas,  Luis  de.  Born  at  Seville,  1502:  died 
there,  about  1568.  A Spanish  painter  of  religious 
subjects.  Many  of  bis  works  are  at  Seville. 
Varicourt  (va-re-kor'),  Heine  Philiberte  de. 
A poor  but  noble  young  girl  adopted  in  1776  by 
Voltaire.  She  married  the  Marquis  deVillette.  Vol- 
taire called  her  “ Belle  et  Bonne,”  and  to  her  was  due 
much  of  the  happiness  of  his  last  years. 

Varina  (va-ri'na).  The  name  given  by  Swift 
to  Miss  Waring,  the  sister  of  an  old  college 
friend.  See  Swift. 

V arini  ( va-rl' nl ) . In  ancient  history,  a Germanic 
people  who  dwelt  near  the  Baltic  Sea. 

Varius  Rufus  (va'ri-us  ro'fus),  Lucius.  Lived 
in  the  last  part  of  the  1st  century  B.  c.  A Ro- 


1028 

man  epic  and  tragic  poet,  author  of  a tragic 
poem  “ Thyestes.”  Only  short  fragments  of  his 
works  are  extant. 

Varley  (var'li),  Cornelius.  Born  1781:  died 
1873.  An  English  painter  in  water-colors,  bro- 
ther of  John  Varley. 

Varley,  John.  Born  Aug.  17, 1778:  died  1842. 
An  English  water-color  painter,  noted  for  his 
landscapes. 

Varna,  or  Warna  (var'na).  A fortified  sea- 
port in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Varna 
in  lat.  43°  12'  N.,  long.  27°  57'  E. : one  of  the 
posts  of  the  Bulgarian  Quadrilateral,  it  is  the 
chief  seaport  of  Bulgaria,  and  has  an  important  export 
trade  in  grain.  A battle  was  fought  near  Varna,  Nov. 
10,  1444,  in  which  the  Turks  under  Amurath  II.  defeated 
the  Hungarians  and  allies  under  Ladislaus  (who  was 
killed)  and  Hunyady.  It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in 
1828 ; was  occupied  by  the  Allies  in  1854  ; and  was  the 
starting-point  of  the  expedition  to  the  Crimea.  Popula- 
tion, 37,417. 

Varney  (viir'ni),  Richard.  Master  of  the 
horse  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  ‘ 1 Kenilworth.”  For  his  own  advancement  he 
persuades  his  patron  to  disown  his  wife  Amy  Robsart, 
and  to  consent  to  her  murder,  which  Varney  contrives  at 
Cumnor  Place. 

Varnhagen  (varn-a'gen),  Francisco  Adolpho 

de,  Viscount  of  Porto  Seguro  (from  1874).  Born 
at  Sao  Joao  de  Ypanema,  Sao  Paulo,  Feb.  17, 
1816 : died  at  Vienna,  Austria,  June  29,  1878. 
An  eminent  Brazilian  historian.  His  youth  was 
passed  in  Portugal,  where  he  fought  against  Dom  Miguel 
in  1833-34.  In  1841  he  became  a subject  of  Brazil,  his  na- 
tive country  ; and  thereafter  he  held  diplomatic  positions 
under  the  empire  in  Europe  and  America.  Of  his  numer- 
ous and  important  historical  works  (nearly  all  relating  to 
Brazil),  the  best-known  are  “ Historia  geral  do  Brazil  ” (2 
vols.  1854-57 ; revised  edition  1875),  “ Historia  das  lutas 
com  os  Hollandezes  no  Brazil  ’*  (2d  ed.  1874),  and  several 
monographs  on  Amerigo  Vespucci. 

Varnhagen  von  Ense  (vam'ha-gen  fon  en'se), 
Karl  August.  Born  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia, 
Feb.  21,  1785:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  10,  1858. 
A noted  German  prose-writer.  He  served  in 
the  Austrian  and  later  in  the  Russian  army,  and  after 
the  War  of  Liberation  was  in  the  Prussian  diplomatic 
and  political  service.  Among  his  works  are  “Deutsche 
Erzahlungen  ” (1815),  poems  (1816),  “ Goethe  in  den 
Zeugnissen  der  Mitlebenden”  (“Goethe  in  the  Testi- 
monies of  Contemporaries,”  1824),  “ Biographische  Denk- 
male  ” (“  Biographical  Monuments,"  1824-30),  lives  of 
Seydlitz,  Queen  Sophia  Charlotte  of  Prussia,  the  Count 
of  Schwerin,  Marshal  Keith,  Billow,  etc.,  “ Denkwurdig- 
keiten  ” (1837-46),  “ Tagebiicher,”  correspondence  with 
his  wife  Rahel,  “Blatter  aus  der  preussischen  Ge- 
schichte,”  etc. 

Varnhagen  von  Ense,  Madame  (Rahel  An- 
tonie Friederike  Levin).  Born  at  Berlin, 
May  19,  1771:  died  there,  March  7,  1833.  A 
German  writer,  wife  of  Karl  August  Varnhagen 
von  Ense. 

Varoli  (va-ro'le),  Costanzo.  Born  about  1543 : 
died  1575.  An  Italian  anatomist. 

Varro  (var'o),  Caius  Terentius.  Died  after 
200  B.  c.  A Roman  politician.  He  was  consul 
with  Paulus  216  B.  C.,  and  was  defeated  with  him  at  the 
battle  of  Cannae. 

Varro,  Marcus  Terentius.  Born  at  Reate, 
Italy,  116  b.  c.:  died  about  27  b.  c.  A famous 
Roman  scholar  and  author  : the  most  learned 
of  the  Romans.  He  held  various  offices,  and  rose  to 
the  pretorship  ; joined  the  party  of  Pompey  ; was  made 
by  Ctesar  director  of  the  public  library;  and  was  proscribed 
by  the  second  Triumvirate,  but  was  saved  by  his  friends. 
The  total  number  of  his  works  is  about  74,  comprising  620 
books.  Of  these  only  two,  “De  lingua  latina"  and  “De 
re  rustica,”  survive  (the  former  only  in  part). 

Varro’s  prose  writings  embraced  almost  all  branches  of 
knowledge  and  literature,  oratory,  history  both  general 
and  literary,  jurisprudence,  grammar,  philosophy,  geog- 
raphy, husbandry,  etc.  But  in  all  this  universal  study, 
Varro  always  kept  his  own  country  and  its  past  steadily 
in  view,  and  through  that  portion  of  his  writings  exer- 
cised an  immense  influence,  both  directly  and  indirectly. 
The  Christian  Fathers  especially,  and  among  them  pre- 
eminently S.  Augustine,  studied  and  used  him  diligently. 
The  most  important  prose  works  of  Varro  were  his  “ An- 
tiquitates  rerum  humanarum  et  divinarum,”  which  long 
survived  in  literature,  the  books  “ De  lingua  latina,”  “ Re- 
rum rusticarum,”the  Encyclopaedia  of  the  artes  liberales 
(“  Disciplinarum  libri”),  and  his  “Imagines." 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  I.  256. 

Varro,  Publius  Terentius,  surnamed  Ata- 
cinus.  Born  at  Atax,  Narbonensis,  82  b.  c.: 
died  about  37  b.  c.  A Roman  poet,  author  of 
the  epic  “ Argonautica.”  Only  fragments  of 
liis  works  survive. 

Varuna  (va'ro-na).  [From  -fvr  or  var , cover, 
encompass ; cognate  with  Greek  ovpavdg,  E. 
Heaven  and  heaven.]  ‘ The  Encompasser’  of 
the  universe : in  the  Rigveda,  the  name  of  an 
Aditya,  the  supreme  god  among  those  of  the 
Veda,  and  therefore  called  king.  To  him  belong 
especially  the  waters,  the  night,  and  the  West,  lie  is  the 
judge  who  punishes  sin  and  who  is  appealed  to  for  for- 
giveness. From  him  come  avenging  diseases,  especially 
dropsy.  He  is  often  associated  with  Mitra,  he  being  the 
ruler  of  the  night,  as  Mitra  of  the  day.  He  is  the  noblest 


Vatican  Council 

character  of  the  Vedic  pantheon,  the  few  Varuna  hymns 
having  a loftier  ethical  character  than  is  found  in  any 
others.  Roth  identifies  the  Adityas  with  the  Amshaspands 
of  the  Avesta,  and  Varuna  with  Ahura  Mazda  or  Ormazd, 
regarding  Varuna  as  belonging  to  an  older  dynasty  of  gods 
common  to  the  Indo-Aryans,  of  whom  he  believes  the  Rig- 
veda to  show  the  supersession  of  Varuna  by  Indra.  (On 
this  question,  see  Muir’s  “ Original  Sanskrit  Texts,”  V. 
116-125.)  In  the  later  literature  Varuna  becomes  a mere 
god  of  the  waters. 

Varus  (va'rus).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Var. 

Varus,  Publius  Quintilius.  Died  9 a.  d.  A 

Roman  general.  He  was  consul  13  b.  c.;  governor  in 
Syria  6— i B.  c.  ; and  commander  in  Germany  6-9  a.  n.  His 
rigorous  measures  led  to  a German  alliance  against  him, 
and  he  was  totally  defeated  by  Arminius  in  the  famous 
battle  in  the  Teutoburgerwald  9 A.  D.  When  he  saw  that 
the  battle  was  lost,  he  fell  upon  his  sword.  This  defeat 
profoundly  affected  the  Romans,  and  the  loss  of  his  legions 
was  bitterly  lamented  by  Augustus. 

Varzin  (var'tsin).  A village  in  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  southeast  of  Koslin.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  Bismarck. 

Vasa(va'sa).  A laen  of  Finland.  Area,  16,084 
square  miles.  Population,  484,413. 

Vasa,  Gustavus.  See  Gustav  us  I. 

Vasarhely.  See  Rod-Mezd-  Vasarhely  and 
Maros-  Vdsarhely. 

Vasari  (vii-sa're),  Giorgio.  Bom  at  Arezzo, 
Italy,  July  30, 1511 ; died  at  Florence,  June  27, 
1574.  An  Italian  architect,  painter,  and  writer 
on  art.  He  painted  many  pictures  in  Florence,  Rome, 
and  elsewhere,  and  constructed  part  of  the  Uffizi  Palace. 
He  is  best  known  from  his  biographies  of  artists  (“  Vite 
de’  piii  eccelenti  architetti,  pittori,  e scultori  italiani, ” 1550 ; 
enlarged  1568). 

Vasco  da  Gama.  See  Gama. 

Vascones  (vas'ko-nez).  A people  which  dwelt 
in  the  northern  part  of  ancient  Spain  : the  pre- 
decessors of  the  present  Basques.  See  Basques. 

Vascongadas  (vas-kon-ga'das).  The  Spanish 
name  of  the  Basque  Provinces. 

Vasconia  (vas-ko'ni-a).  The  Latin  name  of 
Gascony. 

Vashka  (vasli'ka).  A river  in  northern  Rus- 
sia, a tributary  of  the  Mezen.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Vashti  (vash'ti).  The  queen  of  Ahasuems, 
mentioned  in  the  Book  of  Esther. 

Vasili  (va-se'le)  I.  (II.).  Grand  prince  of  Mos- 
cow 1389-1425. 

Vasili  II.  (III.),  surnamed  ‘ ‘ The  Blind.”  Grand 
prince  of  Moscow  1425-62,  son  of  Vasili  I.  (n.). 

Vasili  III.  (IV.).  Grand  Prince  of  Moseow  1505- 
1533,  son  of  Ivan  III. 

Vasili  IV.  (V.)  (Shuiski).  Czar  of  Russia 
1606-10. 

Vasili  (va-se-le'),  Comte  Paul.  The.pseudonym 
of  Madame  Edmond  Adam  in  “ La  Soeiete  de 
Londres”  (1885),  etc. 

Vasquez  de  Coronado,  Francisco.  See  Coro- 
nado. 

Vassar  (vas'ar),  Matthew.  Born  in  Norfolk, 
England,  April  29, 1792:  died  at  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  June  23,  1868.  An  American  philan- 
thropist, founder  of  Vassar  College. 

Vassar  College.  An  institution  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  at  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York.  It  was  founded  by  Matthew  Vassar  in 
1861,  and  opened  in  1865.  It  is  non-sectarian. 

Vassy  (va-se').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Blaise  20 
miles  south-southwest  of  Bar-le-Duc.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a massacre  of  Protestants  by  the 
Due  de  Guise,  March  1, 1562.  Population,  3,674. 

Vasto  (vas'td).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Chieti,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  in  lat. 
42°  7'  N. : the  ancient  Histonium.  Population, 
town,  10,090;  commune,  15,538. 

Vate  (va/ta),  or  Vati  (va'te),  or  Sandwich 
(sand'wieh)  Island.  One  of  the  southern 
islands  of  the  New  Hebrides,  Pacific  Ocean. 
Length,  30  miles. 

Vathek  (vath'ek).  An  Eastern  romance  by 
Beckford,  published  in  1787 : so  called  from 
the  name  of  the  hero.  It  was  written  in  French ; 
and  the  English  translation  was  not  by  the  author,  but  by 
a person  (thought  to  have  been  the  Rev.  S.  Henley)  whom 
he  declared  to  be  a stranger.  This  translation  was  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1784,  and  has  superseded  the  ori- 
ginal. 

Vatican  (vat'i-kan).  [L.  Mons  Vaticauus.']  A 
hill  of  Rome,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber, 
opposite  the  Pincian.  On  it  stand  St.  Peter’s 
and  the  Vatican  Palace. 

Vatican  Council.  The  twentieth  ecumenical 
council,  according  to  the  reckoning  of  the 
Church  of  Rome,  which  met  in  the  Vatican 
Dec.  8,  1869,  and  declared  belief  in  the  infalli- 
bility of  the  Pope,  when  speaking  ex  cathedra, 
to  be  a dogma  of  the  church,  it  was  closed  Oct. 
20,  1870,  owing  to  the  occupation  of  Rome  by  Victor 
Emmanuel. 


Vatican  Fragments 

Vatican  Fragments.  Parts  of  a summary  of 
rules  of  law  as  extracted  from  the  writings  of 
jurisconsults  and  from  several  imperial  consti- 
tutions from  A.  d.  163  to  a.  d.  372,  discovered 
by  the  librarian  of  the  Vatican,  and  first  pub- 
lished at  Rome  in  1823. 

Vatican  Palace.  A palace  at  Rome,  probably 
attached  to  the  Basilica  of  St.  Peter  under 
Constantine,  remodeled  and  enlarged  at  inter- 
vals, and  the  chief  residence  of  the  Pope  since 
the  return  from  Avignon  in  1377.  It  is  a vast  con- 
geries of  constructions,  chiefly  later  than  1500,  and  includ- 
ing, besides  the  papal  .apartments  and  ecclesiastical 
offices,  the  famous  museums  (founded  by  Julius  II.),  li- 
brary, and  archives.  The  space  occupied  is  1,151  by  767 
feet ; there  are  over  200  staircases,  20  courts,  and  11,000  (?) 
rooms,  halls,  chapels,  etc.  It  contains  the  celebrated  Sis- 
tine  Chapel,  the  stanze,  or  chambers,  painted  by  Raphael, 
and  the  famous  loggie,  or  galleries,  with  Raphael’s  grace- 
ful arabesques  and  paintings  by  him  and  other  artists. 
The  palace  gardens  are  extensive,  varied,  and  beautiful. 
Vaticano  (vii-te-ka'no),  Cape.  A headland  on 
the  western  coast  of  Calabria,  Italy,  in  lat.  38° 
38'  N. 

Vatke  (vat'ke),  Johann  Karl  Wilhelm.  Bom 

at  Behndorf , near  Magdeburg,  March  14, 1806 : 
died  at  Berlin,  April  19, 1882.  A German  Prot- 
estant theologian  and  philosopher,  professor 
of  theology  at  Berlin  from  1837.  He  wrote  “Die 
Religion  des  Alten  Testaments”  (1835),  etc. 
Vattel  (vat-tel'  or  vat'tel),  Emerich  de.  Born 
at  Couvet,  Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  Aug.  25, 
1714 : died  there,  Dec.  20, 1767.  A distinguished 
Swiss  publicist,  in  the  diplomatic  and  political 
service  of  Saxony.  He  was  Saxon  ambassador  at  Bern. 
His  “Law  of  Nations  " (translated  by  Chitty)  is  famous 
(in  full,  “Droit  des  gens,  ou  principes  de  la  loi  natureile 
appliquds  h la  conduite  et  aux  affaires  des  nations  et  des 
souverains,”  1768). 

Vauban  (vo-bon'),  Sebastien  Le  Prestre  de. 
Born  near  Saulieu,  Burgundy,  May  15,  1633: 
died  at  Paris,  March  30,  1707.  A celebrated 
French  military  engineer  and  marshal.  He  served 
a short  time  with  the  Spaniards  under  Conde  in  the 
Fronde,  and  afterward  entered  the  French  service.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  an  engineer  at  the  capture  of 
Sainte-Menehouid  in  1653 ; and  was  commissioned  a royal 
engineer  in  1655,  between  w-hich  date  and  the  peace  of 
the  Pyrenees  in  1659  he  conducted  the  sieges  of  Gravelines, 
Ypres,  and  Oudenarde.  He  besieged  Lille,  Maestrieht, 
Valenciennes,  Cambrai,  Luxemburg,  Mods,  and  Namur  in 
succeeding  wars;  and  was  made  commissary-general  of 
fortifications  in  1677,  and  marshal  of  France  in  1703.  He 
constructed  and  improved  many  fortresses  on  the  frontiers 
and  elsewhere  in  France,  and  wrote  on  political  economy 
and  on  engineering. 

Vaucelles  (vo-sel').  A hamlet  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  near  Cambrai.  A truce 
between  Henry  II.  of  France  and  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
was  signed  here  in  1556. 

Vauchamps  (vo-shon'l.  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Marne,  France,  32  miles  southwest 
of  Rheims.  It  was  the  scene  of  successes  of  the  French 
under  M armont  against  the  Prussians  under  Blucher,  Feb. 
14,  1814. 

Vaucluse  (vo-kluz').  [Named  from  the  vil- 
lage of  Vaucluse.]  A department  of  France, 
bounded  by  Drome  on  the  north,  Basses-Alpes 
on  the  east,  Bouches-du-Rhone  (separated  by 
the  Durance)  on  the  south,  and  Gard  (separated 
by  the  Rhone)  on  the  west.  Capital,  Avignon. 
The  plains  of  the  Rhone  are  in  the  west,  and  the  moun- 
tain-chains of  Ventoux,  Lubdron,  etc.,  in  the  east.  Vau- 
cluse was  formed  from  Orange,  Venaissin,  and  parts  of 
Provence.  Area,  1,381  square  miles.  Population,  239,- 
178. 

Vaucluse.  [From  L.  valles  clausa,  closed  val- 
ley.] A village  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse, 
about  18  miles  east  of  Avignon : celebrated  for 
the  fountain  of  Vaucluse  (the  source  of  the 
stream  Sorgue)  and  as  the  dwelling-place  of 
Petrarch. 

Vaucouleurs  (vo-ko-ler').  A town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  26  miles  west  by  south  of  Nancy,  it  was 

the  starting-point  of  Joan  of  Arc  on  her  military  career. 
Population,  commune,  3,070. 

Vaud  (vo),  G.  Waadt  (vat).  A canton  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  France  on  the  west 
and  northwest,  Neuchatel,  the  Lake  of  Neu- 
chatel, and  Fribourg  on  the  north,  Fribourg 
and  Bern  on  the  east,  Valais,  the  Lake  of  Ge- 
neva, and  Geneva  on  the  south.  Capital,  Lau- 
sanne. It  is  traversed  by  the  Jura  and  by  the  Alps  in 
the  southeast.  It  has  14  members  in  the  National  Coun- 
cil. The  prevailing  language  is  French,  and  the  prevail- 
ing religion  Protestant.  Vaud  came  under  Roman  rule  in 
58  B.  c.  through  the  victory  of  Caesar  at  Bibracte  (chief 
Roman  place,  Aventicum) ; and  passed  to  the  Burgundians 
in  the  6th  century,  and  to  the  Franks,  with  the  kingdom 
of  Burgundy,  in  534.  The  larger  part  of  it  was  acquired 
by  Savoy  in  1265,  and  was  conquered  by  Bern  1475-76, 
1536,  and  1555,  and  ruled  as  a subject  land.  An  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  revolt  was  made  in  1723.  By  French 
intervention  it  was  constituted  the  Lemanic  Republic  in 
1798,  and  in  the  same  year  made  the  canton  Leman  of  the 


1029 

Helvetic  Republic.  On  the  restoration  of  the  confedera- 
tion in  1803,  it  became  a canton.  Area,  1,244  square  miles. 
Population,  315,428,  (1910). 

Vaudois  des  Alpes.  Same  as  Waldenses. 
Vaudoncourt  (v6-d6n-kor'),  Guillaume  de. 

Born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  24,  1772:  died  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  May  2, 1845.  A French  general  and 
military  writer.  He  served  through  the  revolutionary 
and  Napoleonic  wars,  and  commanded  the  Sardinian 
revolutionists  in  1821.  He  wrote  “ Histoire  des  cam- 
pagnes  d’Annibal  en  Italie”  (1812),  and  histories  of  the 
Russian  campaign  of  1812,  the  German  campaign  of  1813, 
the  Italian  campaigns  of  1813-14,  the  French  campaigns  of 
1814-15,  etc. 

Vaudreuil  (vo-drey'  or  vo-drely'),  Marquis  de 
(Louis  Philippe  de  Rigaud).  Bom  at  Roche- 
fort, Oct.  28, 1724:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  14,  1802. 
A French  naval  commander,  grandson  of  Phi- 
lippe de  Rigaud.  He  served  in  various  actions  in 
the  war  with  Great  Britain  1778-83,  commanding  a di- 
vision of  Comte  de  Grasse's  fleet  at  Yorktown  in  1781.  He 
protected  the  royal  family  against  the  mob  at  Versailles 
during  the  night  of  Oct.  5-6,  1789.  He  emigrated  to  Eng- 
land in  1791,  but  returned  to  Paris  in  1800,  and  was  granted 
a pension  on  the  retired  list  by  Bonaparte. 

Vaudreuil,  Marquis  de  (Philippe  de  Rigaud). 

Born  near  Castelnaudary,  France,  1640 : died 
at  Quebec,  Oct.  11, 1725.  A French  commander 
and  official  in  Canada.  He  was  for  many  years  com- 
mander of  the  French  forces  in  Canada,  and  in  1703  be- 
came governor  of  that  province. 

Vaudreuil-Cavagnal  (-ka-van-yal'),  Marquis 
de  (Pierre  Franpois  de  Rigaud).  Born  at 
Quebec,  1698 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  20,  1765.  A 
French  colonial  governor,  son  of  Philippe  de 
Rigaud.  He  became  governor  of  Canada  in  1755,  and 
capitulated  to  the  English  in  1760,  after  the  defeat  of 
Montcalm,  commander  of  the  French  troops  in  Canada,  by 
Wolfe  in  the  preceding  year. 

Vaughan  (van  or  va'an),  Henry,  surnamed 
“The  Silurist”  (from  the  Silures,  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  South  Wales).  Born  at  New- 
ton-by-Usk,  Brecknockshire,  Wales,  April  17, 
1622:  died  April  23, 1695.  A Welsh  poet  and  mys- 
tic. He  studied  at  Oxford,  became  a physician,  and  ulti- 
mately settled  at  Skethiog.  He  wrote  “Poems”  (1646), 
“ Olor  Iscanus  ” (1651),  “ Silex  ScintiUans  ” (1650-55),  etc. 

Vaughan,  Robert.  Born  1795:  died  at  Tor- 
quay, June  15,  1868.  An  English  Independent 
clergyman  and  historian.  He  was  president  of  the 
Lancashire  Independent  College,  Manchester,  1843-57, 
and  in  1845  founded  the  “British  Quarterly  Review,"  of 
which  he  remained  editor  for  twenty  years.  He  wrote 
a ‘ ‘ Life  of  Wycl  iffe  ’’  (1853),  “ Protectorate  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well” (1838),  “History  of  England  under  the  House  of 
Stuart”  (1840),  “Revolutions  in  England ”(1859-63),  etc. 

Vaulion,  Dent  de.  See  Dent  de  Vaulion. 

Vauvenargues  (vov-narg'),  Marquis  de  (Luc 
de  Clapier).  Born  at  Aix,  France,  Aug.  8, 1715 : 
died  March  9, 1747.  A French  moralist.  He  is 
best  known  from  his  “Introduction  a la  connaissance  de 
l’esprit  humain”  (“Introduction  to  the  Knowledge  of 
the  Human  Miud,"  1746),  followed  by  “Reflexions  et 
Maximes. " 

Vaux  (vaks),  Calvert.  Born  at,  London,  Dec. 
20, 1824 : died  at  Bensouhurst,  N.  Y. , Nov  .19, 1895. 
An  Anglo-American  landscape  architect,  in 
connection  with  Frederick  L.  Olmsted  he  designed  the 
plans  of  Central  Park,  New  York  city  ; the  State  reserva- 
tion at  Niagara  Falls  ; and  numerous  other  parks.  His  de- 
sign for  Prospect  Park,  Brooklyn,  was  accepted  in  1865. 

Vauxhall  (vaks-hal').  A quarter  of  London,  in 
Lambeth. 

Vauxhall  Gardens.  A popular  and  fashion- 
able London  resort,  formerly  situated  on  the 
Thames  above  Lambeth. 

The  name  dates  from  the  marriage  of  Isabella  de  Forti- 
bus,  Countess  of  Albemarle,  sister  of  Archbishop  Baldwin, 
with  Foukes  de  Brent,  after  which  the  place  was  called 
Foukes-hall.  . . . Vauxhall  Gardens  were  laid  out  in  1661, 
and  were  at  first  known  as  the  New  Spring  Gardens  at  Fox 
Hall  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Old  Spring  Gardens  at 
Whitehall.  They  were  finally  closed  in  1859,  and  the  site 
is  now  built  over  ; but  they  will  always  be  remembered 
from  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley’s  visit  to  them  in  the  “Spec- 
tator” [and  tlie  descriptions  in  “Humphrey  Clinker"  and 
“ Vanity  Fair”).  Hare,  London,  II.  422. 

Vavau  (va-vou').  Oue  of  the  principal  islands 
of  the  Friendly  group,  Pacific  Ocean:  42  miles 
in  circumference. 

Vavitau.  See  Vivitao. 

Vecelli,  or  Vecellio.  See  Titian. 

Vecht  (vecht).  An  arm  of  the  Rhine  which 
leaves  it  at  Utrecht  and  flows  into  the  Zuyder 
Zee  east  of  Amsterdam. 

Vectis  (vek'tis),  or  Vecta  (vek'ta).  The  Ro- 
man name  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

Veda  (va'dii).  [Skt.,  from y/ vid,  know.]  ‘Know- 
ledge/ ‘ science/  and  then  the  whole  Hindu  sa- 
cred literature  as  the  science.  This  includes  the 
Sanhitas,  ‘collections’  of  mantras,  ‘hymns’;  theBrahma- 
nas,  canonized  ‘priestly  dicta,’ with  their  developments, 
the  Aranyakas  and  theUpanishads ; and  the  Sutras,  ‘ rules,’ 
brief  memorial  lines  to  aid  the  teacher  in  the  oral  tradi- 
tion of  the  sacred  literature — the  Sanhitas  and  Brahmanas 
together  forming  Shruti,  ‘hearing,’ ‘revelation,’  while  the 
Sutras  constitute  Smriti, ‘memory,’  ‘ tradition.’  There  are 
four  Sanhitas,  the  Vedas,  in  distinction  from  the  Veda  as 


Vega  Carpio 

including  the  whole  body  of  sacred  literature,  or  as  applied 
to  the  Rigveda  par  excellence  — viz , the  Rigveda,  the  Sama- 
veda, the  Yajurveda,  and  the  Atharvaveda.  Of  these  the 
Rigveda  and  the  Atharvaveda  are  historical  collections  — 
that  is,  collections  formed  with  a view  to  the  perpetuation 
of  the  contents  as  literature ; while  the  Samaveda  and  the 
Yajurveda  are  liturgical — material  already  existing  in  the 
Rigveda  and  elsewhere  being  in  them  put  to  special 
liturgical  uses.  The  first  in  antiquity,  extent,  and  impor- 
tance is  the  Rigveda,  containing  1,017  suktas,  • hymns,’  in 
10,580  rcas,  ‘ verses.  ’ (The  stem  re,  in  which  c is  pronounced 
as  eh  in  church,  when  it  stands  alone  becomes  rk,  but 
when  it  comes  before  a sonant  letter,  rg : so  Rgveda, 
usually  printed  Rigveda,  means  ‘the  Veda  of  rcas’ (pro- 
nounced r'chas),  ‘ verses,’  ‘ songs. ’)  The  hymns,  in  a very 
simple  metrical  form,  and  a language  varying  considera- 
bly from  the  later  classical  Sanskrit,  are  almost  all  reli- 
gious, and  glorifications  of  the  divinity  addressed.  The 
Atharvaveda  (which  see)  is  the  latest  of  the  four  collec- 
tions. The  Samaveda  is  the  Veda  of  samans,  ‘chants.’ 
Material  almost  all  of  which  is  found  in  the  Rigveda  here 
appears  in  the  form  of  chants  to  be  sung  in  the  Soma  rit- 
ual. Certain  words  to  be  uttered  at  a special  stage  of  a 
sacrifice  were  known  technically  as  a yajus,  ‘sacrificial 
formula.’  The  Yajurveda  (with  thesof  yajus  changed  into 
rowing  to  the  effect  of  the  following  letter)  is  the  Yajus- 
veda,  or  ‘Veda  of  sacrificial  formulas.’  The  question  of 
the  date  of  the  Rigveda,  as  the  oldest  of  the  collections  of 
hymns,  has  been  much  discussed,  but  without  definite  re- 
sults. The  majority  of  Vedic  scholars  place  the  Vedic 
period  proper  between  2000  and  1600  B.  c. 

Vedanta  (va-dan'ta).  [ Veda  and  ant  a,  end.] 
The  most  common  designation  of  the  Uttara- 
mimansa  school  of  Hindu  philosophy,  given  to 
it  either  as  teaching  the  ultimate  aim  of  the 
Veda,  or  as  founded  on  the  Upanishads,  which 
come  at  the  end  of  the  Veda  as  the  last  stage 
in  its  historic  evolution . It  is  ascribed  to  a Vyasa 
or  Badarayana.  The  first  of  these  names  (‘  arranger  ’)  is 
given  also  to  the  legendary  person  who  is  supposed  to  have 
arranged  the  Vedas  and  written  the  Mahabharata,  Pura- 
nas,‘and  a Dharmashastra,  and  was  doubtless  applied  to 
various  great  writers  or  compilers  as  a kind  of  title.  In 
this  sense  it  seems  to  have  been  given  to  the  founder  of 
the  Vedanta.  Its  principles  are  propounded  in  sutras, 
but  Badarayana’s  sutras  are  generally  called  Brahmasutra, 
or  sometimes  Sharirakasutra.  The  text  and  that  of  the 
celebrated  commentary  of  Shankaracarya  have  been  ed- 
ited in  the  “Bibliotheca  Indica,”  and  a portion  trans- 
lated by  Banerjea.  Ballantyne  also  edited  and  translated 
a portion,  as  also  the  commentary  known  as  the  Vedan- 
tasara.  The  most  authoritative  recent  works  on  the  Ve- 
danta are,  however,  Paul  Deussen’s  ‘ ‘ Die  Sutra  des  Vedanta 
iibersetzt  aus  dem  Sanskrit”  and  his  “Das  System  des 
Vedanta”  (Leipsic,  1883). 

Vedantasara  (va-dan-ta-sa'ra).  [Skt., ‘es- 
sence of  the  Vedanta.’]  A treatise  on  the  Ve- 
danta philosophy  by  Sadananda.  The  text  is  printed 
in  Bohtlingk’s  “Sanskrit  Chrestomathie. ’’  It  has  been 
translated  with  full  notes  in  Triibner’s  “ Oriental  Series  " 
by  Jacob.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a commentary  by 
Ramanuja  on  the  Vedantasutras,  which  is  also  called  Ve- 
dantapradipa,  ‘The  Light  or  Lamp  of  the  Vedanta.’ 

Vedas.  See  Veda. 

Veddahs  (ved'az),  or  Weddahs.  An  ancient 
and  probably  aboriginal  people  of  Ceylon. 
Vedder  (ved'er),  Elihu.  Born  at  New  York, 
Feb.  26, 1836.  An  American  genre-  and  figure- 
painter.  He  studied  in  Paris  and  Italy,  where  he  has 
lived  for  a number  of  years.  He  illustrated  a translation 
of  the  “Rubaiyat,"  by  Omar  Khayyam,  1883-84.  Among 
his  other  works  are  “The  Lair  of  the  Sea-Serpent,”  “The 
Roc’s  Egg,"  “The  Lost  Mind,”  “The  Crucifixion,"  “The 
Cumaean  Sibyl,”  “ Young  Marsyas,”  “ The  Monk  upon  the 
Gloomy  Path,”  “ The  Questioner  of  the  Sphinx,"  etc.  Auto- 
biography, “The  Digressions  of  V."  (1910). 

Vega  (ve'ga).  [From  Ar.  ivaqt’,  falling,  i.  e.  ‘the 
falling  bird/  with  reference  to  Altair,  the  ‘ fly- 
ing eagle/  situated  not  far  from  Vega.]  A star 
of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Lyra ; 
a Lyrae. 

Vega.  The  vessel  in  which  Nordenskjold  made 
his  expedition  of  1878-79. 

Vega  (va'ga),  Garcilasso  de  la.  Born  at  Cuzco, 
Peru,  April  12,  1539:  died  at  Cordova,  Spain, 
1616.  A Peruvian  historian.  His  father  was  a 
distinguished  Spanish  officer  of  the  same  name,  and  his 
mother  was  a niece  of  the  Inca  Huaina  Capac  (whence 
he  called  himself  Garcilasso  Inca  de  la  Vega).  He  went 
to  Spain  in  1560 ; served  for  many  years  as  a captain  in 
the  Spanish  army  ; and  finally  settled  in  Cordova,  w here 
he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits.  He  published 
“ El  Florida  del  Inca,"  a descript  ion  of  De  Soto’s  expedition 
to  Florida  (1605),  “Comentarios  reales  de  las  Incas  ” (1608), 
and  “ Historia  general  del  Peru  ”(1616).  There  are  many 
later  editions  and  translations. 

Vega  Carpio  (va'ga  kar'pe-o),  Lope  Felix  de. 
Born  at  Madrid,  Nov.  25,  1562 : died  there,  Aug. 
27,  1635.  A celebrated  Spanish  dramatist  and 
poet.  He  was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  college  of  Madrid 
and  at  the  University  of  A leal  A ; was  in  the  service  of  the 
Bishop  of  Avila,  and  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Alva ; and 
was  twice  married.  He  was  obliged  to  live  away  from 
Madrid  for  several  years  on  account  of  a duel.  He  joined 
the  Spanish  Armada  in  1588,  and  returned  to  Madrid  in 
1690,  and  was  soon  known  as  a dramatic  writer  : he  had 
previously,  during  his  exile,  written  for  the  theater  in  Va- 
lencia. lie  was  the  inventor  of  a witty  character  known 
as  the  “gracioso,”  a parody  of  the  heroic  character  of  the 
play,  which  passed  first  to  the  French  and  from  that  to 
all  other  modern  theaters.  He  entered  the  church  about 
1612,  after  the  death  of  his  second  wife,  and  about  1614 
took  priest’s  orders.  His  plays  fall  into  three  classes: 
the  first, called  ‘ ‘ Comedias  de  Capa  y Espada  ” (dramas  with 


Vega  Carpio 

cloak  and  sword),  “ took  their  name  from  the  circum- 
stance that  their  principal  personages  belong  to  the  gen- 
teel portion  of  society,  accustomed,  in  Lope's  time,  to  the 
picturesque  national  dress  of  cloaks  and  swords  — exclud- 
ing, on  the  one  hand,  those  dramas  in  which  royal  per- 
sonages appear,  and,  on  the  other,  those  which  are  devoted 
to  common  life  and  the  humbler  classes.  Their  main  and 
moving  principle  is  gallantry  — such  gallantry  as  existed  in 
the  time  of  their  author.  The  story  is  almost  always  in- 
volved and  intriguing,  and  almost  always  accompanied 
with  an  underplot  and  parody  on  the  characters  and  ad- 
ventures of  the  principal  parties,  formed  out  of  those  of 
the  servants  and  other  inferior  personages  ” ( Ticknor ). 
The  second  class  consisted  of  “Comedias  Heroicas”or 
“Historiales,"  and  the  third  of  dramas  founded  on  domes- 
tic life.  Healso  wrote epics(“La  Jerusalem  conquistada ”), 
romances,  lyrics,  pastorals,  prose  novels,  etc. 

Their  [Lope’s  plays’]  very  number,  however,  may  have 
been  one  obstacle  to  their  publication  ; for  the  most  mod- 
erate and  certain  accounts  on  this  point  have  almost  a fab- 
ulous air  about  them,  so  extravagant  do  they  seem.  In 
1603,  he  gives  us  the  titles  of  two  hundred  and  nineteen 
pieces  that  he  had  already  written ; in  1609,  he  says  their 
number  had  risen  to  four  hundred  and  eighty  three;  in 
1618  he  says  it  was  eight  hundred  ; in  1619,  again,  in  round 
numbers,  he  states  it  at  nine  hundred ; and  in  1624,  at  one 
thousand  and  seventy.  After  his  death,  in  1635,  Perez  de 
Montalvan,  his  intimate  friend  and  eulogist,  who  three 
years  before  had  declared  the  number  to  befifteen  hundred, 
without  reckoning  the  shorter  pieces,  puts  it  at  eighteen 
hundred  plays  and  four  hundred  autos : numbers  which 
are  confidently  repeated  by  Antonio  in  his  notice  of  Lope, 
aud  by  Franchi,  an  Italian,  who  had  been  much  withLope 
at  Madrid,  and  who  wrote  one  of  the  multitudinous  eulo- 
gies on  him  after  his  death.  The  prodigious  facility  im- 
plied by  this  is  further  confirmed  by  the  fact,  stated  by 
himself  in  one  of  his  plays,  that  it  was  written  and  acted 
in  five  days,  and  by  the  anecdotes  of  Montalvan  that-  he 
wrote  five  full-length  dramas  at  Toledo  in  fifteen  days, 
and  one  act  of  another  in  a few  hours  of  the  early  morn- 
ing, without  seeming  to  make  any  effort  in  either  case. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  203. 

Vega  Real  (ra-aF),  Battle  of  the.  A battle 
fought  on  the  Vega  Real  (a  plain  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Haiti),  April  25,  1495,  between  a 
small  force  of  Spaniards  under  Christopher  and 
Bartholomew  Columbus  and  the  Indians  of 
Caonabo  and  other  chiefs.  Las  Casas  says  that  the 
latter  numbered  100,000  — an  evident  exaggeration.  The 
Indians  were  completely  defeated. 

Veglia  (val'ya),  Slav.  Kerk.  1.  An  island  be- 
longing to  Istria,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  in 
the  Gulf  of  Quarnero  in  lat.  45°  N.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  mainland  by  the  channel  of  Mor- 
lacea.  Length,  24  miles.  Pop.,  21,286,  (1910). 
— 2.  A small  seaport  on  the  island  of  Veglia. 
It  has  a cathedral. 

Vehmgerichte  (fam'ge-rich//te).  [G.,  from 
fehm,  a criminal  tribunal  so  named,  and gericht, 
judgment.  ] Medieval  tribunals  which  flourished 
in  Germany,  chiefly  in  Westphalia,  in  the  14th 
and  15th  centuries.  They  were  apparently  descended 
from  the  cantonal  courts,  and  at  first  afforded  some  pro- 
tection, as  the  regular  machinery  of  justice  had  become  de- 
moralized. Later  they  misused  their  power,  and  practically 
disappeared  with  the  increasing  strength  of  the  regular 
governments.  The  president  of  the  court  was  culled  frei- 
graf,  the  justices  freischoffen,  and  the  place  of  meeting 
freistuhl.  The  sessions  were  open  for  the  adjudication  of 
civil  matters,  but  secret  when  persons  accused  of  murder, 
robbery,  heresy,  witchcraft,  etc.,  were  summoned.  Those 
convicted  of  serious  crimes,  or  those  who  refused  to  ap- 
pear before  the  tribunal,  were  put  to  death.  Also  freige- 
richte,  W estphalian  gerichte,  etc. 

Vehse  (va'ze),  Karl  Eduard.  Born  at  Freiberg, 
Saxony,  Dec.  18,  1802:  died  at  Striesen,  near 
Dresden,  June  18,  1870.  A German  historian. 
He  came  to  America  with  the  separatist  Stephan  in  1838, 
but  returned  in  1839;  went  to  Berlin  in  1853,  but  was  ar- 
rested for  political  reasons,  imprisoned  for  six  months, 
and  banished  from  Prussia ; and  lived  thereafter  near 
Basel  and  in  Italy  and  at  Freiberg.  His  chief  work  is 
“Geschichte  der  deutschen  Hofe  seit  der  Reformation” 
(“  History  of  the  German  Courts  since  the  reformation,” 
1851-58). 

Vei,  or  Vai  (vi).  A negro  tribe  of  Liberia, West 
Africa,  north  of  Monrovia.  It  belongs  to  the  Mande 
cluster,  and  has  made  its  way  from  the  elevated  interior 
to  the  coast.  About  1834  a Vei-man,  Doalu  Bukere,  who 
had  learned  the  Roman  character,  invented  and  intro- 
duced a new  graphic  system,  of  the  syllabic  type,  with 
upward  of  two  hundred  signs,  which  has  been  used  by  the 
Mohammedans  for  their  manuscript  books. 

Veii  (ve'yi).  In  ancient  geography,  a city  of 
Italy,  the  most  important  of  the  Etruscan 
League : identified  with  Isola  Farnese,  11  miles 
north  by  west  of  Rome.  It  was  frequently  at  war 
with  Rome,  especially  in  behalf  of  the  restoration  of  Tar- 
quinius  Superbus,  at  the  time  of  the  massacre  of  the  Fabii 
(about  476  B.  C.),  about  438-434,  and  about  426.  It  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Romans  and  taken  under  the  leadership  of 
Camillus  in  396  B.  C. 

Veiie  (vi'le).  1.  An  amt  in  Jutland,  Denmark. 
Population,  131,985. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  amt 
of  Veiie,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Veiie  Fjord 
in  lat.  55°  44'  N.  It  was  taken  by  the  Schleswig- 
Holsteiners  May  5,  1848.  Near  it,  at  Gudso,  May  7,  1849, 
the  Prussians  defeated  the  Danes.  Veiie  was  stormed  by 
the  Austrians  March  8,  1864.  Population,  16,212. 

Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan,  The.  The  first 
part  of  the  poem  “ Lalla  Rookh,”  by  Moore:  so 


1030 

called  from  the  chief  character,  Mokanna.  See 
Mokanna. 

Veiie  Fjord  (vi'le  fyord).  An  arm  of  the  Great 
Belt  which  penetrates  the  eastern  coast  of  Jut- 
land, Denmark. 

Veintemilla  (va-en-ta-mel'ya),  Ignacio.  Bom 
in  Cuenca,  1830 : died  July  19, 1909.  An  Ecua- 
dorian general  and  politician.  He  led  the  liberal 
revolt  which  overthrew  President  Borrero  in  Dec.,  1876; 
was  proclaimed  president  with  extraordinary  powers  ; and 
in  1882  became  practically  dictator  with  the  title  of  su- 
preme chief.  He  was  deposed  and  driven  from  the  coun- 
try, after  several  months  of  civil  war,  July,  1883. 

Veit  (fit),  Philipp.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  13, 
1793:  died  at  Mainz,  Dec.  18, 1877.  A noted  Ger- 
man painter,  a grandson  of  Moses  Mendelssohn. 
He  was  associated  with  Cornelius,  Overbeck,  and  Schadow. 
Among  his  works  are  ‘ Seven  Years  of  Plenty"  (Rome), 
“ Christianity  bringing  Civilization  to  Germany  ” (Frank- 
fort), “ Assumption  of  Mary  ” (Frankfort  cathedral), 
“ Egyptian  Darkness,”  etc. 

Vela,  Blasco  Nunez.  See  Nuttez  Vela. 

Velahrum  (ve-la'brum),  An  area  in  ancient 
Rome,  between  the  Capitoline,  the  Palatine, 
and  the  Tiber,  extending  northeastward  to  the 
Forum  Romanum.  It  was  a marsh  before  the  con- 
struction of  the  Cloaca  Maxima.  The  marble  arch  built 
in  honor  of  Severus  by  the  merchants  of  the  Velahrum 
formed  a portal  between  it  and  the  Forum  Boarium  on  the 
south. 

Velasco,  Jose  Antonio  Manso  de.  See  Manso 
de  Velasco. 

Velasco  (va-las'ko),  Josd  Miguel  de.  Bom  at 

Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  about  1795:  died  there, 
1859.  A Bolivian  general  and  politician.  As  vice- 

president  he  was  twice  acting  president  during  the  dis- 
orders of  1828-29  ; led  a revolt  in  the  South  in  1838  ; was 
elected  president  after  the  fall  of  Santa  Oruz  in  1839,  but 
was  deposed  in  1841 ; and  was  again  president  1847-48 
during  a period  of  great  disorder  which  culminated  in 
his  deposition. 

Velasco,  Juan  de.  Born  at  Riobamba  (now  in 
Ecuador)  about  1727:  died  atVerona,  Italy,  1819. 
A Jesuit  historian.  He  was  for  many  years  a profes- 
sor in  the  University  of  San  Marcos  at  Lima.  After  the 
expulsion  of  his  order  in  1767,  he  lived  atFaenza  and  Ve- 
rona. His  principal  work  i3  “ Historia  del  reino  de  Quito  ” 
(first  published  in  French  1840;  Spanish  edition,  Quito, 
1841-44).  It  includes  an  account  of  the  Scyri  kingdom  of 
Quito. 

Velasco,  Luis  de,  Count  of  Santiago.  Born  at 
Toledo  about  1500:  died  at  Mexico  City,  July 
31, 1564.  A Spanish  administrator,  second  vice- 
roy of  Mexico  from  Dec.,  1550,  until  his  death. 
He  enforced  the  “New  Laws,”  emancipating,  it  is  said, 
150,000  Indians ; put  down  revolts  of  the  Chichimecs ; and 
fitted  out  Legazpe’s  expedition  to  the  Philippine  Islands. 

Velasco,  Luis  de,  Count  of  Santiago  and  Mar- 
quis of  Salinas  (from  1595).  Bom  at  Madrid, 
1539:  died  at  Seville,  1617  (?).  A Spanish  ad- 
ministrator, son  of  the  preceding.  He  was  viceroy 
of  Mexico  Jan.  25,  1590, -Nov.,  1595  ; viceroy  of  Peru  July 
24,  1596, -Nov.  28,  1604  ; and  again  viceroy  of  Mexico  July 
2,  1607, -June  12,  1611.  Subsequently  he  was  president  of 
the  Council  of  the  Indies.  He  was  one  of  the  best  of  the 
Spanish  colonial  rulers. 

Velasquez  (va-las'keth),  Diego.  Born  at  Cuel- 
lar, Segovia,  1465  (or  1458?) : died  at  Havana, 
Cuba,  1523  or  1524.  A Spanish  soldier  and  ad- 
ministrator. He  wen  t to  Espafiola  with  Columbus  in  1493, 
and  was  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  that  island  until  1511, 
when  he  was  sent  by  Diego  Columbus  to  conquer  Cuba.  He 
had  many  conflicts  with  the  Indians,  whose  principal  chief, 
Hatuey,  was  captured  and  burned  in  Feb.,  1512 ; founded 
Santiago,  Havana,  and  other  towns;  and  continued  to 
rule  the  island,  whicli  was  only  nominally  subject  to  the 
audience  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  furnished  avessel  forthe 
expedition  of  Cordova,  which  discovered  Yucatan  in  1517 ; 
fitted  out  Grijalva’s  expedition  in  1518 (see  Grijalva );  and 
in  1519  sent  Cortds  to  conquer  Mexico.  The  latter,  as  soon 
as  he  had  left  the  island,  refused  obedience  to  Velasquez, 
who,  in  March,  1520,  sent  Panfllo  de  Narvaez  to  arrest  him. 
Narvaez  was  defeated  by  CorRs,  and  all  subsequent  efforts 
of  Velasquez  to  secure  the  rich  conquests  of  Mexico  for 
himself  ended  in  failure.  His  death,  it  is  said,  was  caused 
by  vexation  at  his  loss. 

Velasquez  (va-las'keth),  or  Velazquez  (va- 
lath'keth),  Diego  Rodriguez  de  Silva.  Born 
at  Seville  (baptized  June  6,  1599):  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Aug.  7. 1660.  A celebrated  Spanish  paint- 
er. He  was  the  son  of  Juan  Rodriguez  de  Silva,  but 
took  his  mother’s  name  Velasquez.  He  was  a pupil  of 
Herrera  el  Viejo  and  of  Pacheco  whose  daughter  he  mar- 
ried. He  was  patronized  by  Philip  IV.  ; became  court 
painter  about  1623;  visited  Italy  1629-31;  and  for  eigh- 
teen years  painted  portraits,  landscapes,  and  historical 
and  genre  subjects  in  Madrid.  From  1652  to  1660  he  was 
quartermaster-general  of  the  king’s  household,  and  died 
from  over-fatigue  in  the  preparations  for  the  marriage  of 
Louis  XIV.  and  the  infanta  Maria  Theresa.  Among  his 
principal  works  in  his  earlier  manner  are  "The  Water- 
Carrier  of  Seville ” (Apsley  House)  and  “The  Adoration  of 
the  Shepherds”  (National  Gallery,  London).  Among  his 
other  works  are  “Los  Borrachos.”  “Las  Aleninas,”  “ Las 
Hilanderas,”  “ The  Expulsion  of  the  Aloriscos,”  “ Forge  of 
A'ulcan  ” (Aladrid  Museum)  ; “Joseph’s  Coat”  (Escorial) ; 
“St.  John  the  Evangelist”(London) ; “Boar  Hunt,”  “Lot 
and  his  Daughters,"  “ The  Surrender  of  Breda,"  and  a Cruci- 
fixion (in  the  Prado)  ; etc.  His  famous  portraits  are  those 
of  Philip  IV.,  of  which  he  painted  about  forty  ; Innocent 
X.,  Quevedo  (Apsley  House)  ; Admiral  Pulido  Pareja  (Na- 


Vend6e,  La,  War  of 

tional  Gallery,  London) ; Olivares,  Prince  Baltasar  Carlos, 
a series  of  portraits  of  jesters  and  dwarfs ; etc.  His  genius 
was  not  fully  known  till  about  the  beginning  of  the  19th 
century,  when  the  royal  pictures  were  collected  in  the 
Aluseo  del  Prado.  About  275  pictures  are  attributed  to 
him,  of  which  121  are  in  Great  Britain,  7 in  the  United 
States,  and  others  in  different  European  galleries. 
Velazquez.  See  Velasquez. 

Velay  (ve-la').  An  ancient  territory  and  county 
of  France,  which  formed  part  of  Languedoc. 
Capital,  Le  Puy . It  is  comprised  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Loire. 

Veldeke  (vel'de-ke).  Heinrich  von.  Born  in 

the  neighborhood  of  Maestricht,  Holland:  flour- 
ished at  the  end  of  the  12th  century.  A Middle 
High  German  poet,  the  founder  of  the  German 
court  epic  poetry.  HewasofDoble family  and  in  the 
service  of  the  Counts  of  Looz  and  Rineck,  burgraves  of 
Alayence.  At  the  court  of  Cleves  he  began  to  write,  be- 
tween 1175  and  1184,  his  poem  “ Eneit”  (“zEneid  ’’)  after 
a French  original.  The  manuscript  was  stolen  from  a 
Countess  of  Cleves,  to  whom  it  had  been  loaned,  by  a 
Count  of  Schwarzburg,  who  took  it  to  Thuringia.  In 
1181,  in  Thuringia,  Veldeke  finally  got  back  his  work, 
and  completed  it  at  the  court  of  the  Count  Palatine  of 
Saxony,  afterward  the  landgrave  Hermann  of  Thuringia. 
An  earlier  work,  supposed  by  some  to  have  been  written 
by  another  poet  of  the  same  name,  is  the  “Legende 
van  S.  Servaes.”  He  was,  besides,  the  author  of  a num- 
ber of  lyrics.  The  “.Eneid  ” was  published  by  Behagel 
in  1882. 

Velez-Rubio  (va'leth-ro'be-o).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Almdria,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Velez  54  miles  west-southwest  of  Murcia. 
Population,  10,109. 

Velia  (ve'li-a).  A locality  in  ancient  Rome, 
identified  as  the  ridge  which  extends  from  the 
Palatine  to  the  Esquiline,  and  on  which  stand 
the  temple  of  Venus  aud  Roma  and  the  Arch 
of  Titus.  As  it  now  exists,  it  has  been  much 
cut  down  from  its  original  height. 

Velino  (va-le'no).  A river  in  central  Italy 
which  joins  the  Nera  above  Terni.  Length, 
about  45  miles. 

Velino,  Monte.  See  Monte  Velino. 

Velitrte  (ve-li'tre).  The  ancient  name  of  Vel- 
letri. 

Velius  Longus  (ve'li-us  long'gus).  A Latin 
grammarian  of  unknown  date.  He  is  the  author 
of  a work  entitled  “ De  orthographia,"  which  was  pub- 
lished by  Fulvius  Ursinus  in  his  “Notae  ad  AL  Varronem 
de  re  rustica  ’’  (1587). 

Velleius  Paterculus.  See  Paterculus. 
Velletri  (vel-la'tre).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  a spur  of  the  Alban 
Mountains  21  miles  southeast  of  Rome,  it  was 
the  ancient  Velitrae,  an  important  Latin  town.  Near  it, 
Alay  19,  1849,  Garibaldi  defeated  the  Neapolitans.  Popu- 
lation, town,  14,625 ; commune,  19,574. 
Vellinghausen  (vel'ling-hou-zen).  A village 
in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  near 
the  Lippe  and  near  Soest.  Here,  July  15-16, 1761, 
Duke  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French  under 
Broglie  and  Soubise. 

Vellore  (vel-lor').  A town  in  North  Areot 
district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Palar  87  miles  west  by  south  of  Madras.  It 
was  the  scene  of  a Sepoy  mutiny  in  1806. 
Population,  with  cantonment,  43,537. 

Venaissin  (ve-na-san'),  Comtat,  or  County  of. 

An  ancient  county  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
France,  now  included  in  the  department  of  Vau- 
cluse.  Capital,  Carpentras.  By  Philip  III.  it 
was  ceded  to  the  popes  in  1273 ; it  was  annexed 
to  France  in  1791. 

Venantius.  See  Fortunatus. 

Vendeans  (ven-de'anz).  The  natives  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Vend6e;  specifically,  the  partizans  of 
the  royalist  insurrection  against  the  Revolution 
and  the  republic  which  was  begun  in  western 
France  in  1793,  and  the  chief  seat  of  which  was 
in  Vend6e. 

Vendee  (von-da').  A department  of  France, 
hounded  by  Loire-Inf6rieure  and  Maine-et- 
Loire  on  the  north,  Deux-Sbvres  on  the  east, 
Charente-Inftmeure  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on 
the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west. 
Capital,  La  Roche-sur-Yon.  It  is  divided  into  the 
“marsh  ”in  the  west,  the  “woodland  ” (“bocage")  in  the 
north,  and  the  “ plain  ” in  the  south.  Vendde  corresponds 
nearly  to  the  former  Bas-Poitou.  It  was  the  center  of  the 
royalist  outbreak  in  the  Revolution,  and  the  scene  of  Bour- 
bon disturbances  in  1815  and  1832.  Area,  2,690  square 
miles.  Population,  442,777. 

Vendee,  La,  War  of.  The  royalist  war  against 
the  French  republic  which  was  carried  on 
chiefly  in  Vendle  and  in  Brittany.  It  broke  out 
in  Vendde  in  Alarch,  1793,  and  reached  "its  height  in  the 
Vendean  victory  at  Saumur  in  June,  1793.  The  Vende- 
ans under  La  Rocheiacquelein  suffered  a decisive  defeat 
by  the  republicans  under  AVestennann  and  Marceau  at 
Le  Alans,  Dec.  12, 1793.  The  war  was  continued  in  Brittany 
(war  of  the  rhouans),  and  was  suppressed  in  Vendde  by 
Hoche  in  1796.  The  chief  Vendean  leaders  were  Catheli- 


Vendee,  La,  War  of 

neau.  La  Rochejacquelein,  Stofflet,  and  Charette.  The  com- 
plete submission  of  the  Chouans  was  effected  by  Bona- 
parte in  1800. 

Vend6miaire  (von-da-myar').  [F.,  from  L. 
vindentia,  grape-gathering.]  The  name  adopted 
in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of  the  first 
French  republic  for  the  first  month  of  the  year. 
It  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  5,  6, 
7 with  Sept.  22  ; in  4,  8,  9,  10,  11,  13,  14  with  Sept.  23  ; and 
in  12  with  Sept.  24.  The  republican  calendar  came  into 
use  on  14th  V'endsimiaire,  year  2 (Oct.  5,  1793). 

Vendidad  (ven-de-dad').  See  Avesta. 
Vendome  (von-dom').  A former  countship  of 
France,  made  by  Francis  I.  a duchy.  It  after- 
ward gave  name  to  a Bourbon  line. 

Vendome.  A town  in  the  department  of  Loir- 
et-Cher,  France,  on  the  Loir  19  miles  north- 
west of  Blois  : the  Roman  Vindocinium.  Iteon- 
tains  the  abbey  church  of  the  Trinity,  the  Lyc(e  (former- 
ly a college),  a ruined  castle,  and  a hotel  de  ville.  It  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  a barony,  later  a duchy.  Several 
contests  between  the  French  and  Germans  occurred  in  its 
vicinity  in  Dec.,  1870.  Population,  commune,  9,804. 

Vendome,  Cesar,  Due  de.  Born  1594 : died  1665. 
An  illegitimate  son  of  Henry  IV.  of  France 
and  Gabrielle  d’Estr4es.  He  took  part  in  the 
intrigues  against  Louis  XHI.  and  Mazarin. 
Vendome,  Column.  A column  in  the  Place 
Vendfime,  Paris,  erected  by  Napoleon  in  honor 
of  the  Grand  Army  in  1806-10.  It  was  destroyed 
by  the  Commune  in  1871,  and  was  replaced  in 
1875. 

Vendome,  Francois  de,  Due  de  Beaufort.  Born 
at  Paris,  1616 : killed  at  Candia,  June  25,  1669. 
A French  politician  and  admiral,  grandson  of 
Henry  IV.:  surnamed  “roi  des  halles”  (‘king 
of  the  markets’)  on  account  of  his  audacity 
and  the  grossness  of  his  language.  He  was  a 
leader  of  the  Fronde  1648—49. 

Vendome,  Louis  Joseph,  Due  de:  also  called, 
until  the  death  of  his  father,  Due  de  Pen- 
thiSvre.  Born  at  Paris,  July  1,  1654:  died  at 
Vinaroz,  in  Catalonia,  June  15, 1712.  A famous 
French  general,  son  of  Louis,  due  de  Ven- 
d6me  (1612-69).  He  served  in  the  campaigns  in  the 
Low  Countries,  and  at  the  victory  of  Marsaglia  in  1G93 ; 
commanded  in  Catalonia,  and  took  Barcelona  Aug.  10, 
1697:  commanded  against  Prince  Eugene  atLuzzara,  Aug. 
15,  1702 ; commanded  in  Tyrol,  Piedmont,  and  Lombardy ; 
was  defeated  at  Oudenarde  July  11,  1708;  and  defeated 
the  Austrians  in  Spain  at  Villaviciosa,  Dec.  10,  1710. 

Vendome,  Philippe  de.  Born  1655 : died  1727. 
A French  general,  brother  of  Louis  Joseph  de 
Vendfime.  He  was  grand  prior  of  the  Maltese  Order, 
and  fought  against  the  Dutch,  Imperialists,  etc. 

Vendome,  Place.  One  of  the  principal  squares 
of  Paris,  situated  north  of  the  Seine,  and  con- 
nected with  the  Place  de  l’Opera  by  the  Rue  de 
la  Paix,  and  with  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  by  the  Rue 
Castiglione. 

Venedey  (ve'ne-dl),  Jakob.  Born  at  Cologne, 
May  24,1805:  died  near  Badenweiler, Feb.  8, 1871. 
A German  publicist  and  historian.  He  lived  long 
in  exile  in  France  after  his  participation  in  the  celebration 
at  Hambach  in  1832,  and  was  a member  of  the  Frankfort 
Parliament  of  1848.  His  works  include  “ Romertum,  Chris- 
tentum,  Germanentum"  (1840),  “Irland”  (1844),  “Eng- 
land "(1845),  “Geschiehte  des  deutschen  Volks”  (1854-62), 
and  biographies  of  Washington,  Franklin,  and  others. 
Venedig  (ve-ua'diG).  The  German  name  of 
Venice. 

Venediger  (ve-na'dig-er),  Gross-.  A peak  of  the 
Hohe  Tauem,  on  the  frontier  of  Tyrol  and  Salz- 
burg, west  of  the  Grossglockner : one  of  the 
highest  summits  of  the  Eastern  Alps,  famous 
for  its  view.  Height,  12,005  feet. 

Venerable  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Venerabilis 
(dok'tor  ven-e-rab'i-lis).  Champeaux. 
Venern,  Lake.  See  Wenern. 

Veneti  (ven'e-ti).  1 . In  ancient  history,  a peo- 
ple dwelling  near  the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  be- 
yond the  Po  and  Adige. — 2.  An  ancient  Celtic 
people  dwelling  in  Brittany  near  the  coast  of 
the  Bay  of  Biscay.  They  were  subdued  by 
Caesar,  after  a severe  maritime  war,  in  56  B.  c. 
Venetia  (ve-ne'shia).  An  ancient  province  of 
Italy,  included,  in  general, by  the  Po,  the  Alps, 
and  the  Adriatic.  It  was  afterward  ruled  by  Venice; 
passed  to  Austria  in  1797 ; and  became  finally  united  to 
Italy  in  1866.  As  a modern  compartimento  it  comprises 
theprovinces  of  Venice,  Padua,  Rovigo,  Verona,  Vicenza, 
Treviso,  Belluno,  Udine.  Population,  3,134,467. 
Venetia.  The  Latin  name  of  Venice. 
Venetian  (ve-ne'shan)  Alps.  A group  of  the 
Alps  in  northeastern  Italy,  south  of  the  Carnic 
Alps,  and  between  the  valleys  of  the  Taglia- 
*mento  and  Piave. 

Venezuela  (ven-e-zwe'lii) : Sp.,  in  full,  Estados 
TJnidos  de  Venezuela  (es-ta'dos  o-ne'dos  da 
va-nath-wa 'lii).  [For  origin  of  n ame, see  Quotes. ] 
A federal  republic  in  the  northern  part  of  South 
America,  bounded  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  British 
Guiana,  Brazil,  and  Colombia.  Capital, Caracas. 


1031 

Branches  of  the  Colombian  Andes  traverse  the  northwest- 
ern portion,  and  are  continuous  with  a range  along  the 
northern  coast  called  the  Maritime  Andes  or  Venezuelan 
Coast  Range  : south  of  these  are  the  plains  bordering  the 
Orinoco  and  its  tributaries,  and  including  the  vast  stretches 
of  grass-land  called  the  llanos  (which  see);  southeast  of 
the  Orinoco  (Venezuelan  Guiana)  there  are  broken  or 
mountainous  lands.  The  sou  them  and  eastern  boundaries 
are  unsettled.  The  chief  industries  are  agriculture  (coffee, 
cacao,  etc.)  in  the  mountain  regions,  and  grazing  on  the 
llanos ; gold,  copper,  etc.,  are  mined  in  considerable  quan- 
tities. The  limits  and  names  of  the  Btates  and  territories 
have  been  frequently  changed.  In  1899  the  division  into 
20  states,  which  existed  in  1864,  was  reestablished.  The 
executive  is  vested  in  a president  chosen  for  four  years, 
and  7 responsible  ministers.  Congress  consists  of  a senate 
and  chamber  of  deputies.  The  prevailing  language  is  Span- 
ish, and  the  prevailing  religion  Roman  Catholic  : religious 
liberty  is  guaranteed  by  the  constitution.  V enezuela  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498, and  was  conquered  and  set- 
tled principally  by  agents  of  the  commercial  house  of  the 
Welsers,  who  held  a grant  of  the  country  from  Charles  V. 
during  part  of  the  16th  century.  Later  the  greater  part 
of  it  was  included  in  the  Spanish  captain-generalcy  of 
Caracas.  Insurrections  broke  out  in  1810  ; were  partially 
suppressed  1812-13  and  1815-16  ; and  were  finally  success- 
ful in  1819.  Until  1830  the  country  was  included  in  the 
(original)  republic  of  Colombia.  The  conflicting  principles 
of  the  federalist  and  centralist  parties  have  led  to  many 
civil  wars  and  several  changes  of  the  constitution.  Area, 
365,000  square  miles.  Population,  2,664,241.  See  Schom- 
burgk  Line. 

Venezuela,  Gulf  of.  Same  as  Maracaibo , 
Gulf  of. 

VenL  See  Beni. 

Venice  (ven'is).  A province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy.  Area,  934  square  miles.  Population, 
443,804. 

Venice  (ven'is).  [F.  Venisc,  It.  Venesia,  G.  Ve- 
nedig, L.  Venetia  (from  the  Veneti).]  A seaport, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy,  situ- 
ated in  the  Lagune  (lagoons)  in  a bay  of  the 
Adriatic,  on  117  small  islands,  in  lat.  45°  26' 
N.,  long  12°  20'  E.  The  islands  are  separated  by  150 
canals  and  connected  by  378  bridges.  The  city  is  cele- 
brated for  its  situation,  its  palaces,  and  its  works  of  art. 
Its  trade  is  important,  and  it  has  manufactures  of  glass, 
gold-  and  silver- work,  mosaic,  silk,  velvet,  cotton,  etc. 
The  communication  is  mostly  by  water,  the  Grand  Canal 
(which  see)  being  the  principal  thoroughfare.  The  most 
famous  church  (see  Marie.  St. , Basilica  of)  st  amis  on  the  Piaz- 
za of  St.  Mark,  where  also  are  the  Procuratie  (or  procu- 
rators’ palaces),  campanile  (until  its  collapse  in  1902), 
and  clock-tower ; while  the  adjoining  Piazzetta  is  bor- 
dered by  the  palace  of  the  doges  (see  Doge’s  Palace)  and 
the  former  library  (now  the  great  hall  of  the  Palazzo 
Reale  or  Procuratie  Nuove).  San  Giovanni  e Paolo,  or 
San  Zanipolo,  is  a fine  large  Pointed  church  with  a light 
and  lofty  interior  and  a dome  at  the  crossing.  It  was  the 
usual  burial-place  of  the  doges.  Among  the  finest  tomhs 
are  those  of  Pietro  Mocenigo,  Michele  Morosini,  and 
Andrea  Vendramin — the  last  a masterpiece  of  the  early 
Renaissance.  Santa  Maria  dei  Frari,  designed  by  Niccolb 
Pisano,  and  begun  in  1250,  is  a large  church  of  brick 
with  a fine  arcaded  apse  and  a good  campanile.  The  spa- 
cious and  well-proportioned  interior  contains  good  paint- 
ings and  interesting  tombs.  The  Church  of  San  Giorgio 
degli  Schiavoni,  built  in  1551  for  the  lay  brotherhood  of 
the  Dalmatians,  is  famous  for  the  series  of  highly  realistic 
paintings  by  Carpaccio  which  adorns  its  interior.  The 
Church  of  San  Salvatore,  outside  a grotesque  Renaissance 
production,  but  well  proportioned  and  classical  in  the  in- 
terior, contains  some  of  the  finest  Renaissance  tombs  in 
Venice.  There  are  many  other  notable  churches.  The 
Palazzo  Contarini  Fasan,  on  the  Grand  Canal,  a small 
house,  defaced  though  it  is  by  restoration,  presents  the 
richest  example  of  Venetian  15th-century  Pointed  work. 
The  Palazzo  Foscari  is  the  finest  example  of  Venetian 
Pointed  architecture  of  the  15th  century.  The  Palazzo  Ven- 
dramin-Calergi,  built  in  1481,  is  the  finest  example  of  a 
private  building  of  the  early  Renaissance  in  Venice. 
Among  other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Bridge  of  Sighs 
(which  see),  the  Quay  Riva  degli  Schiavoni,  the  Rialto 
(which  see),  and  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  The  Vene- 
tian islands  are  said  to  have  become  refuges  from  the 
Teutonic  conquerors  as  early  as  the  5th  and  6(h  centuries. 
The  dogate  was  instituted  in  or  about  697  The  first 
permanent  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of  Venice 
in  the  9th  century.  Itoccupied  an  intermediate  position 
between  the  Byzantine  empire  and  that  of  the  West.  The 
title  of  Duke  of  Dalmatia  was  assumed  by  the  doge  about 
997.  The  republic  of  Venice  became  one  of  the  greatest 
commercial  powers  of  the  world,  especially  after  the  par- 
tition of  the  Byzantine  empire  in  1204,  in  which  it  played 
a leading  part,  sharing  the  spoils.  It  had  a long  and 
bitter  rivalry  with  Genoa.  It  was  governed  by  a doge, 
great  council,  senate,  and  after  1310  by  the  Council  of 
Ten.  In  the  14th  and  15th  centuries  it  acquired  Treviso, 
Vicenza,  Padua,  Verona,  Udine,  Brescia,  Bergamo,  and 
other  places  in  northeastern  Italy.  It  was  at  its  height 
in  the  15th  century,  and  held  various  possessions  in  Dalma- 
tia, Greece,  and  the  Levant ; became  celebrated  in  art,  es- 
pecially in  the  16th  century  (Titian,  Tintoretto,  Paolo  Ver- 
onese, Giorgione,  Bellini,  Sansovino,  Palladio,  Da  Ponte); 
and  lost  to  the  Turks  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries  its 
possessions  in  the  Morea,  with  Euboea,  Cyprus,  Corfu,  etc. 
The  League  of  Cambray  was  formed  against  Venice  in 
1508.  Venice  took  a leading  part  in  the  victory  of  Le- 
panto  in  1571;  lost  Crete  to  the  Turks  in  1669;  and  con- 
quered the  Morea  under  Morosini  1685-87.  Napoleon  put 
an  end  to  the  republic  in  1797.  Its  territories  were  ceded 
to  Austria  by  the  treaty  of  Campo-Formio  in  1797;  were 
ceded  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1805,  and  ceded  back  to 
Austria  in  1814  ; and  Venetia  became  part  of  the  Lom- 
bardo-Venetian  kingdom  in  1815.  The  republic  of  Venice, 
under  the  leadership  of  Manin,  was  proclaimed  in  1848. 
The  city  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Austria  1848-49. 
Venetia  (with  Venice)  was  ceded  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy 
in  1806.  Population,  commune,  151,840. 


Venus 

Venice,  Gulf  of.  The  northwestern  arm  of  the 

Adriatic  Sea. 

Venice  as  Queen  of  the  Sea.  An  effective 
and  skilfully  painted  allegorical  picture  by 
Tintoretto,  on  the  ceiling  of  the  Sala  del  Col- 
legio  in  the  ducal  palace  at  Venice. 

Venice  of  the  East.  A name  occasionally 
given  to  Bangkok. 

Venice  of  the  North.  A name  sometimes 
given  to  Stockholm  and  to  Amsterdam. 
Venice  of  the  West.  An  occasional  name  of 
Glasgow. 

Venice  Preserved,  or  a Plot  Discovered.  A 

tragedy  by  Otway,  printed  in  1682.  The  plot  is 
from  St.  Real’s  “Historic  de  la  Conjuration  du 
Marquis  de  Bedamar.” 

Venlo,  or  Venloo  (ven-15').  A town  in  the 
province  of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  Meuse  in  lat.  51°  23'  N.,  long.  6°  9'  E.  it 
has  varied  manufactures  and  an  extensive  trade  in  swine. 
It  was  formerly  strongly  fortified.  In  1473  it  was  taken 
by  Charles  the  Bold,  and  in  1481  by  Maximilian  I.  It 
was  besieged  by  Charles  V.  in  1643,  and  capitulated 
under  favorable  conditions  (the  “Accord  of  Venloo”); 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1568,  by  the  Duke  of  Parma  in 
1586,  and  by  Prince  Henry  of  Orange  in  1632 ; was  taken 
from  the  French  by  the  Allies  under  Marlborough  in 
1702  ; fell  to  Austria  by  the  peace  of  Baden  in  1714]  was 
restored  to  the  Netherlands  in  1715;  was  taken  by  the 
French  Oct.  26,  1794,  and  incorporated  in  France  in  1801 ; 
was  restored  to  the  Netherlands  by  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1814 ; was  taken  by  the  Belgians  Nov.,  1830 ; and  was  again 
restored  in  1839.  Population,  commune,  14,399. 

Venn  (ven),  or  the  High  Venn.  A desolate  pla- 
teau chiefly  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  on 
the  frontier  of  Belgium,  near  the  towns  Mont- 
joie  and  Malmedy.  Elevation,  about  2,000  feet. 
Venn,  John.  Born  1834 : died  1883.  An  English 
writer  and  lecturer  on  moral  science.  He  grad- 
uated at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  in  1857,  and  was  or- 
dained in  1858.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Logic  of 
Chance,  etc."  (1866),  “ On  Some  of  the  Characteristics  of 
Belief,  Scientific  and  Religious  "(1870),  “Symbolic  Logic  ” 
(1881),  “ Principles  of  Empirical  or  Inductive  Logic  "(1889). 

Vennachar  (ven'a-char),  Loch.  All  expansion 
of  the  river  Teith  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  east 
of  Loch  Katrine.  Length,  3-£  miles. 

Venosa  (va-no'sa).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  Italy,  23  miles  north  of  Potenza : the 
Roman  Venusia.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Hor- 
ace. Population,  8,585. 

Venta,  or  Venta  Belgarum  (ven'ta  bel-ga'- 
rum).  The  Roman  name  of  Winchester. 
Ventimiglia  (ven-te-mel'ya).  A seaport  in 
the  province  of  Porto-Maurizio,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  close  to  the  French 
frontier,  17  miles  east-northeast  of  Nice.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  11,500. 

Ventnor  (vent'nor).  A watering-place  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  situated  on  the  south- 
ern coast  9 miles  south-southeast  of  Newport: 
noted  for  its  mild  climate.  Population,  about 
6,000. 

Ventose(von-toz').  [F., ‘the  windy.’]  The  name 
adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of 
the  first  French  republic  for  the  sixth  month 
of  the  year.  It  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the 
years  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7 with  Feb.  19;  in  4,  8,  9,  10.  11,  13  with 
Feb.  20;  and  in  12  with  Feb.  21. 

Ventoux  (von-to'),  Mont.  An  outlying  sum- 
mit of  the  Alps,  in  southeastern  France,  north- 
east of  Avignon.  Height,  6,270  feet. 

Venus  (ve'nus).  1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  beauty  and  love,  more  especially 
sensual  love.  Venus  was  of  little  importance  as  a 
Roman  goddess  until,  at  a comparatively  late  period,  she 
was  identified  with  the  Greek  Aphrodite.  She  is  repre- 
sented as  the  highest  ideal  of  female  beauty,  and  was 
naturally  a favorite  subject  with  poets  and  artists,  some 
of  her  statues  (see  below)  being  among  the  noblest  remains 
of  classical  sculpture. 

2.  The  most  brilliant  of  the  planets,  being  fre- 
quently visible  to  the  naked  eye  by  daylight. 
It  is  the' second  from  the  sun  and  next  within  the  earth's 
orbit,  performing  its  sidereal  revolution  in  224.7008  days; 
its  distance  from  the  sun  is  0.723332  that  of  the  earth. 
The  synodical  revolution  is  made  in  684  days.  Its  orbit 
is  the  most  nearly  circular  of  those  of  the  major  planets, 
the  greatest  equation  of  the  center  being  only  47'  3".  The 
inclination  of  the  orbit  to  the  ecliptic  is  3°  23.5;  and 
the  earth  passes  through  the  ascending  node  on  Dec.  7. 
The  mass  of  Venus  (which  is  not  very  closely  ascertained) 
is  about  TTti'cnni  that  of  the  sun,  or  }.{  that  cf  the  earth. 
Its  diameter  is  a little  smaller  than  that  of  our  planet, 
which  subtends  an  angleof  2 x 8". 827  at  the  sun’s  center, 
while  Venus  at  the  same  distance  has  a semidiameter  of 
8"  .68  by  the  mean  of  the  best  night  measures,  or  8"  .40  ac- 
cording to  the  observations  at  its  transit  over  the  sun. 
Taking  the  mean  of  these  (which  are  affected  in  opposite 
ways  by  irradiation),  or  8".64,  we  find  the  diameter  of 
Venus  about  that  of  the  earth.  Its  volume  is  about  A, 
its  density  about  J,  and  gravity  at  its  surface  about  g the 
same  quantities  for  the  earth.  It  receives  1.9  as  much 
light  and  heat  from  the  sun  as  we,  and  the  tidal  action  of 
the  latter  is  about  5.3  times  as  great  as  upon  the  earth. 
The  period  of  rotation  of  Venus  is  set  down  in  many  books 
as  23  hours  and  50  minutes  ; but  recent  observations  have 


1032 


Venus 

led  some  astronomers  to  the  confident  conclusion  that  the 
true  period  falls  short  but  a little  of  225  days  and  is  identi- 
cal with  the  orbital  period.  No  satellite  of  Venus  has 
ever  been  seen.  Numerous  observations  of  one  were  re- 
ported in  the  18th  century ; but  all  these  have  been  fairly 
shown  to  be  fixed  stars,  except  one,  which  was  probably 
an  asteroid.  The  symbol  for  Venus  is  5 , supposed  to 
represent  the  goddess's  mirror. 

Venus,  Mountain  of,  or  Venusberg.  The 

Horselberg,  between  Eisenach  and  Gotha, with- 
in whose  caverns  (the  Horselloch),  according  to 
medieval  legend,  Venus  held  her  court  with 
heathen  splendor  and  revelry,  of  those  who, 
charmed  by  music  and  sensuous  allurements,  entered  her 
abode,  none  ever  returned  except  Tannliauser.  See  Tann- 
hauser. 

Venus  and  Adonis.  A poem  by  Sliakspere, 
published  in  1593. 

Venus  and  Adonis.  1.  A painting  by  Guer- 
cino  (1647),  in  the  Museum  at  Dresden.  Venus 
comes  suddenly  on  the  body  of  Adonis,  who  lies  with  torn 
flank,  and  makes  lively  manifestation  of  grief.  Cupid 
drag9  up  the  boar  from  one  side,  by  the  ear. 

2.  A painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  In  the  center  of  a glade, 
Adonis,  bearing  his  hunting-spear,  struggles  with  Venus 
and  Cupid,  who  strive  to  hold  him  back.  In  the  back- 
ground are  seen  Venus’s  chariot  drawn  by  swans,  and 
several  hunting-dogs. 

3.  A painting  by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the  Royal 
Museum  at  Madrid.  Venus  reclines,  holding 
in  her  lap  the  head  of  the  sleeping  Adonis. 

Venusberg  (va'nos-berG).  See  Venus,  Moun- 
tain of. 

Venus  Callipyge  (ka-lip'i-je).  [Gr.  KalVmvyy, 
with  beautiful  buttocks.]  A late  Greek  statue, 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  title  is  a mis- 
noiner,  as  there  is  nothing  of  Venus  about  the  figure,  which 
stands  with  the  weight  on  the  left  leg,  and  with  the  uplifted 
left  hand  raises  the  drapery  from  behind,  at  the  same  time 
looking  over  her  right  shoulder. 

Venus  Genetrix  (jen'e-triks).  [L.,  ‘she  who 
has  borne  or  produced.’]  1.  A Roman  copy  of  a 
Greek  original  held  to  represent  a celebrated 
type  by  Alcamenes,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The 
goddess  is  clad  in  a very  light  Ionian  tunic,  and  with  the 
raised  right  arm  lifts  her  himation  from  behind  toward  her 
head,  forming  the  Greek  gesture  symbolic  of  marriage. 
The  left  hand  extends  the  apple. 

2.  An  antique  marble  statue,  in  the  Vatican 
Museum,  held  to  be  an  excellent  copy  of  the 
bronze  cult-statue  by  Arcesilaus  which  stood 
in  the  temple  of  Venus  on  the  Forum  Julium. 
The  figure  is  fully  draped  in  very  thin,  clinging  drapery : 
she  extends  an  apple  with  her  left  hand,  and  with  the 
right  raises  her  mantle  over  the  shoulder  toward  the  head 
— the  symbolical  marriage-gesture. 

Venusia  (ve-nu'§i-a).  The  ancient  name  of 
Venosa. 

Venus  of  Arles.  A Greek  statue  found  at  Arles 
in  1651.  now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The  goddess 

is  represented  standing,  undraped  to  the  hips,  with  the 
head  slightly  inclined  toward  the  left. 

Venus  of  Capua.  A beautiful  antique  statue, 
of  the  type  of  the  famous  Venus  of  Melos,  in 
the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  goddess  wears 
a stephane,  and  is  undraped  to  her  hips.  It  is  a Roman 
copy  of  a Greek  original. 

Venus  of  Cnidus.  The  best  antique  reproduc- 
tion of  the  type  of  the  famous  statue  by  Praxit- 
eles, in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  figure  is  nude  ; 
the  drapery  is  held  in  the  left  hand,  and  falls  over  a beau- 
tiful vase.  The  existing  drapery  about  the  legs  is  of  tin 
painted  white.  The  arms  are  restored. 

Venus  of  Medici.  An  antique  Greek  original 
statue  of  marble,  probably  of  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus, in  the  Tribuna  of  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  It  is 
a very  graceful,  highly  finished  figure  of  the  goddess,  un- 
draped, as  Anadyomene,  with  her  arms  held  before  her 
body,  and  a dolphin  to  her  left.  While  without  the  dig- 
nity of  earlier  Greek  work,  it  has  long  ranked  as  a canon 
of  female  beauty. 

Venus  of  Melos.  A famous  Greek  statue  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris,  perhaps  the  most  admired  single 
existing  work  of  antiquity.  It  was  found  in  1820  in 
the  island  of  Melos,  and  in  date  appears  to  fall  between 
the  time  of  Phidias  and  that  of  Praxiteles,  or  about  400  b.  c. 
The  statue  represents  a majestic  woman,  undraped  to  the 
hips,  standing  with  the  weight  on  the  right  foot  and  with 
the  head  turned  slightly  toward  the  left.  The  arms  are 
broken  off,  and  there  is  a dispute  as  to  their  original 
position.  Also  called  the  Venus  of  Milo. 

Venus  of  Syracuse.  A Greek  statue  of  Venus 
Anadyomene,  of  the  3d  century  b.  C.,  in  the  Mu- 
seo Nazionale  at  Syracuse,  Sicily.  The  statue  is 
headless:  the  only  drapery  is  a piece  of  light  tissue  blown 
back  by  the  wind  and  retained  by  the  right  hand. 
Venus  of  the  Capitol.  A notable  Greek  origi- 
nal statue,  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  Rome. 

The  goddess  is  undraped,  with  her  arms  in  the  position  of 
those  of  the  Venus  of  Medici,  and  her  drapery  thrown 
over  a vase  beside  her.  The  motive  is  a variation  of  the 
type  of  the  Venus  of  Cnidus. 

Venus  of  the  Hermitage.  A noted  antique 
statue  of  Parian  marble,  found  in  Rome  in  1859, 
and  now  in  the  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg,  it 
is  a very  close  replica,  but  slightly  restored,  of  the  Venus 
of  Medici,  but  is  somewhat  less  affected  in  pose,  though 
harder  in  type. 


Venus  of  the  Shell.  A painting  by  Titian 
(1520),  in  Bridgewater  House,  London.  The  god- 
dess wrings  her  hair  as  she  rises  from  the  sea,  in  which  she 
is  still  immersed  to  her  thighs.  The  modeling  is  remark- 
able, despite  the  strong  light  on  all  sides,  and  the  color  is 
admirable.  The  picture  has  its  name  from  the  small  shell 
floating  beside  the  figure. 

Venus  of  Urbino.  A masterpiece  by  Titian,  in 
the  Tribuna  of  the  Uffizi,  Florence:  a very  grace- 
ful figure  reclining  on  a white-draped  couch, 
with  beautifully  warm  and  transparent  flesh- 
tints.  It  is  the  portrait  of  Eleonora  Gonzaga, 
duchess  of  Urbino. 

V epres  Siciliennes  ( vapr  se-se-lyen'  ),Les.  [F. , 

‘Sicilian  Vespers’  (which  see).]  1.  An  opera 
by  Verdi,  produced  at  Paris  in  1855,  and  in  Eng- 
land as  “I  Vespri  Sieiliani”  in  1859. — 2.  Aplay 
by  Casimir  Delavigne. 

Vera  (va'ra),  Augusto.  Born  at  Amelia,  Um- 
bria, Italy,  May  4,  1813 : died  at  Naples,  July 
13, 1885.  An  Italian  Hegelian  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor at  Naples.  He  translated  various  works  of  Hegel 
into  French,  and  wrote  “ Problem e de  la  certitude  ”(1845), 
“ An  Inquiry  into  Speculative  and  Experimental  Science  ” 
(1856),  “Essais  de  philosophie  hbgelienne  ” (1864),  etc. 

Vera  Cruz  (ve'ra  kroz ; Sp.  pron.  va'ra  kroth). 
[‘True  cross.’]  A maritime  state  of  Mexico, 
bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  states 
of  Tamaulipas,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Hidalgo,  Pue- 
bla, Oajaca,  Chiapas,  and  Tabasco.  Capital, 
Jalapa.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  except  the  coast- 
belt.  Area,  29,201  square  miles.  Population,  1,124,368,  (1910). 

Vera  Cruz.  A seaport  in  the  state  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
in  lat.  19°  12'  N.,  long.  96°  9'  W. : defended  by 
the  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulua.  it  is  the  principal 
seaport  of  Mexico,  and  the  port  of  export  for  over  half  of 
all  Mexican  products.  It  was  founded  by  Cortes  near  the 
present  site  (see  Villa  Idea) ; was  made  a city  in  1615 ; 
was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  French  in  1838,  and  by 
the  United  States  troops  under  Scott  in  1847  ; and  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1861.  Population,  29,164. 

Veragua  (va-ra'gwa),  or  Veraguas  (va-ra'- 
gwas).  [From  the  name  of  ariver,orperhaps  of 
an  Indian  town.]  A region  in  the  western  part 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  near  the  Gulf  of  Chi- 
riqui.  It  was  named  by  Columbus,  who  discovered  it  in 
1502  and  attempted  to  found  a settlement  there,  but  was 
driven  oft  by  the  Indians.  It  was  included  in  Castilla  del 
Oro,  granted  to  Diego  de  Nicuesa  in  1509,  who  endured 
great  sufferings  while  attempting  to  colonize  it.  Maria 
de  Toledo,  acting  for  her  son,  Luis  Columbus,  sent  an  ex- 
pedition to  conquer  Veragua  in  1535,  but  the  country  w as 
abandoned  after  nearly  all  the  colonists  had  died.  It  was 
partly  settled  during  the  colonial  period,  and  for  a time 
formed  a province  of  New  Granada.  It  is  now  a province 
in  the  republic  of  Panama. 

Veragua,  Dukes  of.  The  successors  to  the  hon- 
ors of  Christopher  Columbus.  In  1536  Luis  Colum- 
bus abandoned  his  claims  to  the  viceroyalty  of  the  Indies, 
receiving  in  return  the  title  of  duke  of  Veragua,  with  a 
grant  of  twenty-five  leagues  square  in  Veragua,  and  the 
islandof  Jamaica,  in  fief.  In  1556  he  was  deprived  of  the  fiefs, 
but  retained  the  title,  with  the  honorary  title  of  admiral 
of  the  Indies,  and  a pension.  Diego  Columbus,  the  great- 
grandson  of  the  discoverer,  died  cliildless  in  1578,  and  with 
him  the  male  line  of  Columbus  came  to  an  end.  A lawsuit 
for  the  succession  to  the  titles  followed  : it  lasted  thirty 
years,  and  was  settled  in  favor  of  the  descendants  of  Isabel, 
sister  of  Luis  Columbus.  This  line  ceased  in  1733,  and  the 
title,  afternew  litigations,  was  settled  on  the  descendants  of 
Francesca,  sister  of  the  Diego  Columbus  who  had  died  in 
1578.  The  present  Duke  of  Veragua  (born  1837)  visited  the 
United  States  in  1892,  and  was  received  with  high  honors 
as  the  representative  of  the  family. 

Verazzano.  See  Verrazano. 

Verboeckhoven  (ver-bok'ho-ven),  Eugene 
Joseph.  Born  at  Warneton,  Belgium,  July  8, 
1798 : died  at  Brussels,  Jan.  20,  1881.  A Bel- 
gian painter  of  animals. 

Verbruggen  (ver-brug'en),  John.  Died  1707(f). 
An  English  actor.  He  was  the  original  Oronooko, 
and  so  famous  as  Alexander  that  he  was  sometimes  called 
by  that  name. 

Verbruggen,  Mrs. (Susanna Perceval  Mount- 
fort).  Born  about  1667 : died  1701.  An  Eng- 
lish actress.  She  married  William  Mountfort,  an  actor, 
about  1686,  and  after  his  death  married  Verbruggen.  She 
was  a brilliant  actress  of  light  comedy.  Cibber  has  cele- 
brated her  in  hiB  “Apology." 

Vercellae  (ver-sel'e).  The  ancient  name  of  Ver- 
celli. 

Vercelli  (ver-chel'le).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  38  miles 
west  by  south  of  Milan:  the  ancient  Ve  reel  he, 
capital  of  the  Libici.  Near  it  are  the  Raudian  Fields. 
It  had  a university  in  the  middle  ages.  The  Church  of 
Sant’  Andrea,  of  the  early  13th  century,  is  a notable  build- 
ing combining  Romanesque  and  Pointed  arches.  The 
walls  are  of  brick  ; the  pillars,  angle-quoins,  and  other 
important  details,  and  the  entire  facade,  of  stone.  The 
facade  has  three  sculptured  doorways  and  two  galleries 
of  columns,  with  slender  rectangular  towers.  At  the  cross- 
ing there  is  an  octagonal  lantern  surrounded  by  six  tur- 
rets. Population,  town,  18,626 ; commune,  31,164. 

Vercelli,  Battle  of.  See  Raudian  Fields. 

Vercelli  Book.  A manuscript  collection  of  early 
English  poetry  and  Anglo-Saxon  legends  and 


Vergennes 

homilies.  It  contains  Cynewulf's  “Elene."  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Friedrich  Blume  at  Vercelli,  Italy,  in  1822. 

Vercingetorix (ver-sin-jet'o-riks).  Puttodeath 
about  45  B.  c.  A heroic  chief  of  the  Arverni  in 
Gaul,  the  leader  of  the  great  rebellion  against 
the  Romans  in  52  B.  C.  He  gained  various  successes 
against  Caesar,  but  was  besieged  by  him  in  Alesia  and  sur- 
rendered  in  52.  He  was  exhibited  in  Caesar’s  triumph  in 
Rome  in  46,  and  then  by  Caesar’s  order  beheaded. 

Verd,  Cape.  See  Cape  Verd. 

Verdant  Green  (ver'dant  gren),  Mr.,  Adven- 
tures of.  A novel  by  Bdward  Bradley  (under 
the  pseudonym  of  Cuthbert  Bede),  published 
in  1853. 

Verden  (ver'den).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Aller  21miles 
southeast  of  Bremen.  It  has  a cathedral,  and  was  for- 
merly the  seat  of  a bishopric.  It  became  a Swedish  duchy 
in  1648,  and  passed  to  Hannover  in  1719.  Population, 
commune,  9,728. 

Verdi  (ver'de),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Roncole, 
duchy  of  Palma,  Italy,  Oct.  10,  1813:  died  at 
Milan,  Jan.  27,  1901.  A celebrated  Italian 
composer.  He  received  his  musical  education  at 
Busseto  and  Milan ; was  appointed  organist  at  Roncole 
when  only  10  years  old  ; settled  in  Milan  in  1838 ; and  lived 
in  later  life  in  Genoa  and  at  his  villa  Sta.  Agata(near  Busse- 
to). He  was  a member  of  the  Italian  Parliament  for  a short 
time  in  1860,  and  w’as  chosen  senator  in  1875,  but  never 
attended  a sitting.  His  chief  operas  are  “Nabucodonosor” 
(1842),  “I Lombardi "(1843),  “ Ernani ” (1844),  “IdueFos- 
cari  ” (1844),  “ Attila  ” (1846),  “ Macbeth  ” (1847  : revised 
1865),  “Luisa  Miller" (1849),  “ Rigoletto " (1861),  “IlTrova- 
tore"(1853),  “LaTraviata”(1853),  “LesVepres. Siciliennes" 
(1855),  “Simon  Boccanegra"  (1867 : revised  1881),  “Un  hallo 
in  maschera”  (1859),  “La  forza  del  destino"  (1862),  “Don 
Carlos"  (1867),  “Aida”  (1871),  “Otello”  (1887),  “Falstaff” 
(1893).  His  other  works  include  “Requiem  Mass  "(1874) 
and  other  sacred  compositions,  etc. 

Verdigris  (ver'di-gres)  River.  A river  in  Kan- 
sas and  the  Indian  Territory  which  joins  the 
Arkansas  25  miles  west  of  Tahlequah.  Length, 
over  250  miles. 

Verdon  (ver-don').  A river  in  southeastern 
France  which  forms  in  large  part  the  boundary 
between  Basses-Alpes  and  Var.  it  joins  the  Du- 
rance 21  miles  northeast  of  Aix.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Verdun  (ver-dun').  A fortified  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  in  lat.  49°  9'  N. : the  ancient  Verodu- 
num  in  Gaul.  It  manufactures  confectionery,  liquors, 
etc.  ; has  a cathedral  of  the  12th  century  ; and  is  strongly 
fortified.  In  the  10th  century  it  passed  to  the  German 
Empire  ; was  made  a free  imperial  city ; was  occupied  by 
Henry  II.  of  France  in  1552,  and  witli  its  territory  was  for- 
mally annexed  to  France  in  1648  ; was  held  a short  time  by 
the  Prussians  in  1792  ; and  capitulated  to  the  Prussians  in 
Nov.,  1870.  Population,  commune,  21,706. 

Verdun,  Treaty  of.  A treatymade  atVerdunin 
843  by  the  sons  of  Louis  leDdbonnaire.  Lothaire 
was  confirmed  as  emperor,  and  received  Italy  and  theregion 
lying  in  general  west  of  the  Rhine  and  Alps  and  east  of  the 
Rhone,  SaOne,  Meuse, and  Schelde.  Ludwig  the  German  re- 
ceived the  region  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Elbe(the  nu- 
cleus of  Germany) ; and  Charles  the  Bald  obtained  the  re- 
gion west  of  Lothaire’s  dominions  (the  nucleus  of  France). 

On  his  [Louis  the  Pious's]  death  the  sons  flew  to  arms, 
and  the  first  of  the  dynastic  quarrels  of  modem  Europe 
was  fought  out  on  the  field  of  Fontenay.  In  the  partition 
treaty  of  Verdun  which  followed,  the  Teutonic  principle 
of  equal  division  among  heirs  triumphed  over  the  Roman 
one  of  the  transmission  of  an  indivisible  empire. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  77. 

Verdunois  (ver-dii-nwa').  An  ancient  terri- 
tory of  eastern  France,  whose  capital  was  Ver- 
dun. With  the  Pays  Messin  it  formed  one  of  the  small 
governments  of  France  prior  to  1790.  The  name  Verdu- 
nois was  also  given  to  a small  district  in  Gascony,  south- 
ern France,  near  Verdun-sur-Garonne. 

V erdy  du  V ernois  ( ver-de ' dii  ver-nwa' ),  Julius 
von.  Born  at  Freistadt,  in  Silesia,  July  19, 
1832 : died  Sept.  30,  1910.  A Prussian  general, 
military  writer,  and  politician.  He  became  lieu- 
tenant-general  in  1881,  and  commander  of  the  first  divi- 
sion (at  Konigsberg)  in  1883,  and  was  minister  of  war 
1889-90.  He  is  especially  noted  for  his  works  on  mili- 
tary affairs. 

Vere,  Sir  Aubrey  de.  See  De  Fere. 

Vere,  Maximilian  Scheie  de.  See  Dc  Vere. 

Vereshchagin  (ve-resh-cha'gin),  Vasili.  Born 
in  the  province  of  Novgorod,  Russia,  Oct.,  1842: 
died  off  Port  Arthur,  April  13, 1904.  A Russian 
genre-  and  battle-painter.  He  studied  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  Academy,  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  in  Paris, 
and  with  GCrome.  He  traveled  through  Turkestan,  China, 
and  India ; served  in  the  Caucasus  and  in  the  Russo-Turk- 
isli  war  ; was  present  at  the  storming  of  Plevna ; acted  as 
secretary  in  the  negotiations  for  peace  ; and  went  to  India 
again  in  1882  and  1884.  Many  of  his  paintings  are  at 
Moscow  in  the  Tretjakoff  collection.  Among  his  other  pic- 
tures is  a cycle  of  20  from  the  history  of  India,  a cycle  of 
20  from  the  campaign  in  Turkestan,  20  from  the  Russo- 
Turkish  war,  a number  of  sacred  subjects,  etc.  He  was 
killed  iu  the  destruction  of  the  Russian  battle-ship  Petro- 
pavlovsk. 

Vergara.  See  Bergara. 

Vergennes  (ver-jenz').  A city  in  Addison 
County,  Vermont,  35  miles  west  by  south  of 
Montpelier.  Population,  1,483,  (1910). 


Vergennes 

Vergennes  (ver-zhen'),  Comte  de  (Charles 
Gravier).  Born  at  Dijon,  France,  Dec.  28, 
1717 : died  Feb.  13,  1787.  A French  politician 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed  minister  to  Treves 
in  1750 ; was  ambassador  to  Turkey  1755-68  ; was  made 
ambassador  to  Sweden  in  1771 ; and  became  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  1774.  He.promoted  the  alliance  with  the 
United  States,  and  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Paris  in  1783. 

Verges  (ver'gez).  In  Shakspere’s  “Much  Ado 
about  Nothing,”  a “ headborough,”  assistant 
to  Dogberry. 

Vergier  de  Hauranne.  See  Duvergierdc  Hau- 
ranne. 

Vergil,  or  Virgil  (ver'jil)  (L.  Publius  Vergi- 
liusMaro).  Bom  in  Andes,  near  Mantua  , Cisal- 
pine Gaul,  Oct.  15, 70  b.  c.  : died  at  Brundisium, 
Italy,  Sept.  21, 19  B.  c.  A famous  Roman  epic,  di- 
dactic, and  idyllic  poet.  He  studied  at  Cremona,  Me- 
diolanum, Neapolis,  and  Rome,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  rhetoric,  philosophy,  and  poetry.  In  41  his  paternal 
estate  near  Mantua  was  confiscated  for  the  benefit  of  the 
soldiery  which  had  assisted  Octavian  in  the  civil  war 
against  Brutus  and  Cassius : but  he  was  later  indemnified 
through  the  intercession  of  Maecenas.  He  enjoyed  the 
friendship  and  patronage  of  Asinius  Pollio.  Maecenas  (to 
whom  he  was  introduced  about  40),  and  Octavian  (Augus- 
tus). He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Horace,  whom  he  in- 
troduced to  Maecenas.  About  37  he  settled  at  Rome : his 
later  years  were  spent  chiefly  in  Campania.  His  works  in- 
clude “Eclogues”  or  “Bucolics"  (written  42-37),  “Geor- 
gies” (written  about  37-30),  and  the  “.Kneid,"  The  first 
printed  edition  of  V ergil  appeared  at  Rome  about  1469. 

Vergil,  or  Virgil  (ver'jil),  Polydore.  Born  at 
Urbino,  Italy,  about  1470:  died  there,  1555.  An 
Italian-English  ecclesiastic  and  historian.  He 
was  sent  to  England  as  deputy  collector  of  Peter’s  pence 
by  the  Pope  in  1501 ; was  presented  to  an  English  living  in 
1503 ; and  in  1504  was  appointed  the  Bishop  of  Hereford's 
proxy  on  his  translation  to  the  see  of  Bath  and  W ells.  He 
was  collated  to  the  prebend  of  Scamblesby  in  Lincoln  in 
1507  ; was  naturalized  in  1510  ; and  was  collated  to  the 
prebend  of  Oxgate  in  St.  Paul's  in  1613.  He  was  impris- 
oned for  a short  time  about  1515  on  the  charge  of  slander- 
ing Wolsey.  He  returned  to  Italy  about  1550.  His  chief 
work  is  “ Historic  Anglicsc  libri  xxvi”(1534):  a twenty- 
seventh  book  was  added  in  the  third  edition,  1555. 

Vergil  the  Magician.  The  legendary  form 
which  the  historical  Vergil  assumed  in  the  mid- 
dle ages. 

Vergilius  (ver-jil'i-us).  See  Vergil. 
Vergniaud  (vem  - yo '),  Pierre  Victurnien. 

Born  at  Limoges,  France,  May  31, 1753 : guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1793.  A French  orator 
and  Revolutionary  statesman.  He  practised  law 
at  Bordeaux  ; became,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution, 
a member  of  the  government  of  the  department  of  Gi- 
ronde ; was  elected  deputy  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in 
1791,  and  became  its  president ; and  was  one  of  the  chief 
Revolutionary  orators,  and  the  leader  of  the  Girondists. 
He  was  a member  of  the  Convention ; was  opposed  by  Robes- 
pierre ; and  was  proscribed  in  June,  1793,  imprisoned  in 
July,  and  condemned  to  death  in  October. 

Veria,  or  Verria  (ve-re'a).  A town  in  Turkey, 
44  miles  west  by  south  of  Saloniki : the  ancient 
Berea.  Population,  about  10,000. 

Verlaine  (ver-lan'),  Paul.  Born  March  30, 1844 : 
died  Jan.  8,  1896.  A French  poet.  He  at  first  be- 
longed to  the  “Parnassians,”  but  afterward  became  one  of 
the  most  noted  of  the  “Symbolists "and  the  “Decadents.” 
Following  the  example  of  Villon,  he  used  his  misfortunes 
in  hospital  and  prison  as  a theme  for  his  poems  and  prose 
works.  He  lectured  on  poetry  in  England  in  1893.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Poemes  saturniens  ” (1865),“  Sagesse  "(1881), 
“ Jadis  et  naguere”  (1885),  “Romances  sans  paroles  ” (1887), 
“ Bonhenr " (1891),  “Mes  hopitaux  ” (1891). 

Verlorene  Handschrift  (fer-16'ren-e  hand'- 
shrift),  Die.  [G.,‘  The  Lost  Manuscript.’]  One 
of  the  chief  novels  of  Gustav  Freytag,  pub- 
lished in  1864. 

Verlorenes  Loch  (fer-lo'ren-es  loch).  A deep 
and  narrow  gorge  of  the  Ilinter  Rhein,  in  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  through  which 
the  Via  Mala  passes. 

Vermandois  (ver-mon-dwa').  An  ancient 
territory  of  France,  in  Picardy.  Capital,  St.- 
Quentin.  It  lay  northeast  of  Pari3,  and  is  comprised  in 
the  departments  of  Aisne  and  Somme.  In  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a countship ; was  united  to  France  by  Philip  II.  in 
1183 ; was  ceded  to  Burgundy  by  the  treaty  of  Arras  in 
1435 ; and  on  the  death  of  Charles  the  Bold  (1477)  was  taken 
by  Louis  XI.  of  France. 

Vermejo  (ver-ma'Ho),  Rio.  [Sp.,  ‘red  river.’] 
A western  branch  of  the  Paraguay,  rising  in 
Bolivia,  flowing  southeast  through  the  Gran 
Chaco  plains  (Argentine  Republic),  and  joining 
the  Paraguay  shortly  above  the  junction  of  the 
latter  with  the  Parana.  The  middle  and  lower  por 
tions  spread  out  in  swamps  in  which  the  channel  is  nearly 
lost.  Length,  over  800  miles. 

Vermilion  (ver-mil'yon).  A city  in  Clay  County, 
South  Dakota,  on  the  Missouri  near  Yankton. 
Vermilion  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, on  the  southern  coast  of  Louisia  na.  Length, 
about  20  miles. 

Vermont(ver-mont').  [‘Green mountain.’]  One 
of  the  New  England  States  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  extending  from  lat.  42°44'to45°l' 
VI.  34 


1033 

N.,  and  from  long.  71°  38'  to  73°  25'  W.  Capital, 
Montpelier.  It  is  bounded  by  Quebec  on  the  north,  New 
Hampshire  (separated  by  the  Connecticut)  on  the  east, 
Massachusetts  on  the  south,  and  New  York  (largely  sepa- 
rated by  Lake  Champlain)on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  from 
north  to  south  by  the  Green  Mountains.  It  is  an  agricul- 
tural State,  and  is  also  noted  for  its  quarries  of  granite  and 
marble.  It  has  14  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  2 repre- 
sentatives to  Congress,  and  has  4 electoral  votes.  The  first 
to  explore  it  was  Champlain  (1609) ; the  first  settlement  was 
made  at  Brattleboro  in  1724.  It  was  claimed  by  N ew  Hamp- 
shire, and  called  at  first  the  “ New  Hampshire  Grants,”  and 
was  afterward  claimed  by  New  York.  Its  “Green  Mountain 
Boys,"  under  the  lead  of  Ethan  Allen,  took  an  active 
part  in  the  Revolutionary  War;  and  it  was  the  scene  of 
the  battle  of  Bennington.  It  formed  a constitution  and 
proclaimed  its  independence  in  1777,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Union  in  1791.  It  was  the  starting-point  of  Canadian 
raids  in  1837,  and  later  of  Fenian  raids."  Length,  158miles. 
Area,  9,565  square  miles.  Population,  355,956,  (1910). 
Verne  (veru),  Jules.  Bom  at  Nantes,  France, 
Feb.  8,  1828:  died  at  Amiens,  March  24,  1905. 
A French  novelist.  He  was  educated  at  Nantes,  and 
afterward  studied  law  at  Paris,  but  ultimately  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  After  turning  out  a number  of  mod- 
erately successful  plays,  he  struck  a new  vein  in  his  scien- 
tific romances,  which  have  gained  a world  wide  popular- 
ity. They  include  “Cinq  semaines  en  ballon”  (“Five 
Weeks  in  aBalloon,”  1863),  “ Voyage  au  centre  de  la  terre  ” 
(“Journey  to  the  Center  of  the  Earth,”  1864),  “De  la  terre 
k la  lune"  (“A  Trip  to  the  Moon,”  1865),  “Vingt  mille 
lieues  sous  les  mers”  (“Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  under 
the  Sea,”  1870),  “L’ile  mysterieuse”  (“The  Mysterious 
Island,"  1870),  “ Voyage  au  tour  du  mondeen  quatre-vingts 
jours”  (“Round  tlie  World  in  Eighty  Days,"  1872),  “Mi- 
chel Strogoff  " (1876),  “ Le  rayon  vert  ” (1882),  etc. 

Vernet  (ver-na'),  Antoine  Charles  Horace, 
called  Carle.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  Aug.  14, 1758 : 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  17,  1835.  A French  histori- 
cal and  animal  painter,  son  and  pupil  of  C.  J. 
Vernet.  He  took  a first  prize  in  1782,  studied  in  Italy 
till  1789,  and  went  with  Napoleon  to  Italy. 

Vernet,  Claude  Joseph,  called  Joseph.  Bom 

at  Avignon,  France,  Aug.  14, 1712 : died  at  Pa- 
ris, Dec.  23,  1789.  A French  marine-  and  land- 
scape-painter, son  and  pupil  of  Antoine  Vernet 
(1689-1753).  He  studied  at  Rome  in  1732,  and  settled  in 
Paris  in  1753,  after  painting  at  many  European  courts.  He 
painted  by  royal  order  a series  of  French  seaports. 

Vernet,  Smile  Jean  Horace,  called  Horace. 
Born  at  Paris,  June  30,  1789:  died  there,  Jan. 
17, 1863.  A distinguished  French  genre-  and 
battle-painter,  son  and  pupil  of  A.  C.  H. Vernet, 
and  pupil  of  Moreau  and  Vincent.  He  was  deco- 
rated for  braveiy  at  the  defense  of  the  Barriere  de  Clichy  in 
1820 ; was  director  of  the  French  school  at  Rome  1827-39 ; 
and  was  employed  1836-42  in  painting  for  the  gallery  of 
Versailles.  Most  of  his  pictures  after  1836  were  of  Arab 
life.  They  include  “Dog  of  the  Regiment,”  “ Horse  with 
the  Trumpet,”  “Grenadier  of  Waterloo,”  battles  of  Je- 
mappes,Valmy,  Hanau,  Bouvines,  Montmirail,  Jena,  Fried- 
land,  Wagram,  Isly, “ Campaign  of  Constantine,”  “Capture 
of  the  Sinaia  of  Abd-el-Kader,”  “ Barrier  of  Clichy,” 
“Bridge  of  Areola,”  “Smala,”  “ Siege  of  Antwerp,"  various 
Moorish  scenes,  “Judith,"  “Rachel,”  scenes  from  Mo- 
litre’s  plays,  etc. 

Verneuil  (ver-ney').  A town  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the  Avre  49  miles 
south  by  west  of  Rouen.  Here,  Aug.  17,  1424,  the 
English  under  the  Duke  of  Bedford  defeated  the  French. 
Population,  commune,  4,446. 

Verneuil,  Catherine  Henriette  de  Balzac 
d’Entragues,  Marquise  de.  Born  at  Orleans 
in  1579:  died  at  Paris  in  1633.  A mistress 
of  Henry  IV . She  was  false  to  him,  but  he  was  infat- 
uated with  her,  though  he  finally  broke  with  her.  Later 
she  was  accused  of  haviDg  been  a moral  accomplice  in  his 
assassination,  but  nothing  was  proved  against  her. 

VernSville  (ver-na-vel').  A village  west-north- 
west. of  Metz.  The  heights  east  of  the  village  were  the 
scene  of  hard  fighting  in  the  battle  of  Gravelotte,  Aug.  18, 
1870.  The  French  center  was  here  attacked  by  the  German 
9th  army  corps. 

Vernier  (ver-nya'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Ornans, 
France,  about  1580 : diedthere,  Sept.  14, 1637.  A 
French  mathematician,  noted  as  the  inventor 
of  the  vernier  (named  for  him).  He  wrote  “Con- 
struction, usage,  et  propri<5tbs  du  quadrant  nouveau  de 
mathbmatiques  ’’  (1631),  etc. 

Vernon  (ver-noh').  [ML.  Verno .]  A town  in 
the  department  of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  30  miles  southeast  of  Rouen.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  8,667. 

Vernon  (ver'non),  Diana  or  Di.  A high- 
spirited  girl  with  a love  for  manly  sports,  the 
heroine  of  Scott’s  “ Rob  Roy.” 

Vernon  (ver'non),  Edward.  Born  at  West- 
minster, Nov.  12,  1684:  died  at  Nacton,  Suf- 
folk, England,  Oet.  30,  1757.  An  English  ad- 
miral. He  entered  the  navy  in  1700;  served  in  the  War  of 
the  Spanish  Succession  1701-13  ; and  entered  Parliament  in 
1722.  He  bombarded  and  took  Porto  Bello  in  1739 ; was  re- 
pulsed before  Cartagena  in  1741 ; and  was  struck  from  the 
list  of  admirals  in  1740  for  publishing  a couple  of  pamphlets 
against  the  admiralty. 

Vernon,  Jane  Marchanfc  Fisher.  Bom  in  Eng- 
landabout  1796 : died  at  New  York,  June  4, 1869. 
An  English-Ameriean  actress,  she  came  to  Amer- 
ica  in  18*27.  and  shortly  after  married  George  Vernon,  an 
actor,  who  died  in  about  three  years.  Her  best  parts  in  her 


Veronese 

later  years  were  Mrs.  Hardcastle,  Mrs.  Malaprop,  Tabitha 
Stork,  and  similar  characters. 

Verocchio,  or  V err  occhio  ( va-rok'ke-o) , Andrea 
< Andrea  Cioni  di  Michele).  Bom  at  Florence, 
1435 : died  at  V enice,  1488.  An  Italian  sculptor, 
the  most  noted  pupil  of  Donatello.  He  was  early 
apprenticed  to  Giuliano  Verocchio,  a goldsmith,  from 
whom  he  took  his  nam  e (Verocchio,  the  true  eye).  He  was  a 
painter  as  well  as  a sculptor,  but  only  one  picture  remains, 
the  “Baptism  of  our  Lord,"  in  the  Aceademia  in  Florence. 
In  1467  he  did  compartments  of  the  door  of  the  sacristy  of 
the  Duomo  in  Florence  for  Luca  della  Robbia.  From  1473 
to  1476  (pontificate  of  Sixtus  IV.)  he  was  in  Rome.  Imme- 
diately after  his  return  to  Florence  in  1476,  Verocchio 
modeled  and  cast  his  famous  little  statue  of  David.  From 
1471  to  1472  he  worked  upon  the  mausoleum  of  Giovanni  and 
Piero  de  Medici  for  the  sacristy  of  San  Lorenzo.  The  last 
work  upon  which  he  was  employed  was  the  equestrian 
statue  of  Bartolommeo Colleoni  (or  Coleone),  captain-gen- 
eral of  the  Venetian  forces,  who  died  at  Bergamo,  leaving 
his  silver,  furniture,  arms,  horses,  and  the  sum  of  216,000 
florins  to  the  republic  of  Venice,  on  condition  that  his 
statue  should  be  set  up  in  the  Piazza  di  San  Marco  (it 
was  really  placed  in  the  Piazza  of  the  Scuola  di  San  Marco). 
Verocchio  had  nearly  finished  the  horse  when  he  died. 
The  Colleoni  was  later  finished  by  Leopardi.  Lorenzo  di 
Credi,  Perugino,  and  Leonardo  da  Vinci  were  his  pupils. 
Veroli  (va'ro-le).  [L.  Veru! a .']  A town  in  the 
province  of  Romo,  Italy,  situated  49  miles 
east-southeast  of  Rome.  Population,  town, 
2,780;  commune,  12,677. 

Veromandui  (ver-o-man'du-i).  An  ancient 
people  of  Belgic  Gaul  who  lived  in  the  vicinity 
of  St. -Quentin. 

Verona  (va-ro'na).  A province  in  the  compar- 
timento  of  Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  1,185  square 
miles.  Population,  447,938. 

Verona.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Vero- 
na, Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige  iu  lat.  45°  26' 
N.,  long.  11°  E.  It  is  strongly  fortified.  It  contains 
a Roman  amphitheater,  deprived  almost  completely  of  its 
ornamental  exterior  facing,  but  remaining  practically  per- 
fect in  its  vaults  and  cavea,  and  still  iu  current  use.  It 
is  3 stories  (98  feet)  high,  built  of  white  and  red  marble 
with  brick  substructions,  has  45  tiers  of  seats,  and  can  seat 
22,000  people.  The  greater  axis  is  506  feet,  the  less  403  ; 
the  arena  is  248  by  145  feet.  The  arena  could  be  flooded 
for  the  naumachy.  It  was  built  about  290  A.  D.  The  Church 
of  Sant’  Anastasia  is  one  of  the  finest  Italian  brick  churches 
of  the  13th  century,  with  a beautiful  recessed  double- 
arched  sculptured  portal.  The  characteristically  Italian 
interior  has  very  high  wide  nave-arches ; the  triforium  is 
represented  merely  by  an  open  circle  in  every  bay,  and  the 
clearstory  by  an  ornamented  sexfoil.  The  Cast.el  Vecchio  is 
a large  battlemented  citadel  built  by  Can  Grande  II.  della 
Scala  in  1355,  now  used  as  a barracks.  It  is  connected 
with  the  arsenal  by  a picturesque  contemporaneous  bat- 
tlemented and  turreted  bridge  of  brick,  with  unequal 
arches,  the  largest  with  a span  of  over  160  feet.  The  cathe- 
dral is,  as  it  now  stands,  of  the  12th  century.  The  chief 
entrance-porch  has  four  columns,  two  of  them  resting  on 
griffins,  and  superposed  arches ; the  portal  is  guarded  by 
the  Paladins  of  Charlemagne.  The  interior  has  clustered 
columns  and  pointed  arches,  with  some  excellent  frescos ; 
the  Chapel  of  Sant’  Agata  contains  a beautiful  medieval 
sculptured  shrine ; the  fineRenaissance  choir,  with  curved 
colonnade,  is  by  Sammichele.  The  Lombard  baptistery 
has  a great  octagonal  marble  font,  curiously  sculptured 
with  reliefs  and  arcades.  The  cloister,  witli  coupled  col- 
umns, retains  a fine  Roman  mosaic  and  a column  of  the 
temple  of  Minerva.  The  palace  of  the  Scaligers  is  now 
used  for  the  law-courts  and  jail.  It  has  a picturesque 
court  and  staircase,  and  a fine  brick  campanile  of  the  13th 
century  (272  feet  high).  Below,  it  is  plain  and  square ; 
above,  it  has  in  each  face  a fine  triple  arch  beneath  a bold 
corbeled  cornice.  The  crown  is  a recessed  octagonal  ar- 
caded lantern  of  two  stories.  The  tombs  of  the  Scaligers 
form  a unique  assemblage  of  family  tombs  of  the  13th  and 
14th  centuries.  The  two  chief  of  these  monuments  are 
those  of  Mastino  II.  and  of  Can  Signorio  della  Scala.  Ve- 
rona was  a Roman  colony  and  important  city,  and  was  the 
residence  of  Theodoric  (Dietrich  of  Bern,  i.  e.  Verona),  at 
times  the  residence  of  Lombard  kings.  It  was  ruled  by 
the  Scala  family  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries ; was  con- 
quered by  Venice  in  1405;  and  played  an  important 
part  in  the  history  of  art  in  the  15th  and  16th  centime's. 
The  city  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1796 ; was  ceded  to 
Austria  in  1797 ; and  was  ceded  to  Italy  in  1866.  It  was 
one  of  the  four  famous  fortresses  of  the  Quadrilateral.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Catullus,  Cornelius  Nepos,  Vitru- 
vius, and  the  elder  Pliny.  Pop.,  62,024  ; commune,  74,271. 

Verona,  Congress  of.  A congress  of  repre- 
sentatives from  the  principal  European  govern- 
ments, held  at  Verona  Oct.-Dec.,  1822:  occa- 
sioned by  the  disturbances  in  Spain  and  south- 
eastern Europe.  It  was  attended  by  the  monarchs  of 
Prussia,  Austria,  Russia,  and  the  Two  Sicilies  and  Sardinia, 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  the  Duke  of  Montmorency,  and 
others.  Metternich  presided.  The  chief  result  was  the 
armed  intervention  of  France  in  Spain  in  1823. 

Veronese  (va-ro-na  'ze),  Paul  (Paolo  Cagliari ). 

Bom  at  Verona,  1528:  died  at  Venice,  April  19, 
1588.  A celebrated  Italian  painter  of  the  Vene- 
tian school.  His  first  considerable  commissions  were 
executed  at  Mantua.  In  1555  he  went  to  Venice,  where 
he  remained.  II is  first  commission  here  was  the  “Corona- 
tion of  the  Virgin,”  and  four  other  subjects,  for  the  Con- 
vent of  St.  Sebastian.  In  1563  Titian  supported  his  claims 
to  the  award  of  the  decoration  of  the  Library  of  St.  Mark. 
In  1565  Veronese  went  to  Rome.  In  1573  lie  was  called 
before  the  Inquisition  to  answer  a charge  of  blasphemy  for 
introducing  in  a “Last  Supper,”  painted  for  the  friars  of 
St.  John  and  St.  Paul,  irrelevant  and  decorative  figures. 
He  was  obliged  to  paint  out  bis  dwarfs,  German  soldiers, 
etc.,  and  to  paint  the  picture  as  it  hangs  in  the  Academy. 
After  the  fire  of  1577  he  was  commissioned  to  paint  the 


Veronese 


1034 


Vesuvius,  Battle  of 


ceiling  of  the  council-chamber  in  the  doge’s  palace.  His 
works  include  “Marriage  at  Cana"  (Louvre),  “Feast  in 
the  House  of  Simon”  (Louvre),  “Europa  and  the  Bull" 
(London),  “Leda  and  the  Swan”  (London),  “Death  of 
Adonis”  (London),  “Supper  at  Emmaus,”  “Venice  En- 
throned,” “ Calling  of  St.  Andrew,”  “Presentation  of  the 
Family  of  Darius  to  Alexander,”  “St.  Helena’s  Vision’’ 
(both  the  last  named  in  the  National  Gallery,  London), 
and  many  others. 

Veronica  (ve-ron'i-ka),  Saint.  [A  corrupted 
form  of  Berenice,  Gr.  Bepev'oa},  a woman’s  name. 
The  name  suggested  the  words  vera  icon , ‘true 
picture,’  and  gave  rise  to  the  fable.]  In  Christian 
legend,  a woman  of  Jerusalem,  said  to  have  died 
at  Rome,  who  gave  to  Jesus  on  his  way  to  Cal- 
vary a handkerchief  to  wipe  his  brow.  He  took 
it,  and  upon  it  was  miraculously  left  an  impression  of  his 
face  (the  so-called  Vernnicon).  The  legend  probably  arose 
in  the  13th  century.  She  is  commemorated  on  Feb.  4. 

Verplanck  (ver-plangk'),  Gulian  Cromxnelin. 

Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  6,  1786  : died  there, 
March  18,  1870.  An  American  author,  poli- 
tician, and  lawyer.  He  graduated  at  Columbia  in 
1801 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar ; and  settled  as  a lawyer  at 
New  York.  He  was  in  1821  appointed  professor  of  the  evi- 
dences of  revealed  religion  and  moral  science  in  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  General  Theological  Seminary  at  New 
York,  a position  which  he  occupied  four  years.  He  was 
a Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1825- 
1833.  He  published,  with  William  C.  Bryant  and  Robert  C. 
Sands,  an  annual  entitled  the  “Talisman  "(1827-29).  Among 
his  works  are  “ Bucktail  Bards  ” (1819),  “ Evidences  of  Re- 
vealed Religion "(1824), “Doctrineof  Contracts  ’(1826), “Dis- 
courses and  Addresses”  (1833), and“Shakespeare’s  Plays, 
with  his  Life,  with  Critical  Introduction  and  Notes  "(1847). 

Verrazano  (ver-rat-sa'no),  or  Verrazani  (ver- 
rat-sa'ne),  or  Verazzano  (va-rat-sa'nd),  or 
Verrazzano  (ver-rat-sa'no),  Giovanni  da  (or 
de).  Born  in  Italy  about  1480 : died  probably 
in  1527.  An  Italian  navigator.  He  left  France  in 

command  of  a French  exploring  expedition  in  1523;  and 
explored  the  coast  of  North  America  from  North  Carolina 
to  Newfoundland  in  1524,  discovering  New  York  and  Nar- 
ragansett  bays.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Verres  (ver'ez),  Cains.  Put  to  death  by  An- 
tony 43  B.  c.  A Roman  official,  pretor  in  73, 
who,  as  governor  of  Sicily  73-71,  plundered  the 
island  of  property,  art  treasures,  etc.  He  was 
brought  to  trial  in  70  B.  c. , and  was  defended  by  Hortensius 
and  prosecuted  by  Cicero.  The  trial  resulted  in  his  volun- 
tary exile  in  Marseilles.  Of  the  six  orations  against  Verres 
composed  by  Cicero,  only  the  first  was  actually  delivered. 

Verria.  See  Feria. 

Verrill  (ver'il),  Addison  Emory.  Born  at 
Greenwood,  Maine,  Feb.  9,  1839.  An  Ameri- 
can zoologist,  professor  at  Yale  1864-1907.  He 
has  published  many  scientific  papers,  chiefly  in 
the  “American  Journal  of  Science.” 
Versailles  (ver-salz';  F.  pron.  ver-say').  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise, 
France,  situated  11  miles  west-southwest  of 
Paris.  It  contains  a famous  royal  palace,  consisting  of 
a comparatively  inconsiderable  central  portion  built  by 
Louis  XIII.,  and  of  wide  reaching  wings  and  connected 
structures,  added  chiefly  by  Louis  XIV.  The  garden  front 
is  a quarter  of  a mile  long,  with  only  two  stories  and  an 
attic  ; so  that,  although  broken  by  a large  projection  in 
the  middle,  the  general  effect  is  monotonous.  The  court 
front  is  more  diversified,  though  injured  by  the  insertion 
of  two  mm-classical  pavilions  by  Louis  Philippe.  A great 
part  of  (he  palace  is  now  occupied  by  the  Museum  <f 
French  History,  consisting  chiefly  of  paintings  ; but  some 
of  the  apartments  are  still  preserved  with  the  fittings  of 
a royal  residence.  The  chapel  is  well  proportioned  and 
sumptuous.  The  great  gallery,  called  the  Galerie  des 
Glaces,  is  one  of  the  finest  rooms  existing  : it  is  240  by  35 
feet,  and  42  high,  adorned  with  mirrors  and  gilding,  and 
with  ceiling-paintings  by  Lebrun  representing  the  tri- 
umphs of  Louis  XIV.  Here  King  William  of  Prussia  was 
proclaimed  German  emperor  in  1871.  The  council-cham- 
ber, the  bedroom  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  antechamber  of  the 
< Hit  de  Boeuf,  the  Petits  Appartements  of  the  queen,  and 
the  theater  are  all  historic  and  highly  interesting.  The 
gardens  are  the  finest  of  their  formal  kind : they  abound 
with  monumental  fountains  profusely  adorned  with  groups 
of  sculpture,  and  supplied  the  model  for  those  of  half  the 
palaces  of  Europe.  (See  Trianon.)  Versailles  was  the 
meeting-place  of  the  States-General  in  1789.  A popular 
tumult,  Oct.  5-6, 1789,  resulted  in  the  removal  of  the  royal 
family  to  Paris.  Versailles  was  the  seat  of  the  French 
government  1871-79.  It  is  the  place  of  election  of  French 
presidents.  Population,  commune,  54,820. 

Versailles  (ver-salz').  The  capital  of  Wood- 
ford County,  Kentucky,  12  miles  southeast  of 
Frankfort.  Population,  2,268,  (1910). 
Versailles,  Preliminaries  of.  The  prelimina- 
ries of  peace  between  France  and  Germany 
signed  at  Versailles  Feb.  26,  1871,  and  ratified 
by  the  treaty  of  Frankfort.  See  Frankfort. 
Versailles,  treaty  of.  See  Paris,  Treaties  of  ( b ). 
Vertentes  (var-tan'tas),  Serra  dos.  A low 
mountain-chain  in  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  con- 
necting the  Goyaz  Mountains  with  the  coast 
system,  and  separating  the  head  streams  of  the 
Paranti  from  those  of  the  Sao  Francisco  and 
Tocantins. 

Vertot  d’Auboeuf  (ver-to'  do-bef'),  Abbe  Rene 
Aubert  de.  Born  at  Chateau  Benetot,  Nor- 
mandy, Nov.  25,  1655:  died  at  Paris,  June  15, 
1735.  A French  historian.  He  was  in  a cloister 


1677-1701,  and  became  secretary  of  the  Duchess  of  Orleans 
in  1703,  and  historiographer  of  the  Order  of  Malta  in  1715. 
He  wrote  “Histoire  des  revolutions  de  Portugal”  (1689), 
“Histoire  des  revolutions  de  Suede ” (1690),  “Histoire  des 
revolutions  de  la  republique  romaine”  (1719),  “Histoire 
des  chevaliers  de  Malte  ” (1726). 

Vertumnus  (ver-tum'nus).  [L.,  ‘the  god  of  the 
changing  year,’  ‘he  who  turns  or  changes  him- 
self.’] An  ancient  Roman  deity  who  presided 
over  gardens  and  orchards,  and  was  worshiped 
as  the  god  of  spring  or  of  the  seasons  in  general. 
Vertus  (ver-tii').  [ML.  Firtus.]  A town  in  the 
department  of  Marne,  France,  18  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Chalons-sur-Marne : noted  for  its 
wines.  Population,  commune,  3,148. 

Verulas  (ver'u-le).  An  ancient  town  of  the 
Hernici:  the  modern  Veroli. 

Verulam,  Baron.  See  Bacon,  Francis. 
Verulamium  (ver-6-la'mi-um).  An  ancient 
British  and  Roman  town,  situated  near  the  site 
of  the  present  St.  Albans,  England. 

Verus  (ve'rus),  Lucius.  Died  169  a.  d.  The 
adopted  son  of  the  emperor  Antoninus  Pius: 
colleague  of  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius  161- 
169. 

Verus,  Marcus  Annius.  The  original  name 
of  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius. 

Vert-vert  (var-var').  1.  A burlesque  poem  by 
Gresset,  giving  the  history  of  a parrot,  the  pet  of 
a convent. — 2.  An  opera  by  Offenbach,  words  by 
Meilhac  and  Nuitter,  produced  at  Paris  in  1869. 
Verviers  (ver-vya').  A city  in  the  province 
of  Liege,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Vesdre  13 
miles  east  by  south  of  Li&ge.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cloth,  etc.  Population,  commune, 
48,583. 

Vervins  (ver-van').  [ML.  Fervimm.]  A town 
in  the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  situated 
on  the  Vilpion  24  miles  northeast  of  Laon.  A 
treaty  between  France  and  Spain  was  concluded  here  May 
2,  1598 : conquests  were  mutually  restored.  Population, 
commune,  3,187. 

Very  (ver'i),  Jones.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Aug.  28,  1813:  died  there,  May  8,  1880.  An 
American  poet  and  essayist,  a graduate  of  Har- 
vard in  1836.  He  became  a Unitarian  minister,  but 
preached  only  occasionally.  His  works  were  edited  by 
J.  F.  Clarke  in  1886. 

Very  Hard  Cash.  A novel  by  Charles  Reade, 
published  serially  in  1863  as  “Hard  Cash.” 
Very  Woman,  A,  or  the  Prince  of  Tarent. 

A comedy  printed  in  1655  as  the  work  of  Mas- 
singer. It  was  probably  written  by  Fletcher  and  revised 
by  Massinger.  It  is  to  he  identified  with  a comedy  called 
“The  Woman’s  Plot,"  which  was  acted  at  court  in  1621. 

Vesalius  (ve-sa'li-us ),  Andreas.  Born  at  Brus- 
sels, Dec.  31,  1514:  died  in  a shipwreck  on  the 
island  of  Zante,  Oct.  15,  1564.  A noted  Belgian 
anatomist,  physician  to  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
and,  after  his  abdication,  to  Philip  II.  He  lived 
chiefly  at  Madrid,  and  was  condemned  to  death  by  the  In- 
quisition. His  sentence  was  commuted  by  the  king  to  a 
pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Sepulcher.  On  his  return  he  was 
shipwrecked.  His  chief  and  epoch-making  work  is  “ De 
corporis  liumani  fabrica  libri  septem.” 

Vesontio  (ve-son'shi-o).  The  Roman  name  of 
Besantjon. 

Vesoul  (ve-zol').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  HauteJSaone,  France,  situated  on  the 
Durgoon  in  lat.  47°  37'  N.,  long.  6°  8'  E.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  1 J,163. 

Vespasian  (ves-pa'zhian)  (Titus  Flavius  Sa- 
biilUS  Vcspasianus).  Born  near  Reate,  Italy, 
Nov.  17,  9 A.  d.  : died  June  24,  79  A.  D.  Roman 
emperor  7 0-79.  He  was  of  humble  origin,  but  rose  to 
distinction  in  the  army,  and  became  consul  in  51.  He  was 
afterward  governor  of  Africa ; and  in  67  was  appointed 
commander-in-qMef  against  the  insurgent  Jews.  He  was 
proclaimed  emperor  in  69.  His  general  Antonius  Primus 
overthrew  Vitellitis  in  the  same  year,  and  Vespasian  arrived 
at  Rome  in  70,  leaving  his  son  Titus  to  continue  the  Jewish 
war.  The  chief  events  of  his  reign  were  the  destruction 
of  Jerusalem  by  Titus  (70),  the  victories  of  Agricola  in 
Britain,  and  the  suppression  of  the  revolted  Batavians 
under  Civilis  by  Petilius  Cerealis  (70).  He  restored  disci- 
pline in  the  army  and  order  in  the  finances,  and  expended 
large  sums  on  public  works,  including  the  Colosseum, 
which,  however,  he  did  not  live  to  finish. 

Vespers,  Sicilian.  See  Sicilian  Fespers. 
Vespucci  (ves-po'che),  Amerigo,  Latinized 
Americus  Vespucius.  Born  at  Florence, 
March  18,  1452:  died  at  Seville,  Feb.  22,  1512. 
An  Italian  navigator.  He  was  the  son  of  Nastugio 
Vespucci,  a notary  of  Florence;  received  his  education 
from  his  uncie,  a Dominican  friar ; and  became  a clerk  in 
the  commercial  house  of  the  Medici.  He  was  sent  to  Spain 
by  his  employers  about  1490 ; and  some  years  after  appears 
to  have  entered  the  service  of  the  commercial  house  of 
Juonato  Berardi  at  Seville,  of  which  he  became  a member 
in  1495.  This  house  fitted  out  Columbus’s  second  expedi- 
tion (1493),  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  Vespucci  may 
have  accompanied  Columbus’s  first  or  second  expedition, 
although  the  supposition  is  unsupported  by  any  proof. 
Vespucci  himself  claims  to  have  accompanied  four  expedi- 
tions to  the  New  World,  of  each  of  which  he  wrote  a nar- 
rative. Two  of  these  sailed  from  Spain  by  order  of  Fer- 


dinand in  May,  1497.  and  May,  1499,  respectively;  the  other 
two  were  despatched  from  Portugal  by  Emanuel  in  May, 
1501,  and  June,  1503.  The  first  expedition,  in  which  lie 
would  appear  to  have  held  the  post  ot  astronomer,  left 
Cadiz  May  10  or  20,  1497,  and  after  touching  at  the  Cana- 
ries came  “ at  the  end  of  twenty-seven  days  upon  a coast 
whicli  we  thought  to  be  that  of  a continent.”  If  this  ex- 
pedition is  authentic,  Vespucci  reached  the  continent  of 
America  a week  or  two  earlier  than  the  Cabots  and  about 
fourteen  months  earlier  than  Columbus.  His  account  of 
these  expeditions  was  contained  in  a diary  said  to  have  been 
written  after  his  fourth  voyage,  and  entitled  “Le  Quattre 
Giornale,"  no  portion  of  which  is  extant.  He  also  wrote 
several  letters  to  his  former  schoolfellow  Soderini,  gonfa- 
lonier of  Florence,  one  of  which  remains  in  a Latin  trans- 
lation printed  at  St.  Did  in  1507.  WaldseemuUer  (Hyla- 
comylus),  who  made  use  of  this  letter  in  his  “Cosmogr  aphiae 
Introductio,”  published  at  St.  Did  in  the  same  year,  was  the 
first  to  suggest  the  name  America  for  the  new  continent, 
in  honorof  Amerigo  Vespucci.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  A. 

It  should  first  of  all  be  noted  that  the  sole  authority  for  a 
voyage  made  by  Vespucci  in  1497  is  Vespucci  himself.  All 
contemporary  history,  other  than  his  own  letters,  is  abso- 
lutely silent  in  regard  to  such  a voyage, whether  itbe  history 
in  printed  books,  or  in  the  archives  of  those  kingdoms  of 
Europe  where  the  precious  documents  touching  the  earlier 
expeditions  to  theNew  World  weredeposited.  . . . Thefact 
is  unquestioned  that  Vespucci,  who  had  been  a resident  of 
Spain  for  some  time,  became  in  1495  a member  of  the  com- 
mercial house  of  Juonato  Berardi  at  Seville,  and  that  in 
January  of  the  next  year,  as  the  public  accounts  show,  he 
was  paid  a sum  of  money  relative  to  a contract  with  Gov- 
ernment which  Berardi  did  not  live  to  complete.  The  pre- 
sumption is  that  he  would  not  soon  absent  himself  from 
his  post  of  duty,  where  new  and  onerous  responsibilities 
had  been  imposed  upon  him  by  the  recent  death  of  the 
senior  partner  of  the  house  with  which  he  was  connected. 
But  at  any  rate  he  is  found  there  in  the  spring  of  1497, 
M ufioz  having  ascertained  that  fact  from  the  official  record  s 
of  expenses  incurred  in  fitting  out  the  ships  for  western 
expeditions,  still  preserved  at  Seville.  Those  records  show 
that  from  the  middle  of  April,  1497,  to  the  end  of  May, 
1498,  Vespucci  was  busily  engaged  at  Seville  and  San  Lucar 
in  the  equipment  of  the  fleet  with  which  Columbus  sailed 
on  his  third  voyage.  The  alibi,  therefore,  is  complete. 
Vespucci  could  not  have  been  absent  from  Spain  from 
May,  1497,  to  Oct.,  1498,  the  period  of  his  alleged  voyage. 

S.  H.  Gay,  in  Winsor’s  Narrative  and  Critical  History 
[of  America,  II.  137,  142. 

Vesta  (ves'ta).  [L.,  - Gr.  rE aria,  the  goddess  of 
the  hearth.]  One  of  the  chief  divinities  of  the 
ancient  Romans,  equivalent  to  the  GreekHestia. 
She  was  one  of  the  12  great  Olympians,  the  virgin  goddess 
of  the  hearth,  presiding  over  both  the  private  family  altar 
and  the  central  altar  of  the  city,  the  tribe,  or  the  race. 
She  was  worshiped  along  with  the  Penates  at  every  meal, 
when  the  family  assembled  round  thealtar  or  hearth,  which 
was  in  the  center  of  the  house.  JSneas  was  said  to  have 
carried  the  sacred  fire  (which  was  her  symbol)  from  Troy, 
and  to  have  brought  it  to  Italy,  and  it  was  preserved  at 
Rome  by  the  state  in  the  sanctuary  of  the  goddess  which 
stood  in  the  Forum.  The  fire  was  watched  by  six  stainless 
virgins,  called  vestals,  who  prevented  it  from  becoming  ex- 
tinguished. The  Roman  temples  of  Vesta  were  circular, 
preserving  the  form  of  the  primitive  huts  of  the  Latin  race, 
because  it  was  in  such  a hut  that  the  sacred  fire  was  first 
tended  liy  the  young  girls  while  their  parents  and  brothers 
were  absent  in  the  chase  or  pasture-ground. 

The  very  fact  that  the  Vesta  worship  is  the  most  indu- 
bitable of  the  correspondences  between  the  Greek  and 
Roman  mythologies  is  itself  a proof  of  the  rudimentary 
nature  of  their  common  civilisation.  Only  among  the 
rudest  of  existing  savage  tribes,  such  as  the  Australians, 
is  it  held  a duty  to  keep  alight  the  fire  of  the  tribe,  which 
if  extinguished  has  to  be  obtained  from  some  neighbour- 
ing tribe,  as  they  are  ignorant  of  the  means  of  rekindling 
it.  The  Chippeways  and  Natchez  Indians  had  an  institu- 
tion for  keeping  alight  the  tribal  fire,  certain  persons  be- 
ing set  aside  and  devoted  to  this  occupation  ; and  the  in- 
corporation and  endowment  of  the  Vestal  VirginsatRome 
seems  to  be  a survival  of  a similar  practice,  the  social 
duty,  originally  devolving  on  the  daughters  of  the  house, 
obtaining  a religious  sanction  as  the  service  of  the  per- 
petual flame.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  313. 

Vesta.  An  asteroid  (No.  4)  discovered  by  Gi- 
bers at  Bremen,  March  29, 1807. 

Vesta,  Temple  of.  See  Tivoli. 

Vestini  (ves-ti'nl).  In  ancient  Mstorv,  a peo- 
ple of  central  Italy,  living  east  of  the  Sabines : 
probably  of  Sabine  affinities.  They  became  allied 
with  the  Romans  about  300  B.  c.,  and  joined  the  Marsi  in 
the  Social  War. 

Vestris,  Madame.  S ee  Mafhetcs,  Lucia  Elizabeth. 
Vesulus  (ves'u-lus).  The  ancient  name  of 
Monte  Viso. 

Vcsunna  (ve-sun'a).  The  ancient  name  of  Pe- 
rigueux. 

Vesuvius  (ve-su'vi-us),  Mount.  [L.  Fesuvivs, 
It . Fesuvio,  F.  Fesuve,  G.  Feswv.]  The  only  ac- 
tive volcano  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  the 
mostnotedone  in  the  world,  situated  on  theBay 
of  Naples,  Italy,  9 miles  east-southeast  of  Na- 
ples. It  lias  two  summits — the  volcano  proper  (about 
4,200  feet  high),  and  Monte  Somma  to  the  north (3, 730  feet). 
It  is  now  readied  by  a wire-rope  railway.  It  was  regarded 
in  ancient  times  as  extinct.  Severe  ear  thquake  shocks  oc- 
curred in  63  A.  P.,  and  the  first  recorded  eruption  in  79, 
destroying  Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  and  Stabire.  The  most 
destructive  eruption  since  that  time  happened  Dec.  16, 
1631.  Others,  more  or  less  notable,  took  place  in  203, 472, 
512, 685, 1139,  1631, 1707, 1779, 1794,  1822, 1855, 1872  and  1906. 

Vesuvius,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  near 
Mount  Vesuvius,  about  340  B.  c. , by  the  Romans 
under  Manlius  Torquatus  and  Deeius  Mus  over 
the  Latin  League. 


Veszprem 


1035 


Vichy 


Veszprem  (ves'pram),  orVeszprim  (ves'prim), 
G.  Weissbrunn  (vis'bron).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Veszprem,  Hungary,  63  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Budapest : the  seat  of  a Roman 
Catholic  bishopric.  It  has  a trade  in  wine  and  grain. 
It  was  captured  by  Maximilian  in  1490  ; by  the  Hungarians 
in  1491 : by  the  Germans  in  1527  ; by  the  Turks  in  1552 ; 
by  the  Germans  in  1566  ; by  the  grand  vizir  Sinan  in  1594  ; 
by  the  Imperialists  in  1598 ; and  by  the  Turks  again  in 
1605,  who  finally  lost  it  in  1683.  Pop.,  commune,  14,114. 

Veta  Madre  (va'ta  ma'dra).  [Sp.,  ‘mother 
lode,’  i.  e.  chief  lode.]  A celebrated  silver  lode, 
or  system  of  lodes,  near  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 
It  is  about  8 miles  long.  It  was  discovered  in  1558,  and 
Humboldt  calculated  that,  up  to  1800,  it  had  yielded  one 
fifth  of  the  silver  then  current  in  the  world.  It  has  been 
worked  to  a great  depth,  and  most  of  the  shafts  are  now 
abandoned  owing  to  the  lack  of  drainage-machinery  of 
sufficient  power. 

Vetancurt  (va-tan-kort'),  Agustin  de.  Bora 
at  Mexico  City,  1620 : died  there,  1700.  A Mexi- 
can Franciscan  author.  His  most  important  work 
is  “Teatro  Mexicano  ” (4  parts  in  2 vols.,  1697-98),  an  eth- 
nographical and  historical  account  of  New  Spain.  He 
published  many  other  books,  including  biographies,  theo- 
logical treatises,  and  a grammar  of  the  Nahuatl  language. 
Also  written  Vetancur,  Vetancour,  etc. 

Veterani  Cave  (ve-te-ra'ne  kav).  A large  cav- 
ern on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  in  southern 
Hungary,  about  12  miles  from  Old  Orsova.  It 
was  defended  for  45  days  against  an  overwhelming  Turk- 
ish force  in  1691  by  Baron  von  Arnau,  at  the  command  of 
Count  Veterani  (whence  its  name). 

Veto  (ve'to),  Madame.  A sobriquet  given  to 
Marie  Antoinette  during  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. She  is  mentioned  by  this  name  in  “La 
Carmagnole.” 

Vetterli  (vet'ter-le),  Friedrich.  Born  in  the 
canton  of  Thurgau,  Aug.  15,  1822:  died  May 
21,  1882.  A Swiss  inventor,  director  of  the 
manufacture  of  firearms  in  Neuchatel.  His 
magazine-gun  was  adopted  by  Switzerland  in 
1868,  and  by  Italy  in  1870. 

Vettern,  Lake.  See  Wettern. 

Veuillot  (ve  - yo  ' ),  Louis.  Born  at  Boynes, 
Loiret,  France,  Oct.  11,  1813:  died  at  Paris, 
April  7,  1883.  A French  journalist,  publicist, 
and  author:  leader  of  the  French  Ultramon- 
tanes.  He  was  editor  of  the  Paris  “Univers,” 
and  wrote  various  polemical  and  other  works. 
Veules  (vel).  A watering-place  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  15  miles  west  of  Dieppe. 
Veulettes  (ve-let').  A watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  France,  on  the 
English  Channel  24  miles  west  of  Dieppe. 
Vevey,  orVevay  (ve-va').  [G.  Vivis,  L.  Vibis- 
cum.\  A town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzer- 
land, situated  on  Lake  Geneva,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Veveyse,  12  miles  east-southeast  of  Lau- 
sanne. It  is  a favorite  resort  of  tourists,  and  is 
noted  for  its  festival  of  vine-dressers.  Popula- 
tion, 11,781. 

Vexin  (ve-san').  An  ancient  territory  in  norths 
era  France,  northwest  of  Paris,  it  was  included 
partly  in  Normandy  (the  Norman  Vexin)  and  partly  in  Ile- 
de-France  (the  French  Vexin).  Norman  Vexin  now  forms 
part  of  the  departments  of  Eure  and  Seine-Infdrieure : its 
capital  was  Gisors.  French  Vexin  forms  part  of  the  de- 
partments of  Oise  and  Seine-et-Oise : its  capital  was  Pon- 
toise.  Vexin  was  a county  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Part 
of  it  was  granted  to  the  Normans  in  912,  and  part  was  at- 
tached to  the  crown.  The  latter  was  definitely  acquired  in 
the  reign  of  Philip  I. 

V6zelay  (vaz-la/).  [ML.  Vizeliacus,  Vezeliacus.~\ 
A small  town  in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
France,  25  miles  south-southeast  of  Auxerre : 
noted  for  its  abbey,  founded  in  the  9th  century. 
St.  Bernard  preached  the  second  Crusade  here  in  tl46,  and 
it  was  the  rendezvous  of  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted  and 
Philip  Augustus  before  starting  for  the  third  Crusade. 
Vez£re  (vii-zar').  A river  in  France  which  joins 
the  Dordogne  23  miles  south-southeast  of  Pe- 
rigueux.  Length,  about  120  miles. 

Via  .^milia(vi'ae-niil'i-a).  [L.,‘iEmilianWay.’ 
See  the  def.]  An  important  ancient  Roman 
highway,  the  earliest  in  northern  Italy,  con- 
necting Placentia  (Piacenza)  and  Ariminum 
(Rimini),  where  it  met  the  Flaminian  Way. 
Later  branches  extended  from  Rimini  to  Bologna,  and 
thence  to  Aquileia,  and  from  Piacenza  to  Pavia,  and  the 
main  road  was  extended  from  Piacenza  to  Milan  and  Aosta. 
The  original  highway  was  built  by  M.  /Emilias  Lepidusin 
187  B.  C..  and  is  still  in  use. 

Via  Appia.  See  Appian  Way. 

Via  Aurelia  (a-reTi-a).  [L.,‘Aurelian  Way.’] 
One  of  the  chief  ancient  Roman  highways.  It 
was  built  toward  the  close  of  the  republic,  exactly  when  is 
unknown,  and  extended  from  Rome,  for  the  most  part  along 
the  coast,  to  Pisa,  whence  it  was  continued  along  the  Ligu- 
rian shore  to  the  Maritime  Alps,  and  by  Augustus  was 
carried  into  Gaul.  There  are  considerable  remains  of  the 
road,  notably  along  the  Italian  and  French  Riviera. 

Via  Cassia (kash'i-a).  [L.,‘CassianWay.’]  An 


ancient  Roman  highway  which  extended  from 
Rome  through  Etruria  to  Arretium  (Arezzo), 
and  thence  to  Florence  and  Lucca.  It  was  in  ex- 
istence before  the  end  of  the  republic,  but  the  time  of  its 
construction  is  unknown. 

Via  Clodia(klo'di-a).  [L.,‘Clodian  Way.’]  An 
ancient  Roman  highway  of  the  time  of  the  re- 
public, extending  though  Etruria  on  a line 
about  parallel  with  the  Via  Cassia,  it  was  a 
branch  of  the  Via  Cassia,  which  it  left  about  10  miles  from 
Rome,  where  its  pavement  still  exists,  and  appear  s to  have 
ended  at  Saturnia,  passing  through  Bracciano  and  Bieda. 
ViaDolorosa(vI'a  dol-o-ro'sa).  [L.,‘  Dolorous 
Way.’]  A name  given  by  Christians  to  the  road 
from  the  Mount  of  Olives  to  Golgotha. 

Via  Egnatia  (eg-na'ski-a).  An  important  an- 
cient Roman  military  road,  running  from  the 
coast  of  the  Adriatic  at  Dyrrachium  (Durazzo) 
through  Illyria  and  Macedonia  to  Thessaloniea, 
and  thence  by  Philippi  through  Thrace  to  Cyp- 
sela  (modern  Ipsala).  Tlredateof  its  construction  is 
unknown.  Its  length  was  534  Roman  miles.  There  are 
abundant  remains  of  the  road,  especially  near  Salonica. 
Via  Flaminia.  See  Flaminian  Way. 

Via  Latina  (la-tl'na).  [L.,  ‘Latin  Way.’]  One 
of  the  great  highways  leaving  ancient  Rome. 
It  ran  to  Casilinum  (near  Capua),  where  it  united  with  the 
Appian  Way.  A branch  was  later  carried  from  Teanum 
to  Beneventum.  Both  the  Via  Latina  and  the  Appian 
Way  left  Rome  by  the  Porta  Capena.  The  Via  Latina  un- 
doubtedly existed  as  a road  for  a long  period  before  it  was 
regularly  constructed  and  paved.  The  invading  forces  of 
both  Pyrrhus  and  Hannibal  followed  its  course.  There 
are  extensive  remains,  not  only  of  the  paved  way,  but  of 
the  bordering  tombs  and  monuments. 

Via  Mala  (ve'a  ma'la).  A picturesque  portion 
of  the  road  leading  up  the  valley  of  the  Hinter 
Rhein,  immediately  south  of  Tusi,  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland.  It  traverses  a deep  and 
narrow  chasm. 

Viana  (ve-a'na).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Nayarre,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ebro  op- 
posite Logroiio.  Near  here  Cesare  Borgia  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  1507. 

Via  Ostiensis  (vi'a  os-ti-en'sis).  [L.,‘Ostian 
Way.’]  The  ancient  highway  from  Rome  to 
Ostia.  It  followed  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber, 
cutting  across  the  larger  bends  of  the  river. 
Via  Pcrtuensis  (por-tu-en'sis).  The  ancient 
highway  from  Rome  to  the  new  imperial  seaport 
Portus  Trajani.  Its  course,  which  can  still  be  followed, 
is  along  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber. 

Via  Prsenestina  (pren-es-ti'na).  [L.,  ‘ Prtenes- 
tine  Way.’]  A very  ancient  highway  from  Rome 
through  Gabii  to  Prseneste  (Palestrina), whence 
it  was  continued  to  join  the  Via  Latina  at 
Anagnia.  There  are  interesting  remains. 
Viardot  (vyiir-do'),  Louis.  Born  at  Dijon,  July 
31, 1800:  died  at  Paris,  May  5, 1883.  A French 
author.  He  studied  law  at  Paris,  became  a journalist, 
and  was  manager  of  the  Theatre  Italien  1838-41.  With 
George  Sand  and  Pierre  Leroux  he  founded  in  1841  the 
“Revue  Independante."  He  wrote  “ Histone  des  Arabes 
ct  des  Maures  d’Espagne”  (1851),  etc. 

Viardot-Garcia  (vyar-do'gar-the'a),  Michelle 
Ferdinande  Pauline.  Born  at  Paris,  July  18, 
1821 : died  there,  May  18, 1910.  A noted  French 
opera-singer  and  actress,  daughter  of  Manuel 
Garcia,  sister  of  Malibran,  and  wife  of  L.  Viar- 
dot. Her  voice  was  a mezzo-soprano.  She  was  a pupil 
of  her  mother  and  of  Liszt  (for  the  piano),  and  made  her 
first  appearance  as  a singer  at  Brussels  in  1837.  In  1849 
she  created  the  part  of  Fides  in  Meyerbeer's  “ Prophete,” 
which  she  sang  more  than  two  hundred  times  in  all  the 
great  cities  of  Europe.  Among  her  other  roles  were  Ra- 
hel  (“  La  Juive”),  Orphee  in  Gluck's  opera  of  that  name 
(the  part  was  restored  to  the  contralto  register,  for  which 
it  was  written,  by  Berlioz),  Alceste,  Desdemona,  Norma, 
Cenerentola,  Romeo,  Lucia,  Azucena,  Zerlina,  and  many 
others.  She  retired  from  the  operatic  stage  in  1803,  and 
later  sang  only  in  concerts.  From  1871  she  lived  in  Paris, 
and  gave  her  time  to  teaching.  She  published  songs,  etc. 

Viareggio  (ve-a-red'jo).  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lucca,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean 14  miles  north-northwest  of  Pisa.  It  is  a 
frequented  watering-place.  Population,  town, 
14,805;  commune,  17,166. 

Via  Salaria  (Vi'a  sa-la'ri-ii).  One  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  ancient  Roman  highways.  It  ran 
from  Rom  e up  the  l iber  vail  ey  to  Reate  (Rieti),  then  crossed 
the  Apennines  and  descended  the  valley  of  the  Tronto,  past 
Ascoli,  to  Castrum  Truentinum  on  the  Adriatic.  Here  it 
branched,  one  road  running  north  to  Ancona  and  the  other 
south  to  Adria.  The  date  of  this  highway  is  unknown : it 
is  undoubtedly  very  old,  and  existed  as  a route  long  before 
it  was  built  as  a public  work. 

Viatka.  See  Vyatka. 

Viau  (vyo),  Theophile  de.  Born  near  Agen, 
France,  1590 : died  at  Paris,  1626.  A French 
poet.  He  wrote  the  tragedy  “ Pyrame  et  Thisbd  ” (1617), 
and  for  his  part  in  the  authorship  of  “ Parnasse  Satirique  ” 
(1622)  was  condemned  to  death  His  sentence  was  com- 
muted to  banishment.  Ills  complete  works  were  published 
in  1856. 

Viaud  (vyo),  Louis  Marie  Julien:  pseudonym 


Pierre  Loti.  Born  at  Rochefort,  Charente- 
Inferieure,  Jan.  14,  1850.  A French  novelist. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  French  training-ship  Borda  iu 
1867,  traveled  extensively,  and  took  part  in  several  cam- 
paigns. His  comrades  nicknamed  him  Loti  after  an  Indian 
flower.  His  novels  are  largely  exotic  in  their  subject-mat- 
ter, and  reveal  forcibly  the  author's  keen  poeiic  instinct 
and  ideality.  Loti’s  works  include  “Aziyadd”  (1879), 
“Rarahu  : idylle  polynesienne,”  the  reprint  of  which  was 
entitled  “Le  mariage  de  Loti”  (1880),  “ Le  roman  d'un 
Spahi"  (1881),  “Fleurs  d’ennui,"  “Pasquala  Ivnovitch,” 
“ Suleiraa " (1882),  “Mon  frere  Yves  ' (1883),  “Les  trois 
dames  de  la  Kasbah  ” (1884),  “Pecheur  d’lslaride”  (1886), 
“ Madame.  Chrysanthdme,”  “Propos  d’exil''  (1887),  “Ja- 
poneries  d'automne  ” (1889),  “An  Maroc  ” (1890),  “Le  ro- 
man d'un  enfant ’’ (1890),  “Le  livre  de  la  pitie  et  de  la 
mort”  (1891),  “ Fantome  d'Orient"  (1892),  and  “Matelot” 
(1893),  “Judith  Renaudin  " (1898),  “Les  desanchantees " 
(1906),  etc.  In  1891  he  was  elected  by  the  French  Academy 
to  fill  the  seat  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Octave  Feuillet. 

Via  Valeria  (vi'a  va-le'ri-ii).  [L.,‘ Valerian 
Way.’]  One  of  the  principal  highways  of  ancient 
Rome.  It  continued  the  Via  Tiburtina,  which  led  from 
Rome  to  Tibur  (Tivoli),  to  Lake  Fucinus  and  the  Marsic 
territory,  and  was  afterward  extended  to  the  Adriatic  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Aternus.  The  time  of  its  construction 
as  far  as  Cerfennia,  near  modern  Coll’  Armeno,  on  Lake 
Fucinus,  is  unknown  ; its  continuation  through  the  Apen- 
nines at  Mons  Imeus,  and  in  the  Aternus  valley,  was  built 
by  Claudius.  Many  portions  of  the  roadway  survive,  with 
the  ancient  mile-stones  and  other  remains. 

Vibert  (ve-bar'),  Jehan  Georges.  Born  at 
Paris,  Sept.  30, 1840 : died  there,  J uly  27, 1902.  A 
French  genre-painter  and  writer,  a pupil  ofBar- 
rias  and  Picot.  Among  his  works  are  “Entry  of  Bull- 
Fighters  ” (with  Zamacois,  1867),  “ Coquelin  as  Masca- 
rille”  (1874),  “Grasshopper  and  Ant”  (1875),  “Monsei- 
gneur’s  Antechamber  ’ (1876) , “The  Despair  of  PolichineUe” 
(1892),  “The  Arrival”  (1886),  “The  Apotheosis  of  M. 
Thiers” (1878),  “Committee  on  Moral  Books”  (New  York), 
“Theological  Discussion  ” (New  York):  many  others  are 
in  the  Uuited  States.  In  1879-80  he  exhibited  only  in  the 
exhibitions  of  the  French  Water-color  Society,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  founders.  He  wrote  a number  of  short 
plays,  monologues,  etc.,  and  also  published  “ La  science 
de  la  peinture  ” (1891). 

Viborg,  or  Wiborg  (ve'borg).  A laen  in  south- 
eastern Finland.  Area,  16,627  square  miles. 
Population,  466,796. 

Viborg,  or  Wiborg  (ve'borg).  A seaport,  capi- 
tal of  the  laen  of  Viborg,  situated  on  the  Bay 
of  Viborg  85  miles  northwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 

It  exports  timber.  The  town  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in 
1709.  It  contains  a castle  built  in  1293.  Population,  35,005. 

Viborg  (ve'boro).  An  amt  in  the  central  part 
of  Jutland,  Denmark.  Population,  113,937. 
Viborg  (ve'boro).  A town  in  Jutland,  Denmark, 
in  lat.  56°  27'  N. : probably  the  oldest  town  in 
Jutland.  It  has  a cathedral,  a spacious  Romanesque 
basilica  of  the  12th  century,  thoroughly  restored  since 
1863.  It  is  built  entirely  of  granite,  with  good  architec- 
tural details,  notably  a beautiful  chevet.  The  very  inter- 
esting crypt  is  entirely  of  the  original  construction.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,521. 

Vicar  of  Bray,  The.  A well-known  song  at- 
tributed to  a British  soldier  of  the  reign  of 
George  I. ; but  a version  printed  in  the  reign 
of  Queen  Anne  has  been  found.  See  Bray. 
Vicar  of  Wakefield,  The.  A novel  by  Gold- 
smith, published  in  1766:  so  called  from  its 
chief  character,  Dr.  Primrose.  In  1886  ninety-six 
editions  had  been  published.  It  has  been  several  times 
dramatized  (by  W.  G.  Wills  (1878)  as  “ Olivia"). 

Vicente  (ve-sen'ta),  Gil.  Born  about  1470:  died 
1537(f).  A Portuguese  author.  He  wrote  pastorals 
and  plays  for  the  Portuguese  court  after  1502.  His  works 
in  Portuguese  and  Spanish  include  comedies,  farces,  autos, 
and  tragicomedies. 

Vicenza  (ve-chent'za).  [L.  Vicetia,  ML.  Viccn- 
tia.\  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Vicenza, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Bacchiglione,  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Retrone,  in  lat.  45°  33'  N.,  long. 
11°  32'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and  important  silk 
manufactures  ; and  is  noted  for  its  buildings  by  Palladio 
and  others.  The  cathedral  is  a structure  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, with  later  alterations.  The  nave  is  of  60  feet  span, 
and  there  are  no  aisles ; the  raised  choir  is  approached  by 
a fine  flight  of  steps.  The  Renaissance  door  on  the  north 
side  is  by  Palladio,  the  lofty  dome  by  Giulio  Romano.  The 
campanile  is  of  the  13th  century,  on  a Roman  foundation. 
Vicenza  was  ruled  by  the  Della  Scala  family  and  others 
from  the  time  of  the  emperor  Henry  VII.;  passed  to  Ven- 
ice about  1404:  revolted  against  Austria  in  1848;  and  ca- 
pitulated to  Radetzky  June  11, 1848.  Pop., commune, 44, 777. 
Vicenza.  A province  iu  the  compartimento  of 
Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  1,056  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 486,345. 

Vicenza,  Duke  of.  See  Caula/in court. 

Vich,  or  Vique  (vek).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Barcelona,  Spain,  38  miles  north  of  Barce- 
lona : the  ancient  Ausa,  later  Ausona.  it  has  a 
cathedral  and  flourishing  manufactures.  In  713  it  was 
destroyed  by  the  Arabs,  and  was  rebuilt  by  the  Franks  of 
the  Spanish  March  in  798.  On  Feb.  19, 1810,  it  was  unsuc- 
cessfully assaulted  by  the  Spaniards  under  O’Donnell. 
Population,  11,628.  • 

Vichy  (ve-she').  [L.  Vicus  Calkins ; also  Aqux 
Calidm,  hot  springs.]  A town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  AUier,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Allier  32  miles  south  by  east  of 


Vichy 

Moulins.  It  has  been  celebrated  since  Roman  times 
for  its  mineral  springs  (Grande  Grille,  Puits-Carr6,  L’Hd- 
pital,  etc.),  and  is  the  most  frequented  watering-place  in 
France.  Population,  commune,  15,315. 

Vicinal  Way  (vis'i-nal  wa).  [L.  Via  Vicinalis, 
a field  road  used  in  common.]  An  old  Roman 
road  by  which  produce  was  brought  from  the 
farms  of  Essex  to  London.  At  first  it  left  the  city 
with  Ermyn  Street  at  Bishopsgate,  later  at  Aldgate  when 
Bow  Bridge  was  built.  From  Bishopsgate  it  ran  eastward 
to  Durolitum  (now  Romford)  in  Essex;  next  to  Coesaro- 
magus (now Chelmsford);  thence  to Canonium  (now  Kelve- 
don)  on  the  river  Paut ; and  thence  to  Camulodunum,  the 
first  Roman  colonia  (now  Colchester).  The  road  crossed 
the  Stour  at  Ad  Ansem  (now  Stratford),  and  thence  ran 
through  Combretonium,  near  Woodbridge,  to  Sitomagus 
(now  Dunwich)  on  the  coast,  and  terminated  at  Venta  of 
the  Iceni  (now  Caistor),  near  Norwich.  From  Norwich  a 
direct  road  ran  to  Cambridge. 

Vicksburg  (viks'berg).  The  capital  of  Warren 
County,  Mississippi,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  32°  23'  N.  It  is  the  third  city  in  the 
State,  and  is  the  chief  place  on  the  river  between  Mem- 
phis and  New  Orleans.  It  has  important  manufactures 
and  a large  export  of  cotton.  It  was  of  great  strategic 
importance  in  the  first  part  of  the  Civil  War,  and  an  un- 
successful attempt  to  capture  it  was  made  by  Sherman  at 
the  close  of  1862.  Grant's  advance  on  Vicksburg  from  the 
south  and  east  began  in  April,  1863.  Federal  victories 
were  gained  at  Port  Gibson  May  1,  Raymond  May  12, 
Jackson  May  14,  Champion’s  Hill  May  16,  and  Big  Black 
May  17,  over  the  Confederates  under  Johnston  and  Pem- 
berton. Vicksburg  was  invested  May  18 ; unsuccessful 
assaults  were  made  May  19  and  22 ; and  the  Confederates 
(30,000,  under  Pemberton)  surrendered  July  4, 1863.  Pop- 
ulation, 20,814,  (1910). 

Vico  (ve'ko),  Francesco  de.  Born  at  Mace- 
rata,  Italy,  1805 : died  1848.  An  Italian  astron- 
omer. He  made  observations  of  Venus  and  of 
Saturn’s  rings,  and  discovered  several  comets. 
Vico,  Giovanni  Battista.  Born  at  Naples, 
1668:  died  Jan.  21,  1744.  An  Italian  philoso- 
pher and  jurist,  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Na- 
ples and  historiographer  royal.  His  chief  works 
are  “ Principii  d’ una  scienza  nuova,  etc.  ” (1725),  “Dean- 
tiquissima  Italorum  sapientia  " (1710),  “De  universi  juris 
uuo  principio  et  fine  uno”  (1720). 

Vicq  d’Azyr  (vek'da-zer'),  Felix.  Born  1748: 
died  1794.  A French  comparative  anatomist 
and  physiologist. 

Victor  (vik'tor)  I.  [L.,‘  conqueror.’]  Bishop  of 
Rome  about  187-200  A.  D.  He  excommunicated 
the  Monarchian  Theodotus. 

Victor  II.  (Gebhard).  Pope  1057-59.  He  en- 
deavored to  suppress  simony  and  the  marriage 
of  priests. 

Victor  III.  (Desiderius).  Pope  1086-87.  He 
was  earlier  abbot  of  Monte  Cassino. 

Victor  IV.  (Gregorio  Conti).  Antipope, 
chosen  in  1138  in  opposition  to  Innocent  II. 
Victor  IV.  (Octavianus  or  Octavius).  Anti- 
pope, chosen  in  1159  in  opposition  to  Alexan- 
der HI. 

Victor  Amadeus  (vik'tor  am-a-de'us  ) I.  Duke 
of  Savoy  1630-37. 

Victor  Amadeus  II.  (as  King  of  Sardinia,  Vic- 
tor Amadeus  I.).  Born  1666:  died  1732.  Duke 
of  Savoy  and  King  of  Sardinia.  He  succeeded  to 
the  duchy  in  1675 ; sided  with  the  Allies  in  the  wars 
against  France ; received  Sicily  in  1713 ; ceded  Sicily  to 
Austria  in  1720,  and  received  Sardinia  in  exchange;  as- 
sumed tiie  title  of  king  of  Sardinia  ; and  abdicated  in  1730. 

Victor  Amadeus  III.  (as  King  of  Sardinia, 
Victor  Amadeus  II.).  Born  1726:  died  1796. 
Duke  of  Savoy  and  King  of  Sardinia,  son  of 
Charles  Emmanuel  III.  He  reigned  1773-96, 
and  lost  Nice,  Savoy,  and  places  in  Piedmont 
to  France. 

Victor  Emmanuel  (or  Emanuel)  (e-man'u-el) 
I.  Born  1759:  died  1824.  King  of  Sardinia 
1802-21,  son  of  Victor  Amadeus  ill.  He  ruled  at 
first  in  Sardinia,  but  received  Nice,  Savoy,  Piedmont,  and 
Genoa  1814-15.  He  abdicated  in  1821. 

Victor  Emmanuel  (or  Emanuel)  II.,  King  of 
Sardinia  (as  King  of  Italy,  Victor  Emmanuel  I.). 
[It.  Vittorio  Emanuele.]  Born  at  Turin,  March 
14,  1820;  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  9,  1878.  He  was 
the  son  of  Charles  Albert,  king  of  Sardinia ; 
served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Goito 
in  1848,  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1848-49 ; and 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Novara  March  23, 
1849,  on  the  evening  of  which  day  he  succeeded 
to  the  throne  of  Sardinia  by  the  abdication  of 
his  father.  In  1852  he  made  Cavourhis  chief  political 
adviser,  in  accordance  with  whose  policy  he  supported 
France  and  Great  Britain  in  the  Crimean  war,  and  allied 
himself  with  France  against  Austria  in  1859  (see  Italian 
War  of  1859).  He  received  Lombardy  from  Austria  in  1859, 
and  in  1860  annexed  Tuscany,  Parma,  Modena,  the  Roma- 
gna, the  Two  Sicilies,  the  Marches,  and  Umbria.  He  ceded 
Savoy  and  Nice  to  France  in  1860 ; assumed  the  title  “king 
of  Italy"  in  1861;  and  allied  himself  with  Prussia  against 
Austria  in  1866,  as  a result  of  which  he  received  t he  cession 
of  Venetia  from  the  latter  country.  The  complete  union 
of  Italy  was  effected  by  the  occupation  of  Rome  in  1870. 

Victor  Emmanuel  (or  Emanuel)  III.  Born  at 
Naples,  Nov.  11,  1869.  King  of  Italy.  He  as- 


Vidal 

Land  and  east  of  Wollaston  Land. — 2.  A land 
in  the  antarctic  regions,  about  lat.  71°-79°  S. : 
discovered  by  Ross  in  1841. 

Victoria  Nyanza  (ni-an'za).  A great  lake  of 
equatorial  Africa,  the  source  of  the  Nile,  which, 
between  Victoria  Nyanza  and  Albert  Nyanza, 
has  been  named  the  Somerset  Nile,  it  is  crossed 
in  its  northern  part  by  the  equator.  The  Nile  stream 
issues  about  centrally  from  the  north.  Area,  about  30,000 
square  miles.  Elevation,  3,880  feet.  It  was  discovered 
by  Speke  in  1858,  and  was  visited  by  Grant,  Stanley,  and 
others. 


1036 

cended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father, 

Humbert,  July  29,  1900. 

Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a).  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  personification  of  victory. 

Victoria:  full  name  Alexandrina  Victoria 
(al-eg-zan-dri'na  vik-to'ri-a).  Born  at  London, 

May  24,  1819:  died  at  Osborne  House,  Isle  of 
Wight,  Jan.  22,  1901.  Queen  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  Empress  of  India,  she  was  the 
only  child  of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  fourth  son  of  George  III., 
and  was  educated  under  the  direction  of  her  mother  and 
of  the  Duchess  of  Northumberland.  On  the  death  of  . _ 

William  IV.,  the  third  son  of  George  III.,  she  succeeded  V ICtona  Strait.  A sea  passage  in  the  arctic 
to  the  throne,  June  20,  1837;  was  crowned  June  28,  1838;  regions,  between  King  William  Island  on  the 

TP™eid  l’rh,‘riwJmSalf'<f0hurg;Gotl,:!, (whu  east  and  Victoria  Land  on  the  west, 

died  Dec.  14,  1861),  Feb.  10, 1840.  Her  favorite  residences  tt-  j..  rnu  . n x ,,  Tt  * 

were  Balmoral  Castle  (in  the  Highlands  of  Aberdeenshire,  VlCtOrici  1 OVver.  1 Detail  tower  on  the  Houses  of 
Scotland),  Osborne  (Isle  of  Wight),  and  Windsor.  She  Parliament,  London.  See  Parliament,  Houses  of 
assumed  the  title  of  Empress  of  India  in  1877.  The  jubi-  Victor-Perrin  (vek-tor'pe-ran'),  Claude.  Duke 
lee  of  her  reign  was  celebrated  in  1887,  and  her  diamond  0f  Belluno  Born  atLimarohe  Vnsws  p..,, ...... 

jubilee  (60  years)  in  1897.  (For  the  leading  events  in  her  jw  7 V7C  , 7 i iD  ir’  os&es>  * rance, 
reign,  see  England.)  She  was  author  in  part  of  “ Leaves  k)QG,  1/04.  (lied  at  Pans,  March  1,  1841.  A 
from  the  Journal  of  Our  Life  in  the  Highlands"  (1868),  French  marshal.  He  served  as  chief  of  battalion  at 
and  “More  Leaves  from  the  Journal  of  a Life  in  the  Toulon  in  1793;  became  brigadier-general  and  was  as- 
Highlands”  (1884).  She  supervised  the  preparation  of  signed  to  the  army  of  theEast  Pyrenees  near  the  end  of  the 
lives  of  the  Prince  Consort  by  C.  Grey  and  Theodore  year;  took  part  in  the  early  Italian  campaigns,  becoming  a 
■A  Martin.  general  of  division  in  1797 ; commanded  in  Vendee ; fought 

Victoria.  A state  of  the  Commonwealth  of  “ • • — 

Australia.  Capital,  Melbourne,  it  is  bounded  by 
New  South  Wales  (largely  separated  by  Murray  River)  on 
the  north,  the  ocean  on  the  south,  and  South  Australia  on 
the  west.  It  is  very  rich  in  gold,  and  has  many  sheep; 
the  chief  exports  are  wool,  gold,  live  stock,  wheat, and  flour. 

Victoriahas37  counties.  Itsgovemoris  appointed  by  the 
crown,  and  is  aided  by_a  cabinet.  There  is  a parliament 


at  Marengo  in  1800  ; was  ambassador  to  Denmark  in  1805 ; 
became  a marshal  for  his  part  in  the  victory  of  Friedland 
in  1807 ; was  made  duke  of  Belluno  after  the  peace  of  Tilsit, 
and  was  for  a time  governorof  Berlin  ; received  command 
of  the  1st  army  corps  in  Spain  in  1808 ; gained  various  suc- 
cesses, but  was  defeated  by  Wellington  at  Talavera ; guard- 
ed the  French  retreat  at  the  Beresina  in  1812 ; served  in 
the  campaigns  of  1813-14  ; and  was  minister  of  war  1821-23. 


of  two  chambers— the  Legislative  Council  and  Legislative  Victory  (vik'to-ri).  A British  line-of-battle 
Assembly  (both  elected).  It  was  first  settled  in  1835;  ship  of  100  guns'.  She  was  the  flag-ship  of  Vice-Admiral 
formed  at  first  a part  of  New  South  Wales  (and  was  called  LorJ  Uowe  tfefore  Tolllon  and  Corfica  ^93-94 . tl)e  flag. 
Gie,  I),3,t.rlct)  ’ and pvas  made  a separate  colony  } , ; p 0f  gjr  j0hn  Jervis  in  action  with  the  Spanish  fleet  off 

m 1851.  .Gold  was  discovered  in  1851.  Area,  87,884  square  Ca£e  st  Vincent,  Feb.  14,  1797 ; and  the  flag-ship  of  Vice- 


miles.  Population,  1,282,928. 


tt-  a . - m,  ..  i „ -r.  -i-  -i  n i , . Admiral  Lord  Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,  1805. 

victoria.  1 he  capital  of  British  Columbia,  sit-  Victory.  A fine  Greco-Roman  statue  in  bronze, 
uated  in  the  southeastern  part  of  \ ancouver  larger  than  life,  in  the  Museo  Anticoat  Brescia, 
island,  on  the  otrait  of  Juan  de  r uca,  in  lat.  The  figure  is  winged,  clad  in  light  and  rich  drapery,  and 
48°  25'  N.,  long.  123°  23'  W.  It  was  formerly  is  in  the  act  of  writing  on  a shield  held  in  the  left  hand 
a post  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  Popula-  and  supported  on  the  raised  left  knee.  It  is  assigned  to 
tion,  31,660,  (1911).  the  1st  century  A.  D. 

Victoria  (vek-to're-a).  A seaport,  capital  Gf  v ictory,  Wingless,  Temple  of.  See  hike  Ap- 
the  state  of  Espirito  Santo,  Brazil,  situated  on  t 

the  Bay  of  Espirito  Santo  in  lat.  20°  19'  S.,  Victory  Loosing  her  Sandal^  A famous^relief 
long.  40°  20'  W.  Population,  municipio,  11,850 
Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a).  The  capital  of  Hong-  . , 
kong,  situated  on  the  northwestern  coast.  Ataens.  It  dates  from  the  early  part  of  the  fourth 
— - - - — — - --•  — .....  century  B.  C. 


Uciy  UL  HibpiIIbU  OcLIJIO  III  Idl.  IV  £5.,  ",  . , c Ii  m 1 £ T7T7* 

long.  40°  20'  W.  Population,  municipio,  ll,85o!  from  the  balustrade  of  the  Temple  of  Wmg- 
Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a).  The  capital  of  Hong-  Vl«tory,  now  in  the  Acropohs  Museum, 
kong,  situated  on  the  northwestern  coast.  Ataens.  It  dates  from  the  early  part  of  the  fourth 

Victoria  (vek-to're-a).  The  capital  of  the  state  tt-’V"  l T m,.  a 

of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico,  about  lat.  23°  45'  N Victoiyqf  Lepanto,The.  A memonal  pictuie 


Population,  10,086. 

Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a).  ABritish  armored  battle- 
ship (tonnage,  10,400;  indicated  horse-power, 
12,000)  sunk  by  collision  off  Tripoli,  Syria,  June 
22, 1893.  It  wasthe  flag-shipof  Vice-Admiral  Sir  George 


by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the  Sala  del  Collegio  of  the 
ducal  palace  at  Venice.  The  future  doge,  Sebastian 
Venier,  kneels  before  the  descending  Saviour,  to  whom  he 
is  recommended  by  St.  Mark  and  St.  Justina.  To  the  left 
is  a figure  of  Faith,  and  behind  is  Barbarigo  with  the  vic- 
torious banners. 


Tryon,  and  was  lost  in  manoeuvering  through  orders  issued  Victory  Of  Samothl'ace.  One  of  the  greatest 

Ku  him  which  led  tn  itc  hoincr  rammed  hv  a rnmnaninn  i.  . . 4-, 


by  him  which  led  to  its  being  rammed  by  a companion 
vessel,  the  Camperdown.  The  admiral  and  338  officers 
and  men  were  drowned. 

Victoria.  An  asteroid  (No.  12)  discovered  by 
Hind  at  London,  Sept.  13,  1850. 


art  monuments  of  antiquity,  found  in  Samo- 
thrace  in  1863,  andnowin  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The 

colossal  winged  figure  (of  which  the  head  has  been  lost) 
stands,  with  full  drapery  blown  by  the  wind,  on  the  prow 
of  a trireme.  The  work  is  of  Hellenistic  date. 


Victoria  (vek-to're-a),  Guadalupe  (Juan  Felix  Vicuna  Mackenna  (ve-kon'ya  mak-ka'na) 


Fernandez).  Born  in  Durango,  1789:  died  at 
Perote,  March  21,  1843.  A Mexican  general 
and  politician.  He  was  prominent  on  the  patriot  side 
during  the  war  for  independence,  and  adopted  the  name 
Guadalupe  Victoria  to  commemorate  a victory  over  the 
Spaniards.  After  assisting  in  the  overthrow  of  Iturbide, 
he  was  a member  of  the  provisional  government,  March, 
1823, -Oct.,  1824  ; was  the  candidate  of  the  federalists  in 
the  ensuing  election ; and  was  first  president  of  Mexico, 
Oct.  10, 1824,  to  April  i,  1829.  There  were  revolts  in  1828- 
1829. 

Victoria,  La.  One  of  the  vessels  composing 
the  squadron  of  Magalhaes,  1519-21.  she  was  the 
only  one  toretum  to  Europe  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
and  was  thus  the  first  vessel  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 
(See  Cano,  Sebastian  del.)  Subsequently  she  was  used  in 


Benjamin.  Born  at  Santiago,  Aug.  25,  1831: 
died  on  his  estate  of  Santa  Rosa  de  Colmo,  Jan. 
25,  1886.  A Chilean  historian.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  revolts  of  1851,  and  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country- 
traveling in  the  United  States  and  Europe  until  1856,  when 
he  was  allowed  to  return.  He  engaged  in  journalism,  but 
was  again  banished  1858-63;  was  elected  to  Congress 
1864;  and  was  special  envoy  to  Peru  and  the  United  States 
1865-67.  In  1875  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  liberal  party 
for  the  presidency.  His  works,  which  are  numerous,  relate 
mainly  to  the  history  of  Chile:  they  are  written  in  pop 
ular  style,  but  are  generally  very  accurate.  Among  the 
best-known  are  “El  Ostracismo  de  los  Carreras”  (1857), 
“Historia  de  la  revolution  del  Peril  ” (1860),  “El  Ostracismo 
del  general  O'Higgins  ” (1S60),  “ Historic  de  la  administra- 
cion  Montt  ” (1862),  “ Historia  de  Chile  ” (1868),  and  “ Cam- 
panas  de  Arica  y Tacna  ” (1880). 


two  voyages  to  the  West  Indies,  and  was  lost  while  return-  tt-j  (voMa ) Mnren  Girolamo  Born  at  Cre 
ing  from  the  second  one.  The  Victoria  was  of  about  90  Vlcta  Uab  iViarC0  LrirOianiO.  £mrn_at  v,re 

tons  burden,  and  carried  45  men 


Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a),  or  Alexandrina  (al-eg- 
zan-dri'na),  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  Mur- 
ray River,  Australia,  at  its  mouth. 

Victoria  Bridge.  A tubular  iron  bridge  built 
across  the  St.  Lawence  River  at  Montreal  by 
Robert  Stephenson  in  1854-59.  In  1898  it  was 
replaced  by  the  Victoria  Jubilee  Bridge. 

Victoria  Cave.  A cave  near  Settle,  in  York- 
shire, England. 

Victoria  Embankm  ent.  See  Thames  Embank- 
ment. 

Victoria  Falls.  A cataract  of  the  Zambesi 
River,  about  lat.  17°  55'  S.,  long.  26°  32'  E.  it 
is  one  of  the  grandest  waterfalls  in  the  world.  Height, 
about  360  feet.  Width,  about  1,000  yards.  It  was  first  seen 
by  Livingstone  in  1855. 

Victoria  Lake.  A large  lake  in  the  Pamir, 
central  Asia,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Amu- 
Daria.  Elevation,  about  14,000  feet. 

Victoria  Land.  1 . A land  in  the  arctic  regions, 
about  lat.  70°  N.,  southeast  of  Prince  Albert 


mona,  Italy,  about  1480:  died  Sept.  27,  1566. 
An  Italian  Latin  poet.  He  was  made  by  Leo  X. 
prior  in  Frascati,  and  by  Clement  VII.  in  1532  bishop  of 
Alba.  His  Latin  poems  include  the  religious  epic  “Chris 
tias”  (in  6 books,  1535),  “De  arte  poetica”  (1537),  “De 
bombyce  ” (1527 : on  silk-culture),  “ De  ludo  scacchormn  ’ 
(1527  : on  chess),  etc. 

Vidal  (ve-dal'),  Pierre.  Born  at  Toulouse: 
flourished  about  1175-1215.  A Provencal  trou- 
badour. He  accompanied  Richard  the  Lion- 
Hearted  to  Cyprus  in  1190. 

Pierre  Vidal  of  Toulouse,  a troubadour  who  followed 
King  Richard  to  the  third  Crusade,  was  no  less  celebrated 
for  his  extravagant  actions  than  for  his  poetical  talents. 
Love  and  vanity,  amongst  the  poets,  seem  by  turns  to  as- 
sume such  an  empire  over  the  feelings  as  almost  to  shake 
the  reason.  None,  however,  have  been  known  to  display 
more  perfect  madness  than  Pierre  Vidal.  Persuaded 
that  he  was  beloved  by  every  lady,  and  that  he  was  the 
bravest  of  all  knights,  he  was  the  Quixote  of  poetry.  His 
ridiculous  amours,  and  his  extravagant  rhodomontades, 
heightened  by  the  treacherous  pleasantries  of  pre- 
tended friends',  led  him  into  the  strangest  errors.  During 
the  Crusade  he  was  persuaded  at  Cyprus  to  marry  a 
Greek  lady  who  asserted  that  she  was  allied  to  one  of  the 
families  which  had  filled  the  throne  of  Constantinople; 


Vidal 

and  this  circumstance  furnished  him  with  sufficient 
grounds  for  believing  that  he  was  himself  entitled  to  the 
purple.  Sismondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  136. 

Vidar  (ve'dar).  In  Norse  mythology,  a power- 
ful god,  son  of  Odin  and  the  giantess  Grid. 

Vidaurri  (ve-THour're),  Santiago.  Born  in 
Mexico  about  1803:  executed  in  the  city  of 
Mexico,  July  8,  1867.  A Mexican  general  and 
politician.  He  was  a member  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Maximilian,  and  was  condemned  as  a 
traitor. 

Vidocci  (ve-dok'),  Francois  Eugene.  Bom  at 
Arras,  France,  July  23,  1775:  died  at  Paris, 
May,  1857.  A French  detective  and  adven- 
turer. In  early  life  he  was  a soldier  and  thief ; was  sev- 
eral times  imprisoned  ; became  connected  with  the  Paris 
police  as  a detective  in  1809 ; and  resigned  as  chief  of  the 
detective  force  in  1825.  In  1832  he  started  a private  de- 
tective establishment,  soon  closed  by  the  government.  He 
was  the  reputed  author  of  “ Memoires  ” and  other  works. 

Viehoff  (ve'liof),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Biittgen, 
near  Neuss,  April  28,  1804:  died  at  Treves, 
April  28,  1886.  A German  historian  of  litera- 
ture and  translator. 

Vieira  (ve-a'ra),  Antonio.  Born  at  Lisbon, 
Feb.  6,  1608:  died  at  Bahia,  Brazil,  July  18, 
1697.  A celebrated  Portuguese  missionary*, 
pulpit  orator,  author,  and  publicist.  He  was  taken 
to  Bahia  when  a child ; entered  the  Jesuit  order  there  in 
1625 ; became  celebrated  as  a pulpit  orator,  and  in  1611 
returned  to  Portugal  with  the  ex-governor  of  Brazil,  Mas- 
carenhas.  There  he  attracted  crowds  to  his  sermons ; was 
nominated  royal  preacherin  1644  ; was  an  influential  coun- 
cilor of  the  king  ; and  was  sent  on  important  diplomatic 
missions  to  Paris,  The  Hague,  and  Borne.  In  1652  he  was 
ordered  to  the  missions  of  Maranhao;  returned  to  Lis- 
bon for  a short  time  to  secure  protection  for  the  Indians  in 
1654  ; was  again  in  Maranhao  1655  to  1661,  when  there  was 
an  uprising  against  the  missionaries ; and  was  sent  a pris- 
oner to  Portugal.  There  his  eloquence  prevailed  with  the 
court,  and  a new  governor  was  sent  to  Maranhao  with 
orders  to  protect  the  Jesuits.  Vieira  remained  in  Portu- 
gal, but  fell  into  iU  favor  with  the  court ; and  for  a book 
which  he  published,  “ Esperancas  de  Portugal,”  was  tried 
before  the  Inquisition,  imprisoned  1665-67,  and  forbidden 
to  preach,  but  was  soon  reinstated.  In  1670-75  he  was 
in  Rome,  where  his  brilliant  oratory  brought  him  renewed 
fame.  He  returned  to  Brazil  in  1681,  and  was  provincial 
of  his  order  there  from  1688.  Vieira’s  published  works 
consist  mainly  of  sermons  and  letters,  the  latter  often  of 
much  historical  value.  He  is  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the 
greatest,  of  the  Portuguese  prose  authors. 

Vieira,  Joao  Fernandes.  See  Fernandes  Vieira. 

Vienna  (vi-en'a).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
city  of  Vienne  in  France. 

Vienna.  [G.  Wien,  F.  Vienne,  L.  Vindobona.'] 
The  capital  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  monarchy, 
of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  the  empire,  and  of 
Lower  Austria,  and  the  residence  of  the  em- 
peror. It  is  situated  on  the  Danube  Canal  (southernarm 
of  the  Danube)  and  the  Wien,  in  lat.  48°  13'  N.,  long.  16° 
23'  E.,  and  comprises  the  Inner  City  (surrounded  by  the 
magnificent  Ringstrasse)  and  the  municipal  districts  Leo- 
poldstadt,  Landstrasse,  Wieden,  Margarethen,  Mariahilf, 
Neubau,  Josefstadt,  Alsergrund,  Favoriten,  Simmering, 
Meidling,  Hietzing,  B-udolfsheim,  Fiinfhaus,  Ottakring, 
Hernals,  Wahring,  and  Dobling.  St.  Stephan's  cathedral 
(12th-15th  century)  is  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  Gothic 
architecture  in  Europe.  Among  other  churches  the  Karls- 
kirche  and  the  modern  Votivkirche  are  the  most  remark- 
able. Other  imposing  edifices  are  the  new  Rathaus,  the 
Parliament  and  University  buildings,  and  the  imperial  mu- 
seums. The  principal  pleasure  resort  is  the  Prater  (which 
see).  Vienna  is  the  chief  commercial  and  industrial  center 
of  the  country  ; has  ex  tensive  commerce  by  railway  and  the 
Danube  in  grain,  manufactured  goods,  etc.;  and  has  manu- 
factures of  leather,  silk,  cotton,  iron  and  wooden  wares, 
beer,  fancy  goods,  etc.  It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  settle- 
ment; was  fortified  by  the  Romans;  was  probably  the 
place  of  the  death  of  Marcus  Aurelius ; was  taken  by  the 
Huns,  and  later  by  the  Avars ; and  was  conquered  by 
Charles  the  Great.  The  Babenbergers  were  established 
there  from  the  10th  century.  Vienna  has  been  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Hapsburg  dominions  from  1282  ; was  occupied 
by  the  French  in  1805  and  in  1809 ; and  was  a scene  of  revo- 
lutionary outbreaks  in  1848.  A world’s  exposition  was 
held  there  in  1873.  Population,  2,030,850,  (1910). 

Vienna,  Congress  of.  A congress  of  the  prin- 
cipal European  powers  for  settling  the  affairs 
of  Europe,  held  at  Vienna  Sept.,  1814, -June, 
181 5.  Among  the  persons  present  were  the  monarchs  of 
Russia,  Prussia,  Austria,  Denmark,  Bavaria,  and  various 
smaller  German  states,  Wellington,  Castlereagh,  Talley- 
rand, Nesselrode,  Ilardenberg,  Metternich,  and  Stein. 
The  chief  stipulations  were:  the  retention  by  Fiance  of 
the  limits  existing  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution ; 
the  restoration  of  the  Austrian  monarchy  without  Bel- 
gium, Breisgau,  and  West  Galicia,  but  with  the  addition 
of  Venetia,  Dalmatia,  etc.;  the  restoration  of  the  Prussian 
monarchy  without  most  of  the  territory  taken  in  1807  to 
form  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  and  minus  Ansbach  and  Bay- 
reuth (ceded  to  Bavaria),  etc.,  but  with  the  addition  of 
half  of  Saxony,  extensive  territories  in  the  region  of  the 
Rhine,  and  Swedish  Pomerania ; the  formation  of  the  Ger- 
man Confederation  under  the  hegemony  of  Austria ; the 
creation  of  a new  kingdom  of  Poland  under  the  Russian 
dynasty;  the  establishment  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands. including  Holland  and  Belgium  ; the  retention  of 
Norway  by  Sweden ; the  retention  of  Finland  by  Russia  ; 
the  restoration  of  the  Sardinian  monarchy  witli  the  annexa- 
tion of  Genoa ; the  restoration  of  the  States  of  the  Church, 
Avignon  and  Venaissin  being  left  to  France ; the  recon- 
stitution of  the  Swiss  Confederacy  with  enlarged  limits; 
the  retention  by  Great  Britain  of  Cape  Colony,  Ceylon,  part 


1037 

of  Dutch  Guiana,  Mauritius,  Tobago,  Malta,  Helgoland, 
etc.;  the  establishment  of  a British  protectorate  over  the 
Ionian  Islands ; the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  and  other 
former  dynasties  in  Spain,  Naples,  Tuscany,  and  Modena. 

Vienna,  Sieges  of.  1.  Au  unsuccessful  siege  by 
the  Turks  under  Sultan  Solyman  in  1529:  the 
city  defended  by  Von  Salm. — 2.  A siege  by  the 
Turks  under  Kara  Mustapha  in  1683.  Vienna  was 
defended  by  Rudiger  von  Starhemberg.  It  was  relieved 
by  a German-Polish  army  under  Sobieski  and  Charles,  duke 
of  Lorraine,  who  defeated  the  Turks  before  the  city  Sept. 
12,  1683. 

Vienna,  Treaties  of.  1.  A treaty  signed  Nov. 
18,  1738,  ratifying  the  preliminai-ies  signed  Oct. 
3,  1735.  It  ended  the  War  of  the  Polish  Succession. 
Austria  ceded  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies  as  a secun- 
dogeniture  to  Don  Carlos  of  Spain,  and  received  the  duchies 
of  Parma  and  Piacenza;  Stanislaus  renounced  Poland  and 
received  Lorraine  (to  devolve  after  his  death  on  France) ; 
the  Duke  of  Lorraine  (Francis  Stephen)  received  Tuscany. 
2.  See  Schonbrunn,  Treaty  of. — 3.  A treaty 
signed  Oct.  30  (preliminaries  Aug.  1),  1864, 
which  ended  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war.  The 
King  of  Denmark  renounced  all  rights  over 
Schleswig,  Holstein,  and  Lauenburg. — 4.  A 
treaty  between  Austria  and  Italy,  signed  Oct. 
3, 1866.  Austria  recognized  the  cession  of  Ve- 
netia to  Italy. 

Vienna,  University  of.  A university  founded 
at  Vienna  in  1365.  It  is  especially  famous  for  its 
medical  faculty.  The  teachers  number  over  400,  and  the 
students  about  8,000. 

Vienne  (vyen).  [ML.  Vingenna,  Vcncenna,  Vi- 
genna.]  A river  in  western  France,  which 
rises  in  the  department  of  Correze  and  joins 
the  Loire  8 miles  above  Saumur.  Length,  231 
miles ; navigable  to  Chatellerault. 

Vienne.  [Roman  Vienna  Allobrogum  (‘of  the 
Allobroges’).]  A city  in  the  department  of 
Is&re,  France,  at  the  junction  of  the  Gere  with 
the  Rhone,  16  miles  south  of  Lyons,  it  has  im- 
portant and  varied  manufactures,  and  trade  in  wine  and 
grain.  It  contains  a Gothic  cathedral  and  the  Roman 
temple  of  Augustus  and  Livia  (which  see).  The  cathedral 
is  a fine  building  exhibiting  all  styles,  from  the  Roman- 
esque to  the  florid  Pointed.  The  west  front  is  Flamboy- 
ant, with  3.  doorways,  a large  window,  and  2 towers.  The 
interior  exhibits  admirable  details  in  the  sculpture  of 
its  capitals,  and  in  decorations  imitated  from  the  local 
Roman  remains.  Vienne  was  a city  of  the  Allobroges,  and 
later  a Roman  colony  and  the  capital  of  a province  (Pro- 
vincia  Viennensis).  It  was  the  earliest  center  of  Chris- 
tianity in  Gaul.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Burgundy  413-534  and  879-933.  It  was  governed  later 
by  counts  and  archbishops.  The  Archbishop  of  Vienne 
was  the  Primate  of  Gaul  until  the  French  Revolution. 
Several  ecclesiastical  councils  have  been  held  there,  of 
which  the  most  important  is  that  of  1311-12,  in  which 
Clement  V.  suspended  the  order  of  the  Templars  (buU  of 
May  2,  1312).  Population,  commune,  24,887. 

Vienne.  A department  of  France,  bounded 
by  Maine-et-Loire,  Indre-et- Loire,  Indre, 
Haute-Vienne,  Charon te,  and  Doux-Sovres. 
Capital,  Poitiers.  The  surface  is  generally  level. 
Vienne  was  formed  chiefly  from  Poitou,  and  also  from 
parts  of  Touraine  and  Berry.  Area,  2,711  square  miles. 
Population,  333,621. 

Vienne.  The  French  name  of  Vienna. 
Vienne,  Haute-.  See  Haute-Vienne. 

Viennois  (vyen-nwa/).  An  ancient  district  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  city  of  Vienne,  France: 
now  in  the  departments  of  Isere  and  Drome. 
Viersen  (fer'sen).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  34  miles  northwest  of  Cologne : 
noted  for  manufactures  of  velvet,  plush,  silk, 
etc.  Population,  commune,  27,577. 
Vierwaldstattersee  (fer-valt'stet-ter-za).  [G., 
‘Lake  of  the  Four  Forest  Cantons.’]  See  Lu- 
cerne, Lalce  of. 

Vierzehnlieiiigen  (fer-tsan-hi 'lig-en).  [G., 
‘fourteen  saints.’]  1.  A place  of  pilgrimage 
in  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  19  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Bamberg. — 2.  A village  near 
Jena,  Germany,  the  central  point  in  the  battle 
of  Jena  in  1806. 

Viesch,  or  Fiesch  (fesh).  A small  village  and 
tourist  center  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  in  the  upper  Rhone  valley 
9 miles  northeast  of  Brieg. 

Vieuxtemps  (vye-ton'),  Henri.  Born  at  Ver- 
viers,  Belgium,  Feb.,  1820:  died  in  Algeria,  June 
6, 1881 . A celebrated  Belgian  violinist  and  com- 
poser for  the  violin.  He  was  a pupil  of  De  B^riot,  and 
his  style  was  distinctively  French.  He  made  many  long 
and  successful  tours  through  Europe  and  America ; and 
was  teacher  of  the  violin  1871-73  at  the  Brussels  Conserva- 
tory, and  director  of  popular  concerts  there.  After  1873, 
when  he  was  disabled  by  a shock  of  paralysis,  he  still  gave 
lessons,  but  was  unable  to  play.  Among  his  compositions 
are  six  grand  concertos  and  many  fantasias,  etc. 
Vigevaao  (ve-ja-va'no).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Pavia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ticino  19  miles 
southwest  of  Milan.  It  has  important  silk 
manufactures,  and  contains  a cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, town,  18,467;  commune,  23,909. 
Vigfusson  (vig'fos-son),  Gudbrandr.  Born  in 


Vilaine 

Iceland,  in  1828:  died  at  Oxford,  Jan.  31, 1889. 
A noted  Danish  philologist,  a student  of  the 
Icelandic  language  and  literature:  lector  in 
Icelandic  at  Oxford  from  1884.  He  completed 
Cleasby’s  “ Icelandic  - English  Dictionary” 
(1869-74). 

Vigil,  Francisco  de  Paula  Gonzalez.  See 

Gonzalez  Vigil. 

Vigilant  (vij'i-lant).  A center-board  sloop  se- 
lected to  defend  the  America’s  cup  against  the 
Valkyrie.  She  won  three  races,  Oct.  5,  9,  and  13, 1893.  In 
July,  1894,  she  went  to  Great  Britain  for  the  racing  season, 
in  which  she  was  unsuccessful.  Her  racing  length  for  the 
America’s  cup  was  93.31  feet;  height  of  topmast,  56.88; 
load  water-line,  86.34  ; boom,  74.62.  She  was  designed  by 
the  Herreshoffs,  and  was  owned  by  a syndicate  of  twelve, 
C.  O.  Iselin  being  the  principal.  After  passing  to  various 
owners,  she  was  sold  to  be  broken  up. 

Vigiles  (vij'i-lez).  A corps  of  police  and  fire- 
men, organized  under  military  discipline,  in  an- 
cient Rome.  Under  Augustusthey  numbered  7,000;  were 
under  the  command  of  a prefect;  and  were  divided  into  7 
regiments,  each  of  which  had  the  guard  of  two  of  the  14 
regiones  of  the  city,  and  was  subdivided  into  7 companies. 
The  V igiles  were  quartered  in  7 main  barracks,  or  stationer, 
and  14  subordinate  posts,  or  excubitorm.  The  remains  of 
several  of  these  barracks  and  posts  have  been  discovered, 
and  are  remarkable  for  the  magnificence  of  their  decora- 
tion with  marble  incrustation  and  columns,  mosaic  pave- 
ments, statues,  and  mural  paintings. 

Vigilius  (vi-jil'i-us).  Died  555.  Pope : ordained 
by  order  of  Belisarius  537.  His  pontificate 
was  largely  occupied  with  intrigues  relating  to 
the  decisions  of  the  Council  of  Chalcedon. 
Vigliemale  (ven-ye-miil').  One  of  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Pyrenees,  situated  southwest  of 
Luz.  Height,  10,820  feet. 

Vignola  (ve-nyo'la),  Giacomo  Barocchio  or 
Barozzi,  called.  Born  at  Vignola  (Modena)  in 
1507 : died  at  Rome  in  1573.  A noted  Italian 
architect.  He  wrote  a treatise  on  the  five  orders  of 
architecture,  and  one  on  perspective,  which  are  well 
known.  After  the  death  of  Michelangelo  he  succeeded 
him  as  the  architect  of  St.  Peter’s,  Rome,  and  also  de- 
signed the  Escorial  in  Spain.  He  lived  for  several  years 
in  France,  where  he  executed  a number  of  bronzes. 

Vigny  ( ven-ye' ) , Alfred  Victor,  Comte  de.  Bom 
at  Loches,  Touraine,  March  27,  1799:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  17, 1863.  A French  poet  and  novel- 
ist. At  the  age  of  16  he  entered  the  army,  and  was  pro- 
moted captain  in  1823.  During  the  moments  of  enforced 
inactivity  in  his  military  career  he  pursued  his  studies: 
as  early  as  1815  he  composed  a couple  of  essays,  “La 
Dryade”  and  “Symdta.”  His  first  collection  of  poems 
appeared  in  1822  as  “Poemes  antiques  et  mod  ernes.”  That 
same  year  he  published  “Le  Trappiste,”  and  “Eloa,  ou  la 
sneur  des  anges  ” in  1824.  Then  came  his  last  work  of  a 
biblical  character,  “Le  Ddluge,”  and  his  first  work  in  the 
new  romantic  ordering,  “Dolorida.”  He  published  his 
great  historical  novel  “Cinq-Mars”  in  1826,  and  resigned 
from  the  army  in  1828  by  reason  of  ill  health.  As  a drama- 
tist he  translated  Shakspere’s  “Othello”  and  “Merchant 
of  Venice  "into  French  verse,  wrote  an  original  historical 
drama,  “La  mardchale  d’Ancre,”  and  finally  produced  his 
best  piece  of  work  in  this  line,  “ Cliatterton  ” (1835).  This 
drama  is  related  in  its  subject  to  “Stello,  ou  les  diables 
bleus”  (1832),  in  which  De  Vigny  defined  the  position  of 
a poet  in  modern  society.  Another  work,  in  which  a war- 
rior's position  is  similarly  defined,  appeared  as  “Servi- 
tude et  grandeur  militaires  ” (1835).  Among  the  last  publi- 
cations during  the  author’slifetime  was  a series  of  “Poemes 
philosophiques”  (1843).  He  spent  the  last  twenty  years  of 
his  life  in  retirement,  and  left  several  posthumous  works. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  French  Academy  May  8,  1845. 
Vigo  (ve'go).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Pontevedra,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ria  de  Vigo 
in  lat.  42°  12'  N.,  long.  8°  43'  W.  It  has  sardine 
and  other  fisheries,  and  important  commerce ; and  is  a 
port  of  call  of  several  steamship  lines.  It  was  attacked 
by  Drake  toward  the  end  of  the  16th  century.  The  allied 
Anglo-Dutch  fleet  destroyed  the  Spanish  plate  fleet  in 
Vigo  Bay  Oct.  23,  1702.  The  town  was  captured  by  the 
British  in  1719.  Population,  23,259. 

Vihiers  (ve-ya').  A small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  24  miles  south 
of  Angers.  Here,  July  18,  1793,  the  Vendeans 
defeated  the  republicans. 

Vikings  (vl'kingz).  [ON.  vildngr,  a pirate,  a 
freebooter.]  The  bands  of  Northmen  who,  as 
pirates,  infested  the  British  Isles  and  the  north 
coast  of  France  in  the  8th,  9th,  and  10th  cen- 
turies. 

Vikramorvashi  (vi-kra-mor'va-she).  [Skt., 
‘Urvashi  won  by  valor  (vikrama).’]  A cele- 
brated drama  by  Kalidasa,  after  the  Shakun- 
tala  the  most  remarkable  of  Sanskrit  dramas. 
It  is  in  five  acts,  and  belongs  to  the  trotaka  class,  in  which 
the  events  take  place  some  on  earth  and  some  in  heaven. 
VilagOS  (vil'a-gosh).  A small  town  in  the 
county  of  Arad,  Hungary,  16  miles  east-north- 
east  of  Arad,  ncrc  the  Hungarian  army  under  Gorgey 
(about  25,000)  surrendered  to  the  Russians  under  Rudiger 
Aug.  13,  1849.  This  practically  ended  the  Hungarian  in- 
surrection. 

Vilaine  (ve-lan').  [ML.  Vincinonia  or  Vicc- 
nonia.2  A river  in  France,  principally  in  Brit- 
tany, which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  17 miles  south- 
east of  Vannes:  the  Roman  Herius.  Length,  140 
miles;  navigable  88  miles. 


Vilas 

Vilas  (vi'las),  William  Freeman.  Born  at  Chel- 
sea, Vt.,  July  9,  1840:  died  at  Madison,  Wis., 
Aug.  27,  1908.  An  American  Democratic  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  Civil  War  ; and  was  chairman 
of  the  Democratic  National  Convention  in  1884 ; post- 
master-general 1885-88  ; and  secretary  of  the  interior 
1888-89.  He  was  senator  from  Wisconsin  1891-97. 

Vilcabamba  (vel-ka-batn'ba).  A mountainous 
region  of  Peru,  north  of  Cuzco,  between  the 
rivers  Apurimac  and  Vilcamayu. 

Vile  (ve'le).  In  Norse  mythology,  the  brother 
of  Odin. 

Vili  (ve'le),  or  Bavili  (ha-ve'le).  A Bantu  tribe 
of  the  French  Kongo,  on  the  coast  between  Ma- 
vumba  and  Nkobi. 

Vilkomir  (vil-ko-mer'),  or  Wilkomierz  (vil- 

kom'e-arzh).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Kovno,  western  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sventa 
43  miles  northeast  of  Kovno.  Population,  14, 700. 
Villa  Adriana.  See  Hadrian’s  Vina. 

Villa  Albani  (vel'la  al-ba'ne).  A Roman  villa 
on  the  Via  Salaria,  founded  in  1760  by  Cardinal 
Alessandro  Albani.  It  was  filled  with  works  of  art. 
Napoleon  sent  nearly  300  of  the  statues  to  Paris.  They 
were  restored  to  Cardinal  Giuseppe  Albani  in  1815 : he  sold 
them,  and  many  of  them  are  now  in  the  Glyptothek  at 
Munich.  Prince  Torlonia  bought  the  villa  in  1866.  It  still 
contains  many  works  of  art. 

Villa  Aldobrandini  (al-do-bran-de'ne).  A villa 
at  Frascati,  near  Rome.  It  was  built  for  Cardinal 
Aldobrandini  near  the  close  of  the  16th  century,  and  now 
belongs  to  the  Borghese  family.  The  grounds  are  finely 
laid  out,  and  are  famous  for  their  waterworks  and  extensive 
views. 

Villa  Borghese  (bor-ga'se).  A villa  just  out- 
side the  Porta  del  Popolo,  Rome,  it  was  founded 
by  Cardinal  Scipio  Borghese,  the  nephew  of  Plus  V.  Its 
grounds  are  very  extensive,  having  been  enlarged  by  the 
addition  of  the  Giustiniani  Gardens.  The  villa  contains 
many  fine  sculptures,  Prince  Borghese  having  founded  a 
new  museum  here,  the  older  one  having  been  purchased 
by  Napoleon  I.  and  sent  to  the  louvre. 

Villa  do  Conde  (vel'la  do  kon'da).  A seaport 
in  the  province  of  Entre  Douro  e Minlio,  Portu- 
gal, situated  on  the  Atlantic  18  miles  north  of 
Oporto.  Population,  5,547. 

Villaflor.  See  Terceira,  Duke  of. 

Villafranca  (vel-la-frang'ka).  ‘ A town  in  the 
province  of  Verona,  Italy,  11  miles  southwest  of 
Verona,  A treaty  was  signed  here,  July  11, 1859,  between 
the  emperors  Francis  Joseph  of  Austria  and  Napoleon  III, 
ending  the  war  of  1859.  It  was  preliminary  to  the  treaty 
of  Zurich  (which  see),  Nov.,  1859.  Pop.,  commune,  9,461. 
Villa  Franca  (vel'la  frang'ka).  A town  on  the 
southern  coast  of  the  island  of  St.  Michael, 
Azores.  Population,  7,527. 

Village  Coquette,  The.  A short  comedy,  with 
songs,  by  Charles  Dickens,  published  in  1836. 
Villagra  (vel-ya-gra'),  or  Villagran  (vel-ya- 
gran' ),  Francisco  de.  Born  at  Astorga,  Leon, 
1507:  died  at  Concepcion,  Chile,  July  15,  1563. 
A Spanish  soldier.  He  was  prominent  in  the  conquest 
of  Chile  1540-46 ; was  acting  governor  (1547-49)  during  Val- 
divia’s absence;  and,  after  the  latter  was  killed  by  the 
Araucanians  (Jan.,  1554),  succeeded  him  as  governor  ad 
interim.  He  immediately  marched  against  the  Indians, 
but  was  disastrously  defeated  at  Mariguenu  (Feb.,  1554), 
and  forced  to  abandon  Concepcion,  which  was  burned 
by  the  Indians.  In  1555  he  was  more  successful,  relieving 
Imperial  and  Valdivia,  which  had  been  closely  besieged, 
and  carrying  on  a war  of  extermination  in  the  south.  In 
1557  he  surprised,  defeated,  and  killed  the  celebrated  chief 
Lautaro  at  Mataquito.  His  right  to  rule  was  contested, 
and  on  the  arrival  of  the  new  governor,  Hurtado  de  Men- 
doza, he  was  sent  a prisoner  to  Peru : but  was  quickly 
released,  went  to  Spain,  and  in  1561  returned  to  Chile  as 
governor,  ruling  until  his  death.  In  1562-63  he  had  to  deal 
with  a fresh  uprising  of  the  Araucanians,  in  which  his  son 
was  killed. 

Villalobos,  Rui  Lopez  de.  See  Lopez  de  Villa- 
lobos. 

Villa  Ludovisi  (vel'la  lo-do-ve'se).  A villa  on 
the  Via  di  S.  Basilio,  within  the  walls  of  Rome, 
erected  in  the  early  part  of  the  17th  century  by 
Cardinal  Ludovisi.  It  has  a fine  collection  of  antique 
sculptures,  including  the  Ludovisi  Juno,  which  are  to 
be  transferred  to  a new  building  erected  near  by.  Its 
grounds,  formerly  extensive,  have  been  partly  built  over. 
Villamanrique,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 

See  Zuniga , Alonso  Manrique  de. 

Villa  Medici  (ma'de-clie).  A Roman  villa  built, 
in  1540,  south  of  the  Pincio,  for  Cardinal  Ricci 
da  Montepulciano.  About  1600  it  came  into  the  pos- 
session  of  the  Medici  family,  and  afterward  into  that  of 
the  grand  dukes  of  Tuscany.  Galileo  was  confined  there 
1630-33.  The  French  Academy  of  Art,  founded  by  Louis 
XIV.,  was  transferred  to  it  in  1801,  and  it  has  a fine  collec- 
tion of  casts. 

VillaNazionale  (nat-ze-o-nii'le).  The  principal 
public  park  and  promenade  in  Naples,  formerly 
the  Villa  Real©  (royal  villa).  It  is  an  extension  of 
the  Chiaja  from  the  Largo  della  Vittoria  to  the  Piazza  Um- 
berto, about  200  feet  wide  and  a mile  long,  laid  out  in  1780 
(since  enlarged)  on  the  edge  of  the  sea.  The  new  aqua- 
rium, belonging  to  the  zoological  station,  is  about  in  the 
middle  of  the  grounds,  and  was  opened  in  1874. 

Villani  (vel-la'ne),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Flor- 


1038 

ence:  died  there  of  the  plague,  1348.  An 
Italian  historian.  He  traveled  in  Italy,  France,  and 
Flanders,  and  held  public  offices  in  Florence.  He  wrote 
a “Chronicle  of  Florence,”  etc. 

Villani,  Matteo.  Died  about  1363.  An  Italian 
chronicler,  brother  of  G. Villani  whose  ‘‘Chron- 
icle ” he  continued. 

Villanova  de  Portimao  (vel-la-no'va  de  por- 
te-mouh').  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Algarve, 
Portugal,  situated  on  the  southern  coast  112 
miles  south-southeast  of  Lisbon.  Population, 
7,972. 

Villanovanus,  Arnaldus.  See  Arnold  of  Villa- 

nova. 

Villanueva(vel-ya-nwa'va),JoaquinLorenzo. 

Bom  at  J ativa,  Spain,  Aug.  10, 1757 : died  at  Dub- 
lin, March  26,  1837.  A noted  Spanish  patriot, 
scholar,  and  poet.  On  the  restoration  of  1823, 
he  fled  to  Great  Britain. 

Villa  Pallavicini  (vel'la  pal-la-ve-ehe'ne). 
The  residence  of  the  Marchese  Durazzo,  at 
Pegli,  Italy.  It  is  famous  for  its  elaborate  decoration 
and  its  extensive  gardens,  which,  with  the  luxuriance  and 
variety  of  their  subtropical  vegetation,  and  their  charm- 
ing views  over  the  Mediterranean,  combine  numerous 
statues,  fountains,  bridges,  grottoes,  a Pointed  chapel,  a 
triumphal  arch  with  sculptures,  a mosque,  an  obelisk, 
a Roman  temple,  and  many  other  attractions.  In  its  arti- 
ficial type  of  beauty,  the  Villa  Pallavicini  is  unsurpassed. 
Villa  Real  (vel'la  ra-al').  [Pg.,  ‘royal  villa.’] 
A seaport  in  the  province  of  Algarve,  south- 
eastern extremity  of  Portugal,  on  the  Spanish 
frontier,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Guadiana.  Popu- 
lation, 6,172. 

Villa  Real.  A town  in  the  province  of  Traz- 
os-Montes,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Corgo  50 
miles  east-northeast  of  Oporto.  It  was  the  scene 
of  an  outbreak  of  the  Miguelists  in  1823 ; and  of  the  vic- 
tory of  C’azal  over  the  insurgents  in  1846.  Population, 
6,716. 

Villareal  ( vel-ya-ra-al').  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Castellon,  Spain,  south  of  Castellon. 
Population,  16,068. 

Villaret  de  Joyeuse  (vel-la-ra'  de  zhwa-yez'), 
called  Villaret-Joyeuse,  Louis  Thomas, 

Count.  Born  in  1750:  died  at  Venice,  July  24, 
1812.  A French  naval  officer.  He  commanded  a 
fleet  which,  while  convoying  grain-ships,  engaged  the  Eng- 
lish under  Lord  Howe,  near  Brest,  May  28-June  1,  1794. 
In  1801-02  he  commanded  the  naval  forces  in  the  Santo 
Domingo  expedition  (see  Leclerc).  From  1802  to  1809  he 
was  governor  of  the  islands  of  Martinique  and  St.  Lucia, 
finally  capitulating  to  the  English.  From  1811  he  was 
★ governor  of  Venice. 

Villari  (vel'la-re),  Pasquale.  Born  at  Naples, 
Oct.  3,  1827.  An  Italian  author,  professor  at 
Florence  1866—1906.  He  has  written  a history  of  Sa- 
vonarola (“Storia  di  Savonarola e de  suoi  tempi,"  1859-61), 
one  of  Machiavelli  and  his  times  (1877-82),  essays,  and 
works  on  education,  art,  philosophy,  Italian  literature,  etc. 

Villa  Rica  (vel'yare'ka).  The  first  town  found- 
ed in  Mexico  by  Cortes,  May,  1519.  it  was  nomi- 
nally founded  on  the  present,  site  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  was  then 
known  as  Villa  Rica  de  la  Vera  Cruz.  A short  time  after 
the  actual  settlement  was  commenced  farther  north,  on 
the  harbor  of  Bernal.  In  1525  the  site  was  changed  to  a 
place  on  the  Rio  de  la  Antigua,  and  thenceforth  the  town 
was  generally  known  as  Vera  Cruz.  The  final  removal  to 
the  present  site  took  place  in  1599. 

Villa  Rica  (vel'yare'ka).  A town  in  Paraguay, 
95  miles  (by  railroad)  east-southeast  of  Asun- 
cion. Population,  about  25,000. 

Villars  (ve-lar').  Due  de  (Claude  Louis  Hec- 
tor). Born  at  Moulins,  France,  May  8,  1653: 
died  at  Turin,  June  17,  1734.  A French  mar- 
shal. Heserved  under Turenne,  Conde,  and  Luxembourg ; 
filled  various  diplomatic  missions ; commanded  in  Ger- 
many in  1702  ; defeated  Louis  of  Baden  at  Friedliugen  Oct. 
14,  1702  ; gained  the  victory  of  Hochstadt  Sept.  20,  1703 ; 
subdued  the  Camisards  in  i704  ; commanded  in  Germany 
and  Italy  1705-08;  was  defeated  at  Malplaquet  Sept.  11, 
1709;  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  Denain  July  24,  1712; 
and  gained  various  successes  in  1713.  He  was  a member 
of  the  council  of  regency  under  Louis  XV.,  and  commanded 
successfully  in  Lombardy  in  1733-34. 

Villaviciosa  (vel-ya-ve-the-6'sa).  A village  in 
the  province  of  Guadalajara,  Spain,  25  miles 
east-northeast  of  Guadalajara.  Here,  Dec.  10. 1710, 
the  French  under  Vendome  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Starhemberg. 

Villa-Viqosa  (vel'la-ve-so'sa).  Atowninthe 
province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  24  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Badajoz.  Population,  7,222. 
Villedieu  (vel-dye'),  Madame  de:  the  pseu- 
donym of  Marie  Catherine  Hortense  Des- 
jardins. Born  near  Fougeres  in  1631 : died 
there,  Nov.,  1683.  A French  writer.  She  had  an 
adventurous  life,  and  was  the  author  of  numerous  works, 
among  which  are  “Les  desordres  de  l'amour,”  “ Amours  des 
grands  homines,”  “ M^moires  du  serail,”  “Le  rdcit  eu 
prose  eten  vers  des  pr^cieuses,”  etc. 

Villefranche  (vel-fronsh'),  It.  Villafranca 

(vel-la-frang'ka).  A seaport,  in  the  department 
of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Nice  3 miles  northeast  of  Nice.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  4,425. 


Villeneuve 

Villefranche  de  Lauragais  (vel-fronsh'  de  16- 

ra-ga').  A town  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Garonne,  France,  20  miles  southeast  of  Tou- 
louse. Population,  commune,  2,347. 
Villefranche  de  Rouergue  (ro-arg').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Aveyron,  France,  situated 
on  the  Aveyron  27  miles  west  of  Rodez.  it  waB 
a flourishing  medieval  town,  and  later  a Huguenot  center. 
It  has  a church  of  Notre  Dame  and  a Carthusian  convent. 
Population,  commune,  8,352. 

Villefranche-sur-Saone  (-sfir-son').  A town  in 
the  department  of  Rhone, France,  situated  near 
the  Saone  17  miles  north  by  west  of  Lyons. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Beaujolais.  Population, 
commune,  16,031. 

Villegaignon  (vel-ga-nyoh'),  Chevalier  de 
(Nicolas  Durand).  Born  in  1510;  died  near 
Nemours,  Jan.  9,  1571.  A French  soldier.  He 
served  against  the  Turks  and  Algerians ; was  vice-admiral 
of  Brittany ; and  in  1555  was  given  command  of  the  expe- 
dition sent  by  Coliguy  to  found  a colony  in  Brazil.  He 
sailed  from  Havre,  July  12,  with  two  ships,  and  in  Nov. 
entered  the  Bay  of  Rio  tie  Janeiro  and  occupied  the  island 
which  is  still  known  by  his  name,  establishing  friendly  re- 
lations with  the  Indians.  Coligny  had  intended  the  colony 
as  a refuge  for  Protestants,  but  it  was  made  up  of  differ- 
ent sects,  including  Catholics:  quarrels  arose,  and  Ville- 
gaignon, whose  affiliations  were  doubtful,  expelled  the  Cal- 
vinists. In  1559  he  went  to  France,  ostensibly  for  reinforce- 
ments, but  never  returned,  and  the  colony  was  destroyed 
by  the  Portuguese  in  1567  (see  Sd,  Mem  de).  Villegaignon 
published  (in  Latin)  works  on  the  wars  in  which  he  had 
been  engaged,  etc.  Also  written  Villegagnon. 

Villegaignon  (ve-le-gan-yon'),  Ilha  de.  A 
small  island  in  the- harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
fronting  the  city.  It  was  occupied  by  the  French  who 
formed  the  first  settlement  on  the  bay.  (See  Chevalier  de 
Villegaignon,  above.)  During  the  empire  it  was  fortified, 
and  it  was  a strongly  contested  point  during  the  naval 
rebellion  of  1893-94. 

Villehardouin  (vel-ar-do-ah'),  Geoffroi  de. 

Born  presumably  on  his  ancestral  estates  near 
Troyes,  Champagne,  between  1150  and  1165: 
died  probably  in  1212.  A French  chronicler. 
The  only  thing  known  concerning  him  before  the  time  of 
the  fourth  Crusade  (1202)  is  that  he  bore  the  title  of  mar- 
shal of  Champagne  in  1191.  When  his  liege  lord  Thibaut 
III.  joined  theCrusade  preached  in  1 199, Villehardouin  took 
service  under  him,  and  gained  special  reputation  in  nego- 
tiating with  the  Venetians  for  the  transfer  of  the  Crusa- 
ders by  sea  to  the  Holy  Land.  He  followed  the  Crusade 
through  all  its  disasters,  and  chronicled  all  the  events  of 
importance  that  extended  over  a period  of  10  years  (1198- 
1207).  His  “Chronique”  is  considered  trustworthy  from 
a historical  point  of  view,  but  is  more  deserving  still  for 
it?  literary  excellence,  while  being  one  of  the  oldest  monu- 
ments in  original  French  prose.  The  best  edition  of  thi3 
“Chronique ’’was  made  by  M.  Natalis  de  Wailly  under  the 
title  “La  conquete  de  Constantinople,  par  Geoffroi  de 
Villehardouin,  texte  original  accompagne  d’une  traduc- 
tion ” (Paris,  1872). 

Villela  Barboza  (ve-la'la  bar-bo'za),  Francis- 
co, Marquis  of  Para  nagua  from  1825.  Born 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Nov.  20,  1769:  died ’there, 
Sept.  11,  1846.  A Brazilian  politician  of  the 
conservative  party.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Portuguese 
Cortes  1821-22,  and  during  the  reign  of  Pedro  I.  was  re- 
peatedly a member  of  the  cabinet.  The  unpopular  acts 
of  the  emperor,  which  led  to  his  enforced  abdication  in 
1831,  were  due  to  Barboza’s  advice.  He  was  a poet  of  some 
repute. 

Villele  (ve-lal'),  Comte  Jean  Baptiste  Sera- 
pilin  Joseph  de.  Born  at  Toulouse,  France, 
Aug.  14,  1773:  died  there,  March  13,  1854.  A 
French  statesman  and  financier.  He  served  in 
early  life  in  the  navy ; after  the  restoration  was  a leader 
of  tire  ultra-royalists;  entered  the  cabinet  in  1820;  be- 
came minister  of  finance  in  1821 ; and  was  premier  1822-28. 

Villemain  (vel-mah'),  Abel  Franqois.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  11, 1790 : died  there,  May  8, 1870.  A 
French  writer.  On  graduating  from  the  LycSe  Louis- 
le-Grand,  he  studied  law.  In  1810  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  rhetoric  at  the  LycAe  Charlemagne,  and  from  1816 
to  1826  filled  the  chair  in  French  eloquence  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  His  success  as  a teacher  was  such  that  his  name 
was  associated  with  those  of  Cousin  and  Guizot,  thus  form- 
ing the  famous  trio  known  as  “les  trois  professeurs."  He 
won  his  first  laurels  as  a writer  in  successful  competition 
before  the  French  Academy  for  the  prize  offered  for  the 
best  essay  entitled  “Elogede  Montaigne  ’’(1812).  Heagain 
took  the  prize  in  1814  with  his  “A vantages  et  inconvenient? 
de  la  critique,”  and  in  1816  with  his  “ Eloge  de  Montes- 
quieu.” The  French  Academy  elected  him  a mem- 
ber in  1821.  The  success  of  his  “Histoire  de  Cromwell” 
(1819)  led  him  gradually  into  a political  life,  so  that  after 
1836  he  gave  up  teaching  altogether.  From  1839  to  1844 
he  was  almost  continuously  minister  of  public  instruction. 
Besides  a couple  of  essays  on  Grecian  themes,  entitled 
“ Lascaris,  ou  lesGrecsdu  X V--  sihcle  ’’  and  “Essai  sur  1’iHat 
des  Grees  depuis  la  conquete  musulmane ’’ (1825),  Ville- 
main wrote  several  shorter  papers  and  articles  that  were 
ultimately  published  in  book  form : prominent  among 
these  writings  stand  his  “Souvenirs  contemporains  d’his- 
toire  et  de  literature  ” (1856).  His  reputation,  however, 
rests  more  particularly  on  the  following  three  great  works : 
“ Cours  de  literature  frangaise,  tableau  du  X V II I-'  sited e, ” 
“ Tableau  de  l’eloquence  chrtHienne  au  IVe  siecle,”  and.  in 
a somewhat  lesser  degree,  “ Histoire  de  Gr^goire  VII.” — 
this  last-named  being  a posthumous  publication  (1873). 
Villeneuve  (vel-nev').  [F.,  ‘new  town.]  A 
town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated at  t he  head  of  Lake  Geneva,  17  miles  south- 
east of  Lausanne.  Population,  1,751. 


Villeneuve 

Villeneuve,  Pierre  Charles  Jean  Baptiste 
Silvestre  de.  Born  1763:  committed  suicide 
1806.  A French  admiral.  He  was  made  commander 
of  the  fleet  destined  to  invade  England  in  1805,  and  was 
defeated  by  Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,  1805. 

Villeneuve-lez-Avignon  ( vel  - nev'  la,  - za  - ven- 
yon').  A town  in  the  department  o£  Gard, 
France,  situated  on  the  Rhone  opposite  Avi- 
gnon. Population,  commune,  2,890. 
Villeneuve-Sur-Lot  (-siir-lo').  A town  in  the 
department  of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Lot  16  miles  north  by  east  of  Agen. 
It  has  remains  of  medieval  ramparts,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  13,540. 
Villeneuve-sur-Yonne  (-sur-yon'),  formerly 
Villeneuve-le-Roi.  A town  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Yonne  67 
miles  southeast  of  Paris.  Population,  com- 
mune, 4,666. 

Villeroi  (vel-rwa'),  Due  de  (Francois  deNeuf- 

Ville).  Born  April  7,  1644 : died  July  18,  1730. 
A French  marshal,  favorite  of  Louis  XIV.  with 
whom  he  was  educated.  He  was  commander-in- 
chief  in  the  Low  Countries  in  1695  ; was  defeated  by  Prince 
Eugene  at  Chiari  Sept.  1,  1701 ; was  surprised  and  taken 
prisoner  by  Eugene  at  Cremona  Feb.  1,  1702  ; and  was  de- 
feated at  Ramillies  May  23,  1706.  He  was  a member  of 
the  council  of  regency  under  Louis  XV. 

Villeroi,  Seigneur  de  (Nicolas  de  Neufville). 

Born  1542 : died  1617.  A French  minister  of 
state,  author  of  “Memoires  d’etat”  (1622). 
Villers-Cotterets  (ve-lar'  kot-ra').  A town 
in  the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  14  miles 
southwest  of  Soissons.  It  was  the  scene  of  a con- 
test between  the  Allies  and  the  French,  June  28,  1815,  in 
which  the  French  were  defeated.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Dumas  pere.  Population,  commune,  5,381. 
Villersexel.  A small  town  in  the  department 
of  Haute-Sa6ne,  France,  situated  on  the  Ognon 
14  miles  east-southeast  of  Vesoul.  it  was  the  scene 
of  a battle  (claimed  as  a French  victory)  between  the 
French  under  Bourbaki  and  the  Germans  under  Von 
Werder,  Jan.  9,  1871. 

Villers-Sur-Mer  (ve-lar'sur-mar').  A watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Calvados,  France, 
on  the  English  Channel  12  miles  southwest  of 
Lo  Havre. 

Villette  (vi-let').  A novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte, 
published  in  1853.  In  this  she  made  use  of  an 
older  story,  “ The  Professor.” 

Villette  (vel-let'),  La.  A northeastern  suburb 
of  Paris. 

Villiers  (vil'yerz),  Barbara,  Lady  Castlemaine 
and  Duchess  of  Cleveland.  Born  1641:  died 
1709.  A mistress  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  the  dukes  of 
Cleveland,  Grafton,  and  Northumberland. 
Villiers,  George,  first  Duke  of  Buckingham. 
Bora  at  Brookesby,  Leicestershire,  England, 
Aug.  28,  1592:  died  at  Portsmouth,  Aug.  23, 
1628.  An  English  courtier  and  politician  un- 
der James  I.  and  Charles  I.:  created  succes- 
sively Viscount  Villiers  (1616),  and  earl  (1617), 
marquis  (1618),  and  duke  of  Buckingham  (1623). 
He  became  privy  councilor  in  1617 ; accompanied  Charles 
to  Spain  in  1623;  was  chief  minister  at  court  1624-28  ; 
and  was  defeated  by  the  French  at  the  Isle  of  Rhd  in  1627. 
He  was  assassinated  by  John  Felton. 

Villiers,  George,  second  Duke  of  Buckingham. 
Born  at  London,  Jan.  30,  1627 : died  at  Kirkby 
Moorside,  Yorkshire,  April  17,  1688.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  courtier,  and  writer:  son  of  the 
first  Luke  of  Buckingham.  He  was  a privy  coun- 
cilor 1662-67 ; and  organized  the  “Cabal"  in  1670  (see  Ca- 
bal). His  collected  works  were  published  in  1704. 

Villiers,  George  William  Frederick,  fourth 
Earl  of  Clarendon.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  12, 
1800:  died  at  London,  June  27,  1870.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was  minister 
to  Spain  1833-39 ; lord  privy  seal  1839-41 ; chancellor  of 
the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1840-41 ; lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
1847-62;  foreign  secretary  1853-58;  plenipotentiary  at 
Paris  in  1856;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1864- 
1865 ; and  foreign  secretary  1865-66  and  1868-70. 

Villiers  de  L’lsle-Adam  (ve-ya'  de  lel-a-don'), 
Philippe  de.  Born  at  Beauvais,  France,  in 
1464:  died  in  Malta  in  1534.  Grand  master  of 
the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  He  was 
elected  grand  master  in  1521.  In  1522,  after  a six  months’ 
siege,  he  was  compelled  to  surrender  the  island  of  Rhodes, 
the  seat  of  the  order,  to  Solyman.  In  1530  he  secured  from 
Charles  V.  the  cession  of  the  islands  of  Malta  and  Gozo, 
which  became  the  new  seat  of  the  order. 

Villon  (vel-lon'),  Frangois.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1431:  died  about  1484.  One  of  the  earliest 
French  poets.  Little  is  known  of  his  life  except  what 
may  be  gathered  from  his  own  writings.  Although  of 
very  humble  extraction,  he  found  means  to  acquire  a good 
education.  Beginning  with  his  student  days,  he  led 
throughout  his  whole  life  a wild  Bohemian  existence. 
Three  times  he  appeared  before  the  courts  to  answer  seri- 
ous charges  (see  the  extract).  The  llrst  time  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  be  flogged.  Between  his  llrst  and  second  ar- 
rests he  wrote  “Le  petit  testament  ” (1456).  For  his  second 


1039 

offense  he  was  condemned  to  death : he  owed  his  life,  it  is 
said,  to  one  of  the  princesses  of  the  royal  household,  to 
whom  he  had  inscribed  a poem,  “Le  dit  de  la  naissance 
Marie.”  She  was  presumably  the  daughter  of  the  duke 
Charles  d'Orleans,  himself  a poet,  who  raised  Villon  to  an 
honorable  position.  In  1461  he  again  was  imprisoned.  On 
regaining  his  liberty  he  composed  his  masterpiece,  “Le 
grand  testament,” in  which  he  incorporated  a large  num- 
ber of  his  older  ballads.  Besides  the  works  already  named, 
Villon  wrote  several  separate  poems  and  a series  of  obscure 
slang  rimes,  “Le  jargon.” 

Francois  Villon,  or  Corbueil,  or  Corbier,  or  de  Montcor- 
bier,  or  des  Loges,  was  certainly  born  at  Paris  in  the  year 
1431.  Of  the  date  of  his  death  nothing  certain  is  known, 
some  authorities  extending  his  life  towards  the  close  of  the 
century  in  order  to  adjust  Rabelais’  anecdotes  of  him, 
others  supposing  him  to  have  died  before  the  publication 
of  the  first  edition  of  his  works  in  1489.  That  Villon  was 
not  his  patronymic,  whichsoever  of  his  numerous  aliases 
may  really  deserve  that  distinction,  is  certain.  He  was  a 
citizen  of  Paris  and  a member  of  the  university,  having 
the  status  of  clerc.  But  his  youth  was  occupied  in  other 
matters  than  study.  In  1455  he  killed,  apparently  in  self- 
defence,  a priest  named  Philip  Sermaise,  fled  from  Paris, 
was  condemned  to  banishment  in  default  of  appearance, 
and  six  months  afterwards  received  letters  of  pardon.  In 
1456  a faithless  mistress,  Catherine  de  Vausselles,  drew 
him  into  a second  affray,  in  which  he  had  the  worst,  and 
again  he  fled  from  Paris.  During  his  absence  a burglary 
committed  in  the  capital  put  the  police  on  the  track  of  a 
gang  of  young  good-for-nothings  among  whom  Villon’s 
name  figured,  and  lie  was  arrested,  tried,  tortured,  and 
condemned  to  death.  On  appeal,  however,  the  sentence 
was  commuted  to  banishment.  Four  years  after  he  was  in 
prison  at  Meung,  consigned  thither  by  the  Bishop  of  Or- 
leans; but  the  king,  Louis  the  Eleventh,  set  him  free. 
Thenceforward  nothing  certain  is  known  of  him. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit. , p.  156. 

Vilna,  or  Willi  a (vil'na).  A government  of 
West  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments 
of  Kovno,  Vitebsk,  Minsk,  Grodno,  and  Su- 
walki.  It  exports  timber,  flax,  etc.  Area,  16,- 
181  square  miles.  Population,  1,861,200. 
Vilna,  or  Wilna,  or  Wilno  (vil'no).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  government  of  Vilna,  situated  on  the 
Vilia  about  lat.  54°  40'  N. : the  ancient  capital 
of  Lithuania.  It  has  a trade  in  timber  and  grain,  and 
contains  a Greek  and  a Roman  Catholic  cathedral  and  a 
ruined  castle  of  the  Jagellons.  Formerly  it  had  a univer- 
sity. Population,  162,633. 

Vilyui.  A range  of  mountains  in  Siberia,  between 
the  Lena  and  the  Vilyui. 

Vimeiro  (ve-ma  ro).  A place  in  the  province 
of  Estremadura,  Portugal,  33  miles  north  by 
west  of  Lisbon.  Here,  Aug.  21, 1808,  the  British 
under  Wellington  defeated  the  French  under 
Junot. 

Vimeure  (ve-mer'),  Donation  Marie  Joseph 

de,  Vicomte  de  Roehambeau.  Born  near  Ven- 
dorne,  April  7, 1750 : killed  at  the  battle  of  Leip- 
sic,  in  Saxony,  Oct.  18,  1813.  A French  gen- 
eral, son  of  the  Comte  de  Roehambeau.  He  served 
with  his  father  in  North  America,  and  in  1792  was  made 
lieutenant-general  and  governor  of  the  Leeward  Islands, 
where  he  capitulated  to  the  English  March  22, 1794.  In 
1802  he  was  second  in  command  in  the  French  expedition 
against  Santo  Domingo,  and  after  Leclerc’s  death  (Dec.  2, 
1802)  succeeded  him  in  the  leadership.  Closely  besieged  in 
Cape  Francois,  he  abandoned  it  Nov.  30,  1803,  and  sur- 
rendered to  the  British  admiral  whose  fleet  was  blockad- 
ing the  bay.  He  remained  in  captivity  until  1811,  and  sub- 
sequently served  under  Napoleon. 

Vimeure,  Jean  Baptiste  Donatien  de,  Comte 
de  Roehambeau.  Born  1725:  died  1807.  AFrench 
marshal.  He  served  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succes- 
sion and  the  Seven  Years’  War ; became  commander  of 
the  French  forces  in  America  in  1780 ; cooperated  with 
Washington  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Yorktown  in  1781 ; 
became  a marshal  in  1791 ; and  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Reign  of  Terror. 

Viminal  (vim'i-nal).  [L . Hons  Yiminalis.\  The 
northeasternmost  of  the  group  of  the  seven 
hills  of  ancient  Rome,  east  of  the  Quirinal  and 
north  of  the  Esquiline.  The  baths  of  Diocletian 
lie  below  it  to  the  north. 

Vinaroz  (ve-na-roth').  A seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Castellon,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean 45  miles  northeast  of  Castellon  de  la 
Plana.  Here,  Nov.,  1810,  the  French  under 
Musniers  defeated  the  Spaniards.  Population, 
8,625. 

Vincennes  (vin-senz' ; F.  pron.  van-sen').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  about 
two  miles  east  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris: 
noted  for  its  castle.  The  castle  is  of  medieval  foun- 
dation, and  was  at  once  a royal  residence  and  a fortress  until 
the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  It  is  now  an  armory  and  artillery 
station.  The  donjon  is  an  imposing  square  tower,  170  feet 
high,  with  turrets  at  the  angles.  The  beautiful  chapel, 
begun  in  1379,  was  finished  by  Henry  II.  : it  possesses  a 
picturesque  facade,  lofty  vaulting,  and  beautiful  glass.  In 
the  dungeons  of  the  castle  were  confined  Mirabeau  and  the 
Due  d’Enghien.  Population,  commune,  34,185. 
Vincennes  (vin-senz').  The  capital  of  Knox 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Wabash  163 
miles  southwest  of  Indianapolis:  an  important 
railroad  center.  It  was  settled  by  the  French  in  1702, 
and  was  the  capital  of  Indiana  Territory.  Population, 
14,895,  (1910). 

Vincennes  (van-sen'),  Bois  de.  [F.,‘  wood  of 


Vinet 

Vincennes.’]  A pleasure  park  near  Paris,  di- 
rectly south  of  Vincennes. 

Vincent  (vin'sent),  or  Vinqentius  (vin-sen'- 
shi-us),  Saint.  [Sp.  Vincente,  IJg.  Vicente,  It.  Vin- 
cenzio,  from  LL.  Vincentius,  from  vincens,  con- 
quering.] Martyred  304  A.  D.  A Spanish  mar- 
tyr, deacon  of  Saragossa. 

Vincent  de  Paul  (van-son'  de  pol'  or  vin'sent 
de  pal')  or  de  Paulo,  Saint.  Born  at  Pouy, 
Gascony,  France,  April  24,  1576:  died  at  St. 
Lazare,  Paris,  Sept.  27,  1660.  The  founder  of 
the  Lazarists,  of  the  order  of  “Filles  de  la 
Chari  te,”  and  of  the  Foundling  Hospital,  Paris. 
He  was  canonized  in  1737. 

Vincentio  (vin-sen'shio).  1.  The  reigning 
duke,  a character  in  Shakspere’s  “ Measure  for 
Measure.” — 2.  An  old  gentleman  of  Pisa,  a char- 
acter in  Shakspere’s  “Taming  of  the  Shrew.” 
Vinci  (vin'che),  Leonardo  (or  Lionardo)  da. 
Born  at  Vinci,  near  Empoli,  Italy,  1452:  died 
at  Cloux,  near  Amboise,  Prance,  May  2,  1519. 
A famous  Italian  painter,  architect,  sculptor, 
scientist,  engineer,  mechanician,  and  musician. 
He  was  taken  by  his  father  to  Verocchio  about  1470,  with 
whom  he  remained  until  he  was  past  twenty,  drawing, 
modeling,  designing  for  architecture,  and  planning  en- 
gineering schemes.  His  studio  companions  were  Lorenzo 
di  C’redi  and  Perugino.  He  was  in  the  Company  of  Paint- 
ers in  1472,  and  received  Iris  first  recorded  commission 
in  1478.  He  seems  to  have  gone  to  Milan  about  1487,  hav- 
ing prospered  littleat  Florence.  He  returned  to  Florence  in 
1503 ; went  to  Milan  again  in  1506 ; and  lived  in  Rome  1514- 
1515.  He  painted  his  famous  Cenacolo,  or  Last  Supper,  on 
the  wall  of  the  refectory  i n the  Convent  of  Santa  Maria  delle 
Grazie : it  was  finished  in  1498.  Owing  to  the  dampness  of 
the  wall,  it  has  been  frequently  repainted : the  original 
sketches,  however,  still  exist,  andfrom  a copy  of  it  by  Marco 
d’Oggione  Raphael  Morghen  produced  his  celebrated  en- 
graving published  in  1800.  While  living  in  Milan  under 
the  protection  of  Ludovico  il  Moro,  he  occupied  himself 
with  the  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Duke  Francesco  I. , 
the  model  of  which  was  exhibited  in  1493  aud  demolished 
by  the  French  in  1499.  On  liia  return  to  Florence  he  drew 
tlie  cartoon  from  which  Filippino  painted  the  altarpiece 
of  the  monks  of  Servi.  His  principal  work  subsequently 
seems  to  have  been  in  portraiture,  and  he  did  many  por- 
traits of  women : the  best-known  is  the  “Mona  Lisa”  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris,  completed  about  1504.  He  was  also 
commissioned  to  paint  a wall  of  the  council-hall  at  Flor- 
ence, for  which  he  made  a cartoon  corresponding  to  the 
great  cartoon  of  Michelangelo.  Both  are  now  lost.  He 
went  to  France  in  1516,  at  the  invitation  of  Francis  I.,  and 
died  there  at  the  Chateau  de  Cloux.  Among  his  works 
are  “La belie  Ferronnitre, " “The  Virgin  of  the  Rocks ’’(Na- 
tional Gallery,  London,  and  another  version  at  the  Louvre), 
“St.  John  the  Baptist ’’(Louvre),  “St.  Anne  ’’(Louvre),  and 
a cartoon  of  St.  Anne  in  the  Royal  Academy,  London.  He 
wrote  a celebrated  treatise  on  painting,” Trattura  della 
pittura,”  published  in  1651.  A portrait  of  him,  by  himself, 
is  iu  the  Royal  library,  Turin. 

Vincy  (vin'si),  Rosamond.  One  of  the  princi- 
pal female  characters  in  George  Eliot’s  novel 
“ Mlddlemarch.”  Shemarries Lydgate,  aphysician,  and 
checkmates  his  endeavors  after  a higher  career  by  her  stub- 
born and  selfish  nature  and  narrow  intellect.  Her  brother 
Frederick  has  been  spoiled  by  the  expectation  of  a fortune. 

Vindelicia  (vin-de-lish'i-a).  Ill  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a Roman  province : also  called  Rluetia  Se- 
cunda,  and  sometimes  united  with  Rbaetia.  it 
was  bounded  by  the  Danube,  the  Inn  (separating  it  from 
Noricum),  and  Rhsetia.  Its  chief  town  was  Augusta  Vin- 
delicorum.  The  early  inhabitants  were  probably  of  Cel- 
tic origin.  Vindelicia  occupied  in  general  the  southern 
part  of  Baden,  Wurtemberg,  and  Bavaria,  and  the  north- 
ern part  of  Tyrol. 

Vindhya  (vind'ya)  Mountains.  A group  of 
ranges  of  mountains  and  hills  in  central  India, 
connecting  at  the  extremities  with  the  Eastern 
and  Western  Ghats,  and  forming  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  Deccan. 

Vineam  Domini  (vin'e-am  dom'i-ni).  [L.,‘the 
vineyard  of  the  Lord’:  words  occurring  in  the 
bull.]  A bull  issued  by  Pope  Clement  XI. 
against  the  Jansenists  in  1705. 

Vinegar  Bible,  The.  An  edition  printed  at  the 
Clarendon  Press,  Oxford,  in  1717,  with  the  head- 
ing to  Luke  xx.  as  the  “ Parable  of  the  Vinc- 
qar  ” instead  of  the  “ Parable  of  the  Vineyard .” 

Vinegar  Hill.  A place  in  Ireland,  14  miles 
north  of  Wexford:  a stronghold  of  the  Irish  in- 
surgents in  T.  98.  They  were  attacked  by  Brit- 
ish troops  and  dispersed  in  June. 

Vineland  (vin'land).  A borough  in  Cumber- 
land County,  New  Jersey,  33  miles  south  by  east 
of  Philadelphia.  Fruit-raising  is  its  principal 
industry.  Population,  5,282,  (1910). 

Vinet  (ve-na'),  Alexandre  Rodolphe.  Born 
near  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  June  17,  1797 : 
died  at  Clarens,  Switzerland,  May  4,  1847.  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian  and  literary  critic, 
professor  in  Basel  (1819),  and  later  (i837)  in 
Lausanne.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  tlieFree-church 
movement  in  Valid.  His  works  include  “ Chrestomathie 
fran$aise "(1829),  “ Discours siirquelquessujets foligieux  " 
(1831),  “ Etudes  sur  Pascal  ” (1848),  “ Etudes  sur  la  litera- 
ture framjaise  aux  XIX''  sitcle  ” (1849-51), “ Thtkdogie  pas- 
torale” (1850),  “ Histoire  de  la  literature  fran^aise  au 
X VIIIe  sifccle  ”(1851),  “ Homil^tiaue  ” (1863),  “ Histoire  de  la 


Vinet 

predication  parmi  les  Reformes  de  France  au  XVII®  siecle  ’’ 
(I860),  “ Moralistes  des  X V I*  et  XVI  Is  sieeles  ” (1859), 
" i’oetes  du  siecle  Louis  XIV.,"  etc. 

Vineta  (vi-ne'ta).  A medieval  city  on  the  site 
of  the  present  Wollin,  island  of  Wollin,  Ger- 
many: an  important  Wendish  commercial  cen- 
ter about  the  10th  and  11th  centuries. 
Vineyard  Sound  (vin'y&rd  sound).  A sea  pas- 
sage, southeast  of  Massachusetts,  which  sepa- 
rates Martha’s  Vineyard  from  the  Elizabeth 
Islands.  Width,  4-7  miles. 

Vingt  Ans  Apres  (van  ton  za-pra').  [F., 
‘ Twenty  Years  After.’]  A novel  by  Dumas  perc, 
published  in  1845:  a sequel  to  “Les  trois  mous- 
quetaires.”  It  was  followed  by  “Dix  ans  plus 
tard,  ou  le  vicomte  de  Bragelonne”  (1848-50). 
Vinland(vin'land).  [Icel.  Finland,  wine-land, 
from  the  grapes  f ound  by  the  discoverers.  ] The 
region  in  which  a Norse  settlement  was  prob- 
ably made  in  North  America  about  1006.  it  has 
been  identified  with  various  regions  on  the  coast  from 
Labrador  to  New  Jersey. 

Vintscbgau  (vintsh'gou).  See  Adige. 

Viola  (vi'o-la).  [L., ‘a  violet.’]  1.  The  princi- 
pal female  character  in  Shakspere’s  “Twelfth 
Night.”  She  is  the  sister  of  Sebastian,  is  shipwrecked 
on  the  coast  of  Illyria,  and,  disguised  as  Cesario,  wins  the 
heart  of  the  duke. 

2.  The  principal  character  in  Fletcher’s  “Cox- 
comb.” 

Violet,  Corporal  or  Papa.  See  Corporal  Violet. 
Violet-Crowned  City.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  Athens. 

Viollet-le-Duc  (vyo-la'le-duk'),  Eugene  Em- 
manuel. Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  27,  1814:  died  at 
Lausanne,  Sept.  17,  1879.  A French  architect, 
archaeologist,  and  writer  on  art.  He  was  employed 
in  the  restoration  of  many  medieval  buildings  in  France, 
including  Notre  Dame  in  Paris  and  the  cathedrals  of 
Amiens  and  Laon.  His  works  include  “Dictionnaire  de 
l'architecture  franpaise  du  XI°  au  XV!  siecle"  (10  vols. 
1854-69),  “Essai  sur  l’architecture  militaire  au  moyen 
age”  (1854),  “Dictionnaire  du  mobilier  franpais”  (1855), 
“ Description  de  Notre  Dame  de  Paris"  (1856),  “Entretiens 
sur  l'architecture”  (1868),  “ Histone  d’une  maison,”  “His- 
toire  d’une  forteresse,"  “Histoire  de  l’habitation  hu- 
maine,"  “Histoire  d'liotel  de  ville  et  d’une  cathedral  e ” 
(all  1873-75). 

Vionville  (vyoh-vel'),  or  Mars-la-Tour  (mars- 
la-tor  ').  Battle  of.  A battle  between  the  French 
and  Germans,  fought  near  the  villages  of  Vion- 
ville and  Mars-la-Tour,  about  12  miles  west  of 
Metz,  Aug.  16,  1870.  The  Germans  (about  67,000)  were 
commanded  by  Prince  Frederick  Charles ; the  French (120,- 
000-1:18,000)  by  Marshal  Bazaine.  The  result  of  the  battle, 
which  was  one  of  the  most  fiercelv  contested  and  bloodiest 
of  the  century,  was  the  preventing  of  the  retreat  of  the 
French  from  Metz  to  Verdun.  (S  eeMetz.)  TheGerman  loss 
in  killed  and  wounded  was  about  16.000 ; the  French  loss 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners  was  about  17,000.  The 
third  Westphalian  infantry  regiment  lost  49  officers  and 
1,736  men — the  heaviest  regimental  loss  of  the  war. 
Viper  (vi'per),  Doctor.  A character  in  Foote’s 
play  “The  Capuchin”:  under  this  name  he 
severely  lashed  an  Irish  clergyman  named  Jack- 
son,  in  the  pay  of  the  Duchess  of  Kingston,  as  a 
revenge  for  the  suppression  of  his  play  “ The 
Trip  to  Calais”  (which  see). 

Vique,  See  Vi  eh. 

Vira  (ve'ra),  or  Wavira  (wa-ve'ra).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Belgian  Kongo,  at  the  north  end  of 
Lake  Tanganyika.  They  produce  iron,  wooden  arti- 
cles,  and  baskets,  which  are  sold  to  the  people  on  the 
shore  of  the  lake.  The  land  is  called  Uvira. 

Viracocha.  See  Uiracoclia. 

Viracocha,  Temple  of.  A name  often  given  to 
the  temple  of  Cacha  (which  see). 

Virchow  (ver'cho),  Rudolf.  Born  at  Schivel- 
bein,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  Oct,.  13, 1821:  died  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  5,  1902.  A celebrated  German 
anatomist,  physiologist,  and  anthropologist,  the 
founder  of  cellular  pathology:  professor  at 
Wurzburg  1849-56,  and  at  Berlin  1856-1902.  He 
was  a member  of  tile  Prussian  Landtag  1862-1902,  and  of 
the  German  Reichstag  1880-93,  and  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Progressist  and  later  of  the  German  Liberal  party.  He 
published  numerous  technical  works.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  “ Archivfiir  pathologische  Ar.atomie  und 
Physiologie." 

Vire  (ver).  [ML.  Vira.]  A river  in  Normandy, 
France,  which  flows  into  the  English  Channel 
30  miles  southeast  of  Cherbourg.  Length,  80 
miles. 

Vire.  A town  in  the  department  of  Calvados, 
France,  situated  on  the  Vire  35  miles  southwest 
of  Caen.  It  has  manufactures  of  woolen  goods. 
Population,  commune,  6,353. 

Virgil.  See  Vergil. 

Virgil,  Polydore.  See  Vergil. 

Virgilia  (ver-jil'i-a,).  The  wife  of  Coriolanus, 
in  Shakspere’s  play  “ Coriolanus.” 

Virgin.  See  Virgo. 

Virgin,  The.  See  Madonna. 

Virginia  (ver-jin'i-a).  [L.,  fem.  of  Virginias.] 


1040 

In  Roman  legend,  the  daughter  of  Virginius,  a 
plebeian,  who  was  slain  by  her  father  to  keep 
her  from  the  power  of  the  decemvir  Appius 
Claudius  (449  b.  c.).  This  act  led  to  the  over- 
throw of  the  decemvirate. 

Virginia.  A tragedy  by  Alfieri,  printed  in  1783. 
See  Appius  and  Virginia. 

Virginia.  An  asteroid  (No.  50)  discovered  by 
Ferguson  at  Washington,  Oct.  4,  1857. 
Virginia.  [Named  from  Queen  Elizabeth,  the 
“Virgin  Queen.”]  One  of  the  South  Atlantic 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  ex- 
tending from  lat.  36°  31'  to  39°  27'  N.,  and 
from  long.  75°  13'  to  83°  37'  W.  Capital,  Rich- 
mond. It  is  bounded  by  West  Virginia  on  the  north 
and  northwest,  Maryland  and  the  District  of  Columbia 
(separated  by  the  Potomac)  on  the  north  and  northeast, 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east.  North 
Carolina  and  Tennessee  on  the  south,  and  Kentucky  on 
the  west,  and  contains  a small  detached  portion  east  of 
Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is  called  the  “Old  Dominion  ” and  the 
“Mother  of  Presidents."  It  is  level  in  the  southeast  and 
mountainous  in  the  northwest  and  west,  and  is  traversed 
from  northeast  to  southwest  by  the  Blue  Ridge  and  other 
ranges  of  the  Appalachians  (highest  point,  about  5,700 
feet).  It  is  sometimes  divided  into  the  physical  regions 
Tidewater,  Midland,  Piedmont,  Blue  Ridge  valley,  and 
Appalachia.  The  principal  river-systems  are  those  of  the 
Potomac  (with  the  Shenandoah),  Rappahannock,  York, 
James,  Roanoke,  and  Tennessee.  Virginia  is  rich  in 
agricultural  and  mineral  resources ; is  the  second  State 
in  the  Union  in  the  production  of  tobacco,  and  ha9  also  a 
large  production  of  wheat,  corn,  vegetables,  fruit,  timber, 
coal  and  iron ; has  iron,  coke,  tobacco,  leather,  and  other 
manufactures  ; and  has  various  mineral  springs  and  natu- 
ral curiosities  (as  the  Natural  Bridge,  Luray  Caverns,  etc.). 
It  has  100  counties  and  several  independent  cities,  sends 
2 senators  and  10  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  12 
electoral  votes.  It  was  the  first  of  the  original  colonies, 
and  one  oi  the  13  original  States,  and  was  settled  by  the 
English  at  Jamestown  in  1607.  Among  the  early  leaders 
were  John  Smith,  Newport,  Somers,  Gates,  and  Delawarr. 
It  was  governed  at  first  by  the  London  Company.  Ne- 
gro slavery  was  introduced  in  1619.  It  became  a royal 
colony  in  1624 ; was  the  scene  of  Bacon’s  rebellion  in  1676 ; 
took  part  in  the  French  and  Indian  war;  took  a promi- 
nent part  in  the  events  leading  to  the  Revolution  ; ceded 
its  territory  beyond  the  Ohio  in  1784 ; ratified  the  Consti- 
tution in  1788:  was  the  leading  State  in  influence  in  the 
early  history  of  the  country,  furnishing  four  of  the  first 
five  Presidents ; seceded  from  the  Union  April  17, 1861 : be- 
came the  center  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  contained 
their  capital ; and  was  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  war. 
Among  the  events  of  which  it  was  the  scene  were  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  Peninsular  and  Valley  campaigns, 
second  Bull  Run  campaign,  Fredericksburg  and  Chancel- 
lorsvilie  campaigns,  Wilderness  campaign,  siege  and  cap- 
ture of  Richmond,  and  surrender  of  Lee’s  army.  The 
State  was  readmitted  to  the  Union  in  1870.  Area,  42,450 
square  miles.  Population,  2,061,612,  (1910). 

Virginia,  Army  of.  A Federal  army  in  the 
Civil  War,  formed  in  Aug.,  1862,  out  of  the 
commands  of  Fremont,  Banks,  and  McDowell. 
It  was  commanded  by  General  Pope,  and  took  part  in  the 
second  Bull  Run  campaign,  after  which  it  was  discon- 
tinued. 

Virginia,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  near  Charlottesville,  Virginia : 
chartered  1819.  Its  chief  founder  was  Thomas 
Jefferson. 

Virginia  City  (ver-jin'i-a  sit'i).  The  capital 
of  Madison  County,  Montana,  situated  on  Alder 
Creek  60  miles  southeast  of  Butte.  It  is  a gold- 
mining center.  Population,  467,  (1910). 
Virginia  City,  or  Virginia,  The  capital  of 
Storey  County,  Nevada,  situated  on  the  slope 
of  Mount  Davidson,  about  6,200  feet  above  sea- 
level,  in  lat.  39°  17'  N.  It  is  the  fourth  largest  in- 
corporated  place  in  the  State,  and  one  of  the  richest  rain- 
ing centers  in  the  world.  It  was  built  in  1859  over  the 
Comstock  Lode.  Population,  2,244,  (1910). 

Virginians  (ver-jin'i-anz),  The.  A novel  by 
Thackeray,  published  in  1857-59.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Virginia  in  the  18th  century.  It  is 
a sequel  to  “Henry  Esmond.” 

Virginia  Plan,  The.  An  outline  plan  of  a con- 
stitution for  the  United  States,  presented  to  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1787  by  Edmund 
Randolph  of  Virginia.  It  projected  a national 
union  differing  radically  from  the  old  confed- 
eracy. 

Virginia  Resolutions,  The.  Resolutions  pre- 
pared by  James  Madison,  and  passed  by  the 
Virginia  legislature  Dec.,  1798,  which  declared 
the  Alien  and  Sedition  acts  “palpable  and 
alarming  infractions  of  the  Constitution.” 
Virgin  (ver'jin)  Islands.  A group  of  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  east  of  Porto  Rico,  it  com- 
prises  the  British  islands  Tortola,  Anegada,  Virgin  Gorda, 
etc.  (forming  part  of  the  Leeward  Islands  Colony);  the 
islands  Culebra,  Vieques,  etc.  (dependencies  of  Porto 
Rico) ; and  the  islands  St.  Croix,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John. 
They  were  discovered  by  Columbus  in  N&v.,  1493.  Area 
of  British  islands,  58  square  miles.  Population  of  British 
islands,  about  6,000. 

Virginius  (ver-jin'i-us).  In  Roman  legendary 
history,  the  father  of  Virginia.  See  Virginia. 
Virginius.  A tragedy  by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles, 
produced  in  1820. 


Vishnu 

Virginius.  An  American  vessel 'captured  by 
the  Spaniards  in  1873  while  engaged  in  filibus- 
tering. The  captain  and  others  were  executed  at  San- 
tiago de  Cuba.  The  affair  caused  extreme  tension  between 
the  American  and  Spanish  governments.  It  ended  in  the 
payment  of  an  indemnity  by  Spain. 

Virgin  Martyr,  The.  A tragedy  by  Massinger 
and  Dekker,  licensed  in  1620,  printed  in  1622. 
It  was  revised  in  1668  and  1715. 

Virgin  of  the  Rosary,  The.  A painting  by 
Murillo,  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Madrid,  it  is 
one  of  the  best  of  Murillo's  pictures.  The  heads  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child  show  typical  Andalusian  faces. 

Virgin  Queen.  A name  given  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth of  England. 

Virgo  (ver'go).  [L.,  ‘the  virgin.’]  An  ancient 
constellation  and  sign  of  the  zodiac.  The  figure 
represents  a winged  woman  in  a robe  holding  a spike  of 
grain  in  her  left  hand.  One  of  the  stars  was  called  Vin- 
demiatrix,  or  by  the  Greeks  Protrygeter — that  is,  precursor 
of  tl>e  vintage.  At  the  time  when  the  zodiac  seems  to 
have  been  formed  (2100  B.  c.)  this  star  would  first  be  seen 
at  Babylon  before  sunrise  about  Aug.  20,  or,  since  there 
is  some  evidence  that  it  was  then  brighter  than  it  is  now, 
perhaps  a week  earlier.  This  would  seem  too  late  for  the 
vintage,  so  that  perhaps  this  tradition  is  older  than  the 
zodiac.  Virgo  appears  in  the  Egyptian  zodiacs  without 
wings,  yet  there  seems  no  room  to  doubt  that  the  figure 
was  first  meantfor  the  winged  Assyrian  Astarte,  especially 
as  the  sixth  month  in  Akkadian  is  called  the  “Errand  of 
Ishtar.”  The  symbol  of  the  zodiacal  sign  is  ttjj,  where  a 
resemblance  to  a wing  may  be  seen.  The  constellation 
contains  the  white  first-magnitude  star  Spica. 

Viriathus  (vi-ri'a-thus),  or  Viriatus  (vi-ri'a- 
tus).  Assassinated  about  139  b.  c.  A Lusita- 
nian  shepherd  who  conducted  a long  and  gener- 
ally successful  war  against  the  Romans  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Spanish  peninsula  149-139. 

Viroconium.  See  Uriconium. 

Virues  (ve-ro-es'),  Cristoval  de.  Born  at 
Valencia,  Spain,  about  1550:  died  about  1610. 
A Spanish  epic  and  dramatic  poet,  a friend  of 
Lope  de  Vega.  Five  of  his  plays  are  extant. 

He  claims  to  have  first  divided  Spanish  dramas  into 
three  jornadas  or  acts,  and  Lope  de  Vega  assents  to  the 
claim  ; but  they  were  both  mistaken,  for  we  now  know 
that  such  a division  was  made  by  Francisco  de  Avendaiio 
not  later  than  1553,  when  Virues  was  but  three  years 
old.  Tieknor,  Span.  Lit.,  IL  64. 

Viscaino,  Sebastian.  See  Vizcaino. 

Vischer  (fish'er),  Friedrich  Theodor.  Born 
at  Ludwigsburg,  Wiirtemberg,  June  30,  1807 : 
died  at  Gmunden,  Sept.  14,  1887.  A German 
critic,  professor  at  Tubingen.  He  was  a member 
of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  of  1848.  His  chief  work  is 
“Asthetik"  (1847-58).  His  other  works  include  “Uber 
das  Erhabene  und  Komische”  (1837),  “Kritische  Gauge  “ 
(1844),  etc. 

Visconti  (vis-kon'te),  Ennio  Quirino.  [From 

L.  Vicecomites , viscount.]  Born  at  Rome,  Nov. 
1, 1751 : died  Feb.  7, 1818.  A celebrated  Italian 
archaeologist.  He  was  conservator  of  the  Capitoline  Mu- 
seum at  Rome,  and  member  of  the  provisional  government 
at  Rome.  In  1799  he  went  to  Paris,  where  in  1799  he  was 
made  custodian  of  the  collections  in  the  Louvre  and  pro- 
fessor of  archaeology.  His  chief  work  is  “ Iconographie 
grecque”  (1808).  Hisotherworksincludethefirst  volume 
of  the  “ Iconographie  romaine  ’’  (1817 : completed  by  Mon- 
gez),  “Museo  Pio-Clementino"  (1782-87),  “Description  des 
antiques  du  musde  royal,"  etc. 

Visconti,  Filippo  Maria.  Died  1447.  The  last 

Duke  of  Milan  of  the  Visconti  house,  son  of 
G.  G.  Visconti. 

Visconti,  Gian  Galeazzo.  Died  1402.  Grand- 
nephew of  Giovanni  Visconti,  and  son  of  Gale- 
azzo Visconti.  He  became  duke  of  Milan  in  1395  ; 
subdued  a large  part  of  northern  and  central  Italy  ; and 
was  a patron  of  literature  and  art. 

Visconti,  Giovanni.  Died  1354.  Lord  of  Milan. 
He  annexed  Genoa.  His  dominions  were  di- 
vided among  his  three  nephews. 

Visconti-Venosta  (vis-kon'te-va-nos'ta),  Mar- 
quis Emilio.  Born  at  Milan,  Jan.  22,1829.  An 
Italian  diplomatist  and  politician,  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  1863-64,  1866-67,  and  1869-76. 

Vishnu  (vish'no).  [Skt.,‘The  Worker’;  from 
V fish,  work,  be  active,  accomplish.]  In  later 
Hindu  mythology,  the  second  member  of  the 
trimurti  or  triad  (Brahma, Vishnu,  and  Shiva) : 
regarded  as  the  preserver,  while  Brahma  and 
Shiva  are  respectively  the  creator  and  the  de- 
stroyer. Vishnu  appears  already  in  the  Rigveda  as  a solar 
divinity.  There  his  chief  achievement  is  striding  over 
the  heavens  in  three  steps,  explained  as  designating  the 
three  daily  stations  of  the  sun  in  his  rising,  culmination, 
aud  setting,  the  conception  out  of  which  grew  the  legend 
of  the  Varnana,  or  dwarf  incarnation  of  Vishnu.  (See  V'a- 
mana.)  He  is  the  companion  of  Indra  in  drinking  the 
soma  and  in  battling  with  Vritra.  At  times  he  appears 
as  sent  by  Indra,  and  strengthened  by  him,  while  at  others 
he  gives  Indra  strength,  especially  by  preparing  the  soma 
for  him.  Not  at  first  included  among  the  Adityas,  or  sons 
of  Aditi  (whose  number  in  the  Vedic  period  varies  from 
six  to  eight),  when  their  number  is  raised  to  twelve,  rep- 
resenting the  sun  in  the  twelve  months  of  the  year,  Vish- 
nu receives  the  first  place  among  them.  It  is  in  the  Ma- 
habharataand  the  Ramayana  that  he  appears  without  this 


Vishnu 

solar  character,  and  as  gradually  rising  to  his  present  su- 
premacy as  the  most  popular  god  of  modern  Hindu  wor- 
ship, while  the  Puranas  represent  the  fully  developed 
rivalry  between  Shiva  and  Vishnu  and  their  worshipers, 
called  respectively  Shaivas  and  Vaishnavas.  The  most 
marked  feature  of  the  modern  Vishnu  is  his  incarnation 
in  a portion  of  his  essence  on  ten  different  occasions  to 
deliver  mankind  from  special  dangers.  These  ten  princi- 
pal avatars  (‘  descents,'  ‘incarnations’)  are  (1)  the  Matsya, 
or  ‘ fish  ’ ; (2)  the  Kurma,  ‘ tortoise  ’ ; (3)  the  V araha,  ‘ boar  ’ ; 
(4)  the  Narasinha,  ‘man-lion’;  (5)  theVamana,  ‘dwarf’; 
(6)  Parashurama,  or  ‘ Rama  with  the  ax’;  (7)  Jtamachandra; 
(8)  Krishna ; (9)  Buddha,  by  adopting  whom  the  Brahmans 
apparently  wished  to  effect  a compromise  between  their 
own  creed  and  Buddhism  ; and  (lO)Kalki,  an  incarnation, 
yet  to  come,  in  which  Vishnu  at  the  end  of  the  four  yugas 
or  ages  will  destroy  the  wicked,  and  free  the  world  from 
its  enemies.  (See  the  names.)  These  avatars  some  of  the 
Puranas  increase  to  22  or  24.  As  in  their  treatment  of  the 
triad  the  modern  Hindus  elevate  either  Shiva  or  Vishnu 
to  the  supreme  place,  subordinating  the  other  two,  Vish- 
nu is  often  identified  with  Narayana,  the  personified  Pu- 
rusha,  or  primeval  living  spirit,  and  is  described  as  mov- 
ing on  the  waters,  and  resting  on  Shesha,  the  serpent  of 
infinity,  while  Brahma  emerges  from  a lotus  growing  from 
his  navel.  His  wife  is  Lakshmi  or  Shri,  and  his  paradise 
Vaikuntha.  He  has  a peculiar  mark  on  his  breast  called 
Shrivatsa,  and  has  a conch-shell,  a discus,  a club,  a lotus,  a 
bow,  and  a sword.  Upon  his  wrist  is  the  jewel  Syamau- 
taka,  and  on  his  breast  the  jewel  Kaustubha.  His  vehicle 
is  Garuda,  who  is  half  man,  half  bird  (with  the  head,  wings, 
talons,  and  beak  of  an  eagle,  and  the  body  and  limbs 
of  a man),  and  whose  face  is  white,  wings  red,  and  body 
golden.  The  Ganges  issues  from  Vishnu’s  foot.  He  has 
slain  countless  demons,  a number  of  whom  are  specified 
in  various  legends.  He  has  a thousand  names,  all  given 
in  the  Anushasana-parvan  (‘instruction-section’)  of  the 
Mahabharata,  with  those  of  Shiva,  which  number  1,008. 
On  Vishnu,  see  Muir’s  “Original  Sanskrit  Texts,”  IV.  63- 
298,  and  Monier- Williams's  “Brahmanism  and  Hinduism,” 
iii.,  v.,  and  vi. 

Vishnupurana  (vish-no-po-rfi'na).  In  Sanskrit 
literature,  an  important  and  typical  Purana  (see 
that  word).  It  has  been  translated,  with  preface  and 
many  notes,  by  Wilson.  A second  edition  of  this  transla- 
tion has  been  greatly  enriched  by  the  further  notes  of 
Fitzedward  Hall.  It  appears  in  Wilson’s  works,  Vol.  VI 
(London,  1864).  Wilson’s  analysis  of  the  Puranas  in  Vol. 
Ill,  and  his  preface  to  the  Vishnupurana,  are  the  chief 
sources  of  information  on  the  Puranas. 

Visigoths  (viz'i-goths).  [From  LL.  *Visigothi, 
Visegothse,  West  Goths.]  The  individuals  of  the 
more  westerly  of  the  two  great  historical  di- 
visions of  the  Goths.  See  Gotlis.  The  Visigoths 
founded  a monarchy  which  continued  in  southern  France 
until  507,  and  in  Spain  until  711.  Also  called  West  Goths. 

Vision  of  Don  Roderick.  A narrative  poem 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1811. 

Vision  of  Judgment.  1 . A poem  by  Southey, 
published  in  1821. — 2.  Aburlesque  of  this  poem 
by  Lord  Byron. 

Vision  of  Ezekiel  (e-ze'ki-el),  The.  God  the 
Father,  with  the  symbols  of  the  four  Evange- 
lists : a small  but  impressive  painting  by  Ra- 
phael, in  the  Galleria  Pitti,  Florence.  The  God- 
head is  treated  perhaps  too  much  like  a Jupiter, 
but  the  grouping  is  admirable. 

Vision  of  Mirza  (mer'za),  The.  An  allegory  by 
Addison,  published  in  the  “Spectator,”  No.  159. 
It  is  a vision  of  human  life. 

Vision  of  Piers  Plowman  (pers  plou'man).  An 
allegorical  and  satirical  poem  by  William  Lang- 
land,  begun  about  1362,  revised  in  1377,  and  re- 
vised and  enlarged  until  about  1393.  it  was  very 
popular,  as  attested  by  its  numerous  MSS.,  and  was  printed 
in  1550,  1553,  and  1561,  in  several  editions.  There  have  been 
several  modem  reprints,  the  most  recent  of  which  is  that 
edited  by  Professor  W.  W.  Skeat  in  1887.  This  incorporates 
the  collations  of  three  MS.  versions,  of  different  dates, with 
noteB.  The  book  is  really  the  “Vision  of  William  concern- 
ing Piers  Plowman,’’  who  is  the  subject,  not  the  author. 
There  are  other  visions  incorporated,  but  this  was  the  fa- 
vorite character  of  Langland. 

In  the  earlier  part  of  the  poem  he  is  a blameless  plough- 
man and  a guide  to  men  who  are  seeking  the  shrine  of 
Truth,  whilst  in  the  latter  part  of  it  he  is  the  blameless 
carpenter’s  son  who  alone  can  show  us  the  Father.  The 
ambiguity  is  surely  not  very  great,  and  the  reader  who 
once  apprehends  this  explanation  will  easily  remember 
that  the  true  Piers  Plowman  was  certainly  not  a Middle- 
English  author. 

Slceat,  Preface  to  Piers  the  Plowman,  p.  xxvii. 

Vision  of  Sir  Lailnfal  (lan'fal).  A poem  by 
James  Russell  Lowell,  published  iu  1845. 

Viso,  Monte.  See  Monte  Yiso. 

Vistula  (vis'tu-la).  [F.  Vistule,  L.  Vistula,  G. 
Weichsel,  Pol.  Wisla.]  A large  river  of  north- 
ern Europe.  It  rises  in  Austrian  .Silesia  in  the  Jablunka 
Mountains,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Austrian 
Silesia  and  Galicia  on  the  one  side  and  Prussian  Silesia 
on  the  other ; passes  through  Galicia,  and  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Galicia  and  Poland  ; traverses  Poland  ; 
enters  Prussia ; separates  near  its  mouth  into  the  Vis- 
tula and  Nogat ; and  then  divides  into  the  Danziger 
Vistula  and  the  Elbinger  Vistula,  of  which  the  former 
flows  directly  into  the  Gulf  of  Dantzic  and  the  latter  into 
the  Frisches  Half.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  San,  Pilica, 
Bug,  and  Brahe ; the  chief  towns  on  its  banks,  Cracow, 
Warsaw,  Block,  Thorn,  and  Dantzic.  Length,  about  660 
miles  ; navigable  for  small  vessels  from  Cracow,  for  large 
vessels  from  the  mouth  of  the  San. 

The  origin  of  the  name  of  this  river  [Vistulal  (Germ. 
Weichsel,  Vixel,  Slav.  Visla,  Lat.  Vistula)  unfortunately 
C.—  66 


1041 

can  hardly  be  ascertained  with  certainty.  It  is  sometimes 
regarded  as  originally  and  thoroughly  Teutonic,  sometimes 
as  Slavonic,  sometimes  also  as  Slavo-Teutonic  (Miillen- 
hoff,  ii.  207 ; J.  v.  Fierlinger,  K.  Z.,  xxvii.  479).  The  last 
seems  to  be  the  most  probable. 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  429. 

Vistula  Governments.  The  official  name  of 
Russian  Poland. 

Visurgis  (vi-ser'jis).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
TVeser. 

Vitalians  (vi-ta'li-anz).  A band  of  pirates  who 
infested  the  Baltic  and  North  seas  at  the  end 
of  the  14th  and  the  beginning  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. 

Vitalis  (ve-ta'les).  Pseudonym  of  the  Swedish 
poet  Sjoberg. 

Vitalis  (vi-ta'lis).  See  Ordericus. 

Vita  Nuova  (ve'ta  no-6'va).  [It.,  ‘The  New 
Life.’]  A work  by  Dante,  probably  finished  in 
1307. 

Dante  wrote  in  his  early  manhood  the  “ Vita  Nuova  ’’ — 
the  New  or  the  Early  Life  — connecting,  with  a narrative 
of  aspiration  towards  Beatrice  as  the  occasion  of  them, 
sonnets  and  canzoni,  representing  artificially,  according 
to  the  manner  of  that  time,  various  mood.,  of  love. 

Morley , English  Writers,  III.  402. 

Vitebsk  (ve-tebsk').  1.  A government  of  west- 
ern Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of 
Livonia,  Pskoff,  Smolensk,  Moghileff,  Minsk, 
Vilna,  andCourland.  Area, 16, 983  square  miles. 
Population,  1,800,900. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Vitebsk,  situated  on  the  Diina 
in  lat.  55°  15'  N.  It  has  considerable  trade. 
Population,  65,871. 

Vitellius  (vi-tel'i-us),  Aulus.  Born  15  a.  d.: 
killed  at  Rome,  Dec.,  69  a.  d.  Roman  emperor, 
a favorite  of  Tiberius,  Caligula,  Claudius,  and 
Nero.  He  was  appointed  governor  in  Lower  Germany  by 
Galba  in  68,  and  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  at 
the  beginning  of  69.  His  generals  Caecina  and  Valens  de- 
feated Otho  ; and  he  entered  Rome  in  the  middle  of  69. 
His  forces  were  defeated  by  those  of  Vespasian  under 
Antonius  Primus. 

Viterbo  (ve-ter'bo).  [ML.  Ytterbium,  Biter- 
vum.]  A city  of  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy, 
41  miles  north-northwest  of  Rome.  Ithasa  noted 
cathedral,  and  was  formerly  a papal  residence.  In  the 
neighborhood  are  mineral  springs  and  Etruscan  antiqui- 
ties. Population,  town,  17,342 ; commune,  21,292. 

Viti  (ve'te),  or  Maviti  (ma-ve'te),  also  called 
Mazitu  (ma-ze'to).  A tribe  of  marauders  in 
East  Africa,  originally  Zulus  from  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Sofala  and  Inhambane,  who,  about 
1850,  crossed  the  Zambesi  and  ravaged  the 
region  between  the  Rovuma  and  Rufiji  rivers. 
Many  settled  finally  southwest  of  Lake  Nyassa,  where  they 
are  called  Mangoni  (Livingstone,  1863).  Others  mixed 
with  different  tribes,  especially  with  theMahenge.  Taking 
advantage  of  the  fear  inspired  by  the  Maviti,  other  ma- 
rauders, as  the  Waninde  and  the  Wangindo,  took  their 
name,  costume,  and  manners  in  order  to  facilitate  their 
depredations. 

Viti  Archipelago.  See  Fiji  Islands. 

Vitiges  (vit'i-jez).  An  East-Gothic  king  who 
reigned  from  536  to  about  540.  He  was  taken 
captive  to  Constantinople  by  Belisarius. 

Viti  Levu  (ve'te  lev'o).  The  largest  island 
of  the  Fiji  group,  and  the  most  important  in 
respect  to  population  and  fertility.  Area, 
about  4,250  square  miles.  Pop.,  about  50,000. 
Vitim  (ve-tem').  A river  in  Siberia  which  rises 
in  Transbaikalia  and  joins  the  Lena  about  lat. 
59°  50'  N.  Length,  about  1,400  miles. 

Vitoria,  or  Vittoria  (ve-to're-a).  [ML.  Vic- 
toriacum,  Victoria .]  The  capital  of  the  Basque 
province  of  Alava,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Za- 
dorra  in  lat.  42°  50'  N.,  long.  2°  43'  W.  It  is  an 
important  commercial  and  manufacturing  town.  A vic- 
tory was  gained  there  by  the  Allies  under  Wellington 
over  the  French  under  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  Jourdan, 
June  21,  1813.  Population,  30,701. 

Vitoria,  Duke  of.  A title  of  Espartero. 

Vitr6  (ve-tra').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on  the  Vilaine 
24  miles  ea8t  of  Rennes.  It  contains  a castle,  and  a 
church  of  Notre  Dame,  and  is  noted  for  its  old  Breton  as- 
pect.  Population,  commune,  10,092. 

Vitruvius  Pollio  (vi-tro'  vi-us  pol  'i-o),  Marcus : 
called  Vitruvius.  Born  at  Verona.  A famous 
Roman  architect  and  engineer,  military  engi- 
neer under  Csesar  and  Augustus.  His  treatise  on 
architecture,  in  ten  books  (“De  architectura”),  dedicated 
to  Augustus,  is  the  only  surviving  Roman  treatise  on  the 
subject.  He  seems  to  have  been  an  unsuccessful  archi- 
tect : his  book,  however,  was  well  known  to  Pliny,  and  on 
it  was  based  almost  all  the  earlier  theory  and  practice  of 
Renaissance  and  pseudo-classical  architecture. 

Vitry-le-Frangois  (ve-tre'le-fron-swa').  [See 
def.J  A town  in  the  department  of  Marne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Marne  20  miles  south- 
east of  Chalons-sur-Marne.  It  was  founded  by 
Francis  I.  Population,  commune,  8,487. 
Vittoria  (Spain).  See  Vitoria. 


Vizcaino 

Vittoria  Colonna.  See  Colonna. 

Vittoria  Corombona.  See  White  Devil. 
Vittorio  (vit-to're-o).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Treviso,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mesohio  38 
miles  north  of  Venice.  It  is  composed  of  the  two 
former  towns  Ceneda  and  Serravalle.  Ceneda  was  an  im- 
portant  place  in  the  middle  ages.  It  has  various  works 
of  art.  Population  of  Vittorio,  commune,  18,969. 

Vitus  (vi'tus),  Saint.  A saint  of  the  Roman 
church,  a martyr  under  Diocletian.  His  festival 
is  celebrated  June  15.  At  Ulm  and  E,avensburg  and 
other  places  in  Germany  it  was  believed  in  the  17tli  cen- 
tury that  good  health  could  be  secured  for  a year  by  dan- 
cing before  his  image  at  his  festival,  and  bringing  gifts : 
hence  it  is  said  that  St.  Vitus’s  dance  came  to  be  con- 
founded with  chorea,  a nervous  disorder,  and  he  was  in- 
voked against  it. 

Vitznau  (vits'non).  A small  village  in  the  can- 
ton of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne  9 miles  east-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. It  is  a tourist  center. 

Vivarais  (ve-va-ra').  \~L.  pagus  Vivariensis.] 
An  ancient  district  in  Languedoc,  France,  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  modern  department 
of  Ard&che.  Capital,  Viviers. 

Vivian  (viv'i-an),  or  Viviane,  or  Vivien.  In 
the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance,  an  enchantress, 
the  mistress  of  Merlin.  She  brought  up  Lancelot  in 
her  palace,  which  was  situated  in  the  midst  of  a magical 
lake : hence  her  name  “the  Lady  of  the  Lake.”  Tennyson 
has  used  the  subject  of  her  subjugation  of  Merlin  in  his 
“Merlin  and  Vivien  ” in  the  “Idylls  of  the  King.” 

At  length  this  renowned  magician  [Merlin]  disappeared 
entirely  from  England.  His  voice  alone  was  heard  in  a 
forest,  where  he  was  enclosed  in  a bush  of  hawthorn  : he 
had  been  entrapped  in  this  awkward  residence  by  means 
of  a charm  he  had  communicated  to  his  mistress  Vivian 
or  Viviane,  who,  not  believing  in  the  spell,  had  tried  it  on 
her  lover.  The  lady  was  sorry  for  the  accident,  but  there 
was  no  extracting  her  admirer  from  his  thorny  coverture. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Brose  Fiction,  I.  154. 

It  . . . seems  evident  that  it  is  to  the  Hwimleian,  or 
Cliwifleian  of  Merlinus  Silyesti  is  [the  historical  Merlin  of 
Scotland],  that  we  are  to  attribute  the  origin  of  Viviane  of 
the  romances  of  Chivalry,  and  who  acts  so  conspicuous 
a part  in  those  compositions,  although  it  is  true  that  there 
is  not  much  resemblance  betwixt  the  two  names.  But  if  we 
look  into  the  poems  of  Merlin  Sylvestris,  we  shall  find  that 
the  female  personage  of  this  name,  which  by  tlie  French 
romances  might  easily  be  modified  into  Viviane,  is  repeat- 
edly referred  to  by  the  bard  in  his  vaticinations.  It  also 
seems  probable,  as  Chwifleian  signifies  a female  who  ap- 
pears and  disappears,  and  also  as  the  word  bears  some  re- 
semblance in  sound  to  Sibylla,  that  the  bard,  by  a confusion 
of  terms  and  ideas  not  uncommon  in  early  writers,  coined 
this  name  as  an  appellation  for  some  imaginary  character, 
and  thus  furnished  the  original  of  Viviane. 

T.  Price , Literary  Remains,  I.  144. 

Vivian  Grey.  A novel  by  Disraeli,  published 
in  1826-27. 

Viviani  (ve-ve-a'ne),  Vincenzo.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, April  5,  1622 ; died  Sept.  22,  1703.  An 
Italian  mathematician,  a pupil  of  Galileo,  and 
his  companion  during  the  last  years  of  the 
great  astronomer’s  life.  His  theoretical  restoration 
of  the  lost  books  of  Aristaeus  and  of  Apollonius  of  Perga 
on  conic  sections  was  verified  by  the  discoveiy  of  the  text. 

Vivien  de  Saint-Martin  (ve-vyan'  de  san-mar- 
tan'),  Louis.  Born  at  Saint  Martin-de-Fonte- 
nay,  May  17,  1802:  died  Jan.  3, 1897.  A noted 
French  geographer,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Geographical  Society  of  Paris.  He  founded  in  1852 
the  “Athenaeum  frangais,”  and  edited  “ L’Annie  gctogra- 
phique  ” 1863-76.  He  also  wrote  “ litude  sur  la  gCographie 
grecque  et  latine  de  l’lnde  ” (1868-60),  “ Le  nord  d’Afrique 
dans  l’antiquitogrecqueetromaine”(1863),etc.,  and  edited 
(1877-90)  “Nouveau  dictionnaire  de  geographic  univer- 
selle.  ” 

Viviers  (ve-vya').  [ML.  Vivarias,  Vivarium.']  A 
smalltowninthedepartmentof  Ardeche,  France, 
situated  on  the  Rhone  southeast  of  Privas. 
Vivitao  (ve-ve-ta'o),  or  Vavitau.  One  of  the 
principal  islands  of  the  Austral  group,  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Vivonne  (ve-von'),  Catherine  de,  Marquise  de 
Rambouillet.  Born  at  Rome,  1588:  died  at 
Paris,  1665.  A French  social  leader,  celebrated 
for  her  influence  on  French  literature  and  so- 
ciety through  the  reunions  in  her  salon.  See 
Hotel  de  Rambouillet  and  Arthenice. 
Vizagapatam  (ve-za/ga-pa-tam').  1.  A dis- 
trict in  Madras,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  18°  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  17,222  square 
miles.  Population,  2,933,650. — 2.  A seaport, 
capital  of  the  district  of  Vizagapatam,  sit- 
uated on  the  Bay  of  Bengal  in  lat.  17°  42'  N., 
long.  83°  18'  E.  Population.  40.892. 

Vizcaino  (veth-ka-e'no),  Sebastian.  Bom  at 
Huelva,  Spain : died  at  Acapulco,  Mexico,  about 
1615.  A Spanish  navigator.  He  commanded  ex- 
ploring expeditions  from  Acapulco  to  Lower  California 
(1696-97),  the  Californian  coast  to  lat.  43“  (1602-03),  and 
Manila  and  Japan  (1611-14).  In  the  last  he  carried  F ran- 
ciscan missionaries  to  Japan,  and  made  the  first,  attempt 
to  establish  commercial  relations  between  that  country 
and  Spain.  His  reports  have  been  repeatedly  published. 
Also  written  Vizcaino. 


Vizcaya 

Vizcaya  (veth-ka'ya).  A Spanish  armored 
cruiser  of  7,000  tons  and  a nominal  speed  of 
20  knots.  She  was  a sister  ship  of  the  Almirante 
Oquendo  and  the  Infanta  Maria  Teresa.  Under  Captain 
Eulate  she  surrendered  to  the  Iowa  off  Aserraderos,  San- 
tiago de  Cuba,  July  3,  1893. 

Vizcaya.  See  Biscay. 

Vlachs  (vlaks).  Same  as  Wallachians. 
Vladikavkaz  (vla-de-kav-kaz').  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Terek,  Caucasia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Terek,  at  the  base  of  the  Cau- 
casus Mountains,  about  lat.  43°  N.  It  is  the  ter- 
minus  of  the  railway,  a fortress,  and  an  important  center 
of  transit  trade.  Population,  43,740. 

Vladimir  (vla'di-mir  or  vla-de'mir).  1.  A 
government  of  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Tver,  Yaroslaff,  Kostroma,  Nijni- 
Novgorod,  Tamboff,  Ryazan,  and  Moscow,  it 
comprises  the  greater  part  of  the  ancient  principality  of 
Vladimir.  Area,  18,821  square  miles.  Population,  1,845,500. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Vladimir, 
situated  on  the  Klyasma  110  miles  east  by 
north  of  Moscow.  It  contains  two  ancient  cathedrals. 
That  of  the  Assumption  was  rebuilt  in  the  13th  century 
after  destruction  by  the  Tatars,  and,  though  twice  since 
restored,  retains  much  of  its  old  character  and  interest. 
It  was  until  the  middle  of  the  15th  century  the  metropol- 
itan church  of  Russia.  It  possesses  rich  silver  shrines, 
tombs  of  princes  and  metropolitans,  and  many  other  his- 
torical relics.  That  of  Dimitri  of  Solun  is  remarkable  for 
the  abundant  sculpture,  representing  animals,  birds,  foli- 
age, and  the  like,  which  adorns  its  walls  of  white  sand- 
stone. The  great  portal  is  one  of  the  finest  of  its  type. 

Vladimir,  Saint,  “The  Great.”  Died  1015. 
Grand  Prince  of  Russia  980-1015.  He  extended 
the  Russian  dominions  and  promoted  Chris- 
tianity. 

Vladimir,  Principality  of.  A medieval  prin- 
cipality, and  at  times  a grand  principality,  in 
Russia.  See  Suzdal. 

Vladimir  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Japan,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Maritime  Province  in  Siberia. 
Vladivostok  (vla-de-vos-tok').  A seaport  in 
the  Maritime  Province,  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
Golden  Horn  of  the  Gulf  of  Peter  the  Great 
(Sea  of  Japan),  in  lat.  43°  7'  N.,  long.  131°  53'  E. 
It  has  a fine  harbor,  is  the  chief  Russian  naval  station  on 
the  Pacific,  and  is  a terminus  of  the  Trans-Siberian  rail- 
way. It  was  founded  in  1861.  Population,  38,000. 

Vlaenderen,  or  Vlaanderen.  The  Flemish 
name  of  Flanders. 

Vlie  (vie).  A sea  passage  or  current  between 
the  North  Sea  and  the  Zuyder  Zee,  northeast 
of  Vlieland  and  southwest  of  Tersehelling. 
Vlieland  (vle'lant).  Oneofthe  Friesian  Islands, 
belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  situated  in  the 
North  Sea  northeast  of  Texel.  Length,  12 
miles. 

Vlissingen  (vlis'sing-en),  or  Vliessingen 
(vles'sing-en).  The  Dutch  name  of  Flushing. 
Vogel  (fo'gel),  Eduard.  Born  at  Krefeld,  Ger- 
many, March  7, 1829 : killed  in  Wadai,  1856. 
An  African  explorer.  While  ill  London  as  astrono- 
mer he  was  commissioned  by  the  British  government  to 
supplement  the  explorations  of  Richardson  and  Barth  in 
the  Sudan  (1853).  After  three  years  of  successful  explora- 
tion in  the  Sudan  states  around  Lake  Chad,  where  he 
met  Barth,  he  fell  a victim  to  the  fanaticism  of  the  Wadai 
people  as  he  was  attempting  to  reach  the  Kile  basin. 
Only  in  1873_  was  his  fate  ascertained  by  Nachtigal. 
Vogelweide.  See  Walther  von  der  Vogelweide. 
Vogler  (fo'gler),  Georg  Joseph,  called  Abbe. 
Born  at  Wurzburg,  Germany,  June  15,  1749: 
died  at  Darmstadt,  May  6,  1814.  A German 
organist,  composer,  and  writer  on  music : ka- 
pellmeister successively  in  Mannheim,  Stock- 
holm, and  Darmstadt,  and  conductor  of  schools 
of  music  in  those  cities. 

Vogt  (fokt),  Karl.  Born  at  Giessen,  Germany, 
July  5, 1817 : died  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  May 
5,  1895.  A distinguished  German  naturalist. 
He  studied  at  Giessen  (under  Liebig)  and  Bern,  and  later 
associated  himself  with  Agassiz,  taking  an  important  part 
in  the  elaboration  of  the  latter's  great  work  on  fishes. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  zoology  at  Giessen  in  1847, 
but  soon  lost  his  chair  for  political  reasons.  In  1852  he 
became  professor  of  geology  at  Geneva,  and  subsequently 
obtained  the  additional  chair  of  zoology  at  the  same  in- 
stitute. He  conducted  an  expedition  to  the  North  Cape 
in  1861,  and  in  1878  entered  the  Swiss  National  Assembly. 
He  was  an  extreme  Darwinist  and  a zealous  advocate  of 
the  doctrine  of  materialism.  Among  his  works  are  “Im 
Gebirg  und  auf  den  Gletschern  ’’  (1843),  “ Lehrbuch  der 
Geologie  und  Petrefaktenkunde ” (1846),  “ Physiologische 
Briefe ” (1845-46),  “Ocean  und  Mittelmeer” (1848),  “Tier- 
staaten  " (1851),  “ Kohlerglaube  und  Wissenschaft  ” (1853- 
1855),  “Saugetiere  in  Wort  und  Bild”  (1883),  “ Praktische 
vergleicliende  Anatomie”  with  Emile  Yung  (1885-).  His 
later  works  have  been  principally  zoological. 

Vogtland  (fokt/lant),  or  Voigtland  (foikt'- 
lant).  A region  in  Germany,  immediately  sub- 
ject in  the  middle  ages  to  the  empire,  and  ad- 
ministered by  officials  called  vogte , or  bailiffs. 
It  comprised  parts  of  western  Saxony,  Itenss,  Saxe-Alten- 
burg,  Saxe-Weimar,  Upper  Franconia,  Bohemia,  etc. — in 
general,  the  lands  near  the  upper  Elster  and  Saale. 


1042 

Vogtland  Switzerland.  A picturesque  region 
in  the  Vogtland,  extending  along  the  White 
Elster  from  Plauen  northward  to  Greiz  (or  to 
Berga). 

Vogue(v6-gu-a,),  Charles  Jean  Melchior,  Mar- 
quis de.  Born  at  Paris,  1829.  A French  archaeol- 
ogist and  diplomatist,  ambassador  at  Constan- 
tinople and  later  at  Vienna.  He  has  published 
“Les  dglises  de  la  Terre  Sainte  ” (1860),  “Inscriptions 
h^braiques  de  Jerusalem  ” (1864),  “Le  temple  de  Jerusa- 
lem,” “ Essai  sur  la  topographie  de  la  Ville  Sainte  ” (1865), 
“L’ Architecture  dans  laSyrie  centrale  ”(1865),  “Melanges 
d’archeologie  orientale ” (1869),  ‘ ‘Inscriptions sem itiqiK'S  ” 
(1869-77),  and  edited  “M6moires  du  Mar6chal  de  Villars” 
(1884)  and  “ Villars  d’aprbs  sa  correspondance  et  ses  docu- 
ments ” (1888). 

Vogiie,  Eugene  Marie  Melchior,  Vicomte  de. 
Born  at  Nice,  Feb.  25,  1848:  died  March  24, 
1910.  A French  writer  and  diplomatist.  He 

served  during  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  was  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  1871,  and  was  successively  attached  to 
the  embassies  and  missions  at  Constantinople,  in  Egypt, 
and  at  St.  Petersburg.  He  wrote  a number  of  works  of 
travel,  etc.,  and  “Le  roman  Russe”  (1886),  “ Heures  dhis- 
toire  ” (1893),  “Les  morts  qui  parlent  ” (1899),  etc. 

Voigtland.  See  Vogtland. 

Voirons  (vwa-ron'),  Les.  Amountain-rauge  in 
the  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  10 
miles  east  of  Geneva.  Highest  point,  4,875  feet. 

Voiture  (vwa-tiir'),  Vincent.  Bornat Amiens, 
France,  1598:  died  May  26,  1648.  A French 
poet  and  man  of  letters,  patronized  at  court. 
He  is  noted  for  his  letters  and  for  his  short  poems. 

There  was,  in  the  first  place,  the  school  of  the  coterie 
poets,  who  devoted  themselves  to  producing  vers  de  so- 
ci6t6,  either  for  the  ladies  or  for  the  great  men  of  the 
period.  The  chief  of  this  school  was  beyond  all  question 
V oiture.  This  admirable  writer  of  prose  and  verse  pub- 
lished absolutely  nothing  during  his  lifetime,  though  his 
work  was  in  private  the  delight  of  the  salons. 

SainUbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  275. 

Vokes  (volts),  Rosina.  Born  at  London,  1858: 
diedatBabbacombe,nearTorquay,  Jan.  27,1894. 
An  English  actress.  She  first  appeared  in  the  English 
provinces  in  pantomime  with  her  brother  Fred  and  her 
sisters  Victoria  and  Jessie.  In  1870,  with  Fawdon  Vokes, 
who  assumed  the  name,  they  made  a success  in  London 
as  “the  Vokes  family."  They  were  also  very  successful  in 
America,  where  they  appeared  annually  for  many  years. 
Rosina  married  Cecil  Clay  in  1876  She  was  remarkable 
for  her  fun,  originality,  and  graceful  dancing. 

Volano  (vo-la'no).  A village  in  Tyrol,  situated 
on  the  Adige  near  Roveredo.  Here,  April  24, 1809, 
the  Austrians  under  Chasteler  defeated  the  French  un- 
der  Baraguay  d’Hilliers.  The  French  were  driven  out  of 
southern  Tyrol. 

Volcse  ( vol'se).  In  ancient  history,  a people  of 
Gaul,  dwelling  in  Languedoc. 

Volcan  de  Agua.  See  Agua. 

Volcan  de  Fuego  (vol-kan'  da  £o-a'go).  [Sp., 
‘fire  volcano.’]  An  active  volcano  of  Guate- 
mala, 10  miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Guate- 
mala la  Antigua.  Height,  about  12,500  feet. 

Volcano  (vol-ka'no)  Islands.  A group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Pacific,  about  lat.  25°  N.,  long. 
141°  20'  E. 

Volga  (vol'ga).  [G.  Wolga.]  The  chief  river  of 
Russia,  and  the  longest  river  of  Europe : the  an- 
cient Rha  or  Rhos,  Hunnish  Var . It  rises  in  marshes 
of  the  Valdai  plateau,  government  of  Tver ; traverses  the 
governmentsof  Tver,  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Nijni-Novgorod, 
and  Kazan  ; separates  Simbirsk  and  Saratoif  from  Samara ; 
and  traverses  Astrakhan.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Mologa,  Unsha,  Vetluga,  Kama,  and  Samara  on  the  left, 
and  the  Oka  and  Sura  on  the  right.  The  chief  places  on  its 
banks  are  Tver,  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Ka- 
zan, Simbirsk,  Samara,  Saratoff,  and  Astrakhan.  It  divides 
into  various  branches,  and  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  by  a 
delta.  It  is  of  great  importance  as  a medium  of  commerce. 
It  is  connected  by  a system  of  canals  with  the  Baltic. 
Length,  about  2,400  miles;  navigable  for  the  greater  part 
of  the  distance. 

Volhyma  (vol-hin'i-a).  A government  of  Russia, 
bordering  on  Galicia  (in  Austria-Hungary)  and 
on  the  governments  of  Lublin,  Siedlce,  Grodno, 
Minsk,  Kieff,  and  Podolia.  Capital,  Zhitomir. 
The  surface  is  hilly  in  the  south,  elsewhere  flat.  Area, 
27,699  square  miles.  Population,  3,691,000. 

Volhynia,  Principality  of.  A medieval  prin- 
cipality of  western  Russia,  acquired  by  Lithua- 
nia under  Gedimin  (1315-40). 

Volkmann  (folk'man),  Alfred  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  July  1, 1801 : died  at  Halle,  April  21, 
1877.  A German  physiologist,  professor  at  Halle. 
His  works  include  “Anatomiaanimalium”  (1831-33),  “Die 
Lehre  voraleiblichen  Leben  "(1837),“  Physiologische  Unter- 
suchungen  im  Gebiete  der  Optik”  (1863-64). 

Volkmann,  Friedrich  Robert.  Born  at  Lom- 
matzsch,  Saxony,  April  6,  1815 : died  at  Pest, 
Oct.  30,  1883.  A German-Hungarian  composer. 
He  went  to  Leipsic  to  study  in  1836,  and  to  Prague  as 
teacher  and  composer  in  1839 ; lived  in  Vienna  1854-58 ; and 
removed  to  Pest  in  1858.  Among  his  compositions  ar<  two 
symphonies  in  I)  minor  and  B fiat,  serenades  for  string 
orchestra,  concertos  for  violoncello,  a “Schlummerlied," 
etc.,  and  much  vocal  and  pianoforte  music. 

Vollon  (vo-loh'),  Antoine.  Born  at  Lyons, 


Voltaire 

France,  April  20,  1833 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  27, 
1900.  A distinguished  French  landscape-,  genre-, 
and  flower-painter : a pupil  of  Ribot.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Art  and  Gluttony”  (1864),  “Kitchen  Interior  ” 
(1864,  and  another  in  1865),  “ Curiosities,”  “ Sea  Fish,”  and 
“Old  Fisherman”  (Luxembourg),  “The  Kettle"  (Lyons 
Museum),  “ Woman  of  Pollet  at  Dieppe ” (1876). 

Volney  (vol'ni;  F.  pron.  vol-ua'),  Comte  Con- 
stantin Francois  de  Chassebceuf  de.  Born 
at  Craon,  France,  Feb.  3,  1757 : died  at  Paris, 
April  25,  1820.  A French  scholar  and  author. 
He  traveled  in  Syria  and  Egypt  1783-87,  and  in  the  United 
States  ; was  a member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  ; and 
was  made  a count  by  Napoleon  and  a peer  by  Louis  XVIII. 
His  works  include  “Voyage  en  l^gypte  et  en  Syrie  ” (1787), 
“ Considerations  sur  la  guerre  des  Turcs  avec  les  Russes  ” 
(1788),  “Ruines,  ou  meditations  sur  les  revolutions  des 
empires”  (1791),  “ Tableau  du  climat  et  du  sol  des  Etats- 
Unis”  (1803),  “Recherches  nouvelles  sur  l’histoire  an- 
cienne,"  etc. 

Vologda (vo-log-da').  1.  A government  of  Rus- 
sia, bordering  on  Siberia  on  the  east,  and  sur- 
l'ounded  on  other  sides  by  the  governments 
of  Perm,  Vyatka,  Kostroma,  Yaroslav,  Nov- 
gorod, Olonetz,  and  Archangel.  Area,  155,265 
square  miles.  Population,  1.565,800. — 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Vologda,  situated 
on  the  river  Vologda  about  lat.  59°  20'  N., 
long.  40°  E.  It  early  became  an  important  center  of 
commerce : this  it  was  especially  from  the  founding  of 
Archangel  to  the  founding  of  St.  Petersburg.  Popula- 
tion, 29,800. 

Volpone  (vol-po'ne),  or  the  Fox.  A comedy 
by  Ben  Jonsou,  played  in  1605,  printed  in  1607. 

The  central  character  [Volpone]  long  continued  to  ex- 
press to  the  popular  mind  the  incarnation  of  the  most 
loathsome  kind  of  hypocrite.  In  Queen  Anne’s  reign  Dr. 
Sacheverell  could  in  his  notorious  sermon  point  an  attack 
upon  the  principles  of  the  Revolution  by  alluding  to  the 
Lord  Treasurer  Godolphin  under  his  nickname  of  the  Old 
Fox  or  Volpone.  Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit. 

Volscian  (vol'sian)  Mountains.  A group  of 
mountains  in  Italy,  southeast  of  Rome.  They  are 
west  of  the  main  chain  of  the  Apennines,  and  south  of  the 
Alban  Mountains.  Height,  about  5,000  feet. 

Volscians  (vol'sianz).  An  ancient  Italian  peo- 
ple who  dwelt  in  the  southern  part  of  Latium : 
noted  for  their  long  wars  against  Rome.  They 
were  subdued  by  Rome  in  the  last  part  of  the 
4th  century  b.  c. 

Volsk  (volsk).  A town  in  the  government  of 
Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga,  65  miles 
northeast  of  Saratoff.  Population,  29,800. 

Volsunga  Saga  ( vol'song-ga  sa'ga).  [ON.  Vol- 
sungasaga .]  In  Old  Norse  literature,  the  mythi- 
cal history  of  the  Volsungs  and  the  Nibelungs. 
Its  central  hero  is  Sigurd  the  Volsung,  the  Siegfried  of  the 
“Nibelungenlied."  Unlike  the  German  version,  the  story 
has  throughout  aheathen  character,  and  the  gods  in  person 
enter  into  its  action.  It  was  probably  written  in  Norway 
not  long  after  the  middle  of  the  13th  century.  Its  mate- 
rial was  taken  in  part  from  ancient  popular  legends,  partly 
from  old  heroic  poems,  some  of  which  are  preserved  in  the 
Elder  Edda.  It,  and  not  the  “Nibelungenlied,”  is  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  Wagner’s  “Ring  of  the  Nibelungs.” 

Volta  (vol'ta).  A small  town  in  Italy,  13  miles 
n orth-n or tliwest  of  Mantua.  Here,  July  26-27, 
1848,  the  Austrians  drove  back  the  Sardinians. 

V olta,  Coun  t Alessandro.  Born  at  Como,  Italy, 
Feb.  18, 1745 : died  there,  March  5, 1827.  A cele- 
brated Italian  physicist,  famous  for  his  re- 
searches and  inventions  in  electricity:  profes- 
sor in  Como  and  Pavia.  He  was  made  by  Napoleon 
senator  of  Lombardy.  He  invented  the  electrophore.  elec- 
troscope, condenser,  and  the  voltaic  pile  (described  1800, 
and  named  from  him). 

Voltaire  (vol-tar'):  the  assumed  name  of  Fran- 
cois Marie  Arouet  (a-ro-a').  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  21,  1694:  died  at  Paris,  May  30,  1778. 
A famous  French  writer.  He  took  the  name 
of  Voltaire,  the  origin  of  which  is  still  in  dispute,  in  1718,  a 
short  time  after  the  performance  of  his  tragedy  “ (Edipe.” 
His  father,  a notary  connected  with  the  tribunal  of  the  Chii- 
telet,  was  a man  of  some  wealth.  Y'oung  Arouet  was  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  pupils  of  the  College  Louis-le-Grand 
(then  in  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits).  Before  he  was  out  of 
college  he  began  writing  poetry'.  His  wit,  as  well  as  the 
influence  of  liis  godfather,  the  Abbd  de  Chateauneuf,  se- 
cured for  him  an  introduction  into  the  most  aristocratic 
circles  of  Parisian  society.  But  the  freedom  of  his  utter- 
ances soon  brought  him  into  trouble.  Between  1716  and 
1726  he  was  twice  exiled  from  Paris,  and  twice  thrown  a 
prisoner  into  the  Bastille,  both  for  things  that  had  been 
wr  itten  by  him  and  on  mere  suspicion,  and  always  without 
atrial.  His  last  imprisonment  was  due  to  his  resenting  an 
insult  offered  him  by  a dissolute  young  nobleman,  the  Che- 
valier de  Rohan.  He  was  soon  liberated,  however,  and  at 
once  went  to  England,  where  he  remained  over  two  years 
(1726-29).  Already  a celebrated  dramatic  writer,  owing  to 
the  success  of  “ (Edipe, ” he  increased  his  fame  by  the  pub- 
lication of  his  epic  poem  on  Henry  the  Fourth,  “ La  Henri- 
ade,”  the  first  complete  edition  of  which  was  dedicated  to 
the  Queen  of  England.  He  returned  to  France  in  1729  and 
won  repeated  successes  both  as  a poet  and  a historian. 
In  1734  he  took  up  his  residence  with  the  Marquise  du 
Chatelet  in  the  Chateau  of  Cirey  in  Lorraine,  where_he 
resided  most  of  the  time  until  that  lady's  death  in  1749. 
It  was  during  this  period  of  his  life  that  he  became  his- 
toriographer of  France  and  “a  gentleman  of  the  king's 
bedchamber."  He  also  had  some  intercourse  with  Pope 


Voltaire 

Benedict  XIV.,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  tragedy  “Ma- 
homet." After  Madame  du  Chutelet's  death  he  returned 
to  Paris,  but  soon  left  France  for  Prussia,  where  Frederick 
the  Great,  who  had  always  admired  him,  had  often  re- 
quested him  to  take  up  his  residence.  There  he  remained 
from  July,  1750,  to  March,  1753.  Voltaire  and  Frederick, 
who  had  met  almost  as  lovers,  parted  bitter  enemies,  and 
the  great  writer  was  arrested  on  his  way  through  Frank- 
fort, at  the  request  of  the  king’s  representative,  although 
not  guilty,  nor  even  accused,  of  offense,  and  was  treated 
with  harshness.  During  his  stay  in  Berlin  and  Potsdam  he 
had  completed  and  published  one  of  his  most  important 
works,  “he  sifecle  de  Louis  XIV.”  His  return  to  France 
was  followed  by  a period  of  wandering  caused  by  the  refusal 
of  the  arbitrary  government  of  Louis  XV.  to  allow  him  to 
come  to  Paris.  He  finally  settled  in  Geneva  (1756),  whence 
two  years  later  he  moved  to  Ferney,  a large  estate  only 
a few  miles  distant,  which  he  purchased,  and  where  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  (1758-78).  Much  of  his  time 
was  given  to  the  defense  and  protection  of  the  victims  of 
religious  intolerance  and  fanaticism.  He  thus  spent  about 
two  years  getting  justice  done  to  the  family  and  memory  of 
a Protestant,  Jean  Calas,  who  had  been  put  to  death  upon  a 
false  accusation  of  killing  one  of  his  sons  to  prevent  his  turn- 
ing Catholic.  He  was  constantly  at  work,  also,  revising  his 
formerly  published  writings,  issuing  numerous  pamphlets, 
both  in  prose  and  verse,  in  favor  of  freedom  of  thought,  and 
carrying  on  an  extensive  correspondence.  Early  in  1778, 
during  the  reign  of  Louis  XVI.,  at  the  request  of  his  friends 
he  determined  to  visit  Paris,  where  he  was  received  with 
great  enthusiasm.  The  fatigue  of  the  journey  and  the  ex- 
citement of  his  reception  proved  too  much  for  his  weak- 
ened frame,  and  he  died  at  Paris,  May  30,  1778.  His  most 
important  works  are:  tragedies,  “Ujdipe,"  “Brutus," 
“Zaire”  (considered  the  best),  “Mdrope,”  “Mahomet," 
“Alzire,”  “ Tancrede ” ; poems,  “La  Henriade,"  “Epitre 
k Uranie,”  “ La  mort  d’ Adrienne  Lecouvreur,”  “Discours 
sur  1'homme,”  “ La  loi  naturelle,”  “ Le  ddsastre  de  Lis- 
bonne,”  “Lemondain,”  and  the  one  which  his  admirers 
would  prefer  he  had  never  written,  “La  Pucelle”;  his- 
tory, “Histoire  de  Charles  XII.,”“Essai  surles  moeurset 
l’esprit  des  nations,”  “Le  siecle  de  Louis  XIV.,”  “Histoire 
de  Russie  sous  Pierre  le  Grand”;  philosophy,  “Diction- 
naire  philosophique  ” ; literary  criticism,  “ Commentaire 
sur  Corneille";  fiction,  “Candide,”  “La  princesse  de 
Babylone,”  “L’lngdnu,”  “L’Homme  aux  quarante  dcus,” 
“Zadig” ; miscellanies  ( which  fill  a very  large  number  of 
volumes),  “Lettres  philosophiques,”  “Traitd  de  la  tole- 
rance." His  correspondence  is  considered  as  fine  as  that 
of  Madame  de  Sdvignd.  The  best  editions  of  his  works 
are  the  Edition  de  Kehl  (Kelil,  1784  et  seq.,  72  vols.), 
Beuchot’s  edition  (Paris,  1829  et  seq.,  72  vols.),  and  Mo- 
land's  edition  (Paris,  Gamier,  1875  et  seq.,  52  vols.).  A se- 
lection of  his  works  (8  volumes)  was  edited  by  Georges 
Bengesco,  who  is  also  the  author  of  a bibliography  of  Vol- 
taire’s works,  in  4 volumes. 

Volterra  (vol-ter'ra).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Pisa,  Italy,  35  miles  southwest  of  Florence : 
the  ancient  Volaterr&s.  It  contains  a cathedral,  a 
stately  Romanesque  structure,  in  the  Pisan  arcaded  style, 
consecrated  in  1120,  and  enlarged  about  a century  later. 
The  marble  pulpit  hears  12th-century  scriptural  reliefs, 
and  rests  on  four  granite  columns,  two  of  them  with  lions. 
There  are  some  fine  tombs,  and  paintings  by  several  of  the 
great  masters,  particularly  a superb  “Annunciation”  by 
Signorelli.  The  Porta  all’  Arco  is  one  of  the  original  gates 
of  the  old  Etruscan  city.  It  is  round-arched,  20  feet  high 
and  12  wide,  the  outer  arch  formed  of  19  enormous  blocks 
of  travertine  assembled  without  cement,  and  bearing  three 
curious  heads  in  relief  on  the  keystone  and  imposts.  The 
gate-passage,  30  feet  long,  with  grooves  for  portcullis,  is 
Roman. 

Volterra,  Daniele  da  (Daniele  Ricciarelli). 

Bom  at  Volterra,  Italy,  1509:  (lied  at  Rome, 
April  4, 1566.  An  Italian  painter  and  sculptor. 
His  chief  work  is  a “Descent  from  the  Cross” 
(Rome). 

Voltri  (vol'tre).  [L.  Veturium,  ML.  Vulturum, 
Vulturi.']  A seaport  in  the  province  of  Genoa, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  9 miles 
west  of  Genoa.  Here,  in  1800,  the  Austrians 
defeated  the  French  under  Massdna.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  14,719. 

Volturno  (vol-tor'no).  [L .Vulturnus.']  A river 
in  Italy  which  traverses  Campania  and  flows 
into  the  Mediterranean  21  miles  northwest  of 
Naples.  Length,  about  95  miles.  Near  it  Gari- 
baldi defeated  the  Neapolitan  troops  Sept.  19 
and  21,  and  Oct.  1,  1860. 

Volumnia  (vo-lum'ni-a).  The  mother  of  Corio- 
lanus,  a character  in  Shakspere’s  play  “Corio- 
lanus.” 

Volunteer  (vol-un-ter').  A steel  center-board 
sloop,  built  to  defend  the  America's  cup,  chal- 
lenged by  the  Thistle  (Scotch  cutter),  she  won 
the  trial  race  with  the  Mayflower  (Sept.  17, 1887),  and  both 
the  cup  races  against  the  ’Thistle  (Sept.  27  and  30).  She 
was  afterward  remodeled  into  a schooner  and  called  the 
Phoenix.  She  was  originally  designed  by  Edward  Burgess 
for  General  J.  C.  Paine  of  Boston,  and  launched  June  30, 
1887.  Her  principal  dimensions  were:  length  over  all, 
106.23  feet ; length,  load  water-line,  85.88  feet ; beam,  23.2 
feet ; draught,  10  feet ; displacement,  130  tons. 

Voluspa.  The  principal  poem  of  the  Elder 
Edda.  See  Edda. 

Von  Arnim.  See  Arnim. 

Vondel  (von'del),  Joost  van  den.  Born  at 
Cologne,  Nov.  17,  1587 : died  at  Amsterdam  in 
1679.  A Dutch  dramatist  and  poet : the  great- 
est name  in  Dutch  literature.  His  parents,  who  had 
fled  to  Cologne  from  Antwerp,  removed  to  Amsterdam 
in  1597.  After  his  father’s  death  in  1608  he  married, 
and  kept  the  stocking-shop  in  which  he  had  succeeded  his 
father.  This  business  was  successfully  continued  long 


1043 

after  he  had  acquired  a literary  reputation,  but  in  1657 
the  mismanagement  of  it  by  his  eldest  son  led  to  bank- 
ruptcy. His  - own  small  fortune  was  sacrificed,  and  he 
was  forced  to  accept  a clerkship  where  from  his  seven- 
tieth to  his  eightieth  year  he  labored  for  a pittance.  In 
1668,  after  he  had  been  obliged  to  resign  his  position 
on  account  of  the  weakness  of  old  age,  he  finally  received 
a small  state  pension.  His  literary  career  was  begun 
with  the  drama  “Het  Pascha"  (“  The  Pascha”),  produced 
in  1612  before  the  “Rhetorical  Chamber,”  of  which  he  was 
a member  (the  so-called  Flemish  Chamber  of  the  Laven- 
der Flower).  In  1619,  after  the  performance  of  the  first  of 
his  biblical  dramas,  the  tragedy  “Hierusalem  verwoest” 
(“Jerusalem  Destroyed  ”),  he  went  over  to  the  Chamber 
of  the  Eglantine.  His  subsequent  works  are  the  tragedy 
“Palamedes,”  and  “Amsterdaemsche  Hecuba”  (“The 
Amsterdam  Hecuba” : .a  free  version  of  Seneca),  both  1625 ; 
the  tragedy  (the  greatest  of  his  dramas)  “ Gysbrecht  van 
Aemstel,”  1637;  “Maeghden”  (“St.  Ursula”)  and  “Ge- 
broeders”  (“Brothers,”  i.  e.,  the  sons  of  Saul),  both  1639; 
“ Joseph  in  Dothan  ” and  “ Joseph  in  Egypten,  ” both  1640 ; 
“Peter  en  Pauwels ”(“ Peter  and  Paul”),  1641;  “Maria 
Stuart,”  1646;  “ De  Leeuwendalers  ” (a  pastoral  play  in 
celebration  of  the  peace  of  Westphalia) and  “Salomon” 
(“Solomon”),  both  1648;  the  choral  drama  “Lucifer,” 
1654;  “Salmonens,”  1657;  “Jephtha,”  1659;  “Koning 
David  in  ballingschap”(“  King  David  in  Exile”),  “Koning 
David  herstelt”(“King  David  Restored"),  and  “Sam- 
son,” all  1660;  “Adonias”  (“Adonis”),  1661;  “Batavian 
Brothers,”  1662;  “Faeton”  (“ Phaethon  "),  1663;  “Adam 
in  ballingschap ” (“Adam  in  Exile”),  1664  ; “Zungchin,” 
1666;  and  “Noah,”  1667.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
translations  from  the  classics  (among  them  Vergil’s 
“ADneid,”  1660,  and  Ovid’s  “Metamorphoses,”  1661),  and  of 
versionsof  classical  originals  (from  Seneca,  “Hippolytus,” 
1628;  from  Sophocles,  the  “Electra,”  1638,  “Koning  (Edi- 
pus”  (“(EdipusTyrannus”),  1660,  and  “Hercules,”  1663; 
from  Euripides,  “Iflgenie  in  Taurien”  (“Iphigenia  in 
Tauris”),  1666,  and  “ Feniciaensche  Iflgenie”  (“  The  Phe- 
nician  Iphigenia”),  1668).  His  literaiy  works  reflect 
clearly  his  own  political*and  religious  views.  He  was  at 
the  outset  a supporter  of  the  house  of  Orange,  as  is  plain- 
ly visible  in  the  “ Pascha,”  from  1612.  The  action  of  the 
Synod  of  Dort,  and  the  progress  of  Calvinism,  brought 
about  a revulsion,  and  the  “ Palamedes,”  with  the  subtitle 
of  “ Murdered  Innocence,”  from  1625,  represents  under  a 
thin  disguise  the  trial  of  Olden-Barneveldt,  and  cost  the 
poet  a summons  before  the  court  at  Amsterdam,  and  a 
fine  of  300  gulden.  In  1626  he  wrote  in  popular  verse 
against  the  Calvinistic  zealots.  In  1641  he  joined  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  subsequently  wrote  in  praise 
of  it.  In  this  category  of  writings  belong,  among  others, 
the  didactic  poems  “ Altaergeheimenissen  ” (“Mysteries 
of  the  Altar”),  1645;  “Johannes  de  boetgezant”(“  John 
the  Evangelist”),  1662  ; “De  heerlijkheid  der  kerke” 
(“The  Glory  of  the  Church”),  1663;  and  the  tragedy  of 
“Maria  Stuart,”  already  mentioned.  The  dramatic  poem 
“Lucifer,”  the  greatest  of  his  works,  is  considered  by 
many  Dutch  critics  to  be  an  allegorical  account  of  the 
rise  of  the  Netherlands  against  Philip  of  Spain.  He  has 
been  called  “the  Dutch  Shakspere."  His  collected  works, 
together  with  a life  of  the  poet,  were  published  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1850-69,  in  12  vols. 

Von  Martins.  _ Sec  Martins. 

Voorhees  (vor'ez), Daniel  Wolsey.  Born  Sept. 
26,  1827 : died  April  10,  1897.  An  American 
Democratic  politician.  He  commenced  the  practice 
of  law  at  Covington,  Fountain  County,  Indiana,  in  1851; 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1861-66  and  1869- 
1873 ; and  was  a United  States  senator  from  Indiana  1877- 
1897. 

Voorne  (vor'ne).  An  island  belonging  to  the 
province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated between  the  mouth  of  the  Meuse  and  the 
Haring  Vliet. 

Vopiscus  (vo-pis'kus),  Flavius.  Lived  about 
the  beginning  of  the  4th  century  A.  D.  A Ro- 
man historian,  one  of  the  writers  of  the  “Au- 
gustan History.’’ 

Vorarlberg  (for'arl-berG).  A land  belonging  to 
Austria-Hungary,  and  forming  with  Tyrol  the 
administrative  division  of  Tyrol  and  Vorarl- 
berg. Capital,  Bregenz.  It  is  bounded  by  Lake  Con- 
stance, Bavaria,  Tyrol,  Switzerland,  and  Liechtenstein. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  sends  4 members  to  the 
Reichsrat  and  has  a Diet  of  24  members.  The  inhabitants 
are  German ; the  prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholic. 
Vorarlberg  was  transferred  from  Hither  Austria  to  Tyrol 
in  1782.  Area,  1,004  square  miles.  Pop.,  145,794,  (1910). 

Vorderrhein  (for'der-rin).  [G.,  ‘Hither  Rhine.’] 
The  northernmost  of  the  two  head  streams  of 
the  Rhine,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. 

Voringsfos  or  -foss  ( ve' rings -f  os).  A cele- 
brated waterfall  in  Norway,  formed  by  the 
Bjoreia  64  miles  east  of  Bergen.  Height,  475 
feet. 

Voronezh  (vo-ro'nezh),  sometimes  Voronetz 
(vo-ro'nets).  1.  A government  of  Russia,  sur- 
rounded by  the  governments  of  Orel,  Tamboff, 
and  Saratoff,  the  Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks, 
and  Kharkolf  and  Kursk.  Area,  25,443  square 
miles.  Population,  3,215,100. — 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  government  of  Voronezh,  situated  on 
the  river  Voronezh  about  lat.  51°  40'  N.  It  is 
an  important  commercial  center.  Population, 
87,700. 

Vorparlament(for'par-la-ment//).Aprovisional 
assembly  which  met  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
March  31-April  3,  1848,  to  prepare  the  way  for 
a German  parliament. 

Vortigern  ( v6r'ti-g6rn).  A British  king,  of  the 


Vulcan 

middle  of  the  5th  century,  who  is  said  to  ha  ve 
invited  the  Jutes  to  Britain  to  aid  the  Britons 
against  the  Piets. 

Vortigern  and  Rowena.  A play  written  in 
1796  by  William  Henry  Ireland,  and  assigned  by 
him,  with  his  other  forgeries,  to  Shakspere. 
Vos  (vos),  Martin  de.  Bom  at  Antwerp : died 
about  1604.  A Flemish  painter. 

Vosges  (vozh),  G.  Vogesen  (vo-ga'zen).  [L. 
Vosegus  or  Vogesus.']  A range  of  mountains 
in  eastern  France  and  western  Germany,  which 
forms  in  part  the  boundary  between  them,  it 
extends  from  Belfort  northward,  parallel  with  the  Rhine, 
and,  including  its  continuation  the  Hardt,  through  Rhe- 
nish Bavaria,  and  is  connected  westward  by  the  Monts 
Faucilles  with  the  plateau  of  Langres.  Highest  point,  the 
Ballon  de  Guebwiller  (about  4,680  feet). 

Vosges.  A department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Meuse,  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  Alsace-Lorraine, 
Haute-Saone,  and  Haute-Marne.  Capital,  Epi- 
nal.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Vosges  Mountains  in  the 
east  and  by  the  Monts  Faucilles  in  the  south.  It  has  im- 
portant forests,  and  manufactures  of  iron,  cotton,  etc.  It 
was  formed  chiefly  from  part  of  Lorraine.  Area,  2,303 
square  miles.  Population,  429,812. 

Voss  (fos),  Johann  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Som- 

mersdorf,  Mecklenburg,  Feb.  20,  1751 : died  at 
Heidelberg,  March  29,  1826.  A German  poet. 
He  studied  first  theology  and  then  philology  at  Gottingen, 
where  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  poetic  brother- 
hood, the  so-called  “Gottingen  Hainbund.”  In  1778hewas 
appointed  rector  of  the  school  at  Otterndorf,  which  posi- 
tion he  exchanged  in  1782  for  one  at  Eutin.  On  account 
of  ill  health  he  afterward  gave  this  up,  and  in  1802  went 
to  Jena,  and  in  1806  to  Heidelberg,  where  he  lived  until 
his  death.  His  principal  original  work  is  the  idyl  “Luise,” 
published  first  In  1784  (in  its  complete  form  in  1795).  His 
fame  is  based  principally  upon  his  translations  of  the 
classical  writers,  particularly  of  Homer : the  Odyssey 
appeared  in  1781 ; the  Hiad,  together  with  a revised  ver- 
sion of  the  Odyssey,  in  1793.  He  also  translated  Vergil 
in  1799,  Horace  and  Hesiod  in  1806,  Theocritus  and  Bion 
and  Moschus  in  1808.  Tibullus  in  1810,  and  Aristophanes 
in  1821.  He  also  translated,  together  with  his  sons  Hein- 
rich and  Abraham,  Shakspere’s  plays  (1819-29).  His  com- 
plete poetical  works  were  published  at  Leipsic  in  1835. 

Vossius  (vosk'i-us),  Gerardus  Johannes,  Lat- 
inized from  Vos  (vos),  or  Voss  (vos).  Born 
near  Heidelberg,  1577 ; died  at  Amsterdam, 
March  17,  1649.  A Dutch  classical  scholar, 
grammarian,  and  Protestant  theologian  : pro- 
fessor successively  at  Dort,  Leyden,  and  Am- 
sterdam. His  works  include  “ Grammatica  Latina” 
(1607),  “Etymologicum  lingu®  Latin®  ” (1662),  “ Conimen- 
tariorum  rhetoricorum  libri  vi.”  (1606),  “ De  historicis 
Gracia ” (1624),  “De  historicis  Latinis ” (1627),  “De  theo- 
logia  gentili"  (1642),  “Histories  Pelagian®  1 (1618). 
Votan  (vo-tan').  A hero-god  of  Indians  of  the 
Maya  stock  in  southern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 
He  is  described  in  the  “Book  of  Votan,”  a supposed  book 
in  the  Tzendal  language  of  Chiapas,  of  which  only  legen- 
dary fragments  from  after  the  conquest  remain,  and  whose 
existence  is  very  doubtful.  Votan  was  descended  from 
Chan,  the  serpent.  He  came  from  over  the  sea,  introduced 
civilization  into  southern  Mexico,  and  founded  the 
“ empire  ” of  Xibalba,  supposed  by  some  to  be  Palenque. 
Then  he  disappeared,  and  was  worshiped  as  a god  the 
first  year  of  the  cycle  of  four  in  the  Indian  calendar  of 
Chiapas. 

Voulon  (vo-lon').  A village  in  the  department 
of  Vienne,  France,  south  of  Poitiers.  Here 
(not  at  Vouill6),  in  507,  the  Franks  under  Clo- 
vis defeated  the  West  Goths  under  Alaric  II. 
Vox  Clamantis  (voks  kla-man'tis).  [L.,  ‘the 
voice  of  one  crying.’]  An  allegorical  poem  in 
Latin,  by  Gower. 

Voyage  autour  de  ma  Chambre.  [‘Jour- 
ney around  my  Room.’]  A novel  by  Xavier  de 
Maistre,  published  in  1794. 

The  “Voyage  autour  de  ma  Chambre  ” [of  De  Maistre] 
(readers  may  be  informed  or  reminded)  is  a whimsical  de- 
scription of  the  author’s  meditations  and  experiences  when 
confined  to  barracks  for  some  military  peccadillo.  After 
a fashion,  which  has  found  endless  imitators  since,  the 
prisoner  contemplates  the  various  objects  in  his  room, 
spins  little  romances  to  himself  about  them  and  about  his 
beloved  Madame  de  Hautcastel,  moralises  on  the  faithful- 
ness of  his  servant  Joannetti,  and  so  forth.  The  “Expedi- 
tion Nocturne,”  a less  popular  sequel,  is  not  very  differ- 
ent in  plan.  Saintsbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  144. 

Voyages  de  Cyrus,  Les.  A work  by  the  Cheva- 
lier Ramsay,  the  friend  of  Fenelon  and  tutor 
to  the  sons  of  the  Pretender,  first  published 
in  1727.  It  was  translated  into  English  in 
1730. 

Voyer  d’Argenson.  See  Argenson. 

Vryburg  (vri'berg).  The  capital  of  British 
Bechuanaland,  South  Africa. 

Vulcan  (vul'kan).  1.  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  god  of  fire  and  the  working  of  metals,  and 
the  patron  of  all  handicraftsmen.  Originally  an 
independent  deity,  he  became,  with  the  advance  of  time, 
completely  identified  witli  the  Greek  Hephaestus.  He  was 
the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  or  of  Juno  alone,  and  was 
born  with  deformed  feet,  though  according  to  late  myths 
his  lameness  came  from  his  having  been  hurled  down 
from  heaven  by  Jupiter  in  a fit  of  anger.  He  was  the  di- 
vine artist,  the  creator  of  all  that,  was  beautiful  as  weU  as 


Vulcan 

of  all  that  was  mechanically  wonderful  in  the  abodes  of 
the  gods.  On  earth  various  volcanoes,  as  Lemnos  and 
Etna,  were  held  to  be  his  workshops,  and  the  Cyclopes 
were  his  journeymen.  He  had  the  power  of  conferring 
life  upon  his  creations,  and  was  thus  the  author  of  Pan- 
dora, and  of  the  golden  dogs  of  Alcinous.  In  art  he  was 
represented  as  a bearded  man,  usually  with  the  short 
sleeveless  or  one-sleeved  tunic  of  the  workman,  with  a 
conical  cap,  holding  hammer  and  tongs  or  other  attributes 
of  the  smith,  and  sometimes  with  indication  of  his  lame- 
ness. When  Jupiter  conceived  Minerva  in  his  head,  the 
goddess  was  delivered  full-armed  upon  the  stroke  of  an 
ax  in  the  hands  of  Vulcan. 

2.  A hypothetical  planet  between  the  sun  and 
the  planet  Mercury.  An  object  supposed  to  be  a 
planet  was  seen  crossing  the  sun's  disk  on  March  26, 
1859.  The  period  of  revolution  assigned  to  it  was  some- 
thing over  19  days,  and  its  distance  from  the  sun  was 
estimated  at  about  13,000,000  miles.  The  existence  of  Vul- 
can, however,  has  not  been  confirmed  (may,  indeed,  be 
said  to  have  been  practically  disproved)  by  subsequent 
careful  observations. 

Vulcanalia  (vul-ka-na/li-a).  An  ancient  Ro- 
man festival  in  honor  of  Vulcan,  celebrated  on 
Aug.  23  with  games  in  the  Flaminian  circus, 
near  the  temple  of  the  god,  and  with  sacrifices 
of  fishes.  As  part  of  the  observance  on  this  day, 


1044 

work  was  begun  by  lamp-light  in  honor  of  the 
fire-god. 

Vulcan  Pass.  A pass  in  the  Carpathians,  be- 
tween Transylvania  and  Rumania,  about  lat. 
45°  25'  N.,  long.  23°  17'  E. 

Vulgar  Errors.  See  Pseudodoxia  Epidemica. 

Vulgate(vul'gat).  [ML.  Vulgata, sc. editio or ver- 
sio,  ‘ the  published’  (i.  e.  ‘commonly  circulated  ’) 
‘ edition’  or  ‘version.’]  The  Latin  version  of  the 
Scriptures  accepted  as  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  it  was  prepared  by 
Jerome  about  the  close  of  the  4th  century,  partly  by  trans- 
lation from  the  original,  partly  by  revision  of  prior  Latin 
versions.  It  gradually  came  into  general  use  between  the 
6th  and  the  9tb  century.  The  Anglo-Saxon  translations  were 
made  from  it,  and  also  Wyclif  s English  version,  while  other 
English  versions  from  Tyndale’s  onward  have  been  much 
influenced  by  it.  The  Vulgate  was  the  first  book  printed 
(about  1455).  The  Council  of  Trent  ordered  that  the  “ old 
and  vulgate  edition,”  approved  by  the  “ usage  of  so  many 
ages,”  should  be  the  only  Latin  version  used  in  “public 
lectures,  disputations,  sermons,  and  expositions.”  Au- 
thorized editions  were  afterward  published  under  Sixtus 
V.  in  1590  and  Clement  VIII.  in  1592-93.  The  latter,  or 
Clementine  edition,  is  at  present  the  accepted  standard 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  is  the  basis  of  the 


Vyatka,  Principality  of 

Douay  Bible.  In  1907  Pope  Pius  X.  intrusted  to  the  Bene- 
dictine Order  the  task  of  preparing  for  a revision  of  the 
Vulgate.  The  religious  terminology  of  the  languages  of 
western  Europe  has  been  in  great  part  derived  from  or 
influenced  by  the  Vulgate. 

This  Vulgate  or  received  version  (the  word  vulgate  means 
‘currently  received’),  as  it  actually  existed  in  the  Middle 
Ages  and  at  the  time  of  the  Reformation,  was  not  the  pure 
text  of  Jerome,  but  was  Jerome’s  version  considerably 
modified  by  things  which  had  been  carried  over  from  the 
older  Latin  translations  taken  from  the  Greek. 

W.  R.  Smith,  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  36. 

Vulture,  Monte.  See  Monte  Vulture. 

Vulturnus  (vul-ter'nus).  The  Roman  name  of 
the  Volturno. 

Vyatka,  or  Viatka  (ve-at'ka).  1.  A govern- 
ment of  Russia.  Area,  59,329  square  miles. 
Population,  3,616,000. — 2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Vyatka,  situated  on  the  river 
Vyatka  near  long.  50°  E.  Pop.,  about  27,- 
000. 

Vyatka,  Principality  of.  A republican  prin-- 
cipality  in  northern  Russia,  colonized  from 
Novgorod  at  the  end  of  the  12th  century.  It 
existed  till  1489. 


a 


aadt.  The  German  name  of 
Yaud. 

Waal(wal).  The  southern 
arm  of  the  Rhine,  in  Gel- 
derlandand  South  Holland, 
Netherlands.  Itseparatesfrom 
the  other  branch  about  10  miles 
southeast  ot  Arnheim,  taking 
about  two  thirds  of  the  entire 
stream ; and  unites  with  the 
Meuse  and  flows  on  as  the  Mervede  and  Old  Meuse. 

Wabash  (wa'bash).  The  capital  of  Wabash 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Wabash  75 
miles  north-northeast  of  Indianapolis.  Popu- 
lation, 8,687,  (1910). 

Wabash.  A river  which  rises  in  Mercer  County, 
Ohio,  flows  west  and  southwest  through  Indiana, 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  be  tween  Indiana  and 
Illinois,  and  joins  the  Ohio  at  the  union  of  In- 
diana, Illinois,  and  Kentucky.  Its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  White  River.  On  its  banks  are  Xogansport, 
Lafayette,  Terre  Haute,  and  Vincennes.  Length,  about 
560  miles. 

Wace  (was),  or  Eustace,  erroneously  called 
Robert.  Born  in  the  island  of  Jersey  about 
1124 : died  about  1174.  An  Anglo-Norman  poet. 
He  received  a prebend  at  Bayeux  under  Henry  II.,  and 
was  attached  to  the  Anglo-Norman  court.  He  wrote  two 
poetical  romances:  “Roman  de  Brut,”  and  “Homan  de 
Rou,”  or  “Romance  of  Rollo,"  which  was  a poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  story  of  the  Norman  conquest  by  William  of 
Poitiers,  chaplain  to  William  the  Conqueror.  Wace  made 
some  additions,  including  a third  part.  See  Brut  and  Ho- 
man de  Brut. 

Wacht  am  Rhein  (vacht  am  rin),  Die.  [‘The 
Watch  on  the  Rhine.’]  A German  popular 
song,  words  by  Schneckenburger  (1840),  music 
by  Karl  Wilhelm  (1854).  It  enjoyed  great  vogue  in 
the  war  of  1870-71,  becoming  a national  song.  Other  com- 
posers also  wrote  music  for  it. 

W achtel  ( vach'tel ) , Theodor.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
March  10,  1823:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  14,  1893. 
A German  tenor  singer.  He  was  a groom  and  driver 
for  his  father,  who  kept  a livery-stable.  He  first  sang  in 
England  in  1862,  came  to  the  United  States  in  1871  and 
1875.  He  was  noted  for  his  high  C,  which  he  sang  as  a 
chest  note,  and  not  in  falsetto. 

Wachter  (vach'ter),  Georg  Philip  Ludwig 

Leonhardt.  Bom  at  Ulzen,  Nov.  25,  1762: 
died  Feb.  11,  1837.  A German  writer.  His 
pseudonym  was  Veit  Weber.  He  published  “ Sagen 
der  Vorzeit”  (1787-99),  “Historien”(1794),“  Wilhelm  Tell,” 
a tragedy,  etc. 

Wachusett  (wa-chu'set),  Mount.  An  isolated 
mountain  in  Princeton,  Massachusetts,  16  miles 
north  by  west  of  Worcester.  Height,  2,108  feet. 

Wackles  (wak'lz),  Mrs.  and  the  Misses.  Char- 
acters in  Dickens’s  novel  “The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop.” 

W aco  ( wa'ko).  The  capital  of  McLennan  County, 
Texas,  situated  on  the  Brazos  93  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Austin.  It  has  varied  manufac- 
tures. Population,  26,425,  (1910). 

Wadai  (wa-di').  A former  Mohammedan  king- 
dom of  the  eastern  Sudan,  Africa,  between  lat. 
8°  20'  and  18°  20'  N.,  bordering  on  Kanem  and 
Baghirmi  in  the  west,  on  Tibbuland  in  the 
north,  on  Darfur  in  the  east,  and  on  Dar  Runga 
(its  tributary)  in  the  south.  Capital,  Abeshr.  Area, 
about  170,000  square  miles.  Population,  about  2,000,000. 
In  1903  it  became  a French  protectorate.  The  country  is 
generally  an  arid  sandy  plain,  where  the  camel  and  the 
ostrich  thrive  : only  in  the  southern  and  eastern  parts  can 
it  be  called  tolerably  fertile.  The  Arabs  and  Fulahs, 
though  numerous,  are  not  dominant.  The  kingdom  be- 
longed to  the  negro  tribe  of  Maba,  which,  under  Abd-el- 
Kerim,  introduced  iBlam  about  1635.  Life  and  property 
were  unsafe  until  Sultan  Ali  established  some  order  (Bince 
1869).  The  chief  exports  are  ivory  and  feathera. 

Wadan  (wa-dan').  The  chief  town  of  Adrar,  in 
the  western  part  of  the  Sahara. 

Waddington  (wod'ing-ton;  F.  pron.  va-dan- 
ton'),  William  Henry.  Born  at  St.-Remi, 
Euro-et-Loire,  France,  Dec.  11, 1826:  died  Jan. 
13, 1894.  A French  statesman  and  archaeologist. 
He  entered  the  National  Assembly  in  1871,  and  the  Senate 
in  1876;  was  minister  of  public  instruction  in  1873  and 
1876-77;  was  minister  of  foreign  alfairs  1877-79;  and  was 
French  plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin  1878, 
premier  Feb.-Dee.,  1879,  and  ambassador  to  Great  Britain 
1883-93.  He  wrote  memoirs  of  an  archaeological  journey 


to  Asia  Minor,  “Melanges  de  numismatique  et  de  philo- 
logie  ” (1861),  “Voyage  archdologique  en  Grfece  et  en  Asie 
Mineure  ” (1868-77). 

Wade  (wad),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born  near 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  27,  1800:  died  at  .Jeffer- 
son, Ohio,  March  2, 1878.  An  American  lawyer 
and  statesman.  He  was  Whig  and  later  Republican 
United  States  senator  from  Ohio  1851-69 ; was  an  anti- 
slavery leader ; opposed  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  etc.; 
and  favored  the  Homestead  Bill,  confiscation  in  the 
war,  and  emancipation.  He  was  acting  Vice-President 
under  Johnson,  and  commissioner  to  Santo  Domingo  in 
1871. 

Wadelai  (wa-de-li').  A town  in  the  Uganda 
Protectorate,  on  the  Nile  north  of  Albert 
Nyanza.  It  was  a main  station  of  Emin  Pasha. 

Wadham  (wod'am)  College.  A college  of  Ox- 
ford University,  founded  in  1612  by  Nicholas 
Wadham.  The  chapel,  despite  its  date,  is  built  in  the 
Perpendicular  style  : it  possesses  good  glass.  The  gate- 
tower  and  the  framed  wooden  ceiling  of  the  hall  are  also 
noteworthy. 

Wadidikimo  (wa-de-de-ke'mo).  See  Pygmies. 

Wadman  (wod'man),  Widow.  A character  in 
Sterne’s  “ Tristram  Shandy.”  She  has  a tender  feel- 
ing  for  Uncle  Toby,  and  the  scene  where  among  other  en- 
couragements she  approaches  her  face  nearer  and  nearer 
to  his,  that  he  may  extract  a supposititious  something 
from  her  eye,  is  often  referred  to. 

Wadsworth  (wodz'w6rth),  James  Samuel. 

Born  at  Geneseo,  N.Y.,  Oct.  30, 1807 : died  near 
Chancellorsville,  Va.,  May  8, 1864.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  was  a member  of  the  peace  confer- 
ence in  1861 ; served  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  in  1861 ; 
was  made  brigadier-general  in  1861 ; became  military 
governor  of  Washington  in  1862;  was  distinguished  as  a 
division  commander  at  Fredericksburg  and  Gettysburg; 
was  sent  on  a tour  of  special  service  in  the  South  and 
West  in  1864;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
the  Wilderness,  May  6,  1864. 

Wadsworth,  Peleg.  Born  at  Duxbury,  Mass., 
1748 : died  at  Hiram,  Maine,  Nov.  18, 1829.  An 
American  general  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He 

served  in  the  Penobscot  expedition  in  1779,  and  was  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  the  Maine  district  of  Massachusetts 
1793-1807. 

Wady-Half  a (wa'de-hal'fa).  A locality  at  the 
second  cataract  of  the  Nile,  often  regarded  as 
the  southern  limit  of  Egypt.  It  contains  im- 
portant inscriptions. 

Waesland  (was'lant).  A well-cultivated  dis- 
trict in  the  province  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium, 
lying  north  and  west  of  the  Schelde  and  north- 
east of  Ghent. 

Wafer  (wa'fer),  Lionel.  Bom  in  Wales  (?) 
about  1640:  died  at  London  after  1700.  A Brit- 
ish surgeon  and  traveler.  After  making  several  voy- 
ages to  the  East  Indies,  he  settled  in  Jamaica,  and  in  1679 
joined  the  bucaneers.  He  was  with  Dampier  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama  in  1680,  and  on  account  of  a quarrel  was 
left  among  the  Indians,  living  with  them  until  1684.  In 
1688-90  he  was  in  North  America.  He  published  “A  New 
Voyage  and  Description  of  the  Isthmus  of  America”  (1699 : 
French,  German,  and  Swedish  translations).  It  is  the  first 
good  English  description  of  the  Isthmus,  and  is  important 
in  connection  with  the  history  of  the  bucaneers. 

Waghausel  (vag'hoi-zel).  A village  in  Baden, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Karlsruhe.  Here,  June 
21,  1849,  the  Prussians  defeated  the  Baden  in- 
surgents. 

Wagner.  Faust’s  famulus,  a pedant,  in  Goethe’s 
“Faust.”  He  is  also  introduced  in  Marlowe's  “Dr. 
Faustus,"  with  some  of  the  same  characteristics. 

According  to  Hinrichs,  Faust  represents  Philosophy, 
and  Wagner  Empiricism.  Duntzer  calls  the  latter  “ the 
representative  of  dead  pedantry,  of  knowledge  mechani- 
cally acquired";  while  other  critics  consider  that  he  sym- 
bolizes the  Philistine  element  in  German  life, — the  hope- 
lessly material,  prosaic,  and  commonplace. 

Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust. 

Wagner  (vag'ner),  Adolf  Heinrich  Gotthilf. 

Bom  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  March  25,  1835.  A 
German  political  economist,  son  of  Rudolf  Wag- 
ner : professor  at  Berlin  from  1870.  He  is  noted 
for  his  works  on  finance,  and  as  an  advocate  of 
the  “socialism  of  the  chair.” 

Wagner,  Moritz.  Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria, 
Oct.  3, 1813 : died  at  Munich,  1887.  A German 
traveler,  naturalist,  and  geographer : brother  of 
Rudolf  Wagner.  Hetraveledin  Algeria  1836-38 ; in  the 
Black  Sea  regions,  the  Caucasus,  Kurdistan,  Armenia,  and 
Persia  1842-45;  in  North  America  1862-56 ; and  in  Panama 
1046 


and  Ecuador  1857-69.  His  works  include  “ Reisen  in  Al- 
gier”  (1841),  “Der  Kaukasus"  (1847),  “Reise  nach  Kol- 
chis"  (1850),  “Reise  nach  dem  Ararat,  etc. "(1850),  “Reise 
nachPersien,  etc. "(1852),  “Naturwissmschaftliche  Reisen 
im  tropischen  Amerika”(1870),and“Die  darwinischeTheo- 
rie”  (1868)  and  other  works  on  evolution.  He  wrote,  with 
Kcherzer, “ Reisen  in  Nordamerika”(1854)and  “Die Repub- 
lik  Costa-B,ica”  (1856). 

Wagner,  Richard.  See  Wagner,  Wilhelm  Rich- 
ard. 

Wagner.  Rudolf.  Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria, 
June  30, 1805:  died  at  Gottingen,  May  13, 1864. 
A noted  German  physiologist,  comparative 
anatomist,  and  anthropologist:  professor  at  Er- 
langen 1832-40,  and  at  Gottingen  from  1840. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Lehrbuch  der  vergleichenden  Ana- 
tomic” (1834-35),  “leones  physiologic* ” (1839-40),  “Lehr- 
buch der  Physiologie  ” (1839),  “Handatlas  der  vergleichen- 
den Anatomie  ” (1841),  “Handworterbuch  der  Physiologie" 
(1842-53),  “Neurologische  Untersuchungen ” (1854),  “Der 
Kampf  um  die  Seele”  (1857),  “Vorstucien”  on  the  brain 
(1860-62). 

Wagner,  Rudolf  Johannes  von.  Bom  at  Leip- 
sic,  Feb.  13,  1822:  died  at  Wurzburg,  Oct.  4, 
1880.  A German  chemist  and  technologist.  He 
wrote  “Lehrbuch  d;rChemie,”  “Handbuch  der  chemischen 
Technologic,"  “Theorie  und  Praxis  der  Gewerbe,”  “Die 
chemische  Fabrikindustrie,”  etc. 

Wagner,  Wilhelm  Richard.  Born  at  Leipsic, 
May  22,  1813:  died  at  Venice,  Feb.  13,  1883. 
A celebrated  German  operatic  composer  and 
poet.  His  father,  who  was  a clerk  to  the  police-courts 
of  Leipsic,  died  a few  months  after  his  birth,  and  his 
mother  married  Ludwig  Geyer  and  removed  to  Dresden. 
He  was  educated  at  Dresden  and  Leipsic  ; matriculated  at 
the  University  of  Leipsic  in  1831 ; and  studied  music  at 
Leipsic.  At  this  time  he  had  a great  enthusiasm  for  Beet- 
hoven. He  was  chorus-master  at  Wurzburg  in  1833,  in  the 
theater  where  his  elder  brother  Albert  was  actor  aud  stage 
manager ; music  diiectorat  Magdeburg  1834-36 ; conductor 
at  Konigsberg  in  1836,  when  he  married  Fraulein  Planer; 
music  director  at  Riga  1837-39 : and  lived  in  Paris  1839-42, 
where  he  struggled  in  vain  to  obtain  a footing  in  some 
theater,  and  even  offered  himself  as  chorus-singer  (“  cho- 
riste  ”).  He,  however,  studied  and  wrote  constantly,  and 
finished  his  “Faust”  overture  in  1840,  though  it  was  not 
published  till  1855  : this  is  his  first  markedly  original  per- 
formance. In  1841  he  composed  his  “ Fliegende  Hollan- 
der,” and  endeavored  unsuccessfully  to  get  his  "Rienzi  ” 
produced  at  Paris.  About  this  time  the  “ Volksbuch  ” of 
the  Tannhauser  legend  came  into  his  possession,  and  he  was 
struck  with  its  possibilities.  From  this  lie  was  led  to  study 
the  poems  of  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  and  the  “ Loheran- 
grin.”  He  wrote  the  first  sketches  for  his  “Tannhauser" 
in  1842.  “Rienzi"  was  produced  at  Dresden  in  1842,  and 
was  a success.  The  next  year  “ Der  Fliegende  Hollander  ” 
was  produced  there,  with  Madame  Schroder-Devrient  as 
Senta.  He  was  appointed  court  kapellmeister  at  Dres- 
den in  1843,  where  he  remained  for  seven  years.  “Tann- 
hauser ” was  produced  there  in  1845,  and  was  a compara- 
tive failure.  He  got  into  pecuniary  difficulties,  and  his 
arrest  was  ordered  for  alleged  participation  in  the  revo- 
lutionary movements  of  1849 ; but,  with  the  assistance  of 
Liszt,  he  escaped  to  Paris.  He  lived  chiefly  at  Zurich  until 
1859  ; and  was  in  London  in  1855  and  in  Paris  1859-61.  Lud- 
wig II. , king  of  Bavaria,  sent  for  him  to  return  to  Germany 
in  1861,  and  from  this  time  his  life  was  comnaratively  free 
from  struggle.  He  settled  at  Munich  in  1864,  and  lived 
near  Lucerne  from  1866  till  1872.  In  1870  he  married 
Cosima,  the  daughter  of  Liszt ; and  settled  at  Bayreuth  in 
1872.  His  theater  was  founded  there  in  1872,  and  com- 
pleted in  1876.  The  first  performance  in  it  was  the  “Nibe- 
lungen  ” tetralogy,  and  in  1882  “Parsifal"  was  produced 
there.  He  went  to  London  in  1877,  but,  his  health  begin- 
ning to  give  way,  he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  died.  He 
was  buried  in  the  grounds  of  “ Wahufried,”hisown  house 
at  Bayreuth.  Among  the  many  characteristics  of  his  art 
theory  are  these  : the  choice  of  a general  subject  in  which 
the  mythical  and  heroic  elements  are  prominent:  the 
amalgamation  of  poetry,  music,  action,  and  scenic  effect 
into  the  most  intimate  union  as  equally  important  coop- 
erating elements  ; the  desertion  of  the  conventionalities 
of  the  common  Italian  opera,  especially  of  its  sharply  de- 
fined and  contrasted  movements  and  its  tendency  to  dis- 
play of  mere  virtuosity ; the  abundant  use  of  leading  mo- 
tives as  a means  to  continuous  and  reiterated  emotional 
effect ; the  elaboration  of  the  orchestral  parts,  so  that  in 
them  is  furnished  an  unbroken  presentation  of  or  com- 
mentary on  the  entire  plot ; and  the  free  use  of  new  and 
remarkable  means  of  effect,  both  scenic  and  instrumental. 
The  W agnerian  ideal  is  often  called  (sometimes  derisively) 
“ the  music  of  the  future,"  from  the  title  of  one  of  Wag- 
ner’s essays.  While  Wagnerism  is  best  exemplified  in  the 
great  dramas  of  Wagner  himself,  its  qualities  may  be  seen 
more  or  less  in  almost  all  the  dramatic  music  of  the  last 
half  of  this  century.  His  works  include  the  operas 
“ Rienzi  "(1842),  “ Der  Fliegende  Hollander  "(“The  Flying 
Dutchman,”  1843), “Tannhauser "(first  performed  in  1845), 
“Lohengrin " (1850),  “Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen” (includ- 
ing “ DasRheingold,"  “ Die  WaJkiire,”  “Siegfried,”  “Got- 
terdammerung " : first  performed  as  a whole  in  the 


Wagner,  Wilhelm  Richard 

autumn  of  1876),  “Tristan  und  Isolde”  (1865),  “Die  Meis- 
tersinger  von  Niirnberg”  (1868),  “Parsifal  ” (1882)  ; over- 
tures, sonatas,  songs,  orchestral  and  choral  works,  piano- 
forte pieces,  etc.  His  literary  works  are  contained  in  ten 
volumes  (1871-85),  including  the  poems  for  his  operas, 
much  critical  work,  “ DasKunstwerk  derZukunft”  (“  The 
Art- Work  of  the  Future,”  1850),  “Oper  und  Drama,” 
“Beethoven,”  “Religion  und  Kunst,”  “Bayreuther  Blat- 
ter,” etc.  liis  autobiography  (“My  Life”),  comprising  his 
reminiscences  from  1813  to  1864,  appeared  in  1911. 

Wagram  (va'gram),  or  Deutsch- Wagram 

(doieh'va'gram).  A village  9 miles  northeast 
of  Vienna.  Here,  July  5-6,  1809,  the  French  under  Na- 
poleon (about  150,000)  defeated  the  Austrians  (about  120,- 
000)  under  Archduke  Charles.  Loss  on  each  side,  about 
25,000. 

Wagram,  Prince  of.  A title  of  the  French 
general  Berthier. 

Wagstaif  (wag'staf),  Simon.  The  pseudonym 
of  Swift  in  "Polite  Conversation.” 
Wahhabees,  or  Wahabis  (wa-ha'bez).  The 
followers  of  Abd-el-Wahhab  (1691-1787),  a Mo- 
hammedan reformer,  who  opposed  all  prac- 
tices not  sanctioned  by  the  Koran.  His  successors 
formed  a powerful  dominion  whose  chief  seat  was  in  Nejd 
in  central  Arabia.  They  were  overthrown  by  Ibrahim 
Pasha  in  1818,  but  afterward  regained  much  of  their  former 
power  in  central  Arabia.  Also  Wahhabites. 

Wahlstatt  (val'stat),  Battle  of,  or  Battle  of 
Liegnitz.  A battle  between  the  Mongols  and 
the  Germans  under  Duke  Henry  II.  of  Silesia, 
fought  April  9,  1241,  at  Wahlstatt,  a village  6 
miles  southeast  of  Liegnitz,  in  Silesia.  The 
Mongols  were  victorious,  hut  retired  from  Ger- 
many. 

Wahlstatt,  Prince  of.  A title  of  Bliicher,  who 
defeated  the  French  at  the  battle  of  the  Katz- 
bach,  near  Wahlstatt,  Aug.  26,  1813. 
Wahlverwandschaften  (val ' fer-  vant-  shaf  '- 
ten),  Die.  [G.,  ‘Elective  Affinities.’]  A ro- 
mance by  Goethe,  published  in  1809. 
Wahnfried  (van 'fret).  [G.,  literally  ‘peace  to 
illusion.’]  The  villa  where  Wagner  lived  during 
the  later  years  of  his  life  at  Bayreuth.  He  was 
buried  in  the  grounds.  An  inscription  on  the  house  means 
in  English  ‘Here,  where  I found  the  fulfilment  of  my  Ideal 
— Wahnfried  — So  shall  this  house  be  named.’ 

Wahrheit  und  Dichtung  (var'hit  ont  dich'- 
tong).  [G., ‘Truth  and  Poetry.’]  An  autobio- 
graphical work  by  Goethe.  Three  volumes  were 
published  in  1811,  1812, 1814,  and  the  fourth  was  published 
after  his  death,  from  disconnected  materials. 

Wahsatch  (wa-sach')  Mountains.  A range  of 

mountains  in  Utah.  According  to  the  United  States 
Geographic  Board,  it  includes  on  the  north  the  Bear  River 
Range,  extending  to  the  bend  of  Bear  River  at  Soda 
Springs,  Idaho,  and  on  the  south  extends  to  the  mouth  of 
San  Pete  River  near  Gunnison,  Utah.  The  highest  point, 
Mount  Nebo,  is  11,680  feet  high. 

Waiblingen  (vl'bling-en).  AtownintheNeckar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Rems  7 
miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart.  Population, 
commune,  5,997. 

Waiblinger  (vi'bling-er).  A surname  of  the 
Hohenstaufen,  who  held  Waiblingen  in  the 
12th  century.  From  it  came  by  corruption 
the  Italian  ‘‘ Ghibelline.” 

Waiilatpuan  (wi//e-lat'po-an).  [From  wayi- 
letpu,  the  plural  of  ivailet,  a Cayuse  man.]  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
formerly  living  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Wain  (wan), Charles’s.  In  astronomy,  the  seven 
brightest  stars  in  the  constellation  Ursa  Major, 
or  the  Great  Bear,  which  has  been  called  a 
wagon  since  the  time  of  Homer.  Two  of  the  stars 
are  known  as  “ the  pointers,"  because,  being  nearly  in  a 
straight  line  with  the  pole-star,  they  direct  an  observer  to 
it.  Also  called  the  Plow , the  Great  Dipper,  the  Northern 
Car,  and  sometimes  the  Butcher's  Cleaver.  [The  name 
Charles's  Wain,  or  Charles'  Wain,  is  a modernalterationof 
the  earlier  carl' swain,  from  late  AS.  carles  wain,  the  carl’s 
or  churl's  wain,  or  farmer’s  wagon.  The  word  wain  came 
to  be  associated  with  the  name  Charles  with  reference  to 
Charlemagne,  the  group  being  also  called  in  ME.  Charle- 
maynes  wayne.  In  the  17th  century  it  was  associated  with 
the  names  of  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.) 

Wain,  The  Lesser.  Ursa  Minor. 
Wainamoinen.  See  the  extract. 

The  Kalevala  begins  with  a cosmogony,  which  certainly 
offers  interesting  features  for  comparison,  but  in  which 
there  is  much  that  may  be  foreign  to  the  original  heathen 
conceptions.  Then  the  epic  deals  with  the  adventures  of 
the  three  heroes  Wainamoinen,  Ilmarinen,  and  Lemmin- 
kainen.  These  heroes  of  Kaleva  go  into  the  hostile  north- 
country  of  Pohjola  as  suitors,  to  fetch  a bride,  who  is 
finally  won  by  Ilmarinen  : they  return  later  to  rob  the  Sam- 
po  treasure.  Amongst  the  labours  which  Louhi,  the  host- 
ess of  Pohjola,  lays  upon  them  is  a journey  to  Tuonela, 
with  which  a description  of  the  lower  regions  is  connected. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  304. 

Waite  (wat),  Morrison  Remick.  Born  at  Lyme, 
Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1816:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
March  23,  1888.  An  American  jurist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1837 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839;  became 
a leader  of  the  bar  in  Ohio ; was  counsel  for  the  United 


1046 

States  before  the  Geneva  tribunal  of  arbitration  1871-72; 
and  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  in  1874. 

Waitz  (vits),  Georg.  Born  at  Flensburg,  Schles- 
wig, Oct.  9,  1813 : died  at  Berlin,  May  24, 1886.  A 
German  historian.  He  aided  Pertz  in  editing  the 
“Monumenta  Germanise  historica’  ; became  professor  at 
Kiel  in  1842;  was  agent  of  the  provisional  government 
of  Schleswig  and  Holstein  in  1848 ; was  a member  of  the 
Frankfort  Parliament  in  1848 ; became  professor  at  Gotting- 
en in  1849 ; and  removed  to  Berlin  as  editor  of  the  “ Monu- 
menta  Germanise  ’’  in  1875.  Among  his  works  are  “ Deutsche 
Verfassungsgeschichte " (“German  Constitutional  His- 
tory," 1843-78),  “Schleswig-Holsteins  Geschichte  ” (1851- 
1854),  “Liibeck  unter  Jurgen  Wullenweber  und  die  euro- 
paische  Politik"  (1855-56),  “Grundzuge  der  Politik” 
(“Principles  of  Politics,"  1862),  life  of  Ulfila,  “Deutsche 
Kaiser.” 

Waitz,  Theodor.  Born  at  Gotha,  Germany, 
March  17, 1821:  died  at  Marburg,  May  21, 1864. 
A German  philosopher  and  anthropologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Marburg.  He  wrote  “Grundlegung  der 
Psychologie,”  “Lehrbuch  der  Psychologie,”  “Ailgemeine 
Padagogik,”  “ Anthropologie  der  Naturvolker”  (1859-71), 
“ Die  Indianer  Nordamerikas,”  and  edited  Aristotle’s  “Or- 
ganon.” 

Waitzen  (vit'sen),  Hung.Vacz  (vats).  A town 
in  the  county  of  Pest-Pilis-Solt,  Hungary,  situ- 
ated on  the  Danube  20  miles  north  of  Budapest. 
It  has  a cathedral,  and  is  the  seat  of  a Roman  Catholic 
bishopric.  The  Turks  were  defeated  here  in  1597,  and 
again  in  1684,  when  the  city  was  captured  by  Duke  Charles 
of  Lorraine.  Here,  April  10, 1849,  the  Hungarian  insurgents 
defeated  the  Austrians ; and  here,  July  15-17,  1849,  there 
was  fighting  between  the  Russians  and  the  Hungarian  in- 
surgents under  Gorgey.  Population,  commune,  16,808. 
Wakashan  (wa'kash-an).  [From  wakash,  a 
Nootka  word  meaning  ‘ good.’]  A linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians.  This  stock  is 
in  two  divisions  — the  Aht  and  the  Haeltzuk  (1).  Habi- 
tat, Vancouver  Island,  the  opposite  mainland  of  British 
Columbia,  and  the  region  of  Cape  Flattery,  Clallam 
County,  Washington.  Number,  about  4,000. 
Wakefield  (wak'feld).  A city  and  parliamen- 
tary borough  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Calder  8 miles  south  by 
east  of  Leeds.  It  is  a manufacturing  town,  formerly 
noted  for  its  production  of  cloth  and  yarn,  and  has  an  im- 
portant trade  in  grain  and  wool.  The  new  bishopric  of 
Wakefield  was  sanctioned  in  1878.  Here,  Dec.  31,  1460, 
the  Lancastrians  under  Queen  Margaret  defeated  the 
Yorkists  under  Richard,  duke  of  York,  who  was  killed  in 
the  battle.  Population,  41,413. 

Wakefield.  A town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  10  miles  north  of  Boston. 
Population,  11,404,  (1910). 

Wakefield,  The  Vicar  of.  See  Vicar. 

W akefield  Mystery  Plays.  A cycle  of  thirty- 
two  plays,  of  uncertain  date,  perhaps  earlier 
than  the  14th  century.  Twenty-four  of  the  plays 
are  from  the  New  Testament  and  eight  are  from  the  Old. 
They  were  played  at  the  fairs  of  Woodkirk(Widkirk),  near 
Wakefield,  and  are  called  by  all  these  names.  They  were 
first  printed  by  the  Surtees  Society,  in  1836,  as  “The 
Towneley  Mysteries,”  from  the  fact  that  the  MS.  (15th  cen- 
tury) in  which  they  are  preserved  belonged  to  the  library 
of  the  Towneley  family,  Towneley  Hall,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land. 

Wakem  (wa'kem),  Philip.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  George  Eliot’s  novel  “The 
Mill  on  the  Floss,”  a deformed  youth  in  love 
with  Maggie  Tulliver. 

Walachia.  See  Wallachia. 

Walapai  (wal'a-pi),  or  Hualapai.  A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  living  in  Arizona 
from  the  great  bend  of  the  Colorado  River  east- 
ward and  southward  to  the  Cerbat  and  Aquarius 
Mountains.  The  name  means  ‘ Pinery  people,’  refer- 
ring to  the  pine  forests.  N umber,  about  500.  See  Yuman. 

Walch  (valc'h),  Christian  Wilhelm  Franz. 

Born  at  Jena,  Germany,  1726 : died  at  Got- 
tingen, 1784.  A German  Protestant  church  his- 
torian, professor  at  Gottingen.  His  chief  work 
is  “Entwurf  einer  vollstandigen  Historie  der 
Ketzereien”  (1762-85). 

Walcheren  (val'cher-en).  The  westernmost 
island  of  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands. 
It  is  situated  between  the  North  Sea,  the  West  Schelde, 
and  North  and  South  Beveland.  The  surface  is  low.  The 
chief  places  are  Middelburg  and  Flushing.  Length,  12 
miles. 

Walcheren  Expedition.  An  unsuccessful  Brit- 
ish expedition  against  the  French.  The  troops 
landed  on  Walcheren  in  the  end  of  July,  1809  — the  land 
force  (40,000)  under  Lord  Chatham,  and  the  naval  force 
under  Strachan.  They  bombarded  and  took  Flushing  in 
Aug. ; failed  to  take  Antwerp ; and  retired  from  Walcheren, 
after  sustaining  great  losses,  in  Dec. 

Walckenaer  (val-ke-nar'),  Baron  Charles  Ath- 
anase.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  25,  1771:  died  at 
Paris,  April  27,  1852.  A French  entomologist, 
geographer,  and  biographer.  He  held  various  posi- 
tions in  the  administrative  service.  Among  his  works  are 
“Faune  parisienne  ’’  (1802),  “Histoire  naturelle  des  ara- 
noides  ” (1805-08),  “ Histoire  de  La  Fontaine  ” (1820), 
“Gdograpliie  ancienne  des  Gaules"  (1839),  “Histoire 
d'Horace  " (1840),“  MOmoires  sur  Mine,  de  Sdvignd  "(1844- 
1852),  “ Histoire  gtmirale  des  voyages  ’’(1826-31). 


Waldseemiiller 

Walcot  (wol'kot),  Charles  Melton.  Born  at 
London,  1816:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  13, 
1868.  An  English  actor.  He  came  to  America  in 
1843,  and  in  1852  joined  the  company  of  Wallack’s  The- 
ater, where  he  made  a great  success  as  Touchstone,  and 
also  in  Planchd’s  “Lavater."  He  was  the  original  Major  de 
Boots  in  America. 

Waldeck  (wol'dek ; G.  pron.  val'dek).  A prin- 
cipality, one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Em- 
pire. Capital,  Arolsen.  It  comprises  the  county  of 
Waldeck,  surrounded  by  the  Prussian  provinces  of  West- 
phalia and  Hesse-Nassau,  and  the  principality  of  Pyrmont, 
surrounded  byLippe,  Hannover,  and  Brunswick.  Its  sur- 
face is  hilly  and  mountainous.  It  has  one  member  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  one  deputy  in  the  Reichstag.  The  gov- 
ernment is  administered  by  Prussia.  The  inhabitants  are 
Protestant.  Waldeck  was  raised  from  a countship  to 
a principality  in  the  last  part  of  the  17th  century  ; was  a 
member  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  and  of  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  ; and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866. 
Area,  433  square  miles.  Population,  65,876. 

Waldeck,  Count  and  later  Prince  of  (Georg 
Friedrich).  Born  1620 : died  1692.  A German 
field -marshal.  He  was  a general  in  the  service  of 
Brandenburg  and  Sweden : imperial  field-marshal  at  St. 
Gotthardin  1664;  served  at  the  relief  of  Vienna  in  1683;  and 
was  defeated  as  captain-general  of  the  Dutch  at  Fleurns 
in  1690. 

Waldernar  (wol ' de  -mar  or  val 'de -mar)  I., 
“The  Great.”  King  of  Denmark  1157-82. 
Waldernar  II.,  “ The  Victorious.”  King  of  Den- 
mark 1202-41,  son  of  Waldernar  I.  He  conquered 
Esthonia  and  many  of  the  lands  near  the  Baltic,  but  sub- 
sequently lost  the  greater  part  of  them. 

Waldernar  IV.  King  of  Denmark  1340-75. 
Waldernar,  “ The  Great.”  Margrave  of  Bran- 
denburg 1308-19.  He  waged  war  successfully  against 
a league  of  German  princes,  Denmark,  etc. 

Walden  (wal'den),  or  Life  in  the  Woods.  A 

work  by  Thoreau,  published  in  1854. 
Waldenburg  (val'den-borG).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Polsnitz  41  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  It  is 

the  center  of  a large  coal  mining  region,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  porcelain,  stoneware,  fire-clay,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, commune,  16,435. 

"Walden  Pond  (wal'den  pond).  A small  lake 
in  Concord,  Massachusetts.  On  its  shores  Tho- 
reau lived  for  years. 

Waldenses  (wol-den'sez).  The  Waldensians. 
Waldensians  (wol -den  ' sianz).  [From  the 
founder,  Waldo  or  Valdo. ]~  " The  members  of  a 
reforming  body  of  Christians,  followers  of  Peter 
Waldo  (Valdo)  of  Lyons,  formed  about  1170. 
Their  chief  seats  were  in  the  Alpine  valleys  of  Piedmont, 
liaupiiim:,  and  Provence : hence  the  French  name  Vaudois 
des  Alpes,  or  Yaudois.  The  Waldenses  joined  the  Refor- 
mation movement,  and  were  often  severefy  persecuted. 

Waldersee  (val'der-za),  Count  Alfred  von. 
Born  at  Potsdam,  April  8,  1832:  died  at  Hano- 
ver, March  5,  1904.  A German  general.  He  was 
chief  of  the  general  staff  of  the  10th  army  corps  in  the 
Franco-German  war,  became  quartermaster-general  and 
deputy  of  the  chief  of  staff  in  1881 ; succeeded  Von  Moltke 
as  chief  of  staff  in  1888;  became  commander  of  the  9th 
army  corps  in  1891,  inspector-general  of  the  3d  army  corps 
in  1898,  field-marshal  in  1899,  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  European  forces  in  China  in  1900. 

Waldis  (val'dis).  Burkard.  Bora  at  Allendorf 
on  the  Werra  about  1495 : died  at  Abterode 
probably  in  1557.  A German  poet.  The  greater 
part  of  his  early  life  was  spent  in  Livonia.  In  1523  he  was 
sent  by  Archbishop  Jasper  van  Linden  to  the  Pope  to  so- 
licit aid  against  the  inroads  of  Protestantism.  On  his  re- 
turn from  Rome  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Protestants 
at  Riga,  where  he  himself  went  over  to  Protestantism  and 
lived  for  a time  as  a pewterer.  Subsequently  he  was  a 
clergyman  at  Abterode,  in  Hesse,  where  he  died.  He  wrote 
fables  in  verse.  His  “ Verlorener  Sohn  ”(“  Prodigal  Son") 
is  from  1527;  “Esop”  (“.Esop”),  1548.  The  former  was 
published  at  Halle  in  1881 ; the  latter  at  Leipsic  in  1882. 

Waldo,  or  Valdo  (F.  pron.  val-do'),  or  Valdez, 
Peter.  Lived  in  the  last  part  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. A merchant  of  Lyons  who  about  1170  be- 
came a preacher  and  leader  of  the  Waldenses, 
who  were  named  from  him. 

Waldseemiiller  (valt ' za-miil-ler),  Martin 
(called  by  himself  Ilacomilus  (Hylacomy- 
lus),  a Greekform  of  thename).  Born  probably 
at  Radolfszell,  on  Lake  Constance,  between 
1470  and  1475:  died  about  1522.  A German 
geographer.  In  1507  he  was,  with  his  friend  Philesius 
Ringmann,  in  the  printing  establishment  of  Walter  Ludd 
at  St.  Die.  In  this  year  he  published  a little  treatise  in 
Latin,  the  “ Cosmographiai  Introductio,”  etc.  In  tins  book 
he  says  : “ and  a fourth  part  (of  the  earth)  has  been  discov- 
ered by  Amerigo  Vespucci.  . . . Inasmuch  as  both  Eu- 
rope and  Asia  received  their  names  from  women,  I see  no 
reason  why  anyone  should  justly  object  to  calling  this 
part  Amerige,  i.  e.  tile  land  of  Amerigo,  or  America,  after 
Amerigo,  its  discoverer.”  The  publication  met  with  suc- 
cess and  soon  ran  through  several  editions.  Waldseemnl- 
ler  made  a “ mappemonde  ’’  for  w hich  the  volume  was 
explanatory,  entitled  “ Universalis  Cosmographia  ” (1507), 
8 feet  long  and  44  high,  on  which  the  name  America  was 
used  (on  South  America)  for  the  first  time.  No  copy  was 
known  to  exist  till  1900,  when  one  was  discovered  by  Pro- 
fessor Fischer  in  the  library  of  Castle  Wolfegg  in  Wiirtem- 
berg. 


Waldshut 

Waldshut  (valts'hot).  A town  in  Baden,  on 
the  Rhine  30  miles  southeast  of  Freiburg. 

Waldstatte  (valt'stet-te).  The  ForestCantons 
of  Switzerland:  Uri,  Unterwalden,  Schwyz,  and 
Lucerne. 

Waldstein  (wald'stin),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at 
New  York,  1856.  An  American  archaeologist. 

He  was  educated  at  Columbia  College,  New  York,  and  at 
the  University  of  Heidelberg;  was  made  director  of  the 
Fitzwiliiam  MUseum  in  Cambridge,  England,  in  1883  ; and 
in  1888  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  School  of  Archse- 
ology  at  Athens,  and  was  Slade  professor  of  fine  arts  at 


1047 

Walker,  Hookey.  A slang  name  used  as  an 
expression  of  incredulity,  as  if  one  said  “Tell 
that  to  the  marines.”  Various  explanations  of 
it  are  given. 

Walker,  John.  Born  at  Colney  Hatch,  Middle- 
sex, March  18,  1732 : died  at  London,  Aug.  1, 
1807.  An  English  lexicographer.  His  best-known 

work  is  a “ Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and  Exposi- 
tor of  the  English  Language  " (1791 : this  was  the  first  dic- 
tionary after  Sheridan’s  (1780)  in  which  pronunciation  was 
systematically  recorded).  He  also  published  a “ Rhyming 
Dictionary  ” (1775). 


Cambridge  1895-1901  and  1901-12.  He  has  written  “The  Walker,  Robert  James.  Born  at  Northum- 

" berland,  Pa.,  July  23, 1801:  died  at  Washingt  on, 

D.  C.,  Nov.  11,  1869.  An  American  statesman 
and  financier.  He  was  an  opponent  of  nullification ; 
was  United  States  senator  from  Mississippi  1836-45  ; sup- 
ported the  Homestead  Bill,  and  the  independence  and  la- 
ter the  annexation  of  Texas  ; was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1845-49;  carried  through  the  “Walker  Tariff ’’of  1846; 
and  promoted  the  warehouse  system  and  the  department 
of  the  interior.  He  was  governor  of  Kansas  1857-58,  and 
a financial  agent  of  the  United  States  in  Europe  1863-64. 
He  furthered  the  Alaska  treaty. 


Balance  of  the  Emotion  and  the  Intellect”  (1878),  “Es- 
says on  the  Art  of  Pheidias’’(1885),  etc.  Knighted,  June, 
1912. 

Walensee.  See  Wallenstadt,  Lake  of. 

Wales  (walz).  [ME.  Wales,  AS.  Walas,  Wealas, 
foreigners,  i.  e.  Britons  or  Celts;  hence  the 
adjective  Welsh.']  A titular  principality  of  Great 
Britain,  now  an  integral  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  north ; 
the  English  counties  of  Cheshire,  Shropshire,  Hereford 


and  Monmouth  on  the  east;  the  Bristol  Channel  on  the  Walker,  William.  Born  at  Nashville,  Tenn., 
» a— - ’ «-  *»■-  — Tf“  May  8, 1824:  died  at  Trujillo,  Honduras,  Sept. 

12, 1860.  An  American  filibuster.  He  was  a jour- 
nalist and  lawyer  in  California.  In  1853,  with  170  follow- 
ers, he  invaded  Lower  California  and  Sonora.  Driven  over 
the  border  by  Mexican  troops,  he  was  tried  at  San  Francisco 
(May,  1854)  for  violation  of  the  neutrality  laws,  but  was 
acquitted.  Taking  advantage  of  the  disturbed  state  of 
Nicaragua,  he  entered  that  country  with  58  men  (June, 
1855)  and  joined  the  democratic  faction.  At  first  unsuc- 
cessful, he  finally  defeated  Guardiola  (Sept.  3)  and  took  the 
capital,  Granada.  Corral  submitted  to  him.  Walker  ac- 
knowledged Rivas  as  president  an  1 Corral  as  minister 
of  war,  reserving  for  himself  the  titie  of  commander-in- 
chief (Oct.).  A few  days  after  he  brought  charges  against 
Corral,  who  was  tried  and  shot.  In  July,  1866,  he  was 
elected  president  by  the  votes  of  departments  which 
were  controlled  by  his  army.  Among  his  many  arbitrary 
acts  was  a decree  restoring  slavery.  Costa  Rica,  and 
eventuallyalltheCentralAmerican  states,  joined  with  the 
Nicaraguan  legitimists  against  him.  After  July,  1856,  he 
was  repeatedly  defeated  by  the  allies ; was  forced  to  aban- 
don Granada,  which  he  burned  (Dec. ) ; and  on  May  1, 1857, 
he  took  refuge  on  a U nited  States  vessel,  which  carried  him 
to  Panama.  He  made  two  attempts  to  recover  the  country, 
but  was  foiled  by  the  intervention  of  the  United  States.  In 
Aug.,  1860,  he  invaded  Honduras ; but  was  captured  in 
September  by  a British  vessel,  delivered  to  the  Honduras 
authorities,  and  by  them  tried  and  shot.  He  published 
“The  War  in  Nicaragua”  (1860). 


south ; and  St.  George’s  Channel  on  the  west.  Its  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  It  is  noted  for  mineral  wealth,  pro- 
ducing iron,  coal,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  slate,  limestone, 
etc.  It  is  divided  into  North  Wales,  containing  the  coun- 
ties Anglesea,  Carnarvon,  Denbigh,  Flint,  Merioneth, 
and  Montgomery ; and  South  Wales,  containing  the 
counties  Brecknock,  Cardigan,  Carmarthen,  Glamorgan, 
Pembroke,  and  Radnor.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  of 
Welsh  stock,  and  the  language  is  largely  Welsh.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Celtic  tribes  Ordovices,  De- 
metse,  and  Silures.  Wales  was  not  subdued  by  the  Ro- 
mans ; maintained  prolonged  struggles  with  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  ; was  made  tributary  by  Athelstan,  Harold  II.,  and 
William  the  Conqueror ; and  after  repeated  efforts  was  sub- 
dued by  Edward  I.,  1276-84,  and  united  to  England.  An 
unsuccessful  rebellion,  under  Owen  Glendower,  broke  out 
in  1400.  The  principality  was  incorporated  with  England 
in  1536.  Area,  7,446  square  miles.  Population,  2,032,193. 
Wales,  Prince  of.  The  title  usually  conferred 
on  the  heir  apparent  to  the  throne  of  England. 
The  kings  who  have  held  it  at  the  time  of  their  accession 
are  Edward  II.  (the  first  holder  of  it),  Henry  V.,  Edward 
V.,  Henry  VIII.,  Charles  I.,  Charles  II.,  George  II.,  George 
IV.,  Edward  VII.,  and  George  V.,  sons  of  the  sovereigns 
preceding  them,  and  Richard  II.  and  George  III.,  grand- 
sons of  their  predecessors.  Edward  III.,  Henry  VI.,  and 
Edward  VL,  though  heirs  apparent,  did  not  hold  the 
title. 

Walewski  (va-lev'ske),  Comte  (Alexandre 


Florian  Joseph  Colonna).  Born  at  Wale-  Walker  River.  A river  which  rises  in  the 
wice,  Poland,  May  4,  1810:  died  at  Strasburg,  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  eastern  Califor- 
Sept.  27,  1868.  A French  politician,  diploma-  nia,  and  flows  into  Walker  Lake  in  Nevada, 
tist,  and  author : reputed  illegitimate  son  of  Length,  about  150  miles. 

Napoleon  I.  He  served  in  the  Polish  revolutionary  Walkers.  See  Shoshoko. 

army  and  in  the  French  army,  and  filled  various  foreign  WalkUre  (val'kli-re),  Die.  [G.,‘The  Yalkyrs.’l 
missions.  He  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  and  later  re.  ...  j _ t f Wncmer’s  tetrnWv  ‘‘Dor- 
president  of  the  Corps  Ldgislatif  under  Napoleon  III.  He  seconu  part  OI  vv  agners  tetralogy  Her 

signed  the  treaty  of  Paris,  and  was  president  of  the  Con-  Ring  des  xvibelungen.  It  was  completed  in 
A-gress  of  Paris  in  1856.  1856,  and  first  performed  at  Munich  in  1870. 

Walfish,  or  Walfisch,  Bay  (wol'fish  ba).  An  Wall  (wal).  A character  in  the  interlude  of 
inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  situated  about  lat.  Shakspere’s  “ Midsummer  Night’s  Dream.” 

22°  54'  S.,  long.  14°  27'  E.  it  has  a good  harbor.  Wallabout  Bay  (wol'a-bout  ba).  An  inlet  of 
It  was  claimed  by  Great  Britain  in  1878,  and,  with  some  the  East  River  in  Brooklyn,  New  York.  Itsshores 
adjoining  territory,  was  ™ade  a British  possession  in  1884.  are  occupied  by  aUnited  States  navy-yard.  Itwasthemoor- 
Walnalla.  bee  Valhalla.  ing-place  of  British  prison-ships  iti  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Walkalla  (val-hal'la),  or  Temple  of  Fame.  A Wallace  (wol'as).  A historico-legendary  poem 
building  founded  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  by  Lud-  *on  Sir  William  Wallace,  written  by  Blind  Harry. 
Wig  I.,  in  1830.  The  exterior  reproduces  a Greek  Doric  Wallace  (wol'as),  Alfred  RllSSel.  Born  at 
temple,  115  by  246  feet  in  plan, built  of  gray  marble.  The  England)  jan.  8,  1822:  died  Nov.  7,  1913. 


pediments  contain  sculptured  reliefs  of  “ Germania  Set 
Free  by  the  Battle  of  Leipsic  ” and  of  theHermannschlacht. 
The  interior  is  Ionic,  and  forms  a hall  50  by  180  feet,  and 
56  high  : it  is  surrounded  by  a frieze  representing  the  early 
history  of  the  Teutonic  race.  The  hall  contains  101  busts 
of  celebrated  Germans,  and  six  Victories  by  Rauch. 

Walke  (wak),  Henry.  Born  Dec.  24, 1808:  died 
March  8, 1896.  An  American  admiral.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the  Civil  War  rendered  im- 
portant services  on  the  Mississippi  River.  He  was  pro- 
moted captain  in  1862,  commodore  in  1868,  and  rear-ad- 
miral in  1870,  going  on  the  retired  list  in  1871.  He  published 
“Naval  Scenes  in  the  Civil  War”  (1877). 

Walker  (wa'ker),  Amasa.  Born  at  Wood- 
stock,  Conn.,  May  4, 1799:  died  at  Brookfield, 


An  English  naturalist  and  traveler.  He  was 
educated  as  a land-surveyor  and  architect,  but  after  1845 
gave  his  attention  entirely  to  natural  history.  He  ex- 
plored the  valleys  of  the  Amazon  and  Rio  Negro  1848-52, 
and  traveled  in  the  Malay  Archipelago  and  Papua  1854-62, 
making  rich  collections.  Simultaneously  with  Darwin  he 
announced  the  theory  of  natural  selection  (his  paper  “On 
the  Tendency  of  Varieties  to  Depart  Indefinitely  from  the 
Original  Type"  was  read  July  1,  1858,  the  same  day  as 
Darwin’s  paper).  His  works  include  “Tray els  on  the 
Amazon  and  Rio  Negro  ” (1853),  “Palm  Trees  of  the  Am- 
azon,” “The  Malay  Archipelago  ” (1869),  “Contributions  to 
the  Theory  of  Natural  Selection"  (1870),  “Miracles  and 
Modem  Spiritualism"  (1875),  “Geographical  Distribution 
of  Animals”  (1876),  “Tropical  Nature"  (1878),  “Island 


Mass.',  Oct.  29,  1875.  An  American  political  ‘ ^^^H°JJSriza*ion ” 0882),  ete. 

economist.  He  lectured  on  political  economy  at  Oberi  in  Mackenzie.  Born  Nov. 

and  at  Amherst;  held  various  political  offices  in  the  State  iL  1 oil.  A .British  writer  and  traveler  in 
of  Massachusetts;  and  was  Republican  member  of  Con-  Russia.  He  wrote  “Russia”  (1877),  etc. 
gress  from  Massachusetts  1862-63.  He  wrote  “Nature  Wallace, Lewis.  Born  at  Brookville,Ind.,  April 
and. Uses  of_Money  and  Mixed  Cunency”  (1857),  and  10,  1827 : died  at  Crawfordsville,  7 ' 


“ Science  of  Wealth  ” (1866). 

Walker,  Francis  Amasa.  Born  at  Boston,  July 
2,1840:  died  there,  Jan.  5, 1897.  An  American 
statistician  and  political  economist,  son  of 
Amasa  Walker.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1860,  and 
served  in  the  Civil  War,  being  hrevetted  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  in  1865.  He  was  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs 
1871-72,  and  professor  of  political  economy  and  history  in 
the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  at  Yale  1873-81.  He  was  sub- 
sequently president  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology. He  was  superintendent  of  the  ninth  and  tenth 
United  States  censuses(1870  and  1880),  an d wasU nited  States 


commissioner  to  the  International  Monetary  Conference 
at  Paris  in  1878.  Among  his  works  are  a “Statistical  Atla9 
of  the  United  States”  (1874), 

“Money,  Trade,  and  * 

S,  ‘ Political  Economy 
d Army  Corps  ” (1886). 


Ind.,  Feb.  15, 
1905.  An  American  general,  diplomatist,  and 
author.  He  served  as  first  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war ; 
was  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in  Indiana  from  1848 ; 
became  a brigadier-general  in  Sept.,  1861 ; commanded  a 
division  at  the  battle  of  Fort  Donelson  in  1862 ; became  ma- 
jor-general of  volunteers  in  March,  1862;  served  on  the  sec- 
ond day  of  the  battle  of  Shiloh  in  1862  ; saved  Cincinnati 
from  capture  by  Kirby  Smith  in  1863 ; was  appointed  com- 
mamlerof  the  Middle  Department  and  the  8th  army  corps; 
and  was  defeated  by  Early  at  the  Monocacy  July  9,  1864. 
From  1881  tol885hewas  United  States  minister  to  Turkey. 
He  wrote  “Ben  Hur:  a Tale  of  the  Christ”  (1880),  “The 


Fair  God  ” (1873),  “ The  Boyhood  of  Christ”  (1888),  life  of 
Benjamin  Harrison  (1888),  “The  Prince  of  India”  (1893). 
’(1874),  “The  Wages  Question  "(1876),  Wallace,  Sir  William.  Bom  about  1274:  ex- 
tian.d  its  ” ecuted  at  London,  Aug.  23,  1305.  A Scottish 
• -----  ’ 11  18  ry  ° lu  patriot  and  national  hero.  He  was  outlawed  in 


Wallenstein 

early  life ; became  a leader  of  a party  of  insurgents  in 
1297  ; protested  against  the  treaty  of  Irvine ; totally  de- 
feated the  English  at  the  battle  of  Stirling  Bridge  Sept. 
11, 1297  ; devastated  northern  England ; was  made  guar- 
dian of  Scotland ; and  was  defeated  by  Edward  I.  at  Fal- 
kirk July  22,  1298.  He  carried  on  a guerrilla  warfare  for 
several  years;  was  betrayed  to  the  English  near  Glasgow 
Aug.  3, 1305 ; was  taken  to  London ; and  was  tried  and  con- 
demned for  treason. 

Wallace,  William  Harvey  Lamb.  Born  at 
Urbana,  Ohio,  July  8,  1821:  died  at  Savannah, 
Tenn.,  April  10,  1862.  An  American  general. 
He  served  in  the  Mexican  war ; commanded  a Federal  bri- 
gade at  Fort  Donelson  in  1862 ; was  made  brigadier-general 
in  March,  1862 ; and  served  as  division  commander  at  Shiloh 
(April  6),  where  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

Wallachia,  or  Walachia  (wo-la'ki-a).  [F. 
Valachie,  G.  Walachei.]  A division  of  Rumania : 
part  of  the  ancient  Dacia.  It  is  bounded  by  Hun- 
gary  and  Transylvania  on  the  northwest  and  north  ; by 
Moldavia  on  the  north  ; and  by  the  Danube  on  the  east, 
south,  and  southwest  and  west,  separating  it  from  the 
Dobrudja,  Bulgaria,  and  Servia.  The  principality  of 
Wallachia  arose  in  the  13th  century.  From  about  the  close 
of  the  14th  century  it  was  tributary  to  Turkey  under  its 
national  princes,  and  from  1716  to  1821  under  the  Fanariot 
hospodars  appointed  by  the  sultan.  An  era  of  greater 
autonomy  began  in  1829,  inaugurated  by  the  intervention 
of  Russia.  Wallachia  was  united  under  the  same  prince 
with  Moldavia  in  1859,  and  in  1861  the  two  principalities 
were  united  into  the  principality  of  Rumania.  See 
Rumania. 

Wallack  (wol'ak),  James  William.  Bom  at 
London,  Aug. 20, 1 794(? ) : diedatNewYorkCity, 
Dec.  25,  1864.  An  Anglo-American  actor  and 
dramatic  manager.  He  played  in  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  in  romantic  drama,  refined  comedy,  etc. 
His  range  of  parts  was  wide.  He  came  to  America  in 
1818,  and  played  here  and  in  England  alternately  until  1851, 
when  he  settled  in  New  York.  In  1837  he  managed  the 
New  York  National  Theater,  and  conducted  Wallack’s 
Theater  on  the  cornerof  Broadway  and  Broome  street,  New 
York,  1852-61,  and  after  that  on  the  corner  of  Broadway 
and  13th  street,  New  York. 

Wallack,  James  William.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  24,  1818:  died  in  America,  May  24,  1873. 
An  Anglo-American  actor,  the  son  of  Henry 
John  Wallack  (an  actor,  died  1870).  He  played 
with  varying  success  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  and  in 
1861  began  to  appear  as  a star  in  America  in  what  was 
known  as  the  Wafiaek-Davenport  Combination.  He  made 
a great  hit  as  Fagin,  as  Leon  de  Bourbon  in  “The  Man 
with  the  Iron  Mask,”  and  as  Henry  Dunbar.  His  range 
was  large,  but  he  was  most  successful  in  tragedy  or  ro- 
mantic and  somber  drama. 

Wallack,  Lester  (real  name  John  Johnstone 
Wallack).  Born  at  New  York  city,  Jan.  1, 1820 : 
died  at  Stamford,  Conn.,  Sept.  6,  1888.  An 
American  actor,  son  of  J.  W.  Wallack  the 
elder.  His  middle  name  was  that  of  his  mother's  fam- 
ily. He  served  two  years  as  lieutenant  in  the  English 
army,  and  first  acted  with  his  father  in  the  English  prov- 
inces under  the  name  of  Allan  Field  about  1840.  He  played 
in  America  in  1847  as  John  W.  Lester,  afterward  as  John 
Lester  Wallack.  In  1852  he  joined  his  father’s  company 
at  Wallack’s  Theater,  and  managed  it,  after  the  latter’s 
death,  until  1887.  In  1882  a new  Wallack’s  Theater  was 
opened  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  30th  street,  for 
some  years  known  as  Palmer’s  Theater.  He  was  a brilliant 
comedian,  and  was  noted  as  Don  Felix  (“The  Wonder”), 
Charles  Surface,  Young  Marlowe,  Alfred  Evelyn 
(“Money"),  St.  Pierre  (“The  Wife"),  Harry  Dornton 
(“The  Road  to  Ruin  ”),  Claude  Melnotte,  Don  Caesar  de 
Bazan,  Sir  Charles  Coldstream,  etc.  He  wrote  “The  Vete- 
ran "and  “Rosedale/’inwhichheplayedtheprincipal  parts, 
and  his  “Autobiography,”  which  was  published  in  1889. 
Wallasey  (wol'a-si).  A town  in  Cheshire,  Eng- 
land, 4 miles  west  of  Liverpool.  Population, 
53,579. 

Walla  Walla  (wa'la  wa'la).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  occupied  both  sides  of 
the  Columbia  River  from  the  mouth  of  Lewis 
(or  Snake)  River  to  the  Muscleshell  Rapid, 
wintering  on  the  Tapteel  (or  Yakima)  River, 
Washington.  Under  this  general  name  may  have  been 
included  one  or  more  other  divisions,  e.  g.  the  Umatilla. 
Later  on  the  Walla  Walla  were  confined  more  closely  to 
the  region  of  the  Walla  Walla  River,  Oregon.  They  now 
number  about  500,  on  the  Umatilla  reservation,  Oregon. 
See  Shahaptian. 

Walla  Walla  (wol'a  wol'a).  The  capital  ot 
Walla  Walla  County,  State  of  Washington,  sit- 
uated on  Mill  Creek  in  lat.  46°  3'  N.  It  is  the 
center  of  a wheat  region.  Population,  19,364, 
(1910). 

Wallenstadt  (viil'len-stat),  Lake  of,  or  Wa- 
lensee, or  Wallensee  (val'len-za),  or  Wallen- 
stadter  See  (val'len-stet-er  za).  A lake  situ- 
ated between  the  cantons  of  St.  Gall  and  Gla- 
rus,  Switzerland.  It  receives  the  Seez  and  the  Linth, 
and  its  outlet  is  by  the  Linth  Canal  to  the  Lake  of  Zurich. 
Length,  9)  miles.  Width,  1)  miles. 

Wallenstein  (valTen-stln).  A trilogy  by  Schil- 
ler, comprising  “Wallensteins  Lager”  (acted 
at  Weimar,  1798),  “Die  Piccolomini”  (1799), 
and  “Wallensteins  Tod”  (1799).  Schiller  con- 
ceives his  hero  in  these  dramas  as  the  type  of  the  practical 
realist,  serious,  solitary,  and  reserved. 

Wallenstein  (wol'en-stin;  G.  pron.  val'len- 
stln),  or  Waldstein  (viilt'stin),  or  Walden- 
stein  (val'den-stin),  Albrecht  Eusebius  von* 


Wallenstein 

Duke  of  Friedland,  Mecklenburg,  and  Sagan. 
Born  at  Hermanie,  near  Naohod,  Bohemia, 
Sept.  24,  1583:  assassinated  at  Eger,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  25, 1634.  A celebrated  Austrian  general. 
He  was  educated  at  first  as  a Protestant,  but  later  as  a 
Roman  Catholic  ; and  studied  in  the  Jesuit  College  atOl- 
mutz,  andat  the  universities  of  Altdorf,  Bologna,  andPadua. 
He  served  in  Hungary  under  the  emperor  Rudolf  II.;  be- 
came quartermaster-general  of  the  League  in  1620;  was 
made  duke  of  Friedland  in  1623;  raised  an  army  for  the 
Imperialist  service  in  1625 ; defeated  Mansfeld  at  the 
bridge  of  Dessau,  April  25,  1626 ; invaded  Hungary  and 
won  Silesia  for  the  Imperialists  in  1627;  besieged  Stral- 
sund  unsuccessfully  in  1628 ; was  removed  from  his  com- 
mand in  1630,  and  retired  to  Gitschin ; resumed  command 
by  invitation  of  the  emperor  in  the  spring  of  1632  ; recov- 
ered Bohemia  from  the  Saxons  and  repulsed  Gustavus 
Adolphus  before  Nuremberg,  but  was  defeated  by  him  at 
Liitzen,  Nov.  16,  1632.  The  emperor,  Ferdinand  II.,  con- 
vinced that  he  was  meditating  treachery,  removed  him 
from  his  command  Jan.,  1634,  and  outlawed  him.  Wallen- 
stein was  in  the  act  of  going  over  to  the  Swedes  (who 
were  on  the  borders  of  Bohemia)  when  he  was  murdered 
by  some  of  his  officers  (Butler,  Gordon,  and  others). 
Waller  (wol'er),  Edmund.  Born  at  Coleshill, 
Hertfordshire,  England,  March  3, 1605:  died  at 
Beaconsfield,  England,  Oct.  21, 1687.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  studied  at  King’s  College,  Cambridge ; 
entered  Parliament  in  1621 ; was  a leader  in  the  Long 
Parliament ; took  part  in  royalist  plots,  and  was  arrested 
in  1643  and  exiled  ; returned  to  England  under  Cromwell ; 
and  was  a favorite  at  court  after  the  Restoration.  Among 
his  poems  are  a panegyric  on  Cromwell,  lament  for  Crom- 
well's death,  congratulation  on  Charles  11. 's  return,  etc. 
His  poems  were  published  1045,  1664,  etc. 

Waller,  Sir  William.  Born  about  1597:  died 
1668.  An  English  general . He  served  in  the  Thirty 
Years’ War;  was  second  in  command  of  the  Parliamen- 
tary forces  under  Essex  in  1642 ; reduced  Portsmouth  in 
1642;  was  defeated  near  Bath  and  near  Devizes  in  1643; 
gained  a victory  at  Cheriton  in  1644 ; was  defeated  at  Crop- 
redy  Bridge  in  1644  ; served  at  Newbury  ; and  was  de- 
prived of  his  command  in  1645.  He  was  a Presbyterian 
leader  in  Parliament ; was  expelled  for  treason  in  1647 ; 
and  returned  and  was  expelled  in  Pride's  Purge  in  1648. 
He  was  a member  of  the  council  of  state  and  of  the  con- 
vention parliament  in  1660. 

Wall-Face  (wal' fas)  Mountain.  A peak  of  the 
Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York,  separated 
from  Mount  McIntyre  by  the  Adirondack  Pass. 
Wallin  (val-len'),  Johan  Olof.  Born  in  Da- 
larna,  Sweden,  Oct.  15,  1779:  died  at  Upsala, 
June  30, 1839.  A Swedish  poet  and  divine.  His 
parents  were  in  extremely  poor  circumstances,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  support  himself  even  while  obtaining  his  ele- 
mentary education  at  the  gymnasium  at  Vester&s.  Subse- 
quently he  studied  at  Upsala.  In  1806  he  began  his  clerical 
career  as  pastor  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy.  After- 
ward he  was  clergyman  at  Solna,  Ulriksdal,  and  Vesteras, 
and  was  ultimately  made  archbishop  of  Sweden.  His 
poems  are  chiefly  religious  in  character.  As  a member 
of  the  commission  for  the  revision  of  the  Swedish  hymn- 
book,  he  contributed  over  a hundred  original  hymns,  and 
translated  and  adapted  many  mor».  One  of  the  best- 
known  of  his  poems  is  the  hymn  “Dodens  engel"  (“The 
Angel  of  Death”).  Among  bis  longer  secular  poems  is  par- 
ticularly to  be  mentioned  the  didactic  poem  in  Alexan- 
drines, “Uppfostraren”  (“The  Educator”),  which  won  a 
prize  at  the  Swedish  Academy.  Among  bis  shorter  poems 
is  an  impassioned  song  on  George  Washington.  His  col- 
lected literary  works  (“Samlade  vitterhetsarbeten”)  were 
published  at  Stockholm  in  1878,  in  2 vols. 

Wallingford  (wol'ing-ford).  A town  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  13  miles 
south-southeast  of  Oxford.  It  has  a ruined  castle. 
A treaty  was  concluded  here  iu  1153  between  Stephen  and 
Prince  Henry  (later  Henry  II.).  Population,  2,808. 
Wallingford.  A town  in  New  Haven  County, 
Connecticut,  11  miles  north-northeast  of  New 
Haven.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Wallingford  Community, 
a branch  of  the  Oneida  Community.  Population,  11,155, 
(1910). 

Wallis  (val'lis).  The  German  name  of  Valais. 
Wallis  (wol'is),  John.  Born  at  Ashford,  Kent, 
Nov.  23, 1616 : died  at  Oxford,  Oct.  28, 1703.  An 
English  mathematician,  grammarian,  logician, 
and  theological  writer.  His  works  include  “ Arith- 
metics Infinitorum,”  “Grammatics  Linguae  Anglican®, ” 
“Institutio  Logic®,”  etc. 

Wall  of  Antoninus.  A rampart  erected  in  the 
first  pare  of  the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius,  to  check 
the  northern  barbarians  of  Britain.  It  extended 
from  the  Firth  of  Forth  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde. 
Wall  of  Aurelian.  A fortified  inclosure  of  an- 
cient Rome,  of  irregular  outline,  extending  be- 
yond the  Servian  wall,  particularly  on  the  north 
(where  it  includes  the  Pincian  Hill)  and  on  the 
east  and  south  (where  it  takes  in  the  Monte 
Testaccio),  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber 
inclosing  the  Vatican  and  Janiculum  Hills. 
The  wall  was  begun  by  Aurelian  in  271  A.  D.,  and  was  re- 
paired by  Honorius,  Theodoric,  Belisarius,  and  laterrulers : 
its  circuit  remains  almost  unaltered,  and  measures  about 
13  miles.  Many  stretches  of  the  wall  and  several  of  the 
gates,  particularly  the  Porta  Pinciana,  the  Chiusa,  Mag- 
giore,  Latina,  San  Sebastiano,  and  San  Paolo,  are  highly 
picturesque.  The  masonry  of  the  wall  is  for  the  most  part 
of  brick,  interrupted  occasionally  by  stonework.  Someolder 
pieces  in  opus  reticulatum  are  incorporated.  The  exterior 
height  is  about  55  feet,  and  there  are  nearly  300  towers. 

Wall  of  China,  Great.  A wall  begun  by  the 
emperor  Tsin  Chi-hwangti  214  B.  c.  (finished 


1048 

204  b.  c.)  as  a defense  against  northern  tribes. 

It  extends  from  Shanhai-kwan,  lat.  40°  N.,  long.  119°  50'  E., 
along  the  northern  frontiers  of  Chihli,  Shansi,  Shensi,  and 
Kansu,  to  about  lat.  39°  50'  N.,  long.  99°  E.  Length,  about 
1,500  miles. 

Wallon  (va-lon'),  Henri  Alexandre.  Born  at 
Valenciennes,  Dec.  23, 1812:  died  at  Paris,  Nov. 
13,  1904.  A French  historian  and  politician. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1849,  to  the 
National  Assembly  in  1871,  and  to  the  Seriate  (for  life)  in 
1875,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  constitution 
of  1875.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction  1875-76. 
Among  his  works  are  “Histoire  de  l’esclavage  dans  Pan- 
tiquitfo’  (1848),  “Jeanne  Dare”  (1860),  “La  vie  de  J foils" 
(1864),  “La  Terreur”  (1873),  “Histoire  du  tribunal  ivvo- 
lutionnaire  de  Paris,  etc.  ” (1880-82),  etc. 

Walloon  Guard,  The.  A Spanish  body-guard 
of  Walloon  troops,  formed  in  1703  and  dis- 
banded in  1822. 

Walloons  (wo-lonz').  [From  ML.  Wallus,  L. 
Gallus,  a Gaul  or  Celt.]  1.  A people  found 
chiefly  in  southern  and  southeastern  Belgium, 
also  in  the  neighboring  parts  of  France,  and  in 
a few  places  in  Rhenish  Prussia  near  Malmedy. 
They  are  descended  from  the  ancient  Belgse, 
mixed  with  Germanic  and  Roman  elements. — 
2.  In  America,  especially  colonial  New  York, 
the  Huguenot  settlers  from  Artois  in  northern 
France. 

Wallsend  (walz-end').  A town  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  4 miles 
east-northeast  of  Newcastle.  It  lias  important  coal- 
mines. It  derives  its  name  from  its  situation  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  Hadrian's  Wall.  Population,  20,918. 

Wall  street.  A street  in  the  lower  part  of  New 
York  city,  which  extends  from  Broadway,  oppo- 
site Trinity  Church,  to  the  East  River : famous 
as  a financial  and  speculative  center. 

Walpole  (wol'pol),  Horace,  fourth  Earl  of  Or- 
ford.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  5, 1717:  died  there, 
March  2, 1797.  An  English  author,  third  son  of 
Sir  Robert  W alpole.  H e was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge,  and  traveled  with  Gray  in  France  and  Italy 
1739-41,  spending  a year  at  Florence  with  Horace  Mann, 
then  British  envoy.  He  entered  Parliament,  as  a Liberal, 
in  1741.  In  1747  he  purchased  the  estate  of  Strawberry 
Hill  (on  the  Thames,  near  Twickenham).  He  held,  through 
the  influence  of  his  father,  three  sinecures,  with  the  emol- 
uments of  which  he  enlarged  the  cottage  at  Strawberry  Hill 
to  a Gothic  villa  which  he  filled  with  a valuable  collection 
of  works  of  art.  He  became  fourth  earl  of  Orford  in  1791. 
Among  his  works  are  “Catalogue  of  Royal  and  Noble 
Authors  of  England”  (1758),  “Anecdotes  of  Painting  in 
England  ”(1762-711,  the  romance  “ The  Castle  of  Otranto  ” 
(1764),  “ Historic  Doubts  on  the  Life  and  Reign  of  Richard 
III.”(1768),  “Memoirs  of  the  Last  Ten  Years  of  the  Reign 
of  George  II.”  (1822  : edited  by  Lord  Holland),  “Memoirs 
of  the  Reign  of  George  III.”  (1845 : edited  by  Sir  Denis  Le 
Marchant;  with  supplement  in  1859,  edited  by  Doran), 
and  other  memoirs,  and  “Letters  "(edited  by  Cunningham 
1857-59). 

Walpole,  Sir  Robert,  Earl  of  Orford.  Born  at 
Houghton,  Norfolk,  England,  Aug.  26, 1676 : died 
there,  March  18,  1745.  A noted  English  states- 
man. He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge ; entered 
Parliament  in  1701 ; became  a member  of  the  council  to 
Prince  George  in  1705,  and  secretary  at  war  in  1708;  and  be- 
came one  of  the  Whig  leaders.  He  was  treasurer  of  the  navy 
and  manager  of  the  Sacheverell  impeachment  iu  1710 ; was 
accused  of  corruption,  expelled  from  Parliament,  and  sent 
to  the  Tower  in  1712  ; was  returned  to  Parliament  in  1713 ; 
became  paymaster-general  in  1714 ; was  prime  minister 
(first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer) 
1715-17 ; became  paymaster-general  in  1720 ; and  was  again 
prime  minister  (first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer)  1721-42.  He  was  created  earl  of  Orford 
in  1742. 

Walpurgis  Night  (val-por'gis  nit).  [G.  Walpur- 
gis Naclit : so  called  with  reference  to  the  day  of 
St.  Walpurgis,  Walburgis,  or  Walpurga,  the  name 
of  an  abbess  who  emigrated  from  England  to 
Germany  in  the  8th  century.]  The  night  before 
the  first  of  May.  According  to  German  popular  super- 
stition, on  this  night  witches  are  said  to  ride  on  broom- 
sticks, he-goats,  etc.,  to  some  appointed  rendezvous,  espe- 
cially the  Brocken  in  the  Harz  Mountains,  where  they  hold 
high  festival  with  their  master  the  devil. 

Walpurgis  Night.  A choral  symphony  by  Men- 
delssohn, words  by  Goethe : produced  in  1833, 
and  in  revised  form  in  1844. 

Walsall  (wal'sal).  A parliamentary  borough 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  8 miles  north-north- 
west  of  Birmingham.  There  are  coal  and  lime  works 
in  the  neighborhood,  and  iron,  brass,  etc.,  manufactures 
in  the  town.  Population,  92,130,  (1911). 

Walsh  (wolsh),  William.  Born  1663:  died  1709. 
An  English  poet,  a friend  of  Drydenand  Pope. 

Walsingham  (wol'sing-am),  Cape.  A head- 
land projecting  into  Davis  Strait,  Cumberland, 
British  America,  in  lat.  66°  N. 

Walsingham,  Sir  Francis.  BornatChislehurst, 
Kent,  England,  about  1530 : died  at  London, 
April  6,  1590.  A noted  English  statesman . He 
entered  Parliament  in  1559;  was  ambassador  to  France 
1570-73 ; was  made  secretary  of  state  in  1673 ; and  was 
sent  on  an  embassy  to  the  Netherlands  in  1578,  to  France 
in  1581,  and  to  Scotland  in  1683.  He  was  a firm  opponent 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
on  her  trial.  He  was  a patron  of  learning. 


Wamba 

Walsingham,  Thomas.  Lived  about  1440.  An 
English  historian  and  monk,  author  of  a history 
of  England  (“Brevis  Historia”)  from  Edward 
I.  to  Henry  V.,  and  a history  of  Normandy. 

Walter  (wal'ter),  John.  Born  1739:  died  at 
Teddington,  Middlesex,  Nov.  16,  1812.  The 
first  proprietor  of  the  London  ‘ * Times.”  In  1782 
he  bought  Henry  Johnson's  two  patents  for  “ logography,” 
the  art  of  using  entire  words  in  printing.  To  introduce 
the  invention  he  established  “ The  London  Daily  Univer- 
sal Register,"  Jan.,  1785.  The  invention  failed,  but  the 
paper  became  the  London  “Times,”  Jan.  1,  1788.  His  son 
John  (1776-1847)  succeeded  him,  and  was  iu  turn  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  John  (1818-94). 

Walter,  Master.  The  Hunchback  in  Sheridan 
Knowles’s  play  of  that  name.  He  is  the  guar- 
dian of  Julia,  and  is  discovered  to  he  her  father. 

Walter  of  Coventry.  One  of  the  most  re- 
nowned builders  of  the  middle  ages  in  Eng- 
land. In  1187  he  probably  had  the  entire  direction  of  the 
construction  of  Chichester  cathedral  (consecrated  1199). 
The  palace  and  cloisters  are  attributed  to  him.  He  is 
highly  praised  by  Matthew  Paris.  He  built  many  edifices 
in  the  reigns  of  Henry  II.,  Richard  I.,  and  John. 

Walter  the  Penniless.  A French  knight, 
leader  of  a hand  through  Europe  in  1096,  fore- 
runners of  the  early  Crusaders.  He  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Niotea,  1097. 

Walters  (wal'terz),  or  Walter,  Lucy.  Died 
1658.  A mistress  of  Charles  II.  of  England, 
and  mother  by  him  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth. 

Waltham  (wol'tham).  A city  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  9 miles  west  by  north 
of  Boston.  The  American  Watch  Company  here  was 
the  first  to  manufacture  watche3  by  machinery.  Popula- 
tion, 27,8:14,  (1910). 

Waltham  Abbey,  or  Waltham  Holy  Cross. 

A town  in  Essex,  England,  situated  on  the  Lea 
12  miles  north  of  London.  The  abbey  was  founded 
by  King  Harold,  who  was  buried  in  the  church.  The 
venerable  nave,  which  has  been  restored  and  now  serves 
as  a parish  church,  is  interesting  as  an  example  of  the 
early  Norman  style  prior  to  the  Conquest.  The  town  con- 
tains one  of  the  original  crosses  erected  to  Queen  Eleanor 
by  Edward  I.  Population,  6,549. 

Walthamstow  (wol'tham-sto).  A town  in  Es- 
sex, England,  5 miles  north  of  London.  Pop- 
ulation, 95,131. 

Waltharius.  A Latin  poem  by  the  monkEeke- 
hard  of  St.  Gall  (10th  century).  It  belongs  to 
the  German  heroic  cycle  of  poetry. 

Walther  von  der  Vogelweide  (val'ter  fon  der 
fo'gel-vi-de).  Born  probably  in  Austria  (date 
unknown) : died  at  Wurzburg  after  1227.  A 
Middle  High  German  lyric  poet.  He  was  of  noble 
family,  as  his  title  “ Herr  ” indicates,  but  poor.  His  youth 
was  spent  in  Vienna,  at  the  court  of  Duke  Frederick  the 
Catholic.  After  the  death  of  his  patron  in  1198,  he  lived 
the  life  of  a wandering  singer,  and  traveled  through  a great 
part  of  Germany  and  the  countries  adjoining.  He  was  not 
only  with  the  Babenberg  princes  in  Austria,  whither  he 
subsequently  returned,  but  also  at  the  courts  of  Thuringia, 
Meissen,  Bavaria, and  Carinthia ; and  in  turn  was  witli  the 
emperors  rhilip  of  Swabia,  Otto  IV.,  and  Frederick  II. 
By  the  last-named  he  was  given  a fief,  it  is  supposed  in 
Wurzburg.  His  career  as  a poet  began  about  1187;  the 
last  poem  which  can  be  dated  is  a song  in  encouragement 
of  the  Crusade  of  Frederick  II.  in  1227.  His  poems  are 
love-songs,  political  songs  or  “Spriiche,”  and  religious 
songs,  the  last  written  in  his  later  years.  He  is  the  prin- 
cipal minnesinger  and  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of  medieval 
Germany.  His  poems  have  been  often  published ; a late 
edition  is  that  of  Hermann  Paul  (Halle,  1882). 

Walton  (wal'ton),  Izaak.  Born  at  Stafford, 
England,  Aug.  9,  1593:  died  at  Winchester, 
England,  Dec.  15,  1683.  A noted  English  au- 
thor, known  as  “ the  Father  of  Angling.”  He 
was  a shopkeeper  in  London  until  the  civil  war,  and  is 
famous  from  his  work  “The  Complete  Angler  ” (1653 : 6th 
ed.,  1676,  with  continuation  on  fly-fishing  by  Cotton)  (a 
bibliographical  record  of  its  numerous  editions,  phases, 
etc.,  was  published  by  Westwood  in  1864).  He  also  wrote 
lives  of  Donne,  Wotton  (with  “Reliqui®  Wottonian®  ”), 
Hooker,  Herbert,  and  Sanderson. 

Walton-on-Thames  (wal'ton-on-temz').  A 
small  town  in  Surrey,  England,  situated  on  the 
Thames  17  miles  southwest  of  London. 

Walton-on-the-Hill  (-hil').  A town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  3 miles  north  of  Liverpool. 
Population,  54,615. 

Waltzeemiiller.  See  Waldseemuller. 

Walvisch  Bay.  See  Walfisli  Bay. 

Wamba  (wom'ba  or  wam'hii).  A king  of  the 
Visigoths  in  Spain.  He  was  present  at  the  death-bed 
of  the  reigning  king;  was  chosen  his  successor  unani- 
mously ; declined  on  the  plea  of  his  advanced  age ; and 
was  told  by  one  of  the  officers  of  the  household  that  he 
should  never  leave  the  room  “save  as  a dead  man  or  as  a 
king.”  He  consented,  and  was  crowned  at  Toledo  on  the 
nineteenth  day  after.  Having  been  clothed  in  a monastic 
dress  during  a dangerous  illness,  according  to  a common 
superstition,  he  was  afterward  considered  by  a council  in- 
competent to  resume  the  crown,  a judgment  to  which  he 
submitted.  Lived  in  the  7th  century. 

Wamba.  In  Scott’s  novel  “ Ivanhoe,”  Cedric’s 
thrall  and  jester.  He  risks  his  own  life  to  save 
that  of  his  master  at  the  siege  of  Front  de  Boeuf  s 
castle. 


Wampanoag 

Wampanoag  (wam-pa-no'ag).  [PI.,  also  Wam- 
panoags.  The  name  means  ‘ eastern  land.’]  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  once 
occupied  the  eastern  shore  of  Narragansett  Bay, 
Rhode  Island,  but  also  ruled  the  country  east 
from  that  bay  to  the  Atlantic,  including  the  isl- 
and of  Martha’s  Vineyard,  and  to  the  lands  of  the 
Massachusetts  on  the  north . They  were  sometimes 
styled  Pokanokets,  from  their  main  village.  Their  chief 
Massasoit  and  his  son  “King  Philip"  are  historic  char- 
acters ; and  the  war  with  the  latter,  beginning  in  1675, 
was  destructive  to  the  colonists,  but  fatal  to  the  tribes 
engaged.  See  Algonqxdan. 

Wanamaker  (won'a-ma-ker),  John.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  July  11, 1837.  An  American  mer- 
chant, in  Philadelphia  and  New  York : post- 
master-general of  the  United  States  1889-93. 
Wan-chow-fu  (wan-chou'fo')>  or  Wen-chau. 
A treaty  port  in  the  province  of  Che-kiang, 
China,  situated  on  the  Gow,  near  the  sea,  in  lat. 
28°  1'  N.  Population,  estimated,  80,000. 
Wanda  (won'da).  A legendary  queen  of  Po- 
land, said  to  have  reigned  about  700  a.  d. 
Wandering  Jew.  A legendary  character  who, 
according  to  one  version  (that  of  Matthew  Paris, 
dating  from  the  13th  century),  was  a servant  of 
Pilate,  by  name  Cartaphilus  (afterward  baptized 
Joseph),  and  gave  Christ  a blow  when  he  was 
led  out  of  the  palace  to  execution.  According  to 
a later  version  he  was  a cobbler,  named  Ahasuerus,  who 
refused  Christ  permission  to  sit  down  and  rest  when  he 
passed  his  house  on  the  way  to  Golgotha.  Both  legends 
agree  in  the  sentence  pronounced  by  Christ  on  the  of- 
fender, “Thou  shalt  wander  on  the  earth  till  I return.” 
A prey  to  remorse,  he  has  since  wandered  from  land  to  land 
without  being  able  to  find  a grave.  There  are  many  later 
versions,  and  the  story  has  been  turned  to  account  by  nu- 
merous painters  and  novelists.  He  is  introduced  in  Ed- 
garQuinet’s  “Ahasuerus,” and  by Chamisso,  A.W.  Schiegel, 
Lenau,  H.  C.  Andersen,  George  Croly  (in  his  novel  “Sala- 
thiel”),  Eugene  Sue  (in  his  novel  “Le  Juif  Errant"),  and 
others.  He  is  reported  to  have  appeared  in  different  cities 
and  countries  at  intervals : the  last  noted  was  in  England 
In  1830.  Gustave  Dord  illustrated  the  story  in  a series 
of  woodcuts  of  great  originality.  There  is  also  an  older 
Italian  story  of  a Jew,  named  Malchus,  who  struck  Christ 
with  an  iron  glove,  and  was  condemned  to  whirl  cease- 
lessly round  an  underground  pillar  until  the  last  day. 

Wandering  Jew,  The.  [F.  Le  Juif  Errant.']  A 
novel  by  Eugene  Sue,  published  in  1844—45. 
Wandering  Lovers,  The.  A play  by  Fletcher 
and  Massinger  (?),  licensed  in  1623. 
Wandering  Willie.  A blind  fiddler,  whose  real 
name  is  Willie  Steenson,  in  Scott’s  “ Redgaunt- 
let.”  He  is  devoted  to  the  Redgauntlet  family. 
Wandewash  (wan-de-wash').  A town  in  south- 
ern India,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Arcot.  Near 
here,  Jan.,  1760,  the  British  under  Coote  de- 
feated the  French  under  Lally. 

Wandot.  See  Wyandot. 

Wandsbeker  Bote.  See  Claudius,  Matthias. 
Wandsbek  (vands'bek).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  3 miles 
northeast  of  Hamburg.  It  was  the  residence 
of  Claudius,  the  “Wandsbeker  Bote.”  Popu- 
lation, commune,  31,563. 

Wandsworth  (wandz'werth).  A metropolitan 
and  parliamentary  borough  of  London,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  5£  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Paul’s.  Population  of  metropolitan  borough, 
311,402  (1911). 

Wantage  (won'taj).  A town  in  Berkshire, 
England,  13  miles  southwest  of  Oxford.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Alfred  the  Great  and  of  Bishop 
Butler.  Population,  3,766. 

Wantley,  Dragon  of.  See  Dragon. 
Wanyassa.  S eeNganga. 

Wapping  (wop'ing).  A quarter  of  London, 
situated  along  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames, 
below  the  Tower. 

Wappinger  (wop'in-jer).  A tribe,  sometimes 
regarded  as  a confederacy,  of  North  American 
Indians  which  occupied  the  east  bank  of  the 
Hudson  River  from  near  Poughkeepsie  to  Man- 
hattan Island,  and  extended  to  or  beyond  the 
Connecticut  River.  They  were  divided  into  nine  vil- 
lages or  chieftaincies.  The  western  bands  were  much  re- 
duced by  the  Dutch  in  1640,  and  the  remnants  afterward 
became  merged  in  the  Delawares.  Derivationsof  the  name 
are  from  words  meaning  severally  ‘east’ and  ‘ opossum.' 
See  Algonquian. 

Wappinger’s  Falls  (wop'in-jerz  falz).  A vil- 
lage in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  Wappinger’s  Creek,  near  the  Hudson,  59 
miles  north  of  New  York.  Population,  3,195, 
(1910). 

War  and  Peace.  A historical  novel  by  Tol- 
stoy,published  1865-68.  Tlie  scene  is  laid  in  the  time 
of  the  czar  Alexander  I.,  and  the  novel  is  a picture  of 
Russian  society  during  the  Russian-French  wars. 

Waranger  Fjord.  See  Varanger  Fjord. 
Warbeck  (war'bek),  Perkin.  Executed  Nov. 
23,  1499.  A pretender  to  the  English  crown, 


1049 

a Fleming  (?)  by  birth.  He  claimed  to  he  the  Duke 
of  York,  son  of  Edward  IV".  In  1492  he  landed  at  Cork, 
and  soon  went  to  France,  where  he  was  recognized  as 
Duke  of  York  by  the  court;  made  an  unsuccessful  landing 
in  Kent  inl495 ; was  acknowledged  by  J amesl  V.  of  Scotland 
in  1496  ; unsuccessfully  invaded  England  with  the  Scotch 
inl496  ; wentto  Ireland  and  made  adescent  upon  Cornwall 
in  1497,  but  was  captured  ; escaped  from  the  Tower  in  1498, 
but  was  retaken ; and  was  condemned  and  executed  in 
1499.  He  was  made  the  subject  of  a tragedy  by  Ford, 
called  “ The  Chronicle  History  of  Perkin  Warbeck"  (1634), 
and  also  of  a play  by  Charles  Macklin,  the  actor,  called 
“King  Henry  VII.,  or  the  Popish  Impostor”  (1716).  An- 
other, called  “The  Pretender,”  was  written  by  Joseph 
Elderton,  an  attorney,  but  never  acted. 

Warburg  (var'borG).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Diemel 
21  miles  northwest  of  Cassel.  It  was  an  ancient 
Hanseatic  town.  Here,  July  31, 1760,  Ferdinand  of  Bruns- 
wick defeated  the  French.  Population,  commune,  5,301. 

Warburton  (war  'ber-ton),  Eliot  Bartholo- 
mew George.  Born  near  Tullamore,  Ireland, 
1810:  died  at  sea,  Jan.  4,  1852.  An  Irish  trav- 
eler and  novelist.  He  traveled  in  the  East,  and  per- 
ished in  the  burning  of  the  Amazon  on  the  way  to  Darien. 
He  published  “ The  Crescent  and  the  Cross  ” (1844),  “ Mem- 
oir of  Prir.ce  Rupert"  (1849),  “Reginald  Hastings  ” (1850 : 
a novel),  “ Darien  ” (1852 : a novel). 

Warburton,  John.  Born  Feb.,  1682 : died  1759. 
An  English  antiquarian.  He  was  made  Somerset 
herald  in  1720.  He  published  a numberof  maps,  and  “Val- 
lum Romanum,  or  the  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Ro- 
man Wall”  (1753),  etc.  He  madealarge  collection  of  MSS., 
engravings,  books,  etc.,  but  is  principally  known  to  pos- 
terity as  the  master  of  a careless  cook  who  burned  a large 
number  of  valuable  plays  for  waste  paper:  hence  the  en- 
tries in  dramatic  catalogues,  -“Burned  by  Mr.  Warburton ’s 
servant.” 

Warburton,  William.  Born  at  Newark,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  24,  1698:  died  at  Gloucester,  June  7, 
1779.  An  English  prelate,  theological  contro- 
versialist, and  critic.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Glouces- 
ter in  1759.  His  works  include  “The  Alliance  between 
Church  and  State  ” (1736),  “The  Divine  Legation  of  Moses 
Demonstrated,  etc.”  (1738-41 : last  part  posthumous,  1788), 
“Julian”  (concerning  his  attempt  to  rebuild  the  temple 
at  Jerusalem,  1750),  “Principles  of  Natural  and  Revealed 
Religion”  (1753),  “View  of  Bolingbroke’s  Posthumous 
Writings”  (1754),  “Doctrine  of  Grace ” (1762).  He  edited 
^.Shakspere’s  plays  (1747). 

Ward  (ward),  Adolphus  William.  Born  at 
Hampstead,  Dec.  2,  1837.  An  English  writer. 
He  was  educated  in  Germany  and  at  Peterhouse,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  received  a fellowship  in  1860.  He  was 
chosen  professor  of  history  and  English  literature  at  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  in  1866,  and  was  principal  1888-97. 
In  1900  lie  became  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge.  He 
has  translatedCurtius's  “ History  of  Greece  ” (1868-69),  has 
written  “ The  Houseof  Austria  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War" 
(1869),  “A  History  of  English  Dramatic  Literature"  (1875), 
and  lias  contributed  the  lives  of  Chaucer  and  Dickens  to 
the  “English  Men  of  Letters"  series. 

Ward,  Artemas.  Born  at.  Shrewsbury,  Mass., 
1727 : died  there,  Oct.  28,  1800.  An  American 
generalandpolitician.  Hewasanofficerin theFrench 
and  Indian  war;  became  commander  of  the  Massachusetts 
troops  in  1775;  was  made  major-general  in  June,  1775; 
commanded  the  army  before  Boston  in  1775  until  Wash- 
ington’s arrival,  and  later  was  second  in  command ; and  re- 
sig  led  in  1776.  He  held  various  local  offices,  and  was  Fed- 
eralist member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1791-95. 

Ward,  Artemus:  the  pseudonym  of  Charles 

Farrar  Browne.  Born  at  Waterford,  Maine, 
about  1834:  died  at  Southampton,  England, 
March  6,  1867.  An  American  humorist.  He  ac- 
quired reputatiou  in  England  and  America  both  aslecturer 
and  writer.  He  contributed  to  “ Punch  ” (1866-67).  His 
works  include  “ Artemus  Ward : His  Book”  (1862),  “Arte- 
mus Ward ; His  Travels  among  the  Mormons"  and  “On  the 
Rampage ”(1865),  “Artemus  Ward:  His  Book  of  Goaks" 
(1865),  “Artemus  Ward  among  the  Fenians”  (1865),  “Ar- 
temus Ward  in  London,  etc.  "(1867).  His  lecture  at  the 
Egyptian  Hall,  London,  with  pictures  from  his  panorama, 
etc. , was  edited  by  T.  W.  Robertson  and  J.  C.  Hotten  in 
1869. 

Ward,  Edward  Matthew.  Born  at  London, 
1816 : died  at  Windsor,  Jan.  15, 1879.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter.  He  was  elected  royal  aca- 
demician in  1865.  He  executed  eight  historical  works  for 
the  corridor  of  the  House  of  Commons.  Among  his  works 
are  “ Dr.  Johnson  in  Lord  Chesterfield's  Anteroom,” 
“South  Sea  Bubble,"  “Disgrace  of  Lord  Clarendon,” 
"Charlotte  Corday,”  “Last  Sleep  of  Argyll,”  “Royal 
* Family  of  France  in  the  Temple.” 

Ward,  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  (Mrs.  Herbert 
I).  Ward).  Born  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Aug.  13, 
1844:  died  at  Newton,  Mass.,  Jan.  28,  1911. 
An  American  writer,  the  daughter  of  Austin 
Phelps,  ner  works  include  “The  Gates  Ajar”  (1868), 
“Men,  Women,  and  Ghosts ” (1869),  “Hedged  In,"  “The 
Silent  Partner/'  and  “The  Trotty  Book”  (1870),  “Trotty’s 
Wedding  Tour"  and  “What to  Wear"  (1873),  “The  Story 
of  Avis "(1877),  “An  Old  Maid’s  Paradise”  (1879),  “Bur- 
glars in  Paradise,"  “Beyond  the  Gates”  (1883),  “ Dr.  Zay” 
(1884),  “ The  Gates  Between"  (1887),  “Jack,  the  Fisher- 
man ‘’(1887),  “A  Singular  Life  ”(1894),  “The  Story  of  Jesus 
Christ  ”(1897),  “Trixy”  (1904),  etc. 

Ward,  Frederick  Townsend.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Nov.  29,  1831:  killed  in  battle  near  Ning- 
po,  China,  Sept.  21, 1862.  An  American  adven- 
turer. He  organized  for  the  Chinese  government  the 
“ Ever  Victorious  Army  ” against  the  Taiping  rebels ; won 


Wargla 

various  victories ; and  was  made  a high-grade  mandarin  and 

^admiral-general.  He  was  succeeded  by  “Chinese  ” Gordon. 

Ward,  Genevieve:  the  stage  name  of  Lucia 
Genoveva  Teresa  Ward.  Countess  Guerbel. 
Bornat  New  York,  March  27, 1833.  AnAm<  ri- 
can  singer  and  actress.  She  first  appeared  in  o]  >era 
at  Milan,  and  sang  with  success  in  Italy  and  Paris.  She 
came  to  America  in  1862,  but  after  a short  time  lost  her 
voice  and  went  upon  the  dramatic  stage.  She  appeared 
in  1873  in  New  York,  and  in  the  same  year  at  Manchester, 
England,  where  she  was  successful  as  Lady  Macbeth, 
Constance,  etc.  She  leased  the  Lyceum  in  London  in  1879. 
and  made  a tour  around  the  world  1882-85.  She  afterward 

^ acted  with  Sir  Henry  Irving  in  “Becket,”  etc. 

Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry  (Mary  Augusta  Ar- 
nold). Born  at  Hobart  Town,  Tasmania,  1851. 
An  English  novelist.  She  is  the  granddaughter  of 
Thomas  Arnold  (of  Rugby),  and  married  Thomas  Humphry 
Ward  in  1872.  Her  works  include  the  novels  “ Miss  Bre- 
therton ”(1884),  “ Robert Elsmere"(1888),  “David Grieve” 
(1892),  “ Marcella”  (1894),  “Story of  Bessie  Costrell”  (1895), 
“Sir  George  Tressady  ” (1896),  “ Helbeck  of  Bannisdale” 
(1898),  “ Eleanor  ” (1900),  “ Lady  Rose’s  Daughter  ” (1903). 
“The  Marriage  of  William  Ashe”  (1905),  “Fenwick's 
Career”  (1906);  biographical  and  critical  works;  and  a 
translation  of  “Amiel’s  Journal”  (1885). 

Ward,  John  Quincy  Adams.  Bom  at  Urbana, 
Ohio,  June  29,  1830:  died  at  New  York,  May 
1,1910.  An  American  sculptor.  He  studied  with 
Henry  K.  Browne,  working  with  him  for  six  years  ; in  186] 
opened  a studio  in  New  York  ; and  was  vice-president  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design  1870-71,  and  president  in 
1872.  Among  his  statues  are  “ The  Indian  Hunter,”  “ The 
Pilgrim,”  “Shakspere,”  and  “Seventh  Regiment  Soldier ” 
(all  in  Central  Park,  New  York);  “The  Freedman,”  “The 
(»ood  Samaritan,”  etc.;  statues  of  Commodore  Perry,  Gen- 
eral Israel  Putnam,  General  Thomas,  George  Washington 
(Wall  street),  Henry  Ward  Beecher  (in  front  of  the  City 

^Hall,  Brooklyn);  and  numerous  portrait-busts. 

Ward,  Lester  Frank.  Born  at  Joliet,  HI.,  1841. 

An  American  botanist,  geologist,  and  sociol- 
ogist. He  served  in  the  Civil  War,  and  graduated  at  Co- 
lumbian University  (1869) ; was  assistant  geologist  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  1881-88,  and  geologist 
1888-1905.  In  1906  he  became  professor  of  sociology  in 
Brown  University.  Among  his  works  are  “Haeckel’s 
Genesis  of  Man”  (1879),  “The  Flora  of  Washington,  etc.’ 
(1881),  “Dynamic  Sociology”  (1883),  “Sketch  of  Paleo- 
Botany"  (1885),  “Flora  of  the  Laramie  Group”  (1886), 
“Types  of  the  Laramie  Flora”  (1887),  “Geographic  Distri- 
bution of  Fossil  Plants"  (1888),  “Principles  of  Sociology” 
(1898),  “Pure  Sociology"  (1903),  etc. 

Ward,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Haverhill,  Eng- 
land, in  1578 : died  in  England  about  1652.  An 
English  preacher  and  author.  He  emigrated  to 
Massachusetts  in  1634;  lived  in  Ipswich  (Agawam); 
and  returned  to  England  in  1646.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  satirical  work  “The  Simple  Cobbler  of  Agawam  ” 
(1647). 

Ward,  William  Hayes.  Born  at  Abington, 
Mass.,  June  25, 1835.  An  American  Orientalist, 
archaeologist,  and  journalist.  He  graduated  at  Am- 
herst in  1856,  and  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1859 ; and  has  been  editor  of  the  New  York  “ Independent  ” 
since  1870.  He  was  director  of  the  Wolfe  archeological 
expedition  to  Babylonia  1884-85. 

Warden  (war'den),  Florence.  The  pseudonym 
of  Mrs.  Florence  Alice  Price  James,  an  English 
novelist. 

Wardle  (war'dl),  Mr.  A hospitable  kindly 
bustling  old  gentleman,  the  owner  of  Manor 
Farm,  Dingley  Dell,  and  the  host  and  friend  of 
the  Pickwick  Club : a character  in  Charles  Dick- 
ens’s “Pickwick  Papers.”  Miss  Rachel  Wardle, 
his  old  but  girlish  sister,  who  elopes  with  Alfred  Jingle  : 
his  very  deaf  old  mother;  and  his  daughters  Isabella  and 
Emily,  form  the  Wardle  family. 

Wardo.  See  Vardd. 

Ward’s  Island.  An  island  in  the  East  River. 
New  York,  the  seat  of  several  municipal  insti- 
tutions of  New  York  city. 

Ware  (war).  A town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Lea  21  miles  north  of 
London.  Population,  5,373. 

Ware.  A town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, situated  on  Ware  River  21  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Springfield.  Pop.,  8,774,  (1910). 

Ware,  William.  Born  at  Hingham,  Mass. , Aug. 
3, 1797 : died  atCambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  19, 1852. 
An  American  novelist  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, and  Unitarian  clergyman.  He  wrote  the  novels 
“Letters from  Palmyra” (1837 : afterward  published  a3“Ze- 
nobia  Probus  ” (1838  : afterward  published  as  “ Aure- 
lian  ”),  and  “Julian  ” (1841) ; “Sketches  of  European  Capi- 
tals ” (1851),  “ Works  and  Genius  of  Washington  Allston  ” 
(1852),  and  life  of  Nathaniel  Bacon  (in  Sparks’s  “American 
Biography  ”).  He  edited  "American  Unitarian  Biography.  ’’ 

Wareham  (war'am).  A town  in  Dorset,  Eng- 
land, situated  between  the  Frome  and  Trent, 
15  miles  east  of  Dorchester.  Population, 
2,003. 

Warfield  (war'feld),  Mrs.  (Catharine  Ann 
Ware).  Born  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  June  6, 1816 : 
died  in  Kentucky,  May  21, 1877.  An  American 
novelist  and  poet.  She  wrote  “The  Household  of 
Bouverie,”  and  other  novels,  and,  with  her  sister  (Mrs.  Lee), 
published  several  volumes  of  poems. 

Wargla  (war'glii).  See  Kabail. 


Warham 

Warham  (war' am),  William.  Born  in  Hamp- 
shire about  1450 : died  Aug.  22,  1532.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate.  He  became  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  1504,  and  was  keeper  of  the  great  seal 
1502-15. 

Waridah  (war'i-da).  [Ar.  al-wdridah,  the  re- 
turning (camels),  in  antithesis  to  al-sddirah  : 
see  Sadira.~\  The  third-magnitude  star  y Sa- 
gittarii. 

Warminster  (w&r'min-ster).  A town  in  Wilt- 
shire, England,  15  miles  southeast  of  Bath,  on 
the  Wily.  Population,  5,547. 

Warner,  Anna  Bartlett.  See  Warner,  Susan. 
Warner  (war'ner),  Charles  Dudley.  Born  at 
Plainfield,  Mass.,  Sept.  12,  1829  : died  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  Oct.  20,  1900.  An  American 
author.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  College  in  1851; 
practised  law  in  Chicago  1856-60  ; and  became  managing 
editor  of  the  Hartford  “Press  ” in  1861,  and  on  its  consoli- 
dation with  the  Hartford  “Courant,”  in  1867,  co-editor.  He 
became  associate  editor  of  “Harper’s  Magazine”  in  1884. 
His  works  include  “My  Summer  in  a Garden”  (1870), 
“Saunterings  ” (1872),  “Back-Log  Studies ” (1872),  “Bad- 
deck  and  That  Sort  of  Thing  ” (1874),  “My  Winter  on  the 
Nile,  etc.  "(1876:  first  issued  as  “Mummies  and  Moslems  ”), 
“Being  a Boy  ”(1877),  “ In  the  Levant  ”(1877),  “In  the  Wil- 
derness ”(1878),  “Captain  John  Smith  ” (1880),  “Washing- 
ton Irving”  (1881),  “A  Roundabout  Journey”  (1883), 
“Their  Pilgrimage ” (1886),  “On  Horseback,  etc.”  (a  book 
of  travels,  1888),  “Tne  Golden  House”  (1894),  etc.  He 
also  wrote  papers,  including  “ Studies  in  the  South  ” and 
“Studies  in  the  Great  West  "(in  “Harper's  Magazine"). 
He  wrote,  with  Mark  Twain,  “ The  Gilded  Age  ” (1873). 
Warner,  Olin  Levi.  Born  at  Suffield,  Conn., 
April  9,  1844:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  14,  1896. 
An  American  sculptor.  He  was  in  turn  an  artisan, 
a telegraph  operator,  and  a designer  of  silverwork,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty-five  went  to  Paris,  where  he  studied 
sculpture  for  three  years  and  a half  at  the  Ecole  de3  Beaux 
Arts  with  Jouffroy.  He  then  returned  to  New  York. 
Among  his  works  are  a bust  of  Daniel  Cottier  (in  the  Met- 
ropolitan Museum);  statuettes  of  “Twilight  "and  “May”; 
statues  of  a “ Dancing  Nymph  ” and  “Diana”  ; a fountain 
for  Portland,  Oregon  ; statues  of  Governor  Buckingham, 
William  Lloyd  Garrison,  and  several  portrait-busts." 
Warner,  Seth.  Born  at  Roxbury,  Conn.,  1743  : 
died  1784.  An  American  Revolutionary  officer, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  “Green  Mountain 
Boys,”  outlawed  by  New  York  authorities. 
He  was  second  in  command  under  Allen  at  the  taking 
of  Tieonderoga  in  1775  ; captured  Crown  Point  in  1775 ; 
was  made  colonel ; and  served  in  the  expedition  to  Canada, 
and  in  the  siege  of  St.  John’s.  He  commanded  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Hubbardton  in  1777,  and  was  distinguished  at  the 
battle  of  Bennington  and  in  the  Saratoga  campaign. 

Warner,  Susan:  pseudonym  Elizabeth  Weth- 
erell.  Born  at  New  York,  July  11, 1819:  died 
at  Highland  Palls,  N.  Y.,  March  17,  1885.  An 
American  novelist  and  religious  writer.  Among 
her  novels  are  “The  Wide,  Wide  World”  (1850:  next  to 
“Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin  ” the  most  popular  American  novel), 
“Queechy”  (18521,  “The  Hills  of  the  Shatemuc  ” (18561, 
“The  Old  Helmet”  (1863),  “Melbourne  House”  (1864), 
“ Daisy  ”(1848),  “ What  She  Could  ” (1870),  “The  House  in 
Town”  (1871),  “The  Little  Camp  ”(1873),  “Willow  Brook" 
(1874),  “ Wych  Hazel”  (1876),  “My  Desire”  (1879),  “No- 
body ” (1883),  “Daisy Plains”  (1885),  etc.  With  her  sister, 
Anna  Bartlett  Warner  (bom  at  New  York,  1820),  shewrote 
“ Say  and  Seal  ” (1860),  ‘ ‘ Ellen  Montgomery’s  Book-shelf  ” 
(1863-69),  “Sybil  and  Chryssa,  etc. ”(1869),  etc.  Anna  B. 
Warner,  who  wrote  under  the  pseudonym  of  Amy  Lothrop, 
is  the  author  of  “ Dollars  and  Cents”  (1852),  “My  Brother’s 
Keeper  ” (1855),  and  other  stories.  Among  Susan  Warner’s 
other  works  are  “The  Law  and  the  Testimony ’’ (1853), 
“The  Golden  Ladder"  (1862),  “Lessons  on  Standard-Bear- 
ers of  the  Old  Testament  ” (1872). 

Warner,  William.  Born  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng- 
land, about  1558 : died  March,  1609.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  wrote  a rimed  history  of  England,  “Al- 
bion’s England  ” (15861,  and  ‘ Mensechmi”  (a  comedy  from 
Plautus,  1595):  Shakspere’s  “Comedy  of  Errors”  was  de- 
rived from  this. 

Warnsdorf  (varns  ' dorf).  A manufacturing 
town  in  northern  Bohemia,  59  miles  north  of 
Prague.  Population,  commune,  23,220  (1910). 
War  of  1812.  T he  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  1812-15.  War  was  declared 
by  the  United  States,  June  18.  Chief  events  —1812  : em- 
bargo for  90  days  declared  ( April  4)  ; unsuccessful  invasion 
of  Canada  and  surrender  of  Detroit  (Aug.  16) ; British  ship 
Alert  captured  by  the  Essex  (Aug.  13);  the  Guerriere 
(British)  by  the  Constitution  (Aug.  19) ; the  Frolic  (British) 
by  the  Wasp  (Oct.  18);  and  the  Macedonian  (British)  by 
the  United  States  (Oct.  25).  1813:  American  defeat  at 

Frenchtown  (Jan.  22),  and  victories  of  Perry  on  Lake  Erie 
(Sept.  10),  and  of  Harrison  at  the  Thames  (Oct.  5) ; the 
Chesapeake  (American)  captured  by  the  Shannon  (June  1) ; 
the  Hornet  (American)  captured  the  Resolution  (Feb.  14) 
and  Peacock  (Feb.  24) ; and  the  Enterprise  ( American)  cap- 
tured the  Boxer  (Sept.  5).  1814:  the  Americans  won  the 

battles  of  Chippewa  (July  5),  Lundy’s  Jane  (July  25),  and 
Lake  Champlain  (Sept.  11)  ; the  British  defeated  the  Amer- 
icans at  Bladensburg  (Aug.  24),  entered  Washington  and 
burned  the  public  buildings,  and  were  defeated  at  Balti- 
more (Sept.  12-13)  ; the  Essex  (American)  was  captured  by 
the  Cherub  and  the  Phoebe  (March  28);  and  the  Wasp 
(American)  took  the  Reindeer  (June  28)  and  sank  the  Avon 
(Sept.  1);  the  Hartford  Convention  assembled  Dec.  15, 
and  adjourned  in  about  three  weeks  without  result. 
Peace  was  signed  at  Ghent  Dec.  24,  1814,  and  ratified  at 
Washington  Feb.  18, 1815,  hut  the  news  did  not  reach  the 
ocean  cruisers  till  later.  1815  : the  British  were  defeated  by 
Jackson  at  New  Orleans  (Jan.  8) ; the  President  (American) 


1050 

surrendered  to  a British  squadron  (Jan.  15) ; the  Constitu- 
tion (American)  captured  the  Levant  and  the  Cyane  (Feb. 
20);  and  the  Hornet  (American)  captured  the  Penguin 
(March  23). 

War  of  Liberation.  The  war  undertaken  by 
Germany  in  1813,  with  the  aid  of  Russia,  Great 
Britain,  and  other  allies,  to  free  Germany  and 
other  parts  of  Europe  from  the  rule  or  influence 
of  Napoleon  and  the  French. 

War  of  Secession.  See  Civil  War. 

War  of  the  American  Revolution.  See  Rev- 
olutionary War. 

War  of  the  Rebellion.  See  Civil  War. 

War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  etc.  See 

Spanish  Succession,  War  of  the,  etc. 

Warren,  Gouverneur  Kemble.  Born  at  Cold 
Spriug,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  8,  1830:  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Aug.  8,  1882.  A noted  American  gen- 
eral and  military  engineer.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1850;  served  in  surveys  in  the  West ; and  was  as- 
sistant professor  of  mathematics  at  West  Point  1859-61. 
In  Sept.,  1861,  he  became  captain  of  engineers,  and  served 
at  Big  Bethel,  through  the  Peninsular  and  Manassas  cam- 
paigns, and  at  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  and  Chancel- 
iorsville.  He  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  Sept.,  1862,  and  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
May,  1863.  In  June  of  the  latter  year  he  was  appointed 
chief  engineer  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  held 
Little  Round  Top  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg ; as  com- 
mander of  the  2d  army  corps  defended  Bristow  Station  Oct., 
1863 ; and  as  commander  of  the  5th  corps  served  through 
the  Richmond  campaign  of  1864-65.  He  was  removed 
from  his  command  by  General  Sheridan  after  the  battle 
of  Five  Forks,  April  1,  1865.  Later  he  commanded  the  De- 
partment of  the  Mississippi.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  in  the  regular  army  in  1865. 

Warren,  Joseph.  Born  at  Roxbury,  Mass., 
June  11,  1741:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  June  17,  1775.  An  American  physician 
and  soldier.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1759  ; prac- 
tised medicine  in  Boston  ; became  one  of  the  patriot  lead- 
ers in  Massachusetts  previous  to  the  Revolution  ; deliv- 
ered orations  on  the  anniversary  of  the  Boston  massacre 
in  1772  and  1775  ; was  chairman  of  the  committee  of  pub- 
lic safety  in  1774,  and  president  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress of  Massachusetts  ; served  at  the  battle  of  Lexington; 
was  made  major-general  of  the  Massachusetts  forces  in 
June,  1775;  and  served  as  a volunteer  aide  at  Bunker  Hill. 

Warren,  Samuel.  BorninDenbighshire, Wales, 
May  23,  1807:  died  at  London,  July  29, 1877.  A 
British  novelist  and  legal  and  general  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  the  novel  “Ten  Thousand  a Year  "(pub- 
lished in  “Blackwood's  Magazine”  1839-41).  Among  his 
other  works  are  “Passages  from  the  Diary  of  a Late  Phy- 
sician ” (“  Blackwood’s  Magazine,”  1830-31),  “ Popular  and 
Practical  Introduction  to  Law  Studies ” (1835),  “Extracts 
from  Blackstone’s  Commentaries  ” (1837),  etc. 

Warren,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
17,  1812:  died  at  Boston,  Sept.  21,  1888.  A 
popular  American  comedian,  the  son  of  Wil- 
liam Warren,  an  actor  (1767-1832).  He  made  his 

first  appearance  in  1832  at  Philadelphia.  In  1845  he  played 
in  London,  and  1846-82  was  connected  with  the  Howard 
Athenaeum  and  Boston  Museum  in  Boston.  He  was  suc- 
cessful as  Sir  Peter  Teazle,  Dr.  Pangloss,  Touchstone,  etc. 

Warrensburg  (wor'enz-berg).  The  capital  of 
Johnson  County,  Missouri,  52  miles  east-south- 
east of  Kansas  City.  Pop.,  4,689,  (1910). 
Warrington  (wor'ing-ton).  A town  in  Lan- 
cashire and  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Mersey  16  miles  east  of  Liverpool,  it  has  exten- 
sive trade,  and  manufactures  of  cotton,  iron,  etc.  It  was, 
perhaps,  an  ancient  Roman  station.  Several  contests  oc- 
curred near  it  in  the  period  of  the  civil  war.  Population, 
72,178,  (1911). 

Warrington,  George.  The  friend  of  Penden- 
nis  in  Thackeray’s  novel  of  that  name.  He  is  a 
rough  melancholy  man  with  a gentle  heart.  His  family 
appears  in  “ The  Virginians.” 

Warrior  (wor'i-or).  The  first  English  iron-clad 
ship  constructed  entirely  of  iron,  launched  in 
1860.  The  dimensions  are:  length,  380  feet;  breadth, 
58.4;  draught, 26.9;  displacement, 9,210tons.  The  central 
part  was  protected  for  218  feet  by  4J-inch  armor  on  18-inch 
wooden  backing.  Her  sides  could  not  be  penetrated  by 
any  guns  then  afloat. 

Warsaw  (war'sa).  [Pol.  Warszawa,  G.  War- 
schau,  P.  Varsovie.~\  The  capital  of  Russian 
Poland  and  of  the  government  of  Warsaw,  situ- 
ated on  the  left  bank  of  the  Vistula,  in  lat.  52° 
14'  N. , long.  21°  4'  E.  It  is  connected  by  two  bridges 
over  the  Vistula  with  its  suburb  Praga.  It  is  the  third 
city  of  the  Russian  empire ; has  a very  extensive  commerce 
through  its  situation  on  the  Vistula  and  as  a railway  cen- 
ter ; and  has  varied  and  important  manufactures.  Warsaw 
is  first  mentioned  in  1224  ; was  the  residence  of  the 
dukes  of  Mazovia  until  1526  ; was  made  a royal  residence 
about  1550 ; and  became  formally  the  capital  of  Poland  in 
1609.  It  was  captured  by  the  Swedes  in  1665  and  1056 ; 
was  taken  and  retaken  in  the  Northern  War ; w as  occupied 
by  the  Russians  in  1764  and  1793  ; resisted  a Prussian  siege 
in  1794,  but  surrendered  to  Suvaroff  ; was  ceded  to  Prus- 
sia in  1796;  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1806;  and  w as 
made  the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1807. 
It  was  finally  occupied  by  the  Russians  in  1813.  An  insur- 
rection was  commenced  there  Nov.  29.  1830  and  the  town 
oapitulated  to  Paskevitch,  Sept.  8,  183L  It  was  the  cen- 
ter of  tfie  insurrection  of  1863.  Population,  756,426. 

Warsaw.  A government  of  Russian  Poland, 
surrounded  by  Ploek,  Lomza,  Siedlce,  Radom, 


Warwick 

Piotrkow,  Kalisz,  and  Prussia.  Area,  6,749 
square  miles.  Population,  2,361,400. 
Warsaw.  A dueby  created  by  Napoleon  at  the 
treaty  of  Tilsit  in  1807,  and  given  to  the  king 
ot  Saxony.  It  was  formed  from  the  Polish  possessions 
acquired  by  Prussia  in  1793  and  1795,  and  was  dissolved 
in  1813. 

Warsaw,  Battle  of.  A victory  gained  by  the 
Swedes  and  the  Great  Elector  of  Brandenburg 
over  the  Poles,  July  28-30,  1656. 

Warschau  (var'shou).  The  German  name  of 

Warsaw. 

Wars  of  the  Roses.  In  English  history,  the 
prolonged  armed  struggle  between  the  rival 
houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  (see  York,  House 
of) : so  called  from  the  red  rose  and  white  rose, 
badges  respectively  of  the  adherents  of  the  two 
families.  The  wars  began  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 
(third  of  the  Lancaster  line).  The  following  are  the  lead- 
ing events  and  incidents : Yorkist  victory  at  St.  Albans 
under  Richard,  duke  of  York,  May  22, 1455  ; renewal  of  the 
war  in  1459,  and  Yorkist  victory  at  Blore  Heath,  Sept.  23; 
Yorkist  victory  at  Northampton,  July  10, 1460 ; Lancastrian 
victory  at  Wakefield,  and  death  of  the  Duke  of  York,  Dec. 
31, 1460 ; Yorkist  victory  at  Mortimer's  Cross,  Feb.  2,  1461 ; 
Lancastrian  victory  at  St.  Albans,  Feb.  17, 1461 ; accession 
of  the  Earl  of  March  (son  of  the  Duke  of  York)  as  Edward 

IV. ,  March,  1461 ; Yorkist  victory  at  Towton,  March  29, 
1461 ; Yorkist  victories  at  Hedgeley  Moor,  April  25,  and 
Hexham,  May  8,  1464  ; revolt  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick  (the 
“King-Maker”),  1469;  restoration  of  Henry  VI.,  1470;  land- 
ing of  Edward  IV.,  March  14,  1471,  and  his  victory  over 
Warwick  at  Barnet,  April  14,  1471,  and  over  Margaret  of 
Anjou  at  Tewkesbury,  May  4,  1471 ; accession  of  Edward 

V. ,  1483 ; accession  of  Richard  III. , 1483.  The  contest  was 
ended  with  the  defeat  and  death  of  Richard  III.  at  Bos- 
worth,  Aug.  22, 1485,  and  the  succession  of  Henry  VII.,  rep- 
resentative of  a Lancastrian  offshoot,  who,  by  his  marriage 
with  a Yorkist  princess,  united  the  conflicting  interests. 

Warta  (var'ta).  The  Polish  name  of  the 
Warthe. 

Wartburg  (vart'borG).  An  ancient  princely 
residence  at  Eisenach,  Germany,  still  occasion- 
ally occupied  by  the  Grand  Duke  of  Weimar. 
It  is  one  of  the  finest  existing  Romanesque  secular  monu- 
ments, and  has  been  well  restored  and  adorned  with  his- 
torical frescos.  It  includes  the  Vorburg,  or  outer  ward, 
and  the  Hof  burg,  in  which  are  the  finest  buildings.  Espe- 
cially interesting  are  the  Minstrels’  Hall  in  the  Landgraf- 
enliaus,  the  chapel,  and  the  armory.  In  the  Ritterhausof 
the  Vorburg  Luther  had  asylum  given  him  by  the  elector 
Frederick  the  Wise  in  1521-22 : his  room  and  its  furniture 
are  preserved. 

Wartburg,  Contest  of.  A historico-legendary 
contest  of  minnesingers  at  the  Wartburg,  about 
1206.  It  gave  rise  to  an  epic  poem  composed 
about  1300  (“  Krieg  von  Wartburg”). 

W art  burg,  F estival  of.  A commemoration  fes- 
tival, under  the  auspices  of  the  German  stu- 
dents, held  at  the  Wartburg,  Oct.  18, 1817,  the 
fourth  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  to 
celebrate  the  tercentenary  of  the  Reformation. 
Its  main  practical  object  was  the  foundation  of  the  union 
of  German  students  in  the  interest  of  political  liberty  and 
national  unity.  The  event  caused  reactionary  measures 
to  be  taken  in  Germany. 

Warthe,  or  Warte  (var'te),  Pol.  Warta  (var'- 
ta). The  largest  tributary  of  the  Oder,  it  rises 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  Russian  Poland,  traverses  Po- 
land and  the  province  of  Posen  in  Prussia,  and  joins  the 
Oder  at  Kiistrin  in  Brandenburg.  Length,  over  400  miles  ; 
navigable  from  Konin  in  Poland. 

Warton  (war'ton),  Thomas.  Born  at  Basing- 
stoke, England,  1728:  died  May  21,  1790.  An 
English  critic  andpoet,  professor  of  poetry  at  Ox- 
ford. He  became  poet  laureate  in  1785.  His  chief  works 
are  a “ History  of  English  Poetry  ” (3  vols.  1774-61),  “ Plea- 
sures of  Melancholy  ” (1747),  “ Observations  on  the  Poetry 
of  Spenser”  (1754),  and  editions  of  Theocritus,  the  Greek 
Anthology,  and  the  minor  poems  of  Milton. 

Warville,  de.  See  Brissot,  Jean  Pierre. 

W arwick  (wor'ik),  or  Warwickshire  (wor'ik- 
shir).  A county  of  England,  bounded  by  Staf- 
ford, Leicester,  Northampton,  Oxford,  Glouces- 
ter, and  Worcester.  It  contains  the  forest  of  Arden 
and  the  towns  of  Birmingham,  Stratford-on  Avon,  and  Cov- 
entry. It  formed  a part  of  the  ancient  Mercia.  Area, 
(ad.  co.),  880  square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  897,835. 
Warwick.  The  capital  of  Warwickshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Avon  in  lat.  52°  16'  N.,  long.  1°  35' 
W.  It  contains  a famous  castle,  with  machicolated  towers 
and  battlemented  walls,  the  effect  of  which  is  much  en- 
hanced by  their  framing  of  splendid  trees.  The  great 
Csesar’s  Tower  dates  back  almost  to  the  Conquest.  The 
spacious  residential  buildings  are  of  the  15th  century  and 
later,  extensively  restored  : they  contain  many  historical 
relics,  paintings,  and  other  works  of  art,  among  them  the 
large  sculptured  Warwick  vase,  found  in  Hadrian’s  villa 
at  Tivoli.  St.  Mary’s  is  a large  Perpendicular  church,  in 
great  part  rebuilt  in  1694.  The  interior  is  impressive,  and 
contains  interesting  brasses  and  other  medieval  monu- 
ments. The  church  is  chiefly  notable  for  the  superb  Beau- 
champ Chapel,  dating  from  1464.  The  architecture  of  the 
chapel  is  Horid  Perpendicular,  and  it  contains  the  beauti- 
fully sculptured  tombs  of  the  earls  of  Warwick  and  of 
Robert  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester.  Warwick  was  a British 
settlement,  and  became  a Roman  fortress  about  50  A.  I).  It 
was  rebuilt  by  Ethellleda  about  915.  Population,  about 
11,900. 


1051 


Warwick,  Earl  of 


Wasp 


Warwick,  Earl  of  (Richard  Nevil  or  Nev- 
ille). Born  in  1428:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Barnet,  April  14,  1471.  An  English  politician 
and  commander:  called  “the  King-Maker.” 
He  was  related  to  both  the  Yorkist  and  the  Lancas- 
trian families.  He  inherited  the  title  of  earl  of  Salis- 
bury, and  became  earl  of  Warwick  through  his  marriage 
with  the  daughter  of  Richard  Beauchamp  (earl  of  War- 
wick). At  first  he  sided  with  the  Yorkists,  and  served  at 
the  first  battle  of  St.  Albans  in  1455  ; was  made  governor 
of  Calais ; again  joined  the  Yorkists  in  1459 ; defeated 
the  Lancastrians  at  Northampton  in  July,  1460,  and  took 
Henry  VI.  prisoner;  was  defeated  at  St.  Albans  in  1461  by 
Margaret;  joined  with  Edward IV.  and  reentered  London 
in  1461;  won  with  Edward  the  victory  of  Towton  in 
1461 ; was  made  warden  of  the  Scottish  marches,  consta- 
ble of  Dover,  lord  high  chamberlain,  etc. ; and  repressed 
the  Lancastrian  rising  in  1463-64.  He  opposed  the  mar- 
riage of  Edward  IV.  with  Elizabeth  Woodville,  and  the  al- 
liance with  Burgundy  ; and  was  driven  into  revolt  by  the 
king,  whom  he  took  prisoner  in  1469,  but  soon  released. 
He  conspired  with  his  son-in-law  Clarence  against  Edward 
IV.  in  1470 ; fled  to  France  ; adopted  the  cause  of  the 
Lancastrians ; landed  in  England,  drove  Edward  IV.  to 
Flanders,  and  restored  Henry  VI.  in  1470;  but  was  over- 
thrown by  Edward  IV.  at  Barnet  in  1471. 

Warwick,  Earls  of.  Bee  Beauchamp,  Iiichard, 
and  Dudley,  John. 

Warwick,  Guy  of.  See  Guy  of  Warwick. 
Wasa.  See  Vasa. 

Wasania  (wa-sa'nya).  See  Pygmies. 

Wasat  (wa'sat).  [Ar.  al-icasal,  the  middle: 
though  the  appropriateness  of  the  name  is  not 
clear.]  The  third-magnitude  double  star  <5 
Geminorum. 

Wasatch  Mountains.  See  Wahsatch. 

Wasco  (was'ko).  [PL,  also  Wascos,Wascoes.~\  A 
tribe  of  the  Chinook  division  of  North  American 
Indians,  formerly  living  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Columbia  River,  near  the  Dalles,  Oregon. 

They  joined  in  the  treaty  of  1855  and  removed  to  the 
Warm  Spring  reservation,  Oregon.  They  now  number 
about  200.  See  Chinookan. 

Wash  (wosh),  The.  An  arm  of  the  North  Sea, 
on  the  coast  of  England  between  Norfolk  and 
Lincolnshire.  Length,  22  miles.  Width,  about 
15  miles.  It  receives  the  Witham,  Welland, 
Nen,  and  Ouse. 

Washa  (wosh 'a),  Lake.  A lake  in  Louisiana, 
southwest  of  New  Orleans.  Length,  about  14 
miles. 

Washaki  (wash'a-ke).  [From  the  name  of  a 
former  chief.]  The  easternmost  of  the  Sho- 
shoni  tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly in  the  Wind  River  country,  western 
Wyoming,  and  in  eastern  Idaho : now  on  the 
Shoshoni  reservation  in  western  Wyoming. 
They  numbered  870  in  1885.  Also  Washano, 
Washikeek,  Pohah,  Pokah.  See  Shoshoni. 
Washburn  (wosh'bera),  Cadwallader  Colden. 
Bom  at  Livermore,  Maine,  April  22, 1818 : died 
at  Eureka  Springs,  Ark.,  May  14,  1882.  An 
American  politician  and  general,  brother  of  E. 
B.  Washburne.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1842  ; 
was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  W isconsin  1855- 
1861 ; was  delegate  to  the  peace  convention  in  1861 ; en- 
tered the  Union  army  as  colonel  in  1861  ; became  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  1862 ; took  part  in  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg  in  1863  ; captured  Fort  Esperanza  in  Texas  in 
1863 ; commanded  the  district  of  West  Tennessee  1864-65 ; 
was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Wisconsin  1867- 
1871 ; and  was  governor  of  Wisconsin  1872-74.  He  after- 
ward engaged  in  the  flour  business  at  Minneapolis,  and 
founded  the  Washburn  Observatory  in  connection  with 
the  Wisconsin  State  University 

Washburne  (wosh'bern),  Elihu  Benjamin. 

Bora  at  Livermore,  Maine,  Sept.  23, 1816 : died 
at  Chicago,  Oct.  22, 1887.  An  American  states- 
man and  diplomatist.  He  studied  law  at  Harvard  ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840 ; was  a Whig  and  later 
a Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1853-69 ; 
and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  commerce.  He 
was  secretary  of  state  March  5-17, 1869,  and  United  States 
minister  to  France  1869-77.  He  was  the  only  foreign 
representative  who  remained  in  Paris  through  both  the 
siege  and  the  Commune  period.  He  wrote  “ Recollections 
of  a Minister  to  France  ’’  (1 887). 

Washburne  Mountains.  A group  of  moun- 
tains in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park.  High- 
est point,  10,345  feet. 

Washington  (wosh'ing-ton).  One  of  the  Pa- 
cific States  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
extending  from  lat.  45°  40'  to  49°  N.,  and  from 
long.  117° to  124° 44'  W.  Capital, Olympia;  chief 
cities,  Seattle  and  Tacoma,  it  is  bounded  by  the 
Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  British  Columbia  on  the  north, 
Idaho  on  the  cast,  Oregon  (partly  separated  by  the  Colum- 
bia River)  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  west.  The 
Cascade  Mountains  traverse  the  State  from  south  to  north. 
It  has  rich  forests,  particularly  in  the  west,  and  extensive 
deposits  of  coal;  and  gold,  silver,  and  copper  are  found. 
There  is  an  extensive  wheat  region  in  the  east.  The  sal- 
mon-fisheries are  important,  and  ship-building  is  a flour- 
ishing industry.  Washington  has  39  counties,  sends  2 
senators  and  5 representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  7 elec- 
toral votes.  The  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  was  discovered  in 
1592,  and  explored  in  1789  ; the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
was  explored  by  the  American  captain  Gray  in  1792  ; and 
further  explorations  were  conducted  by  Lewis  and  Clark 


in  1805.  A settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  was 
founded  by  John  Jacob  Astor  in  1811.  The  boundary  was 
settled  with  Great  Britain  in  1846.  Washington  formed 
part  of  the  Territory  of  Oregon  ; was  organized  as  a Terri- 
tory in  1853 ; and  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1889. 
Area,  69,180  square  miles.  Population,  1,141,990,(1910). 

Washington.  The  capital  of  the  United  States, 
forming  part  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Potomac,  at  the  head  of  navigation, 
in  lat.  38°  53'  N.,  long.  77°  1'  W.  It  has  become  a 
favorite  city  of  residence  in  late  years,  and  is  noted  for  its 
public  buildings,  the  most  important  being  the  Capitol 
(which  see).  The  White  House,  the  official  residence  of 
the  President,  is  a handsome  mansion  in  the  English  Re- 
naissance style.  Its  classical  details  are  sober  and  well 
designed,  both  outside  and  inside.  It  became  too  small 
for  the  official  and  social  needs  ol  the  chief  of  the  govern- 
ment and  was  remodeled  in  1902,  the  offices  being  re- 
moved to  a new  executive  building.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  White  House  was  laid  by  General  Washington,  and 
it  was  first  occupied  in  1800  by  John  Adams.  Besides  the 
buildings  for  the  various  government  departments,  the 
National  Museum,  Smithsonian  Institution,  etc.,  are  nota- 
ble. The  Washington  monument  is  an  obelisk-shaped 
tower  of  white  marble,  erected  in  honor  of  George  Wash- 
ington. It  is  555  feet  high  to  its  acutely  pointed  apex, 
and  55  feet  square  at  the  base.  The  corner-stone  was  laid 
on  July  4, 1848,  but  after  a short  time  the  work  languished 


was  the  most  invariably  judicious,  and  there  is  scarcelya 
rash  word  or  action  or  judgment  recorded  of  him.  These 
who  knew  him  well,  noticed  that  he  had  keen  sensibilities 
and  strong  passions  ; but  his  power  of  self-command  never 
failed  him,  and  no  act  of  his  public  life  can  be  traced  to 
personal  caprice,  ambition,  or  resentment.  In  the  de- 
spondency of  long-continued  failure,  in  the  elation  of  sud- 
den success,  at  times  when  his  soldiers  were  deserting 
by  hundreds,  and  when  malignant  plots  were  formed 
against  his  reputation,  amid  the  constant  quarrels,  rival- 
ries, and  jealousies  of  his  subordinates,  in  the  dark  hour 
of  national  ingratitude,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  most  uni- 
versal and  intoxicating  flattery,  he  was  always  the  same 
calm,  wise,  just,  and  single-minded  man,  pursuing  the 
course  which  he  believed  to  be  right,  without  fear  or 
favour  or  fanaticism,  equally  free  from  the  passions  that 
spring  from  interest,  and  from  the  passions  that  spring 
from  imagination.  He  never  acted  on  the  impulse  of  an 
absorbing  or  uncalculating  enthusiasm,  and  he  valued  very 
highly  fortune,  position,  and  reputation  ; but  at  the  com- 
mandof  duty  he  was  ready  to  risk  and  sacrifice  them  all.  He 
was  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  words  a gentleman  and  a 
man  of  honour,  and  he  carried  into  public  life  the  severest 
standard  of  private  morals.  It  was  at  first  the  constant 
dread  of  large  sections  of  the  American  people  that  if  the 
old  Government  were  overthrown,  they  would  fall  into 
the  bands  of  military  adventurers,  and  undergo  the  yoke 
of  military  despotism.  It  was  mainly  the  transparent  in- 
tegrity of  the  character  of  Washington  that  dispelled  the 
fear.  Lecky,  England  in  the  XVIIIth  Century,  III.470-47L 


and  then  stopped  entirely,  until  in  1876  Congress  voted 

the  completion  of  the  monument,  which  was  accomplished  r> • at  77- 

in  1884.  The  site  for  the  capital  was  chosen  in  1790,  and  Washington,  Martha.  Born  in  New  Kent 
the  government  removed  from  Philadelphia  in  1800.  The  County,  Va.,  May,  1/32:  died  at  Mount  Vernon, 


public  buildings  were  burned  by  the  British  in  1814.  The 
city  was  the  Federal  military  headquarters  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  was  threatened  by  the  Confederates  under 
Early  in  18ht.  Its  municipal  government  was  abolished 
in  1871,  and  a territorial  government  established  in  that 
year.  This  was  abolished  in  1874,  and  the  present  form 
instituted  (see  District  of  Columbia).  Population,  331,069, 
(1910). 

Washington.  The  capital  of  Daviess  County, 
Indiana,  92  miles  southwest  of  Indianapolis. 
Population,  7,854,  (1910). 


Va. , May  22, 1802.  The  wife  of  George  W asking- 
ton.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Colonel  John  Dandridge,  a 
planter,  and  in  June,  1749,  married  Daniel  Parke  Custis, 
a planter,  who  died  in  1757.  leaving  his  widow  one  of  the 
wealthiest  women  in  Virginia.  She  married  Washington 
in  Jan.,  1759.  She  had  by  her  first  husband  four  children, 
two  of  whom  died  in  infancy  ; the  third,  Martha  Parke  Cus- 
tis, died  at  theage  of  sixteen ; the  fourth,  John  ParkeCustis, 
diedin  1781,  leavingfour  children,  the  twoyoungerof  whom, 
Eleanor  Parke  Custis  and  George  Washington  Parke  Custis, 
were  adopted  by  Washington.  She  had  no  children  by 

^Countv, gN><irth  ^arolma^ituated  *011  ^^irco^^s^!^.^On,  Mount.  Tkehigkest  summit  of 

River  100  miles  east  by  south  of  Raleigh.  Pop-  the  White  Mountains  New  Hampshire  and  the 

illation,  6,211,  (1910).  highest  mountain  m New  England,  situated  in 

Wakh  inn-ton  The  eanitnl  of  Fnvette  Countv  lat.  44°  16  JN.  It  is  ascended  by  railroad  and  by  a car- 

wasmngton.  me  capital  01  Payette  county,  riage.road  from  the  Glen  House  0n  the  EUmmit  is  a 

Ohio,  3j  miles  southwest  of  Columbus.  Popu-  United  States  8ignal*Btation.  Height,  6,279  feet. 

lation,  7,277,  (1910).  Washington,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  between 

Washington.  The  capital  of  Washington  Coun-  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  signed  May 

ty,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Chartiers  Creek  8,1871,  which  provided  for  the  settlement  of  the 

24  miles  southwest  of  Pittsburg.  Population,  Alabama  claims  by  the  Geneva  tribunal,  and 

18,778,  (1910).  for  the  settlement  of  the  San  Juan  boundary 

Washington,  Bushrod.  Bom  in  Westmore-  and  fisheries  disputes. 

land  County,  Va.,  1762:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Washington  and  Jefferson  College.  An  in- 
1829.  An  American  jurist,  nephew  of  George  stitution  of  learning  at  Washington,  Pennsyl- 
Washington.  He  was  a member  of  the  Virginia  House 
of  Delegates,  and  of  the  Virginia  ratifying  convention  of 
1788;  aud  was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  1798-1829. 


Vania.  It  was  formed  in  1865  through  the  consolidation 
of  Washington  College  at  Washington,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Jefferson  College  at  Canonsburg,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  non- 
sectarian,  and  is  attended  by  about  400  students. 


Washington,  George.  Born  in  Westmoreland  Washington  and  Lee  University.  An  insti- 

< VniTitv  Va  PVh  9»»  70  SS  Feb  Il  f 17S0-  Hind  x..x; J3  i • ..  t : x xr-  • ■ Tx_ 


County,  Va.,  Feb.  22(0.  S.  Feb.  11),  1732:  died 
at  Mount  Vernon, Dec.  14, 1799.  Afamous  Ameri- 
can soldier  and  statesman,  the  first  President  of 
theUnited  States.  Hewasthesonof  Augustine  Wash- 
ington, a Virginia  planter.  He  was  at  school  until  he  was 
about  16  years  of  age ; was  engaged  in  surveying  1748-51 ; 
was  appointed  adjutantof  Virginia  troops  in  1751;  inherited 
Mount  Vernon  on  the  death  of  his  brother  in  1752  ; was 
made  by  Dimviddie  commander  of  a military  district  of 
Virginia  in  1753;  was  sent  on  a mission  to  the  French 
authorities  beyond  the  Allegheny  River  1753-54  ; was  ap- 


tution  of  learning  at  Lexington,  Virginia.  Its 
foundation  was  a school  near  Greenville,  Va., 
called  the  Augusta  Academy,  in  1776  its  name  was 
changed  to  Liberty  Hall ; in  1782  it  was  chartered ; in  1785 
it  was  moved  to  the  neighborhood  of  Lexington ; and  in 
1796  it  received  a gift  from  George  Washington  and  its 
name  was  changed  to  Washington  College.  In  1803  it  was 
placed  on  its  present  site.  It  received  its  present  name 
in  1870.  Robert  E.  Lee  was  its  president  1865-70.  It  is 
non-sectarian,  and  has  about  400  students. 

pointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  1754;  had  a successful  WAshillgtOIlCenteilllial  Arch.  An  arch  fonnd- 

edin  1890attheFifthAvenueentranceof  Wash- 
ington Square,  New  York.  It  has  a single  archway 
with  coffered  vault,  30  feet  in  span  and  47  high,  sur- 
mounted by  an  entablature  with  a rich  frieze  carved  with 
foliage.  Above  the  somewhat  heavy  cornice  is  a low  attic, 
which  bears  the  inscription  of  dedication. 


skirmish  with  the  French,  and  defended  Fort  Necessity, 
but  was  obliged  to  surrender  on  July  3 ; was  a volunteer 
aide-de-camp  to  Braddock  in  the  battle  of  the  Mononga- 
hela  in  1755,  and  brought  off  the  Virginians;  commanded 
on  the  frontier  1756-57 ; and  led  the  advance-guard  in 
Forbes’s  expedition  for  the  reduction  of  Fort  Duquesne  in 

1758.  On  Jan.  6, 1759,  he  married  Martha  Custis  (widow  of  , . . . 

Daniel  Parke  Custis),  and  settled  as  a planter  at  Mount  Ver-  vv  ashlllgtOIl  Lilli.  An  elm  m Cambridge,  Mas- 
non.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses,  sackusetts,  under  which  Washington  took  eom- 
and  to  the  Continental  Congresses  of  1774  and  1775 ; was  mand  of  tile  American  army  in  1775. 

appointed  commander-in-chief  ol  the  Continental  forces  xtt„  n . r , , • , , 

June  15,  1775 ; arrived  at  Cambridge  July  2,  and  took  com-  iVllSnillgtOH  Group.  A cluster  of  islands  in 

mand;  and  compelled  the  evacuation  of  Boston  on  March  17,  the  Marquesas  group,  Pacific  Ocean. 

1776.  His  army  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island  T a 

Aug.  27, 1776,  and  at  White  Plains  Oct.  28, 1776 ; be  retreated  W aSHington  Land.  A region  in  the  n Orth  west- 

through  New  Jersey ; surprised  the  Hessians  at  Trenton  ®Tn  part  ot  Greenland,  about  lat.  89  JN. 

Dec.  26  ; won  the  victory  of  Princeton  Jan.,  1777;  was  de-  Washington  Monument.  See  Washington ( city) . 
feated  at  Brandywine  and  Germantown  in  1777;  was  at  Val-  WasD  (wosn).  1 An  American  ship' of  war,  18 
ley  Forge  during  the  winter  of  1777-78;  fought  the  drawn  _ "f  U in  1806  n,.f  v, 


battle  of  Monmouth  in  1778;  compelled  the  surrender  of 
Cornwallis  at  Yorktown  in  1781 ; resigned  his  commission 
as  commander-in-chief  at  Annapolisin  1783  ; and  retired  to 
Mount  Vernon.  In  1787  he  was  president  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention;  was  unanimously  elected  President  of 
the  United  States  in  Feb.,  1789,  and  inaugurated  at  New 
York  April  30, 1789;  and  was  unanimously  reelected  in  1793, 
serving  until  1797.  Among  the  chief  events  in  liisadminis- 
trations  were  the  establishment  of  the  machinery  of  gov- 
ern ment,  the  crystallization  of  parties,  the  regulation  of  com- 
merce and  finance,  the  admission  of  Vermont,  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee,  the  Indian  wars,  the  “whisky  insurrection,” 
and  the  Jay  treaty.  He  issued  bis  farewell  address  to  the 
people  in  Sept.,  1796.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant-general 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  anticipation  of  a 
war  with  France  in  1798. 

In  civil  as  in  military  life,  be  [Washington]  was  pre- 
eminent among  his  contemporaries  for  the  clearness  and 
soundness  of  his  judgment,  for  bis  perfect  moderation  and 
self-control,  for  the  quiet  dignity  and  the  indomitable 
firmness  with  which  he  pursued  every  path  which  lie  had 
deliberately  chosen.  Of  all  the  great  men  in  history  lie 


guns,  built  at  Washington  in  1806.  Oct.  13, 1812, 
she  sailed  from  the  Delaware,  under  command  of  Captain 
Jacob  Jones,  with  137  men.  On  Oct.  18,  in  lat.  37°  N.,  long. 
65°  W.,  she  fell  in  with  6 merchantmen  under  convoy  of 
the  British  brig  Frolic,  18  guns  and  110  men.  The  action 
began  at  11:32  A.  M.,  and  the  Frolic  struck  at  12  : 15  P.  M. 
It  was  fought  in  a very  heavy  sea.  Both  ships  were  cap- 
tured the  same  day  by  the  Poictiers  (British,  74). 

2.  An  American  ship-rigged  sloop  of  war,  22 
guns  and  160  men, built  atNewburyport  in  1814. 
She  left  Portsmouth,  May  1, 1814,  under  Captain  Johnston 
Blakeley,  and  ran  into  theEnglish  Channel.  On  June  28  she 
fell  in  with  the  British  sloop  Reindeer,  18  guns  and  118  men. 
The  battle  began  at  3:17  P.  M.,  and  the  Reindeer  struck  at 
3:44.  On  Sept.  1,  in  lat.  47°  30'  N. , she  met  the  British  brig 
Avon,  18  guns.  The  battle  began  at  8:38  P.  M.,  and  the 
Avon  struck  at  10:12.  On  Oct,  9,  in  lat,  18”85'N.,  long. 
30°  10'  W.,  she  spoke  and  boarded  the  Swedish  brig  Adams, 
and  tool/  out  of  her  Lieutenant  McKniglit  and  a master's 
mate,  late  of  the  United  States  ship  Essex,  on  their  way 
from  Brazil  to  England.  The  Wasp  was  never  heard  from 
again. 


Wasps,  The 

Wasps  (wosps),  The.  A comedy  by  Aristopha- 
nes, exhibited  in  422  B.  C. 

Wast  Water  (wast  wa'ter).  A lake  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  13  miles  west  of  Ambleside. 
Length,  3 miles. 

Wasulu  (wa-so'lo).  An  African  kingdom  in 
the  upper  Niger  basin,  since  1887  under  French 
protection.  It  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  Upper  Sene- 
.sal  and  Niger.  The  population  (about  1,500,000)  is  com- 
posed of  Mandingos,  with  a sprinkling  of  mixed  Fulahs 
and  Soninkes.  Bissandugu,  the  capital,  has  about  3,000 
population.  Wasulu  was  only  a federation  of  petty  tribes 
until  1840,  when  Mahmadu  founded  the  kingdom.  This 
was  greatly  enlarged  by  Samory,  w ho,  though  of  humble 
origin,  succeeded  in  dispossessing  Mahmadu’s  son  and  con- 
quering his  neighbors,  until  a conflict  with  the  French 
compelled  him  to  accept  their  protection. 

Watch  Hill  Point  (woeh  hil  point).  A head- 
land near  the  southwestern  extremity  of  Rhode 
Island.  Near  it,  also  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  is 
the  summer  resort  of  Watch  Hill. 

Wateh  (wa'te).  An  Arab  chieftain  whose  ter- 
ritory bordered  on  Edom,  Moab,  and  Ammon. 
He  took  part  in  a rebellion  against  Asurbanipal,  king  of 
Assyria  (668-626  B.  C. ),  and  was  captured  by  him  and  yoked 
to  his  triumphal  chariot. 

Water-bearer.  See  Aquarius. 

W aterbury  ( wa'ter-ber-i ).  A city  in  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Naugatuck 
River  19  miles  north-northwest  of  New  Haven. 

It  has  important  manufactures  of  brass,  and  produces 
watches,  pins,  lamps,  wire,  clocks,  etc.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1853.  Population,  73,141,  (1910). 

Wateree  (wa-te-re').  A river  in  South  Caro- 
lina which  unites  with  the  Congaree  to  form 
the  Santee : called  Catawba  in  its  upper  course. 
See  Catawba. 

Waterford  (wa't6r-ford).  1.  A maritime  county 
of  Munster,  Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Tipperary  and 
Kilkenny  on  the  north,  Waterford  Harbor  (separating  it 
from  Wexford)  on  the  east,  St.  George's  Channel  on  the 
south,  and  Cork  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  largely  moun- 
tainous. The  county  contains  many  antiquities.  Area, 
716  square  miles.  Pop.  (including  co.  borough),  87,187. 

2.  A county  of  a city,  capital  of  Waterford, 
situated  on  the  Suir,  at  the  head  of  Waterford 
Harbor,  in  lat.  52°  16'  N.,  long.  7°  6'  W.  It  has 
a considerable  export  trade ; was  an  ancient  Danish  strong- 
hold ; was  taken  by  Strongbow  in  1171 ; received  a charter 
from  King  John  ; was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Crom- 
well in  1649 ; and  was  taken  by  Ireton  in  1650.  Popula- 
tion, 26,769. 

Waterloo  (wa-ter-lo';  D.  pron.  va-ter-lo'). 
A village  in  the  province  of  Brabant,  Belgium, 
94  miles  south  of  Brussels:  the  headquarters 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  the  battle  of 
Waterloo. 

Waterloo,  Battle  of.  Adecisive  victory  gained 
near  Waterloo  (a  village  south  of  Brussels), 
June  18,  1815,  by  the  Allies  over  Napoleon. 
The  Prussians  often  call  the  battle  Belle  Alliance,  and 
the  French  Mont  St. -Jean,  after  localities  near  Water- 
loo. The  French  numbered  about  72,000 ; the  allied 
British,  Dutch,  and  Germans,  under  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton. numbered  about  67,000 : the  Prussians  (about  50,000 
additional),  under  Bliicher,  marched  to  the  battle-field 
and  took  part  in  the  close  and  in  the  pursuit.  The  battle 
commenced  about  11:  SO  A.  M.  The  features  were  the  un- 
availing charges  of  the  French  and  the  stubborn  resistance 
of  the  British  contingent,  and  the  last  charge  of  the  French 
Old  Guard  in  the  evening,  which  failed  and  was  followed 
by  an  advance  of  the  combined  armies.  The  Allies  lost 
about  22,000 ; the  French  about  35,000,  besides  many  pris- 
oners. (See  Grouchy.)  The  rout  was  so  complete  and  the 
disaster  to  Napoleon  so  decisive  that  “Waterloo  ” is  pro- 
verbial for  a final  and  deciding  blow.  The  preliminary 
battles  were  at  Ligny  and  Quatre-Bras  (which  see). 

Waterloo  Bridge.  A bridge  over  the  Thames 
at  London,  called  by  Canova  the  finest  bridge 
in  Europe  : designed  and  built  by  John  Rennie. 
The  first  stone  was  laid  Oct.  11.  1811,  and  the  bridge  was 
opened  June  18, 1817,  the  second  anniversary  of  the  battle 
of  Waterloo.  It  is  1,326  feet  long,  42  feet  wide,  35  feet 
high,  and  the  central  span  is  120  feet  wide. 

Waterloo  Place.  An  open  square  in  London, 
between  Carlton  House  Terrace  and  Regent 
street.  Pall  Mall  crosses  it,  and  in  its  center  is  the 
Crimean  monument.  It  also  contains  statues  of  Lord 
Napier,  Colin  Campbell  (Lord  Clyde),  Lord  Lawrence,  and 
others. 

Waterloo-with-Seaforth  (-se'forth).  A water- 
ing-place in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mersey,  5 miles  north-north- 
west of  Liverpool.  Population,  23,102. 

Water  Music,  The.  A series  of  21  movements 
by  Handel,  which  he  had  played  by  an  orches- 
tra on  a boat  in  which  he  followed  the  barge 
of  the  king  (George  I.)  as  he  proceeded  to 
Whitehall  in  1715.  They  have  been  arranged 
for  the  piano. 

Water-Poet,  The.  A name  given  to  the  poet 
John  Taylor  (1580-1654). 

Watertown  (wa'ter-toun).  A town  in  Middle- 
sex County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Charles  River  7 miles  north  of  Boston.  It  con- 
tains a United  States  arsenal.  Population, 
12,875,  (1910). 


1052 

Watertown.  Aeity,capitalof  Jefferson  County, 
New  York.  Population,  26,730,  (1910). 
Watertown.  A city  in  Jefferson  and  Dodge 
counties,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Rock  River 
44  miles  west  by  north  of  Milwaukee,  it  is  a rail- 
road and  manufacturing  center,  and  the  seat  of  North- 
Western  University  (Lutheran).  Population,  8,829,  (1910). 
Waterviile  (wa'ter-vil).  A city  in  Kennebec 
County,  Maine,  situated  ou  the  Kennebec 
River  18  miles  north-northeast  of  Augusta : 
the  seat  of  Colby  College.  Pop,,  11,458,  (1910). 
Watervliet  (wa'ter-vlet).  A city  in  Albany 
County,  New  York.  It  is  situated  on  the  Hud- 
son north  of  Albany.  Pop.,  15,074,  (1910). 
Watkins  Glen  (wot'kinz  glen).  A deep  ravine 
near  Watkins,  Schuyler  County,  New  York, 
celebrated  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 
Watling  (wot'ling)  Island.  A small  island 
of  the  Bahama  group,  West  Indies,  in  lat.  24° 
6'  N.,  long.  74°  6'  W. : generally  supposed  to 
be  the  San  Salvador  of  Columbus.  See 
Guanaha  ni. 

Watling  (wot'ling)  Street.  [ME.  Watling  strete , 
AS.  Weetlinga  street.']  One  of  the  principal 
Roman  roads  in  Britain.  It  commenced  at  Dover, 
passed  through  Canterbury  to  London,  and  thence  went 
by  St.  Albans,  Dunstable,  Stony  Stratford,  etc.,  passing 
along  the  boundary  line  of  the  present  counties  of  Lei- 
cester and  Warwick  to  Wroxeter  on  the  Severn,  and  then 
north  to  Chester.  It  had  a number  of  branch  roads  di- 
verging from  it. 

Watson  (wot'son),  James  Craig.  Born  in  On- 
tario, Canada,  Jan.  28,  1838:  died  at  Madison, 
Wis.,  Nov.  23, 1880.  An  American  astronomer, 
professor  of  astronomy  and  director  of  the  ob- 
servatory at  the  University  of  Michigan,  and 
after  1879  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  He 
discovered  23  asteroids  and  several  comets;  conducted 
several  United  States  astronomical  expeditions,  including 
that  to  China  in  1874  for  the  transit  of  Venus ; and  wrote 
“Popular  Treatise  on  Comets”  (1860),  “Theoretical  As- 
tronomy " (1869),“  Tables  for  the  Calculation  of  Simple  and 
★ Compound  Interest,”  etc. 

Watson,  John:  pseudonym  Ian  Maclaren. 

Born  at  Manningtree,  Essex,  Nov.  3, 1850  : died 
at  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa,  May  6,  1907.  A 
Scottish  clergyman  and  author.  He  was  assistant 
at  churches  in  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow ; pastor  of  the  Free 
Church,  Logiealmond,  Perthshire;  and  1880-1905  pastor  of 
the  English  PreBbyterian  Church,  Sefton  Park,  LiverpooL 
He  wrote  “ Beside  the  Bonnie  Brier  Bush ” (1894),  “The 
Days  of  Auld  Lang  Syne  ” (1895),  “ The  Upper  Room  ” 
(1896),  “ The  Mind  of  the  Master  ” (1896),  “ Kate  Carnegie  ” 
(1896),  etc. 

Watson,  Richard.  Born  at  Heversham,  West- 
moreland, 1737 : died  1816.  An  English  prel- 
ate, theological  writer,  and  chemist:  bishop 
of  Llandaff  (1782).  He  wrote  an  “ Apology  for  Chris- 
tianity ” (1776 : in  answer  to  Gibbon),  etc. 

Watson,  William.  Born  at  Wharfedale,  York- 
shire. An  English  poet.  His  poem  “Wordsworth’s 
Grave”  drew  attention  to  him  in  1892,  and  in  that  y ear  he  re- 
ceived a civil  pension  of  £200  rendered  vacant  by  the  death 
of  Tennyson.  His  “Lachrym*  Musarum”  was  the  finest  ode 
written  on  the  death  of  the  latter.  He  had  previously  pub- 
lished “Love  Lyrics,"  “The  Prince’s  Quest,”  “Epigrams 
of  Art,  Life,  and  Nature  ”;  and  he  has  also  published  “ The 
Eloping  Angels”  (1893),  “Excursions  in  Criticism,”  “Odes 
and  Other  Poems  ” (1894),  “The  Purple  East"  (1896),  “The 
Hope  of  the  World  ’’  (1897),  “ For  England  ” (1903),  “ Sable 
and  Purple  ’’  (1910),  “ The  Heralds  of  the  Dawn  " (1912),  etc. 
Watt  (wot),  James.  Born  at  Greenock,  Scot- 
land, Jan.  19,  1736:  died  at  Heathfield,  near 
Birmingham,  Aug.  25,  1819.  A famous  British 
mechanician,  inventor,  and  civil  engineer.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  an  instrument-maker  in  London  in 
1755 ; became  mathematical-instrument  maker  to  the  Uni- 
versityof  Glasgowinl757;began  experiments  in  improving 
the  steam-engine  about  1760 ; and  invented  (he  condensing 
steam-engine  in  1765  and  obtained  a patent  in  1769.  Many 
other  improvements  were  devised  later  and  patented.  He 
formed  a partnership  with  Boulton  in  Binningham  and 
began  the  manufacture  of  steam-engines  in  1775. 

Watt,  Robert.  Born  at  Stewarton,  Ayrshire, 
May,  1774:  died  March  12,  1819.  A Scottish 
physician  and  bibliographer.  His  “Bibliotheca 
Britannica”  (4  volumes,  published  posthumously  in  1824) 
is  a compilation  showing  great  industry  and  wide  research, 
and  is  of  great  value  as  an  index  to  literature. 

Watteau  (va-to'),  Jean  Antoine.  Born  at  Va- 
lenciennes, France,  Oct.  10,  1684:  died  at  No- 
gent-sur-Marne,  France,  July  18, 1721.  A French 
genre-painter.  He  studied  with  Gillot  in  Paris  in  1702, 
and  later  with  Audran.  He  was  unusually  successful  with 
subjects  representing  conventional  shepherds  and  shep- 
herdesses, fetes  champetres,  rustic  dances,  etc.  The  style 
of  female  dress  represented  in  many  of  them,  consisting  of 
what  was  known  as  a “sacque”  with  loose  plaits  hang- 
ing from  the  shoulders,  is  still  known  as  the  Watteau. 
Ten  of  his  pictures  are  in  the  Louvre,  and  specimens  are 
in  all  the  principal  galleries  of  Europe. 
Watterson(wot'er-son),  Henry.  Born  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C-,  1840.  "An  American  journalist, 
Democratic  politician,  and  orator.  He  served  on 
the  Confederate  side  in  the  Civil  War.  and  became  noted 
as  the  editor  of  the  Lonisville  “ Courier-Journal,’’  and  as 
a prominent  advocate  of  free  trade.  He  was  member  of 
Congress  from  Kentucky  1876-77. 


Wawre 

Wattignies  (va-ten-ye').  A village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  France,  near  Lille.  Here, 
Oct.  15-16, 1793,  the  French  under  Jourdan  de- 
feated the  Austrians  under  Clairfayt. 
Wattrelos  (vatr-lo').  A town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  9 miles  northeast  of 
Lille.  Population,  commune,  27,503. 

Watts  (wots),  Alaric  Alexander.  Born  at 
London,  March  16,  1797 : died  there,  April  5, 
1864.  An  English  poet  and  journalist.  He  was 
editor  of  the  Leeds  “Intelligencer”  1822-25,  and  of  the 
Manchester  “Courier”  1825-26;  and  was  an  assistant  on 
the  London  “ Standard  ’’  in  1827  and  1841-47.  He  founded 
the  “ United  Service  Gazette”  in  1833,  and  edited  it  until 
1847.  He  established  more  than  twenty  journals  between 
1842  and  1847,  when  he  severed  his  connection  with  the 
press.  His  works  include  “Poetical  Sketches”  (1822), 

“ Lyrics  of  the  Heart  "(1850),  etc.  He  edited  “The  Liter- 
ary Souvenir  ” (1824-38),  “ Poetical  Album  ’’  (1828-29),  “ Cab- 
inet of  British  Art,  etc.”  (1835-38),  and  other  similar  works. 
These  were  illustrated  by  line-engravings  after  Etty, 
Stothard,  Westall,  and  others,  and  were  very  popular. 

Watts,  George  Frederick.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  23, 1817 : died  there,  July  1, 1904.  An  Eng- 
lish historical,  subject,  and  portrait  painter, 
and  sculptor.  He  was  a pupil  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  was  elected  royal  academician  In  1868.  His  works 
include  : cartoon,  “ Caractacus ’’ (1843) ; colossal  oil-paint- 
ings, “Echo"  and  “Alfred  the  Great”  (1847);  frescos, 
“ St.  George  and  the  Dragon  ’’  (Parliament  House),  “ The 
School  of  Legislation  ” (dining-hall  of  Lincoln's  Inn).  Be- 
sides Iris  portraits  of  Tennyson,  Browning,  William  Mor- 
ris, Stuart  Mill,  Dean  Stanley,  Swinburne,  Matthew  Ar- 
nold, Holman  Hunt,  Lord  Lytton,  Gladstone,  and  others, 
he  painted  “Paolo  and  Francesca”  (1848),  “Fata  Mor- 
gana" (1848),  “Life's  Illusions"  (1849),  “Sir  Galahad" 
(1862),  “Love  and  Death”  (1877),  “Orpheus  and  Euryd- 
ice"  (1879),  “Love  and  Life”(1884),  “Hope”  (1886),  “She 
Shall  be  Called  Woman”  (1892),  “Sic  Transit ’’ (1893),  etc. 
Watts,  Isaac.  Bom  at.  Southampton,  July  17, 
1674:  died  at  Theobalds,  Herts,  Nov.  25,  i748. 
An  English  nonconformist  theologian,  hymn- 
writer,  and  author:  pastor  of  an  Independent 
church  in  London.  He  is  best  known  from  his  sacred 
poems,  “Horse  Lyric®  "(1706),  “ Hymns ” (1707),  “ Psalms 
of  David ’’ (1719),  “Psalms,  Hymns,  and  Spiritual  Songs” 
(in  many  editions),  and  “ Divine  and  Moral  Songs  for  Chil- 
dren ”(1720).  He  also  wrote  " Logic ” (1725),  “Improve- 
ment of  the  Mind  ” (1741),  catechisms,  and  philosophical 
and  theological  works. 

Watts,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  1811 : died 
there,  Sept.  9,  1869.  An  English  author,  as- 
sistant librarian  of  the  British  Museum  from 
1838.  He  published  a “Sketch  of  the  His- 
torv  of  the  Welsh  Language  and  Literature” 
(1861). 

Watt’s  Dyke.  See  Offa’s  Dyke. 

Wat  Tyler’s  (wot  ti'lerz)  Rebellion.  See  Tyler, 
Wat. 

Waukegan  (wa-ke'gan).  The  capital  of  Lake 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  Lake  Mi  oh  man 
35  miles  north  by  west  of  Chicago.  Population, 
16,069,  (1910). 

Waukesha  (wa'ke-sha).  The  capital  of  Wau- 
kesha County,  Wisconsin,  18  miles  west  of 
Milwaukee.  It  is  a watering-place.  Popula- 
tion, 8,740,  (1910). 

Wausau  (wa'sa).  The  capital  of  Marathon 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Wisconsin 
River  130  miles  north  of  Madison.  Population, 
16,560,  (1910). 

Waveney  (wa've-ni).  A river  on  the  boundary 
between  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  England,  which 
joins  the  Yare  near  Yarmouth. 

Waverley  (wa'ver-li),  or  ’Tis  Sixty  Years 
Since.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  the  first 
of  the  “Waverley  Novels,”  published  in  1814. 
The  scene  is  laid  principally  in  Scotland  during 
the  Jacobite  rebellion  of  1745. 

Waverley  Dramas.  A series  of  eight  dramas 
founded  on  the  “Waverley  Novels.”  They  were 
produced  at  Edinburgh  1818-24 : seven  of  them  were  pub- 
lished there  in  1823. 

Waverley  Novels.  The  novels  written  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott:  so  named  from  “ Waverley,”  the 
first  of  the  series.  They  were  published  anonymous- 
ly “by  the  author  of  Waverley  " till  1827,  when  the  author 
disclosed  the  identity  of  the  “Great  Unknown”  at  a din- 
ner for  the  benefit  of  the  Edinburgh  theatrical  fund.  See 
Scott. 

Wavertree  (wa'ver-tre).  A township  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  3 miles  east  of  Liverpool. 
Population,  25,303. 

Wavre  (vavr).  A town  in  the  province  of  Bra- 
bant, Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dyle  15  miles 
southeast  of  Brussels.  It  was  the  scene  of  a battle, 
June  18,  1815,  between  the  French  under  Grouchy  and 
the  Prussians  under  Thielmann.  Grouchy  was  checked 
and  prevented  from  hindering  Bliicher’s  march  to  Water- 
loo, and  from  reaching  the  battle-field  in  time  with  his 
own  force. 

Wawre  (va'vre).  A village  north  of  Warsaw, 
situated  on  the  Vistula:  the  6cene  of  Polish 
successes  over  the  Russians  Feb.  19  and  March 
31.  1831. 


Wayland,  Francis 

Wayland  (wa'land),  Francis.  Born  at  New 
York  city,  Marcii  11,  1796:  died  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Sept.  30,  1865.  An  American  Baptist 
clergyman,  educator,  and  author.  He  graduated 
at  Union  College  in  1813,  and  was  president  of  Brown 
University  1827-55.  His  works  include  “Elements  of 
Moral  Science  " (1835),  “ Elements  of  Political  Economy  ” 
(1837),  “ Limitations  of  Human  Responsibility  ” (1838), 
“Thoughts  on  the  Present  Collegiate  System  in  the 
United  States  ” (1842),  “Domestic  Slavery  Considered  as  a 
Scriptural  Institution "(1845),  “Memoir of  Adoniram  Jud- 
son  "(1853),  “Elements  of  Intellectual  Philosophy"  (1854), 
“Notes  on  the  Principles  and  Practices  of  Baptist 
Churches”  (1857),  etc. 

Wayland  Smith.  [AS.  Weland,  ON.  Volundr, 
G.  Wieland .]  In  English  folk-lore,  an  invisible 
smith  who  once  dwelt  at  an  old  stone  monu- 
ment near  Ashdown  in  Berkshire,  if  a horse  had 
cast  a shoe,  it  was  only  necessary  to  lead  him  thither, 
place  a piece  of  money  on  the  stone,  and  retire  for  a while. 
Upon  returning,  the  money  was  gone  and  the  horse  shod. 
The  legend  of  Wayland,  the  most  skilful  of  smiths,  is 
common  Germanic  property.  In  the  Anglo-Saxon  poem 
“Beowulf,”  aprecious  piece  of  armor  is  called  “ Welandes 
geweorc”(‘  Weland’s  work”).  His  deeds  are  the  subject 
of  the  “ Volundar  Kvidha”  (‘ Lay  of  Volund  ’ ) in  the  Elder 
Edda.  According  to  the  Old  Norse  “Vilkina  Saga,”  he 
was  taught  first  by  the  smith  Mime,  and  then  by  two 
dwarfs.  Swedish  legend  locates  his  grave  near  Siseback 
in  Scania.  Scott  introduces  him  as  a character  in  “Kenil- 
worth.” In  recent  German  literature  he  is  the  subject 
of  the  poem  “Wieland  der  Schmied,”  by  Karl  Simrock. 

Wayland  Wood.  A wood  near  Watton,  Eng- 
land, the  legendary  scene  of  the  murder  of  the 
“ Children  in  the  Wood.” 

Wayne  (wan),  Anthony.  Bom  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  Jan.  1,  1745:  died  at  Presque  Isle 
(Erie),  Pa.,  Dec.  15,  1796.  An  American  gen- 
eral: called  “Mad  Anthony  Wayne.”  in  early 
life  he  was  a surveyor  ; was  a member  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia legislature  in  1774,  and  of  the  committee  of  safety  in 
1775  ; was  colonel  of  Pennsylvania  troops  in  Canada,  and 
served  at  Three  Elvers  in  1776 ; commanded  at  Ticonderoga 
in  1776  ; became  brigadier-general  in  Feb.,  1777,  and  joined 
Washington’s  army;  served  at  Brandywine,  where  he 
commanded  a division ; was  surprised  by  the  British  at 
Paoli  Sept.  20,  1777 ; commanded  the  right  wing  at  Ger- 
mantown in  Oct.,  1777 ; conducted  a successful  raid  within 
the  British  lines  in  1778;  served  at  Monmouth  in  1778; 
stormed  Stony  Point  July  15,  1779 ; suppressed  a mutiny 
in  Jan.,  1781 ; commanded  at  Green  Spring  in  1781  ; and 
served  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  He  defeated  the  British 
and  Indians  in  the  south  in  1782.  In  1783  he  was  bre- 
vetted  major-general ; became  a member  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia ratifying  convention ; and  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Georgia  1791-92.  In  1792  he  was  appointed  major- 
general  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army.  He  took 
command  of  the  army  in  the  West;  defeated  the  Indians 
at  Fallen  Timbers,  Maumee  Rapids,  in  1794  ; built  Fort 
Wayne ; and  negotiated  a peace  with  the  Indians  in  1795. 

Waynesboro  (wanz'bu-ro).  A small  place  in 
the  Shenandoah  valley,  in  Augusta  County,  Vir- 
ginia. There,  March  2,  1865,  the  Federals  un- 
der Sheridan  defeated  the  Confederates  under 
Early. 

Waynflete  (wan'flet),  William.  Died  1486. 
An  English  prelate,  bishop  of  Winchester : 
founder  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
lord  high  chancellor  under  Henry  VI. 

Way  of  the  World,  The.  A comedy  by  Con- 
greve, produced  in  1700. 

Ways  of  the  Hour,  The.  A novel  by  Cooper, 
published  in  1850. 

Wazan  (wa-zan').  A sacred  city  of  Morocco, 
southeast  of  Tangiers. 

Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  The.  A play  at- 
tributed to  Webster  and  Dekker  (1600).  It  was 
probably  by  Munday. 

Weald  ( weld).  The  name  given  in  England  to  an 
oval-shaped  area,  bounded  by  a line  topograph- 
ically well  marked  by  an  escarpment  of  the 
Chalk,  which  begins  at  Folkestone  Hill,  near 
the  Strait  of  Dover,  and  passes  through  the 
counties  of  Kent,  Surrey,  Hants,  and  Sussex, 
meeting  the  sea  again  at  Beachy  Head,  it  em- 
braces the  southwestern  part  of  Kent,  the  southern  part 
of  Surrey,  the  north  and  northeastern  half  of  Sussex,  and 
a small  part  of  the  eastern  side  of  Hampshire. 

Wealth  of  Nations,  The.  The  chief  work  of 
Adam  Smith,  published  in  1776:  the  founda- 
tion of  the  science  of  political  economy. 

Wear  (wer).  A river  in  Durham,  England, 
which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  at  Sunderland. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 

Weathercock  (weTii'er-kok),  The.  A name 
given  to  Charles  Townsliend,  on  account  of  the 
instability  of  his  political  opinions. 

Weaver  (we'v£r).  A small  river  in  Cheshire, 
England,  which  joins  the  estuary  of  the  Mer- 
sey 12  miles  southeast  of  Liverpool. 

Weaver,  James  B.  Bom  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  June 
12, 1833 : died  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Feb.  6, 1912. 
An  American  politician.  He  served  in  the  Civil 
War,  attaining  the  rank  of  brigadier-general ; was  member 
of  Congress  from  Iowa  1879-81  ; was  the  candidate  of  the 
Greenback-Labor  party  for  President  in  1880,  and  of  the 
People’s  party  in  1892 ; and  was  GreenbacK-Labor  and 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Iowa  1885-89. 


1053 

Webb  (web),  Alexander  Stewart.  Born  at 
New  York,  Feb.  15,  1835 : died  Feb.  12,  1911. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1855;  served  at  Gettysburg,  (awarded  Congressional 
medal  of  honor  for  personal  gallantry),  Bristow  Station, 
Spotsylvania,  and  elsewhere  ; was  professor  atWestPoint 
1866-68  ; and  president  of  the  College  of  the  City  of  New 
York  1869-1903.  He  wrote  “The  Peninsula  : McClellan's 
Campaign  of  1862  ” (1882),  etc. 

Weber  (va/ber),  Albrecht  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Breslau,  Prussia,  Feb.  17,  1825 : died  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  30,  1901.  A noted  German  Orientalist, 
professor  at  Berlin  1856-1901.  His  chief  works  are 
“Indische  Studien”  (17  vols.  1849-85),  and  an  edition  of 
the  “ White  Yajurveda”  (1849-59). 

Weber,  Ernst  Heinrich.  Born  at  Wittenberg, 
Prussia,  June  24,  1795:  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan. 
26,  1878.  A noted  German  physiologist  and 
anatomist,  professor  at  Leipsic  from  1818.  His 
works  include  “Anatomia  comparata  nervi  sympathiei” 
(1817),  “De  aure  et  auditu  hominis  et  animalium”  (1820), 
“ Annotations  anatomicse  et  physiologicse  ” (1851),  etc. 

Weber,  Georg.  Born  Feb.  10,1808:  died  Aug. 
10,  1888.  A German  historian.  His  chief  work 
is  “ Allgemeine  Weltgeschichte ” (“  Universal  History,  15 
vols.  1S57-S0).  He  also  wrote  “Geschichte  der  deutschen 
Litteratur”  (many  editions),  etc. 

Weber,  Baron  Karl  Maria  Friedrich  Ernst 
von.  Born  at  Eutin,  Germany,  Dec.  18,  1786: 
died  at  London,  June  5,  1826.  A celebrated 
German  composer:  famous  as  the  creator  of 
romantic  opera.  He  received  his  musical  education 
from  Heuschkel,  Michael  Haydn,  Kalcher,  and  Vogler; 
was  appointed  kapellmeister  at  Breslau  1804-06 ; was 
private  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Wtirtemberg  at  Stutt- 
gart 1807-10 ; lived  in  Mannheim.  Darmstadt,  and  else- 
where; was  appointed  kapellmeister  in  Prague  in  1813, 
and  in  Dresden  in  1816 ; and  visited  London  in  1826,  where 
he  died.  He  had  a lively  interest  in  mechanical  processes, 
especially  wood-engraving  and  lithography.  His  work3 
include  the  operas  “ Der  Freischiitz  ” (1820),  “ Euryanthe  ” 
(l823),  “ Oberon  ” (1826),  “ Silvana  ” (1810),  “ Abu  Hassan  ’* 
(1811),  fragments  of  “Das  Waldmadchen”  (1800),  “Rube- 
zahl,”  etc.;  music  to  “Preciosa,”  etc. 

Weber,  Wilhelm  Eduard.  Born  at  Witten- 
berg, Prussia,  Oct.  24,  1804:  died  at  Gottingen, 
June  23,  1891.  A distinguished  German  physi- 
cist, brother  of  Ernst  Heinrich  Weber : professor 
at  Gottingen  from  1831  (with  the  exception  of 
the  years  1837-49) : especially  noted  for  his  re- 
searches in  magnetism  and  electricity.  He  was 
one  of  the  seven  liberal  professors  excluded  from  Got- 
tiugen  in  1837.  He  was  associated  with  his  brother  in  his 
work  on  wave-theory,  “ Wellenlehre  ” (1825),  with  Gauss 
in  “ Resultate  aus  den  Beobachtungen  des  magnetischen 
Vereins  1836-41  ” and  “ Atlas  des  Erdmagnetismus  ” (1840). 
Weber  (we'ber)  Canon.  A deep  canon  of  the 
Weber  River,  noted  for  its  scenery.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

Weber  River.  A small  river  in  northern  Utah, 
a tributary  to  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Webster  (web'ster),  Daniel.  Born  at  Salis- 
bury (Franklin),  N.  H.,  Jan.  18,  1782:  died 
at  Marshfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  24,  1852.  A famous 
American  statesman,  orator,  and  lawyer.  He 
studied  at  Exeter  Academy  and  Boscawen,NewHampshire; 
graduated  atDartmouthCollege  in  1801;  was  admitted  tothe 
bar  at  Boston  in  1805 ; practised  law  at  Boscawen  and  Ports- 
mouth ; was  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  New 
Hampshire  1813-17 ; and  removed  to  Boston  in  1816.  He 
acquired  a national  reputation  as  a lawyer  in  the  Dart- 
mouth College  case  in  1818 ; was  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1823-27;  was  Whig  United  States  senator 
from  Massachusetts  1827-41 ; became  famous  for  his  con- 
stitutional speeches  in  reply  to  Hayne  in  1830,  and  in  op- 
position to  Calhoun  in  1833;  opposed  Jackson  on  the 
United  States  Bank  question ; received  several  electoral 
votes  for  President  in  1836;  and  was  an  unsuccessful  can- 
didate for  the  Whig  nomination  in  later  years.  In  1839 
he  visited  Europe.  He  was  secretary  of  state  1841-43 ; ne- 
gotiated the  Ashburton  treaty  with  Great  Britain  1842; 
was  United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1845-60; 
opposed  the  Mexican  war  and  the  annexation  of  Texas; 
supported  Clay’s  compromise  measures  in  his  “7th  of 
March  speech  ” in  1850 ; was  secretary  of  state  1850-52  ; and 
was  again  candidate  for  the  Whig  nomination  for  President 
in  1852.  His  chief  public  speeches  (aside  from  those  made 
in  Congress  and  at  the  bar)  are  addresses  delivered  on  the 
anniversary  at  Plymouth  in  1820,  on  thelayingof  the  corner- 
stone of  Bunker  Hill  monument  in  1825,  on  the  deaths  of 
Jefferson  and  Adams  in  1826,  on  the  dedication  of  Bunker 
Hill  monument  in  1843,  and  on  the  laying  of  the  corner- 
stone of  the  addition  to  the  Capitol  in  1851. 

Webster,  Fletcher.  Bom  1813:  killed  at  the 
second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Aug.  30,  1862.  The 
son  of  Daniel  Webster.  He  was  a colonel  in 
the  Civil  War. 

Webster,  John.  Flourished  in  the  first  part  of 
the  17th  century  (1602-24).  An  English  dram- 
atist, noted  for  his  tragedies.  Little  is  known  of 
his  biography.  He  assisted  Dekker,  Drayton,  Middleton, 
and  others  in  “Lady  Jane  ”(1602)  and  “The  Two  Harpies” 
(1602).  He  published,  with  Dekker,  “Northward  Ho!” 
(1607),  “ Westward  Ho  ! ” (1607),  and  “ The  History  of  Sir 
Thomas  Wyat”  (played  in  1607).  “ The  Weakest  Goeth  to 

the  Wall  ’’  (1600)  is  attributed,  without  authority,  to  him. 
His  finest  plays  are  “ The  White  Devil  ” (printed  1612)  and 
“The  Duchess  of  Maid  " (printed  1623).  He  also  wrote 
“The  Devil’s  Law  Case  ” (1623),  a city  pageant  (1624),  and 
“ Applus  and  Virginia"  (not printed  till  1654).  Twoother 
plays  are  attributed  to  Webster  and  Rowley:  “A  Cure 


Weigl 

for  a Cuckold  "and  “A  Thracian  Wonder”  (both  printed 
in  1661). 

Webster,  Noah.  Born  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct. 
16,  1758 : died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  May  28, 
1843.  An  American  lexicographer  and  author. 
He  entered  Yale  in  1774  ; served  in  the  Revolutionary  War 
in  1777  ; graduated  at  Yale  in  1778  ; and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1781.  He  taught  in  various  places,  and  iu  1788 
settled  in  New  York  as  a journalist.  In  1798  he  removed 
to  New  Haven,  and  in  1812  to  Amherst,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  took  part  in  the  founding  of  the  college  and  was 
the  first  president  of  its  board  of  trustees.  He  returned  to 
New  Haven  in  1822.  He  published  “A  Grammatical  In- 
stitute of  the  English  Language  ” (1783-85 : comprising 
spelling-book,  grammar,  and  reader),  “ Dissertations  on  the 
English  Language ”(1789), “A  Compendious  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language”  (1806),  and  “A  Grammar  of ‘the 
English  Language  ”(1807).  He  is  best  known  from  his  large 
“ American  Dictionary  of  th  e English  Language  ” (1828 ; 2d 
ed.  1841).  Among  his  other  works  are  “Rights  of  Neutrals” 
(1802),  “ Collection  of  Papers  on  Political,  Literary,  and 
Moral  Subjects”  (1843),  and  a brief  history  of  the  United 
States  (1823). 

Weckherlin(vek'er-lcn),  Georg  Rudolf.  Born 
at  Stuttgart,  1584:  died  about  1653.  A German 
poet.  He  introduced  tbe  ode,  sonnet,  and  other 
forms  of  verse  into  German  literature. 
Weddahs.  See  Veddalis. 

Wedderburn  (wed'er-bem),  Alexander,  first 
Earl  of  Rosslyn.  Born  in  East  Lothian,  Feb.  13, 
1733:  died  near  Windsor,  England,  Jan.  2, 1805. 
A British  politician  and  jurist.  He  became  solici- 
tor-general in  1771,  and  attorney -general  in  1773 ; and  was 
chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  1780-93,  and 
lord  chancellor  1793-1801.  He  was  created  Baron  Lough- 
borough in  1780,  and  earl  of  Rosslyn  in  1801. 

Wedgwood  ( wej ' wud ) , Josiah.  Bom  at  Burs- 
lem,  England,  July  12,1730:  diedat  Etruria, near 
Newcastle-under-Lyme,  Jan.  3,  1795.  A cele- 
brated English  potter,  noted  especially  for  his 
copies  of  classical  vases  and  other  antiquities. 
Wedmore  (wed'mor).  A place  in  Somerset* 
England,  8 miles  west  of  Wells.  Here,  in  878,  a 
peace  was  concluded  between  Guthrum,  king  of  the  Danes, 
and  Alfred  the  Great.  The  latter  secured  Wessex  and  the 
southern  part  of  Mercia ; the  region  lying  in  general  north 
of  Watling  Street  and  the  Thames  valley  fell  to  the  Danes. 
Wednesbury  (wenz'bu-ri).  A town  in  Stafford- 
shire, England,  7 miles  northwest  of  Birming- 
ham. It  is  an  iron-  and  coal-mining  center,  and  hasmanu- 
factures  of  iron  and  steel.  Population,  26,554. 
Wednesday  (wenz'da).  [Lit.  ‘Woden’s  day.’] 
The  fourth  day  of  the  week. 

Weed  (wed),  Thurlow,  Bom  at  Cairo,  Greene 
County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  15,  1797 : died  at  New  York 
city,  Nov.  22,  1882.  A noted  American  jour- 
nalist and  politician.  He  was  educated  as  a printer ; 
served  in  the  War  of  1812 ; was  editor  of  various  papers  in 
New  York,  including  the  “Agriculturist  "(Norwich,  N.  Y.), 
“ Onondaga  County  Republican,”  “Rochester  Telegraph,” 
and  “Anti-Mason  Enquirer"  ; became  famous  as  editor  of 
the  Albany  “ Evening  Journal  ” 1830-62,  and  as  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Whig  and  Republican  parties  ; and  was  very 
influential  in  State  and  national  polities  1824-76.  He  was 
instrumental  in  nominating  Harrison  in  1836  and  1840, 
Clay  in  1844,  Taylor  in  1848,  and  Scott  in  1852 ; formed  with 
Seward  and  Greeley  a triumvirate  in  New  York ; supported 
Lincoln  and  the  war  ; and  was  sent  by  Lincoln  on  amission 
to  Europe  1861-62.  After  the  war  he  was  for  a short  time 
editor  of  the  New  York  “Commercial  Advertiser.”  He 
published  “Letters  from  Europe  and  the  West  Indies" 
(1866),  “ Reminiscences  ”(“  Atlantic  Monthly,"  1870),  and 
an  “Autobiography/’  completed  by  T.  W.  Barnes  (1884). 
Weehawken  (we-ha'ken).  A township  in  Hud- 
son County,  New  Jersey,  north  of  Hoboken, 
opposite  New  York  city.  It  was  the  scene  of 
the  duel  between  Burr  and  Hamilton  in  1804. 
Population,  township,  11,228,  (1910). 

Weeping  Philosopher,  The.  A name  given 
to  Heraclitus. 

Wega.  See  Vega. 

Wegg  (weg),  Silas.  A wooden-legged  seller 
of  fruit  and  printed  ballads  in  Dickens’s  “ Our 
Mutual  Friend,”  employed  by  Mr.  Boffin,  whose 
education  had  been  neglected,  to  read  to  him 
out  of  “old  familiar  Deeline-and-Fall-off-the- 
Rooshan-Empire,”  with  an  occasional  drop  into 
poetry.  Wegg  turns  out  to  be  a rascal. 
Weggis,  or  Waggis  (veg'gis).  A village  in  the 
canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
the  Lake  of  Lucerne  7 miles  east  by  south  of 
Lucerne : a health  and  tourist  resort. 

Wehlau  (va'lou).  A town  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Alle  with  the  Pregel,  29  miles  east  of  Konigs- 
berg.  Here  a peace  was  concluded  between  Poland  and 
Brandenburg  Sept.  19,  1657,  by  which  Poland  renounced 
her  suzerainty  over  the  duchy  of  Prussia,  and  Branden- 
burg restored  its  receut  conquests  to  Poland.  Population, 
commune,  5,322. 

Wehrathal  (va'rii-tal).  One  of  tho  most  pic- 
turesque valleys  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
Black  Forest,  Germany,  near  the  Swiss  frontier. 
Weichsel  (vik'sel).  The  German  name  of  the 
Vistula. 

Weigl  (vigl),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Eisenstadt, 
March  28,  1766 : died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  3,  1846 


Weigl 

An  Austrian  composer  of  opera.  He  was  made 
second  court  kapellmeister  in  1827.  He  composed  about 
SO  operas,  both  German  and  Italian.  Among  them  are  the 
“Schweizer  Familie  "(1809),  “Das  Waisenhaus,"  “L’Uni- 
forme,”  “Cleopatra"  (1807),  “II  rivale  di  se  stesso”  (1807), 
“L’lmboscata”  (1815),  etc.  He  also  composed  a number 
of  cantatas,  two  oratorios,  etc. 

Wei-hai-wei  (wa'i-hi-wa'i).  A seaport  on  the 
north  shore  of  the  Shan-tung peninsula,  China, 
leased  to  Great  Britain  in  1898. 

Wei-ho  (wa'ho').  A river  in  northwestern 
China  which  joins  the  Yellow  River  at  the 
junction  of  the  provinces  of  Shensi,  Shansi, 
and  Honan.  Length,  about  500  miles. 

Weil  (vil),  Gustav.  Born  April  24, 1808  : died 
Aug.  30,  1889.  A German  historian  and  Orien- 
talist, professor  at  Heidelberg.  He  wrote  “ Mo- 
hammed”  (1843),  “Geschichte  der  Kalifen  ” (“History 
of  the  Califs,"  1846-62),  a translation  of  the  “Arabian 
Nights,”  works  on  the  Koran  and  Arabian  literature,  “Ge- 
schichte der  islamitischen  Volker  ” (1866),  etc. 
Weilburg  (vil'borG).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn 
33  miles  northwest  of  Frankfort.  It  has  a castle, 
the  ancient  residence  of  the  dukes  of  Nassau-Weilburg. 
Population,  3,828. 

Weilen(vi'len),or  Weil(vil),  Joseph  von.  Born 
at  Tetin,  Bohemia,  Dee.  18, 1830.  An  Austrian 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  wrote  the  poems  “Phanta- 
sien  und  Lieder  ” (1853),  “Manner  vom  Scliwerte,”  etc. ; 
the  dramas  “Tristan”  (1860),  “ Edda”  (1865),  etc. 

Weimar  (vi'mar).  The  capital  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  Germany,  sit- 
uated on  the  Ilm  in  lat.  50°  58'  N.,  long.  11° 
19'  E.  It  became  famous  as  the  “ German  Athens,”  the 
centerof  German  literature,  in  the  last  quarterof  the  18th 
and  the  first  quarter  of  the  19th  century,  from  the  resi- 
dence there  of  Goethe,  Schiller,  Herder,  and  Wieland  un- 
der the  patronage  of  the  grand  duke  Charles  Augustus. 
It  was  also  the  place  of  residence  of  Cranach,  Liszt,  etc. 
'Goethe's  house,  given  to  the  poet  by  the  grand  duke,  and 
occupied  by  him  for  40  years,  is  now  arranged  as  a Goethe 
Museum,  and  restored  to  its  condition  at  the  time  of 
Goethe’s  occupancy.  It  contains  gifts  and  other  personal 
souvenirs  of  the  poet,  portraits  in  painting  and  sculpture, 
and  much  else  of  artistic  and  historical  interest.  Other 
objects  of  interest  are  the  palace  (built  under  Goethe’s  su- 
perintendence), museum,  library,  theater,  Schiller’s  house, 
groupof  statuary(Schillerand Goethe),  statuesof  Wieland, 
Herder,  and  Charles  Augustus,  tombs,  etc.,  and  the  neigh- 
boring chateaus  of  Belvedere,  Tiefurt,  and  Ettersburg. 
Weimar  became  the  capital  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. Population,  commune,  31,117. 

Weimar,  Duke  of  (Bernhard).  See  Bernhard. 
Weinsberg  (vins'berG).  A town  in  the  Neekar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  27  miles  north  by  east  of 
Stuttgart : formerly  a free  imperial  city.  A vic- 
tory was  gained  there  by  the  emperor  Conrad  over  Count 
Welf  in  1140.  In  this  battle,  according  to  tradition,  were 
for  the  first  time  used  the  war-cries  “Hie  Waiblingen  1” 
“ Hie  Welf ! ” See  Guelfs  and  Ghibellines.  Population, 3, 097. 

Weir  (wer),  Harrison  William.  Bom  May  5, 

1824:  died  Jan.  3, 1906.  An  English  engraver, 
illustrator,  and  sketeber  of  animals. 

Weir,  John  Ferguson.  Born  at  West  Point, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  28, 1841.  An  American  subject-  a nd 
portrait-painter,  son  and  pupil  of  R.  W.  Weir. 
He  was  made  a national  academician  in  1806,  and  became 
director  of  the  Yale  School  of  Fine  Arts  in  1869.  Among  his 
works  are  “Christmas  Bells,"  “Gun  Foundry”  (1807), 
“Forging  the  Shaft  ” (1868). 

Weir,  Julian  Alden.  Born  at  West  Point,  Aug. 
30,  1852.  An  American  genre-  and  portrait- 
painter,  son  and  pupil  of  R.  W.  Weir.  He  studied 
with  Gerome  in  Paris  1872-76,  and  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1886.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Society  of  American  Artists.  Among  his  works  are  “ Idle 
Hours,”  ^ “ Green  Bodice,”  “Breton  Interior,”  “The 
Mother,”  a number  of  tlower-pieces,  and  water-color  paint- 
ings. 

Weir,  Robert  Walter.  Born  at  New  Rochelle, 
N.  Y.,  June  18,  1803:  died  at  New  York,  May 
1, 1889.  An  American  historical  and  landscape 
painter.  He  studied  at  Florence  and  Borne ; was  elected 
national  academician  in  1829 ; and  was  professor  of  draw- 
ing at  West  Point  1837-79.  Among  his  paintings  are  “Em- 
barkation of  the  Pilgrims  "(Capitol,  Washington),  “Land- 
ing of  Hendrik  Hudson,”  “Columbus  before  the  Council 
of  Salamanca.” 

Weird  Sisters,  The.  The  three  witches  in 
Shakspere’s  “Macbeth.” 

Weishaupt  (vis'houpt),  Adam.  Bom  at  Ingol- 
stadt,  Bavaria,  Feb.  6,  1748 : died  at  Gotha, 
Nov.  18,  1830.  A German  author,  founder  of 
the  Illuminati.  He  wrote  “ Apologie  der  Illuminaten” 
(1786),  “Das  verbesserte  System  der  Illuminaten ”(1787), 
“Pythagoras  ” (1790),  etc. 

Weismann  (vis'man),  August.  Born  at  Frank- 
f ort-on-the-Main,  J an.  17, 1834.  A noted  German 
zoologist.  He  studied  rnedii  ine  at  Gottingen,  Vienna, 
and  Paris,  and  also  paid  special  attention  to  the  natural 
sciences.  He  began  to  devote  himself  to  zoology  with 
Leuckart  at  Giessen  in  1863.  He  has  been  specially  inter- 
ested in  biology.  In  1873  he  became  professor  at  Freiburg. 
Among  his  principal  works  are  “Die  Entwickelung  der 
Dipteren  ’(1864),  “Studien  zur  DescendenzTheorie”  (1875— 
1870),  “Naturgeschichte  der  Daphniden  ” (1876-79).  “Die 
Entstehung  der  Sexualzellen  bei  den  Hydromedusen  ” 
(1883),  and  a number  of  philosophical  treatises. 


1054 

Weisse  (vis'se),  Christian  Hermann.  Bom 

at  Leipsic,  Aug.  10, 1801 : died  at  Leipsic,  Sept. 
19,  1866.  A German  philosopher,  professor  at 
Leipsic.  He  wrote  “System  der  Asthetik” 

( 1830),  and  many  other  philosophical  works. 

Weissenburg  (vis 'sen -bora),  or  Kronweis- 
senburg  (kron-vis'sen-borG).  [F.  Wissem- 
bourg .]  A town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  on  the  Lauter,  near  the  fron- 
tier of  the  Palatinate,  32  miles  north  by  east 
of  Strasburg.  It  was  a free  imperial  city,  and  was  for- 
merly fortified.  It  passed  to  France  in  1697,  and  to  Ger- 
many in  1871.  A victory  was  gained  there,  Aug.  4, 1870,  by 
the  Germans  under  the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  over  the 
French  under  Douay  (who  fell  in  the  battle).  This  was  the 
first  important  engagement  in  the  Franco-German  war. 
Population,  commune,  6,788. 

Weissenburg,  or  Lauterburg  (lou'ter-bora), 
Lines.  Fortifications  formerly  extending  from 
Weissenburg  in  Alsace  to  Lauterburg.  They  were 
taken  by  the  Austrians  under  Wurmser  in  1793;  were  re- 
taken by  the  French  under  Pichegru  in  1793  ; and  were  de- 
stroyed in  1873. 

Weissenfels  (vis'sen-fels).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale 
20  miles  southwest  of  Leipsic.  it  has  manufac- 
tures and  trade.  From  1657  to  1746  it  was  a residence  of 
the  dukes  of  Saxe-Weissenfels.  Pop.,  commune,  30,894. 

Weissenstein  (vls'sen-stln).  A mountain  of 
the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of  Solothurn,  Switzer- 
land, near  Solothurn : noted  for  its  prospect. 
Height,  4,220  feet. 

Weisshorn  (vis'horn).  [G.,‘ white  town.’]  1. 
A mountain  in  the  Bernese  Alps,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  Sierre.  Height,  9,882  feet. — 
2.  A peak  of  the  Pennine  Alps,  in  the  canton 
of  Valais,  Switzerland,  north  of  the  Matter- 
horn. Height,  14,803  feet. 

Weissnichtwo  (vis'nickt-vo).  [G.,  ‘(I)  know 
not  where.’]  An  imaginary  city  in  Carlyle’s 
“ Sartor  Resartus.” 

Weitspekan  (wit'spek-a.n).  A linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians:  also  often  called 
Yurolc,  from  its  leading  division.  Its  territory  was 
chiefly  within  the  limits  of  Humboldt  County,  California ; 
and  it  was  in  two  divisions — the  Yurok,  inhabiting  the 
Klamath  River  and  the  coast  from  near  its  mouth  south- 
ward to  Gold  Bluff  ; and  the  Cliilula,  extending  from  the 
latter  point  southward.  The  principal  tribes  or  villages 
are  Mita,  Pekwan,  Rikwa,  Sugon,  and  Weitspek. 

Weitzel  (vit'sel),  Godfrey.  Born  at  Cincin- 
nati, Nov.  1, 1835 : died  at  Philadelphia,  March 
19, 1884.  An  American  general  and  military  en- 
gineer. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1855  ; was  chief 
engineer  in  Butler’s  expedition  to  New  Orleans  in  1862, 
and  assistant  military  commander  and  acting  mayor  there ; 
gained  the  victory  of  Labadieville,  Louisiana,  Oct,  27, 1862 ; 
served  before  Port  Hudson  and  in  the  Sabine  Pass  expe- 
dition ; was  chief  engineer  of  the  Army  of  the  James  in 
1864,  and  corps  commander ; took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Fort  Harrison  and  in  the  first  expedition  against  Fort 
Fisher  ; and  was  in  command  of  the  troops  which  occu- 
pied Richmond  April  3,  1865.  He  became  major-general 
of  volunteers  in  Nov.,  1864,  and  brevet  major-general  in 
the  regular  army  in  March,  1865. 

Welcker  (vel'ker),  Friedrich  Gottlieb.  Born 
at  Griinberg,  Hesse,  Nov.  4,  1784 : died  atBonn, 
Dec.  17,  1868.  A German  classical  archaeologist 
and  philologist,  professor  at  Bonn  from  1819. 
Among  his  works  are  “Die  aschylische  Trilogie ” (1824), 
“Die  griecliisclien  Tragodien  mit  Riicksicht  auf  den  ep- 
ischen  Cyclus  geordnet”  (1839^1),  “Der  epische  Cyclus  ” 
(1835-49),  “ Alte  Denkmliler  ” (1849-64). 

Welde  (weld),  Thomas..  Born  in  England  about 
1590 : died  1662.  An  English  clergyman.  He  emi- 
grated to  New  England  and  became  minister  in  Roxbury. 
He  wrote  against  the  Antinomians,  Familists,  etc.,  and 
was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  “ Bay  Psalm-Book  ” (1640). 
He  returned  to  England. 

Welf  (velf).  See  Guelfs. 

Welfesholze  (vel'fes-holt-se).  A place  near 
Eisleben,  Germany,  where  in  1115  a battle  oc- 
c urred  between  the  Saxon  s and  the  Imperialists. 

Welfs.  A famous  German  princely  house. 
From  it  are  descended  the  Brunswick  and  Ha- 
nover lines.  See  Guelfs. 

Welhaven  (vel'ha-ven),  Johan  Sebastian 
Cammermeyer.  Born  at  Bergen,  Dec.  20, 1807 : 
died  at  Christiania,  Oct.  21,  1873.  A Norwegian 
lyric  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a clergyman.  In  1825 
he  went  to  Christiania  to  study  theology  at  the  university ; 
but  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1828,  he  gave  this  up  for 
a literary  career.  His  first  important  work  was  a long 
polemical  poem,  really  a series  of  sonn  ets,  enti  tied  “ Norges 
Domring”  (“Norway's  Twilight”),  published  in  1834.  In 
1840  he  was  made  professor  of  philosophy  at  the  Christi- 
ania University,  a position  which  he  held  until  1867,  when 
he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  it  on  account  of  ill  health. 
Between  1839  and  1859  appeared  numerous  lyrical  poems. 
His  pamphlet  “Om  Henrik  Wergelands  DigtekunstogPoe- 
sie”(“On  Henrik  Wergeland’s  Poetic  Art  and  Poetry”), 
published  in  1832,  was  a merciless  attack  upon  the  poet 
Wergeland.  His  collected  writings  were  published  at 
Copenhagen  1867-68. 

Welland  (wel'and).  1 . A river  in  England 
which  separates  in  part  Northampton  from  Lei- 


Wellesley,  Marquis  of 

cester,  Rutland,  and  Lincoln,  and  flows  into  the 
Wash.  Length,  about  70  miles. — 2.  A small 
river  in  Ontario  which  joins  the  Niagara  above 
the  falls. 

Welland  Canal.  A ship-canal  in  Ontario,  ex- 
tending from  Port  Colborne  on  Lake  Erie  to 
Port  DaLhousie  on  Lake  Ontario.  Length,  27 
miles.  It  was  opened  in  1833. 

Well-Beloved,  The.  [F.  Bien-Aime.]  A name 
given  to  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and  also  to 
Louis  XV. 

Welle  (wel'le),  or  Welle-Makua  (-ma-ko'a). 
A large  river  in  equatorial  Africa  which  flows 
westward  from  the  vicinity  ofWadelai.  it  is  the 
upper  course  of  the  Mobangi  or  Ubangi,  and  was  discov- 
ered by  Schweinfurth  iu  1870.  Its  connection  with  the 
Ubangi  was  shown  by  Van  Gele. 

Weller  (wel'er),  Sam.  The  servant  of  Mr. 
Pickwick  in  Dickens’s  “ Pickwick  Papers,”  an 
impudent  witty  fellow  with  an  immense  fund 
of  humor,  a merry  heart,  and  an  inexhaustible 
devotion  to  his  master.  His  father,  Tony  Weller,  is 
an  apoplectic  pimple-nosed  coachman,  full  of  good  nature 
and  kindliness,  with  a dread  of  “ widders  ” and  a great 
admiration  for  his  son  Sam  and  Mr.  Pickwick,  His  "sec- 
ond wentur’”  is  a scolding  slovenly  woman,  devoted  to 
religious  matters. 

Sam  Weller,  one  of  those  people  that  take  their  place 
among  the  supreme  successes  of  fiction,  as  one  that  no- 
body ever  saw  but  everybody  recognizes,  at  once  perfectly 
natural  and  intensely  original.  . . . Who  is  so  amazed  by 
his  inexhaustible  resources,  or  so  amused  by  his  inextin- 
guishable laughter,  as  to  doubt  of  his  being  as  ordinary 
and  perfect  a reality,  nevertheless,  as  anything  in  the  Lon- 
don streets  1 Forster,  Life  of  Dickens,  ii.  1. 

Welles  (welz),  Gideon.  Born  at  Glastonbury, 
Conn.,  July  1,  1802:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
Feb.  11,  1878.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
editor  of  the  “Hartford  Times  ” 1826-36,  and  a Democratic 
leader.  From  1846  to  1849  he  was  chief  of  the  bureau  of  pro- 
visions and  clothing  in  the  navy  department.  He  joined 
the  Republican  party  in  1855,  and  became  one  of  its  lead- 
ers. From  1861  to  1869  he  was  secretary  of  the  navy. 

Wellesley  (welz'li),  or  Wesley  (wez'li),  Ar- 
thur, Viscount  Wellington,  Earl  and  later  Mar- 
quis and  Duke  of  Wellington.  Born  at  Dublin 
(or  in  Meath  ?),  Ireland,  April  29  (May  1 ?),  1769 : 
died  at  Walmer  Castle,  England,  Sept.  14, 1852. 
A famous  British  general  and  statesman,  son 
of  the  first  Earl  of  Mornington,  and  younger 
brother  of  the  Marquis  of  Wellesley.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  the  military  college  of  Angers ; 
entered  the  army  as  ensign  in  1787 ; was  elected  to 
the  Irish  Parliament  in  1790;  served  in  the  Netherlands 
1794-95;  was  made  a colonel  in  1796  and  sent  to  India  ; 
took  part  in  the  victory  of  Malaveli  and  the  attack  on 
Seringapatam  in  1799;  was  appointed  governor  of  Mysore; 
defeated  the  chieftain  Doondiah  in  1800 ; became  major- 
general  in  1802 ; was  commander  of  the  expedition  to 
restore  the  Peshwa  in  1803 ; defeated  the  Mahrattas  at 
Assaye  (Sept.  23)  and  Argaum  (Nov.)  in  1803  ; negotiated 
peace  in  1803 ; and  was  knighted,  and  returned  from 
India  in  1805.  He  took  part  in  the  expedition  to  Han- 
nover in  1805  ; entered  the  British  House  of  Commons  in 
1806  ; was  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1807 ; served  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Copenhagen  in  1807  ; was  made  lieuten- 
ant-general and  commander  of  the  forces  in  the  Penin- 
sula in  1808 ; gained  the  victory  of  Vimiero  Aug.  21, 1808 ; 
returned  to  England  after  the  Convention  of  Cintra  ; and 
was  again  Irish  secretary  in  1809,  and  again  commander- 
in-chief  in  the  Peninsula  April,  1809.  He  gained  the  vic- 
tory of  Talavera  in  1809,  and  was  made  Viscount  Welling- 
ton in  the  same  year ; fortified  the  lines  of  Torres  Vedras  ; 
repulsed  the  French  at  Busacoin  1810;  gained  the  victory 
of  Fuentes  d’Onoro  in  1811 ; stormed  Ciudad  Rodrigo  and 
Badajoz  in  1812 ; gained  the  victory  of  Salamanca  in  1812, 
and  was  made  earl  and  marquis  of  Wellington  in  that  year ; 
occupied  Madrid  ; besieged  Burgos  unsuccessfully  in  1812; 
gained  the  victory  of  Vitoria  in  1813 ; won  various  bat- 
tles in  the  Pyrenees;  captured  San  Sebastian  and  Pam- 
plona in  1813  ; and  invaded  France  and  won  the  victories  of 
Orthez  and  Toulouse  in  1814.  In  1814  he  was  made  duke 
of  Wellington.  He  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1814-15,  and 
plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna  1815  ; gained  the 
victory  of  Quatre-Bras  June  16,  1815 ; commanded  with 
Bliicher  at  Waterloo  June  18,  1815 ; negotiated  in  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons  and  in  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1815 ; was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  occupa- 
tion in  France  1816-18;  attended  the  congresses  of  Alx- 
la-Chapelle  in  1818  and  Verona  in  1822  ; became  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance  in  1818,  and  member  of  the  cab- 
inet ; was  made  ambassador  to  Russia  in  1826 ; became 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  1827 ; and  was  prime 
minister  1828-30.  Catholic  emancipation  was  carried  in 
his  administration,  but  he  opposed  parliamentary  reform. 
He  was  foreign  secretary  1834-35,  and  a member  of  the 
cabinet  1841-46. 

Wellesley,  Marquis  of  (Richard  Cowley  or 
Wesley  or  Wellesley,  second  Earl  of  Morn- 
ington). Born  at  Dublin,  June  20,  1760:  died 
at  London,  Sept.  26, 1842.  A British  statesman, 
elder  brother  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  He 
succeeded  to  the  earldom  in  1781,  and  became  a member 
of  the  Irish  House  of  Peers ; entered  the  English  House 
of  Commons  in  1784  ; became  a lord  of  the  treasury,  mem- 
ber of  the  privy  council,  and  member  of  the  board  of  control 
on  Indian  affairs ; and  was  appointed  governor-general  of 
India  in  1797.  lie  arrived  in  India  in  1798;  overthrew 
tiie  power  of  Mysore  in  1799 : defeated  the  Mahratta  con- 
federacy 1803-05  ; extinguished  French  influence  in  the 
Deccan  ; greatly  developed  British  power  in  India ; and 
returned  in  1805,  Iu  1797  he  was  made  Baron  Wellesley, 


Wellesley,  Marquis  of 


1055 


Werner,  Franz  von 


and  in  1799  marquis.  He  was  ambassador  to  Spain  1808- 
1809 ; foreign  secretary  1809-12  ; lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
1821-28  and  1833-31 ; and  lord  chamberlain  in  1835. 

Wellesley  College.  An  institution  for  the 
higher  education  of  women,  situated  at  Welles- 
ley, Massachusetts,  15  miles  west  by  south  of 
Boston.  It  was  founded  by  H.  F.  Durant,  and  opened 
in  1875 ; is  non-sectarian ; has  a library  of  about  70,000  vol- 
umes ; and  has  about  125  instructors  and  1,400  students. 

Wellesley  Islands.  A group  of  islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  Australia,  belonging  to 
Queensland.  The  largest  is  Mornington  Island. 

Wellesley  Province.  An  administrative  divi- 
sion of  the  British  colony  of  Straits  Settlements, 
situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  Malay  Pe- 
ninsula, about  lat.  5°  20'  N. 

Well-Founded  Doctor,  The.  [L.  Doctor  Fun- 
datissimus .]  A name  given  to  iEgidius  Ro- 
manus  of  Colonna. 

Wellhausen  (vel'hou-zen),  Julius.  Born  at 
Hameln,  May  17,  1844.  A distinguished  Ger- 
man theologian  and  biblical  critic,  professor 
successively  at  Greifswald  (1872),  Halle  (1882), 
Marburg  (1885),  and  Gottingen  (1892).  His  works 
include  “Text  der  Bucher  Samueiis”  (1871),  “Die  l’hari- 
saerund  Sadducaer”(1874),  “Prolegomena  zur  Geschiclite 
Israels  ” (1878-86),  etc. 

Welling  (wel'ing),  James  Clarke.  Born  at 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  July  14, 1825 : died  Sept.  5, 1894. 
An  American  editor  and  educator.  He  was  editor 
of  the  Washington  “ National  Intelligencer”  in  the  Civil 
War  period,  and  president  of  St.John’s  College,  Annapo- 
lis, 1867-70.  From  1871  he  was  president  of  Columbian 
University,  Washington. 

Wellingborough  (wel'ing-bur-o).  A town  in 
the  county  of  Northampton,  England,  situated 
near  the  union  of  the  Ise  and  Nen,  10  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Northampton.  Population,  18,412. 

Wellington  (wel'ing-ton).  An  island  near  the 
western  coast  of  Patagonia,  about  lat.  48°-50° 
S.,  belonging  to  Chile.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Wellington.  The  capital  of  New  Zealand  and 
of  Hutt  County  in  the  North  Island,  situated 
on  Port  Nicholson  in  lat.  41°  17'  S.,  long.  174° 
47'  E.  It  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  colony,  and 
important  trade.  It  is  the  seat  of  Victoria  University  Col- 
lege and  the  Wellington  branch  of  the  New  Zealand  In- 
stitute. Population,  with  suburbs,  49,314. 

Wellington.  A town  in  the  county  of  Somer- 
set, England,  23  miles  northeast  of  Exeter. 
Prom  it  the  Duke  of  Wellington  took  his  title. 
Population,  7,283. 

Wellington,  Duke  of.  See  Wellesley,  Arthur. 

Wellington,  Mount.  Amountain  in  Tasmania, 
near  Hobart  Town.  Height,  4,170  feet. 

Wells  (welz).  A city  in  the  county  of  Somer- 
set, England,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Mendip 
Hills,  17  miles  southwest  of  Bath,  it  is  the  seat  of 
a bishopric,  now  conjoined  with  that  of  Bath.  The  cathe- 
dral is  in  the  main  of  the  first  half  of  the  13th  century, 
with  square  central  tower  and  Lady  chapel  of  the  14th.  The 
plan  shows  square  chevet  and  single  transepts.  The  wide 
west  front,  flanked  by  two  towers,  is  somewhat  of  the  char- 
acter of,  that  of  Salisbury  in  its  superposed  and  monotonous 
tiers  of  arcading  : it  is  more  like  cabinet-work  than  archi- 
tecture, but  the  details  are  beautiful.  The  interior  is  im- 
pressive in  general  effect,  but  is  architecturally  inorganic, 
having  no  vaulting-shafts  in  the  nave.  The  western  tran- 
sept-piers, showing  weakness,  were  buttressed  in  1338  by 
the  insertion  between  them  of  a pair  of  massive  arches, 
apex  to  apex— a curious  device.  The  beautiful  choir  is 
separated  from  the  nave  by  a Perpendicular  screen,  and 
its  wall-spaces  are  arcaded.  The  Lady  chapel  is  famous 
for  lightness  and  beauty.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral 
are  383 by  82 feet;  theheightof  the  vaulting,  from  67  to  73. 
There  is  a beautiful  octagonal  chapter-house  with  central 
pillar,  Perpendicular  cloisters,  and  a picturesque  13th- 
century  bishop’s  palace.  Population,  4,849. 

Wells,  David  Ames.  Born  at  Springfield,  Mass., 
June  17,  1828:  died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Nov. 
5,  1898.  A noted  American  economist.  He 
graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1847,  and  at  the  Law- 
rence Scientific  School,  Harvard,  in  1851.  In  1865-66  he 
was  United  States  commissioner  of  revenue  ; served  on 
other  important  commissions;  and  took  a leading  part 
in  financial  and  economic  discussions.  He  was  an  able 
advocate  of  freedom  of  trade.  He  wrote  “Science  of 
Common  Things”  (1866),  text-books  on  natural  philos- 
ophy. geology,  and  chemistry,  government  reports,  “Our 
Merchant  Marine  ’’  (1882),  “ Primer  of  Tariff  Reform  "(1 884), 
“ Practical  Economics  " (1885),  “ Study  of  Mexico  " (1886), 
“Relation  of  the  Tariff  to  Wages  ”(1888),  and  various  other 
economic  works. 

Weis  (vels).  A town  in  Upper  Austria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Traun  15  miles  southwest  of  Linz. 
Population,  commune,  15,479,  (1910). 

Welsch  Tyrol.  See  Tyrol , Welsch. 

Welser  (vel'ser),  Bartholomeus.  Died  at  Augs- 
burg, 1559.  A German  banker.  He  was  the  head 
of  one  of  the  richest  banking  and  commercial  firms  of  his 
time ; lent  large  sums  to  Charles  V. ; was  created  a prince 
of  the  Empire  ; and  in  1527  was  granted  the  right  to  con- 
quer and  colonize  Venezuela.  Dalflnger,  Speier,  and  others 
were  engaged  by  the  Welsers  in  this  enterprise,  which 
was  carried  on  simply  as  a commercial  venture.  Great 
numbers  of  the  Indians  were  enslaved,  and  far  more  were 


killed.  The  charter  was  revoked  in  1546,  after  the  Wel- 
sers had  lost,  it  is  said,  3,000,001)  florins. 

Welsh  (welsh).  The  people  of  Wales,  or  the 
members  of  the  Cymric  race  indigenous  to 
Wales.  They  were  ruled  by  petty  princes  and 
maintained  their  independence  of  the  English 
till  1282-83. 

Welshpool  (welsh'pol).  A town  in  the  county 
of  Montgomery,  Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn 
17  miles  west  of  Shrewsbury.  Near  it  is  Powys 
Castle.  Population,  6,121. 

Welsh  Shakspere,  The.  See  Williams,  Edward. 
Welwitsch  (wel'wich),  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Mariasaal,  Austria,  1807 ; died  at  London,  Oct. 
20,  1872.  An  African  botanist  and  explorer. 
He  spent  seven  yeare  in  Angola,  West  Africa  (1853-61) ; 
collected  above 40,000 botanic  specimens  ; and  discovered, 
in  1863,  near  Mossamedes,  the  singular  plant  named,  after 
him,  Welwitschia  mirabilis. 

Wemmick  (wem'ik),  John.  A kind-hearted 
but  apparently  flinty  little  clerk  in  Dickens’s 
“ Great  Expectations.”  He  has  a little  home  at  Wal- 
worth, which  looks  like  a battery  with  mounted  guns, 
where  he  devotes  himself  to  his  deaf  old  father,  whom 
he  calls  “Aged  P.” 

W enceslaus  ( wen'ses-las),  or  W enceslas  (wen'- 
ses-las),  G.  Wenzel  (vent'sel),  Saint.  Duke 
of  Bohemia  about  928-936,  a patron  saint  of 
Bohemia. 

WenceslailS  I.  King  of  Bohemia  1230-53,  son 
of  Ottokar  I.  He  was  a patron  of  the  poetic 
art,  and  himself  a minnesinger. 

Wenceslaus  II.  King  of  Bohemia  1278-1305, 
son  of  Ottokar  II.  He  extended  the  Bohemian 
power,  and  was  crowned  king  of  Poland  in 
1300. 

Wenceslaus.  Born  1361 : died  Aug.  16,  1419. 
German  king,  son  of  the  emperor  Charles  IV. 
He  was  elected  king  of  the  Romans  in  1376,  and  succeeded 
to  the  German  and  Bohemian  thrones  in  1378.  He  put  to 
death  John  of  Nepomuk.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Bohe- 
mian nobles  1393-94 ; was  deposed  from  the  German  throne 
in  1400 ; and  renounced  his  right  to  that  crown  in  1410, 
but  continued  to  reign  as  king  of  Bohemia. 

Wendland  (vent'lant).  The  northeastern  part 
of  the  former  principality  of  Liineburg  in  Prus- 
sia. 

Wends  (wendz).  1.  A name  given  in  early 
times  by  the  Germans  to  their  Slavic  neighbors. 
— 2.  The  members  of  a branch  of  the  Slavic 
race  living  in  Lusatia.  Also  called  Sorbs. 
Wenern  (va'nern),  or  Venera  (va'nern),  Lake. 
The  largest  lake  of  Sweden,  and  after  Lakes 
Ladoga  and  Onega  the  largest  lake  in  Europe, 
situated  in  the  southern  part  of  Sweden,  west- 
northwest  of  Lake  Wettern,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a canal  (and  thence  with  the 
Baltic).  It  receives  the  Klar  Elf,  and  its  outlet  is  by 
the  Gota  Elf  into  the  Cattegat.  Length,  100  miles.  Width, 
50  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  140  feet.  Area,  about 
2,300  square  miles. 

Wengern  Alp  (ven'gern  alp).  A height  in  the 
pass  of  the  Little  Scheideck,  Bernese  Oberland, 
Switzerland:  famous  for  its  magnificent  view. 
Wenlock  (wen'lok),  or  Muck  Wenlock  (much 
wen'lok).  A town  in  Shropshire,  England,  30 
miles  west-northwest  of  Birmingham.  Popu- 
lation, 15,866. 

Wenrorono  (wen-ro-ro'no).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which,  when  first  known, 
lived  in  association  with  the  Neuters,  and,  upon 
the  attacks  of  the  Iroquois  in  1638,  fled  to  the 
Hurons  with  whom  they  became  mixed.  See 
Iroquoian. 

Wentworth  (went'werth),  Benning.  Born  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  1696:  died  1770.  A royal 
governor  of  New  Hampshire  1741-67.  He  made 
grants  of  land  (the  New  Hampshire  grants)  in  southern 
V ermont. 

Wentworth,  Charles  Watson,  second  Mar- 
quis of  Rockingham.  Born  1730  : died  July  1, 
1782.  An  English  statesman,  prime  minister 
1765-66  and  March-July,  1782. 

Wentworth,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Aug.  9,  1737 : died  at  Halifax,  N.  S., 
April  8,  1820.  Royal  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire 1766-76.  He  was  a loyalist  in  the  Revo- 
lution, and  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova 
Scotia  1792-1808. 

Wentworth,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Strafford.  Born 
at  London,  April  13, 1593:  executed  at  London, 
May  12, 1641.  A famous  English  statesman.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1614  ; and  was  an  opponent  of  the 
policy  of  James  I.,  and  until  1628-29  of  that  of  Charles  I. 
In  1628  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  ; became  president 
of  the  Council  of  the  North  in  1628 ; was  made  a privy 
councilor  in  1629;  was  appointed  lord  deputy  of  Ireland 
1632,  and  arrived  there  1633  ; and  became  the  chief  adviser 
of  Charles  I.  In  1640  he  \vas  made  earl  of  Strafford  and 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  ; commanded  the  army  against 
the  Scots  in  that  year ; was  impeached  by  the  Long  Par- 
liament ; and  was  condemned  by  a bill  of  attainder. 


He  was  accused  on  twenty-eight  counts  which  con- 
cerned his  conduct  towards  England,  Ireland,  and  Scot- 
land. The  chief  was  that  he  had  incensed  his  majesty 
against  the  members  of  the  late  Parliament  telling  him 
“they  had  denied  to  supply  him,  and  that  his  majesty 
having  tried  the  affections  of  his  people,  and  been  refused, 
he  was  absolved  from  all  rules  of  government,  and  that 
he  had  an  army  iu  Ireland  which  he  might  employ  to  re- 
duce this  kingdom  ” (State  Trials).  The  Lords  refused  to 
admit  as  evidence  a paper  found  by  Sir  Harry  Vane  which 
supported  his  father’s  evidence  on  this  charge.  For  which 
cause  the  Commons  brought  in  a bill  of  attainder. 

Acland  and  Hangome. 

Wenzel.  See  Wenceslaus. 

Wept  of  Wish-ton-wish,  The.  A novel  by 
Cooper,  published  in  1829. 

Werbach  (ver'bach).  A village  in  Baden,  near 
the  Tauber  16  miles  southwest  of  Wurzburg. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a contest  between  the  troops  of  Baden 
and  those  of  North  Germany,  July  24,  1866. 

Werden  (ver'den).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ruhr  30  miles 
north  of  Cologne.  It  contains  an  ancient  church  of  a 
Benedictine  abbey  (founded  799).  Pop.,  commune,  11,029. 

Werder  (ver'der),  Count  August  Karl  Fried- 
rich Wilhelm  Leopold  von.  Born  at  Schloss- 
berg,  near  Norlritten,  East  Prussia,  Sept.  12, 
1808:  died  at  Griissow, Pomerania,  Sept.  12, 1887. 
A Prussian  general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1825; 
served  with  the  Russians  in  the  Caucasus ; distinguished 
himself  in  the  war  of  1866  at  Gitschin  and  Koniggratz; 
commanded  an  army  corps  at  the  battle  of  Worth  in  1870  ; 
was  commander  of  the  array  which  besieged  and  took 
Strasburg  in  1870,  and  was  made  general  of  infantry : com- 
manded in  the  autumn  of  1870  in  the  Vosges,  at  Oignon, 
Dijon,  etc.,  and  at  Villersexel  Jan.  9,  1871;  and  gained 
the  victory  of  Hericourt  over  Bourbaki  Jan.  15-17,  1871. 

Werela,  Peace  of.  A treaty  concluded  in  1790, 
between  Sweden  and  Russia,  at  Werela,  a vil- 
lage in  the  government  of  Nyland,  Finland. 

Wergeland  (ver 'ge-land),  Henrik  Arnold 
Thaulow.  Born  at  Cbristiansand,  June  17, 
1808:  died  at  Christiania,  July  12, 1845.  A Nor- 
wegian poet.  His  father  was  a clergyman,  and  one  of 
the  members  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  at  Eidsvold, 
and  pastor  there  after  1817.  He  studied  at  the  Christiania 
University  after  1825,  and  began  to  write  in  1827.  His  first 
productions  were  a series  of  satirical  farces  (among  them 
“Ah!;  Om  Smag  og  Behag  kan  man  ikke  disputera” 
(“There  is  no  disputing  about  taste”)  and  “Papegojen” 
(“The  Parrot  ”)),  all  published  under  the  pseudonym  Siful 
Sifadda.  In  1828  appeared  the  tragedy  “Sinclairs  Ddd  ” 
(“  Sinclair’s  Death  ”).  In  1829  was  published  a volume  of 
lyrics,  many  of  them  enthusiastically  patriotic  in  char- 
acter, which  were  taken  up  as  songs  by  the  people  ; and  at 
this  time  his  fame  as  a poet  really  begins.  In  1830  ap- 
peared the  long  dramatic  poem  “Skabelsen,  Mennesket 
og  Messias  ” (“  The  Creation,  Man  and  Messiah  ”).  Subse- 
quent works  were  the  drama  “ Opium  ” (1831)  and  the  poem 
“ Spaniolen  ” (1833).  In  the  meantime  the  poet  W elhaven 
had  made  in  a pamphlet,  in  1832,  a personal  attack  upon 
him  for  his  sins  of  poetical  commission  ; and  in  1834,  in  the 
poem  “Norway’s  Twilight,”  had  censured  the  misplaced 
zeal  of  the  ultra-national  faction  which  Wergeland  repre- 
sented. At  the  production  of  his  drama  “Campbellerne” 
(“  The  Campbells  ”)  the  feud  came  to  an  open  outbreak  in 
the  theater.  Subsequently  his  fortunes  steadily  declined. 
He  was  deprived  by  the  king  of  an  official  position,  and 
then  became  involved  in  a lawsuit  which  took  the  greater 
part  of  his  property.  Some  of  his  best  work,  however,  was 
done  after  this  time.  Particularly  to  be  mentioned  are 
“Jan  van  Huysums Blomsterstykke ”(“  Jan  vanHuysum’s 
Flower-piece  ”),  a series  of  lyrics ; the  poem  “ Svalen  ” 
(“The  Swallow”);  the  idyls  “Joden”  (“The  Jew")  and 
“Jodinden”  (“The  Jewess”);  and,  finally,  his  last  and 
greatest  poem,  “Den  engelskeLods  ” (“The  English  Pilot"). 
His  collected  works  were  published  at  Christiania,  1852- 
1859,  in  9 vols. 

Werner  (ver'ner).  A tragedy  by  Lord  Byron : 
so  called  from  tile  name  of  its  hero,  a mysteri- 
ous and  morbid  character.  Macready  produced  this 
play  in  1830,  and  Werner  was  considered  one  of  his  most 
powerful  parts. 

Of  the  “German’s  Tale"  (by  Harriet  Lee)  he  [Byron] 
confessed  : “It  made  a deep  impression  on  me,  and  may 
be  said  to  contain  the  germ  of  much  that  I have  since 
written.”  It  not  only  contained  the  germ  of  “Werner,” 
but  supplied  the  whole  material  for  that  tragedy.  All 
the  characters  of  the  novel  are  reproduced  by  Byron  ex- 
cept “ Ida,”  whom  he  added.  The  plan  of  Miss  Lee’s  work 
is  exactly  followed,  as  the  poet  admitted,  and  even  the 
language  is  frequently  adopted  without  essential  change. 

Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  English  Prose  Fiction,  p.  256. 

Werner  (ver'ner),  Abraham  Gottlob.  Born 
atWehrau,  Upper  Lusatia,  Sept.  25, 1750:  died 
at  Dresden,  June  30,  1817.  A celebrated  Ger- 
man mineralogist  and  geologist,  the  founder  of 
scientific  geology : instructor  in  the  Mining 
Academy  in  Freiberg  from  1775.  He  was  the  pro- 
pounder  of  the  “Neptunian  theory,"  which  regarded  as  of 
aqueous  origin  various  formations  now  considered  to  be 
volcanic,  and  which  aroused  much  discussion.  His  works 
include  “ fiber  die  iiussern  Kennzeichen  der  Fossilien  ’’ 
(1774),  “ Kurze  Klassilikation  und  Beschreibung  der  Oe- 
birgsarten  ’’  (1787),  “ Neue  Theorie  liber  die  Entstehung 
der  Gauge  ’’  (1791),  etc. 

Werner,  Franz  von:  pseudonym  Murad  Ef- 
fendi.  Born  at  Vienna,  May  30,  1836:  died  at 
The  Hague,  Sept.  12,  1881.  A German  poet.  He 
was  in  the  Turkish  military  and  diplomatic  ser- 
vice. 


Werner,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zacharias 

Werner,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zacharias.  Born 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  18,  1768  : died  at 
Vienna,  Jan.  17,  1823.  A German  dramatist 
and  poet,  founder  of  the  “ fate-tragedies.”  He 
was  a Roman  Catholic  preacher  in  later  life.  Among 
his  dramas  are  “ Die  Sohne  des  Thais  ” (“  The  Sons  of  the 
Valley,"  1803),  “Der  Vierundzwanzigste  Eebruar”  (1815: 
“The  24th  of  February”),  “Das  Kreuz  an  der  Ostsee” 
(“The  Cross  on  the  Baltic,”  1806),  “Martin  Luther,”  or 
“ Die  Weihe  der  Kraft " (1807),  etc. 

Wernigerode  (ver'ne-ge-ro-de).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Harz,  on  the  Holzemme,  40  miles 
southwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  is  the  capital  of  the 
county  of  Stolberg-Wernigerode  (formerly  an  imperial 
fief).  It  contains  a noted  Rathaue  and  castle  with  a large 
library.  Population,  commune,  13,137. 

Werra  (ver'ra).  One  of  the  two  head  streams  of 
the  Weser.  It  rises  in  Saxe-Meiningen,  flows  through 
Thuringia,  separating  the  Thiiringerwald  from  the  Rhon- 
gebirge,  and  unites  with  the  Fulda  at  Miinden  to  form 
the  Weser.  Length,  about  170  miles. 

Werth,  or  Werdt  (vart),  Johann  von  (Jean  de 
Weert).  Bom  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century: 
died  1652.  A general  in  the  Imperialist  and 
Bavarian  service  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War.  He 

was  distinguished  at  Nordlingen  in  1634 ; captured  Ehren- 
breitstein  in  1637 ; was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at 
Rheinfelden  March  3,  1638;  commanded  at  Tuttlingen 
Nov.  24,  1643;  and  was  distinguished  at  Mergentheim  and 
Allersheim  in  1645. 

Werther  (var'ter).  An  opera  by  Massenet, 
words  by  E.  Blau,  Paul  Milliet,  and  Georges 
Hartmann,  from  Goethe’s  novel:  produced  at 
London  June,  1894.  See  Sorrows  of  Werther. 
Wertingen  (ver'ting-en).  A small  town  in 
Swabia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Zusam  16  miles 
northwest  of  Augsburg.  Here,  Oct.  8,  1805,  the 
French  under  Lannes  and  Murat  defeated  the 
Austrians. 

Wesel  (va'zel).  A city  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Lippe 
and  Rhine,  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long.  6°  37'  E.  It 
Is  strongly  fortified.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a Hanse- 
atic town  and  a free  imperial  city.  Population,  commune, 
23,237. 

Weser  (va'zer).  [L.  Visurgis,  OG.  Visuracha.'] 
One  of  the  principal  rivers  of  Germany,  it  is 
formed,  at  Miinden,  by  the  union  of  the  rivers  Werra  and 
Fulda ; flows  generally  north  and  north-northwest,  and 
principally  through  Prussia ; and  empties  into  the  North 
Sea  near  Bremerhaven.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Aller,  Wiimme,  and  Geeste  (on  the  right),  Diemel,  Werre, 
Aue,  and  Hunte.  On  it  are  situated  Bremen  and  Minden. 
Length,  about  270  miles,  or,  including  the  head  stream 
Werra,  about  435  miles ; navigable  for  sea  vessels  to  Els- 
fleth,  and  for  large  boats  to  Miinden. 

Weser  Mountains,  or  Weser  Terrace.  A 

mountainous  and  plateau  region,  extending  on 
both  sides  of  the  Weser  from  Miinden  to  Min- 
den. Among  the  groups  of  mountains  or  hills  are  the 
Bramwald,  Soiling,  Osterwald,  Siintel,  Deister,  Biickeberg, 
the  Weser  proper,  and  the  Teutoburgerwald.  Highest 
point,  about  1,650  feet, 

Wesley  (wes'li  or  wez'li),  Charles.  Born  at 
Epworth,  Lincolnshire,  England,  Dec.  28, 1708: 
died  at  London,  March  29,  1788.  An  English 
Methodist  clergyman  and  hymn-writer,  brother 
of  John  Wesley  : famous  as  a hymn-writer.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  He  accompanied  his  brother  John  to  Georgia 
1735-36. 

Wesley,  John.  Born  at  Epworth. England,  June 
28  (NT  ».),  1703 : died  at  London,  March  2, 1791. 
An  English  clergyman,  son  of  Samuel  Wesley : 
famous  as  the  founder  of  Methodism.  He  was 
educated  at  Charterhouse  School  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ; became  a fellow  of  Lincoln  College  in  1726 ; and 
was  curate  to  his  father  1727-29.  In  the  latter  year  he  set- 
tled at  Oxford,  where  he  became  the  leader  of  a band  of 
young  men  conspicuous  for  their  religious  earnestness: 
they  were  somewhat  derisively  called  “methodists  ” from 
the  regularity  and  strict  method  of  their  lives  and  studies. 
He  went  to  Georgia  as  a missionary  in  1735,  returning  to 
England  in  1738.  At  first  he  was  allied  with  the  Moravi- 
ans, but  soon  abandoned  all  ecclesiastical  traditions  and 
established  the  Methodist  Church.  In  1739  he  began 
open-air  preaching.  The  first  Methodist  conference  was 
held  in  1744.  His  literary  work,  also,  was  extensive. 

Wesleyan  (wes'li-anorwezTi-an)  University. 
An  institution  of  learning  at  Middletown,  Con- 
necticut, chartered  in  1831.  It  is  non-sectarian 
(orig.  under  Methodist-Episcopal  influence). 
It  has  about  40  instructors  and  400  students. 
Wessel  (ves'sel),  Johan  Herman.  Born  in  the 
parish  of  Vestby,  Norway,  1742 : died  at  Copen- 
hagen, 1785.  A Danish  dramatist  and  poet. 
His  father  was  a clergyman.  After  elementary  instruc- 
tion in  Christiania,  he  went  in  1761  to  the  Copenhagen 
University,  where  he  studied  the  succeeding  year.  Sub- 
sequently he  supported  himself  by  teaching  modern  lan- 
guages. In  1778  he  was  made  translator  to  the  Royal  The- 
ater. His  one  important  literary  work,  written  when  he 
was  30  years  old,  is  the  tragedy  “ Kjtelighed  uden  Strom- 
per”  (“  Love  without  Stockings  ”),  a parody  on  the  French 
tragedies  then  in  vogue  on  the  Danish  stage,  from  which 
It  effectually  banished  them.  Two  other  dramas  are  of 
but  little  value.  He  wrote,  besides,  a few  lyrics  and  hu- 


1056 


West  Indian,  The 


morous  narratives  in  verse.  His  poems  were  published  Gustavus  Vasa  defeated  the  Danes  ; and  at  the  Diet  held 
in  a second  edition  at  Copenhagen  in  1878.  there  in  1527  he  secured  the  success  of  the  Reformation. 

Wessex  (wes'eks).  [ME.  Wessex,  Wessexe,  AS.  Population,  8,122. 

Westseaxe, W est  Saxons.  Cf.  Essex,  Sussex.']  One  Westergotland  (ves'ter-yet-land).  A former 
of  the  Saxon  kingdoms  in  England,  which  be-  province  of  Sweden,  now  divided  into  the  laens 


came  the  nucleus  of  the  kingdom  of  England. 
The  settlement  of  the  West  Saxons  under  Cerdic  and  Cyn- 
ric  on  the  coast  of  Hampshire  took  place  in  495,  and  the 
kingdom  spread  north  and  west  to  Berkshire,  Wiltshire, 
Dorset,  etc.  Wessex  obtained  the  overlordship  in  Britain 


of  Goteborg,  Elfsborg,  and  Skaraborg 
Westerly  (wes'ter-li).  A town  in  Washington 
County,  Rhode  Island,  37  miles  southwest  of 
Providence.  Population,  8,696,  (1910). 

under  Egbert  in  the  first  part  of  the  9th  century  ; was  re-  Wssterm&BH  (ves-ter-man  ),Fran<J0is  Joseph, 
duced  in  power  by  the  Danes;  and  under  Alfred’s  succes-  Guillotined  1794.  A French  Revolutionist  and 
sors  developed  into  the  kingdom  of  England.  It  was  an  general,  distinguished  in  the  Vendean  war. 

territory  south  of°tim%'haines.  Western, (wes'tern)  Sophia.  The  heroine  of 

to-  ; /n  x i-iTTr  i r>  n Fielding’s  novel  “Tom  Jones,  a very  bright 

WessobrunnerGebet.  [‘ Wessobrunn Prayer.’]  and  att£actiye  eharaeter.  After  various  adven- 
An  important  relic  of  Old  High  German  litera-  tareg  caused  b hel,  father>s  brutai  temper,  she 
ture,  dating  from  the  end  of  the  8th  century.  . reconeiled  to  him  and  marries  Jones 
R was  preserved, in  the  Benedictine  monastery  We  t Squire.  in  Fielding’s  novel  ‘-Tom 
of  Wessobrunn,  m Bavaria  near  the  Lech  w «m,ire  of  ,rrn««  ropopB  and 

West  (west),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Springfield 


Chester  County,  Pa.,  Oct.  10,  1738:  died  at 
London,  March  11, 1820.  An  Ameriean-English 
historical  and  portrait  painter.  He  worked  as  a por- 
trait-painter in  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  and  studied 
in  Italy  1769-63.  He  settled  in  London  in  1763;  became 
court  historical  painter  in  1772 ; was  one  of  the  early  mem- 
bers of  the  Royal  Academy ; and  was  the  successor  of  Rey- 
nolds as  president  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Among  his 
noted  paintings  are  “ The  Death  of  Wolfe”  (at  Grosvenor 
House),  “Battle  of  La  Hogue,”  “ Christ  Healing  the  Sick  ” 
(National  Gallery,  London),  “Death  on  the  Pale  Horse” 
(Pennsylvania  Academy),  “ Alexander  the  Great  and  his 
Physicians,”  and  “Penn's  Treaty  with  thelndians.”  Many 
of  his  pictures  are  at  Hampton  Court. 

West,  Empire  of  the.  See  Western  Empire. 

West,  Lionel  Sackville.  See  Sackville-West. 

West,  Rebecca.  An  adventuress,  in  Ibsen’s 
play  “ Rosmersholm,”  who  induces  the  wife  of 
Rosmer  to  commit  suicide,  leaving  him  with 
the  conviction  that  she  (the  wife)  was  insane. 

West,  The.  1.  The  western  part  of  the  world, 
or  Occident.  This,  as  distinguished  from  the  East,  or 
Orient,  is  sometimes  restricted  to  the  greater  part  of  Eu- 
rope, and  sometimes  indicates,  or  at  least  includes,  the 
western  hemisphere. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  the  western  part  of  that 
country.  Formerly  this  was  the  region  lying  west  of  the 


Jones,”  a hunting  squire  of  gross  speech  and 
ungoverned  and  brutal  temper,  the  father  of  the 
fair  Sophia.  His  redeeming  trait  is  his  affection  for 
his  daughter,  whom,  however,  he  treats  in  a most  tyran- 
nical fashion. 

But,  above  all,  what  shall  we  say  of  Squire  Western, 
next  to  Falstaff  the  most  universally  popular  of  comic  cre- 
ations? . . . His  shrewdness,  his  avarice,  his  coarse  kind- 
ness, his  sense-defying  Jacobitism,  his  irresistible  nn 
reasonableness  ; his  brutal  anger,  making  the  page  which 
chronicles  it  shake  with  oaths,  interjections,  and  scream- 
ing interrogations; — loving  his  daughter  as  he  loves  his 
dogs  and  horses,  and  willing  to  use  the  whip  and  the  spur 
the  moment  she  does  not  obey  him  with  due  alacrity,  as 
in  the  case  of  his  other  brutes;  and  loving  himself  with  a 
depth  of  affection,  with  a disregard  of  everything  else  on 
and  over  the  earth,  which  touches  the  pathetic  in  selfish- 
*ness.  Whipple,  Essays  and  Reviews. 

Western  Australia  (wes'tern  as-tra'lia).  A 
state  of  Australia,  bounded  by  the  ocean  on 
the  north,  west,  and  south,  and  by  South  Aus- 
tralia (with  the  Northern  Territory  and  Alex- 
ander Land)  on  the  east.  Capital,  Perth.  The 
interior  is  largely  a desert,  and  is  to  a great  extent  unex- 
plored. The  largest  export  is  wool.  The  government  is 
vested  in  a governor,  legislative  council  (elected  since 
1893),  and  legislative  assembly.  The  coasts  were  visited 
in  the  16th  century ; a convict  settlement  was  established 
at  King  George's  Sound  in  1825 ; and  free  settlements  were 
founded  on  Swan  River  about  1829.  Area,  975,920  square 
miles.  Population,  278.027. 


nation  of  the  western  portion  of  the  Roman 
world  after  its  division  into  two  independent 
empires  in  a.  d.  395.  See  Eastern  Empire,  its 
power  very  rapidly  declined  under  the  inroads  of  barba- 
rians and  other  adverse  influences,  and  it  was  finally  ex- 
tinguished in  476.  See  Holy  Roman  Empire. 


thirteen  original  States  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  “ ml.  m . j-  . , 

particularly  the  northern  part  of  that  region;  now  it  is,  ” 6St6IH  Empire,  The.  rhedistinctive^desig- 
indefinitely,  the  region  beyond  the  older  seaboard  and  cen-  ~ ~ i 

tral  States,  or  more  specifically  that  included  mainly  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
especially  the  northern  part  of  that  region. 

West,  Thomas,  Baron  Deiawarr  or  Delaware. 

Died  1618.  Governor  and  captain-general  of 

Virginia.  He  was  appointed  in  1609,  arrived  Western  Ghats.  See  Ghats. 

at  Jamestown  in  1610,  and  returned  in  1611.  Western  ISiandS.  See  Azores,  Hebrides. 

West  African  Colonies.  A collective  name  for  Westernorrland  ( ves  ter-nor-land),  or  Herno- 
the  British  colonies  in  western  Africa.  They  sand  (her  ne-sand).  A laenin  northern  Swe- 
comprise  the  Northern  Nigeria  Protectorate,  Southern  den.  Area,  9,837  square  miles.  Population, 
Nigeria,  the  Gold  Coast  Colony  with  Ashanti  and  Northern  246,893. 

Territories,  Sierra  Leone  Colony  and  Protectorate,  and  the  ntTpc.+prT1  Tipqprm  The  nomilar  name  for  that. 

Gambia  Colony  and  Protectorate.  w esFcrn  iieserve.  1 ne popular  name  ior  mat 

West  Bay  City.  A city  in  Bay  County,  Michi-  part  of  Ohio,  on  Lake  Erie,  reserve^!  by  Con- 


gan,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  Sagina  w River, 
opposite  Bay  City.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in 
lumber.  Annexed  to  Bay  City  in  1905. 

West  Bromwich  (brum'ich).  A town  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England,  situated  near  the  Tame  6 
miles  northwest  of  Birmingham.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  hardware,  etc.  Population,  68,345, 
(1911). 

Westbury,  Baron.  See  Bethell,  Bichard. 


necticut.  (See  Ohio.)  It  contains  Cleveland. 

Western  States.  Formerly,  the  States  of  the 
American  Union  lying  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 
As  the  country  developed,  the  phrase  came  to  include 
ail  the  States  westward  to  the  Pacific  and  north  of  the 
slave  States,  although  certain  States  have  been  classed 
both  as  Southern  and  as  Western  States.  The  name  is  very 
indefinite : sometimes  it  is  restricted  to  the  States  west 
of  the  Mississippi  (excluding  the  so-called  Southwest) ; 
sometimes  it  includes  the  northern  part  of  the  entire 
region  from  Ohio  to  California. 


West  Chester  (ches'ter).  A borough,  capital  Westerwald  (ves'ter-valt).  A region  of  pla- 
of  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  25  miles  west  teaus  and  low  mountains  in  Prussia,  between 
of  Philadelphia.  Population,  11,767,  (1910).  the  Rhine,  the  Sieg,  and  the  Lahn.  At  the 
Westcott  (west'kqt),  Brooke  Foss.  Born  near  northwest  end  is  the  Siebengebirge.  Highest 
Birmingham,  Jan.,  1825:  died  July  27,  1901.  point,  about  2,200  feet. 

An  English  prelate  and  biblical  scholar.  He  Westfield  (west'feld).  A town  in  Hampden 
was  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge  1870-90;  • County,  Massachusetts,  10  miles  west  of  Spring- 
became  canon  of  Westminster  inl883;  and  was  bishop  of  11  Tt  las  manufactures  of  whins  pip-ars  etc 
Durham  1890-1901.  He  was  one  of  the  New  Testament  ueia.  it  nas  manuiaetures  01  Whips,  Cigars,  etc. 


Population.  16,044,  (1910). 

West  Flanders.  See  Flanders,  West. 
West  Francia.  See  Francia. 


revisers.  His  works  include  a “History  of  the  Canon  of 
the  New  Testament”  (1855),  “Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  the  Gospels  ” (1860),  “ The  Bible  in  the  Church  ” (1864), 

;^n»^^rrti0n”  (186<i>’  “HiSt0ry  0f  West  Friesland  (freVlandbA  name  sometimes 
West  Cowes  (kouz).’  A town  on  the  northern  given  to  the  province  of  Friesland,  Netherlands, 
shore  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Hampshire,  England,  West  Gothland.  See  nestergotlana. 
on  the  Medina  11  miles  south-southeast  of  Wes^  Goths.  See  Visigoths. 

Southampton.  Itisasummer  resort  and  the  headquar-  West  Ham  (ham).  A suburb  of  London,  m Es- 
ters of  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron.  Population,  8,256.  sex,  5 miles  east-northeast  of  St.  Paul  S.  Fopu- 
West  Derby  (der'bi  or  dar'bi).  AtowninLan-  iation,  289,102,  (1911).  It  returns  2 members 
cashire,  England,  4 miles  northeast  of  Liver-  to  Parliament. 

pool.  Population,  130,550.  West  Hartlepool  (har'tl-pol).  A seaport  in 

West  End.  The  aristocratic  western  part  of  Durham,  England,  opposite  East  Hartlepool. 

London.  Population,  63,932,  (1911). 

Westeraalen  (ves'ter-a-len)  Islands.  A group  Westhoughton  (west-ho'ton).  A township  in 
of  islands  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Norway,  Lancashire,  England,  14  miles  west-northwest 


east  and  north  of  the  Lofoten  Islands,  from 
which  they  are  separated  by  the  Raftsund. 

Westerns  (ves'ter-as).  The  capital  of  tho  laen 
of  Westmanland,  Sweden,  situated  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Svarta  into  Lake  Malar,  57  miles 
west-northwest  of  Stockholm.  There.  April  29, 1521, 


of  Manchester.  Population,  14,371 
West  -India  Company,  Dutch.  See  Dutch  West 
India  Company. 

West  Indian,  The.  A comedy  bv  Richard  Cum- 
berland (1770).  It  is  considered  his  best  play. 
Garrick  brought  it  out  in  1771. 


West  ladies 

West  Indies  (in'diz).  [Formerly  West  Indias ; 
G.  West  Indien,  F.  Antilles,  Sp.  Antillas  or  Indias 
Occidentals .]  An  archipelago  between  North 
and  South  America,  extending  in  a curve  from 
Florida  to  the  peninsula  of  Paria,  and  separating 
the  Caribbean  Sea  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  principal  groups  distinguished 
are  the  Greater  Antilles  (Cuba,  Haiti,  Porto  Rico,  and  Ja- 
maica) ; the  Bahamas,  north  of  Cuba ; and  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, or  Caribbee  Islands,  forming  a line  at  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  the  group.  Most  of  the  Bahamas  are  low. 
Nearly  all  the  other  islands  are  mountainous,  and  in  the 
Lesser  Antilles  there  are  many  active  and  extinct  volca- 
noes. With  the  exception  of  some  of  the  Bahamas,  the 
entire  group  lies  within  the  tropics,  and  the  climate  and 
productions  of  all  are  essentially  tropical.  The  principal 
products  are  sugar,  tobacco,  and  coffee.  Nearly  all  the 
islands  are  occasionally  visited  by  hurricanes,  which  are 
sometimes  very  destructive:  the  hurricane  months  are 
from  June  to  October  inclusive.  Columbus  discovered  the 
Bahamas,  Cuba,  and  Haiti  in  1492,  and  nearly  all  the  islands 
were  known  before  the  continent  of  America  was  discov- 
ered. They  were  supposed  to  be  outlying  islands  of  India 
or  Asia,  and,  as  they  had  been  found  by  sailing  westward, 
they  were  called  the  W est  Indies.  Later  the  name  included 
for  a time  the  known  portions  of  the  continent.  The 
Greater  Antilles  werecolonizedbythe  Spanish,  who  claimed 
the  whole  group ; but  later  many  of  the  smaller  islands 
were  seized  by  French,  English,  and  Dutch  adventurers, 
and  their  wars  with  one  another  and  with  the  Spaniards 
were  continued  intermittently  until  1815,  the  smaller 
colonies  frequently  changing  masters.  Many  African 
slaves  were  brought  in,  and  their  descendants  form  a large 
proportion  of  the  population.  In  1898  Cuba  was  freed  from 
the  domination  of  Spain, and  Porto Ricopassed  to  the  U nited 
States  ; Haiti  is  divided  between  two  independent  states ; 
Jamaica,  the  Bahamas,  and  some  of  the  Lesser  Antilles 
belong  to  England;  and  the  rest  are  divided  between 
France,  Denmark,  and  the  Netherlands. 

Westmacott(  west'ma-kot),  Sir  Richard.  Born 
at  London,  1775:  died  Sept.l,  1856.  An  English 
sculptor.  In  1793  he  was  a pupil  of  Canova  at  Rome.  In 
1827  he  succeeded  Flaxman  as  professor  of  sculpture  at  the 
Royal  Academy.  Heexeeuted  monuments  in  St.  Paul'sand 
Westminster  Abbey.  Hisstatues  include  those  of  Fox,  the 
dukes  of  York  and  Bedford,  George  III.,  Achilles,  etc. 

Westmacott,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  1799: 
died  April  19,  1872.  An  English  sculptor,  son 
of  Sir  Richard  Westmacott. 

Westmeath  (west'meTH).  A county  in  Lein- 
ster, Ireland,  bounded  by  Cavan,  Meath,  King’s 
County,  Roscommon,  and  Longford.  Area,  708 
square  miles.  Population,  61,629. 

Westminster  (west'min-ster).  A former  city, 
now  a borough  (metropolitan)  of  London,  it  is 
bounded  by  Marylebone  on  the  north,  Temple  Bar  on  the 
east,  the  Thames  on  the  east  and  south,  and  Keusington 
and  Chelsea  on  the  west.  It  is  noted  for  the  abbey,  around 
which  it  grew  up,  and  for  the  houses  of  Parliament  and 
government  buildings. 

Westminster,  Provisions  of.  Ordinances 
passed  through  the  influence  of  the  barons  in 
Parliament  at  Westminster,  1259.  “They  em- 
bodied the  grievances  of  the  barons  stated  at  Oxford,  and 
mainly  concerned  the  administration  of  justice  and  local 
government  by  the  sheriffs.” 

Westminster  Abbey.  A famous  church  in 
Westminster,  London,  founded  on  the  site  of 
an  earlier  church  by  Edward  the  Confessor, 
and  rebuilt  in  the  13th  century  by  Henry  HI. 
and  Edward  I.  The  highly  ornate  chapel  of  Henry 
VII.,  at  the  east  end,  was  added  by  that  king  in  the  early 
16th  century.  The  dimensions,  including  the  chapel,  are 
513  by  75  feet ; length  of  transepts,  200 ; height  of  vaulting, 
102.  The  incongruous  square  west  towers  were  designed 
by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  The  north  transept  facade  is 
very  fine : it  has  3 handsome  portals,  a graceful  arcade, 
and  a large  wheel.  The  interior  is  extremely  impressive, 
the  proportions  and  the  details  being  good  : the  triforium 
is  of  especial  beauty.  The  handsome  reredos,  of  red  and 
white  alabaster,  is  modern,  as  are  the  choir-stalls.  Henry 
VII. ’8  chapel  has  nave  and  aisles,  and  5 radiating  chapels 
in  the  chevet : it  is  a notable  example  of  florid  Perpen- 
dicular, especially  remarkable  for  the  fan-tracery  and 
pendants  of  its  ceiling.  Its  rich  stalls  are  appropriated 
to  the  knights  and  squires  of  the  Bath : over  each  are 
suspended  a sword  and  a banner.  The  abbey  is  world- 
famous  as  the  chief  burial-place  of  Great  Britain’s  dis- 
tinguished men  : comparatively  few  of  the  monuments 
are  artistically  Interesting.  The  south  transept  consti- 
tutes the  famous  Poets’  Corner  : it  contains  memorials  to 
a large  number  of  the  names  honored  in  English  litera- 
ture. The  choir-chapels  contain  medieval  and  Renais- 
sance monuments  of  higher  intrinsic  interest,  especially 
Henry  VII.’s  chapel : the  superb  monument  of  that  king, 
in  metal,  by  Torregiano,  is  inclosed  in  a rich  Perpen- 
dicular chantry  of  brass.  Several  other  kings  and  princes 
are  buried  in  this  chapel,  and  in  that  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, which  occupies  the  extremity  of  the  choir.  The 
Early  English  chapter-house  is  octagonal,  with  central 
column.  The  fine  cloisters  also  contain  tombs. 

Westminster  Assembly,  or  Assembly  of  Di- 
vines at  Westminster.  A convocation  sum- 
moned by  the  Long  Parliament  to  advise  “for 
the  settling  of  the  liturgy  and  the  government 
of  the  Church  of  England.”  Most  of  its  members 
were  Presbyterians,  and  nearly  all  were  Calvinists.  It 
met  July  1,  1643,  and  continued  its  sessions  until  Feb.  22, 
1649.  The  chief  fruits  of  its  labors  were  the  Directory  of 
Public  Worship,  the  Confession  of  Faith,  and  the  Larger 
and  Shorter  Catechisms,  which  were  rejected  in  England 
but  established  in  Scotland. 

Westminster  Bridge.  The  oldest  bridge  but 


1057 

one  over  the  Thames  at  London.  The  first  bridge 
was  designed  by  Labelye,  a Swiss  architect.  The  original 
plan  contemplated  a wooden  structure,  but  it  was  changed 
to  stone  after  the  “great  frost”  of  1739.  The  piers  were 
built  of  solid  blocks  of  Portland  stone,  on  caissons  which 
were  the  largest  that  had  been  constructed  up  to  that 
time.  It  was  begun  in  1739  and  completed  in  1750.  It 
was  1,220  feet  long,  40  feet  wide,  58  feet  high,  and  the  cen- 
tral span  was  76  feet  wide : there  were  15  arches.  In  1856- 
1862  it  was  replaced  by  the  present  stone  and  iron  struc- 
ture, consisting  of  7 iron  arches  on  granite  piers,  built  by 
Page : it  is  1,160  feet  long  and  85  feet  wide. 

Westminster  Hall.  A structure  adjoining  the 
houses  of  Parliament  on  the  west,  forming 
part  of  the  ancient  palace  of  Westminster,  it 
was  begun  by  William  Rufus,  burned  at  the  end  of  the 
13th  century,  and  restored  by  Edward  II.  and  Richard 
II.  It  has  a magnificent  framed  hammer-beam  roof,  in 
a single  span  68  feet  wide : the  length  is  290  and  the 
height  92.  Here  sat  some  of  the  first  English  Parlia- 
ments ; here,  until  George  IV.,  the  coronation  festivities 
were  held ; and  here  Charles  I.  was  condemned,  and 
Cromwell  saluted  as  Lord  Protector.  The  hall  now  serves 
as  a vestibule  to  the  houses  of  Parliament.  Below  it  on 
the  east  is  the  crypt  of  St.  Stephen,  or  Church  of  St.  Mary 
Undercroft,  a vaulted  Pointed  chapel,  in  architecture  and 
decoration  somewhat  resembling  the  lower  chapel  of  Sainte 
Chapelle,  Paris:  the  rich  cloisters  were  built  by  Henry 
VIII. 

Westminster  Palace.  1.  The  houses  of  Par- 
liament.— 2.  A former  royal  residence  in  West- 
minster. A palace  is  supposed  to  have  existed  at  West- 
minster in  the  reign  of  Canute  (1017-35).  Its  importance, 
however,  begins  with  Edward  the  Confessor  (1042-66). 
Various  additions  were  made  by  his  successors  until 
Henry  III.  (1216-72),  in  whose  reign  work  was  constantly 
in  progress.  His  palace  was  richly  decorated  with  pic- 
tures in  oil-color  — according  to  Horace  Walpole  the  first 
recorded  use  of  that  medium.  It  was  repeatedly  visited 
by  fire,  and  in  1512  (reign  of  Henry  VIII.)  all  the  living- 
apartments  were  destroyed.  It  was  then  abandoned  by 
royalty,  and  not  used  again  until  July  18,  1821,  when 
George  IV.  spent  the  night  before  his  coronation  there. 
The  entire  palace,  except  Westminster  Hall,  was  burned 
in  1834. 

Westminster  School.  A noted  preparatory 
school  at  Westminster.  It  was  established  in  the 
abbey  by  Henry  VIII. , and  was  reestablished  by  Elizabeth. 

Westmoreland  (west'mor-land),  or  Westmor- 
land (west 'mor- land).  [ME.  Westmoreland , 
AS.  Westmoringa  land , land  of  the  men  of  the 
western  moors.]  A county  of  northwestern 
England.  It  is  bounded  by  Cumberland  on  the  west  and 
north,  Durham  on  the  northeast,  Yorkshire  on  the  east  and 
south,  and  Lancashire  on  the  south  and  west,  and  touches 
Morecambe  Bay  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  largely 
mountainous  in  the  northwest  and  northeast.  The  county 
includes  part  of  the  Lake  District,  with  Windermere,  Ulls- 
water,  Grasmere,  and  Hawes  Water  in  it  or  on  its  borders. 
The  principal  town  is  Kendal.  Area  (ad.  co.),  789.6  square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  64,303. 

Weston  (wes'ton),  Thomas.  Born  about  1575  : 
died  after  1624.  An  English  adventurer,  one  of 
the  merchants  who  supported  the  colonists  at 
Plymouth.  He  also  sent  an  unsuccessful  colony 
to  Wessagussett  (Weymouth,  Massachusetts). 
W eston-super-Mar e ( wes ' ton-su' per-ma 're). 
A watering-place  in  Somerset,  England,  situ- 
ated on  Bristol  Channel  18  miles  southwest  of 
Bristol.  Population,  19,048. 

West-ostlicher  Divan.  A collection  of  poems 
on  Oriental  subjects,  by  Goethe. 

Westphalia  (west-fa'lia).  Duchy  of.  [F.  West- 
phalie,  ML.  Westphalia , G.  Westfalen , prop.  dat. 
pi.  of  Westfale,  MHG.  Westvale,  OHG.  Westfalo, 
an  inhabitant  of  this  region.]  A duchy  which 
had  its  origin  in  the  western  part  of  the  great 
duchy  of  Saxony  in  the  Carolingian  times.  On  the 

deposition  of  Henry  the  Lion  in  1180  and  the  breaking  up  of 
the  Saxon  duchy,  the  Elector  of  Cologne  assumed  the  title 
of  Duke  of  Engern  and  Westphalia.  The  capital  of  the 
duchy  of  Westphalia  was  Arnsberg.  In  1803  it  was  ceded 
to  Hesse-Darmstadt.  It  was  granted  in  1815  to  Prussia. 

Westphalia,  Kingdom  of.  A kingdom  formed 
by  Napoleon  in  1807,  and  given  to  Jerome  Bona- 
parte, under  French  supervision,  it  comprised 
nearly  all  Hesse-Cassel,  all  Brunswick,  large  parts  of  Prus- 
sia and  Hannover,  parts  of  Saxony,  etc.  The  capital  was 
Cassel.  It  was  overthrown  in  1813,  after  the  battle  of  Leip- 
sic,  and  the  old  governments  were  restored. 

Westphalia,  Peace  of.  The  treaties  signed  at 
Munster  and  Osnabriick  in  1648  (general  peace 
signed  at  Munster,  Oct.  24,  1648),  which  ended 
the  Thirty  Years’  War.  Chief  provisions:  Switzer- 
land and  Holland  were  declared  independent  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire ; Sweden  received  Hither  Pomerania,  W ismar, 
the  bishoprics  of  Bremen,  Verden,  etc.,  with  three  votes 
in  the  Diet,  and  an  indemnification  in  money ; France  re- 
ceived most  of  Alsace,  arid  was  confirmed  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun ; Brandenburg  received 
Further  Pomerania,  the  bishoprics  of  Halberstadt  and 
Minden,  and  prospectively  that  of  Magdeburg ; Lusatia 
was  confirmed  to  Saxony,  and  the  Upper  Palatinate  to 
Bavaria ; the  electoral  house  of  the  Palatinate  recovered 
the  Rhine  Palatinate,  and  a new  electorate  was  created 
for  it ; the  peace  of  Augsburg  was  confirmed,  and  its  pro- 
visions extended  to  Calvinists  ; possession  of  ecclesiastical 
property  was  to  revert  to  the  condition  of  affairs  in  1624  ; 
and  autonomy  was  secured  to  the  states  of  the  German 
Empire. 

Westphalia,  Province  of.  A province  of  Prus- 
sia, suiTouuded  by  the  Prussian  provinces  of 


Wette,  De 

Hannover,  Hesse-Nassau,  and  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, and  by  Brunswick,  Schaumburg-Lippe, 
Lippe,  Waldeck,  and  the  Netherlands.  Capital, 
Munster.  It  is  level  in  the  northwest,  elsewhere  hilly 
or  mountainous  (Weser  Mountains,  Sauerland,  Haar- 
Strang,  Roth-Haar  Mountains,  Westerwald),  and  is  one  of 
the  chief  mining  and  manufacturing  provinces  of  Prussia. 
It  has  three  governmental  districts — Munster,  Arnsberg, 
and  Minden.  Its  present  form  was  given  to  it  in  1815. 
Area,  7,804  square  miles.  Population,  3,618,090. 

Westphalian  (west-fa'lian)  Circle.  [G.  West- 
falischer  Kreis.~\  One  of  the  former  ten  circles 
of  the  German  Empire.  It  comprised  the  bishoprics 
Munster,  Paderborn,  and  Osnabriick ; the  duchies  of  CJeves, 
Gelderland,  Jiilich,  Berg,  and  Oldenburg ; the  free  cities 
Cologne,  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  Dortmund  ; and  many  princi- 
palities, countships,  etc. 

Westphalian  Gate.  [L.  Porta  Westphalica .] 
The  gap,  near  Minden  in  Westphalia,  by  which 
the  Weser  breaks  through  the  Weser  Moun- 
tains to  the  lowlands. 

West  Point  (west  point).  The  capital  of  Clay 
County,  Mississippi.  Population,  4,864,  (1910). 
West  Point.  A village  in  Orange  County,  New 
York,  situated  in  the  Highlands,  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  Hudson:  the  seat  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy. 

West  Point  Military  Academy.  A national 
institution,  situated  at  West  Point,  New  York, 
for  the  training  of  young  men  for  commissions 
in  the  United  States  army.  Since  1779  a military 
school  has  existed  at  West  Point.  In  1794  the  grade  of 
cadet  was  created  and  a few  cadets  were  trained  here  in 
the  years  1794-96,  and  again  in  1801.  The  founders  of  the 
school  were  Washington,  Hamilton,  and  Knox.  In  1802 
an  act  of  Congress  organized  the  United  States  Military 
Academy  as  a part  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  with  ten 
cadets.  In  1812  the  academy  was  reorganized  and  250 
cadets  authorized.  In  1817,  under  Major  Sylvanus  Thayer 
as  superintendent,  the  present  era  of  the  academy  began. 
Cadets  are  appointed  as  follows  : forty  from  the  United 
States  at  large  ; one  from  each  congressional  district ; one 
from  each  territory  ; two  from  the  District  of  Columbia  ; 
one  from  Porto  R,ico  ; two  from  each  State  at  large ; and 
four  from  the  Philippine  Islands.  The  academic  instruc- 
tion is  given  by  permanent  professors  assisted  by  officers 
detailed  for  the  purpose.  The  four  years’  course  of  study 
is  that  of  a scientific  school  with  especial  reference  to 
war.  Practical  military  training  is  given  throughout  the 
course.  Graduates  receive  commissions  as  lieutenants 
in  the  army. 

West  Prussia.  See  Prussia. 

West  Riding.  See  Yorkshire. 

West  Russia  (rush's).  A collective  name  for 
several  governments  in  Russia,  comprising 
Kovno,  Minsk,  Vitebsk,  Mokileff,  Vilna,  and 
Grodno.  The  name  sometimes  also  includes 
Kieff  and  Smolensk,  or  Volhynia  and  Podolia. 
West  Sea.  A name  given  by  the  Danes  to  the 
North  Sea. 

West  Superior  (su-pe'ri-or).  A former  town 
in  Wisconsin,  on  Lake  Superior  near  Duluth, 
now  a part  of  the  city  of  Superior. 

West  Troy  (troi).  A former  village  in  Albany 
County,  New  York,  now  Watervliet  city. 

West  Turkestan.  See  Turkestan. 

West  Virginia  (v6r-jin'i-a).  One  of  the  South 
Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  lat.  37°  12'  to  40°  38'  N., 
and  from  long.  77°  40'  to  82°  35'  W.  Capital, 
Charleston.  It  is  bounded  by  Ohio  (separated  by  the 
Ohio  River)  on  the  northwest,  Pennsylvania  and  Mary- 
land (separated  from  Maryland  in  great  part  by  the  Poto- 
mac) on  the  north,  Virginia  on  the  east  and  south,  and 
Kentucky  (separated  by  the  Big  Sandy  River)  on  the  west. 
It  has  an  irregular  outline:  the  “ Panhandle"  stretches 
along  the  Ohio  between  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  in  the 
north.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  or  hilly.  It  has  great 
abundance  of  timber  and  very  important  deposits  of  coal, 
being  one  of  the  chief  coal-producing  States  in  the  country, 
and  has  iron,  salt,  petroleum,  and  mineral  springs.  It  has 
55  counties,  sends  2 senators  and  6 representatives  to 
Congress,  and  has  8 electoral  votes.  It  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Virginia.  A convention  adopted  an  ordinance 
providing  for  a new  State  of  “Kanawha”  in  1861.  The 
constitution  was  adopted  in  1862,  and  the  State  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  as  West  Virginia  in  1863.  Area, 
24,780  square  miles.  Population,  1,221,119,  (1910). 

Westward  for  Smelts.  A collection  of  stories 
on  the  plan  of  Boccaccio’s  “ Decamerone,”  ex- 
cept that  the  story-tellers  are  fisb  wives  going  up 
the  Thames  in  a boat.  It  was  written  by  “KindeKitof 
Kingstone  ” about  1603,  and  reprinted  by  the  Percy  Society. 
Westward  Ho!  A comedy  by  Webster  and 
Dekker  conjointly,  printed  in  1607. 

Westward  Ho ! or  the  Voyages  and  Adven- 
tures of  Sir  Amyas  Leigh.  A novel  by  Charles 
Kingsley,  published  iu  1855. 

Westwood  (west'wud),  John  Obadiah.  Born 
at  Sheffield,  England,  1805:  died  at  Oxford,  Jan. 
2, 1893.  An  English  entomologist,  professor  of 
zoology  at  Oxford,  ne  published  “An  Introduction 
to  the  Modern  Classification  of  Insects  ” (2  vols.  1839-40), 
numerous  entomological  papers,  etc. 

Wetherell  (weTH'er-el),  Elizabeth.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Susan  Warner. 

Wette,  De.  See  De  Wette. 


Wetterau 


1058 


Wetterau  (vet'ter-ou).  A fertile  district  in  Up-  major-generals.  He  fled  to  America  at  the.  Res- 
per  Hesse  and  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau  in  toration. 

Prussia,  extending  from  the  neighborhood  of  Whanghai  (hwang-hi').  The  Chinese  name  of 
Hanau  northward  to  near  Giessen.  the  Yellow  Sea. 

Wetterhorn  (vet'ter-horn).  A mountain  of  the  Wharfe  (hwarf).  A river  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
Bernese  Alps,  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situ-  land,  which  joins  the  Ouse  8 miles  south  of 
ated  near  Grindelwald  14  miles  east-southeast  York.  Length,  about  65  miles, 
of  Interlaken.  Highest  point,  12,150  feet.  Wharton  (hwar'ton),  Francis.  Born  at  Phila- 
Wettern  (vet' tern),  or  Vettern  (vet' tern),  delphia,  1820 : died  1889.  An  American  lawyer 
Lake.  Next  to  Lake  Wenern  the  largest  lake  and  legal  writer.  He  practised  law;  became  pro- 


in Sweden,  situated  east-southeast  of  Lake  We- 
nern. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Motala  Elf  to  the  Baltic.  It 
communicates  with  Lake  Wenern  by  the  Gota  Canal.  Ele- 
vation above  sea-level,  290  feet.  Length,  80  miles.  Area, 
733  square  miles. 

Wettersteingebirge  (vet'ter-stin-ge-ber//ge).  A 
group  of  the  Bavarian  Alps,  situated  on  the 
border  of  Bavaria  and  Tyrol,  about  55  miles 
southwest  of  Munich.  It  contains  the  Zugspitze, 
the  highest  mountain  in  the  German  Empire. 

Wettin  (vet-ten').  A town  in  the  province  of 


fessor  in  Kenyon  College ; was  ordained  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  ; became  professor  in  Cambridge  Divin- 
ity School;  and  was  solicitor  for  the  state  department, 
Washington,  18S5-89.  He  wrote  “ Treatise  on  the  Criminal 
Law  of  the  U nited  States  ” (1846),  ‘ ‘ State  Trials  of  the  United 
States  during  the  Administrations  of  Washington  and 
Adams’’  (1849),  “Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Homicide  in  the 
United  States ” (1855),  “Treatise  on  Theism  and  Mod- 
ern Skeptical  Theories  ’’  (1859),  “ The  Silence  of  Scripture  ” 
(1867),  “Treatise  on  the  Conflict  of  Laws’’  (1872),  “Law  of 
Agency  and  Agents”  (1876),  and  “Digest  of  International 
Law.”  He  was  joint  author  with  Stills  of  a “ Treatise  on 
Medical  Jurisprudence.” 

died 

discoverer  of 

Wharton’s  duct. 


Saxony,  Prussia,,  situated  on  the  Saale  32  miles  Wharton,  Thomas.  Born  about  1614: 
northwest  of  Leipsic.  it  contains  the  ancestral  castle  1673.  An  English  physician,  discover 
of  the  Saxon  house  of  Wettin.  Population,  about  3,000.  - — ; ~ 

Wetzlar  (vets'lar).  A town  in  the  Rhine  Prov-  Wharton  ThomaS)  Marquis  of  Wharton.  Born 
mce  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn  33  miles  b 1(ijs : died  1715.  An  English  Whig  poli- 
north-northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the-Mam.  it  „ 1T  . , * t>  i . * i 

was  a free  imperial  city,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Imperial  tlel;  n-  He  was  a Prominent  member  of  Parliament  and 
Chamber  in  the  later  history  of  the  Empire.  The  archduke  member  of  the  ; ®omptoller  of  the  household 

Charles  here  defeated  the  French  under  Jourdan  June  15,  J°rd  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1 <08-10  and  ord  privy  seal 
1796.  The  cathedral  is  a lofty  and  very  picturesque  struc-  AZJ*-  w.aJ|  the ^reputed  au  o j Ueio. 

ture  founded  in  the  11th  century,  and  variously  modified  vV  h&telYjhjvat  li),  rtlCXiard.  Lorn  at  London, 
from  then  until  the  16th.  There  is  a massive  western  Feb.  1,  1787:  died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  1,  1863.  An 


tower  in  which  opens  a fine  sculptured  doorway,  and  sev- 
eral other  portals  exhibit  excellent  details.  There  is  no 
clearstory,  and  the  traceried  windows  ot  the  aisles  are  cov- 
ered each  with  a separate  gable.  Pop.,  commune,  12,276. 

Wevelinghofen  (va've-ling-hd-fen).  A manu- 
facturing town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Erft  18  miles  northwest  of  Co- 
logne. Near  it,  June  14,  1648,  the  Imperialists  under 
Lamboy  were  defeated  by  the  troops  of  Hesse  and  Weimar 
under  Geisa. 

Wexford  (weks'ford).  1.  A county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Wicklow,  St.  George’s 
Channel,  Waterford,  Kilkenny,  and  Carlow. 
Area,  901  square  miles.  Population,  104,104. 
— 2.  A seaport,  capital  of  County  Wexford, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Slaney,  in  lat. 


English  prelate  and  theologian.  In  1805he  entered 
Oxford  (Oriel  College),  graduating  in  1808.  In  1819  he  pub- 
lished the  famous  “Historic  Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon 
Bonaparte.”  He  became  Bampton  lecturer  in  1822  ; prin- 
cipal of  St.  Albans  Hall  in  1825 ; professor  of  political  econ- 
omy at  Oxford  in  1829  ; and  archbishop  of  Dublin  in  1831. 
About  1815  his  treatise  on  “ Logic”  and  that  on  “Rhet- 
oric’’ were  contributed  to  the  “ Encyclopaedia  Metropoli- 
tana.”  In  1837  he  wrote  “Christian  Evidences, "and  edited 
Bacon’s  “ Essays  ” in  1856  and  Paley  in  1859.  He  advocated 
Catholic  emancipation  and  unsectarian  education,  and 
helped  to  relieve  the  Irish  famine.  Among  his  numerous 
other  works  are  “The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Party  Feeling  in 
Matters  of  Religion  ” (1822),  “Essays  on  Some  of  the  Pecu- 
liarities of  the  Christian  Religion  ’(1825),  “Elements  of 
Logic  ” (1826),  “ Elements  of  Rhetoric ” (1828),  “ Essays  on 
Some  of  the  Difficulties  in  the  Writings  of  the  Apostle 
Paul,  etc.”  (1828),  etc. 


52°  20'  N.,  long.  6°  28'  W.  It  was  the  landing-place  What  Will  He  Do  With  It  ? A novel  by  Bui- 


of  the  English  invaders  in  1169  ; was  taken  by  the  rebels  in 
1641;  and  was  stormed  by  Cromwell  in  1649.  Pop.,  11,168. 

Wexford  Haven.  An  inlet  of  St.  George’s 
Channel,  situated  on  the  coast  of  Wexford. 
Wexio  (vek'she-e).  1.  Alaen  in  Sweden:  same 


werLytton,  published  in  1858. 

What  You  Will.  A comedy  by  Marston, written 
about  1601,  published  in  1607.  Shakspere’s  “ Twelfth 
Night,  or  What  You  Will  ” is  thought  to  be  a rejoinder 
to  this  play  and  “The  Malcontent. 


as  Kronoberg- 2 The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Wlieaton  (hwe'ton),  Henry.  Born  at  Provi- 
Kronoberf.  Sweden.  58  miles  west  of  Kalmar.  dence>  R_  L>  Nov;’27)  1785  . Jdied  at  Dorchester, 


Kronoberg,  Sweden,  58  miles  west  of  Kalmar. 
It  has  a cathedral.  Population,  8,039. 
Weyer's  Cave  (wi'erz  kav).  A large  stalactite 
cave  in  Augusta  County,  Virginia,  northeast 
of  Staunton,  in  a spur  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
Weyland  Smith.  See  Wayland. 

Weyler  (wider)  y Nicolau,  Valeriano,  Mar- 
*quis  of  Tenerifie.  Born  at  Palma,  Balearic 
Isles,  Sept.  17,  1838.  A Spanish  general.  He 

served  in  the  Carlist  war  and  the  war  against  the  Moors, 
and  for  two  years  fought  for  Spain  in  the  Cuban  insurrec- 
tion of  1868-78.  He  was  recalled  from  Cuba  on  account 
of  the  charges  of  extreme  cruelty  made  against  him,  but 
was  sent  there  again  to  succeed  Campos  as  captain-gen- 
eral of  the  Spanish  forces  in  Jan.,  1896.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Blanco  in  Oct.,  1897. 

Weyman  (wi'man)  Stanley  J.  Born  at  Lud- 
low, Salop,  1855.  An  English  novelist.  He 


Mass.,  March  11,  1848.  A noted  American  di- 
plomatist, lawyer,  and  publicist.  He  graduated 
at  Brown  University  in  1802 ; practised  law  at  Providence, 
and  later  (1812)  at  New  York;  and  edited  the  “National 
Advocate  ” 1812-15.  He  was  justice  of  the  Marine  Court, 
New  York  city,  1815-19;  reporter  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Cour  t 1816-27;  charge  d’affaires  to  Denmark  1827- 
1835  ; and  minister  to  Prussia  1835-46.  He  negotiated  a 
treaty  (not  ratified)  with  Prussia  in  1844.  His  chief  work 
is  “Elements  of  International  Law”  (1836:  later  edited 
by  W.  B.  Lawrence  and  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.).  He  also  wrote 
reports  and  digests  of  United  States  Supreme  Court  de- 
cisions, “Life  of  William  Pinckney"  (1826),  “History  of 
the  Northmen”  (1831),  “Histoire  du  progres  du  droit  des 
gens  en  Europe  ” (“  History  of  the  Law  of  Nations,"  1841), 
“Validity  of  the  British  Claim  to  a Right  of  Visitation 
and  Search  of  American  Vessels  Suspected  to  be  Engaged 
in  the  Slave-Trade  ” (1842). 


educated  at  Shrewsbury  and  at  Christ  Church,  oS  Wheatstone  (hwet'ston)  Sir  Charles.  Born  at 
He  was  classical  instructor  in  the  King’s  School,  Chester,  Gloucester,_England,  h 6b.,  180..:  uied  at  Pans, 
1878 ; read  for  the  bar,  and  was  called  in  1881;  and  practised 
until  1890.  He  first  began  to  write  for  “ The  Cornhill  ” in 
1883.  Among  his  novels  are  “ The  House  of  the  Wolf  ’’(pub- 
lished serially  in  1887,  and  in  book  form  in  1890),“ Francis 
Cludde  ” (1891),  “ The  New  Rector  ” (1891),  “A  Gentleman 
of  France ”(1893),“ Under  the  Red  Robe ’’ (1894), and  “My 
Lady  Rotha”  (1894). 


Oet.  19, 1875.  An  English  physicist  and  inven- 
tor, one  of  the  inventors  of  the  electric  tele- 
graph: professor  in  King’s  College, London.  He 
patented,  with  Cooke,  his  telegraph  in  1837 ; made  many 
researches  in  electricity,  sound,  and  light ; and  invented 
the  stereoscope,  concertina,  etc. 


Weymouth  (wa'muth).  A town  in  Norfolk  Wheeler  (kwe'ler),  Joseph.  Born  Sept.  10, 


County,  Massachusetts,  12  miles  south-south- 
east of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots 
and  shoes,  etc.  Population,  12,895,  (1910). 

Weymouth  and  Melcombe  Regis  (wa'muth 
and  mel'kumre'jis).  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Dorset,  England,  situated  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  7 miles  south  of  Dorchester,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Wey.  It  was  the  scene  of 
several  engagements  in  the  civil  war 
lation,  19,843. 

Weyprecht  (vl'precht),  Karl.  Born  near 
Michelstadt  (Hesse),  Sept.  8, 1838:  died  there, 
March  29,  1881.  A German  Arctic  explorer. 
In  1871  hewent  with  Payer  to  Spitzbergen  and  Nova  Zem- 
bla,  and  also  1872-74  with  the  expedition  which  discovered 
Franz  Josef  Land.  He  was  the  originator  of  the  system 
of  international  polar  stations. 

Whale,  The.  See  Cetus. 

Whalley  (hwol'i),  Edward.  Died  at  Hadley, 
Mass.,  about  1678.  An  English  commander  in 


1836:  died  Jan.  25,  1906.  Au  American  soldier 
and  politician.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  in  1859,  and  entered  the  Confed- 
erate army  in  1861,  rising  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general 
in  Feb.,  1865.  From  iSSl  to  1900  he  was  a member  of 
Congress  from  Alabama.  He  was  appointed  major-general 
of  volunteers  in  May,  1898,  and  commanded  the  dismounted 
cavalry  in  the  Santiago  campaign.  Appointed  brigadier- 
general  U.  S.  A.  in  1900.  Retired  in  1900. 

Popu-  Wheeler,  William  Almon.  Born  at  Malone, 
Franklin  County,  N.  Y.,  June  30,  1819:  died 
there,  June  4,  1887.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  but 
did  not  graduate ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845 ; was 
United  States  district  attorney  of  Franklin  County,  New 
York.  1846-49;  was  a Whig  member  of  the  New  York  As- 
sembly 1849-58,  and  State  senator  1858-59 ; and  was  Repub- 
lican member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1861-63  and 
1869-77.  He  adjusted  Louisiana  difficulties  by  the  “Wheeler 
Compromise  ” in  1874.  He  was  nominated  as  Republican 
candidate  for  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  in  1876; 
was  declared  elected  in  1877 ; and  served  1877-81. 


the  civil  war,  and  regicide  : one  of  Cromwell’s  Wheeling  (hwe'ling).  A city,  capital  of  Ohio 


Whistler 

County,  West  Virginia,  situated  in  the  “Pan- 
handle,” on  the  Ohio  River,  in  lat.  40°  6'  N.  It  is 
called  “ the  Nail  City,"  from  its  nail-factories : it  has  also 
other  manufactures,  and  an  important  trade  by  railroad 
and  by  the  Ohio.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  State  1863-70 
and  1875-85.  Population,  41,641,  (1910). 

Wheelock  (hwe'lok),  Eleazar.  Born  at  Wind- 
ham, Conn.,  1711 : died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  1779. 
An  American  clergyman  and  educator,  first 
president  of  Dartmouth  College  (1770-79). 

Wheelock,  John.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
1754:  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  1817.  An  Amer- 
ican educator,  son  of  Eleazar  Wheelock.  He 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  succeeded  his  father 
as  president  of  Dartmouth  College  in  1779.  He  was  re- 
moved by  the  trustees  in  1815,  and  restored  in  1817. 

Whewell  (hu'el),  William.  Born  at  Lancas- 
ter, England,  May  24, 1794 : died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  March  6, 1866.  A celebrated  English 
scientist  and  philosopher.  He  entered  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College)  in  1812.  In  1817  he  was  elected  fellow, 
and  in  1818  mathematical  lecturer.  From  1828-32  he  was 
professor  of  mineralogy,  ana'  from  1838-55  Knightbridge 
professor  of  moral  philosophy.  In  1841  he  became  master 
of  Trinity  College.  His  works  include  “ Astronomy  and 
General  Physics  Considered  with  Reference  to  Natural 
Theology  ” (1833),  “ History  of  the  Inductive  Sciences  ” 
(1837),  “Philosophy  of  the  Inductive  Sciences”  (1840), 
“ Elements  of  Morality”  (1845),  “On  the  History  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  England  ’’  (1852),  “ Plurality  of  Worlds,” 
“ Platonic  Dialogues  for  English  Readers  ” (1859-61),,“  Lec- 
tures on  Political  Economy  ” (1862). 

Whidby  (hwid'bi) . A large  island  in  Puget 
Sound,  belonging  to  the  State  of  Washington. 

Whigs  ( hwigz),  The.  [Originally  a contemptu- 
ous epithet  in  Scotland,  the  primary  application 
of  which  is  not  now  known.]  1.  In  English 
history,  one  of  the  two  great  political  parties 
which  arose  at  the  end  of  the  17th  century.  It 
may  be  regarded  as  succeeding  the  Roundheads,  Country 
party,  and  Exclusionists  (Petitioners).  It  professed  more 
liberal  principles  than  the  Tory  party,  and  favored  and  de- 
fended  the  revolution  of  1688,  Parliamentary  control,  and 
the  Hanoverian  succession.  The  great  Whig  families  con- 
trolled the  government  for  many  years  from  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  George  I.  Among  the  later  leaders  were 
Fox  and  Burke.  About  the  time  of  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832 
(which  the  Whigs  favored)  the  name  began  to  he  replaced 
by  Liberal.  (See  Liberal.)  Sometimes  the  more  conser- 
vative members  of  the  Liberal  party  are  still  called  Whigs. 
2.  The  patriotic  or  American  party  during  the 
Revolutionary  period. — 3.  An  American  po- 
litical party  formed  under  the  leadership  of 
Henry  Clay,  and  known  until  about  1834  as  the 
National  Republican.  It  favored  a loose  construction 
of  the  Constitution,  and  supported  a high  protective  tariff 
and  internal  improvements.  Its  presidents  were  Harri- 
son and  Tyler  (1841-45)  and  Taylor  and  Fillmore  (1849-53). 
It  became  divided  on  the  slavery  question,  lost  the  elec- 
tion of  1852,  and  soon  after  disappeared. 

Whipple  (hwip'l),  Edwin  Percy.  Bom  at 

Gloucester,  Mass.,  March  8, 1819:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, June  16, 1886.  An  American  critic  and  es- 
sayist. He  was  employed  in  abank  and  in  a broker’s  office 
at  Boston ; and  1837-60  was  superintendent  of  the  read- 
ing-room of  the  Merchants’  Exchange.  He  became  noted 
as  a lecturer.  His  works  include  “ Essays  and  Reviews  ” 
(2  vols.  1848-49),  “ Literature  and  Life  ” (1849),  “Character 
and  Characteristic  Men  "(1866),  “Literature  of  the  Age 
of  Elizabeth  ” (1869),  etc. 

Whiskerandos  (hwis-ker-an'doz),Bou  Ferolo. 
A character  in  the  tragedy  rehearsed  in  Sheri- 
dan’s “Critic”:  a burlesque  tragedy  type. 
Whisky  Insurrection  or  Rebellion.  An  out- 
break in  the  four  western  counties  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1794,  against  the  enforcement  of  an  act 
of  Congress  of  1791  imposing  an  excise  duty  on 
all  spirits  distilled  within  the  United  States,  and 
on  stills.  A large  body  of  militia,  under  Governor  Lee 
of  Virginia,  was  sent  by  Washington  to  the  disturbed  dis- 
trict, but  the  insurrection  was  suppressed  without  blood- 
shed. 

Whisky  Ring.  A conspiracy  of  distillers  and 
United  States  government  officials,  formed  to 
defraud  the  government  of  the  excise  taxes.  It 
existed  about  1872-75. 

Whistlecraft(hwis'l-kraft).  William  and  Rob- 
ert. A pseudonym  of  John  Hookham  Frere. 
He  wrote  a “Prospectus  and  Specimen  of  an  intended  Na- 
tional Work,  by  William  and  Robert  Whistlecraft,  of  Stow, 
market,  in  Suffolk,  Harness  and  Collar  Makers,  intended 
to  comprise  the  most  interesting  Particulars  relating  to 
King  Arthur  and  his  Round  Table.”  In  this  work  he  in- 
troduced the  bernesque  style  into  the  English  language. 
Byron,  when  sending  “Beppo  ” to  his  publisher,  writes  : “ I 
have  written  a poem  humorous,  in  or  after  the  excellent 
manner  of  Mr.  Whistlecraft,  and  founded  on  a Venetian 
anecdote  which  amused  me.  . . . Whistlecraft  is  my  im- 
mediate model,  but  Berni  is  the  father  of  that  kind  of 
writing;  which,  I think,  suits  our  language,  too,  very 
well.” 

Whistler  (hwis'ler),  James  Abbott  McNeill. 

Born  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  1834  : died  at  London, 
July  17,  1903.  A distinguished  American 
painter  and  etcher.  He  attended  the  West  Point 
Academy  1851-54,  and  later  studied  art  in  Paris  under 
Gleyre.  He  removed  to  London  in  1863,  and  in  1886  was 
elected  president  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists.  He 


Whistler 

is  especially  noted  for  his  etchings.  His  paintings  in- 
clude various  portraits,  and  “The  White  Girl”  (1862), 
“ Portrait  of  my  Mother”  (1872),  “Nocturne  in  Blue  and 
Gold  ” and  “ Nocturne  in  Blue  and  Green  ” (1878),  “ Har- 
mony in  Gray  and  Green”  (1881),  etc.  He  wrote  “The 
Gentle  Art  of  Making  Enemies”  (1890),  etc. 

Whiston  (hwis'ton),  William.  Born  atNorton, 
Leicestershire,  England,  Dec.  9,  1667 : died  at 
London,  Aug.  22,  1752.  An  English  theologian 
and  mathematician,  successor  of  Newton  aspro- 
fessor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge,  but  ex- 
pelled for  Arianism.  He  wrote  “ New  Theory  of  the 
Barth”  (1696),  “Primitive  Christianity  Revived  ” (1711), 
“St.  Clement's  and  St.  Irenmus’s  Vindication  of  the  Apos- 
tolical Constitutions"  (1715),  “Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Mathe- 
matical Philosophy  Demonstrated " (1716),  works  on 
mathematics,  Arianism,  prophecy,  the  Scriptures,  a life  of 
Samuel  Clarke,  autobiography  (1749-50),  and  a translation 
of  Josephus  (1737). 

Whitby  (hwit'bi).  A seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Esk  in  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  54° 
29'  N.,  long.  0°  37'  W. : the  Saxon  Streonshalh. 

It  has  manufactures  of  jet  ornaments  and  important  fish- 
eries and  trade  ; and  was  formerly  noted  for  ship-building. 
It  is  a fashionable  seaside  resort.  The  famous  abbey  was 
founded  in  the  7th  century,  though  the  existing  remains 
date  from  between  the  12th  and  the  14th.  The  ruins  of  the 
church  are  picturesque  and  architecturally  interesting. 
The  clearstory  windows  are  small,  but  the  other  openings 
are  of  good  size.  The  old  town  grew  up  around  the  mon- 
astery. Population,  11,755. 

Whitby.  The  capital  of  Ontario  County, Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  Lake  Ontario  30  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Toronto.  Population,  2,110. 

Whitby,  Daniel.  BornatRushden,  Northamp- 
tonshire, 1638 : died  at  Salisbury,  March  24, 
1726.  An  English  theologian.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  in  1657.  In  1669  he  was  rector 
at  St.  Edmunds,  Salisbury.  His  attempt  to  reconcile  the 
Anglican  Church  and  the  Dissenters  excited  the  wrath 
of  the  clergy  : his  book  “ The  Protestant  Reconciler  ” (1682) 
was  burned  at  Oxford,  and  he  was  forced  to  recant.  He 
wrote  controversial  works  against  Roman  Catholicism,  and 
others  relating  to  Arianism,  Arminianism,  etc. 

Whitby,  Synod  or  Council  of.  An  ecclesias- 
tical council  held  at  Whitby  in  664,  under  the 
leadership  of  Oswy,  king  of  Northumbria,  to 
decide  the  Easter  and  tonsure  questions.  It 
resulted  in  the  triumph  of  the  Roman  party  as 

★against  the  Celtic. 

White  (hwit),  Andrew  Dickson.  Born  at  Ho- 
mer, N.  Y.,  Nov.  7,  1832!  An  American  edu- 
cator, historian,  and  politician.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1853 ; studied  in  Europe,  and  was  attache  of  lega- 
tion in  Russia  ; was  professor  of  history  and  English  liter- 
ature in  the  University  of  Michigan  1857-62  ; was  State 
senator  in  New  York  1863-66  ; and  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  Cornell  University  and  its  first  president  (1867-85). 
From  1879  to  1881  he  was  United  States  minister,  and  1897- 
1902  ambassador,  to  Germany.  In  1871  he  was  commis- 
sioner to  Santo  Domingo,  and  minister  to  Russia  1892-94. 
Among  his  works  are  “Lectures  on  Medieval  and  Modern 
History  ” (1861),  “Warfare  of  Science”  (1876),  “The  New 
Germany”  ''1882),  “Studies  in  General  History"  (1885). 

White,  Babington.  A pseudonym  of  Miss 
Braddon  (Mrs.  Maxwell). 

White,  Gilbert.  Born  at  Selhorne,  Hampshire, 
England,  July  18, 1720:  died  there,  June  26, 1793. 
An  English  naturalist.  He  was  educated  at  Oriel  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  became  a fellow  there  ; and  was  curate 
at  Selhorne  and  elsewhere.  He  is  famous  for  his  “Natural 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Selhorne"  (1789).  His  “Natu- 
ralists’ Calendar  ” was  edited  by  Aikin  in  1795. 

White,  Henry  Kirke.  Born  at  Nottingham, 
England,  March  21,  1785:  died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  Oct.  19,  1806.  An  English  poet.  He 
was  the  son  of  a butcher,  and  was  apprenticed  to  an  attor- 
ney at  the  age  of  15.  He  published  a volume  of  poems  in 
1803,  and  in  1804  secured  a sizarship  at  St.  John’s  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  died  from  overstudy.  His  “Remains” 
and  biography  were  published  by  Southey  in  1807. 

White,  Hugh  Lawson.  Born  in  Iredell  County, 
N.  C.,  1773:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  April  10, 
1840.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  State 
senator  in  Tennessee ; judge  of  the  Tennessee  Supreme 
Court ; and  United  States  senator  from  Tennessee  1825-40. 
He  received  26  electoral  votes  as  Whig  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent in  1836. 

White,  John.  Born  1590:  died  1645.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  doctor  of  medicine:  called 
“Century  White”  from  his  “First  Century  of 
Scandalous,  Malignant  Priests”  ( 1643) . He  drew 
up  the  first  charter  of  the  Massachusetts  colony. 

White,  Joseph  Blanco.  Born  at  Seville,  July 
11,  1775:  died  at  Liverpool,  May  20, 1841.  An 
English  author  and  clergyman,  in  1800  he  was  or- 
dained a Roman  Catholic  priest.  In  1810  he  went  to  Eng- 
land and  took  orders  in  the  English  Church,  but  afterward 
became  a Unitarian.  He  edited  “El  Espafiol”  in  London 
(1810-14),  and  wrote  “Letters  from  Spain”  (1822),  “Evi- 
dence against  Catholicism  ” (1825),  “ Poor  Man’s  Preserva- 
tive against  Popery  ’’  (1825),  “Second  Travels  of  an  Irish 
Gentleman  in  Search  of  a Religion  ”(1833),  and  the  famous 
sonnet  “Night.”  His  autobiography  was  edited  by  J.  H. 
Thom  (1845). 

White,  Peregrine.  Born  on  the  Mayflower,  in 
Cape  Cod  Harbor,  Mass.,  Nov.  20,  1620:  died 
1704.  The  first  white  child  born  in  New  England. 

White,  Richard  Grant.  Born  atNewYork,  May 


1059 

22, 1822:  died  there,  April  8,  1885.  An  Ameri- 
can essayist,  critic,  and  Shaksperian  scholar. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York ; 
studied  law  ; became  noted  as  a musical  and  art  critic ; 
was  editor  of  the  New  York  “Courier  and  Enquirer”  ; and 
later  was  connected  with  the  United  States  revenue  bu- 
reau iu  New  York  He  wrote  “Appeal  from  the  Sentence 
of  the  Bishop  [Onderdonk]  of  New  York”  (1845),  “Hand- 
book of  Christian  Art”(1853),  “Shakspere’s  Scholar  ”(1854), 
“Authorship  of  the  3 Parts  of  Henry  VI.”  (1859),  “Na- 
tional Hymns  " (1861),  a satire  “ The  N ew  Gospel  of  Peace  ” 
(1863),  “Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  William  Shakspere ’’ (1865), 
“Poetry  of  the  Civil  War  "(1866),  “Words  and  Their  Uses” 
(1870),  “ Every-day  English^’ (1880),  “England  Withoutand 
Within  ” (1881),  a novel  “ The  Fate  of  Mansfield  Hum- 
phreys " (1884),  “ Studies  in  Shakspere  ” (1885).  He  edited 
Shakspere’s  plays  1857-65,  and  in  1883. 

White,  Stanford.  Born  at  New  York,  Nov.  9, 
1853:  died  there,  June  25,  1906.  An  American 
architect  and  decorator,  son  of  R.  G.  White. 
He  designed  the  Washington  Arch  (New  York  city),  the 
Madison  Square  Garden,  the  base  of  St.  Gaudens’s  statue  of 
Farragut  in  Madison  Square,  and  many  buildings. 

White,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  April 
4, 1748:  died  there,  July  17,  1836.  A bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,  and  was  elected  first  bishop  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1786,  and  consecrated  in  London  in  1787.  He  wrote  “The 
Case  of  the  Episcopal  Churches  Considered  " (1782),  “ Lec- 
tures on  the  Catechism  ” (1813),  “Comparative  View  of  the 
Controversy  between  the  Calvinists  and  the  Arminians  ” 
(1817),  “Memoirs  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
the  United  States”  (1820),  etc. 

Whiteboys  (hwlt'boiz).  The  members  of  an 
illegal  agrarian  association,  formed  in  Ireland 
about  the  year  1761,  whose  object  was  “to  do 
justice  to  the  poor  by  restoring  the  ancient  com- 
mons andredressing  other  grievances”  ( Lecky ). 
The  members  of  the  association  assembled  at  night  with 
white  frocks  over  their  other  clothes  (whence  the  name), 
threw  down  fences  and  leveled  inclosures  (being  hence 
also  called  Levelers),  and  destroyed  the  property  of  harsh 
landlords  or  their  agents,  the  Protestant  clergy,  the  tithe- 
collectors,  and  any  others  who  had  made  themselves  ob- 
noxious to  the  association. 

Whitecaps  (hwlt'kaps).  In  the  United  States, 
a self-constituted  body  or  committee  of  per- 
sons who,  in  Indiana  and  other  States,  generally 
under  the  guise  of  rendering  service  or  protec- 
tion to  the  community  in  which  they  dwell, 
commit  various  outrages  and  lawless  acts. 

Whitechapel  (hwit'chap//el).  A quarter  in  the 
eastern  part  of  London,  inhabited  by  the  poorer 
classes  and  by  criminals : so  called  from  White- 
chapel Road. 

Whitechapel  Murders.  A series  of  extraor- 
dinary and  atrocious  murders,  committed  in 
London,  especially  in  Whitechapel,  by  an  un- 
known person,  popularly  called  “ Jack  the  Rip- 
per,” about  1889.  The  victims  were  in  all  cases 
fallen  women. 

White  Company,  The.  [F.  La  Compagnie 
Blanche.  ] A band  of  assassins  organized  in 
Toulouse  in  the  13th  century  by  “the  ferocious 
Folquet,”  bishop  of  Toulouse.  He  marched  at  their 
head,  massacring  all  who  were  suspected  of  favoring  heret- 
ical opinions.  This  company  joined  the  army  of  Simon 
de  Montfort  when  he  besieged  Toulouse.  The  name  was 
also  assumed  by  a band  of  freebooters  (the  “ Grand  Com- 
panies  ”)  led  by  Bertrand  du  Guesclin  in  1366,  from  the 
white  cross  which  each  wore  on  his  shoulder.  He  was 
ransomed  from  English  captivity  for  the  purpose  of  rid- 
ding France  of  these  adventurers.  He  placed  himself  at 
their  head  and  led  them  out  of  the  country  into  Spain. 
The  name  was  also  given,  probably  on  account  of  their 
equipment,  to  another  band  of  adventurers  led  by  Sir 
John  Hawkwood,  who  ravaged  the  northern  part  of  Italy 
with  them  in  the  14th  century. 

White  Czar,  or  White  King,  The.  An  epithet 
of  the  Czar  of  Russia. 

White  Devil,  The,  or  Vittoria  Corombona. 

A tragedy  by  Webster,  first  acted  in  1607  or 
1608.  It  was  printed  in  1612.  See  Corombona. 

But  when  these  criticisms  and  others  are  made,  “The 
White  Devil”  remains  one  of  the  most  glorious  works  of 
the  period.  Vittoria  is  perfect  throughout ; and  in  the 
justly  lauded  trial  scene  she  has  no  superior  on  any  stage. 
Bracchiano  is  a thoroughly  lifelike  portrait  of  the  man 
who  is  completely  besotted  with  an  evil  woman.  Flamineo 
I have  spoken  of,  and  not  favourably  : yet  in  literature,  if 
not  in  life,  he  is  a triumph  ; and,  above  all,  the  absorbing 
tragic  interest  of  the  play,  which  it  is  impossible  to  take 
up  without  finishing,  has  to  be  counted  in.  But  the  real 
charm  of  “ The  White  Devil  ” is  the  wholly  miraculous 
poetry  in  phrases  and  short  passages  which  it  contains. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  276. 

White  Devil  of  Wallachia,  The.  A Turkish 
nickname  of  Seanderbeg. 

White  Elephant,  Land  of  the.  Siam. 

Whiteface  (hwit'fas)  Mountain.  A peak  of 
the  Adirondacks,  in  Essex  County,  New  York, 
near  Lake  Placid.  Height,  about  4,870  feot. 

Whitefield  (hwit'feld),  George.  Born  at  Glou- 
cester, England,  Dee.  27,  1714:  died  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  Sept.  30,  1770.  An  English 
clergyman,  one  of  the  founders  of  Methodism  : 
celebrated  os  a pulpit  orator.  He  was  educated 
at  Gloucester  and  Oxford ; became  associated  at  Oxford 


White  League,  The 

with  the  Methodists  ; was  ordaiued  deacon  in  1736 ; visited 
Georgia  in  1738,  returning  to  England  in  the  same  year  to 
be  ordained  a priest ; began  open-air  preaching  at  Bristol 
with  great  effect ; again  visited  America  1739-41,  preach- 
ing in  N ew  England,  N ew  York,  Georgia,  and  elsewhere ; 
separated  from  Wesley  on  doctrinal  points  in  1741  (White- 
field  retaining  his  rigid  Calvinism  and  Wesley  leaning 
toward  Arminianism)  ; preached  throughout  Great  Brit- 
ain ; was  in  America  for  the  third  tune  1744-48  (and  sev- 
eral times  later) ; and  became  chaplain  to  the  Countess  of 
Huntingdon.  He  returned  to  America  for  the  last  time 
in  1769,  and  died  there. 

Whitefriars  (hwit'frFarz).  A district  in  Lon- 
don, named  from  an  order  of  Carmelites  estab- 
lished there  in  1241.  The  first  monastery  of  the  order 
in  England  was  founded  by  Ralph  Freshburne  near  Ater- 
wich,  Northumberland,  in  1224.  (See  Alsatia.)  In  1580  the 
Whitefriars’  Monastery  was  given  up  to  a company  of 
players,  and  known  as  Whitefriars’  Theatre.  It  was  not 
used  after  1616. 

Whitehall  (hwit'hal).  In  modern  London,  the 
main  thoroughfare  between  Trafalgar  Square 
and  the  houses  of  Parliament,  it  is  150  feet  wide, 
and  passes  through  the  great  courtyard  of  the  old  White- 
hall Palace.  It  contains  on  either  side  the  administrative 
offices  of  the  imperial  government. 

Whitehall  (hwit'hal).  A village  in  Washing- 
ton County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  southern 
end  of  Lake  Champlain,  65  miles  north  by  east 
of  Albany,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Champlain 
Canal.  It  has  an  important  trade  in  lumber. 
Population,  4,917,  (1910). 

Whitehall  Palace.  A palace  in  London,  Eng- 
land, originally  built  by  Hubert  de  Burgh  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  III.  It  became  the  residence  of 
the  archbishops  of  York  in  1248,  and  was  called  York  Place 
for  three  centuries.  It  should  not  be  confounded  with  York 
House.  It  escheated  to  the  crown  under  Henry  VIII.  In 
1615  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  James  I.  undertook 
to  rebuild  thepalace,  but  only  the  existing  banqueting-hall, 
designed  by  Inigo  Jones,  was  finished  at  the  opening  of  the 
civil  war.  The  remainder  of  the  old  palace  has  since  disap- 
peared. The  banqueting-hall  is  one  of  the  best  examples  of 
the  Palladian  style,  111  by  55j  feet,  and  551  high.  The  ceil- 
ing is  covered  with  paintings  by  Rubens  representing  the 
Apotheosis  of  James  I.,  incidents  in  the  life  of  Charles 
I.,  and  allegories  of  Peace,  Plenty,  and  similar  subjects. 
Through  an  opening  broken  in  the  wall  between  the  upper 
and  the  lower  central  windows  Charles  I.  walked  to  the 
scaffold.  The  banqueting-hall  was  turned  into  a chapel  by 
George  I.,  but  has  never  been  consecrated.  It  is  called  “the 
Chapel  Royal  of  Whitehall,"  and  was  dismantled  in  1890. 
White  Hart,  The.  A noted  tavern  in  South- 
wark, London. 

Whitehaven  (hwit'ha//vn).  A seaport  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  situated  near  the  entrance  to 
Solway  Firth,  in  lat.  54°  33'  N.,  long.  3°  35'  W. 
It  has  coal-mines  and  varied  manufactures,  and 
exports  coal,  iron,  etc.  Population,  19,324. 
Whitehead  (hwit'hed),  Charles.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1804:  died  at  Melbourne,  1862.  An  Eng- 
lish poet  and  writer.  He  published  “The  Solitary” 
(1831),  and  “Autobiography  of  Jack  Ketch ”(1834).  The 
“ Pickwick  Papers  ’’  were  written  by  Dickens  at  his  sug- 
gestion. In  1857  he  went  to  Melbourne. 

Whitehead,  William.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
1715:  died  April  14, 1785.  An  English  poet,  the 
successor  of  Colley  Cibber  as  poet  laureate.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Cambridge  (Clare  Hall). 
In  1742  he  became  a fellow  of  Clare,  and  in  1757  poet  lau- 
reate. He  wrote  the  tragedies  “ A Roman  Father  ” and 
“ Creusa, ’’  and  the  comedy  “A  School  for  Lovers,”  etc. 

White  Horse,  Vale  of  the.  A valley  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  west  of  Abingdon.  See  White 
Horse  of  Berkshire. 

White  Horse  of  Berkshire,  The.  A rude  fig- 
ure of  a horse  made  by  cutting  away  the  turf 
on  an  escarpment  of  the  Chalk  Downs  near 
Wantage,  Berkshire,  England:  traditionally  as- 
cribed to  Alfred  the  Great.  There  are  others. 

The  White  Horse  of  Uflmgton,  in  Berkshire,  occupies 
about  an  acre  of  ground,  and  may  be  seen  from  some 
points  of  view  at  a distance  of  twelve  miles. 

Woodward , Geology  of  England  and  Wales,  2d  ed.,  p.  421. 

White  House  (hwit  hous).  A locality  on  the 
Pamunkey  River,  Virginia,  east  of  Richmond : 
a prominent  point  in  the  movements  against 
Richmond  in  the  Civil  War. 

White  House,  The.  See  Washington  (city). 
White  Huns  (hunz).  An  ancient  people,  prob- 
ably of  the  Turkish  race,  who  lived  in  central 
Asia.  They  were  probably  ancestors  of  the 
Turkomans. 

White  Lady.  In  German  folk-lore,  the  ancient 
Teutonic  goddess  Holda  or  Berchta,  who  was 
the  receiver  of  the  souls  of  maidens  and  chil- 
dren, and  who  still  exists  as  the  White  Lady, 
not  unfrequently,  in  German  legends,  trans- 
forming herself,  or  those  whom  she  decoys 
into  her  home,  into  a white  mouse.  Baring- 
Gould,  Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
p.  463. 

White  League,  The.  1 . A military  organiza- 
tion in  Louisiana,  in  the  period  succeeding  the 
Civil  War,  formed  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
white  supremacy. — 2.  The  Ku-Klux  Klan. 


Whitelocke 

Whitelocke  (hwit'lok),  Bulstrode.  Born  at 
London,  Aug.  6,  1605:  died  at  Clifton,  Wilt- 
shire, 1675.  An  English  statesman,  son  of  Sir 
James  Whitelocke  (justice  of  theKing’sBench). 
In  1620  he  entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; in  1626  was 
member  of  Parliament  for  Stafford ; and  sat  in  the  Long 
Parliament  for  Great  Marlow.  He  succeeded  in  maintain- 
ing a moderate  or  neutral  position  through  the  civil  war, 
Commonwealth,  and  Restoration.  In  1646  he  was  appointed 
a commissioner  to  treat  with  the  king  at  Uxbridge.  He 
committed  himself  neither  to  the  Independents  nor  to  the 
Presbyterians,  and  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  king’s  trial 
and  execution.  In  1653  he  was  ambassador  to  Sweden, 
and  in  1659  was  commissioner  of  the  great  seal.  He  was 
pardoned  at  the  Restoration.  He  wrote  “ Memorials  of 
English  Affairs"  (1682). 

White  Mountain.  [G.  Weisser  Berg.']  A hill 
near  Prague,  about  1,200  feet  in  height.  Here, 
Nov.  8, 1620,  the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  and  Maximilian 
of  Bavaria  defeated  the  elector  Frederick  V.  of  the  Palati- 
nate. 

White  Mountain  Apache.  See  Coyotero. 
White  Mountains.  A group  of  mountains  in 
New  Hampshire,  belonging  to  the  Appalachian 
system.  It  comprises  the  Presidential  range,  or  White 
Mountains  proper  (Mounts  Washington,  Adams,  Jeffer- 
son, Madison,  Monroe,  Clay,  and  others),  the  Franconia 
range  (Mount  Lafayette  and  others),  and  other  lesser 
heights.  Highest  point,  Mount  Washington  (6,270  feet). 
They  are  a popular  summer  resort. 

White  Mountains.  A name  sometimes  given 
to  the  Little  Carpathians  between  Moravia  and 
Hungary. 

White  Oak  Swamp.  A locality  east  of  Rich- 
mond, the  scene  of  part  of  the  battle  of  June 
30,  1862,  and  of  the  Seven  Days’  Battles. 
White  Plains.  A village  in  Westchester  Coun- 
ty, New  York,  22  miles  north-northeast  of  New 
York.  A victory  was  gained  there  by  the  British  under 
Howe  over  the  Americans  under  Washington,  Oct.  28, 
1776.  Population,  village,  15,949,  (1910). 

White  River.  1 . A river  in  Arkansas  and  the 
southern  part  of  Missouri,  which  joins  the  Ar- 
kansas and  Mississippi  near  the  junction  of 
those  rivers.  Length,  about  800  miles ; navi- 
gable to  Batesville  or  Jacksonport. — - 2.  A river 
in  Indiana,  formed  by  the  East  and  West  Forks. 
It  joins  the  Wabash  25  miles  southwest  of  Vincennes. 
Indianapolis  is  on  the  West  Fork.  Length,  about  350 
miles,  including  the  West  Fork. 

White  River  Junction.  A railroad  junction 
in  Vermont,  at  the  entrance  of  the  White 
River  into  the  Connecticut,  32  miles  east  of 
Rutland. 

White  Rose  of  Raby.  An  epithet  of  the  mother 
of  Edward  IV.  of  England.  In  1794  a novel  with 
this  title  was  published. 

White  Russia  ( rush'a).  A popular  hut  not 
official  name  for  a part  of  western  Russia 
largely  inhabited  by  White  Russians,  it  includes, 
in  whole  or  in  great  part,  the  governments  of  Vilna,  Grod- 
no, Mohileff,  Minsk,  Smolensk,  and  Vitebsk.  Formerly  it 
belonged  to  Poland. 

White’s  (hwlts).  A noted  club  in  St.  James’s 
street,  London,  established  in  1698  as  a choco- 
late-house, and  called  after  the  name  of  its 
keeper.  It  was  from  the  beginning  principally 
a gambling  club. 

Whites,  The.  See  Bianchi. 

White  Sea.  An  arm  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  which 
penetrates  about  400  miles  into  northern  Rus- 
sia. Its  chief  branches  are  the  Gulfs  of  Mezen,  Archangel 
(or  Dwina),  Onega,  and  Kandalak,  and  it  receives  the  Me- 
zen, Dwina,  Onega,  and  Wyg.  It  is  frozen  more  than  half 
the  year. 

White  Sheep,  The.  The  Turkoman  conquerors 
of  Persia  about  1468. 

White  Sulphur  Springs.  A village  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Greenbrier  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia, 60  miles  northwest  of  Lynchburg : one  of 
the  most  noted  summer  resorts  in  the  South. 
White  Surrey.  The  favorite  horse  of  Rich- 
ard IH. 

White  Tower.  The  oldest  portion  of  the  Tower 
of  London  (which  see). 

Whitfield,  George.  See  White  field. 

Whitfield  (hwit'feld),  or  Whitefield,  John 
Clarke.  Born  at  Gloucester,  Dec.  13,  1770: 
died  near  Hereford,  Feb.  22,  1836.  An  English 

musician.  In  1798  he  became  choirmaster  of  St.  Patrick’s 
Cathedral  in  Dublin  ; soon  after  organist  of  Trinity  and 
St.  John’s  colleges,  Cambridge  ; and  from  1820-33  organist 
of  Hereford  cathedral.  From  1821  he  was  professor  of 
music  to  the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  edited  Han- 
del’s oratorios. 

Whitgift  (hwit'gift),  John.  Born  at  Great 
Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  England,  1530  (1533?): 
died  at  London,  Feb.  29,  1604.  An  English 
prelate.  In  1563  lie  became  Lady  Margaret  professor 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge ; in  1667  regius  professor  and 
master  of  Trinity;  and  in  1570  vice-chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity. He  was  appointed  bishop  of  Worcester  in  1577, 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1583.  He  was  a persecu- 
tor of  the  Puritans ; was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  “Lam- 
beth Articles  and  took  part  in  the  Hampton  Court  Con- 


1060 

ference  in  1604.  His  works  were  edited  for  the  Parker 
Society  1851-53. 

Whitlock  (hwit'lok),  Mrs.  (Eliza  Kemble). 

Born  1761:  died  1836.  An  English  actress, 
sister  of  Mrs.  Siddons. 

Whitman  (hwit'man),  Marcus.  Born  at  Rush- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,1802 : died  near  Walla  Wall  a, 
Oregon,  Nov.  29,  1847.  An  American  pioneer. 
In  1836  he  went  to  Oregon  for  the  American  Board  as  mis- 
sionary physician.  Convinced  of  the  value  of  (he  country, 
he  returned  (1842-43)  to  Washington,  and  by  his  represen- 
tations practically  succeeded  in  securing  Oregon  for  the 
United  States.  To  prove  its  accessibility  to  settlers,  he  led 
back  in  the  same  year  a large  train  of  wagons  to  the  valley 
of  the  Columbia.  He  was  murdered  by  Indians. 

Whitman  (hwit'man),  Mrs.  (Sarah  Helen 
Power).  Born  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  1803:  died 
there,  June  27,  1878.  An  American  poet  and 
critic.  About  1848  she  became  engaged  to  Edgar  Allan 
Poe,  and,  though  the  engagement  was  broken  off,  defended 
him  in  her  “ Edgar  A.  Poe  and  his  Critics  ” (1S60).  She 
also  wrote  “Hours  of  Life,  and  other  Poems”  (1853),  and 
various  poems  with  lxer  sister  Anna  M.  Power. 

Whitman,  Walt  or  Walter.  Born  at  West 
Hills,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  May  31, 1819:  died  at 
Camden,  N.  J.,  March  26, 1892.  An  American 
poet.  In  early  life  he  was  engaged  as  a printer,  carpen- 
ter, and  journalist.  During  the  Civil  War  he  volunteered 
as  army  nurse,  and  in  1864  was  seized  with  hospital  mala- 
ria, from  which  he  never  fully  recovered.  After  the  war  he 
was  a government  clerk  in  Washington  ; and  was  dis- 
missed in  1865,  on  account  of  the  character  of  his  volume 
of  poems  “Leaves  of  Grass,”  which  had  been  published  in 
1855.  The  volume  has  many  times  been  revised,  a final 
edition  appearing  in  1892.  Shortly  after  his  dismissal  he 
received  another  appointment  which  he  held  until  disabled 
by  paralysis  in  1873,  when  lie  removed  to  Camden.  William 
Douglas  O’Connor  published  a pamphlet  in  his  defense  in 
1866,  entitled  “ The  Good  Gray  Poet : A Vindication,”  and 
W.  M.  Rossetti  published  an  edition  of  his  poems  in  Eng- 
land in  1S68.  His  other  works  include  “ Drum-Taps  ”(1865), 
“Memoranda  During  the  War”  (1875),  “Democratic  Vis- 
tas” (1871),  “Two  Rivulets  ” (1876),  “Specimen  Days  and 
Collect  ”(18S3),  “November  Boughs  ”(1888),“ Goodbye,  my 
Fancy”  (1891),  and  “Selected  Poems.”  A complete  collec- 
tion of  his  prose  works  and  “ Autobiographia " was  pub- 
lished in  1892. 

Whitney  (hwit'ni),  Mrs.  (Adeline  Dutton 
Train).  Born  at  Boston,  Sept.  15,  1824:  died 
March  21,  1906.  An  American  novelist,  poet, 
and  writer  of  juveniles.  Her  novels  include  “Boys 
at  Chequasset”  (1862),  “Faith  Gartney  s Girlhood”  (1863), 
“The  Gayworthys”  (1865),  “A  Summer  in  Leslie  Gold- 
thwaite’s  Life ”(1866),  “Patience  Strong's  Outings ” (1868), 
“Hitherto”  (1869),  “Real  Folks  ” (1871),  “Sights  and  In- 
sights" (1876),  “Odd  or  Even”  (1880),  “ Bonny  borough  ” 
(1885),  “ Ascutney  Street”  (1891),  “A  Golden  Gossip  "(1892). 
She  has  published  also  several  volumes  of  poems. 

Whitney  (hwit'ni),  Eli.  Born  at  Westborough, 
Mass.,  Dec.  8,  1765 : died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Jan.  8,  1825.  An  American  inventor  and  man- 
ufacturer. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1792,  and  in  the 
same  year  went  to  Georgia  as  a teacher,  and  there  invented 
the  cotton-gin.  His  workshop  was  broken  into  and  his 
machine  stolen  and  others  made  before  he  could  secure  a 
patent.  He  subsequently  made  a fortune  in  the  manu- 
facture of  firearms  at  Wliitneyville,  near  New  Haven. 

Whitney,  Josiah  Dwight.  Born  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  Nov.  23, 1819:  died  Aug.  19, 1896.  A 
distinguished  American  geologist.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1839 ; was  connected  as  geologist  with  the  New 

, Hampshire  survey  1840-42  ; studied  and  traveled  in  Europe 
1842-47  : was  assistant  geologist  of  the  United  States  sur- 
vey of  the  Lake  Superior  region  1847-49 ; became  State 
chemist  of  Iowa  and  professor  in  Iowa  State  University  in 
1855;  was  connected  with  the  State  surveysof  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois  1858-60 ; was  State  geologist  of  California  1860-74  ; 
and  became  professor  of  geology  at  Harvard  in  1865.  W i th 
J.  W.  Foster  he  published  reports  on  the  Lake  Superior 
survey  (1849  and  1850-51) ; with  James  Hall  reports  on  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Iowa  (1858-59)  and  on  that  of  Wis- 
consin (1862).  He  also  wrote  “ The  Metallic  Wealth  of 
the  United  States,  etc."  (1854),  “Geological  Survey  of 
California"  (1864-70),  “The  Yosemite  Guide-Book  ” (1869), 
“ Barometric  Hypsometry  ” (1874),  a volume  on  the  botany 
of  California  (1877),  “ Names  and  Places’’  (1888),  etc. 

Whitney,  Mount.  [Named  from  Prof.  J.  D. 
Whitney.]  A peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains, on  the  border  of  Inyo  and  Tulare  coun- 
ties, California,  about  lat.  36°  35'  N. : at  one 
time  thought  to  be  the  highest  mountain  in 
the  United  States.  Height,  14,502  feet. 

Whitney,  William  Collins.  Born  July  15, 
1841:  died  Feb.  2,  lQfl4.  An  American  lawyer 
and  politician.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1863,  and  at 
the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1865,  and  was  several  times 
corporation  counsel  of  New  York  city.  He  was  secretary 
of  the  navy  1885-89. 

Whitney,  William  Dwight.  Born  at  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  Feb.  9,1827 : died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  June  7, 1894.  A distinguished  American 
philologist,  brother  of  J.  D.  Whitney.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Williams  College  in  1845 ; was  employed  in  a bank 
at  Northampton  for  several  years ; studied  Sanskrit  at  New 
Haven  1849-50,  and  at  Berlin  1850-53;  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  Sanskrit  at  Yale  in  1853,  and  also  of  comparative 
philology  in  1870.  He  was  secretary  of  the  American  Ori- 
ental Society  1857-84,  and  its  president  from  1884 ; and  was 
the  first  president  of  the  American  Philological  Associ- 
ation. He  was  also  member  of  many  learned  societies, 
and  was  a foreign  knight  of  the  Prussian  order  Pour  le 
MCrite,  filling  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Thomas 


Wichert 

Carlyle.  His  works  include  numerous  contributions  to  the 
“Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  Society”  and  other  pa- 
pers, a translation  of  the  “Sitrya  Siddh&nta  ” (1860),  an 
edition  of  the  * ‘ Pratifakhya  ” of  the  “Atharva  Veda  ” (1862), 
“Language  and  the  Study  of  Language”  (1867),  “German 
Grammar ’’  (1869),  “German  Reader,"  an  edition  of  the 
“Taittirlya  PiAtis&khya ’’  (1871),  “Oriental  and  Linguistic 
Studies  ”(1872-74),  “Life  and  Growth  of  Language”  (1875), 
“ Essentials  of  English  Grammar” (1877)>“ Sanskrit  Gram- 
mar ” (1879),  “ French  Grammar  ” (1886),  etc.  He  also  was 
editor-in-chief  of  “The  Century  Dictionary”  (1889-91),  and 
aided  in  the  revision  of  Webster’s  Dictionary  (1864). 

Whittier  (hwit'i-er),  John  Greenleaf.  Born 
at  Haverhill,  Mass.,  Dec.  17,1807 : died  at  Hamp- 
ton Falls,  N.  H.,  Sept.  7, 1892.  A distinguished 
American  poet,  reformer,  and  author : a mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  attended  the 
Haverhill  Academy ; worked  on  a farm ; taught  school 
in  order  to  afford  further  education ; and  at  the  age  of 
twenty-two  edited  the  “ American  Manufacturer"  at  Bos- 
ton. In  1830  he  edited  the  “Haverhill  Gazette,”  and  a 
few  months  later  the  “New  England  Weekly  Review” 
(Hartford).  He  was  a leading  opponent  of  slavery  ; be- 
came secretary  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society  in 
1836;  and  went  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  edited  the  “ Penn- 
sylvania Freeman.  ” He  was  several  times  attacked  by  mobs 
on  account  of  his  opinions.  He  was  sent  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature  in  1835-36,  and  settled  at  Amesbury, 
Massachusetts,  in  1840.  He  was  leading  writer  for  the 
Washington  “National  Era”  1847-59.  Among  his  works 
are  “ Legends  of  New  England  ” (1831) , “Moll  Pitcher” 
(1832),  “Mogg  Megone”  (1836),  “Ballads”  (1838),  “Lays 
of  My  Home,  and  other  Poems”  (1843),  “The  Stranger  in 
Lowell”  (1845),“  Supernaturalism  in  New  England  ” (1847), 
“Leaves  from  Margaret  Smith’s  Journal”  (1849),  ‘ The 
Voices  of  Freedom  ’’  (1849),  “Old  Portraits  and  Modern 
Sketches ” (1850),  “Songs  of  Labor  ” (1850),  “The  Chapel  of 
the  Hermits” (1853),  “Literary  Recreations  and  Miscella- 
nies" (1854),  “The Panorama  ” (1856),  “Home  Ballads  and 
Poems”  (1860),  “In  War  Time”  (1863),  “National  Lyrics" 
(1865),“  Snow-Bound  "(1866),“  Maud  Muller  ”(1866),“  The 
Tent  on  the  Beach  ”(1867),  “Among  the  Hills  ”(1868),“  Bal- 
ladsof  NewEnglandv  (1869),“  Miriam”  (1871),“The  Penn- 
sylvania Pilgrim  ” (1872),  “Hazel  Blossoms"  (1874),  “ Ma- 
bel Martin”  (1875),  “The  Vision  of  Echard"  (1878),  “The 
King’s  Missive  ” (1881),  “ The  Bay  of  the  Seven  Islands  ’’ 
(1883),  “Poems  of  Nature”  (1886),  “St.  Gregory’s  Guest ” 
(1886).  Complete  works,  prose  and  verse,  in  7 vols.  (1888- 
1889),  revised  by  the  author. 

Whittington  (hwit'ing-ton).  A town  in  Derby- 
shire, England,  9 miles  south  by  east  of  Shef- 
field. Population,  9,41G. 

Whittington,  Sir  Richard.  Bom  about  1358 : 
died  March,  1423.  Lord  Mayor  of  London.  He 
wa3  a son  of  Sir  Richard  Whittington  of  Pauntley,  Glou- 
cestershire, who  died  an  butlaw  in  1360.  In  1393  he  was 
an  alderman  and  sheriff  of  London,  and  was  chosen  mayor 
in  1397, 1406,  and  1419.  In  1416  he  was  elected  member  of 
Parliament  for  London.  Tiie  old  legend  which  depicts 
him  as  going  up  to  London  to  seek  his  fortune,  which  he 
finally  achieves  by  means  of  bis  cat,  has  no  foundation  in 
fact;  but  the  phrase  “Whittington  and  his  cat”  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a corruption  of  the  word  acat  or  achat , used 
in  the  14th  century,  meaning  ‘trading’  or  ‘barter,’  round 
which  the  nursery  tale  grew.  There  is  an  Eastern  legend 
of  the  same  nature,  which  probably  affected  the  form  of 
the  story. 

Whittredge  (hwit'rej),  Worthington.  Born 
May  22,  1820:  died  Feb.  25,  1910.  An  American 
landscape-painter,  a pupil  of  Andreas  Achen- 
bach  in  Diisseldorf.  He  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1861,  and  president  in  1874. 
Whitworth  (hwit'werth).  A village  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  situated  on  the  Spodden  12 
miles  north  of  Manchester.  Pop.,  9,578. 
Whitworth,  Sir  Joseph.  Bom  at  Stockport, 
England,  1803 : died  1887.  An  English  inventor 
and  manufacturer,  noted  especially  for  his 
breech-loading  cannon  and  rifles. 

Whydah  (hwid ' a),  or  Widah  (wid  ' a).  The 
chief  seaport  of  Dahomey,  Africa,  situated  on 
a lagoon  near  the  coast,  about  long.  2°  5'  E. 
Population,  estimated,  12,000-25,000. 
Whyinper  (hwim'per).  Edward.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, April  27,  1840:  died  at  Chamonix.  Sept.  16. 
1911.  An  English  traveler  and  author,  noted 
as  a mountain-climber.  He  ascended  Mont  Pelvoux 
iu  1861,  and  Pointe  des  Kerins  in  1864;  made  the  first 
ascent  of  the  Matterhorn  in  1865  (see  Matterhorn );  trav- 
eled extensively  in  Greenland  in  1867  and  1872 ; and  as- 
cended Chimborazo,  Cotopaxi,  Antisana,  Pichincha,  and 
other  mountains  in  the  Ecuadorian  Andes  in  1880.  He 
wrote  “Scrambles  among  the  Alps”  (1871),  “Travels 
amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator  ” (1892). 

Whyte-Melville  (hwit'mel'vil),  George  John. 

Born  near  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  1821 : died 
Dee.,  1878.  An  English  soldier  and  novelist.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton;  entered  the  army  in  1839;  retired 
from  file  army  with  the  rank  of  captain  in  1849:  and 
served  in  the  Turkish  cavalry  in  the  Crimean  war.  Among 
his  novels  are  “Digby  Grand  ” (1853),  “ Kate  Coventry  ” 
(1856),  “ The  Interpreter"  (1858),  “Ilolmby  House  ’’(I860), 
“Good  for  Nothing”  (1861),  “The  Queen’s  Marys ” (1862), 
“The  Gladiators "(1863),  “The  White  Rose"(186S),  “ Sar- 
chedon  ” (1871),  “Satanella  " (1873),  “Uncle  John  (1874), 
“Katerfelto”  (1875),  “Roy’s  Wife”  (1878),  “Black  but 
Comely  ” (1879). 

Wichert  (ve'chert).  Ernst  Alexander  August 
Georg.  Born  at  Insterburg,  East  Prussia, 
March  11,  1831:  died  at  Berlin.  Jan.  21,  1902. 
A German  dramatist  and  novelist.  His  works  in- 
clude the  novels  “ Das  '-Tune  Thor,”  ‘ Ein  starkes  Herz," 


Wichert 

“ Heinrich  von  Plauen,’’  “ Der  grosse  Knrfiirst  in  Preus- 
sen,"  and  the  dramas  “Der  Narr  des  Glucks,"  “EinSchritt 
vom  Wege,”  “Die  Realisten,”  etc. 

Wichita  (we'che-ta).  Aconfederacy  of  theCad- 
doan  family  of  North  American  Indians.  They  for- 
merly lived  on  the  middle  Arkansas,  in  Kansas,  and  south- 
ward to  Brazos  River  in  Texas ; their  present  habitat  is  on 
the  former  Wichita  reservation,  Oklahoma.  The  confed- 
eracy consists  of  several  tribes,  of  which  the  principal  are 
the  Wichita,  Towakarehu,  and  Weeko.  See  Caddoan. 

Wichita  (wich'i-ta).  [From  the  Indian  name.] 
The  capital  of  Sedgwick  County,  Kansas,  situ- 
ated on  the  Arkansas  River  130  miles  southwest 
of  Topeka.  It  is  an  important  railway  center. 
Population,  52,450,  (1910). 

Wick  (wik).  A seaport,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Caithness,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North 
Sea  in  lat.  58°  27'  N.  It  is  an  important  fish- 
ing port  (especially  for  herrings).  Population, 
royal  and  municipal  borough,  2,773. 

Wickfield  (wik'feld).  Agnes.  The  daughter  of 
Mr.  Wickfield  the  solicitor,  and  second  wife  of 
David  Copperfield,  in  Dickens’s  novel  of  that 
name. 

Wickliffe,  John.  See  Wyclif. 

Wickliffites.  See  Wyclifites. 

Wicklow  (wik'lo).  1.  A county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Dublin,  St.  George’s  Chan- 
nel, Wexford,  Carlow,  and  Kildare.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  a range  of  hills.  Area,  781  square  miles. 
Population,  60,824. — 2.  The  capital  of  County 
Wicklow,  situated  on  St.  George’s  Channel 
28  miles  south-southeast  of  Dublin.  Popula- 
tion, urban  district,  3,288. 

Wiclif.  See  Wyclif. 

Widdin,  or  Widin(vid'in).  A town  in  Bulgaria, 
situated  on  the  Danube  in  lat.  43°  59'  N.,  long. 
22°  52'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  Roman  Bononia. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress,  and  has  a flourish- 
ing river  trade.  The  Turks  were  defeated  there  by  the 
Imperialists  in  1689.  It  was  a strategic  point  in  the  Cri- 
mean war,  the  Servian  rebellion  (1876),  and  the  Russo- 
Turkish  war  (1877-78) ; and  was  successfully  attacked  by 
the  Servians  in  1885.  Population,  10,388. 

Wide,  Wide  World,  The.  A novel  by  Susan 
Warner,  published  in  1850. 

Widnes  (wid'nes).  A manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Mersey 
11  miles  east-southeast  of  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion, 28,580. 

Widow,  The.  A comedy  by  Middleton,  com- 
posed about  1616,  printed  in  1652,  and  attrib- 
uted to  Jonson,  Fletcher,  and  Middleton. 
Widow  Barnaby  (bar 'na-bi).  A novel  by 
Mrs.  Trollope,  published  in  1839.  The  Widow 
Barnaby  is  a vulgar,  unprincipled  woman,  fre- 
quently quoted. 

Widow  Bedott  (be-dot')  Papers.  A series  of 
humorous  papers,  published  by  Mis.  Frances 
M.  Whitcher  (under  the  name  of  Widow  Bedott 
or  Priscilla  P.  Bedott)  about  1847. 

Widow’s  Tears,  The.  A comedy  by  Chapman, 
published  in  1612.  It  is  vigorous  but  broad. 
Widukind.  See  Wittekind. 

Wied  (ved).  A small  river  in  Germany  which 
joins  the  Rhine  at  Neuwied. 

Wied.  A former  countship  of  the  German  Em- 
pire, in  the  ancient  Westphalian  circle,  lying 
along  the  Lahn  and  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Neuwied.  It  gave  name  to  a German  dynasty. 
Wied,  or  Neuwied,  Maximilian  Alexander 
Philipp,  Prince  of.  See  Neuwied. 

Wieland.  See  Wayland  Smith. 
Wieland(veTant),  Christopher  Martin.  Born 
at  Oberholzheim,  near  Biberaeh,  Sept.  5, 1733 : 
died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  20, 1813.  A German  poet 
and  author.  His  father  was  a clergyman  in  the  Swa- 
bian village  where  the  poet  was  born.  In  1750  he  went  to 
Tubingen  to  study  jurisprudence  at  the  university.  The 
following  year  (1751)  appeared  his  first  work,  the  philo- 
sophical-didactic poem  “Die  Natur  der  Dinge”  (“The 
Nature  of  Things  ").  This  was  followed  by  other  moral 
writings,  among  them  an  “Anti-Ovid.”  In  1752,  at  the 
invitation  of  the  poet  and  historian  Bodmer,  he  went  to 
Zurich,  where  the  next  year  he  published  the  poem  “ Der 
gepriifte  Abraham”  (“The  Trial  of  Abraham”).  Other 
poems  of  this  period  are  “Sympathien”  (“Sympathies”), 
and  the  “ Kmpflndungen  des  Christen  ’ (“The  Feelings  of 
the  Christian,"  1755),  directed  against  the  Anacreontic 
poets.  In  1759  he  left  Zurich  to  take  the  position  of 
tutor  at  Bern.  The  succeeding  year,  however,  he  re- 
turned to  Biberaeh,  where  he  was  given  a minor  legal  po- 
sition. His  writings  subsequently  exhibit  an  entirely 
different  tendency  from  the  religious  ones  of  the  Zurich 
period.  They  are  the  prose  romance  “ Araspes  und  Pan- 
thea  ” (1761) ; a translation  in  whole  or  in  part  of  twenty- 
two  of  the  plays  of  Shakspere,  between  1762  and  1766 ; the 
romance(in  themannerof  “Don Quixote")"  DonSylviovon 
Rosalva"  (1764)  : “Komische  Erzahlungen"  (“Humorous 
Tales  ’ 1766);  the  most  celebrated  of  his  novels,  “Aga- 
thon  " (1766-67) , the  narratives  in  verse  “ Musarion  ” and 
"Idris’  (both  1768).  In  1769  he  was  made  professor  of 
philosophy  and  literature  at  the  University  of  Erfurt, 
where  he  remained  until  1772,  when  he  went  to  Weimar 
as  tutor  to  the  young  prince  Charles  Augustus.  He  sub- 
sequently lived  in  or  near  Weimar  until  his  death.  After 


♦ 1061 

his  removal  to  Erfurt  had  appeared,  further,  in  the  same 
vein  as  the  works  immediately  preceding,  “ Die  Grazien  ” 
(“The  Graces  ”),  prose  and  verse  (1770),  and  the  narrative 
poem  “Der  neue  Amadis”(“The  New  Amadis,”  1771). 
With  his  establishment  at  Erfurt  begins  a third  and  more 
serious  period  in  his  literary  work.  The  first  production 
in  the  new  direction  was  the  prose  romance  “Dergoldene 
Spiegel”  (“The  Golden  Mirror,”  1772).  The  following 
year,  in  Weimar,  he  started  a quarterly  literary  magazine, 
“Derteutsche  Mercur”  (“The  German  Mercury”),  which 
was  successfully  continued  until  1810.  In  it  appeared  the 
satirical  romance  “Die  Abderiten”  (“The  Abderites,  ’ 
1774),  and  the  best-known  of  his  poems,  the  epic  “Obe- 
ron,”  which  was  published  in  1780.  Among  his  other  works 
may  particularly  be  mentioned  the  poems  “ Gaudalin " 
(1776),  “Geron  der  Adeliche  ” (“Geron  the  Noble,”  1777), 
and  “Clelia  und  Sinibald”;  the  operas  “Alceste”  and 
“Hercules  ” ; and  the  sequel  to  “The  Golden  Mirror,”  the 
novel  “ Der  Danischmend,”  published  in  1776.  Hiscollected 
works  were  published  under  his  own  supervision,  1794— 
1802,  in  39  vols.  with  6 supplements.  Subsequently  his  com- 
plete works  were  published  at  Leipsic,  1818-28,  in  63  vols. 

Wien  (ven).  The  German  name  of  Vienna. 

Wiener-Neustadt  (ve'ner-noi'stat).  A town 
in  Lower  Austria,  situated  on  the  Fisclia  27 
miles  south  by  west  of  Vienna.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  locomotives,  etc.  Formerly  it  was  a favorite 
Austrian  princely  residence.  It  was  conquered  by  Mat- 
thias Corvinus  in  I486,  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged 
by  the  Turks  in  1529  and  1683.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Maximilian  I.,  and  contains  the  ducal  castle  of  theBaben- 
bergs.  Bopulation,  32,869,  (1910). 

Wieniawski  (ve-ne-of'ske),  Henri.  Born  at 
Lublin,  July  10,  1835:  died  at  Moscow,  April 
2 (Marcli  31),  1880.  A Polish  composer  and 
noted  violinist. 

Wiertz  (verts),  Antoine  Joseph.  Born  at  Di- 
nant,  Belgium,  Feb.  22,  1806 : died  at  Brussels, 
June  18,  1865.  A Belgian  historical  painter. 
He  studied  at  Antwerp,  Paris,  and  Rome,  and  in  1848  set- 
tled at  Brussels,  where  the  government  built  for  him  a 
large  studio,  now  the  Musbe  Wiertz,  containing  his  paint- 
ings which  he  would  not  sell.  Among  his  works  are 
“Contest  for  the  Body  of  Patroclus,”  “Revolt  of  the 
Angels,”  “ The  Orphans,”  “ Carnival  at  Rome,”  “ Triumph 
of  Christ, "and  “Napoleon  in  Hell.”  He  wrote  a “Eulogy  on 
Rubens  ” (1840),  and  a “ Memoir  on  Flemish  Painting.” 

Wiesbaden  (ves'ba-den).  The  capital  of  the 
governmental  district  of  Wiesbaden,  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  slope  of  the  Taunus  Wald,  3 miles  from 
the  Rhine  and  6 miles  north  by  west  of  Mainz. 
It  is  famous  for  its  hot  springs,  and  is  frequented  annually 
by  about  150,000  visitors.  It  was  known  in  Roman  times, 
and  was  the  capital  of  Nassau.  It  has  been  notorious  as  a 
gambling  resort.  Population,  commune,  109,013,  (1910). 

Wife,  The.  Aplayby  James  Sheridan  Knowles, 
brought  out  in  1833.  Charles  Lamb  wrote  the 
prologue  and  epilogue. 

Wife  for  a Month,  A.  A play  by  Fletcher, 
acted  some  time  before  1624,  printed  in  1647. 

Wife  of  Bath’s  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer’s 
“ Canterbury  Tales.”  It  is  that  of  a hag  who  returns 
to  her  original  form  of  a lovely  lady  when  a knight  is 
found  courageous  enough  to  marry  her.  The  prologue 
owes  numerous  passages  to  Jerome’s  treatise  against 
Jovinian  who  argued  against  celibacy,  and  was  modern- 
ized by  Pope.  Dryden  modernized  the  tale  and  changed 
it  unwarrantably.  Variantsand  analogues  of  this  tale  are 
known  in  Sanskrit,  Turkish,  Kaffir,  Gaelio,  and  Icelandic, 
in  the  Gawaine  division  of  the  Arthurian  cycle,  and  in 
Gower’s  “Florentius”  (“Confessio  Amantis,”  i.),  which  is 
no  doubt  from  a French  original. 

Wigan  (wig'an).  A town  in  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Douglas  18  miles  north- 
east. of  Liverpool.  It  has  coal-mines,  cotton  manu- 
factures, foundries,  furnaces,  manufactures  of  nails,  etc. 
It  was  the  scene  of  Parliamentary  victories  in  1643  and 
1651.  Population,  89,171,  (1911). 

Wigglesworth  (wig'lz-werth),  Michael.  Born 
in  England,  1631:  died  at  Malden,  Mass.,  June 
10,  1705.  An  American  clergyman  and  poet, 
pastor  at  Malden  from  1656:  best  known  for 
his  poem  “The  Day  of  Doom”  (1662).  He 
wrote  also  “God’s  Controversy  with  New  Eng- 
land” (?),  “Meat  out  of  the  Eater.” 

Wight  (wit),  Isle  of.  [L.  Vectis.]  An  island  in 
the  English  Channel,  belonging  to  Hampshire, 
England,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  the 
channels  of  Solent  and  Spithead.  It  is  traversed 
by  a range  of  chalk  downs,  and  is  noted  for  picturesque 
scenery.  The  capital  is  Newport.  The  island  contains 
Cowes,  Ryde,  Ventnor,  Shanklin,  and  other  watering- 
places,  Carisbrooke  Castle  (place  of  confinement  of  Charles 

1. ),  Osborne  (villa  of  Queen  Victoria),  and  Farringford 
(residence  of  Tennyson).  Length,  23  miles.  Area,  145 
square  miles.  Population,  82,418. 

Wigton  (wig'ton).  A town  in  Cumberland, 
England,  11  miles  west-southwest  of  Carlisle. 
Population,  3,692. 

Wigtown  (wig'ton),  or  Wigton.  1 . A maritime 
count  yin  Scotland,  in  the  southwestern  extrem- 
ity, bounded  by  Ayr,  Kirkcudbright,  Wigtown 
Bay,  the  Irish  Sea,  and  the  North  Channel,  it  is 

an  important  dairy  county,  part  of  the  ancient  Galloway. 
Area,  486  square  miles.  Population,  (civil  co.),  32,683. 

2.  A royal  burgh,  capital  of  the  county  of 
Wigtown,  situated  on  Wigtown  Bay  in  lat.  54° 
52'  N.  Population,  1,329. 


Wildermuth 

Wigtown  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Irish  Sea,  be- 
tween the  counties  of  Kirkcudbright  and  Wig- 
town. 

Wilberforce  (wil'ber-fors),  Robert  Isaac. 

Born  1802:  died  1857.  An  English  clergyman 
and  author,  son  of  William  Wilberforce.  He 
wrote  “The  Five  Empires ” (1841),  “History  of  Erastian- 
ism  ” (1851),  and  works  on  the  incarnation,  baptism,  the 
eucharist,  etc. 

Wilberforce,  Samuel.  Born  at  Clapham,  near 
London,  Sept.  7, 1805:  killed  by  a fall  from  his 
horse  near  Dorking,  England,  July  19,  1873. 
An  English  prelate,  bishop  of  Winchester : third 
son  of  William  Wilberforce.  In  1826  he  graduated 
at  Oxford  (Oriel  College) ; in  1830  became  rector  of  Bright- 
stone,  Isle  of  Wight;  in  1841  was  appointed  chaplain  to 
the  Prince  Consort ; and  in  1845  became  bishop  of  Oxford. 
In  1869  he  was  appointed  bishop  of  W inchester.  Though 
a High-churchman,  he  did  not  join  the  Oxford  movement ; 
but  several  members  of  his  family  went  over  to  the  Church 
of  Rome.  His  cleverness  and  persuasiveness  of  speech 
and  manner  gained  him  the  nickname  of  “Soapy  Sam,” 
which  he  explained  as  due  to  the  fact  that  he  was  “ often 
in  hot  water,  and  always  came  out  with  clean  hands.”  He 
published,  with  his  brother,  a life  of  his  father  (1838),  and 
his  correspondence  (1840).  He  wrote  “Note-Book  of  a 
Country  Clergyman  ’’  (1833),  “ Agathos  ” (1840),  “ History  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  America”  (1844),  etc. 

Wilberforce,  William.  Born  at  Hull,  England, 
Aug.  24,  1759:  died  at  London,  July  29,  1833. 
An  English  philanthropist,  statesman,  and  ora- 
tor: famous  as  an  opponent  of  the  slave-trade. 
His  family  held  the  manor  of  Wilherfoss  in  the  East  Rid- 
ing, Yorkshire.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
College),  and  in  1780  became  member  of  Parliament  for 
Hull.  He  was  intimately  associated  with  William  Pitt. 
About  1787  he  met  Thomas  Clarkson,  and  began  to  agitate 
the  slavery  question  with  the  support  of  Pitt,  who,  in  1788, 
in  the  absence  of  Wilberforce,  introduced  the  question  in 
Parliament.  In  1792  Wilberforce  carried  in  the  House 
of  Commons  a measure  for  gradual  abolition,  which  was 
thrown  out  by  the  Lords.  Immediate  abolition  was  se- 
cured in  1807.  The  Emancipation  Bill  was  passed  in  1833, 
a month  after  the  death  of  Wilberforce.  He  wrote  “A 
Practical  View  of  the  Prevailing  Religious  System  of  Pro- 
fessed Christians”  (1797),  etc. 

Wilbye  (wil'bi),  John.  An  English  musical 
composer.  In  1598  he  was  teacher  of  music  in  Austin 
Friars,  London.  He  published  “ The  First  Set  of  English 
Madrigals,  for  three,  four,  five,  and  six  voices,”  and  in  1608 
a second  book  of  the  same. 

Wilcox  (wil'koks),  Cadmus  Marcellus.  Born 
in  North  Carolina,  May  29, 1826:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Dec.  2, 1890.  A Confederate  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846 ; served  in  the  Mexi- 
can war ; and  entered  the  Confederate  service  and  served 
in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  throughout  the  Civil 
War.  He  wrote  “ Rifles  and  Rifle- Practice  ” (1859). 

Wild  (wild),  Jonathan.  Born  about  1682: 
hanged  at  Tyburn,  May  24,  1725.  An  English 
robber,  andreceiver  of  stolen  goods:  the  subject 
of  Fielding’s  “History  of  the  Life  of  the  Late 
Mr.  Jonathan  Wild  the  Great”  (1743)  and  of  a 
novel  by  Defoe. 

Wildair  ( wlld'ar),  Sir  Harry.  A gay,  spir- 
ited man  of  fashion  in  Farquhar’s  “Constant 
Couple  ” and  in  its  sequel  “ Sir  Harry  Wildair.” 
The  part  was  created  by  Wilks  and  afterward  played  by 
Garrick,  but  Peg  Woffington  played  it  so  brilliantly  that 
the  latter  resigned  it  to  her. 

Wildbad  (vilt'bad).  A small  town  and  water- 
ing-place in  the  Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Enz  29  miles 
west  of  Stuttgart:  noted  for  its  warm  alkali 
springs. 

Wild  Boar  of  Ardennes.  See  Ardennes,  Wild 
Boar  of. 

Wilde(  wild),  James  Plaisted, Baron  Penzance. 
Born  at  London,  July  12,  1816:  died  at  Godai- 
ming, Dec.  9,  1899.  An  English  lawyer.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1839 ; and  was  made  a baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  1860,  and  knighted.  From  1863  to  1872  he  was 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Probate  and  judge  ordinary  of  the 
Divorce  Court.  In  1864  he  was  made  privy  councilor,  and 
in  1869  created  a peer  of  the  United  Kingdom.  He  later 
held  many  public  offices. 

Wilde,  Oscar  O’Flahertie  Wills.  Born  at 
Dublin,  Ireland,  1856:  died  at  Paris,  Nov. 
30,  1900.  A British  writer,  a leader  in  the 
“esthetic”  movement.  Hewasason  of  Sir  William 
"Wilde  the  oculist,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford.  He  has 
been  satirized  in  “Punch"  and  in  Gilbert  and  Sullivan’s 
opera  “ Patience."  His  poems  were  published  in  1881,  and 
“The  llappy  Prince,  and  other  Tales  " in  1888.  He  lectured 
in  the  United  States  in  1882.  He  also  wrote  “The  Picture 
of  Dorian  Gray"  (1891),  and  a number  of  plays,  among 
which  are  “Vera"  (1882),  “The  Duchess  of  Padua"  (1891), 
“Lady  Windermere’s  Fan”  (1892),  “Salome”  (1893  : in 
French,  written  for  Sarah  Bernhardt),  and  “A  Woman  of 
★ No  Importance  " (1898). 

Wildenbruch  (vil'den-broch),  Ernst  von. 
Born  at  Beirut,  Syria,  Feb.  3,  1845:  died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  15,  1909.  A German  poet  and 
dramatist  of  the  school  of  Ibsen.  Among  bis  plays 
are  “ Christopher  Marlow " (1881),  “ Der  Menuonit.  ’’  (1880), 
“Opfer  urn  Opfer”  (1883),  “Die  ITaubenlerche " (1890), 
and  “ Das  heilige  Lachen".(1892). 

Wildermuth  (vil'der-mot),  Mine.  ( Ottilie  Ron- 
schiitz).  Born  at  Rottenburg,  Wiirtemberg, 


Wildermuth 

Feb.  22,  1817 : died  at  Tubingen,  July  12, 1877. 
A German  novelist.  Among  her  works  are 
“ Bilder  und  Geschichten  aus  dem  schwa- 
bischen  Leben”  (1852),  “Auguste”  (1865),  etc. 
"Wilderness  (wil'der-nes),  Battle  of  the.  A 
battle  between  the  Federals  and  Confederates, 
May  5-6,  1864,  in  the  Wilderness  region  in  Vir- 
ginia, south  of  the  Rapidan.  The  Federals  (over 
100, 000)  were  commanded  by  Grant  (immediately  by 
Meade),  and  the  Confederates  (64,000-08,000)  by  Lee.  The 
Confederate  position  was  partly  intrenched.  The  Fed- 
eral loss  was  about  18,000;  the  Confederate,  about  11,000. 
The  battle  was  followed  by  that  of  Spotsylvania. 

Wildfire  (wild'fh-),  Madge.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott’s  novel  “ The  Heart  of  Midlothian,”  a 
gipsy’s  daughter  who  becomes  insane  after 
having  been  seduced  and  deserted  by  George 
Robertson. 

Wildgoose  Ohase,  The.  A comedy  by  Fletcher, 
produced  first  at  court  in  1621,  printed  in  1652. 
The  play  was  very  popular:  part  of  Farquhar’s 
“Inconstant”  is  taken  from  it. 

Wildhorn  (vilt'horn).  A peak  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  on  the  border  between  the  cantons 
of  Bern  and  Valais,  Switzerland,  10  miles  north 
of  Sion.  Height,  10,706  feet. 

Wild  Huntsman,  The.  [G.  Her  wilde  Jciger.'] 
A spectral  hunter  in  folk-lore,  especially  in 
German  folk-lore : the  subject  of  a ballad  by 
Burger. 

Wilding  (wil'ding).  1.  The  principal  charac- 
ter in  Shirley’s  “ Gamester,”  played  by  Gar- 
rick in  hisversion  “ The  Gamesters.” — 2.  “The 
liar”  in  Foote’s  play  of  that  name. 

Wild  Oats.  A comedy  or  farce  by  O’Keefe, 
brought  out  in  1791. 

Wildstrubel  (vilt'stro-bel).  A summit  of  the 
Bernese  Alps,  in  Switzerland,  north  of  Sierre 
and  west  of  the  Gemmi  Pass.  Height,  10,679 
feet. 

Wilfrid  (wil'frid),  Saint.  Born  about  634: 
died  709.  An  English  prelate.  He  took  a leading 
part  on  the  Roman  side  at  the  Synod  of  Whitby  in  664, 
and  was  made  archbishop  of  York  in  666.  He  was  several 
times  driven  from  hia  see  and  restored,  and  finally  retained 
Ripon  and  Hexham. 

Wilhelm  (vil'helm).  See  William. 
Wilhelmina  (vil-hel-me'na)  I.  (Wilhelmina 
Helena  Paulina  Maria).  "Born  Aug.  31, 1880. 
Queen  of  the  Netherlands.  She  is  the  daughter  of 
William  IIL  and  his  second  wife,  Emma,  daughter  of 
Prince  George  Victor  of  Waldeck  and  Pyrmont.  She 
succeeded  to  the  throne  upon  the  death  of  her  father, 
Nov.  23, 1890,  but  her  mother  acted  as  queen  regent  until 
she  became  of  age,  Aug.  31,  1898.  On  Feb.  7,  1901,  she 
married  Duke  Henry  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 

Wilhelmine  (vil-hel-me'ne),  Friederike  So- 
phie, Princess,  Margravine  of  Bayreuth.  Born 
1709  : died  1758.  The  favorite  sister  of  Freder- 
ick the  Great.  She  married  the  Margrave  of  Bayreuth  in 
1731,  and  wrote  “ Denkwiirdigkeiten  " (published  in  1810). 
Wilhelmj  (vil-hel'mi),  August.  Bom  at  Usin- 
gen,  Nassau,  Sept.  21,  1846:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  22,  1908.  A German  composer  and  noted 
violinist. 

Wilhelm  Meister’s  Lehrjahre  (vil'helm  mis'- 
terz  lar'yar-e).  [G.,  ‘William  Meister’s  Ap- 
prenticeship’ (lit.  ‘years  of  learning’).]  A 
novel  by  Goethe,  published  1795-96.  its  sequel, 
“ Wilhelm  Meister's  Wanderjahre " (travels,  literally 
‘years  of  wandering’),  was  not  published  till  1821-29. 
The  “ Lehrjahre"  was  begun  in  1777. 

Wilhelmshaven,  or  Wilhelmshafen  (vil'- 

helms-ha-fen).  A seaport  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Jade  Bay  of 
the  North  Sea,  and  surrounded  on  other  sides 
by  Oldenburg.  It  is  the  chief  German  naval  station 
on  the  North  Sea.  It  has  a large  dockyard,  a harbor 
built  1855-69,  and  a new  harbor  for  ships  in  commission. 
Population,  commune,  26,012. 

Wilhelmshohe  (vil'helms-he-e).  [G.,  ‘Wil- 
liam’s height.’]  A place  three  miles  from  Cassel, 
Germany.  Its  castle,  the  former  residence  of  the  land- 
graves, was  the  place  of  imprisonment  of  Napoleon  III. 
after  Sedan. 

Wilhelm  Tell  (vil'helm  tel).  A drama  by 
Schiller,  first  acted  at  Weimar  in  1804. 
Wilibald,  Alexis.  A pseudonym  of  Wilhelm 

Haring. 

Wilken  (vil'ken),  Friedrich.  Bom  1777:  died 
1840.  A German  historian.  His  chief  work  is 
“ Geschichte  der  Kreuzziige”(“  History  of  the 
Crusades,”  1807-32). 

Wilkes  (wilks),  Charles.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  1801:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  8, 
1877.  An  American  admiral,  explorer,  and 
scientist.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1818 ; became  lieuten- 
ant in  1826  : commanded  an  exploring  expedition,  1838-42, 
which  visited  South  America,  the  Samoan,  Fiji,  Hawaiian, 
and  other  islands  in  the  Pacific,  the  antarctic  regions,  the 
western  coast  of  North  America,  etc. ; became  commander 
in  1843,  and  captain  in  1865  ; in  command  of  the  San  Ja- 


1062 

cinto  intercepted  the  British  steamer  Trent,  Nov.  8, 
1861,  and  took  prisoner  the  Confederate  commissioners 
Mason  and  Slidell  (an  act  disavowed  later  by  the  United 
States  government : see  Trent  Affair)  ; and  became  com- 
modore in  1862,  and  admiral  in  1866.  He  wrote  a “ Nar- 
rative ” of  his  expedition  (6  vols.  1845),  volumes  on  the  me- 
teorology and  hydrography  of  the  expedition,  “ Western 
America,  etc.”  (1849).  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  3|. 

Wilkes,  John.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  17,  1727 : 
died  there,  March  2,1797.  An  English  politician, 
publicist,  and  political  agitator.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  Leyden;  entered  Parliament  in  1757 ; 
and  established  the  “ North  Briton  ” in  1762,  in  which  he 
attacked  the  Bute  ministry.  For  his  No.  45,  criticizing 
George  III.  (1763),  he  was  imprisoned,  but  was  soon  re- 
leased, and  became  a popular  hero.  A scandalous  “ Es- 
say on  Woman,”  printed  for  private  circulation,  was  seized, 
and  Wilkes  was  expelled  from  Parliament  (1764).  He  went 
to  France ; was  tried  in  his  absence  ; and  was  outlawed  for 
non-appearance.  In  1768  he  returned,  and  was  elected 
for  Middlesex ; was  imprisoned ; and  w as  expelled  from 
Parliament  (1769).  He  was  several  times  reelected,  but 
each  time  declared  ineligible.  Ia  1770  he  was  released 
and  elected  alderman  of  London.  In  1771  he  became 
sheriff,  and  in  1774  lord  mayor.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
again  elected  to  Parliament  and  allowed  to  take  his  seat, 
remaining  a member  until  1790.  The  resolutions  invali- 
dating his  former  elections  were  expunged  in  1782. 

Wilkes-Barre  (wilks'bar-e).  The  capital  of 
Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Wyoming,  on  the  North  Branch  of  the 
Susquehanna,  97  miles  north-northwest  of  Phil- 
adelphia. It  is  the  center  of  a region  of  mines  of  an- 
thracite  coal,  and  has  manufactures  of  machinery,  etc.  It 
was  settled  about  1770.  Population,  67,105,  (1910). 

Wilkie  (wil'ki),  Sir  David.  Born  at  Cults, 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  18, 1785;  died  at  sea 
off  Gibraltar,  June  1,  1841.  A noted  Scottish 
genre-painter.  He  studied  painting  at  Edinburgh ; set- 
tled in  London  in  1805  ; became  a royal  academician  in 
1811;  traveled  on  the  Continent,  especially  1825-28 ; became 
royal  painter  in  ordinary  in  1830 ; was  knighted  in  1836. 

Wilkinasaga.  A collection  of  medieval  Nor- 
wegian legends  relating  to  Dietrich  of  Bern  and 
others. 

Wilkins  (wil'kinz),  John.  Born  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, 1614:  died  Nov.  19, 1672.  An  English 
divine  and  scientist,  bishop  of  Chester.  He  grad- 
uated at  Oxford  (Magdalen  Hall)  in  1631,  and  in  1659  be- 
came master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  assisted 
in  founding  the  Royal  Society.  He  published  “ Discovery' 
of  a World  in  the  Moone  ” (1638),  “ Discourse  Concerning 
a New  Planet”  (1640),  “Mercury,  or  the  Secret  Messen- 
ger” (1641),  “Mathematical  Magic ” (1648),  “Essay  toward 
a Real  Character  and  a Philosophical  Language  ” (1668), 
“Principles and  Duties  of  Natural  Religion”  (1675). 

Perhaps  the  works  of  the  celebrated  Bishop  Wilkins 
tended  more  than  any  others  to  the  diffusion  of  the  Coper- 
nican  system  in  England,  since  even  their  extravagan- 
cies drew  a stronger  attention  to  them.  In  1638,  when  he 
was  only  twenty-four  years  old,  he  published  a book  en- 
titled “The  Discovery  of  a New  World;  or,  a Discourse 
tending  to  prove  that  it  is  probable  there  may  be  another 
habitable  World  in  the  Moon  ; with  a Discourse  concern- 
ing the  possibility  of  a passage  thither."  The  lat  ter  part  of 
his  subject  was,  of  course,  an  obvious  mark  for  the  sneers 
and  witticisms  of  critics.  Two  years  afterwards,  in  1640, 
appeared  his  “ Discourse  concerning  a new  Planet ; tend- 
ing to  prove  it  is  probable  our  Earth  is  one  of  the  Planets": 
in  which  he  urged  the  reasons  in  favour  of  the  heliocen- 
tric system,  and  explained  away  the  opposite  arguments. 
k W hewed,  Ind.  Sciences,  I.  390. 

Wilkins,  Mary  Eleanor  (Mrs.  Charles  Man- 
ning Freeman).  A contemporary  American 
writer.  She  is  principally  noted  as  an  exponent  of  New 
England  life  and  character.  Among  her  works  are  “A 
Humble  Romance”  (1887),  “The  Pot  of  Gold  and  Other 
. Stories”  (1892),  “Young  Lucretia  and  Other  Stories” 
(1892),  “Jane  Field”  (1892),  “Giles  Corey,  Yeoman,"  a 
play  (1893),  “Pembroke”  (1894),  “The  Portion  of  Labor” 
(1901),  “The  Givers”  (1904),  “The  Debtor”  (1905),  etc. 

Wilkins,  William.  Born  Dec.  20,  1779:  died 
June  23,  1865.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania 
1831-34 ; received  the  electoral  votes  of  Pennsylvania  for 
Vice-President  in  1832 ; was  United  States  minister  to  Rus- 
sia 1834-35 ; was  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania 
1843^4 ; and  was  secretary  of  war  1844-45. 

Wilkinson  (wil'kin-sqn),  James.  Bornat Bene- 
dict, Maryland,  1757:  died  near  the  city  of  Mexi- 
co, Dec.  28, 1825.  An  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War  in  Canada 
and  at  Saratoga,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  brigadier- 
general  ; became  secretary  of  the  board  of  war ; was  in  the 
Conway  Cabal ; engaged  in  trade  in  the  Mississippi  valley ; 
attempted  treasonably  to  detach  Kentucky  from  the  Union 
and  ally  it  with  Spain;  served  in  the  Indian  wars,  and 
commanded  the  right  wing  in  Wayne’s  victory  of  Mau- 
mee in  1794 ; became  a brigadier-general  in  1792  ; suc- 
ceeded Wayne  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army;  was 
appointed  commissioner  to  receive  Louisiana  from  the 
French  ; and  was  governor  of  Louisiana  1805-06.  He  was 
implicated  in  Burr’s  conspiracy,  and  was  court-martialed 
in  1811,  but  acquitted.  In  1813  he  became  major-gen- 
eral. He  failed  as  commander  in  the  operations  against 
Canada ; was  acquitted  by  a court  of  inquiry  in  1815  ; but 
was  discharged  from  the  service.  He  wrote  “Memoirs” 
(1816). 

Wilkinson,  Jemima.  Born  in  Rhode  Island 
about  1753:  died  1819.  An  American  religious 
impostor.  She  asserted  that  she  had  been  raised 
from  the  dead,  and  founded  a short-lived  sect. 


William  I. 

Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Gardner.  Bom  at  Har- 

dendale,  Westmoreland.  Oct.  5,  1797:  died  Oct. 
29,  1875.  An  English  Egyptologist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford  (ExeterCollege),  and  from  1821  spent  many 
years  in  Egypt  in  archaeological  explorations.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians  ” 
(1S37 — 41),  “Materia  Hieroglyphics  ” (1828),  “Topography 
of  Thebes  and  General  View  of  Egypt"  (1835),  “Modern 
Egypt  and  Thebes”  (1843:  later  reissued  as  “Hand-Book 
for  Travellers  in  Modern  Egypt”),  “Dalmatia  and  Mon- 
tenegro ” (1848),  “Architecture  of  Ancient  Egypt  ” (1850), 
“Popular  Account  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians”  (1854), 
“ The  Egyptians  in  the  Time  of  the  Pharaohs  ” (1857),  etc. 

Wilkinson  (wil'kin-son),  Tate.  Born  in  1739 : 
died  in  1803.  An  English  actor.  He  was  a pupil 
and  associate  of  Foote,  and  a noted  mimic.  He  played 
with  success  in  London  and  Dublin,  but  preferred  the 
provinces.  After  a time  he  grew  weary  of  his  wandering 
life,  and  bought  the  lesseeship  of  the  York  circuit,  which 
he  conducted  for  more  than  thirty  years.  Many  actors 
and  actresses  who  were  afterward  successful  on  the  Lon- 
don  stage  owed  their  first  encouragement  to  him  : among 
others  Kemble,  Fawcett,  the  elder  Mathews,  Mrs.  Jor- 
dan, and  Mrs.  Siddons. 

Willamette (wil-a'met) River.  Ariverin west- 
ern Oregon,  formed  by  the  Middle  Fork  and  Mc- 
Kenzie Fork.  It  joins  the  Columbia  north  of  Portland. 
On  it  are  Salem  and  Portland.  Length,  about  250  miles ; 
navigable  to  the  falls  at  Oregon  City,  and  above  them  to 
Eugene  City. 

Willard,  Edward  S.  Born  in  Wales,  1850.  An 

English  actor.  He  appeared  in  the  United  States  in 
1890  and  later,  and  has  been  successful  in  “Judah,”  “The 
Middleman,”  “The  Professor’s  Love-story,”  etc. 

Willard,  Frances  Elizabeth.  Born  near  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  Sept.  28,  1839:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  18,  1898.  An  American  temperance  re- 
former, editor,  andautlior.  She  was  secretary  in  1874 
and  president  in  1879  of  the  Woman’s  Christian  Temper- 
ance l nion,  and  editor  in  1879  of  the  Chicago  “ Evening 
Post.”  In  1883  she  made  a journey  through  the  Southern 
States,  founding  branches  of  the  Woman’s  Christian 
Temperance  Union.  In  1884  she  was  one  of  the  organiz- 
ers of  the  Prohibition  Party.  In  1887  she  was  president  of 
the  Women’s  Council  of  the  United  States.  She  wrote 
“ Women  and  Temperance  ” (1883),  “How  to  Win  ” (1886), 
“Glimpses  of  Fifty  Years”  (1889),  etc. 

Willcox  (wil'koks),  Orlando  Bolivar.  Born 

at  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  16,  1823 : died  at 
Coburg,  Ontario,  May  10,  1907.  An  American 
general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847;  became 
colonel  in  May, 1861;  commanded  a brigade  at  Bull  Run,  and 
was  wounded  and  captured ; was  a division  commander 
in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  (9th  corps) ; and  received  the 
surrender  of  Petersburg  in  1S65.  In  1864  he  was  brevetted 
major-general  of  volunteers,  and  in  1866  was  mustered 
out  and  was  recommissioned  in  the  same  year  in  the  regu- 
lar army  ; was  brevetted  brigadier-general  and  major- 
general  in  1867 ; was  commander  of  various  posts  and 
departments ; and  became  brigadier-general  in  1886.  He 
retired  in  1887. 

Willems  (vil'lemz),  Florent.  Born  Jan.  8, 

1823:  died  Oct.  23,  1905.  A Belgian  genre- 
painter.  He  studied  at  the  Mechlin  Academy,  and 
settled  in  Paris  in  1844.  Among  his  pictures  are  “Visit 
to  a Young  Mother,”  “Woman  and  Spinning-wheel” 
(Kunsthalle,  Hamburg),  “Adorning  the  Bride”  (Brussels 
Museum). 

Willenhall  (wil'en-hal).  A town  in  Stafford- 
shire, England,  12  miles  northwest  of  Birming- 
ham. Population,  18,515. 

Willesden  (wil'ez-den).  A suburb  of  London, 
in  Middlesex,  7 miles  west-northwest  of  St. 
Paul’s.  Population,  114,815. 

Willett  (wil'et),  Mariims.  Born  at  Jamaica, 
L.  I.,  July  31,  1740:  died  at  New  York,  Aug. 
22,  1830.  An  American  Revolutionary  officer. 
He  served  in  Canada  at  Fort  Stanwix,  against  the  Indians, 
etc.;  and  later  was  mayor  of  New  York.  His  “Narrative" 
was  published  in  1831. 

Willey  (wil'i),  Mount.  A mountain  on  one 
side  of  the  Crawford  Notch,  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  4,261  feet  high.  A landslide 
in  1826  overwhelmed  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Willey  House  at  its  foot. 

William  (wil'yam).  A country  fellow  in  love 
with  Audrey:  a character  in  Shakspere’s  “As 
you  Like  it.” 

William  (wil'yam)  I.,  surnamed  “The  Con- 
queror,” “The  Norman,”  and  “The  Bastard.” 
[ME.  William,  OF.  Willalme,  Villalme,  Guillaume, 
F.  Guillaume , Sp.  Guillermo,  Pg.  Guilherme,  It. 
Guglielmo,  ML.  Guilielmus,  Guillelmus,  Guiller- 
mus,  Gulielmus,  D.  Willem , from  OHG.  Willa- 
helm,  Willihclm,  MIIG.  Willehelm,  Wilhelm,  G.  Wil- 
li elm, helm  ol  resolution, an  epithet  of  awarrior.] 
Born  at  Falaise,  Normandy,  in  1027  or  1028: 
died  at  St.-Gervais,  near  Rouen,  Sept.  9,  1087. 
King  of  England  1066-87.  He  was  the  natural  son 
of  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  and  Herleva,  daughter  of 
Fulbert,  a tanner  of  Falaise.  He  succeeded  to  the  duchy 
on  the  death  of  his  father  without  legitimate  issue  in  1036. 
With  the  assistance  of  his  suzerain,  Henry,  king  of  France, 
he  put  down  a formidable  rising  of  his  vassals  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Val-es-Dunes,  near  Caen,  in  1047.  In  a war  which 
broke  out  between  Henry  and  Geoffrey,  count  of  Anjou, 
the  next  year,  lie  sided  with  the  former,  and  took  possession 
of  the  important  border  fortresses  of  Alencon  and  Dom- 
front.  He  visited,  in  1051,  his  childless  kinsman  Edward 


William  I.  1063  William  I. 


the  Confessor,  from  whom  he  afterward  claimed  to  have 
received  a promise  of  the  succession  to  the  English  throne. 
In  1053  he  married  Matilda  of  Flanders,  a descendant  of 
Alfred.  He  repelled  an  invasion  by  the  allied  armies  of 
Henry,  Geoffrey  of  Anjou,  and  Theobald  of  Blois  at  Morte- 
mer  in  1054.  Soon  after  he  exacted  the  homage  of  Geof- 
frey of  Anjou,  and  in  105S,  by  the  victory  of  Varaville, 
repelled  a second  invasion  headed  by  the  French  king. 
In  1063  he  acquired  Maine,  which  extended  his  southern 
frontier  almost  to  the  Loire.  Probably  in  1064.  Harold, 
earl  of  Wessex,  was  shipwrecked  on  thecoastof  Normandy 
and  fell  into  the  hands  of  William,  who  compelled  him  to 
take  an  oath  whereby  he  bound  himself  to  assist  the  duke 
in  obtaining  the  succession  in  England  (see  Harold  II., 
king  of  the  English).  Edward  died  Jan.  5,  1066,  and  Har- 
old, in  defiance  of  the  oath,  procured  his  own  election  by 
the  witan.  William,  on  the  other  hand,  obtained  a bull 
from  Pope  Alexander  II.,  which  declared  him  to  be  the 
rightful  heir  to  the  throne  ; landed  at  Pevensey  Sept.  28 ; 
overthrew  Harold  (who  fell  in  the  battle)  at  Senlac  or 
Hastings,  Oct.  14;  and  was  crowned  at  Westminster  Dec. 
26, 1066.  But  the  conquest  of  England  was  only  partial : it 
was  completed  four  years  later  (in  1070)  by  the  suppression 
of  the  last  of  a succession  of  English  risings  in  the  north 
and  southwest.  William  exacted  the  homage  of  Malcolm 
of  Scotland  in  1072.  In  1075-76  he  put  down  a rebellion 
of  the  Norman  barons  in  England,  which  thenceforth  re- 
mained quiet.  The  rest  of  his  reign  was  occupied  with 
almost  continuous  wars  on  the  Continent  against  the  King 
of  France  and  rebellious  vassals,  and  with  quarrels  with 
membersof  his  own  family,  especially  with  his  son  Robert, 
who  headed  a revolt  in  Normandy  1077-80,  and  with  his 
half-brother  Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeux,  who  was  impris- 
oned on  account  of  his  intrigues.  William  died  of  internal 
injuries  received  from  the  plunging  of  his  horse  in  the 
burning  cinders  in  the  town  of  Mantes,  which  he  had  cap- 
tured while  engaged  with  Philip  of  Fiance  in  a war  con- 
cerning Vexin.  William  made  few  changes  in  the  English 
law  : indeed,  he  renewed,  with  some  additions,  the  “law  of 
Edward  the  Confessor."  However,  his  introduction  of  con- 
tinental feudalism  was  destined  to  exercise  an  enduring 
social  and  political  influence.  He  took  care  to  prevent 
the  Norman  barons  whom  he  planted  on  English  soil  from 
becoming  formidable  rivals  of  the  crown,  by  scattering 
their  estates,  by  maintaining  popular  courts  by  the  side  of 
the  manorial  courts,  and  by  requiring  an  oath  of  fealty 
from  all  landowners,  thereby  eliminating  an  essential  and 
dangerous  feature  of  continental  feudalism,  the  exclusive 
dependence  of  a vassal  on  his  lord  (Gemot  of  Salisbury, 
1086).  He  abolished  the  four  great  earldoms,  which  had 
threatened  the  integrity  of  the  kingdom  in  preceding 
reigns,  and  restricted  the  jurisdiction  of  the  earl  to  a sin- 
gle shire,  which  became  the  largest  political  division,  and 
the  government  of  which  was  practically  exercised  by  the 
sheriff,  who  was  appointed  by  the  king.  In  1086  he  com- 
pleted the  “Doomsday  Book”  (which  see).  He  also  reor- 
ganized the  English  Church  with  the  assistance  of  Lanf  ranc 
whom  he  appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  sepa- 
rated the  spiritual  from  the  temporal  courts,  and  secured 
the  authority  of  the  crown  against  papal  encroachments. 

Norman  writers,  Norman  records,  the  general  con- 
sent of  the  age,  confirmed  rather  than  confuted  by  the 
significant  silence  of  the  English  writers,  all  lead  us  to 
believe  that,  at  some  time  or  other,  some  kind  of  promise 
of  the  succession  was  made  by  Eadward  to  William.  The 
case  of  Eadward’s  promise  is  like  the  case  of  Harold’s  oath. 
No  English  writer  mentions  either ; but  the  silence  of  the 
English  writers  confirms  rather  than  disproves  the  fact  of 
both.  . . . The  law  of  England  gave  the  king  no  power  to 
dispose  of  a crown  which  he  held  solely  by  the  free  choice 
of  the  Witan  of  the  land.  All  that  Eadward  could  consti- 
tutionally do  was  to  pledge  himself  to  make  in  William’s 
favour  that  recommendation  to  the  Witan  which  the  Witan 
were  bound  to  consider,  though  not  necessarily  to  consent 
to.  That,  when  the  time  came,  Eadward  did  make  such  a 
recommendation,  and  did  not  make  it  in  favour  of  William, 
we  know  for  certain.  The  last  will  of  Eadward,  so  far  as 
such  an  expression  can  be  allowed,  was  undoubtedly  in 
favour  of  Harold. 

Freeman,  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest  in  England, 

[pp.  299-301. 

William  II.,  surnamed  Rufus  (‘  the  Red’)-  Born 
1056(?):  died  Aug.  2, 1100.  King  of  England  1087- 
1100,  third  (second  surviving)  son  of  William  I. 
and  Matilda  of  Flanders.  He  was  the  favorite  son 
of  his  father,  to  whom  he  remained  loyal  when  his  elder 
brother  Robert  raised  the  standard  of  rebellion  in  Nor- 
mandy. In  accordance  with  the  dying  request  of  his 
father,  he  was  elected  to  the  English  throne  by  the  witan, 
through  the  influence  of  Lanfranc,  Sept.  26,  1087,  while 
Robert  succeeded  in  Normandy.  A revolt  of  the  Norman 
barons  in  England  broke  out  in  favor  of  Robert  in  1088. 
William  gained  the  support  of  the  fyrd,  or  national  militia, 
by  promising  the  repeal  of  the  forest  laws,  the  reduction 
of  taxes,  and  good  government  generally  to  his  English 
subjects,  and  the  rebellion  was  suppressed  in  1090.  He 
carried  on  a war  in  Normandy  1090-91  against  his  brother 
Robert,  who  was  compelled  to  accept  a disadvantageous 
peace.  He  invaded  Scotland  in  1091,  when  he  exacted  the 
homage  of  Malcolm  III.  In  1093  he  appointed  Anselm, 
abbot  of  Bee,  archbishop  of  Canterbury ; but  presently 
became  involved  in  a dispute  concerning  investitures 
with  the  new  primate,  who  abandoned  the  kingdom  in 
1097.  In  1094,  during  a second  invasion  of  Normandy,  he 
found  his  brother  supported  by  Philip  of  France,  and  se- 
cured the  safe  retreat  of  his  army  only  by  a bribe  to  the 
latter.  In  1096  he  took  possession  of  Normandy  as  a pledge 
for  funds  advanced  to  Robert,  who  in  that  year  joined  in 
the  Crusade.  The  duchy  remained  in  William’s  hands 
until  his  death.  He  conquered  Maine  1098-99.  He  was 
killed,  possibly  accidentally,  by  an  arrow  shot  by  Walter 
Tyrrell,  while  hunting  in  the  New  Forest. 

William  III.  Bom  at  The  Hague,  Nov.  4, 1650: 
died  at  Kensington,  March  8, 1702.  King  of  Eng- 
land 1689-1702,  and  stadholdor  of  the  United 
Netherlands.  He  was  the  son  of  William  II.,  stad- 
holder  of  the  United  Netherlands,  and  Mary,  daughter  of 
Charles  I of  England,  and  was  styled  Prince  of  Orange 
before  his  accession  to  the  English  throne.  His  father 


died  before  his  birth.  As  the  head  of  the  house  of  Orange 
he  became  the  leader  of  the  democratic  monarchical  party 
in  opposition  to  the  aristocratic  republican  party  headed 
by  Jan  de  Witt.  The  invasion  of  Holland  by  the  armies  of 
Louis  XI V.  in  1672  caused  the  overthrow  of  the  aristocratic 
republican  party,  and  in  the  same  year  the  office  of  stad- 
holder,  which  had  been  abolished  on  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, was  restored  in  his  favor.  He  saved  Amsterdam  by 
opening  the  dikes,  and  succeeded  in  forming  a coalition 
against  Louis  XIV.  which  compelled  that  monarch  to  con- 
clude the  peace  of  Nimwegen  (1678).  He  married  in  1677 
Mary,  elder  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  York  who  ascended 
the  English  throne  as  James  II.  in  1685.  About  1686  he 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  constitutional  opposition 
in  England  against  the  absolute  and  Romanizing  policy  of 
James ; and,  in  answer  to  an  invitation  sign  ed  by  the  “ seven 
patriots  "(the  Earl  of  Devonshire,  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury, 
the  Earl  of  Danby,  the  Bishop  of  London,  Henry  Sidney, 
Lord  Lumley,  and  Admiral  Russell),  landed  at  Torbay, 
Nov.  5, 1688.  James  fled  to  France  Dec.  22,  and  William 
summoned  a convention  which  met  Jan.  22, 1689,  and  set- 
tled the  crown  on  William  and  Mary,  who  accepted  the 
Declaration  of  Right,  and  were  proclaimed  Feb.  13, 1689. 
The  revolution  was  effected  in  England  without  serious  op- 
position, but  James  had  many  adherents  iu  Scotland  and 
Ireland.  With  the  assistance  of  Louis  XIV.  he  landed  at 
Kinsale,  Ireland,  March  14, 1689.  War  was  declared  against 
France  May  7, 1689 ; the  Jacobite  rising  in  Scotland  ended 
with  the  battle  of  Killiecrankie  July  27  (N.  S.),  1689 ; and 
James  was  defeated  in  person  by  William  at  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne  in  Ireland,  July  1, 1690.  In  1692  occurred  the 
massacre  of  Glencoe  (which  see).  On  his  accession  to  the 
English  throne,  William  began  the  organization  of  the 
Grand  Alliance  of  the  United  Netherlands,  the  emperor, 
England,  Spain,  Brandenburg,  and  Savoy,  against  France, 
which  was  completed  in  1690.  A victory  of  the  allied  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  fleets  over  the  French  at  La  Hogue  May  19, 
1692,  frustrated  aprojected  invasion  of  England.  William, 
who  commanded  the  Allies  in  Flanders,  was  defeated  by 
Marshal  Luxembourg  at  Steenkerke  July  24  (N.  S.  Aug.  3), 
1692.  Queen  Mary  died  Dec.  28,  1694 : thenceforth  Wil- 
liam reigned  alone.  Thepeace  of  Ryswick  put  an  end  to  the 
war  with  France  in  1697.  During  the  rest  of  his  reign  his 
foreign  policy  was  chiefly  directed  to  preserving  the  bal- 
ance of  power  in  Europe  by  preventing  the  Spanish  mon- 
archy from  being  united  either  to  France  or  to  Austria. 
With  this  end  in  view,  he  negotiated  the  Partition  Treaties 
(which  see).  When  Louis  XIV.,  in  violation  of  treaty  ob- 
ligations, recognized  the  bequest  of  Charles  II.  to  Philip 
of  Anjou,  William  formed  the  Grand  Alliance  of  1701,  and 
took  the  initiative  in  the  events  leading  to  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession  (see  this  title).  He  died,  in  consequence 
of  afall  from  his  horse,  before  the  commencement  of  hostil- 
ities, leaving  no  heirs.  His  reign,  although  disturbed  by 
Jacobite  intrigues  and  the  treachery  of  officials  high  iu 
station  (such  as  Marlborough),  witnessed  the  rise  of  Eng- 
land to  a position  of  prominence  in  European  politics,  and 
marks  the  beginning  of  government  by  party. 

William  IV.  Bom  at  Windsor,  Aug.  21,  1765 : 
died  June  20,  1837.  King  of  England  1830-37, 
third  son  of  George  III.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a 
midshipman  about  1779;  was  created  duke  of  Clarence  in 
1789  ; married  Adelaide  of  Saxe-Meiningen  in  1818;  became 
heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  the  Duke 
of  York  in  1827 ; and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  lord 
high  admiral,  an  office  which  he  was  shortly  compelled  to 
resign  on  account  of  his  arbitrary  conduct.  He  acceded 
to  tlie  throne  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  George  IV.,  June 
26,  1830.  The  chief  events  of  his  reign  were  the  passage 
of  the  Reform  Bill  and  of  the  Emancipation  Bill. 
William  I.  (G.  Wilhelm).  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
22, 1797 : died  there,  March  9, 1888.  German  em- 
peror (1871-88)  and  king  of  Prussia  (1861-88), 
second  son  of  Frederick  William  III.  of  Prussia 
and  Louisa,  daughter  of  Duke  Charles  of  Meck- 
lenhurg-Strelitz.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
campaigns  of  1814  and  1815  against  Napoleon;  married 
Augusta  of  Saxe-Weimar  in  1829 ; became  heir  presumptive 
and  received  the  title  of  Prince  of  Prussia  on  the  death  of 
his  father  and  the  accession  of  his  brother  Frederick  Wil- 
liam IV.  in  1840;  made  himself  extremely  unpopular  on 
account  of  his  conservative  attitude  during  the  revolu- 
tionary movement  of  1848;  took  his  seat  in  the  Prussian 
National  Assembly  in  the  same  year ; commanded  the  Prus- 
sian army  which  suppressed  the  insurrections  in  Baden 
and  the  Palatinate  in  1849 ; was  appointed  military  gov- 
ernor of  the  Rhineland  and  Westphalia  in  the  same  year; 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  field-marshal  and  made  gov- 
ernor of  the  federal  fortress  of  Mainz  in  1854  ; assumed 
the  regency  for  his  brother  Frederick  William  in  1858; 
ascended  the  throne  of  Prussia  on  the  death  of  the  lat- 
ter, Jan.  2,  1861 ; appointed  Bismarck  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  in  1862 ; united  with  Austria  in  a war  against  Den- 
mark in  1864  (see  Schleswig-Holstein  Wars,  2) ; commanded 
in  person  at  Koniggratz  in  the  Austro-Prussian  war  (see 
Seven  Weeks’  War ) in  1866 ; and  became  president  of  the 
North  German  Confederation  on  the  adoption  of  its  con- 
stitution in  1867.  He  commanded  the  German  armies  in  the 
Franco-German  war  1870-71,  being  present  at  Gravelotte 
and  Sedan,  and  maintaining  his  headquarters  at  Versailles 
Oct.,  1870, -March,  1871,  during  and  after  the  siege  of  Paris. 
He  was  proclaimed  German  emperor  at  Versailles  Jan.  18, 
1871,  and  returned  to  Berlin  March  17, 1871.  He  displayed 
great  sagacity  in  selecting  his  ministers  and  generals,  as 
well  as  firmness  in  supporting  them  against  opposition  ; 
and  shares  with  Bismarck,  Von  Boon,  and  Von  Moltke  the 
honor  of  accomplishing  the  unification  of  Germany,  un- 
der the  hegemony  of  Prussia. 

William  II.  (Friedrich  Wilhelm  Victor  Al- 
bert). Born  at  Berlin,  Jan.  27, 1859.  Emperor  of 
Germany  and  king  of  Prussia,  son  of  Frederick 
HI.  and  Princess  Victoria  of  England,  and  grand- 
son of  William  I.  He  was  educated  at  the  gymnasium  of 
Cassel  and  the  University  of  Bonn  ; married  Augusta  Vic- 
toria of  Schleswig-Holstein  in  1881 ; and  succeeded  his 
father  as  king  and  emperor  June  15,  1888.  He  immedi- 
ately displayed  his  intention  to  exercise  personal  control 
of  the  government,  and  in  March,  1890,  dismissed  Bis- 
marck who  disapproved  of  his  policy. 


William,  King  of  Germany.  See  William  of 
Holland. 

William  I.  Born  at  The  Hague,  Aug.  24,  1772 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  12, 1843.  King  of  the  Neth- 
erlands 1815-40,  son  of  William  V.  the  last 
stadholder.  He  commanded  the  Dutch  troops  against 
the  French  from  1793  to  1795,  when  the  Netherlands  were 
conquered  by  the  latter  and  the  house  of  Orange  expelled. 
In  1806  he  served  as  a general  in  the  Prussian  army,  and 
was  captured  by  the  French  at  the  battle  of  Jena.  His 
hereditary  territories  in  Germany  (the  Nassau  lands)  were 
in  tlie  same  year  confiscated  by  Napoleon.  He  served  in 
the  Austrian  army  at  Wagram  in  1809,  and  afterward  lived 
in  retirement  at  Berlin.  He  recovered  his  German  terri- 
tories in  1813.  On  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon,  the  Nether- 
lands and  Belgium  were  erected  into  the  Kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands  by  theCongressof  Vienna;  and,  in  accordance 
with  its  decision,  William  was  proclaimed  the  first  king 
of  the  new  monarchy,  March  16,  1815.  At  the  same  time 
he  exchanged  his  German  possessions  for  the  grand  duchy 
of  Luxemburg.  He  was  unable  to  prevent  the  secession 
of  Belgium  in  1830-32.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son 
William  II.  Oct.  7,  1840. 

William  II.  Born  Dec.  6,  1792:  died  March 
17, 1849.  King  of  the  Netherlands  1840-49,  son 
of  William  I.  He  served  with  distinction  under  Wel- 
lington in  Spain,  and  commanded  the  Dutch  contingent 
in  the  campaign  of  1815  against  Napoleon.  He  married  the 
Russian  grand  duchess  Anne,  sister  of  Alexander  I.,  in  1816. 
He  was  sent  to  Belgium  to  effect  a peaceful  settlement  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  in  that  country  in  1830 ; and 
on  Oct.  16  recognized  the  independence  of  the  Belgians, 
an  act  which  was  repudiated  by  his  father.  He  subse- 
quently commanded  the  Dutch  army  against  the  Belgians, 
but  was  forced  to  give  way  before  the  French  in  Aug., 
1832.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  abdication  of  his 
father  Oct.  7, 1840.  He  granted  extensive  reforms  during 
the  revolutionary  movement  of  1848. 

William  III.  Born  Feb.  19,  1817 : died  Nov. 
23,  1890.  King  of  the  Netherlands  1849-90,  son 
of  William  II.  He  carried  out  the  reforms  begun  by 
his  father  in  1848,  and  decreed  the  abolition  of  slavery  in 
the  West  Indies  in  1862.  In  1866  the  Dutch  province  of 
Limburg,  which  since  1815  had  constituted  part  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation,  was  incorporated  with  the  Neth- 
erlands, and  in  the  following  year  Luxemburg  was  recog- 
nized as  neutral  territory  under  the  sole  sovereignty  of  his 
house. 

William  I.,  surnamed  “The  Lion.”  Died  at 
Stirling,  1214.  King  of  Scotland  1165-1214.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Malcolm  IV.  In  1174  he  invaded 
England,  with  the  result  that  he  was  taken  prisoner  and 
compelled  to  do  homage  to  Henry  II. 

William  I.,  surnamed  “ The  Bad.”  King  of 
Sicily  1154-66. 

William  II.,  surnamed  “ The  Good.”  King  of 
Sicily  1166-89. 

William  I.  Bom  at  Lauban,  Silesia,  Sept.  27, 
1781 : died  June  25,  1864.  King  of  Wiirtem- 
berg  1816-64,  son  of  Frederick  I.  (the  first  king 
of  Wiirtemberg).  He  commanded  the  Wurtemberg 
contingent  in  Napoleon’s  Russian  campaign,  and  com- 
manded a con>s  of  the  Allies  1813-15. 

William,  Margrave  of  Baden  (originally  Count 
of  Hochberg).  Born  at  Karlsruhe,  April  8, 1792 : 
died  Oct.  11,  1859.  A German  general.  He  com- 
manded the  Baden  contingent  in  Napoleon’s  Russian  cam- 
paign, and  fought  with  the  Allies  1814-15.  He  represented 
the  house  of  Baden  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  was 
commander  of  the  Baden  troops  1825-48. 

William.  Born  April  25,  1806:  died  Oct.  18, 
1884.  Duke  of  Brunswick  1830-84,  second  son 
of  Duke  Frederick  William.  He  succeeded  his 
brother  Charles,  and  was  the  last  of  the 
Bruns wick-Wolfenbiittel  line. 

William,  Prince,  of  England.  Only  son  of 
Henry  I.  of  England,  drowned  in  the  White 
Ship  in  the  English  Channel  in  1120. 

William IV.  Bornl532:  died  Aug.25, 1592.  Land- 
grave of  Hesse-Cassel  1567-92,  son  of  Philip  the 
Magnanimous.  He  administered  the  government  dur- 
ing the  imprisonment  of  his  father  by  Charles  V.  1547-52. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  an  astronomer  and  as  a patron 
of  astronomy. 

William  I.  Born  at  Cassel,  June  3,  1743  : died 
Feb.  27,  1821.  Elector  of  Hesse  (Landgrave 
William  IX.  of  Hesse-Cassel),  son  of  Landgrave 
Frederick  II.  He  furnished  Hessian  troops  to  Great 
Britain  iu  the  American  Revolution ; succeeded  as  land- 
grave in  1785;  joined  the  coalition  against  France  in  1792 ; 
was  made  elector  in  1803  ; aud  was  expelled  by  the  French 
in  1806,  his  lands  becoming  part  of  the  kingdom  of  West- 
phalia in  1807.  He  reentered  Cassel  in  1813,  and  was  re- 
stored by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  1814-15. 

William  II.  Born  July  28, 1777 : died  Nov.  20, 
1847.  Elector  of  Hesse  1821-47,  son  of  the  elec- 
tor William  I.  He  served  in  the  Prussian  army  against 
Napoleon.  He  was  forced  to  grant  a new  constitution  in 
1831. 

William  I.,  surnamed  “The  Silent.”  Born  at 
the  castle  of  Dillenburg,  in  Nassau,  April  16, 
1533:  died  at  Delft,  Netherlands,  July  10, 1584. 
Prince  of  Orange  and  Count  of  Nassau:  the 
founder  of  the  Republic  of  th  e United  Pro  vi  n ces. 
He  was  the  son  of  William,  count  of  Nassau,  and  Juliana 
of  Stolberg;  was  educated  in  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  as 
a page  at  the  court  of  Charles  V. ; and  inherited  the  prin- 
cipality of  Orange,  along  with  large  estates  in  the  Nether- 
lands, from  his  cousin  RenAor  Renatusin  1544.  He  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  army  in  the  Netherlands  and 


William  I. 

governor  of  Holland,  Zealand,  and  Utrecht  by  Charles  V.  in 
1565.  He  served  in  the  war-  of  Philip  II.  against  Henry  II. 
of  France,  and  negotiated  the  preliminaries  of  the  peace 
of  Cateau-C'ambrdsis  (1559).  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
count  of  Nassau  in  1559.  Together  with  the  counts  of  Eg- 
mont  and  of  Hoorn,  he  addressed  a petition  in  1563  to 
Philip  II.  for  the  recall  of  Granvella,  the  adviser  of  the 
regent  Margaret  of  Parma,  who  was  carrying  on  a bloody 
persecution  of  the  Protestants.  Granvella  was  recalled 
in  1564,  but  Philip  II. ’s  determination  to  suppress  Protes- 
tantism and  destroy  the  political  liberties  of  the  Dutch  re- 
mained unaltered,  and  provoked  the  organization  of  the 
League  of  the  Gueux  in  1566.  In  1567  Margaret  of  Parma 
was  succeeded  by  the  Duke  of  Alva,  who  came  with  an 
army  of  20,000  Spaniards  and  instituted  a reign  of  terror 
(see  Council  of  Blood,  The).  William,  who  had  in  the 
meantime  resigned  his  offices  and  retired  to  Dillenburg, 
declined  to  appear  before  the  Council  of  Blood  and  pro- 
claimed his  adhesion  to  the  Protestant  faith.  In  1568  he 
collected  two  armies,  one  of  which  was  destroyed  by  Alva 
in  East  Friesland  : the  other  disbanded  for  want  of  funds. 
He  began  in  1570  to  issue  letters  of  marque  to  seamen  who, 
under  the  nickname  of  “Sea  Gueux,”  played  a conspicuous 
part  in  the  war  for  independence.  He  himself  continued 
the  war  on  land,  and  in  1576  brought  about  the  pacification 
of  Ghent,  whereby  Holland,  Zealand,  and  the  southern 
roviucesof  the  Lowlands  united  for  the  purpose  of  expel- 
ng  the  Spanish  soldiery.  This  was  followed  in  1579  by  the 
Union  of  Utrecht  between  the  seven  northern  provinces 
(Holland,  Zealand,  Utrecht,  Gelderland,  Groningen,  Fries- 
land, and  Overyssel),  which  formally  declared  their  inde- 
pendence of  the  King  of  Spain  in  1581,  and  settled  the 
hereditary  stadholdership  on  William.  He  was  assassi- 
nated at  Delft  by  Balthazar  Gerard. 

William,  Prince  of  Prussia.  Born  1783:  died 
1851.  Third  son  of  Frederick  William  II.,  and 
brother  of  Frederick  William  III.:  a commander 
in  the  wars  against  Napoleon. 

William  of  Champeaux.  Born  about  1070:  died 
1121.  A French  scholastic  philosopher  and  ad- 
vocate of  realism. 

William  of  Cloudesley  or  Cloudeslie.  An 

archer,  the  subject  of  an  old  English  ballad. 
William  of  Holland.  Born  about  1227 : killed 
in  battle,  1256.  Titular  King  of  Germany.  He 
succeeded  as  count  of  Holland  about  1234;  was  chosen 
king  of  Germany  in  opposition  to  Frederick  II.  1247;  was 
crowned  1248;  and  was  acknowledged  generally  in  Ger- 
many 1254-56. 

William  of  Jumi^ges.  Lived  about  the  close' 
of  the  11th  century.  A Norman  chronicler. 
William  of  Lorris.  See  Lorris,  Guillaume  de. 
William  of  Malmesbury.  Born  about  1095: 
died  at  Malmesbury  about  1142.  An  English 
historian  and  monk,  librarian  of  the  monastery 
at  Malmesbury,  of  which  he  refused  to  become 
abbot.  His  chief  works  are  “DeGestis  regum  Anglorum” 
(“History  of  the  English  Kings”) and  “Historia  novella” 
(“Modern  History"),  a continuation  of  “De  Gestis,”  bring- 
ing the  history  down  to  1142  (these  books  have  been  the 
foundation  of  all  the  more  recent  histories  of  England); 
“De  Gestis  pontificum  Anglorum  ” (“History  of  the  Prel- 
ates of  England”);  “De  Antiquitate  Glastoniensis  Eecle- 
si*  ”(“  History  of  the  Church  at  Glastonbury  ") ; lives  of  St. 
Patrick,  St.  Dunstan,  St.  Wulfstan  (from  the  Anglo-Saxon); 
several  books  of  miracles;  and  the  “Itinerary  of  John  Ab- 
bot of  Malmesbury  to  Rome  ” (Leland  mentions  this  work, 
but  it  is  lost). 

William  of  Nassau.  Same  as  William  the  Silent. 
William  of  Occam.  See  Occam. 

William  of  Orange.  See  William  I.,  Prince  of 
Orange,  and  William  III.  (of  England). 
William  of  Poitiers.  Lived  in  the  2d  half  of  the 
11th  century.  Chaplain  and  chronicler  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror,  author  of  ‘ ‘ Gesta  Willelmi.” 
William  of  Shoreham.  Bom  at  Shoreham, 
Kent,  in  the  last  part  of  the  13th  century.  An 
English  monk  of  Leeds  priory,  vicar  of  Charl- 
Sutton  in  1320.  He  translated  the  Psalms  of  David  into 
English  prose  about  1327,  and  wrote  a number  of  poems. 
William  of  Wykeham.  Born  at  Wykeham  in 
Hampshire,  1324:  died  1404.  An  English  states- 
man and  prelate,  bishop  of  Winchester  from 
1367.  He  was  chancellor  of  England  1368-71  and  1389- 
1391 ; and  founded  Winchester  School  and  New  College  in 
Oxford.  In  1404  he  finished  rebuilding  the  nave  of  Win- 
chester cathedral,  died,  and  was  buried  in  the  chantry. 

William  and  Mary,  War  of.  In  American  his- 
tory, that  part  of  the  war  between  England 
and  France  (1689-97)  which  took  place  in  Amer- 
ica, chiefly  in  the  north.  Among  its  events  were 
the  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Canada  in  1690,  and 
the  burning  of  Schenectady  by  the  French  and  Indians  in 
the  same  year.  Also  King  William's  War. 

William  and  Mary  College.  The  second  old- 
est  college  in  the  United  States,  situated  at 
Williamsburg,  Virginia:  chartered  in  1693.  it 
suffered  in  the  Revolutionary  and  Civil  wars.  Among 
its  graduates  were  Peyton  Randolph,  Edmund  Randolph, 
John  Marshall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  James  Monroe,  John 
Randolph,  John  Tyler,  and  Winfield  Scott.  It  has  20  in- 
structors and  about  250  students. 

William  Longsword  (long'sord).  Duke  of 
Normandy,  son  and  successor  of  Rolf.  He 
ruled  about  927-943. 

Williams  (wil'yamz),  Alpheus  Starkey.  Born 
at  Saybrook,  Oonn..  Sept.  10,  1810:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  21,  1878.  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  politician.  He  served  in  the  Mex- 


1064 

ican  war  ; was  a division  commander  in  the  Shenandoah 
campaign  in  1862 ; and  commanded  a corps  at  South  Moun- 
tain, Antietam,  Gettysburg,  and  Lookout  Mountain,  in  the 
Atlanta  campaign,  and  in  the  march  to  the  sea.  In  1865 
he  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was 
United  States  minister  to  Salvador  1866-69,  and  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Michigan  1875-78. 

Williams,  Edward.  Born  at  Llancarvan,  Gla- 
morganshire, 1746  : died  at  Flemingstone,  Dec. 
18,  1826.  A Welsh  poet,  known  as  “the  Welsh 
Shakspere.” 

Williams,  Eleazar.  Born  at  Caughnawaga, 
N.  Y.,  about  1787 : died  at  Hoganstown,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  28, 1858.  An  American  missionary  among 
the  Indians.  He  was  the  reputed  son  of  Thomas  Wil- 
liams, a half-breed  Indian.  He  believed  himsell,  after  an 
alleged  interview  in  1841  with  the  Prince  de  Joinville  (who 
denied  it),  to  be  the  dauphin  (Louis  XVII.),  son  of  Louis 
XVI.,  but  took  no  pains  to  make  his  claims  known.  He 
and  his  friends  asserted  that  he  had  been  secretly  taken 
from  prison  and  brought  to  this  country  when  very  young. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  Indian  subjects. 

Williams,  Elisha.  Born  1694:  died  1755.  An 
American  clergyman,  president  of  Yale  Col- 
lege 1726-39. 

Williams,  Ephraim.  Born  at  Newton,  Mass., 
Feb.  24,  1715:  killed  in  battle  near  Lake 
George,  Sept.  8,  1755.  An  American  officer. 
He  served  in  King  George’s  war  ; built  Fort  Massachusetts 
(near  Williamstown,  Massachusetts);  commanded  a regi- 
ment of  Massachusetts  troops  in  the  French  and  Indian 
war ; and  fell  in  an  ambuscade.  He  founded  a free  school 
at  Williamstown  which  afterward  became  Williams  Col- 
lege. 

Williams,  George  Henry.  Born  at  New  Leb- 
anon, N.  Y.,  March  26,  1823:  died  at  Port- 
land, Oregon,  April  4,  1910.  An  American 
jurist  and  politician.  He  was  chief  justice  of  Oregon 
Territory  1853-57  ; Republican  United  States  senator  from 
Oregon  1865-71 ; a member  of  the  joint  high  commission 
which  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Washington  in  1871 ; and 
attorney-general  1872-75. 

Williams,  John.  Born  at  Aberconway,  1582: 
died  March  25, 1650.  An  English  prelate  and 
politician.  He  was  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal  1621,  and 
bishop  of  Lincoln  (deprived  of  the  former  in  1626);  was  im- 
prisoned for  several  years  in  the  Tower  at  the  instigation 
of  Laud ; and  was  made  archbishop  of  York  in  1641.  He 
supported  Charles  I.  in  the  civil  war. 

Williams,  John.  Born  near  London,  June  29, 
1796;  killed  in  the  New  Hebrides,  Nov.  20, 
1839.  An  English  missionary  in  the  Pacific 
islands.  He  worked  in  the  Society  Islands,  Hervey  Isl- 
ands, and  Raratonga.  He  wrote  “A  Narrative  of  Mission- 
ary Enterprises  ” (1837). 

Williams,  John.  Born  at  Deerfield,  Mass.,  Aug. 
30,  1817 : died  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  Feb.  7, 
1899.  An  American  Protestant  Episcopal  bish- 
op and  theologian.  He  was  president  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege 1848-63;  assistant  bishop  of  Connecticut  in  1851; 
and  bishop  in  1865.  In  1854  he  became  dean  and  instructor 
of  doctrinal  theology  and  other  studies  at  the  Berkeley 
Divinity  School,  Middletown,  Connecticut.  He  wrote 
“Ancient  Hymns”  (18451,  “Thoughtson  the  Gospel  Mira- 
cles " (1848),  “ Paddock  Lectures  on  the  English  Reforma- 
tion " (1881),  etc:. 

Williams,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Boston,  1750: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  1815.  An  American  mili- 
tary engineer,  secretary  to  Franklin  in  Europe, 
and  United  States  agent  in  Europe  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary period.  He  became  major  in  the  artillery 
service  in  1801,  and  commander  of  West  Point  in  the  same 
year ; was  superintendent  of  West  Point  1802-03 ; and  was 
chief  engineer  of  the  army  1805-12.  He  built  fortifica- 
tions around  New  York,  including  Castle  William  (Gov- 
ernor’s Island),  Fort  Clinton  (Castle  Garden),  etc. 

Williams,  Sir  Monier  Monier-.  Bom  at  Bom- 
bay, India,  Nov.  12,  1819:  died  April  11,  1899. 
A noted  British  Orientalist,  professor  of  San- 
skrit in  Oxford.  His  works  include  a Sanskrit  gram- 
mar (1846),  an  English-Sanskrit  dictionary  (1851),  a San- 
skrit-English  dictionary  (1872),  grammars  of  Hindustani, 
translations  of  the  “Sakuntala  ’ and  other  Sanskrit  works, 
“Indian  Epic  Poetry"  (1863),  “Indian  Wisdom”  (1875), 
“Hinduism”  (1877),  “Modern  India  and  the  Indians" 
(1878).  “Buddhism,  etc.”  (1889),  etc. 

Williams,  Roger.  Born  in  Wales  about  1604: 
died  in  Rhode  Island,  probably,  in  March  or 
April,  1683.  An  English  colonist  in  New  Eng- 
land: the  founder  of  Rhode  Island.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Charterhouse  School  and  at  Cambridge ; took  or- 
ders  in  the  Church  of  England,  but  became  a Puritan  ; ar- 
rived in  Massachusetts  in  1631 ; became  pastor  in  Salem 
in  the  same  year,  but  was  driven  away  for  denying  the 
right  of  the  magistrates  to  punish  Sabbath-breaking  and 
for  supposed  heretical  opinions ; was  assistant  pastor  at 
Plymouth  1631-33 ; and  returned  to  Salem  in  1633,  and  be- 
came pastor  there  in  1634.  He  again  became  objectionable 
to  the  authorities  on  account  of  his  political  and  religious 
opinions ; and  was  summoned  before  the  General  Court  in 
1635,  and  ordered  to  leave  the  colony.  In  Jan.,  1636.  lie 
left  Salem  and  went  first  to  Seekonk,  and  about  June,  1636, 
founded  Providence.  He  had  great  influence  with  the 
Narraganset  Indians,  and  used  it  to  the  advantage  of  the 
colonists  in  the  Pequotwar.  In  1639  he  founded  the  first 
Baptist  church  in  America,  but  soon  withdrew  from  all 
church  connections.  He  went  to  England  in  1643;  ob- 
tained a charter  for  Rhode  Island  colony  in  1644  ; was 
again  in  England  1651-54 ; and  was  afterward  president  of 
the  colony.  He  was  an  apostle  of  religious  toleration.  His 
works  include  “ Key  into  the  Language  of  America  ” (1643), 


Wills,  William  Gorman 

“Mr.  Cotton’s  Letter  Examined”  (1644),  “The  Bloody 
Teneut  of  Persecution  ” (1644),  “ Bloody  Tenent  Made  yet 
more  Bloody”  (1652),  “The  Hireling  Ministry  none  of 
Christ's  "(1652),“  Experiments  of  Spiritual  Life  and  Health” 
(1652),  “ George  Fox  Digged  out  of  his  Burrowes  ” (1676). 

Williams,  Samuel  Wells.  Born  atUtica,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  22,  1812:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb. 
17,  1884.  A noted  American  Sinologist.  He 
went  to  China  in  1833  as  a printer  in  the  service  of  the 
American  Board ; was  in  the  United  States  1844-48  and 
1860-61;  was  Japanese  interpreter  to  the  United  States 
expedition  to  Japan  1853-54  ; became  secretary  and  inter- 
preter to  the  United  States  legation  in  China  in  1866  ; and 
was  employed  in  other  diplomatic  services.  He  resigned 
his  commission  and  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1876, 
and  was  later  professor  of  Chinese  at  Yale.  He  wrote 
“Easy  Lessons  in  Chinese ” (1842),  “English  and  Chinese 
Vocabulary  ” (1844),  “Chinese  Commercial  Guide"  (1844), 
“ The  Middle  Kingdom  ” (2  vols.  1848 : revised  ed.  1883), 
“Syllabic  Dictionary  of  the  Chinese  Language"  (1874). 

Williamsburg,  or  Williamsburgh  (wiF  yamz- 
berg).  A former  town  on  Long  Island,  "now 
forming  a part  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn. 

Williamsburg.  An  independent  city,  formerly 
of  James  City  County,  Virginia,  situated  be- 
tween James  and  York  rivers,  46  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Richmond.  It  is  the  seat  of  William  and 
Mary  College ; and  succeeded  Jamestown  as  the  capi- 
tal of  Virginia,  remaining  such  down  to  Revolutionary 
times.  A battle  was  fought  there,  May  5,  1862,  between 
a part  of  McClellan’s  army  (Hooker,  Kearny,  Smith)  and 
the  Confederates  under  Johnston.  Population,  2,714,  (1910). 

Williams  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Williamstown,  Massachusetts ; 
founded  by  Colonel  Ephraim  Williams,  and 
chartered  in  1793.  It  is  non-sectarian.  It  has 
about  60  instructors  and  about  600  students. 

Williamsport  (wil'yamz-port).  The  capitalof 
Lycoming  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  west  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  68  miles 
north  by  west  of  Harrisburg.  Its  most  important 
industry  is  the  manufacture  of  lumber.  The  Susquehanna 
boom  is  located  there.  Population,  31,860,  (1910). 

Williamstown  (wil'yamz-toun).  A town  in 
Berkshire  County,  at  the  northwestern  extrem- 
ity of  Massachusetts,  55  miles  northwest  of 
Springfield.  It  is  a summer  resort,  and  the 
seat  of  Williams  College.  Population,  3,708, 
(1910). 

William’s  War,  King.  See  King  William’s 
War. 

William  Tell.  AdramabyJ.  Sheridan  Knowles. 

Macready  produced  it  in  1825.  KosSini  composed  an 
opera  on  the  subject,  produced  as  “Guillaume  Tell,”  in 
1829.  Several  other  composers  have  used  the  same  legend. 

Willibald  (wil'i-bald).  Born  in  England  about, 
700:  died  probably  about  786.  A missionary 
in  Germany,  associate  of  Boniface  : bishop  of 
Eiehstiidt. 

Willibrord,  orWilibrord  (wil'i-brord),  or  Wil- 
brord  (wil'brord),  or  Wilbrod  (wil'brod), 
Saint.  Born  in  Northumbria  about  657 : died 
about  738.  An  English  missionary,  called  “ the 
Apostle  of  the  Friesians.”  He  settled  among  the 
Friesians  about  690,  and  was  consecrated  bishop  about  696. 
He  also  visited  Denmark. 

Willimantic  (wil-i-man'tik).  A city  in  Wind- 
ham County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Willi- 
mantic River  25  miles  east  of  Hartford,  it  is 

a railroad  center,  and  has  important  manufactures  of 
thread,  cotton,  silk,  etc.  Population,  11,230,  (1910). 

Willis  (wil'is),  Nathaniel  Parker.  Born  at 
Portland,  Maine,  Jan.  20,  1806:  died  at  Idle- 
wild,  near  Newhurg,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1867.  An 
American  poet  and  author.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1827 ; conducted  the  “American  Monthly  Magazine  ” 
1829-31 ; went  to  Europe  as  correspondent  for  the  “New 
York  Mirror”  1831 ; was  associate  editor,  with  Morris,  of 
the  “Mirror”  and  “Home  Journal”;  traveled  in  Europe 
and  Asia  Minor ; returned  1837 ; settled  at  Glenmary,  near 
the  Susquehanna ; was  in  Europe  1844-46 ; and  settled 
at  his  country-seat,  Idlewild  on  the  Hudson.  He  wrote 
“Poetical  Scripture  Sketches”  (1827),  “Fugitive  Poetry” 
(1829),  “Pencillings  by  the  Way”  (1835),  “Inklings  of 
Adventure”  (1836),  “Loiterings  of  Travel”  and  “Letters 
from  Under  a Bridge”  (1840),  “Dashes  at  Life  with  a 
Free  Pencil"  (1845),  “Rural  Letters”  (1849),  “Life  Here 
and  There"  and  “People  I Have  Met”  (I860),  “Hurry- 
Graphs”  (1851),  “A  Summer  Cruise  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean” and  “A  Health  Trip  to  the  Tropics"  (1853),  “Out- 
doors at  Idlewild,"  “ Famous  Persons  and  Places  ” (1864), 
“Paul  Fane ’’ (1856),  “The  Convalescent " (1859),  etc. 

Willis’s  (wil'is-ez)  Rooms.  A later  name  of 
Almack’s  assembly-rooms  in  London. 

Willoughby  (wil'o-bi),  Sir  Hugh.  Born  prob- 
ably at  Risley,  Derbyshire : died  in  1554.  An 
English  navigator.  He  commanded  an  expedition  to 
the  arctic  regions  1553-54  (in  the  ships  Bona  Esperanza, 
Edward  Bonaventure,  and  BonaConfidentia).  Willoughby 
and  sixty-two  companions  perished  on  the  coast  of  Lap- 
land,  in  winter  quarters,  probably  of  scurvy.  Richard 
Chancellor,  in  the  Bonaventure,  had  parted  company  with 
the  others  in  a storm,  and  so  escaped. 

Wills  (wilz),  William  Gorman.  Bom  in  Kil- 
kenny, Ireland,  1828  : died  at  London,  Dec.  13, 
1891.  A British  dramatist.  His  works  include  “ The 
Man  o’  Ail  lie"  (1867),  “Hinko”  (1871),  “ Charles  I.  ” (1872), 
“Eugene  Aram"  (1873),  “Mary  Queen  of  Scots”  (1874), 
“Buckingham"  (1875),  “Jane  Shore  "(1876),  “Ninon  "(1880), 


Wills,  William  Gorman 

“ Vanderdecken ’’  (1878),  “Olivia,”  “Nell  Gwynn,"  “Wil- 
liam and  SuBan”  (1880),  “Melchior,”  “Sedgemoor,” 
u Faust " (1885),  “ Claudian  ” (1885),  ‘ ‘A  Royal  Divorce. " He 
also  wrote  several  novels,  among  them  “ Notice  to  Quit” 
and  “The  Wife’s  Evidence." 

Wills,  William  John.  Bom  at  Totnes,  Dev- 
onshire, Jan.  5,  1834 : died  of  starvation  near 
Cooper’s  Creek,  Australia,  about  July,  1861. 
An  Australian  explorer.  He  went  to  Australia  in 
1852,  and  in  1858  was  made  assistant  in  the  magnetic  ob- 
servatory at  Melbourne.  On  Aug.  20,  1860,  he  set  out  on 
the  expedition  led  by  R.  O’Hara  Burke  to  explore  the  in- 
terior. They  crossed  the  continent,  but  on  their  return 
both  Burke  and  Wills  perished. 

Will’s  (wilz)  Coffee-House.  A famous  coffee- 
house in  Russell  street,  London,  named  from 
its  proprietor,  whose  first  name  was  William. 
It  was  the  resort  of  gamblers,  and  of  poets  and  wits,  in 
the  time  of  Dryden,  when  it  was  also  known  as  “The  Wits’ 
Coffee-House.”  It  was  on  the  corner  of  Bow  street. 

Willughby  (wil'o-bi),  Francis.  Born  in  1635: 
died  July  3, 1672.  An  English  naturalist,  pupil 
and  co-worker  of  John  Ray.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  His  “Ornithologia”  (1676-78)  was  edited  and 
translated  by  Bay,  who  also  published  his  “Historia 
Piscium.” 

Wilmington  (wil ' ming- ton).  The  capital  of 
New  Castle  County,  Delaware,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  Brandywine  and  Christiana  creeks 
with  the  Delaware  River,  in  lat.  39°  44'  N.,  long. 
75°  33'  W.  It  is  a railroad  and  manufacturing  center 
(car-wheels,  cars,  iron  ships,  gunpowder,  paper,  leather 
and  cotton  goods,  iron,  wagons,  machinery,  etc.).  It  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  State : incorporated  1832.  Population, 
87,411,  (1910). 

Wilmington.  A seaport,  capital  of  New  Han- 
over County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  Cape 
Fear  River  in  lat.  34°  15'  N.:  the  chief  seaport 
and  largest  place  in  the  State,  it  exports  naval 
stores,  lumber,  and  cotton.  During  the  Civil  War  it  was  the 
chief  port  for  blockade-runners.  It  was  defended  by  Fort 
Fisher,  which  was  captured  in  Jan.,  1865.  Wilmington  was 
taken  by  the  Federals  in  Feb.  Pop.,  25,748,  (1910). 

Wilrnot  (wil'rnot),  David.  Bom  at  Bethany, 
Pa.,  Jan.  20, 1814 : died  at  Towanda, Pa., March 
16, 1868.  An  American  jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsyl- 
vania 1845-51  ; introduced  the  “ Wilmot  Proviso  ” (which 
see)  in  1846  ; was  the  unsuccessful  Bepublican  candidate 
for  governor  of  Pennsylvania  in  1857 ; was  Bepublican 
United  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania  1861-63 ; and 
was  judge  of  the  United  States  Court  of  Claims. 
Wilmot,  John,  Earl  of  Rochester.  Born  at 
Ditchley,  Oxfordshire,  April  10,1647:  died  July 
26,  1680.  An  English  poet  and  courtier  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. 

Wilmot  Proviso.  A proviso  attached  in  1846 
to  an  appropriation  bill  in  the  United  States 
Congress,  and  named  from  its  promoter,  David 
Wilmot,  representative  from  Pennsylvania. 
The  bill  was  for  the  purchase  of  Mexican  territory,  and  the 
proviso  was  for  the  prohibition  of  slavery  in  this  territory. 
The  bill  with  the  proviso  passed  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, but  failed  to  reach  a vote  in  the  Senate. 

Wilson  (wil'son),  Alexander.  Born  at  Paisley, 
Scotland,  July  6,  1766:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug. 23, 1813.  A Scotch-American  ornithologist. 
In  early  life  he  was  a weaver ; was  prosecuted  and  im- 
prisoned for  writing  lampoons  (in  a dispute  between  the 
weavers  and  manufacturers  at  Paisley);  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  in  1794 ; labored  as  a peddler,  schoolmaster, 
and  editor  of  an  edition  of  “ Rees’s  Cyclopiedia  and  made 
many  pedestrian  and  other  expeditions  through  the  coun- 
try. He  published  “American  Ornithology  ” (7  vols.  1808- 
1813 ; vols.  8 and  9 edited  after  his  death  ; supplement  by  C. 
L.  Bonaparte,  1825),  poems  (1791),  “The  Foresters ” (1805), 
etc.  His  collected  works  were  edited  by  Grosart  (1876). 

Wilson,  Mrs.  (Augusta  J.  Evans).  Born  at 
Columbus,  Ga.,  1838:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala.,  May 
9,1909.  An  American  novelist.  She  wrote  “Beu- 
lah ” (1859),  “ Macaria ” (1863),  “St.  Elmo  "(1866),  “ Vashti  " 
(1867),  “Infelice”  (1876),  “At  the  Mercy  of  Tiberius" 
(1887). 

Wilson,  Sir  Daniel.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  1816: 
died  at  Toronto,  Aug.  6,  1892.  A Scottish-Cana- 
dian  educator  aud  archaeologist,  president  of 
Toronto  University  from  1881.  Among  hia  works 

are  “ Memorials  of  Edinburgh  in  the  Olden  Time  " (1847), 
“Oliver Cromwell  and  the  Protectorate  "(1848),  “Arch:e- 
ology  and  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland”  (1851:  revised 
1863),  “Prehistoric  Man”  (1862),  “ Chatterton  ” (1869), 
“Caliban,  the  Missing  Link  ’’  (1873),  “Beminiecences  of 
Old  Edinburgh  ” (1878),  “ The  Lost  Atlantis  ” (1892),  and 
poems.  He  was  knighted  in  1888. 

Wilson,  Erasmus.  See  Wilson,  Sir  William 
James  Erasmus. 

Wilson, Henry  (original  name  Jeremiah  Jones 
Colbaith).  Born  at  Farmington,  N.  H.,  Feb. 
16,  1812:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Nov.  22, 
1875.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  the  son 
of  a farm  laborer  ; was  apprenticed  to  a farmer  and  later 
worked  as  shoemaker  in  Natick,  Massachusetts  ; became 
a prominent  antislavery  advocate : was  several  times  rep- 
resentative and  State  senator;  withdrew  from  the  Whig 
National  Convention  of  1848,  and  became  a leader  of  the 
Free-soil  party  ; was  an  unsuccessful  1 Tee-soil  candidate 
for  Congress  in  1852  ; was  defeated  as  Free-soil  candidate 
for  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1853;  became  United 
States  senator  from  Massachusetts  in  1855,  and  was  three 
times  reelected,  serving  1855-73;  and  was  one  of  the  or- 
VI.  35 


1065 

ganizers  of  the  Bepublican  party.  He  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  military  affairs  in  the  Civil  War;  and 
was  elected  as  Bepublican  candidate  to  the  vice-presi- 
dency of  the  United  States  in  1872,  serving  1873-75.  His 
chief  work  is  a “History  of  the  Bise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave 
Power  in  America  ’’  (3  vols.  1872-75).  He  also  wrote  a ‘ ‘ His- 
tory of  the  Anti-Slavery  Measures  of  the  37th  and  38th 
Congresses  ” (1864),  a “ History  of  the  Beconstruction  Mea- 
sures of  the  39th  and  40th  Congresses”  (1868),  etc. 

Wilson,  Horace  Hayman.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  26,  1786:  died  there,  May  8,  1860.  An 
English  Orientalist.  He  went  to  India  in  1808  as  as- 
sistant surgeon  to  the  East  India  Company  in  Bengal ; 
later  held  an  office  in  the  mint  at  Calcutta  ; was  secretary 
to  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal ; became  professor  of  San- 
skrit at  Oxford  in  1832 ; and  was  librarian  to  the  East  India 
House,  and  director  of  the  Boyal  Asiatic  Society.  His 
works  include  a “Sanskrit-English  Dictionary  ” (1819), 
“Select  Specimens  of  the  Theatre  of  the  Hindus”  (1827), 
“ Beligious  Sects  of  the  Hindus  ” (1828-32),  descriptive 
catalogue  of  the  “Mackenzie  Collection  ” (1828),  “History 
of  British  India  ” (1844^8),  a Sanskrit  grammar  (1841),  and 
essays  on  Sanskrit  literature,  the  religion  of  the  Hindus, 
etc.  He  translated  the  “Meghaduta”  (1813),  the  “ Vishnu 
Purana”  (1840),  apart  of  the  “Big-Veda”  (1850),  etc. 

Wilson,  James.  Born  near  St.  Andrews,  Scot- 
land, Sept.  14,  1742:  died  at  Edenton,  N.  C., 
Aug.  28, 1798.  An  American  patriot  and  jurist. 
He  was  a delegate  to  Congress  from  Pennsylvania,  and  a 
signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776 ; a mem- 
ber of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787;  and  an  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1789-98. 

Wilson,  James  Grant.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
1832.  An  American  historical  writer,  son  of 
William’Wilson  (1801-60).  He  was  major,  colonel, 
and  general  in  the  Civil  War;  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
“Appletons’  Cyclopaedia  ot  American  Biography”;  and 
since  1885  has  been  president  of  the  New  York  Genea- 
logical and  Biographical  Society.  His  works  include  a life 
of  General  Grant  (1868-85),  “Life  and  Letters  of  Fitz-Greene 
Halleck  ” (1869),  “ Sketches  of  Illustrious  Soldiers  ” (1870 
and  1874),  “Poets  and  Poetry  of  Scotland  ”(1876),  “Bryant 
and  his  Friends”  (1886),  etc.  He  has  edited  “Memorial 
History  of  the  City  of  New  York”  (1892). 

W ilson,  John : pseudonym  Christopher  H orth. 

Born  at  Paisley,  Scotland,  May  18,  1785:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  April  3,  1854.  A Scottish  essayist, 
poet,  and  novelist : professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  from  1820. 
He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  at  Oxford  (Magdalen 
College)  where  he  graduated  in  1807.  He  settled  at  El- 
leray,  on  Lake  Windermere,  but  removed  to  Edinburgh  in 
1815,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar.  From  1817  he  was 
one  of  the  principal  contributors  to  “Blackwood’s  Maga- 
zine.” He  wrote  the  poems  “Isle  of  Palms  "(1812)and  “City 
of  the  Plague  ’’  (1816),  aud  the  tales  “ Lights  and  Shadows 
of  Scottish  Life”  (1822),  “ Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay" 
(1823),  and  “The  Foresters”  (1825).  The  “Noctes  Am- 
brosian® ” (which  see)  appeared  originally  in  “ Blackwood,” 
and  the  “ Becreations  of  Christopher  North  ” were  reprints 
of  magazine  articles. 

Wilson,  Richard.  Born  at  Penegoes,  Mont- 
gomeryshire, Aug.  1,  1714:  died  at  Llanferras, 
Denbighshire,  May,  1782.  A noted  English 
landscape-painter,  a pupil  of  Thomas  Wright 
in  London  1729-35.  In  1749  he  visited  Italy  and  de- 
voted himself  to  landscape-painting.  He  studied  both 
Claude  and  Poussin.  In  1756  he  returned  to  England,  and 
In  1768  was  an  original  member  of  the  Boyal  Academy. 
He  became  its  librarian  in  1776. 

Wilson,  Robert.  Died  in  1600.  An  English 
actor  of  Shakspere’s  time.  He  was  one  of  the  Earl 
of  Leicester’s  players  in  1574,  and  belonged  to  the  Queen’s 
Company  in  1683.  He  wrote  a play,  “The  Cobbler’s  Pro- 
phecy ” (1594). 

Wilson,  Robert.  Born  in  1579 : died  in  1610. 
An  English  dramatic  writer.  He  is  frequently 
confounded  with  the  actor. 

Wilson,  Sir  Robert  Thomas.  Born  at  London , 
1777:  died  there,  May  9,  1849.  An  English 
general  and  author.  He  commanded  the  Lusitanian 
Legion  and  a Spanish  brigade  in  the  Peninsular  war ; was 
British  military  commissioner  at  the  Bussian  and  allied 
headquarters  1812-14 ; and  waslatermemberof  Parliament 
and  governor  of  Gibraltar  (1842-49).  He  wrote  a ‘ ‘ History 
of  the  British  Expedition  to  Egypt ” (1802),  an  “Inquiry 
into  the  Present  State  of  the  Military  Force  of  the  British 
Empire”  (1804),  a “Sketch  of  the  Campaigns  in  Poland” 
(1811),  “ Military  and  Political  Power  of  Bussia  ” (1817), 
“Narrative  of  Events  during  the  Invasion  of  Bussia, 
1812 "(1860),  “Diary  "(1861),  etc. 

Wilson,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  1581.  An  English 
statesman  and  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
at  King's  College,  Cambridge ; was  tutorto  the  sons  of  the 
Duke  of  Suffolk  ; lived  on  the  Continent  during  the  reign 
of  Mary ; and  was  imprisoned  and  tortured  at  Borne  on 
account  of  alleged  heresy  in  his  works  on  “Logic”  and 
“Ehetoric,”  but  escaped.  He  was  in  favor  during  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  held  various  offices ; was  envoy  to 
the  Low  Countries  in  1576  ; and  became  secretary  of  state 
in  1577,  and  dean  of  Durham  in  1579.  Among  his  works 
are  “The  Buie  of  Eeason,  containing  the  Art  of  Logic” 
(1551),  “The  Art  of  Ehetoric’’  (1663),  “A  Discourse  upon 
Usury”  (1572),  etc. 

Wilson,  Sir  William  James  Erasmus.  Born  at 
Aberdeen,  Scotland,  Nov. 25, 1809:  died  atWest- 
gate-on-the-Sea,  Aug.  7,  1884.  A British  phy- 
sician, a specialist  in  dermatology : first  pro- 
fessor of  that  specialty  iu  the  College  of  Sur- 
geons (the  chair  was  founded  by  him).  He  trans- 
ported at  his  own  cost  the  Egyptian  obelisk  to  London. 
Hia  works  include  “ Diseases  of  the  Skin,”  etc. 

Wilson,  William  Lyne.  Born  May  3,  1843  : 


Winchester 

died  Oct.  17,  1900.  An  American  statesman. 
He  was  educated  at  Columbian  College,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  at  the  University  of  Virgiuia ; served  in  the  Con 
federate  army  in  the  Civil  War ; taught  for  a time  in 
Columbian  College,  and  then  practised  law  in  Charlestown, 
West  Virginia;  was  president  of  West  Virginia  University 
1882-83 ; and  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
W est  Virginia  1883-96.  As  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Ways  and  Means  he  introduced  in  1893  the  tariff  bill 
*•  which  bears  his  name.  Postmaster-general  1895-97. 

Wilson,  Woodrow.  Born  at  Staunton,  Va., 
Dec.  28,  1856.  An  American  historian  and 
statesman.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1879  ; studied 
law  and  practised  at  Atlanta,  Georgia  ; studied  history  and 
politics  at  .Johns  Hopkins  University  1883-1885  ; was  asso- 
ciate professor  of  history  and  political  science  at  Bryn 
Mawr  1880-88  ; was  elected  professor  of  history  and  politi- 
cal economy  at  Wesleyan  University  in  1888  ; was  profes- 
sor of  finance  and  political  economy  at  Princeton  Univer- 
sity 1890-1902,  and  president  1902-10 ; was  governor 
of  New  Jersey  1911-13;  and  was  elected  President  of  the 
United  States  in  1912.  He  has  published  “Congressional 
Government  ” (1885),  “The  State”  (1889),  “Division  and 
Reunion,  1829-89  ” (one  of  the  “ Epochs  of  American 
History"  series,  1893),  “An  Old  Master  and  other  Political 
Essays  ” (1893),  etc. 

Wilson  Promontory.  The  southernmost  head- 
land of  Australia,  in  Victoria. 

Wilson’s  Creek  (wil'sonz  krek).  A small  river 
near  Springfield.  Missouri.  Here,  Aug.  10, 1861,  the 
Confederates  under  McCulloch  and  Price  defeated  the  Fed- 
erals under  Lyon  who  was  killed  in  the  battle. 

Wilton  (wii'ton).  A town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng- 
land, 3 miles  west-northwest  of  Salisbury: 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  carpets.  Near  it 
is  Wilton  House.  Population,  2,203. 
Wiltshire  (wilt'shir),  or  Wilts  (wilts).  A 
county  of  England, bounded  by  Gloucestershire, 
Berkshire,  Hampshire,  Dorset,  and  Somerset. 
It  is  an  agricultural  county,  and  also  has  important  manu- 
factures. It  is  very  rich  in  archeological  material.  The 
chief  place  is  Salisbury.  Wiltshire  was  part  of  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Wessex.  Area  (ad.  co.),  1,350  square  miles. 
Population  (pari,  co.),  273,869. 

Wimble  (wim'bl),Will.  One  of  the  characters 
drawn  by  Addison  in  the  “Spectator”:  a coun- 
try gentleman  “extremely  well  versed  in  all 
the  little  handicrafts  of  an  idle  man.” 
Wimbledon  (wim'bl-don).  A town  in  Surrey, 
England,  Smiles  southwest  of  London.  Its  com- 
mon was  the  meeting-place  of  the  British  Bifle  Associa- 
tion (which  now  meets  in  Bisley  Common).  Wimbledon 
was  probably  the  scene  of  a victory  of  Ceawlin  of  Wessex 
over  Ethelbert  of  Kent  in  568.  Population,  41,652. 
Wimbome  Minster  (wim'bern  min'ster).  A 
town  iu  Dorset,  England,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Allen  and  Stour,  28  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Southampton  : noted  for  its  min- 
ster. It  was  probably  the  scene  of  a defeat  of  the  Danes 
in  851.  Population,  3,696. 

Wimpfen  (vimp'fen).  A town  situated  on  the 
Neckar,  25  miles  southeast  of  Heidelberg,  in 
an  exclave  belonging  to  Hesse,  between  Baden 
and  Wiirtemberg.  Here,  May  6, 1622,  Tilly  de- 
feated the  Margrave  of  Baden. 

Wimpffen  (vanp-fon';  G.  pron.  vimp'fen),  Em- 
manuel Fdlix  de.  Born  at  Laon,  Sept.  13, 
1811 : died  at  Paris,  Feb.  26,  1884.  A French 
general.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  Crimean  and 
Italian  wars  and  in  Algeria ; suppressed  an  insurrection  on 
the  border  of  Morocco  in  1870 ; was  corps  commander  in 
the  Franco-German  war  ; succeeded  MacMahon  as  com- 
mander at  Sedan  Sept.  1,  1870 ; and  signed  the  capitula- 
tion of  Sedan  Sept.  2,  1870. 

Winchell  (win'cbel),  Alexander.  Born  at 
North  East,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31, 
1824 : died  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  Feb.  19, 1891. 
An  American  geologist.  He  was  a graduate  of  Wes- 
ieyan  University  in  1847 ; taught  in  various  institutions  till 
1854,  when  he  became  professor  of  physics  and  civil  en- 
gineering at  the  University  of  Michigan  ; and  was  profes- 
sor there  of  geology,  zoology,  and  botany  1855-73.  He 
held  the  same  position  in  the  University  of  Kentucky  and 
Syracuse  University  1873-78,  and  a lectureship  at  Vander- 
bilt University  1875-78.  In  1879  he  was  made  professor  of 
geology  and  paleontology  at  the  University  of  Michigan. 
He  was  director  of  the  geological  surveys  of  Michigan  and 
Minnesotain  1859.  He  wrote  reports  of  geological  surveys, 
“Sketches  of  Creation ” (1870),  “Doctrine  of  Evolution” 
(1874),  “The  Geology  of  the  Stars ” (1874),  “ Reconciliation 
of  Science  and  Religion  "(1877),  “Preadamites,  etc. ’’(1880), 
“Sparks  from  a Geologist’s  Hammer”  (1881),  “ World  Life: 
a Comparative  Geology ” (1883),  “Geological  Excursions" 
(1884),  “Geological  Studies” (1886),  etc. 

Winchelsea  (win'chel-se).  One  of  the  Cinque 
Ports  of  England,  situated  in  Sussex,  on  the 
English  Channel,  7 miles  east-northeast  of 
Hastings.  Formerly  it  was  an  important  walled 
town. 

Winchelsea,  Countess  of.  See  Finch,  Anne. 
Winchester  (win'ches-ter).  [Welsh  Caer  Gwent, 
white  castle;  ML.  Venta  Belgarum,  AS.  Wintc- 
ceaster. ] A city  in  Hampshire,  England,  on 
the  Itchen  11  miles  north-northeast  of  South- 
ampton. Its  cathedral  is  a large  church  exemplifying 
much  of  the  development  of  English  architecture.  The 
choir,  with  square  chevet  and  projecting  Lady  chapel, 
shows  some  excellent  18th-century  arcading  and  good  Per- 
pendicular work  in  the  clearstory  and  chapel;  but  most  of 


Winchester 

the  exterior  is  uninteresting.  The  round-arched  tower  at 
the  crossing  is  low  and  heavy.  The  Perpendicular  west 
front,  with  three  portals  and  a great  window,  resembles  a 
mechanical  copy  in  stone  of  a framing  of  upright  beams. 
The  interior  presents  much  that  is  of  interest.  The  long 
nave  is  light  and  well  proportioned,  with  elaborate  English 
groining.  The  aisled  transepts  are  of  the  most  impressive 
early-Norman  work.  The  fine  carved  stalls  are  of  the  13th 
century.  Among  the  many  interesting  tombs  is  that  of 
Izaak  Walton  (1683).  Winchester  was  successively  a Brit- 
ish, a Roman,  and  a Saxon  town.  It  was  the  capital  of 
Wessex,  and  the  place  of  residence  and  coronation  of  early 
English  kings,  and  the  seat  of  early  English  parliaments. 
In  the  middle  ages  it  was  noted  for  its  commerce,  and  was 
especially  famous  for  woolen  manufactures.  Winchester 
School  is  one  of  the  leading  public  schools  of  England. 
Population,  20,929. 

Winchester.  Seat  of  justice  of  Frederick 
County,  Virginia,  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  66 
miles  west-northwest  of  Washington,  it  was  a 
center  of  action  in  the  Civil  War.  Pop.,  5,864,  (1910). 

Winchester,  Battle  of.  1.  A victory  gained 
by  the  Federals  under  Shields  over  the  Confed- 
erates under  Jackson  at  Kernstown,  near  Win- 
chester, Virginia,  March  23,  1862.  Also  called 
battle  of  Kernstown. — 2.  A victory  gained  by 
the  Confederates  under  Early  over  the  Federals 
under  Crook,  July  24, 1864. — 3.  A victory  gained 
by  the  Federals  under  Sheridan  over  the  Con- 
federates under  Early,  Sept.  19, 1864.  The  Federal 
los9  was  4,990 ; the  Confederate  loss,  5,500.  Also  called 
battle  of  Opequan. 

Winchester  School,  or  St.  Mary’s  College.  A 

boys’  school,  founded  in  Winchester  by  William 
of  Wykeham  in  1393.  It  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant public  schools  in  England. 
Winckelmann  (vink'el-man),  Johann  Joa- 
chim. Born  at  Stendal,  Dec.  9,  1717 : died 
at  Triest,  June  8,  1768.  A German  critic  and 
author,  the  founder  of  scientific  archaeology 
and  of  the  history  of  classic  art.  He  was  the  son  of 
a poor  shoemaker.  With  the  assistance  of  the  rector  of  his 
school  he  was  enabled  to  go  to  the  gymnasium  at  Berlin  ; 
and  subsequently  (1738)  studied  theology  at  Halle,  where 
he  supported  himself  by  giving  private  instruction.  In 
1743  he  received  a position  in  the  school  at  Seehausen  ; in 
1748  he  was  made  librarian  to  the  Count  von  Bunau  in 
Dresden,  where  he  had  an  opportunity  to  continue  the 
study  of  art  aud  archaeology,  begun  at  the  University  of 
Halle.  In  1754  he  became  a convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  and  in  1755  was  sent  by  the  papal  nuncio  to 
Italy.  He  devoted  himself  thenceforth  entirely  to  the  study 
of  art.  In  1764  appeared  his  principal  work,  “Geschichte 
der  Kunst  des  Altertums"  (“History  of  the  Art  of  Anti- 
quity”). A previous  work  was  “Gedanken  iiber  die 
Nachahmung  der  griechischen  Werke  in  der  Malerei  und 
Bildhauerkunst"  (“Thoughts  on  the  Imitation  of  Greek 
Works  in  Painting  and  Sculpture,”  1755).  For  a number 
of  years  he  was  papal  antiquary  in  Rome.  In  1768  he  set 
out  on  a journey  to  Germany,  but  in  Vienna  again  turned 
back  for  Italy.  In  Triest  he  was  murdered  by  an  Italian. 
Windermere  (win'der-mer),  or  Winander- 
mere,  Lake.  The  largest  lake  in  England, 
partly  in  Lancashire  and  partly  on  the  boundary 
between  Lancashire  and  Westmoreland:  re- 
nowned for  its  beauty.  Its  outlet  is  into  More- 
cambeBay.  Length,  KH  miles.  Greatest  width, 
1 mile. 

Windisch  (vin'dish).  [L.  Vindonissa.']  A vil- 
lage in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Reuss  and  Aare,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Zurich:  an  ancient  Helvetic- 
Roman  city. 

Windischgratz  (vin'dish-grats),  Prince  zu  (Al- 
fred Candidus  Ferdinand).  Born  at  Brussels, 
May  11,  1787:  died  at  Vienna,  March  21,  1862. 
An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He  was  distinguished 
In  the  campaigns  of  1813-14;  quelled  the  insurrection  in 
Prague,  June,  1848;  was  appointed  field-marshal  in  Oct.; 
defeated  the  Hungarians  at  Sehwechat  Oct,  30,  and  took 
Vienna  Oct.  31  ; occupied  Presburg  and  Raab  in  Dec., 
and  Budapest  in  Jan.,  1849;  defeated  the  Hungarians  at 
KApolna  Feb.  27  ; and  was  defeated  at  Godbllo  April  6, 
and  removed  from  his  command. 

W indom  ( win ' d om ) , W illiam.  Born  in  Belmont 
County,  Ohio,  May  10,  1827 : died  at  New  York 
city,  Jan.  29, 1891.  An  American  politician  and 
financier.  He  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from 
Minnesota  1859-69 ; United  States  senator  from  Minnesota 
1870-81;  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1881;  United  States 
senator  1881-83 : and  again  secretary  of  the  treasury  1889-91. 

Wind  River  Mountains.  A range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  western  Wyoming.  Highest  point, 
Gannett  Peak,  13,775  feet. 

Winds,  Tower  of  the.  See  Tower  of  the  Winds. 
Windsor  (win'zor).  A town  in  Berkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  23  miles  west 
of  London.  It  contains  a famous  royal  residence, 
Windsor  Castle,  founded  by  William  the  Conqueror,  ex- 
tended by  his  successors,  especially  by  Edward  III.,  and 
recently  restored  by  Queen  Victoria.  The  castle  con- 
sists of  two  inclosed  courts  separated  by  the  huge  round 
tower  or  keep.  On  the  lower  court  or  ward  face  the 
famous  Chapel  of  St.  George  and  the  Albert  Chapel  (see 
below).  The  upper  ward  is  entered  by  the  so-called 
Norman  gateway,  which  is  a pointed  arch  flanked  by 
cylindrical  towers.  The  east  side  of  the  quadrangle  is 
occupied  by  the  king  s private  apartments,  and  the 
north  side  by  the  state  apartments.  The  latter  contain 
many  fine  works  of  art  and  historic  relics.  St.  George's 


1066 

Hall,  200  by  34  feet,  is  adorned  with  portraits  of  British 
sovereigns  by  the  best  contemporary  masters.  The  Water- 
loo chamber  or  grand  dining-room,  the  council-chamber, 
and  the  state  drawing-room  contain  paintings  of  equal 
interest.  All  the  paintings  in  the  old  ball-room  are  por- 
traits by  Vandyke,  among  them  Charles  I.  and  his  family 
and  four  portraits  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.  The  pri- 
vate apartments  are  of  high  interest,  and  contain  one  of 
the  most  splendid  collections  of  porcelain  existing,  espe- 
cially rich  in  old  Sevres  secured  during  the  French  Revo- 
lution. The  gardens  and  teiTaces  are  very  beautiful,  and 
the  views  of  the  exterior  of  the  castle,  embodying  long 
stretches  of  battlemented  walls  broken  by  numerous  tow- 
ers aud  dominated  by  the  enormous  donjon,  are  unique. 
St.  George’s  Chapel,  founded  by  Edward  IV.  in  1474  and 
finished  by  Henry  VIII.,  is  in  a rich  Perpendicular  style, 
with  double  transepts.  The  interior  is  very  wide  and  has 
elaborate  fan-vaulting.  The  choir  is  bordered  by  the  or- 
nate carved  stalls  of  the  Knights  of  the  Garter,  adorned 
with  their  arms.  Over  every  stall  hangs  the  banner  of  its 
holder.  At  the  east  end,  over  the  fine  reredos,  is  a great 
Perpendicular  window  filled  with  painted  glass  in  mem- 
ory of  Prince  Albert.  The  Albert  Chapel,  immediately  to 
the  east  of  St.  George’s  Chapel,  was  built  by  Henry  VII., 
and  George  III.  formed  the  royal  tomb-house  under 
it.  It  was  restored  by  Queen  Victoria  as  a memorial  of 
her  husband,  and  the  interior  is  decorated  in  so  lavish  a 
manner  that  it  forms  one  of  the  most  remarkable  existing 
examples  of  such  work  : it  is  incrusted  with  colored  mar- 
bles, and  covered  throughout  with  sculpture,  mosaics, 
gilding,  and  precious  stones.  The  windows  are  filled  with 
glass  painted  with  scriptural  scenes  and  subjects  from 
the  family  history  of  the  Prince  Consort,  and  the  fan- 
vaulting of  the  ceiling  is  covered  with  Venetian  mosaics. 
Toward  the  east  end  is  a cenotaph  of  the  prince  in  the 
form  of  an  altar-tomb.  The  sculptured  and  inlaid  reredos 
is  by  Sir  G.  G.  Scott.  The  royal  mausoleum  at  Frogmore, 
near  the  castle,  built  by  Queen  Victoria  to  receive  the 
body  of  her  husband,  is  in  a modified  Byzantine  style  of 
architecture,  octagonal  in  plan,  surmounted  by  a lantern, 
and  ornamented  with  series  of  arcades.  Windsor  Forest 
is  near  the  town.  Population,  14,274. 

Windsor.  A seaport,  capital  of  Hants  County, 
Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  an  arm  of  Minas 
Basin,  35  miles  northwest  of  Halifax.  Popu- 
lation, 3,452,  (1911). 

Windsor.  A town  in  Hartford  County,  Con- 
necticut, situated  on  the  Connecticut  6 miles 
north  of  Hartford.  Population,  4,178,  (1910). 
Windsor  Beauties.  A series  of  11  portraits  of 
the  most  noted  beauties  of  the  court  of  Charles 
II.,  by  Sir  Peter  Lely.  Ten  of  these  paintings  are 
now  inHampton  Court  Palace,  England  : the  eleventh,  the 
portrait  of  Madame  d'Orleans,  is  lost.  All  are  painted  in 
the  samestyle,  in  three-quarter  length,  with  lightly  draped 
busts,  bare-headed  with  hair  in  ringlets,  and  with  land- 
scape backgrounds. 

Windsor  Forest.  A poem  by  Alexander  Pope. 
Windsor  Knights.  A body  of  military  pen- 
sioners having  their  residence  within  the  pre- 
cincts of  Windsor  Castle.  They  are  now  called 
the  Military  Knights  of  Windsor,  and  sometimes 
the  Poor  Knights  of  Windsor. 

Windthorst  (vint'horst),  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Kaldenhof,  Prussia,  Jan.  17,  1812 : died  at 
Berlin,  March  14,  1891.  A German  states- 
man and  lawyer.  He  was  president  of  the  Hanoverian 
Second  Chamber  in  1851 ; member  of  the  Hanoverian 
ministry  1851-63  and  1S62-66  ; and  a prominent  member 
of  the  Reichstag  and  the  Prussian  Landtag  from  1867.  He 
was  the  head  of  the  Catholic  Center  party  and  a leading 
opponent  of  Bismarck. 

Windward  (wind'ward)  Islands.  1.  The  chain 
of  West  India  islands  which  extends  from  Porto 
Rico  to  Trinidad.  Also  called  the  Caribbee  Isl- 
ands or  Lesser  Antilles. — 2.  A colony  of  Great 
Britain,  in  the  West  Indies,  including  the  isl- 
ands of  Grenada,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vincent,  and 
the  Grenadines. 

Windward  Passage.  A channel  between  Cuba 
on  the  west  and  Haiti  on  the  east.  Width,  about 
60  miles. 

Winebrenner  (win'bren-er),  John.  Born  in 
Frederick  County,  Md.,  March,  1797:  died  at 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Sept.  12,  1860.  An  American 
clergyman,  pastor  of  a German  Reformed  church 
in  Harrisburg.  He  separated  from  that  church  aud 
organized,  in  1830,  the  new  denomination  of  the  Church  of 
God,  or  Winebrennerians. 

Winfrid,  or  Winfrith.  See  Boniface. 

Wing  and  Wing.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1842. 

Winged  Lion,  or  Lion  of  St.  Mark.  A sym- 
bolical lion,  represented  as  winged  and  hold- 
ing an  open  book  on  which  is  written  Pax  tibi, 
Marce,  Evangelista  mens,  or  a part  of  this,  it 
is  the  characteristic  device  of  Venice.  The  full  heraldic 
description  requires  a sword,  with  the  point  uppermost, 
above  the  book  on  the  dexter  side,  and  a glory  surrounding 
the  whole.  The  lion  also  is  sejant ; but  in  artistic  repre- 
sentations this  is  continually  departed  from. 

Wingfield  (wing'feld),  Edward  Maria.  Born 
inEnglandabout  1560 : died  after  1613.  AnEng- 
lish  merchant:  one  of  the  first  colonists  in  Vir- 
ginia (1607),  and  first  president  of  the  colony. 
He  quarreled  with  his  associates ; was  deposed  ; 
and  returned  to  England. 

Wingless  Victory.  See  Nike  Apteros,  Temple 
of,  and  Victory. 


Winslow,  Josiah 

Winkelried  (vink'el-red),  Arnold  von.  ASwiss 
patriot  from  Stans  in  Unterwalden,  said  to  have 
decided  the  Swiss  victory  at  Sempach  in  1386 
by  grasping  all  the  Austrian  pikes  he  could 
reach  and  burying  them  in  his  own  breast,  thus 
making  an  opening  in  the  ranks  into  which  the 
Swiss  rushed  over  his  dead  body.  The  truth 
of  the  tradition  is  disputed  in  modern  times. 
Winkin  de  Worde.  See  Worde. 

Winkle  (wing'kl),  Nathaniel.  A member  of 
the  famous  Pickwick  Club,  afterward  married 
to  Miss  Arabella  Allen  : a character  in  Charles 
Dickens’s  “Pickwick  Papers.” 

Winkle,  Rip  Van.  See  Rip  Van  Winkle. 
Winloek  (win'lok),  Joseph.  Born  in  Shelby 
County,  Ky.,  Feb.  6,  1826:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  11, 1875.  An  American  astronomer. 
He  was  superintendent  of  the  “Nautical  Almanac,”  and 
was  professor  of  astronomy  at  Harvard  and  director  of  the 
observatory  there  from  1866.  He  conducted  a govern- 
ment expedition  to  Kentucky  in  Aug.,  1869,  to  observe  the 
solar  eclipse,  aud  one  to  Spain  in  Dec.,  1870,  for  the  same 
purpose. 

Winmore.  See  Winwaed. 

Winnebago  (win-e-ba'go).  [PL,  also  Winneba- 
gos,  Winnebagoes.  Winnebago  is  a corruption  of 
a nickname  meaning  ‘ dirty  water.’]  A tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  closely  related  in  lan- 
guage to  the  Tciwere  tribes  on  the  one  hand 
and  to  the  Mandan  on  the  other.  They  are  the 
Puans  of  the  Jesuit  “Relation”  of  1636.  Their  name  for 
themselves  is  Botcangara,  meaning  ‘ first  ’ or  ‘ parent 
speech.’  They  reside  in  Nebraska  and  Wisconsin,  and 
number  over  2,000.  See  Siouan. 

Winnebago  Lake.  The  largest  lake  in  Wiscon- 
sin, situated  60  miles  north-northwest  of  Mil- 
waukee. Its  outlet  is  by  Fox  River  into  Green 
Bay.  Length,  27  miles. 

Winnepesaukee,  Lake.  See  Winnipiseogee. 
Winnipeg  (win'i-peg).  A river  in  Manitoba 
which  is  the  outlet  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
and  empties  into  Lake  Winnipeg.  Length, 
about  200  miles. 

Winnipeg.  The  capital  of  Manitoba,  Canada, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Assiniboine  and 
the  Red  River  of  the  North,  in  lat.  49°  56'  N., 
long.  97°  7'  W. : the  principal  city  of  the  Cana- 
dian Northwest,  formerly  called  Fort  Garry. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  and  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  railways.  In  1873  it  was  made  a city.  Pop.,  136,035. 

Winnipeg,  Lake.  A lake  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  about  lat.  51°-54°  N.  It  receives  the  Sas- 
katchewan, Red  River  of  the  North,  and  Winnipeg,  and  its 
outlet  to  Hudson  Bay  is  the  Nelson  River.  Length,  about 
250  miles. 

WinnipegoGS  (wm'i-pe-_gos),or  Winnipegoosis 

(winH-pe-go'sis),  or  Winnepegoose  (win'e-pe- 
gos),  or  Winnipigoos  (win'i-pi-gos),  Lake,  or 
Little  Winnipeg  Lake.  A lake  in  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada,  west  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  into 
which  it  empties.  Length,  130-150  miles. 
Winnipiseogee,  or  Winnepesaukee  (win'Vpe- 
sa'ke),  Lake.  A lake  in  New  Hampshire,  25 
miles  north-northeast  of  Concord:  noted  for 
its  beautiful  scenery.  Its  outlet  is  the  Winni- 
piseogee River,  which  empties  into  the  Merri- 
mac.  Length,  24  miles. 

Winona  (wi-n5'na).  The  capital  of  Winona 
County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
97  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Population, 
18,583,  (1910). 

Winooski  (wi-nos'ki),  or  Onion  (un'yon),  Riv- 
er. A river  in  Vermont  which  joins  Lake  Cham- 
plain 5 miles  northwest  of  Burlington.  Mont- 
pelier is  situated  on  it.  Length,  about  90  miles. 
Winslow  (winz'lo),  Edward.  Born  at  Droit- 
wich,  Worcestershire,  England,  Oct.  18,  1595 : 
died  at  sea,  May  8, 1655.  A colonial  governor, 
one  of  the  founders  of  Plymouth  Colony  in  1620. 
He  negotiated  a treaty  with  Massasoit  in  1621 ; was  gover- 
nor of  Plymouth  Colony  in  1633, 1636,  and  1644  ; was  a com- 
mercial agent  of  the  colony,  and  went  several  times  to 
England  in  its  behalf ; and  was  appointed  by  Cromwell 
commissioner  on  an  expedition  against  the  Spanish  West 
Indies  in  1655.  He  wrote  “ Winslow's  Relation  ” or  “Good 
News  from  New  England  ” (1624),  “ Hypocrisy  Unmasked  ’’ 
(1646),  “New  England’s  Salamander"  (1647),  “Glorious 
Progress  of  the  Gospel  amongst  the  Indians  in  New  Eng- 
land ” (1649),  “ Platform  of  Church  Discipline  ” (1653),  etc. 

Winslow,  James.  Bom  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1814  : 
died  at  New  York,  July  18, 1874.  An  American 
banker. 

Winslow,  John  Ancrum.  Born  at  Wilming- 
ton, N.  C.,  Nov.  19,  1811 : died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  29, 1873.  An  American  admiral.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1827,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war. 
As  commander  of  the  Kearsarge,  he  defeated  and  sank 
the  Confederate  cruiser  Alabama,  under  Semmes,  off 
Cherbourg  harbor,  June  19,  1864.  He  was  made  com- 
modore in  1864,  and  later  rear-admiral. 

Winslow  (winz'lo),  Josiah.  Born  at  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  1629:  died  at  Marshfield,  Mass..  1680. 
An  American  colonial  governor,  son  of  Edward 


Winslow,  Josiah 

Winslow.  He  was  for  many  years  assistant  governor  of 
Plymouth  Colony,  and  a commissioner  of  the  united  col- 
onies ; was  governor  of  Plymouth  Colony  1673-80 ; and  was 
general-in-chief  of  the  united  colonies  in  King  Philip's  war. 

Winslow,  William  Copley.  Born  at  Boston, 
Jan.  13,  1840.  An  American  Episcopal  clergy- 
man and  archaeologist,  founder  of  the  American 
branch  of  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund. 

Winsor  (win'zor),  Justin.  Born  at  Boston, 
Jan.  2,  1831 : died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  22, 
1897.  A distinguished  American  historian  and 
librarian.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  Boston  Public 
Library  1868-77,  and  subsequently  librarian  of  Harvard. 
His  works  include  “ Bibliography  of  Original  Quartos  and 
Folios  of  Shakspere"  (1875),  “Header’s  Hand-Book  of  the 
American  Revolution"  (1880),  “Was  Shakspere  Shap- 
leigh?"  (1887),  various  pamphlets  on  American  history, 
bibliographies,  “Christopher  Columbus,  etc. "(1891),  “Car- 
tier  to  Frontenac”  (1894),  etc.  He  edited  the  “Memorial 
History  of  Boston  ” (1880-82),  “ Harvard  University  Bulle- 
tin," and  a “ Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America” 
(8  vols.  1884-89). 

Winter  (win'ter),  John  Strange.  The  pseu- 

*donym  of  Mrs.  H.  E.  V.  Stannard. 

Winter  (win'ter),  William.  Born  at  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  July  15, 1836.  An  American  journalist 
and  poet.  He  was  a graduate  of  the  Harvard  law  school, 
and  was  dramatic  critic  of  the  New  York  “ Tribune  " 1865- 
1909.  Among  his  works  are  poems,  including  “ The  Con- 
vent ” (1854),  “ The  Queen’s  Domain  ” (1858),  “ My  W itness  ” 
(1871),  “Thistledown”  (1878),  “The  Wanderers”  (1888), 
“ Poems  ” (complete,  1880);  prose,  “Edwin  Booth  in  Twelve 
Characters  ” (1871),  “The  Trip  to  England,  ’ with  illustra- 
tions by  Joseph  Jefferson  (1879),  “The  Jeffersons”  (1881), 
“English Rambles ”(1883),  "Henry Irving ’’(1885),  “Shake- 
speare’s England  ” (1888),  “The  Press  and  the  Stage  ” (1889), 
“ Gray  Days  and  Gold  ” (1891),  “ Old  Shrines  and  Ivy  ” (1892), 
“Shadows  of  the  Stage  ” (in  three  series,  1892, 1893,  1895), 
“The  Life  and  Art  of  Edwin  Booth  ” (1894).  He  has  edited 
“Life,  Stories,  and  Poems  of  John  Brougham”  (1881). 

Winter,  De.  See  De  Winter. 

Winter  King,  The.  A name  given  to  Freder- 
ick V.,  elector  of  the  Palatinate,  and  king  of 
Bohemia  through  the  winter  of  1619-20. 

Winter  Palace.  An  imperial  palace  at  St.  Pe-« 
tersburg,  Russia.  The  exterior,  in  Renaissance  style, 
has  3 stories  and  an  attic  above  the  basement,  and  mea- 
sures 455  by  350  feet.  The  interior  is  remarkable  for  its 
series  of  Russian  historical  paintings  and  portraits,  and 
for  the  splendid  state  apartments.  The  crown  jewels  are 
kept  in  this  palace. 

Winter  Queen,  The.  A name  given  to  Eliza- 
beth, wife  of  the  elector  Frederick  V.  (“the 
Winter  King”). 

Winter’s  Tale,  The.  A play  by  Shakspere, 
probably  produced  in  1611.  it  was  founded  on 
Greene’s  “Pandosto."  This  and  “The  Tempest”  were 
probably  his  last  finished  plays. 

Winterthur  (vin'ter-tor).  A town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Zurich:  one  of  the  chief  commercial  and 
manufacturing  towns  in  Switzerland.  Burkhardt, 
duke  of  Swabia,  defeated  Rudolf  II.  of  High  Burgundy 
there  in  919.  Winterthur  passed  to  Hapsburg  in  1264  ; was 
a free  imperial  city  for  a short  time  in  the  15th  century  ; 
and  was  acquired  by  Zurich  in  1467.  Population,  over 
22,300. 

Winther  (vin'ter),  Rasmus  Willads  Chris- 
tian Ferdinand.  Born  at  Fensmark,  Den- 
mark, July  29, 1796 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  30, 1876. 
A Danish  lyric  poet.  His  father  was  a clergyman. 
He  studied  theology  at  the  Copenhagen  University  after 
1815.  In  1830-31  he  traveled  in  Italy.  After  1841  he  lived 
in  Neustrelitz,  and  subsequently  in  Copenhagen.  The  last 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  Paris.  His  first  collection 
of  poems  was  published  in  1828.  It  contains,  among 
others,  a number  of  poems  descriptive  of  popular  life  in 
Denmark,  afterward  published  apart  in  several  editions 
as  “ Trasnitte  ” (“  Woodcuts  ”).  “ Nogle  Digte  ” (“  Some 

Poems ”)  followed  in  1835;  “Sang  og  Sagn”(“Song  and 
Story ’’) in  1840 ; “ Digtninger  ”(“  Poems,”  1843) ; “Lyriske 
Digte"  (“Lyric  Poems,”  1849);  “Nye  Digte"  (“New 
Poems,”  1851) ; “Nye  Digtninger  ” (“New  Poems,”  1853). 
Hi3  greatest  work  is  the  epic  cycle  called  “ Hjortens  Flugt  ” 
(“The  Flight  of  the  Stag"),  which  appeared  in  1855.  In 
prose  he  wrote  “Haandtegninger”  (“Sketches”),  “Fir 
Novellew”  (“Four  Stories"),  and  “Tre  Fortallinger ’’ 
(“Three  Tales”).  Hiscollected  poetical  writings  (“  Sam- 
lcde  Digtninger  ”)  were  published  at  Copenhagen,  1860- 
1872,  in  11  vols. 

Winthrop  (win'throp),  Dolly.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal female  characters  in  George  Eliot’s  novel 
“Silas  Mamer,  the  Weaver  of  Raveloe.” 

Winthrop,  Fitz-John.  Bom  at  Ipswich,  Mass., 
March  19,  1639:  died  at  Boston,  Nov.  27,  1707. 
An  American  colonial  governor  and  officer,  son 
of  John  Winthrop  (1606-76).  ne  served  in  King 
Philip's  war ; was  major-general  in  the  expedition  to  Can- 
ada in  1690;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1698-1707. 

Winthrop,  John.  Born  at  Groton,  England, 
Jan.  12,  1587 : died  at  Boston,  March  26,  1649. 
A colonial  governor.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1628.  In  1629  he  was  chosen  by  the  company  in  Lon- 
don governor  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony;  arrived 
in  Salem  June  12,  1630  ; and  soon  after  settled  in  Boston. 
He  was  governor  until  1634,  and  again  1637-40,  1642-44, 
and  1646-49,  and  was  several  times  deputy  governor.  He 
opposed  Vane,  Anne  Hutchinson,  and  the  Antinomians. 
His  journal  was  published  by  James  Savage  as  “History 
of  New  England  1630-1649”  (2  vols.  1825-26).  He  wrote 


1067 

also  “ Model  of  Christian  Charity  ” and  “ Arbitrary  Gov- 
ernment Described.”  His  “Life  and  Letters”  were  pub- 
lished by  R.  C.  Winthrop  (2  vols.  1864-67). 

Winthrop,  John.  Born  at  Groton,  England, 
Feb.  12,  1606 : died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  April  5, 
1676.  An  American  colonial  governor,  son  of 
John  Winthrop.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin  ; served 
against  France  ; traveled  on  the  Continent ; emigrated  to 
Massachusetts  in  1031  and  became  governor’s  assistant ; 
was  a leading  settler  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts;  founded 
Saybrook,  Connecticut,  in  1635,  and  was  its  first  governor  ; 
founded  New  London,  Connecticut ; and  was  governor  of 
Connecticut  during  nearly  the  whole  period  1657-76.  He 
obtained  a charter  uniting  the  colonies  of  Connecticut  and 
New  Haven.  He  was  a fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Winthrop,  Robert  Charles.  Born  at  Boston, 
May  12,  1809:  died  there,  Nov.  16,  1894.  An 
American  statesman  and  orator.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1828 ; studied  law  with  Daniel  Webster  ; was  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives, 
and  its  speaker  1838-40  ; was  Whig  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1841-42  and  1843-50 ; was  speaker  of 
the  House  1847-49 ; and  was  United  States  senator  (ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  as  successor  to  W ebster)  1850-51. 
In  the  latter  year  he  was  a candidate  for  senator,  but  was 
defeated,  and  was  also  unsuccessful  as  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts.  He  was  especially  noted  as  an 
orator.  He  delivered  addresses  at  the  laying  of  the  corner- 
stone of  the  Washington  monument  in  1848,  and  at  the 
dedication  of  the  monument  in  1885. 

Winthrop,  Theodore.  Born  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Sept.  22, 1828:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Big 
Bethel,  Jun e 10, 1861.  An  American  author,  and 
officer  (of  N ew  York  volunteers)  in  the  Civil  W ar. 
He  was  military  secretary  to  General  Butler,  with  the 
rank  of  major.  He  wrote  “Cecil  Dreeme”  (1861),  “John 
Brent”  (1862),  “Edwin  Brothertoft”  (1862),  “The  Canoe 
and  the  Saddle”  (1862),  “Life  in  the  Open  Air”  (1863). 

Winton,  Andrew  of.  See  Wyntoun. 

Wintoon.  See  Wintu. 

Wintu  (win-to'),  or  Wintoon,  or  Wintun  (win- 
ton').  [‘  Man.’]  The  northern  division  of  the 
Copehan  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  em- 
bracing a number  of  small  tribes  inhabiting 
mainly  the  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  its 
eastern  tributaries  in  northern  California,  from 
Mount  Shasta  to  Stony  Creek.  Their  number 
is  small.  See  Copehan. 

Wintun.  See  Wintu. 

Winwaed.  A river  near  Leeds,  England : now 
Winmore.  Here,  in  655,  Penda,  king  of  Mercia, 
was  defeated  byOswy  of  Northumbria, and  slain. 

Winyaw  Bay  (win'ya  ba).  An  arm  of  the  At- 
lantic, on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina,  on  which 
Georgetown  is  situated.  It  receives  the  Great 
Pedee  and  Black  rivers.  Length,  about  17 
miles. 

Wipbach  (vip'bach).  The  modern  name  of  the 
Frigidus  (which  see). 

This  river,  the  Wipbach  of  our  own  day,  the  Frigidus 
Fluvius  of  the  age  of  Theodosius,  has  not  only  historic 
fame,  but  is  a phenomenon  full  of  interest  to  the  physical 
geographer.  Close  to  the  little  town  of  Wipbach  it  bursts 
forth  from  the  foot  of  the  cliffs  of  the  Birnbaumer  Wald : 
no  little  rivulet  such  as  one  spring  might  nourish,  but  “ a 
full-fed  river,  "as  deep  and  strong  as  the  Aar  at  Thun  or  the 
Reuss  at  Lucerne,  like  also  to  both  those  streams  in  the 
colour  of  its  pale-blue  waterB,  and,  even  in  the  hottest  days 
of  summer,  unconquerably  cool. 

Hodglrin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  1. 160. 

Wipper  (vip'per).  1.  A river  in  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  winch  flows  into  the  Baltic  18  miles 
northeast  of  Koslin.  Length,  about  90  miles. 
— 2.  A small  river  in  Thuringia,  a tributary 
of  the  Unstrut. — 3.  A small  river  in  northern 
Germany  which  comes  from  the  Harz  and  joins 
the  Saale  near  Bernburg. 

Wirral  (wer'al).  A district  in  the  western  part 
of  Cheshire,  England,  between  the  estuaries  of 
the  Mersey  and  Dee. 

Wirt  (wert),  William.  Born  at  Bladensburg, 
Md.,  Nov.  8,  1772:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Feb.  18, 1834.  An  American  lawyer,  orator,  and 
author.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1792  ; became  a 
prominent  lawyer  in  Virginia,  clerk  of  the  House  of  Dele- 
gates, chancellor  to  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  House  of  Delegates ; assisted  in  the  prosecution 
of  Aaron  Burr  in  1807 ; was  appointed  United  States  dis- 
trict attorney  in  1816;  and  was  United  States  attorney- 
general  1817-29.  In  1832  he  was  Antitnasonic  candidate 
for  President,  and  received  the  electoral  vote  of  Vermont. 
He  wrote  “Letters  of  the  British  Spy”  (1803),  “The  Rain- 
bow” and  other  essays,  “Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Char- 
acter of  Patrick  Henry  ” (1817),  and  various  addresses. 

Wirtemberg.  An  unusual  spelling  of  Wiirtem- 
bcrg. 

Wisbeach,  or  Wisbech  (wiz'bech).  A town  in 
Cambridgeshire,  England,  situated  in  the  Isle 
of  Ely,  on  the  Nen  and 'the  Wisbech  Canal,  19 
miles  north  of  Ely.  It  has  trade  by  the  river 
Nen.  Population,  9,831. 

Wisby,  or  Visby  (vis'bii).  A town  on  the 
west  coast  of  the  island  of  Gotland,  Sweden. 

It  contains  a cathedral  and  ruined  churches,  towers,  and 
walls.  It  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic  port,  and  important 
commercially  until  its  sack  by  Waldemar  IV.  of  Denmark 
in  1361.  Population,  9,465. 


Wishoskan 

Wisby,  Laws  of.  A code  or  compilation  of 
maritime  customs  and  adjudications  adopted  by 
the  town  of  Wisby,  in  the  island  of  Gotland,  in 
the  Baltic  Sea.  By  the  law-writers  of  the  northern 
European  nations  it  has  been  claimed  that  these  laws 
are  older  than  the  Laws  of  Oleron ; but  the  better  opinion 
seems  to  be  that  they  are  later,  and  in  some  respects  an 
improvement  upon  them.  The  code  was  not  established 
by  legislative  authority,  but  its  provisions  have  obtained 
the  sanction  of  general  use  and  observance  from  their  in- 
trinsic equity  and  convenience.  Sometimes  called  the  Got- 
land Sea  Laws. 

Wisconsin  (wis-kon'sin).  A Northwestern  State 
of  the  United  States.  It  is  bounded  by  Lake  Supe- 
rior, Michigan  (partly  separated  by  the  Menominee  River), 
Lake  Michigan,  Illinois,  Iowa  (separated  by  the  Missis- 
sippi), and  Minnesota  (nearly  separated  by  the  Mississippi 
and  St.  Croix  rivers).  Capital,  Madison  ; chief  city,  Mil- 
waukee. It  is  hilly  in  the  north  and  southwest,  and  else- 
where generally  level.  It  is  an  important  agricultural 
and  lumbering  State;  produces  wheat,  corn,  oats,  rye, 
barley,  timber,  etc.;  manufactures  lumber,  flour,  beer, 
etc. ; and  has  important  iron-mines  and  stone-quarries. 
Wisconsin  has  71  counties,  11  representatives  in  Congress, 
2 senators,  and  13  electoral  votes.  It  was  early  explored 
by  French  fur-traders  and  missionaries  (Nicolet  in  1634  ; 
Radisson,  Allouez).  In  1787  it  was  included  in  the  North- 
west Territory,  and  afterward  in  Indiana  Territory;  in 
1809  in  Illinois  Territory ; and  in  1818  in  Michigan  Terri- 
tory. Wisconsin  Territory  was  organized  in  1836,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  in  1848.  Area,  56,040  square  miles. 
Population,  2,333,860,  (1910). 

Wisconsin,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  it  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1838  and  opened  in  1850,  and  comprises  colleges  of 
letters  and  arts,  a law  school,  a graduate  school,  a college 
of  engineering,  a college  of  agriculture,  and  a school  of 
music.  Number  of  students,  4,500.  It  is  coeducational. 

Wisconsin  River.  A river  in  Wisconsin,  it 
rises  in  Lake  Vieux  Desert  oa  the  border  of  Wisconsin 
and  Michigan,  flows  south  and  west,  and  joins  the  Mis- 
sissippi near  Prairie  du  Chien.  In  its  course  are  several 
cataracts,  including  the  Dalles  of  the  Wisconsin  (which 
see).  Length,  about  600  miles  ; navigable  from  Portage 
City. 

Wisdom  of  Solomon,  Book  of  the.  One  of  the 

deuterocanonical  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Tradition  ascribes  its  authorship  to  Solomon  ; but  by  most 
modern  Protestant  theologians  it  is  attributed  to  an  Alex- 
andrian Jew  of  the  1st  or  2d  century  b.  c.  The  shorter  title 
“ W isdom,”  or  “ Book  of  Wisdom,  ” is  commonly  applied  to 
this  book,  but  not  to  Ecclesiasticus.  See  Apocrypha. 

Wise  (wiz),  Henry  Alexander.  Born  at  Drum- 
mondtown,  Va.,  Dec.  3, 1806:  died  at  Richmond, 
Sept.  12, 1876.  An  American  statesman  and  ora- 
tor. He  graduated  at  Washington  College,  Pennsylvania ; 
practised  law ; was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Virginia  1833-44  ; was  United  States  minister  to  Brazil 
1844-47 ; and  was  elected  on  the  Anti-Know-Nothkig  plat- 
form as  governor  of  Virginia,  and  served  1866-60.  He  op- 
posed secession,  but  followed  his  State  and  became  a 
Confederate  brigadier-general.  He  was  defeated  in  the 
Kanawha  valley  in  1861,  and  at  Roanoke  Island  in  1862. 

Wise,  Henry  Augustus.  Born  1819:  died  1869. 
An  American  naval  officer  and  author,  cousin 
of  H.  A.  Wise.  He  wrote  the  books  of  travels  “ Los 
Gringos  ” (1849),  “ Scampavias  ’’  (1857),  “ Tales  for  the  Ma- 
rines ” (1855),  etc. 

Wiseman  (wiz'man),  Nicholas  Patrick  Ste- 
phen. Born  at  Seville,  Spain.  Aug.  2,  1802: 
died  at  London,  Feb.  15, 1865.  An  English  car- 
dinal and  theologian.  He  was  professor  at  Rome; 
was  made  bishop  in  partibus  in  1840,  and  vicar  apostolic 
in  1849;  and  became  archbishop  of  Westminster  and  car- 
dinal in  1850.  Among  his  works  are  “ Horse  Syriac®'' 
(1828),  “The  Connection  between  Science  and  Revealed 
Religion  ’’  (1836),  “ Lectures  on  the  Catholic  Church  ” 
(1836),  “The  Real  Presence"  (1836),  etc. 

Wise  Men  of  Gotham,  The  Merry  Tales  of 
the.  A book  of  jests,  etc.,  said  to  have  been 
collected  by  Andrew  Borde  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII. 

Wise  Men  of  the  East.  See  Three  Kings  of 
Cologne  and  Magi,  2. 

Wishart  (wish'iirt),  George.  Born  early  in 
the  16th  century : burned  at  the  stake  at  St. 
Andrews,  March  1, 1546.  A Scottish  Reformer 
and  martyr.  He  was  schoolmaster  at  Montrose,  and 
was  charged  with  heresy  there  about  1538  for  teaching  the 
New  Testament  in  Greek.  In  1643  he  was  a tutor  at  Cam- 
bridge. In  the  same  year  he  went  to  Scotland  with  the 
commission  sent  by  Henry  VIII.  to  arrange  a treaty  for  the 
marriage  of  his  son  Edward  (aged  6)  and  the  infant  queen 
Mary.  Ho  began  and  diligently  continued  to  preach  the 
doctrines  of  the  Reformation,  and  at  the  instigation  of  Car- 
dinal Beaton  was  burned  at  St.  Andrews. 

Wishart,  or  Wiseheart  (wiz'hart),  George. 
Born  1599:  died  1671.  A Scottish  bishop, 
ne  waB  deprived  ot  his  living  for  refusal  to  subscribe  tho 
Covenant ; was  chaplain  to  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  ; and 
was  made  bishop  of  Edinburgh  in  1662.  He  wrote,  in 
Latin,  a history  of  the  wars  of  Montrose. 

Wishaw  (wish'd).  A burgh  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  13  miles  east-southeast  of  Glasgow. 
It  has  important  coal-mines  and  iron-works. 
Population,  town,  20,869. 

Wishfort  (wish'fflrt),  Lady.  A character  in 
Congreve’s  “The  Way  of  the  World”:  “a  mix- 
ture of  wit  and  ridiculous  vanity”  (Hall am). 

Wishoskan  (wesh'os-kan).  A linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians  which  formerly  occu- 


Wishoskan 

pied  the  shores  of  Humboldt  Bay  (where  some 
still  remain)  and  the  lower  Mad,  Eel,  and  Elk 
rivers,  California.  They  are  one  of  the  peoples  called 
Diggers  (so  named  from  living  largely  upon  roots  and 
from  their  indolence).  Their  principal  tribes  are  the  Pata- 
wat,  Wishosk,  and  Wiyot. 

Wisingso  (ve'sing-se).  A small  island  in  the 
southern  part  of  Lake  Wettern,  Sweden:  a me- 
dieval royal  residence. 

Wismar  (vis'mar).  A seaport  of  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Wis- 
mar in  lat.  53°  54'  N.,  long.  11°  28'  E.  It  has  one 

of  the  best  harbors  on  the  Baltic  ; contains  several  Gothic 
churches  and  the  Renaissance  Fiirstenhof  ; exports  grain, 
butter,  cattle,  andoil-seeds;  and  has  varied  manufactures. 
Formerly  it  was  an  important  Hanseatic  city  ; passed  with 
Its  territory  to  Sweden  in  1648 ; and  was  pledged  by  Sweden 
to  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  in  1803,  with  possible  reversion 
to  Sweden  in  1903.  Population,  commune,  21,902. 
Wismar,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic,  on 
the  coast  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 

Wissman  (vis'man),  Herrmann  von.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  1853:  died  at  Weissen- 
bach, in  Steiermark,  June  15, 1905.  An  African 
explorer  and  commander.  In  1880,  as  lieutenant,  he 
accompanied  Dr.  Pogge  to  Angola,  to  Lubuku,  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Kassai  and  Luliia  rivers,  and  to  Nyang- 
we,  whence  he  completed  alone  the  crossing  of  the  con- 
tinent to  Zanzibar  (Nov.  15,  1882).  In  1884,  as  chief  of  a 
large  expedition  sent  out  by  Leopold  II.,  he  revisited  Lu- 
buku, established  the  stations  Luluaburg  and  Luebo,  and 
descended  the  Kassai  River  by  boat,  thus  establishing  its 
navigability  (1885).  Starting  again  from  Lubuku  (1886), 
he  failed  in  an  attempt  to  discover  the  sources  of  the 
Tshuapa,  Lulongo,  and  Lomami,  but  reached  Nyangwe, 
followed  the  Lualaba  up  to  the  Lukuga,  and  made  for 
the  east  coast  by  way  of  Tanganyika  and  Nyassa  (1887). 
As  imperial  German  commissioner  he  suppressed  the 
Arab  uprising  under  Bushiri.  In  1892  he  failed  to  carry 
out  his  plan  of  taking  two  steamers  to  Lake  Victoria  via 
NyaBsa  and  Tanganyika.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Im  In- 
nern  Afrikas"  (1888),  etc.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  109. 

Wit  at  Several  Weapons.  A comedy  pro- 
duced about  1614,  and  published  as  by  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher  in  1647. 

Witch,  The.  A play  by  Middleton,  produced 
probably  about  1621.  It  was  printed  in  1778  from 
a MS.  Sliakspere’s  “Macbeth  " was  altered  by  Middleton 
not  long  after  “ The  Witch  ’’  was  acted.  A fierce  literary 
war  has  raged  as  to  the  question  whether  the  machinery 
of  the  witches  was  borrowed  by  Middleton  from  Shak- 
spere,  or  vice  versa.  A.  W.  Ward. 

Witches’  Sabbath.  A midnight  meeting  sup- 
posed in  the  middle  ages  to  be  held  annually  by 
demons,  sorcerers,  and  witches,  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Satan,  for  the  purpose  of  celebrating 
their  orgies. 

Witchfinder  (wich ' fin  “ der),  The.  A name 
given  to  the  Englishman  Matthew  Hopkins,  a 
pretended  discoverer  of  witches  about  1645. 
Witch  of  Atlas,  The.  A poem  by  Shelley. 
Witch  of  Edmonton,  The.  A tragicomedy  by 
Rowley,  Dekker,  and  Ford,  it  was  probably  writ- 
ten about  1621,  produced  in  1623,  and  was  printed  in  1658. 
It  was  founded  on  a true  story,  the  execution  of  the  re- 
puted witch  Mother  Sawyer.  “The  Merry  Devil  of  Ed- 
monton," written  about  twenty  years  before  and  alluded 
to  in  the  prologue,  has  no  reference  to  this  play. 

Witenagemot  (wit'e-na-ge-mot').  [AS.  vntena 
gemot,  counselors’  moot.]  In  Anglo-Saxon  his- 
tory, the  great  Saxon  council  or  parliament, 
consisting  of  the  king  with  his  dependents  and 
friends  and  sometimes  the  members  of  his  fam- 
ily, the  ealdormen,  and  the  bishops  and  other 
ecclesiastics.  This  council,  which  met  frequently,  con- 
stituted the  highest  court  of  judicature  in  the  kingdom. 
It  was  summoned  by  the  king  in  any  political  emergency, 
and  its  concurrence  was  necessary  in  many  important  mea- 
sures, such  as  the  deciding  of  war,  the  levying  of  extraor- 
dinary taxes,  grants  of  land  in  certain  cases,  and  the  elec- 
tion (and  in  many  instances  the  deposition)  of  kings. 

Witbam  (witli'am).  A river  in  England,  chiefly 
in  Lincoln,  which  flows  into  the  Wash  5 miles 
southeast  of  Boston.  Length,  about  80  miles ; 
navigable  to  Lincoln. 

Witham.  A town  in  Essex,  England,  35  miles 
northeast  of  London.  Population,  3,454. 
Wither,  or  Wyther  (wiTH'er),  or  Withers 

(wiTH'erz),  George.  Bom  at  Brentworth, 
Hampshire,  June  11,  1588:  died  at  London, 
May  2, 1667.  A noted  English  poet.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  In  1639  he  was  a Roy- 
alist captain  of  horse  in  an  expedition  against  the  Scotch 
Covenanters  ; in  1642  he  had  become  a Puritan  and  a ma- 
jor in  the  Parliamentary  army  ; and  was  afterward  made 
by  Cromwell  master  of  the  statute-office  and  “ major-gen- 
eral of  the  horse  and  foot  of  the  County  of  Surrey."  After 
the  Restoration  he  was  obliged  to  give  up  the  fortune  ac- 
cumulated in  these  offices,  and  was  imprisoned  by  Parlia- 
ment, but  released  in  1663.  Among  his  poems  are  “ The 
Shepherd’s  Hunting ”(1614), “Fidelia "(1615), “The  Motto  ” 
(1618),  “ Fair  Virtue,  or  the  Mistress  of  Philarete  ” (1622), 
“Hymns  and  Songs  of  the  Church”  (1623),  “Emblems” 
(1634),  "Hallelujah”  (1641),  a satire  “Abuses  Stript  and 
Whipt  ” (1613 : for  which  he  was  imprisoned),  and  a trans- 
lation of  the  Psalms  of  David. 

Witherspoon  (wiTH'er-spon),  John.  Born  in 
Haddingtonshire,  Scotland,  Feb.  5,  1722:  died 
near  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1794.  A Scotch- 


1068 

American  clergyman  and  educator.  He  graduated 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh ; was  pastor  at  Beith  and 
Paisley  ; became  president  of  Princeton  College  in  1768 ; 
and  gave  instruction  in  divinity,  philosophy,  Hebrew,  and 
rhetoric,  etc.;  was  a member  of  the  New  Jersey  constitu- 
tional convention  and  provincial  congress  in  1776  ; and 
was  a delegate  from  New  Jersey  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, and  a signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Among  his  works  are  “Ecclesiastical  Characteristics” 
(1753),  “Essay  on  Justification  " (1756),  “Serious  Inquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Effects  of  the  Stage  ” (1757),  “Essays 
on  Important  Subjects”  (1764),  “Considerations  on  the 
Nature  and  Extent  of  the  Legislative  Authority  of  the 
British  Parliament  ” (1774),  etc. 

Wits,  The.  A comedy  by  Sir  William  Dave- 
nant,  produced  in  1633,  printed  in  1636.  It  was 
revived  after  the  Restoration,  and  is  frequently 
mentioned  by  Pepys. 

Witt,  De.  See  De  Witt. 

Wittekind  (wit'e-kind),  or  Widukind  (wid'- 
6-kind).  The  leader  of  the  Saxons  against 
Charles  the  Great.  He  made  a raid  into  the  Rhine- 
land in  778 ; gained  successes  in  782  ; and  conducted  the 
war  until  785,  when  he  submitted  and  was  baptized.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  appointed  duke  of  the  Saxons,  and  to 
have  died  in  battle  in  807. 

Wittelsbach  (vit'tels-bach).  The  family  name 
of  the  former  electors  of  the  Palatinate  and 
Bavaria,  and  of  the  present  royal  house  of  Ba- 
varia. 

Witten  (vit'ten).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ruhr  37 
miles  north-northeast  of  Cologne.  It  has  im- 
portant manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  machin- 
ery, glass,  etc.  Population,  commune,  35,841. 
Wittenberg  (wit"' en- berg;  G.  pron.  vit'ten- 
berG).  A town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Elbe  55  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin : famous  for  its  connection  with  Luther 
and  the  early  Reformation.  See  Luther.  Among 
its  noted  objects  are  the  Schlosskirche(with  the  graves  of 
Luther,  Melanchthon,  Frederick  the  Wise,  and  John  the 
Constant),  the  Stadtkirche(with Cranach’s  “Last  Supper"), 
the  Augustinian  monastery,  Luther’s  house,  Melanch- 
thon’s  house,  statues  of  Luther  and  Melanchthon,  and  the 
Rathaus.  It  was  the  capital  of  Saxe-Wittenberg,  and  was 
long  the  chief  town  of  Saxony.  Its  university  was  founded 
in  1502,  and  was  united  with  that  of  Halle  in  1815.  Luther 
nailed  his  95  theses  to  the  door  of  the  Schlosskirche  in 
1517,  and  burned  the  Pope’s  bull  in  1520.  The  town  was 
bombarded  by  the  Imperialists  in  1760 ; was  fortified  by 
Napoleon  in  1813 ; and  was  besieged  by  the  Prussians  and 
stormed  Jan.  12-13,  1814.  Population,  commune,  20,332. 
Wittenberg,  Concord  of.  An  agreement  be- 
tween Saxon  and  Swiss  Reformers  in  1536. 
Wittenberge  (vit'ten-ber-ge).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Elbe  75  miles  west-northwest  of  Berlin. 
The  Elbe  is  crossed  here  by  a bridge.  Popu- 
lation, commune,  18,501. 

Wittenweier  (vit'ten-vi-er).  Avillage  in  Baden, 
situated  on  the  Rhine  near  Strasburg.  it  was 
the  scene  of  several  contests  between  Bernhard  of  Saxe- 
Weimar  and  the  Imperialists  in  1637,  and  of  a victory  of  the 
former  over  the  latter  Aug.  9,  1638. 

Wittgenstein  (vit/ gen-stin),  Ludwig  Adolf 
Peter,  Prince  of  Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigs- 
burg.  Born  in  the  Russian  government  of  Perm, 
Jan.  6, 1769 : died  at  Lemberg,  June  11, 1843.  A 
Russian  field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  campaign 
of  1807;  commanded  againstOudinot,  St.  Cyr,  and  Victor  in 
1812;  was  an  unsuccessful  commander  of  the  Allies  in  1813, 
and  was  removed  after  the  defeat  of  Bautzen  ; com- 
manded a Russian  contingent  of  the  Allies  1813-14  ; com- 
manded the  army  on  the  Pruth  in  1828,  and  occupied  the 
Danubian  Principalities  and  Varna ; and  besieged  Shumla 
unsuccessfully  in  the  same  year. 

Wittstock  (vit'stok).  A town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Dosse 
60  miles  northwest  of  Berlin.  A victory  was  gained 
there  (Sept.  24,  1636)  by  the  Swedes  under  Bandr  over  the 
Austrians  under  Hatzfeld  and  the  Saxons  under  Elector 
Johann  Georg  I.  Population,  commune,  7,574. 
WitU(ve'to),  or  W ituland  ( ve ' t o-lant ) . A for- 
mer German  protectorate  (English  since  1890)  on 
the  coast  of  eastern  Africa,  about  lat.  3°  S.,  near 
themouthof  the  Tana.  It  wasestablishedin  1885. 
Witwatersrand  (vit-va'ters-rand).  A hilly  re- 
gion of  the  Transvaal,  west  of  Johannesburg, 
containing  extensive  gold-fields. 

Wit  Without  Money.  A play  by  Fletcher, 
played  not  earlier  than  1614  and  printed. in  1639. 
Witwou’d  (wit'wud).  A character  in  Con- 
greve’s “ The  Way  of  the  World.”  “ Witwou’d  is 
as  diverting  as  he  is  original  — a man  afflicted  by  a perfect 
cacoethes  of  feeble  repartee.”  Ward. 

Wixom  (wik'som),  Emma:  stage  name  Emma 
Nevada.  Born  at  Austen,  Nevada,  1862.  An 
American  operatic  singer.  Her  voice  is  a soprano. 
She  took  her  stage  name,  Emma  Nevada,  from  her  birth- 
place. She  made  her  first  appearance  at  London  m 1880, 
and  has  sung  in  Italy,  Paris,  and  in  the  United  States 
(1884).  In  1885  she  married  Dr.  Raymond  Palmer. 

Wizard  of  the  North.  A name  given  to  Sir 
Walter  Scott. 

Wladimir.  See  Vladimir. 


Wolcott,  Oliver 

Wladislaw  (vla'dis-lav)  I.,  or  Ladislaus,  Lok- 
jetek.  Born  1260:  died  at  Cracow,  March  2, 
1333.  King  of  Poland  1319-33. 

Wladislaw  II.  Jagello.  King  of  Poland.  See 

Jagello. 

Wladislaw  III.  Born  1424 : killed  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Varna,  Nov.  10,  1444.  King  of  Poland 
1434-44,  son  of  Wladislaw  II.  He  became  king 
of  Hungary  in  1440. 

Wladislaw  IV.  Born  1595 : died  May  20, 1648. 
King  of  Poland  1632—48,  son  of  Sigismund  III. 
Woburn  (wo'bem).  A village  in  Bedfordshire, 
England,  42  miles  northwest  of  London.  Near  it 
is  Woburn  Abbey,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 
Woburn.  A city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 10  miles  north-northwest  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather  and  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Population,  15,308,  (1910). 

Woccon  (wok'on).  [PI.,  also  Woccons.']  The 
chief  of  the  North  Carolina  tribes  of  the  Kataba 
division  of  North  American  Indians  : now  ex- 
tinct. See  Kataba. 

Wodan.  The  Old  High  German  form  of  the 
name  of  the  deity  called  by  the  Norse  Odin. 
Wodehouse  (wod'hous),  John,  first  Earl  of 
Kimberley.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  7, 1826 : died 
there,  April  8, 1902.  An  English  Liberal  states- 
man. He  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1864-66  ; lord 
privy  seal  1868-70 ; colonial  secretary  1870-74  and  1880-82, 
and  secretary  lor  India  1882-85  and  1886;  lord  president 
of  the  council  and  secretary  of  state  for  India  1892-94 ; 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs  under  Rosebery  1894- 
1896 ; and  leaderof  the  Liberal  party  in  the  House  of  Lords 
1897-1902.  He  was  created  earl  of  Kimberley  in  1866. 

Woden  (wo ' den) . [Lit . the  ‘ furious, ’ the  ‘ mighty 
warrior.’]  The  Anglo-Saxon  name  of  the  deity 
called  by  the  Norse  Odin. 

Woerden  (wiir'den).  A town  in  the  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Old  Rhine  20  miles  south  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  was  formerly  a fortress,  and  was 
'sacked  by  the  French  in  1672  and  1813. 
Woffington  (wof 'ing-ton),  Margaret  or  Peg. 
Born  at  Dublin, Oct.  18, 1718(?) : died  atTedding- 
ton,  March  28, 1760.  A celebrated  Irish  actress, 
the  daughter  of  a bricklayer,  she  appeared  as 
Polly  Peacham,  with  a company  of  children,  in  “The 
Beggar’s  Opera  ” when  only  ten  years  old,  and  made  her 
first  appearance  as  a mature  actress  at  Dublin  in  1737  as 
Ophelia.  Until  1740  she  played  a wide  range  of  parts 
there.  In  that  year  she  made  her  first  appearance  at  Cov- 
ent Garden  as  Sylvia  in  “The  Recruiting  Officer.”  Her 
success  was  great,  and  her  singing  and  the  “finish  ” of  the 
male  characters  she  assumed  made  the  fortunes  of  the 
theaters  where  she  played.  She  lived  for  some  time  with 
Garrick  and  Macklin  at  No.  6 Bow  street,  London,  and 
Garrick  was  reported  to  have  married  her,  but  without 
foundation.  She  attempted  to  atone  for  her  lack  of  moral 
character  by  her  charities,  though  the  almshouses  at  Ted- 
dington  said  to  have  been  founded  by  her  are  of  much 
earlier  date.  She  was  seized  with  paralysis  while  playing 
Rosalind,  May  3,  1757,  and  never  appeared  again.  See 
Masks  and  Faces. 

Mrs.  Woffington  was  the  only  player  who  acted  Sir 
Harry  Wildair  with  the  spirit  and  eleganceof  the  original  — 
Wilks  — to  whom  Garrick  and  Woodward  were,  in  this  part, 
inferior.  She  was  excellent  in  Lady  Plyant,  and  admirable 
in  the  representation  of  females  in  high  rank  and  of  dig- 
nified elegance.  Millamant,  Lady  Townley,  Lady  Betty 
Modish,  and  Maria  in  the  “Nonjuror,”  were  exhibited 
by  her  with  that  happy  ease  and  gaiety,  and  with  such 
powerful  attraction,  that  the  excesses  of  these  characters 
appeared  not  only  pardonable,  but  agreeable. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  9. 

Wohler  (ve'ler),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Esckers- 
heim,  near  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  July  31, 
1800  : died  at  Gottingen,  Sept.  23,  1882.  A cel- 
ebrated German  chemist.  He  was  educated  at  Mar- 
burg,  Heidelberg,  and  under  Berzelius  at  Stockholm  ; be- 
came professor  at  Gottingen  in  1836,  and  pharmaceutical 
inspector ; and  was  associated  with  Liebig  in  many  re- 
searches. He  discovered  aluminium,  beryllium,  and  yttri- 
um, and  made  many  other  brilliant  discoveries  and  inves- 
tigations. Besides  numerous  special  papers  he  wrote 
“Grundriss  der  Chemie”  (“Outlines  of  Chemistry,”  1831), 
etc.;  adapted  Berzelius's  “Lehrbuch  der  Chemie";  and 
edited  the  “Annalen.” 

Wolcott,  or  Wolcot  (wul'kot),  John : pseu- 
donym Peter  Pindar.  Born  near  Kingsbridge, 
Devonshire,  England,  May,  1738:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  14, 1819.  An  English  satirist,  in  early 
life  he  was  a physician,  and  was  made  physician-general 
of  the  island  of  Jamaica.  He  returned  to  England  and 
was  ordained  in  1769,  but  resumed  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  a few  years  at  Truro  and  other  places.  He  re- 
moved to  London  with  John  Opie  in  1781,  and  became 
noted  for  his  coarse  but  witty  satires  on  George  III., 
Boswell,  the  Royal  Academy,  etc.  He  was  blind  for  some 
years  before  his  death.  Among  his  works  are  “Lyrical 
Odes  to  the  Royal  Academicians"  (published  first  in  1782 
and  afterward  every  year  till  about  1814),  “Bozzy  and 


Wolcott,  Oliver.  Born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Nov. 
26, 1726;  died  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Dec.  1, 1797. 
An  American  politician  and  general,  son  of 
Roger  Wolcott.  He  held  various  judicial  offices  in 


Wolcott,  Oliver 

Connecticut ; was  a delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress 
from  Connecticut,  and  a signer  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence ; ’served  on  important  commissions ; com- 
manded the  Connecticut  troops  in  1776;  served  against 
Burgoyne  in  1777  ; was  lieutenant-governor  of  Connecti- 
cut 1786-96 ; and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1796-97. 
Wolcott,  Oliver.  Born  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
Jan.  11,  1760:  died  at  New  York,  June  1,  1833. 
An  American  politician  and  financier’,  son  of 
Oliver  Wolcott  (1726-97).  He  served  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War ; was  auditor  of  the  treasury  1789-91 ; was 
comptroller  of  the  treasury  1791-95 ; was  secretary  of  the 
treasury  1795-1800 ; and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1817- 
1827. 

Wolcott,  Roger.  Born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Jan. 
4,  1679:  died  at  East  Windsor,  May  17,  1767. 
An  American  colonial  magistrate.  He  commanded 
the  Connecticut  contingent  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg  in 
1745;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1751-54.  He  wrote 
“Poetical  Meditations"  (1725),  etc. 

Wolf,  or  Wolff  (volt),  Christian  von.  Born 
at  Breslau,  Jan.  24,  1679:  died  April  9,  1754. 
A celebrated  German  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician. He  was  educated  at  Jena;  lectured  at  Leip- 
sic  ; became  professor  at  Halle  in  1707  ; was  deposed  from 
his  office  and  exiled  from  Prussia  in  1723  on  the  charge 
of  heresy ; was  afterward  at  Marburg ; was  reinstated 
at  Halle  by  Frederick  the  Great  in  1740 ; and  became 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university.  He  developed  the  phi- 
losophy of  Leibnitz,  and  exerted  considerable  influence 
upon  subsequent  metaphysical  speculation  in  Germany. 
His  numerous  works,  in  German  and  Latin,  include  “ Phi- 
losophia  rationales, ” “Psychologia  empirica,”  “ Psycholo- 
gy ratitmalis,”  “ Cosmologia,”  “Jus  naturse,”  etc. 

Wolf  (volf).  Friedrich  August.  Born  at  Hayn- 
rode,near  Nordhausen,  Germany,  Feb.  15, 1759: 
died  at  Marseilles,  Aug.  8, 1824.  A German  clas- 
sical scholar,  regarded  as  the  founder  of  scien- 
tific classical  philology.  He  studied  at  Gottingen ; 
was  professor  at  Halle  1783-1807 ; and  later  was  in  the  gov- 
ernment service  in  Berlin.  His  chief  work  is  the  “ Prolego- 
mena in  Homerum  ” (1795),  in  which  he  propounded  the 
famous  theory  that  the  Eiad  and  Odyssey  are  not  the  work 
of  one  author  (Homer),  but  of  various  rhapsodists.  See 
Homer. 

Wolf  (wulf),  Henry.  Bom  at  Eckwersheim, 
Alsace,  Aug.  3,  1852.  An  American  wood- 
engraver.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1871,  and  at  first 
made  a specialty  of  drawings  on  the  block  for  other  en- 
gravers and  artists.  He  has  engraved  numerous  pictures 
for  the  American  Artists  Series  in  “ The  Century  Maga- 
zine," and  also  for  separate  publication. 

Wolfe  (wulf),  Charles.  Born  at  Dublin,  Dee. 
14, 1791 : died  at  Cork,  Feb.  21,  1823.  A British 
clergyman  and  poet.  He  wrote  the  “Burial  of  Sir 
John  Moore.”  His  “Poetical  Remains,"  with  a memoir 
by  Russell,  were  published  iu  1825. 

Wolfe,  General,  Death  of.  See  Death  of  Gen- 
eral Wolfe. 

Wolfe,  James.  Born  at  Westerham,  Kent,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  2,  1727 : killed  at  the  battle  of  Que- 
bec, Sept.  13,  1759.  An  English  general.  He 
served  at  Dettingen  in  1743,  against  the  Scottish  insurgents 
1745-46,  and  at  Lawfeld  in  1747 ; was  made  brigadier- 
general  in  1758 ; commanded  a division  under  Amherst  at 
the  siege  and  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1758;  and  was  made 
major-general  and  commander  of  the  expedition  against 
Quebec.  After  making  unsuccessful  attempts  on  Mont- 
calm's works,  he  led  his  force  up  the  Heights  of  Abraham 
on  the  night  of  Sept.  12,  and  died  in  the  hour  of  victory 
there,  Sept.  13,  1769. 

Wolfenbiittel  (volf 'en-biit-tel).  A town  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick,  situated  on  the  Oker  seven 
miles  south  of  Brunswick,  it  has  a noted  library  of 
31X1,000  volumes  and  8,000  MSS.  and  incunabula,  and  a 
ducal  castle.  Until  1754  it  was  the  ducal  residence.  Near 
here,  in  1641,  the  Swedes  defeated  the  Imperialists.  Les- 
sing was  librarian  at  Wolfenbiittel.  Pop.,  commune,  19,083. 

Wolfenbiittel  Fragments.  1.  Portions  of  a 
New  Testament  codex,  supposed  to  be  of  the 
5th  or  6th  century,  recovered  about  1750  at 
Wolfenbiittel  in  Germany  from  a palimpsest 
of  Isidore  of  Seville. — 2.  A rationalistic  work 
on  the  Bible,  by  Reimarus,  a German  critic  of 
the  18th  century.  See  Reimarus. 

Wolfert’s  Roost,  Chronicles  of.  A series  of 
sketches  by  Washington  Irving,  published  ori- 
ginally in  the  “Knickerbocker  Magazine.” 
Wolff  (volf),  Albert.  Born  atNeustrelitz,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  14,  1814 : died  at  Berlin,  June  20, 
1892.  A famous  German  sculptor,  an  associate 
of  Rauch : professor  at  the  Academy  of  Arts  in 
Berlin  from  1858.  He  designed  statues  of  the  Great 
Elector,  Frederick  the  Great,  William  I , and  others,  and 
colossal  statues  of  Ernst  August  (Hannover),  Frederick 
William  III.  (Berlin),  Galileo  (Pest),  and  Frederick  William 
IV.  (Konigsberg). 

Wolff,  Emil.  Born  at  Berlin,  March  2,  1802 : 
died  at  Rome,  Sept.  29, 1879.  A German  sculp- 
tor,  a pupil  of  Schadow.  Among  his  statues 
are  the  “ Fisher,”  “ Thetis,”  an  Amazon  group, 
★“  Jephthah  and  his  Daughter,”  etc. 

Wolff  (wulf;  G.  pron. volf),  Sir  Henry  Drum- 
mond. Born  1830:  died  at  Brighton,  Eng., 
Oct.  11,  1908.  An  English  diplomatist. 

He  was  appointed  commissioner  for  settling  the  affairs 
of  Eastern  Rumelia ; member  of  Parliament,  and  a mem- 


1069 

her  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill’s  “ Fourth  Party  ” ; special 
commissioner  to  Turkey  and  Egypt  for  arranging  the  af- 
fairs of  Egypt  1885-87  ; and  ambassador  to  Persia  1888. 

Wolff  (volf),  Kaspar  Friedrich.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, 1733 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  1794.  A Ger- 
man anatomist  and  physiologist,  founder  of  the 
science  of  embryology.  He  was  professor  at 
St.  Petersburg  from  1766. 

Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  (volf'ram  fonesh'- 
en-bach).  Place  and  date  of  birth  unknown: 
he  died  about  1220  (place  unknown).  A Middle 
High  German  poet  of  the  latter  part  of  the  12th 
and  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century : the 
greatest  epic  poet  of  medieval  Germany.  He 
was  of  noble  origin,  and  received  his  name  from  trie  little 
town  of  Eschenbach,  near  Ansbach,  Bavaria,  which  was 
the  ancestral  seat  of  his  family.  His  own  home  was  at 
Wildenberg,  near  Ansbach,  where  he  lived  with  his  wife 
and  child ; but  he  was  frequently  at  the  court  of  that  pa- 
tron of  poets,  the  landgrave  Hermann  of  Thuringia,  at 
Eisenach.  He  could  not  read  or  write,  but  knew  French. 
He  made  frequent  references  to  his  poverty.  He  was 
buried  in  the  Frauenkirche  at  Eschenbach.  He  composed 
lyrics,  among  them  four  “ Tagelieder ’’  (“Day  Songs”); 
but  his  principal  works  are  the  three  epic  poems  “ Parzi- 
val,”  “Titurel"(left  uncompleted),  and  “ Willehalm  ” (also 
incomplete).  “ Parzival,”  the  greatest  court  epic  of  Ger- 
many, was  written  between  1205  and  1215  : it  is  based 
upon  French  sources  of  ultimate  Celtic  origin,  particu- 
larly upon  a poem  by  Chrestien  de  Troyes.  “Titurel," 
written  possibly  about  1210,  goes  back  to  similar  sources. 
The  subject-matter  of  both  poems  is  the  legend  of  the 
Holy  Grail ; the  former  is  named  from  its  hero  Parzival, 
the  latter  from  Titurel,  the  first  Knight  of  the  Grail. 
“ Willehalm  ” (Count  William  of  Aquitaine),  begun  before 
1216,  is  from  French  national  poetry.  “ Titurel  ” was 
subsequently  rewritten  and  completed  by  a certain  Al- 
brecht between  1260  and  1270.  “Willehalm  ” was  later 
on  continued  by  Ulrich  von  Tiirkheim  and  Ulrich  von  dem 
Tiirlin.  Wolfram’s  works  were  published  by  Karl  Lach- 
mann  in  1833  (5th  ed.  in  1880). 

Wolgast  (vol'gast).  A seaport  in  the  province 
of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Peene, 
near  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic/  53  miles  north- 
west of  Stettin.  Gustavus  Adolphus  landed  near 
there  in  1630.  The  town  was  several  times  taken  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries.  Population,  commune,  8,346. 

Wollaston  (wul'as-ton),  William  Hyde.  Born 
at  East  Dereham,  Norfolk,  Aug.  6,  1766:  died 
at  London,  Dee.  22,  1828.  A noted  English 
chemist  and  physicist.  He  discovered  palladium  and 
rhodium ; made  important  investigations  in  optics  and 
electricity ; discovered  the  dark  lines  in  the  solar  spec- 
trum and  the  ultra-violet  rays ; and  invented  the  camera 
lueida  and  goniometer. 

Wollaston  Lake.  A lake  in  Saskatchewan, 
Canada,  about  lat.  58°  N.,  long.  104°  W.  Its 
outlet  is  to  the  Mackenzie  River.  Length, 
about  50  miles. 

Wollaston  Land.  A region  in  the  arctic  lands 
of  North  America,  about  hit.  69°-70°  N.,  long. 
110°-115°  W. 

Wollin  (vol-len').  1.  An  island  in  the  Baltic,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia, 
30  miles  north  of  Stettin.  With  Usedom  itseparates 
the  Stettiner  Haff  from  the  Baltic.  It  is  separated  from 
Usedom  by  the  Swine,  and  from  the  mainland  on  the  east 
by  the  Divenow.  Length,  22  miles. 

2.  The  chief  place  in  the  island  of  Wollin, 
situated  on  the  Divenow  near  the  site  of  the 
Wendish  Yineta  or  Wolin.  Population,  about 
4,500. 

Wollstonecraft.  See  Godwin. 

Wolof  (wo-lof').  An  important  Nigritic  nation 
of  the  French  S6ndgal,  West  Africa,  between 
the  S6n6gal,  Filletin',  and  Gambia  rivers.  It  is  es- 
pecially strong  on  the  coast  (St.  Louis  and  Dakar),  in  Walo, 
Cayor,  Baol,  and  Jolof.  The  men  are  tall,  with  fine  busts, 
almost  orthognathic  heads,  and  jet-black  skin.  They  wear 
wide  trousers  and  long  shirts.  Most  of  them  profess  Islam- 
ism  ; a portion  in  the  coast  towns  profess  Catholicism ; but 
heathen  practices  prevail  everywhere.  They  have  three 
hereditary  castes:  the  nobility,  the  tradesmen  and  mu- 
sicians (who  are  despised),  and  the  slaves.  Domestic  slaves 
are  well  treated  and  cannot  be  sold.  The  Wolof  language 
is  regular  and  rich  in  grammatical  forms,  but  occupies  a 
rather  isolated  position. 

Wolowski(v5-lov'ske),  Louis  FrangoisMichel 
Raymond.  Bornin Warsaw,  Aug.  31, 1810 : died 
at  Gisors,  Aug.  15,  1876.  A French  political 
economist,  financier,  and  politician.  He  fled  to 
France  after  the  repression  of  the  Polish  uprising  in  1831 ; 
was  a member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  in  1848,  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1849 ; and  in  the  third  republic 
was  a member  of  the  National  Assembly  and  senator.  He 
wrote  “ La  question  des  banques  ” (1864),  “ L’Or  et  l’argent  ” 
(1872),  etc. 

Wolseley  (wulz'li),  Garnet  Joseph,  first  Vis- 
count Wolseley.  Born  at  Golden  Bridge 
House,  County  Dublin,  Ireland,  June  4,  1833. 
A distinguished  British  general,  ne  entered  the 
army  as  ensign  in  1852;  serveddn  the  second  Burmese  war 
in  1853  (when  he  was  wounded),  and  in  the  Crimean  war 
(when  he  was  again  wounded);  became  captain  in  1855; 
served  in  India  during  the  Indian  mutiny  (at  the  relief  of 
Lucknow  in  1867,  and  elsewhere);  and  fought  in  the  war 
with  China  in  1860.  In  1862  he  visited  the  Confederate 
army  in  Virginia.  In  1865  he  was  promoted  colonel.  He 
commanded  the  Red  River  expedition  which  suppressed 
Riel’s  insurrection  in  1870,  and  was  knighted ; and  corn- 


Wood,  Mrs.  Henry 

manded  in  the  Ashanti  war  1873-74,  and  was  made  major- 
general  in  1875.  He  was  administrator  of  Natal  in  1875 ; a 
member  of  the  Council  of  India  in  1876 ; commissioner  and 
commander  in  Cyprus  in  1878;  and  governor  of  Natal  and 
the  Transvaal  1879-80.  In  1880  he  was  made  quartermaster- 
general,  and  adjutant-general  in  1882.  He  defeated  the 
Egyptian  insurgents  under  Arabi  aud  gained  the  victory  of 
Tel-el-Kebir  inl882;  was  raised  to  the  peerage  and  madegen- 
eral  in  1882 ; and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  for  the  relief  of  Gordon  1884-85.  He  was  made 
viscountin  1885,  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Ireland 
in  1890,  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army 
1895-1900.  Hehas written  “Narrativeof  theWarwith China 
in  1860, " “System  of  Field  Manoeuvres”  (1872),  “Marley 
Castle  ” (1877),  “Story  of  a Soldier’s  Life  ” (1903),  etc. 

Wolsey  (wul'zi),  Thomas.  Born  at  Ipswich, 
England,  probably  in  1475 : died  at  Leicester, 
Nov.  29,  1530.  A celebrated  English  statesman 
and  cardinal.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford ; studied  divinity  ; became  rector  of  Lymington  in 
1600 ; was  successively  chaplain  to  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, to  Sir  Richard  Nanfan,  and  to  Henry  VII. ; was 
sent  by  Henry  VII.  on  a diplomatic  mission  to  the  emperor 
Maximilian;  was  made  dean  of  Linooln  in  1509;  became  al- 
moner in  1509,  and  privy  councilor  in  1511 ; served  against 
France  in  1513 ; was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  1514,  and 
archbishop  of  York  in  1514;  and  became  lord  chancellor 
and  cardinal  in  1515,  and  prime  minister  of  Henry  VIII. 
He  was  made  legate  in  1519.  He  gained  the  ill  will  of 
Henry  VIII.  by  his  conduct  in  the  matter  of  the  king’s 
divorce ; was  deprived  of  his  offices  in  1529 ; was  restored 
to  the  archbishopric  of  York  in  1530 ; and  was  arrested  for 
high  treason  in  Nov.,  1530.  He  founded  Christ  Church 
College,  Oxford. 

Wolverhampton  (wul-ver-hamp'tqn).  A bor- 
ough in  Staffordshire,  England,  13  miles  north- 
west of  Birmingham.  It  is  situated  near  a large  coal- 
and  iron-mining  district,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  cen- 
ters for  the  manufacture  of  hardware  in  Great  Britain. 
Population,  95,333,  (1911). 

Wolzogen  (volt-so'gen),  Mme.  von  (Karoline 
Von  Lengefeld).  Born  at  Rudolstadt,  Germany, 
1763:  died  at  Jena,  1847.  A German  author, 
sister-in-law  of  Schiller,  she  wrote  “Schillers  Le- 
ben”  (“Life  of  Schiller,”  1830),  the  novels  “Agnes  von 
Lilien  ” (1798)  and  “Cordelia”  (1840),  ete. 

Woman  Hater,  The.  1.  A play  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  published  anonymously  in  1607. — 
2.  A novel  by  Charles  Reade,  published  in  1877. 

Woman  in  White,  The.  A novel  by  Wilkie 
Collins,  published  in  1860. 

Woman  Killed  with  Kindness,  A.  A play  by 
Thomas  Heywood,  acted  in  March,  1603,  printed 
in  1607.  It  is  considered  Hey  wood’s  best  play. 

Womb  well  (wom'wel).  A town  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  10  miles 
north-northeast  of  Sheffield.  Population, 
13,252. 

Wonder,  The;  A Woman  Keeps  a Secret. 

A comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  produced  and 
printed  in  1714.  It  still  keeps  the  stage. 

Wonder-Book,  The.  A collection  of  stories 
for  boys  and  girls,  from  classical  mythological 
sources,  by  Hawthorne,  published  in  1851. 

Wonderful  Parliament,  or  Wonder-making 
Parliament.  Same  as  Merciless  Parliament. 

Wonder  of  the  World.  A name  given  to  the 
emperors  Otto  III.  and  Frederick  II.  of  Ger- 
many. 

Wonders  beyond  Thule.  See  Dinias  and  Der- 
cyllis. 

Wondrous  Tale  of  Alroy,  The.  A novel  by 
Disraeli,  published  in  1833. 

Wood  (wud),  Anthony,  called  Anthony  & 
Wood.  Born  at  Oxford,  England,  Dec.  17, 1632: 
died  there,  Nov.  29, 1695.  An  English  antiquary. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford.  He  wrote  “Historia  et  Anti- 
quitatesUniversitatisOxoniensis”  (written  in  English  and 
translated  into  Latin  for  the  University  Press  in  16741.  He 
was  dissatisfied  with  the  translation,  and  afterward  re- 
wrote his  English  MS.,  and  it  was  published  after  his  death 
in  two  volumes — the  first  as  “ The  History  and  Antiquities 
of  the  Colleges  and  Halls  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  with 
a Continuation  to  the  Present  Time  by  John  Gutch,”  with 
“Fasti  (Annals)  Oxoniensis” (1786-90) ; the  second  as  “The 
Historyand  Antiquities  of  theUniversityof  Oxford  ”(1792- 
1796).  Healsowrote“Athense Oxoniensis:  an  Exact  History 
of  all  the  Writers  and  Bishops  who  have  had  their  Edu- 
cation in  the  University  of  Oxford  from  1500  to  1690,”  with 
“Fasti.”  Two  volumes  of  this  were  printed  (1691-92)  be- 
fore his  death ; the  third  he  prepared,  and  it  appeared 
in  the  second  edition  1721 ; third  enlarged  edition  by  Bliss 
1813-20.  He  also  wrote  “Modus  Salium  : a Collection  of 
Piecesof  Humour”  (1751),  and  “ The  Ancient  and  Present 
State  of  the  City  of  Oxford  ” (1773), 

Wood,  Fernando.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  June 
14,  1812 : died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  14, 
1881.  An  American  politician.  He  was  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1841-43  ; mayor 
of  New  York  city  1864-61 : and  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  1863-65  and  1867-81. 

Wood,  Mrs.  Henry  (Ellen  Price).  Born  at 
Worcester,  Jan.  17,  1814:  died  Feb.  10,  1887. 
An  English  novelist.  Among  her  novels  are  “ East 
Lynne  ”(1861:  several  times  dramatized),  “The  Channings” 
(1862),  “ Mrs,  Halliburton 's  Troubles  ”(1862),“  The  Shadow 
of  Ashlydyat”(1863),  etc.  She  also  published  anonymously 
“The  Johnny  Ludlow  Tales  ” (1874-80).  In  1867  she  became 
editor  of  “The  Argosy." 


Wood,  Sir  Henry  Evelyn 

W ood,  Sir  Henry  Evelyn.  Born  in  Essex,  Feb. 
9,  1838.  A British  field-marshal.  He  served  in 
the  Crimean  war,  Indian  mutiny,  Ashanti  war,  and  Zulu 
war ; commanded  against  the  Boers  in  1881;  served  against 
the  Egyptian  rebels  in  1882,  and  in  the  Sudan ; and  com- 
manded the  Egyptian  army  1882-85.  He  was  quarter- 
master-general 1893-97,  and  adjutant-general  1897-1901. 
Wood,  Thomas  Waterman.  Born  at  Mont- 
pelier, Vt.,  Nov.  12,  1823:  died  at  New  York, 
April  14,  1903.  An  American  portrait-  and 
genre-painter.  He  settled  in  New  York  in  1867.  He 
was  elected  national  academician  in  1871,  and  became 
vice-president  of  the  National  Academy  in  1879,  and  presi- 
dent in  1891.  He  was  also  for  nine  or  ten  years  president 
of  the  American  Water-Color  Society. 

Woodbury  (wud'bu-ri),  Levi.  Born  at  Frances- 
town,  N.  H.,  Dec.  22, 1789 : died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Sept.,  1851.  An  American  jurist  and 
statesman.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1809.  He 
was  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1823-24 ; Democratic 
United  States  senator  from  New  Hampshire  1825-31 ; sec- 
retary of  the  navy  1831-34;  secretary  of  the  treasury  1834- 
1841;  United  States  senator  1841-45  ; and  associate  justice 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1845-51. 

W oodcourt  ( wud'kort ) , Allan.  The  lover  of  Es- 
ther Summerson  in  Dickens’s  “Bleak  House.” 
Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree.  A lyric  poem  by 
George  P.  Morris. 

Woods  (wudz),  Leonard.  Born  at  Princeton, 
Mass.,  June  19,  1774:  died  at  Andover,  Mass., 
Aug.  24,  1854.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman  and  theologian,  professor  of  theology 
at  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Letters  to  Unitarians  "(1820),  “Lectures  on  the 
Inspiration  of  the  Scriptures  "(1829),  “Memoirs  of  Ameri- 
can Missionaries  ” (1833),  “ Examination  of  the  Doctrine  of 
Perfection”  (1841),  “Lectures  on  Church  Government" 
(1843),  “Lectures  on  Swedenborgianism  ” (1846),  etc. 
Woods,  Leonard.  Born  at  Newbury,  Mass., 
Nov.  24,  1807:  died  at  Boston,  Dec.  24,  1878. 
An  American  educator,  son  of  Leonard  Woods 
(1774—1854).  He  was  professor  in  Bangor  Theological 
Seminary,  and  was  president  of  Bowdoin  College  1839-66. 

Woods,  William  Burnham.  Born  at  Newark, 
Ohio,  1824:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  1887. 
An  American  jurist  and  general.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Ohio  legislature;  served  in  the  West  in  the 
Civil  War,  at  Shiloh,  Arkansas  Post,  and  Vicksburg,  and  in 
Georgia ; and  commanded  a division  in  Sherman’s  march 
to  the  sea.  He  was  appointed  United  States  circuit  judge 
in  1869;  and  was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  1880-87. 

Woodstock  (wud'stok).  Atown  in  Oxfordshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Glyme  8 miles  north- 
west of  Oxford.  It  was  formerly  a royal  residence, 
and  is  particularly  associated  with  the  history  of  Henry  II. 
and  “Fair  Rosamond.”  Elizabeth  was  imprisoned  here 
by  Mary.  Woodstock  was  besieged  and  taken  in  1646. 
Near  it  is  Blenheim  Park.  Population,  1,684. 
Woodstock.  The  capital  of  Oxford  County, 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames  80 
miles  west-southwest  of  Toronto.  Population, 
9,320,  (1911). 

Woodstock.  The  capital  of  Windsor  County, 
V ermont,  situated  on  the Ottaqueechee  23  miles 
east  of  Rutland.  Pop.,  town,  2,545,  (1910). 
Woodstock.  A novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  pub- 
lished in  1826.  The  scene  is  laid  at  Woodstock, 
England,  and  the  vicinity,  about  1651. 

W oodstock,  Assize  of.  A code  for  the  regulation 
of  the  forests,  proclaimed  by  Henry  II.  in  1184. 
Woodville  (wud'vil),  Anthony,  second  Earl 
Rivers.  Beheaded  at  Pontefract,  England,  1483. 
An  English  politician,  influential  in  the  reign 
of  his  brother-in-law  Edward  IV.  He  was  put 
to  death  by  Richard  III. 

Woodville,  Elizabeth.  See  Elisabeth  Woodville. 
Woodward  (wud'ward),  Henry.  Born  1714: 
died  1777.  A noted  English  comedian.  He  made 
his  first  appearance  at  Covent  Garden  in  1736,  and  his  last 
in  1777.  He  was  excellent  as  Petruchio,  Mercutio,  Bobadil, 
Touchstone,  Captain  Absolute,  etc.,  and  was  noted  for  his 
power  of  mimicry. 

Woodworth  (wud'werth),  Samuel.  Born  at 
Scituate,  Mass.,  Jan.  13, 1785 : died  at  New  York 
city,  Dec.  9,  1842.  An  American  poet.  He  is 
best  known  from  his  lyric  “The  Old  Oaken  Bucket."  His 
poems  were  published  in  1861. 

Wool  (wul),  John  Ellis.  Born  at  Newburg, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  20, 1784:  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  10, 
1869.  An  American  general.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1812;  served  at  Queenston  Heights  in  1812,  and  at 
Plattsburg  in  1814  ; was  appointed  inspector-general  of  the 
army  and  colonel  in  1816 ; became  brigadier-general  in 
1841;  organized  volunteers  for  the  Mexican  war ; was  second 
in  command  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista;  and  was  after- 
ward division  and  department  commander.  He  saved 
Fortress  Monroe  in  1861.  In  1862  he  was  made  major- 
general,  and  retired  in  1863. 

Woolman  (wul'man),  John.  Bom  at  North- 
ampton, N.  J.,  1720:  died  at  York,  England, 
Oct.  7,  1772.  An  American  preacher  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  Among  his  works  are  “Some 
Considerations  on  the  Keeping  of  Negroes  " (1754),  “ Con- 
siderationson  Pure  Wisdom  and  Human  Policy,  "etc.  (1768), 
“ Considerations  on  the  True  Harmony  of  Mankind  ” (1770). 
He  is,  however,  best  known  by  hi3  “Journal,"  first  pub- 


1070 

lished  in  1775,  after  his  death.  It  has  been  many  times 
reprinted,  and  was  edited  in  1872  by  Whittier. 

Woolner  (wul'ner),  Thomas.  Born  at  Hadleigh, 
Suffolk,  Dec.  17,  1825:  died  at  London,  Oct.  7, 
1892.  An  English  sculptor  and  poet.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood,  and  many  of 
his  poems  first  appeared  in  “TheGerm.”  He  was  professor 
of  sculpture  at  the  Royal  Academy  1877-79.  Among  his 
statues  are  “ Puck,”  “Titania,”  and  “Eros”  (1848),  “Con- 
stance and  Arthur,"  “Elaine,”  “Ophelia,”  “Achilles  and 
Pallas”;  statues  of  Macaulay,  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish, 
Lord  Palmerston,  and  others ; and  busts  of  Tennyson,  Car- 
lyle, Darwin,  Gladstone,  and  others.  His  poems  include 
‘ ‘ My  Beautiful  Lady  ” (1863),  ‘ ‘ Pygmalion  ” (1881),  “Silenus  " 
(1884),  “ Tiresias  ” (1886),  etc. 

Woolsey  (wul'si),  Sarah  Chauncey:  pseudo- 
nym Susan  Coolidge.  Born  at  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
about  1845 : died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  April  9, 
1905.  An  American  writer,  niece  of  T.  D. 
Woolsey.  She  wrote  “ What  Katy  did,"  “What  Katy 
did  at  School,”  “What  Katy  did  Next,"  “Cross  Patch,  etc., 
from  Mother  Goose,"  “A  Round  Dozen,”  “A  Little  Country 
Girl,"  etc.  Also  “A  Short  History  of  the  City  of  Philadel- 
phia" (1887),  “Ballads  of  Romance  and  History,"  with 
others  (1887) ; edited  and  abridged  “The  Autobiography 
and  Correspondence  of  Mrs.  Delany"  (1879)  and  “The 
Diary  and  Letters  of  Frances  Burney  " (1880) ; and  trans- 
lated Gautier's  “My  Household  of  Pets”  (1882)  and 
Arnaud's  “One  Day  in  a Baby’s  Life  ” (1886). 

Woolsey,  Theodore  Dwight.  Born  at  New 
York  city,  Oct.  31,  1801:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  July  1,  1889.  An  American  educator 
and  eminent  political  and  legal  writer.  He  grad- 
uated at  Yale  in  1820  ; studied  law  and,  later,  theology ; 
was  tutor  in  Yale  1823-25  ; was  licensed  to  preach  in  1825 ; 
studied  in  Europe  1827-30 ; was  professorof  Greek  at  Yale 
1831-46  ; and  was  president  of  Yale  1846-71.  He  edited 
the  “ New  Englander  ” for  a few  years  after  1843  ; and  was 
chairman  of  the  American  company  of  New  Testament 
revisers  1871-81.  His  works  include  editions  of  the  “ Al- 
cestis”  (1834),  “ Antigone  ” (1835),  “Electra"(1837),  “Pro- 
metheus ’’  (1837),  and  “ Gorgias " (1843) ; an  “Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  International  Law”  (1860:  6th  ed.  1879); 
“Divorce  and  Divorce  Legislation  ” (1869) ; “Religion  of 
the  Past  and  of  the  Future”  (1871);  “Political  Science, 
etc. "(2  vols.  1871);  “Communism  and  Socialism  ” (1880). 
He  also  edited  Lieber’s  “Civil  Liberty  and  Self-Govern- 
ment ” (1871),  and  a “ Manual  of  Political  Ethics  ” (1871). 

Woolson(wul'sqn),Mrs.  (AbbaLouisaGoold). 
Born  at  Windham,  Maine,  1838.  An  American 
essayist.  She  lias  lectured  on  literarysubjects;  haspub- 
lished  “Woman  in  American  Society”  (1873),  “Browsing 
among  Books,  and  other  Essays  "(1881),  “George  Eliot  and 
her  Heroines”  (1886);  and  has  edited  “ Dress  Reform ; a 
Series  of  Lectures  ” (1874). 

Woolson,  Constance  Fenimore.  Born  a t Clare- 
mont, N.  H.,  1848:  died  at  Venice,  Italy,  Jan. 
23,  1894.  An  American  novelist,  a grandniece 
of  James  Fenimore  Cooper.  Among  her  works  are 
“ The  Old  Stone  House  ” (1873),  “ Castle  Nowhere  ” (1875), 
“Two  Women”  (1877),  “Rodman  the  Keeper”  (1880), 
“Anne"  (1882),  “For  the  Major"  (1883),  “East  Angels" 
(1886),  “Jupiter  Lights  ” (1889),  etc. 

Woolston  (wnl'ston),  Thomas.  Born  at  North- 
ampton, England,  1670 : died  Jan.  27, 1733.  An 
English  deist.  He  was  a fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ; was  deprived  of  his  fellowship  in  1721, 
and  fined  and  imprisoned  in  1729 ; and  died  within  the 
rules  of  the  King’s  Bench  prison.  He  wrote  “The  Old 
Apology  for  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion  . . . 
Revived”  (1705),  “The  Moderator  between  an  Infidel  and 
an  Apostate"  (1725),  “ Discourses ” (1727-29). 

Woolwich  (wul'ieh).  A borough  (metropoli- 
tan) of  London,  situated  south  of  the  Thames : 
noted  for  its  arsenal.  It  contains  factories  of  guns, 
gun-carriages,  and  ammunition,  barracks,  and  a royal 
military  academy  for  engineering  and  artillery.  Wool- 
wich became  an  important  naval  station  and  dbekyard  in 
the  16th  century ; the  dockyard  was  closed  in  1869.  Pop- 
ulation, metropolitan  borough,  121,403,  (1911). 

Woonsocket  (won-sok'et).  A city  in  Provi- 
dence County,  Rhode  Island,  situated  on  Black- 
stone  River  13  miles  north-northwest  of  Provi- 
dence. It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  woolen  goods.  Population,  38,125,  (1910). 

Wooster  (wus'ter),  David.  Born  at  Stratford, 
Conn.,  March  2,  1710:  died  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
May  2, 1777.  An  American  Revolutionary  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Louisburg  expedition  in  1745,  and 
in  the  French  and  Indian  war ; was  one  of  the  planners 
of  the  Ticonderoga  expedition  of  1775  ; became  brigadier- 
general  in  1775 ; succeeded  Montgomery  as  commander  in 
Canada;  and  became  major-general  of  Connecticut  militia. 
He  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  defense  of  Danbury 
against  Tryon. 

Worcester  (wus'ter), or  Worcestershire  (wus'- 
ter-shir).  [AS.  Wigeraceasterscir .]  A midland 
county  of  England,  bounded  by  Shropshire,  Staf- 
ford, Warwick,  Gloucester,  and  Hereford,  it 
contains  several  exclaves.  The  surface  is  hilly  (the  Mal- 
vern and  the  Bredon  hills  are  on  the  borders),  and  it  is 
traversed  by  the  Severn.  Worcester  is  an  agricultural 
county,  and  is  noted  for  its  vegetables,  fruit,  and  hops.  It 
was  a part  of  the  ancient  Mercia.  Area  (ad.  co.),  740  square 
miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  488,338. 

Worcester.  [ME.  Worcester,  Worceter,  Wirceter, 
Wycetir,  etc.,  AS.  Wigorceaster,  Wigeraceastcr, 
Wigraceaster,  Wihraceaster.']  The  capital  of 
Worcestershire,  England,  situated  on  the  Sev- 
ern in  lat.  52°  12'  N.,  long.  2°  14'  W.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  gloves,  porcelain,  Worcestershire  sauce,  vine- 


Words worth,  William 

gar,  etc.,  and  a large  trade  in  hops.  The  cathedral  is  in  Its 
present  form  chiefly  of  the  13th  century.  The  west  front 
hasalarge  andhandsomeDecorated  window,  andthe  square 
central  tower  is  effective.  The  exterior  is  in  general  plain, 
with  rather  small  windows,  many  of  which  are  grouped  in 
threes.  The  interior,  with  its  long  ranges  of  pointed  ar- 
cades, is  simple  and  majestic.  The  rich  sculptured  pul- 
pit and  the  decorations  of  the  choir  are  modern,  but  the  fine 
carved  stalls  are  old.  It  has  a beautiful  crypt,  handsome 
Perpendicular  cloisters,  and  a decagonal  chapter-house 
with  central  column.  The  cathedral  measures  450  by  78 
feet ; leDgth  of  west  transepts,  78  each ; height  of  vaulting, 
67.  Worcester  was  an  ancient  British  settlement  and  a 
Roman  military  station.  It  suffered  from  Welsh  Invasions, 
and  has  often  been  besieged.  The  final  victory  of  the 
civil  war  was  gained  here  by  Cromwell  over  the  Scotch 
Royalists  under  Charles  II.,  Sept.  3,  1651.  The  Royalist 
army  dispersed.  Population,  47,987,  (1911). 

Worcester.  The  capital  of  Worcester  County, 
Massachusetts.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  iron 
and  steel,  machinery,  cars,  boots  and  shoes,  woolen  goods, 
etc. ; and  is  the  seat  of  the  Roman  Catholic  College  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  of  the  State  normal  school,  of  Clark  Univer- 
sity, and  of  other  institutions.  It  was  permanently  settled 
in  1713,  and  became  a city  in  1848.  Pop.,  145,986,  (1910). 

Worcester,  Florence  of.  See  Florence  of  Wor- 
cester. 

Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson.  Born  at  Bed- 
ford, N.  H.,  Aug.  24,  1784 : died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Oct.  27,  1865.  An  American  lexicogra- 
her.  He  graduated  at  Yale  In  1811,  and  settled  at  Cam- 
ridge  in  1819.  He  published  a “Geographical  Diction- 
ary, or  Universal  Gazetteer,  Ancient  and  Modern  ” (1817  : 
revised  edition  1823),  a “Gazetteer  of  the  United  States” 
(1818),  “Elements  of  Geography”  (1819),  “Sketches  of  the 
Earth  ” (1823),  “ Elements  of  History,  etc.  ” (1826),  an  abridg- 
ment of  Webster’s  dictionary  (1829),  “A  Comprehensive 
Pronouncing  and  Explanatory  Dictionary  ” (1830),  and  “A 
Universaland Critical  Dictionary  ”(1846).  Thelast, passing 
through  several  editions  with  little  alteration,  was  at  length 
revised  and  enlarged,  and  was  published  in  quarto  form  as 
“A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  ” (1st  ed.  1860). 

Worcester  Beacon.  The  highest  point  of  the 
Malvern  Hills,  England,  southwest  of  Worces- 
ter. Height,  1,444  feet. 

Worcester  College.  A college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, incorporated  (1714)  on  the  foundation 
of  the  Benedictine  Gloucester  Hall  (1283). 

Worde  (word),  Winkin  or  Wynkin  de.  Born 
in  Alsace  : died  about  1535.  An  English  print- 
er. He  went  to  England  as  an  assistant  of  Caxton,  and 
in  1491  became  his  successor.  He  lived  in  Fleet  street, 
London,  from  about  1500. 

Worden  (wor'dn),  John  Lorimer.  Born  at 

Mount  Pleasant,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.. 
March  12, 1818:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Oct. 
18, 1897.  An  American  admiral.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1835  ; was  appointed  commander  in  1862  ; and  be- 
came famous  as  commander  of  the  Monitor  in  her  battle 
with  the  Merrimac  in  that  year.  In  1863  he  became  cap- 
tain, and  commanded  the  Montauk  in  the  blockading 
squadron;  was  promoted  commodore  in  1868,  and  rear-ad- 
miral in  1872;  and  was  superintendent  of  the  Naval  Acad 
emy  at  Annapolis  1870-74.  He  retired  in  1886. 

Wordsworth  (werdz ' werth),  Charles.  Bom 
at  London,  Aug.  22, 1806:  died  at  St.  Andrews, 
Scotland,  Dec.  5,  1892.  A British  prelate,  theo- 
logian, and  scholar,  son  of  Christopher  Words- 
worth (1774-1846) : bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  Dun- 
keld,  and  Dumblane.  He  was  one  of  the  New 
Testament  revisers. 

Wordsworth,  Christopher.  Born  at  Cocker- 
mouth,  England,  June  9,  1774 : died  at  Busted, 
England,  Feb.  2,  1846.  An  English  clergyman, 
brother  of  William  Wordsworth : master  of 
Trinitv  College,  Cambridge.  He  wrote  “Ecclesi- 
astical Biography  ” (1810),  etc.,  and  advocated  the  claim 
of  Charles  I.  to  the  authorship  of  “Eikon  Basilike.” 

Wordsworth,  Christopher.  Born  at  Lambeth, 
Oct.  30, 1807:  died  at  Lincoln,  Mar.  21, 1885.  An 
English  prelate  and  author,  son  of  Christopher 
Wordsworth  (1774-1846).  He  was  head-master  of 
Harrow  and  canon  of  Westminster,  and  became  bishop  of 
Lincoln  in  1868.  He  wrote  “Athens  and  Attica”  (1836), 
“Ancient  Writings  Copied  from  the  Walls  of  Pompeii’’ 
(1837),  “Greece,  Pictorial,  Descriptive,  and  Historical” 
(1839),“  Theophilus  Anglicanus  ” (1843),“On  the  Canon  of 
the  Scriptures  ” (1848),“  Memoirs  of  William  Wordsworth  ’’ 
(1851),  notes  on  the  New  Testament  and  the  Bible,  con- 
troversial works,  and  various  theological  and  other  works. 

Wordsworth, William.  Born  at  Cockermouth, 
Cumberland,  England,  April  7,  1770:  died  at 
Rydal  Mount,  April  23,  1850.  A celebrated 
English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Hawkshead  and  at 
St.  John’s  College,  Cambridge,  wherehe  graduated  in  1791 ; 
traveled  on  the  Continent  in  1790  ; and  traveled  and  lived 
in  France  1791-92,  where  he  sympathized  at  first  with  the 
French  republicans.  He  received  a legacy  in  1795,  and 
settled  with  his  sister  Dorothy  at  Racedown,  Dorset.  A 
visit  from  Coleridge  in  1797  determined  his  career,  and  in 
the  next  year  he  removed  to  Alfoxden  in  Som  erset  to  be  near 
him.  De  went  to  the  Cont  inent  in  1798,  and  lived  at  Goslar ; 
and  returned  to  England  in  1799,  and  settled  at  Grasmere, 
in  the  Lake  District.  In  1802  he  married  Mary  Hutchinson ; 
settled  at  Allan  Bank  in  1808 ; and  removed  to  Grasmere 
in  1811.  He  was  appointed  distributer  of  stamps  in  1813, 
and  settled  at  Rydal  Mount ; and  traveled  in  Scotland  in 
1814  and  1832,  and  on  the  Continent  in  1820  and  1837.  He 
became  poet  laureate  in  1843.  His  works  include  “An 
Evening  Walk  ” (1793), “Descriptive  Sketches  "(1793), “Lyr- 
ical Ballads  ’’(this  contains  Coleridge’s  “Ancient  Mariner”) 
(1798),  two  volumes  of  poems  (1807),  "An  Essay  on  the  Re- 


Wordsworth,  William 

lationsof  Great  Britain,  Spain,  and  Portugal  to  each  other  ” 
(1809),  “ The  Excursion  ” (1814),  new  edition  of  poems  (1815), 

“ The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone  ” (1815),  “Thanksgiving  Ode  ” 
(1816),  “Peter  Bell”  and  “The  Waggoner"  (1819),  “The 
River  Duddon  : a Series  of  Sonnets,  etc.”  (1820),  “ Memo- 
rials of  a Tour  on  the  Continent”  (1822),  “Ecclesiastical 
Sketches”  (1822),  “Yarrow  Revisited,  and  other  Poems” 
(1835),  “Sonnets,”  collected  (1838),  “ The  Borderers  : a Tra- 
gedy” (1842:  written  about  1796),  “The  Prelude”  (1850: 
finished  1805),  etc. 

Work  (werk),  Henry  Clay.  Born  at  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  Oct.  1,  1832:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  June  8, 1884.  An  American  song-writer. 
His  songs  include  “Marching  Through  Georgia,”  “Nico- 
demus  the  Slave,”  “My  Grandfather’s  Clock,”  “Lily 
Dale,”  etc. 

Workington  (wer'king-ton).  A seaport  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Derwent  into  Solway  Firth,  8 miles  north  of 
Whitehaven.  It  has  iron  and  steel  manufactures  and 
considerable  trade.  Population,  26,143. 

Works  and  Days.  [Gr.  "Epya  Kal'Hfiepai.']  The 
chief  poem  of  Hesiod:  so  named  because  it 
treats  of  the  labors  of  the  farmer,  and  the 
lucky  and  unlucky  days  for  doing  them. 

In  the  “Works  and  Days  ” there  are  really  three  parts, 
which  may  once  have  been  distinct : an  introductory  poem 
addressed  to  his  brother  Perses — then  the  “Works” 
proper  — and  then  the  “ Days,”  or  Calendar.  Hesiod  and 
his  younger  brother  Perses  had  divided  the  property  left 
by  their  father,  but  Perses  had  got  the  larger  share,  Hesiod 
says  by  bribing  certain  judges.  Perses  now  lived  in  lux- 
urious idleness,  and  presently  threatened  Hesiod  with  an- 
other lawsuit.  Hesiod  reminds  Perses  and  the  corrupt 
judges  that  Justice,  when  wronged  on  earth,  takes  refuge 
with  her  father  Zeus.  Here  we  meet  with  the  earliest  fable 
in  Greek  literature,  the  “ Hawk  and  the  Nightingale.”  The 
hawk  has  the  nightingale  in  his  clutches,  and  in  answer  to 
the  captive’s  complaint  reminds  her  that  “ might  is  right.” 
Here,  too,  the  poet  describes  the  “Five  Ages  "of  the  world 
— the  age  of  gold,  of  stiver,  of  bronze,  of  heroes  or  demigods 
(put  in,  apparently, to  make  a place  for  the  Homeric  heroes), 
and  of  iron,  in  which  the  poet  himself  has  the  misfor- 
tune to  live.  From  justice  the  theme  changes  to  work. 
“ Work,  foolish  Perses ; work  the  work  that  the  gods  have 
set  for  men.”  A man  who  means  to  work  should  provide 
himself  with  a house,  an  ox,  and  household  stuff,  and  that 
speedily,  for  delay  fills  no  granaries.  The  cry  of  the  crane 
is  the  signal  for  ploughing  : the  master  must  guide  the 
plough,  with  many  a prayer  to  Zeus  and  Demeter,  while 
a slave  follows  and  covers  up  the  seed,  “ to  give  trouble  to 
the  birds.”  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  42. 

Worksop  (werk'sop).  A town  in  Nottingham, 
England,  16  miles  east  by  south  of  Sheffield. 
Population,  16,112. 

Worldly  Wiseman  (werld'li  wiz'man),  Mr.  A 
character  in  Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress.” 
World’s  Fairs.  A series  of  international  ex- 
positions, the  most  important  of  which  were 
those  held  in  London  (1851  and  1862),  Paris 
(1855, 1867,  1878,  1889,  and  1900),  Vienna  (1873), 
Philadelphia  (1876),  and  Chicago  (1893).  The 
first  universal  exhibition  was  held  in  the  Crystal  Palace, 
Hyde  Park,  London,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Prince  Con- 
sort (May  1 to  Oct.  11,  1851).  The  total  number  of  visi- 
tors to  it  was  6,039,195.  The  total  attendance  at  the  W or  Id’s 
Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago  (May  1 to  Oct.  30,  1893) 
was  27,539,041 ; at  the  Paris  Exposition  (April  15  to  Nov.  12, 
1900)  it  was  about  50,000,000. 

Worlitz  (ver'lits).  A small  town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  37  miles  southeast  of  Magdeburg: 
famous  for  its  ducal  gardens  and  park,  palace, 
Gothic  house  (with  works  of  art),  etc. 

Worms  (vorms).  [G.  Worms,  MHG.  Worms, 
Wormeze,  Wormize,  etc.,  OHG.  Wormasza,  Wor- 
miza,  from  L.  Borbetomagus,  Borbitonmgus,  Gr. 
B op/3r)T6gayoc,  of  Celtic  origin.]  A city  in  the 
province  of  Rhine-Hesse,  grand  duchy  of  Hesse, 
situated  on  the  left  hank  of  the  Rhine,  in  lat. 
49°  38'  N.,  long.  8°  22'  E.  it  is  the  center  of  a rich 
wine-producing  region.  Its  cathedral  was  begun  in  the 
11th  and  finished  in  the  12th  century.  It  is  a fine  example 
of  Rhenish  Romanesque.  The  dimensions  are  423  by  87 
feet ; length  of  transepts,  120  ; height  of  nave,  105.  The 
baptistery,  on  the  south  side  of  the  cathedral,  is  of  the 
14th  century.  Worms  was  originally  the  Celtic  town  Bor- 
betomagus ; was  a Roman  town  until  the  6th  century ; 
became  the  capital  of  the  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  fa- 
mous from  its  connection  witli  the  German  heroic  cycle 
(Siegfried,  Kriemhild,  Brunhild,  the  Nibelungs);  was  one 
of  the  chief  German  cities  in  the  middle  ages;  and  from 
the  time  of  Charles  tile  Great  was  a frequent  royal  resi- 
dence and  the  seat  of  diets.  It  was  one  of  the  chief  places 
in  the  league  of  Rhenish  cities ; suffered  severely  in  the 
Thirty  Years’  War;  was  burned  by  the  French  in  1689; 
remained  a free  imperial  city  until  it  was  annexed  by 
France  in  1801  through  the  peace  of  Lmriville ; and  was 
ceded  to  Hesse- Darmstadt  in  1815.  (See  Concordat  of 
Worms.)  Population,  commune,  43,841. 

Worms.  The  German  name  of  Bormio, 
Italy. 

Worms  (vorms),  Gustave.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
21,  1837.  A noted  French  actor.  His  first  success 
was  in  Russia,  where  he  played  for  ten  years.  He  returned 
to  Paris  in  1875,  and  in  1877  appeared  at  the  ComSdie  Fran- 
9aise,  and  has  since  remained  one  of  the  chief  exponents 
of  the  modern  drama. 

Worms,  Diet  of.  A diet,  famous  in  the  history 
of  the  Reformation,  opened  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  at  Worms,  Jan.  28, 1521.  on  Marche 


1071 

Luther  was  cited  to  appear  before  the  diet,  and  he  arrived 
in  Worms  on  April  16.  On  April  17  and  18  he  appeared 
before  the  diet,  and  on  the  latter  day  refused  to  recant  and 
defended  his  position.  His  determination  was  expressed 
in  the  famous  words:  “Here  I stand.  I cannot  do  other- 
wise.! God  help  me.  Amen.” 

Worringen  (vor'ring-en).  A town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  nine 
miles  north-northwest  of  Cologne.  A victory  was 
gained  here,  June  12,  1288,  by  the  Duke  of  Brabant  and 
allies  over  the  Count  of  Gelderland. 

Worsaae  (vor'sa-e),  Jens  Jacob  Asmussen. 

Born  at  Veile,  Jutland,  March  14,  1821:  died 
near  Holhak,  Aug.  15,  1885.  A Danish  histo- 
rian and  antiquary.  He  was  director  of  the  Museum 
of  Northern  Antiquities,  etc.,  at  Copenhagen,  from  1S66. 
and  minister  of  public  worship  1874-75.  Among  his 
works  are  “Denmai  ks  Oldtid  ” (1843 : trans.  in  English  as 
“Primeval  Antiquities  of  Denmark”),  “Minder  om  de 
Danske  og  Nordmandene  i England,  Skotland,  og  Irland” 
(“Account  of  the  Danes  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land,” 1851),  “ De  Danskes  Erobering  af  England  og  Nor- 
mandiet”  (“  The  Danish  Conquest  of  England  and  Nor- 
mandy,” 1863),  etc. 

Worth  (vert).  A small  town  in  Lower  Alsace, 
situated  on  the  Sauer  25  miles  north  of  Stras- 
hurg. 

Worth,  Battle  of,  or  Battle  of  Froschweiler 
or  Reichshofen.  A victory  gained  near  Worth, 
Alsace,  Aug.  6,  1870,  by  the  Germans  under 
the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  over  the  French 
under  MacMahon.  The  German  loss  was  about 
10,000;  the  French  loss,  about  8,000,  and  9,000 
prisoners. 

Worth  (werth),  William  Jenkins.  Born  at 
Hudson,  N.  Y.,  March  1,  1794:  died  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  May  17,  1849.  An  American 
general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1813  ; fought  at  the 
battle  of  Niagara  in  1814,  and  was  promoted  major ; was 
superintendent  at  West  Point  after  the  war;  became 
commander  in  the  Seminole  war  in  1841,  which  he  ended; 
and  was  second  in  command  under  Taylor  at  the  opening 
of  the  Mexican  war.  He  gained  distinction  by  his  storming 
of  the  bishop’s  palace  at  the  battle  of  Monterey  in  1846  ; 
was  sent  to  join  General  Scott’s  army;  was  lire  vetted 
major-general ; fought  in  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo, 
Perote,  San  Antonio,  Churubusco,  Molino  del  Rey,  and 
Chapultepec,  and  took  part  in  the  occupation  of  the  city 
of  Mexico.  Later  he  commanded  in  Texas. 

Worthies  of  England,  History  of  the.  A 

biographical  work  by  Thomas  Fuller,  published 
after  his  death,  in  1662.  It  is  his  masterpiece. 
Worthing  (wer'THing).  A seaside  resort  in 
Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 11  miles  west  of  Brighton.  Population, 
20,015. 

Wotton  (wot'on),  Sir  Henry.  Born  atBocton 
(Boughton)  Malherbe,  Kent,  England,  1568: 
died  at  Eton,  Dec.,  1639.  An  English  diplo- 
matist and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
and  Oxford  ; and  went  on  the  Continent  in  1588,  where  he 
remained  until  1595.  In  1595  he  became  secretary  to  the 
Earl  of  Essex;  and  was  special  envoy  from  Tuscany  to 
James  VI.  of  Scotland  ; English  ambassador  to  Venice, 
Germany,  etc. ; and  in  1624  provost  of  Eton  College.  He 
wrote  poems,  various  Latin  pamphlets,  “The  Elements  of 
Architecture,’*  and  “State  of  Christendom.”  The  “Reli- 
quiie  Wottoniame”  (1651)  contains  most  of  his  works. 

Wotton,  William.  BornatWrentliam,  Suffolk, 
England,  Aug.  13,  1666 : died  at  Buxted,  Essex, 
Feb.  13,  1727.  An  English  clergyman  and 
Sch  olar.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
admitted  in  his  tenth  year.  He  was  a remarkable  instance 
of  precocity.  When  only  twelve  yeais  old  he  was  noted 
for  his  skill  in  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  three  or  four  of  the 
Eastern  tongues,  philosophy,  mathematics,  etc.  ; took  his 
degree  of  B.  A.  in  Jan.,  1679,  then  knowing  12  languages ; 
and  became  a fellow  of  St.  John’s  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1683.  He  became  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Nottingham  and 
rector  of  Middleton  Keynes,  Buckinghamshire,  in  1693, 
and  prebendary  of  Salisbury  in  1705.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  “ Reflections  upon  Ancient  and  Modern  Learn- 
ing” (1694). 

Would-be  (wud'he).  Sir  Politick  and  Lady. 

An  amusingly  important  politician  and  his 
pedantic  wife,  in  Jonson’s  “ Volpone.”  . 
Wouverman  (wou'ver-man),  orWouvermans 
(-miinz),  Philip.  Born  at  Haarlem,  Netherlands 
(baptized  May  24, 1019):  died  there, May  19,1668. 
A Dutch  painter,  famous  for  his  battle-pieces, 
hunting-scenes,  cavalry  skirmishes,  horses,  etc. 
His  works  are  in  Dresden,  Paris,  The  Hague,  Munich, 
Vienna,  etc.  Among  them  are  the  “Coup  de  Pistolet” 
(Buckingham  Palace)  and  “The  Watering-Place”  (Old 
Pinakothek,  Munich).  Some  of  his  works  have  been  con- 
founded with  those  of  his  brothers  Pieter  (1623-82?)  and 
Jan  (1629-66). 

Wrangel,  or  Wrangell  (vriing'el),  Baron  Fer- 
dinand von.  Born  at  Pskoff,  Russia,  Dec.  29, 
1796:  died  atDorpat,  June  6, 1870.  A Russian 
vice-admiral  and  explorer.  He  accompanied  an  ex- 
pedition  round  the  world  1817-19;  conducted  an  exploring 
expedition  in  the  arctic  regions  1820-24  ; and  was  chief  of 
an  expedition  round  the  world  1825-27.  Later  he  was  gov- 
ernor of  Russian  America,  and  director  of  the  Russian- 
American  Trading  Company,  lie  wrote  an  account  of  his 
expedition  in  Russian  (1841).  Extracts  from  his  journal 
were  published  in  German  in  1839. 

i This  sentence  is,  perhaps,  not  authentic. 


Wright,  Carroll  Davidson 

Wrangel,  Count  Friedrich  Heinrich  Ernst. 

Born  at  Stettin,  April  13,  1784:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Nov.  1,  1877.  A Prussian  field-marshal.  He 

served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars ; commanded  in  Schleswig- 
Holstein  and  in  Berlin  in  1S48 ; and  commanded  the  army 
against  Denmark  in  1864. 

Wrangel,  Count  Karl  Gustav.  _ Born  Dec.  13, 
1613:  died  in  Riigen,  June  24, 1676.  A Swedish 
field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  army  and  navy  in  the 
Thirty  Years’  War;  succeeded  Torstenson  as  commander- 
in-chief  ; with  Turenne  defeated  the  Imperialists  and  Ba- 
varians at  Zusmarshausen  May  17,  1648 ; commanded  in 
the  wars  against  Poland  and  Denmark;  commanded  against 
Brandenburg  in  1674 ; and  was  defeated  at  Fehrbellin  in 
1675. 

Wrangell  (rang'gel),  Mount.  A mountain  in 
Alaska,  northwest  of  Mount  St.  Elias.  Height, 
not  more  than  17,500  feet  (United  States  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey). 

Wrangel  Land,  or  Wrangell  Land,  or  New 
Columbia  (ko-lum'bi-a).  [Named  for  F.  von 
Wrangel.]  An  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
north  of  Siberia,  about  lat.  71°-72°  N.,  long. 
179°-180°  W. : discovered  by  Kellet  in  1849. 
Wrath  (rath),  Cape.  The  northwestern  head- 
land of  Scotland,  in  lat.  58°  38'  N.,  long.  5°  W. 
Wraxall  (rak'sal),  Sir  Nathaniel  William. 
Bom  at  Bristol,  April  8,  1751:  died  at  Dover, 
Nov.  7, 1831.  An  English  historical  writer.  He 
went  to  Bombay,  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company, 
in  1769 ; remained  in  India  till  1772  ; spent  a number  of 
years  in  travel ; and  entered  Parliament  in  1780.  He  was 
the  author  of  “ Memoirs  of  the  Kings  of  France  of  the 
Race  of  Valois,  etc.”  (1777),  “History  of  France”  (1785), 
and  several  volumes  of  contemporary  memoirs  (among 
them  “Historical  Memoirs  of  My  Own  Time,  1772-1784,” 
published  in  1815).  His  own  “ Memoirs  ” were  published 
in  1836. 

Wray,  John.  See  Bay. 

Wrayburn  (ra'bern) , Eugene.  A light-hearted, 
sarcastic,  flippant,  clever  young  attorney,  the 
rival  of  Bradley  Headstone,  and  nearly  mur- 
dered by  him:  a character  in  Charles  Dickens’s 
“ Our  Mutual  Friend.”  He  is  afterward  mar- 
ried to  Lizzie  Hexam. 

Wrede  (vra'de),  Prince  Karl  Philipp.  Born 
at  Heidelberg,  April  29, 1767 : died  at  Ellingen, 
Dec.  12,  1838.  A Bavarian  field-marshal.  He 
served  as  major-general  with  the  Austrians  at  Hohenlinden 
in  1800 ; commanded  the  Bavarian  forces  in  alliance  with 
the  French  in  the  campaigns  of  1805, 1807,  and  1809 ; took 
part  in  the  conquest  of  Tyrol  in  1809 ; served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Wagram  in  1809;  commanded  the  Bavarian  con- 
tingent in  the  invasion  of  Russia  in  1812 ; went  over  to  the 
Allies  in  1813;  was  defeated  by  the  French  at  Hanau  in 
1813;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  La  Rothifere  in  1814 ; was 
distinguished  at  Rosny,  Bar-sur-Auhe,  and  Arcis-sur-Aube 
in  1814  ; took  part  in  the  Congress  of  Vienna  1814-15  ; and 
was  generalissimo  of  the  Bavarian  army  in  1822. 

Wren  (ren),  Sir  Christopher.  Born  at  East 
Knoyle,  Wiltshire,  England,  Oct.  20, 1632:  died 
at  Hampton  Court,  Feb.  25,  1723.  A celebrated 
English  architect.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School  and  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford ; and  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Gresham  College  in  1667 ; Savilian 
professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford  in  1660 ; and  deputy  sur- 
veyor-general of  public  works  in  1661.  He  designed  the 
fortifications  of  Tangier  in  1663  ; was  created  president  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  1680 ; and  designed  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
(which  see).  Among  his  other  designs  were  the  cloister  and 
chapel  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  (1656),  and  the  central 
spire  of  Lichfield  Cathedral  (1662-69).  He  was  appointed 
on  a committee  for  the  survey  of  Old  St.  Paul’s  (1663) ; and 
designed  Pembroke  College  Chapel,  Cambridge  (1663-65). 
He  was  surveyor  at  Greenwich  (1663-67),  and  designed  the 
Sheldonian  Theatre,  Oxford  (1664-69).  On  Oct.  4, 1666,  he 
was  appointed  on  a committee  with  May,  Pratt,  and  others, 
to  survey  the  ruins  of  London  after  the  fire,  and  to  make 
plans  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  burned  district ; was 
appointed  surveyor-general  of  all  the  royal  works  in  1669; 
and  built  Mary-le-Bow,  Cheapside  (1667-71),  Temple  Bar, 
Fleet  street  (which  see),  the  “Monument,"  202  feet  high 
(1671-81),  St.  Bride,  Fleet  street  (1671-80),  St.  Stephen’s, 
Walbrook  (1677-79),  Drury  Lane  Theatre  (which  see),  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich  (1675),  and  Hampton  Court  Palace 
for  King  William  III.  (1690).  He  built  the  Royal  Naval 
Hospital  (1692-1716),  giving  his  services  without  compen- 
sation. In  1706  he  remodeled  St.  Stephen’s  Chapel  for  the 
enlarged  membership  (Scottish)  of  Parliament  (see  West- 
minster Palace,  St.  Stephen’s  Chapel) ; in  1709-10  Marlbor- 
ough House,  Pall  Mall;  and  in  1713  designed  the  towers 
of  Westminster  Abbey  — largely,  however,  built  under  the 
supervision  of  his  assistant. 

Wren,  Jenny.  See  Cleaver,  Fanny. 

Wrestlers  (resT6rz),  The.  A Greek  original 
group,  of  marble,  in  the  Tribuna  of  the  Uffizi, 
Florence.  It  represents  two  youths  struggling  to  the 
utmost  stretch  of  every  muscle,  though  one  is  already  van- 
quished. The  composition  is  skilful,  and  the  technical 
knowledge  and  execution  are  remarkable. 

Wrexham  (reks'am).  A town  in  Denbighshire, 
Wales,  25  miles  south  of  Liverpool.  It  has  a 
quoted  church.  Popula  tion,  14,966. 

Wright  (rit),  Carroll  Davidson.  Born  at  Dun- 
barton, N.  Hr,  July  25,  1840:  died  at  Worces- 
ter, Mass.,  Feb.  20,  1909.  An  American  stat- 
istician. He  served  in  tyie  Union  army  in  the  Civil 
War ; was  chief  of  the  Massachusetts  bureau  of  labor  sta- 
tistlcs_  1873-88 ; and  was  appointed  first  commissioner  of 
labor  in  the  Interior  Department,  Washington,  in  1884.  He 
has  published  various  reports  of  Massachusetts  censuses, 


Wright,  Carroll  Davidson 

statistics  of  labor,  “The  Factory  System  of  the  United 
States ” (1882),  “ Convict  Labor  ” (1886),  “Strikes  and  Lock- 
outs ” (1887),  etc. 

Wright,  George  Frederick.  Born  at  Whitehall , 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  22,  1838.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  geologist,  professor  of  New 
Testament  language  and  literature  at  Oberlin 
Theological  Seminary  1881-92,  professor  of  the 
Harmony  of  Science  and  Revelation  1892,  and 
connected  with  the  U.  S.  Survey  1884-92.  Hehas 
written  “Logic  of  Christian  Evidences  '’  (1880),  “Studies  in 
Science  and  Religion  " (1882),  “Glacial  Boundary  in  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Kentucky”  (1884),  “Ice  Age  in  North  Amer- 
ica ” (1889),  “ Man  and  the  Glacial  Period  ” (1892),  etc. 

Wright,  Horatio  Governeur.  Born  at  Clinton, 
Conn.,  March  6, 1820:  died  at  Washington,  D.C., 
July2,1899.  AnAmerican  general  and  engineer. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841 ; served  as  engineer 
at  Bull  Run  and  in  the  Port  Royal  expedition  in  1861 ; 
served  in  Florida  in  1862  as  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers ; became  major-general  of  volunteers  in  July,  1862; 
commanded  the  Department  of  the  Ohio  1862-63 ; was  di- 
vision commander  in  the  army  of  the  Potomac  1863-64 ; 
and  succeeded  to  thecommand  of  the  6th  corpsin  May,  1864. 
He  took  part  in  the  defense  of  Washington  in  1864,  and  in 
the  Shenandoah  campaign  (especially  at  Cedar  Creek),  and 
pierced  the  lines  at  Petersburg  April  2,  1865.  He  was 
brevetted  major-general  in  the  United  States  army  in  1865, 
and  later  was  chief  of  engineers.  He  retired  in  1884. 
Wright,  Joseph.  Born  at  Derby,  England,  Sept, 
3,  1734:  died  there,  Aug.  29,  1797.  An  English 
portrait-,  landscape-,  and  genre-painter : known 
as  “Wright  of  Derby.”  He  was  a pupil  of  Hudson, 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds’s  master,  and  originally  painted  por- 
traits only,  in  which  he  was  a rival  of  Gainsborough. 
Wright,  Joseph.  Born  at  Bordentown,  N.  J., 
July  16,  1756:  died  at  Philadelphia,  1793.  An 
American  portrait-painter.  He  studied  in  London 
and  Paris ; settled  in  New  York  in  1787 ; removed  to  Phila- 
delphiain  1790;  and  became  die-sinker  to  the  mint  in  1792. 
He  painted  General  and  Mrs.  Washington,  Madison,  John 
Jay,  and  other  distinguished  persons. 

Wright,  Silas.  Born  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  May 
24,  1795:  died  at  Canton,  N.  Y.,  Ang.  27,  1847. 
An  American  statesman.  He  graduated  at  Middle- 
bury  College  in  1815;  studied  law;  settled  at  Canton,  St. 
Lawrence  County,  New  York,  and  became  surrogate  of  St. 
Lawrence  County  and  later  State  senator;  was  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1827-29 ; was  comp- 
troller of  the  State  of  New  York  1829-33 ; was  United 
States  senator  1833-44 ; and  was  governor  of  New  York 
1845^47.  He  opposed  the  anti-rent  rioters,  and  declined 
several  cabinet  offices  and  foreign  missions. 

W right,  Thomas.  Born  near  Ludlow,  England, 
April  23, 1810:  died  at  London,  Dec.  23, 1877.  An 
English  antiquary  and  historian.  Hewasoneof  the 
founders  of  the  Percy,  Camden,  and  Shakspere  societies, 
and  the  British  Archaeological  Association.  He  directed 
the  excavation  of  Uriconium.  His  numerous  works  in- 
clude “Early  English  Poetry,"  in  black  letter  (1836),  an 
edition  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth’s  “ Life  of  Merlin  " (with 
Michel,  1838),  “ Queen  Elizabeth  and  her  Times,”  a series 
of  original  letters  (1838).  He  edited  “Political  Songs  of 
England"  (1839),  “Reliquiae  Antiquee”  (with  Halliwell, 
1839),  “Political  Ballads”  (1841), Map  s Latin  poems  (1841), 
“The  Vision  and  Creed  of  Piers  Plowman”  (1842),  “Bio- 
graphia  Literaria”  (1842),  “The  Chester  Plays”  (1843-47), 
“ Anecdota  Literaria ” (1844),  “ The  Archaeological  Album  ” 
(1845).  He  also  wrote  “Essays  on  Subjects  Connected  with 
the  Literature,  Popular  Superstitions,  and  History  of  Eng- 
land in  the  Middle  Ages”(1846);  edited“The  Canterbury 
Tales"  (1847-51),  “Early  Travels  in  Palestine”  (1848),  and 
various  editions  of  Early  English  works ; wrote  “England 
under  the  House  of  Hanover,  illustrated  from  the  Cari- 
catures and  Satires  of  the  Day  ” (1848 : a new  edition  in  1868, 
entitled  “Caricature  History  of  the  Georges,  etc."),  “His- 
tory of  Ireland”  (1848-52),  “Narratives  of  Sorcery  and 
Magic  "(1851),  “The  Celt,  the  Roman,  and  the  Saxon  ’’  (1852), 
“ Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and  Expositor  of  the 
English  Language  ” (1852-56),  “ History  of  Scotland  ” (1852- 
1857),  “Wanderings  of  an  Antiquary  ”(1854),  “Dictionary 
of  Obsolete  and  Provincial  English  ” (1857),  “A  Volume 
of  Vocabularies  ” (1857),  ‘ ‘ History  of  King  Arthur  and  the 
Knights  of  theRound  Table, ’’com  piled  from  Malory(1858), 
“History  of  France”  (1858-62),  “ Les  cent  nouvelles  nou- 
velles  ” (medieval  tales,  1858),  descriptions  of  Uriconium, 
“Political  Poems  and  Songs  relating  to  English  History” 
(1859-61),  “Essays  on  Archeological  Subjects”  (1861), 
“ Domestic  Manners  and  Sentiments  in  England  during 
the  Middle  Ages  ’’  (1S62) ; edited  Giraldus  Cambrensis 
(1863);  wrote  a “History  of  Caricature  and  Grotesque" 
(1865) ; translated,  at  the  author’s  request,  Napoleon’s 
“ Vie  de  Jules  COsar  ” (1865-66) ; and  wrote  “ Womankind  in 
Western  Europe ” (1869),  “Uriconium  ”(1872),  and  “ Anglo- 
Latin  Satirical  Poets  of  the  Twelfth  Century  ” (1877). 

Wright.  William  Aldis.  Born  about  1836. 
An  English  writer  and  editor.  He  was  a graduate 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  and  became  its  librarian, 
andinl888  its  vice-master.  He  edited  “Bacon’s  Essays,  etc.” 
(1862),  “The  Cambridge  Shakspere  ” (with  William  George 
Clark,  1863-66),  the  “Globe  Edition”  of  Shakspere  (with 
W.  G.  Clark,  1864),-“The  Bible  Word-book  ” (with  J.  East- 
wood,  1866),  Bacon’s  “ Advancement  of  Learning  ” (1869), 
and  a number  of  Early  English  texts. 

Wriothesley  (rots'li  or  rot'es-li).  Henry,  third 
Earl  of  Southampton.  Born  Oct.  6,  1573:  died 
in  the  Netherlands,  Nov.  10,  1624.  An  English 
politician  and  soldier:  a friend  of  Shakspere 
who  dedicated  to  him  “ Venus  and  Adonis”  and 
“ The  Rape  of  LucreceT  He  was  accused  of  taking 
part  in  the  treason  of  Essex.  He  was  a leading  colonizer 
of  North  America,  and  governor  of  the  Virginia  Company. 
Wroxeter  ( rok'se-ter).  A village  in  Shropshire, 


1072 

England,  situated  on  the  Severn  5 miles  south- 
east of  Shrewsbury.  It  is  on  the  site  of  the 
Roman  city  of  Uriconium. 

Wulfila.  See  Ulfilas. 

Wiilker  (vulk'er),  Richard  Paul.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  July  29,  1845:  died 
Feb.  8,  1910.  A German  student  of  Old  Eng- 
lish philology,  professor  at  Leipsic  1875-1910. 
In  1876  he  became  the  editor  of  “Anglia.” 
Wun  (won).  A former  district  in  Berar,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  78° 
30'  E.  Area,  3,910  square  miles.  Incorporated 
since  1905  in  the  New  Yeotmal  District. 

W underlich  ( von  'der-lich ) , Kar  1 August.  Born 
at  Sulz  on  the  Neckar,  Aug.  4,  1815:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Sept.  25,  1877.  A German  physician 
and  medical  writer,  professor  at  Leipsic  from 
1850.  His  chief  work  is  “Handbueh  der  Pa- 
★thologie  und  Therapie”  (1846-54). 

Wundt  (vont),  Wilhelm  Max.  Born  at  Neck- 
arau,  Baden,  Aug.  16,  1832.  A distinguished 
German  physiologist  and  psychologist,  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Leipsic  from  1875.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Die  Lehre  von  der  Musk elbewegung''(  1858), 
“ Vorlesungen  fiber  die  Menschen-  und  Tierseele  ” (1863), 
“Lehrbuch  der  Physiologic  des  Menschen  "(1865),  “Grund- 
zfige  derphysiologischen  Psychologie  ” (1874 : 2d  ed.  1880), 
“ Logik  ” (1880-83),  “ Ethik  ” (1886),  etc. 

Wupper  (vop'per),  or  Wipper  (vip'per).  A 
river  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  which 
joins  the  Rhine  7 miles  north  of  Cologne.  Its 
valley  contains  the  manufacturing  towns  Elberfeld,  Bar- 
men, Solingen,  etc.  Length,  65  miles. 

Wurmser  (vorm'zer),  Count  Dagobert  Sig- 
mund von.  Born  in  Alsace,  May  7, 1724:  died  at 
Vienna,  Aug.  27, 1797.  An  Austrian  field-mar- 
shal. He  entered  the  French  army  in  1741 ; served  in  the 
Seven  Years’ War;  entered  the  Austrian  service  as  colonel 
in  1762 ; became  a lieutenant  field-marshal ; and  served 
in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession  (capturing  Habel- 
schwerdt  Jan.  18,  1779).  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
France  in  1793  he  crossed  the  Rhine  at  the  head  of  an 
army  corps ; conquered  at  Rohrbach  June  29,  at  G’ermers- 
heim  July  5,  and  at  Esslingen  July  27,  and  aided  in  the 
capture  of  the  Weissenburg  lines;  but  was  obUged  to 
recross  the  Rhine  in  December.  He  defeated  the  French 
near  Mannheim  Oct.  23  and  29,  1795,  and  captured  Mann- 
heim. In  1796  he  was  appointed  commander  in  Italy 
against  Napoleon,  but  was  defeated  by  him  at  Castiglione, 
Roveredo,  and  Bassano,  and  was  besieged  in  Mantua  and 
forced  to  surrender  Feb.  2,  1797. 

Wurschen  (vorsh'en).  A village  near  Bautzen, 
Saxony : the  headquarters  of  the  sovereigns  of 
Russia  and  Prussia  at  the  battle  of  Bautzen 
in  May,  1813,  whence  the  battle  is  sometimes 
called  the  battle  of  Wurschen. 

Wiirtemberg,  G.  Wiirttemberg  (viirt'tem- 
bero),  formerly  Wirtemberg.  A kingdom  of 
southern  Germany,  and  a state  of  the  German 
Empire,  the  third  in  area  and  the  fourth  in 
population.  Capital,  Stuttgart.  It  is  bounded  by 
Bavaria  on  the  northeast,  east,  and  southeast,  by  Lake 
Constance  on  the  south,  and  by  Baden  on  the  southwest, 
west,  and  northwest.  It  nearly  incloses  Hohenzollern, 
and  has  exclaves  in  Hohenzollern  and  Baden.  The  Black 
Forest  is  in  the  southwest,  and  the  Swabian  Jura  traverses 
the  country  from  southwest  to  northeast.  The  chief  rivers 
are  the  Neckar  and  Danube.  It  is  an  agricultural  country, 
producing  wheat,  oats,  hemp,  barley,  potatoes,  hops,  wine, 
timber,  etc. ; it  has  also  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  paper,  machinery,  musical  instruments,  linen, 
clocks,  beer,  arms,  powder,  etc.  Wiirtemberg  is  divided 
into  four  circles  (Kreise):  Neckar,  Jagst,  Black  Forest, 
and  Danube.  The  government  is  a hereditary  constitu- 
tional monarchy.  The  estates  of  the  realm  consist  of  an 
upper  chamber  and  a second  chamber.  It  sends  4 repre- 
sentatives to  the  Bundesrat  and  17  to  the  Reichstag. 
Over  two  thirds  of  the  population  are  Protestant,  and  less 
than  one  third  P,oman  Catholic.  The  early  inhabitants  of 
this  region  were  the  Suevi.  It  was  partly  under  Roman 
rule  from  the  1st  to  the  3d  century ; was  overrun  by  the 
Alamanni,  who  were  conquered  by  Clovis;  and  formed 
part  of  the  duchy  of  Swabia.  The  real  history  of  Wur- 
temberg  begins  in  the  13th  century  with  its  counts.  Count 
Eberhard  im  Bart  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  duke  in  1495. 
Wiirtemberg  suffered  in  the  Thirty  Years’  War;  ceded 
Montbeliard  to  France  (which  had  seized  it  in  1793)  in 
1796 ; received  considerable  territory  in  1803,  and  the 
electorate;  became  a kingdom  in  1806,  and  joined  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine;  sided  with  the  Allies  in 
1813;  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation;  received  a 
constitution  in  1819;  was  the  scene  of  liberal  movements 
in  1848-50 : and  sided  with  Austria  in  1866.  and  was  forced 
to  pay  an  indemnity.  It  entered  the  German  Empire  in 
187L  Area,  7,534  square  miles.  Population,  2,337,087. 

Wurtz  (viirts),  Charles  Adolphe.  Born  at 
Strasburg,  Nov.  26,  1817:  died  at  Paris,  May 
12,  1884.  A noted  French  chemist,  successor 
of  Dumas  (1853)  as  professor  of  organic  chem- 
istry at  the  Sorbonne,  and  of  Orfila  as  professor 
of  toxicology  at  the  Feole  de  M6decine,  and 
dean  of  the  medical  faculty  1866-76. 
Wurzburg  (vurts'borG).  An  ancient  bishopric 
andprincipalitv of  the  GermanEmpire,  founded 
in  741  (?).  The  greater  part  of  it  was  granted  to  Bavaria 
in  1803;  it  was  given  to  the  former  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany 
in  1805,  and  made  an  electorate  ; entered  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine  in  1806  and  became  a grand  duchy ; and  was 
ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1815. 


Wycherley 

Wiirzburg.  The  capital  of  Lower  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  in  lat.  49°  47' 
N.,  long.  9°  54'  E.  It  is  a commercial  center,  and  has 
manufactures  of  tobacco,  beer,  railway-carriages,  etc.  It 
contains  the  former  episcopal  (now  royal)  palace,  begun 
in  1720  in  the  rococo  style,  and  one  of  the  most  effective 
examples  of  its  type.  It  measures  550  by  290  feet.  The 
grand  staircase  is  unusuaUy  fine,  and  like  the  chapel  is 
frescoed  by  Tiepolo.  The  University  of  Wurzburg  was 
founded  in  1403,  but  was  soon  discontinued,  and  was  re- 
founded in  1582.  It  became  noted  especially  for  its  medical 
department.  Wiirzburg  was  the  capital  of  the  old  princi- 
pality of  Wurzburg,  and  the  capital  of  a grand  duchy  in 
Napoleonic  times.  Its  citadel  was  bombarded  by  the  Prus- 
sians July  27,  1866,  and  the  town  was  entered  by  the 
Prussians  Aug.  2.  Population,  commune,  80,327. 
Wuthering  Heights  (wuTH'er-ing  hitz).  A 
novel  by  Emily  Bronte,  published  under  the 
nom  de  plume  of  Ellis  Bell  in  1846. 

Wu  Ting  Fang  (wo  ting  fang).  Born  in  the 
province  of  Ewangtung,  China.  A contempo- 
rary Chinese  scholar  and  diplomat.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Canton,  Hong-Kong,  and  Lincoln's  Inn,  London, 
and  was  called  to  the  English  bar.  He  was  appointed 
viceroy  of  Chi-li  in  1882 ; was  minister  of  China  to  the 
United  States,  Spain,  and  Peru,  1897-1902 ; and  was  minister 
to  the  United  States  1907-09. 

Wuttke  (vot'ke),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Brieg, 
Sil_esia,  Feb.  12, 1818 : died  at  Leipsic,  June  14, 

1876.  A German  historian  and  politician : one 
of  the  founders  of  the  “Great  German  ” party. 

Wuttke,  Karl  Friedrich  Adolf.  Born  at 
Breslau,  Nov.  18,  1819  : died  at  Halle,  April  12, 
1870.  A German  Protestant  theologian  and  his- 
torian, professor  at  Halle  from  1861. 
Wyandot,  or  Wyandotte  (wl'an-dot),  or  Wan- 
dot  (won'dot).  [The  name  probably  means 
‘ islanders,’  or  ‘ dwellers  on  a peninsula.’  The 
French  name  was  Huron,  from  the  French  hure, 
the  arrangement  of  the  hair  by  the  tribe  sug- 
gesting the  bristles  of  a wild  boar.]  A tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  When  first  known 
(about  1615)  they  occupied  a narrow  territory 
between  Georgian  Bay  and  Lake  Simeoe  in 
Ontario.  They  were  then  at  war  with  the  Iroquois,  and 
the  contest  was  continued  until  their  defeat  by  the  latter 
in  1648-49,  when  many  fled  to  the  Tionontati,  and  with 
them  were  driven  from  place  to  place.  The  present  name 
came  into  use  after  the  removal  of  part  of  the  tribe  to- 
gether with  the  Tionontati,  then  incorporated  in  it,  from 
Detroit  to  Sandusky  in  1751.  Subsequently  they  spread 
along  the  whole  south  and  west  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  and 
acquired  a permanent  influence  among  the  tribes  of  the 
region.  They  sided  with  the  French  until  the  close  of  Pon- 
tiac’s war,  and  afterward  supported  the  British  in  the  War 
of  1812.  They  now  number  about  400,  chiefly  in  Oklahoma. 
Wyandotte  (wi'an-dot).  A city  in  Wayne 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Detroit  River 
10  miles  south-southwest  of  Detroit.  Popula- 
tion, 8,287,  (1910). 

Wyandotte.  A novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1843. 

Wyandotte  Cave.  A cave  in  Crawford  County, 
southern  Indiana,  situated  near  Leavenworth : 
noted  for  its  extensive  chambers  and  its  sta- 
lactites and  stalagmites.  Length,  22  miles. 
Wyandotte  Constitution.  The  constitution 
under  which  Kansas  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 
adopted  at  Wyandotte  (now  a part  of  Kansas 
City,  Kan.) in  1859. 

Wyant  (wi'ant),  Alexander  H.  Born  at  Port 

Washington,  Ohio,  Jan.  11,  1836:  died  at  New 
York,  Nov.  29, 1892.  An  American  landscape- 
painter.  He  studied  in  Germany,  and  settled  in  New 
York  in  1864.  He  suffered  a stroke  of  paralysis  about 

1877,  and  afterward  painted  with  his  left  hand. 

Wyat,  Sir  Thomas.  See  Wyatt. 

Wyatt  (wi'at),  or  Wyat  (wi'at),  Sir  Thomas. 
Born  in  Kent,  1503 : died  at  Sherborne,  Dorset- 
shire, Oct.  11,  1542.  An  English  diplomatist  and 
poet,  sent  by  Henry  Yin.  on  various  diplomatic 
missions.  He  wrote  the  first  English  sonnets,  and  his 
poems  were  printed  with  Surrey’s  in  1557. 

Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas, “ The  Younger.”  Born  about 
1520:  executed  at  London,  April  11,  1554.  Son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt.  He  commanded  at  Boulogne ; 
joined  with  the  Duke  of  Suffolk  in  favor  of  Lady  Jane 
Grey  and  against  Queen  Mary  1553-54 ; and  led  the  men 
of  Kent  against  London  in  Feb.,  1554,  but  was  captured. 
Webster  and  Dekker  wrote  a play  on  the  subject,  called 
“The  Famous  History  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt.”  It  was 
printed  in  1607. 

Wyatt’s  Rebellion.  The  unsuccessful  insur- 
rection against  Queen  Mary  and  in  favor  of 
Lady  Jane  Grey,  led  by  the  Duke  of  Suffolk  and 
Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  1553-54. 

Wyborg.  See  Yiborg. 

Wycherley  (wich'er-li),  William.  Born  at 

Clive,  near  Shrewsbury,  England,  about  1640: 
died  at  London,  Jan.  1,  1716.  An  English 
dramatist.  He  went  to  France  when  quite  young,  and 
mingled  in  the  society  of  the  prdcienses  at  the  Hdtel  de 
Rambouillet.  On  returning  he  went  to  Oxford,  and  laterto 
the  Middle  Temple,  and  studied  law  ; became  a courtier  at 


Wycherley 

the  court  of  Charles  II. ; and  was  imprisoned  several  years 
for  debt  after  the  death  of  his  first  wife,  the  Countess  of 
Drogheda,  whose  fortune  involved  him  in  litigation.  James 
II.  set  him  free,  gave  him  a pension,  and  paid  his  debts 
out  of  admiration  for  his  play  “The  Plain  Dealer."  In 
1715  he  married  again,  but  died  shortly  after.  He  wrote 
the  plays  “Love  in  a Wood"  (1672),  “The  Gentleman  Dan- 
cing Master”  (1672),  “The Country  Wife” (1673), and  “The 
Plain  Dealer"  (1677). 

Wych  (wich)  street.  A London  street  which 
opens  behind  Holywell  street,  close  to  the  en- 
trance of  Clement’s  Inn.  It  contains  some  curious 
old  houses,  and  is  very  narrow.  This  street  is  famous 
in  the  annals  of  London  thieving  for  the  exploits  of  Jack 
Sheppard,  who  gave  rendezvous  to  his  boon  companions 
at  the  White  Lion  (now  pulled  down)  in  White  Lion  Pas- 
sage. It  was  from  the  Angel  Inn  in  Wych  street  that 
Bishop  Hooper,  in  1554,  was  taken  to  die  for  his  faith  at 
Gloucester.  Bare,  London,  I.  45. 

Wyclif,  or  Wycliffe,  or  Wiclif,  or  Wickliffe 
(wik'lif),  John.  Born  at  Spreswel  (thought 
to  be  either  Hipswell  or  Barford),  near  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  about  1324:  died  at  Lutter- 
worth, Leicestershire,  Dec.  31,  1384.  A cele- 
brated English  religious  reformer,  called  “the 
Morning  Star  of  the  Reformation.”  He  was  a 
fellow,  and  later  (1360)  master,  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford ; 
and  became  rector  of  Fillingham,  Lincolnshire,  in  the  same 
year,  and  in  1368  of  Ludgershall,  Buckinghamshire,  and 
in  1374  of  Lutterworth.  (The  warden  of  Canterbury  Hall 
1365-67  was  probably  another  John  Wyclif,  of  Merton, 
Oxford,  vicar  of  Mayfield : there  is  much  confusion  be- 
tween the  early  life  of  these  two.)  He  went  with  John  of 
Gaunt  as  royal  ambassador  to  confer  with  papal  nuncios  at 
Bruges  in  1374 ; was  a popular  preacher  in  London ; and  was 
summoned  before  Convocation  in  1377  as  an  enemy  to  Rome 
on  account  of  his  attacks  on  the  inordinate  arrogance  and 
wealth  and  power  of  the  higher  clergy  (this  blow  was 
really  aimed  at  John  of  Gaunt).  The  Pope  signed  five 
bulls  against  him,  authorizing  his  imprisonment.  The 
schism  in  the  papacy,  due  to  the  election  of  Clement  VII. 
in  place  of  Urban  VI.,  induced  him  to  throw  off  his  alle- 
giance to  the  papacy.  He  opposed  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiation  at  Oxford  in  1380 ; was  condemned  by  the  uni- 
versity ; and  his  party  was  opposed  and  persecuted  by 
Courtenay  (archbishop  of  Canterbury)  and  others  in  1382. 
He  went  back  to  Lutterworth,  where  he  wrote  ceaselessly 
and  fearlessly  against  papal  claims,  and  in  opposition  to 
mere  formalism.  On  Dec.  28,  1384,  he  was  seized  with 
paralysis  while  hearing  mass,  and  died  in  a few  days.  In 
1428  his  bones  were  exhumed,  burned,  and  their  ashes 
cast  into  the  Swift,  by  order  of  the  Synod  of  Constance. 
He  made  the  first  complete  translation  of  the  Bible  into 
English  (about  1382)  from  the  V ulgate,  assisted  by  Nicholas 


1073 

of  Hereford.  The  latter  translated  the  Old  Testament 
and  the  apocryphal  books  to  about  the  third  chapter  of 
the  Book  of  Baruch.  Wyclif  certainly  translated  the  Gos- 
pels (probably  about  1360),  and  presumably  all  the  rest. 
He  wrote  many  tracts  and  sermons:  “De  Juramento  Ar- 
naldi,”  “ Trialogus,”  “De  officio  pastorali,"  “ De  ecclesia,” 
“De  benedicta  incarnatione,”  “De  Dominio  divino,”  etc. 
His  works  were  edited  by  the  Wyclif  Society  1882-92. 

Wyclifites,  or  Wycliffites  (wik'lif-its).  The 
followers  of  Wyclif : commonly  called  Lollards. 
Wyclif’s  doctrines,  propagated  in  his  lifetime,  and  later 
by  open-air  preachers  called  “ poor  priests,"  largely  coin- 
cided with  the  later  teachings  of  Luther. 

Wycombe  (wl'kom),  or  High  Wycombe,  or 
Chipping  WycombeCchip'ingwi'kgm).  Atown 
in  Buckinghamshire,  England,  31  miles  west- 
northwest  of  London.  It  has  manufactures  of 
chairs  and  lace.  Population,  15,542. 

Wye  (wi).  A river  in  Wales  and  England,  it 
forms  in  its  lower  course  the  boundary  bttween  Mon- 
mouthshire and  Gloucestershire,  and  joins  the  estuary  of 
the  Severn  near  Chepstow,  11  miles  north  by  west  of  Bristol. 
It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  Length,  about 
130  miles;  navigable  for  barges  to  Hereford. 

Wygo,  or  Vigo  (ve'go),  Lake.  A lake  in  the 
government  of  Olonetz,  Russia,  30  miles  north 
of  Lake  Onega.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Wyg  to  the 
Bay  of  Onega.  Length,  45  miles. 

Wykeham,  William  of.  See  William  of  WyJce- 
ham. 

Wyman  (wi'man),  Jeffries.  Born  at  Chelms- 
ford, Mass.,  Aug.  11,  1814:  died  at  Bethlehem, 
N.  TL,  Sept.  4,  1874.  An  American  compara- 
tive anatomist.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1833; 
was  professor  at  Hampden-Sidney  College,  Virginia,  1843- 
1847 ; and  became  professor  of  anatomy  at  Harvard  in 
1847.  He  founded  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Anato- 
my ; was  curator  of  the  Peabody  Museum ; and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.  He  lec- 
tured on  comparative  anatomy  and  physiology  before  the 
Lowell  Institute  in  1849.  He  published  technical  works. 

Wyndham  (win'dam),  Sir  Charles.  Born  in 
1841.  An  English  actor.  He  studied  medicine,  but 
preferred  the  stage.  He  went  to  the  United  States  in  1862, 
and  first  appeared  at  Washington.  He  then  served  for 
some  time  as  surgeon  in  the  19th  army  corps.  He  made 
his  first  appearance  in  London  in  1868,  returned  to  Amer- 
ica the  next  year,  and  has  since  been  successful  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Since  1876  he  has  managed  the  Cri- 
terion, London,  and  has  opened  Wyndham’s  Theatre  and 
the  New  Theatre,  London.  He  was  knighted  in  1902. 


Wythe 

Wynkin  de  Worde.  See  Worde. 

Wyntoun,  or  Winton  (win'ton),  Andrew  of. 

Lived  in  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  A 
Scottish  chronicler,  canon  of  St.  Andrews.  He 
wrote  a chronicle  of  Scotland  (ed.  by  D.  Laing 
1872-79). 

Wyoming  (wi-o'ming).  A State  of  the  United 
States,  bounded  by  Montana,  South  Dakota, 
Nebraska,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Idaho.  Capital, 
Cheyenne.  The  surface  is  mountainous  (the  Rocky 
Mountains),  the  chief  ranges  being  the  Medicine  Bow, 
Laramie,  Sweet  Water,  Big  Horn,  Wind  River,  Absaroka, 
Teton,  and  Shoshone.  The  leading  industry  is  stock-rais- 
ing. There  are  also  valuable  coal-mines  and  copper-mines. 
It  contains  21  counties,  has  2 senators,  and  sends  1 repre- 
sentative to  Congress.  Wyoming  was  included  in  large 
part  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase  ; belonged  formerly  to  Da- 
kota Territory ; was  organized  as  a Territory  in  1868 ; and 
was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1890.  Area,  97,890  square 
miles.  Population,  145,965,  (1910). 

Wyoming  Valley.  A valley  in  Luzerne  County, 
Pennsylvania,  traversed  by  the  North  Branch 
of  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  very  fertile,  and  contains 
beds  of  anthracite  coal.  It  was  settled  in  1762  and  later 
years  by  colonists  from  Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania ; 
and  was  invaded  by  Tories  and  Indians  under  Butler.  The 
defeat  of  the  Americans,  July  3, 1778,  and  the  subsequent 
surrender  of  the  fort,  were  attended  by  massacres  on  the 
part  of  the  Indians  (much  exaggerated  in  Campbell’s  de- 
scription in  his  “ Gertrude  of  Wyoming  ”).  The  settlers 
were  finally  confirmed  in  the  possession  of  the  valley 
about  1787. 

Wyre(wir)  Forest.  A forest  in  Worcestershire, 
England. 

Wyss  (vis),  Johann  Rudolf.  Born  at  Bern, 
March  13, 1781 : died  there,  March  31, 1830.  A 
Swiss  author,  professor  of  philosophy  and  chief 
librarian  at  Bern.  His  best-known  work  is 
“Der  schweizerische  Robinson”  (“The  Swiss 
Family  Robinson,”  1813). 

Wythe  (wiTH),  George.  Born  in  Virginia,  1726 : 
died  at  Richmond,  June  8, 1806.  An  American 
statesman  and  jurist.  As  a member  of  the  Viiginia 
House  of  Burgesses  he  drew  up  a remonstrance  to  the 
House  of  Commons  against  the  Stamp  Act ; was  delegate 
to  the  Continental  Congress  and  a signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  ; was  speaker  of  the  Viiginia  House 
of  Delegates  ; was  chancellor  of  the  Virginia  court ; and 
was  professor  of  law  at  William  and  Mary  College.  He 
was  poisoned  in  his  eighty-first  year. 


0.— 88 


X.  Pseudonym  of  Eustace 
Budgell  in  the  “Spectator.” 
Xalapa.  See  Jalapa. 
Xalisco.  See  Jalisco. 
Xanthippe  (zan-thip'e). 
[Gr.  AavO'nrnri.]  The  wife 
of  the  Greek  philosopher 
Socrates,  proverbial  for  her 
had  temper. 

Xanthippus  (zan-thip'us).  [Gr.  ZdvOnmor.] 
The  father  of  Pericles.  He  commanded  the 
Athenian  fleet  at  the  victory  of  Mycale  479  b.  c. 
Xanthippus.  A Spartan  commander.  He  organ- 
ized the  Carthaginian  army  in  the  first  Punic  war,  and 
won  a victory  over  Regulus  in  255  B.  C. 

Xanthus  (zan'thus).  [Gr.  Eoiffcr.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a city  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  situated 
on  the  river  Xanthus  near  its  mouth,  it  was  be- 
siegedand  destroyed  by  the  PersiangeneralHarpagus  about 
546  B.  C.,  and  again  by  the  Romans  under  Brutus  43  or  42 
B.  c.  Important  antiquities  were  discovered  there  by  Fel- 
lows about  1838.  Among  them  is  the  Nereid  monument, 
so  called,  a cella  with  a beautiful  Ionic  peristyle,  dating 
from  the  middle  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  The  chief  frieze, 
on  the  basement,  represents  a battle  of  cavalry  and  foot- 
soldiers  ; the  second  frieze  illustrates  a siege ; the  third 
frieze,  on  the  cella,  is  sculptured  with  sacrificial  and  feast- 
ing scenes ; the  fourth  frieze,  on  the  entablature,  shows 
hunting  episodes  and  homage  to  an  official  personage. 
The  principal  parts  of  the  monument  have  been  trans- 
ported to  the  British  Museum. 

Xanthus.  See  Scamander. 

Xaraes,  or  Xarayes.  See  Charaes. 

Xaragua  (Ha-rag'wa).  Aregion  or  “province” 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  island  of  Haiti 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest.  Its  principal  chief 
was  Behechio,  whose  sister,  Anaciona,  is  celebrated  in  the 
early  history  of  the  island.  See  these  names. 

Xauxa.  See  Jauja. 

Xaver  (ksa'ver),  Prince  (Franz  August  Xa- 
ver).  Born  Aug.  25,  1730:  died  at  Dresden, 
June  20, 1806.  Younger  son  of  Augustus  HI.  of 
Saxony  and  Poland.  He  served  on  the  French  side 
in  the  Seven  Years’ War,  and  was  administrator  of  Saxony 
1763-68. 

Xavier  (zav'i-er;  Sp.  pron.  Ha-ve-ar'),  Fran- 
cisco (Francis),  Saint.  Born  at  the  castle  of 
Xaviero,  Navarre,  April  7,  1506 : died  on  the 
island  of  Sancian,  Dec.  2,  1552.  A famous 
Spanish  Jesuit  missionary,  called  “the  Apostle 
of  the  Indies.”  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Paris,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 
He  went  to  Italy  in  1536,  and  labored  there  for  several 
years ; went  to  Lisbon  in  1540,  and  sailed  from  there  in  1541 
on  a Portuguese  mission  to  the  East  Indies ; arrived  in  Goa 
in  1542 ; labored  in  western  and  southern  India,  Malacca, 
the  Moluccas,  and  Japan  ; and  died  on  his  way  to  under- 
take a mission  to  China.  His  letters  were  edited  in  1795. 
He  was  canonized  in  1622. 

Xenia  ( ze'ni-a).  The  capital  of  Greene  County, 
Ohio,  53  miles  northeast  of  Cincinnati : the  seat 
of  several  educational  institutions.  Popula- 
tion, 8,706,  (1910). 

Xenien  (ksa'ni-en).  A series  of  epigrams  by 
Goethe  and  Schiller.  Most  of  them  were  di- 
rected against  writers  of  the  time. 

Xenocrates  (ze-nok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  Eci'OKpdrw.] 
A Platonic  philosopher  (396-314),  the  successor 
of  Speusippus  as  head  of  the  Academy,  over 
which  he  presided  for  25  years. 

Xenophanes  (ze-nof'a-nez).  [Gr.  Eero^di^f.] 
Born  at  Colophon,  Asia  Minor,  about  570  b.  c.  : 
died  about  480  b.  c.  A Greek  philosopher,  the 
founder  of  the  Eleatie  school.  He  settled  at  Elea 
in  Italy  about  536  B.  c.  Fragments  of  his  elegies  and  his 
didactic  poem  “ On  Nature”  have  been  preserved. 
Xenophon  (zeu'o-fon).  [Gr.  aevo<j>o>v.  ] Born  at 
Athens  about  430  ”b.  c. : died  after  357  B.  o. 
A celebrated  Greek  historian  and  essayist,  a 


disciple  of  Socrates.  He  joined  the  expedition  of 
Cyrus  the  Younger  in  401,  and  after  the  battle  of  Cunaxa 
and  the  murder  of  the  Greek  generals  became  the  chief 
leader  of  the  10,000  Greeks  in  their  march  to  the  Black 
Sea.  (See  Anabasis.)  He  later  entered  the  Laced aemo- 
nian  service ; fought  on  the  Spartan  side  at  the  battle  of 
Coronea  in  394  ; was  banished  from  Athens  ; settled  at 
Scillus  in  Eleia ; and  spent  his  last  years  in  Corinth  (?).  He 
wrote  the  “Anabasis,”  “Hellenica”  (in  7 books),  the  ro- 
mance “Cyropsedia,”  “Memorabilia  of  Socrates”  (a  de- 
fense of  his  master’s  memory),  “(Economics,”  essays  on 
hunting  and  horsemanship,  “Symposium,”  “Revenues  of 
Athens,"  “Hiero, ” “ Agesilaus,”  etc. 

Xeres.  See  Jerez  de  la  Frontera. 

Xeres,  or  Jeres  (Ha'  ias),  Francisco  do.  Boru 
about  1504:  died  after  1547.  A Spanish  historian. 
From  1530  to  1534  he  was  secretary  of  Francisco  Pizarro, 
taking  part  in  the  conquest  of  Peru  and  returning  to  Spain 
with  the  first  instalment  of  gold  obtained  from  Atahualpa. 
By  order  of  Pizarro  he  wrote  a history  of  the  conquest 
down  to  Atahualpa’s  death : this  was  published  at  Seville 
1534  and  1547.  There  are  several  translations  and  modern 
editions. 

Xerxes  (zerk'sez)  I.  [Gr.  Ee/Aw,  OPers.  Khsa- 
ydrshti.']  Born  about  519  b.  c. : assassinated  465 
or  464  b.  c.  King  of  Persia,  son  of  Darius  Hys- 
taspes : identical  with  the  biblical  Ahasuerus. 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  486  or  485,  assembled  a large 
army  for  the  conquest  of  Greece;  bridged  the  Helles- 
pont ; traversed  Thrace,  Macedonia,  and  Thessaly ; was  re- 
sisted at  Thermopyhe  (which  see)  in  480 ; burned  Athens  ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Salamis  (which  see)  in  480,  and  re- 
turned to  Asia  Minor.  His  generals  were  defeated  at 
I’lataa  and  Mycale  in  479,  but  continued  the  war  with 
Greece. 

The  site  of  this  [Xerxes’s]  bridgeis  supposed  to  have  been 
from  Nagdra  Point  to  the  low  spot  eastward  of  Sestos, 
where  the  level  shore  on  either  side  is  convenient  for  the 
march  of  troops.  The  channel  is  more  than  7 stadia 
broad,  being  about  1 1 miles  English. 

Bawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  33,  note. 

Xerxes  II.  King  of  Persia,  son  of  Artaxerxes  I. 
He  reigned  for  a few  weeks  in  425  or  424  B.  c. 

Xerxes.  A tragedy  by  Cibber,  produced  in  1699. 

Xibalba.  See  Votan. 

Xibitos.  See  Hibitos. 

Ximanas.  See  Jumanas. 

Ximena  (He-ma'na).  In  Spanish  history,  the 
wife  of  the  Cid. 

Ximena,  or  the  Heroic  Daughter.  An  adap- 
tation of  Corneille’s  “Cid”  by  Colley  Cibber, 
produced  in  1712,  printed  in  1718. 

Ximenes  (zi-me'nez ; Sp.  pron.  He-ma'nas),  or 
Jimenes  (He-ma'nas),  Francisco.  Born  at  Tor- 
relaguna,  Spain,  1436;  died  Nov.  8,  1517.  A 
Spanish  cardinal  and  statesman.  He  studied  at  Al- 
cald  de  Henares  and  Salamanca ; went  to  Rome ; took  pos- 
session of  a benefice  in  Spain  by  virtue  of  a papal  letter ; 
but  was  dispossessed  by  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo  and  im- 
prisoned. He  was  afterward  restored  and  made  vicar-gen- 
eral ; became  a Franciscan  monk  and  confessor  to  Queen 
Isabella  (1492),  and  later  a Franciscan  provincial ; and  was 
made  archbishop  of  Toledo  and  primate  of  Spain  in  1495. 
In  1506-07  he  was  provisional  regent  of  Castile  ; became  a 
cardinal  in  1507,  and  inquisitor-general ; led  an  expedition 
against  Oran  in  1609 ; and  was  regent  of  Spain  1516-17. 
He  printed  the  Complutensian  polyglot  Bible  and  founded 
the  University  of  A 1 call!  de  Henares. 

Ximenes  de  Quesada  (He-ma'nas  da  ka-sa'- 
THa),  Gonsalo.  Born  in  Granada,  Spain,  about 
1498  : died  after  1576.  Conqueror  of  New  Gra- 
nada. He  was  a lawyer ; was  lieutenant  of  Lugo  at  Santa 
Marta ; left  that  place  to  explore  the  interior,  with  800  m en, 
April  5, 1536 ; and,  after  enduring  great  hardships,  reached 
and  conquered  the  rich  plateau  of  Cundinamarca,  and 
founded  Bogota,  Aug.  6, 1538.  Charles  V.  refused  to  make 
him  governor  of  the  country,  and  he  was  persecuted  and 
imprisoned.  Later  he  was  given  military  commands,  and 
in  1569  led  an  expedition  into  the  Orinoco  valley  in  search 
of  El  Dorado.  Some  accounts  say  that  he  died  a cente- 
narian in  1597. 

Xincas  (Hen'kas).  All  extinct  tribe  of  Indians 
of  southern  Guatemala,  near  the  Pacific  coast, 
and  close  to  the  borders  of  Salvador,  when  found 


by  Alvarado  in  1524,  they  were  savages  of  a low  grade,  liv- 
ing in  villages  built  of  wood  and  thatch.  A small  vocab- 
ulary of  their  language  which  has  been  preserved  appears 
to  indicate  a distinct  stock.  It  has  been  supposed  that 
the  Xincas  occupied  the  highlands  of  Guatemala  previous 
to  the  advent  of  the  Quiches  and  Cakchiquels. 

Xingii  (shen-go').  A southern  tributary  of  the 
Amazon,  in  the  states  of  Matto  Grosso  and 
Para,  Brazil.  It,  was  explored  by  Von  den  Steinen  in 
1885.  Length,  about  l,100miles;navigable  for  steamers  110 
miles.  Sometimes  written  Chingu. 

Xiphias  (zif'i-as).  [L.,  ‘the  Sword-fish.’]  1. 
A constellation  made  by  Petrus  Theodori  in 
the  15th  century,  in  the  south  pole  of  the  eclip- 
tic, and  now  named  Dorado. — 2.  In  older  au- 
thors, a sword-shaped  comet. 

Xiquitos.  Same  as  Chiquitos. 

Xisuthrus  (zi-so'thrus).  According  to  Bero- 
sus  the  historiographer  of  Chaldea,  the  name 
of  the  last  of  the  first  decad  of  mythical  kings 
of  Babylonia,  who  was  advised  by  the  gods  to 
save  himself  and  his  family  from  the  deluge  by 
building  a ship.  He  corresponds  to  the  Noah 
of  Genesis  and  the  Hasisatra  of  the  cuneiform 
account  of  the  deluge. 

With  the  Deluge  the  mythical  history  of  Babylonia  takes 
a new  departure.  From  this  event  to  the  Persian  con- 
quest was  a period  of  36,000  years,  or  an  astronomical  cy- 
cle called  saros.  Xisuthros,  with  his  family  and  friends, 
alone  survived  the  waters  which  drowned  the  rest  of  man- 
kind on  account  of  their  sins.  He  had  been  ordered  by 
the  gods  to  build  a ship,  to  pitch  it  within  and  without, 
and  to  stock  it  with  animals  of  every  species.  Xisuthros 
sent  out  first  a dove,  then  a swallow,  and  lastly  a raven,  to 
discover  whether  the  earth  was  dry.  The  dove  and  the 
swallow  returned  to  the  ship,  and  it  was  only  when  the 
raven  flew  away  that  the  rescued  hero  ventured  to  leave 
his  ark.  He  found  that  he  had  been  stranded  on  the  peak 
of  the  mountain  of  Nizir,  “the  mountain  of  the  world,” 
whereon  the  Accadians  believed  the  heaven  to  rest, — 
where,  too,  they  placed  the  habitatiou  of  their  gods  and 
the  cradle  of  their  own  race.  Since  Nizir  lay  among  the 
mountains  of  Pir  Mam,  a little  south  of  Rowandiz,  its 
mountain  must  be  identified  with  Rowandiz  itself.  On 
its  peak  Xisuthros  offered  sacrifices,  piling  up  cups  of 
wine  by  sevens  ; and  the  rainbow,  “ the  glory  of  Auu,’ 
appeared  in  heaven,  in  covenant  that  the  world  should 
never  again  be  destroyed  by  a flood. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  106. 

Xivaros.  See  Jivaros. 

Xochicalco  (Ho-che-kal'ko).  A locality  in 
Mexico,  75  miles  southwest  of  Mexico  City, 
noted  for  its  ruins.  The  principal  structure  isatrun- 
cated  pyramid  or  mound  with  5 terraces  supported  by 
mason- work,  and  a walled  area  on  the  summit.  Originally 
there  was  a smaller  stone  pyramid  on  top,  but  most  of 
this  has  been  carried  away  for  building-material. 

Xochimilco  (Ho-che-mel'ko).  [Nahuatl,  ‘ field 
of  flowers.’]  One  of  the  lakes  of  the  Mexican 
valley,  about  7 miles  south-southeast  of  Mex- 
ico City.  It.  is  separated  from  Lake  Chaleo  by  only  a nar- 
row causeway.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  it  was  nearly 
or  quite  confluent  with  Lake  Tezcuco,  which  surrounded 
Mexico. 

Xosa  (kso'sa),  or  Amaxosa  (a-ma-kso'sa).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  British  South  Africa.  Their  land 
borders  in  the  north  on  the  Kei  River,  in  the  southeast  on 
the  ocean,  and  in  the  south  on  Cape  Colony.  They  are 
closely  related  to  the  Zulus.  Their  language  is  one  of  the 
oldest  forms  of  Bantu  speech.  Owing  to  the  custom  of 
“uku-hlonipa,”  which  forbids  a female  to  pronounce  the 
name  of  any  male  relative,  or  even  its  emphatic  syllable, 
the  women  use  a different  vocabulary  from  that  of  the 
men.  The  letter  X in  their  name  is  the  lateral  click,  simi- 
lar to  that  used  for  urging  forurard  a horse. 

XLiry  (zu'ri).  A servant  of  Robinson  Crusoe: 
a character  in  Defoe’s  romance  of  that  name. 

X.  Y.  Z.  Mission.  An  American  embassy  to 
France  in  1797,  consisting  of  C.  C.  Pinckney, 
Marshall,  and  Gerry.  An  attempt  was  made  by  three 
French  agents  (disguised  as  X.,  Y.,  and  Z.)  to  bribe  them. 
The  correspondence  was  disclosed  in  1798. 


1074 


or  Ij  (I).  An  arm  of  the  Zuy- 
der  Zee,  near  Amsterdam, 
connected  with  the  North 
Sea  by  the  North  Sea  Canal. 
Y ablonoi  (ya  -blo-noi ' ) 
Mountains.  The  name  of 
the  Stanovoi  mountain  sys- 
tem in  its  southwestern  part. 
Yacundas.  See  Jacundas. 
Yadkin  (yad'kin).  The  name  of  the  Great  Pe- 
dee  in  North  Carolina. 

Yaguas  (ya-gwas'),  or  Yahuas  (ya-was').  In- 
dians of  northern  Peru,  on  the  upper  Amazon 


between  Nauta  and  Pebas.  They  were  gathered 
into  mission  villages  1683-1727,  but  now  live  nearly  in  a 
wild  state.  They  go  naked,  or  wear  only  a strip  of  bark 
cloth  about  the  loins,  with  feather  ornaments  on  the 
head  and  wrists.  Their  arms  are  lances,  bows  and  arrows, 
and  blow-guns.  Physically  they  are  described  as  a hand- 
some race,  and  rather  light-colored;  they  are  docile  and 
friendly  to  the  whites.  Two  or  three  thousand  remain. 
The  Yagua  language  appears  to  be  of  mixed  origin ; it  is 
related  to  that  of  the  Pebas. 


Yahgans.  See  Fuegians. 

Yahoos  (ya-hoz').  [A  made  name,  probably 
meant  to  suggest  disgust ; cf.  yah,  an  interjec- 
tion of  disgust.]  A name  given  by  Swift,  in 
“ Gulliver’s  Travels,”  toafeignedrace  of  brutes 
having  the  form  of  man  and  all  his  degrading 
passions.  They  are  placed  in  contrast  with  the  Hou- 
yhnhnms,  or  horses  endowed  with  reason,  the  whole  be- 
ing designed  as  a satire  on  the  human  race. 

Yahuas.  See  Yaguas. 

Yahveh  (ya-va/).  [Heb.  Yahveli  or  Yahweh.'] 
The  Hebrew  name  of  God.  See  the  extract. 


There  are  two  opinions  as  to  what  was  the  actual  pro- 
nunciation of  the  sacred  name  while  Hebrew  was  still  a 
spoken  language.  On  the  one  hand,  we  may  gather  from 
the  contemporary  Assyrian  monuments  that  it  was  pro- 
nounced Yahu.  Wherever  an  Israelitish  name  is  met 
with  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  which,  like  Jehu  or 
Hezekiah  is  compounded  with  the  divine  title,  the  latter 
appears  as  Yahu,  Jehu  being  Yahua,  and  Hezekiah  Kha- 
zaki-yahu.  Even  according  to  the  Masoretes  it  must  be 
read  Yeho  (that  is,  Y5hu)  when  it  forms  part  of  a proper 
name.  The  early  Gnostics,  moreover,  when  they  tran- 
scribed it  in  Greek  characters,  wrote  lad  (that  is,  Yahd). 
On  the  other  hand,  the  four  consonants,  Y H V H,  can 
hardly  have  been  pronounced  otherwise  than  as  Yahveh, 
and  this  pronunciation  is  supported  by  the  two  Greek 
writers  Theodoret  and  Epiphanios,  who  say  that  the  word 
was  sounded  Yavd.  The  form  Yahveh,  however,  is  incom- 
patible with  the  form  Yahu  (Yeho),  which  appears  in 
proper  names  ; and  it  has  heen  maintained  that  it  is  due 
to  one  of  those  plays  on  words  of  which  there  are  so  many 
examples  in  the  Old  Testament.  The  spelling  with  a final 
h was  adopted,  it  has  been  supposed,  in  order  to  remind 
the  reader  of  the  Hebrew  verb  which  signifies  “to  be," 
and  to  which  there  seems  to  be  a distinct  allusion  in 
Exod.  iii.  14.  Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  75. 


Yajurveda  (ya-jor-va/da).  See  Veda. 

Yaka  (ya'ka),  or  Bayaka  (ba-ya'ka).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  the  French  Kongo,  back  of  the  coast- 
station  Mayumba.  They  are  also  called  Ban- 
jaka. 

Yakala  (ya-ka'la),  or  Mayakala  (ma-ya-ka/- 
la),  also  called  Mayaka.  A Bantu  tribe  of  the 
lower  Kuangu  (Quango)  valley,  mostly  in  the 
Belgian  Kongo  (lat.  6°-7°  S.),  but  partly  in  An- 
gola. Their  king  is  called  MuenePutuKassongo,orMuata 
Yamvo  Kassongo,  and  was  nominally  a vassal  of  the  Muata 
Yamvo  of  Lunda.  The  tribe  forms,  ethnically  and  lin- 
guistically, the  southern  wing  of  the  great  Teke  nation. 
The  Portuguese  call  them  Malaccas,  and  in  history  they 
appear  as  Jagas. 

Yakima  (yak'i-mii),  or  Yakama  (yak'a-ma). 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians  found  in 
1805  on  the  head  waters  of  Cataract  (or  Kliki- 
tat)  and  Tapteal  (or  Yakima)  rivers,  Washing- 
ton. Of  late  the  name  Yakima  includesa  considerable  pro- 
portion of  the  tribes  speaking  the  Shahaptian  language 
and  probably  originally  having  little  connection  with  the 
Yakima  proper.  There  are  now  about  1,000  Yakima  on  the 
reservation  bearing  their  name  in  the  State  of  Washing- 
ton. See  Shahaptian. 

Yakima  Pass.  A pass  over  tho  Cascade  Moun- 
tains in  the  State  of  Washington,  about  lat. 
47°  20'  N.  Height,  about  3,600  feet.  It  is 
crossed  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
Yakima  River.  A river  in  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington which  joins  the  Columbia  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Snake.  Length,  over  200  miles. 


Yakonan  (ya'ko-nan).  A linguistic  stock  of  Arctic  Ocean  east  of  the  Lena.  Length,  about 
North  American  Indians:  named  from  a cor-  1,000  miles. 

ruption  of  the  name  of  the  principal  tribe,  the  Yanan  (ya/nan),  or  Noje  (no'zha),  or  Nozi 


Yaquma  or  Yakwtna.  It  is  composed  of  four  tribes, 
the  Yaquina,  Alsea,  Siuslaw,  and  Kuitic  or  Lower  Umpqua. 

They  formerly  lived  on  the  Yaquina,  Alsea,  Siuslaw,  and 
Umpqua  rivers,  in  western  Oregon:  the  survivors  are  now 
on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Tillamook  County,  Oregon. 

Yakone.  See  Yaquina. 

Yakub  Khan  (ya-kob' khan).  Born  1849.  Son 
of  Shere  Ali,  and  his  successor  as  ameer  of  Yancey  (yan  si),  William  Lowndes.  Born  at 
Afghanistan  in  1879.  He  signed  a treaty  with  the  Ggeechee  Shoals,  Ga. ,^Aug.  10,  1814:  died  near 


(no'ze).  A linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  formerly  lived  from  Round  Mountain 
near  Pit  River,  Shasta  County,  to  Deer  Creek,  Tehama 
County,  California;  and  are  now  almost  extinct  (they 
numbered  35  in  1884).  The  stock  consists  of  a single 
tribe,  the  Yana.  This  tribe,  to  the  number  of  nearly  3,000, 
was  massacred  by  miners  in  1864. 


British  in  1879.  He  was  suspected  of  complicity  in  the 
murder  of  the  British  envoy  and  others  at  Kabul  on  Sept. 
3 in  that  year  ; was  sent  as  prisoner  to  India ; and  was  de- 
posed in  1880. 

Yakuts  (ya-kots').  Apeople  of  Turkish  or  mixed 
Turkish  origin,  dwelling  in  Siberia  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Lena. 

Yakutsk  (ya-kotsk').  1 . A province  of  Siberia, 


Montgomery,  Ala.,  July  28,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  lawyer.  He  was  Democratic  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Alabama  1844-46 ; became  a leader 
of  the  Southern  advocates  of  secession  ; was  presidential 
elector  in  1856  ; withdrew  from  the  Democratic  National 
Convention  at  Charleston  in  1860  ; and  reported  the  ordi- 
nance of  secession  in  the  Alabama  convention  in  1861.  He 
was  a Confederate  agent  in  Europe  and  Confederate  sen- 
ator. 


bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  the  Maritime  Yang-chau  (yang'chou').  A city  in  the  prov- 


Province,  Amur,  Transbaikalia,  Irkutsk,  and 
Yeniseisk.  The  surface  is  largely  table-land,  crossed 
by  many  mountain-ranges,  and  with  tundras  in  the  north. 
It  has  important  gold-mines.  The  inhabitants  are  princi- 
pally Yakuts.  Area,  1,530,253  square  miles.  Population, 
308,300. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Yakutsk,  sit- 
uated near  the  Lena  about  lat.  62°  N.,  long. 
130°  E.  Population,  6,535. 

Yale  (yal),  Elihu.  Born  at  or  near  Boston, 
Mass.,  April  5,  1648:  died  in  England,  July  8, 
1721  (buried  at  Wrexham,  Wales).  An  Eng- 
lish colonial  official  in  India,  governor  of  Fort 
St.  George,  Madras.  He  gave  a donation  of  books 
and  money  (to  the  value  of  about  £800)  to  the  collegiate 
school  in  New  Haven,  which  was  named  for  him  Yale 
College. 


ince  of  Kiang-su,  China,  situated  on  the  Grand 
Canal  35  miles  northeast  of  Nanking.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  about  360,000. 

Yang-tse-Kiang  (yang'ts//kyang'),  or  Yang- 
tse,  or  Yang-tze  (yang'ts).  [Chin.,  ‘son  of 
the  sea.’]  The  largest  river  of  China,  called 
in  its  upper  course  the  Kin-sha-Kiang,  and 
lower  down  the  Ta-Kiang  (‘great  river’). 
It  rises  in  the  mountains  of  northern  Tibet  about 
lat.  36°  N.,  long.  91°  E.  ; flows  through  Tibet  and  China ; 
and  empties  into  the  Yellow  Sea  about  lat.  31°  30'  N.  Its 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Ya-lung,  Min,  Kia-ling,  Han,  Wu, 
and  Lake  Toongting.  It  is  connected  by  the  Grand  Canal 
with  the  Yellow  River.  On  it  are  Siuchu,  Kweichow, 
Ichang,  Hankow,  Kiu-kiang,  Ganking,  and  Nanking. 
Length,  about  3,200  miles ; navigable  to  Ichang. 

Yanina.  See  Janina. 


Yale  University.  Afamousiustitutionoflearn-  Yankee  Doodle  (yang'ke  do'dl).  An  Ameri- 
ingat  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  it  was  chartered *can  national  air,  probably  of  English  origin  in 
in  1701  as  a collegiate  school,  and  opened  at  Saybrook,  (lie  middle  of  the  18th  century.  Its  traditional 

Connecticut  (though  the  classes  were  first  held  at  Killing-  ,,,  ■ . ... . J.  ! 

worth  and  Milford).  A new  building  was  erected  at  New  T , 1SJ. rl hnnl  , 7 !lU 3 s'?r?e0.n  m t ie  French  and 
Haven,  and  in  1718  the  college  was  transferred  there  and  ,Ir‘  h;  ' ".ar>  about  1755.  The  original  name  of  the  song, 
called  Yale  Collegeon  account  of  gifts  received  from  Elihu  “ot  the  alr>  was  The  Yankee  8 Kcturn  from  Camp. 

Yale.  It  received  a new  charter  in  1745,  and  in  1887  took  Yankees  (yang'kez).  [Origin  uncertain.  Ac- 

the  name  Yale  University.  Besides  the  academical  de-  cording  to  a common  statement,  Yankees  is  a 


partment  it  includes  schools  of  philosophy  ; of  medicine, 
founded  in  1812  ; of  theology  (Congregational),  founded  in 
1822 ; of  law,  founded  in  1824  ; the  Peabody  Museum  of 
Natural  History ; the  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  begun  in 
1847 ; and  the  School  of  Fine  Arts,  founded  in  1864.  The 
library  contains  about  450,000  volumes.  It  has  about  600 
instructors  and  3,500  students. 

Yalu,  Battle  of  the.  A naval  engagement 
between  the  Japanese  under  Vice-Admiral  Ito 
and  the  Chinese  under  Admiral  Ting  Ju  Chang, 
off  the  Yalu  River,  Korea,  Sept.  17,  1894,  in 
which  the  Japanese  were  victorious. 


var.  of  Yenkees  or  Yengees  or  Yaungliees,  a name 
said  to  have  been  given  by  the  Massachuset 
Indians  to  the  English  colonists,  being,  it  is 
supposed,  an  Indian  corruption  of  the  E.  word 
English,  or,  as  some  think,  of  the  F.  Anglais .] 
1.  Citizens  of  New  England. — 2.  By  exten- 
sion, natives  of  the  United  States : chiefly  a 
European  use.— 3.  Soldiers  of  the  Federal  ar- 
mies : so  called  by  the  Confederates  during  the 
Civil  War. 

,r  , rcu  <1.1,  m • ,1  T ii.  -D-  Yankton  (yangk'ton).  A city  in  Yankton 

Yama  (ya-ma').  [Skt.,  ‘the  Twin.  ] In  the  Rig-  County,  South  Dakota,  situated  at  the  junction 
veda,  the  name  of  the  god  who  rules  m heaven  Gf  the  Dakota  and  Missouri  rivers,  in  lat.  42° 
over  the  blessed— the  Manes,  Fathers,  or  Pitns  51'  N. . formerly  a capital  of  the  Territory  of 
—and  is  therefore  called  king.  He  is  a son  of  Vivas-  Dakota.  Population,  3,787,  (1910). 

vant,  the  god  of  the  dawning  daylight  or  morning  sun,  who  -r„j- a 1 •1',  o: „ 

is  also  the  father  of  the  Ashvins.  Post-Vedic  times  see  in  Yankton  Indians.  A tribe  ot  the  Sioux, 
him  the  ruler  of  the  dead  in  the  under  world,  and  under-  YaO  (you),  or  vv  ayao  (wa-you  ).  A numerous 
stand  thy  name  as  meaning  ‘ Restrainer’:  the  real  mean-  Bantu  tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  be- 


ing is  ‘Twin.’  Yama  and  his  sister  Yami  are  the  first 
human  pair,  who  have  preceded  all  to  the  realm  beyond. 

Yamacraw  (ya'ma-kra).  A tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  who  lived  on  the  lower  Savan- 
nah River,  Georgia.  They  are  best  known  through 
their  chief  Tomochichi,  who  ivas  so  friendly  to  the  Eng- 
lish colony  at  Savannah  that  he  was  called  theirprotector, 
and  was  presented  at  the  British  court  in  1733  by  Ogle- 
thorpe. See  Muskhogean. 

Yamasi  (yiim'a-se),  or  Jamasee,  or  Eamuses. 
A tribe  of  North  American  Indians  who  lived,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  lower  Savannah  River  in  South 
Carolina.  The  name  is  from  the  Creek  language,  and 
means  ‘gentle’  or  ‘peaceable.’  In  1715  they  entered 


tween  the  upper  Rovuina  River,  the  Lujende, 
and  a mountain-range  east  of  Lake  Nyassa. 
They  are  rvell  built  and  strong,  and  have  round  faces, 
only  slightly  prognathic,  but  with  a flat  nose.  The  women 
wear  a small  pelele  in  the  pierced  lip.  Circumcision  is 
practised  at  the  age  of  puberty,  when  the  boys  take  a 
new  name.  Four  dialects  of  the  language,  called  Kiyao, 
are  distinguished,  and  a Christian  literature  is  coming 
into  existence. 

Yap  (yap),  or  Guap  (gwap).  An  island  in  the 
Caroline  group,  North  Pacific  Ocean.  Length, 
about  10  miles.  The  German  flag  was  raised  over  Yap 
in  1885  ; and  the  resulting  dispute  between  Germany  and 
Spain  was  settled  by  Pope  Leo  XIII.  in  1885  by  the  award 
of  the  Carolines  to  Spain.  In  1899  the  group  was  pur- 
chased by  Germany. 


into  a conspiracy  against  the  English  colonists  which  in-  YapOOS.  See  Fuegians. 
eluded  all  the  coast  tribes  as  far  north  as  Cape  Fear  : the  Vnn-m-4 

outbreak  began  with  a massacre.  After  defeat  they  fled  to  xapuid,.  L L , . . 

the  Spanish  territory  of  Florida,  where  they  rvere  attacked  xaqui(ya  ke).  bee  ’ a/thU. 
by  the  Creeks  about  1733  and  destroyed  as  a tribe,  many  Yaqui  (yii'ko).  A river  in  northwestern  Mex- 
being  absorbed.  See  Creek  and  Muskhogean.  jco  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California 

Yampah  (yam'pa)  River,  or  Bear  (bar)  River,  about  lat.  27°  30'  N.  Length,  200-300  miles. 

A river  in  northwestern  Colorado  which  joins  Yaquina  (yii-kwin'ii),  or  Southern  Killamuk. 
Green  River  near  tho  Utah  frontier.  The  leading  tribe  of  the  Yakonan  stock  of 

Yana.  A river  in  Siberia  which  flows  into  the  North  American  Indians.  The  name  means  ‘tor- 

1676 


Yaquina 

tuous'  or  • winding,’  which  is  the  characteristic  of  the 
stream  bearing  this  name.  They  formerly  lived  in  56  vil- 
lages on  both  sides  of  Yaquina  River,  Oregon,  and  are 
now  on  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  They  are  so  mixed 
with  other  tribes  that  their  number  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained. Also  Yukwina,  Youickone,  Youkone,  Iakon,  Ya- 
kone.  See  Yakonan. 

Yare  (yar).  A river  in  Norfolk,  England,  which 
unites  with  the  Waveney  to  form  the  Breydon 
near  Yarmouth. 

Yariba,  See  Yornba. 

Yarkand  (yar-kand').  The  name  given  in  part 
of  its  course  to  the  Tarin. 

Yarkand,  or  Yarkend  (yar-kend').  A city  in 
Eastern  Turkestan,  Chinese  empire,  situated  on 
the  river  Yarkand,  about  lat.  38°  25'  N.,  in  the 
center  of  a rich  oasis.  It  has  important  trade  and 
manufactures  of  leather,  etc.  It  has  been  visited  in  re- 
cent times  by  Shaw,  Forsyth,  and  Carey.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 60,000. 

Yarmouth  (yar'muth),  or  Great  Yarmouth. 

[ ‘ Mouth  of  the  Yar  or  Yare.’]  A seaport  in  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  North  Sea,  at  the  mouths 
of  the  Bure  and  Breydon,  in  lat.  52°  36'  N.,  long. 
1°  43'  E.  It  has  important  herring,  mackerel,  cod,  and 
other  fisheries,  and  active  trade,  and  is  noted  for  its  cured 
fish  (“Yarmouth  bloaters”).  The  Church  of  St.  Nicho- 
las is  the  largest  parish  church  in  England,  measuring  230 
by  112  feet.  The  oldest  part  of  the  existing  building  is  the 
nave  (dating  from  1190),  in  a style  intermediate  between 
the  Norman  and  the  Early  English.  There  is  a lofty  tower. 
It  is  a frequented  watering-place.  Pop.,  55,808,  (1911). 
Yarmouth.  A seaport,  capital  of  Yarmouth 
County,  at  the  western  extremity  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia. Population,  6,600,  (1911). 

Yaroslaff  (ya-ro-slav').  Died  in  1054.  Grand 
prince  of  Kieff,  son  of  Vladimir.  He  inherited 
Novgorod  in  1015 ; soon  after  made  himself  masterof  Kieff ; 
and  later  became  ruler  of  the  greater  part  of  Russia. 

Yaroslaff  (ya-ro-slav'),  or  Yaroslavl  (ya-ro- 
slavl').  1.  A government  of  European  Russia, 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Vologda, 
Kostroma,  Vladimir,  Tver,  and  Novgorod,  and 
traversed  by  the  Volga.  It  has  important  man- 
ufactures. Area,  13,723  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,198,100. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Yaroslaff,  situated  on  the  Volga, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Kotorost,  165  miles 
northeast  of  Moscow.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and 
important  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 78,600. 

Yarra-Yarra  (ya'ra-ya'ra),  or  Yarra.  A river 
in  Victoria,  Australia,  which  flows  into  Port 
Phillip  Bay.  On  it  Melbourne  is  situated. 
Yarrell  (yar'el),  William.  Bom  at  London, 
June,  1784:  died  Sept.  1,  1856.  An  English 
naturalist  and  sportsman,  author  of  a “History 
of  British  Fishes”  (1835-36)  and  a “History  of 
British  Birds”  (1839-43). 

Yarriba.  See  Yornba. 

Yarrow  (yar'o).  A river  in  Selkirkshire,  Scot- 
land, which  traverses  the  Loch  of  the  Lowes 
and  St.  Mary’s  Loch,  and  joins  the  Ettrick  near 
Selkirk.  Length,  about  25  miles.  Wordsworth 
has  written  three  poems  on  the  subject. 

Yasna  (yas'na).  See  Avesta. 

Yassy.  See  Jassy. 

Yates  (yats),  Edmund  Hodgson.  Born  July, 
1831 : died  May  20,  1894.  An  English  journal- 
ist and  novelist.  He  retired  from  a position  in  the 
London  general  post-office  in  1872 ; lectured  in  the  United 
States  1S72-73  ; and  went  as  special  correspondent  of  the 
“ New  York  Herald  ’’  to  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  etc. , 1873- 
1875.  He  was  connected  with  various  periodicals  (“Our 
Miscellany,”  London  “Daily  News,” etc.);  was  editor  of 
“Temple  Bar"  till  1867,  when  he  became  editor  of  “Tins- 
ley's Magazine” ; founded  and  edited  the  London  “World” 
with  Grenville  Murray  in  1874  ; and  was  London  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  “Tribune”  for  a number  of 
years  before  bis  death.  Among  his  novels  are  “For  Bet- 
ter, for  Worse  " (1863),  “Broken  to  Harness  ” (1864),  “Run- 
ning the  Gauntlet  ” (1866),  “ Kissing  the  Rod  ” (1866), “The 
Black  Sheep ” (1867),  “Wrecked  in  Port”  (1869),  “Casta- 
way" (1872),  “A  Waiting  Race ”(1872),  “The  Yellow  Flag” 
(1872),  etc.  In  1885  he  published  “Edmund  Yates:  his 
Recollections  and  his  Experiences." 

Yates  (yats),  Richard.  Born  at  Warsaw,  Ky., 
Jan.  18,  1818:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Nov.  27, 1873. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  Whig  member  of 
Congress  from  Illinois  1851-55;  Republican  governor  of 
Illinois  1861-65  (one  of  the  “ war  governors”);  and  United 
States  senator  from  Illinois  1865-71. 

Yavary.  See  J ovary. 

Yazd  (yazd),  or  Yezd  (yezd).  A city  in  central 
Persia,  capital  of  the  district  of  Yazd,  situated 
about  lat.  32°  N.,  at  the  intersection  of  several 
important  routes.  It.  is  the  center  of  the  Persian 
trade  with  India,  and  has  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton, 
confectionery,  etc.  Population,  estimated,  40,000-60,000. 

Yazoo  (ya'zii).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians who  once  lived  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name  in  Mississippi.  D'Iberville  met  them  in  1699. 
In  1730  they  rose  against  the  French,  and  were  driven  away, 
losing  their  tribal  identity.  See  Muskhogean. 

Yazoo  River.  A river  in  Mississippi  which  is 
formed  by  the  Tallahatchie  and  Yalabusha  riv- 


1076 

ers,  and  joins  the  Mississippi  above  Vicksburg. 
Length,  about  280  miles. 

Ybbs.  See  Ips. 

Yberville.  See  Iberville. 

Yeadon  (ye'don).  A manufacturing  town  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  8 miles 
northwest  of  Leeds.  Population,  7,059. 
Yeamans  (ye'manz),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  in  1610(f)  : died  in  Barbados, 
W.  I.,  Aug.,  1674.  AnEnglisbeolonialgovernor. 
He  settled  in  Carolina  in  1665,  and  attempted  to  found  a 
colony  from  Barbados,  but  was  removed  from  the  office  of 
governor  in  1674. 

Yeardley  (yerd'li),  Sir  George.  Born  in  Eng- 
land about  1580:  clied  there,  1627.  An  English 
colonial  governor,  governor  of  Virginia  1616, 
1619-21,  and  1626-27.  He  introduced  repre- 
sentative government. 

Yeast:  a Problem.  A novel  by  Charles  Kings- 
ley, published  in  1851:  originally  a serial  in 
“Fraser’s  Magazine”  in  1848. 

Yed,  or  Jed  (yed).  [Ar.  yed,  the  hand.]  The 
two  stars  <5  and  e in  the  right  hand  of  Ophiuchus: 
6 is  Yed  prior,  and  e Yed  posterior. 

Yedo,  or  Yeddo.  See  Tolcio. 

Yeisk,  or  Jeisk  (ya'isk),  or  Eisk  (a'isk).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Kuban,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  an  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azoff,  78  miles 
west-southwest  of  Rostoff.  It  exports  grain, 
flax,  and  wool.  Population,  35,414. 
Yekaterinburg  (ye-ka-te-ren-borg' ),  or  Ekate- 
rinburg: (e-ka-te-ren-borg'),  or  Katharinen- 
burg  (ka-ta-ren-en-borg').  [‘ Catharine’s  bor- 
ough.’] A town  in  the  government  of  Perm, 
Russia,  situated  onthelsset,  at  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Urals,  180 miles  east-southeast  of  Perm. 
It  is  on  the  Great  Siberian  Road  ; is  the  headquarters  of  a 
large  mining  region  ; has  extensive  trade  and  large  manu- 
factures of  metals,  etc. ; and  contains  a government  fac- 
tory for  polishing  ornamental  stones.  It  was  founded  by 
Peter  the  Great  in  1723.  Population,  50,100. 

Yekaterinodar  (ye-ka-te-re-no-dar'),  or  Eka- 
terinodar  (e-ka-te-re-no-dar').  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kuban,  Caucasia,  Russia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kuban,  near  fche  junction  of  the 
Karasuk,  about  lat.  45°  N.  It  is  the  residence 
of  the  hetman  of  the  Kuban  Cossacks.  Popu- 
lation, about  66,000. 

Yekaterinograd  (ye -kfi-te-re -no-grad').  A 
town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Terek,  20  miles  west  of  Mosdok. 
Yekaterinoslaff  (ye-ka-te-re-no-slav'),  or  Eka- 
terinoslaff  (e-ka-te-re-no-slav').  1.  A govern- 
ment of  southern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the 
governments  of  Taurida,  Kherson,  Pultowa, 
Kharkoff,  the  Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks, 
and  the  Sea  of  Azoff.  Area,  24,477  square 
miles.  Population,  2,866,800. — 2.  The  capital 
of  the  government  of  Yekaterinoslaff,  situated 
on  the  Dnieper,  about  lat.  48°  25'  N.,  above 
the  rapids.  It  was  founded  by  Potemkin  in 
1786.  Population,  135,552. 

Yeletg,  or  Yeletz,  or  Jeletz  (ye-lets').  Atown 
in  the  government  of  Orel,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Sosna  108  miles  east  of  Orel.  It  has  a 
large  trade  in  grain,  flour,  and  cattle.  Popu- 
lation, 49,900. 

Yelisavetgrad,  or  Yelizavetgrad  (ye-le-za- 
vet-grad'),  or  Elizabefchgrad  (e-le-za- bet- 
grad').  A city  in  the  government  of  Kherson, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Ingul  120  miles  north 
of  Kherson.  It  has  important  markets.  Popu- 
lation, 61,488. 

Yelisavetpol,  or  Yelizavetpol  (ye-le-za-vet- 
poly'),  or Elizabetbpol  (e-le-za-bet-poly').  1. 
A government  in  Transcaucasia,  Russia.  Area, 
16,991  square  miles.  Population,  977,800. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Yelisa- 
vetpol, situated  on  a tributary  of  the  Kur,  and 
on  the  railway,  110  miles  southeast  of  Tiflis. 
It  was  formerly  "named  Ganja,  and  was  an  important 
town.  It  was  stormed  by  the  Russians  in  1804;  and  was 
the  scene  of  a victory  by  Paskevitch  over  the  Persians  in 
1826.  Population,  33,625. 

Yell  (yel).  The  second  largest  island  of  the 
Shetland  group,  Scotland,  situated  north  of 
Mainland.  Length,  17  miles. 

Yellala.  Falls  (yel-la'la  falz).  A series  of  cas- 
cades in  the  lower  Kongo. 

Yellowplush  Papers.  A collection  of  sketches 
by  Thackeray,  published  in  1841.  They  origi- 
nally appeared  in  “Fraser’s  Magazine”  as  “ The 
Yellowplush  Memoirs”  in  1837. 

Yellow  River.  1.  An  epithet  of  the  Tiber. — 2. 

The  Hwangho  or  Hoangho. 

Yellow  Sea,  or  Hwang-hai  (hwang-hi').  An 
arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  between  China 
and  Corea.  Its  chief  branches  are  Corea  Bay  and  the 
Gulfs  of  Pechili  and  Liautung.  Extreme  width,  over  400 
miles. 


Yggdrasil 

Yellowstone  Lake  (yel'6-ston  lak).  A lake  in 
the  southern  half  of  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  traversed  by  the  Yellowstone  River. 
Elevation  above  sea-level,  7,740  feet.  Length,  20  miles. 
Greatest  width,  15  miles. 

Yellowstone  National  Park.  A region  set 

apart  as  a public  pleasure-ground  by  act  of  Con- 
gress in  1872 : famous  for  its  scenery,  it  lies  mainly 
in  Wyoming  and  partly  in  Montana  and  Idaho,  and  con- 
tains now  about  3,500  square  miles.  It  is  a plateau  and 
mountain  region,  7,000-11,000  feet  above  sea-level,  and  is 
noted  forits  extraordinary  geysers,  canons,  boiling  springs, 
etc.  It  is  also  a game-preserve.  It  was  explored  by  an  ex- 
pedition under  Washburne  in  1870,  and  more  fully  by  one 
under  Hayden  in  1871. 

Yellowstone  River.  A river  which  rises  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Wyoming,  traverses  Yel- 
lowstone Lake  and  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  flows  through  Montana,  and  joins  the 
Missouri  in  North  Dakota  near  the  frontier  of 
Montana.  Below  Yellowstone  Lake  are  the  Upper  Fall 
(112  feet)  and  Lower  Fall  (310  feet).  Below  the  falls  is  the 
famous  Grand  Canon  of  the  Yellowstone,  about  24-30  miles 
long  and  600-1,200  feet  deep.  Its  tributaries  Tower  Creek 
and  Gardiner  River  also  have  noted  falls.  Length,  1,100 
(1,300  ?)  miles;  navigable  to  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Horn. 

Yemassee  (yem-a-se'),  The.  A novel  by  W.  G. 

Simms,  published  in  1835. 

Yemen  (yem'en).  A region  in  southwestern 
Arabia,  between  Hedjaz,  Hadramaut,  and  the 
Red  Sea.  In  its  most  extended  sense  the  name  included 
nearly  all  of  Arabia  (all  south  of  Syria).  It  was  anciently 
the  seat  of  the  Sabaeans  and  Himyarites.  It  is  now  a vila- 
yet of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Yendys.  The  pseudonym  of  Sydney  Dobell : an 
anagram  of  Sydney. 

Yenikale  (yen-e-ka'la),  Strait  of.  A strait 
which  separates  the  Crimea  from  Circassia,  and 
connects  the  Sea  of  Azoff  with  the  Black  Sea: 
the  ancient  Bosporus  Cimmerius. 

Yenisei  (yen-e-sa'e).  A river  which  rises  in  t he 
northwestern  part  of  Mongolia,  traverses  Si- 
beria from  south  to  north,  and  flows  by  the  Gulf 
of  Yenisei  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  east  of  the 
Gulf  of  Obi.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Kan,  Angara 
(from  Lake  Baikal),  Podkamennaya  Tunguska,  and  Lower 
Tunguska.  Length,  over  3,000  miles  ; navigable  in  its  mid- 
dle and  lower  course. 

Yenisei,  Bay  or  Gulf  of.  The  estuary  formed 
by  the  mouth  of  the  Yenisei. 

Yeniseisk  (yen-e-sa'isk).  1.  A government  of 
Siberia,  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  Yakutsk, 
Irkutsk,  the  Chinese  empire,  Tomsk,  and  To- 
bolsk. The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  south  and  level 
in  the  north.  It  is  rich  in  mineral  wealth.  Capital,  Kras- 
noyarsk. Area,  981,607  square  miles.  Population,  689,700. 
2.  A town  in  the  government  of  Yeniseisk, 
situated  on  the  Yenisei  about  lat.  58°  N.  Pop- 
ulation, 11,506. 

Yeo  (yo),  or  Ivel  (I'vel).  A small  river  in  Som- 
ersetshire, England : a tributary  of  the  Parret. 
Yeoman’s  Tale.  See  Canon’s  Yeoman’s  Tale. 
Yeomen  of  the  Guard,  The,  or  the  Merryman 
and  his  Maid.  An  opera  by  Sir  Arthur  Sulli- 
van, words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced  in  1888. 
Yeovil  (yo'vil).  A town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Yeo  33  miles  southwest  of 
Bath.  It  has  manufactures  of  gloves.  Popula- 
tion, 9,861. 

Yesso.  See  Yezo. 

Yeye  (ya'ye),  or  Bayeye  (ba-ya'ye).  A Bantu 
tribe  of  British  South  Africa,  dwelling  north  of 
Lake  Ngami,  and  still  untouched  by  civilizing 
influences.  Their  language,  related  to  Herero,  has 
adopted  three  clicks  from  the  Khoikhoin.  They  are  also 
called  Bakhoba  by  their  neighbors. 

Yezd.  See  Yazd. 

Yezdigerd,  or  Yesdigerd  (yez'di-jerd),  orYaz- 
digerd  (yaz'di-jerd),  or  Isdigerd  (iz'di-jerd). 
The  name  of  several  kings  of  Persia.  The  first 
reigned  about  399-420;  the  second  about  438-457  ; and  the 
third,  632-641 : his  armies  were  defeated  at  Kadisiya 
(about  636)  and  Nehavend  (about  641)  by  the  Saracens,  and 
he  was  murdered  about  651. 

Yezidis,  or  Yezidees  (ye-ze'dez).  [From  Yezid, 
their  reputed  founder.]  A sect  or  people  dwell- 
ing in  Mesopotamia,  in  Asiatic  Turkey:  allied 
to  the  Kurds.  They  hold  beliefs  derived  from  Moham- 
medan  and  various  other  sources,  and  are  commonly  called 
“ devil-worshipers.” 

Yezo  (yez'o),  or  Yesso  (yes'so).  The  north- 
ernmost of  the  four  principal  islands  of  Japan, 
separated  from  the  main  island  by  the  Strait 
of  Tsugaru.  It  contains  many  mountains  and  volca- 
noes. Length,  about  330  miles.  Area,  36,299  square  miles. 
Population,  about  1,000,000. 

Ygerne.  In  Arthurian  romance,  the  mother  of 
Arthur. 

Yggdrasil  (ig'dra-sil).  [Also  Ygdrasil,  Ig- 
drasil.  Iggrdrasill ; Icel.  Yggdra  Syll ; cf.  Yggr. 
JJggr,  a name  of  Odin;  syll,  sill.]  In  Scandina- 
vian mythology,  the  ash-tree  which  binds  to- 
gether heaven,  earth,  and  hell . Its  branches  spread 


Yggdrasil 

over  the  whole  earth  and  reach  above  the  heavens.  Its 
roots  run  in  three  directions : one  to  the  Asa  gods  in  heaven, 
one  to  the  Frost-giants,  and  the  third  to  the  under  world. 
Under  each  root  is  a fountain  of  wonderful  virtues.  In 
the  tree,  which  drops  honey,  sit  an  eagle,  a squirrel,  and 
four  stags.  At  the  root  lies  the  serpent  Nithhoggr  gnaw- 
ing it,  while  the  squirrel  Eatatoskr  runs  up  and  down  to 
sow  strife  between  the  eagle  at  the  top  and  the  serpent  at 
the  root.  Also  called  Tree  of  the  IT niverse. 

Ymir  (e'mir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
a mighty  sea-giant,  the  first  created  being,  who 
arose  through  the  interworking  of  heat  and  cold 
in  Ginnungagap,  the  primeval  abyss.  He  was 
slain  by  Odin  and  his  brothers  Vili  and  Ve,  and  hurled 
into  the  midst  of  Ginnungagap.  His  flesh  became  the 
land,  his  bones  the  mountains,  his  blood  lakes  and  streams, 
his  hair  the  forests,  his  skull  the  heavens,  and  his  brains 
the  clouds.  Midgard  was  formed  from  his  eyebrows.  He 
was  also  called  Aurgelmir. 

Yncas.  See  Incas. 

Yoga(yo'ga).  [Skt.  yopa,  from  yuj,  join.]  The 
fourth  of  the  six  systems  of  Hindu  philosophy, or 
the  second  of  the  two  divisions  of  the  Sankhya 
system.  Its  alleged  author  is  Patanjali,  of  whom  nothing 
is  known.  It  is  set  forth  in  the  Yogasutra,  a little  work  in 
four  chapters,  translated  in  part  by  Ballantyne  and  entire 
by  Rajendra  Lala  Mitra.  The  Yoga  is  commonly  regarded 
as  a theistic  development  of  the  Sankhya,  directly  acknow- 
ledging Ishvara,  or  a supreme  being.  The  aim  of  it  is  to 
teach  the  means  by  which  the  human  soul  may  attain  com- 
plete union  with  the  Supreme  Soul.  This  fusion  may  be 
effected  even  in  the  body.  According  to  Patanj ali  the  very 
word  Yoga  means  ‘ fixing  or  concentrating  the  mind  in 
abstract  meditation.'  This  is  secured  by  preventing  the 
modifications  of  chitta,  or  the  thinking  principle,  which 
arise  through  the  three  pramanas,  perception,  inference, 
and  verbal  testimony,  as  well  as  incorrect  ascertainment, 
fancy,  sleep,  and  recollection.  These  modifications  of 
chitta  are  prevented  by  the  constant  habit  of  keeping  the 
mind  in  an  unmodified  state,  and  by  complete  suppression 
of  the  passions.  This  last,  vairagya,  is  obtained  by  con- 
templation of  the  Supreme  Being,  who  is  a spirit  unaffected 
by  works  and  affections,  and  is  called  Om,  the  repetition 
of  which  monosyllable  has  astonishing  results,  and  the 
muttering  of  which,  with  reflection  on  its  meaning,  con- 
duces to  a knowledge  of  the  Supreme,  and  tends  to  prevent 
all  the  obstacles  to  Yoga.  The  means  of  mental  concentra- 
tion are  eight : (1)  Forbearance  or  restraint ; (2)  religious 
observances ; (3)  postures ; (4)  suppression  of  the  breath,  or 
breathing  in  a peculiar  way;  (5)  restraint  of  the  senses; 
(6)  steadying  of  the  mind;  (7)  contemplation  ; (8)  profound 
meditation  or  religious  trance,  this  last  being  best  attained, 
according  to  the  Bhagavadgita  (VI.  13),  by  fixing  the  eyes 
on  the  tip  of  the  nose,  and  similar  devices.  The  system, 
a contrivance  for  getting  rid  of  all  thought,  is  a compound 
of  ascetic  bodily  and  mental  exercises. 

Yogin  (yo-gin'  or  vo'gin),  or  Yogi  (yo-ge'  or 
yo'ge).  [Skt.,  from  yoga  (which,  see),  yogin 
being  the  stem  of  the  substantively  used  pos- 
sessive adjective,  and  yogi  its  nominative  sin- 
gular masculine.]  A follower  of  the  Yoga  sys- 
tem ; a Hindu  devotee  or  ascetic. 

Yokohama  (yo-ko-ha'ma).  A seaport  on  the 
main  island  of  Japan,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Yedo,  16  miles  southwest  of  Tokio,  in  lat.  35° 
26'  N.,  long.  139°  36'  E.  It  is  the  most  important  of 
the  Japanese  treaty  ports  and  has  a large  foreign  trade. 
It  is  connected  by  rail  with  Tokio,  and  is  a port  of  call  or 
terminus  of  the  Pacific  Mall,  Canadian  Pacific,  and  other 
lines  of  steamers.  At  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  neigh- 
boring Kanagawa  as  a treaty  port  (about  1859)  it  was  a 
fishing  village  ; the  settlement  was  soon  transferred  from 
Kanagawa  to  it.  Population,  394,303. 

Yokut,  or  Yocut  (yo'kut).  [PI.,  also  Yokuts.'] 
The  southern  division  of  the  Mariposan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  embrac- 
ing a number  of  tribes  whose  remnants  are 
now  under  the  Mission  agency,  California.  See 
Mariposan. 

Yonge  (yung),  Charles  Duke.  Bom  1812:  died 
Nov.  30,  1891.  An  English  historical  writer  and 
classical  scholar.  He  published  an  “ English-Greek 
Lexicon”  (1849),  a new  Latin  “Gradus  ad  Parnassian” 
(1850),  with  an  appendix  of  Latin  epithets  (1856),  “ A New 
Phraseological  English  Latin  and  Latin-English  Diction- 
ary ” (1855),  histories  of  England  (1856),  the  British  navy 
(1863),  France  under  the  Bourbons  (1866-07),  and  the  Eng- 
lish Revolution  (1874),  and  lives  of  Liverpool  (1868), 
Marie  Antoinette  (1870),  “Life  of  SirWalter  Scott  "(1888), 
etc. 

Yonge,  Charlotte  Mary.  Born  at  Otterbourne, 
England,  1823:  died  there,  March  24, 1901.  An 
English  novelist  and  historical  and  miscellane- 
ous writer.  Her  works  include  “Heir  of  Redclyffe’’ 
(18o3),  “ Daisy  Chain  ’’  (1856),  “Kings  of  England  ’’  (1848), 
“ Landmarks  of  History  " (1852-57),  “ History  of  Christian 
Names"  (1863),anumberof  volumes  of  stories  from  the  his- 
tories of  different  countries,  and  numerous  novels,  etc. 
Yonkers  (yongk'erz  or  yungk'erz).  A city  in 
Westchester  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
Hudson  about  15  miles  by  rail  north  of  Now 
York  city.  It  has  varied  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, 79,803,  (1910). 

Yonne  (yon).  A river  in  Prance  which  rises 
near  the  eastern  border  of  Nievrc,  flows  north- 
west, and  joins  the  Seine  at  Montereau:  the 
ancient  Icauna.  It  is  connected  by  canals  with 
the  Saone  and  Loire.  Length,  171  miles ; navi- 
gable to  Auxerre. 

Yonne.  A department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Seine-et-Marne,  Aube,  Cdte-d’Or,  Niilvre,  anil 


1077 

Loiret.  Capital,  Auxerre.  It  has  agricultural  re- 
sources and  mineral  wealth,  and  produces  Burgundy 
wines.  It  was  formed  from  parts  of  the  ancient  Cham- 
pagne, Burgundy,  and  Gatinais.  Area,  2,892  square  miles. 
Population,  315,199. 

Yorick  (yor'ik).  1.  The  king’s  jester  whose 
skull  is  apostrophized  by  Hamlet  in  Shakspere’s 
“Hamlet,”  v.  1. — 2.  The  pseudonym  of  Lau- 
rence Sterne  in  “ A Sentimental  Journey.” — 
3.  A humorous  parson,  in  Sterne’s  “Tristram 
Shandy,”  who  claims  descent  from  Shakspere’s 
Yorick. 

Yorick’s  Love.  A tragedy  by  W.  D.  Howells, 
on  the  basis  of  a Spanish  original,  produced 
by  Lawrence  Barrett  in  1885. 

York  (york).  [L  .Ehoracumf]  A city  and  county, 
capital  of  Yorkshire,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Foss  with  the  Ouse,  in  lat.  53°  57',  N.,  long. 
1°  5'  W. : the  seat  of  an  archbishopric.  The 
cathedral  (York  Minster)  is  one  of  the  chief  English  ca- 
thedrals, of  Norman  foundation,  but  entirely  rebuilt  in 
subsequent  medieval  periods.  The  transepts  are  fine, 
particularly  the  south  transept,  built  in  the  first  half  of 
the  13th  century:  it  displays  three  tiers  of  arcades,  in- 
creasing in  size  upward,  and  the  rich  gable  is  almost' en- 
tirely occupied  by  a beautiful  rose.  The  square  towers  of 
the  much-paneled  west  front  are  of  the  15th  century,  as  is 
the  massive  central  tower ; the  Perpendicular  choir  and 
Lady  chapel  are  of  the  14th.  The  interior  is  highly  im- 
pressive from  its  size  and  height.  The  elaborate  vaulting 
is  of  wood.  A massive  sculptured  rood-screen  separates 
the  nave,  from  the  choir.  Tire  Perpendicular  window 
which  fills  almost  the  whole  east  end  measures  78  by  33 
feet,  being  surpassed  only  by  that  at  Gloucester.  The 
north  transept  possesses  the  celebrated  group  of  lancets 
known  as  the  Five  Sisters.  The  cathedral  possesses  more 
old  glass  (14th  and  15th  centuries)  than  any  other  in  Eng- 
land. Among  its  tombs  that  of  Archbishop  Grey  (1255)  is 
the  most  remarkable.  The  dimensions  are  525  by  110  feet; 
length  of  transepts,  222 ; height  of  vaulting,  100 ; of  western 
towers,  201  feet.  The  octagonal  Decorated  chapter-house, 
without  central  pillar,  is  of  exceptional  beauty.  Mickle- 
gate  Bar  is  one  of  the  six  medieval  city  gates.  It  is  a high 
square  battlemented  tower,  with  bartizans  on  the  angles, 
whose  arch  spans  the  roadway.  Besides  the  cathedral 
there  are  several  interesting  churches,  St.  Mary’s  Abbey, 
and  a castle.  York  was  the  capital  of  Britain  during  the 
Roman  occupation ; was  visited  by  Hadrian ; and  was  the 
place  of  death  of  Severus  and  Constantius  Chlorus.  In 
York  Constantine  was  proclaimed  emperor.  Later  it  was 
the  capital  of  Northumbria  and  Deira,  and  an  important 
Danish  city.  It  was  an  early  seat  of  learning.  It  was  taken 
by  William  the  Conqueror  in  1038 ; revolted  and  was  re- 
taken by  him  in  1069 ; was  the  meeting-place  of  several  par- 
liaments ; and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Parliamen- 
tarians in  1644.  Population,  82,297,  (1911). 

York  (County).  See  Yorkshire. 

York.  The  former  name  of  Toronto. 

York.  The  capital  of  York  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  Codorus  Creek  22  miles 
southeast  of  Harrisburg.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cars,  agricultural  implements,  etc.  In  1777- 
1778  it  was  the  seat  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress. Population,  44,750,  (1910). 

York,  Cape.  Til©  northern  point  of  York  Pe- 
ninsula, Australia,  in  lat.  10°  41'  S.,  long.  142° 
33'  E. 

York,  Cape.  A cape  in  Hayes  Peninsula,  Green- 
land, near  the  northern  part  of  Baffin  Bay. 
York,  Duke  of.  The  title  borne  by  Henry  VIII. 
and  Charles  I.  previous  to  the  death  of  their 
elder  brothers,  and  by  James  II.  and  George 
V.  before  accession  to  the  throne. 

York,  Duke  of.  See  Langley,  Edmund  de. 
York,  Duke  of  (Frederick  Augustus).  Bom 
Aug.  16,  1763:  died  Jan.  5,  1827.  Second  son 
of  George  in.  He  commanded  the  unsuccessful  Brit- 
ish expedition  to  the  Netherlands  1793-95 ; was  made  field- 
marshal  in  1795  and  commander  of  the  forces  in  1798  ; com- 
manded the  unsuccessful  expedition  to  the  Netherlands 
in  1799;  capitulated  at  Alkmaar  Oct.  17,  1799;  and  was 
obliged  on  account  of  scandal  to  resign  in  1809,  but  was 
reinstated  in  1811.  lie  opposed  Catholic  emancipation. 
From  1704  to  1803  he  was  prince-bishop  of  Osnabiiick. 

York,  Duke  of  (Richard).  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Wakefield,  1460.  An  English  statesman,  son 
of  Richard  (earl  of  Cambridge)  and  Anne  Mor- 
timer. He  was  constable  of  England  and  regent  of 
France  under  Henry  VI.;  later  was  lieutenant  of  Ireland  ; 
was  protector  during  the  imbecility  of  Henry  VI.;  and 
was  dismissed  from  office  in  1455.  He  laid  claim  to  the 
heirship  to  the  throne,  and  precipitated  the  Wars  of  the 
Roses  in  that  year.  In  1460  he  was  again  for  a short  time 
protector,  and  by  a compromise  was  recognized  as  heir  to 
the  throne  ; hut  this  compromise  was  rejected  by  Queen 
Margaret,  and  York  was  defeated  and  slain  at  Wakefield. 

York,  Duke  of  (Richard).  Born  1472:  mur- 
dered in  the  Tower,  1483.  Second  son  of  Ed- 
ward IV. 

Y ork,  House  of.  A branch  of  the  English  royal 
dynasty  of  Plantagenet,  descended  from  Lionel, 
duke  of  Clarence,  third  son  of  Edward  III., 
and  Edmund,  duke  of  York,  fifth  son  of  Edward 
ITT.  The  head  of  the  house  was  Richard,  duke  of  York 
(killed  1460).  His  sons  Edward  IV.  and  Richard  III.,  and 
grandson  Edward  V.,  were  kings  of  England  1461-85.  The 
descendants  of  Edward  IV. ’s  brother  (Duke  of  Clarence) 
and  sister  (Elizabeth)  became  claimants  after 1485.  The 
last  serious  claimant  was  Richard  de  la  l’ole  (died  1526). 
See  Wars  of  the  Rotes. 


Yosemite  Falls 

York, Vale  of.  The  central  valley  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  noted  for  its  fertility. 

York  and.  Lancaster,  Wars  of.  See  Wars  of 

the  Roses. 

Yorke  (york),  Oliver.  The  pseudonym  (origi- 
nally that  of  Mahony)  under  which  “Fraser’s 
Magazine”  is  edited. 

York  House.  A former  palace  in  London,  situ- 
ated on  the  Strand  west  of  Salisbury  House  and 
the  Savoy:  a town  residence  of  the  archbishops 
of  York  after  Wolsey.  It  should  not  be  confounded 
with  York  Place.  The  only  archbishop  who  actually  re- 
sided here  was  Heath,  Queen  Mary’s  chanceUor.  It  bt 
, came  the  official  residence  of  chancellors  and  keepers  of 
the  great  seal;  hence  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  went  to  reside 
there  and  Francis  Bacon  was  born  there.  The  first  Duke 
of  Buckingham  obtained  the  property  from  James  I.,  and 
proposed  to  build  a palace  from  the  designs  of  Inigo  Jones : 
only  the  water-gate  was  built.  See  Whitehall  Palace. 
York  Peninsula.  A peninsula  in  South  Aus- 
tralia, between  Spencer  Gulf  and  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Vincent.  Length,  about  120  miles. 

York  Place.  A name  formerly  given  to  White- 
hall Palace,  London. 

Y ork  Plays  or  Mysteries.  A cycle  of  48  plays 
performed  by  the  Crafts  or  Mysteries  of  York 
on  Corpus  Christi  Day,  in  the  14th,  15th,  and 
16t.h  centuries.  The  earliest  mention  of  them  is  in  1370, 
when  they  had  already  been  established  some  years.  They 
were  printed  in  1885  by  Lucy  Toulmin  Smith  from  the 
unique  MSS.  in  the  library  of  Lord  Ashburnham. 

York  River.  A river  or  estuary  in  Virginia, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Mattapony  and  Pa- 
munkey  rivers  at  West  Point.  Length,  35-40 
miles. 

Yorkshire  (york'shir).  The  largest  county  in 
England.  It  is  bounded  by  Durham  (from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Tees),  the  North  Sea,  Lincolnshire  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Humber),  Nottingham,  Derby,  Cheshire,  Lan- 
cashire, and  Westmoreland;  and  comprises  the  admin- 
istrative divisions  of  North  Riding,  East  Riding,  West 
Riding,  and  the  City  of  York.  It  is  traversed  in  the  west 
by  the  Pennine  chain,  and  its  surface  is  greatly  diversified. 
It  has  important  mines  of  coal,  iron,  and  other  minerals  ; 
flourishing  agriculture,  especially  in  the  Vale  of  York, 
Cleveland,  and  Holderness ; and  manufactures  of  woolens, 
worsted,  iron,  steel,  etc.  It  contains  the  large  towns 
Leeds,  Sheffield,  Hull,  Bradford,  York,  Huddersfield,  and 
Halifax.  It  belonged  to  the  Brigantes ; after  the  Roman 
occupation  formed  the  kingdom  of  Deira  and  part  of 
Northumbria;  and  was  the  scene  of  numerous  Scottish 
raids,  of  battles  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  of  the  “ Pilgrim- 
age of  Grace  ” in  1636,  of  an  insurrection  in  1569,  and  ol  the 
"battle  of  Marston  Moor  in  1644.  Area  (ad.  co.),  6,909.6 
square  miles.  Population  (pari,  co.),  3,584,762. 

Yorkshire  Tragedy,  A.  A play  produced  and 
printed  in  1608,  founded  on  an  event  which  oc- 
curred in  1604.  It  has  been  attributed  to  Shakspere,  as 
his  name  appeared  in  full  on  the  title-page  in  the  1608 
edition ; but  it  is  thought  to  have  been  addedfor  the  bene- 
fit of  the  bookseller. 

Yorktown  (york'toun).  The  capital  of  York 
County,  Virginia,  situated  on  York  River  51 
miles  east-southeast  of  Richmond.  Here,  in  1781, 
the  British  under  Cornwallis  were  besieged  by  the  allied 
Americans  and  French  under  WashingtonandRochambeau, 
aided  by  the  French  fleet  under  De  Grasse.  Yorktown 
was  invested  by  the  end  of  Sept.  ; the  first  parallel  was 
established  Oct.  9 ; an  unsuccessful  sortie  was  made  Oct. 
16 ; and  the  British  (about  8,000)  surrendered  Oct.  19.  This 
event  virtually  closed  the  Revolutionary  War.  Here  also 
occurred,  during  the  Civil  War,  the  siege  of  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Magruder,  and  later  under  Johnston,  by  the 
Federals  under  McClellan.  It  was  begun  April  6,  1862, 
and  Yorktown  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates  on 
May  4.  Population,  136,  (1910). 

York  von  Wartenburg  ( york  f on  viir'ten-borG), 
Count  Hans  David  Ludwig.  Born  at  Pots- 
dam, Prussia,  Sept.  26,  1759:  died  at  Klein- 
Ols,  Silesia,  Oct.  4, 1830.  A Prussian  field-mar- 
shal. He  served  in  the  Polish  campaign  of  1794  ; com- 
manded the  rear-guard  after  Jena  in  1806 ; was  imprisoned 
at  Lubeck ; commanded  the  Prussian  contingent  in  the 
expedition  to  Russia  in  1812;  concluded  the  convention 
of  Tauroggen  with  the  Russians,  Dec.  30,  1812  ; was  dis- 
tinguished as  a corps  commander  1813-14;  served  at 
Bautzen,  and  contributed  to  the  victory  of  Katzbach ; 
crossed  the  Elbe  at  Wartenburg,  Oct.  3,  1813 ; was  dis- 
tinguished at  Mockern  in  1813,  and  at  Montmirail,  Laon, 
and  Paris  in  1814  ; and  became  a field-marshal  in  1821. 

Yoruba  (yo'ro-ba),  or  Yariba  (ya're-ba).  A 
once  powerful  negro  kingdom,  now  much  re- 
duced and  included  in  the  British  sphere  of  in- 
fluence. It  occupies  the  eastern  half  of  the  Slave  Coast, 
between  Dahomey  and  Benin,  and  extends  northeastward 
as  far  as  the  Niger.  In  the  beginning  of  the  19th  cen- 
tury the  northern  portion  was  annexed  by  the  conquer- 
ing Fulalis  of  Gando : several  defections  have  followed. 
The  Yoruba  people  call  themselves  Eyo ; in  Sierra  Leone 
they  go  by  the  name  of  Aku.  They  are  an  intelligent  and 
enterprising  tribe,  living  in  large  and  semi-civilized  com- 
munities. The  ancient  capital,  Oyo,  is  said  to  have  70,000 
and  Ibadan  50,000  inhabitants.  There  is  a colony  of  Yo- 
ruba-mcn  at  Kano  in  Hausaland.  A majority  of  the  Sierra 
Leonians  are  of  Yoruba  descent,  and  a large  proportion  of 
the  North  American  negroes  are  of  Yoruba  extraction,  or 
at  least  come  from  the  Slave  Coast. 

Yosemite  (yo-sera'i-te)  Falls.  The  three  falls 
of  Yosemite  Creek.  The  first  is  1,500  feet  high ; 
the  second,  626,  in  a series  of  cascades ; and  the 
third,  400  feet. 


Yosemite  Valley 

Yosemite  Valley.  [Amer.  Ind.,‘ valley  of  the 
grizzly  bear.’]  A valley  in  the  west  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  about  150  miles  east  of 
San  Francisco,  in  Mariposa  County,  California : 
famous  for  its  sublime  scenery,  its  length  is 
about  8 miles ; width,  4 mile-2  miles.  It  is  nearly  inclosed 
by  walls  of  rock  3,000  to  5,000  feet  high,  and  is  traversed  by 
the  Merced  River.  The  chief  heights  are  El  Capitan, 
Cathedral  Rock,  the  Spires,  the  Three  Brothers,  Sentinel 
Rock,  the  North  Dome,  the  Half  Dome,  and  the  Cap  of 
Liberty ; the  noted  falls  are  Yosemite  Falls,  the  Bridal 
Veil  Fall,  Vernal  Fall,  and  Nevada  Fall.  The  valley  was 
discovered  in  1851.  In  1864  Congress  granted  it,  with  adja- 
cent territory  for  two  miles  about  it,  to  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia, on  condition  that  it  should  be  held  as  a State  park, 
and  in  1905  the  State  ceded  it  back  to  the  United  States 
Government,  and  it  was  accepted  by  Congress  in  1906. 
Yosemite  National  Park  includes  the  water-sheds  and 
basins  of  the  rivers  of  the  Yosemite  Valley. 

Youghal  (ya'hal  or  yal).  A seaport  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Black- 
water  22  miles  east  of  Cork.  Population,  urban 
district,  5,393. 

Youmans  (yo'manz),  Edward  Livingstone. 

Born  at  Coeymaus,  N.  Y.,  June  3,  1821:  died 
at  New  York  city,  Jan.  18, 1887.  Aji  American 
Scientist.  He  founded  the  “Popular  Science  Monthly  ” 
in  1872;  planned  the  “International  Scientific  Series"; 
and  published  a “Chemical  Chart ” (1S51),  “Class-book  of 
Chemistry  ” (1852),  “Atlas  of  Chemistry  "(1854),  and  “ Hand- 
book of  Household  Science  ” (1857).  In  1864  he  published 
“The  Correlation  and  Conservation  of  Forces,"  a series  of 
articles  by  prominent  scientists  on  the  new  theory  of  forces, 
with  an  introduction.  He  also  edited  “The  Culture  De- 
manded by  Modern  Life  " in  1867,  and  was  instrumental 
in  the  publication  of  Herbert  Spencer's  works  in  America, 
especially  in  popularizing  his  theory  of  evolution.  His 
Bister  acted  as  his  amanuensis  from  1845  on  account  of 
the  failure  of  his  eyesight. 

Youmans,  Eliza  A.  Born  at  Saratoga,  1826. 
An  American  botanist,  sister  of  E.  L.  Youmans. 
Young  (yung),  Arthur.  Born  in  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  11,  1741 : died  at  London,  April  20, 
1820.  An  English  traveler  and  noted  agricul- 
tural and  economic  writer.  He  was  engaged  (un- 
successfully) in  farming,  and  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  in  1793.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  accounts  of  travels  in  England,  Wales,  and  Ire- 
land, and  especially  in  France  (1787-89),  during  which  he 
observed  closely  and  scientifically  the  condition  of  agri- 
culture. His  works  include  “A  Six  Weeks’  Tour  through 
the  Southern  Counties  of  England  and  Wales  ” (1768),  “ A 
Six  Months’  Tour  through  the  North  of  England  ” (1771), 
“ A Farmer’s  Tour  through  the  East  of  England  ” (1770-71), 
“A  Course  of  Experimental  Agriculture”  (1770),  “The 
Farmer’s  Calendar”  (1771),  “Political  Arithmetic  ” (1774), 
“ A Tour  in  Ireland  ’’  (1780),  “ Travels  in  France,”  his  chief 
work  (1792-94).  He  edited  “Annals  of  Agriculture.” 

Young,  Brigham.  Born  at  Whitingham,  Vt., 
June  1, 1801 : died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Aug.  29, 
1877.  A Mormon  leader,  president  of  the  Mor- 
mon Church.  In  early  life  he  was  by  trade  a carpenter, 
painter,  and  glazier  in  Mendon,  New  York.  He  was  con- 
verted to  Mormonism  in  1831 ; began  to  preach  in  1832,  and 
in  that  year  joined  the  Mormons  at  Kirtland,  Ohio  ; was 
made  an  elder  in  1832,  and  an  apostle  in  1835  ; and  was 
chosen  president  of  the  churcli  as  successor  to  Smith  in 
1844.  He  conducted  the  emigration  from  Nauvoo  to  Utah 
1846-48  ; was  elected  governor  of  “Deseret”  in  1849  ; and 
was  appointed  governor  of  Utah  Territory  by  President 
Fillmore.  In  1852  he  proclaimed  the  doctrine  of  polyg- 
amy. He  defied  the  United  States  government,  and  was 
removed  from  the  governorship  by  President  Buchanan. 
In  1871  he  was  indicted  for  polygamy,  but  was  not  con- 
victed. At  his  death  he  had  17  wives.  He  was  head  of 
the  secret  order  of  Danites  (which  see). 

Young,  Charles  Augustus.  Born  at  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  15,  1834:  died  there,  Jan.  4,  1908. 
A noted  American  astronomer.  He  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1853  ; and  became  professor  at  Western  Re- 
serve College  in  1856,  at  Dartmouth  in  1865,  and  (of  as- 
tronomy) at  Princeton  in  1877.  He  was  especially  noted 
for  his  researches  on  the  sun.  He  wrote  “ The  Sun”  (1882), 
“ A Text-book  of  General  Astronomy  ’’  (1888). 

Young,  Charles  Mayne.  BornatLondon,  Jan. 
10,  1777 : died  at  Brighton,  June  28,  1856.  An 
English  actor.  He  made  his  regular  debut  at  Liver- 
pool in  1798.  A year  later  he  was  leading  man  at  Man- 
chester. His  repertoire  was  large,  including  Don  Felix  in 
“ The  Wonder,"  Rolla  in  “ Pizarro,”  Penruddock  in  “ The 
Wheel  of  Fortune,”  Petruchio,  Sir  Edward  Mortimer  in 
“The  Iron  Chest,”  etc.  His  greatest  success  was  in  Kem- 
ble's celebrated  revival  of  “ Julius  Cassar”  in  1812.  His 
farewell  benefit  occurred  at  Covent  Garden,  May  31,  1832, 
when  he  appeared  as  Hamlet  and,  in  his  honor,  Mathews 
appeared  as  Polonius  and  Macready  as  the  Ghost. 

Young,  Edward.  Born  at  Upham,  near  Win- 
chester, England,  June,  1683:  died  April  5, 
1765.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1730  became  rector  of  Welwyn  in  Hertford- 
shire. His  chief  poetical  work  is  “Night  Thoughts” 
(1742-45).  He  also  wrote  satires  under  the  title  “Love  of 
Fame,  the  Universal  Passion  ” (1725-28),  the  dramas  “ Bu- 
eiris  ” (1719)  and  “ The  Revenge  " (1721),  etc. 

Young,  Edward  Daniel.  Born  1831:  died 
1896.  An  English  traveler  in  Africa.  In  1867 
he  commanded  the  Livingstone  search  expedi- 
tion ; he  explored  the  Lake  Nyassa  region  in 
1875,  and  wrote  “Nyassa”  (1877). 

Young,  John,  Baron  Lisgar.  Born  in  Bombay, 
Aug.  31,  1807 : died  in  Ireland,  Oct.  6,  1876.  *A 


1078 

British  politician.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1844-46 ; chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1862-56;  later  lord  high 
commissioner  of  the  Ionian  Islands  and  governor  of  New 
South  Wales  ; and  governor-general  of  Canada  1868-72. 
Young,  John  Russell.  Born  at  Downingtown, 
Pa.,  Nov.  20,  1841:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Jan.  17,  1899.  An  American  journalist.  He  was 
connected  successively  with  the  Philadelphia  “ Press,” 
New  York  “Tribune,”  and  “ New  York  Herald”  ; accom- 
panied Grant  in  his  tour  around  the  world;  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1882-85 ; and  librarian  of  Con- 
gress 1897-99.  He  published  “Around  the  World  with 
General  Grant”  (1879). 

Young,  Robert.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  10, 
1822 : died  there,  Oct.  14, 1888.  A Scottish  bib- 
lical scholar,  best  known  from  his  “Analytical 
Concordance  to  the  Bible.” 

Young,  Thomas.  Born  at  Milverton,  Somerset, 
England,  June  13, 1773 : died  at  London,  May  10, 
1829.  A celebrated  English  physicist,  mathema- 
tician, and  general  scholar.  He  studied  medicine  at 
London,  Edinburgh, Gottingen,  and  Cambridge,  hut  did  not 
practise  his  profession.  He  became  professor  at  the  Royal 
Institution  in  1801 ; was  foreign  secretary  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety for  many  years ; and  was  secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Longitude  (which  conducted  the  “Nautical  Almanac”). 
He  discovered  the  law  of  the  interference  of  light,  which 
contributed  largely  to  the  establishment  of  the  undula- 
tory  theory  of  light;  suggested  the  theory  of  color-sensa- 
tion afterward  developed  by  Helmholtz;  and  made  some 
progress  in  the  deciphering  of  the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics. 
Among  his  works  are  “Syllabus  of  a Course  of  Lectures” 
(1802), “ Course  of  Lectures  on  Natural  Philosophy  and  the 
Mechanical  Arts  ” (1807),  articles  on  Egyptology,  etc. 

Young  Adventurer,  The.  A title  given  to 
Prince  Charles  Edward  Stuart  on  account  of 
his  leading  the  desperate  insurrection  of  1745. 
Young  Chevalier,  The.  Charles  Edward  Stu- 
art, son  of  the  Pretender. 

Young  England.  A group  of  Tory  politicians, 
chiefly  recruited  from  the  younger  members  of 
the  aristocracy,  who,  about  1844,  opposed  free 
trade  and  radicalism,  and  advocated  the  resto- 
ration of  the  former  order  of  things.  Among 
their  leaders  were  Disraeli  and  Lord  John 
Manners. 

Young  Germany.  A literary  and  political  school 
in  Germany,  of  innovating  tendencies.  Its  chief 
representative  was  Heine. 

Young  Ireland.  A group  of  Irish  politicians 
and  agitators,  active  about  1840-50,  who  were 
at  first  adherents  of  O’Connell,  but  were  sepa- 
rated from  him  by  their  advocacy  of  physical 
force,  and  took  part  in  the  rising  of  1848. 
Young  Italy.  An  association  of  Italian  repub- 
lican agitators,  active  about  1834  under  the  lead 
of  Mazzini.  Analogous  republican  groups  in  other 
countries  were  called  Young  Germany,  Young  Poland , 
Young  France,  etc.,  and  these  republican  associations  col- 
lectively were  known  as  Young  Europe. 

Young  Pretender,  The.  Charles  Edward  Stu- 
art, son  of  the  Pretender  (or  Old  Pretender). 
Youngstown  (yungz'toun).  A city  in  Maho- 
ning Coimty,  Ohio,  situated  on  Mahoning  River 
62  miles  east-southeast  of  Cleveland,  it  has 
flourishing  iron  manufactures,  and  is  the  center  of  a coal- 
mining region.  Population,  79,066,  (1910). 

Ypres  (e'pr).  [Flem.  Yperen  or  Ieperen,  G. 
Ypern.']  A town  in  the  province  of  West  Flan- 
ders, Belgium,  on  the  Yperl6e  29  miles  south- 
west of  Bruges.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  laces, 
etc.  The  cathedral  of  Ypres  is  of  the  first  half  of  the  13th 
century.  The  south  transept  has  a fine  rose-window  and 
a richly  decorated  gable : its  doors  are  good  examples  of 
late  medieval  carving.  The  Cloth  Hall,  the  chief  edifice 
of  its  class  in  Belgium,  was  built  in  the  course  of  the  13th 
century.  The  facade  is  460  feet  long,  and  has  two  ranges 
of  pointed  windows.  At  each  end  rises  a turret,  and  in  the 
middle  stands  the  massive  square  turreted  belfry.  The 
facade  is  adorned  with  statues  of  the  counts  of  Flanders 
and  their  wives.  Ypres  was  once  the  capital  of  West 
Flanders.  It  was  famous,  especially  about  the  14th  cen- 
tury, for  its  linens  and  woolens,  and  was  one  of  the  largest 
towns  in  the  Low  Countries.  Population,  commune,  17,287. 
Ypsilanti  (ip-si-lan'ti).  A city  in  Washtenaw 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Huron  River  29 
miles  west  by  south  of  Detroit.  It  is  the  seat 
of  the  State  normal  school.  Population,  6,230, 
(1910), 

Yriarte.  See  Iriarte. 

Yrun.  See  Irun. 

Ysaye  (e-si'ye),  Eugene.  Born  at  Liege,  1858. 
A Belgian  composer  and  noted  violinist.  He 
came  to  America  in  1894  and  in  1912. 
Ysengrimus.  See  Reynard  the  Fox. 

Ysolae,  Ysonde.  See  Iseult. 

Ysopet.  See  the  extract. 

. . . The  Ysopet  of  Marie  de  France  . . . may  be  said  to 
be  a link  of  juncture  between  the  Fabliau  and  the  Roman 
du  Renart.  Ysopet  (diminutiveof  JEsop)  became  a common 
term  in  the  middle  ages  for  a collection  of  fables.  That 
of  Marie  is  by  far  the  most  important.  It  consists  of  103 
pieces,  written  in  octosyllabic  couplets,  with  moralities, 
and  a conclusion  which  informs  us  that  the  author  wrote 
it  “for  the  love  of  Count  William"  (supposed  to  be  Long- 
Sword),  translating  it  from  an  English  version  of  a Latin 


Yunnan 

translation  of  the  Greek.  Marie’s  graceful  style  and  her 
easy  versification  are  very  noticeable  here,  while  her  mor- 
als are  often  well  deduced  and  sharply  put. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  60. 

Yssel  (I'sel).  The  name  of  several  streams  in 
the  Netherlands.  Among  them  are : (a)  The  Nieuwe 
Yssel,  an  arm  of  the  Rhine,  from  which  it  separates  east 
of  Arnhem.  It  joins  the  Oude  Yssel  at  Doesburg,  and 
flows  as  the  Yssel  into  the  Zuyder  Zee  43  miles  east  by 
north  of  Amsterdam.  It  receives  the  Berkel  and  Sehip- 
Beek.  Length,  about  70  miles  ; navigable.  (6)  The  Neder 
Yssel  (Little  or  Dutch  Yssel),  an  arm  of  the  Leek,  from 
which  it  separates  at  Vianen.  It  flows  into  the  Meuse 
above  Rotterdam. 

Ystad  (is'tad  or  tis'tad).  A seaport  in  the  laen 
of  Malmohus,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Baltic 
49  miles  east-southeast  of  Copenhagen.  Popu- 
lation, 10,860. 

Yuba  (yo'ba)  River.  A small  river  in  Califor- 
nia, tributary  of  Feather  River  and  subtribu- 
tary of  Sacramento  River. 

Yucatan  (yo-ka-tan').  A peninsula  of  Mexico, 
comprising  the  states  of  Yucatan  and  Cam- 
peche. It  is  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Chan- 
nel of  Yucatan,  the  Caribbean  Sea,  British  Honduras, 
Guatemala,  and  Tabasco.  The  surface  is  low.  A large  pro- 
portion of  the  inhabitants  are  Mayas,  and  the  region  is  fa- 
mous for  its  ruins,  including  Uxmal,  Kabah,  Chichen-Itza, 
and  Ak6  (see  these  names  and  Mayas).  The  coast  of  Yu- 
catan was  discovered  by  Francisco  Hernandez  de  Cordoba, 
May  4, 1517,  in  the  course  of  a voyage  of  adventure  from 
Cuba ; it  was  conquered  by  Spaniards  1527-47 ; became 
independent  in  1821;  was  annexed  to  Mexico  in  1822  ; and 
was  independent  1840-43.  In  1847-53  there  was  a formi- 
dable Indian  revolt. 

Yucatan.  A state  in  Mexico,  forming  the  east- 
ern and  northern  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Yu- 
catan. Capital,  Merida.  Area,  35,214  square 
miles.  Population,  337,020  (1910). 

Yucatan,  Channel  of.  A channel  between 
Yucatan  and  Cuba,  which  connects  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  with  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Width,  125 
miles. 

Yucatecs  (yo-ka-taks'),  or  Yucatecos  (-ta'kos). 
Natives  of  Yucatan : a name  often  given  to  the 
Mayas. 

Yucay  (yo-ki').  A fertile  valley  about  20  miles 
north  of  Cuzco,  Peru.  It  was  a favorite  resort  of  the 
Incas,  and  was  highly  cultivated,  the  hillsides  being  util- 
ized by  artificial  terraces  ( andenes ),  supported  by  mason- 
work  and  irrigated  by  an  elaborate  system  of  waterworks. 
These  terraces  still  remain : they  extend  up  the  moun- 
tains to  a height  of  1,500  feet,  and  are  the  most  striking 
example  of  the  Inca  system  of  agricultural  improvement. 
The  summer  palace  of  the  Incas  is  now  indicated  only  by 
a few  fragments.  Ollantay-tambo  (which  see)  is  in  this 
valley,  and  there  are  numerous  other  interesting  antiqui- 
ties. 

Yuen  (yo-en').  A river  in  China : outlet  by  Lake 
Tung-Ting  into  the  Yangtse. 

Yuki  (u'ki).  A tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians which  dwelt  in  Round  Valley,  Mendocino 
County,  California.  The  name  means  * stran- 
ger ’ or  ‘ enemy/  secondarily  ‘ bad  ’ or  ‘ thiev- 
ing.’ See  Yukian. 

Yukian  (u'ki-an).  A linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians  who  formerly  lived  in  and 
near  Round  Valley,  Mendocino  County,  Cali- 
fornia. Its  principal  tribes,  remnants  of  which  are 
mingled  with  others  on  the  Round  Valley  reservation,  are 
the  Yuki,  Chumaia,  Tatu  or  Huchnom,  Ashoehimi  or 
A-Wappo,  and  Napa. 

Yukon.  A territory  of  British  North  America, 
situated  in  the  extreme  northwest.  Organized  in 
1898.  Area,  207,076  sq.m.  Pop.,  8,512,  (1911). 
Yukon  (yo'kon),  in  its  lower  course  Kwichpak 
(kwik-pak').  A river  which  rises  in  British 
America,  flows  northwest, west,  and  southwest, 
and  empties  into  Bering  Sea  about  lat.  62°  30'  N. 
Length, about2, 000 miles;  navigable  about  1,200 
miles. 

Yule  (yol),  Sir  Henry.  Born  near  Edinburgh, 
May,  1820:  died  at  London,  Dec.  30,  1889.  A 
British  military  engineer  in  India,  and  Orien- 
talist. He  retired  in  1862  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 
Among  his  works  are  ‘ A Narrative  of  the  Mission  sent 
to  the  Court  of  Ava  ” (1858 : he  was  secretary  of  this  mis- 
sion), “Cathay  and  the  Way  Thither”  (1866),  a translation 
of  Marco  Polo  (2  vols.  1871;  revised  ed.  1875),  articles  on 
Central  Asia  and  the  Chinese  empire,  with  Burnell  “ Hob- 
son-Jobson : being  a Glossary  of  Anglo-Indian  Collo- 
quial Words  and  Phrases,  etc.”  (1886),  and  notes  to  the 
Hakluyt  Society’s  reprint  of  the  diary  of  William  Hedges 
(1887). 

Yuma.  See  Cuchan. 

Yuman  (yo'man).  A linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  It  formerly  occupied  the  extreme 
southwest  part  of  the  United  States,  including  much  of 
the  valleys  of  the  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers,  northern  Lower 
California,  and  the  extreme  southern  part  of  California. 
Its  name  is  from  a Cuchan  word  meaning  ‘ sons  of  the 
river.’  Its  number  in  the  United  States  is  nearly  5,000 ; 
that  in  Mexico  is  not  known. 

Yuncas.  See  Chimu. 

Yunnan  (yun'nan').  A province  in  the  south- 
western extremity  of  China,  bounded  by  China 


Yunnan 

proper,  Tibet,  Burma,  and  Tongking.  Area, 
about  150,000  square  miles.  Population,  12,- 
324,574. 

Yunnan-fu  (yiin'nan'fo').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Yunnan,  China,  about  lat.  25°  6'  N., 
on  Lake  Tien-hai : noted  for  its  manufactures. 
Population,  estimated,  50,000. 

Yurac-huasi.  See  Faytiti. 

Yurok  (yo'rok).  A division  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  in  California.  The  name  is 
from  a Karok  word  meaning  ‘ down  ’ or  ‘ be- 
low.’ In  1870  their  number  was  2,700,  which 
has  since  greatly  decreased.  About  600  are 
now  to  be  found  along  the  Klamath  River  and 
very  few  on  the  coast.  See  Weitspekan. 
Yurucares  (yo-ro-ka-ras').  [Probably corrupted 
from  the  Quichua  yurak,  white,  and  kari,  men.] 
Indians  of  Bolivia,  northeast  of  La  Paz,  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountains  and  in  the  forest-covered 
plains  between  the  rivers  Mamore  and  Beni. 
They  are  tall  and  well  formed,  and  nearly  as 
white  as  Europeans  (perhaps  from  the  effects 
of  a skin-disease).  Their  dress  is  a robe  of 
bark  cloth  stamped  with  figures  from  engraved 
blocks.  They  are  excessively  vain,  and  are 
given  to  prolonged  drinking-bouts  (of  chicha, 


1079 

prepared  from  maize).  On  his  marriage,  each 
man  prepares  a house  and  plantation  widely 
separated  from  all  others.  They  plant  maize 
and  manioc,  but  subsist  largely  by  hunting. 
Children  are  often  killed  to  get  rid  of  them : 
but,  by  a strange  custom,  they  are  never  pun- 
ished, and  are  allowed  complete  liberty.  The 
men  often  engage  in  duels  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows. They  have  a very  complicated  mythol- 
ogy. Several  hordes  are  distinguished  by  dif- 
ferent names,  but  all  together  do  not  now 
number  more  than  2,000. 

Yurunas.  See  Jurunas. 

Yuste  (yos'ta).  A convent  in  Spain,  east  of 
Plasencia.  It  is  noted  as  the  place  of  retire- 
ment of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  after  his  ab- 
dication. 

Yusuf,  or  Yussuf  (yos'of).  Killed  759.  The  last 
emir  of  Spain  for  the  Ommiad  califs. 

Yusuf,  or  Yussuf.  Died  1106.  An  Almoravide 
prince.  He  founded  Morocco,  and  made  many 
conquests  in  Spain. 

Yuthia.  See  Ayuthia. 

Yverdon  (e-ver-don'),  G.  Iferten  (e'fer-ten). 
A town  in  the  canton  of  Yaud,  Switzerland, 
situated  at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  the 


Yvon 

Lake  of  Neuchatel,  at  the  outlet  of  the  Orbe,  17 
miles  north  of  Lausanne  : the  Roman  Eburodu- 

II um.  It  has  a castle.  The  town  was  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  Bernese  magistrates,  and  from  1805  to  1825  the 
seat  of  Pestalozzi’s  educational  institute.  Near  it  is  the 
watering-place  Yverdon.  Population,  7,985. 

Yves  d’Evreux  (ev  dav-re').  Born  at  Evreux, 
Normandy,  about  1577 : died  after  1620.  A 
French  Capuchin  missionary  at  Maranhao, 
Brazil  (1612-14).  He  published  “Suite  de  l’histoire 
des  choses  plus  memorables  advenues  en  Maragnan  es  an- 
nees  1613  et  1614  ” (Paris,  1615 ; 2d  ed.  1864).  It  i9  a contin- 
uation of  the  history  of  Claude  d’Abbeville,  and  is  of  great 
historical  value. 

Yvetot  (ev-td').  A town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-Inf  drieure,  France,  21  miles  northwest  of 
Rouen.  With  its  territory,  it  became  in  the  later  middle 
ages  a principality  or  kingdom,  dependent  directly  on  the 
French  crown.  Its  privileges  were  only  nominal  by  the 
close  of  the  17th  century.  Population,  commune,  about 
7,200. 

Yvetot,  Le  Roi  d’.  See  Boi  d’Yvetot,  Le. 

Yvon  (e-von'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Eschwiller, 
Moselle,  1817:  died  at  Passy,  Sept.,  1893.  A 
French  historical  painter,  professor  of  draw- 
ing at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  1881-87.  Among 
his  works  are  “ The  First  Consul  Descending  Mount  St. 
Bernard,”  “The  Taking  of  the  Malakoff,”  “The  Battle  of 
Solferino,"  etc. 


aandam(zan-dam').  A town 
in  the  province  of  North  Hol- 
land, Netherlands,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Zaan  and  Y, 
5 miles  northwest  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  is  noted  for  the 
number  of  windmills  in  its  neigh- 
borhood (400).  Peter  the  Great 
worked  here  as  a ship’s  carpenter 
in  1697.  Population,  24,402.  Also  Saardam,  Zaardam. 

Zab  (zab),  or  Greater  Zab.  A river  in  Asiatic 
Turkey  which  joins  the  Tigris  25  miles  south  of 
Mosul.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  two  rivers  of  this 
name  are  mentioned  : the  upper  Zab  (ZabuelA),  whiehfalls 
into  the  Tigris  near  Nimrud  (the  ancient  Calah);  and  the 
lower  Zab  ( Zabumplu ),  which  joins  the  Tigris  south  of 
Kileh  Sherghat  (the  ancient  city  of  Ashur).  In  the  classi- 
cal writers  the  river  is  mentioned  under  the  names  Za- 
batus,  Zabas,  Zerbis,  or  Lycos  (wolf).  Its  modern  name  is 
Zarb.  Length,  about  250  miles. 

Zab,  Lesser,  or  Zab  Asfal  (zab  as-fal').  A 
small  eastern  tributary  of  the  Tigris,  south  of 
the  Greater  Zab.  See  Zab,  above. 

Zabrze  (tsabr'tse).  A coal-mining  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  47  miles  southeast 
of  Oppeln.  Pop.,  country  commune,  55,634. 
Zabulon(zab'u-lon).  The  Greek  form  of  Zebulon. 
Zacapa  (tha-ka'pa),  or  Sacapa  (sa-ka'pa).  A 
small  town  in  Guatemala,  situated  on  the 
Grande  70  miles  northeast  of  Guatemala. 
Zacatecas  (tza-ka-ta/kas  or  sa-ka-ta'kas).  1. 
A state  in  Mexico,  surrounded  by  the  states  of 
Coahuila,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Jalisco,  Aguas  Cali- 
entes,  and  Durango.  The  surface  is  elevated.  It  is 
rich  in  mines,  especially  of  silver.  Area,  24,757  square 
miles.  Population,  475,863,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Zacatecas, 
about  lat.  22°  40'  N.  In  its  neighborhood  are 
very  rich  silver-mines.  Population,  25,905, 
(1910). 

Zaccheus,  or  Zacchaeus  (za-ke'us).  [Gr.  z an- 
Xaiot;.]  A tax-collector  near  Jericho,  who,  being 
a short  man,  climbed  into  a sycamore-tree  in 
order  to  see  Jesus  who  was  passing  by.  Luke 
xix.  1-10. 

Zachariah  (zak-a-ri'a).  [Heb.,  ‘remembered 
by  Jehovah’;  Gr.  Z axapiag.~\  King  of  Israel, 
son  of  Jeroboam  II.  See  the  extract  and  Jero- 
boam. See  Zechariah. 

According  to  the  chronology  which  has  passed  into  gen- 
eral currencyfrom  the  “Annals  " of  Archbishop  Ussher,  and 
is  represented  on  the  margins  of  most  English  Bibles,  the 
deatli  of  Jeroboam  was  followed  by  an  interregnum  of 
eleven  years,  after  which  his  son  Zachariah  reigned  for  six 
months,  when  he  was  slain  by  Shallum.  The  Bible  knows 
nothing  of  this  interregnum,  but  on  the  contrary  informs 
us  in  the  usual  way  that  Zachariah  reigned  in  his  father's 
stead  (2  Kings  xiv.  29).  The  coronation  of  Zachariah  must 
in  fact  have  followed  as  a matter  of  course,  since  his  father 
died  in  peaceable  possession  of  the  throne. 

IP.  B.  Smith , Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  145. 

Zacharias  (zak-a-ri'as).  The  Greek  form  of 
Zachariah,  mentioned  as  the  name  of  several 
different  persons  in  the  Bible. 

Zacharias.  Pope  741-752.  He  had  great  influence 

abroad,  and  aided  in  the  setting  aside  of  the  Merovingian 
Childeric  III.  and  the  elevation  of  Pepin  the  Short  to  the 
throne.  He  was  canonized,  and  is  commemorated  on 
March  15. 

Zacharia  von  Lingenthal  (tsa-cha-re'a  fon 
ling'en-tal),  Karl  Salomo.  Bom  at  Meissen, 
Saxony,  Sept.  14, 1769 : died  March  27, 1843.  A 
German  jurist,  professor  at  Wittenberg  1797- 
1807,  and  at  Heidelberg  1807-43.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Die  Einheit  des  Staates  und  der  Kirche,”  “ Hand- 
buch  des  franzosischen  Civilrechts,”  “ Vierzig  Bucher  vom 
Staate  ” (“  forty  Books  on  the  State  ”). 

Zacynthus.  See  Zante. 

Zadkiel  (zad'ki-el).  1.  In  Jewish  rabbinical 
lore,  the  angel  of  the  planet  Jupiter. — 2.  The 
pseudonym  of  William  Lilly:  also  assumed  by 
lieutenant  Richard  James  Morrison  (1794?- 
1874),  in  his  astrological  almanac  begun  in  1830. 
Zadok  (za'dok).  1.  A chief  priest  of  Israel,  a 
contemporary  of  David. — 2.  A character  in 
Dryden’s  “Absalom  and  Achitophel,”  repre- 
senting Sancroft. 

Zafarana  (dza-fa-ra'na),  Cape.  A headland  on 
the  northern  coast  of  Sicily,  east  of  Palermo. 


Zafra  (tha'fra).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Badajoz,  Spain,  40  miles  southeast  of  Badajoz : 
the  Roman  Julia  Restituta.  Population  (1887), 
6,120. 

Zagazig  (za-ga-zeg'),  or  Zakazik  (za-ka-zek'). 
A town  in  the  Delta,  Egypt,  situated  on  the 
Tanitic  arm  of  the  Nile,  39  miles  north  by 
east  of  Cairo : nearly  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Bubastus.  It  is  an  important  center  of  the 
cotton  and  grain  trade.  Population,  34,- 
999. 

Zagora  (za-g5’ra).  The  modern  name  of  Mount 
Helicon,  Greece. 

Zagoskin  (za-gos'kin),  or  Sagoskin  (za-gos'- 
kin),  Mikhail.  Born  in  the  government  of 
Penza,  Russia,  1789:  died  at  Moscow,  July  5, 
1852.  A Russian  novelist  and  dramatist.  His 
chief  work  is  “Yuri  Miloslavski,  or  the  Russians  in  1812” 
(1829).  From  his  historical  novels  he  has  been  called  “the 
Russian  Walter  Scott.” 

Zagreb  (za ' greb).  The  Croatian  name  of 
Agram. 

Zagros  (za'gros).  [Gr.  Zdypog.']  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a range  of  mountains  lying  between 
Media  and  Assyria.  Also  Zagrus. 

Zahleh  (za/le).  A Maronite  town  in  Syria,  sit- 
uated on  the  slope  of  Mount  Lebanon  23  miles 
east  of  Beirut.  Postulation,  15,000  (?). 

Zahn  (tsan),  Johann  Karl  Wilhelm.  Born  at 
Rodenberg,  Schaumburg,  Aug.  21, 1800 : died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  22, 1871.  A German  painter,  archi- 
tect, and  writer  on  art.  His  works  include  “Die 
schonsten  Ornamente  und  merkwiirdigsteD  Gemalde  aus 
Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  und  Stabia  ” (182S-30),  “ Orna- 
mente aller  klasstschen  Kunstepochen  ” (1833|39),  etc. 
Zahna  (tsa'na).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  48  miles  southwest  of  Berlin. 
It  was  the  scene  of  an  engagement  between  the  French 
and  the  Allies,  Sept.  5,  1813.  Population,  about  3,000. 
Zahringen  (tsa'ring-en).  A village  in  Baden, 
near  Freiburg:  the  ancient  seat  of  the  dukes 
of  Zahringen,  ancestors  of  the  house  of  Baden. 
Zaide  (za-e'de).  An  opera  by  Mozart,  written 
in  1779  or  1780,  published  in  1838. 

Zaire  (za-e'ra).  The  Kongo. 

Zaire  (za-er').  A tragedy  by  Voltaire,  produced 
in  1733.  It  is  borrowed  to  some  extent  from 
“Othello.” 

Zaire.  An  opera  by  Bellini,  produced  in  1829. 
Zaisan  (zi-zan'),  or  Nor  (nor)  Zaisan,  Lake. 
A lake  in  Russian  Central  Asia,  near  the  Chi- 
nese frontier,  between  the  Altai  and  Tarba- 
gatai  mountains,  about  lat.  48°  20'  N.  It  re- 
ceives the  Black  Irtish,  and  is  the  source  of 
the  White  Irtish.  Length,  70  miles. 
Zakynthos.  See  Zante. 

Zaleucus  (za-lu'kus).  The  traditional  lawgiver 
of  the  Epizephyrian  Locrians  in  Italy,  about 
the  7th  century  b.  c. 

Zalinski  (za-lin'ski),  Edmund  Louis  Gray. 
Born  at  Kurnick,  Prussian  Poland,  Dec.  13, 
1849:  died  at  New  York,  March  10,  1909.  An 
American  military  officer,  noted  for  various 
inventions,  especially  in  the  development  of 
the  dynamite-gun.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1853 ; served  in  the  volunteer  service  during  a part  of  the 
Civil  War;  received  a commission  in  the  regular  army  in 
1866 ; and  was  made  first  lieutenant  in  1867,  and  captain 
in  1887. 

Zama  (za'ma).  In  ancient  geography,  a town 
in  northern  Africa,  about  85  miles  southwest  of 
Carthage.  A decisive  victory  was  gained  near  it  in  202 
B.  c.  by  the  Romans  under  Scipio  Africanus  over  Hanni- 
baL  It  ended  the  second  Punic  war. 

Zamacois  (tha-ma-ko'is),  Eduardo.  Born  at 
Bilbao,  1842:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  14, 1871.  A 
Spanish  figure-painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Federico  de 
Madrazo  and,  at  Paris,  of  Meissonier.  Among  his  works 
are  “ The  Rival  Confessors  ” (1868),  and  “ The  Return  to  the 
Convent  ” (1869).  He  painted  many  17th-century  subjects. 
Zambesi  (zam-be'ze).  The  prmcipal  river  of 
Africa  which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean,  it 
flows  generally  southeast  and  east,  and  empties  by  several 
mouths  into  Mozambique  Channel  about  lat.  18°  8.  (For 
the  great  falls  of  the  Zambesi,  see  Victoria  Falls.)  The  Zam- 
besi receives  the  waters  of  Lake  Nyassa  through  the  Shire 
on  the  north.  Its  upper  course  was  first  explored  by  Liv- 
ingstone. Length,  about  1,500  miles. 

1080 


Zambezia  (zam-be'zhia),  British.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Under  the  unofficial  title  of  British  Zambezia  is  often 
included  the  whole  of  the  region  lying  between  the  north 
and  west  of  the  South  African  Republic  and  the  22nd  de- 
gree of  south  latitude  and  the  southern  boundaries  of  the 
Congo  Free  State,  and  having  as  its  eastern  and  western 
boundaries  the  Portuguese  and  German  spheres.  The 
River  Zambezi  divides  it  into  two  portions,  which  may  be 
described  as  Southern  Zambezia  and  Northern  Zambezia 
respectively.  Statesman's  Year-Book,  1894,  p.  193. 

Zamora  (tha-mo'ra).  1.  A province  of  Spain, 
bounded  by  Leon,  Valladolid,  Salamanca,  Por- 
tugal, and  Orense.  The  surface  is  generally 
level.  Area,  4,097  square  miles.  Population, 
275,545. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Zamora,  situated  on  the  Douro  in  lat.  41°  30' 
N.,  long.  5°  46'  W.  It  was  formerly  a frequent  resi- 
dence of  the  kings  of  Leon  and  Castile.  Population, 
17,160. 

Zamora.  An  interior  state  of  Venezuela,  west 
of  Miranda.  Area,  25,212  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, about  300,000. 

Zamora  (tha-mo'ra),  Antonio  de.  Bom  at  Bo- 
gota, 1660:  died  there,  after  1701.  A New 
Granadan  historian,  of  the  Dominican  order. 
His  principal  work  is  “ Historia  de  la  provincia  de  San 
Antonio  del  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada  ” (Barcelona,  1701). 

Zamora,  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Madrid  about 
1660 : died  probably  in  1722.  A Spanish  dram- 
atist. His  best  works  are  “ Mazariegos  y Mon- 
salves” and  “ El  hechizado  por  Fuerza.” 
Zamora  y Coronado  (tha-mo'ra  e ko-ro-na'- 
tho),  Jose  Maria.  Born  at  Cartago,  Costa 
Rica,  1785:  died  in  Cuba  after  1846.  A Span- 
ish-American  jurist  and  author.  He  studied  in 
Spain,  and  subsequently  held  civil  and  judicial  offices  in 
Porto  Rico  and  Cuba.  His  principal  work  is  “ Registry 
de  la  legislacion  ultramarina”  (6vols.  1844-46),  a collec- 
tion of  the  laws  and  regulations  bearing  on  the  Spanish 
colonies,  of  great  historical  value. 

Zamore  (za-mor').  One  of  the  principal  char- 
acters in  Voltaire’s  tragedy  “Alzire”:  a noble 
and  impetuous  Peruvian. 

Zampa,  ou  La  Fiancee  de  Marbre.  An  op£ra 
comique  by  Herold,  first  produced  in  1831. 
Zampieri.  See  Domenichino. 

Zancara  (than-ka'ra).  A river  in  central  Spain, 
regarded  as  the  principal  head  stream  of  the 
Guadiana,  which  it  joins  northeast  of  Ciudad 
Real.  Length,  over  125  miles. 

Zancle  (zan'kle).  The  original  name  of  Mes- 
sana  (Messina). 

Zandeh  (zan'da).  See  Nyam-Nyam. 

Zandt  (zant),  Marie  Van  (Mrs.  Petrovich 
Tscherinoff).  Born  at  New  York,  Oct.  8, 1861. 
An  American  opera-singer.  She  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Turin  in  1879  as  Zerlina.  Her 
voice  is  a soprano. 

Zanesville  (zanz'vil).  The  capital  of  Muskin- 
gum County,  Ohio,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Licking  and  Muskingum  rivers,  55  miles 
east  of  Columbus.  It  has  varied  manufactures. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  State  1810-12.  Popu- 
lation, 28,026,  (1910). 

Zanga  (zang'ga).  The  principal  character  in 
Young’s  ‘ ‘Revenge.”  It  was  acted  by  Macready, 
and  was  a favorite  with  John  Kemble. 

Zankoff  (tzan'kof).  Dragan.  Born  1827 : died 
March'24, 1911.  A Bulgarian  politician.  He  was 
premier  in  1880,  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  ; was  im- 
prisoned in  1882  ; and  w'as  again  premier  1883-84.  He  be- 
came leader  of  the  Russian  party,  and  took  a leading  part 
in  the  conspiracy  against  Prince  Alexander  in  1886. 
Zanoni  (za-no'ni).  A romance  by  Bulwer  Lyt- 
ton,  published  in  1842. 

Zante  (zan'te).  1.  An  island  of  the  Ionian 
group,  Greece,  south  of  Cephalonia,  intersected 
by  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  long.  20°  45'  E. : the  ancient 
Zacynthus.  The  surface  is  a plain,  bordered  by  hills  in 
the  west.  The  island  has  often  been  visited  by  earthquakes. 
It  produces  large  quantities  of  currants,  and  also  olives, 
oranges,  etc.  Zante  was  colonized  by  Achaeans  ; belonged 
to  the  Athenian  confederacy ; was  long  held  by  Ven- 
ice; and  formed  part  of  the  Ionian  Republic.  Length. 
24  miles.  Area,  168  square  miles.  Population,  42,- 
502. 


Zante 

2.  A seaport  and  the  capital  of  Zante,  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
city  Zacynthus.  Population,  13,580. 
Zanzalians  (zan-za'li-anz).  The  Jacobites  of 
the  East:  so  called  occasionally  from  Zanza- 
lus,  a surname  of  Jacobus  Baradseus.  See 
Jacobites,  2. 

Zanzibar  (zan-zi-bar').  1.  An  island  off  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about  lat.  5°  40'-6°  30' 
S. : the  most  important  part  of  the  sultanate  of 
Zanzibar.  The  soil  is  fertile  and  highly  cultivated. 
The  island  is  especially  noted  for  its  cloves.  Area,  640 
square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  176,000  (largely  ne- 
groes). The  Arabs  are  the  dominant  race.  There  are  sev- 
eral thousand  Hindus. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  sultanate  of  Zanzibar, 
situated  on  the  western  coast  of  the  island  of 
Zanzibar,  in  lat.  6°  10'  S. : the  largest  city  on 
the  eastern  seaboard  of  Africa,  it  is  a port  of  call 
of  several  steamship  lines,  and  exports  ivory,  caoutchouc, 
hides,  copal,  sesame  seeds,  etc.  Pop.,  estimated,  55,750. 
Zanzibar.  A sultanate  in  eastern  Africa,  com- 
prising the  islands  of  Zanzibar,  Pemba,  and 
smaller  islands,  and  the  coast  of  the  British 
East  Africa  Protectorate  up  to  10  miles  inland. 
It  was  placed  under  the  protection  of  Great 
Britain  in  1890.  It  is  the  remnant  of  a once 
strong  Mohammedan  power. 

Z&polya  (za/pol-yo).  A powerful  Hungarian 
family.  John  Zapolya  was  king  of  Hungary  1526-40 ; 
his  dominion  was  restricted  to  Transylvania  and  parts  of 
Hungary.  His  son  John  Sigismund  Zdpolya  (styled  king 
of  Hungary)  ruled  Transylvania  1540-71. 

Zaporogians  (za-po-rd'ji-anz).  A warlike  di- 
vision of  the  Cossacks,  who  formerly  dwelt 
along  the  lower  Dnieper.  They  were  compelled  to 
remove  in  the  18th  century  to  the  Crimea,  and  later  to  the 
Kuban,  etc.  Also  Saporogians. 

Zauotec-Mixtec  stock  (tza-po-tek'mes-tek' 
stok).  A linguistic  stock  of  Mexican  Indians, 
principally  in  Oajaca,  extending  into  Guerrero 
and  Puebla.  It  includes  the  Zapotecs,  Mixtecs,  and 
several  smaller  branches  (Chatinos,  Mazatecos,  Soltecos, 
etc.).  Estimated  number,  nearly  700,000. 

Zapotecs  (tza-po-teks').  Indians  of  southern 
Mexico,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  state 
of  Oajaca,  and  extending  into  Guerrero.  Be- 
fore the  Spanish  conquest  they  formed  a powerful  na- 
tion, and  in  culture  and  warlike  prowess  were  not  inferior 
to  the  Aztecs,  whom  they  successfully  resisted  in  several 
invasions.  Their  political  system  seems  to  have  been  a 
tribal  federation.  They  constructed  buildings  of  stone 
and  mortar ; subsisted  mainly  by  agriculture ; had  a com- 
plicated mythology ; and  offered  human  sacrifices  to  their 
idols.  Their  system  of  numeration,  calendar,  and  many 
of  their  rites  and  customs  resembled  those  of  theNahuatl 
tribes  ; but  their  language  was  entirely  distinct.  In  war 
they  used  cotton  armor.  The  Zapotecs  were  conquered  by 
the  Spaniards  in  1522-26.  After  transient  revolts  in  1531 
and  1550,  they  submitted  to  missionary  influence,  and 
they  are  now  a peaceful  and  laborious  part  of  the  Mexican 
population.  They  are  intelligent,  and  frequently  attain 
positions  of  trust.  Estimated  number,  260,000,  of  whom 
about  50,000  speak  only  their  own  language. 

Zara  (za'ra;  It.  pron.  dza'ra).  [Slav.  Zadar, 
L.  Jadera.]  A seaport,  capital  of  Dalmatia, 
situated  on  the  Adriatic  in  lat.  44°  7'  N.,  long. 
15°  14'  E.  It  has  considerable  coasting  trade ; and  is 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  maraschino.  Its  cathedral 
is  an  interesting  13th-century  structure.  The  Porta  Ma- 
rina or  di  San  Chrysogono  is  a Roman  triumphal  arch  of 
one  graceful  opening,  flanked  by  Corinthian  pilasters  sup- 
porting an  entablature  with  inscription.  Statues,  now 
gone,  formerly  stood  on  the  top.  Zara  was  akoman  town  ; 
was  held  in  turn  by  Hungary  and  Venice ; was  taken  by 
the  Venetians  aided  by  French  Crusaders  in  1202 ; was 
acquired  by  Venice  in  1409;  passed  to  Austria  in  1797; 
and  was  held  by  France  1805-13.  Population,  36,600,  (1910). 
Zara  (za'ra).  A character  in  Congreve’s  play 
“ The  Mourning  Bride.”  It  is  she  who  says: 

Heaven  has  no  rage  like  love  to  hatred  turned, 

Nor  hell  a fury  like  a woman  scorned. 

Congreve,  Mourning  Bride  (ed.  1710),  iii.  8. 

Zarafshan  (zar-af-shan'),  or  Zerafshan.  The 
Yarkand,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Tarim, 
in  Eastern  Turkestan. 

Zaragoza.  See  Saragossa. 

Zaramo  (za-ra'mo),  or  Wazaramo  (wa-za-ra'- 
mo).  A Bantu  tribe  of  German  East  Africa, 
between  the  Kingani  and  Rufiji  rivers  (lat. 
6°  20'-8°  5'  S.).  They  are  tall  and  vigorous.  Their 
color  is  varied,  owing  to  the  great  admixture  of  slaves 
from  other  districts ; but  the  black  complexion  is  pre- 
ferred. They  wear  European  cloth,  dyed  in  native  fashion, 
and  a peculiar  necklace  of  beadwork.  In  every  village 
there  are  a few  large  houses,  consisting  of  a stout  frame- 
work, thatch  roof,  and  walls  made  of  large  plates  of  bark. 
Formerly  troublesome,  they  have  become  peaceful.  The 
country  is  called  Uzaramo,  the  language  Kizaramo.  Most 
of  the  people  speak  also  Swahili. 

z&rate  (thar'a-ta),  Agnstin  de.  Born  about 
1492:  died  at  Madrid  (?)  about  1560.  A Span- 
ish historian.  He  was  comptroller  of  Castile,  and  in 
1543  went  to  Peru  with  the  viceroy  Nunez  Vela  to  examine 
into  the  financial  affairs  of  the  country.  After  his  return 
he  was  treasurer  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands.  He  wrote 
“Historia  del  descubrimiento  y conquista  de  la  provincia 
del  Peru  ” (1555  : later  editions  and  translations). 


1081 

Zarathushtra  (za-ra-thosh'tra).  [In  mod.  Pers. 
Zardusht,  Gr.  ZwpodaTpgq,  L.  Zoroaster.]  The 
founder  of  the  Perso-Iranian  national  religion, 
which  prevailed  from  the  time  of  the  Achtemen- 
idae  (559-330  b.  c.)  to  the  close  of  the  Sassanian 
dynasty  ( 226-641  A.  D. ) . It  is  to-day  represented  in 
Persia  and  Russian  Transcaucasia  by  a population  of  about 
8,000  in  Yazd  and  neighboring  villages,  Teheran,  Ispahan, 
Shiraz,  and  Baku,  and  by  more  than  50,000  in  Bombay  and 
the  vicinity  (the  Parsis).  The  many  attempts  to  etymolo- 
gize the  name  cannot  be  considered  as  more  than  guesses. 
The  extensive  literature  regarding  Zarathushtra  consists 
on  the  one  hand  of  notices  in  Greek  and  Latin  writers,  on 
the  other  of  what  can  be  got  from  the  Avesta  and  from  the 
later  Persian  and  Parsi  literature.  The  one  inference  of 
value  from  the  former  source  is  that  Zarathushtra  was  a 
historical  person.  The  first  inference  from  the  Gathas  of 
the  Avesta  (see  these  names)  is  that  they  relate  to  a time 
and  place  of  transition  from  a nomadic  to  an  agricultural 
life.  This  place  must  have  been  iu  or  near  the  region 
from  which  the  Vedic  Hindus  went  southward  into  the 
valley  of  the  Indus,  and  the  Iranians  westward : for  the 
language  of  the  Gathas,  and  even  the  primitive  types 
of  meter  employed  in  the  Avesta,  stand  very  near  to 
the  Vedic,  and  in  the  absence  of  special  proof  to  the 
contrary  closely  resembling  dialects  prove  a close  geo- 
graphical vicinity.  Such  proof  is  not  found  in  the  le- 
gends that  place  the  birth  of  Zarathushtra  in  Rhagae  or 
Shiz,  both  in  Media.  Mazdayasnianism,  reaching  its  com- 
plete development  in  West  Iran,  could  not  in  the  view  of 
its  West  Iranian  supporters  have  originated  except  there 
in  the  chief  seat  of  its  culture.  Supposing  the  religion  to 
have  originated  in  Bactria  and  reached  its  culmination  in 
Media,  the  distance  and  the  development  of  doctrine  and 
practice  in  the  Avesta,  regarded  as  a whole,  would  imply 
a considerable  age  for  the  first  beginnings.  Roth  puts 
them  at  about  1000  B.  c.  Primitive  Zarathushtrianism  had 
a brief  creed,  very  different  from  the  complicated  prescrip- 
tions of  the  Vendidad  and  the  extravagances  of  the 
Yashts.  Varuna,  the  highest  of  the  Adityas,  the  sons  of 
Aditi,  the  infinite,  as  the  chief  god  of  light,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  illuminated  night  heaven,  w'as  common  to 
both  branches  of  the  Aryan  race  before  its  separation  into 
Indian  and  Iranian.  With  Varuna  were  associated  the 
highest  spiritual  conceptions.  These  the  Hindus  soon 
lost  in  an  ever-increasing  tendency  to  personify  and  wor- 
ship the  various  powers  of  nature,  while  the  Iranians  had 
a longer  and  firmer  grasp  of  them.  The  development  of 
the  spiritual  side  of  Varuna  into  the  conception  of  Ahura- 
mazda,  the  Spiritual  Wise  One,  or  the  Wise  Spirit,  or  at 
least  the  clear  expression  of  this  view,  was  the  essential 
fact  in  the  work  of  Zarathushtra.  As  Varuna  becomes 
Ahuramazda,  the  other  Adityas  become  the  AmeshaSpen- 
tas  or  Amshaspands,  the  Immortal  Holy  Ones,  the  expres- 
sion of  his  qualities  and  his  ministering  spirits.  From 
the  dominance  of  the  supreme  god  of  light  grew  a recog- 
nition of  an  opposing  principle  of  darkness  ; and  as  light 
symbolizes  tru.h,  this  principle  found  a natural  designa- 
tion in  Druj  or  deceit,  the  same  as  Angro  Mainyush  or 
Ahriman.  The  dethroned  devas  (gods)  of  the  popular 
religion,  who  were  no  longer  to  be  worshiped  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  supreme  Ahuramazda,  were  regarded  as  the 
servants  of  Druj,  and  were  degraded  to  the  rank  of  de- 
mons or  devs.  Good  thoughts,  good  words,  and  good  ac- 
tions are  the  object  of  moral  striving.  Holiness  is  reward- 
ed by  immortality  and  heaven.  The  tillage  of  the  soil  is 
the  best  of  actions.  The  elements — earth,  air,  fire,  and 
water,  but  especially  fire  — receive  homage  as  creations  of 
Ahuramazda.  Zarathushtra  lived  under  a king,  Vishtaspa, 
who  in  the  epic  is  king  of  Bactria.  There  is  absolutely 
no  reason  for  identifying  him  with  Hystaspes,  father  of 
Darius.  Zarathushtra  had  several  sons  and  daughters. 
According  to  the  Sliahnamah,  he  was  murdered  at  thealtar 
by  Turanians  who  stormed  Balkh.  All  attempts  to  con- 
nect him  with  Hebrew  influences  are  groundless. 

Zarephath.  See  Sarepta. 

Zaribrod.  See  Tsaribrod. 

Zarlino  (dzar-le'no),  Giuseppe  or  Gioseffe. 

Born  at  Chioggia,  near  Venice,  1519 : died  at 
Venice,  Feb.  14,  1590.  An  Italian  musician, 
choir-master  at  Venice.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
theoretical  work3  on  music:  “Istituzioni  armoniche” 
(1558),  “ Dimostrazioni  armoniche " (1571),  and  “Soppli- 
menti  musicali  ” (1588). 

Zarncke(tsara'ke),Friedrich.Bornat Zahrens- 
torf,  Mecklenburg-Sekwerin,  July  7,  1825 : died 
at  Leipsic,  Oct.  15, 1891.  A German  critic  and 
author,  professor  at  Leipsic.  He  founded  the  “ Lit- 
terarisches  Centralblatt  fur  Deutschland  ” (1850) ; edited 
the  “ Narrenschiff,”  “ Nibelungenlied,"  etc.;  and  wrote 
on  the  “Nibelungenlied,”  on  the  history  of  the  legends 
of  the  grail,  on  the  U niversity  of  Leipsic,  etc. 

Zarpanit  (zar'pa-nit).  [Babylonian  Zer-banit, 
she  who  creates  posterity.)  In  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  mythology,  the  wife  of  Merodach  (Mar- 
duk),  the  tutelar  god  of  the  city  of  Babylon. 
Zauberflote  (tsou'ber-fle/te),  Die.  [G.,  ‘The 
Magic  Flute.’]  An  opera  by  Mozart,  produced 
at  Vienna  in  1791.  It  has  been  played  in  French 
as  “ Les  Mysteres  d’Isis.” 

Zaurak  (za'rak).  [Ar.  neyyir-a l-zaurak,  the 
bright  star  of  the  boat.)  The  third-magnitude 
star  y'  Eridani. 

Zavijava  (zav-i-ja'  va).  [Ar.,  corrupted  from 
zdwiyat-al-  auwa,  the  retreat  or  kennel  of  the 
barking  dog,  alluding  to  some  old  Oriental  con- 
stellation . ] The  fourth-magnitude  star  {3  Vir- 
ginis. 

Zaylah.  See  Zeila. 

Zbarasz  (zba'rash).  A town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
1 lungary,  1 1 miles  northeast  of  Tarnopol.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  9,941,  (1910). 


Zeila 

Zea.  See  Ceos. 

Zea  (tha'a),  Francisco  Antonio.  Born  at  Me- 
dellin, Oct.  21,  1770:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
Nov.  28,  1822.  A New  Granadan  statesman. 
He  was  associated  with  Mutis  in  scientific  explorations, 
and  succeeded  him  as  chief  of  the  academy  known  as  the 
“Expedicion  botanica”  in  1789;  was  imprisoned  1795-97 
on  the  charge  of  circulating  seditious  pamphlets ; resided 
in  Europe  after  his  release  until  1815,  when  he  joined  Boli- 
var at  Jamaica ; was  president  of  theCongress  of  Angostura 
in  1819 ; and  the  same  year  was  elected  vice-president  of 
Colombia.  In  1820  he  went  to  Europe  as  envoy  to  France 
and  England.  He  published  a “Historia  de  Colombia’’ 
(1821)and  many  scientific  papers.  Zea  has  been  called  “the 
Franklin  of  Colombia.” 

Zeal  (zel),  Arabella  and  Dorcas.  Characters 
in  Charles  Shadwell’s  play  “The  Fair  Quaker 
of  Deal.” 

Zealand  (ze'land).  [Dan.  Sjdlland,  G.  Seeland .] 
The  largest  island  of  Denmark,  it  lies  between 
the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic,  and  is  separated  by  the  Sound 
from  Sweden,  and  by  the  Great  Belt  from  Fiinen.  The  sur- 
face is  level  or  undulating.  Zealand  contains  the  capital, 
Copenhagen.  Length,  80  miles. 

Zealand.  A stift  or  bishopric  of  Denmark,  in- 
cluding the  islands  of  Zealand,  Moen,  Samso, 
and  Bornholm. 

Zealand  (ze'land).  [D.  Zeeland,  G.  Zeeland, 

F.  Zelande.]  A.  province  of  the  Netherlands, 
boundedby  the  North  Sea,  South  Holland,  North 
Brabant,  and  Belgium.  Capital,  Middelburg.  it 
comprises  the  islands  Walcheren,  North  and  South  Beve- 
land,  Tholen,  Duiveland,  Schouwen,  and  others,  and  parts 
of  the  mainland.  The  surface  is  low  (in  large  part  below 
sea-level)  and  the  soil  fertile.  Zealand  took  a prominent 
part  in  the  war  of  independence.  Area,  690  square  miles. 
Population,  231,958. 

Zealand,  Bernese.  A name  given  to  a district 
in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated 
between  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel  and  the  canton 
of  Solothurn. 

Zealots  (zel'ots).  A religio-political  party  in 
Judea.  They  assumed  this  name  from  their  zeal  for  the 
law  of  God,  denying  any  other  authority.  They  de- 
manded that  the  Judean  state  should  be  a republic,  and 
especially  hated  Rome  and  the  Roman  supremacy  over 
Judea.  During  the  struggle  of  Judea  with  Rome,  the 
Zealots  were  the  promoters  and  supporters  of  the  revolu- 
tion ; but  they  often  sullied  their  lofty  precepts  with  fanati- 
cal deeds  of  violence  and  crime.  A portion  of  them  who  es- 
caped the  sword  of  the  Romans  established  a community 
in  North  Arabia,  in  the  vicinity  of  Medina,  which  lasted 
until  the  7th  century. 

Zeballos.  See  Ceballos. 

Zebedee  (zeb'e-de).  The  father  of  the  apostles 
James  and  John. 

Zebehr  Pasha  (ze-bar'  pash'a).  An  Egyptian 
governor  in  Sudan,  imprisoned  by  the  British 
about  1885-87. 

Zeboim  (ze-bd'im  or  ze'bo-im).  In  scriptural 
geography,  one  of  the  cities  of  the  plain. 

Zebu.  See  Cebu. 

Zebulon  (zeb'u-lon),  or  Zeblilun  (-lun).  1. 

One  of  the  patriarchs,  the  tenth  son  of  Jacob. 
— 2.  One  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel.  It 
occupied  the  later  Galilee. 

Zechariah  (zek-a-ri'a).  [Same  as  Zachariah .] 
The  title  of  one  of  the  prophetic  books  of  the 
Old  Testament  . It  derives  its  name  from  the  supposed 
author,  who  prophesied  about  520  B.  c.,  and  relates  to  the 
judgments  of  God  on  the  oppressors  of  Israel,  and  Israel's 
redemption  and  final  restoration. 

Zedekiah  (zed-e-ki'a).  The  last  king  of  Judah 
and  Jerusalem,  597  (598  ?)— 586  (587?).  He  was 
carried  captive  to  Babylon. 

Zedlitz  (tsed'lits),  Baron  Joseph  Christian 
von.  Born  at  Johannisberg,  in  Austrian  Sile- 
sia, Feb.  28,  1790:  died  at  Vienna,  March  16, 
1862.  An  Austrian  poet  and  dramatic  writer. 
Among  his  works  are  “Todtenkranze,”  “ Waldfraulein,” 
the  dramas  “Stern  von  Sevilla  "and  “Kerkerund  Krone," 
etc. 

Zeehan  (ze'han).  A silver-  and  lead-mining 
town  in  western  Tasmania,  of  recent  develop- 
ment. 

Zeeland  (za'lant).  See  Zealand. 

Zeguha  ( ze-go'  ha ) , or  Wazeguha  ( wa-ze-go  'hli) , 

G.  Wasegua.  A Bantu  tribe  of  German  East 
Africa,  between  Uzaramo  and  the  Pangani 
River.  Uzeguha  is  the  name  of  the  country  and  Kize- 
guha  that  of  the  language,  which  is  akin  to  the  Kinguru, 
spoken  by  the  Wanguru,  their  western  neighbors. 

Zehngerichtenbund  ( tsan  - ge  - rich ' ten  - bon  t) . 
A league  in  the  northern  part  of  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  which  formed  one  of  the 
original  parts  of  that  canton : founded  in  1436. 
Zeid  (zad).  The  secretary  of  Mohammed,  the 
founder  of  Islam.  After  Mohammed’s  death  he  col- 
lected the  scattered  revelations  and  sermons  of  the  pro- 
phet, and  united  them  into  the  Koran. 

Zeila,  or  Zaylah  (za'la).  A town  in  eastern 
Africa,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden  in  lat.  11° 
22'  N.  It  was  occupied  by  the  British  in  1884. 
Population,  estimated,  6,000. 


Zeitz 

Zeitz  (tsits).  A town  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  White  Elster  23  miles 
south-southwest  of  Leipsic . It  has  various  man- 
ufactures. Population,  commune,  30,568. 

Zela  (ze'la).  In  ancient  geography,  a town  in 
Pontus,  Asia  Minor,  about  lat.  40°  11'  N.,  long. 
36°  E.  It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  Hithridates  over 
the  Romans  about  67  B.  c.,  and  was  famous  for  the  victory 
by  < sesar  over  Pharnaces  in  47  B.  c.  It  was  with  reference 
to  this  battle  that  Csesar  uttered  the  famous  “ Veni,  vidi, 
vici  ” (‘  I came,  I saw,  I conquered  ’). 

Zelle.  See  Celle. 

Zeller  (tsel'ler),  Eduard.  Born  at  Kleinbott- 
war,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  22, 1814 : died  at  Stutt- 
gart, March  19,  1908.  A noted  German  histo- 
rian of  philosophy  and  Protestant  theologian : 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin  from  1872 
(emeritus  1895).  He  published  “PlatonischeStudien" 
(1839) ; “Die  Philosophic  der  Griechen ” (1844-52  and  later 
editions),  his  greatest  work  ; “Geschichte  der  christlichen 
Kirche (1847);  “Die  Apostelgeschichte  ” (“  Acts  of  the 
Apostles,"  1854) ; “ Geschichte  der  deutschen  Philosophie 
seit  Leibniz  ” (1873) ; “ Grundriss  der  Geschichte  der 
griechischen  Philosophie  ” (1883). 

Zeller  (zel-lar'),  Jules  Sylvain.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  23, 1820:  died  there,  July  25,  1900. 
A French  historian,  author  of  histories  of  Italy, 
Germany,  the  Roman  emperors,  Ulrich  von 
Hutten,  etc. 

Zelmira  (zel-mer'a).  An  opera  by  Rossini. 
Zelter  (tsel'ter),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Ber- 
lin, Dec.  11, 1758:  died  May  15, 1832.  A German 
composer,  director  at  the  Berlin  Singakademie 
from  1800.  He  was  best  known  through  his 
correspondence  with  Goethe. 

Zemireet  Azor  (za-mer'  a a-zor').  An  opera  by 
Gretry,  words  by  Marmontel,  from  the  story  of 
‘ ‘ Beauty  and  the  Beast .”  It  was  first  produced 
at  Fontainebleau  in  1771. 

Zempelburg  (tsem'pel-borG).  A small  town  in 
the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  78  miles 
southwest  of  Dantzic. 

Zenaga  (ze-na'ga).  A dialect  of  Berber,  spoken 
in  southern  Morocco  and  on  the  banks  of  the 
Senegal  River,  largely  by  the  negro  population. 
See  Berbers. 

Zend  (zend).  The  name  commonly  given  to  the 
language  of  the  Avesta:  an  ancient  form  of 
Iranian  or  Persian.  It  was  deciphered  in  the  19th 
century,  largely  by  means  of  its  resemblance  to  Sanskrit. 
See  Avesta. 

Zend-Avesta  (zen-da-ves'ta).  S ee  Avesta. 
Zeno  (ze'no).  [Gr.  Z tjvuv.']  Lived  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury b.  c.  A Greek  philosopher  of  the  Eleatic 
school,  the  favorite  pupil  of  Parmenides.  He 
went  to  Athens  in  his  fortieth  year,  during  the  early  youth 
of  Socrates,  and  resided  there  many  years.  He  is  espe- 
cially celebrated  for  his  arguments  designed  to  prove  the 
inconceivability  of  motion.  His  doctrines  are  referred  to 
in  the  “Parmenides” of  Plato. 

Zeno.  Born  at  Citium,  Cyprus : died  about  264 
b.  c.  A Greek  philosopher,  founder  of  the 
Stoic  school.  (See  Stoics. ) He  studied  philoso- 
phy at  Athens,  and  founded  his  school  there. 
Zeno.  Byzantine  emperor  474-491.  He  was  an 
Isaurian  by  birth,  and  was  son-in-law  of  the  emperor  Leo 
I.  He  suppressed  various  revolts  ; instigated  Theodoric 
to  attempt  the  conquest  of  Italy;  and  promulgated  the 
“ Henoticon.” 

Zeno  of  Sidon.  Lived  about  150-80  b.  c.  An 
Epicurean  philosopher,  instructor  of  Cicero. 
Zeno,  Antonio.  Lived  about  the  end  of  the 
14th  century.  A Venetian  navigator,  brother 
of  Nicolo  Zeno. 

Zeno,  Nicolo.  Born  about  1340:  died  about 
1395.  A Venetian  explorer.  He  is  said  to  have  vis- 
ited Greenland,  Newfoundland,  and  the  coast  of  North 
America.  A narrative  of  his  discoveries,  with  map,  was 
published  by  Carlo  Zeno  in  1568  (edited  by  the  Hakluyt 
Society  in  1873). 

Zenobia  (ze-no'bi-a).  Died  after  274.  Queen 
of  Palmyra,  wife  of  Odenathus,  ruler  of  Pal- 
myra. She  was  joint  ruler  in  her  husband's  lifetime, 
and  succeeded  him  in  271  as  regent  for  her  son  and  as 
queen.  Her  armies  were  defeated  by  Aurelian  in  271 ; Pal- 
myra was  besieged  and  taken  in  272 ; and  she  was  captured 
and  brought  to  Rome. 

Zenobia.  In  Hawthorne’s  “ Blithedale  Ro- 
mance,” an  impulsive,  passionate  woman  who 
drowns  herself. 

At  length  the  body  is  found,  and  poor  Zenobia  is  brought 
to  the  shore  with  her  knees  still  bent  in  the  attitude  of 
prayer,  and  her  hands  clenched  in  immitigable  defiance. 
Foster  tries  in  vain  to  straighten  the  dead  limbs.  As  the 
teller  of  the  story  gazes  at  her,  the  grimly  ludicrous  re- 
flection occurs  to  him  that  if  Zenobia  had  foreseen  all 
“the  ugly  circumstances  of  death — how  ill  it  would  become 
her,  the  altogether  unseemly  aspect  which  she  must  put 
on,  and  especially  old  Silas  Foster's  efforts  to  improve  the 
matter  — she  would  no  more  have  committed  the  dreadful 
act  than  have  exhibited  herself  to  a public  assembly  in  a 
badly  fitting  garment." 

Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a Library,  p.  236. 

Zenobia,  or  the  Fall  of  Palmyra.  A historical 
novel  by  William  Ware,  founded  on  the  life  of 


1082 

Queen  Zenobia,  published  in  1837  as  “ Letters 
from  Palmyra”  and  shortly  after  under  its 
present  title. 

Zenodotus  (ze-nod'o-tus).  [Gr.  Zt?i»d(Sorof.] 
Born  at  Ephesus : lived  in  the  3d  century  B.  c. 
An  Alexandrian  Homeric  scholar,  the  first  su- 
perintendent of  the  library  at  Alexandria. 

Zenta  (zen'to).  A town  in  the  county  of  Bacs, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Theiss  24  miles  south 
of  Szegedin.  A victory  was  gained  there  by  the  Im- 
perialists under  Prince  Eugene  over  the  Turks,  Sept.  11, 
1697.  Population,  commune,  28,588. 

Zephaniah  (zef-a-ni'a).  [Et.ym.  unknown.] 
The  title  of  one  of  the  prophetic  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.  It  derives  its  name  from  that  of  its 
supposed  author,  who  prophesied  about  642-611  B.  c.  The 
predictions  contained  in  the  book  are  chiefly  of  judgments 
against  the  Jews  on  account  of  national  sins  ; but  toward 
the  close  their  restoration  and  future  prosperity  are  indi- 
cated. 

Zephon  (ze'fon).  A cherub  in  Milton’s  “ Para- 
dise Lost.”  He  is  made  the  “ guardian  angel 
of  Paradise.” 

Zephyr  (zef'er).  See  Zephyrus. 

Zephyrinus  (zef-i-rl'nus).  Bishop  of  Rome  from 
about  200  to  217. 

Zephyrus  (zef'i-rus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Zr^mpof, 
a personification  of  the  west  wind.]  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a personification  of  the  west 
wind,  poetically  regarded  as  the  mildest  and 
gentlest  of  all  the  sylvan  deities.  See  Favonius. 

Zerafshan  (zer-af-shan').  A river  in  central 
Asia  which  flows  westward  past  Samarkand, 
and  becomes  lost  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Amu-Daria,  west  of  Bokhara.  Length,  400-500 
miles. 

Zeram.  See  Ceram. 

Zerbinette  (zer-be-net').  In  Moliere’s  “Les 
Fourberiesde  Scapin,”the  daughterof  Argante, 
stolen  by  gipsies.  Scapin  intrigues  for  the 
money  to  ransom  her. 

Zerbino  (dzer-be'no).  The  Prince  of  Scotland 
in  the  “Orlando  Furioso”  of  Ariosto. 

Zerbst  (tserpst).  A town  in  Anhalt,  Germany, 
situated  on  the  Nuthe  22  miles  southeast  of 
Magdeburg.  It  has  varied  manufactures,  a noted  cas- 
tie,  a Rathaus,  and  a church  of  St.  Nicholas.  It  was  for- 
merly the  residence  of  the  princes  of  Anhalt-Zerbst.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  18,128. 

Zerlina  (dzer-le'na).  1.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Mozart’s  opera  “Don  Giovanni,” 
affianced  to  Masetto. — 2.  A character  in  Au- 
ber’s  “Fra  Diavolo.” 

Zermatt  (tser-mat'  or  zer-mat').  A village  in 
the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  in 
the  Matter  Thai  in  lat.  46°  1'  N.,  long.  7°  44' 
E. : a famous  tourist  center,  it  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Matterhorn,  Monte  Rosa,  Gorner  Grat,  Riff  el- 
berg,  and  Theodule  Pass.  Elevation,  5,315  feet. 

Zerubbabel  (ze-rub'a-bel).  [Heb.,  ‘ begotten 
in  Babylon.’]  Son  of  Shealtiel,  and  grandson 
of  King  J ehoiachin.  His  Babylonian  name  was  Shesh- 
bazzar.  He  and  Joshua,  grandson  of  the  high  priest  Seraiah, 
led  the  first  colony  of  exiles  (about  42,000)  who  returned 
from  the  captivity  to  Judea.  He  was  invested  by  Cyrus 
with  the  office  of  governor  ( pechah ) of  the  province  which 
the  exiles  were  to  occupy.  He  began  and  promoted  the 
rebuilding  of  the  temple.  Later  he  resigned  the  leader- 
ship, and  probably  returned  to  Babylon. 

Zetes  (ze'tez).  [Gr.  Zyryc.]  In  classical  my- 
thology, a son  of  Boreas. 

Zethos  (ze'thos).  [Gr.  Zfjdor.']  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  brother  of  Amphion. 

Zetland  Islands.  See  Shetland  Islands. 
Zettinje,  or  Zetinje.  See  Cettinje. 

Zeugitana  (zu-ji-ta'na).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  northern  part  of  the  Roman  province  of 
Africa : equivalent  to  northern  Tunis. 

Zeugma  (zug'ma).  [Gr.  2ei> In  ancient 
geography,  a town  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Euphrates,  opposite  the  modern  Biredjik,  about 
lat.  37°  N. : noted  as  a place  of  passage  across 
the  Euphrates. 

Zeus  (zus).  [Gr.  Zeff,  L.  Jovis  (gen.),  Ju-piter.\ 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  chief  and  master  of 
the  gods,  the  supreme  deity,  omnipresent  and 
all-powerful,  generally  looked  upon  as  the  son 
of  Cronus  and  Rhea,  and  held  to  have  de- 
throned and  succeeded  his  father.  In  a narrower 
sense,  he  was  the  god  of  the  heavens,  and  controlled  all 
celestial  phenomena,  as  rains,  snows,  and  tempests,  heat 
and  cold,  and  the  lightning.  His  consort  was  Hera.  Zeus 
was  worshiped  universally ; but  the  most  renowned  of 
his  sanctuaries  were  those  of  Olympia  in  Elis  and  Dodona 
in  Epirus.  In  art  Zeus  was  represented  as  a majestic  and 
powerful  figure,  with  full  beard  and  flowing  hair,  in  early 
works  sometimes  fully  draped,  but  in  later  art,  in  general, 
only  lightly  draped  in  the  himation.  The  type  fixed  by 
Phidias  in  the  second  half  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.,  in  his 
great  chryselephantine  statue  for  the  temple  at  Olympia, 
influenced  all  artists  who  came  after  him.  The  usual  at- 
tributes of  the  god  are  a long  staff  or  scepter,  the  thunder- 
bolt, the  eagle,  and  sometimes  a figure  of  Victory  borne 
on  one  hand.  The  head  is  generally  encircled  by  a flUet 


Zimmermann 

or  a wreath ; in  later  sculptures  the  hair  rises  from  the 
brow  in  luxuriant  locks  like  a crown,  and  falls  iu  masses 
on  either  side  of  the  face.  Compare  J upiter. 

Zeus,  Olympian.  A colossal  chryselephantine 
statue  of  Zeus  by  Phidias,  placed  in  the  temple 
at  Olympia,  Greece.  (See  Olympia  and  Olym- 
pieum.)  It  was  removed  to  Constantinople  in 
the  5th  century  A.  D.,  and  burned  in  476. 

Zeus,  Olympian,  Temple  of.  See  Olympieum. 

Zeus  Nicephorus  (zus  ni-sef'o-rus).  [‘Bearer 
of  Victory.’]  An  antique  statue  found  at  the 
Villa  Barberini,  and  now  in  the  Hermitage  Mu- 
seum, St.  Petersburg.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
colossal  size,  but  has  been  much  restored. 

Zeuss  (tsois),  Johann  Kaspar.  Born  at  Vog- 
tendorf,  Upper  Franconia,  July  22,  1806:  died 
at  Vorstendorf,  Upper  Franconia,  Nov.  10, 1856. 
A German  historian  and  philologist,  noted  for 
his  researches  in  German  history  and  Celtic 
philology.  He  became  professor  of  history  at  the  ly- 
ceum  in  Speyer  in  1839,  and  at  the  lyceum  in  Bamberg  in 
1847. 

Zeuxis  (zuk'sis).  [Gr.  Zraftf.]  Born  at  Hera- 
clea  (in  Lucania  (?)  or  in  Macedonia  (?)): 
flourished  at  the  close  of  the  5th  century  B.  C. 
A famous  Greek  painter.  He  formed  his  style 
in  Athens  under  the  influence  of  Apollodorus ; worked 
in  various  other  cities ; and  finally  settled  in  Ephesus. 
Among  his  principal  works  were  “Zeus  on  his  Throne 
Surrounded  by  Gods,”  “ Eros  Crowned  with  Roses  ” (in  the 
temple  of  Aphrodite  at  Athens),  the  “ Marsyas  " (in  the  tem- 
ple of  Concord  at  Rome),  the  “ Centaur  Family  ” (described 
by  Lucian),  the  “ Alcmene  of  the  Argentines,”  “Hercules 
as  a Child,  ” the  “Helena  ” (in  the  temple  of  Lucanian  Hera), 
and  the  “ Boy  with  Grapes.  ” 

Zhitomir,  or  Jitomir  (zhit-om'er).  The  cap- 
ital of  the  government  of  Volhynia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Tetereff  in  lat.  50°  15'  N.  It  has 
considerable  trade,  and  a large  Hebrew  popula- 
tion. It  is  an  ancient  Lithuanian  city.  Popu- 
lation, 75,100. 

Zhob  (zhob)  Valley.  A large  valley  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Afghanistan.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a British  expedition  in  1884. 

Zia  (ze'a).  A modern  Greek  name  of  Ceos. 

Zidon.  See  Sidon. 

Ziem  (zem),  Felix.  Born  at  Beaune,  Cote-d’Or, 
Feb.  25,  1821:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10, 1911.  A 
French  painter  of  landscapes,  marines,  and 
architecture.  Many  of  his  subjects  are  taken  from 
Venice  and  the  Bosporus. 

Zieten  (tse'ten),  Count  Hans  Ernst  Karl  von. 

Born  March  5,  1770:  died  at  Warmbrunn,  May 
3,  1848.  A Prussian  general,  corps  commander 
at  Ligny  and  Waterloo. 

Zieten,  or  Ziethen  (tse'ten),  Hans  Joachim 

von.  Bom  at  Wustrau,  near  Ruppin,  Prussia, 
May  14,  1699 : died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  26,  1786.  A 
Prussian  general.  He  became  a cavalry  commander; 
served  in  the  first  and  second  Silesian  wars ; gained  dis- 
tinction from  a march  with  his  hussar  regiment  in  1745, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Hohenfriedberg  June  4,  1745 ; served 
at  the  battles  of  Prague  and  Kolin  in  1757 ; and  decided 
the  victories  of  Leuthen  and  Torgau. 

Ziklag(zik'lag).  In  scriptural  geography,  atown 
in  southern  Palestine : site  undetermined,  prob- 
ably near  the  border  of  Philistia  and  Judah. 

Zillerthal  (tsil'ler-tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in  Ty- 
rol, about  25  miles  east  of  Innsbruck,  traversed 
by  the  Zillerbach,  a tributary  of  the  Inn : noted 
for  its  beauty.  In  1837  about  400  of  its  inhabitants 
(Protestants)  emigrated  to  Silesia  in  Prussia  on  account 
of  religious  persecution. 

Zillerthaler  Alps.  A group  of  Alps  in  Tyrol, 
extending  from  the  Brenner  eastward  to  the 
Hohe  Tauern. 

Zimbabwe  (zem-bab'wa).  A ruined  city  in  Ma- 
shonaland,  southeastern  Africa,  discovered  by 
Mauch  in  1871.  See  the  extract. 

The  ruins  of  the  Great  Zimbabwe  are  in  south  latitude 
20°  16'  30"  and  east  longitude  31°  10'  10",  at  an  elevation  of 
3,300  feet  above  the  sea-level.  They  form  the  principal  of 
along  series  of  such  ruins  stretching  up  the  whole  length 
of  the  west  side  of  the  Sabi  river,  the  southernmost,  which 
we  visited,  being  that  on  the  Luudi,  and  the  northernmost 
in  the  Mazoe  valley.  There  are  also  many  other  ruins  on 
the  Limpopo,  in  the  Transvaal,  in  Matabeleland,  at  Tati, 
the  Impakwe,  and  elsewhere,  all  of  the  same  type  and 
construction ; but  time  would  not  permit  our  visiting 
them.  Some  are  equal  to  the  ruins  of  the  Great  Zimbabwe 
in  workmanship,  others  again  are  very  inferior,  and  point 
to  the  occupation  of  this  country  having  continued  over  a 
long  period,  probably  centuries.  These  all  would  seem  to 
have  been  abandoned  at  one  time  in  the  face  of  some 
overwhelming  calamity,  for  all  the  gateways  at  the  Great 
Zimbabwe  and  at  Matindela,  the  second  ruin  in  impor- 
tance, 80  miles  northeast  of  it  as  the  crow  flies,  have  been 
carefully  walled  up  as  for  a siege. 

Theodore  Bent,  quoted  in  Appletons’  Annual  Cyclopedia, 

[1892,  p.  302. 

Zimmermann  (tsim'mer-man),  Johann  Georg, 
Ritter  von.  Born  at  Brugg,  Aargau,  Switzer- 
land, Dec.  8,  1728:  died  at  Hannover,  Oct.  7, 
1795.  A Swiss  physician  and  philosophical 
writer,  court  physician  at  Hannover.  His  chief 


Zimmermann 

works  are  “ Uber  die  Einsamkeit  ” (“  On  Solitude,”  1755  : 
revised  1784-85),  “Vom  Nationalstolz”  (“National  Pride,” 
1758),  “ Von  der  Erfahrung  in  der  Arzneiwissenschaft  ” 
(“  Experience  in  Medical  Science,”  1764),  etc. 

Zimmermann,  Reinhard  Sebastian.  Bom  at 

Hagnau,  Switzerland,  Jan.  9, 1815:  died  Nov. 
16,  1893.  A Swiss  genre-painter.  He  studied  at 
Munich,  and  later  at  Paris.  In  1850  he  exhibited  at  Mu- 
nich “The  Three  Magi.  ” A number  of  his  pictures  are  in 
the  United  States.  His  son  Ernst  (born  at  Munich,  April 
24,  1852),  a historical  and  genre  painter,  has  reputation  as 
a colorist.  His  most  noted  picture,  " Christ  Among  the 
Doctors,"  was  exhibited  in  1879. 

Zimmerthal  (tsim'mer-tal).  The  lowest  part  of 
the  valley  of  the  Avisio,  in  Tyrol,  near  Trent. 
Zimri  (zim'ri).  1.  A king  of  Israel,  overthrown 
by  Omri. — 2.  A character  in  Dryden’s  “ Absa- 
lom and  Aehitophel  ” who  represents  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham. 

Zin  (zin),  Desert  of.  In  scriptural  geography, 
a wilderness  region  south  of  the  Dead  Sea. 
Zingara  (dzen-ga/ra),  La.  The  Italian  version 
of  Balfe’s  “Bohemian  Girl,”  produced  at  Lon- 
don in  1858. 

Zingarella  (dzen-ga-rel'la).  [It.,  ‘The  Gipsy.’] 
A noted  painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples.  It  represents  the  Madonna  with 
her  hair  concealed  by  a white  turban  in  gipsy  fashion, 
and  with  a white  robe  and  blue  upper  garment.  It  is 
a calm,  idyllic  conception,  destitute  of  any  superhuman 
element. 

Zingarelli  (dzen-ga-rel'le),  Niccolb  Antonio. 

Born  at  Naples,  April  4,  1752:  died  at  Torre 
del  Greco,  May  5,  1837.  An  Italian  composer, 
choir-master  at  Milan,  Loreto,  Rome,  and  Na- 
ples. He  wrote  many  serious  and  comic  operas,  oratorios, 
cantatas,  and  masses.  His  best  work  is  the  opera  “ Romeo 
e Giulietta”  (1796). 

Zingis  Khan.  Same  as  Jenghiz  Klian. 
Zinzendorf  und  Pottendorf  (tsin'tsen-dorf  ont 
pot'ten-dorf),  Nikolaus  Ludwig,  Count  von. 
Bom  at  Dresden,  May  26, 1700 : died  at  Herrn- 
hut,  Saxony,  May  9,  1760.  A German  religious 
reformer,  famous  as  the  reviver  and  organizer 
of  the  Moravian  Church.  He  was  educated  at  Halle 
and  Wittenberg;  was  in  the  Saxon  civil  service  1721-27; 
settled  on  his  estate  at  Berthelsdorf ; established  a colony 
of  the  Moravian  Brethren  at  Herrnhut,  and  organized  the 
church ; was  expelled  from  Saxony  in  1736,  but  was  al- 
lowed to  return  in  1748 ; was  made  a bishop  of  the  Mora- 
vian Church ; and  traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and 
North  America.  He  wrote  sermons,  hymns,  polemics,  etc. 

Zion  (zi'on),  or  Sion  (sl'on),  Mount.  A hill 
on  which  was  situated  the  old  city  of  Jerusalem : 
the  “city  of  David.”  The  name  was  probably  given 
originally  to  the  Lower  City  or  Acra,  and  then  transferred 
to  Mount  Moriah,  the  Temple  Hill.  It  has  also  been  ap- 
plied to  the  Upper  City,  and  to  Jerusalem  as  a whole,  and 
symbolically  to  the  Christian  church  and  heaven. 
Zipango,  or  Zipangu.  See  Cipango. 

Zipas’  (tze'pas).  \Zipa,  powerful  chief.]  The 
chiefs  of  the  ancient  Chibcha  Indians  of  Co- 
lombia. At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  ruled  the 
plateau  of  Bogota  and  all  the  territory  corresponding  to 
the  western  part  of  the  modern  department  of  Cundina- 
marca:  this  is  often  called  the  kingdom  of  the  Zipas. 
Another  branch  of  the  Chibchas,  about  Tunja  (Boyacd).was 
ruled  by  chiefs  called  Zaques.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest 
the  Zaques  were  at  war  with  the  Zipas,  who,  however, 
were  much  more  powerful.  The  Zipas  were  absolute  mon- 
archs,  and  were  treated  with  great  ceremony.  Each  Zipa 
was  the  son  of  the  sister  of  his  predecessor,  and  was  kept 
under  special  guardianship  from  his  childhood,  subject  to 
singular  rules : for  example,  he  was  not  permitted  to  see 
the  sun,  and  he  could  not  eat  salt.  Subsequently  he  took 
the  dignity  of  chief  vassal  until  he  attained  the  throne. 
He  was  allowed  but  one  wife,  but  had  hundreds  of  concu- 
bines. He  left  his  house  only  in  solemn  procession,  and 
his  subjects  were  forbidden  to  look  at  him.  At  his  death 
the  whole  kingdom  went  into  mourning.  Also  written 
Cipas. 

Zipporah  (zip'o-ra).  [Heb., ‘little  bird.’]  Wife 
of  Moses:  daughter  of  the  Midianite  priest 
Jethro. 

Zirknitzer  See,  or  Czirknitzer  See  (tsirk'nits- 
er  za).  A lake  in  Carniola,  Austria-Hungary, 
south  of  Laibach:  the  ancient  Lacus  Lugeus. 
It  is  noted  for  its  extraordinary  variations  in  depth. 
Length,  6 miles.  v 

Ziska  (zis'ka),  or  Zizka  (zhizk'kit), John.  Born 
at  Troznow,  near  Budweis,  Bohemia,  about 
1360 : died  at  the  siege  of  Przibislaw,  Oct.  11, 
1424.  A noted  Hussite  leader.  He  was  a page  at 
the  court  of  King  Wenzel ; volunteered  in  the  service  of 
the  Teutonic  Knights,  Hungarians,  and  English  ; and  be- 
came the  chief  leader  of  the  Hussites.  He  built  the  strong- 
hold of  Tabor;  repelled  the  Imperialists  from  Witkow 
(Ziskaberg)  in  1420 ; gained  many  victories  over  the  Im- 
perialists, especially  at  Deutschbrod,  Jan.  8,  1422 ; and  in- 
vaded Moravia  and  Austria.  He  is  the  subject  of  an  epic 
by  A.  Meissner. 

Ziska,  John,  Oath  of.  See  Oath  of  John  Ziska. 
Zittau  (tsit'tou).  A city  in  the  district  of  Baut- 
zen, Saxony,  situated  on  the  Mandau,  near  the 
Bohemian  frontier,  49  miles  east  by  south  of 
Dresden.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  linen  and 
damask,  and  is  the  center  of  an  extensive  manufacturing 
region.  There  are  large  coal-mines  in  the  vicinity.  The 


1083 

chief  buildings  are  the  Rathaus  and  the  churches  of  St 
John  and  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  It  was  bombarded 
and  nearly  destroyed  by  the  Austrians  in  1757.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Marschner.  Population,  commune,  84,719. 

ZitU  fze'to),  or  Mazitu  (ma-ze'to).  See  Viti. 

Zizka.  See  Ziska. 

Zloczow  (zlo'chov).  A town  in  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 40  miles  east  of  Lemberg.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  13,212,  (1910). 

Z.  Marcas  (mar-ka/).  A novel  by  Balzac,  writ- 
ten in  1840. 

Znaim,  formerly  Znaym  (tsnim),  Bohem.  Znoj- 
mo.  A town  in  Moravia,  situated  on  the  Thaja 
48  miles  north-northwest  of  Vienna:  formerly 
one  of  the  principal  cities  of  Moravia,  it  was 
founded  on  its  present  site  in  1226.  It  has  a Rathaus  and 
the  ruins  of  a castle.  Population,  18,828,  (1910). 

Znaim,  Armistice  of.  A truce  between  the 
French  and  Austrians,  July  12,  1809,  following 
the  battle  of  Wagram,  and  preparatory  to  the 
peace  of  Vienna. 

Zoan  (zo'an).  See  the  extract. 

San,  or  Tanis,  the  T’an,  or  Zoan  of  the  Bible,  is  situated 
about  twenty  miles  north  of  Tell-el-Kebir.  It  is  of  ex- 
tremely ancient  date,  the  cartouche  of  Pepi  I.,  a king  of 
the  Sixth  Dynasty,  having  been  discovered  there.  It  is 
mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  as  having  been  founded 
seven  years  later  than  Hebron.  It  was  used  by  the  Hyksos 
as  their  capital,  and  was  probably  the  residence  of  Joseph. 
In  the  reign  of  Ramses  II.  it  was  celebrated  for  its  beauty, 
for  the  fertility  of  its  fields,  and  for  the  abundance  of  both 
wild  birds  and  fish.  “ He  rejoices  who  has  settled  there." 
Later  on  the  priests  of  Zoan-Tanis  sided  with  HirHor,  the 
priestly  usurper  of  the  throne  of  Ramses.  Under  the  Twen- 
ty-third Dynasty  it  was  again  the  seat  of  government.  In 
the  stela  of  Piankhi  on  Gebel  Barkal  we  find  an  unnamed 
satrap  ruling  in  Tanis.  Finally  Assurbanipal  subdued  the 
city  and  took  the  governor  prisoner. 

MarietU,  Outlines,  p.  26,  note. 

Zoar  (zo'ar).  In  scriptural  geography,  a city 
near  the  Dead  Sea  : exact  site  unknown. 

Zoar.  A village  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio, 
situated  on  Tuscarawas  River  62  miles  south 
by  east  of  Cleveland:  the  seat  of  a communistic 
German  settlement. 

Zoba,  or  Zobah  (zo'ba).  In  scriptural  geogra- 
phy, a small  independent  kingdom  in  Syria, 
probably  near  Damascus. 

Zobeide  (zd-bi'de).  A character  in  the  “Ara- 
bian Nights’  Entertainments,”  wife  of  the  calif 
Harun-al-Rashid. 

Zoe  (zo'e).  [Gr.  Zw^.]  Died  1050.  Byzantine 
empress,  wife  of  Romanus  III.  Argyrus  (1028- 
1034),  whom  she  put  to  death.  She  raised  to  the 
throne  Michael  the  Paphlagonian,  whom  she 
married  in  1034. 

Zofingen  (tsof 'ing-en).  A town  in  the  canton  of 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Wigger 
25  miles  southeast  of  Basel.  Near  it  are  an- 
tiquities of  the  Roman  town  Tobinium.  Pop- 
ulation, 4,591. 

Zohar  (zo'har),  or  Sohar  (so'hfir),  or  Sepher- 
haz-Zohar.  [‘  Book  of  Splendor  or  of  Light.’] 
A cabalistic  work,  in  the  form  of  a commen- 
tary on  the  Pentateuch.  It  is  ascribed  traditionally 
to  the  2d  century  A.  D.,  but  by  many  is  thought  to  have 
been  written  much  later  (13th  century,  by  Moses  de  Leon). 

Zoilus  (zo'i-lus).  [Gr.  Zwi/lof.]  Lived  in  the 
4th  century  B.  c.  A Greek  rhetorician : called 
“ Homeromastix ” (“Scourge  of  Homer  ”)  from 
his  severe  criticisms  of  Homer. 

Zola(z6Ta;F.pron.zo-la'),f;inile.  BornatParis, 
April  2, 1840:  died  there,  Sept.  29, 1902.  A noted 
Frenchnovelist.  His  father  was  Italian  and  his  mother 
French.  He  studied  at  the  Lyc^e  Saint-Louis,  but  did  not 
take  a degree.  From  1860  to  1862  he  lived  in  great  poverty, 
andfinallyentered  Hachette’sbookstore  as  a packing  clerk. 
He  studied  the  details  of  publishing  until  the  close  of  the 
year  1865,  but  devoted  to  writing  all  the  time  that  was 
his  own.  In  1864  he  published  his  first  work,  “Contes 
b Ninon,”  followed  in  1874  by  the  “Nouveaux  contes  ii 
Ninon.”  In  1865  appeared  “La  confession  de  Claude," 
and  then  other  separate  novels  as  “Le  voeu  d’une  morte  ” 
(1866),  “Les  myst&res  de  Marseille”  (1867),  “Th^rfese 
Raquin”  (1867),  and  “Madeleine  Fdrat”  (1868);  also  a 
number  of  short  stories  (1882-84).  From  1871  to  1893 
Zola  published,  under  the  collective  title  “Les  Rougon- 
Macquart,’’  twenty  novels:  “La  fortune  des  Rougons” 
(1871),  “La  curde ’’  (1872),  “Le  ventre  de  Paris”  (1873), 
“La  complete  de  Plassans”  (1874),  “La  faute  de  l’abbd 
Mouret”  (1875),  “Son  excellence  Eugene  Rougon  ” (1876), 
“L’Assommoir”  (1877),  “Une  page  d'amour”  (1878), 
“Nana”  (1880),  “Pot-Bouille”  (1882),  “Au  bonheur  des 
dames"  (1883),  “Lajoiedevivre”(1884)  “Germinal”(1885), 
“ L'tEuvre " (1886),  “La  terre  ” (1887),  “Le  r6ve”  (1888), 
“ La  bSte  humaine  " (1890),  “ L’ Argent  ’’  (1891),  “ La  deba- 
cle" (1892),  and  “Le  docteur  Pascal  ” (1893).  His  “Trilogy 
of  the  Three  Cities  " includes  “Lourdes  ”(1894),  “Rome” 
(1896),  and  “Paris”  (1898).  His  writingsin  criticism  include 
“Mes  liaines"  (1866),  “Mon  salon  ” (1866),  “Edouard  Ma- 
net" (1867),  “La  Republique  Franqaise  et  la  literature " 
(1879),  “Le  roman  experimental " (1880),  “Le  naturalisme 
au  theatre”  (1881),  “Nos  auteurs  dramatiques " (1881), 
“Les  roinanciers  naturalistes ” (1881),  “Une  campagne” 
(1881),  and  “ Documents  littdraires,  etudes  et  portraits  ” 
(1881).  Some  of  his  novels  have  been  dramatized,  as 
“L’Assoramoir”  (1879),  “Le  ventre  de  Paris”  (1887), 
“ Rente " (1887 : adapted  from  “La  curde”),  and  “Germi- 


Zosimus 

nal  ” (1888).  Zola  is  the  leader  of  the  school  of  natural- 
ism in  France.  On  Feb.  23,  1898,  he  was  sentenced  to  a 
year’s  imprisonment  and  the  payment  of  a fine  of  3,000 
francs  for  libeling  the  court  martial  which  tried  and  ac- 
quitted Major  Esterhazy.  The  sentence  was  annulled  by 
the  Court  of  Cassation.  He  was  again  tried  and  sentenced 
to  twelve  months’  imprisonment  and  the  payment  of  a 
fine.  He  left  France  before  notification  of  judgment  in 
order  to  secure  a retrial  later,  but  soon  returned, 

Zoller  (tsel'ler),  Hugo.  Born  at  Oberhausen, 
Prussia,  Jan.  12, 1852.  A German  traveler  and 
journalist.  He  was  traveling  correspondent  of  the 
“Kolnische  Zeitung,”  and  explored  and  annexed  for  Ger- 
many various  regions  in  W est  Africa  in  1884-85.  He  wrote 
accounts  of  travels  round  the  world  and  in  Africa. 
Zollern.  Same  as  Hohenzollern. 

Zollicoffer  (zol'i-kof-er),  Felix  Kirk.  Born  in 
Tennessee,  May  19, 1812:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Mill  Springs,  Ky.,  Jan.  19, 1862.  An  American 
journalist,  politician,  and  soldier.  He  was  whig 
member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee  1853-59 ; a delegate 
to  the  peace  convention  in  1861 ; and  a Confederate  briga- 
dier-general. He  was  one  of  the  Confederate  command- 
ers at  Mill  Spring. 

Zollner  (tsel'ner),  Johann  Karl  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Berlin,  Nov.  8,  1834:  died  April  25, 
1882.  A German  physicist  and  astronomer, 
professor  of  astronomy  at  Leipsic  from  1866. 
He  is  especially  noted  for  his  contributions  to  astronomical 
(especially  solar)  physics.  He  sought  to  explain  spiri- 
tualistic phenomena  by  means  of  the  conception  of  a 
fourth  dimension  of  space,  and  became  involved  in  con- 
troversies on  this  and  other  matters.  His  chief  works  are 
“Photometrie  des  Himmels”  (1861),  “Photometrische 
Untersuchungen"  (1865),  “Uber  die  Natur  der  Kometen” 
(1872) : the  last  contains  much  philosophical  speculation. 
Zollverein  (tsol'fer-In").  [G. , from  zoll,  custom, 
and  verein,  union.]  A union  of  German  states 
for  the  maintenance  of  a common  tariff  or  uni- 
form rates  of  duty  on  imports  from  other  coun- 
tries, and  of  free  trade  among  themselves,  it 
began  with  an  agreement  in  1828  between  Prussia  and  the 
grand  duchy  of  Hesse ; received  a great  development  in 
1834  and  succeeding  years,  ultimately  including  all  the 
German  powers  except  Austria  and  a few  small  states ; and 
is  now  coextensive  with  the  German  Empire. 

Zombor  (zom'bor),  or  Sombor  (som'bor).  A 
royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  county  of  B&cs, 
Hungary,  64  miles  southwest  of  Szegedin.  Pop- 
ulation, commune,  29,609. 

Zona  Libre  (tho'na  le'bra).  [‘Free  zone.’]  A 
narrow  strip  of  territory  along  the  northern 
border  of  Mexico,  adjoining  the  United  States: 
by  law  it  extends  to  a distance  of  20  kilometers 
inland,  but  in  actual  usage  this  varies.  The 
zone  was  first  established  in  Tamaulipas  alone  (1868), 
and  it  was  so  called  because  certain  articles  imported  for 
consumption  in  this  territory  were  exempted  from  cus- 
toms duties.  At  present  imports  to  the  zone  pay  10  per 
cent,  of  the  ordinary  duties,  the  only  exceptions  being  cat- 
tle, which  pay  the  full  duty.  It  has  been  urged  that  the 
Zona  Libre  is  much  used  for  smuggling  ; but  the  Mexican 
authorities  claim  that  it  is  a commercial  necessity  owing 
to  the  retail  trade  across  the  border. 

Zone,  Free.  See  Zona  Libre. 

Zongora  (zong-go'ra),  or  W azongora  ( wa-zong- 
go'ra).  The  principal  tribe  of  the  kingdom  of 
Karagwe,  in  German  East  Africa,  on  the  south- 
west shore  of  Lake  Victoria.  The  language  is 
called  Kizongora,  and  Kinyambo  is  said  to  be  but  a dia- 
lect of  it. 

Zophiel  (zo'fi-el).  1.  A cherub  in  Milton’s 
“Paradise  Lost.” — 2.  A poem  by  Maria  Brooks. 
Zorah  (zo'ra).  In  scriptural  geography,  a town 
in  Palestine,  14  miles  west  of  Jerusalem : the 
modern  Surah. 

Zorbig  (tser'biG).  A small  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  24  miles  north-northwest  of 
Leipsic. 

Zorilla,  or  Zorrilla  (thor-rel'ya),  Manuel 
Ruiz.  Born  1834 : died  June  13,  1895.  A 
Spanish  politician.  He  was  a Progressist  member  of 
the  Cortes  in  the  reign  of  Isabella ; minister  under  the  re- 
public ; minister  and  premier  in  the  reign  of  Amadeus; 
and  later  an  exile  and  republican  propagandist. 

Zorndorf  (tsorn'dorf).  A village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  53  miles  east  by 
north  of  Berlin.  Here  a victory  was  gained,  Aug.  25, 
1758,  by  the  Prussians  under  Frederick  the  Great  over 
the  Russians  under  Fermor.  Loss  of  the  Russians,  about 
20,000 ; of  the  Prussians,  about  10,000. 

Zoroaster  (zo-ro-as'ter).  See  Zarathushtra. 
Zoroastrians  ( zo-ro-as'tri-anz).  The  followers 
of  Zoroaster,  now  represented  by  the  Guebers 
and  Parsis  of  Persia  and  India.  See  Zarathush- 
tra. 

Zorrilla.  See  Zorilla. 

Zorrilla  y Moral  (thor-rel'ya  e mo-riil'),  Jos6. 
Born  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  Feb.  21,  1818:  died 
there,  Jan.  23,  1893.  A noted  Spanish  poet. 

Among  his  works  are  “Cantos  del  trovador,”  “Floras  per- 
didas,”  “Granada,”  and  the  comedy  “El  zapatero  y el  rey  ” 
(“  The  Shoemaker  and  the  King  ”). 

Zosimus  (zos'i-mus).  [Gr.  Zdieugof.]  Lived 
probably  in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  A.  D. 
A Greek  historian,  author  of  a history  of  the 
Roman  Empire  from  Augustus  to  410. 


Zosimus 

Zosimus.  Bishop  of  Rome  417-418. 

Zosma  (zos'ma).  [Gr.  C,uaya,  a girdle:  but  the 
appropriateness  of  the  name  is  not  obvious.] 
The  third-magnitude  star  <5  Leonis,  at  the  root 
of  the  animal’s  tail.  The  star  is  also  called 
Buhr,  and  sometimes  Zuhra. 

Zouave  (zo-av').  See  Kabail,  Berbers. 
Zouaves  (zo-avz').  [F.,  from  the  name  of  a 
tribe  inhabiting  Africa.]  l.The  soldiers  belong- 
ing to  a corps  of  light  infantry  in  the  French 
army,  distinguished  for  their  dash,  intrepidity, 
and  hardihood,  and  for  their  peculiar  drill  and 
showy  Oriental  uniform.  The  Zouaves  were  organ- 
ized  in  Algeria  in  1831,  and  consisted  at  first  of  two  bat- 
talions chiefly  of  Kabyles  and  other  natives,  but  ulti- 
mately became  almost  entirely  French,  with  increased 
numbers.  They  served  exclusively  in  Algeria  till  1854, 
and  afterward  fought  in  European  wars. 

2.  The  members  of  those  volunteer  regiments 
of  the  Union  army  in  the  American  Civil 
War  (1861-65)  which  adopted  the  name  and  to 
some  extent  imitated  the  dress  of  the  French 
Zouaves. 

Zouaves,  Papal  or  Pontifical.  A corps  of 
French  soldiers  organized  at  Rome,  in  1860,  for 
the  defense  of  the  temporal  sovereignty  of  the 
Pope,  under  General  Lamoriciere,  one  of  the 
first  commanders  of  the  Algerian  Zouaves. 

After  unsuccessfully  resisting  the  entrance  of  the  Italian 
government  into  Borne  in  1870,  they  served  in  France 
against  the  Germans  and  the  Commune,  and  in  1871  were 
disbanded. 

Zrinyi  (zren'ye),  or  Zrini,  or  Zriny  (zre'ne), 
Count  Niklas.  Killed  at  the  siege  of  Sziget, 
Sept.  7,  1566.  A Hungarian  commander,  fa- 
mous for  his  defense  of  Sziget,  with  a garrison 
of  3,000,  against  Sultan  Solyman’s  army,  Aug.- 
Sept.,  1566. 

The  Turks  were  pressing  forward  along  a narrow  bridge 
which  led  to  the  castle,  when  the  gates  were  flung  open, 
a mortar  filled  with  broken  iron  was  fired  into  their 
midst,  and  through  the  smoke  and  carnage  Zrinyi  led  his 
men  to  their  death.  Like  the  famous  Light  Brigade,  the 
numberof  thesedevoted  horsemen  was sixhundred;  their 
leader  tied  the  keys  of  the  castle  to  his  belt,  and  the  ban- 
ner of  the  Empire  was  borne  above  his  head.  Zrinyi  fell 
pierced  by  two  musket-shots  and  an  arrow,  and  the  Turks 
entered  the  castle  of  SzigetvAr,  only  to  find  that  a slow 
match  had  been  applied  to  a mine  containing  3,000  pounds 
of  gunpowder,  which  speedily  sent  as  many  Turks  to  para- 
dise. The  castle  still  remains  a ruin : a monument  of  the 
death  of  a Leonidas  and  an  Alexander. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  192. 

Zschokke  (tshok'ke),  Johann  Heinrich  Dan- 
iel. Born  at  Magdeburg,  March  22, 1771 : died 
near  Aarau,  June  27,  1848.  A German-Swiss 
historian,  novelist,  and  religious  writer.  Heheld 
various  administrative  positions  in  Switzerland.  Among 
his  historical  works  are  “Geschichte  des  Freistaats  der 
drei  Biinde  in  Rhatien”  (1798),  “Geschichte  vom  Kampfe 
und  Untergange  der  schweizerischen  Berg-  und  Waldkau- 
tone ’’ (1801),  “Bayrische Geschichten"(1813),  “DesSchwei- 
zerlandes  Geschichten  ”(1822).  He  also  wrote  tales  and 
sketches,  “Der  Fluchtling  im  Jura,”  “Der  Freihof  von 
Aarau,”  “Der  Creole,”  “Alamontade,”  etc.;  and  a religious 
work,  “Stunden  der  Andacht”  (“Hours  of  Meditation,” 
1847). 

Zschopau  (tsho'pou).  A river  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony  which  joins  the  Freiberger  Mulde 
near  Leisnig.  Length,  68  miles. 

Zschopau.  A town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
situated  on  the  Zschopau  36  miles  southwest 
of  Dresden.  Population,  6,810. 

Zubenakravi,  or  Zubenhakrabi  (zo-ben-ak'- 
ra-vi  or  -bi).  [Ar.  zubdn-al-akrab,  the  claw  of 
the  Scorpion.]  The  third-magnitude  star  20 
Libras,  lettered  by  Bayer  as  y Scorpii. 
Zubenalgenubi  (zo-ben-al-jen-u'bi).  [Ar.  su- 
ben-al-jenubi,  the  southern  claw  (of  Scorpio).] 
The  third-magnitude  star  a Libras,  which  con- 
stellation was  formerly  reckoned  as  part  of 
Scorpio.  The  star  is  also  known  as  Kiffa  Aus- 
tralis. 

Zubenalshemali  (zo-ben-al-she-ma'li).  [Ar. 

zuben-al-shemali,  the  northern  claw.  ] The 

third-magnitude  star /3  Librae,  or  Kiffa  Borealis. 
Zubra  (zo'bra).  [Ar.  al-subra,  the  mane  or 
ridge  of  hair  (on  a lion’s  back).]  A rarely  used 
name  for  <1  Leonis.  See  Buhr  and  Zosma. 

Zug  (zog  or  tsog).  1.  Acanton  of  Switzerland, 
bounded  by  Zurich,  Schwyz,  Lucerne,  and 
Aargau.  Capital,  Zug.  It  has  1 representative  in  the 
National  Council.  The  prevailing  language  is  German,  and 
the  religion  Roman  Catholic.  Zug  joined  the  confedera- 
tion in  1352,  and  sided  with  the  Sonderbund.  Area,  92 
square  miles.  Population,  28,179,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Zug,  situated 
on  the  Lake  of  Zug  13  miles  northeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. Notable  landslips  into  the  lake  occurred  here  in 
1435  and  1887,  and  the  town  was  partly  undermined  by 
the  lake  in  1887.  Population,  (1,508. 

Zug,  Lake  of.  A lake  in  Switzerland,  inclosed 
by  the  cantons  of  Zug,  Schwyz,  and  Lucerne. 


1084 

Its  outlet  is  the  Lorze  into  the  Reuss.  Length, 
8£  miles.  Width,  24  miles. 

Zuider  Zee.  See  Zuyder  Zee. 

Zuinglius.  See  Zwingli. 

Zukertort  (tso'ker-tort),  Johannes  Hermann. 
Born  at  Lublin,  Russian  Poland,  1842 : died  at 
London,  June  20,  1888.  A noted  chess-player, 
editor  of  the  “ Chess  Monthly.”  He  won  the 
first  prize  at  the  international  tournament  at  Paris  in 
1878 ; and  at  the  congress  of  1883  gained  the  first 
place,  Steinitz  being  second.  He  was  noted  as  a blind- 
fold player. 

Zuleika  (zu-le'ka).  A favorite  name  in  Persian 
poetry. 

Zulla  (zol'la),  or  Zula  (zo'la),  or  Sula  (so'la), 
or  Dola  (do'la).  A village  on  Annesley  Bay, 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  lat.  15°  15'  N.  Near  it 
are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Adulis.  It  is  in  the  Italian 
colony  of  Eritrea. 

Zulla  Bay.  Same  as  Annesley  Bay. 

Ziillichau  (tsiil'le-chou).  A town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  51  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder.  Near  it, 
J uly  23,  1759,  the  Russians  under  Soltikoff  defeated  the 
Prussians  under  Wedel.  Population,  commune,  7,485. 
Ziilpich  (tsiil'pich).  A small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  22  miles  southwest  of  Co- 
logne: the  ancient  Roman  city  Tolbiacum.  it 
is  incorrectly  said  to  have  been  the  scene  of  the  victory 
of  Clovis  over  the  Alamanni  in  496  A.  D. 

Zulu  (zo'lo),  or  Amazulu  (a-ma-zo'lo).  A 
Bantu  nation  of  British  South  Africa.  They  oc- 
cupy the  region  between  Natal  (from  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  Tugela  and  Umzinyati  rivers)  and  Lourengo  Mar- 
ques. The  Amazulu  proper  border  on  Natal,  the  Amahute 
and  Amaswazi  (or  Amazwazi)  on  Lourengo  Marques.  The 
Zulus  are  fine  specimens  of  physical  manhood.  They  go 
almost  naked,  and  are  great  orators  and  warriors,  using  the 
lance  and  the  shield.  Their  huts  are  of  the  beehive  pat- 
tern, but  large.  Their  language  and  folk-lore  have  been 
more  fully  illustrated  than  those  of  most  other  Bantu  na- 
tions. Their  military  superiority  over  neighboring  t ribes 
is  due  to  the  strict  military  system  introduced  by  Chaka, 
who,  it  is  said,  got  his  ideas  from  the  European  troops  in 
Cape  Colony ; and  the  phenomenal  success  and  enlarge- 
ment of  Zulu  conquest  may  be  attributed  to  the  custom  of 
incorporating  the  conquered  into  their  own  army.  The 
kingdom  of  Lobengula  (Matabeleland)  and  that  of  Umzila 
(Gazaland)  are  of  Zulu  origin  ; and  so  are  the  Landins  of 
the  Zambesi.  See  Cettiwayo,  Kaffir,  Lobengula. 
Zululand  (zo'lo-land).  A province  (since  1897) 
of  Natal.  It  comprises  the  former  Zulu  Reserve,  etc., 
and  was  made  a British  possession  in  1887.  The  Amapu- 
taland  Protectorate  was  annexed  to  Zululand  in  1897. 
Area,  about  12,500  square  miles. 

Zulu  Reserve.  Southern  Zululand. 

Zulu  War.  See  Cettiivayo. 

Zum&rraga  (tho-mar'ra-ga),  Juan  de.  Born 
near  Durango,  Biscay,  1486:  died  at  Mexico 
City,  June  3, 1548.  First  bishop  of  Mexico.  He 
was  a Franciscan,  guardian  of  the  convent  of  Abrojo,  and 
was  appointed  bishop  Dec.  12, 1527,  receiving  at  the  same 
time  the  title  and  office  of  Protector  of  the  Indians.  Soon 
after  his  arrival  in  Mexico  he  caused  careful  search  to  be 
made  for  Aztec  manuscripts,  and  bad  them  burned  in  a 
great  pile  as  heretical  books  : by  his  orders  similar  autos 
de  fe  took  place  in  many  other  cities.  Aside  from  this  act 
he  is  greatly  praised  for  his  zeal  and  his  championship  of 
the  rights  of  the  Indians : under  him  the  mission  work 
was  extended  to  aU  parts  of  the  Spanish  conquests  in 
Mexico  and  Central  America.  He  died  eight  days  after 
receiving  the  bull  which  raised  his  see  to  an  archbishopric. 

Zumpt  (tsompt),  August  Willielm.  Born  at 
Konigsberg,  Dec.  4,  1815 : died  at  Berlin,  April 
22,  1877.  A German  classical  scholar,  nephew 
of  K.  G.  Zumpt:  professor  at  the  Frederick 
William  gymnasium  at  Berlin.  Among  his  works 
are  “Commentationes  epigraphies”  (1850-54),  “ Studia 
Romana ” (1859),  “Das  Kriminalrecht  der  romischen  Re- 
publik  ” (1865-69),  etc. 

Zumpt,  Karl  Gottlob.  Born  at  Berlin,  March 
20,  1792 : died  at  Karlsbad,  June  25,  1849.  A 
German  classical  philologist,  professor  of  Ro- 
man literature  at  Berlin  from  1827.  He  pub- 
lished a Latin  grammar  (1818) ; edited  Quintilian,  Curtius, 
and  several  orations  of  Cicero  ; and  wrote  “Annales  vete- 
ran! regnorum  et  populorum  ” (1819),  “ liber  den  Stand 
der  Bevolkerungund  die  Volksvermehrung  im  Altertum  ” 
(1841),  and  various  works  on  Roman  antiquities. 

Zungaria.  Same  as  Sungaria. 

Zuni  (zo'nye).  [“  A Spanish  adaptation  of 
the  Keresau  Sunyitsa,  of  unknown  meaning.” 
Handbook  of  American  In dians.  Cibola,  though 
strictly  the  Mexican  name  for  “buffalo,” as  ap- 
plied to  the  seven  ancient  cities  had  its  origin 
in  Sliiwina,  the  native  name  of  the  tribe.]  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  inhabits 
the  largest  of  all  the  Indian  pueblos,  as  well  as 
three  small  summer  villages,  in  the  mam  and 
tributary  valleys  of  the  Rio  Zuni,  an  affluent  of 
the  Colorado  Chiquito,  in  western  New  Mexico. 
It  formerly  comprised  seven  villages,  known  to  the  early 
Spanish  explorers  as  the  Seven  Cities  of  Cibola,  on  the 
site  of  one  of  which  stands  the  present  communal  pueblo 
of  Zuni.  Number,  about  1,500.  Also  (funi,  Soone,  Sune, 
Cebola,  Cibola,  Sibola,  Zibola. 

Zufiian  (zo'nyi-an).  A linguistic  stock  of  North 


Zusmarshausen 

American  Indians,  comprising  only  the  Zu£i 
tribe  (which  see). 

Ziiniga.  See  Ercilla  y ZufHga. 

Zuniga  (thon'ye-ga),  Alonzo  Manrique  de, 

Marquis  of  Villamanrique.  Born  at  Seville 
about  1535:  died  about  1600.  A Spanish  ad- 
ministrator, viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct.  18,  1585,  to 
Jan,,  1590.  He  was  deposed  on  account  of  a quarrel 
with  the  audience  of  Guadalajara.  His  estate  was  confis- 
cated, but  was  subsequently  restored  to  his  family. 
Zuniga,  Baltazar  de,  Marquis  of  Valero  and 
Duke  of  Arion.  Born  about  1670 : died  after 
1729.  A Spanish  administrator,  viceroy  of 
Mexico  Aug.  16, 1716,  to  Oct.  15,  1722. 

Zuniga,  Diego  Lopez  de.  See  Lopes  de  Zuniga. 
Zuniga  y Azevedo  (e  ii-tha-va'THo),  Gaspar 
de,  Count  of  Monterey.  Born  about  1540 : died 
at  Lima,  Peru,  Feb.  10,  1606.  A Spanish  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct.  6,  1595,- 
1603.  During  this  period  he  organized  many  expeditions 
for  colonization  and  exploration  in  New  Mexico,  Califor- 
nia, etc. : the  city  of  Monterey,  founded  in  1596,  and  the 
Bay  of  Monterey,  in  California,  were  named  in  his  honor. 
He  was  a zealous  protector  of  the  Indians.  Transferred  to 
Peru,  he  was  viceroy  of  that  country  from  Nov.  28,  1604, 
until  his  death. 

Zuni  (zo'nye)  Mountains.  A range  of  moun- 
tains in  the  western  part  of  New  Mexico,  about 
lat.  35°  N. 

Zupitza  (tso'pit-sa),  Julius.  Born  Jan.  4, 
1844  : died  July  5,  1895.  A German  philologist, 
professor  at  Berlin.  He  edited  Beowulf,  Cynewulf  s 
“ Eleue,”  Guy  of  Warwick,  etc. 

Zurbaran  (thor-ba-ran'),  Francisco.  Born  at 
Fuente  de  Cantos,  Estremadura,  Spain,  1598: 
died  1662.  A Spanish  painter.  His  chief  work 
is  “Apotheosis  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas.” 

Zuri  (dzo're).  A small  island  in  the  Adriatic, 
belonging  to  Dalmatia,  38  miles  south-south- 
east of  Zara. 

Zurich  (zii'rik),  G.  Zurich  (tsii'rich).  1.  A 
canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  by  Baden, 
Schaffhausen,  Thurgau,  St.  Gall,  Schwyz,  Zug, 
and  Aargau.  Capital,  Zurich.  It  contains  a large 
part  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich  and  several  other  lakes.  The 
Rhine  is  on  or  near  its  northern  border.  It  is  traversed 
by  hills  and  low  mountains.  It  has  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton, silk,  machinery,  etc.,  and  a large  trade.  Zurich  has  22 
representatives  in  the  National  Council.  The  prevailing 
language  is  German,  and  the  religion  Protestant.  Zurich 
was  early  occupied  by  the  Alamanni ; was  under  the  rule 
of  the  Carolingiaus  ; was  subject  to  the  counts  of  Lenzburg 
and  dukes  of  Zahringen  ; became  a free  imperial  city  in 
1218;  was  allied  with  Uri  and  Schwyz  in  1292  ; entered  the 
confederation  in  1351 ; expanded  its  territory,  especially  in 
the  15th  century  ; was  at  variance  with  the  confederation 
1436-50 ; and  was  the  center  of  the  Swiss  Reformation. 
Area,  666  square  miles.  Population,  500,455,  (1910). 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Zurich,  situated 
at  the  outflow  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich  into  the 
Limmat,  in  lat.  47°  22'  N.,  long.  8°  33'  E. : the 
Roman  Turicum  (whence  the  modern  name). 
It  consists  of  the  city  proper  and  9 suburbs.  It  is  the  most 
flourishing  city  in  Switzerland,  the  manufacturing  center 
of  the  country,  and  a famous  ecclesiastical  and  literary 
center.  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  the  lltli  century, 
and  built  for  the  most  part  in  a plain  but  excellent  Roman- 
esque style.  The  upper  portion  of  the  west  towers  is  of 
the  13th  century,  but  their  helmet-shaped  roofs  date  from 
1799.  The  fine  cloister  is  in  the  early- Pointed  style. 
Zurich  is  the  seat  of  a university  founded  in  1832.  Popu- 
lation, 150,703. 

Zurich,  Battles  of.  Near  Zurich,  June,  1799,  the 
Austrians  under  Archduke  Charles  defeated  the 
French  under  Mass6na;  and  Sept.  25-26,  1799, 
the  French underMass&nadefeated  the  Russians 
under  Korsakoff,  Suvaroff  arriving  too  late. 
Zurich,  Lake  of,  G.  Ziirichsee  (tsii'rich-za)  or 
Ziirchersee  (tslir'cher-za).  A lake  in  Switzer- 
land, nearly  inclosed  by  the  canton  of  Zurich, 
and  hordei’ing  also  on  St.  Gall  and  Schwyz. 
It  is  separated  by  a promontory  and  dam  into  the  lake 
proper  and  the  upper  lake.  It  Is  surrounded  by  hills  and 
(in  the  upper  part)  by  mountains.  Length,  25  miles.  Ex- 
treme width,  2 h miles.  Depth,  470  feet.  Elevation  above 
sea-level,  1,342  feet. 

Zurich,  Peace  of.  The  treaty  which  terminated 
hostilities  between  France  and  Sardinia  on  one 
side  and  Austria  on  the  other,  Nov.  10,  1859. 
It  was  based  on  the  preliminaries  of  Villafranca.  Austria 
ceded  Lombardy  (except  Mantua  and  Pescliiera)  to  France, 
which  ceded  them  to  Sardinia.  Sardinia  assumed  three 
fifths  of  the  debt. 

Zurita  (tho-re'ta),  Alonso.  Born  about  1500: 
died  after  1564.  A Spanish  lawyer  and  author. 

From  1544  to  about  1660  he  was  successively  a member  of 
the  audiences  of  Santo  Domingo,  Los  Confines,  and  Mex- 
ico, traveling  besides  in  New  Granada  (Santa  Marta)  to 
organize  courts  of  justice.  He  wrote  a treatise  on  the  In- 
dians of  New  Spain,  which  has  been  published  in  modern 
times.  It  relates  principally  to  their  customs  and  laws,  and 
is  a standard  authority. 

Zusmarshausen  (tsos'mars-hou-zen).  A village 
in  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Zusam  15  miles 
west  of  Augsburg.  It  was  the  scene  of  a victory  of  the 
Swedes  and  French  over  the  Imperialists  May  17,  1648. 


Ziitphen 

Ziitphen  (ziit'fen).  A town  in  the  province  of 
Gelderland,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Berkel  with  the  Yssel,  57  miles  east 
by  south  of  Amsterdam.  It  was  a Hanseatic  town. 
It  has  several  times  been  besieged  and  taken  (sacked  by 
Alva  in  1672).  Sir  Philip  Sidney  was  mortally  wounded 
before  it  in  1586.  Population,  commune,  18,381. 

Zuyder  Zee,  or  Zuider  Zee  (zi'der  ze;  D.  prom 
zoi'der  za).  An  arm  of  the  North  Sea  which 
penetrates  deeply  into  the  Netherlands,  and 
is  partly  separated  from  the  North  Sea  by 
the  islands  Texel,  Vlieland,  Terschelling,  and 
Ameland.  It  was  formerly  a lake  (Roman  Flevo),  and 
acquired  its  present  size  through  inundations  in  the  13th 
century.  The  draining  of  the  southern  portion  has  been 
projected.  Length,  about  80  miles.  Greatest  width,  about 
40  miles.  It  is  generally  shallow. 

Zwarte  (zwar'te)  Water.  A stream  in  the 
Netherlands  on  which  Zwolle  is  situated.  It 
receives  the  Vecht,  and  as  the  Zwollsche  Diep 
flows  into  the  Zuyder  Zee. 

Zweibriicken  (tsvTbriik-en).  A former  sov- 
ereign countship  in  Germany,  later  a duchy. 
It  belonged  to  Sweden  1654-1718,  and  to  France  1796- 
1814 ; and  passed  in  great  part  to  Bavaria. 

Zweibriicken,  F.  Deux-Ponts  (de-p6n').  A 
town  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Erbach  48  miles  west  of  Speyer,  it 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  countship  of  Zweibriicken. 
The  Bipontine  editions  of  classics  were  published  here  at 


1085 

the  end  of  the  18th  century.  Population,  commune,  14,- 
711. 

Zweisimmen  (tsvi'zim-men).  The  chief  place 
in  the  Simmenthal,  Switzerland. 

Zwickau  (tsvik'ou).  1.  A district  of  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony. — 2.  A city  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zwickauer  Mulde  in 
lat.  50°  44'  N. , long.  12°  29'  E.  It  has  the  largest 
railway-station  in  Germany ; has  important  commerce ; 
and  is  the  center  of  a large  coal-field.  It  manufactures 
chemicals,  machinery,  porcelain,  glass,  paper,  gloves, 
stockings,  etc.  Zwickau  was  a free  city  1290-1348,  and 
passed  in  1348  under  the  rule  of  Meissen.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Schumann.  Population,  commune,  68,502. 

Zwickauer  Mulde.  See  Mulde. 

Zwieselalp(tsve'zel-alp).  Apassandnotedpoint 
of  view  in  the  Austrian  Alps  of  the  Salzkam- 
mergut,  13  miles  southwest  of  Ischl.  Height, 
5,197  feet. 

Zwillingsbriider  (tsvil'ingz-bru-der),  Die.  [G., 
‘ The  Twin  Brothers.’]  A musical  farce,  words 
by  Hofmann,  music  by  Schubert,  produced  in 
1820. 

Zwinger  (tsving'er).  [(4-,  ‘prison,’  ‘fort.’]  A 
famous  museum  in  Dresden,  its  picture-gallery 
contains  about  2,500  paintings,  including  Raphael's  Sistine 
Madonna  and  works  by  Correggio,  Titian,  Paul  Veronese, 
Rembrandt,  Rubens,  Holbein,  and  others.  There  are  also 
collections  of  drawings,  casts,  etc. 

Zwingli  (zwing'le;  G.  pron.  tsving'le),  L. 
Zuinglius  (zwing'gli-us),  Huldreich  or  TJ1- 


Zwolle 

rich.  Born  at  Wildhaus,  St.  Gall,  Switzerland, 
Jan.  1, 1484 : killed  at  the  battle  of  Kappel,  Oct. 
11, 1531.  A famous  Swiss  Reformer,  with  Cal- 
vin the  founder  of  the  Reformed  Church.  He 
was  educated  at  Bern,  Vienna,  and  Basel ; became  pastor 
in  Glarus  in  1506 ; accompanied  the  Glarus  contingent  in 
campaigns  as  chaplain ; became  preacher  at  Einsiedeln  in 
1516,  and  at  Zurich  in  1518  ; inaugurated,  by  his  preaching, 
the  Reformation  at  Zurich  in  1519  (the  Reformation  was  le- 
galized by  the  Council  of  Zurich  in  1523) ; held  disputations 
at  Zurich  in  1523 ; was  a leader  in  the  political  and  reli- 
gious disputes  in  Switzerland  ; met  the  Saxon  Reformers  in 
conference  in  1529 ; and  accompanied  the  Zurichers  against 
the  forces  of  the  Forest  Cantons  in  1531.  Among  his  works 
are  “ De  vera  et  falsa  religione ” (“Of  True  and  False  Re- 
ligion”), “Fidei  ratio,”  “Christianas  fidei  brevis  et  clara 
expositio.” 

Zwirner  (tsvir'ner),  Ernst  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Jakobswalde,  Silesia,  Feb.  28,  1802:  died 
Sept.  22,  1861.  A German  architect.  He  became 
architect  of  the  restoration  of  the  Cologne  cathedral  in 
1833 ; and  also  bu  ilt  the  Apollinaris  church  at  Remagen,  etc. 

Zwittau  (tsvit'tou).  A town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  near  the  Bohemian  fron- 
tier 39  miles  north  of  Briinn.  Population, 
commune,  9,651,  (1910). 

Zwolle  (zwol'le).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the 
Zwarte  Water,  near  the  Yssel,  in  lat.  52°  31'  N., 
long.  6°  6'  E.  It  was  a Hanseatic  city,  and  joined  the 
United  Provinces  in  1580.  Near  it  is  the  Agnetenberg,  long 
the  home  of  Thomas  a Kempis.  Pop.,  commune,  30,560. 


SUPPLEMENT 


v 


The  asterisk  (*)  is  used  to  mark  additions  to  articles  in  the  Cyclopedia  of  Names 


bbaziaf  (a-bat-se ' a) . A vil- 
lage in  Istria,  Austria, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Quarnero, noted  as  a health- 
resort.  It  is  protected  on  the 
north  and  west  by  mountains  of 
considerable  height  and  enjoys  an 
equable  climate  (mean  winter 
temperature,  50’  F. ; summer,  77° 
F.).  The  annual  number  of  those 
seeking  the  baths  is  upward  of 
14,000.  Population,  with  Volosca,  6,592,  (1910). 

Abbe*,  Cleveland.  He  was  professor  of  me- 
teorology at  George  Washington  University 
1886-1909,  and  has  been  meteorologist  of  the 
United  States  Weather  Bureau  since  1891. 

Abbe  (ab'e),  Ernst.  Born  at  Eisenach,  Saxe- 
Weimar,  Jan.  23,  1840:  died  at  Jena,  Jan.  14, 
1905.  A German  physicist,  professor  in  the 
University  of  Jena  1870-91,  and  director  of  the 
astronomical  observatory  from  1878.  He  is  noted 
for  his  theoretical  work  in  optics  and  for  the  improve- 
ments which  he  made  in  optical  glass  and  in  optical  in- 
struments, especially  in  the  microscope.  The  so-called 
Jena  glass,  including  varieties  much  used  for  lenses,  etc., 
was  his  invention.  From  1866  he  was  connected  with  the 
firm  of  Karl  Zeiss,  the  instrument-maker  of  Jena. 

Abbe  Constantin,  L’  (a-ba'  koh-stan-tah').  A 
novel  by  Ludovic  II  a levy,  published  in  1882. 

Abbey*,  Edwin  Austin.  Died  at  London, 
Aug.  1,  1911.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1898,  and  of  the  National  Academy  in  1902. 
He  depicted  Shaksperian  characters,  and  illustrated  works 
by  Herrick,  Goldsmith,  etc.  In  1903-04  he  painted  the 
official  picture  of  the  coronation  of  Edward  VII.,  and  at 
the  time  of  his  death  was  engaged  on  a series  of  decora- 
tions for  the  Capitol  at  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania.  Part 
of  the  series  was  completed  in  1908. 

Abbot  (ab'ot),  Charles  Greeley.  Born  at 
Wilton,  N.  EL,  May  31,  1872.  An  American 
astrophysicist,  director  of  the  Smithsonian 
Astro  physical  Observatory  from  1907.  He  has 
published  numerous  papers  upon  special  prob- 
lems of  solar  research. 

Abbot  (ab'ot),  Henry  Larcom.  Born  at  Bev- 
erly, Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1831.  An  American  sol- 
dier and  engineer.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
United  States  Military  Academy  in  1854  ; served  through 
the  Civil  War;  and  rose  to  the  brevet  rank  of  major-general 
of  volunteers.  He  has  written  “ Physics  and  Hydraulics  of 
the  Mississippi  ” (1861 : with  General  Humphreys),  “Siege 
Artillery  in  the  Campaign  Against  Richmond " (1867), 
“Experiments  to  Develop  a System  of  Submarine  Mines  “ 
(1881),  “Problems  of  the  Panama  Canal  ’’  (1905),  etc. 

Abbott  (ab'ot),  Alexander  Crever.  Born  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Feb.  26,  1860.  An  American 
bacteriologist,  professor  of  hygiene  and  bac- 
teriology in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
from  1897.  He  has  published  “ The  Principles 
of  Bacteriology”  (1892),  etc. 

Abbott  (ab'ot),  Sir  John  Joseph  Caldwell. 
Born  at  St.  Andrew's,  Quebec,  March  12,  1821 : 
died  at  Montreal,  Oct.  30,  1893.  A Canadian 
statesman.  He  was  graduated  at  McGill  University  in 
1847,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  the  same  year,  and  was  ap- 
pointed queen’s  counsel  in  1862.  He  was  dean  of  the 
faculty  of  law  in  McGill  University  for  several  years,  and 
was  knighted  in  1892.  He  was  a member  of  Parliament 
for  Argenteuil  1859-74  and  1881-87,  and  entered  the  Sen- 
ate for  the  division  of  Inkertnan,  Quebec,  May,  1887.  He 
joined  the  Conservatives  in  1865,  was  a member  (without 
portfolio)  of  Sir  .1.  A.  Macdonald’s  cabinet  in  1887,  and 
was  premier  of  Canada  1891-92. 

Abbott  (ab'ot),  Thomas  Kingsmill.  Born  at 
Dublin,  March  26,  1829.  An  Irish  clergyman 
and  scholar,  a graduate  and  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  which  he  occupied  the  chair 
of  moral  philosophy  1867-72,  of  biblical  Greek 
1875-88,  and  of  Ilebrew  1879-1900.  He  has  pub- 
lished  “ Sight  and  Touch  ” (1864),  a translation  of  Kant’s 
“Theory  of  Ethics”  (1873),  “Elementary  Theory  of  the 
Tides”  (1888),  etc. 

C — 69 


Abel  (a'bel),  John  Jacob.  Born  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  May  19,  1857.  An  American  scien- 
tist, professor  of  pharmacology  in  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  from  1893.  He  has  conducted 
investigations  in  physiological  chemistry,  physiology,  and 
pharmacology,  and  is  the  editor  of  the  “Journal  of  Phar- 
macology and  Experimental  Therapeutics.” 

Aberdeen  (ab-er-den').  A city  in  Chehalis 
County,  Washington.  It  is  situated  on  the  north 
shore  of  Grays  Harbor,  43  miles  west  of  Olympia.  It  has 
sawmills,  wood-working  factories,  machine-shops,  etc. 
Population,  13,660,  (1910). 

Abney  (ab'ni),  Sir  William  de  Wiveleslie. 

Born  at  Derby,  England,  July  24,  1844.  An 
English  physicist  and  captain  in  the  Royal  En- 
gineers, known  for  his  work  in  photography 
and  spectroscopy.  He  was  president  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  1893-95,  and  of 
the  Physical  Society  1895-97.  Knighted  in 
1900. 

Abra  (a'hra).  1.  A river  of  Luzon,  rising  in 
Lepanto-Bontoc  province  and  taking  a circui- 
tous course  through  Abra  and  Uocos  Sur  prov- 
inces to  the  China  Sea.  Length,  55  miles. — 
2.  A province  of  northwestern  Luzon  in  the 
Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Ilocos  Norte 
(separated  by  a spur  of  the  Cordillera  Norte)  on  the  north, 
Cagaydn  and  Lepanto-Bontoc  (separated  by  the  Cordillera 
Central)  on  the  east,  Lepanto-Bontoc  and  Ilocos  Sur  on 
the  south,  and  Ilocos  Sur  on  the  west.  Capital,  Bangued. 
The  highest  peak  in  the  province  is  Burnay,  near  the 
point  pf  separation  from  Ilocos  Norte  and  Ilocos  Sur. 
The  valleys  are  fertilized  by  the  Abra  and  its  branches. 
Corn,  rice,  and  tobacco  are  the  chief  products.  The  pop- 
ulation consists  mainly  of  Ilocans  and  Tinguianes.  Area, 
1,171  square  miles.  Population,  51,860. 

Abraham  (a  ' bra  -ham),  William.  Born  in 
1842.  A Welsh  politician,  a member  of  the 
Labor  party.  He  was  the  son  of  a miner,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Carnarvon  national  school.  Since  1873  he 
has  represented  the  miners  as  agent.  He  has  represented 
Glamorganshire  (Rhondda  division)  in  Parliament  since 
1885,  and  is  president  of  the  South  Wales  Miners’  Federa- 
tion. 

Abruzzi  (a-brot'se),  Duke  of  the  (Prince 
Luigi  Amadeo  Giuseppe  Maria  Ferdinando 
Francesco).  Born  at  Madrid,  Jan.  24,  1873. 
An  Italian  explorer,  third  son  of  Prince 
Amadeo  of  Aosta,  at  one  time  King  of  Spain. 

(See  Amadeus.)  In  July,  1897,  he  ascended  Mount  St.  Elia9 
in  Alaska,  and  in  1899-1900  made  an  attempt  in  the  Stella 
Polare  to  reach  the  north  pole  from  Franz-Joseph-Land. 
Captain  Cagni  of  his  party,  with  three  others,  gained  lat. 
86°  33'  N.,  the  highest  then  reached.  In  1906  he  made  an 
ascent  of  the  peaks  of  Mount  Ruwenzori,  and  in  1909  con- 
ducted an  expedition  to  the  Himalayas.  He  has  written 
“ La  Stella  Polare  nel  mare  artico  1899-1900  ” (1902),  etc. 

Academy,  British.  See  * British  Academy. 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Letters,  American. 

An  association  organized  in  1904  by  the  Na- 
tional Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters.  Itsaim  is  to 
represent  and  further  the  interests  of  the  fine  arts  and 
literature.  Its  membership  is  limited  to  fifty  citizens  of 
the  United  States  and  its  constitution  demands  that  all 
vacancies  shall  be  filled  from  the  membership  of  the  Na- 
tional Institute. 

Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Pennsylvania.  See 

* Pennsylvania  Academy. 

Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  The.  An  institution 
in  Florence,  Italy,  occupying  the  building  for- 
merly known  as  the  Ospedale  di  San  Matteo. 

The  pictures  in  the  collection  represent  especially  the 
Italian  painters  of  the  15th  century.  In  the  “domed 
room  ” is  M ichelangelo’s  statue  of  David  and  a collection 
of  casts  of  the  sculptor’s  work. 

Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  The.  An  institution 
in  Venice  which  occupies  the  old  Scuola  di 
Santa  Maria  della  Carita  on  the  Grand  Canal. 
The  gallery,  which  was  founded  in  1798,  is 
devoted  to  paintings  by  Venetian  masters. 

Acapulco*.  It  was  destroyed  by  earthquakes 
July  30-31,  1909. 


Achensee  (ach'en-za).  A small  lake  in  the 
Tyrol,  Austria,  lying  north  of  the  valley  of  the 
lower  Inn.  It  empties  into  the  Isar.  Length, 
5^  miles. 

Acheson  (ach'e-son),  Edward  Goodrich. 
Born  at  Washington,  Pa.,  March  9,  1856.  An 
American  electrician,  the  inventor  of  carbo- 
rundum, siloxicon,  the  process  of  Egyptianiz- 
ing  clay,  and  a method  of  producing  artificial 
graphite,  etc. 

Ackermann  (ak'er-man),  Mme.  (Louise  Vic- 
torine  Choquet).  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  30, 
1813:  died  at  Nice,  Aug.  2,  1890.  A French 
poet.  She  published  “ Contes  en  vers  ’’  (1855),  “ Contes 
et  poesies  ” (1863),  “ Poesies  philosopliiques  ’’  (1874),  and  a 
volume  of  prose,  “ Pensees  d’une  solitaire  ” (1883). 

Acre  (a-kra').  A territory  of  Brazil  lying  north 
of  the  river  Aquiri  and  bordering  on  Bolivia 
and  Peru.  It  is  rich  in  india-rubber.  The  boundary 
dispute  between  Bolivia  and  Brazil  with  regard  to  this 
territory  was  adjusted  by  a treaty  in  November,  1903,  and 
an  agreement  to  adjudicate  a similar  dispute  between 
Brazil  and  Peru  was  reached  in  July,  1904. 

Acton,  Lord.  See  *Dalberg- Acton. 

Adam*,  Mme.  Edmond.  Her  reminiscences  are  con- 
tained in  a series  of  books  which  includes  “ Le  roman  de 
mon  enfance  et  de  ma  jeune»6e  ” (1903),  “Mes  angoisses 
et  nos  luttes  ” (1907),  “ Apres  l’abandon  de  la  revanche  ” 
(1911),  etc. 

Adams  (ad'amz),  Mrs.  (Abigail  Smith). 

Born  at  Weymouth,  Mass.,  Nov.  23,1744  : died 
at  Quincy,  Mass.,  Oct.  28,  1818.  The  wife  of 
John  Adams  (second  President  of  the  United 
States)  and  the  mother  of  John  Quincy  Adams 
(sixth  President).  Her  marriage  to  John  Adams 
took  place  Oct.  25,  1764.  She  supported  her  husband  in 
his  political  views  and  work  ; joined  him  in  France  in  1784  ; 
and  accompanied  him  to  London,  where  he  was  United 
States  minister  1785-88.  Her  letters  published  in  “Fa- 
miliar Letters  of  John  Adams  and  his  Wife”  (1876)  are 
of  historical  value. 

Adams  (ad'amz),  Brooks.  Born  at  Quincy, 
Mass.,  June  24,  1848.  An  American  lawyer 
and  writer,  son  of  Charles  Francis  Adams 
(1807-86).  He  was  secretary  to  his  father  when  the 
latter  was  arbitrator  at  the  Geneva  tribunal  (1871-72),  and 
practised  law  until  1881.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The 
Emancipation  of  Massachusetts  ’’  (1887),  “The  Law  of  Civ- 
ilization and  Decay"  (1896),  “America’s  Economic  Su- 
premacy ” (1900),  “The  New  Empire  ” (1902),  etc. 

Adams  (ad'amz),  Cyrus  Cornelius.  Born  at 
Naperville,  111.,  Jan.  7,  1849.  An  American 
geographer,  president  of  the  department  of 
geography  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  1889- 
1893.  He  has  written  “David  Livingstone,” 
etc.,  and  has  been  the  editor  of  the  “ Bulletin  ” 
of  the  American  Geographical  Society  since 
1908. 

Adams  (ad'amz),  Henry  Carter.  Born  at, 
Davenport,  la.,  1851.  An  American  economist, 
writer,  and  educator,  ne  was  lecturer  at  Cornell 
University  and  the  University  of  Michigan  1880-87,  and 
at  Johns  Hopkins  1880-82  ; was  director  of  the  division  of 
transportation  of  the  eleventh  census  and  statistician  of 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission ; and  lias  been  pro- 
fessor of  political  economy  and  finance  in  the  University 
of  Michigan  since  1887.  He  is  the  author  of  “Outline  of 
Lectures  on  Political  Economy  ” (1881,  18S6),  “ The  State 
in  Relation  to  Industrial  Action  ” (1887),  “ Taxation  in  the 
United  States  1789-1816’’  (1884),  “Public  Debts"  (1887), 
“The  Scienceof  Finance”  (1888),  “Statistics  of  Railways” 
(1888-1904),  “Economics  and  Jurisprudence"  (1897),  “Spe- 
cial Report  on  Railway  Mail  Pay "(1900),  “Commercial 
Valuation  of  Railway  Property  in  the  United  States" 
(1904  : with  B.  II.  Meyer),  and  “ Digest  of  Hearings  before 
the  Senate  Committee  on  Interstate  Commerce  ” (1906  : 
with  II.  T.  Newcomb). 

Adams  (ad'amz),  Herbert.  Born  at  West 
Concord,  Vt.,  Jan.  28,  1858.  An  American 
sculptor.  He  was  educated  in  Boston  and  was  a pupil 
of  Mercid  in  Paris  ; won  honorable  mention  at  the  Paris 
Salon  in  1888  and  1889,  a medal  at  the  Columbian  Expos!- 


Adams,  Herbert 

tion,  Chicago,  in  1893,  and  a gold  medal  at  the  St.  Louis 
Exposition  in  1904  ; and  has  executed  many  memorial 
compositions  and  portrait  statues.  He  has  also  been  em- 
ployed on  the  decoration  of  the  great  expositions. 

Adams  (ad'amz),  Herbert  Baxter.  Born  at 
Shutesbury,  Mass.,  April  16,  1850:  died  at 
Amherst,  Mass.,  July  30,  1901.  An  American 
historian  and  educator.  He  was  educated  at  Am- 
herst College,  Heidelberg  University,  and  Johns  Hopkins 
University  ; was  lecturer  in  history  at  Smith  College 
1878-81 ; and  was  for  many  years  associate  professor  and 
professor  of  history  at  Johns  Hopkins  University.  He 
edited  the  reports  of  the  American  Historical  Association 
(after  1884);  the  “Contributions  to  American  Educational 
History  ’’  for  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education  (after 
1887),  and  the  “Johns  Hopkins  Uuiversity  Studies  in  His- 
torical and  Political  Science.’’  He  published  “Life  and 
Writings  of  Jared  Sparks"  (1893),  and  many  historical 
monographs. 

Adams  (ad'amz),  Maude.  Born  at  Salt  Lake 
City,  Nov.  11,  1872.  An  American  actress. 
For  Kiskadden,  her  family  name,  she  substituted  her 
mother’s  maiden  name,  Adams.  She  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  as  a child ; supported  John  Drew  in  “ The  Masked 
Ball  ” in  1892;  and  has  made  her  principal  successes  in  J.M. 
Barrie's  plays  “The  Little  Minister,”  “Quality  Street,” 
“Peter  Pan,"  and  “ What  Every  Woman  Knows.  ” She  has 
also  played  in  F.  H.  Burnett’s  “ Pretty  Sister  of  Jos6,”  in 
“ L’Aiglon,”  “ Romeo  and  Juliet,”  “ Joan  of  Arc,”  “ Chan- 
tecler,"  etc. 

Addams  (ad'amz),  Jane.  Born  at  Cedarville, 
111.,  Sept.  6,  1860.  An  American  worker  for 
social  reform.  She  was  graduated  at  Rockford  College 
in  1881,  and  in  1889  opened,  with  Ellen  Gates  Starr,  Hull 
House  social  settlement  in  Chicago,  of  which  she  is  head 
resident  worker.  She  is  first  vice-president  of  the  National 
American  Woman  Suffrage  Association.  She  has  written 
“ Function  of  the  Social  Settlement  ” (1899),  “ Democracy 
and  Social  Ethics  ” (1902),  “ Newer  Ideals  of  Peace1’  (1907), 
“The  Spirit  of  Youth  and  the  City  Streets”  (1909),  “Twenty 
Years  at  Hull  House  ” (1910),  “ A New  Conscience  and  an 
Ancient  Evil”  (1912),  etc. 

Addystone  Pipe  Case.  A case  decided  Dec. 
4,  1899,  by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court. 
Six  iron-pipe  manufactories  in  different  States  pooled  all 
orders  from  thirty-six  States,  the  prices  being  fixed  by  a 
representative  board  and  each  order  being  allotted  to  the 
member  bidding  the  highest  bonus  to  the  pool.  That 
member  then  bid  the  price  fixed,  and  the  others  bid 
higher,  to  deceive  the  customer.  The  decision  declared 
the  combination  illegal  under  the  Sherman  Antitrust 
Law,  which,  it  states,  is  applicable  to  combinations  both 
of  corporations  and  of  individual  concerns. 

Ade  (ad),  George.  Born  at  Kentland,  Ind., 
Feb.  9,  1866.  An  American  journalist  and 
playwright.  He  is  the  author  of  “Fables  in  Slang,” 
“People  You  Knew,”  etc.;and  among  his  plays  are  “The 
Sultan  of  Sulu ” (1902),  “Peggy  from  Paris  ” (1903),  “The 
County  Chairman  ” (1903),  “ The  Sho-Gun  ” (1904),  “ The 
College  Widow"  (1904),  “The  Bad  Samaritan”  (1905), 
“Just  Out  of  College”  (1905),  “Marse  Covington”  (1906), 
“ Mrs.  Peckham’s  Carouse  ” (1906),  “ In  Pastures  New  ” 
(1906),  “ The  Slim  Princess  ’’  (1907). 

Adelbert  (a-del'bert)  College.  A college  of 
the  Western  Reserve  University  (which  see). 
It  is  named  for  the  son  of  Amasa  Stone.  The  latter,  in 
1880,  offered  the  sum  of  $500,000  to  the  Western  Reserve 
College  provided  it  should  be  removed  from  Hudson, 
Ohio,  to  Cleveland  and  change  its  name  to  “ Adelbert 
College  of  Western  Reserve  University.” 

Adenis-Colombeau  (iid-ne'ko-lon-bo'),  Jules. 
Born  at  Paris,  1821:  died  there,  1900.  A French 
journalist  and  dramatist.  He  was  on  the  editorial 
staff  of  the  "Corsaire”  1847-49,  and  wrote  many  comedies, 
vaudevilles,  and  libretti.  Among  his  independent  works 
are  “ Philanthropie  et  repentir”  (1855),  “Une  crise  de 
menage”  (1857),  “Les  chasseurs  et  la  laitiere”)  (1865:  music 
by  Gavaert),  “La  fiancee  d’ Abydos”  (1865:  music  by  Barthe), 
“ Le  nouveau  sorcier”  (1867),  and  “Les  trois  souhaits  ” 
(1873  : music  by  Poise). 

Adeste fideles  (ad-es'te  fi-de'lez).  [L.,  ‘Come, 
ye  faithful.’]  A hymn,  originally  in  Latin,  be- 
ginning with  these  words.  It  has  been  ascribed  to 
Bonaventura  (1221-74),  but  is  more  probably  of  the  17th 
or  18th  century  and  of  French  or  German  authorship.  The 
familiar  arrangement,  commencing  “ O come,  all  ye  faith- 
fuh  joyfully  triumphant,"  first  appeared  in  Murray’s 
“ Hymnal  ’’  in  1852  and  is  an  adaptation  of  the  translation 
made  by  the  Reverend  Frederick  Oakeley  in  1841.  It  has 
also  been  published  in  many  other  translations.  The  tune 
is  ascribed  to  John  Reading  (1677-1764),  organist,  and  was 
called  the  “ Portuguese  Hymn  ’’  because  it  was  sung  at  the 
chapel  of  the  Portuguese  embassy  in  1797  and  at  once 
became  popular. 

Adhemar  de  Chabannes  (a-da-mar'  de  sha- 
biin').  Born  at  Chabannes  in  988:  died  at  Je- 
rusalem in  1034.  A medieval  historian,  author 
of  a “ Historia  Francoruin”  which  traces  the 
history  of  the  French  from  the  legendary  king 
Pharamond  to  1028.  He  also  wrote  other 
works  in  Latin. 

Adis,  or  Addis,  Abeba  (a'dis  a-ba'bii).  The 
present  capital  of  Abyssinia,  situated  in  the 
province  of  Shoain  lat.  9°  N.  It  has  a popula- 
tion of  30,000-35,000.  A treaty  of  peace  with 
Italy  was  concluded  here,  Oct.  26,  1896. 

Adler  (ad'ler),  Cyrus.  Born  at.  Van  Buren, 
Ark.,  Sept.  13,  1863.  An  American  Orientalist 
and  archaeologist.  He  was  assistant  secretary  (in  charge 
of  the  library  and  exchanges)  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion 1905-08  and  curator  of  historic  archaeology  in  the 
United  States  National  Museum  1889-1908.  President  of 
Dropsie  College  1908-. 


Adler  (ad'ler),  Felix.  Born  at  Alzei,  Germany, 
Aug.  13,  1851.  An  American  reformer,  lec- 
turer, and  writer.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1857 ; was  professor  of  Hebrew  and  Oriental  literature  at 
Cornell  University  1874-76;  was  the  founder  of  the  New 
York  Society  for  Ethical  Culture  (1876),  to  which  he  gives 
addresses  and  in  the  work  of  which  he  is  prominent ; has 
been  professor  of  political  and  social  ethics  at  Columbia 
University  since  1902 ; is  a member  of  the  editorial  board 
of  the  “International  Journal  of  Ethics”;  and  has  been 
widely  influential  in  educational  and  reform  movements. 
He  is  the  author  of  “Creed  and  Deed”  (1877),  “The  Moral 
Instruction  of  Children  ’’  (1893),  “ Life  and  Destiny  ’’  (1903), 
“Marriage  and  Divorce  ’’  (1905),  “ Religion  of  Duty  ’’  (1905), 
“Essentials  of  Spirituality”  (1905),  and  of  many  papers  on 
related  subjects.  He  was  exchange  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Berlin  1908-09. 

Adler  (ad'ler),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Germany,  Oct.  15, 1827 : died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  15, 
1908.  A German  architect  and  archaeologist. 
He  was  educated  under  the  painters  Weiss  and  Grieben 
and  at  the  Berlin  Bauakademie  under  the  architect  Strack. 
He  has  executed  several  important  buildings,  chiefly 
churches,  but  is  best  known  as  a writer  on  architecture, 
especially  the  medieval  and  Renaissance  architecture  of 
Germany.  He  was  the  chief  associate  of  Erast  Curtius  in 
the  excavations  at  Olympia,  the  results  of  which  were  pub- 
lished between  1890  and  1897. 

Adler  (ad'ler),  Victor.  Born  at  Prague,  July 
24, 1852.  An  Austrian  socialist.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  Vienna.  He  founded  at  Vienna  a 
Social-Democratic  weekly  journal,  which  was  suppressed 
by  the  government.  Afterward  he  founded  the  “ Arbeiter- 
zeitung.’’  He  has  published  “Die  Arbeiterkammern  und 
die  Arbeiter  ” (1886). 

Adrienne  Lecouvreur.  An  opera  by  Fran- 
cesco Cilea  (words  by  Scribe  and  Legouve), 
first  produced  at  Milan  in  1902. 

Afragola  (a-fra-go'la).  A city  of  Italy,  in  the 
province  of  Naples,  about  ten  miles  northeast 
of  the  city  of  Naples.  Population,  about  22,- 
500. 

Agassiz  (ag'a-si),  Lake.  An  extensive  post- 
glacial lake  which  occupied  the  valley  of  the 
Red  River  in  North  Dakota,  Minnesota,  and 
Manitoba.  The  retreating  ice-sheet  ponded 
waters  in  front  of  it,  and  in  these  were  laid 
down  sediments,  now  the  fertile  wheat-fields 
of  this  region. 

Agassiz  (ag'a-si),  Mount.  1.  A peak  of  the 
Uintah  Mountains  in  Utah,  13,000  feet  high. — 
2.  A peak  in  Chile,  in  the  territory  of  Magal- 
lanes,  about  lat.  50°  S.  It  is  about  10,000  feet 
high. 

Agno  (ag'no).  1.  A river  of  central  Luzon,  in 
the  Philippine  Islands.  It  rises  in  the  northern 
mountains  of  Benguet  province,  and  flows  southward  into 
PangasinAn,  where  it  divides  and  turns  westward,  enter- 
ing Lingayen  Gulf  by  channels  at  Dagupan,  Lingayen,  San 
Isidro,  and  San  Fabian.  The  produce  of  the  northern  part 
of  the  central  valley  of  Luzon  is  carried  by  branches  of 
the  Agno  to  Lingayen  Gulf.  Length,  about  128  miles. 
2.  A river  of  western  Luzon,  rising  in  the 
Zambales  Mountains  and  flowing  west  to  the 
China  Sea. 

Agnone  (a-nyo'na).  A city  of  Italy,  in  the 
province  of  Campobasso.  Population,  6,606; 
commune,  9,793. 

AgOO  (a-go-o').  A municipality  of  La  Union 
province,  western  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 
Civilized  population,  10,653. 

Aguadilla  (a-gwa-del'ya).  2.  A department 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Porto  Rico,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Areeibo  and 
Ponce  on  the  east,  Mayaguez  (separated  by  mountains) 
on  the  south,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  west.  Capi- 
tal, Aguadilla.  Area,  240  square  miles.  Population, 
about  100,000. 

Ai  (i).  A river  of  southeastern  Manchuria 
which  flows  into  the  Yalu  opposite  Wiju.  It 
played  an  important  part  in  the  attack  of  the 
Japanese  right  upon  the  Russians  in  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Yalu  River,  May  1,  1904. 

Aigun*.  It  was  opened  to  international  trade  in 
1905. 

Aikawa  (I-ka'wa).  A city  of  Japan,  situated 
on  the  western  coast  of  the  island  of  Sado. 
Population,  upward  of  11,000. 

Ainger  (an'jer),  Alfred.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  9,  1837 : died  at  Darley  Abbey,  Derby- 
shire, Feb.  8,  1904.  An  English  clergyman, 
author,  and  editor.  He  was  educated  at  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  and  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  taking  his 
degree  in  1860.  He  was  reader  at  the  Temple  Church 
1866-92,  canon  of  Bristol  Cathedral  1887-1903,  master  of 
the  Temple  1894-1904,  and  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Queen 
Victoria  and  King  Edward  VII.  He  wrote  biographies  of 
Lamb  (1882)  and  of  Crahbe(1903),  and  published  annotated 
editions  of  Lamb’s  “Essays  of  Elia”  (1883),  of  Lamb’s 
“Letters"  (1888),  and  of  Hood’s  “Poems,”  with  a bio- 
graphical memoir  (1897).  He  alsowTote  “The  Gospel  and 
Human  Life;  Sermons'’  (1904),  etc. 

Aitken  (at'ken),  Robert  Grant.  Born  at  Jack- 
son,  Cal.,  Dec.  31,  1864.  An  American  scien- 
tist, assistant  astronomer  at  the  Lick  Observa- 
tory on  Mount  Hamilton,  California,  1895-1907, 


Alert 

and  astronomer  from  1907.  He  has  studied 
especially  double  stars,  faint  satellites,  and 
photometry. 

Ajanta  Oaves.  See  Ajunta. 

Akaslli  (a-ka-she').  A city  of  Japan,  situated 
on  the  shore  of  the  Inland  Sea  about  12  miles 
west  of  Kobe.  Population,  upward  of  22,000. 
Alaska- Y ukon-Pacific  Exposition.  An  expo- 
sition held  at  Seattle,  Wash.,  from  June  to 
October,  1909,  for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  the 
resources  and  demonstrating  the  progress  of 
northwestern  America  and  the  Pacific  coast 
generally.  It  was  planned  to  occupy  250  acres  of  the 
campus  of  the  University  of  Washington.  The  twelve 
main  exhibit  buildings  were  those  of  (1)  the  United  States 
government,  (2)  Alaska,  (3)  Yukon,  (4)  Manufactures,  Lib- 
eral Arts,  and  Education,  (5)  Agriculture,  (6)  Machinery, 
(7)  Forestry,  (8)  Fine  Arts,  (9)  Fisheries,  (10)  Mines,  (li) 
Hawaii  and  the  Philippines,  (12)  Foreign.  The  products 
of  the  countries  bordering  on  the  Pacific  were  shown  in 
the  foreign  exhibits,  and  exhibits  representative  of  their 
interest  in  Pacific  trade  development  were  made  by  the 
United  States,  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  Russia, 
the  Netherlands,  etc. 

Albay.  2.  A prownce  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  Luzon  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  it  is 
bounded  by  Ambos  Camarines  on  the  north,  the  Pacific 
Ocean  and  Sorsogon  on  the  east,  Sorsogon  and  the  Visayan 
Sea  on  the  south,  and  the  Visayan  Sea  on  the  southwest 
and  west.  Capital,  Albay.  Besides  its  area  in  Luzon  it 
includes  several  islands,  among  them  Catanduanes  and 
Batan.  Albay,  including  Catanduanes,  is  the  largest  abaca- 
producing  province  of  the  Philippines.  A good  quality  of 
coal  is  mined  in  Batan.  Gold  and  mercury  are  reported 
in  other  parts  of  the  province.  The  northeastern  coast  is 
indented  by  Albay  Gulf.  Mountains  extend  from  east  to 
west,  the  eastern  extremity  being  Mayon  Volcano.  The 
inhabitants  are  Bicols.  Area,  1,783  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 240,326. 

Albay  (al-bl')  Gulf.  A gulf  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Albay  province,  southeastern  Luzon, 
in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

Albay  Volcano.  See  Mayon. 

Albert  I.  Born  at  Brussels,  April  8,  1875. 
King  of  the  Belgians.  He  succeeded  his  uncle 
Leopold  II.  Dec.  23,  1909.  On  Oct.  2,  1900,  he 
married  Elizabeth,  Duchess  of  Bavaria. 

Albert  (al-bar'),  Eugene  d’.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
April  10,  1864.  A pianist  and  composer,  a 
pupil  of  Liszt.  He  has  composed  a number  of  operas, 
among  them  “ Der  Rubin  ” (1893),  “ Ghismonda  ” (1895), 
“Gemot”  (1897),  “Die  Ahreise”  (1898),  “Flauto  Solo" 
(1906),  “Tiefland”  (1908),  and  “ Liebesketten”  (1912);  two 
piano  concertos  ; a symphony  ; two  string  quartets  ; and 
smaller  works.  As  a pianist  he  is  placed  among  the  fore- 
most of  contemporary  artists. 

Albertina.  A library  and  gallery  at  Vienna, 
built  for  the  Archduke  Albert  in  1804.  It  is 
especially  notable  for  its  superb  collection  of 
drawings  by  the  old  masters. 

Albion  College.  A coeducational  Methodist 
college  in  Albion,  Michigan,  it  was  endowed  as 
the  Wesleyan  Seminary  in  1839,  and  was  opened  in  1843: 
the  present  name  and  system  were  adopted  in  1861.  It 
has  an  endowment  of  $280,000  and  a total  yearly  income  of 
about  $50,000.  The  students  number  about  500. 

Albrecht  (al ' brecht),  Sebastian.  Born  at 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Aug.  22, 1876.  An  American 
scientist,  first  astronomer  of  the  Cordoba  (Ar- 
gentina) Observatory  from  1910.  He  was  as- 
sistant astronomer  of  the  Lick  Observatory 
1908-10. 

Albury  (al'bur-i).  A town  in  New  South 
Wales,  Australia,  situated  on  the  border  of 
Victoria  about  two  hundred  miles  northeast  of 
Melbourne.  It  is  at  the  limit  of  steam  naviga- 
tion on  the  Murray  River.  Population,  5,823. 

Alden  (al'den),  Henry  Mills.  Born  at  Mount 
Tabor,  Vt.,  Nov.  11,  1836.  An  American  au- 
thor, editor,  and  classical  scholar.  He  was  man- 
aging  editor  of  “Harper’s  Weekly”  1863-69,  and  since 
1869  has  been  editor  of  “Harper’s  Monthly.”  He  is  the 
author  of  “ God  in  His  World  ” (1890),  “ A Study  of  Death  ” 
(1895),  “ Magazine  Writing  and  the  New  Literature  ” (1908), 
and,  with  A.  H.  Guernsey,  “ Harper’s  Pictorial  History  of 
the  Great  Rebellion  ” (1862-65),  besides  poems  and  essays. 

Alden  (kl'den),  Percy.  Born  at  Oxford,  June 
6,1865.  Aii  English  sociologist.  He  was  warden 
of  Mansfield  House  University  Settlement  1891-1901,  edi- 
tor of  the  “Echo”  1901-02,  and  has  been  member  of  Par- 
liament (Liberal  and  Labor  parties)  since  1906.  He  pub- 
lished “ Democratic  England”  (1911). 

Alden  (al'den),  William  Livingston.  Born 
at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1837 : died  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  14,  1908.  An  American 
author  and  journalist.  He  wrote  “Canoe  and  Flying 
I’roa,"  “Loss  of  the  Swansea,”  “ Told  by  the  Colonel,”  etc. 

Aldrich  (al'drich)  Deep.  A very  deep  portion 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  northeast  of  New 
Zealand  and  east  of  the  Kermadec  Islands. 

Aldwych  (ald'wich)  Street.  An  important 
new  street  of  London.  It  is  a crescent  (100 
feet  wide)  extending  in  a curve  from  St. 
Clement’s  to  the  south  end  of  Catherine  street. 

Alert  (a-lert').  One  of  the  steam-vessels  of  the 
British  polar  expedition  under  Sir  George 


Alert 

Strong  Nares,  1875-76:  the  other  was  the  Dis- 
covery. The  Alert  passed  through  Kennedy 
Channel  and  wintered  at  Floeberg  Beach 
(82°  25'  N.),  the  most  northerly  point  reached 
by  ship  up  to  that  date. 

Alexander  (al-eg-zan'der)  I.  Born  at  Bel- 
grad,  Aug.  14,  1876:  died  there,  June  11,  1903. 
King  of  Servia  1889-1903,  son  of  Milan  I.  and 
Queen  Natalie.  He  was  proclaimed  king,  under  a 
regency,  upon  the  abdication  of  his  father,  March  6,  1889. 
On  April  13,  1893,  he  assumed  personal  control  of  affairs. 
On  April  7,  1903,  he  suspended  the  constitution  and 
annulled  a series  of  laws  passed  by  the  radical  govern- 
ment, and  on  the  night  of  June  10  was  assassinated  with 
Queen  Draga  in  the  palace.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Obre- 
novitch  dynasty  and  was  succeeded  by  Peter  I.,  the  choice 
of  the  military  party. 

Alexander  (al-eg-zan'der),  Edward  Porter. 

Born  at  Washington,  Ga.,  May  26,  1835:  died 
at  Savannah,  Ga.,  April  28,  1910.  An  Ameri- 
can soldier  and  engineer.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1857  ; entered  the  Confederate  army  in  1861 ; 
served  with  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  throughout 
the  war ; and  became  chief  of  ordnance.  In  1864  he  was 
promoted  brigadier-general  and  chief  of  artillery  in 
Longstreet’s  corps.  At  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  he  directed 
the  bombardment  which  preceded  and  accompanied  the 
charge  of  Pickett’s  men. 

Alexander  (al-eg-zan'der),  Sir  George.  Born 
at  Reading,  England,  June  19,  1858.  An 
English  aetor.  He  joined  Sir  Henry  Irving  in  1881, 
having  previously  shown  efficiency  as  an  amateur  actor, 
and  appeared  successfully  in  “Faust.”  In  1891  he  leased 
the  St.  James’s  Theatre,  London,  where  he  has  produced 
many  plays,  including  “The  Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray,” 
“ The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,”  “ The  Importance  of  Being 
Earnest,”  etc.  He  was  knighted  in  1911. 

Alexander*,  John  White.  His  works  include 
a portrait  of  Walt  Whitman  (Metropolitan 
Museum,  New  York),  “ The  Pot  of  Basil”  (Bos- 
ton Museum),  “The  Green  Bow”  (Luxem- 
bourg), mural  decorations  in  the  Congressional 
Library,  Washington,  etc. 

Alexandra  Feodorovna  (al-eg-zan'drii  fa-o- 
do-rov'nii)  (Victoria  Alice  (Alix)  Helena 
Louise  Eeatrice).  Born  at  Darmstadt,  June 
6,  1872.  Empress  of  Russia,  the  fourth  daugh- 
ter of  Ludwig  IV.,  Grand  Duke  of  Hesse,  and 
Princess  Alice,  daughter  of  Queen  Victoria. 
She  married  Nicholas  II.,  Emperor  of  Russia, 
November  26,  1894. 

Alexandria  (al-eg-zan'dri-a).  A city  of  Mad- 
ison County,  Indiana,  on  Pipe  Creek,  11  miles 
north  of  Anderson.  It  has  iron-  and  steel- 
works, glass-factories,  etc.  Population,  5,096, 
(1910). 

Alexeief  (a-lek'sa-yef),  Eugenii  Ivanovitch. 

Born  1843.  A Russian  admiral,  appointed  im- 
perial lieutenant  with  control  of  both  diplo- 
matic and  military  affairs  in  the  Far  East,  July 
30,  1903,  shortly  before  the  outbreak  of  the 
Russo-Japanese  war.  Froml883to  1893  he  was  naval 
attache  of  the  Russian  embassy  in  Paris ; commanded  the 
Russian  squadron  during  the  Chinese-Japanese  war  1894- 
1897  ; and  took  possession  of  Port  Arthur.  In  1898  lie  was 
promoted  vice-admiral,  took  part  in  the  work  of  the  allies 
in  China  1900-01,  and  became  chief  of  the  Russian  Pacific 
squadron.  His  conduct  of  affairs  after  his  appointment 
to  the  imperial  lieutenancy  was  unsuccessful,  and  after 
the  early  Japanese  successes  he  was  deprived  (April,  1904) 
of  most  of  his  power.  He  retired  in  November  and  re- 
turned to  Russia. 

Alexis  (a-lek'sis),  Nord.  Died  at  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  May  1,  1910.  A negro  soldier  and 
politician,  president  of  Haiti  1902-08.  He  was 
forced  to  abdicate  in  Dec.,  1908,  and  was  banished.  He 
was  succeeded  by  General  Antoine  Simon. 

Algeciras  Conference.  An  international  con- 
ference held  at  Algeciras,  Spain,  January  16- 
April  7,  1906,  for  the  purpose  of  deliberating 
upon  reforms  in  Morocco.  It  was  presided  over  by 
the  Duke  of  Almodovar,  the  Spanish  minister  of  foreign 
affairs.  It  resulted  in  a compromise  between  the  claims 
of  France  and  Germany  with  regard  to  finance  and  police 
in  Morocco.  The  maintenance  of  order  in  the  ports  of 
Morocco  for  the  next  five  years  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  France  and  Spain ; and  it  was  decided  that  the  bank  of 
Morocco,  to  he  established  at  Tangier,  should  be  interna- 
tional. Various  reforms  were  urged  upon  the  Sultan  of 
Morocco,  such  as  the  removal  of  disabilities  placed  upon 
citizens  of  the  United  States  (by  the  United  States  dele- 
gate), the  abolition  of  slavery  (Great  Britain),  the  estab- 
lishment of  lighthouses  (Germany),  the  publication  of 
commercial  statistics  (Austria),  and  the  immediate  con- 
struction of  railways  (Spain).  The  United  States  was  rep- 
resented by  Henry  White,  ambassador  to  Italy. 

Alger  (al'jer),  Philip  Rounseville.  Born  at 
Boston,  Sept.  29,  1859 : died  Feb.  23, 1912.  An 
American  naval  officer.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1880,  was  promoted  en- 
sign 1884,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain.  lie  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  on  duty  at  the  Navy  Department, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  1891-99 ; and  was  head  of  the  depart- 
ment of  mechanics  at  the  Naval  Academy  1899-1907.  He 
wrote  “ Exterior  Ballistics  ” (1904),  “ Elastic  Strength  of 
Guns  ”(1904),  “ Hydro-Mechanics "(1905),  etc. 

Alhambra  (al-ham'bra).  A city  in  Los  Ange- 
les County,  California,  7 miles  northeast  of  Los 


Angeles.  It  is  situated  in  a fruit-growing  re- 
gion, and  the  manufacture  of  wine  is  its  most 
important  industry.  Population,  5,021,  (1910). 
Alkan  (al-kon')  (Morhange),  Charles  Henri 
Valentin.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  30,  1813:  died 
there,  March  29,  1888.  A French  pianist,  com- 
poser, and  teacher.  He  entered  the  Paris  Conserva- 
tory  in  1819,  winning  many  prizes,  among  them  that  for  the 
pianoforte,  at  ten  years  of  age.  After  visiting  London 
(1833),  he  settled  as  a teacher  at  Paris.  His  compositions 
include  concertos,  sonatas,  and  many  other  pieces  for  his 
instrument. 

Allan,  George.  A pseudonym  of  Frau 
Kremnitz.  See  *Kremnitz. 

Allbutt  (al'but),  Sir  Thomas  Clifford.  Born 
July  20,  1836.  An  English  physician,  profes- 
sor of  physics  in  Cambridge  University  from 
1892.  He  has  published  u Science  and  Me- 
dieval Thought”  (1901),  and  various  works  on 
medical  subjects. 

Allen  (al'en),  Henry  Tureman.  Born  at 
Sharpsburg,  Ky.,  April  13,  1859.  An  American 
soldier,  appointed  brigadier-general  and  chief 
of  constabulary  in  the  Philippine  Islands  in 
1903.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1882 ; made  a 
tour  of  exploration  in  Alaska  in  1885 ; was  instructor  at 
West  Point  1888-90;  was  military  attache  in  Russia  and 
Germany  1890-98;  served  in  the  Santiago  campaign  and 
in  the  Philippines ; and  was  governor  of  Leyte  in  1901. 

Allen  (al'en),  James  Lane.  Born  near  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  1849.  An  American  novelist. 
He  was  professor  of  Latin  and  higher  English  at  Bethany 
College,  West  Virginia.  He  is  the  author  of  “Flute  and 
Violin”  (1891),  “The  Blue  Grass  Region  of  Kentucky’’ 
(1892),  “John  Gray”  (1893),  “A  Kentucky  Cardinal” 
(1894),  “Aftermath  ’’(1896),  “A  Summer  in  Aready”  (1896), 
“The  Choir  Invisible  " (1897),  “The  Reign  of  Law”  (1900), 
“The  Mettle  of  the  Pasture”  (1903),  “The  Bride  of  the 
Mistletoe  ” (1909),  “The  Doctor’s  Christmas  Eve  ” (1910), 
“The  Heroine  in  Bronze”  (1912),  etc. 

Allen  (al'en),  William  Harvey.  Born  at  Le- 
roy, Minn.,  Feb.  9, 1874.  An  American  social 
worker.  He  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Berlin  ; became  the 
first  editor  of  the  “New  Jersey  Review  of  Charities”; 
acted  as  general  agent  of  the  New  York  Association  for 
Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor  1903-07,  and  as  direc- 
tor of  the  Bureau  of  Municipal  Research  1908 ; and  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science  and  of  the  American  Sociological  Society.  He  has 
written  “Civics  and  Health,”  “Efficient  Democracy,” 
and  “Modern  Philanthropy.” 

Almanach  de  Gotha.  See  Gotha,  Almanack  de. 
Almirante  Oquendo  (al-mi-riin'ta  o-ken'do). 
A Spanish  cruiser  which  took  part  in  the  naval 
battle  off  Santiago  de  Cuba,  July  3,  1898. 
She  was  sister  ship  to  the  Vizcaya  (which  see).  She  was 
engaged  by  the  Iowa,  Indiana,  and  Oregon,  took  fire,  and 
was  run  ashore  and  wrecked  about  six  and  a half  miles 
west  of  the  Morro.  Her  commander,  Don  Juan  Bautista 
Lazaga,  was  drowned. 

Alt  (alt),  Rudolf.  Born  at  Vienna,  Austria, 
Aug.  28,  1812 : died  there,  March  12, 1905.  An 
Austrian  painter,  son  of  Jakob  Alt  (1789-1872), 
also  a painter  of  note.  His  work  is  confined  to  oil- 
paintings  and  water-colors  of  brilliant  realism.  He  traveled 
extensively  and  found  his  subjects  in  every  country. 

Altgeld  (alt'gelt),  John  Peter.  Born  in  Ger- 
many, December,  1847 : died  at  Joliet,  111., 
March  12,  1902.  An  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  was  brought  to  the  United  States  by  his 
parents  when  an  infant ; served  in  the  Union  army  ; was 
admitted  to  the  Missouri  bar  in  1869;  was  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court,  Chicago,  1886-91 ; and  was  governor  of 
Illinois  1893-97.  As  governor  he  attracted  wide  attention 
by  his  pardon  in  June,  1893, of  Neebe,  Schwab,  and  Fielden, 
three  anarchists  who  had  been  concerned  in  the  Old  Hay- 
market  riot  at  Chicago,  May  4, 1886.  He  w'as  a prominent 
advocate  of  the  free  coinage  of  silver  and  was  a supporter 
of  W.  J.  Bryan  for  the  Presidency  in  1896  and  1900.  He 
published  “Our  Penal  Machinery  and  its  Victims  ’’  (1884), 
“Live  Questions  ” (1890),  etc. 

Altruria  (al-tro'ri-a).  An  imaginary  common- 
wealth, the  government  and  institutions  of 
which  are  founded  upon  the  principles  of  al- 
truism. W.  D.  Howells  has  described  such  a community 
in  his  book  “ A Traveler  from  Altruria  ” (1894).  The  prac- 
tical application  of  the  principles  resulted  in  the  abolition 
of  monopoly  and  competition  and  the  establishing  of  social 
and  economic  equality. 

Alverstone,  Baron.  See  * Webster,  Rickard. 
Alwood  (al'wud),  William  Bradford.  Born 
at  Delta,  Ohio,  Aug.  11,  1859.  An  American 
agriculturist,  entomologist,  and  mycologist. 
He  was  professor  of  horticulture  in  the  Virginia  Poly- 
technic Institute  1891-1904  ; special  agent  in  the  Bureau 
of  Chemistry,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
1900-06  ; and  has  been  cenological  chemist  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  since  1907.  He  has  made  special  in- 
vestigations in  horticulture,  the  pathology  of  plants,  etc. 
Amacura  (a-mii-ko'ra).  A small  river  in 
Venezuela  which  enters  the  delta  of  the  Ori- 
noco about  fifteen  miles  west  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Barima. 

Amador  de  los  Rios,  Jos§.  See  Rios. 

Amana  (a-tnan'a).  A village  in  Amana  town- 
ship, Iowa  County,  Iowa,  20  miles  southwestof 
Cedar  Rapids.  It  is  important  as  the  home  of  a 
number  of  German  Protestant  Christians,  members  of  a 


American  School  of  Classical  Studies 

sect  founded  about  1715  in  Wurtemberg.  They  came  to 
America  in  1843  and  settled  in  the  western  part  of  New 
York.  In  1855  the  community  moved  to  Amana.  Agri- 
culture and  the  manufacture  of  flour,  woolens,  etc.,  are 
the  principal  industries,  and  the  people  work  for  the 
common  good  of  the  community.  Population  of  town- 
ship, 1,729,  (1910). 

Aman-Jean  (a-mon-zhon'),  Edmond.  Born 

at  Chevry-Cossigny,  France,  in  1856.  A French 
painter.  He  won  recognition  at  first  by  his- 
torical and  allegorical  paintings,  hut  later  de- 
voted himself  especially  to  portraiture. 
Amarillo  (am-a-ril'o).  The  capital  of  Potter 
County,  Texas.  Population,  9,957,  (1910). 
Amazulu.  See  Zulu. 

Ambos  Camarines  (am'bos  ka-ina-re'nas). 
A province  in  southeastern  Luzon,  in  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands.  It  is  hounded  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  on 
the  north ; Catanduanes  Island  (separated  by  Maqueda 
Channel),  Lagonoy  Gulf,  and  Albay  on  the  east;  Albay 
and  Tayabas  (separated  by  mountains)  on  the  south  ; and 
Tayabas  (partly  separated  by  the  Gulf  of  Ragay)  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Nueva  Csiceres.  The  northern  coast  is 
deeply  indented  by  San  Miguel  Bay,  a safe  harbor  in  all 
weather.  The  province  is  traversed  by  mountains,  of 
which  several  exceed  5,000  feet  in  height.  The  volcanoes 
Iriga  and  Isarog  are  in  the  southern  part.  Gold,  iron,  and 
coal  are  found.  Ambos  Camarines  is  well  watered,  heavily 
forested  with  good  timber,  and  productive  of  large  quan- 
tities of  rice,  especially  in  Camarines  Sur.  The  chief  river, 
the  Bicol,  or  Naga,  is  navigable  by  small  steamers  as  far 
as  Nueva  Cdceres,  25  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  native 
population  is  chiefly  Bicol.  Area,  3,279  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 239,405. 

Ambridge  (am'brij).  A borough  in  Beaver 
County,  Pennsylvania.  It  was  incorporated 
from  part  of  Harmony  township  in  1905.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,205,  (1910). 

Ambrose  Channel  (am'broz  chan 'el).  A 
channel  (40  feet  deep  and  1,000  feet  wide),  one 
of  the  chief  points  at  which  vessels  entering 
New  York  harbor  cross  Sandy  Hook  bar.  The 
time  of  a voyage  is  reckoned  to  (or  from)  Am- 
brose Channel  lightship. 

Ambrosius  Johanna.  See* Voigt. 

Ambuella.  Same  as  Amhoella. 

America.  The  name  given  by  Lowell  Mason 
to  the  tune  of  “ God  Save  the  King,”  after  its 
adaptation  for  use  in  connection  with  the  hymn 
“ My  Country, ’T  is  of  Thee,”  written  by  Samuel 
F.  Smith  in  1832.  The  author  of  the  hymn 
stated  : “ I found  the  tune  in  a German  music- 
hook,  put  into  my  hands  by  Lowell  Mason.” 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  An 
institution  in  New  York  city,  incorporated  in 
1869  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  and  main- 
taining a museum  and  library  of  natural  his- 
tory, and  of  encouraging  and  developing  the 
Study  of  natural  science.  The  collections  are  con- 
tained in  a building  which,  when  completed,  will  inclose 
four  quadrangles  and  will  fully  occupy  what  is  now  known 
as  Manhattan  Square,  an  area  lying  west  of  Central  Park 
and  extending  from  Seventy-seventh  to  Eighty-first 
street.  The  portion  of  the  structure  now  (1911)  completed 
has  a frontage  of  1,072  feet  and  is  the  largest  municipal 
buildingin  NewYork.  Themuseum  is  supported  in  part  by 
an  annual  appropriation  from  the  city,  and  in  part  by  the 
income  from  a permanent  endowment,  from  membership 
fees,  and  from  gifts  for  special  purposes.  The  total  of 
running  expenses  for  1910  was  $387,192.85.  The  affairs  of 
the  museum  are  administered  by  a board  of  trustees,  the 
president  of  which  is  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn,  who  serve 
without  compensation.  The  exhibits  include  extensive 
collections  in  anthropology,  paleontology,  geology,  min- 
eralogy, conchology,  entomology,  mammalogy,  ornithol- 
ogy, the  lower  animals,  and  forestry.  The  library  contains 
about  40,000  volumes  and  20,000  pamphlets.  The  museum 
conducts  scientific  investigations  at  home  and  in  the  field, 
publishes  memoirs,  a bulletin,  a journal,  and  anthropolog- 
ical papers,  and  iB  a center  for  the  meetings  of  local  scien- 
tific societies.  It  also  offers  free  lectures  to  the  public  and 
to  school  children,  and  lends  small  collections  to  the  pub- 
lic schools.  More  than  600,000  people  visited  the  museum 
in  1910  and  about  63,000  attended  the  lectures. 

American  Protective  Association.  A secret 
society  organized  at  Clinton,  Iowa,  March  13, 
1887.  Its  chief  objects  were  the  securing  of  greater  re- 
strictions  on  immigration  and  on  the  naturalization  of  im- 
migrants, the  prevention  of  State  aid  to  parochial  schools, 
and  the  exclusion  of  Roman  Catholics  from  political  and, 
as  far  as  possible,  from  industrial  affairs.  Its  chief  activity 
was  in  the  Middle  West,  but  an  international  organization 
was  effected,  the  membership  of  which,  in  1896,  was 
said  to  be  about  2,500,000.  The  decline  of  the  organiza- 
tion was  as  rapid  as  its  rise.  Abbreviated  A.  P.  A. 

American  School  of  Classical  Studies  at 
Athens.  A school  founded  at  Athens,  Greece, 
by  the  Arcbfeological  Institute  of  America, 
opened  in  1882,  and  supported  by  individuals 
and  the  leading  American  colleges  and  univer- 
sities. Its  main  purpose  is  the  study  of  Greek  archasol- 
ogy,  and  the  most  important  work  it  lias  undertaken  is  the 
exploration  of  ancient  Corinth  (begun  in  1896)  and  the  ex- 
cavation of  the  Heraion  at  Argos. 

American  School  of  Classical  Studies  at 
Rome.  A school  founded  at  Rome  in  1895  by 
the  Arehaiological  Institute  of  America,  and 
supported  by  individuals  and  the  leading 
American  colleges  and  universities. 


American  Tract  Society 

American  Tract  Society.  A society  organ- 
ized in  1825  and  incorporated  in  1841  for  the 
purpose  of  printing  and  circulating  the  gospel 
in  different  languages  and  publishing  and  dis- 
seminating literature  of  an  uplifting  moral 
character.  It  is  interdenominational,  evan- 
gelical, and  international  in  scope. 

Americus  (a-mer'i-kus).  The  countv-seat  of 
Sumter  County,  Georgia.  It  has  chemical 
works,  machine-shops,  manufactories  of  car- 
riages, etc.  It  is  important  as  a shipping-point 
for  cotton.  Population,  8,063,  (1910). 

Ames  (amz),  James  Barr.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  June  22,  1846:  died  at  Wilton,  N.  H., 
Jan.  8,  1910.  An  American  jurist.  He  was  grad- 
uated  from  Harvard  University  in  1868,  and  in  1877  was 
appointed  professor  of  law  in  that  institution,  becoming 
dean  of  the  Law  School  in  1895.  He  was  a leading  author- 
ity on  legal  questions. 

Ames  (amz),  Joseph  Sweetman.  Born  at 
Manchester,  Vt.,  July  3,  1864.  An  American 
scientist,  professor  of  physics  in  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  from  1899.  He  was  assistant  in 
physics  1888-91  ; associate  1891-93 ; and  associate  pro- 
fessor 1893-99.  Among  his  publications  are  “ Theory  of 
Physics  ” (1897),  “ Elements  of  Physics  ” (1900),  “ Text- 
book of  General  Physics  ” (1904),  etc.  He  is  assistant  ed- 
itor of  the  41  Astrophysical  Journal  ” and  associate  editor 
of  the  44  American  Journal  of  Science.” 

Amherst  (am'erst).  A seaport  of  Nova  Scotia, 
the  capital  of  Cumberland  County,  situated 
on  an  arm  of  Chignecto  Bay.  It  has  manu- 
factures and  a considerable  trade  iu  lumber 
and  ship-building.  Population,  8,973,  (1911). 

Amosis.  See  Aahmes. 

Amundsen  (a'mond-sen),  Roald.  Born  in 
Borje,  Norway,  July  16,  1872.  A Norwegian 
polar  explorer.  Between  1903  and  1907,  in  the  Gjoa, 
he  navigated  the  whole  of  the  Northwest  Passage  and 
relocated  the  north  magnetic  pole.  On  Aug.  9,  1910,  he 
sailed  from  Norway  in  the  Fram,  reached  the  Ross  (Ice) 
Barrier  Jan.  14, 1911,  and  attained  the  south  pole,  Dec.  14, 
1911.  He  published  “The  South  Pole”  (Amer.  ed.,  1913). 

Amytis  (am'i-tis),  or  Amitu  (fi'mi-to).  The 
Median  wife  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  King  of 
Babylon:  he  built  for  her  the  Hanging  Gar- 
dens. 

Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, The.  The  first  regularly  organized 
military  company  in  America,  formed  in  1637 
and  chartered  in  1638.  Its  founders  had  been  mem- 
bers of  the  Honourable  Artillery  Company  of  London, 
chartered  in  1537.  Formed  to  be  a school  for  soldiers,  it 
still  exists  under  its  original  charter,  and  upon  its  rolls 
in  every  generation  since  its  birth  stand  the  names  of  the 
most  distinguished  men  of  the  Colony  and  State. 

Andersen  (fin'der-sen),  Karl.  Born  at  Copen- 
hagen, Oct.  26,  1828:  died  there,  Sept.  1,  1883. 
A Danish  lyric  and  epic  poet.  He  Jived  in  Iceland 
1837-48,  when  he  returned  to  Denmark,  becoming  in- 
spector and  intendantof  Castle  Rosenborg  in  Copenhagen. 
His  works  include  “.Strit  og  Fred  " (1858),  “Romanser  og 
Sanger  ” (1880),  “ Genrebilleder  ” (1867-81),  etc. 

Andover*  (Mass.).  The  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  has  been  removed  to  Cambridge  and 
is  affiliated  with  Harvard  University. 

Andral  (fin-drfil'),  Gabriel.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  6,  1797 : died  at  Chateauvieux,  Loir-et- 
Cber,  Feb.  13,  1876.  A French  physician,  pro- 
fessor in  the  University  of  Paris  1828-66. 
Among  his  works  are  “Clinique  medicale ” (1823-27), 
“Precis  d'anatomie  pathologique ” (1829),  “Coursde  pa- 
thologie  interne  " (1836-37),  etc. 

Andrea  Chenier.  An  opera  by  Umberto  Gior- 
dano (words  by  Luigi  Illica),  first  produced  at 
Milan  in  1896. 

Andree  (fin'dra),  Salomon  August.  Born  at 
Grenna,  Sweden,  Oct.  18,  1854.  A Swedish 
engineer  and  aeronaut,  in  1896  lie  was  prepared  to 
attempt  to  reach  the  North  Pole  in  a balloon  from  Spitz- 
bergen,  but  was  prevented  by  the  direction  of  the  wind. 
On  July  11,  1897,  with  two  friends,  Strindberg  and  Frankel, 
he  made  a successful  start  from  Danes  Island  on  the  north- 
western coast  of  Spitzbergen.  Four  days  later  a carrier- 
pigeon,  with  a message  giving  the  position  of  the  balloon 
as  lat.  82°  2'  N.,  long.  15°  5'  E.,  on  the  13th,  was  shot  on  the 
sealer  Aiken.  Several  buoys  belonging  to  the  balloon  have 
been  found,  but  no  definite  knowledge  of  the  fate  of  the 
party  has  been  obtained. 

Andreef  (fin-dra'ef),  Leonid.  Born  in  the 
government  of  Orel,  Russia,  1871.  A Russian 
author.  He  has  published  a collection  of  short 
stories  (1901),  “The  Lie  and  other  Stories” 
(1902),  “The  Thought  and  other  Stories” 
(1903),  “Red  Laughter”  (1905),  “ The  Gov- 
ernor ” (1906),“  Judas  Iscariot  and  the  Others  ” 
(1908),  “Sashka  Jigulev”  (1912),  etc. 

Andrews  (an'drbz),  Elisha  Benjamin.  Born 
at  Hinsdale,  N.  H.,  Jan.  10,  1844.  An  Ameri- 
can educator  and  Baptist  clergyman,  chancel- 
lor of  the  University  of  Nebraska  1900-1908. 

He  served  as  a private  and  officer  in  the  Union  army  in 
the  Civil  War;  was  graduated  at  Brown  University  in 
1870;  was  president  of  Denison  University  (Granville, 
Ohio)  1875-79  ; was  professor  of  homiletics  in  Newton 


Theological  Institution  1879-82  ; was  professor  of  history 
and  political  economy  at  Brown  1882-88,  and  of  political 
economy  and  finance  at  Cornell  1888-89 ; and  was  presi- 
dent of  Brown  1889-98.  From  1898-1900  he  was  superin- 
tendent of  schools  in  the  city  of  Chicago.  He  is  the  author 
of  44  A History  of  the  United  States  in  Our  Own  Times  ” 
(1904),  etc. 

Angel  in  the  House,  The.  A poem  by  Coven- 
try Patmore.  It  was  published  in  four  parts:  “The 
Betrothal  " (published  anonymously  in  1854),  “ The  Es- 
pousals ” (1856),  “Faithful  Forever,”  a poem  of  disap- 
pointed love  (1860),  and  “The  Victories  of  Love,”  a poem 
of  bereavement  (1862).  It  is  an  idyl  of  the  home. 

Angell  (an'jel),  James  Rowland.  Born  at 
Burlington,  Vt.,  May  8,  1869.  An  American 
psychologist,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Chicago  from  1904.  He  was  assistant  professor  of 
experimental  psychology  1895-1901,  associate  professor 
1901-04,  and  has  been  dean  of  the  senior  colleges  in  that 
university  since  1908.  He  has  published  a work  on  psy- 
chology and  various  technical  papers. 

Angell  (an'jel),  Norman.  Born  Dec.  26, 
1874.  An  Anglo-American  journalist  and 
author.  He  was  educated  partly  in  France,  went  to 
California  when  a boy,  and  was  naturalized  an  American 
and  engaged  in  ranching  there.  He  worked  as  journalist 
and  editor  in  Europe  after  1898,  and  has  been  managing 
director  of  the  Baris  44  Daily  Mail  ” since  its  establishment 
in  1905.  He  has  published  “ Patriotism  under  Three 
Flags”  (1903),  “The  Great  Illusion  ” (1910),  “Peace  Theo- 
ries and  the  Balkan  War"  (1912),  etc.  “The  Great  Illu- 
sion ” has  been  translated  into  over  twenty  languages,  and 
its  doctrines  have  been  made  the  basis  of  many  clubs  and 
societies  throughout  England  and  Germany. 

Angstrom  (ang'strem),  Knut  J.  Born  at  Up- 
sala,  Dec.  1,  1857 : died  March  4,  1910.  A 
Swedish  physicist.  He  was  professor  of  physics  at 
the  University  of  Upsala  1896-1910.  He  invented  the 
Angstrom  pyrheliometer  for  measuring  solar  radiation. 

Aniagmut  (fi'ne-ag-mot),  or  Kaviagmut  (ka'- 
ve-ag-mot).  [Sing.  Aniagmu,  or  Kaviagmu.\ 
A tribe  of  Eskimo  which  occupies  a part  of  the 
Alaskan  Peninsula  and  Kadiak  Island. 

Anicet-Bourgeois  (a-ne-sa'bor-zhwa'),  Au- 
guste. Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  25,  1806:  died  at 
Pau,  Jan.  12, 1871.  A French  dramatist,  author 
of  vaudevilles,  melodramas,  etc. 

Anju  (fin-jo').  A town  iu  Korea,  situated  near 
the  coast  at  the  head  of  Korea  Bay.  It  is  on 
the  railroad  and  was  of  importance  during  the 
Russo-Japanese  war. 

Annunzio*  (fin-non'tzi-o),  Gabriele  d’.  He  has 

also  written  44  La  flaccola  sotto  il  moggio  ” (1905),  44  Piii  che 
l’amore  ” (1906),  “L’Orazione  e la  canzone  in  morte  d’ 
Giosue  Carducci”  (1907),  “La  nave  ” (1908),  “11  mistero 
di  S.  Sebastiano  ” (1911),  etc. 

Anping  (an-ping').  A seaport  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  the  island  of  Formosa,  about 
twenty  miles  north  of  Takow. 

Antarctica  (an-tark'ti-ka).  All  that  portion 
of  the  southern  hemisphere  which  lies  between 
the  antarctic  circle  and  the  south  pole ; the 
Antarctic. 

Antarctic  Ocean*.  Borchgrevink  penetrated  (1898- 
1901)  to  lat.  78°  50' S.,  the  farthest  point  then  reached; 
Capt.  R.  F.  Scott  (1902),  to  82°  17'  S.  ; Lieutenant  Shackle- 
ton  (1908-09),  to  88°  23'  S.  A notable  scientific  result  of 
this  last  expedition  was  the  location  of  the  south  magnetic 
pole  at  lat.  72°  25'  S.,  long.  154°  E.  Antarctic  expeditions 
were  led  by  Dr.  Charcot  in  1905  and  1908.  and  by  Scott  ^nd 
Amundsen  in  1910  and  1911,  Amundsen  attaining  the  south 
pole  Dec.  14,  1911,  and  Scott  reaching  it  Jan.  18,  1912. 
Valuable  work  was  done  by  the  Argentine  government  in 
establishing  a number  of  meteorological  stations. 

Antigo  (an'ti-go).  The  capital  of  Langlade 
County,  Wisconsin.  Population,  7,196. 

Antitrust  Law.  See  * Sherman  Antitrust  Law. 

Antoine  (on-twan'),  Andre.  Born  at  Limoges, 
Jan.  31, 1857.  A French  actor,  the  founder  (Oc- 
tober, 1887)  of  the  Theatre  Libre  and  director 
of  the  Oddion  1906-.  The  Theatre  Libre  gave  its  first 
representation  at  l'Elysee  des  Beaux-Arts,  Montmartre, 
Paris.  Its  purpose  was  to  present  to  an  audience,  consist- 
ing entirely  of  subscribers,  plays  of  intrinsic  merit  which 
could  not,  for  well-founded  reasons,  be  given  elsewhere. 
Its  general  tone  was  strongly  naturalistic.  For  a short 
time  in  1896  Antoine  was  director  of  the  Oddon,  and  he 
opened  the  Theatre  Antoine  in  1897. 

Antung  (an-tung').  A town  of  Manchuria  sit- 
uated on  the  Yalu  River,  -near  its  mouth,  below 
Wiju.  It  was  opened  to  foreign  trade,  by  agreement  be- 
tween  China  and  the  United  States,  in  January,  1904,  and 
after  the  Russo-Japanese  war  was  reopened  by  Japan  in 
1906.  The  Japanese  left  approached  it  on  the  north  dur- 
ing the  battle  of  the  Yalu  River,  May  1,  1904. 

Anuyao  (an-6-ya'o).  A mountain  in  Cagayan 
province,  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Height, 
8,123  feet. 

Aoki  (fi-6'ki),  Viscount  Siuzo.  Born  in  Clio- 
shu,  Japan,  January,  1844.  A Japanese  states- 
man and  diplomatist.  He  studied  in  Germany  and 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Japanese  legation  at  Ber- 
lin in  1873  and  minister  in  1875,  was  vice-minister  of 
foreign  affairs  1886-89,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1889-91  and  1898-1900.  In  1906  he  was  appointed  first 
Japanese  ambassador  to  the  United  States,  retiring  in  1907. 
He  is  a member  of  the  privy  council  of  the  empire. 

A.  P.  A.  An  abbreviation  of  * American  Protec- 
tive Association  (which  see). 


Argao 

Aparri  (fi-pfi're).  A municipality  and  port  of 
Cagayan  province,  in  the  northern  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Grande  de  Cagayan.  Civilized  population, 
18,252. 

Appalachian  Plateau.  A name  defined  by 

the  United  States  Geographic  Board  (1907)  as 
including  the  entire  plateau  forming  the  west- 
ern member  of  the  Appalachian  system,  known 
in  the  north  as  the  Allegheny  plateau  and  in 
the  south  as  the  Cumberland  plateau. 

Appalachian  System.  According  to  the  United 
States  Geographic  Board  (1907),  all  the  eastern 
mountains  of  the  United  States  from  Alabama 
to  northern  Maine. 

Apthorp  (ap'thorp),  William  Foster.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  24,  1848.  A writer  on 
and  critic  of  music.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1869,  and  studied  music  under  J.  K.  Paine  and  later  under 
B.  J.  Lang.  He  has  taught  harmony,  the  piano,  and  counter- 
point, and  was  musical  critic  of  the  Boston  “Transcript” 
(1870-1901).  He  has  published  “Hector  Berlioz ” (1879), 
“Musicians  and  Music  Lovers”  (1894),  “By  the  Way” 
(1898),  and  “The  Opera  Past  and  Present"  (1901). 

Arbitration  Court.  See  *Peace  Conference. 

Arcadelt  (ar  'ka-delt),  Jacob.  Born  in  the 
Netherlands  about  1514:  died  at  Paris  about 
1560.  A Dutch  composer,  long  active  in  Rome 
in  the  papal  choir  and  afterward  in  Paris.  His 
finest  compositions  were  madrigals : he  also 
wrote  many  masses  and  motets.  Also  Archa- 
delt,  Archadet , Arcadet,  Harcadelt. 
Archaeological  Institute  of  America.  A 
society  for  the  promotion  of  arehmological  re- 
search, founded  in  Boston  in  1879  it  has  since 
established  affiliated  societies  in  different  cities.  The  In- 
stitute founded  the  American  School  of  Classical  Studies 
at  Athens  (opened  1882),  the  American  School  of  Classical 
Studies  at  Rome  (1895),  and  the  American  School  for 
Oriental  Study  and  Research  in  Palestine  (1900).  Its 
official  organ  i 8 the  “American  Journal  of  Archaeology. " 
It  also  issues  reports  and  special  publications  relating  to 
archaeology. 

Archbald  (arch'bald).  A borough  of  Lacka- 
wanna County,  Pennsylvania,  6 miles  north- 
east of  Scranton.  It  is  in  a rich  coal-mining 
region.  Population,  7,194,  (1910). 

Archer  (fir'cher),  William.  Born  at  Perth, 
Scotland,  Sept.  23,  1856.  A British  author 
and  dramatic  critic.  He  studied  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh ; was  dramatic  critic  of  the  London  “ Fi- 
garo” 1879-81 ; and  held  a similar  position  on  the  staff  of 
the  London  “World”  1884-1905,  and  afterward  on  the 
“ Tribune  ” and  the  “ Nation.”  He  is  the  author  of  “ Eng- 
lish Dramatists  of  To-day”  (1882),  “Henry  Irving”  (1883), 
“About  the  Theatre ” (1886),  “ Masks  or  Faces?  A Study 
in  the  Psychology  of  Acting”  (1888),  a biography  of  W.  C. 
Macready  (1890),  “Study  and  Stage”  (1899),  “America 
To-day”  (1900),  “Real  Conversations " (1904),  “Through 
Afro- America”  (1910),  etc.  He  has  also  translated  Hen- 
rik Ibsen’s  prose  dramas  (1890-91),  etc. 

Arctic  Explorers*.  See  also  *Alruzzi,  *A  m nnd- 
sen,  * Andree,  * Baldwin,  *Cook,  *Fiala,  * Lock- 
wood,  * M ylius-  Erich  sen,  * Peary,  * Wellman. 

Arctic  Highlands.  A region  on  the  western 
coast  of  Greenland,  north  of  Melville  Bay  and 
Cape  York:  so  named  by  Captain  Ross,  its 
discoverer  (1818).  Its  inhabitants,  a small 
number  of  pure  Eskimos,  are  called  “Arctic 
Highlanders.” 

Ardmore  (fird'mor).  A city  in  Carter  County, 
Oklahoma,  120  miles  southeast  of  Guthrie.  It  is 
the  cotton-market  for  the  surrounding  country,  and  de- 
posits of  coal  and  asphalt  are  found  in  the  vicinity. 
Ardmore  is  the  6eat  of  Hargrove  College.  Population, 
8,618,  (1910). 

Arecibo.  2.  A department  iu  the  northern 
part  of  Porto  Rico.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  on  the  north ; San  Juan  on  the  east;  Ponce  (partly 
separated  by  mountains)  on  the  southeast;  Ponce  on  the 
south  and  southwest  ; and  Aguadilla  on  the  west.  Capi- 
tal, Arecibo.  Area,  621  square  miles.  Population,  162,308. 

Ar^ne  (a-ran'),  Paul  Auguste.  Born  at  Sis- 
teron,  France,  June  26,  1843:  died  at  Antibes, 
France,  Dec.  18,  1896.  A French  journalist, 
dramatist,  novelist,  and  Provencal  poet,  a 
member  of  Les  Felibres.  He  wrote  “Pierrot  hdri- 
tier,"  a one-act  comedy  in  verse  (1865),  “ Jean  des  Figues,” 
a novel  (1870),  “Les  comddiens  errants ” (1873 : with  Ver- 
nier), “Char”  (1878:  with  Alphonse  Daudet),  “La  yraie 
tentation  de  Saint  Antoine”  (1879),  “Au  bon  soleil,"  Pro- 
vencal tales  (1879),  “Paris  ingenu " (1882),  “Vingt  jours 
en  Tunisie ” (1884),  “La  chevre  d’or”  (1889),  etc. 

Arensky  (a-ren'ski),  Anton  Stepanovitch. 
Born  at  Novgorod,  Russia,  July  30,  1861:  died 
in  Finland,  Feb.  25  (N.  S.),  1906.  A conductor 
and  leading  composer  of  the  younger  Russian 
school.  He  became  professor  of  harmony  and  composi- 
tion In  the  Moscow  Conservatory  1882;  conductor  of  the 
Russian  Choral  Society ; and  director  of  the  Imperial 
Chapel,  St. Petersburg,  1894.  He  wrote  operas,  symphonies, 
songs,  and  chamber  music. 

Argao  (ar-ga'o).  A municipality  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Cebu  province,  Cebu,  Philippine 
Islands.  Civilized  population,  35,448. 


Argenta, 

Argenta  (ar-jen'ta).  A city  in  Pulaski  County, 
Arkansas.  It  is  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Arkansas, 
nearly  opposite  Little  Hock,  and  has  cotton-seed  oil  man- 
ufactories, cotton  compresses,  stock-yards,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 11,138,  (1910). 

Ari  (a/re),  Frodi  Thorgilsson.  Born  1067 : 
died  1148.  An  Icelandic  historian.  His  works, 
compiled  from  oral  report,  poetry,  and  tradition,  are  the 
earliest  Icelandic  prose  and  the  foundation  of  Icelandic 
history.  Fragments  of  the  “ Islendingabok ’’  (“Book  of 
the  Icelanders  ”)  have  survived,  also  the  “ Konungabok  ” 
(“Book  of  Kings"),  and  the  “ Landnamabok " (“Land- 
taking Book  ”),  which  deals  with  the  settlement  of  the 
island. 

Ariane  et  Barbe-Bleue.  An  opera  by  Paul 
Dukas  (words  by  Maeterlinck),  first  produced 
at  Paris  in  1907. 

Arisaka  (a-re-sa'kii),  Lieutenant-General. 
Born  in  Chosliu  in  February,  1852.  A Japanese 
soldier,  inventor  (1901)  of  a quick-firing  moun- 
tain gun  used  in  the  Japanese  army.’  He  was 
created  a baron  in  1907. 

Armour  (iir'mor),  Philip  Danforth.  Born  at 
Stockbridge,  N.  Y.,  May  16,  1832 : died  at 
Chicago,  ill.,  Jan.  6,  1901.  An  American  cap- 
italist. His  fortune  was  largely  made  in  the  commission 
business  (pork,  grain,  etc.)  in  Chicago  and  elsewhere.  He 
founded  in  Chicago  the  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 
(opened  Sept.,  1893). 

Armstead  (iirm'sted),  Henry  Hugh.  Born 
June  18,  1828:  died  Dec.  4,  1905.  An  English 
sculptor  and  royal  academician.  He  achieved 
success  as  a silversmith,  in  particular  with  his 
“St.  George’s  Vase”  and  “Outram  Shield” 
(South  Kensington  Museum).  Among  his 
sculptural  works  are  the  external  decorations  of 
the  colonial  office  at  Whitehall,  the  fountain 
at  King’s  College,  Cambridge,  the  statuette 
“ Remorse  ” (Chantrey  Bequest  in  the  National 
Gallery  of  British  Art),  etc. 

Armstrong  (arm'strong),  Andrew  Campbell. 
Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  22,  1860.  An  Ameri- 
can psychologist,  professor  of  philosophy  in 
Wesleyan  University  from  1888.  He  has  pub- 
lished “Transitional  Eras  in  Thought”  (1904) 
and  a translation,  “History  of  Modem  Phi- 
losophy,” from  Falckenberg. 

Armstrong  (arm'strong),  David  Maitland. 
Born  at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  April  15,  1836.  An 
American  artist.  He  studied  art  in  Paris  (where  he 
was  a pupil  of  Merson)  and  in  Home.  For  four  years  he 
was  consul-general  of  the  United  States  in  Italy,  and  was 
appointed  director  of  the  department  of  American  art  at 
the  exposition  of  1878  in  Paris.  He  has  devoted  himself 
mainly  to  mural  painting  and  stained  glass,  lie  is  a cheva- 
lier of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Armstrong  Legislative  Committee.  A joint 
committee  of  the  New  York  Legislature,  ap- 
pointed July  20,  1905,  to  investigate  the  con- 
dition and  the  methods  of  the  various  life-in- 
surance companies  of  the  State  and  to  recom- 
mend suitable  legislation  in  the  interests  of 
the  policy-holders.  Of  its  eight  members,  three,  in- 
cluding the  chairman,  W.  W.  Armstrong,  were  appointed 
from  the  Senate  and  five  from  the  Assembly.  < harles  E. 
Hughes  was  chosen  by  the  committee  as  its  chief  counsel. 
The  sessions  for  receiving  testimony  opened  Sept.  6,  1905, 
in  the  Alderman ic  Chamber,  New  York,  and  closed  Dec. 
30,  1905.  Many  facts  in  regard  to  the  mismanagement  of 
the  insurance  companies  of  New  York  were  brought  to 
light,  and  important  legislation  resulted  (1906)  from  the 
investigation. 

Arnaboldi  (ar-na-bdl'de),  Alessandro.  Born 
at  Milan,  Nov.  19,  1827.  An  Italian  lyric  poet. 

He  studied  law  in  Pavia,  and  for  eighteen  years  held  a 
municipal  appointment  in  Milan,  but  resigned  in  1873  to 
devote  himself  to  literature.  His  first  volume,  “Versi,” 
appeared  in  1872.  He  also  published  “ Nuovi  versi  " in 
1888. 

Arnold -Forster  (ar ' nold-for ' ster),  Hugh 
Oakeley.  Born  1855 : died  at  London,  March 
12,  1909.  A British  Liberal-Unionist  states- 
man, son  of  William  Delafield  Arnold  and 
adopted  son  of  William  Edward  Forster  (his 
uncle).  He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  University 
College,  Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  of  Lincoln’s  Inn 
in  18*9.  He  was  a member  of  the  House  of  Commons  for 
Belfast,  West,  1892-1905,  and  for  Croydon  from  1906 ; was 
parliamentary  secretary  to  the  admiralty  1900-03  ; and  was 
secretary  of  state  for  war  1903- Dec.,  1905.  He  published 
“ How  to  Solve  the  Irish  Land  Question  ” (1889),  “ In  a 
Conning  Tower”  (1891),  “Our  Home  Army”  (letters  in 
the  “Times”  1891-92),  “Army  Letters”  (1898),  “ Our  Great 
City”  (1900),  “War  Office,  Army,  and  Empire”  (1900), 
“ English  Socialism  of  To-day  ” (1908),  etc. 

Arrhenius  (ar  - ra ' ni  - os),  Svante  August. 
Born  at  Wyk,  near  .Upsala,  Sweden,  Feb.  19, 
1859.  A Swedish  chemist,  professor  of  physics 
at  Stockholm  from  1891,  and  director  of  phys- 
ical chemistry  at  the  Nobel  Institute  in  Stock- 
holm since  1905 : especially  noted  for  bis  re- 
searches in  physical  chemistry.  His  most  im- 
portant  contribution  to  science  is  his  theory  of  electro- 
lytic dissociation.  lie  has  published  a text-hook  of  elec- 
trochemistry (1890),  “Lehrbuch  der  cosmischen  Physik  ” 
(1903),  “Theorie  der  Chemie  ” (1906),  “The  Life  of  the 
Universe  ” (1909),  etc. 


Arriaga  (a-re-a'ga),  Manoel  de.  Born  at 
Horta,  Fayal,  Azores,  about  1840.  A Portu- 
guese educator  and  statesman,  president  of 
the  Republic  of  Portugal,  August,  191 1-.  He 

studied  law  and  taught  in  the  Coimbra  University.  He  was 
procurator  general  in  the  provisional  government,  and 
was  the  first  president  elected  under  the  new  constitution. 
Artesia  (ar-te'sia),  1.  A village  in  Los  Ange- 
les Co.,  Cal. — 2.  A post-town  in  Lowndes  Co., 
Miss. — 3.  A town  in  Eddy  Co.,  N.  Mex. 
Arthur  (ar'thur),  Timothy  Shay.  Born  near 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  1809:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
March  6,  1885.  A writer  of  moral  tales.  He 

published  some  fifty  stories,  of  which  the  best  known  is 
“Ten  Nights  in  a Bar-room.” 

Art  Institute  of  Chicago.  An  organization 
incorporated  in  1879  for  the  purpose  of  main- 
taining in  Chicago  schools  and  collections  in 
the  arts  of  design.  The  present  museum  build- 
ing on  Michigan  Avenue  was  opened  in  1893. 
Artsibashef  (art-si-ba'shef),  Mikail  Petro- 
vitch.  Born  1878.  A Russian  novelist  of 

Tatar  descent.  He  was  at  first  a caricaturist.  Several 
of  his  books  have  been  translated  into  German,  including 
“ Sanini  ’ ’ (1908)  and  “ Am  Letzen  Punkt  ” (part  i.,  1910 ; 
part  ii.,  1910-1912). 

Asakawa  (a-sa-ka'wii),  Kan-Ichi.  Born  in 
Japan,  Dec.  20,  1873.  A Japanese  scholar, 
appointed  instructor  in  the  history  of  Japanese 
civilization  in  Yale  University  from  1907.  lie 

was  graduated  at  Waseda  University,  Tokio,  and  at  Dart- 
mouth College  in  1899,  where  he  was  lecturer  on  East- 
Asian  history  1902-06.  He  has  published  “The  Early  In- 
stitutional Life  of  Japan ” (1903),  “The  Russo-Japanese 
Conflict"  (1904),  “Japan”  (1906),  etc. 

Ascot,  The.  All  English  race-meeting,  held 
annually  in  June  at  Ascot  Heath.  The  distance 
of  the  course  is  over  2h  miles.  The  first  race  was  run  in 
1711.  The  Ascot  cup  is  generally  regarded  as  setting  the 
seal  to  the  fame  of  a good  horse,  since  few  horses  possess 
sufficient  speed  and  staying  power  to  endure  the  test 
of  the  course  at  a time  of  year  when  the  ground  at  Ascot 
is  peculiarly  hard.  The  Ascot  meeting  is  distinguished  by 
the  entire  absence  of  selling  plates,  and  much  more 
“added  money”  (supplied  by  the  directors  of  the  meet- 
ing, and  derived  from  the  amounts  paid  for  entrance  to 
stands  and  inclosures)  is  given  there  than  at  any  other 
course. 

Ashikaga  (a-shi-ka'ga).  A city  of  Japan, 
situated  about  sixty-five  miles  northwest  of 
Tokio.  Population,  upward  of  22,000. 
Ashmead-Bartlett  (ash'med-bart'let),  Sir 
Ellis.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1849:  died  at 
London,  Jan.  18,  1902.  An  English  Conserva- 
tive politician  of  American  parentage.  He  was 
educated  at  Torquay  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; was  called 
to  the  bar  of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1877 ; was  a member  of 
1’arliament  for  Eye,  Suffolk,  1880-85,  and  for  Ecclesall, 
Sheffield,  1885-1902 ; and  was  civil  lord  of  the  admiralty 
1885-92.  Knighted  in  1892.  He  was  a strong  imperialist 
and  served  in  the  South  African  war  in  1900.  He  pub- 
lished “The  Battlefields  of  Thessaly’’  (1897). 
Ashmolean  Museum.  The  museum  collections  have 
been  removed  from  the  Old  Ashmolean  Museum  (Broad 
street),  which  is  now  occupied  in  part  by  the  Bodleian  Li- 
brary, to  the  New  Ashmolean  Museum,  on  Beaumont 
street.  The  museum  contains  King  Alfred's  jewel,  some  of 
the  Arundel  marbles,  the  Cretan  antiquities  discovered 
by  Sir  Arthur  Evans,  etc. 

Aso  (a/so),  Mount.  A living  volcano  in  the 
island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan. 

Aspasia  (as-pa/skia)  the  Younger.  Milto,  the 
daughter  of  Hermotimus,  a native  of  Pliocfea 
in  Asia  Minor.  On  account  of  her  beauty  a satrap  of 
Persia  carried  her  off  and  presented  her  to  Cyrus  the 
Younger.  He  changed  her  name  to  Aspasia  (after  the 
mistress  of  Pericles)  and  lived  with  her  as  her  husband. 
After  his  death  she  fell  into  the  hands  of  Artaxerxes, 
from  whom  she  was  claimed  by  Darius  when  he  was  de- 
clared heir  to  the  Persian  throne  by  his  father.  Arta- 
xerxes gave  her  up  (iu  accordance  with  the  Persian  cus- 
tom), but  shortly  afterward  made  her  a priestess  of  Arte- 
mis (Anaitis)  at  Ecbatana,  or,  according  to  Justin,  a 
priestess  of  the  sun. 

Asquith  (as'kwith),  Herbert  Henry.  Born 
at  Morley,  Yorkshire,  Sept.  12,  1852.  Ad  Eng- 
lish statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1876.  Since  1886  he 
has  been  Liberal  member  of  Parliament  for  East  Fife. 
He  was  secretary  of  state  for  the  home  department  1892-95  ; 
ecclesiastical  commissioner  1892-95 ; chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer December,  1905,  to  1908 ; and  premier  and  first 
lord  of  the  treasury  1908-. 

Assuan  Dam.  A dam  constructed  across  the 
Nile  at  Assuan,  by  Sir  Benjamin  Baker,  for 
purposes  of  irrigation,  completed  in  1902.  it  is 
1}  miles  long  and  its  maximum  height  from  the  founda- 
tion was  about  130  feet.  In  1907  it  was  decided  to  increase 
its  height  six  meters. 

Astley  (ast'li),  Sir  John  Dugdale.  Born  at 
Rome,  Feb.  19,  1828:  died  at  London,  Oct.  10, 
1894.  A noted  English  patron  of  sport.  He 
entered  the  army,  served  in  the  Crimea  1854-55,  and 
retired  in  1859  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  He 
succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  in  1873  and  was  Gonservative 
member  of  Parliament  for  North  Lincolnshire  1874-80. 
For  many  years  he  was  a patron  of  the  turf.  Me  wrote 
“Fifty  Years  of  my  Life  iu  the  World  of  Sport  at  Home 
and  Abroad  ” (1894). 

Astrup  (as'trop),  Eivind.  Born  at  Chris- 


Austria,  Lower 

tiania,  Norway,  Sept.  17,  1871 : died  on  the 
Dovrefjeld,  Norway,  December,  1895.  A Nor- 
wegian arctic  explorer,  a companion  of  Peary 
in  his  explorations  of  Greenland  1891-92  and 
1893-95. 

Atherton  (ath'er-ton),  Mrs.  (Gertrude  Frank- 
lin). Born  at  San  Francisco.  A contempo- 
rary American  author,  grandniece  of  Benja- 
min Franklin.  She  haa  published  “The  Doomswo- 
man ” (1892),  “A  Whirl  Asunder’’  (1895),  “Patience 
Sparhavvk  and  Her  Times”  (1897),  “ His  Fortunate  Grace  ’’ 
(1897),  “American  Wives  and  English  Husbands’’  (1898), 
“The  Californians”  (1898),  “A  Daughter  of  the  Vine” 
(1899),  “ The  Valiant  Runaways  ” (1899),  “ Senator  North  ” 
(1900),  “The  Aristocrats"  (1901),  “The  Conqueror”  (1902), 
“The  Splendid  Idle  Forties”  (1902),  “Rulers  of  Kings’’ 
(1904),  “ -The  Bell  in  the  Fog  ” (1905),  “ The  Travelling 
Thirds  ” (1905),  “ Ancestors  ” (1907),  “ The  Gorgeous  Isle  ” 
(1908),  “ Tower  of  Ivory  ” (1910),  etc. 

Atkinson  (at'kin-son),  George  Francis.  Born 
in  Monroe  County,  Mich.,  Jan.  26,  1854.  An 
American  naturalist,  professor  of  botany  in 
Cornell  University  from  1896.  He  was  assis- 
taut  and  associate  professor  there  1892-96.  He  was  asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  “ Botanical  Gazette  ” 1896-98,  and  has 
published  “Studies  of  American  Fungi”  (1900),  “Mush- 
rooms ” (1903),  etc. 

Atreus,  Treasury  of.  See  Treasury  of  Atreus. 
Atsuta  (iit-so'ta).  A town  in  Japan,  a short 
distance  southeast  of  Nagoya.  Populatiou, 
upward  of  25,000. 

Atterbury  (at'er-ber-i),  Grosvenor.  Born  at 
Detroit,  July  7,  1809.  An  American  architect. 
He  was  graduated  from  Yale  University  in 
1891,  and  from  the  Eeole  des  Beaux-Arts, 
Paris,  in  1895,  and  studied  also  at  the  Colum- 
bia School  of  Architecture.  He  is  especially  in- 
terested  in  town-planning  and  home-building,  and  is  the 
architect  of  Forest  Hills  Gardens,  the  model  town  built 
by  the  liussell  Sage  Foundation  at  Forest  Hills,  L.  I. 

Atwater  (at'wa-ter),  Wilbur  Olin.  Born  at 
Johnsburg,  N.  Y.,May3, 1844:  died  at  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  Sept.  22,  1907.  An  American 
physiological  chemist,  professor  in  Wesleyan 
University,  Middletown,  Connecticut,  from 
1873.  He  was  the  first  director  of  the  Connecticut  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station  (the  first  to  be  established  in 
the  United  States)  1875-77  ; was  organizer  and  first  director 
of  the  ofiice  of  experiment  stations  in  the  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  1888-91 ; was  director  of  the  Storrs 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  1888-1902  ; and  from  1894 
had  charge  of  the  experiments  upon  nutrition  estab- 
lished by  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  W ith  Rosa  he 
was  the  inventor  of  the  respiration  calorimeter,  used  to 
demonstrate  experimentally  that  the  law  of  the  conserva- 
tion of  energy  holds  true  of  the  vital  processes  of  the  hu- 
man body,  and  for  various  other  physiological  inquiries. 

Atwood  (at'wud),  Charles  B.  Born  at  Mill- 
bury,  Mass.,  May  18,  1849:  died  at  Chicago, 
Dec.  19,  1895.  Au  American  architect.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  of  Harvard 
University  and  in  the  office  of  Ware  and  Van  Brunt  in 
Boston.  He  is  especially  known  as  the  designer-in-chief 
of  the  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago  in  1893,  where  he 
created  the  Fine  Arts  Building  and  the  Peristyle. 

Auer  (ou'er),  Leopold.  Born  at  Veszprem,  June 
7,  1845.  A Hungarian  violinist  and  teacher. 

After  studying  at  the  Budapest  and  Vienna  conserva- 
tories he  became  a pupil  of  Joachim.  He  was  appointed 
concert-master  at  Diisseldorf  in  1863,  and  at  Hamburg  in 
1866.  Since  1868  he  has  been  solo  violinist  to  the  Czar  of 
Russia  and  teacher  of  the  violin  at  the  St.  Petersburg 
Conservatory.  His  pupils  include  Mischa  Elman,  Kath- 
leen Parlow,  and  Efrem  Zimbalist.  In  1895  he  was  en- 
nobled, and  in  1903  became  a councilor  of  state. 

Augustin  (iio-gos'ten).  A contemporary  Span- 
ish colonial  governor.  lie  was  captain-general  of 
the  Philippines  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish- American  war 
and,  shortly  before  the  surrender  of  Manila  to  the  United 
States,  August  13,  1898,  turned  over  his  command  to  Gen- 
eral Jaudenes  and  escaped  with  his  family  on  board  the 
German  ship  Kaiserin  Augusta. 

Aus  der  Ohe  (ous  aSr  o'e),  Addle.  Born  at 
Hanover,  Germany.  A contemporary  Ger- 
man pianist  and  composer,  a pupil  of  Liszt  and 
Kullak.  She  has  played  frequently  in  the  United  States 
since  her  first  visit  in  18S6.  Her  compositions  include  sev- 
eral pieces  for  the  piano  and  a sonata  for  piano  and  violin. 

Austin  (as'tin),  Louis  Winslow.  Born  at 
Orwell,  Vt.,  Oct.  30, 1867.  An  American  physi- 
cist, in  charge  of  the  radiotelegraphic  labora- 
tory of  the  United  States  Navy  Department 
from  1908.  He  has  been  connected  with  the  Bureau  of 
Standards  since  1904.  llis  publications  relate  to  physical 
measurements,  radiotelegraphy,  etc. 

Australia  '.  It  is  now,  with  Tasmania,  united  under  a 
federal  government  inaugurated  Jan.  1,  1901.  The  six 
former  colonies  of  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  Queens- 
land, South  Australia,  Western  Australia,  and  Tasmania 
are  denominated  the  “ original  States.’’  Legislative  power 
is  vested  in  a federal  parliament,  consisting  of  a governor- 
general  (representing  the  king),  a senate,  and  a house  of 
representatives.  There  is  an  executive  council  of  minis- 
ters of  state.  The  official  title  is  the  Commonwealth  of 
Australia.  In  1908  the  Yass-Canberra  district,  near  the 
town  of  Yass,  New  South  Wales,  was  selected  to  contain 
the  future  federal  capital. 

Austria*,  Lower.  It  has  64  representatives 
in  the  Austrian  Reichsrath  and  a Landtag  of 
127  members. 


Austria,  Upper 

Austria*,  Upper.  It  has  22  representatives  in 
the  Austrian  Eeichsrath  and  a Landtag  of  69 
members. 

Austria-Hungary*.  ‘‘Under  the  electoral  law 
of  Jan.  26, 1907,  the  Lower  House  [of  the  Aus- 
trian Reichsrath]  is  elected  on  the  basis  of 
universal,  equal,  and  direct  suffrage.  Entitled 
to  vote  for  a deputy  are  all  Austrian  male 
citizens  over  24  years  of  age  who  have  resided 
for  at  least  a year  in  the  place  of  election.  . . . 
The  duration  of  the  Lower  House  of  the 
Eeichsrath  is  for  the  term  of  six  years.”  The 
Statesman’s  Year-book,  1911,  pp.  595-596. 

Authors’  Club.  A New  York  club  for  literary 
men,  organized  in  1882  and  incorporated  in 


1887  for  library  purposes  and  the  promotion  of 
social  intercourse  among  authors.  The  mem- 
bership is  unlimited,  and  now  numbers  about 
200.  The  chief  requirement  for  admission  is 
that  a man  shall  have  published  a book  of 
recognized  merit  on  some  subject  proper  toart, 
literature,  or  science,  and  not  purely  technical 
in  character. 

Avalon  (av'a-lon).  A town  on  Santa  Catalina 
Island,  off  the  coast  of  California,  opposite 
San  Pedro.  It  has  a wireless  telegraph  sta- 
tion, and  is  said  to  have  published  the  first 
newspaper,  “The  Wireless,” dependent  for  its 
news  on  wireless  despatches. 

Avebury,  Baron.  See  Lubbock,  Sir  John. 


Balfour,  Arthur  James 

Avery  (a'ver-i),  Samuel  Putnam.  Born  at 
New  York,  March  17, 1822:  died  there,  August 
12,  1904.  An  American  connoisseur  and  col- 
lector. He  began  life  as  an  engraver  in  New  York  city, 
and  in  1865  entered  business  as  a picture-dealer  In  this 
capacity  he  assisted  in  the  formation  of  many  fine  collec- 
tions. In  1867  he  was  appointed  commissioner  in  charge 
of  the  American  art  department  at  the  Universal  Exposi- 
tion in  Paris.  In  1892  he  and  his  wife  founded,  in  mem- 
ory of  their  son,  the  Henry  0.  Avery  Architectural  Library 
at  Columbia  University.  During  his  life  he  was  instru- 
mental in  bringing  to  America  a large  number  of  the 
finest  works  of  art  in  every  department. 

Awata  (a-wa'ta).  A village  near  Kioto,  Japan, 
noted  for  its  pottery,  a yellow  faience,  first 
made  in  the  seventh  century. 


abcock  (bab'kok),  Malt- 
bie  Davenport.  Born  at 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  3, 
1858:  died  at  Naples,  Italy, 
May  18,  1901.  An  Ameri- 
can Presbyterian  clergy- 
man.  He  was  graduated  at 
Syracuse  University  in  1879,  and 
at  Auburn  (N.  Y.)  Theological 
Seminary  in  1882.  He  became 
pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  1882;  of  the  Brown  Memorial 
Church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1887  ; and  of  the  Brick  Presby- 
terian Church,  New  York  city,  1899.  His  wife  published 
selections  from  his  writings,  under  the  title  “Thoughts 

_for  Every-day  Living”  (1901). 

Bacarra  (ba-kar'a).  A town  of  Ilocos  Norte 
province,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  Population,  7,669;  munici- 
pality, 14,616. 

Bacheller  (bach'el-er),  Irving  Addison.  Born 
at  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  26, 1859.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  author.  For  a number  of  years  he 
was  on  the  staff  of  the  Brooklyn  “ Times”  and  on  that  of 
the  New  York  “World."  He  is  the  author  of  “The  Mas- 
ter of  Silence  ” (1890),  “ The  Still  House  of  O’Darrow " 
(1894),  “Eben  Holden  ” (1900),  “ Dri  and  I ” (1901),  “ Dar- 
rel of  the  Blessed  Isles  ” (1903),  “ Vergilius  ” (1904),  “ Silas 
Strong,  Emperor  of  the  Woods " (1906),  “The  Hand-made 
Gentleman  ’’  (1909),  “ Keeping  up  with  Lizzie  ” (1911),  etc. 

Bachelors’  Club.  A London  club  established 
in  1881.  It  is  of  a purely  social  character.  It 
has  a membership  of  over  1,000,  and  its  house 
is  at  7 and  8 Hamilton  Place,  W. 

Bacher  (bach'er),  Otto  H.  Born  at  Cleve- 
land, O.,  March  31,  1856:  died  at  Bronxville, 
N.  Y.,  Aug,  16,  1909.  An  American  painter, 
etcher,  and  illustrator.  He  was  a pupil  of  Duveneck 
in  Munich,  and  of  Lefebvre,  Boulanger,  and  Carolus  Duran 
in  Paris.  He  was  especially  successful  in  etching  land- 
scapes and  architectural  subjects.  He  wrote  “With 
Whistler  in  Venice  ’’  (1908). 

Backlund  (bak'lond),  Johann  Oskar.  Born  in 
Sweden,  April  28, 1846.  A Swedish  astronomer. 

He  was  appointed  observer  at  the  observatory  at  Dorpat, 
Russia,  in  1876,  adjunct  astronomer  at  Pulkowa  in  1878, 
astronomer  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  St.  Petersburg 
in  1887,  and  director  of  the  observatory  at  Pulkowa  in  1895. 


Bacolod  (ba-ko-lod').  A town,  the  capital  of 
Negros  Occidental  province,  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Negros,  Philippine  Islands, 
situated  in  lat.  10°  41'  N.,  long.  122°  56'  E. 
Population,  5,678. 

Bacon  (ba'kon),  Mrs.  (Josephine  Dodge  Das- 
kam).  Born  at  Stamford,  Conn.,  Feb.  17, 
1876.  An  American  author.  She  was  graduated 
at  Smith  College  in  1898.  Among  her  works  are  “Smith 
College  Stories  ” (1900),  “ The  Imp  and  the  Angel  ’’  (1901), 
“ The,  Madness  of  Philip  ’’  (1902),  “ Whom  the  Gods  De- 
stroyed ” (1902),  “Her  Fiance”  (1904),  and  “An  Idyll  of 
All  Fools’  Day  ” (1908). 

Bacon  (ba'kon),  Robert.  Born  in  1850.  An 
American  diplomatist.  He  was  assistant  secretary 
of  state  1905-09,  and  ambassador  to  France  1909-1912. 
Appointed  a fellow  of  Harvard  in  1912. 


Bacoor  (ba-ko-or').  A municipality  of  Cavite, 
southern  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  A mili- 
tary road  follows  the  coast  from  Bacoor  to 
Manila.  Civilized  population,  10,925. 

Baddeck  (ba-dek').  A fishing  village  and 
summer  resort  on  Cape  Breton  Island,  Nova 
Scotia,  situated  on  the  Little  Bras  d’Or.  It 
is  the  capital  of  Victoria  County.  Population, 
about  1,700. 

Baden-Powell  (ba'den-pou'el),  Sir  Robert 
Stephenson  Smyth.  Born  Feb.  22,  1857.  A 
British  major-general,  inspector-general  of 
cavalry  from  1903-07,  especially  noted  for  his 
defense  of  Maf eking  in  1900,  during  the  Boer 


war.  He  served  in  India,  Afghanistan,  and  South  Af- 
rica  1876-89 ; iu  Zululand  in  1888;  in  Malta  1890-93;  in 
Ashanti  1895 ; in  Matabeleland  1896-97 ; and  in  South 
Africa,  as  lieutenant-colonel,  1897-99.  With  a force  of 
1,200  men  he  was  besieged  in  Mafeking  for  215  days,  being 
relieved  on  May  18,  1900.  From  1900-03  he  was  general 
of  South  African  constabulary.  In  1908  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-general  commanding  the  Northumbrian  Terri- 
torial Division,  and  in  the  same  year  founded  the  Boy 
Scouts’  organization.  Among  his  publications  are  “Cav- 
alry Instruction  ” (1895),  “ The  Matabele  Campaign  ” (1896), 
“Sport  in  War”  (1900),  “Sketches  in  Mafeking  and  East 
Africa”  (1907),  “Scouting  for  Boys”  (1908).  He  was 
knighted  in  1909. 

Badger  State.  A popular  name  of  the  State 
of  Wisconsin. 

Bagley  (bag'li),  William  Chandler.  Born  at 
Detroit,  Mich.,  March  15,  1874.  An  American 
psychologist,  professor  of  education  from 
1908,  and  director  of  the  School  of  Education 
from  1909,  in  the  University  of  Illinois.  He  has 
published  “Class-room  Management”  (1907), 
etc. 

Bagtlio  (ba-ge-o').  A town,  the  capital  of  Ben- 
guet  province,  in  the  western  part  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands,  in  lat.  16°  32'  N.,  long. 
120°  38'  50//  E.  Civilized  population  of  mu- 
nicipality, 489. 

Bahr-el-Ghazal  (bar^el-ga-zal').  One  of  the 
thirteen  provinces  into  which  the  Anglo-Egyp- 
tian  Sudan  is  divided.  Capital,  Warn 

Bailey  (ba'li),  Liberty  Hyde.  Born  at  South 
Haven,  Mich.,  March  15,  1858.  An  American 
botanist,  horticulturist,  and  educator,  director 
of  the  N.  Y.  State  College  of  Agriculture  in 
Cornell  University  from  1903.  He  was  professor 
of  horticulture  and  landscape-gardening  in  Michigan 
Agricultural  College  (of  which  he  is  a graduate)  1884-88, 
and  professor  of  horticulture  in  Cornell  University  1888- 
1903.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Survival  of  the  Un- 
like ” (1896),  “ The  Principles  of  Fruit-growing " (1897), 
“Evolution  of  Our  Native  Fruits ” (1898),  “Cyclopedia  of 
American  Horticulture”  (1900-02),  “The  Nature-Study 
Idea"  (1903),  “ Outlook  to  Nature  ” (1905),  “Cyclopedia  of 
American  Agriculture  ” (1907-09),  text-books  of  botany 
and  agriculture,  and  handbooks  of  horticultural  practice. 

Baker,  Sir  Benjamin.  Born  1840:  died  at 
Pangbourne,  Berkshire,  May  19,  1907.  An  emi- 
nent English  engineer.  His  most  important 
works  are  the  Forth  Bridge  and  the  dam  across 
the  Nile  at  Assuan. 

Baker  (ba'ker),  Hugh  Potter.  Born  at  St. 
Croix  Falls,  Wis.,  Jan.  20,  1878.  An  American 
forester.  He  was  professor  of  forestry  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania State  College  1906-12,  and  director  of  the  N.  Y.  State 
College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  1912-. 

Baker  (ba'ker),  Marcus.  Born  at  Kalama- 
zoo, Mich.,  Sept.  23,  1849:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, Dec.  12,  1903.  An  American  cartographer, 
connected  with  the  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  1873-86,  and  with  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  1886-1903. 

Baker  (ba  ' ker),  Ray  Stannard.  Born  at 
Lansing,  Mich.,  April  17,  1870.  An  American 
magazine  writer.  He  is  the  author  of  “Boys'  Book  of 
Inventions  ” (1899),  “Second  Boys’  Book  of  Inventions  ’’ 
(1903),  “Our  New  Prosperity  ” (1900),  “Seen  in  Germany  ” 
(1901),  “Following  the  Color  Line,f  (1908),  “Newr  Ideals 
in  Healing”  (1909),  “Spiritual  Unrest”  (1910),  and  has 
written  many  short  stories  and  articles  on  industrial  and 
political  topics. 

Baker  City  (ba'ker  sit'i).  The  county-seat  of 
Baker  County,  Oregon,  situated  on  a branch  of 
Powder  Eiver,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State. 
The  chief  industries  are  mining,  stock-raising, 
and  lumbering.  Population,  6,742,  (1910). 

Bakersfield  (ba'kerz-feld).  The  county-seat 
of  Kern  County,  California,  situated  on  Kern 
River.  It  has  machine-shops,  foundries,  fruit- 


packing houses,  etc.,  and  is  the  commercial 
center  of  a region  producing  fruit,  grain,  and 
live  stock.  Population,  12,727,  (1910). 

Balabac  (ba-la'bak).  A hilly  island  south  of 
Palawan  (Paragua)  and  belonging  to  Para- 
gua  province  in  the  Philippines.  It  has  several 
good  harbors.  Area,  122  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 455 ; mainly  uncivilized. 

Balakiref  (ba-la'ke-ref),  Mily  Alexeivitch. 
Born  at  Nijni-Novgorod,  Jan.  2,  1837 : died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  June  24,  1910.  A Russian 
composer  and  conductor.  He  first  studied  with 
Oulibishef,  and  at  eighteen  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  where 
he  appeared  with  success  as  a pianist,  and  where  his  com- 
positions attracted  the  attention  of  Glinka,  who  regarded 
him  as  his  successor.  With  Cui,  Moussorg6ky,  Rimsky- 
Korsakof,  and  Borodin,  Balakiref  in  1861  founded  the 
New  Russian  school.  Under  his  leadership  this  group 
made  a thorough  analysis  and  study  of  the  works  of  clas- 
sical and  contemporary  composers,  especially  Bach,  Schu- 
mann, Berlioz,  and  Liszt.  He  founded  the  Free  Music 
School  in  1862,  and  directed  its  concerts  for  many  years. 
He  was  conductor  of  the  Royal  Russian  Musical  Society 
1867-70,  and  musical  director  of  the  Imperial  Chapel 
1883-95.  His  principal  compositions  are  the  symphonic 
poema  “Thamar”  and  “Russia,”  the  music  for  “King 
Lear,”  a symphony,  overtures,  songs,  and  “Islamey  ” and 
other  piano  pieces.  Especially  notable  and  influential  is 
his  collection  of  Russian  folk-songs  (1866). 

Baldwin  (bal'dwin),  Evelyn  Briggs.  Born 
at  Springfield,  Mo.,  July  22,  1862.  An  Ameri- 
can meteorologist  and  arctic  explorer.  He  ac- 
companied Peary  to  North  Greenland  as  meteorologist 
1893-94,  and  was  a member  (second  in  command)  of  the 
Wellman  expedition  to  Franz-Joseph-Land  1898-99.  In 
1901-02  he  organized  and  led  the  Baldwin-Ziegler  polar 
expedition,  and  established  a chain  of  stations,  embracing 
portable  houses  and  a cargo  of  equipment,  through  the 
Franz-Joseph-Land  archipelago  in  contemplation  of  a 
sledge  journey  thence  to  the  north  pole  during  the  pro- 
posed second  year’s  work  of  the  expedition.  He  also 
formed  three  stations  of  safety  on  Shannon  Island,  on  the 
northeast  coast  of  Greenland,  in  accordance  with  his  plan 
to  effect  the  return  journey  along  that  unexplored  terri- 
tory. These  safety  stations  embraced  three  houses  filled 
with  an  additional  cargo  of  equipment.  In  addition  to  an 
exceptionally  large  pack  of  dogs,  fifteen  Siberian  horses 
were  used  with  marked  success  for  drawing  the  sledges 
upon  the  sea-ice. 

Baldwin  (hal'dwin),  James  Mark.  Born  at 
Columbia,  S.  C.,  Jan.  12,  1861.  An  American 
psychologist.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy  and 
psychology  at  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 
1903-09,  and  at  the  National  University  of  Mexico  1909-. 
He  was  a professor  of  philosophy  at  Lake  Forest  Univer- 
sity, Illinois,  1887-90,  and  at  Toronto  University,  Canada, 
1890-93,  and  of  psychology  at  Princeton  University  1893- 
1903.  He  has  written  “ Handbook  of  Psychology  " (1888- 
1890),  “Elements  of  Psychology"  (1893),  “Mental  Devel- 
opment in  the  Child  and  the  Race  " (1896),  “ Social  and 
Ethical  Interpretations"  (1897),  “Story  of  the  Mind" 
(1898),  “ Fragments  in  Philosophy  and  Science " (1902), 
“Development  and  Evolution"  (1902),  “Thoughts  and 
Things'  (1906-11),  “Darwin  and  the  Humanities"  (1909), 
and  “ The  Individual  and  Society  ” (1910),  and  edited  the 
“ Dictionary  of  Philosophy  and  Psychology  ”(1901-06).  He 
founded  (1894)  and  edited  the  “Psychological  Review.” 

Baldwin  (hal'dwin),  Simeon  Eben.  Born  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  5, 1840.  An  American 
jurist,  elected  governor  of  Connecticut  in  1910 
and  1 912  by  the  Democratic  party.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1863,  and  became  professor  of  constitutional 
and  international  law  in  Yale  University  in  1872.  He  was 
appointed  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors, 
Connecticut,  in  1907.  He  has  Berved  on  various  govern- 
ment commissions,  and  is  the  author  of  important  works 
on  law,  including  the  “Connecticut  Digest”  (1872), 
“ American  Railroad  Law  ” (1904),  “ American  Judiciary  ” 
(1905),  etc. 

Balfour ",  Arthur  James.  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament for  tile  Eastern  Division  of  Manchester  1885-1906, 
and  for  the  City  of  London  1906-.  He  also  wrote  “Essays 
and  Addresses"  (1893, 1905),  “ The  Foundations  of  Belief  ' 
(1895),  “Economic  Notes  on  Insular  Free  Trade"  (1903), 
“ Reflections  Suggested  by  the  New  Theory  of  Matter 
(1904),  “Speeches  (1880-1905)  on  Fiscal  Reform”  (1906), 
“ Criticism  and  Beauty  ” (Romanes  lecture  : 1909),  etc. 


Balfour,  Gerald  William 

Balfour  (bal'for  or  bal'fer),  Gerald  William. 
Born  April  9,  1853.  A British  Conservative 
politician,  brother  of  Arthur  James  Balfour. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
He  was  member  for  Central  Leeds  1885-1906  ; was  secre- 
tary to  his  brother,  A.  J.  Balfour,  when  the  latter  was 
president  of  the  Local  Government  Board  1885-86 ; was 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1895-1900 ; was  president  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  1900-05;  and  was  president  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  in  i905. 

Baliuag  (ba-le'6-ag).  A municipality  of  Bula- 
can  province,  in  the  southern  part  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population,  15,- 
936. 

Ball  (bal),  Mary.  Born  in  Lancaster  County, 
Virginia,  in  1706:  died  August  25,  1789.  The 
second  wife  of  Augustine  Washington  (married 
1730)  and  the  mother  of  George  Washington. 

Ballinger  (bal ' in  - jer),  Richard  Achilles. 
Born  at  Boonesboro,  Iowa,  July  9,  1858.  An 
American  lawyer,  secretary  of  the  interior 
March  5,  1909-March,  1911.  He  was  mayor  of 
Seattle  1904-06,  and  commissioner  of  the  Gen- 
eral Land  Office  1907-09. 

Banajao  (ba-na'ya-o).  An  extinct  volcano  of 
La  Laguna  province,  in  the  southern  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  approximately  in 
lat.  14°  2'  N.,  long.  121°  27'  E.  Height,  7,382 
feet.  Also  Majaijai. 

Banff  (banf).  A post-village  of  Alberta,  Can- 
ada, situated  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway. 

It  is  a pleasure  resort  and  the  railway  station  for  the  Banff 
National  Park.  It  has  hot  sulphur  springs.  Elevation, 
4,500  feet  above  the  sea. 

Bangor  (ban'gor).  A borough  of  Northampton 
County,  Pennsylvania,  23  miles  northeast  of 
Allentown.  It  has  silk-mills  aud  machine- 
shops,  as  well  as  important  slate-quarries. 
Population,  5,369,  (1910). 

Bangs  (bangz),  John  Kendrick.  Born  at 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  May  27,  1862.  An  American 
author,  editor,  and  humorist.  He  was  graduated 
at  Columbia  in  1883;  was  associate  editor  of  New  York 
“Life  " 1884-88  ; and  was  editor  of  the  “ Drawer’’  1888-99, 
and  of  “ Literary  Notes  " 1898-99,  in  “ Harper's  Magazine  ’’ ; 
of  “ Literature  ” 1898-99  ; of  “ Harper’s  Weekly  ’’  1898- 
1900 ; of  the  “ Metropolitan  Magazine  ” 1902-03  ; and  of 
“ Puck”  1904-05.  He  has  published  numerous  humorous 
stories  and  articles. 

Bangued  (ban-gad').  A town,  the  capital  of 
Abra  province,  northwestern  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  situated  in  lat.  17°  37'  N.,  long. 
120°  39'  E.  Civilized  population  of  munici- 
pality, 12,956. 

Bank  of  England,  The.  The  principal  bank 
in  England,  a private  joint-stock  institution 
incorporated  by  charter  July  27,  1694.  Being 

formed  originally  for  the  purpose  of  advancing  a loan 
of  £1,200,000  to  the  government,  it  still  has  the  manage- 
ment of  the  national  debt  and  acts  as  the  government's 
banker.  It  also  acts  as  banker  for  many  leading 
British  banks,  and  has  branches  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  It  enjoys  the  monopoly  of  issuing  notes,  popu- 
larly known  as  Bank  of  England  notes,  which  since  1833 
have  been  legal  tender  everywhere  in  England  (and 
Wales)  except  at  the  Bank  of  England  itself  The  Bank 
of  England  is  the  most  important  and  widely  known  bank- 
ing institution  in  the  world,  and  has  a capital  of  ,£14,- 
553,000.  Its  building  in  London  stands  on  Threadneedle 
street  opposite  the  Mansion  House  : hence  it  has  been 
called  the  “Old  Lady  of  Threadneedle  street.”  It  is  a 
structure  one  architectural  story  in  height  inclosing 
several  courts,  which  was  erected  under  the  architect  Sir 
John  Soane  in  1788-1827.  He  enlarged  and  rebuilt  the 
building  then  standing,  erected  1732-. 

Bank  of  France,  The.  The  principal  bank  in 
France,  a private  joint-stock  institution  acting 
as  banker  for  the  government,  founded  Feb. 
13,  1800.  Its  building  in  Paris  was  formerly  the  private 
mansion  called  the  Hotel  <le  Toulouse,  but  has  undergone 
many  alterations.  The  bank  has  branches  and  offices 
throughout  the  country.  It  was  established  for  the  pur- 
pose of  advancing  national  and  other  loans  at  a moderate 
rate  and  promoting  national  trade  and  industries.  It  has 
the  exclusive  right  to  issue  notes,  which  are  used  in  busi- 
ness transactions  generally  in  preference  to  specie.  Since 
1890  it  has  practised  the  making  of  small  loans  (250  francs 
and  upward)  on  moderate  security.  It  also  receives 
jewels,  plate,  and  other  valuables  at  a fixed  charge  for 
safe  deposit.  In  international  importance  and  repute  the 
Bank  of  France  ranks  next  to  the  Bank  of  England.  It 
has  a capital  of  182,500,000  francs. 

Bantayan  (ban-ta-yiin').  1.  One  of  the  Visa- 
yau  group  of  islands  in  the  Philippines,  north- 
west of  Cebu.  Its  fisheries  are  of  some  impor- 
tance. Area,  47  square  miles.  Population, 
18,325. — 2.  A port  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  Bantayan  Island,  province  of  Cebu.  Popu- 
lation, 5,242. 

Bantock  (ban'tok),  Granville.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  7,  1868.  An  English  composer  and 
conductor.  He  made  a tour  of  the  world  (1894-95)  as 
conductor  of  a musical  comedy  company,  and  has  since  led 
various  orchestras  in  England,  also  conducting  concerts  in 
Antwerp,  and  has  introduced  many  new  works  by  English 
composers.  His  own  compositions  are  numerous,  includ- 
ing symphonic  poems,  suites,  overtures,  and  vocal  and 
chamber  music,  many  of  them  dealing  with  Oriental  sub- 


jects. He  was  principal  of  the  School  of  Music  at  Birming- 
ham, and  succeeded  Edward  Elgar  as  professor  in  Bir- 
mingham University  in  1908. 

Barbara  Frietchie  (biir'ba-ra  fre'chi).  A war 
ballad  by  John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  first  pub- 
lished in  the  “Atlantic  Monthly”  for  October, 
1863.  The  incident  told  (the  waving  of  the  Union  flag 
in  the  faces  of  Confederate  troops)  was  based  on  a report 
of  the  patriotic  act  of  a woman  at  Frederick,  Maryland, 
when  it  was  occupied  by  the  Confederates  under  General 
Thomas  J.  Jackson. 

Barber  (bar'ber),  Edwin  Atlee.  Born  at  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  Aug.  13, 1851.  An  American  cera- 
mist, archieo!  ogist,  and  writer,  director  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Museum  and  School  of  Indus- 
trial Art  at  Philadelphia.  Among  his  publications 
are  “Pottery  and  Porcelain  of  the  United  States ” (1893), 
“Anglo-American  Pottery”  (1899),  “American  Glass- 
ware ” (1900),  “ Tulip- ware  of  the  Pennsylvania-German 
Potters”  (1903),  “Marks  of  American  Potters"  (1904), 
“Artificial  Soft  Paste  Porcelain”  (1907),  “Salt  Glazed 
Stoneware  ’’  (1907),  “ Tin  Enamelled  Pottery  ’’  (1907),  “ Lead 
Glazed  Pottery  ” (1908),  “ The  Majolica  of  Mexico  ” (1908), 
etc. 

Barberton  (biir'ber-ton).  A village  in  Sum- 
mit County,  Ohio,  7 miles  southwest  of  Akron. 
It  has  manufactories  of  sewer-pipe,  rubber, 
matches,  etc.  Population,  9,410,  (1910). 

Barbour  (bar'ber),  Ralph  Henry : pseudonym 
Richard  Stillman  Powell.  Born  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1870.  An  American 
author.  Among  his  works  are  “ Kitty  of  the 
Roses”  (1904),  “ TlieCrimson  Sweater”  (1906), 
“Four  Afloat”  (1907),  “Harry’s  Island” (1908), 
and  “Double  Play”  (1909). 

Barchester  (bar'ches-ter)  Towers.  A novel 
by  Anthony  Trollope,  published  in  1857. 

Bardeen  (biir-den'),  Charles  William.  Born 
at  Groton,  Mass.,  Aug.  28,  1847.  An  American 
writer  upon  education.  He  has  been  editor  of 
the  “School  Bulletin”  since  1874,  and  has 
published  numerous  works  upon  educational 
topics. 

Baret,  or  Barret  (bar'et),  John.  Died  about 
1580.  An  English  lexicographer.  He  received 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  from  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1558  and  the  degree  of  M.  I),  at  Cambridge  in  1577.  In 
1574  he  published  “ An  Alvearie,  or  Triple  Dictionarie  in 
English,  Latin,  and  French.” 

Barge  Canal.  See  *Erie  Canal. 

Bargello,  The.  See  Florence. 

Barker  (bar'ker),  Albert  Smith.  Born  at 

Hanson,  Mass.,  1843.  An  American  naval 
officer,  commissioned  rear-admiral  in  1899. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Academy 
in  1861 ; served  in  the  Union  navy  during  the  Civil  War 
(New  Orleans,  Port  Hudson) ; ran  a line  of  deep-sea 
soundings  around  the  world  while  in  command  of  the 
Enterprise  1883-86 ; was  a member  of  the  board  of  strategy 
at  the  opening  of  the  war  with  Spain ; commanded  the 
Newark  and  later  the  Oregon ; and  relieved  Admiral 
Dewey  at  Manila  in  May,  1899.  From  1900-03  he  was 
commandant  of  the  New  York  navy-yard,  and  was  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  North  Atlantic  fleet  1903-05.  He 
retired  in  1905. 

Barker  (bar'ker),  Wharton.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  1, 1846.  An  American  politician 
and  financier.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1866,  and  has  been  identified  with  many 
important  commercial  and  financial  enterprises,  including 
Russian  canals  and  railways.  In  1895  he  visited  China,  on 
the  invitation  of  Li  Hung  Chang.  He  received  the  cross 
of  St.  Stanislaus  from  Alexander  II.  of  Russia  in  1879. 
He  was  a prominent  Republican  until  1896,  when  he  joined 
the  Populist  party.  As  presidential  nominee  of  the  anti- 
fusion  Populists  in  1900  he  polled  a popular  vote  of  50,373 
against  the  7,207,923  votes  cast  for  President  McKinley. 

Barlow  (bar ' 16),  Jane.  Born  at  Clontarf, 
Ireland,  Oct.  17,  1860.  An  Irish  novelist  and 
poet.  Among  her  works  are  “Bogland  Studies  ” (1892), 
“Irish  Idylls”  (1892),  “Kerrigan’s  Quality  ” (1893),  “The 
End  of  Elfintown  ” (1894),  “ Strangers  at  Lisconnel  ’’  (1895), 
“ A Creel  of  Irish  Stories”  (1897),  “At  the  Back  of  Be- 
yond” (1902),  “By  Beach  and  Bog  Land”  (1905),  “Irish 
Neighbors”  (1907),  “Irish  People  in  Irish  Places ” (1909), 
“Flaws”  (1911),  etc. 

Barnard  (bar'nard),  Charles.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Feb.  13, 1838.  An  American  writer. 
Among  his  works  are  “ First  Steps  in  Electricity  ” (1887), 
“Tools  and  Machines ” (1903),  “The  Door  in  the  Book” 
(1903),  and  “ The  County  Fair”  and  other  plays. 

Barnard",  Edward  Emerson.  He  has  been 
astronomer  of  the  Yerkes  Observatory  since 
1895. 

Barnard  (bar'nard),  George  Grey.  Bom  at 

Bellefonte,  Pa.,  May  24,  1863.  Au  American 
Sculptor.  He  was  educated  at  the  Art  Institute,  Chi- 
cago,  and  at  the  ficole  des  Beaux-Arts,  Paris  (1884-87). 
He  was  awarded  gold  medals  at  the  Exposition  Univer- 
selle,  Paris,  1900,  the  Pan-American  Exposition,  Buffalo, 
1901,  and  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis, 
1904.  His  marble  statue  of  the  “Two  Natures”  is  in  the 
Metropolitan  Museum,  and  his  “God  Pan”  in  Central 
Park,  New  York  city.  Among  his  other  works  are  “ Work 
and  Fraternity  ” and  “ The  Burden  of  Life,”  sculptural 
groups  designed  for  the  Capitol,  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  first  ex- 
hibited at  the  Paris  Salon  in  the  spring  of  1910.  He  has 
developed  a powerful  emotional  style. 


Barth,  Auguste 

Barnardo  (bar-nar'do),  Thomas  John.  Born 
in  Ireland,  1845 : died  at  Surbiton,  England, 
Sept.  19, 1905.  A British  philanthropist,  noted 
for  his  labors  in  rescuing  and  training  destitute 
children.  He  began  his  work  in  London  about  1866  ; 
established  a home  for  destitu  te  children  in  1867  ; founded 
a village  for  girls  at  Ilford  in  1873,  and  a hospital  for  sick 
waifs  in  1887  ; and  formed  the  “ Young  Helpers’  League" 
in  1891.  About  150  branches  are  now  in  operation  in 
London  and  the  provinces  and  over  9,000  children  are  in 
their  care.  The  institutions  were  incorporated  in  1899 
under  the  name  of  “The  National  Institution  for  the 
Reclamation  of  Destitute  Waif  Children.”  The  institu- 
tions which  he  founded  have  rescued  and  trained  upward 
of  75,000  waifs,  about  24,000  of  whom  have  established 
themselves  in  Canada  and  the  colonies. 

Barnett*.  John  Francis.  He  has  taught  at  the 
Guildhall  School  of  Music  and  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Music,  London.  His  first  work  to  attract  public  attention 
was  “Symphony  in  A Minor,”  performed  in  1864.  He  has 
also  composed  the  cantatas  “The  Ancient  Mariner  ” (1867), 
“ Paradise  and  the  Peri  ” (1870),  the  oratorio  “The  Rais- 
ing of  Lazarus”  (written  1873;  produced  at  Hereford 
1876),  etc. 

Barnett  (bar'net),  Samuel  Augustus.  Born 
at  Bristol,  Feb.  8,  1844.  An  English  clergyman 
and  social  worker.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  Uni- 
versity (Wadham  College).  He  was  vicar  of  St.  Jude  s, 
Whitechapel,  London,  1872-94 ; was  appointed  canon  of 
Bristol  in  1893,  and  canon  of  Westminster  in  1906.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Toynbee  Hall,  and  was  its  warden 
until  1906,  and  its  president  1906-.  He  has  published 
“Practicable  Socialism  ” (1893  : with  his  wife),  “Service 
of  God”  (1897),  “Religion  and  Progress”  (1907),  and 
“Towards  Social  Reform  ” (1909). 

Baron  de  Hirsch  Fund.  A fund  established  by 
Baron  Maurice  de  Hirsch  of  Austria  to  provide 
schools  in  New  York  and  elsewhere  for  Rus- 
sian, Rumanian,  and  Galician  Hebrew  immi- 
grants to  the  United  States,  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  them  instruction  in  elementary  English 
and  the  principles  of  the  Constitution  and 
inculcating  improved  sanitary  habits.  Its 
object  is  to  Americanize  the  immigrants  and 
help  them  to  become  useful  citizens. 
Barotseland  (ba-rot'se-land).  A region  in 
Rhodesia,  north  of  the  Zambesi  River;  former- 
ly, northwestern  Rhodesia.  Area,  est.,  182,- 
000  square  miles.  Population,  over  500,700. 
Barr  (bar),  Robert:  pseudonym  Luke  Sharp. 
Bom  at  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Sept.  16, 1850 : died 
at  Woldingham,  Surrey,  Oct.  21,  1912.  A 
British  novelist  and  editor.  He  was  educated 
in  Toronto,  Canada  ; taught  in  Canada  until  1876 ; joined 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  Detroit  (U.  S.)  “ Free  Press  ” in 
that  year;  established  the  weekly  English  edition  of  the 
“ Free  Press  " in  London  in  1881 ; and  in  1892  founded, 
with  Jerome  K.  Jerome,  the  “ Idler"  magazine,  of  which 
he  was  co-editor  until  1895.  Among  his  works  are  “ In  a 
Steamer  Chair”  (1892),  “From  Whose  Bourne"  (1893), 
“In  the  Midst  of  Alarms”  (1894,  1900),  “The  Face  and 
the  Mask”  (1895),  “The  Countess  Tekla"  (1899),  “The 
Strong  Arm  ’’  (1900),  “ The  Unchanging  East  ’’  (1900), 
“Over  the  Border"  (1903),  “The  O’Ruddy  ” (1904:  with 
Stephen  Crane),  “The  Woman  Wins  ” (1904),  “A  Chicago 
Princess  ” (1904),  “ Speculations  of  John  Steele  ’’  (1905), 
“The  Triumph  of  Eugene  Valmont  ” (1906),  “A  Rock  in 
the  Baltic"  (1907),  “ Cardillac ’’  (1909),  “The  Sword- 
maker  ” (1910),  etc. 

Barres  (bii-ras'),  Maurice.  Bora  at  Charmes- 
sur-Moselle,  France,  Aug.  17, 1862.  A French 
politician,  journalist,  and  author.  He  was  a 
Boulangist  deputy  1889-93.  Among  his  works  are  “ Sous 
l’ceil  des  barbares  ” (1888),  “ Un  Somme  libre  ” (1889), 
“Le  jardin  de  Berenice”  (1890),  “L’Ennemi  des  lois" 
(1893),  “Les  deracines”  (1897),  “Le  voyage  de  Sparte  ” 
(1906),  etc.  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  in 
1906. 

Barrias  (ba-ri-as'),  Louis  Erneste.  Born  at 
Paris,  April  3, 1841 : died  there,  Feb.  4, 1905.  A 
French  sculptor.  He  was  a pupil  of  Cavelier,  Cogniet, 
and  .Touffroy,  and  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts.  He  was 
awarded  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1865,  the  premiere 
medaille  at  the  Salon  of  1872,  and  the  medaille  d’honneur 
in  1878.  In  1884  he  was  elected  a member  of  the  Insti- 
tute. He  produced  a large  number  of  fine  decorative 
and  independent  works.  Among  the  more  important 
may  be  mentioned  the  “ Oath  of  Spartacus  ” (1872),  “ Re- 
ligion and  Charity  ” (1873),  and  the  “Defense  of  Paris” 
at  Courbevoie. 

Barrie  (bar'i).  A town  of  Ontario,  Canada, 
the  capital  of  Simcoe  County,  situated  on  the 
western  shore  of  Lake  Simcoe.  Population, 
6,420,(1911). 

Barrows  (bar'oz),  Samuel  June.  Born  at 
New  York,  May  26,  1845:  died  there,  April  21, 
1909.  An  American  penologist.  He  became  ste- 
nographer  to  Secretary  Seward  in  1867 ; was  graduated  from 
the  Harvard  Divinity  School  in  1875;  was  pastor  of  the 
First  Unitarian  Church  of  Dorchester,  Massachusetts, 
1876-80;  and  was  editor  of  the  “Christian  Register” 
1881-97.  He  represented  the  United  States  on  the  Inter- 
national Prison  Commission  in  1896,  and  wrote  various 
penological  reports,  including  “The  Prison  Systems  of 
the  United  States.” 

Bartered  Bride,  The.  [G.  “Die  Verkaufte 
Braut.”]  An  opera  by  Friedrich  Smetana 
(words  by  Sabina),  produced  at  Prague  in  1866. 
Barth  (hart),  Auguste.  Born  at  Strasburg, 
March  22,  1834.  A French  Orientalist.  Among 


Barth,  Auguste 

his  works  are  “ Les  religions  de  l’lnde  ” (1879)  and  “ In- 
scriptions sanscrites  du  Oambodge  " (1885).  He  has  also 
written  for  the  “Journal  asiatique,"  “Melusine,"  “ Md- 
moires  de  la  socidte  de  linguistique,"  “Journal  des  sa- 
vants," and  “ Revue  de  l’histoire  des  religions." 

Barth,  Theodor.  Born  at  Duderstadt,  Han- 
nover, July  16,  1849:  died  at  Baden-Baden, 
June  2,  1909.  A German  publicist.  He  practised 
law  1871-72 ; was  amtsassessor  at  Bremerhaven  1872-76  ; 
was  syndic  of  the  Bremen  Chamber  of  Commerce  1870- 
1883 ; and  became  a member  of  the  Reichstag  in  1881.  He 
was  a Liberal.  He  edited  “ Die  Nation,”  a weekly  paper, 
1883-1907.  He  published  “ Amerikanisches  Wirthschafts- 
lebeu  " (1887)  and  “ Amerikanische  Eindriicke  " (1890). 

Bartlesville  (bar'tlz-vil).  A town  in  Wash- 
ington County,  in  the  northern  part  of  Okla- 
homa, 30  miles  southwest  of  Coileyville,  Kan- 
sas. Population,  6,181,  (1910). 

Bartlett  ( bart'let),  Homer  Newton.  Born  at 
Olive,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  28,  1845.  An  American 
musician.  He  has  written  numerous  compo- 
sitions for  the  voice,  the  violin,  the  piano,  etc. 

Bartlett  (bart'let),  Paul  Wayland.  Born  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  1865.  An  American  sculp- 
tor, the  son  of  Truman  H.  Bartlett,  also  an 
American  sculptor  of  note.  He  was  a pupil  of 
Fremiet  and  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts  in  Paris  ; was 
created  a chevalier  of  tire  Legion  of  Honor  in  1895  ; and 
was  awarded  a gold  medal  at  Buffalo  in  1901,  the  grand 
prize  at  St.  Louis  iu  1904,  and  the  first  medal  at  the  Liege 
exposition  in  1905.  Among  his  prominent  works  are  a 
statue  of  Michelangelo  in  the  Congressional  Library,  Wash- 
ington ; the  “ Bear  Tamer  ” in  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
in  New  York  city  ; equestrian  statues  of  General  McClel- 
lan in  Philadelphia  and  of  Lafayette  in  Paris ; and  many 
excellent  busts. 

Barton*,  Clara.  She  superintended  relief  work  during 
the  Spanish- American  war  iu  1898  and  the  Boer  war  1899- 

1902,  conducted  Red  Cross  work  in  Galveston,  Tex.,  August, 
1900,  etc.  She  wrote  “ History  of  the  Red  Cross  in  Peace 
and  War"  (1898),  etc. 

Barton  (bar'ton),  Sir  Edmund.  Bom  at  Glebe, 
Sydney,  N.  S"  W.,  Jan.  18,  1849.  An  Austra- 
lian statesman,  first  premier  of  the  Australian 
Commonwealth.  lie  was  educated  at  the  University 
of  Sydney  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1871 ; was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  New  South  Wales  1879, 
1880,  1882-87,  1891-94,  and  1898-1900,  and  its  speaker  1883- 
1887  ; was  attorney-general  of  New  South  Wales  1889  and 
1891-93  ; and  was  a member  of  the  Federal  conventions  of 
1891,  1897-98.  He  went  to  Englaud  in  1900  as  the  Federal 
delegate  for  New  South  Wales  in  support  of  the  Federal 
Constitution  Bill  and  was  the  first  premier  and  minister 
for  external  affairs  of  the  Australian  Commonwealth,  1901- 

1903.  He  has  been  judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Australia 
since  1903.  He  was  made  a privy  councilor  in  1901,  and 
was  knighted  in  1902. 

Barton  (bar'ton),  Port.  A hay  on  the  western 
coast  of  Paragua,  Philippine  Islands : safe  for 
large  vessels  iu  all  weather. 

Bartow  (bar'tS),  Edward.  Born  at  Glenham, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  12,  1870.  An  American  chemist, 
professor  in  the  University  of  Illinois  from 
1906,  and  director  of  the  State  Water  Survey 
from  1905.  His  publications  relate  chiefly  to 
the  water  supply  of  Illinois  and  other  States. 
Bartsch  (bartsh),  Johann  Adam  Bernhardt, 
Ritter  von.  Born  at  Vienna,  Aug.  17,  1757 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  21,  1821.  An  Austrian 
engraver  and  historian  of  engraving.  He  was  a 
librarian  of  the  Imperial  Library  and  a member  of  the 
Academy  of  Art  in  Vienna,  and  in  1816  was  appointed 
custodian  of  the  Cabinet  of  Engravings.  His  most  impor- 
tant publication  is  the  monumental  “ Peintre-graveur" 
(1802-1821 : 21  volumes),  a catalogue  of  engravers  and  en- 
gravings before  the  nineteenth  century. 

Barus  (bar'us),  Carl.  Born  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  Feb.  19,  1856.  An  American  physicist, 
professor  of  physics  at  Brown  University  from 
1895.  lie  was  physicist  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  1880-92  ; professor  of  meteorology  of  the  United 
States  Weather  Bureau  1892-93 ; and  physicist  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  1893-95.  The  Rumford  medal  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Sciences  was  awarded  to  him 
in  1900  for  his  researches  in  heat.  He  has  published  numer- 
ous scientific  papers. 

Basilan  (ba-se'lan)  Islands.  A group  of 
islands  south  of  the  western  peninsula  of  Min- 
danao, in  the  Philippines,  and  now  a part  of 
Zamboanga  district  of  Moro  province,  it  con- 

sists  of  32  named  and  12  unnamed  islands.  The  largest, 
Basilan,  is  mountainous,  wooded  and  fertile,  and  has,  at 
Isabela  de  Basilan,  on  the  northwest  coast,  a harbor  safe 
in  all  weather  for  large  vessels.  Area  of  the  group,  501.8 
square  miles.  Population  of  Basilan  Island,  27,017. 

Basilan  (ba-se'lan)  Strait.  A strait  which 
separates  Basilan  Island  from  Mindanao,  in  the 
Philippines,  and  connects  the  Sulu(Jolo)  with 
the  Celebes  Sea.  Width,  about  8 miles. 

Basin  Ranges.  A name  given  by  the  United 
States  Geographic  Board  in  1907  to  all  those 
ranges  which  lie  between  the  Plateau  Region 
on  the  east,  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade 
Range  on  the  west,  and  the  Blue  Mountains 
of  Oregon  on  the  north,  including  the  Wahsatch 
and  associated  ranges. 

Baskerville  (bas'ker-vil),  Charles.  Born  at 
Deer  Brook,  Miss.,  June  18,  1870.  An  Ameri- 


can chemist  and  author,  professor  in  the  Col- 
lege of  the  City  of  Mew  York  from  1904.  He 
was  a member  of  the  faculty  of  the  University 
of  North  Carolina  1892-1904.  The  discovery  of 
two  supposed  new  elements,  berzelium  and 
coralinium,  was  announced  by  him. 

Bastable  (bas'ta-bl),  Charles  Francis.  Born 
at  Charleville^  County  Cork,  Ireland,  1855.  An 
Irish  economist,  lie  has  been  professor  of  political 
economy  in  the  University  of  Dublin  from  1882,  of  juris- 
prudence and  international  law  since  1902,  and  regius  pro- 
fessor of  laws  since  1908.  He  has  written  “The  Com- 
merce of  Nations  ” (1892),  “Public  Finance " (1892),  “The 
Theory  of  International  Trade"  (1897),  etc. 

Bastidas  (bas-te'das),  Rodrigo  de.  A Spanish 
navigator  and  explorer  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
After  the  discoveries  of  Columbus  he  joined  de  la  Casa 
in  an  expedition  to  the  New  World.  He  visited  the 
shores  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  including  the  site  of 
Cartagena. 

Bataan  (ba-ta-an').  A peninsular  province  of 
southwestern  Luz6n,  Philippine  Islands,  south 
of  Zatnbales  province,  and  between  Manila 
Bay  on  the  east  and  the  China  Sea  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Balanga.  Two  groups  of  mountains,  continua- 
tions of  the  Zambales  range,  culminate  in  the  Mariveles 
Peaks,  tile  loftiest  of  which  is  an  extinct  truncated  vol- 
cano, 4,615  feet  in  height.  Mariveles  Bay,  on  the  southern 
coast,  is  a safe  harbor  in  all  weather.  The  province  is 
watered  by  many  small  streams,  and  produces  sugar-cane, 
tobacco,  rice,  and  indigo.  The  native  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  Tagalogs.  Area,  537  square  miles.  Population, 
46,787. 

Batac  (ba'tak).  1.  A municipality  of  Iloeos 
Norte  province,  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  popula- 
tion, 19,524.- — 2.  A town  of  the  same  province. 
Population,  5,767. 

Batan  (ba-tlin').  An  island  of  the  Batan 
group,  north  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 
It  belongs  to  Cagayan  province.  Its  coal  deposits  are  of 
good  quality,  and  are  now  in  part  worked  by  the  United 
States  for  transport  supply.  Area,  24  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 5,332. 

Batangas.  2.  The  most  southerly  of  the  west- 
ern provinces  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 
It  is  bounded  by  Cavite  (separated  by  the  Tagatay  Moun- 
tains)  and  La  Laguna  on  the  north  ; La  Laguna,  Tayabas, 
and  Tayabas  Bay  on  the  east;  and  the  Mindoro  Sea  and 
Mindoro  Island  (separated  by  Verde  Island  Passage)  on 
the  south.  Capital,  Batangas,  on  Batangas  Bay,  in  lat. 
13°  45'  30//  N.,  long.  121°  3'  E.  The  native  population  is 
Tagalog.  The  mountains  are  wooded  and  the  valleys 
fertile,  producing  coffee,  maize,  pineapples,  rice,  and 
sugar-cane.  The  province  is  rich  in  mineral  springs  and 
streams,  the  waters  of  which  are  beneficial  in  cutaneous 
diseases  and  in  rheumatism.  The  north-central  part  of 
Batangas  is  occupied  by  Lake  Bombon  or  Taal,  in  which 
is  situated  Taal  volcano.  Area,  1,201  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 257,715. 

Bates  , Arlo.  He  was  editor  of  the  “Boston  Sun- 
day Courier  ” 1S80-80,  and  has  been  professor  of  English 
literature  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 
since  1893.  Among  his  later  works  are  “A  Lad's  Love” 
(1887),  “The  Philistines”  (1889),  “The  Puritans'’  (1898), 
“Talks  on  Writing  English"  (1901),  “Diary  of  a Saint" 
(1902),  “Talks  on  Teaching  Literature  ” (1906),  “The  In- 
toxicated Ghost"  (1908),  etc. 

Bates  (bats),  John  Coalter.  Born  in  St. 
Charles  County,  Mo.,  Aug.  26,  1842.  An 
American  soldier,  appointed  major-general  in 
the  United  States  army  in  1902.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1861  and  served  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War;  was  promoted  colonel  in 
1892  and  brigadier-general  in  1901 ; served  in  the  Santiago 
campaign  (promoted  major-general  of  volunteers) ; was 
commander  and  military  governor  of  the  department  of 
Santa  Clara,  Cuba,  and  of  Cienfuegos,  in  1899 ; and  was 
sent  to  the  Philippines  in  1899,  where  (1900)  he  com- 
manded the  department  of  Southern  Luzon  and  conducted 
the  campaigns  there  and  in  Mindanao.  He  became  lieu- 
tenant-general, Feb.  1,  1906,  and  retired  from  active  ser- 
vice in  April  of  the  same  year. 

Bates  (bats),  Katharine  Lee.  Born  at.  Fal- 
mouth, Mass.,  Aug.  12,  1859.  An  American 
writer  and  educator.  She  was  graduated  at  Welles- 
ley  College  in  1880  and  has  taught  there  since  1885,  be- 
coming professor  of  English  literature  in  1891.  She  has 
written  “Rose  and  Thorn"  (1889),  “English  Religious 
Drama"  (1S93),  “American  Literature”  (1898),  “Spanish 
Highways  and  By-Ways”  (1900),  etc. 

Bateson  (bat'son),  William.  Born  at  Whitby, 
England,  1861.  An  English  naturalist,  fellow 
of  St.  John’s  College,  Cambridge,  from  1885, 
and  professor  of  biology  at  Cambridge  1908-09. 

In  1910  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  John  Innes  Hor- 
ticultural Institution  at  Merton,  Surrey.  Besides  numerous 
papers  on  biological  topics,  he  has  published  “ Materials 
for  the  Study  of  Variation  ” (1894),  and  “ Mendel’s  Prin- 
ciples of  Heredity  ” (1902). 

Bath  Club.  A London  club  established  in  1894 
for  social  and  athletic  purposes.  Its  house  is 
at  34  Dover  street,  W.,  and  it  has  a member- 
ship of  about  2,000.  , 

Batiste  (ba-test'),  Antoine  Edouard.  Born 
at  Paris,  March  28,  1820:  died  there,  Nov.  9, 
1876.  A French  organist,  composer,  and 
teacher.  Asa  student  at  the  Paris  Conservatory  he  won 
many  prizes,  and  in  1840  the  second  Prix  de  Rome.  He 


Bean 

became  organist  at  the  church  of  St.  Nicolas  de& 

< Lamps,  and  at  the  church  of  St.  Eustache  (1854-76). 
He  composed  many  pieces  for  the  organ,  but  is  best 
known  for  his  valuable  solfeggio  method. 

Battenberg,  Princess  Ena  of.  See  * Victoria 
Eugenie. 

Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic,  The.  A song 
written  by  Julia  Ward  Howe  during  a visit  to 
the  camps  near  Washington  in  1861.  it  is  sung 
to  the  same  tune  as  “John  Brown’s  Body  ’’  The  opening 
line  is  “Mine  eyes  have  seen  the  glory  of  the  coming  of 
the  Lord.”  It  was  first  published  anonymously  in  the 
“Atlantic  Monthly”  for  February,  1862. 

Battle  of  Mukden.  See  *MuMen. 

Battle  of  the  Sea  of  Japan.  See  *Sca  of  Japan, 
Battle  of  the. 

Battle  of  the  Sha  River  (Shaho).  See  *Sha. 
Battle  of  the  Yalu  River.  See  *Yalu  River, 
Battle  of  the. 

Bauan  (bao-an').  A municipality  of  Batangas 
province,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population, 
39,094. 

Bauer  (bou'er),  Harold.  Born  at  London, 
April  28,  1873.  A piano  virtuoso.  At  the  age  of 

nine  he  made  his  debut  as  a violinist,  touring  in  concert 
for  the  next  nine  years.  He  then  (1892)  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  the  piano.  On  this  instrument  he  is  largely 
self-taught,  although  he  received  some  instruction  from 
Paderewski.  He  first  appeared  in  the  United  States  at 
Boston,  Dec.  1, 1900,  and  has  since  made  several  American 
tours.  He  is  especially  known  for  his  playing  of  Schu- 
mann and  the  modern  French  composers. 

Bauer  (bou'er),  Louis  Agricola.  Born  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  Jan.  26,  1865.  An  American 
physicist,  director  of  the  department  of  terres- 
trial magnetism  of  the  Carnegie  Institution 
from  1904.  He  was  chief  of  the  division  of 
terrestrial  magnetism  of  the  United  States 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  1899-1906. 
Baumann  (bou'man),  Oskar.  Born  at  Vienna, 
June  25,  1864 : died  there,  Oct.  12,  1899.  An 
Austrian  explorer  and  traveler  in  Africa,  in 

1885  he  accompanied  Oskar  Lenz  to  Stanley  T ails  on  the 
Kongo;  in  1890  explored  Usambara  ; and  1891-93  explored 
the  regions  south  and  west  of  the  Victoria  Nyanza.  From 
1896  he  was  honorary  consul  in  Zanzibar. 

Baumbach  (boum'bach),  Rudolf.  Born  at 
Kranichfeld,  Germany,  Sept.  28,  1840:  died  at 
Meiniugen,  Sept.  22,  1905.  A German  lyric 
poet.  He  is  best  known  for  his  poetic  rendering  of 
popular  legends.  Among  his  works  are  “ Zlatorog  ” (1877), 
“ Horand  und  Hilda  " (1878),  “ Frau  Holde  ” (1881),  “ Thii- 
ringer  Lieder"  (1891),  “Neue  Marchen”  (1896),  “Bunte 
Blatter"  (1897),  etc. 

Bayamon  (bi-a-mon').  1.  The  former  name  of 
the  department  of  San  Juan  in  the  northern 
part  of  Porto  Rico. — 2.  A city  in  the  depart- 
ment of  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico,  situated  on  the 
Bayamon  River.  Population,  5,272,  (1910). 
Baybay  (bi-bi ' ).  A municipality  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  island  and  province  of  Leyte,  in 
the  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population, 
22,990. 

Bayliss  (ba'lis),  SirWyke.  Born  at  Madeley, 
Salop,  Oct.  21,  1835  : died  at  London,  April  6, 
1906.  A British  artist,  president  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  British  Artists  from  1888.  He  was 
knighted  in  1897. 

Baylor*,  Frances  Courtenay,  she  has  also  written 

“Behind  the  Blue  Ridge”  (1894),  “Juan  and  Juanita” 
(1897),  “Miss  Nina  Barrow  ” (1897),  etc. 

Bayombong  (bi-om-bong').  A town,  the  cap- 
ital of  Nueva  Vizcaya  province,  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  It  is  situated  on  the  Magat 
River  in  about  lat.  16°  28'  N.,  long.  121°  4' 
30'  E. 

Bay  State.  A name  given  to  Massachusetts 
because  of  the  hays  (Massachusetts,  Cape  Cod, 
and  Buzzard)  which  indent  its  coast. 

Bazin  (ba-zan'),  Rene  Francois  Marie : known 
as  Rene.  Born  at  Angers,  France,  Dec.  26, 
1863.  A French  novelist  and  writer  of  travels. 
He  studied  law  in  Paris  and  upon  his  return  to  Angers 
was  made  professor  in  tiie  Faculte  Lihre  de  Droit.  Several 
of  his  works  have  been  crowned  by  the  French  Academy, 
of  which  he  was  elected  a member  in  1903,  succeeding 
Legouve.  He  has  published  “ Ma  tante  Giron 1 (1886), 
“Une  tache  d’encre"  (1888),  “Les  Noellet"  (1889),  “ La 
sarcelle  hleue  " (1892),  “ Sicile ’’ (1892),  “ Madame  Coren- 
tine”  (1893),  “Les  Italiens  d'aujourd'hui"  (1894),  “Terre 
d’Espagne  ” (1895),  “ En  province  ” (1896),  “ De  toute  son 
ame  ” (1897),  “La  terre  qui  meurt”  (1899),  “Les  Oberle” 
(1901),  “L  isolee"  (1905),  “ I.e  bid  qui  leve"  (1907),  “Le 
mariage  de  Mademoiselle  Gimel,  dactylographe " (1909), 
“ La  barriere  " (1910),  etc. 

Beach  (beck),  Mrs.  (Amy  Marcy  Cheney). 

Born  at  Henniker,  N.  H.,  Sept.  5,  1867.  An 
American  pianist  and  composer.  Her  composi- 
tions include  a symphony  (Gaelic),  a concerto  for  piano 
and  orchestra,  a sonata  for  piano  and  violin,  and  a mass, 
but  she  is  best  known  by  her  setting  of  Browning's  verses, 
“The  Year 's  at  the  Spring.” 

Bean  (ben),  Tarleton  Hoffman.  Born  at 
Bainbi'idge,  Pa.,  Oct.  8,  1846.  Ap.  American 


Bean 

zoologist,  State  fish-culturist  of  New  York 
from  1906.  He  was  curator  of  fishes  in  the  United 
States  National  Museum  1876-95,  director  of  the  New  York 
Aquarium  1895-98,  and  chief  of  the  departments  of  for- 
estry and  fish  and  game  at  the  Paris  and  St.  Louis  exposi- 
tions. He  has  received  decorations  from  France,  Ger- 
many and  Japan.  His  works  include  “ Fishes  of  Penn- 
sylvania" (1893),  “ Fishes  of  New  York”  (1893),  “Oceanic 
Ichthyology  ” (1896  : with  George  Brown  Goode),  “Fishes 
of  Long  Island’’  (1902),  “Fishes  of  Bermuda"  (1906),  etc. 

Beardmore  Glacier  (berd'mor  gla'shier).  The 
largest  known  ice-river  in  the  world,  in  the 
antarctic  region,  in  lat.  83°  33'-85°  S.  It  was 
discovered  and  traversed  by  Sir  Ernest  H.  Shackleton  and 
his  party  in  their  antarctic  expedition  of  1907-09.  The 
glacier  is  100  miles  long,  50  miles  wide,  and  covers  an  area 
of  about  5,000  square  miles.  It  passes  between  sandstone 
mountains  from  10,000  to  15,000  feet  in  height.  These 
walls  force  the  ice-stream  into  a winding  route.  Its 
surface  is  broken  into  ridges  and  crevasseB  which  consti- 
tute a constant  peril  to  the  explorer. 

Beardsley  (berdz'li),  Aubrey  Vincent.  Born 
at  Brighton,  England,  Aug.  24,  1872 : died  at 
Mentone,  France,  March  16,  1898.  An  English 
illustrator  and  draftsman.  He  had  little  special 
training  and  at  first  divided  his  time  between  business 
and  an  architect’s  office.  From  this  he  turned  to  book  il- 
lustration, in  which  he  found  extensive  employment.  His 
work  is  full  of  charming  caprices  which  suggest  Prera- 
phaelitism,  the  Japanese  convention,  and  French  art  of 
the  eighteenth  century. 

Bear  state,  The.  A name  variously  applied 
to  Arkansas,  California,  and  Kentucky. 

Beaufort  (bo'fort)  Sea.  A part  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  lying  north  of  Alaska  and  the  prov- 
inces of  Yukon  and  Mackenzie,  and  west  of 
Banks  Land. 

Beaumont  (bo'mont).  A city  of  Texas,  the 
capital  of  Jefferson  County,  situated  on  the 
Neches  River.  It  has  an  extensive  lumber 
trade,  car-shops,  machine-shops,  etc.  Large 
deposits  of  oil  have  been  discovered  in  its 
vicinity.  Population,  20,640,  (1910). 

Beaupre  (bo-pra'),  Arthur  Matthias.  Born 
at  Oswego,  111.,  July  29,  1853.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  was  consul-general  and  sec- 
retary of  legation  in  Guatemala  1897-98,  and 
in  Colombia  1899,  and  minister  to  Colombia 
1903,  to  the  Argentine  Republic  1904-08,  to 
the  Netherlands  1908-11,  and  to  Cuba  1911-. 
B<§champ  (ba-shon'), Pierre  Jacques  Antoine. 
Born  at  Bassing,  near  Dieuze  (Meurthe),  Oct. 
16, 1816  : died  at  Paris,  April  15,  1908.  A dis- 
tinguished French  chemist,  especially  noted 
for  his  researches  in  organic,  and  particularly 
in  biological,  chemistry  (fermentation,  etc.). 

Becker  (bek'er),  Hugo.  Born  at  Strasburg, 
Feb.  13,  1864.  An  Alsatian  violoncello  virtu- 
oso and  quartet-player.  He  is  the  son  of  Jean 
Becker,  an  eminent  violinist,  who  was  his  first  teacher. 
He  studied  the  cello  with  Griitzmacher,  Piatti,  and 
De  Swert,  and  made  his  debut  in  Leipsic.  He  is  widely 
known  as  a concert-player,  first  appearing  in  the  United 
States  at  Boston,  Jan.  12,  1901.  He  has  composed  a con- 
certo and  other  pieces  for  his  instrument. 

Becque  (bek),  Henri  Franqois.  Born  at  Paris, 
April  9,  1837 : died  there,  May  12,  1899.  A 
noted  French  dramatist  and  critic.  His  works 
include  “L’Enfant  prodigue,"  “Michel  Pauper,”  “L’En- 
levernent,”  “La  Navette,”  “Les  honnetes  femmes,”  “Les 
Corbeaux,”  “La  Parisienne,”  “ Le  depart,"  “ Veuve,”  “ Le 
domino  & quart,"  and  “ Une  execution  " ; an  opera,  “ Sar- 
danapale,"  music  by  de  Jonciers ; a volume  of  “ Memoirs  ” ; 
“ Querelles  littdraires  ” ; etc.  He  received  the  decoration 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1886. 

Becquerel  (bek-rel'),  Antoine  Henri.  Bom 

at  Paris,  Dec.  15,  1852 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  25, 
1908.  An  eminent  French  physicist,  professor 
at  the  Boole  Polytechnique  from  1895 : son  of 
Alexandre  Edmond  Becquerel.  in  1896  he  discov- 
ered  the  radiation  from  uranium  which  bears  his  name 
(‘Becquerel  rays').  His  investigations  were  concerned 
chiefly  with  phosphorescence,  ultra-red  radiation,  and 
spectroscopy.  In  1903  he  received,  with  Curie,  the  Nobel 
prize  in  chemistry.  In  1908  he  was  made  perpetual  secre- 
tary of  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Bedford  (bed'ford),  Francis.  Bora  at  Pad- 
dington, London,  June  18,  1799:  died  at  Shep- 
herd’s Bush,  Hammersmith,  June  8,  1883.  An 
English  bookbinder.  In  1817  he  was  apprenticed  to 
a binder  and  later  became  assistant  to  Charles  Lewis 
(b.  1786-d.  1836).  He  was  an  especial  protege  of  the  Puke 
of  Portland,  and  was  the  best  English  binder  of  his  time. 

Beecher  (be'ch6r),  Charles  Emerson.  Bora 
at  Dunkirk,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  9,  1856:  died  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  14,  1904.  An  American 
paleontologist  and  geologist,  professor  of  pale- 
ontology and  curator  of  the  geological  collec- 
tion at  Yale  University.  He  published  “Studies 
in  Evolution”  (1901)  and  various  scientific 
papers. 

Beernaert  (bar'nart),  Auguste.  Born  at 
Ostend,  July  26,  1829.  A Belgian  statesman. 
He  was  minister  of  labor  1873-78,  minister  of  agriculture 
1884,  and  subsequently  minister  of  finance  and  president 
of  the  council.  He  initiated  various  reforms  in  taxation, 
VI.  36 


promoted  the  interests  of  the  Kongo  State,  and  supported 
the  claims  of  the  Flemish  people.  In  1894  he  resigned, 
but  acted  as  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1895- 

1900.  He  was  a member  of  the  Peace  Conference  at  The 
Hague  in  1899,  and  in  1909  received  the  Nobel  prize  for 
his  services  in  the  cause  of  peace. 

Behring  (ba'ring),  Emil  von.  Born  at  Hans- 
dorf,  near  Prussian  Eylau,  Germany,  March 
15,  1854.  A German  physiologist,  professor  of 
hygiene  and  director  of  the  Hygienic  Institute 
at  Marburg  from  1895.  In  1890  he  announced  his 
discovery  of  the  anti-diphtheria  serum.  Since  that  time 
he  has  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  study  of  immunity. 
He  received  the  Nobel  prize  for  medicine  in  1901.  Among 
his  works  are  “Die  Blutserumtherapie " (1892),  “Die  Ge- 
schichte  der  Diphtherie"  (189(D,  “Therapie  der  Infek- 
tionskrankheiten  ” (1899),  and  “ Beitragen  zur  Experimen- 
tellen  Therapie  ” (1900). 

Beilstein  (bil'stin),  Friedrich  Konrad.  Bom 

at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  17,  1838:  died  there, 
October,  1906.  A Russian  chemist,  professor 
of  chemistry  at  the  Institute  of  Technology  in 
St.  Petersburg  from  1866.  He  made  important  in- 
vestigations in  physical  and  organic  chemistry.  His  most 
important  publication  was  his  “Handbuch  der  orga- 
nischeu  Chemie  " (1880-83). 

Belgian  Kongo.  The  name  of  the  Kongo  Free 
State  (which  see)  since  1908. 

Bell  (bel),  James  Franklin.  Born  at  Shelby- 
ville,  Ky.,  Jan.  9,  1856.  An  American  soldier. 
Hq  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy 
in  1878  ; served  on  the  plains  until  1894  ; and  was  aide  to 
General  Forsyth  in  California  1894-97.  He  took  part  in  the 
campaign  in  the  Philippine  Islands  in  1898  ; was  awarded 
a medal  of  honor  by  Congress  for  gallantry  in  action  near 
Porac,  Luzon ; was  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  1899- 
1901 ; and  was  provost-marshal-general  of  Manila  until 

1901,  when  he  was  made  a brigadier-general  in  the  regular 
army.  In  1903  he  was  appointed  commandant  of  the  In- 
fantry and  Cavalry  School,  Signal  School,  and  Staff  College 
at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  and  was  chief  of  the  general 
staff  of  the  United  States  army  1900-10,  succeeding  Lieu- 
tenant-General John  C.  Bates.  He  was  made  a major- 
general  in  1907. 

Bell  (bel),  James  Montgomery.  Born  at 
Williamsburg,  Pa.,  Oct.  1,  1837.  An  American 
soldier,  promoted  brigadier-general  in  1901. 
He  entered  the  army  in  1862  and  (served  in  the  Civil  War, 
in  various  campaigns  against  the  Indians,  on  the  frontiers, 
and  in  the  Philippine  Islands  1900-01.  He  retired  in  the 
latter  year. 

Bell  (bel),  Lilian.  Bora  at  Chicago  in  1867. 
An  American  author.  Among  her  works  are 
“A  Little  Sister  to  the  Wilderness”  (1895), 
“As  Seen  by  Me”  (1900),  “Abroad  with  the 
Jimmies”  (1902),  “At  Home  with  the  Jar- 
dines”  (1904),  and  “Carolina  Lee”  (1906). 

Bell  (bel),  Eobert.  Born  at  Toronto,  Canada, 
June  3,  1841.  A Canadian  geologist,  con- 
nected from  1857wvith  the  Geological  Survey 
of  Canada,  of  which  he  was  the  director. 1 
He  was  naturalist  and  geologist  of  the  Neptune  (1884) 
and  Alert  (1885)  expeditions  to  Baflin  Bay  and  Strait,  and 
of  that  of  the  Diana  (1897)  to  the  south  coast  of  Baffinland, 
and  has  made  important  geological  and  topographical 
surveys  in  many  parts  of  the  Dominion.  From  1863  to 
1867  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  in  Queen’s  University, 
Kingston. 

Bellevue  (bel-vu').  A city  in  Campbell  County, 
Kentucky,  about  3 miles  from  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
It  has  manufactures  of  wagons,  paper  boxes, 
etc.  Population,  6,683,  (1910). 

Bellevue  (bel-vu/).  A borough  of  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  near  Allegheny, 
of  which  it  is  a residential  suburb.  Popula- 
tion, 6,323,  (1910). 

Bellingham  (bel'ing-ham).  A city  of  Whatcom 
County,  Washington,  situated  on  Bellingham 
Bay  about  fifty  miles  southeast  of  Vancouver, 
formed  by  the  union  in  1903  of  New  Whatcom 
and  Fairhaven.  Population,  24,298,  (1910). 

Belloc  (be-lok'),  Hilaire  Joseph  Peter.  Bora 
July  27,  1870.  An  English  writer,  illustrator, 
and  Liberal  politician.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Oratory  School,  Edgbaston,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
and  was  member  of  the  House  of  Commons  for  Salford, 
south  division,  1906-10.  He  has  published  “ The  Bad  Child’s 
Book  of  Beasts  " (1896),  “More  Beasts  for  Worse  Children  ’ 
(1897),  “The  Modem  Traveller”  (1898),  “The  Path  to 
Rome"  (1902),  "Caliban’s  Guide  to  Letters"  (1903),  “Esto 
Perpetua”  (i906),  “The  Historic  Thames'  (1907),  “On 
Nothing"  (1908),  “The  Pyrenees”  (1909),  “Hills  and  the 
Sea”  (1910),  “ Pongo  and  the  Bull  ’ ’ (1910),  etc. 

Beltrami  (bel-tra'me),  Eugenio.  Born  at 
Cremona,  Nov.  16,  1835 : died  at  Rome,  Feb. 
18,  1900.  A noted  Italian  mathematician,  one 
of  the  originators  of  the  non-Euclidean  geome- 
try. He  was  originally  a civil  engineer,  and  became  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Bologna,  Pisa,  Rome,  Pavia,  and 
again  at  Rome.  His  “ Opere  matematiche  ” were  pub- 
lished in  1902. 

Bemidji  (be-mid'ji).  The  county-seat  of  Bel- 
trami County,  Minnesota.  It  is  a summer  re- 
sort, situated  on  Bemidji  Lake  about  140  miles 
northwest  of  Duluth.  Population,  5,099,  (1910). 

Benavides  (be-nii-ve'das),  Alonso  de.  Bora 
about  1580.  A Spanish  Franciscan  friar  who 
in  1621  was  appointed  “Father  Custodian”  of 


Benson,  Mrs. 

the  missions  of  New  Mexico.  He  arrived  on  the 
Rio  Grande  in  1622  and  indefatigably  labored  to  convert 
the  Puebloans,  assisted  by  twenty-six  others  of  his  order, 
till  1629,  when  he  was  relieved.  In  1630  he  went  to  Spain 
and  through  Santander  presented  to  the  king  the  now 
world-famous  “ Memorial  ' containing  the  record  of  hia 
work,  travels,  the  natives,  their  towns,  etc.  This  was 
published  in  1630  at  Madrid  and  was  soon  translated  into 
other  languages.  No  English  translation  was  made  until 
recently.  The  work  forms  the  foundation  of  the  history 
of  New  Mexico  for  that  period.  In  1632  he  published 
another  book  on  the  opening  to  commerce  of  the  rivers  of 
the  Bay  of  Espiritu  Santo.  He  became  assistant  bishop 
in  Portuguese  India,  and  on  the  death  of  the  Archbishop 
of  Goa  succeeded  him. 

Benguet  (ben-get').  An  inland  province  in 
the  western  part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 
Capital,  Baguio.  It  is  bounded  by  La  Unidn  and  Lepanto- 
Bontoc  (separated  by  spurs  of  the  Caraballos  Occiden  tales) 
on  the  north  ; NuevaVizcaya(separated  by  the  Cordillera 
Sur)  on  the  east ; Pangasinan  on  the  south  : and  La 
Unidn  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Agno,  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  north  and  flows  southward 
into  Pangasinan.  The  surface  is  irregular,  and  indicates 
former  great  volcanic  activity.  For  centuries  gold  and 
copper  have  been  mined  in  small  quantities  by  the 
Igorrotes,  who  form  about  95  per  cent,  of  the  population. 
Area,  822  square  miles.  Population,  22,745. 

Benham  (ben' am),  Andrew  Ellicott  Ken- 
nedy. Born  at  New  York,  April  10,  1832 : 
died  at  Lake  Mahopac,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  11,  1905. 
An  American  naval  officer,  promoted  rear-ad- 
miral in  1890.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1847  and  served 
through  the  Civil  War.  In  1894  he  was  in  command  of  the 
United  States  squadron  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  forced  the  in- 
surgent Brazilian  vessels  to  raise  the  blockade  of  the  port. 

Benjamin  (ben  'ja-min),  Marcus.  Bora  at. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Jan.  17,  1857.  An  Ameri- 
can chemist,  editor  to  the  United  States  Na- 
tional Museum  from  1896.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  School  of  Mines,  Columbia  University,  in  1878 ; wa.3 
chemist  to  the  United  States  laboratory  of  the  New  York 
appraiser’s  stores  1883-85 ; and  was  sanitary  engineer  of 
the  New  York  Board  of  Health  in  1885.  He  has  contributed 
scientific  articles  to  many  publications ; and  has  been  a 
member  of  the  editorial  staffs  of  various  encyclopedias  and 
dictionaries. 

Benjamin  (ben'ja-min),  Park.  Bom  at  New 
York,  May  11,  1849.  An  American  patent 
lawyer  and  writer,  son  of  Park  Benjamin,  the 
poet.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1867  (resigning  from  the  navy  in  1869),  and 
at  the  Albany  Law  School  in  1870,  and  was  associate  editor 
of  the  “Scientific  American  ” 1872-78.  He  is  the  author 
of  “The  Age  of  Electricity”  (1886),  “The  Voltaic  Cell” 
(1892),  “ Intellectual  Rise  in  Electricity  ” (1895),  “ The 
United  States  Naval  Academy  ” (1900),  etc.  He  has  also 
edited  Appletons’  “ Cyclopedia  of  Applied  Mechanics  " 
(1880)  and  “Modern  Mechanism”  (1892),  and  has  written 
extensively  on  naval  subjects. 

Benjamin  (ben'ja-min),  Samuel  Greene 
Wheeler.  Born  at  Argos,  Greece,  Feb.  13, 
1837.  An  American  author  and  artist,  the  son 
of  an  American  missionary.  He  was  graduated 
from  Williams  College  in  1859;  studied  law,  seamanship, 
and  art ; and  served  as  first  United  States  minister  to 
Persia,  1883-85.  His  works  include  “ Contemporary  Art 
in  Europe  ” (1877),  “ Art  in  America  ” (1879),  “ The  Mul- 
titudinous Seas"  (1879), “Troy,  its  Legend  and  Literature” 
(1880),  “ Persia  and  the  Persians  ’’  (1887),  numerous  paint- 
ings, etc. 

Bonn  (ben),  Alfred  William.  Born  in  West- 
meath County,  Ireland,  1843.  A British  classi- 
cal scholar  and  historian.  He  is  the  author  of  “The 
Greek  Philosophers”  (1882),  “The  Philosophy  of  Greece" 
(1898),  “A  History  of  English  Rationalism  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century  ” (1906),  “Modern  England”  (1908),  “Re- 
valuations" (1909),  etc. 

Bennett  (ben'et),  Enoch  Arnold.  Born  in 
North  Staffordshire,  England,  May  27,  1867. 
An  English  author.  He  was  assistant  editor  and 
subsequently  editor  of  “Woman”  1893-1900.  Besides 
several  plays  and  miscellaneous  writings  he  has  published 
a number  of  novels,  including  “ A Man  from  the  North  " 
(1898),  “Anna  of  the  Five  Towns"  (1902),  “The  Old  Wives’ 
Tale”  (1908),  “ Buried  Alive  ” (1908),  “Clayhanger  ” (1910), 
“Denry  the  Audacious"  (1911),  and  “Hilda  Lessways" 
(1911).  “ Your  United  States  ” appeared  in  1912. 

Bennett  (ben'et),  James  Gordon.  Born  at 

New  York,  May  10,  1841.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, proprietor  of  the  New  York  “Herald”: 
son  of  James  Gordon  Bennett.  Under  his  auspices 
(with  the  London  “ Telegraph  ’’)  Henry  M.  Stanley  made 
his  journey  of  exploration  across  Africa  1874-77.  He  also 
fitted  out  the  Jeannette  polar  expedition  in  1879. 

Benson  (ben'son),  Arthur  Christopher.  Born 

April  24,  1862.  An  English  educator  and 
author,  son  of  Edward  White  Benson,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  He  was  fellow  and  lecturer 
of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  was  master  at  Eton 
College  1885-1903;  and  was  appointed  professor  of  English 
fiction  in  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  London,  in  1911. 
He  has  published  “ArchbiBhop  Laud ”(1887),  “Rossetti” 
(1904),  “The  Upton  Letters  "(1905),  “ Walter  Pater  ’’  (1906), 
“From  a College  Window”  (1906),  “Selections  from  the 
Correspondence  of  Queen  Victoria  ” (edited,  with  Viscount 
Esher,  1907),  “The  Silent  Isle"  (1910),  “Ruskin,  a Study 
in  Personality,”  “The  Leaves  of  the  Tree,”  etc. 

Benson  (ben'son),  Mrs.  (Constance  Feather- 
Stonhaugh).  An  English  actress.  She  was  a 
member  of  Sir  Henry  Irving's  company  in  1883,  and  later 
joined  the  company  of  F.  R.  Benson,  whom  she  married  in 
1886.  Sne  has  appeared  in  various  Shaksperian  parts. 


Benson,  Edward  Frederic 

Benson  (ben'son),  Edward  Frederic.  Born  at 
Wellington  College,  Berkshire,  England,  July 
24,  1867.  An  English  novelist,  son  of  Edward 
White  Benson,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  is 
the  author  of  “Dodo”  (1893),  “The  Babe  ” (1897),  “Mam- 
mon and  Co.”  (1900),  “Scarlet  and  Hyssop”  (1902),  “The 
Challoners  ” (1904),  “ The  Angel  of  Pain ” (1906),  “The  Blot- 
ting Book  ”(1908),  “ The  Climber”  (1908),  “The  Osbornes  ” 
(1910),  etc. 

Benson  (ben'son),  Francis  Robert.  Born  at 
Alresford,  Hampshire,  Nov.  4,  1858.  An  Eng- 
lish actor,  nephew  of  Archbishop  Benson. 

While  at  Oxford  he  superintended  the  production  of  Greek 
plays  at  that  university.  In  1882  he  appeared  at  the 
Lyceum  Theatre  under  the  Irving  management,  and  in 
1889  undertook  the  production  of  Shaksperian  plays  by  a 
specially  selected  company  of  his  own.  Since  1887  he  has 
superintended  the  staging  of  the  annual  Shaksperian  per- 
formance at  Stratford-on-Avon.  In  1886  he  married  Con- 
stance Featherstonhaugh.  He  and  his  wife  established  a 
traveling  school  for  dramatic  instruction,  in  which  many 
prominent  London  actors  obtained  their  introduction  to 
the  public. 

Benson  (ben'son),  Robert  Hugh.  Born  Nov. 
18,  1871.  An  English  Catholic  priest  and  au- 
thor, son  of  Edward  White  Benson,  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  His  works  include  “The  Light  In- 
visible,” “By  What  Authority?”  “The  Queen’s  Tragedy,” 
“The  -Religion  of  the  Plain  Man,”  “Lord  of  the  World,” 
“The  Cost  of  a Crown, ” etc. 

Bentley  (bent'li),  John  Francis.  Born  at 
Doncaster,  England,  1839 : died  at  Clapham, 
England,  March  2,  1902.  An  English  architect. 

He  was  especially  successful  in  the  designing  and  decora- 
tion of  Roman  Catholic  churches.  In  1894  he  was  made 
commissioner  to  erect  the  new  Roman  Catholic  cathedral 
of  Westminster,  of  which  the  structural  part  alone  was 
finished  at  his  death. 

Benton  Harbor  (ben'ton  har'bor).  A city  of 
Berrien  County,  Michigan,  14  miles  from  Lake 
Michigan.  It  exports  grain,  lumber,  and  fruit, 
and  bottled  water  from  mineral  springs  in  and 
near  the  city  is  shipped  in  large  quantities. 
Population,  9,185,  (1910). 

Bentzon  (bah-tson'),  Th.  The  pseudonym  of 
Mme.  Blanc. 

Ben  Venue  (ben  ve-no').  A mountain  near 
the  Trossachs,  Scotlaud,  rising  from  the  south- 
ern shore  of  Loch  Katrine.  Height,  2,393  feet. 
Benwood  (ben'wud).  The  capital  of  Marshall 
County,  West  Virginia.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Ohio  River  5 miles  southwest  of  Wheeling. 
Population,  4,976,  (1910). 

Beraldi  (be-ral'di),  Henri.  Born  at  Paris, 
Feb.  6,  1849.  A French  collector  and  historian 
of  engraving.  He  inherited  from  his  father  a collec- 
tion of  many  thousand  engravings  to  which  he  made  large 
additions.  He  is  best  known  by  his  “ Les  graveurs  du 
XVIIIe  siecle"  (1385-80),  “Les  graveurs  du  XIX»  siecle” 
(1885-92),  and  “ Estampes  et  livres  ’’  (1892). 

Berenson  (ber'en-son),  Bernhard.  Bom  at 
Wilna,  Russia,  June  26,  1865.  An  American 
art  critic  and  writer.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Vene- 
tian  Painters  of  the  Renaissance’'  (1894),  “Lorenzo  Lotto, 
an  Essay  in  Constructive  Art  Criticism  ” (1895),  “ Floren- 
tine Painters  of  the  Renaissance”  (1896:  rev,  ed.,  1909), 
“ Central  Italian  Painters  of  the  Renaissance  ” (1897),“  The 
Study  and  Criticism  of  Italian  Art”  (1901 : second  series 
1902),  “The  Drawings  of  the  Florentine  Painters”  (1903), 
“North  Italian  Painters  of  the  Renaissance  ” (1906),  “A 
Sienese  Painter  of  the  Franciscan  Legend  ” (1910),  and 
shorter  contributions  to  various  magazines  and  reviews. 

Beresford  (ber'es-ford),  Lord  Charles  Wil- 
liam de  la  Poer.  Born  in  Ireland,  Feb.  10, 
1846.  An  English  admiral  and  parliamentarian, 
second  son  of  the  fourth  Marquess  of  Water- 
ford. He  entered  the  navy  in  1859  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral  iu  1897,  of  vice-admiral  in  1902,  and  of  ad- 
miral in  1906.  He  was  rear-admiral  in  the  Mediterranean 
1900-02,  commanded  the  Channel  squadron  1903-05  and 
the  Mediterranean  fleet  1905-07,  and  was  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Channel  fleet  1907-09.  He  has  been  a Con- 
servative member  of  Parliament  for  various  terms.  In 
the  bombardment  of  Alexandria  iu  1882  he  commanded 
the  Condor,  aud  in  the  Nile  expedition  of  1884-85  was  a 
member  of  Lord  Wolseley's  start',  and  subsequently  com- 
manded the  naval  brigade  at  the  battles  of  Abu-Klea, 
Abu-Kru,  and  Metamneh,  in  the  Sudan.  He  has  written 
“ Nelson  and  his  Times  ’’  (1898  : with  W.  H.  Wilson),  “ The 
Break-up  of  China  ” (1899),  “ The  Betrayal  ” (1912),  etc. 
He  was  retired  in  February,  1911. 

Berger  (ber'ger),  Victor  L.  Born  in  Transyl- 
vania, Feb.  28,  1860.  An  American  socialist. 

He  studied  at  Budapest  and  Vienna,  hut  before  he  could 
take  his  degree  his  family  emigrated  to  America  because 
of  financial  losses.  After  working  at  various  trades  he 
became  a teacher  in  the  public  schools.  In  1892  he  was 
made  editor  of  the  Milwaukee  daily  “Vorwarts,”  of  the 
German  paper  “ YVahrheit,”  and  of  the  English  “ Social- 
Democratic  Herald,”  and  was  soon  recognized  as  a promi- 
nent advocate  of  the  socialist  cause.  He  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Social  Democracy  (1897)  and  of  the  Social 
Democratic  party  (1898),  known  since  1900  as  the  Socialist 
party,  and,  except  for  a short  interval,  has  been  a member 
of  the  National  Executive  Committee  of  that  party  since 
its  origin.  He  was  a representative  in  Congress  from 
Wisconsin,  1911  to  1913. 

Bergmann  (berg' man),  Ernst  von.  Born  at 
Ruhen,  Livonia,  Dec.  16,  1836:  died  at  Wies- 
baden, March  25,  1907.  An  eminent  German 
surgeon,  professor  of  surgery  and  director  of 


the  surgical  clinic  of  the  University  of  Berlin 
from  1882.  He  was  especially  noted  for  his 
work  in  aseptic  surgery. 

Bergson  (berg-son'),  Henri  Louis.  Born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  18,  1859.  A French  philosopher. 

After  holding  the  professorship  of  philosophy  at  several 
French  institutions  he  was  called  to  the  College  of  France 
in  1900.  He  became  a member  of  the  Academy  of  Moral 
and  Political  Science  in  1901.  His  works  include  an 
“ Essai  sur  les  donnees  immediates  de  la  conscience  ” 
(1889),  “Matiere  et  memoire  ” (1897),  “Le  rire  ” (1900: 
“ Laughter”),  “ L’^volution  creatrice  ” (1907),  etc. 
Berlin  (ber'lin).  A city  in  Coos  County,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Androscoggin  River  90 
miles  northeast  of  Concord.  It  has  pulp-  and 
paper-mills  and  other  industrial  establish- 
ments. Population,  11,780,  (1910). 
Bernardino  Strait.  See  *San  Bernardino 
Strait. 

Bernhardt*,  Sarah  (Rosine  Bernard),  in 

1899  she  founded  in  Paris  the  Theatre  Sarah  Bernhardt, 
of  which  she  is  director.  She  is  also  professor  at  the  Con- 
servatoire. She  has  appeared  also  in  “ Phedre,”  “La dame 
aux  cam^lias,”  “La  Princesse  Lointaine,”  “L’Aiglon” 
(1903),  “Th^roigne  de  Mericourt”  (1905),  “La  sorciere  ” 
(1906),  “Sainte  Therese  ” (1906),  “Les  Bouffons  ” (1907), 
etc.  Her  “Memoire  ” were  published  in  1907.  She  again 
visited  the  United  States  1910-11. 

Bernstein  (bern'stin),  Edward.  Born  at.  Ber- 
lin, Jan.  6,  1850.  A German  socialist  and 
author.  He  edited  the  “Sozial-Demokrat”  1881-90; 
was  a member  of  the  Reichstag  1902-06 ; and  founded  the 
“ Documente  des  Socialismus.  ” He  has  published  various 
works  on  socialism. 

Bernstein  (bern'stin),  Frau  (Elsa  Porges) : 
pseudonym  Ernst  Rosmer.  Born  at  Vienna, 
Oct.  28,  1866.  A German  writer  of  plays. 

Her  “Konigskinder  ” (1895)  forms  the  basis  of  an  opera  by 
Humperdinck.  Among  her  other  works  are  “ Dammerung  ” 
(1893),  “ Themistokles ” (1897),  “Mutter  Maria”  (1900), 
“Nausikaa”  (1906),  and  “Achilles”  (1910). 

Berthelot  (bert-lo'),  Pierre  Eugene  Mar- 
cellin.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  25, 1827  : died  there, 
March  18,  1907.  A noted  French  chemist.  He 
became  professor  in  the  ficole  de  Pharmacie  in  1860  and  in 
the  College  de  France  in  1865  ; was  general  inspector  of 
higher  education  in  1876  ; became  a member  of  the  Senate 
in  1881 ; and  was  minister  of  education  1886-87.  He  pub- 
lished numerous  works  on  chemical  and  allied  topicB, 
“ Science  et  libre  pensee  " (1905),  “ Archeologie  et  histoire 
des  sciences  ” (1906),  etc. 

Bertillon*,  Alphonse.  He  has  also  written 

“La  comparison  des  ecritures  et  l’identiftcation  gra- 
pliique  ” (1897),  “ Anthropologie  metrique  et  photo- 
graphique,"  with  Dr.  A.  Chervin  (1909),  etc. 

Bertrand  (bar-tron'),  Joseph  Louis  Francois. 

Born  at  Paris,  March  11,  1822:  died  there, 
April  3,  1900.  A noted  French  mathematician 
and  litterateur.  He  was  educated  at  the  ficole  Poly- 
technique,  and  held  in  succession  positions  on^the  staffs 
of  the  Lycee  Saint-Louis,  Ecole  Polytechnique,  Ecole  Nor- 
male,  College  de  France,  and  Lycee  Napoleon.  He  was 
elected  a member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in  1856  and 
its  perpetual  secretary  in  1874,  and  succeeded  J.  B.  Dumas 
as  member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1884.  His  works 
include  “Traite  d’arithmetique  ” (1849),  “Traite  d’alge- 
bre  ” (1850),  “ Traite  de  calcul  ditterentiel  et  de  calcul 
integral”  (1864-70),  “ Thermodynamique  ” (1887),  “Calcul 
des  probability  ” (1889),  and  various  other  mathematical 
articles  and  treatises.  He  also  published  “ Les  fondateurs 
del’astronomie  moderne”  (1865),  “ L’Academie  des  sciences 
et  les  academiciens  de  1666  a 1793”  (1868),  “D’Alembert'’ 
(1889),  “ Blaise  Pascal  ” (1890),  etc. 

Bertrand  (bar-tron'),  Marcel.  Born  at  Paris, 
July  2,  1847 : died  Feb.  13,  1907.  An  eminent 
French  geologist,  professor  of  geology  in  the 
French  National  School  of  Mines.  In  1896  he 
was  elected  a member  of  the  Academie  des 
Sciences  as  successor  to  Pasteur. 

Berwick  (ber'wik).  A borough  of  Columbia 
County,  Pennsylvania,  23  miles  southwest  of 
Wilkes-Barre.  It  has  flour-  and  planing-mills, 
manufactories  of  pipe  and  pottery,  ironworks, 
etc.  Population,  5,357,  (1910). 

Berwyn  (ber'win).  A city  of  Cook  County, 
Illinois,  incorporated  in  1902.  Population, 
5,841,  (1910). 

Besant  (bez'ant),  Mrs.  (Annie  Wood).  Born 
at  London,  Oct.  1,  1847.  An  English  the- 
osophist  and  writer  on  theosophical  and  philo- 
sophical topics.  In  1867  she  married  the  Rev.  Frank 
Besant  and  was  legally  separated  from  him  in  1873.  She 
was  influential  in  the  radical  free-thought  movement  rep- 
resented by  Charles  Bradlaugh,  and  iu  1880  became  promi- 
nent as  a pupil  of  Madame  Blavatsky  and  a member  of  the 
Theosophical  Society.  In  1898  she  founded  the  Central 
Hindu  College  at  Benares,  and  in  1904  the  Central  Hindu 
Girls'  School  at  Benares.  Her  publications  include  “ Rein- 
carnation” (1892),  “Death  and  After”  (1893),  “Karma” 
(1895),  “ Four  Great  Religions  ” (1897),  “ Esoteric  Christian- 
ity ” (1901),  “A  Study  in  Consciousness”  (1904),  “Theos- 
ophy and  the  New  Psychology  ’’  (1904),  “ Hints  on  the  Rha- 
gavad  Gita”  (1905),  “The  Wisdom  of  the  Upanishats” 
(1906),  etc. 

Beside  the  Bonnie  Brier  Bush.  A collection 
of  short  stories  by  Ian  Maclaren  (John  Watson) 
published  in  1894.  The  book  contains  sketches, 
humorous  and  pathetic,  of  Scottish  village  life,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  popular  works  of  the  so-called  “kailyard” 
school  of  fiction. 


Bigelow,  Poultney 

Besnard  (be-nar'),  Paul  Albert.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  2,  1849.  A French  painter.  He 
studied  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts  and  with  the  painters 
Cabanel  and  Bremond,  winning  the  grand  prix  de  Rome. 
In  1890  he  took  part  in  the  installation  of  the  secession  of 
the  Salon  du  Champ  de  Mars.  His  decorations  of  the 
Ecole  de  Pharmacie  are  notable. 

Bessemer  (bes'e-mer).  A town  in  Jefferson 
County,  Alabama,  11  miles  southwest  of  Bir- 
mingham. It  is  a railroad  center,  and  contains 
blast-furnaces,  machine-shops,  foundries,  etc. 
Iron-  and  coal-mining  are  extensively  carried 
on.  Population,  10,864,  (1910). 

Bessey  (bes'i),  Charles  Edwin.  Born  at  Mil- 
ton,  Ohio,  May  21,  1845.  An  American  bota- 
nist, professor  in  the  University  of  Nebraska 
from  1884.  He  has  published  botanical  text- 
books, “Plant  Migration  Studies”  (1905), 
“Synopsis  of  Plant  Phyla”  (1907),  and  various 
technical  papers. 

Best  (best),  William  Thomas.  Bora  at  Car- 
lisle, England,  Aug.  13,  1826:  died  at  Liverpool, 
May  10, 1897.  An  English  organist.  He  edited 
many  organ  classics. 

Bethmann-Hollweg  (bet'man-hol'veg),  Theo- 
bald Theodore  Frederic  Alfred  von.  Born 
at  Hohenfinow,  Brandenburg,  Nov.  29,  1856. 
A German  statesman,  chancellor  of  the  em- 
pire, Prussian  president  of  the  council,  and 
minister  of  state  for  foreign  affairs  1909- 
He  was  Prussian  minister  of  the  interior  1905,  imperial  sec- 
retary of  state  for  the  iuterior  and  vice-president  of  the 
Prussian  council  1907. 

Beutenmiiller  (boi'tn-miil-er),  William.  Bom 
at  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  March  31, 1864.  An  Ameri- 
can entomologist  and  writer  on  related  sub- 
jects. He  was  editor  of  the  “Journal”  of  the  New  York 
Entomological  Society  (Vols.  I.-XI.)  and  was  curator  of 
the  department  of  entomology  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  New  York  city,  1889-1909. 

Beveridge  (bev'er-ij),  Albert  Jeremiah.  Bom 

on  a farm  on  the  border  of  Adams  and  High- 
land counties,  Ohio,  Oct.  6,  1862.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer,  Republican  politician,  and  writer. 
He  was  graduated  at  De  Pauw  University,  Indiana,  in 
1885,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  United  States 
senator  for  Indiana  1899-1911.  His  works  include  “The 
Russian  Advance  ” (1903),  “ The  Young  Man  and  the 
World  ” (1905),  etc. 

Beyrich  (bi'rich),  Heinrich  Ernst.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Germany,  Aug.  31,  1815:  died  there, 
July  9,  1896.  A German  geologist  and  pale- 
ontologist, professor  in  the  University  of  Berlin 
fi’om  1856.  He  was  associate  director  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Prussia  and  published  a 
number  of  important  paleontological  works. 
Bezold  (bet'zold),  Wilhelm  von.  Bora  at 
Munich,  June  21,  1837 : died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  17, 
1907.  A noted  German  meteorologist,  profes- 
sor of  meteorology  and  director  of  the  Meteoro- 
logical Institute  at  Berlin  from  1885.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  studies  in  the  physics  of  the  atmosphere 
and  in  terrestrial  magnetism.  He  published  numerous 
scientific  works  and  papers. 

Bickerdyke  (bik'er-dik),  John.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Charles  Henry  Cook. 

Bickmore  (bik'mor),  Albert  Smith.  Born  at 
St.  George,  Maine,  March  1,  1839.  An  Ameri- 
can naturalist  and  traveler,  professor  in  charge 
of  the  department  of  public  instruction  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York,  1882-1904.  He  was  superintendent  of  the 
museum  1869-1884.  He  has  published  “Travels  in  the 
East  Indian  Archipelago”  (1868),  etc. 

Bicol  (be'kol).  The  chief  river  of  Amhos 
Camarines,  southeastern  Luzon,  Philippine 
Islands.  It  flows  from  Lake  Bato  northwest  to  San 
Miguel  Bay,  and  is  navigable  by  steamers  of  9 feet  draft  to 
Nueva  Caceres,  a distance  of  15  miles.  Also  lnaya. 

Big-bend  State,  The.  The  State  of  Tennessee, 
so  called  from  the  Tennessee  River  (‘the  River 
of  the  Great  Bend'),  which  traverses  it. 
Bigelow  (big'e-lo),  Frank  Hagar.  Born  at 
Concord,  Mass.,  Aug.  28,  1851.  An  American 
meteorologist,  professor  of  meteorology  in  the 
United  States  Weather  Bureau  1891-1910. 

lie  was  profesaor  of  mathematics  in  Racine  College  1884- 
1889;  assistant  in  the  office  of  the  “Nautical  Almanac” 
1889-91 ; and  professor  of  solar  physics  in  George 
Washington  University  1894-1910.  Since  1910  he  has  been 
professor  of  meteorology  in  the  Meteorological  Office  at 
Buenos  Aires.  He  is  a member  of  the  International  Solar 
Commission. 

Bigelow  (big'e-15),  Poultney.  Born  at  New 
York,  Sept.  lOj  1855.  An  American  journalist 
and  historian,  son  of  John  Bigelow.  He  was 
graduated  from  Yale  University  in  1879,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1882,  but  abandoned  law  for  journalism  and 
traveled  extensively.  He  edited  “ Outing  ” 1885-87 ; served 
as  foreign  correspondent  on  “ Harper’s  Weekly  ” and  the 
London  “Times”  ; and  has  written  and  lectured  on  modern 
history  and  colonial  administration.  His  publications  in- 
clude “ The  German  Emperor  and  his  Eastern  Neighbors  '' 
(1891),  “ Borderland  of  Csar  and  Kaiser  ” (1893),  “ White 


Bigelow,  Poultney 

Man's  Africa"  (1897),  “Children  of  the  Nations  " (1901), 

“ History  of  the  German  Struggle  for  Liberty  " (completed 
1906),  etc. 

Biggs  (bigz),  Herman  Michael.  Born  at  Trn- 
mansburg,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1859.  An  Ameri- 
can pathologist  and  bacteriologist,  professor 
in  New  York  University  and  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College  from  1887,  and  chief  medical 
officer  of  the  Health  Department  of  the  city  of 
New  York  from  1902.  He  established  the  bacterio- 
logical laboratories  of  the  Health  Department  of  New 
York  city  in  1892,  the  first  municipal  institution  of  the 
kind,  and  is  director  of  the  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medi- 
cal Research  (1901-). 

Bikelas  (bi-ka'las),  Dimitrios.  Born  at  Her- 
mupolis,  on  the  island  of  Syra,  in  1835 : died 
at  Athens,  July  20,  1908.  A Greek  poet  and 
essayist.  His  best-known  work  is  his  novel  “Lukis 
Laras”  (1879),  a story  of  the  Greek  war  of  independence. 
A collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1862  (second 
edition,  1885).  He  also  translated  a number  of  Shak- 
spere’s  plays  into  modern  Greek. 

Biliran  (be-le-ran').  An  island  of  the  Philip- 
pines, off  the  north  coast  of  Leyte  and  belong- 
ing to  Leyte  province.  Its  surface  is  mountainous. 
The  highest  peak  is  Mabui,  4,430  feet  in  height.  Area, 
190  square  miles.  Population,  19,147. 

Billings  (bil'ingz).  The  county-seat  of  Yel- 
lowstone County,  Montana,  on  the  Yellowstone 
River.  It  is  the  center  of  an  extensive  cattle-  and  sheep- 
raising district,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  inland 
wool-markets  of  the  country.  Population,  10,031,  (1910). 

Billings  (bil'ingz),  John  Shaw.  Born  in  Swit- 
zerland Co.,  Ind.,  April  12,  1839:  died  at  New 
York,  March  11,  1913.  An  American  librarian, 
director  of  the  New  York  Public  Library  from 
1896.  He  was  graduated  at  Miami  University  in  1857  and 
at  the  Ohio  Medical  College  in  1860,  and  served  in  the 
Northern  army  as  a surgeon  during  the  Civil  War.  In  1864 
he  was  transferred  to  the  surgeon-general’s  office  in  Wash- 
ington and  took  charge  of  the  medical  library  there.  From 
1893  to  1896  he  was  professor  of  hygiene  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  Among  his  publications  are  the  index- 
catalogue  of  the  library  of  the  surgeon-general’s  office,  and 
the  reports  on  vital  and  social  statistics  for  the  eleventh 
census. 

Billotte  (bi-lot'),  Rene.  Born  at  Tarbes 
(Hautes-Pyrenees),  June  24,  1846.  A French 
painter,  one  of  the  founders,  and  secretary,  of 
the  Society  Nationale  des  Beaux- Arts.  He  was 
a pupil  of  Eugene  Fromentin.  His  work  is  represented  in 
the  Luxembourg,  Paris,  in  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of 
the  Fine  Art6,  the  Carnegie  Institute  of  Pittsburg,  and 
elsewhere ; and  he  has  received  numerous  medals. 

Biloxi  (bi-lok'si).  A city  in  Harrison  County, 
Mississippi,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Besides  its 
shipyards,  it  has  establishments  for  packing  and  shipping 
oysters,  vegetables,  and  fruits.  The  first  French  settle- 
ment in  the  vicinity  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  was  made  near 
here  in  1699,  and  about  1712  a second  was  established,  on 
the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Biloxi,  which  was  for  some 
years  the  capital  of  the  French  colony  of  Louisiana.  Pop- 
ulation, 8,049,  (1910). 

Binet  (be-na'),  Alfred.  Born  at  Nice,  France, 
July  8,  1857 : died  at  Paris,  Oct.  19,  1911.  A 
French  psychologist,  director  of  the  laboratory 
of  physiological  psychology  at  the  Sorbonne. 
Among  his  works  are  “La  psychologic  du  raisonnement ” 
( 1886),  “ Le  magnetisme  animal  ” (1887 : with  Charles  Fere), 
“Etudes  de psychologie exp£rimentale”(1889),  “Les altera- 
tions de  la  personalite”  (1892),  “L'Ame  et  le  corps”  (1905), 
“Les  idees  modemes  sur  les  enfants,”  etc. 

Binet  (be-na/),  Satane.  The  pseudonym  of 
Francisque  Sarcey. 

Bingham  (bing'am),  Hiram.  Born  at  Hono- 
lulu, Nov.  19,  1875.  An  American  geographer 
and  explorer,  assistant  professor  and  curator 
of  the  Latin-American  collections  in  Yale  Uni- 
versity from  1910.  He  lectured  upon  South  American 
geography  and  history  at  Yale  1907-08,  and  upon  diplo- 
matic history  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  1910.  In  1906- 
1907  he  explored  Bolivar’s  route  through  Venezuela  and 
Colombia,  and  in  1908-09  the  Spanish  trade-route  from 
Buenos  Aires  to  Lima.  He  has  published  “ An  Expedi- 
tion Across  Venezuela  and  Colombia  ” (1909),  “ The  Monroe 
Doctrine,  an  Obsolete  Shibboleth  " (1913),  etc. 

Binmaley  (ben-ma-la').  A municipality  of  Pan- 
gasinan  province,  Luz6n,  Philippine  Islands. 
Civilized  population,  16,439. 

Binondo  (be-non'do).  A division  of  the  city  of 
Manila,  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized 
population,  16,657. 

Binyon  (bin'yon),  Laurence.  Born  at  Lan- 
caster, England,  Aug.  10,  1869.  An  English 
author  and  poet,  assistant  in  the  department 
of  printed  books  of  the  British  Museum  1893- 
1895,  and  in  the  department  of  prints  and  draw- 
ings from  189.').  Among  his  works  are  “Lyric  Poems" 
(1894),  “Poems"  (1895),  “London  Visions"  (1895,  1898), 
“The  Praise  of  Life"  (1896),  “Porphyrion  and  Other 
Poems"  (1898),  “Odes"  (1900),  “The  Death  of  Adam" 
(1903),  “ Penthesilea " (1905),  “Paris  and  (Enone"  (1906), 
and  “ Attila  " (1907).  He  has  also  compiled  a catalogue  of 
English  drawings  in  the  British  Museum. 

Bird  (b6rd),  Arthur.  Born  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  July  23,  1856.  An  American  composer, 
resident  in  Berlin  since  1886.  He  has  composed 


a symphony  and  other  orchestral  works,  a comic  opera, 
“Daphne,"  and  many  piano-pieces.  In  1901  he  received 
the  Paderewski  prize  for  the  encouragement  of  American 
Composers. 

Birmingham,  George  A.  The  pseudonym  of 
James  Owen  Hannay. 

Biron  (be'ron:  F.  pron.  be-ron'),  Ernest  Jo- 
hann : also  Biren ; originally,  perhaps,  Biih- 
ren.  Born  Dec.  1,  1690 : died  Dec.  28,  1772. 
Duke  of  Courland:  the  son  of  noble  parents  in 
Courland,  but  according  to  old  authorities  a 
groom  or  shoemaker.  He  was  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Konigsberg,  and  in  1724  became  permanently 
connected  with  the  court  of  the  widowed  duchess  of  Cour- 
land, Anna  Ivanovna,  niece  of  Peter  the  Great.  He  accom- 
panied her  to  Russia  when  she  ascended  the  throne, in  defi- 
ance of  the  express  stipulation  excluding  him  in  the  pact  of 
the  new  empress  with  the  Russian  nobles  who  gave  her  the 
empire,  and  was  created  by  her  hereditary  duke  of  Cour- 
land. As  chief  favorite,  hated  by  all  for  his  cruelty  and 
haughtiness,  he  ruled  Russia  during  the  entire  reign  of 
Anna  Ivanovna  (1730-40) ; and  his  epoch,  regarded  as  the 
worst  in  Russian  history, is  known  as  the  “Bironovshtchina. " 
Having  made  the  infant  Ivan  Antonovitch  her  heir,  the  em- 
press appointed  Biron  regent  of  Russia  during  the  emper- 
or’6  minority  ; but  he  had  ruled  only  a few  weeks  when 
(1741)  he  and  his  family  were  exiled  to  Siberia.  The  Em- 
press Elizabeth  (1742)  allowed  him  to  live  in  Yaroslavl,  on 
the  Volga  ; Peter  III.  summoned  him  to  St.  Petersburg,  re- 
storing his  orders  and  property ; Catharine  II.  (1762)  re- 
stored to  him  the  duchy  of  Courland ; and  he  reigned  in 
Mitau  until  1769,  when  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son 
Peter. 

Birrell  (bir'el),  Augustine.  Born  at  Waver- 
tree,  near  Liverpool,  England,  Jan.  19,  1850. 
An  English  essayist,  lecturer,  and  statesman. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875 ; 
satin  Parliament  as  Liberal  member  for  Fifeshire  West 
1889-1900,  and  for  Bristol  North  1906- ; was  professor  of  law 
in  University  College,  London,  1896-99 ; was  bencher  of  the 
Inner  Temple  1903 ; and  was  president  of  the  board  of 
education,  with  a seat  in  the  cabinet,  December,  1905-07. 
He  was  appointed  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1907.  He 
iB  the  author  of  “Obiter  Dicta”  (1884 : second  series  1887), 
“Life of  Charlotte  Bronte”  (1885),  “Res  Judicatse”  (1892), 
“ Men,  Women,  and  Books  ” (1894),  “Sir  Frank  Lockwood  " 
(1898),  “ Collected  Essays  ” (1900),  “ Essays  and  Addresses  ” 
(1901),  “Miscellanies"  (1901),  “William  Hazlitt”  (1902), 
“ In  the  Name  of  the  Bodleian  ’ ’ (1906),  “ Andrew  Marvell 1 ' 
(1906),  etc. 

Bisayas.  See  *Visayan  Islands. 

Bisbee  (biz'be).  A city  iu  Cochise  County, 
Arizona,  84  miles  southeast  of  Tucson.  Its 
chief  industries  are  copper-mining  and  -smelt- 
ing. Fopulation,  9,019,  (1910). 

Bischoff  (hish'of),  Joseph  Eduard  Konrad: 
pseudonym  Konrad  von  Bolanden.  Born  at 
Niedergailbach,  Rhine  Balatinate,  Germany, 
Aug.  9,  1828.  A German  novelist.  He  was  or- 

dained  priest  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  1852,  and 
in  1872  was  appointed  by  Pope  Pius  IX.  acting  privy 
chamberlain.  His  works  include  “Franz  von  Sickingen” 
(1859),  “Barbarossa”  (1862),  “Die  Aufgeklarten ” (1864), 
“ Angela  ” (1866),  “ Deutsche  Kulturbilder  ” (1893-94),  “ Die 
Saule  der  Wahrheit  ” (1907),  etc. 

Bishop  (hish'up),  Mrs.  (Isabella  Lucy  Bird). 
Born  at  Borougbbridge,  Yorkshire,  Oct.  15, 
1832:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  7,  1904.  An 
English  writer  of  travels,  philanthropist,  and 
geographer.  She  traveled  extensively  in  North  Amer- 
ica  and  Asia,  was  especially  interested  in  medical  mis- 
sions, and  built  five  hospitals  and  an  orphanage  in  the 
East.  Among  her  books  of  travel  are  “The  English- 
woman in  America”  (1856),  “Unbeaten  Tracks  in  Japan” 
(1880),  “Among  the  Tibetans”  (1894),  “Korea  and  her 
Neighbours”  (1897),  “The  Yangtse  Valley  and  Beyond” 
(1899),  etc. 

Bishop  (bish'up),  William  Henry.  Born  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  7,  1847.  An  American 
novelist,  ne  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1867 ; studied 
architecture;  became  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  Mil- 
waukee “Commercial  Times”;  and  was  instructor  in 
modern  languages  at  Yale  1893-1902.  In  1903  he  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  consul  at  Genoa,  and  in  1905  consul 
at  Palermo.  His  novels  include  “ Detmold  ” (1879),  “The 
House  of  a Merchant  Prince”  (1885),  “The  Golden  Jus- 
tice” (1887),  “A  Pound  of  Cure”  (1894),  “Writing  to 
Rosina”  (1894),  “Tons  of  Treasure”  (1902),  etc. 

Bishops’  Bible,  The.  A folio  edition  of  the 
Bible,  published  in  October,  1568.  it  was  a revi- 
Sion  of  the  Great  Bible  of  1539,  organized  by  Archbishop 
Parker  and  undertaken  in  1563  by  himself,  eleven  bishops, 
and  four  deans  and  prebendaries.  It  was  not  reprinted 
after  1606. 

Bismarck  (bis'mark),  Herbert,  Fiirst  von. 
Born  atBerlin,Dec.  28, 1849:  died  at  Friedrichs- 
ruh,  Sept.  18,  1904.  A German  statesman,  son  of 
Prince  Otto  von  Bismarck.  He  was  occupied 
chiefly  with  diplomatic  affairs  and  was  secre- 
tary of  state  for  foreign  affairs  1886-90. 
Bispham  (bis'fam),  David  Scull.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  5,  1857.  An  American 
barytone.  He  studied  in  Italy  under  Vannuccini  and 
Lamperti  1886-89,  and  made  his  debut  in  London  in  1891. 
Since  1897  he  has  been  a member  of  grand-opera  companies 
in  New  York  and  London. 

Bitter  (bit'er),  Karl  Theodore  Francis. 

Born  at  Vienna,  Austria,  Dec.  6,  1867.  An 
Austrian-Ameriean  sculptor.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Academy  of  Art  in  Vienna,  and  came  to  New  York  in 
1889.  His  work  has  been  chiefly  monumental,  the  best  ex- 


Blashfield 

amples  being  decorations  of  the  expositions  at  Chicago, 
1893,  Buffalo,  1901,  and  St.  LouiB,  1904.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  1902. 

Bitterroot  Range.  A range  of  mountains  ex- 
tending from  Clark’s  Fork,  on  the  northwest, 
to  Moniaa,  the  crossing  of  the  Oregon  Short 
Line,  on  the  southeast,  including  all  mountain 
spurs.  V.  S.  Geoy.  Board,  Feb.  6,  1907. 

Bixby  (biks'bi),  William  Herbert.  Born  at 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  Dec.  27,  1849.  An  Amer- 
ican civil  and  military  engineer.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1873, 
and  became  brigadier-general  in  1910.  He  was  chief  en- 
gineer of  the  Department  of  the  Lakes,  Dakota  and  Mis- 
souri 1907-08  and  president  of  the  Mississippi  River  Com- 
mission 1908-10,  and  chief  of  engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  1910-. 

Bjornson*,  Bjornstjerne.  In  1903  he  received 
the  Nobel  prize  for  literature. 

Blackmore  , Richard  Doddridge.  His  latest 
works  include  “ Perleycross”  (1894),  “Frin- 
gilla”  (1895),  “Tales  from  the  Telling  House” 
(1896),  “ Dariel”  (1897). 

Black  Pope,  The.  The  general  of  the  Jesuit 
order. 

Blackstone  (blak'ston).  A town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  35  miles  southwest  of 
Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  rubber,  etc.  Population,  5,648, 
(1910). 

Blackwell  (hlak'wel),  Elizabeth.  Born  at 
Bristol,  England,  Feb.  3,  1821:  died  at  Hast- 
ings, May  31,  1910.  An  English  - American 
physician.  Her  family  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
in  1832.  In  1849  she  was  graduated  at  the  Geneva  Medi- 
cal College  (Geneva,  N.  Y.),  being,  it  is  said,  the  first 
woman  to  obtain  a medical  diploma  in  the  United  States. 
After  two  years  of  study  abroad  she  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  New  York  city.  In  1869  she  returned  to  Eng- 
land. 

Blackwell  (hlak'wel),  Emily.  Born  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  in  1826 : died  at  York  Cliffs,  Me., 
Sept.  8,  1910.  An  Anglo-American  physician. 

She  was  the  sister  of  Dr.  Elizabeth  Blackwell,  with  whom 
in  1853  she  founded  the  New  York  Infirmary  for  Women 
and  Children,  the  first  hospital  for  women  in  America. 
She  was  at  first  refused  admission  to  several  medical  col- 
leges, but  finally  was  allowed  to  take  her  degree  at  Cleve- 
land, after  which  she  completed  her  medical  studies  at 
Edinburgh,  Paris,  and  London,  and  returned  to  practise 
in  America. 

Blaikie  (bla'ki),  William.  Born  at  York, 
N.  Y.,  May  24,  1843  : died  at  New  York,  Dec.  6, 
1904.  An  American  lawyer,  and  writer  on 

physical  training.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1866  and  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1868,  and  accom- 
panied the  Harvard  crew  to  England  in  1809.  He  wrote 
“ How  to  Get  Strong  and  How  to  Stay  So"  (1879),  “Sound 
Bodies  for  Our  Boys  and  Girls  ” (1883),  etc. 

Blake  (blak),  Francis.  Born  at  Needham, 
Mass.,  Dec. 25, 1850 : died  at  Weston,  Mass.,  Jan. 
19, 1913.  An  American  physicist, in  vent  or  (1878) 
of  an  early  form  of  telephone  transmitter. 
Blakelock  (blak'lok),  Ralph  Albert.  Born 
at  New  York,  Oct.  15,  1847.  An  American 
landscape-painter.  He  was  destined  for  the  medi- 
cal profession,  but  became  instead  a self-taught  artist  and 
musician.  He  traveled  in  the  far  West  and  embodied  his 
study  of  Indian  life  in  his  work.  His  painting  is  notable 
for  its  dignity  and  power,  and  for  its  rich  color  and  strong 
individuality. 

Blakely  (blak'li).  A borough  of  Lackawanna 
County,  Pennsylvania,  about  5 miles  northeast 
of  Scranton.  It  has  mines  of  anthracite  coal. 
Population,  5,345,  (1910). 

Blanc  (hlon),  Mme.  (Marie  Therese  de 
Solms) : pseudonym  Th.  Bentzon.  Born  at 
Seine-Port,  Seine-et-Marne,  Sept.  21,  1840: 
died  Feb.  5,  1907.  A French  novelist,  jour- 
nalist, and  critic.  She  was  for  a number  of  years  on 
the  staff  of  the  “Revue  politique  et  litteraire”  (“Revue 
bleue")  and  the  “Revue  des  deux  mondes.”  She  wrote 
many  novels,  among  them  “Un  remolds"  (1878)  and 
“ Tony  " (1884),  both  of  which  were  crowned  by  the  French 
Academy ; and  a number  of  her  contributions  to  the 
“Revue  des  deux  mondes  ” were  collected  and  published 
under  the  titles  “ Nouveaux  romanciers  americains  " (1885), 
“ Litterature  et  moeurs  etrangeres  ’’  (1887),  and  “ LeBamtiri- 
caines  chez  elles  ” (1895). 

Bland  (bland),  Mrs.  (Edith  Nesbit).  Born 
at  London,  Aug.  15,  1858.  An  English  novel- 
ist, poet,  and  writer  of  children’s  stories. 
Among  her  works  are  “A  Pomander  of  Verse”  (1895), 
“Songs  of  Love  and  Empire”  (1897),  “The  Story  of  the 
Treasure-Seekers”  (1899),  “The  Wouldbegoods ” (1901), 
“ The  Red  House  ” (1903),  “Oswald  Bastable  ” (1905),  “An 
Incomplete  Amorist”  (1906),  “The  Enchanted  Castle’ 
(1908),  etc. 

Bland  (bland),  Richard  Parks.  Born  near 
Hartford,  Ky.,  Aug.  19,  1835:  died  uear  Leb- 
anon, Mo.,  June  15,  1899.  An  American  poli- 
tician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  (Utah)  bar  in  1860  and 
was  a Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Missouri 
1873-95  and  1897-99.  Throughout  his  congressional  career 
he  was  a conspicuous  champion  of  the  free  coinage  of  sil- 
ver and  was  the  author  of  the  Bland  Silver  Bill  (1878). 

Blashfield  (blash  ' feld),  Edwin  Howland. 

Born  at  New  York,  Dec.  15,  1848.  An  Ameri- 


Blashfield 

can  painter.  In  1867  he  went  to  Pari9  and  entered  the 
atelier  of  Leon  Bounat,  coming  also  under  the  influence 
of  Gerome  and  Chapu.  He  haB  beeu  especially  successful 
in  the  execution  of  monumental  decorations,  among  which 
are  a dome  in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Build- 
ing at  the  Chicago  Exposition  in  1893 ; the  central  dome 
of  the  Congressional  Library  in  Washington  ; “Westward," 
a large  picture  in  the  State  capitol,  Des  Moines,  Iowa ; 
and  a ballroom  ceiling  in  the  Waldorf-Astoria  hotel,  New 
York  city.  He  has  been  a member  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design  since  1888. 

Blass  (bias),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Osnabriick, 
Jan.  22,  1843 : died  at  Halle,  March  6,  1907. 
A noted  German  philologist,  professor  of 
classical  philology  at  Halle  from  1892.  He 
was  especially  distinguished  for  his  studies  of 
the  Greek  language  and  his  work  upon  Greek 
texts. 

Bleriot  (bla-ri-o'),  Louis.  A French  inventor 
and  aviator.  He  crossed  the  English  Channel  in  a 
monoplane  invented  by  himself  on  Juiy  25,  1909,  starting 
from  Calais  and  landing  at  the  Shakspere  Cliff  near  Dover. 
The  time  occupied  by  the  flight  was  about  40  minutes. 
He  was  awarded  the  £1,000  prize  offered  by  the  “London 
Mail  ” for  the  first  aviator  to  make  an  unbroken  flight 
across  the  Channel  by  daylight. 

Blind  (blin  d),  Mathilde.  Born  at  Mannheitn, 
March  21,  1841:  died  at  London,  Nov.  26,  1896. 
An  Anglo-German  poet,  daughter  of  a banker 
named  Cohen,  and  stepdaughter  of  Karl  Blind. 
She  published  “Poems  by  Claude  Lake’  (1867),  “The 
Prophecy  of  St.  Oran  ” (1881k  “ The  Heather  on  Fire  ’ 
(1886),  “ The  Ascent  of  Mali  (1888),  “Dramas  in  Minia- 
ture” (1891),  “Songs  and  Sonnets”  (1893),  “Birds  of  Pas- 
sage ” (1895).  She  translated  Strauss's  “ The  Old  Faith  and 
the  New”  (1873-74)  and  “The  Journal  of  Marie  Bashkirt- 
self  ” (1890),  and  wrote  biographies  of  George  Eliot  (1883) 
and  Madame  Roland  (1886). 

Bliss  (blis),  Cornelius  Newton.  Born  at  Fall 
River,  Mass.,  Jan.  26,  1833  : died  at  New  York, 
Oct.  9,  1911.  An  American  merchant  and  cabi- 
net officer.  He  was  treasurer  of  the  National 
Republican  Committees  of  1892, 1896, 1900,  and 
1904,  and  was  secretary  of  the  interior  1897-99. 
Bliss  (blis),  Frederick  Jones.  Born  on  Mount 
Lebanon,  Syria,  Jan.  22,  1859.  An  Ameri- 
can archseologist,  explorer  for  the  Palestine  Ex- 
ploration Fund  (London)  1891-1900.  He  exca- 
vated the  site  of  Lachish  (Tel-el-Hesy),  and  conducted  ex- 
plorations at  Jerusalem  and  other  localities.  His  publi- 
cations include  “A  Mound  of  Many  Cities  ' (1894),  “Exca- 
vations at  Jerusalem,  1894-97 ' (1898),  “Excavations  in 
Palestine,  1898-1900"  (1902),  and  “The  Development  of 
Palestine  Exploration"  (1906). 

Bliss  (blis),  William  Dwight  Porter.  Born 
at  Constantinople,  Turkey,  in  1856.  An  Ameri- 
can sociologist.  He  was  graduated  from  the  Hartford 
Theological  Seminary  in  1882,  and  has  held  pastorates  in 
the  Congregational  and  Protestant  Episcopal  churches. 
In  1907-09  he  acted  as  investigator  for  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Labor,  and  since  1909  has  been  director  of  the 
Social  Science  Library  Bureau.  In  1889  he  organized 
the  first  Christian  Socialist  society  in  the  United  States, 
and  in  1899  became  president  of  the  National  Social  Re- 
form Union.  He  is  the  author  of  the  “Handbook  of 
Socialism"  (1895)  aud  the  “Directory  of  Social  Thought 
and  Work  ” (1910). 

Blomfield  (blum'feld),  Sir  Arthur  William. 

Born  at  Fulham  Palace,  London,  March  6, 
1829:  died  at  Broadway,  Worcestershire, 

England,  Oct.  30,  1899.  An  English  archi- 
tect, fourth  son  of  Charles  James  Blomfield, 
bishop  of  London.  He  was  articled  for  three  years 
(1853-56)  to  Philip  Charles  Hardwick,  architect  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  whom  he  succeeded  in  this  office  in 
1883.  He  was  especially  identified  with  the  Gothic  re- 
vival of  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century,  his  best 
buildings  being  churches.  At  various  times  he  had 
charge  of  restorations  at  the  cathedrals  of  Salisbury, 
Canterbury,  Lincoln,  and  Chichester.  His  reconstruction 
of  the  Church  of  St.  Mary  Overie  in  London  is  especially 
notable. 

Blomfield  (blum'feld),  Reginald.  Born  Dec. 
20,  1856.  An  English  architect  and  writer,  a 
nephew  of  Sir  Arthur  Blomfield.  His  practice  is 
mainly  confined  to  residential  architecture  and  gardens. 
Among  his  published  works  are  “The  Formal  Garden  in 
England  ” (1892),  “ History  of  Renaissance  Architecture  in 
England”  (1897),  “Studies  in  Architecture”  (1906),  and 
numerous  contributions  to  architectural  periodicals. 

Blondel  (blon-del'),  Jacques  Francois.  Born 
at  Rouen,  France,  Jan.  8,  1705:  died  Jan.  9, 
1774.  A noted  French  architect.  He  executed 

several  important  works  in  Paris  and  in  1773  designed  an 
extensive  scheme  of  reconstruction  in  the  city  of  Metz, 
according  to  which  were  built  the  Hotel  de  Ville  (1765), 
the  Place  d’Annes,  and  the  portal  of  the  cathedral  (1771). 
He  also  designed  similar  improvements  in  Strasburg.  In 
1739  he  opened  an  architectural  school  in  Paris,  which  was 
merged  in  1756  with  the  Acadeinie  d’ Architecture,  in 
which  he  became  professor.  Heisbe6t  known  from  his 
books  “ De  la  distribution  des  maisons  de  plaisance” 
(1737-38),  “Architecture franoaise ” (the  “Grand  Blondel.” 
1752-56),  and  “ Cours  d’architecture  civile,”  continued  by 
Patte  (the  “Petit  Blondel,”  1771-77). 

Blondlot  (blond-lo'),  Prosper  Rene.  Born  at 
Nancy,  France,  July  3,  1849.  A French  physi- 
cist, appointed  adjunct  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Nancy  in  1886  and  full  professor  in 
that  institution  in  1896.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
treatise  on  static  electricity  (“  Introduction  a letude  de 


l'electricite  statique  " : 1885),  of  a volume  on  thermody- 
namics (“  Introduction  kl’etude  delathermodynamique”  : 
1888),  and  also  of  numerous  papers  on  physics  and  par- 
ticularly on  electric  waves.  Blondlot’s  announcement  in 
March,  1903,  of  the  discovery  of  a new  type  of  obscure  rays, 
which  he  named  N-rays,  after  his  birthplace  Nancy,  at- 
tracted wide  attention  and  his  observations  have  since 
been  a subject  of  lively  discussion  among  physicists. 
Blood  (blud),  Sir  Bindon.  Born  Nov.  7,  1842. 
A British  lieutenant-general,  commander  of 
the  forces  in  the  Panjab  ( northern  command, 
India).  He  served  in  the  Jowaki  expedition  (1877-78), 
the  Zulu  war  (1879),  the  Afghan  war  (1880),  the  campaign 
in  Egypt  (1882),  and  the  relief  of  Chitral  (1895) ; was  com- 
mander of  the  Malakand  field  force  and  the  Buner  field 
force  (1897-98) ; was  lieutenant-general  in  command  of 
the  troops  in  the  eastern  Transvaal  in  1901 ; and  retired  in 
1907. 

Bloomfield  (blom'feld).  A town  in  Essex 
County,  New  Jersey,  11  miles  northwest  of 
New  York.  It  has  manufactures  of  paper, 
silks,  woolen  goods,  pins,  electric  elevators, 
brake-shoes,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  a German 
Theological  School.  Population,  15,070,  (1910). 
Bloomfield  (blom ' feld),  Maurice.  Born  at 
Bielitz,  Austria,  Feb.  23,  1855.  An  American 
scholar,  professor  of  Sanskrit  and  comparative 
philology  in  Johns  Hopkins  University.  He  was 
graduated  at  Herman  University,  Granville,  S.  C.,  in  1877. 
He  has  edited  the  Kangika-Sutra  from  the  original  manu- 
scripts (1890),  translated  the  hymns  of  the  Atharvaveda 
(in  Max  Muller’s  “Sacred  Books  of  the  East”),  and  edited, 
with  Professor  Garbe  of  Tubingen,  the  Kashmirian  Paip- 
paladaveda  (1901).  Among  his  other  publications  are  “ The 
Atharva- Veda  and  the  Gopatha-Brahmana ” (1899),  “Cer- 
berus the  Dog  of  Hades"  (1905),  a concordance  of  the  en- 
tire literature  of  the  Veda  (1907),  and  numerous  technical 
articles. 

Bloomfield-Zeisler  (blom'feld-zis'ler),  Fanny. 
Born  at  Bielitz,  Austria,  July  16,  1866.  Au 
American  pianist.  After  studying  in  Chicago,  whi- 
ther she  went  with  her  parents  in  1868,  she  became  a pu- 
pil of  Leschetitzky  (1878-83)  in  Vienna,  where  she  ap- 
peared in  concerts.  She  made  an  extensive  concert  tour 
in  Europe  in  1893,  and  has  since  played  in  the  United 
States,  England,  and  Germany. 

Bloomington  (blom'ing-ton).  The  county- 
seat  of  Monroe  County,  Indiana,  46  miles 
southwest  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  extensive 
quarrying  interests,  chiefly  in  limestone,  and 
manufactures  of  furniture,  woolen  goods,  lea- 
ther, etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  Indiana  Univer- 
sity (which  see).  Population,  8,838,  (1910). 
Bloomsburg  (blomz'berg).  The  county-seat 
of  Columbia  County,  Pennsylvania,  35  miles 
southwest  of  Wilkes-Barre.  It  has  iron- 
foundries,  car-works,  and  manufactories  of 
silks,  carpets,  woolen  goods,  carriages,  etc., 
and  is  the  seat  of  the  Bloomsburg  State  Nor- 
mal School.  Population,  7,413,  (1910). 
Bluefield  (blo'feld).  A city  in  Mercer  County, 
West  Virginia,  about  70  miles  west  of  Roan- 
oke. ‘ It  has  coal-mining  interests,  and  con- 
tains a State  normal  school  for  negroes. 
Population,  11,188,  (1910). 

Blue  Hill  Meteorological  Observatory.  A 
meteorological  observatory  at  Hyde  Park, 
Massachusetts,  founded  by  Abbott  Lawrence 
Roteh  (died  1912)  in  1885  and  directed  by  him. 
Blue  Island  (bio  i'land).  A village  in  Cook 
County,  Illinois,  10  miles  southwest  of  Chica- 
go. It  is  important  as  a railroad  and  com- 
mercial center,  and  has  stone-quarries,  brick- 
yards, smelting-works,  etc.  Population,  8,043, 
(1910). 

Blue  Mountains*.  3.  These  include  all  the  moun- 

tains  of  northeastern  Oregon,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Wallowa  Mountains,  and  extend  into  Washington.  U.  S. 
Geog.  Board,  1907. 

Blue  Ridge*.  According  to  the  U.  S.  Geog. 
Board  (1907),  this  includes  the  ridge  extend- 
ing from  a few  miles  north  of  Harper’s  Ferry 
to  northern  Georgia. 

Blumenthal  (blo'men-tal),  Oskar.  Born  at 
Berlin,  March  13,  1852.  A German  dramatist. 

He  founded  the  Lessing  Theater  in  Berlin  in  1888  and  con- 
ducted it  until  1897.  His  works  include  a large  number 
of  comedies,  many  of  which  have  been  successful.  Among 
the  best  known  are  “Die  grosse  Glocke,”  “Der  schwarze 
Schleier,”  “ Ein  Tropfen  Gift,”  “Als  ich  wiederkam  ” (with 
Kadelburg). 

Boac(bo'ak).  1.  A municipality  of  Marinduque 
island  in  Tayabas  province  in  the  southern 
part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized 
population,  15,823. — 2.  The  capital  of  Marin- 
duque subprovince,  situated  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Marinduque,  in  lat. 
13°  27'  N.,  long.  121°  49'  E. 

Boas  (bo'as),  Franz.  Born  at  Minden,  West- 
phalia, July  9,  1858.  A German-American 
anthropologist  and  philologist,  professor  of 
anthropology  in  Columbia  University  from 
1898.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of  Heidelberg, 
Bonn,  and  Kiel;  visited  the  United  States  1884-85;  was 
assistant  at  the  Royal  Ethnographical  Museum,  Berlin, 


Bolivia 

and  docent  at  the  University  1885-86;  was  instructor  in 
anthropology  at  Clark  University  1888-92  ; and  was  assist- 
ant curator  (later  curator)  of  the  anthropological  collec- 
tion of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York,  1896-1905.  He  has  published  many  papers  upon 
the  Eskimo  and  other  northern  tribes,  and  has  issued 
Chinook  texts,  etc. 

Bode  (bo'de),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Calvorde, 
Brunswick,  Germany,  Dec.  10,  1845.  A noted 
German  critic  and  historian  of  art,  director  of 
the  Kaiser  Friedrich  Museum  in  Berlin . Among 
his  publications  are  “ Geschichte  der  deutschen  Plastik 
(1887  and  1893),  “ Italienische  Bildhauer  der  Renaissance  ” 
(1887),  “Florentiner  Bildhauer  der  Renaissance”  (1902), 

“ Denkmaler  der  Renaisssance-skulpturToscanas  ” (1892-), 
“Rembrandt”  (1897-1900),  etc. 

Bceckh  (bech),  Richard.  Born  at  Berlin, 
March  28,  1824  : died  at  Grunewald,  near  Ber- 
lin, Dec.  6,  1907.  A noted  German  statistician, 
professor  of  statistics  (1852-92)  and  director 
of  the  city  statistical  department  (1875-92)  in 
Berlin.  He  edited  the  Berlin  “ Jahrbuch  ” and 
published  numerous  technical  works  and  pa- 
pers. 

Boehm  von  Bawerk  (bem  fon  ba'verk),  Eugen. 
Born  at  Briinn,  Austria,  Feb.  12,  1851.  An 
Austrian  political  economist,  professor  in  the 
University  of  Vienna,  in  1884  he  was  appointed 
professor  at  Innsbruck  ; in  1889  entered  the  ministry  of 
finance  in  Vienna  ; and  for  a short  time  in  1895,  from  No- 
vember, 1897,  to  March,  1898,  and  again,  1900-04,  was 
minister  of  finance.  He  has  published  “Kapital  und 
Kapitalzins  ” (1884-89),  “ Einige  strittige  Fragen  der  Kapi- 
talstheorie”  (1900),  etc. 

Boellmann  (bo-el-man'),  Leon.  Born  at 
Ensisheim,  Alsace,  Sept.  25,  1862 : died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  11,  1897.  A French  composer, 
organist  at  the  church  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul, 
Paris.  As  a composer  he  is  best  known  by 
his  “Symphonic  Variations”  for  cello  and 
orchestra,  but  he  also  wrote  many  other  com- 
positions for  organ,  orchestra,  piano,  and 
strings. 

Bogert  (bo'gert),  Marston  Taylor.  Born  at 
Flushing,  N.  Y.,  April  18,  1868.  An  American 
chemist,  professor  of  chemistry  in  Columbia 
University  from  1904.  He  was  adjunct  pro- 
fessor there  1901-04.  He  has  published  papers 
upon  various  topics  in  organic  chemistry. 
Bogoslof  (bo'gos-lof)  Island.  A small  vol- 
canic island  in  the  Aleutian  group  (Alaska-!, 
northwest  of  Unalaska,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long. 
168°  W.  The  Bogoslol  volcano  was  discovered  by  the 
Russian  admiral  Bogoslof  in  1790.  A second  island,  21 
miles  distant,  appeared  in  the  winter  of  1886-87  and  be- 
came connected  with  the  original  island.  Since  then 
various  changes  have  occurred,  new  peaks  having  ap- 
peared and  disappeared. 

Boh&me,  La.  An  opera  by  Giacomo  Puccini 
(words,  from  Henri  Murger’s  “ Scenes  de  la  vie 
de  Boheme,”  by  Giacosa  and  Illica),  first  pro- 
duced at  Turin  in  1897. 

Bohol  (bo-bol').  A province  of  the  Philip- 
pines, situated  between  Cebu  and  Leyte,  and 
consisting  of  numerous  islands,  the  largest  of 
which  is  Bohol.  Most  of  the  rivers  are  unimportant 
for  navigation.  A few  are  navigable  by  boats  of  light 
draft  for  distances  of  from  3 to  12  miles.  The  population 
is  chiefly  Visayan.  The  capital,  Tagbilaran,  is  in  Bohol, 
in  lat.  9°  38'  N.,  long.  123°  50”  E.,  on  the  strait  of  the  same 
name  which  separates  that  island  from  Panglao.  Area  of 
province,  1,511  square  miles.  Population,  269,223. 

Boissier  (bwa-sya')j  Marie  Louis  Gaston: 
known  as  Gaston.  Born  at  Nimes,  France, 
August  15,  1823:  died  at  Paris,  June  10,  1908. 
A French  classical  scholar,  historian,  and 
critic,  perpetual  secretary  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy from  1895.  He  became  professor  of  Latin  litera- 
ture in  the  College  de  France  in  1861.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  to  the  French  Academy,  succeeding  Patin,  and  in 
1886  to  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres. 
Among  his  works  are  “Ciceron  et  ses  amis"  (1865), 
“ L’Opposition  sous  les  C£sars”  (1875),  “La  religion  ro- 
maine  d’ Auguste  aux  Antonins  " (1874),  “Promenades 
archeologiques ” (1880),  “La  fin  du  paganisme"  (1891), 
“Saint  Simon”  (1892),  “L’Afrique  romaine”  (1895), 
“Tacite”  (1903),  “ La  conjuration  de  Catilina  ” (1905),  etc. 

Bolanden  (bo'lan-den),  Konrad  von.  The 

pseudonym  of  Joseph  Eduard  Konrad  Bischoff. 
Bolan  Pass.  2.  A district  in  northern  Balu- 
chistan, officially  known  as  Bolan  Pass  and 
Nushki  Railway  district,  administered  by  the 
political  agent  of  Khelat. 

Boldini  (bol-de'nf),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Fer- 
rara, Italy,  1845.’  An  Italian  painter.  He  was 

trained  at  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in  Florence,  and 
made  his  initial  success  in  London.  In  1872  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  Paris  and  has  produced  many  portraits 
and  easel  pictures.  He  is  a brilliant  colorist  and  tech* 
nician  of  the  school  of  Fortuny  and  Rico. 

Boldrewood  (bol'der-wud),  Rolf.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Thomas  Alexander  Browne. 
Bolivia*.  In  November,  1903,  the  republic  ceded  to 
Brazil  the  territory  of  the  Acre  for  $10,000,000.  In  March, 
1905,  a treaty  was  negotiated  between  Bolivia  and  Chile 
whereby  Chile  agreed  to  build  a railway  from  Arica  to 


Bolivia 

La  Paz  and  Bolivia  was  to  have  free  transit  to  the  Pacific 
ports.  The  question  of  the  boundary  with  Peru  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  president  of  the  Argentine  Republic  for 
arbitration  in  1908  and  settled  in  1909. 

Bolles  (bolz),  Albert  Sidney.  Born  at  Mont- 
ville,  Conn.,  March  8,  1846.  An  American 
lawyer  and  writer  on  finance.  He  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  mercantile  law  and  banking  in  the  Wharton 
School  of  Finance  and  Economy  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania ; chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Industrial  Statistics 
of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania ; and  editor  of  the  “Bankers' 
Magazine."  His  works  include  “A  Financial  History  of 
the  United  States  for  the  periods  1774-1789  " (1879),  “ 1789- 
1860”  (1883),  and  “ 1860-1885 " (1886),  “Practical  Bank- 
ing" (1884),  “Industrial  History  of  the  United  States” 
(1878),  “Conflict  Between  Labor  and  Capital"  (1876),  “ A 
History  of  Pennsylvania"  (1899),  “American  Finance" 
(1901),  etc. 

Boltwood  (bolt'wud),  Bertram  Borden.  Born 
at  Amherst,  Mass.,  July  27,  1870.  An  Amer- 
ican chemist,  professor  of  radiochemistry  in 
Yale  University  from  1910.  He  was  assistant 
professor  of  physics  there  1906-10.  He  has 
published  various  papers  on  radioactivity. 

Boltzmann  (boitz'man),  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Vienna,  Austria,  Feb.  20,  1844:  died  at  Duino, 
Sept.  5,  1906.  An  Austrian  physicist,  profes- 
sor of  physics  in  the  University  of  Vienna 
from  1902.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics  and 
physics  at  Gratz  in  1869,  of  mathematics  at  Vienna  in 

1873,  of  experimental  physics  at  Gratz  in  1876,  and  of 
physics  at  Munich  in  1890,  at  Vienna  in  1895,  and  at 
Leipsic  in  1900.  His  investigations  were  chiefly  in  ther- 
modynamics and  electricity.  Among  his  works  are 
“Vorlesungen  iiber  Maxwells  Theorie  der  Elektricitat 
und des Lichts ” (1891-93),  “Vorlesungen iiber Gastheorie " 
(1896-98),  “ Vorlesungen  iiber  die  Prinzipe  der  Mechanik  ” 
(1897 ; 2d  vol.,  1904),  and  “Populare  Schriften  " (1905). 

Bolyai  (bol'yo-i),  Farkas.  Born  at  Bolya, 
Hungary,  Feb.  9,  1775 : died  Nov.  20, 1856.  A 
Hungarian  mathematician,  professor  in  the 
Reformed  College  of  Maros-Vdsarhely  1802-49. 
His  chief  work  was  “ Tentamen  juventutem 
studiosam  in  elementa  matheseos  purs  intro- 
ducendi  ” (1832-33). 

Bolyai  (bol'yo-i),  Janos,  Born  at  Klausen- 
burg,  Hungary,  Dec.  15,  1802:  died  at  Maros- 
Vasarhely,  Jan.  27,  1860.  A distinguished 
Hungarian  mathematician,  son  of  Farkas 
Bolyai.  His  most  famous  work  is  an  appendix  to  the 
first  volume  of  the  “ Tentamen  " of  his  father,  entitled 
“ Appendix  scientiam  spatii  absolute  veram  exhibens,"  in 
which  he  develops  the  idea  of  a geometry  which  is  inde- 
pendent of  Euclid's  axiom  of  parallels. 

Bombon  (bom-bon'),  or  Taal  (ta-al'),  Lake. 
A lake  in  the  northern  part  of  Batangas  prov- 
ince, southwestern  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands, 
of  about  12  miles  mean  diameter,  it  discharges 
through  the  Pansipit  River  into  the  Gulf  of  Balayan,  a 
distance  of  about  6 miles.  The  northern  part  of  the  lake 
is  occupied  by  Taal  volcano. 

Bombonon  (bom-bo-non'),  Port.  A bay  and 
port  on  the  southern  coast  of  Negros  Island,  in 
the  Philippines.  It  is  safe  for  large  vessels  in 
all  weather. 

Bonaparte  (bo ' na  - part),  Charles  Joseph. 

Born  at  Baltimore,  June  9,  1851.  An  Amer- 
ican lawyer  and  cabinet  officer,  grandson  of 
JOrome  Bonaparte.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
University  in  1871  and  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  in 

1874.  He  has  been  prominent  in  reform  movements,  was 
secretary  of  the  navy  1905-06,  and  was  attorney-general 
1906-09. 

Bonci  (bon'che),  Alessandro.  Born  at  Ce- 
ssna, Forli,  about  1870.  An  Italian  tenor. 

Beginning  his  career  as  a church  singer,  he  made  his  oper- 
atic debut  at  Parma  as  Fenton  in  “ Falstatf.”  He  has  since 
sung  in  most  of  the  large  cities  of  the  world,  and  has  spent 
his  winters  in  America  since  the  fall  of  1906,  singing  in 
opera  and  concert.  His  principal  roles  include  Rodolfo 
“ La  Boheme  ”),  Ottavio  (“Don  Giovanni”),  the  Duke 
“Rigoletto  "),  and  Alfredo  (“  Lucia  di  Lammermoor  ”). 

Bond  (bond),  Sir  Edward  Augustus.  Born 
at  Hanwell,  England,  Dec.  31,  1815:  died  at 
Bayswater,  London,  Jan.  2,  1898.  Principal 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum  1878-88.  in 
1833  he  entered  the  Record  Office  as  an  assistant  and  was 
transferred  to  the  British  Museum  in  1838.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Sir  E.  Maunde  Thompson  he  founded  the 
Palseographical  Society  in  1873.  He  was  knighted  a few 
days  before  his  death. 

Bond  (bond),  Sir  Robert.  Born  at  St.  John’s, 
Newfoundland,  Feb.  25,  1857.  A Canadian 
Statesman.  He  was  elected  to  the  Newfoundland 
House  of  Assembly  in  1882  and  became  speaker  of  that 
body  in  1884,  was  colonial  secretary  1889-97,  and  was 
premier  and  colonial  secretary  of  Newfoundland  1900-09. 
In  1902  he  negotiated  the  Hay-Bond  treaty  in  the  interest 
of  reciprocal  trade  between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
He  was  knighted  in  1902. 

Boni  (bo'ni),  Giacomo.  Born  at  Venice,  April 
25,  1859.  An  Italian  architect  and  archaeolo- 
gist. Since  September,  1898,  he  has  had  charge  of  exca- 
vations in  the  Roman  Forum  by  which  the  conditions  of 
ancient  Roman  life  have  been  revealed  to  a remarkable 
extent.  He  has  also  superintended  the  reconstruction  of 
the  Campanile  at  Venice. 

Bonsai  (bon'sal),  Stephen.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  March  29,  1865.  An  American  journalist 


and  author.  He  was  special  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  “ Herald  ” in  the  Bulgarian-Servian  war  (1885),  in 
the  Macedonian  uprising  (1890),  in  the  Chino- Japanese  war 
(1895),  in  the  Cuban  insurrection  (1897),  in  the  Spanish- 
American  war  (1898),  with  the  China  relief  expedition 
(1900),  in  the  Philippine  Islands  (1901),  in  Venezuela  (1903), 
and  in  the  Balkans,  Albania,  Macedonia,  Montenegro,  etc. 
(1904).  He  was  in  the  diplomatic  service  of  the  Uuited 
States  as  secretary  of  legation  and  charge  d’affaires  in  Pe- 
king, Madrid,  Tokio,  and  Korea  1891-96.  He  is  the  author 
of  “ Morocco  as  it  is  " (1892),  “ The  Real  Condition  of  Cuba  ” 
(1897),  “ The  Fight  for  Santiago  ” (1899),  and  “ The  Golden 
Horseshoe  ” (1900). 

Boodle’s  (bo'cUz).  A London  club  established 
in  1762.  It  was  kept  by  one  Boodle,  and  was  a 
famous  resort  for  country  squires  and  masters 
of  foxhounds.  It  now  has  about  700  members, 
and  its  bouse  is  at  28  St.  James’s  street. 
Boone  (bon).  The  county-seat  of  Boone 
County,  Iowa,  36  miles  northwest  of  Des 
Moines.  It  has  machine-shops,  brick-  and  tile- 
works,  flour-mills,  tobacco  factories,  etc.  De- 
posits of  coal  and  potter’s  clay  are  found  in 
the  vicinity.  Population,  10,347,  (1910). 
Booth  (both),  Ballington.  Born  at  Brighouse, 
Yorkshire,  England,  July  28,  1859.  Founder 
(1896)  and  general-in-chief  of  the  Volunteers 
of  America : second  son  of  William  Booth. 
Booth  (both),  Charles.  Born  at  Liverpool, 
March  30,  1840.  An  English  statistician.  He 

was  president  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society  1892-94,  and 
in  1904  served  on  the  tariff  commission.  He  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  agitation  in  England  for  old  age  pen- 
sions, a subject  on  which  he  has  written  extensively.  His 
publications  include  “Life  and  Labour  of  the  People  in 
London  ” (1889-1903),  a standard  work  in  twelve  volumes, 
“Pauperism  and  Endowment  of  Old  Age"  (1892),  “The 
Aged  Poor,  Condition  " (1894),  and  “ Old  Age  Pensions  " 
(1899). 

Booth  (both),  Mrs.  (Maud  Charlesworth). 

Born  at  Limpsfield,  Surrey,  Sept.  13,  1865.  A 
writer  and  leader  of  the  Volunteer  prison  work : 
wife  of  Ballington  Booth,  president  of  the 
Volunteers  of  America.  She  has  written  “Branded," 
“Look  up  and  Hope,”  “After  Prison,  What?,”  “ Sleepy 
Time  Stories,”  etc. 

Booth,  William  Bramwell.  Born  at  Halifax, 
England,  March  8, 1856.  Eldest  son  of  William 
Booth,  whom  he  succeeded  as  head  of  the 
Salvation  Army  in  3 912. 

Booth-Tucker  (both'tuk'er),  Frederick  St. 
George  de  Lautour.  Born  at  Monghyr,  Ben- 
gal, March  21,  1853.  Commander  of  the  Sal- 
vation Army  in  the  United  States  1896-1905. 
He  married  Emma  Moss  Booth  (died  1903),  a daughter  of 
William  Booth,  and  prefixed  the  name  ‘Booth’  to  his  own. 
He  established  the  Salvation  Army  in  India  in  1882. 

Borchgrevink  (borch  ' gre-vingk),  Carsten 
Egeberg.  Bom  at  Christiania,  Norway,  1864. 
A Norwegian  antarctic  explorer.  He  emigrated 
to  Australia  in  1888  and  worked  there  for  several  years  as 
surveyor  and  teacher ; made  a voyage  to  the  antarctic 
seas  on  a whaler  in  1894  ; and  commanded  an  antarctic 
expedition  (in  the  Southern  Cross)  1898-1900,  attaining 
lat.  78°  50'  S.  (in  King  Edward  VII.  Land),  the  farthest 
then  reached.  He  also  determined  (approximately)  the 
position  of  the  south  magnetic  pole.  He  has  written 
“First  on  the  Antarctic  Continent:  an  Account  of  the 
British  Antarctic  Expedition  1898-1900"  (1901),  etc.  See 
Century  Atlas,  Map  31. 

Borden  (bor'den),  Robert  Laird.  Born  at 
Grand  Pre,  Nova  Scotia,  June  26,  1854.  A 
Canadian  lawyer  and  statesman,  premier  of 
Canada  from  1911.  He  was  member  of  Parliament 
for  Halifax  and  for  Carleton,  and  became  leader  of  the 
Conservative  party  in  the  House  of  Commons  in  1901. 

Borglum  (bor ' glum),  John  Gutzon  de  la 
Mothe.  Born  in  Nevada,  March  25, 1867.  An 
American  sculptor  and  painter.  He  was  educated 
at  the  school  of  the  Art  Association  in  San  Francisco  and 
at  the  Julien  Academy  and  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts  in 
Paris.  His  bronze  group,  “ The  Mares  of  Diomedes,”  won 
a gold  medal  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  in  1904 
and  has  been  secured  for  the  Metropolitan  Museum  in 
New  York  city. 

Boring  (bo'ring),  William  Alciphron.  Born 
at  Carlinviile,  111.,  Sept.  9,  1859.  An  American 
architect.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois,  Columbia  University,  and  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts, 
Paris.  He  built  the  University  of  Southern  California, 
the  United  States  Immigrant  Station  at  Ellis  Island,  the 
Jacob  Tome  Institute  at  Port  Deposit,  Maryland,  and  many 
other  public  buildings  in  various  parts  of  the  United 
States. 

Bornier  (bor-nya'),  Henri,  Vicomte  de.  Born 
at  Lunel,  H6rault,  France,  Dec.  25,  1825:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  29,  1901.  A French  poet  and 
dramatist.  He  succeeded  Xavier  Marmier  as  member 
of  the  French  Academy  in  1893.  Among  his  works  are 
“Les  premieres  feuilles,”  a volume  of  poems  (1848)  ; the 
plays  “Le  mariage  de  Luther”  (1845),  “ Dante  et  Beatrix” 
(1853),  “Le  mond  renvers6  ” (1853),  “Les  noces  d’Attila” 
(1879),  “La  Moab  ve”  (1880),  “ L’Apotre  ” (1881),  “Ma- 
homet ” (1890),  “ Le  fils  de  l’Ar^tin  ” (1895),  “ France 
d’abord  !”  (1899),  etc.  He  published  his  collected  verse, 
“ Po6sies  completes,”  in  1888. 

Borodin  (ho' 10-den),  Alexander  Porphyrie- 
vitch.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  12, 1834: 


Bottome 

died  there,  Feb.  27,  1887.  A Russian  com- 
poser, a member  of  the  young  national  school 
founded  by  Balakiref.  He  studied  medicine  and 
chemistry,  becoming  assistant  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  St.  Petersburg  in  1862,  but 
from  that  time  devoted  his  leisure  to  music.  He  composed 
three  symphonies  (the  third  unfinished),  string  quartets, 
piano-pieces  and  songs,  and  an  opera,  “ Prince  Igor  ’ (un- 
finished, but  completed  by  Rimsky-Korsakoff  and  Gla- 
zounof  and  published  in  1889). 

Bortniansky  (bort-nyan'ski),  Dimitri  Step- 
anovitch.  Born  at  Glucho,  Tchernigof,  Rus- 
sia, 1752 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  9,  1825. 
A Russian  composer,  pupil  of  the  Italian 
Galuppi.  He  was  director  of  the  imperial 
choir  and  composed  much  music  for  the  Rus- 
sian Church. 

Bosanquet  (bo'zan-get),  Bernard.  Born  at 
Alnwick,  England,  1848.  An  English  philo- 
sophical writer,  professor  of  moral  philosophy 
at  St.  Andrews  1903-08.  He  was  graduated  at  Ox- 
ford  and  was  lecturer  at  University  College  there  1871- 
1881.  Among  his  publications  are  “Logic,  or  Morphology 
of  Knowledge ” (1888),  “The  Philosophical  Theory  of  the 
State”  (1899),  and  a translation  of  Lotze's  “System  of 
Philosophy.  ’ 

Boss  (bos),  Lewis.  Bom  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
Oct.  26, 1846:  died  at  Albany,  N.Y.,  Oct.  5,  1912. 
An  American  astronomer.  He  was  director  of  the 
Dudley  Observatory,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  from  1876,  and  also  di- 
rector of  tlie  department  of  meridian  astronomy,  Carnegie 
Institution,  from  1906.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
College  in  1870;  was  astronomer  of  the  northern  boundary 
commission  1872-76;  and  was  chief  of  the  United  States 
government  expedition  sent  to  Chile  in  1882  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus.  He  published  “Declinations  of  Fixed 
Stars’’(1878),  “Catalogue  of  8,241  Stars”  (1890),  “Positions 
and  Motions  of  627  Principal  Standard  Stars  ’’  (1904),  “ Pre- 
liminary General  Catalogue  of  6,188  Stars”  (1910),  and 
numerous  scientific  papers.  He  was  awarded  the  gold 
medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of  London  in 
1905. 

Boston  Public  Library.  A building,  in  the 

Roman  Renaissance  style,  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  Copley  Square,  Boston,  it  was 

erected  1888-95,  at  a cost  of  $2,486,000,  from  the  designs  of 
the  architectural  firm  of  McKim,  Mead,  and  White.  It  is 
228  feet  long,  225  feet  wide,  and  68  feet  high  (to  the  cor- 
nice), and  incloses  an  open  court  136  feet  long  and  100 
feet  wide.  The  decorations  are  notable  and  include 
sculpture  by  MacMonnies  and  Augustus  and  Louis  Saint- 
Gaudens,  and  paint ings  by  Puvis  de  Chavannes,  Edwin 
A.  Abbey,  John  S.  Sargent,  and  others.  It  contains  over 
900,000  volumes  and  pamphlets.  Among  its  valuable 
collections  are  the  Tieknor  collection  of  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  books,  the  Barton  library  (containing 
Shaksperiana),  the  Prince  library  (MSS.  and  early 
New  England  books),  the  Barlow  library  (Americana), 
etc. 

Bostonians,  The.  A novel  by  Henry  James, 
published  in  1886. 

Bostwick  (bost'wik),  Arthur  Elmore.  Born 
at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  March  8, 1860.  An  Amer- 
ican scientific  writer,  librarian  of  the  St.  Louis 
Public  Library  from  1909.  He  was  librarian 
of  the  New  York  Free  Circulating  Library 
1895-99 ; of  the  Brooklyn  Public  Library  1899- 
1901 ; and  chief  of  the  department  of  circula- 
tion of  the  New  York  Public  Library  1901-09. 
Botha  (bo'tha),  Louis.  Born  at  Grevtown, 
Natal,  Sept.  27,  1862.  A noted  Boer  general 
and  statesman.  He  commanded  the  Boer  forces  at 
Colenso  (Dec.  15,  1899)  and  Spion  Kop  (Jan.  22-24,  1900), 
and  on  the  death  of  Joubert  became  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Boer  forces.  In  1907  he  became  the  first  prime 
minister  of  the  Transvaal  Colony,  and  in  1910  premier  of 
the  Union  of  South  Africa. 

Botta  (bot'ta),  Mrs.  (Anne  Charlotte 
Lynch).  Born  at  Bennington,  Vt.,  1820;  died 
at  New  York,  March  23,  1891.  An  American 
writer.  Ill  1855  she  married  Vincenzo  Botta,  and  their 
house  in  New  York  city  became  a literary  center.  She 
wrote  “Leaves  from  the  Diary  of  a Recluse”  (1845), 
“ Poems  ” (1848),  etc. 

Botta  (bot'ta),  Vincenzo.  Born  at  Caval- 
lermaggiore,  Italy,  Nov.  11, 1818;  died  at  New 
York,  Oct.  5,  1894.  An  Italian-American 
educator.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Turin  and  neld  the  post  of  professor  of  philosophy  there. 
In  1849  he  was  elected  to  the  Sardinian  parliament. 
For  more  than  thirty  years  he  was  professor  of  the  Italian 
language  and  literature  in  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York  (now  New  York  University).  He  wrote  “ Dis- 
course on  the  Life,  Character,  and  Policy  of  favour” 
(1862),  “ Dante  as  Philosopher,  Patriot,  and  Poet  ” (1865), 
etc. 

Botticher  (bet'i-cher),  Karl.  Born  at  Nord- 
hausen,  Germany,  May  29,  1806:  died  at 
Berlin,  June  21,  1889.  A German  archae- 
ologist, assistant  director  of  the  sculpture 
gallery  of  the  Berlin  Museum  1854-68,  and 
director  1868-76.  His  chief  work,  “Tektonik 
der  Hellenen”  (1844-52),  was  an  important 
contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  Greek 
architecture. 

Bottome  (bo-tom'),  Mrs.  (Margaret 
McDonald).  Born  at  New  York,  Dec.  29, 
1827  : died  Nov.  14,  1906.  An  American  writer. 


Bottome 

founder  and  president  of  the  international 
order  of  the  Eng’s  Daughters  and  Sons,  she 
was  an  editor  of  the  “Ladies'  Home  Journal,’’  and  con- 
tributed many  articles  to  religious  and  other  papers. 
Among  her  publications  are  “Crumbs  from  the  King's 
Table,"  “ A Sunshine  Trip  to  the  Orient,’’  “Heart  to  Heart 
Letters,"  etc. 

Boulger  (bul'jer),  Demetrius  Charles.  Born 
at  London,  July  14,  1853.  An  English 
historian  and  writer  on  Asiatic  affairs.  In  1885, 
with  Sir  Lepel  Griffin,  he  founded  the  “ Asiatic  Quarterly 
Review,"  of  which  he  was  editor  for  several  years.  His 
works  include  “England  and  Russia  in  Central  Asia" 
(1879),  “Central  Asian  Portraits  "(1880),“  History  of  China  ” 
(1881),  “Central  Asian  Questions”  (1885),  “The  Story  of 
India  ” (1897),  “The  Congo  State”  (1898),  “India  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century  ” (1901),  “ History  of  Belgium  " (1902), 
“Belgian  Life  in  Town  and  Country"  (1904),  “Life  of  Sir 
Halliday  Macartney  ’’  (1908),  etc. 

Boulle,  or  Boule  (hoi),  Charles  Andre.  Born 
at  Paris,  Nov.  11,  1642:  died  there,  Feb.  29, 
1732.  The  leading  member  of  a large  family 
of  French  cabinet-makers.  He  learned  his  trade 
from  his  father,  Jean  Boulle,  and  in  1872  was  granted 
quarters  in  the  Louvre  palace,  where  he  built  up  an  estab- 
lishment for  the  manufacture  of  flue  furniture  and  inlaid 
work,  which  in  1720  was  destroyed  by  fire.  He  was  a 
protege  of  Louis  XIV.,  for  whom  his  best  Work  was  done. 
His  characteristic  effects  are  secured  by  inlaying  metals, 
tortoise-shell,  mother-of-pearl,  and  other  colored  ma- 
terials on  ebony  or  ebonized  wood.  Modern  boule  is  an 
imitation  of  this.  Erroneously,  Buhl. 

Bourdillon  (bor'di-lon),  Francis  William. 

Born  March  22,  1852.  An  English  poet.  He 

has  written  “Among  the  Flowers,  and  Other  Poems" 
(1878),  “ Ailes  d’Alouette"  (1890),  “A  Lost  God"  (1891), 
“Sursum  Corda”  (1893),  “Nephel6"  (1890),  “Mimiscula" 
(1897),  “Preludes  and  Romances"  (1908),  etc.;  and  has 
edited  and  translated  “ Aucassin  and  Nicolette  " (1887). 

Bourgeois  (bor-zhwa'),  Leon  Victor  Auguste. 

Born  at  Paris,  May  21,  1851.  A French 
statesman.  He  was  deputy  for  Marne  in  1888 ; was 
under-secretary  of  state  in  the  ministry  of  the  interior 
1888-89 ; was  elected  deputy  for  ltheims  in  1889 ; was 
minister  of  the  interior  1890,  of  public  instruction  1890- 
1892  and  1898,  and  of  justice  1892  ; was  premier  1895-90  ; 
was  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1902-03  ; was 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  March-Oct.,  1906;  and  was 
minister  of  labor,  Jan.,  1912-  In  politics  he  is  Repub- 
lican Radical.  He  was  delegate  to  the  Hague  Peace  Con- 
ference in  1899  and  in  1907.  His  works  include  “ Des 
travaux  publics  communaux”  (1877),  “Les  chemins  de  fer 
economiques  h voie  etroite  et  les  accotementa  ” (1878). 

Bourne  (horn),  Edward  Gaylord.  Born  at 
Strykersville,  N.  Y.,  June  24,  1860 : died  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  24,  1908.  An  Ameri- 
can historian  and  educator,  professor  of  his- 
tory in  Yale  University  from  1895.  He  was 

graduated  at  Yale  University  in  1883  and  was  professor  of 
history  at  Adelbert  College  1890-95.  His  works  include 
“The  History  of  the  Surplus  Revenue  of  1837"  (1885), 
“Essays  iu  Historical  Criticism”  (1901),  a historical  in- 
troduction to  “The  Philippine  Islands"  (1903),  “Spain  in 
America”  (1904),  “Discovery,  Conquest,  and  Early  His- 
tory of  the  Philippine  Islands"  (1907),  “Travels  of  Jona- 
than Carver  " (1907),  editions  of  the  narratives  of  the  explo- 
rations of  He  Soto,  of  Champlain,  and  of  Columbus,  etc. 

Boutet  de  Monvel  (bo-ta'  de  mon-vel'),  Louis 
Maurice.  Born  at  Orleans,  France,  1851.  A 
French  painter  and  illustrator.  He  first  exhibited 
in  the  Salon  in  1874.  Between  1876  and  1880  he  made 
several  visits  to  Algeria,  and  he  has  painted  numerous 
portraits  and  Algerian  subjects,  but  is  best  known  as  an 
illustrator.  His  colored  drawings  ior  books,  especially 
those  for  children,  have  a peculiar  simplicity  and  naivete. 

Bowditch  (bou'dich),  Henry  Pickering. 

Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  April  4,  1840:  died  at 
Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.,  March  13,  1911.  An 
American  physiologist,  professor  in  the  Medi- 
cal School  of  Harvard  University  1871-1906. 
He  made  numerous  contributions  to  the  science 
of  physiology. 

Bowdler  (bod'ler),  Thomas.  Born  at  Ashley, 
near  Bath,  July  11,  1754 : died  at  Rhyddings, 
near  Swansea,  Wales,  Feb.  24,  1825.  An 
English  editor  of  Shakspere.  He  published  “The 
Family  Shakespeare  ” (1818),  and  his  method  of  expur- 
gating the  text  gave  rise  to  the  term  bowdlerize.  He  pre- 
pared, on  similar  lines,  an  edition  of  Gibbon’s  “History  " 
(completed  1825  and  published  1826). 

Bowles  (bolz),  Francis  Tiffany.  Born  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  7,  1858.  An  Ameri- 
can naval  officer,  chief  constructor  of  the 
United  States  navy,  with  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral,  1901-03.  He  was  graduated  from  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1879,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
construction  of  the  new  navy  of  the  United  States  from 
its  foundation.  In  1903  he  resigned  from  the  navy  to 
engage  in  private  ship-building. 

Bowling  Green  (bo'ling  gren).  The  county- 
seat  of  Wood  County,  Ohio,  20  miles  southwest 
of  Toledo.  It  is  the  center  of  a great  oil-region, 
and  has  foundries,  canneries,  cut-glass  works, 
etc.  Population,  5,222,  (1910). 

Bowman  (bo'man),  Sir  William.  Born  at 
Nantwich,  England,  July  20,  1816:  died  near 
Dorking,  March  29,  1892.  An  English  surgeon, 
noted  especially  for  his  work  in  ophthalmology 
and  for  his  investigations  relating  to  the 


mucous  membranes,  muscular  fiber,  and  the 
structure  of  the  kidney. 

Bowne  (boun),  Borden  Parker.  Born  at 
Leonardville,  N.  J.,  Jan.  14,  1847:  died  April 
1,  1910.  An  American  educator  and  author. 
He  studied  at  Halle,  Baris,  and  Gottingen,  and  from  1876 
was  professor  of  philosophy  and  dean  of  the  Graduate 
School  of  Arts  and  Sciencesin  Boston  University.  He  made 
a tour  of  the  world  1905-06,  lecturing  in  India,  China,  and 
Japan.  Among  his  philosophical  and  religious  works  are 
“ The  Philosophy  of  Herbert  Spencer  " (1874),  “ The  Phi- 
losophy of  Theism  " (1888),  “ The  Theory  of  Thought  and 
Knowledge  ” (1897),  and  “ The  Essence  of  Religion  ” (1910). 
Boyne  City  (boin  sit'i).  A city  in  Charlevoix 
County,  Michigan,  incorporated  in  1907.  Its 
chief  industries  are  lumbering  and  manufac- 
turing. Population,  5,218,  (1910). 

Boys’  Brigade.  A boys’  organization,  estab- 
lished in  1883  by  W.  A.  Smith  of  Glasgow,  the 
aim  of  which  is  “the  promotion  of  all  that  tends 
towards  a true  Christian  manliness.”  The  boys 
are  trained  largely  by  means  of  military  drill  and  disci- 
pline, and  companies  are  formed  in  connection  with  re- 
ligious organizations.  The  membership  in  the  United 
Kingdom  is  65,000,  and  the  total  strength  of  the  brigade, 
including  the  members  in  the  United  States,  is  about 
110,000. 

Boy  Scouts.  A movement  initiated  and  organ- 
ized in  1908  by  Lieutenant-General  Sir  Robert 
Baden-Poweli.  Its  object  is  officially  stated  as  being 
“to  help  the  boys  of  whatever  class  to  become  ‘ all-round  ’ 
men,  to  give  them  ‘character,’  and  to  make  them  capable 
of  looking  after  themselves  in  whatever  circumstances 
they  are  placed.”  Education  is  given  in  groups  under 
leaders  and  the  administration  is  based  on  decentraliza- 
tion of  authority  and  responsibility.  Among  the  subjects 
taken  up  are  ambulance  service,  woodcraft,  seamanship, 
marksmanship,  and  scoutcraft.  The  movement  is  spread- 
ing throughout  the  British  dominions.  The  headquarters 
are  in  London. 

Boy  Scouts  of  America,  A movement  which 
grew,  with  the  aid  of  many  workers,  out  of  the 
organization  known  as  the  “Woodcraft  Indian 
Scouts”  (which  see  in  supplement).  Its  object 
is  the  formation  of  manly  character.  It  is  diametrically 
opposed  to  military  ideas  and  methods,  its  object  being 
brotherhood  and  good  citizenship.  It  has  a following  of 
about  500,000.  The  national  headquarters  are  in  New 
York,  and  it  has  a national  council.  The  chief  scout  is 
Ernest  Thompson  Seton. 

Bozema.n  (boz'man).  The  county-seat  of  Gal- 
latin County,  Montana,  80  miles  southeast  of 
Helena.  It  is  in  a mountainous  region,  and  situated  at 
an  altitude  of  4, 750  feet.  It  has  flour- and  lumber-mills,  and 
gold,  silver,  coal,  lead,  onyx,  iron,  and  copper  are  found  in 
the  neighborhood.  The  State  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts  is  at  Bozeman.  Population,  5,107,  (1910). 

Bracquemond  (brak-mon'),  Felix  Joseph 
Auguste.  Born  at  Paris,  May  22,  1833.  A 
French  painter,  etcher,  ceramist,  and  orna- 
menter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Joseph  Guichard,  who  was  a 
pupil  of  Ingres.  He  exhibited  first  in  the  Salon  of  1852. 
His  chief  successes  have  been  in  etching. 

Braddock  (brad'ok).  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  named  in  memory  of 
General  Braddock,  who  was  killed  in  the  vicin- 
ity iu  1755.  It  has  manufactures  of  steel  and  of  other 
articles  used  in  the  construction  of  railroads  and  railroad 
cars.  Population,  19,357,  (1910). 

Bradford  (brad'ford),  Gamaliel.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  15, 1831 : died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Aug.  20,  1911.  An  American  banker 
and  publicist.  He  was  the  author  of  “The 
Lesson  of  Popular  Government”  (1898),  etc. 
Bradley  (brad'li),  Arthur  Granville.  Born 
Nov.  11,  1850.  An  English  historian  and 
writer.  Among  his  publications  are  a “Life  of 'Wolfe  ” 
(1895),  “Highways  and  Byways  of  North  Wales”  (1898), 
“ Highways  and  Byways  of  the  English  Lake  District  ” 
(1901),  “ Owen  Glyndwr”  (1901),  “Highways  and  Byways 
of  South  W ales  "( 1903),  “Marches  of  South  Wales  ” (1905), 
“The  Romance  of  Northumberland  ” (1908),  etc. 
Bradley  (brad'li),  Henry.  Born  at  Manches- 
ter, England,  Dec.  3,  1845.  An  English  histo- 
rian and  philologist.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  and 
Heidelberg,  and  was  employed  as  a clerk  and  foreign  cor- 
respondent at  Sheffield  until  1884,  when  he  removed  to 
London.  He  was  president  of  the  Philological  Society 
1891-93  and  1900-03.  In  1889  he  became  joint  editor  with 
Dr.  Murray  of  “The  Oxford  English  Dictionary.”  His  pub- 
lications include  “ The  Story  of  the  Goths  " (1888),  “The 
Making  of  English  ” (1904),  etc.  He  was  made  fellow  of 
the  British  Academy  in  1907. 

Bradley  (brad'li),  Joseph  P.  Born  in  Borne, 
N.  Y.,  March  14,  1813:  died  in  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Jan.  22,  1892.  An  eminent  American 
jurist,  appointed  an  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1870.  He 
was  a member  of  the  Electoral  Commission  in 
1877. 

Brady  (bra'di),  Cyrus  Townsend.  Born  at 
Allegheny,  Pa.,  Dec.  20,  1861.  An  American 
clergyman  and  author,  lie  was  graduated  from  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1883;  was  ordained 
priest  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  1890 ; was 
archdeacon  of  Kansas  1892-95,  and  of  Pennsylvania  1895- 
1899 ; was  rector  at  Overbrook,  Philadelphia,  in  1899 ; 
of  Trinity  Church,  Toledo,  Ohio,  1905-09 ; and  of  St. 


Brazil 

George’s  Church,  Kansas  City,  1909- ; and  served  as  chaplain 
of  the  First  Pennsylvania  Volunteers  during  the  Spanish- 
Ainerican  war.  He  has  written  “Recollections  of  a 
Missionary  in  the  Great  West  ’’  (1900),  “ American  Fights 
and  Fighters  Series,"  and  many  volumes  of  fiction  and 
biography. 

Braga  (bra'ga),Theophilo.  Born  in  the  Azores, 
Feb.  24,  1843.  President  of  Portugal  1910-11. 
He  has  written  “The  History  of  Portuguese 
Literature,”  etc. 

Brahmaputra*.  In  1908  Dr.  Sven  Hedin  an- 
nounced that  he  had  determined  in  Tibet  the 
true  sources  of  the  river  Brahmaputra. 
Brainard  (bra'nard),  David  Legge.  Born  in 
Norway,  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  21, 
1856.  An  American  arctic  explorer.  He  enlisted 

in  the  United  States  army  in  1876  and  was  promoted  ser- 
geant; fought  in  the  Indian  campaigns  of  1877-78  under 
General  Miles  ; and  was  a member  of  Greely’s  expedition 
to  Lady  Franklin  Bay  1881-84.  With  Lieutenant  J.  B. 
Lockwood  he  reached  lat.  83°  24'  N.,  the  highest  then 
attained,  in  May,  1882,  and  in  1883  explored  Grinnell  Land 
and  the  northwestern  coast  of  Greenland  with  him.  In 
1886  he  was  commissioned  second  lieutenant  in  the  United 
States  army  “for  distinguished  and  meritorious  services 
in  connection  with  the  Arctic  Expedition  1881-1884,” 
and  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Subsistence 
Department  in  1905. 

Brainerd  (bra'nerd).  The  county-seat  of  Crow 
Wing  County,  Minnesota.  It  is  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  about  105  miles  southwest  of  Du- 
luth, aud  has  foundries,  railroad  shops,  lum- 
ber-yards, itour-mills,  cigar  factories,  etc. 
Population,  8,526,  (1910). 

Brampton,  Baron.  See  * Hawkins,  Sir  Henry. 
Brand  (brand),  Sir  Henry  Bouverie  William, 
first  Viscount  Hampden  and  twenty-third 
Baron  Dacre.  Born  Dec.  24,  1814:  died  at 
Pau,  France,  March  14,  1892.  An  English 
Statesman.  He  was  Liberal  member  for  Lewes  1852-68, 
and  for  Cambridgeshire  1868-84 ; was  parliamentary  secre- 
tary to  the  treasury  1859-66 ; and  was  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  1872-84.  He  was  knighted  in  1881, 
created  Viscount  Hampden  of  Glynde  in  1884,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  of  Lord  Dacre  in  1890. 

Brandis  (bran'dis),  Sir  Dietrich.  Born  at 
Bonn,  March  31,  1824:  died  there,  May  28, 
1907.  An  eminent  German  botanist  and 
authority  on  forestry.  In  1856  he  went  to  India  and 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  teak  forests  of  Burma,  and  in 
1864  was  appointed  the  first  inspector-general  of  the 
forests  of  India.  He  retired  to  Bonn  in  1883.  Knighted 
in  1887. 

Brandon  (bran'don).  A manufacturing  city, 
the  capital  of  Brandon  County,  Manitoba.  It 
has  an  industrial  school  for  Indians.  Popula- 
tion, 13,839,  (1911). 

Brangvfyn  (brang'win),  William  Francis. 

Born  of  Welsh  parents  at  Bruges,  Belgium, 
1867.  A British  painter,  etcher,  and  decorator. 
He  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  London  as  early 
as  1880,  and  at  the  Chicago  Exposition  in  1893  won  a medal 
with  his  picture  “The  Convict  Ship.”  His  etchings  are 
printed  in  small  editions  and  are  highly  valued  by  con- 
noisseurs. Among  his  most  notable  decorations  are  a 
series  in  the  great  hall  of  the  Skinners'  Company  and 
a wall  picture  at  Lloyd’s  Registry. 

Branner  (bran'er),  John  Casper.  Born  at 
Newmarket,  Tenn.,  July  4,  1850.  An  Ameri- 
can geologist,  professor  in  Leland  Stanford 
University  from  1891,  and  vice-president  since 
1899.  He  was  graduated  at  Cornell  University  in  1874 ; 
was  geologist  of  the  Imperial  Geological  Commission  of 
Brazil  1875-77,  and  agent  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  in  Brazil  1882-83 ; was  connected 
with  the  geological  survey  of  Pennsylvania  1883-85 ; was 
professor  of  geology  in  the  University  of  Indiana  1885-91 ; 
was  State  geologist  of  Arkansas  1887-93 ; and  conducted 
an  expedition  to  Brazil  in  1899.  He  has  published  nu- 
merous scientific  reports  and  papers. 

Brassey*,  Thomas.  He  was  president  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Naval  Architects  1893-95;  and  was  governor  of 
Victoria  1895-1900.  He  was  the  founder  and  first  editor 
of  the  “ Naval  Annual."  Among  his  works  are  “ British 
Navy”  (1881),  “Sixty  Years  of  Progress,  and  the  New 
Fiscal  Policy  ” (1904),  etc.  He  was  created  an  earl  in  1911. 

Braun  (broun),  Karl  Ferdinand.  Born  at 
Fulda,  Germany,  June  6,  1850.  A German 
physicist.  He  studied  mathematics  and  the  natural 
sciences  at  Marburg  and  Berlin,  aud  after  occupying  chairs 
at  various  German  universities  became  professor  of  physics 
and  director  of  the  Physical  Institute  at  Strasburg  in  1895. 
He  has  investigated  the  elasticity  of  matter  and  the  re- 
lation between  chemical  energy  and  electricity,  and  has 
made  improvements  in  the  use  of  the  cathode  rays.  In 
1901  he  published  “ Drahtlose  Telegraphie  durch  Wasser 
und  Luft”  (“Wireless  Telegraphy  through  Water  and 
Air”),  and  in  1909,  together  with  Marconi,  was  awarded 
the  Nobel  prize  for  physics. 

Brazil*.  The  republic  contains 20  states : Alagoas,  Ama- 
zonas, Bahia,  Cearn,  Espirito  Santo,  Goyaz,  Maranhiio, 
Matto  Grosso,  Minas  Geraes,  Pant,  Parahyba  do  Norte, 
Parana,  Pernambuco,  Piauhy,  Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Santa  Catharina,  Sao  Paulo, 
and  Sergipe  ; one  national  territory,  known  as  the  Acre 
country,  and  acquired  from  Bolivia  by  treaty  in  Novem- 
ber, 1903,  in  consideration  of  $10,000,000 ; and  the  federal 
district.  A national  exposition  was  held  at  Rio  de  Janeiro 
in  1908.  In  April,  1907,  a boundary  treaty  was  signed 
with  Colombia,  by  which  the  frontier  is  traced  from 


Brazil 

Cuchuhy  on  the  Rio  Negro  to  the  confluence  of  the 
Apaporis  and  V'apura.  From  this  point  southward  to 
the  Amazon,  the  boundary  is  still  unsettled. 

Brazil  (bra-zil').  The  county-seat  of  Clay 
County,  Indiana.  Population,  9,340,  (1910). 

Breasted  (bres'ted),  James  Henry.  Born  at 
Rockford,  111.,  Aug.  27,  1865.  An  American 
Orientalist  and  Egyptologist,  professor  at  the 
University  of  Chicago  since  1905.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Northwestern  College  1888,  and  studied  at  the 
Chicago  Theological  Seminary,  Yale  University,  and  the 
University  of  Berlin.  He  was  elected  to  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy of  Berlin  in  1907.  Among  his  publications  are  “The 
Battle  of  Kadesh”  (1903),  “A  History  of  Egypt”  (1905), 
“Ancient  Records  of  Egypt”  (1906),  “Monuments  of  Su- 
danese Nubia”  (1908),  “ History  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians” 
(1908),  “ Temples  of  Lower  Nubia  ” (1908),  “ Development 
of  Religion  and  Thought  in  Ancient  Egypt”  (1912). 

Bredichin  (bra'di-chin),  Fedor  Alexandro- 

vitch.  Born  at  Nikolaief,  Russia,  Dec.  8, 
(N.  S.),  1830 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  14, 
1904.  An  eminent  Russian  astronomer,  direc- 
tor of  the  observatory  of  the  University  of 
Moscow  1873-90,  and  of  that  of  Pulkowa 
1890-94.  His  principal  work  was  his  investiga- 
tion of  the  forms  of  comets,  in  connection  with 
his  theory  of  meteors. 

Breeches  Bible,  The.  See*Geneva  Bible. 

Brehm  (bram),  Christian  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Schonau,  near  Gotha,  Germany,  Jan.  24, 1787 : 
died  at  Renthendorf,  near  Neustadt-on-the- 
Orla,  Saxe-Weimar,  June  23,  1864.  A German 
naturalist,  author  of  works  on  ornithology. 

Bressler-Gianoli  (bres'ler-je-a-no'le),  Madame 
Chlotilde.  Born  at  Geneva,  of  Italian  parents: 
died  there,  May  14,  1912.  A mezzo-soprano 
opera-singer.  She  appeared  as  Carmen  at  the  Theatre 
de  la  Monnaie,  Brussels,  in  1895,  and  in  the  same  part  at 
the  Opera  Comique  in  Paris  in  1900,  and  at  the  Manhat- 
tan Opera  House,  New  York,  in  1906.  She  was  successful 
also  in  Wagnerian  opera,  in  Gluck  s “Orphee,”  in  Masse- 
net’s “Werther,”  etc. 

Brewer  (bro'er).  A city  in  Penobscot  Coun- 
ty, Maine.  It  is  situated  on  the  Penobscot 
River  opposite  Bangor.  Pop.,  5,667,  (1910). 

Brewer  (brd'er),  David  Josiah.  Born  June 
20,  1837 : died  March  28,  1910.  An  American 
jurist,  nephew  of  Stephen  J.  Field.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Yale  in  1856  and  at  the  Albany  Law  School  in 
1858  ; was  j ustice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Kansas  1870-84  ; 
was  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States  1884- 
1889  ; and  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme-  Court  in  1889.  In  1897  he  was  president 
of  the  British- Venezuelan  Boundary  Commission  ap- 
pointed by  President  Cleveland,  and  was  a member  of  the 
Arbitration  Tribunal  to  determine  that  boundary  (Paris, 
1899).  He  wrote  “The  Pew  to  the  Pulpit ” (1897),  “The 
Twentieth  Century  from  Another  Viewpoint”  (1899), 
“American  Citizenship"  (1902),  “The  United  States  a 
Christian  Nation  ” (1905). 

Brewer  (bro'er),  William  Henry.  Born  at 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  14,  1828:  died  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  Nov.  2,  1910.  An  Amer- 
ican scientist.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg,  Munich, 
and  Paris  ; was  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  University 
of  California  1863-64,  and  of  agriculture  in  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School,  Yale  University,  1864-1903.  He  was  en- 
gaged on  the  California  Geological  Survey  1860-64,  on  the 
topographical  survey  of  Connecticut,  and  on  the  scientific 
survey  of  the  Philippine  Islands  in  1903.  He  also  visited 
the  arctic  regions,  and  was  president  of  the  Arctic  Club 
1894-1909.  He  published  a “Botany  of  California”  (1875), 
etc. 

Brewster  (bro'ster),  Benjamin  Harris.  Born 
iu  Salem  County,  N.  J.,  Oct.  13,  1816 : died  at 
Philadelphia,  April  4,  1888.  An  American 
jurist.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1834  and  ad- 
mitted to  the  Philadelphia  bar  in  1838.  In  1867  he  was 
appointed  attorney-general  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  at- 
torney-general of  the  United  States  1881-85. 

Brewster  (bro'ster))  William.  Born  at  Wake- 
field, Mass.,  July  5,  1851.  An  American  orni- 
thologist, in  charge  of  the  birds  in  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Harvard  University 
from  1900. 

Briand  (bri-on'),  Aristide.  Born  at  Nantes, 
March  28,  1862.  A French  statesman,  a mem- 
ber of  the  Socialist  party.  In  March,  1905,  he  be- 
came  minister  of  instruction  and  public  worship  in  the 
cabinet  of  Sarrien,  and  remained  in  that  position  under 
Clemenceau  from  Oct.,  1900,  to  July,  1909.  In  Jan.,  1908, 
he  became  also  minister  of  justice.  He  secured  the  pas- 
sage of  the  law  effecting  the  separation  of  church  and 
state.  He  was  premier  and  minister  of  the  interior  July, 
1909-Feb.,  1911,  and  minister  of  justice  Jan.,  1912-. 

Brice  (bris),  Calvin  Stewart.  Born  at  Den- 
mark, Ohio,  Sept.  17,  1845:  died  at  New  York, 
Dec.  15,  1898.  An  American  politician,  lie  was 
graduated  from  Miami  University  (Oxford,  Ohio)  in  1863, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  liar  in  1866.  He  served  with 
the  Union  army  in  the  Civil  War ; was  identified  with 
railroad  interests  in  the  United  States  and  China ; was 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  campaign  committee  which 
conducted  the  national  campaign  in  1888  ; and  was  United 
States  senator  from  Ohio  1891-97. 

Bridges  (brij'ez),  Robert.  Born  Oct.  23,  1844. 
An  English  poet,  critic,  and  physician.  He 
held  various  positions  in  the  London  hospitals 


until  1882,  when  he  retired  from  practice. 
He  has  written  several  volumes  of  poems,  a study  of 
“ Milton’s  Prosody,”  “ The  Growth  of  Love,”  a number  of 
plays,  including  “Nero,”  “ Palicio,”  “Ulysses,”  “Chris- 
tian Captives,”  “ Achilles  in  Scyros,”  “ Humours  of  the 
Court,”  and  “The  Feast  of  Bacchus,”  and  an  oratorio  en- 
titled “Eden.”  He  was  appointed  poet  laureate  in  1913. 

Bridges  (brij'ez),  Robert:  pseudonym  Droch. 
Born  at  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  July  13,  1858.  An 
American  author,  editor,  and  critic.  He  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1879 ; was  a reporter  for  the 
Rochester  “ Democrat  and  Chronicle  ” in  1880 ; was  assis- 
tant news-editor  of  the  New  York  “ Evening  Post"  1881- 
87 ; was  literary  reviewer  for  “ Life " 1883-1900 ; and 
since  1887  has  been  assistant  editor  of  “Scribner’s  Maga- 
zine." He  is  the  author  of  “ Overheard  in  Arcady  ’’  (1894), 
“Suppressed  Chapters  and  Other  Bookishness"  (1895), 
“ Bramble  Brae,”  a volume  of  poems  (1902),  etc. 

Brieux  (bri-e'),  Eugene.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan. 
19,  1858.  A French  dramatist.  He  worked  as 
journalist  on  the  Paris  periodicals  “La  Patrie,”  “ Le  Figaro,” 
and  “Le  Gaulois.”  His  first  play,  “Bernard  Palissy,” 
written  in  collaboration  with  Gaston  Salaudri,  was  pro- 
duced in  1880.  Antoine  produced  his  “ Menage  d artistes  ” 
at  the  Theatre  Libre  in  1890.  This  was  followed  by 
“Blanchette”  (1892),  “Les  Bienfaiteurs ” (1896),  “Les 
trois  lilies  de  M.  Dupont”  (1897),  “Les  A varies”  (1901: 
read  privately  at  the  Theatre  Antoine),  “Les  Hannetons” 
(1906),  “Simone”  (1908),  etc.  His  effort  has  been  to  depict 
social  evils  with  a view  to  their  reform. 

Briggs*,  Charles  Augustus.  Among  his  recent 
works  are  “Incarnation  of  the  Lord”  (1902), 
“Ethical  Teaching  of  Jesus”  (1904),  “ New 
Light  on  the  Life  of  Jesus”  (1904),  “The 
Papal  Commission  and  the  Pentateuch,”  with 
Baron  Friedrich  von  Hiigel  (1906),  etc. 

Bright  (brit),  Mynors.  Born  1818:  died  Feb. 
23,  1883.  An  English  scholar,  proctor  and 
president  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge, 
and  editor  of  Pepys’s  “Diary.”  His  edition  of 
Pepys  (1875-79),  which  is  based  upon  a complete  re- 
decipherment of  the  original  manuscript,  corrects  many 
errors  in  the  earlier  editions  and  includes  a large  number 
of  passages  previously  suppressed. 

Brink  (bringk),  Jan  ten.  Born  at  Appinge- 
dam,  Netherlands,  June  15,  1834:  died  at  Ley- 
den, July  19,  1901.  A Dutch  author,  educator, 
and  critic.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  professor  of  the 
history  of  Dutch  literature  at  Leyden.  Among  his  critical 
works  are  “Schets  eener  geschiedenis  der  Nederlandsche 
letterkunde  ” (1867-69),  “Vondel  bekroond”  (1868),  “Bul- 
wer  Lytton  : biografie  en  kritiek”  (1873),  “Letterkundige 
schetsen  ” (1874-75),  “Emile  Zola  ” (1879),  “Onze  heden- 
daagsche  letterkundigen  ’’  (1882-87  : reprinted  in  1902  as 
“Geschiedenis  der  Noord-Nederlandsche  letteren  in  de 
XIX.  eeuw  ”),  “Causerien  over  moderne  romans”  (1884), 
and  “ De  Roman  in  brieven  1740-1840"  (1889).  He  is  also 
the  author  of  a number  of  novels. 

Brinton* , Daniel  Garrison.  Among  his  later 
works  are  “Races  and  Peoples”  (1890), 
“American  Race  ” (1891),  “ Religions  of  Prim- 
itive Peoples  ” (1897),  “Basis  of  Social  Rela- 
tions ” (1902),  etc. 

Brisbane  (briz'ban),  Arthur.  Born  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  Dee.  12, 1864.  An  American  newspaper 
editor.  He  served  first  as  reporter,  later  as  London 
correspondent,  for  the  New  York  “Sun  ” ; was  for  a time 
editor  of  the  “ Evening  Sun,”  and  subsequently  managing 
editor  of  the  New  York  “World  ” ; and  has  been  editor  of 
the  New  York  “Evening  Journal”  since  1897. 

Bristol  (bris'tol).  A borough  in  Hartford 
County,  Connecticut,  in  Bristol  township,  15 
miles  southwest  of  Hartford.  It  has  machine- 
shops  and  foundries,  and  manufactories  of 
clocks,  tableware,  brass  goods,  tools,  etc. 
Population,  9,527,  (1910). 

Bristol  (bris'tol).  In  part  a town  in  Sullivan 
County,  Tennessee,  and  in  part  an  independent 
city  of  Virginia.  The  two  portions  adjoin  and  to  all 
intents  and  purposes  form  one  place,  with  the  boundary 
line  of  Tennessee  and  Virginia  running  through  the  prin- 
cipal street.  Bristol  is  the  seat  of  King  Coliege,  Sullins 
College,  and  Southwest  Virginia  Institute.  There  are 
lumber-mills,  pulp-mills,  iron  industries,  etc.  Population 
of  Bristol,  Tennessee,  7,148,  (1910);  of  Bristol,  Virginia, 
6,247,  (1910). 

British  Academy  for  the  Promotion  of  His- 
torical, Philosophical,  and  Philological 
Studies,  The.  An  association  incorporated 
by  royal  charter,  Aug.  8,  1902.  its  formation 
was  due  to  a suggestion  made  at  the  assembling  of  the 
International  Association  of  Academies  at  Wiesbaden  in 
1899,  and  a consequent  meeting  of  representative  scholars 
at  the  British  Museum  in  1901.  The  fellowship  is  limited 
to  one  hundred.  Its  first  president  was  Lord  Reay. 

Britton  (brit'pn),  Nathaniel  Lord.  Born 
at  New  Dorp,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15, 
1859.  An  American  botanist,  director  of  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden  from  1896.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  Columbia  School  of  Mines  in  1879,  and 
was  professor  of  botany  in  Columbia  University  1888-96. 
Among  his  publications  are  “ Illustrated  Flora  of  the 
Northern  United  States  and  Canada”and  “Manual  of  the 
Flora  of  the  Northern  United  States  and  Canada." 

Broadland  (brdd'land).  A name  for  the  region 
of  the  Norfolk  Broads,  England. 

Broca  (bro'kii),  Paul.  Born  at  Sainto-Foy-la- 
Grande,  Gironde,  France,  June  28,  1824 : died 
at  Paris,  July  9,  1880.  An  eminent  French 


Brookhaven 

anthropologist,  founder  of  the  Anthropologi- 
cal Society  of  Paris  (1859),  of  the  School  of 
Anthropology  (1876),  and  of  the  French  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  the  Sciences 
(1872).  He  became  a member  of  the  Senate  in  1880. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Instructions  generates  pour  les 
recherches  authropologiques  ” (1865),“  Instructions  crani- 
ologiques  et  crauiomCtriques  ” (1875),  “ Memoires  sur  les 
caraeteres  physiques  de  l’homme  prthistorique  ” (1869), 
and  “Memoires  d’anthropologie ’’  (1871-83:  fifth  vol., 
edited  by  Pozzi,  1888). 

Brock  (brok),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Worcester 
in  1847.  An  English  sculptor.  He  was  elected 
to  the  Royal  Academy  in  1891.  In  1911  his 
memorial  to  Queen  Victoria,  in  front  of  Buck- 
ingham Palace, was  unveiled,  and  in  considera- 
tion of  his  work  he  was  knighted. 

Brockway  (brok'wa),  Howard.  A.  Born  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  22,  1870.  An  Ameri- 
can pianist  and  composer.  He  has  written 
for  orchestra,  piano,  cello,  and  voice,  his  best- 
known  work  being  the  “ Sylvan  Suite  ” for 
the  orchestra. 

Brockway  (brok'wa),  Zebulon  Reed.  Born  at 
Lyme,  Conn.,  April  28,  1827.  An  American 
penologist,  superintendent  of  the  New  York 
State  Reformatory  at  Elmira  1876-1900,  and 
mayor  of  Elmira  1906-07.  He  was  appointed 
deputy  superintendent  of  the  Albany  Penitentiary  in 
1851,  superintendent  of  the  Monroe  County  (New  York) 
Penitentiary  in  1854,  and  of  the  Detroit  House  of  Correc- 
tion in  1861.  He  has  written  numerous  papers  on  the 
subject  of  penology. 

Brodrick  (brod'rik),  William  St.  John  Fre- 
mantle, ninth  Viscount  Midleton.  Born  Dec. 
14,  1856.  A British  Conservative  statesman. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ; 
represented  Surrey  (West  1880-85  and  South-west  1885- 
1906)  in  the  House  of  Commons  ; and  was  financial  secre- 
tary to  the  War  Office  1886-92,  under-secretary  of  state  for 
war  1895-98,  under-secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs 
1898-1900,  secretary  of  state  for  war  1900-03,  and  secretary 
of  state  for  India  1903-Dec.,  1905. 

Brodsky  (brod'ski),  Adolf.  Born  at  Taganrog, 
Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  March 
21,  1851.  A distinguished  Russian  violinist. 
He  wasamemberof  the  Hellmesberger  Quartet  in  Vienna, 
and  from  1868  to  1870  of  the  imperial  opera  orchestra 
there,  and  later  was  a professor  at  the  conservatory  of 
Moscow  (1875-79).  From  1879  to  1881  he  was  conductor 
of  the  symphony  orchestra  in  Kief ; made  concert  tours 
in  Austria,  Germany,  and  England  1881-83  ; and  was  pro- 
fessor at  the  Leipsic  Conservatory  1883-91.  From  1891  to 
1894  he  was  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  In  1895  he 
was  appointed  professor,  and  later  principal,  at  the  Man- 
chester Royal  College  of  Music  in  England. 

Bronx  (bronks).  The  northernmost  borough  of 
the  city  of  New  York  (see  New  York,  Greater). 
It  is  northeast  of  the  Harlem  River,  and  ex- 
tends as  far  north  as  Westchester  County. 
The  borough  contains  Bronx  Park,  with  its 
botanical  and  large  zoological  gardens,  Van 
Cortlandt  Park,  Pelham  Bay  Park,  etc.  Popu- 
lation 430,980,  (1910). 

Bronzino  (brou-ze'no),  Angiolo  Allori:  called 
Bronzino.  Born  at  Mouticelli,  near  Florence, 
1502:  died  at  Florence,  1572.  A Florentine 
painter  and  poet.  He  was  a pupil  of  Raffaellino  del 
Garbo  and  Jacopo  Carrucci,  called  Pontonno.  He  was 
also  much  influenced  by  Michelangelo,  whose  style  of 
drawing  he  affected.  Bronzino  was  the  favorite  painter  of 
Cosimo  I.,  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  has  left  a fine  series  of 
portraits  of  the  Medici  family.  Ilis  best  works  are  in 
Florence  and  Pisa. 

Brooke  (bruk),  John  Mercer.  Born  at  Tampa, 
Florida,  Dec.  18, 1826:  died  at  Lexington,  Va., 
Dec.  14,  1906.  An  American  physicist.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis  in  1847, 
but  resigned  from  the  U.  S.  navy  in  1860.  In  1861  he  en- 
tered the  Confederate  service  and  became  chief  of  the 
bureau  of  ordnance  and  hydrography.  He  invented  a 
gun,  named  for  him,  and  made  the  plans  which  were  used 
in  refitting  the  “ Merrimac  ” (“  Virginia  ”).  He  was  profes- 
sor of  physics  in  the  Virginia  Military  Institute  1865-99. 

Brooke  (bruk),  John  Rutter.  Born  at  Potts- 
ville,  Pa.,  July  21,  1838.  An  American  soldier, 
promoted  major-general  in  the  regular  army 
in  1897.  He  enlisted  in  the  Northern  army  in  1861  and 
attained  the  brevet  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
1864.  In  April,  1898,  during  the  Spanish-American  war, 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  troops  in  Chickamauga 
Park,  and  in  July  was  sent  to  Porto  Rico,  where  he  was 
head  of  the  military  commission  and  governor-general 
until  December,  when  he  became  governor-general  of 
Cuba.  In  1900  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  East.  He  retired  in  1902. 

Brookfield  (bruk'feld).  A city  in  Linn  County, 
Missouri,  about.  90  miles  east  of  St.  Joseph. 
It  is  a shipping-point  for  grain  and  live  stock, 
also  for  coal,  which  is  mined  in  the  vicinity. 
It  has  railroad  shops,  iron-works,  brick-yards, 
lumber-mills,  etc.  Population,  5,749,  (1910). 

Brookhaven  (bruk'ha-vri).  The  county-seat 
of  Lincoln  County,  Mississippi,  52  miles  south- 
west of  Jackson.  It  has  extensive  cotton  in- 
terests, and  is  the  seat  of  Whitworth  Female 
College.  Population,  5,293,  (1910). 


Brooks,  John  Graham 

Brooks  (bruks),  John  Graham.  Born  at  Ac- 
worth,  N.  H.,  July  19,  1846.  Ail  American 
sociologist.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of  Berlin, 
Jena,  and  Freiburg ; lectured  on  economic  subjects  at  Har- 
vard and  the  University  of  Chicago ; and  was  employed  as 
an  expert  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Labor,  and 
in  1893  furnished  a report  on  workingmens  insurance 
in  Germany.  Since  1909  he  has  been  a lecturer  in  the 
University  of  California.  He  is  president  of  the  National 
Consumers’  League,  and  is  the  author  of  “The  Social 
Unrest”  (1903),  “As  Others  See  Us”  (1908),  and  “An 
American  Citizen  ” (1910). 

Brooks  (bruks),  Noah.  Born  at  Castine,  Me., 
Oct.  24,  1830:  died  at  Pasadena,  Cal.,  Aug.  16, 
1903.  An  American  journalist  and  writer  of 
biography,  history,  and  fiction,  particularly 
for  boy  readers.  He  was  editor  of  the  Newark  (New 
Jersey)  “ Advertiser”  1884-94.  He  published  “The  Boy 
Emigrants  ” (1876),  “ The  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  " (1889), 

“ American  Statesmen  ” (1893), “The  Story  of  Marco  Polo” 
(1896),  etc. 

Brooks  (bruks),  William  Keith.  Born  at 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  March  25, 1848:  died  at  Lake 
Roland,  near  Baltimore,  Nov.  12,  1908.  An 
American  biologist,  professor  of  zoology  at 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore.  He  was 

graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1870  and  was  assistant  in 
the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  1875-76.  Among  his 
published  works  are  “ Handbook  of  Invertebrate  Zoology  ” 
(1882),  “ Heredity  ’ (1884),  “ Lucifer  : a Study  in  Morphol- 
ogy ” (1881),  “ The  Stomatopoda  of  H.  M.  S.  Challenger  ” 
(1886),  “ Foundations  of  Zoology  ” (1898),  etc. 

Brosch  (brosh),  Moritz.  Born  at  Prague, 
April  7,  1829:  died  at  Venice,  July  15,  1907. 
A German  historian  and  journalist.  His  works 
include  “Papst  Julius  II.  und  die  Griindung  des  Kirchen- 
staats  ” (1878),  “ Geschichte  des  Kirclienstaats  ” (1880-82), 
“Lord  Bolingbroke  und  die  Whigs  und  Tories  seiner 
Zeit"(1883),  “Oliver  Cromwell  und  die  puritanische  Re- 
volution  " (1886),  “ Geschichte  von  England,  1603-1850  " 
(1890-97). 

Brown  (broun),  Alice.  Born  at  Hampton 
Falls,  N.  H.,  Dec.  5,  1857.  An  American 
author.  Her  works  include  “ Meadowgrass  ” (1895),  “ By 
Oak  and  Thorn  ” (1896),  “ Tiverton  Tales  ” (1899),  “King’s 
End”  (1901),  “Margaret  Warrender”  (1901),  “The  Man- 
nerings  " (1903),  “ Judgment ”(1903),  “ High  Noon  ” (1904), 
“ The  Court  of  Love  ” (1906),  “ The  Story  of  Thyrza  ” (1909), 
“John  Winterbourne’s  Family”  (1910),  etc. 

Brown  (broun),  Elmer  Ellsworth.  Born  at 
Kiantone,  N.  Y.,  Jiug.  28,  1861.  An  American 
educator  and  author.  He  was  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  1893-1906;  was  appointed  United 
States  commissioner  of  education  in  1906 ; and  became 
chancellor  of  New  York  University  in  1911.  He  has 
written  “ The  Making  of  Our  Middle  Schools  ” (1903), 
“ Origin  of  American  State  Universities  ” (1905),  “ Govern- 
ment by  Influence  ” (1909),  etc. 

Brown  (broun),  Ernest  William.  Born  at 
Hull,  England,  Nov.  29,  1866.  An  American 
mathematician,  professor  of  mathematics  in 
Yale  University  from  1907. 

Brown  (broun),  Francis.  Born  at  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  26,  1849.  An  American  scholar, 
clergyman,  and  educator,  president  of  Union 
Theological  Seminary  1908-.  He  was  instructor  in 
biblical  philology  in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New 
York,  1879-81,  and  associate  professor  1881-90;  and  was 
appointed  professor  of  Hebrew  and  cognate  languages  in 
1890.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Assyriology  : Its  Use  and 
Abuse  ” (1885)  and  “The  Christian  Point  of  View  ” (1902  : 
with  George  William  Knox  and  Arthur  C.  McGiifert); 
and  has  compiled,  with  S.  R.  Driver  and  C.  A.  Briggs,  a 
“Hebrew  and  English  Lexicon  of  the  Old  Testament” 
(1891-1906). 

Brown  (brouu),  Glenn.  Born  in  Fauquier 
Couuty,  Va.,  Sept.  13,  1854.  An  American 
architect.  He  studied  at  Washington  and  Lee  Univer- 
sity  and  took  the  architectural  course  in  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology.  He  has  been  a practising  archi- 
tect in  Washington,  etc.,  since  1878  ; has  written  on  house 
sanitation,  etc.;  and  edited  the  “Proceedings"  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects  1899-1909. 

Brown  (broun),  Henry  Billings.  Born  at 
South  Lee,  Mass.,  March  2,  1836.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1856  and  was 
admitted  to  the  (Michigan)  bar  in  1800  He  was  United 
.States  judge  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Michigan  1875-90, 
and  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
1891-1906.  His  publications  include  “ Admiralty  Reports  ’’ 
(1876),  and  sundry  articles  in  legal  magazines. 

Browne  (broun),  Thomas  Alexander: 
pseudonym  Rolf  Boldrewood.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, England,  Aug.  6,  1826.  An  Australian 
novelist.  Among  his  works  are  “Robbery  Under 
Arms”  (1888),  “The  Miner’s  Right”  (1890),  “The  Squat- 
ter’s Dream”  (1895),  “The  Crooked  Stick”  (1895),  “War 
to  the  Knife”  (1899),  “The  Ghost  Camp”  (1902),  “The 
Last  Chance”  (1905),  “A  Tale  of  the  Golden  West” 
(1906),  etc. 

Brownell  (brou-nel'),  William  Crary.  Born 
at  New  York,  Aug.  30,  1851.  An  American 
critic,  author,  and  editor.  He  was  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  in  1871  and  became  in  1888  a literary 
adviser  to  the  publishing  house  of  Charles  Scribner’s 
Sons.  He  has  written  “French  Traits ” (1889),  “French 
Art  ” (1892),“  Victorian  Prose  Masters”  (1901),  and  “Amer- 
ican Prose  Masters  ” (1909). 

Browning  (brou'ning),  Oscar.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, England,  Jan.  17,  1837.  An  English  his- 


torian, critic,  and  writer.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Modern  England,  1820-1874 ” (1878),  “Modern  France, 
1814-1879  ” (1880),  “ England  and  Napoleon  in  1803  ” (1887), 
“Aspects  of  Education”  (1888),  “History  of  Educational 
Theories”  (1889),  “Life  of  George  Eliot”  (1890),  “Dante, 
Life  and  Writings  ” (1891),  “ Goethe,  his  Life  and  Writ- 
ings ” (1891),  “ The  Life  of  Bartolommeo  Colleoni  ” (1891), 

“ Guelphs  and  Ghibellines  ” (1893),  “ The  Age  of  the  Con- 
dottieri  ” (1895),  “ Peter  the  Great  ” (1898),  “ Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden  ” (1898),  “ Wars  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  ” 
(1899),  “Impressions  of  Indian  Travel”  (1903),  “Napo- 
leon : First  Phase  ” (1905),  “ The  Fall  of  Napoleon  " (1907), 

“ Memories  of  Sixty  Y'ears  ” (1910),  “History  of  the  Mod- 
ern World,  1815-1910”  (1912),  etc. 

Brownwood  (broun'wud).  The  county-seat 
of  Brown  County,  Texas,  about  150  miles 
southwest  of  Dallas.  It  is  the  seat  of  Howard 
Payne  and  Daniel  Baker  colleges,  and  has 
cotton-gins,  flour-mills,  and  machine-shops, 
etc.  Population,  6,967,  (1910). 

Bruce  (bros),  Victor  Alexander,  ninth  Earl 
of  Elgin  and  thirteenth  Earl  of  Kincardine. 
Born  near  Montreal,  May  16,  1849.  A British 
Liberal  statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford ; succeeded  his  father  in  1803  ; 
was  viceroy  of  India  1894-99 ; was  chairman  of  the  war 
commission  in  1902,  and  chairman  of  the  royal  commission 
on  the  Scottish  church  crisis  in  1904  ; and  was  secretary 
of  state  for  the  colonies  Dec.,  1905-08. 

Bruce  (bros),  William  Speirs.  Born  Aug.  1, 
1867.  A Scottish  explorer,  ne  took  part  in  the 
Scottish  antarctic  expedition  of  1892-93,  the  Jackson- 
Harmsworth  polar  expedition  of  1896-97,  and  the  Andrew 
Coats  expedition  to  Nova  Zembla  in  1898,  and  accom- 
panied the  Prince  of  Monaco  to  Spitzbergen  in  1898-99. 
In  1902-04  he  headed  the  Scottish  national  antarctic  expe- 
dition on  board  the  Scotia,  discovering  150  miles  of  the 
antarctic  continental  coast-line,  and  surveying  the  South 
Atlantic  Ocean  to  74°  1'  S.  In  1906-09  he  explored  Prince 
Charles  Foreland,  Spitzbergen.  He  has  published  an 
account  of  his  voyage  in  the  Scotia. 

Bruch*,  Max.  He  was  director  of  the  Orchesterverein 
at  Breslau  1883-90;  and  in  1892  succeeded  Herzogenberg 
as  director  of  composition  in  the  Hochschule  of  Berlin. 
Bruckner  (brok'ner),  Anton.  Born  at  Ans- 
felden,  Upper  Austria,  Sept.  4,  1824:  died 
at  Vienna,  Oct.  12,  1896.  An  Austrian  organ- 
ist, composer,  and  teacher.  He  was  professor  of 
harmony  and  counterpoint  in  the  Vienna  Conservatory. 
His  most  important  works  are  nine  symphonies  (the  last 
unfinished)  which  show  the  strong  influence  of  Wagner, 
masses,  a Te  Deum,  and  other  church  music. 

Brumidi  (bro-me'de),  Constantino.  Born  at 
Rome,  June  20,  1805:  died  at  Washington, 
Feb.  19,  1880.  An  Italian-American  historical 
painter,  sculptor,  and  architect.  He  painted 
frescos  in  palaces  in  Rome  and  in  the  Vatican,  was  natu- 
ralized an  American  in  1852,  and  was  intrusted  with  the 
decoration  of  the  Capitol,  Washington. 

Bruneau  (brii-no'),  Alfred.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  3,  1857.  A French  composer  and 
critic  of  music.  His  most  important  works  are  the 
operas  “ Le  reve  ” (1891),  “ L’Attaque  da  molding  (1803), 
“ Messidor”  (1897),“L’Enfant  roi  ” (1005),“  Nais  Micoulin  ” 
(1907),  etc.  ; and  songs.  He  has  also  published  several 
volumes  of  critical  writings. 

Brunner  (brfin'er),  Arnold  William.  Born 
at  New  York,  Sept.  25,  1857.  An  American 
architect.  He  was  educated  at  the  College  of  the  City 
of  New  York  and  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology ; served  on  the  Board  of  Supervision  for  Public 
Buildings  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  on  similar  commissions 
in  other  cities  ; and  in  1907  became  a member  of  the  Art 
Commission  of  the  City  of  New  York.  Among  the 
buildings  designed  by  him  are  the  Mount  Sinai  Hospital, 
the  Columbia  University  School  of  Mines,  and  the  United 
States  post-otfice  and  custom-house  and  the  court-house 
at  Cleveland.  He  is  to  design  also  a building  for  the  State 
Department  at  Washington. 

Brush  (brush),  George  Jarvis.  Born  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  15,  1831:  died  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  6,  1912.  An  American 
mineralogist.  He  was  professor  of  metallurgy  1855-64 
and  of  mineralogy  from  18(54  (emeritus,  1898)  in  the  Yale 
(Sheflield)  Scientific  School,  and  its  director  1872-98. 

Bryan  (bri'an),  Charles  Page.  Born  at  Chi- 
cago, Oct.  2,  1856.  An  American  diplomatist. 
He  was  a member  of  the  Colorado  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  1880,  and  of  the  Illinois  House  of  Representatives 
1888-97.  He  was  minister  to  China  1897-98,  to  Brazil 
1898-1902,  to  Switzerland  1902-03,  to  Portugal  1903-10,  to 
Belgium  1910-11,  and  ambassador  to  Japan  1911-12. 

Bryce*,  James.  He  was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland 
1905-06;  member  (Liberal)  for  Aberdeen  1885-1906;  and 
ambassador  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  the  United  States  1907-13.  Among  hislater  publications 
are  “Impressions  of  South  Africa"  (1897),  “Studies  in 
History  and  Jurisprudence  ” (1901),  “Studies  in  Contem- 
porary Biography"  (1903),  and  “South  America”  (1912). 
Bucas  (bo-kits')  Islands.  Three  small  islands 
of  the  Philippines,  lying  northeast  of  Minda- 
nao and  southwest  of  Siargao  and  forming 
part  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  Surigao  Strait. 

On  the  eastern  coast  of  Bucas  Grande  is  Port  Sibonga,  a 
harbor  safe  in  all  weather  for  vessels  not  exceeding  15 
feet  draft.  Area  of  the  three  islands,  53.4  square  miles. 
Area  of  Bucas  Grande,  43  square  miles.  Population,  810. 

Buchan  (bucb'an),  Alexander.  Born  at  Kin- 
nesswood,  Kinross-shire,  Scotland,  April  11, 
1829:  died  at  Edinburgh,  May  13,  1907.  A 


Bulgaria 

Scotch  meteorologist,  secretary  of  the  Scottish 
Meteorological  Society  from  I860.  He  published 
numerous  works  and  papers  upon  meteorological  sub- 
jects, including  “A  Handy  Text-book  of  Meteorology" 
(1867),  “Introductory  Text-book  of  Meteorology  ” (1871), 
“Atmospheric  Circulation"  (1889),  “Oceanic  Circula- 
tion ” (1895),  etc. 

Biicheler  (hiich'e-ler),  Franz.  BorninRhein- 
berg,  June  3,  1837 : died  at  Bonn,  May  8, 1908. 
A noted  German  philologist,  professor  of  clas- 
sical philology  at  Bonn  from  1870.  He  is 
especially  known  for  his  critical  work  on  the 
classics. 

Buchner  ( boch  ' ner ),  Eduard.  Born  at 
Munich,  May  20,  1860.  A German  chemist. 
He  became  assistant  in  the  chemical  laboratory  at  Munich 
in  1890,  lecturer  at  Kiel  in  1893,  professor  extraordinary 
at  Tubingen  in  1896,  professor  in  the  Agricultural  College, 
Berlin,  in  1898,  in  the  University  of  Breslau  1909-11,  and 
the  University  of  Wurzburg  1911-.  He  has  made  various 
investigations  in  orgauic  chemistry,  and  in  particular  has 
shown  that  alcoholic  fermentation  is  caused  by  an  enzym 
(zymase)  in  the  yeast-cells.  In  1907  he  received  the  Nobel 
prize  for  chemistry.  He  has  published  “ Die  Zymasega- 
rung”  (“Zymase-fermentation  ”;  1903,  in  joint  authorship 
with  others)  and  “ Beziehungen  der  Chemie  zur  Land- 
wirthschaft"  (“Relation  of  Chemistry  to  Agriculture”; 
1904). 

Buchner  (buk'ner),  Edward  Franklin.  Born 

at  Paxton,  HI.,  Sept.  3,  1868.  An  American 
psychologist,  professor  of  education  and 
philosophy  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  from 
1908.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy  and 
education  in  the  University  of  Alabama  1903- 
1908.  He  has  published  “A  Study  of  Kant’s 
Psychology”  (1897 ),  “ The  Educational  Theory 
of  Immanuel  Kant”  (1904),  etc. 

Buckingham  (buk'hig-am),  William  Alfred. 
Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  May  28,  1804:  died 
at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb.  3,  1875.  An  Ameri- 
can  governor.  He  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1858-66 
and  Republican  senator  from  that  State  1869-75.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  influential  in  raising  the  55,000  vol- 
unteers which  Connecticut  sent  to  the  Union  army. 

Buckley  (buk'li),  James  Monroe.  Born  at 
Rahway,  N.  J.,  Dec.  16,  1836.  An  American 
clergyman,  author,  and  editor.  From  1859  to  1880 
he  filled  pastorates  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in 
New  Hampshire,  Michigan,  Connecticut,  and  Brooklyn ; 
and  was  editor  of  “The  Christian  Advocate”  of  New 
York  1880-1912.  Among  his  publications  are  “Oats  or 
Wild  Oats”  (1885),  “Faith  Healing,  Christian  Science, 
and  Kindred  Phenomena  ” (1887),  “ Travels  in  Three  Con- 
tinents " (1894),  “ History  of  Methodism  in  the  United 
States  ” (1897),  “ The  Fundamentals  and  Their  Contrasts  ” 
(1906),  etc. 

Bucyrus  (bu-si'rus).  The  county-seat  of 
Crawford  County,  Ohio,  56  miles  north  of 
Columbus.  It  has  manufactures  of  machinery, 
furniture,  plows,  wagons,  etc.  Population, 
8,122,  (1910). 

Budde  (hod'e),  Karl  Ferdinand  Reinhard. 

Born  at  Bensberg,  near  Cologne,  Germany, 
April  13,  1850.  A German  evangelical  theo- 
logian, professor  of  Old  Testament  theology 
in  the  University  of  Marburg  from  1900. 

Among  his  works  are  “Die  hihlische  Urgeschichte  unter- 
Bucht  ” (1883),  “ Die  Biicher  Richter  und  Samuel  ” (1890), 
“ Der  Kanon  des  Alten  Testaments  ” (1900),  “ Das  Alte 
Testament  und  die  Ausgrabungen  ” (1903). 

Budge  (buj),  Ernest  Alfred  Thompson 
Wallis.  Born  in  Cornwall,  July  27,  1857. 
An  English  archmologist,  keeper  of  Assyrian 
and  Egyptian  antiquities  at  the  British  Mu- 
seum. He  has  conducted  explorations  at  Nineveh,  Der 
(Mesopotamia),  Assuan  (Egypt),  andGebel  Barkal (Sudan), 
and  has  published  a large  number  of  works  on  Oriental 
subjects. 

Buffalo  Exposition.  See  ★ Pan- American  Ex- 
position. 

Bugge  (bo'ge),  Elsius  Sophus.  Born  at  Laur- 
vig,  Norway,  Jan.  5,  1833:  died  at  Christiania, 
July  8,  1907.  A distinguished  Norwegian 
philologist,  professor  of  comparative  philology 
in  Christiania  from  1866.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  work  on  the  Eddas  and  earlier  sagas. 
Buhl.  See  * Boulle. 

Bulacdn  (bo-la-kan').  A province  in  southern 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Nueva 
Ecija  on  the  north  ; Nueva  Kcija  and  Infanta  (separated 
by  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains)  on  the  east ; Rizal  and 
Manila  Bay  on  the  south ; and  Pampanga  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Malolos.  The  Rio  Grande  de  la  Pampanga  flows 
through  it  from  north  to  south.  The  eastern  part  of  the 
province  is  mountainous;  the  western  part  is  fertile, 
producing  sugar-cane  and  rice.  The  population  is  Tagalog. 
Area,  1,173  square  miles.  Population,  223,742. 

Bulfinch  (bul'finch),  Charles.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Aug.  8,  3 763 : died  there,  April  15, 
1844.  An  American  architect.  He  designed  the 
Doric  column  which  replaced  the  beacon  on  Beacon  Hill ; 
built  the  Boston  State  House  between  1795  and  1.98,  the 
McLean  Hospital,  Somerville,  and  the  General  Hospital, 
Boston  ; and  became  architect  of  the  Capitol  at  V ashing- 
ton,  January  8.  1818,  succeeding  Benjamin  H.  Latrobe. 
He  built  there  the  porticos  on  the  western  side. 
Bulgaria".  There  is  also  a Grand  Sohranje,  consisting 


Bulgaria 

of  members  elected  in  the  proportion  of  1 to  10,000  of  the 
population,  to  which  constitutional  and  other  questions 
of  state  are  referred.  On  Oct.  5,  1908,  Bulgaria  declared 
her  independence  and  the  ruler  assumed  the  title  of  czar. 

Bullen  (bul'en),  Frank  Thomas.  Born  at 
London,  April  5,  1857.  An  English  author  and 
lecturer.  He  led  a roving  life  from  1866  to  1883,  chiefly 
at  sea,  rising  from  seaman  to  the  rank  of  chief  mate,  and 
was  a junior  clerk  in  the  Meteorological  Oflice  1883-99. 
He  has  written  “ The  Cruise  of  the  ‘ Cachalot ' ” (1898), 

“ Idylls  of  the  Sea  " (1899),  “ The  Log  of  a Sea- waif  ” (1899), 
“ Men  of  the  Merchant  Service  *’  (1900),  “ With  Christ  at 
Sea  ’’  (1900).  “ Deep-sea  Plunderings  ” (1902),  “ Creatures 
of  the  Sea ' (1904),  “ Back  to  Sunny  Seas  ’’  (1905),  “Son  of 
the  Sea"  (1907),  “Our  Heritage  — the  Sea"  (1907),  “Call 
of  the  Deep”  (1908),  “Young  Nemesis”  (1909),  etc. 

Buller  (bul'Or),  Sir  Redvers  Henry.  Born  in 
Devonshire  in  1839:  died  June  2,  1908.  A 
British  general.  He  served  in  China  1860,  the  Red 
River  Expedition  1870,  the  Ashanti  war  1873-74,  the  Kaffir 
war  1878,  the  Zulu  war  1879,  the  Boer  war  1881,  the  Egyp- 
tian war  1882,  and  the  Sudan  campaigns  1884-85.  He  was 
under-secretary  for  Ireland  1886-87,  and  quartermaster- 
geueral  1887-90,  and  was  appointed  adjutant-general  Oct., 
1890.  In  1891  he  was  made  lieutenant-general,  and  in  1899 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in  South 
Africa.  Retired  1901. 

Bullion  State,  The.  A nickname  of  the  State 
of  Missouri. 

Bull  Moose.  In  United  States  politics,  a name 
popularly  applied  to  a member  of  the  Progres- 
sive party  organized  in  support  of  Theodore 
Roosevelt  in  1912.  Its  use  was  attributed  to  a remark 
of  Roosevelt  at  the  time,  that  he  felt  “ like  a bull  moose.” 
The  figure  of  a bull  moose  was  adopted  as  the  party  sym- 
bol during  the  following  campaign. 

Biilow  (bii'lo),  Prince  Bernhard  Henry  Mar- 
tin Charles  von.  Born  at  Klein-Flottbeck, 
Holstein,  Germany,  May  9,  1849.  A German 
statesman,  chancellor  of  the  empire  1900-09. 
He  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1873  ; was  a secretary 
of  the  Berlin  Congress  in  1878  ; was  second  and  afterward 
first  secretary  of  the  embassy  at  Paris  1879-83  ; was  first 
secretary  of  the  embassy  at  St.  Petersburg  1883-88 ; was 
minister  at  Bukharest  1888-93  ; was  ambassador  at  Rome 
1893-97 ; was  minister  of  state  and  secretary  of  state  for 
foreign  affairs  1897-1900 ; and  was  imperial  chancellor 
and  Prussian  president  of  the  council  of  ministers  from 
October,  1900.  In  June,  1905,  he  was  created  a prince  after 
he  had  secured  the  retirement  of  M.  Delcasse,  foreign 
minister  of  France,  whose  policy,  especially  with  regard  to 
Morocco,  had  become  offensive  to  Germany.  His  diplo- 
macy resulted  in  the  conference  at  Algeciras  (which  see). 

Bulthaupt  (bolt'houpt),  Heinrich.  Born  at 
Bremen,  Oct.  26,  1849:  died  there,  Aug  20, 
1905.  A German  poet  and  dramatist,  libra- 
rian of  the  city  of  Bremen  from  1879.  Among 

his  dramatic  works  are  “Saul”  (1870),  “Die  Arbeiter  ” 
(1876),  “Die  Malteser”  (1883),  “Gerold  Wendel"  (1884), 
“ Viktoria”  (1894),  etc.  He  has  also  written  “ Dramaturgic 
des  Schauspiels  ” (1882-1901),  an  exposition  of  the  art  of 
Shakspere  and  of  the  great  German  dramatists. 

Bumpus  (bnm'pus),  Hermon  Carey.  Born  at 
Buckfield,  Maine,  May  5,  1862.  An  American 
biologist,  director  of  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History  in  New  Pork  city  1902-11. 

He  w&s  professor  (of  biology)  at  Olivet  Cortege  (Michigan) 
1886-89,  and  at  Brown  University  (successively  assistant 
professor  and  associate  professor  of  zoology  and  professor 
of  comparative  anatomy)  1890-1901 ; was  assistant  director 
of  the  marine  biological  laboratory  at  M oods  Hole  1893-95, 
and  director  of  the  biological  laboratory  of  the  United 
States  Fish  Commission  at  Woods  Hole  1898-1901;  was 
curator  of  invertebrate  zoology  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History  1901-02  ; and  was  appointed  business 
manager  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1911. 

Bunce  (buns),  Francis  Marvin.  Born  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Dec.  25,  1836:  died  there, 
Oct.  19,  1901.  An  American  naval  officer,  ap- 
pointed rear-admiral  in  1898.  In  the  same  year 
ho  retired  from  active  service.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1857:  served  in  the 
Union  navy  in  the  Civil  War ; and  commanded  the  North 
Atlantic  Squadron  1895-97. 

Burauen  (bo-ra'6-an).  A municipality  in  the 
north-central  part  of  Leyte  island  and  prov- 
ince, Philippine  Islands. 

Burbank  (ber'bangk),  Luther.  Born  at  Lan- 
caster, Mass.,  March  7,  1849.  An  American 
naturalist,  noted  for  his  experiments  in  devel- 
oping new  varieties  of  fruits  and  flowers.  He 
removed  to  Santa  Rosa,  California,  in  1875,  and  established 
experimental  farms.  He  has  produced  important  varie- 
ties of  the  potato,  plum,  prune,  peach,  apple,  rose,  lily, 
amaryllis,  canna,  daisy  (Shasta),  cactus  (thornless),  etc., 
and  some  new  species  of  fruits  (the  plumcot,  Primus 
berry,  and  others),  and  has  added  to  the  knowledge  of 
the  laws  of  heredity  and  environment.  He  is  in  receipt 
of  a grant  from  the  Carnegie  Institution  for  the  further- 
ance of  his  work. 

Burckhardt  (bork'hart),  Jakob.  BornatBasel, 
Switzerland,  May  25,  1818:  died  there,  Aug. 
8,  1897.  A Swiss  historian,  especially  of  art, 
professor  in  the  University  of  Basel.  His  chief 
books  are  the  “Cicerone,”  a general  guide  to  the  art  of 
Italy  (1855),  which  has  several  times  been  reedited  by 
Wilhelm  Bode  (8th  edition  1901),  “ Die  Kultnr  der  Re- 
naissance in  Italien  " (1859 : 5th  German  edition  1896), 
and  “ Geschichte  der  Renaissance  in  Italien  ” (1867). 

Burgess  (bSr'jes),  John  William.  Born  in 
Giles  County,  Term.,  Aug.  26, 1844.  An  Ameri- 
o— 70 


can  historian  and  educator.  He  was  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  in  1867 ; was  professor  of  English  and 
political  economy  in  Knox  College  1869-71 ; was  professor 
of  history  and  political  science  at  Amherst  College  1873- 
76 ; and  has  been  professor  of  political  science  and  con- 
stitutional law  in  Columbia  University  since  1876,  and 
dean  of  the  faculty  of  political  science  since  1890.  He 
was  Roosevelt  professor  of  American  history  and  institu- 
tions at  the  University  of  Berlin  1906-07.  His  works  in- 
clude “Political  Science  and  Comparative  Constitutional 
Law"  (1890),  “Middle  Period,  1817-1853”  (1897),  “The 
Civil  War  and  the  Constitution,  1859-1865  " (1901),  “Re- 
construction and  the  Constitution,  1866-1876"  (1902),  etc. 

Burleson  (ber'le-son),  Albert  Sidney.  Born  at 
San  Marcos,  Texas,  June  7,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer,  postmaster-general  1913-.  He  was 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Texas  1899-1913. 

Burlingame  (ber'ling-gam),  Edward  Liver- 
more. Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  May  30,  1848. 
An  American  editor,  son  of  Anson  Burlingame. 

' He  was  educated  at  Harvard  and  at  the  University  of 
Heidelberg  ; became  connected  with  the  publishing  house 
of  Charles  Scribner’s  Sons  in  1879 ; and  has  edited  “ Scrib- 
ner’s Magazine  " since  1886. 

Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club.  A London  club 
established  in  1866  by  artists  and  art  collectors. 
It  has  about  500  members,  and  its  house  is  at 
17  Savile  Row. 

Burnand  (ber-nand') , Sir  Francis  Cowley. 

Born  Nov.  29,  1836.  An  English  editor,  author, 
and  playwright.  He  has  produced  many  plays,  chiefly 
burlesques  and  comedies  (among  which  are  “ Black-eyed 
Susan,  “Ixion,"  and  “The  Colonel”),  and  two  light 
operas  (“Contrabandista”  and  “The  Chieftain”)  in  col- 
laboration with  Arthur  Sullivan,  with  whom  he  also  wrote 
"Cox  and  Box,”  a musical  version  of  Morton’s  farce  “ Box 
and  Cox.  ” From  about  1862  he  was  on  the  editorial  staff 
of  “Punch”  and  one  of  its  principal  contributors,  and  was 
its  editor-in-chief  1880-1906.  He  is  the  author  of  “Moke- 
anna,”  several  series  of  “Happy  Thoughts,”  “New  Light 
on  Darkest  Africa,”  an  “ Eccentric  Guide  to  the  Isle  of 
Thanet,”  and  of  a volume  of  reminiscences  (1904). 

Burnell  (b6r-nel'),  Arthur  Coke.  Born  at  St. 
Briavels,  Gloucestershire,  1840:  died  at  West 
Stratton,  Hampshire,  Oct.  12,  1882.  An  emi- 
nent English  Sanskrit  scholar  and  authority  on 
the  languages  and  literature  of  India.  He  was 
educated  at  King’s  College,  London  ; entered  the  Indian 
Civil  Service  in  1857 ; and  lived  in  India  (except  for  terms 
of  leave)  1860-80.  His  most  important  work,  “ Classified 
Index  to  the  Sanskrit  MSS.  in  the  Palace  at  Tanjore,”  was 
printed  for  the  Madras  government  in  1880.  He  also  pub- 
lished a “ Handbook  of  South  Indian  Paleography  ” (1874), 
“The  Aindra  School  of  Sanskrit  Grammarians”  (1875), 
translations  from  the  Sanskrit,  etc.  “ Hobson  Jobson,  being 
a Glossary  of  Anglo-Indian  colloquial  words  and  phrases," 
a work  which  he  compiled  with  Colonel  Yule,  was  pub- 
lished in  1886. 

Burnett*,  Mrs.  (Frances  Hodgson).  Among  her 

later  works  are  “ His  Grace  of  Ormonde  ’’  (1897),  “ In  Con- 
nection with  the  De  Willoughby  Claim”  (1899),  “The 
Making  of  a Marchioness  ” (1901),  “ The  Methods  of  Lady 
Walderhurst”  (1902),  “The  Shuttle"  (1907),  “The  Cozy 
Lion ”(1907),  “Spring  Cleaning" (1908),  “The  Dawn  of  a 
To-morrow”  (1909),  “The  Secret  Garden”  (1909),  “T. 
Tembarom  ’’  (1913),  etc. 

Burnham  (bern'am),  Daniel  Hudson.  Born 
at  Henderson,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4, 1846 : died  at  Hei- 
delberg, Germany,  June  1,  1912.  An  American 
architect.  In  1890  he  was  made  chief  architect  and 
director  of  works  at  the  Chicago  Exposition.  He  was  an 
expert  in  municipal  planning,  and  served  on  the  commis- 
sion for  the  improvement  of  Washington,  and  on  a simi- 
lar commission  for  Cleveland,  Ohio.  He  also  made  plans 
for  the  improving  of  the  cities  of  Manila,  Baguid,  San 
Francisco,  and  Chicago.  He  was  chairman  of  the  United 
States  Government  Commission  of  Fine  Arts.  Among 
the  buildings  designed  by  him  are  the  Rookery,  the  Ma- 
sonic Ternp’e,  and  Field’s  department  store  in  Chicago; 
the  Mills  Building  in  San  Francisco ; the  (so-called)  Flat- 
iron Building  in  New  York ; the  Land  Title  Building  in 
Philadelphia ; and  the  new  Wanamaker  stores  in  New 
York  and  Philadelphia. 

Burnham  (bern'am),  Sherburne  Wesley. 

Born  at  Thetford,  Vt.,  Dec.  12,  1838.  An 
American  astronomer,  professor  of  practical 
astronomy  in  the  University  of  Chicago:  espe- 
cially noted  as  a discoverer  and  observer  of 
double  stars.  He  was  observer  of  the  Dearborn  Obser- 
vatory 1877-81,  of  the  Washburn  Observatory  1881-82,  of 
the  Dearborn  Observatory  1882-84 ; and  astronomer  of  the 
Lick  Observatory  1888-92,  and  of  the  Yerkes  Observatory 
1897-1911.  He  has  published  a “General  Catalogue  of  1,290 
Double  Stars,  discovered  from  1871  to  1899”  (1900).  In 
1904  he  was  awarded  the  Lalande  prize  in  astronomy  by 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris. 

Burns  (bernz),  Anthony.  Born  in  Virginia 
about  1830:  died  at  Saint  Catherines,  Canada, 
July  27,  1862.  A fugitive  slave,  the  last  to  be 
seized  in  Massachusetts  under  the  fugitive  slave 
law  of  1850.  He  escaped  from  slavery  in  1853,  and  his 
arrest  in  Boston,  May  24,  1854,  caused  great  indignation. 
An  attempt  was  made  to  rescue  him,  hut  it  failed,  and  he 
was  adjudged  to  his  owner  and  sent  back.  His  freedom 
was  bought  in  the  following  year,  and  he  later  studied  at 
Oberlin  College  and  became  a Baptist  minister  at  Saint 
Catherines. 

Burns  (bernz),  John.  Born  at  London,  Oct., 
1858.  A British  labor  leader  and  cabinet  officer. 
He  was  an  unsuccessful  Socialist  candidate  for  the  western 
division  of  Nottingham  in  1885  ; has  represented  Battersea 
for  the  Liberal  and  the  Labor  party  in  the  House  of  Com- 


Busuanga 

mons  since  1892 ; and  was  appointed  president  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  with  a seat  in  the  cabinet,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1905. 

Burr  (ber),  William  Hubert.  Born  at  Water- 
town,  Conn.,  July  14,  1851.  An  American  en- 
gineer, professor  of  civil  engineering  at  Co- 
lumbia University  from  1893.  He  has  been 

consulting  engineer  to  several  of  the  departments  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  in  1899  was  appointed  a member  of 
the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  to  report  upon  a route. 
In  1904  he  was  appointed  a member  of  the  Isthmian  Canal 
Commission  to  construct  the  Panama  Canal,  and  in  1905 
was  made  a member  of  the  international  board  of  consult- 
ing engineers  to  determine  the  plan  of  the  canal.  He  has 
published  a number  of  works  on  engineering. 

Burrian  (bu'ri-an),  Karl.  Born  at  Prague, 
Jan.  12,  1870.  A German  tenor  singer.  He  first 

appeared  at  Reval  in  1892, later  singing  in  all  the  prominent 
German  cities,  and  finally  becoming  a permanent  member 
of  the  Dresden  Court  Opera.  Since  1906  he  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  Company,  New  York, 
singing  the  leading  tenor  roles  in  the  Wagner  operas.  He 
created  the  role  of  Herod  in  Strauss's  “Salome." 
Burrillville  (bur'il-vil).  A town  in  Provi- 
dence County,  Rhode  Island,  about  22  miles 
northwest  of  Providence.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton  and  woolen  goods.  In  the  vicinity 
is  Wallum  Lake  (or  Pond),  a summer  resort, 
lying  partly  in  Massachusetts.  Population, 
7,878,  (1910). 

Biirstenbinder  (biirs'ten-bin-der),  Elisabeth: 
pseudonym  E.  Werner.  Born  at  Berlin,  Nov. 
25, 1838.  A German  novelist.  Her  works  include 
“ Gartenlaubenbluten  ” (1872),  “ Am  Altar  ” (1873),  “ Gluck 
Auf!"  (1874),  “Gesprengte  Fesseln’  (1875),  “Viueta” 
(1877),  “ Gebannt  und  erlost”  (1884),  “Die  Blume  des 
Glucks ’’  (1885),  “Heimatklang"  and  “Sankt  Michael" 
(1887),  “ Flammenzeichen ” (1890),  “Gervagt  und  gewon- 
nen  ” (1891),  “ Freie  Bahn  " (1893),  “ Fata  Morgana  ” (1896), 
“Hexengold”  (1900),  etc. 

Burton  (ber'ton),  Frederick  Russell.  Born 
at  Jonesville,  Mich.,  Feb.  23,  1861  • died  at 
Lake  Hopateong,  N.  J.,  Sept.  30,  1909.  An 
American  author  and  composer.  He  was  gradu- 
ated  from  Harvard  University  in  1882  with  musical  and 
other  honors.  He  was  especially  interested  in  the  music 
of  the  North  American  Indians,  among  whom  he^  spent 
some  time.  The  music  of  his  cantata  M Hiawatha  ” (1898) 
is  based  on  Indian  themes,  and  he  collected  and  published 
others  as  “Songs  of  the  Ojibway  Indians”  (1903)  and 
“An  Indian  Campfire”  (1907).  Among  his  literary  works 
are  a novel,  “Redcloud  of  the  Lakes  ” (1909),  and  “ Amer- 
ican Primitive  Music  ” (1909). 

Burton  (bfer'ton),  Marion  LeRoy.  Born  at 
Brooklyn,  Iowa,  Aug.  30,  1874.  An  American 
theologian  and  educator,  president  of  Smith 
College  from  1910.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
Congregational  ministry  in  1905 ; was  assis- 
tant professor  of  systematic  theology  in  Yale 
University  1907-08;  and  was  pastor  of  the 
Church  of  the  Pilgrims,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1908- 
1909.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The  Problem  of 
Evil”  (1909). 

Burton  (ber'ton),  Richard.  Born  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  Siarch  14,  1859.  An  American 
poet  and  educator.  He  was  professor  of  English  lit- 
erature in  the  University  of  Minnesota  1898-1902,  lecturer 
in  English  literature  at  the  University  of  Chicago  1902-06, 
and  professor  of  English  literature  at  the  University 
of  Minnesota  1906-.  His  works  include  “ Dumb  in  June” 
(1895),  “Memorial  Day"  (1897),  “Literary  Likings ’’  (1898), 
“Lyrics  of  Brotherhood"  (1899),  “John  Greenleaf  Whit- 
tier” (1901),  “Forces  in  Fiction”  (1902),  “Message  and 
Melody  ” (1903),  “ Literary  Leaders  of  America  ” (1904), 
“ Rahab " (1906),  “From  the  Book  of  Life”  (1909),  “Mas- 
ters of  the  English  Novel  ” (1909),  “ Midsummer  Memory  ” 
(1910),  etc. 

Busck  (bosk),  August.  Born  at  Randers,  Den- 
mark, Feb.  18,  1870.  A Danish-American 
entomologist,  assistant  in  the  division  of  en- 
tomology of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  from  1896.  He  was  engaged  in 
the  investigation  of  the  mosquitos  in  the 
West  Indies  in  1905,  and  in  the  Panama  Canal 
Zone  in  1907. 

Busoni  (bo-zo'ne),FerruccioBenvenuto.  Born 
at  Empoli,  near  Florence,  April  1,  1866.  An 
Italian  pianist  and  composer.  He  appeared  first 
in  Vienna  at  the  age  of  nine,  and  at  seventeen  was  elected 
a member  of  the  Philharmonic  Academy  of  Bologna.  He 
toured  Europe  as  a pianist,  taught  at  Helsingfors  Conser- 
vatory in  1888,  won  the  Rubinstein  prize  at  Moscow  in 
1890,  and  became  professor  in  the  Moscow  Conservatory, 
lie  went  to  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1891,  gave  successful  con 
certs  in  Berlin  in  1894,  and  succeeded  Sauer  in  the  Vienna 
Conservatory  in  1908.  His  compositions  include  string 
quartets,  violin,  piano,  and  orchestral  pieces,  songs,  and 
ballet  scenes. 

Busson  (bu-son'),  Charles.  Born  at  Montoire, 
Loir-et-Cher,  July  15,  1822:  died  April  4,  1908. 
A French  painter.  His  works  are  chiefly  land- 
scapes. 

Busuanga  (bo-so-ang'gii).  The  largest  island 
of  the  Calamianes  group,  between  Mindoro 
and  Paragua,  iu  the  Philippine  Islands.  It 
belongs  to  Paragua  province.  There  is  an 
anchorage  at  Port  Us6n,  on  the  southern  coast. 
Area,  390  square  miles.  Population,  4,371. 


Butcher 

Butcher  (buch'er),  Samuel  Henry.  Born  at 
Dublin,  April  16,  1850:  died  at  London,  Dec. 
29, 1910.  A British  scholar,  professor  of  Greek 
at  Edinburgh  1882-1903,  president  of  the  Brit- 
ish Academy  of  Letters  1909-10,  and  member  of 
Parliament  for  Cambridge  University  1906-10. 
Butler  (but'ler).  A borough,  the  capital  of 
Butler  County,  Pennsylvania.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  silk,  woolen,  glass,  engines,  etc. 
Population,  20,728,  (1910). 

Butler  (but'ler),  Howard  Crosby.  Born  at 
Croton  Falls,  N.  Y.,  March  7,  1872.  An 
American  archaeologist.  He  organized  and  con- 
ducted archaeological  expeditions  to  Syria  1899-1900,  1904- 
1905,  and  1909,  and  in  1910  took  charge  of  excavations  at 
Sardis.  His  published  works  include  “ Scotland’s  Ruined 
Abbeys  ” (1900),  “ The  Story  of  Athens  " (1902),  etc. 

Butler  (but'ler),  Nicholas  Murray.  Born  at 
Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  April  2,  1862.  An  American 
educator,  president  of  Columbia  University 
from  1902.  He  was  graduated  from  Columbia  Univer- 
sity in  1882  ; organized  and  was  president  of  the  Teachers 
College  (New  York)  1886-91 ; and  became  professor  of 
philosophy  and  education,  and  first  dean  of  the  faculty  of 
philosophy,  in  Columbia,  in  1890.  He  founded  the  “ Educa- 
tional Review  ” (1891),  and  has  written  and  edited  other 
educational  publications. 

Butler  (but'ler),  Samuel.  Born  in  Notting- 
hamshire, Dec.  4,  1835:  died  June  18,  1902. 
An  English  author,  grandson  of  Samuel  But- 
ler, bishop  of  Lichfield.  He  went  to  New  Zea- 
land  in  1859  and  engaged  in  sheep-raising ; returned 
to  England  about  1864 ; studied  painting,  and  exhibited 
at  the  Academy  1868-76 ; devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture, publishing,  besides  several  romances,  works  dealing 
with  questions  in  science,  philosophy,  art,  Shaksperian 
criticism,  and  classical  scholarship ; and  also  composed 
musical  pieces,  collaborating  in  two  oratorios,  “Narcis- 
sus" (1888)  and  “Ulysses”  (1902).  Among  his  writings 
are  “ Erewhon  ” (1872),  “ Life  and  Habit  ” (1877),  “ Uncon- 
scious Memory  ” (1880),  “ Alps  and  Sanctuaries  of  Pied- 


mont* (1881),  “Ex  Yoto  " (1888),  and  “The  Life  and  Let- 
ters of  l)r.  Samuel  Butler”  (1896). 

Biitschli  (butsh'li),  Otto.  Bom  atFrankfort- 
on-the-Main,  Germany,  May  3,  1848.  A Ger- 
man naturalist,  professor  of  zoology  and 
paleontology  in  the  University  of  Heidelberg 
from  1878.  His  investigations  have  related  to  the  de- 
velopmental history  of  invertebrates,  and  in  later  years 
especially  to  cell-division  and  the  physicochemical  aspects 
of  the  vital  processes.  Among  his  works  are  “Protozoen  ” 
(1880-89),  “ Untersuchungen  uber  Strukturen  ” (1898), 
“ Untersuchungen  uber  die  Mikrostruktur  kiinstlicher 
und  naturlicher  Kieselsauregallerten  ” (1900),  “ Mechanis- 
mus  und  Vitalismus  ” (1901). 

Butter  (but'er),  Nathaniel.  Died  Feb.  22, 
1664  (1663?).  AnEnglisb  printer  and  journalist. 
He  issued,  in  London,  pamphlets  describing  murders  and 
plays  1605-39,  weekly  redactions  of  foreign  news-let- 
ters 1622-39,  and  half-yearly  volumes  of  foreign  news 
1630-40.  His  news-sheets  were  the  forerunners  of  the 
modern  newspaper.  Ben  Jonson  ridiculed  him  under  the 
name  of  “Cymbal”  in  his  “Staple  of  News”  (1625),  and 
Fletcher  and  Shirley  also  referred  to  him  in  their  works. 

Butterfield  (but'er-feld),  Daniel.  Born  at 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  31, 1831 : died  at  Coldspring, 
N.  Y.,  July  17,  1901.  An  American  soldier, 
brevet  major-general  in  the  United  States 
army.  He  entered  the  Union  army  in  1861  as  colonel  of 
the  Twelfth  New  York  regiment  of  militia ; was  promoted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  same  year  and  com- 
manded a brigade  during  the  Peninsular  campaign  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  ; commanded  a division  in  the  sec- 
ond battle  of  Bull  Run  ; was  brevetted  major-general  of 
volunteers  in  1862  ; commanded  the  Fifth  Army  Corps  at 
the  Battle  of  Fredericksburg ; was  chief  of  staff  to  Hooker 
at  Chancellorsville  and  to  Meade  at  Gettysburg ; and  was 
again  chief  of  staff  to  Hooker  during  the  battle  of  Chat- 
tanooga. During  Sherman’s  Georgia  campaign  he  com- 
manded a division  of  the  Twentieth  Corps.  He  was  United 
States  subtreasurer  in  New  York  city  1869-70. 

Butterworth  (but'er-werth),  Hezekiah.  Born 
at  Warren,  R.  I.,  Dec.  22,  1839:  died  there, 


Calkins 

Sept.  5,  1905.  An  American  editor  and  writer 
of  children’s  hooks.  He  was  assistant  editor  of  the 
“Youths  Companion.”  Among  his  works  are  a series  of 
“Zigzag  Journeys,"  “Poems  for  Christmas,  Easter,  and 
New  Year,”  “Songs  of  History,”  “Story  of  the  Hymns,” 
South  America,”  “ In  the  Boyhood  of  Lincoln,"  and  “ The 
Patriot  Schoolmaster." 

Butulan  (bo-to'lan)  Mountains.  A range  of 
mountains  in  the  eastern  part  of  Davao  dis- 
trict, Mindanao,  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 
It  extends  from  the  most  southern  point  of  the  island 
north  to  Casilaran  Bay,  an  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  Davao. 
Height  of  the  loftiest  peak,  4,520  feet. 

Buxtehude  (bdks'te-ho-de),  Dietrich.  Born 
at  Helsingor,  Denmark,  in  1637 : died  at  Lii- 
beck,  Germany,  May  9, 1707.  A famous  organ- 
ist and  composer,  organist  at  Lfibeck  from  1668. 
He  exerted  a strong  influence  on  Bach,  who  once  journeyed 
fifty  miles  on  foot  to  hear  him  play  at  his  famous  “ Abend- 
musiken”  in  Liibeck.  His  most  important  compositions 
were  organ-pieces. 

Buys-Ballot  (bois-ba-lo'),  Christophorus 
Henricus  Didericus.  Born  at  Kloetinge, 
province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  Oct.  10, 
1817 : died  at  Utrecht,  Feb.  3,  1890.  A Dutch 
meteorologist,  director  of  the  meteorological 
institute  at  Utrecht  1854-87.  He  was  the  first  to 
establish  a system  of  storm-signals  in  Europe.  He  is  best 
known  as  the  propounder  of  the  meteorological  law  or  rule 
named  for  him,  which  states  a relation  between  the  dif- 
ference of  the  barometrical  readings  at  any  two  stations 
and  the  direction  of  the  winds  relative  to  a line  joining  the 
two  stations. 

Byelostok.  Same  as  Bielostok. 

Byerly  (bi'er-li),  William  Elwood.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Dec.  13,  1849.  An  Ameri- 
can mathematician,  professor  of  mathematics 
in  Harvard  University  from  1881.  He  was  as- 
sistant professor  of  mathematics  in  Cornell 
University  1873-76,  and  in  Harvard  1876-81. 


abatuan  (ka-ba-to'an).  A 
municipality  in  the  central 
part  of  Hoilo  province,  Pa- 
nay,  Philippine  Islands.  Civ- 
ilized population,  16,497. 
Cabicung£n(ka-be-kon-gan' ). 
A volcano  in  Cagayan  prov- 
ince, in  the  northern  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Height,  4,326  feet. 
Cable*,  George  Washington.  He  has  also 
written  “Bylow  Hill”  (1902),  “Kincaid’s  Bat- 
tery” (1908),  etc. 

Cabrillo  (ka-brel'yo),  Joao  or  Juan  Rodri- 
guez. Bom  to  ward  the  end  of  the  15th  century : 
died  Jan.  3,  1543.  A Portuguese  navigator  in 
the  service  of  Spain.  He  explored  the  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia in  1542  from  about  lat.  33° ; discovered  the  Santa 
Barbara  Islands  ; and  sailed  as  far  north  as  about  38°.  On 
his  death  the  command  was  taken  by  his  chief  pilot  Fer- 
relo,  who  continued  the  exploration  of  the  coast  to  about 
lat.  42°.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  4. 

Cabusilan  (ka-bd-se'lan)  Mountains.  See 

* Zambales  Mountains. 

Cadbury  (kad'bu-ri),  George.  Born  at  Edg- 
baston,  Birmingham,  in  1839.  An  English 
manufacturer  and  philanthropist,  founder  of 
the  Bournville  model  village.  His  wife  (Eliza- 
beth Taylor)  is  an  advocate  of  the  cause  of 
women  workers,  and  has  served  on  national 
education  committees. 

Cadillac  (kad  - i - lak').  The  county-seat  of 
Wexford  County,  Michigan.  It  is  surrounded 
by  an  important  timber  region,  and  has  exten- 
sive lumber-mills,  besides  foundries,  machine- 
shops,  chemical  works,  etc.  Population,  8,375, 
(1910). 

Cadiz.  A municipality  in  the  northern  part  of 
Negros  Occidental  province,  Negros  Island,  in 
the  Philippines.  Civilized  population,  16,429. 
Cady  (ka'di),  Josiah  Cleveland.  Born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1837.  An  American  ar- 
chitect. He  has  designed  buildings  for  Yale  and  Wes- 
leyan  universities  and  Trinity  and  Williams  colleges.  He 
also  built  the  New  York  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital,  the 
Bellevue  Medical  College,  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House, 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  (all  in  New  York). 
He  is  president  of  the  New  York  Skin  and  Cancer  Hos- 
pital and  a governor  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital.  He  is 
also  a trustee  of  Berea  College  and  vice-president  of  the 
New  York  City  Mission. 

Cagayan  (ka-ga-yan').  1.  A river  in  Misamis 
province,  Mindanao,  Philippine  Islands,  flow- 
ing north  into  Macajalar  Bay. — 2.  A lake  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  Cagayan  province, 


Luz6n.  Area,  about  70  square  miles. — 3.  See 
*Rio  Grande  de  Cagayan. — 4.  See  *Cagayane$. 
— 5.  The  most  northeasterly  province  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  north  and  east ; Isabela  and  Lepanto- 
Bontoc  on  the  south  ; and  Abra  and  Ilocos  Norte  (both 
separated  from  it  by  the  Cordillera  Norte)  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Tuguegarao.  The  province  is  bordered  on  the 
eastern  coast  by  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains.  The  moun- 
tains are  densely  wooded.  The  central  plain  of  the  Rio 
Grande  de  Cagayan,  which  intersects  the  province  from 
north  to  south,  is  very  fertile  and  produces  large  quanti- 
ties of  tobacco.  The  native  races  are  chiefly  Cagayanes 
and  Ilocanos.  Area,  5,052  square  miles.  Population,  156,239. 

6.  A town,  the  capital  of  Misamis  province  in 
Mindanao,  Philippine  Islands,  situated  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  de  Cagayan , ap- 
proximately in  lat.  8°  11'  N.,  long.  124°  41'  E. 
Civilized  population  of  municipality,  7,108. 

Cagay&n  de  Jolo  (ka-ga-yan'  da  ho-Io')  and  ad- 
jacent islands.  A group  of  islands  lying  in 
the  Sulu  (Jolo)  Sea,  in  lat.  7°  2'  N.,  long.  18° 
32'  E.,  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States  hv 
a treaty  signed  November  7,  1900.  The  islands 

are  a part  of  the  Jol6  district  of  Moro  province.  Area, 
29.1  square  miles.  Population  of  largest  island,  2,000. 
Formerly  Cagayan  de  Sul v. 

Cagayanes  (ka-ga-ya'  nas)  and  adjacent  islands 
of  the  Sulu  (Jolo)  Sea.  A group  of  small  is- 
lands lying  between  Negros  and  Paragua,  and 
belonging  to  Paragua  province,  Philippine  Is- 
lands. It  consists  of  8 Cagayanes,  4 other  named  islands, 
and  10  unnamed  islets  and  rocks.  The  largest  of  the 
group  is  Cagayan.  Total  area,  8.2  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion of  Cagayan,  2,448. 

Cagua  (ka'go-a),  or  Caua  (ka'6-a).  A volcanic 
peak  in  Cagayan  province,  northern  Luzon, 
Philippines,  about  lat.  18°  13'  N.,  long.  122° 
4'  E.  Height,  3,920  feet. 

Cahokia  Mound  (ka-ho'ki-a  mound).  The 
largest  of  the  Indian  mounds,  situated  in  Illi- 
nois about  6 miles  east  of  St.  Louis.  The 
base  is  998  feet  north  and  south,  and  721  feet 
east  and  west.  The  height  is  99  feet. 

Caillaux  (ka-yo'),  Joseph.  Born  at  Le  Mans, 
March  30,  1863.  A French  statesman.  He  was 

formerly  professor  at  the  Ecole  des  Sciences  Politiques. 
He  served  as  minister  of  finance  in  the  cabinet  of  Waldeck- 
Rousseau  1899-1902,  and  held  office  under  Clemenceau  in 
1906  and  under  Monis  in  1911.  On  the  fall  of  the  ministry 
of  Monis  in  June,  he  was  placed  as  premier  at  the  head  of 
a new  cabinet,  but  resigned  in  January,  1912. 

Caimanera  (kl-ma-na'rii).  A town  in  the 
province  of  Oriente,  Cuba,  situated  on  Guan- 
tanamo Bay.  It  is  connected  by  rail  with 
Guant&namo. 


Caine*,  Thomas  Henry  Hall.  His  later  works 

include  “ The  Prodigal  Son  " (1904),  “ Drink  ” (1907),  “ My 
Story"  (1909),  “The  White  Prophet”  (1909),  etc.  “The 
Bondman  ” was  dramatized  in  1907,  “ Pete  ’’  (with  Louis 
N.  Parker)  in  1908,  “ The  Bishop’s  Son  ” in  1910,  “ The 
Eternal  Question  ” in  1910,  etc. 

Caissa  (ka-is'a).  [NL.,  artificially  formed  from 
chess,  appar.  on  the  model  of  chase 2 = F.  caisse, 
with  -issa  conforming  to  the  L.  and  Gr.  fern, 
suffix  -issa  (E.  -ess).]  The  goddess  of  chess : a 
modern  invention  of  chess-players.  The  name 
is  said  to  have  originated  with  Sir  William 
Jones,  the  Orientalist  (1746-94). 

Calabria*.  It  was  visited  by  a most  destruc- 
tive earthquake  Dec.  28,  1908,  which  also  de- 
stroyed Messina. 

Calasiao  (ka-la-se-a'o).  A municipality  of 

Pangasinan  province,  in  the  western  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  popula- 
tion, 16,539. 

Calbayog  (kal-ba'yog).  A municipality  in 

Samar  province,  on  the  west  coast  of  Samar, 
Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population,  15,- 
895. 

Caldecott  (kal'di-kot),  Randolph.  Born  at 
Chester,  England,  March  22,  1846 : died  at  St. 
Augustine,  Fla.,  Feb.  12,  1886.  An  English 
painter  and  illustrator.  He  was  educated  at  King 
Henry  VIII. ’s  School  at  Chester  and  in  1872  went  to  Lon- 
don. In  1882  he  became  a member  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,  exhibiting  there,  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery.  His  most 
characteristic  and  interesting  work  was  done  for  chil- 
dren’s books. 

Calderwood  (kal'der-wud),  Henry.  Born  at 
Peebles,  Scotland,  May  10,  1830:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  19,  1897.  A Scotch  philosophical 
writer,  professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  1868-97. 

Calhoun  (kal-hon'),  William  James.  Boro 
at  Pittsburg,  Oct.  5,  1848.  An  American  di- 
plomatist. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875,  and 
subsequently  practised  law.  He  was  a member  of  the 
United  States  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  1898-19(K), 
special  commissioner  to  Venezuela  in  1905,  and  minister 
to  China  from  December,  1909. 

California,  University  of.  See  * University  of 

California. 

Calkins  (ka'kinz),  Gary  Nathan.  Born  at 
Valparaiso,  Ind.,  Jan.  18,  1869.  An  American 
zoologist,  professor  in  Columbia  University 
from  1904.  He  was  biologist  of  the  New  York  State 
Cancer  Laboratory  in  the  University  of  Buffalo  1902-08. 
He  has  published  “ The  Protozoa  ” (1901),  “ Protozoology  ’ 
(1908),  etc. 


Calvo 

Calvo  (kal ' vo),  Carlos.  Born  at  Buenos 
Aires,  1824:  died  at  Paris,  May  2,  1906.  An 
Argentine  jurist  and  diplomat.  He  was  in  the 
consular  service  1852-58;  became  deputy  of  the  lower 
house  1859  ; from  1860  to  1864  represented  Paraguay  as 
charge  d’affaires  at  Paris,  being  also  accredited  to  Great 
Britain  ; was  accredited,  1884,  as  envoy  extraordinary  and 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg,  and 
Vienna ; and  in  1899  was  transferred  to  Paris,  being 
accredited  to  both  France  and  the  Holy  See.  He  formu- 
lated the  doctrine  that  “the  recovery  of  debts  and  the 
pursuit  of  private  claims  do  not  justify  de  piano  the 
armed  intervention  of  governments,"  with  special  refer- 
ence to  such  action  by  European  states  against  South 
American  governments.  He  published  numerous  treat- 
ises on  international  law,  etc.,  his  most  important  work 
being  “Le  droit  international  et  pratique"  (1868,  5th  ed. 
1896). 

Camagiiey  (ka-ma'gwa).  1.  A province  of 
Cuba  (formerly  Puerto  Principe),  situated  be- 
tween the  provinces  of  Santa  Clara  and  Ori- 
ente.  Area,  10,064  square  miles.  Population, 
118,269. — 2.  The  capital  (formerly  Puerto 
Principe)  of  the  province  of  Camagiiey,  Cuba. 
Population,  29,616. 

Cambridge  (kam'brij).  The  capital  of  Dor- 
chester County,  Maryland,  on  the  south  bank 
of  the  Choptank  River,  36  miles  southeast  of 
Annapolis.  It  has  extensive  canning  indus- 
tries, and  exports  oysters  and  fish.  Popula- 
tion, 6,407,  (1910). 

Cambridge  (kam'brij).  The  county-seat  of 
Guernsey  County,  Ohio,  55  miles  southwest  of 
Canton.  In  the  vicinity  there  are  deposits  of 
coal,  natural  gas,  iron,  etc.  Population,  11,- 
327,  (1910). 

Cambridgeshire  Handicap,  The.  An  English 
race  held  annually  at  Newmarket  at  the  end 
of  October.  The  first  race  was  run  in  1843.  Of  all 
handicaps  throughout  the  year  the  Cambridgeshire  is  re- 
garded as  the  most  important,  and  has  usually  attracted 
large  fields  and  brought  out  horses  of  a good  class. 

Camiguin  (ka-mi-goen')  1.  A very  fertile 
mountainous  island  in  Mindanao  Sea,  north 
of  Mindanao,  Philippine  Islands.  It  belongs  to 
Misamis  province,  and  contains  Camiguin  volcano.  High- 
est elevation,  5,383  feet.  Area,  94  Bquare  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 30,754. 

2.  A volcano  on  Camiguin  Island,  approxi- 
mately in  lat.  9°  12'  N.,  long.  124°  42'  E.  Its 
last  great  eruption  took  place  in  1871,  activity 
continuing  into  1875.  New  solfataras  appeared 
in  1897  and  1902.  Height,  2,392  feet. 
Camiguin  (ka-mi-goen').  A volcanic  island 
of  the  Babuyan  group,  north  of  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  It  belongs  to  Cagayan  province,  and 
contains  an  extinct  volcano,  Camiguin  de  Babuyanes. 
Highest  elevation,  2,790  feet.  Area,  61  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 98. 

Camiling  (ka-me-ling').  1.  A municipality  of 
Tarlac  province,  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  popula- 
tion, 25,243. — 2.  A town  of  Tarlac  province. 
Population,  7,149. 

Camotes  (ka-mo'tas)  Islands.  A group  of 
islands  lying  between  Cebu  and  Leyte,  in  the 
Philippines,  and  belonging  to  Cebu  province. 
The  largest  is  Pasijan.  Area,  90.1  square 
miles.  Population,  21,123. 

Camp  (kamp),  Walter.  Born  at  New  Britain, 
Conn.,  April  7,  1859.  An  American  business 
man  and  authority  on  athletics,  treasurer  of 
Yale  Field  and  a member  of  Y'ale  University 
Council.  He  is  the  author  of  “Book  of  College  Sports," 
“American  Football,”  “Football  Facts  and  Figures,” 
“ Drives  and  Puts " (with  Lilian  Brooks),  “ Football  " 
(with  Lorin  F.  Deland),  “ Yale,  her  Campus,  Classroom, 
and  Athletics ’’(with  L.  S.  Welch),  “ Book  of  Football,”  etc. 

Campanile  of  St.  Mark’s*.  The  foundations 
were  strengthened,  and  the  rebuilding  of  the 
tower  was  begun  in  1905,  and  finished  in  1912. 
Campanini  (kam-pa-ne'ne),  Cleofonte.  Born 
at  Parma  in  1860.  An  Italian  musical  direc- 
tor, brother  of  the  tenor  Italo  Campanini,  and 
brother-in-law  of  Luisa  Tetrazzini.  He  first  ap- 
peared  a9  a conductor  at  Parma,  in  1883,  directing  “Car- 
men.” The  same  season  he  appeared  in  New  York  as 
second  conductor  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  and 
in  1888  at  the  Academy  of  Music.  lie  was  musical  di- 
rector at  the  Manhattan  Opera  House,  New  York,  1906-10, 
where  he  conducted  the  first  American  performances  of 
“Pelffias  et  M61isande  ” and  “Louise.”  He  has  been 
leading  conductor  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  for  several 
seasons. 

Campbell  (kam'bel),  Douglas.  Born  at  Coop- 
• erstown,  N.  Y.,  July  13,  1840:  died  at  Sche- 
nectady, N.  Y.,  March  7,  1893.  An  American 
lawyer  and  historical  writer.  He  was  educated  at 
Union  College  ; served  as  captain  of  the  121st  New  York 
Volunteers  in  the  Civil  War  ; and  practised  law  in  New 
York  until  1890.  He  wrote  “The  Puritan  in  Holland, 
England,  and  America,  an  Introduction  to  American  His- 
tory ” (189*2). 

Campbell  (kam'bel),  Lewis.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  3,  1&30:  died  Oct.  25,  1908.  A 


Scotch  classical  scholar,  professor  of  Greek  at 
St.  Andrews  from  1863.  He  has  published  editions 
of  Greek  texts  (including  Sophocles  1871-81),  a life  of 
James  Clerk  Maxwell  (1882  : with  W.  Garnett),  transla- 
tions of  Sophocles  and  /Esciiylus,  a life  of  Benjamin 
Jowett  (1897:  with  E.  Abbott),  “Tragic  Drama  in 
-'Eschylus,  Sophocles,  and  Shakespeare  ”(1904),  “ Paralipo- 
mena  Sophoclea  ” (1907),  etc. 

Campbell  (kam'bel),  Mrs.  Patrick  (Beatrice 
Stella  Tanner).  Born  in  London.  A con- 
temporary English  actress.  She  made  her  ddbut 
with  a provincial  company  as  Rosalind  in  “ As  You  Like 
It,”  and  two  years  later  was  engaged  by  Pinero  to  play 
the  title  role  in  “The  Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray,”one  of  her 
strongest  parts.  She  has  done  much  to  make  known  to 
the  English  public  the  work  of  Ibsen,  Maeterlinck,  and 
Sudermann.  Later  she  became  manager  of  her  own  the- 
ater. Among  her  best-known  roles  are  Ophelia,  Lady 
Macbeth,  Juliet,  Lady  Teazle,  Magda,  and  Mrs.  Ebbsmith. 
Campbell  (kam'bel),  William.  Born  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  England,  June  24,  1876. 
An  Anglo-American  scientist,  associate  pro- 
fessor of  metallurgy  in  Columbia  University 
from  1910.  He  was  adjunct  professor  1907-10.  His 
studies  relate  chiefly  to  the  microstructure  and  physical 
properties  of  metals  and  alloys. 

Campbell  (kam'bel),  William  Wallace. 

Boru  in  Hancock  County,  Ohio,  April  11,  1862. 
An  American  astronomer,  director  of  the  Lick 
Observatory  from  1901.  He  has  been  astronomer 
in  this  observatory  since  1891.  He  conducted  eclipse  ex- 
peditions to  India  in  1898,  to  Georgia  in  1900,  and  to  Spain 
in  1905.  His  works  include  “ The  Elements  of  Practical 
Astronomy  ’’  (1899),  and  numerous  technical  papers.  He 
received  the  Lalande  prize  of  the  Paris  Academy  in  1903, 
the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  and 
the  Draper  gold  medal  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences in  1906.  Silliman  lecturer  at  Y’ale  1909-10. 

Campbell-Bannerman  (kam'bel-ban ' er-man ), 
Sir  Henry.  Born  Sept.  7,  1836:  died  April 
22, 1908.  A British  statesman.  He  was  the  son 
of  Sir  James  Campbell,  but  assumed  the  additional  sur- 
name of  Bannerman  (under  the  will  of  his  maternal 
uncle)  in  187*2.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  University 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  Liberal  member 
of  Parliament  for  Stirling  Burghs  from  1868.  He  was 
financial  secretary  to  the  war  office  1871-74,  1880-8*2 ; 
secretary  to  the  admiralty  1882-84 ; chief  secretary  for 
Ireland  1884-85  ; secretary  of  state  for  war  1886,  1892-95  ; 
leader  of  the  Liberal  party  in  the  House  of  Commons  from 
1899 ; and  premier  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury  Decem- 
ber, 1905, -April,  1908.  In  1895  he  was  knighted  (G.  C.  B.). 
He  was  popularly  referred  to  as  “C.-B.” 

Campidoglio,  Piazza  del.  See  * Piazza  del 
Campidoglio. 

Canal  Dover  (ka-nal'  do'ver).  A city  in  Tus- 
carawas County,  Ohio,  70  miles  southeast  of 
Cleveland.  It  has  manufactories  of  wagons,  tin,  sheet- 
iron,  etc.  In  the  vicinity  are  deposits  of  coal  and  iron. 
Population,  6,621,  (1910). 

Canal  Zone,  Isthmian.  See  * Isthmian  Canal 
Zone. 

Candon  (kan-don').  A municipality  in  Ilocos 
Sur  province,  on  the  west  coast  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population,  18,- 
828. 

Canlaon  (kan-la-on'),  or  Malaspina  (ma-la- 
spe'na).  A volcano  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  Negros  Oriental  province,  Negros,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  approximately  in  lat.  10°  30'  N., 
long.  123°  6'  E.  It  is  a picturesque  mountain, 
always  steaming.  A notable  eruption  took 
place  in  1902.  Height,  8,192  feet. 

Cannizzaro  (kan-ne-tsa'ro),  Stanislao.  Born 
at  Palermo,  July  13,  1826 : died  at  Rome, 
May  10,  1910.  An  Italian  chemist.  He  studied 
medicine  and  other  sciences  at  Palermo ; served  as 
assistant  in  the  chemical  laboratory  at  Pisa  1845-46  ; 
went  to  Paris  in  1849,  where  he  entered  Chevreul's 
laboratory  ; and  became  professor  of  chemistry  in 
1851  at  Alessandria  in  Piedmont,  in  1855  at  Genoa,  in 
1861  at  Palermo,  and  in  1871  at  Rome.  He  discovered  im- 
portant compounds  and  reactions  in  organic  chemistry, 
and  brought  out  decisive  facts  in  connection  with  the 
atomic  theory.  For  this  latter  service  to  science  he  was 
awarded  in  1891  the  Copley  medal  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London. 

Cannon  (kan'on),  Joseph  Gurney.  Born  at 
Guilford,  N.  C.,  May  7,  1836.  An  American 
statesman.  He  was  admitted  to  the  (Illinois)  bar  in 
1858,  and  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Illi- 
nois 1873-91  and  1893-1913.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Appropriations  in  the  55th,  56th,  and  57th 
Congresses  (1897-1903),  and  speaker  of  the  58th,  59th,  60th, 
and  61st  Congresses  (1903-11). 

Canon  City  (kan'von  sit'i).  The  county-seat 
of  Fremont  County,  Colorado,  37  miles  north- 
west of  Pueblo,  on  the  Arkansas  River  just 
below  the  Grand  Canon,  and  at  an  altitude  of 
5,350  feet.  It  is  a health  resort,  noted  for  its  fine 
climate  and  mineral  springs,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
penitentiary.  Copper,  silver,  iron,  coal,  and  limestone  are 
found  in  the  yicinity.  Population,  5,162,  (1910). 

Canton  (kan'tou).  A city  in  Fulton  County, 
Illinois,  86  miles  northeast  of  Quincy,  it  has 

coal-mining  interests,  important  manufactories  of  agricul- 
tural implements,  also  machine-shops,  tile-  and  marble- 
works,  cigar-factories,  etc.  Population,  10,453,  (1910). 
Cape  Colony*,  in  1909  a bill  was  passed  providing 
for  the  union  of  the  Transvaal,  Cape  Colony,  Orange  Free 


Cardenas,  Don  Garcia  Lopez  de 

State,  and  Natal  into  a single  nation  with  a centralized 
government,  known  as  the  Union  of  South  Africa  (which 
see).  It  is  to  be  known  as  the  Gape  of  Good  Hope.  It  is 
represented  in  the  Union  Parliament  by  8 members  in  the 
Senate  and  51  in  the  House  of  Assembly. 

Cape  Girardeau  (kap  je-rfir-do').  A city  in 
Cape  Girardeau  County,  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  River  97  miles  southeast  of  St. 
Louis.  It  has  a considerable  trade  in  lumber,  flour, 
lime,  etc.  St.  Vincent's  College  and  the  Southeast  Mis- 
souri State  Normal  School  are  at  this  place.  Population, 
8,475,  (1910). 

Cape  to  Cairo  Railway.  An  African  railway 
system  which  when  completed  will  connect 
Cape  Town  with  Cairo,  a distance  of  about 

6.000  miles.  The  project  was  first  conceived  by  Cecil 
Rhodes  about  1893,  when  the  Cape  Colonial  Railway  from 
Cape  Town  to  Kimberley  was  extended  northward  toMafe- 
king.  At  the  time  of  its  inception  the  project  was  thought 
to  be  impracticable,  since  much  of  the  route  in  the 
equatorial  region  lay  through  hostile  native  territory  and 
districts  infested  with  wild  beasts.  However,  a beginning 
was  made,  and  the  line  was  built  from  Mafeking  first  to 
Bulawayo  and  later  to  the  Victoria  Falls  on  the  Zambesi. 
At  present  (1911)  this  southern  section  is  completed  for 
traffic  as  far  as  Broken  Hill  in  Northwest  Rhodesia,  about 

2.000  miles  from  Cape  Town.  It  is  to  he  continued  to  Lake 
Tanganyika,  and  thence  through  German  East  Africa  and 
British  East  Africa,  From  Cairo  southward  the  northern 
section  has  been  carried  beyond  Khartum.  It  is  expected 
that  the  system  will  be  completed  about  1918. 

Capiz  (ka'peth).  1.  The  northeastern  prov- 
ince of  Panay,  with  adjacent  small  islands,  in 
the  Philippines.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Visayan  Sea  on 
the  north ; Iloilo  (separated  by  mountains)  on  the  east 
and  south  ; and  Antique  (separated  by  mountains)  on  the 
west  and  south.  Capital,  Capiz.  It  is  a mountainous  and 
densely  forested  province,  with  numerous  small  rivers  and 
with  fertile  valleys  that  yield  large  crops,  notably  of 
hemp,  corn,  sugar-cane,  and  rice.  The  chief  river  is  the 
Panay.  Among  the  minerals  found  here  are  gold,  iron, 
and  coal.  The  native  race  is  Visayan.  Area,  1,749  square 
miles.  Population,  230,721. 

2.  A town,  the  capital  of  Capiz  province,  sit- 
uated on  the  northern  coast  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Panay  River,  in  lat.  11°  36'  N..  long. 
122°  42'  E.  Population,  7, 186 ; municipality, 
civilized  population,  18,525. 

Caraballos  Occidentales  (ka-ra-bal'yos  ok- 
the-den-ta'las).  A mountain-system  of  Lu- 
zon, Philippine  Islands,  extending  for  about 
200  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  separating 
the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  de  Cagayan  from 
the  China  Sea.  The  northern  part  of  the  range,  be- 
tween Cagayan  and  Ilocos  Norte  provinces,  is  called  the 
Cordillera  Norte ; the  central  part,  separating  Cagayan 
and  Lepanto-Bontoc,  the  Cordillera  Central ; the  southern 
part,  intersecting  Lepanto-Bontoc  and  separating  Benguet 
from  Nueva  Vizcaya,  the  Cordillera  Sur.  The  Cordillera 
Norte  gradually  increases  in  height  from  north  to  south 
to  its  culminating  peak,  Pagsan,  7,261  feet  high.  In  the 
Cordillera  Central  are  peaks  6,000  to  6,500  feet  in  height, 
and  in  the  Cordillera  Sur  is  Mount  Data,  7,364  feet  high. 
Spurs  trending  in  different  directions  separate  branches 
of  the  Cagayan  River,  or  form  the  boundary  between  prov- 
inces. These  Bpurs  contain  some  of  the  higher  peaks  o' 
the  system. 

Caraballos  Sur  (ka-ra-bal'yos  sor).  A range 
of  mountains  in  Luzdn,  Philippine  Islands, 
extending  east  and  west  between  Nueva  Viz- 
caya and  Nueva  Bcija  provinces  and  connect- 
ing the  Sierra  Mad  re  system  on  the  east  with 
the  Caraballos  Occidentales  on  the  west. 
Caran  d’Ache  (ka-ran'  dash').  [Russian  kar- 
an-dash,  a crayon.]  The  pseudonym  of  Em- 
manuel Poir6  (horn  at  Moscow,  1858:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  26,  1909),  a French  illustrator 
and  caricaturist.  He  was  the  grandson  of  a soldier  in 
Napoleon’s  army,  and  was  educated  in  Moscow.  Coming 
to  Paris,  he  was  first  an  attache  in  the  ministry  of  war  and 
afterward  became  an  illustrator  of  popular  journals,  mak- 
ing clever  caricatures  for  “Tout  Paris,”  “La  Vie  Parisi- 
enne,”  “Chat  Noir,”  and  others. 

Carbondale  (kar'bon-dal).  A city  in  Jackson 
County,  Illinois,  50  miles  north  of  Cairo.  Coal 

is  mined  in  the  vicinity,  and  there  are  flour-mills,  etc. 
The  Southern  IllinoisNormalUniversity  is  at  Carbondale. 
Population,  6,411,  (1910).  m 

Carcar  (kar'kar).  A municipality  in  Cebu 
province,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Cebu  island, 
in  the  Philippines.  Civilized  population,  31,- 
895. 

Cardenas  (kar'da-niis),  Bernardino  de.  Born 
in  the  seventeenth  century  at  Chuquisaca 
(Sucre),  Bolivia  (then  Peru).  A Spanish  friar 
of  the  order  of  St.  Francis.  He  devoted  his  life  to 
missionary  work  among  the  natives  of  the  country  and 
opposed  the  intrigues  and  ambitions  of  the  Jesuits.  He 
wrote  three  hooks  relating  to  the  field  of  his  endeavors 
(acquiring  the  title  of  “Historian  of  Peru”),  the  chief 
being  “ Manual  y relacion  de  las  cosas  del  reyno  del  Peru,” 
published  at  Madrid  in  1634. 

C&rdenas  (kilr'da-nas),  Don  Garcia  Lopez  de. 

A Spanish  nobleman  whobecame  one  of  Coro- 
nado’s captains  on  the  expedition  of  1540  to 
New  Mexico  and  beyond.  With  his  party  he  was 
the  first  to  see  and  describe  tile  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colo- 
rado, which  he  looked  into  about  September,  1640.  lie  re- 
ported the  gorge  as  extremely  deep,  with  a distance  of 
three  or  four  leagues  from  brink  to  brink.  Cardenas  was 


Cardenas,  Don  Garcia  Lopez  de 

very  active  iu  the  battles  with  the  Puebloaus,  once  saving 
Coronado's  life,  and  on  another  occasion  causing  a large 
number  of  natives  to  be  put  to  death.  He  was  sent  by 
Coronado  to  Spain  with  a letter  to  the  king,  and  was  one 
of  the  most  resolute  and  distinguished  officers  of  the  ex- 
pedition. See  Century  Atlas , Map  4. 

Carey  (ka'ri),  James  F.  Born  at  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  Aug.  19,  1867.  An  American  socialist. 

He  learned  the  shoemaking  trade,  joined  the  Interna- 
tional Boot-  and  Shoemakers'  Union,  and  became  promi- 
nent in  labor  affairs.  He  was  the  first  socialist  elected  to 
political  office  in  New  England,  and  a national  organizer 
of  the  Socialist  party.  He  was  a member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts House  of  Representatives  1898-1902. 

Carey  (ka'ri),  Rosa  Nouchette.  Born  at. 
London:  died  there,  July  19,1909.  An  English 
novelist  whose  stories  for  girls  attained  wide 
popularity.  Among  them  are  “Nellie's  Memories” 
(1868),  “Wee  Wifie”  (1869),  “ Heriot’s  Choice"  (1879), 
“Not  Like  Other  Girls"  (1884),  “The  Old,  Old  Story" 
(1894),  “ Herb  of  Grace  " (1901),  “ The  Household  of  Peter  " 
(1905),  “The  Angel  of  Forgiveness”  (1907),  etc. 

Caribou  (kar'i-bo).  A town  in  Aroostook 
County,  Maine.  It  has  starch-  and  shingle- 
factories,  etc.  Population,  5,377,  (1910). 

Carigara  (ka-ri-ga'ra).  1.  A municipality  in 
the  northern  part  of  Leyte,  on  Carigara  Bay. 
Civilized  population,  16,382. — 2.  A town  of 
Leyte  province.  Population,  5,338. 

Carissimi  (ka-res'si-mi),  Giacomo.  Born  at 
Marino,  near  Rome,  about  1604:  died  at  Rome, 
Jan.  12,  1674.  A noted  Italian  operatic  com- 
poser, kapellmeister  in  Assisi,  1620,  and  in  the 
church  of  Saint  Apollinaris  in  Rome,  1628. 

He  did  much  toward  perfecting  the  recitative  in  the  then 
new  operatic  form,  and  developed  the  sacred  cantata. 

Carleton  (karl'ton),  Will.  Born  Oct.  21, 1845 : 
died  Dec.  18,  1912.  An  American  poet,  jour- 
nalist, and  lecturer.  He  was  the  author  of  “Farm 
Ballads’'  (1873),  “Farm  Festivals”  (1881),  “City  Ballads” 
(1885),  “Songs  of  Two  Centuries  ” (1902),  “In  Old  School 
Days  ” (1907),  “ Drifted  In  ’’  (1908),  etc. 

Carlos  (kar'los)  I.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Sept.  28, 
1863:  assassinated  there  (together  with  his 
older  son),  Feb.  1,  1908.  King  of  Portugal. 
He  was  the  son  of  King  Luiz  I.  and  Maria  Pia, 
daughter  of  Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  King  of 
Italy.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne  October  19, 1889.  On 
May  22, 1886,  he  married  Marie  Amelie,  daughter  of  Louis 
Philippe,  Due  d’Orleans,  Comte  de  Paris.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  younger  son,  Manoel  II.,  who  was  deposed 
by  the  Liberal  party,  October,  1910. 

Carmalt  (kar'malt),  William  Henry.  Born 
at  Friends ville,  Pa.,  Aug.  3,  1836.  An  Ameri- 
can surgeon,  professor  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  surgery  iu  Yale  University  1881- 
1907.  He  was  professor  of  ophthalmology  and 
otology  there  1879-81. 

Carman  (kar'man),  William  Bliss.  Born  at 
Fredericton,  New  Brunswick,  April  15,  1861. 
An  American  poet,  essayist,  and  journalist. 
He  is  the  author  of  “ Low  Tide  on  Grand  Pre  " (1893),  “ St. 
Kavin  " (1894),  “ A Sea  Mark  ” (1895),  “Behind  the  Arras  " 
(1895),  “ Ballads  of  Lost  Haven  ” (1896),  “ By  the  Aurelian 
Wall  ” (1897),  “The  Vengeance  of  Noel  Brassard  ” (1899), 
“ Christmas  Eve  at  St.  Kavin’s  " (1901),  “ Ode  on  the  Cor- 
onation of  King  Edward”  (1902),  “From  the  Book  of 
Myths”  (1902),  “The  Kinship  of  Nature ” (1903),  “From 
the  Green  Book  of  the  Bards  ” (1903),  “ Songs  of  the  Sea 
Children”  (1903),  “Sappho"  (1903),  “The  Friendship  of 
Art”  (1904),  “The  Word  at  St.  Kavin’s”  (1904),  “Songs 
from  a Northern  Garden”  (1904),  “ From  the  Book  of  Val- 
entines ” (1905),  “ Collected  Poems  ” (1905),  “ The  Poetry 
of  Life "(1905),  “The  Making  of  Personality ” (1908),  “The 
Rough  Rider ” (1909),  and,  with  Richard  Hovey,  “Songs 
from  Vagabondia  ” (1894),  “ More  Songs  from  Vagabondia  ” 
(1896),  and  “Last  Songs  of  Vagabondia”  (1900). 

Carnavalet  Museum.  A historical  museum 
at  Paris.  The  Hotel  Carnavalet  was  built  in  1550,  in 
the  farms  which  then  occupied  the  eastern  portion  of 
Paris,  by  Pierre  Lescot,  architect,  and  Jean  Goujon, 
sculptor.  It  derived  its  name  from  one  of  its  early  ten- 
ants, the  Dame  de  Kernevenoy,  called  ‘Carnavalet’  at 
court.  Madarne.de  Sevigne  lived  here  from  1677  to  1696. 
In  1866  it  was  bought  by  the  city  of  Paris  for  a museum. 
Since  1872,  and  under  the  superintendence  of  M.  Jules 
Cousin,  collections  and  a library  have  been  formed,  de- 
voted to  material  relating  to  the  history  of  Paris. 

Carnegie  (kar-na'gi).  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  7 miles  southwest  of 
Pittsburg.  It  has  important  steel-manufac- 
tories, and  is  in  an  active  coal-mining  region. 
Population,  10,009,  (1910). 

Carnegie*,  Andrew.  He  has  also  given  large  sums 
for  the  promotion  of  international  peace,  etc.  His  later 
books  include  “The  Gospel  of  Wealth"  (1900),  “The  Em- 
pire of  Business ” (1902),  “James  Watt”  (1905),  “Problems 
of  To-day  ” (1908),  etc. 

Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement 
of  Teaching,  The.  An  institution  founded  by 
Andrew  Carnegie  in  1905,  and  incorporated  by 
act  of  Congress  in  1906,  for  the  purpose  of  ad- 
vancing the  profession  of  teaching  by  a sys- 
tem of  retiring-allowances  for  teachers  and 
officers  in  colleges,  universities,  and  technical 
schools  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  New- 
foundland, and  of  pensions  for  their  widows. 
The  original  fund  of  $10,000,000  was  increased  by  Mr. 
Carnegie  in  1908  to  $15,000,000,  to  include  also  in  its 


scope  teachers  and  officers  iu  State  institutions.  The  dis- 
tribution of  allowances  and  pensions  is  based  on  the  quali- 
fications, not  of  individual  teachers,  but  of  institutions, 
aud  in  the  course  of  determining  what  institutions  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  foundation  interesting  and  valua- 
ble reports  have  been  made  both  on  the  standards  and 
methods  of  institutions  and  on  the  condition  of  higher  ed- 
ucation in  general.  Thus  the  foundation  has  become  an 
educational  agency  of  more  than  national  influence.  In 
1911  the  list  of  accepted  institutions  numbered  72. 

Carnegie  Hero  Fund.  A fund  created  by 
Andrew  Carnegie  in  April,  1904,  for  the  bene- 
fit of  persons  in  the  United  States,  Canada, 
and  Newfoundland  who  have  suffered  injury 
in  heroic  efforts  to  save  human  life,  or,  in  case 
of  their  death,  for  the  benefit  of  their  depen- 
dent families.  Medals  also  are  awarded  for  heroic 
acts.  The  endowment  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  a com- 
mission of  twenty-one  persons,  who  adjudicate  upon  cases 
submitted  to  them. 

Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  The. 

An  institution  founded  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
by  Andrew  Carnegie,  in  1902.  He  stated  that  his 

purpose  was  to  “found  in  the  city  of  Washington  an 
institution  which,  with  the  cooperation  of  institutions 
now  or  hereafter  established,  shall  in  the  broadest  and 
most  liberal  manner  encourage  investigation,  research, 
and  discovery,  show  the  application  of  knowledge  to  the 
.improvement  of  mankind,  and  provide  such  buildings, 
laboratories,  books,  and  apparatus  a9  may  be  needed.” 
By  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  April  28, 1904,  the  Institu- 
tion was  placed  under  the  control  of  a board  of  twenty- 
four  trustees.  The  trustees  meet  annually,  and  during 
the  intervals  between  such  meetings  the  affairs  of  the 
Institution  are  conducted  by  an  executive  committee, 
chosen  by  and  from  the  board  of  trustees,  acting  through 
the  president  of  the  Institution  as  chief  executive  officer. 
Dr.  Daniel  C.  Gilman  was  the  first  president  of  the  Insti- 
tution, holding  office  until  his  resignation  took  effect  in 
December,  1904,  when  the  trustees  elected  Dr.  Robert  S. 
Woodward  to  the  position.  Many  projects  in  widely 
different  fields  of  inquiry  have  been  considered  or  are 
under  consideration  by  the  executive  committee,  and 
over  100  volumes  of  scientific  importance  have  been  pub- 
lished. The  endowment  is  twenty-five  million  dollars. 

Carnegie  Peace  Fund.  An  endowment  of 
$10,000,000  made  by  Andrew  Carnegie  in  De- 
cember, 1910,  to  be  devoted  to  measures  cal- 
culated to  lead  to  universal  peace  by  the  aboli- 
tion of  war  among  nations.  The  fund  is 
administered  by  a board  of  twenty-seven 
trustees. 

Carnochan  (kar'no-kan),  John  Murray. 

Born  at  Savannah,  Georgia,  July  4,  1817  : died 
at  New  York,  Oct.  28,  1887.  An  American 
surgeon,  noted  especially  for  the  treatment  of 
elephantiasis  Arabum  by  ligature  of  the  fem- 
oral artery,  and  for  the  successful  removal  of 
the  entire  lower  jaw  in  one  operation. 

Caro  (ka-ro').  Elme  Marie.  Born  at  Poitiers, 
March  4,  1826 : died  at  Paris,  July  13,  1887. 
A 1 rench  philosopher.  He  was  appointed  professor 
in  the  Sorbonne  in  1864,  and  was  elected  to  the  French 
Academy  in  1874.  He  was  a contributor  to  the  “Revue 
de  l’instruction  publique,"  etc.  Among  his  published 
works  are  “ Le  mysticisme  au  xviii*?  siecle  ” (1852),  “ L’ldee 
de  Dieu  etses  nouveaux  critiques  ” (1864),  “La philosophic 
de  Goethe  ” (1866),  “ Le  materialisme  etla  science  ” (1868), 
“Melanges  et  portraits  ” (1888),  etc. 

Carrel  (ka-rel'),  Alexis.  Born  at  Sainte  Foy, 
Lyons,  France,  June  28,  1873.  A French  sur- 
geon. He  received  his  education  at  the  University  of 
Lyons,  came  to  America  in  1905,  and  since  1909  has  been 
an  associate  member  of  the  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Med- 
ical Research.  His  work  has  been  chiefly  concerned  with 
the  transplantation  of  tissues  and  organs,  and  the  life  of 
tissues  outside  of  the  organism.  He  was  awarded  the 
Nobel  prize  for  research  in  medicine  in  1912. 

Carreno  (kar-ra'nyo),  Teresa.  Born  at  Caracas, 
Venezuela,  Dec.  22, 1853.  A Venezuelan  pian- 
ist. She  studied  with  Gottschalk,  Mathias,  and  Anton 
Rubinstein.  She  appeared  at  the  Academy  of  Music,  New 
York,  at  the  age  of  nine,  giving  concerts  until  1875,  when 
she  appeared  in  opera.  In  1889  she  returned  to  the  con- 
cert stage,  and  has  since  toured  extensively  in  Europe 
and  America.  She  married  Eugene  d’ Albert  in  1892. 

Carrere  (ka-rar'),  John  Merven.  Born  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  Nov.  9,  1858:  died  at 
New  York,  March  1,  1911.  An  American 
architect.  He  wasgraduated  from  the  ficoledes  Beaux- 
Arts,  Paris,  in  1882  ; served  on  commissions  for  remod- 
eling Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  other  cities  of  the  United 
States;  designed  various  features  of  the  Pan-American 
Exposition  at  Buffalo  in  1901  ; and  with  his  partner  (since 
1884),  Thomas  Hastings,  designed  many  notable  buildings, 
including  the  Ponce  de  Leon  and  Alcazar  hotels  at  St. 
Augustine,  the  Public  Library  and  the  New  Theater  at 
New  York,  the  Senate  Office  Building  at  Washington, 
etc.  He  was  also  a special  lecturer  on  architectural  sub- 
jects at  Harvard  University. 

Carrick  (kar'ik).  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated  from  part 
of  Baldwin  township  in  1904.  Pop.,  6,117,(1910). 

Carri&re  (kar-yar'),  Eugene  Anatole.  Born 
Jan.  17,  1849  : died  at  Paris,  March  27,  1906.  A 
French  painter,  ne  studied  at  the  ficole  des  Beaux- 
Arts  and  under  Cabanel ; took  part  in  the  Franco- Prussian 
war  and  was  captured.  For  a long  time  he  worked  in 
poverty  and  neglect,  from  which  he  did  not  emerge  until 
1884,  when  his  works  began  to  attract  much  attention. 
He  painted  a large  number  of  portraits. 


Case  School  of  Applied  Science 

Carroll  (kar'ol),  James.  Born  in  England, 
June  5,  1854:  died  at  Washington,  Sept.  16, 
1907.  An  Anglo-American  physician,  surgeon 
in  the  United  States  army.  He  was  a member  of 
the  Havana  Yellow  Fever  Commission  appointed  in  1900, 
and  in  the  conduct  of  experiments  submitted  himself  to 
inoculation,  with  a consequent  severe  attack  of  the  fever. 
His  death  was  regarded  as  an  ultimate  result  of  the  dis- 
ease. He  was  promoted  to  the  grade  of  major-surgeon 
by  a special  act  of  Congress,  March  2,  1907. 

Carryl  (kar'il),  Guy  Wetmore.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  4,  1873  : died  there,  April  1,  1904. 
An  American  humorist.  He  was  graduated  from 
Columbia  University  in  1895.  Among  his  publications  are 
“ Fables  for  the  Frivolous  ” (1898),  “ Mother  Goose  for 
Grown-ups”  (1900),  “Grimm  Tales  Made  Gay”  (1902), 
“The  Lieutenant-Governor”  (1903),  “ Zut,  and  Other 
Parisians  ” (1903),  “ The  Transgression  of  Andrew  Vane” 
(1904),  “ Far  from  the  Maddening  Girls  ” (1904),  and  “ The 
Garden  of  Years  ” (1904). 

Carson  (kar'son),  Alexander.  Born  near 
Stewartst.own,  County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  1776: 
died  at  Belfast,  August  24,  1844.  A Baptist 
theologian.  He  was  of  Scottish  parentage  and  was 
for  a time  a Presbyterian  minister,  but  separated  from  that 
church  in  1804.  Later  he  adopted  Baptist  views.  He 
published  numerous  controversial  writings. 

Carson*,  Christopher.  He  acted  as  guide  to 
Fremont  on  his  exploring  expeditions,  and  to 
the  U.  S.  troops  in  the  conquest  of  California  ; 
was  appointed  Indian  agent  for  New  Mexico, 
1853 ; and  took  part  in  the  Civil  War,  rising  to 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general. 

Carter  (kar'ter),  Janies  Coolidge.  Born  at 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  Oct.  14,  1827 : died  at  New 
York,  Feb.  14,  1905.  An  American  lawyer. 

He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  University  iu  1850,  and  at 
the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1853.  In  1875  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Tilden  a member  of  the  commission 
to  devise  a form  of  municipal  government  for  the  cities 
of  New  York  State,  and  in  1892  was  appointed  one  of  the 
counsel  to  represent  the  United  States  before  the  Bering 
Sea  tribunal.  He  published  “The  Proposed  Codification 
of  our  Common  Law  ” (1884). 

Carter  (kar'ter),  John  Ridgely.  Born  at 
Baltimore,  Nov.  28,  1864.  An  American  di- 
plomatist. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1889.  He 
6erved  as  secretary  to  the  American  ambassador  at  Lon- 
don 1894-96,  as  second  secretary  of  the  American  embassy 
1896-1905,  and  secretary  1905-09 ; was  minister  to  the  Bal- 
kan States  1909-11. 

Carus  (ka'ros),  Paul.  Born  at  Hsenhurg,  Ger- 
many, July  18,  1852.  A German-American 
philosophical  writer,  editor  of  the  “Monist” 
and  “The  Open  Court”  (Chicago).  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Universities  of  Strasburg  and  Tubingen. 
Among  his  publications  are  “Fundamental  Problems,” 
“The  Gospel  of  I’.uddha,”  “Karma"  “The  Idea  of  God," 
“ The  History  of  the  Devil,”  “ The  Nature  of  the  State,’  etc. 

Caruso  (ka-ro'so),  Enrico.  Born  at  Naples, 
Italy,  1874.  A noted  Italian  dramatic  tenor. 

He  made  his  debut  in  a small  theater  near  Naples,  and  was 
not  brought  into  prominence  until  1896,  when  he  sang 
at  the  Fondo  theater  in  Naples.  In  1898  he  sang  in  Milan. 
In  1903  he  began  a series  of  engagements  in  New  York 
that  brought  him  great  popularity. 

Carver  (kar'ver),  Thomas  Nixon.  Born  at 
Kirkville,  Iowa,  March  25,  1865.  An  Ameri- 
can political  economist.  He  was  professor  of  eco- 
nomies in  Oberlin  College  1894-1900,  and  assistant  professor 
of  political  economy  in  Harvard  University  1900-02,  and 
has  been  professor  there  since  1902.  He  lias  published 
“The  Distribution  of  Wealth”  (1904),  “Sociology  and 
Social  Progress”  (1905),  and  articles  on  economic  subjects 
in  various  periodicals. 

Cary,  Annie  Louise.  See  ^Raymond,  Mrs. 
Casablanca  (ka-sa-blan'ka)  (Dar-el-Beida). 
A seaport  of  Morocco,  situated  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  about  lat.  33°  35'  N.,  long.  7°  50'  W. 

On  July  30,  1907,  the  Moors  murdered  eight  Europeans 
and  the  city  was  bombarded  by  French  ships  Aug.  5,  and 
captured  by  French  troops.  The  conflict  between  France 
and  Morocco  continued  until  August,  1908.  The  forcible 
removal  by  French  soldiers  from  the  protection  of  the 
German  consulate  (Sept.  5, 1908)  of  deserters  from  the 
French  Foreign  Legion  led  to  a dispute  between  France 
and  Germany  which,  after  mutual  explanations,  was  re- 
ferred by  them  to  the  Hague  Tribunal  for  arbitration.  The 
decision  of  the  court  was  accepted  by  both  countries, 
May,  1909. 

Casals  (ka-sals'), Pablo.  Born  atVendrell, Cata- 
lonia, Dec.  30,  1876.  A Spanish  violoncellist. 

He  studied  organ,  pianoforte,  violin,  clarinet,  and  cello, 
and  became  professor  of  the  last-named  instrument  at 
the  Barcelona  University  (1897).  He  has  been  a member 
of  the  Paris  Opera  and  the  Lamoureux  orchestras  and  has 
made  extensive  tours  as  a virtuoso  in  Europe  and  (1901, 
1903)  in  America.  His  compositions  include  works  for 
orchestra,  cello,  violin,  piano,  and  organ. 

Cascade  Mountains".  According  to  the  Unit- 
ed States  Geographic  Board  (1907),  this  range 
is  limited  on  the  south  by  the  gap  south  of 
Lassen  Peak,  California,  and  extends  north- 
ward into  British  Columbia.  Officially  known 
as  the  Cascade  Range. 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science.  A technical 

school  in  Cleveland,  O.,  founded  by  Leonard 
Case,  Jr.,  in  1877.  Instruction  was  begun  in  1881.  It 
is  attended  by  about  500  students,  to  whom  it  offers  courses 
leading  to  the  degrees  of  B.S.,  M.S.,  M.E.,  C.E.,  and  E.E. 


Casiguran 

Casiguran  (ka-si-go'ran).  A town  in  Principe, 
Tayabas  province,  eastern  Luz6n,  Philippine 
Islands,  situated  at  the  head  of  Casiguran 
Bay.  Civilized  population  of  municipality, 
2,067. 

Casiguran  (ka-si-go'ran)  Bay.  A deep  bay 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Luzon,  indenting  Prin- 
cipe, Tayabas  province : a safe  harbor  for  large 
vessels  in  all  weather. 

Cassatt  (ka-sat'),  Alexander  Johnston.  Born 
at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Dec.  8, 1839  : died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Dec.  28,  1906.  An  American  business 
man,  president  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company  trom  1899.  He  was  educated  at  the  Poly- 
technic School,  Darmstadt,  and  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic 
Institute,  Troy,  New  York,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1859.  He  became  connected  with  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road in  1861  as  rodman,  and  was  appointed  general  man- 
ager in  1871  and  vice-president  in  1874,  resigning  in  1882. 

Cassatt  (ka-sat'),  Mary.  Born  at  Pittsburg, 
Pa.  A contemporary  American  painter,  a 
sister  of  A.  J.  Cassatt,  president  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad.  She  studied  in  Rome,  Antwerp, 
and  Paris,  coming  under  the  influence  of  Degas.  Her 
works  are  figure-paintings.  She  was  elected  an  associate 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Design  in  1909. 

Cassel  (kas'el),  Sir  Ernest  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Cologne,  March  3,  1852.  A German-English 
philanthropist.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  city, 
but  emigrated  to  London,  where  he  founded  a successful 
hanking  establishment.  He  has  rendered  important  aid 
to  industrial  enterprise  in  Sweden,  and  has  contributed 
large  sums  for  charitable  purposes  in  England.  He  was 
knighted  in  1899  for  his  services  in  connection  with  Egypt. 

Cassini  (ka-se'ne),  Count  Arthur  Pavolitch. 
Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1838.  A Russian 
diplomatist.  He  entered  the  government  service  (minis- 
try  of  finance)  in  1854  ; and  has  held  the  posts  of  secretary 
of  the  Russian  legation  in  Denmark,  minister  resident  in 
Hamburg,  minister  to  China  1891-98,  ambassador  to  the 
United  States  1898-1905,  and  ambassador  to  Spain,  October, 
1905-09. 

Castaneda  (kas-tan-ya'da),  Pedro  de  (de 
Nagera).  A Spanish  soldier  with  Coronado 
on  the  expedition  of  1540-42  into  New  Mexico, 
Texas,  and  Kansas,  and  its  chief  historian. 
He  was  a painstaking  and  critical  recorder,  though  he 
seems  to  have  written  without  official  order  or  sanction. 
His  narrative  is  entitled  : “Relacion  de  la  Jornada  de 
Cibola  conquesta  por  Pedro  de  Castaneda  de  Najera. 
Donde  se  trata  de  todos  aquellos  poblados  y ritos,  y cos- 
tumbres,  la  qual  fue  el  Ano  de  1540."  The  manuscript, 
which  is  frequently  alluded  to  as  the  “ original,”  is  owned 
by  the  New  York  Library,  but  since  it  ends  with  the 
words  : “ finished  copying  Saturday  the  26th  of  October 
1596  in  Seville,"  there  must  have  been  another  earlier 
manuscript.  The  original  has  never  been  seen.  A tran- 
script with  English  translation,  notes,  and  introduction, 
by  George  Parker  Winship,  was  published  in  the  four- 
teenth annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
Washington,  1896. 

Castle  (kas'l),  Egerton.  Born  at  London, 
March  12,  1858.  An  English  novelist.  He  is  the 
author  of  “Schools  and  Masters  of  Fence " (1884), 
“ Consequences  ” (1891),  “ English  Book-plates  ” (1892), 
“The  Jemingham  Letters”  (1896),  “Young  April"  (1899), 
“Marshfield,  the  Observer”  (1900);  and  with  his  wife 
(Agnes  Sweetman)  he  has  written  “The  Pride  of  Jen- 
nico"  (1898),  “The  Bath  Comedy ” (1900 : dramatized  as 
“Sweet  Kitty  Beilairs”),  “The  Secret  Orchard"  (1901: 
dramatized  1901),  “The  Star  Dreamer”  (1903),  “Incom- 
parable Beilairs  ’'(1904),  “Rose  of  the  World  " (1905),  “The 
Heart  of  Lady  Anne  ” (1905),  “ If  Youth  but  Knew  " (1905), 
“ My  Merry  Rockhurst ” (1907),  “Flower  of  the  Orange” 
(1908),  “Wroth"  (1908),  “Panther's  Cub”  (1910),  etc. 

Castro  (kas'tro),  Cipriano.  Born  at  Capacho, 
Venezuela,  Oct.  12,  1860.  A Venezuelan  mili- 
tary leader  and  politician.  He  took  arms  in  1886 
against  the  Lopez  government ; supported  Palacio  against 
the  revolt  of  Crespo  in  1892 ; and  then  ceased  to  be  the 
leader  of  the  Liberal  party  and  for  about  six  years  was 
engaged  in  farming  near  San  Jos6  de  Cucuta,  Santander, 
Colombia.  In  May,  1899,  he  invaded  Venezuela  with  sixty 
men ; rapidly  gathered  an  army ; won  victories  at  Las 
Pilas,  Zumbador,  etc. ; entered  Caracas  (from  which  the 
president,  General  Ignacio  Andrade,  had  fled) ; and  de- 
clared himself  “supreme  military  leader.”  The  constitu- 
tional assembly  made  him  provisional  president  March  30, 
lftpl,  and  on  Feb.  20,  1902,  lie  was  elected  president  for  a 
term  of  six  years.  This  position  he  resigned  temporarily 
April  9,  1906.  He  was  “constitutionally  suspended  from 
the  presidency  ” in  March,  1909,  and  was  banished  from 
the  country. 

Catalan  Grand  Company.  A band  of  mer- 
cenaries, mostly  Catalans  and  Aragonese,  who, 
after  the  wars  in  Sicily,  entered  the  service  of 
the  Eastern  Empire  under  the  leadership  of 
Roger  di  Flor.  After  his  death  in  1306  they  waged 
war  against  the  Cireeks  and  became  masters  of  Boeotia  and 
Attica.  Their  power  disappeared  before  the  end  of  the 
fourteenth  century. 

Catalani  (ka-ta-lii'ne),  Alfredo.  Born  at 
Lucca,  June  19,  1854:  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  6, 
1893.  An  Italian  operatic  composer.  Ho  was  a 
pupil  at  the  conservatories  of  Paris  and  Milan,  ne  first 
composed  church  music,  writing  a mass  at  the  age  of 
fourteen.  His  compositions  are  “ Ero  e Leandro"  (a  sym- 
phonic poem  for  orchestra)  and  the  operas  “ La  falce  ” 
(1875),  “ Elda  ” (1880),  “ Dejanire  ” (1883),  “ Edmea  ” (1880), 
“ Loreley  ” (1890),  and  “ La  Wally  *'  (1892). 

Catanduanes  (ka-tan-d6-a/nas).  A hilly  is- 
land of  the  Philippines,  east  of  the  southern 


part  of  Luz6n,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
Maqueda  Channel.  It  belongs  to  the  province 
of  Albay.  Area,  682  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 39,288. 

Catari  (ka-ta/re),  Tom&S.  An  eighteenth-cen- 
tury Peruvian  revolutionist,  an  Aymara  Indian 
from  Macha,  province  of  Chayanta.  He  secretly 
aspired  to  the  position  of  corregidor  of  the  district,  and  in 
1780  went  to  Buenos  Aires  to  advance  his  interests,  under 
the  pretext  of  laying  the  grievances  of  the  Indians  before 
the  Spanish  viceroy.  He  received  only  promises  of  re- 
dress, but  on  returning  home  showed  documents  which 
he  asserted  gave  him  authority  to  depose  or  kill  the 
corregidors.  An  Indian  uprising  followed,  during  which 
Tomis  Catari  himself  was  killed.  But  his  widow  and  his 
two  brothers,  Nicolas  and  Diiniaso,  gathered  a large  body 
of  Indians  and  moved  upon  Sucre  (Chuquisaca),  where  the 
royal  audiencia  resided,  and  were  with  difficulty  repulsed 
by  the  Spanish  forces.  The  Cataris  were  afterward  cap- 
tured and  executed,  and  the  rising  was  ended  in  1781. 

Catasauqua  (kat-a-sa'kwa).  A borough  in 
Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lehigh 
River  3 miles  above  Allentown.  It  has  ma- 
chine-shops, ironworks,  and  manufactories  of 
axles,  boilers,  silk,  etc.  Population,  5,250, 
(1910). 

Catbalogan  (kat-ba-lo 'giin).  A town,  the 
capital  of  Samar  province,  Philippine  Islands, 
situated  on  the  western  coast  of  Samar  Island, 
in  lat.  11°  46'  30//  N.,  long.  124°  52'  E.  Civi- 
lized population  of  municipality,  7,758. 

Catherwood  (kath'er-wud),  Mrs.  (Mary  Hart- 
well). Born  at  Luray,  O.,  Dec.  16,  1847 : died 
at  Chicago,  Dec.  26,  1902.  An  American  nov- 
elist. Authorof  “TheRomanceof  Dollard”  (1889),  “The 
Story  of  Ton  ty  "(1890),  “ The  Lady  of  Fort  St.  John”(1891), 
“ Days  of  Jeanne  D’Arc  ” (1897),  etc. 

Catholic  University  of  America,  The.  A 

Roman  Catholic  institution  of  learning  situ- 
ated at  Washington,  D.  C.  It  was  founded  in  1884, 
through  a gift  of  $300,000  from  Miss  M.  G.  Caldwell  of 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  for  the  higher  education  of  the 
clergy.  The  university  was  incorporated  in  1887  and 
opened  to  the  clergy  in  1889.  Schools  for  the  laity  were 
opened  in  1895.  It  now  includes  faculties  of  theology, 
law,  philosophy,  letters,  and  sciences.  Eight  colleges  of 
religious  communities,  each  with  its  own  faculty  and 
student  body,  are  academically  related  to  the  university, 
and  with  one  exception  are  located  in  its  immediate 
vicinity. 

Catteil  (ka-tel'),  James  McKeen.  Born  at 
Easton,  Pa.,  May  25,  1860.  An  American 
psychologist,  professor  of  psychology  in  Co- 
lumbia University  from  1891.  He  is  the  editor  of 
“Science,"  of  “The  Popular  Science  Monthly,"  of  “Ameri- 
can Men  of  Science,”  and  of  the  “ Library  " and  “Archives 
of  Philosophy,  Psychology,  and  Scientific  Methods.” 

Caua.  See  *Cagua. 

Causeries  du  lundi  (koz-re'  dii  liin-de').  [F., 
‘ Monday  talks.’]  A series  of  critical  essays 
contributed  by  Sainte-Beuve  to  current  French 
periodicals  and  later  collected  and  published 
in  book  form  (1851-57).  They  were  followed 
by  “ Nouveaux  lundis”  (1863-72)  and  “Pre- 
miers lundis”  (1875). 

Cavalcaselle  (kii-val-ka-sel'la),  Giovanni 
Battista.  Born  at  Legnago,  near  Verona, 
Italy,  Jan.  22, 1817 : died  at  Rome,  Oct.  31, 1897. 
An  Italian  art  critic  and  historian,  in  1848  he 
became  involved  in  the  struggle  for  liberation  from 
Austria  and  was  imprisoned.  Later  he  was  banished  and 
sought  refuge  in  England.  With  Joseph  ArcherCrowe  he 
published  “The  Early  Flemish  Painters"  (1857),  “Titian  : 
his  Life  and  Times  " (1877),  “A  New  History  of  Painting 
in  Italy”  (Vol.  I.,  1864),  “A  History  of  Painting  in  North 
Italy  ” (1871),  “ Raphael : Ills  Life  and  W orks  ” (1882).  Ho 
was  appointed  inspector  of  the  Museo  Nazionale  in  Flor- 
ence in  1867,  and  later  general  inspector  of  fine  arts  in 
Rome. 

Cavalieri  (kii-val-ya're),  Emilio  del.  Born  at 
Rome  about  1550:  died  March  11,  1602.  A 
member  of  the  group  of  Florentine  musicians 
and  poets  who  launched  the  new  form  of  the 
opera  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century.  His 
most  important  work  wa9  “ La  rappresentazione  di  anima 
e di  corpo,"  the  first  oratorio.  lie  was  one  of  the  first 
to  use  solo  voices  with  instrumental  accompaniment,  and 
the  mode  of  notation  called  “figured  bass.” 

Cavite.  2.  A province  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  Luz6n,  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  bay  and  the  city  of  Manila  on  the  north  ; the  city  of 
Manila  on  the  northeast;  Laguna  de  Bay  and  Laguna  de 
Bay  province  on  the  east;  Batangas  (separated  by  the 
Tagaytay  range  and  Sungay  Mountain)  on  the  south  and 
southeast ; and  Manila  Bay  on  the  northwest.  Capital, 
Cavite.  The  northern  part  of  Cavite,  watered  by  many 
rivers,  is  very  fertile  and  produces  rice,  abaca,  sugar-cane, 
and  coffee.  Over  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  land  is  agri- 
cultural. The  native  race  is  Tagalog.  Area,  619  square 
miles.  Population,  134,779. 

Cebu.  2.  A province  of  the  Philippines,  con- 
sisting of  Cebu  and  adjacent  islands  lying  be- 
tween Negros  and  Leyte  in  the  Visayan  Sea. 
Capital,  Cebu.  The  native  race  is  Visayan.  The  main 
iBland  is  long  and  narrow,  and  iB  traversed  from  northeast 
to  southwest  by  the  Cordillera  Central  Mountains,  which, 
though  not  exceeding  2,000  feet  in  height,  interfere  with 
communication  between  the  eastern  and  western  parts  of 
the  island,  as  there  are  few  passes.  The  rivers  are  un- 


Chadwick,  French  Ensor 

important.  Cebu  contains  the  largest  coal  deposits  of  the 
Philippines.  Petroleum  has  been  reported  in  connection 
with  the  coal-beds.  Gold  and  marble  are  found  in  the 
western  part  of  the  island.  Population,  653,727. 

3.  The  capital  and  chief  port  of  Cebu  province. 
The  harbor  is  excellent. 

Celebes  (sel'e-bes)  Sea.  That  part  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  which  lies  south  of  Mindanao  and 
north  of  Celebes.  It  is  connected  with  the 
Java  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Macassar. 
Centennial  State,  The.  A name  given  to  the 
State  of  Colorado,  because  it  was  admitted  to 
the  Union  in  1876. 

Centerville  (sen'ter-vil).  The  county-seat  ol 
Appanoose  County,  Iowa,  32  miles  southwest 
of  Ottumwa.  It  is  in  a region  rich  in  deposits 
of  coal  and  limestone.  The  city  has  iron-  and 
tile-works,  flour-mills,  machine-shops,  woolen- 
mills,  cigar-factories,  etc.  Population,  6,936, 
(1910). 

Central  American  Arbitration  Treaty.  A 

treaty  signed  on  Dec.  20,  1907,  by  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  five  Central  American  states 
at  a conference  at  Washington,  by  which  all 
the  states  agreed  to  submit  disputed  matters 
to  a court  of  arbitration,  the  judges  of  which 
are  to  be  appointed  by  the  congress  of  each 
country  and  the  decisions  of  which  are  to  be 
binding  on  all  parties. 

Central  Falls  (sen'tral  falz).  A manufactur- 
ing city  situated  on  the  Blackstone  River,  in 
Providence  County,  Rhode  Island.  Population, 
22,754,  (1910). 

Centralia  (sen-tra'li-a)  A city  in  Clinton  and 
Marion  counties,  Illinois,  60  miles  southeast 
of  St.  Louis.  It  has  a considerable  trade  in 
fruit,  especially  apples  and  strawberries,  and 
has  canneries,  fruit-box  factories,  woolen- 
mills,  marble-yards,  etc.  Population,  9,680, 
(1910). 

Centralia  (sen-tra'li-a).  A citj  in  Lewis 
County,  Washington,  24  miles  southwest  of 
Olympia.  Lumbering  is  extensively  carried 
on.  Population,  7,311,  (1910). 

Century  Association,  The.  A New  York  club 
for  men,  incorporated  in  1857  for  the  advance- 
ment of  art  and  literature.  It  has  over  1,200 
members.  Its  house  is  at  7 West  43d  street. 
Cernuschi  (eher-nos'ki),  Enrico.  Born  atMilan, 
1821 : died  at  Mentone,  May  12, 1896.  An  Ital- 
ian-French financier  and  political  economist, 
an  advocate  of  bimetallism.  He  played  a con- 
spicuous part  in  the  insurrections  at  Milan  in  1848,  and 
at  Rome  in  1849,  but  in  1850  escaped  to  France,  where 
he  was  afterward  naturalized.  He  wrote  “M6canique  de 
lAchauge”  (1865),  “Illusions  des  societes  cooperatives” 
(1866),  “La  diplomatie  nionetaire ” (1878),  “Le  bimetal- 
lism e en  Augleterre”  (1879),  “Le  bimetallisme  k quinze  et 
demi”  (1881),  “ Le  grand  proems  de  Turnon  latine  ” (1884), 
“Les  assignats  metalliques  ” (1885),  etc. 

Cervantes  (tber-van'tes).  A town,  the  capi- 
tal of  Lepanto-Bontoc°province,  Luzdn,  in  the 
Philippine  Islands.  It  is  situated  approxi- 
mately in  lat.  17°  1'  10//  N.,  long.  120°  50' 
30"  E. 

Cesarewitch  Stakes,  The.  One  of  the  great 

English  handicap  horse-races  of  the  year,  which 
takes  place  at  Newmarket  in  the  early  part  of 
October.  The  course  is  2J  miles.  Class  is  better  repre- 
sented  in  this  race  than  in  any  other  of  the  long-distance 
handicaps,  and  the  field  is  almost  invariably  good.  Thi9 
meeting  has  always  been  of  great  national  and  interna- 
tional interest.  The  success  of  Prioress  in  1857,  after  a 
dead  heat  with  two  other  animals,  El  Hakim  and  Queen 
Bess,  was  one  of  the  first  victories  gained  by  American 
horses  in  England.  This  race  was  instituted  in  1839,  and 
was  named  after  the  Russian  imperial  prince,  afterward 
Alexander  II.,  who  visited  England  during  that  year. 

Cezanne  (sa-zan'),  Paul.  Born  at  Aix,  Pro- 
vence, 1839:  died  there,  Oct.  23,  1906.  A 
French  painter.  He  was  a college  friend  of  Zola,  and 
through  him  met  Manet,  of  whom  he  was  for  some  time  a 
follower.  His  art  is  marked  by  sincerity,  conciseness,  and 
spontaneity.  His  method  has  been  summarized  as  “a 
bridge,  thrown  across  conventional  routine,  by  which  im- 
pressionism may  return  to  the  Louvre  and  the  life  pro- 
found.” His  work  is  found  at  the  Luxembourg,  the  Ber- 
lin Museum,  etc.  Among  his  paintings  are  landscape  and 
still-life  studies,  “ Woman  with  the  Rosary,”  “ The  Bath- 
ers,” etc.  He  has  been  called  by  his  followers  “ The  Sage.  ” 

Chabrier  (sba-bri-a '),  Alexis  Emmanuel. 

Born  at  Ambert,  Puy-de-Dome,  France,  March 
18, 1841 : died  at  Paris,  Sept.  13, 1894.  A French 
composer,  chiefly  of  operas.  His  most  im- 
portant works  are  “Gwendoline”  (1886),  “ Le 
roi  malgrd  lui”  (1887),  and  some  orchestral 
pieces. 

Chad-wick  (chad'wik),  French  Ensor.  Born 
at  Morgantown,  W.  Va.,  Feb.  29,  1844.  An 
American  naval  officer,  promoted  rear-admiral 
in  1903.  Ho  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1865;  was  naval  attachd  in  London  1882-89; 
was  chief  intelligence  officer  1892-93;  was  chief  of  the 


Chadwick,  French  Ensor 

Bureau  of  Equipment  1893-97;  and  served  as  captain  of 
the  cruiser  New  York  and  chief  of  staff  to  Admiral  Samp- 
son during  the  war  with  Spain  (1898).  From  1900-03  he 
was  president  of  the  Naval  War  College  and  commanded 
the  South  Atlantic  squadron  in  1904.  He  retired  in  1900. 

Chadwick  (chad ' wik),  George  Whitefield. 

Born  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1854.  An 
American  composer.  He  studied  in  Boston  and  later 
iu  Leipsic  and  Munich.  On  his  return  to  America  he  be- 
came an  organist  in  Boston  and  teacher  of  composition  in 
the  New  England  Conservatory.  Since  1897  he  has  been 
its  director.  He  has  composed  three  symphonies,  half  a 
dozen  overtures,  five  string  quartets,  a pianoforte  quintet, 
the  lyric  drama  “Judith”  (1900),  choral  works  (“  Phoenix 
Expirans,”  1891,  etc.),  and  many  songs.  He  has  written  a 
treatise  on  harmony. 

Chadwick  (chad ' wik),  John  White.  Born 
at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1840:  died  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  11,  1904.  An  Ameri- 
can Unitarian  minister,  literary  critic,  and  au- 
thor. He  was  graduated  at  the  Cambridge  Divinity 
School  iu  1864,  and  was  minister  of  the  Second  Unitarian 
Society  of  Brooklyn  1864-1904.  Among  his  works  are 
“ The  Bible  of  To-day  ” (1878),  “ Faith  of  Reason  " (1879), 
“The  Man  Jesus"  (1881),  “A  Book  of  Poems”  (1888),  “Old 
and  New  Unitarian  Belief " (1894),  “A  Life  for  Liberty" 
(1899),  “Theodore  Parker"  (1900),  “William  Ellery  Chan- 
ning"  (1903). 

Chaliapine  (sha'le-a-pen),  Feodor.  Born  at 
Kazan,  Russia,  about  1875.  A Russian  bass 
singer.  He  first  appeared  as  a boy  soprano  in  his  native 
town,  and  in  opera,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  as  Mephisto- 
pheles  in  Gounod’s  “ Faust  ” at  Tiflis.  Since  then  he  has 
sung  in  most  of  the  principal  opera-houses  in  Europe  and 
America.  He  has  won  much  of  his  fame  in  Boito’s  “ Mefis- 
tofele,”  in  Russian  works  like  “Ivan  the  Terrible,”  and 
in  Massenet’s  “ Don  Quichotte.”  He  has  appeared  in  New 
York. 

Challenger  Deep.  One  of  the  deepest  por- 
tions of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  occurs  between 
Guam  and  the  Caroline  Islands,  and  was  dis- 
covered by  H.  M.  S.  Challenger,  which  ob- 
tained a sounding  of  4,475  fathoms  at  this  place. 
Challenger  Expedition*.  The  expedition  was 
undertaken  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, which  drew  up  a complete  scheme  of  in- 
structions. Captain  (later  Sir)  George  Nares 
was  in  command  (1872-74).  The  ship  sailed 
for  a year  in  the  Atlantic,  reached  Cape  Town 
in  Oct.,  1873,  and  Kerguelen  Island,  Jan.,  1874. 
She  was  the  first  steamship  to  cross  the  Ant- 
arctic Circle.  The  expedition  made  researches 
in  the  Pacific,  reached  Hong  Kong,  reerossed 
the  ocean  to  Valparaiso,  and,  passing  through 
the  Strait  of  Magellan,  reached  Sheerness, 
May,  1876.  The  Challenger  report  was  pub- 
lished in  50  volumes  (1880-95). 

Chamberlain  (cham  ' her -lan),  Alexander 
Francis.  Born  at  Kenninghall,  England,  Jan. 
12, 1865.  An  English- American  anthropologist, 
professor  ot  anthropology  in  Clark  University, 
Worcester,  Massachusetts.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  University  of  Toronto  in  1886.  His  works  include 
“The  Child:  a Study  in  the  Evolution  of  Man"  (1900), 
“Poems1’  (1904),  etc.  He  was  editor  of  the  “Journal  of 
American  Folklore  ” (1900-08). 

Chamberlain  (cham'ber-lan),  Daniel  Henry. 

Born  at  West  Brookfield,  Mass.,  June  23,  1835; 
died  near  Charlottesville,  Va.,  April  13,  1907. 
An  American  lawyer,  politician,  and  writer. 

He  was  graduated  at  Yale  University  in  1862,  and  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1863;  served  in  the  Union  army  in 
the  last  years  of  the  Civil  War ; established  himself  as  a 
cotton-planter  in  South  Carolina  in  1866 ; and  was  attor- 
ney-general of  that  State  1868-72  and  governor  1874-77. 

Chamberlain  (cham'ber-lan),  J.  Austen.  Born 
1863.  An  English  Liberal-Unionist  statesman, 
eldest  son  of  Joseph  Chamberlain.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Rugby,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; has 
sat  for  Worcestershire  (East)  in  the  House  of  Commons 
since  1892  ; was  a civil  lord  of  the  admiralty  1895-1900; 
was  financial  secretary  to  the  treasury  1900-02  ; was  post- 
master-general  1902-03 ; aDd  was  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer 1903-Dec.,  1905. 

Chamberlin  (cham'ber-lin),  Thomas  Chrow- 
der.  Born  at  Mattoon,  111.,  Sept.  25, 1843.  An 
eminent  American  geologist,  professor  of  geol- 
ogy and  director  of  the  Walker  Museum  in  the 
University  of  Chicago  from  1892.  He  was  pro- 
fessor  of  geology  at  Beloit  College  1873-82 ; assistant  State 
geologist  of  Wisconsin  1873-76  and  chief  geologist  187(>-82  ; 
president  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  1887-92  ; and 
geologist  of  the  Peary  Relief  Expedition  1894.  He  has 
published  “Geology  of  Wisconsin ” (1877-83),  “Text-book 
of  Geology”  (1904-06:  with  Salisbury),  “The  Tidal  and 
other  Problems”  (1909:  with  F.  R.  Moulton  and  others), 
and  many  scientific  papers  ; and  is  the  editor  of  the  “Jour- 
nal of  Geology."  He  is  the  author  of  the  “ planetesimal 
hypothesis,”  relating  to  the  formation  of  planetary  systems. 

Chambers  (cham'berz),  Robert  William. 

Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  May  26,  1865.  An 
American  artist  and  novelist.  He  studied  art 
abroad,  exhibited  at  the  Salon  in  1889,  and  in  1891  went  to 
New  York,  where  he  worked  as  an  illustrator.  Since  1893 
he  has  been  engaged  chiefly  in  literary  work.  He  has 
written  “ The  Witch  of  Ellangowan,”  a drama,  “ The  King 
in  Yellow " (1895),  “Lorraine”  (1898),  “The Cambric  Mask  ” 
(1900),  “The  Conspirators ” (1900),  “Cardigan”  (1901), 
“The  Maid-at-Arms”  (1902),  “The  Reckoning”  (1905), 


“Iole”  (1905),  “The  Tracer  of  Lost  Persons”  (1906),  “The 
Fighting  Chance  ” (1906),  “The  Younger  Set”  (1907),  “The 
Firing  Line”  (1908),  “The  Special  Messenger”  (1909),  etc. 

Chaminade  (shfi-mi-nad'),  Cecile.  Born  at 
Baris,  Aug,  8,  1861.  A French  composer  and 
pianist.  She  has  written  many  pieceB  and  songs  that 
are  popular,  several  orchestral  suites,  a symphony  with 
chorus,  and  chamber-music. 

Champaign  (sham-pan').  A city  in  Cham- 
paign County,  Illinois,  43  miles  northeast  of 
Decatur.  It  has  foundries,  railroad  shops,  etc. 
Population,  12,421,  (1910). 

Champney  (champ'ni),  James  Wells.  Born 
at  Boston,  July  16,  1843:  died  at  New  York, 
May  1, 1903.  An  American  painter.  He  learned 

wood-engraving  in  Boston,  and  in  1866  went  to  Paris  and 
became  a pupil  of  Edouard  Frere.  He  also  studied  in 
the  Academy  at  Antwerp.  He  was  elected  an  associate  of 
the  National  Academy  iu  1882. 

Champneys  (champ'niz),  Basil.  Born  1842. 
An  English  architect  and  writer  on  art,  son  of 
William  Weldon  Champneys.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Charterhouse  school  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
being  graduated  in  1864.  Among  the  buildings  which  he 
has  designed  are  the  Archaeological  Museum  at  Cam- 
bridge, the  Rylands  Library  at  Manchester,  and  the  But- 
ler Museum  at  Harrow. 

Chandler  (chand'ler),  Charles  Frederick. 

Born  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  Dec.  6,  1836.  An 
American  scientist,  professor  of  chemistry  in 
Columbia  University  1877-1911.  He  was  adjunct 

professor  of  chemistry  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  1872-76,  and 
professor  there  1876-97.  He  is  also  president  of,  and  pro- 
fessor of  organic  chemistry  in,  the  New  York  College  of 
Pharmacy,  and  was  chemist  and  later  president  of  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  1867-84. 

Chandler  (chand'ler),  Francis  Ward.  Born 
at  Boston,  Sept.  30,  1844.  An  American  ar- 
chitect. He  practised  his  profession  iu  Boston  1874-88, 
and  has  been  professor  of  architecture  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology  since  1888,  and  advisory 
architect  to  the  mayor  of  Boston  since  1896.  He  has  pub- 
lished “Construction  Details”  (1892),  “Notes  on  Limes, 
Cements,  Mortars,  and  Concretes  ” (1892),  etc. 

Chandler  (chand'ler),  Seth  Carlo.  Born  at 
Boston,  Sept.  17,  1846.  An  American  astron- 
omer.  He  was  a member  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geo- 
logical Survey  1864-70,  and  has  conducted  private  investi- 
gations in  stellar  astronomy,  etc.,  from  1886.  He  has 
edited  the  “Astronomical  Journal”  since  1896. 

Chandler  (chand'ler),  William  Eaton.  Born 
at  Concord,  N.  H.,  Dec.  28,  1835.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  statesman.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  Harvard  Law  School  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1855  ; 
was  reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire  in 
1859;  was  a member  of  the  New  Hampshire  legislature 
1862-64,  1881,  and  speaker  1863-64  ; was  solicitor  and  judge- 
advocate-general  of  the  Navy  Department  1865.  He  was 
assistant  secretary  of  the  treasury  1865-67,  secretary  of  the 
navy  1882-85,  United  States  senator  1887-1901,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Spanish  treaty  claims  commission  1901-07. 

Channing  (chan'ing),  William  Henry.  Born 
at  Boston,  May  25, 1810:  died  at  London,  Dec. 
23,  1884.  An  American  Unitarian  minister 
and  writer,  nephew  of  William  Ellery  Chan- 
ning. He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1829 
and  from  the  Cambridge  Divinity  School  in  1833 ; suc- 
ceeded James  Martineau  as  minister  of  the  Hope  Street 
Unitarian  Chapel  in  Liverpool,  England,  in  1857 ; and  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  in  1862  and  filled  a Unitarian 
pulpit  in  Washington,  D.  C.  He  was  interested  in  the 
Brook  Farm  experiment,  contributed  to  “ The  Harbinger,” 
and  with  Emerson  and  J.  F.  Clarke  wrote  “Memoirs  of 
Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli  ” (1852).  He  also  published  a 
translation  of  Jouffroy's  “Ethics"  (1840),  “Memoirs  of 
William  Ellery  Channing  ” (1848),  etc. 

Chanticleer.  3.  The  cock  in  Edmond  Ros- 
tand's play  “Chantecler”  (1907-09). 

Chanute  (sha-nut' ).  A city  in  Neosho  County, 
Kansas,  42  miles  southwest  of  Fort  Scott.  It 
is  situated  in  an  important  oil  and  gas  region, 
and  has  oil-refineries,  railway  repair-shops, 
glass-factories,  etc.  Population,  9,272,  (1910). 

Chanute  (sha-nut'),  Octave.  Born  at  Paris, 
Feb.  18,  1832:  died  at  Chicago,  Nov.  23,  1910. 
A Franco-Ameriean  civil  engineer  and  ex- 
perimenter in  aviation.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1838 ; was  engaged  for  many  years  in  the  con- 
struction of  railroads  ; and  was  president  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers  1891-92.  In  1894  he  published 
his  “ Progress  in  Flying  Machines,”  a study  of  the  exper- 
iments hitherto  made  in  aviation,  and  in  1896  instituted 
further  experiments  with  various  forms  of  gliding-ma- 
chine, and  devised  means  of  securing  equilibrium  by 
automatic  movements  of  the  machine. 

Chapman  (chap'man),  Frank  Michler.  Born 
at  Englewood,  N.  j.,  June  12,  1864.  An  Ameri- 
can ornithologist.  He  has  been  associate  curator  of 
ornithology  and  mammalogy  in  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  New  York  city,  since  1887,  and  is  editor 
and  founder  of  “ Bird-Lore”  and  associate  editor  of  “The 
Auk.”  He  has  published  “ Handbook  of  Birds  of  Eastern 
North  America”  (1895),  “Bird-Life”  (1897),  “Bird  Studies 
with  a Camera  ” (1900),  “ A Color  Key  to  North  American 
Birds  ” (1903),  “ The  Economic  Value  of  Birds  to  the  State  ’ 
(1903),  “ Warblers  of  North  America”  (1907),  “ Camps  and 
Cruises  of  an  Ornithologist”  (1908),  etc. 

Chapu  (sha-pti'),  Henri  Michel  Antoine. 
Born  at  Le  M6e  (Seine-et-Marne),  France, 


Chelan 

Sept.  29,  1833:  died  at  Paris,  April  20,  1891. 
A French  sculptor.  He  was  a pupil  of  Pradier,  Duret, 
and  I. roil  Cogniet,  and  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome,  in 
sculpture,  in  1855.  His  works  include  the  statue  of 
“Jeanne  d’Arc  hearing  voices"  (1870),  the  monument  to 
Henri  Regnault  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  (1876),  the 
tomb  of  Monsignor  Dupanloup  (1886),  the  monument  to 
the  Duchess  of  Orleans,  and  many  important  statues  and 
busts.  He  won  the  medaille  d’honneur  at  the  Salon  in  1875 
and  1877,  and  was  elected  member  of  the  Institute  in  1880. 

Charcot  (shar-ko'),  Jean  Baptiste  Etienne 
Auguste.  Born  at  Neuilly-sur-Seine,  July 
15,  1867.  A French  physician  and  explorer. 
As  leader  of  the  French  antarctic  expedition  (1903-06)  he 
established  the  connection  of  Bismarck  Strait  with  the  sea 
east  of  Graham  Land,  and  mapped  the  west  coast  of  that 
land.  In  1908-10  he  commanded  a second  expedition  to 
the  Antarctic,  the  main  objects  of  which  were  to  make  a 
collection  of  the  fossils  to  which  attention  was  drawn  by 
Dr.  Nordenskjold,  and  to  explore  the  region  south  of  Lou- 
bet  Island  (Adelaide  Island),  and,  if  possible,  to  reach  the 
south  pole.  He  reached  70°  south  lat.  His  ship  was 
named  “ Pourquoi  Pas?"  (“Why  Not?”).  He  has  written 
accounts  of  his  journeys  in  “Le  Fran^ais  au  Pole  Sud" 
and  “Le  voyage  du  Pourquoi  Pas?”  See  Century  Atfas, 
Map  3J. 

Charleroi  (shar-le-roi').  A borough  in  Wash- 
ington County,  Pennsylvania,  about  22  miles 
southeast  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  in  an  important 
coal-mining  region,  and  has  plate-glass  fac- 
tories, etc.  Population,  9.615,  (1910). 

Charles  City  (ehiirlz  sit'i).  The  county-seat 
of  Floyd  County,  Iowa,  on  Cedar  River  110 
miles  northwest  of  Dubuque.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Charles  City  College.  Its  manufactures  include  furniture, 
machinery,  flour,  agricultural  implements,  etc.  The 
breeding  of  Normandy  horses  is  here  an  important  in- 
dustry. Population,  5,892,  (1910). 

Charles’s  Wain.  See  Wain,  Charles's. 

Charleston  (charlz'ton).  The  county-seat  of 
Coles  County,  Illinois,  43  miles  west  of  Terre 
Haute,  Indiana.  In  the  vicinity  are  oil-fields  and 
coal-deposits.  The  city  haB  manufactories  of  flour,  wool, 
stoves,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Eastern  Illinois  Normal 
School.  Population,  6,884,  (1910). 

Charlotte  Temple ; or,  a Tale  of  Truth.  A 

tale  by  Mrs.  Susanna  (Haswell)  Rowson,  pub- 
lished in  1790.  It  has  been  many  times  republished. 
The  heroine,  an  innocent  school-girl,  is  induced  to  come  to 
America  by  Montraville,  a lieutenant  in  the  British  ser- 
vice, on  his  promise  of  marriage  upon  arrival.  This 
promise  is  not  fulfilled  ; he  deserts  her,  and  she  dies  after 
giving  birth  to  a child.  A grave  marked  by  a tombstone 
bearing  the  name  of  “Charlotte  Temple,”  erected  by  a 
sexton  in  the  eighteenth  century,  lies  in  the  graveyard  of 
Old  Trinity  Church,  New  York  city.  The  author  in  her 
preface  states  that  the  tale  is  a true  one,  “yet  I have  sub- 
stituted names  and  places  according  to  my  own  fancy." 
The  real  name  of  Charlotte  Temple  is  said  to  have  been 
Stanley. 

Charpentier  (shar-pon-tya'),  Gustave.  Born 
at  Dieuze,  Lorraine,  June  25, 1860.  A French 
composer.  He  studied  at  the  Conservatoire  in  Paris, 
and  took  the  Roman  prize  there  in  1887.  His  most  im- 
portant works  are  a suite  for  orchestra,  “Impressions 
dltalie,”  the  opera  “Louise"  (produced  at  the  Opera 
Comique,  Paris,  in  1900,  with  great  success),  which  has 
been  considered  one  of  the  most  noteworthy  of  modern 
French  operas,  and  the  “ symphonie-drama " “La  vie  du 
poete”  (1892). 

Chartran  (shar-tron'),  Theobald.  Born  at 

Besan§on,  1849 : died  at  Paris,  July  16,  1907. 
A French  painter,  a pupil  of  Cabanel.  His 
works  are  chiefly  portraits  and  religious  sub- 
jects. 

Cha,telain*,  Heli.  In  1897  he  founded  the 
Phil-African  Mission,  near  the  edge  of  the 
Angola  Highlands,  for  the  industrial  training 
of  the  natives  under  Christian  influence. 

Chausson  (sho-son'),  Ernest.  Born  at  Paris, 
1855:  died  at  Limay,  June  10,  1899.  A French 
composer,  apupil  and  follower  of  Cfisar  Franck. 
His  most  important  works  are  the  opera  “Le  roi  Arthus" 
(produced  in  1903),  a symphony,  a symphonic  poem 
“Viviane"  (1888),  chamber-music,  and  songs. 

Chauvin  (sho-van'),  Nicolas.  Born  at  Roche- 
fort, France,  in  the  18th  century.  A French 
soldier  of  the  Republic  and  the  Empire.  He  was 
severely  wounded  and  mutilated  in  the  wars  of  Napoleon 
and  received  as  reward  for  his  services  a saber  of  honor, 
a red  ribbon,  and  a pension  of  200  francs.  His  enthusiasm 
for  the  emperor  was  so  demonstrative  that  it  won  for  him 
the  ridicule  of  his  comrades  and  gave  rise  to  the  term 
“chauvinism.” 

Cbeboygan  (she-boi'gan).  The  county-seat  of 
Cheboygan  County,  M ichigan,  situated  on  Lake 
Huron  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cheboygan  River. 
It  has  extensive  lumber  interests,  and  has 
paper-  and  canning-factories,  machine-shops, 
tanneries,  etc.  Population,  6,859,  (1910). 

Chehalis  (che-ha'lis).  The  capital  of  Lewis 
County,  Washington,  27  miles  southwest  of 
Olympia.  It  is  in  a coal-mining  region,  and 
has  lumber-mills,  etc.  Population,  4,507, 
(1910). 

Chelan  (she-lan').  A lake  in  Chelan  County, 
Washington.  It  is  about  fifty  miles  long  and 
from  one  to  two  miles  wide. 


Cheliabinsk 

Cheiiabinsk  (chel-i-a-binsk').  A city  of  Oren- 
burg, Russia,  situated  near  the  northern  bound- 
ary of  the  province  in  lat.  55°  N.  Population, 
upward  of  10,000. 

Chelminski  (chel-min'ski),  Jan.  Born  in  Rus- 
sian Poland,  Jan.  27,  1851.  A Polish  painter. 
He  received  his  professional  training  at  the  Academy  in 
Munich  and  under  Franz  Adam.  In  1873  he  began  paint- 
ing, independently,  genre  subjects  taken  from  the  common 
life  of  Poland.  His  work  is  widely  distributed. 
Chelmsford  (chelmz'ford).  A town  in  Middle- 
sex County,  Massachusetts',  on  the  New  York, 
New  Haven,  and  Hartford  Railroad  23  miles 
northwest  of  Boston.  It  has  box-factories, 
worsted-mills,  etc.  Population,  5,010,  (1910). 
Chemulpo  (she-mul-po'),  Battle  of.  A naval 
engagement  in  the  harbor  of  Chemulpo,  Korea, 
Feb.  9,  1904,  between  two  Russian  cruisers, 
the  Variag  and  Korietz,  and  a Japanese  fleet 
consisting  of  four  cruisers,  seven  torpedo-boats, 
and  three  transports.  Both  of  the  Russian 
vessels  were  damaged  and  were  sunk  by  their 
officers  after  the  engagement. 

Cheney  (che'ni),  John  Vance.  Born  at  Grove- 
land,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1848.  An  American  poet 
and  librarian.  He  studied  law  at  Woodstock,  Ver- 
mont, 1871-74,  and  at  Haverhill,  Massachusetts,  1874-75, 
and  practised  in  New  York  for  a year.  On  his  removal  to 
California  in  1876  he  became  librarian  of  the  Free  Public 
Library  in  San  Francisco  1887-1894,  and  was  librarian  of 
the  Newberry  Library  in  Chicago  1894-1909.  He  has  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  essays,  “ The  Golden  Guess”  (1892) 
and  “That  Dome  in  Air”  (1895),  and  several  volumes  of 
poems,  among  them  “Thistle-Drift”  (1887),  “Wood- 
Blooms  ” (1888),  “Lyrics  " (1902),  and  “ Poems (1905). 

Chesney  (ches'ni),  Sir  George  Tomkyns. 
Born  at  Tiverton,  Devonshire,  April  30,  1830: 
died  at  London,  March  31,  1895.  A British 
general,  engineer,  and  author,  nephew  of  F.  R. 
Chesney.  He  entered  the  army  in  1848 ; served  in  the 
Indian  mutiny ; was  president  of  the  engineering  college 
in  Calcutta;  was  the  first  president  of  the  Royal  Indian 
Civil  Engineering  College,  Cooper’s  Hill,  Staines,  near 
London,  1871-80 ; was  secretary  to  the  military  department 
of  the  Indian  government  1880-86  ; and  was  military  mem- 
ber of  the  governor’s  council  1886-91.  He  waB  knighted 
in  1890,  and  was  elected  a Conservative  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Oxford  in  1892.  In  1871  he  published  anony- 
mously in  “Blackwood’s  Magazine”  “The  Battle  of  Dork, 
ing,  or  Reminiscences  of  a Volunteer,”  a brochure  which 
attracted  much  attention.  He  also  published  “Indian 
Polity ” (1868) ; “The  True  Reformer”  (1874),  “The Dilem- 
ma” (1876),  novels  dealing  with  army  affairs  ; “The  Les- 
ters, or  a Capitalist's  Labor  ” (1893) ; etc. 

Chester  (ehes'ter),  Colby  Mitchell.  Born  at 
New  London,  Conn.,  Feb.  29, 1844.  An  Ameri- 
can naval  officer,  astronomer,  and  naval  engi- 
neer. He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1863 ; was  instructor  there  1874-77 ; was  hydro- 
graphic  inspector  in  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey  1880-85;  and  was  superintendent  of  the  United 
States  Naval  Observatory  1902-06.  H e directed  the  United 
States  surveys  in  China  and  Korea  1871-73.  He  served  in 
the  Civil  War,  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1903,  and  re- 
tired in  1906. 

Chesterton  (ehes ' ter  - ton),  Gilbert  Keith. 

Born  at  Kensington,  England,  1874.  An  Eng- 
lish journalist  and  author.  Among  his  published 
volumes  are  “ The  Wild  Knight  and  other  Poems  ” (1900), 
“ Greybeards  at  Play  ” (1900),  “ Robert  Browning  " (1903), 
“ G.  F.  Watts”  (1904),  “ The  Napoleon  of  Notting  Hill” 
(1904),  “ Charles  Kingsley  ” (1906),  “ The  Man  Who  Was 
Thursday  ” (1908),  “ All  Things  Considered  ” (1908), 
“ George  Bernard  Shaw  ” (1909),  “ What ’s  Wrong  with  the 
World  ” (1910),  “ William  Blake  ” (1911),  “ Alarms  and  Dis- 
cursions1’  (1911),  “Appreciations  and  Criticisms  of  the 
Works  of  Charles  Dickens  ” (1911),  etc. 

Cheyne  (eha/ni),  Thomas  Kelly.  Born  at 
London,  England,  Sept.  18,  1841.  A noted 
English  clergyman  and  biblical  critic.  He  wa3 
a member  of  the  Old  Testament  Revision  Company  1884  ; 
was  rector  of  Tendring,  Essex,  1880-85 ; and  was  Oriel  pro- 
fessor of  the  interpretation  of  Scripture  at  Oxford,  and 
canon  of  Rochester,  1885-1908.  In  1904  he  w as  elected  a 
member  of  the  British  Academy.  Among  the  best  known 
of  his  works  are  “The  Prophecies  of  Isaiah”  (1880-81), 
“The  Book  of  Psalms,”  a new  translation  (1884-88,  1904), 
“ Founders  of  Old  Testament  Criticism  ” (1893),  “ Intro- 
duction to  the  Book  of  Isaiah  ” (1895),  “ Isaiah,”  critically 
revised  text,  and  translation  in  “ Sacred  Books  of  the  Old 
Testament”  (1898),  “ Jewish  Religious  Life  afterthe  Exile  ” 
(1898),  “ Critica  Biblica  ” (1904),  “ Traditions  and  Beliefs 
of  Ancient  Israel”  (1907),  “Decline  and  Fall  of  the  King- 
dom of  Judah”  (1908),  “The  Two  Religions  of  Israel” 
(1910),  etc. 

Chicago  Drainage  Canal.  A canal  which 
extends  from  the  west  fork  of  the  south  branch 
of  the  Chicago  River  in  Robey  street,  Chicago, 
to  Lockport,  Illinois,  a distance  of  about  28 
miles,  and  thence  to  Joliet,  a further  distance 
of  7 miles.  It  discharges  the  sewage  of  Chicago  into 
the  Illinois  River,  n branch  of  the  Mississippi.  Work  was 
begun  in  1892  and  the  canal  was  formally  opened  in  1900, 
having  cost  $3:1,000,000.  It  is  designed  to  be  also  used  for 
shipping  and  is  flushed  by  300,000  cubic  feet  of  water 
(drawn  from  Lake  Michigan)  per  minute.  The  flow  re- 
verses the  direction  of  that  of  the  Chicago  River. 

Chicago  Exposition.  See  ★ World’s  Columbian 
Exposition. 

Chicago  Heights  (shi-ka'go  hits).  A city  in 


Cook  County,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Illi- 
nois.  It  was  incorporated  in  1901.  Manufacturing  is 
the  most  important  industry,  the  products  including 
chemicals,  brick,  iron  and  steel  goods,  stoves,  glass,  etc. 
Population,  14,525,  (1910). 

Chickamauga  National  Park.  A national 
reservation  in  Georgia,  containing  the  battle- 
field of  Chickamauga.  It  has  an  area  of  about 
fifteen  square  miles,  comprising  parts  of 
Walker  and  Catoosa  counties.  It  was  dedi- 
cated in  September,  1895. 

Chickasha  (chik'a-sha).  A city  in  Grady 
County,  Oklahoma,  34  miles  south  of  El  Reno. 

It  is  situated  in  a fruitful  agricultural  region,  and  has 
manufactories  of  lumber,  flour,  agricultural  implements, 
etc.  Stock-raising  is  an  important  industry.  Population, 
10,320,  (1910). 

Children  of  the  Abbey,  The.  A story  by 
Mrs.  Regina  Maria  Roche,  published  in  1798. 
Chillicothe  (chil-i  -koth'e).  The  county-seat 
of  Livingston  County,  Missouri.  The  important 
industries  are  agriculture,  stock-raising,  coal-mining,  and 
manufacturing.  The  Missouri  Industrial  School  for  Girls 
and  a normal  school  are  at  Chillicothe.  Population,  6,265, 
(1910). 

China’.  Steps  have  been  taken  toward  the  ultimate 
establishment  of  a constitutional  government.  Manchuria 
was  occupied  by  Russia  as  a result  of  the  “Boxer"  up- 
rising in  1900,  but  was  restored  to  China,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Liao-tung  Peninsula,  by  the  treaty  of  Ports- 
mouth, Sept.  5, 1905.  By  the  treaty  of  Dec.  22,  1905,  China 
leased  to  Japan  the  Liao-tung  Peninsula  and  ceded  the 
control  of  the  railways  as  far  as  Chang-chun,  and  the  right 
to  construct  a railway  from  Antung  to  Mukden,  and 
agreed  to  open  16  Manchurian  ports  and  cities  to  foreign 
commerce.  On  Nov.  21, 1906,  regulations  were  issued  pro- 
viding for  a gradual  decrease  in  the  use,  growth,  and  im- 
portation of  opium.  Provincial  assemblies  were  inaugu- 
rated in  Oct.,  1909,  the.first  Imperial  Senate  met  in  Oct., 
1910,  and  the  republic  was  proclaimed  Feb.,  1912. 

Chinam-pho,  Chinnampo  (che-nam-po').  A 
free  port  on  the  western  coast  of  Korea,  about 
one  hundred  miles  northwest  of  Seul.  Popu- 
lation, upward  of  17,000. 

Chisholm  (chiz'om).  A village  in  St.  Louis 
County,  Minnesota,  incorporated  from  part  of 
Stuntz  township  in  1901.  Population,  7,684, 
(1910). 

Chittenden  (chit'en-den),  Russell  Henry. 

Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  18,  1856.  An 
American  chemist,  professor  of  physiological 
chemistry  at  Yale  University  from  1882,  and 
director  of  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School 
(Yale)  from  1898.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1875.  His  most  important  publications  are  “ Studies  in 
Physiological  Chemistry"  and  “Physiological  Economy 
in  Nutrition.” 

Chivers  (chiv'erz),  Thomas  Holley.  Born  at 
Digby  Manor,  Wilkes  County,  Ga.,  in  1807: 
died  at  Decatur,  Ga.,  Dec.  18,  1858.  An 
American  poet.  He  studied  medicine,  but  soon  aban- 
doned it  for  literature.  He  was  a friend  and  admirer  of 
Edgar  Allan  Poe  (whom  he  first  met  in  New  York  in  1845), 
though  he  accused  Poe  of  plagiarizing  him.  To  substan- 
tiate this  claim  he  published  several  articles  in  1853,  under 
the  pseudonym  “Fiat  Justitia.”  He  published  nine  vol- 
umes of  verse. 

Choate  (chot),  Joseph  Hodges.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Jan.  24,  1832.  A noted  American  law- 
yer, orator,  and  diplomatist,  first  cousin,  once 
removed,  of  Rufus  Choate.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1852,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Massachusetts 
bar  in  1855  and  to  the  New  York  bar  in  1856.  In  1871,  as 
a member  of  the  Committee  of  Seventy,  lie  aided  in  the 
overthrow  of  the  “Tweed  Ring  ” in  New  York.  He  was 
United  States  ambassador  to  Great  Britain  1899-1905,  and 
in  1907  was  delegate  to  the  International  Peace  Confer- 
ence at  The  Hague.  He  has  published  “ Abraham  Lincoln, 
and  Other  Addresses  in  England  ” (1910),  etc. 

Cholmondeley  (chum'li),  Mary.  Born  at 
Hodnet,  Shropshire,  England.  A contempo- 
rary English  novelist.  Her  best-known  works  are 
“The  Danvers  Jewels”  (1887 : written  under  the  pseudo- 
nym “Pax"),  “Diana  Tempest"  (1893),  “Red  Pottage" 
(1899),  “Prisoners"  (1906),  “The  Lowest  Rung ” (1908), 
“Hand  on  the  Latch"  (1909),  etc. 

Chouart  (sho-ar'),  Medard:  known  as  Sieur 
des  Groseilliers.  Born  at  Brie,  France,  1621. 
An  early  Canadian  explorer.  He  left  France  when 
about  16  years  of  age,  and  became  a trader  among  the 
Huron  Indians.  With  the  Sieur  Radisson  (Pierre  d’Es- 
prit),  he  discovered  the  upper  Mississippi  and  explored 
the  country  in  the  region  of  Lake  Superior  (1659-60).  In 
1662  he  made  a journey  from  Quebec  to  Hudson  Bay. 
He  went  to  England  and  secured  the  indorsement  of 
Prince  Rupert  and  other  eminent  men  for  an  expedition 
to  Hudson  Bay  by  a northwest  passage,  which  was  suc- 
cessfully carried  out  in  1668,  and  as  a result  of  which  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company  was  chartered  in  1670.  See  Cen- 
tury Atlas,  Map  4. 

Christian  Endeavor,  Young  People’s  So- 
ciety of.  A society  originated  in  1881  by 
Francis  E.  Clark,  pastor  of  the  Williston  Con- 
gregational Church  in  Portland,  Maine.  Its  ob- 

ject  is  to  make  young  people  loyal  members  of  the  church. 
It  is  directed  by  a central  corporation  (the  United  So- 
ciety) and  local  societies  (numbering  in  both  hemispheres 
over  70,000),  in  connection  with  evangelical  churches. 
The  total  membership  is  nearly  four  millions. 

Christie’s  (kris'tiz).  A noted  auction-room  in 


Clark,  Champ 

London.  On  December  5,  1766,  the  first  James  Christie 
(1730-1803)  held  his  initial  public  auction  on  the  site  of 
the  United  Service  Club  in  Pall  Mall.  The  business  was 
at  first  general,  but  the  picture  sales  soon  became  the 
chief  attraction.  The  “ private  view-day  ’’  was  especially 
popular  with  the  prominent  people  of  the  time.  The  first 
Christie  was  succeeded  by  James  Christie  the  second 
(1773-1831),  who  in  1824  moved  to  the  present  location  at 
8 King  street.  The  two  sons  of  James  Christie  second, 
James  Stirling  (died  1834)  and  George  Henry,  succeeded 
him.  The  present  firm  name  of  “Christie,  Manson,  and 
Woods  " was  created  in  1859. 

Chrysander  (kre'san-der),  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Liibtheen,  Germany,  July  8,  1826;  died  at 
Bergedorf,  September  3,  1901  A German 
musical  historian  and  biographer.  His  chief 
work  is  his  biography  of  Handel,  unfinished,  in  three  vol- 
umes (1858-67).  From  1868-71  and  1875-82  he  was  editor 
of  the  “ Allgemeine  Musikalische  Zeitung,”and  hefounded 
the  “ Vierteljahrsschrift  f Ur  Musikwissenschaft.”  He  was 
the  founder  of  the  German  Handelgesellschaft  and  edited 
its  complete  edition  of  Handel’s  works. 

Church  (cherch),  Richard  William.  Born  at 
Lisbon,  April  25,  1815;  died  at  Dover,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  9, 1890.  An  English  clergyman  and 
writer,  dean  of  St.  Paid’s  1871-90.  He  lived  in 
Florence  1818-28 ; was  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1836 ; was 
fellow  of  Oriel  1838-52 ; was  ordained  priest  in  1852 ; and 
received  the  living  of  Whatley  in  Somerset  in  the  same 
year.  He  was  select  preacher  at  Oxford  1868,  1876-78, 
and  1881-82.  He  wrote  “ Anselm  ” (1843  : enlarged  1870), 
“Dante”  (1850),  “Spenser”  (1879),  “Bacon”  (1884),  “A 
History  of  the  Oxford  Movement  ” (1891),  etc. 

Churchill  (cherch'il),  Winston.  Born  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  Nov.  10, 1871.  An  American  nov- 
elist. He  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1894,  and  has  been  a member  of  the  New 
Hampshire  legislature.  He  lias  worked  chiefly  in  the  fields 
of  historical  and  political  fiction.  Among  his  works  are 
“ Richard  Carvel  ” (1899),  “ The  Crisis  ” (1901),  “ The  Cross- 
ing” (1904),  “The  Title  Mart.”  a play  (1905),  “Coniston” 
(1906),  “Mr.  Crewe’s  Career'’  (1908),  “A  Modern  Chron- 
icle ” (1910),  “ The  Inside  of  the  Cup  ’’  (1912),  etc. 

Churchill  (cherch'il),  Winston  Leonard 
Spencer.  Born  Nov.  30,  1874.  An  English 
war  correspondent,  author,  and  cabinet  of- 
ficer, son  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill.  He  en- 
tered the  army  and  served  with  the  Spanish  forces  in 
Cuba  as  correspondent  for  the  “ Daily  Graphic  * in  1895, 
with  the  Malakand  field  force  in  1897,  and  with  the  Nile 
expeditionary  force  in  1898.  He  was  correspondent  for 
the  London  “Morning  Post"  during  the  South  African 
campaign  1899-1900,  and  was  taken  prisoner  in  action 
Nov.  15,  1899,  but  escaped  Dec.  12.  As  a Conservative 
he  was  elected  from  Oldham  to  the  House  of  Commons  in 
1900,  and  as  a Liberal  sat  for  Northwest  Manchester  1906-08 
and  for  Dundee  1908-.  His  change  of  party  was  largely 
due  to  his  attitude  toward  Brodrick’s  army  and  Cham- 
berlain’s fiscal  proposals.  He  was  under-secretary  to  the 
colonial  office  1906-08,  president  of  the  board  of  trade 
1908-10,  home  secretary  1910-11,  and  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  Oct.,  1911—.  He  has  written  “ The  Story  of  the 
Malakand  Field  Force  ” (1898),  “ The  Biver  War  ” (1899), 
“Savrola”  (1900),  “London  to  Ladysmith  via  Pretoria” 
(1900),  “Ian  Hamilton’s  March ’’  (1900),  “Lord  Randolph 
Churchill  ” (1906),  and  “My  African  Journey"  (1908). 
Cicero  (sis'e-ro).  A town  in  Cook  County,  Il- 
linois. Population,  14,557,  (1910). 

Cicerone  (elie-che-ro'na).  A noted  guide-book 
by  Jakob  Burckhardt  which  contains  a his- 
toric and  descriptive  account  of  the  ancient 
and  modern  art  of  Italy.  The  first  edition  was 
published  at  Basel  in  1855  in  seven  small  vol- 
umes. 

Cilea  (chi-la'a),  Francesco.  Born  at  Palmi, 
Calabria,  July  29,  1866.  An  Italian  composer. 
He  has  written  mostly  for  the  operatic  stage,  and  his 
works  include  “Gina”  (1889),  “La  Tilda”  (1892),  “L’Ar- 
lesiana”  (1896),  “Adrienne  Lecouvreur  ” (1902),  which  has 
been  sung  in  America,  and  “ Gloria  “ (1907).  He  has  also 
written  an  orchestral  suite,  some  piano  pieces,  a trio,  and 
a sonata  for  cello  and  piano. 

Cincinnati,  University  of.  See  * University  of 
Cincinnati. 

City  and  Suburban,  The.  An  English  handi- 
cap horse-race  held  at  Epsom  in  April.  Its 
course  is  1J  miles. 

City  Club.  A New  York  club  for  men,  incor- 
porated in  1892.  Its  object  is  to  aid  in  securing  per- 
manent good  government  for  the  city  of  New  York  through 
the  election  and  appointment  of  honest  and  able  munici- 
pal officers  and  the  establishment  of  a clear  and  stable 
system  of  city  laws.  It  has  over  1,300  members.  Its  house 
is  at  55  West  44th  street. 

Ciudad  Juarez  (the-o-dilTH'  hwa'rath).  The 
present  name  of  El  Paso  del  Norte. 

Clark  (klark),  Alvan  Graham.  Born  at  Fall 
River,  Mass.,  July  10,  1832:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  9,  1897.  An  American  optician 
and  astronomer,  son  of  Alvan  Clark.  He  became 
a member  of  the  firm  of  Alvan  Clark  and  Company  in 
1852,  and  completed  the  telescope  for  the  Lick  Observa- 
tory (36  inches).  He  made  the  30-inch  refractor  for  the 
Imperial  Observatory  at  St.  l’etersburg,  for  which  he 
was  presented  with  a gold  medal  by  the  emperor ; the 
40-inch  lens  for  the  Yerkes  Observatory  of  the  University 
of  Chicago  (at  Williams  Bay,  Wis. ) ; and  many  others.  He 
was  also  known  as  an  astronomer,  and  made  many  discov- 
eries of  double  stars,  among  them  that  of  the  companion 
of  Sirius,  for  which  lie  was  awarded  the  Lalande  gold 
medal  by  the  French  Academy. 

Clark  (klark),  Champ.  Born  in  Anderson 


Clark,  Champ 

County,  Ky.,  March  7,  1850.  An  American 
Democratic  politician.  He  wa§  educated  at  Ken- 
tucky University,  Bethany  College,  and  the  Cincinnati 
Law  School ; was  president  of  Marshall  College  1873-74  ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875,  and  subsequently  prac- 
tised law  in  Missouri ; was  a member  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives  1889-91 ; and  was  a member  of  Congress  from 
Missouri  1893-95  and  1897-.  He  became  speaker  of  the 
House  fn  1911.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the 
Democratic  nomination  for  President  in  1912. 

Clark  (klark),  Charles  Edgar.  Born  at  Brad- 
ford, Vt.,  August  10,  1843.  An  American 
naval  officer,  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1902. 
He  was  ordered,  with  his  class  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy,  into  active  service  in  1863 ; took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Mobile  Bay  and  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Mor- 
gan ; and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain  in  1896.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  war  with  Spain  (1898)  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  battle-ship  Oregon,  then  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  with  remarkable  skill  brought  her  to  Key  West, 
upward  of  14,000  miles,  in  time  to  take  a very  important 
part  in  the  battle  of  Santiago.  He  retired  in  1905. 

Clark  (klark),  John  Bates.  Born  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Jan.  26,  1847.  An  American  po- 
litical economist  and  educator.  He  was  graduated 
at  Amherst  College  in  1872,  and  later  studied  in  the  uni- 
versities of  Heidelberg  and  Zurich.  Since  1895  he  has 
held  achair  of  political  economy  in  Columbia  University. 
He  has  written  “The  Philosophy  of  Wealth"  (1885),  “The 
Distribution  of  Wealth " (1899),  “The  Control  of  Trusts” 
(1901  and  1912),  “The  Problem  of  Monopoly”  (1904),  “Es- 
sentials of  Economic  Theory"  (1907),  besides  monographs, 
parts  of  joint  publications,  and  contributions  to  reviews. 

Clark  (klark),  Walter  Appleton.  Born  at 

Worcester,  Mass.,  1876:  died  at  New  York, 
Dec.  27,  1906.  An  American  artist  and  illus- 
trator. 

Clark  (klark),  'William  Bullock.  Born  at 
Brattleboro,  Vt.,  Dec.  15, 1860.  An  American 
geologist,  professor  and  director  of  the  geo- 
logical laboratory  in  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity from  1894.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  Col- 
lege in  1884,  studied  abroad,  and  became  instructor  (1887) 
and  later  associate  professor  (1892-94)  in  Johns  Hopkins 
University.  Since  1896  he  has  been  State  geologist  of 
Maryland  and  geologist  on  the  staff  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey.  He  was  also  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  Maryland,  in  1900,  commissioner  for  that  State 
in  the  rerunning  of  Mason  and  Dixon’s  line. 

Clarke  (klark),  Sir  Caspar  Purdon.  Born  at 
London,  1846:  died  there,  March  29,  1911.  A 
British  archaeologist,  director  of  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  in  the  city  of  New  York 
1905-10.  He  was  connected  with  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  London,  from  1862,  becoming  in  1883  keeper  of 
the  Indian  collections,  in  1892  keeper  of  the  art  collec- 
tions, in  1893  assistant  director,  and  in  1896  director.  In 
1878  he  was  made  a chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  in 
1883  a companion  of  the  Indian  Empire,  and  a commander 
of  the  Victorian  Order  in  1905.  He  was  knighted  in  1902. 

Clarke  (klark),  John.  Mason.  Born  at  Canan- 
daigua, N.  Y.,  April  15,  1857.  An  American 
naturalist,  director  of  the  New  York  State 
Museum.  He  wa3  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in 
1877  ; studied  at  Gottingen  ; was  professor  of  geology  and 
mineralogy  at  Smith  College,  Northampton,  Massachu- 
setts, 1881-84  ; has  been  professor  of  geology  at  the  Rens- 
selaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  New  York,  since  1894; 
and  became  assistant  State  geologist  in  1894,  State  paleon- 
tologist in  1898,  and  State  geologist  and  paleontologist  in 
1904.  He  has  published  numerous  scientific  books  and 
monographs. 

Clarksburg  (klarks'berg).  The  county-seat  of 
Harrison  County,  West  Virginia,  on  the  west 
branchof  theMonongahelaRiver58miles  south- 
east of  Wheeling.  The  surrounding  region  contains 
valuable  deposits  of  coal  and  oil.  The  manufactures  in- 
clude glass,  miners’  supplies,  woolen  goods,  etc.  The 
Broaddus  and  St.  Mary’s  institutes  are  at  Clarksburg. 
Population,  9,201,  (1910). 

Clarksville  (klarks'vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Montgomery  County,  Tennessee,  lying  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Cumberland,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Red  River.  It  is  an  important  shipping-point 
for  tobacco,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Southwestern  Univer- 
sity (Presbyterian)  and  a Methodist  seminary  for  girls. 
Population,  8,548,  (1910). 

Claypole,  or  Claypoole  (kla'pol),  Mrs.  (Eliza- 
beth Cromwell).  Born  July  2,  1629:  died 
Aug.  6,  1658.  The  youngest  daughter  of 
Oliver  Cromwell.  She  is  said  to  have  interceded 
with  her  father  in  behalf  of  many  Royalist  offenders.  She 
was  buried  in  Henry  VII. ’s  chapel  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
but  after  the  Restoration  her  body  was  taken  up  and  cast, 
with  others,  into  a pit. 

Clear  (kler),  Claudius.  See  *Nicoll. 
Clearfield  (kler'feld).  The  county-seat  of 
Clearfield  County,  Pennsylvania,  about  90 
miles  northeast  of  Pittsburgh,  it  has  machine- 
shops,  lumber-mills,  flour-mills,  brick-yards,  etc.  There 
are  deposits  of  coal  and  fire-clay  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion, 6,851,  (1910). 

Cleburne  (kle'bern).  The  county-seat  of  John- 
son County,  Texas,  about  45  miles  southwest 
of  Dallas.  It  is  an  active  trade-center  for 
grain,  fruit,  live  stock,  wool,  and  cotton,  and 
has  flour-mills,  railroad  shops,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 10,364,  (1910). 

Cleburne  (kle ' bem),  Patrick  Ronayne. 


Born  near  Cork,  Ireland,  March  17,  1828: 
died  at  the  battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn.,  Nov.  30, 
1864.  An  American  soldier,  a general  in  the 
Confederate  army.  He  served  in  the  British  army 
for  three  years,  and  came  to  America  in  1849.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Arkansas  in  1855,  and  practised 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  when  he  enlisted  as 
a private.  He  rose  to  be  commander  of  a corps,  and  was 
distinguished  for  his  courage  and  skill,  which  earned  for 
him  the  title  of  the  “Stonewall  of  the  West”  (in  allusion 
to  “Stonewall  ” Jackson). 

Clemens*,  Samuel  Langhorne:  pseudonym 

Mark  Twain.  Among  his  later  works  are  “ Pudd’n- 
head  Wilson”  (1893-94  (serially)  and  1895),  “Personal 
Recollections  of  Joan  of  Arc”  (1896),  “Following  the 
Equator"  (1897),  “ The  Man  that  Corrupted  Hadleyburg  ” 
(1900),  “The  Jumping  Frog"  (1903),  “Extracts  from 
Adam’s  Diary  ” (1904),  “A  Dog’s  Tale  ” (1904),  “Editorial 
Wild  Oats”  (1905),  “Eve’s  Diary”  (1906),  “The  $30,000 
Bequest”  (1906),  “ A Horse’s  Tale”  (1907),  “Christian  Sci- 
ence’’ (1907),  “Is  Shakespeare  Dead?”  (1909). 

Clement  (klem ' ent),  Clara  Erskine.  See 

* Waters. 

C16ment  (kla-mon'),  Edmond  JeanFr6d6ric. 

A contemporary  French  tenor.  After  winning  the 
first  prize  at  the  Paris  Conservatory,  he  became  a member 
of  the  Opera  Comique.  He  made  his  New  York  debut  in 
1909  with  the  Metropolitan  Opera  Company  at  the  New 
Theater,  singing  the  title  part  of  “Werther,”  and  toured 
in  America  in  concert  in  1910-11.  He  has  achieved  his 
greatest  success  in  lyric  roles,  such  as  Des  Grieux  in  Mas- 
senet's “Manon”  and  Fra  Diavolo. 

Clements  (klem'ents),  Frederic  Edward. 

Born  at  Lincoln,  Neb.,  Sept.  16,  1874.  An 
American  naturalist,  professor  of  botany  in 
the  University  of  Minnesota  from  1907.  He 
taught  in  the  LTniversity  of  Nebraska  1894-1907.  His 
studies  relate  especially  to  experimental  evolution,  alpine 
vegetation,  and  forest  ecology. 

Cleopas  (kle-o'pas).  According  to  the  account 
in  Luke  (chapter  xxiv.),  one  of  the  two  dis- 
ciples who  wore  accompanied  by  the  risen 
Jesus  in  their  walk  to  Emmaus. 

Clerke  (klark),  Agnes  Mary.  Born  in  Ire- 
land, Feb.  10,  1842:  died  at  London,  Jan.  20, 
1907.  A British  astronomer.  She  made  astro- 
nomical observations  at  the  Royal  Observatory,  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  in  1888;  won  the  Actonian  prize  in  1893;  and 
in  1901  wrote  the  Hodgkins  essay  on  low  temperature 
research  at  the  Royal  Institution.  Her  works  include 
“The  System  of  the  Stars”  (1890),  “The  Herscheis  and 
Modern  Astronomy  " (1895),  “ Astronomy  ” (1898 : with  A. 
Fowler  and  J.  E.  Gore),  and  “ Problems  in  Astrophysics  ” 
(1903). 

Cleveland  (klev'land).  The  county-seat  of 
Bradley  County,  Tennessee,  situated  26  miles 
northeast  of  Chattauooga.  It  has  woolen-  and 
flour-mills,  foundries,  lumber-mills,  etc.,  and 
is  the  seat  of  the  Centenary  Female  College. 
Population,  5,549,  (1910). 

Cleveland*,  (Stephen)  Grover.  He  wrote  “ Presi- 
dential Problems  ” (1904),  “ Fishing  and  Shooting  Sketches  ” 
(1907),  “ Good  Citizenship " (1908),  “Addresses,  State  Pa- 
pers, and  Letters  ” (ed.  by  A.  E.  Bergh,  1909),  etc. 

Cleveland  National  Forest.  A forest  reserve 
in  California,  formerly  known  as  the  San  Ja- 
cinto and  renamed  in  1908  by  President  Roose- 
velt in  honor  of  President  Cleveland.  See 
* National  Forests. 

Clifden  (klif'den).  A market-town  and  sea- 
port of  County  Galway,  Ireland,  situated  about 
43  miles  northwest  of  Galway,  on  an  inlet  of 
Ardbear  Harbor.  It  is  a wireless  telegraph 
station.  Commereial  messages  have  been 
transmitted  between  it  and  Glace  Bay,  Nova 
Scotia,  since  1907. 

Clifford  (klif'ord),  John.  Born  at  Sawley, 
Derbyshire,  Oct.  16, 1836.  An  English  Baptist, 
minister  of  the  Westbourne  Park  Chapel,  Lon- 
don, since  1877.  He  was  minister  of  the  Praed  Street 
Chapel,  London,  1858-77,  president  of  the  London  Baptist 
Association  1879,  of  the  Baptist  Union  1888  and  1899,  of  the 
National  Council  of  Evangelical  Churches  1898,  and  of  the 
Baptist  World  Alliance  1905-11.  He  advocated  and  led 
the  opposition  to  the  Education  Act  of  1902  by  a method 
which  became  known  as  “passive  resistance.”  He  has 
published  “ The  Fight  for  Education : Clericalism  in 
British  Politics”  (1902),  “The Ultimate  Problemsof  Chris- 
tianity ’’  (1906),  etc. 

Clifton  Forge  (klif  'ton  forj).  An  indepen- 
dent city  in  Virginia,  formerly  in  Alleghany 
County,  about  45  miles  northwest  of  Lynch- 
burg. Iron-mining  and  the  manufacture  of 
powder  are  its  principal  industries.  Popula- 
tion, 5,748,  (1910). 

Clinton  (klin'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Dewitt 
County,  Illinois,  23  miles  south  of  Blooming- 
ton. It  has  railroad  shops,  machine-shops, 
iron-works,  etc.  Population,  5,165,  (1910). 

Clinton  (klin'ton).  A city  in  Vermilion 
County,  Indiana,  13  miles  north  of  Terre 
Haute.  It  has  coal-mining  interests.  Popu- 
lation, 6,229,  (1910). 

Cloquet  (klo-ka').  A city  in  Carlton  County, 
Minnesota,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  St.  Louis 
River  17  miles  southwest  of  Duluth.  It  has 


Colgate  University 

lumber-mills  and  manufactories  of  boxes, 
paper,  etc.  Population,  7,031,  (1910). 
Coaldale  (kol'dal).  A borough  in  Schuylkill 
County,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated  in  19u6. 
Its  chief  industry  is  the  mining  and  breaking 
of  coal.  Population,  5,154,  (1910). 

Coamo  (ko'a-mo).  A city  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Ponce  department,  Porto  Rico,  situated  on 
the  Coamo  River.  It  is  a place  of  resort  on 
account  of  its  thermal  medicinal  baths.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,869,  (1910);  municipality,  17,129, 
(1910). 

Coast  Ranges*.  According  to  the  U.  S.  Geog. 
Board  (1907),  they  extend  northward  into  Can- 
ada and  southward  into  Lower  California,  and 
include  all  mountains  west  of  Puget  Sound 
and  the  Willamette,  Sacramento,  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys,  and  southwest  of  Mohave 
Desert. 

Coatesville  (kots'vil).  A borough  in  Chester 
County,  Pennsylvania,  32  miles  west  of  Phila- 
delphia. It  is  an  active  manufacturing  center, 
with  foundries,  iron-  and  steel-works,  boiler- 
works,  silk-  and  woolen-mills,  etc.  Population, 
11,084,  (1910). 

Cobalt  (ko'balt).  A mining  town  in  Coleman 
township,  Ontario,  Canada,  about  340  miles 
north  of  Toronto.  It  has  become  famous  for 
its  silver  mines.  Population,  5,638. 
Cobden-Sanderson  (kob  ' den-san  ' der-son), 
Thomas  J.  Born  1840.  An  English  book- 
binder. After  a short  stay  with  the  binder  Coverley, 
he  began  practice,  with  his  wife  as  assistant.  The  Doves 
Press  (Hammersmith),  which  he  founded,  was  much  in- 
fluenced by  William  Morris  and  Walter  Crane. 

Cobet  (ko-bet'),  Carel  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  28,  1813:  died  at  Leyden,  Oct.  26, 
1889.  A Dutch  philologist,  paleographer,  and 
classical  scholar.  He  was  educated  at  The  Hague  gym- 
nasium  and  at  the  University  of  Leyden,  and  was  profes- 
sor at  Leyden  from  1846  (emeritus  1884).  In  1856  he  be- 
came joint  editor  of  “ Mnemosyne,”  a philological  review. 
He  published  “ Valise  lectiones  ” (1854),  “ Novae  lectiones  ” 
(1858),  “Miscellanea  critica ” (1876),  “Collectanea  critica ” 
(1878),  etc. 

Cochin  China*,  French.  It  is  now  represent- 
ed in  the  parliament  at  Paris  by  one  deputy. 
Cockran  (kok'ran),  William  Bourke.  Born 
in  Ireland,  Feb.  28,  1854.  An  American  law- 
yer and  politician.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1871 ; has  long  been  identified  with  politics  in  New  York 
city  ; and  has  been  a member  (Democratic)  of  Congress 
1887-89,  1891-95,  and  1904-09. 

Coeur  d’Alene  (ker  da-lan').  A city  in  Koot- 
enai County,  Idaho,  30  miles  east  of  Spokane. 
It  is  situated  in  a mining  district.  Population, 
7,291,  (1910). 

Coffeyville  (kof'i-vil).  A city  in  Montgomery 
County,  Kansas,  75  miles  southwest  of  Fort 
Scott.  It  has  an  oil-refinery,  flour-mills,  glass- 
factories,  brick-works,  chemical  works,  etc., 
and  is  a shipping-point  for  grain.  Population, 
12,687,  (1910). 

Coghlan  (kog'lan),  Joseph  Bullock.  Born 

at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Dec.  8,  1844:  died  at  New 
Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  5,  1908.  An  American 
naval  officer,  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1902. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy 
in  1863.  At  the  battle  of  Manila  Bay,  May  1,  1898,  he 
commanded  the  cruiser  Raleigh.  He  was  second  in  com- 
mand of  the  North  Atlantic  fleet  1902-04 ; was  appointed 
commandant  of  the  Navy-yard,  New  York,  in  1904;  and 
retired  in  December,  1906. 

Colchester  (kol'ches-ter).  A town  in  Chit- 
tenden County,  Vermont,  near  Lake  Cham- 
plain, 6 miles  northeast  of  Burlington.  It  has 
manufactories  of  lumber,  carriages,  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  etc.  Population,  6,450,  (1910). 
Cole*,  Timothy.  His  latest  works  include  “Old 
Dutch  and  Flemish  Masters”  (1895  : text  by  John  C.  Van 
Dyke) ; “ Old  English  Masters  ’’  (1902  : notes  by  John  C. 
Van  Dyke  and  comments  by  the  engraver) ; “ Old  Spanish 
Masters  ’’  (1907  : text  by  Charles  H.  Caffin).  A series  of 
engravings  of  “ Masterpieces  in  American  Galleries  ” is 
appearing  in  “The  Century  Magazine”  (1910-). 

Coleman  (kol'man),  Charles  Caryl.  Bom 

at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  , 1840.  An  American  painter. 
In  1859  he  went  to  Europe  to  study  art,  but  returned  to 
serve  three  years  in  the  Federal  army  in  the  Civil  War. 
Since  1866  he  has  lived  and  worked  in  Europe,  his  studio 
now  being  on  the  island  of  Capri,  Italy. 

Coleridge-Taylor  (kol  'rij-ta ' lor),  Samuel. 
Born  at  London,  Aug.  15,  1875,  of  a full- 
blooded  African  father  and  an  English  mo- 
ther: died  Sept.  1.  1912.  An  English  composer. 

His  principal  works  are  the  three  cantatas  comprised  in 
“Scenes  from  the  Song  of  Hiawatha,”  the  oratorio  “The 
Atonement,”  songs,  and  piano-pieces  in  which  he  has 
reproduced  certain  characteristics  of  negro  music. 

Colgate  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  Hamilton,  New  York,  founded 
in  1819  originally  for  the  education  of  Baptist 
ministers.  It  comprises  a college  and  a theological 


Colgate  University 

Beininary,  with  a large  preparatory  school,  Colgate  Acad- 
emy. In  1835  the  exclusive  ministerial  charter  of  the 
school  was  given  up,  and  in  1846  the  collegiate  department 
was  incorporated  under  the  name  of  “Madison  Univer- 
sity"; this  name  was  changed  to  “Colgate  University  " in 

1890,  in  honor  of  William  Colgate  and  his  sons,  who  for 
many  years  had  been  its  leading  patrons.  The  faculty 
numbers  about  50  professors  and  instructors,  and  the  stu- 
dents about  550. 

Colin  Tampon.  A nickname  for  a Swiss. 
College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  The.  A col- 
lege in  New  York  city  conducted  by  the  fa- 
thers of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  founded  in  1847 
and  chartered  in  1861.  it  is  the  outgrowth  of  the 
first  Latin  school  in  New  York,  opened  in  1683.  A high 
school  is  connected  with  it.  The  present  name  was 
adopted  in  1850. 

College  of  the  City  of  New  York.  An  in- 
stitution of  learning,  free  to  all  young  men  of 
New  York  city.  It  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  Free 
Academy  of  New  York  (established  in  1848);  the  present 
name  was  adopted  in  18(58.  The  institution  is  governed 
by  trustees,  appointed  by  the  mayor  of  New  York  and 
the  president  of  the  Board  of  Education,  who  is  ex  ojicio 
a trustee.  The  college  course  is  four  years  in  length,  pre- 
ceded by  a subfreshman  course  with  a minimum  require- 
ment of  three  years  of  residence,  in  which  students  are 
directly  prepared  for  the  college.  Degrees  are  granted  in 
arts  and  science.  New  buildings  at  138th  street  and  St. 
Nicholas  Avenue,  New  York,  for  which  nearly  $6,000,000 
have  been  appropriated,  were  ready  for  occupancy  in 
September,  1907. 

Collins  (kol'inz),  John  Churton.  Born  at 
Bourton-on-the-Water,  Gloucestershire,  Eng- 
land, March  26, 1848  : died  at  Lowestoft,  Sept. 
15,  1908.  An  English  autnor,  lecturer,  and 
educator,  professor  of  English  literature  at 
Birmingham  from  1904.  He  was  graduated  at  Bal- 
liol  College,  Oxford,  in  1872.  Among  his  publications  are 
“The  Study  of  English  Literature  at  the  Universities” 
(1891),  “.Jonathan  Swift ” (1893),  “Essays  and  Studies” 
(1895),  “Ephemera  Critica  ” (1901),  “Studies  in  Shake- 
speare ” (1904),  and  “ Studies  in  Poetry  and  Criticism  ” 
(1905). 

Collinson  (kol'in-son),  Sir  Richard.  Born  at 
Gateshead,  1811 : died  at  Ealing,  September 
13,  1883.  An  English  admiral  and  arctic  ex- 
plorer. He  commanded  the  expedition  in  search  of  Sir 
John  Franklin  1850-54,  and  was  shut  up  with  the  Enter- 
prise in  the  arctic  regions  for  three  years,  wintering  1851— 
1852  at  the  southern  entrance  to  Prince  of  Wales  Strait, 
1852-53  in  Cambridge  Bay,  and  1853-54  in  Camden  Bay. 
His  contribution  to  geographical  knowledge  was  large  and 
nearly  amounted  to  the  discovery  of  the  Northwest  Pas- 
sage, which  was  actually  achieved  by  his  subordinate 
M'Clure  iu  the  Investigator.  He  was  knighted  in  1875. 
Collinsville  (kol'inz-vil).  A city  in  Madison 
County,  Illinois,  11  miles  northeast  of  East  St. 
Louis.  It  has  coal-mines,  brick-factories,  zinc- 
works,  a lead-smelter,  etc.  Population,  7,478, 
(1910). 

Colombia*,  Republic  of.  The  republic  is  divided 

into  thirteen  departments,  according  to  decree  of  April, 
1910,  as  follows : Antioquia,  Bolivar,  Boyaca,  Caldas, 
Cauca,  Cundinamarca,  Iluila,  Magdalena,  Narino,  Panama 
(language  of  the  decree),  Santander,  Tolima,  Valle.  In 
November,  1903,  after  a bloodless  revolution,  Panama  was 
declared  independent  of  Colombia. 

Colonial  Dames  of  America.  1.  A patriotic 
society  of  women  organized  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  May  23, 1890,  and  incorporated  April  23, 

1891.  Its  object  is  to  collect  and  preserve  relics,  tradi- 
tions, etc.,  relating  to  the  early  history  of  the  United 
States  and  to  the  War  of  Independence,  and  to  educate  the 
young  in  the  history  of  their  country  by  means  of  the 
celebration  of  events  of  national  importance,  etc. 

2.  A similar  hut  distinct  society,  with  branches 
in  36  States  and  a membership  of  over  5,500 
women  lineally  descended  from  Colonial  an- 
cestry. Its  object  is  to  preserve  or  restore  manuscripts, 
traditions,  relics,  and  buildings  connected  with  the  Colo- 
nial period;  to  diffuse  information  concerning,  and  to 
create  a popular  interest  in,  the  Colonial  period  ; and  to 
stimulate,  especially  in  the  young,  a spirit  of  true  patri- 
otism and  a genuine  love  of  country.  The  society  was  or- 
ganized in  April,  1891. 

Colonne  (ko-lon'),  Edouard.  Born  at  Bor- 
deaux, France,  July  24,  1838:  died  at  Paris, 
March  28,  1910.  A distinguished  French  mu- 
sical conductor,  lie  founded  the  famous  “ Concerts 
duCh&telet”  in  Paris  in  1874,  and  conducted  them  until  his 
death.  In  these  he  brought  out  a very  large  number  of 
musical  works  new  to  Paris  ; did  much  for  the  spread  of 
Berlioz's  fame;  and  introduced  the  music  of  Brahms, 
Wagner,  and  other  moderns. 

Colony  Club,  The.  A New  York  city  club  for 
women,  incorporated  April  5,  1905,  for  social 
purposes.  It  has  1,000  members.  Its  house 
is  at  122  Madison  Avenue. 

Colorado  (kol-o-rii/do)  College.  A non-sec- 
tarian, coeducational  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado.  The 

college  was  established  in  1874  and  a school  of  engineer- 
ing was  organized  in  1902  and  one  of  forestry  in  1906.  The 
number  of  students  is  about  600. 

Colorado  (kol-o-rii'do)  Desert.  A desert  re- 
gion in  southern  California,  lying  in  Im- 
perial County  and  extending  into  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 

Colquhoun  (ko-hon'),  Archibald  Ross.  Born 


at  sea  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  March,  1848. 
A Scotch  engineer,  traveler,  aud  writer.  He  has 
held  various  official  positions  in  India,  Siam,  and  Upper 
Burma;  was  the  “Times”  correspondent  in  the  Franco- 
Chinese  war  and  the  far  East  1883-84  ; accompanied  the 
pioneer  expedition  to  South  Africa  in  1890 ; and  upon 
the  occupation  of  Mashonaland  was  made  administrator. 
He  retired  in  1894.  He  has  traveled  and  explored  exten- 
sively in  many  parts  of  the  world.  He  is  the  author  of 
“ Across  Chryse"  (1883),“  China  in  Transformation  "(1898), 
“The  ‘Overiand’  to  China"  (1900),  “The  Renascence  of 
South  Africa"  (1900),  “The  Mastery  of  the  Pacific"  (1902), 
“ Greater  America  ” (1904),  “ The  Africander  Land  ” (1906), 
" From  Dan  to  Beersheba"  (1908),  etc. 

Columbus  (ko-lum'bus).  The  county-seat  of 
Platte  County,  Nebraska,  situated  on  Loup 
Fork  55  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln.  It  has 
flour-mills,  a shoe-factory,  etc.,  and  lumber 
interests.  Population,  5,014,  (1910). 

Colvin  (kol'vin),  Sir  Sidney.  Born  at  Nor- 
wood, England,  June  18, 1845.  An  English  writer 
and  critic.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ; was  Slade  professor  of  the  fine  arts  at  Cambridge 
1873-85 ; and  held  the  directorship  of  the  Fitzwilliam 
Museum  1876-84.  He  was  keeper  of  prints  and  draw- 
ings in  the  British  Museum  1884-1912.  He  has  pub- 
lished “Children  in  Italian  and  English  Design  ” (1872), 
“Landor”  (1881),  “Keats"  (1887),  “A  Florentine  Picture 
Chronicle"  (1898),  “The  Early  History  of  Engraving  in 
England  ” (1901),  etc. ; and  has  edited  Robert  Louis  Ste- 
venson’s works  (1894-98 : 27  vols.),  together  with  his  “ Let- 
ters" (1899  ; 2 vols.,  and  1911 : 4 vols.).  Knighted  Jan.  1, 
1911. 

Combs  (komz),  Leslie.  Born  at  Little  Comp- 
ton, R.  I.,  July  31,  1852.  An  American  diplo- 
matist. In  1900  he  was  chairman  of  the  republican 
executive  committee  of  Kentucky.  He  was  minister  to 
Guatemala  and  Honduras  1902-06,  and  was  minister  to 
Peru  1906-11. 

Commerson  (ko-mer-soh'),  Philibert.  Born  at 
Chatillon-les-Domhes,  Prance,  in  1727;  died  at 
Mauritius  in  1773.  A French  naturalist.  He 

studied  medicine  at  Montpellier,  taking  his  degree  in  1755 ; 
became  a collector  of  plants,  and  traveled  through  Europe 
in  search  of  specimens  ; wrote  a description  of  the  fishes 
of  the  Mediterranean  at  the  request  of  Linnaeus ; and  in 
1767  set  out  with  Bougainville  on  his  expedition  around 
the  world.  During  this  voyage  he  made  many  drawings 
and  collected  many  specimens  of  plants  and  animals. 
At  Mauritius  he  remained  for  special  researches,  visiting 
Reunion  and  Madagascar,  but  died  at  Mauritius  before  he 
could  publish  the  results  of  his  labors. 

Commons  (kom'onz),  John  Rogers.  Born  at 
Hollandsburg,  Ohio,  Oct.  13, 1862.  An  American 
political  economist,  professor  in  the  University 
of  Wisconsin  from  1904.  In  1892  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  sociology  in  Oberlin  College,  subsequently  hold- 
ing similar  positions  in  Indiana  and  Syracuse  universities. 
In  1901  he  acted  as  expert  for  the  Industrial  Commission, 
and  in  1904  became  director  of  the  American  Bureau  of 
Industrial  Research.  His  published  works  include 
“Social  Reform  and  the  Church,"  “ -Proportional  Repre- 
sentation," “Trade  Unionism  and  Labor  Problems,”  and 
“Races  and  Immigrants  in  America.” 

Commonwealth  of  Australia.  The  federal 
union  of  the  British  colonies  (“original  states”) 
of  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  Queensland, 
South  Australia,  Western  Australia,  aud  Tas- 
mania, proclaimed  Jan.  1,  1901.  Legislative  power 
is  invested  in  a federal  parliament,  consisting  of  the  king, 
represented  by  a governor-general ; a senate  of  thirty-six 
members  (six  for  each  of  the  original  states),  chosen  for 
six  years  ; and  a house  of  representatives  to  consist,  as 
nearly  as  may  be,  of  twice  as  many  members  as  there  are 
senators,  chosen  in  proportion  to  the  population,  but  not 
less  than  five  for  any  state.  The  executive  is  assisted  by 
a council  of  ministers  of  state.  The  seat  of  the  federal 
government  is  at  Melbourne,  but  the  Y^ass-Canberra  dis- 
trict, New  South  Wales,  was  acquired  by  the  Common- 
wealth in  January,  1911,  and  is  the  future  site.  In  1905 
the  administration  of  New  Guinea,  or  Papua,  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Commonwealth,  and  the  Northern  Territory 
passed  from  the  jurisdiction  of  South  Australia  to  that 
of  the  federal  government  Jan.  1,  1911.  Area,  2,974,581 
square  miles.  Population,  4,275,306. 

Comstock  (kom'stok),  George  Cary.  Born  at 
Madison,  Wis.,  Feb.  12,  1855.  An  American 
astronomer,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  from  1887,  and  director  of  the 
Washburn  Observatory  from  1889.  He  has  pub- 
lished  a “Text-book  of  Astronomy'’  (1900)  and  “Field 
Astronomy  for  Engineers  ” (1902),  and  has  edited  a number 
of  volumes  of  the  publications  of  the  Washburn  Obser- 
vatory. 

Conaty  (kon'a-ti),  Thomas  James.  Born  in 
Ireland,  Aug.  1,  1847.  An  American  Roman 
Catholic  prelate,  bishop  of  Monterey  and  Los 
Angeles,  California,  since  19<  3.  He1  was  ordained 
to  the  priesthood  in  1872 ; was  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the 
Sacred  Heart  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  1880-97  ; and 
in  1896  was  appointed  rector  of  the  Catholic  University  at 
Washington.  In  1897  the  title  of  domestic  prelate  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  and  he  was  con- 
secrated titular  bishop  of  Samos  in  1901.  In  1892  he 
helped  to  establish  the  Catholic  summer  school  at  I’latts- 
burg,  New  York,  of  which  he  was  president  till  1896. 

Concord  (kong'kord).  The  county-seat  of 
Cabarrus  County,  North  Carolina,  18  miles 
northeast  of  Charlotte.  It  is  in  a cotton- 
growing district,  and  has  cotton-factories, 
machine-shops,  etc.  Population,  8,715,  (1910). 

Cone  (kon),  Helen  Gray.  Born  at  New  York, 


Conway 

March  8,  1859.  An  American  writer,  pro- 
fessor of  English  in  New  York  Normal  College 
from  1899.  She  has  published  “Oberon  and  Puck: 
Verses  Grave  and  Gay  " (1885),  “The  Ride  to  the  Lady, 
and  other  Poems  ” (1891),  “ Soldiers  of  the  Light " (1910). 

Congressional  Library.  See  * Library  of  Con- 
gress. 

Conneau  (kon-no'),  Jean.  Born  at  Lodere, 
Herault,  France,  Feb.  8,  1880.  A French  naval 
officer  and  aviator.  Under  the  name  of  Andre  Beau- 
mont he  has  won  several  long-distance  cross-country  aero- 
plane races  in  Europe.  Of  these  the  most  notable  are  a 
flight  from  Paris  to  Rome,  910  miles,  which  lie  made  May 
28-31,  1911;  a “European  circuit”  (Paris,  Utrecht,  Lon- 
don, Paris),  948|  miles,  which  he  covered  in  58  hours,  36 
minutes,  June  18  to  July  7,  1911 ; and  a “British  circuit” 
(Brooklands,  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Brooklands),  1,010 
miles,  which  he  covered  July  22-26,  1911. 

Conneaut  (kon-e-at').  A city  in  Ashtabula 
County,  Ohio,  bn  Conneaut  Creek  2 miles 
from  Lake  Erie.  It  is  an  important  shipping- 
point  for  coal,  ore,  and  farm  produce,  and  has 
railroad  shops,  canning-factories,  flour-mills, 
etc.  Population,  8,319,  (1910). 

Connersville  (kon'erz-vil).  The  county-seat 
of  Fayette  County,  Indiana.  It  has  manu- 
factories of  flour,  wheels,  axles,  wagons,  mir- 
rors, furniture,  etc.  Population,  7,738,  (1910). 

Connor  (kon'or),  Ralph.  The  pseudonym  of 
Charles  William  Gordon. 

Conrad  (kon'rad),  Joseph.  Born  in  Poland, 
Dec.  6,  1857.  An  English  novelist.  He  went 
to  sea  at  an  early  age,  and  served  in  the  merchant  marine, 
attaining  the  rank  of  captain.  Among  his  works  are  “ Lord 
Jim”  (1900),  “Youth”  (1902),  “Typhoon”  (1903),  “Falk” 
(1903),  “ Nostromo  ” (1904),  “The  Secret  Agent”  (1907),  “ A 
Set  of  Six  ” (1908),  etc.;  two  novels  written  with  Ford  M. 
Hueffer,  “ The  Inheritors  ” (1901)  and  “Romance”  (1903) ; 
a play,  “ One  Day  More  ” (1905) ; and  “ Bazunov  ” (1910). 

Conried  (kon 'red),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Bielitz, 
Silesia,  Sept.  13,  1855 : died  at  Meran,  Tyrol, 
April  27,  1909.  An  Austro-American  actor, 
stage-director,  and  impresario.  He  began  his 
career  at  the  Burg  Theater,  Vienna,  as  an  actor,  and  after- 
ward played  in  many  German  cities.  He  then  came  to  New 
York  city,  becoming  stage-director  of  the  Germania 
Theater  in  1878,  where  he  also  acted  character  parts ; of 
the  Thalia  Theater  in  1881,  later  of  the  Casino ; and  of  the 
Irving  Place  Theater  from  1892.  He  was  appointed 
director  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House  in  1903,  where 
he  produced  “Parsifal”  during  his  first  season  and 
“Salome”  in  1907,  retiring  May  1,  1908.  lie  assisted  in 
planning  the  New  Theater.  He  received  honorary  deco- 
rations from  the  rulers  of  Germany,  Austria, Belgium,  and 
Italy. 

Conshohocken  (kon-sho-hok'en).  A borough 
in  Pennsylvania,  13  miles  northwest  of  Phila- 
delphia. Population,  7,480  (1910). 

Constantine  (kon'stan-tin)  I.  Born  at  Athens, 
Aug.  2,  1868.  King  of  the  Hellenes  from 
March,  1913.  He  is  the  eldest  son  of  George  I.  of 
Greece  and  grandson  of  Christian  IX.  of  Denmark.  In 
1889  he  married  the  Princess  Sophia,  sister  of  William  II. 
of  Germany.  He  commanded  the  Greek  army  in  the  war 
with  Turkey  in  1897,  and  again  in  the  Turko-Balkan  war 
of  1912.  Before  his  accession  to  the  throne  he  was  known 
as  the  Duke  of  Sparta. 

Constitutional  Club.  A London  political 
club  established  in  1883.  It  has  a member- 
ship of  6,500.  Its  house  is  on  Northumberland 
Avenue. 

Constitutional  Convention,  The.  In  United 
States  history,  the  body  of  delegates  from  the 
several  States  which  framed  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution, sitting  at  Philadelphia  from  May  25 
to  Sept.  17,  1787.  The  convention  was  called 
in  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  the 
Annapolis  Convention  (which  see). 

Constitutional  Union  Party.  The  name 
adopted  by  the  remnant  of  the  Whig  party  at 
the  South  in  the  presidential  election  of  1860. 

Delegates  from  twenty  States  met  at  Baltimore,  May  9, 
1860,  and  nominated  John  Bell  for  president  and  Edward 
Everett  for  vice-president.  A platform  was  adopted 
which  sought  to  evade  the  slavery  question  by  declaring 
for  “the  Constitution  of  the  country,  the  union  of  the 
States,  and  the  enforcement  of  the  laws.” 

Contes  d’Hoffmann,  Les.  An  opera  by  Jacques 
Offenbach  (words  by  Jules  Barbier),  first  pro- 
duced at  Paris  in  1881. 

Converse  (kon'vers),  Frederick  Shepherd. 

Born  at  Newton,  Mass.,  Jan.  5,  1871.  An 
American  composer.  He  was  instructor  of  harmony 
at  the  New  England  Conservatory  of  Music  1899-1901,  and 
instructor  of  music,  1902-05,  and  assistant  professor  of 
music,  1903-07,  at  Harvard  University;  and  is  vice-president 
of  the  Boston  Opera  Company.  Among  his  works  are 
“Sonata  in  A”;  the  symphonic  poems,  “Festival  of 
Pan,”  “Endymion's  Narrative,”  and  “The  Mystic  Trum- 
peter”; the  oratorio  “Job”;  the  operas  “The  Pipe  of 
Desire”  and  “The  Sacrifice”  ; string  quartet  in  A minor  ; 
“ Serenade  ” for  male  voices  and  orchestra ; motet  for  male 
voices,  “ Laudate  Dominum  ”;  songs  and  piano-pieces. 

Conway  (kon'wa),  Sir  William  Martin: 

known  as  Sir  Martin.  Born  at  Rochester, 
April  12,  1856.  An  English  traveler,  art 
critic,  and  geographer.  He  was  professor  of  art  in 


Conway 

University  College,  Liverpool,  1885-88,  and  Slade  profes- 
sor of  fine  arts  in  the  University  of  Cambridge  1901-04. 
He  has  traveled  in  the  Himalayas,  the  Andes,  Tierra  del 
Fuego,  Spitzbergen,  etc.  Among  his  publications  are 
“Woodcutters  of  the  Netherlands  in  the  Fifteenth  Cen- 
tury " (1884),  “ Early  Flemish  Artists  ’’  (1886),  “ The 

Bolivian  Andes"  (1901),  “Early  Tuscan  Artists"  (1902), 
“ Aconcagua  and  Tierra  del  Fuego  ” (1902),  “ Great 
Masters”  (1904),  “The  Alps  ” (1904),  “No  Man's  Land:  a 
History  of  Spitzbergen  " (1906),  etc. 

Conze  (kdnt'ze),  Alexander  Christian  Leo- 
pold. Born  at  Hannover,  Dee.  10,  1831.  A 
German  archaeologist,  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Berlin  from  1877.  Among  his  works  are 
“ Melische  Tongefiisse  ” (1862),  “ Reise  auf  tier  Insel 
Lesbos ” (1865),  “Die  attischen  Grab-reliefs"  (1893-1900: 
with  Michaelis  and  others),  and  “ Archaologische  Unter- 
suchungen  auf  Samothrake  ” (1875-80 : with  Hauser  and 
Niemann). 

Cook  (kuk),  Albert  Stanburrough.  Born  at 
Montville,  N.  J.,  March  6,  1853.  An  Ameri- 
can philologist,  professor  of  the  English  lan- 
guage and  literature  in  Yale  University  from 
1889.  He  was  graduated  at  Rutgers  College  in  1872 ; 
studied  at  Gottingen,  Leipsic,  and  Jena;  was  asso- 
ciate in  English  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  1879-81; 
and  was  professor  of  English  in  the  University  of 
California  1882-89.  His  publications  include  a translation 
of  Sievers’s  “Old  English  Grammar”  (1885),  and  various 
treatises  and  monographs  upon  philological  and  literary 
topics.  He  is  general  editor  of  the  “ Yale  Studies  in 
English.” 

Cook  (kuk),  Charles  Henry:  pseudonym 
John  Bickerdyke.  Born  at  London,  July, 
1858.  An  English  novelist,  journalist,  and 
writer  on  sports.  Among  his  works  are  “ An  Irish 
Midsummer  Night’s  Dream  ” (1885),  “The  Curiosities  of 
Ale  and  Beer  ” (1886  : with  J.  M.  Dixon),  “ The  Book  of  the 
All  Round  Angler”  (1889),  “Sea  Fishing”  (1895),  “Wild 
Sports  in  Ireland”  (1897),  “Practical  Letters  to  Young 
Sea  Fishers  ” (1898),  etc. 

Cook  (kuk),  Frederick  Albert.  Born  at  Cal- 
licoon  Depot,  N.  Y.,  June  10,  1865.  An  Ameri- 
can physician  and  explorer.  He  was  surgeon  of 
the  Peary  arctic  expedition  1891-92,  and  of  the  Belgian 
antarctic  expedition  1897-99.  In  1903  and  1906  he  led  ex- 
peditions for  the  exploration  of  Mount  McKinley,  an- 
nouncing its  ascent  in  September,  1906.  In  the  summer 
of  1907  he  started  in  an  attempt  to  reach  the  north  pole. 
He  returned  in  1909  and  announced  that  he  had  reached 
the  pole  with  two  Eskimos  on  April  21, 1908  — a statement 
which  was  soon  discredited. 

Cook  Islands*.  They  were  annexed  to  New 
Zealand  in  June,  1901.  Total  population, 
about  6,800. 

Coolidge  (ko'lij),  Thomas  Jefferson.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  26,  1831.  An  Ameri- 
can manufacturer  and  diplomatist.  He  was 
United  States  minister  to  Franee  1892-93,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a member  of  the  joint  high  commission  to  adjust 
disputes  between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Cope  (kop),  Walter.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Oct.  30,  1860:  died  there,  Nov.  3,  1902. 
An  American  architect.  In  1885  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  John  Stewardson,  who  was  succeeded  at 
his  death  by  his  brother  Emlen  L.  Stewardson.  They 
erected  buildings  for  Bryn  Mawr  College,  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  Princeton  University,  and  also  nu- 
merous churches  and  private  residences. 

Copeland  (kop'land),  Edwin  Bingham.  Born 
at  Monroe,  Wis.,  Sept.  30,  1873.  An  American 
botanist,  dean  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  of 
the  University  of  the  Philippines  from  1909. 

He  was  botanist  "to  the  Philippine  government  1903-08, 
and  superintendent  of  the  School  of  Agriculture  in  the 
Philippine  Islands  1908-09.  He  has  published  “ Philippine 
Agriculture  " (1908),  “ Cocoanut  Cultivation  ’ ’ (1910),  etc. 

Coppee\  Frangois  Edouard  Joachim  (called 
Frangois).  He  wrote  also  an  autobiographical  romance, 
“Touteune  jeunesse  " (1890),  “Le  coupable ” (1897),  “La 
bonne  souffrance”  (1898),  “Dans  la  priere  et  dans  la 
lutte  " (1901),  “Contes  pour  lea  jours  de  fete  ” (1903),  etc. 
Coraopolis  (ko-ra-op'o-lis).  A borough  in 
Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles 
northwest  of  Pittsburgh.  It  is  in  a natural-gas 
and  oil  region.  Population,  5,252,  (1910). 
Cordele  (kor-del').  The  county-seat  of  Crisp 
County,  Georgia,  65  miles  southwest  of  Macon. 
It  is  in  a cotton-growing  region,  and  has 
machine-shops,  cottonseed-oil  factories,  etc. 
Population,  5,883,  (1910). 

Corelli  (ko-rel'i),  Arcangelo.  Born  at  Fusi- 
gnano,  near  Bologna,  Italy,  Feb.  12,  1653  : died 
at  Borne,  Jan.  10,  1713.  A noted  violinist  and 
composer,  one  of  the  early  founders  of  the 
modern  art  of  violin-playing.  He  had  many  pupils 
of  distinction  who  transmitted  the  traditions  of  his  style. 
He  composed  sonatas  for  several  instruments,  that  are 
still  regarded  as  classic. 

Corelli*,  Marie.  She  has  also  written  “ Soul  of  Lilith” 
(1892),  “ Free  Opinions  ” (1905),  “ The  Treasure  of  Heaven  " 
(1906),  “Holy  Orders  ” (1908),  “ The  Devil’s  Motor”  (1910), 
etc. 

Cornelius  (kor-na ' li  - os),  Peter.  Born  at 
Mainz,  Germany,  Dee.  24,  1824:  died  there, 
Oct.  26,  1874.  A German  composer  and  poet. 

He  was  a follower  of  Liszt  in  Weimar,  and  a champion  of 
Wagner,  whose  cause  he  upheld  in  numerous  critical 
writings.  lie  composed  the  operas  "Der  Barbier  von 


Bagdad  ” (the  failure  of  which  in  1858  through  factious 
opposition  was  the  cause  of  Liszt's  leaving  Weimar),  “ Der 
Cid”  (1865),  “Gunlod”  (uncompleted),  and  many  songs. 
He  also  published  an  autobiography  (1874). 

Corrigan  (kor'i-gan),  Michael  Augustine. 

Born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Aug.  13,  1839 : died  at 
New  York,  May  5,  1902.  A Roman  Catholic 
prelate,  archbishop  of  New  York  1885-1902. 
He  was  president  of  Seton  Hall  College,  South  Orange, 
New  Jersey,  1868-76;  was  bishop  of  Newark  1873-80;  and 
was  coadjutor  (titular  archbishop  of  Petra)  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  New  York  1880-85. 

Corsicana  (kor-si-kan'a).  The  county-seat  of 
Navarro  County,  Texas,  situated  in  an  oil 
region  about  50  miles  southeast  of  Dallas,  it 

has  cotton-gins,  cotton-compresses,  machine-shops,  flour- 
mills, etc.,  and  an  important  oil  industry.  The  State 
Orphan  Asylum  is  at  Corsicana.  Population,  9,749,  (1910). 

Corson  (kor'son),  Hiram.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Nov.  6,  1828:  died  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  June  15,  1911.  An  American  scholar, 
author,  and  educator,  professor  at  Cornell 
University  from  1870  (emeritus,  1903).  He  was 
connected  with  the  library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
1849-56;  was  lecturer  on  English  literature  in  Philadel- 
phia 1859-65  ; and  was  professor  at  Girard  College  1865-66, 
and  at  St.  John's  College,  Annapolis,  1866-70.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Hand-book  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  Early  English  ” 
(1871),  “ An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Robert  Brown- 
ing’s Poetry”  (1886),  “An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Shakespeare”  (1889),  “A  Primer  of  English  Verse  ” (1892), 
“The  Aims  of  Literary  Study”  (1894),  “The  Voice  and 
Spiritual  Education  ” (1896),  and  “ An  Introduction  to  the 
Prose  and  Poetical  Works  of  John  Milton  ” (1899). 

Cortelyou  (kor'tel-yo),  George  Bruce.  Born 
at  New  York,  July  26,  1862.  An  American 
cabinet  officer.  He  was  assistant  secretary  (1898- 
1900)  and  secretary  (1900-03)  to  Presidents  McKinley  and 
Roosevelt ; was  first  secretary  of  the  Department  of  Com- 
merce and  Labor  1903-04 ; was  elected  chairman  of  the 
Republican  National  Committee  in  June,  1904  ; was  post- 
master-general of  the  United  States  1905-07 ; and  was 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1907-09. 

Cory  (ko'ri),  William  (Johnson).  Born  Jan. 
9,  1823:  died  June  11,  1892.  An  English  edu- 
cator and  poet.  In  1872  he  assumed  the  name  of 
Cory.  He  wrote  “ Ionica  ” (1858 : enlarged  edition  1891), 
“ Lucretilis  ” (1871),  “Iophon  ” (1873),  “ Guide  to  Modern 
English  History”  (1882),  etc.  “ Extracts  from  the  Letters 
and  Journals  of  William  Cory  ” (1897)  was  published  after 
his  death. 

Coshocton  (ko-shok'ton).  The  county-seat  of 
Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  23  miles  north  of 
Zanesville.  It  is  on  the  Muskingum  River, 
and  is  important  as  a shipping-point  for  live 
stock,  grain,  coal,  etc.  It  has  machine-shops, 
glass-works,  manufactories  of  novelty  goods, 
etc.  Population,  9,603,  (1910). 

Cotabato  (ko-ta-ba'to),  or  Cottabato.  1. 
Formerly,  a comandancia  of  southwestern 
Mindanao,  Philippine  Islands;  now,  a district 
of  Moro  province,  to  which  a part  of  Mindanao 
belongs.  It  is  bounded  by  Misamis  on  the  north ; 
Davao  (separated  by  a mountain-range)  on  the  east;  the 
Celebes  Sea  on  the  south  and  southeast ; and  niana  Bay 
and  Lauao  district  on  the  west.  Capital,  Cotabato.  The 
southern  coast  is  deeply  indented  by  Sarangani  Bay,  near 
the  head  of  which  is  Mount  Matutum.  Mountains  follow 
the  southwestern  coast.  The  largest  river,  the  Bio 
Grande  de  Mindanao,  flows  circuitously  through  the  dis- 
trict southward  to  Lake  Liguasan,  thence  northwestward 
to  lllana  Bay.  The  district  is  fertile  but  not  developed. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Tirurayes,  Moros,  Subanos,  and  Bilans. 
Area,  9,572  square  miles.  Population,  46,558. 

2.  A town,  the  capital  of  Cotabato  province, 
situated  near  the  coast  of  lllana  Bay,  on  the 
delta  of  the  Rio  Grande  de  Mindanao,  in  lat. 
7°  12'  N„  long.  124°  16'  E. 

Cotes  (kots),  Mrs.  Everard  (Sara  Jean- 
nette Duncan).  Born  at  Brantford,  Canada. 
A British  journalist  and  novelist.  Her  first 
volume,  “ A Social  Departure  ” (1890),  included  letters 
written  from  Japan  and  the  East  to  the  Montreal  “Star,” 
of  which  she  had  been  correspondent.  She  has  also 
written  “An  American  Girl  in  London”  (1891),  “His 
Honour  anti  a Lady”  (1896),  “Those  Delightful  Ameri- 
cans "(1902),  “The  Pool  in  the  Desert ” (1903),  “The  Im- 
perialist” (1904),  “Set  in  Authority”  (1906),  “Cousin 
Cinderella”  (1908),  “The  Burnt  Offering”  (1909),  etc. 

Cottet  (ko-ta'),  Charles.  Born  at  Le  Puy, 
France,  July  12,  1863.  A French  painter.  He 
was  a pupil  of  Puvis  de  Chavannes  and  of  Roll,  and  first 
came  into  prominence  as  a painter  of  scenes  on  the  coast 
of  Brittany.  A triptych,  “ Au  pays  de  la  mer,”  appeared 
in  the  Salon  of  1898  and  is  now  in  the  Luxembourg  Mu- 
seum. His  pictures  in  general  represent  the  somber  as- 
pects of  the  lands  by  the  sea  and  the  pathos  and  sorrows 
of  the  people. 

Couch,  Sir  Arthur  Thomas  Quiller-.  See 

* Quitter-Couch. 

Coulter  (kol'ter).  John  Merle.  Born  at  Ning- 
po,  China,  Nov.  20,  1851.  An  American  natu- 
ralist, professor  of  botany  in  the  University 
of  Chicago  from  1896.  He  was  graduated  at  Han- 
over  College,  Indiana,  in  1870  ; was  professor  of  natural 
sciences  there  1874-79;  was  professor  of  biology  at  Wabash 
College  1879-91 ; was  president  of,  and  professor  of  botany 
in,  the  University  of  Indiana  1891-93;  and  president  of 
Lake  Forest  University  1893-96.  He  has  been  editor  of  the 
“Botanical  Gazette  ” since  1875.  His  works  include  “A 


Craigie,  William  A. 

Manual  of  Rocky  Mountain  Botany”  (1885),  “A  Manual 
of  Texan  Botany  ” (1891),  “ Morphology  of  Gymnosperms  ” 
(1901 : with  C.  J.  Chamberlain),  “ Morphology  of  Angio- 
sperms  ” (1903  : with  C.  J.  Chamberlain),  etc. 

Councilman  (koun'sil-man),  William  Tho- 
mas. Born  at  Pikesville,  Md.,  Jan.  1,  1854. 
An  American  pathologist,  professor  in  Har- 
vard University  from  1891.  He  was  associate 
professor  of  pathology  in  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity 1886-91. 

Couperin  (kop-ran'),  Frangois.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  10,  1668:  died  there  in  1733.  A French 
organist  and  harpsichord  player,  and  the  first 
great  composer  for  the  harpsichord  exclusively. 

He  wrote  many  suites  and  pieces  for  the  harpsichord,  and 
these,  as  well  as  his  method  of  playing  the  instrument, 
expounded  in  his  book  on  the  subject,  had  a strong  in- 
fluence on  Bach  and  on  the  subsequent  development  of 
the  art. 

Courrieres  (ko-ri-ar').  A mining  village  near 
Bethune,  Pas-de-Calais,  France.  An  accident 
occurred  in  the  mines  here  on  March  10,  1906, 
by  which  over  1,000  miners  were  killed. 

Courtney  (kort'ni),  Leonard  Henry,  Baron 
Courtney  of  Penwith.  Born  at  Penzance, 
Cornwall,  July  6,  1832.  An  English  politician 
and  author.  He  was  professor  of  political  economy 
in  University  College,  London,  1872-75;  Liberal  member 
of  the  House  of  Commons  for  Liskeard,  Cornwall,  1876-85 ; 
and  Liberal-Unionist  member  for  the  Bodmin  division  of 
Cornwall  1885-1900.  He  was  under-secretary  of  state  for 
the  home  department  1880-81,  and  for  the  colonies  1881- 
1882  ; financial  secretary  to  the  treasury  1882-84  ; and 
chairman  of  committees  and  deputy  speaker  1886-92. 
He  has  written  “The  Working  Constitution  of  the  United 
Kingdom  and  its  Outgrowths  ” (1901),  etc.  He  was  created 
Baron  Courtney  of  Penwith  in  1906. 

Courtney  (kort'ni),  William  Leonard.  Born 
at  Poona,  India,  Jan.  5,  1850.  An  English 
journalist  and  author,  editor  of  the  “ Fort- 
nightly Review”  from  1894.  Among  his  publica- 
tions are  “Studies  in  Philosophy ” (1882),  “Constructive 
Ethics  " (1886),  “ Life  of  J.  S.  Mill  ” (1889),  “ The  Develop- 
ment of  Maeterlinck  ” (1904),  “ The  Feminine  Note  in 
Fiction  ” (1905),  “ The  Literary  Man’s  Bible  ” (1907),  etc. 

Coventry  (kuv 'en-tri).  A town  in  Kent 
County,  Rhode  Island,  on  the  Pawtuxet  River, 
14  miles  southwest  of  Providence.  It  has 
manufactories  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods. 
Population,  5,848,  (1910). 

Coville  (ko'vil),  Frederick  Vernon.  Born  at 
Preston,  N.  Y.,  March  23,  1867.  An  Ameri- 
can naturalist,  assistant  botanist  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  curator 
of  the  National  Herbarium  from  1893.  in  1902 
he  procured  the  establishment,  by  the  Carnegie  Institu- 
tion, of  the  Desert  Botanical  Laboratory,  located  at  Tuc- 
son, Arizona.  He  has  published  “Botany  of  the  Death 
Valley  Expedition  ” (1893)  and  various  scientific  papers. 

Cowen  (kou'en),  Sir  Frederic  Hymen.  Born 
at  Kingston,  Jamaica,  Jan.  29,  1852.  An 
English  composer  and  conductor.  From  1863  to 
1868  he  frequently  appeared  as  a pianist.  He  conducted  the 
London  Philharmonic  Society  1888-92,  1906- ; the  concerts 
of  the  Melbourne  Exposition  in  1888  ; the  Halle  Orchestra 
1896-99 ; etc.  His  compositions  include  orchestral  works 
(his  Scandinavian  symphony,  1880,  bringing  him  into 
general  notice),  concertos,  operas,  songs,  and  choral  and 
chamber  music.  He  was  knighted  in  1911. 

Coxsackie  (kok-sak'i).  A town  in  Greene 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Hudson  River.  Population,  including 
that  of  Coxsackie  village,  3,620,  (1910). 

Crabtree  (krab'tre).  Lotta:  known  as  Lotta. 
Born  at  New  York,  1847.  An  American 
actress.  She  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  at 
the  age  of  six,  and  ten  years  later  made  her  d6but  in  New 
York  at  Niblo’s  Garden.  Her  best-known  role  was  that 
of  the  Marchioness  in  a dramatization  of  “ The  Old  Curi- 
osity Shop”:  she  also  appeared  in  “ Firefly,”  “Topsy,” 
“ Musette,"  “ Bob,”  “ Nitouche,”  “ The  Little  Detective," 
etc.  She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1894. 

Cracker  State.  A popular  name  of  the  State 
of  Georgia. 

Crafts  (krafts),  James  Mason.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  March  8,  1839.  An  American 
chemist,  professor  of  organic  chemistry  in  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  1892- 
1897,  and  president  of  that  institution  1897- 
1900. 

Craigie  (kra'gi),  Mrs.  (Pearl  Mary  Teresa 
Richards) : pseudonym  John  Oliver 

Hobbes.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  3, 1867 : 
died  at  London,  Aug.  13,  1906.  An  American 
novelist  and  dramatist.  For  many  years  she  resided 
in  England.  She  published  “ Some  Emotions  and  a Moral  ” 
(1891),  “ A Bundle  of  Life  ” (1894),  “ The  Gods,  Some  Mor- 
tals, and  Lord  Wickenham  ” (1895),  “The  Herb-moon” 
(1896),  “The  School  for  Saints”  (1897),  “Robert  Orange” 
(I960),  “Love  and  the  Soul-hunters”  (1902),  “The  Dream 
and  the  Business  ” (1906),  etc.  Among  her  plays  are  “The 
Ambassador  ’’  (1898),  “ The  Wisdom  of  the  Wise  ” (1900), 
“The  Flute  of  Pan ”(1905),  etc. 

Craigie  (kra'gi),  William  A.  Born  at  Dun- 
dee, Aug.  13,  1867.  A Scottish  lexicographer. 

He  studied  the  Scandinavian  languages  at  Copenhagen 
1892-93 ; was  assistant  and  lecturer  In  humanitv  at  St- 


Craigie,  William  A. 

Andrews  University  1893-97  ; and  in  1897  joined  the  staff 
of  the  “New  English  Dictionary,”  becoming  a joint  editor 
in  1901  with  Sir  James  Murray  and  Dr.  Henry  Bradley. 
He  has  published  articles  on  Scottish,  Gaelic,  and  Scandi- 
navian subjects  in  various  periodicals,  and  also  “ A Primer 
of  Burns”  (1896),  “Religion  of  Ancient  Scandinavia” 
(1906),  “Skotlands  Rimur”  (1908),  etc. 

Cram  (kram),  Ralph  Adams.  Born  at  Hamp- 
ton Falls,  N.  H.,  Dec.  16,  1863.  An  American 
architect  and  author.  He  has  practised  architecture 
since  1889,  and  is  a member  of  the  firm  of  Cram,  Goodhue 
and  Ferguson  of  Boston  and  New  York,  which  designed 
important  additions  to  the  United  States  Military  Academy 
at  West  Point.  In  1911  he  succeeded  C.  Grant  La  Large 
as  consulting  architect  of  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John 
the  Divine  at  New  York.  He  has  written  “Church 
Building”  (1901),  “ The  Ruined  Abbeys  of  Great  Britain  ” 
(1906),  “ Impressions  of  Japanese  Architecture  and  the 
Allied  Arts”  (1906),  “The  Gothic  Quest”  (1907),  “Excali- 
bur”  (1909),  etc. 

Crampton  (kramp'ton),  Henry  Edward.  Born 
at  New  York,  Jan.  5,  1875.  An  American 
zoologist,  professor  in  Barnard  College  from 
1904.  He  was  instructor  in  embryology  at  Woods  Hole 
1895-1903,  and  had  charge  of  the  embryological  work  in  the 
biological  laboratory  at  Cold  Spring  Harbor  1904-06.  He 
has  been  curator  of  invertebrate  zoology  in  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  since  1909. 

Crane  (kran),  Bruce.  Born  at  New  York, 
1857.  An  American  painter,  a pupil  of  A.  H. 
Wyant.  He  exhibited  lirst  at  the  National  Academy 
in  1879  and  was  elected  academician  in  1902.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Water  Color  Society  and  was 
also  a member  of  the  Society  of  American  Artists.  His 
specialty  is  American  landscape. 

Crane  (kran),  Stephen.  Born  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  November  1,  1871:  died  at,Badenweiler, 
Germany,  June  5,  1900.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  novelist.  In  1897  he  was  correspondent 
for  “The  Westminster  Gazette’’  and  the  New  York 
“ Journal  ’’  in  the  Greco-Turkish  war,  and  in  1898  went  to 
Cuba  for  the  New  York  “World."  He  wrote  “Maggie: 
a Girl  of  the  Streets  ’ ’ (1891),  “The  Red  Badge  of  Cour- 
age ’ ’ (1895),  “ George’s  Mother  ’ ’ (1896),  etc. 

Crane  (kran),  William  Henry.  Born  at  Lei- 
cester, Mass.,  April  30,  1845.  An  American 
comedian,  best  known  for  his  impersonation 
of  eccentric  American  characters.  He  has  played 
leading  parts  in  “The  Henrietta,”  “The  Senator,”  “On 
Probation,”  “For  Money,”  “The  American  Minister,” 
“Brother  John,”  “A  Fool  of  Fortune,”  “A  Virginia 
Courtship,”  “David  Hamm,”  etc.  For  many  years  he 
played  in  conjunction  with  Stuart  Robson. 

Cranston  (kran'ston).  A manufacturing  town 
in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island.  Popu- 
lation, 21,107,  (1910). 

Crawford*,  Francis  Marion.  Among  his  later 
works  are  “Ave  Roma  Immortalis  ” (1898), 
“The  Heart  of  Rome”  (1903),  “Fair  Marga- 
ret” (1905),  “Arethusa”  (1907),  “The  Prima- 
donna”  (1908),  “The  Diva’s  Ruby”  (1908), 
“Tne  White  Sister  ”(1909),  “Stradella”  (1909), 
“The  Undesirable  Governess”  (1910),  “Wan- 
dering Ghosts  ” (1911). 

Creelman  (krel'man),  James.  Born  at  Mont- 
real, Canada,  Nov.  12,  1859.  An  American 
journalist  and  author.  He  was  editor  of  the  New 
York  “ Evening  Telegram  ’’  1892-93  ; was  for  sixteen  years 
iu  the  service  of  the  New  York  “ Herald  ” as  editor  and 
correspondent ; was  war  correspondent  for  various  Ameri- 
can papers  during  the  Chino- Japanese  war,  the  Greco- 
Turkish  war,  the  Spanish- American  war,  and  the  Philip- 
pine war  (1899);  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  New 
York  “World”  1899-1906;  and  was  associate  editor  of 
“ Pearson’s  Magazine  " 1936-10.  He  was  a member  of  the 
New  York  city  Board  of  Education  and  was  appointed 
president  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of  New  York 
city  in  1911.  He  is  the  author  of  “ On  the  Great  Highway  ” 
(1901),  “Eagle  Blood"  (1902),  “Why  We  Love  Lincoln” 
(1909),  “ Diaz,  Master  of  Mexico’’  (1910),  etc. 

Creighton  (kri'ton),  Mandell.  Born  at  Car- 
lisle, England,  July  5,  1843:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  14,  1901.  An  English  prelate  and  histor- 
ical writer,  bishop  of  London  1897-1901.  He 

was  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1867  ; became  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical history  at  Cambridge  in  1884  ; edited  the  “ Eng- 
lish Historical  Review  ” 1886-91 ; became  canon  of  Wor- 
cester in  1885  and  of  Windsor  in  1890 ; and  was  appointed 
bishop  of  Peterborough  in  1891.  Among  his  works  are 
“ The  Age  of  Elizabeth  ” (1876),“  Papacy  During  the  Refor- 
mation” (1882-91:  republished  in  1897  as  “History  of 
the  Papacy  from  the  Great  Schism  to  the  Sack  of  Rome"), 
“Cardinal  Wolsey”  (1888),  “Persecution  and  Tolerance” 
(1895),  “Queen  Elizabeth”  (1896),  “Thoughts  on  Educa- 
tion •'  (1902),  etc. 

Cremona  (kra-mo'na),  Luigi.  Born  at  Pavia, 
Italy,  Dec.  7,  1830:  died  June  10,  1903.  A 
noted  Italian  mathematician.  He  was  appointed 
professor  at  Bologna  in  1860,  at  the  Milan  Polytechnic  in 
1866,  and  at  the  University  of  Rome  in  1873.  In  1879  he 
was  made  a senator  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  and  was  min- 
ister of  public  instruction  in  1898.  IT  is  works  include  “ In- 
troduzione  ad  una  teoria  geometrica  sulle  curve  piane  ” 
(1862),  “ Preliminari  di  una  teoria  geometrica  della  super- 
flcie  ” (1867),  and  “ Eleinenti  di  calcolo  graflco  ” (1874). 
Cresceus  (kres'e-us),  An  American  trotting 
stallion,  by  Robert  McGregor,  dam  Mabel, 
foaled  in  the  spring  of  1894.  He  gained  the  world’s 
championship,  August  2, 1901,  by  the  record  of  one  mile  in 
2:021  made  at  Columbus,  Ohio ; lost  it  in  1903  to  Lou  Dil- 
lon’s 2 minutes ; regained  it  October  19,  1903,  at  Wichita, 


Kansas,  by  a mile  in  1:591 ; and  again  lost  it  to  Lou  Dillon, 
who  trotted  a mile  in  1:681  at  Memphis,  Tennessee,  Octo- 
ber 24,  1903. 

Cret  (kra),  Paul  Philippe.  Born  at  Lyons, 
France,  Oct.  23,  1876.  A Franco-American 
architect.  He  studied  architecture  at  Lyons  and  at 
the  iScole  des  Beaux- Arts,  Baris,  and  has  been  professor 
of  design  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  since  1903.  He 
has  been  the  recipient  of  several  prizes  and  medals,  and 
was  the  architect  of  the  Pan-American  Union  building  at 
Washington,  the  Washington  memorial  arch  at  Valley 
Forge,  etc. 

Crete*.  Since  December,  1898,  it  has  been  administered 
by  a high  commissioner  for  the  four  powers  France,  Great 
Britain,  Italy,  and  Russia.  Since  Aug.  14,  1906,  the  right 
of  the  King  of  the  Hellenes  to  propose  the  high  commis- 
sioner has  been  recognized  by  the  powers.  The  constitu- 
tion of  February,  1907,  provides  for  an  Assembly  of  65 
deputies,  elected  in  the  proportion  of  1 for  every  5,000  in- 
habitants. In  May,  1908,  the  powers  decided  gradually 
to  withdraw  their  troops  from  the  island.  An  effort  is 
making  in  the  Cretan  Assembly  for  the  establishment  of 
Cretan  autonomy  under  Greece.  This  is  strongly  opposed 
by  the  Young  Turk  party. 

Crewe -Milnes  (kru-milz'),  Robert  Offley 
Ashburton,  first  Marquis  of  Crewe.  Born  at 
London,  Jan.  12,  1858.  A British  statesman, 
secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  1908-1910, 
and  secretary  of  state  for  India  1910-12,  and 
lord  privy  seal  1912-.  He  was  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland  1892-95,  and  lord  president  of  the 
council  1905-08.  Created  earl  of  Crewe  in  1895, 
and  marquis  of  Crewe  in  1911. 

Cristofori  (kres-to'fo-ri),  Bartolommeo.  Born 
at  Padua,  May  4,  1655 : died  at  Florence,  Jan. 
17,  1731.  An  Italian  instrument-maker,  the 
inventor  of  the  pianoforte. 

Crivelli  (kre-vel'le),  Carlo.  Born  at  Venice 
about  1430:  died  after  1493.  A Venetian 
painter.  He  worked  chiefly  in  the  cities  of  the  Marches, 
and  finally  settled  at  Ascoli.  In  1490  he  was  knighted  by 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Capua.  Among  his  paintings  are  a 
“Madonna  with  Saints,”  in  theBrera,  Milan  ; an  “ Annun- 
ciation,” in  the  National  Gallery,  London  ; a “Magdalen,” 
in  the  Berlin  Museum  ; and  a “ Pieta,”  in  the  Vatican. 

Crocker  (krok'er),  Francis  Baker.  Bom  at 
New  York,  July  4,  1861.  An  American  elec- 
trical engineer  and  educator,  professor  of 
electrical  engineering  in  Columbia  University 
from  1893.  He  is  the  author  of  works  on  the 
management  of  dynamos,  electric  lighting, 
etc. 

Crockett*,  Samuel  Rutherford.  His  later  works 
include  “Joan  of  the  Sword  Hand  ” (1900),  “ The  Dark  of  the 
Moon”  (1902),  “An  Adventurer  in  Spain  ’ (1903).  “Strong 
Mac”  (1904),  “Maid  Margaret"  (1905),  “Cherry  Ribband” 
(1905),  “ Deep  Moat  Grange  ” (1908),  “ The  Men  of  the 
Mountain  ” (1909),  etc. 

Crofts  (krofts),  Ernest.  Born  at  Leeds,  Sept. 
15,  1847 : died  at  London,  March  19,  1911.  An 
English  painter  of  historical  and  military 
scenes.  Among  his  pictures  are  “Napoleon  at  Ligny,” 
“Cromwell  at  Marston  Moor,”  “Marlborough  after 
Ramillies,”  “Napoleon  leaving  Moscow,”  “Wellingtons 
March  to  Waterloo,”  and  the  fresco  “Queen  Elizabeth 
Opening  the  First  Royal  Exchange,”  at  the  Royal  Ex- 
change, London. 

Croker  (kro'ker),  Richard.  Born  at  Black- 
rock,  Ireland,  Nov.  24,  1843.  An  American 
Democratic  politician.  He  was  brought  to  the 
United  States  as  a child  and  was  educated  in  the  New 
York  public  schools.  He  was  an  alderman  of  New  York 
1868-70  and  1883,  coroner  1873-76,  fire  commissioner  1883, 
and  city  chamberlain  1889-90.  He  was  the  recognized 
leader  (“boss  ”)  of  Tammany  Hall  for  many  years. 

Croll  (krol),  James.  Born  at  Li  ttle  Whitefield, 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  Jan.  2,  1821:  died  near 
Perth,  Dec.  15,  1890.  A Scotch  physical  geol- 
ogist. He  was  connected  with  the  geological  survey  of 
Scotland  1867-80.  His  most  important  work  is  “Climate 
and  Time  ” (1875). 

Cro-Magnon  (kro-ma-nyon').  A cave  near  Les 
Eyzies,  Dordogne,  France,  in  which  werefound, 
in  1858,  prehistoric  remains  consisting  of  por- 
tions of  several  skeletons.  They  are  taken 
as  typical  of  a race  assumed  to  have  inhabit- 
ed southwestern  Europe  near  the  close  of  the 
Pleistocene  period. 

Cronje  (kron'ye),  Pietrus  Arnoldus.  Bom 

1835 : died  Feb.  4, 1911.  A Boer  general,  noted 
for  his  resistance  to  the  British  under  Lord 
Methuen  (who  was  marching  to  the  relief  of 
Kimberley)attheModderRiver(Nov.  28,  1899), 
and  his  crushing  defeat  of  that  general  at  Ma- 
gersfontein  (Dec.  11).  On  the  approach  of  Lord 
Roberts,  in  1900,  he  retreated  toward  Bloemfontein,  but 
was  overtaken  at  Paardeberg  and  forced  to  surrender  (Feb. 
27).  In  the  war  against  England  in  1881  he  distinguished 
himself  at  Majuba  Hill,  and  in  1896  dispersed  the  raiders 
led  by  Dr.  Jameson  into  the  Transvaal. 

CrOOkeS*.  Sir  William.  He  is  an  authority  on  sani- 
tation and  lias  published  a number  of  works  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  he  is  noted  for  his  researches  into  the  properties 
of  radiant  matter.  In  1903  he  invented  the  spinthari- 
scope. He  is  known  also  for  his  investigation  of  psychic 
phenomena. 

Crookston  (kruk'ston).  The  county-seat  of 


Cuirayan 

Polk  County,  Minnesota.  It  is  in  a fertile 
agricultural  region  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  State,  and  is  a market  for  farm  produce. 
Its  manufactures  include  lumber,  farming  im- 
plements, flour,  wagons,  etc.  Population, 
7,559,  (1910). 

Crosby  (kroz'bi),  Ernest  Howard.  Born  at 

New  York,  Nov.  4,  1856 : died  Jan.  3,  1907.  An 
American  writer  and  social  reformer,  son  of 
Howard  Crosby.  He  was  graduated  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  York  in  1876  and  from  Columbia  Law 
School  in  1878;  practised  in  New  York  1878-89;  and  was 
appointed  judge  of  the  international  court  at  Alexandria, 
Egypt,  in  1889.  He  resigned  in  1894  and  returned  to  New 
York,  where  he  devoted  much  attention  to  social  reform. 
He  wrote  “Plain  Talk  in  Psalm  and  Parable”  (1899), 
“Captain  Jenks,  Hero  ” (1902),  “Swords  and  Plowshares  ” 
(1902),  “Tolstoi  and  his  Message”  (1903),  “Broadcast” 
(1905),  “Tolstoi  as  a Schoolmaster  ” (1905),  “Garrison,  the 
Non-resistant”  (1905),  “Labor  and  Neighbor”  (1908),  etc. 

Cross  (kros),  Charles  Whitman.  Born  at 
Amherst,  Mass.,  Sept.  1,  1854.  An  American 
scientist,  geologist  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  from  1880.  He  was  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  in  1875  and  at  Leipsic  in  1880.  He  has 
published  many  geological  and  mineralogical  papers  and, 
with  Pirsson,  Iddings,  and  Washington,  “Quantitative 
Classification  of  Igneous  Rocks  ” (1903). 

Crothers  (kruTH ' erz),  Samuel  McChord. 

Born  at  Oswego,  111.,  June  7,  1857.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  author.  Originally  a Presby- 
terian, he  entered  the  Unitarian  ministry  in  1882,  and  lias 
been  pastor  of  the  First  Church  in  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts since  1894.  He  has  written  “Miss  Muffet’s  Christ- 
mas Party"  (1901),  “The  Gentle  Reader”  (1903),  “The 
Understanding  Heart  " (1903),  “The  Pardoner’s  Wallet" 
(1905),  “The  Endless  Life  ” (1905),  “Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 
and  his  Fellow  Boarders  ” (1909),  “Book  of  Friendship  ” 
(1910),  “Humanly  Speaking”  (1912),  etc. 

Crouch  (krouch),  Frederick  Nicholls.  Bom 

at  London,  July  31,  1808:  died  at  Portland, 
Me.,  Aug.  18,  1896.  An  English  musician,  the 
composer  of  the  music  for  the  ballad  “ Kath- 
leen Mavourneen.”  He  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1849. 

Crowe  (kro),  Sir  Joseph  Archer.  Born  at 

London,  Oct.  20,  1825 : died  at  Gamburg-on- 
the-Tauber,  Baden,  Sept.  6,  1896.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist  and  connoisseur  and  historian 
of  art.  In  1847  he  met  Cavalcaselle,  with  whom  he  col- 
laborated in  “ Early  Flemish  Painters”  (1865)  and  other 
works. 

Crowley  (krou'li).  The  county-seat  of  Acadia 
Parish,  Louisiana,  137  miles  northwest  of  New 
Orleans.  Its  principal  industries  are  the  grow- 
ing and  milling  of  rice.  Population,  5,099, 
(1910). 

Crowninshield  (kroun ' in  - sheld),  Frederic. 
Born  at  Boston,  Nov.  27,  1845.  An  American 
painter.  He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  University  in 
1866  and  studied  art  for  several  years  in  Europe.  From 
1879  to  1885  he  was  instructor  in  drawing  and  painting  at 
the  school  of  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts.  In  1885 
he  established  a studio  in  New'  York  and  devoted  himself 
to  general  artistic  work,  including  glass  and  mural  paint- 
ing. He  was  director  of  the  American  Academy  in  Rome 
1909-11.  He  has  published  several  volumes  of  poems  and 
a manual  of  “ Mural  Painting  ” (1887). 

Crozier  (kro  ' zker),  William.  Born  at  Car- 
rollton, Ohio,  Feb.  19,  1855.  An  American 
soldier,  inventor  of  a wire-wound  rifled  can- 
non, and,  with  General  Buffington,  of  a dis- 
appearing gun-carriage.  He  was  graduated  from 
West  Point  in  1876;  fought  against  the  Indians  in  the 
West;  was  major  and  inspector-general  of  United  States 
Volunteers  in  1898  (Spanish- American  war) ; was  a dele- 
gate to  the  Peace  Conference  at  The  Hague  in  1899 ; served 
in  the  suppression  of  the  Philippine  insurrection  ; was 
chief  ordnance  officer,  under  General  Chaffee,  in  the  Pe- 
king relief  expedition  in  1900 ; and  was  appointed  brig- 
adier-general and  chief  of  ordnance  in  the  United  States 
army  in  1901. 

Cuadrado  (ko-a-drii'do).  A peak  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  Pampanga  province,  southwestern 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Height,  5,443  feet. 

Cuba*.  In  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  tho 
United  States  Congress,  Cuba  undertook  (June  12, 1901)  to 
make  no  treaty  with  any  foreign  power  endangering  its  in- 
dependence, to  contract  no  debts  for  which  the  current 
revenue  would  not  suffice,  to  concede  to  the  United  States 
government  a right  of  intervention,  and  also  to  grant  to  it 
the  use  of  naval  stations  ; and  on  May  20,  1902,  it  was  pro- 
claimed a republic  and  the  control  of  the  island  was  for- 
mally transferred  to  the  new  Cuban  government.  On  ac- 
count of  the  breaking  out  of  an  insurrection,  the  United 
States  again  assumed  temporary  control  of  its  affairs  in 
September,  1906,  and  again  withdrew  in  January,  1909. 

Cui  (ko'e),  Cesar.  Born  at  Vilna,  Russia,  Jan. 
18  (N.  S.),  1835.  A Russian  composer,  by 
profession  a military  engineer.  He  is  a repre- 
sentative of  the  neo-Russian  school  of  music, 
and  has  written  operas,  also  symphonies,  songs, 
and  piano-pieces. 

Cuiraydn  (ko-i-ra-yan').  A mountain  of  Le- 
panto-Bontoc  province,  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  Luz6n,  Philippine  Islands.  Height, 
6,200  feet. 


Culebra 

Culebra  (ko-la'bra).  A station  on  the  railroad 
about  ten  miles  from  Panama.  The  making  of  the 
Culebra  Cut  was  one  of  the  most  difficult  engineering 
operations  in  the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal,  on 
account  of  landslides.  The  width  of  the  cut  at  the  bot- 
tom is  300  feet  for  a distance  of  about  nine  miles. 

Culin  (ku'lin),  Robert  Stewart.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, July  13,  1858.  An  American  anthro- 
pologist, curator  of  ethnology  in  the  Brooklyn 
Institute  from  1903.  He  has  published  “Korean 
Games”  (1896),  “Chess  and  Playing  Cards” 
(1896),  “American  Indian  Games”  (1905),  etc. 

Culion  (ko-li-on').  The  second  in  size  of  the 
Calamianes  Islands,  northeast  of  Paragua, 
Philippines.  Halsey  Harbor  and  Port  Culidn  are  good 
harbors.  Area,  153  square  miles.  Population,  1,051. 

Culion  (ko-li-on'),  Port.  A bay  and  harbor 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Culion  Island,  safe  for 
large  craft  in  all  weather. 

Cullinan  Diamond.  A diamond  discovered  in 
the  Premier  Mine,  near  Pretoria,  in  the  Trans- 
vaal, Jan.  25,  1905.  It  was  the  largest  ever  found, 
weighing  3.030J  carats  (English  carat)  and  measuring 
4 by  2$  by  2 inches.  It  was  given  to  the  King  of  England 
by  the*  Transvaal  Colony.  The  largest  two  gems  cut  from 
it  were  a drop  briolette,  of  5161  carats,  called  the  “Star  of 
Africa  ’’  and  set  for  the  scepter,  and  a square  English-cut 
brilliant,  of  309A  carats,  set  for  the  crown ; and  besides 
these  the  crystal  furnished  a drop  diamond  of  92  carats,  a 
square  brilliant  of  62  carats,  five  other  line  stones  of  from 
18I§  to  4T68  carats,  and  96  smaller  brilliants  with  an  aggre- 
gate weight  of  7|  carats, not  including  nine  unpolished  ends. 
Cumberland  (kum'ber-land).  A town  in  Prov- 
idence County,  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Rhode  Island.  It  manufactures  cotton,  silk,  horse- 
shoes, etc.,  and  has  deposits  of  limestone  and  granite,  also 
coal  and  other  minerals.  Population,  10,107. 

Cuore (ko-6'ra)’  [‘Heart.’]  AbookbyEdmondo 
de  Amicis,  written  in  1886.  It  is  the  daily  record 
of  the  events  of  a school  year  as  told  by  a boy  pupil,  to 
which  are  added  letters  from  his  parents,  etc.  It  was 
translated  into  English  by  Isabel  F.  Hapgood  in  1887. 

Curie  (kti-re'),  Mme.  (Marie  Sklodowska). 

Born  at  Warsaw,  Russia,  Nov.  7, 1867.  A noted 
Polish  chemist  and  physicist,  wife  of  Pierre 
Curie.  She  was  educated  at  the  Lycee  of  Warsaw,  and 
later  studied  at  the  Sorbonne  in  Paris.  She  is  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  element  polonium  and,  with  her  husband,  of 
radium.  In  1906  she  was  appointed  (as  “chargee  de  cours") 
to  the  position  at  the  Sorbonne  made  vacant  by  her  hus- 
band’s death,  and  in  Nov.,  1908,  was  appointed  chief  pro- 
fessor of  physics.  Among  her  publications  are  “Recherches 
sur  les  proprietes  magnetic] ues  des  aciers  trempes”  and 
** Recherches  sur  les  substances  radioactives.”  She  re- 
ceived the  Nobel  prize  for  chemistry  in  1911. 


Curie  (ko-re7),  Pierre.  Born  at  Paris,  May  15, 
1859:  died  there,  April  19,  1906.  A noted 
French  chemist.  He  was  educated  at  the  Sorbonne  ; 
became  professor  in  the  School  of  Physics  and  Chemistry 
at  Paris  in  1895  ; and  was  appointed  professor  in  the  fac- 
ulty of  sciences  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1900.  Together  with 
his  wife,  he  made  important  experiments  in  radioactivity 
and  discovered  the  element  radium.  They  received  the 
La  Caze  prize  of  10,000  francs  from  the  French  Academy 
of  Sciences  in  1901,  the  Nobel  prize  for  chemistry  (with 
Professor  Becquerel)  in  1903,  and  in  the  same  year  a part 
of  the  French  Osiris  prize,  consisting  of  60,000  francs,  for 
their  services  to  science.  In  1905  Professor  Curie  was 
elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences, 
succeeding  Potier.  He  contributed  many  scientific  arti- 
cles to  the  “Comptes  Rendus”  of  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, the  “Journal  de  Physique,”  and  the  “Annales  de 
Physique  et  Chimie.” 

Currie  (kur'i),  Lady  (Mary  Montgomerie 
Lamb) : pseudonym,  Violet  Fane.  Died  at 
Harrogate,  Yorkshire,  Oct.  13, 1905.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  poet.  She  married  in  1864  Henry 
S.  Singleton ; he  died  in  1893  and  in  1894  she  became  the 
wife  of  Philip  Henry  W.  (later  Baron)  Currie.  She  wrote 
“From  Dawn  to  Noon”  (1872),  “Denzil  Place”  (1875), 
“ The  Story  of  Helen  Davenaut”  (1888),  “ Two  Moods  of  a 
Man  ” (1901),  etc. 

Curtin  (ker'tin),  Jeremiah.  Born  at  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  Sept.  6,  1840:  died  Dec.  14, 1906. 
An  American  ethnologist  and  writer,  assistant 
ethnologist  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Ethnology  from  1883.  From  1865-70  he  waa  secre- 
tary of  tile  United  States  legation  at  St.  Petersburg,  and 
waa  acting  consul-general  there  1865-66.  He  published 
numerous  anthropological  papers  and  translations  of 
Polish  and  Russian  fiction. 

Curtis  (ker'tis),  Heber  Doust.  Born  at  Mus- 
kegon, Mich.,  June  27,  1872.  An  American 
scientist,  astronomer  of  the  Lick  Observatory 
from  1909.  He  was  a member  of  the  United  States 
Naval  Observatory  eclipse  expedition  to  Sumatra  in  1901, 
and  was  acting  astronomer  in  charge  of  the  Mills  expedi- 
tion to  the  southern  hemisphere  1906-09. 

Curtiss  (ker'tis),  Glenn  Hammond.  Born 
at  Hammondsport,  N.  Y.,  May  21,  1878.  An 
American  aviator.  He  was  director  of  experiments 
of  the  Aerial  Experiment  Association  founded  by  Alex- 
ander Graham  Bell.  On  July  4,  1908,  lie  won  (in  an  aero- 
plane) the  prize  offered  by  the  “Scientific  American  ” for 
the  first  flight  of  one  kilometer.  Record,  II  miles  in  1 min. 
42|  sec.  On  July  17, 1909,  he  made  a second  record  for  the 
“Scientific  American”  trophy  (24.7  miles  in  52  min.  30 
sec.).  At  Rheims,  France,  on  Aug.  28,  1909,  he  won  (in  a 
biplane)  the  Gordon  Bennett  international  aviation  cup, 
flying  20  kilometers  (12.42  miles)  in  15  min.  503  sec.  On 
Sept.  12,  1909,  at  Brescia,  Italy,  he  won  the  grand  prize, 
making  a flight  of  31.05  miles  in  49  min.  24  sec.  On  May 
29,  1910,  he  Hew  from  Albany  to  New  York  (137  miles)  in 
2 hrs.  32  min. 


Dana 

Curzon*  (ker'zon),  George  Nathaniel.  He  has 

also  written  “ Lord  Curzon  in  India  " (1906),  “Frontiers” 
(1908),  and  “ Principles  and  Methods  of  University  Re- 
form” (1909).  In  1908  he  was  elected  a member  of  the 
British  Academy. 

Cushing  (kush'ing),  Frank  Hamilton.  Born 

at  Northeast,  Pa.,  July  22,  1857  : died  at  Wash- 
ington, April  10,  1900.  An  American  ethnolo- 
gist, especially  noted  for  his  studies  of  the 
Zuni  Indians.  He  published  “Zuni  Fetiches” 
(1883),  “Adventures  in  Zuni”  (1883),  “Zuni 
Folk-tales”  (1901),  etc. 

Cushing,  Harvey.  Born  at  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
April  8,  1869.  An  American  surgeon.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  University  in  1891  and  took  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  medicine  at  Harvard  in  1895.  He  was  asso- 
ciate professor  of  surgery  at  Johns  Hopkins  University 
1903-11,  and  professor  of  surgery  at  Harvard  1911-.  He 
has  given  especial  attention  to  neurological  and  experi- 
mental surgery.  He  has  published  “ The  Pituitary  Body 
and  its  Disorders  ” (1912),  etc. 

Custer  (kus'ter),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Bacon). 

Born  at  Monroe,  Mich.  A contemporary 
American  writer,  wife  of  General  George  Arm- 
strong Custer,  whom  she  accompanied  in  many 
of  his  campaigns.  She  is  the  author  of  “Boots  and 
Saddles,  or  Life  in  Dakota  with  General  Custer  ” (1885), 
“Tenting  on  the  Plains”  (1887),  and  “Following  the  Gui- 
don ” (1891). 

Cuyler  (ki'ler),  Theodore  Ledyard.  Born  at 
Aurora,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  10,  1822  : died  at  Brooklyn, 
Feb.  26,  1909.  An  American  clergyman  and 
author.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Lafayette  Avenue  Presby- 
terian Church,  Brooklyn,  1860-90,  and  then  retired  to 
devote  himself,  to  temperance  reform  and  other  philan- 
thropic work,  ^te  helped  to  organize  the  Republican 
party  in  1856.  In  addition  to  his  “ Recollections  of  a Long 
Life  ” (1902),  he  was  the  author  of  many  religious  works, 
contributions  to  periodicals,  etc. 

Cuyos  (ko'yos)  Islands.  A group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Philippines,  east  of  the  northern 
part  of  Paragua  and  belonging  to  that  province. 

Cuyuni  (ko-yo'ni).  A river  in  British  Guiana 
emptying  into  the  Essequibo  near  its  mouth. 

Cyrano  de  Bergerac  (se-ra-no'  de  barzh-rak'). 
A play  by  Edmond  Rostand,  produced  in  1897. 

The  character  of  the  hero  is  modeled  upon  that  of  his 
historic  original  (see  Bergerac)  and  is  sketched  by  the 
dramatist  in  superlatives.  He  is  depicted  as  extraordi- 
narily brave,  extravagantly  lavish,  superbly  indifferent  to 
patronage,  extremely  ugly  (owing  to  his  very  large  nose), 
and  loyally  self-sacrificing  in  his  love  for  his  cousin, 
Roxane.  The  events  of  the  play  are  those  which  are  re- 
ported to  have  befallen  the  original  Cyrano.  Coquelin 
nine  (supported  by  Bernhardt  as  Roxane)  played  the  part 
of  Cyrano  in  French;  Richard  Mansfield  played  it  in 
English. 


' abney  (dab'ni),  Charles  Wil- 
liam. Born  at  Hampden- 
Sidney,  Va.,  June  19,  1855. 
An  American  chemist  and 
educator,  president  of  the 
University  of  Cincinnati 
from  1904.  He  waa  graduated 
at  Hampden-Sidney  College  in 
1873  and  at  the  University  of 
Virginia  in  1877  ; studied  in  Berlin  and  Gottingen  1878-80  ; 
was  State  chemist  of  North  Carolina  1880-87 ; was  profes- 
sor of  agricultural  chemistry  and  director  of  the  agricul- 
tural experiment  station  in  the  University  of  Tennessee 
1887-90;  was  president  of  this  university  1887-1904  ; and 
was  assistant  (United  States)  secretary  of  agriculture 
1894-97.  His  publications  include  numerous  papers  on 
scientific  and  educational  topics. 

Dagami  (da-ga/rae).  A town  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Leyte  I-dand  in  the  Philippines.  It  is 
on  the  Binahaan  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation  by 
caseos,  15  miles  from  the  river’s  mouth.  Civilized  popu- 
lation of  municipality,  12,591. 

Dagupan  (da-go'pan).  A municipality  of  Pan- 
gasinan  province,  in  the  western  part  of  Luzdn, 
Philippine  Islands.  It  borders  the  south- 
eastern shore  of  Lingayen  Gulf.  Civilized 
population,  20,357. 

Daingerfield  (dan'jer-feld),  Elliott.  Born  at 
Harper’s  Ferry,  Va.,  March  26,  1859,  An 
American  painter.  He  studied  at  the  Art  Students’ 
League,  New  York  city,  and  in  Europe.  His  work  con- 
sists of  easel  pictures  and  decorations,  notably  those  of 
the  Lady-chapel  of  the  church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin  in 
New  York.  In  his  figure-work  he  has  formed  himself 
mainly  on  Italian  models,  while  in  landscape  he  owes 
much  to  the  friendship  and  influence  of  George  Inness. 
In  1906  he  was  elected  a member  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Design. 

Daiquiri  (dai-ki-re').  A town  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Cuba,  about  15£  miles  southeast  of 


Santiago.  On  June  22,  1898,  the  American  army  of  in- 
vasion (excepting  Kent’s  division,  which  was  disembarked 


at  Siboney,  June  23)  made  a successful  landing  at  this 
place  (which,  in  many  of  the  reports  from  the  front,  was 
miscalled  Baiquiri).  Population,  1,380. 

Dairen.  See  * Dalny. 

Dajo  (da-ho').  A mountain  on  Jolo  (Sulu) 
Island,  in  the  Philippines.  Height,  2,100  feet. 

An  engagement  between  United  States  troops  and  Moros 
took  place  here  March  6-7,  1906.  Fifteen  Americans, 
three  members  of  the  native  constabulary,  and  six  hun- 
dred Moros  were  reported  killed. 

Dakar  (da-kar').  A seaport  on  the  extreme 
point  of  Cape  Verd,  in  French  West  Africa. 
A fortified  naval  station  has  been  established 
there,  and  it  is  the  administrative  seat  of  the 
colony  of  Senegal.  Population,  about  18,500. 

Dalaguete  (dii-la-ga'ta).  A municipality  in 
the  southeastern  part  of  Cebu,  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  Civilized  population,  21,354. 

Dalberg-Acton  (dal'berg-ak'ton),  Sir  John 
Emericb  Edward,  first  Baron  Acton.  Born 
at  Naples,  Jan.  10,  1834:  died  at  Tegemsee, 
Upper  Bavaria,  June  19,  1902.  An  English 
historian.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  eighth  baronet 
in  1837 ; was  member  of  Parliament  for  Carlow  1859-65 
and  for  Bridgenorth  1865-66 ; was  raised  to  the  peerage  in 
1869;  and  was  appointed  regius  professor  of  modern  his- 
tory in  Cambridge  University  in  1895.  His  famous  his- 
torical library  of  about  60,000  volumes  was  purchased  by 
Andrew  Carnegie,  who,  after  Lord  Acton’s  death,  gave  it  to 
John  Morley,  who  presented  it  to  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge. He  published  “ Lecture  on  the  Study  of  History 
(1895),  and  designed  the  “Cambridge  Modern  History,” 
edited  by  others  after  his  death.  His  “Lectures  on  the 
French  Revolution,”  edited  by  J.  Neville  Figgis  and  Regi- 
nald Vere  Laurence,  were  published  in  1910. 

D’ Albert,  Eugene.  See  * Albert. 

Dalmores  (dal-mo-ras'),  Charles.  Born  at 
Nancy  in  1872.  A French  tenor  singer.  Hebe- 
gan  his  career  as  a player  <>f  the  French  horn,  and  was  sent 
by  some  of  his  townspeople  for  further  study  to  the  Paris 
Conservatory.  He  played  in  many  Paris  orchestras,  and 
later  became  a member  of  the  teaching  staff  of  the  Lyons 


Conservatory,  where  he  began  to  cultivate  his  voice.  As 
an  opera-singer  he  made  his  debut  at  Rouen  about  1899. 
He  afterward  sang  for  several  years  at  Brussels,  and 
since  1906  has  sung  during  the  winter  in  America.  He 
has  appeared  in  “ Lohengrin  ” at  Bayreuth,  and  sings 
many  idles  in  French,  German,  and  Italian. 

Dalny  (dal'ni).  A seaport  in  Manchuria,  sit- 
uated on  Victoria  Bay,  in  the  Liao-tung  Pen- 
insula, about  twenty  miles  northeast  of  Port 
Arthur.  It  was  founded  by  the  Russians  in  1899  and 
was  designed  to  be  the  commercial  terminus  of  the  Trans- 
Siberian  Railway.  During  the  Russo-Japanese  war  (1904- 
1905)  it  was  captured  by  the  Japanese.  In  September, 
1906,  it  was  made  a free  port.  It  is  now  known  as  Tairen, 
or  Dairen.  It  has  a fine  harbor,  protected  by  a break- 
water, and  it  is  connected  by  railway  with  Port  Arthur, 
Mukden,  Harbin,  and  the  Eastern  Chinese  Railway  System. 

Daly  (da'li),  John  Augustin.  Born  at  Plym- 
outh, N.  C.,  July  20,  1838:  died  at  Paris, 
France,  June  7,  1899.  An  American  play- 
wright and  theatrical  manager.  In  1869  lie  opened 
the  Fifth  Avenue  Theater  in  New  York,  and  in  1879  estab- 
lished Daly’s  Theater.  His  productions  were  noted  for 
their  finished  style,  and  he  brought  before  the  public  some 
of  the  best-known  plays  of  his  time.  He  wrote  several 
original  plays,  including  “Horizon”  and  “ Divorce,”  and 
many  adaptations,  and  was  the  author  of  a life  of  Peg 
Woffington  (1888). 

Dameron  (dam-e-roh'),  Charles  Emile.  Born 

in  Paris,  1848:  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1908.  A 
French  painter,  a pupil  of  Pelousse.  His 
works  are  chiefly  landscapes. 

Damrosch  (dam'rosh).  Frank.  Born  in  Bres- 
lau, Germany,  June  22,  1859.  A conductor  of 
choral  societies  in  and  near  New  Pork,  includ- 
ing the  Oratorio  Society,  the  Musical  Art  So- 
ciety, and  the  People’s  Choral  Union:  son  of 
Leopold  Damrosch.  In  1905  he  was  appointed 
director  of  the  Institute  of  Musical  Art  in  New 
York  city. 

Dana  (da ' na),  Charles  Loomis.  Born  at 


Dana 

Woodstock,  Vt.,  March  25,  1852.  An  Ameri- 
can pathologist,  professor  of  nervous  diseases 
in  the  Cornell  Medical  College  from  1899.  He 
has  published  “ A Text-book  of  Nervous  Dis- 
eases and  Psychiatry”  (1892),  etc. 

Danao  (da-na'o).  1.  A river  in  Negros  Occi- 
dental province,  Negros,  Philippine  Islands. 
— 2.  A municipality  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Cebu,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population, 
16,173. 

Daniels  (dan'yelz),  Josephus.  Born  at  Wash- 
ington, N.  C.,  "May  18,  1862.  An  American 
newspaper  editor,  secretary  of  the  navy  1913-. 
He  was  chief  clerk  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  1893- 
1895,  editor  and  owner  of  the  “News  and  Observer,”  Ra- 
leigh, N.  C.,  1894-,  and  has  been  for  many  years  a member 
of  the  Democratic  National  Committee.  He  is  a member 
of  the  executive  board  of  the  trustees  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina. 

D’Annunzio,  Gabriele.  See  *Annunzio. 

Dapitan  (da-pe' tan).  1.  A river  in  Mindanao 
Island,  in  the  Philippines,  flowing  northwest 
into  Dapitan  Bay. — 2.  A subdistrict  of  Moro 
province,  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  It  occupies 
the  northwestern  part  of  Mindanao,  and  is  bounded  by 
the  Sulu  (Jolo)  Sea  on  the  west  and  north  ; Misamis  on  the 
east ; and  Zamboanga  on  the  south.  Both  the  eastern 
and  western  parts  of  the  district  are  mountainous.  The 
highest  peak  is  Malindang.  Forests  of  valuable  woods, 
especially  of  ebony,  extend  nearly  to  the  sea-coast.  There 
are  numerous  harbors.  Dapitan  Bay,  on  the  northwest- 
ern coast,  is  safe  for  all  vessels  during  the  northeast 
monsoon.  The  native  race  is  chiefly  Moro.  Cattle-raising 
is  an  important  industry.  Area  of  district,  including  small 
dependent  islands,  2,015  square  miles.  Population,  23,577. 
3.  A town,  the  capital  of  Dapitan  province, 
on  the  Dapitan  River,  in  lat.  8°  39'  N.,  long. 
123°  24'  E.  Civilized  population  of  munici- 
pality, 5,825. 

Daraga  (da-ra'ga).  A municipality  of  Albay 
province,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  The  town  is  at  the  south- 
ern base  of  May  on  volcano.  Civilized  popula- 
tion, 18,695. 

Daram  (da-ram').  An  irregularly  shaped  island 
on  the  west  coast  of  Samar,  in  the  Philippines, 
east  of  Daram  Channel.  It  is  a part  of  Samar 
province.  Area,  35  square  miles.  Pop.,  3,586. 

Daram  (da-ram')  Channel.  A channel  north 
of  Leyte  Island,  in  the  Philippines,  it  separates 
Biliran  from  Daram  Island,  and  is  connected  by  San  Juan- 
ico  Strait  with  San  Pedro  and  San  Pablo  Bay  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Leyte. 

Darby  (dar'bi).  A borough  in  Delaware 
County,  Pennsylvania,  6 miles  southwest  of 
Philadelphia.  It  has  manufactories  of  woolens, 
lumber,  paper,  etc.  Population,  6,305,  (1910). 

Dare  (dar),  Virginia.  Born  on  Roanoke  Is- 
land, in  the  province  of  Virginia,  August,  1587. 
The  first  child  born  of  English  parents  in  the 
New  World.  She  was  the  daughter  of  William  and 
Eleanor  Dare,  and  the  granddaughter  of  John  White, 
governor  of  a colony  which  was  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  from  Plymouth  in  April,  1587,  and  reached  Roa- 
noke Island  in  July.  White  soon  went  back  to  England 
for  supplies,  and  on  his  return  to  Roanoke,  in  1590,  he 
found  the  island  deserted.  The  fate  of  the  “ lost  colony  " 
is  unknown,  but  it  has  been  thought  that  the  English 
settlers  were  absorbed  into  some  Indian  tribe. 

Dar-el-Beida (dar-el-ba'i-da).  See* Casablanca. 

Dargomijsky  (diir-go-mezh'ski),  Alexander 
Sergeivitch.  Born  in  the  government  of 
Tula,  Jfeb.  14,  1813:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Jan.  17,  1869.  A leading  composer  of  the  New 
Russian  school.  He  was  in  the  government  service, 
but,  forming  a friendship  with  Glinka,  adopted  music  as 
his  profession.  Of  his  earlier  works  the  best  known  are 
the  operas  “Esmeralda”  (1847,  founded  on  Victor  Hugo’s 
“Notre  Dame  de  Paris”)  and  “Russalka”  (1856).  He 
traveled  in  1864,  but  met  with  little  success  except  in 
Belgium.  On  his  return  he  joined  Balakiref,  and  became 
prominent  in  the  New  Russian  school,  his  most  notable 
composition  being  “The  Stone  Guest,”  which,  while  it 
ha3  not  met  with  popular  recognition,  is  regarded  as  a 
remarkable  work,  embodying  the  most  advanced  ideas  of 
his  school.  Its  text  is  Pushkin’s  poem  “ Don  Juan,”  and 
it  was  orchestrated  by  Rimsky- Korsakof  after  the  com- 
poser's death  and  performed  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1872. 

Darrow(dar'6),  Clarence  S.  Born  at  Kinsman, 
Ohio,  April  18,  1857.  An  American  lawyer. 
He  has  acted  professionally  in  many  cases  against  monop- 
olies or  on  the  side  of  labor.  He  was  counsel  in  the 
Debs  strike  case,  and  for  the  miners  in  the  anthracite  coal 
strike  arbitration  at  Scranton  and  Philadelphia  1902-03 ; 
was  attorney  for  Moyer,  Haywood,  and  Pettibone  when 
tried  for  the  murder  of  Ex-Governor  Steunenberg  of 
Idaho  in  1907 ; and  was  attorney  for  the  defendants  in  the 
case  of  the  destruction  (Oct.  1,  1910)  of  the  Los  Angeles 
“ Times  ” building  in  1911. 

Darwin  (diir'win),  Sir  George  Howard.  Born 
at  Down, Kent,  J uly  9, 1845:  died  at  London, Dec. 
7,  1912.  An  English  physicist  and  astronomer, 
son  of  Charles  Robert  Darwin.  He  was  Plumian 
professor  of  astronomy  ami  experimental  philosophy  at 
Cambridge  1883-1912.  The  most  notable  of  his  works  is 
“The  Tides  and  Kindred  Phenomena  in  the  Solar  System  ” 
(1898).  He  was  made  K.  C.  B.  in  1905. 


Daskam  (das'kam),  Josephine  Dodge.  See 

*Bacon,  Josephine  Dodge  Daskam. 

Data  (da'ta).  An  extinct  volcano  in  the  south- 
central  part  of  Lepanto-Bontoc  province,  Lu- 
zon, in  the  Philippine  Islands,  in  lat.  16°  57' 
N.,  long.  120°  55'  E.  Height,  7,364  feet. 

Davao  (da'va-o).  1.  A river  in  Mindanao,  in 
the  Philippine  Islands.  It  rises  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Cotabato,  and  flows  southeast 
through  Davao  into  the  Gulf  of  Davao. — 2.  A 
district  of  Moro  province,  in  the  Philippine 
Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Surigao  on  the  north  ; the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east  and  south ; and  Cotabato  (sepa- 
rated by  a mountain  range)  on  the  west.  Capital,  Davao. 
The  southern  coast  is  indented  by  the  Gulf  of  Davao,  in 
which  is  situated  Samal  Island,  a part  of  the  province. 
Among  the  bays  on  the  eastern  coast  is  Pujada,  a safe 
harbor  in  all  weather.  The  district  is  very  mountainous. 
The  active  volcano  Apo,  10,311  feet  in  height,  is  in  the 
range  separating  Davao  from  Cotabato,  approximately  in 
lat.  7°  3'  N.,  long.  125’  17'  E.  The  Butulan  Mountains 
extend  from  south  to  north  parallel  with  the  eastern 
coast.  The  largest  river  is  the  Agusan,  which  rises  among 
the  Butulan  Mountains  and  flows  north  into  Surigao. 
Many  other  rivers  water  the  district.  Most  of  the  staples, 
as  hemp  and  sugar-cane,  are  produced.  Forests  of  teak, 
ebony,  and  other  valuable  woods  cover  the  mountains. 
The  mineral  resources  of  Davao  are  undeveloped.  Coal 
and  iron  are  found  near  Mati,  north  of  Pujada  Bay.  The 
Christianized  inhabitants  are  Visayans,  the  wild  are 
Moros,  Bagobos,  and  Mandayas.  Area  of  the  district, 
9,707  square  miles.  Population,  65,496. 

3.  A town,  the  capital  of  Davao  province,  sit- 
uated on  the  Gulf  of  Davao,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Davao  River,  in  lat.  7°  1'  N.,  long.  125°  4' 
E.  Civilized  population  of  municipality,  8,560. 

Davao  (da'va-o),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean  indenting  the  southern  coast  of 
Davao  district,  Mindanao,  Philippine  Islands. 
It  is  partly  occupied  by  Samal  Island. 

Davenport  (dav'en-port),  Charles  Benedict. 
Born  at  Stamford,  Conn.,  June  1,  1866.  An 
American  zoologist,  director  of  the  Carnegie 
Institution  Station  for  Experimental  Evolution 
at  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  New  York,  since  1904. 
He  has  written  “Experimental  Morphology  ” (1897-99), 
“Statistical  Methods  in  Biological  Variation”  (1899), 
“Inheritance  of  Characteristics  of  Fowl”  (1909),  “Eu- 
genics” (1910),  “Elements  of  Zoology  ”(1911),  “Race  Im- 
provement by  Eugenics”  (1911),  etc. 

David  (da ' ved),  Gerard  (Gheerardt  or 
Gheeraert).  Born  at  Oudewater,  South  Hol- 
land, about  1460 : died  at  Bruges,  Flanders, 
Aug.  13,  1523.  A Flemish  paiuter.  He  is  men- 
tioned  by  early  writers,  but  was  entirely  lost  sight  of  until 
1860,  when  information  about  him  was  discovered  in  the 
archives  of  Bruges.  He  settled  in  Bruges  in  1483  and 
lived  there  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Well-au- 
thenticated works  by  him  are  to  be  found  in  many  Euro- 
pean collections.  He  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the 
Flemish  primitives. 

David  Grieve.  A novel  by  Mary  A.  (Mrs. 
Humphry)  Ward,  published  in  1892. 

David  Harum  (da/vid  ha'rum).  A novel  by 
Edward  Noyes  Westcott,  published  in  1898. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  central  New  York.  The  book  won 
popularity  through  the  shrewdnesss,  humor,  and  homely 
philosophy  of  its  principal  character,  an  old  horse-trading 
country  banker,  for  whom  it  is  named. 

Davidof  (da-ve'dof),  Charles.  Born  at  Gol- 
dingen,  Corn-land,  March  17,  1838:  died  at 
Moscow,  Feb.  25,  1889.  A Russian  violoncel- 
list. He  studied  with  Schmidt,  Schuberth,  and  Griitz- 
macher,  and  first  appeared  at  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipsic, 
Dec.  15,  1859,  where  he  became  solo  cellist  of  the  orches- 
tra. He  also  became  a teacher  in  the  Conservatory. 
After  several  concert  tours  he  settled  in  St.  Petersburg  as 
solo  cellist  of  the  imperial  orchestra,  teacher  in  the  Con- 
servatory (1862),  and  later  its  director  (1876-87).  His  com- 
positions include  a symphonic  poem  and  an  orchestral 
suite,  chamber  music,  four  concertos,  and  many  solo 
pieces  for  his  instrument.  His  method  for  the  cello  is 
widely  known. 

Davidson  (da'vid-son),  John.  Born  at  Barr- 
head, near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  April  11,  1857  : 
died  in  March  (?),  1909.  A Scottish  poet  and 
playwright.  In  1890  he  went  to  London,  having  pre- 
viously  published  three  plays,  “ Bruce  ” (1886),  “Smith  : a 
Tragedy  ” (1888),  and  “ Scaramouch  in  Naxos  ”(1890).  His 
works  include  “Perfervid”  (1890),  “Fleet  Street  Ec- 
logues” (1893),  “ Ballads  and  Songs”  (1894),  “New  Bal- 
lads” (1896),  “Godfrida:  a Play”  (1898),  “The  Testament 
of  an  Empire  Builder”  (1902),  “ A Queen's  Romance,  etc.” 
(1904),  “The  Testament  of  a Prime  Minister ” (1904), 
“Ballad  of  a Nun”  (1905),  “The  Triumph  of  Mammon” 
(1907),  “Mammon  and  his  Message”  (1908),  etc. 

Davidson  (da'vid-son),  Randall  Thomas. 
Born  April  7,  1848.  An  English  prelate.  He 

was  educated  at  Harrow  and  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford; 
was  chaplain  and  private  secretary  to  Archbishop  Tait 
1877-82  and  to  Archbishop  Benson  1882-83 ; was  dean  of 
Windsor  and  domestic  chaplain  to  Queen  Victoria  1883-91 ; 
was  bishop  of  Rochester  1891-95,  and  of  Winchester  1895- 
1903 ; and  was  consecrated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in 
1903.  Among  his  publications  are  “ Life  of  Archbishop 
Tait  ' (1891  : with  \V.  Benham),  “The  Christian  Oppor- 
tunity ” (1904),  etc. 

Davidson  (da'vid-son),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Deer,  Aberdeenshire,  Oct.  25,  1840:  died  at 
Montreal,  Canada,  Sept.  14,  1900.  A Scotch- 


Dawson,  George  Mercer 

American  philosophical  writer.  He  was  gradu- 
ated  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in  1860 ; went  to 
Canada  in  1866  ; and  removed  to  the  United  States  in  1867, 
establishing  his  residence  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
in  1875.  The  Fabian  Society  (which  see  in  supplement) 
was  founded  as  a result  of  the  conferences  which  he  held 
in  London  in  1883. 

Davies,  Ffrangcon-.  See  *Ffrangcon-Davies, 
David  Thomas. 

Davis  (da'vis),  Charles  Henry.  Born  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Aug.  28,  1845.  An  Ameri- 
can naval  officer,  son  of  Rear-Admiral  C.  H. 
Davis;  appointed  rear-admiral  in  1904.  He  was 

graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in 
1864;  attained  the  rank  of  captain  in  1898;  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  Naval  Observatory  1897-1902  (except  April- 
Sept.,  1898) ; commanded  the  auxiliary  cruiser  Dixie  dur- 
ing the  Spanish  war  (1898) ; was  division  commander  of 
the  battle-ship  squadron  in  1904,  1905,  and  1906 ; and  was 
a member  of  the  international  commission  which  investi- 
gated, at  Paris  (1904-05),  the  attack  of  the  Russian  squad- 
ron under  Rozhestvensky  upon  the  British  fishing-fleet  in 
the  North  Sea.  He  retired  in  August,  1907. 

Davis  (da'vis),  Cushman  Kellogg.  Born  at 
Henderson,  N.  Y.,  June  16,  1838:  died  at  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  Nov.  27,  1900.  An  American 
Republican  politician.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1857 ; was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1859 ; and  served  in  the  Union  army  1861-64,  rising  to 
the  rank  of  assistant  adjutant-general.  He  was  elected 
to  the  Minnesota  legislature  in  1867;  was  district  attor- 
ney for  Minnesota  1868-73;  was  governor  of  Minnesota 
1874-75 ; and  was  elected  United  States  senator  in  1887  and 
in  1893  and  1899.  In  August,  1898,  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Spanish-American  Peace  Commission.  He 
published  “ The  Law  in  Shakespeare  ” (1884). 

Davis  (da'vis),  George  Breckinridge.  Born 

at  Ware,  Mass.,  Feb.  13,  1847.  An  American 
soldier  and  jurist,  judge-advocate-general  of 
the  United  States  army  1901-11.  He  was  a dele- 
gate  to  the  Second  Peace  Conference  in  1907.  He  has  pub- 
lished several  works  upon  international  and  military  law. 

Davis  (da'vis),  Mrs.  (Rebecca  Blaine  Hard- 
ing). Born  at  Washington,  Pa.,  J une  24, 1831 : 
died  at  Mount  Kisco,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1910. 
An  American  writer,  mother  of  Richard  Hard- 
ing Davis.  She  was  the  author  of  “ Life  in  the  Iron 
Mills,”  through  which  she  first  came  into  prominence 
(1861),  “ Dallas  Galbraith  ” (1868),  “A  Law  Unto  Herself” 
(1878),  “Natasqua”  (1886),  “Silhouettes  of  American 
Life”  (1892),  “Kent  Hampden”  (1892),  “Frances  Wal- 
deaux”  (1897),  “Dr.  Warrick’s  Daughters”  (1896),  “Bits 
of  Gossip”  (1904),  etc.,  besides  many  shorter  stories  and 
miscellaneous  articles. 

Davis,  Richard  Harding*.  He  has  also  written 

“The  King’s  Jackal  ” (1898),  “With  Both  Armies  in  South 
Africa”  (1901),  “In  the  Fog”  (1901),  “Ranson’s  Folly” 
(1902),  “The  Bar  Sinister”  (1903),  “Real  Soldiers  of  For- 
tune" (1906),  “The  Scarlet  Car”  (1907),  “Vera,  the  Me- 
dium” (1908),  “The  White  Mice”  (1909),  “Once  upon  a 
Time”  (1910),  “The  Consul”  (1911),  etc. 

Davis  (da'vis),  William  Morris.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  12,  1850.  An  Ameri- 
can geologist,  professor  of  geology  in  Harvard 
University  from  1899.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School  (Harvard)  in  1869;  was  assist- 
ant in  the  Argentine  National  Observatory  at  Cordova 
1870-73  ; and  was  assistant  professor  (1885-90)  and  pro- 
fessor (1890-99)  of  physical  geography  at  Harvard.  In 
1903  he  acted  as  physiographer  of  the  Pumpelly  (Carnegie 
Institution)  expedition  to  Turkestan,  and  in  1905  accom- 
panied the  British  Association  to  South  Africa.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Elementary  Meteorology  ” (1894)  and 
“ Physical  Geography  ’’  (1899).  He  was  exchange  professor 
at  the  University  of  Berlin  1908-09. 

Davitt  (dav'it),  Michael.  Born  at  Straide, 
County  Mayo,  Ireland,  March  25,  1846:  died 
at  Dublin,  May  31,  1906.  An  Irish  journalist 
and  political  leader.  His  parents  were  evicted  and 
he  was  sent  to  work  when  ten  years  of  age  in  a Lanca- 
shire cotton-mill.  He  joined  the  Fenian  Brotherhood  in 
1865 ; founded,  with  0.  S.  Parnell  and  others,  the  Irish 
Land  League  in  1879 ; and  went  to  the  United  States  to 
organize  an  auxiliary  Land  League  in  1880.  He  three 
times  suffered  imprisonment  on  charges  of  treason-felony 
and  sedition.  He  was  first  elected  to  Parliament  for 
County  Meath,  in  1882,  but  was  disqualified  by  a special 
vote  of  the  House  of  Commons  for  non-expiration  of  sen- 
tence for  treason-felony ; was  elected  Nationalist  member 
for  Meath,  North,  in  1892,  but  was  unseated  on  petition  ; 
and  sat  for  Cork,  Northeast,  in  1893,  and  as  Anti-Parnellite 
member  for  Kerry,  East,  1895-96,  and  Mayo,  South,  1895- 
1899.  He  published  “ Leaves  from  a Prison  Diary  ” (1884), 
“Defence  of  the  Land  League  ”(1891),  “ Life  and  Progress 
in  Australasia”  (1898),  “ The  Boer  Fight  for  Freedom” 
(1902),  “Within  the  Pale”(1903),  and  “The  Fall  of  Feudal- 
ism in  Ireland : Story  of  the  Land  League  Revolution  ” 
(1904). 

Dawson  (da'son),  George  Mercer.  Bora  at 

Pietou,  Nova  Scotia,  Aug.  1,  1849:  died  at 
Ottawa,  Canada,  March  2,  1901.  A Canadian 
geologist  and  explorer,  son  of  Sir  John  William 
Dawson.  He  was  appointed  geologist  and  botanist  to 
the  Northwest  Boundary  Commission  in  1873;  and  in  1875 
joined  the  geological  survey  of  Canada,  of  which  he  be- 
came assistant  director  in  1883  and  director  in  1895.  In 
1891  and  1892  he  served  on  the  Bering  Sea  Commission. 
His  publications  include  a “Report  of  the  Geology  and 
Resources  of  the  Region  in  the  Vicinity  of  the  Forty-ninth 
Parallel  ”(1875),  “ Descriptive  Sketch  of  the  Physical  Geog- 
raphy and  Geology  of  Canada”  (1884  : with  A.  R.  Selwyn), 
a preliminary  report  on  the  physical  and  geological 
features  of  a portion  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (1886),  and 
many  monographs. 


Dawson,  Thomas  Cleland 

Dawson  (da'son),  Thomas  Cleland.  Born  at 
Hudson  ,Wis.,J uly  30, 1865:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  May  1,  1912.  An  American  diplomatist. 

He  was  assistant  attorney-general  of  Iowa  1891-94  ; took 
part  in  the  work  of  the  Republican  National  Committee  in 
1900;  was  secretary  of  the  United  States  legation  to  Brazil 
1897-1904,  minister  resident  and  consul-general  in  Santo 
Domingo  1904-07,  and  minister  to  Colombia  1907-09, to  Chile 
1909,  and  to  Panama  1910.  In  1909  he  was  made  chief  of 
the  division  of  Latin- American  affairs  in  the  department 
of  state.  He  was  the  author  of  “ South  American  Repub- 
lics ” (1903-04). 

Day  (da),  Frank  Miles.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  April  5,  1861.  An  American  archi- 
tect. He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania  in  1883  and  studied  architecture  at  that  university 
and  in  Europe.  He  is  a fellow  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Architects  and  was  elected  its  president  in  190(3.  He 
is  also  a trustee  of  the  American  Academy  in  Rome. 

Day  (da),  William  Rufus.  Born  at  Ravenna, 
Ohio,  April  17,  1819.  An  American  jurist  and 
statesman.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Michigan  in  1870  and  was  admitted  to  the  (Ohio)  bar  In 
1872.  He  succeeded  John  Sherman  as  secretary  of  state 
in  April,  1898,  but  resigned  in  September  to  become  chair- 
man of  the  United  States  Peace  Commission  at  Paris  ; was 
judge  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court,  6th  circuit,  1899- 
1903;  and  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  in  1903. 

Dayton  (da'ton).  A city  in  Campbell  County, 
Kentucky,  opposite  Cincinnati  and  adjoining 
Newport.  It  has  whisky-distilleries  and  man- 
ufactories of  watch-cases,  pianos,  cigars,  etc. 
Population,  6,979,  (1910). 

Deakin  (de'kin),  Alfred.  Born  in  Melbourne, 
Aug.  3,  1856.  An  Australian  statesman,  prime 
minister  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia 
1903—04,  1905—08,  and  1909—10.  He  was  for  many 

years  a member  of  the  parliament  of  Victoria;  served  in 
many  official  positions ; and  had  an  important  part  in 
bringing  about  the  federation  of  the  Australian  colonies. 
He  was  the  attorney-general  for  the  Commonwealth  1901- 
1903.  He  represented  Australia  in  the  Imperial  Confer- 
ence in  1907. 

De  Amicis*,  Edmondo.  His  later  works  include 
“ Poesie  ” (1880),  “ Ritratti  letterarii  " (1881),  “ CJli  amici " 
(1882),  “ Alle  porte  d’ltalia  ” (1886),  “ La  carrozza  di  tutti” 
(1898),  “ Speranze  e gloria  ” (1900),  “ Memorie  ” (1900), 
“ Ricordi  d infanzia  e di  scuola”  (1901),  “ Capo  d’anno  ” 
(1902),  “ Giardino  della  follia”  (1902). 

Dean  (den),  Bashford.  Born  at  New  York 
city,  Oct.  28,  1867.  An  American  zoologist, 
professor  of  vertebrate  zoology  at  Columbia 
University  from  1904.  He  studied  at  the  College  of 
the  City  of  New  York  and  afterward  at  Columbia,  Munich, 
Naples,  and  Misaki  (Japan).  In  1889-92  and  1900-01  he 
was  engaged  in  biological  work  for  the  United  States 
Fish  Commission,  and  was  curator  of  fishes  in  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  1903-10  and 
1911—.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous  works  on  the 
anatomy  and  embryology  of  fishes.  He  has  been  curator 
of  arms  and  armor  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art, 
New  York,  since  1903. 

Debs  (debz),  Eugene  Victor.  Born  at  Terre 
Haute,  Ind.,  Nov.  5,  1855.  An  American  labor 
leader.  He  received  a common-school  education ; be- 
came a locomotive  fireman ; was  grand  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Firemen 
1880-93 ; was  sent  to  the  Indiana  legislature  in  1885 ; 
was  president  of  the  American  Railway  Union  1893-97; 
successfully  conducted  a large  strike  on  the  Great  North- 
ern Railway ; and  while  managing  the  strike  of  western 
railways  in  1894  was,  with  others,  restrained  by  injunction 
from  interfering  with  interstate  commerce  in  violation  of 
the  Antitrust  Law,  and  from  obstruction  of  the  United 
States  mails.  Proceedings  were  taken  against  them  later 
for  disobeying  the  injunction,  and  they  were  found  guilty 
and  punished.  He  ran  for  President,  in  1900  on  the  So- 
cialist-Democratic ticket,  receiving  87,814  votes  ; in  1904, 
as  a Socialist,  receiving  402,283  votes  ; in  1908,  receiving 
420,793  votes;  and  in  1912,  receiving  over  800,000  votes. 

Debussy  (da-biis-se'),  Claude  Achille.  Born 

at  St.  Germain-en-Laye,  August  22,  1862.  A 
French  composer.  He  represents  the  extreme  left 
wing  of  the  young  French  school  in  finding  new  methods 
of  expression  and  in  harmonic  combinations.  His  com- 
positions include  an  opera,  “ PelUas  et  M^lisande  ”(1902) ; 
cantatas,  “ L’Enfant  prodigue  ” (1884)  and  “ La  demoiselle 
Slue”;  a string  quartet ; nocturnes  and  other  pieces  for 
the  orchestra ; piano  pieces  ; and  songs. 

Dechen  (da'chen),  Heinrich  von.  Born  at 
Berlin,  March  25,  1800:  died  at  Bonn,  Feb. 
15,  1889.  An  eminent  German  geologist  and 
mining  engineer,  for  many  years  director  of 
mines  at  Bonn.  With  Karsten  he  edited  the  “ Archiv 
fiir  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  Bergbau,  und  Hiittenkunde” 
(1838-55). 

De  Espejo.  See  *Espejo. 

De  Forest  (de  for'est),  Robert  Weeks.  Born 

April  25,  1848.  An  American  lawyer  and 
worker  for  social  reform.  He  was  educated  at  Yale 
and  Columbia  universities,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1871.  He  is  a director  of  many  commercial  enterprises, 
is  trustee  (since  1889),  secretary  (from  1904),  and  vice- 
president  (from  1910)  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art, 
and  from  1888  has  been  president  of  the  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

De  Garmo  (de  gar'mo),  Charles.  Born  at 
Mukwonago,  Wis.,  Jan.  7,  1849.  An  American 
educator,  professor  of  the  science  and  art  of 
education  in  Cornell  University  from  1898. 


He  was  professor  of  psychology  and  education  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  1890-91,  and  president  of  Swarthmore 
College  1891-98.  His  publications  relate  chiefly  to  the 
principles  and  methods  of  secondary  education. 

Degas  (da-ga'),  Hilaire  Germain  Edgard. 

Born  at  Paris,  July  19,  1834.  A French 
painter.  He  belongs  to  the  group  of  Impressionists 
and  was  early  associated  with  Manet,  Monet,  Renoir,  and 
Fantin-Latour.  His  first  successes  were  made  with  pic- 
tures representing  race-courses ; but  his  subjects  were 
later  usually  taken  from  the  theater,  and  he  has  depicted 
life  behind  the  scenes  with  great  appreciation.  He  has 
visited  America  and  has  painted  a noted  picture  of  ne- 
groes loading  cotton  at  New  Orleans. 

Degeneration.  The  title  of  the  English  trans- 
lation of  “ Entartung”  (1893),  by  Max  Nordau. 
de  Gubernatis,  Angelo.  See  *Gubernatis. 
Dekalb  (de-kalb').  A city  in  Dekalb  County, 
Illinois,  58  miles  west  of  Chicago.  It  has 
manufactories  of  wire,  shoes,  gloves,  agricul- 
tural implements,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
Northern  Illinois  State  Normal  School.  Popu- 
lation, 8,102,  (1910). 

De  Kay  (de  ka')  Charles.  Born  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  July  25,  1848.  An  American  au- 
thor, poet,  and  critic.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1868;  was  literary  and  art  critic  of  the  New  York 
“Times”;  and  was  United  States  consul-general  at  Ber- 
lin 1894-97.  He  was  the  originator  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  National  Sculpture  Society  (1892)  and  of  the  Na- 
tional Arts  Club  (1898).  Among  his  publications  in  book 
form  are  “Hesperus,  and  other  Poems”  (1880),  “The 
Vision  of  Nimrod  ” (1881),  “The  Vision  of  Esther"  (1882), 
“The  Love  Poems  of  Louis  Barnaval  "(1883),  “Bird  Gods" 
(1898),  etc. 

DeKoven  (de-ko'ven),  Henry  Louis  Reginald. 

Born  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  April  3,  1861. 
An  American  composer  of  light  operas.  Among 
his  works  are  “Robin  Hood”  (1890),  “The  Fencing  Mas- 
ter” (1892),  “Rob  Roy”  (1894),  “The  Highwayman” 
(1897),  and  “ Happyland  ” (1905),  etc.  He  has  also  written 
and  published  many  songs. 

Delagrange  (de-la-grohzh'),  Leon.  Born  at 
Orleans,  March  13,  1872 : died  at  Pau,  Jan.  4, 
1910.  A French  sculptor  and  aviator.  He 

studied  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts,  Paris,  and  exe- 
cuted works  of  sculpture  of  recognized  merit,  including 
“The  Florentine  Page,”  “A  Templar,”  “Love  and 
Youth,”  “Miserere,”  and  “A  Huguenot.”  Becoming 
interested  in  aviation,  he  made  many  notable  flights 
(1907-09)  in  France,  Italy,  and  England,  establishing  a 
record  of  124  miles  at  the  rate  of  49  miles  per  hour  in  a 
Bleriot  monoplane  at  Juvisy,  France,  Dec.  30,  1909.  He 
was  killed  as  the  result  of  an  accident  to  his  monoplane 
during  experiments  at  Pau. 

DelancD,  Mrs.  (Margaretta  Wade  Camp- 
bell). Among  her  later  works  are  “ An  Encore  ” (1907), 
“R.  J.’s  Mother  and  Some  Other  People”  (1908),  “The 
Way  to  Peace”  (1910),  “The  Iron  Woman”  (seriaUy, 

1910- 11),  “The  Voice”  (1912),  etc. 

De  la  Ramee*,  Louise:  pseudonym  Ouida. 

She  also  wrote  “Under  Two  Flags”  (1867),  “A  Dog  of 
Flanders  " (1872),  “ In  Maremma”  (1882),  “A  Rainy  June” 
(1885),  “Otlrmar"  (1885),  “Don  Gesualdo”  (1886),  “A 
House  Party"  (1887),  “Guilderoy”  (1889),  “Ruffino" 
(1890),  “Syrlin"  (1890),  “The  Tower  of  Taddeo”  (1890), 
“Santa  Barbara”  (1891),  “The  New  Priesthood”  (1893), 
“The  Silver  Christ"  (1894),  “Two  Offenders"  (1894),  “Le 
Selve"  (1896),  “The  Massarenes"  (1897),  “Toxin,  an 
Altruist"  (1897),  “La  Stregha  ” (1899),  “The  Waters  of 
Edera”  (1900),  “Critical  Studies’'  (1900),  “Street  Dust” 
(1901),  etc. 

De  la  Rey  (dalara'i),  Jakobus  Herklaas: 

called  Oom  Koos.  Born  in  the  Orange  Free 
State,  Oct.  22,  1847.  A noted  Boer  general  of 
French  Huguenot  descent,  in  1893  he  was  elected 
member  for  the  Lichtenburg  district  of  the  Transvaal  in 
the  Volksraad,  and  wasastrong  adherentof  Joubert.  He 
was  one  of  the  few  members  opposed  to  a rupture  with 
England  and  favored  a policy  of  conciliation,  but  at  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1899  advocated  an  aggressive 
military  policy.  He  was  elected  to  the  command  of  the 
Lichtenburg  burghers,  who  became  part  of  Cronje’s  west- 
ern column,  and  secured  the  first  victory  of  the  war  at 
Kraaipan  (Oct,  12-13,  1899).  In  1902  he  succeeded  in  cap- 
turing Lord  Methuen,  together  with  a number  of  British 
troops.  He  was  a member  of  the  Boer  commission  which 
arranged  the  terms  of  submission,  and  afterward  one  of  a 
deputation  which  visited  Europe  and  the  United  States 
to  raise  funds  for  the  assistance  of  their  countrymen. 

Delboeuf  (del-bef'),  Joseph.  Born  at  Liege, 
Belgium,  Sept.  30,  1831:  died  at  Bonn,  Aug. 
13,  1896.  A Belgian  philosophical  writer  and 
psychologist,  professor  of  classical  philology 
in  the  University  of  Liege  1866-96.  Among  his 
works  are  “La  psychologie  comme  science  naturelle  ” 
(1876),  “Questions  de  philosophic  et  de  science  ” (1883), 
“Examen  critique  de  la  loi  psychophysique  ” (1883),  and 
“ La  matiere  brute  et  la  matiere  vivante  ” (1887). 

Delcasse  (del-kas-sa'),  Theophile.  Born  at 
Panders,  Ari&ge,  France,  March  1,  1852.  A 
French  statesman  and  journalist.  He  was  under- 
secretary  for  the  colonies  in  1893,  colonial  minister  1894- 
1895,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1898-1905  (under  premiers 
Brisson,  Dupuy,  Waldeck-Rousseau,  and  Combes),  and 
minister  of  marine  under  Monis  1911,  underCaillaux  June, 

1911- Jan.,  1912,  and  under  Poincare  Jan.,  1912-.  While 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  he  adjusted  the  “Fashoda 
affair  ”;  negotiated  the  agreement  with  Great  Britain  as  to 
the  Nile  valley  and  Central  Africa;  and  with  Lord  Lans- 
downe  prepared  the  Anglo-French  agreement  of  1904. 
In  politics  he  is  a radical  Republican. 


Denison 

De  Leon  (de  le'on),  Daniel.  Born  on  the 
island  of  Curasao,  Dec.  14,  1852.  An  American 
socialist.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Leyden  ; came  to  the  United  States  in  1872  ; lectured  on 
Latin- American  diplomacy  at  Columbia  University  1886- 
1891 ; joined  the  Knights  of  Labor  in  1888  and  the  Socialist- 
Labor  party  in  1890 ; and  has  been  active  in  national  and 
international  socialist  movements.  He  has  been  editor  of 
the  “ Daily  People  ” since  1900. 

Delibes  (de-leb'),  Clement  Philibert  L6o: 
known  as  Leo.  Born  at  Saint-Germain-du- 
Val,  Sarthe,  France,  Feb.  21,  1836:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  16,  1891.  A French  composer. 
He  was  a chorus  conductor  at  the  Opera,  and  in  1881  was 
appointed  professor  of  composition  at  the  Conservatoire. 
His  music  consisted  chiefly  of  operettas  and  ballets,  of 
which  latter  two,  “Coppelia”  (1870)  and  “Sylvia”  (1876), 
have  been  very  popular.  He  also  wrote  a few  songs. 

Delisle  (de-lel'),  Leopold  Victor.  Born  at 
Valognes,  Manche,  France,  Oct.  24, 1826:  died 
at  Paris,  July  22,  1910.  A noted  French  his- 
torian, bibliographer,  and  paleographer,  in 
1852  he  was  appointed  assistant  in  the  manuscript  depart- 
ment of  the  National  Library  at  Paris,  of  which  he  later 
became  conservator,  and  was  administrator-general  1874- 
1905.  He  was  made  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 
in  1857,  officer  in  1877,  and  commander  in  1883.  He 
wrote  many  important  papers  on  the  history  of  France, 
particularly  that  of  Normandy,  and  on  paleography  and 
bibliography. 

Delitzsch*,  Friedrich.  He  has  also  published 
“Wo  lag  das  Paradies  V’  (1881),  “ Assyrisches 
Worterbuch”  (1887),  “Assyrisches  Handwort- 
erbuch  ” (1894-96),  “Babel  und  Bibel”  (1903), 
etc. 

Delius  (da'le-os  or  de'li-us),  Frederick.  Born 
at  Bradford,  Yorks.,  Jan.  29,  1863.  An  English 
composer,  of  German  parentage.  He  has  lived 
in  Florida,  Leipsic,  and  Paris.  His  works  include  an  opera, 
“Koanga"  (1896-97);  the  music  dramas  “Romeo  and 
Juliet  ’-  <1900-01)  and  “Margot  la  Rouge  ”;  several  sym- 
phonic poems,  “Appalachia,”  “BriggFair,”  “Paris,”  and 
“ In  a Summer  Garden  ”;  and  “A  Mass  of  Life,”  for  solo- 
ists, chorus,  and  orchestra. 

Dellenbaugh  (del'en-ba),  Frederick  Samuel. 

Born  at  McConnelsville,  Ohio,  Sept.  13, 
1853.  An  American  explorer  and  writer, 
librarian  of  the  American  Geographical  So- 
ciety 1909—11.  He  accompanied  Major  Powell  on  his 
second  journey  of  exploration  through  the  Grand  Canon 
of  the  Colorado  1871-73,  and  went  with  the  Harriman  ex- 
pedition to  Alaska  in  1899.  His  works  include  “ The 
North  Americans  of  Yesterday”  (1900),  “The  Romanceof 
the  Colorado  River  ” (1903),  “Breaking  the  Wilderness  ” 
(1905),  and  “A  Canyon  Voyage”  (1908). 

Delmenhorst  (del'men-horst).  A town  in 
Germany,  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Oldenburg, 
near  Bremen.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron- 
ware, linoleum,  cigars,  bricks,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 20,150. 

Delna  (del-na');  Ledan  Marie.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  3,  1875.  A French  contralto  singer. 
She  has  sung  at  the  Paris  Opera,  the  Opera  Comique,  and 
the  Gaite  Lyrique.  Her  principal  roles  are  Orph£e,  Dido 
(in  Berlioz’s  “Les  Troyens  ”),  Charlotte  (in  “Werther”), 
Mistress  Quickly  (in  “Falstaff  ”),  Marceline(in  “L’Attaque 
du  Moulin”),  Fides  (in  “Le  Prophete  ”),  Dalila,  and 
Carmen.  She  was  a member  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
Company  (1909-10),  and  was  heard  in  New  York  in 
“Orphee”  and  “L’Attaque  du  Moulin.” 

Delphos  (del'fos).  A village  in  Allen  and  Van 
Wert  counties,  Ohio,  14  miles  northwest  of 
Lima.  It  is  a railroad  center,  and  has  rail- 
road shops,  furniture  factories,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 5,038,  (1910). 

Demolins  (de-mo-lah')>  Edmond.  Born  at 
Marseilles,  1852:  died  at  Roches,  J.uly  22, 1907. 
A French  historian  and  sociologist.  In  1886  he 
founded,  with  others,  “La  Science  Sociale,”  a journal  de- 
voted to  the  study  of  social  economics  along  new  lines, 
following  the  methods  of  Le  Play,  of  whom  he  was  a pu- 
pil. Among  the  best  known  of  his  publications  are  “A 
quoi  tient  la  superiority  des  Anglo-Saxons  ” (1897),  “ Les 
Fran^ais  d’aujourd  hui  ” (1898),  “ L’£ ducation  nouvelle  ” 
(1898),  “ Les  grandes  routes  des  peuples  ” (1904),  and 
“ Classification  sociale  ” (1905). 

De  Morgan  (de  mor'gan),  William  Frend. 

Born  at  London,  Nov.  16,  1839.  An  English 
novelist.  He  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  later 
worked  in  stained  glass  and  ceramics.  He  has  written 
“ Joseph  Vance ” (1906),  “ Alice-for-Short  ” (1907),  “Some- 
how Good  ” (1908),  “ It  Never  Can  Happen  Again”  (1909), 
“An  Affair  of  Dishonour”(1910),aud  “A  Likely  Story’ ’(1911). 

Denby  (den'bi),  Charles.  Born  in  Botetourt 
County,  Va.,  1830:  died  at  Jamestown,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  13,  1904.  An  American  diplomatist. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Georgetown  University  and  at 
the  Virginia  Military  Institute  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Indiana  bar  in  1855.  He  served  in  the  Union  army  during 
the  Civil  War,  rising  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1885-98.  In  1898  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  & member  of  the  commission  for 
the  investigation  of  the  war  with  Spain,  and  in  1899  a 
member  of  the  civil  commission  for  the  investigation  of 
affairs  in  the  Philippines. 

Denison  (den'i-son),  Henry  Willard.  Born 
at  Guildhall,  Vermont,  May  11, 1846.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist.  He  was  the  legal  adviser  of  the  Japanese 
during  the  negotiation  of  the  peace  with  Russia  at  Ports 


Denison 

mouth,  New  Hampshire,  in  1905,  and  was  a delegate  to 
the  second  Peace  Conference  in  1907.  Since  1880  he  has 
been  legal  adviser  of  the  Japanese  Department  of  Foreign 
Affairs. 

Denman  (den'man),  Thomas,  third  Baron 
Denman.  Born  Nhv.  16,  1874.  An  English 
official,  appointed  governor-general  of  Aus- 
tralia in  1911.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Sandhurst,  and  in  1900  served  in  the  South 
African  war  as  captain  of  a squadron  of  the  Imperial 
Yeomanry.  He  has  been  deputy  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Lords.  He  is  a great-grandson  of  the  first  Baron  Denjnan, 
.ord  chief  justice  of  England  1832-1850. 

Denmark*.  The  country  is  divided  for  administrative 
purposes  into  18  counties  (amter).  In  1907  a commission 
was  appointed  to  report  on  the  relations  of  Denmark  and 
Iceland,  and  in  1908  a bill  was  drafted  declaring  Iceland 
a free,  autonomous,  independent  country,  forming  with 
Denmark  the  United  Danish  Empire,  and  having  in  com- 
mon the  kingship,  the  ministry  of  foreign  affairs,  and  the 
ministry  of  defense.  The  measure,  however,  was  not 
acted  upon. 

Dennery.  See  *Ennery,  d’. 

DePauw  University.  A coeducational  insti- 
tution of  learning,  under  the  patronage  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  situated  at 
Greencastle,  Indiana,  it  is  the  outgrowth  of  the 
Indiana  Asbury  University  (chartered  in  1837),  the  name 
of  which  was  changed  in  1884  owing  to  the  financial  and 
other  aid  given  to  it  by  W.  C.  DePauw.  The  university 
offers  courses  in  the  liberal  arts,  music,  and  art,  and  is 
attended  by  about  1,000  students. 

Derenbourg  (der-oh-borg'),  Hartwig.  Born 
at  Paris,  June  17,  1844:  died  there  in  1908. 
A French  Orientalist.  He  studied  at  Gottingen  and 
Leipsic  ; assisted  in  editing  the  catalogue  of  Arabic  manu- 
scripts at  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale ; in  1875  became 
teacher,  and  in  1879  professor, of  Arabic  at  the  Ecole  Special e 
des  Langues  Orientales  Vivantes,  and  in  1886  professor  at 
the  Ecole  Pratique  des  Hautes  Etudes.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are  ‘Le  Diwande  Nabiga  Dhobyani”  (1869), 
“ Chrestomathie  elementaire  de  l’arabe  litteraire  **’  (1885), 
and  “ Oumara  du  Yemen  ” (1897). 

Deroulede*,  Paul.  He  was  president  of  the 
League  of  Patriots  1886-1908 ; was  banished 
in  1900  for  ten  years  for  trying  to  substitute 
republican  plebiscite  for  parliamentary  consti- 
tution, and  was  pardoned  1905. 

Derry  (der'i).  A town  in  Rockingham  County, 
New  Hampshire,  10  miles  southeast  of  Man- 
chester. Population,  5,123,  (1910). 

Deschanel  (da-shii-nel'),  Paul  Eugene  Louis. 
Born  at  Brussels,  Belgium,  Feb.  13,  1856. 
A French  statesman  and  author,  son  of  Emile 
Augustin  Etienne  Martin  Deschanel.  He  was 
secretary  to  two  ministers  of  the  interior,  de  Marcere  and 
Simon,  1876-77 ; and  after  filling  various  minor  offices 
was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1885,  of 
which  he  was  president  1898-1902,  and  reelected  in  1912. 
In  1899  he  was  elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy, 
succeeding  Herve.  His  published  work  includes  “La 
question  du  Tonkin”  (1883),  “La  politique  fran<;aise  en 
Oeeanie"  (1884),  “Lea  interets  fram;ais  dans  le  Pa- 
ciflque”  (1885),  “Orateurs  et  homines  d’6tat’  (1888: 
crowned  by  the  French  Academy),  “ Figures  de  femmes  ” 
(1889 : also  crowned),  “ Figures  litteraires  ’’  (1889), 
“Questions  actuelles,”  a collection  of  his  principal 
speeches  (1891),  “ La  decentralisation  ” (1895),  “ La  ques- 
tion sociale  " (1898),  “ Quatre  ans  de  presidence  ” (1902), 
“ Politique  interieure  et  dtrangere  ” (1906),  “ A l’institut  ” 
(1907),  etc. 

Des  Groseilliers.  See  *Chouart. 

Deshayes  (da-za'),  Gerard  Paul.  Born  at 
Nancy,  May  13,  1795 : died  at  Boiran,  Oise, 
June  9,  1875.  A French  naturalist,  especially 
known  as  a paleontologist  (studies  of  Mol- 
lusca).  Among  his  works  are  “Description  des  coquil- 
lages  foBsiles  des  environs  de  Paris  “ (1824-37),  “ Traits 
elementaire  de  conchyliologie  ” (1839-58),  and  “ Descrip- 
tion des  animaux  sans  vertebres  decouverts  dans  le  bassin 
de  Paris”  (1857-65). 

Despradelle  (da-prii-del'),  Constant  Desire. 
Born  in  France,  May  20,  1862.  A Franco- 
American  architect.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
ficole  des  Beaux- Arts,  Paris,  in  1889,  being  classed  first  in 
the  Concours  de  Rome,  and  was  inspector  of  state  build- 
ings and  national  palaces  of  France  1889-93.  Coming  to 
the  United  States,  he  became  professor  of  architectural 
design  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Bos- 
ton, in  1893,  and  in  1910  special  lecturer  on  architectural  de- 
sign in  Harvard  University.  In  1900  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  a permanent  board  of  architectural  advisers 
to  the  University  of  California,  and  1906  consulting  archi- 
tect to  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston. 

d’Esprit.  See  *Radisson. 

Destinn  (des'tin)  (Kittl),  Emmy.  Born  at 
Prague,  Feb.  20,  1878.  A noted  opera-singer. 

She  is  said  to  have  taken  her  stage-name  from  that  of 
Marie  Loe we- Destinn,  with  whom  she  studied  singing  at 
Prague.  She  sang  at  the  New  Royal  Opera-house,  Berlin, 
1898-1908.  She  has  also  sung  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House,  New  York;  at  Covent  Garden,  London;  etc. 
Among  her  principal  rOles  are  Mignon,  Santuzza  in  “Cav- 
alleria  Ruaticana,”  Elizabeth  in  “Tannhiluser,”  Salome, 
and  Carmen.  In  1910  she  appeared  in  Puccini’s  “The 
Girl  of  the  Golden  West.” 

Devil’s  Lake  (dev'ilz  lak).  The  capital  of 
Ramsey  County,  North  Dakota,  situated  on  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  85  miles  northwest  of 
Grand  Forks.  Population,  5,157,  (1910). 
Devine  (de-vin'),  Edward  Thomas.  Born  at 


Union,  Hardin  County,  Iowa,  May  6,  1867. 
An  American  sociologist,  general  secretary  of 
the  Charity  Organization  Society  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  professor  of  social  economy 
in  Columbia  University.  He  was  graduated  at 
Cornell  College,  Iowa,  in  1887  ; studied  in  Germany  1890- 
1891 ; and  spent  several  years  in  teaching.  His  publications 
include  “ Economics  ” (1898),  “ The  Practice  of  Charity  " 
(1901), “The  Principles  of  Relief”  (1904),  “Efficiency  and 
Relief”  (1906),  “Misery  and  its  Causes  ” (1909),  etc.  He 
is  the  editor  of  “The  Survey." 

De  Vinne  (de-vin'i),  Theodore  Low.  Born  at 
Stamford,  Conn.,  Dec.  25,  1828.  An  eminent 
American  printer,  established  in  business  in 
New  York  city  from  1859.  He  is  the  author  of 
“ The  Invention  of  Printing  ’’  (1876),  “ Historic  Printing 
Types”  (1886),  “Plain  Printing  Types ” (1900),  “Correct 
Composition " (1901),  “ Title-Pages  ” (1902),  “ Modern 
Book  Composition”  (1904),  “Notable  Printers  of  Italy 
during  the  Fifteenth  Century"  (1910),  etc. 

Dewar  (du'ar),  Sir  James.  Born  at  Kincar- 
dine-on-Forth,  Perthshire,  Sept.  20,  1842.  A 
British  physicist  and  chemist,  professor  of  ex- 
perimental philosophy  in  Cambridge  and  of 
chemistry  in  the  Royal  Institution,  Loudon. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  investigations  of  the  properties 
of  matter  at  the  lowest  temperatures.  By  evaporating 
liquid  hydrogen  under  diminished  pressure  he  obtained 
the  lowest  known  temperature  ( — 493°  F.).  With  Sir 
Frederick  Abel  he  invented  cordite.  He  was  knighted  in 

1904. 

De  Wet  (de  vet'),  Christiaan  Rudolf.  Born 
in  the  Orange  Free  State,  South  Africa,  Oct.  7, 
1854.  A noted  Boer  general.  He  was  a member 
of  the  Volksraad  1889-97  ; at  the  outbreak  of  the  South 
African  war  in  1899  was  appointed  vice-commandant  in 
Natal ; and  in  December  of  the  same  year  was  made  vecht- 
general  on  the  western  frontier  under  the  command  of 
General  Cronje.  He  was  most  successful  in  guerrilla  war- 
fare, and  was  distinguished  as  a leader  and  strategist. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  a member  of  the  com- 
mittee for  raising  funds  for  the  distressed  Boers.  In  1902 
he  published  “Three  Years  of  War.”  In  1907  he  was 
made  minister  for  agriculture  of  the  Orange  River  Colony 
(now  Orange  Free  State). 

Dewey  (du'i),  Charles  Melville.  Born  at 
Lowville,  N.  Y.,  July  16,  1849.  An  American 
painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Carolus  Duran  in  Paris 
1876-77.  His  work  is  composed  of  landscapes  which  usu- 
ally represent  the  subdued  light  of  morning  or  evening, 
with  masses  of  dark  trees  against  the  sky.  He  won  silver 
medals  at  the  Pan-American  Exposition  in  Buffalo  in 
1901,  and  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  in  St. 
Louis  in  1904,  and  was  elected  associate  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design  in  1903  and  member  in  1907. 

Dewey  (du'i),  John.  Born  at  Burlington,  Vt., 
Oct.  20,  1859.  An  American  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  Columbia  University 
from  1904.  He  was  professor  in  the  University  of 
Minnesota  1888-89,  in  the  University  of  Michigan  1889-94, 
and  in  the  University  of  Chicago  1894-1904.  He  has  pub- 
lished a number  of  works  upon  psychology,  ethics,  logical 
theory,  and  pedagogics. 

Dewey  ( du'i),  Melvil.  Born  at  Adams  Center, 
N.  Y.,  Dee.  10,  1851.  An  American  librarian, 
director  of  the  New  York  State  Library  and 
New  York  State  Library  School  at  Albany  1888- 

1905.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1874  ; was 
acting  librarian  at  Amherst  1873-76 ; was  chief  librarian 
and  professor  of  library  economy  in  Columbia  University 
1883-88  ; and  was  secretary  of  the  University  of  the  State 
of  New  York  1888-1900.  He  organized,  in  1876,  the  Spell- 
ing Reform  Association,  of  which  he  lias  been  secretary 
from  1876,  and  the  Metric  Bureau  for  the  introduction  of 
the  international  system  of  weights  and  measures.  In 
1887  he  founded  at  Columbia  the  first  library  school, 
which  later  became  the  New  York  State  Library  School 
at  Albany.  He  was  State  director  of  libraries  1904-05. 

De  Windt  (de  wint'),  Harry.  Born  at  Paris, 
April,  1856.  An  English  traveler  and  explorer. 
He  ivas  educated  at  Cambridge  ; was  aide-de-camp  to  Ra- 
ja Brooke  of  Sarawak,  his  brother-in-law,  1876-78;  trav- 
eled from  Peking  to  France  by  land  in  1887  ; rode  from 
Russia  to  India  through  Persia  in  1889 ; and  attempted  to 
travel  from  New  York  to  Paris  by  way  of  Alaska,  but 
nearly  lost  his  life  in  Bering  Strait,  where  he  was  rescued 
by  a whaler.  In  1901-02  he  made  the  trip  from  Paris  to 
New  York  ; traveled  through  the  Balkan  states  in  1905; 
and  crossed  Lapland  in  the  winter  of  1908.  He  has  pub- 
lished a number  of  books  of  travel,  including  “From  Paris 
to  New  York  by  Land  ” (1903),  “Through  Savage  Europe” 
(1905),  “Moles  and  their  Meaning"  (1908),  “Notes  of  a 
Restless  Life  ” (1908),  etc. 

Dewing  (du'ing),  Thomas  Wilmer.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  May  4,  1851.  An  American 
painter.  He  studied  art  under  Jules  Lefebvre  in  Paris 
1876-79;  was  elected  associate  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Design  in  1887  and  academician  in  1888;  and  won  the 
Clarke  prize  at  the  Academy  (New  York)  in  1887.  His 
work  is  composed  of  figure-pictures  and  interiors  express- 
ing much  delicacy  and  refinement. 

Dexter  (deks'ter),  Timothy.  Born  at  Malden, 
Mass.,  Jan.  22,  1743;  died  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  Oct.  26,  1806.  An  American  merchant, 
noted  for  his  eccentricities.  He  accumulated  a 
large  fortune  ; assumed  the  title  of  “ Lord  ” ; maintained 
a poet  laureate ; and  adorned  his  garden  with  colossal 
images  of  famous  men,  including  one  of  himself  labeled 
“I  am  the  first  in  the  East,”  etc.  He  published  a 
book  entitled  “A  Pickle  for  the  Knowing  Ones,"  entirely 
without  punctuation,  and  then,  as  a reply  to  criticism, 
published  an  edition  also  unpunctuated,  but  with  a mass 


Dix 

of  points  of  all  kinds  at  the  end,  and  invited  readers  to 
“pepper  the  dish  to  suit  themselves.” 

Diana  of  the  Crossways.  A novel  by  George 
Meredith,  published  in  1885. 

Diaz  (de'ath),  Melchior.  A Spanish  captain 
in  Mexico.  From  about  1536  to  1539  he  commanded 
Culiacan.  In  November,  1539,  he  was  sent  by  the  viceroy 
Mendoza  to  verify  the  tale  of  Friar  Marcos  as  to  wealthy 
cities  in  the  north.  Going  as  far  as  “ Chichilticalli,”  he 
was  forced  back  by  cold.  He  rejoined  Coronado  at  Chia- 
metla,  sending  a report  to  the  viceroy.  This  was  not 
favorable  to  Marcos,  but  secrecy  was  preserved  by  his 
superiors  and  the  expedition  proceeded.  Later  he  es- 
corted the  discredited  friar  back.  Executing,  then,  orders 
to  explore  northwest  from  Corazones,  he  crossed  with 
twenty-five  men  northwest  Mexico  and  southwest  Ari- 
zona (the  first  to  do  this)  to  the  Colorado  River,  which 
he  reached  (1540)  about  eighty  miles  above  its  mouth, 
soon  after  Alarcon,  the  first  to  ascend,  had  passed  on 
his  return.  Crossing  the  river,  which  he  called  Rio  del 
Tizon,  he  went  west  four  days.  Throwing  a spear  at  an 
unruly  dog,  Diaz  was  accidentally  so  injured  that  he  died 
(about  Jan.  1,  1541).  He  was  one  of  the  most  judicious 
and  trusted  officers  of  the  period. 

Dickinson  (dik'in-son),  Goldsworthy  Lowes. 

A contemporary  English  author.  He  waa  educated 
at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  King’s  College,  Cambridge. 
He  is  a fellow  and  lecturer  of  King’s  College,  Cambridge, 
and  a lecturer  at  the  London  School  of  Economics  and  Po- 
litical Science ; and  delivered  the  Ingersoll  lecture  at  Har- 
vard in  1909.  He  has  published  “The  Development  of 
Parliament  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,”  “The  Greek 
View  of  Life,”  “Letters  from  a Chinese  Official,”  “A  Mod- 
ern Symposium,”  “Justice  and  Liberty,”  etc. 

Dickinson  (dik'in-son),  Jacob  McGavock. 

Born  at  Columbus,  Miss.,  Jan.  30,  1851.  An 
American  jurist.  He  was  assistant  attorney-general 
of  the  United  States  1895-97 ; was  counsel  for  the  United 
States  before  the  Alaska  Boundary  Tribunal  in  1903 ; and 
was  secretary  of  war  March,  1909-May,  1911. 

Dickson  City  (dik'son  sit'i).  A borough  in 
Lackawanna  County,  Pennsylvania,  3 miles 
northeast  of  Scranton.  It  has  machine-shops, 
foundries,  silk-mills,  etc.,  and  coal-mining  is 
among  its  important  industries.  Population, 
9;331,  (1910). 

Dieterle  (di-a-terl'),  Mine.  (Marie  von 
Marcke).  Bom  at  Sevres.  A contemporary 
French  artist.  She  is  the  daughter  and  pupil 
of  Emile  von  Marcke,  and  is  known  as  a 
painter  of  landscapes  and  cattle. 

Dinagat  (de-na'gat).  A long,  narrow  island 
of  the  Philippines,  belonging  to  Surigao  prov- 
ince and  lying  north  of  Mindanao,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  Surigao  Strait.  It  is  traversed 
from  north  to  south  by  mountains,  of  which  Redondo,  a 
peak  at  the  northern  extremity,  is  the  highest.  Port 
Gabo,  at  the  southeastern  end  of  the  island,  is  a good 
harbor  in  all  weather  for  large  vessels.  Area,  309  square 
miles.  Population,  5,243. 

D’lndy.  See  *Indy,  d\ 

Dingras  (den-gras').  A municipality  of  Ilocos 
Norte  province,  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  popula- 
tion, 15,792. 

Dipper,  The  Great.  See  Wain,  Charles’s. 

Dinchlet  (di-resh-la' ),  Peter  Gustave  Le- 

jeune.  Born  at  Diiren,  Prussia,  Feb.  13,  1805: 
died  at  Gottingen,  May  5,  1859.  A noted 
German  mathematician,  successor  of  Gauss 
as  professor  of  mathematics  at  Gottingen  in 
1855.  He  is  best  known  for  his  work  in  the 
theory  of  numbers. 

Discovery.  3.  The  ship  in  which  Captain 
Robert  P.  Scott  made  the  antarctic  expedition 
of  1900-04. 

Distinguished  Service  Order.  A British  naval 
and  military  order  of  distinction,  instituted 
Sept.  6,  1886.  It  consists  of  the  sovereign  and  those 
officers  who  have  been  mentioned  in  despatches  for  meri- 
torious or  distinguished  service  in  the  field,  or  before  the 
enemy,  and  upon  whom  the  sovereign  wishes,  therefore, 
to  confer  honor.  The  badge  of  the  order  is  a gold  cross, 
enameled  white,  bearing  upon  the  obverse  the  imperial 
crown  within  a wreath  of  laurel,  and  on  the  reverse  the 
imperial  cipher  within  a wreath  of  laurel.  It  is  suspended 
by  a red  ribbon  edged  with  blue.  The  order  has  over  1,400 
companions.  Foreign  officers  are,  under  certain  condi- 
tions, eligible  to  honorary  membership. 

Ditters  von  Dittersdorf  (dit'erz  fon  dit'erz- 
dorf),  Karl.  Born  at  Vienna,  Nov.  2,  1739: 
died  near  Neuliof,  near  Pilgram,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  24, 1799.  A noted  Austrian  violinist  and 
composer.  The  best  of  his  many  operas,  “ Hieronymus 
Knicker”  (1787)  and  “ Doktor  und  Apotheker”  (1786),  long 
retained  a place  on  the  stage.  His  symphonies  on  Ovid's 
“Metamorphoses"  (published  in  1785)  are  remarkable 
specimens  of  early  program  music,  and  his  string  quartets 
foreshadow  some  of  the  developments  of  Haydn  and 
Mozart. 

Dix  (diks),  John  Alden.  Born  at  Glens  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  25,  1860.  An  American  politician 

He  was  educated  at  Cornell  University;  has  been  in- 
terested in  several  manufacturing  enterprises ; and  is  a 
director  of  the  First  National  Bank  at  Albany.  He  was 
nominated  for  lieutenant-governor  in  1908 ; was  chair- 
man of  the  New  York  Democratic  State  Committee  in  1910 ; 
and  was  Democratic  governor  of  New  York  1911  and 
1912. 


Dixon 

Dixon  (dik'son).  The  county-seat  of  Lee 
County,  Illinois,  98  miles  west  of  Chicago. 
Its  manufactures  include  shoes,  wagons,  condensed  milk, 
flour,  etc.  The  Northern  Illinois  Normal  School  and  the 
Rock  River  Military  Academy  are  at  Dixon.  Population, 
7,216,  (1910). 

Dobbs  Ferry  (dobz  fer'i).  A village  in  West- 
chester County,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson 
River,  about  20  miles  north  of  New  York  city. 

In  the  old  Livingston  mansion  there,  in  1783,  Washington, 
Clinton,  and  Carleton  met  to  settle  the  terms  on  which 
England  should  recognize  the  independence  of  the  Ameri- 
can colonies.  Population,  3,455,  (1910). 

Dodge  (doj),  Charles  Wright.  Born  at  Cape 
Vincent,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15,  1863.  An  American 
naturalist,  professor  of  biology  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Rochester  from  1892.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1886. 
He  has  published  an  “Introduction  to  Ele- 
mentary Practical  Biology”  (1894),  etc. 

Dodge  (doj),  Grenville  Mellen.  Born  at 
Danvers,  Mass.,  April  12,  1831.  An  American 
soldier  and  civil  engineer.  He  served  through  the 
Civil  War,  rising  to  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volun- 
teers in  1864,  and  resigned  from  the  army  in  1866.  He 
was  a member  of  Congress  from  Iowa  1867-69,  and  was 
chief  engineer  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  1866-70,  and 
of  the  Texas  and  Pacific  Railway  1871-81.  In  1898  he 
was  appointed  president  of  the  commission  for  investi- 
gating the  management  of  the  war  with  Spain. 

Dohrn  (dorn),  Anton.  Born  at  Stettin,  1840: 
died  at  Munich,  Sept.  26,  1909.  A German 
naturalist.  He  founded  and  directed  the 
Zoological  Station  at  Naples. 

Dolbear  (dol' bar),  Amos  Emerson.  Born  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  Nov.  10,  1837 : died  Feb.  23, 
1910.  An  American  physicist  and  inventor, 
professor  of  physics  in  Tufts  College  from  1874, 
best  known  for  his  inventions  in  telephony  and 
wireless  telegraphy.  He  invented  the  static 
telephone  in  1879  and  the  air-space  cable  in 
1882. 

Dole  (dol),  Nathan  Haskell.  Born  at  Chel- 
sea, Mass.,  Aug.  31,  1852.  An  American  au- 
thor, journalist,  and  translator.  He  is  the  author 
of  “A  Young  Folks'  History  of  Russia"  (1881),  “A  Score 
of  Famous  Composers”  (1891),  “The  Hawthorn  Tree,  and 
Other  Poems " (1895),  “ Omar,  the  Tent-maker " (1899), 
“Peace  and  Progress ” (1904),  reissued  as  “The  Building 
of  the  Organ”  (1906),  “The  Pilgrims”  (1908),  and  “A 
Teacher  of  Dante”  (1908),  and  has  translated  from  many 
languages,  notably  the  writings  of  Tolstoy. 

Dole  (dol),  Sanford  Ballard.  Born  at  Hono- 
lulu, H.  I.,  April  23,  1844.  A Hawaiian 
statesman.  He  is  of  American  parentage,  and  was  edu- 
cated  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  at  Williams  College, 
Massachusetts ; studied  law  in  Boston  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1868 ; returned  to  Honolulu,  and  practised 
law  there;  and  in  1887  was  appointed  associate  judge  of 
the  supreme  court.  In  1898  he  resigned  to  lead  the  revo- 
lution against  the  monarchy ; was  made  head  of  the  pro- 
visional government ; and  in  1894  became  president  of  the 
republic  of  Hawaii.  After  the  annexation  of  Hawaii  to  the 
United  States  he  was  appointed  (1900)  governor  of  Hawaii 
by  President  McKinley,  and  resigned  in  1903  to  become 
United  States  district  judge  for  Hawaii. 

Dolores,  Mission.  A Franciscan  mission  found- 
ed under  Father  Juuipero  Serra  in  October, 
1776,  on  the  lagoon  of  Nuestra  Senora  de  los 
Dolores  (Our  Lady  of  Sorrows),  within  the 
limits  of  the  present  city  of  San  Francisco. 
Originally  called  the  Mission  of  San  Francisco 
de  Assisi. 

Domingo  (do-meng'go),  Jose.  Born  in  Spain. 
A contemporary  Spanish  genre-painter.  He 
was  a pupil  in  Paris  of  the  elder  Meissonier,  whose  style 
he  follows.  Among  his  works  are  “Card  Players,”  “Halt 
at  the  Inn,”  “Return  from  the  Pasture,"  etc. 

Dominican  Republic*  (Santo  Domingo,  or 
San  Domingo).  It  is  divided  into  six  prov- 
inces and  six  maritime  districts.  By  the  con- 
stitution adopted  in  1908  the  legislative  power 
is  vested  in  a national  congress,  consisting  of 
a senate  of  12  senators  and  a chamber  of  dep- 
uties of  24  members,  elected  by  restricted  suf- 
frage for  a term  of  four  years.  The  executive 
is  vested  in  a cabinet  council  composed  of  the 
president  and  seven  ministers. 

Donora  (don'o-ra).  A borough  of  Washington 
County,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated  in  1901. 
Lumbering  and  agriculture  are  its  main  in- 
dustries. Population,  8,174,  (1910). 

Don  Quichotfce.  An  opera  by  Massenet,  first 
produced  at  Monte  Carlo  in  February,  1910. 
D’Ooge  (do'gi),  Benjamin  Leonard.  Born 
at  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  Jan.  10,  1860.  An 
American  classical  scholar,  professor  of  an- 
cient languages  in  the  Michigan  State  Normal 
College  from  1886.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  in  1881,  and  took  his  doctor’s  degree  at 
the  University  of  Bonn  in  1901.  His  works  include  text- 
books, editions  of  Latin  texts,  etc. 

Dooley  (do'li),  Mr.  A humorous  creation  of 
Finley  Peter  Dunne:  an  Irish- American  pub- 
lican of  “ Archey  Road,”  Chicago,  whose  com- 


ments on  topics  of  the  day  are  compounded  of 
shrewd  wit  and  common  sense. 

Doppler  (dop'ler),  Christian.  Born  at  Salz- 
burg, Germany,  Nov.  30,  1803  : died  at  Venice, 
March  17, 1853.  A German  physicist  and  math- 
ematician, professor  of  experimental  physics 
in  the  University  of  Vienna  1851-53.  The  im- 
portant  principle  that  when  the  source  of  waves  of  light, 
or  sound,  etc.,  moves  away  from  the  observer  the  waves 
appear  to  become  less  frequent,  and  vice  versa , was  an- 
nounced by  and  has  been  named  for  him. 

Doremua  (do-re'mus),  Charles  Avery.  Born 
at  New  York,  Sept.  6,  1851.  An  American 
chemist,  son  of  Robert  Ogden  Doremus.  He 

was  professor  of  chemistry  and  toxicology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Buffalo,  Medical  Department,  1877-82,  and  in  the 
American  Veterinary  College  of  Ne-~  York  1882-92;  ad- 
junct professor  in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College 
1879-97  ; assistant  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  College  of 
the  City  of  New  York  1897-1903,  and  acting  professor  there 
1903-04.  He  has  published  a “P.eport  on  Photography, 
Vienna  Exposition  ” (1873),  “Gaseous  Poisons  "in  “Text- 
book of  Legal  Medicine  and  Toxicology  ” (1903),  etc. 

Doremus  (do-re'mus),  Robert  Ogden.  Born 
at  New  York,  Jan.  11,  1824:  died  there,  March 
22,  1906.  An  American  chemist,  professor  of 
chemistry  and  toxicology  and  medical  juris- 
prudence in  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College,  and  of  chemistry  and  physics  in  the 
College  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

Dorr  (dor),  Mrs.  (Julia  Caroline  Ripley). 
Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Feb.  13,  1825.  An 
American  poet  and  novelist.  She  is  the  author  of 
“ Poems  ” (1871),  “ Friar  Anselmo  and  Other  Poems  ” (1879), 
“ Afternoon  Songs  ” (1885),  “ Poems  Complete  ” (1892), 
“Afterglow”  (1900).  Among  her  prose  writings  are 
“ Farmingdale ” (1854),  “Lanmere”  (1856),  “Sibyl  Hunt- 
ington” (1869),  “Expiation”  (1672),  “Bermuda”  (1884), 
“The  Flower  of  England’s  Face”  (1895),  “A  Cathedral 
Pilgrimage  ” (1896),  “In  Kings’  Houses”  (1898),  etc. 

Dorsey  (dor'si),  George  Amos.  Born  at  He- 
bron, Ohio,  Feb.  6,  1868.  An  American  natu- 
ralist, assistant  curator  (1896-97)  and  curator 
(1897-)  of  anthropology  in  the  Field  Colum- 
bian Museum,  Chicago.  In  1900  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Northwestern 
University;  in  1905  became  assistant  professor  of  an- 
thropology at  the  University  of  Chicago ; and  became 
associate  professor  in  1909.  He  has  published  numerous 
anthropological  and  anatomical  papers. 

Dothan  (do'tban).  The  county-seat  of  Hous- 
ton County,  Alabama,  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  State.  It  has  iron-works,  lumber-mills, 
cotton-compresses,  etc.  Pop.,  7,016,  (1910). 
Doucet  (do-sa'),  Charles  Camille.  Bom  at 
Paris,  May  16,  1812:  died  there,  April  1,  1895. 
A French  dramatist  and  critic.  He  was  the 
dramatic  critic  of  the  “ Moniteur  parisien,”  and  was  ap- 
pointed chief  of  the  theater  division  in  the  state  depart- 
ment in  1853  and  director  of  theaters  in  the  imperial  house- 
hold in  1863.  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  as 
successor  to  Alfred  de  Vigny  in  1865  and  became  its  perpet- 
ual secretary  in  1876.  His  works  include  “ I.eonce  ” (1838 : 
with  Bayard),  “Un  jeune  homme  " (1841),  “L’Avocat  de  sa 
cause”  (1842),  “La  chasse  aux  fripons”  (1846),  “Velas- 
quez” (1847),  “La  barque  d’ Antonio”  (1849),  “Les  enne- 
mis  de  la  maison  ” (1851),  “Le  fruit  defendu"  (1858),  “La 
consideration  ” (1860),  “Concours  littoraires"  (1886),  etc. 

Douglas.  3.  A city  in  Cochise  County,  Ari- 
zona, incorporated  in  1906.  There  are  large 
copper-mines  in  the  vicinity.  Population, 
6,437,  (1910). 

Doumic  (do-mik'),  Rene.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  7,  1860.  A French  man  of  letters,  lit- 
erary and  dramatic  critic  of  the  “ Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes.”  In  1909  he  was  chosen  a member  of 
the  French  Academy  to  fill  the  chair  of  M.  Gaston-Bois- 
sier.  He  has  published  a number  of  works  on  literary 
themes. 

Dove  (duv),  Patrick  Edward.  Born  at  Lass- 
wade,  near  Edinburgh,  July  31,  1815 : died 
April  28,  1873.  A British  editor  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  published  “The  Theory  of  Human 
Progression,  and  Natural  Probability  of  a Reign  of  Jus- 
tice” (1850),  in  which,  among  other  doctrines,  he  main- 
tained that  rent  belongs  to  the  nation,  and  thus,  in  a mea- 
sure, anticipated  the  single-tax  theory  of  Henry  George. 

Dowagiac  (do-wa'ji-ak).  A city  in  Cass  County, 
Michigan,  35  miles  southwest  of  Kalamazoo. 
It  has  foundries,  lumber-  and  flour-mills,  and  manufac- 
tories of  stoves,  grain-drills,  etc.  It  is  in  a fertile  agri- 
cultural region.  Population,  6,088,  (1910). 

Dowden*,  Edward.  He  has  also  published  an  edition 
of  Wordsworth  (1892-93),  a critical  edition  of  “Romeo and 
Juliet  ” (1900)  and  <>f  “ ( 'ymbeline  ” (1903),  and  has  written 
“New  Studies  in  Literature”  (1895),  “The  French  Revolu- 
tion and  English  Literature”  (1897),  “ A History  of  French 
Literature  ” (1897),  “Puritan  and  Anglican  ” (1900),  “ Robert 
Browning  ” (1904),  “ Michel  de  Montaigne  ” (1905),  “ Essays, 
Modern  and  Elizabethan  ” (1910),  etc. 

Dowie  (dou'i),  John  Alexander.  Born  at, 
Edinburgh  in  1848:  died  at  Chicago,  March 
9,1907.  A Seottish-Americau  fanatic.  He  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1886,  and  in  1896  organized  the 
“Christian  Catholic  Apostolic  Church  in  Zion,”  of  which 
he  was  “general  overseer,”  establishing  it  in  1901  at  Zion 
City,  near  Chicago.  In  1906  his  followers  brought  various 
charges  against  him,  including  that  of  financial  misman- 
agement, and  deposed  him. 


Drummond 

Doyle*,  Sir  Arthur  Conan.  He  was  knighted  in 
1902.  His  later  works  include  “ The  Adventures  of  Ger- 
ard” (1903),  “Sir  Nigel”  (1906),  “The  Croxley  Master” 
(1906),  “Round  the  Fire  Stories"  (1908),  “Through  the 
Magic  Door”  (1908),  “The  Fires  of  Fate”  (1909),  “Songs 
of  the  Road  ” (1911),  “ The  Last  Galley  : Impressions  and 
Tales  ” (1911),  “The  Lost  World"  (1912),  etc. 

Drachman*,  Holger  Henrik  Herholdt.  ins 

later  poetical  works  include  “Dybe  Strenge”  (1884), 
“ Fjaddsange  og  .Eventyr  " (1885),  “ Sangenes  Bog  ” (1889), 
“ Ungdomsdigte  ” (1898),  “ Broget  Lov  ” (1901).  He  wrote 
also  an  autobiographical  romance,  “ Den  hellige  lid " 
(1899),  “Smaa  Fortsellinger”  (1884),  “Med  den  brede  Pen- 
sel”  (1887),  “Forskrevet”  (1890),  “Diidalus”  (1900),  and  a 
number  of  dramatic  works. 

Dragomirof  (dra'go-mi-rof),  Michael  Ivano- 
vitch.  Born  1830:  died  at  Konotop,  Oct.  28, 
1905.  A Russian  general.  He  served  in  the  Russo* 
Turkish  war ; was  wounded  at  Shipka  Pass ; and  was 
later  appointed  director  of  the  Academy  of  the  General 
Staff.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  governor-general  of 
Kief,  Podolia,  and  Volhynia.  He  published  various  im- 
portant works  on  tactics  and  military  administration. 
He  retired  in  1904. 

Drake  (drak),  Alexander  Wilson.  Born  near 
Westfield,  N.  J.,  Sept.  4,  1843.  An  American 
wood-engraver  and  draftsman  on  wood,  art  di- 
rector of  “The  Century  Magazine”  from  1870 
(“Scribner’s  Monthly”  1870-81).  ne  studied  art 
in  the  Cooper  Institute  and  the  National  Academy  of  De- 
sign, New  York,  and  was  largely  instrumental  in  founding 
and  developing  the  American  school  of  wood-engraving. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Grolier  Club,  New  York. 

Dreadnought  ( dred  'nat) . A British  battle-ship, 
launched  in  1906.  It  is  of  17, 900  tons  displacement. ; 
length,  490  ft.  ; beam,  82  ft.  ; draft,  26J  ft. ; has  belt- 
armor  11  inches  thick  ; mounts  ten  12-inch  guns ; has  5 
torpedo-tubes ; develops  27,500  indicated  horse-power ; 
and  has  a maximum  speed  of  21.85  knots.  It  gives  name 
to  the  class  ol  modern  “ all-big-gun  ” ships,  at  present 
regarded  as  the  most  efficient  type  of  battle-ship. 

Dresser  (dres'er),  John  Alexander.  Born  at 
Richmond,  Quebec,  June  27,  1866.  A Cana- 
dian geologist  and  petrographer,  geologist  of 
the  Canadian  Geological  Survey  from  1909. 
He  has  been  lecturer  on  geology  at  McGill 
University  since  1907. 

Drexel  (drek'sel),  J.  Armstrong.  Born  at 
Philadelphia.  An  American  aviator,  son  of 
Anthony  Drexel.  He  learned  to  fly  a Bleriot  mono- 
plane  at  Pau.  He  took  part  in  numerous  European  exhi- 
bitions, winning  many  prizes,  and  came  to  America  to  enter 
the  international  races  at  Belmont  Park,  Long  Island,  in 
October,  1910.  His  flights  for  altitude  have  been  especially 
notable.  He  ascended  6,750  feet  at  Lanark,  Scotland,  Aug. 
11,  1910 ; and  at  Philadelphia,  on  Nov.  23,  1910,  his  baro- 
graph indicated  an  altitude  of  9,970  feet  above  sea-level — 
a world's  record  at  that  date,  although  this  figure  was 
slightly  modified  by  subsequent  correction. 

Drisler  (dris'ler),  Henry.  Born  on  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  27,  1818:  died  at  New  York, 
Nov.  30,  1897.  An  American  classical  scholar, 
lexicographer,  and  educator.  In  1843  he  was  ap- 
pointed tutor  in  Columbia  College  (later  University),  and 
was  continuously  connected  with  that  institution  during 
the  rest  of  his  active  life,  becoming  professor  of  Greek  in 
1867,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  arts  in  1889.  In  1894  he 
resigned  and  was  made  professor  emeritus.  In  1867  and 
1888-89  he  was  acting  president  of  the  university.  He  re- 
edited  Liddell  and  Scott's  edition  of  Passow’B  Greek  lex- 
icon (1851),  and  was  associate  editor  of  the  seventh  revised 
Oxford  edition,  published  in  1883. 

Driver  (drl'ver),  Samuel  Rolles.  Born  at 
Southampton,  England,  Oct.  2, 1846.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar,  regius  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
canon  of  Christ  Church  in  the  University  of 
Oxford  from  1883.  He  was  one  of  the  revisers  of  the 
English  translation  of  the  Old  Testament  1876-84.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Isaiah  " (1893),  “ An  Introduction  to  the 
Literature  of  the  Old  Testament”  (1897),  and  commenta- 
ries on  “ Joel  and  Amos  ” (1897),  “Daniel " (1901),  “ Deu- 
teronomy " (1902),  “The  Minor  Prophets”  (1905),  “Job” 
(1905),  “ Genesis  ” (1909),  “ Three  Papers  on  the  Higher 
Criticism,”  with  A.  F.  Kirkpatrick  (1905),  etc. 

Droch  (droch).  The  pseudonym  of  Robert 
Bridges  (born  1858). 

Dropsie  (drop' si),  Moses  Aaron.  Bom  in 
Philadelphia,  March  9,  1821:  died  there,  July 
8,1905.  A lawyer  and  philanthropist.  He  trans- 
lated and  edited  Mackeldey's  “ Handbook  of  the  Roman 
Law”  (1883)  and  wrote  “Roman  Law  of  Testaments” 
(1892).  He  was  interested  in  Hebrew  learning  and  left 
his  fortune  of  one  million  dollars  for  the  establishment  of 
a college  for  Hebrew  and  cognate  learning  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia. 

Drummond  (drum'ond),  William  Henry. 

Born  near  Mohill,  County  Antrim,  Ireland, 
April  13, 1854:  died  at  Cobalt,  Ontario,  Canada, 
April  6,  1907.  A Canadian  physician  and 
poet,  known  as  “ the  poet  of  the  habitant.” 
He  removed  to  Canada  in  his  youth  and  was  educated 
there.  He  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  province 
of  Quebec,  where  he  came  in  close  contact  with  the  French- 
Canadian  voyageurs  and  habitants,  about  whom  most  of 
his  poems  were  written.  I.ater  he  removed  to  Montreal, 
and  for  some  years  was  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence 
at  Bishop  University.  His  works  include  “The  Hnbitant, 
and  Other  French-Canadian  Poems  ” (1897),  “ Phil-o-rum’s 
Canoe”  and  “Madeleine  Vercheres  ” (189S),  “Johnnie 
Oourteau  ” (1901),  “The  Voyageur,  and  Other  Poems " 
(1905),  and  " The  Great  Fight  ” (1908). 


Drygalski 

Drygalski  (dri-gal'ski),  Erich  von.  Born  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  9,  1865.  A German 
explorer.  He  conducted  an  expedition  to  Greenland 

1891- 93,  and  was  the  leader  of  an  expedition  to  the  an- 
tarctic 1901-03.  In  the  latter  he  reached  the  neighbor- 
hood of  lat.  66°  S.,  long.  90°  E.,  where  his  ship  was  frozen 
fast  in  the  ice  (Feb.  12,  1902).  Here,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Kaiser  Wilhelm  II.  Land  (named  by  him),  a year  was 
spent  in  scientific  observation.  He  became  professor 
extraordinary  of  geography  in  the  University  of  Berlin 
in  1899. 

Dublin  (dub'lin).  The  county-seat  of  Laurens 
County,  Georgia,  48  miles  southeast  of  Macon. 
It  has  manufactories  of  cotton,  cotton-seed 
oil,  wagons,  etc.  Population,  5,795,  (1910). 
Dubois  (du-bois').  A borough  in  Clearfield 
County,  Pennsylvania,  48  miles  northwest  of 
Altoona.  It  has  iron-works,  tanneries,  machine-shops, 
Hour-mills,  etc.,  but  the  principal  industries  are  lumber- 
ing and  coal-mining.  Population,  12,623,(1910). 

Ducasse  (dii-kiis'),  Roger.  Born  at  Bordeaux, 
April  18,  1873.  A French  composer.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Fame  in  the  Paris  Conservatory,  and  received 
the  second  Prix  de  Rome  in  1902.  He  has  written 
a “Suite  Franraise ’ ’ for  orchestra,  a string  quartet,  a 
set  of  variations  for  harp  and  orchestra,  a pastoral  for 
organ,  and  a number  of  songs  and  piano  pieces. 

Dudley  (dud'li),  Irving  Bedell.  Bom  Nov. 
30,  1861:  died  Nov.  27,  1911.  An  American 
diplomatist,  ambassador  to  Brazil  1906-11.  He 
was  minister  to  Peru  1897-1906. 

Dudley  (dud'li),  Plimmon  Henry.  Born  at 
Freedom,  Ohio,  May  21,  1843.  An  American 
civil  engineer,  consulting  engineer  on  rails, 
tires,  and  structural  steel  of  the  New  York 
Central  lines  from  1880.  He  invented  the  dyna- 
graph,  the  track-indicator,  and  the  stremmatograph,  and 
designed  the  first  5-iuch  and  6-inch  steel  rails  used  in  the 
United  States. 

Dudley  (dud'li),  William  Russell.  Born  at 
Guilford,  Conn.,  March  1,  1849:  died  at  Los 
Altos,  Cal.,  June  4,  1911.  An  American  bota- 
nist,professor  in  Leland  Stanford  Jr.University 

1892- 1908.  He  was  assistant  professor  in  Cornell  Uni- 
versity 1876-92.  He  published  works  on  local  botany,  “A 
Manual  of  Histology  ’ ’ (1894  : with  M.  B.  Thomas),  etc. 

Dudley  (dud'li)  Observatory.  An  astronom- 
ical observatory  situated  (since  1893)  on  Lake 
Avenue,  Albany,  New  York,  in  1873  it  was  incor- 
porated with  Union  College,  Schenectady,  etc.,  to  form 
Union  University.  It  is  supported  by  an  endowment,  by 
appropriations  from  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences, 
by  grants  from  the  Carnegie  Institution,  etc.,  and  is  de- 
voted to  original  research.  Elaborate  star-catalogues,  an- 
nals, etc.,  have  been  issued  from  the  observatory. 

Dufay  (dii-fa/),  Guillaume.  Born  at  Chimay, 
Belgium,  about  1400:  died  at  Cambrai,  Nov. 
27,  1474.  A French  composer  and  contrapunt- 
ist, originator  of  improvements  in  musical  no- 
tation, such  as  the  use  of  white  notes. 

Duff  (duf),  Sir  Mountstuart  Elphinstone 
Grant.  Born  at  Eden,  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, Feb.  21,  1829:  died  at  London,  Jan.  12, 
1906.  A British  Liberal  politician  and  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1854 ; was  a member  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons for  Elgin  Burghs  1857-81 ; was  under-secretary  of 
state  for  India  1868-74  ; was  under-secretary  for  the  colo- 
nies 1880-81 ; and  was  governor  of  Madras  1881-86.  He 
was  knighted  in  1886.  Among  his  works  are  “ Studies  in 
European  Politics"  (1866),  “ Elgin  Speeches"  (1871),  “Sir 
Henry  Maine  : a Brief  Memoir  "(1892),“  Renan  : In  Memo- 
riam  ” (1893),  “ Notes  from  a Diary  " (1897-1905),  “ Out  of 
the  Past"  (1903),  etc. 

Dukas  (dii-ka'),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris,  France, 
Oct.  1,  1865.  A musical  critic  and  a composer 
of  the  advanced  French  school.  He  was  a pupil 
at  the  Paris  Conservatory,  winning  the  second  Prix  de 
Rome.  Ifis  works  include  the  opera  “ Ariane  et  Barbe 
Bleue,”  with  text  by  Maeterlinck  (1907),  a symphony 
(1897),  a symphonic  poem  (1897),  a piano  sonata  (1901),  and 
overtures. 

Dulanganes  (dii-lan-ga'naz).  A pagan  people 


of  southeastern  Mindanao,  by  some  regarded 
as  part  Indonesian. 

Dulong  (dii-long'),  Pierre  Louis.  Born  at 
Rouen,  France,  Feb.  12,  1785:  died  at  Paris, 
July  19,  1838.  A noted  French  physicist  and 
chemist,  professor  of  physics  at  the  Ecole 
Polytechnique  in  Paris  from  1820,  and  perma- 
nent secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  from 
1832.  With  Petit  he  announced  (1819)  the  law  that  the 
product  of  the  specific  heat  of  any  element  in  the  solid 
state  multiplied  by  its  atomic  weight  is  (approximately) 
constant. 

Dumaguete  (do-ma-ga'ta).  A town,  the  capi- 
tal of  Negros  Oriental  province,  in  the  Philip- 
pines. It  is  situated  on  the  eastern  coast,  near  the 
southern  entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Tafibn,  in  lat.  9°  IS'  30" 
N.,  long.  123°  18'  E.  Civilized  population  of  municipality, 
14,894. 

Dumanjug  (do-man-hog').  A municipality  of 
Cebu  province,  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  It 
is  situated  on  the  west  coast  of  Cebu  Island. 
Civilized  population,  22,203. 

Dumaran  (do-ma-ran').  An  island  of  Paragua 
province,  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  situated 
east  of  the  northern  part  of  Paragua,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Dumaran  Channel.  It  is  high  and  well 
wooded.  Area,  122  square  miles.  Population,  1,987. 

Dunant  (dii-non'),  Jean  Henri.  Born  at 

Geneva,  May  8,  1828.  A Swiss  philanthropist. 
While  visiting  the  battle-field  of  Solferino  in  1859  he  ob- 
served the  want  of  an  adequate  ambulance  corps,  and 
thereafter  applied  himself  to  urging  measures  for  the 
relief  of  the  wounded  in  time  of  war.  His  efiorts,  sus- 
tained by  his  countrymen,  resulted  in  the  Geneva  Con- 
vention in  1864  and  the  founding  of  the  Red  Cross  Society. 
Having  devoted  his  whole  fortune  to  the  cause,  he  was 
obliged  to  support  himself  by  teaching,  but  received  a 
pension  from  the  Empress  of  Russia.  In  1901  he  was 
awarded  the  Nobel  prize  for  services  in  the  cause  of 
peace.  His  “ Souvenir  de  Solferino  *’  (1862)  made  a deep 
impression  on  the  public.  He  published  also  “ Fraternite 
et  charite  internationale  en  temps  de  guerre  ” (1864),  and 
other  works. 

Dunbar  (dun'bar),  Paul  Laurence.  Born  at 
Dayton,  Ohio,  June  27,  1872:  died  there,  Feb. 
9,  1906.  An  American  author  and  poet,  of 
African  descent.  He  waa  engaged  in  journalistic 
work  in  Dayton  and  New  York,  and  was  employed  in  the 
Congressional  Library  in  Washington.  Among  the  better 
known  of  his  works  are  “Oak  and  Ivy”  (1893),  “Majors 
and  Minors  ” (1895),  “ Lyrics  of  Lowly  Life  ”(1896),  “ Lyrics 
of  the  Hearthside”  (1899),  “The  Strength  of  Gideon” 
(1900),  “The  Fanatics”  (1901),  “The  Sport  of  the  Gods” 
(1902),  “Lyrics  of  Love  and  Laughter”  (1903),  “Lyrics  of 
Sunshine  and  Shadow  ” (1905),  etc. 

Duncan  (dung ' kan),  Isadora.  Born  at  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  May  27,  1880.  An  American 
dancer.  When  very  young  she  came  to  New  York, 
where  she  appeared  in  public  and  also  opened  a dancing 
school.  She  danced  in  scant  draperies,  with  bare  feet, 
imitating  the  postures  of  the  figures  on  Greek  vases.  She 
then  went  abroad,  danced  in  Berlin  with  success,  and 
established  a school  in  the  Griinewald,  near  that  city. 
After  some  time  she  returned  to  America.  Her  principal 
success  has  been  made  in  Greek  dances  arranged  for 
Gluck’s  music. 

Duncan  (dung'kan),  Norman.  Bom  at  Brant- 
ford, Ontario,  Canada,  July  2,  1871.  A Cana- 
dian educator  and  author.  He  was  on  the  staff  of 
the  New  York  “Evening  Post’’  1897-1901  ; was  professor 
of  rhetoric  in  Washington  and  Jefferson  College  1902-06  ; 
and  adjunct  professor  of  English  literature  in  the 
University  of  Kansas  1907-10.  He  has  published  “The 
Soul  of  the  Street’’  (1900),  “Doctor  Luke  of  Labra- 
dor ” (1904),  “ Dr.  Grenfell’s  Parish  ” (1905),“  The  Mother  ” 
(1905),  “Every  Man  for  Himself”  (1908),  “The  Suitable 
Child”  (1909),  “The  Measure  of  a Man”  (1911),  etc. 

Duncan,  Sara  Jeannette.  The  maiden  name 
and  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Everard  Cotes,  a con- 
temporary novelist. 

Dunmore  (dun'mor),  Earl  of.  See  * Murray, 
John. 

Dunne  (dun),  Finley  Peter.  Born  at  Chicago, 
111.,  July  10,  1867.  An  American  journalist 


East  Chicago 

and  humorist,  best  known  for  his  creation  of 
“ Mr.  Dooley."  He  was  a reporter  for  various  Chicago 
newspapers  from  1885  to  1891 ; was  city  editor  of  the 
“ Times  ’’  1891-92 ; was  on  the  staffs  of  the  “ Evening 
Post"  and  “ Times-Herald  ” 1892-97  ; and  was  editor  of  the 
“Journal”  1897-1900  (all  in  Chicago).  His  works  include 
“Mr.  Dooley  in  Peace  and  in  War”  (1898),  “Mr.  Dooley 
in  the  Hearts  of  his  Countrymen  ’’  (1898),  “Mr.  Dooley's 
Philosophy  ” (1900),  “ Mr.  Dooley's  Opinions  ” (1901),  “ Ob- 
servations by  Mr.  Dooley  ’’  (1902),  “ Dissertations  by  Mr. 
Dooley  ” (1906),  “ Mr.  Dooley  Says  ” (1910),  etc. 
Dunstable  (dun'sta-bl),  John.  Born  about 
1370 : died  Dec.  24,  1453.  An  English  com- 
poser, chief  of  the  early  school  of  contrapunt- 
ists, and  said  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  true 
counterpoint. 

Dimwich  (dun'ich).  A village  in  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land, on  the  coast  between  Southwold  and 
Aldeburgh  about  90  miles  northeast  of  Lon- 
don. It  was  the  seat  of  the  bishopric  of  East  Anglia, 
said  to  have  been  founded  about  630,  and  was  important 
in  the  early  middle  ages.  Successive  inroads  of  the  sea 
have  destroyed  churches  and  other  buildings,  leaving  only 
a small  village.  Population,  157. 

Dupre  (dii-pra'),  August.  Born  at  Mainz,  Ger- 
many, Sept.  6,  1835 : died  at  Sutton,  England, 
July  15,  1907.  A German-English  analytical 
chemist.  He  studied  at  Darmstadt,  Giessen,  and  Hei- 
delberg  ; came  to  London  in  1855  ; was  lecturer  on  chem- 
istry at  Westminster  Hospital  1864-97;  became  chemical 
referee  to  the  medical  department  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  in  1871 ; and  was  also  chemical  adviser  to  the 
explosives  department  of  the  Home  Office.  Besides  pub- 
lishing many  papers  on  scientific  subjects,  he  collaborated 
with  others  in  writing  “The  Nature,  Origin,  and  Use  of 
Wine ” and  a “ Manual  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.'’ 

Dupuy  (dii-piie'),  Charles  Alexandre.  Born 
at  Le  Puy,  France,  Nov.  5,  1851.  A French 
politician.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy  at  the 
lycee  of  Le  Puy  (1876)  and  of  St. -Etienne  (1880),  and  in- 
spector of  the  academy  at  Ajaccio  (1884).  He  entered 
politics  in  1885,  and  was  minister  of  public  instruction 
under  Ribot  in  1892,  president  of  the  council  and  minister 
of  the  interior  1894,  1898-99;  president  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  and  minister  of  the  interior  1893-94,  and  sena- 
tor from  Haute-Loire  1900-09. 

Duquesne  (du-kan').  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Monongahela 
River,  about  1 mile  northwest  of  McKees- 
port. It  has  steel-works  and  blast-furnaces. 
Population,  15,727,  (1910). 

Duquoin  (du-kwoin').  A city  in  Perry  County, 
Illinois,  70  miles  north  of  Cairo.  It  has  iron- 
works, machine-shops,  flour-mills,  and  an  im- 
portant coal  industry.  Population,  5,454,  (1910). 
Durant  (du-rant').  A city  in  Bryan  County, 
in  southern  Oklahoma.  Agriculture  is  its  prin- 
cipal industry,  cotton  being  produced,  and 
there  are  cotton-compresses,  etc.  Population, 
5,330,  (1910). 

Durendal  (do'ren-dal),  or  Durendart.  See 

Durandana. 

Durham  University.  A university  at  Dur- 
ham, England,  founded  in  1832.  It  comprises,  iu 
Durham,  University  College  (1837),  Bishop  Hatfield’s  Hall 
(1846),  St.  Chad’s  Hall  (1904) ; and  in  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  the  Durham  College  of  Medicine  (1852)  and  the 
Durham  College  of  Science  (now  styled  Armstrong  Col- 
lege : 1871).  It  is  attended  by  over  200  students  at  Dur- 
ham, and  (including  those  not  reading  for  degrees)  by 
about  2,000  at  Newcastle.  It  confers  degrees  upon  men 
in  divinity  and  on  men  and  women  in  civil  law,  arts,  let- 
ters, medicine,  surgery,  literature,  science,  and  music.  Its 
affiliated  colleges  are  Codrington  College,  Barbados  (1875), 
and  Fourah  Bay  College,  Sierra  Leone  (1876). 

Dutuit  (dii-tiie')  Collection.  A celebrated 
collection  of  works  of  art  and  historic  interest 
in  the  possession  of  the  city  of  Paris.  It  was 
formed  by  Eugene  (1807-1885)  and  Auguste  (1810-1902) 
Dutuit,  with  their  sister  H^loise.  The  Dutuits  made  their 
fortune  at  Marseilles,  hut  went  to  Rouen,  and  began  their 
collections  there  in  1832.  The  Dutuit  Collection  is  housed 
in  the  Petit  Palais  des  Beaux- Arts  in  Paris,  and  has  been 
illustrated  in  several  important  books. 


lakins  (a'kinz),  Thomas. 

Born  at  Philadelphia,  July 
25,  1844.  An  American 

artist  and  lecturer  on  art 
anatomy,  educated  in  art 
at  the  ficole  des  Beaux- 
Arts  under  Gdrflme.  He  won 
medals  at  the  Columbian  Expo- 
sition, Chicago,  1893;  at  the  Pan- 
American  Exposition,  Buffalo,  1901;  and  (a  gold  medal) 
at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904 ; 
also  the  gold  medal  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts.  He  has  painted  many  portraits  and  easel  pictures. 
In  sculpture  his  most  notable  works  are  the  horses  of  the 
equestrian  statues  of  Grant  and  Lincoln  on  the  Memorial 
Arch  in  Brooklyn.  He  has  also  done  two  of  the  low 


reliefs  on  the  Washington  Monument  at  Trenton,  New 
Jersey.  He  became  a member  of  the  Academy  of  Design 
in  1902. 

Eames  (emz),  William  S.  Born  at  Clinton, 
Mich.,  Aug.  4,  1857.  An  American  architect. 
He  studied  at  the  ficole  des  Beaux- Arts,  Paris,  and  in 
Rome,  and  has  practised  his  profession  at  St.  Louis  since 
1882.  He  was  deputy  commissioner  of  public  buildings  in 
St.  Louis  1881-83;  United  States  representative  at  the  In- 
ternational Congress  at  Madrid  in  1904  ; and  president  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Architects  1904-05. 

Earle  (6rl),  Mrs.  Henry  (Alice  Morse).  Born 
at  Worcester,  Mass.,  April  27,  1853:  died  at 
Hempstead,  L.  I.,  Fob.  16,  1911.  An  Ameri- 
can writer  on  colonial  history.  Among  her 
works  are  “ The  Sabbath  in  Puritan  New  England  ” 


(1891),  “Customs  and  Fashions  in  Old  New  England" 
(1893),  “Colonial  Dames  and  Goodwives  ” (1895),  “ Colonial 
Days  in  Old  New  York  ” (1896),  “ Home  Life  in  Colonial 
Days  ”(1898),  “Child  Life  in  Colonial  Days "(1899),  “Stage 
Coach  and  Tavern  Days  ” (1900),  “ Old-time  Gardens  ” 
(1901),  “Sun-dials  and  Roses  of  Yesterday”  (1902),  and 
“Two  Centuries  of  Costume  in  America”  (1903). 

Early  English  Text  Society.  A society 
founded  in  1864  by  F.  J.  Furnivall  (1825-1910) 
and  directed  by  him.  its  object  is  the  promotion  of 
the  study  of  early  English.  It,  has  rendered  valuable  ser- 
vice to  literature  in  the  publication  of  specially  prepared 
editions  of  early  English  works.  Abbreviated  E.  E.  T.  S. 

East  Chicago  (est  shi-kii'go).  A city  in  Lake 
County,  Indiana,  on  Lake  Michigan,  17  miles 
southeast  of  Chicago.  It  has  foundries,  lum- 


East  Chicago 

ber-mills,  steel-works,  and  manufactories  of 
cement,  chemicals,  etc.  Population,  19,098, 
(1910). 

East  Cleveland  (est  klev'land).  A village  in 
Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  about  3 miles  north- 
east of  Cleveland,  and  connected  with  it  by 
electric  railway.  Population,  9,179,  (1910). 

East  Conemaugh  (est  kon'e-ma).  A borough 
in  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania,  20  miles 
southwest  of  Altoona.  It  has  important  iron- 
works. Population,  5,046,  (1910). 

Eastern  Bengal  and  Assam.  A province  in 
British  India,  formed  from  Assam  and  the  east- 
ern part  of  Bengal  in  October,  1905.  it  con- 
sisted of  the  territories  formerly  governed  by  the  chief 
commissioner  of  Assam,  to  which  were  added  the  Dacca 
and  Chittagong  divisions,  with  the  districts  of  Rajshahi, 
Dinajpur,  Jalpaiguri,  Rangpur,  Bogra,  Pabna,  andMalda. 
It  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Himalayas,  on  the  east 
by  Burma,  on  the  south  by  Burma  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
and  on  the  west  by  Bengal.  The  capital  of  the  province 
was  Dacca  City,  and  the  seaport  Chittagong.  The  impe- 
rial proclamation  at  Delhi,  Dec.  12,  1911,  provided  for  the 
disappearance  of  the  province  as  a separate  lieutenant- 
governorship. 

East  Ham  (est  ham).  A town,  an  eastern 
suburb  of  London,  situated  in  Essex.  Pop- 
ulation, 96,018. 

East  Hartford  (est  hart 'ford).  A town  in 
Hartford  County,  Connecticut,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Connecticut  River,  opposite  Hart- 
ford. Its  chief  industries  are  tobacco-raising 
and  paper-manufacturing.  Population,  8,138, 
(1910). 

Eastman  (est 'man),  Charles  Alexander 
(Ohiyesa).  Born  at  Redwood  Falls,  Minn., 
1858.  An  American  physician  of  native  Sioux 
Indian  parentage.  He  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth College  in  1887  and  at  the  Boston  University 
School  of  Medicine  in  1890.  In  1891  he  married  Elaine 
Goodale,  the  author.  He  was  government  physician  at 
the  Pine  Ridge  Agency,  South  Dakota,  1890-93 ; was  in 
charge  of  the  Indian  work  of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian 
Association  1894-97  ; was  attorney  for  the  Santee  Sioux 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  1897-1900 ; and  was  government 
physician  at  Crow  Creek,  South  Dakota,  1900-03.  He  has 
published  “Indian  Boyhood"  (1902),  “Red  Hunters  and 
the  Animal  People”  (1904),  “Old  Indian  Days  ” (1907), 
“ Wigwam  Evenings  ” (1909),  “ The  Soul  of  the  Indian  ” 
(1911),  etc. 

Easton  (es'ton).  A town  in  Bristol  County, 
Massachusetts,  25  miles  southwest  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactories  of  shovels,  wire  goods, 
hardware,  automobiles,  etc.  Population,  5,139, 
(1910). 

East  Pittsburgh  (est  pits'berg).  A borough  in 
Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  3£  miles 
northeast  of  McKeesport.  It  has  machine- 
shops,  electric  plants,  and  factories.  Popula- 
tion, 5,615,  ( 1910). 

East  Providence  (est  prov'i-dens).  A town 
in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island.  It  con- 
tains chemical  and  electrical  works,  wire-fac- 
tories, etc.  Population,  15,808,  (1910). 

Ecclesiasticus  (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kus).  The  Latin 
name  of  an  apocryphal  book  of  the  Greek  Bible 
(Septuagint)  entitled  “Wisdom  of  Jesus  the 
Son  of  Sirach,”  probably  written  in  the  first 
third  of  the  second  century.  The  Hebrew  origi- 
nal, which  had  been  lost,  was  rediscovered  in 
1896  by  Dr.  Solomon  Schechter. 

Echegaray  (a-cha-ga-ra ' i),  Jose.  Born  at 
Madrid,  March,  1832.  A Spanish  mathemati- 
cian, statesman,  and  dramatist,  the  foremost 
representative  of  the  modern  Spanish  drama. 

He  was  made  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Engineer- 
ing College  of  Madrid  in  1858;  became  a member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  in  1866 ; and  is  the  author  of  a num- 
ber of  mathematical  works  of  recognized  value.  He  be- 
came a member  of  the  Cortes  in  18(38;  was  minister  of 
commerce,  education,  and  finance  1868-74  ; withdrew  from 
political  life  in  1874  ; and  was  again  minister  of  finance  in 
1905.  Among  his  best-known  works  are  “ La  esposa  del 
vengador”  (1874),  “La  ultima  noche  ” (1875),  “6  locura  6 
santidad”  (1877),  “ En  el  seno  de  la  muerte  ” (1879),  “El 
gran  galeoto  ” (1881),  “ Mariana  ” (1892),  “El  hijo  de  Don 
Juan  ” (1892),  “Mancha  que  limpia  ” (1895),  and  “El  loco 
dios”  (1900).  Many  of  his  plays  have  been  translated  into 
other  languages.  In  1904  he  received,  with  Mistral,  the 
Nobel  prize  for  literature. 

Ecuador*.  The  executive  is  vested  in  a president, 
elected  directly  by  the  people  for  a term  of  four  years ; 
and  the  legislative  is  vested  in  a congress  of  two  houses, 
the  senate,  consisting  of  two  members  for  each  province, 
and  the  house  of  deputies,  with  one  deputy  for  every 
15,000  inhabitants,  elected  for  two  years. 

Eddy  (ed'i),  Spencer  Fayette.  Born  at  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  June  18,  1874.  An  American  diplo- 
matist. ne  was  attached  to  the  American  embassy  at 
London  in  1899,  and  to  that  at  Paris  1899-1901 ; was  first 
secretary  of  legation  at  Constantinople  1901-03,  at  St. 
Petersburg  1903-06,  and  at  Berlin  1906-07;  and  was  min- 
ister to  the  Argentine  Republic  1908-09.  He  became 
minister  to  Rumania,  Servia,  and  Bulgaria  in  1909,  but  re- 
signed from  the  diplomatic  service  in  that  year. 

Eddy  (ed'i),  William  Abner.  Born  at  New 
York,  Jan.  28,  1850:  died  at  Bayonne,  N.  J., 


Dec.  26,  1909.  An  American  meteorologist. 

An  accountant  by  profession,  in  1890  he  began  experi- 
ments in  kite-flying  for  scientific  purposes.  By  means  of 
kites  with  the  necessary  apparatus  attached  he  secured 
records  of  temperature  at  varying  heights  (1891),  photo- 
graphs taken  in  mid  air  (1895),  and  facts  concerning  air- 
currents,  atmospheric  electricity,  etc.  In  1903  he  experi- 
mented with  model  aeroplanes  released  from  kites  in 
mid  air.  He  also  devised  instruments  for  recording 
tremors  of  the  earth.  Much  of  his  work  was  done  in  con- 
nection with  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau. 

Edith  Swan-neck  (e'dith  swon'nek).  The 
mistress  of  Harold  II.,  king  of  the  English, 
and  mother,  probably,  of  some  of  bis  children. 
By  her  aid  the  mutilated  body  of  Harold  was 
identified  after  the  battle  of  Hastings  (1066). 
She  appears  as  a greatly  idealized  character 
in  modern  romance  and  poetry. 

Edwards  (ed'wardz),  Harry  Stillwell.  Born 
at  Macon,  Ga.,  April  23,  1855.  An  American 
journalist  and  author.  He  was  assistant  editor  and 
editor  of  the  Macon  “Telegraph”  1881-87,  and  of  the 
“Evening  News”  and  “Sunday  Times”  1887-88.  In  1900 
he  became  postmaster  of  Macon.  Among  his  publications 
are  “Two  Runaways,  and  Other  Stories”  (1889),  “Sons 
and  Fathers,”  for  which  he  was  awarded  the  $10,000  prize 
in  a contest  opened  by  the  Chicago  “ Record  ” (1895),  “The 
Marbeau  Cousins  ” (1898),  “ His  Defense,  and  Other  Stories  ” 
(1899),  etc. 

Edwardsdale.  Same  as  * Edwardsville,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Edwardsville  (ed'wardz-vil).  The  county- 
seat  of  Madison  County,  Illinois,  17  miles  north- 
east of  East  St.  Louis.  It  has  manufactories 
of  machinery,  carriages,  plumbers’  supplies, 
etc.  Coal-mining  is  carried  on  in  the  sur- 
rounding region.  Population,  5,014,  (1910). 

Edwardsville  (ed'wardz-vil).  A borough  in 
Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  3 miles  north- 
west of  Wilkes-Barre.  It  has  coal-mines  and 
breweries.  Population,  8,407,  (1910). 

E.  E.  T.  S.  An  abbreviation  of  Early  English 
Text  Society. 

Egan  (e'gan),  Maurice  Francis.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  24,  1852.  An  Ameri- 
can author  aud  diplomat,  envoy  extraordinary 
and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Denmark  1907-. 
He  was  editor  of  “The  Freeman’s  Journal”  1881-S8,  pro- 
fessor of  English  literature  at  the  University  of  Notre 
Dame,  Indiana,  1889-95,  and  professor  of  the  English  lan- 
guage and  literature  in  the  Catholic  University  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  1895-1907.  His  works  include  “ Preludes  ” 
(1880),  “Songs  and  Sonnets”  (1892),  “The  Flower  of  the 
Flock”(1894),  “ The  Chatelaine  of  the  Roses”  (1897),  “From 
the  Band  of  St.  Lawrence  ” (1898),  “ The  Leopard  of  Lanci- 
anus”  (1898),  “The  Dream  of  Gerontins”  (1903),  “St. 
Martin’s  Summer”  (1905),  “The  Ghost  in  Hamlet,  and 
Other  Essays  ” (1906),  “The  Wiles  of  Sexton  Maginnis" 
(1909),  “Everybody's  Saint  Francis”  (1912),  etc. 

Eggleston  (eg'l-ston),  George  Cary.  Born  at 
Vevay,  Ind.,  Nov.  26, 1839:  died  at  New  York, 
April  14,  1911.  An  American  journalist  and 
author,  brother  of  EdwardEggleston.  He  studied 
at  Richmond  College,  Virginia,  and  began  the  practice  of 
law  in  that  State,  but  abandoned  it  to  enlist  in  the  (’on- 
federate  army,  in  which  he  served  throughout  the  Civil 
War.  Later,  at  New  York,  he  held  editorial  posi- 
tions on  various  newspapers,  among  others  the  “Even- 
ing Post”  (1875-81),  the  “Commercial  Advertiser”  (1884- 
1889),  and  the  “World  ” (1889-1900).  He  published  many 
novels  and  other  books,  including  “ A Rebel's  Recollec- 
tions ” (1874),  “Southern  Soldier  Stories  ” (1898),  “ A Caro- 
lina Cavalier  ” (1901),  “ Evelyn  Byrd  ” (1904),  “A  Daughter 
of  the  South  ” (1905),  “Two  Gentlemen  of  Virginia” 
(1908),  “Westover  of  Wanalah”  (1910),  etc. 

Egoist,  The:  a Comedy  in  Narrative.  A 

psychological  novel  by  George  Meredith,  pub- 
lished in  1879. 

Egypt  . Egypt  proper  is  administratively  divided  into 
5 governorships  (mohafzas)  and  15  mudiriehs  or  provinces. 
The  predominant  position  of  Great  Britain  was  formally 
recognized  by  France  in  the  Anglo-French  Agreement 
(April,  1904),  and  a khedival  decree  appended  thereto  and 
approved  by  the  Anglo-French  Convention  has  removed 
most  of  the  restrictions  governing  the  management  of 
finance.  The  great  N ile  dam  at  Assuan  was  completed  1902, 
but  increased  in  height  1907-1912.  (See  + Assuan  Dam.) 

Ehrlich  (ar'lich),  Paul.  Born  at  Strehlen,  in 
Silesia,  March  14,  1854.  An  eminent  German 
physiologist,  director  of  the  Royal  Institute 
for  Experimental  Therapeutics  at  Erankfort- 
on-the-Main,  and  professor  in  the  University 
of  Gottingen:  especially  noted  for  his  studies 
in  immunity.  His  “lateral  chain  theory,”  announced 
in  1897,  has  played  an  important  part  in  the  explanation 
of  the  facts  of  immunization.  In  1908  he  received,  with 
Professor  Metchnikoff,  the  Nobel  prize  in  medicine. 

Eidlitz  (id'litz),  Leopold.  Born  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  March  29,  1823 : died  at  New  Y'ork, 
March  22,  1908.  An  American  architect.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Polytechnic  School  at  Prague,  and, 
after  a course  of  study  at  Vienna,  came  to  America  and 
established  himself  in  New  York  city.  He  was  associated 
with  II.  H.  Richardson  in  the  construction  of  the  State 
House  at  Albany. 

Elbe  and  Trave  Canal.  A canal  joining  the 
Elbe  at  Lauenburg  with  the  Trave  at  Liibeck, 
thus  connecting  the  North  Sea  with  the  Baltic. 
It  is  41  miles  long,  is  72  feet  broad,  and  has  seven  locks. 


Ellis  Island 

It  was  completed  in  1900  at  a cost  of  nearly  six  million 
dollars. 

Elberton  (el'ber-ton).  The  county-seat  of 
Elbert  County,  Georgia,  69  miles  northwest  of 
Augusta.  It  has  cotton-mills,  fertilizer-fac- 
tories, etc.  Population,  6,483,  (1910). 

Elektra  (f-lek'tra).  An  opera  by  Richard 
Strauss,  first  produced  at  Dresden  in  1909. 
Elgar  (el 'gar),  Sir  Edward.  Born  at  Broad 
Heath,  Worcestershire,  England,  June  2, 1857. 
A noted  English  composer,  professor  of  music 
in  Birmingham  University  from  1904.  He  has 
written  the  oratorios  “The  Dream  of  Gerontius”  (1900), 
“The  Apostles  ” (1903),  and  “The  Kingdom”  (1906).  He 
has  also  composed  much  for  the  orchestra,  including  a 
series  of  variations,  overtures  (“Cockaigne  ” and  “In  the 
South”),  “Symphony  in  A Flat”  (1908),  “Symphony  in  E 
Flat”  (1911),  and  an  “introduction  and  allegro ’’for  solo 
quartet  of  strings  and  string  orchestra.  Of  his  earlier 
cantatas  “ Light  and  Life,”  “King  Olaf,”  and  “Caractacus' 
are  the  most  notable.  He  was  knighted  in  1904. 

Elgar  (el'gar),  Francis.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  April  24,  1845:  died  Jan.  17,  1909. 
A noted  British  naval  architect.  He  was  adviser 
in  naval  construction  to  the  Japanese  government  1879- 
1881 ; director  of  dockyards  at  the  British  admiralty  1886-92; 
and  was  connected  with  private  ship-building  firms  from 
1892.  He  wrote  “ Ships  of  the  Royal  Navy  " (1873),  and  nu- 
merous technical  papers. 

Elgin,  Ninth  Earl  of.  See  +Bruce. 

Eliot*,  Charles  William.  His  later  works  in- 

elude  “ Five  American  Contributions  to  Civilization  ”(1897), 
“Educational  Reform”  (1898),  “Charles  Eliot”  (1902), 
“ More  Money  for  the  Public  Schools”  (1903),  “The  Happy 
Life  ” (new  ed.  1905),  “ Great  Riches  ” (1906),  “ Four  Ameri- 
can Leaders  ” (1906),  “ University  Administration  ” (1908), 
etc. 

Eliot  (el'i-ot),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Lamesley, 
Durham,  England,  May  25,  1839:  died  at 
Cavalaire,  France,  March  18,  1908.  An  Anglo- 
Indian  educator  and  meteorologist.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; was  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  Rurki  Engineering  College  in  India 
1869-72,  and  at  the  Muir  Central  College,  Allahabad,  1872- 
1874  ; was  professor  of  physics  at  the  Presidency  College, 
Calcutta,  and  also  meteorological  reporter  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Bengal,  1874-86  ; was  meteorological  reporter  to 
the  government  of  India  and  director-general  of  Indian 
observatories  1886-1903 ; and  on  his  retirement  in  1903 
was  made  Knight  Commander  of  the  Indian  Empire.  Be- 
sides many  papers  on  meteorological  subjects,  he  publish- 
ed a “ Handbook  of  Cyclonic  Storms  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ’ 
and  “The  Climatological  Atlas  of  India.” 

Elkin  (el'kin),  William  Lewis.  Born  at  New 
Orleans,  La.,  April  29,  1855.  An  American 
astronomer,  director  of  the  Yale  Observatory 
1896-1910.  He  took  part  in  investigations  of 
the  parallaxes  of  southern  stars  at  the  Royal 
Observatory,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1881-83. 
Elkins  (el'kinz).  The  county-seat  of  Ran- 
dolph County,  West  Virginia,  92  miles  south- 
east of  Wheeling.  It  has  brick-making  and 
tanning  establishments,  coal  and  coke  inter- 
ests, etc.  Population,  5,260,  (1910). 

Elkins  (el'kinz),  Stephen  Benton.  Born  in 
Perry  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  26,  1841 : died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  4,  1911.  An  Ameri- 
can Republican  cabinet  officer.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  University  of  Missouri  in  1860  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1863 ; was  delegate  to  Congress  from  New 
Mexico  1873-77 ; was  secretary  of  war  in  President  Harri- 
son's cabinet  1891-93 ; and  United  States  senator  from 
West  Virginia  1895-1901,  1901-07,  aud  1907-11.  He  had 
large  mining  and  railroad  interests. 

Elliot  (el'i-ot),  Daniel  Giraud.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  7, 1835.  An  American  naturalist, 
honorary  curator  of  zoology  in  the  Field  Colum- 
bian Museum,  Chicago.  He  has  made  extensive  ex- 
plorations  in  Canada.  Alaska,  South  America,  East  Africa, 
Arabia,  and  elsewhere,  and  has  published  about  20  vol- 
umes and  several  hundred  papers  on  zoological  (especially 
mammalogical  and  ornithological)  subjects. 

Elliot,  Gilbert  John  Murray  Kynynmound. 

See  *Minto,  Earl  of. 

Elliot  (el'i-ot)  Islands.  A group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Bay  of  Korea,  off  the  southeast, 
coast  of  the  Liao-tung  peninsula.  They  were 
used  by  the  Japanese  during  the  Russo-Jap- 
anese war  as  a naval  base. 

Elliott  (el'i-ot),  Charles.  Born  in  Ireland  in 
1792:  died  1869.  An  American  Methodist 
clergyman  and  writer.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1815,  and  1857-60  and  1864-67  was  professor  of 
biblical  literature  (and  president)  in  the  Iowa  M esleyan 
University.  His  best-known  work  is  his  “ Delineation  of 
Roman  Catholicism”  (1841). 

Ellis  (el'is),  Henry  Havelock.  Born  at  Croy- 
don, Surrey,  Feb.  2,  1859.  An  English  man  of 
letters  and  anthropologist.  He  edited  the  works 
of  John  Ford  and  of  Christopher  Marlowe  in  the 
“Mermaid  Series"  of  old  English  dramatists,  and  has 
written  “The  New  Spirit"  (1890),  “The  Criminal”  (1890), 
“ Man  and  Woman  ” (1894),  “Affirmations”  (1897),  “The 
Evolution  of  Modesty”  (1899), “Analysis  of  Sexual  Impulse” 
(1903),  "Sexual  Selection  in  Man”  (1905),  “The  Soul  of 
Spain”  (1908),  “ The  Task  of  Social  Hygiene”  (1912),  etc. 

Ellis  Island.  A small  island  in  upper  New 
York  Bay,  about  one  mile  from  Manhattan 


Ellis  Island 

Island.  It  is  the  property  of  the  United  States  govern- 
ment and  since  1892  has  been  used  as  an  immigrant  sta- 
tion. It  receives  the  majority  of  the  immigrants  to  the 
United  States. 

Elman  (el'man),  Mischa.  Born  at  Talnoi,  in 
the  province  of  Kieff,  Jan.  21,  1891.  A Rus- 
sian violinist.  He  began  his  studies  at  Odessa,  dis- 
playing unusual  ability  while  still  very  young.  In  1901  he 
went  to  St.  Petersburg  and  became  a pupil  of  Leopold 
Auer.  He  made  his  d6but  in  Berlin,  Oct.  14,  1904,  and 
has  since  appeared  in  most  of  the  important  cities  on  the 
Continent,  and  in  England  and  America. 

El  Reno  (el  re'no).  The  county-seat  of  Cana- 
dian County,  Oklahoma,  25  miles  northwest  of 
Oklahoma.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region,  and 
has  large  produce  interests,  as  well  as  flour- 
mills, canning-factories,  etc.  Population,  7,- 
872,  (1910). 

Elson  (el'son),  Louis  Charles.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  April  17,  1848.  A musical  writer 
and  critic.  His  most  important  works  are  “National 
Music  of  America  and  its  Sources  ” (1900),  “ Shakespeare  in 
Music’’  (1901),  “History  of  American  Music ’’ (1904),  a dic- 
tionary of  music  (1906),  “ Curiosities  of  Music  ” (1908),  etc. 
Elwell  (el'wel),  Frank  Edwin.  Born  at  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  June  15,  1858.  An  American 
sculptor.  He  studied  sculpture  at  the  iScole  des  Beaux- 
Arts  in  Paris  and  under  Falguiere,  and  modeled  the  first 
statue  by  an  American  sculptor  to  be  placed  in  Europe 
(at  Edam,  Holland).  Among  his  works  are  “ Dickens  and 
Little  Nell,”  equestrian  statue  of  General  Hancock  (Gettys- 
burg), “Awakening  of  Egypt,”  “Greece"  and  “Home" 
(for  the  New  York  Custom-house),  “Despatch  Rider,” 
etc.,  and  busts  of  Elihu  Yale  (for  the  Yale  Club  in  New 
York  city),  Vice-President  Morton,  and  others. 

Elwood  (el'wiid).  A city  in  Madison  County, 
Indiana.  It  has  a trade  in  live  stock,  grain,  etc.,  and 
brickyards,  planing-mills,  etc.  Population,  11,028. 

Ely  (e'li),  Eugene  Burton.  Born  at  Daven- 
port, Iowa,  October  21,  1885 : died  at  Macon, 
Ga.,  October  19,  1911.  An  American  aviator. 
On  November  14, 1910,  he  first  demonstrated  the  feasibility 
of  starting  an  aeroplane  from  a vessel.  In  his  Curtiss 
biplane  he  left  the  deck  of  the  U.  S.  cruiser  Birmingham, 
stationed  in  Hampton  Roads,  Va.,  and  five  minutes  later 
landed  safely  on  Willoughby  Spit  near  Norfolk,  a distance 
of  about  3 miles.  At  San  Francisco,  Jan.  23,  1911,  he  flew 
to  the  Dattle-ship  Pennsylvania,  alighted,  and  returned, 
covering  a distance  of  about  12  miles. 

Ely  (e'li),  Richard  Theodore.  Born  at  Rip- 
ley, N.  Y.,  April  13,  1854.  An  American  econ- 
omist. He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  1876 ; studied 
abroad  1877-80,  taking  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  at  Heidelberg  ; 
had  charge  of  political  economy  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity 1881-92  ; and  has  since  held  the  professorship  of 
political  economy  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  He  has 
probably  done  more  than  any  other  American  to  awaken 
a popular  interest  in  economics.  He  was  founder  of  the 
American  Economic  Association  and  its  president  1899- 
1901.  His  works  include  “ French  and  German  Social- 
ism ” (1883),  ‘Problems  of  To-day”  (1888),  “Outlines  of 
Economics”  (1893;  rev.  ed.  1908),  “Socialism  and  Social 
Reform  ” (1894),  “ Monopolies  and  Trusts  ” (1900),  “ Studies 
in  the  Evolution  of  Industrial  Society  ” (1903),  etc. 

Emerson  (em'er-son),  Benjamin  Kendall. 

Born  at  Nashua,  N.  H.,  Dec.  20,  1843.  An 
American  geologist,  professor  of  geology  and 
mineralogy  in  Amherst  College  from  1872,  and 
in  Smith  College  1878-1912.  He  is  geologist  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  was  president  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  America  in  1899.  His  investigations 
have  been  concerned  chiefly  with  the  geology  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Emery  (em'e-ri),  Henry  Crosby.  Born  at 
Ellsworth,  Maine,  Dec.  21,  1872.  An  Ameri- 
can political  economist,  chairman  of  the 
United  States  Tariff  Board  from  1909.  He  was 
instructor  and  professor  of  political  economy 
in  Bowdoin  College  1894-1900,  and  has  been 
professor  of  political  economy  in  Yale  Univer- 
sity since  1900. 

Emmet  (em'et),  Lydia  Field.  Born  at  New 
Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  in  1866.  An  American  artist. 
She  studied  under  Bouguereau  and  Robert-Fleury  at 
Paris,  and  under  Chase  and  Kenyon  Cox  at  New  York. 
She  was  awarded  medals  at  the  Chicago  Exposition  of 
1893  and  the  Atlanta  Exposition  of  1895 ; won  the  Shaw 
prize  at  the  exhibition  of  the  Society  of  American  Artists 
in  1906;  and  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design  in  1909.  She  is  best  known  for  her 
pictures  of  children. 

Emmons  (em'onz),  Samuel  Franklin.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  March  29,  1841:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  March  28,  1911.  An  Ameri- 
can geologist  and  mining  engineer,  geologist 
of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  1867- 
1877  and  1879—1911.  He  wrote  “Descriptive  Geology 
of  the  40th  Parallel  Region  ” (1877 : with  Hague),  “ Oro- 
graphic Movements  in  the  Rocky  Mountains’^  (1879), 
"Geology  and  Mining  Industry  of  Leadville,  Colorado” 
(1886),  “ Geology  of  Lower  California  " (1890),  “Geological 
Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ” (1894). 

Emmons  (em'onz),  William  Harvey.  Born 
at  Mexico,  Mo.,  Feb.  1,  1876.  An  American 
geologist.  He  was  associate  professor  of  eco- 
nomic geology  in  the  University  of  Chicago 
1909-11,  and  professor  of  geology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Minnesota  1911-  He  has  been  an  assistant 
geologist  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  since  1906. 


Empire  State  of  the  South.  A popular  title 
of  the  State  of  Georgia. 

Encounter  Rock.  A reef  in  the  Lao-tie-shan 
Channel,  about  twenty  miles  southeast  of  Port 
Arthur. 

Engineers’  Club,  The.  A New  York  club,  in- 
corporated Dec.  7,  1888,  for  engineers  and 
others  interested  in  the  engineering  profession. 
It  has  2,000  members.  Its  house  is  at  32  West 
40th  street. 

Englefield  (eng'gl-feld),  Sir  Francis.  Born 
about  1520:  died  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  in  1596. 
An  English  politician.  He  at  first  accepted  Protes- 
tantism,  and  in  1547  was  knighted  by  Edward  VI.,  but  on 
the  accession  of  Mary  became  a Roman  Catholic,  and 
advocated  persecution  for  heresy.  He  was  made  a privy 
councilor  in  1553,  and  was  a member  of  every  parliament 
but  one  during  Mary’s  reign.  After  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth  he  fled  to  the  Continent,  where  he  took  an  active 
part  in  the  many  schemes  for  the  restoration  of  Cathol- 
icism in  England.  In  1564  he  was  outlawed,  and  in  1585 
convicted  of  high  treason,  his  estates  being  declared  to  be 
forfeited,  but  he  received  a pension  from  Philip  of  Spain. 
He  lived  for  some  time  at  Rome  and  at  Brussels,  but  re- 
tired finally  to  Valladolid. 

Engler  (eng ' ler),  Adolf.  Born  at  Sagan, 
Silesia,  March  25,  1844.  An  eminent  German 
botanist,  professor  in  the  University  of  Berlin 
and  director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  from  1889. 
From  1878  to  1884  he  was  professor  at  Kiel,  and  from  1888 
to  1889  at  Breslau.  Among  his  published  works  are  “ Ver- 
such  einer  Entwickelungsgeschichte  der  Pflanzenwelt” 
(1872-82),  and  “Die  naturlichen  Pflanzenfamilien ’’  (1888- 
1909  : with  Prantl  and  others). 

Enid  (e'nid).  The  county-seat  of  Garfield 
County,  Oklahoma,  44  miles  northwest  of  Guth- 
rie. It  has  tile-works,  flour-mills,  etc.,  and 
agricultural  and  stock-raising  interests.  Pop- 
ulation, 13,799,  (1910). 

Ennery  (an-re'),  Adolphe  Philippe  d’.  Born 
at  Paris,  June  17,  1811:  died  there,  Jan.  26, 
1899.  A French  dramatist  and  librettist,  in 

1858  he  changed  his  name  of  Dennery  by  legal  process  to 
d’Ennery.  He  was  a prolific  writer  and  produced,  inde- 
pendently or  in  collaboration,  a large  number  of  pieces. 
He  wrote,  with  Desnoyer,  “Emile,  ou  le  fils  d’un  pair  de 
France ” (1831) ; with  Dumas,  “Halifax”  (1842);  with  Du- 
manoir,  “Don  Cesar  de  Bazan”  (1844) ; with  Jules  Verne, 
“Letour  du  monde  en  quatre-vingts  jours”  (1874) ; with 
Cormon,  “Lea  deux  orphelines  ” (1875) ; with  Paul  Ferrier, 
“Le  tresor  des  Radjahs  ” (1894),  etc. 

Ennis  (en'is).  A city  in  Ellis  County,  Texas, 
34  miles  southeast  of  Dallas.  It  has  cotton- 
gins,  lumber-mills,  etc.  Population,  5,669, 
(1910). 

Epaphroditus  (e-paf-ro-dl'tus).  1.  The  mes- 
senger or  delegate  sent  by  the  Apostle  Paul  to 
the  church  at  Philippi.  He  visited  Paul  dur- 
ing his  imprisonment  at  Rome.  Paul  charac- 
terizes him  as  “my brother,  and  companion  in 
labour,  and  fellow  soldier.”- — 2.  A freedman 
of  Nero,  and  his  secretary.  He  assisted  Nero 
in  his  attempt  at  suicide.  The  philosopher 
Epictetus  was  his  freedman. 

Ephrata  (ef'ra-ta).  A township  aud  borough 
of  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  note- 
worthy as  having  been  the  seat  of  "the  monastic  commu- 
nity of  Seventh-day  German  Baptists,  or  Bunkers,  founded 
there  by  Johann  Conrad  Beissel  about  1738.  The  borough 
was  incorporated  in  1891.  Population,  township,  2,565 ; 
borough,  3,192,  (1910). 

Ephrussi  (a-frii-se'),  Charles.  Born  at  Odessa, 
Russia,  Dec.  24,  1844:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  30, 
1905.  A French  art  critic  and  editor.  He  was 
educated  at  Odessa  and  Vienna  and  came  to  Paris  in  1871. 
In  1885  he  became  a proprietor  of  the  “ Gazette  des  Beaux- 
Arts  ” and  in  1894  its  director. 

Epworth  League  (ep'werth  leg).  A society 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  organized 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  May,  1889:  named  for  the 
birthplace  of  John  Wesley,  its  object  is  to 
strengthen  the  hold  of  each  church  upon  the  young  peo- 
ple in  its  parish.  Its  organ  is  the  “Epworth  Herald  ” and 
its  membership  is  over  one  million. 

Er  (er).  A Pamphylian,  the  son  of  Armenius: 
a character  introduced  by  Plato  into  the  tenth 
hook  of  “The  Republic.”  He  was  slain  in  battle, 
and  on  the  twelfth  day  after,  as  he  was  lying  on  the  funeral 
pile,  returned  to  life  and  told  what  he  had  seen  in  the 
other  world. 

Erichsen,  L.  Mylius-.  See  *Mylius-Ericlisen,  L . 

Eli©  CrURI  . Tn  189G  an  appropriation  of  $9,000,000  was 
voted  for  its  enlargement  to  a depth  of  9 feet;  hut  this 
sum  was  soon  expended,  and  in  1903  a further  enlargement 
was  determined  on,  so  as  to  allow  the  passage  of  barges  of 
1,000  tons,  the  depth  to  he  12  feet  and  the  width  to  he  200 
feet  at  bottom  in  larger  rivers  and  canalized  lakes,  and 
110  to  150  feet  at  bottom  in  smaller  rivers  and  valleys, 
while  the  minimum  bottom  width  of  canal  sections  proper 
is  to  he  75  feet.  Concrete  is  to  he  used  instead  of  stone, 
and  the  total  cost  of  construction  is  to  be  $101,000,000. 
The  entire  length  of  the  New  York  State  Barge  Canal 
system  will  he  431  miles,  instead  of  350  as  at  present;  it 
will  include  that  of  the  tributary  Oswego  and  Champlain 
canals.  The  enlargement  is  expected  to  he  finished  by 
the  year  1914. 

Eritrea".  The  colony  extends  on  the  coast  of  the  Red 
Sea  from  Cape  Kasar  (18*  2'  N.)  to  Cape  Dumeirah  on  the 


Eucken 

strait  of  Babel-Mandeb  (12°  30'  N.),  about  670  miles.  The 
inland  boundary  was  defined  (by  treaty  of  1891,  protocols 
of  1898,  1899,  and  1901,  and  agreement  concluded  in  1901) 
as  running  from  Ras  Kasar  to  Barka,  thence  to  Sabdeiat, 
13  miles  east  of  Kassala,  thence  southward  about  120  miles 
to  the  Atbara,  and  southeastward  to  Obok.  By  the  treaty 
of  July  10,  1900,  between  Italy  and  Abyssinia,  Eritrea  an- 
nexed the  province  of  Cunama;  and  by  the  treaty  of  May 
15,  1902,  between  Great  Britain,  Italy,  and  Abyssinia,  the 
boundaries  between  Eritrea  and  Sudan,  withdrawn  from 
the  Atbara,  were  determined  by  a line  running  southward 
from  Labderah  to  Abu  Gamel  on  the  Gash  and  Ombruga 
on  the  Setit  river.  It  has  the  control  of  its  own  adminis- 
tration and  finance,  under  a civil  governor  appointed  by 
the  king.  Asmara  is  the  seat  of  government.  Area,  about 
45,800  square  miles. 

Erlanger  (er-lon-zha'),  Camille.  Born  at 
Paris,  May  25,  1863.  A French  composer. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Paris  Conservatory,  where  he  took 
the  Prix  de  Rome  in  1888.  His  principal  works  are  “Le 
Juif  Polonais,”  produced  at  the  Paris  Opera  Comique  in 
1900,  and  “ Aphrodite,”  produced  there  in  1906.  He  has 
written  other  lyric  dramas,  an  oratorio,  a cantata,  several 
orchestral  suites,  and  songs. 

Erlanger  (er-lon-zha'),  Frederic  d’.  Born  at 
Paris,  May  29,  1868.  A French  composer.  His 
works  include  three  operas,  among  them  “ Tess 
of  the  d’Urbervilles,”  and  orchestral  and  cham- 
ber music. 

Erman  (er'man),  Adolf.  Born  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
31,  1854.  An  eminent  German  Egyptologist, 
professor  in  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1883, 
and  director  of  the  Egyptian  department  of 
the  Royal  Museum  from  1885.  Among  his  works 
are  “Die  Pluralbildung  des  Agyptischen  ” (1878),  “Neu- 
agyptische  Grammatik  ”(1880),  “Agypten  und  agyptisches 
Leben  im  Altertum”  (1885-87),  “Agyptische  Grammatik 
(2d  ed.  1902),  “Zauberspriiche  fur  Mutter  und  Kind” 
(1901),  etc. 

Escalante  (as-ka-lan'ta),  Francisco  Silvestre 
Velez.  A Spanish  Franciscan  friar,  the  first 
explorer  of  Utah  and  “ ministro  doetrinero” 
of  Zuhi.  In  1776  he  went  from  Zuni  to  Santa  Ft  to  ex- 
plore a road  to  connect  the  missions  of  the  Rio  Grande 
with  those  of  California.  With  Escalante  were  three  ci- 
vilians, four  soldiers,  and  his  brother  friar  Dominguez. 
They  crossed  the  tributaries  of  the  San  Juan,  went  down 
the  Dolores,  crossed  Grand  River,  the  Book  Plateau,  the 
head  of  White  River,  and  finally  the  Green  (which  he 
called  “San  Buenaventura”)  some  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Uinta.  Going  up  the  latter,  they  surmounted  the 
Wasatch  range  and  descended  to  Utah  Lake.  They  heard 
of  Salt  Lake,  but  did  not  go  there.  Turning  then  south, 
they  decided,  October  7th,  that  winter  would  overtake 
them  before  they  cauld  reach  Monterey  and  that  they 
would  strike  for  the  Moki  towns.  Crossing  the  Sevier  and 
passing  the  sites  of  Fillmore,  Beaver,  and  Parowan,  they 
reached  the  Virgin  near  St.  George  or  Toquerville. 
Thence  they  went  south,  southeast,  north,  etc.,  as  the 
topography  compelled,  finally  arriving  at  the  Ute  Ford  of 
the  Colorado  about  where  the  37th  parallel  intersects  the 
river.  Fording  here,  they  at  length  reached  the  Moki 
towns  and  Zuni.  This  ford  has  since  been  known  as  El 
Vado  de  los  Padres  (the  Crossing  of  the  Fathers). 

Escanaba  (es-ka-na'ba).  The  county-seat  of 
Delta  County,  Michigan.  It  is  situated  on 
Little  Bay  de  Noquette,  an  inlet  of  Green 
Bay,  Lake  Michigan,  58  miles  southeast  of 
Marquette.  It  is  an  active  shipping-point,  for 
iron-ore,  lumber,  coal,  and  fish.  Population, 
13,194,  (1910). 

Espejo  (as-pa'ho),  Antonio  de.  A wealthy 
Spaniard  who  went  to  New  Mexico,  1582-83, 
with  several  Franciscan  friars.  At  the  close  of 
1582  he  was  on  the  Rio  Grande  near  El  Paso.  He  went  up 
the  river,  passing  native  settlements,  and  arrived  at 
Tiguex.  Six  leagues  further  up  the  river  was  Quires  ; 
thence  fourteen  leagues,  Ounames ; thence  five  or  six 
leagues  northwest,  Ameies  ; thence  fifteen  leagues  west, 
Acoma;  and  twenty-four  leagues  west,  Zuni.  He  con- 
tinued to  the  San  Francisco  Mountains.  Returning  via 
Zuni,  he  again  visited  the  Rio  Grande  pueblos,  whence  lie 
went  east  to  Hubates,  north  to  Tamos,  and  then  east  to 
Pecos  river,  which  he  followed  out  of  the  country,  naming 
it  “Rio  de  las  Vacas”  because  of  the  many  buffalo  he  saw. 

Esprit  (es-pre'),  Pierre  d’.  See  * Radisson. 

Estournelles  de  Constant  (as-tor-nel'  de  kon- 
ston'),  Paul  Henri  Benjamin  Balluat  d’. 

Born  at  La  Fleche,  Nov.  22,  1852.  A French 
diplomatist  and  statesman.  He  studied  at.  the 
ft  cole  des  Langues  Orientales ; held  diplomatic  posts  in 
Tunis,  Montenegro,  and  Holland,  and  (1892-94)  at  I ondon ; 
was  a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1895-1904,  and 
has  been  senator  since  1904.  lie  represented  France  in 
the  peace  conferences  at  The  Hague  in  1899  and  1907,  and 
is  a member  of  the  permanent  court  of  arbitration  there 
established.  In  1909  he  received  the  Nobel  prize  for  ser- 
vices in  the  cause  of  peace.  He  has  published  “la  vie 
de  province  en  Groce”  (1876),  “Les  congregations  reli- 
gieuses  chez  les  Arabes”  (1886),  etc. 

Etna  (et'na).  A borough  in  Allegheny  County, 
Pennsylvania,  just  above  Pittsburgh.  It  has 
brass-foundries,  steel-mills,  pipe-factories,  fur- 
naces, etc.  Population,  5,830,  (1910). 

Eucken  (oi'ken),  Rudolf  Christoph.  Born 
in  Aurieh,  East  Friesland,  Jan.  5,  1846.  A 
German  philosopher,  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Jena  from  1874.  He  has  published  “Geschichte 
und  Kritik  der  Grundbegriffe  der  Gegenwart  ” (1878,  1892), 
“ GeBchichte  der  philosophiBchen  Terminologie  ” (1879), 
“Gesammelte  Aufsiitze  zur  Philosophic  und  Lebensan- 
schauung”  (1903),  etc. 


Eugene 

Eugene  (u-jen').  The  county-seat  of  Lane 
County,  Oregon,  on  the  Willamette  River,  105 
miles  southwest  of  Portland.  It  has  machine- 
shops,  furniture-factories,  canneries,  lumber- 
mills,  and  agricultural  interests,  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  University  of  Oregon.  Population, 
9,009,  (1910). 

Eugen  Onegin.  An  opera  by  Peter  Tschai- 
kovsky,  words  adapted  from  Pushkin's  “Eu- 
gene Onyegin,”  first  produced  at  the  Moscow 
Conservatory  March  29,  1879. 

Evans  (ev'anz),  Sir  Arthur  John.  Born  at 
Nash  Mills,  Hertfordshire,  England,  1851.  An 
English  archaeologist,  keeper  of  the  Ashmo- 
lean  Museum  1884-1908  (honorary),  and  fellow 
of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford.  He  is  especially 
known  for  his  explorations  in  Crete,  which  were  begun  in 
1893  and  resulted  in  the  important  discovery  of  a pre- 
Phenician  script  and  the  excavating  (1900-08)  of  a prehis- 
toric palace  at  Cnoau9  (palace  of  Minos)  containing  many 
remains  of  Minoan  civilization.  He  has  published  “Cre- 
tan Pictographs  " (1896),  “ Further  Discoveries  of  Cretan 
and  Mgenn  Script ’’ (1898),  “The  Mycenaean  Tree  ”(1901), 
reports  on  the  excavations  at  Cnosus,  etc.  He  was 
knighted  in  1911. 

Evans  (ev'anz),  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Britwell 
Court,  Berkhamstead,  Buckinghamshire,  Nov. 
17,  1823:  died  there,  May  31,  1908.  An  Eng- 
lish archaeologist.  His  works  include  “ The  Coins  of 
the  Ancient  Britons”  (1864:  supplement,  1890),  “The 
Ancient  Stone  Implements  of  Great  Britain (1872), 
“The  Ancient  Bronze  Implements  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland"  (1881),  etc. 

Evans  (ev'anz),  Robley  Dunglison.  Born 

in  Floyd  County,  Va.,  Aug.  18,  1846:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  3,  1912.  An  Ameri- 
can naval  officer.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1863;  served  in  the  Union  navy 
during  the  last  years  of  the  Civil  War  (Fort  Fisher);  com- 
manded the  Yorktown,  which  was  sent  to  Valparaiso, 
Chile,  in  1891,  when  trouble  occurred  between  that  coun- 
try and  the  United  States  and  sailors  from  the  Baltimore 
were  attacked  in  the  streets  of  Valparaiso  ; was  promoted 
captain  in  1893;  commanded  the  battle-ship  Iowa  in 
Admiral  Sampson's  squadron  during  the  Spanish  war,  tak- 
ing part  in  the  battle  of  Santiago,  July  3,  1898;  and  was 
appointed  rear-admiral  in  1901.  He  retired  in  August, 
1908. 


Evans  (ev'anz),  Thomas  Wiltberger.  Born 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Dec.  23,  1823:  died  at 
Paris,  France,  Nov.  14,  1897.  An  American 
dentist.  He  went  to  Paris  and  became  the  official  den- 
tist  of  Napoleon  III.  and  Empress  Eugenie ; was  promi- 
nent in  the  organization  of  the  Red  Cross  Society  ; and 
founded  the  “ American  Register  ” in  Paris,  one  of  the 
first  English  newspapers  published  in  that  city.  It  was 
through  his  efforts  that  the  Empress  Eugenie  was  rescued 
from  the  violence  of  the  Commune  in  1870,  and  reached 
England  in  safety. 

Eveleth  ( ev'  e-leth) . A city  in  St.  Louis  County, 
Minnesota,  about  50  miles  northwest  of  Duluth. 
Iron-mining  is  its  principal  industry.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,036,  (1910). 

Everett  (ev'er-et).  The  county-seat  of  Sno- 
homish County,  Washington,  on  Possession 
Sound,  28  miles  northeast  of  Seattle.  Its 
main  interests  are  agriculture,  lumbering,  and 
mining,  and  it  has  paper-factories,  flour-mills, 
lumber-mills,  refining-works,  etc.  Population, 
24,814,  (1910). 

Everett  (ev'er-et),  Charles  Carroll.  Born  at 
Brunswick,  Me.,  June  19,  1829:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Oct.  17,  1900.  An  American 
Unitarian  minister  and  educator.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Bowdoin  College  in  1850;  was  minister  of  the 
Independent  Congregational  (Unitarian)  Church  at  Ban- 
gor, Maine,  1859-61.' ; and  was  appointed  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Harvard  University  in  1869  and  dean  of  the  Har- 
vard Divinity  School  in  1878.  He  wrote  “The  Science  of 
Thought”  (1869),  “Religions  before  Christianity”  (1883), 
“ Fichte's  Science  of  Knowledge  ” (1884),  “ The  Gospel  of 
Paul  ” (1893),  “ Essays  Theological  and  Literary  " (1901),  etc. 

Everett  (ev'er-et),  William.  Born  Oct.  10, 
1839 : died  Feb.  16,  1910.  An  American  ed- 
ucator and  author,  son  of  Edward  Everett. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1859  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  England,  in  1863.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Boston  in  1866,  but  never  practised, 
and  in  1872  was  licensed  to  preach  in  the  Unitarian  Church. 
He  was  tutor  and  later  assistant  professor  of  Latin  in  Har- 
vard University  1870-77 ; master  of  Adams  Academy, 
Quincy,  Mass.,  1877-93;  and  wa9  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  1893-95.  In  1897  he  was  recalled  to  the  master- 
ship of  Adams  Academy.  Among  his  publications  are 
“ On  the  Cam  ” (1865),  “ School  Sermons  ” (1882),  “ Thine, 
not  Mine”  (1890),  “The  Italian  Poets  since  Dante”  (1904), 
etc. 


Farmington 

Ever  Faithful  Isle.  A name  formerly  given 
to  the  island  of  Cuba. 

Evermann  (ev'er-man),  Barton  Warren. 

Born  in  Monroe  County,  Iowa,  Oct.  24, 1853.  An 
American  biologist.  He  was  ichthyologist  and 
assistant  in  charge  of  the  scientific  work  of  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  Fisheries  from  1903, 
and  curator  of  the  division  of  fishes  in  the 
United  States  National  Museum  from  1905. 
He  has  published  “ The  Fishes  of  North  and  Middle  Amer- 
ica ” (1896-1900:  with  David  Starr  Jordan),  “Food  and 
Game  Fishes  of  North  America”  (1902  : also  with  Jordan), 
“ Fishes  of  Hawaii"  (1905),  “ Fishes  of  Alaska  ” (1907),  etc. 

Eversley,  Viscount.  See  *Shaw-Lefevre, 
Charles. 

Ewald  (a'vald),  Karl.  Born  Oct.  15,  1856: 
died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  26,  1908.  A noted 
Danish  novelist.  His  works  include  stories  of  modern 
life,  historical  romances,  fairy  tales,  etc.  He  was  called 
the  “Danish  Hans  Andersen.” 

Ewing  (u'ing),  Mrs.  (Juliana  Horatia  Gatty). 

Born  at  Ecelesfield,  Yorkshire,  1841:  died  at 
Bath,  May  13,  1885.  An  English  writer  for 
the  young,  daughter  of  Margaret  Gatty.  She 
married  in  1867  Major  Alexander  Ewing  of  the  army  pay 
department.  Her  works  include  “Melchior's  Dream” 
(1862),  “The  Brownies"  (1870),  “A  Flat-iron  for  a Farth- 
ing” (1872),  “Lob-lie-by-the-Fire”  (1873),  “We  and  the 
World  ” (1873),  “Six  to  Sixteen”  (1875),  “Jan  of  the  Wind- 
mill" (1876),  “Jackanapes  ” (1883),  “The  Story  of  a Short 
Life  ” (1885),  etc. 

Excelsior  State.  A popular  name  for  the  State 
of  New  York:  from  the  motto  “Excelsior”  on 
its  shield. 

Exner  (eks'ner),  Siegmund.  Born  at  Vienna, 
Austria,  April  5,  1846.  An  Austrian  physi- 
ologist, professor  at  the  University  of  Vienna 
from  1874.  His  works  include  “Untersuchungen  liber 
die  Lokalisation  der  Funktionen  in  der  Grosshirnrinde  des 
Menschen”  (1881),  “Die  Physiologie  des  Fliegens  und 
Sehwebens  in  den  bildenden  Kiinsten  ” (1882),  etc. 

Eyre  (ar),  Wilson.  Born  at  Florence,  Italy, 
Oct.  30,  1858.  An  American  architect.  He  was 
educated  at  schools  in  Italy  and  America,  and  acquired  his 
professional  training  in  the  office  of  James  P.  Sims  in 
Philadelphia.  He  has  been  especially  successful  in  domes- 
tic architectur  e.  He  was  elected  a national  academician 
in  1910. 


abian  (fa'bi-an)  Society.  An 
organization  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  socialism, 
formed  as  a result  of  in- 
formal conferences  for  the 
discussion  of  social  ques- 
tions held  by  Thomas  Da- 
vidson in  London  in  1883. 
The  society  (named  for  the  Roman  Fabius)  held  its  first 
public  meetings  in  1888  and  entered  on  a definite  propa- 
ganda of  socialism.  The  addresses  have  been  published  as 
the  “ Fabian  Essays  ” (1889).  “ Tracts  ” have  been  issued 

at  intervals. 

Fabre  (fabr),  Jean  Henri.  Born  at  St.  Leons, 
France,  Dec.  21,  1823.  A French  naturalist. 

He  has  published  many  elementary  and  popular  works  of 
science,  including  “Science  elementaire  ” (1862-65),  “As- 
tronomie  Elementaire”  (1872),  “La  plante  ” (1875),  and 
“Souvenirs  entomologiques  ” (1879-99).  This  last  work 
has  been  crowned  by  the  Institute  of  France. 

Faguet  (fa-ga'),  3-lmile.  Born  at  La  Roche- 
sur-Yon,  France,  Dec.  17, 1847.  A French  his- 
torical critic,  professor  at  the  Sorbonne  from 
1890.  He  was  dramatic  critic  of'the  “Soleil " for  three 
years,  and  in  1896  succeeded  Jules  Lemaitre  on  the  “ Jour- 
nal des  Debats.”  In  1900  he  was  elected  to  the  French 
Academy,  succeeding  Cherbuliez.  Among  his  works  are 
studies  of  the  four  literary  centuries  of  France,  “ Corneille  ” 
(1885),  “La  Fontaine”  (1889),  “Notes  sur  le  theatre 
contemporain"  (1889-91),  “Voltaire"  (1894),  “Flaubert” 
(1899),  “ Histoire  de  la  litterature  fran<;ai8e  ” (1900),  “ Andre 
Chenier”  (1902),  “En  lisant  Nietzsche”  (1904),  “L’Anti- 
cldricalisme  ” (1900),  etc. 

Fairbanks  (far'bangks).  A town  in  Ala  ska,  on 
a branch  of  the  Yukon  River,  about  lat.  65°  N., 
long.  147°  50'  W.  It  is  an  important  mission  station 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  has  a post-office 
and  a wireless  telegraph  station.  It  is  the  largest  gold- 
camp  in  the  interior.  Population,  3,541,  (1910). 

Fairbanks  (far'bangks),  Charles  Warren. 

Born  near  Union ville  Center,  Ohio,  May  11, 
1852.  An  American  lawyer  and  Republican 
statesman,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States 
1905-09.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity, Delaware,  Ohio,  in  1872,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
(Ohio)  bar  in  1874.  In  1898  he  was  appointed  a member 
of  the  Joint  High  British-American  Commission  and  chair- 
man of  the  American  commissioners.  He  was  elected 
United  States  senator  from  Indiana  in  1897  and  in  1903, 
and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  in  1904. 


Fairbury  (far'be-ri).  The  county-seat  of  Jef- 
ferson County,  Nebraska,  53  miles  southwest 
of  Lincoln.  It  is  a railroad  junction,  and  has 
nurseries,  manufactories,  etc.  Population, 
5,294,  (1910). 

Fairchild  (far'child),  Charles  Stebbins. 

Born  at  Cazenovia,  N.  Y.,  April  30,  1842.  An 
American  lawyer,  banker,  and  cabinet  officer. 

He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1863;  practised  law  in 
Albany  and  New  York  city  1865-85,  being  deputy  attor- 
ney-general of  the  State  1874-75,  and  attorney-general 
1876-77  ; and  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  United  States 
treasury  1885-87,  and  secretary  1887-89. 

Fairchild  (far'child),  Herman  Leroy.  Born 
at  Montrose,  Pa.,  April  29,  1850.  An  American 
geologist,  professor  in  the  University  of  Roch- 
ester from  1888.  He  has  published  numerous 
technical  papers  relating  especially  to  the 
glacial  geology  of  New  York. 

Fairhaven  (far-ha/vn).  A town  in  Bristol 
County,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Acushnet 
River  opposite  New  Bedford.  It  is  a summer 
resort,  and  has  fishing  interests  and  various 
manufactures.  The  town  is  connected  with 
New  Bedford  by  ferry,  bridge,  and  electric 
railway.  Population,  5,122,  (1910). 

Fairmont  (far  ' mont).  The  county-seat  of 
Marion  County,  West  Virginia,  on  the  Monon- 
gahela  River,  52  miles  southeast  of  Wheeling. 
It  is  in  a coal-mining  region,  and  has  foun- 
dries, flour-mills,  glass-factories,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a State  normal  school.  Popula- 
tion, 9,711,  (1910). 

Fall  (fal),  Leo.  A contemporary  German 
composer.  He  has  devoted  himself  to  light  opera,  fol- 
lowing in  the  footsteps  of  Johann  Strauss  and  Franz  von 
Suppe.  His  works  include  “Irrlicht”  (1905),  “Der 
Rebell  ” (1905),  “Der  fidele  Bauer  ” (1907),  “Die  Dollar 
Prinzessin”  (1907),  “Die  geschiedene  Frau,”  and  “Die 
schone  Risette.  ” Many  of  these  works  have  been  heard 
in  London  and  New  York  under  English  titles,  the  most 
successful  being  “The  Dollar  Princess"  and  “The  Girl 
in  the  Train  ” (“  Die  geschiedene  Frau  ”). 

Falli&res  (fal-yar'),  Clement  Armand.  Born 
at  M6zin,  Lot-et-Garonne,  Nov.  6,  1841.  A 
French  statesman.  He  was  elected  to  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies  in  1876 ; was  minister  of  the  interior  1882-83 


and  1887,  minister  of  public  instruction  1883-85  and  1889- 
1890,  minister  of  justice  1887-88  and  1890-92,  senator  1889- 
1906,  and  president  of  the  Senate  1899-1906 ; and  was 
elected  President  of  the  French  Republic,  January  17, 
1906. 

Fame,  Hall  of.  See  *Hall  of  Fame. 

Fane,  Violet.  The  pseudonym  of  Lady  Currie 
(Mrs.  Mary  Montgomerie  Singleton). 

Farina  (fa-re'na),  Salvatore.  Born  at  Sorso, 
Italy,  Jan.  10,  1846.  An  Italian  novelist  and 
journalist.  Among  his  works  are  “ Fiamma  Vagabonda  ” 
(1872),  “II  tesoro  di  Donnina  ” (1873),  “ Amore  bendato  ” 
(1875),  “Oro  nascosto”  (1878),  “Mio  figlio ” (1879-81),  “H 
Signor  Io,”  his  best-known  book  (1882),  “ Amore  ha  cent' 
occhi"  (1882),  “Pe’  begli  occhi  della  gloria”  (1887),  “Piu 
forte  dell'  amore  ” (1890L  “ II  numero  13  ” (1895),  “ Ma- 
donnina  Bianca  (Vanitas)-'  (1897),  “ Fino  alia  morte  ”(1902). 
Farley,  John  Murphy.  Born  at  Newtown  Ham- 
ilton, County  Armagh,  Ireland,  April  20,  1842. 
An  American  Roman  Catholic  prelate.  He  was 
ordained  priest  in  Rome  in  1870.  He  was  secretary  t<> 
Archbishop  McCloskey  of  New  York  1872-84,  was  vicar- 
general  of  New  York  1891,  domestic  prelate  of  Pope  Leo 
XIII.  1892-95,  auxiliary  bishop  of  New  York  1895-1902, 
archbishop  of  New  York  1902-,  and  cardinal  Nov.  27, 1911  . 
He  has  especially  promoted  Catholic  education. 

Farman  (far'man),  Henri.  Bom  in  Paris  (of 
an  English  father  and  French  mother)  in  1873. 
An  English  aviator.  He  began  experiments  with  a 
Voisin  biplane  in  August,  1907 ; on  Jan.  13,  1908,  won  the 
Deutsch-Archdeacon  prize  for  the  first  machine  to  fly  one 
kilometer  in  a complete  circle;  on  July  6,  1908,  won  the 
Armengaud  prize  offered  for  the  first  machine  to  remain 
over  15  minutes  in  the  air  ; came  to  the  United  States  in 
August,  1908  ; Oct.  30, 1908,  made  the  first  flight  from  city 
to  city  (Bouy  to  Rheims);  and  on  Aug.  27,  1909,  won  the 
Grand  Prix  de  la  Champagne  at  Rheims  by  a record  flight 
of  180  kilometers  (111.848  miles)  in  3 hrs.  4 min.  56g  sec. 
He  continued  his  flight  beyond  the  official  time-limit  until 
he  had  covered  190  kilometers  (118.06  miles).  On  Nov.  9, 
1910,  he  carried  6 passengers  (including  the  aviator)  for 
two  circuits,  at  Chalons,  France. 

Farmer  of  St.  Ives.  A name  given  to  Oliver 
Cromwell.  He  rented  grazing-lands  at  St.  Ives, 
Huntingdonshire,  1631-36. 

Farmington  (far'ming-ton).  A town  in  Hart- 
ford County,  Connecticut,  9 miles  southwest 
of  Hartford.  It  has  manufactories  of  stone- 
crushers,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  a well-known 
school  for  girls,  established  about  1845.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,478,  (1910). 


Farrand 


Fiske,  Mrs. 


Farrand  (far ' and),  Livingston.  Born  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  (Tune  14,  186/.  An  American 
anthropologist  and  psychologist,  professor  of 
anthropology  in  Columbia  University  from  1903. 
He  was  adjunct  professor  there  1901-03.  His 
studies  relate  chiefly  to  the  American  Indians. 
Farrar  (far'ar  or  fa-rar'),  Geraldine.  Born  at 
Melrose,  Mass.,  Feb.  28,  1882.  An  American 
Soprano  singer.  She  studied  with  Lorenz  in  Boston, 
Trabadello  in  Paris,  and  Lilli  Lehmann  in  Germany.  She 
made  her  operatic  ddbutat  Berlin  in  1901  as  Marguerite 
in  “ Faust,”  became  a member  of  the  Court  Opera,  and 
sang  later  in  Paris  and  Russia.  She  joined  the  Metropoli- 
tan Opera  Company  in  1906,  and  made  her  first  American 
appearance  as  Juliet  in  Gounod’s  opera.  Her  idles  include 
Madame  Butterfly,  the  Goose  Girl  (in  “ Konigskinder  ”1 
which  she  created,  Ariane  (in  “ Ariane  et  Barbe-Bleue 
Elizabeth  (in  “ Tannhauser  ”),  Nedda  (in  “ Pagliacci  ”), 
Mimi  (in  “ La  Boheme  ”),  and  Tosca. 

Fashoda  Affair.  The  culminating  incident  of 
the  effort  of  France  to  gain  control  of  the 
upper  Nile.  See  * Marchand . 

Faunce  (fans),  William  Herbert  Perry. 
Born  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Jan.  15,  1859.  An 
American  clergyman  and  educator,  president 
of  Brown  University  from  1899.  He  was  gradu- 
ated  at  Brown  University  in  1880,  and  was  pastor  of  the 
State  Street  Baptist  Church,  Springfield,  Massachusetts, 
1884-89,  and  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Baptist  Church,  New 
York  city,  1889-99. 

Faur6  (fo-ra'),  Gabriel.  Born  at  Pamiers, 
France,  May  13,  1845.  A French  composer. 

He  has  composed  an  opera,  “L’Organiste  ” (1885),  a sym- 
phony, incidental  music  to  several  plays  (including  “ Pel- 
teas  et  M&isande”),  a number  of  highly  esteemed  songs, 
a violin  sonata,  and  piano  pieces. 

Fedora  (fa-do'ra).  An  opera  by  Umberto 
Giordano  and  Victorien  Sardou,  first  produced 
at  Milan  in  1898. 

Feng-huang-cheng  (feng-hwang-cheng').  A 
town  in  southern  Manchuria,  situated  about 
forty  miles  northwest  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Yalu.  It  was  captured  from  the  Russians  by 
the  Japanese  under  Kuroki,  May  6,  19Q4.  In 
1907  it  was  opened  to  international  trade. 
Fenn  (fen),  George  Manville.  Born  at  West- 
minster, Jan.  3,  1831:  died  Aug.  26,  1909.  An 
English  author.  He  contributed  numerous  sketches 
and  short  stories  to  various  magazines  ; published  over 
one  hundred  books  for  boys,  and  many  novels  ; and  was 
editor  of  “Cassell’s  Magazine,”  and  editor  and  proprietor 
of  “ Once  a Week.”  Among  his  books  are  “ The  Parson  o’ 
Dumford  ” (1879),  “ Double  Cunning  ” (1886),  “ This  Man’s 
Wife”  (1887),  “A  Crimson  Crime”  (1899),  and  “The  Can- 
kerworm  ” (1901). 

Fenollosa  (fen-o-16'sa),  Ernest  Francisco. 

Bora  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Feb.  18, 1853:  died  Sept., 
1908.  An  American  educator.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  University  in  1874,  was  professor  of 
political  economy  and  philosophy  at  Tokio  University 
1878-80,  and  of  philosophy  and  logic  1880-86.  He  was 
manager  of  the  art  department  of  the  Imperial  Museum 
at  Tokio  1887-90,  and  curator  of  the  department  of  Orien. 
tal  art  in  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  1890-96.  He 
published  poems,  monographs  on  art,  etc. 

Fergus  Falls  (fer'gus  falz).  The  county-seat 
of  Otter  Tail  County,  Minnesota,  on  the  Red 
River.  It  has  many  mills  and  factories,  the 
products  including  flour,  lumber,  woolen  goods,, 
iron,  etc.  Population,  6,887,  (1910). 

Femow  (fer'no),  Bernhard  Eduard.  Born  at 
Inowrazlaw,  Posen,  Prussia,  Jan.  7,  1851.  A 
German-American  forester,  dean  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  forestry  of  Toronto  University  from 
1907.  He  was  chief  of  the  forestry  division  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  1886-98,  and  director 
and  dean  of  the  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  of 
Cornell  University  1898-1903.  He  has  been  honorary  cu- 
rator of  the  United  States  National  Museum  from  1887. 
His  works  include  “ The  White  Pine  ” (1899),  “ Economics 
of  Forestry  ” (1902),  “History  of  Forestry  ” (1907),  etc. 

Ferrari  (fer-ra're),  Carlotta.  Born  at  Lodi, 
Jan.  27,  1837:  died  at  Bologna,  Nov.  23,  1907. 
An  Italian  poet  and  composer,  she  studied  music 
at  the  Milan  Conservatory.  Her  compositions  include  a 
well-known  mass,  several  operas,  and  many  songs,  of 
which  she  wrote  both  words  and  music.  Her  long  poem, 
“ Dante  Alighieri,”  ran  into  several  editions. 

Ferraris  (fa-ra'res),  Galileo.  Born  at  Livorno, 
Piedmont,  Italy,  Oct.  31,  1847 : died  at  Turin, 
Feb.  7,  1897.  An  eminent  Italian  physicist, 
noted,  for  his  researches  in  electricity,  and 
especially  for  his  discovery  of  the  principle  of 
the  rotary  field.  From  1879  he  was  professor  of 
physics  at  the  Royal  Industrial  Museum  and  instructor 
of  physics  in  the  Superior  Military  Academy  in  Turin. 
Among  his  works  are  “Sulla  illuminazione  elettrica” 
(1879)  and  “ Lezioni  di  elettrotecnica  " (1898). 

Ferrelo  (fa-ra'lo),  Bartolomeo:  correctly 
Ferrer.  A Spanish  navigator  of  about  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  He  accom- 
panied Cabrillo  as  pilot  on  his  expedition  to 
the  western  coast  of  California  1542-43. 
Ferrer.  See  *Ferrelo. 

Ferrero  (fe-ra'ro),  Guglielmo.  Born  at  Turin, 
1872.  An  Italian  author.  His  translated  works  in- 


clude “Militarism  : a Contribution  to  the  Peace  Crusade  ” 
(1903),  “ Characters  and  Events  of  Roman  History  from 
Csesar  to  Nero ” (Lowell  lectures,  1908),  “The  Greatness 
and  Decline  of  Rome  ” (5  volumes,  1907-09),  “The  Women 
of  the  Caesars  ’’  (serially,  1911),  etc. 

Ferrer  y Guardia  (fer-rar'  e gwiir-de'a),  Fran- 
cisco. Born  in  1859  at  Abella,  in  the  province 
of  Barcelona:  executed  Oct.  13,  1909.  A 
Spanish  educator.  He  was  an  active  propagandist  of 
advanced  socialistic  doctrines,  and  was  arrested,  Sept.  1, 
1909,  on  the  charge  of  being  a notorious  anarchist  and 
implicated  in  the  Barcelona  riots  of  the  preceding  July. 
His  execution,  occurring  on  the  very  day  of  his  trial, 
roused  intensely  bitter  feeling  among  socialists  at  large, 
especially  in  France. 

Ferri  (fer're),  Enrico.  Born  at  San  Bene- 
detto Po,  Mantua,  Feb.  25,  1856.  An  Italian 
socialist  and  criminologist.  He  studied  at  Bo- 
logna,  Pisa,  and  Paris,  and  was  a pupil  of  Lombroso  ; and 
was  professor  at  Bologna,  Siena,  Pisa,  Brussels,  and  the 
College  of  Social  Science  at  Paris.  He  has  been  a member 
of  the  Italian  Chamber  of  Deputies  since  1886,  and  is  a 
leader  of  the  socialist  party.  He  is  the  author  of  various 
works  on  sociological  and  criminological  subjects. 

Fevrier  (fa-vre-a'),  Henri.  A contemporary 
French  composer.  lie  has  written  chamber  music 
and  two  operas,  “Le  roi  aveugle”  and  “MonnaVanna” 
(after  Maeterlinck’s  drama),  the  latter  being  produced 
at  the  Paris  Opera,  Jan.  23,  1909. 

Ffrangcon-Davies  (frang'kon-da'viz),  David 
Thomas.  Born  at  Bethesda,  Carnarvonshire, 
Dec.  11,  1860.  A Welsh  barytone.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  and  took  orders,  but  with- 
drew to  become  a singer.  He  made  his  debut  in  opera  in 
1890,  but  since  1893  has  devoted  himself  to  concert  work, 
appearing  in  Europe  and  America.  He  became  a teacher 
in  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  London,  and  has  pub- 
lished “The  Singing  of  the  Future.” 

Fiala  (fe-a'la),  Anthony.  Born  at  Jersey 
City,  N.  J.,  Sept.  19,  1869.  An  American 
arctic  explorer.  He  was  a member  of  the  Baldwin- 
Ziegler  expedition  1901-02,  and  commanded  the  Ziegler 
expedition  which  sailed  from  Tromso,  Norway,  July,  1903, 
and  attained  lat.  82°  13'  N.,  returning  in  1905.  He  is  the 
author  of  “ Fighting  the  Polar  Ice  ” (1906). 

Fiebeger  (fe'be-ger),  Gustave  Joseph.  Born 
at  Akron,  Ohio,  May  9,  1858.  An  officer  of 
engineers  and  educator,  professor  of  engineer- 
ing and  the  art  of  war  in  the  United  States 
Military  Academy.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
Academy  in  1879,  and  was  assistant  professor  there 
1883-88.  His  publications  include  “Field  Fortification’’ 
(1901),  “ Civil  Engineering  ’’  (1904),  etc. 

Fiedler  (fed'ler),  August  Max.  Born  at 
Zittau,  Saxony,  Dec.  31,  1859.  A German 
conductor  and  composer.  He  studied  at  the  Leip- 
sic  Conservatory  1877-80,  became  a teacher  at  the  Ham- 
burg Conservatory  in  1882,  and  director  in  1903.  He  also 
conducted  the  Philharmonic  Concerts  there.  He  was 
conductor  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra  1908-12. 
He  has  composed  symphonies,  songs,  piano  pieces,  and 
chamber  music. 

Field*,  Eugene.  His  works  include  “The  Denver 
Tribune  Primer"  (1882),  “Culture’s  Garland”  (1887),  “A 
Little  Book  of  Profitable  Tales  ” (1890),  “ A Little  Book  of 
Western  Verse"  (1890),  “With  Trumpet  and  Drum" 
(1892),  “Echoes  from  the  Sabine  Farm  "(1893),  “The  Holy 
Cross,  and  Other  Tales  ” (1893),  “A  Second  Book  of  Verse  ” 
(1893),  “ Love-songs  of  Childhood  ’’  (1894),  “ The  House  ” 
(1896),  “Second  Book  of  Tales”  (1896),  “Songs,  and  Other 
Verse”  (1896),  “Eugene  Field,  an  Auto-analysis ” (1896), 
“Love-affairs  of  a Bibliomaniac ” (1896),  “Lullaby-land” 
(1897),  etc. 

Field  (feld),  Kate.  Bora  at  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
1838 : died  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii,  May  19,  1896. 
An  American  actress,  journalist,  and  lecturer. 
She  established  a periodical,  “ Kate  Field’s 
Washington,”  in  1890,  discontinued  shortly 
before  her  death. 

Field  (feld),  Marshall.  Born  at  Conway, 
Mass.,  Aug.  18,  1835:  died  at  New  York,  Jan. 
16,  1906.  An  American  merchant.  He  went  to 

Chicago  in  1856  and  in  1860  entered  into  partnership  with 
Potter  Palmer  and  Levi  Z.  Leiter.  Later,  on  the  with- 
drawal of  the  two  latter,  the  firm  became  Marshall  Field 
and  Company.  He  founded  the  Field  Columbian  Museum 
in  Chicago. 

Field  Columbian  Museum.  A museum  situ- 
ated at  the  north  end  of  Jackson  Park,  Chicago, 
formed  out  of  the  Art  Building  of  the  World’s 
Columbian  Exposition  of  1893  at  the  expense 
of  Marshall  Field.  It  contains  collections  in 
anthropology,  ethnology,  geology,  natural  his- 
tory, etc. 

Fildes  (fildz),  Sir  Luke.  Born  at  Liverpool 
in  1844.  An  English  painter.  Much  of  his  early 
work  consisted  of  illustrations  for  London  periodicals. 
His  paintings  include  English  and  Venetian  genre  sub- 
jects, also  portraits,  among  the  latter  those  of  King  Ed- 
ward VII.  and  Queen  Alexandra.  Among  his  most  fa- 
mous paintings  are  “The  Village  Wedding”  (1883)  and 
“ The  Doctor  ” (1891).  He  was  knighted  in  1906. 

Finck  (fingk),  Henry  Theophilus.  Born  at 
Bethel,  Mo.,  Sept.  22,  1854.  An  American 
critic  and  writer  on  musical  and  other  subjects. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1876,  and  since  1881 
has  been  musical  critic  on  tho  New  York  “Evening 
Post.”  lie  has  published  “Romantic  Love  and  Personal 
Beauty”  (1887),  “Chopin,  and  Other  Musical  Essays” 
(1889),  “ Wagner  and  his  Works  ” (1893),  “ Primitive  Love 


and  Love  Stories”  (1899),  “Songs  and  Song  Writers” 
(1900),  “Edvard  Grieg”  (1906),  “Grieg  and  his  Music” 
(1909),  and  books  of  travel  in  Spain,  California,  and  Japan. 
Finland*.  The  administration  is  vested  in  a national 
parliament  consisting  of  one  chamber  of  200  members 
chosen  by  direct  and  proportional  election.  There  are  16 
electoral  districts  with  a representation  proportioned  to 
the  population.  The  suffrage  is  possessed  by  all  citizens, 
male  or  female,  above  the  age  of  24  years.  The  “ Impe- 
rial Legislation  Law,”  enacted  June  30,  1910,  deprived  the 
Diet  of  its  right  to  pass  upon  Finnish  questions  involving 
imperial  interests. 

Finlay  (fin ' la),  Charles  John.  Born  at 
Puerto  Principe,  Cuba,  Dec.  3, 1833,  of  English 
parents.  An  American  physician,  chief  sani- 
tary officer  of  Cuba  1902-08.  He  was  graduated 
from  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  in  1855. 
He  originated  (1881)  the  theory,  since  demonstrated,  that 
yellow  fever  is  transmitted  by  a species  of  mosquito. 

Finley  (fin'li),  John  Huston.  Born  at  Grand 
Ridge,  111.,  Oct.  19,  1863.  An  American  edu- 
cator. He  was  graduated  at  Knox  College  in  1887,  and 
studied  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  1887-89.  He  was 
president  of  Knox  College  1892-99,  professor  of  politics  in 
Princeton  University  1900-03,  president  of  the  College  of 
the  City  of  New  York  1903-13,  and  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation for  the  State  of  New  York  1913-. 

Finsen  (fin  ' sen),  Niels  Ryberg.  Born  at 
Thorshavn  in  the  Faroe  Islands,  Dec.  15, 1860: 
died  at  Copenhagen,  Sept.  24,  1904.  A Danish 
physician,  noted  for  his  application  of  solar 
and  electric  light  to  the  cure  of  diseases  of 
the  skin,  especially  of  lupus.  He  was  prosector  at 
Copenhagen  1890-93,  and  thereafter  devoted  himself  to 
the  development  of  the  light-cure.  He  published  a num- 
ber of  works  on  this  subject.  In  1903  he  received  the 
Nobel  prize  in  medicine. 

Firth  (ferth),  Charles  Harding.  Born  at 
Sheffield,  England,  March  16,  1857.  A noted 
English  historian  and  educator.  He  was  educated 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ; was  lecturer  at  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1887-93 ; was  lecturer  in  English  history 
at  the  University  of  Oxford  1900;  was  fellow  of  All  Souls' 
College  1901 ; and  has  been  regius  professor  of  modern 
history  at  Oxford  since  1904.  In  1903  he  was  made  a 
fellow  of  the  British  Academy.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Scotland  and  the  Protectorate”  (1899),  “Oliver  Crom- 
well and  the  Rule  of  the  Puritans  in  England”  (1900), 
“Cromwell’s  Army”  (1902),  “ The  House  of  Lords  during 
the  Civil  War”  (1910),  etc.,  and  has  edited  numerous 
biographical  and  historical  volumes. 

Fischer  (fish'er),  Emil.  Born  at  Euskirchen, 
Prussia,  Oct.  9,  1852.  A noted  German  chem- 
ist, professor  in  the  University  of  Berlin  from 
1892.  His  most  notable  achievement  is  the  production, 
synthetically,  of  the  simpler  sugars.  He  has  written 
“ Anleitung  zur  Darstellung  organischer  Praparate  ” (6th 
edition  1901),  etc.  He  received"  the  Nobel  prize  in  chem- 
istry in  1902. 

Fisher  (fish'6r),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Cross- 
house, Kilmarnock,  Scotland,  Aug.  29,  1862. 
An  Australian  statesman.  He  went  to  Queensland 
in  1885,  entered  the  Queensland  Parliament  in  1893,  and 
has  been  a member  of  the  Federal  Parliament  from  its 
inauguration  in  1901.  He  is  leader  of  the  Federal  Parlia- 
mentary Labor  party,  and  was  prime  minister  1908-09 
and  1910-. 

Fisher  (fish'er),  John  Arbuthnot,  first  Baron 
Fisher  of  Kilverstone.  Bora  Jan.  25,  1841. 
A British  naval  officer,  first  sea-lord  of  the 
Admiralty  1904-05,  and  admiral  of  the  fleet 
1905-11.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  (1855),  Chinese 
(1859-60),  and  Egyptian  (1882)  wars,  became  vice-admiral 
in  1890,  and  was  lord  of  the  admiralty  1892-97,  a delegate 
to  the  peace  conference  at  The  Hague  in  1899,  command- 
er-in-chief  of  the  Mediterranean  station  1899-1902,  sec- 
ond naval  lord  of  the  admiralty  1902-03,  and  commander- 
in-chief  at  Portsmouth  1903-04.  In  1905  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Order  of  Merit.  He  was  knighted  in  1894, 
and  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1909. 

Fisher  (fish'er),  Mark.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
of  English  and  Irish  parentage.  A contempo- 
rary English  painter.  After  receiving  his  education 
at  Boston  he  studied  under  Gleyre  at  Paris,  settled  in  Eng- 
land, and  devoted  himself  to  landscape  and  animal  paint- 
ing. He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1911. 

Fisher  (fish'er),  Walter  Lowrie.  Born  at 

Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  July  4,  1862.  An  Amer- 
ican lawyer,  secretary  of  the  interior  March 
7,  1911-13.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1888, 
and  has  since  practised  law  in  Chicago.  He  has  been 
special  counsel  for  the  city  of  Chicago  in  traction  affairs 
since  1906,  and  was  a member  of  the  commission  appoint- 
ed in  1910  to  investigate  the  control  of  stock  and  bond 
issues  by  railroad  companies. 

Fishguard  (fish'gard).  A seaport  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, Wales.  The  Cunard  steamers 
from  New  York  land  passengers  at  Fishguard 
harbor  before  going  on  to  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion, 2,002. 

Fiske  (fisl<),  Mrs.  (Minnie  Davey) : known  as 
Minnie  Maddern  Fiske.  Born  at  New  Or- 
leans, La.,  Dec.  19,  1865.  An  American  ac- 
tress. She  took  her  mother’s  maiden  name  of  Maddern. 
She  went  on  the  stage  at  the  age  of  three  and  has  starred 
since  she  was  sixteen.  In  1890  she  married  Harrison 
Grey  Fiske,  journalist  and  playwright.  Her  principal 
successes  have  been  made  in  “Tess  of  the  D’Urbervilles,” 
“Becky  Sharp,”  “Leah  Kleschna,”  “Salvation  Nell,”  etc. 


Fiske,  Thomas  Scott 

Fiske  (fisk),  Thomas  Scott.  Born  at  New 
York,  May  12,  1865.  An  American  mathema- 
tician, professor  of  mathematics  in  Columbia 
University  from  1897.  He  was  adjunct  pro- 
fessor there  1894-97. 

Fisk  University.  An  institution  at  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee,  founded  in  1865  by  the 
American  Missionary  Association  of  New  York 
and  the  Western  Freedman’s  Aid  Commission 
for  the  purpose  of  providing  Christian  educa- 
tion for  the  colored  people  of  the  South,  it 

offers  courses  in  preparation  for  the  degrees  of  bachelor 
of  arts  and  bachelor  of  science,  and  has  a theological,  a 
music,  and  a normal  school.  The  students  number  over 
450  and  the  alumni  about  700.  The  endowment  is  less 
than  $80,000.  It  has  also  a college  preparatory  depart- 
ment and  a training-school. 

Fitch  (fich),  William  Clyde.  Born  at  Elmira, 
New  York,  May  2,  1865:  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
4,1909.  An  American  playwright,  lie  graduated 

at  Amherst  College  in  1886,  and  from  188!)  produced  plays 
for  the  stage.  Among  them  are  “Barbara  Frietchie,” 
“Captain  Jinks  of  the  Horse  Marines,’’  “Beau  Brummel,” 
“The  Climbers,”  “The  Girl  and  the  Judge,”  “The  Girl 
with  the  Green  Eyes,”  “ The  Woman  in  the  Case,”  etc. 
Fitzgerald  (flts-jer'ald).  A city  in  Ben  Hill 
County,  Georgia,  135  miles  southwest  of  Sa- 
vannah. Its  main  interests  are  iron  and  cot- 
ton. Population,  5,795,  (1910). 
Flammarion*,  Camille.  His  later  works  include 
“La  tin  du  monde  ” (1893),  “L’Inconnu  et  ses  problemes 
psychiques”  (1900),  “ Les  eruptions  volcaniques  et  les 
tremblements  de  terre  ” (1902),  and  “La  planete  Mars  et 
ses  conditions  d’ habitability  ” (1909). 

Flat  River  (flat  riv'er).  A city  in  St.  Francois 
County,  Missouri,  incorporated  in  1908.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,112,  (1910). 

Fleay  (fla),  Frederick  Gard.  Born  1831 : died 
at  Upper  Tooting,  London,  March  10,1909.  A 
British  Shaksperian  scholar.  He  graduated  from 
King’s  College,  London,  in  1849,  and  from  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1853.  Among  his  well-known  works  are 
“ Life  of  Shakespeare  ” (188(3),  “ Biographical  Chronicle  of 
the  English  Drama,”  and  “Chronicle  of  the  English 
Stage.” 

Fleming  ( flem'ing),  Mrs.  ( Williamina  Paton). 
Born  at  Dundee,  Scotland,  May  15,  1857 : died 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  May  21,  1911.  A Scottish- 
American  astronomer,  curator  of  astronomical 
photographs  in  the  Harvard  Observatory  1898- 
1911.  Sbe  was  assistant  in  the  observatory 
1879-98,  and  discovered  new  stars  and  the 
spectra  of  meteors. 

Fletcher  (flech'er),  Banister.  Born  1833: 
died  at  Hampstead,  London,  July  5,  1899.  An 
English  architect.  He  was  trained  in  architecture  in 
the  office  of  Charles  James  Richardson  (author  of  several 
books  on  Elizabethan  architecture),  and  was  professor  of 
architecture  and  building  construction  in  King’s  College, 
London,  where  he  created  an  excellent  school  with  a fine 
museum.  His  best-known  publication  is  the  “ History  of 
Architecture  ” (1896  : 5th  ed.  1905),  written  with  the  assis- 
tance of  his  son  Banister  F.  Fletcher. 

Fletcher  (flech'er),  Henry  Prather.  Born  at 
Green  Castle,  Pa.,  April  10,  1873.  An  Ameri- 
can diplomatist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1894, 
and  served  with  the  Rough  Riders  in  the  war  with  Spain 
in  1898,  and  with  the  United  States  Volunteer  Infantry  in 
the  Philippine  Islands  1899-1901.  He  was  second  secre- 
tary of  the  American  legation  to  Cuba  1902-03,  and  to 
China  1903-05  ; secretary  of  the  legation  to  Portugal  1905- 
1907  ; and  first  secretary  of  the  legation  to  China  1907-09. 
He  was  appointed  minister  to  Chile  in  1909. 

Fletcher  (flech'er),  Horace.  Born  at  Law- 
rence, Mass.,  Aug.  10,  1849.  An  American 
writer  on  dietetics  and  vital  economics.  He 
is  best  known  as  the  founder  of  “ Fletcherism,”  a dietetic 
system  which  emphasizes  especially  the  thorough  masti- 
cation of  food.  His  works  include  “ Menticulture,” 
“What  Sense?  or  Economic  Nutrition,”  “Glutton  or 
Epicure,”  “Optimism,”  etc. 

Flexner  (fieks'ner),  Simon.  Born  at  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  March  25,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can pathologist  and  bacteriologist.  He  has  been 
director  of  the  laboratories  of  the  Rockefeller  Institute 
for  Medical  Research  in  New  York  city  from  1903.  He 
has  published  various  technical  papers  and  monographs. 

Flint  (flint),  Albert  stowell.  Born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Sept.  12, 1853.  An  American  scientist, 
astronomer  of  the  Washburn  Observatory  of 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  from  1904.  He  was 

computer  in  the  United  States  Naval  Observatory  1881-83 
and  1888-89;  assistant  with  the  United  States  Transit  of 
Venus  Commission  1883-88 ; and  assistant  astronomer  of 
the  Washburn  Observatory  1889-1904.  His  publications 
relate  chiefly  to  meridian  observations  for  stellar  parallax 
and  star  positions. 

Florence  (flor'ens).  The  county-seat  of  Flor- 
ence County,  South  Carolina,  97  miles  north- 
east of  Charleston.  It  is  a cotton-market, 
and  lias  railroad  shops,  lumber-mills,  tobacco- 
warehouses,  etc.  Population,  7,057,  (1910). 
Florianopoiis  (flo'/ri-an-op'o-lis).  S eoDcsterro. 
Flynt  (flint),  Josiah.  The  pseudonym  of 
.Tosiah  Flynt  Willard.  See  * Willard. 
Fogazzaro  (fo-gat-za'ro),  Antonio.  Born  at 
Vicenza,  Italy,  March  25, 1842:  died  near  there, 


March  7,  1911.  An  Italian  poet  and  novelist. 

Among  the  best  known  of  his  works  are  “ Miranda  ’ ’ (1874), 
“Valsolda,”  a volume  of  poems  (1876),"  Malombra  ” (1881), 
“Daniel  Cortis  ” (1885),  “11  mistero  del  poeta”  (1888), 
“ Piccolo  mondo  antico  ’ ’ (1896),  “Piccolo  mondo  moderno  ’ ’ 
(1900) ; two  volumes  of  essays,  “ Discorsi  ” (1898)  and  “ As- 
censioni  uraane  ” (1899);  a book  of  plays,  “Scene  ” (1903); 
and  his  last  story,  “ Leila  ” (1910).  His  “ II  Santo  ” (1905) 
was  placed  on  the  condemnation  list  by  the  Congregation 
of  the  Index  in  1906  because  of  its  liberal  utterances  in 
regard  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Folk  (fok),  Joseph  Wingate.  Born  at  Browns- 
ville, Tenn.,  Oct.  28, 1869.  An  American  law- 
yer and  Democratic  politician,  governor  of 
Missouri  1905-09.  As  circuit  attorney  of  St. 
Louis,  1900-04,  he  became  noted  for  the  prose- 
cution of  bribery  cases. 

Folkething  (fol'ke-ting).  [Dan.,  < folk,  folk 
(—  G.  voile),  + thing,  a meeting  (of  lawmakers) : 
see  Landsthing .]  The  lower  house  of  the 

Danish  parliament  or  Rigsdag.  it  consists  of 
114  members  elected  for  three  years  by  universal  suffrage. 
All  matters  regarding  the  budget  and  taxation  must  first 
be  introduced  into  the  Folkething  and  discussed  by  it  be- 
fore being  taken  up  by  the  Landsthing,  or  upper  house. 

Folks  (foks),  Homer.  Born  at  Hanover,  Mich., 
Feb.  18,  1867.  An  American  social  worker. 
He  was  graduated  from  Albion  College,  Mich.,  in  1889, 
and  from  Harvard  College  in  1890.  He  was  superinten- 
dent of  the  Children’s  Aid  Society  of  Pennsylvania  1890- 
1893 ; has  been  secretary  of  the  State  Charities  Aid  Asso- 
ciation of  New  York  since  1893 (except  when  he  was  com- 
missioner of  public  charities  of  New  York  city  1902-03) ; is 
associate  editor  of  “ The  Survey  ”;  and  has  been  president 
of  the  State  Probation  Commission  since  its  establishment 
in  1907.  He  has  written  “History  of  the  Care  of  Destitute, 
Neglected  and  Delinquent  Children  in  the  United  States 
(1902),  etc. 

Fontane  (fon-tan'),  Theodor.  Born  at  Neu- 
ruppin,  Prussia,  Dee.  30,  1819:  died  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  20,  1898.  A German  poet,  novelist,  and 
essayist.  He  was  educated  at  the  Industrial  School  in 
Berlin,  and  was  editor  of  the  English  department  of  the 
“ Neuen  Preussischen  Zeitung  ” (1860-70),  and  dramatic 
critic  of  the  “ Vossische  Zeitung”  (1870-90).  Among  his 
works  are  “ Aus  England  : Studien  und  Briefe  ” (1860), 
“ Jenseit  des  Tweed  : Bilder  und  Briefe  aus  Schottland” 
(1860),  “ Balladen  ” (1861),  “Vor  dem  Sturm”  (1878), 
“ L’Adultera  ” (1882),  “Graf  Petofy”  (1884),  “Irrungen, 
Wirrungen  ” (1888),  “ Effi  Briest  ” (1895),  “Der  Stechlin” 
(1899),  etc. 

Foote  (fut),  Arthur.  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
March  5,  1853.  An  American  composer  and 
organist,  a pupil  of  B.  J.  Lang  and  J.  K.  Paine. 

He  has  composed  an  overture,  “In  the  Mountains”;  a 
symphonic  prologue,  “ Francesca  da  Rimini  ” ; a suite  for 
orchestra  in  D minor,  a suite  in  E major  for  strings,  a 
piano  quintet,  quartet,  and  trio,  two  string  quartets,  and 
other  chamber  music  ; an  organ  suite  and  other  organ 
music  ; and  many  piano  pieces  and  songs. 

Foraker  (for'a-ker),  Joseph  Benson.  Born 
near  Rainsboro,  Ohio,  J uly  5,  1846.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  politician.  He  served  in  the  Civil 
War  ; was  graduated  from  Cornell  in  1869  ; was  admitted 
to  the  (Ohi")  bar;  was  judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  Cin- 
cinnati, 1879-82  ; was  elected  governor  of  Ohio  in  1885  and 
1887;  and  was  Republican  United  States  senator  from 
Ohio  1897-1909.  He  was  delegate  at  large  from  Ohio  to 
the  National  Republican  Conventions  1884-1904,  and  in 
1896  and  1900  presented  the  name  of  McKinley  for  nomi- 
nation to  the  presidency. 

Forbes  (forbz),  Stephen  Alfred.  Born  at 
Silver  Creek,  111.,  May  29,  1844.  An  American 
zoologist,  State  entomologist  of  Illinois  from 
1882.  He  has  been  professor  in  the  University  of  Illinois 
since  1884.  His  publications  relate  chiefly  to  the  zoology 
and  especially  to  the  economic  entomology  of  Illinois. 

Forbes-Robertson  (forbz  - rob  ' ert-  son),  Sir 
Johnston.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  16, 1853.  An 
English  actor.  He  was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse, 
London  ; at  Rouen  ; and  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  He 
went  on  the  stage  at  the  age  of  21  and  has  been  an  actor- 
manager  since  1896.  His  principal  rOles  have  been  in 
“The  Profligate,"  “Hamlet,”  “For  the  Crown,”  “Pel- 
leas  and  M61isande,”  “The  Light  that  Failed,”  “Caesar 
and  Cleopatra,”  and  “Passing  of  the  Third  Floor  Back.” 
He  married  the  actress  Gertrude  Elliott.  Knighted,  1913. 

Force  (fors),  Manning  Ferguson.  Born  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  17,  1824:  died  near 
Sandusky,  Ohio,  May  8,  1899.  An  American 
soldier  and  writer,  son  of  Peter  Force.  He 
studied  law,  enlisted  in  the  Northern  army  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  at  its  close  received  the  brevet  rank  of  major- 
general  of  volunteers.  He  was  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Cincinnati  1877-87.  His  works  include  “ From 
Fort  Henry  to  Corinth"  (1881),  “ Marching  across  Caro- 
lina” (1883),  “Personal  Recollections  of  the  Vicksburg 
Campaign  ” (1885),  etc. 

Ford  (ford),  Worthington  Chauncey.  Born  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  16,  1858.  An  American 
historian,  economist,  and  statistician.  He  was 
chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  the  Department  of 
State  1885-89,  and  of  the  Treasury  Department  1893-98; 
was  in  the  Boston  Public  Library  1897-1902  ; was  lecturer 
on  statistics  at  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1901 ; was 
chief  of  the  division  of  manuscripts  in  the  Library  of 
Congress  1902-09 ; and  has  been  editor  for  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society  since  1909.  He  is  the  author  of 
“The  American  Citizen’s  Manual  ” (1882-83),  “The  Stan- 
dard Silver  Dollar  ” (1884),  “George  Washington”  (1900), 
“John  Quincy  Adams”  (1902),  “The  Case  of  Samuel 
Shrimpton  ”(1905),  etc. ; and  has  edited  “ The  Writings  of 
George  Washington  ” (1889-91),  etc. 


Fouillde 

Fordham  (for 'dam)  University.  A univer- 
sity situated  in  New  York  city,  consisting  of 
a school  of  medicine,  a school  of  law,  and  a 
collegiate  department  (St.  John’s  College). 
See  *St.  John’s  College. 

Forest  City  (for'est  sit'i).  A borough  in  Sus- 
quehanna County,  Pennsylvania,  19  miles 
northeast  of  Scranton.  Its  principal  indus- 
tries are  coal-mining  and  silk-manufacturing. 
Population,  5,749,  (1910). 

Forest  Hills  Gardens.  See  *Russell  Sage 
Foundation. 

Forest  Park  (for'est  park).  A village  in  Cook 
County,  Illinois.  Population,  6,594,  (1910). 

Forrest  (for'est),  Sir  John.  Born  in  Western 
Australia,  Aug.  22,  1847.  An  Australian  ex- 
plorer and  statesman.  He  led  an  expedition  into 
central  Australia  in  search  of  Dr.  Leichhardt  in  1869  ; con- 
ducted explorations  along  the  coast  from  Perth  to  Adelaide 
in  1870,  and  through  the  center  of  Australia  from  Cham- 
pion Bay  to  the  telegraph  line  between  Adelaide  and  Fort 
Darwin  in  1874 ; was  engaged  for  several  years  in  the 
trigonometrical  survey  of  Western  Australia;  was  first 
premier  and  treasurer  of  Western  Australia  (1890-1901) ; 
and  was  minister  of  defense  for  the  Commonwealth  of 
Australia  1901-03,  minister  of  home  affairs  1903-04,  trea- 
surer 1905-07,  and  acting  prime  minister  March-June, 
1907.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map  115. 

Fort  Collins  (fort  kol'inz).  The  county-seat 
of  Larimer  County,  Colorado.  It  is  situated 
on  Cache  la  Poudre  River,  in  a fine  agricul- 
tural region,  58  miles  north  of  Denver.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  State  Agricultural  College. 
Population,  8,210,  (1910). 

Fort  Jameson  (fort  ja'me-son).  A station  in 
Northern  Rhodesia.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  the 
administrator  of  North-Eastern  Rhodesia  (amalgamated 
with  North-Western  Rhodesia  in  1911). 

Foss  (fos),  Cyrus  David.  Born  Jan.  17, 1834: 
died  Jan.  29,  1910.  An  American  clergyman, 
a bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
from  1880.  He  was  graduated  at  Wesleyan  University 
in  1854  ; entered  the  itinerant  ministry  in  1857  ; and  was 
president  of  Wesleyan  University  1875-80.  He  made  offi- 
cial visits  to  the  missions  of  his  church  in  Europe  in  1886, 
in  Mexico  in  1893,  and  in  India  and  Malaysia  1897-98,  and 
1906-07  made  a tour  of  missionary  observation  around  tbe 
world.  Among  his  works  are  “ In  tSickness  and  Accidents  ” 
(1895),  “From  the  Himalayas  to  the  Equator  ” (1899),  and 
“Religious  Certainties”  (1905). 

Foss  (fos),  Eugene  Noble.  Born  at  West  Berk- 
shire, Vt.,  Sept.  24,  1858.  An  American  poli- 
tician, elected  governor  of  Massachusetts  in 
1910,  1911,  and  1912  by  the  Democratic  party. 

He  has  been  connected  with  manufacturing  and  other  busi- 
ness enterprises,  and  has  been  a strong  advocate  of  tariff 
revision  and  of  reciprocity  with  Canada.  In  March,  1910,  he 
was  elected  to  Congress  by  the  Democratic  party. 

Foster  (fos'ter),  Ben.  Born  at  North  Anson, 
Maine.  An  American>landscape-painter.  He  has 
received  numerous  medals,  and  became  a member  of  the 
National  Academy  in  1904.  For  several  years  he  was  art 
critic  for  the  “Evening  Post”  of  New  York. 

Foster  (fos'ter),  John  Watson.  Born  in  Pike 
County,  Ind.,  March  2,  1836.  An  American 
lawyer  and  diplomatist.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Indiana  State  University  in  1855  and  was  admitted  to  the 
(Indiana)  bar.  He  served  in  the  Union  army  ; was  min- 
ister to  Mexico  1873-80,  to  Russia  1880-81,  and  to  Spain 
1883-85 ; was  secretary  of  state  1892-93 ; was  United 
States  agent  in  the  Bering  Sea  Arbitration  at  Paris  in 
1893;  participated  (by  the  invitation  of  the  Emperor  of 
China)  in  the  peace  negotiations  between  China  and  Japan 
in  1895 ; was  a member  of  the  Anglo-Canadian  Commis- 
sion in  1898  ; was  United  States  agent  before  the  Alaskan 
Boundary  Tribunal  at  London  in  1903  ; and  was  the  repre- 
sentative of  China  at  the  second  Hague  conference  in  1907. 
He  has  published  “ A Century  of  American  Diplomacy  ” 
(1900),  “ American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient  ’’  (1903),  “ Arbi- 
tration and  the  Hague  Court”  (1904),  “The  Practice  of 
Diplomacy  ” (1906),  “ Diplomatic  Memoirs  ” (1909),  etc. 

Foster  (fos'ter),  Robert  Frederick.  Born  at 

Edinburgh,  Scotland,  May  31,  1853.  An  au- 
thority on  indoor  games,  especially  cards.  He 
was  educated  as  a civil  engineer  and  architect,  retiring 
from  practice  in  1893.  Since  1895  he  has  been  card  editor 
of  the  New  York  “Sun."  He  has  published  twenty-six 
hand-books  on  games,  including  the  “ Whist  Manual  ” 
(1890),  “ F’oster’s  Hoyle”  (1897),  “Foster's  Complete 
Bridge  ” (1906),  etc.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  eleven 
rule  and  of  self-playing  cards,  and  originated  the  present 
card  notation. 

Fostoria  (fos-to'ri-a).  A city  in  Hancock  and 
Seneca  counties,  Ohio,  35  miles  southeast  of 
Toledo.  It  has  manufactories  of  automobile 
engines,  glass,  iron,  flour,  etc.  Population, 
9,597,  (1910). 

Fouillee  (fo-ya'),  Alfred  Jules  Emile.  Born 
Oct.  18,  1838:  died  at  Lyons,  July  16,  1912. 
A French  philosophical  and  sociological  writer. 
He  taught  in  various  colleges  and  schools,  including 
the  University  of  Bordeaux  and  the  Normal  School  at 
Paris,  and  in  1879  retired  to  Mentone.  He  wrote  “ La 
philosophic  de  Platon"  (1869),  “La  philosophie  de  So- 
crate  " (1874),  “ Histoire  de  la  philosophie ” (1875),  “Cri- 
tique des  systemes  de  morale  contemporaine'’  (1883),  “La 
proprietii  Bociale  et  la  democratic " (1884),  “ L’Evolu- 
tionisme  des  idees-forces  ’’  (1893),  “La  psychologic  des 
idees-forces  ” (1893),  “ Le  mouvement  positiviste  et  la 


Fouill6e 

conception  sociologique  du  monde  " (1896),  “ Le  mouve- 
ment  idealiste  et  la  reaction  contre  la  science  positi- 
viste”  (1896),  “Psychologie  du  peuple  francjais"  (1898), 
“ Nietzsche  et  l’immoralisme  ” (1902),  “ Esquisse  psyoho- 
logique  des  peuples  europeens  ” (1903),  etc. 

Four  Peaks,  The.  Mountains  in  Paragua,  in 
the  Philippine  Islands.  Cleopatra’s  Needle  is 
the  highest.  Heights,  4,730,  4,800,  4,900,  and 
5,200  feet. 

Fowler  (fou'ler),  Charles  Henry.  Born  at 
Burford,  Ontario,  Aug.  11,  1837 : died  at  New 
York,  March  20,  1908.  An  American  clergy- 
man, a bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  from  1884.  He  entered  the  ministry  in  1861, 
and  was  president  of  the  Northwestern  University  1872-7(5. 
In  1885  he  visited  the  missions  of  his  church  in  South 
America,  and  in  1888  went  on  a tour  of  visitation  around 
the  world.  He  organized  the  Peking  and  Nanking  uni- 
versities, established  the  first  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
in  St.  Petersburg,  established  McClay  College  of  Theology 
in  southern  California,  and  assisted  in  founding  Nebraska 
Wesleyan  University.  He  published  “Colenso’s  Falla- 
cies” (1863),“  Missions  and  World  Movements”  (1904), 
“ Addresses  on  Notable  Occasions  ” (1908),  etc. 

Fowler  (fou'ler),  Frank.  Born  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  July  12,  1852:  died  at  New  Canaan, 
Conn.,  Aug.  18,  1910.  An  American  painter. 
He  studied  with  Edwin  White,  N.  A.,  in  Florence,  and 
for  six  years  in  Paris  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  and 
under  Carolus  Duran.  He  was  a member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design  and  of  the  Society  of  American 
Artists. 

Fowler  (fou'16r),  Henry  Hartley,  Viscount 
Wolverhampton.  Born  at  Sunderland,  May 
16,  1830 : died  at  London,  Feb.  25,  1911.  A 
British  Liberal  statesman.  He  sat  for  Wolver- 
hamptou  in  the  House  of  Commons  1880-1908  ; and  was 
under-secretary  to  the  home  department  1884-85,  financial 
secretary  to  the  treasury  1886,  president  of  the  Local  Gov- 
ernment Board  1892-94,  secretary  of  state  for  India  1894- 
1895,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1905-08,  with  a 
seat  in  the  cabinet,  and  lord  president  of  the  council  1908- 
1910.  In  1895  he  was  knighted,  and  in  1908  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage. 

Fox  (foks),  John.  Born  1861.  An  American 
author.  He  has  published  “A  Cumberland  Vendetta” 
(1895),  “ The  Kentuckians  ” (1897),  “ The  Little  Shepherd 
of  Kingdom  Come”  (1903),  “Following  the  Sun  Flag” 
(1905),  “ A Knight  of  the  Cumberland  ” (1906),  “ The  Trail 
of  the  Lonesome  Pine  ” (1908),  etc. 

Fox  (foks),  Williams  Carlton.  Bom  at  St. 

Louis,  May  20, 1855.  An  American  diplomatist. 

He  was  American  consul  at  Brunswick,  Germany,  1876-88; 
vice-consul-general  at  Teheran,  Persia,  1891-92 ; secre- 
tary to  the  American  minister  to  Greece,  Rumania,  and 
Servia  1892-93  ; chief  clerk  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Republics  1898-1905 ; and  director  1905-07.  He  was  minis- 
ter to  Ecuador  1907-11. 

Fragonard  (fra-go-nar'),  Jean  Honors.  Born 
at  Grasse,  France,  April  5,  1732 : died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  22,  1806.  A French  painter  and  engraver. 
He  was  a pupil  first  of  Chardin  and  later  of  Boucher,  with 
whose  style  he  was  more  in  sympathy.  Like  other  French 
painters  of  his  day,  he  was  much  influenced  by  the  works 
of  Tiepolo. 

France*.  The  religions  supported  by  the  state,  before 
the  passage  of  the  Briand  Bill  in  1905,  were  the  Roman 
Catholic,  Protestant,  and  Jewish.  By  the  passage  of  that 
bill  the  separation  of  the  church  and  the  state  was 
effected,  the  adherents  of  all  creeds  were  authorized  to 
form  associations  for  public  worship  (associations  cul- 
tuelles),  and  the  state,  the  departments,  and  the  com- 
munes were  relieved  from  payment  of  salaries. 

France*,  Anatole:  Jacques  Anatole  Thi- 

bault.  He  has  also  written  “ Thais  ” (1890);  “ La  rdtis- 
serie  de  la  reine  Pedauque  ” (1893),  “ Histoire  contem- 
poraine”;  a series  of  four  novels:  “ L’Orme  du  mail” 
(1897),  “Le  mannequin  d 'osier ” (1897  : dramatized  1904), 
“L’Anneau  d’amethyste”  (1899),  and  “ Monsieur  Bergeret 
k Paris”  (1901);  “Jeanne  d'Arc”  (1908);  etc.  In  1896  he 
was  elected  to  the  French  Academy. 

Francis  (fran'sis),  Joseph.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  12,  1801 : died  at  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y.,  May  10,  1893.  An  American  inventor. 
In  1829  he  constructed  life-boats  for  the  United  States 
vessels  Santee  and  Alabama,  and  by  1841  all  government 
ships  had  been  equipped  with  boats  of  his  invention.  He 
was  the  first  to  make  life-cars  and  boats  of  metal.  In 
1888  the  United  States  Congress  passed  a resolution  ten- 
dering him  the  thanks  of  the  government  and  authorizing 
the  preparation  of  a gold  medal,  which  was  presented  to 
him  in  1890. 

Franck  (frank),  Cesar.  Born  at  Liege,  Bel- 
gium, Dec.  10,  1822:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  8, 
1890.  A French  composer,  generally  regarded 
as  the  founder  of  the  modern  French  instru- 
mental school.  In  1872  he  became  professor  of  the 
organ  at  the  Conservatoire,  and  organist  at  Ste.  Clotilde. 
Among  his  compositions  are  the  opera  “ Htilda  ” (pro- 
duced 1894);  an  unfinished  one,  “Ghisele”;  oratorios, 
“Ruth,”  “La  Redemption,”  and  “Les  Beatitudes”;  a 
symphony;  a symphonic  poem,  “Le  chasseur  maudit " ; 
a sonata  for  piano  and  violin  ; a string  quartet ; a piano 
quintet ; piano  music  ; and  songs. 

Francke  (friing'ke),  Kuno.  Bom  at  Kiel,  Ger- 
many, Sept.  27,  1855.  A German-American 
author,  critic,  and  educator,  professor  of  the 
history  of  German  culture  and  curator  of  the 
Germanic  Museum  in  Harvard  University. 

Among  his  publications  are  “Zur  Geschichte  der  Schul- 
poesie  des  12  Jahrhunderts  ’’  (1879),  “ De  Hymno  in  Cere- 
rein  Homerico  ” (1880),  “ Libelli  de  Lite  Imperatorum  et 


Pontiflcum” (1892),  “Social  Forces  in  German  Literature" 
(1S96),  “Glimpses  of  Modern  German  Culture’’  (1898), 
“History  of  German  Literature”  (1901),  “German  Ideals 
of  To-day  ” (1907),  etc.  He  is  chevalier  of  the  Royal  Prus- 
sian Order  of  the  Red  Eagle. 

Frankfort  (frangk'fort).  The  county-seat  of 
Clinton  County,  Indiana,  41  miles  northwest 
of  Indianapolis.  It  has  machine-shops,  rail- 
road shops,  and  manufactories  of  brick,  tile, 
farming  implements,  etc.  It  is  in  a natural- 
gas  region.  Population,  8,634,  (1910). 
Frankfort  (frangk'fort).  The  county-seat  of 
Benzie  County,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Michigan, 
29  miles  north  of  Manistee.  It  has  a wireless 
telegraph  station.  Population,  1,555,  (1910). 
Franklin  (frangk  ' lin).  A town  in  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  27  miles  southwest  of 
Boston.  It  has  manufactories  of  straw,  cotton, 
pianos,  etc.  Population,  5,641,  (1910). 
Franklin  (frangk'lin).  A city  in  Merrimack 
County,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Merrimac 
River,  17  miles  northwest  of  Concord.  It  is 
the  birthplace  of  Daniel  Webster  (1782,  being 
then  known  as  Salisbury).  It  has  manufac- 
tories of  needles,  paper,  woolen  goods,  etc. 
Population,  6,132,  (1910). 

Franklin  (frangk'lin).  A district  of  the  North- 
western Territories  of  Canada.  It  comprises  Mel- 
ville Island,  Bathurst  Island,  Banks  Land,  Prince  Albert 
Land,  Victoria  Land,  Prince  of  Wales  Land,  Cockburn 
Island,  Baffin  Land,  etc.;  is  bounded  by  arctic  waters  on 
the  north  ; and  is  separated  on  the  east  from  Greenland 
by  Baffin  Bay  and  Davis  .Strait.  Most  of  the  district  lies 
north  of  the  arctic  circle.  Area,  600,000  square  miles. 
Population,  9,000. 

Franklin  (frangk'lin),  Mrs.  (Christine  Ladd). 

Born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Dec.  1,  1847.  An 
American  psychologist  and  logician.  She  was 
graduated  at  Vassal’  College  in  1869  ; studied  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Gottingen,  and  Berlin  ; and  has  been 
lecturer  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  since  1904. 

Franklin  (frangk'lin),  Edward  Curtis.  Born 
at  Geary  City,  Kansas,  March  1,  1862.  An 
American  chemist.  He  was  associate  professor  (1903- 
1906)  and  professor  (1906-11)  of  organic  chemistry  in  Stan- 
ford University,  and  has  been  professor  and  chief  of 
division  of  chemistry  in  U.  S.  Public  Health  and  Marine- 
Hospital  Service  from  1911. 

Fraser  (fra'zer),  Alexander  Campbell.  Born 
at  Ardchattan  Manse,  Argyll  County,  Scot- 
land, Sept.  3,  1819.  A Scotch  philosophical 
writer,  professor  of  logic  and  metaphysics  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  from  1856  (emer- 
itus 1891 ),  succeeding  Sir  William  Hamilton. 

He  has  published  “ Essays  ” (1846-56,  1858-68),  “ Life  and 
Letters  of  Berkeley  ” (1871),  “Berkeley"  (1881),  “Locke" 
(1890),  “ Thomas  Reid”  (1898),  “ Philosophy  of  Theism” 
(1894-96),  “ Biographia  Philosophies  ” (1904),  “Spiritual 
Realism  " (1908),  etc. 

Fraunces’s  Tavern.  A historic  building  on 
the  southeast  corner  of  Broad  and  Pearl 
streets  in  New  York  city,  it  was  built  for  a pri- 
vate residence  by  fitienne  De  Lancey  about  1700 ; was 
purchased  by  Samuel  Fraunces  for  use  as  an  inn  in  1762  ; 
was  a meeting-place  for  the  Sons  of  Liberty  prior  to  the 
Revolution;  was  Washington’s  headquarters  after  the 
evacuation  of  New  York  ; and  was  the  place  where  he 
said  farewell  to  his  officers  on  Dec.  4,  1783.  The  New 
York  Chamber  of  Commerce  was  organized  in  the  build- 
ing in  1768.  The  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution 
was  organized  in  the  long  room  of  the  tavern  Dec.  4, 1883, 
and  in  1904  It  purchased  the  property  for  use  as  its  head- 
quarters. 

Frederic  (fred'er-ik),  Harold.  Born  at  Utica, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  19,  1856:  died  at  Henley,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  19,  1898.  An  American  journalist 
and  novelist.  He  was  London  correspondent  of  the 
New  York  “Times”  1884-98.  His  works  include  “Seth’s 
Brother’s  Wife”  (1887),  “In  the  Valley  ” (1890),  “The  New 
Exodus:  a Study  of  Israel  in  Russia  ” (1892),  “ The  Cop- 
perhead” (1894),  “The  Damnation  of  Theron  Ware,”  pub- 
lished in  England  as  “Illumination”  (1896),  “March 
Hares  ” (1896),  “ Gloria  Mundi  "(1898),  and  “ In  the  Market- 
place ” (1899). 

Frederick  VIII. : full  name  Christian  Fred- 
erick William  Charles.  Born  at  Copen- 
hagen, June  3, 1843 : died  at  Hamburg,  May  14, 
1912.  King  of  Denmark,  eldest  son  of  Chris- 
tian IX.,  whom  he  succeeded  January  30, 1906. 
He  married  Louise,  daughter  of  Charles  XV. 
of  Sweden,  July  28,  1869. 

Frederick  Augustus  III.  Born  at  Dresden, 
May  25,  1865.  King  of  Saxony.  He  succeeded  to 
the  throne  upon  the  death  of  his  father,  King  George, 
Oct.  15,  1904.  He  married  Princess  Louise  of  Tuscany 
in  1891 ; the  marriage  was  dissolved  in  1903. 

Freeland  (fre'land).  A borough  in  Luzerne 
County,  Pennsylvania,  15  miles  south  of 
Wilkes-Barre.  Its  principal  industries  are 
agriculture  and  coal-mining.  It  has  foundries, 
machine-shops,  silk-mills,  etc.  Population, 
6,197,  (1910). 

Freestone  State.  A popular  name  of  the  State 
of  Connecticut,  from  its  brownstone  quarries. 

Fremantle  ( fre'  man  -tl),  William  Henry. 


Fugere 

Born  1831.  An  English  theologian,  dean  of 
Ripon  from  1895.  He  was  canon  of  Canterbury  1882- 
1895.  He  is  the  author  of  “The  Gospel  of  the  Secular 
Life  ” (1882),  “ The  World  on  the  Subject  of  Redemption  ” 
(1885),  “ Church  Reform  (1887),  “ Works  of  St.  Jerome  and 
Rufinus”  (trans.  : 1893),  “Christian  Ordinances  and  Social 
Progress  ” (1900),  etc. 

Fremstad  (frem'stat),  Olive.  Born  at  Stock- 
holm about  1870.  A Swedish-American  dra- 
matic soprano  singer.  She  came  to  America  at  the 
age  of  12  with  her  family,  and  settled  in  Minnesota,  hav- 
ing previously  appeared  in  public  as  a pianist.  Coming 
to  New  York  several  years  later,  she  studied  singing, 
becoming  soloist  at  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral.  In  1893  she 
became  a pupil  of  Lilli  Lehmann  at  Berlin,  and  made  her 
operatic  debut  as  Azucena,  in  “ II  Trovatore,”  in  1895. 
She  subsequently  appeared  at  Bayreuth  (1896),  Vienna 
(1897,  as  Brangiine,  in  “Tristan  und  Isolde”),  Cologne, 
Munich,  and  London.  In  November,  1903,  she  appeared 
in  New  York,  having  joined  the  Metropolitan  Opera  Com- 
pany, with  which  she  has  since  been  identified.  She  has 
sung  almost  all  the  women’s  parts  in  the  Wagner  music- 
dramas,  and  her  repertoire  also  includes  Salome,  Carmen, 
Armide,  and  Tosca. 

French  (french),  Alice:  pseudonym  Octave 
Thanet.  Born  at  Andover,  Mass.,  March  19, 
1850.  An  American  novelist,  and  writer  of 
short  stories.  She  was  educated  at  the  Abbot  Acad- 
emy, Andover,  and  has  lived  west  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
field  of  much  of  her  work.  She  has  published  “The 
Bishop’s  Vagabond  " (1884),  “ Knitters  in  the  Sun  ” (1887), 
“Expiation  ” (1890),  “Stories  of  a Western  Town  ” (1893), 
“A  Book  of  True  Lovers”  (1898),  “Man  of  the  Hour” 
(1905),  “By  Inheritance"  (1910),  etc. 

French  (french),  Edwin  Davis.  Born  at  North 
Attleboro,  Mass.,  June  19,  1851  : died  Dec.  8, 
1906.  An  American  engraver.  He  studied  with 
William  Sartain,  and  for  many  years  made  a specialty  of 
the  art  of  book-plate  engraving. 

French  (french),  Frank.  Born  at  Loudon, 
N.  H.,  May  22, 1850.  An  American  artist  and 
wood-engraver.  His  work  has  appeared  in  the 
leading  magazines. 

French  Equatorial  Africa.  See  Kongo,  French. 

French  India.  The  French  possessions  in 
India,  comprising  Pondicherry,  Karikal,  and 
Yanaon  on  the  Coromandel  coast;  Mah6,  on 
the  Malabar  coast ; and  Cbandernagor,  in 
Bengal.  Total  area,  203  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 273,185. 

French  Indo-China.  The  French  possessions 
in  Indo-China.  The  territory  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  China,  on  the  east  and  southeast  by  the  Gulf  of  Tong- 
king  and  the  China  Sea,  on  the  west  by  Siam  and  the 
Gulf  of  Siam,  and  on  the  northwest  by  Burma,  and  lies 
between  lat.  8°  31 '-23°  25'  N.  and  long.  100°-109°  20'  E.  It 
comprises  Annam,  Cambodia,  Cochin  China,  Tongking, 
and  Laos,  and  Kwang-chau  Wan,  leased  from  China.  The 
seat  of  government  is  Hanoi.  Area,  about  256,000  square 
miles.  Population,  about  18,230,000. 

Frenssen  (fren 'sen),  Gustav.  Born  at  Barit, 
Holstein,  Oct.  19,  1863.  A German  pastor  and 
novelist.  He  has  written  “Jorn  Uhl”  (1901),  “Hilli- 
genlei”  (1906),  “Klaus  Hinrich  Baas”  (1911),  “The  Wreck 
of  the  Anna  Hollmann  ” (1911),  etc. 

Friday  Harbor.  A town  in  San  Juan  County, 
Washington,  incorporated  in  1909.  It  has  a 
wireless  telegraph  station.  Population,  400. 

Froberger  (fro'ber-ger),  Johann  Jakob. 
Born  in  Halle,  Germany : died  at  Hdricourt, 
France,  May  7,  1667.  A German  composer 
and  organist,  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  early 
development  of  instrumental  composition. 

Front  Range*.  According  to  the  United  States 
Geographic  Board  (1907),  it  includes  on  the 
north  the  Laramie  Range  as  far  as  the  cross- 
ing of  the  North  Platte,  and  on  the  south  the 
Pike’s  Peak  group. 

Frost  (frost),  Edwin  Brant.  Born  at  Brattle- 
boro,  Vt.,  July  14,  1866.  An  American  astron- 
omer, professor  of  astrophysics  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  from  1898,  and  director  of  the 
Yerkes  Observatory  from  1905.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  in  Dartmouth  College 
1895-1902,  and  since  1902  has  been  editor  of 
the  “ Astrophysical  Journal.” 

Frostburg  (frost/berg).  A town  in  Allegany 
County,  Maryland,  in  a mountainous  region, 
8 miles  west  of  Cumberland.  Besides  coal- 
mines, it  has  foundries  and  brick-factories. 
It  contains  a State  normal  school.  Popula- 
tion, 6,028,  (1910). 

Frye  (fri),  William  Pierce.  Born  at  Lewiston, 
Maine,  Sept.  2,  1831:  died  there,  Aug.  8,  1911. 
An  American  lawyer  and  statesman,  United 
States  senator  (Republican)  from  Maine  1881- 
1911.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1850 ; 
w as  attorney-general  of  Maine  1867-69;  and  w as  a member 
of  Congress  1871-81.  He  was  presided  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate  after  the  death  of  Vice-President  Hobart  and  also 
after  the  death  of  President  McKinley. 

Fug&re  (fii-zhar'),  Lucien.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1848.  A French  barytone  singer.  He  has  been  a 
member  of  the  company  of  the  Paris  Opera  Comique  since 
1877,  and  has  seldom  sung  elsewhere.  Two  of  his  best 


Fugfcre 

r61es  are  the  father  in  “Louise,”  and  Boniface  In  “Le 
Jongleur  de  Notre  Dame.”  He  is  a chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor. 

Fukushima  (fo-ko-she'ma),  Baron  Yasumasa. 
Born  in  Matsumoto,  Japan,  Sept.,  1853.  A 
Japanese  soldier,  promoted  major-general  in 
1900  and  lieutenant-general  in  1906.  He  was 

military  attachd  of  the  Japanese  legation  at  Peking  in 
18S3  ; held  a similar  position  at  Berlin  1887-92  ; returning 
to  Japan,  made  the  journey  through  Siberia  on  horseback 
in  1893;  served  with  distinction  as  chief  of  the  second 
section  of  the  general  stall  in  the  Russo- Japanese  war 
1904-05 ; and  became  vice-chief  of  the  general  staff  of  the 
army  in  1906,  succeeding  General  Kodama.  He  has  been 
knighted  (K.  C.  B.),  and  in  1907  was  created  baron. 

Fukuzawa  (fo-ko-za'wa),  Sutejiro.  Born  at 
Tokio,  1833.  A Japanese  journalist,  second 
son  of  Yukichi  Fukuzawa.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  with  his  brother  Ichitaro  in  1883,  and  entered 
Yale  University,  and  on  his  return  in  1890  took  up  the 
management  of  the  “Jiji”  newspaper,  founded  by  his 
father. 

Fukuzawa  (fo-ko-za'wa),  Yukichi.  Born  in 
Buzen  province,  Japan,  1834:  died  Feb.  3, 
1901.  A Japanese  author  and  journalist,  one 
of  the  most  noted  educationalists  of  Japan. 
In  1858  he  went  to  the  United  States  and  in  1862  to 
Europe  to  study  Occidental  institutions.  The  results  of 
his  observations  were  published  in  1866  in  a voluminous 


work  on  Western  manners  and  customs  which  had  a great 
influence  upon  the  modernization  of  Japan.  Later  he 
established  the  “Jiji’'  newspaper. 

Fuller-Maitland.  See  * Maitland . 

Funston  (fun'ston),  Frederick.  Born  in 
Clarke  Co.,  Ohio,  Nov.  9,  1865.  An  American 
soldier,  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the 
United  States  army  in  1901.  He  joined  the  insur- 
gent army  in  Cuba  in  1896 ; was  commissioned  colonel  of 
the  Twentieth  Kansas  Volunteers  in  1898;  was  sent  to 
the  Philippines ; was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  1899  for  establishing  a ferry  across  the  Rio 
Grande  River  at  Calumpit  in  the  face  of  a heavy  lire ; and 
captured  Aguinaldo,  the  chief  of  the  Filipino  insurgents, 
in  March,  1901.  He  was  commander  of  the  Department 
of  California  1905-06  and  1907-08,  of  the  Southwestern  Di- 
vision at  St.  Louis  1906-07  ; was  commandant  of  the  army 
service  schools  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  1908-11;  and 
commander  of  the  Department  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Is- 
lands, January,  1911-. 

Furness*,  Horace  Howard.  His  variorum  edition 
of  Shakspere’s  plays  also  includes  : ‘‘The  Winter’s  Tale  ” 
(1898),  “Much  Ado  About  Nothing’’  (1899),  “Twelfth 
Night  ” (1901),  “Love's  Labor  Lost  ” (1904),  “ Antony  and 
Cleopatra”  (1907),  “ Richard  III. " (1908),  etc.  From  1901 
he  received  the  assistance  of  his  son  Horace  Howard 
Furness,  Jr.,  as  co-worker. 

Furniss  (fer'nis),  Harry.  Born  at  Wexford, 
Ireland,  1854.  A British  illustrator  and  cari- 


Garrison,  William  Lloyd 

caturist.  He  went  to  London  at  the  age  of  nineteen  and 
has  been  employed  on  leading  English  periodicals  (the 
“London  News,”  “ Graphic,"  “ Dramatic  News,”  etc.).  In 
1880  he  joined  the  stalf  of  “Punch.”  He  has  illustrated 
many  books  (including  the  centenary  edition  of  the  works 
of  Thackeray)  and  has  published  accounts  of  journeys,  a 
novel,  etc. 

Furniss  (fer'nis),  Henry  Watson.  Born  at 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  14,  1868.  An  American 
diplomatist,  minister  to  Haiti  from  1906.  He 
was  consul  at  Bahia,  Brazil,  1898-1906. 

Furtwangler  (fort'veng-ler),  Adolf.  Born 
at  Freiburg-im-Breisgau,  Germany,  June  30, 
1853:  died  in  Athens,  Oct.  10,  1907.  A Ger- 
man classical  archaeologist,  professor  in  the 
University  of  Munich  from  1894,  and  director 
of  the  Glyptothek.  He  was  educated  at  the 
universities  of  Freiburg,  Leipsic,  and  Munich ; held  a 
traveling  stipendium  of  the  German  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute 1876-78 ; and  was  attached  to  the  expedition  to 
Olympia  1878-79.  Among  his  many  works  oil  ancient  art. 
and  archeology  are  “ Mykenische  Tongefasse  ” (1879), 
“Die  Sammlung  Sabouroff  ” (1883-87),  “Mykenische 
Vasen”  (1886),  “Die  Bronzen  und  die  librigen  kieineren 
Funde  von  Olympia”  (1890),  “Die  Sammlung  Somz6e  ” 
(1897),  “Neuere  Falschungen  von  Antiken  ” (1899),  “Die 
Antiken  Gemmen,  Geschichte  der  Steinschneidekunst  im 
klassischen  Altertum  ’ ’ (1900),  etc. 


abo  (ga-ba'),  Port.  A bay 
and  harbor  at  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  Dinagat 
Island,  Philippines:  safe  in 
all  weather. 

Gabrieli  (ga-bre-a'le),  An- 
drea. Born  at  Venice,  about 
1510:  died  there,  1586.  A 
noted  Italian  composer  and 
organist.  His  nephew  and  pupil,  Giovanni, 
was  born  at  Venice  in  1557 : died  probably  in 
1612,  and  was  equally  noted.  Both  were  or- 
ganists in  St.  Mark’s,  Venice. 

Gabrilovitch  (ga-bri-lo  ' vich),  Ossip  Salo- 
monovitch.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  7, 
1878.  A Russian  pianist.  He  studied  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  Conservatory  1888-94,  and  then  at  Vienna  with 
Lesehetitzky.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in  1896  at 
Berlin,  and  later  made  American  and  European  tours.  He 
married  Clara,  daughter  of  Samuel  L.  Clemens  (“  Mark 
Twain  ’),  Oct.  8, 1909.  He  has  published  pieces  for  the  piano. 
He  led  the  Konzertverein  Orchestra  in  Munich  1911-12. 

Gadow  (ga'do),  Hans  Friedrich.  Born  in 
Pomerania,  March  8,  1855.  A Germau-English 
naturalist,  curator  of  and  lecturer  on  zoology 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge  from  1884. 

He  has  published  “ A Classification  of  Vertebrata  ’ (1898), 
the  volumes  on  birds  in  Brown’s  “Animal  Kingdom,” 
and  those  on  amphibia  and  reptiles  in  the  “Cambridge 
Natural  History,”  “Through  Southern  Mexico”  (1908), 
etc. 


Gadsden  (gadz'den).  The  county-seat  of  Eto- 
wah County,  Alabama,  on  the  Coosa  River,  59 
miles  northeast  of  Birmingham.  It  has  lumber- 
mills,  blast-furnaces,  car-factories,  machine- 
shops,  pipe-works,  etc.  Population,  10,557, 
(1910). 

Gadski  (gad'ski),  Johanna.  Born  in  Pome- 
rania, June  15, 1872.  A German  soprano  singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  Berlin,  in  May,  1891,  as 
Parnina,  in  “ Die  Zauberflote.  ” On  Sept.  20, 1892,  she  mar- 
ried Herr  Tauscher,  a German  army  officer.  In  1894  she 
came  to  America  as  a member  of  the  Damroseh  Ger- 
man Opera  Company.  She  first  appeared  as  Elsa,  in  “Lo- 
hengrin,” later  creating  the  part  of  Hester  Prynne,  in  Wal- 
ter Damrosch’s  opera  “The  Scarlet  Letter”  (Feb.  10, 
1890).  She  has  been  a member  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
Company  during  several  seasons,  and  has  made  extensive 
concert  tours  in  America.  Her  repertoire  is  large,  and 
embraces  r61es  in  German,  Italian,  and  English,  including 
Brunhild  and  Sieglinde  (in  Wagner's  Nibelungen  tetral- 
ogy), Aida,  Santuzza(in  “ Cavalleria  Rusticana  "),  and  Leo- 
nora (in  “ H Trovat.ore  ”). 

Gaetano  (ga-a-tii'no),  Giovanni.  Flourished 
about  1542.  An  Italian  pilot  in  the  service  of 
Spain.  He  was  sent  on  the  expedition  from  Mexico  to 
the  Philippines  commanded  by  Lopez  de  Villalobos.  To 
this  expedition  the  discovery  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  is 
attributed. 


Gage  (gaj),  Henry  T.  An  American  diplo- 
matist, minister  to  Portugal  1909-11.  He  was 
governor  of  California  1899-1903. 

Gainesville  (ganz'vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Alachua  County,  Florida,  in  an  orange-grow- 
ing and  phosphate  district,  60  miles  southwest 
of  Jacksonville.  It  is  a well-known  winter  re- 


sort, and  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Flor- 
ida. Population,  6,183,  (1910). 

Gainesville  (ganz'vil).  The  county-seat  of 


Hall  County,  Georgia,  52  miles  northeast  of 
Atlanta.  Its  mineral  springs  make  it  popular 
as  a health  resort.  Population,  5,925,  (1910). 

Gainesville  (ganz'vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Cooke  County,  Texas,  65  miles  northwest  of 
Dallas.  It  has  stock-raising  and  packing  in- 
dustries, flour-mills,  iron-works,  brick-facto- 
ries, etc.  Population,  7,624,  (1910). 

Galdhopiggen  (gald-he-pig'en).  The  highest 
mountain  of  Norway,  situated  in  Jotunheimen, 
about  lat.  61°  40'  N.  Height,  8,400  feet. 

Galdos  (gal-dos' ) , Benito  Perez.  Born  at  Las 
Palmas,  Canary  Islands,  1845.  A Spanish 
novelist  and  dramatist.  His  most  notable  work  is 
a series  of  romances  entitled  “Episodios  nacionale9,  ” 
dealing  with  the  history  of  Spain  from  1808  to  1834  (187.3- 
1907).  He  has  also  written  many  other  novels  and  a num- 
ber of  plays. 

Galena  (ga-le'na).  A city  in  Cherokee  County, 
Kansas.  The  mining  of  lead  and  zinc  is  the 
principal  industry.  Population,  6,096,  (1910). 

Galsworthy  (gals'wer-THi),  John.  Born  in 
1867.  An  English  novelist  and  playwright. 
His  work  treats  largely  of  social  topicB.  He  has  written 
“The  Island  -Pharisees”  (1904),  “The  Country  House” 
(1907),  “Fraternity"  (1909),  “A  Motley"  (1910),  “The 
Patrician”  (1911),  “ The  Inn  of  Tranquillity”  (1912),  “ The 
Dark  Flower  "(1913),  and  the  plays  “ The  Silver  Box  "(1906), 
“Strife"  (1909),  “Justice"  (1910),  “The  Pigeon”  (1912), 
“The  Eldest  Son"  (1912),  “The  Fugitive ” (1913),  ete. 

Ganne  (gan),  Louis  Gaston.  Born  at  Bnxieres- 
les-Mines,  Allier,  April  5,  1862.  A French 
composer.  He  was  a pupil  of  Dubois  and  Cesar  Franck 
at  the  Paris  Conservatory.  He  has  written  several  ballets 
and  operettas,  including  “ Les  Saltimbanques  ” (1890)  and 
“Hans  le  Joueurde  Flute  ” (1900),  and  many  small  pieces 
for  orchestra,  voice,  and  piano.  For  some  time  he  has 
been  director  of  an  orchestra  at  Monte  Carlo. 

Gannett  (gan'et),  Henry-  Born  at  Bath, 
Maine,  Aug.  24,  1846.  An  American  statisti- 
cian, geographer  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  from  1882.  He  was  geographer  of 
the  tenth,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  censuses  and  was  assis- 
tant director  of  the  census  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
1902-03,  and  of  the  census  of  Cuba  1907-08.  He  has  pub- 
lished “A  Manual  of  Topographic  Methods,”  statistical 
atlases  of  the  tenth,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  censuses,  “ Com- 
mercial Geography,”  “ Building  of  a Nation,”  and  numer- 
ous other  geographical  and  statistical  works. 

Gannett  (gan'et)  Peak.  The  highest  peak  of 
the  Wind  River  Mountains,  situated  in  Wy- 
oming a short  distance  north  of  Fremont’s 
Peak.  Height,  13,775  feet. 

Garden  (gar'dn),  Mary.  Born  in  Scotland. 
An  American  opera-singer.  She  was  brought  to 
Chicago  at  six  years  of  age  and  lived  in  the  United  States 
until  she  was  nineteen,  when  she  went  to  Paris.  She  first 
appeared  there  in  the  Opera  Comique,  and  has  sung  with 
the  Manhattan  Opera  Company  in  New  York  and  the  Chi- 
cago Opera  Company  (1910-11).  Among  her  principal 
roles  are  Louise,  Melisande  (in  “Pelleas  et  Melisande”), 
Thais,  Salome,  etc. 

Gardiner*,  Samuel  Rawson.  His  later  works 
include  “ What  Gunpowder  Plot  Was”  (1897), 
“ Cromwell’s  Place  in  History  ” (1897),  “ Oliver 
Cromwell”  (1899),  etc. 

Gardner  (gard'ner),  Ernest  Arthur.  Born 
at  London,  1862.  An  English  classical  ar- 
chaeologist, professor  of  archaeology  in  Univer- 


sity College,  London.  He  was  director  of  the  Brit- 
ish  School  of  Archamlogy  at  Athens  1887-95.  Among  the 
explorations  which  he  has  conducted  are  those  atNauora- 
tis,  Egypt  (1885-86),  Paphos,  Megalopolis,  and  other  sites 
in  Greece.  He  has  written  “Chapters  on  Inscriptions  in 
Naucratis”  (1886-88),  “Handbook  of  Greek  Sculpture  ” 
(1896-97),  “ Six  Greek  Sculptors  ” (1910),  etc. 

Gardner  (gard'ner),  Percy.  Born  at  Hack- 
ney, London,  Nov.  24,  1846.  An  English  ar- 
chaeologist, professor  of  classical  archaeology 
in  the  University  of  Oxford  from  1887.  He  waB 
editor  of  the  “Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies  ” (1880-96),  and 
an  editor  of  the  coin  catalogues  of  the  British  Museum 
1873-86.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Parthian  Coinage” 
(1877),  “Samos  and  Samian  Coins”  (1882),  “Types  of 
Greek  Coins"  (1883),  “New  Chapters  in  Greek  History  ” 
(1892),  “Manual  of  Greek  Antiquities”  (1895:  with 
Jevons),  “Sculptured  Tombs  of  Hellas”  (1896),  “Gram- 
mar of  Greek  Art”  (1905),  “The  Growth  of  Christianity" 
(1907),  etc. 

Garfield  (gar ' feld).  A borough  in  Bergen 
County,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Passaic  River  op- 
posite Passaic.  It  has  manufactories  of  paper, 
woolen  goods,  chemicals,  etc.  Population, 
10,213,  (1910). 

Garfield  (gar'feld),  Harry  Augustus.  Born 

at  Hiram,  Ohio,  Oct.  11,  1863.  An  American 
educator,  son  of  President  James  A.  Garfield. 
He  was  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1885;  studied 
and  practised  law ; was  professor  of  politics  in  Princeton 
University  1903-08  ; and  has  been  president  of  Williams 
College  since  1908. 

Garland  (gar'land),  Hamlin.  Born  at  West 
Salem,  Wis.,  Sept.  16,  1860.  An  American 
novelist.  He  lms  found  his  material  chiefly  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi  valley  and  in  the  mountains  of  the  West.  His  works 
include  “ Main-traveled  Roads  ” (1890),  “ A Little  Norsk  ” 
(1891),  “ Rose  of  Dutcher’s  Coolly  ” (1895),  “Her  Mountain 
Lover”  (1901),  “The  Captain  of  the  Grayhorse  Troop” 
(1902),  “Hesper”  (1903),  “The  Tyranny  of  the  Dark” 
(1905),  “The  Long  Trail ” (1907),  “The  Shadow  World'* 
(1908),  “Other  Main-Traveled  Roads’*  (1910),  “Victor  Oll- 
nee’s  Discipline  ” (1911),  a biography  of  Ulysses  S.  Grant 
(1898),  a volume  of  verse,  “Prairie  Songs"  (1893),  and 
various  pieces  of  criticism. 

Garrison  (gar'i-son),  Lindley  Miller.  Born 
at  Camden,  N.  J.,  Nov.  28,  1864.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer,  secretary  of  war  1913-.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  at  Harvard,  and  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania;  practised  law  in  Jersey 
City ; and  wa9  vice-chancellor  of  New  Jersey  1904-11  and 
1911-13. 

Garrison  (gar'i-son).  Wendell  Phillips.  Born 

at  Cambridgeport,  Mass.,  June  4,  1840  : died  at 
South  Orange,  N.  J.,  Feb.  27,  1907.  An 
American  editor,  son  of  William  Lloyd  Garri- 
son, the  abolitionist.  In  1865 he  was  associated  with 
Edwin  Lawrence  Godkin  in  founding  the  N eiv  York 
“Nation,”  of  which  he  was  literary  editor  until  his  retire- 
ment in  1906.  He  was  also  literary  editor  of  the  “ Even- 
ing Post”  from  1881.  He  was  the  author  of  a "Life  of 
William  Lloyd  Garrison”  (1885:  with  F.  J.  Garrison), 
etc.  > 

Garrison  (gar'i-son),  William  Lloyd.  Born 

at  Boston,  Jan.  21,  1838:  died  at  Lexington, 
Mass.,  Sept.  12.  1909.  An  American  publicist, 
son  of  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  the  abolitionist. 
He  was  a wool-merchant  at  Boston  for  many  years,  with 
various  other  business  interests,  but  retired  from  active 
life  in  1900.  He  took  a warm  interest  in  questions  of 
public  policy,  speaking  and  writing  in  behalf  of  free 
trade,  the  enfranchisement  of  women,  and  the  single-Ux 


Garrison,  William  Lloyd 

theory.  He  was  lor  some  time  president  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Single  Tax  League  and  o 1 the  American  Free 
Trade  League. 

Garros  (ga-ros'),  Roland.  Born  at  St. -Denis, 
Reunion,  Oct.  6,  1888.  A French  aviator. 
He  first  attracted  attention  as  a skilful  operator  of  the 
Demoiselle  monoplane,  making  one  over-water  flight  of 
S miles.  He  was  one  of  the  entrants  at  the  international 
races  at  Belmont  Park,  Long  Island,  in  October,  1910.  He 
subsequently  flew  also  the  Bldriot  monoplane.  He  reached 
an  altitude  of  6,495  feet  at  New  Orleans,  on  Dec.  26,  1910. 
Returning  to  Europe,  he  participated  in  numerous  cross- 
country races,  and  finished  second  to  Lieutenant  Conneau 
(A.  Beaumont)  in  the  European  circuit  race  (Paris,  Utrecht, 
London,  Paris),  a course  of  948  miles,  June  18- J uly  7, 1911. 

Gary  (ga'ri).  A city  in  Lake  County,  Indiana, 
founded  in  1906  by  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation  expressly  for  the  production  of 
steel.  It  has  the  largest  and  best  equipped 
steel  plant  in  existence,  and  all  the  residential 
advantages  of  a model  industrial  city.  Popu- 
lation, 16,802,  (1910). 

Gary  (ga'ri),  Elbert  Henry.  Born  at  Whea- 
ton, 111.,  Oct.  8,  1846.  An  American  jurist  and 
financier.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Hlinois  bar  in  1867, 
and  to  the  bar  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1878 ; 
served  for  two  terms  as  county  j udge  in  Dupage  County, 
Illinois  ; and  subsequently  practised  law  in  Chicago,  act- 
ing chiefly  for  corporations.  In  1898  he  retired  from  the 
practice  of  law  to  become  president  of  the  Federal  Steel 
Company.  He  took  part  in  the  organization  of  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation  in  1901,  becoming  chairman  of  its 
board  of  directors  and  of  its  finance  committee. 

Ganr  (ga'ri),  James  Albert.  Born  at  Uncas- 
vilie,  Conn.,  Oct.  22,  1833.  An  American 
manufacturer  and  cabinet  officer.  He  was  dele- 
gate to  the  Republican  national  conventions  of  1872, 1876, 
1880,  1884,  1892,  and  1896,  and  was  postmaster-general 
March,  1897-May,  1898. 

Gaspar  (gas'par),  or  Kaspar.  The  legendary 
name  of  one  of  the  three  Magi  who  came  from 
the  East  to  worship  the  infant  Jesus.  See 
Cologne , Three  Kings  of,  and  Magi. 

Gastonia  (gas-to'ni-a).  A town  in  Gaston 
County,  North  Carolina,  20  miles  west  of 
Charlotte.  It  has  cotton-mills,  cement-works, 
iron-works,  etc.  Population,  5,759,  (1910). 

Gatacre  (gat'a-kr),  Sir  William  Forbes.  Born 
Dec.  3, 1843 : died  at  Gambela,  Africa,  March  4, 
1906.  A British  major-general.  He  served  in 
Burma  (1889-90)  and  Chitral  (1895) ; commanded  the 
British  troops  in  the  Sudan,  in  the  first  advance  on  Atbara 
(1898)  ; and  led  a division  in  the  attack  on  Khartum  and 
Omdurman  (1899).  He  commanded  the  third  division  of 
the  South  African  field  force  1899-1900 ; was  defeated  in 
an  attack  on  Stormberg  Junction,  Dec.  11, 1899  ; occupied 
Burghersdorp  in  March,  1900 ; and  was  ordered  home  in 
ApriL  In  June,  1900,  he  was  appointed  major-general 
in  command  of  the  East  District,  and  retired  March  19, 
1904. 

Gatschet  (ga'chet),  Albert  Samuel.  Born  at 
St.  Beatenberg,  Switzerland,  Oct.  3,  1832: 
died  March  16,  1907.  An  American  anthro- 
pologist, philologist  in  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology  from  1879.  lie  was  ethnologist  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  1877-79.  His  investiga- 
tions were  concerned  chiefly  with  the  languages  of  the 
North  American  Indians. 

Gatlin  (ga-ton').  A town  near  Coldn,  on  the 
Panama  railroad.  For  the  Gatlin  dam,  see 
* Panama  Canal. 

Gaudry  (go-dre'),  Albert.  Born  at  Saint- 
Germain-en-Laye,  Sept.  15,  1827 : died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  27,  1908.  An  eminent  French 
paleontologist,  professor  in  the  Museum  of 
Natural  History  at  Paris  from  1872  (assistant 
professor  1853).  He  published  numerous  reports, 
monographs,  and  papers  on  paleontological  and  geological 
topics,  of  which  the  best  known  is  “ Animaux  fossiles  et 
geologie  de  l’Attique  ” (1862-67).  In  1882  he  was  elected 
a member  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Gebbart  (geb-har'),  Emile  Nicolas.  Born  in 
Nancy,  July  19,  1839:  died  at  Paris,  April  21, 
1908.  A French  scholar,  hest  known  as  a 
historian  of  art.  He  became  professor  of  foreign 
literature  at  Nancy  in  1860,  and  of  Romauce  literature  at 
the  Sorbonne  in  1880.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the 
French  Academy  in  1904.  His  works  include  “ Histoire 
du  sentiment  po6tique  de  la  nature  dans  l’antiquifA 
grecque  et  romaine  (1875),  “ l’raxitile  ” (1864),  “ Essai 
sur  la  peinture  do  genre  aatis  l'antiquite  " (1868),  “Les 
historiens  florentin8  de  la  Renaissance  ”(1875),  “Rabelais'* 
(1876),  “De  ITtalie”  (1876),  “La  Renaissance  italierme  et 
la  philosophie  de  l’histoire  ” (1887),  “L’ltalie  mystique” 
(1890),  “Conteurs  florentins  du  moyen-ftge"  (1901), 
“ D’Ulysse  a Panurge  “ (1902),  “ Sandro  Botticelli " (1907), 
etc. 

Gedde3  (ged'es),  Patrick.  Born  Oct.  2,  1854. 
A British  biologist,  professor  of  botany  in 
University  College,  Dundee.  He  has  written 
“ Evolution  of  Sex”  (1889  : with  J.  A.  Thom- 
son), and  many  scientific  and  educational 
papers. 

Geilde'  Sir  Archibald.  Ilia  later  works  include 
“ Field  Geology  " (5th  ed.,  1900),  “Memoir  of  Sir  Andrew 
Crombie  Ramsay " (1895),  “ The  Ancient  Volcanoes  of 
Britain”  (1897),  “The  Founders  of  Geology"  (1897), 
“Geological  Map  of  England  and  Wales”  (1897),  “Types  of 
Scenery,  and  their  Influence  on  Literature  " (1898),  “The 

VI.  37 


Geology  of  Central  and  Western  Fife  and  Kinross”  (1901), 
“ The  Geology  of  Eastern  Fife  ”(1902),  “Scottish  Remi- 
niscences’’ (1904),  “Landscape  in  History  "(1906),  “Charles 
Darwin  as  Geologist  ’’  (1909),  etc.  He  was  made  secretary  to 
the  Royal  Society  in  1903  and  president  in  1908. 

Geikie  (ge'ki),  John  Cunningham.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  Oct.  26,  1824 : died  April 
1,  1906.  A British  clergyman  and  writer.  He 
was  the  son  of  a Presbyterian  minister  of  Toronto,  Canada ; 
entered  the  Presbyterian  ministry  in  1848  ; and  took  or- 
ders in  the  Church  of  England  in  1876.  Until  1860  he  lived 
in  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia,  and  after  that  in  England,  ex- 
cept from  1879  to  1881,  when  he  was  rector  of  a church  in 
Paris.  His  works  include  “ The  Life  and  Words  of  Christ " 
(1876),  “The  English  Reformation”  (1884),  “Hours  with 
the  Bible  ” (1894-96),  “ Landmarks  of  Old  Testament  His- 
tory ” (1894),  “ The  Vicar  and  his  Friends  ” (1901),  etc. 

Gelsenkirchen  (gel'zen-ker-chen).  A town  in 
the  province  of  Westphalia,  Germany,  17  miles 
west  of  Dortmund.  Its  recent  prosperity  and 
growth  are  due  to  the  development  of  coal- 
mines in  the  neighborhood,  and  to  the  incor- 
poration of  several  adjoining  places  with  the 
town  in  1903.  Population,  168,293,  (1910). 

Gen6e  (zhe-na/),  Adeline.  Bom  at  Aarhus, 
Jutland,  about  1882.  A Danish  dancer,  she 
learned  her  first  steps  at  the  age  of  three,  her  aunt, 
Antonia  Zimmennann,  being  a famous  danseuse.  At 
eight  she  began  regular  dancing  lessons  with  her  uncle  at 
Copenhagen.  She  made  her  first  success  at  Berlin,  and 
after  dancing  at  Copenhagen  and  Munich  went  to  London, 
where  for  many  seasons  she  was  the  premiere  danseuse  of 
the  Empire  Theatre  ballet,  appearing  in  “Copp^lia  ” and 
other  modern  ballets.  She  made  her  American  debut  in 
Philadelphia  in  1908,  appeared  in  the  United  States  for 
three  successive  seasons,  and  again  1912-13. 

General  Education  Board.  An  organization 

established  at  New  York  in  1902  to  promote 
education  in  the  United  States,  irrespective  of 
race,  creed,  or  sex.  It  is  especially  concerned  with 
regulating  and  utilizing  various  forms  of  educational 
beneficence.  It  has  received  about  $53,000,000  from  John 
D.  Rockefeller,  of  which  abo.'t  $7,200,000  have  been  given 
to  the  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research  and 
about  $12,600,000  to  the  University  of  Chicago. 

General  Grant  Park.  A park  in  the  San 

Joaquin  Valley,  California,  about  14  miles 
south  of  Millwood.  It  contains  125  mammoth 
trees,  among  them  “General  Grant,”  one  of 
the  largest  sequoias  known,  measuring  106  feet 
in  circumference  at  its  base. 

Geneva  Bible.  An  English  translation  of  the 
Bible  issued  from  Geneva  in  1560  by  several 
English  divines  who  had  fled  thither  to  escape 
the  persecution  of  the  reign  of  Mary,  it  was  the 
flrst  complete  Bible  to  appear  iu  Roman  type,  the  first  to 
omit  the  Apocrypha,  and  the  first  to  recognize  the  divi- 
sion into  verses.  This  translation  was  in  common  use  iu 
England  till  the  version  made  by  order  of  King  James 
was  introduced  in  1611.  The  Geneva  Bible  has  also  been 
called  the  Breeches  Bible,  because  Gen.  iii.  7 is  translated, 
“ Then  the  eyes  of  them  both  were  opened,  and  they  knew 
that  they  were  naked,  aud  they  sewed  fig  leaves  together 
and  made  themselves  breeches."  “Breeches”  occurs  in 
previous  translations,  though  the  name  is  given  espe- 
cially to  this  one. 

Gen-san.  See  *Yuen-san. 

George  V.:  full  name,  George  Frederick 
Ernest  Albert.  Born  at  Marlborough  House, 
London,  June  3,  1865.  King  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  and  Emperor  of  India,  May,  1910- : 
second  son  of  Edward  VII.  In  1892,  by  the  death 
of  his  elder  broth er,  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  lie  became  the 
heir  to  the  throne  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  He  was 
created  Duke  of  York  in  1892  ; married  Princess  Victoria 
Mary  (May)  of  Teck,  daughter  of  Queen  Victoria’s  flrst 
cousin,  July  6,  1893;  succeeded  his  father  as  Duke  of 
Cornwall  in  1901 ; and  on  Nov.  9,  1901,  waa  given  the  title 
of  Prince  of  Wales.  He  was  crowned  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  June  22,  1911. 

Georgetown  University.  An  institution  of 
higher  learning  for  men,  situated  at  George- 
town, District  of  Columbia.  Since  1805  it  has  been 
under  the  control  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  The  university 
consists  of  Georgetown  College  (founded  in  1789), the  School 
of  Medicine  (opened  in  1851),  the  School  of  Law  (opened 
in  1870),  and  the  Dental  School  (opened  in  1901).  Congress 
authorized  the  conferring  of  degrees  in  1815,  and  in  1833 
the  authorities  at  Rome  granted  the  power  of  conferring 
degrees  iu  philosophy  and  theology  in  the  name  of  the 
Holy  See.  The  number  of  students  is  over  1,100.  The 
university  library  contains  nearly  100,000  volumes. 

George  Washington  University.  The  name 
under  which  Columbian  University  has  been 
known  since  1904.  See  Columbian  University. 

Georgia,  University  of.  See  * University  of 
Georgia. 

Gerardy  (zhe-rar-de'),  Jean.  Born  at  Spa, 
Dec.  7,  1877.  A Belgian  violoncellist.  After 
studying  with  Bellman,  he  entered  the  Verviera  Conser- 
vatory, from  which  he  graduated  at  the  age  of  eleven. 
He  then  toured  extensively  in  Europe  and  America,  giving 
recitalB,  and  playing  in  concert  with  Paderewski,  Ysaye, 
Marteau,  Kreisler,  and  Josef  Hofmann. 

Germanic  National  Museum.  See  Nurem- 
berg. 

Gevaert  (ge-vart'),  Francois  Auguste.  Born 
at  Huysse,  near  Oudenarde,  Belgium,  July  31, 
1828 : died  at  Brussels,  Dee.  24,  1908.  A Bel- 


Gilbert,  Grove  Karl 

gian  musical  historian  and  composer.  He  lived 
in  Baris  for  a time  aud  brought  out  several  operas  there. 
In  1871  he  was  made  director  of  the  Brussels  Conservatory, 
succeeding  F6tis.  His  principal  literary  works  are  his 
“ Traite  generate  d’instrumentation  ” (1863  : revised  as 
“Nouveau  traite  d’instrumentation,”  1886),  “Lesorigines 
du  chant  liturgique  de  l’egliselatiue  ”(1890),  “Lamelopee 
antique  dans  l’eglise  latine  ” (1895),  etc. 

Gherardi  (ge-rar'di),  Bancroft.  Bora  at 
Jackson,  La.,  Nov.  10,  1832 : died  at  Strat- 
ford, Conn.,  Dec.  10,  1903.  An  American  naval 
officer,  appointed  rear-admiral  in  1887.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  as  midshipman  in  1846,  and 
served  through  the  Civil  War.  He  retired  in 
1894. 

Giacosa  (ja-ko'sa),  Giuseppe.  Born  in  Col- 
leretto-Parella,  near  Ivrea,  Turin,  Italy,  Oct. 
21,  1847 : died  there,  Sept.  2,  1906.  A noted 
Italian  dramatist.  His  works  include  “Una  partita 
a scacchi  ” (1873),  “Trionfo  d'amore  ” (1875),  “Ifigli  del 
marchese  "(1874),  “ La  signora  di  Challant  ” (1891),  “Tristi 
amori  ” (1891),  “Comele  foglie  ” (1900),  etc. 

Giard  (zlie-ar'),  Alfred  Mathieu.  Born  at 
Valenciennes,  Aug.  8,  1846:  died  Aug.  8,  1908. 
A distinguished  French  zoologist,  professor  at 
the  Sorbonne  1892-1908.  ne  was  the  author  of 
“Principes  de  biologie  generate  ” (1877),  “Recherches  sur 
la  castration  parasitaire  ” (1887),  “Controversies  transfor- 
mistes  ” (1900),  etc. 

Gibbs  (gibz),  Josiah.  Willard.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  11,1839:  died  there,  April 
28,  1903.  A distinguished  American  physicist 
and  mathematician,  son  of  Josiah  Willard 
Gibbs  (1790-1861).  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  College 
in  1858  and  became  professor  of  mathematical  physics 
there  iu  1871.  The  series  of  important  papers  in  which 
the  results  of  his  investigations  were  embodied  began 
with  two,  published  in  1873,  entitled  “ Graphical  Methods 
in  the  Thermodynamics  of  Fluids”  and  “A  Method  of 
Geometrical  Representation  of  the  Thermodynamic 
Properties  of  Substances  by  Means  of  Surfaces.”  These 
were  followed  by  a paper  on  the  “Equilibrium  of 
Heterogeneous  Substances”  (two  parts,  1876  and  1878), 
one  on  “Multiple  Algebra”  (1886),  etc.  His  work  was 
most  fruitful  for  the  physicist,  the  chemist,  and  the 
mathematician.  In  1906  his  “Scientific  Papers”  were 
published  in  two  volumes. 

Gibbs  (gibz),  Oliver  Wolcott.  Bora  at  New 
York,  Feb.  21,  1822  : died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
Dec.  9,  1908.  An  American  chemist,  profes- 
sor of  applied  science  in  Harvard  University 
from  1863  (emeritus  1887).  He  was  professor  of 
physics  and  chemistry  in  the  College  of  the  City  of  New 
York  1847-63.  His  publications  include  numerous  impor- 
tant papers  on  chemical  topics.  In  1884  he  was  elected 
an  honorary  member  of  the  German  Chemical  Society, 
and  was  the  first  American  who  received  this  honor. 

Gibson  (gib'son),  Charles  Dana.  Born  at 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1867.  An  American 
illustrator.  He  received  his  artistic  education  at  the 
Art  Students' League  in  New  York  and  the  Julian  Acad- 
emy in  Paris.  He  has  produced  a large  number  of  illus- 
trations for  “Life”  and  other  pictorial  magazines,  his 
subjects  being  taken  chiefly  from  American  social  life. 

Gibson*,  Edward,  first  Baron  Ashbourne.  He 
was  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  with  a seat  in 
the  cabinet,  1885-86,  1886-92,  and  1895-1906. 

Gibson’s  Desert.  A desert  region  in  Western 
Australia,  lying  between  the  great  Victoria 
Desert  and  the  Great  Sandy  Desert. 

Giddings  (gid'ingz),  Franklin  Henry.  Born 
at  Sherman,  Conn.,  March  23, 1855.  An  Ameri- 
can sociologist.  He  was  graduated  from  Union  Col- 
lege in  1877 ; worked  as  a journalist  until  1888 ; was  lecturer 
on  political  science  at  Bryn  Mawr  1888-91,  and  professor 
1891-94  ; was  professor  of  sociology  at  Columbia  Univer- 
sity 1894-1906;  and  has  been  professor  of  sociology  and 
the  history  of  civilization  there  since  1906.  He  has  writ- 
ten “ Principles  of  Sociology  ” (1896),  “ Elements  of  Sociol- 
ogy ” (1898),  “ Democracy  and  Empire  ” (1900),  “ Inductive 
Sociology  ” (1901),  “ Descriptive  and  Historical  Sociology  ” 
(1907),  etc. 

Giffard  (gif'fird),  Sir  Hardingc  Stanley,  first 
Earl  of  Halsbury.  Born  Sept.  3,  1825.  An 
English  statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Merton  Col- 
lege,  Oxford  ; was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1850;  and  was  appointed  queen's  counsel  in  1865.  In 
1875  he  was  created  a knight,  in  1885  a baron,  and  in  1898 
an  earl  (Viscount  Tiverton  and  Earl  of  Halsbury).  He 
was  Conservative  member  of  Parliament  for  Launceston 
1877-85,  and  lord  high  chancellor  1885-86,  1886-92,  and 
1895-Dec.,  1905. 

Gigout  (zhe-go'),  Eugene.  Bora  at  Nancy, 
France,  March  23,  1844.  A noted  French  or- 
ganist, composer,  and  teacher.  He  was  for  many 
years  professor  in  the  Niedermeyer  School  in  Paris,  and 
since  1863  has  been  organist  at  the  Church  of  Saint- 
Augustin.  In  1885  he  founded  an  organ  school  in  Paris. 
He  has  published  many  organ  works  and  choruses  in  the 
Gregorian  style. 

Gilbert  (gil'bert),  Cass.  Born  at  Zanesville, 
Ohio,  Nov.  24,  1859.  An  American  architect. 

He  was  educated  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  'tech- 
nology. Among  the  buildings  designed  by  him  are  the 
Capitol  at  St.  Paul,  the  Central  Public  Library  at  St.  Louis, 
and  the  Custom-house  and  the  Woolworth  Building  at  New 
York.  He  is  a member  of  the  National  Academy,  and  was 
president  of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  1908-09. 

Gilbert  (gil'bert),  Grove  Karl.  Born  at 


Gilbert,  Grove  Karl 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  May  6,  1843.  An  American 
man  of  science,  geologist  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  from  1879.  He  was  engaged  on 
the  Ohio  Geological  Survey  1869-71 ; in  the  Wheeler  sur- 
vey 1871-74  ; and  in  the  Powell  survey  of  a portion  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  1874-79.  His  publications  include  many 
reports  and  papers  on  geology  and  physiography. 

Giles  (jHz),  Herbert  Allen.  Born  Dec.  8, 
1845.  A British  Orientalist,  professor  of  Chi- 
nese at  the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  consular  service  in  China  1867-93.  In  1902 
he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  Chinese  in  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. lie  has  published  a “Glossary  of  Reference” 
(1878),  “Historic  China"  (1882),  “Chinese  Biographical 
Dictionary”  (1897),  “A  History  of  Chinese  Literature" 
(1901),  “ The  Religions  of  Ancient  China  ” (1906),  etc. 
Gilibert  (zhe-le-bar'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 
about  1867:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  12,  1910. 
A French  barytone.  He  played  the  buffo  parts  in 
the  old  Italian  operas  as  well  as  barytone  parts  in  the 
French  works,  his  Massetto,  in  “Don  Giovanni,"  being 
notable.  He  made  a success  as  the  father,  in  “Louise." 

Gillette  (ji-let'),  William.  Born  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  July  24,  1855.  An  American  actor  and 
playwright.  He  appeared  for  a number  of  years  in 
various  stock  companies,  and  has  played  leading  roles  in 
many  of  his  own  dramas.  Among  these  are  “The 
Professor,"  “ The  Private  Secretary,  ’ “ Held  by  the 
Enemy,”  “Too  Much  Johnson,”  “ Secret  Service,"  “Sher- 
lock Holmes,”  etc. 

Ginsburg  (ginz'berg),  Christian  David.  Born 
at  Warsaw,  Russian  Poland,  Dec.  25,  1831.  A 
British  biblical  scholar  and  writer.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  committee  for  the  revision  of  the  English 
version  of  the  Old  Testament.  Among  his  works  are 
the  “ Massorah  ” (1880-),  commentaries  upon  various  books 
of  the  Old  Testament,  etc. 

Gioconda  (jo-kon'da),  La.  1.  See  Mona  Lisa. 
— 2.  An  opera  by  Ponchielli  (words  by  Arrigo 
Boito),  first  produced  at  Milan  in  1876. 
Giordano  (jor-da ' no),  Umberto.  Born  at 
Foggia,  Aug.  27,  1867.  An  Italian  composer. 
While  still  a pupil  at  the  Naples  Conservatory  he  received 
a commission  to  write  an  opera,  “ Mala  Vita  ” (1892).  His 
next  opera,  “ Regina  Diaz  ” (1894),  was  unsuccessful.  His 
operas  “Andrea  Chenier”  (1896),  “Fedora"  (1898),  and 
“Siberia"  (1904)  have  beenproduced  in  America. 

Girl  of  the  Golden  West,  The.  [It.  La  Fan- 
ciulla  del  West.]  An  opera  by  Puccini  (words 
by  Zangarini),  first  produced  at  New  York,  Dec. 
li,  1910.  The  story  is  based  on  the  play  of 
the  same  name  by  Belasco,  produced  in  New 
York  city  in  1905,  with  Blanche  Bates  as  he- 
roine. 

Girofld  Girofla  (zhe-ro-fla'  zhe-ro-fla').  An 
opera  boiiffe  in  three  acts  (libretto  by  Vanloo 
and  Leterrier,  music  by  A.  C.  Leeocq)  which 
was  first  produced  at  the  Theater  of  Parisian 
Fantasies  in  Brussels,  March  21,  1874. 

Gissing  (gis'ing),  George.  Born  at  Wake- 
field, England,  Nov.  22,  1857:  died  at  St.- 
Jean-de-Luz,  France,  Dec.  28,  1903.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  a portrayer  of  modern  social 
conditions  and  in  particular  of  English  middle- 
class  life.  He  was  educated  at  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester. His  works  include  “The  Unclassed''  (1884), 
“Demos"  (1886),  “The  Nether  World”  (1889),  “New 
Grub  Street"  (1891),  “ The  Whirlpool  ” (1897),  “The  Town 
Traveller  ” (1898),  “ Our  Friend  the  Charlatan " (1901), 
“ By  the  Ionian  Sea  ” (1901),  “ The  Private  Papers  of 
Henry  Ryecroft,”  an  autobiographical  book  originally 
entitled  “An  Author  at  Grass"  (1902),  “ Veranilda” 
(1905),  “The  House  of  Cobwebs " (1906),  etc.  He  was  a 
student  of  Dickens  and  published  “ Charles  Dickens,  a 
critical  essay  ” (1898),  an  abbreviation  of  Forster’s  life  of 
Dickens  (1902),  and  introductions  to  the  “ Rochester " 
edition  of  Dickens’s  novels. 

Gjoa  (je'a').  The  yacht  (built  1872)  iu  which 
Roald  Amundsen  and  six  companions  made  a 
north  polar  expedition  1903-07.  The  expedition 
left  Christiania  in  June,  1903,  and  spent  two  winters  at 
Gjoahavn,  King  William  Land,  where  magnetic  and  mete- 
orological observations  were  made.  The  north  magnetic 
pole  was  reached  by  sledges.  The  Gjoa  was  the  first  ship 
to  navigate  successfully  and  completely  the  whole  of  the 
Northwest  Passage.  In  August,  1906,  the  ship  reached 
Bering  Strait  after  being  frozen  off  King  Point  for  the 
third  winter. 

Glace  (glas)  Bay.  A town  on  the  northeastern 
coast  of  Cape  Breton  Island,  Nova  Scotia. 
There  are  sheet-metal  works  in  the  town  and 
coal-mines  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  a transatlantic 
wireless  telegraph  station.  Population,  16,562. 
Glacier  National  Park.  A national  park  in 
northern  Montana,  established  in  1910,  com- 
prising over  1,500  square  miles.  It  contains 
over  60  glaciers.  Mount  Cleveland,  the  highest 
peak,  is  10,434  feet  in  height. 

Gladden  (glad'en),  Washington.  Born  at 
Pottsgrove,  Pa.,  Feb.  11,  1836.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman  and  writer.  He  was 
graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1859 ; was  pastor  of 
churches  in  Brooklyn  and  Morrisania,  New  York,  and 
North  Adams  and  Springfield,  Massachusetts  (1860-82) ; 
was  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church  in  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio,  1882-1911,  and  was  moderator  of  the  Con- 
gregational Council  1904-07.  Among  his  publications 
arc  “ Plain  Thoughts  on  the  Art  of  Living  " (1868),  “ The 


Christian  League  of  Connecticut”  (1883),  “ Applied  Chris- 
tianity (1887),  “Who  Wrote  the  Bible?"  (1891),  “Tools 
and  the  Man”  (1892),  “ The  Christian  Pastor"  (1898), 
“How  Much  is  Left  of  the  Old  Doctrines?”  (1899),  “Social 
Salvation"  (1902),  “When  Does  the  Sky  Begin  ? " (1904), 
“The  Church  and  Modern  Life”  (1908),  “Recollections  ” 
(1909). 

Gladsheim  (glads'him).  [‘  Home  of  glad- 
ness.’] In  Old.  Norse  mythology,  a region  in 
Asgard  which  contains  the  Valhalla,  the  as- 
sembling-place of  the  gods  and  heroes.  It  is 
the  dwelling  of  Odin. 

Gladstone  (glad'ston),  Herbert  John,  Vis- 
count Gladstone  of  Hawarden.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  7,1854.  An  English  Liberal  statesman, 
youngest  son  of  W.  E.  Gladstone.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  University  College,  Oxford  ; rep- 
resented Leeds  and  Leeds  West  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons 1880-1909;  was  private  secretary  to  his  father 
1880-81 ; and  was  junior  lord  of  the  treasury  1881-85,  finan- 
cial secretary  to  the  War  Office  1886,  under-secretary  to 
the  Home  Office  1892-94,  first  commissioner  of  works 
1894-95,  chief  Liberal  whip  1899-1905,  and  home  secretary 
Dec.,  1905-10.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1910,  and 
in  the  same  year  was  appointed  governor-general  of  South 
Africa. 

Gladstone  (glad'ston),  John  Hall.  Born  at 
London,  1827:  died  Oct.  6,  1902.  An  English 
chemist,  professor  of  chemistry  at  the  Royal 
Institute  1874-77.  lie  published  the  “Life  of  Mi- 

chael  Faraday  ” (1872),  “Spelling  Reform  from  an  Educa- 
tional Point  of  View  ” (1878),  and  numerous  papers  on 
chemical  topics. 

Glasgow  (glas'go),  Ellen  Anderson  Gholson. 

Born  at  Richmond,  Va.,  April  22,  1874.  An 
American  novelist.  She  has  written  “The  Descen- 
dant”  (1897),  “ Phases  of  an  Inferior  Planet  ” (1898),  “ The 
Freeman  and  other  Poems”  (1900),  “The  Voice  of  the 
People”  (1900),  “ The  Battleground”  (1902),  “The  Deliv- 
erance” (1904),  “The  Wheel  of  Life”  (1906),  “Ancient 
Law  ” (1908),  “ The  Romance  of  a Plain  Man  ” (1909),  “The 
Miller  of  Old  Church  ” (1911),  etc. 

Glass  (glas),  Henry.  Born  in  Kentucky,  Jan. 
7,  1844 : died  at  Paso  Robles,  Cal.,  Sept.  1, 
1908.  An  American  naval  officer,  promoted 
rear-admiral  in  1901.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1863  ; served  in  the  last 
years  of  the  Civil  War;  commanded  the  cruiser  Charles- 
ton on  the  Pacific  Station  in  the  Spanish  war ; and  cap- 
tured the  Ladrone  Islands  (Guam)  June  20,  1898.  He 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Pacific  Station  1903-04, 
and  was  appointed  commandant  of  the  Pacific  Naval  Dis- 
trict in  1904,  retiring  in  January,  1906. 

Glassport  (glas'port).  A borough  in  Alle- 
gheny County,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated  iu 
1902.  It  has  glass-factories,  foundries,  etc. 
Population,  5,540,  (1910). 

Glastonbury  (glas'ton-ber-i).  A town  in  Hart- 
ford County,  Connecticut,  on  the  Connecticut 
River,  5 miles  below  Hartford.  It  has  manu- 
factories of  wool,  paper,  etc.  Population, 
4,796,  (1910). 

Glave  (glav),  Edward  James.  Born  Sept.  13, 
1862 : died  at  Underhill,  Matadi,  Belgian 
Kongo,  May  12,  1895.  An  English  explorer  in 
Central  Africa.  In  1883  he  was  sent  by  the  Bureau 
of  the  International  Association  of  Brussels  to  serve 
under  Henry  M.  Stanley  on  the  Kongo  River.  Be  was  in 
command  of  the  station  at  Lukolela  1884-86,  explored  the 
Kongo  basin  1886-89,  came  to  America  on  a lecturing 
tour  in  1889,  and  explored  Alaska  1890-91.  Between 
August,  1893,  and  April,  1895,  he  crossed  Africa  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Zambesi  River,  journeying  to  the  east 
and  north  of  Lake  Nyasa,  west  of  Lake  Bangweolo,  east 
of  Lake  Moero,  and  west  of  Lake  Tanganyika  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Kongo  River.  This  journey  was  undertaken 
for  the  investigation  of  the  slave-trade,  with  a view  to 
aiding  in  its  abolition.  He  wrote  “ In  Savage  Africa  ” 
(1892). 

Glazounof  (gla'zo-nof),  Alexander  Constan- 
tinovitch.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Aug.  10, 
1865.  A Russian  composer  of  the  advanced 
national  school,  though  also  affected  by  more 
cosmopolitan  Western  influences.  He  has  com- 
posed  seven  symphonies,  several  symphonic  poems  and 
suites,  six  string  quartets  and  other  instrumental  music, 
cantatas,  and  songs.  In  1906  he  was  appointed  director 
of  the  St.  Petersburg  Conservatory. 

Glenn  (glen),  John  Mark.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Oct.  28,  1858.  An  American  social  worker. 

He  was  educated  at  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1882.  He  was  a member  of  the 
board  of  supervisors  of  city  charities  in  Baltimore  1898- 
1907,  and  in  1907  was  made  director  of  the  Russell  Sage 
Foundation  at  New  York. 

Globe  (glob).  Tbe  county-seat  of  Gila  County, 
Arizona,  84  miles  northeast  of  Tucson.  It  has 
rich  mines  of  copper,  gold,  and  silver.  Popu- 
lation, 7,083,  (1910 ). 

Gluck  (glok),  Alma.  Born  at  Bukharest, 
about  1883.  An  American  soprano  singer. 
She  came  to  \merica  when  about  three  years  old,  studied 
singing  in  New  York,  and  in  1909  was  engaged  for  the 
Metropolitan  Opera  Company.  Her  d£but  was  made  as 
Sophie,  in  “ Werther,”  Nov.  16,  1909,  at  the  New  Theatre. 
Since  that  time  she  has  been  heard  in  a variety  of  parts. 
She  has  also  sung  in  recital  and  oratorio. 

Glyptothek  (glip'to-tak).  [G.,  < NL.  gh/pto- 
theca,  < Gr.  yXvnrdv,  a carved  image,  + Or/ nr/,  a 


Gompers 

collection.]  A gallery  of  sculpture  on  the 
Konigsplatz,  Munich,  built  externally  in  the 
Ionic  style,  with  thirteen  halls  lighted  from  a 
central  quadrangle.  It  was  erected  from  designsby 
Klenze,  1816-30,  by  Louis  1.,  king  of  Bavaria,  primarily 
to  provide  a home  for  the  iEginetan  marbles.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  a museum  of  art  in  Copenhagen. 

Godard  (go-dar'),  Benjamin  Louis  Paul. 

Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  18,  1849 : died  at  Cannes, 
Jan.  10,  1895.  A French  composer.  Among  his 
works  are  the  operas  “Pedro  deZalamea”  (1884),  “Joce- 
lyn” (1888),  “ Dante  et  Beatrice”  (1890),  “Jeanne  d’Arc 
(1891),  “La  vivandiere  ” (1895),  symphonies  and  suites, 
many  piano  pieces,  and  songs. 

Godowsky  (go-dof'ski),  Leopold.  Born  at 
Vilna,  Feb.  13,  1870.  A Russian  piano  vir- 
tuoso and  composer.  He  first  appeared  in  concert 
when  nine  years  of  age,  playing  in  Russia,  Poland,  and 
Germany.  In  1884  he  toured  in  America  with  Ovide 
Musin,  and  then,  after  studying  with  Saint-Saens,  toured 
in  France,  England,  and  America.  He  was  director  of  the 
Chicago  Conservatory  1895-1900,  and  succeeded  Busoni  at 
the  Vienna  Conservatory  in  1908.  He  has  written  piano- 
forte pieces,  and  fifty  studies  on  the;  “ Etudes 1 ’ of  Chopin. 

Godwin- Austen  (god 'win -as' ten),  Robert 
Alfred  Cloyne.  Born  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
March  17,  1808:  died  there,  Nov.  25,  1884.  An 
English  geologist.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Oriel 
College),  and  was  a pupil  of  William  Buckland,  the 
geologist.  In  1849  he  was  elected  a fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  took  the  additional  surname  of  Godwin  in 
1853.  He  is  best  known  through  his  essay  “On  the  Pos- 
sible Extension  of  the  Coal-measures  beneath  the  South- 
Eastern  Part  of  England  ” (1854). 

Goeje  (go'ye),  Michiel  Johannes  de.  Born 
in  Friesland,  Aug.  13,  1836:  died  in  1909.  A 
Dutch  Orientalist,  professor  in  the  University 
of  Leyden.  He  was  especially  distinguished 
as  an  Arabic  scholar,  and  edited  many  texts  in 
that  language. 

Goethals  (go'thalz),  George  Washington. 

Born  at  Brooklyn,  June  29,  1858.  An  Ameri- 
can  engineer.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1880  and  assigned  to  the  Engineer  Corps,  becoming  major 
in  1900  and  colonel  in  1909.  He  was  chief  of  engineers 
during  the  war  with  Spain  in  1898,  and  in  1907  was  ap- 
pointed chief  engineer  of  the  Panama  Canal. 

Gold  Coast".  In  1901  Ashanti  was  annexed  by  Great 
Britain  and  the  administration  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
governor  of  the  Gold  Coast,  and  in  the  same  year  the  ter- 
ritories between  the  French  and  German  possessions 
north  of  lat.  8°  N.  were  put  under  British  protection. 
Area  of  colony,  Ashanti,  and  protectorate,  82,000 square 
miles.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a considerably  more  ex- 
tensive stretch  of  the  coast. 

Golden  Hill.  A lofty  hill  south  of  Port 
Arthur,  Manchuria,  rising  from  the  sea  on  the 
northeasterly  side  of  the  entrance  to  tlje  inner 
harbor.  It  is  heavily  fortified  and  played  an  important 
part  in  repelling  the  attacks  of  the  Japanese  fleet  upon 
Port  Arthur  during  the  Russo-Japanese  war. 

Goldfield  (gold'feld).  A town  (not  incorpor- 
ated in  1910),  the  county-seat  of  Esmeralda 
County,  Nevada,  about  40  miles  south  of 
Tonopah.  There  are  gold-mines  in  the  vicinity. 
Population,  4,838,  (1910). 

Goldsboro  (goldz'bur-o).  The  county-seat  of 
Wayne  County,  North  Carolina,  78  miles  north 
of  Wilmington.  It  has  cotton-mills,  machine- 
shops,  lumber-mills,  furniture -factories,  etc. 
A State  normal  school  and  the  Eastern  Insane 
Asylum  are  located  here.  Population,  6,107, 
(1910). 

Golgi  (gol'je),  Camillo.  Born  atCorteno,  Italy, 
July  7,  1844.  An  Italian  pathologist,  pro- 
fessor of  general  pathology  and  histology  in 
the  University  of  Pavia.  In  1887  he  made  a study 
of  the  life-cycle  of  the  malarial  parasite1.  In  1906  he 
received  the  Nobel  prize  for  works  dealiug  with  the  anat- 
omy of  the  nervous  system. 

Gollancz  (gol'ans),  Israel.  Born  at  London, 
1864.  An  English  scholar,  educator,  and 
author.  He  was  graduated  at  Christ's  College.  Cam- 
bridge, in  1887;  was  university  lecturer  in  English  at 
Cambridge,  1896-1906;  and  has  been  professor  of  English 
literature  and  language,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  arts, 
at  King’s  College.  London.  He  has  been  fellow’  and  sec- 
retary of  the  British  Academy  since  its  foundation  in 
1902.  Among  his  works  are  “ Cynewulf’s  ‘Christ’  ” (1892), 
“ Exeter  Book  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry  ” (1895),  “Hamlet in 
Iceland  ” (1898),  etc.  He  is  also  editor  of  the  “Temple 
Classics,”  “Temple  Dramatists,”  “ Temple  Shakespeare,  ‘ ’ 
etc.  He  was  appointed  director  of  the  Early  English 
Text  Society  in  1910. 

Goltermann  (gorter-miUi),  Georg  Eduard. 

Born  at  Hannover,  Aug.  19, 1824 : died  at  Frank- 
fort, Dec.  29,  1898.  A German  violoncellist, 
conductor,  and  composer.  His  teachers  were  Prell, 
the  younger,  and  Menter,  of  Munich.  He  toured  as  a 
virtuoso  1850-52  and  became  music  director  at  Wurzburg  in 
1852,  second  conductor  at  the  Stadt  Theater,  Frankfort, 
in  1853,  and  first  conductor  in  1874.  Among  his  composi- 
tions the  best  known  is  a cello  concerto. 

Gompers  (gom'perz),  Samuel.  Bom  in  Eng- 
land, Jan.  27,  1850.  An  Anglo-American  labor 
leader.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1863.  A cigar- 
maker  by  trade,  in  1864  he  helped  to  organize  the  Cigar- 
Makers’  International  Union,  and  has  since  attained  fore- 


Gompers 

most  rank  as  an  advocate  and  acting  representative  of 
organized  labor.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor,  and  has  been  its  president  almost 
continuously  from  the  beginning.  He  is  also  the  editor 
of  the  “ American  Federationist.  ’ 

Goodale  (gud'al),  George  Lincoln.  Born  at 
Saco,  Maine,  Aug.  3,  1839.  An  American 
botanist,  professor  of  botany  in  Harvard 
University  1878-1909,  and  Fisher  professor 
of  natural  history  and  director  of  the  Botanic 
Garden.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1860 ; 
was  professor  at  Bowdoin  College  1869-72  ; and  was  assis- 
tant professor  at  Harvard  1873-78.  His  publications  in- 
clude many  works  on  economic  botany. 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of.  2.  The  name  by  which 
Cape  Colony  is  known  in  the  Union  of  South 
Africa. 

Goodhue  (gud'hu),  Bertram  Grosvenor.  Born 
at  Pomfret,  Conn.,  April  28,  1869.  An  Ameri- 
can architect.  He  is  a member  of  the  firm  of  Cram, 
Goodhue,  and  Ferguson  of  New  York  and  Boston,  which 
designed  the  reconstruction  and  development  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  and  built  the 
Anglican  cathedrals  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Havana, 
Cuba,  and  the  new  edifice  for  St.  Thomas’s  Church,  New 
York  city.  He  designed  the  “ Altar  Book.’’ 

Goodspeed  (gud'sped),  Arthur  Willis.  Born 
at  Hopkinton,  N.  H.,  Aug.  8,  1860.  An  Amer- 
ican physicist,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  from  1904,  best  known  for  his 
studies  in  radiation  (X-rays,  etc.).  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  in  1884,  and  became  connected  with  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  as  instructor,  in  1884. 

Goodyear  (gud'yer),  William  Henry.  Born 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  April  21,  1846.  An 
American  connoisseur  and  curator  of  art  col- 
lections: son  of  Charles  Goodyear  (1800-60). 

He  was  graduated  at  Yale  University  in  1867  and  studied 
at  the  universities  of  Heidelberg  and  Berlin.  From  1881 
to  1888  he  was  curator  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  in 
New  York,  and  since  1899  has  been  curator  of  fine  arts 
in  the  Museum  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arte  and 
Sciences.  He  has  investigated  irregularities  which  he  has 
discovered  in  nearly  all  styles  of  architecture,  and  which 
in  many  cases  were  intentional ; and  his  measurements  of 
monuments  have  modified  greatly  the  accepted  theories 
of  architectural  development.  He  has  written  “ A History 
of  Art"  (1888),  “Grammar  of  the  Lotus"  (1891),  “Roman 
and  Medieval  Art  ” (1893),  “Renaissance  and  Modem  Art  ” 
(1894),  “Greek  Refinements”  (1912),  etc. 

Gopher  state.  A popular  name  of  the  State  of 
Minnesota. 

Gordon  (gor'don),  Charles  William:  pseudo- 
nym Ralph  Connor.  Born  at  Indian  Lands, 
Ontario,  1860.  A Canadian  clergyman,  mis- 
sionary, and  author.  From  1890  to  1894  he  was  ell- 
gaged  in  missionary  work  among  the  miners  and  lumber- 
men in  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mountains ; represented  the 
Canadian  Western  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Great  Britain  1893-94  ; and  since  1894  has  been  minister 
of  St.  Stephen’s  Church  in  Winnipeg.  He  is  the  author 
of  “ Black  Rock”  (1898),  “The  Sky  Pilot”  (1899),  “Beyond 
the  Marshes ” (1901),  “The  Man  from  Glengarry  ” (1901), 
“ Glengarry  School  Days  ” (1902),  “ The  Prospector”  (1904), 
“The  Doctor ” (1906),  “Life  of  James  Robertson”  (1908), 
“The  Recall  of  Love”  (1910),  “Corporal  Cameron”(1912),  etc. 
Gordon  (gor'don),  John  Brown.  Born  in 
Upson  County,  Ga.,  Feb.  6,  1832 : died  at 
Miami,  Fla.,  Jan.  9,  1904.  An  American 
soldier.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Georgia; 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar ; served  with 
distinction  in  the  Confederate  army  in  the  Civil  War,  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general ; was  a member  of 
the  national  Democratic  conventions  of  1868  and  1872 ; was 
a member  of  the  United  States  Senate  1873-80  and  1891- 
1897 ; and  was  governor  of  Georgia  1887-90.  He  was  the 
author  of  “Reminiscences  of  the  Civil  War”  (1903). 

Gorgas  (gor'gas),  William  Crawford.  Born 
at  Mobile,  Ala.,  October  3,  1854.  A medical 
officer  in  the  United  States  army,  especially 
noted  for  his  services  in  freeing  Havana  from 
yellow  fever.  He  entered  the  medical  corps  of  the 
United  States  army  as  first  lieutenant  in  1880,  became 
captain  in  1885  and  major  in  1898,  and  was  promoted 
colonel  by  a special  act  of  Congress  in  1903  for  his  yellow- 
fever  work.  In  1904  he  was  appointed  chief  sanitary 
ofiicer  of  the  Panama  Canal,  and  he  has  been  a member 
of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  since  March,  1907. 
Gorky  (gor'ki),  Maxim.  The  pseudonym  of 
Aleksyei  Maksimovitch  Pyeshkof. 

Gorman  (gor'man),  Arthur  Pue.  Born  in 
Howard  County,  Md.,  March  11,  1839:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  June  4,  1906.  An  Ameri- 
can Democratic  politician.  He  became  a page  in 
the  United  States  Senate  in  1852;  was  a member  of  the 
Maryland  House  of  Delegates  1870-75  (speaker  1873-75) ; 
was  State  senator  1875-81  ; and  was  United  States  senator 
from  Maryland  1881-99  and  1903-06. 

Gorst  (gdrst),  Sir  Eldon.  Born  in  New  Zea- 
land, June  25,  1861:  died  at  Castle  Combe 
Manor,  Chippenham,  Wiltshire,  July  12,  1911. 
A British,  statesman,  successor  to  Lord  Cromer 
as  British  agent  and  consul-general  in  Egypt 
in  1907.  He  was  financial  adviser  to  the  Egyp- 
tian government  1898-1904,  and  assistant  under- 
secretary of  state  for  foreign  affairs  1904-07. 
Gortynian  Inscription.  An  inscription  found 
at  Gortyna  in  Crete,  a small  part  in  1862  and 


the  rest  in  1884.  It  is  supposed  to  date  from  the 
fifth  century  B.C.,  although  it  contains  references  to  the 
sixth  and  seventh  centuries.  It  is  of  great  value  as  giving 
what  is  practically  a code  of  early  Greek  law  and,  to  a con- 
siderable extent,  its  procedure. 

Gorz  and  Gradiska*.  It  has  6 representatives 
in  the  Austrian  Reichsrath  and  has  a landtag 
of  30  members. 

Goschen%  George  Joachim.  His  later  works 
include  “Life  and  Times  of  Georg  Joachim 
Goschen  ” (1903)  and  “Essays  and  Addresses 
on  Economic  Questions”  (1905). 

Goshen  (go'shen).  The  county-seat  of  Elk- 
hart County,  Indiana,  99  miles  southeast  of 
Chicago.  It  is  engaged  in  lumbering,  agricul- 
ture, and  the  manufacture  of  flour,  machinery, 
woolen  goods,  furniture,  etc.  Population, 
8,514,  (1910). 

Goss  (gos),  Warren  Lee.  Born  at  Brewster, 
Mass.,  Aug.  19, 1838.  An  American  author  and 
editor.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Soldier’s  Story  of 
Captivity  at  Andersonville ” (1866),  “Jed"  (1889),  "The 
Recollections  of  a Private  ” (1890),  “ Tom  Clifton  ” (1892), 
“Jack  Alden”  (1895),  and  “In  the  Navy”  (1898). 

Gosse*,  Edmund  W.  He  has  also  written  “ Firdausi 
in  Exile"  (1885),  “In  Russet  and  Silver”  (1894),  “Col- 
lected Poems " (1896),  “ Hypolympia " (1901),  “Father  and 
Son”  (1907),  “Henrik  Ibsen”  (1908),  “The  Autumn  Gar- 
den ’’  (1908),  and  “ Two  Visits  to  Denmark  1872-4  " (1911). 
Gotz  (gets),  Hermann.  Born  at  Konigsberg, 
Dec.  17,  1840:  died  near  Zurich,  Switzerland, 
Dec.  3,  1876.  A German  composer.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Stern,  Von  Biilow,  and  Ulrich  at  Berlin,  nis 
most  celebrated  opera,  “ The  Taming  of  the  Shrew  ” (“  Der 
Widerspenstigen  Zahmung”),  was  first  performed  at 
Mannheim,  Oct.  11,  1874.  He  also  wrote  orchestral, 
piano,  and  chamber  music. 

Gould  (gold),  Elgin  Ralston  Lovell.  Born  at 
Oshawa,  Ontario,  Canada,  Aug.  15,  1860.  An 
American  publicist  and  philanthropist.  He 
studied  at  the  Toronto  and  Johns  Hopkins  universities, 
and  was  professor  of  statistics  in  the  University  of  Chicago 
1895-96.  In  1896  he  became  president  of  the  City  and 
Suburban  Homes  Company,  New  York,  an  organization 
for  providing  improved  dwelling  accommodations  for 
wage-earners  on  terms  allowing  a measure  of  profit  to  in- 
vestors. He  was  lecturer  on  political  economy  in  Colum- 
bia University  1901-02,  city  chamberlain  of  New  York  1902- 
1904,  and  has  taken  an  active  part  in  philanthropic  and  re- 
form movements  in  that  city.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The 
Housing  of  the  Working  People,”  “ Popular  Control  of  the 
Liquor  Traffic,”  “The  Social  Condition  of  Labor,”  “Euro- 
pean Bureaus  of  Labor  Statistics,”  “ The  Housing  Problem 
in  Great  Cities,”  “Civic Reform  and  Social  Progress, ” etc. 

Gould  (gold),  Sir  Francis  Carruthers.  Born 
at  Barnstaple,  Dee.  2,  1844.  An  English  politi- 
cal caricaturist  and  editor.  In  1879  he  began  illus- 
trating  the  Christmas  numbers  of  the  London  “Truth, 
and  was  subsequently  connected  with  the  “ Ball  Mall 
Gazette,'  and  later  with  the  “ Westminster  Gazette,”  of 
which  he  became  assistant  editor.  He  is  especially  noted 
for  his  political  caricatures,  which  serve  to  further  the 
ends  of  the  Liberal  party.  His  cartoons  in  the  “West- 
minster Gazette  ” have  been  reprinted  periodically  in 
“ Picture  Politics. ” He  has  published  also  “ Who  Killed 
Cock  Robin?”  (1897),  “Froissart’s  Modern  Chronicles’’ 
(1902-03),  etc.  He  was  knighted  in  1906. 

Gourock  (go'rok).  A seashore  resort  in  Ren- 
frewshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of 
Clyde,  3 miles  west  of  Greenock.  Pop.,  5,244. 
Grabau  (gra'bo).  Amadeus  William.  Born 
at  Cedarburgh,  Wis.,  Jan.  9,  1870.  An  Ameri- 
can geologist,  professor  of  paleontology  in 
Columbia  University  from  1905.  He  was  ad- 
junct professor  there  1902-05. 

Grafton  (graf'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Tay- 
lor County,  West  Virginia,  64  miles  southeast 
of  Wheeling.  It  has  railroad  shops,  glass-fac- 
tories, planing-mills,  etc.  A national  ceme- 
tery and  a State  reform  school  are  located 
here.  Population,  7,563,  (1910). 

Graham  (gra'am),  Ennis.  Tbe  pseudonym 
of  Mrs.  Moleswort.h. 

Grahame  (gra'am),  Kenneth.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, March  8,  1859.  A British  author,  secre- 
tary of  the  Bank  of  England  1898-1908.  He 
has  written  “Pagan  Papers”  (1893),  “The  Golden  Age" 
(1895),  “ Dream  Days  ” (1898),  “ The  Headswoman  ” (1898), 
“ The  Wind  in  the  Willows  ' (1908),  etc. 

Grahame  - White  (gra ' am-hwit'),  Claude. 
Born  at  Southampton,  England,  Aug.  21,  1879. 
An  English  aviator.  He  learned  to  fly  at  the  Bleriot 
and  Farman  schools  in  France,  obtaining  there  a pilot’s 
license.  At  Pan,  on  Nov.  28,  1909,  he  made  a record  flight 
at  the  rate  of  70  miles  an  hour.  Competing  with  Paulhan 
in  a 117-mile  race  from  London  to  Manchester,  April  28, 
1910,  he  covered  107  miles,  but  was  forced  to  descend.  In 
a flight  of  33  miles  out  over  Boston  Harbor,  in  September, 
1910,  he  won  a $10,000  prize.  In  a flight  over  Washington, 
D.  C.,  on  Oct.  14, 1910,  he  made  a landing  in  a public  street 
near  the  White  House  and  a successful  return  flight  to  the 
Bennings  race-track.  He  won  the  Gordon- Hennett  inter- 
national cup  at  Belmont  Park,  Long  Island,  on  Oct.  29, 
1910,  with  a Bleriot  monoplane,  at  a speed  of  about  61  miles 
an  hour,  flying  100  kilometers  in  1 hr.,  1 min.,  4.74  sec. 

Grand  (grand),  Sarah.  The  pseudonym  of 
Mrs.  McFall. 

Grand  Island  (grand  I'land).  The  county- 


Graves,  Henry  Solon 

seat  of  Hall  County,  Nebraska,  on  the  Platte 
River.  Besides  a large  trade  in  live  stock,  the 
city  has  brick-works,  sugar-factories,  brew- 
eries, railroad  shops,  etc.  Grand  Island  Col- 
lege (Baptist)  and  the  State  Soldiers'  and  Sail- 
ors’ Home  are  located  here.  Population,  10,326, 
(1910). 

Grand  Isle  (grand  11).  A village  in  Jefferson 
Parish,  Louisiana,  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  State,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  has  a 
wireless  telegraph  station. 

Grand  Marais  (grand  ma-ra').  A village  in 
Cook  County,  Minnesota,  incorporated  in  1903. 
It  is  on  Lake  Superior,  and  has  a wireless  tele- 
graph station.  Population,  355,  (1910). 

Grand  Rapids  (grand  rap'idz).  The  county- 
seat  of  Wood  County,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wis- 
consin River,  67  miles  northwest  of  Oshkosh. 
It  has  lumber-mills,  flour-mills,  furniture-fac- 
tories, etc.  Population,  6,521,  (1910). 

Granite  (gran'it).  A city  in  Madison  County, 
Illinois,  about  5 miles  northeast  of  East  St. 
Louis.  It  has  granite-ware  factories,  steel- 
and  iron-works,  etc.  Population,  9,903,  (1910). 
Gran  Malindang (gran  ma-len'dang).  Agroup 
of  mountains  in  Misamis,  Mindanao,  Philippine 
Islands.  Greatest  height,  8,580  feet. 

Grant  (grant),  Frederick  Dent.  Born  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  May  30,  1850:  died  at  New  York, 
April  11,  1912.  An  American  soldier,  son  of 
Ulysses  S.  Grant:  appointed  major-general  in 
the  United  States  army  in  1906.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1871  and  resigned  from  the  army  in 
1881;  was  minister  to  Austria-Hungary  1889-93;  and  was 
police  commissioner  of  New  York  city  1895-97.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  with  Spain  in  1898  he  was  appointed 
colonel  and  later  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  ; served 
in  Porto  Rico ; and  in  1899  was  sent  to  the  Philippines, 
where  he  took  part  in  various  operations  against  the  in- 
surgents in  Luz6n.  In  1901  he  was  appointed  brigadier- 
general  in  the  United  States  army.  He  commanded  the 
Department  of  Texas  1902-04,  the  Department  of  the  Lakes 
1904  and  1908-10,  the  Department  of  the  East  1904-08  and 
1910-11,  and  the  Eastern  Division  1911-12. 

Grant  (grant),  Robert.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Jan.  24,  1852.  An  American  author  and  law- 
yer. Among  his  works  are  “ The  Reflections  of  a Mar- 
ried Man”  (1892),  “The  Opinions  of  a Philosopher” 
(1893),  “The  Art  of  Living  ” (1895),  “Unleavened  Bread  ” 
(1900),  “ The  Undercurrent  ” (1904),  “The  Orchid  ” (1905), 
“ The  Lawbreakers”  (1906),  “The Chippendales”  (1909),  etc. 
Gras  (gra),  F61ix.  Born  at  Malemort,  France, 
May  3,  1844:  died  at  Avignon,  March  4,  1901. 
A Provencal  poet  and  novelist.  He  was  a member 
of  the  brotherhood  of  Les  Felibres,  and  succeeded  his 
brother-in-law,  its  founder,  Joseph  Roumanille,  as  its  head 
in  1891.  He  published,  in  Provencal,  “Li  Carbounie” 
(1876),  “Toloza”  (1881),  “Roumancero  prouvenyal,”  a col- 
lection (1882),  “Li  Papalino  ” (1891).  In  1898  the  novel 
“ The  Reds  of  the  Midi  ” was  first  published  in  an  English 
translation  by  Mrs.  T.  A.  Janvier;  “The  Terror”  and 
“ The  White  Terror  ” (1899)  were  also  published  in  Proven- 
cal, French,  and  English. 

Grassi  (gra'se),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
March  27,  1856.  An  Italian  anatomist  and 
physiologist,  professor  of  comparative  anatomy 
in  the  University  of  Rome.  He  is  especially 
noted  for  his  investigations  of  the  sources  and 
methods  of  malarial  infection  and  of  similar 
diseases.  He  was  made  a senator  of  the  king- 
dom of  Italy  in  1908. 

Grassmarket.  A wide  thoroughfare  in  Edin- 
burgh, near  the  castle  and  the  Cowgate.  It 
was  for  a long  time  the  place  of  execution  and 
was  the  scene  of  the  Porteous  Riots  in  1736. 
Grau  (grou),  Maurice.  Born  at  Briinn,  Aus- 
tria, Dec.  20,  1849:  died  March  14,  1907.  An 
American  operatic  manager.  He  organized  the 
Kellogg  English  Opera  Company  in  1873 ; became  manag- 
ing director  of  the  Maurice  Grau  Opera  Company  and 
manager  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House  (New  York) 
in  1897  ; and  retired  in  1903. 

Grave  (grav),  Caswell.  Born  at  Monrovia, 
Ind.,  Jan.  24,  1870.  An  American  naturalist, 
associate  professor  of  zoology  in  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  from  1906.  He  was  instructor 
in  invertebrate  zoology  at  Woods  Hole  in  190!, 
and  director  of  the  Beaufort  Laboratory  of  the 
Bureau  of  Fisheries  1902-06. 

Graves  (gravz),  Charles  Hinman.  Born  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  14, 1839.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  served  throughout  the  Civil  War,  and 
in  1867  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Minnesota  Senate  1875-78,  and  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  1889-91 ; was  State  Capitol  commis- 
sioner of  Minnesota  1893-1905;  and  was  appointed  minis- 
ter to  Sweden  in  1905. 

Graves  (gravz),  Henry  Solon.  Born  at  Mari- 
etta, Ohio,  May  3,  1871.  An  American  forester, 
chief  of  the  United  States  Forest  Service  from 
1910.  He  was  professor  of  forestry  and  di- 
rector of  the  Department  of  Forestry  in  Yale 
University  1900-10.  lie  has  published  “ The 


Graves,  Henry  Solon 

White  Pine”  (1896),  “Forest  Mensuration” 
(1906),  etc. 

Gray  (gra),  George.  Born  at  New  Castle, 
Del.,  May  4, 1840.  An  American  statesman  and 

jurist.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1859 ; studied 
law  at  Harvard  • was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1863 ; was  at- 
torney-general  of  Delaware  1879-85 ; was  United  States 
senator  (Democratic)  from  Delaware  1885-99 ; and  has 
been  judge  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court,  third  judi- 
cial circuit,  since  1899.  He  was  a member  of  the  American 
and  Spanish  peace  commission  at  Paris  and  of  the  Amer- 
ican and  British  joint  high  commission  at  Quebec  in  1898; 
and  was  appointed  a member  of  the  permanent  court  of 
arbitration  under  the  Hague  convention  in  1900.  He  was 
also  president  of  the  anthracite  coal  strike  commission 
appointed  by  President  Roosevelt  in  1902. 

Gray  (gra),  Robert.  Born  at  Tiverton,  R.  I.. 
1755 : died  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  1806.  An 
American  trader  and  explorer.,  in  1787-90  he 
made  a voyage  around  the  world,  in  command  of  the  sloop 
Washington,  which,  together  with  the  ship  Columbia,  had 
been  fitted  out  for  trading  with  the  natives  of  the  north- 
west coast.  On  a second  voyage  in  1791  he  discovered  the 
Columbia  River,  which  he  named  after  his  own  vessel. 

Gray’s  Harbor.  A bay  entering  the  coast  of 
Chehalis  County,  Washington,  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean  and  receiving  the  waters  of  the  Chehalis 
River. 

Great  Bible.  See  under  Coverdale. 

Greater  Punxsutawney  (gra'ter  pungk-su- 
ta'ni).  A borough  in  Jefferson  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, 43  miles  northwest  of  Altoona,  in  a 
coal  and  iron  region.  Population,  9,058,  (1910). 

Great  Sandy  Desert.  An  extensive  desert 
region  lying  in  the  central  and  northern  parts 
of  Western  Australia. 

Great  Victoria  Desert.  An  extensive  desert 
region  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Western 
Australia. 

Greco  (gra'ko),  El.  See  * Theotocopuli. 

Greely  , Adolphus  Washington.  He  was  ap- 

pointed  commander  of  the  northern  division  of  the  United 
States  army  in  September,  1906.  He  retired  in  1908.  His 
works  include  “American  Weather”  (1888),  “American 
Explorers”  (1893),  “Handbook  of  Arctic  Discoveries” 
(1897),  and  “Handbook  of  Alaska”  (1909). 

Green  (gren),  Andrew  Haswell.  Born  at 

Worcester,  Mass.,  Oct.  6,  1820:  died  at  New 
York,  Nov.  13,  1903.  An  American  lawyer, 
the  originator  of  the  plan  of  consolidating 
New  York,  Brooklyn,  and  the  adjacent  cities 
in  the  one  city  of  “Greater”  New  York,  which 
was  carried  out  in  1897.  He  practised  law  in  New 
York,  was  active  in  the  city  government  in  several  capaci- 
ties(mo8t  notably  as  controller  1871-76),  and  was  identified 
with  many  business,  public,  and  philanthropic  enterprises. 

Green  (gren),  Thomas  Hill.  Born  at  Birkin, 
Yorkshire,  April  7, 1836 : died  at  Oxford,  March 
26,  1882.  An  English  philosopher.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Rugby  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  taught 
at  Oxford,  first  as  tutor,  and  1878-82  as  professor  of  moral 
philosophy.  He  was  the  leading  British  exponent  of  the 
doctrines  of  Hegel,  and  exerted  a powerful  influence  on 
the  philosophical  thought  of  his  time.  Of  his  published 
works  the  most  important,  the  "Prolegomena  to  Ethics," 
appeared  in  1883. 

Greenaway  (gren'a-wa),  Kate.  Born  in  Lon- 
don, March  17,  i846:  died  at  Hampstead, 
London,  Nov.  6,  1901.  An  English  water- 
color  painter  and  illustrator.  She  enjoyed  great 
popularity  as  an  illustrator  of  children's  stories.  Her 
figures  were  dressed  in  a peculiar  fashion,  based  on  the 
Empire  style  in  France,  which  became  known  as  the 
“Kate  Greenaway  style.” 

Greene  (gren),  Francis  Vinton.  Born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  June  27,  1850.  An  Ameri- 
can soldier,  engineer,  and  writer,  appointed 
major-general  of  volunteers  in  1898.  He  was 

graduated  at  West  Point  in  1870;  was  military  attache  of 
the  United  States  legation  at  St.  Petersburg  1877-78,  and 
was  with  the  Russian  army  at  the  battles  of  Shipka, 
Plevna,  and  Sophia,  and  in  other  engagements ; was 
engineer  of  public  works  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  1879-80; 
and  was  professor  of  military  engineering  at  West  Point 
1885-86.  During  the  war  with  Spain  in  1898  he  served  in 
the  Philippines,  commanding  the  American  forces  in  the 
battle  of  Malate,  and  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Manila. 
Later  he  was  in  command  at  Havana.  In  1903  he  was 
police  commissioner  of  the  city  of  New  York.  He  has 
written  “The  Russian  Army  and  its  Campaigns  in  Tur- 
key ” (1879),  “ Army  Life  in  Prussia”  (1881),  “The  Missis- 
sippi Campaigns  of  the  Civil  War”  (1882),  “Life  of 
Nathanael  Greene  ’ (1893),  “The  Revolutionary  War  and 
the  Policy  of  the  United  States”  (Vol.  I.,  1911),  etc. 

Greenland*.  Peary  explored  the  northern  ice-cap  in 
1891-92  (during  which  expedition  he  determined  the  in- 
sularity of  Greenland),  and  visited  the  same  region  1893- 
1895  and  1900,  in  the  latter  year  rounding  the  northern 
end  of  the  island,  at  that  time  supposed  to  he  the  most 
northerly  land  in  the  world.  During  1906-08  the  north- 
east coast  was  surveyed  by  the  Mylius-Erichsen  (Danish) 
expedition,  which  connected  with  Peary’s  explorations 
and  completed  the  mapping  of  the  island. 

Greensboro  (grenz'bur-o).  A city,  the  capital 
of  Guilford  County,  North  Carolina.  It  contains 
a female  college,  the"  State  Normal  and  Industrial  Col- 
lege, Bennett  College  (colored),  and  the  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  (colored),  and  has  manufactures  of 
cotton  goods,  flannels,  carpets,  machinery,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 15,895,  (1910). 


Greensburg  (grenz'berg).  The  county-seat  of 
Decatur  County,  Indiana,  47  miles  southeast  of 
Indianapolis.  It  hasflour-mills,  stone-quarries, 
and  manufactories  of  chairs,  carriages,  etc. 
Population,  5,420,  (1910). 

Greensburg  (grenz'berg).  The  county-seat  of 
Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania,  26  miles 
southeast  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  situated  in  a 
coal  and  gas  region,  and  has  iron-  and  brass- 
works,  glass-factories,  flour-mills,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 13,012,  (1910). 

Greenville  (gren'vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Washington  County,  Mississippi,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  73  miles  north  of  Vicksburg. 
Population,  9,610,  (1910). 

Greenville  (gren'vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Darke  County,  Ohio,  52  miles  southwest  of 
Lima.  It  has  tobacco  and  lumber  interests, 
machine-shops,  etc.  Population,  6,237,  (1910). 

Greenville  (gren'vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Hunt  County,  Texas,  50  miles  northeast  of 
Dallas.  It  is  important  as  a cotton-market, 
and  has  cotton-compresses,  cotton-seed  oil 
mills,  etc.  Burleson  College  is  located  here. 
Population,  8,850,  (1910). 

Greer  (grer),  David  Hummell.  Born  at 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  March  20,  1844.  An  Ameri- 
can bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 
He  was  ordained  priest  in  1868,  and  was  rector  at  Coving- 
ton, Kentucky,  1868-71;  of  Grace  Church,  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  1871-88 ; and  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Church, 
New  York  city,  1888-1904.  He  was  consecrated  bishop 
coadjutor  of  the  diocese  of  New  York  in  1904,  and  became 
bishop  in  1908. 

Greet  (gret),  Ben.  A contemporary  British 
actor-manager.  He  played  Shaksperian  and  other 
parts  with  the  companies  of  Mary  Anderson,  Lawrence 
Barrett,  and  Beerbohtn  Tree,  but  is  best  known  as  the 
producer  in  the  open  air  in  England  and  America  of 
Shaksperian  and  pastoral  plays.  He  was  associated  with 
William  Poel  of  the  Elizabethan  Stage  Society  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  morality  play  “Everyman.”  He  is  the 
founder  and  proprietor  of  a training-school  for  the  stage. 

Gregory  (greg'o-ri),  Caspar  RenS.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  6,  1846.  An  American 
theologian  and  New  Testament  scholar.  He 
studied  at  the  University  of  Leipsic,  and  became  profes- 
sor of  theology  there  in  1889.  He  is  the  literary  executor 
of  Tischendorf,  and  has  published  various  works  in  New 
Testament  criticism. 

Gregory  (greg'6-ri),  Herbert  Ernest.  Born 
atMiddleville,  Mich.,  Oct.  15,  1869.  An  Ameri- 
can physiographer,  professor  of  geology  in 
Yale  University  from  1904.  He  has  been  a geolo- 
gist  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  since  1909. 

Gregory,  Lady  (Isabella  Augusta  Persse). 

An  Irish  poet  and  dramatist.  She  married  Sir 
William  Henry  Gregory  (d.  1892)  in  1880.  She  is  identified 
with  the  revival  of  Irish  national  literature.  Among  her 
publications  are  “Poets  and  Dreamers”  (1903),  “-Cuchulain 
of  Muirthemne”  (1902),  “Gods  and  Fighting  Men”  (1904), 
“Seven  Short  Plays"  (1909:  including  “Spreading  the 
News,"  “ The  Workhouse  Ward”),  “ New  Comedies  ” (1912), 
and  “Irish  Folk-history  Plays”  (1912). 

Grenfell  (gren'fel),  Wilfred  Thomason, 

Bom  Feb.  28,  1865.  An  English  physician 
and  missionary,  superintendent  of  the  Labra- 
dor medical  mission  of  the  Royal  National 
Mission  to  Deep  Sea  Fishermen.  He  fitted  out 
the  first  hospital  ship  for  North  Sea  fisheries  and  began 
his  work  on  the  Labrador  coast  in  1892.  He  has  written 
“Vikings  of  To-day,”  “The  Harvest  of  the  Sea,”  “Off  the 
Rocks,”  “Labrador,”  etc. 

Gr6vin  (gra-van'),  Alfred.  Born  at  Epineuil, 
France,  1827:  died  at  Saint  Mandd,  France, 
1892.  A French  illustrator  and  caricaturist. 
He  devoted  himself  wholly  to  the  humorous  illustration 
of  Parisian  life,  creating  a personal  style  which  has  been 
much  imitated.  In  the  “Journal  Amusant,”  “Journal 
pour  Rire,”  and  “Charivari”  he  published  more  than 
4,000  designs.  In  1882  he  founded  in  Paris  a museum  for 
the  exhibition  of  waxworks  which  now  bears  his  name. 

Grey  (gra),  Albert  Henry  George,  fourth 
Earl  Grey.  Born  Nov.  28,  1851.  An  English 
statesman,  grandson  of  the  second  Earl  Grey. 

He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  succeeded  his  uncle,  the  third  Earl  Grey,  in 
1894.  He  was  a Liberal  member  of  the  House  of  Commons 
1880-86 ; was  administrator  of  Rhodesia  1896-97  ; has  been 
director  of  the  British  South  Africa  Company  from  1898 ; 
was  lord-lieutenant  of  Northumberland  1899-1904  ; and 
was  governor-general  and  commander-in-chief  in  Canada 
1904-11. 

Grey  (gra),  Sir  Edward.  Born  April  25,  1862. 
An  English  Liberal  statesman.  He  was  educated 
at  Winchester  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  baronetcy  in  1882.  He  has  represented 
Berwick-on-Tweed  in  the  House  of  Commons  since  1885 ; 
was  under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs  1892-95 ; and  has 
been  secretary  for  foreign  affairs  from  December,  1905. 

Gridley  (grid'li),  Charles  Vernon.  Born  at, 
Logansport,  Ind.,  June  23,  1845:  died  at  Kobe, 
Japan,  June  4,  1898.  An  American  naval 
officer.  He  was  appointed  acting  midshipman  in  the 
United  States  navy  in  1860,  and  was  promoted  captain 
in  1897.  In  the  battle  of  Manila  Bay,  May  1,  1898,  he 


Gubat 

commanded  the  Olympia,  flagship  of  Commodore  (later 
Admiral)  Dewey,  and  received  the  latter’s  order  to  open 
fire. 

Griffenfeldt  (grif'en-felt),  Peder  Schu- 
macher, Count.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Aug. 
24,  1635:  died  March  12,  1699.  A Danish 
statesman.  He  belonged  to  a wealthy  middle-class 
family  and  was  educated  in  Copenhagen  until  1654,  when 
he  set  out  to  travel  and  study  in  Germany,  the  Nether- 
lands, England,  France,  and  Spain.  He  returned  to  Copen- 
hagen in  1662,  became  royal  librarian  in  1663,  and  rapidly 
advanced  in  favor  and  rank  until  in  1673  he  was  created 
chancellor  and  count.  The  three  years  of  his  administration 
strengthened  the  royal  power  and  accomplished  much  for 
the  kingdom,  but  won  him  many  enemies.  In  1676  he  was 
charged  with  high  treason  and  condemned  to  death,  but 
on  the  scaffold  his  sentence  was  commuted  to  imprison- 
ment for  life,  and  he  regained  his  freedom  only  in  1698, 
the  year  before  his  death. 

Griggs  (grigz),  John  William.  Born  at  New- 
ton, N.  J.,  July  10,  1849.  An  American  law- 
yer and.  cabinet  officer.  He  was  graduated  at 
Lafayette  College  in  1868  ; was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1871 ; waB  a Republican  member  of  the  New  Jersey  State 
Assembly  1876-77 : was  State  senator  1882-88,  and  president 
of  the  New  Jersey  Senate  in  1886  ; was  governor  of  New 
Jersey  1896-98  ; and  was  attorney-general  1898-1901.  He 
is  a member  of  the  Hague  permanent  court  of  arbitration. 

Gripenberg  (gre'pen-berg),  Oscar  Kasimiro- 
vitch.  Born  1838.  A Russian  general  He 
served  in  the  Crimea  and  in  the  Polish  insurrection  of 
1863.  In  the  Turkestan  campaigns  of  1867  and  1868  he 
gained  the  cross  of  St.  George  and  a sword  of  honor,  and 
was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  the  czar.  He  commanded 
the  Moscow  life-guards  during  the  Russo-Turkish  war 
1877-78,  receiving  the  rank  of  major-general  for  his  ser- 
vices ; was  given  charge  of  the  sixth  army  corps  and 
appointed  to  military  command  at  Vilna  in  1902 ; and 
commanded  the  second  Manchurian  army  in  the  Russo- 
Japanese  war  1904-05. 

Griscom  (gris'kom),  Lloyd  Carpenter.  Born 
at  Riverton,  N.  J.,  Nov.  4,  1872.  Au  Ameri- 
can diplomatist.  He  was  secretary  of  legation  at 
Constantinople  1899,  and  chargd  d'affaires  1899-1901 ; 
minister  to  Persia  1901-02  ; ambassador  to  Brazil  1906-07  ; 
and  ambassador  to  Italy  1907-09. 

Groseilliers  (gro-sa-ya/),  Sieur  des.  See 

*Chouart. 

Gros  Ventres  (gro  vantr).  1.  The  northern- 
most subdivision  of  the  Arapaho,  an  Algon- 
quin tribe,  now  living  in  northern  Montana. 
The  Gros  Ventres  have  separated  from  the 
body  of  the  Arapaho  and  formed  a tribal  com- 
munity by  themselves. — 2.  A tribe  belonging 
to  the  Siouan  family. 

Gruber  (gro'ber),  Max.  Born  at  Vienna,  July 
6,  1853.  A German  physiologist,  professor  of 
hygiene  and  bacteriology  in  the  University  of 
Munich  from  1902.  He  is  best  knowu  for  his  discov- 
ery in  1896  of  the  specific  agglutination  of  bacteria  by  the 
blood-serum  of  animals  which  have  been  immunized  with 
them,  a discovery  of  great  importance  in  serum-diagnosis. 

Griinwald  (grun'valt),  Battle  of.  A battle 
fought  July  15, 1410,  near  Tannenberg,  Prussia, 
in  which  the  Polish  and  Lithuanian  forces 
won  a decisive  victory  over  the  knights  of  the 
Teutonic  Order,  and  thus  preserved  the  in 
tegrity  of  the  kingdom  of  Poland. 
Griitzmacher  (gruts'miicb-er),  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm Ludwig.  Born  at  Dessau,  March  1, 
1832 : died  at  Dresden,  Feb.  23,  1903.  A Ger- 
man violoncellist,  teacher,  and  composer,  in 

1848  he  went  to  Leipsic  as  a member  of  a small  orchestra, 
at  once  attracted  the  attention  of  David,  and  was  sub- 
sequently first  cellist  at  the  Gewandhaus  (1849-60)  and 
teacher  in  the  Conservatory.  In  1860  he  went  to  Dresden 
as  cello  virtuoso  of  the  court  orchestra.  Besides  pieces 
and  valuable  studies  for  his  instrument,  he  wrote  orches- 
tral and  chamber  music,  piano  compositions,  and  songs. 
Guanacaste  (gwa-na-kas'ta).  A province  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  Costa  Rica.  It  has 
large  forests  with  valuable  trees,  and  open 
grazing-lands.  Cattle-raising  is  one  of  the 
important  industries.  Population,  31,635. 
Guanacaste  (gwa-na-kas'ta).  See  * Liberia . 
Guards’  Club.  A London  club  established  in 
1813.  Its  membership  is  limited  to  past  and 
present  officers  of  four  regiments  of  Guards. 
Its  house  is  at  70  Pall  Mall. 

Guatemala*.  In  December,  1907,  the  republic  signed 
a treaty  witli  the  other  Central  American  states  estab- 
lishing a court  of  arbitration  for  the  settlement  of  dis- 
putes. (See  -k Central  American  Arbitration  Treaty.)  In 
1908  the  transcontinental  railway  from  Puerto  Barrios  on 
the  Atlantic  to  San  Jose  on  the  Pacific  was  opened. 
Guayama  (gwi-a'ma).  1.  A department  in  the 
east-central  and  southern  part  of  Porto  Rico. 
It  is  bounded  by  San  Juan  and  Humacao  on  the  north ; 
Humacao  on  the  east ; the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  south  ; 
and  Ponce  on  the  west.  Capital,  Guayama.  Area,  561 
square  miles. 

2.  A city,  the  capital  of  Guayama,  situated  in 
the  southeastern  part  of  the  province.  Popu- 
lation, municipalitv,  17,379;  urban,  8,321, 
(1910). 

Gubat  (go 'bat).  A municipality  of  Sorsogdn 
province,  southeastern  Luzon,  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  Civilized  population,  15,590. 


Gubat,  Port 

Gubat  (go'bat),  Port.  A bay  and  harbor  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Sorsogdn  province,  Lu- 
zon, safe  during  the  southwest  monsoon  for 
vessels  not  exceeding  15  feet  draft. 
Gubernatis  (go-bar-na'tes),  Comte  Angelo  de. 
Born  at  Turin,  Italy,  April  7,  1840.  An  Italian 
Oriental  scholar,  author,  critic,  and  drama- 
tist, editor  of  the  “ Revue  Internationale.” 

In  1863  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Sanskrit  and  com- 
parative literature  at  the  Instituto  degli  Studii  Superiori 
at  Florence.  He  was  for  a time  a disciple  of  the  anarchist 
Bakunin,  and  gave  up  his  position  at  Florence  in  1S65 
in  order  to  follow  out  his  views,  but  resumed  it  in  1867. 
In  1891  he  went  to  the  University  of  Rome.  He  founded 
“ L’ltalia  Letteraria  ” (1862),  “ La  Rivista  Orientale  ” (1867), 
“ La  Civilta  Italians (1869),  and  “ La  Rivista  Europea  ” 
(1869),  and  has  been  a contributor  to  various  English  and 
French  reviews.  Among  his  works  are  “ Savitri  ” (1877), 
“ Zoological  Mythology  ” (1872  : written  in  English),  “Sto- 
ria  universale  della  letteratura  ” (1882-85),  “ Dizionario 
biografico  degli  scrittori  contemporanei  ” (1879-80),  “ Di- 
zionario degli  artisti  italiani  viventi  ” (1889-),  “ La  Hongrie 
politique  et  Bociale  " (1885),  “ Peregrinazioni  indiane  ” 
(1887),  “L’ Argentina  ricordi  a letture”  (1898),  “Su  le 
orme  di  Dante”  (1901),  etc. 

Guiangas  (ge  - an  ' gas).  A pagan  people  of 
southeastern  Mindanao,  by  some  regarded 
as  Indonesian.  Also  Gwangas. 

Guilmant  (gel- man'),  Felix  Alexandre. 
Born  at  Boulogne,  March  12,  1837"  died  at 
Meudon,  April,  1911.  A noted  French  organ- 
ist and  composer.  For  many  years  he  was  organist 
at  the  Church  of  the  Trinity  in  Paris.  He  published 
many  works  for  the  organ,  a symphony  for  organ  and  or- 
chestra, seven  sonatas,  and  vocal  music.  He  had  great 
influence  as  a teacher,  and  among  his  pupils  are  many 
American  players. 

Guimaras  (ge-ma-ras7).  An  island  southeast 
of  Panay,  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  It  belongs 
to  Iloilo  province,  from  the  main  part  of  which  it  is  sep- 
• arated  by  Iloilo  Strait.  Area,  228  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 21,306. 

Guimaras  (ge-ma-ras7)  Strait.  The  strait 
which  separates  the  island  of  Negros  from 
Guimaras  and  Panay  islands,  in  the  Philip- 
pines. In  the  southern  part  of  the  strait  are 
several  small  islands. 

Guinanes  (ge-na'nas),  or  Guinaanes.  A head- 
hunting Malay  people  of  northern  Luzon. 
Guiney  (gwi'ni),  Louise  Imogen.  Born  at 
Boston,  Jan.  7,  1861.  An  American  poet  and 
essayist.  Her  books  of  verse  are  “Songs  at  the  Start” 
(1884),  “The  White  Sail”  (1887),  “ A Roadside  Harp”  (1893), 
“The  Martyr’s  Idyl  and  Shorter  Poems  ” (1899),  and  “ Eng- 


laakon (hg/kon),  or  Hakon, 
VII.  (Christian  Freder- 
ick Charles  (Carl)  George 
Valdemar  Axel).  Born  at 
Charlottenlund,  Denmark, 
August  3,  1872.  King  of 
Norway,  second  son  of  Fred- 
erick  VIII.,  king  of  Den- 
mark. He  married  Maud,  third 
daughter  of  Edward  VII.,  king  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, July  22,  1896.  He  was  elected  king  of  Norway, 
November  18,  1905,  and  crowned  June  22,  1906. 

Haberl  (hit 7 berl),  Franz  Xaver.  Born  at 
Oberellenbach,  Bavaria,  April  12,  1840:  died 
at  Regensburg,  Sept.  7,  1910.  A German  di- 
rector, teacher,  and  editor  of  music.  He  took 
orders  in  1862,  but  turned  his  attention  to  church  music, 
in  connection  with  which  he  held  positions  at  Passau, 
Rome,  and  Regensburg  successively.  In  1874  he  founded 
at  Regensburg  the  celebrated  “Church  Music  School,” 
and  in  1879  the  “ Palestrina  Society,"  for  completing  an 
edition  of  the  works  of  that  master.  He  published  nu- 
merous works  on  church  music,  of  which  his  “Magister 
Choralis"  (1864)  passed  through  twelve  editions  and  was 
translated  into  several  languages. 

Habicht",  Ludwig.  His  later  works  include  “Das 
Grafenhaus"  (1896),  “Die  Erbschaft”  (1897),  “Wider- 
spriiche”  (1899),  “Das  Geheimnis  des  Waldes”  (1900), 
“ Besondere  Kennzeichen  " (1902),  “ Wahrheit  ”(1902),  etc. 

Haddon  (had ' on),  Alfred  Cort.  Born  at 
London,  May  24,  1855.  An  English  anthro- 
pologist, lecturer  in  ethnology  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  from  1900.  lie  was  professor  of 
zoology  in  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  Dublin,  1880- 
1901,  and  lecturer  in  ethnology  at  the  University  of  Lon- 
don 1904-09.  He  has  written  “Evolution  in  Art,”  etc. 

Hadley*,  Arthur  Twining.  In  1907  ho  was 
appointed  Theodore  Roosevelt  professor  of 
American  history  and  institutions  at  Berlin. 
He  has  also  written  “ An  Account  of  the  Relations  be- 
tween Private  Property  and  Public  Welfare  "(1896),  “The 
Education  of  the  American  Citizen  "(1901),  “ Freedom  and 
Responsibility"  (1903),  “Standards  of  Public  Morality" 
(1907),  etc. 


land  and  Yesterday  ” (1898).  She  has  also  written 
“ Brownies  and  Bogles ” (1888);  essays  entitled  “Goose 
Quill  Papers  ” (1885),  “A  Little  English  Gallery  ” (1894), 
and  “ Patrins’  ’ (1897);  and  various  biographical  studies,  etc. 
Guinicelli  (gwe-ne-ehel'le),  Guido.  Born  at 
Bologna;  died  in  1276.  Am  Italian  poet,  in 
1274  he  was  banished  from  Bologna  with  others  of  the 
Ghibelline  party,  and  died  in  exile.  Dante,  in  the  “ Pur- 
gatorio,”  addresses  him  as  the  father  of  Italian  poets. 

Guiteras  (ge'te-ras)  y Gener,  Juan.  Born  at 
Matanzas,  Cuba,  Jan.  4,  1852.  A Cuban  phy- 
sician, professor  of  general  pathology  and 
tropical  medicine  at  Havana  from  1900.  He  is 

best  known  for  his  work  in  eradicating  yellow  fever. 
During  the  Santiago  campaign  (1898)  he  served  as  yellow- 
fever  expert  on  the  staff  of  General  Shafter.  From  1889 
to  1899  he  was  professor  of  pathology  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Gulf  of  Davao.  See  * Davao,  Gulf  of. 

Gulf  of  Ragay.  See  *Ragay,  Gulf  of 
Gulfport  (gulf 'port).  A city  in  the  southern 
part  of  Harrison  County,  Mississippi,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  has  manufactures,  lumber-mills, 
etc.,  and  exports  lumber,  sawed  and  hewn  timber,  and 
naval  stores.  Population,  6,386,  (1910). 

Gulf  State,  The.  A name  given  to  Florida 
because  it  forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Gulick  (gu 7 lik),  John  Thomas.  Bom  in 

Kauai,  Hawaiian  Islands,  March  13,  1832.  An 
American  missionary  and  biologist,  best  known 
for  his  important  contributions  to  the  theory 
of  evolution.  He  is  the  son  of  a missionary  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands ; was  engaged  in  mining  in  California 
in  1850;  was  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1859;  and 
was  a missionary  in  China  and  Japan  1864-99.  Among 
his  scientific  papers  are  “The  Diversity  of  Evolution 
under  one  Set  of  External  Conditions  ” (1872),  “ Diver- 
gent Evolution  through  Cumulative  Segregatiou  ” (1887), 
“ Intensive  Segregation  ’’  (1889),  “ Evolution,  Racial  and 
Habitudinal  ” (1905),  etc. 

Gumplowiz  (gum-plo'wich),  Ludwig.  Born 
at  Cracow,  Austria,  March  9,  1838:  died  at 
Gratz,  Aug.  19, 1909.  An  Austrian  jurist  and 
economist,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Gratz  1882-1907.  He  has  published  “ Philosophisches 
Staatsrecht”  (1877:  2d  edition  as  “ Allgemeines  Staats- 
recht,"  1897),  “ Der  Rassenkampf  ” (1883),  “ Grundriss  der 
Soziologie  ” (1885),  “ Soziologie  und  Politik  ” (1892),  “ Die 
soziologische  Staatsidee"  (1892),  “ Soziologische  Essays" 
(1899),  etc. 

Gunsaulus  (gun-sa  7lus),  Frank  Wakely. 

Born  at  Chesterville,  Ohio,  Jan.  1,  1856.  An 
American  clergyman,  educator,  author,  and 


Hadley  (had'li),  Henry  Kimball.  Born  at 
Somerville,  Mass.,  Dec.  20,  1871.  An  Ameri- 
can composer  and  conductor.  He  studied  with 
Chadwick  in  Boston  and  with  Mandyczewski  and  Dvorak 
in  Vienna.  His  symphony  “The  Four  Seasons”  (1902) 
took  the  Paderewski  and  New  England  Conservatory 
prizes.  He  conducted  the  opera  at  Mainz  in  1908,  and 
was  conductor  of  the  Seattle  Symphony  Orchestra  in  1909. 
He  has  composed  symphonies,  overtures,  operas,  and 
songs. 

Hadow  (had'o),  William  Henry.  Born  at 
Ebrington,  England,  Dec.  27,  1859.  A writer 
on  music  and  student  of  philosophy,  principal 
of  Armstrong  College  1909-.  He  has  written 
“ A Croatian  Composer : Notes  toward  the  Study  of  Joseph 
Haydn ” (1887),  “Studies  in  Modern  Music”  (1892,  1894), 
“A  Primer  of  Sonata  Form"  (1896),  and  “The  Viennese 
Period"  in  “The  Oxford  History  of  Music,"  of  which 
he  was  the  editor  (1904).  He  was  for  many  years  fellow 
and  tutor  of  W oreeBter  College,  Oxford. 

Haeckel*,  Ernst  Heinrich.  His  later  works  in- 

elude  “ Der  Monismus.  Glaubensbekenntniss  eines  Natur- 
forschers  ” (1892:  10th  ed.,  1900),  “ Systematische  Phylo- 
genie”  (1894-96),  “Die  Amphorideen  und  Cystoideen  ” 
(1896),  “liber  unsere  gegenwartige  Kenntniss  vom 
Ursprung  des  Menschen  ” (1898),  and  “Die  Weltratsel” 
(1899-1904).  He  has  also  written  “Kunstformen  der 
Natur”  (1899),  “Indischen  Reisebriefe  ” (1883),  and  “Aus 
Insulinde”  (1901),  and  contributed  many  papers  to  the 
reports  (1881-89)  of  the  Challenger  Expedition. 

Haffkine  (haf'kin),  Waldemar  Mordecai 

Wolff.  Born  at  Odessa,  Russia,  March  15 
(N.  S.),  I860.  A Russian-English  physiologist, 
bacteriologist  with  the  Indian  government 
from  1893.  He  was  assistant  professor  of  physiology 
in  the  medical  school  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  1888-89,  and 
an  assistant  of  Pasteur  1889-93.  He  has  published  nu- 
merous papers  on  bacteriology. 

Hagen  (hii'gen).  In  the  “Nibelungenlied,” 
the  son  of  Alberich  and  the  half-brother  of 
Gunther.  He  is  induced  by  Brunhild  to  slay 
Siegfried. 

Haggard*,  Sir  Henry  Rider.  He  has  also  written 
“Black  Heart,  and  White  Heart”  (1900),  “ Lysbeth  " (1901), 
“ A Winter  Pilgrimage  ” (1901),  “ Stella  Fregelius”  (1903), 


Hale,  George  Ellery 

poet,  president  of  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology since  1892.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University  in  1875  ; was  ordained  a Metho- 
dist minister,  preaching  four  years  ; and  later  was  pastor 
of  various  Congregational  churches.  He  was  divinity  lec- 
turer at  Yale  in  1890  and  professorial  lecturer  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  1896-1903  ; and  is  lecturer  at  the  Chicago 
Theological  Seminary.  Among  his  works  are  “ The 
Transfiguration  of  Christ”  (1886),  “Monk  and  Knight" 
(1891),  “Phidias  and  Other  Poems”  (1891),  “Songs  of 
Night  and  Day  ” (1895),  “ Gladstone  ” (1898),  “ The  Man 
of  Galilee  ” (1899),  and  “ Paths  to  Power  " (1905). 

Guthrie  (guth'ri),  Sir  James.  Born  June  10, 
1859.  A Scottish  portrait-painter.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in 
1892,  and  became  its  president  in  1902.  He 
was  knighted  in  1903. 

Guttenberg  (gut'en-berg).  A town  in  Hudson 
County,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Hudson  River 
opposite  New  Yorkand  just  above  Weehawken. 
It  has  a brewery,  chemical  works,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 5,647,  (1910). 

Guy  (gl),  Seymour  Joseph.  Born  at  Green- 
wich, England,  Jan.  16, 1824:  died  at  New  York, 
Dec.  20,  1910.  An  Anglo-American  painter. 
He  studied  art  in  London,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1854.  His  principal  works  are  portraits  and  genre  pic- 
tures. He  was  elected  a national  academician  in  1865. 

Guyot  (ge-o7),  Yves.  Born  at  Dinan,  Cotes- 
du-Nord,  France,  Sept.  6,  1843.  A French 
publicist,  political  editor  of  “Le  Siecle  ” 1892- 
1903.  He  was  minister  of  public  works  1889-92.  Among 
his  publications  are  “Htudes  sur  les  doctrines  sociales 
du  Christianisme  ” (1873),  “fitudes  de  physiologic  sociale  ” 
(1882-85),  “La  morale"  (1883),  “La  science  dconomique  " 
(1881),  “ La  tyraunie  socialiste  ” (1893),  “L’Evolution  poli- 
tique et  sociale  de  l'Espagne  ” (1899),  “ Dictionnaire  du 
commerce,  de  l’industrie,  et  de  la  banque”  (1898-1901: 
with  A.  Raffalovitch),  “La  comddie  protectioniste  ” 
(1905),  “La  democratic  individualiste ’’  (1907),  “Le  com- 
merce” (1909),  etc.  He  became  editor  of  the  “Journal 
des  economistes  ” in  1909. 

Gwendoline.  An  opera  by  Chabrier  (words  by 
Catulle  Mendes),  first  produced  at  Brussels  in 
1886. 

Gyld6n(giil-dan7).  Johan  August  Hugo.  Born 
at  Helsingfors,  Finland,  May  29,  1841:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Nov.  9,  1896.  An  eminent  astron- 
omer, director  of  the  observatory  and  astron- 
omer of  the  Academy  at  Stockholm  1871-96. 
From  1863  to  1865  he  was  connected  with  the  observatory 
at  Pulkowa.  He  published  “Traite  analytique  des  or- 
bites  absolues  des  huit  planetes  principales  ” (1893),  etc. 


“The  Brethren  ” (1904),  “Ayesha”  (1905),  “A  Gardener’s 
Year”  (1905),  “The  Poor  and  the  Land"  (1905),  “Fair 
Margaret”  (1907),  “The  Yellow  God”  (1909),  “Regenera- 
tion” (1910),  “Rural  Denmark"  (1911),  “The  Mahatma 
and  the  Hare ” (1911),  “Red  Eve ”(1911),  “ Marie  ” (1912), 
etc.  Knighted  1912. 

Hagonoy  (a-go-noi7).  A municipality  of  Bula- 
c&n  province,  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 

Hague  Tribunal,  The.  See  * Peace  Conference. 

Hai-cheng  (hi-cheng7).  A town  in  Manchuria, 
situated  on  the  Southern  Manchurian  Railway 
about  twenty  miles  southeast  of  Niu-chuang. 

Halcdn  (hal-kon7).  A mountain  in  north-cen- 
tral Mindoro,  Philippine  Islands.  Height, 
8,800  feet. 

Haldane  (hal'dan),  Richard  Burdon,  first 
Viscount  Haldane.  Born  in  Scotland,  1856. 
A British  author  and  Liberal  statesman.  He 
was  educated  in  the  universities  of  Edinburgh  and  Got- 
tingen ; was  called  to  the  bar  in  1879 ; was  appointed 
queen’s  counsel  in  1890.  He  sat  for  Haddingtonshire 
in  the  House  of  Commons  1885-1911,  was  vice-president 
of  the  Liberal  Imperialist  League  in  1901,  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state  for  war,  Dec.,  1905,  and  lord  high  chan- 
cellor June,  1912.  He  was  created  a viscount  in  March, 
1911.  He  lias  published  “Essays  in  Philosophical  Criti- 
cism”(1883  : with  Andrew  Seth),  “Education  and  Empire” 
(1902),  “The  Pathway  to  Reality  ” (1903),  “ Army  Reform, 
and  other  Addresses  ” (1907),  etc. 

Hale*,  Edward  Everett.  He  was  appointed 
chaplain  of  the  United  States  Senate  in  1903. 

His  later  works  include  “ A New  England  Boyhood  ” (1893), 
“How  to  Live”  (1902),  “Memories  of  a Hundred  Years" 
(1902),  “We,  the  People”  (1903),  “Foundation  of  the 
Republic  ” (1907),  etc. 

Hale  (hal),  Eugene.  Born  at  Turner,  Maine, 
June  9,  1836.  An  American  statesman,  Unit- 
ed States  senator  (Republican)  from  Maine 
1881-1911.  He  was  a member  of  Congress 
1869-79. 

Hale  (hal),  George  Ellery.  Born  at  Chicago, 
June  29,  1868.  An  eminent  American  astro- 
physicist, director  of  the  Solar  Observatory  of 


Hale,  George  Ellery 

the  Carnegie  Institution  at  Mt.  Wilson,  Cali- 
fornia, from  1904.  He  was  associate  professor  (1892-97) 
and  professor  (1897-1905)  of  astrophysics  in  the  University 
of  Chicago,  and  director  of  the  Yerkes  Observatory  from 
its  inception  in  1892  until  1905.  He  has  published  nu- 
merous papers  on  astrophysical  topics,  “Study  of  Stellar 
Evolution ” (1908),  etc.,  and  has  edited  “The  Astrophysi- 
cal Journal  ” from  1895.  He  invented  the  spectrohelio- 
graph. 

Hale  (hal),  Horatio.  Born  at  Newport,  N.  H., 
May  3,  1817:  died  at  Clinton,  Out.,  Dec.  29, 
1896.  An  American  ethnologist,  son  of  Sarah 
J.  Hale  (1790-1879).  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1837  ; accompanied  the  Wilkes  exploring  expedition  as 
philologist  1838-42;  was  admitted  to  the  Chicago  bar  in 
1855  ; and  subsequently  settled  in  Canada,  where  he  prac- 
tised law  and  pursued  the  study  of  ethnology.  He  pub- 
lished “Ethnography  and  Philology"  (184(j : 7th  volume 
of  the  Wilkes  Expedition  Pceports),  “The  Iroquois  Book 
of  Kites”  (1883),  “ Indian  Migrations  as  Evidenced  by  Lan- 
guage” (1883),  “Report  on  the  Blackfoot  Tribes"  (1885), 
and  many  monographs,  including  “The  Origin  of  Lan- 
guage and  the  Antiquity  of  Speaking  Man." 

Hale  (hal),  Lucretia  Peabody.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Sept.  2,  1820:  died  there,  June  12,  1900. 
An  American  writer  and  social  worker,  sister 
of  Edward  Everett  Hale.  Her  best  known  books 
are  “Peterkin  Papers”  (1880)  and  “The  Last  of  the 
Peterkins  ” (1880). 

Hale  (hal),  Philip.  Bom  at  Norwich,  Vt., 
March  5,  1854.  An  American  musical  critic 
and  organist.  He  was  graduated  from  Yale  Univer- 
sity in  1870  and  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar. 
His  musical  studies  were  in  Europe  (1882-87).  lie  was 
critic  of  the  Boston  “Post"  1890-91,  of  the  Boston 
“Journal”  1891-1903,  and  of  the  Boston  “Herald”  from 
1903.  He  is  the  editor  of  the  program  books  of  the  Boston 
Symphony  Orchestra. 

Half  Moon,  The.  One  of  the  two  ships  (the 
other  being  the  Good  Hope)  with  which  Henry 
Hudson  set  out  from  Amsterdam,  April  4, 
1609  (N.  S.),  to  find  a passage  through  the 
Waigatz,  or  Kara  Strait,  south  of  Nova  Zernbla. 

On  reaching  Nova  Zernbla,  his  crew  forced  him  to  turn 
back ; the  Good  Hope  probably  returned  to  Holland  ; and 
in  the  Half  Moon  he  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  the  coast  of 
Nova  Scotia.  He  coasted  as  far  south  as  Chesapeake 
Bay,  and  then  northward,  reaching  Sandy  Hook  on  Sept. 
4.  He  explored,  during  September,  as  far  as  the  site  of 
Albany,  the  river  later  named  for  him,  reaching  the  sea 
again  on  Oct.  4.  He  reached  England  on  Nov.  7. 

Hall  (hal),  Charles  Cuthbert.  Boru  at  New 
York,  Sept.  3,  1852:  died  there,  March  25, 
1908.  An  American  Presbyterian  theologian, 
president  of  Union  Theological  Seminary 
(New  York  city)  from  1897.  He  was  graduated  at 
Williams  College  in  1872;  studied  at  Union  Theological 
Seminary  and  in  London  and  Edinburgh ; and  held  pas- 
torates in  Newburg  (1875-77)  and  Brooklyn  (1887-97),  New 
York.  Among  his  writings  are  “Qualifications  for  Minis- 
terial Power"  (1894),  “Christian  Belief  Interpreted  by 
Christian  Experience " (1905),  “ Christ  and  the  Eastern 
Soul  ” (1909),  “ The  Silver  Cup  ” (1909),  etc.  He  was  twice 
(1902-03  and  1900-07)  appointed  Barrows  lecturer,  of  the 
University  of  Chicago,  to  India  and  the  Far  East,  and  was 
Noble  lecturer  at  Harvavd  iu  190(5. 

Hall  (hal),  Granville  Stanley.  Born  at 
Ashfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  1,  1846.  An  American 
educator  and  psychologist.  He  graduated  from 
Williams  College  in  1807  ; studied  for  several  years  abroad  ; 
was  professor  of  psychology  at  Antioch  College  1872-70; 
lectured  on  psychology  at  Harvard  and  Williams  1880-81 ; 
and  was  lecturer  and  professor  at  Johns  Hopkins 
University  1881-88.  Since  then  he  has  been  professor  of 
psychology  ami  education  and  president  in  Clark  Univer- 
sity. He  is  editor  of  the  “ American  Journal  of  Psychol- 
ogy,” of  the  “ Pedagogical  Seminary,"  and  of  the  “Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Religious  Psychology  and  Education. " His 
publications  include  “Hints  Toward  a Select  and  Descrip- 
tive Bibliography  of  Education  ” (188G  : with  J.  M.  Mans- 
field), “ Contents  of  Childrens  Minds  on  Entering  School” 
(1894),  “The  Story  of  a Sand  Pile”  (1897),  “Adolescence” 
(1904),  “Youth”  (1907),  “Educational  Problems”  (1911), 
“ Founders  of  Modern  Psychology  ” (1912),  etc. 

Hall  (hal),  John.  Born  at  Market  Hill,  County 
Armagh,  Ireland,  July  31,  1829;  died  at  Ban- 
gor, Ireland,  Sept.  17,  1898.  A noted  Presby- 
terian minister.  He  was  of  Scotch  parentage,  although 
born  and  educated  iu  Ireland.  In  1852  he  became  pastor 
of  a Presbyterian  church  in  Armagh,  in  1858  was  called  to 
Dublin,  and  in  1867  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  Fifth 
Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city,  which  he 
held  until  his  death.  He  was  widely  known  as  a preacher 
and  lecturer,  and  as  a writer  on  religious  subjects. 

Halid  (hal'a),  Lady.  See  Norman-Neruda. 
Halid  (hal'a),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Hagen, 
Westphalia,  April  11,  1819:  died  at  Manches- 
ter, England,  Oct.  25,  1895.  A German-Eng- 
lisli  conductor  and  pianist,  in  1836  he  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  studied  with  Kalkbrenner  and  became 
the  friend  of  Chopin,  Liszt,  Berlioz,  and  Cherubini.  He 
went  to  England  in  1848  ; founded  (1857)  the  Manchester 
Orchestra,  which  he  directed  ; conducted  opera  and  musi- 
cal festivals  ; and  gave  piano  recitals.  He  was  knighted 
in  1888,  and  in  the  same  year  married  Wilma  Neruda. 
Hallgrims3on  (hal'grim-son),  Jonas.  Born  in 
Iceland  in  1807 : died  in  1844.  An  Icelandic 
author.  He  studied  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen  ; 
traveled  through  Iceland  for  scientific  purposes  1837-42  ; 
wrote  on  geological  subjects ; and  published  tales  and 
miscellaneous  articles.  He  is  best  known  as  a poet,  the 
head  of  a school  of  Icelandic  lyric  poetry,  and  for  hi9  ef- 
forts to  purify  the  language  in  literary  use. 


Hallock  (hal'pk),  Charles.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  13,  1834.  An  American  journal- 
ist, author,  and  naturalist.  He  was  editor  of  the 
New  Haven  “Register"  1855-56,  of  the  New  York  “Jour- 
nal of  Commerce ” 1856-61,  and  of  “Forest  and  Stream" 
(which  he  founded)  1873-80 ; and  was  associate  editor  of 
“ Nature’s  Realm  ” 1889-90,  and  of  the  “ Northwestern  Field 
and  Stream  ” 1896-97.  He  founded  the  International  As- 
sociation for  the  Protection  of  Game  in  1874,  and  in  1875 
formulated  uniform  game  laws,  known  as  the  “Hallock 
Code,”  used  as  a basis  for  legislation  in  many  States. 
Among  his  publications  are  “Fishing  Tourist”  (1873), 
“Camp  Life  in  Florida”  (1875),  “Our  New  Alaska”  (1886), 
“ The  Salmon  Fisher”  (1890),  “Luminous  Bodies  Here  and 
Hereafter  ” (1906),  and  “ Peerless  Alaska  ” (1908). 
Hallock  (hal'ok),  William.  Born  at  Milton, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  14,  1857.  An  American  physicist 
and  educator,  professor  of  physics  in  Columbia 
University  from  1902  and  dean  of  the  faculty 
of  pure  science  1906-09.  He  Wa9  graduated  at 
Columbia  in  1879  and  was  adjunct  professor  there  1892- 
1902.  He  has  published  numerous  papers  upon  physical 
and  astrophysical  topics. 

Hall  of  Fame.  A building  on  University 
Heights,  New  York,  erected  in  1900  for  the  pur- 
pose of  commemorating  great  Americans,  it  is 
a semicircular  colonnade,  504  feet  long  and  20  feet  high, 
connecting  two  of  the  buildings  of  New  York  University, 
with  a ground  floor  underneath  containing  a long  hall  and 
six  rooms  to  be  used  as  a museum  to  contain  memorials 
of  those  honored.  Space  is  provided  within  the  colon- 
nade for  150  panels,  which  are  to  contain  bronze  tablets 
bearing  the  names  (with  busts  or  statues  of  bronze  on 
parapets  just  above)  of  such  Americans  as  shall  be  judged 
most  famous  in  their  respective  fields  by  an  electorate  of 
100  eminent  American  citizens  appointed  by  the  senate 
of  the  University.  The  nominations,  received  from  the 
general  public,  are  transmitted  by  the  senate,  which  also 
is  given  a right  of  veto  upon  the  decisions  rendered  by  the 
electorate.  According  to  the  terms  of  election,  persons  to 
be  eligible  must  have  been  born  in  what  is  now  United 
States  territory,  and  must  have  been  dead  at  least  ten 
years.  Fifty  names  were  to  be  chosen  in  1900,  represent- 
ing a majority  of  the  following  classes : authors  and 
editors  ; business  men  ; educators ; inventors ; missionaries 
and  explorers ; philanthropists  and  reformers  ; clergymen 
and  theologians;  scientists;  engineers  and  architects; 
lawyers  and  judges;  musicians,  painters,  and  sculptors; 
physicians  and  surgeons ; rulers  and  statesmen ; soldiers 
and  sailors ; and  distinguished  men  and  women  outside 
these  classes.  Thereafter,  five  more  were  to  be  chosen  at 
intervals  of  five  years  until  the  year  2000,  when  the  roll 
would  become  complete.  In  1900  the  following  29  elec- 
tions were  made  : John  Adams,  John  James  Audubon, 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  William  Ellery  Channing,  Henry 
Clay,  Peter  Cooper,  Jonathan  Edwards,  Ralph  Waldo 
Emerson,  David  Glasgow  Farragut,  Benjamin  Franklin, 
Robert  Fulton,  Asa  Gray,  Ulysses  Simpson  Grant,  Na- 
thaniel Hawthorne,  Washington  Irving,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
James  Kent,  Robert  Edward  Lee,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow,  Horace  Mann,  John  Marshall, 
Samuel  Finley  Breese  Morse,  George  Peabody,  Joseph 
Story,  Gilbert  Stuart,  George  Washington,  Daniel  Web- 
ster, and  Eli  Whitney.  Twenty-one  vacancies  were  thus 
left  to  be  filled.  In  1904  the  plan  was  announced  of  two 
additional  structures  to  be  built  in  connection  with  the 
original  hall,  one  of  them  to  be  provided  with  25  panels 
for  Americans  of  foreign  birth,  the  other  with  60  panels  for 
American  women.  In  1905  the  following  11  names  were 
added  to  the  list  of  those  already  chosen  : John  Quincy 
Adams,  Louis  Agassiz,  Alexander  Hamilton,  John  Paul 
Jone9,  James  Russell  Lowell,  Mary  Lyon,  James  Madison, 
Maria  Mitchell,  William  Tecumseh  Sherman,  Emma 
Willard,  and  John  Greenleaf  Whittier.  In  1910  the  follow- 
ing 11  names  were  added : George  Bancroft,  Phillips 
Brooks,  William  Cullen  Bryant,  James  Fenimore  Cooper, 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Andrew  Jackson,  John  Lothrop 
Motley,  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  Frances 
E.  Willard,  Roger  Williams. 

Halsbury,  Lord.  See  *Giffard. 

Halstead  (hal'sted),  Murat.  Born  at  Ross, 
Ohio,  Sept.  2,  1829:  died  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
July  2,  1908.  An  American  journalist  and 
author.  He  joined  the  staff  of  the  Cincinnati  “Com- 
mercial”  in  1853,  became  chief  owner  1865,  and,  upon  its 
change  to  the  “Commercial  Gazette,"  editor-in-chief. 

Halsted  (hal'sted),  George  Bruce.  Boru  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  Nov.  25,  1853.  An  American 
mathematician,  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  Colorado  State  Normal  School  1906-12. 

lie  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1875 ; was  fellow  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University  1876-78;  and  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  University  of  Texas  1882-1903,  and  in 
Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  1903-06.  His  publications  include 
a number  of  works  on  geometry  (elementary,  synthetic, 
metrical,  pure  projective,  non-Euclidean,  rational),  and 
many  scientific  papers  ; also  translations  from  various  lan- 
guages, making  available  the  original  sources  in  the  domain 
of  non- Euclidean  geometry. 

Hambourg  (ham'borg),  Mark.  Born  at  Bo- 
guchar,  South  Russia,  May  31,  1879.  A piano 
virtuoso.  He  studied  with  his  father,  and  with  Lesche- 
titzky  in  Vienna,  where  he  obtained  the  Liszt  scholarship 
in  1894.  He  appeared  in  Moscow  in  1888,  and  afterward 
in  the  principal  European  cities.  His  first  American  tour 
took  place  in  1899-1900. 

Hamilton  (ham'il-ton).  The  principal  river  of 
Labrador,  also  called  Askuanipi,orGrand  River. 

It  rises  in  the  mountainous  part  of  Labrador,  about  long. 
65°-66°  W.,  lat.  52°-53°  N.,  descends  from  an  elevation  of 
1,700  feet  in  a tumultuous  course  of  600  miles,  widening  to 
form  Melville  Lake,  and  terminates  at  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
a9  Hamilton  Inlet.  The  Grand  Falls  of  Labrador  are  situ- 
ated about  200  miles  from  the  head  of  Melville  T ake. 

Hamilton*,  Lord  George  Francis.  lie  was 

member  of  Parliament  for  the  county  of  Middle- 


Hanna 

sex  1868-85,  and  for  Ealing  Division,  Mid 
dlesex,  1885-1906. 

Hamilton  (ham'il-ton),  Sir  Ian  Standish 
Monteith.  Born  in  Corfu,  Jan.  16,  1853.  A 
British  general.  He  served  in  the  Afghan  war  1878- 
1880,  the  Boer  war  in  1881,  the  Nile  expedition  1884-85,  the 
Burmese  expedition  1886-87,  the  Chitral  campaign  in  1895, 
the  Tirah  expedition  1897-98,  and  the  war  in  South  Africa 
1899-1901.  He  was  chief  ol  staff  to  Lord  Kitchener  1901- 
1902.  During  the  Russo-Japanese  war  he  accompanied  the 
army  of  General  Kuroki.  He  commanded  the  Southern 
Military  Division  1905-08.  In  1909  he  was  invited  by  the 
czar  to  attend  the  Russian  military  manceuvers.  In  1910 
he  was  appointed  inspector-general  of  the  Mediterranean 
forces.  He  is  the  author  of  “ A Staff  Officer  s Scrap-book 
during  the  Japanese  War  ” (1905),  etc. 

Hammerstein  (ham'er-stin),  Oscar.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Germany,  in  1847.  A German-Ameri- 
can  operatic  manager.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1863,  worked  in  a tobacco-shop,  and  invented  several 
machines  for  cigar-making.  He  became  lessee  and 
manager  of  the  Stadt  Theater,  New  York,  in  1870; 
and  built  the  Harlem  Opera  House,  the  Olympia, 
Hackett,  Republic,  and  Victoria  theaters,  and  the  first 
Manhattan  Opera  House  (at  34th  street  and  Broadway), 
w'hich  was  opened  with  the  first  American  performance 
of  Moszkowski’s  “Boabdil.”  In  1906  he  opened  the  sec- 
ond Manhattan  Opera  House  (on  34th  street,  between 
Eighth  and  Ninth  avenues),  where  during  four  seasons 
many  notable  works,  including  “Thais,”  “Pelleas  et 
Melisande,”  “ Louise,”  and  “ Elektra,”  had  their  first  New 
York  performance,  and  many  famous  singers,  including 
Mary  Garden,  Luisa  Tetrazzini,  Maurice  Renaud,  and 
Alessandro  Bonci,  made  their  first  American  appearance. 
During  the  season  of  1908-09  he  built  and  opened  the  Phila- 
delphia Opera  House.  In  the  spring  of  1910  he  sold  his 
American  opera  interests  to  the  New-  York  Metropolitan 
Opera  Company.  In  1911  he  built  the  London  Opera  House. 
He  lias  composed  music  for  several  operettas. 

Hammond  (liam'ond).  A manufacturing  city 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Lake  County,  In- 
diana. Population,  20,925,  (1910). 

Hammond  (ham'pnd),  John  Hays.  Born  at 
San  Francisco,  March  31,  1855.  An  American 
mining  engineer  and  financier.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  University  (Sheffield  Scientific  School)  in  1876, 
and  studied  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  Freiberg, 
Saxony.  After  engaging  in  engineering  work  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Mexico  he  went  to  South  Africa,  and  in  1893 
became  consulting  engineer  for  Barnato  Brothers  and 
later  for  Cecil  Rhodes.  He  interested  himself  in  the 
reform  movement  in  the  Transvaal  1895-96,  and,  though 
not  in  sympathy  with  the  Jameson  raid,  was  arrested 
and  sentenced  to  death.  He  was  finally  released  on  the 
payment  of  a fine  of  $125,000.  He  engaged  in  mining 
enterprises  in  London  and  the  United  States,  and  for  five 
years  was  manager  and  consulting  engineer  of  the  Gug- 
genheim Exploration  Company.  Iu  1911  he  was  special 
ambassador  ol  the  United  States  to  the  coronation  of 
King  George  V.  of  England. 

Hammonton  (ham'qn-ton).  A town  in  Atlan- 
tic County,  New  Jersey,  42  miles  south  of 
Trenton.  Its  principal  industries  are  fruit- 
and  poultry-raising.  It  has  manufactories  of 
shoes,  woolen  goods,  etc.  Population,  5,088, 
(1910). 

Hammurabi".  In  December  and  January,  1901-02,  a 
French  archaeological  expedition  under  J.  de  Morgan  dis- 
covered at  Susa  his  code  of  laws,  the  oldest  document  of 
its  kind  ever  found.  The  discovery  of  this  code  has  already 
given  rise  to  an  extensive  literature. 

Hampden,  Viscount.  See  * Brand,  Sir  Henry 
Bouverie  William. 

Hancock  (han  ' kok).  A city  in  Houghton 
County,  Michigan,  incorporated  in  1903.  It  is 
situated  on  Portage  Lake,  opposite  Houghton, 
in  a rich  copper  region,  and  has  smelting-fur- 
naces, foundries,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  a Fin- 
nish college.  Population,  8,981.  (1910). 

Handsworth  (handz'werth).  A manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  southern  part  of  Staffordshire, 
England:  a suburb  of  Birmingham.  Popula- 
tion, 52,921. 

Handy  Andy.  A novel  bv  Samuel  Lover, 
published  in  1842.  It  contains  humorous 
sketches  of  Irish  life. 

Hang-chau',  or  Hangchow.  It  was  opened  to 
foreign  trade  in  1895. 

Hanging  Gardens  of  Babylon.  A structure 
400  feet  square,  built  at  Babylon  on  the  banks 
of  the  Euphrates  by  Nebuchadnezzar  (king  of 
Babylon  605-562  B.  c.)  to  please  his  Median 
wife  Amytis  (Amitu).  It  is  said  to  have  been  di- 
vided into  four  terraces,  each  100  feet  wide  and  about  20 
feet  high,  supported  on  piers  of  brick  22  feet  thick.  Over 
these  piers  were  placed  blocks  of  stone  16  feet  long  and  4 
feet  thick,  joined  by  meshes  of  reed  set  in  cement,  the 
w hole  covered  by  a layer  of  tiles  and  that  by  sheets  of  lead. 
The  area  thus  made  was  covered  with  loam,  and  planted 
as  a park  and  garden,  and  has  been  ranked  as  one  of  the 
seven  wonders  of  the  world.  Tradition  has  coupled  the 
gardens  with  the  name  of  the  mythical  Assyrian  qneen 
Semiramis.  The  location  is  in  the  northern  mound  of 
ruins,  Bahil. 

Hanks  (hangks),  Nancy.  Born  in  Virginia, 
about  1783 : died  at  Pigeon  Creek,  Ind.,  Oct.  5, 
1818.  The  mother  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  She 
was  married  to  Thomas  Lincoln  June  12,  1806. 

Hanna  (han'a),  Marcus  Alonzo.  Born  at 
New  Lisbon  (now  Lisbon),  Ohio,  Sept.  24, 1837 : 


Hanna 

died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  15,  1904.  An 
American  business  man  and  politician.  He  was 
a delegate  to  the  National  Republican  conventions  of 
1884,  1888,  and  1896 ; was  credited  with  having  secured  in 
1896  the  nomination  of  McKinley  for  President,  and  wras 
made  chairman  of  the  National  Republican  Committee. 
He  was  first  president  of  the  National  Civic  Federation, 
and  was  United  States  senator  1897-1904. 

Hannay  (han'a),  James  Owen.  Born  J uly  16, 
1865.  A clergyman  of  the  Church  of  Ireland, 
playwright,  and  novelist.  He  has  published  “ The 
Spirit  and  Origin  of  Christian  Monasticism  ’’  (1903),  “ Span- 
ish Gold  ” (a  novel,  1908),  “ General  John  Regan  ’’  (a  play 
and  novel,  1913),  etc.  He  writes  under  the  name  of 
George  A.  Birmingham. 

Hanotaux*,  Albert  Auguste  Gabriel.  He  was 

elected  a member  of  the  Academy  in  1897.  Hia  works 
include  “Les  villes  retrouvees  ” (1880),  “Origines  de  l’in- 
stitution  des  intendants  des  provinces”  (1884),  “ Henri 
Martin”  (1885),  “Etudes  historiques  surle  XVI.  et  le 
XVII.  siecle  en  France”  (1886),  “Histoire  du  cardinal, 
de  Richelieu”  (1893-1903),  “L ’Affaire  de  Madagascar” 
(1896),  “L'lSnergie  fran«,*aise”  (1902),  “Histoire  de  la 
France  contemporaine  1871-1900  ” (1903),  “Lapaixlatine” 
(1908),  “Le  partage  de  l’Afrique”  (1909),  etc. 

Hansel  und  Gretel  (heu'zel  ont  gra'tel).  A 
fairy-tale  opera  by  Engelbert  Humperdinck 
(words  by  Adelheid  Wette),  first  produced  at 
Weimar,  Dec.  23,  1893. 

Hansen  (han'sen),  Emil  Christian.  Born  at 
Ribe,  Jutland,  May  8,  1842:  died  Aug.  27,  1909. 
A Danish  microbiologist,  director  of  the  Carls- 
berg  Laboratory,  Copenhagen,  distinguished 
for  his  studies  of  the  Saccharomycetes. 

Hansen  (han ' sen),  Gerhard  Henrik  Ar- 
mauer.  Born  July  29,  1841 : died  Feb.,  1912, 
A Norwegian  pathologist,  president  of  the 
Museum  at  Bergen  from  1894.  In  1871  he  dis- 
covered the  bacillus  of  leprosy. 

Hanslick  (hans'lik),  Eduard.  Born  at  Prague, 
Sept.  11,  1825:  died  near  Vienna,  Aug.  6, 1904. 
An  influential  Austrian  writer  and  musical 
critic.  He  first  studied  law,  but  abandoned  it  for  jour- 
nalism after  beginning  to  write  as  musical  critic  of  the 
“Wiener  Zeitung”  in  i848.  In  1855  he  joined  the  staff  of 
the  “ Presae  " and  in  1864  that  of  the  “ Neue  Freie  Presse.  ” 
He  was  professor  of  musical  history  and  esthetics  in 
Vienna  University  1861-95.  He  published  “Vom  Mu- 
sikalisch-Schonen"(1854),  “Geschichte  de9  Konzertwesens 
in  Wien  ” (1869-70),  “Aus  dem  Tagebuche  eines  Musikers” 
(1892  : republished  as  “Aus  meinem  Leben  " in  1894),  “Aus 
neuer  und  neuester  Zeit " (1900),  and  a long  series  of  vol- 
umes of  his  critical  newspaper  articles. 

Hapgood  (hap'gud),  Isabel  Florence.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  21,  1851.  An  Ameri- 
can author  and  translator.  She  has  written  “Rus- 
sian  Rambles  ” (1895)  and  “A  Survey  of  Russian  Litera- 
ture” (1902);  compiled  and  translated  “The  Epic  Songs  of 
Russia”  (1886)  and  “A  Service  Book  of  the  Holy  Orthodox 
Catholic  Apostolic  (Greco-Russian)  Church  ” (1906) ; and 
translated  from  the  Russian  of  Tolstoi,  Gogol,  Gorky,  and 
Turgenieff,  from  the  Spanish  of  Armando  Palacio  Valdes, 
from  the  Italian  of  De  Amicis,  and  from  the  French  of 
Hugo,  Joseph  Roux,  Renan,  etc. 

Harben  (har'ben),  William  Nathaniel.  Born 
at  Dalton,  Ga.,  July  5,  1858.  An  American 
author.  He  was  assistant  editor  of  the  “Youth’s  Com- 
panion  ” 1891-93  ; has  contributed  short  stories  to  various 
periodicals  ; and  has  published  a number  of  novels,  includ- 
ing “Abner  Daniel”  (1902),  “The  Substitute”  (1903), 
“Ann  Boyd”  (1906),  “The  Redemption  of  Kenneth  Galt” 
(1909),  and  “ Dixie  Hart”  (1910). 

Harbin  (har-beu').  A city  of  Manchuria,  situ- 
ated on  the  southerly  bank  of  the  Sungari 
River  at  the  junction  of  the  Port  Arthur  and 
Vladivostok  branches  of  the  Siberian  Rail- 
way. It  was  founded  by  the  Russians  in  1896  and  has 
developed  rapidly  into  a place  of  great  military  and  com- 
mercial importance.  In  1907  it  was  opened  to  interna- 
tional trade.  Population,  upward  of  30,000. 

Harbinger  (har'bin-jer),  The.  A weekly  jour- 
nal issued  by  the  members  of  the  Brook  Farm 
Association  June  14,  1845, -February,  1849. 

It  was  devoted  to  the  causes  of  association  and  Fourier- 
ism and  was  edited  by  George  Ripley,  with  John  Dwight 
and  William  Henry  Channing  as  Boston  contributors.  C. 
A.  Dana,  F.  G.  Shaw,  G.  W.  Curtis,  Lowell,  Whittier,  and 
others  wrote  for  it. 

Harcourt  (har'kort),  Leveson  Francis  Ver- 
non*. Born  in  London,  Jan.  25,  1839:  died  at 
Swanage,  England,  Sept.  14,  1907.  A British 
engineer,  professor  of  civil  engineering  in 
University  College,  London,  1882-1905.  He  pub- 
lished “ Rivers  and  Canals  ” (1882),  “ Harbours  and  Docks  ” 
(1885),  “ Achievements  in  Engineering  ” (1891),  “ Civil  En- 
gineering as  Applied  to  Construction  ’’  (1002),  etc. 

Harcourt  (har'kort),  Lewis.  Born  in  1863. 
A British  politician  and  cabinet  officer,  son  of 
Sir  William  Harcourt.  He  has  represented,  as  a 
Liberal,  the  Rossendale  division  of  Lancashire  in  the 
House  of  Commons  since  1904.  He  was  appointed  first 
commissioner  of  works  in  1905,  and  colonial  secretary  in 
Nov.,  1910. 

Harden  (har'den)  (Witkowski),  Maximilian. 

Bom  at  Berlin,  Oct.  20,  1861.  A German  jour- 
nalist. He  at  first  attracted  public  notice  by  critical 
essays  on  political  and  other  topics  of  the  time,  published 
under  the  pseudonym  “ Apostata.  ” In  1892  he  founded 


the  “Zukunft,”  a radical  weekly,  in  which  he  made  un- 
sparing attacks  on  Bismarck's  successor, Caprivi,  and  other 
personages,  thus  becoming  involved  in  many  bitter  con- 
troversies. In  1907  his  charges  against  the  personal  char- 
acter of  Count  Kuno  von  Moltke,  Prince  Philip  zu  Eulen- 
burg,  and  other  members  of  the  court  circle  and  the  army, 
coupled  with  assertions  of  the  existence  of  a “ round  table,” 
or  camarilla,  surrounding  and  influencing  the  emperor,  led 
to  a libel  suit  brought  against  him  by  Count  von  Moltke. 
A verdict  of  guilty  was  rendered  against  Harden  in  Janu- 
ary, 1908,  with  a sentence  of  four  months’  imprisonment 
and  the  payment  of  costs  ; but  an  appeal  was  taken  to  the 
Imperial  Court  at  Leipsic,  and  in  April,  1909,  another  sen- 
tence was  rendered,  imposing  a fine  of  $150  upon  him  for 
libeling  Count  von  Moltke. 

Hardenbergh  (har'den-berg),  Henry  Jane- 
way. Born  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Feb.  6, 
1847.  An  American  architect.  He  studied  archi- 
tecture in  New  Vork,  and  since  1870  has  been  practising 
his  profession  in  that  city.  Among  the  buildings  designed 
by  him  are  the  Dakota,  Waldorf-Astoria,  Manhattan,  and 
Blaza  hotels,  and  the  building  of  the  American  Fine  Arts 
Society. 

Hardie  (har'di),  James  Keir.  Born  in  Scot- 
land, Aug.  15,  1856.  A British  labor  leader 
and  member  of  Parliament.  He  worked  in  the 
mines  from  his  seventh  to  his  twenty-fourth  year,  and  was 
editor  of  the  “Cumnock  News  ’’  1882-86,  and  of  the  “Miner" 
and  “ Labour  Leader  " 1887-1903.  He  was  elected  to  Parlia- 
ment by  tile  Labor  party  in  West  Ham  (South),  London, 
in  1892  ; wa9  defeated  in  1895  ; and  was  Labor  representa- 
tive from  Merthyr  Tydvil  1900-05  and  1906-.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  independent  Labor  party,  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  Labor  party  in  the  House  of  Commons,  Febru- 
ary, 1906-1908.  He  wrote  “India,  Impressions  and  Sug- 
gestions" in  1909. 

Hardinge  (har'ding),  Charles,  first,  Baron 
Hardinge  of  Pensburst.  Born  1858.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomat  and  statesman.  He  entered  the  dip- 
lomatic service  in  1880 ; was  secretary  of  legat  ion  at  Te- 
heran 1896;  British  ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg  1904- 
1906 ; permanent  under-secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs 
1906-10 ; and  viceroy  of  India  1910-. 

Hardy*,  Arthur  Sherburne.  He  has  also 
written  “ Songs  of  Two”  (1900),  “His  Daugh- 
ter First”  (1903),  etc. 

Harkness  (hark'nes),  Albert.  Born  at  Men- 
don,  Mass.,  Oct.  6,  1822:  died  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  May  27,  1907.  An  American  classical 
scholar,  professor  of  Greek  in  Brown  University 
from  1855.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  University  in 
1842,  and  studied  at  Berlin,  Bonn,  and  Gottingen.  His  pub- 
lications comprise  a number  of  Latin  text-books,  including 
a Latin  grammar  (1864, 1869,  1881, 1898),  editions  of  various 
Latin  texts,  and  numerous  philological  papers. 

Harkness  (hark'nes),  William.  Born  at  Ec- 
clefeehan,  Scotland,  Dec.  17,  1837 : died  at 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Feb.  28,  1903.  A Scotch- 
American  astronomer.  He  was  astronomical  director 
of  the  United  States  Naval  Observatory  1894-99,  and  direc- 
tor of  the  Nautical  Almanac  1897-99.  He  attained  the 
relative  rank  of  rear-admiral  in  the  United  States  navy 
in  1899. 

Harland  (bar' land),  Henry.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  1,  1861 : died  at  San  Remo,  Italy, 
Dec.  20,  1905.  An  American  novelist.  He  was 

educated  at  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  and  at 
Harvard  University.  In  later  years  he  lived  principally 
in  London  and  on  the  Continent.  Under  the  pseudonym 
of  “Sidney  Luska”  he  wrote  “ As  It  Was  Written  " (1885) 
and  other  novels.  He  then  changed  his  literary  style  and 
published,  under  his  own  name,  “Mademoiselle  Miss” 
(1893),  “Grey  Roses”  (1895),  “Comedies  and  Errors  ”(1898), 
“ The  Cardinal’s  Snuff-box”  (1900),  “ The  Lady  Paramount” 
(1902),  “My  Friend  Prospero ” (1904),  “The  Royal  End” 
(completed  by  his  wife,  1909),  etc.  He  also  eijited  “The 
Yellow  Book.” 

Harley  street  (har'li  stret).  A fashionable 
residential  street  in  London,  running  from 
Cavendish  Square  to  Marvlebone  Road.  It  has 
long  been  the  abode  of  men  distinguished  in 
medicine. 

Harmon  (har'mon),  Judson.  Born  at  New- 
town, Ohio,  Feb.  3, 1846.  An  American  jurist, 
elected  governor  of  Ohio  in  1908  and  1910  by 
the  Democratic  party.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
Cincinnati  Law  School  in  1869,  and  was  elected  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  Cincinnati,  in  1876  ; served  as 
a member  of  the  Superior  Court,  Cincinnati,  1878-88 ; and 
was  attorney-general  of  the  United  States  1895-97  in  Cleve- 
land's cabinet.  He  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  members 
of  the  national  Democratic  party. 

Harnack  % Adolf.  He  became  director  of  the  Royal 
Library  in  Berlin  in  1905.  His  works  include  “ZurQuel- 
lenkritik  der  Geschichte  des  Gnostizismus  ” (1873),  “ De 
Apellis  gnosi  monarchica ” (1874),  “Die  Zeit  des  Ignatius 
und  die  Ghronologie  der  antiochenischen  Bischofe  ” (1878), 
“Das  Monchtum”  (6th  ed.,  1903),  “Martin  Luther  in 
seiner  Bedeutung  fur  die  Geschichte  der  Wissenschaft 
und  der  Bildung”  (3d  ed.,  1901),  “ Grundriss  der  Dog- 
mengeschichte  ” (3d  ed.,  1898),  “Augustins  Konfessionen  ” 
(3d  ed.,  1903),  “Geschichte  der  altchristlichen  Literatur 
bis  Eusebius”  (1893-1904),  “Geschichte  der  koniglich 
preussischen  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Berlin” 
(1900),  “DasWesen  des  Christentums ” (1900),  “Die  Auf- 
gabe  der  theologischen  Fakultaten  und  die  allgemeine 
Religionsgcschichte  ” (1901),  “ Die  Mission  und  Ausbrei- 
tungdes  Christentums  in  den  ersten  drei  Jahrhunderten  ” 
(1902). 

Harraden  (bar' a- den),  Beatrice.  Born  at 
Hampstead,  England,  Jan.  24,  1864.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist.  Among  her  workB  are  “Ships  that  Pass 


Hartley 

in  the  Night  ’ (1893),  “In  Varying  Moods”  (1894),  “Hilda 
Strafford”  (1897),  “The  Fowler”  (1899),  “Katharine  Fren- 
sham”  (1903),  “The  Scholar’s  Daughter”  (1906),  and  “ In- 
terplay " (1908). 

Harriman  (har'i-man),  Edward  Henry.  Born 
at  Hempstead,  L.  I.,  Feb.  25,  1848:  died  at 
Turner,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  9,  1909.  An  American 
financier  and  railway  president.  He  was  presi- 
dent  of  the  Union  Pacific,  Central  Pacific,  Southern  Pacific, 
and  allied  railroads,  and  was  especially  noted  for  his  con- 
structive work  in  extending  and  developing  the  roads 
under  his  control. 

Harris*,  Joel  Chandler.  His  later  works  include 
“The  Story  of  Aaron  ” (1896),  “Stories  of  Georgia”  (1896), 
“ Chronicles  of  Aunt  MinervyAnn”  (1899),  “Tales  of  the 
Home  Folks  in  Peace  and  War ”(1898),  “Plantation  Pa- 
geants ” (1899),  “On  the  Wing  of  Occasions”  (1900),  “The 
Making  of  a Statesman  ” (1902),  “ Gabriel  Tolliver”  (3902), 
“Wally  Wanderoon  and  his  Story-telling  Machine”  (1903), 
“The  Tar-baby  and  other  Rhymes”  (1904),  “A  Little  Union 
Scout”  (1904),  “Told  by  Uncle  Renms”  (1905),  “Uncle 
Remus  and  Brer  Rabbit”  (1907),  “The  Bishop  and  the 
Boogerman  ”(1909).  In  1907  he  founded  the  “Uncle  Remus 
Magazine.” 

Harris  (har'is),  Townsend.  Born  at  Sandy 
Hill,  N.  Y.,  1804:  died  at  New  York,  1878.  An 
American  diplomatist.  He  was  the  first  United 
States  consul-general  to  Japan,  having  been  appointed  in 
1855  under  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  negotiated  by  Com- 
modore Perry.  In  1858  he  became  minister  resident,  re- 
signing in  1861. 

Harrisburg  (har'is-berg).  The  county-seat  of 
Saline  County,  Illinois,  62  miles  northeast  of 
Cairo.  It  has  iron-  and  coal-mines,  fkmr-mills, 
brick-works,  etc.  Population,  5,309,  (1910). 
Harrison  (bar 'i -son),  Mrs.  Burton  (Con- 
stance Cary).  Born  in  Fairfax  County,  Va., 
April  25,  1846.  An  American  novelist.  Her 

works  include  “Golden  Rod”  (1880),  “Belhaven  Tales” 
(1885),  “Bar  Harbor  Days”  (1887),  “ The  Anglomaniacs ” 
(1890),  “ Flower-de-Hundred  " (1890),  “ 3weet  Bells  out  of 
Tune  ” (1892),  “A  Daughter  of  the  South  " (1892),  “An  Er- 
rant Wooing  ” (1894),  “A  Merry  Maid  of  Arcady  ” (1897), 
“A  Son  of  the  Old  Dominion  " (1897),  “A  Triple  Entangle- 
ment” (1899),  “ The  Unwelcome  Mrs.  Hatch  "(a  play:  1903), 
“The  Carlyles  ” (1905),  “ The  Count  and  the  Congressman  ” 
(1908),  etc. 

Harrison  (har'i-son),  Mary  St.  Leger:  pseud- 
onym Lucas  Malet.  Born  at  Eversley  rectory, 
Hampshire,  in  1852.  A British  novelist,  young- 
est daughter  of  Charles  Kingsley,  and  wife  of 
William  Harrison,  rector  of  Clovelly,  Devon 
(died  1897).  Under  the  pseudonym  of  Lucas  Malet  she 
has  written  “The  Wages  of  Sin  ” (1891),  “History  of  Sir 
Bichard  Calmady”  (1901),  “The  Far  Horizon’’  (1906),  “The 
Wreck  of  the  Golden  Galleon  ”(1910),  “Adrian  Savage,”  etc. 

Harrison  (har'i-son),  Ross  Granville.  Born 
at  Germantown,  Pa.,  Jan.  13,  1870.  An  Ameri- 
can zoologist,  professor  of  comparative  anat- 
omy in  Yale  University  from  1907.  He  was 
associate  professor  of  anatomy  in  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  1899-1907. 

Hart  (hart) , Albert  Bushnell.  Born  at  Clarks- 
ville, Pa.,  July  1,  1854.  An  American  his- 
torian, professor  of  history  in  Harvard  Uni- 
versity 1897-1910  and  of  government  1910-. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1880  and  studied  later 
at  Freiburg.  He  is  the  author  of  “Introduction  to 
the  Study  of  Federal  Government"  (1890),  “Guide  to 
the  Study  of  American  History  ” (1897 : with  E.  Chan- 
ning), “Salmon  P.  Chase  " (1899),  “Foundations  of  Ameri- 
can Foreign  Policy"  (1901),  “Handbook  of  the  History, 
Diplomacy,  and  Government  of  the  United  States”  (1903), 
“Actual  Government  as  Applied  under  American  Condi- 
tions” (American  Citizen  series,  1903),  “Essentials  of 
American  History”  (1905),  “Manual  of  American  History, 
Diplomacy,  and  Government  ” (1908),  etc.  He  is  the  editor 
of  “Epochs  of  American  History’  (1891-96),  “American 
History  told  by  Contemporaries”  (1898-1901),  “Source 
Beaders  in  American  History,”  etc. 

Hart  (hart),  James  Morgan.  Born  at  Prince 
ton,  N.  J.,  Nov.  21,  1839.  An  American  philolo- 
gist, professor  of  English  in  Cornell  University 
from  1890  (emeritus  1907).  He  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1860  and  studied  at  Gottingen  1861-64.  From 
1868  to  1872  he  was  assistant  professor  of  modern  languages 
in  Cornell,  and  from  1876  to  1890  professor  of  modern  lan- 
guages and  English  literature  in  the  University  of  Cincin- 
nati. Among  his  publications  are  “ German  Universities  " 
(1874),“  Essentials  of  Prose  Composition”  (1902),  “ Develop- 
ment of  Standard  English  Speech  in  Outline  ” (1907),  etc. 

Hart",  Sir  Robert.  Died  Sept.  20,  1911.  He 
wrote  “ These  from  the  Land  of  Sinim”  (1901). 
Hartford  City  (hart'ford  sit'i).  The  county 
seat  of  Blackford  County,  Indiana.  45  miles 
southwest  of  Fort  Wayne.  It  has  manufac- 
tories of  wagons,  glass,  nitroglycerin,  ma- 
chinery, etc.  It  is  in  an  oil  and  gas  region. 
Population,  6,187,  (1910). 

Hartley  (hart/li),  Jonathan  Scott.  Born  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  23,  1845:  died  at  New 
York  city,  Dec.  6, 1912.  An  American  sculptor. 

He  was  an  assistant  and  pupil  of  E.  D.  Palmer  in  Albany. 
Soon  after  1864  he  went  to  London  and  spent  three  years 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  He  visited  Germany,  Italy,  and 
France,  and  in  1875  opened  a studio  in  New  York.  His  first 
important  statue  was  “The  Whirlwind,”  exhibited  in  1878 
He  designed  numerous  monuments.  His  busts  show  ex- 
ceptional power  of  representation  and  characterization. 


Hartmann 

Hartmann*,  Karl  Robert  Eduard  von.  His 

later  works  include  “ Das  Cliristentum  des 
Neuen  Testaments”  (1905),  “ Das  Problem  des 
Lebens ” (1906),  “System  der  Philosophic  in 
Grundriss”  (1907-09),  etc. 

Harvey  (kar'vi).  A city  in  Cook  County,  Illi- 
nois, a suburb  of  Chicago,  lying  south  of  that 
city.  It  has  manufactories  of  automobiles, 
machinery,  railway  supplies,  etc.  Population, 
7,227,  (1910). 

Hasegawa  (ka-sa-ga'wa),  Viscount  Yoshimi- 
chi.  Born  in  Suwo,  Japan,  August,  1850.  A 
J apanese  soldier.  He  commanded  a brigade  iu  the 
Chinese-Japanese  war,  taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Port 
Arthur  and  Wei-hai-wei,  and  led  the  Imperial  Guards 
division  under  General  K uroki  in  the  war  with  Russia 
1904-05.  In  the  latter  year  lie  was  made  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Korean  garrison.  He  was  promoted  general 
in  1904.  He  was  made  baron  in  1905,  and  viscount  in  1907. 
Haslemere  (ha'zl-mer).  A market-town  in 
Surrey,  England,  in  an  elevated  valley,  39£ 
miles  southwest  of  London.  On  account  of  its 
scenery  and  bracing  air  it  is  a favorite  place  of  residence. 
Near  here  George  Eliot  lived  at  Brookbank,  and  Professor 
Tyndall  at  Hindhead ; and  on  Blackdown  is  Aldworth, 
Tennyson’s  home  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Population, 
•1.014. 

Hassam  (kas'am),  Childe.  Born  at  Boston, 
Oct.  17,  1859.  An  American  painter.  After  a 
public-school  education  he  studied  art  in  Boston  and 
Paris.  He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design  in  1902,  and  a member  iu  1906 ; and  belongs 
also  to  the  American  Water  Color  Society,  to  the  Societe 
Nationale  des  Beaux- Arts  in  Paris,  and  to  the  Secession 
in  Munich.  He  has  exhibited  widely  in  this  country  and 
in  Europe,  and  has  taken  many  important  medals  and 
prizes.  He  follows  generally  the  methods  and  principles 
of  the  French  Impressionist  school,  producing  landscapes 
of  great  brilliancy. 

Hastings  (has'tingz),  Thomas.  Boru  at  New 
York,  March  11,  1860.  An  American  architect. 
He  studied  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts,  Paris,  and  in 
1884  became  a partner  in  the  firm  of  Carrere  and  Hastings, 
New  York  (see  -kCarr&re , John  Merven).  In  1907  he  be- 
came a member  of  the  National  Academy.  He  is  also  a 
chevalier  of  the  French  Legion  of  Honor. 

Hastings  - upon  - Hudson  (has ' tingz  - u - pon 
kud'son).  A village  in  Westchester  County, 
New  York,  on  the  New  York  Central  and  Hud- 
son River  Railroad,  2 miles  from  Dobbs  Ferry. 
It  has  chemical  works,  marble-yards,  etc. 
Population,  4,552,  (1910). 

Haswell  (haz'wel),  William  A.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  August  5,  1854.  A British  zoolo- 
gist, professor  of  biology  in  Sydney  University 
from  1890.  He  was  curator  of  the  Queensland  Museum 
in  1880,  and  became  connected  with  Sydney  University  in 
1882.  With  T.  .Tetfery  Parker  he  published  “ A Textbook 
of  Zoology”  in  1897. 

Hattiesburg  (kat'iz-berg).  The  county-seat 
of  Forrest  County,  Mississippi,  on  the  Haste- 
hatchee  River,  84  miles  southeast  of  Jackson. 
It  is  in  a farming  and  lumbering  region,  and 
has  lumber-mills,  machine-shops,  cotton-seed 
oil  mills,  etc.  Population,  11,733,  (1910). 
Haupt  (houpt),  Lewis  Muhlenberg.  Born  at 
Gettysburg,  Pa.,  March  21,  1844.  An  Ameri- 
can civil  engineer.  He  attended  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  (Har- 
vard), and  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1867 ; was  in- 
structor in  mathematics  and  civil  engineering  (1872-75) 
and  professor  of  civil  engineering  (1875-92)  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania ; and  has  been  occupied  as  a con- 
sulting engineer  and  in  business.  In  1897  he  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Nicaragua  Canal  Commission,  and,  1899-1902, 
of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission.  He  has  published 
“Canals  and  their  Economic  Relations  to  Transportation," 
“ Emancipation  of  Waterways,”  “ The  Control  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi," and  many  other  books  and  pamphlets. 

Hauptmann  (houpt'man),  Gerhart.  Born  at 
Salzbrunn,  Silesia,  Nov.  15,  1862.  A German 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  studied  sculpture  fora  time 
at  Rome,  and  at  this  period  wrote  his  first  large  work,  an 
epic  entitled  “ Promethidenlos  ” (1885).  Next  came  a 
group  of  plays,  of  the  realistic  school,  “ Yor  Sonnenauf- 
gang”  (1889),  “ Das  Friedensfest  ” (1890),  “Einsame  Men- 
schen  ” (1891),  and  “ Die  Weber  ” (1892),  the  last  of  which 
marks  the  beginning  of  a new  development,  characterized 
by  a broad  thematic  selection  of  types  and  ideas  rather 
than  individuals.  The  culmination  of  this  period  is 
represented  by  “ Hannele”  (1893)  and  “Die  versunkene 
Glocke  ” (1896).  He  has  written  also  a number  of  come- 
dies, “Kollege  Crampton  ” (1892),  “ Der  Biberpelz”  (1893), 
and  “Der  rote  Hahn”  (1901),  the  last  two  folk-plays; 
“ Florian  Geyer”  (1895),  “ Fuhrmann  Henschel  ” (1898), 
“Schluck  und  Jau”  (1899),  “Michael  Kramer”  (1900), 
“Der  arrae  Heinrich”  (1902),  and  “Rose  Bernd  ” (1903) ; 
and  two  prose  studies,  “ Der  Apostel  ” and  “ Bahnwarter 
Thiel’’ (1892).  He  has  published  the  novels  “Emanuel 
Quint”  (1910)  and  “Atlantis”  (1912).  “Der  Nan*  in 
Christo,”  a novel,  was  based  on  “Hannele.”  He  received 
the  Nobel  prize  for  literature  in  1912. 

Havana.  2.  [Sp.  La  Habana. ] A province  of 
Cuba.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Florida 
Strait,  on  tbe  east  by  the  province  of  Matanzas, 
on  the  south  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio.  Capital, 
Havana.  Area,  3,170  sq.  m.  Pop.,  538,010. 
Havard  (a-var'),  Henri.  Born  at  Ckarolles, 


Saone-et-Loire,  France,  Sept.  5,  1838.  A 
French  writer  and  connoisseur.  For  participa- 
tion in  the  events  of  the  Commune  in  1871  he  was  forced 
into  exile.  After  the  amnesty  he  became  art  editor  of 
“ Le  Siecle,’'  a post  which  he  held  for  fifteen  years.  He  is 
a prolific  writer  on  many  matters  relating  to  the  fine  and 
the  industrial  arts.  His  chief  books  are  “ Amsterdam  et 
Venise"  (1876),  “L’Art  et  les  artistes  hollandais  ” (1879- 
1881),  “ Bietionnaire  de  l’ameublement  et  de  la  decoration 
depuis  le  Xllfe  siecle  jusqu’h  nos  jours ” (1887-90),  “Les 
Boulle  ” (1893),  “ L’CEuvre  de  E.  V.  Galland  ’’  (1895),  “ His- 
toire  de  l’orfevrerie  francaise  ” (1896),  and  “ Histoire  et 
philosophic  des  styles  ” (1899-1900). 

Havenstein  (ha'fen-stin),  Rudolf.  Born  at 
Meseritz,  Prussia,  March  10,  1857.  A German 
financier,  president  of  the  Imperial  Bank  from 
1908. 

Hawaiian  Islands*.  They  have  a legislature  of  two 

houses  —a  senate  of  15  members  and  a house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  30  members.  The  governor  and  secretary 
are  appointed  for  four  years  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States.  The  Territory  is  divided  into  five  counties.  It  is 
represented  in  Congress  by  one  delegate. 

Hawkins*,  Anthony  Hope.  His  later  works  in- 
clude “ A Man  of  Mark  ” (1896),  “ Comedies  of  Courtship  ” 
(1896),  “ Phroso  ” (1897),  “ Simon  Dale  ” (1898),  “ The  King’s 
Mirror ” (1899),  “Tristram  of  Blent”  (1901),  “The  Intru- 
sions of  Peggy”  (1902),  “ Double  Harness  ” (1904),  “A  Ser- 
vant of  the  Public  ” (1905),  “ Sophy  of  Kravonia  ” (1906), 
“ Helena’s  Path”  (1907),  “The  Great  Miss  Driver”  (1908), 
“Love’s  Logic”  (1908),  “Second  String”  (1910),  “Mrs. 
Maxon  Protests  ” (1911),  etc. 

Hawkins  (ha'kinz),  Sir  Henry,  first  Baron 
Brampton.  Born  Sept.  14,  1817 : died  Oct.  6, 
1907.  An  eminent  English  jurist.  He  was  called 
to  the  bar  of  the  Middle  Temple  in  1843;  was  appointed 
queen’s  counsel  in  1858;  was  a judge  of  the  High  Court 
1876-99  ; and  was  knighted  in  1876  and  raised  to  the  peer- 
age in  1899.  His  “Reminiscences,”  edited  by  Richard 
Harris,  were  published  in  1904. 

Hawthorne  (ha ' thorn),  Charles  Webster. 

Born  in  Illinois,  Jan.  8,  1872.  An  American 
painter,  a pupil  of  William  M.  Chase  and  H. 
Siddons  Mowbray.  He  won  the  first  Hallgarten  prize 
at  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  1904,  the  second  in 
1906,  and  the  Thomas  B.  Clarke  prize  in  1911.  He  has 
painted  the  flsherfolk  of  the  Massachusetts  coast,  etc. 

Hayashi  (ha-ya'sbi),  Count  Tadasu.  Born  at 
Tokio,  Feb.,  1850.  A Japanese  diplomatist, 
minister  at  the  Court  of  St.  James  1900-05  and 
ambassador  in  1906.  He  was  appointed  minister  to 
Peking  in  1896  and  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1897 ; was  a dele- 
gate to  the  peace  conference  at  The  Hague  in  1899 ; and 
was  minister  for  foreign  affairs  1906-08.  He  was  created 
baron  in  1895,  viscount  in  1902,  and  count  in  1907. 

Hayes  (haz),  Charles  Willard.  Born  at  Gran- 
ville, Ohio,  Oct.  8,  1859.  An  American  scien- 
tist, chief  geologist  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  1902-11.  He  was  assistant  geologist 
and  geologist  of  the  Survey  1887-1902.  In  1897-98  he  was 
geologist  of  the  Nicaragua  Canal  Commission,  and  in  1911 
engaged  in  technological  work  in  Mexico. 

Hayes  (hiiz),  Henry.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Ellen  Olney  Kirk. 

Hazard  (haz'ard),  Caroline.  Born  at  Peace- 
dale,  R.  I.,  June  10,  1856.  An  American  edu- 
cator, president  of  Wellesley  College  1899- 
1911. 

Healy  (he'll),  Timothy  Michael.  Born  at 
Bantry  in  1855.  An  Irish  politician.  He  was 

admitted  to  the  bar  of  Ireland  in  1884,  and  to  that  of 
England  in  1903.  He  served  in  the  British  Parliament 
1880-1910  as  a member  of  the  Irish  Nationalist  party,  was 
returned  hi  1911  as  an  Independent  Nationalist,  and  has 
actively  advocated  the  cause  of  Ireland  in  speeches  and 
writings. 

Hearn  (hern),  Lafcadio.  Born  in  Santa  Maura, 
Ionian  Islands,  June  27,  1850:  died  at  Okubo, 
near  Tokio,  Sept.  26,  1904.  A writer  on  Japan. 

He  was  of  Irish  and  Greek  parentage,  went  to  America  in 
1869,  and  in  1890  to  Japan,  where  he  became  a lecturer  on 
English  literature  at  the  Imperial  University  in  Tokio ; 
married  a Japanese  woman  ; and  was  naturalized  as  a 
Japanese  subject  under  the  name  of  Yakumo  Koizumi, 
He  published  “ Stray  Leaves  from  Strange  Literature  ” 
(1884),  “Some  Chinese  Ghosts”  (1887),  “ Chita ” (1889), 
“ Two  Years  in  the  French  West  Indies  ” (1890),  “ Youma  ” 
(1890),  “Glimpses  of  Unfamiliar  Japan”  (1894),  “Out  of 
the  East”  (1895),  “ Kokoro ” (1896),  “Gleanings  in  Buddha- 
Fields”  (1897),  “Exotics  and  Retrospectives”  (1898),  “ In 
Ghostly  Japan  ” (1899),  “ Shadowings  ”(1900),  “ A Japanese 
Miscellany  ” (1901),  “ Kotto  ” (1902),  “ Japan  : an  Attempt 
at  Interpretation”  (1904),  “Kwaidan”  (1904),  and  “The 
Romance  of  the  Milky  Way”  (1905).  The  “Life  and  Let- 
ters ” (1906)  and  “ The  Japanese  Letters  of  Lafcadio 
Hearn  ” (1910)  were  edited  by  Elizabeth  Bisland. 

Hearts  Insurgent.  The  title  under  which 
the  novel  “Jude  the  Obscure,”  by  Thomas 
Hardy,  was  published  in  “Harper’s  Magazine  ” 
iu  1895. 

Heath  (heth),  Harold.  Born  at  Vevay,  Ind., 
June  5,  1868.  An  American  naturalist,  pro- 
fessor of  invertebrate  zoology  in  Stanford 
University  from  1909.  He  was  assistant  and 
associate  professor  there  1898-1909. 

Heaton  (he'ton),  Sir  John  Henniker.  Born  at 
Rochester,  Kent,  in  1848.  An  English  poli- 
tician. As  a Conservative  he  sat  for  Canterbury  in 
tile  House  of  Commons  1885-1910.  He  promoted  the 


Henderson,  David  Bremner 

imperial  penny  postage  scheme  in  1898,  the  Anglo-Ameri- 
can penny  postage  in  1907  (in  operation  1908),  and  other 
postal  improvements.  He  has  written  an  “Australian 
Dictionary  of  Dates  and  Men  of  the  Time,”  etc.  He  was 
created  a baronet  in  January,  1912. 

Hedin  (ha'den),  Sven  Anders  von.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  Feb.  19,  1865.  A noted  Swedish 
traveler  and  man  of  science.  He  studied  at  Stock- 
holm, Upsala,  Berlin,  and  Halle,  and  made  a journey 
through  Persia  and  Mesopotamia  1885-86.  In  1890  he 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Swedish  embassy  to  the 
Shah  ; ascended  Demavend  ; and  in  1891  visited  Kashgar. 
His  most  important  explorations  weie  made  in  Central 
Asia  during  the  year’s  1893-97,  when  he  went  from  Oren- 
burg to  Peking  by  way  of  the  Lob -Nor  and  Tibet ; 1899- 
1902,  when  he  descended  the  Tarim  to  the  Lob -Nor;  and 
1905-08,  when  he  explored  the  high  tableland  of  Tibet,  de- 
termined the  sources  of  the  Brahmaputra  and  the  Sutlej, 
discovered  the  true  source  of  the  Indus,  and  established 
the  continuity  of  the  Transhimalayan  range,  the  most 
massive  in  the  world.  He  has  published  accounts  of  the 
journeys  and  scientific  observations,  and  various  scientific 
papers.  Among  these  are  “ Through  Asia  ” (1898),  “Cen- 
tral Asia  and  Tibet”  (1904),  and  “Overland  to  India  ”(1910). 
Heilprin  (hil'prin),  Angelo.  Born  in  Hun- 
gary, March  31,  1853:  died  at  New  York,  July 
17,  1907.  An  American  scientist.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1856,  but  was  educated  in  Europe. 
He  was  professor  of  invertebrate  paleontology  and  geology 
in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  1880- 
1900,  and  executive  curator  of  the  museum  1883-92.  He 
led  the  Peary  relief  expedition  to  the  arctic  regions  in 
1892 ; traveled  in  Florida,  the  Bermudas,  Mexico,  Central 
and  South  America,  Northern  Africa,  and  Alaska  for  geo- 
graphical and  geological  research ; and  in  1902  studied  vol- 
canic phenomena  on  Mount  Pelee,  Martinique,  during  its 
eruption.  He  published  a number  of  works  on  scientific 
subjects. 

Heim  (him),  Albert.  Born  at  Zurich,  April 
12,  1849.  A noted  Swiss  geologist,  professor 
at  the  University  of  Zurich  1875-1911.  He  has 
published  geological  works  and  papers. 

Heins  (Mnz),  George  Lewis.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  24,  1860:  died  at  Lake  Mohegan, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  25,  1907.  An  American  architect. 

He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  and  acquired 
his  technical  training  in  architects’  offices  in  Minneapolis 
and  St.  Paul.  In  1884  he  came  to  New  York  with  C.  G. 
La  Farge,  and  entered  the  office  of  John  La  Farge.  In  1886 
he  entered  into  partnership  with  C.  G.  La  Farge.  He  made 
a careful  study  of  cathedrals  abroad,  and  was  an  authority 
on  church  architecture.  In  1899  he  was  appointed  State 
architect  by  Theodore  Roosevelt,  and  he  was  also  consult- 
ing architect  for  the  Rapid  Transit  Commission.  The  firm 
of  Heins  and  La  Farge  lias  designed  the  buildings  of  the 
New  York  Zoological  Gardens,  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John 
the  Divine,  and  many  other  important  buildings. 

Heir  of  Redclyffe,  The.  A story  for  the  young, 
with  a moral  purpose,  by  Charlotte  M.  Yonge. 
It  was  published  in  1853. 

Hekking  (hek'ing),  Anton.  Born  at  The 
Hague,  Sept.  7,  1856.  A Dutch  violoncello 
virtuoso.  After  an  extensive  concert  tour  with  Mme. 
Essipoff  he  became  solo  and  orchestral  cellist  in  Berlin. 
In  1882  he  toured  in  Europe  with  Ysaye,  and  in  1888  came 
to  America,  remaining  some  years  in  Boston  and  New 
York.  In  1902  he  founded  the  popular  “ Trio-Ahende  ” in 
Berlin. 

Helheim  (hePkim).  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
the  abode  of  the  dead,  the  home  of  Hel  (which 
see).  It  is  a wide  land  of  shadows,  containing  gloomy 
rivers,  high  palaces,  and  valleys  of  venom,  all  guarded 
by  a dog  with  blood-stained  breast. 

Helper  (kel'per),  Hinton  Rowland.  Born  in 
North  Carolina,  Dec.  27,  1829:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  March  9,  1909.  An  American 
author  and  promoter.  He  is  best  known  as  the 
author  of  “ The  Impending  Crisis  of  the  South  ” (1857),  a 
book  which  exerted  a considerable  influence  upon  affairs 
immediately  preceding  the  Civil  War.  He  endeavored  to 
secure  the  building  of  a railroad  (the  “ Three  Americas 
Railway  ”)  to  extend,  eventually,  from  Bering  Strait  to  the 
Strait  of  Magellan. 

Hempl  (hempl),  George.  Born  at  Whitewater, 
Wis.,  June  6,  1859.  An  American  philologist, 
professor  of  Germanic  philology  in  Leland 
Stanford  Junior  University  from  1906.  He  was 
connected  with  Johns  Hopkins  University  as  instructor 
in  German  1884-86,  and  with  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan as  professor  of  English  philology  and  general  linguis- 
tics 1889-1906 ; and  was  president  of  the  American  Dialect 
Society  1900-05,  of  the  Modern  Language  Association 

1902- 03,  and  of  the  American  Philological  Association 

1903- 04. 

Henderson  (hen'der-son),  Charles  Richmond. 

Born  at  Covington,  Ind.,  Dec.  17,  1848.  An 
American  sociologist.  He  was  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  and  in  1873  entered  the  Baptist  minis- 
try. After  holding  pastorates  at  Terre  Haute  and  Detroit 
he  was  appointed  assistant  professor  of  sociology  in  the 
University  of  Chicago  in  1892,  and  became  head  of  the  de- 
partment of  ecclesiastical  sociology  in  1901.  He  has  served 
on  various  charitable  commissions,  and  in  1909 represented 
the  United  States  on  the  International  Prison  Commission. 
He  is  associate  editor  of  the  “ American  Journal  of  Soci- 
ology,” and  has  written  and  edited  a number  of  works, 
chiefly  on  sociological  subjects. 

Henderson  (hen'der-son),  David  Bremner. 

Born  at  Old  Deer,  Scotland,  March  14,  1840: 
died  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  Feb.  25,  1906.  An 
American  lawyer  and  statesman.  He  enlisted  in 


Henderson,  David  Bremner 

the  Union  army  in  1861 ; was  discharged,  owing  to  the 
loss  of  a leg,  in  1863 ; reenlisted  as  colonel  of  infantry 
(Forty-sixth  Iowa)  in  1864  ; and  served  till  the  end  of  the 
war.  In  1865  he  was  admitted  to' the  bar.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Iowa  1883-1903,  and  in  1899  was 
elected  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  succeed- 
ing Thomas  B.  Reed.  In  this  office  he  was  succeeded  by 
Joseph  G.  Cannon  in  1903. 

Henderson  (hen'der-son),  William  James. 
Born  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  Dec.  4,  1855.  A musi- 
cal writer  and  critic.  He  became  critic  on  the  staff 
of  the  New  York  “Times"  in  1887,  and  on  that  of  the 
“ Sun  ” in  1902.  He  has  published  “ Preludes  and  Studies  ” 
(1891),  “What  is  Good  Music  ?”  (1898),  “IIow  Music  De- 
veloped ’’  (1898),  “ Modern  Musical  Drift  ” (1904),  “ Pipes 
and  Timbrels  ” (1905),  “ Art  of  the  Singer  ” (1906),  “ Some 
Forerunners  of  Italian  Opera  ’’  (1911),  etc. 

Henley*,  William  Ernest.  His  later  works  include 
“Poems"  (1898),  “Loudon  Types”  (1898:  with  W.  Nichol- 
son), “ For  England’s  Sake  ” (1900),  “ A Song  of  Speed  ’’ 
(1900),  “Hawthorn  and  Lavender”  (1901),  etc. 

Henley  Regatta  (hen'li  re-gat'a),  The.  An 
annual  aquatic  contest  which  takes  place  early 
in  July  in  England,  on  the  river  Thames,  about 
midway  between  London  and  Oxford.  The  com- 
peting  crews  usually  come  from  the  universities  of  Oxford, 
Cambridge,  and  Dublin,  Eton  College,  and  various  row- 
ing clubs.  Crews  from  America  and  other  countries  often 
compete.  In  addition  to  its  importance  as  an  interna- 
tional contest,  it  is  famous  as  a social  occasion. 

Henry  (an -re'),  Lieutenant-Colonel.  Com- 
mitted suicide,  Aug.  31, 1898.  An  officer  of  the 
French  army,  concerned  in  the  Dreyfus  case. 
In  1896  he  was  appointed  chief  of  the  Intelligence  De- 
partment at  the  War  Office  in  place  of  Colonel  Picquart. 
He  acknowledged  that  he  had  forged  the  new  proofs  of 
Dreyfus's  guilt  which  Cavaignac,  the  minister  of  war,  had 
laid  before  the  Chamber  of  Deputies ; was  arrested ; and 
committed  suicide. 

Henry  (hen'ri),  o.  The  pseudonym  of  William 
Sydney  Porter. 

Henshaw  (hen'sha),  David.  Born  in  1791: 
died  in  1862.  An  American  government  official, 
secretary  of  the  navy  1843  (not  confirmed). 

Hepburn  (hep'bern),  Alonzo  Barton.  Born 
at  Colton,  N.  Y.,  July  24,  1846.  An  American 
financier.  He  first  practised  law  at  Colton,  New  York  ; 
served  in  the  New  York  Assembly  1875-80;  and  was  super- 
intendent of  the  State  banking  department  1880-83,  United 
States  bank  examiner  for  New  York  1888-92,  and  comp- 
troller of  the  currency  1892-93.  Since  1893  he  has  occupied 
executive  and  directorial  positions  in  various  banking  and 
commercial  enterprises. 

Herbert  (her'bert),  Victor.  Born  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  Feb.  1,  1859.  An  Irish-American  vio- 
loncellist, composer,  and  conductor,  grandson 
of  Samuel  Lover.  He  was  educated  at  the  Stuttgart 
Conservatory,  and  became  first  cellist  of  the  court  orches- 
tra there.  In  1886  he  came  to  New  York  as  solo  cellist  of 
the  Metropolitan  Orchestra,  later  became  a member  of  the 
Thomas  Orchestra,  and  was  conductor  1898-1904  of  the 
Pittsburgh  Symphony  Orchestra.  He  has  composed  orches- 
tral and  chamber  music  and  successful  operettas,  includ- 
ing “The  Wizard  of  the  Nile,”  “The  Serenade,”  “Babes 
in  Toyland,”  “Mile.  Modiste,”  etc.  His  opera  “Natoma” 
was  first  produced  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  25,  1911. 

Heredia  (a-ra'de-a).  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Heredia,  Costa  Rica.  Population,  7,511. 

Heredia  (a-ra'de-a),  Jos6  Maria  de.  Born 
at  Fortuna-Cafeyere,  near  Santiago,  Cuba, 
Nov.  22,  1842:  died  at  the  Chateau  de  Bour- 
donnd,  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Oct.  3,  1905.  A 
French  poet,  of  French  and  Spanish  parentage. 
He  published  a collection  of  his  verse  under  the  title  of 
“ Trophees  ” in  1893.  This  work  was  crowned  by  the 
French  Academy  and  he  was  elected  a member  of  that 
body  in  1894. 

Herford  (her'ford),  Oliver  Brooke.  Born  at 
Sheffield,  England,  Dec.  12,  1863.  An  English 
illustrator  and  writer.  He  studied  art  at  the  Slade 
School,  London,  and  at  Julian’s,  Paris,  and  has  lived  chiefly 
in  the  United  States.  He  has  illustrated  and  written 
“Artful  Anticks,”  “A  Child's  Primerof  Natural  History,” 
“The  Fairy  Godmother-in-Law,”  “The  Rubaiyat  of  a 
Persian  Kitten,”  “The  Cynic’s  Calendar”  (with  Ethel 
Watts  Mumford),  “The  Kitten’s  Garden  of  Verses,”  etc. 

Hering  (her'ing),  Carl.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  March  29,  1860.  An  American  physicist 
and  electrical  engineer.  He  has  discovered 
several  electromagnetic  phenomena.  He  has 
published  “Conversion  Tables”  (1904),  etc. 

Hering  (ha'ring),  Ewald.  Born  at  Altgers- 
dorf,  Saxony,  Aug.  5,  1834.  A German  physi- 
ologist, professor  in  the  University  of  Leipsic 
from  1895,  best  known  for  his  researches  in 
the  physiology  of  the  senses  and  in  psycho- 
physics. 

Her  mite  (er-met'),  Charles.  Born  at  Dieuze, 
in  Lorraine,  Dec.  24,  1822:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
14,  1901.  An  eminent  French  mathematician, 
a member  of  the  Faculty  of  Sciences  of  the 
University  of  Paris  1869-1901.  Among  his  publi- 
cations  are  “Sur  la  th^orie  des  fonctions  elliptic] lies  ” 
(1863),  “ Sur  liquation  du  V.  degr6  ” (1866),  “ Sur  quelques 
applications  de  la  theorie  des  fonctions  elliptiques” 
(1877-82),  “ Cours  d’analyse  de  l*6cole  polytechnique  ” 
(1873),  and  “ Cours  h la  Facult6  des  Sciences  ” (1882). 

Herne  (her'ne).  A town  in  the  province  of 
C.—72 


Westphalia,  Germany,  11  miles  northwest  of 
Dortmund.  Population,  33,266. 

Herreshoff  (her'e-shof),  John  Brown.  Born 

at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  April  24,  1841.  An  American 
ship-builder.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  lost  his  sight. 
In  1864  he  engaged  in  yacht-building  at  Bristol  with  his 
father,  and  later  became  associated  with  Dexter  E.  Stone 
under  the  firm  name  of  Herreshoff  and  Stone.  For  many 
years  the  business  was  confined  to  sailing-vessels ; but 
later  steam-vessels,  steel  yachts,  torpedo-boats,  and  naval 
vessels  were  undertaken.  In  1879  he  became  president  of 
the  Herreshoff  Manufacturing  Company,  which  under  his 
management  gained  the  reputation  of  building  the  fastest 
vessels  in  the  world. 

Herreshoff  (lier'e-shof),  Nathaniel  Greene. 

Bom  at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  March  18,  1848.  An 
American  naval  architect,  brother  of  J.  B. 
Herreshoff.  He  studied  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute 
of  Technology  1866-69 ; became  a draftsman  at  the 
Corliss  Engine  Works  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island ; and 
studied  engineering  both  in  America  and  abroad.  In  1879 
he  joined  the  Herreshoff  Manufacturing  Company  at  Bris- 
tol, Rhode  Island,  of  which  he  later  became  superinten- 
dent. He  has  designed  many  high-speed  torpedo-boats 
and  racing  yachts,  including  the  Vigilant  (1893),  the  De- 
fender (1895),  the  Columbia  (1899),  and  the  Reliance  (1903), 
which  successfully  defended  the  America’s  cup. 

Herrick  (her'ik),  Charles  Judson.  Born  at 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  Oct.  6,  1868.  An  Ameri- 
can anatomist,  professor  of  neurology  in  the 
University  of  Chicago  from  1907.  In  1897- 
1901  he  was  associate  in  comparative  neurology 
of  the  New  York  State  Lunacy  Commission. 
He  has  been  managing  editor  of  the  “Journal 
of  Comparative  Neurology”  since  1894. 

Herrin  (her'in).  A city  in  Williamson  County, 
Illinois,  56  miles  northeast  of  Cairo.  Its  chief 
industry  is  coal-mining.  Population,  6,861, 
(1910). 

Herschel  (her'shel),  Alexander  Stewart. 

Born  in  1836:  died  June  18,  1907.  A British 
astronomer,  the  second  son  of  Sir  John  Her- 
schel. Hisstudies  related  especially  to  meteors. 

Hertz  (herts),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Feb.  22,  1857 : died  Jan.  1,  1894.  An  eminent 
German  physicist,  professor  of  physics  at  Bonn 
1889-94.  In  1880  he  was  an  assistant  of  Helmholtz  in 
Berlin,  and  in  1885  became  professor  of  physics  in  the 
Polytechnic  Institute  at  Karlsruhe.  He  is  noted  for  his 
investigations  of  the  relation  between  electricity  and  light, 
and  especially  for  his  discovery  (1887-88)  of  the  electric 
waves  of  large  amplitude  which  have  been  utilized  ju  wire- 
less telegraphy.  Among  his  publications  are  “ liber  die 
Beziehungen  zwischen  Licht  und  Elektricitat,”  “ Unter- 
such ungen  liber  die  Ausbreitung  der  elektrischen  Kraft,” 
etc.  His  collected  works  were  published  in  1894. 

Hertzberg  , Gustav  Friedrich.  His  later  works 

include  “ Griechische  Geschichte  ” (1884),  “ Athen,  his- 
torisch-topographisch  dargestellt  "(1885),“  Geschichte  der 
Stadt  Halle”  (1889-93),  “Die  historische  Bedeutung  des 
Saaletales"  (1894),  “A.  H.  Francke  und  sein  Waisenhaus  ” 
(1898),  etc.  , 

Herve  (er-va'),  Aime  Marie  Edouard.  Born 

at  Saint-Denis,  Reunion  Island,  May  28,  1835: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1899.  A French  journal- 
ist. He  founded  with  J.  J.  Weiss,  in  1867,  the  “Journal 
de  Paris,”  and  published  in  it  criticisms  of  the  imperial 
government.  In  1873  he  established  “Le  Soleil,’’and  as 
a supporter  of  a liberal  constitutional  monarchy  exercised 
a notable  influence  on  public  affairs.  He  was  elected  to 
the  French  Academy  in  1886.  He  wrote  “ Une  page  d’his- 
toire  contemporaine ” (1869)  and  “La  crise  irlandaise 
depuis  la  fin  du  XVIIIe  siecle  jusqu’k  nos  jours  ” (1885). 
In  his  articles  in  “ Le  Soleil  ” he  made  use  of  the  pseu- 
donym “Raoul  Valnay.” 

Hervey  (her'vi),  James.  Born  at  Harding- 
stone,  near  Northampton,  Feb.  26,  1714 : died 
at  Weston  Favell,  near  Northampton,  Dec.  25, 
1758.  An  English  Episcopal  clergyman  and 
devotional  writer.  He  published  “Meditations  and 
Contemplations”  (in  two  parts  : 1746-47),  and“  Dialogues 
between  Theron  and  Aspasio  ” (1755).  The  Calvinistic 
doctrines  taught  in  the  “ Dialogues  " involved  the  writer 
in  a controversy  with  John  Wesley,  and  his  “Eleven  Let- 
ters," written  in  reply  to  Wesley's  “Remarks,”  were  pub- 
lished posthumously  in  1766.  His  collected  works  (six 
volumes)  were  published  in  1769. 

Hervieu  (er-vye'),  Paul  Ernest:  pseudonym 
Eliacin.  Born  at  Neuilly-sur-Seine,  France, 
Sept.  2,  1857.  A French  author,  dramatist,  and 
journalist.  Among  his  novels  are  “ Les  yeux  verts  et 
les  yeux  bleus  ” (1886),  “ L’lnconnu  ” (1887),  “ Flirt  ” (1890), 
“ L’Exorcisee  ” (1891),  “ Peintspar  eux-memes  ” (1893),  and 
“L’Armateur”  (1895).  His  plays  include  “Les  paroles 
restent  ” (1892),“  Lestenailles  ” (1895),“  La  loi  de  1‘homme  ” 
(1897),  “ La  course  de  flambeau  ” (1901),  “ Point  de  lende- 
main  ” (1901),  “ L’Enigme  ” (1901),  “Theroigne  de  M£ri- 
court”  (1902),  “ Le  dedale”  (1903),  “Le  reveil  ” (1905),  and 
“ Connais-toi  ” (1909).  In  1900  he  was  elected  to  the 
French  Academy,  succeeding  Pailleron. 

Herz  (herts),  Alfred.  Born  at  Frankfort, 
July  15,  1852.  A German  musical  conductor. 

1 1 o was  musical  director  in  theaters  at  Halle,  Altenburg, 
Elberfeld,  and  Breslau.  Since  1902  he  has  been  orches- 
tral conductor  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera,  New  York, 
where,  after  Mottl’a  withdrawal,  he  directed  “Parsifal'’ 
(1903-04). 

Herzegovina*.  With  Bosnia  it  was  annexed 
by  Austria-Hungary  in  October,  1908. 

Herzl  (bertsl),  Theodor.  Born  at  Budapest, 


Hill,  George  Birkbeck  Norman 

May  2,  1860:  died  July  3,  1904.  The  founder 
of  the  movement  among  the  Jews  known  as 
Zionism.  He  was  a journalist  and  author,  and  sue- 
ceeded  in  arousing  great  interest  in  Europe  for  the  pro- 
ject of  restoring  Palestine  to  the  Jews. 

Hess  (hes),  Willy.  Born  at  Mannheim,  July 
14,  1859.  A German  violinist.  He  came  to  America 
in  1865,  aud  at  the  age  of  nine  toured  with  the  Thomas 
Orchestra.  He  studied  with  Joachim  1876-78,  became 
concert-master  of  several  European  orchestras,  and  1904- 
1907,  1908-10  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra.  He  ac- 
cepted a professorship  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
London,  in  1903,  and  at  the  Berlin  Hochschule  in  1910. 

Hetch-Hetchy  (hech'hech'i).  Awooded  mea- 
dow valley  iu  the  Yosemite  National  Park 
through  which  flows  the  Tuolumne  River. 
It  lies  about  18  miles  northwest  of  Yosemite,  and  is  said 
to  have  been  discovered  in  1850  by  Joseph  Screech,  a hunt- 
er. The  floor  of  the  valley  is  3,700  feet  above  the  sea,  is 
about  3J  miles  long,  and  from  J to  £ mile  wide.  It  is 
surrounded  by  lofty  cliffs  down  which  fall  the  Tueeulala 
and  Waparna  (Hetch-Hetchy)  falls.  The  valley  is  national 
property,  but  since  1903  an  effort  has  been  made  by  the 
city  of  San  Francisco  to  possess  it  as  a reservoir  site. 

Hewitt  (hu'it),  Peter  Cooper.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  5, 1861.  An  American  electrician 
and  inventor,  son  of  Abram  Stevens  Hewitt 
and  grandson  of  Peter  Cooper.  He  is  best  known 
for  his  work  with  vapor  conductors  of  electricity.  Among 
the  more  important  of  his  inventions  are  the  mercury  - 
vapor  lamp,  static  converter,  interrupter,  and  circuit- 
breaker. 

Hewlett  (hu'let),  Maurice  Henry.  Born  at 
London,  Jan.  22,  1861.  An  English  writer  of 
historical  romances  and  sketches.  His  works  in- 
clude “ Earthwork  out  of  Tuscany  ” (1895),  “ A Masque  of 
Dead  Florentines”  (1895),  “The  Forest  Lovers”  (1898), 
“ Little  Novels  of  Italy  ” (1899),  “ Life  aud  Death  of 
Richard  Yea-and-Nay  ” (1900),  “New  Canterbury  Tales ” 
(1901),  “The  Queen’s  Quair”  (1904),  “The  Road  in  Tus- 
cany” (1904),  “Fond  Adventures”  (1905),  “The  Fool 
Errant”  (1905),  “The  Stooping  Lady”  (1907),  “Half-way 
House”  (1908),  “Spanish  Jade”  (1908),  “Artemizion” 
(1909),  “Open  Country”  (1909),  “Rest  Harrow”  (1910), 
“ The  Agonists ” (1911),  “Brazenhead  the  Great”  (1911), 
“ Song  of  Renny  ” (1911),  “ Mrs.  Lancelot  ” (1912),  etc. 

Hibben  (kib'en),  John  Grier.  Born  at  Peoria, 
111.,  April  19, 1861.  An  American  educator  and 
Presbyterian  minister,  elected  president  of 
Princeton  University,  Jan.  11,  1912.  He  was 

graduated  at  Princeton  in  1882,  and  studied  at  Princeton 
Theological  Seminary  and  the  University  of  Berlin.  He 
was  instructor  at  Princeton  in  logic  (1891-92),  in  logic  and 
psychology  (1892-94),  assistant  professor  of  logic  (1894-97), 
and  professor  of  logic  (1897-1912).  Among  his  publications 
are  “Problems  of  Philosophy”  (1898),  “Hegel's  Logic” 
(1902),  “ Logic,  Deductive  and  Inductive”  (1905),  “ Philoso- 
phy of  the  Enlightenment"  (1909),  “Defense  of  Prejudice 
and  Other  Essays  ” (1911). 

Hichborn  (hich ' born),  Philip.  Born  at 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  in  1839:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  May  1,  1910.  An  American 
naval  officer,  retired  in  1901  with  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral.  After  practical  experieuce  in  ship  con- 
struction  in  the  Boston  and  Mare  Island  navy-yards,  he 
entered  the  navy  in  1869  as  assistant  naval  constructor, 
becoming  constructor  in  1875,  and  holding  the  position  of 
chief  constructor  1893-1901.  He  invented  the  Franklin 
life-buoy  and  the  Hichborn  balanced  turret,  and  was  the 
author  of  several  works  on  naval  construction. 

Hichens  (hich'enz),  Robert  Smythe.  Born 
at  Speldkurst,  Kent,  Nov.  14,  1864.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist.  His  works  include  “The  G reen  Carna- 
tion ” (1894),  “ New  Love  ” (1895),  “ An  Imaginative  Man  " 
(1895),  “ Flames ” (1897),  “Byways"  (1898),  “The  London- 
ers ” (1898),  “ Felix  ” (1902),  “The  Woman  with  the  Fan  ” 
(1904),  “The  Garden  of  Allah”  (1904:  dramatized),  “The 
Call  of  the  Blood  ” (1906),  “Barbary  Sheep  ” (1907),  “ Egypt 
and  its  Monuments”  (1908),  “ Bella  Donna”  (1909 : drama- 
tized), “The  Holy  Land”  (1910),  “The  Dweller  on  the 
Threshold  ” (1911),  “The  Fruitful  Vine”  (1911),  etc. 

Hilbert  (hil'bert),  David.  Born  at  Konigs- 
berg,  Jan.  23,  1863.  A German  mathemati- 
cian, professor  in  the  University  of  Gottingen 
from  1895. 

Hill  (hil),  Adams  Sherman.  Born  at  Boston, 
Jan.  30,  1833:  died  there,  Dec.  25,  1910.  An 
American  educator,  professor  of  rhetoric  in 
Harvard  University  from  1876.  He  became 
assistant  professor  there  in  1872.  His  works 
include  “ Principles  of  Rhetoric”  (1878),  “ Our 
English”  (1889),  “Foundations  of  Rhetoric” 
(1892),  etc. 

Hill  (hil),  David  Jayne.  Born  in  Plainfield, 
N.  J.,  June  10,  1850.  An  American  educator 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  president  of  Bucknell  Uni- 
versity 1879-88,  and  of  Rochester  University  1888-96  ; as- 
sistant secretary  of  state  1898-1903  ; minister  to  Switzer- 
land 1903-05;  minister  to  the  Netherlands  1905-07  ; and 
ambassador  to  Germany  1908-11.  In  1907  he  was  a dele- 
gate to  the  second  Peace  Conference. 

Hill  (hil),  George  Birkbeck  Norman.  Born 
at  Tottenham,  Middlesex,  England,  June  7, 
1835:  died  Feb.  24,  1903.  An  English  author, 
best  known  as  a Johnsonian  scholar  and  edi- 
tor.  He  was  graduated  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  In 
1858,  and  in  the  following  year  succeeded  his  father  aa 
head-master  of  Bruce  Castle  School  at  Tottenham,  resign- 


Hill,  George  Birkbeck  Norman 

ing  in  1876.  Among  his  publications  are  “ Dr.  Johnson, 
his  Friends  and  his  Critics”  (1878),  an  edition  of  Bos- 
well's “Life  of  Johnson"  (1887),  “ Boswell’s  Correspon- 
dence ” (1879),  “Footsteps  of  Dr.  Johnson  in  Scotland" 
(1890),  “Harvard  College,  by  an  Oxonian ” (1895),  “Talks 
about  Autographs  "(1896),  “Johnsonian  Miscellanies" 
(1897),  “ Memoirs  of  Edward  Gibbon  " (1900),  etc. 

Hill  (Ml),  George  William.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  3, 1838.  An  American  astronomer, 
noted  for  researches  in  the  lunar  theory.  He 
was  awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  London,  in  1887,  and  the  Copley  medal  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1909.  His  publications  include  “The 
Theory  of  Jupiter  and  Saturn  ” (1890),  “Collected  Mathe- 
matical Works  " (1905-07),  etc. 

Hill  (hil),  James  Jerome.  Born  near  Guelph, 
Ontario,  Sept.  16,  1838.  An  American  busi- 
ness man,  president  of  the  Great  Northern 
system  of  railways  1893-1907.  He  went  to  St. 
Paul,  Minnesota,  in  1856,  and  early  connected  himself 
with  the  business  of  transportation.  He  secured  control, 
through  a syndicate,  of  the  St.  Paul  and  Pacific  Railroad  ; 
reorganized  it  as  the  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  and  Manitoba 
Railroad  ; and  was  its  general  manager  1879-82,  vice- 
president  1882-83,  and  president  from  1883.  In  the  year 
1889  the  Great  Northern  Railway  Company  was  formed 
and  it  leased  the  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  and  Manitoba 
Railway  and  other  lines  (about  3,750  miles).  Since  that 
time  the  Great  Northern  Railway  has  been  extended  by 
purchase  of  other  lines  and  construction  to  about  7,300 
miles. 

Hillis  (hi! 'is),  Newell  Dwight.  Born  at  Mag- 
nolia, Iowa,  Sept.  2,  1858.  An  American 
clergyman  and  author.  He  was  graduated  at  Lake 
Forest  University  in  1881,  and  at  McCormick  Theological 
Seminary  in  1887 ; was  pastor  at  Peoria,  Illinois,  1887-90, 
at  Evanston,  Illinois,  1890-94,  and  of  the  Central  Church 
in  Chicago  1894-98,  succeeding  Professor  David  Swing  ; 
and  in  1899  became  pastor  of  Plymouth  Church,  Brook- 
lyn, succeeding  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott.  Among  his  works 
are  “ A Man’s  Value  to  Society"  (1896),  “The  Investment 
of  Influence  ” (1896),  “ Foretokens  of  Immortality  ” (1897), 
“How  the  Inner  Light  Failed”  (1898),  “The  Influence  of 
Christ  in  Modern  Life  ” (1900),  “ The  Quest,  of  Happiness  ” 
(1902),  “Success  Through  Self-help"  (1903),  “Building  a 
Working  Faith”  (1903),  “The  Quest  of  John  Chapman" 
(1904),  “ Great  Men  as  Life  Teachers  " (1906),  “ Fortune  of 
the  Republic,  and  other  Addresses  " (1906),  etc. 

Hillquit  (hil'kwit),  Morris.  Born  at  Riga, 
Russia,  Aug.  1,  1869.  A Russian-American 
socialist.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1886,  and 
has  practised  law  in  New  York  since  1893.  He  has  been 
a member  of  the  Socialist  party  since  1888,  and  of  its 
national  executive  committee  since  1907.  He  was  a dele- 
gate from  the  party  to  the  International  Socialist  Con- 
gress at  Amsterdam  in  1904.  to  that  at  Stuttgart  in  1907, 
and  to  that  at  Copenhagen  in  1910,  and  has  been  its  repre- 
sentative in  the  International  Socialist  Bureau  at  Brus- 
sels since  1904.  He  has  published  a “ History  of  Socialism 
in  the  United  States  ” (1903)  and  “ Socialism  in  Theory 
and  Practice  ” (1909). 

Hillsboro  (hilz'bur-o).  The  county-seat  of 
Hill  County,  Texas,  57  miles  southwest  of 
Dallas.  It  has  agricultural  interests,  and 
cotton  compresses,  Hour-mills,  and  manufac- 
tories of  clothing,  hay-presses,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 6,115,  (1910). 

Hilprecht  (hil'precht),  Hermann  Vollrath. 

Born  at  Hohenerxleben,  Anhalt,  Germany, 
July  28,  1859.  A German  Assyriologist,  pro- 
fessor of  comparative  Semitic  philology  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  1886-1910,  and 
curator  of  the  Semitic  section  of  its  museum 
until  1910.  He  accompanied  an  expedition  sent  by  this 
university  to  explore  Nippur  in  Babylonia  in  1888,  and  in 
1900  took  charge  of  it  (after  a year's  absence) ; and  has 
made  numerous  explorations  in  Asia  Minor  aud  Syria. 
He  has  also  had  charge  of  the  Babylonian  department  of 
the  Imperial  Museum  in  Constantinople.  Among  his 
publications  are  “Recent  Researches  in  Bible  Lands,” 
“ Ausgrabungen  in  Assyrien  und  Babylonian,”  etc. 
Hiroshige  (he-ro-she'ge).  Born  1793:  died 
1859.  A Japanese  painter,  a pupil  of  Toyohiro. 

He  was  one  of  the  leading  masters  of  the  Okioye,  or  later 
naturalistic  school  of  Japan.  His  work  is  based  on  a key 
of  color  rather  than  on  line  and  mass.  His  tones  are  flat, 
producing  effects  in  a simple  way.  He  was  especially 
clever  in  the  representation  of  atmospheric  effects. 
Hiroshima  (he-ro'she-ma).  A city  of  Japan, 
situated  on  the  island  of  Hondu,  near  its 
southwestern  extremity,  on  the  inland  sea. 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Aki,  and  has  an  impor- 
tant trade  in  lacquered  ware,  bronzes,  and  other  art  ob- 
jects. Population,  121,196. 

Hirst  (herst),  Francis  W.  Born  at  Hudders- 
field, Yorkshire,  in  1873.  An  English  editor 
and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Clifton  and  at  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford ; became  president  of  the  Oxford 
Union  Society;  and  in  1899  won  the  Cobden  prize.  In 
1899  he  became  a barrister-at-law  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
and  secured  the  Russell  studentship  at  the  London  School 
of  Economics.  In  1907  he  became  editor  of  the  London 
“Economist.”  Among  his  published  works  are  “ Adam 
Smith  " (1904),  “Trusts  and  Cartels  ” (1905),  “The  Arbiter 
in  Council  ” (1906),  and  “The  Stock  Exchange  ” (1911). 
His  (hes),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Basel,  July  9, 
1831:  died  at  Leipsic,  May  1,  1904.  An  emi- 
nent German  histologist  and  physiologist,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Leipsic 
1872-1904,  especially  noted  for  his  researches 
in  the  development  of  the  nervous  system. 
Hiss  (his) , Philip  Hanson.  Born  at  Baltimore, 


Md.,  Sept.  17,  1868.  An  American  bacteriolo- 
gist and  pathologist,  professor  of  bacteriology 
in  Columbia  University  from  1906.  He  was  ad- 
junct professor  there  1903-06. 

Hitchcock  (hieh'kok),  Charles  Henry.  Born 
at  Amherst,  Mass.,  Aug.  23,  1836.  An  Ameri- 
can geologist,  son  of  Edward  Hitchcock.  He 
was  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1856 ; was  assistant 
geologist  of  the  State  of  V ermont  1857-61 ; was  geologist 
of  the  State  of  Maine  1861-62,  and  of  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire  1868-78 ; and  was  professor  of  geology  in 
Dartmouth  College  1868-1908.  He  has  published  numer- 
ous geological  reports  and  papers. 

Hitchcock  (hieh'kok),  Edward.  Born  at  Am- 
herst, Mass.,  May  23,  1828:  died  Feb.  15, 1911. 
An  American  physician,  son.  of  President 
Edward  Hitchcock,  and  professor  of  physical 
education  and  hygiene  in  Amherst  College 
from  1861.  From  1879  he  was  a member  of 
the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health, 
Lunacy,  and  Charity. 

Hitchcock  (hieh'kok),  Ethan  Allen.  Born  at 

Mobile,  Ala.,  Sept.  19,  1835:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  April  9,  1909.  An  American  diplo- 
mat and  cabinet  officer.  He  was  minister  (1897-98) 
and  ambassador  (1898)  to  Russia,  and  was  secretary  of  the 
interior  1898-1907.  His  diary,  “ Fifty  Years  in  Camp  and 
Field,"  edited  by  W.  A.  Croffut,  was  published  in  1910. 

Hitchcock  (hieh'kok),  Frank  Harris.  Born 
at  Amherst,  Ohio,  Oct.  5,  1867.  An  American 
lawyer  and  government  official.  He  was  gradu- 
ated'at  Harvard  in  1891,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1894, 
and  was  in  the  service  of  the  government  in  the  de- 
partments of  agriculture,  commerce  and  labor,  etc.  He 
was  first  assistant  postmaster-general  1905-08,  and  was 
postmaster-general  1909-13.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Re- 
publican National  Committee  in  1908  and  conducted  the 
presidential  campaign  of  that  year. 

Hoder  (ho'der),  or  Hodur  (he'dor).  [ON. 
Hddhr.~\  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a blind  god 
who,  at  the  instigation  of  Loki,  slays  Baldur 
by  means  of  a twig  of  mistletoe.  He  is  in  turn 
slain  by  Vale,  the  son  of  Odin.  The  story  of  the  death  of 
Baldur  has  been  said  to  personify  the  victory  of  darkness 
over  light,  the  killing  of  summer  by  winter,  the  slaying 
of  innocence  by  physical  strength  guided  by  sin,  etc. 

Hodge  (hoj),  Frederick  Webb.  Born  at  Plym- 
outh, England,  Oct.  28,  1864.  An  American 
anthropologist,  ethnologist  of  the  Bureau  of 
American  Ethnology  1889-1901  and  1905-10, 
and  appointed  chief  in  1910.  He  is  editor  of 
“ The  American  Anthropologist.” 

Hodges  (hoj'ez),  George.  Born  at  Rome, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  6, 1856.  An  American  theologian, 
dean  of  the  Episcopal  Theological  School  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  from  1894.  He  was  rector  of 
Calvary  Church,  Pittsburgh,  1889-94.  He  is  the  author  of 
“The  Episcopal  Church”  (1889),  “Faith  and  Social  Ser- 
vice” (1896),  “William  Penn”  (1900),  “Three  Hundred 
Years  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  America"  (1906),  “The 
Apprenticeship  of  Washington  ” (1909),  etc. 

Hodgson  (hoj 'son),  Shadworth  Hallway. 

Born  Dec.  25,  1832:  died  June  13,  1912.  An 
English  philosophical  writer.  He  wrote  “ Time  and 
Space"  (1885),  “The  Theory  of  Practice”  (1870),  “The 
Philosophy  of  Reflection”  (1878),  “The  Metaphysics  of 
Experience  ” (1898),  etc. 

Hoe  (ho),  Robert.  Born  at  New  York,  March 
10,  1839:  died  at  London,  Sept.  22,  1909.  An 
American  mechanical  engineer,  inventor  and 
manufacturer  of  printing  machinery,  in  1886 
he  succeeded  to  the  management  of  the  printing-press 
manufactory  founded  by  his  grandfather,  Robert  Hoe. 
He  developed  the  printing-press  from  the  earliest  form 
of  rotary  web  perfecting-machine,  printing  from  stereotype 
plates,  to  the  double  octuple  press  of  1906,  and  was  a 
pioneer  in  the  development  of  rotary  color-printing  ma- 
chines and  of  rotary  machines  for  high-grade  magazine 
and  periodical  printing.  He  was  also  a bibliophile  and 
an  art  connoisseur,  was  actively  interested  in  all  matters 
relating  to  the  promotion  of  literature  and  the  fine  arts, 
and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
of  Art  and  of  the  industrial  arts  schools  connected  with 
that  institution.  His  library  of  rare  books  and  manuscripts, 
one  of  the  finest  and  most  valuable  private  collections  of 
its  kind  in  existence,  was  dispersed  in  1911  and  1912. 

Hoff  (hof),  Jacobus  Hendrikus  van’t.  Born 

at  Rotterdam,  Aug.  30,  1852:  died  March  2, 
1911.  An  eminent  Dutch  chemist,  professor 
in  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1896.  in  1878 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and 
geology  at  Amsterdam.  He  was  especially  noted  for  his 
researches  in  physical  chemistry  and  as  the  founder  of 
stereochemistry.  In  1901  he  received  the  Nobel  prize  for 
research  in  chemistry. 

Hofmann  (bof'miin),  Josef.  Bom  at  Cracow, 
Austria,  Jan.  20,  1877.  A Polish  pianist  and 
composer.  As  a child  he  attracted  great  attention  in 
his  concerts  from  1883  to  1888.  He  was  then  withdrawn 
from  public  notice  for  study  under  Rubinstein,  and  made 
his  dlbut  as  an  artist  in  1894,  winning  high  rank.  He 
has  composed  a number  of  works  for  the  pianoforte. 

Hohensalza  (hd-en-zalt'sa) . The  name  adopted 
in  1904  by  the  town  of  Inowrazlaw,  Prussia. 
Hokusai  (ho'ko-sa-i).  Born  in  Yedo,  Japan, 
1760:  died  1849.  A noted  Japanese  artist. 

He  was  at  first  apprenticed  to  an  engraver,  but  after  a 
few  years  abandoned  engraving  and  studied  designing 


Holt,  Luther  Emmett 

with  Shunsho,  a noted  artist  of  the  period.  Later  he  de- 
voted himself  to  book  illustration,  and  finally  became  an 
artist  and  teacher  of  great  repute.  His  works  are  very 
numerous,  amounting  to  over  thirty  thousand  drawings. 

Holden  (hol'den),  Edward  Singleton.  Born 
at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Nov.  5,  1846.  An  Ameri- 
can astronomer,  librarian  of  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  from  1901.  He  was  graduated 
from  this  academy  in  1870;  was  astronomer  in  the  United 
States  Naval  Observatory  1873-81 ; was  director  of  the 
Washburn  Observatory  1881-85  ; was  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  1885-88 ; and  was  director  of  the 
Lick  Observatory  1888-98.  The  Lick  Observatory  was 
built  according  to  plans  prepared  by  Newcomb  and  Hol- 
den 1874-85.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous  astronomical 
and  other  papers. 

Holder  (hol'der),  Charles  Frederick.  Born 

at  Lynn,  Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1851.  An  American 
author,  a lineal  descendant  of  Christopher 
Holder.  He  was  assistant  curator  of  zoology  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  1871-75. 
Among  his  publications  are  “The  Ivory  King"  (1887), 
“Living  Lights"  (1889),  “Louis  Agassiz"  (1892),  “Charles 
Darwin"  (1893),  “Big  Game  Fishes  of  the  United  States" 
(1903),  “ The  Pioneer  Quakers  ” (1905),  “ Bile  in  the  Open 
in  Southern  California  ’’  (1906),  “ The  Log  of  a Sea  Angler  " 
(1906),  “Big  Game  at  Sea”  (1908),  “Fish  Stories”  (1909: 
with  D.  S.  Jordan),  “ The  Channel  Islands  ” (1910),  etc. 

Holder  (hol'der),  Christopher.  Born  at  Win- 
terbourne, England,  in  1631.  One  of  the 
founders,  in  1656,  of  the  first  society  of  Friends 
in  New  England.  He  was  repeatedly  banished  from 
Boston  and  persecuted  for  his  faith.  He  WTote  in  the 
Boston  jail,  in  1657,  the  first  declaration  of  faith  of  the 
Quakers. 

Holland  (hol'and),  William  Jacob.  Born  at 

Bethany,  Jamaica,  Aug.  16,  1848,  of  American 
parentage.  An  American  naturalist,  director 
of  the  Carnegie  Museum  at  Pittsburgh  from 
1898.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1869 ; 
was  naturalist  of  the  United  States  eclipse  expeditions  to 
Japan  in  1887  and  to  Africa  in  1889 ; and  was  chancellor 
of  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania  1891-1901. 
He  has  published  “ The  Butterfly  Book  " (1898),  “ The 
Moth  Book  ” (1903),  and  numerous  scientific  memoirs  on 
entomology  and  paleontology.  He  has  been  editor  of  the 
“ Annals  ” and  “ Memoirs  ” of  the  Carnegie  Museum  from 
1900. 

Holmes  (61 -mas'),  Augusta  Mary  Anne: 
pseudonym  Hermann  Zeuta.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.  16,  1847 : died  there,  Jan.  28,  1903.  A 
French  composer,  of  Irish  parentage.  Among 

her  several  teachers  she  was  most  influenced  by  Cesar 
Franck.  Her  works  include  the  operas  “Hero  et  Le- 
andro” and  “La  montagne  noire”  (Paris  Op6ra,  1895), 
symphonic  poems,  symphonies  and  other  orchestral 
works,  and  numerous  songs. 

Holmes  (homz),  Mrs.  (Mary  Jane  Hawes). 

Born  at  Brookfield,  Mass. : died  at  Brockport, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  7,  1907.  An  American  novelist, 
whose  stories  for  young  people  have  attained 
wide  popularity.  Among  the  best  known  of  her  ear- 
lier works  are  “Tempest  and  Sunshine"  (1854) and  “Lena 
Rivers  " (1856).  Among  her  later  works  are  “ Gretchen  ” 
(1887),  “ Dr.  Hathern’s  Daughters  ” (1895),  “ The  Cromp- 
tons" (1902),  and  “The  Abandoned  Farm"  (1905). 

Holmes  (homz),  Oliver  Wendell.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  March  8,  1841.  An  American 
jurist,  son  of  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1861,  and  at  the  Harvard  Law 
School  in  1866.  He  served  with  the  ‘20th  Massachusetts 
volunteer  regiment  in  the  Civil  War  1861-64;  was  asso- 
ciate justice  (1882-99)  and  chief  justice  (1899-1902)  of  the 
Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  Massachusetts,  and  has  been 
associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
from  1902.  He  edited  Kent’s  “ Commentaries  ” (1873),  and 
has  published  “The  Common  Law”  (1881)  and  a volume 
of  speeches. 

Holmes,  Sherlock.  See  * Sherlock  Holmes. 
Holmes  (homz),  William  Henry.  Born  in 
Harrison  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  1,  1846.  An 
American  anthropologist,  chief  of  the  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology  1902-10,  and  honorary 
curator  of  the  division  of  prehistoric  archae- 
ology in  the  United  States  National  Museum 
from  1903,  and  of  the  National  Gallery  of  Art 
from  1907. 

Holst*,  Hermann  Eduard  von.  He  wrote  also 

“ John  Brown  ” (1888)  and  “ The  French  Revolution  Tested 
by  Mirabeau’s  Career  ” (1894). 

Holt  (holt),  Henry.  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
Jan.  3,  1840.  An  American  author  and  pub- 
lisher. He  has  been  prominent  in  university  settle- 
ment and  municipal  reform  work.  His  works  iuclude 
“ Talks  on  Civics  " (1901),  “ On  the  Civic  Relations  ” (1907), 
and  two  novels  dealing  with  religious  and  social  ques- 
tions, “ Calmire  " J1892)  and  “ Sturmsee  " (1905). 

Holt  (holt),  Joseph.  Born  in  Breckinridge 
County,  Ky.,  Jan.  6,  1807:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Aug.  1,  1894.  An  American  jurist. 

In  1857  Buchanan  appointed  him  commissioner  of  pat- 
ents, in  1859  postmaster-general,  and  in  1860  secretary  of 
war.  Tn  September,  1862,  Lincoln  appointed  him  judge- 
advocate-general,  and  upon  the  establishment  of  the  Bu- 
reau of  Military  Justice  in  1864  he  was  kept  at  its  head 
with  the  same  title.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  in 
1865  and  was  retired  in  1875.  He  was  judge-advocate  and 
recorder  of  the  military  commission  which  tried  the  as- 
sassins of  Lincoln,  May-June,  1865. 

Holt  (holt),  Luther  Emmett.  Bom  at  Web- 


Holt,  Luther  Emmett 

ster,  N.  Y.,  March  4,  1855.  An  American 
physician.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Rochester  in  1875  and  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  (Columbia)  in  1880.  He  is  a specialist  in  diseases 
of  children,  and  since  1905  has  been  professor  of  diseases 
of  children  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
He  has  published  “Care  and  Feeding  of  Children  ” (1894), 
“Diseases  of  Infancy  and  Childhood  ” (1896),  etc. 

Holub*,  Emil.  He  wrote  also  “Die  Kolonisa- 
tion  Afrikas”  (1881-82)  and  “Yon  der  Kap- 
stadt  ins  Land  der  Maschukulumbe  ” (1888- 
1890). 

Holyoake*,  George  Jacob.  He  wrote  also  “Life 

of  Joseph  Rayner  Stephens”  (1881),  “The  Co-operative 
Movement  of  To-day  " (1891),  “ Sixty  Years  of  an  Agitator's 
Life ’’ (1892),  “Public  Speaking  and  Debate”  (1894),  “Na- 
ture and  Origin  of  Secularism”  (1896),  “ Bygones  Worth 
Remembering"  (1905),  etc. 

Homer  (ho'mer),  Mrs.  (Louise  Dillworth 
Beatty).  Born  at  Pittsburg  about  1871.  An 
American  contralto  singer.  She  studied  singing  at 
Boston  and  at  Pari9,  and  made  her  debut  in  opera  at 
Vichy,  as  Leonora,  in  “La  Favorita.”  She  afterward 
sang  at  Angers,  at  Brussels,  and  at  Covent  Garden,  London. 
During  the  season  of  1900-01  she  became  a member  of  the 
Metropolitan  Opera  Company,  New  York.  She  has  a 
repertoire  of  the  standard  contralto  rdles  in  Italian, 
French,  German,  and  English,  and  is  also  well  known  as 
a concert  singer. 

Hondu,  or  Hondo  (bon' do,  -do).  The  chief 
island  of  Japan.  See  Nippon. 

Honduras*.  The  republic  is  divided  into  16  depart- 
ments, Atlantida,  Choluteca,  Colon,  Comayagua,  Copan, 
Cortes,  El  Paraiso,  Gracias,  Intibuca,  Islas  de  la  Bahia, 
La  Paz,  Olancho,  Santa  Barbara,  Tegucigalpa,  Valle,  and 
Yoro,  and  one  territory,  Mosquitia.  In  December,  1907, 
a treaty  was  signed  by  the  five  Central  American  States 
agreeing  to  the  establishing  of  a court  of  arbitration  for 
the  settlement  of  disputes.  See  ★ Central  American  Arbi- 
tration Treaty. 

Honshu,  or  Honshiu  (hon'sho).  Same  as 
* Hondu. 

Hooker  (huk'er),  Mrs.  (Isabella  Beecher). 
Born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Feb.  22,  1822:  died 
Jan.  25,  1907.  An  American  philanthropist 
and  reformer,  daughter  of  Lyman  Beecher 
(1775-1863).  she  was  an  active  worker  in  the  cause 
of  woman  suffrage  and  in  various  reform  movements. 
She  was  the  author  of  “ Womanhood  : its  Sanctities  and 
Fidelities,’’  “ The  Constitutional  Bights  of  the  Women  of 
the  United  States,”  and  pamphlets  relating  to  the  parti- 
cipation of  women  in  government. 

Hooker*,  Sir  Joseph  Dalton.  He  was  surgeon 

and  naturalist  of  the  Ross  Expedition  to  the  antarctic 
(1839-43) ; explored  as  a naturalist  the  Himalayas,  Eastern 
Bengal,  Khasia  Hills,  etc.,  1847-51 ; Syria  and  Pales- 
tine, 1860  ; Morocco  and  the  Greater  Atlas  1871 ; and  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  California  1877.  He  was  assistant 
director  of  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Kew  1855-65  and 
director  1865-85,  and  was  president  of  the  Royal  Society 
1872-77.  He  also  wrote  “ Flora  of  New  Zealand”  (1853-55), 
a monumental  work  on  the  collections  at  Kew,  and  “ The 
Flora  of  British  India,"  on  the  completion  of  which  last  in 
1897  he  was  created  G.  C.  S.  I. 

Hooper  (hop'er),  Franklin  William.  Born 
at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  Feb.  11,  1851.  An  Ameri- 
can zoologist  and  geologist,  director  of  the 
Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences  from 
1889. 

Hoosick  Falls  (ho'sik  falz).  A village  in 
Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  on  the  Hoosick 
River,  22  miles  northeast  of  Troy.  It  has 
manufactories  of  farming  implements,  woolen 
goods,  etc.  Population,  5,532,  (1910). 

Hoosier  State,  The.  A popular  name  of  the 
State  of  Indiana. 

Hope  diamond.  An  oblong  and  slightly  shal- 
low brilliant  diamond,  of  dark  blue  color 
with  a steely  tint,  weighing  44^  carats,  it  was 
twice  sold  at  auction  for  approximately  £18,000,  and  was 
believed  to  be  part  of  the  blue  diamond  of  irregular 
shape  and  weighing  68£  carat9  that  was  originally  brought 
to  France  by  Tavernier  for  Louis  XIV.  and  which  disap- 
peared with  the  French  crown  jewels  during  the  French 
Revolution.  It  was  later  purchased  by  H.  T.  Hope,  the 
Amsterdam  and  London  banker ; and  was  sold  to  a Lon- 
don jeweler.  It  was  for  sale  on  consignment  in  New 
York,  and  became  the  property  of  a Turkish  jeweler  in 
Paris,  who  sold  it  to  some  French  dealers.  It  has  been 
the  cause  of  considerable  litigation. 

Hopi  (ho'pi).  An  Indian  people  speaking  a 
language  belonging  to  the  Shoshonean  lin- 
guistic family,  occupying  six  pueblos  in  north- 
eastern Arizona.  See  Tusayan. 

Hopkins  (hop'kinz),  Henry.  Born  at  Wil- 
liamstown,  Mass.,  Nov.  30,  1837:  died  at  Rot- 
terdam, Holland,  Aug.  13, 1908.  An  American 
educator,  son  of  Mark  Hopkins,  and  president 
of  Williams  College  1902-08. 

Hopkins  (hop'kinz),  Johns.  Born  in  Anne 
Arundel  County,  Md.,  May  19,  1795:  died  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  24,  1873.  An  American 
merchant  and  philanthropist,  founder  of  the 
university  in  Baltimore  which  bears  his  name. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  and 
rose  to  be  one  of  the  leading  business  men  of  that  city. 
On  his  death  he  left  $7,000,000  for  the  founding  of  a 
university  and  a hospital. 

Hopkinson  (hop'kin-son),  Charles  Sydney. 


Born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  July  27,  1869.  An 
American  marine  painter.  He  received  medals 
at  the  expositions  at  Buffalo  (1901)  and  St. 
Louis  (1904). 

Hoquiam  (ho'kwi-am).  A city  in  Chehalis 
County,  Washington,  situated  on  Gray’s  Har- 
bor, 47  miles  west  of  Olympia.  It  is  important 
for  its  shipyard,  and  as  a shipping-point  for 
fish,  furs,  and  lumber.  Population,  8,171, 
(1910). 

Hornaday  (hor'na-da),  William  Temple. 

Born  at  Plainfield,  Ind.,  Dec.  1,  1854.  An 
American  zoologist,  director  of  the  New  York 
Zoological  Park  from  1896.  He  traveled  in  the  West 
Indies,  South  America,  India,  Ceylon,  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
and  Borneo,  1875-79,  as  a collecting  naturalist,  and  was 
chief  taxidermist  of  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
Washington,  1882-90.  He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the 
creation  of  the  National  Zoological  Park,  the  Wichita 
National  Bison  Range,  the  Montana  National  Bison  Range, 
and  the  Snow  Creek  (Montana)  Game  Preserve.  He  has 
published  “Two  Yrears  in  the  Jungle  " (1885),  “The  Ex- 
termination of  the  American  Bison  ” (1887),  “ The  Ameri- 
can Natural  History  ” (1904),  “Camp-Fires  in  the  Canadian 
Rockies  ” (1906),  “Camp-Fires  on  Desert  and  Lava  ” (1908), 
etc. 

Hornbostel  (horn'bos-tel),  Henry.  Born  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  15,  1867.  An  American 
architect.  He  studied  at  Columbia  University  and  at 
the  licole  des  Beaux- Arts,  Paris.  He  is  a member  of  the 
firm  of  Palmer  and  Hornbostel,  of  New  York,  which  built 
the  Carnegie  Technical  School,  Pittsburgh,  the  University 
of  Pittsburgh  Memorial  Building,  etc.  He  taught  archi- 
tecture in  Columbia  University  1897-1903,  and  later  be- 
came professor  of  architecture  in  the  Carnegie  Technical 
School. 

Horne  (born),  0.  Silvester.  Born  at  Cuck- 
field,  Sussex,  April  15,  1865.  An  English  Con- 
gregational minister.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
University  and  at  Mansfield  College.  Oxford.  He  was 
minister  of  Kensington  Chapel  1889-1903,  and  is  now  min- 
ister of  Whitefield’s  Church,  Tottenham  Court  Road, 
London.  He  was  chairman  of  the  London  Congregational 
Union  in  1902.  He  has  published  “ A Modern  Heretic," 
“Story  of  the  L.  M.  S.  [London  Missionary  Society],” 
“Popular  History  of  the  Free  Churches, ’’  etc. 

Hornet  Islands.  See  *Liancourt  Kochs. 

Hornsey  (horn'zi).  A northern  suburb  of  Lon- 
don. Population,  72,056. 

Houghton  (ho'ton).  A village  in  Houghton 
County,  Michigan.  It  is  important  for  its  cop- 
per-mines, and  is  the  seat  of  the  Michigan  Col- 
lege of  Mines.  Population,  5,113. 

Houlton  (hol'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Aroos- 
took County,  Maine.  Population,  5,845. 

Houma  (ho'ma).  The  capital  of  Terrebonne 
Parish,  Louisiana.  Its  products  include  moss, 
molasses,  and  sugar.  Population,  5,024,  ( 1910). 

Housman  (hous ' man),  Alfred  Edward. 
Born  March  26,  1859.  An  English  poet,  es- 
sayist, and  Scholar.  He  was  graduated  at  Oxford, 
was  professor  of  Latin  at  University  College,  London, 
1892-1911,  and  professor  of  Latin  at  Cambridge  University 
1911-.  He  is  the  author  of  “A  Shropshire  Lad"  (1896),  etc. 

Housman  (hous'man),  Laurence.  Born  July 
18,  1867.  An  English  illustrator  and  author. 
His  publications  include  “Gods  and  their  Makers”  (1897), 
“Spikenard"  (1898),  “Rue”  (1899),  “An  Englishwoman's 
Love  Letters"  (1901),  “A  Modern  Antaeus"  (1901),  “Beth- 
lehem,” a nativity  play  (1902),  “Sabrina  Wareham" 
(1904),  “The  Blue  Moon”  (1904),  “The  Cloak  of  Friend- 
ship ’ (1905),  “The  Chinese  Lantern  ” (1908),  etc. 

Houston  (bus'ton),  David  Franklin.  Born 
at  Monroe,  N.  C.,  Feb.  17,  1866.  An  Ameri- 
can educator,  secretary  of  agriculture  1913-. 
He  was  a graduate  student  of  political  science  at  Harvard 
1891-94,  was  president  of  the  Texas  Agricultural  College 
1902-05,  president  of  the  State  University  of  Texas  1905-08, 
and  chancellor  of  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  1908- 
1913.  He  has  written  “A  Critical  Study  of  Nullification 
in  North  Carolina.” 

Houston  (hous'ton),  Edwin  James.  Born  at 
Alexandria,  Va.,  July  9,  1847.  An  American 
electrician,  emeritus  professor  of  physics  at  the 
Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  and  consult- 
ing electrical  engineer.  He  is  one  of  the  inventors 
of  the  Thomson- Houston  system  of  electric  lighting.  His 
publications  include  a “Dictionary  of  Electrical  Words, 
Terms,  and  Phrases,”  and  many  books  on  electrical  sub- 
jects, general  and  applied  physics,  etc. 

Houston  Heights  (hus'ton  hits).  A town  in 
Harris  County,  Texas,  about  5 miles  northwest 
of  Houston.  It  has  cotton-seed  oil  mills  and 
furniture -factories.  Population,  6,984,  (1910). 

Hovenden  (ho'ven-den),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Dunmanway,  County  Cork,  Ireland,  Dec.  28, 
1840:  died  near  Norristown,  Pa.,  Aug.  14, 
1895.  An  American  artist.  He  came  to  New  York 
in  1863,  entered  the  School  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design,  and  in  1874  went  to  Paris  and  studied  under 
Cabanel  for  six  years.  His  earliest  successes  were  made 
with  scenes  from  negro  life,  and  were  followed  by  subjects 
taken  from  the  common  life  of  the  people.  His  well- 
known  picture  “ Last  Moments  of  John  Brown”  is  in  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York.  He  was  killed 
at  a railway  station  while  attempting  to  save  a child  from 
being  run  over  by  a train. 

Hovey  (huv'i),  Edmund  Otis.  Born  at  New 


Howison 

Haven,  Conn.,  Sept.  15,  1862.  An  American 
geologist,  curator  of  the  department  of  geol- 
ogy and  invertebrate  paleontology  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  from 
1910.  He  was  assistant  and  associate  curator  there  1894- 
1969.  He  has  published  “Martinique  and  St.  Vincent" 
(1902),  and  papers  on  the  eruptions  of  Mount  Peleeand  the 
Soufriere,  the  structure  of  the  Western  Sierra  Madre  of 
Mexico,  and  other  topics  in  geology. 

Howard  (hou'ard),  Blanche  Willis  (Mrs.  von 
Teuffel).  Born  at  Bangor,  Maine,  July  21, 
1847 : died  at  Munich,  Germany,  Oct.  7,  1898. 
An  American  novelist.  She  wrote  “One  Summer” 
(1875),  “One  Year  Abroad  ” (1877),  “Aunt  Serena"  (1881), 
“ Guenn  : a Wave  on  the  Breton  Coast  ” (1883),  “ The  Open 
Door”  (1889),  “A  Fellowe  and  his  Wife (1892:  with 
William  Sharp),  “Seven  on  the  Highway”  (1897),  “Gar- 
den of  Eden  ” (1900),  etc. 

Howard  (hou'ard),  Bronson.  Born  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  Oct.  7,  1842 : died  at  Avon,  N.  J.,  Aug. 
4,  1908.  An  American  playwright.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  journalistic  work  in  New  York  on  the  “Evening 
Mail,"  “Tribune,”  and  “ Evening  Post  ” 1868-72.  In  1880 
he  married  Alice  Wyndham,  sister  of  the  English  actor 
Sir  Charles  Wyndham.  His  plays  include  “Saratoga” 
(1870),  “Moorcroft”  (1874),  “The  Banker’s  Daughter" 
(1878),  “Hurricanes”  (1878),  “Young  Mrs.  Winthrop" 
(1882),  “The  Henrietta"  (1887),  “Shenandoah”  (1889), 
“ Aristocracy  ’’  (1892),  “ Peter  Stuyvesant  ” (1899  : in  col- 
laboration with  Brander  Matthews),  etc. 

Howard  (hou'ard),  John  Galen.  Born  at 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  May  8,  1864.  An  American 
architect.  He  went  to  Par  is  in  1891  and  entered  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts,  in  the  atelier  of  Victor  Laloux. 
Returning  to  New  York,  he  designed  an  addition  to  the 
Hotel  Renaissance  which  was  one  of  the  first  designs  to 
bring  modern  French  architectural  methods  into  promi- 
nence. He  was  appointed  architect  of  the  University  of 
California,  and  later  professor  in  charge  of  its  architec- 
tural department.  In  1900  he  was  one  of  the  hoard  of 
architects  of  the  Pan-American  Exposition  in  Buffalo, 
and  in  1906  served  on  the  hoard  of  advisers  of  the  recon- 
struction committee  for  the  city  of  San  Francisco. 

Howard  (hou'ard),  Leland  Ossian.  Born  at 
Rockford,  111.,  June  11,  1857.  An  American 
entomologist,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Ento- 
mology of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  from  1894.  He  has  been  honorary  cura- 
tor  of  the  department  of  insects  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum  from  1895,  and  consulting  entomolo- 
gist of  the  United  States  Public  Health  and  Marine  Hos- 
pital Service.  In  1897  he  became  permanent  secretary 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science.  He  has  published  “Mosquitoes”  (1901),  “The 
Insect  Book”  (1902),  “The  House  Fly,  Disease  Carrier” 
(1911),  and  many  government  bulletins,  reports,  etc. 

Howe  (hou),  Frederick  Clemson.  Born  at 
Meadville,  Pa.,  Nov.  21,  1867.  An  American 
lawyer.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1894,  engaged  in 
practice  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  became  professor  in 
the  Cleveland  College  of  Law.  He  was  president  of 
the  Sinking  Fund  Commission  1904-05,  special  United 
States  commissioner  in  1905  to  investigate  municipal 
ownership  in  Great  Britain,  and  a member  of  the  Ohio 
Senate  1906-09.  He  has  puldished  “Taxation  and  Taxes 
in  the  United  States  under  the  Internal  Revenue  System, 
1791-1895  ” (1896),  “The  City,  the  Hope  of  Democracy” 
(1905),  “The  British  City,  the  Beginnings  of  Democracy  ” 
(1907),  etc. 

Howe  (bou),  Henry  Marion.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  2,  1848.  An  American  metallur- 
gist, son  of  Samuel  G.  and  Julia  Ward  Howe  : 
professor  of  metallurgy  in  Columbia  University 
from  1897.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in 
1869,  and  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  in 
1871.  He  lias  published  “ Metallurgy  of  Steel  ” (1S91), 
“Metallurgical  Laboratory  Notes"  (1902),  “Iron,  Steel, 
and  Other  Alloys  ” (1903),  etc.  In  1901  he  was  made  a 
chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Howell  (hou'el),  John  Adams.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  16,  ]840.  An  American  naval 
officer,  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1898.  He  was 

graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1858; 
served  in  the  Civil  War  (Mobile  Bay) ; was  promoted  cap- 
tain in  1884  and  commodore  in  1895 ; commanded  the  pa- 
trol squadron  during  the  Spanish  war  (1898),  and  the 
blockading  squadron  before  Havana ; and  was  retired  in 
1902.  He  is  the  inventor  of  an  automobile  torpedo  and 
of  the  gyroscopic  steering-gear  for  torpedoes. 

Howeiis  , William  Dean.  H is  later  works  include 
“Stops  of  Various  Quills  ” (1895),  “ A Parting  and  a Meet- 
ing ” (1896),  “The  Day  of  Their  Wedding”  (1896),  “Im- 
pressions and  Experiences”  (1896),  “The  Landlord  at 
Lion’s  Head  ” (1897),  “An  Open-eyed  Conspiracy”  (1897), 
“The  Story  of  a Play”  (1898),  “Their  Silver  Wedding 
Journey  ” (i899),  “Heroines  of  Fiction  ” (1901),  “A  Pair  of 
Patient  Lovers’’  (1901),  “Literature  and  Life”  (1902), 
“The  Flight  of  Pony  Baker”  (1902),  “The  Kentons” 
(1902),  “Questionable  Shapes”  (1903),  “The  Son  of  Royal 
Langbrith  ” (1904V  “London  Filins”  (1905),  “Certain  De- 
lightful English  Towns”  (1906),  “Through  the  Eye  of  the 
Needle  ” (1907),  “Between  the  Dark  and  the  Daylight” 
(1907),  “Roman  Holidays,  and  Others”  (1908),  “Fennel 
and  Hue  ”(1908),  “Christmas  Every  Day”  (1908),  “Mother 
and  Father”  (1909),  and  “ Imaginary  Interviews”  (1910). 

Howison  (hou'i-son),  George  Holmes.  Born 
in  Montgomery  County,  Md.,  Nov.  29,  1834. 
An  American  philosophical  writer  and  educa- 
tor, professor  of  philosophy  in  the  University 
of  California  from  1884  (emeritus  1909).  He 

has  published  a “Treatise  on  Analytic  Geometry  ” (1869), 
“ The  Conception  of  God  ” (1897  : with  Royce,  Le  Conte, 
and  MezeB),  “Limits  of  Evolution  ” (1901),  etc. 


Howitt 

Howitt  (hou'it),  Alfred  William.  Born  in 
1830 : died  at  Melbourne,  Australia,  March  8, 
1908.  An  English  anthropologist  and  explorer, 
distinguished  especially  for  his  travels  and  in- 
vestigations in  southern  and  southeastern  Aus- 
tralia. He  published  “ The  Native  Tribes  of 
South-East  Australia”  (1904),  and  other  writ- 
ings on  anthropological  subjects. 

Hoxey  (hok'si),  Archibald.  Born  at  Staunton, 
111.,  Oct.  27,  1884:  died  at  Los  Angeles,  Dec. 
31,  1910.  An  American  aviator.  He  became  a 
machinist  and  chauffeur,  and  in  the  spring  of  1910  entered 
the  employ  of  the  Wright  Company.  He  was  an  entrant 
in  the  international  races  at  Belmont  Bark,  Long  Island, 
in  1910,  reaching  altitudes  of  over  a mile,  and  on  one 
occasion  flew  in  a wind  which  blew  at  about  80  miles  an 
hour.  On  Oct.  8,  1910,  he  made  an  American  record  for 
cross-country  flying  of  89Jj  miles  (Springfield-St.  Louis), 
and  a duration  record  of  3 hrs.,  16  min.,  50  sec.  At  Los 
Angeles  he  made  a world's  altitude  record  of  approxi- 
mately 11,474  feet  on  Dec.  26,  1910;  but  the  barograph 
was  not  officially  calibrated.  On  Dec.  30  he  circled  Mt. 
Wilson,  near  Los  Angeles,  at  a height  of  10,000  feet  and 
officially  recorded  10,575  feet.  Coming  down  from  an 
altitude  flight  on  Dec.  31,  he  appeared  to  lose  control  of 
his  aeroplane,  which  turned  over  twice  and  struck  the 
ground  at  an  acute  angle,  instantly  killing  him.  Lega- 
gneux,  a French  aviator,  had  previously  attained  an  alti- 
tude of  10,499  feet. 

Hozumi  (ko-zo'ini),  Yatsuka.  Born  Feb., 
1860.  A Japanese  scholar,  professor  of  con- 
stitutional and  administrative  law  in  the 
Imperial  University  of  Tokio  from  1889,  and 
director  of  the  College  of  Law. 

Huascar^n  (oas-ka-ran').  A mountain  in 
Peru,  in  the  department  of  Ancachs.  Height, 
north  peak,  21,812  feet ; south  peak,  22,187  feet.  Ascended 
by  Miss  Annie  S.  Peck  in  1908. 

Hubbard  Glacier  (liub'ard  gla'shier).  An  ice- 
mass  in  Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska,  lat.  about  60° 
N.,  long,  about  139°  W.  It  has  an  estimated  length 

of  28  miles,  and  extends  to  the  sea,  where  it  presents  a 
tidal  cliff  almost  five  miles  long  and  from  250  to  300  feet 
in  height.  The  glacier  was  discovered  in  1890.  Only  its 
lower  portion  has  been  explored. 

Hudleston  (hud'l-ston),  Wilfred  Hudleston. 

Born  at  York,  June  2,  1828:  died  near  Ware- 
ham,  Dorset,  Jan.  29,  1909.  A distinguished 
British  geologist.  He  was  the  son  ol  Dr.  John  Simp- 
son,  of  Knaresborough,  and  assumed  the  name  of  Hudle- 
ston  in  1867.  He  published  a “Monograph  on  the 
Gasteropoda  of  the  Inferior  Oolite  ” (1887-90),  and  many 
papers  on  geological  subjects. 

Hudson  (hud'son).  A town  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  26)-  miles  northwest  of 
Boston.  It  has  manufactories  of  shoes,  leather, 
rubber  and  woolen  goods,  boxes,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 5,189,  (1910). 

Hudson  (hud'son),  William  Henry.  Born  at 
London,  May  2,  1862.  An  English  author, 
critic,  and  educator.  Among  his  works  are  “Intro- 
duction to  the  Philosophy  of  Herbert  Spencer  ” (1894), 
“Studies  in  Interpretation”  (1896),  “The  Study  of  Eng- 
lish Literature  ’ ’ (1898),  “ Rousseau  and  Naturalism  in  Life 
and  Thought”  (1903),  etc. 

Hudson  Falls  (hud'son  falz).  A village  in 
Washington  County,  New  York.  Population, 
5,189,  (1910). 

Hudson-Fulton  Celebration.  A celebration 
held  in  New  York  from  Sept.  25  to  Oct.  9,  1909, 
to  commemorate  the  three-hundredth  anniver- 
sary of  the  exploration  of  the  Hudson  River  by 
Henry  Hudson  in  the  Half  Moon  in  1609,  and 
the  one-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  success- 
ful application  of  steam  to  navigation  on  the 
same  river  by  Robert  Fulton  in  the  Clermont 
in  1807. 

Hudson  River  School.  A coterie  of  American 
painters  who  were  active  during  the  middle 
period  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  who 
were  especially  interested  in  topographical 
painting — that  is,  in  the  representation  of  in- 
teresting views.  Among  those  usually  associated 
with  the  school  are  Asher  B.  Durand,  John  F.  Kensett, 
T.  Addison  Richards,  Sanford  R.  Gifford,  F.  E.  Church, 
and  Albert  Bierstadt. 

Hueffer  (hii'fer),  Franz.  Born  at  Miinster, 
Germany,  May  23,  1845 : died  at  Dresden,  Jan. 
19,  1889.  A German  critic  and  writer  on 
music.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  musical  critic  of  the 
London  “Times.”  He  was  an  ardent  advocate  of  Wag- 
ner, and  wrote  “Richard  Wagner  and  the  Music  of  the 
Future  ” (1874)  and  a “Life  of  Wagner  ” (1881),  and  trans- 
lated the  “Correspondence  of  Wagner  and  Liszt”  (1888). 
He  also  wrote  “The  Troubadours”  (1878),  “Musical 
Studies”  (1880),  “Italian  and  Other  Studies”  (1884),  and 
“ Half  a Century  of  Music  in  England  ” (1889). 

Hughes  (huz),  Ball.  Born  at  London,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  19,  1806:  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  5,  1868.  An  Anglo-American  sculptor. 
His  most  important  works  were  a statue  of  Alexander 
Hamilton  in  New  York,  which  was  destroyed  soon  after  it 
was  made,  the  effigy  of  Bishop  Hobart  in  the  vestry  of 
Trinity  Church,  New  York,  and  the  bronze  statue  of  Dr. 
Howditch,  the  astronomer,  in  Mount  Auburn  Cemetery. 

Hughes  (huz),  Charles  Evans.  Born  in  Glens 


Falls,  N.  Y.,  April  11,  1862.  An  American 
jurist  and  statesman,  governor  of  New  York 
1907—10.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  University  (1881), 
and  at  the  Columbia  University  Law  School  (1884) ; and 
was  counsel  of  the  gas  commission  of  the  New  Yrork 
legislature  1905,  and  of  the  commission  (Armstrong) 
which  investigated  the  insurance  companies  of  the  State 
1905-06.  He  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1910. 

Hull  House  (hul  hous).  A social  settlement 
in  Chicago,  founded  in  1889  by  Miss  Jane 
Addams  (see  supplement)  and  Miss  Ellen 
Gates  Starr.  It  occupies  the  former  residence  of 
Charles  J.  H ull  on  South  Halsted  street,  and  has  added  some 
ten  other  buildings,  including  a gymnasium,  coffee-house, 
boys’  club,  theater,  etc.  Its  influence  is  far-reaching  in 
both  social  and  civic  matters. 

Humacao  (6-ma-ka'o).  1.  The  most  easterly 

department  of  Porto  Rico.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ou  the  north  and  east ; the  Caribbean  Sea 
and  G.uayamaon  the  south;  and  Guayama  and  San  Juan 
on  the  west.  Capital,  Humacao.  Area,  413  square  miles. 
2.  A city,  the  capital  of  Humacao,  situated  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  department.  Popula- 
tion, 5,159,  (1910). 

Hun  (hon).  A river  in  southern  Manchuria 
which  rises  northeast  of  Mukden,  flows  south 
of  that  city  in  a southwesterly  direction,  and 
empties  into  the  Liao  not  far  from  Niu- 
chuang.  It  played  an  important  part  in  the  battles 
between  Liao-yang  and  Mukden  during  the  Russo- 
Japanese  war. 

Hundred  Guilder  Print.  The  popular  name 
for  an  etching  by  Rembrandt  which  represents 
Christ  healing  the  sick.  He  was  supposed  to  have 
sold  a proof  of  this  plate  for  one  hundred  guilders  ; but 
in  fact  he  exchanged  this  proof,  still  in  existence,  with  his 
friend  Jan  Zoomer  for  a proof  of  “ The  Pest"  by  Marcan- 
tonio  Raimondi.  The  date  of  the  plate  is  not  known,  but 
is  conjecturally  given  as  1649  or  1650. 

Huneker  (hun'e-ker),  James  Gibbons.  Born 
at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  31,  1860.  An  American 
musical  and  dramatic  critic.  He  was  dramatic  edi- 
tor of  the  “ Morning  Advertiser"  1895-97,  and  has  been 
musical,  dramatic,  and  art  editor  of  the  New  York  “Sun." 
He  has  published  “Mezzotints  in  Modern  Music”  (1899), 
“Chopin”  (1900),  “Melomaniacs ” (1902),  “Overtones” 
(1904),  “Iconoclasts”  (1905),  “Visionaries”  (1905),  “Ego- 
ists” (1909),  “Promenades  of  an  Impressionist”  (1910), 
“Franz  Liszt  ” (1911),  etc. 

Hunt  (hunt)-,  Richard  Howland.  Born  at 
Paris,  March  14, 1862.  An  American  architect. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology and  the  ficole  des  Beaux-Arts,  Paris,  and  is  prac- 
tising his  profession  in  New  York  city.  He  built  the  facade 
of  tlie  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  after  a plan  suggested 
in  a sketch  left  by  his  father ; designed  buildings  for  the 
University  of  the  South  and  Vanderbilt  University;  and 
has  been  especially  successful  with  large  private  houses. 

Hunt  (hunt),  William  Henry.  Born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  1824:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb. 
27,  1884.  An  American  lawyer  and  Republi- 
can politician.  He  studied  at  Yale  ; was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1844 ; and  was  appointed  attorney-general  of 
Louisiana  in  1876,  judge  of  the  United  States  Court  of 
Claims  in  1878,  and  secretary  of  the  navy  in  1881.  When 
President  Arthur  reorganized  President  Garfield's  cabinet 
he  retired  from  office  and  was  appointed  minister  to 
Russia  (1882).  During  the  Civil  War  he  supported  the 
Union  cause. 

Hunter  (hun'ter),  Sir  Archibald.  Born  Sept. 
6,  1856.  A British  general,  commander  of  the 
western  army  corps  of  the  Indian  army  1904— 
1907,  and  of  the  southern  army  1907-08.  He 
commanded  the  tenth  division  in  South  Africa 
in  the  Boer  war,  1900-01. 

Hunter  (hun'ter),  Wiles  Robert.  Born  at 
Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  April  10,  1874.  An  Ameri- 
can social  worker.  He  was  organizing  secretary  of 
the  Chicago  Bureau  of  Charities  1896-1902 ; chairman  of 
the  investigating  committee  of  the  City  Homes  Associa- 
tion, Chicago  ; head  worker  of  the  University  Settlement, 
New  York,  1902-03  ; and  chairman  of  the  New  York  Child 
Labor  Commission  1902-06.  In  1910  he  was  a candidate 
for  the  governorship  of  Connecticut  on  the  Socialist  ticket. 
He  has  written  “Tenement Conditions  in  Chicago  ” (1901), 
“Poverty”  (1904),  “Socialists  at  Work”  (1908),  “The 
Crisis  ” (1909),  etc. 

Huntingdon  (hun'ting-don).  The  county-seat 
of  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania,  it  is  the 
largest  town  ou  the  Juniata  River,  and  occupies  the  site 
of  the  “Standing  Stone,”  where  the  Indians  held  their 
grand  councils.  Besides  important  agricultural  and  min- 
ing interests,  it  has  flour-mills,  iron-foundries,  etc.  Juniata 
College  and  a State  industrial  reformatory  are  located  here. 
Population,  6,861,  (1910). 

Huntington  (hun'ting-ton).  The  county-seat 
of  Huntington  County,  Indiana,  on  the  Little 
River,  20  miles  southwest  of  Fort  Wayne.  It 
has  railroad  and  machine  shops,  and  manu- 
factories of  shoes,  pianos,  etc.  Population, 
10,272,  (1901). 

Huntington  (hun'ting-ton).  A city,  the  capi- 
tal of  Cabell  County,  West  Virginia,  it  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Ohio  River,  southwest  of  the  junction  of  tlie 
Guyandotte  and  the  Ohio.  It  is  the  seat  of  Marshall  Col- 
lege and  the  West  Virginia  Asylum  for  the  Incurable 
Insane,  has  car-,  steel-,  glass-,  and  machine-works,  etc., 
and  is  a shipping-point  for  coal,  lumber,  salt,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 31,161,  (1910). 


Hyslop 

Huntington  (hun'ting-ton),  Ellsworth.  Born 

at  Galesburg,  111.,  Sept.  16,  1876.  An  Ameri- 
can explorer.  He  explored  the  canons  of  the  Euphrates 
in  1901 ; was  a member  of  an  expedition  to  Russian  Turkes- 
tan 1903-04,  and  later  of  one  to  Chinese  Turkestan  ; and  has 
traveled  extensively  in  India,  China,  Siberia,  and  Asia 
Minor.  He  has  written  “Explorations  in  Turkestan" 
(1905),  “The  Pulse  of  Asia”  (1907),  etc. 

Huntington  (hun'ting-ton),  William  Reed. 

Born  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  Sept.  20,  1838:  died  at 
Nahant,  Mass.,  July  26,  1909.  An  American 
Episcopal  clergyman.  He  was  ordained  priest  in 
1862  ; was  rector  of  All  Saints’  Church,  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts, 1862-83 ; and  from  1883  until  his  death  was  rector 
of  Grace  Church,  New  York.  Among  his  published  works 
are  “ The  Church  Idea  ” (1870),  “ Conditional  Immortality  " 
(1878),  “ Popular  Misconceptions  of  the  Episcopal  Church  ’ ’ 
(1891),  “Short  History  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer” 
(1893),  “A  National  Church”  (1898),  “Sonnets  and  a 
Dream  ” (1899),  etc. 

Hurlingham  (her 'ling-am),  Club,  The.  A 
London  club  established  in  1868  for  the  pur- 
poses of  sport  and  social  intercourse.  Its 
premises  at  Fulham,  S.  W.,  have  grounds  for 
polo,  lawn-tennis,  pigeon-shooting,  etc.  The 
club  is  the  recognized  law-making  authority 
for  British  polo. 

Huron  (hii'ron).  The  county-seat  of  Beadle 
County,  South  Dakota,  98  miles  northwest  of 
Sioux  Palls.  It  is  an  important  shipping- 
point,  with  grain-elevators,  breweries,  flour- 
mills, machine-sbops,  etc.  Pop.,  5,791,  (1910). 
Hutten  (hot'ten),  Baroness  von  (Bettina 
Riddle).  Born  at  Erie,  Pa.,  Feb.  14,  1874. 
An  American-German  author.  She  has  published 
“Our  Lady  of  the  Beeches"  (1902),  “Pam"  (1905),  “He 
and  Hecuba”  (1905),  “What  became  of  Pain”  (Amer.  ed. 
“Pam  Decides”:  1906),  “One  Way  Out”  (1906),  “The 
Halo”  (1907),  “Kingrsmead”  (1909),  “The  Green  Patch” 
(1910),  “Sharrow”  (1912),  etc. 

Hutton  (hut'n),  Frederick  Remsen.  Born  at 

New  York,  May  28,  1853.  An  American  engi- 
neer, professor  of  mechanical  engineering  in 
Columbia  University  1891-1907,  and  secretary 
of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers 1883-1906  and  president  1906-07.  He  has 
published  “Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants" 
(1897),  “Heat  and  Heat  Engines”  (1899),  “The  Gas 
Engine”  (1904),  etc. 

Hutton  (hut'n),  Laurence.  Born  at  New 
York,  Ang.  8,  1843:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
June  10,  1904.  An  American  author  and 
editor,  literary  editor  of  “Harper’s  Magazine” 
1886—98.  Hepublished  “Lit  erary  Landmarks  ” of  “ Lon- 
don ” (1885),  “Edinburgh”  (1891),  “Jerusalem”  (1895), 
“Venice  ” (1896),  “ Florence”  (1897),  and  “Pome”  (1897), 
“ A Boy  I Knew  ” (1898),  etc. 

Huysmans  (iis-mah'),  Joris  Karl.  Born  at 
Paris,  Feb.  5,  1848:  died  at  Paris,  May  13, 
1907.  A French  writer  of  Flemish  extraction. 
His  work  was  at  first  naturalistic,  as  in  “Marthe”  (1876), 
“Les  goeurs  Vatard  ” (1879),  “En  mdnage  ” (1881),  and 
“ Avau-l’eau”  (1882);  but  later  exhibited  a reaction 
from  materialism  as  in  “A  rebours”  (1884),  “Lii-bas” 
(1891),  “En  route”  (1895),  “La  cathedrale  ” (1898),  and 
“ L’Oblat”  (1903),  of  which  the  last  three  were-written  as 
a result  of  the  author's  retreat  to  a Trappist  monastery 
and  a Benedictine  community.  His  last  book  was  “Les 
foules  de  Lourdes  " (1906). 

Hyatt  (hi'at),  Alpheus.  Born  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,'  April  5,  1838:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Jan.  15,  1902.  An  American  naturalist, 
professor  of  zoology  and  paleontology  in  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  and  of 
zoology  and  biology  in  Boston  University. 

His  investigations  were  devoted  chiefly  to  invertebrate 
animals  : they  are  of  importance  for  general  biology  and 
especially  to  the  theory  of  evolution.  He  belonged  to  the 
neo-Lamarckian  group  of  evolutionists. 

Hyde  (hid),  William  De  Witt.  Born  at  Win- 

chendon,  Mass.,  Sept.  23,  1858.  An  American 
educator  and  writer,  president  of  Bowdoin 
College  from  1885.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1879.  Among  his  publications  are  “Practical  Ethics” 
(1892),  “Practical  Idealism”  (1897),  “The  Art  of  Opti- 
mism” (1900),  “From  Epicurus  to  Christ ” (1904),  “The 
College  Man  and  the  College  Woman”  (1906),  etc. 

Hyndman  (bind' man).  Henry  Mayers.  Born 

at  London,  March  7,  1842.  An  English  social- 
istic writer  and  agitator.  He  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  promotion  of  social  reform  since  1881,  when 
he  founded  the  Social  Democratic  Federation.  Among  his 
publications  are  “Historical  Basis  of  Socialism”  (1883), 
“A  Commune  for  London”  (1888),  “Commercial  Crises 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century”  (1892),  “Economics  of  So- 
cialism ” (1896),  etc. 

Hyslop  (his'lop),  James  Hervey.  Born  at 

Xenia,  Ohio,  Aug.  18,  1854.  An  American 
philosopher,  psychologist,  and  educator.  For 
some  years  he  was  professor  of  logic  and  ethics  at  Colum- 
bia University,  but  resigned  in  1902.  Among  his  publi- 
cations are  “Logic  and  Argument”  (1899),  “Syllabus  of 
Psychology"  (1899),  “Report  on  the  Piper  Case”  (1901), 
“Problems  of  Philosophy”  (1905),  “Science  and  a Future 
Life"  (1905),  “Enigmas  of  Psychical  Science”  (1906), 
“Borderland  of  Psychical  Research”  (1906),  “Psychical 
Research  and  the  Resurrection  " (1908),  etc. 


Iba 


Isthmian  Canal  Zone 


ba  (e'bii).  1.  A mountain 
of  the  Zambales  range,  in 
western  Luz6n,  Philippine 
Islands.  Height,  5,262  feet. 
— 2.  A town,  the  capital  of 
Zambales  province,  Luzon. 

It  is  situated  near  the  western 
coast,  in  lat.  15°  21'  N.,  long.  119° 
58'  30"  E.  Civilized  population  of 
municipality,  4,482. 

Iceland*.  Ill  May,  1908,  a commission  appointed  in 
1907  to  report  on  the  relations  with  Denmark  presented  a 
bill  declaring  Iceland  a tree,  autonomous,  and  indepen- 
dent country,  united  to  Denmark  by  a common  king  and 
ministries  of  foreign  affairs  and  defense,  but  no  action 
was  taken  on  it. 

Iddings  (id'ingz),  Joseph  Paxson.  Born  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Jan.  21,  1857.  An  American 
geologist,  professor  of  petrology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  1895-1908.  He  was  associate 
professor  of  petrology  1892-95,  and  has  been  a geologist 
of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  since  1888.  He  has 
published  a work  on  “ The  Rock  Minerals  ” (1900),  “Igne- 
ous Rocks”  (1909-),  and  various  technical  papers;  and 
with  Cross,  Pirrson,  and  Washington  is  author  of  “The 
Quantitative  Classification  of  Igneous  Rocks  ” (1903). 

Ide  (id),  Henry  Clay.  Born  at  Barnet,  Vt.,  Sept. 
18,  1844.  An  American  diplomatist  and  jurist. 

He  wa3  United  States  commissioner  to  Samoa  in  1891,  and 
chief  justice  of  Samoa  1893-97.  In  1900  he  was  a member 
of  the  Taft  commission  for  establishing  civil  government 
in  the  Philippines,  and  subsequently  became  secretary  of 
finance  and  justice  (1901),  vice-governor  (1904-05),  acting 
governor  (1905-06),  and  governor-general  (1906)  of  the 
islands.  He  was  appointed  minister  to  Spain  in  1909. 
He  has  published  a “ Code  of  Procedure  in  Civil  Actions 
and  Special  Proceedings  in  the  Philippine  Islands  " (1901), 
“ The  Land  Registration  Act  ” (1903),  etc. 

Hagan  (e-la'gan).  A town,  the  capital  of  Isa- 
bela province  in  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 

It  is  situated  between  the  Rio  Grande  de  Cagayan  and 
the  Pinacauan,  one  of  its  tributaries,  approximately  in 
lat.  17°  8'  5"  N\,  long.  120°  50'  E.  Civilized  population  of 
municipality,  16,008. 

Iligan  (e-le'gan)  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Mindanao 
Sea  indenting  the  northern  coast  of  Mindanao, 
in  the  Philippine  Islands.  It  separates  the  western 
from  the  eastern  part  of  Misamis  province,  and  washes 
the  northern  coast  of  Lanao  district. 

Ilion  (il'i-on).  A village  in  Herkimer  County, 
New  York,  11  miles  southeast  of  Utica.  It 
has  manufactories  of  pistols,  rifles,  type-writ- 
ers, type-setting  machines,  bicycles,  etc. 
Population,  6,588,  (1910). 

Illana  (el-ya'na)  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  sea  in- 
denting the  coast  of  Cotabato  province,  south- 
ern Mindanao,  Philippine  Islands. 

Ilm  (ilm).  A small  river  in  Germany  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  southwest  of  Ilmenau, 
flows  in  a northeasterly  direction  past  Weimar, 
and  empties  into  the  Saale  near  Suiza. 

Ilocanos  (e-15-ka'nos).  [Philippine  Sp.,  < 
llocos,  name  of  two  provinces,  prop,  ‘river 
men’  (Tagalog  ilng,  river).]  A Malay  tribe  of 
the  Philippine  Islands,  inhabiting  the  extreme 
northwestern  part  of  Luz6n. 

llocos  Norte  (e-16'kos  nor'ta).  The  most 
northwesterly  province  of  Luzon,  Philippine 
Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  the  China  Sea  on  the  north  ; 
Cagayan  (separated  by  the  Cordillera  Norte  range)  on  the 
east ; Abra  (separated  by  a spur  of  the  Cordillera  Norte) 
on  the  southeast ; Abra  and  llocos  Sur  on  the  south  ; and 
llocos  Sur  and  the  China  Sea  on  the  west.  Capital,  Laoag. 
The  northern  and  eastern  parts  of  the  province  are  moun- 
tainous, with  several  peaks  upward  of  3,000  feet  in  altitude. 
The  highest  is  Semeneblen  (4,800  feet),  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween llocos  Norte  and  Abra.  The  valleys  are  very  fertile, 
being  watered  by  numerous  rivers  and  producing  rice,  cot- 
ton, corn,  sugar-cane,  pineapples,  betel-nuts,  coffee,  and 
tobacco.  The  largest  river  is  the  Laoag,  which  Hows  north- 
west to  the  China  Sea.  Most  of  the  native  inhabitants 
are  Ilocanos.  The  census  of  1903  gave  also  2,148  Igorrotes. 
Area  of  province,  including  dependent  islands,  1,330 
square  miles.  Population,  178,995. 

llocos  Sur  (e-lo'kos  sor).  A very  narrow 
province  in  northwestern  Luz6n,  Philippine 
Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  llocos  Norte  on  the  north  ; 
llocos  Norte,  Abra,  and  Lepanto-Bontoc  (all  separated 
from  it  by  mountains)  on  the  east;  La  Union  on  the  south; 
and  the  China  Sea  on  the  west,  Capital,  Vigan.  The 
highest  peaks  of  the  province  are  Estilete,  4,446  feet,  and 
Nagapn,  4,154  feet  high.  The  Abra  flows  through  the 
province  from  east  to  west  to  the  China  Sea.  The  other 
rivers  are  small.  Of  the  bays,  Port  Salomague,  on  the 
coaBt  toward  the  north,  is  safe  for  large  vessels  in  the 
northeast  monsoon.  The  chief  products  are  hemp,  sugar- 
cane, and  rice.  Large  numbers  of  cattle  are  raised.  The 
inhabitants  are  mainly  Ilocanos.  The  census  of  1903  gave 
also  11,151  Igorrotes.  Area  of  province,  471  square  miles. 
Population  (1903),  187,411. 

Iloilo  (e-16-e'lo).  1.  It  was  devastated  by 

fire  in  April,  1907. — 2.  A river  in  Panay,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  It  flows  from  its  sources  in  the  central 
mountain-range  southeast  to  Iloilo  Strait,  and  is  navigable 
for  8 miles  by  small  native  craft. 

3.  A province  of  the  Philippines,  occupying 
the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts  of  Panay 
and  including  numerous  islands,  the  largest  of 
which  is  Guimaras.  It  is  bounded  by  Cnpiz  (sep- 
arated by  mountains)  and  the  Visayan  Sea  on  the  north  ; 


the  Visayan  Sea  and  Negros  Island  (separated  by  Gui- 
mards Strait)  on  the  east ; the  Strait  of  Iloilo  and  the 
Visayan  Sea  on  the  south;  and  Antique  (separated  by 
mountains)  on  the  west.  Capital,  Iloilo,  situated  on  Iloilo 
Strait,  in  lat.  10°  42'  N.,  long.  122°  35'  E.  As  a commercial 
center  it  is  second  to  Manila.  The  most  important  rivers 
are  the  Jaro,  the  Jalaur,  and  the  Iloilo.  Among  the  prod- 
ucts are  tobacco,  corn,  pineapples,  mangos,  copra,  rice, 
and  sugar-cane.  The  native  race  is  Visayan.  Area, 
including  islands,  2,027  square  miles.  Population,  about 
410,300. 

Iloilo  (e-16-e'lo)  Strait.  A strait  separating 
Panay,  Philippine  Islands,  from  Guimaras, 
and  connecting  the  Sulu  Sea  with  Guimaras 
Strait. 

Inaya  (e-na/ya).  See  *Bicol. 

Inchcape  Rock,  The.  A ballad  by  Robert 

Southey.  The  story  is  that  of  the  shipwreck  of  Sir 
Ralph  the  Rover  upon  the  Inchcape  or  Bell  Rock  (which 
see),  from  which  he  had  maliciously  cut  the  warning  bell 
placed  there  for  the  safety  of  mariners  by  the  abbot  of 
Aberbrothock  (Arbroath). 

In  Darkest  Africa.  A work  by  Henry  M. 

Stanley,  published  in  1890. 

In  Darkest  England,  and  the  Way  Out. 

A book  by  William  Booth,  of  the  Salvation 
Army,  published  in  1890. 

Independence  Bay.  An  inlet  on  the  north- 
eastern coast  of  Greenland,  in  lat.  82°  N.,  sep- 
arating it  in  part  from  Melville  Land  : discov- 
ered by  Peary  and  Astrup,  July  4,  1892. 

Indiana  (in-di-an'a).  The  county-seat  of  In- 
diana County,  Pennsylvania,  45  miles  north- 
east of  Pittsburgh.  It  has  various  manufac- 
tures, and  is  the  seat  of  a State  normal  school. 
Population,  5,749,  (1910). 

Indiana  University.  A coeducational,  non- 
sectarian State  institution  of  learning  situated 
at  Bloomington,  Indiana.  It  was  founded  in  1820 ; 
was  opened  in  1824  ; and  became  a university  in  1838.  It 
offers  courses  leading  to  the  degrees  of  bachelor  of  arts 
and  of  law,  master  of  arts,  and  doctor  of  philosophy. 

Industrial  Workers  of  the  World.  An  or- 
ganization of  actual  wage-workers  formed  in 
Chicago,  July  27, 1905,  for  the  purpose  of  abol- 
ishing capitalism  and  gaining  control  by  the 
workers  of  the  machinery  of  production.  It 
maintains  that  trades-unions  have  outgrown  their  useful- 
ness and  it  favors  the  general  strike.  It  has  a membership 
of  over  70,000.  Abbreviated  I.  W.  IT. 

Indy  (an-de'),  Paul  Marie  Theodore  Vincent 

d’:  kuown  as  Vincent  d’.  Born  at  Paris, March 
27,  1851.  A French  composer,  pupil  of  Cesar 
Franck  and  leader  of  the  radical  modern 
French  school.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Schola  Cantorum  in  Paris,  and  is  its  director  and  professor 
of  composition.  His  most  important  works  are  the  operas 
“Fervaal”  (1897)  and  “ L’fCtranger  ” (1903),  for  both  of 
which  he  wrote  the  librettos ; the  orchestral  trilogy 
“ Wallenstein  ” ; symphonies  ; symphonic  ballads  ; a string 
quartet ; a trio  for  piano,  clarinet,  and  violoncello ; a 
sonata  for  piano  and  violin  ; and  other  chamber  music 
and  piano  pieces. 

Ingalls  (ing'galz),  John  James.  Born  at  Mid- 
dleton, Mass.,  Dee.  29, 1833  : died  at  Las  Vegas, 
N.  Mex.,  Aug.  16, 1900.  An  American  Repub- 
lican politician.  lie  was  graduated  from  Williams 
College  in  1855,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1857.  He 
removed  to  Kansas  ; was  a member  of  the  Wyandotte 
Convention  in  1859 ; was  secretary  of  the  Territorial 
Council  in  1860,  and  of  the  State  Senate  in  1861 ; was  a 
member  of  the  Kansas  Senate  in  1862  ; and  was  United 
States  senator  from  Kansas  1873-91. 

Ingram  (in'gram),  Arthur  Foley  Winning- 
ton.  Born  in  Worcestershire,  England,  Jan. 
26,1858.  Bishop  of  London  from  1901.  He  was 

educated  at  Oxford  ; was  ordained  in  1884  ; and  was  canon 
of  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral  and  bishop  suffragan  of  Stepney 
1897-1901.  In  1888  he  founded  the  Oxford  House  in  the 
East  End  of  London,  and  he  is  the  leader  of  the  Oxford 
settlement  movement.  His  works  include  “Work  in 
Great  Cities”  (1890),  “Under  the  Dome”  (1902),  “The 
Gospel  in  Action  ” (1906),  “ Early  English  Colonies  in 
America”  (1908),  “Joy  in  God  ” (1909),  etc. 

In  His  Name.  A romance  of  the  Waldenses 
in  the  17th  century,  written  by  Edward  Everett 
Hale  in  1874. 

Inness  (in'es),  George.  Bornat  Paris,  France, 
Jan.  5,  1854.  An  American  artist,  son  of 
George  Inness.  He  was  a pupil  of  his  father  at  Rome 
1870-74,  and  studied  at  Paris  in  1875.  IDs  work  is  signed 
“ Inness,  J r.  ” In  1895  he  was  elected  an  associate  member 
and  in  1899  a member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design, 
and  was  made  an  officer  of  the  Acad6mie  des  Beaux- 
Arts  in  1902.  He  received  honorable  mention  in  the  Paris 
Salon  of  1890,  and  a gold  medal  in  1900. 

Inouye  (e'no-6-ya),  Marquis  Kaoru.  Born  in 
Cbosu,  Nov.  28, 1835.  One  of  the  “elder  states- 
men ”of  Japan.  With  Hirobumi  Ito  he  secretly  visited 
England  in  1864,  and  their  appreciation  of  the  advantages 
of  Western  civilization  subjected  them  on  their  return  to 
attacks  from  which  Inouye  barely  escaped  with  his  life. 
Soon  after  the  Restoration  he  wasappointed  vice-minister 
of  finance,  and  remained  in  the  government  service  in 
important  positions  until  1898,  when  he  retired. 

Institute  of  International  Law.  A society 
established  in  1873  to  promote  international 
law.  It  consists  of  60  members  and  60  associates,  elected 


from  the  international  jurists  of  various  nations.  Its 
meetings  take  place  annually  at  some  city  previously 
designated,  the  first  being  held  at  Ghent.  In  1904  it  re- 
ceived the  Nobel  peace  prize,  the  first  awarded  to  an 
association. 

Iola  (i'o-la).  The  county-seat  of  Allen  County, 
Kansas,  on  the  Neosho  River,  92  miles  south- 
west of  Kansas  City.  It  is  in  a natural  gas 
district,  and  has  a sulphuric  acid  plant,  zinc- 
smelters,  machine-shops,  cement-works,  etc. 
Population,  9,032,  (1910). 

Ionia  (i-6'ni-a).  The  county-seat  of  Ionia 
County,  Michigan,  32  miles  east  of  Grand 
Rapids.  It  has  manufactories  of  wagons,  fur- 
niture, and  clothing,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
State  House  of  Correction  and  the  Asylum  for 
Insane  Criminals.  Population,  5,030,  (1910). 

Ireland*.  Later  events  of  Irish  history  are 
the  Land  Act,  1896;  Agricultural  and  Techni- 
cal Instruction  Act,  1899;  Land  Purchase  Act, 
1903;  Irish  Universities  Act,  1908;  and  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  United  Irish  League  (under 
William  O’Brien),  1898.  In  1908  an  act  cf  Parliament 
was  passed  providing  for  the  dissolution  of  the  Royal  Uni- 
versity  of  Ireland  and  for  the  establishment  of  two  new 
universities,  the  National  LTniversity  of  Ireland,  at  Dublin, 
and  the  Queen's  University,  at  Belfast,  both  to  be  non- 
sectarian. University  College,  Dublin ; University  College, 
Cork ; aud  University  College,  Galway,  are  constituent 
colleges  of  the  National  University.  The  University  of 
Dublin  (see  Trinity  College)  is  a separate  organization. 

Iriga  (e-re'ga).  1.  An  extinct  volcano  in 
Ambos  Camarines  province,  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  Height,  4,092  feet. — 2.  A mu- 
nicipality of  Ambos  Camarines  province, 
southeastern  Luzon.  Civilized  population, 
19,297. 

Iron  Mountain  (i'ern  moun'tan).  The  county- 
seat  of  Dickinson  County,  Michigan,  55  miles 
northwest  of  Menominee.  It  has  important 
iron-mines,  and  is  an  active  shipping-point  for 
ore.  Population,  9,216,  (1910). 

Ironwood  (i'ern- wud).  A city  in  Gogebic 
County,  Michigan,  in  the  extreme  west  of  the 
northern  peninsula.  Its  principal  interests 
are  iron-mining  and  lumbering.  Population, 
12,821,  (1910). 

Irving  (er'ving),  Henry  Brodribb.  Born  at 
London,  Aug.  5,  1870.  An  English  actor,  son 
of  Sir  Henry  Irving.  He  was  educated  at  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1894.  In  1891 
he  joined  Sir  John  Hare’s  company  at  the  Garrick  Theatre, 
London,  and  subsequently  appeared  in  London  in  various 
dramatic  parts,  including  that  of  Hamlet,  at  the  Adelphi, 
in  1905,  and  Iago,  at  the  Lyric,  in  1906.  In  the  season  of 
1906-07  he  appeared  in  America  with  his  wife,  Dorothea 
Baird,  in  Stephen  Phillips’s  “Paolo  and  Francesca.”  He 
is  the  author  of  a “Life  of  Judge  Jeffreys”  (1898)  and 
“French  Criminals  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  ” (1901). 

Irvington  (er'ving- ton).  A town  in  Essex 
County,  New  Jersey,  3 miles  southwest  of 
Newark.  It  has  wall-paper  factories,  smelt- 
ing-works, rope-factories,  etc.  Population, 
11,877,  (1910). 

Isabela  (e-sa-ba'la).  A province  of  eastern 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Ca- 
gayan on  the  north ; the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Principe 
on  the  east ; Principe  on  the  south ; and  Nueva  Ecija, 
Nueva  Vizcaya,  and  Lepanto-Bontoc  (separated  by  moun- 
tains) on  the  west.  Capital,  Hagan.  The  Sierra  Madre 
range  extends  north  and  south  not  far  from  the  coast, 
and  sends  spurs  westward.  The  Rio  Grande  de  Ca- 
gayan rises  among  the  mountains  in  the  south  and,  unit- 
ing near  the  centr  al  part  of  the  province  with  the  Magat, 
which  rises  in  Nueva  Vizcaya,  flows  north  into  Cagayan. 
There  are  extensive  forests.  The  soil  is  easily  cultivated, 
and  produces  large  crops  of  corn  and  tobacco.  The  in- 
habitants are  of  several  races,  as  Igorrotes,  Ilocanos,  and 
Tagalogs.  Area,  5,018  square  miles.  Population,  about 

. 76,500. 

Isarog  (e-sa-rog').  A large  extinct  volcano  of 
perfect  conical  fornr,  situated  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  in 
about  lat.  13°  41'  N.,  long.  123°  21'  E.  Height. 
6,634  feet. 

Isham  (I'sham),  Samuel.  Born  at  New  York, 
May  12,  1855.  An  American  painter.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  University  in  1875,  and  studied  in  Paris 
under  Jacquesson  de  la  Chevreuse,  Boulanger,  and  Le- 
febvre.  Ho  won  a silver  medal  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposi- 
tion in  1904  and  was  elected  an  academician  of  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Design  in  1900.  He  has  published  a 
“ History  of  American  Painting  ” (1905). 

Isthmian  Canal  Zone.  A strip  of  territory 
ten  miles  wide,  extending  five  miles  in  each 
direction  from  the  central  line  of  the  canal 
route  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  it  begins 

in  the  Caribbean  Sea  “three  marine  miles  from  mean 
low- water  mark,”  and  extends  “to  and  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  a distance  of 
three  marine  miles  from  mean  low-water  mark.”  The 
cities  of  Panama  and  Col6n,  with  their  harbors,  are  ex- 
cluded from  the  territory.  The  use,  occupation,  and  con- 
trol of  this  zone  were  ceded  in  perpetuity  by  the  Republic 
of  Panama  to  the  United  States  by  a treaty  rat  ified  by  the 
United  States  Senate,  February  23,  1904.  The  Republic 
of  Panama  granted  to  the  United  States  “the  use,  occu- 
pation, and  control  of  all  islands  within  the  limits  of  the 


Isthmian  Canal  Zone 


Jensen 


zone  above  described,  and  in  addition  thereto  the  group 
of  small  islands  in  the  Bayof  Panama  named  Perico,  Naos, 
Culebra,  and  Flamingo.” 

Italones  (e-ta-16'nas).  A head-hunting  people 
living  in  the  wilds  of  Nueva  Vizcaya,  Luzon. 

Ito  (e'to),  Viscount  Sukenori.  Bom  in  Sat- 
suma,  May,  1842.  A Japanese  admiral,  ad- 


miral of  the  fleet  since  1905.  He  was  pro- 
moted vice-admiral  and  commanded  with  great 
success  the  united  Japanese  squadron  in  the 
Chinese-Japanese  war  1894-95. 

Ives  (ivz),  Frederic  Eugene.  Born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  Fet>.  17,  1856.  An  American 


inventor,  especially  noted  for  his  work  in 
photography.  He  has  invented  processes  in 
half-tone  photo -engraving,  orthochromatic 
photography,  and  color  photography. 

I.  w.  w.  An  abbreviation  of  Industrial 
Workers  of  the  World. 


ack.  A novel  by  Alphonse 
Daudet,  published  in  1876. 
Jackson  (jak'son).  The 
county- seat  of  Jackson 
County,  Ohio,  66  miles 
southeast  of  Columbus.  Its 
principal  industries  are 
coal  and  iron-mining  and 
the  manufacture  of  glass, 
woolens,  flour,  etc.  Population,  5,468,  (1910). 

Jackson  (jak'son),  John  Brinckerhoff.  Born 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Aug.  19,  1862.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  was  educated  at  the  United  States 
Naval  Academy,  and  served  in  the  navy  until  1886.  He 
was  appointed  second  secretary  of  the  United  States  lega- 
tion at  Berlin  in  1890,  becoming  secretary  of  the  embassy 
in  1894,  and  was  made  minister  to  Greece,  Rumania,  and 
Servia  in  1902,  to  Greece  and  Montenegro  in  190ft,  and  to 
Persia  in  1907.  In  1909  he  was  appointed  minister  to 
Cuba,  and  in  1911  to  Servia,  Bulgaria,  and  Rumania. 

Jackson  (jak'son),  Samuel  Macauley.  Born 
at  New  York,  June  19,  1851:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, Conn.,  Aug.  2,  1912.  An  American 
clergyman,  author,  editor,  and  educator,  pro- 
fessor of  church  history  in  New  York  University 
from  1895.  He  was  graduated  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York  in  1870,  and  at  Union  Theological 
Seminary  in  1873.  He  was  engaged  in  editorial  work  on 
various  encyclopedias  and  other  works  of  reference,  and 
was  the  author  of  “Huldreich  Zwingli  ” (1901)  and  editor 
of  the  series  of  “Heroes  of  the  Reformation”  and  of 
“Handbooks  for  Workers  in  Church  and  Philanthropy.” 

Jackson  Park.  A park  in  Chicago,  situated 
on  the  lake  front  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
city  : the  site  of  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition in  1893.  It  is  connected  with  Washing- 
ton Park  by  the  Midway  Plaisance.  Area, 
523  acres. 

Jacoby  (ja-k5'bi),  Harold.  Born  at  New  York, 
March  4,  1865.  An  American  astronomer, 
head  of  the  department  of  astronomy  in  Co- 
lumbia University  from  1905.  He  graduated  at 
Columbia  University  in  1885,  was  adjunct  professor  of 
astronomy  there  1894-1904,  and  became  professor  in  1904. 
He  has  published  various  papers  on  stellar  photography, 
stellar  parallax,  star-clusters,  etc.  , 

Jacque  (zhak),  Charles  Emile.  Born  at 
Paris,  May  23,  1813:  died  there,  May  7,  1894. 
A French  painter  and  etcher.  At  the  age  of  thir- 
teen  he  began  work  with  a map-engraver;  served  with 
the  army  for  a number  of  years  ; and  was  later  engaged 
as  a draftsman  for  illustrated  publications.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  etchings  and  dry-points,  and  excelled  in 
pictures  of  rural  life.  Among  the  best  of  his  etchings  are 
“Paysage  : troupeaude  pores,”  “ Le  matin,”  “ Larentree,” 
“La  labourage,”  and  “Paysage  et  animaux”  ; and  among 
his  dry-points  may  be  mentioned  “ Le  tueur  de  cochons.” 
He  exhibited  for  many  years  at  the  Salon,  and  was  awarded 
a number  of  medals.  In  1867  he  received  the  cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  He  was  interested  in  the  breeding  of 
fowls,  and  published  an  illustrated  handbook  on  the  sub- 
ject, “Le  poulailler  ” (1858). 

Jadassohn  (ya'das-son),  Salomon.  Born  at 
Breslau,  Aug.  13,  1831:  died  at  Leipsic,  Feb. 
1,  1902.  A teacher  and  composer  of  music. 

He  studied  at  the  Leipsic  Conservatory,  and  with  Liszt  at 
Weimar.  He  settled  in  Leipsic  as  a conductor  and 
teacher,  and  was  called  to  the  conservatory  there  in  1871. 
His  compositions  are  numerous,  but  he  is  best  known  by 
his  works  on  theory  and  composition. 

Jamaica*.  The  island  was  visited  by  an 
earthquake  Jan.  14,  1907,  which  caused  great 
damage  in  the  city  of  Kingston. 

James  (jamz),  Edmund  Janes.  Born  at  Jack- 
sonville, 111.,  May  21,  1855.  An  American 
educator,  president  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
from  1904.  He  studied  in  Northwestern  and  Harvard 
universities  and  in  the  University  of  Halle  ; was  professor 
of  finance  in  the  Wharton  School  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  1883-95,  and  of  political  and  social  science 
in  that  university  1884-95;  was  professor  of  public  admin- 
istration in  the  University  of  Chicago  1896-1901 ; and  was 
president  of  Northwestern  University  1902-04.  He  was 
first  president  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science ; also  founder  and  first  president  of  the 
American  Society  for  the  Extension  of  University  Teach- 
ing. 

James  (jamz),  William.  Born  at  New  York, 
Jan.  11,  1842:  died  at  Chocorua,  N.  H., 

Aug.  26,  1910.  An  American  philosopher, 
professor  in  Harvard  University  from  1885. 


He  became  an  instructor  in  Harvard  in  1872  ; was  assistant 
professor  of  philosophy  1880-85  ; was  professor  of  philoso- 
phy 1885-89 ; and  was  professor  of  psychology  from  1889. 
During  1900-02  he  was  Gifford  lecturer  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  He  wrote  “Principles  of  Psychology” 
(1890),  “ The  Will  to  Believe  ” (1897),  “ Talks  to  Teachers  ” 
(1899),  “Human  Immortality”  (1898),  “ The  Varieties  of 
Religious  Experience”  (1902),  “Pragmatism”  (1907),  “A 
Pluralistic  Universe”  (1909),  “The  Meaning  of  Truth  : a 
Sequel  to  Pragmatism”  (1909),  “Some  Problems  in  Phi- 
losophy” (1911),  “Memories  and  Studies”  (1911),  “Essays 
in  Radical  Empiricism  ” (1912),  etc. 

Jameson  (ja'me-son),  John  Franklin.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  19, 1859.  An  American 
historical  writer  and  educator,  director  of  the 
bureau  of  historical  research  in  the  Carnegie 
Institution  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  manag- 
ing editor  of  the  “American  Historical  Re- 
view” from  1905.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
College  in  1879;  studied  at  Johns  Hopkins  University; 
and  was  professor  of  history  in  Brown  University  1888- 
1901,  and  in  the  University  of  Chicago  1901-05.  He  has 
published  “A  History  of  Historical  Writing  in  America” 
(1891),  “A  Dictionary  of  United  States  History  ” (1894), 
etc. 

Jameson*,  Sir  Leander  Starr.  He  returned  to 
South  Africa ; was  elected  a member  of  the  Cape  legisla- 
tive assembly  for  Kimberley  in  1900 ; was  appointed  a 
director  of  the  De  Beers  Consolidated  Company  in  1900, 
and  of  the  British  South  Africa  Company  in  1902  ; and  was 
premier  of  Cape  Colony  1904-08.  Created  a baronet  1911. 

Jamestown  (jamz'toun).  The  county-seat  of 
Stutsman  County,  North  Dakota,  90  miles  west 
of  Fargo.  It  is  the  center  of  an  agricultural 
and  stock-raising  region,  and  has  grain-eleva- 
tors, flour-mills,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
State  asylum  for  the  insane.  Population, 
4,358,  (1910). 

Jamestown  Tercentennial  Exposition.  An 

exposition  held  at  Sewell’s  Point,  near  Nor- 
folk, Va.,  from  April  26  to  Nov.  30,  1907,  to 
commemorate  the  three-hundredth  anniversary 
of  the  first  permanent  settlement  of  English- 
speaking  people  in  America,  and  the  birth  of 
the  American  nation.  The  grounds  fronted  on 
Hampton  Roads,  opposite  Old  Point  Comfort,  and  covered 
an  area  of  between  three  and  four  hundred  acres.  The 
principal  buildings  were  grouped  about  a square  called 
Raleigh  Court.  The  style  of  architecture  was  of  the 
colonial  period  and  most  of  the  buildings  were  permanent 
structures.  Many  of  those  erected  by  the  different  States 
were  reproductions  of  places  famous  historically.  The 
exhibits  were  chiefly  historical  and  industrial  in  char- 
acter, and  were  planned  to  represent  all  the  great  events 
and  every  phase  of  development  pertaining  to  the  growth 
of  the  American  nation.  They  were  divided  into  the 
following  eight  groups  : historic  art ; education  and  so- 
cial economy  ; manufactures  and  liberal  arts  (including 
graphic  arts) ; machinery  and  transportation  (including 
electricity) ; agriculture  and  horticulture  ; food  products 
and  accessories  ; forestry,  fish,  and  game  ; and  mines  and 
metallurgy.  The  amusement  features  were  grouped  about 
the  so-called  “War  Path."  It  was  here  that  the  repre- 
sentations of  historical  events  took  place.  A feature  of 
the  exposition  was  the  great  naval  and  military  display, 
in  which  most  of  the  nations  of  the  world  were  invited  to 
participate. 

Janinay  (Ha-ne-m').  A municipality  of  Iloilo 
province,  eastern  Panay,  Philippine  Islands. 

Janvier  (zhan'vi-a),  Thomas  Allibone.  Born 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  16,  1849:  died  at 
New  York,  June  18, 1913.  An  American  author. 

He  was  a member  of  the  Folk  Lore  Society  (London),  and 
an  honorary  member  of  the  Proveugal  Felibrige.  Among 
his  works  are  “Color  Studies”  (1885),  “The  Mexican 
Guide”  (1887),  “The  Aztec  Treasure  House”  (18901,  “The 
Uncle  of  an  Angel,  and  Other  Stories ” (1891),  “An  Em- 
bassy to  Provence”  (1893),  “In  Old  New  York”  (1894), 
“In  the  Sargasso  Sea”  (1898),  “The  Passing  of  Thomas, 
and  Other  Stories”  (1900),  “In  Great  Waters”  (1901), 
“ The  Christmas  Kalends  of  Provence,  and  Other  Provencal 
Festivals ” (1902),  “The  Dutch  Founding  of  New  Y'ork” 
(1903),  “Santa  F4’s  Partner”  (1907),  “Henry  Hudson” 
(1909),  etc.  He  used  the  pseudonym  Ivory  Black. 

Japan*.  By  the  treaty  of  Portsmouth,  Sept.  5,  1905, 
Russia  transferred  to  Japan,  with  the  consent  of  China,  the 
lease  of  the  Kwantung  province,  including  Port  Arthur, 
Ta-lien-wan,  Dalny,  and  also  the  railway  between  Chan- 
Chun  and  Port  Arthur,  with  all  its  branches,  and  the  coal- 
mines connected  therewith  ; and  ceded  the  southern  half 
of  the  island  of  Sakhalin.  By  agreement  of  Nov.  17,  1905, 
between  Japan  and  Korea,  Japan  assumed  control  of  the 
foreign  relations  of  Korea  and  provision  was  made  for  the 
establishment  of  a Japanese  resident-general  ; and  on 
July  31,  1907,  a further  agreement  was  concluded  by 
which  all  administrative  measures  and  high  official  ap- 


pointments were  to  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
resident-general,  and  Japanese  subjects  were  eligible  for 
official  posts  in  the  government  departments.  The  formal 
annexation  of  Korea  by  Japan  was  announced  in  August, 
1910. 

Jarves  (jar'vis),  James  Jackson.  Bom  at 

Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  20,  1820 : died  at  Tarasp, 
Switzerland,  June  28,  1888.  An  American 
writer  and  connoisseur.  He  traveled  in  South 
America  and  the  Pacific  islands,  and  settled  in  Honolulu 
in  1838,  where  he  established  in  1840  the  “Polynesian,” 
the  first  Hawaiian  newspaper.  About  1849  he  was  ap- 
pointed special  commissioner  of  the  Hawaiian  govern- 
ment to  negotiate  treaties  with  the  United  States,  France, 
and  Great  Britain.  After  1851  he  lived  in  Florence,  Italy, 
where  from  1879  to  1882  he  wa6  t'nited  States  vice-consul 
and  acting  consul.  Of  his  collections,  the  best  of  his  pic- 
tures now  form  the  Jarves  Collection  at  Yale  University  ; 
other  pictures  and  pieces  of  sculpture  belong  to  the  Hol- 
lenden  Gallery  in  Cleveland  ; and  his  antique  and  modem 
Venetian  glass  is  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  in 
New  York  city.  On  matters  relating  to  the  fine  arts  he 
published  “Art  Studies  : the  Old  Masters  of  Italy ’’ (1861), 
“ The  Art  Idea  : including  an  Account  of  American  Archi- 
tecture, Sculpture,  and  Painting’’  (1866),  “Art  Thoughts: 
the  Experience  and  Observations  of  an  American  Amateur 
in  Europe  ” (1869),  “ Glimpses  at  the  Art  of  Japan  ” (1876), 
and  “ Italian  Rambles”  (1884). 

Jastrow  (jas'tro),  Joseph.  Born  at  Warsaw, 
Poland,  Jan.  30,  1863.  An  American  psychol- 
ogist, professor  in  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin from  1888.  He  has  published  “ Time-relations  of 
Mental  Phenomena  ” (1890),  “ Fact  ami  Fable  in  Psychol- 
ogy ” (1900),  “The  Subconscious”  (1906),  “The  Qualities 
of  Men”  (1910),  and  numerous  articles  in  scientific  and 
popular  magazines. 

Jastrow  (jas'tro),  Marcus  (Mordecai).  Bom 

at  Rogasen,  Prussian  Poland,  June  5,1829:  died 
at  Germantown,  Pa.,  Oct.  13,  1903.  A Hebrew 
rabbi  and  scholar.  In  1858  he  was  elected  rabbi 
of  Warsaw.  He  sympathized  with  the  Polish  revolution 
and  was  imprisoned  from  Nov.  10,  1861,  to  Feb.  12,  1862. 
In  1866  he  became  rabbi  at  Philadelphia.  He  made 
many  contributions  to  Jewish  literature,  and  completed 
in  1903  “ A Dictionary  of  the  Targumim,  the  Talmud  Babli 
and  Yerushalmi,  and  the  Midrashic  Literature.” 

Jastrow  (jas'tro),  Morris,  Jr.  Born  at  War- 
saw, Poland,  Aug.  13,  1861.  An  American 
Orientalist,  professor  of  Semitic  languages 
and  librarian  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  came  to  America  in  1866 ; waB  graduated  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1881 ; and  studied  later 
in  Germany  and  France.  His  publications  include  “The 
Grammatical  Works  of  Hayyug  ” (1897),  “Religion  of  the 
Babylonians  and  Assyrians  ” (1898 : rewritten  and  enlarged 
edition  in  German  in  course  of  publication  since  1903), 
“The  Study  of  Religion  ” (1902),  etc. 

Jaur&s  (zho-ras'),  Jean  Leon.  Born  at  Castres, 
Tarn,  France,  Sept.  3,  1859.  A French  social- 
ist and  politician.  He  entered  politics  in  1885  as 
member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  from  Tarn,  and  is 
noted  for  his  defense  of  Captain  Dreyfus,  and  for  his  efforts 
to  unite  the  factions  of  French  Socialists.  He  is  editor 
of  “ La  Petite  Republique  ” and  is  one  of  the  founders  of 
“L’Humanite.”  His  publications  include  “Les  preuves  ” 
(1898),  “Action  socialiste  ” (1900).  “Etudes  socialistes  ” 
(1902),  “ Discours  parlementaires  ” (1904-),  etc 

Jeannette  (je-net').  A borough  in  Westmore- 
land County,  Pennsylvania,  23  miles  south- 
east of  Pittsburgh.  It  has  manufactories  of 
glass,  lamps,  rubber  goods,  electrical  supplies, 
etc.  Population,  8,077,  (1910). 

Jenks  (jengks),  Albert  Ernest.  Born  at  Ionia, 
Mich.,  Nov.  28, 1869.  An  American  ethnologist, 
professor  of  anthropology  in  the  University  of 
Minnesota  from  1907.  He  has  published  “ The 
Boutoc  Igorot”  (1905),  etc. 

Jenks  (jengks),  Jeremiah  Whipple.  Born  at 
St.  Clair,  Mich.,  Sept.  2,  1856.  An  American 
political  economist.  He  was  professor  of  political 
economy  and  politics  in  Cornell  University  1891-1912,  and 
professor  of  government  and  director  of  the  division  of 
public  affairs  in  New  York  University  1912-.  He  has  on 
various  occasions  acted  for  the  United  States  government 
as  an  expert  or  investigator  in  matters  connected  with 
trusts,  labor,  taxation,  currency,  immigration,  etc.  He  has 
published  “The  Trust  Problem  ” (1900),  “The  Principles 
of  Politics"  (1910),  “The  Immigration  Problem ” (1912 : 
with  W.  J.  Lauck),  etc. 

Jensen  (yen'sen),  Adolf.  Born  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  Jan.  12,  1837:  died  at  Baden-Baden, 
Jan.  26, 1879.  A German  composer,  best  known 
for  his  songs  and  piano  pieces. 


Jerome,  Jerome  Klapka 

Jerome  (je-rom'),  Jerome  Klapka.  Born  at 
Walsall,  England,  May  2,  1859.  An  English 
humorist,  writer,  and  lecturer.  He  has  been  at 
various  times  clerk,  teacher,  actor,  and  journalist.  His 
stage  experiences  are  embodied  in  “ On  the  Stage — and 
Oif  ” (1885)  and  “ Stage  hand  ” (1889)  ; and  he  has  written 
a number  of  plays,  among  them  “Barbara  ” (1886),  “ When 
Greek  meets  Greek  ” (1888), “ Sunset  ” (1888),  “New lamps 
for  Old”  (1890),  “MacHaggis"  (1897),  “Miss  Hobbs" 
(1900),  “ Susan  in  Search  of  a Husband  ’ ’ (1906),  “ Passing  of 
the  Third  Floor  Back  ’ ’ ( 1908),  ‘ * The  Master  of  Mrs.  Chilvers  ’ ’ 
(1911).  In  1892  he  founded  the  " Idler  ” with  Robert  Barr, 
retiring  in  1897,  and  was  editor  of  “ To-day  ” 1893-97.  His 
publications  include  also  “ Idle  Thoughts  of  an  Idle  Fel- 
low ” (1886),  “Three  Men  in  a Boat  ” (1889),  “ Novel  Notes  ” 
(1893),  “Sketches  in  lavender,  Blue,  and  Green”  (1897), 
“ Three  Men  on  Wheels  ” (1900),  “ Tea  Table  Talk  ” (1903), 
“Tommy  & Co.”  (1904),  “ American  Wives  and  Others” 
(1904),  “ Idle  Ideas  in  1905”  (1905),  etc. 

Jerome  (je-rom'),  William  Travers.  Bom  at 
New  York,  April  18,  1859.  Au  American  law- 
yer. He  was  educated  at  Amherst  College  and  the  law 
School  of  Columbia  University  ; was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1884;  was  a justice  of  special  sessions  1895-1902;  and 
was  district  attorney  for  New  York  Comity  1901-09. 

Jersey  Shore  (jer'zi  shor).  A borough  in  Ly- 
coming County,  Pennsylvania,  15  miles  south- 
west of  Williamsport.  It  has  railroad  shops, 
electrical  works,  cigar  factories,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 5,381,  (1910). 

Jesup  (jes'up),  Morris  Ketchum.  Born  at 
Westport,  Conn.,  June  21,  1830:  died  at  New 
York,  Jan.  22,  1908.  An  American  philan- 
thropist. He  had  a successful  career  as  a banker  1852- 
1884,  and  was  president  of  the  New  York  Chamber  of 
Commerce  1899-1907.  He  was  an  officer  and  benefactor 
of  many  charitable,  religious,  and  scientific  institutions 
and  organizations,  being  at  the  time  of  his  death  presi- 
dent of  the  Five  Points  House  of  Industry  (from  1872), 
the  Sailors’  Snug  Harbor  (from  1899),  the  American  Sun- 
day School  Union  (from  1896),  and  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History  (from  1881).  He  also  took  an  active 
interest  in  geographical  research,  and  provided  for  expe- 
ditions to  the  arctic  regions,  the  Pacific,  Siberia,  Alaska, 
and  British  Columbia. 

Jeime  (jon),  Sir  Francis  Henry,  first  Lord  St. 
Helier.  Born  March  17,  1843:  died  April  9, 
1905.  An  English  judge.  He  was  knighted  in  1891 ; 
was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1905  ; and  was  president  of 
the  pi-obate,  divorce,  and  admiralty  division  of  the  High 
Court  of  J ustice  and  j udge-advocate-general  1892-1905. 

Jeune  (jon),  Lady  (Susan  Mary  Elizabeth 
Stewart-Mackenzie).  A contemporary  Eng- 
lish philanthropist  and  writer,  wife  of  Sir 
Francis  Henry  Jeune,  first  Lord  St.  Helier. 

She  has  contributed  to  the  reviews  many  articles  on  social 
subjects,  a number  of  which  have  been  collected  in  book 
form  under  the  title  “ Lesser  Questions  ” (1894). 

Jewett  (ju'et),  Sarah  Orne.  Born  at  South 
Berwick,  Me.,  Sept.  3,  1849 : died  there,  June 
24,  1909.  An  American  author,  known  for  her 
studies  of  New  England  life.  Her  publications 
include  “ Deephaven  ” (1877),  “ Play  Days  ” (1878),  “Tales 
of  New  England  ” (1879),  “Old  Friends  and  New  ” (1879), 
“Country  Byways”  (1881),  “The  Mate  of  the  Daylight 
and  Friends  Ashore  ” (1883),  “ A Country  Doctor  ” (1884), 
“ A Marsh  Island  ” (1885),  “ A White  Heron,  and  Other 
Stories  ” (1886),  “ The  Story  of  the  Normans  ” (1886),  “ The 
King  of  Folly  Island  and  Other  People"  (1888),  “Betty 
Leicester”  (1889),  “Strangers  and  Wayfarers  ” (1890),  “A 
Native  of  Winby,  and  Other  Tales”  (1893),  “Betty  Lei- 
cester’s Christmas  ” (1894),  “The  Life  of  Nancy”  (1895), 
“The  Country  of  the  Pointed  Firs  " (1896),  “The  Queen's 
Twin  ” (1899),  and  “ The  Tory  Lover  ” (1901). 

Jex-Blake  (jeks'blak'),  Sophia.  Born  1840: 
died  Jan.  7,  1912.  An  English  physician,  a 
pioneer  in  medical  education  for  women,  she 
was  tutor  in  mathematics  at  Queen’s  College,  London,  1858- 
1861,  and  began  to  study  medicine  at  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts. In  1869  she  matriculated  in  the  medical  faculty  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  but  was  not  allowed  to 
take  a degree,  and  the  action  which  she  brought,  with 
others,  against  the  university  was  defeated.  In  1874  she 
founded  the  London  School  of  Medicine  for  Women,  and 
in  1878  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  she  opened  a dispensary 
for  women  and  children  in  1878,  and  the  Cottage  Hospital 
in  1885.  In  1886  she  founded  the  Edinburgh  School  of 
Medicine  for  Women,  which  was  recognized  for  gradua- 
tion by  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1894.  She  was  the 
author  of  “American  Schools  and  Colleges”  (1867), 
“ Medicine  as  a Profession  for  Women  ” (1869),  etc. 

John  Halifax,  Gentleman.  A story  by  Dinah 
Mulock  Craik,  published  in  1857. 

Johnson  (jon'son),  Robert  Underwood.  Born 
at  Washington,"  D.  C.,  Jan.  12,  1853.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  poet,  associate  editor  of  the 
“Century  Magazine”  from  1881,  and  editor 
November,  1909—1913.  He  originated  the  movement 
which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  Yosemite 
National  Park,  and  was  made  a chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  in  1891  and  of  the  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy  in 
1895  for  his  services  in  the  cause  of  international  copy- 
right. He  is  the  author  of  « The  Winter  Hour,  and  Other 


Poems”  (1892),  “Songs  of  Liberty,  and  Other  Poems  ” 
(1897),  and  “Collected  Poems  ” (19U2). 

Johnson  (jon'son),  Thomas  George.  Born  at 
Loudon,  England,  1844 : died  at  New  York, 
Oct.  29,  1904.  An  Anglo-American  wood- 
engraver.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1872.  He  was  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  engraved  portraits,  and  won  a medal  at 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  1893,  and  exhibited 
at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1900. 

Johnson  City  (jon'son  sit'i).  A townin  Wash- 
ington County,  in  northeastern  Temiessee. 
It  has  machine-shops,  brick-plants,  furniture 
factories,  etc.,  and  a national  Soldiers’  Home. 
Population,  8,502,  (1910). 

Johnston  (jon'ston).  A town  in  Providence 
County,  Rhode  Island.  Population,  5,935, 
(1910). 

Johnston  (jon'ston),  Sir  Harry  Hamilton. 
Born  at  Kenuingtou,  London,  June  12,  1858. 
An  English  explorer  and  official  in  Africa. 
He  was  educated  at  King’s  College,  London  ; made  various 
journeys  in  Africa  1879-84  (Portuguese  West  Africa.  Kongo 
River,  Mt.  Kilimanjaro) ; occupied  consular  positions  in 
various  parts  of  Africa  1885-89  ; led  the  expedition  which 
founded  the  British  Central  Africa  Protectorate  in  1889  ; 
was  commissioner  and  consul-general  1891 ; was  consul- 
general  at  Tunis  1897-99  ; and  was  consul-general  and  com- 
mander-in-chief for  the  Uganda  Protectorate  1899-1901. 
He  has  published  a number  of  works  on  Africa,  including 
“Kilimanjaro”  (1885),  “British  Central  Africa”  (1897), 
“ A History  of  the  Colonization  of  Africa  by  Alien  Races” 
(1899),  “The  Uganda  Protectorate”  (1902),  “The  Kile 
Quest”  (1903),  “Liberia ” (1906),  “George  Grenfell  and  the 
Congo”  (1908),  “British  Empire  in  Africa”  (1910),  etc. 

Johnston  (jon'ston),  Mary.  Born  at  Bu- 
chanan, Va.,  Nov.  21,  1870.  An  American 
novelist.  She  is  the  author  of  “ Prisoners  of  Hope  ” 
(1898),  “ To  Have  and  to  Hold  ” (1900),  “ Audrey  ” (1902), 
“ Sir  Mortimer  ” (1904),  “Lewis  Rand ” (1908),  “ The  Long 
Roll  ” (1911),  and  “Cease  Firing”  (1912). 

Johnston  (jon'ston),  Richard  Malcolm. 

Born  in  Hancock  County,  Ga.,  March  8,  1822  : 
died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  23,  1898.  An 
American  novelist.  He  was  graduated  at  Mereer 
University,  Macon,  Georgia,  in  1841 ; was  admitted  to  the 
bar ; was  professor  of  literature  in  the  University  of 
Georgia,  1857-61  ; served  in  the  Confederate  army;  and  for 
several  years  after  1867  conducted  a school  near  Baltimore. 
He  wrote  stories  of  Southern  life,  particularly  life  among 
the  Georgia  “crackers.”  Among  his  works  are  “ Georgia 
Sketches  ” (1864),  “ Dukesborough  Tales,  by  Philemon 
Perch  ’’  (1871),  “ Historical  Sketch  of  English  Literature  ” 
(1872  : with  W.  H.  Browne),  “ Life  of  Alexander  H.  Ste- 
phens ” (1878  : with  W.  H.  Browne),  “ Two  Gray  Tourists  ” 
(1885),  “ Widow  Guthrie ” (1890),  “The  Primes  and  their 
Neighbors  ” (1891),  and  “ Old  Times  in  Middle  Georgia  ” 
(1897). 

Jolly  Beggars,  The.  A humorous  cantata  by 
Robert  Burns,  written  about  1785. 

Jolo  (ho-15').  1.  The  largest  island  of  the 

Jolo  group  in  the  Sulu  (Jolo)  Archipelago. 
It  belongs  to  the  .Tol6  district  of  Moro  province,  and  is 
situated  in  lat.  6°  N.  Its  surface  is  hilly.  The  most  im- 
portant elevations  are  Bahu,  2,810  feet;  Butpula,  2,739 
feet;  Dajo,  2,100  feet;  and  Tumatanguis,  2,940  feet  in  height. 
The  island  is  inhabited  by  Moros.  The  chief  town  is 
Jold,  the  capital  of  ,Tol6  province.  Area,  326  square 
miles.  Population,  44,718.  Also  called  Sulu.  See  it  Dajo . 

2.  A district  of  Moro  province  in  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands.  It,  includes  the  Jold  (Sulu),  Tawi 
Tawi,  Pangutaran,  and  other  groups  of  the  Sulu  (Jolo) 
Archipelago,  together  with  Sibutu,  Cagayan  de  Jold,  and 
adjacent  islands.  The  inhabitants  are  Moros.  The  capi- 
tal, Jolo,  is  situated  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Jol6 
(Sulu)  Island,  in  lat.  6°  S'  N.,  long.  121°  E.  Area  of  dis- 
trict, 1,042  square  miles.  Population,  90,589. 

Jold  (ho-16')  Group.  A group  of  28  named 
and  4 unnamed  islands  of  the  Sulu  (Jolo) 
Archipelago.  It  forms  a part  of  the  Jold  district  of 
Moro  province,  Philippines.  The  largest  island  is  Jold 
(Sulu).  Area  of  the  group,  377.3  square  miles.  See  Sulu 
Islands. 

Jolo  (ho-Io')  Sea.  The  body  of  ocean  waters 
inclosed  by  the  Philippine  Islands,  the  Jolo 
(Sulu)  Archipelago,  and  Borneo.  It  is  connected 
on  the  east  by  the  Mindanao  Sea,  the  Surigao  Sea,  and 
Surigao  Strait  with  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  on  the  west  by 
Balabac  Strait  with  the  China  Sea.  The  northern  reach 
of  the  waters  is  known  as  the  Visayan  Sea.  Also  called 
Sulu  Sea. 

Jones  (jonz),  Harry  Clary.  Born  at  New 
London,  Md.,  Nov.  11,  1865.  An  American 
chemist,  professor  of  physical  chemistry  in 
Johns  Hopkins  University  from  1904.  He  was 
instructor,  associate,  and  associate  professor 
there  1895-1904. 

Jones  (jonz),  Henry  Arthur.  Born  at  Grand- 
borough,  Buckinghamshire,  England,  Sept. 
28,1851.  An  English  dramatist.  Among  his  plays 
are  “Saints  and  Sinners  ” (1884),  “ The  Middleman  ” (1889), 
“Judah”  (1890),  “The  Crusaders’’  (1891),  “The  Case  of 


Jusserand 

Rebellious  Susan  ’’  (1894),  “Michael  and  his  Lost  Angel’ 
(1896),  “ The  Liars  ’’  (1897),  “ Mrs.  Dane's  Defence  " (1900), 
“Joseph  Entangled”  (1904),  “The  Chevaleer”  (1904), 
“ The  Heroic  Stubbs  " (19061  “ The  Hypocrites  ” (1906), 
“The  Evangelist”  (1907),  “We  Can't  be  as  Bad  as  All 
That  ” (1910),  etc.  He  has  also  published  a volume  of  es- 
says on  “ The  Renascence  of  the  English  Drama”  (1896). 

Jonesboro  (jonz'bur-o).  The  county-seat  of 
Craighead  County,  Arkansas,  60  miles  north- 
west of  Memphis.  It  is  in  a lumber  region 
and  has  lumber-mills,  wagon-  and  box-facto- 
ries, etc.  Population,  7,123,  (1910). 

Jongleur  deNotre-Dame  (zh6n-gler'  de  no'tr- 
dam'),  Le.  An  opera  by  Massenet  (words  by 
Ldna),  first  produced  at  Monte  Carlo  in  1902. 
Jordan  , David  Starr.  His  later  works  include 
“ Fishes  of  North  and  Middle  America  ” (with  B.  W.  Ever- 
mann  : 1896-1900),  “ Factors  in  Organic  Evolution  ” (1894), 
“Care  and  Culture  of  Men  ” (1896),  “Foot-notes  to  Evolu- 
tion” (1898),  “Imperial  Democracy”  (1899),  “American 
Food  and  Game  Fishes  ” (1902 : with  B.  W.  Evermaim), 
“The  Voice  of  the  Scholar”  (1903),  “The  Call  of  the 
Twentieth  Century”  (1903),  “Guide  to  the  Study  of 
Fishes”  (1905),  “Life’s  Enthusiasms”  (1906),  “ The  II u- 
man  Harvest  ” (1907),  “ The  College  and  the  Man  ” (1907), 
“Fossil  Fishes  of  California  ” (1907),  “Evolution  and  Ani- 
mal Life”  (1907:  with  V.  L.  Kellogg),  “Fishes”  (1908), 
“Scientific  Aspects  of  Luther  Burbank’s  Work”  (1909: 
with  V.  L.  Kellogg),  etc. 

Joubert  (jo'bert  or  zho-bar'),  Petrus  Jacobus. 
Born  in  Cape  Colony,  Jan.  20, 1831 : died  at  Pre- 
toria, March  27, 1900.  Ad  eminent  Boer  general 
and  statesman.  He  settled  in  the  South  African  Re- 
public  as  a farmer  and  ranchman  ; became  a member  of 
the  Volksraad ; was  made  attorney- general  in  1870;  and 
in  1874  was  acting  president.  W hen  hostilities  began 
with  England  (1880-81)  he  was  appointed  commandant- 
general,  and  gained  the  victories  of  laing’s  Keck,  Ingogo, 
and  Majuba  Hill.  He  was  again  acting  president  1883-84, 
and  in  1899  assumed  command  of  the  Boer  forces  in  the 
last  war  with  England.  He  conducted  the  Natal  cam- 
paign and  the  siege  of  Ladysmith,  but  was  forced  to  retire 
on  account  of  ill  health. 

Jowett  (jou'et),  John  Henry.  Born  at  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  Aug.  25,  1864.  An  English  Con- 
gregational minister.  He  was  educated  at  Airedale 
College,  Bradford,  and  at  Edinburgh  and  Oxford  universi- 
ties; became  minister  of  St.  James’s  Congregational 
Church,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  in  1889,  and  of  Carr's  Lane 
Congregational  Church,  Birmingham,  in  1895  ; and  wac 
chosen  pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church, 
New  York,  in  1911.  He  has  published  “Apostolic  Opti- 
mism,” “From  Strength  to  Strength,"  “The  Passion  for 
Souls,”  “Silver  Lining,”  “ The  Transfigured  Church,”  etc. 

Judd  (jud),  Charles  Hubbard.  Born  at 
Bareilly,  British  India,  Feb.  20,  1873.  A Brit- 
ish-American  psychologist,  professor  of  educa- 
tion in  the  University  of  Chicago  from  1909.  He 
tvas  assistant  professor  and  professor  in  Yale 
University  1904-09.  He  has  published  “ Ge- 
netic Psychology  for  Teachers”  (1903),  ‘'Psy- 
chology Laboratory  Course”  (1907),  etc. 

Jude  the  Obscure.  A novel  by  Thomas  Hardy, 
published  in  1896  (serially  in  “ Harper’s  Maga- 
zine ” as  “Hearts  Insurgent,”  1895). 

Judson  (jud ' son),  Harry  Pratt.  Born  at 
Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  Dee.  20,  1849.  An  Ameri- 
can educator,  president  of  the  University  of 
Chicago  from  1907.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams 
College  in  1870 ; and  was  professor  of  history  and  politi- 
cal science  in  the  University  of  Minnesota  1885-1907. 
Juniata  (jo-ni-at'a).  A borough  in  Blair  Coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  2 miles  northeast  of  Altoona. 
Population,  5,285,  (1910). 

Junior  Carlton,  The.  A London  club  estab- 
lished in  1864  for  the  purpose  of  relieving  the 
waiting-list  of  the  Carlton.  It  is  a political 
club,  strictly  Conservative,  and  has  a member- 
ship of  over  2,000.  Its  house  is  on  Pall  Mall. 
Junior  Constitutional  Club.  A Loudon  polit- 
ical club  (Unionist),  founded  in  1887.  It  has 
a membership  of  5,000.  Its  house  is  at  101 
Piccadilly. 

Junipero.  See  Serra. 

Jusserand  (zhtis-ran'),  Jean  Adrien  Antoine 
Jules.  Born  at  Lyons,  France,  Feb.  18,  1855. 
A French  diplomatist  and  author.  He  was  edu- 
cated  for  the  law  at  Lyons,  and  in  1876  entered  the  Foreign 
Office.  He  was  councilor  of  the  embassy  at  London  1887- 
1890;  was  minister  at  Copenhagen  in  1898;  and  has  been 
ambassador  at  Washington  since  1902.  In  1892  he  was 
made  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  is  the  author 
of  “Les  Anglais  au  moyen  age;  la  vie  nomade  et  les 
routes  d’Angleterre  au  XlVe  siecle  ” (1884  : crowned  by 
the  French  Academy),  “A  French  Ambassador  at  the  Court 
of  Charles  II.”  (1892),  “ Histoire  litteraire  du  people  an- 
glais” (1894),  “English  Essays  from  a French  Pen”  (1895), 
“ Shakespeare  en  France  sous  l’ancien  regime  ” (1898),  “ Les 
sports  etjeux  d’exercice  dans  l'ancienne  France  ” (1901), 
“ Literary  History  of  the  English  People,”  etc. 


Kai-ping 


Kimberley  Gold-field 


(ki-ping').  A town 
iu  ouuthem  Manchuria,  sit- 
uated on  the  railroad  near 
the  western  coast  of  the 
Liao-tung  Peninsula,  about 
thirty  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Liao  River. 
Kalispell,  or  Kalispel  (kal'- 
is-pel).  The  county-seat  of 
Flathead  County,  Montana,  175  miles  north- 
west of  Butte.  It  has  flour-mills,  lumber-mills, 
and  a brewery,  and  is  now  an  important  trade 
center.  Population,  5,549,  (1910). 

Kamimura  (ka-mi-mo'ra),  Baron  Hikonojo. 
Born  in  Satsuma,  May  5,  1850.  A Japanese 
naval  officer,  promoted  vice-admiral  in  1903.  He 

fought,  as  captain,  in  the  Chinese-Japanese  war  (1894-95), 
and  during  the  Russo-Japanese  war  commanded  the 
second  Japanese  squadron.  On  August  14, 1904,  he  fought 
with  the  Russian  cruiser  squadron  from  Vladivostok, 
sinking  the  Rurik  and  damaging  the  Gromoboi  and  Rus- 
sia. In  1905  he  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Yokosuka  admiralty. 

Kamphausen  (kamp'tiou-zeu),  Adolf.  Bom 
in  Solingen,  Prussia,  Sept.  10,  1829  : died  Aug. 
18,  1909.  A German  Protestant  theologian, 
professor  in  the  University  of  Bonn  from  1863. 
He  has  written  “ Das  lied  Moses  ” (1862).  “ Das  Gebet  des 
Herrn  ” (1866),  “Das  Buch  Daniel  uud  die  neuere  Ge- 
schichtsforschung  ” (1893),  “Das  Verhaltniss  des  Men* 
schenopfers  zur  israelitisehen  Religion  ” (1896),  etc. 

Kam-ranh  (kam'ran)  Bay.  A hay  on  the 
southeastern  coast  of  French  Indo-China,  situ- 
ated in  about  lat.  12°  N. 

Kane  (kan).  A borough  in  McKean  County, 
Pennsylvania,  72  miles  southeast  of  Erie.  It 
is  frequented  for  fishing  and  deer-shooting. 
It  has  glass-works,  lumber-mills,  chemical 
works,  etc.,  aud  has  deposits  of  oil  and  gas  in 
the  vicinity.  Population,  6,626,  (1910). 

Kaneko  (ka-na/ko),  Viscount  Kentaro.  Born 
at  Fukuoka,  Feb.,  1853.  A Japanese  states- 
man and  diplomatist,  a member  of  the  House 
of  Peers.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in 
1878 ; was  private  secretary  to  Marquis  Ito  1885-90 ; and 
was  minister  of  agriculture  and  commerce  from  April  to 
June,  1898,  aud  of  justice  from  Oct.,  1900,  to  May,  1901. 
In  1894  he  was  sent  to  the  United  .States  as  a diplomatic 
agent  of  Japan.  He  was  made  a member  of  the  privy 
council  in  1906.  He  was  created  baron  1895,  and  viscount 
1907. 

Kanem’.  It  was  recognized  as  coming  within 
the  French  sphere  of  influence  by  the  Anglo- 
French  agreement  of  1899,  aud  since  1903  has 
ceased  to  be  a state,  and  is  now  a district  of 
the  Shari  territory.  Capital,  Mao. 

Kankakee  (kang-ka-ke')  Peninsula.  A pe- 
ninsula which  is  supposed  by  geologists  to  have 
existed  in  the  sea  of  Middle  Devonian  time,  in 
the  United  States,  west  of  the  Indiana  basin. 

Kansas,  University  of.  See  * University  of 
Kansas. 

Karsten*,  Hermann,  hb  later  works  include 

“ Ohemismus  der  Pflanzenzelle  ” (1809),  “ Zur  Geschichte 
der  Botanik  " (1870),  “ Deutsche  Flora,  pharmazeutisch- 
medizinische  Botanik  ” (1883),  “ Geologie  de  l’ancienne  Co- 
lombie”  (1886),  etc.  He  also  edited  “ Botanischen  Unter- 
suchungen  aus  dem  physiologischen  Laboratorium  in 
Berlin  ’’  (1865-67). 

Kathleen  Mavourneen.  A song  by  Louise 
Macartney  Crawford,  an  American  writer  of 
the  19th  century.  The  music  was  written  by  Frederick 
N.  Crouch  (1808-96),  and  the  words  have  been  attributed 
also  to  Mrs.  Anne  (Barry)  Crawford. 

Kato  (ka/to),  Baron  Taka-akira.  Born  at  Na- 
goya in  1859.  A Japanese  diplomat,  ambas- 
sador to  Great  Britain  1908—13.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  Imperial  University  at  Tokio  in  1881 ; entered 
the  foreign  office  in  1887 ; represented  Japan  in  England 
1894-99 ; was  minister  for  foreign  affairs  1900-01,  for  a few 
months  under  Saionji  in  1906,  and  again  under  Katsura 
1913. 

Katsura  (kat-so'ra),  Prince  Taro.  Born  in 
1847 : died  at  Tokio,  Oct.  10, 1913.  A Japanese 
statesman  and  general,  premier  1901-Jau.  6, 
1906,  1908-11,  and  Dec.,  1912-Feb.  11,  1913. 

He  fought  in  the  civil  war  for  the  restoration ; studied 
military  science  in  Germany ; was  military  attache  in 
Berlin  1875-78 ; was  vice-minister  of  war  1886-91 ; com- 
manded the  Nagoya  division  during  the  Chinese  war ; and 
was  minister  of  war  1898-1900.  In  1902  he  concluded 
the  Anglo-Japanese  treaty  which  insured  to  Japan  free- 
dom of  action  in  the  subsequent  war  with  Russia.  He 
was  created  viscount  1895,  count  1902,  marquis  1907,  and 
prince  1911. 

Kaulbach  (koul'bach),  Hermann.  Born  at 
Munich,  July  26,  1846:  died  there,  Dec.  8, 1909. 
A German  painter,  son  of  Wilhelm  von  Kaul- 
bach. He  was  a pupil  of  Karl  von  Piloty.  He  painted 
historical  and  genre  scenes,  and  was  particularly  known 
for  his  pictures  of  childhood.  Among  his  paintings  are 
“Hansel  and  Gretel  with  the  Witch,”  “Mozart’s  Last 
Days,”  “Lucrezia  Borgia  Dances  before  her  Father,” 
“The  Coronation  of  St.  Elizabeth,”  and  “The  End  of  the 
Song.” 

Kaulbars  (koul'barz),  Alexander  von.  Born 


at  St.  Petersburg,  1844.  A Russian  traveler 
and  general.  He  explored  the  Tian-Shan  Mountains 
1869-72  ; and  was  a member  of  the  Amu  Daria  expedition 
under  Gluchowski  in  1873.  After  the  Russo-Turkish  war 
of  1877-78  he  was  one  of  the  commission  for  the  demarca- 
tion of  Servia,  and  was  minister  of  war  in  Bulgaria  July, 
1882, -Sept.,  1883.  He  became  chief  of  the  second  Siberian 
army  corps  in  China  in  1900,  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  Odessa  military  district  in  1904  ; and  commanded  the 
third  and  later  the  second  Manchurian  army  in  the  Russo- 
Japanese  war  in  1905.  He  is  the  author  of  various  geo- 
graphical and  military  publications. 

Kawamura  (ka-wa-mo'ra),  Viscount  Kageaki. 
Born  in  Satsuma,  February,  1859.  A Japanese 
general.  He  led  a brigade  in  the  Chinese-Japanese 
war  (1894-95),  aud  in  the  war  with  Russia  (1905)  com- 
manded an  army  which  formed  the  extreme  Japanese 
right  in  the  battles  about  Mukden. 

Keane  (ken),  Augustus  Henry.  Born  at 
Cork,  Ireland,  June!,  1833:  died  at  Hampstead, 
England,  Feb.  3,  1912.  A British  ethnologist 
and  geographer,  professor  emeritus  of  Hindu- 
stani inUniversity  College, London.  Hepublished 
works  on  Asia,  Africa,  and  Central  and  South  America, 
“Ethnology”  (1895),  “Man,  Past  and  Present”  (1899), 
“The  Boer  States,  Land,  and  People”  (1900),  “Gold  of 
Ophir,”  “The  World’s  Peoples”  (1908). 

Kearney  (kar'ni).  The  county-seat  of  Buffalo 
County,  Nebraska,  127  miles  west  of  Lincoln. 
It  has  machine-shops,  flour-mills,  etc.,  and  is 
a shipping-point  for  grain.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
State  industrial  school  aud  the  Western  State 
Normal  School.  Population,  6,202,  (1910). 

Kearny  (kar'ni).  A town  in  Hudson  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Passaic  River,  and  connected  by  bridge  with 
Newark.  It  has  a soldiers’  home  and  other  institu- 
tions, and  manufactures  of  chemicals,  linoleum,  wire, 
metal  goods,  etc.  Population,  18,659,  (1910). 

Keen  (ken),  William  Williams.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  19,  1837.  An  Ameri- 
can surgeon,  professor  in  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  Philadelphia,  1889-1907.  Among  his 
various  publications  are  an  “American  Text- 
book of  Surgery”  (1899),  “Keen’s  System  of 
Surgery”  (1905),  etc. 

Kekule  von  Stradonitz  (kek'6-le  fon  stra'do- 
nits),  Friedrich  August.  Born  at  Darm- 
stadt, Germany,  Sept.  7,  1829 : died  at  Bonn, 
July  13, 1896.  A distinguished  German  chem- 
ist, professor  at  Bonn  from  1869,  especially 
noted  as  the  founder  of  the  theory  of  valency. 
His  works  are  fundamental  in  the  history  of 
organic  chemistry. 

Keller  (kel'er),  Helen  Adams.  Born  at  Tus- 
cumbia,  Alabama,  June  27,  1880.  An  Ameri- 
can writer,  deaf  and  blind  from  the  age  of 
nineteen  months.  She  was  graduated  at  Radcliffe 
College  in  1904,  and  has  written  various  contributions  to 
magazines,  poems,  “ The  Story  of  My  Life  ” (1902),  “ Op- 
timism ” (1903),  “ The  World  i live  in  ” (1908),  “The  Song 
of  the  Stone  Wall  ” (1910),  etc.  Her  education  was  con- 
ducted from  1887  by  Miss  A.  M.  Sullivan  (Mrs.  J.  A. 
Maey). 

Kelley  (kel'i),  Florence.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Sept.  12,  1859.  An  American  social 
worker.  She  was  graduated  at  Cornell  University  in 
1882,  held  the  position  of  State  inspector  of  factories  for 
Illinois  1893-97,  and  in  1899  became  secretary  of  the  Na- 
tional Consumers’  League.  She  is  the  author  of  “ Some 
Ethical  Gains  through  Legislation.’’ 

Kellogg  (kel'og),  Vernon  Lyman.  Born  at 

Emporia,  Kansas,  Dec.  1,  1867.  An  American 
entomologist,  professor  in  Stanford  University 
from  1896.  He  was  assistant  and  associate 
professor  there  1894-96.  He  has  published 
“Elements  of  Insect  Anatomy ” (1889 : with 
J.  H.  Comstock), “ElementaryZoology”(1901), 
“American  Insects”  (1904),  etc. 

Kelly,  Myra.  See,  * Macnaughtan,  Mrs.  Allan. 

Keltie  (kel'ti),  John  Scott.  Born  at  Dundee, 
Scotland,  March  29,  1840.  A Scotch  geogra- 
pher and  statistician,  editor  (from  1880)  of  the 
“ Statesman’s  Year-book”  and  editor  of  the 
“Geographical  Journal”  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  of  which  he  is  secretary. 

Kemeys  (kem'es),  Edward.  Born  at  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  Jan.  31,  1843’  died  May  11,  1907. 
An  American  sculptor.  He  waa  educated  in  New 
York,  and  enlisted  in  the  Federal  army  in  the  Civil  War, 
rising  to  the  rank  of  captain  of  artillery.  In  art  he  was 
self-taught.  Iu  1878  lie  exhibited  in  the  Paris  Salon  a 
group  of  “ Bison  and  Wolves  ” ; in  1887  modeled  a colossal 
bison’s  head  for  the  Omaha  bridge  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad ; and  designed  several  colossal  groups  for  the 
Chicago  Exposition  of  1893,  where  he  was  awarded  two 
medals.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  American  sculptors 
to  treat  animals  successfully. 

Kemp  (kemp),  James  Furman.  Born  at 
New  York,  Aug.  14,  1859.  An  American  geol- 
ogist, professor  of  geology  at  Columbia  Uni- 
versity from  1892.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
College  in  1881  and  at  the  School  of  Mines,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, in  1884  ; studied  abroad  ; was  assistant  professor 
of  geology  at  Cornell  University  1888-91 ; and  was  adjunct 
professor  at  Columbia  1891-92.  He  has  been  connected, 


as  geologist,  with  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  and 
the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State  of  New  York.  His 
publications  Include  “Ore  Deposits  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada”  (1893-1900),  “Handbook  of  Rocks”  (1896- 
1901),  and  various  technical  papers. 

Kennedy  (ken'e-di),  Charles  Rann.  Born  at 
Derby,  England,  Feb.  14,  1871.  An  English 
dramatist,  theatrical  manager,  and  actor.  He 
joined  Ben  Greet  and  appeared  in  Shaksperian  parts, 
coming  to  New  Yrork  in  1903.  He  married  the  actress 
Edith  Wynne  Matthison.  He  ha3  written  “What  Men 
Dare,”  “The  Servant  in  the  House,”  “The  Winter-feast,” 
“The  Piercing  Sword,”  etc. 

Kennington  Oval  (ken'ing-ton  o'val).  A fa- 
mous English  cricket-ground  on  the  Surrey 
side  of  South  London. 

Kenton  (ken'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Hardin 
County,  Ohio,  56  miles  northwest  of  Columbus. 
It  has  manufactories  of  hardware,  tools,  etc. 
Population,  7,185,  (1910). 

Kentucky  University.  A coeducational  in- 
stitution of  learning  situated  at  Lexington, 
Kentucky.  It  is  the  outgrowth  of  Bacon  College,  es- 
tablished  at  Georgetown,  Kentucky,  by  the  Disciples  of 
Christ  in  1836.  The  institution  was  chartered  as  Ken- 
tucky University  in  1858;  was  united  with  the  Transyl- 
vania University  (founded  in  1799)  in  1865 ; and  held  its 
first  session  in  Lexington  in  that  year.  The  university 
comprises  6 colleges  (liberal  arts,  Junior  College  for 
Women  in  Hamilton  College,  the  Bible,  law,  medical,  and 
commercial)  and  the  Academy.  The  students  number 
about  1,200.  In  1908  the  name  was  changed  back  to  Tran- 
sylvania University. 

Keppel  (kep'l),  Sir  Henry.  Born  at  Kensing- 
ton, June  14,  1809:  died  at  London,  Jan.  17, 
1904.  A British  naval  officer,  appointed  ad- 
miral of  the  fleet  in  1875.  He  commanded  the 
naval  brigade  at  Sebastopol  in  1855 ; served  in  the  Chinese 
war  in  1857  ; and  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1857,  and 
admiral  in  1869.  He  wrote  “Reminiscences  ’’  (1898),  “ A 
Sailor’s  Life  under  Four  Sovereigns  ” (1899),  etc. 

Kerr  (ker  or  ker),  John.  Born  at  Ardrossan, 
Ayrshire,  Dec.  7, 1824:  died  at  Glasgow,  Aug.  18, 
1907.  A Scotch  physicist,  mathematical  lec- 
turer in  the  Free  Church  Normal  Training  Col- 
lege in  Glasgow  1857-1901.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  work  on  electricity  and  light  and  for  his  discovery  of 
the  “Kerr  effect  ” (a  magnetic  effect  upon  the  plane  of 
polarization  of  a plane-polarized  ray  of  light). 
Ketchikan  (kech-i-kan').  A town  on  the  island 
of  Revillagigedo,  Alaska.  It  is  the  port  of 
entry  for  southeastern  Alaska,  and  has  impor- 
tant mining,  fishing,  and  canning  interests. 
It  has  a wireless  telegraph  station.  Popula- 
tion, about  1,000. 

Kewanee  (ke-wa'ne).  A city  in  Henry  County, 
Illinois,  120  miles  northeast  of  Quincy.  It  is 
in  a coal-mining  region,  and  has  boiler-works 
and  manufactories  of  pumps,  wagons,  farming 
implements,  etc.  Population,  9,307,  (1910). 
Key  (ka),  Ellen.  Born  at  Sundsholm  (the  es- 
tate of  her  father),  Sm&land,  Sweden,  Dec.  11, 
1849.  A Swedish  feminist,  author,  and  lectur- 
er, of  Scotch-Highland  descent,  she  taught  in 
a school  at  Stockholm  1880-99,  and  for  twenty  years  (until 
1903)  lectured  on  Swedish  civilization  and  other  subjects 
in  the  People’s  Institute,  Stockholm.  For  some  years  she 
traveled  and  lectured  in  Germany,  France,  Italy,  etc. 
Among  her  works  which  have  been  translated  into  English 
are  “ The  Century  of  the  Child  ’’  (trans.  into  eight  lan- 
guages ; in  English  1909),  “ Love  and  Marriage  ” (1911), 
“ The  Morality  of  Woman ’’ (1911),  “The  Woman  Move- 
ment” (1912),  and  “Rahel  Varnhagen”  (1913). 

Khartum  % or  Khartoum,  it  is  the  capital  of  the 

province  of  Khartum,  one  of  the  thirteen  provinces  into 
which  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan  is  divided.  It  is  also 
the  capital  and  seat  of  government  of  the  provinces.  The 
Gordon  Memorial  College,  established  through  the  efforts 
of  Viscount  Kitchener,  was  opened  in  1902. 

Khilkof  (kil'kof),  Prince  Michael  Ivano- 
vitch.  Died  at  St.  Petersburg,  March  21, 
1909.  A Russian  official.  In  the  early  seventies  he 
went  to  America,  where  he  studied  railroad  engineering 
for  a number  of  years.  He  then  accepted  a position  in 
Caracas  as  chief  engineer  of  a Venezuelan  railway  in  process 
of  construction,  and  after  two  years  returned  to  Russia, 
where  he  finally  became  minister  of  ways  and  communi- 
cations (1895-1905)  and  a member  of  the  council  of  the 
empire.  It  was  due  to  his  administrative  ability  and 
energy  that  the  service  of  the  Trans-Siberian  Railway  was 
made  effective  for  the  transportation  of  troops  and  sup- 
plies in  the  Pi-usso-Japanese  war. 

Ilidd  (kid),  Benjamin.  Born  Sept.  9,  1858. 
An  English  sociologist.  He  has  written  “Social 
Evolution”  (1894),  “The  Control  of  the  Tropics  ” (1898), 
“ The  Principles  of  Western  Civilization  ” (1902),  and  “ In- 
dividualism and  After”  (1908),  etc. 

Kidder  (kid'er),  Frank  Eugene.  Born  nfc 

Bangor,  Maine,  Nov.  3,  1859:  died  at  Denver, 
Col.,  Oct.  27,  1905.  An  American  engineer 
and  architect.  He  produced  a series  of  valuable  books 
on  construction,  including  “ The  Architect's  and  Builder’s 
Pocket-book  ” (1884:  rewritten  1905),  “Churches  and 
Chapels”  (1895),  and  “ Building  Construction  and  Super- 
intendence  ” (1896-1906),  etc. 

Kimberley  Gold-field.  A gold-mining  district 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  Western  Australia. 


Kin-chau 

Kin-chau  (kin-ehou').  1.  A city  of  Manchuria, 
situated  in  the  province  of  Sheng-king,  near 
the  extreme  northwestern  coast  of  Liao-tung 
Gulf,  on  the  Eastern  Chinese  Railway. — 2.  A 
town  in  southern  Manchuria,  situated  on  Kin- 
chau  Bay  near  the  isthmus  which  joins  the 
Kwang-tung  peninsula  to  the  mainland.  It 
was  captured  from  the  Russians  by  the  Jap- 
anese in  May,  1904. 

King  (king),  Charles.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  12,  1844.  An  American  soldier  and  nov- 
elist. He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1866 ; became 
captain  in  1879,  inspector  and  instructor  of  the  Wisconsin 
National  Guard  1882-89,  colonel  in  1890,  adjutant-general 
in  1895,  and  brigadier-general  of  United  States  Volunteers 
in  the  war  against  Spain  in  May,  1898  ; and  served  under 
General  lawton  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  In  1902  he 
was  commandant  of  the  Michigan  Military  Academy. 
His  works  include  many  army  stories,  among  them  "The 
Colonel's  Daughter"  (1883),  “Marion’s  Faith”  (1885), 
“Between  the  Lines"  (1889),  “Captain  Blake”  (1892), 
“ Cadet  Days  ” (1893),  “ The  Iron  Brigade  ” (1902),  “ Medal 
of  Honor"  (1905),  “ Tonio,  Son  of  the  Sierras"  (1906), 
“Hock  of  G'hickamauga  ” (1907),  “To  the  Front”  (1908), 
and  “ Lanier  of  the  Cavalry  ” (1909), ; also  “ Famous  and 
Decisive  Battles  of  the  World”  (1885),  “Campaigning 
with  Crook  ” (1890),  etc. 

King  (king),  Clarence.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Jan.  6,  1842:  died  at  Phoenix,  Ariz.,  Dec. 
24,  1901.  An  American  geologist  and  mining 
engineer.  He  conducted,  1867-72,  for  the  United  States 
government,  the  geological  survey  of  a belt  extending 
across  the  Rocky  Mountains  along  the  40th  parallel  of 
latitude,  and  was  the  first  director  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  (1879-81). 

King  (king),  Hamilton.  Born  at  St.  John’s, 
Newfoundland,  June  4,  1852.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  was  minister  resident  and 
consul-general  to  Siam  1898-1903,  and  envoy 
extraordinary  and  minister  1903-12. 

King  (king),  Henry  Churchill.  Bom  at  Hills- 
dale, Mich.,  Sept.  18,  1858.  An  American 
educator  and  author,  president  of  Oberlin 
College  from  1902.  He  was  educated  at  Oberlin  Col- 
lege and  Harvard  and  Berlin  universities,  and  became 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Oberlin  in  1891,  and  professor 
of  theology  in  1897.  He  has  published  an  “ Outline  of 
Erdmann’s  History  of  Philosophy”  (1892),  “Outline  of 
the  Microcosmus  of  Hermann  Lotze  ” (1895),  “Recon- 
struction in  Theology"  (1901),  “Rational  Living”  (1905), 
“The  Ethics  of  Jesus”  (1909),  etc. 

King  Oscar  II.  Land.  A land  within  the 
antarctic  regions,  about  lat.  65°  S.,  long.  62° 
W.,  discovered  by  Larsen  in  December,  1893. 
King’s  Daughters  and  Sons,  International 
Order  of  The.  An  interdenominational  reli- 
gious and  philanthropic  society,  with  head- 
quarters in  New  York,  founded  by  Mrs.  Bot- 
tome  and  nine  other  women  in  1886.  It  works 
locally  in  circles,  county  and  city  unions,  chap- 
ters, and  State  and  national  organizations. 
Membership,  over  50,000. 

Kingsley  (kingz'li),  John  Sterling.  Born  at 
Cincinnatus,  N.  Y.,  April  7,  1854.  An  Ameri- 
can naturalist,  professor  of  zoology  at  Tufts 
College  from  1892.  He  has  published  “Elements  of 
Comparative  Zoology  ” (1897),  “Text-book  of  Vertebrate 
Zoology  ” (1899),  “ A Popular  Natural  History  ” (1890),  etc., 
and  edited  the  “Standard  Natural  Hi  story  ” (1886)  and  the 
“American  Naturalist”  (1886-96).  He  has  also  translated 
and  edited  Hertwig’s  “Manual  of  Zoology  ” (1902). 

Kingsley  (kingz'li),  Mary  Henrietta.  Born 
at  Islington,  London,  Oct.,  1862:  died  at  Si- 
mon’s Town,  Cape  Colony,  June  5,  1900.  An 
English  traveler  and  author,  niece  of  Charles 
Kingsley.  She  went  to  Saint  Paul  de  Loanda,  Portu- 
guese West  Africa,  in  1893,  and  in  1895  explored  the 
Niger  Coast  Protectorate,  Kamerun,  and  Gabun.  In  1900 
she  went  to  South  Africa  and  devoted  herself  to  nursing 
the  wounded  in  the  Simon’s  Town  military  hospital.  She 
wrote  accounts  of  her  travels  in  “Travels  in  West  Af- 
rica” (1897),  “West  African  Studies"  (1899),  “The  Story 
of  West  Africa  ” (1899),  etc. 

King’s  Norton  (Mngz  nSr'ton).  A manufac- 
turing town  in  Worcestershire,  England.  It 
has  paper-mills,  rolling-mills,  a screw-factory,  chocolate- 
factory,  etc.  Here  the  Birmingham  and  Worcester  Canal 
flows  through  a tunnel  nearly  two  miles  long.  Popula- 
tion, 35,790. 

Kingston  (king'ston).  A borough  in  Luzerne 
County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susquehanna 
River,  opposite  Wilkes-Barre,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  two  bridges.  It  has  coal-mines 
and  motor-car  works,  and  is  the  seat  of  Wy- 
oming Seminary.  Population,  6,449,  (1910). 
Kinston  (kin'ston).  The  county-seat  of  Lenoir 
County,  North  Carolina,  73  miles  northeast  of 
Wilmington.  It  is  the  shipping-point  for  the 
surrounding  tobacco  and  cotton  region,  and 
has  lumber-mills  and  various  manufactories. 
Population,  6,995,  (1910). 

Kipling  (kip'ling),  John  Lockwood.  Born  at 
Pickering,  Yorkshire,  in  1837 : died  at  Tis- 
hury,  Wiltshire,  Jan.  29,  1911.  An  English 
artist.  He  was  by  profession  an  architectural  sculptor, 
and  was  director  of  the  Bombay  (India)  School  of  Art 


1865-75,  and  principal  of  the  Mayo  School  of  Art  and 
curator  of  the  Central  Museum  at  Lahore  1875-93.  He 
published  “ Beast  and  Man  in  India  ” (1891),  and  also 
illustrated  the  works  of  his  son,  Rudyard  Kipling. 
Kipling"’,  BiUdyard.  He  was  awarded  the  Nobel 
prize  for  literature  in  1907.  His  later  works  include 
“ Captains  Courageous  " (1897),  “ The  Day’s  Work  ’’  (1898), 
“ Stalky  and  Co.  ” (1899),  “ From  Sea  to  Sea  ’’  (1899),  “ Kim  ” 
(1901),  “Just  So  Stories  for  Little  Children  ” (1902),  “The 
Five  Nations  ”(1903),  “Traffics  and  Discoveries”  (1904), 
“They”  (1906),  “Buck  of  Pook’s  Hill”  (1906),  “Actions 
and  Reactions”  (1909),  “Rewards  and  Fairies”  (1910), 
“ A History  of  England  ” (1911:  with  C.  R.  L.  Fletcher),  etc. 

Kirchwey  (kersh'wa),  George  Washington. 

Born  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  July  3,  1855.  An 
American  lawyer  and  author,  dean  of  the 
School  of  Law  1901-10,  and  Kent  professor  of 
law  in  Columbia  University  1902-.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1879,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1881.  He  was  editor  of  historical  manuscripts  for  the 
State  of  New  York  1887-89  ; professor  of  law  at  Union  Uni- 
versity and  dean  of  the  Albany  Law  School  1889-91 ; and 
professor  of  law  at  Columbia  1891-.  He  has  edited  and 
compiled  “Readings  in  the  Law  of  Real  Property  ” (1900) 
and  “ Select  Cases  and  Other  Authorities  on  the  Law  of 
Mortgage  ” (1901). 

Kirk  (kerk),  Mrs.  (Ellen  Warner  Olney) : 
pseudonym  Henry  Hayes.  Born  at  South- 
ington, Conn.,  Nov.  6,  1842.  An  American 
novelist,  wife  of  John  Foster  Kirk.  Among  her 
publications  are  “Love  in  Idleness”  (1877),  “Through 
Winding  Ways  ” (1879),  “ A Midsummer  Madness  ” (1884), 
“ The  Story  of  Margaret  Kent  ” (1886),  “ Sons  and  Daugh- 
ters ” (1887),  “Queen  Money”  (1888),  “Walford"  (1890), 
“The  Revolt  of  a Daughter”  (1897),  “Dorothy  Deane” 
(1898),  “Good-bye,  Proud  World”  (1903),  “The  Apology 
of  Ayliffe"  (1904),  “Marcia”  (1907),  etc. 

Kirksville  (kerks'vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Adair  County,  Missouri,  65  miles  northwest  of 
Quincy,  Illinois.  It  contains  the  original 
American  School  of  Osteopathy  and  a State 
normal  school.  Population,  6,347,  (1910). 
Kirunga  (ki-ron'ga).  An  active  volcano  in  the 
Belgian  Kongo,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Kivu, 
north  of  Lake  Tanganyika.  It  was  discovered 
by  Count  von  Gotzen.  Height,  over  12,000  feet. 
Kishinef*.  A massacre  of  the  Jews  occurred 
here,  Sept.  6,  1906. 

Kitasato  (ke-ta-sa'to),  Shibasaburo.  Born 
at  Kumamoto,  Japan,  Dec.,  1856.  A Japanese 
bacteriologist  and  pathologist,  discoverer 
(1894)  of  the  plague  bacillus  and  (1898)  of  the 
bacillus  of  dysentery.  He  studied  in  Berlin,  under 
Koch,  1886-91 ; became  assistant  (1891)  in  the  Institute 
for  Infectious  Diseases;  and  was  appointed  professor  in 
1892,  In  1893  he  returned  to  Japan  to  take  charge  of  the 
Bacteriological  Institute  connected  with  the  University 
of  Tokio,  and  in  1896  became  director  of  the  Institute  for 
Infectious  Diseases  established  at  Shiteta  in  the  province 
of  Yechigo.  He  produced  the  first  pure  culture  of  the 
tetanus  bacillus. 

Kjerulf  (kyar'olf),  Theodor.  Born  at  Christi- 
ania, March  30, 1825:  died  there,  Oct.  25,  1888. 
A Norwegian  geologist,  professor  of  mineral- 
ogy and  geology  in  the  University  of  Christi- 
ania from  1858. 

Klein  (kiln),  Charles.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
7,  1867.  An  Anglo-American  playwright.  He 
was  for  some  time  reader  »f  plays  for  Charles  Frohman. 
Among  his  best- known  plays  are  “By  Proxy,"  “The  Char- 
latan,” “The  Music  Master,”  "The  Lion  and  the  Mouse,” 
“The  Daughters  of  Men,”  and  “The  Third  Degree.”  He 
has  also  written  several  comic  operas,  including  “ El  Capi- 
tan”  and  “Mr.  Pickwick.” 

Kneisel  (kni'zel),  Franz.  Born  at  Bukharest, 
Jan.  26,  1865.  A Rumanian  violin  virtuoso. 
He  studied  at  the  conservatories  at  Bukharest  and  Vienna, 
winning  first  prizes.  He  was  solo  violinist  and  concert- 
master  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra  1888-1903,  and 
is  now  leader  of  the  quartet  that  bears  his  name.  Since 
1905  he  has  been  head  of  the  string  department  in  the 
Institute  of  Musical  Art,  New  York. 

Knight  (nit),  Joseph.  Born  in  1829:  died  at 
London,  June  23,  1907.  An  English  journalist, 
editor  of  “Notes  and  Queries”  1883-1907. 

He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1863,  but  became  a dramatic 
critic,  writing  for  many  years  for  the  London  “ Athe- 
naeum,” “ Globe,”  and  other  periodicals.  He  published  a 
“Life  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti”  (1887),  “Life  of  David 
Garrick  ” (1894),  etc.,  and  contributed  articles  to  the  “ Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography.” 

Knight  Case,  The.  A ease  decided  by  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1895,  in  which 
the  E.  C.  Knight  and  other  companies  sub- 
sidiary to  the  American  Sugar  Refining  Com- 
pany were  allowed  to  continue  in  com- 
bination, on  • the  ground  that  they  were 
manufacturers  and  not  engaged  in  trade  or 
commerce,  and  were  therefore  outside  the  Anti- 
trust Act  of  July  2,  1890. 

Knight’s  Key  (nits  ke).  One  of  the  “keys,” or 
small  islands,  which  extend  southwest  from 
the  southern  coast  of  Florida.  It  has  a wire- 
less telegraph  station.  Steamers  of  different 
lines  land  at  Knight’s  Key  dock. 

Knollys  (nolz),  Francis,  first  Viscount 
Knollys.  Born  July  16,  1837.  An  English 
court  official.  He  was  appointed  private  secretary  in 


Komura 

1870  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  afterward  King  Edward  VII., 
and  in  1910  to  King  George  V.  In  1902  he  was  made  a 
baron,  and  in  1911  a viscount. 

Knowles  (nolz),  Horace  Greeley.  Born  at 
Seaford,  Del.,  Oct.  20,  1863.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  was  consul  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
1889-93,  minister  to  Rumania  and  Servia  1907-09,  and  min- 
ister  to  Nicaragua  in  1909,  and  became  minister  resident 
and  consul-general  to  the  Dominican  Republic  in  Decem- 
ber, 1909.  He  was  appointed  minister  to  Bolivia  in  1911. 

Knowlton  (nol'ton),  Frank  Hall.  Born  at 
Brandon,  Vt.,  Sept.  2,  1860.  An  American 
paleobotanist,  geologist  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  from  1907.  He  was  assis- 
tant paleontologist  and  paleontologist  of  the 
survey  1894-1907,  and  professor  of  botany  in 
George  Washington  University  1887-96. 

Knox  (noks),  Philander  Chase.  Born  at 
Brownsville,  Pa.,  May  6,  1853.  An  American 
lawyer  and  cabinet  officer.  He  was  graduated 
at  Mount  Union  College,  Alliance,  Ohio,  in  1872 ; was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875 ; was  assistant  United  States 
district  attorney  for  the  Western  District  of  Pennsylvania 
1876-77 ; was  attorney-general  in  the  cabinet  of  President 
McKinley  1901-04 ; was  United  States  senator  (Republi- 
can) from  Pennsylvania  1904-09 ; and  was  secretary  of 
state  1909-13. 

Knox  College.  A non-sectarian  coeducational 
college  situated  at  Galesburg,  Illinois,  it  was 
chartered  in  1837  under  the  name  of  the  Knox  Manual 
Labor  College  and  its  name  was  changed  to  Knox  College 
in  1857.  The  plan  of  the  college,  originated  at  Whites- 
boro,  New  York,  included  the  purchasing  of  lands  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley  by  the  colony  which  founded  Gales- 
burg as  a body.  Half  the  present  township  of  Galesburg 
was  purchased  under  this  plan.  The  institution  now 
comprises  the  college,  an  academy,  and  a conservatory  of 
music,  and  has  a student  body  of  about  700  and  an  endow- 
ment of  over  $400,000. 

Knoxville  (noks'  vil).  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  about,  2 miles  south- 
west of  Pittsburgh.  Population,  5,651,  (1910). 

Koch*,  Robert.  In  1905  he  was  awarded  the 
Nobel  prize  in  medicine. 

Kocher  (koch'er),  Emil  Theodor.  Born  at 
Bern,  Aug.  25,  1841.  A Swiss  surgeon,  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  in  the  University  of  Bern 
from  1872.  He  has  made  important,  investigations  with 
reference  to  the  thyroid  gland,  and  has  published  many 
works  on  surgical  and  pathological  subjects.  In  1909  he 
received  the  Nobel  prize  for  medicine. 

Kodama  (ko-da/ma),  Viscount  Gentaro.  Born 
on  the  island  of  Sikokn,  Tokuyama,  Feb. 
5,  1852:  died  at  Tokio,  July  23,  1906.  A 
noted  Japanese  general  and  strategist,  chief 
of  staff  of  the  Manchurian  army  during  the 
war  with  Russia  (1904-05).  He  studied  military 

science  in  Germany  ; was  governor-general  of  Formosa 
and  minister  of  war  1900-02  ; and  was  minister  of  home 
affairs  in  1903.  To  his  skill  is  attributed,  in  large  mea- 
sure, the  success  of  the  Japanese  arms  in  Manchuria. 

Kohlrausch  (kol'roush),  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Rinteln,  Prussia,  Oct.  14,  1840:  died  at  Mar- 
burg, Jan.  17,  1910.  A German  physicist. 
He  was  professor  of  physics  at  Gottingen,  Zurich,  Darm- 
stadt, Wurzburg,  and  StiaBburg  successively,  and  was 
president  of  the  imperial  Physical-Technical  Institute  at 
Charlottenburg  1895-1905.  He  was  especially  noted  for 
his  investigations  in  electricity  and  magnetism. 

Kohut  (ko'hot),  Alexander.  Born  at  F61egy- 
h&za, Hungary, April  22,1842:  died  atNewYork, 
May  25, 1894.  A Jewish  rabbi  and  Orientalist. 
His  best  known  work  is  a critical  edition  of  the  classical 
dictionary  of  the  Talmud,  the  “Aruch”  of  Nathan  ben 
Jechiel.  Kohut  called  his  work  the  “Aruch  Completum.” 
It  consists  of  eight  volumes,  and  is  a monumental  contri- 
bution to  Hebrew  learning. 

Koldewey  (kol'de-va),  Karl.  Born  in  Bficken, 
Hannover,  Oct.  26,  1837 : died  at  Hamburg, 
May  18,  1908.  A German  arctic  explorer.  He 

undertook  in  1868  the  first  Geiman  polar  expedition  to 
Spitzbergen,  and  1869-70  an  expedition  to  eastern  Green- 
land. He  discovered  the  large  Franz  Joseph’s  Fiord. 
During  his  later  years  he  was  one  of  the  superintendents 
of  the  Seewarte  of  Hamburg.  He  published  accounts  of 
his  voyages. 

Kolliker*,  Rudolf  Albert  von.  Be  was  professor 

of  anatomy,  n icroscopy,  and  the  history  of  development 
1866-1902.  1’  is  later  works  include  “ leones  histologic®  ” 

(1863-65),  “ Anatomisch-systematische  Beschreibung  der 
Alcyonarien  ” (1870-72),  “Morphologie  und  Entwicke- 
lungsgeschichte  des  Pennatulidenstammes ” (1872),  “Die 
normale Resorption  des  Knochengewebes”  (1873),  “Grund- 
riss  der  Entwickelungsgeschichte  des  Menschen  und  der 
liohern  Tiere  ” (1880),  “lie  Medulla  oblongata  und  die 
Vierhugelgegend  von  Ornithorhynchus  und  Echidna” 
(1901),  “ Erinnerungen  aus  meinem  Leben  "(1899),  etc. 
B’rom  1849  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  “Zeitschrift 
fur  wissenschaftliche  Zoologie.” 

Komura  (ko-mo'ra),  Marquis  Jutaro.  Born 
Sept.,  1855:  died  Nov.  24,  1911.  A Japanese 
statesman  and  diplomatist,  senior  Japanese 
plenipotentiary  for  the  negotiation  of  peace 
with  Russia  at  Portsmouth  in  1905.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1877 ; was  charge  d’affaires  at 
Peking  1894-95 ; was  appointed  minister  to  the  United 
States  in  1898  and  to  Russia  in  1900 ; was  foreign  minister 
1901-06  and  1908-11 ; and  ambassador  to  Great  Britain 
1906-08.  He  was  created  baron  in  1903,  count  in  1907,  and 
marquis  in  1910. 


Kongo,  French 

Kongo*,  French.  It  is  now  known  as  French  Equa- 
torial  Africa.  By  convention  of  November,  1911,  France 
ceded  about  10,400  square  miles  of  this  colony  to  Germany 
and  received  about  6,450  square  miles  of  Kamerun  and 
recognition  of  the  French  protectorate  in  Morocco. 

Kongo  Free  state*.  It  was  annexed  to  Bel- 
gium in  October,  1908,  and  the  name  changed 
to  the  Belgian  Kongo.  The  territory  was 
divided  for  administrative  purposes  into  14 
districts,  which,  by  decree  of  March  28,  1912, 
were  changed  into  22  districts.  Government 
is  in  the  hands  of  a governor-general,  repre- 
senting the  king. 

Konigskinder  (ke'nigs-kin-der),  Die.  [G., 
‘ The  King’s  Children.’]  An  opera  by  Engelbert 
Humperdinck  (words  by  Frau  Elsa  Bernstein), 
first  produced  at  New  York,  Dec.  28,  1910. 
Koninck  (ko'ningk),  Philip  de.  Born  at  Am- 
sterdam, Nov.  5,  1619:  died  there,  Oct.  4, 
1688.  A Dutch  painter.  His  work  is  entirely  con- 
fined  to  landscape,  usually  extensive  views  over  the  flat 
Dutch  country  in  the  manner  of  Rembrandt.  His  pic- 
tures show  an  attractive  truth  to  nature  and  sense  of 
distance.  The  color  is  usually  pure  and  fine.  His  works 
are  rare. 

Korea".  The  government  was  a monarchy,  and  the  em- 
peror was  advised  by  a cabinet  of  ten  ministers.  It  passed 
under  Japanese  control  in  1904.  In  1905  a treaty  was 
signed  with  Japan  giving  to  that  country  the  control  of 
the  foreign  relations  of  Korea  and  providing  fora  Japa- 
nese resident-general,  and  in  1907  a further  agreement  was 
reached  by  which  administrative  and  other  state  matters 
were  to  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  resident-general 
and  Japanese  subjects  were  to  be  eligible  for  government 
positions.  In  August,  1910,  Japan  formally  annexed  Korea 
as  the  province  of  Cho-sen.  The  country  is  divided  for 
administrative  purposes  into  13  provinces. 

Korngold  (korn'golt),  Erich  Wolfgang.  Bom 

at  Brtinn,  Moravia,  in  1897.  An  Austrian  com- 
poser and  pianist.  At  the  age  of  five  he  began  play- 
ing  piano  duets  with  his  father,  and  at  eight  had  written 
his  first  musical  composition.  “ Der  Schneemann,”  a pan- 
tomime ballet  which  he  wrote  at  the  age  of  eleven,  was 
orchestrated  by  his  teacher,  Alexander  von  Zemlinsky, 
and  produced  in  October,  1910,  at  the  Vienna  Opera.  He 
has  also  written  a sonata  in  D minor  for  piano,  a trio,  and 
six  character  pieces  for  piano,  entitled  “Don  Quixote.” 
He  has  appeared  in  concert,  playing  his  own  composi- 
tions. 

Kossel  (kos'sel),  Albrecht.  Born  at  Rostock, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Sept.  16,  1853.  A 
German  physiologist,  professor  in  Heidelberg 
University.  He  is  especially  noted  for  Ms 
work  in  physiological  chemistry.  In  1910  he 
was  awarded  the  Nobel  prize  for  medicine. 
Kossuth  (kosh'ot),  Franz.  Born  at  Budapest, 
Nov.  16,  1841.  A Hungarian  statesman,  son 
Of  Louis  Kossuth.  He  suffered  exile  with  his  father; 
was  educated  at  Paris  and  in  University  College,  London  ; 
went  to  Italy  in  1861  as  a civil  engineer ; and  in  1894,  on 
the  death  of  his  father,  returned  to  Hungary  and  took  the 
oath  of  allegiance  as  a Hungarian  subject.  He  soon  be- 
came the  leader  of  the  Independence  party  in  the  Hun- 
garian  Parliament.  In  1904  he  united  his  forces  with 
those  of  Count  Apponyi  and  became  the  leader  of  the 
coalesced  parties.  In  April,  1906,  he  became  minister  of 
commerce  in  the  cabinet  of  Alexander  Wekerle. 

Krafft-Ebing  (kraft'a'bing),  Richard,  Baron 
von.  Bora  at  Mannheim,  Aug.  14, 1840 : died 


at  Mariagrun,  near  Gratz,  Dec.  22,  1902.  A 
noted  German  physician  and  neurologist.  He 

was  professor  of  psychiatry  at  Strasburg  1872-73,  at  Gratz 
1873-89,  and  at  Vienna  1889-1902.  He  published  numer- 
ous works  on  criminal  psychology,  nervous  diseases,  hyp- 
notism, etc. 

Krehbiel  (kra/bel),  Henry  Edward.  Born  at 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  March  10,  1854.  An  Amer- 
ican critic  and  musical  historian.  He  was  re- 
porter and  then  critic  on  the  Cincinnati  “ Gazette,"  and 
later  became  musical  critic  of  the  New  York  “Tribune." 
He  has  written  “Review  of  the  New  York  Musical  Sea- 
son" (five  volumes,  1885-90),  “Studies  in  the  Wagnerian 
Drama  " (1891),  “ How  to  Listen  to  Music  ” (1897),  “ Music 
and  Manners  in  the  Classical  Period  ” (1898),  “ Chapters 
of  Opera ” (1908),  “The  Pianoforte  and  its  Music ” (1910), 
etc.  He  received  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in 
1901. 

Kreisler  (kris'ler),  Fritz.  Born  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  2, 1875.  An  Austrian  violinist.  He  entered 
the  Vienna  Conservatory  at  seven  years  af  age,  winning 
the  first  prize  three  years  later,  and  that  at  the  Paris 
Conservatory  in  1887.  He  toured  in  America  with  Rosen- 
thal 1888-89,  and  on  returning  to  Europe  studied  medi- 
cine and  art,  and  entered  the  army.  Resuming  his  mu- 
sical studies,  he  appeared  in  Berlin  in  1899  with  success, 
played  with  Hofmann  and  Gerardy  in  America  1900-01, 
and  has  since  revisited  this  country. 

Kremnitz  (krem'nits),  Frau  (Marie  von  Bar- 
delebem:  pen-names,  Mite  Kremnitz  and 
George  Allan.  Born  at  Greifswald,  Germany, 
Jan.  4,  1852.  A German  author,  daughter  of 
the  surgeon  Heinrich  Adolf  von  Bardeleben 
(18jL9-95).  She  has  published  a number  of  translations 
from  the  Rumanian,  and  has  written  With  Queen  Eliza- 
beth of  Rumania  (Carmen  Sylva),  under  the  pseudonym 
“Dito  und  Idem,”  “Anna  Boleyn,”  a tragedy  (1886),  “Aus 
zwei  Welten  ” (1884),  “Astra  ” (1886),  “ In  der  Irre  ” (1888), 
and  “Rache,  und  andere  Novellen”  (1889).  She  is  the 
author  also  of  “ Fluch  der  Liebe  ” (1880),  “Ein  Fiirsten- 
kind  ” (1883),  “Ausgewanderte *'  (1890),  “Mann  und  Weib ” 
(1902),  “ Fatum  ” (1903),  etc. 

Kubelik  (ko'be-lek),  Jan.  Born  at  Michle, 
near  Prague,  July  5,  1880.  A Bohemian  vio- 
lin virtuoso.  He  began  his  studies  at  the  age  of  five, 
and  in  1888  made  his  first  appearance  at  Prague,  playing 
a Vieuxtemps  concerto.  He  was  a pupil  at  the  Prague 
Conservatory  1892-98,  made  a successful  debut  at  Vienna 
in  1898,  and  has  since  been  heard  in  concert  throughout 
Europe  and  America. 

Kuhnau  (ko'nou),  Johann.  Born  at  Neugei- 
sing,  Saxony,  April,  1660:  died  at  Leipsic, 
June  25, 1722.  A German  composer  and  organ- 
ist, remarkable  for  his  clavier  music,  in  which 
he  made  important  contributions  toward  de- 
veloping the  sonata  form  and  interesting  ex- 
periments in  program  music.  For  the  last  twenty 
years  of  his  life  he  was  cantor  of  the  Thomaskirche  in 
Leipsic,  being  the  predecessor  of  Bach. 

Kiihne  (kii'ne),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
March  28,  1837 : died  at  Heidelberg,  June  10, 
1900.  A noted  German  physiologist,  professor 
and  director  of  the  Physiological  Institute  at 
Heidelberg  from  1871.  He  published  “Lehr- 
buch  der  physiologischen  Chernie”  (1866-68), 
etc. 

Kiilpe  (kiil'pe),  Oswald.  Born  at  Kandau, 
Courland,  Aug.  3.  1862.  A German  psychol- 
ogist, professor  of  philosophy  and  esthetics  in 


Lagonoy  Gulf 

the  University  of  Wurzburg  from  1894.  He  has 
published  “Grundriss  der  Psychologie " (1893),  “Einleit- 
ung  in  die  Philosophic  ” (1895),  etc. 

Kumassi*,  or  Coomassie.  In  1901  Ashanti  was 
annexed  to  Great  Britain.  It  iB  administered  by  a chief 
commissioner.  The  governor  of  the  Gold  Coast  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Ashanti. 

Kunz  (konz),  George  Frederick.  Born  at  New 
York,  Sept.  29,  1856.  An  American  mineral- 
ogist and  expert  in  gems  (with  Tiffany  and 
Company),  special  agent  in  charge  of  precious 
stones  with  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey from  1883.  He  has  written  “Gems  and  Precious 
Stones  of  North  America,"  “Precious  Natal  Stones," 
“ Book  of  the  Pearl  ” (with  C.  H.  Stevenson,  1908),  etc. 

Kure  (ko're).  A city  in  the  province  of  Hiro- 
shima, Japan.  It  is  a naval  port,  with  dock- 
yards and  armor-plating  factories.  Popula- 
tion, 100,679. 

Kurino  (ko-re'no),  Baron  Shinichiro.  Born  at 
Fukuoka,  1852.  A Japanese  diplomatist,  am- 
bassador to  France  1906-.  He  was  appointed 
minister  at  Washington  in  1894,  at  Rome  in 
1896,  at  Paris  in  1897,  and  at  St.  Petersburg 
in  1901. 

Kuroki  (ko-ro'ki),  Count  Tamemoto.  Born 
at  Saga,  March  16,  1844.  A noted  Japanese 
general,  commander  of  the  first  army  in  the 
war  with  Russia  (1904-05).  He  defeated  the  Bus- 
8ians  in  the  battle  of  the  Yalu  River,  May  1,  1904,  and  in 
many  subsequent  engagements.  In  the  battles  of  the 
Liao-yang,  the  Shaho,  and  Mukden  he  commanded  the 
right  wing.  In  the  Chinese- Japanese  war  (1894-95)  he  led 
the  Kumamoto  division,  and  was  promoted  general  in 
1903.  He  was  created  baron  in  1895  and  count  in  1907. 
He  is  a member  of  the  supreme  council  of  war. 

Kuropatkin  (ko-ro-pat'kin),  Alexei  Nikolaie- 
vitch.  Born  March  29  (N.  S.),  1848.  A dis- 
tinguished Russian  general,  unsuccessful  com- 
mander of  the  Russian  forces  in  the  first  part 
of  the  Russo-Japanese  war.  He  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  general  staff  of  the  Russian  army  from 
1874 ; performed  various  diplomatic  and  military  services 
in  Turkestan  and  elsewhere  in  Asia ; served  through  the 
Russo-Turkish  war  (1877-78)  as  chief  of  staff  to  Skobelef  ; 
fought  against  the  Tekke-Turkomans  1880-81 ; was  min- 
ister of  war  in  1898  ; and  became  adjutant-general  in  1902. 
In  1901  he  was  made  general  of  infantry,  and  in  1902  aide- 
de-camp  to  the  emperor.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Russo. 
Japanese  war  (1904),  he  was  made  commander  of  the  Rus- 
sian forces  in  Manchuria,  but  was  repeatedly  defeated, 
most  decisively  in  the  battles  of  Liao-yang,  the  Shaho, 
and  Mukden.  After  the  last  defeat  he  was  superseded 
by  Linievitch.  His  military  memoirs,  “ The  Russian 
Army  and  the  Japanese  War,”  appeared  in  1909. 

Kwang-su  (kwang-so'):  personal  name,  Tsai- 
tien.  Born  at  Peking,  Aug.  2,  1872:  died 
there,  Nov.  14,1908.  The  title  of  the  Emperor 
of  China,  son  of  Prince  Chun,  who  was  seventh 
son  of  the  emperor  Tao-kwang  and  brother  of 
the  emperor  Hsien-feng.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne 
on  the  death  of  his  cousin,  the  emperor  Tung-chih,  Jan- 
uary, 1875,  and  nominally  assumed  the  government  in 
March,  1887 ; but  until  his  marriage  in  February,  1889, 
was  under  the  regency  of  his  mother’s  sister,  the  empress 
dowager  Tsu-hsi.  In  i898  he  issued  several  edicts  in  favor 
of  reform,  and  as  a consequence  the  empress  dowager  re- 
sumed the  regency  in  September  of  that  year.  The  em- 
peror was  childless  and  was  succeeded  by  Pu-yi,  great- 
grandson  of  the  emperor  Tao-kwang. 


(la-bo').  A mountain  in 
Ambos  Camarines  province, 
southeastern  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  Height,  5,000 
feet. 

Labori  (la-bo-re'),  Fernand. 
Born  at  Rheims,  France, 
April  18,  1860.  A French 
advocate,  noted  especially 
for  his  defense  of  Dreyfus  in  1899.  He  has 
published  “ Repertoire  encyclopedique  du 
droit  fran^ais”  (with  others),  etc. 

Labuan*.  In  1906  it  was  proclaimed  a part  of  the  Straits 
Settlements.  It  is  administered  by  the  government  of 
Singapore.  Extensive  coal-mines  have  been  developed 
on  the  island. 

Lacedaemon.  2.  A notnarchy  of  modern 
Greece.  Capital,  Sparta.  Population,  87,106. 

Lackawanna  (lak-a-won'ii).  A city  in  Erie 
County,  New  York,  incorporated  in  1909.  Pop- 
ulation, 14,549,  (1910). 

Laconia  (la-ko'ni-a).  The  county-seat  of  Bel- 
knap County,  New  Hampshire,  23  miles  north- 
east of  Concord.  It  is  one  of  the  summer 
resorts  of  this  region,  a few  miles  from  Mount 
Belknap.  It  has  lumber-mills,  and  manufac- 


tories of  woolen  goods,  paper,  yarn,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,183,  (1910). 

Ladd*,  George  Trumbull.  He  resigned  his  pro- 
fessorship in  Y’ale  University  in  1905.  His  later  works 
include  “Introduction  to  Philosophy"  (1890),  “Outlines 
of  Physiological  Psychology"  (1891),  “ Psychology,  De- 
scriptive and  Explanatory”  (1S94),  “ Philosophy  of  Mind  ’ 
(1895),  “Philosophy  of  Knowledge”  (1897),  “ Outlines  of 
Descriptive  Psychology  ” (1898),  “ Essays  on  the  Higher 
Education ” (1899),  “ Theory  of  Reality ” (1899),  “Philos- 
ophy of  Conduct"  (1902),  “Philosophy  of  Religion"  (1905), 
“ In  Korea  with  Marquis  Ito  " (1908),  etc. 

Lady  of  the  Aroostook,  The.  A New  England 
love  story  by  William  Dean  Howells,  pub- 
lished in  1875. 

La  Farge  (la  farj'),  Christopher  Grant.  Born 
at  Newport,'  R.  I.,  Jan.  5, 1862.  An  American 
architect.  He  was  trained  at  the  Massachusetts  Insti- 
tute  of  Technology  and  in  the  office  of  H.  H.  Richardson. 
In  1883  he  came  to  New  York  with  G.  L.  Heins  and  took 
charge  of  the  architectural  work  of  his  father,  John  La 
Farge.  In  1886  the  firm  of  Heins  and  La  Farge  was 
formed  by  the  two  younger  men.  They  have  designed  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine  and  the  interior  of  the 
Church  of  St.  Paul  the  Apostle  in  New  York,  St.  Matthew's 
Church  in  Washington,  Houghton  Memorial  Chapel  at 
Wellesley  College,  the  chapel  at  West  Point,  the  Lorillard, 
Matthiesen,  and  Bliss  mausoleums  in  Woodlawn  Ceme- 
tery (New  York),  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  in  Seattle, 
and  the  Packard  Memorial  Library  in  Salt  Lake  City. 


Let  Farge \ John.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  work 
in  stained  glass,  in  which  he  obtained  remarkable  color 
effects  as  the  result  of  much  experimentation.  His  writ- 
ings include  “An  Artist’s  Letters  from  Japan”  (1887), 
“Lectures  on  Art”  (1895),  “Considerations  on  Painting” 
(1901),  “Great  Masters”  (1903),  “Higher  Life  in  Art” 
(1908),  etc. 

La  Fayette  (la  fa-et').  The  parish-seat  of  La 
Fayette  Parish,  Louisiana,  116  miles  northwest 
of  New  Orleans.  It  has  cotton-seed  oil  mills, 
a sugar-refinery,  etc.  Population,  6,392,  (1910). 

La  Follette  (la'fol'let),  Robert  Marion.  Born 
at  Primrose,  Wis.,  June  14,  1855.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  politician.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1879;  was  a Republican 
member  of  Congress  1885-91 ; was  governor  of  Wisconsin 
1901-06 ; and  was  elected  United  States  senator  in  1905. 

Lagerlof  (lii'gor-lef),  Selma.  Born  at  Mar- 
backa,  Varmland,  Nov.  20,  1858.  A Swedish 

writer.  Her  works  include  novels,  poems,  etc.  In  1907 
she  waB  crowned  with  a laurel  wreath  at  I psala  as  the 
most  popular  of  living  Swedish  writers,  and  she  was  award- 
ed the  Nobel  prize  in  literature  in  1909. 

Lagonoy  (lii-go-noi')  Gulf.  A large  gulf  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  southern  Luzon,  Philippine 
Islands,  indenting  the  shores  of  Ambos  Cama- 
rines and  Albav.  On  the  east  it  communicates  directly 
with  the  Pacific  Ocean.  On  the  north  it  is  connected  with 


Lagonoy  Gulf 

the  Pacific  by  Maqueda  Channel.  Four  islands  on  the 
south  separate  it  from  the  Gulf  of  Albay. 

LagOS*.  2.  In  May,  1906,  the  Colony  and  Protectorate 
of  Lagos  and  the  old  Protectorate  of  Southern  Nigeria 
were  amalgamated  under  the  name  of  the  Colony  and 
Protectorate  of  Southern  Nigeria.  Lagos  now  forms  one 
of  the  three  provinces,  and  the  seat  of  government  of  the 
colony  is  at  Lagos  town. 

La  Grange  (la  granj').  The  county-seat  of 
Troup  County,  Georgia,  63  miles  southwest  of 
Atlanta.  It  is  a trade  center,  with  cotton- 
mills,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Southern 
Female  College  and  the  La  Grange  Female 
College.  Population,  5,587,  (1910). 

La  Grange  (la  granj').  A village  in  Cook 
County,  Illinois,  13  miles  southwest  of  Chi- 
cago. It  is  chiefly  residential.  Population, 
5,282,  (1910). 

Laguna  de  Bay  (la-go'na  da  bi').  A lake  in 
the  southern  part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands, 
lying  within  the  provinces  of  Cavite,  Rizal,  and 
La  Laguna.  Its  greatest  depth,  ascertained  by  sound- 
ings,  is  20  feet.  It  contains  several  small  islands,  the 
largest  being  Talim.  Its  outlet  is  the  Pasig  River,  which 
connects  it  with  Manila  Bay. 

Lake  Charles  (lak  cbarlz).  The  parish-seat  of 
Calcasieu  Parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  Lake 
Charles,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State. 
It  has  lumber-mills,  rice-mills,  and  manufac- 
tories of  threshing-machines,  etc.,  and  is  the 
seat  of  Acadia  College.  Population,  11,449, 
(1910). 

Lake  City  (lak  sit'i ).  The  county-seat  of  Co- 
lumbia County,  Florida.  It  is  in  a cotton- 
growing region,  and  is  visited  as  a health 
resort.  It  has  a trade  in  fruit,  lumber,  turpen- 
tine, etc.  Population,  5,032,  (1910). 

Lake  Leopold  II.  1.  A large  lake  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Belgian  Kongo.  It  dis- 
charges by  the  Mflni  into  the  Kassai,  a trib- 
utary of  the  Kongo. — 2.  One  of  the  adminis- 
trative districts  of  the  Belgian  Kongo. 
Lakewood  (lak'wud).  A village  in  Cuyahoga 
County,  Ohio,  6 miles  southwest  of  Cleveland. 
Population,  15,181,  (1910). 

Lakrn§  (lak-ma/).  An  opera  by  Delibes  (words 
by  Goudinet  and  Gille),  first  produced  at  Paris 
in  1883. 

La  Laguna  (la  la-go'na).  A province  of 
southeastern  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  It  ia 
bounded  by  Laguna  de  Bay  and  Rizal  on  the  north,  In- 
fanta and  Tayabas  on  the  east,  Tayabas  and  Batangas  on 
the  south,  and  Batangas  and  Cavite  on  the  west.  It  en- 
circles the  southern  half  of  Laguna  de  Bay,  and  occupies 
the  eastern  part  of  the  mountainous  peninsula  project- 
ing from  the  north  into  that  lake.  Capital,  Santa  Cruz. 
The  highest  mountains  of  the  province  are  the  extinct 
volcanoes  Banajao  and  San  Cristobal  in  the  southeast, 
and  Maquiling  in  the  south.  There  are  numerous  rivers. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  more  than  half  of  it  is  adapted 
to  agriculture.  Among  the  productions  are  sugar-cane, 
abaca  or  hemp,  rice,  copra,  betel-nuts,  and  coffee.  The 
native  race  is  Tagalog.  Area,  629  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 148,606. 

Lalaane  (la-lan'),  Maxima.  Born  at  Bor- 
deaux, France,  Nov.  27,  1827 : died  at  Nogent- 
sur-Marne,  July  29,  1886.  A noted  French 
etcher  and  illustrator.  He  was  a pupil  of  Gigoux 
and  made  his  debut  at  the  Salon  of  1852  with  a notable 
series  of  drawings.  His  work  consists  of  numerous  illus- 
trations to  books  and  periodicals,  especially  “L’ Artiste” 
and  “L’Ulustration  Nouvelle,”  the  organ  of  a society  of 
etchers  which  Lalanne  helped  to  establish  in  1862,  and 
many  independent  etchings  and  plates  from  the  old 
masters. 

Lamar  (la-mar'),  Joseph  Rucker.  Born  at 
Ruckersville,  Ga.,  Oct.  14,  1857.  An  American 
jurist,  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  in  1910.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1879,  and  engaged  in  legal  practice  at  Au- 
gusta, Georgia.  He  was  a member  of  the  Georgia  House  of 
Representatives  1886-89.  In  1895  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  a commission  for  codifying  the  laws  of  Georgia, 
and  in  1903  became  an  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  that  State. 

Lamberton  (lam'ber-ton),  Benjamin  Peffer- 
Born  March  10,  1843:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  June  9, 1912.  An  American  naval  officer, 
promoted  rear-admiral  in  1903.  He  served  as 
chief  of  staff  to  Commodore  (Admiral)  Dewey  on  the 
Olympia  in  the  battle  of  Manila  Bay,  May  1,  1898,  and 
was  promoted  captain  May  17.  He  retired  in  1906. 
Lamon  (lii-mon')  Bay.  A large  bay  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  in- 
denting Tayabas  province  on  the  north.  It  is 
protected  by  islands. 

Lamorinifere  (la-mo-re-ne-ar'),  Francois. 
Born  at  Antwerp,  April  28,  1828:  died  there, 
.Jan.  4,  1911.  A Belgian  landscape-painter. 

He  wasa  pupil  at  the  Antwerp  Academy,  where  he  became 
a professor  in  1885.  Of  his  paintings  the  “Isle  of  Wal- 
cheren”  is  in  the  Antwerp  Museum,  and  the  “View  near 
Spaa  ” and  the  " View  near  Edeghem  ” belong  to  the  Brus- 
sels Museum. 

Lamoureux  (la-mo-re'),  Charles.  Born  at 
Bordeaux,  Sept.  21,  1834 : died  at  Paris,  Dec. 


21,  1899.  A noted  French  conductor,  in  1877  he 

became  conductor  of  the  Op^ra,  resigning  in  1879.  From 
1872-77  he  was  assistant  conductor  of  the  Conservatoire 
concerts.  In  1881  he  established  the  Nouveaux  Concerts 
(Concerts  Lamoureux),  where  he  did  important  work  in 
introducing  the  music  of  Wagner  and  other  modern  com- 
posers. 

Lamperti  (lam-par'te),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Savona,  Italy,  March  11,  1813 : died  at  Como, 
May  1,  1892.  A famous  teacher  of  siDging. 

He  was  a pupil  of  the  Milan  Conservatory,  and  a teacher 
there  1850-76.  He  was  an  exponent  of  the  old  Italian 
method  of  singing,  and  published  a treatise  on  his  art,  and 
various  vocal  studies.  He  numbered  among  his  pupils 
Albani,  Sembrich,  Campanini,  Cruvelli,  and  La  Grange. 

Lamsdorf  (lamz'dorf),  Count  Vladimir  Niko- 
laievitch.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  December, 
1844:  died  at  San  Remo,  Italy,  March  19, 1907. 
A Russian  statesman.  He  entered  the  Foreign  Office 
in  1866 ; rose  to  be  assistant  foreign  minister  in  1897 ; was 
foreign  minister  1901-06  ; and  was  appointed  a member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Empire,  May  11,  1906. 

Lanao  (la-na'o)  Lake.  A lake  in  Mindanao, 
Philippine  Islands,  2,200  feet  above  sea-level. 
It  is  drained  on  the  north  by  the  river  Agus  or  Iligan, 
which  flows  into  Iligan  Bay. 

Landreth  (lan'dreth)’,  Olin  Henry.  Born  at 

Addison,  N.  Y.,  July  21,  1852.  An  American 
civil  engineer, professor  of  engineeringin  Union 
University,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  from  1894.  He 
was  assistant  astronomer  at  the  Dudley  Observatory,  Al- 
bany, 1877-79  ; was  professor  of  engineering  at  Vanderbilt 
University  1879-94,  and  dean  of  the  engineering  depart- 
ment. 1886-94  ; and  has  been  consulting  engineer  of  the 
New  York  State  Board  of  Health  and  of  numerous  munici- 
palities and  corporations.  He  was  a member  of  the  New 
York  State  Water  Storage  Commission  of  1902-03  and  of 
the  State  New  York  Bay  Pollution  Commission  1904-06. 

Lane  (lan),  Mrs.  (Anna  Eichberg  King).  Born 
at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  in  1856.  An  Ameri- 
can author,  daughter  of  Julius  Eichberg,  the 
musician.  Ill  1898  she  married  John  Lane,  the  pub- 
lisher. She  has  written  “Kitwyk,”  “American  Wives 
and  English  Housekeeping,”  “According  to  Maria,”  “The 
Talk  of  the  Town,"  etc. 

Lane,  Franklin  Knight.  Born  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island,  July  15,  1864.  An  American 
cabinet  officer.  He  was  educated  at  the  University 
of  California ; was  corporation  counsel  for  San  Francisco 
1897-1902;  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  California 
in  1902  ; member  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 
1905-13  ; and  secretary  of  the  interior  1913-. 

Lang*,  Andrew.  He  was  made  a fellow  of  the  British 
Academy  in  1906.  He  has  also  written  “ Essays  in  Little  ” 
(1891),  “Green  Fairy  Book”  (1892),  “Homer  and  the 
Epic  ” (1893),  “St:  Andrews  ” (1893),  “Yellow Fairy  Book  ” 
(1894),  “Cock  Lane  and  Common  Sense  ” (1894),  “The 
Book  of  Dreams  and  Ghosts  " (1897),  “ Pink  Fairy  Book  ” 
(1897),  ’•  The  Making  of  Religion  ” (1898),  “The  Homeric 
Hymns  ” (1899),  “ A History  of  Scotland  from  the  Roman 
Occupation”  (Vol.  I,  1900),  “Prince  Charles  Edward” 
(1900),  “Magic  and  Religion  (1901),  “Alfred  Tennyson” 
(1901),  “The  Mystery  of  Mary  Stuart”  (1901),  “John 
Knox  and  the  Reformation”  (1905),  “Homer  and  his 
Age”  (1906),  “Olive  Fairy  Book”  (1907),  “The  Maid  of 
France”  (1908),  ‘‘Sir  George  Mackenzie"  (1909),  “The 
World  of  Homer  ” (1910),  etc. 

Langley*,  Samuel  Pierpont.  He  was  the  first  to 
build  a flying-machine  (aerodrome),  heavier  than  air, 
which,  supported  and  propelled  by  its  own  engine,  made 
an  independent  flight  for  a considerable  distance,  this 
being  accomplished  for  the  first  time  on  May  6,  1896. 

Lankester*,  Sir  Edwin  Ray.  He  was  Fullerian 
professor  of  physiology  and  comparative  anatomy  in  the 
Royal  Institution  of  London  1898-1900.  He  was  knighted 
in  1907.  Since  1869  he  has  been  the  editor  of  the 
“Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science.”  He  has 
written  “Comparative  Longevity”  (1871),  “Degenera- 
tion ” (1880),  “ Spolia  Maris  ” (1889),  “ The  Advancement 
of  Science"  (1889),  “A  Treatise  on  Zoology”  (1900-05), 
“ Extinct  Animals”  (1905),  “The  Kingdom  of  Man  ” (1907), 
and  many  special  monographs ; and  he  has  edited,  with 

M.  Foster,  the  “ Scientific  Memoirs  of  Th.  H.  Huxley  ” 
(1898-1902). 

Lansford  (lanz'ford).  A borough  in  Carbon 
County,  Pennsylvania,  27  miles  northwest  of 
Allentown.  Coal-mining  is  its  principal  in- 
dustry. Population,  8,321,  (1910). 

Laoag  (la-o-ag').  1.  A river  in  northwestern 

Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  flowing  westward  to 
the  China  Sea. — 2.  A municipality  of  Ilocos 
Norte  province,  northwestern  Luzon.  Civi- 
lized population,  34,454. — 3.  A port  and  the 
capital  of  Ilocos  Norte  province,  Luzon.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Laoag  River,  in  lat.  18°  13'  5" 

N. ,  long.  120°  36'  E.  Population,  19,699. 
Laparra  (la-par-ra'),  Raoul.  Born  at  Bor- 
deaux about  1877.  A French  composer.  He 
studied  at  the  Paris  Conservatory,  winning  the  Prix  de 
Rome  in  1903,  in  which  year  he  completed  his  lyric  drama, 
“ La  Habanera,”  produced  at  the  Paris  Opera  Comique  in 
1907,  and  afterward  in  Germany,  London,  and  Boston.  He 
has  also  written  orchestral,  chamber,  and  piano  music,  and 
another  opera,  “La  Jota”  (1911).  His  operas  and  many  of 
his  other  works  show  the  influence  of  his  extended  travels 
in  Spain. 

Lapidoth  Swarth  (liip'i-dot  svart'),  Frau  (He- 
lene Swarth).  Born  at  Amsterdam,  Oct.  25, 
1859.  A noted  Dutch  lyric  poet.  Among  her 

works  are  “ Blauwe  Bloemen  ” (1884),  “ Beelden  en  Stem- 
men  ” (1887),  “ Sneeuwvlokken  " (1888),  “ Rouwviolen  ” 


Laughlin 

(1889),  “ Passiebloemen " (1891),  a volume  of  collected 
poems  (1892),  “ Poezij  ” (1896),  “ Diepe  Wateren  " (1897), 
and  “ Blanke  Duiven  ” (1902).  Her  prose  includes  “Kleine 
Schetsen  ” (1893),  “ Ironisch  en  Tragisch  ” (1895),  “ Van 
Vrouwenleed  ” (1896),  “ Van  Vrouwenlot  ” (1896),  “ Ernst  ” 
(1902),  etc. 

Lapparent  (la-pa-ran'),  Albert  de.  Born 
at  Bourges,  Dec.  30,  1839:  died  at  Paris,  May 
5,  1908.  A noted  French  geologist,  professor 
of  geology  and  mineralogy  in  the  Institut 
Catholique  in  Paris  from  1875.  He  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  custodian  of  the  ficole  des  Mines  in 
1864.  In  1897  he  became  a member  of  the  Academie  des 
Sciences  and  was  the  successor  of  Berthelot  as  perpetual 
secretary  of  that  body.  Among  his  works  are  “Traite  de 
gdologie  ” (1882,  4th  ed.  1899),  “ Cours  de  minfsralogie  ” 
(3d  ed.  1899),  etc. 

Laredo  (la-ra'do).  A city,  the  capital  of  Webb 
County,  Texas.  It  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of 
the  county,  on  the  Rio  Grande ; is  the  seat  of  Laredo 
Seminary  and  of  an  Ursuline  convent ; and  has  car-,  ma- 
chine-, concentrating-,  and  sampling-works,  brickyards, 
etc.  Cattle,  iron,  wool,  etc.,  are  exported.  Population, 
14,855,  (1910). 

Larkin  (lar'kin),  Edgar  Lucien.  Born  at 
Freedom,  111.,  April  5,  1847.  An  American 
astronomer,  director  of  the  Lowe  Observatory 
from  1900.  He  was  director  of  the  Knox  Col- 
lege Observatory  1888-95.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Radiant  Energy,”  “Within  the  Mind  Maze,” 
etc. 

Larmor  (lar'mor),  Sir  Joseph.  Born  at  Ma- 
gheragall,  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  July  il, 
1857.  A British  mathematician  and  physicist, 
professor  of  mathematics  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge  from  1903.  He  is  especially  noted  for 
his  contributions  to  the  theory  of  the  ultimate  constitu- 
tion of  matter.  Knighted  in  1909. 

Larsson  (lar'son),  Karl.  Born  at  Stockholm, 
Sweden,  May  28,  1853.  A Swedish  painter 
and  etcher.  In  1876  he  won  the  royal  medal  at  the 
Academy  of  Arts,  Stockholm,  and  went  to  France,  where 
for  several  years  he  was  a member  of  a Swedish  painter- 
colony  at  Grez  near  the  forest  of  Fontainebleau.  He  has 
been  especially  successful  in  water-colors,  and  in  mural 
painting  in  tempera.  His  most  important  performance 
in  this  manner  is  the  decoration  of  the  staircase  of  the 
National  Museum  at  Stockholm. 

La  Salle  College.  A Roman  Catholic  institu- 
tion of  learning  at  Philadelphia  for  boys  and 
young  men.  It  is  conducted  by  the  Brothers  of  the 
Christian  Schools  and  is  named  for  their  founder,  Jean 
Baptiste  de  La  Salle.  It  was  incorporated  and  received 
power  to  confer  degrees  in  1863. 

Las  Cruces  (las  kro'ses).  The  county-seat  of 
Dona  Ana  County,  New  Mexico.  Population, 
3,836. 

Latham  (la-tarn'),  Hubert.  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  10,  1883:  killed  (by  a buffalo)  near  Fort 
Archambault,  French  Equatorial  Africa,  June 
7,  1912.  A French  aviator,  identified  with  the 
development  of  the  Antoinette  monoplane 
from  its  inception.  He  first  attracted  attention  by 
two  attempts  to  fly  across  the  English  Channel  in  July, 
1909,  in  both  of  which  he  fell  into  the  sea  because  of  the 
failure  of  his  motor.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  ascend  to 
considerable  altitudes  in  an  aeroplane,  and  reached 
3,444  feet  on  Jan.  7, 1910,  at  Chalons,  France.  He  was  one 
of  the  French  team  at  the  international  races  at  Belmont 
Park,  Long  Island,  finishing  fourth  in  the  cup  race  in 
October,  1910.  Later  he  flew  over  the  city  of  Baltimore 
and  exhibited  in  cities  as  far  as  the  Pacific  coast. 

Lathrop  (la'tbrop),  Julia  Clifford.  Born  at 
Rockford,  111.,  1858.  An  American  worker  for 
social  reform.  She  was  graduated  from  Vassar 
College  in  1880.  She  has  spent  part  of  her  time  since 
1890  as  a resident  of  Hull  House,  Chicago,  and  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Charities.  She  was 
appointed  head  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce  and  Labor  in  1912. 

Latrobe  (la-trob').  A borough  in  Westmore- 
land County,  Pennsylvania,  34  miles  south- 
east of  Pittsburgh.  Population,  8,777. 
Latrobe  (la-trob'),  Benjamin  Henry.  Born 
in  Yorkshire,  England,  May  1,  1764  (1767?)  : 
died  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  Sept.  3,  1820.  An 
American  architect.  He  was  educated  at  a Mora- 
vian school  in  Saxony  and  at  the  University  of  Leipsic ; 
in  1785  served  in  the  Prussian  army ; returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1786;  went  to  Norfolk,  Virginia,  in  1796;  and 
to  Philadelphia  in  1798.  He  designed  many  important 
engineering  works  and  buildings  in  Richmond,  Philadel- 
phia, and  Baltimore.  In  1803  Jefferson  appointed  him 
architect  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington,  to  succeed  Dr. 
William  Thornton,  whose  designs  he  modified  greatly. 
He  rebuilt  the  Capitol  after  its  partial  destruction  by  the 
British  in  1814,  introducing  in  the  north  wing  the  six 
columns  of  the  vestibule  designed  to  represent  bundles 
of  corn-stalks,  and  similar  tobacco-stalk  columns  in  the 
circular  colonnade.  He  had  a large  practice  as  an  engi- 
neer, and  in  1812  was  interested  with  Fulton  in  introduc- 
ing steam  navigation. 

Laughlin  (laf'lin),  James  Laurence.  Born 
at  Deerfield,  Ohio,  April  2,  1850.  An  Ameri- 
can economist,  professor  of  political  economy 
in  the  University  of  Chicago  from  1892.  He 

was  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1873 ; was  assis- 
tant professor  of  political  economy  there  1883-87;  was 
president  of  the  Manufacturers’  Mutual  Fire  Insurance 
Company  of  Philadelphia  1887-90 ; and  was  professor  of 


Laughlin 

political  economy  in  Cornell  University  1890-92.  He  was 
exchange  professor  at  Berlin  in  1906.  He  has  published 
“A  History  of  Bimetallism  in  the  United  States”  (1886), 
“ Elements  of  Political  Economy " (1887),  “ Gold  and 
Prices  since  1873  ” (1887),  “ Pacts  about  Money  " (1895), 
“Report, of  the  Monetary  Commission”  (1898),  “Princi- 
ples of  Money"  (1902),  “Reciprocity”  (1903),  “Indus- 
trial America”  (1907),  “Latter-day  Problems”  (1909),  etc. 
He  is  editor  of  the  “ journal  of  Political  Economy." 

La  Union  (la  o-ni-on').  A coast  province  of 
western  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded 
by  Ilocos  Sur  on  the  north,  Lepanto-Bontoc  and  Benguet 
(separated  by  a spur  of  the  Cordillera  Central)  on  the 
east,  Pangasinan  on  the  south,  and  the  Gulf  of  Lingay^n 
and  the  China  Sea  on  the  west.  Capital,  San  Fernando. 
The  best  ports  are  San  Fernando,  safe  for  large  vessels  in 
the  monsoons,  and  Santo  Tomas,  safe  in  the  northeast 
monsoon  for  vessels  not  exceeding  15  feet  draft.  The 
highest  peak  is  Santo  Tomas  (7,298  feet).  Tobacco,  coffee, 
pineapples,  mangos,  corn,  rice,  betel-nuts,  and  sugar- 
cane are  produced.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Ilocanos. 
The  census  of  1903  gave  also  9,820  Igorrotes.  Area,  634 
square  miles.  Population,  137,839. 

Laurel  (la/rel).  A city  in  Jones  County,  Mis- 
sissippi. It  has  lumber-mills,  cotton-mills, 
etc.  Population,  8,465,  (1910). 

Laurens  ( 15  - ran' ),  Jean  Paul.  Born  at 
Fourquevaux,  Haute-Garonne,  France,  March 
29,  1838.  A French  painter,  especially  of  his- 
torical subjects.  He  studied  at  the  art  school  of 
Toulouse,  and  with  Leon  Cogniet  and  Bida  in  Paris,  mak- 
ing his  debut  in  the  Salon  of  1863  with  his  picture  “ The 
Death  of  Cato.”  His  dignified  and  vigorous  style  reached 
its  maturity  about  1872.  He  has  painted  numerous  por- 
traits and  a large  number  of  powerful  historical  composi- 
tions and  mural  pictures.  Among  the  latter  may  be 
noted  “ The  Death  of  Ste.  Genevieve  ” in  the  Pantheon, 
and  the  ceiling  of  the  Odeon,  both  in  Paris.  He  won  a 
medal  of  honor  at  the  Salon  of  1877,  and  was  elected  to 
the  Institute  in  1891. 

Laurium  (la'ri-um).  A village  in  Houghton 
County,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Michigan. 
It  is  in  one  of  the  richest  copper  regions  in 
the  United  States.  Population,  8,537,  (1910). 
Lavengro.  A story  by  George  Borrow,  pub- 
lished in  1851. 

Laveran  (lav-ran'),  Charles  Louis  Alphonse. 

Born  at  Paris,  June  18,  1845.  A French  pa- 
thologist, especially  noted  as  the  discoverer 
of  the  plasmodium  of  malaria.  He  was  appointed 
as  agrege  on  the  faculty  of  the  Ecole  du  Val-de-Grace  in 
Paris  in  1874  ; studied  malaria  in  Algeria  1878-83  ; was 
professor  of  military  hygiene  and  clinical  medicine  at  Val- 
do- Grace  1884-94  ; and  was  medical  director  of  the 
Eleventh  Army  Corps  1894-97.  In  1907  he  was  awarded 
the  Nobel  prize  for  medicine.  He  has  written  “ Traits 
des  ftevres  palustres”  (1884),  “Nouveaux  elements  de 
pathologie  medicale  " (1880 : with  Teissier),  “Du  paludisme 
et  de  son  h6matozoaire  ” (1891),  “ Les  hfSmatozoaires  de 
l'homme  et  des  animaux  ” (1895  : with  Blanchard),  “ Traite 
du  paludisme  ” (1897),  “ Traite  d’hygiene  militaire  " (1896), 
“ Prophylaxie  du  paludisme  ” (1903),  and  “Trypanosome 
et  trypanosomiases  ” (1904). 

Lavery  (lav'er-i),  John.  Born  at  Belfast.  A 
contemporary  British  portrait-painter.  He 
studied  in  Glasgow,  London,  and  Paris  ; was  elected  to  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1896  ; and  was  made  an  associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1911. 

Lavignac  (la-ven-yak'),  Alexandre  Jean 

Albert.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  22,  1846.  A 
French  musician.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
solfege  at  the  Conservatoire  in  1882,  and  professor  of 
harmony  in  1891.  He  has  published  “Solfeges,”  “Cours 
complet  theorique  de  dictee  musicale,”  “ Cinquante 
lemons  d'harmonie,"  “ La  musique  et  les  musiciens  ” (1895), 
and  “ Le  voyage  artistique  it  Bayreuth  " (1897). 

Lavisse  (la-ves'),  Ernest.  Born  at  Nouvion- 
en-Thi6rache,  Aisne,  France,  Dec.  17,  1842. 
A French  historian  and  educator,  professor 
of  modern  history  at  the  University  of  Paris 
from  1888.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  French 
Academy  in  1892,  succeeding  Admiral  de  la  Graviere. 
Since  1894  he  has  been  editor  of  the  “Revue  de  Paris.” 
Among  his  works  are  “ fitudes  sur  l’histoire  de  Prusse  ” 
(1879),  “ Questions  d'enseignement  national  " (1885),  “ Es- 
sais  sur  l’Allemagne  imperiale  ” (1887),  “ Trois  empereurs 
d’Allemagne  ” (1888),  “Vue  g6nerale  de  l’histoire  politique 
de  l'Europe”  (1890),  “La  jeunesse  du  Grand  Frederic” 
(1891),  “ Le  Grand  Frederic  avant  1’avCnement  ” (1893), 
“tin  rainistre : Victor  Duruy”  (1895),  etc.  He  edited, 
with  Rambaud,  “Histoire  gdnerale  du  IV.  siecle  k nos 
jours  ” (1893-1901). 

Law  (la),  Andrew  Bonar.  Born  in  New 
Brunswick,  Canada,  Sept.  16, 1858.  A British 
Unionist  politician,  leader  of  the  opposition 
in  the  House  of  Commons  1911-. 

Lay  Down  Your  Arms  ! The  title  of  the  Eng- 
lish translation  by  T.  Holmes  of  “ Die  Waffen 
nieder”  (1889),  by  the  Baroness  von  Suttner. 
The  author  was  awarded  the  Nobel  peace  prize  in  1905. 
The  book* is  known  also  as  “ Ground  Arms  !” 

Lea*,  Henry  Charles.  His  later  works  include 
“Chapters  from  the  Religious  History  of  Spain  connected 
with  the  Inquisition  " (1890),  “ History  of  Auricular  Con- 
fession and  Indulgences  in  the  Latin  Church  ” (1896), 
“ The  Moriscos  of  Spain  ” (1901),  “ History  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion of  the  Middle  Ages”  (1906),  “ History  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion of  Spain”  (1906),  “The  Inquisition  in  the  Spanish 
Dependencies  ” (1908). 

Lead  (led).  A city  in  Lawrence  County,  South 
Dakota.  It  has  one  of  the  largest  gold-mines 
in  the  world.  Its  manufactures  include  gold 


jewelry,  mining-tools,  etc.  Population,  8,392, 
(1910). 

League  Island.  An  island  in  the  Delaware, 
below  Philadelphia,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Schuylkill.  On  it  is  situated  a United  States 
navy-yard. 

Lebanon  (leb'a-non).  The  county-seat  of 
Boone  County,  Indiana,  26  miles  northwest  of 
Indianapolis.  It  has  hour-mills,  grain-eleva- 
tors, manufactories  of  washing-machines,  etc. 
Population,  5,474,  (1910). 

Lebaudy  (le-bo-de'),  Paul.  Born  at  Enghien, 
Seine-et-Oise,  in  1855.  A French  promoter 

of  aviation.  He  is  a man  of  wealth,  the  owner  of  a sugar- 
refinery,  and  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  He 
financed  the  making  of  a number  of  dirigible  baUoons 
adopted  by  the  French  government. 

Lederle  (led'er-li),  Ernst  Joseph.  Born  on 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  June  30,  1865.  An 
American  sanitary  engineer,  appointed  com- 
missioner of  health  of  New  York  city  in  1910. 
He  was  chemist  of  the  Department  of  Health 
of  the  city  1890-1902;  commissioner  1902-04; 
and  commissioner  of  the  New  York  State 
Water  Supply  1905-10. 

Lee  (le),  Algernon.  Born  at  Dubuque,  Iowa, 
Sept.  15,  1873.  An  American  journalist  and 
socialist.  He  has  been  identified  with  the  Socialist 
movement  since  1895.  He  was  editor  of  the  Minneapolis 
“Tocsin”  1898-99,  of  the  “Worker”  1899-1908,  of  the 
“Call”  1908-09;  and  has  been  president  of  the  Rand 
School  of  Social  Science  since  1909. 

Lee  (le),  Mrs.  (Jennette  Barbour  Perry). 

Born  at  Bristol,  Conn.,  Nov.  10,  1860.  An 
American  author.  She  was  graduated  at  Smith 
College  in  1886.  She  was  teacher  of  English  in  Vassar 
College  1890-93,  head  of  the  department  of  English  in  the 
college  for  women  of  Western  Reserve  University  1893-96, 
and  has  been  professor  of  the  English  language  and  lit- 
erature in  Smith  College  since  1904.  She  married  Gerald 
Stanley  Lee  in  1896.  She  has  published  “Kate  Weth- 
erell  ” (1900),  “Uncle  William”  (1906),  “The  Ibsen 
Secret”  (1907),  “Simeon  Tetlow’s  Shadow”  (1909),  and 
“Happy  Island  ” (1910). 

Lee  (le),  Sir  Sidney.  Born  at  London,  Dec.  5, 
1859.  An  eminent  English  scholar  and  editor. 

He  was  assistant  editor  of  the  “ Dictionary  of  National 
Biography  ” 1883-90 ; was  joint  editor  with  (Sir)  Leslie 
Stephen  1890-91 ; and  upon  the  retirement  of  the  latter  in 
1891  became  editor-in-chief.  He  was  Clark  lecturer  in 
English  literature  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1901-02, 
and  in  1903  was  lecturer  before  the  Lowell  Institute  at 
Boston,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  Princeton  Univer- 
sity. He  was  knighted  in  1911.  Among  his  publications 
are  “Stratford-on-Avon  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
Death  of  Shakespeare  ” (1884),  “ Life  of  William  Shake- 
speare ’’  (1898),  a biography  of  Queen  Victoria  (1902), 
“ Shakespeare  First  Folio  Facsimile  ” (1902),  “ Elizabethan 
Sonnets  ” (1904),  “ Great  Englishmen  of  the  Sixteenth  Cen- 
tury ” (1904),  “ Shakespeare  and  the  Modern  Stage  ” (1906), 
“The  French  Renaissance  in  England ” (1910),  etc. 

Lee  (le),  Stephen  Dill.  Born  at  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  Sept.  22,  1833;  died  at  Vicks- 
burg, Miss.,  May  28,  1908.  An  American  sol- 
dier, lieutenant-general  in  the  Confederate 
army.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1854 ; entered 
the  Confederate  service  as  captain  ; and  took  part  in  nu- 
merous battles  (including  the  Vicksburg  campaign)  during 
the  Civil  War.  From  1899  he  was  commander  of  the  Vicks- 
burg National  Military  Park. 

Leeds  University.  A university  at  Leeds, 
Yorkshire,  chartered  April  25,  1904.  It  is  the 
outgrowth  of  Yorkshire  College  (founded  in  1874),  which 
formed  part  of  Victoria  University  1887-1903.  It  provides 
teaching  and  grants  degrees  to  both  men  and  women  in 
arts,  science,  medicine,  dental  surgery,  law,  and  com- 
merce. It  is  attended  by  more  than  900  registered  stu- 
dents and  in  addition  by  over  200  evening  students. 

Leeser  (la'ser),  Isaac.  Born  at  Neuenkirchen, 
Prussia,  Dec.  12,  1806:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Feb.  1, 1868.  A Jewish  rabbi  and  author.  He 
translated  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  into  Eng- 
lish (1853) ; edited  a monthly  magazine,  the 
“Occident,”  from  1843  until  his  death;  and 
published  numerous  other  works. 

Leeward  Group.  The  western  group  or  sec- 
tion of  the  Society  Islands,  in  Oceanica,  be- 
longing to  France. 

Lefebvre  (le-favr'),  Jules.  Born  March  10, 
1836:  died  Feb.  24,  1912.  A noted  French 
painter,  a pupil  of  Cogniet. 

Le  Gallienne  (le  gal'i-en),  Richard.  Born  at 
Liverpool,  England,  Jan.  20,  1866.  An  Eng- 
lish journalist  and  author.  Since  1898  he  has  re- 
sided  in  the  United  States.  Among  his  works  are  “ The 
Book-bills  of  Narcissus  ” (1891),  “The  Religion  of  a Lit- 
erary Man  ” (1893),  “ Prose  Fancies  ” (1894,  1896),  “ The 
Quest  of  the  Golden  Girl  ”(1896),“  Painted  Shadows  ” (1904), 
“Romances  of  Old  France  ” (1905),  “ The  Worshiper  of  the 
Images”  (1906),  “Attitudes  and  Avowals”  (1910),  “Octo- 
ber Vagabonds  ” (1910),  “Loves  of  the  Poets”  (1911),  etc. 

Lehar  (la-har'),  Franz.  Born  at  Komorn, 
April  30,  1870.  A Hungarian  composer.  His 
first  work,  “Kukuska  ” (afterward  known  as  “Tatjana  "), 
a serious  composition,  was  produced  at  Leipsic  in  1896. 
He  has  since  devoted  himself  to  light  music  and  the 
operetta  form.  His  works,  most  of  which  were  first  pro- 
duced at  Vienna,  include  “Wiener  Frauen  ” (1902),  “ Her 


Lepanto-Bontoc 

Rastelbinder  ” (1902),  “Die  Juxheirat ” (1904),  “Die  lua- 
tige  Witwe”  (1905),  which,  as  “The  Merry  Widow,”  “La 
veuve  joyeuse,”  and  “La  Vedova  Allegra,”  has  brought 
him  wide  recognition,  “ Mitislav  der  Modeme”  (1907), 
“Edelweiss  und  Rosenstock " (1907),  “Peter  und  Paul 
reisen  ins  Schlaraflenland  (1906),“  Der  Mann  mitden  drei 
Frauen”  (1908),  “Der  Graf  von  Luxemburg,”  “Zigeuner 
Liebe,”  and  “Eva.”  He  has  directed  several  orchestras, 
including  the  Tonkiinstler  Orchestra  at  Vienna. 

Lehighton  (le-hl'ton).  A borough  in  Carbon 
County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lehigh  River. 
It  has  silk-mills,  car-shops,  and  manufactories 
of  wagons,  stoves,  shirts,  etc.  Population, 
5,316,  (1910). 

Lehmann  (la'man),  Elizabetta  Nina  Mary 
Frederika,  known  as  Liza  Lehmann.  Born 
at  London,  July  11,  1862.  An  English  soprano 
concert-singer  and  composer,  she  has  written 
“ In  a Persian  Garden  ” (1896  : a song-cycle),  “The  Daisy- 
chain  ” (1901),  “Sergeant  Brue”  (1904  : a musical  farce), 
etc.  In  1894  she  gave  her  farewell  concert  and  married 
Herbert  Bedford,  the  composer. 

Leishman  (lish'man),  John  G.  A.  Born  at 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  March  28,  1857.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  was  president  of  the  Carnegie 
Steel  Company  1886-1897;  was  minister  to 
Switzerland  1897-1900;  minister  to  Turkey 
1900-06;  ambassador  to  Turkey  1906-09;  am- 
bassador to  Italy  1909-11 ; and  ambassador  to 
Germany  1911-13. 

Leland*,  Charles  Godfrey.  Among  his  later  works 

are  “ Algonquin  Legends  of  New  England  ” (1884),  “ Gypsy 
Sorcery  and  Fortune- telling  ” (1890),  “Memoirs”  (1893), 
“Hans  Breitmann  in  Germany”  (1895),  “Songs  of  the  Sea 
and  Lays  of  the  Land  ” (1895),  “ Aradia  ; or,  Gospel  of  the 
Witches”  (1899),  and,  with  J.  D.  Prince,  “Kuloscap  the 
Master,  and  Other  Algonkin  Poems  ” (1902).  He  wrote 
also  a series  of  books  on  various  arts  and  crafts. 

Lemaitre  (le-matr'),  Francois  Elie  Jules: 
known  as  Jules.  Born  at  Yenneey,  Loiret, 
France,  April  27,  1853.  A French  critic,  poet, 
novelist,  and  dramatist.  He  was  a teacher  1875- 
1884  ; became  reviewer  for  the  “Revue  Bleue”iu  1884; 
and  joined  the  staff  of  the  “Journal  des  Debate  ” in  1888 
and  that  of  the  “Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  ” in  1895.  In 
1888  he  was  made  a chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  French  Academy  in  1895,  succeeding 
Duruy.  His  critical  work  has  been  collected  under  the 
titles  “Les  contemporains  ” (1885-95)  and  “Impressions 
du  theatre  ” (1888-98).  He  is  the  author  also  of  several 
volumes  of  fiction,  “ S£renus  ” (1886),  “ Dix  contes  ” (1889), 
“ Les  bois  ” (1893),  and  “ Myrrha  ” (1894) ; two  books  of 
verse,  “Les  medaillons  ” (1880)  and  "Petites  orientals ” 
(1882);  a number  of  plays,  “La  r6volt6e”  (1889),  “Le 
depute  Leveau  ” (1890),  “Le  mariage _blanc  ” (1891),  “ Fli- 
pote"  (1893),  “Les  rois  ” (1893),  “L’Age  difficile ” (1895), 
and  “Le  pardon”  (1895);  “Theories  et  impressions” 
(1904),  and  “ En  marge  des  vieux  livres  ” (1905). 

Lemoinne  (le-mwan'),  John  flmile.  Born  at 
London,  Oct.  17,  1815 : died  at  Paris,  Dec.  14, 
1892.  A French  journalist.  He  was  on  the  staff 
of  the  “ Journal  des  Debats  ” for  52  years  ; was  elected  to 
the  French  Academy  in  1875  ; and  was  appointed  a life 
senator  in  1880.  He  also  wrote  for  the  “ Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes  ” and  “Le  Matin,”  and  published  a collection  of 
his  articles  under  the  title  “ Etudes  critiques  et  biogra- 
phiques  ” (1862),  etc. 

Lenard  (le-nard'),  Philipp  von.  Born  at 
Presburg,  June  7,  1862.  A German  physicist, 
professor  in  the  University  of  Kiel  1898-1907 
and  in  the  University  of  Heidelberg  1907-. 
From  1896  to  1898  he  was  instructor  in  the  University  of 
Heidelberg.  He  is  best  known  for  his  researches  in  the 
cathode  rays  and  electricity.  In  1905  he  received  the  N obel 
prize  for  physics. 

L’Enfant  (lon-foh'),  Pierre  Charles.  Born  in 
1755:  died  in  1825.  A French  officer  and  en- 
gineer. He  came  to  America  in  1777  with  Lafayette, 
joined  the  American  army,  and  was  commissioned  brevet 
major  in  1783.  He  planned  the  city  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

Lens*.  In  March,  1906,  a disaster  occurred  in 
the  Courrieres  mine  in  which  over  1,000  per- 
sons lost  their  lives. 

Leon  (la-on').  An  inland  province  of  Ecuador, 
just  south  of  the  equator.  Its  capita]  is  Lata- 
cunga.  Population,  109,600. 

Leoncavallo  (la-on-ka-val'o),  Ruggiero.  Born 
at  Naples,  March  8,  1858.  An  Italian  operatic 
composer.  His  first  opera,  “ Chatterton,"  was  composed 
at  the  age  of  eighteen.  After  some  years  of  wandering  he 
returned  to  Italy  with  the  plan  of  an  operatic  trilogy,  the 
first  part  of  which,  “ I Medici  ” (the  only  part  published), 
he  could  not  bring  out  till  he  had  made  his  first  success 
with  “Pagliacci,”  which  was  produced  at  Milan  in  1892  and 
has  been  one  of  the  most  popular  of  modern  Italian  operas. 
His  “ La  Bolieme"  appeared  in  1897,  “Zaza” in  1900,  “ Der 
Roland,”  written  at  the  command  of  the  German  emperor, 
in  1904,  and  “ The  Youth  of  Figaro”  in  1906.  He  has  writ- 
ten the  librettos  of  all  his  operas. 

Leonhard  (la' on -hart),  Rudolph.  Born  at 
Breslau,  Dec.  26,  1851.  A German  jurist.  He 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  and 
Giessen,  and  was  in  the  service  of  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment 1872-80.  He  became  professor  extraordinary  at 
Gottingen  in  18S0,  and  professor  at  Halle  in  1884,  at  Mar- 
burg in  1885,  and  at  Breslau  in  1895.  In  1907  be  was  sent 
ns  Kaiser  Wilhelm  professor  to  Columbia  University,  New 
York.  He  has  published  many  works  on  legal  and  his- 
torical subjects. 

Lepanto-Bontoc  (la-pan'to-bon-tok').  An  ir- 
regularly shaped  inland  province  in  the  west- 


Lepanto-Bontoc 

ern  part  of  Luz6n,  Philippine  Islands.  It  ia 

bounded  by  Abra  and  CagayAn  (separated  by  a apm-  of  the 
Cordillera  Central)  on  the  north  ; Cagay&u,  Isabela,  and 
Nueva  Vizcaya  (separated  by  a collateral  range  of  the  Cor- 
dillera Sur)  on  the  east;  Nueva  Vizcaya  and  Benguet 
(separated  by  spurs  of  the  Cordillera  Sur)  on  the  south  ; 
and  La  Union  and  Abra  (separated  by  the  western  range 
of  Luzdn)  on  the  west.  Capital,  Cervantes.  Mountains 
occupy  a large  part  of  the  province.  A branch  of  the  Cor- 
dillera Sur  runs  from  northeast  to  southwest,  separating 
the  western  part  (Lepanto)  from  the  eastern  part  (Bontoc). 
Monserrat,  M-itra,  Cuirayan,  Tantagiian,  and  Data  range 
from  5,617  to  7,364  feet  in  height.  Tributaries  of  the  Rio 
Grande  de  Cagayan  are  fed  by  streams  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Lepanto-Bontoc.  Other  streams  flow  west  to  the  Abra. 
Mineral  lands  have  been  prospected  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  province.  Gold  and  copper  have  long  been  mined 
by  the  Igorrotes,  the  native  race.  The  chief  productions 
are  coffee,  rice,  and  tobacco.  Area,  2,005  square  miles. 
Population,  72,750. 

Le  Playde  pH'),  Pierre  Guillaume  Frederic. 

Born  at  Honfleur,  France,  April  11,  1806:  died 
April  5,  1882.  A French  engineer,  economist, 
and  sociologist,  the  founder  of  the  modern 
school  of  social  economy  in  France.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  ; was  professor  at  the 
School  of  Mines  ; was  actively  connected  with  the  admin- 
istration of  various  expositions ; and  for  several  years  oc- 
cupied a seat  in  the  Senate.  He  founded  the  International 
Society  of  Social  Economy,  and  various  associations  of 
workmen.  Among  the  more  important  of  his  works  are  “ Les 
ouvriers  europeens  ” (1855),  “ La  reforme  sociale  en  France  ” 
(1864),  “ L'Organisation  du  travail  ” (1870),  “ Programme  de 
gouvernement  et  d'organisation  sociale  ” (1880),  “ La,con- 
stitution  essentielle  de  l’humanite  ” (1881),  and  “L'licole 
de  la  paix  sociale  ” (1882). 

Leroux  (le-ro'),  Xavier  Henri  Napoleon. 

Born  at  Velletri,  Italy,  Oct.  11, 1863.  A French 
composer.  He  studied  at  the  Paris  Conservatory,  win- 
ning first  prizes  in  harmony  and  counterpoint,  and  in 
1885  the  Prix  de  Rome  with  a cantata,  “Endymion.” 
Among  his  works  are  operas,  including  “La  reine  Fia- 
mette  ” (1903),  “ Theodora  ” (1906),  and  “Le  chemineau  ” 
(1907),  a mass,  orchestral  pieces,  and  many  songs. 

Leroy-Beaulieu*,  Pierre  Paul,  in  i88o  he  be- 
came professor  of  political  economy  at  the  College  de 
France.  Among  his  later  works  are  “ De  la  colonisation 
chez  les  peuples  modernes  ” (1873),  “ Essai  sur  la  reparti- 
tion des  richesses”  (1880),  “La  collectivisme " (1884), 
“ L’Algdrie  et  la  Tunisie  ” (1887),  “ Precis  d’economie  poli- 
tique” (1888),  “ L'Etat  moderne  et  ses  fonctions  " (1889), 
“ Traite  theorique  et  pratique  d’ficonomie  politique  ” 
(1895),  “ Le  Sahara,  le  Soudan  et  les  chemins  de  fer  trans- 
sahariens"  (1904),  “L’Art  de  placer  et  gerer  sa  fortune  ” 
(1906),  etc. 

Leschetitzky  (lesh-e-tits'ki),  Theodor.  Born 
at  Lancut,  Poland,  June  22,  1830.  A distin- 
guished teacher  of  the  piano  and  composer. 
He  was  for  some  time  professor  in  the  Conservatory  at  St. 
Petersburg,  but  retired  in  1878  and  has  since  lived  in 
Vienna.  Among  his  pupils  have  been  Mme.  Essipoff 
(whom  he  married  in  1880 : divorced  1892),  Paderewski, 
Mark  Hambourg,  and  Gabrilovitch. 

Lettres  a une  inconnue.  [F.,  ‘ Letters  to  an 
unknown  (woman).’]  A collection  of  letters 
by  Prosper  Merimee,  published  posthumously 
in  1873. 

Lewis  and  Clark  Centennial  Exposition. 

An  international  exposition  held  in  Portland, 
Oregon,  in  1905,  to  celebrate  the  centennial  of 
the  exploration  of  the  Oregon  country  by 
Meriwether  Lewis  and  William  Clark.  It  was 
opened  May  28. 

Lewisham  (lu'isli-am).  A metropolitan  and 
parliamentary  borough  of  London.  It  returns 
one  member  to  Parliament.  Population  (met- 
ropolitan borough),  160,843,  (1911). 

Lewiston  (lu'is-ton).  The  county-seat  of  Nez 
Perce  County,  Idaho,  near  the  junction  of  the 
Snake  and  Clearwater  rivers.  Its  principal  in- 
dustries are  mining  and  wheat-raising.  It  has 
flour-mills,  machine-shops,  etc.  Population, 
6,043,  (1910). 

Lewistown  (lu'is-toun).  The  county-seat  of 
Mifflin  County,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  on  the 
Juniata  River,  in  a fertile  agricultural  region, 
and  has  steel-works,  lumber-mills,  foundries, 
flour-mills,  etc.  Population,  8,166,  (1910). 

Leyte.  2.  A province  of  the  Philippines. 
It  consists  of  Leyte,  BilirAn,  Panaon,  and  numerous  small 
islands  southwest  of  Samar,  from  which  Leyte  is  separated 
by  the  narrow  and  winding  strait  of  San  Juanico  and  by 
Daram  Channel.  Capital,  Tacloban.  The  chief  bays  are 
Carigara  on  the  north,  San  Pedro  and  San  Pablo  on  the 
east,  S6god  on  the  south,  andOrmoc  on  the  west  of  Leyte. 
Maasin,  at  the  southeastern  point,  has  good  anchorage. 
Mountain-ranges  traverse  the  larger  islands  from  north- 
west to  southeast.  Volcanic  cones  exceeding  3,000  feet 
in  height  are  Cabalian  and  Sacripante  in  the  southern 
part  of  Leyte  and  Mabui  in  the  northern  part  of  BilirAn. 
Among  the  rivers  are  the  Leyte  and  the  Cabayong  in  the 
north.  In  the  south  is  the  Maasin,  which  flows  to  the 
Surigao  Sea.  The  Binahaan,  flowing  east  to  San  Pedro  and 
San  Pablo  bay,  is  navigable  by  cascos  to  Dagami,  15  miles 
from  its  rnouth.  Leyte  has  three  small  mountain  lakes, 
the  largest  of  which  has  an  area  of  about  8 square  miles. 
Coal  is  found  in  northeastern  Leyte  and  in  BilirAn,  and 
gold  in  BilirAn  and  Panadn.  Agriculture  flourishes.  The 
products  include  copra,  rice,  bananas,  sweet  potatoes, 
sugar-cane,  and  a very  large  yield  of  hemp.  The  race  is 
Visayan.  Area,  3,008  square  miles.  Population,  388,922. 


3.  A river  of  Leyte  flowing  north  to  an  inlet 
on  the  northern  coast. 

Lhermitte  (lar-met'),  Leon  Augustin.  Born 
at  Mont-Saint-Phre,  Aisne,  France,  Jan.  31, 
1844.  A French  genre-painter.  He  is  a member 
of  the  Institut  de  France  and  vice-president  of  the  Societe 
Nationale  des  Beaux- Arts.  Among  his  pictures  are  “Har- 
vesters’ Wages’’  (1882:  Luxembourg),  “The  Vintage” 
(1884  : Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art),  “ Sainte-Claire-De- 
ville”  (1889  : Sorbonne),  etc. 

Lhevinne  (la-ven'),  Josef.  Born  at  Moscow, 
Dee.  3,  1874.  A Russian  pianist.  At  the  age  of 

eight  he  played  in  public,  and  three  years  later  entered 
the  Moscow  Conservatory,  graduating  in  1892  with  the  gold 
medal,  and  returning  there  to  teach  for  four  years.  In  1895 
he  won  the  Rubinstein  prize  at  Berlin.  He  has  toured 
extensively  in  Europe,  and  in  America  since  1905. 

Liadov  (lya'dof),  Anatol  Constantinovitch. 

Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  12,  1855.  A Rus- 
siail  composer.  He  early  showed  unusual  musical 
ability,  and  made  a brilliant  record  as  a student  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  Conservatory,  which  he  left  in  1877,  returning 
there  the  following  year  as  professor  of  composition.  He 
has  written  for  the  orchestra,  but  most  of  his  compositions 
are  for  the  piano.  While  he  belongs  to  the  New  Russian 
school,  he  has  been  influenced  by  Chopin  and  Schumann. 

Liancourt  (le-on-kor')  Rocks.  A group  of 
small  islands  in  the  Japan  Sea,  situated  about 
lat.  37°  N.,  long.  132°  E.  Near  them  a part  of  the 
Russian  fleet  surrendered  to  the  Japanese  in  the  battle  of 
the  Sea  of  Japan.  Also  called  Hornet  Islands. 

Liao  (lyou).  A river  which  rises  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  province  of  Chi-li,  China,  and 
flows  northeastwardly  nearly  to  the  Mongolian 
border,  then  eastwardly  into  Manchuria  (near 
Chang-tu),  and  then  southwestwardly  into  the 
Gulf  of  Liao-tung. 

Liao-tung  (lyou-tong').  A peninsular  region 
in  southern  Manchuria,  lying  between  the  Gulf 
of  Liao-tung  and  Korea  Bay.  it  came  under  the 
control  of  the  Japanese  as  a result  of  the  Russo-  Japanese 
war  (1904-05). 

Liao-tung  (lyou-tong'),  Gulf  of.  An  extension 
northward  into  southern  Manchuria  of  the 
Gulf  of  Pe-clii-li. 

Liapounof  (lya'po-nof),  Sergius  Mikhailo- 

vitch.  Born  at  Yaroslaf,  Nov.  30,  1859.  A 
Russian  composer.  He  was  a pupil  at  the  Moscow 
Conservatory.  His  works  include,  for  the  orchestra,  a bal- 
lade, an  overture,  and  a symphony  in  B minor ; for  the 
piano,  a concerto,  etudes,  preludes,  mazurkas,  etc.  He  has 
also  edited  and  published  a collection  of  Russian  songs. 

Libas  (le-bas'),  Port.  A bay  and  harbor  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Samar  Island,  in  the  Philip- 
pines : safe  for  large  vessels  in  all  weather. 

Liberia^.  By  the  Franco-Liberian  agreement  of  1907  as 
to  the  boundary  with  the  French  Ivory  Coast,  Liberia  has 
lost  about  2,000  square  miles  of  territory. 

Liberia  (le-ba're-ii.),  or  Guanacaste  (gwa-na- 
kas'ta).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Guana- 
caste,  Costa  Rica,  95  miles  northwest  of  San 
JosA  Population,  2,449. 

Libmanan  (leb-ma'nan).  A municipality  of 
Ambos  Camarines  province,  in  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civ- 
ilized population,  17,416. 

Library  of  Congress.  The  national  library, 
situated  in  Washington,  D.  C.  It  was  established 
in  1800,  originally  for  the  use  of  the  members  of  the  Sen- 
ate and  House  of  Representatives,  but  is  freely  open  to 
the  public.  In  1814  the  collection  of  books  was  destroyed 
by  the  British  troops,  but  a new  one  was  begun  with  the 
purchase  by  Congress  of  a large  portion  of  the  library  of 
Thomas  Jefferson.  On  June  30, 1911,  the  library  contained 
1,891,729  printed  books  and  pamphlets ; 123,568  maps  and 
charts ; 557,010  pieces  of  music ; and  336,966  engravings, 
etchings,  photographs,  and  other  prints.  It  also  contains 
a valuable  collection  of  historical  manuscripts.  Work  on 
the  present  building,  situated  southeast  of  the  Capitol, 
was  begun  in  1889  and  was  completed  in  1897  at  a cost  of 
$6,345,000.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a quadrangle  inclosing  four 
courts  and  a central  rotunda  surmounted  by  a dome.  The 
length  of  the  building  (which  faces  west)  is  470  feet  from 
north  to  south,  and  its  depth  from  west  to  east,  340  feet. 
The  interior  is  lavishly  decorated  with  the  work  of  Amer- 
ican artists. 

Lick  (bk),  James.  Born  at  Fredericksburg, 
Pa.,  Aug.  25,  1796:  died  at  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
Oct.  1,  1876.  An  American  business  man  and 
philanthropist.  He  went  to  California  in  1847  and 
amassed  a large  fortune  there.  In  1874  he  set  apart  $3,- 
000,000  for  public  and  charitable  uses,  including  $700,000 
for  an  astronomical  observatory  for  the  University  of  Cal- 
ifornia. 

Lidderdale  (lid'er-dal),  William.  Born  in 
1834:  died  June  26,  1902.  An  English  financier. 
He  became  a director  of  the  Bank  of  England 
in  1870,  deputy  governor  in  1887,  and  was  gov- 
ernor 1889-92/ 

Liechtenstein  (lech'ten-stin)  Gallery.  An 
art  gallery  in  Vienna,  Austria,  the  most  impor- 
tant private  collection  of  paintings  in  the  city. 

It  is  especially  strong  in  the  works  of  Rubens  and  Van- 
dyke. It  is  situated  in  the  old  summer  palace  of  the 
princes  of  Liechtenstein  and  contains  about  800  notable 
pictures,  besides  many  of  less  importance. 

Life  for  the  Czar,  A.  An  opera  by  Glinka 


Lipton 

(words  by  Rosen),  first  produced  at  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1836. 

Ligao  (le-ga'o).  A municipality  of  Albay 
province,  southeastern  Luzon,  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  Civilized  population,  17,687. 

Lij  Yasu  (lej  ya'so).  Born  in  1896.  Emperor 
of  Abyssinia.  He  is  the  son  of  a daughter  of 
Menelek  II.,  and  was  proclaimed  heir  to  the 
throne  in  1908,  and  emperor  May  15,  1911. 

Lilley  (lil'i),  Robert.  Born  at  Greenock, 
Scotland,  Aug.  24,  1839.  A Scotch- American 
Orientalist  and  editor.  During  1867-75  he  traveled 
extensively  in  China  and  Manchuria;  resided  in  Japan 
1875-81,  occupied  with  the  publication  of  Christian  and 
other  works  in  Japanese ; introduced  the  system  of  print- 
ing for  the  blind  now  in  use  in  Japan  ; and  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1881.  He  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
“ Century  Dictionary  ” ; was  managing  editor  of  the  “Uni- 
versal Cyclopaedia”;  was  editor  of  “Investigations  and 
Studies  in  Jade,  based  on  the  Heber  R.  Bishop  Collection 
of  Jades,”  and  of  the  descriptive  catalogue  of  the  collec- 
tion ; etc. 

Lincoln  (ling'kon).  A town  in  Providence 
County,  Rhode  Island.  Population,  9,825, 
(1910). 

Lincoln  Memorial  University.  A non-sec- 
tarian institution,  comprising  normal,  indus- 
trial, and  academic  departments,  founded  in 
1895  by  General  Oliver  Otis  Howard,  at  Cum- 
berland Gap,  Tennessee,  for  the  education 
especially  of  the  people  of  the  surrounding 
mountains. 

Lincoln  Park.  A park  in  Chicago,  situated 
on  the  lake  front  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
city.  Area,  300  acres. 

Lindsey  (lin'zi),  Benjamin  Barr.  Born  at 
Jackson,  Tenn.,  Nov.  25,  1869.  An  American 
jurist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1894,  and  became 
judge  of  the  County  Court  and  Juvenile  Court  at  Denver, 
Colorado,  in  1901.  He  has  introduced  important  reforms 
in  the  juvenile  court  system,  and  is  aleading  authority  on 
the  treatment  of  iuvenile  delinquents.  He  has  published 
“ Problems  of  the  Children,”  “The  Beast  and  the  Jungle,” 
and  “The  Rule  of  Plutocracy  in  Colorado.” 

Lingayen  (len-ga-yan').  A town,  the  capital 
of  Pangasinan  province,  in  the  western  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  situated  on  the 
delta  at  the  mouth  of  the  Agno,  on  Lingayen  Gulf,  in  lat. 
16°  4'  N.,  long.  120”  14'  E.  Civilized  population  of  munici- 
pality, 21,529. 

Lingayen  (len-ga-yan')  Gulf.  An  arm  of  the 
China  Sea,  indenting  the  provinces  of  La 
Union  and  Pangasinan  on  the  western  coast 
of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  The  river  Agno 
enters  it  by  several  mouths. 

Linievitch  (lin'ie-vich),  Nikolai  Petrovitch. 
Born  in  the  government  of  Tchernigoff,  Rus- 
sia, Dec.  24,  1838:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  April 
23,  1908.  A Russian  lieutenant-general.  He 

served  in  the  Russo-Turkish  war,  attaining  the  rank  of 
colonel ; in  1900,  as  commander  of  the  first  Siberian  army 
corps  in  Manchuria,  conducted  the  Russian  campaign  in 
China ; and  until  March,  1904  (when  he  was  superseded  by 
Kuropatkiu),  remained  in  command  of  the  Manchurian 
army.  He  commanded  the  Russian  left  at  the  battle  of 
Mukden,  and  upon  the  dismissal  of  Kuropatkiu,  March, 
1905,  was  appointed  his  successor  as  commander-in-chief 
in  the  Far  East.  * 

Linton  (lin'ton).  A city  in  Greene  County, 
Indiana,  33  miles  southeast  of  Terre  Haute. 
Coal-mining  is  its  principal  industry.  Popula- 
tion, 5,906,  (1910). 

Lipa  (le-pa/).  A municipality  of  Batangas 
province,  in  southwestern  Luzdn,  Philippine 
Islands.  It  is  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Lake  Bombon 
or  Taal.  Civilized  population,  37,934. 

Lippmann  (lip'man),  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  Oct.  6,  1838 : died  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  2,  1903.  A German  connoisseur,  curator  of 
the  cabinet  of  engravings  at  Berlin  from  1876. 

The  present  great  importance  of  the  Berlin  collection  is 
due  largely  to  his  efforts.  He  published  much,  especially 
in  periodical  literature.  His  important  independent 
works  are  “ Der  italienische  Ilolzschnitt  im  XV.  Jahr- 
hundert”  (1884),  “Zeichnungen  alter  Meister  im  konig- 
lichen  Kupferstichkabinet  zu  Berlin”  (1882),  “Atlas” 
(1879-82),  “Zeichnungen  von  Sandro  Botticelli  zu  Dantes 
gottlicher  Komodie”  (1884-87). 

Lippmann  (lep-man'),  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Hallerich,  Luxemburg,  Aug.  16,  1845.  A dis- 
tinguished French  physicist.  He  studied  at  Paris 
and  in  Germany,  and  in  1883  became  professor  at  the  Sor- 
bonne. He  invented  a capillary  electrometer,  a galvanom- 
eter, and  other  instruments;  enunciated  the  doctrine  of 
the  conservation  of  electricity  ; and  in  1891  invented  a 
method  of  photographing  in  colors.  He  has  published 
a “Cours  de  therm odynamique  ” (1886),  “Cours  d’acous- 
tique  et  d’optique  ” (1888),  etc.,  and  in  1908  received  the 
Nobel  prize  for  physics. 

Lipton  (lip'ton),  Sir  Thomas  Johnstone. 

Born  at  Glasgow,  Scotland,  1850.  A British 
merchant  and  sportsman.  He  began  his  business 
career  with  a single  provision-shop  in  Glasgow,  and  ex- 
tended his  operations  until  he  controlled  large  interests 
in  Great  Britain,  with  branches  in  Germany,  the  United 
States,  India,  etc.  He  has  contributed  largely  to  chari- 
table  enterprises,  and  is  well  known  as  a yachtsman,  hav- 


Lipton 

ii^  competed  unsuccessfully  in  1899, 1901,  and  1903  for  the 
America's  cup.  He  was  knighted  in  1898  and  created  a 
baronet  in  1902. 

Lister*,  Joseph,  first  Baron  Lister.  He  was 

professor  of  surgery  at  Glasgow  University  1860-69,  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  surgery  at  Edinburgh  University  1869-77, 
and  at  King’s  College,  London,  1877-93,  and  was  president 
of  the  Royal  Society  1895-1900. 

Litchfield  (lich'feld).  A city  in  Montgomery 
County,  Illinois.  It  is  in  a region  containing 
oil,  coal,  and  natural  gas,  and  has  flour-mills, 
foundries,  and  manufactories  of  glass,  radia- 
tors, mine-engines,  etc.  Population,  5,971, 
(1910). 

Little  (lit'l),  Frances:  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Fannie  Caldwell  Macauley.  Born  at  Shel- 
byville,  Ky.,  Nov.,  1863.  An  American  author. 
She  taught  for  five  years  in  the  kindergarten  of  the  girls’ 
school  at  Hiroshima,  Japan.  She  has  published  “The 
Lady  of  the  Decoration”  (1906),  “Little  Sister  Snow” 
(1909),  aud  “ The  Lady  and  Sada  San  ” (1912). 

Little  Falls  (lit'l  falz).  The  county-seat  of 
Morrison  County,  Minnesota,  88  miles  north- 
west of  Minneapolis.  It  is  in  a lumbering  and 
farming  region,  and  has  lumber-mills,  flour- 
mills, machine-shops,  iron-works,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 6,078,  (1910). 

Livermore  (liv'er-mor),  Mrs.  (Mary  Ashton 
Rice).  Born  at  Boston,  Dec.  19,  1821 : died  at 
Melrose,  Mass.,  May  23,  1905.  An  American 
abolitionist,  lecturer,  and  woman  suffragist. 
During  the  Civil  War  she  was  a leader  in  the  work  of  the 
United  States  Sanitary  Commission.  She  founded  and 
edited  “ The  Agitator,”  a woman-suffrage  paper,  in  1869 ; 
merged  it  in  “The  Woman’s  Journal’' in  1870;  was  first 
president  of  the  Illinois  Woman  Suffrage  Association  and 
later  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Woman  Suffrage  As- 
sociation ; and  lectured  much  on  temperance,  etc.  She 
published  “What  Shall  we  Do  with  our  Daughters  ? " (1883), 
“ My  Story  of  the  War”  (1888),  etc. 

Livingston  (liv'ing-ston).  The  county-seat  of 
Park  County,  Montana,  on  the  Yellowstone 
River,  96  miles  southeast  of  Helena.  It  has 
lumber-mills,  railroad  shops,  and  mining  in- 
terests, and  is  frequented  for  shooting  and 
fishing.  Population,  5,359,  (1910). 

Lloyd-George  (loid'jorj'),  David.  Born  at 
Manchester,  1863.  A British  Liberal  member 
of  Parliament,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
1908—.  He  became  a solicitor  in  1884 ; has  sat  for  Car- 
narvon district  in  the  House  of  Commons  since  1890 ; and 
was  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  with  a seat  in  the 
cabinet,  December,  1905-08.  He  led  the  Welsh  educa- 
tional agitation  and  attracted  attention  by  his  effective 
speeches  in  behalf  of  the  Boers.  He  has  been  identified 
with  the  old  age  pensions  act,  national  insurance,  etc. 

Loango.  2.  A seaport  in  French  Kongo,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  4°  39'  S. 

Lobachevsky  (lo-ba-chefs'ki),  Nikolaus  Iva- 
novitch.  Born  at  Makarief,  Russia,  Nov.  2 
(N.  S.),  1793  : died  at  Kazan,  Feb.  24  (N.  S.), 
1856.  A famous  Russian  mathematician,  the 
founder  of  the  non-Euclidean  geometry.  He 
was  professor  at  Kazan  from  1814. 

Locke  (lok),  William  John.  Born  March  20, 
1863.  An  English  novelist.  He  was  educated  at 
Queen's  Royal  College,  Trinidad,  and  at  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity.  He  has  written  “ The  Morals  of  Marcus  Ordeyne  ” 
(1905),  “The  Beloved  Vagabond”  (1900),  “Septimus” 
(1909),  “A  Christmas  Mystery”  (1910),  “Simon  the  Jester  ” 
(1910),  “The  Glory  of  Clementina ” (1911),  “The  Joyous 
Adventures  of  Aristide  Pujol  ” (1912),  etc. 

Lockroy*,  fldouard  fitienne  Antoine.  He  was 

vice-president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  ^1902-05.  He  has 
written  “ Les  aigles  du  capitole  ” (1809),  “ A bas  le  progres  ” 
(1870),  “La  Commune  et  T Assemble”  (1871),  “L’lle 
revoltee  ” (1877),  “ Ahmed  le  Boucher  : la  Syrie  et  l’figypte 
au  XVIII.  sieele”  (1888),  “ M.  de  Moltke  ” (1891),  “La 
marine  de  guerre”  (2d  ed.  1897),  “La  defense  navale” 
(1899),  “Du  Weser  a,  la  Vistule”  (1901),  “Les  marines  fran- 
(;aise  et  allemande  ” (1904),  “ Le  programme  naval  ” (1900), 
etc. 

Lockwood  (lok'wud),  James  Booth.  Born  at 
Annapolis,  Md.,  Oct.  9,  1852:  died  at  Cape 
Sabine,  Ellesmere  Land,  April  9,  1884.  An 
American  arctic  explorer.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John’s  College,  Annapolis,  and  joined  the  army  as  second 
lieutenant  in  1873.  In  1881  he  joined,  as  second  in  com- 
mand, Greely’s  expedition  to  Lady  Franklin  Bay,  and  in 
May,  1882,  with  D.  L.  Brainard,  attained  lat.  83°  24'  N.,  the 
highest  then  reached.  He  crossed  Grinnell  Land  with 
Brainard  in  1883. 

Lockyer*,  Sir  (Joseph)  Norman.  His  later  works 

are  “The  Sun’s  Place  in  Nature ” (1897),  “Recent  and 
Coming  Eclipses”  (1897),  “Inorganic  Evolution”  (1900), 
“Stonehenge  and  other  British  Stone  Monuments  Astro- 
nomically Considered”  (1907),  etc.  Knighted  1897. 

Lodge  (loj),  Sir  Oliver  Joseph.  Born  in  Staf- 
fordshire, June  12,  1851.  An  English  physi- 
cist, principal  of  the  University  of  Birming- 
ham from  1900:  especially  noted  for  his 
investigations  in  electricity.  He  was  professor  of 
physics  in  University  College,  Liverpool,  1881-1900.  The 
coherer  employed  in  wireless  telegraphy  is  his  invention. 
He  has  published  “Elementary  Mechanics”  (1877), 
“ Modem  Views  of  Electricity  ” (1889),  “ Pioneers  of 


Science’’  (1893),  “Electrons”  (1907),  “Science  and  Mor- 
tality ” (1908),  “ The  Ether  of  Space  " (1909),  “Reason  and 
Belief  ’’  (1910),  etc.  He  was  president  of  the  Society  for 
Psychical  Research  1901-04.  He  was  knighted  in  1902. 

Loeb  (leb),  Jacques.  Born  in  Germany,  April 
7,  1859.  A German- American  physiologist, 
professor  in  the  University  of  California  1902- 
1910,  and  head  of  the  department  of  experi- 
mental biology  in  the  Rockefeller  Institute,  New 
York,  19 10-.  His  w'orks  include  “The  Heliotropism 
of  Animals  ’’  (1890),  “ Physiological  Morphology  ’’  (1891-92), 
“ Comparative  Physiology  of  the  Brain  ” (1900),  “ Studies 
in  General  Physiology  ” (1905),  “ Dynamics  of  Living  Mat- 
ter” (1906),  “ The  Mechanistic  Conception  of  Life”  (1912), 
etc.,  and  numerous  papers  on  experimental  biology. 

Loeb  (leb),  Leo.  Born  at  Mayen,  Prussia, 
Sept.  21,  1869.  A German-American  patholo- 
gist, director  of  the  pathological  department 
of  the  St.  Louis  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital  from 
1910.  He  taught  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania 1903-10. 

Loeb  (lob),  Louis.  Born  at  Cleveland,  O., 
Nov.  7,  1866:  died  at  Canterbury,  N.  H.,  July 
12,  1909.  An  American  artist  and  illustrator. 
He  was  a painter  of  imaginative  and  poetic  quality,  and 
also  did  much  w'ork  in  black  and  white  for  the  magazines. 
In  1906  he  was  elected  a member  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Design. 

Loeb  (leb),  William.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  9, 1866.  An  American  government  official . 
He  was  stenographer  of  the  New  York  Assembly  in  1888, 
and  after  holding  the  position  of  private  secretary  to 
various  public  officials  (including  Governor  Roosevelt, 
1899-1900),  was  assistant  secretary  and  afterward  secretary 
to  President  Roosevelt  1901-09.  He  was  collector  of  the 
port  of  New  York  1909-13. 

Loeffler  (lef'ler),  Charles  Martin.  Born  at 
Miilhausen,  Alsace-Lorraine,  Jan.  30, 1861.  A 
Composer  and  violinist.  He  is  a strongly  imagina- 
tive  composer  of  the  most  modern  tendencies.  Among 
his  works  are  the  symphonic  poems  “La  mort  de  Tin- 
tagiles”  (1897  : after  Maeterlinck),  “ Avant  que  tu  ne  t’en 
ailles,”  and  “ Villanelle  du  diable”  ; a suite  for  violin  and 
orchestra,  “Les  veillees  d’Ukraine”  (1891:  after  Gogol); 
chamber  music  ; and  songs. 

Loewy  (le-ve'),  Maurice.  Born  at  Vienna, 
April  15,  1833:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  15,  1907.  A 
distinguished  French  astronomer,  director  of 
the  Paris  Observatory  1896-1907. 

Logan  (lo'gan).  The  county-seat  of  Cache 
County,  Utah,  67  miles  north  of  Salt  Lake 
City.  It  has  sugar-factories,  lumber-mills,  etc., 
and  is  the  seat  of  Brigham  Young  College  and 
the  State  Agricultural  College.  Population, 
7,522,  (1910). 

Logroscino  (lo-gro-she'no),  Niccola.  Born 
at  Naples,  about  1700 : died  there,  1763. 
An  operatic  composer  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, noted  in  the  history  of  the  opera  buffa: 
erroneously  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  de- 
vise extended  ensembles  as  the  finales  for  acts. 

London  (lun'don),  Jack.  Born  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  Jan.  12, 1876.  An  American  author. 

He  has  been  at  various  times  a sailor,  miner,  salmon- 
fisher,  longshoreman,  fish-patrolman,  etc.,  and  has  traveled 
in  search  of  adventure  over  much  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  in  the  East  End  of  London,  etc.  In  1904  he  acted 
as  war  correspondent  in  Japan,  Korea,  and  Manchuria. 
His  works  include  “ The  Son  of  the  Wolf  ” (1900),  “ The 
God  of  his  Fathers  " (1901),  “ A Daughter  of  the  Snows  " 
(1902),  “The  Cruise  of  the  Dazzler"  (1902),  “Children  of 
the  Frost”  (1902),  “The  Call  of  the  Wild”  (1903),  “The 
Kempton-Waee  Letters”  (1903:  with  Anna  Strunsky), 
“The  People  of  the  Abyss"  (1903),  “The  Faith  of  Men” 
(1904),  “The  Sea-Wolf”  (1904),  “The  Game”  (1905),  “War 
of  the  Classes”  (1905),  “Tales  of  the  Fish-Patrol ’’ (1905), 
“ Moon-Face  ’’  (1906),  “ Iron  Heel  ” (1908),  “Burning  Day- 
light ” (1910),  “ Theft,”  a play  (1910),  “ When  God  Laughs  ” 
(1911),  “Adventure”  (1911),  “South  Sea  Tales”  (1911), 
“ Smoke  Bellew  ” (1912),  “ John  Barleycorn  ” (1913),  etc. 

London*.  University  of.  Since  1900  the  university 
has  provided  also  courses  of  instruction.  The  faculties 
are  those  of  theology,  arts,  laws,  music,  medicine,  science, 
engineering,  and  economics.  There  is  also  an  academic 
department  for  the  control  of  its  various  schools  and  in- 
stitutions. The  students  number  over  4,000. 

Lone  star,  The.  A secret  society  formed  in 
1848  for  the  annexation  of  Cuba  and  other  is- 
lands to  the  United  States,  it  flourished  chiefly  in 
the  Southern  States  and  was  denounced  by  the  United 
States  government.  Three  filibustering  expeditions  were 
organized  and  ended  in  failure.  See  Lopez,  Narciso. 

Lone-star  State.  A name  given  to  the  State 
of  Texas,  from  the  single  star  on  the  flag 
adopted  during  its  struggle  for  freedom  from 
Mexico.  The  device  is  now  used  in  the  State 
seal. 

Long  (long),  John  Luther.  Born  in  1861. 
An  American  author.  He  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  law  at  Philadelphia.  He  has  published  a number  of 
stories,  including  “ Madam  Butterfly  ” (1898),  which  served 
as  the  foundation  of  Puccini’s  opera  of  that  name ; “ The 
Fox-Woman  ” (1900) ; “Billy  Boy  ” (1906) ; and  “ Felice  ” 
(1908).  He  has  also  collaborated  in  the  plays  “The  Dar- 
ling of  the  Gods”  (1902);  “Adrea”  (1905:  both  with 
David  Belasco),  and  “ The  Dragon  Fly  ” (1905  : with  E.  C. 
Carpenter). 

Long  Beach  (long  bech).  A city  in  Los  An- 


Lounsbury 

geles  County,  California,  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
20  miles  south  of  Los  Angeles.  It  is  a well- 
known  summer  resort.  Pop.,  17,809,  (1910). 

Longview  (long'vu).  The  county-seat  of  Gregg 
County,  Texas.  It  has  cotton-seed  oil  mills, 
lumber-mills,  and  manufactories  of  plows, 
bottles,  etc.  It  is  an  active  trade  center  for 
cotton,  lumber,  and  live  stock.  Population, 
5,155,  (1910). 

Loomis  (lo'mis),  Charles  Battell.  Born  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  16,  1861:  died  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  Sept.  23,  1911.  An  American 
author.  Besides  many  contributions  in  prose  and  verse 
to  various  periodicals,  he  has  written  “ The  Four-Masted 
Catboat  ” (1899),  “Cheerful  Americans”  (1903),  “More 
Cheerful  Americans”  (1904:  afterward  called  “Poe’s 
‘Raven  ’ in  an  Elevator”),  “ I ’ve  Been  Thinking  ’ (1905), 
“A  Bath  in  an  English  Tub”  (1907),  “The  Knack  of  It” 
(1908),  “A  Holiday  Touch”  (i908),  and  “Little  Maude 
and  her  Mamma”  (1909). 

Loon  (lo-on').  A municipality  of  Bohol  prov- 
ince in  the  Philippine  Islands,  it  is  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Bohol  Island.  Civilized  population,  18,114. 

Lorain  (lo-rau').  A city  in  Lorain  County, 
Ohio,  situated  on  Lake  Erie  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Black  River.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor  and  is  a ship- 
ping-point  for  iron,  coal,  lumber,  and  grain.  It  has  stove-, 
brick-,  and  steel-works,  a large  ship-building  establish- 
ment, etc.  Population,  28,883,  (1910). 

Lord  (lord),  Austin  Willard.  Born  at  Roll- 
ing Stone,  Minn.,  June  27,  1860.  An  Ameri- 
can architect.  He  studied  at  the  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology  1884-85,  and  also  abroad,  on  the 
Rotch  scholarship,  1888-90.  From  1894  to  1896  he  was 
director  of  the  American  School  at  Rome.  He  is  a mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  Lord,  Hewlett,  and  Tallant  at  New  York. 
Among  the  buildings  which  this  firm  has  designed  are  the 
Masonic  Hall  at  Brooklyn  and  the  McKinley  monument 
at  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Lord’s  Cricket  Ground.  The  most  famous 
cricket  ground  in  England,  in  addition  to  being 
the  home  ground  of  the  Marylebone  Club,  in  the  north  of 
London,  it  is  also  the  contesting  field  for  the  most  im- 
portant British  and  international  matches.  In  1787 
Thomas  Lord,  a then  famous  English  cricketer,  desired  to 
secure  a suitable  ground  for  a metropolitan  cricket  club. 
He  succeeded  in  obtaining  a field  now  known  as  Dorset 
Square,  the  ground  being  called  “Lord’s"  and  the  club 
the  “Marylebone  Club.”  Owing  to  the  expansion  of 
London  and  the  consequent  increase  of  rent,  a new'  ground 
had  to  be  sought,  and  the  present  site,  on  St.  John's  Wood 
Road,  a little  north  of  the  old  field,  was  purchased.  The 
first  recorded  match  on  the  original  field  was  played  in 
1788,  and  the  first  contest  on  the  present  ground  took 
place  June  22,  1814. 

Loreburn,  Lord.  See  * Reid,  Robert  Threslrie. 

Lorentz  (lo'rents),  Hendrik  Antoon.  Born 

at  Arnheim,  Netherlands,  July  18,  1853.  A 
Dutch  physicist,  professor  in  the  University 
of  Leyden  from  1878.  He  is  best  known  as  the  found- 
er of  the  theory  of  electrons,  by  means  of  which  he  ex- 
plained Zeeman’s  effect.  With  Zeeman  he  received  the 
Nobel  prize  in  physics  in  1902. 

Lorenz  (lo'rents),  Adolf.  Born  in  Silesia, 
April  21,  1854.  An  Austrian  surgeon,  chief 
of  the  orthopedic  department  of  the  Imperial 
Royal  General  Hospital  in  Vienna.  Heisespe- 

cially  noted  for  his  method  of  reducing  congenital  dislo- 
cation of  the  hip-joint  without  recourse  to  the  knife.  In 
1902  he  visited  the  United  States. 

Lome*.  Marquis  of  (John  Douglas  Suther- 
land Campbell),  ninth  Duke  of  Argyll.  From 
1895  to  1900  he  was  (Unionist)  member  of  Par- 
liament for  South  Manchester. 

Lotta  (lot'a).  See  ★ Crabtree . 

Lou  Dillon  (16  dil'on).  An  American  trotting 
mare,  foaled  in  1898  by  Lou  Milton,  sire  Sidney 
Dillon.  On  October  24,  1903,  she  won  the  world’s  cham- 
pionship at  Memphis,  Tennessee,  by  trotting  a mile  in  one 
minute  and  fifty-eight  and  a half  seconds. 

Louis  Alexander,  Prince  of  Battenberg. 
Born  at  Gratz,  Austria,  May  24,  1854.  An 
English  vice-admiral,  the  eldest  son  of  Prince 
Alexander  of  Hesse,  and  the  brother  of  Alex- 
ander I.,  Prince  of  Bulgaria,  and  Prince  Henry 
of  Battenberg.  Ill  1868  he  was  naturalized  a British 
subject  and  entered  the  royal  navy  as  naval  cadet.  He 
served  in  the  Egyptian  campaign  of  1882.  In  1884  he 
married  Princess  Victoria  of  Hesse,  granddaughter  of 
Queen  Victoria.  He  was  director  of  naval  intelligence 
1902-05,  was  appointed  second  in  command  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fleet  in  1907,  to  the  command  of  the  Atlantic 
fleet  in  1908,  and  first  sea  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  Dec.,  1912. 

Louise.  An  opera  by  Gustave  Charpentier, 
first  produced  at  Paris  in  1900. 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition.  A univer- 
sal exposition  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  opened 
April  30,  1904,  in  commemoration  of  the  pur- 
chase of  Louisiana.  Forty-two  States  and  fifty-three 
foreign  governments  exhibited.  Among  the  principal 
features  of  the  exposition  were  the  departments  of  educa- 
tion, social  economy,  and  physical  culture,  the  interna- 
tional press  parliament,  the  international  congress  of 
jurists,  and  the  world  congress  of  arts  and  sciences. 

Lounsbury  (lotmz'be-ri),  Thomas  Raynes- 
ford.  Born  at  Ovid,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  1,  1838.  An 
American  scholar  and  critic.  He  was  on  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  the  "New  American  Cyclopaedia  ” 1860-62; 


Lounsbury 

was  instructor  at  Yale  1870-71 ; and  has  been  professor  of 
English  there  since  1871.  Among  his  works  are  “ A 
History  of  the  English  Language ” (1879),  “Life  of  James 
Eenimore  Cooper”  (1882),  “Studies  in  Chaucer"  (1801), 
“Shakespearean  Wars  ” (1901),  “Shakespeare  and  Voltaire  ” 
(1902),  “ The  Standard  of  Pronunciation  in  English  " (1904), 
and  “ English  Spelling  and  Spelling  Reform  ” (1909). 

Low  (16),  Will  H.  (Hicok).  Born  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  May  31,  1853.  An  American  artist. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Gerome  and  of  Carolus-Duran  at  the 
£cole  des  Beaux-Arts,  Paris,  1873-77.  He  is  best  known 
as  a figure-painter  and  for  his  mural  decorations.  He 
was  elected  N.  A.  in  1890.  He  has  published  “ A Painter's 
Progress  ” (Scammon  lectures  at  the  Art  Institute  of  Chi- 
cago : 1910). 

Lowell  (lo'el),  Abbott  Lawrence.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Dee.  13,  1856.  An  American 
educator,  president  of  Harvard  University 
from  1909.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1877  ; 
practised  law  in  Boston  ; and  became  professor  of  the 
science  of  government  in  Harvard  University  in  1900.  He 
has  published  “Essays  on  Government”  (1889),  “Govern- 
ments and  Parties  in  Continental  Europe”  (1890),  “The 
Influence  of  Party  upon  Legislation  in  England  and 
America”  (1902),  “The  Government  of  England”  (1908),  etc. 

Lowell  (lo'el),  Mrs.  (Josephine  Shaw).  Born 
at  West  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Dec.  16,  1813:  died 
at  New  York,  Oct.  12,  1905.  An  American 
philanthropist.  She  was  the  sister  of  Robert  Gould 
Shaw,  and  the  wife  (married  1863)  of  Charles  Russell 
Lowell,  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek, 
Oct.,  1864.  After  her  husband’s  death  she  devoted  her 
life  to  charitable  work  ; was  a member  of  the  New  York 
State  Board  of  Charities  1876-89  ; and  was  largely  instru- 
mental in  founding  the  Charity  Organization  Society  and 
the  New  York  State  Charities  Aid  Association.  She  also 
aided  in  prison  reform,  etc.  She  published  “ Public  Re- 
lief and  Private  Charity”  (1884),  “Industrial  Arbitration 
and  Conciliation  ” (1893),  etc. 

Lowell  (lo'el),  Percival.  Born  at  Boston, 
March  13,  1855.  An  American  astronomer, 
best  known  for  his  studies  of  the  planet  Mars. 
He  established  the  Lowell  Observatory  at  Flagstaff,  Arizona, 
in  1894,  and  is  its  director.  He  has  been  non-resident  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  Boston,  since  1902.  He  has  written  “Cho- 
son”  (1885),  “The  Soul  of  the  Far  East " (1886),  “Occult 
Japan  ” (1894),  “Mars  ” (1895),  “ Annals  of  the  Lowell  Ob- 
servatory” (Vol.  I.,  1898 ; Vol.  II.,  1900;  Vol.HI.,  1905), “The 
Solar  System”  (1903),  “Mars  and  its  Canals”  (1906),  “Mars 
as  the  Abode  of  Life  ” (1909),  “ The  Evolution  of  Worlds 
(1909),  etc. 

Lowell  Institute.  An  educational  institution 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts.  John  Lowell  (1799- 
1836)  provided  in  his  will  that  one  half  his  property 
(amounting  to  about  $250,000)  should  go  “ to  the  mainte- 
nance and  support  of  public  lectures  ...  in  Boston  . . . 
for  the  promotion  of  the  moral  and  intellectual  and  physi- 
cal instruction  and  education  of  the  inhabitants.”  The 
management  of  the  fund  was  left  to  one  trustee,  prefera- 
bly a male  descendant  of  John  Lowell  (grandfather  of  the 
testator).  The  free  lectures  were  begun,  December  31, 
1839,  by  a memorial  address  on  John  Lowell  by  Edward 
Everett.  The  trustee  of  the  Lowell  Institute  also  estab- 
lished, under  the  auspices  of  the  Natural  History  Society, 
a Teachers’  School  of  Science  ; under  those  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  a School  of  Practical 
Design  (1872)  — now  transferred  to  the  Boston  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts  — and  a School  for  Industrial  Foremen;  and 
under  those  of  the  Wells  Memorial  Institute,  free  courses 
for  workingmen.  Other  courses  of  a special  nature  have 
been  established  from  time  to  time. 

Lualaba-Kasai.  An  administrative  district  of 
the  Belgian  Kongo. 

Lubang  (lo-bang' ) Islands.  A group  of  islands 
in  the  Philippines,  belonging  to  Mindoro  prov- 
ince, and  lying  northwest  of  Mindoro  and  west 
of  the  southern  part  of  Luzon,  it  contains  11 


named  and  48  unnamed  islands  and  rocks.  The  largest  of 
the  group  is  Lubang.  Population,  6,370.  Area  of  group, 
87.6  square  miles. 

Lubao  (16-ba'o).  A municipality  of  Pampanga 
province,  in  the  southern  part  of  Luzon,  Phil- 
ippine Islands.  Civilized  population,  19,063. 

Lubbock*,  Sir  John,  Baron  Avebury.  His  later 
works  include  “The  Beauties  of  Nature  and  the  Wonders 
of  the  World  We  Live  In  ” (1892),  “Seedlings”  (1893),  “ The 
Scenery  of  Switzerland  ” (1896),  “On  Buds  and  Stipules” 
(1899),  “ Short  History  of  Coins  and  Currency  ” (1902), 
“ Essays  and  Addresses  " (1903),  “Notes  on  the  Life  His- 
tory of  the  British  Flowering  Plants"  (1905),  “On  Mar- 
riage, Totemism,  and  Religion  ” (1911),  etc. 

Lucas  (lu'kas),  Edward  Verrall.  Born  June 
12,  1868.  An  English  author  and  critic.  He 
was  connected  with  the  London  “ Globe”  1893-1900,  and 
with  the  “ Academy  ” 1896-1901,  and  is  (1911)  on  the  staff  of 
“ Punch.  ” He  is  the  compiler  of  “ The  Open  Road  ” (1899), 
and  the  author  of  “Wisdom  While  You  Wait”  (1903: 
with  O.  L.  Graves),  “Highways  and  Byways  in  Sussex” 
(1904),  “ A Wanderer  in  Holland  ” (1905),  “ The  Life  of 
Charles  Lamb”  (1905),  “A  Wanderer  in  London  ” (1906), 
“ Listener’s  Lure  ” (1906),  “ The  Hambledon  Men  ” (1907), 
“ The  Gentlest  Art  ” (1907),  “ Her  Infinite  Variety  ” (1908), 
“ Over  Bemerton’s  ” (1908),  “ A Wanderer  in  Paris  ” (1909), 
“The  Slowcoach”  (1910),  “Mr.  Ingleside  ” (1910),  etc. 

Lucas  (lu'kas),  Frederic  Augustus.  Born 
at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  March  25,  1852.  An 
American  naturalist,  curator-in-chief  of  the 
museums  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  1904-11,  and 
director  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York  city,  1911-.  He  was  curator 
of  anatomy  in  the  United  States  National  Museum  1893- 
1904,  and  acting  curator  of  vertebrate  fossils  1901-04. 
He  has  published  papers  upon  osteological  topics,  be- 
sides books  and  articles  in  a popular  style  on  paleonto- 
logical subjects. 

Luce  (las),  Stephen  Bleecker.  Born  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  March  25,  1827.  An  American 
naval  officer,  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1885. 
He  was  appointed  midshipman  in  1841 ; served  in  the 
Union  navy  during  the  Civil  War  (commanding  the  moni- 
tor Nantucket  and  other  vessels);  and  retired  in  1889. 
From  1884-86  he  was  president  of  the  Naval  War  College, 
of  which  he  was  the  founder.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Sea- 
manship ” (1866),  “Naval  Songs  ” (1902),  etc. 

Lucena  (lo-tha'na).  1.  A river  in  Tayabas 
province,  southeastern  Luz6n,  Philippine  Is- 
lands, flowing  south  to  Tayabas  Bay:  navi- 
gable for  3 miles  to  Lucena. — 2.  A town,  the 
capital  of  Tayabas  province,  situated  on  the 
Lucena  River  near  Tayabas  Bay  in  lat.  13°  55' 
N.,  long.  121°  26'  30"  E.  Civilized  population 
of  municipality,  9,375. 

Luchaire(lu-sliar'j,  Denis  Jean  Achille.  Born 
at  Paris,  Oct.  24,  1846:  died  Nov.  13,  1908.  A 
distinguished  French  historian.  He  was  professor 
at  the  Sorbonne  1885-1908.  Among  his  published  works, 
which  deal  chiefly  with  medieval  history,  the  most  im- 
portant are  the  “ Histoire  des  institutions  monarchiques 
de  la  France  sous  les  premiers  Capetiens  ” (1883)  and 
four  volumes  (1904-07)  upon  Innocent  III. 

Lucin  (lu-sin')  Cut-off.  A line  of  railroad  on 
the  Union  Pacific  route  in  Utah,  extending 
from  Ogden  to  Lucin,  and  shortening  the 
original  distance  by  rail  between  those  points 
by  43  miles.  It  crosses  Great  Salt  Lake  on  a trestle 
nearly  12  miles  long  and  on  20  miles  of  “ fill  ” (an  em- 
bankment of  earth  or  rock  used  as  a road-bed),  and  over 
the  desert  flats,  a distance  of  102  miles  in  all.  It  was 
completed  in  1904. 

Lumber  State,  The.  A popular  name  of  the 
State  of  Maine. 


McClellan 

Lumholtz  (lum'holts),  Carl  Sopheus.  Born 
near  Lillehammer,  Norway,  April  23,  1851.  A 
Norwegian  explorer  and  author.  He  was  zoologi- 
cal  collector  in  Australia  for  the  University  of  Christiania 
1880-84  ; explored  northwestern  Mexico  1890-98  and  1909- 
1910 ; and  was  assistant  in  the  department  of  anthro- 
pology in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York  city,  1897-99.  He  has  received  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Norwegian  Geographical  Society.  He  has  written  “ Among 
Cannibals,”  “Unknown  Mexico,”  etc. 

Lumi&re  (lii-myar'),  Antoine.  Born  near 
Besancon,  France,  1840 : died  at  Paris,  April, 
1911.  A French  photographer  and  landscape- 
painter,  noted  as  the  inventor  of  a successful 
process  of  color-photography. 

Lummis  (lum'is),  Charles  Fletcher.  Born 
at  Lynn,  Mass. , March  1,  1859.  An  American 
author  and  editor.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1881 ; was  the  city  editor  of  the  Los  Angeles  “ Daily 
Times  ” 1885-88  ; and  has  been  the  editor  of  “ Out  West” 
(until  1902  “The  Land  of  Sunshine")  from  1893.  He 
was  librarian  of  the  Los  Angeles  public  library  1905- 
1910.  Among  his  works  are  “Birch  Bark  Poems”  (1878), 
“ A New  Mexico  David  ” (1891),  “ A Tramp  Across  the 
Continent  ” (1892),  “ Some  Strange  Corners  of  Our  Coun- 
try” (1892),  “The  Land  of  Poco  Tiempo”  (1893),  “The 
Spanish  Pioneers”  (1893),  “The  Man  who  Married  the 
Moon,  and  Other  Pueblo  Folk  Stories  ” (1896),  “ The  Gold 
Fish  of  Gran  Chimu  ” (1896),  “The  King  of  the  Broncos, 
and  Other  New  Mexico  Stories  ” (1897),  “ The  Enchanted 
Burro  ” (1897),  “ The  Awakening  of  a Nation  : Mexico  To- 
day ” (1898),  etc. 

Lunn  (lun),  Louisa  Kirkby.  Born  at  Man- 
chester, Nov.  8,  1873.  An  English  contralto 
singer.  In  1893  she  appeared  in  London  in  Schumann's 
“Genoveva,”  and  on  March  2,  1896,  created  the  role  of 
Nora  in  Villiers  Stanford’s  “Shamus  O’Brien.”  Since 
1901  she  has  been  a member  of  the  Covent  Garden  Opera 
Company.  She  toured  in  America  1904-05  as  Kundry,  in 
a production  of  “ Parsifal,”  and  has  frequently  appeared 
in  concert.  In  1899  she  married  W.  J.  K.  Pearson  of 
London. 

Luristan*.  An  earthquake  occurred  here  on 
Jan.  23, 1909,  in  which,  it  is  reported,  over  five 
thousand  people  were  killed. 

Lurton  (Rr'ton),  Horace  Harmon.  Born  at 
Newport,  Ky.,  Feb.  26, 1844.  An  American  jur- 
ist. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1867.  He  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  6th  judicial  division,  Tennessee,  1876-78; 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Tennessee  1886-93,  and 
chief  justice  in  1893 ; and  judge  for  the  6th  United  States 
judicial  circuit  1893-1910.  In  1910  he  was  appointed  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court. 

Luska  (lus'ka),  Sidney.  A pseudonym  used 
by  Henry  Harland  in  bis  earlier  work. 

Luxemburg*  (grand  duchy).  Adolf  of  Nassau 
was  succeeded  in  1905  by  his  son  William. 

Luzerne  (lu-zern').  A borough  in  Luzerne 
County,  Pennsylvania,  five  miles  northwest  of 
Wilkes-Barre.  It  has  flour-mills,  drill-factories, 
etc.  Population,  5,426,  (1910). 

Lyceum  Club.  A London  club  for  women, 
founded  in  1904  for  the  benefit  of  those  inter- 
ested in  the  arts.  It  has  a membership  of 
about  2,500.  It  has  branches  in  various  Euro- 
pean countries.  Its  house  is  at  128  Picca- 
dilly, W. 

Lydekker  (li-dek'er),  Richard.  Born  1849. 
A British  geologist,  connected  with  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  India  1874-82.  He  has  pub- 
lished “ A Manual  of  Palaeontology  ’’  (with  H.  A.  Nichol- 
son), etc. 


aasin  (ma-a'sen).  1.  A river 
in  the  southern  part  of  Leyte 
Island,  in  the  Philippines, 
flowing  south  to  the  Suri- 
gao  Sea. — 2.  A munici- 
pality of  Leyte  province, 
Leyte  Island.  Civilized  pop- 
ulation, 16,805. 

Mabie  (ma'bi),  Hamilton 
Wright.  Born  at  Coldspring,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13, 
1846.  An  American  author,  critic,  editor,  and 
lecturer.  He  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  “Christian 
Union  ” (later  the  “Outlook”)  from  1879,  and  became  its 
associate  editor  in  1884.  His  works  include  “ My  Study 
Fire”  (1890;  second  series  1894),  “Under  the  Trees  and 
Elsewhere  ” (1891),  “In  the  Forest  of  Arden  ” (1891),  “ Es- 
says on  Work  and  Culture”  (1898),  “Shakespeare,  Poet, 
Dramatist,  and  Man  ” (1900),  “ The  Great  Word  ”(1905),  etc. 

McAdoo  (mak'a-do),  William  Gibbs.  Born 
near  Marietta,  6a.,  Oct.  31,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  railway  president,  secretary  of 
the  treasury  191 3-.  In  1903  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  Hadson  Manhattan  Railroad  Company,  which  com- 
pleted the  tunnels  under  the  Hudson  River  (opened  to 


traffic,  1908).  He  was  acting  chairman  of  the  Democratic 
National  Committee  in  1912. 

McAlester  (ma-kal'es-ter).  A city  in  Pitts- 
burg County,  Oklahoma,  situated  in  a coal- 
mining region.  It  has  cotton-compresses,  flour- 
mills, etc.  Population,  12,954,  (1910). 

Macalister  (ma-kal'is-ter),  Robert  Alexan- 
der Stewart.  Born  at  Dublin,  July  8,  1870. 
An  Irish  archaeologist,  professor  of  Celtic 
archaeology  in  University  College,  Dublin.  He 
was  director  of  excavations  for  the  Palestine  Excavation 
Fund  1900-09.  Among  his  published  works  are  “Studies 
in  Irish  Epigraphy ” (1897-1907),  “Bible  Side-Lights  from 
the  Mound  of  Gezer”  (1906),  “ Two  Irish  Arthurian  Ro- 
mances ” (1908),  “ The  Crosses  of  Clonmacnois  ” (1909),  and 
many  papers  on  archaeological  subjects. 

MacArthur  (mak-ar'ther),  Arthur.  Born 
June  2,  1845:  died  Sept.  5,  1912.  An  Ameri- 
can soldier,  lieutenant-general  in  the  United 
States  army  from  1906.  He  served  in  the  Union 
army  in  the  Civil  War,  rising  to  the  (volunteer)  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel  in  1865  ; entered  the  regular  army  in 
1860  as  lieutenant;  served  in  the  Philippines  1898-1901 ; 
and  was  military  governor  of  the  Philippines  May,  1900,- 


July,  1901.  He  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  1900 
and  major-general  in  1901.  Retired  in  1909. 

McCalla  (ma-kal'a),  Bowman  H.  Born  at 
Camden,  N.  J.,  June  18,  1844:  died  at  Santa 
Barbara,  Cal.,  May  6,  1910.  An  American 
naval  officer,  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1903. 

He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy 
in  1864  ; was  promoted  captain  in  1898,  and  commanded 
the  cruiser  Marblehead  during  the  war  with  Spain  ; served 
in  the  Philippines  in  1899  ; and  in  1900  took  part  in  the 
Seymour  expedition  for  the  relief  of  the  legations  in  Pe- 
king. He  was  appointed  commandant  of  the  Mare  Island 
Navy  Yard  (California)  in  1903.  He  retired  in  June,  1906. 

M‘Carthy Justin.  His  later  works  include  “ Pope 
Leo  XIII.  (1896),  “Story  of  Gladstone’s  Life”  (1897), 
“Story  of  the  People  <>f  England  in  tlx-  19th  Centurj 
(1899), “Reminiscences  ” (1899),  “ Mononia”  (1901),  “ Reign 
of  Queen  Anne”  (1902),  “ Portraits  of  the  Sixties”  (1903), 
“ An  Irishman’s  Story”  (1904),  and  “ History  of  Our  Own 
Times  ” (Vols.  IV.  and  V.,  1905). 

McClellan  (ma-klel'an),  George  Brinton. 

Born  at  Dresden,  Saxony,  Nov.  23,  1865.  An 
American  Democratic  politician,  son  of  Gen- 
eral George  B.  McClellan.  He  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1886;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1892;  was 


McClellan 

president  of  the  New  York  board  of  alderman  1893-94  ; 
served  as  representative  in  Congress  1895-1903 ; and  w as 
elected  mayor  of  New  York  in  1903  and  again  in  1905. 
He  was  Stafford  Little  lecturer  in  Princeton  University 
1908-11,  and  was  appointed  lecturer  on  public  affairs 
there  in  1911.  He  has  published  “ The  Oligarchy  of  Ven- 
ice " (1904). 

McComb  (ma-kom').  A city  in  Pike  County, 
Mississippi,  61  miles  southeast  of  Natchez.  It 
has  cotton-mills  and  railroad  shops.  Popula- 
tion, 6,237,  (1910). 

MacCracken  (ma-krak'en),  Henry  Mitchell. 

Born  at  Oxford,  Ohio,  Sept.  28,  1840.  An 
American  clergyman,  author,  and  educator, 
vice-chancellor  and  chancellor  of  New  York 
University  1885-1910.  He  was  graduated  at  Miami 
University  in  1857,  and  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary 
in  1863 ; was  chancellor  and  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
Western  University  of  Pennsylvania  1881-84;  and  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  in  New  York  University  1884-1910. 
Among  his  publications  are  “A  Tercentenary  of  Presby- 
terianism" (1870),  “Leaders  of  the  Church  Universal" 
(1879),  “ Kant  and  Lotze  " (1885),  “A  Metropolitan  Univer- 
sity" (1892),  “Hall  of  Fame"  (1901),  etc. 

McGreery  (ma-kre'ri),  Fenton  Reuben.  Born 
at  Flint,  Mich.,  April  21,  1866.  An  Atuericau 
diplomatist.  He  was  secretary  of  the  United  States 
legation  at  Santiago,  Chile,  1891-93  ; secretary  of  the  lega- 
tion and  embassy,  Mexico  City,  1897-1906  ; minister  resi- 
dent and  consul-general  to  the  Dominican  Republic  1907- 
1909  ; and  minister  to  Honduras  1909-11. 

McCullough  (ma-kul'o),  Mrs.  (Myrtle  Reed). 

Born  at  Chicago,  Sept.  27,  1874 : died  there, 
Aug.  17,  1911.  An  American  author.  She  pub- 

lished  “Love  Letters  of  a Musician”  (1899),  “Lavender 
and  Old  Lace”  (1902L  “The  Master’s  Violin”  (1904),  “A 
Spinner  in  the  Sun  ” (190G),  “Love  Affairs  of  Literary 
Men  ”(1907),  “Flower  of  the  Dusk  ” (1908),  “Old  Roseand 
Silver”  (1909),  “ A Weaver  of  Dreams”  (1911),  etc. 

McCutcheon  (ma-kuch'on),  George  Barr. 

Born  in  Tippecanoe  County,  Ind.,  July  26, 
1866.  An  American  novelist.  Among  his  works 
are  “Graustark”  (1901),  “The  Sherrods”  (1903),  “Brew- 
ster’s Millions”  (1903),  “Beverly  of  Graustark”  (1904), 
“Jane  Cable"  (1906),  “The  Flyers”  (1907),  “The  Man 
from  Brodney’s  ” (1908),  “Truxton  King”  (1909),  “The 
Rose  in  the  Ring  ”(1910),  and  “ What ’s-His-Name  ” 
(1911). 

MacDonald  (mak-don  'aid),  Carlos  Frederick. 

Born  at  Niles,  Ohio,  Aug.  29,  1845.  An 
American  alienist,  professor  of  mental  diseases 
in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  from  1887. 

He  was  president  of  the  New  York  Lunacy  Commission 
1889-96.  He  has  been  instrumental  in  improving  the 
system  of  caring  for  the  dependent  insane,  and  in  estab- 
lishing separate  hospitals  for  insane  criminals.  He  has 
also  served  in  many  cases  as  court  or  State  commissioner 
to  inquire  into  the  mental  condition  of  persons  charged 
with  crime. 

Macdonald  (mak-dou'ald),  Sir  Claude  Max- 
well. Born  June  12,  i852.  A British  soldier 
and  diplomatist,  ambassador  to  Japan  from 
1905  (minister  1900—05).  He  served  in  the  Egyptian 
campaign  (1882)  and  in  the  Suakim  expedition  (1884-85) ; 
held  various  diplomatic  positions  1887-96 ; and  was  min- 
ister at  Peking  1896-1900.  During  the  siege  of  the  foreign 
legations  in  Peking,  June-August,  1900,  he  was  in  com- 
mand, and  was  promoted  colonel  for  his  services. 

MacDougal  (mak-do'gal),  Daniel  Trembly. 

Born  at  Liberty,  Ind.,  March  16,  1865.  An 
American  botanist,  director  of  the  department 
of  botanical  research  of  the  Carnegie  Institu- 
tion from  1905.  He  was  connected  with  the 
desert  botanical  laboratory  of  the  Carnegie 
Institution  1902-05.  His  studies  relate  espe- 
cially to  plant  physiology,  heredity,  and  or- 
ganic evolution. 

MacDowell  (mak-dou'el),  Edward  Alexan- 
der. Born  at  New  York,  Dec.  18,  1861:  died 
there,  Jan.  24,  1908.  An  American  pianist 
and  composer.  His  studies  were  carried  on  in  New 
York  and  Paris,  and  in  Frankfort,  where  he  was  much  in- 
fluenced by  Raff.  In  1888  he  returned  to  America,  and 
in  1896  was  appointed  professor  of  music  in  Columbia 
University,  a post  which  he  resigned  in  1904.  His  com- 
positions show  imagination  and  originality.  The  most 
important  are  the  orchestral  tone-poems  “ Hamlet  and 
Ophelia,"  “Lancelot  and  Elaine,"  “Lamia,”  “The  Sara- 
cens,” and  “The  Fair  Alda";  two  suites,  of  which  the 
second,  Op.  48,  is  based  largely  on  Indian  melodies ; 
choruses ; and  many  songs  and  piano  pieces,  among  which 
are  the  sonatas  “Eroica,”  “Tragica,”  and  “Keltic,”  two 
suites,  and  two  concertos  with  orchestra. 

Maceo  (ma-tha'o),  Antonio.  Born  at  Santiago 
de  Cuba,  July  14,  1848:  died  near  Mariel,  Dec. 
2, 1896.  A Cuban  military  leader,  distinguished 
in  the  ten  years’  war  against  Spain.  He  defeated 
Martinez  Campos  at  Demajagua  and  La  Galleta,  and  San- 
tocildes  at  San  Ulpiano.  At  the  peace  of  Zanjdn,  in  1878, 
he  refused  to  lay  down  his  arms,  and  continued  fighting 
for  two  months.  He  lived  successively  in  Jamaica,  the 
United  States,  South  America,  and  Costa  Rica,  returning 
to  Cuba  in  1895  to  support  the  rebellion  of  that  year.  Un- 
til his  death  in  the  following  year  he  conducted  a brilliant 
campaign  in  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio. 

Maceo  (ma-tha'o),  Jos6.  Born  at  Santiago  de 
Cuba,  1846 : died  at  La  Lama  del  Gato,  July  5, 
1896.  A Cuban  patriot,  of  mulatto  parentage, 
brother  of  Antonio  Maceo.  He  fought  in  the  ten 
years'  war  (1868-78) ; was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  insur- 


rection of  1879  ; and  was  deported  to  Spain,  but  escaped 
from  the  Balearic  Isles,  where  he  was  imprisoned,  and 
went  to  Costa  Rica  in  1885.  In  1895  he  went  to  Cuba, 
raised  a large  force,  and,  with  his  brother,  defeated  the 
Spaniards  at  Jobito  in  May,  and  at  Sao  del  Indio  in  Sep- 
tember, 1895.  He  bore  the  rank  of  colonel. 

McEwen  (mak-u'en),  Walter.  Born  at  Chi- 
cago, 1860.  An  American  painter.  He  was 
trained  in  Munich,  at  the  Academy  of  Ail  and  under 
Frank  Duveneck,  and  in  Paris  under  Robert- Fleury.  He 
has  painted  portraits  and  many  landscapes  and  genre  sub- 
jects, notably  a series  done  in  Holland,  and  he  assisted  in 
the  decoration  of  the  buildings  of  the  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion in  Chicago  in  1893.  He  was  created  a chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1896,  and  was  elected  a member  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  1903. 

McFall  (mak-fal'),  Mrs.  (Frances  Elizabeth 
Clarke) : pseudonym  Sarah  Grand.  Born  at 
Donaghadee,  County  Down,  Ireland.  A Brit- 
ish novelist.  She  is  actively  interested  in  woman 
suffrage  and  social  work.  Among  her  books  are  “ Ideala  ” 
(1888),  “The  Heavenly  Twins”  (1893),  “The  Beth  Book” 
(1897),  “The  Modern  Man  and  Maid ”(1898),  “Babs  the 
Impossible”  (1900),  “Emotional  Moments”  (1908),  etc. 

McGee  (ma-ge'),  W J Born  April  17,  1853: 
died  Sept.  4,  1912.  An  American  geologist 
and  anthropologist,  director  of  the  St.  Louis 
Public  Museum  1905-07.  He  was  geologist  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  1883-93,  and  ethnol- 
ogist in  charge  of  the  bureau  of  American  Ethnology 
1893-1903.  He  published  numerous  monographs  and 
papers  on  geological,  ethnological,  and  archieological 
topics.  In  1907  he  was  appointed  a member  of  the  Inland 
Waterways  Commission. 

McGiffert  (mak-gif'ert),  Arthur  Cushman. 

Born  at  Sauquoit,  N.  Y.,  March  4,  1861.  An 
American  theologian,  professor  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal history  in  Union  Theological  Seminary  (New 
York)  from  1893.  H e was  graduated  at  Western  Re- 
serve College  in  1882,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary 
in  1885,  and  studied  in  Germany,  France,  and  Italy  1885-88. 
From  1888  to  1890  he  was  an  instructor,  and  from  1890  to 
1893  a professor,  in  Lane  Theological  Seminary  (Cincin- 
nati). He  is  the  author  of  “A  Dialogue  between  a Chris- 
tian and  a Jew”  (1889),  “The  Church  History  of  Euse- 
bius” (1890),  “A  History  of  Christianity  in  the  Apostolic 
Age”  (1897),  “The  Apostles’  Creed”  (1902),  “Martin 
Luther,  the  Man,  and  his  Work”  (1911),  etc. 

McGill  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing founded  at  Montreal,  Canada,  by  the  will 
of  James  McGill  (1744—1813),  chartered  in 
1821,  and  opened  in  1829.  The  faculties  are  five 
in  number : arts,  applied  science,  law,  medicine,  and 
agriculture;  there  is  also  a conservatory  of  music.  Edu- 
cational work  is  carried  on  in  McGill  College,  the  Royal 
Victoria  College  for  Women  (founded  by  Lord  Strathcona 
and  opened  in  1900),  and  other  university  buildings  in 
Montreal ; and  also  in  the  affiliated  colleges,  Vancouver 
College  (Vancouver,  B.  C.),  Victoria  College  (Victoria, 
B.  C.),  and  the  four  theological  colleges,  etc.  The  stu- 
dent enrolment  in  the  undergraduate  courses  at  Montr<  al 
is  over  1,600. 

MacGrath  (ma-grath'),  Harold.  Born  at 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1871.  An  American 
novelist.  Among  his  works  are  “Arms  and  the  Wo- 
man”  (1899),  “The  Puppet  Crown”  (1901),  “The  Grey 
Cloak  ” (1903),  “ The  Man  on  the  Box”  (1904),  “The  Lure 
of  the  Mask  ” (inns),  " The  Goose  Girl  " (luo9),  "A  splen- 
did Hazard  ” (1910),  and  “The  Carpet  from  Bagdad  ”(1911). 

Mach  (mach),  Ernst.  Born  at  Turas,  Feb. 
18,  1838.  An  Austrian  physicist,  professor  in 
the  University  of  Vienna  1895-1901.  in  1901 
he  retired  and  became  a member  of  the  upper  house  of 
the  Reichsrat.  Among  his  works  are  “ Optischakus- 
tische  Versuche"  (1873-1908),  “Die  Mechanik  in  ihrer 
Entwiekelung"  (1883),  “Beitrage  zur  Analyse  der  Emp- 
flndungen  " (1886:  republished  in  1903  as  “Die  Analyse 
der  Empftndungen  und  das  Verhaltnis  des  Physischen 
zum  Psychischen  ’’),  “ Die  Prinzipien  der  Warmelehre " 
(1900),  and  “ Erkenntnis  und  Irrtum  : Skizzen  zur  Psy- 
chology der  Forschung  ’’  (1905). 

Mackail  (ma-kal'),  John  William.  Born  at 

Ascog,  Bute,’  Aug.  26,  1859.  A British  scholar, 
professor  of  poetry  in  the  University  of  Oxford 
1906-11.  He  has  published  “Select  Epigrams  from 
the  Greek  Anthology”  (1890),  “Biblia  Imiocentium  ” 
(1891-93),  “Latin  Literature”  (1895),  a “Life  of  William 
Morris”  (1899),  a translation  of  the  Odyssey  (1903-10), 
“ The  Springs  of  Helicon  ” (1909),  and  “ Lectures  ou  Greek 
Poetry  ” (1910). 

MacKay  (ma-H'),  Alexander  Howard.  Born 
at  Mount  Da’lhousie,  Nova  Scotia,  May  19, 1848. 
A Canadian  biologist,  superintendent  of  edu- 
cation in  Nova  Scotia  from  1891.  He  has 
published  works  upon  the  flora  of  Nova  Scotia, 
the  phenology  of  Canada,  etc. 

MacKaye  (ma-ki'),  James  Steele.  Born  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y\,  June  6,  1842:  died  at  Timpas, 
Colo.,  Feb.  25,  1894.  An  American  actor  and 
playwright.  He  studied  in  Pari9  under  Deisarte.  In 
1872’  he  appeared  on  the  stage  in  London,  and  later  built 
and  managed  the  Madison  Square  Theater  (1880)  and  the 
Lyceum  Theater  (1885)  at  New  York,  and  the  Spectatorium 
at  the  World’s  Fair,  Chicago  (1893).  He  also  founded  the 
first  school  of  acting  in  America  (1885).  Among  his  plays, 
in  some  of  which  he  acted  the  chief  role,  are  “ Marriage  ” 
(1872),  “ Won  at  Last  ” (1877),  “ Hazel  Kirke  ” (1880),  “Paul 
Kauvar”  (1887),  “Money  Mad”  (1889),  “An  Arrant 
Knave”  (1890),  and  “The  World-Finder  ” (1893). 

MacKaye  (ma-ki'),  Percy  Wallace.  Born 
at  New  York,  March  16,  1875.  An  American 
dramatist  and  poet,  son  of  James  Steele  Mac- 


McLaughlin 

Kaye.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1897, 
and  studied  at  the  University  of  Leipsic  1899-1900.  He 
has  written  “ The  Canterbury  Pilgrims  ” (1903),  “ A Modern 
Rendering  into  Prose  of  Chaucer's  Tales”  (1904),  “Prologue 
to  the  Saint-Gaudens  Masque  ” (1905),  “ Fenris  the  Wolf,” 
(1905),  “Jeanne  d’ Arc  ” (1906),  “Sappho and  Phaon  ” (1907), 
“ The  Playhouse  and  the  Play  ” (1909),  “ Steele  MacKaye  ” 
(1911),  “The  Civic  Theatre”  (1911),  etc. 

McKees  Rocks  (ma-kez'  roks).  A borough  in 
Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  3milesnorth- 
west  of  Pittsburgh.  It  has  railroad  shops  and 
iron-  and  steel-works,  and  is  a shipping-point 
for  coal  and  lumber.  Population,  14,702,  (1910). 

McKelway  (ma-kel'wa),  St.  Clair.  Born  at 
Columbia,  Mo.,  March  15,  1845.  An  American 
journalist,  a regent  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  New  York  from  1883,  and  the  vice- 
chancellor  from  1899.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bai- 
rn 1866,  but  did  not  practise.  In  1870  he  became  assis- 
tant editor  of  the  Brooklyn  “Eagle,”  and  in  1878  editor 
of  the  Albany  “Argus,"  which  he  left  in  1885  to  become 
the  editor-in-chief  of  the  “Eagle,”  a position  which  he 
now  (1911)  holds.  He  is  a writer  and  speaker  on  educa- 
tional, civic,  and  historical  questions. 

McKendree  (ma-ken'dre),  Williann.  Born  in 
King  William  County,  Va.,  July  6,  1757 : died 
near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  March  5,  1835.  The 
first  American-born  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  He  became  presiding  elder  in  1796, 
and  bishop  in  1808. 

McKenna  (ma-ken'a),  Joseph.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Aug.  10,  1843.  An  American  jurist. 

He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1865 ; was  a member  of  the 
California  legislature  1875-76,  and  a member  of  Congress 
1885-93  ; was  United  States  circuit  judge  1893-97 ; was  at- 
torney-general 1897-98 ; and  was  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1898-. 

M’Kenna  (ma-ken'a),  Reginald.  Born  July  6, 
1863.  A British  statesman,  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  1908-11,  and  home  secretary  1911-. 

He  was  appointed  financial  secretary  of  the  treasury  in 
1905,  and  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Education  1907-08. 

McKenney  (ma-ken'i),  Randolph  Evans  Ben- 
der. Born  at  Philadelphia,  June  7,  1878.  An 
American  botanist  and  bacteriologist,  expert 
pathologist  and  physiologist  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  from  1909. 
He  was  assistant  professor  of  botany  in  George 
Washington  University  1902-04. 

Mackenzie  (ma-ken'zi).  A district  of  the 
Northwestern  Territories  of  Canada,  it  is 
bounded  by  Beaufort  Sea  and  other  arctic  waters  on  the 
north;  Keewatin  on  the  east;  Saskatchewan,  Alberta, 
and  British  Columbia  on  the  south  ; and  Yukon  (separated 
by  the  Rocky  Mountains)  on  the  west.  It  has  many  lakes, 
the  Great  Slave  and  the  Great  Bear  being  the  largest. 
The  Great  Slave  River  flows  northwest  from  northern  Al- 
berta (formerly  Athabasca)  into  Great  Slave  Lake,  and  the 
Mackenzie  northwest  from  Great  Slave  Lake  into  Mac- 
kenzie Bay.  Other  rivers  are  the  Liard  or  Mountain  (an 
affluent  of  the  Mackenzie),  the  Coppermine,  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Great  Fish  or  Back,  the  Telzoa,  the  Rocky, 
and  the  Kazan.  The  western  part  of  the  district  is  densely 
forested.  The  climate  is  severe.  Area,  562,182  square 
miles.  Population,  5,216. 

Mackenzie  (ma-ken'zi),  Sir  Alexander  Camp- 
bell. Born  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  22,  1847.  A 
British  composer,  since  1888  principal  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music  in  London.  He  has 
composed  three  operas,  oratorios,  and  cantatas,  orchestral 
overtures,  a “pibroch  ” for  violin  and  orchestra,  songs,  and 
piano  pieces.  He  was  knighted  in  1895. 

McKim  (ma-kim'),  Charles  Follem  Born  in 

Chester  County,  Pa.,  Aug.  24,  1847 : died  at 
St.  James,  L.  I.,  Sept.  14,  1909.  An  Ameri- 
can architect.  From  1867  until  1870  he  studied 
in  Paris.  Returning  to  America  in  1870,  he  entered  the 
office  of  H.  H.  Richardson  in  New  York,  and  in  1872  com- 
menced practice  on  his  own  account.  He  was  joined  by 
W.  R.  Mead  in  1877,  and  by  Stanford  ’White  in  1879,  thus 
forming  the  firm  of  McKim,  Mead,  and  White,  of  New 
York.  In  1897  he  organized  the  American  Academy  in 
Rome,  of  which  he  was  chosen  the  first  president.  In 
1901  he  was  appointed  to  the  commission  intrusted  with 
the  rearrangement  of  the  city  of  Washington.  Among 
the  buildings  erected  by  this  firm  are  the  Century  Club, 
Madison  Square  Garden,  and  the  Metropolitan  Club  in  New 
York;  Battle  Monument,  West  Point;  the  Boston  Public 
Library  ; the  Agricultural  Building,  World’s  Fair,  Chicago, 
1893 ; the  group  of  buildings  of  Columbia  University,  New 
York,  and  of  the  New  York  University ; the  reconstruction 
of  the  White  House  in  Washington ; etc.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  1907. 

McKinley  (ma-tin'li),  Mount.  A mountain 
in  south-central  Alaska,  about  lat.  63°  30'  N., 
long.  151°  W.,  the  highest  summit  in  the  United 
States.  In  1906  Dr.  Frederick  A.  Cook  reported  that  he 
had  ascended  the  mountain  on  Sept.  15  of  that  year, 
but  this  report  has  been  discredited.  Height,  20,300  feet 
(U.  S.  C.  G.  S.). 

M’Laren  (ma-klar'en),  Alexander.  Born  Feb. 
11,  1826:  died  May  5,  1910.  A Scottish  Baptist 
minister  and  pulpit  orator.  He  was  educated  at 
Glasgow  University  and  at  Stepney  (now  Regent  s Park) 
College.  He  was  minister  of  Portland  Chapel,  Southamp- 
ton, 1846-58,  and  of  Union  Chapel.  Manchester,  1858-1910. 
ne  published  “Secrets  of  Power,”  “The  Life  of  David, 
etc. 

McLaughlin  (mak-laf'lin).  Andrew  Cunning- 
ham. Born  at  Beardstown,  111..  Feb.  14,  1861. 


McLaughlin 

An  American  educator,  professor  of  history  in 
the  University  of  Chicago  from  1906.  He  was 

assistant  professor  and  professor  of  history  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  1888-1906.  His  works  include  "Lewis 
Cass”  (1891),  “A  History  of  the  American  Nation”  (1899), 
‘‘The  Confederation  and  the  Constitution”  (1905),  etc. 
From  1901  to  1905  he  was  managing  editor  of  the  “Ameri- 
can Historical  Review,'  and  from  1903  to  1901  director  of 
the  bureau  of  historical  research  in  the  Carnegie  Institu- 
tion at  Washington. 

McLellan  (ma-klel'au),  Charles  M.  S.  Born 
at  Bath,  Maine,  in  1865.  An  American  play- 
wright. He  began  life  as  a journalist  in  New  York,  and 
for  a time  was  editor  of  “Town  Topics.’’  He  has  written 
the  librettos  for  a number  of  musical  pieces,  including 
“The  Belle  of  New  York.”  Among  his  plays  the  most 
notable  is  “LeahKleschna,”  produced  at  New  York  in  1905. 

Macleod  (mak-loud' ),  Fiona.  The  name  under 
which  William  Sharp  published  many  of  his 
tales  and  poems  relating  to  the  Scottish  High- 
lands. After  the  publication  of  “Pharais,”  in  1894,  there 
was  much  conjecture  as  to  the  personality  of  Fiona  Mac- 
leod, until  the  illusion  was  finally  established  (by  means 
of  a carefully  conducted  correspondence)  that  she  was  a 
young  Highland  woman  writing  under  her  maiden  name. 
The  secret  of  her  identity  with  William  Sharp  was  not 
disclosed  until  after  his  death  in  1905.  Under  her  name 
he  published  “Pharais"  (1894),  “The  Mountain  Lovers" 
(1895),  “The  Sin-eater”  (1895),  “The  Washer  of  the  Ford” 
(1896),  “ Green  Fire  ” (1896),  “ From  the  Hills  of  Dream  ” 
(1896),  “The  Laughter  of  Peterkiu”  (1897),  “The  Domin- 
ion of  Dreams  ” (1899),  “ The  Divine  Adventure  ” (1900), 
and  “The  Winged  Destiny  ” (1904),  and  was  preparing  at 
the  time  of  his  death  “The  Immortal  Hour  ” and  “The 
Magic  Kingdoms.”  The  best  poetic-prose  tales  were  col- 
lected and  reissued,  under  the  titles  “Spiritual  Tales,” 
“Barbaric  Tales,”  and  “Tragic  Romances,”  in  1897. 
McLoughlin  (mak-loch'lin),  John.  Born  iu 
La  Raviere  du  Loup  Parish,  Canada,  Oct.  19, 
1784 : died  at  Oregon  City,  Ore.,  Sept.  3,  1857. 
One  of  the  pioneers  of  Oregon.  He  went  to 
the  Oregon  country  as  chief  factor  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company  in  1824,  remaining  in  its 
employ  until  1846. 

MacManus  (mak-man'us),  Seuruas:  pseudo- 
nym Mac.  Born  at  Donegal.  A contempo- 
rary Irish  writer  of  prose  and  verse.  He  is  the 
author  of  “Through  the  Turf  Smoke”  (1899),  “ In  Chim- 
ney Corners  ” (1899),  “Donegal Fairy  Stories  ” (1900),  “The 
Bewitched  Fiddle,  and  Other  Tales  ” (1900),  “A  Lad  of  the 
O’Friels”  (1903),  “The  Red  Poocher'’  (1903),  and  many 
shorter  stories. 

McMaster  ',  John  Bach.  His  later  works  include 
“With the  Fathers”  (1896),  “Origin,  Meaning,  and  Appli- 
cation of  the  Monroe  Doctrine”  (1896),  “School  History 
of  the  United  States ” (1897),  “Daniel  Webster”  (1902), 
“The  Acquisition  of  Political,  Social,  and  Industrial  Rights 
of  Man  in  America"  (1903),  “Brief  History  of  the  United 
States  " (1907),  etc. 

Macnaughtan  (mak-na'tan),  Mrs.  (Myra 
Kelly).  Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland : died  at 
Torquay,  England,  March  31, 1910.  An  Ameri- 
can educator  and  author.  She  was  educated  in  the 
New  York  city  public  schools  and  at  the  Teachers  College, 
Columbia  University,  and  taught  in  a New  York  public 
school  1899-1901,  and  in  the  Teachers  College  1902-03. 
She  first  became  known  as  a writer  by  her  stories  of  chil- 
dren in  the  primary  schools  of  New  York.  Her  published 
volumes  include  “Little  Citizens”  (1904),  “Wards  of  Lib- 
erty” (1907),  “Rosnah”  (1908),  “Little  Aliens”  (1910), 
“New  Faces”  (1910),  “Her  Little  Young  Ladyship" 
(1911),  etc. 

MacNeil  (mak-nel'),  Hermon  Atkins.  Bom 

at  Chelsea,  Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1866.  An  Ameri- 
can Sculptor.  He  was  trained  in  Paris  and  in  Rome. 
He  assisted  in  the  decoration  of  the  buildings  of  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition  in  Chicago  in  1893,  and  has  executed 
many  monumental  works,  the  most  important  being  the 
McKinley  memorial  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  His  most  interest- 
ing statues  have  been  of  Indian  subjects,  as  “The  Moqui 
Runner,”  “The  Sun  Vow,"  “Coming  of  the  White  Man,” 
etc.  Elected  National  Academician  in  1906. 

McReynolds  (mak-ren'oldz),  James  Clark. 
Born  at  Elkton,  Ky.,  Feb.  3,  1862.  An  Amer- 
ican lawyer,  attorney-general  1913-.  He  was 
educated  at  Vanderbilt  University  and  the  University  of 
Virginia.  He  was  United  States  assistant  attorney-gen- 
eral 1903-07,  and  was  retained  as  counsel  by  the  United 
.States  government  in  matters  relating  to  antitrust  laws. 

MactMn  (mak-tiin').  An  island  of  the  Philip- 
pines, east  of  Cebu,  belongingto  Cebu  province. 
Here  Magalhaes,  the  discoverer  of  the  Philippines,  was 
killed  in  an  attack  on  the  natives  on  April  27,  1521.  Area, 
25  square  miles.  Population,  17,540. 

MacVeagh  (raak-va'),  Franklin.  Born  in 
Chester  County,  Pa.  An  American  cabinet  of- 
ficer, brother  of  Wayne  MacVeagh.  He  was 

graduated  at  Yale  in  1862,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1864, 
and  began  practice  in  New  York.  In  1866  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  and  engaged  in  the  wholesale  grocery  business 
till  1909,  when  he  became  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  the 
cabinet  of  President  Taft.  He  has  been  interested  in  va- 
rious manufacturing  and  banking  enterprises,  and  is 
prominent  in  civic  reform  movements. 

MacVeagh*,  Wayne.  He  was  chief  counsel  for  the 
United  States  in  the  Venezuelan  arbitration  before  the 
Hague  tribunal  in  1903. 

MacWhirter  (mak-hw6r'ter),  John.  Born 
near  Edinburgh  in  1837 : died  at  London,  Jan. 
28,  1911.  A Scottish  painter,  best  known  for 
his  representations  of  Highland  scenes. 

r —73 


Among  his  works  are  “ Lady  of  the  Woods,” 
“ Lord  of  the  Glen,”  and  “Dark  Loch  Coruisk.” 

Madagascar*.  Government  is  administered  by  a gov- 
ernor-general, assisted  by  a council  of  administration. 
Diego-Suarezand  the  islands  of  Nossi  Be  andSainte  Marie 
are  dependencies  of  the  colony. 

Madame  Butterfly.  An  opera  by  Puccini 
(words,  by  Illica  and  Giacosa,  founded  on  a 
book  by  John  Luther  Long  and  a drama  by 
David  Belasco),  first  produced  at  Milan  in  1904. 

Madero  (ma-da/ro),  Francisco  I.  Born  near 
Parras,  Coahuila,  Oct.  18,  1873 : shot  at  Mexico 
City,  Feb.  23, 1913.  A Mexican  political  leader. 
He  was  educated  principally  at  a Jesuit  college  in  Mexico 
and  at  the  University  of  California.  In  1889  he  visited 
Europe  and  spent  six  years  in  France.  On  his  return  to 
Mexico  he  became  a cotton-planter  and  made  a fortune, 
which  he  spent  freely  in  furthering  the  revolutionary 
cause.  He  took  an  active  part  in  politics,  and  wrote  articles 
against  Diaz,  also  a book  entitled  “ The  Presidential  Suc- 
cession ” (1898).  In  November,  1910,  revolution  broke  out 
openly,  and  after  a prolonged  struggle  the  rebels,  with 
Madero  at  their  head,  compelled  Diaz  to  resign  in  May, 
1911.  Madero  became  the  leader  of  the  Constitutional 
Progressive  party,  and  was  elected  President  of  Mexico 
Oct.  14,  1911. 

Madison  (mad'i-son).  A village  of  Madison 
County,  Illinois.  Population,  5,046,  (1910). 

Madison  University.  See  * Colgate  University. 

Madisonville  (mad'i-son-vil).  A village  in 
Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  9 miles  northeast  of 
Cincinnati.  It  has  lumber-mills,  manufac- 
tories of  plaster  relief,  etc.  Near  by  is  a pre- 
historic cemetery,  owned  by  Harvard  Univer- 
sity. Population,  5,193,  (1910). 

Maeterlinck*,  Maurice  (Mooris).  He  has  writ- 

ten  also  “La  mort  de  Tintagiles”  (1894),  “Aglavaine  et 
Selysette”  (1896),  “Le  tresor  des  humbles”  (1896),  “La 
sagesse  et  la  destinSe  ” (1898),  “ Soeur  Beatrice  ” (1899),  “ La 
vie  des  abeilles  ”(1901),  “ MonnaVanna  ”(1902),  “Le  temple 
enseveli  ” (1902),  “Joyzelle”  (1903),  “Le  double  jardin  ” 
(1904),  “Le  miracle  de  saint  Antoine”  (1905),  “LTntelli- 
gence  des  dears ” (1907),  “L’Oiseau  bleu”  (“The  Blue 
Bird”  : 1909),  “Mary  Magdalene”  (1910),  etc. 

Mafeking*.  It  is  the  seat  of  government  of 
the  Bechuanaland  Protectorate. 

Mafeking  (maf'e-king),  Siege  of.  The  siege 
of  Mafeking,  in  Bechuanaland,  during  the  Boer 
war,  begun  by  the  Boers  October  15, 1899,  and 
abandoned  May  18,  1900.  The  defense  was 
conducted  by  Colonel  (later  Major-General) 
Sir  R.  S.  S.  Baden-Powell. 

Magda.  The  name  of  the  English  version  of 
“Heimat,”  a drama  by  Hermann  Sudermann, 
published  iu  1893.  A translation  by  Charles 
Edward  Amory  Winslow  was  published  in  1895. 

Magersfontein  (ma-gerz-fon'tan).  A locality 
iu  Orange  Tree  State,  South  Africa,  near 
the  western  boundary  and  north  of  the  Modder 
River.  Here,  on  Dec.  11,  1899,  the  British  under  Lord 
Methuen  were  disastrously  defeated  by  the  Boers  under 
General  Cronje. 

Magnard  (man-yar'),  Francis.  Born  at  Brus- 
sels, Feb.  11,  1837 : died  at  Neuilly-sur-Seine, 
Nov.  18,  1894.  A French  journalist.  He  entered 

the  office  of  “ Le  Figaro  ” in  1863,  became  managing  editor 
of  that  journal  in  1876,  and  was  editor-in-chief  from  1879 
until  his  death.  Besides  contributing  to  other  journals, 
he  wrote  a novel,  “L’Abb6  Jer&me  ” (1869),  “ Vie  et  aveu- 
tures  d’un  positiviste,  histoire  paradoxale  ” (1876),  etc. 

Magoon  (ma-gon'),  Charles  E.  Born  in  Min- 
nesota, Dec.  5,  1861.  An  American  adminis- 
trator, provisional  governor  of  Cuba,  Oct., 
1906, -Jan.,  1909.  He  was  general  counsel  of  the 
Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  1904-05,  and  gov- 
ernor of  the  Canal  Zone,  May,  1905-Oct.,  1906. 

Magruder  (ma-gro'der),  Julia.  Born  at  Char- 
lottesville, Va.,  Sept.  14,  1854:  died  at  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  June  9, 1907.  An  American  novel- 
ist. Her  works  include  “Across  the  Chasm”  (1885), 
“ Princess  Sonia  ” (1895),  “ The  Violet  ” (1896),  “A  Realized 
Ideal  ” (1898),  “ Dead  Selves  ” (1898),  “ Struan  ” (1899),  “ A 
Beautiful  Alien”  (1900),  “A  Manifest  Destiny”  (1900), 
“ A Sunny  Southerner”  (1901),  etc. 

Mahaffy*,  John  Penfland.  He  wrote  also  “ Greek 
Antiquities  ” (1876),  “ The  Story  of  Alexander’s  Empire  ” 
(1890),  “ Problems  in  Greek  History  ” (1892),  “The  Petrie 
Papyri  Deciphered  and  Explained  ” (1891-1905),  “Empire 
of  the  Ptolemies  ” (1896),  “An  Epoch  in  Irish  History” 
(1904),  “The  Silver  Age  of  the  Greek  World  ” (1906),  etc. 

Mahamaya  (ma-ha-ma'ya).  The  mother  of 
Buddha.  She  was  the  daughter  of  the  Raja  of  Koli,  and 
she  and  her  younger  sister  were  the  principal  wives  of 
Suddhodana,  raja  of  the  Sakhyas.  Many  legendary 
stories  are  told  of  the  immaculate  conception,  the  mira- 
cles performed,  etc. 

Mahan*,  Alfred  Thayer,  in  1900  he  attained  the 
rank  of  rear-admiral.  Among  his  later  works  are  “ Inter- 
est of  America  in  Sea  Power”  (1897),  “ Lessons  of  the  War 
with  Spain  ” (1899),  “ Problem  of  Asia  ” (1900),  “ The  War 
in  South  Africa  ”(1901),  “ Retrospect  and  Prospect  ”(1902), 
“Sea  Power  in  its  Relations  to  the  War  of  1812  ”(1905), 
“From  Sail  to  Steam  ” (1907),  “Naval  Administration  and 
Warfare ” (1908),  “The  Interest  of  America  in  Interna- 
tional Conditions”  (1910),  “ Naval  Strategy”  (1911),  “Arma- 
ments and  Arbitration”  (1912),  etc. 


Mallee  Country 

Mahler  (ma'ler),  Gustav.  Born  at  Kalischt, 
Bohemia,  July  7,  1860  : died  at  Vienna,  May  18, 
1911.  A noted  conductor  and  composer.  He 
conducted  the  opera  in  various  German  cities  from  1883 
to  1897.  From  1897  to  1907  he  was  the  chief  conductor  at 
the  Imperial  Opera  in  Vienna.  He  composed  eight  sym- 
phonies, which  have  aroused  controversy  over  their  un- 
conventional methods  and  structure,  and  several  songs 
with  orchestra.  In  1888  he  brought  out  the  opera  “ Die 
drei  Pintos,”  which  he  finished  after  Weber’s  sketches. 
Among  his  most  important  works  are  a set  of  “Humores- 
ken  ” for  orchestra,  and  a cantata,  “Das  klagende  Lied.” 
He  was  conductor  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House  in 
New  York  in  1908,  and  of  the  Philharmonic  Society,  New 
York,  1909-1911. 

Maitland  (mat ' land),  Frederic  William. 

Born  May  28,  1850:  died  Dec.  21,  1906.  An 
eminent  English  jurist,  professor  of  English 
law  at  Cambridge  from  1888.  His  works  include 
“Gloucester  Pleas”  (1884),  “Justice  and  Police"  (1885), 
“Bracton’s  Note-book  ” (1887),  “History  of  English  Law  " 
(with  Sir  F.  Pollock,  1895),  “ Domesday  Book  and  Beyond  " 
(1897),  “ Township  and  Borough  ” (1898),  “ Canon  Law  in 
England"  (1898),  “Political  Theories  of  the  Middle  Ages” 
(trans.,  1900),  “ English  Law  and  the  Renaissance”  (1901), 
“Life  and  Letters  of  Leslie  Stephen  ” (1907),  “Constitu- 
tional History  of  England  ” (1908),  etc. 

Maitland  (mat'land),  John  Alexander  Ful- 
ler: known  as  Fuller-Maitland.  Born  at 
London,  April  7,  1856.  An  English  critic  and 
historian  of  music.  He  succeeded  Francis  Hueffer 
as  musical  critic  of  the  London  “ Times  ” in  1890,  and  was 
himself  succeeded  by  H.  C.  Colies  in  1911.  He  has  writ- 
ten a biography  of  Schumann  (1884),  “Masters  of  German 
Music”  (1894),  “English  Music  in  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury" (1902),  and  “The  Age  of  Bach  and  Handel”  in 
Volume  IV.  of  the  “Oxford  History  of  Music  ” (1902) ; and 
has  edited  the  revision  of  “ Grove’s  Dictionary  of  Music  ” 
(1904-09). 

Majaijai  (ma-hi-hl').  See  *Banajao. 

Major  (ma'jor),  Charles:  pseudonym  Edwin 
Caskoden.  Born  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  July 
25,  1856.  An  American  novelist.  Among  his 
works  are  “ When  Knighthood  was  in  Flower" 
(1898),  “Dorothy  Vernon  of  Haddon  Hall" 
(1902),  “Yolanda,  Maid  of  Burgundy”  (1905), 
and  “ A Gentle  Knight  of  Old  Brandenburg  ” 
(1909). 

Makarof  (ma'ka-rof),  Stephen  Ossipovitch. 

Born  at  Kief,  Dec.  29,  1848:  died  off  Port 
Arthur,  April  12,  1904.  A noted  Russian 
admiral.  He  entered  the  Russian  navy  in  1864  ; was  in 
command  of  a cruiser  in  the  Russo-Turkish  war  of  1877- 
1878  ; and  in  1890  was  made  inspector-general  of  artillery. 
He  introduced  a number  of  inventions  and  improvements 
in  guns  and  projectiles,  and  was  the  inventor  of  the  ice- 
breaker Ermak.  For  a time  he  was  military  governor  of 
Kronstadt ; commanded  the  division  in  the  Far  East 
1894-95;  and  in  1896  was  made  vice-admiral  and  afterward 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Baltic.  He  took  command  of 
the  Russian  fleet  at  Port  Arthur  in  1904,  and  was  killed  in 
the  destruction  of  the  battle-ship  Petropavlovsk  by  a 
mine  off  the  mouth  of  the  harbor. 

Malakand,  or  Malakhand  (mal ' a-kand), 
Pass.  A pass  in  the  N orthwest  Frontier  Prov- 
ince of  India,  north  of  Peshawar. 

Malaspina  Glacier*.  It  is  the  largest  piedmont  gla- 
cier in  the  world,  being  about  20  miles  long  and  65  or  70  wide. 
It  lies  between  the  St.  Elias  range  and  the  Pacific,  being 
separated  from  the  latter  by  a fringe  of  forested  moraines 
five  or  six  miles  wide,  except  at  Icy  Cape,  where  the  ice 
cliffs  are  washed  by  the  waves. 

Malay  Peninsula*.  A treaty  between  Great 
Britain  and  Siam,  signed  March  10,  1909,  pro- 
vided for  the  transfer  to  British  protection  of 
Kelantan,  Trengganu,  and  Keda. 

Malaysia,  or  Malasia  (ma-la'sia).  Same  as 
Malay  Archipelago. 

Malay  States,  Federated.  The  states  of 
Perak,  Selangor,  Negri  Sembilan,  Pahang,  and 
Trengganu,  in  the  Malay  Peninsula. 

Malinao  (ma-le'na-o).  An  extinct  volcano  in 
Albay  province,  southeastern  Luzdn,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  approximately  in  lat.  13°  26'  N., 
long.  123°  34'  E.  Height,  3,066  feet. 

Malindang  (ma-len-dang').  A volcano  in 
northern  Mindanao,  Philippine  Islands. 
Height,  9,364  feet. 

Mall  (mal),  Franklin  Paine.  Born  at  Belle 
Plaine,  Iowa,  Sept.  28,  1862.  An  American 
anatomist,  professor  of  anatomy  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University  from  1893.  He  was  adjunct 
professor  of  vertebrate  anatomy  at  Clark  University  1889- 
1892  and  professor  of  anatomy  at  the  University  of  Chicago 
1892-93.  He  has  published  numerous  papers  on  anatom- 
ical and  embryological  topics. 

Mallarme  (ma-lar-ma'),  Stephane.  Born  at 
Paris,  March  18,  1842:  died  at  Fontainebleau, 
Sept.  8, 1898.  A French  poet,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  of  the  group  known  as  decadents, 
and  the  leader  of  the  symbolist  movement. 
He  wrote  much  for  “Le  Ddcadent ” and  “Le  Pamasse 
Contemporain.”  Among  his  works  are  “ L’Apres-midi 
d’un  faune  ” (1876),  “ Les  dieux  antiques  ” (1880),  “ Poesies  ” 
(1887),  “ Pages ” (1890),  “ Vers  et  prose  ”(1892),  “Les  diva- 
gations” (1897),  and  a translation  of  the  poems  of  Poe. 

Mallee  (mal'e)  Country,  or  The  Mallee. 

[Name  of  a species  of  eucalyptus.]  A region 


Mallee  Country 

in  southern  Australia,  including  parts  of  Vic- 
toria, New  South  Wales,  and  South  Australia, 
characterized  by  the  growth  of  mallee  scrub. 
Mallet  (mal'et),  John  William.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, Ireland,  Oct.  10,  1832 : died  at  Charlottes- 
ville, Va.,  Nov.  6, 1912.  A British  chemist,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Virginia 
1868-83  and  1885—1908.  He  served  in  the  Confed- 
erate army  in  the  Civil  War,  rising  to  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  artillery  and  superintendent  of  ordnance 
laboratories.  After  the  war  he  was  successively  professor 
in  the  universities  of  Louisiana,  Virginia,  and  Texas,  and 
in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia.  He  published 
numerous  scientific  papers. 

Mallet  (mal'et),  Sir  Louis.  Born  at  London, 
March  14,  1823 : died  at  Bath,  Feb.  16,  1890. 
An  English  economist.  Ill  I860  he  was  appointed 
an  assistant  commissioner,  under  Cobden,  to  draw  up  a 
tariff  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of 
commerce  with  France ; and  he  was  connected  with  the 
Board  of  Trade  until  1872.  In  1874  he  became  permanent 
under-secretary  of  state  for  India,  retiring  in  1883.  He 
was  knighted  in  1868.  His  occasional  writings  were  col- 
lected, under  the  title  “Free  Exchange,"  in  1891. 

Mallock*,  William  Hurrell.  His’  later  works 

include  “Labour  and  the  Popular  Welfare”  (1893), 
“ Classes  and  Masses  ” (1896),  “ Aristocracy  and  Evolu- 
tion ” (1898),  “Tristram  Lacy  ” (1899),  “ Doctrine  and  Doc- 
trinal Disruption  ” (1900),  “ P^eligion  as  a Credible  Doc- 
trine ” (1902),  “The  Veil  of  the  Temple”  (1904),  “The 
Reconstruction  of  Belief  ” (1905),  “ Critical  Examination 
of  Socialism”  (1907),  “An  Immortal  Soul”  (1908),  “The 
Nation  as  a Business  Firm"  (1910),  etc. 

Malolos  (ma-lo'los).  A town,  the  capital  of 
Bulac&n  province,  Luzdn,  Philippine  Islands. 

It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Pampanga  delta,  in  lat. 
140°  61'  N.,  long.  120°  48'  E.  Civilized  population  of  mu- 
nicipality, 12,575. 

Malot  (ma-16'),  Hector  Henri.  Born  at  La 
BouiUe,  May  20,  1830  : died  at  Fontenay-sous- 
Bois,  July  19,  1907.  A French  novelist.  His 
works  include  “ La  vie  moderne  en  Angleterre”  (1862),  a 
trilogy  entitled  “ Les  victimes  de  l’amour  "(1859),  “ Souve- 
nirs d’un  blesse  ’’  (1872),  “ Sans  famille  "(1878  : crowned  by 
the  French  Academy),  “Mondaine"  (1888),  “Justice” 
(1889),  “Mere"  (1890),  “ Le  prince"  (1894),  “Amours  de 
jeune  " (1895),  “Amours  de  vieux ” (1895),  “Le  roman  de 
mes  romans  ” (an  autobiography,  1896),  “ La  beaute  " 
Q897),  etc. 

Mamanuas  (ma-ina-no'as).  A Negrito  people 
living  in  the  interior  of  Surigao  Peninsula, 
northeastern  Mindanao. 

Mamaroneck  (ma-mar'o-nek).  A village  in 
Westchester  County,  New  York.  It  is  situated 
on  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  New  York, 
New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad,  about  20 
miles  from  New  York  city.  Population,  5,699, 
(1910). 

Mamertine  Prison.  A name  given  to  the 
Career  Tullianum,  the  oldest  prison  in  Rome, 
situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Capitoline 
Hill.  Its  erection  was  attributed  to  Ancus  Marcius 
(fourth  king  of  Rome,  640-616  b.  c.),  and  it  was  originally 
built  over  a well.  The  name  “ Mamertinus”  was  given  to 
it  in  medieval  times.  According  to  a tradition,  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul  were  imprisoned  here.  The  Tullianum  con- 
sists of  a large  oblong  upper  and  a small  underground 
circular  chamber,  built  at  different  periods.  Jugurtha, 
Lentulus,  and  others  met  death  in  this  prison. 

Manaoag  (ma-na'6-ag).  A municipality  of 
Pangasin&n  province,  western  Luzdn,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  Civilized  population,  16,793. 
Manati  (ma-na-te').  A city  in  the  northern 
part  of  Arecibo  department,  Porto  Rico,  situ- 
ated on  Manati  River.  Population,  munici- 
pality, 17,240;  urban,  4,439,  (1910). 
Manchester  University.  See  * Victoria  Uni- 
versity of  Manchester. 

Manchuria*.  By  the  treaty  of  Dec.  22,  1905,  between 
China  and  Japan,  the  lease  of  the  southern  part  of  the 
Liao-tung  peninsula  was  transferred  from  Russia  to  Japan. 
The  treaty  also  provided  for  various  railway  concessions 
and  the  opening  of  a number  of  Manchurian  ports  and 
cities  to  foreign  trade.  Population,  about  16,000,000. 

Mandayas  (man  -da,  'yas).  A pagan,  or  but 
slightly  Christianized,  people  of  eastern  Min- 
danao, Philippine  Islands,  by  some  regarded 
as  Indonesian. 

Mangaldan  (man-gal-dan').  A municipality 
of  Pangasindn  province,  in  the  western  part 
of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  popu- 
lation, 15,841. 

Manhattan  (man-hat'an).  The  county-seat  of 
Riley  County,  Kansas,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Kansas  and  Big  Blue  rivers.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College.  Popu- 
lation, 5,722,  (1910). 

Manhattan  (man-hat'an).  One  of  the  boroughs 
of  the  city  of  New  York  (see  New  York, 
Greater).  It  consists  of  Manhattan  Island 
(which  see)  and  several  small  islands  adja- 
cent. Population,  2,331,542,  (1910). 

Manila  (ma-ne'la)  Bay.  A large  bay,  an  arm 
of  the  China  Sea,  indenting  the  southwestern 
coast  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  and  bor- 
dered by  Bata&n,  Pampanga,  Bulac&n,  Rizal, 


and  Cavite  provinces.  It,  is  about  120  miles  in  eir- 
cumference,  and  a fine  harbor.  It  receives  the  waters  of 
many  rivers.  On  May  1,  1898,  the  Spanish  fleet  under  Ad- 
miral Montojo  was  destroyed  here  by  the  Asiatic  squadron 
of  the  United  States  navy,  under  Commodore  Dewey. 

Manitoba*.  By  federal  act  of  1912,  178,100 
square  miles  were  taken  from  the  Northwest 
Territories  and  added  to  Manitoba. 

Manoel  II.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  15,  1889. 
King  of  Portugal  from  February  1,  1908,  when 
his  father,  Carlos  I.,  and  his  elder  brother 
were  assassinated.  He  was  deposed  by  the 
republican  party  in  October,  1910. 

Manon  (ma-non').  An  opera  by  Massenet 
(words  by  Meilhac  and  Gille),  first  produced 
at  Paris  in  1884.  The  story  is  based  on  the 
romance  “Manon  Lescaut,”  written  by  the 
Abbe  Prevost. 

Mansfield  (manz'feld).  A town  in  Bristol 
County,  Massachusetts,  25  miles  southwest  of 
Boston.  It  has  manufactories  of  electrical 
supplies,  straw  goods,  cutlery,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 5,183,  (1910). 

Man  without  a Country,  The.  A story  de- 
signed to  promote  patriotism,  written  by  Ed- 
ward Everett  Hale,  and  first  published  in  the 
“Atlantic  Monthly,”  December,  1863. 

Man  with  the  Muck-rake.  A character  in 
the  second  part  of  “ The  Pilgrim’s  Progress” 
shown  by  the  Interpreter  to  Christiana  and  her 
company.  Bunyan  describes  him  as  follows:  “a  man 
that  could  look  no  way  but  downwards,  with  a muck-rake 
in  his  hand.  There  stood  also  one  over  his  head  with  a 
celestial  crown  in  his  hand,  and  proffered  him  that  crown 
for  his  muck-rake  ; but  the  man  did  neither  look  up  nor 
regard,  but  raked  to  himself  the  straws,  the  small  sticks, 
and  dust  of  the  floor."  The  explanation  given  is  that  he 
is  a man  of  the  world  who  prefers  things  carnal  to  things 
celestiaL 

Maoriland  (ma'6-ri-land).  The  land  of  the 
Maoris;  New  Zealand. 

Maqueda  (ma-ka'da)  Channel.  A strait  be- 
tween Catanduanes  and  Luzon  islands,  in  the 
Philippines.  It  is  the  northern  connection  between 
Lagonoy  Gulf  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Maquiling  (ina-ke'ling).  A volcano  in  La  La- 
guna province,  southern  Luzon,  Philippine 
Islands.  It  is  south  of  Laguna  de  Bay  and  a few  miles 
northeast  of  Taal  volcano,  and  is  approximately  in  lat.  14° 
8'  N.,  long.  121°  10'  E.  There  are  signs  of  activity  in  pools 
of  boiling  mud  at  a height  of  about  900  feet  on  the  eastern 
side  and  in  thermal  medicinal  springs  on  the  slopes  and 
at  the  foot  of  the  volcano.  Height,  3,724  feet. 

March*,  Francis  Andrew.  In  1906  he  became 

professor  emeritus.  He  was  a pioneer  in  the  philological 
study  of  the  English  classics  and  the  historical  study  of 
the  English  language,  and  ranks  among  the  most  eminent 
of  philologists. 

Marchand  (mar-shah' ),  J ean  Baptiste.  Born 
at  Thoissey,  Aisne,  Prance,  Nov.  22,  1863.  A 
French  officer  and  explorer.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1883,  and  attended  the  military  school  of  Saint-Maixent 
until  1887.  In  1889  he  went  to  Africa  and  took  part  in 
expeditions  to  the  sources  of  the  Niger  and  elsewhere. 
He  returned  to  France  in  1892,  with  the  rank  of  captain, 
and  went  again  to  Africa  in  1893  and  explored  from  the 
Ivory  Coast  to  Tengrela.  In  1897  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  an  expedition  which  was  to  start  from  the  coast 
of  French  Kongo,  cross  the  continent,  and  gain  the 
reaches  of  the  upper  Nile.  He  left  Brazzaville,  March  21, 
1897,  and  reached  Fashoda,  July  10,  1898,  after  establish- 
ing a chain  of  posts  in  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal  province.  His 
occupation  of  Fashoda  was  disputed  by  General  Kitch- 
ener, who  arrived  at  the  head  of  an  Anglo-Egyptian  force 
Sept.  19,  and  demanded  its  evacuation.  The  affair  was 
referred  to  the  respective  governments  for  settlement, 
and  a declaration  was  signed  by  which  France  agreed  to 
withdraw  from  the  Nile  valley,  and  the  frontiers  of  French 
and  British  possessions  in  Central  Africa  were  defined. 
Marchand,  promoted  major,  returned  to  Fashoda,  leaving 
there  with  his  men  Dec.  11,  1898,  and,  marching  through 
Abyssinia,  reached  Jibuti  in  May,  and  by  the  end  of  the 
month  arrived  in  Paris.  In  1899  he  was  made  a com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  was  awarded  by  the 
Academy  of  Moral  and  Political  Sciences  the  Audiffret 
prize  of  15,000  francs,  given  annually  for  the  greatest  act 
of  devotion. 

Marches!  de  Castrone  (mar-ka'se  da  kas-tro'- 
na),  Mme.  (Mathilde  Graumann),  Marquesa 
della  Rajata.  Born  at  Frankfort-on-tlie-Maiu, 
March  26, 1826 : died  Nov.  18, 1913.  A German 
singer  and  teacher.  She  was  a pupil  of  Nicolai  in 
Vienna  and  of  Manuel  Garcia  in  Paris.  She  became  well 
known  as  a concert  singer ; taught  singing  at  the  Vienna 
Conservatory  1854-61  and  then  at  Paris ; was  professor  at 
the  Cologne  Conservatorium  1865-68  and  again  at  Vienna 
1869-1881 ; and  finally  settled  in  Paris,  where  she  estab- 
lished the  Ecole  Marchesi.  Among  her  pupils  have  been 
Antoinetta  Fried,  Gabriele  Krauss,  Tremelli,  Caroline 
Sulla,  Sehuch-Proska,  Antoinette  Sterling,  Et-elka  Gerster, 
Ema  de  Murska,  Melba,  Calv6,  Emma  Fames,  Blanche 
Marchesi,  and  others.  She  was  the  author  of  “ L’Art  du 
chant  ” and  “ Marchesi  and  Music,"  and  published  a large 
number  of  vocal  exercises. 

Mariage  de  Loti,  Le.  [F.,  ‘ The  Marriage  of 
Loti.’]  A novel  by  L.  M.  J.  Viaud  (Pierre 
Loti),  published  in  1880. 

Marie-Claire  (ma-re-klar').  A semi-autobio- 
graphical story  written  by  Marguerite  Audoux, 


Marlowe 

a Paris  seamstress.  Ill  it  she  describes  life  in  a 
convent  school  and  on  a farm.  It  waB  published,  through 
the  efforts  of  Octave  Mirbeau,  at  first  seriaUy  and  later  in 
book  form  in  1910,  and  received  the  5,000-franc  prize  of 
“La  Vie  Heureuse,”  awarded  by  a jury  of  20  women  of 
letters  for  the  best  work  of  the  season  in  either  prose  or 
verse. 

Marietta  (ma-ri-et'a).  The  county-seat  of 
Cobb  County,  Georgia,  in  an  agricultural  re- 
gion, 16  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta.  It  has 
marble-works  and  various  manufactories.  A 
national  cemetery  is  located  here.  Popula- 
tion, 5,949,  (1910). 

Marignac  (ma-ren-yak'),  Jean  Charles  Gal- 
lissard  de.  Born  at  Geneva,  April  24,  1817: 
died  there,  April  16,  1894.  A distinguished 
Swiss  chemist,  professor  in  the  Academy  of 
Geneva  1841-78.  He  was  particularly  notable 
for  his  determination  of  atomic  weights  and 
for  his  study  of  the  rarer  earths. 

Marinduque  (ma-ren-do'ka).  1.  Ahillyisland 
of  the  Philippines,  south  of  Luzon  and  west  of 
northern  Mindoro.  Area,  352  square  miles. 
Population,  50,601. — 2.  A subprovince  of  Ta- 
yabas,  southern  Luzon,  consisting  of  Marin- 
duque and  smaller  adjacent  islands.  Capital, 
Boac.  It  has  two  good  ports,  Santa  Cruz  on  the  north- 
eastern and  Banacalan  on  the  northwestern  coast  Both  are 
safe  harbors  in  all  weather,  Santa  Cruz  for  large  vessels, 
Banacalan  for  those  of  not  more  than  15  feet  draft.  The 
hills  are  well  wooded.  Over  17  per  cent,  of  the  land  is 
agricultural  and  produces  hemp  in  large  quantities,  and 
abundance  of  rice  and  of  fruit.  The  inhabitants  are 
Tagalogs.  Area  of  subprovince,  361  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 51,674. 

Marinette  (mar-i-net').  A city,  the  capital  of 
Marinette  County,  Wisconsin,  itissituated  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  county,  on  Green  Bay,at  the  mouth 
of  the  Menominee  River,  and  opposite  Menominee,  Michi- 
gan, with  which  it  is  connected  by  bridges.  Among  its 
industries  are  Bawmills,  paper-  and  flour-mills,  iron-  and 
machine-works,  manufactures  of  boxes,  doors,  etc.  It  has 
large  lumber  interests,  good  water-power,  and  a fine  har- 
bor. Population,  14,610,  (1910). 

Marion  (mar'i-on).  The  county-seat  of  Wil- 
liamson County,  Illinois,  52  miles  northeast  of 
Cairo.  It  is  in  a coal-mining  region,  and  is  a 
trade  center  for  grain,  tobacco,  live  stock,  etc. 
Population,  7,093,  (1910). 

Marion  (mar'i-on).  A city,  the  capital  of 
Grant  County,  Indiana.  It  is  situated  in  the  north- 
central  part  of  the  county,  on  the  Mississineva  River.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a normal  college,  and  has  a large  public 
library.  A soldiers’  home  is  near  it.  It  has  glass-  and 
iron-works,  paper-  and  flour-mills,  etc.,  and  various  other 
manufactures.  It  is  in  a natural-gas  region.  Population, 
19,359,  (1910). 

Mariveles  (ma-re-va'las).  1.  A group  of  peaks 
in  Bataan  province,  southwestern  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands. — 2.  Ah  extinct  truncated 
volcano,  the  highest  of  the  Mariveles  group. 
Height,  4,615  feet. 

Mariveles  (ma-re-va'las)  Bay.  A hay  and 
port  on  the  southern  coast  of  Bataan  province, 
southwestern  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  It  is 
a safe  harbor  in  all  weather. 

Marjoribanks  (march'hangks),  Edward,  sec- 
ond Baron  Tweedmouth.  Born  July  8,  1849: 
died  Sept.  15, 1909.  An  English  Liberal  states- 
man. He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1874.  He  sat  for  Berwick  in  the  House  of  Commons 
1880-94,  and  was  second  Liberal  whip  1886-92,  parliamen- 
tary secretary  to  the  treasury  and  chief  Liberal  whip 
1892-94,  lord  privy  6eal  and  chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of 
Lancaster  1894-95,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  Dec.,  1905,-08, 
and  lord  president  of  the  council  in  1908. 

Marjorie  Daw.  A story  with  an  imaginary 
heroine  by  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich,  published 
in  1873  in  the  collection  “Marjorie  Daw  and 
Other  People.” 

Markham  (inark'am),  Edwin.  Bom  at  Ore- 
gon City,  Ore.,  April  23,  1852.  An  American 
poet,  writer,  and  lecturer.  He  is  best  known  as  the 
author  of  “ The  Man  with  the  Hoe  " (published,  with  other 
poems,  in  1899),  referring  to  a celebrated  picture  by 
Millet.  His  other  works  include  “Lincoln,  and  Other 
Poems"  (1901)  and  “Field  Folk:  Interpretations  of  Mil- 
let” (1906).  Among  his  chief  single  poems  contributed 
to  various  magazines  are  “ The  End  of  the  Century  ” 
(1899),  “The  Muse  of  Brotherhood  ” (1899),  “The  Mighty 
Hundred  Years  ” (1900),  “The  Chant  of  the  Vultures" 
(1905),  “Virgilia”  (1905),  “The  Homing  Heart”(1906),  etc. 

Marlatt  (mar'lat),  Charles  Lester.  Bom  at 

Atchison,  Kansas,  Sept..  26,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can entomologist,  first  assistant  and  assistant 
chief  entomologist  of  the  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  from  1894.  He  has 
published  numerous  entomological  papers. 

Marlborough  (marl'bur-o)  Club.  A London 
club  founded  in  1869  for  social  purposes.  It 
has  a membership  of  600.  Its  house  is  at  52 
Pall  Mall,  S.  W. 

Marlowe  (mar'lo),  Julia  (real  name  Sarah 
Frances  Frost).  Born  at  Caldbeck,  Cumber- 
land, England,  Aug.  17,  1870.  An  American 


Marlowe 

actress.  She  was  brought  to  the  United  States  at  five 
years  of  age  by  her  parents,  played  at  twelve  years  in  a 
juvenile  opera  company,  and  won  her  first  success  as 
Parthenia  in  “Ingomar"  at  Boston  in  1888.  She  has 
played  in  romantic  plays  and  has  won  success  in  Shak- 
sperian  roles.  In  1834  she  married  the  actor  Robert  Taber 
(died  1904),  and  in  1*11  she  married  E.  H.  Sothern. 

Marmorek  (mar'mo-rek),  Alexander.  Born 
Feb.  19,  1865.  An  Austrian  bacteriologist, 
discoverer  of  an  antistreptococcic  serum  em- 
ployed in  erysipelas  and  puerperal  fever,  and 
also  of  a serum  thought  to  be  efficacious  as  a 
remedy  in  tuberculosis.  He  was  connected  with 
the  Pasteur  Institute  of  Paris  1894-1903. 

Marr*,  Carl.  Since  1893  he  has  been  professor 
at  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in  Munich. 

Marshall  (mar'shal),  Alfred.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, July  26,  1842.  An  English  economist, 
professor  of  political  economy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  1885-1908.  He  has  pub- 
lished “ Economics  of  Industry  ’’  (1879 : with  Mary  Paley), 
“Principles  of  Economics”  (Vol.  I.,  1890),  '‘Elements  of 
Economics  of  Industry ” (Vol.  I.,  1891),  “The  New  Cam- 
bridge Curriculum  in  Economics”  (1903),  etc.  He  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  British  Academy  in  1902. 

Marshall  (mar'shal),  Henry  Rutgers.  Born 
at  New  York,  July  22,  1852.  An  American 
architect  and  philosophical  writer.  His  pub- 
lications include  “Pain,  Pleasure,  and  Esthetics"  (1894), 
“Esthetic  Principles”  (1895),  “Instinct  and  Reason" 
(1898),  etc. 

Marshall  (mar'shal),  Thomas  Riley.  Born 
at  North  Manchester,  Ind.,  March  14,  1854. 
An  American  lawyer,  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States  1913-.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1875,  and  was  elected  gover- 
nor of  Indiana  in  1908  by  the  Democratic 
party. 

Marshfield  (marsh 'f eld).  A town  in  Coos 
County,  Oregon,  on  Coos  Bay.  It  has  a wire- 
less telegraph  station.  Pop.,  2,980,  (1910). 

Marshfield  (marsh ' feld).  A city  in  Wood 
County,  Wisconsin,  25  miles  northwest  of 
Grand  Rapids.  It  has  furniture  factories,  wood- 
veneer  factories,  etc.  Population, 5,783,  (1910). 

Marteau  (mar-to'),  Henri.  Born  at  Rheims, 
March  31,  1874.  A noted  French  violinist. 
When  ten  years  of  age  he  played  in  concerts  in  Vienna, 
Germany,  and  Switzerland.  In  1892  the  Paris  Conserva- 
tory awarded  him  a first  prize,  and  Massenet  wrote  a 
concerto  for  him.  He  toured  in  America  1892-94.  He 
became  teacher  of  his  instrument  at  the  Geneva  Conserva- 
tory in  1900,  and  succeeded  Joachim  as  head  of  the  mu- 
sical school  at  Berlin  in  1908. 

Martens  (mar'tenz),  Frederic  de.  Born  at 
Pernau,  Russia,  Aug.  27,  1845 : died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  June  20,  1909.  A Russian  diplo- 
matist and  authority  on  international  law. 

He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg,  In 
which  he  was  professor  of  international  law  1873-1907.  In 
1868  he  entered  the  office  of  the  ministry  of  foreign  affairs 
and  later  became  legal  adviser  of  the  Russian  foreign  office. 
He  represented  his  government  at  many  international 
conferences  ; was  arbitrator  between  England  and  France 
in  the  New  Zealand  dispute  in  1891 ; was  a delegate  to  the 
peace  conference  held  at  The  Hague  in  1899 ; and  was  legal 
adviser  of  the  Russian  negotiators  of  the  treaty  of  Ports- 
mouth in  1905.  In  1902  he  was  awarded  a Nobel  prize  for 
his  services  in  the  cause  of  peace.  Among  his  published 
works  are  “ Recueil  de  traites  et  conventions  concilia  par 
la  Russia  avec  les  puissances  etrangferes  " (1874-1905),  and 
“ Volkerrecht : das  internationale  Recht  der  civilisierten 
Nationen  ” (1883-84). 

Marti  (mar'te),  Jos6  Julian.  Born  at  Ha- 
vana, Cuba,  1853:  died  at  Dos  Rios,  May  22, 
1895.  A Cuban  patriot.  He  studied  law  in  Spain  ; 
was  professor  of  literature  and  philosophy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Guatemala  for  several  years  ; and  represented  the 
Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  and  Paraguay  as  consul  in 
New  York,  where  he  also  published  “La  Patria,”  a journal 
devoted  to  Cuban  interests.  In  1894  he  attempted  the 
transport  of  three  armed  vessels  from  the  United  States  to 
Cuba,  but  was  captured  at  Femandina,  Florida.  In  1895 
he  succeeded  in  landing  at  Cabonico,  and  marched  inland. 
He  was  shot  during  an  attack  by  the  Spanish  at  Dos  Rios. 

Martin  (mar-tan'),  Henri  Jean  Guillaume. 

Born  at  Toulouse,  Aug.  5,  1860.  A French 
painter.  He  was  a student  of  J.  P.  Laurens,  and  ex. 
hibited  in  the  Salon  in  1880.  Among  his  works  are  “ Les 
Titans  escaladant  le  ciel  ” (1885),  “ Apollon  et  les  Muses” 
(1895:  decorations  for  the  H6tel  de  Ville,  Paris),  “Sere* 
nite  ” (1899 : in  the  Luxembourg  Museum),  “Scene  chain- 
pdtre”  (1907),  etc. 

Martin  (miir'tin),  Riccardo  (Hugh).  Born  at 
Hopkinsville,  Ky.,  Nov.  18,  1878.  An  Ameri- 
can tenorsinger.  He  studied  composition, with  Edward 

MacDowell,  and  published  a number  of  songs.  He  later 
studied  with  Sbriglia  in  Paris,  and  made  his  operatic 
debut  at  Nantes  as  Faust.  After  singing  in  Italy  he  ap- 
peared at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York, 
1907-08,  becoming  a regular  member  of  the  company,  and 
singing  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  during  the  summer. 
His  repertoire  includes  many  of  the  robust  tenor  rOles  in 
the  Italian  and  French  operas. 

Martin*,  Sir  Theodore.  Ho  also  wrote  “Queen 
Victoria  as  I Knew  Her”  (1908).  Ho  was 
knighted  in  1880. 

Martin  (miir'tin),  William  Alexander  Par- 
sons. Born  at  Livonia,  Ind.,  April  10,  1827. 


An  American  clergyman,  missionary,  and 
educator.  In  1850  he  went  to  China  as  a missionary ; 
founded  the  Presbyterian  mission  at  Peking  in  1863 ; was 
appointed  professor  of  international  law' at  Tung  Wen 
Coilege  in  Peking  in  1868 ; and  became  its  president  in 
1869,  resigning  in  1898.  In  1900  he  became  head  of  the 
New  Imperial  University  of  China,  which  was  broken  up 
during  the  Boxer  uprising,  and  he  was  president  of  the 
University  of  Wu-chang  1902-05.  He  has  been  adviser  to 
the  Chinese  government  in  matters  of  international  dis- 
pute, and  was  made  a mandarin  of  the  third  class  in  1885, 
and  of  the  second  class  in  1898.  He  edited,  in  Chinese, 
the  Peking  “Scientific  Magazine”  1875-78,  and  the  “Sci- 
ence Monthly”  1897-98.  Among  his  publications  are 
“The  Chinese  ” (1881),  "A  Cycle  of  Cathay  ” (1896),  “The 
Siege  in  Peking’'  (1900),  “The  Lore  of  Cathay"  (1901), 
and  works  in  Chinese  on  Christianity,  science,  interna- 
tional law,  etc. 

Martinique*.  It  is  represented  in  the  parlia- 
ment at  Paris  by  1 senator  and  2 deputies. 

Martins  Ferry  (mar'tinz  fer'i).  A city  in 
Belmont  County,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River  2 
miles  above  Wheeling,  West  Virginia.  It  is 
in  a coal  region,  and  has  iron-  and  steel-works, 
blast-furnaces,  box-factories,  etc.  Population, 
9,133,  (1910). 

Martucci  (mar-tot'che),  Giuseppe.  Born  at 
Capua,  Jan.  6,  1856:  died  at  Naples,  June  1, 
1909.  An  Italian  pianist,  conductor,  and  com- 
poser. He  first  studied  with  his  father,  and  at  the  age 
of  eleven  entered  the  Royal  Conservatory  at  Naples. 
He  toured  successfully  for  several  seasons  as  a pianist, 
then  directed  the  Neapolitan  Quartet,  and  conducted 
orchestral  concerts  and,  in  1888,  at  Bologna,  the  first 
Italian  performance  of  “Tristan  und  Isolde.”  He  was 
director  of  the  Naples  Conservatory  1902-09.  His  works 
include  two  symphonies,  two  piano  concertos  (on  one  of 
which,  in  B flat  minor,  his  fame  as  a composer  principally 
rests),  two  trios,  an  oratorio,  and  many  compositions  fur 
the  pianoforte. 

Mary  (ma'ri),  Victoria.  Born  at  Kensington 
Palace,  London,  May  26,  1867.  Daughter  of 
Francis,  Prince  and  Duke  of  Teck  (1837-1900), 
and  wife  of  George  V.,  King  of  Great  Britain, 
whom  she  married  July  6,  1893:  She  had  pre- 
viously been  affianced  to  Albert  Victor,  Duke  of  Clarence 
(1864-92),  the  eldest  son  of  Edward  VII.,  and  was  popu- 
larly known  as  “Princess  May."  Her  mother  was  Prin- 
cess Mary,  daughter  of  the  first  Duke  of  Cambridge  and 
granddaughter  of  George  III. 

Masaraga  (mii-sa-ra'ga).  An  extinct  volcano 
in  Albay,  southeastern  Luzdn,  Philippine  Is- 
lands, in  lat.  13°  18'  N.,  long.  123°  35'  E. 
Height,  5,244  feet. 

Masaya  (ma-si'a).  One  of  the  13  departments 
of  Nicaragua.  The  capital  is  Masaya. 

Masbate  (mas-ba/ta).  1.  A mountainous  is- 
land of  the  Philippines,  situated  in  the  Visayan 
Sea  west  of  Samar.  Area,  1,236  square  miles. 
Population,  29,451. 

2.  A province  of  the  Philippines,  consisting  of 
Masbate,  Burias,  Ticao,  and  adjacent  islands 
in  the  V isayan  Sea.  Coal,  copper,  and  gold  are  found 
in  various  parts  of  the  province.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Tagalogs.  Area,  1,569  square  miles.  Population,  43,675. 

3.  A town,  the  capital  of  Masbate  province, 
situated  on  Palanog  Bay,  Masbate  Island,  in 
lat.  12°  33'  N.,  long.  123°  37' E.  Civilized  pop- 
ulation of  municipality,  4,018. 

Mascagni*,  Pietro.  He  was  director  of  the  conserva- 
tory at  Pesaro  1895-1903,  and  in  the  latter  year  made  a 
tour  of  the  United  States.  He  has  written  also  “Gu- 
glielmo  Ratcliff  ” (1895),  “Zanetto”  (1896),  “Iris”  (1898), 
“Le  maschere”  (1901),  “ Arnica ” (1905),  and  “Ysobel” 
(1910). 

Mascari  (mas-ka'ri),  Antonino.  Born  Dec. 

4.  1862:  died  Oct.  18,  1906.  An  Italian  as- 
tronomer, best  known  from  his  work  in  solar 
physics.  His  observations  were  made  chiefly 
at  the  observatory  of  Catania. 

Mascart  (mas-kar'),  Eleuth&re  Elie  Nicolas. 
Born  at  Quarouble,  Nord,  France,  Feb.  20, 
1837 : died  at  Paris,  Aug.  26,  1908.  A French 
scientist,  best  known  for  his  work  in  elec- 
tricity, magnetism,  and  radioactivity.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  physics  at  the  College  de  France 
in  1872  and  director  of  the  Central  Meteorological  Bureau 
1878-1907.  Among  his  publications  are  “Traite  d’61ec- 
tricite  statique  ” (1876),  “ La  meteorologie  appliqu6e  a la 
provision  du  temps"  (1881),  “ l.erons  sur l’Oleetricitd  etle 
magnetisms  ” (1882-86 : with  Joubert),  “ Traite  d’optique  ” 
(1889-93),  and  “ Traitd  du  iriagnetisme  terrestre  " (1900). 

Masefield  (mas'feld),  John.  Born  in  Shrop- 
shire, England,  about  1874.  An  English  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist.  He  received  his  education 
in  the  common  schools  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  ran 
away  to  sea.  Among  his  publications  are  “ On  the  Spanish 
Main  ” (1906),  “Tragedy  of  Nan  and  Other  Plays”  (1909), 
“Captain  Margaret”  (1909),  “Multitude  and  Solitude” 
(1911),  “The  Street  of  To-day”  (1911),  “The  Everlasting 
Mercy  and  the  Widow  in  the  Bye-Street”  (1912),  “The 
Story  of  a Round-House  and  Other  Poems  ” ( 1912). 

Mason  (ma'son),  Alfred  Edward  Woodley. 

Born  at  Dulwich,  May  7,  1865.  An  English 
novelist  . He  was  educated  at  Dulwich  College  and  at. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  served  in  Parliament  1906-10 
as  a member  of  the  Liberal  party.  Among  his  works  are 
“The  Courtship  of  Morrice  Buckler”  (1896),  “The  Phi- 


Matsukata 

landerers  ” (1897),  “Parson  Kelly”  (1899:  with  Andrew 
Lang),  “Miranda  of  the  Balcony”  (1899),  “The  Four 
Feathers  ” (1902),  “Running  Water”  (1907),  “The  Broken 
Road”  (1907),  “At  the  Villa  Rose”  (1910),  “The  Witness 
for  the  Defence”  (1911),  and  “The  Turnstile”  (1912). 

Mason  (ma'son),  Otis  Tufton.  Born  at  East- 
port,  Maine,  April  10,  1838:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Nov.  5,  1908.  An  American  eth- 
nologist, head  curator  of  the  department  of 
anthropology  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum  from  1903.  He  was  curator  of  the  division 
of  ethnology  in  the  museum  1884-1903.  He  published 
“ Woman’s  Share  in  Primitive  Culture”  (1894),  “Origin 
of  Inventions”  (1895),  and  many  scientific  papers. 

Mason*,  William.  He  was  a son  of  Lowell 
Mason.  In  1901  he  published  “Memories  of  a 
Musical  Life.” 

Mason  City  (ma'son  sit'i).  The  county-seat 
of  Cerro  Gordo  County,  Iowa.  The  principal 
industries  are  agriculture,  quarrying,  and  man- 
ufacturing. The  National  Memorial  University 
is  located  here.  Population,  11,230,  (1910). 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  A 
body  incorporated  in  1861  “for  the  purpose 
of  instituting  and  maintaining  a society  of 
arts,  a museum  of  arts,  and  a school  of  indus- 
trial Science.”  The  society  held  its  first  meeting  Dec. 
17,  1862.  Its  School  of  Industrial  Science  was  opened  in 
Boston  in  1865,  and  has  a student  body  of  about  1,500.  It 
provides  instruction  in  various  branches  of  science  and 
engineering,  the  curriculum  embracing  also  such  general 
studies  as  are  essential  to  a liberal  education.  It  has  an 
endowment  of  about  $2,000,000  and  an  annual  income  of 
about  $500,000. 

Massena  (ma-se'na).  A village  situated  on 
La  Grasse  River  in  the  northern  part  of  Saint 
Lawrence  County,  New  York,  it  is  the  seat  ot 
a power-plant  generating  electric  energy  of  35,000  horse- 
pqwer._Population,  2,951,  (1910). 

Massenet*,  Jules  Emile  Fr6d6ric.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  advanced  composition  at  the  Conservatoire 
1878-96.  He  was  the  youngest  member  ever  elected  to 
the  Academie  des  Beaux- Arts.  His  later  works  include 
“ Esclarmonde ” (1889),  “Le  mage”  (1891),  “Werther” 
(1892),  “Le  carillon"  (1892),  “Thais"  (1894),  “Le  portrait 
de  Manon"  (1894),  “La  Navarraise  ” (1894),  “Sapho" 
(1897),  “Cendrillon”  (1899),  “Griselidis”  (1901),  music 
to  “Phedre"  (1901),  “Le  jongleur  de  Notre-Dame  ” 
(1902),  “Cherubin”  (1905),  “Ariane”  (1906),  and 
“Bacchus  ” (1909). 

Massive,  Mount.  A peak  of  the  Saguache 
range  in  Colorado.  Height,  14,424  feet. 

Masson  (ma-son'),  Frederic.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  8,  1847.  A French  historian  and  writer. 

He  wag  elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1903, 
succeeding  Gaston  Paris.  He  is  best  known  as  the  author 
of  a series  of  works  dealing  intimately  with  the  life  of  Na- 
poleon and  his  family,  based  on  papers  given  to  him  by 
Prince  Napoleon,  of  whom  he  was  the  secretary  and 
friend.  They  are  as  follows:  “Napoleon  et  les  femmes  ” 
1894),  “Napoleon  chez  lui”  (1894),  “En  campagne” 
1894),  “A venture  de  guerre”  (1894),  “Les  cavaliers  de 
Napoleon”  (1895),  “Napoleon  inconnu”  (1895),  “Marie 
Valewska”  (1898),  “Josephine,  imperatrice  et  reine  ” 
(1899),  “Josephine  de  Beauharnais  ” (1899),  “Napoleon  et 
sa  famille”  (1897-1906),  “Josephine  r£pudiee  ” (1901), 
“L’Imperatrice  Marie  Louise”  (1902),  “Napoleon  et  son 
fils”  (1904),  “Le  sacre  et  le  couronnement  de  Napoleon  ” 
(1908),  etc.  He  has  written  also  “Le  Marquis  de  Grignan  ” 
(1881 : crowned  by  the  French  Academy),  “Les  diplomateB 
de  la  revolution " (1883),  “Le  Cardinal  de  Beruis  depuia 
son  ministers  ” (1884),  etc. 

Mastriani  (mas-tre-a'ne),  Francesco.  Born 
at  Naples,  Nov.  13,  1819:  died  there,  Jan.  15, 
1891.  An  Italian  dramatist  and  novelist.  He 
produced  forty  plays  and  over  a hundred  novels,  besides 
many  short  stories,  etc.  His  work  was  very  popular,  par- 
ticularly among  socialists.  Among  his  novels  are  “I 
vermi  ” (1864),  “ I lazzari " (1865),  “ I flgli  del  lusso  " 
(1866),  “L’Ombre"  (1868),  and  “I  misteri  di  Napoli" 
(1870). 

Matanzas.  2.  A province  of  Cuba.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Florida  Strait, 
on  the  south  and  east  by  the  province  of  San- 
ta Clara,  and  on  the  west  by  the  province 
of  Havana.  Capital,  Matanzas.  Area,  3,256 
square  miles.  Population,  239,812. 

Mathews  (math'uz),  Shailer.  Born  at  Port- 
land, Maine,  May  26,  1863.  An  American 
theologian.  He  was  educated  at  Colby  College,  New- 
ton Theological  Institution,  and  the  University  of  Berlin. 
He  was  professor  of  New  Testament  history  and  interpre- 
tation at  the  University  of  Chicago  1897-1905,  of  systematic 
theology  1905-06,  and  of  historical  and  comparative  theol- 
ogy from  1906,  becoming  dean  of  the  Divinity  School  in 
1908.  He  was  editor  of  “ The  World  To-Day  ” i903-ll.  In 
1911  he  became  president  of  the  Western  Economic  So- 
ciety. His  published  works  include  “The  Social  Teaching 
of  Jesus”  (1897),  “The  Messianic  Hope  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment” (1905),  “The  Church  and  the  Changing  Order" 
(1907),  “The  Social  Gospel”  (1909),  and  “The  Gospel  and 
the  Modem  Man  ” (1910). 

Matsukata  (mat-so-ka'ta),  Marquis  Masayo- 
shi. Born  at  Bagoshima,  1840.  One  of  the  Jap- 
anese “elder  statesmen,”  especially  noted  as  a 
financier.  He  has  been  connected  with  the  treasury 
from  about  the  time  of  the  accession  of  the  present  em- 
peror, and  became  minister  of  finance  in  1881,  retaining 
this  office  for  more  than  ten  years.  He  was  premier  1891- 
1892  and  1896-97,  and  during  the  latter  term  placed  Japan 
upon  a gold  basis.  From  1898  to  1900  he  continued  as 


Matsukata 

minister  of  finance  under  Yamagata.  In  1903  he  was  ap- 
pointed a privy  councilor.  He  was  created  count  in 
1884  and  marquis  in  1907. 

Matteawan  (maUe-a-wan').  A village  in 
Dutchess  County,  New  York,  on  Fishkill  Creek, 
about  1 mile  east  of  the  Hudson  River,  nearly 
opposite  Newburg.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
Hospital  for  the  Criminal  Insane.  Population, 
6,727,  (1910). 

Matteucci  (mat-ta-o'che),  Vittorio  Raffaello. 

Born  at  Sinigaglia,  Ancona,  in  1866:  died 
July  16,  1909.  An  Italian  geologist,  in- 
structor in  geology  in  the  University  of  Naples 
and  physical  and  meteorological  director  of 
the  Royal  Observatory  on  Mount  Vesuvius. 

He  remained  at  his  post  in  the  observatory  during  the 
eruption  of  the  volcano  in  April,  1906. 

Matthews*,  James  Brandei  . His  works  include 

“French  Dramatists  of  the  19th  Century”  (1881),  “Pen 
and  Ink"  (1888),  “Americanisms  and  Briticisms ” (1892), 
“Studies  of  the  Stage  ” (1894),  “ Vignettes  of  Manhattan  ” 
(1894),  “Bookbindings  Old  and  New”  (1895),  “Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  American  Literature”  (1896), 
“ Aspects  of  Fiction  ” (1896),  “Action  and  the  Word  ” (1900), 
“Parts  of  Speech”  (1901),  “The  Historical  Novel  and 
Other  Essays  ” (1901),  “Development  of  the  Drama”  (1903), 
“Recreations  of  an  Anthologist”  (1904),  “Inquiries  and 
Opinions”  (1907),  “The  Short  Story”  (1908),  “Moliere” 
(1910),  etc.,  besides  comedies  and  stories. 

Matthews  (math  ' uz),  William.  Born  at 

Aberdeen,  Scotland,  March  29,  1822:  died  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April  15,  1896.  An  American 
bookbinder.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1843,  estab- 
lished a bindery  of  his  own  in  1846,  and  was  connected 
with  the  bindery  of  1).  Appleton  and  Company  1854-90. 
He  was  the  author  of  “Modern  Bookbinding  Tragically 
Considered"  (1889)  and  “A  Short  Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Art  of  Bookbinding"  (1895  : with  W.  L.  Andrews). 

Matthison  (math'i-son),  Edith  Wynne.  Born 
at  Birmingham,  England.  A contemporary 
English  actress.  In  1897  she  joined  Ben  Greet's  com- 
pany. She  has  since  appeared  in  many  Shaksperian  roles 
and  old  English  comedy  parts,  and  in  the  morality  play 
“Everyman,"  in  both  England  and  America.  She  has  also 
appeared  in  New  York  in  Charles  Rann  Kennedy’s  “The 
Servant  in  the  House  ” and  “ The  W interfeast,”  and  (as  a 
member  of  the  New  Theatre  repertory  company)  in  Mae- 
terlinck's “Sister  Beatrice  ” and  "The  Blue  Bird,”  Jose- 
phine Preston  Peabody’s  “ The  Piper,"  etc.  She  is  the  wife 
of  Charles  Rann  Kennedy. 

Maude  (mad),  Aylmer.  Bom  March  28, 1858. 
Au  English  author.  He  was  educated  at  Christ’s  Hos- 
pital, London,  and  at  the  Lyceum  in  Moscow,  Russia, 
where  he  lived  until  1897,  being  occupied  chiefly  with 
business  interests.  In  1898  he  aided  in  arranging  the  Dou- 
khobor  emigration  to  Canada.  He  has  published  “Tolstoy 
and  his  Problems”  (1901),  “A  Peculiar  People  : theDou- 
khobors"  (1905),  “Life  of  Tolstoy”  (1908-10),  etc. 

Maurel  (mo-reF),  Victor.  Born  at  Marseilles, 
June  17,  1848.  A French  dramatic  barytone. 

He  made  his  debut  at  the  Opera  in  Paris  in  1868  ; rejoined 
it  in  1879  ; and  remained  a member  of  it  till  1894,  except 
1885-86,  when  he  was  at  the  Opera  Comique.  He  created 
Iago  in  Verdi's  “Otello”  in  1887,  and  Falstaff  in  1893. 
Mauritania  (ma-re-ta'ni-a),  or  Mauritania. 
A civil  territory  of  French  West  Africa,  formed 
in  1903—04.  It  comprises  the  regions  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Senegal,  and  includes  the  districts  of  Trarga, 
Brakna,  Gorgol,  and  Guidimaka.  Government  is  admin- 
istered by  a commissioner.  In  Jan.,  1909,  it  was  formed 
into  a French  protectorate.  Area,  344,967  square  miles. 
Population,  223,000. 

Maxim  (mak'sim),  Hudson.  Born  at  Orne- 
ville,  Maine,  Feb.  3,  1853.  An  American 
mechanical  engineer,  distinguished  especially 
for  his  inventions  in  the  field  of  ordnance  and 
explosives.  Among  the  more  important  of  these  are 
several  varieties  of  smokeless  powder,  maximite  (a  high 
explosive),  an  automobile  torpedo,  and  a torpedo  ram. 
Besides  various  technical  writings,  he  has  published  “The 
Science  of  Poetry"  (1910). 

May  (ma),  Mrs.  (Georgiana  Marian  Craik). 

See  Craik. 

Mayaguez.  2.  A department  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Porto  Rico,  it  is  bounded  by 
Aguadilla  on  the  north  and  northeast,  Ponce  on  the  east, 
the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  south,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
on  the  west.  Capital,  Mayaguez.  Area,  407  square  miles. 
Mayfield  (ma'feld).  The  county-seat  of 
Graves  County,  Kentucky.  It  has  tobacco  and 
grain  interests  and  woolen-mills,  planing-mills, 
etc.  Population,  5,916,  (1910). 

Maynard  (ma'nard).  A town  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  21-J  miles  northwest  of 
Boston.  It  has  powder-mills,  woolen-mills, 
etc.  Population,  6,390,  (1910). 

Maynard  (ma'nard),  George  Willoughby. 
Born  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  March  5,  1843.  An 
American  painter,  son  of  Edward  Maynard, 
the  inventor  of  the  Maynard  rifle.  He  was 
elected  a member  of  the  National  Academy  in  1885  and 
is  also  a member  of  the  American  Society  of  Water-Color 
Painters. 

Maywood  (ma ' wud).  A village  in  Cook 
County,  Illinois,  about  10  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago. Population,  8,033,  (1910). 

Mead  (med),  Edwin  Doak.  Born  at  Chester- 
field, N.  H.,  Sept.  29,  1849.  An  American 


editor  and  author.  He  studied  at  English  and  Ger- 
man universities  1875-79,  and  has  since  been  engaged  in 
literary  work.  He  edited  the  “New  England  Magazine  ” 
1889-1901,  and  has  also  edited  the  “Old  South  Leaflets  ” 
and  other  publications.  As  delegate  of  the  American 
Peace  Society  he  has  attended  several  European  peace 
congresses.  His  writings  include  “Martin  Luther,”  “The 
Philosophy  of  Carlyle,”  “Organize  the  World,”  “The 
Influence  of  Emerson,”  and  “The  Principles  of  the 
Founders.” 

Mead  (med),  William  Rutherford.  Born  at 

Brattleboro,  Vt.,  Aug.  20,  1846.  An  American 
architect.  He  was  educated  at  Amherst  College  and 
studied  two  years  abroad,  receiving  his  early  technical 
training  under  Russell  Sturgis  at  New  Y'ork.  In  1879  he 
became  a member  of  the  firm  of  McKim,  Mead,  and  White. 
Mechanicsville  (me-kan'iks-vil).  A village  in 
Saratoga  Comity,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson 
River,  16  miles  north  of  Albany.  Pop.,  6,634. 
Medford  (med'ford).  A city  in  Jackson  County, 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  Oregon.  Pop.,  8,840. 
Medina  (me-dl'na).  A village  in  Orleans  Coun- 
ty, New  York,  40  miles  west  of  Rochester. 
Population,  5,683,  (1910). 

Mehmed  (me'med)  V.,  or  Mohammed  V. 
Born  at  Constantinople,  Nov.  3, 1844.  Sultan 
of  Turkey.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Abdul  Hamid 
II.  when  the  latter  was  dethroned  April  27,  1909. 

Meiklejohn  (mikT-jon),  Alexander.  Born  at 
Rochdale,  England,  Feb.  3,  1872.  An  Anglo- 
American  educator,  president  of  Amherst  Col- 
lege from  1912.  He  came  to  America  in  1880,  gradu- 
ated from  Brown  University  in  1893,  and  studied  at  Cornell 
University.  At  Brown  University  he  was  instructor  in 
philosophy  (1897),  assistant  professor,  associate  professor, 
and  professor  of  logic  and  metaphysics  (1899-1906),  and 
dean  (1901-1912). 

Melba*,  Mme.  (Nellie  Porter  Mitchell  Arm- 
strong). Her  greatest  successes  have  been  in  “Lucia,” 
as  Juliette  in  “Romeo and  Juliette,"  Elsa  in  “Lohengrin," 
Esmeralda,  Violetta  in  “La  Traviata,"  Michaeia  in  “Car- 
men,” Rosina  in  “II  Barbiere,”  the  Queen  in  “Les 
Huguenots,”- Nedda  in  “Pagliacci,”  and  Helene.  She 
has  made  tours  in  many  countries.  In  1882  Bhe  was 
married  to  Captain  Charles  Armstrong. 

Melchior  (mel'ki-or).  The  legendary  name  of 
one  of  the  three  Magi  who  came  from  the  East 
to  welcome  the  infant  Jesus.  See  Cologne, 
Three  Kings  of,  and  Magi . 

Melilla  (me-lel'ya).  A seaport  on  the  Medi- 
terranean coast  of  Morocco,  lat.  35°  20'  N., 
long.  3°  W.,  belonging  to  Spain.  Severe  fighting 
between  the  Spanish  troops  and  the  Moors  oc- 
curred here  in  1909  and  1911-12.  Pop.,  8,956. 
Melville  (mel'vil),  George  Wallace.  Born 
Jan.  10, 1841 : died  March  17,  1912.  An  Ameri- 
can naval  officer  and  arctic  explorer,  promoted 
rear-admiral  in  1899.  He  entered  the  navy  as  assis- 
tant engineer  in  1861 ; served  in  the  Civil  War ; and  be- 
came engineer-in-chief  of  the  navy  in  1887.  He  joined  the 
Jeannette  Expedition  to  the  arctic  regions  in  1879 ; com- 
manded the  boat’s  crew  which  escaped  from  the  ship  to 
the  Lena  delta;  and  later  led  a relief  expedition  which 
recovered  the  records  of  the  Jeannette  and  the  bodies  of 
its  commander,  De  Long,  and  others.  He  retired  in  1903. 
Melville  (mel'vil)  Land.  An  island  in  the 
arctic  regions  lying  immediately  north  of 
Greenland,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Peary 
Channel  and  Independence  Bay.  It  was  dis- 
covered and  named  by  R.  E.  Peary. 

Menard  (ma-nar'),  Auguste  Emile  Rend. 

Born  at  Paris,  April  15, 1862.  A French  painter. 
His  works  include  landscapes,  portraits,  etc.  Of  his  pic- 
tures, “L’Automne"  (1896)  and  “Le  troupeau"  (1901)  are 
in  the  Luxembourg  Museum.  Others  are  “Le  jugement 
de  Paris”  (1898),  “Orage  sur  la  foret”  (1900),  “ Aigues- 
Mortes  " (1902),  "Paysage  corse"  (1902),  “Chaine  du  Mont- 
Blanc  ’’(1905),  “Terre  antique,  le  temple"  (1906),  and 
“ Le  marais  ” (1907). 

Menasha  (me-nash'a).  A city  in  Winnebago 
County,  Wisconsin,  14  miles  northeast  of  Osh- 
kosh. It  has  flour-mills,  brick-vards,  machine- 
shops,  and  manufactories  of  doors,  blinds,  etc. 
Population,  6,081,  (1910). 

Mendel  (men'del),  Johann  Gregor.  Born  at 
Heinzendorf,  near  Odrau,  Austrian  Silesia, 
July  22,  1822 : died  at  Briinn,  Jan.  6, 1884.  An 
Austrian  botanist,  noted  for  his  experimental 
study  of  the  problem  of  heredity,  the  results 
of  which  he  formulated  in  a law  of  ancestral 
inheritance  which  hears  his  name.  He  entered  the 
order  of  Augustinians  at  Briinn  in  1843,  and  later  became 
abbot.  He  published  “Versuche  iiber  Pflanzenhybriden  ’’ 
(1865)  and  “liber  einige  aus  kiinstlicher  Befruchtung 
gewonnene  Hieracium-Bastarde”  (1869).  The  scientific 
importance  of  these  essays  was  not  recognized  until 
about  1900. 

Mendds  (mon-das'),  Catulle.  Born  at  Bor- 
deaux, May  22,  1841:  died  at  Saint-Germain, 
Feb.  7,  1909.  A French  poet,  novelist,  and 
dramatist,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Parnas- 
sian school  of  poetry.  From  1893  he  was  dramatic 
critic  of  the  Paris  “Journal.”  Amonp  his  works  are 
“Poesies”  (1872);  the  romances  “Le  roi  vierpe”  (1880), 
“ M4phistophela”  (1890),  “La  maison  de  la  vieille”  (1894), 


Merton  Abbey 

and  “Gog"  (1896);  the  dramas  “Les  meres  ennemies" 
(1882),  “La  femme  de  Tabarin”  (1887),  “La  reine  Fiam- 
mette"  (1889),  “Medee”  (1898),  and  “Scarron"  (1904); 
the  librettos  “ Gwendoline  ” (1886  : music  by  Chabrier), 
“Isoline’  (1888:  music  by  Messager),  “La  Carmelite" 
(1902  : music  by  Hahn),  “Le  fils  de  l’etoile”  (1904:  music 
by  Erlanger),  and  “ Ariane”  (190$:  music  by  Massenet); 
and  “Le  mouvement  poetique  1867-1900”  (1903). 
Menelek  (men'e-lek),  or  Menilek,  II.  Born 
at  Ankober,  Aug.  17, 1844.  Emperor  of  Abys- 
sinia, son  of  Haeli  Melikoth,  king  of  Shoa. 
He  succeeded  Johannes  II.  as  emperor  of  Ethiopia  in 
1889.  In  1889  he  signed  the  treaty  of  Uccialli  (Uchali), 
which  placed  the  empire  of  Abyssinia  under  Italian 
domination.  He  abrogated  this  treaty  in  1893  and,  after 
the  defeat  of  the  Italians  at  Adowa,  March  1,  1896,  estab- 
lished the  independence  of  Abyssinia.  He  concluded  a 
commercial  treaty  with  France  in  1897,  and  in  the  same 
year  accorded  the  “most-favored-nation  ’’  treatment  to 
Great.  Britain  and  her  colonies.  He  signed  an  agreement 
establishing  the  boundary  between  Abyssinia  and  the  Brit- 
ish Sudan  in  1902,  and  one  with  Italy  defining  the  limits 
of  Italian  Somaliland  in  1908.  He  was  succeeded  by  his 
grandson  Lij  Yasu  in  1911. 

Mengelberg  (meng'el-bera),  Josef  Willem. 
Boru  at  Utrecht,  March  28,  1871.  A Dutch 
musical  conductor.  After  studying  at  the  Cologne 
Conservatory  he  became  successively  city  music  director 
of  Lucerne  (1891),  conductor  of  the  Concertgebouw  Orches- 
tra (1895)  and  the  Choral  Society  (1898)  at  Amsterdam,  and 
conductor  of  the  Museum  Concerts  (1907)  and  the  Cecilia 
Society  (1908)  at  Frankfort.  He  conducted  the  concerts 
of  the  Philharmonic  Society,  New  York,  Nov.  10-11,  1905. 
Menominee  (me-nom'i-ne).  A city,  the  capi- 
tal of  Menominee  Comity,  Michigan,  it  is 
situated  in  the  southern  part  of  the  comity,  on  Green  Bay, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Menominee  River  opposite  Mari- 
nette, Wisconsin.  It  has  a large  lumber-shipping  busi- 
ness, sawmills,  and  manufactures  of  glass,  machinery,  etc. 
Population,  10,507,  (1910). 

Menominee  (me-nom'i-ne).  The  county-seat 
of  Dunn  County,  Wisconsin,  22  miles  north- 
west of  Eau  Claire.  Population,  5,036,  (1910). 
Menpes  (mem'pes),  Mortimer.  Born  in  Aus- 
tralia. A British  artist.  He  studied  at  the  schools 
in  South  Kensington  and  afterward  in  Paris,  but  was  in- 
fluenced chiefly  by  Whistler.  He  is  a technician  of  great 
versatility,  using  every  medium  freely — oil,  water-color, 
ivory,  etching  in  black  and  color,  dry-point,  lithography, 
pastel,  pen,  pencil,  and  stump.  He  has  worked  in  France, 
Italy,  Spain,  Morocco,  Japan,  Burma,  Kashmir,  Mexico, 
and  Africa,  where  he  was  war  correspondent  for  “Black 
and  White”  in  1900.  His  publications  include  “War  Im- 
pressions" (1901),  “Japan"  (1901),  “Whistler  as  I Knew 
Him"  (1904),  “India"  (1905:  with  Flora  Annie  Steel), 
“Rembrandt”  (1905),  etc. 

Meredith*,  George.  His  later  works  include 
“Essay  on  the  Comedy  and  the  Uses  of  the 
Comic  Spirit”  (1897),  “Reading  of  Life,  with 
Other  Poems”  (1901), “Celt  and  Saxon”  (1910). 
His  “Letters,”  collected  and  edited  by  his 
son,  were  published  in  1912. 

Mergen thaler  (mer'gen-ta-ler),  Ottmar.  Born 
in  Wiirtemberg,  Germany,  May  10,  1854: 
died  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  28,  1899.  A German- 
American  inventor.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1872,  and  a few  years  later  began  experiments  with 
type-setting  machines  which  resulted  in  the  linotype. 
This  machine  was  virtually  completed  in  1885,  though  it 
was  subsequently  improved. 

Merriam  (mer'i-am),  Augustus  Chapman. 

Bom  at  Locust  Grove,  N.  Y.,  May  30,  1843: 
died  at  Athens,  Greece,  Jan.  19,  1895.  An 
American  classical  scholar  and  archteologist, 
professor  in  Columbia  University.  He  was 
director  of  the  American  School  of  Classical  Studies  at 
Athens  1887-88. 

Merriam  (mer'i-am),  Clinton  Hart.  Bom  at 

New  York,  Dec.  5,  1855.  An  American  zoolo- 
gist., botanist,  and  ethnologist.  He  was  naturalist 
of  the  Hayden  Survey,  in  Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  Utah,  in 
1872 ; assistant  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  in 
1875 ; and  chief  of  the  United  States  Biological  Survey 
1885-1910.  In  1891  he  was  commissioner  in  charge  of  the 
fur-seals  in  Bering  Sea.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
works  on  zoology,  biology,  and  North  American  ethnology. 
Merrill  (mer'il).  The  county-seat  of  Lincoln 
County,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wisconsin  River. 
It  has  lumber-mills,  paper-mills,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 8,689,  (1910). 

Merry  (mer'i),  William  Lawrence.  Born  at 

New  York,  Dec.  27,  1842:  died  Dec.  14,  1911. 
An  American  diplomatist.  He  was  minister  to 
Nicaragua,  San  Salvador,  and  Costa  Rica  1897-1907,  to 
Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica  1907-08,  and  to  Costa  Rica  from 
1908.  He  was  an  advocate  of  tile  proposed  Nicaragua 
Canal  and  the  author  of  “The  Nicaragua  Canal  the  Gate- 
way between  the  Oceans,”  and  other  writings  on  this 
subject. 

Merry  del  Val  (mer'i  del  vfil'),  RaphaeL 
Born  at  London,  Oct.  10,  1865.  A cardinal  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  pontifical  sec- 
retary of  state. 

Merry  Widow,  The.  An  operetta  by  Franz 

Leb&r.  See  * I, eh  dr. 

Merton  (mer'ton)  Abbey.  The  factory  and 
community  of  art  workers  established  by  Wil- 
liam Morris  at  Merton, Surrey, England,  in  1881, 
under  the  best  attainable  artistic  conditions. 


Mesaba  Range 

Mesaba  (me-sa'ba)  Range.  A range  of  metal- 
liferous bills  in  northeastern  Minnesota,  north- 
west of  Lake  Superior,  in  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant iron-producing  regions  of  the  world. 
The  output  exceeds  50,800,000  tons.  Height,  2,400  feet. 
Also  Masaba  Heights,  Mesabi  Range. 

Meshach  (me'shak).  One  of  the  three  Hebrews 
cast  by  Nebuchadnezzar  into  the  fiery  furnace. 
His  Hebrew  name  was  Mishael,  Meshach  being  substituted 
for  it  by  the  prince  of  the  eunuchs  of  the  King  of  Babylon. 

Messager  (mes-sa-zha'),  Andre  Charles 

Prosper.  Born  at  Montlucjon,  Dec.  30,  1853. 
A French  composer,  conductor,  and  impresario. 
He  was  a pupil  of  Saint-Saens.  Although  he  has  written 
serious  music,  he  is  best  known  as  a composer  of  light 
operas.  His  works  include  “Francois  les  bas  bleus” 
(1883),  “La  fauvette  du  Temple"  (1885),  “La  Bear- 
naise  ’’  (1885),  “ Les  bourgeois  de  Calais  ” (1887),  “ Iso- 
line” (1888),  “Le  mari  de  la  reine1'  (1889),  “La 
Basoche”  (1890),  “Madame  Chrysantheme ” (1893),  “Miss 
Dollar ” (1893),  “ Mirette  ” (1894),  “Le  Chevalier  d’Harmen- 
tal”  (1896),  “Les  p’tites  Michu"  (1897),  “Veronique” 
(1898),  “Les  dragons  de  l’imperatrice”  (1905),  and  “ For- 
tunio  ” (1907).  For  several  years  Messager  was  a conductor 
at  the  Paris  Opera  Comique,  and  since  1907  has  been  a di- 
rector of  the  Paris  Op6ra. 

Metcalf  (met'kaf),  Victor  Howard.  Born  at 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  10,  1853.  An  American  law- 
yer and  cabinet  officer.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Yale  Law  School  in  1876 ; was  admitted  to  the  Connecticut 
bar  in  1876,  and  to  the  New  York  bar  in  1877 ; practised 
law  for  many  years  ; was  Republican  member  of  Congress 
for  California  1899-1904  ; was  secretary  of  the  Department 
of  Commerce  and  Labor  1904-06 ; and  was  secretary  of  the 
navy  1906-08. 

Metchnikof  (mech'ni-kof),  Iliya.  Born  at 
Livanovka,  province  of  Kharkof,  Russia,  May 
15,  1845.  A noted  Russian  physiologist  and 
cytologist,  the  discoverer  of  phagocytes  and 
phagocytosis.  He  has  been  connected  with  the  Pas- 
teur Institute  in  Paris  from  1892,  succeeding  Pasteur  as 
director  in  1895.  In  1908  he  received,  with  Dr.  Paul  Ehr- 
lich, the  Nobel  prize  in  medicine.  He  is  the  author  of 
“ The  Nature  of  Man  ” (1903),  “ Immunity  in  Infective 
Diseases  ’’  (1905),  “ The  Prolongation  of  Human  Life " 
(1908),  etc. 

Methuen  (meth'fi-en),  Paul  Sanford,  third 
Baron  Methuen.  Born  Sept.  1,  1845.  A Brit- 
ish general,  commander  of  the  first  division  of 
the  first  army  corps  in  the  Boer  war  1899-1902. 
He  was  opposed  by  General  Cronje  at  the  Modder  River 
and  was  disastrously  defeated  by  him  at  Magersfonteiu. 
In  March,  1902,  he  was  captured  by  De  la  Rey  but  was  soon 
released.  In  May,  1907,  he  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  in  South  Africa.  He  was  gazetted  field-marshal, 
June,  1911. 

Metropolitan  Club.  A New  York  club  organ- 
ized Feb.  20,  1891,  for  social  purposes.  It  has 
1,250  members.  Its  house  is  at  Fifth  Avenue 
and  60th  street. 

Meunier  (me-nya'),  Constantin.  Born  at  Et- 
terbeck,  a suburb  of  Brussels,  Belgium,  April 
12,  1831 : died  at  Brussels,  April  4,  1905.  A 
Belgian  sculptor  and  painter,  in  1882  he  visited 
Spain  and  made  many  interesting  studies  of  Spanish 
painting.  He  preferred  to  model  subj  ects  from  the  working- 
classes — miners,  founders,  and  the  like — and  produced 
a series  of  powerful  statues  including  the  “ Puddleur  ” 
and  the  “ Marteleur.”  His  last  work  is  a monumental 
group,  “ Le  Travail,”  showing  a central  figure,  “ Le 
Semeur,”  surrounded  by  four  others,  “La  Mine,"  “La 
Moisson,”  “ Le  Port,”  and  “ LTndustrie.”  It  has  been  ac- 
quired by  the  Belgian  government. 

Meurice  (me-res'),  Francois  Paul.  Born  at 
Paris, in  February,  1820:  died  there, Dec. 10, 1905. 
A French  author  and  dramatist.  His  first  drama, 
“ Falstaff,”  written  with  Theophile  Gautierand  Vacquerie, 
appeared  in  1842.  After  this  followed  “ Le  Capitaine  Pa- 
roles " (1843),  and  " Antigone,"  from  Sophocles  (1844),  both 
in  collaboration  with  Vacquerie,  and  a metrical  version 
of  Shakspere's  “ Hamlet,"  written  with  Dumas  and  Maquet 
(1847).  In  1848  he  became  editor  of  Victor  Hugo’s  paper 
“L’Evenement " ; assisted  in  founding  the  new  journal 
of  the  Hugo  family,  “Le  Rappel,"  in  1869;  and  was  one 
of  the  executors  of  Hugo,  having  charge  of  the  definitive 
edition  of  the  latter's  “works  (1880-85).  He  has  written, 
besides  the  works  mentioned,  “ Benvenuto  Cellini  ” (1852), 
“ Schamyl " (1855),  “ Struensee  ” ( 1898),  and  other  dramas ; 
the  romances  “La  famille  Aubry  ” (1854),  “Le  songe  de 
l’amour  ’’  (1869),  etc. 

Mexico  (mek'si-ko).  The  county-seat  of  Au- 
drain County,  Missouri,  97  miles  northwest  of 
St.  Louis.  It  has  flour-mills,  wagon-works, 
cigar-factories,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Mis- 
souri Military  Academy  and  the  Hardin  Col- 
lege for  Women.  Population,  5,939,  (1910). 

Meyer  (mi'er),  George  von  Lengerke.  Born 
at  Boston,  June  24,  1858.  An  American  diplo- 
matist. He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1879  ; was  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature  1892-96;  and 
speaker  of  the  house  1894-96;  was  United  States  ambassa- 
dor to  Italy  1900-05 : was  United  States  ambassador  to 
Russia,  March  6,  1905-07 ; was  postmaster-general  1907- 
1909 ; and  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1909-13. 

Meyer  (mi'er),  Lothar  Julius.  Born  atVarel, 
Aug.  19,  1830:  died  at  Tubingen,  April  11, 1895. 
A noted  German  chemist,  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen  from  1876. 

Meyer  (mi'er),  Victor.  Born  at  Berlin,  Sept. 
8,  1848 : died  at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  8,  1897.  An 


eminent  German  chemist,  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  University  of  Heidelberg  from 
1889. 

Meyer-Helmund(mi'er-hel'mont), Erik.  Born 
at  St.  Petersburg,  April  25,  1861.  A Russian 
singer  and  composer.  He  studied  at  Berlin  with 
Stockhausen  and  Kiel.  He  i9  best  known  as  a song- writer, 
although  he  has  written  several  operas,  including  “Mar- 
gitta  ” (1889),  “ Der  Liebeskampf  ” (1892),  “ Trischka  ” (1894), 
and  “Heines  Traumbilder ” (1908),  and  ballet  music. 

Meynell  (men ' el),  Mrs.  (Alice  Christiana 

Thompson).  Born  at  London,  1853.  An 
English  poet  and  essayist.  Her  works  include 
“Preludes (1875:  later  published  as  “Poems,”  1893), 
“ The  Rhythm  of  Life,  and  Other  Essays  ” (1893),  “ The 
Colour  of  Life,  and  Other  Essays  on  Things  Seen  and 
Heard  ” (1896),  “ The  Children  " (1896),  “ London  Impres- 
sions ” (1898),  “The  Spirit  of  Place,  and  Other  Essays” 
(1898),  “ John  Ruskin  ” (1900),  “ Later  Poems  ” (1901),  “ The 
Children  of  the  Old  Masters  ” (1903),  “ A Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury Anthology"  (1904),  “ Ceres’  Runaway  ” (1910). 

Miagao  (me-a-ga'o).  A municipality  of  Iloilo 
province,  Panay,  Philippine  Islands.  Civi- 
lized population,  20,656. 

Miami  (mi-am'e).  The  county-seat  of  Dade 
County,  Florida,  on  the  coast  about  65  miles 
south  of  Palm  Beach.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
towns  in  the  State,  and  is  much  visited  by 
tourists.  Population,  5,471,  (1910). 

Miami  (mi-am'e)  University.  A non-sectarian 
coeducational  institution  of  learning  situated 
at  Oxford,  Ohio.  It  was  established  under  its  pres- 
ent name  in  1809.  Since  1896  it  has  received  annual  ap- 
propriations from  the  State.  There  are  about  800  students 
in  attendance,  of  whom  more  than  100  are  in  the  Academy 
and  Normal  School. 

Michelson  (mik'el-son),  Albert  Abraham. 

Born  at  Strelmo,  Germany,  Dec.  19,  1852.  An 
American  physicist,  professor  of  physicsinthe 
University  of  Chicago  from  1892,  best  known 
for  his  work  in  optics.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1873;  studied  in  Ger- 
many and  France  ; was  instructor  in  the  Naval  Academy 
1875-79 ; and  was  prof  essor  of  physics  in  the  Case  Scientific 
School  1883-89  and  Clark  University  1889-92.  He  has  pub- 
lished “Lightwaves  and  their  Uses”  (1902),  besides  nu- 
merous scientific  papers.  Iu  1907  he  was  awarded  the 
Nobel  prize  for  physics. 

Middlesboro  (mid'lz-bur-o).  A city  in  Bell 
County,  Kentucky,  near  the  Tennessee  boun- 
dary line.  Its  chief  industries  are  mining  and 
manufacturing,  coal  andiron  being  among  the 
roducts.  Population,  7,305,  (1910). 
iddletown  (mid'l-toun).  A city  in  Butler 
County,  Ohio,  20  miles  southwest  of  Dayton. 
It  has  manufactories  of  tobacco,  bicycles,  farm- 
ing implements,  etc.  Population,  13,152,  (1910). 

Middletown  (mid'l-toun).  A borough  in  Dau- 
phin County,  Pennsylvania,  8 miles  southeast 
of  Harrisburg.  It  has  iron-works,  flour-mills, 
stone-quarries,  etc.  Population,  5,374,  (1910). 

Midlothian,  Earl  of.  The  title  conferred  in 
June,  1911  (coronation  honors),  upon  the  Earl 
of  Rosebery.  See  Primrose,  A.  P. 

Milanesi  (me-la-na'ze),  Gaetano.  Born  at 
Siena,  Italy,  Sept.  9,  1813:  died  at  Florence, 
March  12, 1895.  An  Italian  critic  and  historian 
of  art.  In  1856  he  was  made  resident  academician  of  the 
Accademia  della  Crusca  in  Florence,  and  in  1858  second 
director  of  the  Tuscan  Archives,  becoming  superintendent 
in  1889.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the  history, 
chiefly  artistic,  of  Italy,  and  published  frequently  in  the 
“ Archivio  Storicoltaliano,”  “ Archivio  Storico  dell’  Arte,” 
and  other  periodicals.  Among  his  works  are  “ Document i 
per  la  storia  dell’  arte  senese”  (1854-56),  “Lettere  di 
Michelangelo  Buonarroti  ” (1875),  and  the  standard  edition 
of  Vasari’s  “Lives.” 

Miller  (mil'er),  Mrs.  (Harriet  Mann):  pen- 
name  Olive  Thorne  Miller.  Born  at  Auburn, 
N.  Y.,  June  25,  1831.  An  American  writer  and 
lecturer  on  birds.  Among  her  works  are  “ Little  People 
of  Asia”  (1882),  “ Bird  Ways”  (1885),  “ Four-handed  Folk  ” 
(1890),  “ Our  Home  Pets  ” (1894),  “ The  First  Book  of 
Birds"  (1899),  “The  Second  Book  of  Birds  ” (1901),  “With 
the  Birds  in  Maine  ” (1904),  “ Kristy's  Surprise  Party  ” 
(1905),  “ The  Bird  our  Brother  ” (1908),  etc. 

Mills  (milz),  Walter  Thomas.  Born  at,  Duane, 
N.  Y.,  May  11,  1856.  An  American  lecturer 
and  writer.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  New  York 
“Voice,”  1885-87,  and  1887-90  editor  of  the  “Statesman” 
magazine,  Chicago.  He  has  been  prominent  in  labor  con- 
gresses and  socialist  organizations,  and  was  the  author 
of  the  more  radical  provisions  of  the  constitution  of  Okla- 
homa. He  has  published  “Science  of  Politics  ” (1887)  and 
“The  Struggle  for  Existence”  (1904). 

Millvale  (mil'val).  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Allegheny  River, 
opposite  Pittsburgh,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a bridge.  It  has  iron-works,  lumber-mills, 
breweries,  etc.  Population,  7,861,  (1910). 

Milne  (miln),  John.  Born  at  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, 1850.  An  English  seismologist,  for  many 
years  employed  by  the  Japanese  government 
as  geologist  and  mining  engineer.  He  ha9  trav- 
eled  widely  in  Asia,  Australasia,  the  United  States,  etc. 
His  most  notable  work  was  the  establishment  of  the  seis- 


Misamis 

mic  survey  of  Japan,  with  nearly  a thousand  stations,  and 
the  projecting  of  a similar  survey  of  the  world.  He  has 
published  “ Earthquakes  ” (1883),  “ Seismology  ” (1898), 
and  numerous  scientific  papers. 

Milner  (mil'ner),  Sir  Alfred,  first  Viscount 
Milner.  Born  March  23,  1854.  A British  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  educated  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar  of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1881.  He  was  under-secretary 
for  finance,  Egypt,  1889-92  ; was  governor  of  Cape  Colony 
1897-1901 ; wae  administrator  (1901-02)  and  governor 
(1902-05)  of  the  Transvaal  and  Orange  River  colonies ; and 
was  high  commissioner  for  South  Africa  1897-1905.  He 
was  knighted  in  1895,  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron 
Milner  in  1901,  and  created  a viscount  in  1902.  The  last 
two  honors  were  bestowed  upon  him  in  recognition  of  his 
services  in  South  Africa,  particularly  in  the  peace  settle- 
ment. He  has  written  “ England  in  Egypt  ” (1892). 

Milton  (mil'ton).  A town  in  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Neponset  River,  7 miles 
southwest  of  Boston,  of  which  it  is  a residen- 
tial suburb.  It  has  granite-quarries,  paper- 
mills,  chocolate-factories,  etc.  Population, 
7,924,  (1910). 

Milton  (mil'ton).  A borough  in  Northumber- 
land County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susque- 
hanna River.  It  has  car-factories,  iron-  and 
steel-works,  nail- and  box-factories,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 7,460,  (1910). 

Mindanao  (men-da-na'o)  Sea.  A sea  in  the 
Philippine  Islatids,  lying  north  of  Mindanao 
and  south  of  Bohol,  and  connected  on  the  east 
with  the  Surigao  Sea  and  on  the  west  with  the 
Jol6  (Sulu)  Sea. 

Mindoro.  2.  A province  of  the  Philippines, 
consisting  of  Mindoro  and  adjacent  islands 
lying  south  of  the  western  part  of  Luzon  (sep- 
arated by  Verde  Island  Passage).  Capital,  Puerto 
Galera.  Mount  Halcon,  the  culminating  peak,  is  8,800 
feet  high.  The  mountains  are  covered  with  valuable  for- 
ests. Rivers  are  numerous  but  small.  The  best  harbors 
are  Puerto  Galera  on  the  north,  and  Mangaiin  on  the  south- 
west coast,  both  safe  for  large  craft  in  all  weather.  Va- 
radero  Bay,  on  the  north,  is  good  in  the  southwest  mon- 
soon, and  Paluan  Bay,  on  the  west,  in  the  northeast  mon- 
soon. Coal  is  found  in  the  south,  and  gold  in  various 
parts  of  the  province.  Rice  and  hemp  are  the  chief  prod- 
ucts. The  natives  are  Mangyans.  Area  of  province, 
4,024  square  miles.  Population,  39,582,  of  which  the  cen- 
sus gave  7,264  as  uncivilized. 

Mindoro  (men-do'ro)  Sea.  Same  as  *Visayan 
Sea. 

Mindoro  (men-do'ro)  Strait.  A strait  in  the 
Philippines,  separating  Mindoro  from  the  Ca- 
lamianes  Islands.  Apo  Reef  and  Island  divide 
it  into  two  channels. 

Mines  (minz),  John  Flavel:  pseudonym  Felix 
Oldboy.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  27,  1835 : died  at 
New  York,  Nov.  5,  1891.  An  American  writer. 
He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College  in  1854  and  at  Berke- 
ley Divinity  School  in  1857,  and  in  1861  entered  the  army 
as  chaplain.  Later  he  left  the  ministry,  received  a com- 
mission, and  became  lieutenant-colonel.  He  wrote  “ Heroes 
of  the  Last  Lustre”  (1859),  “A  Tour  around  New  York” 
(1892),  and  “Walks  in  Our  Churchyards  ” (1893). 

Minot  (mi'not).  The  county-seat  of  Ward 
County,  North  Dakota,  on  the  Mouse  River. 
Population,  6,188,  (1910). 

Minot  (mi'not),  Charles  Sedgwick.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1852.  An  American 
biologist,  professor  of  comparative  anatomy 
in  the  Harvard  Medical  School.  He  was  instruc- 
tor 1883-87,  and  assistant  professor  1887-92.  Among  his 
works  are  “ Human  Embryology  ” (1892),  “ A Laboratory 
Text-book  of  Embryology  ” (1903),  and  numerous  scientific 
papers.  He  is  the  inventor  ol  the  rotary  automatic  mi- 
crotome. 

Minto  (min'to),  fourth  Earl  of  (Gilbert  John 
Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound).  Born  July 
9,  1845.  A British  soldier  and  administrator. 
He  served  with  the  Turkish  army  in  1877,  in  the  Afghan 
war  in  1879,  in  the  Egyptian  campaign  in  1882,  and  as  chief 
of  staff  in  the  rebellion  in  northwest  Canada  in  1885.  He 
succeeded  to  the  title  in  1891 ; was  governor-general  of 
Canada  1898-1904 ; and  was  viceroy  and  governor-general 
of  India  1905-10. 

Mirbeau  (mer-bo'),  Octave  Henri.  Born  at 
Trevihres,  France,  Feb.  16,  1848.  A French 
journalist,  critic,  and  author.  He  went  to  Paris ; 
became  a contributor  to  various  periodicals  ; founded  the 
“ Paris-Midi  ” ; and,  with  others,  founded  “ Les  Grimaces,” 
a satirical  journal.  Among  his  works  are  “ Lettres  de  la 
chaumiere  ” (1886),  “ Le  Calvaire  ’’  (1886),  “ SObastien 
Roch  ” (1890),  “Le  jardin  des  supplices"  (1899),  “Les 
m^moires  d’une  femme  de  chambre  ” (1901),  “ Les  vingt- 
et-un  jours  d'un  neurasthSnique  ” (1902);  and  several 
plays,  “Les  mauvais  bergers"  (1898),  “Le  portefeuille  ” 
(1902),  “Les  affaires  sont  les  affaires  "(1903),  and  “Farces 
et  moralitos  ” (1904). 

Misamis  (me-sa'mes).  A province  of  the  Phil- 
ippines, in  northern  Mindanao.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  Mindanao  and  Surigao  seas  on  the  north,  Surigao 
province  (separated  by  mountains)  on  the  east,  Cotabato 
on  the  south,  and  Lanao  and  Dapitan  on  the  west.  Capi- 
tal, Cagay&n.  Iligan  Bay  separates  the  eastern  from  the 
western  part  of  the  province.  Port  Misamis,  or  Panguil 
Bay,  is  a deep  inlet  from  the  southwestern  part  of  this 
bay.  Macajalar  Bay  indents  the  northern  coast.  The 
province  is  mountainous,  the  highest  peaks  being  the 
Oran  Malindang,  8,680  feet,  and  Camiguin  Island,  5,383 


Mi  samis 

feet  in  height.  Coal  anil  gold  are  found.  Cocoa,  coffee, 
hemp,  corn,  copra,  rice,  and  sugar-cane  are  among 
the  products.  Large  numbers  of  domestic  animals  are 
raised.  The  native  race  is  Visayan.  The  census  of  1903 
gave  also  3,418  Subanos.  Area  of  province,  including 
Camiguin  and  other  adjacent  islands,  3,017  square  miles. 
Population,  153,707. 

Misamis  (me-sa/mes),  Port.  A deep  inlet 
from  the  southwestern  part  of  Iligan  Bay, 
northern  Mindanao:  a good  harbor  in  all 
weather. 

MiscManza  (mis-ki-an'za),  The.  A farewell 
banquet  and  festival  given  in  Philadelphia, 
May  18,  1778,  in  honor  of  Sir  William  Howe, 
then  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  armies 
in  America.  It  consisted  of  a regatta  on  the  Delaware 
river,  to  which  four  hundred  persons  were  invited.  They 
landed  at  the  country-seat  of  Thomas  Wharton  and  there 
took  part  in  a mock  tournament,  a banquet,  and  a ball. 
Major  Andre  took  a prominent  part  in  the  festival  and 
wrote  two  accounts  of  it. 

Mishawaka  (mish-a-w&'ka).  A city  in  St. 
Joseph  County,  Indiana,  5 miles  east  of  South 
Bend.  It  has  manufactories  of  windmills,  gaso- 
line engines,  automobiles,  furniture,  wagons, 
farming  implements,  etc.  Population,  11,886, 
(1910). 

Mission  Range.  A range  of  mountains  east 
and  southeast  of  Flathead  Lake,  Montana. 
Missoula  (mi-zo'la).  The  county-seat  of  Mis- 
soula County,  Montana,  on  the  Missoula  River, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Bitter  Root  River. 

It  is  the  trade  center  for  the  surrounding  region,  in  which 
the  chief  industries  are  mining,  agriculture,  and  fruit- 
raisiug.  It  has  bottling- works,  railroad  shops,  etc.,  and 
is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Montana.  Population,  12,- 
869,  (1910).  _ 

Misti  (mes-te7),  El.  The  mountain  of  Are- 
quipa  (which  see).  Near  its  summit  was  es- 
tablished a.  meteorological  station  (discon- 
tinued) conducted  by  the  Arequipa  branch  of 
the  Harvard  Observatory. 

Mistral*,  Frederic.  In  1904  he  received,  with  Eche- 
garay,  the  Nobel  prize  for  literature.  His  later  works  in- 
clude “La  Reino-Jano"  (1890),  “Lou  pouemo  dou  Rose  ” 
(1897),  and  a volume  of  memoirs  (1906). 

Mitchell  (mich'el).  The  county-seat  of  Davi- 
son County,  South  Dakota,  70  miles  northwest 
of  Sioux  Falls.  It  has  grain-elevators,  rail- 
road shops,  lumber-yards,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat 
of  Dakota  University.  Population,  6,515, 
(1910). 

Mitchell  (mich'el),  John.  Born  at  Braidwood, 
111.,  Feb.  4,  1870.  An  American  labor  leader. 
He  worked  for  several  years  in  the  coal-mines  ; joined  the 
Knights  of  Labor  in  1885 ; and  was  president  of  the  United 
Mine-Workers  of  America  from  1898  to  1908.  He  directed 
the  strikes  of  the  anthracite  coal-miners  in  1900  and  1902, 
and  the  negotiations  with  the  operators  in  1906.  He  has 
written  “Organized  Labor"  (1903). 

Mitchell*,  Silas  Weir.  His  later  works  Include 

“Autobiography  of  a Quack  ” (1900),  “Dr.  North  and  his 
Friends”  (1900),  “The  Wager,  and  Other  Poems  ” (1900), 
“Circumstance”  (1901),  “Comedy  of  Conscience”  (1903), 
“Little  Stories”  (1903),  “Mr.  Kris  Kringle”  (1904),  “New 
Samaria”  (1904),  “Youth  of  Washington”  (1904),  “Con- 
stance Trescot (1905),  “ A Diplomatic  Adventure  ” (1906), 
“The  Red  City”  (1908),  “Venture  in  1777”  (1908),  “The 
Comfort  of  the  Hills”  (1909),  “John  Sherwood,  Ironmas- 
ter” (1911),  “ Westway s”  (1913),  etc. 

Mitra  (me'tra).  A peak  near  the  western 
boundary  of  Lepanto-Bontoc  province,  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  Height,  5,699  feet. 
Mobius  (me'bi-os),  Karl.  Born  in  Eilenburg, 
Germauy,  Feb.  7,  1825:  died  in  Berlin,  April 
26,  1908.  A German  zoologist,  director  of  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History  in  Berlin  1887- 
1905. 

Modder  (mod'br).  A river  in  the  Orange  Free 
State,  South  Africa,  which  empties  into  the 
Riet,  a tributary  of  the  Vaal.  The  passage  of  the 
Modder  was  forced  by  Lord  Methuen  against  the  Boers 
under  Cronje,  with  great  loss,  on  Nov.  28,  1899,  in  his 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  relieve  Kimberley. 

Mogollon  (mo-go-yon7)  Mesa.  An  extensive 
mesa  or  plateau  in  east-central  Arizona,  north 
of  the  Salt  River  and  east  of  the  Rio  Verde. 
Elevation,  about  8,000  feet  above  the  sea  and 
5,000  feet  above  the  Rio  Verde. 

Mohler  (mo'ler),  John  Robbins.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  May  9,  1875.  An  American  bac- 
teriologist, chief  of  the  pathological  division 
of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try from  1902. 

Moisant  (moi'sant),  John  B.  Born  at  Chicago, 
April  25,  1870:  died  near  New  Orleans,  Dec. 
31.  1910.  An  American  architect  and  aviator. 
He  took  part  in  the  revolution  in  Salvador  in  1907.  While 
traveling  in  B’ranee  he  became  interested  in  aviation, 
bought  a Bleriot  monoplane,  and  after  a very  little  prac- 
tice flew  from  Paris  to  London  in  August,  1910,  carrying  a 
passenger.  Returning  to  America,  he  entered  the  inter- 
national races  at  Belmont  Park,  Long  Island,  in  October, 
1910,  finishing  second  in  the  Gordon-Bennett  cup  race, 
covering  the  100  kilometers  in  1 hr.  57  min.  44.85  sec.,  in 
spite  of  38  minutes  stop  for  repairs.  He  made  the  fastest 
time  in  a cross-country  flight  from  Belmont  Park  to  and 


around  the  Statue  of  Liberty  in  New  York  Harbor,  about 
35  miles  in  34  min.  38.84  sec.  He  was  thrown  out  of  his 
monoplane  in  making  a landing  and  killed. 

Moissan  (mwa-san7),  Henri.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  28,  1852:  died  there,  Feb.  20,  1907.  A 
noted  French  chemist,  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  Sorbonne : best  known  for  the  artificial 
production  of  diamonds.  He  wrote  “Repro- 
duction du  diamant”  (1893),  etc.  In  1906  he 
received  the  Nobel  prize  for  chemistry. 
Molesworth  (molz7werth),Mrs.  (Mary  Louisa 
Stewart) : pseudonym  Ennis  Graham.  Born 
at  Rotterdam,  Holland,  May  29,  1839.  An  Eng- 
lish author,  best  known  as  a writer  of  children’s 
Stories.  Among  her  works  are  “ Tell  me  a Story  ” (1875), 
“ Carrots ” (1876),  “The  Cuckoo  Clock”  (1877),  “The  Grim 
House  ” (1899),  “ The  Wood-pigeons  and  Mary  ” (1901),  and 
“The  Wrong  Envelope  ” (1906). 

Molo  (mo'lo).  A town  in  the  southern  part  of 
Iloilo  province,  Panay,  Philippine  Islands. 
Population,  8,551. 

Molokai*.  A noted  leper  settlement  is  main- 
tained here. 

Mond  (mond),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Cassel,  Ger- 
many, March  7,  1839:  died  Dec.  11,  1909.  A dis- 
tinguished German-English  chemist.  He  studied 
at  Marburg  and  Heidelberg  universities.  In  1862  he 
went  to  England  and  engaged  in  chemical  manufacturing, 
in  which  he  introduced  or  invented  many  valuable  pro- 
cesses, as  in  the  production  of  soda,  chlorin,  pure  nickel, 
and  a gas  for  power  and  heating.  He  was  a fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  vice-president  of  the  Royal  Institution  and 
of  the  Chemical  Society,  member  of  the  Accademia  dei 
Lincei,  Rome,  and  other  learned  bodies,  and  in  1896 
founded  and  endowed  the  Faraday  Research  Laboratory 
of  the  P^oyal  Institution.  He  owned  a notable  collection 
of  works  of  art,  a large  part  of  which  he  bequeathed  to 
the  British  nation. 

Monessen  (mo'nes-en).  A borough  in  West- 
moreland County,  Pennsylvania,  20  miles 
southeast  of  Pittsburgh.  It  has  foundries, 
steel-works,  etc.  Population,  11,775,  (1910). 
Moneta  (mo-na'ta),  Ernesto  Teodoro.  Bom 
at  Milan,  Sept.  20,  1833.  An  Italian  journalist, 
editor  of  the  “ Secolo.”  He  is  president  of 
the  Lombardy  Union,  International  Peace  So- 
ciety, and  in  1907  was  awarded  the  Nobel 
peace  prize. 

Monis  (mo-ne7),  Antoine  Emmanuel  Ernest. 

Born  at  Chateauneuf,  Charente,  May  23,  1846. 
A French  minister  of  state.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1885,  and  in  1901  to  the  Senate, 
of  which  he  later  became  vice-president.  He  served  as 
minister  of  justice  in  the  Waldeck-Rousseau cabinet  1899- 
1902.  On  the  fall  of  the  Briand  cabinet,  in  March,  1911, 
he  became  premier,  and  held  office  until  June,  when  he 
gave  place  to  Caillaux. 

Monongahela  (mo-non-ga-he'la).  A city  in 
Washington  County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Monongahela  River.  Coal-mining  is  its  prin- 
cipal industry,  and  it  has  glass-factories, 
machine-shops,  paper-mills,  etc.  Population, 
7,598,  (1910). 

Monroe  (mun-ro7).  The  parish-seat  of  Oua- 
chita Parish,  Louisiana,  on  the  Washita  River. 
It  is  an  important  trading  center  for  cotton, 
and  has  cotton-compresses,  machine-shops, 
cotton-seed  oil  mills,  etc.  Population,  10,209, 
(1910). 

Monsieur  Lecocq.  A detective  story  by  Emile 
Gaboriau,  published  in  1869. 

Monson  (mun'son),  Sir  Edmund  John.  Born 
at  Chart  Lodge,  Kent,  Oct.  6,  1834:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  29,  1909.  An  English  diplomatist. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  BaUiol  College,  Oxford, 
and  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1856.  He  was  pri- 
vate secretary  to  Lord  Lyons,  English  minister  at  Wash- 
ington, during  the  Civil  War,  and  subsequently  held 
posts  in  the  Azores  (1869),  Hungary  (1871),  Uruguay  (1879), 
and  Argentina  and  Paraguay  (1884).  In  1884  he  became 
minister  to  Denmark,  and  during  his  stay  at  Copenhagen 
was  selected  as  arbitrator  of  the  Butterfield  claim,  be- 
tween Denmark  and  the  United  States.  He  was  appointed 
minister  to  Greece  in  1888,  and  to  Belgium  in  1892,  and 
ambassador  to  Austria  in  1893,  and  was  ambassador  to 
France  from  1896  until  his  retirement  in  1904. 
Montagna  (mon-tan'ya),  Bartolommeo.  Born 
at  Orzinovi,  near  Brescia,  about  1450:  died  at 
Vicenza  in  1523.  An  Italian  painter.  He  is 
said  to  have  studied  under  Andrea  Mantegna  at  Padua, 
and  also  under  Giovanni  Bellini  and  Carpaccio.  Among 
his  works  are  “ The  Presentation  of  Jesus  Christ  in  the 
Temple,"  at  Vicenza;  “Madonna  and  Two  Saints,"  at 
Venice;  and  “Ecce  Homo,”  in  the  Louvre. 

Montague  (mon'ta-gfi).  A town  in  Franklin 
County,  Massachusetts,  15  miles  northeast  of 
Northampton.  It  has  manufactories  of  paper, 
hardware,  cotton  goods,  etc.  Population,  6,866, 
(1910). 

Montenegro*.  The  legislative  authority  is  vested  in 
a council  of  state  and  a national  assembly  (skupshtiua)  of 
74  members. 

Montessori  (mou-te-so'ri),  Maria.  A contem- 
porary Italian  physician  and  educator,  founder 
of  the  Montessori  method  for  the  education  of 


Moore,  George  Foot 

children.  She  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine 
from  the  University  of  Rome.  She  was  assistant  doctor 
in  the  clinic  of  psychiatry,  directress  of  the  Scuola  Orto- 
frenica  in  Rome,  and  in  1900  reentered  the  University  of 
Rome  to  study  psychology.  In  1907  she  opened  the  first 
Casa  dei  Bambini  (Children’s  House)  in  Rome,  and  has 
since  opened  other  schools  of  the  same  kind.  In  1911 
Italian  Switzerland  established  the  Montessori  system  in 
the  kindergartens  of  its  public  schools.  Her  publications 
include  “ il  Metodo  della  Pedagogia  Scientifica  Applicato 
all’  Educazione  Infantile  nelle  Case  dei  Bambini”  (1909: 
translated  into  English  by  Anne  E.  George  1912)  and  “An- 
tropologia  Pedagogica”  (1911:  translated  into  English  by 
Frederic  Taber  Cooper  1913). 

Montgomery  (mont-gum'e-ri),  Henry.  Born 
at  Cartwright,  Ontario,  Nov.  11,  1848.  A Ca- 
nadian geologist  and  anthropologist,  curator 
of  the  museum  of  Toronto  University  from  1904. 
He  has  published  “ The  Remains  of  Prehistoric  Man  in 
the  Dakotas,”  “Prehistoric  Man  in  Utah,”  etc. 

Monticelli  (mon-ti-chel'i),  Adolphe  Joseph 
Thomas.  Born  at  Marseilles,  France,  Oct. 
14,  1824 : died  there,  May  2(7  1886.  A French 
painter,  of  Italian  descent.  He  studied  in  the  art 
school  at  Marseilles,  and  at  Paris,  where  he  was  especially 
influenced  by  the  Impressionist  school.  In  1870  he  re- 
turned to  Marseilles  and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his  life. 
He  produced  a large  number  of  easel  pictures  exhibiting 
great  brilliancy  and  harmony  of  color.  He  painted  with 
a palette-knife  and  also  directly  from  the  tubes  without 
the  assistance  of  brushes. 

Montt  (mont),  Pedro.  Born  June  29,  1848: 
died  Aug.  16,  1910.  President  of  Chile,  son  of 
Manuel  Montt,  a former  president.  He  was  elected 
to  the  Congress  of  Chile  in  1876,  and  became  a leader  of 
the  Liberal  party,  holding  at  various  times  ministerial 
offices.  In  1891  he  was  sent  as  minister  to  the  United 
States.  On  Sept.  18,  1906,  he  was  inaugurated  president, 
and  continued  in  office  until  his  death. 

Monvel,  Louis  Maurice  Boutet  de.  See 

* Bout  et  de  Monvel. 

Monypenny  (mun'i-pen-i),  William  Flavelle. 

Born  Aug.  7,  1866 : died  Nov.  23,  1912.  A Brit- 
ish journalist  and  author.  He  was  assistant  editor 
of  the  London  “Times  ” 1893-99,  and  in  1899  became  edi- 
tor of  the  Johannesburg  “Star.”  He  served  in  the  army 
during  the  South  African  war,  1899-1900,  and  on  the  staff 
of  the  military  governor  of  Johannesburg,  as  director  of 
civil  supplies,  1900-01.  In  1903  he  became  a director  of 
the  Times  Publishing  Company.  The  first  volume  of  his 
“Life  of  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Earl  of  Beaconsfield,”  ap- 
peared in  1910  and  the  second  in  1912. 

Moody  (mo'di),  William  Henry.  Born  at 
Newbury,  Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1853.  An  American 
lawyer,  attorney-general  of  the  United  States 
1904-06.  He  was  graduated  at  Phillips  Academy,  An- 
dover, in  1872,  and  at  Harvard  University  in  1876.  He  was 
district  attorney  for  the  Massachusetts  Eastern  District 
1890-95,  a Republican  member  of  Congress  1895-1902,  and 
secretary  of  the  navy  1902-04.  He  was  associate  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  Dec.,  1906-Nov.,  1910. 

Moody  (mo'di),  William  Vaughn.  Bom  at 

Spencer,  Ind.,  July  8,  1869:  died  at  Colorado 
Springs,  Oct.  17,  1910.  An  American  poet  and 
critic.  From  1895  to  1903  he  served  as  instructor  in  the 
department  of  English  in  the  University  of  Chicago. 
Among  his  works  are  “Poems  ” (1901),  including  the  “Ode 
in  Time  of  Hesitation  ” (1900) ; “ The  Fire-Bringer  ” (1904), 
“The  Masque  of  Judgment  ” (1900),  the  first  and  second 
parts  respectively  of  a dramatic  trilogy ; “ The  Sabine 
Woman,”  a play  (1906);  with  Robert  Morss  Lovett,  “A 
History  of  English  Literature”  (1902),  “First  View  of 
English  Literature”  (1905);  “The  Great  Divide,"  a play 
(1906),  and  “ The  Faith  Healer  ” (1909). 

Moor  (mor),  Emanuel.  Born  about  1862.  A 

Hungarian  composer.  He  was  educated  at  Budapest 
and  Vienna.  In  1885  he  came  to  America  with  a concert 
company  which  included  Lilli  Lehmann  and  Ovide  Mnsin. 
He  lived  for  a time  in  New  York,  and  then  in  England,  later 
making  his  home  in  Switzerland.  His  works  include 
three  operas,  “ Die  Pompadour  ” (1902),  “ Andreas  Hofer  ” 
(1902),  and  “ Hochzeitsglocken  ” (1908),  also  symphonies, 
concertos,  chambter  music,  and  about  five  hundred  songB. 

Moore  (mor),  George.  Bom  at  Moore  Hall, 
County  Mayo,  Ireland,  1853.  A British  nov- 
elist, poet,  dramatist,  and  art  critic.  He  has 
published  two  volumes  of  verse,  “Flowers  of  Passion” 
(1877)  and  “ Pagan  Poems  ” (1881).  As  a critic  he  was  one 
of  the  first  in  England  to  champion  the  Impressionist 
school  of  painters  and  the  naturalistic  school  in  literature. 
He  was  associated  with  Edward  Martyn  and  William  But- 
ler Yeats  in  founding  the  Irish  Literary  Theater  in  Dublin, 
and  has  written  two  plays,  “ The  Strike  at  Arlingford  ” 
(1893)  and  “ The  Bending  of  the  Bough  ” (1900).  His  other 
works  include  “A  Modem  Lover”  (1883),  “A  Mummer’s 
Wife”  (1884),  “Parnell  and  his  Ireland”  (1887),  “Confes- 
sions of  a Young  Man”  (1888),  “Mike  Fletcher"  (1889), 
“ Vain  Fortune”  (1891),  “Modem  Painting”  (1893),  “Esther 
Waters  ” (1894),  “ Impressions  and  Opinions  ” (1895),  “ Celi- 
bates ” (1895),  “Evelyn  Innes,"  a musical  novel  (1898), 
“Sister  Teresa  "(1901  : a continuation  of  “Evelyn  limes”), 
“The  Untilled  Field  ” (1903).  ••  The  Lake”  (1905),  “Memoirs 
of  my  Dead  Life”  (1906),  “Hail  and  Farewell,”  atrilogy  : 
“Ave”(1911),  “Salve”  (1912),  “ Vale " (to  follow),  etc. 

Moore  (mor),  George  Foot.  Bom  at  West 
Chester,  Pa.,  Oct.  15,  1851.  An  American 
Orientalist  and  biblical  scholar,  professor  of 
the  history  of  religions  in  Harvard  University 
from  1902.  He  was  professor  of  Hebrew  in  Andover 
(Massachusetts)  Theological  Seminary  1883-1902.  His 
works  include  a commentary  on  the  Book  of  Judges  (1895), 
numerous  scientific  papers,  etc.  He  was  appointed  visit- 
ing professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin  1909-10. 


Moore,  George  Thomas 

Moore  (mor),  George  Thomas.  Born  at  In- 
dianapolis, Ind.,  Feb.  23,  1871.  An  American 
cryptogamic  botanist.  He  was  graduated  at  Wabash 
College  iu  1894  (Harvard  A.  B.  1895)  ; was  physiologist  and 
algologist  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  1901-02  ; and  was  head 
of  the  laboratory  of  plant  physiology  1902-05.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  work  in  perfecting  methods  of  destroying 
algae  and  certain  bacteria  in  water  supplies  (by  means  of 
sulphate  of  copper),  and  of  cultivating  the  root-tubercle 
organisms  which,  in  certain  plants,  aid  the  appropriation 
of  nitrogen. 

Moore  (mor),  John  Bassett.  Born  at  Smyrna, 
Del.,  Dec.  3,  1860.  An  American  publicist, 
professor  of  international  law  and  diplomacy 
in  Columbia  University  from  1891.  He  was  third 
assistant  secretary  of  state  1886-91 ; was  assistant  secre- 
tary April-Sept.,  1898,  during  the  Spanish  war ; and  was 
secretary  and  counsel  of  the  American  peace  commis- 
sioners in  Paris.  His  works  include  “ Extradition  and 
Interstate  Rendition"  (1891),  “History  and  Digest  of  In- 
ternational Arbitrations  ” (1898),  “ American  Diplomacy  ” 
(1905),  “Digest  of  International  Law”  (1906),  etc.  He  col- 
lected and  edited  the  “Works  of  James  Buchanan”  (12 
volumes,  1908-11). 

Moqui  (mo'ke).  The  Navajo  name  for  a Hopi 
Indian.  Until  recently  these  Indians  were 
known  as  Moqui,  the  name  Hopi  being  a late 
introduction  into  literature. 

Morais  (mo-ra'es),  Sabato.  Born  at  Leghorn, 
Italy,  April  13,  1823 : died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
11,  1897.  A Jewish  rabbi,  founder  and.  first 
president  of  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary 
of  America,  at  New  York. 

Moran  (mo-ran'),  Patrick  Francis.  Born  at 
Leighlinbridge,  County  Carlow,  Ireland,  Sept. 
16, 1830  : died  at  Sydney,  N.  S.  W. , Aug.  16, 1911. 
A British  Roman  Catholic  prelate,  archbishop 
of  Sydney,  Australia,  from  1884,  and  cardinal 
from  1885.  He  was  bishop  of  Ossory  1872-84.  Among 
his  publications  are  “History  of  the  Catholic  Archbishops 
of  Dublin"  (1864),  “Irish  Saints  in  Great  Britain"  (1879), 
“History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  Australia”  (1894), 
“The  Priests  and  People  of  Ireland"  (1905),  etc. 
Mordkin  (mord'kin),  Mikail.  Born  about 
1882.  A Russian  dancer.  He  appeared  for  a num- 
ber of  years  at  Moscow.  He  made  his  American  d^but  in 
“Coppelia,”  with  Anna  Pavlova,  at  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House  1909-10,  and  has  since  appeared  in  other 
American  cities  and  in  London. 

Morelli  (mo-rel'i),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Verona, 
Italy,  Feb.  25,  1816:  died  at  Milau,  Feb.  28, 
1891.  An  Italian  art  critic.  Beginning  in  I860,  he 
represented  Bergamo  in  four  successive  Italian  parlia- 
ments, and  used  this  opportunity  to  secure  a law,  which 
bears  his  name,  to  regulate  the  preservation  of  Italian  art. 
In  1861  he  was  associated  with  Cavalcaselle  on  a commis- 
sion appointed  to  register  all  works  of  art  in  public  insti- 
tutions in  Umbria  and  the  Marches.  In  his  works  he 
established  certain  facts  which  have  revolutionized  Italian 
art  criticism,  among  them  the  fact  that  the  old  masters 
frequently  dropped  into  uniform  conventional  ways  of 
representing  details  (a9  hair,  ears,  fingers,  etc.),  which  are 
useful  in  identification. 

Morgan  (mor'gan),  Conwy  Lloyd.  Born  at 
London,  Feb.  6,'  1852.  An  English  biologist, 
principal  of  University  College,  Bristol,  1887- 
1909,  and  professor  of  psychology  in  the 
University  of  Bristol  1909-.  Among  hie  publica- 
tions are  “Animal  Biology”  (1887),  “Animal  Life  and 
Intelligence ” (1890),  “Introduction  to  Comparative  Psy- 
chology ” (1895),  “ Habit  and  Instinct  ” (1896),  “ Animal 
Behaviour  ” (1900),  “ The  Interpretation  of  Nature  ” 

(1905),  etc. 

Morgan  (mor'gan),  Edwin  Vernon.  Born  at 
Aurora,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  22,  1865.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  became  secretary  of  legation  and 
deputy  consul-general  at  Seal,  Korea,  in  1900 ; second 
secretary  of  the  embassy  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1901 ; 
consul  at  Dalny,  Manchuria,  in  1904 ; and  minister  to 
Korea  in  1905.  He  was  minister  to  Cuba  1905-10;  to 
Uruguay  and  Paraguay  in  1910-11 ; to  Portugal  1911-12  ; 
and  ambassador  to  Brazil  1912- 

Morgan  (mor'gan),  George  Campbell.  Born 
at  Tetbury,  Gloucestershire,  Dec.  9,  1863.  An 
English  Congregational  minister.  He  was  a mas- 
ter  in  the  Jewish  Collegiate  School,  Birmingham,  1883-86; 
a mission  preacher  1886-88  ; was  ordained  in  1889  ; and  held 
various  pastorates  from  that  date.  He  was  Northfleld 
Bible  Conference  extension  lecturer  1901-04,  and  is  the 
foqnder  and  director  of  the  Westminster  Bible  Confer- 
ence. In  1904  he  became  minister  of  the  Westminster 
Congregational  Chapel,  Buckingham  Gate,  London.  He  is 
the  editor  of  the  “Westminster  Bible  Record”  and  the 
“Westminster  Pulpit.”  He  has  published  “The  Spirit 
of  God,”  “The  Crises  of  the  Christ”  (1903),  “The  Ana- 
lyzed Bible”  (1907-),  etc. 

Morgan  (mor'gan),  John  Pierpont.  Born  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  April  17, 1837 : died  at  Rome, 
Italy,  March  31,  1913.  An  American  banker 
and  financier.  He  was  educated  at  the  English  High 
School,  Boston,  and  at  the  University  of  Gottingen.  As  a 
financier  he  was  particularly  connected  with  the  reorgani- 
zation of  railways,  the  floating  of  the  U.  S.  bond  issue  in 
the  administration  of  President  Cleveland,  the  Atlantic 
shipping  combination,  etc.  He  was  known  also  as  a col- 
lector of  works  of  art,  and  contributed  largely  to  the 
founding  and  support  of  hospitals  and  other  charities. 

Morgan  (mor'gan),  John  Tyler.  Born  at 
Athens,  Tenn.,  June  20,  1824:  died  June  11, 
1907.  An  American  lawyer  and  statesman, 


United  States  senator  (Democratic)  from  Ala- 
bama from  1877.  He  entered  the  Confederate  army 
in  1861  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  and  after 
the  war  resumed  the  practice  of  law.  In  1892  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  arbitrators  of  the  Bering  Sea  fisheries 
dispute. 

Morgan  City  (mor'gan  sit'i).  A city  in  St. 
Mary  Parish,  Louisiana,  near  the  mouth  of 
Grand  Lake.  It  exports  fish,  oysters,  sugar, 
etc.  Population,  5,477,  (1910). 

Morgantown  (mor'gan-toun).  The  county- 
seat  of  Monongalia  County,  West  Virginia,  on 
the  Monongahela  River.  It  has  furniture-fac- 
tories, cigar-factories,  glass-works,  etc.,  and 
iron,  coal,  and  other  minerals  are  found  in  the 
vicinity.  It  is  the  seat  of  West  Virginia  Uni- 
versity. Population,  9,150,  (1910). 

Morley  (mor'li),  Edward  Williams.  Bom  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  Jan.  29,  1838.  An  American 
chemist  and  educator,  professor  of  chemistry 
in  Western  Reserve  University  1869-1906. 

He  was  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1860.  He  has 
published  papers  upon  chemical  and  physical  topics,  es- 
pecially upon  the  atomic  weight  of  oxygen. 

Morley*,  John,  first  Viscount  Morley  of  Black- 
burn. He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  iu  1908.  His  later 
works  include  “Studies  in  Literature"  (1891),  “Oliver 
Cromwell " (1900),  “ Life  of  Gladstone  ” (1903),  “ Life  of 
Richard  Oobden  " (1908),  “ Critical  Miscellanies  ' (1908),  etc. 
Moro  (mo'ro).  A province  of  the  Philippines, 
created  by  an  act  of  the  Philippine  Commis- 
sion, June  1,  1903.  By  this  act  Misamis  and  Cotabato 
were  reduced  and  Zamboanga  was  increased  in  area,  and 
a new  district,  Lanao,  was  created.  The  province  as  now 
constituted  consists  of  the  island  of  Mindanao,  except 
Misamis  and  Surigao  provinces  with  their  adjacent  islands ; 
of  all  other  islands  adjacent  to  Mindanao;  of  Basilan, 
Cagayan  de  Jold,  and  Sibutu ; and  of  the  groups  included 
in  the  Sulu  (Jold)  Archipelago.  The  province  thus  con- 
tains all  of  the  Moro  territory  except  that  in  the  southern 
part  of  Palawan  (Paragua)  Island.  Each  of  its  five  dis- 
tricts— Cotabato,  Davao,  Jold,  Lanao,  and  Zamboanga — is 
under  a district  governor  appointed  by  the  governor  of 
the  province.  Capital,  Zamboanga.  Area,  28,886  square 
miles.  Population,  402,014. 

Moros  (mo'roz).  One  of  the  Mohammedan 
Malay  tribes  which  inhabit  the  southern  is- 
lands of  the  Philippine  Archipelago,  especially 
Mindanao  and  the  Jold  Archipelago.  They 
are  a seafaring  and  warlike  people,  and  were 
formerly  much  given  to  piracy. 

Morris  (mor'is),  Lewis.  Born  on  Manhattan 
Island,  New  York,  1671:  died  at  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  May  21, 1746.  An  American  statesman, 
first  governor  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  appointed 
to  the  bench  of  the  superior  court  of  New  Jersey  1692,  and 
was  active  in  effecting  the  separation  of  that  colony  from 
New  York.  He  served  as  chief  justice  of  both  New  Yrork 
and  New  Jersey  1715-33,  and  was  governor  of  the  colony 
from  1738  until  his  death. 

Morris*,  Sir  Lewis.  His  later  works  include  “Songs 
without  Notes  " (1894),  “Idylls  and  Lyrics”  (1896),  “Har- 
vest Tide"  (1901),  and  “The  New  Rambler  from  Desk  to 
Platform  ” (1905). 

Morrison  (mor'i-son),  George  Ernest.  Born 
at  Geelong,  Victoria,  Australia,  Feb.  4,  1862. 
An  English  journalist  and  traveler.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  Melbourne  and  Edinburgh  universities,  and  has 
been  special  correspondent  of  the  London  “ Times  ” in 
China  and  various  parts  of  Asia.  In  October,  1912,  he 
became  political  adviser  to  the  president  of  the  Chinese 
republic.  He  has  written  “An  Australian  in  China"  etc. 

Morrow  (mor'o),  William  W.  Born  near 
Milton,  Ind.,  July  15,  1843.  An  American 
jurist,  judge  of  the  ninth  United  States  judi- 
cial circuit  from  1897.  He  was  assistant  United 
States  attorney  for  California  1870-74 ; served  as  special 
counsel  for  the  United  States  before  the  French  and 
American  claims  commissions  (1881-83)  and  the  Alabama 
claims  commission  (1882-85)  ; was  a member  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  1885-91 ; and  was  United  States  judge 
of  the  Northern  California  district  1891-97.  He  was  one 
of  the  incorporators  of  the  American  National  Red  Cross 
Society. 

Morse  (mors),  Harmon  Northrop.  Born  at 
Cambridge,  Vt.,  Oct.  15,  1848.  An  American 
chemist,  professor  of  analytical  and  inorganic 
chemistry  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  from 
1908.  He  was  associate  professor  there  1876- 
1891,  and  professor  of  analyticalchemistry  1891- 
1908. 

Morton  (mor'ton),  Julius  Sterling.  Born  at 
Adams,  N.  V.,  April  22,  1832:  died  at  Lake 
Forest,  111.,  April  27,  1902.  An  American 
cabinet  officer.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  College, 
Schenectady,  New  York,  in  1854;  was  a member  of  the 
territorial  legislature  of  Nebraska  in  1856  and  1857 ; was 
secretary  and  acting  governor  of  Nebraska  in  1858;  and 
was  secretary  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture 1893-97.  He  instituted  Arbor  Day  in  Nebraska  in 
1872.  In  politics  he  was  a Democrat,  affiliated  later  with 
the  gold-standard  wing  of  the  party. 

Morton  (mor'ton),  Paul.  Born  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  May  22, 1857:  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  19, 
1911.  An  American  railroad  man,  administra- 
tor, andfinancier,  son  of  Julius  Sterling  Morton. 
He  was  connected  with  the  Burlington  railway  system 
1872-90,  and  was  third  vice-president  1896-98  and  second 


Muck 

vice-president  1898-1904  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and 
Santa  Fe  Railroad.  He  was  secretary  of  the  navy  July  1, 
1904, -July  1,  1905,  and  chairman  of  the  board  of  directors 
and  later  president  of  the  Equitable  Life  Assurance  So- 
ciety 1905-11. 

Mosby  (moz'bi),  John  Singleton.  Born  in 

Powhatan  County,  Va.,  Dec.  6,  1833.  A noted 
American  soldier.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia  in  1852  ; practised  law  in  Bristol,  Virginia, 
1855-61;  joined  the  Confederate  army  in  1861  ; and  be- 
came famous  (1862-65)  as  colonel  of  independent  cavalry 
(“  Mosby’s  Rangers  ”),  inflicting  serious  damage  upon  the 
Union  army  by  cutting  its  communications.  After  the 
close  of  the  war  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law,  and  was 
United  States  consul  at  Hong-Kong  1878-85. 

Moses  (mo'zez),  George  Higgins.  Bora  at 
Lubec,  Maine,  Feb.  9,  1869.  An  American 
diplomatist,  minister  to  Greece  and  Monte- 
negro 1909-12. 

Mosso  (mos'so),  Angelo.  Born  at  Turin,  May 
31,  1846:  died  there,  Nov.  23,  1910.  An  Italian 
physiologist,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Turin  from  1879,  especially  noted  for  his  in- 
vestigations in  psychophysiology.  He  has 
published  “The  Dawn  of  Mediterranean  Civ- 
ilization” (1910),  etc. 

Moszkowski  (mos-kof'ski),  Moritz.  Born  at 
Breslau,  Aug.  23,  1854.  A pianist  and  com- 
poser, chiefly  of  piano-music.  His  opera 
“Boabdil”  was  produced  in  1892. 

Motien  (mo'ti-en)  Pass.  A mountain  pass  in 
southern  Manchuria,  southeast  of  Mukden. 
It  was  of  great  strategic  importance  in  the  Russo-Japanese 
war  (1904-05),  and  a number  of  sanguinary  engagements 
were  fought  in  its  vicinity.  It  was  in  the  line  of  the  ad- 
vance of  General  Kuroki’s  army  upon  Liao-yang. 

Mott  (mot),  John  R.  Born  at  Livingston 
Manor,  N.  Y.,  May  25,  1865.  An  American 
religious  worker.  He  has  been  chairman  of  the  ex- 
ecutive committee  of  the  Student  Volunteer  Movement 
since  1888  ; general  secretary  of  the  World’s  Student  Chris- 
tian Federation  since  1895;  and  foreign  secretary  of  the 
international  committee  of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian 
Association  since  1898.  He  has  published  “Strategic 
Points  in  the  World's  Conquest  ” (1897),  “ Evangelization 
of  the  World  in  This  Generation”  (1900),  “Christians  of 
Reality  ” (1902),  “The  Future  Leadership  of  the  Church  ” 
(1908),' etc. 

Mottl  (motl),  Felix.  Born  near  Vienna,  Aug. 
29,  1856:  died  at  Munich,  July  2,  1911.  A 
noted  Austrian  orchestral  conductor  and  com- 
poser. He  succeeded  DesBoff  as  court  conductor  at 
Karlsruhe,  frequently  conducting  in  Bayreuth,  and  had  a 
high  reputation  as  a Wagnerian.  In  1903  he  came  to 
New  York.  In  1904  he  was  made  a director  of  the  Berlin 
Royal  Academy  of  Music,  and  was  later  director  of  the 
Royal  Opera  House,  Munich.  He  composed  the  operas 
“Agnes  Bernauer,"  “Ramin,”  “Fiirst  und  Sanger,"  etc. 

Moulton*,  Mrs.  (Ellen  Louise  Chandler). 

Her  later  works  include  “ Random  Rambles  ” (1881),“  Fire- 
light. Stories”  (1883),  “Ourselves  and  our  Neighbors” 
(1887),  “Miss  Eyre  from  Boston,  and  Other  Stories”  (1889), 
“In  the  Garden  of  Dreams  ” (1889),  “ Stories  Told  at  Twi- 
light” (1890),  “In  Childhood's  Country”  (1896),  “At  the 
Wind's  Will  ” (1899),  “Poems  and  Sonnets  ” (1909),  etc. 

Moulton  (mol 'ton),  Richard  Green.  Born  at 
Preston,  England,  May  5,  1849.  An  English 
author,  critic,  and  educator,  professor  in  the 
University  of  Chicago  from  1892.  He  was  en- 
gaged  as  a lecturer  in  university  extension  work  in  Eng- 
land and  America  1874-92.  Among  his  works  are  “Shake- 
speare as  a Dramatic  Artist  ” (1885),  “ Ancient  Classical 
Drama”  (1890),  “The  Literary  Study  of  the  Bible”  (1896), 
“A  Short  Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  the  Bible  ” 
(1901),  “ The  Moral  System  of  Shakespeare  ” (1903),  and 
“ World  Literature  ” (1911).  He  has  edited  “The  Modern 
Reader’s  Bible  ” (1895-98). 

Mount  Carmel  (mount  kar'mel).  A borough 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  Northumberland 
County,  Pennsylvania.  It  has  coal-mines  and  man- 
ufactures of  coal-mining  machinery,  etc.  Population, 
17,532,  (1910). 

Mount  Clemens  (mount  klem'enz).  The 
county-seat  of  Macomb  County,  Michigan,  21 
miles  northeast  of  Detroit.  Its  products  include 
wagons  and  sleighs,  beet-sugar,  and  agricul- 
tural implements.  Sulpho-saline  springs  make 
it  popular  as  a health  resort.  Population, 
7,707,  (1910). 

Mount  McKinley.  See  * McKinley , Mount. 

Mount  Pleasant  (mount  plez'ant).  A borough 
in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania.  Its 
principal  products  are  coke,  iron  and  steel, 
glass,  lumber,  flour,  etc.  Pop.,  5,812,  (1910). 

Mount  Vernon  (mount  ver'non).  The  county- 
seat  of  Jefferson  County,  Illinois.  Its  chief 
industries  are  coal-mining,  agriculture,  and 
manufacturing.  Population,  8,007,  (1910). 

Muck  (nook),  Karl.  Born  at  Darmstadt,  Oct. 
22,  1859.  A German  musical  conductor.  He 

studied  at  the  Conservatory  of  Leipsic,  and  made  his  debut 
as  a pianist  at  the  Gewandhaus  in  1880.  He  first  conducted 
at  Zurich  (1880-81),  then  at  Salzburg  (1881-82),  Brtinn 
(1882-84),  Gratz  (1884-86),  and  Prague  (1886-92).  In  1892 
he  became  one  of  the  conductors  of  the  Berlin  Opera,  but 
resigned  in  1906  to  come  to  America  to  direct  the  concerts 
of  the  Boston  Symphony  Society.  He  remained  in  Boston 


Muck 

until  1908,  then  again  returned  to  the  Berlin  Opera,  but 
again  conducted  the  Boston  Symphony  1912-.  He  has 
conducted  at  Bayreuth  and  at  Covent  Garden,  London. 

Mudcat  State.  A popular  nickname  of  the 
State  of  Mississippi,  from  the  number  of  cat- 
fish taken  from  the  Mississippi  River. 

Munger  (mung'ger),  Theodore  Thornton. 
Born  March  5,  1830:  died  Jan.  11,  1910. 
An  American  Congregational  clergyman  and 
writer,  pastor  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
from  1885.  He  had  pastorates  in  Dorchester,  Haver- 
hill, Lawrence,  and  North  Adams,  Massachusetts,  and 
San  Jose,  California.  He  published  “ On  the  Thresh- 
old" (1880),  “The  Freedom  of  Faith  ” (1883),  “Lamps  and 
Paths”  (1883),  “The  Appeal  to  Life”  (1887),  “Horace 
Bushnell  ” (1899),  “ Essays  for  the  Day  ” (1904),  etc. 

Munhall  (mun'hal).  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Allegheny  River, 
7 miles  southeast  of  Pittsburgh.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1901.  Population,  5,185,  (1910). 
Munroe  (mun-ro'),  Henry  Smith.  Born  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  25,  1850.  An  Ameri- 
can geologist  and  mining  engineer,  professor 
of  mining  in  the  School  of  Mines  of  Columbia 
University  from  1891.  He  was  assistant  geologist 
of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Ohio  1870-71,  and 
of  the  geological  survey  of  Yezo,  Japan,  1872-75  ; was 
professor  of  geology  and  mining  in  the  University  of  Tokio 
1875-76 ; and  was  adjunct  professor  in  the  School  of  Mines 
1877-91. 

Miinsterberg  (mun'ster-oerg),  Hugo.  Born 
at  Dantzic,  Germany,  June  1, 1863.  A German 
psychologist,  professor  in  Harvard  University 
from  1892.  He  was  educated  at  Dantzic,  Leipsic,  and 
Heidelberg,  and  was  professor  in  the  University  of  Frei- 
burg. Among  his  publications  are  “Psychology  and 
Life  ” (1899),“  Grundzuge  der  Psychologie  ” (1900),  “ Amer- 
ican Traits’’  (1902),  “The  Americans’’  (1904),  “Eternal 
Life  ’’  (1905),  “Principles  of  Art  Education  ” (1905),  “Sci- 
ence and  Idealism’’  (1906),  “On  the  Witness  Stand” 
(1908),  “Psychotherapy”  (1909),  “The  Eternal  Values” 
(1909),  etc.  In  1910  he  was  appointed  director  of  the 
America  Institut,  established  by  the  German  government 
at  Berlin. 

Murchison  (mer'chi-son)  Goldfield.  A gold- 
mining region  in  Western  Australia. 

Murfree*.  Mary  Noailles : pseudonym 

Charles  Egbert  Craddock.  Her  later  works  in- 
clude “ The  Despot  of  Broomsedge  Cove  ” (1888),  “ In  the 
Stranger  People's  Country  ” (1891),  “ His  Vanished  Star  ” 
(1894),  “The  Young  Mountaineers”  (1897),  “The  Cham- 
pion” (1902),  “The  Spectre  of  Power”  (1903),  “Storm 
Centre  ” (1905),  “The  Amulet ” (1906),  “The  Windfall” 
(1907),  “A  Fair  Mississippian  ” (1908),  “The  Raid  of  the 
Guerilla”  (1912),  etc. 

Murphysboro  (mer'fiz-bur-o).  The  county- 
seat  of  Jackson  County,  Hlinois,  on  the  Big 
Muddy  River,  54  miles  northwest  of  Cairo.  It 
has  flour-mills,  machine-shops,  etc.  There  are 
coal-  and  lead-mines  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion, 7,485,  (1910). 

Murray  (mur'a),  David  Christie.  Born  at 
West  Bromwich,  Staffordshire,  April  13,  1847: 
died  at  Hampstead,  Aug.  1,  1907.  A British 
novelist.  His  works  include  “A  Life’s  Atonement” 
(1880),  “Joseph’s  Coat”  (1881),  “Aunt  Rachel”  (1886), 
“One  Traveller  Returns”  (with  Henry  Herman,  1887), 
“Old  Blazer’s  Hero”  (1887),  “A  Dangerous  Catspaw  ” 


(1889)  and  “ He  Fell  among  Thieves  ” (1891:  with  Henry 
Herman),  “The  Martyred  Fool”  (1895),  “A  Capful  of 
Nails  ” (1897),  “ A Race  for  Millions  ” (1898),  “The  Church 
of  Humanity  ” (1901),  “ Despair’s  Last  Journey  ” (1901),  a 
volume  of  memoirs  entitled  “ Recollections  of  aLifetime  ” 
(1907),  etc. 

Murray  (mur'a),  George  Gilbert  Aime.  Bom 

at  Sydney,  Australia,  Jan.  2,  1866.  A British 
classical  scholar.  He  was  educated  in  London  and  at 
St.  John’s  College,  Oxford  ; was  professor  of  Greek  at  Glas- 
gow University  1889-99;  and  has  been  regius  professor  of 
Greek  at  Oxford  since  1908.  He  has  published  a “ History 
of  Ancient  Greek  Literature  ” (1897)  ; two  plays,  “Carlyon 
Sahib”  (1899)  and  “ Andromache  ’ (1900);  “The  PHse  of 
the  Greek  Epic  ” (1907),  “ Four  Stages  of  Greek  Religion  ” 
(1913),  and  other  works,  including  translations. 

Murray  (mur'a),  John,  fourth  Earl  of  Dun- 
more.  Born  1732 : died  at  Ramsgate,  England, 
May,  1809.  An  English  colonial  governor. 

He  was  appointed  governor  of  the  colony  of  New  York  in 
1770,  and  of  Virginia  in  1771.  He  prorogued  the  House  of 
Assembly  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  in  1772  ; convened  it 
in  March,  1773,  but  immediately  dissolved  it  because  of 
its  recommendation  of  concerted  action  on  the  part  of  the 
colonies  against  the  mother  country  ; and  again  dissolved 
it  in  1774  upon  its  action  after  the  passing  of  the  Boston 
Port  Act.  In  the  autumn  of  1774  he  commanded  a division 
of  Virginia  troops  in  the  war  against  the  Ohio  Indians, 
called  “ Dunmore’s  War.”  In  1775  he  removed  part  of  the 
powder  stores  at  Williamsburg  to  the  war-ship  Magdalen, 
thereby  provoking  armed  resistance  by  the  colonists  under 
the  leadership  of  Patrick  Henry  ; but  peace  was  restored 
temporarily  by  payment  for  the  powder.  Later  in  the 
same  year,  during  a riot  in  the  House  of  Assembly,  he 
transferred  the  seat  of  government  to  the  man-of-war 
Fowey,  an  act  which  the  burgesses  declared  to  be  an  ab- 
dication. Thereupon  he  equipped  a flotilla,  made  an  un- 
successful attack  upon  Hampton,  reduced  Norfolk  to 
ashes,  and  was  finally  defeated  at  Gwynn’s  Island  in  the 
Chesapeake,  July  8,  1776.  He  then  disbanded  his  troops 
and  returned  to  England.  He  sat  in  the  House  of  Lords 
until  1787,  and  was  governor  of  the  Bahamas  1787-96. 

Murray  (mur'a),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Coburg, 
Ontario,  March  3,  1841.  An  eminent  British 
zoologist,  one  of  the  naturalists  of  the  Chal- 
lenger expedition  1872-76.  In  1882  he  became 
editor  of  the  reports  of  the  scientific  results  of  this  expe- 
dition ; later  published  a summary  of  its  results ; and 
(with  others)  wrote  a narrative  of  the  cruise.  He  also 
published  “Reports  on  a Bathymetrical  Survey  of  the 
Fresh- water  Lochs  of  Scotland  ” (6  vols.). 

Mus6e  Cernuschi  (mo-za'  cher-nos'ki).  The 
hotel  and  collection  of  H.  Cernuschi  in  the 
Avenue  Velasquez,  Paris,  which  he  left  to  the 
city,  at  his  death  in  1896,  as  a museum  devoted 
to  the  art  of  China  and  Japan. 

Musee  des  Thermes  et  de  Cluny  (mo-za'  da 
termz  a de  klfi-ne').  A museum  in  the  Boule- 
vard St.  Michel,  Paris.  The  oldest  part  of  the  build- 
ing consists  of  the  remnant  of  the  baths  attached  to  the 
imperial  palace,  probably  built  by  the  emperor  Constan- 
tius  Chlorus  about  300  A.  D.  In  this  portion  are  collected 
remains  of  Roman  Paris.  In  addition  was  built,  in  the 
loth  century,  by  the  abbots  of  Cluny,  the  beautiful  late- 
Gothic  Hotel  de  Cluny.  Alexandre  du  Sommerard  (1779— 
1842)  installed  in  this  hotel  his  notable  collections  of 
medieval  and  Renaissance  works  of  art.  In  1843  the 
building  and  collections  were  purchased  by  the  state,  and 
the  hotel  was  consolidated  with  the  Musee  des  Thermes, 
the  latter  being  presented  to  the  state  by  the  municipality 
of  Paris. 

Museum  of  Fine  Arts.  An  institution  at  Bos- 


National  Conservation  Association 

ton,  Massachusetts,  incorporated  in  1870  for 
the  purpose  of  maintaining  art  collections  and 
of  providing  instruction  in  the  arts  of  design. 
In  1909  the  collections  were  removed  from  the 
building  in  Copley  Square  to  the  new  museum 
in  the  Back  Bay  Pens. 

Musin  (mii-zan'),  Ovide.  Born  near  Liege, 
Sept.  22,  1854.  A Belgian  violinist.  He  studied 
at  the  Liege  and  Paris  conservatories,  and  made  his  debut 
in  France.  Later  he  visited  Holland,  and  in  1877  went  to 
London,  afterward  making  a tour  of  the  world.  He  has 
made  several  visits  to  America.  In  1898  he  succeeded 
Cesar  Thomson  as  professor  of  the  violin  at  the  Liege  Con- 
servatory. 

Muskogee  (mus-ko'ge).  The  county-seat  of 
Muskogee  County,  Oklahoma.  It  is  an  im- 
portant trading  center,  and  has  cotton-com- 
presses, flour-mills,  an  oil-refinery,  etc.  Near 
it  is  Indian  University,  a Baptist  institution 
opened  in  1884.  Population,  25,278,  (1910). 

Mussorgsky  (mos-sorg'ski),  Modest  Petro- 
vitch.  Born  in  the  government  of  Pskof, 
March  28,  1835 : died  at  St.  Petersburg,  March 

< 28,  1881.  A Russian  composer.  He  entered  the 
army,  but  resigned  in  1857  and  became  a pupil  of  Balakiref. 
His  greatest  work,  the  opera  “Boris  Godunof,”  produced 
in  1874,  was  later  revised  by  Rimsky-Korsakof.  and  has 
since  been  given  in  the  latter’s  version.  He  left  another 
opera  and  fragments  of  three  more,  also  a number  of  songs 
(in  which  he  is  at  his  best),  piano  compositions,  and  orches- 
tral works.  Much  of  his  music  has  been  edited  since  his 
death  by  Rimsky-Korsakof. 

Myers  (mi ' erz),  Frederic  William  Henry. 

Born  at  Keswick,  Cumberland,  Feb.  6,  1843: 
died  at  Rome,  Jan.  17, 1901.  An  English  man 
of  letters  and  philosophical  writer.  He  studied 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  taking  his  degree  in  1864, 
and  became  a fellow  of  Trinity  in  1865.  When  the  Society 
for  Psychical  Research  was  established  in  1882  he  was 
one  of  its  founders,  and  he  remained  until  his  death  one 
of  the  most  importantof  the  workers  in  this  field.  With 
Podmore  and  Gurney  he  published,  in  1886,  “ Phantasms 
of  the  Living."  “Science  and  a Future  Life  ” appeared  in 
1893 and  “Human  Personality  and  its  Survival  of  Bodily 
Death”  in  1901.  He  also  published  poems  of  consider- 
able merit  (collected  1870  and  1882). 

Mylius-Erichsen  (me'le-os-er'ich-sen),  L. 
Born  at  Vihorg,  Jutland,  1872:  died  in  Green- 
land, Nov.  25,  1907.  A Danish  arctic  explorer. 
In  1902-04  he  took  part  in  an  expedition  to  western 
Greenland  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  manners,  lan- 
guage, and  traditions  of  the  natives.  In  June,  1906,  he 
set  out  from  Copenhagen  in  charge  of  an  expedition  to 
eastern  Greenland,  intending  to  outline  the  coast  from 
Cape  Bismarck  northward  and  complete  the  mapping  of 
Greenland.  In  this  he  was  successful,  but  perished  from 
the  hardships  of  the  return  journey  southward. 

Myres  (mirz),  John  Linton.  Born  at  Preston, 
Lancashire,  July  3,  1869.  An  English  archte- 
ologist.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and  at  New 
College,  Oxford ; was  lecturer  in  classical  archaeology  at 
Oxford  in  1903,  and  Gladstone  professor  of  Greek  and  lec- 
turer in  ancient  geography  in  the  University  of  Liverpool 
1907-10  ; and  has  been  Wykeham  professor  of  ancient  his- 
tory at  Oxford  since  1910.  In  1893  he  traveled  in  Greece, 
Asia  Minor,  and  Crete,  and  in  1894  took  part  in  excavations 
in  Cyprus,  and  assisted  in  preparing  a catalogue  (published 
1899)  of  the  collections  of  antiquities  in  the  Cyprus  Museum 
at  Nicosia.  He  has  also  published  a “ History  of  Rome  ” 
(1902),  and  various  papers  on  archaeological  subjects. 


abua  (na'bo-a).  1.  A muni- 
cipality of  Ambos  Carna- 
rines  province,  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  Civi- 
lized population,  18,893. — 
2.  A town  in  Ambos  Carna- 
rines.  Population,  5,387. 
Nadaillacq  Jean  Francois 
Albert  du  Pouget,  Marquis  de.  He  wrote 
also  “ Les  problemes  de  la  vie”  (1892)  and 
“ Unite  de  l’espece  humaine  ” (1899). 

Naga  (na'ga).  A municipality  of  Cebfi  prov- 
ince, near  the  eastern  coast  of  Cebu,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  Civilized  population,  16,884. 

Nagel  (nfi'gl),  Charles.  Born  in  Colorado 
County,  Texas,  Aug.  9,  1849.  An  American 
lawyer  and  politician.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Missouri  legislature  1881-83 ; a member  of  the  faculty  of 
the  St.  Louis  Law  School  1885-1009 ; president  of  the  St. 
Louis  city  council  1893-97 ; and  was  appointed  secretary 
of  commerce  and  labor  by  President  Taft  in  1909. 

Nairobi  (ni-ro'be).  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Ukamba,  and  the  capital  and  adminis- 
trative center  (since  1907)  of  the  British  East 
Africa  Protectorate,  about  275  miles  northwest 
of  Mombasa.  It  is  connected  with  the  coast 


and  with  Uganda  by  the  Mombasa-Victoria 
(Uganda)  Railway.  Population,  14,161,  (1911). 

Namaland  (na'ma-land),  German.  A name 
given  by  the  German  Colonial  Society  for 
Southwest  Africa  to  the  southern  part  of  the 
region  controlled  by  it. 

Nansenu  Fridtjof.  He  has  been  professor  of  ocean- 
ography at  the  University  of  Christiania  since  1908.  He 
has  written  also  “The  Norwegian  North  Polar  Expedition 
1893-96  : Scientific  Results  ” (with  others,  1900-04),  “ Nor- 
way and  the  Union  with  Sweden ” (1905),  “In  Northern 
Mists”  (1911),  etc. 

Nan-shan  (nan-shan').  A hill  on  the  isthmus 
which  connects  the  Kwang-tung  peninsula  in 
southern  Manchuria  with  the  mainland  south 
of  Kin-chau.  It  was  fortified  by  the  Russians  and  was 
assaulted  by  the  Japanese,  May  27,  1904,  and  captured. 

Nanticoke  (nan'ti-kok).  A borough  in  Lu- 
zerne County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Susquehanna  river.  Its  chief  industry  is  the  mining 
of  anthracite  coal  and  its  preparation  for  market.  It 
has  manufactures  of  hosiery,  etc.  Pop.,  18,877,  (1910). 

Narvacan  (nar-va-kan').  A municipality  of 
Ilocos  Sur  province,  northwestern  LuzAn, 
Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population,  19,- 
575. 

National  Academy  of  Sciences.  An  Ameri- 
can institution  incorporated  by  act  of  Con- 


gress, March  3,  1863,  for  the  purpose  of  inves- 
tigating and  reporting  upon  any  matter  of 
science  or  art  that  may  be  referred  to  it  by 
the  national  government.  Its  membership,  at  first 
restricted  to  50,  is  now  limited  to  150  resident  members, 
with  not  more  than  50  foreign  associates.  It  is  divided 
into  committees  on  mathematics  and  astronomy,  chemis- 
try, geology  and  paleontology,  anthropology,  etc.  Its 
headquarters  are  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

National  Civic  Federation.  An  American 

organization  composed  of  representatives  of 
labor,  capital,  and  the  general  public,  it  was 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  studying  questions  of  national 
import  which  have  to  do  with  social,  political,  and  indus- 
trial progress,  and,  when  desirable,  of  promoting  legisla- 
tion in  accordance  with  enlightened  public  opinion.  Its 
educational  work  is  carried  on  through  national  confer- 
ences and  through  the  organization  of  six  separate  de- 
partments, namely,  public  ownership,  immigration,  in- 
dustrial conciliation,  industrial  economics,  welfare  work, 
and  primary  election  and  ballot  reform.  The  “ National 
Civic  Federation  Review,”  published  monthly,  is  its  offi- 
cial organ. 

National  Conservation  Association. 

organization  formed  at  Washington  in  Febru- 
ary, 1909.  as  a result  of  inquiries  made  by  the 
National  Conservation  Commission,  instituted 
in  May;  1908,  by  President  Roosevelt  and  the 
various  State  governors,  with  the  object  of 
obt  aining  an  inventory  of  the  natural  resources 


National  Conservation  Association 

of  the  United  states.  The  aim  of  the  association  is 
to  secure  the  speedy  aud  wise  development  of  the  coun- 
try's natural  resources.  Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot,  president 
emeritus  of  Harvard  University,  was  chosen  president, 
but  soon  gave  place  to  Gilford  Pinchot. 

National  Consumers’  League.  A society  in- 
corporated Jan.  22,  1902,  for  the  purpose  of 
securing  adequate  investigation  of  the  condi- 
tions under  which  goods  are  made,  and  of 
educating  public  opinion  and  promoting  legis- 
lation, when  expedient,  in  behalf  of  the 
workers,  while  at  the  same  time  securing  for 
the  consumers  exemption  from  the  dangers 
attaching  to  goods  produced  under  unwhole- 
some conditions.  The  headquarters  of  the 
league  are  at  New  York. 

National  Forests.  The  name  given  to  the 
United  States  forest  reserves  by  Congress  in 
1907.  These  forests  comprise  about  195,000,- 
000  acres,  including  about  27,000,000  acres  in 
Alaska  and  Porto  Rico. 

National  Gallery,  Berlin.  See  Berlin. 
National  Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters.  A 
society  organized  in  1898  by  men  nominated 
and  elected  by  the  American  Social  Science 
Association.  Its  aim  is  the  advancement  of  art,  mu- 
sic, and  literature.  Its  qualification  for  membership 
(limited  to  250)  is  notable  achievement  in  art,  music,  or 
literature.  See  -k  Academy  of  Arts  arid  Letters,  A merican. 

National  Liberal  Club.  A London  political 
club  (Liberal),  at  Whitehall  Place,  S.  W., 
established  in  1882.  It  has  a membership  of 
6,000. 

National  University  of  Ireland.  See  * Ireland. 
Naval  and  Military  Club.  A London  club,  at 
94  Piccadilly  (formerly  the  house  of  Lord  Pal- 
merston ) , established  in  1862.  Its  membership 
is  confined  to  officers  in  the  army,  navy,  and 
marines.  It  has  a membership  of  2,000. 

Naval  War  College.  A United  States  gov- 
ernment institution  established  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  in  1884,  for  the  study,  by  officers, 
of  naval  strategy,  tactics,  and  international 
law.  Commodore  S.  B.  Luce,  U.  S.  N.,  was  the  first 
president,  and  under  his  direction  Captain  Mahan,  U.  S.  N., 
who  was  subsequently  president,  took  up  the  historical 
studies  which  led  to  his  works  on  sea-power.  The  navy 
regulations  of  1905  coordinated  the  college  with  the  Gen- 
eral Board  of  the  navy  for  general  staff  work,  besides 
pursuing  its  original  purpose. 

Nazimova  (na-ze'mo-va),  Mme.  Alla.  Born  at 
Jalta,  Crimea,  Russia,  June  4, 1879.  A Russian 
actress.  She  was  educated  in  Zurich,  Switzerland,  and 
studied  dramatic  art  in  Moscow,  Russia.  She  played  for 
three  years  in  Russian  provincial  cities,  and  in  1903  ap- 
peared at  St.  Petersburg.  In  1904  she  left  with  Paul 
Orleneff  to  produce  “The  Chosen  People,  ' a play  pro- 
hibited by  the  Russian  censor.  It  was  played  with  suc- 
cess in  Berlin,  Loudon,  and  New  York.  In  November, 
1906,  she  made  her  debut  as  an  English-speaking  actress 
at  New  York  in  Ibsen’s  “Hedda  Gabler,’’  and  later  ap- 
peared in  “A  Doll’s  House,”  “The  Master  Builder,”  and 
“Little  Eyolf. ’’  Among  the  dramas  in  which  she  also 
won  success  are  Bracco's  “Comtesse  Coquette,”  Schnitz- 
ler’s  “The  Dairy  Tale,”  “Bella  Donna,”  etc. 

Neale  (nel),  Edward  Vansittart.  Born  at 
Bath,  England,  April  2,  1810 : died  Sept.  16, 
1892.  An  English  Christian  Socialist.  He  was 
graduated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  in  1831 ; entered  at 
Lincoln’s  Inn  in  1837;  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  He 
founded  the  first  cooperative  stores  in  London  and  assisted 
in  the  establishment  of  various  industrial  enterprises  on 
a cooperative  basis.  He  wrote  “The  Characteristic  Fea- 
tures of  Some  of  the  Principal  Systems  of  Socialism” 
(1851),  “ The  Analogy  of  Thought  and  Nature  Investi- 
gated ” (1863),  “ A Manual  for  Cooperators  ” (1879),  etc. 
In  1890  a scholarship  at  Oriel  College  for  the  sons  of  co- 
operators  was  founded  in  his  honor. 

Nebraska,  University  of.  See  * University  of 
Nebraska. 

Needles  (ne'dlz).  A township  in  San  Bernar- 
dino County,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Cali- 
fornia. Its  name  is  derived  from  the  pinna- 
cles of  granite  and  porphyry  in  the  vicinity. 
Population,  3,067,  (1910). 

Negri  Sembilan  (na'gre  sem-be-lan').  Aeon- 
federation  of  small  native  states  under  British 
protection,  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Malay  Peninsula.  Area,  about  2,600  square 
miles.  Population,  about  120,000. 

Negros  Occidental  (na'gros  ok-thi-dan-tal'). 
A province  of  the  Philippines,  occupying  all  of 
the  northern  and  most  of  the  western  part  of 
Negros  Island.  Capital,  Bacolod.  It  is  hounded  by 
the  Visayan  Sea  on  the  north,  the  Strait  of  Tanon  (sepa- 
rating it  from  Cebu)  and  Negros  Oriental  (separated  by 
mountains)  on  the  east  and  the  southeast,  the  .Jol6  (Sulu) 
Sea  on  the  southwest,  and  the  Visayan  Sea  and  Guimaras 
Strait  (separating  it  from  Guimaras  and  Panay)  on  the 
west.  There  are  many  rivers,  most  of  them  unimportant 
for  navigation.  Coal,  gold,  and  iron  are  found.  The 
mountains  are  covered  with  forests.  The  valleys  and 
coasts  are  fertile  and  produce  hemp,  pineapples,  bananas, 
betel-nuts,  corn,  rice,  sweet  potatoes,  and  a large  yield  of 
sugar-cane.  The  inhabitants  are  Visayans  and  Negritos. 
Area,  3,130  square  miles.  Population,  308,272. 

VI.  38 


Negros  Oriental  (na'gros  o-ri-an-tal').  A 
province  of  the  Philippines,  occupying  the 
southern  and  most  of  the  eastern  part  of  Ne- 
gros and  including  Siquijor  and  several  other 
small  islands.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Strait  of  Tanon 
(separating  it  from  Cebu)  on  the  east,  the  Jold  (Sulu) 
Sea  on  the  south,  and  Negros  Occidental  (separated 
by  mountains)  on  the  west.  The  highest  mountains  of 
the  island  — Canlaon,  Tepasi  or  Aug,  and  Cuernos  de 
Negro — are  within  Negros  Oriental.  The  best  harbors  are 
Port  Bombonon  on  the  southern  and  South  Bais  Bay  on 
the  eastern  coast,  both  well  sheltered  and  safe  in  all 
weather.  There  are  many  small  rivers.  The  mountains 
are  densely  wooded,  and  the  broad  strip  of  coast  is 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  sugar-cane.  Other  productions 
are  bananas,  mangos,  copra,  corn,  sweet  potatoes,  and 
hemp,  of  which  last  the  yield  is  very  large.  Deposits  of 
coal  are  found.  The  native  race  is  Visayan.  Area,  1,864 
square  miles.  Population,  201,494. 

Nelidof  (uel'i-dof),  Count  Alexander  Ivan- 
OVitch.  Died  Sept.  18, 1910.  A Russian  diplo- 
matist. He  took  part  in  the  Berlin  Congress,  and  became 
ambassador  to  Turkey  in  1883,  to  Italy  in  1897,  and  to 
France  in  1903.  In  1907  he  was  a delegate  to  the  second 
peace  conference. 

Nelson  (nel'son).  A town  in  the  southern  part 
of  British  Columbia,  situated  on  the  Kootenay 
river  in  the  Kootenay  silver-mining  district. 

It  has  smelting- works,  machine-shops,  etc.  Pop.,  4,476. 

Nelsonville  (nel'son-vil).  A city  in  Athens 
County,  Ohio.  Coal-mining  is  its  principal 
industry,  and  it  has  machine-shops,  brick- 
works, etc.  Population,  6,082,  (1910). 

Nernst  (nernst),  Walther.  Born  at  Briesen, 
West  Prussia,  June  25, 1864.  A German  physi- 
cal chemist,  director  of  the  Physical-Chemical 
Institute  of  the  University  of  Berlin:  best 
known  as  the  inventor  of  an  incandescent 
electric  lamp  which  employs  a bar  of  magnesia. 
Nero  Deep.  An  oceanic  depression  near  the 
island  of  Guam,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  which 
has  afforded  the  deepest  sounding  yet  made 
(31,614  feet). 

Nesbit,  Edith.  See  * Bland. 

Nevada  (ne-va'dii).  A city,  the  capital  of 
Vernon  County,  Missouri,  it  has  sawmills,  flour- 
and  lumber-mills,  zinc-smelting  works,  iron- works,  etc., 
and  is  the  seat  of  a college  for  women,  a convent  school, 
and  a State  lunatic  asylum.  Population,  7,176,  (1910). 

Nevin  (nev  ' in),  Arthur  Finley.  Born  at 
Edgeworth,  Pa.,  April  27,  1871.  An  American 
composer,  brother  of  Ethelbert  Nevin.  His 
works  consist  of  songs,  piano  and  orchestral 
works,  and  the  operas  “Poia”  (produced  in 
Berlin  in  1910)  and  “ The  Twilight”  (1911). 
Nevin  (nev'in),  Ethelbert.  Born  at  Edge- 
worth,  Pa.,  Nov.  25,  1862:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Feb.  17,  1901.  An  American  composer 
and  pianist.  His  works  are  chiefly  songs  and  piano 
pieces,  some  of  which  have  had  great  popularity.  Among 
them  are  “Narcissus,”  “Water  Sketches,”  “The  Rosary,” 
etc. 

Newark  (nu'ark).  A village  in  Wayne  County, 
New  York,  28  miles  southeast  of  Rochester. 
It  is  in  a farming  region,  and  has  nurseries, 
canneries,  cut-glass  factories,  etc.  It  is  the 
seat  of  an  asylum  for  feeble-minded  women. 
Population,  6,227,  (1910). 

Newberry  (nu'ber-i).  The  county-seat  of 
Newberry  County,  South  Carolina,  40  miles 
northwest  of  Columbia.  It  is  a trade  center 
for  the  surrounding  cotton-growing  region, 
and  has  cotton-seed  oil  mills,  etc.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Newberry  College.  Population,  5,028, 
(1910). 

Newberry  (nu'ber-i)  Library.  A library  sit- 
uated on  Walton  Place,  on  the  north  side  of 
Chicago,  Illinois.  It  was  endowed  by  Mr.  Walter 
Loomis  Newberry  with  $3,000,000  and  contains  a reference 
library  of  250,000  volumes. 

Newbolt  (uu'bolt),  Henry  John.  Born  at 
Bilston,  Staffordshire,  June  6,  1862.  An  Eng- 
lish editor,  author,  and  poet.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1887,  and  practised  law  until  1899.  In  1900  he 
founded  the  “ Monthly  Review,"  of  which  he  was  editor 
until  1904.  Among  his  publications  are  “ Mordred,  a 
Tragedy  ” (1895),  “ Admirals  All  ” (1897),  “ The  Island 
Race”  (1898),  “The  Sailing  of  the  Long-ships”  (1902), 
“Songs  of  the  Sea,”  with  music  by  Sir  Charles  Villiers 
Stanford  (1904),  “The  Year  of  Trafalgar”  (1905),  “The 
New  June  ” (1909),  “Songs  of  Memory  and  Hope”  (1910), 
etc. 

Newburgh  (nu'berg).  A city  in  Cuyahoga 
County,  Ohio,  incorporated  in  1903.  It  is  5 
miles  southeast  of  Cleveland,  of  which  it  is  a 
residential  suburb.  Woodland  Hills  Park, 
much  frequented  for  athletic  sports,  is  located 
here.  Population,  5,813,  (1910). 

New  Castle  (nu  kas'l).  The  county-seat  of 
Henry  County,  Indiana,  18  miles  south  of 
Muneie.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region,  and 
has  furniture-factories,  lumber-mills,  brick- 
yards, brass-  and  iron-works,  etc.  Population, 
9,446,  (1910). 


New  Ulm 

Newcomb',  Simon.  He  was  director  of  the  Nau- 
tical Almanac  Office  1877-97,  resigning  in  the  latter  year. 
His  later  works  include  “Elements  of  Astronomy"  (1900), 
“His  Wisdom  the  Defender"  (1900),  “The  Stars ” (1901), 
“Astronomy  for  Everybody”  (1902),  "Reminiscences  of 
an  Astronomer  ” (1903),  “ Compendium  of  Spherical  As- 
tronomy ” (1906),  “Side  Lights  on  Astronomy  ’’  (1906),  and 
many  shorter  scientific  papers. 

New  Decatur  (nu  de-ka'ter).  A city  in  Mor- 
gan County,  Alabama,  about  1 mile  south  of 
Decatur.  It  has  wagon-works,  cotton-com- 
presses, and  important  iron-manufacturing 
interests.  Population,  6,118,  (1910). 

Newell  (nu'el),  Frederick  Haynes.  Born  at 
Bradford,  Pa.,  March  5,  1862.  An  American 
hydrographer  and  civil  engineer,  director  of 
the  United  States  Reclamation  Service  1907- 
1911. 

New  England  of  the  West.  A popular  title 
of  the  State  of  Minnesota. 

New  English  Art  Club.  A society  founded 
in  London  in  1885  by  a group  of  artists  who 
wished  opportunities  for  exhibition  not  granted 
by  the  established  galleries.  The  work  of  the 
British  impressionists  has  been  largely  shown  under  its 
direction,  and  among  its  supporters  are  Mark  Eisher, 
Henry  Tonks,  Sir  James  Guthrie,  John  Lavery,  Charles 
Shannon,  P.  Wilson  Steer,  William  Orpen,  etc.  Its  influ- 
ence on  British  art  has  been  marked.  Its  exhibitions  are 
held  at  the  galleries  of  the  Royal  Society  of  British 
Artists,  etc. 

New  Guinea*  British  Guinea  is  administered  by  the 
government  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  and  by 
proclamation  of  Sept.  1,  1906,  the  name  has  been  changed 
to  the  Territory  of  Papua.  It  includes  also  the  islands  of 
the  D'Entrecasteaux  and  Louisiade  groups,  and  all  those 
between  8°  and  12°  S.  lat.  and  141°  and  155°  E.  long.  The 
province  is  under  a lieutenant-governor.  The  adminis- 
tration of  Kaiser  Wilhelm  Land  was  transferred  in  1899 
to  the  imperial  government. 

New  Hebrides*.  They  are  administered  by  a joint 
French  and  English  commission,  and  subjects  of  the  two 
powers  enjoy  equal  rights.  Vila,  in  Efate,  is  the  seat  of 
government. 

New  Iberia  (nu  i-be'ri-a).  The  parish-seat  of 
Iberia  Parish,  Louisiana,  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  State,  about  15  miles  from  Vermilion 
Bay.  It  is  the  trade  center  of  a region  pro- 
ducing cotton,  rice,  sugar,  corn,  etc.,  and  has 
foundries,  machine-shops,  wagon-works,  and 
manufactories  of  doors,  sashes,  blinds,  etc. 
Population,  7,499,  (1910). 

New  Kensington  (nu  ken'sing-ton).  A bor- 
ough in  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Allegheny  River,  14  miles  northeast  of 
Pittsburgh.  It  has  coal-mines,  iron -works, 
breweries,  etc.  Population,  7,707,  (1910). 
Newnan  (nu'nan).  The  county-seat  of  Coweta 
County,  Georgia.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  re- 
gion, and  has  canneries,  cotton-seed  oil  mills, 
phosphate-  and  fertilizer-factories,  etc.  It  is 
a shipping-point  for  cotton  and  fruit.  Popu- 
lation, 5,548,  (1910). 

New  Philadelphia  (nu  fil-a-del'fi-a).  The 

county-seat  of  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio.  It 
has  iron-  and  coal-mines,  steel-works,  can- 
neries, etc.  Population,  8,542,  (1910). 

New  South  Wales*.  The  legislative  power  is  vested 
in  a parliament  of  two  houses,  called  the  Legislative 
Council  (consisting  of  not  less  than  21  members,  appointed 
by  the  crown  for  life)  and  the  Legislative  Assembly 
(elected).  It  is  represented  in  the  federal  parliament  by 
6 senators  and  27  representatives. 

New  Theatre,  The.  A theater  in  New  York 
city,  opened  in  November,  1909.  it  was  designed 
as  the  permanent  home  of  a stock  company  acting  the 
best  classic  and  modern  plays.  The  project  has  had  the 
financial  support  of  a body  of  New  York  gentlemen, 
called  the  “founders,”  who  desired  to  establish  a theatri- 
cal organization  which  should  he  conducted,  largely,  like 
the  Comedie  Frangaise.  Winthrop  Ames  was  the  first 
director.  The  first  building  dedicated  to  this  purpose, 
designed  by  Carrere  and  Hastings,  is  situated  at  Sixty- 
second  and  Sixty-third  streets  and  Central  Bark  West. 
It  was  finished  in  1909  and  was  occupied  by  the  New 
Theatre  Company  for  two  seasons.  It  is  notable  in  archi- 
tectural design  and  decoration,  and  the  revolving  stage 
and  equipment  of  electric  lighting  made  rare  scenic 
effects  possible ; hut  the  auditorium  was  found  to  be  too 
large.  The  building  was  accordingly  leased,  at  the  close 
of  the  season  in  1911,  to  other  managers  w ho  renamed  it 
“The  Century.”  A new  “ New  Theatre,”  to  continue  the 
same  aims  and  ideals,  was  planned  for  erection,  but  the 
project  has  not  yet  been  carried  out. 

Newton  (nu'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Harvey 
County,  Kansas,  24  miles  north  of  Wichita. 
It  has  flour-mills,  machine-shops,  etc.  It  is 
the  center  of  the  settlements  made  by  the 
Mennonites  (which  see),  and  is  the  seat  of 
Bethel  College.  Population,  7,862,  (1910). 
New  Ulm  (nu  ulm).  The  county-seat  of  Brown 
County,  Minnesota,  on  the  Minnesota  River. 
It  is  in  a farming  and  stock-raising  country, 
and  has  flour-mills,  breweries,  machine-shops, 
woolen-mills,  manufactories  of  brick,  pottery, 
etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Doctor  Martin  Luther 
College.  Population,  5,648,  (1910). 


New  Whatcom 

New  Whatcom  (liu  h wot'kom).  A former  city 
and  the  capital  of  Whatcom  County,  Wash- 
ington. Since  1903  it  has  been  united  with  Fairhaven 
to  form  the  city  of  Bellingham. 

New  York  Yacht  Club.  A New  York  club, 
incorporated  Feb.  16,  1865,  “for  the  purpose 
of  encouraging  yacht-building  and  naval  archi- 
tecture and  the  cultivation  of  naval  science.” 
It  has  2,350  members.  Its  house  is  at  37—11 
West  44th  street. 

Nicaragua*.  The  country  is  divided  administratively 
into  13  departments  : Carazo,  Chinandega,  Esteli,  Granada, 
Jerez,  Jinotega,  Ledn,  Managua,  Masaya,  Matagalpa,  Nu- 
eva  Segovia,  Rivas,  and  Zelaya  (formerly  the  Mosquitia 
reservation)  ; 3 districts,  Rio  Grande,  Prinzapolka,  and 
Siquia  ; and  2 territories,  San  Juan  del  Norte  and  Cape 
Gracias  a Dios.  See  also  irCentral  American  Arbitration 
Treaty. 

Nichols  (nik ' olz),  Edward  Leamington. 

Born  at  Leamington,  England,  Sept.  14,  1854. 
An  American  physicist,  professor  of  physics 
in  Cornell  University  from  1887.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Cornell  in  1875  and  studied  at  Leipsic,  Berlin, 
and  Gottingen.  He  has  published  “ The  Galvanometer” 
(1894),  “.A  Laboratory  Manual  of  Physics  and  Applied 
Electricity”  (1895:  with  others),  “The  Elements  of 
Physics”  (1896  : with  W.  S.  Franklin),  “Outlines  of 
Physics  ” (1897),  etc.  ; and  is  the  founder  and  editor  of 
the  “ Physical  Review." 

Nichols  (nik ' olz),  Ernest  Fox.  Born  at 
Leavenworth,  Kan.,  June  1,  1869.  An  Ameri- 
can physicist.  He  was  professor  of  physics  at  Colgate 
University  1892-98,  and  at  Dartmouth  College  1898-1903 ; 
was  professor  of  experimental  physics  at  Columbia  Uni- 
versity 1903-09 ; and  was  chosen  president  of  Dartmouth 
College  in  1909.  He  received  the  Rumford  medal  in  1904. 
He  is  especially  known  for  his  work  in  measuring  plan- 
etary light  and  heat. 

Nicholson  (nik'ol-son),  Sir  William  G-usta- 
VUS,  first  Baron  Nicholson  of  Roundhay. 
Born  March  2,  1845.  An  English  soldier.  He  en- 

tered  the  Royal  Engineers  in  1865,  saw  active  service  in 
Afghanistan  (1878-80),  Egypt  (1882),  and  Burma  (1886-87), 
and  on  the  Tirah  expedition  (1897-98),  and  served  in  South 
Africa  as  military  secretary  to  the  commander-in-chief 
(1899-1900).  He  was  chief  British  military  attach^  with 
the  Japanese  army  1904-05,  and  chief  of  the  general  6taff 
and  first  military  member  of  the  Army  Council  1908-11. 
He  was  promoted  colonel  in  1891,  and  major-general  in 
1900,  and  in  1911  was  made  field-marshal.  He  was  knighted 
in  1898  and  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1912. 

Nicholson’s  (nik'ol-sonz)  Neck.  A locality  in 
Natal,  a few  miles  north  of  Ladysmith.  Here 
on  Oct.  30,  1899,  about  one  thousand  British 
soldiers  were  captured  by  the  Boers. 

Nicod6  (ne-ko-da'),  Jean  Louis.  Born  near 
Posen,  Aug.  12, 1853.  A pianist  and  composer. 

From  1878  to  1885  he  was  a teacher  in  the  Dresden  Con- 
servatory. His  best  known  works  are  a set  of  symphonic 
variations  for  the  orchestra;  “Das  Meer,”  a symphonic 
ode  for  solo,  male  chorus,  orchestra,  and  organ  ; and 
“Maria  Stuart,”  a symphonic  poem. 

Nicoll  (nik'ol),  Sir  William  Robertson:  pseu- 
donym Claudius  Clear.  Born  at  Lumsden, 
Scotland,  Oct.  10,  1851.  A British  clergy- 
man, author,  and  editor.  He  baa  been  editor  (and 
was  also  the  founder)  of  the  “ British  Weekly  ” and  the 
“Bookman”  since  1886,  and  of  the  “British  Monthly” 
since  1900.  Among  his  works  are  “ Literary  Anecdotes  of 
the  Nineteenth  Century”  (1895-96:  with  T.  J.  Wise), 
“James  Macdonell  ” (1890),  “Letters  on  Life  ” (1901),  “A 
Garden  of  Nuts  ” (1905),  “The  Key  of  the  Blue  Closet’’ 
(1906),  “Life  of  Ian  Maclaren ’ ’ (1908),  etc.  He  was 
knighted  in  November,  1909. 

Niehaus  (ne'hous),  Charles  Henry.  Born  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Jan.  24,  1855.  An  Ameri- 
can sculptor.  He  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Art  in  Munich,  and  in  Rome.  Among  his  works  are  the 
statue  of  President  Garfield  in  Cincinnati ; the  Hahne- 
mann statue  and  monument  in  Washington  ; statues  of 
Garfield,  Oliver  Perry  Morton,  and  Ingalls  in  the  Capitol ; 
statues  of  Moses  and  Gibbon  in  the  Congressional  Library, 
Washington;  the  equestrian  statue  of  St.  Louis  for  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  at  St.  Louis,  1904 ; etc.  He 
was  elected  a member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design 
in  1906. 

Nietzsche*  (netz'she),  Friedrich  Wilhelm. 

He  has  also  written  “ Die  Geburt  der  Tragodie  aus  dem 
Geiste  der  Musik  ” (1872),  “ Unzeitgemassen  Betrachtun- 
gen  ” (1873-76),  “ Mensehliches,  Allzumenschliches  : ein 
Buch  fur  freie  Geister”  (1878-80),  “Zur  Genealogie  der 
Moral  ” (1887),  “Der  Fall  Wagner’’  (1888),  “Gotzendam- 
merung  oder  wie  man  mit  dem  Hammer  philosophiert  ” 
(1889),  etc. 

Niger  Territories*.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by 
the  German  Kamerun,  and  on  the  west  and  north  by  Da- 
homey and  French  West  Africa.  It  is  divided  for  admin- 
istrative purposes  into  Northern  Nigeria  and  Southern 
Nigeria.  The  boundary  between  the  two  protectorates 
extends  from  the  Ogpese  River,  through  Egpeni,  Iduani, 
Ogpe,  and  Shete,  to  the  Niger  a little  north  of  Ida,  thence 
westward  to  a point  near  Ashaku.  Northern  Nigeria  is 
divided  into  provinces.  Zungeru  is  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. Area,  256,400  square  miles;  population,  7,164,751. 
The  Colony  and  Protectorate  of  Southern  Nigeria  since 
1906  includes  the  old  Colony  and  Protectorate  of  Lagos. 
It  is  divided  into  3 provinces.  The  seat  of  government 
is  at  Lagos.  Area,  about  77,260  square  miles  ; population, 
about  6,500,000. 

Nigeria  (m-je'ri-a).  The  official  name  of  the 
Niger  Territories  (which  see). 

Nightingale  (ni 'tin-gal),  Lady  Elizabeth. 


Died  in  1731.  The  wife  of  J.  Gascoigne 
Nightingale  (died  in  1752).  Their  tomb,  by 
Roubiliac,  is  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Nigra*,  Count  Costantino.  In  1890  he  be- 
came a member  of  the  Senate.  He  was  also 
known  as  a student  of  Italian  dialects  and 
popular  poetry  (“Canti  popolari  del  Pie- 
monte ”). 

Niki,  or  Nikki  (ne'ki).  A town  in  Dahomey, 
Africa,  about  200  miles  north  of  Abomey. 

Niles  (nilz).  A city  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio, 
55  miles  southeast  of  Cleveland.  It  has  car- 
factories,  blast-furnaces,  boiler-works,  tin- 
mills,  etc.,  and  is  in  an  iron-  and  coal-mining 
region.  Population,  8,361,  (1910). 

Nissel  (nis'el),  Franz.  Born  at  Vienna,  March 
14,  1831:  died  at  Gleichenberg,  July  20,  1893. 
An  Austrian  dramatist.  Among  his  works  are 
“Heinrich  der  Lowe  ” (1858),  “ Perseus  von  Macedonien  " 
(1862),  “Die  Zauberin  am  Stein"  (1864),  “Rudolf  von 
Erlach  ” (1874),  etc. 

Nitobe  (ne'to-ba),  Inazo.  Born  at  Iwateken, 
1863.  A Japanese  scholar,  professor  at  the 
College  of  Agriculture,  Tokio  University, 
from  1906.  He  studied  at  the  Sapporo  Agricultural 
College,  at  John  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  and  at 
Bonn  ; was  professor  in  the  Sapporo  Agricultural  College  ; 
was  later  an  official  in  Formosa  ; and  was  professor  of 
economy  at  the  University  of  Kioto  1904-06.  He  has  written 
“ Bushido  ” (1898  : published  in  America  as  “ Bushido,  the 
Soul  of  Japan,”  1900),  “The  Japanese  Nation,”  etc. 

Niu-chuang.  See  New-Ckwcmg. 

Nobel  (no'bel),  Alfred  Bernhard.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  Sweden,  Oet.  21,  1833  : died  at  San 
Remo,  Italy,  Dec.  10,  1896.  A Swedish  chem- 
ist and  engineer.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Petersburg, 
and  studied  engineering  for  a number  of  years.  Among 
his  many  inventions  are  those  of  dynamite,  explosive  gel- 
atin, ballistite,  and  artificial  gutta-percha.  He  acquired 
large  wealth  through  the  manufacture  of  dynamite  and 
other  explosives,  and  the  exploitation  of  the  Baku  oil- 
fields. By  the  terms  of  his  will,  the  bulk  of  his  fortune 
was  devoted  to  the  establishment  of  a prize  fund,  known 
as  the  “Nobel  gift,”  the  interest  of  which  is  to  be  divided 
annually  into  five  parts  and  awarded  to  the  persons  who 
have  rendered  to  humanity  the  greatest  services  during 
the  preceding  year  (or,  in  exceptional  cases,  earlier),  as 
follows  : (1)  by  the  most  important  discovery  or  invention 
in  the  physical  sciences  ; (2)  by  the  most  important  dis- 
covery or  the  greatest  improvement  in  chemistry  ; (3)  by 
the  most  important  discovery  in  physiology  or  medicine  ; 
(4)  by  the  most  remarkable  literary  work  of  an  idealistic 
tendency ; and  (5)  to  the  person  who  has  done  most,  or 
labored  best,  for  the  cause  of  fraternity  among  different 
peoples,  for  the  suppression  or  reduction  of  standing 
armies,  or  for  the  formation  and  promotion  of  peace  con- 
gresses. The  first  two  prizes  are  awarded  by  the  Swedish 
Academy  of  Sciences,  the  third  by  the  Caroline  Institute 
of  Stockholm,  the  fourth  by  the  Stockholm  Academy,  and 
the  fifth  by  a commission  of  five  members  elected  by  the 
Norwegian  Storthing.  The  terms  of  the  will  have  not 
been  strictly  observed.  Statutes  have  been  drawn  up 
providing  that  only  60  per  cent,  of  the  income  need  be 
used  for  the  prizes,  and  that  they  need  be  awarded  only 
once  in  five  years.  Provision  has  also  been  made  for  the 
establishment  of  Nobel  institutes  for  research  work,  etc. 

Noble  (no'bl),  Alfred.  Born  at  Livonia,  Mich., 
Aug.  7,  1844.  An  American  civil  engineer. 
He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  dur  ing  the  Civil 
War  ; was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1870 ; was  a member  of  the  Nicaragua  Canal  Board  in  1895, 
and  of  the  U nited  States  board  of  engineers  on  deep  water- 
ways 1897-1900 ; served  on  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commis- 
sion 1899-1903 ; was  on  the  board  of  engineers  to  decide 
upon  the  type  of  canal  to  be  dug  at  Panama  1905-06 ; and 
has  been  engaged  in  important  engineering  work  in  New 
York  city  and  elsewhere. 

Noblesville  (no'blz-vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Hamilton  County,  Indiana,  21  miles  northeast 
of  Indianapolis.  It  has  foundries,  flour-mills, 
carriage-factories,  etc.  Population,  5,073, 
(1910). 

Nocquet  (no-ka/),  Paul  Ange.  Born  at  Brus- 
sels, Belgium,  April  1,  1877 : died  (of  exposure 
after  a balloon  ascension)  near  Jones’s  Beach, 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  April  3,  1906.  A Belgian 
sculptor.  He  was  a pupil  of  Lambeaux,  Antonin  Mercie, 
and  Gerdme  in  Paris,  and  won  the  Belgian  Grand  Prix  de 
Rome.  He  was  a member  of  the  Societe  Nationale  de6 
Beaux- Arts  in  Paris. 

Nodzu  (nod'zo),  Marquis  Michitsura.  Born 
in  Satsuma,  Nov.  30,  1840:  died  at  Tokio,  Oct. 
16,  1908.  A Japanese  field-marshal,  command- 
er of  the  fourth  army  in  the  war  with  Russia. 
He  fought  in  the  Chinese”  war  (1894-95),  winning,  at  the 
head  of  the  Hiroshima  division,  the  battle  of  Pieng-an,  and 
succeeding  Yamagata  in  the  command  of  the  first  army. 

Nogi  (no'gi),  Count  Kiten.  Born  in  Choshu, 
November,  1849:  killed  himself  at  Tokio,  Sept. 
13,  1912.  A noted  Japanese  general,  com- 
mander of  the  third  army  in  the  war  with  Russia 
(1904—05)  He  fought  in  the  civil  war  (1877),  and,  as  bri- 
gade commander,  in  the  war  with  China  (1894-95).  In  1904 
he  was  promoted  general ; was  placed  in  command  of  the 
troops  investing  Port  Arthur' ; and  effected  the  capture  of 
that  fortress  January  1, 1905.  Laterhe  played  an  important 
part  in  the  battle  of  M nkden,  outflanking  the  Russian  right. 
He  was  a member  of  the  supreme  military  council  1905-12. 

Nordau*,  Max.  His  later  works  include  “Gefiihls- 


Northern  Securities  Company 

kombdie  ” (1891),  “ Das  Recht  zu  lieben  ” (1892),  “ Die 
Kugel  (1895),  “Doktor  Kohn  ” (1898),  “ Drohnen- 
schlacht”  (1898),  "Zeitgenossische  FTanzosen”  (1901), 
“ Morganatisch  " (1904),  “Von  Kunst  und  Kiinstlern'' 
(1905),  “ Maha-Rog  ” (1905),  “ Der  Sinn  der  Geschichte  ” 
(1909). 

Norfolk  (nor'fok).  A city  in  Madison  County, 
Nebraska,  on  the  north  branch  of  the  Elkhom 
River,  95  miles  northwest  of  Omaha.  It  is  in  an 
agricultural  region,  and  has  threshing-machine 
factories,  cereal-mills,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
State  hospital  for  the  insane.  Population,  6,- 
025,  (1910). 

Norfolk  Island*.  It  is  administered  as  a de- 
pendency of  New  South  Wales.  The  chief 
village  is  Kingston. 

Norman  (nor'man),  Sir  Henry.  Born  at  Lei- 
cester, England,  Sept.  19,  1858.  An  English 
journalist,  author,  and  traveler.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  University,  and  studied  at  Leipsic ; was 
on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  “Pall  Mall  Gazette  ’’  and  on 
that  of  the  London  “ Daily  Chronicle”  ; and  was  assistant 
editor  of  the  latter  1895-99.  In  1902  he  founded  the 
“ World's  Work."  He  was  Liberal  member  of  Parliament 
for  South  Wolverhampton  1900-10,  and  was  assistant 
postmaster-general  1910-.  Among  his  publications  are 
“ The  Real  Japan ” (1892),  “The  Peoples  and  Politics  of 
the  Far  East  " (1895),  “All  the  Russias”  (1902),  “ Motors 
and  Men  ” (1905),  etc.  He  was  knighted  in  1906. 

Norris  (nor'is),  Frank.  Born  at  Chicago  in 
1870:  died  in  1902.  An  American  journalist 
and  novelist.  He  was  a newspaper  correspondent  in 
South  Africa  during  Jameson's  raid  (1895) ; edited  the 
“San  Francisco  Wave  ” 1896-97  ; and  was  war  correspon- 
dent in  Cuba  in  1898.  He  published  a number  of  novels, 
including  “ McTeague  ” (1899),  and  “The  Octopus  ” (1901) 
and  “The  Pit”  (1903),  two  parts  of  an  unfinished  trilogy 
dealing  with  the  traffic  in  wheat. 

Norris*.  William  Edward.  His  later  works  in- 
clude “ The  Dancer  in  Yellow  " (1896),  “ Clarissa  Furiosa” 
(1897),  “ The  Fight  for  the  Crown"  (1898),  “Giles  In- 
gilby  ” (1899),  “An  Octave”  (1900),  “The  Flower  of  the 
Flock”  (1900),  “His  Own  Father'1  (1901),  “The  Credit  of 
the  County  ” (1902),  “Lord  Leonard  the  Luckless”  (1903), 
“Nature’s  Comedian "(1904),  “ Barham  of  Beltana" (1905), 
“ Pauline  " (1908),  “ The  Perjurer  ” (1909),  “Not  Guilty '' 
(1910),  etc. 

Northampton  (north-amp'ton).  A borough  in 
Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  incor- 
porated in  1903.  It  has  flour-mills,  cement- 
works,  etc.  Population,  8,729,  (1910). 

North  Andover  (north  an'do-ver).  A town  in 
Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  3 miles  south- 
east of  Lawrence.  It  has  cotton-  and  woolen- 
mills.  Anne  Bradstreet,  the  poet,  died  here 
in  1672.  Population,  5,529,  (1910). 

North  Attleboro  (north  atT-bur-o).  A town 
in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  30  miles 
southwest  of  Boston.  Its  manufactures  include 
jewelry,  jewelers’  supplies,  silverware,  etc. 
Population,  9,562,  (1910). 

North  Braddock  (north  brad'ok).  A borough 
in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  8 miles 
southeast  of  Pittsburgh.  It  has  important  steel 
interests.  Population,  11,824,  (1910). 
Northbridge  (north 'brij).  A town  in  Worces- 
ter County,  Massachusetts,  10  miles  southeast 
of  Worcester.  Its  manufactures  include  cot- 
ton and  woolen  goods,  cotton-mill  machinery, 
etc.  Population,  8,807,  (1910). 

North  Carolina,  University  of.  See  * Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina. 

Nortlicote  (north'kot),  Sir  Henry  Stafford, 
first  Lord  Northcote.  Born  November  18, 1846 : 
died  September  29,  1911.  A British  colonial 
governor,  second  son  of  Sir  Stafford  Northcote 
(first  Earl  of  Iddesleigb).  He  was  Conservative 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons  for  Exeter  1880-99 ; was 
created  a baronet  in  1887 ; was  raised  to  the  peerage  in 
1900 ; was  governor  of  Bombay  1899-1903 ; and  was  gov- 
ernor-general of  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia  1903-08. 
Northcott  (north  ' kot),  Elliott.  Born  at 
Clarksburg,  W.  Va.,  April  26, 1869.  An  Ameri- 
can diplomatist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1891, 
and  was  assistant  United  States  attorney  1898-1905,  and 
United  States  attorney  for  the  southern  district  of  West 
Virginia  1905-09.  He  was  appointed  minister  to  Colombia 
in  1909. 

Northern  Securities  Case.  See  * Northern 

Securities  Company. 

Northern  Securities  Company.  A company 

formed  in  November,  1901,  under  the  laws  of 
New  Jersey,  with  a capitalization  of  $400,- 
000,000.  Its  purpose  was  to  acquire  the  controlling 
interest  in  the  Great  Northern  and  Northern  i’acific  Rail- 
way companies,  which  were  already  virtually  consoli- 
dated, and  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy  Railway 
Company.  This  it  did,  thereby  suppressing  competition 
between  these  systems  and  creating  a monopoly  of  the 
vast  interstate  and  foreign  commerce  carried  on  by  them. 
A suit  under  the  Antitrust  Law  of  1890,  seeking  to  dis- 
solve this  combination,  was  brought  in  March,  1902,  by 
the  United  States.  The  decision,  first  by  the  Circuit 
Court  and  then  (March  14,  1904),  on  appeal,  by  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court,  enjoined  the  Northern  Securities 
Company  from  holding  in  any  way,  voting,  or  drawing 
dividends  on,  any  of  the  stock  of  the  railroads  named. 


Northfield 

Northfield  (nftrth'feld).  A town  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts,  it 
is  the  birthplace  of  Dwight  L.  Moody,  and  the  seat  of  the 
Northfield  Seminary  for  Young  Ladies  and  the  Northfield 
Training  School,  to  the  building  up  of  which  Mr.  Moody 
devoted  much  of  his  later  life.  With  the  Northfield  work 
is  associated  the  Mount  Hermon  School  for  Boys,  situated 
in  the  adjoining  town  of  Gill.  The  religious  and  edu- 
cational work  of  Northfield  has  made  the  town  a summer 
resort.  Population,  1,642,  (1910). 

Northfield  (nortli'feld).  A town  in  Washing- 
ton County,  Vermont,  9 miles  southwest  of 
Montpelier.  It  has  granite-works,  furniture- 
factories,  woolen-mills,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of 
Norwich  University.  Population,  3,226,  (1910). 

North  Plainfield  (north  plan'feld).  A borough 
in  Somerset  County,  New  Jersey.  It  was 
formerly  in  North  Plainfield  township.  Popu- 
lation, 6,117,  (1910). 

North  Platte  (north  plat).  The  county-seat 
of  Lincoln  County,  Nebraska,  at  the  junction 
of  the  North  Platte  and  South  Platte  rivers. 
It  has  flour-mills,  railroad  shops,  etc.,  and  is 
an  active  trade  center.  Population,  4,793, 
(1910). 

Northport  (north'pdrt).  A village  in  Suffolk 
County,  New  York,  on  Long  Island  Sound, 
about  35  miles  northeast  of  Brooklyn.  Popu- 
lation, 2,096,  (1910). 

North  Providence  (north  prov'i-deus).  A 
town  in  Providence  County,  Rhode  Island. 
Population,  5,407,  (1910). 

Northrop  (nor'throp),  Cyrus.  Born  at  Ridge- 
field, Conn.,  Sept.  30,  1834.  An  American 
educator,  president  of  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota 1884-1910.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  iu  1857  ; 
studied  law ; and  was  professor  of  rhetoric  and  English 
literature  in  Yale  1863-84. 

North  Sea  Incident.  The  attack,  on  the 
night  of  October  21,  1904,  of  the  Russian 
Baltic  fleet  under  command  of  Rear-Admiral 
Rozhestvensky,  while  on  its  way  to  the 
Far  East,  upon  a Hull  fishing  fleet  which 
was  trawling  on  the  Doggerbank.  The  steam 
trawler  Crane  was  sunk,  other  boats  were  injured,  two 
men  were  killed,  and  a number  were  seriously  wounded. 
The  affair  was  submitted,  on  the  proposition  of  the  czar, 
to  an  international  committee  of  inquiry.  The  Russian 
admiral  had  submitted  that  his  officers  had  seen  two 
Japanese  torpedo-boats  among  the  trawlers.  This  was 
disproved  by  the  commission  sitting  at  Paris,  January- 
February,  1905,  and  Russia  paid  Great  Britain  an  indem- 
nity of  £65,000,  the  amount  of  compensation  due  the 
Hull  fishermen  as  assessed  by  the  Board  of  Trade  Com- 
mission. 

North  Tarrytown  (north  tar'i-toun).  A vil- 
lage in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  ad- 
joining Tarrytown.  It  has  silk-mills,  auto- 
mobile-factories, etc.  Population,  5,421,  (1910). 

Northwest  Frontier  Province.  A province 
of  British  India,  created  in  November,  1901, 
and  comprising  the  four  trans-Indus  districts 
of  Peshawar,  Kohat,  Bannu,  and  Dera  Ismail 


Khan,  portions  of  the  district  of  Hazara,  and 
the  political  agencies  Kurram,  Malakand  (Dir, 
Swat,  and  Chitral),  Khaibar,  Tochi,  Gomal, 
and  Shirani.  The  chief  city  is  Peshawar.  It 
is  administered  by  a chief  commissioner.  Area, 
16,466  square  miles.  Population,  2,125,480. 

Northwest  Passage*.  Between  1903  and  1907 
the  whole  of  the  Northwest  Passage  was  navi- 
gated by  Roald  Amundsen  in  the  Gjoa. 

Northwest  Provinces*,  in  1902  the  Northwest 

Provinces  and  Oudh  became  the  United  Provinces  of  Agra 
and  Oudh.  The  term  Agra  is  now  applied  to  the  territor- 
ies formerly  known  as  the  Northwest  Provinces. 

Northwest  Territories*,  it  now  comprises  ail  of 

the  unorganized  portion  of  British  North  America  north 
of  the  provinces  of  Quebec,  Ontario,  Manitoba,  Saskatche- 
wan, and  Alberta.  It  is  administered  by  the  officers  of 
the  Royal  North-West  Mounted  Police,  the  comptroller  of 
the  force  being  also  commissioner  of  the  Territories. 

North  Yakima  (north  yak'i-ma).  The  county- 
seat  of  Yakima  County,  Washington,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State.  Its  principal 
interests  are  lumbering  and  agriculture.  Pop- 
ulation, 14,082,  (1910). 

Norway*.  Prince  Carl  of  Denmark  was  elected 
king  and  ascended  the  throne  Nov.  18,  1905,  as 
Haakon  VII. 

Norwood  (nor ' wud).  A town  in  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  14  miles  southwest  of 
Boston.  It  has  tanneries,  railroad  shops,  etc., 
and  important  printing  and  bookbinding  in- 
terests. Population,  8,014,  (1910). 

Norwood  (nor  ' wud).  A city  in  Hamilton 
County,  Ohio,  incorporated  in  1903.  It  is  6 
miles  northeast  of  Cincinnati,  and  is  a resi- 
dential suburb  of  that  city.  It  has  manufac- 
tories of  pianos,  playing-cards,  hardware, 
electrical  supplies,  etc.  Population,  16,185. 

Nottebohm  (not'e-bom),  Martin  Gustav. 
Born  at  Liidenseheid,  Westphalia,  Nov.  12, 
1817 : died  at  Gratz,  Oct.  29,  1882.  A German 
musical  scholar  and  historian.  He  established 
himself  in  Vienna,  where  he  made  a special  study  of 
Beethoven.  His  works  include  “ Ein  Skizzenbuch  von 
Beethoven”  (1865),  “ Thematisches  Verzeichniss  der  im 
Druck  erschienenen  Werke  von  Ludwig  van  Beethoven  ” 
(1868),  “ Beethoveniana”  (1872),  “Beethovens  Studien” 
(1873),  “Thematisches  Verzeichniss  der  im  Druck 
erschienenen  Werke  Franz  Schuberts  ” (1874),  “Mozart- 
iana  ’’  (1880),  and  “ Zweite  Beethoveniana  ” (1887). 

Noyes  (noiz),  Alfred.  Born  Sept.  16,  1880. 

An  English  poet.  His  works  include  “The  Loom  of 
Years  ” (1902),  “ The  Flower  of  Old  Japan  ” (1903),  “ Poems  ” 
(1904),  “ The  Forest  of  Wild  Thyme  ” (1905),  “ Drake,  an 
English  Epic"  (1906),  “Forty  Singing  Seamen”  (1907), 
“ William  Morris  " (1907),  “ The  Magic  Casement  ” (1908), 
« The  ‘ Golden  Hynde  ’ ” (1908),  “ Collected  Poems  ” (1910), 
“ Tales  of  the  Mermaid  Tavern  ” (1913),  “ The  Wine  Press, 
a Tale  of  War  ” (1913),  etc. 

Noyes  (noiz),  Arthur  Amos.  Born  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  Sept.  13,  1866.  An  American 
chemist  and  educator,  professor  of  theoretical 
chemistry  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 


Old  Forge 

Technology  and  director  of  its  research  labora- 
tory of  physical  chemistry.  He  was  graduated  at 
this  institution  in  1886,  and  has  since  then  been  a member 
of  its  instructing  staff,  and  since  1894  one  of  its  faculty. 
He  was  acting  president  of  the  Institute  1907-09.  He  has 
published  chemical  text-books  and  numerous  scientific 
and  educational  papers. 

Noyes  (noiz),  William  Albert.  Born  at 
Independence,  Iowa,  Nov.  6,  1857.  An  Amer- 
ican chemist,  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Illinois  from  1907.  He  was  professor 
of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Tennessee  1883-86,  and 
in  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre  Haute,  Indiana, 
1886-1903,  and  was  chemist  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Standards  1903-07.  He  has  published  “ Qualitative  Analy- 
sis ” (1887),  “ Organic  Chemistry  for  the  Laboratory”  (1897), 
“Organic  Chemistry"  (1903),  and  numerous  scientific 
papers  ; and  has  been  editor  of  the  journal  of  the  Ameri- 
can Chemical  Society  from  1902. 

Nueva  Caceres  (no-a'va  kii'tha-ras).  1.  A 
municipality  of  Ambos  Camarines  province, 
Luzdn,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  popula- 
tion, 17,943. — 2.  A town,  the  capital  of  Am- 
bos Camarines  province.  It  is  situated  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  province,  on  the  Bicol  or  Naga 
River,  inlat.  13° 35'  N.,  long.  122°  IT  E.  Population,  10,201. 

Nueva  Ecija  (no-a'va  a'the-Ha).  A province 
in  south-central  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 
It  is  bounded  by  Pangasin&n  and  Nueva  Vizcaya  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Caraballos  Sur)  on  the  north,  Isabela  and 
Principe  (separated  by  the  Sierra  Madre)  on  the  east, 
Bulacan  and  Pampanga  on  the  south,  and  Pampanga, 
Tarlac,  and  PangasinAn  on  the  west.  Capital,  San  Isidro. 
Most  of  the  province  lies  in  the  valley  of  south-central 
Luzon,  and  is  fertilized  by  many  rivers.  Tobacco,  coffee, 
sugar-cane,  rice,  and  mangos  are  among  the  products. 
Gold,  copper,  and  gypsum  are  found,  the  first  two  in  the 
southern  and  central,  the  last  in  various,  parts  of  the  prov- 
ince. The  inhabitants  are  Tagalogs,  Uocanos,  Pampan- 
gans,  Pangasinanes,  and  a few  Igorrotes.  Area,  2,169 
square  miles.  Population,  134,147. 

Nueva  Vizcaya  (no-a'va  veth-ki'a).  An  in- 
land, almost  central,  province  of  Luzdn,  in  the 
Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Lepanto- 
Bontoc  (separated  by  a spur  ol  the  Cordillera  Sur)  on  the 
north,  Isabela  (separated  by  a branch  of  the  Sierra  Madre) 
on  the  northeast,  east,  and  southeast,  Nueva  £cija  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Caraballos  Sur)  on  the  south,  and  Benguet 
(separated  by  the  Cordillera  Sur)  and  Lepanto-Bontoc 
(separated  by  a spur  ol  the  Cordillera  Sur)  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Bayombong.  The  central  valley,  watered  by  the 
Magatand  other  rivers,  is  very  fertile,  and  produces  large 
crops  of  coffee.  The  native  races  are  chiefly  Igorrotfes  and 
Ilongots.  Area,  1,950  square  miles.  Population,  about 
62,600. 

Nutley  (nut'li).  A town  in  Esses  County, 
New  Jersey,  5 miles  northeast  of  Newark.  It 
has  manufactories  of  cutlery,  paper,  leather 
goods,  etc.  Population,  6,009,  (1910). 

Nyasaland  Protectorate.  The  present  name 
(since  July  6,  1907)  of  the  region  formerly 
known  as  the  British  Central  Africa  Protec- 
torate. It  comprises  British  Nyasaland,  the  Shire  High- 
lands, and  the  greater  part  of  the  basin  of  the  Shire.  It 
is  divided  into  13  districts,  and  is  administered  by  a gov- 
ernor, with  an  executive  and  a legislative  council.  The 
seat  of  government  is  at  Zomba.  Area,  39,801  square 
miles.  Population,  over  923,000  (about  600  are  Europeans). 


ak  Park  (ok  park).  A village 
in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  in- 
corporated in  1902.  It  is  8^ 
miles  west  of  Chicago,  of 
which  it  is  a residential  sub- 
urb. Pop.,  19,444,  (1910). 
O’Brien  (o-bri'en),  James: 
later  James  Bronterre 
O’Brien.  Born  in  1805 : 
died  Dec.  23,  1864.  An  Irish  Chartist.  He  was 
graduated  at  Dublin  University  in  1829 ; became  the  editor 
of  the  “ Boor  Man’s  Guardian  ” in  1831 ; and  was  a writer 
for  the  “ Poor  Man’s  Conservative.”  He  signed  his  articles 
“Bronterre”  and  later  adopted  this  name.  He  edited 
various  journals  ; was  a prominent  member  of  the  Chart- 
ist party  from  its  beginning  in  1838 ; was  imprisoned  for 
seditious  speaking  1840-41 ; but  later  became  a personal 
enemy  and  opponent  of  Feargus  O’Connor.  In  1885  a 
series  of  his  articles  was  published  under  the  title  “The 
Rise,  Progress,  and  Phases  of  Human  Slavery.” 

O’Brien  (o-bri'en),  Thomas  James.  Born  at 
Jackson,  Mich.,  July  30,  1842.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  practised  law  in  Grand  Rapids.  Michi- 
gan,  1871-1905.  He  was  minister  to  Denmark  1905-07, 
ambassador  to  Japan  1907-11,  and  ambassador  to  Italy 
1911-13. 

Ochtman  (ocht'man),  Leonard.  Born  at 
Zonneraairo,  Holland,  Oct.  21,  1854.  A Dutch- 
American  painter,  resident  in  the  United 
States  from  1866.  He  has  devoted  himself  to  Ameri- 
can landscapes,  and  his  work  shows  well-balanced  com- 
position and  quiet,  harmonious  color,  lie  has  won  nu- 


merous medals.  He  became  a member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design  in  1904. 

O’Connell  (o-kon'el),  William  Henry.  Born 
at  Lowell,  Mass.,  Dec.  8,  1859.  An  American 
Roman  Catholic  prelate.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Jesuit  College  in  Boston  in  1881,  and  was  ordained  priest 
at  Rome  in  1884.  He  was  rector  of  the  American  College 
in  Rome  1895-1900,  bishop  of  Portland,  Maine,  1901-06, 
archbishop  of  Boston  1907-,  and  cardinal  Nov.  27,  1911-. 

O’Connor*  Thomas  Power,  since  1885  he  has 

represented  the  Scotland  Division  of  Liverpool.  He  es- 
tablished and  edited  the  “Star,”  “Sun,”  “Sunday  Sun,” 
“ M.  A.  P.,”  and  “ T.  P.’s  Weekly,”  and  is  the  author  of 
“The  Parnell  Movement,”  “Gladstone’s  House  of  Com- 
mons,” “ Napoleon,”  etc. 

O’Connor  (o-kon'or),  William  Douglas.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  2,  1832:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  May  9,  1889.  An  American 
journalist  and  writer.  He  was  assistant  editor  of 
the  Philadelphia  “Saturday  Evening  Post”  1854-60,  and 
in  1878  was  appointed  assistant  general  superintendent  of 
the  United  States  life-saving  service.  He  was  a personal 
friend  of  Walt  Whitman,  and  in  1866  published  “The 
Good  Gray  Poet,”  a vindication  of  Whitman’s  poetry.  He 
wrote  in  1886  “ Hamlet’s  Note-book,”  a reply  to  Richard 
Grant  White  on  the  main  points  of  the  Bacon-Shakspere 
controversy,  and  also  many  stories  and  poems. 

OhligS  (o'Hgz).  A town  in  Rhenish  Prussia. 
It  was  formerly  called  Merscheid  (which  see). 

Okakura  (o-ka'ko-ra),  Kakuzo.  Born  in 
Fukui,  1862:  died  at  Tokio,  Sept.  4,  1913. 
A Japanese  connoisseur.  In  1886  he  was  sent 


with  the  Imperial  Art  Commission  to  study  art  history 
and  movements  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  Re- 
turning to  Japan,  he  was  made  director  of  the  new  art 
school  at  Ueno  (Veno),  Tokio,  but  resigned  in  1898.  He 
then  opened,  with  other  young  artists,  the  Nippon  Fine 
Art  Institute  near  Tokio,  an  establishment  similar  to  that 
of  William  Morris  at  Merton  Abbey  in  England;  it  later 
was  removed  to  a village  in  Ibaraki  ken  and  thence  to 
Nara,  where  it  is  still  active.  He  is  the  author  of  “The 
Ideals  of  the  East”  (1904),  “The  Awakening  of  Japan” 
(1905),  “The  Book  of  Tea  ” (1906),  etc.  He  was  curator  of 
the  department  of  Chinese  and  Japanese  art  in  the  Museum 
of  Fine  Arts  in  Boston,  and  a member  of  the  archamlogical 
commission  of  Japan. 

Oku  (o'ko),  Count  Yasukata.  Born  in  Fu- 
kuoka ken,  November,  1844.  A Japanese  gen- 
eral, commander  of  the  second  army  in  the 
Russo-Japanese  war.  He  won  distinction  in  the  civil 
war  of  1877 ; commanded  the  fifth  division  in  the  war  with 
China  1894-95  ; and  was  promoted  general  in  1903.  He  was 
appointed  chief  of  staff  in  July,  1906.  He  is  a member  of 
the  supreme  council  of  war.  He  was  created  baron  in 
1895,  and  count  in  1907. 

Okuma*,  Count  Shigenobu.  He  was  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  1889-91  and  1896-97;  minister  of  agricul- 
ture and  commerce  1897;  and  premier  June-Nov.,  1898. 
He  resigned  the  leadership  of  the  Progressive  party  in 
February,  1907.  In  1882  he  founded  the  Waseda  School 
(in  1902  a university)  at  Tokio,  and  later  became  its 
chancellor. 

Old  Forge  (old  forj).  A borough  in  Lacka- 
wanna County,  Pennsylvania,  5 miles  south- 
west of  Scranton.  Coal-mining  is  its  most  im- 


Old  Forge 

portant  industry.  Its  manufactures  include 
glass,  silk,  chemicals,  fertilizers,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 11,324,  (1910). 

Old-Line  state.  The  State  of  Maryland : so 
called  with  reference  to  Mason  and  Dixon’s 
line. 

Old  Museum,  Berlin.  See  Berlin. 

Old  Rowley.  A nickname  of  Charles  II.  He  is 

said  to  have  been  so  named  from  a good-humored  goat 
which  used  to  live  in  the  Privy  Garden.  The  name  is  also 
said  to  have  been  that  of  the  king's  favorite  race-horse, 
and  is  preserved  in  the  name  of  the  race-course  — the  Row- 
ley  Mile  — at  Newmarket. 

Oldtown  Folks.  A story  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  published  in  1869. 

Olean  (o-le-an').  A city  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  at  the 
junction  of  Olean  Creek  and  the  Allegheny 
river.  It  has  large  interests  in  oil,  lumber,  and  leather, 
storage  for  petroleum,  refineries,  marble-,  glass-,  and  iron- 
works, flour-  and  planing-mills,  tanneries,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 14,743,  (1910). 

oiney  (ol'ni).  The  county-seat  of  Richland 
County,  Illinois.  It  is  a shipping-point  for  the 
products  of  the  farming  region  surrounding  it, 
and  has  flour-mills,  brick-works,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 5,011,  (1910). 

Oiney  (ol'ni),  Louis  Atwell.  Born  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  April  21,  1874.  An  American 
chemist,  professor  of  chemistry  and  head  of 
the  department  of  textile  chemistry  and  dye- 
ing in  the  Lowell  (Massachusetts)  Textile 
School  from  1897.  He  was  graduated  from  Lehigh 
University  in  1896.  He  has  published  “ Textile  Chemistry 
and  Dyeing,”  etc. 

Olsen  (ol'sen),  Ole.  Born  at  Hammerfest, 
July  5,  1850.  A Norwegian  composer  and 
conductor.  He  studied  at  Drontheim  and  (1870-74)  at 
Leipsic.  Since  1900  he  has  been  military  musical  director 
to  the  Swedish  government.  He  has  written  operas 
(words  and  music),  orchestral  works,  an  oratorio,  cantatas, 
piano  pieces,  and  songs. 

Olympic  Games,  The.  2.  A series  of  athletic 
games  inaugurated  in  1896  at  Athens  by  the 
International  Olympic  Committee  as  a modern 
revival  of  the  old  Olympic  Games,  it  was  de- 
cided in  1896  that  these  games  should  be  known  as  the 
“local  cycle,”  to  he  held  quadrennially  at  Athens,  and 
that-there  Bhould  also  be  others  known  as  the  “inter- 
national" or  “official  cycle,”  to  be  held  every  four  years 
in  cities  of  the  various  competing  countries.  The  games 
at  Athens  since  1896  have  been  held  in  the  Stadium  of 
white  marble,  the  gift  of  M.  Averoff  of  Alexandria,  on 
the  ancient  Stadium.  The  games  of  the  “ international” 
or  “ official  cycle  " have  taken  place  at  Athens  in  1896,  at 
Paris  in  1900,  at  St.  Louis  in  1904,  at  London  in  1908,  and 
at  Stockholm  in  1912.  The  Olympic  Games  are  exclusively 
for  amateurs,  and  the  number  of  entries  for  each  country 
is  limited  according  to  the  different  events.  The  com- 
petitive events  are  confined  to  games  of  general  interest, 
and  include  athletics,  archery,  boxing,  cycling,  fencing, 
foot-ball,  gymnastics,  hockey,  lacrosse,  lawn  tennis,  motor- 
boats,  polo,  rackets,  rowing,  shooting,  skating,  swimming, 
wrestling,  and  yacht-racing. 

Olyphant  (ol'i-fant).  A borough  in  Lacka- 
wanna County,  Pennsylvania,  5miles  northeast 
of  Scranton.  Coal-mining  and  manufacturing 
are  its  chief  industries.  Population,  8,505, 
(1910). 

Oneida  (o-nl'da).  A city  in  Madison  County, 
New  York,  26  miles  east  of  Syracuse.  It  has 
manufactories  of  wagons,  steam-engines,  boil- 
ers, pulleys,  furniture,  etc.  It  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  the  Oneida  Community  (which  see). 
Population,  8,317,  (1910). 

O’Neill,  Mrs.  (Olive  Logan).  See  Sykes. 
Oneonta  (o-ne-on'ta).  A city  in  Otsego  County, 
New  York,  50  miles  northeast  of  Binghamton. 
Ithas railroad  shops,  foundries,  cigar-factories, 
a silk-mill,  etc.  The  Oneonta  State  Normal 
School  is  located  there.  Population,  9,491, 
(1910). 

Oppenheim  (op'en-him),  Edward  Phillips. 

Born  in  1866.  An  English  novelist.  Among  his 
books  are  “A  Prince  of  Sinners”  (1903),  “Anna  the  Ad- 
venturess” (1904),  “The  Master  Mummer”  (1905),  “A 
Maker  of  History  ” (1906),  “ The  Long  Arm  of  Mannister  ” 
(1908),  “The  Missioner”  (1909),  “The  Illustrious  Prince  ” 
(1910),  “Berenice”  (1911),  and  “The  Moving  Finger” 
(1911). 

Orange  (or'anj),  A town  in  New  Haven  Coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  near  Long  Island  Sound,  7 


miles  southwest  of  New  Haven.  It  includes 
West  Haven  borough.  Population,  11,272, 
(1910). 

Orange  (or'anj).  A town  in  Franklin  County, 
Massachusetts,  on  Millers  River.  It  has  manu- 
factories of  clothing,  sewing-machines,  furni- 
ture, automobiles,  etc.  Population,  5,282, 
(1910). 

Orange  (or'anj).  The  county-seat  of  Orange 
County,  Texas,  on  the  Sabine  River,  about  25 
miles  from  the  coast.  It  is  a shipping-point 
for  cotton,  fruit,  sugar,  and  rice,  and  has  lum- 
ber-mills, cotton-mills,  etc.  Pop.,  5,527,  (1910). 
Orangeburg  (or'anj-berg).  The  county-seat 
of  Orangeburg  County,  South  Carolina,  on  the 
north  branch  of  the  Edisto  River,  its  principal 
interests  are  lumbering  and  cotton-  and  rice-growing. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Normal,  Industrial,  Agricul- 
tural, and  Mechanical  College  and  of  Claflin  University, 
both  institutions  for  negroes.  Population,  5,906,  (1910). 

Orange  Free  State*.  Self-government  wa9  estab- 
lished June  5,  1907.  Under  the  South  Africa  Act,  1909,  it 
entered  the  Union  of  South  Africa  as  the  Orange  Free 
State.  It  is  administered  under  a governor,  with  a pro- 
vincial council  and  an  executive  committee.  The  seat  of 
government  is  at  Bloemfontein. 

Orbilius  Pupillus  (or-bil'i-us  pu-pil'us).  A 
Roman  grammarian  aud  schoolmaster,  the 
teacher  of  Horace.  The  epithet  “plagosus  ” was  given 
to  him  by  Horace  on  account  of  the  floggings  which  his 
pupils  received  from  him,  and  the  name  “ Orbilius  ’’  is 
often  used  in  literature  for  a teacher  of  this  type. 

Order  of  Merit,  The.  A British  order  insti- 
tuted by  letters  patent,  June  26,  1902.  it  con- 

sists  of  the  British  sovereign  and  of  not  more  than  twenty- 
four  subjects  of  the  crown  (in  ordinary  membership)  who 
may  have  rendered  exceptionally  meritorious  service  in 
the  army  or  navy,  or  in  art,  literature,  or  science.  The 
honorary  membership  is  conferred  upon  foreigners  and  is 
unlimited.  The  badge  of  the  order  is  an  eight-pointed 
cross  of  red  and  blue  enamel  bearing  the  motto  “ For 
Merit”  within  a laurel  wreath,  the  whole  surmounted  by 
an  imperial  crown  and  suspended  by  a party-colored  blue 
and  crimson  ribbon. 

Oregon  City  (or'e-gon  sit'i).  The  county-seat 
of  Clackamas  County,  Oregon,  on  the  Willa- 
mette River,  13  miles  southeast  of  Portland. 
It  has  lumber-mills,  flour-mills,  woolen-mills, 
etc.  Population,  4,287,  (1910). 

O’Reilly  (o-rl'li),  Miles.  The  pseudonym  of 
Charles  G.  Halpine. 

Oriente  (o-re-an'ta).  A province  of  Cuba,  com- 
prising the  easterly  end  of  the  island.  Popu- 
lation, 455,086. 

Ormoc  (or-mok').  1.  A municipality  of  Leyte 
province,  Leyte,  Philippines.  Civilized  popu- 
lation, 16,126. — 2.  A town  on  the  northeast- 
ern shore  of  Ormoc  Bay.  Population,  5,419. 
Oroquieta  (o-ro-ke-a'ta).  A municipality  of 
Misamis  province,  Mindanao,  Philippine  Is- 
lands. Civilized  population,  15,156. 

Orpen  (or'pen),  William.  Born  in  Dublin 
County,  Ireland,  Nov.  27,  1878.  An  Irish 
painter.  He  was  educated  at  the  Metropolitan  School 
of  Art,  Dublin,  and  the  Slade  School,  London.  Among 
his  pictures,  which  include  especially  portraits  and  genre- 
scenes,  are  “A  Bloomsbury  Family,”  “Young  Ireland,” 
“ A Young  Man  from  the  West,”  and  “ The  Dead  Ptarmi- 
gan." In  1910  he  became  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy. 

Orton  (or'ton),  Edward.  Born  at  Deposit, 
N.  Y.,  March  9,  1829:  died  at  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Oct.  16,  1899.  An  American  educator  and 
geologist.  He  was  graduated  at  Hamilton  College 
in  1848  ; was  president  of  Antioch  College  1872-73,  and  of 
the  Ohio  State  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 
(now  Ohio  State  University)  1873-81  ; and  was  professor  of 
geology  at  the  latter  from  1873  to  1899.  He  was  assistant 
State  geologist  of  Ohio  1869-75,  and  had  entire  charge  of 
the  survey  1881-99. 

Osborn  (oz'bern),  Henry  Fairfield.  Born  at 
Fairfield,  Conn.,  Aug.  8,  1857.  An  American 
biologist  and  paleontologist,  professor  in 
Columbia  University  from  1891,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  from  1908.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
in  1877;  studied  in  England  (under  Huxley  and  Balfour)  : 
was  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  Princeton  1882- 
1890  ; and  has  been  curator  of  vertebrate  paleontology  in 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  (New  York) 
from  1890,  geologist  and  paleontologist  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  from  1900,  and  honorary  paleon- 


Ozark  Plateau 

tologist  of  the  Canadian  Geological  Survey  from  1900.  He 
has  published  “ From  the  Greeks  to  Darwin  " (1894,  1897L 
“ The  Age  of  Mammals  " (1910),  etc. 

Osbourne  (oz'bern),  Lloyd.  Born  at  Sar, 
Francisco,  Cal.,  April  7,  1868.  An  American 
writer,  stepson  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson. 
His  works  include  three  books  written  in  collaboration 
with  his  stepfather,  “The  Wrong  Box ” (1889),  “The 
Wrecker"  (1892),  and  “The  Ebb  Tide”  (1894);  “Memo- 
ries ofYailima"  (1902:  with  his  6ister,  Isobel  Strong), 
“The  Queen  versus  Billy”  (1900),  “Love,  the  Fiddler” 
(1903),  “ Baby  Bullet  ” (1905),  “ The  Motormaniacs  ” (1905). 
“Wild  Justice”  (1906),  “ Harm’s  Way  ” (1909),  “Infatua- 
tion ” (1909) ; and  two  plays  written  with  Austin  Strong, 
“ The  Exile  ” and  “ The  Little  Father  of  the  Wilderness.’’ 
Oscar  II.*  (King  of  Sweden).  On  Dec.  14, 
1906,  he  relinquished  the  government,  appoint- 
ing Prince  Gustav  (crown  prince)  as  regent ; 
hut  resumed  power  in  June,  1907. 

Osier  (os'ler),  SirWilliam.  Born  at  Bond  Head, 
Ontario,  July  12,  1849.  A British  physician, 
regius  professor  of  medicine  in  the  University 
of  Oxford  from  1905.  He  was  educated  at  Toronto 
University;  McGill  University,  Montreal ; and  University 
College,  London  ; and  in  Berlin  and  Vienna.  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  the  Institute  of  Medicine  in  McGill  University 
1874-84,  of  clinical  medicine  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 1884-89,  and  of  medicine  in  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity 1889-1905.  He  was  created  a baronet  in  June,  1911. 
He  has  published  “The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Med- 
icine ” (1892  : 6th  ed.  1905),  numerous  monographs  and 
papers,  “Science  and  Immortality"  (1904),  “.'F.quaniiiii- 
tas  and  Other  Addresses  ” (1904),  “ Counsels  and  Ideals  " 
(1905),  “Alabama  Student,  and  Other  Biographical  Essays  ” 
(1908),  “Thomas  Linacre”  (1908),  etc.,  and  with  T.  McCrae 
has  edited  “Modern  Medicine,  its  Theory  and  Practice” 
(1907-09). 

Ostwald  (ost'valt),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Riga, 
Russia,  Sept.  2 (N.  S.),  1853.  A noted  German 
chemist,  professor  of  physical  chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Leipsic  1887-1906.  He  is  regarded 
as  one  of  the  founders  of  that  science.  With  van’t  Hoff 
he  founded  in  1887  the  “ Zeitschrift  fiir  physikalische 
Chemie  ’’  and  in  1901  the  “Annalen  der  Naturphilosophie.  ” 
He  was  first  exchange  professor  at  Harvard  University  in 
1905.  He  has  published  “Lehrbuch  der  allgemeinen 
Chemie  ” (1885-87),  “ Elektrochemie  ” (1894-95),  “ Grund- 
linien  der  anorganischen  Chemie  ” (1900),  “ Vorlesungen 
fiber  Naturphilosophie  ” (1902),  “ Die  Schule  der  Chemie  ” 
(1904),  “ Malerbriefe  ” (1904),  “ Elemente  und  Verbin- 
dungen”  (1904),  “R.  W.  Bunsen”  (1905),  “Kunst  und 
Wissenschaft”  (1905),  “ Ikonoskopische  Studien”  (1905), 
“ Individuality  and  Immortality  ” (1906),  “ Prinzipien  der 
Chemie  ” (1907),  “ Die  Energie  ” (1908),  “ Grosse  Manner  ’ 
(1909),  etc.  He  was  awarded  the  Nobel  prize  for  chemistry 
in  1909. 

Owatonna  (o-wa-ton'a).  The  county-seat  of 
Steele  County,  Minnesota,  63  miles  southwest 
of  St.  Paul.  It  is  the  trade  center  of  an  agri- 
cultural region,  and  has  foundries,  flour-mills, 
and  manufactories  of  gasoline-engines,  auto- 
mobiles, farming  implements,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 5,658,  (1910). 

Oxford  and  Cambridge  Boat-race.  An  an- 
nual contest  between  picked  crews  of  the  uni- 
versities of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  England, 
usually  rowed  on  the  second  Saturday  before 
Easter.  The  course  is  on  the  Thames,  from 
Putney,  near  London,  to  Mortlake,  a distance 
of  over  4J-  miles,  the  time  occupied  varying 
from  less  than  20  minutes  to  23  minutes,  ac- 
cording to  wind  and  tide. 

Oxford  and  Cambridge  Musical  Club.  A 
London  club,  at  47  Leicester  Square,  estab- 
lished in  1899  for  the  cultivation  of  chamber 
music. 

Oxyrbynchus  (ok-si-ring'kus).  [Named  from 
a species  of  fish  which  was  venerated  there.] 
An  ancient  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  situated  be- 
tweeu  the  western  bank  of  the  Nile  and  the 
Bahr  Yusuf  in  lat.  28°  6'  N.  The  modern  village 
of  Behnesa  occupies  its  site.  Excavations  there  have 
brought  to  light  a number  of  important  papyri,  including 
fragments  of  the  “Logia”  or  “Sayings”  of  Jesus. 
Oyster  (ois'ter)  Bay.  A town  in  Nassau 
County,  New  York.  It  is  situated  on  a bay  on  the 
northern  shore  of  Long  Island,  and  is  a summer  resort. 
The  town  includes  the  villages  of  Sea  Cliff  and  Farming- 
dale.  Population  of  town,  including  Sea  Cliff  and  Farm- 
ingdale,  21,802,  (1910) ; of  Sea  Cliff,  1,694 ; of  Farmingdale, 
1,567. 

Ozark  Plateau.  A plateau  in  northwestern 
Arkansas  and  southern  Missouri.  U.  S.  Geog. 
Board,  Feb.  6,  1907, 


Paardeberg 

aardeberg  (par'de-berg).  An 

elevation  in  the  western 
part  of  Orange  Free  State, 
north  of  the  Modder  river. 
Near  here,  in  the  bed  of  the  Mod- 
der, at  Koodoosrand  Drift,  the  Boers 
under  Cronje  defended  themselves 
against  the  English  under  Lord 
Roberts,  but  were  forced  to  sur- 
render, Feb.  27,  1900. 

Page*,  Thomas  Nelson.  His  later  works  include 
“Social  Life  in  Old  Virginia  before  the  War”  (1897),  “A 
Captured  Santa  Claus”  (1902),  “Cordon  Keith”  (1903), 
“ Bred  in  the  Bone  ” (1904),  “ The  Negro,  the  Southerner's 
Problem”  (1904),  “The  Coast  of  Bohemia ” (1906),  “Under 
the  Crust”  (1907),  “ The  Old  Dominion  ” (1908),  “ Robert  E. 
Lee”  (1908),  “John  Marvel,  Assistant ” (1909),  etc. 

Page,  Walter  Hines.  Born  at  Cary,  N.  C., 

Aug.  15,  1855.  An  American  editor,  United 
States  ambassador  to  Great  Britain  1913-. 

He  was  educated  at  Randolph-Macon  College  and  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University.  He  edited  “The  Forum”  1890-95, 
“ The  Atlantic  Monthly  ” 1896-99,  and  “ The  World’s 
Work  ” 1900-1913. 

Paget  (paj'et),  Francis.  Born  March  20, 1851 : 
died  at  London,  Aug.  2,  1911.  Bishop  of  Ox- 
ford 1901-11.  He  was  vicar  of  Brorusgrove  1882-85 ; 
regius  professor  of  pastoral  theology  and  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1885-92  ; chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford 
1889-1901 ; and  dean  of  Christ  Church  1892-1901. 

Pagliacci  (pal-ya'che).  An  opera  by  Leonca- 
vallo, first  produced  at  Milan  in  1892. 

Painted  Chamber,  The.  A chamber  in  the 
old  Westminster  Palace,  originally  called  the 
“Chamber  of  St.  Edward.”  It  was  the  kernel  of  the 
palace,  which  grew  around  it,  and  later  received  the  name 
of  the  Painted  Chamber  from  the  decorations  placed  there 
by  Henry  III. 

Palace  of  Peace.  See  * Peace,  Palace  of. 

Palacio  Valdes  (pa-la'the-o  val-das'),  Ar- 
mando. Born  at  Entralgo,  Spain,  Oct.  4, 
1853.  A Spanish  novelist  and  critic.  Among 

his  novels  are  “ El  Sefior  Octavio  ” (1881),  “ Marta  y 
Maria”  (1883),  “El  idilio  de  un  enfermo ” (1884),  “Josb" 
(1885),  “Riverita”  (1886),  “Maximina  " 


northeast  of  Springfield.  It  has  manufactories 
of  cotton,  woolen,  and  straw  goods,  carpets, 
carriages,  etc.  Population,  8,610,  (1910). 
Palmer  (pam'er),  Mrs.  (Alice  Freeman). 
Born  at  Colesville,  N.  Y.,  Peb.  21,  1855:  died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  6, 1902.  An  American  educator. 

She  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1876  ; was  professor  of  history  at  Wellesley  College  1879- 
1881 ; was  acting  president  of  Wellesley  in  1881,  and  presi- 
dent 1882-87  ; and  was  dean  of  the  woman’s  department 
(non-resident)  of  the  University  of  Chicago  1892-95.  In 
1887  she  married  George  Herbert  Palmer,  professor  of 


philosophy  in  Harvard  University. 

-Bred  in  the  Bone  ”(1904),  “ The  Negro,  the  Southerner's  palmer  (pam'er),  John  Williamson.  Born  at 
< tnfRnben,..  non*  Tinder  Baltimo^  Md.,  April  4, 1825:  died  there,  Peb. 

26,  1906.  An  American  journalist  and  author. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Maryland  in 
1847 ; was  first  city  physician  in  San  Francisco  in  1849 ; 
traveled  in  the  Far  East ; was  Confederate  correspondent 
of  the  New  York  “Tribune"  during  the  Civil  War;  and 
later  was  engaged  in  general  editorial  work.  He  wrote 
“The  Golden  Dagon ; or,  Up  and  Down  the  Irrawaddi  ” 
(1856),  “The  New  and  the  Old "(1859),  “After  his  Kind. 
By  John  Coventry”  (1886).  “For  Charlie’s  Sake,  and  Other 
Lyrics  and  Ballads"  (1901),  etc.  His  ballad  “Stonewall 
Jackson's  Way”  was  popular  in  the  South. 

Palo  Alto  (pa/lo  al'to).  A post-town  of  Santa 
Clara  County,  California,  on  San  Francisco 
Bay  near  Redwood  City:  the  seat  of  Leland 
Stanford  Junior  University.  Population,  4,486, 
(1910). 

Pampanga  (pam-pan'ga).  A southern  prov- 
ince of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded 
by  Tarlac  (partly  separated  by  the  Paruao  River)  on  the 
north ; Nueva  Dcija  (partly  separated  by  the  Rio  Chico 
de  la  Pampanga)  on  the  northeast ; Bulacan  on  the  east 
and  southeast ; Manila  Bay  on  the  south ; and  Bataan 
(partly  separated  by  the  Aba)  and  Zambales  (separated  by 
the  Aba  River  and  the  Zambales  Mountains)  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Bacolor.  The  southern  part  bordering  Manila 
Bay  is  a broad  delta  extending  beyond  the  original  coast- 
line. In  the  west  are  the  Mabanga  Mountains,  parallel 
with  the  Zambales  range ; in  the  northeast  is  Mount 
Arayat  and  in  the  northwest  Mount  Pinatubo,  extinct 
volcanoes  3,564  feet  and  6,040  feet  in  height.  Bananas, 
sugar  cane,  corn,  and  rice  are  among  the  products.  Area, 
868  square  miles.  Population,  223,754. 


(1887),  “ La  her- 

inana  de  San  Sulpicio ” (1889),  “El  cuarto  poder"  (1888), 

“La  espuna”  (1892),  “La  fe”  (1892),  “Los  majosde  Cadiz”  Pana  (pa'na).  A city  in  Christian  County, 
(1896)  “La  Alegria  del  Capitan  Ribot”  (1899),  and  “Tris-  Illinois,  42"  miles  southeast  of  Springfield, 
tan  o el  pesimismo  (1906).  ni  • • • , • . , . , , r 

/ ••  v ••  A a 4.  • t ‘u  i Coal-mining  is  its  principal  industry.  Popu- 

Palan&n  (pa-la-nan  ).  A town  m Isabela  iation  6,055,  (1910). 

province,  eastern  Luzon,  m the  Philippine  -d  v ' 

Islands.  Here  Aguinaldo  was  captured  by  General  PaiiaiHa  Panama  proclaimed  its  independence  on 
Funston  on  March  23,  1901.  tlov:  3>  i903’  and  Jts  government  was  recognized  by  the 

Palestine  Exploration  Fund.  A fund  es- 
tablished June  22,  1865,  at  London,  for  the 
scientific  exploration  of  the  Holy  Land.  Since 
1865  many  expeditions  and  excavations  have  been  made 
under  its  auspices,  by  Clermont-Ganneau,  Flinders  Petrie, 

F.  J.  Bliss,  R.  A.  S.  Macalister,  and  others.  The  results 
have  been  presented  in  maps,  journals,  and  other  publica- 
tions, and  in  the  Palestinian  Museum  of  the  fund  at 
London. 

Palisades  Interstate  Park.  A public  park 
created  by  acts  of  the  legislatures  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  ill  1910.  It  originally  comprised 


United  States  on  Nov.  13,  and  later  by  other  powers.  It 
is  governed  by  a president  and  a chamber  of  deputies. 
There  are  also  vice-presidents  and  a cabinet  of  five  minis- 
ters. The  country  is  divided  into  seven  provinces.  By  a 
treaty  signed  Nov.  18,  1903  (ratified  Feb.  23, 1904),  Panama 
ceded  to  the  United  States  for  $10,000,000  the  perpetual 
control  of  a strip  ten  miles  wide  (the  Canal  Zone),  upon 
which  the  interoceanic  canal  has  been  constructed.  The 
cities  of  Panama  and  Colbn  (lying  within  the  zone)  were 
placed  under  the  crntrol  of  the  United  States  as  regards 
sanitation  and  quarantine  only ; hut  the  coast-line  of  the 
zone  and  the  outlying  islands  were  ceded  to  the  United 
States  for  purposes  of  defense.  Area,  32,380  square  miles. 
Population  (including  Canal  Zone),  426,928. 


the  land  along  the  Palisades  of  the  Hudson  River,  between  Panama  C if Illll  . The  amount  paid  by  the  United 


the  top  of  the  cliff  and  the  water,  from  Fort  Lee,  in  New 
Jersey,  to  the  termination  of  the  Palisades  in  New  York. 

By  subsequent  legislation  the  park  was  extended  to  in- 
clude mountain  lands  along  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson 
to  Newburgh,  and  from  the  river  west  into  the  Ramapo 
Mountains.  In  the  latter  extension  are  included  10,000 
acres  given  to  the  State  by  Mrs.  E.  II.  Harriman.  The 
commission  in  charge  of  the  park  has  received  other  gifts 
of  land  and  large  gifts  of  money. 

Pallain  (pal-lan'),  Georges.  Born  at  Lian- 
court,  Oise,  March  20,  1847.  A French  finan- 
cier and  author,  governor  of  the  Bank  of 
France  from  1898.  From  1871  he  held  various  gov- 
ernment appointments,  especially  in  connection  with  the 
finances,  being  director  of  Gambetta’s  cabinet  in  1881, 
and  director-general  of  customs  in  1885.  Besides  several 
collections  of  the  political  and  diplomatic  correspondence 
of  Talleyrand,  he  has  published  “ La  statue  de  Mirabeau  ” 

(1880),  “Traite  de  la  legislation  sp^ciale  du  trisor  public  panama  Canal  Zone 
en  matifere  contentieuse  (1881),  “ Ambassade  de  Talley- 
rand  k Londres,  1830-1834”  (1891),  “Les  douanes  fran- 
qaises  ” (1896),  etc. 

Palm  (palm),  Johann  Philipp.  Born  in 
Schomdorf,  Germany,  Nov.  17, 1768:  died  Aug. 

26,  1806.  A bookseller  of  Nuremberg.  He  was 
executed  by  a military  tribunal,  under  the  orders  of 
Napoleon,  for  the  publishing  of  a pamphlet  (“Deutsch- 
land in  seiner  tiefen  Emiedrigung  ’’),  by  another  hand,  in 
which  the  French  emperor  and  the  conduct  of  the 
French  troops  in  Germany  were  attacked. 

Palma  (pal'ma),  Tomas  Estrada.  Born  near 
Bayamo,  Cuba,  July  9,  1835:  died  at  Santiago, 

Nov.  4,  1908.  A Cuban  statesman,  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Cuban  republic.  He  studied  law  at  the 
University  of  Seville  ; fought  in  the  insurgent  army  in  the 
ten  years’  war  between  Spain  and  Cuba  (1868-78) ; gained 
the  rank  of  general ; and  was  made  president  of  the  provi- 
sional republic,  but  was  captured  and  imprisoned  in  Spain. 

After  his  release  he  went  to  Honduras  and  became  post- 
master-general.  Later  he  settled  in  Central  Valley,  New 
York,  and  established  a school  for  Latin- Americans,  lie 
was  elected  president  of  Cuba, Feb.  24,  1902  ; was  reelected 
March  19,  1906;  and  resigned  in  Sept.,  1906. 

Palmer  (pam'er).  A town  in  Hampden  County, 

Massachusetts,  on  the  Chicopee  River,  14  miles 


States  for  the  property  and  rights  of  the  French  company 
was  $40,000,000.  The  control  of  a strip  of  land  ten  miles 
wide,  constituting  the  Canal  Zone,  was  obtained  from  the 
Republic  of  Panama  for  $10,000,000.  Work  was  organized 
in  1904  for  the  construction  of  a canal  of  the  lock  type,  and 
this  type,  which  had  been  accepted  by  Congress  in  1901, 
was  adopted  by  it  in  1906.  The  plan  included  a channel  from 
deep  water  on  the  Caribbean  to  Gatlin,  where  an  ascent 
to  the  85-foot  level  has  been  made  by  means  of  three  twin 
locks,  each  lock  being  110  feet  wide  and  1,000  feet  long;  a 
dam  at  Gatlin  about  one  and  a half  miles  long,  one  half 
mile  wide  at  the  base,  and  100  feet  wide  at  the  top ; a 
double  lock  at  Pedro  Miguel ; and  two  double  locks  at 
Miraflores.  The  lake  formed  by  the  Gatlin  dam  is  about 
164  square  miles  in  extent.  The  Culebra  Cut  is  about  9 
miles  long  and  300  feet  wide  at  bottom.  Total  length  of 
canal,  about  50  miles  from  deep  water  to  deep  water.  The 
canal  was  opened  by  the  destruction  of  the  Gamboa  dike 
Oct.  10,  1913. 


See  * Isthmian  Canal 

Zone 

Pan-American  Conference.  A conference 
(originally  entitled  “ The  Pan-American  Con- 
gress”) which  satin  Washington,  D.  C.,  1889-90. 

It  was  convened  by  virtue  of  an  act  passed  by  the  United 
States  Congress  on  May  10,  1888,  requesting  the  President 
to  invite  the  Latin-American  governments  to  join  the 
United  States  in  a conference  to  be  held  in  Washington, 
in  1889,  “for  the  purpose  of  discussing  and  recommending 
for  adoption  to  their  respective  governments  some  plan 
of  arbitration  for  the  settlement  of  disagreements  and  dis- 
putes that  may  hereafter  arise  between  them,  and  for  con- 
sidering questions  relating  to  the  improvement  of  business 
intercourse  and  means  of  direct  communication  between 
the  said  countries,  and  to  encourage  such  reciprocal  com- 
mercial relations  as  will  be  beneficial  to  all,  and  secure 
more  extensive  markets  for  the  products  of  each  of  the 
said  countries.”  Later  conferences  were  held  at  the  city 
of  Mexico  1901-02,  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  1906,  at  Buenos  Aires 
1910,  and  at  Santiago,  Chile,  1914. 

Pan-American  Railway.  A railway  system, 
in  process  of  construction,  intended  to  con- 
nect North  America,  Central  America,  and 
South  America  by  through  railway  communi- 
cation (with  branch  lines)  between  New  York 


Parker,  Sir  Horatio  Gilbert  George 

and  Buenos  Aires  and  between  Alaska  and 
Hudson  Bay  and  Patagonia,  of  the  10,400  miles 
between  New  York  and  Buenos  Aires  along  the  line  of  the 
proposed  Pan-American  railway,  there  are  to-day  not  more 
than  3,500  miles  of  intercontinental  railway  sections  not 
specifically  provided  for.  The  whole  system  is  estimated 
to  cost  $200,000,000. 

Pan-American  Union.  An  organization  of 
the  republics  of  North,  Central,  and  South 
America,  formed  in  1890  (as  the  International 
Bureau  of  American  Republics)  to  carry  on  the 
work  of  the  Pan-American  Conference  (which 
see,  in  Suppl  ement) . The  present  name  was  adopted 
in  1910.  The  headquarters  of  the  Upjon  are  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  in  a building  given  by  Andrew  Carnegie  and 
the  republics.  It  is  supported  by  contributions  from  the 
republics  made  in  proportion  to  their  population. 

Panamint  Mountains.  A range  of  mountains 
in  Inyo  County,  California,  bounding  Death 
Valley  on  the  west. 

Panaon  (pa-na-on').  An  island  lying  south  of 
Leyte  Island  in  the  Philippines, 
panglao  (pan-gla'o).  An  island  southwest  of 
Bohol,  Philippine  Islands.  Area,  31  square 
miles.  Population,  14,437. 

P an  g 0 -P  an  go'.  It  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  as 
a naval  and  coaling  station  in  1872,  was  occupied  in  1887, 
and  in  Jau.,  1900  (with  the  island  of  Tutuila),  was  an- 
nexed. This  annexation  by  the  United  States  was  in 
accordance  with  the  Anglo-German  agreement  of  Nov. 
14.  1899. 

Pankhurst  (pangk'herst),  Mrs.  (Emmeline 
Goulden).  Born  in  Manchester,  England,  in 
1858.  The  English  leader  of  the  militant  move- 
ment for  woman  suffrage.  She  was  educated  at  the 
Ecole  Normale  in  Paris,  and  in  1879  married  Richard  Mars- 
den  Pankhurst  (d.  1898),  a barrister  and  worker  for  woman 
suffrage.  In  1903  she  was  a founder  of  tljp  National 
Women's  Social  and  Political  Union,  which  originated  the 
militant  policy.  She  has  been  convicted  of  conspiracy, 
has  made  use  several  times  of  the  hunger-strike,  and  has 
been  released  from  prison. 

Paolo  and  Francesca  (pa'6-16  and  fran- 
ches'ka).  A drama  by  Stephen  Phillips,  pub- 
lished in  1899.  The  theme,  the  love  of  Paolo  for  his 
elder  brother’s  wife,  Francesca,  is  a favorite  one  in  litera- 
ture and  has  been  used  by  many  writers  from  Dante  on- 
ward. See  Francesca  da  Rimini. 

Papua  (pap'6-a  or  pa-po'a),  Territory  of. 
The  official  title,  since  Sept.  1,  1906,  of  British 
New  Guinea. 

Paragould  (par'a-gold).  The  county-seat  of 
Greene  County,  Arkansas,  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  the  State.  It  is  a shipping-point  for 
lumber,  and  has  wood-working  establishments, 
cotton-gins,  and  foundries.  Formerly  called 
Parmly.  Population,  5,248,  (1910). 

Paragua  (pii-ra'gwa).  2.  A province  of  the 
Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Mindoro 
(separated  by  Mindoro  Strait)  on  the  north  ; the  Visayan 
Sea  and  the  Sulu  (J0I6)  Sea  on  the  east;  Balabac  Strait 
(separating  it  from  islands  north  of  Borneo)  on  the  south  ; 
and  the  China  Sea  on  the  west.  Capital,  Puerto  Princesa. 
It  includes  Paragua  (Palawan)  and  more  than  500  other 
islands,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the  Calamianes 
on  the  north,  the  Cagayanes  and  Cuyos  groups  aud  Du- 
maran  on  the  east,  and  Balabac  and  adjacent  islands  on 
the  south.  The  southern  part  of  the  province  was  for- 
merly a military  district,  Paragua  Sur.  The  principal 
harbors  are  Puerto  Princesa  (Port  Royalist)  on  the  eastern, 
Malampaya  and  Port  Barton  on  the  northwestern,  and 
Ulugan  on  the  western  coast  of  Paragua  (Palawan),  all 
safe  for  large  vessels  in  all  weather.  A mountain-range 
of  considerable  altitude,  except  near  iat.  10°  N.,  extends 
through  the  island  from  northeast  to  southwest.  The 
loftiest  peaks  are  Cleopatra’s  Needle,  5,200  feet,  Landar- 
gun,  5,397  feet,  Victoria,  5,680  feet,  Mantalingajan,  6,843 
feet,  and  Cautarag,  5,868  feet  in  height.  The  mountains 
are  covered  with  forests  of  valuable  woods.  The  rivers 
are  short.  Pineapples,  sweet  potatoes,  nutmegs,  rice,  and 
tobacco  are  produced.  Cattle,  goats,  and  fowls  are  raised. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Tagbanuas,  Bataks,  and  Moros. 
Area  of  Paragua  (Palawan)  Island,  4,027  square  miles ; 
population,  10,918;  area  of  province,  5,238  square  miles; 
population,  35,696. 

Paris  (par'is).  The  county-seat  of  Lamar 
County,  Texas,  92  miles  northeast  of  Dallas. 
It  is  the  trade  center  of  a cotton-growing  region, 
and  has  cotton-gins,  cotton-seed  oil  mills,  etc. 
Population,  11,269,  (1910). 

Park  City  (park  sit'i).  A town  in  Knox  County, 
Tennessee,  incorporated  in  1907.  Population, 
5,126,  (1910). 

Parker  (par'ker),  Alton  Brooks.  Born  at 
Cortland,  N.  Y.,  May  14,  1852.  An  American 
jurist.  He  was  graduated  from  the  Albany  Law  School ; 
was  surrogate  of  Ulster  County,  New  York,  1877-85;  was 
chairman  of  the  New  York  State  Democratic  committee 
in  1885;  was  elected  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
New  York  in  1886;  was  a member  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals,  second  division,  1889-92,  of  the  general  term 
1893-96,  and  of  the  appellate  division  1896-97 ; and  was 
chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  New  York,  from 
Jan.  1,  1898,  until  August.  6,  1901,  when  he  resigned  to 
accept  (he  Democratic  nomination  for  the  presidency. 
He  polled  a popular  vote  of  6,082,764  against,  the  7,624,489 
cast  for  President  Roosevelt,  and  resumed  (in  New  York 
city)  the  practice  of  law. 

Parker  (piir'ker),  Sir  Horatio  Gilbert 


Parker,  Sir  Horatio  Gilbert  George 

George:  known  as  Gilbert.  Born  at  Camden 
East,  Ontario,  Nov.  23,  1862.  A Canadian  au- 
thor. He  established  a residence  in  England  and  has  been 
Conservative  member  of  Parliament  for  Gravesend  since 
1900.  He  was  knighted  in  1902.  His  works  include  “Pierre 
and  his  People"  (1893),  “The  Translation  of  a Savage” 
(1893),  “ A Lover's  Hiary : Songs  in  Sequence  ” (1894), 
“ When  Valmond  Came  to  Pontiac  ” (1895),  “ The  Seats  of 
the  Mighty"  (1896),  “The  Pomp  of  the  Lavilettes”  (1897), 
“ The  Battle  of  the  Strong  " (1897),  “ The  Lane  that  Had 
no  Turning  " (1900),  “The  Bight  of  Way  "(1901),  “Dono- 
van Pasha"  (1902),  “Old  Quebec”  (1903:  with  Claude  G. 
Bryan),  “A  Ladder  of  Swords"  (1904),  “The  Weavers” 
(1907),  “Northern  Lights”  (1909),  “Cumner’s  Son "(1910), 
etc. 

Parker  (par'k&r),  Horatio  William.  Born 

at  Auburndale,  Mass.,  Sept.  15,  1863.  An 
American  composer,  organist,  and  teacher. 

His  first  work  was  a cantata,  “ King  Trojan,”  brought  out 
in  Munich  in  1885.  He  has  been  organist  in  a number  of 
churches  in  New  York  city.  In  1894  he  was  made  profes- 
sor of  music  in  Yale  University.  Among  his  most  im- 
portant works  are  “ Hora  Novissima,”  an  oratorio  (1893), 
“St.  Christopher”  (1898),  and  a concerto  for  organ  and 
orchestra.  “Mona,  an  opera,  with  libretto  by  Brian 
Hooker,  received  in  1911  the  $10,000  prize  ottered  by  the 
directors  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  Company,  New  York, 
for  the  best  opera  by  an  American  composer. 

Parker  (par'ker),  Joseph.  Born  at  Hexham- 
on-Tyne,  Northumberland,  April  9,  1830:  died 
at  London,  November  28,  1902.  An  English 
Congregational  minister  and  pulpit  orator. 
He  was  minister  of  the  Cavendish  Chapel,  Manchester, 
1858-69,  and  of  the  City  Temple,  London,  1869-1902.  He 
published  several  books  on  religious  subjects  and  his 
autobiography,  “ A Preacher’s  Life  ” (1899). 

Parkes  (parks),  Sir  Henry.  Born  in  War- 
wickshire, May  27,  1815:  died  at  Sydney, 
April  27,  1896.  An  Australian  statesman.  He 
emigrated  to  Sydney,  Australia,  in  1839  ; founded  and 
edited  (1850-57)  the  “ Empire  ” newspaper  as  the  organ  of 
Liberalism  in  New  South  Wales  ; and  was  colonial  secre- 
tary 1866-68  and  premier  of  New  South  Wales  1872-75, 
1878-82,  and  1887-89.  He  was  knighted  in  1877.  In  1891 
ire  presided  over  the  Federation  Conference.  He  pub- 
lished volumes  of  poems,  political  speeches,  "Fifty  Years 
in  the  Making  of  Australian  History  ” (1892),  etc. 

Parks,  Mrs.  See  * Robins,  Elizabeth. 

Parliament  . The  House  of  Lords  comprises  peers  who 
hold  their  seats  by  hereditary  right,  or  by  creation  of  the 
sovereign,  or  by  election  for  life  (Irish  peers),  or  by  election 
for  a given  parliament  (Scottish  peers),  or  by  virtue  of  their 
office  (English  bishops).  The  full  assembly  would  consist 
of  over  600  members.  Of  the  elected  peers  16  are  Scottish 
and  28  are  Irish.  The  House  of  Commons  consists  of 
representatives  of  county,  borough,  and  university  con- 
stituencies in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland.  The  total 
number  is  670,  of  which  377  represent  counties,  284  bor- 
oughs, and  9 universities.  There  are  465  English,  30  Welsh, 
72  Scottish,  and  103  Irish  members. 

Parliament  Act.  See  * Veto  Bill. 

Parloa  (par-16'a),  Maria.  Born  in  Massachu- 
setts in  1843:  died  at  Bethel,  Conn.,  Aug.  21, 
1909.  An  American  writer  and  lecturer  on 
cookery  and  home  economics,  she  gave  courses 
of  instruction  in  several  New  England  schools,  lectured  in 
various  cities  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1882  opened  a 
cooking-school  in  New  York  city.  Besides  contributing 
articles  on  domestic  topics  to  various  periodicals,  she  pub- 
lished “ First  Principles  of  Household  Management  and 
Cookery,"  “Kitchen  Companion,”  “New  Cook  Book  and 
Marketing  Guide,”  etc. 

Parlow  (par'lo),  Kathleen.  Born  at  Calgary, 
Alberta,  in  1890.  A Canadian  violinist. 
She  made  her  first  public  appearance  at  San  Francisco,  at 
the  age  of  six.  In  1905  she  went  to  London,  and  later  to 
St.  Petersburg,  where  she  studied  with  Leopold  Auer,  and 
subsequently  appeared  as  a virtuoso  in  many  of  the  large 
European  cities.  She  made  her  debut  at  New  York,  Dec. 
1,  1910,  playing  the  Tschaikovsky  concerto  with  the  Rus- 
sian Symphony  Orchestra. 

Parrish  (par'ish),  Maxfield.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, July  25,  1870.  An  American  painter 
and  illustrator,  son  of  Stephen  Parrish.  He 
studied  art  at  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts 
and  under  Howard  Pyle ; was  elected  associate  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design  in  New  York  in  1905  and 
member  in  1906 ; and  is  also  a fellow  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  He  has  developed  a style  of 
dignity  and  power  in  color  and  design  which  is  best 
shown  in  his  colored  illustrations. 

Parrish  (par'ish),  Stephen.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, July  9,  1846.  An  American  landscape- 
painter  and  etcher.  He  first  exhibited  pictures  at 
the  Pennsylvania  Academy  in  1878  and  at  the  National 
Academy  in  New  York  in  1879.  His  first  plate  was  etched 
in  December,  1879.  He  belongs  to  the  New  York  Etching 
Club,  and  to  the  Royal  Society  of  Painter-Etchers,  Lon- 
don. 

Parry,  Sir  Charles  Hubert  Hastings. 

In  1894  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Music,  succeeding  Sir  George  Grove.  He  was  professor  of 
music  at  Oxford  University  1899-1908,  succeeding  Sir  John 
Stainer. 

Parsons  (par'sonz),  William  Barclay.  Born 
at  New  York,  April  15,  1859.  An  American 
civil  engineer.  He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Rapid 
Transit  Commission  of  New  York  city  1894-1905  ; advisory 
engineer  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Traffic  in  London  in 
1904  ; member  of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  1904-05, 
and  of  the  board  of  consulting  engineers  of  the  Panama 
Canal  1905-06;  and  chief  engineer  of  the  Cape  Cod  Canal 
1909-.  He  has  written  “ An  American  Engineer  in  China  ” 
(1900),  etc. 


Partridge  (par'trij),  William  Ordway.  Born 
at  Paris,  France,  April  11,  1861.  An  Ameri- 
can sculptor  and  author.  He  studied  art  in  Rome, 
Florence,  and  Paris  ; was  professor  of  fine  arts  in  Colum- 
bian University,  Washington  ; and  has  executed  an  eques- 
trian statue  of  General  Grant  and  a statue  of  Hamilton  for 
Brooklyn,  a statue  of  Shakspere  for  Chicago,  and  a large 
number  of  other  statues  and  busts.  His  published  works 
include  “ Art  for  America”  (1895),  “The  Song  of  Life  of  a 
Sculptor  ” (1895),  “ Technique  of  Sculpture  ” (1895),  “ The 
Angel  of  Clay”  (1900),  “Nathan  Hale”  (1902),  and  “The 
Czar’s  Gift  ” (1906). 

Pasig  (pa'sig).  1.  A river  in  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  connecting  Laguna  de  Bay  with 
Manila  Bay.  The  city  of  Manila  is  Bituated  at  its 
mouth.  It  is  navigable,  even  at  low  water,  by  cascos  and 
by  launches  of  5 or  6 feet  draft. 

2.  A town,  the  capital  of  Rizal  province,  Lu- 
z6n,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population 
of  municipality,  11,278. 

Passy  (pa-se'),  Frederic.  Born  at  Paris,  May 
20,  1822:  died  there,  June  12,  1912.  A French 
economist  and  author.  Between  I860  and  1902  he 
taught  political  economy  in  various  schools  near  and  at 
Paris,  and  was  a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
1881-89.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  International 
Peace  League  in  1867,  and  of  the  Interparliamentary  Peace 
Union  in  1888,  and  a member  of  the  committee  of  the 
International  Peace  Bureau  at  Bern  in  1892.  In  1901  he 
received  the  Nobel  peace  prize.  He  published  “Melanges 
economiques”  (1857),  “ Lemons  d’economie  politique' ’(1860- 
1861),  “Les  machines  et  leur  influence  surle  progres  social  ” 
(1866),  “L’Histoire  du  travail”  (1873),  “La  solidarity  du 
travail  et  du  capital”  (1875),  “Verites  et  paradoxes” 
(1894),  etc. 

Passy  (pa-se'),  Paul  Edouard.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles  in  1859.  A French  philologist.  He  is  an 
advocate  of  phonetic  spelling  and  founded  the  Phonetic 
Association.  Since  1894  he  has  .held  the  adjunct  director- 
ship of  universal  and  comparative  phonetics  in  the  Ecule 
Pratique  des  Hautes  Etudes  of  the  Sorbonne,  Paris.  He  has 
published  “Le  Francais  parle ” (1886),  “Les  sons  du^f  ran  - 
sais,  leur  formacion,  leur combinaizon,  etc.”  (1887),  “ Etude 
sur  les  changements  phonetiques  ” (1890),  “ Elemental*- 
buch  desgesprochenen  ranziesisch  ” (1893  : with  F.  Beyer). 

Pasteur  Institute  (pas-ter'  in'sti-tut).  An 
institution  founded  at  Paris  in  1886,  by  inter- 
national public  subscription,  for  tbe  treatment 
of  hydrophobia  by  Pasteur’s  method,  it  was 

enabled  by  later  subscriptions  to  undertake  also  the 
treatment  of  other  diseases,  the  production  of  serums, 
and  the  advancement  of  biological  chemistry.  Other 
Pasteur  institutes  have  been  established  at  Lille,  Tunis, 
Constantinople,  New  York,  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Buenos 
Aires,  Montevideo,  and  elsewhere. 

Patin  (pa-tan'),  Henri  Joseph  Guillaume. 

Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  21,  1793:  died  there,  Feb. 
19,1876.  A French  writer.  He  was  elected  a mem- 
her  of  the  French  Academy  in  1843  and  became  its  per- 
petual secretary  in  1871.  His  most  noted  work  is  “ Etudes 
sur  les  tragiques  grecs  ou  examen  critique  d’Eschyle,  etc.” 
(1841-43). 

Patmore',  Coventry  Kersey  Dighton. 

His  later  works  include  “The  Unknown  Eros,  and  Other 
Odes”  (1877),  “Amelia”  (1878),  collected  poems  (1886), 
“ Principle  in  Art”  (1889),  “Religio  Poetse”  (1893),  and 
“Rod,  Root,  and  Flower”  (1895). 

Pattison  (pat'i-son),  Dorothy  Wyndlow: 
known  as  Sister  Dora.  Born  at  Haukswell, 
Yorkshire,  Jan.  16,  1832:  died  at  Walsall, 
Staffordshire,  Dec.  24,  1878.  An  English 
philanthropist,  sister  of  Mark  Pattison.  she 
joined  the  sisterhood  of  the  Good  Samaritan  at  Coatham, 
Yorkshire,  in  1864 ; was  connected  with  its  cottage 
hospital  at  Walsall ; and  became  an  excellent  surgical 
nurse  and  devoted  herself  to  the  care  of  the  poor.  In 
1877  she  took  charge  of  the  Municipal  Epidemic  Hospital 
in  Walsall. 

Paul  (pal),  Herbert  Woodfield.  Born  1853. 
An  English  essayist  and  historian.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  andat  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Lincoln’s  Inu  in  1878 ; and 
was  Liberal  member  of  Parliament  for  South  Edinburgh 
1892-99  and  for  Northampton  1906-09  ; and  has  been 
second  civil  service  commissioner  since  1909.  He  has  pub- 
lished “Men  and  Letters  "(1901),“  Matthew  Arnold  ”(1902), 
“History  of  Modern  England”  (1904-06),  “Lord  Acton” 
(1904),  “Life  of  Froude”  (1905),  “Stray  Leaves”  (1906), 
“Queen  Anne ” (1906),  etc. 

Paulhan  (poul-hah'),  Louis.  Born  at  Pdzenas, 
Herault,  July  19,  1883.  A French  aviator. 

On  August  25, 1909,  he  made  a record,  atRheims,  by  a flight 
of  81.35  miles  in  2 hours,  43  minutes,  4J  seconds ; and  April 
27-28,  1910,  he  won  a prize  of  $50,000  by  a flight  from 
London  to  Manchester  (185  miles)  in  12  hours.  At  the 
Los  Angeles  meet  in  January,  1910,  he  reached  an  altitude 
of  4,165  feet,  the  world’s  record  at  that  time. 

Paulsen  (poul'sen),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Lang- 
enhorn,  North  Friesland,  July  16,  1846:  died 
at  Steglitz,  near  Berlin,  Aug.  14,  1908.  A 
German  scholar,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
pedagogics  in  the  University  of  Berlin  from 
1878.  His  works  include  “Griindung,  Organisation, 
und  Lebensordnungen  der  deutschen  Universitaten  im 
Mittelalter”  (1881),  “Geschichte  des  gelehrten  Unter- 
richts  auf  den  deutschen  Schulen  und  Universitaten  ” 
(1885),  “ Einleitung  in  die  Philosophic  ” (1891),  “ Immanuel 
Kant”  (1898),  etc. 

Pauncefote  (pans'fut),  Sir  Julian,  Lord 
Pauncefote.  Born  Sept.  13.  1828:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  0.,  May  24,  1902.  An  English 
diplomatist.  He  was  knighted  in  1874  and  raised  to 


Peace  Conference 

the  peerage  as  Baron  Pauncefote  in  1899;  was  Britisli 
minister  to  the  United  States  1889-93,  and  ambassador 
1893-1902;  conducted  the  negotiations  at  Washington 
which  led  to  the  settlement  of  the  Bering  Sea  controversy 
the  Anglo- Venezuelan  boundary  arbitration,  etc  • and 
was  senior  British  delegate  at  The  Hague  Peace  Conference 
in  1899.  Throughout  his  life  he  did  much  for  the  cause 
of  international  arbitration. 

Paur  (pour),  Emil.  Born  at  Czernowitz,  Bu- 
kowma,  Aug.  29,  1855.  An  Austrian  musical 
conductor.  He  studied  with  his  father,  and  later  at 
theVienna  Conservatory,  making  his  debutas  a pianist  and 
violinist  at  the  age  of  eight,  and  seven  years  later  becom- 
ing a first  violin  in  the  Vienna  court  orchestra.  He  began 
his  career  as  a conductor  at  Cassel  in  1876.  In  1893  he  be- 
came conductor  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra,  in  1898 
of  the  New  York  Philharmonic  Society,  in  1904  of  the  Pitts- 
burgh Orchestra,  and  in  1912  succeeded  Muck  in  Berlin. 

Pavlof  (pav'lof),  Ivan  Petrovitch.  Born  at 
Ryazan,  Sept.  26,  1849.  A Russian  physiolo- 
gist, professor  of  physiology  and  director  of 
the  physiological  laboratory  in  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  Sciences  and  head  of  the  depart- 
ment of  physiology  in  the  Imperial  Institute 
of  Experimental  Medicine  at  St.  Petersburg. 
In  1904  he  was  awarded  the  Nobel  prize  for 
medicine. 

Pavlova  (pav'16-fa),  Anna.  Born  about  1880. 
A Russian  dancer.  She  was  trained  in  the  ballet 
school  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  became  a member  of  the 
imperial  ballet  at  the  opera-house.  She  has  appeared  in 
Berlin,  Paris,  London,  and  America.  Her  New  York 
debut  was  made  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House  (season 
of  1909-10),  in  “Coppelia.  ” She  also  dances  divertisements, 
usually  appearing  with  Mikail  Mordkin. 

Payne  (pan),  Henry  Clay.  Born  at  Ash- 
field,  Mass.,  Nov.  23,  1843:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Oct.  4,  1904.  An  American  busi- 
ness man  and  politician.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Republican  National  Committee  from  1880 ; and  was  post- 
master of  Milwaukee  1876-86,  and  postmaster-general 
1902-04. 

Peabody  (pe'bod-i),  Francis  Greenwood. 

Born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  4,  1847.  An 
American  theologian.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1869,  and  was  pastor  of  the  First  Parish  Church  of 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1874-80.  He  was  Parkman 
professor  of  theology  in  Harvard  University  1881-86, 
Plummer  professor  of  Christian  morals  1886^1913,  and 
dean  of  the  Divinity  School  1901-05.  He  has  written 
“Mornings  in  the  College  Chapel ” (1896,  1908),  “After- 
noons in  the  College  Chapel”  (1898),  “Jesus  Christ  and 
the  Social  Question”  (1900),  “Religion  of  an  Educated 
Man  ” (1903),  “Jesus  Christ  and  the  Christian  Character’ 
(1906),  “ Tile  Approach  to  the  Social  Question  ” (1909),  etc. 

Peabody  (pe'bod-i),  Josephine  Preston.  Born 
at  New  York.  An  American  author.  She  was 
educated  at  Radcliffe  College  1894-96,  and  was  instructor 
in  literature  in  W'ellesley  College  1901-03.  She  has  written 
“The  Wayfarers,”  verse  (1898),  “The  Singing  Leaves” 
(1903),  “The  Piper,"  a drama,  which  won  the  Stratford 
prize  (1909),  “The  Singing  Man,”  poems  (1911),  etc.  She 
married  Mr.  Lionel  Simeon  Marks  in  1906. 

Peabody  (pe'bod-i),  Robert  Swain.  Born  at 
New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Feb.  22,  1845.  An 
American  architect.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
University  in  1866,  and  later  studied  at  the  ficole  des 
Beaux- Arts,  Paris.  Since  1870  he  has  practised  architec- 
ture  in  Boston.  He  is  chairman  of  the  Boston  Park  Com- 
mission. He  was  president  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects  1900-01,  and  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Architects 
1902-05,  1907-09. 

Peace,  Palace  of.  A building  at  The  Hague, 
to  he  occupied  by  the  International  Arbitra- 
tion Court.  The  money  for  its  erection  was  given  by 
Andrew  Carnegie.  The  foundation  stone  was  laid  July 
30,  1907. 

Peace  Conference.  1.  A conference  of  nations, 
called  by  the  Czar  of  Russia,  which  met  at 
The  Hague  May  18- July  29,  1899.  it  was  held  in 
the  palace  known  as  the  “House  in  theW'ood.”  Twenty- 
six  nations  sent  delegates.  The  objects  proposed  by  the 
czar  were  (1)  the  prevention  of  an  increase  (and  if 
possible  the  reduction)  of  the  armaments  of  the  world  and 
of  the  budgets  caused  by  them  ; (2)  the  mitigation  of  the 
horrors  and  cruelties  of  war  by  discarding  submarine 
torpedo-boats,  certain  explosives  and  missiles,  and  bomb- 
balloons,  the  neutralization  of  relief  parties,  and  the  re- 
vision of  the  laws  and  customs  of  war ; and  (3)  the  estab- 
lishment of  a permanent  court  of  arbitration.  The  first 
object  met  with  unanimous  approval,  but  power  to  secure 
it  was  not  granted  ; the  second  was  substantially  advanced 
by  conventions  and  declarations  respecting  the  laws  and 
customs  of  war  by  land  and  of  maritime  war ; and  by  a 
convention  for  the  pacific  settlement  of  international  dis- 
putes the  permanent  court  of  arbitration  was  established. 
This  court,  sometimes  called  The  Hague  Court  or  The 
Hague  Tribunal,  consists  of  not  more  than  four  arbitra- 
tors named  by  each  of  the  signatory  powers.  (They  num- 
bered forty-one  in  1910.)  An  international  bureau,  resi- 
dent at  The  Hague,  is  the  medium  of  arrangement.  Each 
of  the  two  powers  which  are  parties  to  a dispute  selects 
two  arbitrators  from  the  many  constituting  the  permanent 
court,  and  these  four  (or  a third  power)  selects  a fifth  or 
umpire  who  acts  as  president  of  that  particular  tribunal. 
Sessions  are  held  in  accordance  with  the  agreement  and 
convenience  of  the  parties  in  dispute. 

2.  An  international  conference,  proposed  by 
the  President  of  the  United  States  in  1904, 
which  sat  at  The  Hague  June  15-Oct.  18, 1907 : 
the  invitation  was  given  by  the  Czar  of  Russia. 

Conventions  relating  to  the  following  subjects  were  agreed 
upon  : the  pacific  settlement  of  international  disputes  ; an 


Peace  Conference 

international  prize  court ; the  rights  and  duties  of  neutrals 
on  land  and  at  sea ; the  laying  of  submarine  mines ; 
the  discharge  of  projectiles  and  explosives  from  bal- 
loons ; the  bombardment  of  towns  from  the  sea ; the 
forcible  collection  of  debts ; the  use  of  merchantmen  as 
war-ships ; the  extension  of  the  Geneva  Convention  and 
the  Red  Cross  to  warfare  at  sea;  and  the  regulation  of 
land  warfare.  It  strongly  urged  on  the  nations  the 
necessity  of  limiting  armaments,  compulsory  arbitration, 
and  the  need  for  a judicial  international  court,  offering  a 
draft  for  its  organization,  and  recommended  a third  peace 
conference. 

Pearl  Harbor  (perl  har'bor).  A harbor  in  the 
Pearl  River,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Oahu, 
Hawaiian  Islands,  about  7 miles  west  of  Hono- 
lulu. In  1909  the  United  States  government 
began  the  construction  of  a naval  station  here, 
with  extensive  military  works. 

Pearson  (per'son),  Karl.  Born  1857.  An 
English  mathematician,  Galton  professor  of 
eugenics  and  director  of  the  Laboratory  for 
National  Eugenics  in  the  University  of  London. 
He  has  written  “The  Ethic  of  Free  Thought”  (1888), 
“Grammar  of  Science  ”(1892:  enlarged  1899),  “ The  Chances 
of  Death  and  Other  Studies  in  Evolution"  (1897),  “ National 
Life  from  the  Standpoint  of  Science”  (1901),  “Scope  and 
Importance  to  the  State  of  the  Science  of  National  Eugen- 
ics ’ ’ (1907),  etc.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  ‘ ‘Biometrika.  ” 
Peary*,  Robert  Edwin,  in  July,  1905,  he  again 
set  out  for  the  pole  in  the  Roosevelt.  He  wintered  ou 
the  northeast  coast  of  Grant  Land  and  in  February,  1906, 
started  north.  He  reached  lat.  87“  6'  N.  on  April  21. 
He  was  obliged  to  return  owing  to  lack  of  supplies. 
During  this  expedition  he  traced  the  north  coast  of 
Grant  Land  and  discovered  new  land  at  about  long. 
100“  W.  He  planned  another  attempt  to  reach  the  pole 
in  1907,  but  was  obliged  to  postpone  it  until  1908.  On 
July  17  he  set  sail  in  the  Roosevelt  from  Sydney,  Cape 
Breton,  intending  to  winter  in  the  north  of  Grant 
Land.  On  his  return  he  announced,  by  wireless  message 
from  Indian  Harbor,  Labrador,  on  Sept.  6,  1909,  that  he 
had  reached  the  pole  April  6,  1909.  He  arrived  in  the 
Roosevelt  at  Cape  Sheridan,  Grant  Land,  where  he  win- 
tered, on  Sept.  1,  1908.  The  sledge  expedition  (including 
7 members  of  the  exploring  party  and  59  Eskimos)  was 
begun  Feb.  15-22,  Peary  himself  starting  on  the  latter 
date,  and  arrived  at  Cape  Columbia.  On  March  1 the 
dash  from  Cape  Columbia  for  the  pole  was  begun.  The 
pole  was  reached  by  Peary,  Henson,  and  four  Eskimos 
on  April  6 and  was  left  on  April  7,  and  Cape  Columbia 
was  reached  on  April  23.  He  has  written  “ Northward 
Over  the  Great  Ice  ” (1898),  “ Nearest  the  Pole”  (1907), 
and  “The  North  Pole  ’’  (1910).  He  received  the  thanks  of 
Congress  and  was  retired  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral 
in  1911. 

Peary  (pe'ri)  Channel.  The  channel  which 
separates  Markham  Island  and  Melville  Land 
from  northern  Greenland : named  for  the 
arctic  explorer  R.  E.  Peary. 

Peary  Land  (pe'ri  land).  The  northern  and 
northwestern  section  of  Greenland,  about  lat. 
76°-82°  30'  N.,  long.  30°-75°  W.  It  was  trav- 
ersed by  Robert  Edwin  Peary  and  his  party  in 
1892. 

Peck  (pek),  Annie  Smith.  Born  at  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island.  An  American  explorer, 
especially  noted  as  a mountain-climber.  She 
was  graduated  at  the  State  Normal  School,  University  of 
Michigan,  in  1878,  and  studied  in  the  American  School 
of  Classical  Studies  at  Athens.  She  climbed  the  Matter- 
horn in  1895,  and  Popocatepetl  and  Orizaba  in  1897,  and 
iu  1908  made  the  first  ascent  of  Huascardn  in  Peru. 
She  had  previously  (1904)  climbed  the  last-named  moun- 
tain to  the  height  of  19,000  feet.  In  this  year  she  also 
attained  au  altitude  of  about  20,500  feet  on  Sorata,  in 
Bolivia. 

Peckham  (pek'ham),  Rufus  Wheeler.  Born 
Nov.  8, 1838 : died  Oct.  24,  1909.  An  American 
jurist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1859;  was  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  1883-86;  was  asso- 
ciate judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  New  York,  1886-95 ; 
and  was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  1895-1909.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Democratic 
national  conventions  of  1876  and  1880. 

Peer  Gynt  (par  giint).  A dramatic  poem  writ- 
ten in  1867  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  and  presented  on 
the  stage  in  New  York  in  1907  by  Richard 
Mansfield.  Grieg  has  composed  a suite,  in  two 
series,  based  upon  the  poem. 

Peg  Woffington  (wof'ing-ton).  A story  by 
Charles  Reade,  published  in  1852.  See 
Woffington,  Margaret. 

Peirce  (pers),  Benjamin  Osgood.  Born  at 
Beverly,  Mass.,  Feb.  11,  1854.  An  American 
physicist  and  mathematician,  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in  Har- 
vard University  from  1888.  He  was  assistant 
professor  of  mathematics  and  physics  there 
1884-88. 

Peirce  (pers),  Herbert  Henry  Davis.  Born 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  April  11,  1849.  An 
American  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed  sec- 
retai’y  of  the  United  States  legation  at  St. 
Petersburg  in  1894;  was  first  secretary  of  the 
embassy  there  1898-1901;  was  appointed  third 
assistant  secretary  of  state  in  1901;  and 
was  minister  to  Norway  1906-11. 

Pelasgicon  (pe-las'ji-kon).  A kind  of  terraced 
outwork  at  the  western  end  of  the  Acropolis 


at  Athens:  also  called  Enneapylon,  from  its 
nine  gates. 

Pelleas  et  M61isande  (pal-la-as'  a ma-le- 
sand').  An  opera  by  Claude  Debussy  (words 
by  Maurice  Maeterlinck),  first  produced  at 
Paris  in  1902. 

Pelletier  (pe-le-tya/),  Sir  Charles  Alphonse 
Pantaleon.  Born  at  Riviere  Ouelle,  Quebec, 
Jau.  22,  1837 : died  at  Quebec,  April  29,  1911. 
A Canadian  Liberal  statesman,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  province  of  Quebec  1908-11.  He 
was  graduated  at  Laval  University  in  1858 ; was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1860;  was  appointed  queen's  counsel  in  1879; 
and  was  made  a companion  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George  in  1898.  He  sat  for  Kamouraska  in  the 
House  of  Commons  1869-77,  and  for  Quebec,  East,  in  the 
Quebec  Legislative  Assembly  1873-74 ; was  minister  of 
agriculture  in  the  Mackenzie  administration  1877-78 ; 
was  called  to  the  Senate  in  1877,  and  was  its  speaker  1896- 
1901 ; and  resigned  his  seat  in  1905.  He  was  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  the  province  of  Quebec  1905-08. 

Peloubet  (pe-16'bet),  Francis  Nathan.  Born 
at  New  York,  Dec.  2,  1831.  An  American 
clergyman  and  author  of  works  on  the  Bible 
for  Sunday-school  teachers  and  scholars.  He 
was  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1853,  and  at  the 
Bangor  Theological  Seminary  in  1857 ; and  was  pastor 
of  various  Congregational  churches  from  1857  to  1883. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  “Select  Notes  on  the  Interna- 
tional Sunday  School  Lessons  ” (1875-).  His  other  works 
include  “The  Teacher’s  Commentary  on  Matthew  and  on 
Acts,"  “The  Book  of  Job,  a Drama,”  etc. 

Pemberton  (pem'ber-ton),  Max.  Born  at 
Birmingham,  June  19, 1863.  An  English  author. 

He  was  educated  at  Cains  College,  Cambridge,  and  was 
editor  of  “Cassell’s  Magazine  ” 1896-1906.  He  has  written 
many  novels  and  short  stones.  Among  his  published 
volumes  are  “ The  Impregnable  City  ’ ’ (1895),  “ Queen  of  the 
Jesters  ” (1897),  “The  Garden  of  Swords  ” (1899),  “Beatrice 
of  Venice”  (1904),  “The  Hundred  Days”  (1905),  “Sir 
Richard  Esoombe”  (1908),  “The  Show  Girl”  (1909), 
“White  Motley”  (1911),  “Captain  Black  ” (1911),  etc. 
Pembroke  (pern' bruk).  3.  A town,  the  capi- 
tal of  Renfrew  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  it  is 

in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county,  on  the  Ottawa 
river.  The  Muskrat  river  flows  through  the  town  and 
supplies  power  for  sawmills,  flour-mills,  etc.  Population, 
5,626,  (1911). 

Penck  (pengk),  Albrecht.  Born  at  Reudnitz, 
a suburb  of  Leipsic,  Sept.  25,  1858.  A noted 
German  geographer,  professor  of  geography 
in  the  University  of  Vienna  1885-1906,  and  in 
the  University  of  Berlin  1906-.  He  has  written 
“ Morphologie  der  Erdoberfliiche ” (1894),  etc.,  and  numer- 
ous  scientific  papers. 

Pender  (pen'der),  Sir  John.  Born  Sept.  10, 
1816:  died  at  Footscray  Place,  Kent,  July  7, 
1896.  An  English  merchant,  one  of  the  earliest 
promoters  of  submarine  telegraphy.  He  was  one 
of  the  contributors  to  the  formation  of  the  first  Atlantic 
Cable  Company  in  1866,  and  was  a liberal  supporter  of  the 
enterprise  through  the  difficulties  which  for  many  years 
beset  it.  Its  final  success  was  largely  due  to  his  efforts. 

Penfield  (pen'feld),  Samuel  Lewis.  Born  at 
Catskill,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1856:  died  Aug.  12, 
1906.  An  American  mineralogist,  professor 
of  mineralogy  in  Yale  University  1893-1906. 

He  was  instructor  and  assistant  professor  1880-93.  He 
published  “ Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Blowpipe 
Analysis  ” (1898  : with  Brush),  and  numerous  scientific 
papers. 

Pennell*,  Joseph.  He  was  elected  N.  A.  ill  1909. 
He  has  written  (in  several  instances  with  his  wife,  Eliz- 
abeth Robins  Pennell)  “A  Canterbury  Pilgrimage” 
(1885),  “An  Italian  Pilgrimage”  (1886),  “Two  Pilgrims’ 
Progress  ” (1887),  “ Our  Sentimental  Journey  through 
France  and  Italy  ” (1888),  “ Pen  Drawing  and  Pen 
Draughtsmen"  (1889),  “Our  Journey  to  the  Hebrides” 
(1889),  “The  Stream  of  Pleasure”  (1891),  “The  Jew  at 
Home  " (1892),  “ Play  in  Provence  ” (1892),  “ To  Gypsy- 
land  ” (1893),  “ Modern  Illustration  ” (1895),  “ The  Illus- 
tration of  Books  "(1896),  “The  Alhambra”  (1896),  “The 
Work  of  Charles  Keene”  (1897),  “Lithography  and  Li- 
thographists  ” (1900),  “Life  of  James  McNeill  Whistler” 
(1908),  and  “Pictures  of  the  Panama  Canal  ” (1912). 

Pennsylvania  Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts. 

An  institution,  founded  iu  1805,  consisting  of 
a museum  of  paintings,  sculptures,  and  engrav- 
ings, and  an  art  school.  Its  building  stands  on 
Cherry  and  North  Broad  streets,  Philadelphia.  Annual 
exhibitions  of  the  works  of  living  artists  are  held  here  in 
winter. 

Perch,  Philemon.  A pseudonym  of  Richard 
Malcolm  Johnston. 

Pereda  (pa-ra'THa),  Jose  Maria  de.  Born  at, 
Polanco,  near  Santander,  Spain,  Feb.  7, 1834: 
died  at  Madrid,  March  2,  1906.  A Spanish 
novelist.  Among  his  works  are  “Escenas  montanesas" 
(1864),  “El  buey  suelto”  (1877),  “Don  Gonzalo  Gonzalez 
de  la  Gonzalera  " (1878),  “De  t.al  palo,  tal  astilla  ” (1879), 
“Pedro  Sanchez”  (1883),  “Sotileza”  (1885),  “La  Puchera" 
(1889),  “ La  Montalvez  ” (1891),  “ Penas  arriba  ” (1895),  etc. 

Perkin  (per'kin),  Sir  William  Henry.  Born 
at  London,  March  12,  1838;  died  at  Sudbury, 
July  14,  1907.  An  English  chemist.  He 
founded  the  coal-tar  color  industry  by  the 
discovery  of  the  mauve  dye  in  1856.  He  was 
knighted  in  1906. 

Perosi  (pa-ro'si),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Tortona, 


Petrie 

Italy,  Dec.  23,  1872.  A priest  and  musical 
composer.  From  1897  to  1903  he  was  musical  director 
at  St.  Mark’s,  Venice,  and  was  then  taken  to  St.  Peter’s 
by  Pope  Pius  X.  His  most  important  works  are  “The 
Passion  of  Christ,”  “ The  Transfiguration, ” “ The  Resur- 
rection of  Lazarus,”  and  “The  Birth  of  the  Redeemer.” 

Perraud  (pe-ro'j,  Adolphe  Louis  Albert. 

Born  at  Lyons,  Feb.  7,  1828 ; died  Feb.  11. 
1906.  A French  prelate  and  ecclesiastical 
writer,  bishop  of  Antun,  Chalons,  and  Macon. 

In  1865  he  was  appointed  professor  of  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory at  the  Sorbonne,  from  which  he  retired  in  1874  to 
become  bishop  of  Autun.  He  was  elected  to  the  French 
Academy  in  1882,  succeeding  Auguste  Barbier.  In  1884 
he  became  superior-general  of  the  Oratory,  and  was  created 
cardinal  by  Pope  Leo  XIII.  in  1893.  Among  his  works 
are  “ fitudes  sur  1’Irlande  contemporaine  ” (1862),  “L’Ora- 
toire  de  France  aux  XVIIe  et  XIX®  siecles  ” (1865),  “ Les 
paroles  de  l’heure  prdsente  ” (1872),  “ Le  Cardinal  de 
Richelieu  ” (1882),  “(Euvres  pastorales  et  oratoires  " (1883- 
1886),  “Le  Cardinal  Lavigerie ’’  (1893),  “Le  Pere  Gratry ’’ 
(1900),  etc. 

Perrine  (pe-rin'),  Charles  Dillon.  Born  at 
Steubenville,  Ohio,  July  28,  1867.  An  Ameri- 
can astronomer,  director  of  the  Argentine 
National  Observatory  from  1909.  He  was  as- 
sistant astronomer  and  astronomer  at  the  Lick 
Observatory  1895-1909.  He  received  the  La- 
lande  prize  of  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences 
in  1897. 

Perry  (per'i),  Bliss.  Born  at  Williamstown, 
Mass.,  Nov.  25,  1860.  An  American  editor, 
author,  and  critic,  son  of  Arthur  Latham 
Perry.  He  was  professor  of  English  in  Williams  Col- 
lege 1886-93,  and  in  Princeton  University  1893-1900.  In 
1906  he  was  appointed  professor  of  English  literature  at 
Harvard  University,  a chair  which  replaced  the  one  held 
by  Ticknor,  Longfellow,  and  Lowell.  He  was  editor  of 
the  “ Atlantic  Monthly  ” 1899-1909.  He  was  appointed 
Harvard  lecturer  at  the  University  of  Paris  for  the  year 
1909-10.  Among  his  works  are  “ The  Broughton  House  ” 
(1890),  “ Salem  Kittredge,  and  Other  Stories  ” (1894),  “ The 
Plated  City  ” (1895),  “ The  Powers  at  Play  ” (1899),  a chap- 
ter on  poetry  in  “Counsel  upon  the  Reading  of  Books  ” 
(1900),  “ A Study  of  Prose  Fiction  ” (1902),  “ The  Amateur 
Spirit”  (1904),  “Walt  Whitman  ” (1906),  “Park  Street  Pa- 
pers ” (1908),  and  “ The  American  Mind  ” (1912). 
Persia*.  Until  1906  the  government  was  an  absolute 
monarchy,  the  shah,  who  is  generally  regarded  a3  the 
vicegerent  of  the  Prophet,  being  subject  only  to  the  rules 
of  the  Mohammedan  faith.  In  that  year  a national  coun- 
cil was  established,  consisting  of  156  (elected)  members, 
60  for  Teheran  and  96  for  the  provinces.  Provision  was 
made  later  for  a senate  of  60  members,  30  to  be  appointed 
by  the  shah  and  30  to  be  elected  by  the  National  Council. 
The  constitution  as  finally  adjusted  was  signed  by  the 
shah  on  Oct.  8,  1907.  Conflict  between  the  council  and 
the  shah  (Mohammed  Ali)  resulted  in  the  dissolution  of 
the  parliament  on  June  23,  1908,  the  parliament-house 
being  attacked  and  destroyed  by  the  military.  A council 
of  state  was  then  established  in  the  place  of  the  National 
Council.  In  1909  a proclamation  was  issued  by  the  shah 
establishing  a representative  assembly  and  appointing 
the  date  of  a general  election.  On  July  16, 1909,  the  shah 
was  dethroned  by  the  constitutionalists  and  the  crown 
prince,  Ahmed  Mirza,  was  chosen  as  his  successor.  An 
agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  Russia,  with  regard 
to  their  respective  spheres  of  influence  in  Persia,  was 
signed  Aug.  31,  1907,  each  country  limiting  its  sphere  in 
the  provinces  adjoining  its  frontier.  A crisis  in  Persian 
affairs  was  produced  in  November,  1911,  through  a Russian 
ultimatum  which  contained  among  its  demands  the  in- 
stant dismissal  of  Mr.  W.  Morgan  Shuster,  the  American 
treasurer-general.  This  was  followed  by  the  advance  of 
Russian  troops  toward  Teheran  and  the  dissolution  (Dec. 
24)  of  the  assembly  (Medjlis).  Persia  became  a party  to 
the  Anglo-Russian  convention  in  1912. 

Peru*.  Tacna  and  Arica  are  still  occupied  by  Chile.  A 
boundary  dispute  with  Bolivia  which  was  referred  to  the 
president  of  the  Argentine  Republic  was  decided  by  him 
in  favor  of  Peru  in  1909. 

Peruvian  Corporation*.  (See  Grace  Contract, 
The.)  On  April  2,  1907,  an  agreement  was  signed  (annul- 
ling the  terms  previously  in  force)  by  which  the  lease  of 
the  corporation  was  extended  for  17  yeare,  the  govern- 
ment to  pay  annually,  for  30  years,  £80,000  and  to  receive 
one  half  the  net  receipts.  Provision  was  made  for  the 
continuation  of  the  work  on  the  Oroya-Huancayo  and 
Secani-Cuzco  lines,  and  the  construction  of  the  Jonan- 
Chilete  line.  The  works  at  Mollendo,  the  Chiro  Canal, 
the  silver-mines  at  Cerro  de  Pasco,  and  a debt  of  £200,000 
to  Chile  were  reserved. 

Pescadores*.  1.  They  were  ceded  by  China 
to  Japau  by  the  treaty  of  Shimonoseki  in  1895. 
Peter  (pe'ter)  I.  Born  at  Belgrad,  June  29 
(O.  S.),  1844.  King  of  Servia  1903-.  He  is  the 

son  of  Alexander  Karageorgevitch,  and  was  proclaimed 
king  by  the  army  after  the  murder  of  King  Alexander  I. 
and  Queen  Draga,  June  10,  1903.  He  married  Princess 
Zorka  of  Montenegro  in  1883. 

Petrie*,  William  Matthews  Flinders.  His 

excavations  in  Egypt,  1880-1906,  covered  the  exploration 
of  the  Greek  city  at  Naukratis  and  the  towns  of  Am  and 
Daphnac ; the  discovery  of  prehistoric  Egyptians  at  Na- 
gada ; the  discovery  at  Medurn  of  the  earliest  temple ; ex- 
cavations of  the  temples  at  Tanis,  Koptos,  and  Thebes ; 
records  of  kings  of  the  earliest  dynasties  at  Abydos ; etc. 
He  has  been  Edwards  professor  of  Egyptology  at  Univer- 
sity College,  London,  since  1893.  In  1894  he  founded  the 
Egyptian  Research  Account  (developed  in  1905  into  the 
British  School  of  Archaeology  in  Egypt).  His  later  works 
include  “History  of  Egypt"  (1894-1905),  “Egyptian 
Tales"  (1895),  “Religion  and  Conscience  in  Ancient 
Egypt”  (1898),  “Methods  and  Aims  in  Archaeology" 
(1904),  “Religion  of  Ancient  Egypt.”  (1906),  “Janus  in 
Modern  Life”  (1907),  “Personal  Religion  in  Egypt  before 


Petrie 

Christianity”  (1909),  “The  Growth  of  the  Gospels  ” (1910), 
“ Meydum  and  Memphis”  (1910),  “Egypt  and  Israel” 
(1911),  and  many  volumes  of  special  reports. 

Pettus  (pet'us),  Edmund  Winston.  Born  in 
Limestone  County,  Ala.,  July  6,  1821:  died 
July  27,  1907.  An  American  lawyer  and 
statesman,  United  Statessenator  (Democratic) 
from  Alabama  1897-1907. 

Pfleiderer  (pfli'der-er),  Otto.  Born  at  Stettin, 
Germany,  Sept.  1,  1839:  died  at  Grossliehter- 
felde,  near  Berlin,  July  18,  1908.  A German 
liberal  theologian,  professor  of  practical  the- 
ology in  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1875. 
He  published  ‘ ‘Moral  und  Religion”  (1872),  “ Gescliichte 
der  Religionsphilosophie  von  Spinoza  bis  auf  die  Gegen- 
wart”  (third  edition  1893),  “Der  Paulinismus”  (1873), 
“ Das  Urchristentum  ” (1887),  “ The  Development  of  The- 
ology since  Kant  ” (1890),  “ Philosophy  and  Development 
of  Religion”  (1894),  “ Das  Christusbild  des  urchristlichen 
Glaubens  in  religionsgeschichtlicher  Beleuchtung  ”(1903), 
“ Die  Vorbereitung  des  Christentums  in  der  grieehischen 
Philosophie  ” (1904),  “Die  Entstehung  des  Christentums  ” 
(190.'.),  etc. 

Pfliiger  (pflu'ger),  Eduard  Friedricli  Wil- 
helm. Born  J une  7,  1829  : died  March  16,  1910. 
A physiologist,  professor  in  the  University 
at  Bonn  from  1859.  He  founded  and  edited  from 
1868  the  “ Archiv  fur  die  gesammte  Physiologic.  ” 
Phelps  (felps),  William  Lyon.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  2,  1865.  An  American 
educator  and  essayist,  professor  of  English 
literature  at  Yale  University  1901-.  He  has 
written  “ The  Beginnings  of  the  English  Romantic  Move- 
ment” (1893),  “Essays  on  Modern  Novelists"  (1910), 
“Essays  on  Russian  Novelists”  (1911),  etc. 

Philippine  Islands*.  Civil  government  was  estab- 
lished in  July,  1902.  A Philippine  Assembly  was  elected 
in  July  and  opened  on  Oct  10,  1907.  The  government 
consists  of  a governor-general,  appointed  by  the  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States,  and  a legislative  assembly. 
The  assembly  comprises  an  upper  house  consisting  of  the 
Philippine  Commission  (nine  members,  including  the 
governor,  three  of  them  Filipinos),  and  a lower  house  of 
79  representatives.  There  are  four  executive  departments. 
The  islands  are  divided  into  39  provinces. 

Phillips  (fil'ips),  Sir  Claude.  A contemporary 
English  critic  and  author.  He  was  called  to  the  bar 
of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1883,  and  subsequently  became  art 
critic  of  the  “Daily  Telegraph”  and  a contributor  to 
various  periodicals  in  Europe  and  America.  He  has  pub- 
lished a “ Life  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,”  “Life  of  Antoine 
Watteau,”  “The  Earlier  Work  of  Titian,”  “The  Later 
Work  of  Titian,”  etc.  He  was  knighted  in  1911. 

Phillips  (fil'ips),  David  Graham.  Born  at 
Madison,  Ind.,  Oct.  31,  1867 : died  at  New 
York,  Jan.  24,  1911.  An  American  novelist. 
Among  his  works  are“  Her  Serene  Highness  ” (1902),  “The 
Cost”  (1904),  “The  Social  Secretary”  (1905),  “The  For- 
tune Hunter”  (1906),  “The  Second  Generation”  (1907), 
“Old  Wives  for  New”  (1908),  “The  Fashionable  Ad- 
ventures of  Joshua  Craig”  (1909),  “The  Hungry 
Heart”  (1909),  “White  Magic”  (1910),  “The  Husband’s 
Story”  (1910),  and  “The  Grain  of  Dust”  (1911). 

Phillpotts  (til 'pots),  Eden.  Born  at  Mount 
Abu,  India,  Nov.  4,  1862.  An  English  novelist. 
He  is  the  author  of  “ Down  Dartmoor  Way  ” H895),  “Lying 
Prophets”  (1897),  “Children  of  the  Mist”  (1898),  “Sons  of 
the  Morning”  (1900),  “The  Good  Red  Earth”  (1901),  “ The 
Striking  Hours ” (1901),  “The  River”  (1902),  “ My  Devon 
Year”  (1903),  “The  Golden  Fetich”  (1903),  “The  Ameri- 
can Prisoner”  (1904),  “The  Farm  of  the  Dagger  ” (1904), 
“The  Secret  Woman  (1900),  “Knock  at  a Venture”  (1905), 
“The  Portreeve”  (1906),  “The  Sinews  of  War”  (1906: 
with  Arnold  Bennett),  “The  Mother  of  the  Man”  (1908), 
“The  Virgin  in  Judgment ” (1908),  “The  Statue”  (1908: 
with  Arnold  Bennett),  “The Three  Brothers "(1909),  “Tales 
of  the  Tenements”  (1910),  “Wild  Fruit,”  poems  (1910), 
“ Demeter’s  Daughter”  (1!)11),  “The  Beacon  ” (1911),  etc. 

Piatti  (pe-at'te),  Alfredo  Carlo.  Born  at 
Bergamo,  Jan.  8,  1822:  died  near  there,  July  18, 
1901.  A famous  Italian  violoncellist.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  his  great-uncle  Zanetti,  and  (1832-37)  of  the  Milan 
Conservatory.  He  gave  many  concerts,  playing  in  Munich 
with  Liszt  in  1843,  and  in  the  following  year  appearing  in 
Paris,  Germany,  and  England.  He  played  for  many  sea- 
sons at  the  London  Popular  Concerts  (1859-98).  He  wrote 
concerted  pieces  and  solos  for  his  instrument,  and  also 
made  many  arrangements  from  the  old  masters. 

Piazza  del  Campidoglio  (pe-at'sa,  del  kam-pi- 
dol'yo).  [It.,  ‘oil  market.’]  The  open  square 
on  the  Capitoline  Hill  in  Rome,  the  Area 
Capitolina  of  the  old  city.  Until  1477  it  was  the 
general  market  of  the  city  and  remained  the  center  of 
civic  life  after  the  market  was  removed  to  the  Piazza 
Navona.  The  Senatorial  Palace  or  city  hall  is  mentioned 
as  early  as  1150.  In  1538  the  equestrian  statue  of  Marcus 
Aurelius  was  placed  in  its  present  position,  and  in  1559  a 
plan  was  made,  under  the  direction  of  Michelangelo,  ac- 
cording to  which  the  present  arrangement  of  the  build- 
ings has  been  carried  out  — the  Senatorial  Palace  in  the 
center,  the  Palace  of  the  Conservatori  on  the  right,  and 
the  Museum  of  the  Capitol  on  the  left. 

Picciola  (pet-che-6'lii).  The  story  of  the  love 
of  a prisoner  for  a flower,  written  by  Saintine 
(J.  Xavier  Boniface)  and  published  about  1836. 
The  sketch  won  for  its  author  the  Montyou  prize  and  the 
cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  It  has  been  translated  into 
many  languages. 

Pickering  (pik'er-ing),  William  Henry.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  15,  1858.  An  American 
astronomer,  assistant  professor  of  astronomy 
at  the  Harvard  Observatory  from  1887.  He  es. 


tablished  the  Arequipa  station  of  the  Harvard  Observa- 
tory in  1891  and  a station  in  Jamaica  in  1900,  and  led 
eclipse  expeditions  in  1878  (Colorado),  1880  (West  Indies), 

1889  (California),  1893  (Chile),  and  1900  (Georgia).  The  La- 
lande  prize  of  the  French  Academy  was  awarded  to  him 
in  1905  forthe  discovery  of  the  ninth  and  tenth  satellites  of 
the  planet  Saturn. 

Picquart  (pe-kar'),  Marie  George.  Born  at 
Strasburg,  Sept.  6,  1854.  A French  general 
and  statesman,  minister  of  war  under  Clemen- 
ceau  1906-09.  He  was  prominent  in  the  defense  of 
Dreyfus,  in  connection  with  which  he  was  retired  from 
the  army  in  1898  and  later  imprisoned.  He  was  restored 
to  active  service  in  1905,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general. 

Pierne  (pyar-na'),  Henri  Constant  Gabriel. 

Born  at  Metz,  Aug.  16,  1863.  A French  com- 
poser. He  studied  at  the  Baris  Conservatory,  and  in 
1882  won  the  Brix  de  Rome  with  a cantata,  “fidith."  In 

1890  he  succeeded  Cesar  Franck  as  organist  of  Ste.  Clo- 
tilde.  He  has  written  incidental  music  for  several  plays 
in  which  Sarah  Bernhardt  has  appeared,  including 
“ Izeyl,”  “La  princesse  lointaine,”  and  “ La  Samaritaine” ; 
several  operas,  including  “La  coupe  enchantee”  (1895), 
“La  Vendee ” (1897),  and  “La  fille  de  Tabarin”  (1900); 
two  choral  works,  “ Le  croisade  des  enfants  ” and  “ Les 
enfanta  de  Bethlehem  ” (1907)  ; also  songs,  piano  pieces, 
and  a number  of  orchestral  compositions.  For  several 
years  he  was  assistant  conductor  of  the  Colonne  concerts 
in  Baris,  and  after  Colonne's  death,  in  1910,  succeeded  him. 

Pilar  (pe-liir')  Islands.  A group  of  24  islands 
in  the  Sulu  (Jolo)  Archipelago. 

Pilbarra  Goldfield.  A gold-mining  region  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  Western  Australia. 
Pilot,  The.  A nautical  romance  by  James 
Fenimore  Cooper,  published  in  1823. 

Pinar  del  Rio.  2.  The  westernmost  province 
of  Cuba.  Area,  5,206  square  miles. 

Pinatubo  (pe-na-to'bo),  or  Pinalubo.  A vol- 
cano in  southern  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 
Pinchot  (pin'cho),  Gifford.  Born  at  Simsbury, 
Conn.,  Ang.  11, 1865.  An  American  naturalist, 
forester  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  1898-1910,  and  chief  of  the  Forest 
Service  until  1910.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity in  1889 ; began  the  first  systematic  forest  work  in  the 
United  States  at  Biltmore,  North  Carolina,  1892-94;  was 
a member  of  the  national  forest  commission  1895-96  ; and 
was  appointed  by  the  Bresident  a member  of  the  commit- 
tee on  organization  of  government  scientific  work  in  1903, 
of  the  commission  on  the  public  lands  in  the  same  year, 
and  of  the  committee  on  department  methods  in  1905. 
He  was  appointed  a member  of  the  Inland  Waterways 
Commission  in  1907.  He  became  president  of  the  National 
Conservation  Association  in  1910.  He  has  published  “ The 
White  Bine  ” (1896 : with  H.  S.  Graves),  “ The  Adirondack 
Spruce  ” (1898),  “ The  Fight  for  Conservation  " (1910),  etc. 

Pinero  (pi-na'ro),  Sir  Arthur  Wing.  Born  at 
Loudon,  May  24,  1855.  An  English  dramatist. 

He  was  an  actor  1874-81.  His  plays  include  “The  Squire” 
(1881),  “The  Magistrate” (1885),  “Sweet  Lavender"  (1888), 
“ The  Broliigate  ” (1892),  “The  Cabinet  Minister"  (1890), 
“Lady  Bountiful  ” (1891),  “The  Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray  1 
(1893),  “The  Notorious  Mrs.  Ebbsmith”  (1895),  “The 
Princess  and  the  Butterfly”  (1897),  “ Trelawney  of  the 
‘ Wells’  ” (1898),  “The  Gay  Lord  Quex”  (1899),  “Iris”  (1901), 
“Letty  ” (1903),  “ His  House  in  Oi-der  ” (1906),  “The  Thun- 
derbolt" (1908),  “Mid-Channel”  (1909),  “The  Mind-the- 
Baint-Giri  ” (1912),  etc. 

Pines*,  Isle  of.  In  April,  1907,  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  Isle  of  Bines  (Cuba)  is 
not  United  States  territory.  It  is  now  a municipality  of 
the  province  of  Havana. 

Pique-Dame  (pek-dam').  [F.,  ‘ Queen  of 
Spades.’]  An  opera  by  Peter  Tschaikovsky 
(text  adapted  from  Pushkin),  first  produced  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  19,  1890. 

Pirsson  (per'son),  Louis  Valentine.  Born  at 
New  York,  Nov.  3,  1860.  An  American  geolo- 
gist, professor  of  geology  in  the  Sheffield  Sci- 
entific School  of  Yale  University  from  1897. 
He  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1882 ; studied  in  Heidel- 
berg and  Baris ; and  has  been  connected  with  the  faculty 
of  the  Sheffield  School  since  1885.  He  is  assistant  editor 
of  the  “ American  Journal  of  Science,”  and  is  connected 
with  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  His  publica- 
tions include  “Rocks  and  Rock  Minerals”  (1908),  and 
numerous  geological  and  mineralogical  papers. 

Pissarro  (pes-sa'ro),  Camille.  Born  in  St. 
Thomas,  Danish  West  Indies,  July  10,  1830: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.,  1903.  A French  impres- 
sionist painter.  He  was  sent  to  Paris  to  be  educated, 
returned  home  and  essayed  a business  life,  but  went  back 
to  France  in  1855.  He  was  at  one  time  associated  with 
Monet  and  for  a short  time  with  the  pointillists.  He 
painted  the  boulevards  of  Paris,  the  streets  of  Rouen,  and 
the  landscape  of  Normandy. 

Pitlochry  (pit-loch'ri).  A village  and  health- 
resort  in  the  County  of  Perth,  Scotland,  near 
the  Pass  of  Killiecrankie. 

Pitman  (pit'man),  Benn.  Born  at  Trow- 
bridge, Wiltshire,  July  24,  1822:  died  at 
Cincinnati,  Dec.  28, 1910.  An  Anglo-American 
stenographer,  brother  of  Sir  Isaac  Pitman. 
After  lecturing  on  shorthand  in  England,  he  came  to 
America  in  1853  and  settled  in  Cincinnati,  where  he 
founded  the  Phonographic  Institute.  He  was  official  re- 
porter of  some  of  the  state  trials  at  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War.  In  1856  he  invented  an  electro-process  of  relief- 
engraving,  and  from  1873  to  1892  lectured  on  art  and 
taught  wood-carving  in  the  Cincinnati  Art  Academy.  He 


Pointelin 

published  “The  Reporter’s  Companion”  (1854),  "Manual 
of  Phonography"  (1854),  “History  of  Shorthand”  (1858), 
“Life  of  Sir  Isaac  Pitman”  (1902),  etc. 

Pittsburg.  2.  A city  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  Crawford  County,  Kansas,  it  is  situated  in  a 
coal-mining  district  and  has  zinc-works,  iron-works,  mills, 
machine-shops,  etc.  Population,  14,755,  (1910). 

Pivot  City.  A nickname  of  Geelong,  in  Vic- 
toria, Australia : so  named  from  its  supposed 
importance  in  the  future  of  the  colony. 
Plainfield  (plan'feld).  A town  in  Windham 
County,  Connecticut,  14  miles  northeast  of 
Norwich.  It  has  manufactories  of  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  etc.  Population,  6,719,  (1910). 
Plancus  (plang'kus).  A Roman  soldier,  orator, 
and  consul  (42  B.  C.).  He  served  under  Julius  Cresar 
in  the  Gallic  and  civil  wars ; attached  himself  successively 
to  Brutus,  Antony,  and  Octavius;  and  proposed  in  the 
senate  that  the  title  of  Augustus  should  be  bestowed  on 
the  last  named.  Horace  addressed  to  him  Ode  vii.,  Book  I. 

Platt  (plat),  Orville  Hitchcock.  Bom  at 

Washington,  Conn.,  July  19,  1827 : died  there, 
April  21, 1905.  An  American  lawyer  and  states- 
man, United  States  senator  (Republican)  from 
Connecticut  1879-1905. 

Plehve  (pla've),  Vjacheslaf  Konstantino- 
vitch.  Born  about  1846 : died  at  Warsaw, 
July  28,  1904.  A Russian  official.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Warsaw  and  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  held  various 
positions  in  the  ministry  of  justice,  becoming  prosecutor 
at  St.  Petersburg.  In  1881  he  was  appointed  director  of 
the  state  police,  in  1883  assistant  to  the  minister  of  the 
interior,  and  in  1894  secretary  of  state  for  Finland  and  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  empire.  As  governor  of 
Finland  he  was  hostile  to  the  Finnish  nationalists  and 
inaugurated  a policy  of  repression.  In  1902  he  became 
minister  of  the  interior.  His  administration  was  marked 
by  the  massacre  of  the  Jews  at  Kishinef,  the  spoliation 
of  the  Armenian  Church,  the  exile  of  Russian  noblemen 
holding  liberal  opinions,  and  a policy  of  ruthless  severity 
towards  the  peasantry  and  the  w orking-classes.  He  was 
killed  by  a bomb  thrown  under  his  carriage  as  he  was 
leaving  Warsaw  to  make  his  weekly  report  to  the  Czar. 

Plummer  (plum'er),  William  Edward.  Born 
at  Deptford,  England,  March  26,  1849.  An 
English  astronomer,  director  of  the  Liverpool 
Observatory.  In  1895  he  became  examiner  in 
astronomy  to  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
Plunkett  (plung'ket),  Sir*  Horace  Curzon. 
Born  Oct.  24,  1854.  An  Irish  politician.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford.  He  was  engaged  in 
ranching  in  the  United  States  1879-89,  and  on  his  return 
to  Ireland  devoted  himself  to  the  advancementof  agricul- 
ture. In  1894  he  founded  the  Irish  Agricultural  Organi- 
zation Society.  He  was  a Unionist  member  of  Parliament 
1892-1900,  and  vice-president  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  Technical  Instruction  for  Ireland  1899-1907. 
He  has  published  “ Ireland  in  the  New  Century  ” (1904), 
“Noblesse  Oblige:  an  Irish  Rendering"  (1908),  and 
“Rural  Life  Problems  in  the  LTnited  States”  (1910). 

Pobiedonostsef  (po-be-do-nost'sef),  Ccnstan- 
tini  Petrovitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  1827 : died 
at  St.  Petersburg,  March  23,  1907.  A Russian 
jurist  and  statesman,  procurator  of  the  Holy 
Synod  of  Russia  1880-1905.  He  studied  at  the  Im- 
perial School  of  Law  at  St.  Petersburg  ; became  an  official 
of  the  senate  in  Moscow  ; was  professor  of  civil  law  in 
the  University  of  Moscow  1860-65  ; was  instructor  in  the 
theory  of  law  and  administration  to  the  sonsof  Alexander 
II.  ; and  became  a senator  in  St.  Petersburg  in  1868,  and 
a member  of  the  Council  of  the  Empire  in  1872.  He  was 
always  an  active  and  uncompromising  advocate  of  abso- 
lutism in  government  and  an  opposer  of  all  liberal  reform, 
and  he  did  much  to  strengthen  the  influence  of  the  Or- 
thodox Greek  Church  on  Russian  policy.  He  was  the 
author  of  “Kursue  des  Civilrechts”  (1868)  and  “Ge- 
richtsleitfaden  ” (1872). 

Pocatello  (po-ka-tel'o).  The  county-seat  of 
Bannock  County,  Idaho,  on  the  Port  Neuf 
River.  Its  main  interests  are  mining,  agri- 
culture, and  stock-raising.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  Academy  of  Idaho.  Population,  9,110, 
(1910). 

Podmore  (pod'mor),  Frank.  Born  Feb.  5, 
1856:  died  Aug.  15,  1910.  An  English  author. 
He  w’as  educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
especially  interested  in  spiritualism  and  psychical  phe- 
nomena, and  was  an  active  member  of  the  Society  for 
Psychical  Research.  Among  his  published  works  are 
“ Apparitions  and  Thought-Transference  " (1894),  “Studies 
in  Psychical  Research”  (1897),  “Modern  Spiritualism” 
(1902),  “Robert  Owen”  (1906),  and  “The Newer  Spiritu- 
alism ” (1911). 

Poincare  (pwah-ka-ra'),  Jules  Henri.  Born 

at  Nancy,  April  29,  1854:  died  at  Paris,  July  17, 
1912.  An  eminent  French  mathematician,  pro- 
fessor in  the  Faculty  of  Sciences  at  Paris  from 
1881.  He  wrote  “Coursde  physique  mathematique”(1890), 
“ filectricite  et  optique  ” (1890-91),  “Thermodynamique  ’ 
(1892),  “ Les  methodes  nouvelles  dela  ni£cnnique  celeste 
(1892-99),  “Theorie  des  tourbillons”  (1893),  “Les  oscilla- 
tions electriques  ” (1894),  “ Capillarity”  (1895),  “ Calcul  des 
probability ” (1896),  “La  science  et  lhypothese ” (1902), 
etc.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy 
in  1908,  succeeding  Sully- Prudhomme. 

Pointelin  (pwant-lan'),  Auguste  Emmanuel. 
Born  at  Arbois,  Jura,  June  23,  1839.  A French 
landscape-painter.  Among  his  pictures,  which 
represent  chiefly  scenes  in  his  native  province, 
are  “ Soir  de  septembre”  (1880),  “C6tes  du 


Pointelin 

Jura”  (1893),  and  “Fond  de  vallon”  (1901), 
all  in  the  Luxembourg  Museum. 

Point  Loma  (lo'ma).  A promontory  on  the 
southern  coast  of  California  which  forms  a part 
of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  bay  of  San 
Diego.  It  has  a wireless  telegraph  station  and 
is  the  seat  of  the  school  established  by  Kath- 
erine Tingley  (which  see). 

Poir6  (pwo-ra'),  Emmanuel.  A Fiench  illus- 
trator known  as  Caran  d’Ache. 

Pollard  (pol'ard),  Charles  Louis.  Born  at 
New  York,  March  29,  1872.  An  American 
botanist,  curator-in-cliief  of  the  public  museum 
of  the  Staten  Island  Association  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  from  1907.  Ho  has  been  an  editor  of 
“ The  Plant  World”  from  1899. 

Pollock  (pol'ok),  Sir  Frederick.  Born  at 
London,  Dec.  10,  1845.  An  eminent  English 
jurist  and  philosophical  writer.  He  was  professor 
of  jurisprudence  in  University  College,  London,  1882-83; 
of  common  law  in  the  Inns  of  Court  1884-90;  and  of  juris- 
prudence in  the  University  of  Oxford  1883-1903.  He  was 
elected  a fellow  of  the  British  Academy  in  1902.  He  is 
the  author  of  “ Principles  of  Contract"  (1876),  ‘‘Digest  of 
the  Law  of  Partnership”  (1877),  “Spinoza " (1880),  “The 
Land  Laws  ” (1882),  “ Introduction  to  the  History  of  the 
Science  of  Politics  ” (1890),  etc. 

Pomeroy  (pom'e-roi),  Seth.  Born  at  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  May  20,  1706:  died  at  Peeks- 
kill,  N.Y.,  in  February,  1777.  A noted  American 
soldier.  He  was  by  trade  a gunsmith,  and  entered  the 
military  service  of  the  colony  early  in  life.  He  was  a 
major  in  the  Massachusetts  forces  at  the  capture  of  Louis- 
burg  in  1745,  and  in  1755  was  a lieutenant-colonel  under 
Ephraim  Williams,  at  whose  death  he  succeeded  to  the 
command  of  the  regiment  and  gained  a victory  over 
Baron  Dieskau  in  the  battle  of  Lake  George.  From  1774 
to  1775  he  served  as  a delegate  to  the  Massachusetts 
provincial  congress,  by  which  he  was  elected  a general 
officer  in  1774  and  a brigadier-general  in  1775.  He  served 
as  a volunteer  private  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  in 
1775,  and  a few  days  later  was  named  by  Congress  senior 
brigadier-general,  but  declined  the  appointment.  In  1776 
he  led  a force  of  militia  to  the  relief  of  the  army  under 
Washington,  and  marched  to  the  Hudson  river. 

Pomona  (po-mo'na).  A city  iu  Los  Angeles 
County,  California,  about  30  miles  east  of  Los 
Angeles.  It  has  important  fruit-growing  in- 
terests. Claremont,  near  by,  is  the  seat  of 
Pomona  College.  Population,  10,207,  (1910). 

Ponce.  2.  A department  in  the  south-central 
part  Of  Porto  Rico.  It  is  bounded  by  Arecibo,  San 
Juan,  aijd  Guayama  on  the  north ; Guayama  on  the  east ; 
the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  south ; and  Mayaguez  and 
Aguadilla  on  the  west.  Capital,  Ponce.  Area,  822  square 
miles. 

Pond  (pond),  Irving  Kane.  Born  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  May  1,  1857.  An  American 
architect.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan and  abroad.  Since  1886  he  has  practised  architecture 
in  Chicago,  in  partnership  with  his  brother,  Allen  B. 
Pond.  Their  work  includes  the  Federal  Building  at  Kan- 
kakee, Illinois ; the  City  Club  and  Hull  House,  Chi- 
cago; and  numerous  institutional  buildings,  public  and 
private.  He  was  president  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects  1910-11. 

Pond  (pond),  Raymond  Haines.  Born  at 
Topeka,  Kansas,  March  3,  1875:  died  at  Col- 
lege Station,  Texas,  July  26,  1911.  An  Ameri- 
can botanist.  He  was  professor  of  botany  and  director 
of  the  microscopical  laboratory  in  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity 1903-07,  biologist  of  the  Metropolitan  Sewerage 
Commission  1908-1909,  and  plant  pathologist  of  the  Texas 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  1909-11.  His  studies 
related  especially  to  enzyms,  fermentation,  and  the  fixa- 
tion of  nitrogen. 

Pontiac  (pon'ti-ak).  The  county-seat  of  Liv- 
ingston County,  Illinois,  on  the  Vermilion 
River.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  and  stock-rais- 
ing region,  and  has  manufactories  of  shoes, 
boxes,  machinery,  etc.  Pop.,  6,090,  (1910). 

Pooh-Bah  (po'ba/).  A character  in  the  comic 
opera  “ The  Mikado,”  by  Gilbert  and  Sullivan, 
who  fills  a large  number  of  offices. 

Poole  (pol),  Reginald  Lane.  Born  at  London, 
March  29,  1857.  An  English  historian  and 
educator.  He  was  assistant  in  the  department  of 
manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum  in  1880-81 ; has  been 
assistant  editor,  later  joint  editor  with  S.  R.  Gardiner,  and 
finally  sole  editor  of  the  “English  Historical  Review” 
from  1885  ; and  has  been  lecturer  on  modern  history  at 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1880-1910.  In  1904  he  was  made  a 
fellow  of  the  British  Academy.  Among  his  publications 
are  “ A History  of  the  Huguenots  of  the  Dispersion  at  the 
Recall  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes”  (1880),  “Sebastian  Bach” 
(1882),  “ Illustrations  of  the  History  of  Medieval  Thought” 
(1884),  and  “Wyclitfeand  Movements  for  Reform  " (1889). 
He  has  edited  a “Historical  Atlas  of  Modern  Europe” 
(1897-1902),  and  was  one  of  the  editors  of  “The  Political 
History  of  England  " (1906-07). 

Pope  (pop),  Franklin  Leonard.  Born  at  Great 
Barrington,  Mass.,  Dec.  2,  1840:  died  there, 
Oct.  13,  1895.  An  American  electrician.  He 
became  assistant  engineer  of  the  American  Telegraph 
Company  in  1862,  and  of  the  Russo-American  Telegraph 
Company  in  1864,  and  while  in  the  latter  service  made 
the  first  exploration  of  the  country  between  British  Co- 
lumbia and  Alaska  in  surveying  a route  for  an  overland 
telegraph.  He  was  one  of  the  inventors  of  the  “ticker” 
C.— 74 


used  in  stock-exchanges,  and  was  the  inventor  of  the  rail 
circuit  for  automatically  controlling  electric  block-signals 
on  railroads.  Iu  1884  he  became  editor  of  the  “ Electrical 
Engineer." 

Poplar  Bluff  (pop'lar  bluf).  The  county-seat 
of  Butler  County,  Missouri,  on  the  Black  River. 
It  is  in  a lumbering  and  stock-raising  region, 
and  is  a shipping-point  for  lumber.  Popula- 
tion, 6,916,  (1910). 

Popper  (pop'per),  David.  Born  at  Prague, 
Dec.  9,  1843.  A Bohemian  violoncellist.  He 

studied  under  Goltermann  at  the  Prague  Conservatory, 
and  played  in  concert  throughout  Europe  from  his  six- 
teenth year  until  1868,  when  he  became  first  cellist  at  the 
Court  Opera,  Vienna,  remaining  there  until  1873.  In  1872 
he  married  Sophie  Menter.  He  became  professor  at  the 
Budapest  Conservatory  in  1896.  His  compositions  include 
the  “Saraband  and  Gavotte  ” and  other  popular  pieces  for 
his  instrument,  and  he  has  also  published  a “Violoncello 
School  ” in  four  volumes. 

Portald.  See  *Portold. 

Port  Arthur  (port  ar'thfer).  A city  in  Jeffer- 
son County,  Texas,  on  Sabine  Lake,  near  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  an  important  shipping- 
point,  and  has  a wireless  telegraph  station. 
Population,  7,663,  (1910). 

Porter*,  Horace.  lie  was  a delegate  from  the 
United  States  to  the  Peace  Conference  at  The 
Hague  in  1907. 

Porter  (por'ter),  William  Sydney.  Born  at 
Greensboro,  North  Carolina,  in  1867 : died  at 
New  York,  June  5,  1910.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  short-story  writer.  His  work  was  pub- 
lished under  the  pseudonym  “O.  Henry.”  He  wrote  “ Cab- 
bages and  Kings"  (1905),  “The  Four  Million"  (1906), 
“ The  Trimmed  Lamp  ” (1907),  “The  Heart  of  the  West” 
(1907),  “ The  Voice  of  the  City  ” (1908),  “Roads  of  Destiny  ” 
(1909),  etc. 

Port  Gabo.  See  +Gabo,  Port. 

Port  Gubat.  See  *Gubat,  Port. 

Portland  (port'land).  The  county-seat  of  Jay 
County,  Indiana,  on  the  Salamanie  River,  46 
miles  southeast  of  Fort  Wayne.  It  is  ip  a farm- 
ing region,  and  has  flour-mills,  lumber-mills, 
manufactories  of  woodenware,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 5,130,  (1910). 

Portland  Club.  A London  club  founded  in 
1816  under  the  name  of  the  Stratford  Club, 
and  reorganized  in  1825  under  its  present 
name.  It  has  300  members.  Its  house  is  at  9 
St.  James’s  Square,  S.  W. 

Port  Lib  (is.  See  +Libds,  Port. 

Portola  (por-to-la'),  Don  Gaspar  de.  A Span- 
ish captain  serving  in  Mexico  and  California: 
sometimes  called  “first  governor”  of  the  lat- 
ter. By  government  order  he  transferred  the  Baja  Cali- 
fornia missions,  1767-68,  from  the  expelled  Jesuits  to  the 
Franciscans,  and  went  with  Father  Junlpero  Serra,  Fran- 
ciscan president,  from  Loreto  overland  to  San  Diego  when 
the  latter  place  was  founded  in  1769.  Thence  he  led  a 
party  to  Monterey,  but  arrived  at  the  bay  of  San  Francisco 
by  mistake.  He  returned  to  San  Diego  by  Monterey,  and 
in  1770  reached  Monterey  again.  San  Carlos  Mission  be- 
ing then  organized,  he  departed  for  Mexico  by  ship  in  July 
of  that  year,  having  been  in  Alta  California  little  more 
than  a twelvemonth  assisting  Junlpero.  Since  no  gov- 
ernment existed  and  the  settlements  were  barely  started, 
the  title  “ governor  " is  hardly  appropriate.  Also  Portala. 

Porto  Rico*,  a constitution  was  granted  to  it  by  Con- 
gress in  1900.  The  government  consists  of  a governor  and 
executive  council  (0  heads  of  departments  and  5 natives) 
appointed  for  4 years  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  a house  of  delegates  of  35  members  elected 
for  2 years.  The  Council  and  the  House  of  Delegates 
form  the  Assembly. 

Port  Royalist.  See  * Puerto  Princesa,  1.  , 

Portrush  (port-rush').  A seaport  in  County 
Antrim,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Ireland,  7 
miles  southwest  of  the  Giant’s  Causeway,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  an  electric  railway. 
It  is  a seaside  resort,  and  a shipping-point  for 
salmon.  Population,  1,941. 

Portsmouth,  Treaty  of.  A treaty  of  peace 
between  Japan  and  Russia,  signed  at  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire,  September  5,  1905. 
The  czar  and  the  mikado  signed  duplicate  copies  Octo- 
ber 14,  1905.  The  conference  was  held  in  the  United 
States  in  response  to  an  invitation  issued  by  President 
Roosevelt.  Russia  sent  as  peace  commissioners  Count 
Witte  and  Baron  Rosen  ; Japan  sent  Barons  Komura  and 
Kogoro  Takahira.  The  treaty  contains  15  articles  and  2 
additional  articles  in  conformity  with  provisions  of  articles 
III.  and  IX.  Article  I.  established  peace  between  Japan 
and  Russia ; II.  established  Japanese  supremacy  in  Korea ; 
III.  (with  addition  I.)  engaged  Japan  and  Russia  to  have 
evacuated  Manchuria  (except  the  Liao-tung  peninsula) 
18  months  after  the  signing  of  the  treaty  and  to  restore 
to  the  administration  of  China  all  portions  under  occupa- 
tion ; IV.  engaged  Japan  and  Russia  not  to  obstruct  any 
general  measures,  common  to  all  countries,  which  China 
might  take  for  the  development  of  the  commerce  and  in- 
dustry of  Manchuria;  V.  transferred  from  Russia  to 
Japan,  with  the  consent  of  China,  the  lease  of  Port  Arthur, 
Ta-lien,  and  adjacent  territory  ; VI.  transferred,  with  the 
consent  of  the  Chinese  government,  from  Russia  to  Japan 
the  railway  and  its  branches  between  Chang-chun 
(Kwang-cheng-tsze)  and  Port  Arthur  ; VII.  engaged  both 
powers  to  exploit  their  railways  in  Manchuria  for  com- 
mercial and  industrial  purposes  only;  VTTI.  provided  for 
the  regulation  of  the  connecting  railway  services  of  Japan 


Powell,  Maud 

and  Russia  in  Manchuria ; IX.  ceded  from  Russia  to 
Japan  the  island  of  Saghalin  and  adjacent  islands  south 
of  lat.  50°  N.  on  condition  that  neither  power  shall  erect 
fortifications  on  the  island  ; X.  established  the  status  of 
Russian  subjects  in  the  ceded  territory  ; XI.  arranged  for 
Japanese  fishing  rights  along  the  coasts  of  the  Russian 
possessions  in  the  Japan,  Okhotsk,  and  Bering  seas;  XII. 
provided  for  temporary  commercial  and  navigation  rela- 
tions between  the  two  powers ; XIII.  arranged  for  the 
restoration  of  prisoners  of  war  and  for  expenses  connected 
with  them  ; XIV.  arranged  for  the  ratification  of  the 
treaty  ; and  XV.  provided  that  the  treaty  should  be 
signed  in  duplicate  in  French  and  in  English,  and  that  in 
cases  of  discrepancy  of  interpretation  the  French  text 
should  prevail. 

Port  Subic.  See  * Subic,  Port. 

Portugal*.  Continental  Portugal  is  divided  into  6 
provinces  and  17  districts ; the  Azores  have  3 districts 
and  Madeira  has  one.  Carlos  I.  and  his  elder  son,  Luiz 
Philip,  were  assassinated  Feb.  1,  1908,  and  the  younger 
son  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  Manoel  II.  Manoel  II. 
was  deposed  and  a republic  proclaimed,  October,  1910. 

Portuguese  Guinea.  A dependency  of  Portu- 
gal, on  the  coast  of  Senegambia,  in  the  western 
part  of  Africa.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  S6n6- 
gal,  on  the  east  and  south  by  French  Guinea,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  boundaries  being  decided 
by  a convention  with  France  in  May,  1886.  It  includes 
also  the  adjacent  Bissagos  Islands.  Its  most  important 
products  are  rice,  wax,  ivory,  rubber,  and  hides.  Bulama 
is  the  capital,  and  Bissao  the  chief  port.  Area,  13,940 
square  miles.  Population,  820,000. 

Portuguese  Hymn.  See  +Adeste  fideles. 

Portuguese  West  Africa.  See  Angola,  4. 

Post  (post),  George  Browne.  Born  at  New 
York,  Dec.  15,  1837.  An  American  architect. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Scientific  School  of  New  York 
University  in  1858  ; studied  architecture  with  Richard  M. 
Hunt  1858-59;  and  in  1860  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
architecture.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served  in  the 
field  1861-62,  becoming  colonel  of  the  22d  New  York 
Regiment,  and  afterward  resumed  architectural  practice 
at  New  York.  Among  the  buildings  designed  by  him 
are  the  New  York  Produce,  Cotton,  and  Stock  exchanges, 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  the  New  York 
World  Building,  the  Wisconsin  State  Capitol,  and  the 
Montreal  Stock  Exchange.  He  was  appointed  a collabo- 
rator of  the  United  States  Forest  Service  and  a member 
of  the  National  Advisory  Board  of  Fuels  and  Structural 
Materials  in  1906,  and  a member  of  the  Bureau  of  Fine 
Arts  in  1909.  He  was  president  of  the  New  York  Archi- 
tectural League  1893-98,  and  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Architects  1896-99,  and  became  an  associate  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design  in  1907,  and  an  academician 
in  1908. 

Potocka  (po-tots'ka),  Sophie.  Born  at  Con- 
stantinople about  i766:  died  at  Berlin  in  1822. 
The  wife  of  the  Polish  count  Stanislas  Felix 
Potocki.  She  was  the  child  of  Greek  (Fanariot)  pa- 
rents. Her  mother  sold  her  at  the  age  of  twelve  for  1,500 
piasters  ($375)  to  the  French  ambassador  at  Constanti- 
nople, who  adopted  her  as  his  ward.  She  married  Count 
de  Witt,  the  commandant  of  Kemenets,  Podolia,  who 
some  three  years  later  divorced  her  at  the  request  of 
Potocki  and  on  the  receipt  of  two  million  gulden.  She 
then  (1790)  married  Potocki  and  became  noted  throughout 
Russia  and  Germany  for  her  beauty  and  cleverness. 

Pototan  (po-to'tan).  1.  A municipality  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Iloilo  province,  Panay,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  Civilized  population,  20,964. 
—2.  A town  of  Iloilo  province,  situated  on 
the  Jalaur  River.  Population,  5,062. 

Potter*,  Henry  Codman.  His  later  works  include 

“Sermons  of  the  City  ” (1881),  “ Waymarks  ” (1892),  “The 
Scholar  and  the  State"  (1897),  “The  East  of  To-day  and 
To-morrow ” (1902),  “The  Citizen  in  his  Relation  to  the 
Industrial  Situation”  (1902),  “Law  and  Loyalty  ” (1903), 
“Modern  Man  and  his  Fellow  Man  ” (1903),  “The  Drink 
Problem  in  Modern  Life”  (1905),  “Reminiscences  of  Bish- 
ops and  Archbishops  ” (1906),  “Man,  Men,  and  their  Mas- 
ter ” (1907). 

Poughkeepsie  Regatta.  An  annual  rowing 
contest  which  takes  place  usually  the  last  week 
in  June,  on  the  Hudson  River,  at  Poughkeepsie, 
New  York.  It  ismaDagedby  the  Intercollegiate 
Association,  organized  in  1895  by  the  univer- 
sities of  Cornell,  Columbia,  and  Pennsylvania 
for  the  purpose  of  informal  rowing  matches. 
Three  stewards  represent  the  above-named 
universities,  and  yearly  invite  competitors  rep- 
resenting other  universities  and  colleges  to 
enter.  There  are  three  events,  viz.,  varsity 
eights,  varsity  fours,  and  freshmen  eights  : the 
first  at  four  miles  and  the  others  at  two  miles 
each. 

Pound  (pound),  Roscoe.  Bom  at  Lincoln, 
Neb.,  Oct.  27,  1870.  An  American  botanist 
and  jurist,  professor  of  law  in  Harvard  Uni- 
versity from  1910.  He  was  director  of  the  Botanical 
Survey  of  Nebraska  1892-1901 ; judge  ofc  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Nebraska  1901-03  ; dean  of  the  college  of  law  in 
the  University  of  Nebraska  1903-07  ; and  professor  of  law 
in  Northwestern  University  1907-09,  and  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  1909-10.  He  has  published  “ Phytogeog- 
raphy of  Nebraska  ” (1898  ; with  F.  E.  Clements),  etc. 

Powell*,  John  Wesley.  His  later  works  include 
“Studies in  Sociology”  (1887),  “Canyons  of  the  Colorado" 
(1895),  “ Truth  and  Error  ” (1898),  and  many  special  scien- 
tific reports. 

Powell  (pou'cl),  Maud.  Born  at  Peru,  111., 
Aug.  22,  1868.  An  American  violinist.  She 
studied  in  Chicago,  Leipsic,  and  Baris,  ami  also,  after  ap- 


Powell,  Maud 

pealing  in  London  and  the  provinces,  with  Joachim  in 
Berlin.  She  made  herdebut  at  a New  York  Philharmonic 
concert  in  1885,  and  ha8  since  made  extensive  tours  in 
Europe  and  America.  She  has  introduced  many  new  violin 
works  to  the  American  public,  including  the  concertos  by 
Tschaikovsky  and  Sibelius. 

Poynting  (poin'ting),  John  Henry.  Born  at 
Mont, on,  near  Manchester,  England,  Sept.  9, 
1852.  An  English  physicist,  professor  of 
physics  in  the  University  of  Birmingham 
(formerly  Mason  University  College)  from  1880, 
and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  science.  He  has  pub- 
lished  “A  Text-book  of  Physics  ” (with  J.  J.  Thomson), etc. 
Prairie  City.  A popular  name  of  Chicago,  as 
the  chief  city  of  the  Prairie  State. 

Premier  Diamond.  A white  diamond,  weigh- 
ing in  the  rough  3,024f  carats,  found  by  the 
superintendent  of  the  Premier  Mine,  Johan- 
nesburg, January,  1905. 

Presque  Isle  (presk  il).  A town  in  Aroostook 
County,  Maine,  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  State.  It  has  lumber-mills,  starch-fac- 
tories, etc.  Population,  5,179,  (1910). 

Prevost  (pra-vo'),  Eugene  Marcel.  Born  at 
Paris,  May  1,  1862.  A French  novelist.  He  was 
educated  by  the  .Jesuits  ; studied  at  the  Ecole  Poly  tech- 
nique in  Paris  ; and  followed  the  profession  of  civil  engi- 
neer until  1890.  In  1909  he  was  chosen  a member  of  the 
French  Academy,  succeeding  Yictorien  Sardou.  Among 
his  works  are  “Le  scorpion”  (1887),  “Mademoiselle 
Jauftie”  (1889),  “Lettres  des  femmes  ” (1892),  “Les  demi- 
vierges  ” (1894),  “ Les  vierges  fortes”  (1900),  “L’Heureux 
menage”  (1901),  “Lettres  a Fram-oise”  (1902),  “Le  pas 
levele”  (1903),  “La  plus  faible  ” (1904),  “La  princesse 
d'Erminge ” (1904),  “L’Accordeur  aveugle ” (1905),  “Mon- 
sieur et  Madame  Moloch  ” (1900),  “ Femmes  ” (1907), 
“Lettres  a Frain;oise  mariee”  (1908),  etc. 

Pribylof,  or  Pribilof  (prib'i-lof),  Gerassim. 
A Russian  navigator  who  in  1786  discovered 
the  group  of  islands  in  Bering  Sea  which  bears 
his  name. 

Price  (pris),  Bruce.  Born  at  Cumberland, 
Md.,  Dec.  12,  1845:  died  at  Paris,  May  29, 
1903.  Au  American  architect.  Among hismore 
important  works  are  Georgian  Court  at  Lakewood,  New 
Jersey  ; several  dormitories  of  Yale  University  ; the  Cha- 
teau Frontenac  hotel  in  Quebec  ; and  the  Royal  Victoria 
College  in  Montreal.  lie  laid  out  Tuxedo  Park,  New  York, 
1885-86,  and  erected  many  of  the  residences  within  it. 
Primrose*,  Archibald  Philip.  He  has  written 

“William  Pitt”  (1891),  “Appreciations  and  Addresses” 
(1899),  “Sir  Robert  Peel”  (1899),  “ Napoleon  : the  Last 
Phase-'  (1900),  “Oliver  Cromwell”  (1900),  “Lord  Ran- 
dolph Churchill ” (1906),  “Lord  Chatham ” (1910),  etc.  He 
was  created  Earl  of  Midlothian  in  1911. 

Prince  Rupert  (prins  ro'pert).  A seaport  of 
British  Columbia,  planned  in  1906  as  the  west- 
ern terminus  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Rail- 
way. Population,  4,184,  (1911). 

Princeton  (prins'ton).  The  county-seat  of 
Gibson  County,  Indiana.  Population,  6,448. 
Pringle  Pattison.  See  *Seth,  Andrew. 
Prinsep  (prin  ' sep),  Valentine  Cameron. 
Born  at  Calcutta,  Feb.  14,  1838  : died  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  11,  1904.  An  English  painter.  He 

abandoned  the  Indian  civil  service  for  art  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  G.  F.  Watts,  and  was  elected  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1879  and  academician  in  1894.  In  1877  he 
was  commissioned  to  paint  “The  Declaration  of  Victoria 
a9  Empress  of  India”  in  commemoration  of  the  Durbar  at 
Delhi.  He  was  also  professor  of  painting  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  His  work  is  distinctly  English  and  academic 
in  style.  He  published  several  plays. 

Pritchett  (prich'et),  Henry  Smith.  Born  at 
Fayette,  Mo.,  April  16,  1857.  An  American 
astronomer  and  geodesist,  superintendent  of 
the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
1897—1900.  He  was  assistant  astronomer  in  the  United 
States  Naval  Observatory  1878-80 ; was  astronomer  of  the 
Morrison  Observatory,  Glasgow,  Missouri,  1S80-81 ; was 
professor  of  astronomy  in  Washington  University,  St. 
Louis,  1881-97  ; was  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Insti- 
tute of  Technology,  Boston,  1900-4)6 ; and  has  been  presi- 
dent of  the  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of 
Teaching  from  1906. 

Prix  de  Rome.  See  Grand  Prix  de  Rome. 
Prjevalsky  (przha-val'ski),  Nikolai  Mikhai- 
lovitch.  Born  in  the  government  of  Smolensk, 
March  31,  1839:  died  at  Karakol,  Central 
Asia,  Nov.  1,  1888.  A distinguished  Russian  ex- 
plorer. He  entered  the  military  academy  at  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1860,  taught  history  and  geography  in  the  military 
school  at  Warsaw  1864-66 ; and  in  1867  was  transferred  to 
Irkutsk.  From  here  he  explored  the  region  of  the  Usuri 
River  1867-69,  collecting  botanical  and  ethnological  infor- 
mation concerning  southeastern  Siberia  and  northern 
Manchuria.  Tie  traveled  in  Mongolia  and  China  1870-73, 
in  East  Turkestan  and  Tibet  1876-77  and  1879-80,  and  in 
Mongolia  and  Tibet  1883-85.  Besides  geographical  know- 
ledge of  regions  hitherto  unexplored,  he  secured  large  and 
valuable  collections  of  plants  and  animals.  In  September, 
1888,  he  set  out  on  another  expedition  to  Tibet,  hut  died 
beside  the  lake  Issyk-kul,  at  a town,  Karakol,  whose  name 
was  afterward  (1889)  changed  by  the  Russian  government 
to  Prjevalsk  (Prsheval.sk)  in  honor  of  the  explorer.  He 
published  the  results  of  his  travels  in  several  works  in  the 
Russian  language,  two  of  which  have  appeared  in  English 
under  the  titles  “ Mongolia,  the  Tangut  Country,  and  the 
Solitudes  of  Northern  Tibet”  (1876)  and  “ From  Kulja 
across  the  Tian-Shan  to  Lob-nor”  (1879). 


Proctor  (prok'tor),  Alexander  Phimister. 

Born  at  Bosanquit,  Ontario,  Canada,  Sept.  27, 
1862.  An  American  animal-sculptor  and  land- 
scape-painter. He  executed  the  quadriga  for  the  United 
States  pavilion  in  the  Paris  Exposition,  1900,  the  lions  for 
the  McKinley  monument  in  Buffalo,  the  tigers  for  the  en- 
trance to  Nassau  Hall,  Princeton  University,  etc.  His 
work  is  to  be  found  in  the  public  parks  of  Brooklyn,  Den- 
ver, Pittsburgh,  etc.,  and  in  the  St.  Louis  Art  Gallery,  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York,  the  buildings  of 
the  New  York  Zoological  Society,  the  Toronto  Museum, 
etc.  He  was  elected  a member  of' the  National  Academy 
in  1904. 

Proctor  (prok'tor),  Edna  Dean.  Bom  at  Hen- 
niker,  N.  H.,  Oct.  10,  1838.  An  American 
author  and  poet.  During  the  Civil  War  she  did  much 
to  arouse  public  sentiment  in  the  North  by  her  patriotic 
prose  and  verse.  Among  her  works  are  “Poems  ” (1867), 
“ A Russian  Journey  ’’  (1872),  “ The  Song  of  the  Ancient 
People  ’’  (1893),  “ A Mountain  Maid,  and  Other  Poems  of 
New  Hampshire"  (1900),  “Songs  of  America” (1906),  etc. 
Proctor  (prok'tor),  Redfield.  Born  at  Proc- 
torsvilie,  Vt.,  June  1,  1831:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  March  4, 1908.  An  American  states- 
man.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1851 
and  at  the  Albany  Law  School  in  1859 ; was  appointed  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Union  army  in  1861,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  colonel ; was  several  times  a member  of  the  Ver- 
mont legislature;  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Vermont 
1876-78  and  governor  1878-80 ; was  secretary  of  war  1889- 
1891;  and  was  United  States  senator  (Republican)  from 
Vermont  from  1891.  He  visited  Cuba  in  1898  and  his 
speech  on  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  island  strongly 
influenced  the  policy  of  the  United  States  government. 

Produce  Exchange,  New  York.  An  institu- 
tion chartered  in  1862  under  the  name  of  the 
New  York  Commercial  Association,  hut  from 
1868  known  as  the  New  York  Produce  Ex- 
change. Its  object  is  to  facilitate  and  regulate  trade 
among  its  members,  nominally  dealers  in  such  com- 
modities as  grain  and  flour,  seeds,  hops,  oil,  butter 
and  cheese,  meat  and  meat  products,  etc.,  although 
steamship  owners  and  agents  are  now  admitted  to 
membership  and  privileged  to  transact  their  business 
in  conjunction  with  the  ordinary  business  of  the  exchange. 
It  is  governed  by  a board  of  managers,  consisting  of  a 
president,  vice-president,  treasurer,  and  12  other  members, 
with  the  aid  of  various  committees,  and  has  special  rules 
for  the  several  departments  of  trade.  Its  building,  on 
Whitehall  street,  opposite  Bowling  Green,  at  the  southern 
end  of  the  city,  has  been  occupied  since  1884.  It  is  of 
brick  and  terra-cotta,  and  has  a clock-tower  225  feet  in 
height.  The  exchange  “floor,”  to  which  only  members 
have  access,  measures  144  by  220  feet,  and  is  said  to  be  the 
largest  single  floor  for  trading  purposes  in  existence. 

Prohibition  Party.  A political  party  in  the 
United  States,  founded  upon  the  demand  for 
the  prohibition  by  the  Federal  Constitution, 
as  well  as  by  the  laws  of  the  several  States,  of 
the  “manufacture,  sale,  importation,  exporta- 
tion, or  transportation  of  alcoholic  liquors  for 
beverage  purposes.”  Organization  was  begun 
in  1868  and  the  first  national  convention  was 
held  in  1872. 

Prothero  (proTH'e-ro),  George  Walter.  Born 
in  Wiltshire,  Engiand,Oet.  14,  1848.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  writer,  and  editor.  He  was  uni- 
versity  lecturer  in  history  and  tutor  at  King’s  College, 
Cambridge,  1876-94 ; was  professor  of  history  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  1894-99 ; and  was  Rede  lecturer  at 
Cambridge  in  1903.  In  1899  he  succeeded  his  brother, 
Rowland  Edmund  Prothero,  as  editor  of  the  “Quarterly 
Review,”  retiring  in  1907.  He  was  made  a fellow  of  the 
British  Academy  in  1903.  Among  his  publications  are 
“ Life  and  Times  of  Simon  de  Montfort”  (1877),  “Memoir 
of  Henry  Bradshaw”  (1889),  and  “British  History 
Reader  ” (1898). 

Prothero  (proTii ' e - ro),  Rowland  Edmund. 

Born  at  Clifton  on  Teme,  Worcestershire,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  6, 1852.  An  English  writer.  He  was 

editor  of  the  “Quarterly  Review”  1894-99.  Among  his 
works  are  “Life  and  Correspondence  of  Dean  Stanley” 
(1893  : with  G.  G.  Bradley),  “ Letters  and  Journals  of  Lord 
Byron”  (1898-1901),  “The  Psalms  in  Human  Life”  (1903), 

“ Letters  of  Richard  Ford  ” (1905),  “The  Pleasant  Land  of 
France  ” (1908),  etc. 

Proufc  (prout),  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Oundle, 
Northamptonshire,  March  1,  1835 : died  Dec. 
5,  1909.  An  English  musician.  He  was  organist 
at  Union  Chapel,  Islington,  1861-73,  and  professor  of  piano- 
forte and  of  harmony  and  composition  at  several  institu- 
tions, Engine  d’ Albert  being  among  his  pupils  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music.  In  1894  he  was  elected  profes- 
sor of  music  in  the  University  of  Dublin.  His  composi- 
tions include  orchestral,  piano,  church,  and  chamber  music, 
but  his  theoretical  works  are  the  most  widely  known.  He 
was  also  highly  regarded  as  a critic  and  writer  on  musical 
subjects. 

Prudden  (pro'den),  Theophil  Mitchell.  Born 
at  Middlebury,  Conn.,  July  7,  1849.  An  Amer- 
ican pathologist  and  bacteriologist,  professor 
of  pathology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  Columbia  University  from  1891. 

He  has  published  “A  Manual  of  Normal  Histology” 
(1881),  “ A Handbook  of  Pathology  " (seventh  edition,  1904), 

“ Story  of  Bacteria  ” (1889),  “ Dust  and  its  Dangers”  (1890), 
and  results  of  researches  (in  technical  journals)  and  popu- 
lar articles  on  science  and  travel. 

Prudhomme*,  Rene  Francois  Armand 

Sully-.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy in  1881.  and  in  1901  received  the  Nobel  prize  for  lit- 
erature. His  later  works  include  “ I/Expression  dans  les 


Putnam,  Frederic  Ward 

beaux  arts”  (1884),  “Le  bonheur”  (1888),  “Reflexions  sur 
l’art  des  vers  ’’  (1892),  “ Que  sais-je?  Examen  de  conscience. 
Sur  l'origine  de  la  vie  terrestre  ” (1895),  and  “ Tsychologie 
du  libre  arbitre  ” (1907). 

Pryor  (pri'or),  Roger  Atkinson.  Born  near 
Petersburg,  Va.,  July  19,  1828.  An  American 
jurist.  He  was  graduated  from  Hampden-Sidney  Col- 
lege in  1845 ; was  special  minister  to  Greece  under  Presi- 
dent Pierce  in  1855 ; sat  in  Congress  1857-59 ; and  was 
again  elected  in  1860,  but  did  not  take  his  seat  on  account 
of  the  secession  of  Virginia.  He  entered  the  Confederate 
service  as  colonel  in  1861  and  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general  in  1863,  but  resigned  his  commission  and  entered 
the  service  as  a private  soldier.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Confederate  congress  in  1862.  In  1865  he  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  in  1890  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  to  which 
office  he  was  elected  in  1891  for  fourteen  years.  By  the 
revised  constitution  of  1894  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas 
was  abolished,  and  for  the  remainder  of  his  term  after  Jan. 
1, 1896,  he  was  a justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York. 

Puccini  (pot  - che  ' ne),  Giacomo.  Born  at 
Lucca,  June  22,  1858.  An  Italian  operatic 
composer,  a pupil  of  Ponchielli  at  the  Milan 
Conservatory.  His  most  important  operas  are  “ Manon 
Lescaut"  (1893),  “La  Boheme”  (1896),  “Tosca”  (1900), 
and  “Madame  Butterfly  ’’  (1904  ; revised  1905).  “ La  Fan- 
ciulla  del  West  "(“The  Girl  of  the  Golden  West  ”)  was 
produced  in  1910.  He  is  considered  one  of  the  most  tal- 
ented and  original  of  the  younger  school  of  Italian  com- 
posers. 

Puerto  Galera  (po-ar'to  ga-la'ra).  1.  A 
small  bay  on  the  northern  coast  of  Mindoro 
Island,  Philippines : safe  for  large  craft  in  all 
weather. — 2.  A town,  the  capital  of  Mindoro 
province,  situated  on  the  bay  of  the  same 
name. 

Puerto  Princesa  (po-ar'to  pren-tha'sa).  1. 
A bay  and  harbor  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Paragua  (Palawan)  Island:  safe  for  large 
vessels  in  all  weather.  Also  called  Port  Eoy- 
alist. — 2.  A town,  the  capital  of  Paragua 
province,  situated  od  the  eastern  coast  of 
Paragua  (Palawan)  Island,  Philippines,  at 
the  entrance  of  Puerto  Princesa  Bay,  approxi- 
mately in  lat.  9°  41'  30"  N.,  long.  118°  45'  E. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Paragua  Sur  before  the  union  of  that 
district  with  Paragua  province.  Civilized  population  of 
municipality,  1,208. 

Pugno  (piin-yo'),  Stephane  Raoul.  Born  at 
Paris,  June  23,  1852.  A French  pianist  and 
composer.  He  studied  at  the  Paris  Conservatory,  where 
he  won  prizes  for  piano  (1866),  harmony  and  solfeggio  (1867), 
and  organ  (1869).  He  was  organist  at  the  Church  of  Saint 
Eugene  1872-92,  and  professor  of  harmony  and  pi&noin  the 
Paris  Conservatory  1892-1901.  His  compositions  include 
ballets,  many  light  operas,  songs,  and  piano  pieces.  Asa 
pianist  he  has  a wide  reputation.  He  has  appeared  in 
America. 

Pulitzer  (pn'lit-zer),  Joseph.  Born  at  Buda- 
pest, Hungary,  April  10, 1847 : died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  Oct.  29,  1911.  An  American 
journalist,  proprietor  of  the  New  York  “World” 
from  1883.  He  came  totheUnited  States  in  1864  ; served 
in  the  Union  army  during  the  last  year  of  the  Civil  War  ; 
and  after  its  close  devoted  himself  to  journalism  in  St. 
Louis.  In  1903  he  endowed  a school  of  journalism  in 
Columbia  University  (opened  1912). 

Pumpelly  (pum-pel'i),  Raphael.  Born  at  Owe- 
go,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  8, 1837.  An  American  geologist. 
He  was  geologist  to  the  Japanese  government  1860-63 ; 
professor  of  mining  geology  in  Harvard  University 
1866-75;  chief  of  division  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  1879-81  and  1884-90 ; and  conductor  of  explorations 
in  Central  Asia  for  the  Carnegie  Institution  1903-04.  He 
was  also  State  geologist  of  Michigan  1870-71,  and  director 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Missouri  1871-73. 

Pupin  (pfi'pin),  Michael  Idvorsky.  Born  at 
Idvor,  Hungary,  Oct.  4,  1858.  An  American 
physicist,  professor  of  electromechanics  in 
Columbia  University  from  1901 : especially 
known  for  his  work  in  electricity.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Columbia  in  1883  ; studied  in  Beilin ; and  became 
instructor  at  Columbia  in  1889.  He  has  published  nu- 
merous technical  papers.  By  an  invention  involving  the 
use  of  non-uniform  conductors  he  has  greatly  increased 
the  distance  over  which  telephonic  and  telegraphic  mes- 
sages can  be  transmitted. 

Putnam  (put'nam),  Mrs.  (Emily  James 
Smith'.  Born  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  April 
15,  1865.  An  American  educator  and  author. 
She  was  graduated  at  Bryn  Mawr  College  in  1889,  and 
studied  at  Girton  College,  England,  1889-90,  and  at  Chi- 
cago University  (fellow  in  Greek)  1893-94.  She  taught 
Greek  at  Packer  Collegiate  Institute,  Brooklyn,  1891-93, 
and  was  dean  of  Barnard  College,  New  York,  1894-1900.  She 
married  George  Haven  Putnam,  the  publisher,  in  1899.  She 
has  published  “ Selections  from  Lucian  ” (1891)  and  “The 
Lady  ” (1911). 

Putnann  (put'nam),  Frederic  Ward.  Born 
at  Salem,  Mass.,  April  16, 1839.  An  American 
anthropologist,  professor  of  American  archae- 
ology and  ethnology  in  Harvard  University 
1886-1909,  and  professor  of  anthropology  in 
the  University  of  California  1903-1909.  He  has 
been  curator  of  the  Peabody  Museum  (Harvard)  from  1875, 
and  was  curator  of  the  department  of  anthropology  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  (New  York)  1894- 
1903.  He  has  published  numerous  papers  on  anthropology 
in  the  reports  of  the  Peabody  Museum  and  in  various 
scientific  journals. 


Putnam,  George  Haven 

Putnam  (put'nam),  George  Haven.  Born  at 
London,  England,  April  2,  1844.  An  American 
publisher  and  writer.  He  studied  in  the  universities 
of  Paris  and  Gottingen  1860-62;  served  in  the  United 
States  army,  from  private  to  major,  1862-65;  and  was  a 
prisoner  in  Libby  prison  and  at  Danville,  Virginia,  during 
the  winter  of  1864-65.  He  was  a leader  in  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  American  Copyright  League,  and  was  largely 
instrumental  in  securing  the  passage  of  the  international 
copyright  bill  of  March,  1891.  In  1891  he  received  the 
cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Authors 
and  Publishers"  (1883),  “Question  of  Copyright  ” (1891- 
1896),  “ Authors  and  Their  Public  in  Ancient  Times  ’’ 
(1893),  “ The  Artificial  Mother  " (1894),  “ Books  and  their 
Makers  During  the  Middle  Ages  ” (1896),  “ The  Censor- 
ship of  the  Church  and  its  Influence  on  the  Production  and 
Distribution  of  Literature"  (1906),  “Abraham  Lincoln’’ 
(1909),  “A  Prisoner  of  War  in  Virginia,  1864-5  ” (1912),  etc. 

Putnam  (put'nam),  Herbert.  Born  at  New 
York,  Sept.  20,  1861.  An  American  librarian. 
He  was  librarian  of  the  Minneapolis  Athenaeum  1884-89 ; 
of  the  Minneapolis  Public  Library  1889-91,  and  of  the 
Boston  Public  Library  1895-99.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1885  and  practised  law  in  Boston  1892-95.  Since 
1899  he  has  been  librarian  of  Congress. 

Putnam  (put'nam),  Rufus.  Born  at  Sutton, 
Mass.,  April  9,  1738:  died  at  Marietta,  Ohio, 


May  1,  1824.  A noted  American  soldier  and 
military  engineer.  He  served  aB  a private  through 
the  campaign  of  1757-60,  and  in  1775  entered  the  Conti- 
nental army  as  a lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  appointed 
chief  engineer  of  the  army,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  in 
1776 ; had  charge  of  the  defense  of  New  York  by  fortifica- 
tions, and  with  his  cousin  Israel  Putnam  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  fortifications  at  W est  Point ; was 
placed  in  command  of  the  5th  Massachusetts  regiment, 
serving  with  distinction  in  the  campaign  against  Bur- 
goyne  ; and  in  1783  was  appointed  brigadier-general.  He 
was  for  several  terms  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  legis- 
lature ; was  aide  to  General  Benjamin  Lincoln  during 
Shays's  Rebellion  in  1787 ; formed  the  Ohio  Land  Company 
and  in  1788  founded  the  town  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  the  first 
permanent  settlement  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Northwest 
Territory ; became  j udge  of  the  supreme  court  of  that 
territory  in  1789 ; was  appointed  a brigadier-general  under 
General  Wayne  to  act  against  the  Indians,  and  as  United 
States  commissioner  concluded  an  important  treaty  with 
eight  tribes  at  Port  Vincent  (now  Vincennes)  in  1792  ; was 
surveyor-general  of  the  United  States  1793-1803;  and  in 
1803  was  a member  of  the  Ohio  constitutional  convention. 
To  him  was  due  the  credit  of  the  ordinance  of  1787  which 
excluded  slavery  from  the  settlement  of  Ohio,  and  he  has 
been  called  “the  founder  and  father  of  Ohio.” 

Pu-yi  (po'ye'):  reign  title  Hsiian-t’ung.  Born 
Feb.  11,  1906.  Emperor  of  China.  He  suc- 


Ranelagh  Club 

ceeded  to  the  throne  upon  the  death  of  his  uncle, 
Nov.  14,  1908,  and  abdicated  Feb.  12, 1912.  His 
father,  Prince  Ch’un,  was  regent  of  the  empire. 

Pyeshkof  (pyesh'kof),  Aleksyei  Maksimo- 
vitch:  pseudonym  Maxim  Gorky.  Born  at 
Nijni-Novgorod,  March  14,  1868.  A Russian 
writer.  He  led  a vagabond  life  for  many  years,  working 
and  tramping  with  the  poorest  classes  in  Russia,  and  Iris 
writings  record  the  tragedy  of  poverty  and  crime  as  he 
found  it.  Among  the  best  known  of  his  works  are  “ Makar 
Chudra”  (1890),  “Emilian  Pibgai,”  “Chelkash,”  “Osh- 
ybka”  (1895),  “Tyenovya  Kartinki”  (1895),  “Toska,” 
“ Konovalov  ” (1896),  “ Malva  " (1896),  “ Foma  Gordyeev  ” 
(1901),  “ Mujiki  ” (1901),  three  volumes  of  short  stories 
(1898-99),“  Miestchanye” (1902),  “Comrades  "(1907),  “The 
Spy  ” (1908),  and  “ In  the  Depths,”  a play. 

Pyle  (pil),  Howard.  Born  at  Wilmington,  Del., 
March  5, 1853:  died  at  Florence,  Italy,  Nov.  9, 
1911.  An  American  painter,  illustrator,  and 
writer.  He  studied  at  the  Art  Students’  League  in  New 
YTork  city.  The  greater  part  of  his  work  was  done  for 
magazines,  the  subjects  usually  being  chosen  from  the 
Colonial  and  Revolutionary  periods,  which  he  treated 
with  sympathy  and  knowledge.  He  wrote  and  illustrated 
many  stories.  He  was  singularly  successful  as  an  in- 
structor in  the  art  of  illustration. 


The  pseudonym  of  Sir  Arthur 
Thomas  Quiller-Couch. 
Queechy  (kwe'chi).  A story 
by  Susan  Warner,  published 
in  1852. 

Queens  (kwenz).  A borough 
of  the  city  of  New  York  (see 
New  York,  Greater).  It  is 
composed  of  Queens  Coun- 
ty, L.  I.,  and  includes  Long  Island  City  and 
the  towns  of  Flushing,  Jamaica,  and  Newtown. 
Population,  284,041,  (1910). 

Queen’s  Club.  A London  athletic  club  at 
West  Kensington,  founded  in  1886.  It  has 
1,200  members. 


Queensland*.  It  sends  6 senators  and  9 repre- 
sentatives to  the  federal  parliament. 

Queiroz*  Jose  Maria  Eca  de.  His  later  works 

include  “0  primo  Basilio”  (1877),  “A  reliquia"  (1886), 
“ Os  Maias  ’’  (1889),  “ A correspondence  de  Fradique 
Mendes”  (1891),  “A  illustre  casa  Ramires  ” (1900),  “Ci- 
dades  e serras  ” (1903),  etc. 

Quiller-Couch  (kwil 'er-koch),  Sir  Arthur 
Thomas:  pseudonym  Q.  Born  in  Cornwall, 
Nov.  21,  1863.  An  English  author.  He  was  lecturer 
in  classics  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1886-87 ; was  on 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  “ Speaker  ” from  its  start  until 
1899 ; and  after  1891  lived  in  Cornwall.  Among  his  pub- 
lications are  “The  Splendid  Spur”  (1889),  “The  Blue 
Pavilions  "(1891),  “ The  Warwickshire  Avon  "(1892),  “ The 
Delectable  Duchy  ” (1893),  “ Wandering  Heath  " (1895), 
“Poems  and  Ballads ’’  (1896),  “Fairy  Tales  from  Far  and 


Near”  (1896),  “Adventures  in  Criticism"  (1896),  “The 
Ship  of  Stars”  (1899),  “ Old  Fires  and  Profitable  Ghosts  ’’ 
(1900),  “Hetty  Wesley"  (1903),  “Shining  Ferry”  (1905), 
“ George  Eliot  ” (1906),  “ The  Mayor  of  Troy  ’’  (1906), 
“Major  Vigoureux”  (1907),  “Lady  Good-for-Nothing”(1910), 
“Brother  Copas  ” (1911),  “ The  Vigil  of  Venus  ” (1912),  etc. 
In  1897  he  was  selected  to  finish  Robert  Louis  Stevenson’s 
uncompleted  novel  “St.  Ives.”  He  compiled  and  edited 
the  “Oxford  Book  of  English  Verse,”  the  “Oxford  Book 
of  Ballads,"  and  “The  Oxford  Book  of  Victorian  Verse.” 
He  was  knighted  in  1910  and  in  1912  was  appointed  King 
Edward  VII.  professor  of  English  literature  at  Cambridge 
University. 

Quo  Vadis  (kwova'dis).  [L.,  ‘whither  goest 
thou?’  ] A story  of  life  at  Rome  in  the  time 
of  Nero,  by  Henryk  Sienkiewicz  (trans.  1896). 
The  licentiousness  of  paganism  and  the  spiritual  beauty  of 
Christianity  are  drawn  in  strong  contrast. 


achmaninof  (rak  - man  ' e - 
nof),  Sergei  Vassilievitch. 

Born  in  the  government  of 
Novgorod,  April  2,  1873.  A 
Russian  pianist  and  com- 
poser. He  studied  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  and  Moscow  conserva- 
tories, winning  the  gold  medal  for 
composition  at  Moscow  in  1891.  He 
made  a concert  tour  in  Russia  in 
1892,  and  appeared  as  conductor  and  pianist  in  London 
in  1899  and  in  America  1909-10.  He  has  written  concertos 
and  pianoforte  pieces,  the  best  known  being  the  Prelude 
in  C sharp  minor ; symphonies  and  other  orchestral  com- 
positions, including  “ The  Cliff  ’’  and  “ The  Isle  of  Death  " 
(after  Bocklin’s  picture);  and  several  operas.  A scene 
from  “ The  Miser  Knight  ” was  performed  in  Boston, 
March  11,  1910. 


Radisson  (ra-de-son'),  Sieur  Pierre  Esprit: 
known  as  Pierre  d’Esprit.  Born  at  Samt- 
Malo,  France : died,  probably  in  England,  after 
1687.  An  early  Canadian  explorer.  He  was  the 
brother-in-law  of  Medard  Chouart(Sieur  des  Groseilliers), 
with  whom  he  discovered  the  upper  Mississippi  and  ex- 
plored the  Hudson  Bay  region.  He  wrote  an  account  of 
his  travels  and  experiences  among  the  North  American 
Indians,  which  was  published  from  the  manuscript  by  the 
Prince  Society  in  1885. 


Raffaelli  (ra-fii-el'li),  Jean  Francois.  Born 
at  Paris,  April  20,  1850.  A French  painter,  of 
Italian  parentage.  He  began  as  a singer  at  a lyric 
theater  ; studied  at  the  atelier  GbrOme  in  leisure  hours  ; 
and  made  his  df-but  at  the  Salon  in  1870.  He  has  been 
especially  attracted  by  the  effects  found  in  the  streets  and 
suburbs  of  Paris.  He  has  also  produced  many  lithographs 
and  etchings. 


Raflfalovitch(raf-fii-lo'vich),  Arthur.  Born  at 
Odessa,  June  23,  1853.  A Russian  economist 
and  author.  F re  has  held  various  high  government 
offices  in  connection  with  commerce  and  finance,  and  is 
commercial  attache  to  the  Russian  embassy  at  1’aris.  He 
is  the  author  of  “ I.es  finances  de  la  Russie"  (1883),  “Le 
monopole  de  l alcool  en  Allemagne  ” (1886),  “ L’Etat  et  les 
renseignements  commercianx  " (1898),  “ Les  trusts,  cartels, 
syndicats  " (1903),  “Les  primes  et  subventions  h la  marine 
marchande  ’’  (1903),  etc. 


Raffet  (ra-fa'),  Denis  Auguste  Marie.  Born 
at  Paris,  March  2,  1804 : died  at  Genoa,  Italy, 


Feb.  16,  1860.  A French  painter  and  lithog- 
rapher. His  first  collection  of  lithographs  appeared  in 
1827.  He  illustrated  many  of  the  popular  books  of  the 
period.  His  reputation  rests  mainly  upon  his  lithographs 
of  military  scenes  and  battle-pieces.  He  waB  also  an  ex- 
cellent caricaturist. 

Ragay  (ra-gi'),  Gulf  of.  A gulf  which  indents 
the  southern  coast  of  Luz6n,  Philippine  Is- 
lands, and  partly  separates  Ambos  Camarines 
from  Tayabas  province. 

Ragozin  (ra-go'zen),  Zenaide  Alexeievna. 
Born  in  Russia,  1835.  A Russian-American 
author,  historian,  and  Orientalist.  She  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1874  and  became  an  American  citizen. 
Among  her  works  are  “Chaldea,”  “Assyria,”  “Vedic 
India,”  “ History  of  the  World,”  “Siegfried,”  “Beowulf,” 
“Frithjof,”  “Rowland,”  “ Salammbo,”  etc. 

Raimond,  C.  E.  A pseudonym  of  Elizabeth 
Robins. 

Raine,  Allen.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Beynon 
Puddieombe  (died  1907),  a writer  of  Welsh 
stories. 

Raleigh  (ra'li),  Sir  Walter.  A contemporary 
English  essayist  and  biographer.  He  was  edu- 
cated  at  University  College,  London,  and  at  King’s  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  and  has  been  professor  of  modern 
literature  at  University  College,  Liverpool ; of  the  English 
language  and  literature  at  Glasgow  University ; and  since 
1904  of  English  literature  at  Oxford.  He  was  knighted  in 
1911.  He  has  published  “The  English  Novel”  (1894), 
“Robert  Louis  Stevenson”  (1895),  “Style”  (1897),  “Mil- 
ton”  (1900),  “Wordsworth”  (1903),  “English  Voyages  of 
the  Sixteenth  Century”  (1905),  “Shakespeare”  (1907), 
“Six  Essays  on  Johnson  ” (1910),  etc. 

Raleigh  Club.  A London  club  founded  in 
1858  for  social  purposes.  It  has  a membership 
of  800.  Its  house  is  at  16  Regent  street,  S.  W. 

Ralph  (ralf),  Julian.  Born  at  New  York, 
May  27,  1853 : died  there,  Jan.  20,  1903.  An 
American  journalist  and  author.  He  was  with 
the  Turkish  army  as  correspondent  in  the  war  of  1897,  and 
in  1899  went  to  South  Africa  as  war  correspondent.  He 
wrote  “ On  Canada’s  Frontier  ” (1892),  “Chicago  and  the 
World’s  Fair”  (1892),  “Our  Great  West’’  (1893),  “People 
we  Pass”  (1895),  “Towards  Pretoria”  (1900),  “ An  Ameri- 
can with  Lord  Roberts”  (1901),  “War’s  Brighter  Side” 
(1901),  “The  Millionairess”  (1902),  etc. 


Rambaud  (ram-bo'),  Alfred  Nicolas.  Born 

at  Besan^on,  France,  July  2,  1842:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  10,  1905.  A French  historian  and 
author.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction  in  the 
Jules  Ferry  cabinet  1879-80,  and  in  the  Mbline  cabinet 
1896-98.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  professor  of  contem- 
porary history  in  the  University  of  Paris.  He  was  elected 
a member  of  the  Academy  of  Moral  and  Political  Sciences 
in  1897,  succeeding  the  Due  d’Aumale.  Among  his  works 
are  “ La  domination  framjaise  en  Allemagne  1792-1804  ’’ 
(1873),  “ Histoire  de  la  Russie”  (1878),  “Histoire  de  la 
revolution  fran<;aise  1789-1799”  (1883),  “Histoire  de  la 
civilisation  franchise  ” (1885-87),  “ La  France  coloniale  " 
(1886),  “ Histoire  de  la  civilisation  contemporaine  en 
France  ” (1888),  “ L’Anneau  de  OCsar  ” (1893),  “ Russes  et 
Prussiens"  (1895),  “Jules  Ferry  1832-1893”  (1903),  etc. 
With  Lavisse  he  edited  the  “Histoire  generale  du  IV. 
siecle  jusqu’k  nos  jours  ’’  (1893-1901). 

Ramee,  Louise  de  la.  See  Be  la  Ramee. 
Ramon  y Cajal  (ra-mon'  e ka-ntil'),  Santiago. 
Born  at  Petilla,  Navarra,  May  1,  1852.  A 
Spanish  physician,  professor  of  histology  in 
the  University  of  Madrid  from  1892.  He 
studied  at  the  University  of  Saragossa,  and 
became  professor  of  histology  at  Barcelona  in 
1886.  In  1906  he  received  the  Nobel  prize  for 
medicine. 

Rampolla  (ram-pol'la),  Mariano,  Marchese 
del  Tindaro.  Born  at  Polizzi,  Sicily,  Aug.  17, 
1843.  An  Italian  prelate,  archpriest  of  the 
Vatican  Basilica  and  cardinal.  He  entered  the 
service  of  the  Pope  in  1870  and  was  appointed  councilor 
of  the  papal  embassy  at  Madrid  in  1875,  secretary  of  the 
Propaganda  (Oriental  rite)  in  1877,  secretary  of  ecclesi- 
astical affairs  in  1880,  nuncio  at  Madrid  in  1882,  and  secre- 
tary of  state  in  1887.  He  retired  in  1903. 

Ramsay  (ram'zi),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Glas- 
gow, Scotland,  Oct.  2,  1852.  A British  chem- 
ist, professor  of  chemistry  in  University  Col- 
lege, London,  1887-1912.  He  is  especially  noted  for 
the  discovery  (with  Lord  Rayleigh)  of  argon,  and  of  he- 
lium, neon,  krypton,  and  xenon  (atmospheric  gases). 
Among  his  publications  are  text-hooks  of  chemistry  and 
numerous  scientific  papers.  He  wrote  also  “ Essays  Bio- 
graphical and  Ghemical  ” (1909). 

Ranelagh  Club.  A London  athletic  club,  at 


Ranelagh  Club 

Barnes,  S.  W.,  established  in  1894  for  polo, 
golf,  and  other  sports. 

Ranger  (ran  ' jer),  Henry  Ward.  Born  in 

western  New  York,  January,  1858.  An  Ameri- 
can landscape-painter.  He  received  his  technical 
training  during  several  years  of  study  in  France,  England, 
and  Holland.  His  work  is  marked  by  richness  of  effect 
and  depth  of  tone.  In  1901  he  was  elected  associate  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  New  York,  and  mem- 
ber in  1906. 

Ranke  (ran'ke),  Johannes.  Born  at  Thurnau, 
Bavaria,  Aug.  23,  1836.  A German  physiolo- 
gist and  anthropologist,  nephew  of  Leopold 
von  Ranke.  He  studied  at  Munich,  Berlin,  and  Paris. 
In  1863  he  became  lecturer  in  physiology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Munich,  and  in  1886  professor  of  anthropology  in 
the  same  institution.  Among  his  published  works  are 
“ Tetanus  ” (1865),  “ Grundziige  der  Physiologie  ” (1868), 

“ Die  Ernahrung  des  Menscheu  ” (1876),  “ Das  Blut  ’’  (1878), 
“ Der  Mensch  ” (1886),  etc. 

Rankin  (rang'kin).  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania.  It  has  important  steel 
manufactures.  Population,  6,042,  (1910). 
Raoult  (ra-61'),  Frangois  Marie.  Born  at 
Fourn&s,  Nord,  France,  May  10,  1830 : died  at 
Grenoble,  April  1,  1901.  An  eminent  French 
chemist,  professor  at  the  University  of  Gre- 
noble from  1870.  He  is  best  known  for  his  work  in 
physical  chemistry,  and  especially  for  his  researches  on 
the  freezing-point  and  the  boiling-point  of  solutions. 

Raphael  of  Pigs,  The.  A name  given  to  the 
French  painter  and  etcher  Charles  Emile 
Jacque. 

Rarey  (rar'i),  John  S.  Bom  in  Franklin 
County,  Ohio,  1828:  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
Oct.  4,  1866.  A noted  American  horse-tamer. 

He  had  great  success  in  managing  horses  after  a training 
system  of  his  own,  and  gave  many  exhibitions  both  in 
America  and  in  Europe.  In  1863  he  was  employed  by  the 
government  to  inspect  the  horses  of  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac. He  was  the  author  of  a “Treatise  on  Horse-tam- 
ing ” (1858). 

Rasle  (ral),  Sebastien.  Born  at  Dole,  France, 
1658 : died  at  Norridgewock,  Maine,  Aug.  12, 
1724.  A French  missionary.  After  completing 
his  studies  at  Dijon,  he  joined  the  Order  of  the  Jesuits; 
taught  Greek  for  a time  in  the  college  of  that  society  at 
Nimes ; became  attached  to  the  missions  of  Canada  in 
1689  ; and  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  station  at  Norridge- 
wock in  1689.  Here  he  studied  the  Abenaki  language,  of 
which  he  compiled  a valuable  dictionary  in  three  volumes 
(now  preserved  in  the  library  of  Harvard).  He  had  much 
influence  with  the  Indians,  which  he  exerted  to  secure 
their  allegiance  to  the  French  against  the  English.  Pub- 
lic opinion  in  New  England  was  aroused  against  him, 
and  a price  was  placed  upon  his  head.  He  was  attacked 
a number  of  times  and  escaped,  but  Anally  was  surprised 
in  i724  by  a party  from  Fort  Richmond  and  shot.  A 
monument  to  his  memory  was  raised  by  the  citizens  of 
Norridgewock  in  1833. 

Rathblin  (rath'buu),  Rickard.  Born  at  Buf- 
falo, N.  Y.,  Jan.  25,  1852.  An  American 
zoologist,  assistant  secretary  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  from  1897,  and  in  charge  of 
the  United  States  National  Museum  from  1899. 
He  was  geologist  on  the  Imperial  Geological  Commission 
of  Brazil  1875-78,  and  scientific  assistant  of  the  United 
States  Fish  Commission  1878-96.  He  has  written  various 
scientific  papers  on  paleontology,  marine  invertebrates, 
and  fisheries. 

Raton  (rii-ton').  The  county-seat  of  Colfax 
County,  New  Mexico,  in  an  agricultural  and 
stock-raising  region  which  contains  rich  de- 
posits of  coal.  Population,  4,539,  (1910). 
Rauschenbusch  (rou  ' shen  - bush),  Walter. 
Born  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  4,  1861.  An 
American  theologian.  He  was  ordained  a Baptist 
minister  in  1886,  and  was  engaged  in  religious  work 
among  the  Germans  in  New  York  1886-97.  In  1897  he 
became  professor  of  New  Testament  exegesis  in  Rochester 
Theological  Seminary,  and  since  1902  has  been  professor 
of  church  history,  lie  has  published  “Christianity  and 
the  Social  Crisis"  (1907),  “For  God  and  the  People"  (1910), 
and  “Christianizing  the  Social  Order"  (1911). 

Ravel  (ra-vel'),  Maurice.  Born  at  Ciboure, 
Basses-Pyrenees,  March  7,  1875.  A French 
composer.  His  works  include  compositions 
for  the  pianoforte,  songs,  a string  quartet,  an 
overture,  “ Rhapsodie  espaguole,”  and  an 
opera,  “ L’Heure  espagnole,”  produced  at  the 
Paris  Opera  Comiquo,  May  19,  1911. 
Ravenshoe  (ra'venz-ho).  A romance  by  Henry 
Kingsley,  published  in  1862. 

Rawlins  (ra'linz).  The  county-seat  of  Carbon 
County,  Wyoming.  It  has  railroad  repair- 
shops  and  limestone  quarries,  and  is  in  a stock- 
raising  and  mining  region.  Population,  4,256, 
(1910). 

Rawnsley  (ranz'li),  Hardwicke  Drummond. 

Born  at  Henley-on-Thames,  Sept.  28,  1850. 
An  English  clergyman,  author,  and  poet,  grand- 
nephew of  Sir  John  Franklin,  the  arctic  ex- 
plorer. He  was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ; 
took  orders  in  1875  ; was  curate  iu  charge  of  Clifton  Col- 
lege Mission;  was  vicar  of  Wray,  Windermere,  1878-83  ; 
has  been  vicar  of  Crosthwaite,  Keswick,  and  rural  dean 
since  1883  ; and  is  honorary  canon  of  Carlisle.  Among  his 


works  are  “ Valete  Tennyson,  and  Other  Poems’'  (1893), 

“ Literary  Associations  of  the  English  Lakes  ” (1894),  “Life 
and  Nature  at  the  English  Lakes  " (1899),  “ Memories  of 
the  Tennysons”  (1900),  “A  Rambler's  Note-book  at  the 
English  Lakes  ” (1902),  “ Sermons  on  the  Sayings  of  Jesus  ” 
(1905),  “ Months  at  the  Lakes  ’’  (1906),  “ A Sonnet  Chron- 
icle '*(1906),  “Round  the  Lake  Country”  (1909),  etc. 

Raymond  (ra'mond),  Andrew  Van  Vranken. 

Born  at  Vischer  Ferry,  Saratoga  County,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  8,  1854.  An  American  educator,  presi- 
dent of  Union  College  1894-1907.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Union  College  in  1875,  and  from  New  Bruns- 
wick Theological  Seminary  in  1878,  and  held  pastorates  in 
Paterson  and  Plainfield,  New  Jersey,  and  Albany,  New 
York. 

Raymond  (ra ' mond),  Mrs.  (Annie  Louise 
Cary).  Born  at  Wayne,  Maine,  Oct.  22, 1842. 
A noted  American  contralto.  She  made  her  debut 
at  Copenhagen,  and  in  1868  was  engaged  in  Hamburg  at 
the  opera.  After  that  she  sang  in  theaters  at  Brussels 
and  London,  from  1870  in  New  York,  and  in  1875  in  St. 
Petersburg.  After  her  marriage  with  C.  M.  Raymond  of 
New  York  she  retired. 

Raymond  (ra'mond),  Bradford  Paul.  Born 
at  Stamford,  Conn.,  April  22, 1846.  An  Ameri- 
can educator  and  Methodist  clergyman,  presi- 
dent of  Wesleyan  University  1889-1908.  He  lias 
held  pastorates  in  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island,  and  Nashua,  New  Hampshire,  and 
was  president  of  Lawrence  University,  Appleton,  Wis- 
consin, 1883-89. 

Raymond  (ra'mond),  Rossiter  Worthington. 

Born  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Ajiril  27,  1840.  An 
American  mining  engineer.  He  was  United  States 
commissioner  of  mining  statistics  1868-76 ; editor  of  the 
New  York  “American  Journal  of  Mining  ” (later  called 
the  “ Engineering  and  Mining  Journal  ”)  1867-93  : presi- 
dent of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  1872- 
1875,  and  vice-president  in  1871,  1876,  and  1877  ; and  sec- 
retary and  editor  of  its  “Transactions”  since  1884. 
Among  his  works,  besides  official  reports  and  numerous 
essays  on  the  United  States  mining  laws,  are  “A  Glossary 
of  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Terms"  (1881)  and  “Life  of 
Peter  Cooper  ” (1901). 

Reading  (red ' ing).  A town  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Boston.  Its  manufactures  include  shoes,  rub- 
ber goods,  wire  brushes,  etc.  Population, 
5,818,  (1910). 

Reay  (ra),  Donald  James  Mackay,  eleventh 

Baron.  Born  at  The  Hague,  Dec.  22, 1839.  A 
British  statesman  and  scholar.  He  was  governor 
of  Bombay  1885-90 ; president  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Soci- 
ety ; first,  president  of  the  British  Academy  (1902) ; and 
delegate  to  the  second  Peace  Conference  1907. 

Recklinghausen  (rek'ling-hou-zen),  Friedrich 
von.  Born  at  Giitersloh,  Westphalia,  Dec.  2, 
1833 : died  at  Strasburg,  Aug.  26,  1910.  A 
distinguished  German  pathologist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Bonn,  Wurzburg,  and  Berlin,  and  in  1858  became 
assistant  to  Virchow  at  Berlin.  He  became  professor  of 
pathological  anatomy  at  Konigsberg  in  1864,  at  Wurzburg 
in  1865,  and  at  Strasburg  in  1872,  retiring  in  1906.  His 
investigations,  especially  with  relation  to  diseases  of  the 
circulatory  system  and  the  boneB  and  to  certain  forms  of 
tumor,  made  important  additions  to  science.  He  also 
published  various  books  and  articles  on  pathological 
sub)  eets. 

Red  Bank  (red  bangk).  A borough  in  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Shrews- 
bury River,  25  miles  south  of  New  York  city. 
It  has  carriage-shops,  boiler-works,  a canning- 
factory,  etc.,  and  is  visited  as  a summer  resort. 
Population,  7,398,  (1910). 

Redfield  (red'feld),  Edward  Willis.  Born  at 
Bridgeville,  Del.,  in  1868.  An  American  land- 
scape-painter. He  studied  at  the  Pennsylvania  Acad- 
emy of  the  Fine  Arts,  Philadelphia,  and  under  Bougue- 
reau  and  Fleury  at  Paris.  In  1906  he  became  a member 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Design.  Examples  of  his 
work  are  in  many  American  galleries.  “ The  Canal  in 
Winter”  was  purchased  by  the  French  government  in 
1909  for  the  Luxembourg  Museum. 

Redfield,  William  Cox.  Born  at  Albany, 

N.  Y.,  June  18,  1858.  An  American  business 
man  and  author,  secretary  of  commerce  1913-. 
He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  1911-13,  when  he 
advocated  the  downward  revision  of  the  tariff.  He  has 
published  “ Japanese  Industry  ” (1912),  “ The  New  Indus- 
trial Day  ” (1912),  etc. 

Redlands  (red'landz).  A city  in  San  Bernar- 
dino County,  California,  7 miles  southeast  of 
San  Bernardino.  Its  principal  interest  is  orange- 
growing,  and  it  is  an  active  shipping-point  for  oranges, 
grain,  etc.  Population,  10,449,  (1910). 

Redmond  (red'mund),  John  Edward.  Born 

in  1851.  An  Irish  Nationalist  politician,  leader 
of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  party  since  1900. 

He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  was  called  to 
the  bar,  Gray’s  Inn,  in  1886,  and  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1887. 
He  has  been  a member  of  Parliament  since  1881.  He  vis- 
ited the  United  States  in  the  cause  of  Home  Rule  1904- 
1905,  and  again  in  1910.  He  has  written  “Home  Rule” 
(1910),  etc. 

Reds  of  the  Midi,  The.  An  English  transla- 
tion, by  Mrs.  Thomas  A.  Janvier,  of  the  Pro- 
vencal tale  “ Li  Rouge  ddu  Miejour,”  written 
by  F<51ix  Gras  in  1896.  it  was  published  in  1898, 


Reid,  Whitelaw 

before  the  appearance  of  the  original  or  of  its  author  s 
French  translation,  “ Les  Rouges  du  Midi.”  The  scene  is 
laid  in  the  south  of  France,  and  the  time  is  that  of  the 
French  Revolution. 

Red  Sunday.  January  22,  1905.  On  this  date  the 

workmen  of  St.  Petersburg,  disappointed  by  the  czar's 
manifesto  of  December  26, 1904,  and  led  by  Father  Gapon, 
attempted  to  hold  a mass-meeting  before  the  Winter 
Palace  in  order  that  they  might  petition  the  czar  for  lib- 
erty of  assembly,  speech,  self-government,  etc.  The 
military  refused  admission  to  the  square,  and  fired  on  the 
people,  causing  considerable  loss  of  life. 

Reed,  Myrtle.  See  * McCullough , Mrs. 

Reed  (red),  Walter.  Born  in  Gloucester 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  13,  1851:  died  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Nov.  23,  1902.  An  American 
physician,  surgeon  in  the  United  States  army 
with  the  rank  of  major  (1893).  During  the 
Spanish- American  war  he  was  the  head  of  a board  ap- 
pointed to  study  the  causation  and  spread  of  typhoid 
fever  in  the  camps  of  the  volunteer  troops  in  the  United 
States.  In  June,  1900,  he  was  sent  to  Cuba  at  the  head  of 
a commission  to  study  yellow  fever.  As  a result  of  de- 
cisive experiments  instituted  by  him  it  was  proved  that 
the  germs  of  the  disease  are  transmitted  by  a mosquito, 
Steyomyia  fasciata. 

Rees  (res),  John  Krom.  Born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  27,  1851:  died  there,  March  9,  1907.  An 
American  astronomer,  instructor,  adjunct  pro- 
fessor, and  professor  of  astronomy  in  Columbia 
University  from  1881.  He  was  graduated  at  Colum- 
bia. in  1872,  and  was  professor  of  mathematics  in  Washing- 
ton University,  St.  Louis,  1876-81.  In  1902  he  was  made 
a chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Reger  (ra'ger),  Max.  Born  at  Brand,  Bavaria, 
March  19,  1873.  A German  composer.  From 
1901  to  1906  he  was  professor  of  counterpoint  in  the  Mu- 
nich conservatory.  He  has  composed  many  organ  pieces, 
chamber-works,  songs,  and  a sinfonietta.  His  music  is 
marked  by  extreme  complication  in  counterpoint,  and  by 
the  avoidance  of  the  prevailing  tendency  toward  the  use 
of  imposing  mass  effects  and  instrumental  color. 
Regnier  (ra-nya/),  Henri  de.  Born  at  Hon- 
fleur,  France,' Dec.  28,  1864.  A noted  French 
poet,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  modern  Sym- 
bolists. His  verse  includes  “Lendemains”  (1886), 
“ Sites  ” (1887),  “ Episodes  " (1888),  “ Poemes  anciens  et  ro- 
manesques  ” (1900),  “ Tel  qu’en  songe  ” (1892),  “ Arethuse  ’’ 
(1895),  “ Les  mbdailles  d'argile  ” (1900),  “ La  cit6  des  eaux  ” 
(1902),  “ La  sandale  ailee”(1906),  etc.  He  is  also  known 
as  a critic,  and  has  published  several  books  of  fiction,  “ La 
cannede  jaspe  ” (1895),  “ Letrefleblanc  ”(1899),  “La  double 
maltresse  ” (1900),  “ Les  amants  singuliers  ” (1901),  “Le  bon 
plaisir  ” (1902),  “ Les  vacances  d’un  jeune  homme  sage  " 
(1903),  “Le  passb  vivant"  (1905),  “La  peur  de  l'amour” 
(1907),  etc.  Elected  to  the  French  Academy  1911. 

Reich  (rich),  Emil.  Born  at  Eperies,  Hun- 
gary, March  24,  1854:  died  at  London,  Dee. 
11,  1910.  A Hungarian  author  and  lecturer. 
He  was  educated  at  Prague,  Budapest,  and  Vienna,  and 
devoted  himself  to  reading  and  study  until  his  thirtieth 
year,  when  he  set  out  to  travel.  He  spent  five  years  in 
tne  United  States,  four  in  France,  and  about  thirteen  in 
England,  where  he  lectured  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and 
London  universities,  and  was  employed  by  the  British 
government  to  aid  in  preparing  its  case  in  the  Venezuela 
boundary  controversy.  Among  his  many  published  works 
are  a “ History  of  Civilization,”  “Foundations  of  Modern 
Europe,"  “Atlas  of  Modern  History,”  “Fundamental 
Principles  of  Evidence,"  “ General  History  of  Western 
Nations,"  and  “Woman  through  the  Ages." 
Reichsbank  (richs'bank),  The  German  Im- 
perial or  National  Bank,  at  Berlin,  the  leading 
bank  in  Germany,  established  by  an  act  passed 
in  1875.  It  is  governed  by  a bank  directorate 
appointed  by  the  chancellor  of  the  empire, 
aided  by  a committee  of  shareholders. 
Reichsrath  (G.  pron.  richs'rat).  [G.,  ‘par- 
liament of  the  empire.’]  The  chief  delibera- 
tive body  in  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria- 
Hungary.  It  is  composed  of  an  upper  house  ( Hertcn - 
haus)  of  princes,  certain  nobles  and  prelates,  and  life 
members  nominated  by  the  emperor,  and  of  a lower  house 
of  516  deputies.  Under  the  electoral  law  of  January  26, 
1907,  the  lower  house  ( Abgeordnetenhaus ) is  elected  on 
the  basis  of  universal,  equal,  and  direct  suffrage.  All 
Austrian  male  citizens  over  24  years  of  age  who  have 
resided  for  at  least  a year  in  the  place  of  election  are 
entitled  to  vote  for  a deputy.  S.  Y.  B. 

Reid  (red),  Sir  George  Houstoun.  Born  at 

Johnstone,  Scotland,  Feb.  25,  1845.  An  Aus- 
tralian  Liberal  statesman.  He  went  to  Melbourne 
in  1852;  was  a member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of 
New  South  Wales  1*80-99  (except  1884-85);  was  elected  to 
the  Commonwealth  Parliament  in  1901;  was  prime  minister 
and  colonial  treasurer  of  New  South  Wales  1894-99,  pre- 
mier of  the  Commonwealth  1904-05, and  high  commissioner 
for  Australia  1910-.  lie  has  published  “Five  Free  Trade 
Essays,”  “New  South  Wales,"  etc. 

Reid  (red),  Robert  Threshie,  first  Earl  Lore- 
burn.  Born  April  3,  1846.  A British  jurist. 
He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham  College  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford;  was  called  to  the  bar  of  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1871;  was  appointed  queen’s  counsel  iu  1882; 
and  was  knighted  in  1894.  He  was  Liberal  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  for  Hereford  1880-85  and  lor  Dumfries 
1886-1905.  He  was  solicitor-general  in  1894;  attorney- 
general  1894-95;  lord  high  chancellor  Dec.  ,1905-June,  1912; 
and  was  one  of  the  British  counsel  before  the  Venezuelan 
Commission.  He  was  created  Baron  Loreburn,  Dec.  30, 
1905,  and  an  earl  in  1911. 

Reid  , Whitelaw.  He  wrote  “Ohio  in  the  War- 
(1868),  “Schools  of  Journalism”  (1870),  “Our  New  Duties,' 


Reid,  Whitelaw 

“Later  Aspects  of  our  New  Duties”  (1899),  “A  Conti- 
nental Union”  (1900),  “Problems  of  Expansion”  (1900), 
“ Greatest  Fact  in  Modern  History  ” (1907),  etc. 
Reinach  (ri'nach),  Joseph.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  30,  1856.  A French  publicist.  A lawyer  by 
profession,  he  was  Gambetta’s  secretary  during  his  minis- 
try of  1881-82,  and  was  a member  of  the  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties 1889-98  and  1906-.  He  is  especially  known  as  a cham- 
pion of  Dreyfus,  whose  case  he  presented  in  his  “Histoire 
de  r affaire  Dreyfus”  (1901-08).  He  has  also  published 
other  works  on  various  political  and  historical  subjects. 
Reinach  (ri'nach),  Salomon.  Born  at  St.-Ger- 
main-en-Laye,  Aug.  29,  1858.  A French  ar- 
chaeologist, keeper  of  the  National  Museum  of 
St.  Germain  from  1902.  He  is  the  brother  of  Joseph 
Reinach.  He  has  published  a “Manuel  de  philologie 
classique,”  “Traitb  d’epigraphie  grecque,”  “Repertoire 
de  la  statuaire  grecque  et  romaine, " “ Repertoire  des  vases 
grecs  et  etrangers,”  “Repertoire  de  reliefs  grecs  et 
remains,”  etc. 

Reinecke  (ri'nek-e),  Karl.  Born  June  23, 
1824 : died  March  10,  1910.  A German  pianist, 
composer,  conductor,  and  teacher  of  music. 

After  filling  various  posts  in  smaller  cities,  he  became 
conductor  of  the  Gewandhaus  concerts  in  Leipsic  in  1860, 
and  at  the  same  time  was  made  profeBsorof  the  piano  and 
of  composition  at  the  Conservatory.  In  1895  he  was  suc- 
ceeded as  conductor  by  Nikisch  and  in  1902  retired  from 
his  post  at  the  Conservatory. 

Rejane*,  Gabrielle  Charlotte  Reju,  called. 
She  founded  in  1905  the  Theatre  Rejane,  of 
which  she  is  the  directrix. 

Reliance.  An  American  racing  yacht,  the  suc- 
cessful defender,  in  1903,  of  the  America’s  cup 
against  Shamrock  III.  She  was  built  by  the  Her- 
reshoffs,  sailed  by  Captain  Barr,  and  owned  by  a syndicate 
represented  by  C.  Oliver  Iselin. 

Remenyi  (ra-men'yi),  Eduard.  Born  at 
Heves,  Hungary,  in  1830:  died  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  May  15,  1898.  A Hungarian  violin- 
ist. He  traveled  in  many  parts  of  the  world. 
Remsen  % Ira.  His  later  works  include  “In- 
organic Chemistry  ” (1889),  “ Chemical  Experi- 
ments ’’  (1895),  “College  Text-hook  of  Chem- 
istry ” (1901),  etc. 

Renaud  (re-no'),  Maurice  Arnold.  Born  at 
Bordeaux  in  1865.  A French  barytone  singer. 
He  studied  at  the  Paris  and  Brussels  conservatories.  He 
appeared  in  Paris  at  the  Op6ra  Gomique  in  1890  and  at  the 
Opera  in  1891,  and  in  1900  came  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  has  sung  in  opera  in  various  cities. 

Renault  (re-no'),  Jean  Louis.  Born  at  Autun, 
May  21,  1843.  A French  jurist,  professor  in 
the  University  of  Paris.  He  is  jurisconsult  for  the 
ministry  of  foreign  affairs  and  a member  of  the  Interna- 
tional Court  of  Arbitration  at  The  Hague.  In  1907  he 
was  awarded  the  Nobel  peace  prize.  lie  has  published 
“Introduction  A l’etude  du  droit  international”  and 
“ Traite  de  droit  commercial  ” (with  C.  Lyon-Caen). 

Rendall  (ren'dal),  Gerald  Henry.  Born  at 
Harrow,  Middlesex,  1851.  An  English  classi- 
cal scholar,  head-master  of  the  Charterhouse 
School  1897-1911.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  in  1874 ; was  vice-chancellor  of  Victoria 
University  1890-94  ; and  was  the  first  principal  of  Univer- 
sity College,  Liverpool.  His  writings  include  “The  Cradle 
of  the  Aryans ’’  (1889),  a translation  of  the  “Meditations" 
of  Marcus  Aurelius  (1897),  etc. 

Rensselaer  (ren'se-ler).  A city  in  Rensselaer 
County,  New  York,  it  is  situated  on  the  Hudson 
opposite  Albany,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  bridges. 
It  has  large  freight-yards  and  roundhouses,  and  manu- 
factures of  leather,  felt,  coal-elevators,  colors,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 10,711,  (1910). 

Rensselaer  (ren'se-ler)  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute. A school  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  founded  in 
1824  by  the  Hon.  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer. 
It  was  reorganized  upon  the  basis  of  a general  polytechnic 
institute  in  1849.  It  offers  courses  of  four  years  each, 
leading  to  the  degrees  of  civil  engineer,  mechanical  engi- 
neer, electrical  engineer,  and  bachelor  of  science,  and  is 
attended  by  about  700  students. 

Repplier  (rep'li-er),  Agnes.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  April  1,  1858.  An  American 
essayist.  She  has  written  “Books  and  Men"  (1888), 
“Points  of  View”  (1891),  “Essays  in  Miniature  ” (1892), 
“ Essays  in  Idleness”  (1893),  “ In  the  Dozy  Hours  ” (1895), 
“Varia"  (1897),  “The  Fireside  Sphinx”  (1901),  “Compro- 
mises ” (1904),  “In  Our  Convent  Days ”(1905),  “Philadel- 
phia” (1907),  “Happy  Half-century”  (1908),  “Americans 
and  Others  ” (1912),  etc. 

Return  of  the  Native,  The.  A story  by 
Thomas  Hardy,  published  in  1878. 

Reveries  of  a Bachelor.  A book  by  Ik  Marvel 
(Donald  Grant  Mitchell),  published  in  1850. 
Revolution  of  February.  The  French  revo- 
lution of  1848,  which  overthrew  the  government 
of  Louis  Philippe. 

Reyer  (ra-yar'),  Louis  Etienne  Ernest.  (Origi- 
nally Rey.)  Born  at  Marseilles,  Dec.  1,  1823: 
died  Jan.  15,  1909.  A French  composer,  nis 
most  important  works  are  the  operas  “Sigurd”  (1884) 
and  “ Salammbb  ” (18901.  For  some  years  he  was  musical 
critic  of  the  “Journal  des  Ddbats,”  and  in  1875  published 
“Notes  de  musique.”  He  was  made  a member  of  the 
French  Academy  in  1876. 

Reyes  (ra'yiis),  Rafael.  A South  American 
explorer,  soldier,  and  statesman.  He  explored 
the  Amazon  and  its  tributaries  with  his  brothers,  Henry 


and  Nestor ; became  commander-in-chief  of  the  Colombian 
army ; was  sent  to  Washington  to  represent  Colombian 
interests  in  connection  with  the  new  Republic  of  Panama; 
and  was  officially  proclaimed  president  of  Colombia,  July 
4,  1904,  and  inaugurated  August  7,  1904.  By  a resolution 
of  the  General  Assembly  in  March,  1905  his  term  of  office 
was  extended  until  December  31,  1914.  He  resigned  July 
28,  1909. 

Rheinberger  (rm'ber-Ger),  Joseph  Gabriel. 

Born  at  Vaduz,  Liechtenstein,  March  17,  1839: 
died  at  Munich,  Nov.  25,  1901.  A German 
composer  and  teacher.  From  1859  to  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  professor  of  the  theory  of  music  in  the 
Munich  Conservatory,  where  he  trained  many  well-known 
musicians,  including  a number  of  Americans.  Among  his 
chief  works  are  the  symphonic  tone-poem  “Wallenstein,” 
several  chamber  compositions,  and  organ  pieces,  among 
which  are  twenty  sonatas  and  two  concertos. 

Rhinelander  (rin'land-er).  The  county-seat 
of  Oneida  County,  Wisconsin,  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State.  It  has  lumber-mills,  a refrig- 
erator factory,  etc.  Population,  5,637,  (1910). 

Rhodes  (rodz),  James  Ford.  Born  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  May  1,  1848.  A noted  American 
historian.  He  was  educated  at  the  universities  of  New 
York  and  Chicago,  and  pursued  special  studies  in  France 
and  Germany.  From  1870  to  1885  he  was  engaged  in 
business  in  Cleveland.  In  1901  he  was  awarded  the  Loubat 
prize  by  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences.  He  is  known  as 
the  author  of  a “ History  of  the  United  States  from  the 
Compromise  of  1850  to  the  Final  Restoration  of  Home 
Rule  at  the  South  in  1877  ” (1892-1906). 

Rhodes  Scholarships.  Scholarships  estab- 
lished at  Oxford  University  by  the  will  of 
Cecil  J.  Rhodes  (died  1902),  to  he  held  by 
students  from  the  most  important  British  colo- 
nies (78  in  all) ; from  each  of  the  states  and 
territories  of  the  United  States  (2  each) ; and 
from  Germany  (5).  They  are  held  for  3 consecutive 
years.  The  value  of  the  Colonial  and  American  scholar- 
ships is  £300  a year  ; that  of  the  German,  £250. 

Rhodesia*.  It  extends  from  the  Belgian  Kongo  and 
German  East  Africa  on  the  north  to  the  Transvaal  on  the 
south,  and  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Portuguese  East 
Africa,  Nyasaland,  and  German  East  Africa,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  Belgian  Kongo,  Portuguese  West  Africa,  and 
Bechuaoalaud.  The  portion  north  of  the  Zambesi  is 
Northern  Rhodesia,  that  south  of  the  Zambesi  is  Southern 
Rhodesia.  Population  of  Southern  Rhodesia : white, 
23,606 ; native,  744,599,  (1911).  Since  1889  it  has  been  ad- 
ministered by  the  British  South  Africa  Company. 

Rhondda  (ron'tha).  A district  and  munici- 
pality in  Glamorganshire,  Wales.  It  is  situated 

in  an  important  iron-mining  center,  and  has  large  iron  in- 
terests. Population,  113,735. 

Ribbeck  , Johann  Karl  Otto.  His  later  works 

include  “Friedrich  Wilhelm  Ritschl  ” (1879-81),  “Kolax” 
(1883),  “ Agroikos  ”(1885), and  “Reden  und  Vortriige  ”(1899). 

Ribot  (re-bo'),  Theodule  Armand.  Born  at 
Guingamp,  Cotes-du-Nord,  France,  Dec.  18, 
1839.  A noted  French  psychologist,  professor 
in  the  College  de  France  from  1888,  and 
founder  (1876)  and  editor  of  the  “ Revue 
Philosophique.”  He  has  published  “La  psychologie 
anglaise  contemporaine  ” (1870),  “L’Heredite”  (1873), 
“La  philosophic  de  Schopenhauer ” (1874),  “La  psycho- 
logie allemande  contemporaine  ” (1879),  “ Les  maladies  de 
la  volonte”  (1883),  “Les  maladies  de  la  personality” 
(1885),  “La  psychologie  de  l’attention”  (1889),  “La  psy- 
chologie des  sentiments  ” (1896),  “ L’Evolution  des  idees 
generates”  (1897),  “Essai  sur  ^imagination  creatrice  ” 
(1900),  “La  logique  des  sentiments”  (1904),  “ Essai  sur  les 
passions  ” (1906),  etc. 

Ricci  (ret'che),  Corrado.  Born  at  Ravenna, 
Italy,  April  18,  1858.  An  Italian  connoisseur 
and  critic.  He  was  for  many  years  director  of  the 
Brera  Gallery  in  Milan,  and  in  1903  was  appointed  direc- 
tor of  the  museums  of  Florence.  Among  his  many  publi- 
cations on  the  history  and  art  of  Italy  are  “Ravenna  e 
suoi  dintorni  ” (1878),  “Cronache  e docuraenti  per  la  storia 
Ravennate  del  secolo  XVI.”  (1882),  and  “Antonio  Allegri 
da  Correggio  "(English  translation  by  Florence  Simmouds, 
1896). 

Rice  (ris),  Mrs.  (Alice  Caldwell  Hegan). 

Born  at  Shelbyville,  Ky.,  Jan.  11,  1870.  An 
American  novelist.  She  has  published  “Mrs.  Wiggs 
of  the  Cabbage  Patch  ” (1901),  “ Lovey  Mary  ” (1903), 
“Sandy  ” (1905),  “ Captain  June  ” (1907),  “Mr.  Opp”(1909), 
“ A Romance  of  Billy-goat  Hill  ’’  (1912),  etc. 

Richards  (rich'ardz),  Ellen  Henrietta.  Born 

at  Dunstable,  Mass.,  Dec.  3, 1842 : died  at  Bos- 
ton, March  30,  1911.  An  American  sanitary 
chemist,  head  of  the  department  of  social 
economics  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology.  She  published  “The  Chemistry  of  Cook- 
ing and  Cleaning ” (1882),  “Food  Materials  and  Their 
Adulterations”  (1886),  “ The  Cost  of  Living  ” (1899),  “The 
Cost  of  Food "(1900),  “The  Cost  of  Shelter  ” (1905),  “The 
Cost  of  Cleanness  ” (1908),  “ Industrial  Water  Analysis  " 
(1909),  etc. 

Richards  (rich'ardz),  Sir  Frederick  William. 

Born  Nov.  30,  1833.  A British  naval  officer, 
promoted  admiral  in  1893.  He  served  in  the  Zulu 
and  Boer  wars  1879-81,  and  in  the  Burmese  war  1885-86  ; 
was  commander-in-chief  on  the  East  India  station  1885-88, 
and  on  the  China  station  1890-92  ; and  was  admiral  of  the 
fleet,  1898-1903. 

Richards  (rich'ardz),  Joseph  William.  Born 
at  Oldbury,  England,  July  28, 1864.  An  English 
scientist,  professor  of  metallurgy  and  min- 


Ridgway,  Robert 

eralogy  in  Lehigh  University  from  1903.  He 
was  assistant  and  acting  professor  1897-1903. 
He  has  published  “Aluminum  ”(1887),  “Metal- 
lurgical Calculations”  (1906-08),  etc. 
Richards  ( rich ' ardz ),  Theodore  William. 
Born  at  Germantown,  Pa.,  Jan.  31,  1868.  An 
American  chemist,  son  of  William  T.  Richards 
(artist).  He  was  assistant  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Harvard  University  1894-1901,  and  has  been  professor 
since  1901  and  chairman  of  the  chemistry  department 
1903-11.  In  1907  he  was  exchange  professor  at  Berlin. 
In  1910  lie  was  awarded  the  Davy  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Society  for  his  researches  in  the  determination  of  atomic 
weights.  He  has  published  many  scientific  papers. 

Richardson  (rich' ard- son),  Sir  Benjamin 
Ward.  Born  at  Somerby,  Leicestershire,  Oct. 
31,  1828:  died  at  London,  Nov.  21,  1896.  A 
noted  English  physician,  practising  in  London 
from  1853.  He  was  a prolific  writer  and  made  many 
important  contributions  to  the  science  of  medicine. 

Richardson  (rich ' ard  - son),  Rufus  Byam. 

Born  at  Westford,  (Mass.,  April  18,  1845.  An 
American  classical  archaeologist  and  educator, 
director  of  the  American  School  of  Classical 
Studies  at  Athens  1893-1903.  He  was  graduated 

at  Yale  University  in  1869 ; studied  in  Berlin ; served  in 
the  Union  army  1862-63;  and  was  professor  of  Greek  in 
the  University  of  Indiana  1880-82,  and  in  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege 1882-93.  He  has  conducted  explorations  at  Eretria 
and  on  the  site  of  ancient  Corinth.  His  publications  in- 
clude “•Vacation  Days  in  Greece  " (1903),  “ Greece  Through 
the  Stereoscope  ” (1907),  and  numerous  archaeological 
papers. 

Richmond  (rieh'mond).  A city  in  Contra 
Costa  County,  California,  incorporated  in 
1905.  Population,  6,802,  (1910). 

Richmond  (rieh'mond).  The  county-seat  of 
Madison  County,  Kentucky,  24  miles  south- 
east of  Lexington.  Tobacco-growing  and 
horse-breeding  are  among  its  industries.  It 
is  the  seat  of  the  Eastern  Kentucky  State 
Normal  School.  Population,  5,340,  (1910). 
Richmond  (rieh'mond).  A borough  of  the 
city  of  New  York  (see  New  York,  Greater). 
It  is  conterminous  with  Staten  Island  (which 
see).  Population,  85,969,  (1910). 

Richmond  (rieh'mond),  Sir  William  Blake. 
Born  at  London,  Nov.  29,  1842.  An  English 
painter.  He  was  trained  in  the  schools  of  the  Royal 
Academy ; was  Slade  professor  of  art  at  Oxford  1879-82  ; 
and  became  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1888, 
and  a member  in  1895.  Among  his  works  are  many  com- 
positions of  classic  and  poetical  subjects  in  an  academic 
style  and  several  notable  portraits.  He  also  designed  the 
mosaic  decorations  of  the  choir  of  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral. 
Knighted  1897. 

Richthofen  (ri<iht'ho-fen),  Baron  Ferdinand 
von.  Born  at-  Karlsruhe,  Silesia,  May  5, 
1833:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  6,  1905.  A noted 
German  geologist  aDd  traveler.  He  accompanied, 
as  geologist,  the  Prussian  expedition  to  Japan,  China,  and 
Siam,  and  visited  Java,  the  Philippines,  India,  California, 
Nevada,  and  again  China  and  Japan,  returning  to  Europe 
m 1872.  In  1875  he  became  professor  of  geography  at 
Bonn,  in  1883  at  Leipsic,  and  in  1886  at  Berlin.  He  wrote 
“China,  Ergebnisse  eigener  Reisen  und  darauf  gegriin- 
deter  Studien  ” (1877-83),  etc. 

Riddell*,  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Eliza  Lawson 
Cowan).  Hei*later  works  include  “ The  Head 
of  the  Firm”  (1892),  “A  Silent  Tragedy” 
(1893),  “A  Rich  Man’s  Daughter”  (1897), 
“Footfall  of  Fate”  (1900),  “Poor  Fellow” 
(1902),  etc. 

Riddle  (rid'l),  Oscar.  Born  at  Cincinnati, 
Ind.,  Sept.  27,  1877.  An  American  naturalist, 
professor  of  zoology  in  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago from  1909.  He  made  an  expedition  up 
the  Orinoco  River  in  1901. 

Ridgefield  (rij ' feld).  A town  in  Fairfield 
County,  Connecticut,  including  Ridgefield  bor- 
ough, 9 miles  soutliwest  of  Danbury,  in  a 
farming  region.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Samuel  Griswold  Goodrich  (“Peter  Parley”). 
Population,  town,  3,118;  borough,  1,114,  (1910). 
Ridgeway  (rij'wa),  William.  Born  in  Ire- 
land, 1853.  A British  archaeologist,  professor 
of  archaeology  in  the  University  of  Cambridge 
from  1892.  lie  has  written  “The  Origin  and  Influence 
of  Metallic  Currency  and  Weight  Standards  ” (1892),  “ The 
Early  Age  of  Greece ”(1901),  “The  Origin  and  Influence 
of  the  Thoroughbred  Horse  ” (1905),  etc. 

Ridgewood  (rij'wud).  A village  in  Bergen 
County,  New  Jersey,  5 miles  northeast  of 
Paterson.  Population.  5,416,  (1910). 

Ridgway  (rij'wa).  The  county-seat  of  Elk 
County,  Pennsylvania.  It  has  lumber-mills, 
engine-  and  dynamo-factories,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 5,408,  (1910). 

Ridgway  (rij'wa),  Robert.  Born  at  Mount 
Carmel,  111.,  July  2,  1850.  An  American  natu- 
ralist, curator  of  the  division  of  birds  of  the 
United  States  National  Museum  from  1876. 

He  was  zoologist  of  the  United  States  geological  explora- 


Ridgway,  Robert 

tiou  of  the  40th  parallel  1867-69.  Among  his  publications 
are  “A  History  of  North  American  Birds"  and  “Water 
Birds  of  North  America”  (3  vols.,  1874,  and  2 vols.,  1884  : 
with  Baird  and  Brewer),  “Nomenclature  of  Colors” 
(1886),  “A  Manual  of  North  American  Birds  ” (1887),  “The 
Ornithology  of  Illinois”  (1889),  “The  Birds  of  North  and 
Middle  America”  (part  i.,  1910 ; part  v.,  1911),  etc. 
Riapath  (rid' path),  John  Clark.  Born  in 
Putnam  County,  Ind.,  April  26,  1841:  died  at 
New  York,  July  31,  1900.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  historian.  He  was  graduated  from  Asbury 
(now  DePauw)  University,  and  in  1869  was  appointed  to  a 
professorship  in  that  institution  and  later  became  its 
vice-president.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  “ Peo- 
ple’s Cyclopaedia  ” (1881),  and  published  “Academic  His- 
tory of  the  United  States  ” (1874-75),  “A  Popular  History 
of  the  United  States”  (1877),  “Cyclopedia  of  Universal 
History”  (1880-84),  “Great  Races  of  Mankind”  (1893), 
“History  of  the  World”  (1898),  “History  of  the  United 
States  ’ ’ (1900),  etc. 

Riemann  (re'man),  Hugo.  Born  at  G-ross- 
mehlra,  near  Sondershausen,  Germany,  July 
18,  1849.  A German  musical  historian  and 
critic.  In  1878  he  became  university  lecturer  on  music 
at  Leipsic,  and  after  teaching  elsewhere  returned  to 
Leipsic  in  1895.  Among  his  many  works  are  “Studien 
zur  Geschichte  der  Notenschrift  ” (1878),  “ Musikalische 
Dynamik  und  Agogik”  (1884),  “Geschichte  der  Musik- 
theorie  vom  ix.  -xix.  Jahrhundert  ” (1898),  “ Geschichte  der 
Musik  seit  Beethoven”  (1901),  “ Grosse  Kompositions- 
lehre  ” (1902-03),  and  a “Musiklexikon  ” that  has  been 
published  (1882-1904)  in  six  revisions. 

Riggs  (rigz),  Mrs.  (Kate  Douglas  Smith): 
pen-name  Kate  Douglas  Wiggin  (from  her 
first  marriage).  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
A contemporary  American  author.  She  organized 
the  first  free  kindergarten  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Among 
her  publications  are  “ The  Birds’  Christmas  Carol  ” (1886), 

“ Timothy’s  Quest  ” (1890),“  A Cathedral  Courtship  ”(1893), 
“Penelope’s  Euglish  Experiences”  (1893),  “Penelope’s 
Progress  ” (1898),  “Penelope’s  Irish  Experiences  ” (1901), 

“ Rebecca  of  Sunnybrook  Farm  ” (1903  : dramatized  1910), 
“Rose  o’ the  River”  (1905),  “ New  Chronicles  of  Rebecca” 
(1907),  “The  Old  Peabody  Pew”  (1907),  and  “Mother 
Carey’s  Chickens  ” (1911). 

Riis*  Jacob.  His  later  works  include  “ A Ten  Years’ 
War’1  (1900:  rewritten  as  “The  Battle  with  the  Slum,” 
1902),  “ The  Making  of  an  American  ” (1901),  “ Children  of 
the  Tenements ” (1903),  “The  Peril  and  the  Preservation 
of  the  Home  ” (1903),  “ Is  There  a Santa  Claus?”  (1904), 
“Theodore  Roosevelt  the  Citizen”  (1904),  and  “The 
Old  Town  ’ ’ (1909). 

Riley",  James  Whitcomb.  Among  his  later  works 

are  “ Cnild-  World  ” (1897),  “ Rubaiyiit  of  Doc  Sifers  ” 
(1897),  “Child-rhymes”  (1899),  “Love  Lyrics”  (1899), 

“ Farm-rhymes  ” (1901),  “ Book  of  Joyous  Children  ” (1902), 

“ An  Old  Sweetheart  of  Mine  ” (1902),  “ A Defective  Santa 
Claus  ” (1904),  “Out  to  Old  Aunt  Mary’s  ” (1904),  “ His  Pa’s 
Romance ” (1904),  “Songs  o’  Cheer”  (1905),  “While  the 
Heart  Beats  Young”  (1906),  “Morning  ’ (1907),  “The 
Raggedy  Man”  (1907),  “Boys  of  the  Old  Glee  Club” 
(1908),  “Home  Again  With  Me  ” (1908),  “Orphant  Annie 
Book  ” (1908),  “ Songs  of  Summer  ” (1908),  etc. 
Rimsky-Korsakof  (rimz'ki-kor-sa-kof'),  Nik- 
olas Andrejevitch.  Born  at  Tikhvin,  Russia, 
March  18  (N.  S.),  1844:  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, June  22,  1908.  A Russian  composer, 
professor  of  instrumentation  at  the  St.  Peters- 
burg Conservatory  from  1871,  and  inspector 
of  naval  bands  1873—84.  Among  his  compositions 
are  several  operas,  including  “La  nuit  de  mai”  (1880), 

“ Snegorotchka  ” (1882),  “Mlada”  (1893),  “La  nuit  de 
Noel  ” (1895),  “La  fiancee  dutsar  ” (1898),  “ Le  conte  du 
roi  Sabtan  ” (1900),  “ Servilia”  (1902)  ^three  symphonies  ; 
symphonic  poems,  including  “Sadko”  and  “Schehera- 
zade ” ; and  songs.  He  also  wrote  a treatise  on  harmony, 
and  was  noted  as  a conductor. 

Rio  Grande  de  Cagayan  (re'o  gran'da  da  ka- 
ga-yan').  The  largest  river  in  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  It  rises  in  the  southern  mountains  of 
Isabela  province  and  flows  first  northeast  and  then  north 
by  west  to  Aparri  on  the  northern  coast  of  Cagayan 
province.  It  has  a drainage  of  about  10,000  square  miles, 
and  is  the  medium  of  transportation  to  the  coast  of  all 
the  products  of  both  provinces.  Length,  about  220  miles. 
It  is  navigable  by  vessels  of  3 feet  draft  as  far  as  Tugue- 
garao,  the  capital  of  Cagayan  ; by  native  boats  about  160 
miles ; and  by  rafts  40  mil  js  further. 

Rio  Grande  de  la  Pampanga  (re'o  gran'da 
da  la  pam-pan'ga).  A river,  the  second  in  size 
in  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 

Rio  Grande  de  Mindanao  (re'o  gran'da  da 
men-da-na'o),  or  Pulangui  (po-lan'ge).  A 
river,  the  largest  in  Mindanao  and  the  second 
in  size  in  the  Philippines. 

Rio  Negro.  4.  A territory  of  the  Argentine 
Republic.  Capital, Viedma.  Area, 75,924 square 
miles.  Population,  28,166. — 5.  A department 
of  Uruguay.  Capital,  Fray  Bentos  (or  Inde- 
pendencia).  Area,  3,269  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 39,667. 

Ripley  (rip'li),  William  Zebina.  Born  at 

Medford,  Mass.,  Oct.  13,  1867.  An  American 
economist  and  ethnologist,  professor  of  politi- 
cal economy  in  Harvard  University  from  1902. 

He  was  graduated  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology in  1890,  and  was  a member  of  its  faculty  1893-1902. 
In  1900  he  served  as  expert  on  railroads  for  the  United 
States  Industrial  Commission,  drafting  its  final  report  on 
that  subject.  His  works  include  a “ Financial  History  of 
Virginia"  (1893),  “The  Races  of  Europe”  (1900),  “Trusts, 


Pools,  and  Corporations’’  (1905),  “Railway  Problems” 
(1907),  etc. 

Risler  (ris'ler),  Joseph  Eduard.  Born  at 
Baden,  Feb.  23,  1873.  A German  pianist.  He 

studied  at  the  Paris  Conservatory,  and  later  with  Himm- 
ler, Stavenhagen,  D’ Albert,  and  Klindworth.  He  has 
appeared  in  concert  in  most  of  the  larger  continental 
cities  and  in  England,  playing  many  of  Beethoven’s  com- 
positions. Since  1906  he  has  been  a member  of  the  Con- 
seil  Sup^rieur  of  the  Paris  Conservatory. 

Risley  (riz'li),  Sir  Herbert  Hope.  Born  1851: 
died  Sept.  30,  1911.  An  English  anthropolo- 
gist, home  secretary  of  the  government  of  In- 
dia 1902-09,  director  of  ethnography  for  India 
from  1901,  and  secretary  of  the  judicial  and 
public  department  of  the  India  Office  1910-1911. 
His  works  include  “Primitive  Marriage  in  Bengal," 
“Widow  and  Infant  Marriage,”  “Tribes  and  Castes  of 
Bengal,”  etc.  He  was  knighted  in  1907. 

Ristori*,  Adelaide.  In  1847  she  married  the  Mar- 
chese  Capranica  del  Griilo.  Her  autobiography  (“Ricordi 
e studi  artistici”)  was  published  in  1887. 

Ritchey  (rich'i),  George  Willis.  Born  atTup- 
pePs  Plains,  Ohio,  Dec.  31,  1864.  An  Ameri- 
can astronomer,  superintendent  of  instrument 
construction  and  astronomer  of  the  Solar  Ob- 
servatory of  the  Carnegie  Institution  from  1905. 

He  was  optician  of  the  Yerkes  Observatory  1896-99,  su- 
perintendent of  instrument  construction  1899-1904,  in- 
structor in  practical  astronomy  1901-04,  and  assistant  pro- 
fessor 1904-05. 

Riverside  (riv'er-sid).  The  county-seat  of 
Riverside  County,  California,  10  miles  south- 
west of  San  Bernardino.  It  is  frequented  by 
tourists,  and  is  important  for  its  extensive 
production  of  oranges,  lemons,  raisins,  and 
figs.  Population,  15,212,  (1910). 

Rives  (revz),  Amelie.  See  *Trouhetzkoy. 
Rizal  (re-thal').  Aprovince  in  southern  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Bulacan  on  the 
north,  Infanta  and  La  Laguna  (partly  separated  by  moun- 
tains) on  the  east,  Laguna  de  Bay  and  Cavite  on  the  south, 
and  Manila  Bay  and  Bulacan  on  the  west.  It  includes 
Talim  and  other  small  islands  in  Laguna  de  Bay.  Capital, 
Pasig.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  short  mountain-ranges 
and  fertile  plains.  The  highest  mountain  is  Tallin,  an 
extinct  volcano,  1,519  feet  in  height.  The  chief  river,  the 
Pasig,  drains  Laguna  de  Bay,  and  empties  by  several 
mouths  into  Manila  Bay.  It  has  numerous  tributaries, 
and  is  an  important  means  of  communication  with  the 
interior  of  the  island.  Coal  is  found  in  the  southern,  and 
gold  in  the  northern,  part  of  Rizal.  Among  the  prod- 
ucts are  mangos,  corn,  and  sugar-cane.  The  inhabitants 
are  Tagalos.  Area,  733  square  miles.  Population,  150,923. 

Rizal  (re-thal'),  Jose.  Born  at  Calamba,  La 
Laguna,  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands:  died  at 
Manila,  Dec.  30,  1896.  A Filipino  patriot  and 
author.  He  received  degrees  in  medicine  and  philoso- 
phy  from  the  University  of  Madrid  and  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Berlin  Anthropological  Society.  He  re- 
turned to  the  Philippines  and  published  a political  story, 

“ Noli  me  tangere,”  on  account  of  which  he  was  forced  by 
the  party  in  power  to  emigrate.  When  abroad  he  wrote 
another  political  novel,  “El  Filibusterismo.”  He  subse- 
quently practised  medicine  in  Hong-Kong,  and  obtained 
permission  to  visit  the  Philippines,  but  on  his  arrival 
there  was  arrested.  A native  insurrection  against  Spain 
having  broken  out,  he  was  accused  of  being  its  instigator, 
and  was  condemned  and  shot. 

Robben  Island.  A small  island  in  the  Sea  of 
Okhotsk,  in  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  144°  E.,  near 
Saghalin  Island.  It  has  a length  of  1,900  feet  and  a 
width  of  about  120  feet.  It  contains  a fur-seal  rookery. 

Roberts  (rob'erts),  Charles  George  Douglas. 

Born  at  Fredericton,  New  Brunswick,  Jan.  10, 
1860.  A Canadian  poet  and  prose-writer. 
He  was  professor  of  the  English  and  French  literatures  at 
King's  College,  Nova  Scotia,  1885-87,  and  of  English  and 
economics  1887-95  ; and  was  associate  editor  of  the  New 
York  “ Illustrated  American  ” 1897-98.  His  verse  in- 
cludes “ Oricn,  and  Other  Poems  ” (1880),  “ In  Divers 
Tones”  (1887),  “Ave  : an  Ode  for  the  Shelley  Centenary” 
(1892),  “Songs  of  the  Common  Day  ”(1893),  “The  Book  of 
the  Native ” (1896),  “New  York  Nocturnes ” (1898),  “Col- 
lected Poems’’  (1900),  and  “The  Book  of  the  Rose”  (1903). 
Among  his  prose  works  are  “Earth’s  Enigmas"  (1896),  “A 
History  of  Canada”  (1897),  “The  Forge  in  the  Forest" 
(1897),  “ By  the  Marshes  of  Minas"  (1900),  “The  Heart  of 
the  Ancient  Wood ”(1900),  “The  Kindred  of  the  Wild" 
(1902),  “Red  Fox”  (1905),  “ The  Cruise  of  the  Yacht  Dido" 
(1906),  “Haunters  of  the  Silences”  (1907),  “The  House  in 
the  Water"  (1908),  “The  Backwoodsmen"  (1909),  “Kings 
in  Exile  ” (1910),  “ Neighbors  Unknown  ” (1911),  etc. 
Roberts  (rob'erts),  Morley.  Born  at  London, 
Dec.  29,  1857.  An  English  novelist  and  jour- 
nalist. For  many  years  he  led  an  adventurous  life  as  a 
cattleman  and  railroad-man  in  Australia,  the  United  States. 
Canada,  and  South  Africa,  and  as  a sailor  in  various  parts 
of  the  world.  His  works  include  “The  YVestern  Avernus  ” 
(1887),  “Songs  of  Energy  ” (1891),  “Red  Earth"  (1894),  “A 
Son  of  Empire”  (1899),  “The  Colossus”  (1899),  "The Plun- 
derers” (1900),  “The  Way  of  a Man  ” (1902),  “ The  Promo- 
tion of  the  Admiral"  (1903),  “Rachel  Marr’’  (1903),  “A 
Tramp’s  Notebook  ’(1904),  “ The  Idlers  ” (1905),  “ThePrey 
of  the  Strongest"  (1906),  “The  Blue  Peter”  (1907),  “The 
Flying  Cloud”  (1907),  “Lady  Anne"  (1907),  “Captain 
Spink"  (1908),  “David  Bran”  (1908),  “Midsummer  Mad- 
ness ” (1909),  “ Sea  Dogs  ” (1910),  “ The  Wonderful  Bishop  ’’ 
(1910),  “Thorpe's  Way”  (1911). 

Robertson  (rob'ert-son),  Robert  Henderson. 

Born  at  Philadelphia,  April  29,  1849.  An 
American  architect.  He  has  practised  his  profession 
at  New  York,  where  he  has  built  the  St.  James  Episcopal 


Rockefeller  Sanitary  Commission 

Church,  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  the  Park  Row  Build- 
ing, the  Corn  Exchange  Bank,  the  Academy  of  Medicine, 
the  American  Tract  Society  Building,  etc. 

Robins  (rob'inz),  Elizabeth  (Mrs.  George 
Richmond  Parks):  pseudonym  C.  E.  Rai- 
mond.  A contemporary  American  actress 
and  author.  She  has  played  principally  in  dramas  writ- 
ten by  Ibsen.  Her  works  include  “ Below  the  Salt  ” (1896). 

“ The  Open  Question  ’’  (1898),  “ The  MagneticNorth  ”(1904), 
“A  Dark  Lantern ” (1905),  “Come  and  Find  Me”  (1908). 
“The  Mills  of  the  Gods”  (1908),  etc. 

Robinson  (rob'in-son),  Edward.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Nov.  1,  1858.  An  American  archaeologist, 
director  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art, 
New  York,  1910-.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1879 ; studied  in  Greece,  Berlin,  etc.  ; was  curator  of 
classical  antiquities  1885-1902,  and  director  1902-05,  of 
the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts ; and  was  assistant 
director  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  1906-1910. 

Robinson  (rob'in-son),  Hercules  George 
Robert,  first  Baron  Rosmead.  Born  Dec.  19, 
1824:  died  at  London,  Oct.  28,  1897.  A British 
colonial  administrator.  He  was  educated  at  Sand- 
hurst, and  entered  the  army,  but  in  1846  was  appointed  to 
a civil  post  in  Ireland.  He  was  president  of  the  island  of 
Montserrat  in  1854  ; lieutenant-governor  of  St.  Christopher 
1855-59 ; and  governor  successively  of  Hong-Kong  in  1859, 
of  Ceylon  in  1865,  of  New  South  Wales  1872-79,  and  of 
New  Zealand  in  1879,  acting  also  as  commissioner  for  the 
cession  of  the  Fiji  Islands  to  England  in  1874.  He  was 
high  commissioner  for  South  Africa  1880-89.  During  his 
administration  (1885)  Bechuanaland  was  annexed  to  the 
British  empire.  In  1889  he  retired,  hut  in  1895  returned 
to  South  Africa  and  served  aB  governor  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  Cape  Colony  until  April,  1897,  when  failing 
health  compelled  his  return  to  England.  He  was  knighted 
in  1859,  and  created  a baronet  in  1891,  and  a baron  in 
1896. 

Robinson  Crusoe’s  Island.  An  (imaginary) 
uninhabited  island  on  the  northern  coast  of 
South  America,  off  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco, 
described  in  Defoe’s  tale  of  “ The  Life  and 
Strange  Surprising  Adventures  of  Robinson 
Crusoe,  of  York,  Mariner.”  Often  erroneously 
identified  with  Juan  Fernandez.  See  Selkirk , 
Alexander. 

Robson  (rob'son),  Mount.  The  highest  peak 
of  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mountains.  Height, 
13,700  feet. 

Roche  (rosh),  Sir  Boyle.  Born  1743:  died  at 
Dublin,  June  5,  1807.  An  Irish  politician. 
He  entered  the  army  and  served  in  the  American  war ; 
was  a member  of  the  Irish  Parliament  from  1777  until  the 
Union  in  1801 ; and  was  created  a baronet  in  1782  for  his 
services  to  the  government,  which  later  were  particularly 
valuable  in  connection  with  the  volunteer  convention  of 
1783.  He  is  known  chiefly  as  a perpetrator  of  “bulls." 

Roche  (rosh),  James  Jeffrey.  Born  at  Mount- 
mellick,  Queen’s  County,  Ireland,  May  31, 1847 : 
died  April  3,  1908.  An  American  journalist 
and  author.  He  was  editor  of  “The  Pilot”  (Boston) 
1890-95  ; United  States  consul  at  Genoa  1904-07  ; and  con- 
sul at  Bern,  Switzerland,  1907-08.  His  works  include 
“ Songs  and  Satires  ’’  (1886),  “ Life  of  John  Boyle  O'Reilly  ’’ 
(1891),  “The  Story  of  the  Filibusters"  (1891),  “Ballads  of 
Blue  Water”  (1895),  “Her  Majesty  the  King”  (1898),  “By- 
ways of  War”  (1904),  etc. 

Roche  (rosh),  Mrs.  (Regina  Maria  Dalton). 

Born  in  the  south  of  Ireland,  about  1764 : died 
at  Waterford,  May  17, 1845.  An  Irish  novelist. 

She  published  many  romances,  the  best  known  of  which 
is  “The  Children  of  the  Abbey”  (1798). 

Rochefort",  Henri  (Victor  Henri,  Comte  de 
Rochefort-Lucay).  He  was  editor  of  “L’lntransi- 
geant’’  from  its  founding  in  1880  to  1907,  and  of  “La 
Patrie  ” 1907-.  His  memoirs,  “ Les  aventures  de  ma  vie,” 
appeared  1895-96. 

Rochester  (roch'es-ter).  A borough  in  Beaver 
County,  Pennsylvania,  23  miles  northwest  of 
Pittsburgh.  It  is  in  a region  containing  deposits 
of  oil  and  natural  gas,  and  has  glass-factories, 
brick-works,  etc.  Population,  5,903,  (1910). 
Rockefeller  (rok' e-fel-er),  John  Davison. 
BornatRichford,  N.  Y.,  July8,1839.  An  Ameri- 
can merchant,  founder  and  president  (until 
Dec.,  1911)  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company.  He 

went  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1853,  and  later  established  him- 
self in  the  oil  business  there.  The  Standard  Oil  Company 
was  formed  in  1870  and  in  1882  was  transformed  into  a 
trust  (dissolved  in  1S92).  It  was  reorganized  as  a “hold- 
ing ’’  company,  the  Standard  Oil  Company  of  New  Jersey, 
with  subsidiary  companies.  See  ★ Standard  Oil  Company. 
Among  his  gifts  to  public  institutions  are  upward  of 
$35,000,000  to  the  University  of  Chicago  and  about  $32,000,- 
000  to  the  General  Education  Board.  He  has  also  endowed 
the  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research  in  New 
York  city. 

Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research. 

An  institution  at  New  York  city,  founded  in 
1901  by  John  D.  Rockefeller  for  the  advance- 
ment of  medical  research  by  laboratory  inves- 
tigation, clinical  observation,  and  grants  of 
money  to  persons  engaged  in  medical  research. 
In  its  hospital  department,  which  is  under  the  direction 
of  Dr.  Rufus  Cole,  only  specified  diseases  are  treated. 
Since  1903  its  laboratories  have  been  under  the  direction 
of  Dr.  Simon  Flexner. 

Rockefeller  Sanitary  Commission.  A com- 
mission, founded  in  1909  by  John  D.  Rocke- 


Rockefeller  Sanitary  Commission 

feller,  for  the  suppression  of  the  hook-worm 
disease.  Its  headquarters  are  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  It  cooperates  with  State  boards  of  health 
in  such  localities  as  may  require  its  action. 
Rock  Hill  (rok  hil).  A city  in  York  County, 
South  Carolina,  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region,  and  has  cotton-mills, 
wood-working  establishments,  carriage-works,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Winthrop  College,  a State  normal  and  indus- 
trial institution  for  women.  Population,  7,216,  (1910). 

Rock  Springs  (rok  springz).  A city  in  Sweet- 
water County,  Wyoming,  on  Bitter  Creek. 
Coal-mining  is  its  principal  industry.  Popula- 
tion, 5,778,  (1910). 

Rockville  (rok'vil).  A city  in  Vernon  town- 
ship, Tolland  County,  Connecticut,  15  miles 
northeast  of  Hartford.  It  has  cotton-  and 
silk-mills,  manufactories  of  envelops,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 7,977,  (1910). 

Rocky  Mount  (rok'i  mount).  A town  in  Edge- 
combe and  Nash  counties,  North  Carolina, 
near  the  Tar  River.  Its  manufactures  include 
fertilizers,  cotton-seed  oil,  machinery,  etc. 
Population,  8,051,  (1910). 

Rod  (rod),  fidouard.  Born  May  31, 1857 : died 
at  Grasse,  Jan.  39,  1910.  A French  critic  and 
author.  He  studied  at  Berlin  ; became  editor  of  the 
Paris  “Revue  Contemporaine ’’  in  1884’;  and  was  professor 
of  comparative  literature  in  the  University  of  Geneva 
1887-93.  Among  his  critical  works  are  “ Etudes  sur  le 
XI Xe  siecle"  (1888-)  and  “ Les  idees  morales  du  temps 
present”  (1891) ; and  his  novels  include  “La  course  a la 
mort”  (1885),  “Le  sens  de  la  vie  ” (1889),  “La  vie  privee 
de  Michel  Tessier  ” (1893),  “ La  seconde  vie  de  Michel  Tes- 
sier”  (1894),  “Le  menage  du  pasteur  Naildie ” (1898), “Au 
milieu  du  chemin  ” (1900),  “ Mile.  Annette  ” (1901),  “ L’Eau 
courante”  (1902),  “Inutile  effort”  (1903),  “ Un  vainqueur  ” 
(1905),  “L’Incendie ” (1906),  “Les  unis”  (1909),  etc. 

Rogers  (roj'erz)  William  Barton.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Dec.  7,  1804 : died  at  Boston, 
May  30,  1882.  An  American  educator  and 
geologist.  He  was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in 
William  and  Mary  College  1828-35  ; in  1835  was  appointed 
head  of  the  Virginia  State  geological  survey;  was  profes- 
sor of  natural  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Virginia 
1835-53 ; in  1853  went  to  Boston,  where  he  was  instru- 
mental in  founding  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology ; and  was  the  president  of  this  institution  1865-68 
and  1878-81,  holding  the  chair  of  physics  and  geology.  He 
wrote  “Strength  of  Materials”  (1838),  “Elements  of  Me- 
chanical Philosophy  ” (1852),  and  many  scientific  papers. 

Rohlfs  (rolfs),  Mrs.  (Anna  Katherine  Green). 
Bom  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  11,  1846.  An 
American  novelist,  known  chiefly  as  a writer 
of  stories  of  crime.  Among  her  works  are  “The 
Leavenworth  Case”  (1878),  “ Hand  and  Ring  ” (1883),  “The 
Forsaken  Inn  ”(1890),  “The  Filigree  Ball”  (1903),  “The 
Millionaire  Baby”  (1905),  “The  Woman  in  the  Alcove” 
(1906),  “The  Circular  Study ” (1906),  “The  Mayor's  Wife” 
(1907),  “Three  Thousand  Dollars  (1909),  “The  House  of 
the  Whispering  Pines”  (1910),  and  others,  including  a vol- 
ume of  poems,  “ The  Defense  of  the  Bride  ” (1882). 

Rojestvensky.  See  *Roshestvensky. 

Rolfe  (rolf),  William  James.  Born  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  Dec.  10,  1827:  died  at  Tis- 
bury,  N.  H.,  July  7,  1910.  Au  American  Shak- 
sperian  scholar,  editor,  author,  and  educator. 
His  editorial  work  includes  “Handbook  of  Latin  Poetry” 
(1865:  with  .1.  H.  Hanson),  Craik's  “English  of  Shake- 
speare” (1867);  select  poems  of  Goldsmith  (1875),  Gray 
(1876),  Robert  Browning  (1886),  and  Wordsworth  (1889); 
the  complete  works  of  Shakspere  (1870-83 : revised  ed. 
1902-06),  poems  of  Scott  (1887),  and  of  Tennyson  (1895-98) ; 
a series  of  English  classics  for  school  reading  (1887-91),  a 
students’  series  of  standard  poetry  (1882-87),  and  various 
English  classics.  He  was  the  author  of  “A  Satchel  Guide 
to  Europe  ” (1872-1906),  “The  Elementary  Study  of  Eng- 
lish ” (1896),  “ Shakespeare  the  Boy  ” (1896),  and  “Life  of 
Shakespeare  ” (1902). 

Roll  (rdl),  Alfred  Philippe.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  10,  1847.  A French  painter  and  sculptor. 

He  was  trained  in  the  atelier  of  Leon  Bonnat,  and  first 
exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1870.  Some  of  his  most  impor- 
tant paintings  are  “ Don  Juan  and  flaydee,”  in  the  Musee 
d’ Avignon  ; “Halte-lii!”  a souvenir  of  the  Franco- Prussian 
war,  in  the  Mus6e  de  Laval;  the  “Fete  deSil&ne”;  the 
“ Greve  des  mineurs,”  in  the  Musde  de  Valenciennes  ; and 
the  “ Joies  de  la  vie,"  a decoration  of  the  Hdtel  deVille 
in  Paris.  He  is  a pleinairiste  and  brilliant  technician. 
Rolland  (rol-lan'),  Romain.  Born  at  Clame- 
cy,  Nifevre,  Jan.  29,  1866.  A French  man  of 
letters,  lecturer  on  the  history  of  art  in  the 
faculty  of  letters  of  the  University  of  Pari9. 
He  studied  at  the  Ecole  Normale  SupOrieure  and  at  the 
Ecole  de  Rome,  and  took  the  doctor’s  degree  in  letters 
with  a thesis,  “Les  origines  du  thCatre  lyrique  moderne  ” 
(1895),  which  was  crowned  by  the  French  Academy.  He 
has  written  a number  of  plays,  including  “Aert”  (1898), 
“Les  loups  ” (1898),  “Le  triomphe  de  la  raison”  (1899), 
“ Danton  ” (1900),  and  “Le  temps  viendra”  (1903);  his- 
torical and  critical  works,  including  “ Histoire  de  l’opera 
en  Europe  avant  Lulli  et  Scarlatti  ” (1895),  “ Des  causes  de 
hi  decadence  de  la  peinture  italienne  ” (1895),  “Francois 
Millet”  (1902),  " Le  theatre  du  peuple”  (1903),  “Beetho- 
ven" (1903),  “ Musiciens  d’aujourd’hui  ” (1908),  “Musiciens 
d’autrefois ” (1908),  “Tolstoy”  (1911),  “Michael  Angelo” 
(1912),  and  a novel,  “ Jean-Christophe,”  in  10  parts,  the 
firstof  which  appeared  in  France  in  1904,  and  in  America 
in  translation,  in  1910. 

Romany  Rye,  The.  A story  by  George  Bor- 


row, published  in  1857.  It  is  a sequel  to  “ La- 
vengro.” 

Romblon  (rom-blon').  1.  An  island  of  the 
Philippines,  the  third  in  size  in  the  province 
to  which  it  gives  the  name.  It  lies  between 
Sibuyan  and  Tablas  of  the  same  group.  Area, 
37  square  miles.  Population,  9,347. — 2.  Aprov- 
ince  of  the  Philippines.  It  is  situated  in  the  Visa- 
yan  Sea,  and  is  bounded  by  Marinduque  and  Luzon  on  the 
north,  Masbate  on  the  east,  Panay  on  the  south,  and  Min- 
doro on  the  west.  It  consists  of  Tablas,  Sibuyan,  Rom- 
blon, and  other  islands.  Capital,  Romblon.  The  best 
harbors  are  Romblon  Bay,  on  the  western  coast  of  Rom- 
blon Island,  and  PortLoog,  on  the  western  coast  of  Tablas 
Island.  The  surface  of  the  province  as  a whole  is  ele- 
vated. The  highest  peak  is  Guitiguitin,  in  Sibuyan  Island. 
Gold  is  found  in  the  province.  Among  the  products 
are  tobacco,  hemp,  copra,  corn,  and  sweet  potatoes.  The 
inhabitants  are  Visayans.  Area,  573  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 52,848. 

3.  A town,  the  capital  of  Romblon  province, 
situated  on  Romblon  Bay  in  lat.  12°  35'  N., 
long.  122°  17'  E.  Civilized  population  of  mu- 
nicipality, 10,095. 

Ronner  (ron'er),  Mme.  Henriette.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  May  31,  1821:  died  March  3,  1909. 
A painter  of  animals,  especially  of  cats,  the 
daughter  and  pupil  of  Josephus  Augustus  Knip, 
the  animal  and  landscape  painter. 

Rood  (rod),  Ogden  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Dan- 
bury, Conn.,  Feb.  3,  1831:  died  at  New  York, 
Nov.  12,  1902.  An  American  physicist,  pro- 
fessor of  physics  in  Columbia  University  from 
1863,  best  known  for  his  work  in  optics.  His 
chief  work  is  “Modern  Chromatics”  (1881). 
Roof  of  the  World.  See  Pamir. 

Roosevelt  (ro'ze-velt).  A borough  in  Middle- 
sex County,  New  Jersey,  incorporated  in  1906. 
Population,  5,786,  (1910). 

Roosevelt  (ro'ze-velt).  A steam-vessel,  with 
auxiliary  sails,  specially  constructed  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  arctic  work  in  the  search 
for  the  north  pole  conducted  by  Commander 
Robert  E.  Peary.  She  is  184  feet  long,  35.5  feet  wide, 
and  16.2  feet  deep,  with  a maximum  load  displacement 
of  1,500  tons.  She  was  built  by  Captain  Charles  B.  Dix  at 
Bucksport,  Maine,  and  was  launched  March  23,  1905.  In 
1910  she  was  purchased  to  be  used  as  a wrecking  vessel. 
Roosevelt*,  Theodore.  His  later  works  include 
“Hunting  Trips  of  a Ranchman  ” (1885),  “Ranch  Life  and 
the  Hunting  Trail  ” (1888),  “ Essays  on  Practical  Politics  ” 
(1888),  “The  Winning  of  the  West”  (1889-96),  “ The  Wil- 
derness Hunter"  (1893),  “ American  Ideals,  and  Other  Es- 
says ” (1897),  “Rough  Riders ” (1899),  “Oliver  Cromwell” 
(1900),  “ The  Strenuous  Life  ” (1900),  “ Addresses  and 
Presidential  Messages  ” (1904),  “ Outdoor  Pastimes  of  an 
American  Hunter”  (1905),  “ Good  Hunting  " (1907),  “ Afri- 
can Game  Trails”  (1910),  “The  New  Nationalism  ” (1911), 
“ Theodore  Roosevelt,  An  Autobiography”  (1913),  etc. 
Root  (rot),  Elihu.  Born  at  Clinton,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  15,  1845.  An  American  lawyer  and 
statesman.  He  was  graduated  at  Hamilton  College  in 
1864  and  at  the  New  York  University  Law  School  in  1867. 
He  was  LTnited  States  district  attorney  in  New  York  city 
1883-85  ; waB  chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee  in  the 
New  York  constitutional  convention  1894 ; was  a member 
of  the  Alaska  Boundary  Tribunal  which  sat  in  London  in 
1903 ; was  secretary  of  war  1899-1904  ; was  president  of  the 
New  York  Bar  Association  1904-05 ; was  secretary  of  state 
1905-09;  and  was  United  States  senator  from  New  York 
1909-. 

Root  (rot),  John  Wellborn.  Born  at  Lump- 
kin, Ga.,  Jan.  10,  1850:  died  at  Chicago,  Jan. 
15,  1891.  An  American  architect.  In  1873  he 
went  to  Chicago  and  associated  himself  with  Daniel 
Hudson  Burnham,  ne  was  appointed  consulting  archi- 
tect of  the  World’s  Fair  Commission,  but  died  while  the 
work  was  in  progress. 

Ropes  (rops),  John  Codman.  Bom  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia,  April  28,  1836:  died  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  28,  1899.  An  American 
military  historian.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1857  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1861.  His  works  in- 
clude “The  Army  under  Pope:  Campaigns  of  the  Civil 
War  Series”  (1881),  “The  First  Napoleon”  (1885),  “The 
Campaign  of  Waterloo”  (1892-93),  “The  Story  of  the  Civil 
War”  (parts  1 and  2,  1894,  1898),  etc. 

Rosedale(roz'dal).  A city i n Wyandotte Coun ty, 
Kansas,  5 miles  southwest  of  Kansas  City,  near 
the  Kansas  River.  It  has  iron  manufactures. 
Population,  5,960,  (1910). 

Rosen  (ro'zen),  Baron  Roman  Romanovitch 
de.  A contemporary  Russian  diplomatist. 
He  was  secretary  of  the  Russian  legation,  and  later  min- 
ister, at  Tokio;  waB  consul-general  in  New  York;  was 
first  secretary  of  the  Russian  embassy  at  Washington 
during  President  Cleveland’s  administration  ; and  was 
Russian  ambassador  to  Washington  June  13,  1905-11.  He 
was  associated  with  Count  Witte  in  the  peace  negotia- 
tions between  Japan  and  Russia  which  resulted  in  the 
treaty  of  Portsmouth,  Sept.  5,  1905. 

Rosenkavalier  (ro//zeh-kaY-a-ler').  An  opera 
by  Richard  Strauss,  first  produced  at  Dresden, 
Jan.  26,  1911. 

Rosmead  (roz'med),  Baron.  See  ^Robinson, 
Hercules  George  Robert. 

Rosmer  (ros ' mer),  Ernst.  See  * Bernstein, 
Frau. 


Roybet 

Ross  (ros),  Edward  Alsworth.  Born  at  Vir- 

den,  111.,  Dec.  12,  1866.  An  American  sociol- 
ogist, professor  of  sociology  in  the  University 
of  Wisconsin.  He  has  been  professor  in  the  univer- 
sities of  Indiana,  Cornell,  Stanford,  and  Nebraska,  and 
lecturer  at  Chicago  and  Harvard.  He  was  professor  of 
sociology  in  Stanford  University,  California,  1893-1900, 
and  hiB  resignation  of  this  position  was  reported  to  be 
due  to  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  university  to  restrict 
the  freedom  of  academic  discussion  of  economic  and 
sociological  questions.  He  has  published  “Social  Con- 
trol ” (1901),  “ The  Foundations  of  Sociology”  (1905),  “Sin 
and  Society”  (1907),  “Social  Psychology”  (1908),  “The 
Changing  Chinese"  (1911),  “Changing  America”  (1912),  etc. 

Ross  (ros),  Major  Sir  Ronald.  Born  May  13, 
1857.  A British  pathologist,  professor  of  tropi- 
cal medicine  in  the  University  of  Liverpool 
and  the  Liverpool  School  of  Tropical  Medicine. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  investigations  in  malaria,  and 
especially  for  his  discoveries  with  regard  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  malarial  parasites  in  mosquitos  (1897-98). 
He  received  the  Nobel  prize  for  medicine  in  1902.  He 
was  made  a K.  C.  B.  in  1911. 

Rostand*,  Edmond.  Among  his  later  works  are  “Un 
soir  ;i  Hernani”  (1902),  “Les  mots”  (1905),  “Chantecler” 
(1907-09),  “ Le  bois  sacre  ” (1909),  etc.  He  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  French  Academy  in  1903. 

Roswell  (roz'wel).  The  county-seat  of  Chaves 
County,  New  Mexico,  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  State,  on  the  Rio  Hondo.  It  has  flour- 
mills, and  is  the  seat  of  the  New  Mexico  Mili- 
tary Institute.  Population,  6,172,  (1910). 
Rotcli  (roch),  Abbott  Lawrence.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  6,  1851:  died  April  7,  1912. 
An  American  meteorologist,  founder  and  direc- 
tor of  the  Blue  Hill  Meteorological  Observatory 
from  1885,  and  professor  of  meteorology  in  Har- 
vard University  from  1906.  He  published  reports 
of  meteorological  work  at  Blue  Hill  and  elsewhere  from 
1887,  “Sounding  the  Ocean  of  Air”  (1900),  “ The  Conquest 
of  the  Air  ” (1909),  etc. 

Roty  (ro-te'),  Louis  Oscar.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  12,  1846:  died  there,  March  23,  1911.  A 
French  engraver  of  medals  and  plaquettes. 

In  1875  he  won  the  Prix  de  Rome,  and  in  1888  became  a 
member  of  the  Institute  of  France.  He  was  especially  dis- 
tinguished for  portraits  and  commemorative  pieces.  His 
best-known  design  is  the  figure  of  the  woman  sowing  (La 
Semeuse)  on  French  coins  and  postage-stamps. 

Roundabout  Papers,  The.  A work  by  Thack- 
eray, published  in  1862. 

Rousse  (ros),  Aime  Joseph  Edmond.  Born 
at  Paris,  May  17,  1817 : died  Aug.  1,  1906.  A 
Freuch  barrister  and  author,  in  1881  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  French  Academy,  succeeding  Jules  Favre. 
Among  his  works  are  “ Consultations  sur  les  decrets  du 
29  Mars  1880  ” (1880),  “ Discours,  plaidoyers,  et  oeuvres 
diverges  ” (1884),  “ Discours  academiques  ” (1881-89), 

“ Avocats  et  magistrats  " (1903),  etc. 

Roux  (ro),  Prince  Paul  Ilmile.  Born  at  Con- 
folens,  Charente,  Dec.  17,  1853.  A French 
bacteriologist.  He  studied  medicine  at  Clermont- 
Ferrand  and  Paris ; was  attached  to  the  Faculty  of  Medi- 
cine, Paris,  1874-78 ; entered  the  laboratory  of  Pasteur  in 
1878  ; and  joined  the  staff  of  the  Pasteur  Institute  in  1888, 
becoming  director  in  1904.  He  collaborated  with  Pasteur 
in  the  study  of  hydrophobia  and  other  infectious  diseases, 
and  has  conducted  researches  leading,  in  particular,  to  the 
serum  treatment  of  diphtheria  and  the  discovery  of  im- 
portant facts  with  respect  to  tetanus,  pneumonia,  and 
other  diseases. 

Rowley  (ro'li)  Mile.  A famous  race-course 
(1  mile  11  yards)  at  Newmarket,  England, 
said  to  be  named  for  a favorite  race-horse  of 
Charles  II.  The  majority  of  the  races  finish 
at  the  Rowley  Mile  post. 

Rowson  (rou'son),  Mrs.  (Susanna  Haswell). 
Born  at  Portsmouth,  England,  1762:  died  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  March  2,  1824.  An  English 
author,  actress,  and  educator,  best  known  for 
her  story  of  “Charlotte  Temple”  (which  see). 
Her  husband  becoming  bankrupt,  she  went  on  the  stage, 
appeared  in  Edinburgh  1792-93,  and  toured  in  America 
1793-97.  She  superintended  a school  for  girls  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  1797-1822.  Among  her  publications  are  “The  In- 
quisitor” (1788),  “Charlotte  Temple”  (1790),  “Reuben 
and  Rachel  ” (1798),  etc. 

Royalist,  Port.  See  * Puerto  Princesa,  1. 
Royal  Scottish  Museum,  The.  The  name 
given  in  1904  to  the  Edinburgh  Museum  of 
Science  and  Art.  The  museum  stands  on  Chambers 
street,  behind  the  university,  and  contains  collections  o 1 
natural  history,  industrial  art,  and  technology.  It  was 
founded  in  1861. 

Royal  Victorian  Order.  A British  order 
instituted  by  Queen  Victoria,  April  21,  1896. 
It  consists  of  the  sovereign,  honorary  members,  and  ordi- 
nary members.  The  members  are  divided  into  five  classes  : 
knights  grand  cross,  knights  commanders,  commanders, 
members  of  the  fourth  class,  and  members  of  the  fifth 
class.  The  ordinary  members  (numbering  over  700)  are 
appointed  from  subjects  of  the  British  crown  who  have 
rendered  extraordinary  or  important  or  personal  services 
to  his  majesty,  his  heirs  and  successors.  The  abbrevia- 
tions arc  G.C.V.O.,  K.C.V.O.,  C.V.O.,  and  M.V.O. 

Roybet  (rwa-ba/),  Ferdinand  Victor  Leon. 

Born  at  Uzes,  France,  April  20,  1840.  A French 
painter  and  engraver.  He  studed  at  the  Ecole  de» 


Roybet 

Beaux- Arts  in  Lyons ; settled  in  Paris,  where  he  first 
exhibited  at  the  Salon  in  1865 ; and  became  professor  of 
engraving  at  Lyons.  In  1866  his  “Un  fou  sous  Henri 
III.”  took  a medal  at  the  Salon.  His  subjects  are  chiefly 
historical. 

Royce  (rois),  Josiah.  Born  at  Grass  Valley, 
Cal.,  Nov.  20,  1855.  An  American  philosophi- 
cal writer  and  psychologist,  professor  of  the 
history  of  philosophy  in  Harvard  University 
from  1892.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia in  1875 ; studied  at  Leipsic  and  Gottingen ; was  fel- 
low of  Johns  Hopkins  University  1876-78 ; and  was  as- 
sistant professor  of  philosophy  at  Harvard  1882-92.  He 
has  written  “ The  Spirit  of  Modern  Philosophy  ” (1892), 
“ The  Conception  of  God  " (1897  : with  others),  “ Studies  of 
Good  and  Evil  ” (1898),  “ The  World  and  the  Individual” 
(1899  : second  series,  1901),  “ The  Conception  of  Immortal- 
ity" (1900),  “Outlines  of  Psychology”  (1903),  “Herbert 
Spencer  " (1904),  “ Philosophy  of  Loyalty  ” (1908),  “ Race 
Questions”  (1908),  “William  James,  and  Other  Essays  on 
the  Philosophy  of  Life”  (1911),  “Sources  of  Religious  In- 
sight” (1911),  “The  Problem  of  Christianity”  (1913),  etc. 

Royle  (roil),  Edwin  Milton.  Born  at  Lexing- 
ton, Mo.,  March  2,  1862.  An  American  play- 
wright and  actor.  He  has  starred  in  his  own 
plays,  which  include  “Friends”  (1892),  “The 
Squaw  Man”  (1905),  “The  Struggle  Everlast- 
ing” (1907),  etc. 

Rozhestvensky  (ro-zhest'ven-ski).  A Russian 

rear-admiral.  In  1904  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  Baltic  fleet  ordered  for  service  in  the  Far  East,  and 
became  involved  in  the  North  Sea  incident  (which  see). 
He  was  defeated,  seriously  wounded,  and  captured  by  the 
Japanese  under  Admiral  Togo  in  the  battle  of  the  Sea  of 
Japan,  May  27-28,  1905,  and  was  tried  by  court  martial, 
July  4-10,  1906,  for  his  surrender  and  acquitted. 

Ruckstuhl  (ruk'stol),  Frederic  Wellington. 

Born  at  Breitenbach,  Alsace,  May  22, 1853.  An 
American  sculptor.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
when  young ; attended  the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis ; 
and  later  studied  art  in  Paris.  Among  his  best  works  are 
“Evening,”  a nude  female  statue  in  the  Metropolitan 
Museum,  New  York ; “ Solon,”  a bronze  figure  in  the  Con- 
gressional Library,  Washington  ; equestrian  statues  of  Gen- 
eral Hartranft  in  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  and  of  General 
Wade  Hampton  in  Columbia,  South  Carolina  ; several 
figures  on  the  appellate  court  building  in  New  York  ; the 
Confederate  monument  at  Baltimore,  etc. 

Rudder  u-range.  A humorous  story  by  F.  R. 
Stockton,  published  in  1879. 

Rumford  Falls  (rum'ford  falz).  A village  iu 
Rumford  town,  Oxford  County,  Maine,  on  the 
Androscoggin  River.  It  has  lumber-mills, 
paper-mills,  manufactories  of  chemicals,  etc. 
Population,  5,427,  (1910). 

Runciman  (run'si-man),  Walter.  Born  at 
South  Shields,  Durham,  in  1870.  An  English 
cabinet  officer.  He  was  graduated  from  Cambridge 
University  (Trinity  College)  in  1892;  was  member  of  Par- 
liament (Radical)  from  Oldham  1899-1900,  and  from  Dews- 
bury (Liberal)  1902-;  was  parliamentary  secretary  to  the 
local  government  board  1905-07;  financial  secretary  to  the 
treasury  1907-08;  president  of  the  board  of  education  1908- 
1911;  and  president  of  the  board  of  agriculture  Oct.,  1911-. 

Ruskin  College.  A college  at  Oxford,  Eng- 
land, founded  in  1899,  for  working-men  who 
wish  to  fit  themselves  for  social  and  public 
work.  It  is  governed  by  a council  of  representatives 
from  various  trade-unions.  The  subjects  taught  are 
political  economy,  industrial  and  social  history,  sociology, 
local  government,  citizenship,  logic,  etc.  Instruction  is 
also  given  by  correspondence. 

Russell  (rus'el),  Charles  Edward.  Born  at 
Davenport,  Iowa,  Sept.  25,  1860.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  author.  He  published  the  Chi- 
cago  “ American  ” till  1902,  and  later  was  an  editorial 
writer  for  the  New  York  “ American,”  and  has  contributed 
many  articles  to  various  magazines.  He  has  published 
“Such  Stuff  as  Dreams”  (1902),  “The  Twin  Immortali- 
ties” (1904),  “The  Greatest  Trust  in  the  World”  (1905), 


“ The  Uprising  of  the  Many  ” (1907),  “ Thomas  Chatterton  : 
the  Marvellous  Boy”  (1908),  “Lawless  Wealth”  (1908), 
“ Why  I am  a Socialist  ” (1910),  “ Business  : the  Heart  of 
the  Nation  ” (1911),  etc. 

Russell  (rus'el),  Charles  Wells.  Born  at 
Wheeling,  (W.)  Va.,  May  16,  1856.  An 
American  lawyer  and  diplomatist,  in  1886  he 
entered  the  Department  of  Justice  at  Washington,  and 
was  special  assistant  attorney-general  for  insular  aud 
territorial  affairs  1902-05,  and  assistant  attorney-general 
of  the  United  States  1905-09.  He  has  acted  in  a legal 
capacity  for  the  government  in  many  special  cases,  both 
at  home  and  abroad,  notably  on  the  Porto  Rico  evacua- 
tion commission  in  1898,  at  Paris  in  connection  with  the 
transfer  of  the  Panama  Canal  to  the  United  States  in 
1902,  and  at  Panama  as  legal  adviser  in  the  Canal  Zone  in 
1904.  In  December,  1909,  he  was  appointed  minister  to 
Persia. 

Russell  (rus'el),  Israel  Cook.  Born  at  Gar- 
rattsville,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  10,  1852:  died  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  May  1,  1906.  An  American 
geologist,  professor  of  geology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  1892-1906.  He  was  geologist  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  1880-1906.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Geological  History  of  Lake  Lahontan  " 
(1885),  “ Lakes  of  North  America  ” (1894),  “ Glaciers  of 
North  America”  (1897),  “Volcanoes  of  North  America” 
(1897),  “ Rivers  of  North  America  ” (1898),  “North  Amer- 
ica ” (1900),  etc. 

Russell  Sage  Foundation.  An  institution 
founded  in  1907  by  Mrs.  Russell  Sage,  with  an 
endowment  of  $10,000,000,  “ for  the  improve- 
ment of  social  and  living  conditions  in  the 
United  States.”  its  aim  is  to  remove  causes  of  dis- 
tress rather  than  to  relieve  individual  cases.  Among  its 
agencies  it  includes  a charity  organization  department, 
for  extending  the  work  and  increasing  the  efficiency  of 
charitable  bodies ; a child-helping  department,  for  pro- 
moting improved  methods  of  dealing  with  dependent, 
neglected,  delinquent,  end  defective  children  ; a depart- 
ment of  child  hygiene,  ior  promoting  the  physical  and 
mental  progress  of  children  by  means  of  suitable  play- 
grounds, sports,  etc.  ; a committee  on  the  prevention  of 
blindness  ; a remedial  loans  department,  for  introducing 
improved  forms  of  loan  association  ; and  the  Sage  Foun- 
dation Homes  Company,  which  is  establishing  at  Forest 
Hills  Gardens,  Long  Island,  a collection  of  model  build- 
ings designed  to  show  the  possibility  of  attractive  homes 
among  healthful  surroundings,  at  moderate  cost,  and  even 
with  a measure  of  financial  profit.  The  headquarters  of 
the  foundation  are  at  New  York  city. 

Russo-Japanese  War.  A war  between  Rus- 
sia and  Japan,  waged  in  Manchuria  1904-05. 
The  chief  cause  of  the  war  was  the  occupation  (continued 
notwithstanding  repeated  promises  of  withdrawal  by  the 
Russian  government)  of  Manchuria  by  Russia  after  the 
Boxer  uprising  of  1899-1900,  with  the  consequent  endan- 
germent  of  the  Japanese  preponderance  in  Korea,  which 
was  regarded  by  Japan  as  essential  to  her  safety.  An 
earlier  cause  of  irritation  was  the  action  of  Russia,  Ger- 
many,  and  France  in  preventing  the  retention  by  Japan  of 
Port  Arthur  and  the  Liao-tung  peninsula  after  the  Chinese- 
Japanese  war  of  1894-95,  and  the  subsequent  leasing  of 
this  territory  from  China  by  Russia.  The  principal  events 
of  the  war  were  the  following  : rupture  of  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  Russia  by  Japan,  Feb.  6,  1904  ; attack  by  tor- 
pedo-boats of  the  Japanese  fleet  under  Admiral  Togo  upon 
the  Russian  squadron  under  Admiral  Stark  at  Port  Arthur, 
Feb.  8,  1904  ; general  attack  by  the  Japanese  fleet,  Feb.  9, 
1904  : these  two  attacks  resulting  in  great  injury  to  the 
Russians ; naval  fight  off  Chemulpo,  resulting  in  the 
destruction  of  the  Russian  cruiser  Variag  and  the  gunboat 
Korietz,  Feb.  9,  1904  ; war  declared  by  Japan,  Feb.  10, 
1904 ; Admiral  Makaroff  succeeded  Admiral  Stark,  Feb.  17, 
1904  ; General  Kuropatkin  appointed  Russian  commander- 
in-chief  in  Manchuria,  Feb.  21,  1904  ; agreement  between 
Japan  and  Korea  signed  at  Seul,  Feb.  23, 1904  ; Vladivostok 
bombarded  by  Admiral  Kamimura,  March  6,  1904  ; Port 
Arthur  bombarded  March  21-22,  1904  ; Wiju  occupied  by 
the  Japanese,  April  6-7,  1904;  destruction  of  the  Russian 
battle-ship  Petropavlovsk  by  a mine  and  death  of  Admiral 
Makaroff,  April  13,  1904  ; Russian  Vladivostok  squadron 
appeared  off  Yuen-san,  April  25,  1904  ; defeat  of  the  Prus- 
sians under  Sassulitch  by  the  Japanese  first  army  under 


Sage 

Kuroki,  May  1,  1904  ; the  entrance  to  Port  Arthur  blocked: 
for  battle-ships  and  cruisers,  May  3, 1904  ; Japanese  battle- 
ship Hatsuse  sunk  by  a mine,  May  15,  1904  ; Japanese  vic- 
tory at  Kin-chau  (capture  of  Nan-shan  Hill),  May  27-28, 
1904 ; occupation  of  Dalny  by  the  Japanese,  May  29-30, 
1904  ; Russians  defeated  at  Telissu  and  Wafangkau,  June 
14-15,  1904  ; unsuccessful  sortie  of  Russian  fleet  from  Port 
Arthur,  June  23,  1904  ; investment  of  Port  Arthur  (after 
severe  preliminary  fighting),  July  31,  1904, -Jan.  1,  1905 ; 
sortie  of  the  Port  Arthur  fleet,  resulting  in  a sea  battle  in 
which  most  of  the  Russian  vessels  were  driven  back  to 
Port  Arthur  and  the  rest  dispersed  (with  the  death  of  Ad- 
miral Withoft),  Aug.  10,  1904;  Vladivostok  squadron  de- 
feated by  Admiral  Kamimura  (Rurik  sunk),  Aug.  14, 1904  ; 
battle  of  Liao-yang,  resulting  in  the  success  of  the  Jap- 
anese under  Oyama,  the  Russians  retiring  upon  Mukden, 
Aug.  27-Sept.  4,  1904  ; battle  of  the  Shaho,  in  which  the 
Russian  attack  was  repulsed,  Oct.  9-14,  1904  ; the  Baltic 
fleet  under  Rozhestvensky  sailed  for  the  Far  East,  October 
1904,  and  attacked  the  Hull  fishing  fleet  on  the  Doggerbank 
on  the  night  of  Oct.  21-22, 1904  ; Port  Arthur  surrendered, 
Jan.  1,1905;  Russians  crossed  the  Hun  river  and  attacked  the 
Japanese  at  Haikautai,  but  were  repulsed,  Jan.  25-29, 1905; 
battle  of  Mukden,  resulting  in  the  complete  defeat  of 
Kuropatkin  and  the  capture  of  the  city,  Feb.  19-March  10, 
1905 ; Kuropatkin  relieved  of  his  command  and  succeeded 
by  Linievitch,  March  16,  1905  ; the  Baltic  fleet  reached 
Kam-ranh  Bay,  April  12,  1905  ; battle  of  the  Sea  of  Japan 
and  the  annihilation  of  the  Baltic  fleet  by  Admiral  Togo, 
May  27-28,  1905  ; President  Roosevelt  urged  the  Russian 
and  Japanese  governments  to  negotiate  for  peace,  June  8, 
1905;  plenipotentiaries  met  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Aug.  9,  1905 ; treaty  of  peace  signed,  Sept.  5, 1905. 
Rutherford  (ruth  'er -ford).  A borough  in 
Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  9 miles  north- 
west of  Jersey  City.  Population,  7,045,  (1910). 
Rutherford  (ruTH'er-ford),  Ernest.  Born  at 
Nelson,  New  Zealand,  Aug.  30,  1871.  A Brit- 
ish physicist.  He  was  professor  of  physics  in  McGill 
University,  Montreal,  1898-1907,  and  langworthy  professor 
and  director  of  the  physical  laboratories  at  theUniversity 
of  Manchester  1907-.  In  1908  he  received  the  Nobel  prize 
for  chemistry.  He  is  especially  noted  for  his  studies  in 
radioactivity  and  the  ionization  of  gases  by  the  Rontgen 
and  Becquerel  rays.  He  received  the  Rumford  medal  of 
the  Royal  Society.  He  has  written  “Radio-activity” 
(1904),  “Radio-active  Transformations”  (1906),  “Radio- 
active Substances  and  their  Radiations  ’ (1912),  and 
numerous  papers  in  scientific  journals. 

Ryan  (ri'an),  Abram  Joseph:  better  known  as 
Father  Ryan.  Born  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  Aug.  15, 
1839:  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  April  22,  1886. 
An  American  poet  and  Roman  Catholic  priest. 
Shortly  after  his  ordination  he  entered  the  Confederate 
army  and  served  through  most  of  the  Civil  War  as  a 
chaplain  and  sometimes  in  the  ranks.  In  Augusta, 
Georgia,  he  founded  and  edited  “The  Banner  of  the 
South  ” (1868).  In  1880  he  published  his  “Poems,  Patri- 
otic, Religious,  and  Miscellaneous,”  among  the  most  pop- 
ular of  which  are  “The  Conquered  Banner,”  “The  Sword 
of  Robert  E.  Lee,”  “ Gather  the  Sacred  Dust,”  “The  Lost 
Cause,"  and  “The  Flag  of  Erin." 

Ryan  (ri'an),  Patrick  John.  Born  at  Thurles, 
County  Tipperary,  Ireland,  Peb.  20,  1831 : 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  11,  1911 . A Roman 
Catholic  prelate,  archbishop  of  Philadelphia 
1884-1911.  He  was  consecrated  in  1872  titular  bishop 
of  Tricomia,  Palestine,  and  coadjutor  bishop  and  later 
(1883)  archbishop  of  St.  Louis.  He  published  “ What 
Catholics  do  not  Believe  ” (1877),  “ Some  of  the  Causes 
of  Modem  Religious  Skepticism  ” (1883),  etc. 

Rydberg  (red'berg),  Abraham  Viktor:  known 
as  Viktor.  Born  at  Jonkoping,  Sweden,  Dec. 
18,  1828:  died  at  Stockholm,  Sept.  21,  1895. 
A Swedish  author  and  critic,  professor  of  the 
history  of  civilization  at  Stockholm  from  1884. 

He  was  elected  a member  of  the  Swedish  Academy  in 
1877.  Among  his  works  are  “ Fribytaren  pa  Ostersjon  ” 
(1857),  “ Den  siste  Athenaren  ” (1859),  “ Bibelns  lara  om 
Kristus ” (1862),  “R-omerska  Dagar”  (1877),  “Undersok- 
ningar  i germansk  Mythologi”  (1886-89),  “Wapensme- 
den  ” (1891),  “Varia:  Tankar  och  bilder  ” (1894),  and 
“Singoalla”  (1895). 


aar  (zar),  Ferdinand  von. 

Born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  30, 
1833 : died  at  Dobling,  near 
Vienna,  July  24,  1906.  A 
noted  Austrian  poet  and 
dramatist.  His  works  include 
the  tragedies  “ Hildebrand  ” (1865) 
and  “Heinrich’s  Tod”  (1867),  com- 
bined as  “Kaiser  Heinrich  IV." 
(1872);  “Die  beiden,.de  Witt” 
(1875),  “Tempesta”  (1881),  “Novellen  aus  Osterreich  ” 
(1877),  “Gedichte"  (1882),  “Schicksale  ” (1888),  “Frauen- 
bilder”  (1892)  “Nachklange”  (1899),  “Ginevra”  (1904), 
“ Tragik  des  Lebens”  (1906).  He  committed  suicide. 

Sabatier  (sa-ba-tya'),  Paul.  Born  at  Saint 
Michel-de-Chabrillonoux,  France,  Aug.  3, 1858. 
A noted  French  theologian  and  historian.  He 
became  vicar  of  the  Church  of  St.  Nicolas  at  Strasburg 
in  1885,  and  pastor  at  Saint  Cierge  in  1889,  retiring  from 
active  pastoral  work  four  years  later.  His  best-known 
work  is  the  “Vie  de  Saint  Francois  d’Assise  ” (1893),  based 


on  long  lost  documents  discovered  by  him.  In  1899  he 
was  elected  a member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Rome,  and 
in  1902  founded  the  Societe  Internationale  des  Etudes 
Franciscaines.  Among  his  other  publications  are  “ La 
Didache  ” (1885),  “Collection  d’6tudes  et  de  documents 
sur  l’histoire  religieuse  et  litteraire  du  moyen-age  ” (1900-), 
“ Disestablishment  in  France  ” (English  translation,  1906), 
“Les  modernistes  ” (1909),  etc. 

Sachs  (sachs),  Julius  von.  Born  at  Breslau. 
Oct.  2,  1832 : died  at  Wurzburg,  May  29,  1897. 
A noted  German  botanist,  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wurzburg  from  1868  : the  founder  of 
experimental  vegetable  physiology.  He  wrote 
“ Ilandbuch  der  Experimentalphysiologie  der  Pflanzen" 
(1865),  “ Lehrbuch  derBotanik”  (1868),  “ Vorlesungen  fiber 
Pflanzenphysiologie"  (1882),  “Geschichte  der  Botanik  ’’ 
(1875),  “Gesammelten  Abhandlungen  fiber  Pflanzenphysi- 
ologie ” (1892-93),  etc. 

Safford  (saf'ord),  William  Edwin.  Born  at 
Chillieothe,  Ohio,  Dee.  14,  1859.  An  American 
botanist  and  ethnologist,  assistant  botanist 


of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture from  1902.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1880,  and 
was  vice-governor  of  Guam  1889-1900. 

Safonof  (sa-fon'of),  Vasili  Ilitch.  Born  in  the 
government  of  Caucasus,  Feb.  6,  1852.  A Rus- 
sian pianist  and  conductor.  He  was  first  a pupil  of 
Leschetitzky,  and  in  1878  entered  the  St.  Petersburg  Con- 
servatory. In  1880  he  toured  as  a pianist,  and  subse- 
quently taught  at  the  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  conser- 
vatories, becoming  director  of  the  latter  in  1889.  He 
conducted  the  concerts  of  the  New  York  Philharmonic 
Society  1906-09.  Among  his  piano  pupils  were  Lhevinne 
and  Scriabin. 

Sage  (saj),  Russell.  Born  in  Verona  township, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1816;  died  at  New  York,  July 
22,1906.  An  American  financier.  He  carried  on 
a wholesale  grocery  business  1839-57  at  Troy,  New 
York,  and  served  as  a Whig  member  of  Congress 
1853-57.  In  1863  he  removed  to  New  York  city,  where  as 
an  associate  of  Jay  Gould  in  developing  and  selling  west- 


Sage 

em  railways,  and  afterward  as  a speculator  in  stocks  and 
a money-lender,  he  accumulated  a large  fortune,  estimated 
at  from  $60,000,000  upward.  In  1869  he  married  Margaret 
Olivia  Slocum.  She  inherited  the  bulk  of  his  fortune,  and 
has  given  large  sums  for  religious,  philanthropic,  and  edu- 
cational purposes.  See  itJiusseU  Sage  Foundation. 

St,  Aldwyn,  Viscount,  See  *Hicks-Beach. 

St,  Andrew,  Brotherhood  of.  An  organiza- 
tion of  men  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
formed  in  1883  in  Chicago.  It  works  under  two 
rules,  known  as  the  the  “Rule  of  Prayer ’’and  the  “Rule 
of  Service."  In  the  United  States  there  are  1,500  chapters, 
with  a membership  of  15,000.  There  is  also  a junior  de- 
partment, with  a membership  of  about  6,000.  Allied  or- 
ganizations exist  in  Canada,  Great  Britain,  Japan,  New 
Zealand,  the  West  Indies,  etc. 

Saint  Andrews'.  University  College  at 
Dundee  has  been  affiliated  with  it  since  1897. 
St.  Andrew’s  Night.  The  29th  of  November. 

It  is  celebrated  in  some  parts  of  Germany  by  forms  of 
divination  very  similar  to  those  which  are  practised  in 
Scotland  on  Hallowe’en.  Taylor , Notes  to  Faust. 

St.  Bernard  (sant  ber-nard').  A village  in 
Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  5 miles  northeast  of 
Cincinnati.  Population,  5,002,  (1910). 

St.  Clair  (sant  klar).  A borough  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated  in  1904. 
Population,  5,640,  (1910). 

St.  Clair  (sant  klar).  A borough  in  Schuylkill 
County,  Pennsylvania,  38  miles  northwest  of 
Allentown.  It  has  important  coal-mining  in- 
terests and  manufactories  of  miners’  supplies. 
Population,  6,455,  (1910). 

Sainte  Cun6gonde  (sant  kon-na-gond').  A city 
in  Hochelaga  County,  Quebec,  Canada,  adjoin- 
ing Montreal.  Population,  10,912. 

St.  Francis  Xavier,  College  of.  See  *ColIege 
of  St.  Francis  Xavier. 

St.  George  (sant  jorj).  The  second  island  in 
importance  of  the  Pribylof  group  in  Bering 
Sea.  It  is  famous  for  its  fur-seal  rookeries,  which  are 
about  one  third  as  populous  as  those  of  St.  Paul.  The 
village  of  St.  George  numbers  about  100  Aleuts,  the  sealers 
and  their  families.  It  has  a Greek-Russian  church,  a com- 
pany store,  and  an  English  school.  Length,  12  miles. 
Breadth,  1)  miles.  Area,  about  39  square  miles. 

St.  Helier.  See  *Jeune. 

St.  James’s  Club.  A London  diplomatic  club, 
at  106  Piccadilly,  founded  in  1857.  It  has  800 
members. 

St.  John’s  College.  A Roman  Catholic  insti- 
tution of  learning  situated  in  Fordham,  New 
York  city.  It  was  opened  in  1841,  and  in  1846  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a university  and  passed  under  the 
control  of  the  fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  It  offers 
classical  and  non-classical  courses  and  has  about  110  col- 
legiate and  440  academic  and  grammar  students.  In 
1907  its  corporate  name  was  changed  to  Fordham  Univer- 
sity (which  see  in  supplement). 

St.  Joseph  (sant  jo'zef).  The  county-seat  of 
Berrien  County,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Michigan, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph  River.  It  is 
the  shipping-point  for  the  surrounding  fruit- 
growing region,  and  has  manufactories  of 
boats,  paper,  motor-cycles,  flour,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 5,936,  (1910). 

St.  Lawrence*.  The  great  bridge  under  construction 
across  the  river  below  Quebec  collapsed  on  Aug.  29,  1907, 
killing  a number  of  workmen.  The  Dominion  govern- 
ment has  undertaken  its  reconstruction.  The  new  design 
calls  for  a cantilever  bridge  with  a total  length  of  2,930 
feet. 

St.  Louis  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing controlled  and  directed  by  the  fathers  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus,  situated  at  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  It  was  founded  in  1818  as  St.  Louis  Academy 
and  incorporated  as  a university  in  1832.  It  comprises 
a college  of  arts  and  sciences ; schools  of  commerce  and 
finance,  dentistry  It.  Louis  College  of  Dentistry,  affili- 
ated 1908),  divinity,  medicine,  and  philosophy  and  sci- 
ence ; and  an  institute  of  law.  It  is  attended  by  about 
900  students. 

St.  Marys  (sant  ma'riz).  A city  in  Auglaize 
County,  Ohio,  on  the  St.  Marys  River,  21  miles 
southwest  of  Lima.  It  has  machine-shops, 
woolen-mills,  and  manufactories  of  paper, 
plate-glass,  wheels,  chains,  etc.  Population, 
5,732,  (1910). 

St.  Marys  (sant  ma'riz).  A borough  in  Elk 
County,  Pennsylvania,  in  a lumbering  and 
coal-mining  region.  It  has  lumber-mills,  elec- 
trical supply  factories,  etc.  A German  Bene- 
dictine convent  is  located  here.  Population, 
6,346,  (1910). 

St.  Paul  (sant  pal).  The  principal  island  of 
the  Pribylof  group  in  Bering  Sea.  it  is  famous 
for  Its  fur-seal  rookeries,  which  occupy  about  seven  miles 
of  its  coast-line.  The  village  of  St.  Paul  numbers  about 
200  inhabitants,  natives  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  brought 
over  to  carry  on  the  fur-seal  industry.  It  has  a church  of 
the  Greek- Russian  faith,  an  English  school,  and  a company 
store.  Extreme  length,  13J  miles.  Breadth,  about  7J 
miles.  Area,  about  43  square  miles. 

St.  Paul’s  School.  An  English  public  school 
founded  by  John  Colet  (1466-1519),  dean  of  St. 


Paul’s  Cathedral.  The  design  of  the  founder  was  to 
establish  a school  where  153  boys  of  good  capacity,  with- 
out restriction  as  to  nationality,  should  receive  a sound 
Christian  education  and  a knowledge  of  Greek  as  well  as 
of  Latin.  The  first  head-master,  William  Lily  (1468-1522), 
was  appointed  in  1512.  The  school  was  removed  from  its 
original  site  in  St.  Paul  s Churchyard,  London,  to  Ham- 
mersmith Road,  West  Kensington,  in  1884.  Capitation 
scholars  (paying  a tuition  fee)  have  been  added  to  the 
foundation  scholars,  and  the  number  of  pupils  is  now 
about  580. 

Saintsbury*,  George  Edward  Bateman.  His 

later  works  include  “Miscellaneous  Essays”  (1892), 
“Corrected  Impressions”  (1895),  “Nineteenth  Century 
Literature”  (1890),  “The  Flourishing  of  Romance  and  the 
Rise  of  Allegory  ’ (1897),  “Sir  Walter  Scott”  (1897),  “A 
Short  History  of  English  Literature”  (1898),  “Matthew 
Arnold  ” (1899),  “A  History  of  Criticism  ” (3  vols.,  1900-04), 
“The  Earlier  Renaissance”  (1901),  “Loci  Critici  ” (1903), 
“Minor  Caroline  Poets"  (2  vols.,  1905-06),  “History  of 
Elizabethan  Literature”  (1906),  “A  History  of  English 
Prosody’’  (Vol.  I.,  1906;  Vol.  II.,  1908;  Vol.  III.,  1910: 
condensed  into  “Historical  Manual  of  English  Prosody,” 
1911),  “History  of  XIX.  Century  Literature  ” (1906),  “The 
Later  Nineteenth  Century  ” (1907),  etc. 

Saionji  (sl'on-ji),  Marquis  Kin-mochi.  Born 
at  Kioto,  October,  1849.  A Japanese  states- 
man, premier  1906-08  and  1911-12.  He  studied  in 
Paris  1870-80 ; was  appointed  minister  to  Austria  In  1885 
and  to  Germany  in  1887 ; was  minister  of  education  1894-96, 
and  again  in  the  third  administration  of  Marquis  Ito; 
and  has  several  times  been  prime  minister  ad  interim. 

Sakhalin.  See  Saghalin. 

Sala*  George  Augustus  Henry.  He  wrote 
also  ‘‘Things  I Have  Seen  and  People  I Have 
Known”  (1894)  and  “Life  and  Adventures  of 
George  Augustus  Sala”  (1895). 

Salamanca  (sal-a-mang'ka).  A village  in 
Cattaraugus  County,  New  York,  on  the  Alle- 
gheny River,  28  miles  northeast  of  James- 
town. Its  chief  industries  are  lumbering  and 
manufacturing.  Population,  5,792,  (1910). 

Salem  (sa'lem).  A town  in  Forsyth  County, 
North  Carolina,  91  miles  northwest  of  Raleigh. 
It  has  manufacturing  interests,  and  is  the  seat 
of  the  Salem  Female  Academy  and  College 
(Moravian).  Population,  5,533,  (1910). 

Salisbury  (salz'bu-ri).  The  county-seat  of 
Wicomico  County,  Maryland,  on  the  Wicomico 
River.  It  has  railroad  repair-shops,  canning- 
factories,  lumber-  and  flour-mills,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 6,690,  (1910). 

Salisbury  (salz'bu-ri).  The  county-seat  of 
Rowan  County,  North  Carolina,  36  miles 
northeast  of  Charlotte.  It  is  in  an  agricultural 
region,  and  haB  foundries,  wagon-works,  cotton-factories, 
etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  a State  normal  school  and  of  Living- 
stone College,  both  for  the  colored  race.  It  has  also  a 
national  cemetery,  in  which  are  the  graves  of  those  who 
died  in  a Confederate  prison  situated  here  during  the 
Civil  War.  Population,  7,153,  (1910). 

Salisbury  (salz'bu-ri).  The  capital  of  Southern 
Rhodesia,  in  South  Africa,  situated  about 
lat.  18°  S.,  long.  31°  E.  it  is  on  the  railway  from 
the  Cape,  and  is  also  connected  with  Beira  on  the  coast  of 
Lorenzo  Marques.  Formerly  Fort  Salisbury. 

Salisbury  (salz'bu-ri),  Rollin  D.  Born  at 
Spring  Prairie,  Wis.,  Aug.  17,  1858.  An 
American  geologist,  professor  of  geographic 
geology  in  the  University  of  Chicago  from  1892, 
dean  of  the  Ogden  School  of  Science  from 
1897,  and  head  of  the  department  of  geography 
from  1903.  He  was  professor  in  Beloit  College  1884-91, 
and  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin  1891-92.  He  has 
published  a treatise  on  geology  (with  Chamberlin),  sev- 
eral volumes  on  the  geology  of  New  Jersey,  “Elementary 
Physiography”  (1910),  etc. 

Salome.  3.  An  opera  (“drama”)  in  one  act, 
music  by  Richard  Strauss,  founded  on  a play 
by  Oscar  Wilde.  The  leading  characters  are  Salome 
(the  daughter  of  Herodias)  and  John  the  Baptist.  It  was 
first  produced  in  Dresden,  Dec.  9,  1905,  and  in  New  York 
in  1907. 

Salomon  (sal'o-mon),  Haym.  Bom  at  Lissa, 
Poland,  in  1740:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  6, 
1785.  A Jewish  financier.  He  settled  in  New  York 
about  1772,  and  identified  himself  with  the  American 
cause.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the  British  shortly  after 
their  occupation  of  New  York,  but  escaped  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1778,  where  he  dealt  in  bills  of  exchange.  He 
negotiated  many  such  for  Robert  Morris,  the  superin- 
tendent of  finance,  and  was  formally  recognized  as  the 
official  broker.  He  held  similar  relations  with  the  French 
army  and  consul,  and  aided  Madison,  James  Wilson,  and 
other  Revolutionary  patriots. 

Salton  Sea*.  The  valley  in  which  the  Salton  Sea  lies 
is,  at  its  lowest  point,  about  three  hundred  feet  below 
sea-level,  and  the  waters  of  the  Colorado  have  often  found 
their  way  into  it.  A notable  incursion  occurred  in  1891, 
forming  a lake  about  30  miles  long,  10  miles  wide,  and 
very  shallow,  which  rapidly  diminished.  In  the  spring  of 
1905  the  river,  in  flood,  enlarged  a passage  which  had 
been  cut,  for  purposes  of  irrigation,  four  miles  below  the 
Mexican  border,  and  by  August  was  discharging  the 
greater  part  of  its  waters  into  the  Salton  Sea,  which  en- 
larged until  it  attained  an  area  of  over  400  square  miles 
and  a depth  of  about  90  feet.  After  several  unsuccessful 
attempts  and  the  expenditure  of  vast  sums  of  money 
(required  for  the  protecting  of  agricultural  property  and 
that  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad),  the  inflow  of  water 
was  stopped  in  July,  1907. 


San  Carlos  Borromeo  de  Monterey 

Saltus*  (sal'tus),  Edgar  Evertson.  His  later 

works  include  “ The  Pace  that  Kills  ” (1888),  “ A Transac- 
tion in  Hearts  " (1889),  “ Imperial  Purple  ” (1893),  “ Purple 
and  Fine  Women"  (1903),  “The  Pomps  of  Satan"  (1904), 
“ The  Perfume  of  Eros  " (1905),  “ Historia  Amoris  ” (1906), 
“ Daughters  of  the  Rich  ’’  (1909),  etc. 

Salvador*.  The  republic  is  divided  into  14  depart- 
ments : Ahuachapan,  Cabanas,  Chalatenango,  Cuscatlan, 
La  Libertad,  La  Paz,  La  Union,  Morazan,  San  Miguel,  San 
Salvador,  San  Vincente,  Santa  Ana,  Sonsonate,  and  Usu- 
lutan.  The  capital  is  San  Salvador.  See  also  * Central 
American  Arbitration  Treaty. 

Salvini  (sal-ve'ne),  Alessandro.  Born  at 
Rome,  Dec.  21,  1861 : died  at  Florence,  Dec. 
15,  1896.  An  actor,  son  of  Tommaso  Salvini. 
He  was  educated  in  Switzerland  and  at  Florence  as  a 
civil  engineer ; came  to  America  in  1881,  and  made  his 
first  appearance  on  the  stage  in  New  York  at  the  Union 
Square  Theater  in  1882.  His  best  known  roles  were  those 
of  the  Count  in  “Monte  Cristo,”  D’Artagnan  in  “The 
Three  Guardsmen,”  and  Hamlet. 

Samal  (sa'mal).  An  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Davao,  southern  Mindanao,  Philippine  Islands. 
Area,  147  square  miles.  Population,  1,096. 

S&mar.  2.  A province  of  the  Philippines  con- 
sisting of  Sdmar  and  numerous  small  islands, 
of  which  Daram  is  the  largest.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  Strait  of  San  Bernardino  (separating  it  from  Luzbn) 
on  the  northwest ; the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  north  and  east ; 
the  Pacific  Ocean  and  San  Pedro  and  San  Pablo  Bay 
(separating  it  from  Leyte)  on  the  south ; and  San  Pedro 
and  San  Pablo  Bay,  the  Strait  of  San  Juanico  (separating 
it  from  Leyte),  Daram  Channel  (separating  it  from  Biliran 
island),  and  the  Visayan  Sea  (separating  it  from  Masbate) 
on  the  west.  Capital,  Catbalogau.  The  coast  of  Samar 
island  is  indented  by  many  bays.  The  principal  harbors 
are  Borofigan  Bay  and  Pambujan  Bay  on  the  eastern 
coast  and  safe  for  large  vessels  in  all  weather.  The  surface 
is  mountainous,  but  without  great  elevations.  Few  of  the 
rivers  are  navigable  even  for  native  boats.  Iron,  lead,  and 
gold  are  found.  Cocoa,  hemp,  bananas,  copra,  corn,  sugar- 
cane, and  sweet  potatoes  are  the  chief  products.  The 
inhabitants  are  Visayans.  Area  of  the  province,  6,276 
square  miles.  Population,  266,237. 

Sammarco  (sam-mar'ko),  Mario.  Born  at 
Palermo  in  1873.  An  Italian  barytone  singer. 
He  studied  with  Antonio  Cantelli,  and  made  his  d6but 
in  Milan  in  “Le  Villi.”  He  made  his  first  appearance  in 
London  in  1904,  in  “La  Tosca,”and  in  America  in  1906,  at 
the  Manhattan  Opera  House,  in  “Pagliacci.”  He  has 
also  sung  in  Russia,  Spain,  and  South  America.  His 
repertoire  includes  Don  Giovanni,  Iago,  Amonasro,  Rigo- 
letto,  Tonio,  Scarpia,  and  Falstaff.  He  created  one  of  the 
leading  barytone  rbles  in  Victor  Herbert’s  “ Natoma.” 

Sampaloc  (sam-pa'lok).  A suburb  of  the  city 
of  Manila,  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civi- 
lized population,  18,772. 

Samson  et  Dalila  (son-s6n'  a,  da-le-la').  An 
opera  by  Charles  Camille  St.-Saens  (words  by 
Ferdinand  Lemaire),  first  produced  at  Weimar 
in  1877. 

San  Angelo  (san  an'je-lo).  The  county-seat 
of  Tom  Green  County,  Texas,  incorporated  as 
a city  in  1903.  It  is  on  the  Concho  River,  and 
is  important  as  a shipping-point  for  cattle, 
wool,  nuts,  etc.  Population,  10,321,  (1910). 

San  Antonio  (san  au-td'ni-o)  de  Padua,  Mis- 
sion of.  A Franciscan  mission  (the  third)  in 
California,  founded  by  Father  Junipero  Serra 
in  July,  1771,  near  the  site  of  the  present  town 
of  Jolon,  in  Monterey  County. 

San  Bernardino  (sail  ber-nar-de  ' no).  The 
county-seat  of  San  Bernardino  County,  Cali- 
fornia, 53  miles  east  of  Los  Angeles.  It  is  a 
noted  health  resort,  and  has  extensive  fruit- 
growing interests,  also  railroad  shops,  lumber- 
mills,  etc.  Population,  12,779,  (1910). 

San  Bernardino  (san  ber-nar-de'no),  Strait 
of.  A strait  in  the  Philippines,  separating 
Luz6n  and  Samar  islands  and  connecting  the 
Visayan  Sea  with  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Sanborn  (san'born),  Franklin  Benjamin. 
Born  at  Hampton  Falls,  N.  H.,  Dec.  15,  1831. 
An  American  journalist,  author,  and  social  re- 
former. He  w!as  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1856;  was  a 
member  of  the  Free  Soil  party  in  New  Hampshire  and 
Massachusetts ; became  secretary  to  the  Massachusetts 
State  Kansas  Committee  in  1856 ; and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  Social  Science  Association,  of 
the  National  Prison  Association,  and  of  the  National  Con- 
ference of  Charities.  He  was  an  editor  of  the  Boston 
“Commonwealth”  1863-67,  of  the  Springfield  “Republi- 
can" 1868-1906,  and  of  the  “Journal  of  Social  Science" 
1876-97.  In  1879  he  founded,  with  Bronson  Alcott  and 
W.  T.  Harris,  the  Concord  School  of  Philosophy  (closed  in 
1888).  Among  his  works  are  biographies  of  Emerson, 
Thoreau,  Alcott,  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe,  and  Dr.  Pliny  Earle, 
“ Life  and  Letters  of  John  Brown  " (1885),  “ The  Personal- 
ity of  Thoreau”  (1901),  “The  Personality  of  Emerson” 
(1903),  a “History  of  New  Hampshire”  (1904),  “Life  and 
Earliest  Writings  of  Thoreau  ’’  (1906),  “ Bronson  Alcott  at 
Alcott  House,  England,  and  Fruitlands,  New  England" 
(1908),  “ Hawthorne  and  his  Friends  ” (1908),  and  “ Recol- 
lections of  Seventy  Years”  (1909). 

San  Carlos  (san  kar'los).  A municipality  of 
Pangasimin  province,  in  the  western  part  of 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  popula- 
tion, 27,166. 

San  Carlos  Borromeo  (san  kar'los  bor-ro- 


San  Carlos  Borromeo  de  Monterey 

ma'o)  de  Monterey,  Mission  of.  A Francis- 
can mission  (tlie  second)  in  California,  founded 
by  Father  Junipero  Serra  in  1770,  on  the  site 
of  the  present  town  of  Monterey,  and  removed 
in  1771  to  Carmelo  valley : from  that  time  called 
the  Carmelo  or  Carmel  Mission. 

Sanday  (san'da),  William.  Borne  at  Holme 
Pierrepont,  Nottinghamshire,  Aug.  1,  1843. 
An  English  theologian  and  historian,  professor 
of  divinity  and  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, from  1895.  His  works  include  “ Authorship  and 
Historical  Character  of  the  Fourth  Gospel"  (1872),  “The 
Gospels  in  the  Second  Century  ” (1876),  “The  Oracles  of 
God  ” (1891),  “ Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  P.omans  " 
(1895),  etc. 

Sandham  (sand'am),  Henry.  Born  at  Mont- 
real in  1842:  died  at  London,  June  21,  1910. 
A Canadian  painter  and  illustrator.  As  an  illus- 
trator he  was  connected  with  many  publishing  houses  in 
America  and  Europe.  His  paintings  consist  chiefly  of 
portraits  and  historical  scenes.  He  was  a charter  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Canadian  Academy  of  Art  (1880). 

San  Diego  (sandi-a'go)  de  Alcala,  Mission 

of.  A mission  founded  by  Father  Junipero 
Serra  in  southern  California  in  1769 : the  oldest 
of  the  missions  in  that  State.  There  are 
remains  of  the  buildings  about  6^  miles  north 
of  San  Diego. 

Sands  (sandz),  William  Franklin.  Born  at 
Washington,  July  29,  1874.  An  American  di- 
plomatist. He  was  second  secretary  of  the  American 
legation  at  Tokio  1890-97 ; first  secretary  at  Seul,  Korea, 
1897-99  ; adviser  to  the  Emperor  of  Korea  1900-05  ; secre- 
tary of  the  legation  at  Panama  1905-07,  and  at  Guatemala 
1907-08;  secretary  of  the  embassy  to  Mexico  1908-09;  and 
minister  to  Guatemala  1909-10. 

San  Fernando  (san  far-nan'do).  1.  A port 
and  the  capital  of  La  Union  province,  in  the 
western  part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 
It  is  situated  on  San  Fernando  Bay  in  lat.  10°  39*  N.,  long. 
120°  19’  30"  E.  Civilized  population  of  municipality,  16,- 
095. 

2.  A municipality  of  Cebu  province,  in  the 
Philippine  Islands.  It  is  situated  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Cebu  Island.  Population,  15,451. 
Sanford  (san'ford).  A town  in  York  County, 
Maine,  31  miles  southwest  of  Portland.  It  has 
manufactories  of  cloth,  carriages,  shoes,  blan- 
kets, yarn,  etc.  Population,  9,049,  (1910). 
Sanford  (san'ford),  Edmund  Clark.  Born 
at  Oakland,  Cal.,  Nov.  10,  1859.  An  American 
psychologist.  He  was  assistant  professor 
1892-1901,  and  professor  1901-09,  of  experi- 
mental and  comparative  psychology  in  Clark 
University,  and  was  elected  president  of  Clark 
College  in  1909.  He  has  published  “ A Course  in  Ex- 
perimental Psychology  " (1898),  etc. 

San  Francisco  de  la  Espada  (san  fran-thes'ko 
da  la  as-pa'da),  Mission  of.  A Franciscan 
mission  founded  in  1731,  on  the  San  Antonio 
River,  about  9 miles  south  of  San  Antonio, 
Texas. 

San  Gabriel  (san  ga'bri-el).  A township  in 
Los  Angeles  County,  California,  10  miles  east 
of  Los  Angeles.  Population,  including  Al- 
hambra city,  8,550,  (1910). 

San  Gabriel  Arcangel  (san  ga'bre-el  ar- 
kan'hel),  Mission  of.  A Franciscan  mission 
(the  fourth)  in  California,  founded  by  Father 
Junipero  Serra  in  September,  1771,  on  the  site 
of  the  present  township  of  San  Gabriel. 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Range*.  According  to  the 

United  States  Geographic  Board  the  range  extends  from 
Poncha  Pass,  Colorado,  to  the  neighborhood  of  Santa  Fb, 
New  Mexico,  thus  including  the  southern  portion,  locally 
known  as  the  Culebra  Range.  Blanca  Teak,  in  this  range, 
is  14,390  feet  high,  and  is  surpassed  by  Mount  Massive 
(14,424). 

Sangster  (sang'ster),  Mrs.  (Margaret  Eliza- 
beth Munson).  Born  Feb.  22,1838:  died  June 
3,  1912.  An  American  journalist,  poet,  and 
writer  of  juveniles.  She  was  associate  editor  of 
“Hearth  and  Home”  JK71-73,  of  “The  Christian  at  Work” 
1873-79,  and  of  “The  Christian  Intelligencer”  1879-1912; 
“ Postmistress  ” of  “ Harper’s  Young  reoxile  ” 1882-89 ; and 
editor  of  “Harper's  Bazaar”  1889-99.  She  was  on  the 
staff  of  the  “Christian  Herald  ” from  1894,  of  the  *•  Ladies’ 
Home  Journal”  1899-  1904,  and  of  the  “Woman's  Home 
Companion”  1904-12.  Among  her  Morks  are  “Poems  of 
the  Household”  (1882),  “Winsome  Womanhood”  (1900), 
“ Lyrics  of  Love  ” (1901),  “ Good  Manners  for  all  Occasions  ” 
(1905),  “The  Story  Bible”  (1905),  “Happy  School  Days” 
(1909),  etc. 

San  Isidro  (san  e-se'dro).  A town,  the  capital 
of  Nueva  fieija  province,  Luzon,  Philippine 
Islands.  It  is  situated  on  the  Rio  Grande  de  la  Pam- 
panga,  in  lat.  15°  18'  30"  N.,  long.  120°  51'  30"  E.  Civilized 
population  of  municipality,  9,800. 

San  Jose  de  Buenavista  (san  Ho-sa'  da  bwa- 
nii-ves'ta).  A town,  the  capital  of  Antique 
province,  Panay  Island,  in  the  Philippines. 
It  is  in  lat.  10°  44'  N.,  long.  121°  54'  E.  Civilized  popula- 
tion of  municipality,  0,768. 

San  Juan  (san  Ho-iin').  A department  in  the 
northern  part  of  Porto  Rico,  bounded  by  the 


Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Humacao  on  the 
east,  Guayama  and  Ponce  on  the  south,  and 
Arecibo  on  the  west.  Area,  542  square  miles. 
Population,  160,046.  Formerly  Bayamon. 

San  Juan  Capistrano  (san  Ho-an'  ka-pis- 
tra'no),  Mission  of.  A Franciscan  mission 
founded  by  Father  Junipero  Serra  in  Novem- 
ber, 1776,  near  the  site  of  the  present  San 
Juan,  in  Orange  County,  California.  The  ruins 
of  the  mission  have  been  in  part  restored. 

San  Juan  Bange*.  It  includes  all  the  mountains  of 
southwest  Colorado  south  of  Gunnison  River,  west  of  San 
Luis  Valley,  and  east  of  the  Rio  Grande  Southern  Rail- 
road. U.  S.  Geographic  Board. 

San  Luis  Obispo  (san  lo'is  o-bis'po).  The 
county-seat  of  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  Cali- 
fornia, 8 miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  has 
a wireless  telegraph  station.  Population,  5,- 
157,  (1910). 

San  Luis  Obispo  (san  lo'is  o-bis'po)  de  To- 
losa,  Mission  of.  A Franciscan  mission  (the 
fifth)  in  California,  founded  by  Father  Juni- 
pero Serra  in  September,  1772,  on  the  site  of 
the  present  city  of  San  Luis  Obispo.  The 
original  buildings  have  been  reconstructed. 
San  Marino*.  The  ancient  Arringo,  a general 
council  of  heads  of  families,  was  revived  as  a 
part  of  the  constitution  in  1906. 

San  Miguel  (san  mi-gel'),  Mission  of.  A 
Franciscan  mission  established  in  July,  1797, 
on  the  site  of  the  present  San  Miguel,  on  the 
Salinas  River,  about  33  miles  north  of  San 
Luis  Obispo,  California. 

San-mun  Bay  (san-mon'  ba).  A bay  on  the 
coast  of  Che-kiang,  China,  containing  several 
islands,  among  them  Niu-tau.  On  February  28, 
1899,  Italy  presented  to  China  a demand  for  its  lease  as  a 
coaling-station  and  naval  base,  with  the  adjacent  territory 
as  a sphere  of  influence.  The  demand  was  supported  by 
the  British  minister,  Sir  Claude  Macdonald,  but  was  not 
granted  by  the  Chinese  government. 

San  Nicolas  (san  ne'ko-las).  1.  A division  of 
the  city  of  Manila,  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. 
Civilized  population,  29,055. — 2.  A town  in  the 
western  part  of  Uocos  Norte  province,  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  Population,  8,527. 

San  Pablo  (san  pab'lo).  A municipality  in 
the  southern  part  of  La  Laguna  province,  Lu- 
zon, Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population, 
22,612. 

San  Pedro  (san  pe'dro).  A seaport  in  Los 
Angeles  County,  California,  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  It  has  a wireless  telegraph  station. 
Population,  about  2,000. 

Sansovino  (sfin*-so-ve'n6),  or  Sansavino,  Ja- 
copo or  Giacomo  (Jacopo  Tatti).  Born 
near  Florence,  1479;  died  at  Venice,  Nov.  27, 
1570.  An  Italian  sculptor  and  architect. 
His  first  master  was  Andrea  Sansovino,  whose  name  he 
assumed.  About  1507  he  went  to  Rome  and  entered  the 
service  of  Pope  Julius  II.  and  Brainante.  On  the  sack  of 
Rome  in  1527  he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life,  and  designed  a large  number  of  splen- 
did buildings.  He  had  charge  of  the  Piazza  di  San  Marco 
with  tlie  church,  campanile,  and  adjacent  public  build- 
ings, except  the  Doge's  Palace. 

Santa  Ana  (san'ta  an'a).  The  county-seat  of 
Orange  County,  California,  31  miles  southeast 
of  Los  Angeles.  Its  principal  interests  are 
dairyingand  fruit-growing.  Pop.,  8,429,  (1910). 
Santa  Barbara  (san'ta  bar'ba-ra).  A muni- 
cipality in  the  southeastern  part  of  Iloilo 
province,  Panay,  Philippine  Islands.  Civi- 
lized population,  15,149. 

Santa  Barbara  (san'ta  bar'ba-ra),  Mission 
of.  A Franciscan  mission  founded  in  1786  by 
Father  Junipero  Serra  near  the  site  of  the 
present  town  of  Santa  Barbara,  California. 
It  has  been  in  operation  without  intermission 
since  its  establishment,  and  is  still  conducted 
by  the  Franciscans. 

Santa  Clara  (san'ta  kla'ra).  A province  of 
Cuba,  situated  between  the  provinces  of  Ma- 
tanzas  and  Camagiiey.  Capital,  Santa  Clara. 
Area,  8,257  square  miles.  Population,  457,431. 
Santa  Clara  (san'ta  kla'ra),  Mission  of.  A 
Franciscan  mission  in  California,  founded  in 
January,  1777,  by  Father  Junipero  Serra  near 
the  present  town  of  Santa  Clara,  and  in  1781 
removed  to  its  present  location  in  that  place. 
A church  built  1781-84  was  damaged  by  earth- 
quakes in  1812,  and  a new  one  was  erected 
1825-26. 

Santa  Cruz  (san'ta  kroth).  1.  A district  of 
the  city  of  Manila,  Luzdn,  Philippine  Islands. 
Civilized  population,  35,030. — 2.  A town,  the 
capital  of  La  Laguna  province,  Luzdn.  Itissitu- 

ated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Laguna  de  Bay  in  lat.  14°  IS' 
N.,  long.  121°  24'  30"  E.  Civilized  population  of  munici- 
pality, 12,747. 


Satolli 

3.  A municipality  of  Marinduque  subprovince 
in  the  Philippine  Islands,  it  is  situated  on  Port 
Santa  Cruz,  iu  the  northern  part  of  Marinduque  Island. 
Civilized  population,  16,350 

Santa  Fe  (san'ta  fa')  Trail.  A route  of  travel 
in  the  southwestern  United  States,  of  great 
importance  before  the  construction  of  the 
transcontinental  railways,  extending  from  Fort 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  to  Santa  Fd,  New 
Mexico.  It  passed  south  of  Topeka  and  after  reaching 
the  Arkansas  river  near  Great  Bend  followed  approxi- 
mately the  course  later  taken  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka, 
and  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  From  Cimarron  Crossing,  near 
Fort  Dodge,  a branch  trail  followed  a more  southerly  and 
direct  route  to  Santa  Fe. 

Santa  Monica  (san'ta  mon'i-ka).  A city  in 
Los  Angeles  County,  California,  on  Monica 
Bay,  15  miles  west  of  Los  Angeles.  Popula- 
tion, 7,847,  (1910). 

Santayana  (san-ta-ya'na),  George.  Born  at 
Madrid,  Spain,  Dec.  16,  1863,  of  Spanish  pa- 
rentage. An  American  poet,  essayist,  educa- 
tor, and  philosopher,  assistant  professor  of 
philosophy  in  Harvard  University  from  1889 
and  professor  1907-12.  He  was  Hyde  lecturer  at  the 
Sorbonne,  Paris,  1905-06.  Among  his  works  are  “ Sonnets 
and  Other  Verses  ” (1894),  “ The  Sense  of  Beauty  : Outlines 
of  -Esthetic  Theory  ’ ’ (1896),  “ Lucifer : a Theological 
Tragedy  ” (1899),  “ Interpretations  of  Poetry  and  Religion  ” 
(1900),  “The  Hermit  of  Carmel,  and  Other  Poems”  (1901), 
“The  Life  of  Reason,”  a work  in  five  volumes : “ Reason  in 
Common  Sense  ” (1905),  “ Reason  in  Society  ” (1905),  “ Rea- 
son in  Religion  ’’  (1905),  “ Reason  in  Art " (1905),  and 
“Reason  in  Science"  (1906),  and  “Three  Philosophical 
Poets : Lucretius,  Dante,  and  Goethe  ” (1910). 

Santee  (san-te').  [Dakota  I-san-a-ti.]  A di- 
vision of  the  Dakota  Indians. 

Santiago  de  Cuba.  2.  The  former  name  of  the 
province  of  Oriente,  Cuba. 

Santos-Bmnont  (san'tos-dfi-mon'),  Alberto. 
Born  at  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  July  20,  1873.  A 
Brazilian  aeronaut.  He  made  his  first  ascent  at 
Paris  in  1897,  and  in  1898  began  the  construction  of  his 
first  dirigible  air-ship,  consisting  of  a cylindrical  balloon 
propelled  by  a motor.  Since  then  he  has  invented  many 
improvements  in  steering  devices,  propelling  mechanism, 
etc.  In  1900  he  received  the  prize  of  4,000  francs  from  the 
Paris  Aero  Club,  and  in  1901  was  awarded  the  Deutsch 
prize  of  100,000  francs  for  the  first  dirigible  balloon  or  fly- 
ing-machine to  make  a prescribed  circuit  between  Saint- 
Cloud  and  the  Eiffel  Tower  in  a maximum  time  of  thirty 
minutes,  receiving  at  the  same  time  125,000  francs  and  a 
gold  medal  from  the  government  of  Brazil.  Later  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  construction  and  use  of  aero- 
planes, and  on  Sept.  13,  1909,  in  a monoplane,  flew  about 
five  miles  in  seven  minutes.  He  has  written  “My  Air- 
ships ” (1904). 

Santo  Tomas  (san'to  to-mas').  1.  A bay  on 
the  coast  of  La  Union  province,  western  Lu- 
zon, Philippine  Islands : safe  in  the  northeast 
monsoon  for  vessels  not  exceeding  15  feet 
draft. — 2.  A peak  in  the  eastern  part  of  La 
Unidn  province,  Luzdn.  Height,  7,298  feet. 

Sapulpa  (sa-pul'pa).  A city  in  Creek  County, 
Oklahoma,  on  a small  branch  of  the  Arkansas 
River.  It  has  cotton-gins,  cotton-compresses, 
etc.  Population,  8,283,  (1910). 

Saranac  Lake  (sar'a-nak  lak).  A village  in 
Essex  and  Franklin  counties,  New  York,  in 
the  Adirondack  Mountains.  It  is  a well-known 
health  resort.  In  its  vicinity  are  the  State 
Hospital  for  Incipient  Tuberculosis  and  a sana- 
torium for  consumptives.  Population,  4,983, 
(1910). 

Sarangani  (sa-ran-ga'ne)  Islands.  A group 
of  small  islands  in  the  Philippines,  lying  south- 
southeast  of  the  most  southern  point  of  Min- 
danao, from  which  they  are  separated  by  Sa- 
rangani Channel.  They  belong  to  Davao  district, 
Moro  province.  Balut,  the  largest,  contains  Sarangani 
volcano,  3,100  feet  in  height.  Area  of  group,  about  65 
square  miles. 

SardOU*,  Victonen.  His  later  works  include  “Gis- 
monda”  (1894),  “Marcelle  ’ (1895),  “Spiritisme”  (1897), 
“Pamela”  (189S),  “Robespierre ” (1899),  “Le  Dante” 
(1903),  “La  sorciere  ” (1903),  “La  Piste  ” (1906),  “Le  drame 
des  poisons  ” (1907). 

Sargent  (sari gent),  Dudley  Allen.  Born  at 
Belfast,  Maine,  Sept.  28,  1849.  An  American 
physician,  director  of  the  gymnasium  of  Har- 
vard University  from  1880.  He  was  professor 
of  physical  training  in  Yale  University  1872-79. 
His  works  include  “Health,  Strength,  and 
Power”  (1904),  “Physical  Education”  (1906), 
etc. 

Sarrien  (sa-rian'),  Jean  Marie  Ferdinand. 

Born  at  Bourbon-Lancy,  France,  Oct.  13,  1840. 
A French  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  posts  and 
telegraphs  April  G-Dec.  2S,  1885,  in  the  ministry  of  Bris* 
son  ; minister  of  the  interior  Jan.  7-Dec.  11,  1886,  in  the 
cabinet  of  Freycinet,  and  again  Dec.  12,  1887, -April  3, 
1888,  in  that  of  Tirard,  and  again  under  Bourgeois  in  1896; 
was  minister  of  justice  under  Brisson  in  1S98;  and  was 
premier  and  minister  of  justice,  M arch-October,  1906. 

Satolli  (sa-tol'le),  Francesco.  Born  at  Mai- 
scieno,  near  Perugia,  July  21,  183P:  died  at 


Satolli 

Rome,  Jan.  8,  1910.  An  Italian  prelate.  In 

1880  he  was  appointed  professor  of  theology  in  the  College 
of  the  Propaganda  at  Rome  ; was  appointed  titular  arch- 
bishop of  Lepanto  in  1883 ; and  was  papal  representative 
at  the  centenary  of  the  establishment  of  the  see  of  Balti- 
more in  1889.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1892 
as  appellate  judge  with  extraordinary  discretion  ; and  in 
the  same  year  was  made  apoBtolic  delegate  to  the  United 
States.  In  1895  he  was  elevated  to  the  cardinalate. 

Satow  (sat'o),  Sir  Ernest  Mason.  Born  June 
30,  1843.  A British  diplomatist,  minister  at 
Peking  1900-06.  He  was  envoy  extraordinary  and 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Morocco  in  1893,  and  was 
iransferred  to  Tokio,  Japan,  in  1895.  In  1907  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  second  Peace  Conference.  He  has  written 
a handbook  of  Japan  (with  A.  G.  S.  Hawes),  an  English- 
Japanese  dictionary  (with  M.  Ishibashi),  “Jesuit  Mission 
Press  in  Japan,  1591-1610,”  etc. 

Satterlee  (sat'er-lf),  Henry  Yates.  Born  at 
New  York,  Jan.  11,  1843:  died  at  Washington, 
Feb.  22,  1908.  An  American  Protestant  Epis- 
copal bishop.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  Univer- 
sity in  1863,  and  ordained  priest  in  1867.  He  was  rector 
of  Zion  Church,  YVappingers  Falls,  N.  Y.,  1875-82,  and  of 
Calvary  Church,  New  York  city,  1882-96.  In  1896  he  be- 
came bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Washington,  D.  C.  He 
published  “Christ  and  His  Church  ” (1878),  “A  Creedless 
Gospel  and  the  Gospel  Creed”  (1894),  “New  Testament 
Churchmanship  ” (1899),  etc. 

Satterlee  (sat'er-le),  Walter.  Born  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Jan.  18,  1844:  died  there,  May  28, 
1908.  An  American  painter.  He  studied  at  the 
National  Academy  of  Design,  and  under  Mon  Bonnat  at 
Paris,  and  became  an  associate  of  the  National  Academy 
in  1879.  He  was  chiefly  known  for  his  figure-painting  and 
genre-work.  Among  his  pictures  are  “A  Coquette  of  the 
Olden  Time,”  “His  Eminence  the  Cardinal,”  “An  Arab 
Sheik,”  “The  Old  Garden,”  and  “ The  Balsam  Cathedral. ” 
Sauer  (zou'er),  Emil.  Born  at  Hamburg,  Oct. 
8,  1862.  A German  pianist.  He  studied  with  Nicho- 
las Rubinstein  at  the  Moscow  Conservatory  1876-81,  and 
later  with  Liszt.  Since  1882  he  has  appeared  as  a concert 
pianist,  making  tours  in  Europe  and  America.  From  1901 
to  1907  he  taught  in  the  Vienna  Conservatory.  He  has 
published  a concerto  and  other  works  for  the  piano,  also 
a book  of  reminiscences  called  “Meine  Welt.” 

Saugus  (sa'gus).  A town  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  8 miles  northeast  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactories  of  leather,  flannel,  etc. 
Population,  8,047,  (1910). 

Sauk.  Same  as  Sac. 

Sault  Sainte  Marie  (so  sant  ma'ri ; F.  pron. 
so  sant  ma-re')  Canals.  Two  canals,  situated 
in  Michigan  and  Ontario  near  the  falls  in  the 
Saint  Mary’s  River.  They  connect  Lake  Superior 
and  Lake  Huron  and  lower  or  raise  vessels  from  one  level 
to  another  (16p-20i  feet).  One  (in  Michigan)  was  begun 
in  1853  and  opened  in  1855.  It  was  enlarged  by  the 
United  States  government  1870-81.  The  improvements 
included  the  Weitzel  lock  (515  feet  long).  The  State  of 
Michigan  relinquished  control  in  1881  and  in  1887  the 
State  locks  were  torn  down  and  replaced  by  a single  lock 
(the  Poe  lock,  800  feet  long,  100  feet  wide,  and  22  feet 
deep  on  the  sills),  opened  in  1896.  The  American  canal 
is  ljt  miles  in  length,  has  a minimum  width  of  216  feet, 
and  U 25  feet  in  depth.  The  other  (Canadian)  canal  was 
built  1888-95.  It  is  1J  miles  long,  150  feet  wide,  and  22 
feet  deep,  with  a lock  900  feet  long,  60  feet  wide,  and  22 
feet  deep  on  the  sills.  In  1910  the  number  of  passages 
through  both  canals  was : 17,674  steamers,  1,890  sailing 
vessels,  1,335  unregistered  ; total,  20,899. 

Sauret  (so-ra'),  Emile.  Born  at  Dun-le-Roi, 
Cher,  May  22,  1852.  A French  violinist.  He 

first  appeared  in  concert  about  1862.  He  has  made  sev- 
eral tours  in  America,  the  first  in  1872,  and  has  played 
throughout  Europe  and  in  London.  His  first  wife  was 
Teresa  Carreno.  He  has  taught  much  since  1880,  in  insti- 
tutions in  Berlin,  London,  and  Chicago,  and  privately  at 
Geneva.  He  has  published  several  compositions,  includ- 
ing a concerto. 

Savage  (sav'aj),  Minot  Judson.  Born  at  Nor- 
ridgewoek,  Maine,  June  10,  1841.  An  Ameri- 
can minister  and  author.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Bangor  Theological  Seminary  in  1864,  and  entered  the 
Congregational  ministry,  later  becoming  a Unitarian.  He 
was  pastor  of  the  Third  Unitarian  Church,  Chicago,  1873- 
1874,  and  of  the  Church  of  the  Unity,  Boston,  1874-96,  and 
associate  minister  (with  Robert  Collyer)  at  the  Church  of 
the  Messiah,  New  York  city,  1896-1906.  He  has  published 
“The  Religion  of  Evolution  ” (1876),  “The  Morals  of  Evo- 
lution ” (1880),  “Religious  Reconstruction”  (1888),  “The 
Evolution  of  Christianity”  (1892),  “Jesus  and  Modern 
Life”  (1893),  “Life  beyond  Death”  (1901),  “Men  and 
Women”  (1902),  “Poems”  (1905),  etc. 

Savage  (sav'aj),  Richard  Henry.  Born  at 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  June  12,  1846:  died  at  New  York, 
Oct.  11,  1903.  An  American  author  and  mili- 
tary engineer.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1868  ; served  in  the  corps  of  engineers  ; was  in  the  Egyp- 
tian army  1871-74  ; and  later  became  a railway  engineer. 
In  1898  he  was  appointed  senior  major  of  the  Second 
United  States  Volunteer  Engineers  and  served  through 
the  Spanish-American  war.  He  published  a large  num- 
ber of  stories. 

Savage  Club.  A London  club,  on  Adelphi 
Terrace,  W.  C.,  founded  in  1857  for  the  pur- 
pose of  promoting  intercourse  among  those  in- 
terested in  literature,  art,  music,  the  drama, 
and  science. 

Savile  Club.  A London  club,  at  107  Picca- 
dilly, founded  in  1868  for  social  purposes.  It 
has  about  675  members. 


Saville  (sav'il),  Marshall  Howard.  Bom  at 

Rockport,  Mass.,  June  24, 1867.  An  American 
scientist,  professor  of  American  archeology  in 
Columbia  University  from  1903.  He  was  assistant 
curator  of  anthropology  in  the  American  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History  1894-1902 ; curator  of  Mexican  and  < ’entral 
American  archaeology  1902-07 ; and  honorary  curator 
1907-10.  His  researches  and  publications  relate  chiefly 
to  the  antiquities  of  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  north- 
western South  America. 

Sayre  (sar).  A borough  in  Bradford  County, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  north  branch  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna River.  It  has  iron-works,  railroad 
shops,  etc.  Population,  6,426,  (1910). 

Scalchi  (skal'.ke),  Sofia.  Born  at  Turin,  Nov. 
29,  1850.  An  Italian  contralto  singer.  She  made 
her  debut  as  Ulrica,  in  “Un  Ballo  in  Maschera,”  at  Man- 
tua in  1866.  She  sang  in  many  Italian  cities,  also  in  Eng- 
land (1868-90),  and  first  came  to  America  in  1883.  Her 
rdles  included  Leonora  (in  “La  Favorita”),  Meaia  (in 
“Paul  et  Virginie  ”),  Mrs.  Page  (in  “ Falstaff ’’),  Fides  (in 
“Le  Prophfete”),  Arsaces  (in  “Semiramide”),  Amneris 
(in  “Aida”),  and  Siebel  (in  “Faust”). 

Scarfoglio,  Signora.  Eduardo.  See  *Serao,  Ma- 
tilde. 

Schiaparelli*,  Giovanni  Virginio.  His  later 

works  include  “ De  la  rotation  de  la  terre  sous  l’infiuence 
des  actions  gbologiques ” (1889),  “Rubra  canicola"  (1896- 
1897),  “ Origine  del  sistema  planetario  eliocentrico  presso  i 
Greci  ” (1898),  “ L’Astronomia  neli’  Antico  Testamento  ” 
(1903). 

Schiff  (shif),  Jacob  Henry.  Born  atFrankfort- 
on-the-Main,  Jan.  10,  1847.  A German- Ameri- 
can financier  and  philanthropist.  He  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1865,  engaged  in  business,  and 
became  senior  partner  of  the  firm  of  Kuhn,  Loeb,  and 
Company,  New  York  city.  Among  other  enterprises,  he 
placed  three  large  Japanese  war  loans  in  1904  and  1905,  in 
recognition  of  which  the  Second  Order  of  the  Sacred 
Treasure  of  Japan  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Mikado. 
He  built  and  endowed  the  Semitic  Museum  of  Harvard 
University;  built  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  of 
America,  and  contributed  largely  to  its  endowment ; and 
has  given  to  charitable  and  educational  institutions. 

Schilling  (shil'ing),  Alexander.  Born  at  Chi- 
cago. A contemporary  American  landscape- 
painter  and  etcher.  He  was  awarded  the  gold  medal 
of  the  Art  Club  of  Philadelphia  in  1901  and  the  silver  medal 
of  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  in  1904.  Among  his  pictures 
are  “Midnight”  (1895),  “Upland  Fields"  (1901),  “Moon- 
light after  Rain  ” (1905),  and  “The  Blue  Pool  ” (1907). 

Schinkel  (shing'kel),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born 
at  Neuruppin,  Germany,  March  13,  1781 : died 
at  Berlin,  Oct.  9, 1841.  A noted  German  archi- 
tect and  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  David  and  Fried- 
rich Gilly  in  Berlin,  and  also  studied  in  Italy  and  Paris. 
In  1820  he  was  created  professor  in  the  Architectural 
Academy  at  Berlin.  He  was  especially  interested  in  the 
introduction  of  Greek  forms  and  details  in  modern  build- 
ings. Among  the  buildings  which  he  designed  are  the  old 
Museum,  the  Royal  Theater,  the  Schlossbriicke,  the 
School  of  Artillery  and  Engineering,  etc.,  in  Berlin  ; the 
St.  Nicolai-Kirche  in  Potsdam  ; and  various  buildings  in 
Dresden  and  other  German  cities.  He  built  many  churches 
in  a revised  Gothic  style. 

Schlotterbeck  (shlot'er-bek),  Julius  Otto. 
Born  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  Sept.  1,  1865.  An 
American  pharmacist,  chemist,  and  educator, 
professor  of  pharmacognosy  and  botany  in  the 
University  of  Michigan  from  1896.  Since  1905  he 
has  been  dean  of  the  School  of  Pharmacy  there.  He  has 
published  various  technical  papers  upon  the  chemistry  of 
plant  alkaloids. 

Schomburgk  Line*.  Arbitration  was  agreed  to  by 
England  in  1896,  and  a decision  was  reached  in  1899 
which  established  the  Schomburgk  Line  as  the  boundary, 
with  the  exception  of  Barima  Point,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Orinoco,  and  a strip  of  land  between  the  Wenamu  and 
Cuyuni  rivers,  which  went  to  Venezuela. 

Schreiner*,  Olive  (Mrs.  S.  C.  Cronwright 

Schreiner).  Her  later  works  include  “The  Political 
Situation  ” (1895 : written  jointly  with  her  husband), 
“Trooper  Peter  Halket  of  Mashonaland”  (1897),  “An 
English  South  African’s  View  of  the  Situation”  (1898), 
“Woman  and  Labor”  (1911),  etc. 

Schuch  (shoch),  Ernst  von.  Born  at  Gratz, 
Nov.  23,  1847.  An  Austrian  conductor.  He 
studied  with  Eduard  Stolz  at  Gratz  and  with  Dessoff  at 
Vienna;  played  the  violin  and  piano  in  concerts  before  he 
was  eleven  ; and  became  a conductor  at  Breslau  at  the  age 
of  twenty.  Since  1872  he  has  conducted  at  the  Royal 
Opera,  Dresden.  He  conducted  the  first  performances  of 
Richard  Strauss’s  music-dramas  “Salome,”  “ Elektra,”and 
“Rosenkavalier,”  all  of  which  had  their  first  presentation 
at  Dresden.  He  also  conducted  on  several  occasions  at  the 
Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York,  1899-1900. 

Schuchert  (shuk'ert),  Charles.  Born  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  July  3,  1858.  An  American 
naturalist,  professor  of  paleontology  in  Yale 
University  and  curator  of  the  geological  col- 
lections at  the  Peabody  Museum  from  1904. 
He  was  assistant  paleontologist,  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  1893-94,  and  assistant  curator  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum  1894-1904. 

Schumann-Heink  (sho'man-lringk'),  Frau 
(Ernestine  Rossler).  Born  at  Lieben,  near 
Prague,  June  15,  1861.  A famous  contralto 
singer.  Her  debut  was  made  at  Dresden,  Oct.  13,  1878, 
as  Azucena,  in  “II  Trovatore,”  after  which  she  sang  in 
Hamburg  and  London.  She  first  appeared  in  America 


Scotti 

Jan.  9,  1899,  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York, 
as  Ortrud,  in  “Lohengrin,”  and  has  sung  here  for  many 
seasons  in  opera  and  concert.  She  has  made  frequent  ap- 
pearances at  Bayreuth,  and  created  the  r61e  of  Klytem- 
nestra,  in  Richard  Strauss's  “ Elektra,”  at  Dresden.  Other 
parts  in  which  she  has  been  heard  are  Erda,  Fricka, 
Waltrauta,  the  Witch  (in  “Hansel  und  Gretel  ”),  Fides  (in 
“ Le  Prophete”),  and  Carmen.  By  her  first  marriage,  in 

1883,  she  became  Frau  Heink,  and  upon  the  second,  in  1893, 
to  Paul  Schumann,  she  took  the  name  of  Schumann-Heink. 
In  1906  she  married  William  Rapp,  and  became  a resident 
of  the  United  States. 

Schurman  (shur'man),  Jacob  Gould.  Born 
at  Freetown,  Prince  Edward  Island,  May  22, 
1854.  An  American  scholar,  author,  and  edu- 
cator. He  was  professor  of  English  literature,  etc.,  at 
Acadia  College  1880-82  ; was  professor  of  metaphysics,  etc., 
at  Dalhousie  College  1882-86  ; and  since  1886has  been  con- 
nected with  Cornell  University  (as  Sage  professor  of  phi- 
losophy 1886-92,  as  dean  of  the  Sage  School  of  Philosophy 
1891,  and  as  president  since  1892).  In  1899  he  was  ap- 
pointed chairman  of  the  United  States  Ihiiippine  Com- 
mission, and  in  August,  1912,  minister  to  Gieece  and  Mon- 
tenegro. Among  his  published  works  are  “Kantian  Ethics 
and  the  Ethics  of  Evolution  " (1881),  “The  Ethical  Import 
of  Darwinism”  (1888),  “Belief  in  God”  (1890),  “Agnos- 
ticism and  Religion'’  (1896),  “Report  of  the  Philippine 
Commission,  ” of  which  he  was  joint  author  (1900),  and 
“Philippine  Affairs— A Retrospect  and  Outlook"  (1900). 
Schiitz  (shiitz),  Heinrich.  Born  at  Kostritz, 
Oct.  8,  1585:  died  at  Dresden,  Nov.  6,  1672. 
A German  musician.  He  was  the  most  influential 
composer  of  the  17tli  century  in  the  development  of 
church  music,  and  was  also  the  composer  of  the  first  Ger- 
man opera,  “ Dafne  ” (1627).  In  1615  he  was  kapellmeister 
of  the  court  orchestra  at  Dresden,  and  later  was  conductor 
at  Copenhagen. 

Schwab  (shwab),  Charles  M.  Born  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, Pa.,  April  18,  1862.  An  American 
capitalist.  He  passed  his  early  years  at  Loretto,  Penn- 
sylvania. Entering  the  service  of  the  Edgar’  Thomson 
Steel  Works,  in  Pittsburgh,  as  stake-driver,  he  was  chief 
engineer  and  assistant  manager  1881-87  and  general 
superintendent  1889-97.  He  was  president  of  the  Car- 
negie Steel  Company  1897-1901,  and  of  the  United  States 
Steel  Corporation  1901-03.  He  is  now  president  of  the 
Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation,  and  a director  of  many  other 
large  industrial  organizations.  He  has  built  a Catholic 
church  at  Loretto,  Pennsylvania,  and  has  founded  an  in- 
dustrial school  at  Homestead. 

Scidmore  (sid'mor),  Eliza  Ruhamah.  Born 
at  Madison,  Wis.,  Oct.  14, 1856.  An  American 
traveler  and  author.  Among  her  works  are  “ Alaska  : 
its  Southern  Coast  and  the  Sitkan  Archipelago  ” (1885  : re- 
published in  1889  as  “Journeyings  in  Alaska”),  “West- 
ward to  the  Far  East”  (1890),  “ From  East  to  West” 
(1890),  “Jinriksha  Days  in  Japan”  (1890),  “Appleton’s 
Guide-book  to  Alaska  and  the  Northwest  Coast,”  “Java  : 
the  Garden  of  the  East”  (1898),  “China:  the  Long-lived  « 
Empire”  (1900),  and  “Winter  India”  (1903). 

Scollard  (skol'ard),  Clinton.  Born  at  Clinton, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  18,  1860.  An  American  author 
aud  poet.  He  was  associate  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
elocution  at  Hamilton  College  1889-91,  and  professor  of 
English  literature  1891-96.  He  has  written  “With  Reed 
and  Lyre  ” (1886),  “ Songs  of  Sunrise  Lands  ” (1892),  “ Un- 
der Summer  Skies”  (1892),  “On  Sunny  Shores  ’’  (1893), 

“ The  Hills  of  Song  ” (1896),  “ Skenandoa  ” (1896),  “ A Man 
at  Arms  ” (1898),  “The  Lutes  of  Morn  ’ ’ (1901),  “ The  Clois- 
tering of  Ursula”  (1902),  “Lyrics  and  Legends  of  Christ- 
mastide  ” (1 904),  “ Odes  and  Elegies  ” (1905),  “ A Southern 
Flight”  (with  Frank  Dempster  Sherman  : 1906),  “Easter 
Song  ” (1907),  “Voices  and  Visions  ” (1908),  “ Pro  Patria  ” 
(1909),  “Chords  of  the  Zither”  (1910),  etc. 

Scott  (skot),  Austin.  Bora  at  Maumee,  Ohio, 
Aug.  10, 1848.  An  American  historian  aud  edu- 
cator, president  of  Rutgers  College  1890  1906. 

He  was  graduated  at  lrale  in  1869;  studied  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  and  in  Berlin  and  Leipsic  ; was  private 
secretary  to  George  Bancroft  1872-73  and  1875-81 ; was  as- 
sociate in  history  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  1876-82 ; 
and  was  professor  of  history  in  Rutgers  College  1883-90, 
and  of  history  and  political  science  1906. 

Scott  (skot),  John,  first  Earl  of  Eldon.  Born 
at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  June  4,  1751:  died 
at  London,  Jan.  13,  1838.  An  English  jurist. 
He  was  appointed  solicitor-general  in  1788,  attorney-gen- 
eral in  1793,  and  chief  justice  of  common  pleas  in  1799, 
and  was  lord  chancellor  of  England  1801-06  and  1807-27. 
Scott  (skot),  Robert  Falcon.  Born  at  Devon- 
port,  England,  June  6,  1868:  died  in  the  ant- 
arctic (lat.  79°  40'  S.,  long.  169°  23'  E.),  March 
27(?),  1912.  An  English  naval  officer  aud  ex- 
plorer. He  entered  the  navy  in  1882  ; was  promoted  cap- 
tain in  1904,  and  commanded  national  antarctic  expedi- 
tions 1900-04,  1910-12.  With  four  companions  he  reached 
the  south  pole,  Jan.  17-18,  1912,  but  all  perished  on  the 
return  journey.  He  published  an  account  of  his  first  voy- 
age in  “ The  Voyage  of  the  Discovery  ” (1905);  and  an  ac- 
count of  the  last  expedition,  compiled  from  his  diaries, 
was  issued  as  “ Scott  ’s  Last  Expedition  " in  1913. 

Scott  (skot),  William  Berryman.  Born  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Feb.  12,  1858.  An  Ameri- 
can paleontologist,  professor  of  geology  and 
paleontology  in  Princeton  University  from 

1884. 

Scottdale  (skot'dal).  A borough  in  Westmore- 
land County,  Pennsylvania,  32  miles  southeast 
of  Pittsburgh.  Population,  5,456,  (1910). 
Scotti  (skot'te),  Antonio.  Born  at  Naples  in 
1869.  An  Italian  barytone  singer.  He  made  hi* 
first  appearance  at,  Malta,  Nov.  1, 1889,  and  afterward  sang 
in  many  Italian  cities.  In  1899  he  became  a member  of 


Scotti 

the  Metropolitan  Opera  Company,  New  York.  His  prin- 
cipal roles  include  Scarpia  (in  “ La  Tosca  ”),  Don  Giovanni, 
Iago  (in  “ Otello  ”),  Sharpless  (in  “ Madama  Butterfly  ”), 
Ponio  (in  “ Pagliacei "),  Amonasro  (in  “Aida”),  and 
Falstaff. 

Scriabin  (skre-a-bin'),  Alexander  Nicholae- 
vitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Jan.  10,  1872  (Dec. 
29,  1871,  O.  S.).  A Russian  composer  and 

pianist.  He  studied  in  the  Moscow  Conservatory  under 
Safonoff.  Since  1892  he  has  made  tours  of  Europe  and 
has  appeared  in  America  (1906-07).  He  was  for  five  years 
(1898-1903)  teacher  of  the  piano  at  the  Moscow  Conserva- 
tory, but  of  late  he  has  devoted  himself  to  composition. 
His  works  include  two  symphonies,  a piano  concerto,  and 
a number  of  piano  compositions  which  show  the  influence 
of  Chopin. 

Scripture  (skrip'tur),  Edward  Wheeler. 

Born  at  Mason,  N.  H.,  May  21,  1864.  An 
American  experimental  psychologist  and  pho- 
netician. He  was  connected  with  Yale  University  as 
instructor,  director  of  the  psychological  laboratory,  and 
assistant  professor  1892-1903.  His  publications  include 
“Thinking,  Feeling,  Doing”  (1895),  “The  New  Psy- 
chology” (1897),  “Elements  of  Experimental  Phonetics  ” 
(1902),  “Researches  in  Experimental  Phonetics  : Study  of 
Speech  Curves  ’ (1907),  etc. 

Scudder  (skud'er),  Vida  Dutton.  Born  in 
southern  India,  Dec.  15,  1861.  An  American 
educator  and  author.  She  was  graduated  at  Smith 
College  in  1884,  studied  in  Europe,  and  has  been  associate 
professor  1892-1910  and  professor  1910- of  English  liteia- 
ture  at  Wellesley  College.  She  has  published  “The  Life  of 
the  Spirit  in  the  Modern  English  Poets”  (1896),  “The 
Witness  of  Denial  ” (1895),  “Social  Ideals  in  English  Let- 
ters” (1898),  “Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English  Liter- 
ature ” (1901),  “A  Listener  in  Babel  ”(1903),  “ The  Disciple 
of  a Saint  " (1907),  and  “Socialism  and  Character  ” (1912). 
She  has  also  translated  and  edited  the  letters  of  St.  Cath- 
erine of  Siena. 

Seabreeze  (se'brez).  A town  in  Volusia  Coun- 
ty, Florida,  incorporated  in  1901,  on  the  east 
coast,  about  50  miles  south  of  St.  Augustine. 
It  has  a wireless  telegraph  station. 

Seabury  (se'bu-ri),  Samuel.  Born  at  Groton, 
Conn.,  Nov.  30,  1729:  died  at  New  London, 
Conn.,  Feb.  25,  1796.  An  American  clergy- 
man, the  first  bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church 
in  America.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1748;  studied 
at  Edinburgh ; was  ordained  deacon  and  priest  in  1753 ; 
held  pastorates  in  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  Jamaica, 
Long  Island,  and  Westchester,  New  York;  and  in  1783 
was  elected  bishop  by  fourteen  Connecticut  clergymen. 
He  went  to  England  to  secure  consecration,  and  finally 
received  it  in  1784  at  the  hands  of  Scotch  bishops. 
The  validity  of  this  consecration  was  contested  in  Amer- 
• ica,  but  the  dispute  was  settled  in  his  favor  in  1789. 

Seaman  (se'man),  Owen.  Born  1861.  An 
English  humorist  and  editor.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Shrewsbury  School  and  at  Clare  College,  Cambridge  ; 
was  appointed  professor  of  literature  at  the  Durham  Col- 
lege of  Science,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in  1890 ; joined  the 
staff  of  “Punch”  in  1897;  and  became  its  subeditor  in 
1902  and  editor-in-chief  in  1906.  He  has  written  “Horace 
at  Cambridge”  (1894),  “The  Battle  of  the  Bays”  (1896), 
“ In  Cap  and  Bells ” (1899),  “Borrowed  Plumes  " (1902),  “ A 
Harvest  of  Chaff  ” (1904),  etc. 

Sea  of  Japan,  Battle  of  the.  A great  naval 
battle  fought  by  the  Japanese  fleet  under  Ad- 
miral Togo  and  the  Russian  squadron  under 
Admiral  Rozhestvensky  in  the  eastern  chan- 
nel of  the  Strait  of  Korea,  off  the  island  of  Tsu 
Shima,  May  27-28,  1905.  Of  the  thirty-eight 
vessels  of  the  Russian  fleet,  twenty-two  were 
sunk  and  six  were  captured. 

Seawell  (se'wel),  Molly  Elliot.  Born  at  The 
Shelter,  Gloucester  County,  Va.,  Oct.  23, 
1860.  An  American  novelist  and  playwright. 
She  is  the  author  of  “ Throckmorton  ” (1890),  “ Children  of 
Destiny”  (1893),  “The  Sprightly  Romance  of  Marsac  ” 
(1895),  “ The  History  of  The  Lady  Betty  Stair  ” (1896),  “ The 
Loves  of  the  Lady  Arabella  ” (1898),  “ The  House  of  Egre- 
mont  ’ ’ (1900),  “ Papa  Bouchard ’ ’ (1901), 1 ‘ Francezki  (1902), 
“The  Fortunes  of  Fifi  ” (1903),  “The  Chateau  of  Mon- 
plaisir  ” (1905),  “The  Victory  ” (1906),  “The  Secret  of  Toni  ” 
(1907).  “Imprisoned  Midshipmen”  (1908),  “Last  Duchess 
of  Belgrade  ” (1908),  etc.,  and  of  several  plays  and  many 
juvenile  stories. 

Seddon  (sed'on),  Richard  John.  Born  at  Ec- 
cleston,  Lancashire,  England,  1845 : died  near 
Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  June  10,  1906.  A British 
colonial  statesman,  premier  of  New  Zealand 
1893-1906.  He  emigrated  to  Melbourne,  Australia,  in 
1863,  removed  to  New  Zealand,  and  was  elected  a member 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1879.  For  various 
periods  since  1891  he  held  the  positions  of  postmaster- 
general  ; minister  of  mines,  of  public  works,  native  affairs, 
defense,  education,  immigration,  and  labor ; and  colonial 
treasurer.  lie  was  responsible  for  the  Old-Age  Pensions 
Act  in  1898,  and  favored  Joseph  Chamberlain's  fiscal 
policy  in  1903. 

Sedgwick  (sej'wik),  Anne  Douglas.  Born  at 
Englewood,  N.  J.,  March  28,  1873.  An  Ameri- 
can novelist.  She  left  the  United  States  in  childhood, 
and  has  since  resided  in  Paris,  where  she  studied  painting, 
and  in  England.  In  1908  she  married  Pasil  de  S61incourt. 
She  has  published  “The  Dull  Miss  Archinard”  (1898), 
“The  Confounding  ofCamelia”  (1899),  “Paths  of  Judge- 
ment” (1904),  “A  Fountain  Sealed”  (1907),  “Franklin  Wins- 
low Kane  ” (1910),  “Tante  ” (191 1),  etc. 

Sedgwick  (sej'wik),  William  Thompson. 


Born  at  West  Hartford,  Conn.,  Dec.  29,  1855. 
An  American  biologist  and  sanitarian,  pro- 
fessor in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology  from  1891.  He  was  assistant  professor 
there  1883-87,  and  associate  professor  1887-91,  and  has 
been  curator  of  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston,  since  1897. 
He  has  published  “ General  Biology  " (1886 : in  collabora- 
tion with  E.  B.  Wilson),  “Principles  of  Sanitary  Science 
and  Public  Health  ” (1892),  “ The  Human  Mechanism  " 
(1906  : in  collaboration  with  T.  Hough),  etc. 

See  (se),  Thomas  Jefferson  Jackson.  Born 
at  Montgomery  City,  Mo.,  Feb.  19,  1866.  An 
American  astronomer,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  United  States  navy  from  1899. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Missouri  in  1889, 
and  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1892  ; was  instructor  in 
charge  of  the  department  of  astronomy  in  the  University 
of  Chicago  1893-96 ; and  was  astronomer  of  the  Lowell 
Observatory  1896-98.  He  is  best  known  for  his  researches 
on  the  evolution  of  stellar  systems  and  on  the  physical 
constitution  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  In  1905  he  pub- 
lished an  important  memoir  ou  the  theory  of  the  sun, 
viewed  as  a mass  of  gas  reduced  to  the  state  of  single 
atoms ; and  in  1906  generalized  Kelvin’s  and  Darwin’s 
work  on  the  rigidity  of  the  earth,  and  showed  how  the 
rigidity  of  any  body  may  be  calculated  from  the  theory  of 
gravity  alone.  He  concluded  that  the  earth’s  average 
rigidity  approaches  that  of  nickel-steel,  while  that  of  the 
sun  is  more  than  2,000  times  greater.  Most  of  his  recent 
researches  are  published  in  the  “ Astronomische  Nach- 
richten.” 

Seebohm  (se ' bom),  Henry.  Born  July  12, 
1832:  died  Nov.  26,  1895.  A noted  English 
ornithologist.  He  was  the  author  of  "Siberia  in 
Europe  ” (1880),  “ A History  of  British  Birds  and  their 
Eggs  ’ (1883-85),  “Classification  of  Birds”  (1890:  supple- 
ment 1895),  “The  Birds  of  the  Japanese  Empire”  (1890), 
“ Geographical  Distribution  of  British  Birds  ” (1893),  etc. 

Seeley  (se'li),  Harry  Govier.  Born  in  Lon- 
don, Feb.  18,  1839:  died  there,  Jan.  8,  1909. 
A noted  British  paleontologist,  professor  of 
geology,  geography,  and  mineralogy  in  King’s 
College,  London.  He  published  many  techni- 
cal works  and  papers. 

Segantini  (sa-giin-te'ne),  Giovanni.  Born  at 
Arco,  Jan.  15,  1858  : died  near  Samaden,  Sept. 
28,  1899.  A Tyrolese  painter.  H e was  especially  in- 
terested in  the  analysis  of  color  and  light  according  to  the 
methods  of  the  French  Impressionists.  His  pictures,  full 
of  refinement  and  imagination,  attracted  much  attention 
in  the  exhibitions,  and  especially  in  that  of  Venice  in 

1895.  He  was  one  of  the  strongest  and  most  original 
of  modern  painters. 

Selfridge  (self'rij),  Thomas  Oliver.  Born  at 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  Feb.  6,  1836.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  officer,  promoted  rear-admiral  in 

1896.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1854 ; served  in  the  Union  navy  throughout 
the  Civil  War  (was  on  board  the  Cumberland  when  she 
was  sunk  by  the  Merrimac,  and  commanded  vessels  on 
the  Mississippi  and  in  the  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher);  was 
promoted  commodore  1894  ; commanded  the  European 
squadron  1895-98  ; and  retired  in  1898. 

Seligman  (sel'ig-man),  Edwin  Robert  Ander- 
son. Born  at  New  York,  April  25,  1861.  An 
American  economist.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia 
University  in  1879,  and  studied  at  the  universities  of  Ber- 
lin, Heidelberg,  Geneva,  and  Paris.  In  1885  he  became 
lecturer  on  ecorfomics  at  Columbia,  in  1888  adjunct  profes- 
sor of  political  economy,  in  1891  professor  of  political 
economy  and  finance,  and  in  1904  McVickar  professor  of 
political  economy.  He  has  served  on  various  committees 
for  civic  and  economic  reform.  Among  his  publications 
are  “Railway  Tariffs”  (1887),  “Progressive  Taxation  in 
Theory  and  Practice”  (1894),  “The  Shifting  and  Incidence 
of  Taxation”  (1899),  “The  Economic  Interpretation  of 
History”  (1902),  “Principles  of  Economics”  (1907),  “The 
Income  Tax"  (1911),  etc. 

Sellers  (sel'erz),  Coleman.  Born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Jan.  28,  1827 : died  there,  Dec.  28, 
1907.  An  American  engineer  and  inventor, 
best  known  from  his  work  as  a member  of  the 
International  Niagara  Commission. 

Sembrich,  Marcella.  See  +Stengel. 
Senegal".  There  is  a fortified  naval  station  at  Dakar, 
which  is  also  the  seat  of  government  for  French  West 
Africa.  A railway  has  been  constructed  connecting 
Dakar,  Ruflsque,  and  St.  Louis,  and  one  from  Kayes  to 
the  Niger.  Total  area  of  colony,  74,000  square  miles. 
Population,  about  1,130,000. 

Senegal-Niger  Colony,  Upper.  A French 
colony  in  West  Africa,  formed  in  1904  from 
the  territories  of  Senegambia  and  the  Niger. 
It,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  French  Algeria,  on  the  east 
by  a line  running  north  from  Lake  Chad,  on  the  south  by 
the  Ivory  Coast,  Gold  Coast,  Togoland,  and  Dahomey,  and 
on  tlie  west  by  French  Guinea.  It  includes  part  of  the 
Sahara,  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Senegal,  and  the  great 
bend  of  the  Niger,  with  the  territories  within  it.  The 
Military  Territories  (which  are  included  in  it)  have  been 
broken  up,  the  second  being  under  the  civil  administra- 
tion, and  the  first  and  third  being  formed  into  the  M ilitary 
Territory  of  the  Niger,  under  a colonel.  The  colony  is 
administered  by  a lieutenant-governor.  Bamako,  on  the 
Niger,  is  the  seat  of  government.  Area,  about  70,000 
square  miles.  Population,  over  5,000,000. 

Serao  (sa-ra'o),  Matilde  (Signora  Eduardo 
Scarfoglio).  Born  at  Patras,  Greece,  March 
7,  1856.  A noted  Italian  novelist  and  editor. 

Her  father  was  a political  refugee  and  her  mother  a 
Greek.  From  1880  to  1886  she  lived  in  Rome,  where  she 


Sgambati 

founded,  with  her  husband,  a daily  paper  the  “ Corriere 
di  Roma."  It  was  short-lived,  and  was  later  brought 
out  as  “ II  Corriere  di  Napoli."  During  this  period  she 
published  “C’uore  Infemio  ” (1881),  “ Piccole  anime”(1883), 
" Fantasia  " (1883),  “ Fior  di  passione  ” (1883),  “ La  virtu  di 
Checchina"  (1884),  “La  conquista  di  Roma"  (1885),  “II 
ventre  di  Napoli  ” (1885),  and  “Riccardo  Joanna”  (1886). 
In  Naples  she  founded  “ II  Mattino  ” (1902),  one  of  the 
most  important  daily  papers  of  southern  Italy.  Her  later 
works  include  “ II  paese  di  Cuccagna,”  “ Addio  amore," 
“All’  erta  sentinella,"  “ Castigo,"  “La  ballerina,”  “ Suor 
Giovanna  della  Croce,”  and  “ A1  paese  di  GeBu."  A 
number  of  her  stories  have  been  translated. 

Serapis  (se-ra ' pis).  A British  man-of-war 
which  surrendered  to  the  Bonhomme  Richard, 
Sept.  23,  1779.  See  Bonhomme  Richard. 

Servais  (ser-va'),  Adrien  Francois.  Born  at 
Hal,  near  Brussels,  June  6,  1807 : died  there, 
Nov.  26,  1866.  A Belgian  violoncellist.  He  was 
a pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Platel  at  the  Brussels  Conser- 
vatory, where,  after  successful  and  extensive  concert 
tours,  he  became  a professor  in  1848.  He  was  called  the 
Paganini  of  the  violoncello.  He  wrote  fantasias,  con- 
certos, caprices,  and  other  compositions  for  his  instrument. 

Serviss  (ser'vis),  Garrett  Putnam.  Born  at 
Sharon  Springs,  New  York,  March  24,  1851. 
An  American  popular  writer  upon  astronomy. 
He  has  published  “Astronomy  with  an  Opera  Glass” 
(1888),  “The  Conquest  of  Mars”  (1898),  “The  Moon 
Metal  ” (1900),  “ Other  Worlds  ” (1902),  “ The  Moon  ” (1907), 
“ Astronomy  with  the  Naked  Eye  ” (1908),  “ Curiosities  of 
the  Sky  ” (1909),  etc. 

Seth  (seth),  Andrew  (Andrew  Seth  Pringle 

Pattison).  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  20,  1856. 
A Scottish  philosophical  writer,  professor  of 
logic  and  metaphysics  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  from  1891.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  logic  and  philosophy  in  University  College,  Cardiff,  in 
1883,  and  of  logic,  rhetoric,  and  metaphysics  in  St. 
Andrews  in  1887.  In  1898  he  assumed  the  name  of 
Pringle  Pattison.  Among  his  works  are  “The  Develop- 
ment from  Kant  to  Hegel  ” (1882),  “ Scottish  Philosophy  ” 
(1885),  “Hegelianism  and  Personality”  (1887),  “Man’s 
Place  in  the  Cosmos  ” (1897),  “ Two  Lectures  on  Theism  ” 
(1897),  “ The  Philosophical  Radicals  ” (1907),  etc. 

Seton  (se'ton),  Ernest  Evan  Thompson. 

Born  at  South  Shields,  England,  Aug.  14,  1860. 
A writer  and  illustrator  of  animal  stories. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Toronto  Collegiate  Institute,  and 
studied  art  at  the  Royal  Academy,  London,  1879-81,  and 
at  Paris  1890-96.  In  1891  he  wa6  appointed  official  nat- 
uralist to  the  government  of  Manitoba.  He  is  the  leader 
of  the  Boy  Scouts  of  America.  Among  his  works  are 
“Mammals  of  Manitoba”  (1886),  “Birds  of  Manitoba” 
(1891),  “Art  Anatomy  of  Animals”  (1896),  “Wild  Animals 
I Have  Known  ” (1898),  “ The  Trail  of  the  Sandhill  Stag  ” 
(1899),  “The  Biography  of  a Grizzly”  (1900),  “Wild  Ani- 
mal Play  for  Children  ” (1900),  “Lobo,  Rag,  and  Vixen  ” 
(1900),  “ Lives  of  the  Hunted  ” (1901),  “ Pictures  of  Wild 
Animals  ” (1901),  “ Krag  and  Johnny  Bear  ” (1902),  “ Two 
Little  Savages  ” (1903),  “ Monarch,  the  Big  Bear  of  Tallac” 
(1904),  “ Woodmyth  and  Fable  ” (1905),  “Animal  Heroes” 
(1905),  “Biography  of  a Silver  Fox  ” (1909),  “Rolf  in  the 
Woods  ’’  (1911),  etc. 

Seven  Seas,  The.  A volume  of  verse  by 
Rudyard  Kipling,  published  in  1896.  it  is 

named  for  the  seven  oceans — the  North  and  the  South 
Atlantic,  the  North  and  the  South  Pacific,  the  Arctic, 
the  Antarctic,  and  the  Indian.  The  book  is  the  apothe- 
osis of  British  imperialism.  In  a poem  contained  in  it, 
“ The  Flowers,”  the  author  speaks  of  the  British  as  “ Mas- 
ters of  the  Seven  Seas.” 

Sever  (se'ver),  George  Francis.  Born  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  July  30,  1866.  An  Ameri- 
can electrical  engineer,  professor  in  Columbia 
University  1905—11.  He  was  instructor  in  electrical 
engineering  at  Columbia  1893-1901,  and  adjunct  professor 
1901-05.  He  has  been  consulting  electrical  engineer  for 
the  department  of  water  supply,  gas,  and  electricity,  New 
York,  siuce  1902.  He  has  published  “ Laboratory  and  Fac- 
tory Tests  in  Electrical  Engineering  ” (1905 : with  Fitz- 
hugh  Townsend),  and  many  technical  papers. 

Severac  (sa-va-rak'),  Deodat  de.  Born  at  St.- 
Felix,  Haute-Garonne,  July  20, 1874.  A French 
composer.  After  studying  at  the  Conservatory  of  Tou- 
louse he  became  a pupil  of  D’lndy  at  Paris.  His  composi- 
tions include  a symphonic  poem,  an  organ  suite,  a music- 
drama,  “Le  coeur  du  moulin,”  songs,  dances,  and  piano 
pieces. 

Seymour  (se'mor).  A town  in  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  on  the  Naugatuck  River, 
10  miles  northwest  of  New  Haven.  It  has 
manufactories  of  brass  and  copper  goods,  nails, 
tools,  electric  wire,  paper,  etc.  Population. 
4,786,  (1910). 

Seymour  (se'mor).  Sir  Edward  Hobart. 

Born  April  30,  1840.  A British  naval  officer, 
admiral  of  the  fleet  1905-10.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1852  ; served  in  the  Crimean  (1854-55),  Chinese 
(1857-60  and  1862),  West  African  (1870),  and  Egyptian 
(1882)  wars ; and  was  promoted  vice-admiral  in  1895  and 
admiral  in  1902.  In  1900  he  commanded  the  expedition 
of  the  allies  for  the  relief  of  the  legations  in  Peking.  He 
was  made  a member  of  the  Order  of  Merit  in  1902,  and  of 
the  Royal  Victorian  Order  in  1906. 

Sgambati  (sgam-ba'te),  Giovanni.  Born  at 
Rome,  May  18,  1843.  An  Italian  composer  and 

pianist.  Ill  1877  he  was  appointed  chief  piano-teacher 
in  the  music-school  of  the  Saint  Cecilia  Academy  in  Rome. 
His  works  show  traces  of  the  influence  of  Liszt  and  Wag- 
ner. II e is  one  of  the  very  few  modern  Italian  instrumental 
composers.  Three  symphonies,  two  piano  quintets,  a 


Sgambati 

string  quartet,  and  many  piano  pieces  and  songs  are  the 
most  important  of  his  compositions. 

Sha  (sha).  A small  river  of  Manchuria  which 
rises  southeast  of  Mukden  and  flows  into  the 
Tai-tze  about  five  miles  northwest  of  Liao- 
yang.  On  its  banks  a battle  between  the  Japanese  under 
Oyama  and  the  Russians  under  Kuropatkin  was  fought, 
October  9-14,  1904.  It  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  the  latter, 
who  had  advanced  from  their  position  below  Mukden  in 
an  attempt  to  defeat  the  Japanese  and  relieve  Port  Arthur. 

Shackleton  (shak'l-ton),  Sir  Ernest  H. 
Born  at  Kilkee,  County  Kildare,  1874.  A 
British  explorer.  He  conducted  an  expedition  to  the 
antarctic  which  landed  on  Macmurdo  Sound  in  the  winter 
of  1908 ; ascended  Mount  Erebus  (13,120  feet)  in  March; 
and  later  pushed  on  toward  the  south,  reaching  lat.  88° 
23"  S.,  within  one  hundred  and  eleven  miles  of  the  pole 
(the  farthest  point  then  gained),  on  Jan.  9,  1909.  A party 
led  by  Professor  David  determined  the  position  of  the 
south  magnetic  pole  (lat.  72°  25'  S.,  long.  154°  E.),  Jan.  16, 
1909.  He  published  “ The  Heart  of  the  Antarctic  ” (1909). 
See  Century  Atlas,  Map  31. 

Shaler*,  Nathaniel  Southgate.  His  later  works 

include  “Sea and  Land"  (1894),  “Domesticated  Animals’’ 
(1895),  “American  Highways”  (1896),  “Outlines  of  the 
Earth’s  History”  (1898),  “The  Individual"  (1900),  “Eliz- 
abeth of  England  ” (1903),  “The  Neighbor”  (1904),  “The 
Citizen  " (1904),  “ Man  and  the  Earth  ” (1905),  and  “ From 
Old  Fields  : Poems  of  the  Civil  War  ’ ’ (1906).  His  “ Auto- 
biography ” appeared  in  1909. 

Shamrock  III.  A sloop  yacht,  the  unsuccess- 
ful challenger  for  the  America’s  cup  in  1903. 
She  was  designed  by  William  Fife  and  owned  by  Sir 
Thomas  Lipton.  She  lost  the  race  to  the  Reliance  (which 
see). 

Shannon  (shan'on),CharlesHazelwood.  Born 
at  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  in  1865.  An  Eng- 
lish artist.  His  work  consists  of  paintings,  etchings, 
and  lithographs.  He  is  especially  noted  for  portraits  and 
for  characteristic  figure-studies  of  nymphs  and  other  idyl- 
lic or  imaginative  creations.  Among  his  paintings  are 
“The  Sapphire  Bay,”  “ Tibullus  in  the  House  of  Delia,” 
“The  Sleeping  Nymph,”  “Hermes  and  the  Infant  Bac- 
chus,” and  “The  Lady  with  a Cyclamen  ” ; and  among  his 
lithographs  are  “ The  Modeller”  and  “A  Romantic 
Landscape.”  He  became  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy in  1911. 

Shannon  (shan'on),  James  Jebusa.  Born  at 
Auburn,  N.  Y.,  1862.  An  American  portrait- 
painter,  resident  in  England  since  1878.  He 
became  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1897,  and  a Royal  Academician  in  1909. 

Sharp  (sharp),  Luke.  A pseudonym  of  Robert 
Barr. 

Sharp  (sharp),  William.  Born  at  Paisley, 
Scotland,  Sept.  12,  1855:  died  at  Castello  di 
Maniace,  Bronte,  Sicily,  Dec.  12,  1905.  A 
British  poet,  critic,  and  novelist.  He  was  brought 
up  in  the  Highlands;  was  educated  at  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity ; settled  in  London  as  a literary  worker ; and  became 
one  of  the  circle  of  Dante  G.  Rossetti.  Among  his  many 

Eublished  works  are  “The  Human  Inheritance”  (1882V 
iography  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  (1883),  “Earth's 
Voices  ” (1884),  “A  Fellowe  and  his  Wife”  (1892:  with 
Blanche  Willis  Howard),  “Vistas  ” (1894),  and  “ Flower  o’ 
the  Vine  ” (1894).  He  also  wrote  monographs  on  Brown- 
ing, Shelley,  and  Heine,  and  “ Literary  Geography  ’ (1904). 
For  the  work  which  he  published  under  the  name  of 
“ Fiona  Macleod,”  see  irMacleod. 

Shaw  (sha),  Albert.  Bora  at  Shandon,  Ohio, 
July  23,  1857.  An  American  editor  and  writer 
on  economics.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  inter- 
national law  in  Cornell  University  in  1890,  resigning  in 
1891  to  take  charge  of  the  American  “Review  of  Reviews,” 
of  which  he  has  been  editor  since  that  date.  Among  his 
publications  are  “ Icaria  : a Chapter  in  the  History  of  Com- 
munism ” (1884),  “Cooperation  in  a Western  City  ” (1886), 
“ History  of  Cooperation  in  the  United  States  ” (1888  : with 
others),  “ Municipal  Government  in  Great  Britain  ” (1895), 
“Municipal  Government  in  Continental  Europe”  (1895), 
“ The  Business  Career  in  its  Public  Relations  ” (1904),  “ Po- 
litical Problems  of  American  Development”  (1908),  etc. 

Shaw  (sha),  Anna  Howard.  Born  atNewcas- 
tle-on-Tyne,  England,  Feb.  14,  1847.  A Meth- 
odist preacher  and  advocate  of  woman’s  suf- 
frage. She  was  brought  to  America  by  her  parents  when 
four  years  of  age ; studied  at  Albion  College,  Michigan, 
1872-75  ; was  graduated  in  the  theological  department  of 
Boston  University  in  1878 ; and  took  a degree  there  as 
doctor  of  medicine  in  1885.  She  was  pastor  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  church  at  Hingham,  Massachusetts,  in 
1878,  and  at  East  Dennis,  Massachusetts,  1878-85.  She 
entered  actively  into  work  for  the  Woman’s  Suffrage  As- 
sociation in  1885,  and  has  been  president  of  the  National 
American  Woman  Suffrage  Association  since  1904. 

Shaw  (sha),  George  Bernard.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, Ireland,  July  26, 1856.  A British  dramatist, 
critic,  and  novelist.  His  works  include  the  novels 
“The  Irrational  Knot,”  “ T.ove  among  the  Artists,” 
“Cashel  Byron’s  Profession,”  and  “An  Unsocial  Socialist 
“ Fabianism  and  the  Empire  ” (1900),  “ Fabianism  and  the 
Fiscal  Question  ” (1904),  and  various  articles  on  socialistic 
subjects  ; essays  on  “ The  Quintessence  of  Ihsenisin”  (1891) 
and  “ The  Perfect  Wagnerite  ” (1898);  and  plays,  includ- 
ing11 Plays,  Pleasant  and  Unpleasant  ’ ’ (1898),  “ Three  Plays 
for  Puritans  ” (1900),  “The  Admirable  Bashville  ” (1901), 
“ Man  and  Super-man  ” (1903),  “ Major  Barbara  ” (1905), 
“Getting  Married  "(1908),  “Press  Cuttings”  (1909),  “The 
Doctor's  Dilemma  "(1911),  “ Fanny’s  First  Play  "(1911),  etc. 

Shaw  (sha),  Leslie  Mortier.  Born  at  Morris- 
town, Vt.,  Nov.  2,  1848.  An  American  lawyer 
and  cabinet  officer.  He  was  governor  of  Iowa 


1898-1902,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury  1902- 
1907.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Current  Issues  ” 
(1908),  etc. 

Shaw-Lefevre  (sha'le-favr),  Charles,  Vis- 
count. Eversley.  Born  Feb.  22,  1794:  died  at 
Heckfield,  Hants,  Dec.  28,  1888.  An  English 
Whig  politician.  He  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons 
for  Down  ton,  Wilts,  in  1830,  for  Hampshire  in  1831,  and 
for  the  northern  division  of  Hampshire  1832-57,  and  was 
speaker  1839-57.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1857. 
A volume  of  his  decisions  was  published  by  Robert  Bourke 
in  1857,  and  the  House  is  indebted  to  him  for  the  removal 
of  many  unsuitable  forms  of  procedure. 

Shawmut  (shfi'mut).  The  Indian  name  for 
the  peninsula  on  which  Boston  now  stands. 
It  was  used  by  the  early  settlers  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Shawnee  (sha'ne).  A city  in  Pottawatomie 
County,  Oklahoma,  35  miles  southeast  of  Okla- 
homa city.  It  has  cotton-gins,  cotton-seed  oil 
mills,  railroad  shops,  etc.  Population,  12,474, 
(1910). 

Shear  (sher),  Cornelius  Lott.  Born  at  Coey- 
mans  Hollow,  N.  Y.,  March  26,  1865.  An 
American  botanist,  pathologist  of  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  from  1902. 
He  has  published  various  technical  papers  relating  to 
agrostology,  mycology,  and  pathology. 

Sheffield,  University  of.  See  * University  of 
Sheffield. 

Sheldon  (shel'don),  Charles  Monroe.  Born 
at  Wellsville,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  26, 1857.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  author.  He  was  ordained  in 
1886 ; was  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Water- 
hury,  Vermont,  1886-88;  and  was  pastor  of  the  Central 
Congregational  Church  at  Topeka,  Kansas,  1889-1912.  In 
1900  he  undertook  to  edit  the  Topeka  “ Daily  Capital  ” for 
one  week  “in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  Chris- 
tianity,” an  experiment  which  attracted  wide  attention. 
He  is  the  author  of  a number  of  books,  of  which  the  best 
known  is  “ In  His  Steps  ’’  (1896). 

Shelton  (shel'ton).  A borough  in  Huntington 
town,  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  on  the 
Housatonic  River.  It  has  manufacturing  in- 
terests. Population,  4,807,  (1910). 

Shepstone  (shep'ston),  Sir  Theophilus.  Born 
at  Westbury,  near  Bristol,  Jan.  8,  1817 : died 
at  Pietermaritzburg,  June  23,  1893.  A British 
colonial  administrator.  His  parents  emigrated  to 
the  Cape  in  1820.  For  many  years  he  held  official  posi- 
tions in  which  his  knowledge  of  the  native  languages  and 
customs  was  of  great  value.  In  January,  1877,  with  a 
small  personal  staff  and  twenty-five  policemen,  he  rode 
into  the  Transvaal,  and  on  April  18  declared  it  British 
territory.  He  administered  the  Transvaal  until  1879,  and 
was  appointed  administrator  of  Zululand  in  1884. 

Sheridan  (sher'i-dan).  The  county-seat  of 
Sheridan  County,  Wyoming,  in  a coal-mining 
region  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Its 
chief  interests  are  coal  and  live  stock.  Popu- 
lation, 8,408,  (1910). 

Sherlock  Holmes,  The  Adventures  of.  A 

series  of  stories  by  (Sir)  Arthur  Conan  Doyle, 
published  in  1891.  They  were  named  for  the  hero,  a 
brilliant  amateur  detective,  and  were  followed  by  “ The 
Memoirs  of  Sherlock  Holmes  ” (1893)  and  “ The  Return  of 
Sherlock  Holmes  ’’  (1904). 

Sherman  (sher' man),  Frank  Dempster. 

Born  at  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  May  6,  1860.  An 
American  poet  and  educator.  He  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  graphics  at  Columbia  University  since  1891. 
Among  hir  works  are  “ Madrigals  and  Catches " (1887), 
“Little-Folk  Lyrics  " (1892),  “ Lyrics  of  Joy  ” (1904). 

Sherman  (sher ' man),  James  Schoolcraft. 

Born  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  24,  1855  : died  there, 
Oct.  30,  1912.  An  American  politician,  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States  1909-12.  He  was 

graduated  at  Hamilton  College  1878;  studied  law;  was 
mayor  of  Utica  1884  ; and  was  a (Republican)  member  of 
Congress  1887-99.  He  received  the  Republican  nomination 
for  Vice-President,  June,  1912. 

Sherman  Antitrust  Law.  An  act  of  Con- 
gress, passed  July  2, 1890,  which  declares  every 
contract,  combination  (in  the  form  of  a trust 
or  otherwise),  or  conspiracy  in  restraint  of 
trade  or  commerce  among  the  several  States, 
or  with  foreign  nations,  to  he  illegal,  and  makes 
it  a misdemeanor  punishable  by  a fine  not  ex- 
ceeding $5,000,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not 
longer  than  one  year,  or  by  both,  for  any  one 
individually  or  as  an  official  of  a corporation 
to  engage  in  such  a contract  or  conspiracy. 
Any  person  injured  by  such  restraint  of  trade  may  sue  in 
the  United  States  district  courts  and  recover  threefold 
damages.  Similar  antitrust  provisions  are  found  in  the 
tariff  acts  of  1894,  1897,  and  1909.  The  law  was  named  for 
Senator  John  Sherman,  its  author.  Also  called  Antitrust 
Law , Sherman  Act,  and  Sherman  Law.  For  important 
cases  which  have  arisen  under  this  law,  see  ★ Addy stone 
Pipe  Case,  ★ Northern  Securities  Case,  ★ Standard  Oil 
Case,  and  ★ Tobacco  Case,  American. 

Sherrill  (sher'il).  Charles  Hitchcock.  Bom 

at  Washington,  April  13,  1867.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  practised  law  in  New  York  city  1892- 
1909.  He  was  minister  to  the  Argentine  Republic 
1909-11.  He  is  the  author  of  “Stained  Glass  Tours  in 


Sidis 

France  ” (1908)  and  “ Stained  Glass  Tours  in  England  ” 
(1909). 

Sherwood  (sher'wud),  Margaret  Pollock: 
pseudonym  Elizabeth  Hastings.  Born  at 
Ballston,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  1,  1864.  An  American 
educator  and  author.  She  was  graduated  at  Vassar 
College  in  1886,  and  has  been  associate  professor  of  Eng- 
lish literature  at  Wellesley  College  since  1898.  She  has 
published  “An  Experiment  in  Altruism”  (1895),  “Henry 
Worthington,  Idealist”  (1899),  “Daphne”  (1903),  “The 
Coming  of  the  Tide”  (1905),  “The  Princess  Pourquoi  ” 
(1907),  etc. 

Shiras  (shi'ras),  George.  Born  at  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.,  Jan.  26,  1832.  An  American  jurist,  lie 
was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1863,  was  admitted  to  the 
Pennsylvania  bar  in  1856,  and  was  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1892-1902. 

Shirlaw  (sher'la),  Walter.  Born  at  Paisley, 
Scotland,  Aug.  6, 1838  : died  Dec.  26, 1909.  An 
American  painter.  He  studied  art  in  Munich  under 
the  painters  Raab,  Wagner,  Ram  berg,  and  Lindenschmidt ; 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Society  of  American  Artists 
aud  its  president  for  two  terms  ; and  was  elected  a mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  1888.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Toning  of  the  Bell,”  “Good  Morning,” 
“Sheepshearing,”  “Harmonics,”  “A  Melody,”  etc. 
Short  (short),  Francis  Job.  Born  at  Stour- 
bridge, Worcestershire,  June  19,  1857.  An 
English  engraver  and  etcher.  He  was  educated 
for  civil  engineering,  but  in  1883  entered  the  National  Art 
Training  School  at  South  Kensington,  subsequently  be- 
coming director  of  the  etching  and  engraving  school  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Art.  He  was  elected  an  associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1906,  and  in  1910  became  president 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Painter-Etchers  and  Engravers. 
He  was  knighted  in  1911.  Besides  reproductions  of  paint- 
ings of  Turner,  Watts,  and  others,  his  work  includes  many 
original  etchings,  mezzotints,  and  aquatints. 

Shorter  (shor'ter),  Clement  King.  Born  at 
London,  July  19,  1858.  An  English  journalist 
and  critic.  He  was  editor  of  the  “ Illustrated  London 
News’’  1891-1900,  of  the  “Sketch,”  which  he  founded, 
1893-1900,  and  of  the  “English  Illustrated  Magazine” 
1893-1900.  Since  1900  he  has  been  editor  of  the  “ Sphere,” 
which  he  also  founded,  and  of  the  “Tatler.”  Among  his 
publications  are“  Charlotte  Bronte  and  her  Circle  ” (1896), 
“Victorian  Literature  ” (1897),  “Charlotte  Bronte  and  her 
Sisters"  (1905),  “George  Borrow”  (1905),  “Immortal 
Memories  ’ ’ (1908),  etc. 

Siam*.  The  Franco-Siamese  treaty  of  March  23,  1907, 
provides  for  the  cession  to  France  of  Battambang,  Siem 
Reap,  and  Sisophon,  the  retention  by  Siam  of  the  port  of 
Krat  and  the  region  of  Wansai,  while  4 ports  on  the  Me- 
kong are  to  be  held  by  France  on  perpetual  lease.  On 
March  10,  1909,  the  tributary  states  of  Kelantan,  Treng- 
ganu,  and  Keda,  on  the  Malay  Peninsula,  were  ceded  to 
Great  Britain.  There  is  a legislative  council  (created  in 
1895),  composed  of  the  ministers  of  state  and  others  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown. 

Siang-tan  (slang-tan').  A city  in  the  province 
of  Hu-nan,  China,  situated  on  the  Siang  River 
in  lat.  27°  52'  N.,  long.  112°  42'  E.  Popula- 
tion, about  100,000. 

Siargao  (se-iir-ga'o).  One  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  lying  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  northeast 
of  Mindanao  and  belonging  to  Surigao  prov- 
ince.  Coal  is  found  in  the  island.  Area,  151  square 
miles.  Population,  9,556. 

Sibelius  (si-ba'li-os),  Jean.  Born  at  Tava- 
stehus,  Dec.  8,  1865.  A Finnish  composer. 
He  studied  with  Wegelius  at  Helsingfors,  and  later  with 
Becker  at  Berlin  and  with  Goldmark  and  Fuchs  at 
Vienna.  Since  1893  he  has  taught  at  the  Institute  in 
Helsingfors.  He  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of  a national 
Finnish  music.  Among  his  works  are  symphonies,  or- 
chestral suites,  symphonic  poems  (“  Der  Schwan  von 
Tuonela,"  “ Eine  Sage,”  “Finlandia,"  etc.),  violin  and 
chamber  music,  songs,  and  a Finnish  opera,  “ The  Maiden 
in  the  Tower.”  He  makes  extensive  use  of  folk-songs,  of 
the  5-4  rhythm,  and  of  the  repetition  of  single  notes. 

Sibonga  (se-bong'ga).  A municipality  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Cebu  Island,  Philippines. 
Civilized  population,  25,848. 

Sibuguey  (se-bo-ga')  Bay.  A large  bay  in- 
denting the  southern  coast  of  Mindanao,  in 
the  Philippine  Islands.  Coal  found  in  its  vicinity 
is  said  to  be  of  good  quality. 

Sibutu  (se-bo'to)  Islands.  A group  of  islands 
lying  southwest  of  the  Tawi  Tawi  group  in  the 
Sulu  (Jolo)  Archipelago.  It  consists  of  12  islands, 
of  which  Sibutu  is  the  largest.  They  were  ceded  by  Spain 
to  the  United  States  by  a treaty  signed  Nov.  7,  1900. 
They  are  a part  of  the  Jolo  'district  of  Moro  province. 
Area  of  Sibutu,  34  square  miles.  Population,  280.  Area 
of  the  group,  42.2  square  miles. 

Sihuydn  (se-bo-yan').  A mountainous  island 
in  the  Philippines,  the  second  in  size  of  the 
Rombldn  group,  situated  southeast  of  Rom- 
blon.  Gold  is  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the  island. 
Mount  Guitiguitin,  or  Sibuy&n,  rises  in  the  center.  Area, 
171  square  miles.  Population,  10,716. 

Sicily*.  Messina  and  adjacent  regions  were 
visited  by  a destructive  earthquake  on  Dec. 
28,  1908.  The  city  was  totally  destroyed  and 
upward  of  100,000  people  were  killed. 

Sidis  (si'dis),  Boris.  Born  in  the  province  of 
rKie£f,  Russia,  Oc.t.  12,  1867.  A psychologist 
and  psychopathologist.  He  came  to  America  in 
1887,  and  was  associate  in  psychology  and  psychopathol- 
ogy at  the  Pathological  Institute  of  the  New  York  State 


Sidis 

Hospitals  1896-1901.  He  was  director  of  the  psychopath- 
ological  hospital  and  laboratory  of  the  New  York  In- 
firmary for  Women  and  Children  1901-04  ; has  practised 
in  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  and  Boston  ; and  is  medical 
director  of  the  Sidis  Psychotherapeutic  Institute  at  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire.  He  has  published  “ The  Psychol- 
ogy of  Suggestion  ” (1898),  “ Psychopathological  Researches 
in  Mental  Dissociation”  (1902),  “Multiple  Personality” 
(1904  : with  S.  P.  Goodhart),  “An  Experimental  Study  of 
Sleep”  (1909),  and  “Philistine  and  Genius”  (1911). 

Sienkiewicz*,  Henryk.  His  later  works  in- 
clude “ Krzyzaoy”  (1901)  and  “Whirlpools” 
(1910).  In  1905  he  was  awarded  the  Nobel 
prize  for  literature. 

Sierra  Leone*.  In  1896  a protectorate  was  pro- 
claimed by  Great  Britain  over  the  territory  lying  inland 
between  lat.  V and  10°  N.,  long.  11°  and  13°  W.  It  i9 
divided  into  6 administrative  districts.  Area,  about 
30,000  square  miles.  Population,  over  1,000,000.  Area  of 
the  colony  proper,  about  4,000  square  miles.  Pop.,  76,655. 

Sieveking  (se've-king),  Martinus.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  March  24,  1867.  A Dutch  pianist. 

He  studied  first  with  his  father,  and  later  at  the  Leipsic 
Conservatory,  afterward  going  to  Paris.  He  toured  Europe 
as  a pianist,  and  visited  America  during  the  season  of 
1896-97. 

Sigsbee*,  Charles  Dwight,  h e was  chief  intelli- 
gence officer  1900-03;  was  commandant  of  the  navy- 
yard  at  League  Island  1903-04  ; commanded  the  South  At- 
lantic squadron  1904-05,  and  the  second  division  of  the 
North  Atlantic  fleet  1905-06;  and  retired  in  1907. 

Silay  (se-li').  A municipality  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Negros  Occidental  province, 
Negros,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  popu- 
lation, 15,649. 

Silver  State,  The.  The  State  of  Nevada:  so 
named  from  the  richness  of  its  silver-mines. 
Simon  (si'mon),  Charles  Edmund.  Born  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  23,  1866.  An  American 
physician,  physiological  chemist,  and  hema- 
tologist. He  was  assistant  resident  physician  at  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  1890-91 ; opened  the  first  clinical  labora- 
tory in  Baltimore  in  1897  ; and  has  been  professor  of 
clinical  pathology  in  the  Baltimore  Medical  College  since 
1905.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Clinical  Diagnosis  ” (1890)  and 
“Physiological  Chemistry  " (1901). 

Simon*.  Jules.  His  later  works  include  “ Da  politique 
radicale  ’’  (1868),  “Le  libre-echange ” (1870),  “Souvenirs 
du  4 septembre  ” (1874),  “La  reforme  de  l enseignement 
secondaire ’’  (1874),  “Le  gouvernement  de  M.  Thiers” 
(1878),  “ Dieu,  patrie,  liberte  ” (1883),  “ Une  academie  sous 
le  Directoire  ” (1884),  “ La  femme  du  vingtieme  siecle” 
(1891 : with  Gustave  Simon),  many  biographical  studies, 
and  two  volumes  of  memoirs,  “ Lesoir  de  ma  journee  ” and 
“Premieres  amides  ” (1901). 

Simon  (se-mon'),  Lucien.  Born  at  Paris,  July 
18,  1861.  A French  painter.  Besides  portraits,  his 
work  includes  many  scenes  from  peasant  life,  especially 
in  Brittany.  “ La  procession  bretonne,”  “ Diseuse  de 
bonne  aventure,”  “Coupde  vent,”  and  others  of  his  paint- 
ings are  in  the  Luxembourg  Museum. 

Simons  (si'monz),  Algie  Martin.  Born  at 
North  Freedom,  Wis.,  Oct.  9, 1870.  An  Ameri- 
can socialist.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  in  1895,  and  was  engaged  in  social  settlement 
and  other  charitable  work  1895-99.  He  was  editor  of  the 
“Worker’s  Call”  in  1899,  of  the  “ International  Socialist 
Review”  1900-06,  of  the  Chicago  “Daily  Socialist” 
1906-10,  and  of  the  “ Coming  Nation  ” 1910-.  He  has  pub- 
lished “The  American  Farmer'’  (1902),  “Class  Struggles 
in  America”  (1907),  and  “Social  Forces  in  American  His- 
tory ” (1911). 

Simon’s  Bay  (si'monz  ba).  A bay  on  the 
westerly  side  of  False  Bay,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Africa.  Simon’s  Town  is  situated  upon 
it.  It  is  a British  naval  base. 

Sinclair  (sin-klar'),  May.  A contemporary 
British  novelist.  She  has  published  “ Audrey  Cra- 
ven  ” (1897),  “ Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nevill  Tyson  ” (1898),  “Two 
Sides  of  a Question  ” (1901),  “The  Divine  Fire”  (1904), 
“The  Helpmate”  (1907),  “Tne  Judgment  of  Eve”  (1908), 
“ The  Creators  ” (1910),  “ The  Three  Brontes  ” (1912),  “ The 
Flaw  in  the  Crystal”  (1912),  etc. 

Sinclair  (sin-klar'),  Upton  Beall.  Born  at 
Baltimore,  Sept.  20,  1878.  An  American  au- 
thor and  socialist.  He  was  educated  at  the  College 
of  the  City  of  New  York  and  at  Columbia  University.  He 
has  published  a number  of  novels,  one  of  which,  “ The 
Jungle”  (1906),  led  to  a government  investigation  of  the 
Chicago  stockyards.  In  1906  he  founded  at  Englewood, 
New  Jersey,  a cooperative  colony  dwelling  together  in 
Helicon  Hall,  a building  which  was  destroyed  by  lire  in 
1907.  His  publications  include  also  “Springtime  and 
Harvest”  (1901),  “The  Industrial  Republic”  (1907),  “The 
Metropolis”  (1908),  “Samuel,  the  Seeker”  (1909),  etc. 
Sinding  (sin'ding),  Christian.  Born  at  Kongs- 
berg,  Norway,  Jan.  11,  1856.  A Norwegian 
composer,  nis  most  important  works  are  a symphony 
in  D minor,  a violin  concerto,  and  chamber-music.  Many 
of  his  piano  pieces  are  popular. 

Singleton,  Mrs.  (Mary  Montgomerie  Lamb). 

See  * Currie. 

Singpo  (sing-po').  [From  Chingpau,  ‘men/ 
their  native  name.]  A people  inhabiting  the 
mountainous  region  of  upper  Burma.  Also 
called  Kachin  or  Kakhyen. 

Sinna  (sin'a).  A city  of  Persia,  capital  of  the, 
district  of  Ardelan  in  Kurdistan,  situated 
about  lat.  35°  N.,  long.  47°  E.  Also  Sena, 
Senna,  Sihna. 


Sisley  (sis'li),  Alfred.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
30,  1840,  of  English  parents : died  at  Moret- 
sur-Loing,  France,  Jau.  29,  1899.  An  Anglo- 
French  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Gleyre  and  much 
influenced  by  Corot.  About  1875  he  became  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  leaders  of  the  Impressionist  movement. 
His  pictures  are  widely  distributed,  several  being  in  the 
Musee  du  Luxembourg  in  Paris. 

Sister  Dora.  The  name  under  which  Dorothy 
Wyndlow  Pattison  was  known  in  her  philan- 
thropic work.  See  * Pattison. 

Sivori  (se-vo're),  Camille.  Born  at  Genoa,  Oct. 
25,  1815 : died  there,  Feb.  18, 1894.  An  Italian 
violin  virtuoso.  At  the  age  of  six  he  attracted  the 
attention  of  Paganini,  who  taught  him  and  wrote  several 
pieces  for  him.  At  ten  he  began  to  tour  in  concert,  ap- 
pearing in  the  United  States  1846-48.  He  wrote  two  con- 
certos and  other  music  for  the  violin. 

Sivutch  Rock  (se-voch'  rok).  A small  islet 
just  off  the  shore  of  St.  Paul  Island,  Bering 
Sea,  containing  a fur-seal  rookery. 

Skagway  (skag'wa).  A town  in  southern 
Alaska,  on  the  Lynn  Canal.  It  is  important 
as  a railway  terminus.  It  has  an  army  post, 
and  is  the  supply-center  for  the  Yukon  mining 
region. 

Skraelings  (skra'lingz).  [Nor.  skraelling,  a 
feeble  or  puny  person.]  The  name  given  by 
the  early  Norse  discoverers  of  America  to  the 
North  American  Indians.  In  Icelandic  literature 
it  is  the  common  name  of  the  Eskimos,  and  is  probably 
a general  term  meaning  simply  ‘ an  inferior  people.’ 

Slater  Fund.  A fund  of  $1,000,000  established 
in  1882  by  John  Fox  Slater  (1815-84)  of  Nor- 
wich, Connecticut,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
moting education  among  the  negroes  of  the 
South.  The  fund  has  grown  through  investment,  and 
the  trustees  have  now  an  annual  income  of  about  $80,000 
which  is  mainly  used  in  encouraging  industrial  training 
in  institutions  for  the  colored  race  in  the  South.  The 
office  of  the  trustees  is  in  New  York  city.  The  legal  title 
is  The  Trustees  of  the  John  F.  Slater  Fund. 

Slezak  (sla'zak),  Leo.  Born  at  Schonberg, 
Moravia,  Aug.  18,  1875.  An  Austrian  tenor 
singer.  He  made  his  debut  at  Briinn,  March  17,  1896,  as 
Lohengrin,  and  has  since  appeared  at  Berlin,  London, 
Breslau,  and  Vienna,  and  at  the  Wagner  and  Mozart  festi- 
vals in  Munich.  He  made  his  American  debut  at  the 
Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York,  during  the  season 
of  1909-10. 

Small  (smal),  Albion  Woodbury.  Born  at 
Buckfield,  Maine,  May  11,  1854.  An  American 
sociologist  and  educator.  He  studied  at  Colby  Col- 
lege  and  at  Berlin,  Leipsic,  and  Johns  Hopkins  univer- 
sities. He  was  professor  of  history  and  political  economy 
in  Colby  College  1881-88,  and  president  1889-92.  He  has 
been  head  of  the  department  of  sociology  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  since  1892,  and  dean  of  the  graduate 
school  of  arts  and  literature  since  1905.  He  has  been  edi- 
tor of  the  “American  Journal  of  Sociology”  since  1895, 
and  has  published  “ General  Sociology  ” (1905),  “ Adam 
Smith  and  Modern  Sociology  ” (1907),  and  “The  Cameral- 
ists ” (1909). 

Smalley  (smal'i),  George  Washburn.  Born 
at  Franklin,  Mass.,  June  2,  1833.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist.  He  was  graduated  at  Y ale  University 
in  1853  and  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1855  ; practised 
law  in  Boston  1856-61  ; joined  the  staff  of  the  New  York 
“Tribune”  in  1861,  acting  as  war  correspondent  in  the 
Civil  War  1861-62  ; organized  and  directed  the  European 
bureau  of  the  “Tribune”  in  London  1866-67;  and  had 
charge  of  its  European  correspondence  until  1895.  He 
was  American  correspondent  of  the  London  “Times” 
1895-1908.  His  publications  include  a “ Review  of  Bright’s 
Speeches  ” (1868),  “London  Letters”  (1890),  “Studies  of 
Men  ” (1895),  “ Life  of  Sir  Sydney  Waterlow  ” (1909),  “ An- 
glo-American Memories”  (1910),  etc. 

Smedley  (smed'li),  William  Thomas.  Born 
in  Chester  County,  Pa.,  March  26,  1858.  An 
American  painter.  He  was  educated  at  the  Phila- 
delphia  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  and  under  J.  P.  Laurens  in 
Paris.  In  1905  he  was  elected  a member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design  in  New  York.  He  has  been  much 
occupied  as  an  illustrator. 

Smith  (smith),  Alexander.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  11,  1865.  A Scottish-American 
chemist,  professor  in  Columbia  University 
from  1911.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  mineral- 
ogy in  Wabash  College  1890-94,  and  assistant  professor, 
associate  professor,  and  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Chicago  1894-1911.  He  has  published  “Lab- 
oratory Outline  of  General  Chemistry  ’’  (1899),  “Introduc- 
tion to  General  Inorganic  Chemistry”  (1906),  “ General 
Chemistry  for  Colleges  "(1908),  etc.,  and  a number  of  origi- 
nal investigations  in  organic  and  general  chemistry. 

Smith  (smith),  Arthur  Henderson.  Born  at 
Vernon,  Conn.,  July  18,  1845.  An  American 
clergyman,  missionary,  and  author.  He  has  been 
engaged  in  missionary  work  in  China  almost  continuously 
since  1872,  and  was  in  Peking  during  the  siege  in  1900. 
Among  his  works  are  “Chinese  Characteristics”  (1890), 
“Village  Life  in  China”  (1899),  “ China  in  Convulsion” 
(1901),  “ Rex  Christus,  an  Outline  Study  of  China”  (1903), 
“The  Uplift  of  China ” (1907),  etc. 

Smith  (smith),  David  Eugene.  Born  at  Cort- 
land, N.  Y.,  Jan.  21,  1860.  An  American 
mathematician,  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  Teachers  College  of  Columbia  University 


Solomon  Islands 

from  1901.  His  studies  relate  especially  to  the 
history  of  mathematics. 

Smith  (smith),  Donald  Alexander,  first  Baron 
Strathcona  and  Mount  Royal.  Born  at  Forres, 
Scotland,  Aug.  6,  1820.  A British  administra- 
tor, high  commissioner  for  Canada  from  1896. 

At  an  early  age  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  and  was  the  last  resident  governor  of  that  or- 
ganization as  a governing  body.  He  sat  for  many  years 
in  the  Dominion  House  of  Commons,  and  has  been  largely 
identified  with  the  railroad  interests  and  the  general  in- 
creasing prosperity  of  British  North  America.  In  1897  he 
was  raised  to  the  peerage. 

Smith  (smith),  Edgar  Fahs.  Born  at  l'ork. 
Pa.,  May  23,  1856.  An  American  chemist  and 
educator,  provost  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania from  1911.  He  studied  at  Pennsylvania 
College  and  at  Gottingen,  and  was  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1888-1911.  He  lias  pub- 
lished various  works  and  papers  on  chemical  topics,  espe- 
cially electrochemistry. 

Smith  (smith),  George:  later  George  M. 
(Murray)  Smith.  Born  at  London,  March 
19,  1824:  died  at  Byfleet,  near  Weybridge, 
April  6, 1901.  An  English  publisher.  He  joined 
tlie  firm  of  Smith,  Elder,  and  Company,  founded  by  his 
father  with  Alexander  Elder,  and  upon  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1846  became  its  head.  Among  the  authors 
whose  works  he  published  were  Ruskin,  Charlotte  Bronte, 
Thackeray,  Trollope,  Airs.  Gaskell,  Wilkie  Collins,  Robert 
Browning  and  Mrs.  Browning,  Leigh  Hunt,  Matthew 
Arnold,  Sir  Leslie  Stephen,  and  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward. 
In  1859  he  started  the  “ Cornhiil  Magazine,”  with  Thack- 
eray as  editor,  and  in  1865  founded  the  “Pall  Mall  Ga- 
zette.” His  most  noted  publication  was  the  monumen- 
tal “Dictionary  of  National  Biography”  (1885-1901 : sup- 
plement and  index  volume,  1901-03). 

Smith',  Goldwin.  His  later  works  include  “ Essays 
on  Questions  of  the  Day  ” (1894),  “ Guesses  at  the  Riddle 
of  Existence”  (1896),  “The  United  Kingdom”  (1899), 
“Shakespeare  — the  Man”  (1900),  “Commonwealth  or 
Empire ” (1902),  “In  the  Court  of  History  " (1902),  “The 
Founder  of  Christendom"  (1903),  “Lines  of  Religious  In- 
quiry ” (1904),  “ My  Memory  of  Gladstone  ” (1904),  “ Irish 
History  and  the  Irish  Question  " (1905),  “ Labour  and  Capi- 
tal ” (1907),  and  “ Reminiscences  ” (1910). 

Smith  (smith),  Hoke.  Born  at  Newton,  N.  C., 
Sept.  2,  1855.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1873,  and  practised  law  at  Atlanta, 
Georgia.  He  was  secretary  of  the  interior  in  Cleveland's 
cabinet  1893-96,  was  governor  of  Georgia  1907-09  and 
again  1911,  and  U.  S.  senator  from  Georgia,  Dec.,  1911-. 

Smith  (smith),  Theobald.  Born  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  July  31,  1859.  An  American  patholo- 
gist, professor  of  comparative  pathology  in 
Harvard  University  from  1896.  He  had  charge  of 
the  investigations  of  infectious  diseases  of  animals  for  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  1884-95,  and  was 
professor  of  bacteriology  in  George  Washington  Univer- 
sity 1886-95.  He  has  investigated  the  causes  of  Texas 
cattle-fever  and  similar  infectious  diseases,  and  has  made 
special  studies  in  parasitism  and  immunity. 

Smith’s  Falls  (smiths  falz').  A town  in 
Lanark  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on 
the  Rideau  Canal.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woolens,  farm  implements,  stoves,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 6,370,  (1911). 

Smithwick  (smith'wik),  John  George  Carl- 
ton. Born  in  Ireland,  Oct.  6,  1844:  died  at 
New  York,  July  1,  1904.  An  American  wood- 
engraver,  one  among  the  first  successfully  to 
engrave  photographs  on  wood.  He  was  repre- 
sented in  all  the  leading  American  magazines  and  illus- 
trated journals,  and  was  for  many  years  manager  of  the 
engraving  department  of  “Harper's  Magazine.” 

Smyth  (smith),  Ethel  Mary.  Born  at  Lon- 
don.  An  English  composer.  She  studied  at  the 
Leipsic  Conservatory,  and  later  with  Heinrich  yon  Her- 
zogenberg.  She  has  written  three  operas,  “ Fantasio  ” 
(1898),  “ Der  Wald  ” (1901),  which  has  been  sung  at  the 
Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York,  and  “The  Wreck- 
ers” (1906).  Her  other  works  include  a mass  ; a serenade 
for  orchestra  ; an  overture  (“Antony  and  Cleopatra”) ; an 
orchestral  tone-poem  (“  On  the  Cliffs  of  Cornwall  ”) ; “ The 
Spirits  of  the  Forest,”  “Sleepless  Dreams,”  and  “Hey 
Nonny  No”  for  chorus  and  orchestra  ; “Songs  of  Sunrise  ” 
(a  group  of  suffrage  choruses,  and  others,  for  mixed  chorus 
and  female  chorus,  including  “March  of  the  Women”); 
songs,  etc. 

Snow  (sno),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Mantua,  Ohio, 
1814:  died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Oct.  10,  1901. 
The  president  of  the  Mormon  Church  1898-1901. 

He  studied  at  Oberlin  College ; became  a Mormon  in 
1836 ; was  a missionary  of  that  church  in  Great  Britain 
1840-43,  in  Italy  in  184-9,  and  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  in 
1864  ; and  was  elected  president  of  the  Twelve  Apostles 
in  1889. 

Snowden  (sno'den),  Philip.  Born  at  Cowling, 
Yorkshire,  in  1864.  An  English  socialist. 
He  was  in  the  inland  revenue  service  1886-93,  and  subse- 
quently  engaged  in  journalism,  taking  part  in  the  socialist 
propaganda.  In  1903  he  became  chairman  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Labor  party,  and  in  1906  was  elected  a Labor 
member  of  Parliament.  He  is  the  author  of  many  pam- 
phlets on  socialism. 

Solomon  Islands*.  Some  of  the  smaller 
islands  east  of  Bougainville  were  transferred 
to  Great  Britain  in  1899.  The  islands  are  ad- 
ministered by  the  officials  of  Kaiser  Wilhelm 
Land. 


Solvay 

Solvay  (sol'va).  A village  in  Onondaga  Coun- 
ty, New  York,  adjoining  Syracuse.  It  lias 
manufactories  of  soda-ash,  pottery,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,139,  (1910). 

Somali  Coast  Protectorate*,  or  Somaliland. 

About  15,000  square  miles  were  ceded  to  Abyssinia  in 
1897.  It  is  administered  by  a commissioner.  Chief  town 
and  seaport,  Berbera.  Area,  68,000  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, over  300,000. 

Somali  Coast  Protectorate,  French,  or 
French  Somaliland.  A French  colony  in 
North  Africa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  between 
the  British  Somali  Coast  Protectorate  and  the 
Italian  colony  of  Eritrea,  it  includes  the  ports  of 
Obok  and  Jibuti,  the  latter  being  the  seat  of  government. 
The  native  races  are  the  Danakil  and  Somali.  The  colony 
is  administered  by  a governor  and  a privy  council.  Area, 
about  5,790  square  miles.  Population,  over  200,000. 

Somerset  (sum'er-set),  Lady  Henry  (Isabella 
Caroline  Somers).  Born  1851.  An  English 
philanthropist  and  writer,  daughter  of  the 
third  Earl  Somers.  She  has  taken  a prominent  part 
intemperance  reform  and  the  advancement  of  womens 
work,  and  established  the  first  industrial  farm  colony  for 
inebriate  women  and  various  training-schools  and  mis- 
sions. She  is  the  founder  and  editor  of  the  “ Woman’s 
Signal,”  and  has  written  “Studies  in  Black  and  White,” 
“A  Book  for  Children,”  “Our  Village  Bite,”  “Under  the 
Arch  of  Life,"  etc. 

Somerville  (sum'er-vil).  The  county-seat  of 
Somerset  County,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Raritan 
River,  10  miles  northwest  of  New  Brunswick. 
It  has  manufactories  of  carriages,  woolen 
goods,  ranges,  etc.  Population,  5,060,  (1910). 
Sommer  (so-mar'),  Roger.  Born  at  Pierre- 
pont,  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  Aug.  4,  1877.  A 
French  aviator.  He  made  a world’s  record  in  a Bar- 
man aeroplane  on  Aug.  7,  1909,  by  a flight  lasting  2 hrs., 
27  min.,  15  sec.,  at  Camp  de  Chalons. 

Sonnenthal  (zon'nen-tal),  Adolf,  Ritter  von. 
Born  at  Budapest,  Dee.  21,  1834:  died  at 
Prague,  April  4,  1909.  An  Austrian  actor. 
His  first  appearance  on  the  stage  was  at  Temesvar,  in  1851. 
In  1856  he  was  engaged  for  the  Vienna  court  theater,  of 
which  he  became  manager-in-chief  in  1884.  In  1882  a 
patent  of  nobility  was  conferred  upon  him.  He  played 
in  various  European  cities,  and  in  1885,  1899,  and  1902 
visited  the  United  States.  Among  his  chief  parts  were 
Hamlet,  King  Lear,  Wallenstein,  Nathan  (in  Lessing's 
“ Nathan  der  Weise  ’’),  and  Mortimer  (in  Schiller’s  “ Maria 
Stuart”). 

Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  An  asso- 
ciation similar  to  that  of  the  Sons  of  the  Rev- 
olution, but  limited  to  lineal  descendants  of 
those  who  rendered  actual  service  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution.  The  national  society  was  organ- 
ized in  New  York,  April  30,  1889.  The  total  membership 
is  about  11,000. 

Sons  of  the  Revolution.  A patriotic  society 
originated  in  New  York  in  1876  by  John  A. 
Stevens  and  others.  The  aggregate  membership  of 
its  thirty-one  State  societies  is  now  about  8,000  and  is 
limited  to  adult  male  descendants  of  those  who  helped  to 
establish  American  independence  between  the  dates  of 
April  19,  1775,  and  April  19,  1783.  The  object  of  the  so- 
ciety is  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  men  who  achieved 
American  independence,  to  preserve  documents  relating 
to  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  to  inspire  a patriotic  spirit, 
and  to  assist  in  the  commemorative  celebration  of  great 
historic  events. 

Sorel  (s6-reP)>  Albert.  Born  at  Honfleur, 
France,  Aug.  13,  1842 : died  at  Paris,  June  29, 
1906.  A noted  French  historian  and  author. 
In  1893  he  was  elected  a member  of  the  French  Academy, 
succeeding  Taine,  of  whom  he  was  a disciple.  The  most  im- 
portant of  his  works  are  “Histoire  diplomatique  de  laguerre 
franco-allemande  " (1875),  “ La  question  d’orient  au  XVIIIe 
siecle  : origine  de  la  triple  alliance  ” (1878),  and  “ L’Europe 
et  la  revolution  framjaise  ’’  (1885-1903),  for  the  last  of  which 
the  French  Academy  awarded  him  the  Gobert  prize  in 
1887  and  1888.  He  is  the  author  also  of  two  novels,  “ La 
grande  Falaise"  (1872)  and  “ Le  docteur  Egra"  (1873); 
“Essais  d’histoire  et  de  critique”  (1882,  1888);  and  biog- 
raphies of  Montesquieu  (1887)  and  Madame  de  Staid  (1891). 
He  was  made  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1885, 
and  received  the  Prix  Osiris  in  1906. 

Sorolla  y Bastida  (so-rol'ya  e bas-te'dii),  Joa- 
quin. Born  at  Valencia,  Spain,  Feb.  27,  1863. 
A noted  Spanish  painter.  He  studied  in  Valencia 
and  Madrid,  and  later  in  Rome,  Paris,  and  again  in  Italy. 
In  1909  a large  number  of  his  paintings  were  exhibited  in 
New  York  and  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 

Sorsogon  (sor-so-gon')-  1.  A province  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  situated  in  the  southeastern 
extremity  of  Luz6n,  and  including  several 
small  adjacent  islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Albay 
(partly  separated  by  mountains)  on  the  north  ; the  Pacific 
Ocean  on  the  east ; the  Strait  of  San  Bernardino  (separat- 
ing it  from  Samar)  on  the  southeast ; and  the  Visayan  Sea 
on  the  south  and  west.  Among  its  bays  are  Port  Gubat 
on  the  eastern  and  Port  Sorsogon  on  the  southwestern 
coast,  the  latter  a flue  harbor  safe  for  large  vessels  in 
all  weather.  Sorsogdn  is  in  an  active  seismic  center,  and 
earthquakes  are  frequent.  The  volcano  Buluskn,  4,053 
feet  in  height,  is  solfataric,  and  there  are  numerous  hot 
springs  near  its  foot.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Donsol,  the 
Putiao,  and  the  Trocin,  which  are  navigable  by  native 
boats  for  from  10  to  13  miles,  foal  is  found  in  several 
parts  of  the  province.  Lead,  sulphur,  and  gypsum  are 
also  reported.  Almost  half  of  the  land  (45.5  per  cent.)  is 
agricultural.  Among  the  products  are  sweet  potatoes, 


sugar-cane,  and  hemp,  the  last  abundant  in  yield  and  ex- 
cellent in  quality.  The  inhabitants  are  Bicols.  Area  of 
province,  755  square  miles.  Population,  120,495. 

2.  A town,  the  capital  of  Sorsogon  province, 
situated  at  the  northeastern  angle  of  Port 
Sorsogon  in  lat.  12°  58'  N.,  long.  123°  58'  E. 
Civilized  population,  13,511. 

Sothern  (suTH'ern),  Edward  Hugh.  BornDec. 
6,  1859.  An  American  actor,  son  of  Edward 
Askew  Sothern.  Among  the  plays  in  which  he  has 
appeared  are  “One  of  Our  Girls,”  “ The  Highest  Bidder,” 
“The  Maister  of  Woodbarrow,”  “The  Dancing  Girl,” 
“Lord  Chumley,  ' “The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,”  “Under  the 
Red  Robe,”  and  “Henry  Esmond,'  and  he  is  well  known 
as  an  interpreter  of  Shakspere.  In  1896  he  married  Vir- 
ginia Harned,  the  actress.  He  was  divorced  from  her  in 
1910,  and  in  1911  married  Julia  Marlowe. 

Sousa  (so'za),  John  Philip.  Born  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Nov.  6,  1854.  An  American 
hand-master,  best  known  as  a composer  of 
marches.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  director  of  the 
United  States  Marine  Band,  and  in  1892  organized  Sousa's 
Band.  Among  his  marches  are  “The  Stars  and  Stripes 
Forever,”  “The  Washington  Post,”  “The  High  School 
Cadets,”  "King  Cotton,”  “Manhattan  Beach,”  “Hands 
Across  the  Sea,  ’ ’ and  “ Liberty  Bell.  ’ ’ He  has  also  written 
the  comic  operas  “The  Smugglers,”  “Desiree,”  “The 
Queen  of  Hearts, ” “ ElCapitan,”  “The Bride-Elect,”  “The 
Charlatan,”  and  “Chris  and  the  Wonderful  Lamp”;  or- 
chestral suites;  and  a large  number  of  miscellaneous 
compositions. 

South  Africa,  United  States  of.  See  * Union 
of  South  Africa. 

South  African  Republic*,  now  the  Trans- 
vaal. After  its  annexation  to  the  British  Empire  in  1900 
its  name  was  changed  from  South  African  Republic 
(adopted  in  1884)  to  Transvaal  Colony.  This  name  was 
changed  to  the  Transvaal  when  it  became  a province  of 
the  Union  of  South  Africa  in  1910.  It  sends  8 senators  and 
36  representatives  to  the  Union  Parliament  at  Pretoria. 
Its  internal  affairs  are  conducted  by  an  administrator 
(appointed  by  the  governor-general  for  5 years)  and  a pro- 
vincial council  of  36  members  elected  for  3 years.  Mem- 
bers of  the  Provincial  Council  are  elected  on  the  same 
system  as  members  of  Parliament,  but  the  restriction  as  to 
European  descent  does  not  apply.  The  first  parliamen- 
tary and  provincial  elections  for  the  Transvaal  were  held 
(under  the  South  Africa  Act  of  1909)  on  Sept.  15, 1910.  See 
★ Union  of  South  Africa. 

South  Amboy  (south  am-boi').  A city  in 
Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  incorporated 
in  1908,  and  coextensive  with  South  Amboy 
township.  It  is  on  Raritan  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Raritan  River,  20  miles  southwest  of  Jersey  City.  It  is  a 
shipping-point  for  coal,  and  has  manufactories  of  pottery, 
asphaltum,  brick,  etc.  Population,  7,007,  (1910). 
Southbridge  (south'brij).  A town  in  Worces- 
ter County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Quinebaug  River.  It  has  cotton-  and  woolen-mills, 
and  manufactures  of  cutlery,  optical  glasses,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 12,592,  (1910). 

Southern  Education  Board.  An  organization 
for  aiding  in  the  advancement  of  education  in 
the  Southern  States,  by  cooperating  with  State 
and  local  authorities  in  building  up  the  public 
school  system,  especially  in  rural  districts. 
Southington  (suTH'ing-ton).  A town  in  Hart- 
ford County,  Connecticut,  on  the  Quinnipiac 
River,  10  miles  northwest  of  Waterbury. 
Manufacturing  is  its  principal  industry,  the 
products  including  cutlery,  hardware,  etc. 
Population,  6,516,  (1910). 

South  Kingstown  (south  kingz'toun).  A town 
in  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island,  26  miles 
southwest  of  Providence.  Its  chief  interests 
are  agriculture,  manufacturing,  oyster  culture, 
and  fishing.  Population,  5,176,  (1910). 

South  Milwaukee  (south  mil-wa'ke).  A city 
in  Milwaukee  County,  Wisconsin,  8-J  miles 
south  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  manufactories  of 
electrical  supplies,  steam-dredges,  mineral 
wool,  etc.  Population,  6,092,  (1910). 

South  Omaha  (south  o'ma-ha).  A city  in 
Douglas  County,  Nebraska,  situated  on  the 
Missouri  River  adjoining  Omaha.  It  has  a large 
business  in  slaughtering  and  meat-packing,  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  barrels,  tubs,  etc.  Population,  26,259, 
(1910). 

South  Orange  (south  or'anj).  A village  in 
Essex  County,  New  Jersey,  4£  miles  west  of 
Newark.  It  is  mainly  residential,  and  is  the 
seat  of  Seton  Hall  College  (Roman  Catholic). 
Population,  6,014,  (1910). 

South  Orkney  Islands*.  They  form  a de- 
pendency of  the  Falkland  Islands. 

South  Portland  (south  port'land).  A city  in 
Cumberland  County,  Maine,  on  Casco  Bay,  op- 
posite Portland,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
bridges.  It  has  railroad  shops,  steel-  andiron- 
works,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  a State  reform 
school  for  boys.  Population,  7,471,  (1910). 
South  Sharon  (south  shar'on).  A borough  in 
Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated  in 
1901.  It  has  steel-  and  wire-works,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,190,  (1910). 


Standard  Oil  Case 

South  Shetland*.  The  group  of  islands  form 
a dependency  of  the  Falkland  Islands. 

Spargo  (spar'go),  John.  Born  at  Stithians, 
Cornwall,  Jan.  31,  1876.  An  Anglo-American 
socialist.  He  became  identified  with  the  socialist 
movement  in  England  in  early  life,  came  to  America  in 
1901,  and  has  since  been  active  in  the  socialist  cause.  He 
is  a member  of  the  national  executive  committee  of  the 
Socialist  party.  Among  his  publications  are  “The  Bitter 
Cry  of  the  Children  ” (1906),  “ The  Socialists  ” (1906),  “ So- 
cialism ” (1906),  “Capitalist  and  Laborer”  (1907),  “The 
Common  Sense  of  the  Milk  Question  ” (1908),  “ The  Com- 
mon Sense  of  Socialism  " (1908),  “ The  Socialism  of  William 
Morris"  (1908),  “The  Spiritual  Significance  of  Modem 
Socialism”  (1908),  “Karl  Marx”  (1909),  “The  Substance 
of  Socialism”  (1910),  “Sidelights  on  Contemporary  Social- 
ism” (1911),  etc. 

Spartanburg  (spar'tan-berg).  A city,  the 
capital  of  Spartanburg  County,  South  Caro- 
lina. It  contains  Converse  College,  Wofford  College,  a 
public  library,  and  the  State  Institute  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb, 
and  Blind  ; and  has  cotton-  and  lumber-mills,  iron-works’ 
and  manufactures  of  rope,  brooms,  etc.  Population 
17,517,  (1910). 

Speer  (sper),  Robert  Elliott.  Born  at  Hunt- 
ingdon, Pa.,  Sept.  10,  1867.  Assistant  secre- 
tary 1891-93  and  secretary  from  1893  of  the 
Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions.  He 
was  graduated  from  Princeton  University  in  1889  and  at- 
tended Princeton  Theological  Seminary  1890-91.  He  made 
a missionary  tour  in  Persia,  India,  China,  Korea,  and 
Japan  1896-97  and  in  South  America  1909.  Among  his  pub- 
lications are  “The  Man  Christ  Jesus”  (1896),  “Missionary 
Principles  and  Practice”  (1902),  “Missions  and  Modern 
History”  (1904),  “ Christianity  and  the  Nations”  (1910). 

Spencer*,  John  Poyntz,  fifth  Earl  Spencer. 

In  1902  he  was  appointed  Liberal  leader  in  the  House  of 
Lords  to  succeed  the  Earl  of  Kimberley. 

Sperry  (sper'i),  Charles  Stillman.  Born  at 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  3,  1847 : died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Feb.  1,  1911.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  was  graduated  from  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1866 ; was  promoted  captain  in 
1900  and  rear-admiral  in  1906;  and  was  in  command  of 
the  battle-ship  fleet  in  its  cruise  around  the  world  (1908- 
1909),  from  its  departure  from  San  Francisco,  July  7, 1908. 
He  was  president  of  the  Naval  War  College,  and  was  a 
delegate  to  the  second  Peace  Conference  in  1907.  Re- 
tired 1909. 

Spitzka  (spits'ka),  Edward  Charles.  Born  at 
New  York,  Nov.  10,  1852.  An  American  neu- 
rologist and  comparative  anatomist.  He  was 
professor  of  nervous  and  mental  diseases  and 
medical  jurisprudence  in  the  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  Medical  College  1882-84. 

Spooner  (spon'er),  John  Colt.  Born  at  Law- 
reneeburg,  Ind.,  Jan.  6,  1843.  An  American 
lawyer  and  statesman.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  in  1864  ; served  in  the  Civil  War  ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1867 ; and  was  (Republican) 
United  States  senator  from  Wisconsin  1885-91  and  1897- 
1907. 

Sprague  (sprag),  Frank  Julian.  Born  at 
Milford,  Conn.,  July  25,  1857.  A noted 
American  electrical  engineer  and  inventor. 

He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in 
1878 ; resigned  from  the  navy  in  1883 ; and  later  formed 
the  Sprague  Electric  Railway  and  Motor  Company,  and 
actively  developed  electric  motors.  He  is  recognized  as 
the  pioneer  of  the  modern  electric  trolley  system  because 
of  hia  installation  of  the  road  at  Richmond,  Virginia, 
1887-88,  the  first  on  a large  scale,  the  features  of  which 
became  general  standards.  He  then  introduced  high-speed 
and  automatic  elecjric  elevators  ; formed  the  Sprague 
Electric  Company;  and  in  1887  invented  the  “multiple- 
unit  system  ” of  electric  train  operation,  now  generally 
adopted. 

Spring  Hill  (spring  hil).  A town  in  Cumber- 
land County,  Nova  Scotia,  Canada,  it  is  situ- 
ated a few  miles  from  the  Spring  Hill  coal-mines.  Its 
main  interests  are  in  the  mining  and  transportation  of 
coal.  Population,  5,713,  (1911). 

Spring  Valley  (spring  val'i).  A city  in  Bureau 
County,  Illinois,  on  the  Illinois  River,  about  20 
miles  west  of  Ottawa.  Its  principal  industries 
are  the  mining  and  shipping  of  coal.  Popula- 
tion, 7,035,  (1910). 

Squatter  State,  The.  A popular  name  of  the 
State  of  Kansas. 

Stafford  (staf'ord).  A town  in  Tolland  County, 
Connecticut,  on  the  Willimantic  River,  25  miles 
northeast  of  Hartford.  It  includes  Stafford 
Springs,  a summer  resort,  and  has  manufac- 
tories of  woolen  goods.  Population,  5,233, 
(1910). 

Stamaty  (sta-ma-te'),  Camille  Marie.  Born 
at  Rome,  Italy,  March  23,  1811 : died  at  Paris, 
April  19,  1870.  A French  pianist  and  com- 
poser. He  was  a pupil  of  Kalkbrenner  and 
Mendelssohn,  and  the  teacher,  at  Paris,  of 
Gottschalk  and  Saint-Saens.  He  wrote  many 
dtudes  and  pieces  for  the  piano. 

Standard  Oil  Case.  A suit,  brought,  in  1906 
by  the  United  States  against  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  of  New  Jersey  and  seventy  other 
corporations  and  seven  individuals,  to  dissolve 
the  holding  company  or  combination,  known 


Standard  Oil  Case 

as  the  Standard  Oil  Trust,  formed  by  them  for 
the  control  of  the  output  of  petroleum  and  its 
products.  The  decision,  rendered  May  15,  1911,  found 
the  Standard  Oil  Trust  to  be  a combination  in  restraint 
of  trade  and  commerce,  and  directed  its  dissolution  within 
six  months.  The  decision  is  notable  for  its  emphasis  of 
the  standard  of  reason  in  dealing  with  cases  subject  to 
the  Antitrust  Law  of  July  2,  1890. 

Standard  Oil  Company.  Originally,  the  Stan- 
dard Oil  Company  of  Ohio,  organized  in  1870,  a 
consolidation  of  various  partnerships  engaged 
in  producing,  refining,  and  selling  petroleum 
and  its  products.  By  agreements  with  and  control  of 
other  concerns  engaged  in  the  same  business,  it  gradually 
worked  toward  a monopoly  of  the  industry  in  its  many 
ramifications.  In  1882  the  Standard  Oil  Trust,  or  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  of  New  Jersey,  was  formed,  and 
secured  the  control  of  nearly  all  competing  companies  in 
the  United  States.  In  1899  its  charter  was  broadened  to 
admit  it  to  all  fields  of  industry  and  ownership.  The  total 
capitalization  of  the  various  companies  and  of  the  holding 
company  was  shown  to  be  above  $328,000,000.  Suit  was 
brought,  Nov.  15,  1906,  by  the  United  States  against  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  of  New  Jersey  and  seventy  other 
corporations  and  partnerships  and  seven  individuals  sub- 
sidiary to  or  allied  with  it,  as  parties  to  a combination  or 
trust  in  restraint  of  trade  and  commerce  under  the  Sher- 
man Antitrust  Law.  Final  decision  was  rendered  by  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  May  16,  1911,  directing  the 
dissolution  of  the  trust  into  its  component  parts  and  al- 
lowing six  months  for  such  dissolution. 

Stanford*,  Sir  Charles  Villiers.  He  was  con- 
ductor of  the  Cambridge  University  Musical  Society  1872- 
1893,  of  the  Bach  Choir  1885-1902,  of  the  Leeds  Philhar- 
monic Society,  aud  of  the  Leeds  Festival  from  1901. 

Stanford  (stan'ford),  Mrs.  (Jane  Lathrop). 
Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  25,  1825:  died  at 
Honolulu,  Feb.  28,  1905.  An  American  phi- 
lanthropist, wife  of  Leland  Stanford,  she  joined 
her  husband  in  founding  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  Uni- 
versity, and  after  his  death  aided  it  liberally. 

Stanford  University.  See  Leland  Stanford 
Junior  University. 

Stanley  Falls  (stan'lifalz).  A station,  also 
called  Stanleyville,  in  Belgian  Kongo,  Africa. 

It  is  in  lat.  0°  25'  N.,  and  long.  25°  27'  E.,  at  the  head  of 
navigation  of  the  Kongo  River.  The  river  is  navigable 
from  its  mouth  to  Matadi  (about  100  miles),  unnavigable 
from  there  to  Stanley  Pool  (over  200  miles),  and  navigable 
from  there  to  Stanley  Falls  (about  1,200  miles).  A railway 
is  being  constructed  from  Stanley  Falls  to  Ponthierville. 

Stannard  (stan'fird),  Mrs.  (Henrietta  Eliza 
Vaughan  Palmer) : pseudonyms  John 

- Strange  Winter  and  Violet  Whyte.  Born 

at  York,  England,  Jan.  13,  1856:  died  at  Hur- 
lingliam,  Dec.  13,  1911.  An  English  novelist. 
She  wrote  tales  of  army  life,  some  of  which  attained  wide 
popularity.  Among  her  works  are  “ lioup-la  !”  (1885),  “Boo- 
ties’ Baby”  (1885),  “A  Blameless  Woman”  (1895),  “A  Name 
to  Conjure  With”  (1899),  “A  Self-made  Countess”  (1900), 
“A  Blaze  of  Glory”  (1902),  “Marty”  (1903),  and  “A  Simple 
Gentleman”  (1906). 

Stargard  (star'gart).  A town  in  Pomerania, 
Germany,  20  miles  southeast  of  Stettin.  It  is 
a manufacturing  town,  and  a trade  center  for 
cattle  and  produce.  Population,  26,907. 

Stark  (stark),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Page).  Born 
Feb.  16,  1737  (1738?):  died  June  29,  1814. 
The  wife  of  General  John  Stark  (1728-1822). 
Her  name  has  become  historic  from  the  words  (variously 
reported)  said  to  have  been  spoken  by  General  Stark  to  his 
soldiers  at  the  battle  of  Bennington  : “ My  men,  yonder 
are  the  Hessians.  They  were  bought  for  seven  pounds  and 
ten  pence  a man.  Are  you  worth  more  ? Prove  it.  To- 
night the  American  flag  floats  from  yonder  hill  or  Molly 
[sic]  Stark  sleeps  a widow ! ” 

Stark  (stark),  Molly.  See  * Start:,  Mrs. 

Star  of  the  Sea.  A title  given  to  the  Virgin 
Mary. 

Starr  (star),  Frederick.  Born  at  Auburn, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  2,  1858.  An  American  anthropol- 
ogist, assistant  professor  1892-95  and  associate 
professor  from  1895  in  the  University  of 
Chicago.  He  was  curator  of  ethnology  in  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History  (New  York)  1889-91.  His 
investigations  have  related  chiefly  to  the  ethnology  of 
southern  Mexico.  He  is  the  author  of  “ American  In- 
dians " (1899),  “Strange  Peoples”  (1900),  “The  Truth 
About  the  Congo  ” (1907),  etc. 

Staunton  (stan'ton).  A city  in  Macoupin 
County,  Illinois,  35  miles  northeast  of  East  St. 
Louis.  Population,  5,048,  (1910). 

Staunton  (stan'ton).  An  independent  city  in 
Virginia,  formerly  the  county-seat  of  Augusta 
County,  100  miles  northwest  of  Richmond. 
It  has'  manufactories  of  farming  implements,  flour, 
wagons,  etc.  It  is  the  Beat  of  the  Western  State  Hospital 
for  the  Insane,  a State  Institution  for  the  deaf  and  blind, 
and  various  educational  institutions.  Population,  10,604, 
(1910). 

Stedman*,  Edmund  Clarence.  His  later  works 
include  “The  Nature  and  Elements  of  Poetry  ” (1892),  col- 
lected poems  (1894),  “Mater  Coronata  ” (1900),  and  “The 
Inland  City  ” (1906).  He  edited  also  “ A Victorian  An- 
thology ” (1895),  “ An  American  Anthology  ” (1900),  “His- 
tory of  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  ” (1905),  “ Poems  ” 
(1908),  etc. 

Stedman  (sted'man),  Thomas  Lathrop.  Born 

at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Oct.  11,  1853.  An  Ameri- 
can physician,  editor,  and  author.  He  has  writ- 


ten  “ A Chinese  and  English  Phrase  Book  in  the  Canton 
Dialect”  (1888:  with  K.  P.  Lee)  and  “Modern  Greek 
Mastery  ” (1896),  and  has  edited  “The  Twentieth  Century 
Practice  of  Medicine  ” (1895-1903),  Dunglison’s  “Medical 
Dictionary  ” (1903),  and  “ A Practical  Medical  Diction- 
ary” (1911).  Since  1904  he  has  been  editor  of  the  New 
York  “ Medical  Record.” 

Steel  (stel),  Mrs.  (Flora  Annie  Webster). 

Born  at  Harrow,  April  2,  1847.  An  English 
novelist.  In  1867  she  went  to  India,  where  she  was  con- 
nected with  the  government  schools  of  the  Panjab  for  a 
number  of  years.  Many  of  her  stories  deal  with  Anglo- 
Indian  life.  Among  her  publications  are  “Tales  of  the 
Punjab”  (1894),  “The  Potter's  Thumb”  (1895),  “Red 
Rowans  ” (1895),  “ On  the  Face  of  the  Waters  ’’  (1896),  “ In 
the  Tideway"  (1897),  “Voices  in  the  Night”  (1900), 
“India”  (1906:  with  Mortimer  Menpes),  “Sovereign 
Remedy  ” (1906),  “ India  Through  the  Ages  ” (1908),  “ The 
Gift  of  the  Gods  ” (1911),  etc. 

Steer  (ster),  Philip  Wilson.  Born  at  Birken- 
head, Dec.  28,  1860.  An  English  figure-  and 
landscape-painter.  He  studied  at,  the  Gloucester 
School  of  Art,  and  under  Cabanel  at  the  ficole  des  Beaux- 
Arts,  Paris.  He  has  exhibited  mainly  at  the  New  English 
Art  Club.  His  work  is  to  be  found  in  the  Uffizi  Gallery, 
Florence ; the  art  galleries  of  Melbourne  and  Perth  in 
Australia;  the  National  Gallery  of  British  Art  (Tate  Gal- 
lery), London;  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York,  etc. 

Stefansson  (stef'an-son),  Vilhjdlmur.  Born 
in  Manitoba,  Nov.  3,  1879.  A Scandinavian- 
American  arctic  explorer  aud  anthropologist, 
of  Icelandic  parentage.  He  was  graduated  at,  the 
University  of  Iowa  in  1993  and  studied  anthropology  at 
Harvard  University.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada,  and  with  Dr.  R.  M.  Anderson  of  the  University  of 
Iowa  as  zoologist,  he  engaged  (1908-12)  in  a scientific  ex- 
pedition in  northwest  arctic  America,  with  base  at  Cape 
Parry,  Canada,  lat.  70°  N.,  long.  123°  W.  The  expedition 
discovered  a race  of  light-colored  Eskimos.  With  the 
support  of  the  Canadian  government,  he  took  charge  in 
1913  of  a scientific  expedition  which  planned  to  spend 
three  or  four  years  in  the  arctic  for  the  determination  of 
the  existence  of  land  areas  between  Bering  Strait  and  the 
pole,  the  study  of  native  races,  etc.  He  has  published 
“ My  Life  with  the  Eskimos  ” (1913). 

Steffens  (stef'enz),  Joseph  Lincoln.  Born  at 
San  Francisco,  April  6,  1866.  An  American 
journalist.  He  has  been  city  editor  of  the  New  York 
“Commercial  Advertiser”;  was  managing  editor  of 
“McClure’s  Magazine”  1901-06;  and  was  associate  editor 
of  the  “American  Magazine.”  He  is  the  author  of  “The 
Shame  of  the  Cities,”  “The  Struggle  for  Self-government,” 
“Upbuilders,”  “The  Last  of  These.”  etc. 

Steinmetz  (stin'mets),  Charles  Proteus. 

Born  at  Breslau,  Germany,  April  9,  1865.  A 
German-American  electrician,  professor  of 
electrical  engineering  in  Union  College 
(Schenectady,  New  York)  from  1903,  and 
electrician  of  the  General  Electric  Company 
(Schenectady)  from  1893.  He  has  published  “Al- 
ternating Current  Phenomena”  (1897),  “ Theoretical  Ele- 
ments of  Electrical  Engineering"  (1900-02),  “General 
Lectures  on  Electrical  Engineering  ” (1908),  “Theory  and 
Calculations  of  Transient  Electric  Phenomena  and  Oscil- 
lations ” (1909),  and  numerous  technical  papers. 

Steinthal*,  Heymann.  His  later  works  include 

“Grammatik,  Logik,  Psychologie  ” (1855),  “Geschichte 
der  Sprachwissenschaft  bei  den  Griechen  und  Romern  ” 
(1863),  “Die  Mande-Negersprachen  ” (1867),  “ Ahriss  der 
Sprachwissenschaft”  (l871),  “Allgemeine  Ethik  ” (1885), 
“Zu  Bibeluud  Religionsphilosophie  ” (1890),  etc. 

Stejneger  (sti'ne-ger),  Leonhard.  Born  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  Oct.  30, 1851.  A Norwegian- 
American  biologist,  head  curator  of  biology  in 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum  1911-.  Hewasassis- 

tant  curator  of  birds  1884-89,  and  curator  of  reptiles  1889- 
1911.  He  has  published  works  on  ornithology,  “ The  Asiatic 
Fur-Seal  Islands”  (1898),  “The  Herpetology  of  Porto 
Rico"  (1904),  “The  Herpetology  of  Japan  ” (1907),  etc. 

Stelzle  (stelts'le),  Charles.  Born  at  New  York, 
June  4,  1869.  An  American  sociologist.  He  has 

published  “The  Workingman  and  Social  Problems  ” (1903). 
“ Boys  of  the  Street  ” (1904),  “ Messages  to  Workingmen  ” 
(1905),  “Christianity’s  Storm  Center  ” (1907),  “ Letters  from 
a Workingman”  (1908),  “Principles  of  Successful  Church 
Advertising  ’’  (1909).  and  “ The  Church  and  Labor  ” (1910). 

Stengel  (steng'el),  Frau  (Praxede  Marcelline 
Kochanska):  known  as  Marcella  Sembrich. 

Born  at  Wisniowczyk,  Austria,  Feb.  15,  1858. 
A noted  soprano  singer.  She  made  her  debut  at 
Athens  in  “I  Puritani”  in  1877;  has  sung  in  opera  in 
Dresden,  London,  Milan,  Vienna,  Warsaw,  St.  Petersburg, 
etc.;  and  has  made  a number  of  tours  in  America.  The 
name  “Sembrich  ” was  that  of  her  maternal  grandfather. 

Sternberg  (stern'berg),  George  Miller.  Born 
at  Hartwiek  Seminary,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y., 
June  8,  1838.  An  American  bacteriologist, 
surgeon-general  and  brigadier-general  in  the 
United  States  army  1893-1902.  He  was  connected 
with  the  army  as  surgeon  from  1861.  During  the  war 
with  Spain  in  1898  he  had  charge  of  the  medical  service. 
His  researches  have  related  chietly  to  the  aetiology  of  in- 
fectious diseases.  Among  his  wrork9  are  “ A Text-book 
of  Bacteriology  ” (1895),  “ Immunity  ” (1897),  etc.  He  re- 
tired in  1902. 

Stevens  Institute  of  Technology.  A college 
of  mechanical  engineering  at  Hoboken,  New 
Jersey,  founded  by  the  will  of  Edwin  A.  Ste- 
vens in  1870.  It  has  an  endowment  of  $880,000,  an  an- 
nual income  of  about  $120,000,  and  astudentbody  of  about 


Stone 

400.  It  confers  the  degree  of  mechanical  engineer  (M.  E.). 
An  academic  department  is  associated  witli  the  institute. 

Stevenson*,  Robert  Louis  Balfour,  a new 

edition,  rearranged  in  4 volumes,  of  “ The  Letters  of  Rob- 
ert Louis  Stevenson  ” was  edited  by  Sir  Sidney  Colvin  and 
issued  in  1911.  It  contained  150  new  letters. 

Stevenson  (ste'ven-son),  Thomas.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  July  22,  1818:  died  there,  May  8, 
1887.  A noted  Scotch  engineer  and  meteorol- 
ogist, son  of  Robert  Stevenson  and  father  of 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson.  He  was  engineer,  with 
his  brother  David,  to  the  board  of  northern  lighthouses 
1853-85 ; was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Scottish  Meteor- 
ological Society  in  1855  ; and  made  improvements  in  light- 
house illumination.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Lighthouse 
Illumination”  (1859:  expanded  into  “Lighthouse  Con- 
struction and  Illumination”  in  1881),  “Design  and  Con- 
struction of  Harbours  ” (1864),  “ Proposal  for  the  Illumina- 
tion of  Beacons  and  Buoys  ” (1870),  etc. 

Steyn  (stin),  Martinus  Theunis.  Born  at 
Winburg,  Orange  Free  State,  Oct.  2,  1857. 
A South  African  statesman,  the  last  president 
of  the  Orange  Free  State.  He  was  called  to  the  bar 
of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1882  ; practised  as  an  advocate  in 
Bloemfontein  1883-89 ; was  appointed  state  attorney  for 
the  Orange  Free  State  in  1889  ; was  second  puisne  judge 
1889-93  and  first  puisne  judge  1893-96;  and  was  state 
president  1896-1900.  Under  his  leadership  the  Orange  Tree 
State  joined  the  Transvaal  in  the  war  against  Great  Brit- 
ain. He  took  part  in  the  peace  conference  in  1902. 

Stiles  (stilz),  Charles  Wardell.  Born  at 
Spring  Valley,  N.  Y.,  May  15,  1867.  An  Ameri- 
can medical  zoologist,  zoologist  of  the  United 
States  Public  Health  and  Marine  Hospital 
Service  from  1902.  He  has  been  special  lecturer  on 
medical  zoology  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  from  1897, 
and  in  the  United  States  Navy  Medical  School  from  1902. 
Since  1896  he  has  been  secretary  of  the  international  com- 
mission on  zoological  nomenclature.  His  works  include 
“Sheep  Scab”  (1898),  “Trichinosis  in  Germany  ” (1901), 
“Hookworm  Disease  ” (1902),  etc. 

Stillman  (stil'man),  William  James.  Born 
at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  June  1,  1828:  died  at 
Frimley  Green,  Surrey,  England,  July  6,  1901. 
An  American  painter,  journalist,  and  critic. 
He  was  graduated  at  Union  College,  Schenectady,  in  1848, 
and  studied  art  in  England  and  Paris,  being  much  influ- 
enced by  the  Preraphaelites  and  by  Ruskin.  He  edited 
“ The  Crayon,  ’ ’ an  art  journal,  1855-57 ; was  U nited  States 
consul  at  Rome  1861-66,  and  at  Crete  1865-68  ; and  was 
correspondent  of  the  London  “ Times  ” 1876-98.  He  wrote 
“The  Cretan  Insurrection  of  1866-68 1 ’ (1874), “ Herzegovina 
and  the  late  Uprising  ” (1877),  “On  the  Track  of  Ulysses” 
(1888),  “ Old  Italian  Masters  ” (1892),  “ Francesco  Crispi  ” 
(1899),  “ Autobiography  of  a Journalist  ” (1901),  “Billy  and 
Hans  ” (1902),  etc. 

Stock  (stok),  Frederick  (Friedrich  Wilhelm 
August).  Born  at  Jfilich,  Germany,  Nov.  11, 
1872.  A German-American  conductor  and 
composer.  He  studied  under  Engelbert  Humperdinck, 
Heinricl  Zollner,  Gustav  Jensen,  and  Franz  M iillner.  He 
became  £ first  viola  in  the  Chicago  Orchestra  under  Theo- 
dore Thomas  in  1895,  assistant  conductor  in  18^9,  and 
conductor  of  the  organization  in  1905,  at  Thomas’s  death. 
He  has  written  a symphonic  waltz,  a symphony,  a set  of 
symphonic  variations,  and  a quartet,  as  well  as  other 
compositions. 

Stock  Exchange,  New  York.  The  chief  finan- 
cial exchange  of  the  United  States,  for  deal- 
ing instocks,  bonds,  notes,  andother  securities. 
Its  dealings  are  chiefly  in  American  securities,  govern- 
mental, railroad,  industrial,  mining,  etc.,  largely  those  of 
railroads,  though  in  recent  years  those  of  industrial  en- 
terprises have  also  held  an  important  place.  Dealing  is 
concerned  regularly  with  such  securities  as  have  been 
“ listed  ’’  or  formally  recognized  by  the  exchange  after  cer- 
tain investigations.  Sellers  of  stock  are  required  to  del  iver 
by  2.15  P.  M.  of  the  following  day.  The  volume  of  busi- 
ness is  the  largest  transacted  at  any  single  exchange  in  the 
world.  The  exchange  is  a voluntary,  unincorporated  asso- 
ciation of  persons,  managed  by  a governing  hoard  (includ- 
ing a president  and  treasurer  elected  from  among  the  mem- 
bers) divided  into  various  committees  charged  with  special 
duties.  Membership  is  secured  by  purchase,  subject  to 
the  consent  of  the  exchange.  The  building  occupied  by 
the  exchange,  a white  marble  structure  on  Broad  street, 
with  entrances  also  on  Wall  and  New  streets,  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  New  York  city,  was  completed  in  1903. 
Stoddard*,  Charles  Warren.  His  later  works  in- 

elude  “A  Troubled  Heart”  (1885),  “Hawaiian  Life:  Lazy 
Letters  from  Low  Latitudes  ” (1894),  “The  Wonderworker 
from  Padua”  (1896),  “ A Cruise  under  the  Crescent  from 
Suez  to  San  Marco  ” (1898),  “ Over  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Alaska”  (1900),  “In  the  Footprints  of  the  Padres” 
(1902),  “ Exits  and  Entrances  ” (1903),  “ For  the  Pleasure 
of  his  Company”  (1903),  “Father  Damien — A Sketch” 
(1903),  “The  Island  of  Tranquil  Delights  ” (1904),  “The 
Confessions  of  a Reformed  Poet  ” (1907),  and  “ The  Dream 
Lady  ” (1907). 

Stokes*.  Whitley.  He  was  joint  editor  of  the 
“Irische  Texte,”  the  “ Thesaurus  Palteohiber- 
niens,”  etc. 

Stolypin  (sto-le'pin),  Peter  Arkadevitch. 

Born  in  1863:  died  at  Kieff,  Sept.  18,  1911.  A 
Russian  statesman,  president  of  the  council 
and  minister  of  the  interior  1906-11.  He  served 
in  various  official  positions  from  1884,  when  he  obtained  a 
place  in  the  ministry  of  the  interior.  An  attempt  was  made. 
Aug.  25,  1906,  to  assassinate  him  by  exploding  a bomb  in 
his  residence.  The  explosion  killed  28  persons,  but  he 
escaped.  He  was  shot  by  an  assassin  Sept.  14. 

Stone  (ston),  William  Joel.  Born  in  Madison 
County,  Ky.,  May  7,  1848.  An  American  law- 


Stone 

yer  and  politician.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Missouri ; was  a member  of  Congress  1885-91 ; was 
governor  of  Missouri  1893-97 ; and  has  been  Democratic 
United  States  senator  from  that  State  since  1903. 

Stossel  (stes'el),  Anatoli  Mikhailovitch. 

Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  July  10  (N.  S.),  1848. 
A Russian  general.  He  was  educated  at  the  Pavlov 
Military  School  at  St.  Petersburg  and  entered  the  army  in 
1864 ; served  with  distinction  in  the  Kusso-Turkish  war 
1877-78 ; and,  after  holding  various  positions  in  the  army, 
became  commander  of  the  ninth  brigade  of  the  East  Si- 
berian Sharpshooters.  He  was  made  a lieutenant-general 
for  his  services  during  the  Boxer  campaign  in  1900,  and  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Russo-Japanese  war  in  1901  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  Port  Arthur,  and  later  of  the  entire 
force  sent  to  the  defense  of  that  fortress.  After  a long 
siege  he  surrendered  Port  Arthur  to  the  Japanese,  Jan.  1, 
1905.  For  this  he  was  condemned  by  court  martial  and 
imprisoned,  but  was  released  in  May,  1909. 

Stoughton  (sto'ton).  A town  in  Norfolk  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  17  miles  south  west  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactories  of  boots,  shoes,  rubber 
goods,  wire,  etc.  Population,  6,316,  (1910). 
Stout  (stout),  George  Frederick.  Born  at 
South  Shields,  England,  Jan.  6,  1859.  A Brit- 
ish philosophical  writer  and  psychologist,  pro- 
fessor of  logic  and  metaphysics  at  St.  Andrews 
from  1903.  He  has  written  “Analytical  Psychology" 
(1896),  “Manual  of  Psychology"  (1899),  “Groundwork  of 
Psychology  ” (1903),  etc. 

Strait  of  Tafion.  See  *Tanon,  Strait  of. 
Straits  Settlements*.  The  colony  includes  also  the 

Cocos  Islands  (annexed,  1903),  Christmas  Island  (1900), 
and  the  colony  of  Labuan  (1907).  Perak,  Selangor,  Negri 
Sembilan,  and  Pahang  have  been  amalgamated  as  the 
Federated  Malay  States. 

Strang  (strang),  William.  Born  at  Dumbar- 
ton, Scotland,  Feb.  13,  1859.  A noted  Scotch 
engraver,  etcher,  and  painter.  He  has  practised 
many  forms  of  graphic  reproduction,  especially  etching, 
and  has  produced  a large  number  of  illustrations  and  in- 
dependent pieces,  among  which  are  illustrations  to  Bun- 
yan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress,”  Milton's  “Paradise  Lost,” 
and  Coleridge's  “Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner”  (his 
masterpiece),  and  portraits  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson, 
Thomas  Hardy,  Rudyard  Kipling,  Cosmo  Monkhouse,  and 
others.  He  has  painted  easel-pictures,  and  for  a private 
library  a decoration  of  fifty  pictures  from  the  life  of 
Adam  and  Eve. 

Stransky  (stran'ski),  Josef.  Born  at  Hum- 
poletz,  Bohemia,  Sept.  9,  1872.  An  orchestral 
conductor.  He  studied  under  Jadassohn  at  Leipsic,  and 
under  Fuchs  and  Bruckner  at  Vienna.  He  was  conductor 
at  the  Royal  Opera,  Prague,  for  five  years,  and  at  the  Ham- 
burg Opera  for  seven  years.  In  1909  he  became  conductor, 
at  Berlin,  of  the  Bliithner  Orchestra  and  the  summer 
series  of  operas  at  the  Royal  Opera  House,  in  1910  of  the 
Dresden  Symphony  Society,  and  in  1911  of  the  Philhar- 
monic Society  of  New  York. 

Stratford  (strat'ford).  A town  in  Fairfield 
County,  Connecticut,  4 miles  northeast  of 
Bridgeport.  It  is  near  the  mouth  of  the  Hou- 
satonic  River.  Population,  5,712,  (1910). 
Strathcona  and  Mount  Royal,  Baron.  See 
*i Smith,  Donald  Alexander. 

Straubing  (strou'bing).  A town  in  Bavaria, 
Germany,  25  miles  southeast  of  Ratisbon.  It 
has  brick-works,  tanneries,  breweries,  etc. 
It  is  an  ancient  town,  on  the  site  of  a Roman 
settlement.  Population,  20,856. 

Straus  (strous),  Oscar.  Born  at  Vienna,  April 
6,1870.  A Viennese  composer.  He  studied  music 

in  Vienna  and  Berlin,  and  was  for  many  years  an  orches- 
tral director.  His  operettas  include  “ Die  lustigen  Nibe- 
lungen,”  a parody  on  Wagners  “Ring  “ Jungdieterichs 
Brautfahrt”  (1906) ; “ Ein  Walzertraum  " (1907),  given  in 
London  and  America  as  “A  Waltz  Dream”;  and  “ Der 
tapfere  Soldat  ” (1908),  an  operatic  version  of  G.  B.  Shaw’s 
“Arina  and  the  Man,*’  sung  in  London  and  America  as 
“The  Chocolate  Soldier.” 

Straus  ( strous) , Oscar  Solomon.  Born  at  Otter- 
berg,  Germany,  Dec.  23,  1850.  An  American 
diplomatist.  He  was  brought  to  Georgia  by  his  parents 
in  1854,  remaining  there  until  1865,  and  was  graduated  at 
Columbia  College  in  1871  and  at  Columbia  Law  School  in 
1873.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1887-89, 
1898-1900,  and  1909-11.  In  1902  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Roosevelt  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  permanent 
court  of  arbitration  at  The  Hague  caused  by  the  death  of 
Benjamin  Harrison.  He  was  secretary  of  commerce  and 
labor  1906-09.  He  was  the  candidate  of  the  Progressive 
Party  for  governor  of  New  York  in  1912.  He  has  written 
“The  Origin  of  the  Republican  Form  <*f  Government  in 
the  United  States”  (1885),  “Roger  Williams,  the  Pioneer 
of  Religious  Liberty”  (1894),  “The  Development  of  Reli- 
gious Liberty  in  the  United  States”  (1896),  “Reform  in  the 
Consular  Service”  (1897),  “The  United  States  Doctrine  of 
Citizenship  and  Expatriation”  (1901),  “Our  Diplomacy : a 
Survey”  (1902),  “Industrial  Peace’*  (1903),  “The  Hague 
Tribunal,  its  Scope  and  Meaning”  (1904),  and  “The  United 
States  and  Russia,  their  Historical  Relations”  (1905), 

Strauss  (strous),  Rickard.  Born  at  Munich, 
June  11,  1864.  A noted  German  composer, 
conductor  of  the  Royal  Opera  in  Berlin  from 
1898.  In  1885  he  became  conductor  of  the  Mein  ingen 
orchestra,  and  in  August  was  appointed  third  conductor 
of  the  Royal  Opera  at  Munich  He  has  developed  the 
demands  made  upon  the  numbers  and  sonority  of  the 
orchestra ; has  wrought  out  a style  of  great  complexity  in 
orchestral  writing,  as  well  as  a bold  and  radical  use  of 
harmonic  discords ; and  has  carried  the  delineative  and 
pictorial  purpose  in  music  to  its  extreme.  His  symphonic 
c — 76 


poems  are  “ Don  Juan  ” (1888),  “ Aus  Italien  ” (1889),  “Tod 
und  Verklarung"  (1890),  “Macbeth”  (1891),  “Till  Eulen- 
6piegels  lustige  Streiche"  (1895),  “ Also  Sprach  Zarathus- 
tra  " (1896),  “Don  Quixote”  (1897),  “Ein  Heldenleben  ” 
(1898),  and  “Sinfonia  Domestica  " (1904).  He  has  com- 
posed the  operas  “ Guntram  " (1894),  “ Feuersnot  ” (1901), 
“Salome"  (1905),  “Elektra"  (1908),  first  performed  at 
Dresden,  Jan.  25,  1909,  “Rosenkavalier”  (1911),  and  “Ari- 
adne auf  Naxos"  (Stuttgart,  Oct.  25, 1912),  and  many  songs. 

Streator  (stre'tor).  A city  in  Lasalle  County, 
Illinois.  It  is  situated  in  a farming  district  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Vermilion  River,  where  there  are  coal-  and 
clay-beds,  and  has  railroad  and  coal  interests,  brick-  and 
tile-yards,  and  manufactures.  Population,  14,253,  (1910). 

Strindberg  (strind'berg),  August.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  Jan.  22,  1849:  died  there,  May  14, 
1912.  A Swedish  dramatist  and  novelist, aleader 
of  modern  Swedish  litei-ature.  Among  his  plays 
are  “Master  Olof”  (1872),  “Gillets  hemlighet”  (1880),  “Fa- 
dren"  (1887),“Froken  Julie”  (1888),“Glaubiger"  (1889),  “Till 
Damaskus”  (1898),  and  a series  of  historical  dramas,  in- 
cluding “Gustavus  Wasa,”  “Erik  XIV.,”  “Gustavus  Adol- 
phus,” and  “Carol  XII.  " He  wrote  also  “Roda  rummet” 
(1879);  “Det  nya  riket”  (1882),  which  provoked  so  much 
criticism  that  the  author  left  Sweden  for  a number  of 
years  ; “Svenska  folket  i helgoch  soken  ” (1882) ; “Giftas  ” 
(1884);  “Die  Beiehte  eines  Thoren  ” (1893);  “Inferno” 
(1897),  written  after  one  of  his  periodical  attacks  of  in- 
sanity ; “ Einsam  ’ ’ (1903),  an  autobiographical  novel ; “ Die 
Gotischen  Zimmer  " (1904) ; and  many  other  volumes.  He 
has  been  called  “ the  Shakspere  of  Sweden.” 

Strong  (strong),  Charles  Augustus.  Born  at 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  Nov.  28,  1862.  An  Ameri- 
can psychologist,  professor  in  Columbia  Uni- 
versity from  1902.  He  was  associate  professor 
in  the  University  of  Chicago  1892-95,  and  lec- 
turer at  Columbia  1895-1902.  He  has  published 
“ Why  the  Mind  has  a Body  ” (1903),  etc. 
Strong  (strong),  Josiah.  Born  at  Naperville, 
111.,  Jan.  19,  1847.  An  American  clergyman, 
social  economist,  and  author.  He  was  graduated 
at  Western  Reserve  College  in  1869  ; in  1871  was  ordained 
to  the  Congregational  ministry ; and  was  chaplain  to 
Western  Reserve  College  1873-76  and  instructor  in  natural 
theology  and  rhetoric.  From  1886  to  1898  he  was  general 
secretary  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance  for  the  United 
States,  and  has  been  president  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Social  Service  since  its  organization  in  1898.  Among 
his  works  are  “Our  Country  ” (1886),  “The  New  Era  ' 
(1893),  “The  Twentieth  Century  City  ” (1898),  “Religious 
Movements  for  Social  Betterment”  (1900),  “Expansion” 
(1900),  “The  Times  and  Young  Men  ” (1901),  “The  Next 
Great  Awakening”  (1902),  “The  Challenge  of  the  City” 
(1908),  etc. 

Strong-Bows  (strdng'boz).  An  Athapascan 
tribe  located  near  the  Liard  River.  Canada. 
Strutt*,  John  William,  third  Baron  Rayleigh. 
He  was  awarded  the  Nobel  prize  for  physics  in 
1904,  and  in  1908  was  appointed  lord  chancellor 
of  Cambridge  University. 

Stuart  (stu ' art),  Mrs*.  (Ruth  McEnery). 
Born  at  Marksville,  Avoyelles  Parish,  La., 
1856.  An  American  author,  chiefly  of  stories 
of  Southern  life.  She  has  written  “ A Golden  Wed- 
ding, and  Other  Tales  " (1893),  “Carlotta's  Intended,  and 
Other  Tales”  (1894),  “The  Story  of  Babette  ” (1894), 
“Sonny"  (1894),  “Solomon  Crow’s  Christmas  Pockets” 
(1896),  “ Gobolinks  ” (1896;  with  Albert  Bigelow  Paine), 
“In  Simpkinsville " (1897),  “Moriah's  Mourning”  (1898), 

“ Holly  and  Pizen  ” (1898),  “ The  Snowcap  Sisters  ” (1901), 
“Napoleon  Jackson,  the  Gentleman  of  the  Plush  Rocker” 
(1902),  “ George  Washington  Jones  ” (1903),  “The  River's 
Children”  (1904),  “The  Second  Wooing  of  Salina  Sue, 
and  Other  Stories”  (1905),  “The  Unlived  Life  of  Little 
Mary  Ellen  ” (1910),  “Sonny’s  Father  ” (1910),  etc. 

Stubbs  (stubz),  Charles  William.  Born  at 
Liverpool,  Sept.  3, 1845  : died  at  Truro,  May  4, 
1912.  An  English  clergyman  and  author,  dean 
of  Ely  1894-1906  and  bishop  of  Truro  1906-12. 

He  was  educated  at  Cambridge;  was  vicar  of  Gran  boro, 
Buckinghamshire,  1871-74,  and  of  Stokenham,  south  Devon, 
1884-88  ; and  was  rector  of  Wavertree,  Liverpool,  1888-94. 
lie  was  the  author  of  “Christ  and  Democracy”  (1884), 
“Christus  Imperator”  (1894),  “Historical  Memorials  of  Ely 
Cathedral”  (1897),  “Handbook  of  Ely  Cathedral”  (1898), 
“In  a Minster  Garden”  (1901),  “Cambridge  and  its  Story” 
(1903),  “Castles  in  the  Air,  and  Other  Poems”  (1904),  “The 
Christ  of  English  Poetry”  (Hulsean  lectures  : 1905),  “Cor- 
nish Bells,  Carols,  and  Verses  ” (1910),  etc. 

Stilbel  (stu'bel),  Alphons.  Born  at  Dresden, 
July  26,  1835 ; died  there,  Nov.  10,  1894.  A 
German  geologist  and  traveler.  He  studied  at 
Leipsic,  Heidelberg,  and  Berlin.  In  1866  he  made  a jour- 
ney with  Wilhelm  Reiss  to  the  island  of  Santorin  to  study 
volcanic  phenomena,  and  from  1868  to  1876  traveled  with 
him  in  South  America  (see  Reiss,  Wilhelm).  Besides 
works  written  in  collaboration  with  Reiss  and  others,  he 
published  “Die  Vulkanberge  von  Ecuador”  (1897)  and 
“Uber  die  genetische  Verschiedenheit  vulkanischer 
Berge  ” (1903). 

Stuck  (stok),  Franz.  Born  at  Tettenweis, 
Bavaria,  Feb.  23,  1863.  A Bavarian  painter. 

He  made  his  first  success  as  a draftsman  for  the  comic 
paper  “ Fliegende  Blatter,”  and  as  a painter  made  his 
d6but  at  the  Munich  international  exhibition  of  1889,  where 
he  won  a medal.  He  was  early  appointed  professor  in 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Art.  His  picture  of  the  “Cruci- 
fixion ” is  in  the  Museum  of  Stuttgart ; the  “ Allegory  of 
War”  in  the  Munich  Pinakothek  ; the  “Sphinx  ” in  the 
National  Museum  at  Budapest ; and  a bronze  statue  of  an 
athlete  in  the  National  Gallery  in  Berlin.  He  is  one  of 
the  leaders  in  the  Munich  “Secession.” 


Sumter 

Sturgis  (ster'jis),  Russell.  Born  in  Baltimore 
County,  Md.,  Oct.  16,  1836:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  11,  1909.  An  American  architect  and 
writer.  He  was  graduated  at  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York  in  1856,  and  studied  architecture  in  Europe 
and  practised  it  in  New  York  until  1880.  Among  the 
buildings  which  he  designed  are  Battell  Chapel,  Farnam 
Hall,  Durfee  Hall,  and  Lawrance  Hall,  in  Vale  Univer- 
sity, and  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College  and  Flower 
Hospital  in  New  York.  After  1890  he  devoted  himself  to 
critical  and  other  writing  on  art.  He  edited  “ A Dic- 
tionary of  Architecture  and  Building  : Biographical,  His- 
torical, and  Descriptive'1  (3vols.,  1901-1902),  and 
wrote  “European  Architecture:  a Historical  Study” 
(1896),  “Annotated  Bibliography  of  Fine  Art”  (1897), 
“ How  to  Judge  Architecture  ” (1903),  “ The  Appreciation 
of  Sculpture  ” (1904),  “The  Interdependence  of  the  Arts 
of  Design  ” (1905),  “ The  Appreciation  of  Pictures  ” (1905), 
“A  Study  of  the  Artist's  Way  of  Working”  (1905),  “A 
History  of  Architecture  ” (Vol.  I.,  1906  ; Vol.  II.,  1909  ; Vol. 
III.  to  be  completed  by  A.  L.  Frothingham),  “ A Short  His- 
tory of  Architecture  ” (1908). 

Sturm  , Julius  Karl  Reinhold.  His  later  works 

include  “Zwei  Rosen”  (1854),  “Neue  Gedichte”  (1856), 
“Neue  fromme  Lieder  und  Gedichte  ” (1858),  “Fur  das 
Haus  ” (1862),  “ Israelitische  Lieder”  (1881),  “Von  der 
Pilgerfahrt  ” (1868),  “Lieder  und  Bilder  " (1870),  “1870. 
Kampf-  und  Siegesgedichte ” (1870),  “Spiegel  der  Zeit  in 
Fabeln  ” (1872),  “Gott  griisse  dich  ” (1876),  “Das  Buch 
fur  meine  Kinder  ” (1877),  “Immergriin”  (1879),  “Miir- 
chen  ” (1881),  “ Aufwarts  ! ” (1881),  “ Dem  Herrn  mein 
Lied”  (1884),  “Natur,  Liebe,  Vaterland”  (1884),  “ Bunte 
Blatter  ’ ’ (1885),  “ Palme  und  Krone  ’ ’ (1887),  “ N eue  lyrische 
Gedichte  ” (1894),  and  “ In  Freud  und  Leid  ” (1896). 
Subic  (so'bek),  Port.  A bay  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands, 
partly  separating  Bataan  and  Zambales  prov- 
inces : a sate  harbor  for  large  vessels  in  all 
weather.  Also  called  Subic  Bay. 

Subic  Bay.  Same  as  * Subic,  Port. 
Suburban”.  The  winners  from  1904  have  been  : 
1904,  Hermis:  1905,  Beldame;  1906,  Go-Be- 
tween; 1907,  Nealon;  1908,  Ballot;  1909,  Fitz 
Herbert;  1910,  Olambala. 

Sucker  State,  The.  A nickname  of  the  State 
of  Illinois. 

Sudbury  (sud'bu-ri).  A town  in  Nipissing  dis- 
trict, Ontario,  Canada.  In  the  vicinity  are  deposits 
of  nickeliferous  ore  which  yield  a large  part  of  the  world’s 
supply  of  nickel.  Population,  4,150,  (1911). 

Sudermann  , Hermann.  His  later  dramatic  works 
include  “ Die  Schmetterlingsschlacht  ” (1894),  “Das 
Gliick  im  Winkel  ” (1895),  three  one-act  plays  (“  Teja,” 
“Fritzchen,”  and  “Das  ewig  Mannliche  ”)  published 
under  the  title  of  “ Morituri  ” (1896),  “ Johannes  ” (1898), 
“ Die  drei  Reiherfedern  ” (1899),  “ Johannisfeuer  ” (1900), 
“Es  lebe  das  Leben  ” (1902),  “ Sturmgeselle  Sok rates  ” 
(1903),  “Stein  unter  Steinen  ” (1905),  “ Das  Blumenboot” 
(1905),  and  four  one-act  plays  (“Rosen  ” (1907),  “Strand- 
kinder  ” (1909),  etc.).  His  prose  includes  “FrauSorge” 
(1888),  “Der  Katzensteg  ” (1889),  “Im  Zwielicht  ” (1890), 
“ Iolanthes  Hochzeit  ” (1893),  “ Es  war  ” (1894),  “ Das  holie 
Lied  ” (1908),  and  “Die  indische  Lilie”  (1911). 

Suez  Canal*.  It  is  87  miles  long  (66  actual  canal  and 
21  miles  lakes),  121  feet  5 inches  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  28 
feet  deep.  The  cost  of  construction,  with  enlargements, 
was  £24,000,000.  The  canal  was  exempted  from  blockade 
by  a convention  signed  in  1888,  and  vessels  of  all  nations, 
armed  or  unarmed,  are  to  be  allowed  to  pass  through  it 
at  all  times.  In  1909  the  number  of  vessels  passing 
through  the  canal  was  4,239,  gross  tonnage  21,500,847. 

Suk  (sok),  Josef.  Born  Jan.  4,  1874.  A Bo- 
hemian violinist  and  composer.  He  studied  the 
violin  at  the  Conservatory  of  Prague,  and  composition 
with  Dvorak,  whose  daughter  he  married.  He  is  a mem- 
ber of  the  famous  Bohemian  String  Quartet,  and  ranks 
high  as  a composer  of  the  new  Bohemian  school.  His 
works  include  an  opera  (1903),  a dramatic  overture,  an 
overture  to  “ Antony  and  Cleopatra,”  and  much  chamber 
music. 

Sulgrave  (sul'grav).  A manor  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, England,  about  23  miles  southeast  of 
Stratford-upon-Avon.  It  was  granted  in  1538  by 
Henry  VIII.  to  Laurence  Washington,  a member  of  the 
family  from  which  George  Washington  was  descended. 
The  manor-house,  which  still  stands,  was  built  about  1560. 
The  church  contains  monuments  of  the  Washington  family. 
Population  of  parish,  364  (1911). 

Sullivan  (sul'i-van),  Louis  Henry.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.;  Sept.  3,  1856.  An  American 
architect.  His  most  interesting  designs  have  been  for 
high  office  buildings ; among  these  is  the  Bayard  Building 
in  Bleecker  Street,  New  York.  He  also  built  the  Trans- 
portation Building  at  the  World’s  Fair  at  Chicago  in  1893. 

Sulu  Sea.  Same  as  *Jol6  Sea. 

Sulzberger  (sults'ber-ger),  Mayer.  Born  at 
Heidelsbeim,  Baden,  June  22, 1843.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist  and  Hebraist.  He  came  to  Philadelphia 
in  1848,  attained  eminence  at  the  bar,  and  was  elected  a 
judge  in  1895  and  reelected  in  1904.  He  collected  the 
finest  Hebrew  library  in  America,  which  he  presented  to 
the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  of  America  in  New  York 
city.  In  1909  he  published  “The  Am  Ha-aretz  : the  An- 
cient Hebrew  Parliament.  A Chapter  in  the  Constitu- 
tional History  of  Ancient  Israel.” 

Summit  (sum'it).  A city  in  Union  County, 
New  Jersey,  10  miles  southwest  of  Newark. 
It  is  a summer  resort  and  place  of  residence 
Population,  7,500,  (1910). 

Sumter  (sum'ter).  The  county-seat  of  Sumter 
County,  South  Carolina,  41  miles  southeast,  of 


Sumter 

Columbia.  It  is  important  for  its  cotton  trade, 
and  has  lumber-mills  and  various  manufac- 
tories. Population,  8,109,  (1910). 

Sunflower  State,  The.  A popular  name  for 
Kansas. 

Sun  Yat-sen  (son  yat-sen):  official  name  Sun 
Wen.  Born  in  Kwangtung  province,  southern 
China,  in  1867.  A Chinese  political  leader. 

His  father  was  a missionary  agent  for  the  London  Mission- 
ary Society.  He  studied  medicine  in  Hong-Kong  1887-92. 
He  embraced  the  revolutionary  cause,  but  the  conspiracy 
in  which  he  was  engaged  having  failed,  he  was  an  exile 
from  China  1895-1911,  returning  in  disguise  at  intervals  to 
preach  reform.  He  was  elected  President  of  the  Provi- 
sional Republican  Government  in  China  by  the  Nanking 
Council  in  November,  1911,  but  resigned  Feb.  14,  1912,  in 
favor  of  Yuan  Shi-kai.  He  then  gave  special  attention  to 
China's  railway  problems.  He  led  the  uprising  in  south- 
ern China  against  the  government  in  1913,  but  fled  from 
the  country  in  August. 

Surigao  (so-re-ga'o).  A province  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  consisting  of  the  northeastern  part 
of  Mindanao  and  numerous  adjacent  islands, 
of  which  Dinagat,  Siargao,  and  Bucas  are  the 
most  important.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  north  and  east ; Davao  on  the  south ; and  Misamis 
(separated  by  mountains),  the  Surigao  Sea,  and  the  Strait 
of  Surigao  (separating  it  from  Panadn  and  Leyte)  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Surigao.  It  contains  high  mountain  peaks, 
Legaspi,  Urdaneta,  etc.  The  southeastern  angle  of  Butuan 
Bay,  Port  Nasipit,  is  an  excellent  harbor,  safe  for  large 
vessels  in  all  weather.  Coal  is  found  in  the  eastern,  south- 
eastern, and  southern  parts  of  the  province,  and  gold  in 
many  places  in  tile  north,  among  the  eastern  mountains, 
and  in  Dinagat  Island.  Among  the  products  are  cacao, 
hemp,  copra,  corn,  sugar-cane,  sweet  potatoes,  and  mangos. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Visayans.  Area  of  province, 
6,988  square  miles.  Population,  115,112. 

Surigao  (so-re-ga'o)  Sea.  A branch  of  the 
Mindanao  Sea,  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  lying 
east  of  that  sea  and  west  of  the  eastern  penin- 
sula of  Mindanao  Island.  It  is  connected  with  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east  by  Surigao  Strait. 

Surigao  (so-re-ga'o)  Strait.  A strait  in  the 
Philippines  separating  Mindanao  from  Panaon, 
Dinagat,  Buc&s,  and  other  islands,  and  form- 
ing the  northeastern  passage  between  the  Su- 
rigao Sea  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Suttner  (sot'ner),  Baroness  von  (Bertha  von 
Kinsky).  Born  at  Prague,  Austria,  June  9, 
1843.  An  Austrian  novelist,  wife  of  Baron 
Arthur  von  Suttner  (1850-1902).  in  1891  she 

founded  the  Austrian  Society  of  Peace-lovers  and,  as  its 
president,  took  part  in  the  peace  congresses  at  Rome 
(1891),  Bern  (1892),  Antwerp  (1894),  and  Hamburg  (1897). 
Her  works  include  “Inventarium  einer  Seele  ” (1883), 


“Die  Wallen  Nieder  ’ (1889:  translated  as  “Lay  down 
your  Arms  ’),  for  which  she  was  awarded  the  Nobel  peace 
prize  in  1905,  “Das  Machinenzeitalter  ” (1891),  "Die 
Haager  Friedenskonferenz,’’  a journal  (1900),  “Marthas 
Kinder”  (1902:  a sequel  to  “Die  Waffen  Nieder"), 
“ Briefe  an  eineu  Toteu  ” (1904),  and  “ Memoirs  " (1910). 
She  is  the  editor  of  the  monthly  organ  of  the  peace  move- 
ment, “Die  Waffen  Nieder,”  established  in  Dresden  in 
1892. 

Svendsen  (svend'sen),  Johann  Severin. 

Born  at  Christiania,  Sept.  30,  1840:  died  June 
14,  1911.  A Norwegian  composer,  conductor 
at  Copenhagen  from  1883.  He  composed  two  sym- 
phonies  and  other  orchestral  works;  but  the  music  by 
which  he  is  best  known  is  his  octet  for  strings  and  his 
romance  for  violin. 

Sverdrup  (svar'drop),  Otto.  Born  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Helgeland,  Norway,  Oct.  31,  1854.  A 
Norwegian  arctic  explorer.  He  was  a member  of 
Nansen  s expedition  to  Greenland  in  1888  and  of  his  polar 
expedition  1893-96,  bringing  the  Fram  back  to  Norway 
after  Nansen  started  north  over  the  ice.  From  1898  to 
1902  he  conducted  an  expedition  to  the  northern  extremity 
of  Baffin  Bay.  He  is  the  author  of  “Nyt  Land”  (1903). 

Swahili  (swa-he'le).  [Properly,  Waswahili, 
coast  people.]  1.  An  African  people  who  in- 
habit the  island  of  Zanzibar  and  the  neighbor- 
ing coasts.  They  are  the  descendants  of  the  original 
Bantu  inhabitants  of  the  region,  mixed  with  Arab 
traders  and  slaves  from  all  parts  of  the  continent. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Swahilis.  It  is  a Bantu 
tongue  with  a very  large  admixture  of  foreign, 
mostly  Arabic,  words.  Properly  Kiswahili. 

Swan  (swon),  John  Macallan.  Born  at  Old 
Brentford,  Middlesex,  in  1847:  died  Feb.  14, 
1910.  An  English  painter  and  sculptor,  espe- 
cially of  animals.  He  was  made  an  associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1894,  and  an  acade- 
mician in  1905. 

Swanhild  (svan'hild).  In  German  legend,  the 
wife  of  Hermanric,  famous  for  her  beauty. 
She  was  guilty  of  adultery  and  was  torn  in  pieces  by  four 
horses.  In  the  northern  legend  she  is  the  daughter  of 
Sigurd  and  Gudrun. 

Swarth  (svart),  Helene.  See  *Lapidoth. 

Swaziland  . The  administration  is  under  the  control 
of  the  High  Commissioner  for  South  Africa,  but  jurisdic- 
tion in  civil  matters  between  natives  is  allowed  the  native 
chiefs.  The  capital  of  the  protectorate  is  Mbabane.  Area, 
6,536  square  miles.  Population,  about  86,000. 

Sweden  . The  union  with  Norway  was  declared  by 
Norway,  June  7,  1905,  to  be  dissolved,  and  an  agreement 
with  Sweden  repealing  it  was  reached  Oct.  26,  1905. 

Sweet  (swet),  Henry.  Born  at  London,  1845: 
died  at  Oxford,  April  30, 1912.  A noted  English 


Tambobong 

philologist  and  phonetician.  He  was  educated  at 
King’s  College  School,  London,  at  Heidelberg,  and  at  Ox- 
ford. In  1901  he  was  appointed  reader  in  phonetics  at 
Oxford.  His  works  include  editions  of  Old  and  Middle 
English  texts,  Old  and  Middle  English  readers  and 
primers,  “ A History  of  English  Sounds  from  the  Earliest 
Period”  (1875),  “A  Handbook  of  Phonetics”  (1877),  “A 
Primer  of  Spoken  English”  (1890),  “A  Primer  of  Pho- 
netics" (1890),  “ A New  English  Grammar”  (1892-98),  “A 
Student’s  Dictionary  of  Anglo-Saxon"  (1897),  “The  Prac- 
tical Study  of  Languages”  (1899),  “A  History  of  Lan- 
guage ’’  (1900),  etc. 

Swenson  (swen'son).  Laurits  Selmer.  Born 
at  New  Sweden,  Minn.,  June  12,  1865.  An 
American  diplomatist.  He  was  minister  to 
Denmark  1897-1905,  to  Switzerland  1909-11, 
and  to  Norway  1911-13. 

Swinburne  .Algernon  Charles.  His  later  works 

include  “Sisters:  a Tragedy”  (1892),  “Studies  in  Prose 
and  Poetry  ‘ (1894),  “A  Tale  of  Balen  ” (1896),  “Rosa- 
mund, Queen  of  the  Lombards  ” (1899),  collected  works 
(1904-05),  “Love’s  Cross  Currents,”  a novel  (1905),  and 
“ The  Duke  of  Gardia  ” (1908). 

Swissvale  (swis'val).  A borough  in  Alle- 
gheny County,  Pennsylvania,  7 miles  south- 
east of  Pittsburgh.  It  has  iron  and  steel 
manufactures.  Population,  7,381,  (1910). 

Swoyersville  (swoi'erz-vil).  A borough  in 
Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania.  Population, 
5,396,  (1910). 

Symons  (si'monz),  Arthur.  Born  at  Milford 
Haven,  Wales,  Feb.  28,  1865.  A British  poet, 
author,  and  critic.  His  works  include  “An  Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Browning”  (1886),  “Days  and 
Nights”  (1889),  “Silhouettes”  (1892),  “London  Nights” 
(1895),  “ Amoris  Victima”  (1897),  “ Studies  in  Two  Litera- 
tures ” (1897),  “The  Symbolist  Movement  in  Literature” 
(1900),  “Images  of  Good  and  Evil”  (1900),  “Collected 
Poems”  (1901),  “Plays,  Acting,  and  Music”  (1903), 
“Cities”  (1903),  “Studies  in  Prose  and  Verse”  (1904), 
“ Spiritual  Adventures  ” (1905),  “ The  Fool  of  the  World, ' ’ 
a morality  play  (1906),  “Studies  in  Seven  Arts”  (1906), 
“William  Blake”  (1907),  “Cities  of  Italy”  (1907),  “The 
Romantic  Movement  in  English  Poetry  ” (1909),  etc. 

Synge  (sing),  John  Millington.  Born  near 
Dublin,  in  1871:  died  there,  March  24,  1909. 
An  Irish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1892,  and  later  spent  much 
time  in  Paris  and  elsewhere  on  the  Continent  and  in  the 
west  of  Ireland.  He  was  associated  with  William  Butler 
Yeats  in  the  direction  of  the  Abbey  Theatre,  Dublin. 
His  writings  deal  with  Irish  peasant  life.  Besides  two 
descriptive  works,  “The  Aran  Islands”  (1907)  and  “Kerry 
and  Wicklow,”  his  chief  writings  are  his  plays,  which 
include  “Riders  to  the  Sea”  (1905),  “In  the  Shadow  of 
the  Glen  ” (1905),  “The  Well  of  the  Saints  ” (1905),  “ The 
Playboy  of  the  Western  World”  (1907),  “The  Tinker's 
Wedding  ” (1907),  and  “ Deirdre  of  the  Sorrows  ” (1910). 


aal  (ta-al').  1.  A volcano 

situated  on  Volcan  Island 
in  Lake  Bombon,  southern 
Luzon,  Philippine  Islands, 
approximately  in  lat.  14°  2' 
N.,  long.  120°  57'  E.  it  has 

several  craters,  two  of  which  show 
activity.  Within  £he  central  cra- 
ter are  two  hot  pools  and  an  active 
cone  which  emit  steam  and  sul- 
phurous vapors.  The  volcano  has  undergone  many  changes 
and  has  been  the  cause  of  many  disasters.  The  greatest 
recorded  eruptions  occurred  in  1749  and  1754.  Less  violent 
eruptions  occurred  in  1808,  1874,  1878,  1880,  and  1903. 
Height,  1,050  feet. 

2.  A municipality  of  Batangas  province,  in 
the  southern  part  of  Luzon.  Civilized  popu- 
lation, 17,525. 

Taal  (ta-al'),  Lake.  Same  as  *Bomb6n,  Lake. 

Tabaco  (ta-ba'ko).  A municipality  of  Albay 
province,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  Civilized  population,  21,- 
946. 

Tabb  (tab),  John  Banister.  Born  in  Amelia 
County,  Va.,  March  22,  1845:  died  at  Ellicott 
City,  Md.,  Nov.  19,  1909.  An  American  poet. 

He  was  for  many  years  an  instructor  in  St.  Charles  Col- 
lege, Ellicott  City,  Maryland,  holding  the  chair  of  English 
literature  1886-1909.  lie  was  ordained  a Roman  Catholic 
priest  in  1884.  His  published  works  include  “ Poems  ” 
(1883),  “An  Octave  to  Mary  ” (1893),  “Lyrics  1 (1897), 
“ Poems  Grave  and  Gay  ” (1899),  “The  Rosary  in  Rhyme'1 
(1904),  “Quips  and  Quiddits”  (1907),  etc. 

Tacloban  (tak-16'biin).  A port  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Leyte  province,  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 
It  is  situated  in  Leyte  Island,  on  San  Pedro  and  San  Pablo 
Bay,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Strait  of  San  Juanico,  in  lat. 
11°  15'  N.,  long.  124°  59'  30"  E.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor. 
Civilized  population  of  municipality,  11,948. 

Taft  (taft),  Lorado.  Born  at  Elmwood,  Peo- 
ria County,  111.,  April  29,  1860.  An  American 
sculptor.  He  was  graduated  at  the  State  University, 
Champaign,  Illinois,  in  1879,  and  studied  at  the  ficole  des 


Beaux-Arts  in  Paris.  In  1886  he  settled  in  Chicago  and 
became  instructor  in  sculpture  at  the  Art  Institute,  giving 
public  lectures  at  the  institute  and  at  the  University  of 
Chicago.  He  has  made  many  portrait  busts,  statues,  and 
military  monuments,  and  has  published  a “History  of 
American  Sculpture  ' (1903). 

Taft  (taft),  William  Howard.  Born  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  Sept.  15,  1857.  An  American 
statesman  and  jurist,  son  of  Alphonso  Taft: 
President  of  the  United  States  1909-13.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1878  and  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio 
bar  in  1880 ; was  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Cincinnati 
1887-90 ; was  solicitor-general  of  the  United  States  1890- 
1892  ; and  was  United  States  circuit  judge,  sixth  circuit, 
1892-1900.  From  1896  to  1900  lie  was  deau  and  professor 
in  the  law  department  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati,  and 
accepted  the  Kent  professorship  of  law  in  Yale  Univer- 
sity in  1913.  He  was  president  of  the  United  States  Phil- 
ippine  Commission  1900-01 ; was  first  civil  governor  of  the 
Philippine  Islands  1901-04 ; in  1906  was  sent  to  Cuba  to 
adjust  the  insurrection  there,  and  was  for  a short  time 
provisional  governor ; and  was  secretary  of  war  1904-08. 
Tagalos  (ta-ga'los).  A Malay  people,  num- 
bering about  1,500,000,  occupying  the  central 
portion  of  Luzon,  the  coasts  of  Mindoro,  and 
some  smaller  islands  in  the  Philippines.  They 
are  now  Christians,  and  their  culture  is  largely  Spanish, 
though  before  the  Spanish  conquest  they  possessed  a cer- 
tain civilization  and  an  art  of  writing  of  their  own.  Also 
Tagalogs. 

Tagals  (ta-galz').  Same  as  * Tagalos. 
Tagaytay  (ta-gi-ti')  Mountains.  A short 
mountain-range  in  the  southern  part  of  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands,  partly  separating  Batangas 
and  Cavite  provinces. 

Tagbilaran  (tag-be-la'ran).  A town,  the  capital 
of  Bohol  province,  Philippine  Islands,  it  is  situ- 

ated  on  the  narrow  strait  of  the  same  name  which  sepa- 
rates Bohol  and  Panglao  islands,  in  lat.  9°  38'  N.,  long.  123° 
50'  1"  E.  Civilized  population  of  municipality,  10,108. 
Tairen  (tl-ren').  See  * Dalny. 

Tai-tse  (ti'tze),  or  Thai-tsu.  A river  in 
southern  Manchuria.  It  rises  in  the  mountains  north 
of  tile  Motien  Pass,  flows  westwardly  by  Liao-yang,  which 


is  situated  on  its  southern  bank,  and  empties  into  the  Liao 
River  about  fifty  miles  above  its  mouth.  It  played  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  battle  of  Liao-yang  in  the  Russo-Jap- 
anese war. 

Takahira  (tii-ka-he'ra),  Baron  Kogoro.  Born 
in  Iwate  ken,  in  January,  1854.  A Japanese  di- 
plomatist. He  became  a translator  in  the  Foreign  Office 
in  1876;  was  secretary  of  legation  at  Washington  1879-84  ; 
was  sent  to  Seul  in  1884 ; was  consul  at  Shanghai  1887-90 ; 
was  consul-general  in  New-  York  1891 ; was  appointed  min- 
ister at  The  Hague  in  1892  and  at  Rome  in  1894,  and  shortly 
afterward  at  Vienna;  and  was  minister  to  the  LTnited 
States  1900-05.  He  was  junior  Japanese  plenipotentiary 
in  the  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of  Portsmouth  in  1905 ; 
was  ambassador  to  Rome  1907-08  ; and  was  ambassador  ex- 
traordinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  United 
States  1908-09. 

Takamine  (ta-ka-me'ne),  Jokichi.  Born  at 
Kaga,  1853.  A Japanese  chemist,  since  1884 
a resident  of  the  United  States.  He  is  the 
discoverer  of  adrenalin. 

Taku-shan  (ta-ko-shan').  A city  of  southern 
Manchuria,  situated  on  Korea  Bay  about  sixty 
miles  west  of  the  mouth  of  the  Yalu.  it  was 
used  as  a military  base  by  the  Japanese  in  the  Russo-Jap- 
anese war  (1904-05).  Population,  about  40,000. 

Ta-lien-wan  (ta-lyen-wiin')  Bay.  A bay  on 
the  southern  side  of  the  Kwang-tung  penin- 
sula, southern  Manchuria.  Dalny  is  situated  at  its 
westerly  extremity.  It  was  leased  by  Russia  from  China 
in  1898,  and  the  lease  was  ceded  to  Japan  by  the  treaty 
of  Portsmouth  in  1905. 

Talim  (ta-lem' ).  An  island  in  Laguna  de  Bay, 
southern  Luzdn,  Philippine  Islands,  belonging 
to  Rizal province. 

Tamagno  (ta-man'yo),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Turin,  1851:  died  at  Varese,  Aug.  31,  1905. 
An  Italian  dramatic  tenor.  He  made  his  debut  in 
1873,  and  was  best  known  as  the  creator  of  the  part  of 
Otello  in  Verdi's  opera. 

Tambobong  (tam-bo'bong).  A municipality 
in  Rizal  province,  southern  Luzdn,  Philippine 
Islands.  Civilized  population,  20,136. 


Tanauan 

Tanauan  (ta-na'wan).  1.  A municipality  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  Batangas  province, 
southwestern  Luz6n,  Philippine  Islands.  Civ- 
ilized population,  18,263. — 2.  A municipality 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Leyte  Island  and  province, 
Philippine  Islands,  situated  near  San  Pedro 
and  San  Pablo  Bay.  Civilized  pop.,  18,256. 

Taneief  (ta-na'yef),  Sergius  Ivanovitch. 
Born  in  the  government  of  Vladimir,  Nov.  25, 
1856.  A Russian  pianist  and  composer.  He 

studied  at  the  Moscow  Conservatory  1866-75,  under 
Nicholas  Rubinstein,  Hubert,  and  Tschaikovsky.  In  1876 
he  made  a continental  concert  tour  with  Leopold  Auer. 
In  1878  he  succeeded  Tschaikovsky  as  teacher  of  composi- 
tion at  the  Moscow  Conservatory,  later  becoming  teacher 
of  piano,  free  composition,  counterpoint,  fugue,  and 
musical  form  at  the  same  institution,  and  director  1885- 
1889,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Safonof.  His  composi- 
tions include  orchestral  and  chamber  music,  a cantata, 
songs,  and  piano  pieces.  He  has  also  written  and  trans- 
lated works  on  counterpoint,  on  which  he  is  an  authority. 

Tang  (tang).  The  Chinese  dynasty  which 
reigned  from  618  to  907  A.  D.  During  this 
period  the  arts  and  literature  flourished. 

Tanon  (tan-yon'),  Strait  of.  A strait  in  the 
Philippine  Islands  separating  Cebu  and  Negros 
and  connecting  the  Visayan  Sea  and  the  Min- 
danao Sea. 

Taos  (ta'os).  The  county-seat  of  Taos  County, 
New  Mexico,  situated  about  60  miles  north- 
west of  Las  Vegas.  Population  of  election 
precinct  (including  Taos  pueblo),  1,830 ; of 
Taos  pueblo,  521,  (1910). 

Tapul  (ta-pol')  Islands.  A group  of  43  islands 
in  the  Sulu  (Jolo)  Archipelago,  lying  between 
the  Sulu  (Jolo)  and  Tawi  Tawi  groups  and  be- 
longing to  the  Jolo  district  of  Moro  province, 
in  the  Philippine  Islands.  Siasi  is  the  largest  of  the 
group.  Area,  90.3  square  miles. 

Taranis  (tar'a-nis).  [L.,  < Old  Celtic  *tarav, 
W.  taran,  thunder?]  A god  of  evil,  called  the 
Celtic  Jupiter,  said  to  have  been  worshiped 
with  human  sacrifices  by  ancient  Celts. 

Tarbell  (tar-bel'),  Ida  Minerva.  Born  in 
Erie  County,  Pa.,  Nov.  5,  1857.  An  American 
author  and  editor.  She  was  associate  editor  of  the 
“ Chautauquan  ” 1883-91,  and  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of 
“McClure's  Magazine’’  1894-1906,  and  on  that  of  the 
“American  Magazine’’  1906-.  Among  her  publications 
are  a “Short  Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  ’’  (1895),  “Life  of 
Madame  Roland”  (1896),  “Early  Life  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln” (1896:  with  J.  McCan  Davis),  “Life  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  ” (1900),  a“  History  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  ” 
(1904),  and  “The  Tariff  in  our  Times”  (1911). 

Tarkington  (tar'king-ton),  Newton  Booth. 
Born  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  July  29,  1869.  An 
American  author.  He  was  graduated  at  Exeter 
Academy  in  1889  and  at  Princeton  in  1893.  He  has  writ- 
ten “The  Gentleman  from  Indiana”  (1899),  “Monsieur 
Beaucaire  ” (1900),  “ The  Two  Vanrevels  "(1902),  “Cherry  ” 
(1903),  “In  the  Arena”  (1905),  “The  Beautiful  Lady” 
(1905),  “The  Conquest  of  Canaan  ” (1905),  “The  Man  from 
Home"  (1908:  with  H.  L.  Wilson),  etc. 

Tarlac  (tar'lak).  1.  A river  in  Tarlac  prov- 
ince, Luzon,  Philippine  Islands. — 2.  An  in- 
land province  in  the  western  part  of  Luz6n, 
Philippine  Islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Pangasiniln  on 
the  north;  Nueva  Kcija  on  the  east;  Pampanga  on  the 
south ; and  Zambales  (separated  by  the  Zambales  Moun- 
tains) on  the  west.  Capital,  Tarlac.  The  forests  are  of 
great  value.  Over  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  land  is 
agricultural.  Rice  is  raised  in  large  quantities.  Among 
the  other  products  are  coffee,  pineapples,  betel-nuts, 
corn,  sugar-cane,  and  sweet  potatoes.  The  inhabitants 
are  Ilocanos,  Tagalos,  Pampangans,  ami  Pangasinanes, 
with  a mixture  of  other  races.  Area,  1,205  square  miles. 
Population,  135,107. 

3.  A town,  the  capital  of  Tarlac  province, 
situated  on  the  Tarlac  River  in  lat.  15°  31'  N., 
long.  120°  36'  E. 

Tarr  (tar),  Ralph  Stockman.  Born  at  Glou- 
cester, Mass.,  January  15, 1864:  died  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  March  21 , 1912.  An  American  geologist, 
professor  of  dynamic  geology  and  physical 
geography  in  Cornell  University  1897-1906, 
and  of  physical  geography  1906-12.  He  was 
assistant  professor  there  1892-96,  and  was  special 
field  assistant  on  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
Among  his  publications  are  “Economic  Geology  of  the 
United  States”  (1893),  “Elementary  Geology”  (1897), 
geographical  text-books  (with  McMurry),  text-books  on 
physical  geography,  and  numerous  scientific  papers. 

Taschereau(tash'ro),  Sir  Henri  Elzear.  Born 
at  Ste.  Marie  de  la  Beauce,  Quebec,  Oct.  7, 
1836 : died  at  Montreal,  Oct.  12,  1909.  A Ca- 
nadian jurist.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1857 ; was 
created  a queen’s  counsel  in  1807  ; and  was  knighted  in 
1902.  He  sat,  as  a Conservative,  in  the  Canadian  Legisla- 
tive Assembly  for  Ileauce  County,  Quebec,  1861-07,  and 
was  appointed  a judge  of  the  superior  court,  of  Quebec  in 
1871  and  a judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Canada  in  1878. 
He  was  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  1902-06  and 
was  appointed  in  1904  a member  of  the  imperial  privy 
council  and  of  the  judicial  committee  to  hear  appeals 
from  the  colonies.  He  published  several  books  on  Cana- 
dian law. 

Tasmania*.  It  sends  6 senators  and  5 rep- 
resentatives to  the  Federal  Parliament. 


Tate  (tat),  Sir  Henry.  Born  at.  Chorley,  Eng- 
land, March  11,  1819:  died  at  Streatham  Hill, 
London,  Dec.  5,  1899.  An  English  merchant 
and  philanthropist.  He  presented  his  collection  of 
modern  paintings,  one  of  the  finest  in  England,  to  the 
nation.  See  -kTate  Gallery. 

Tate  Gallery.  The  popular  name  of  the  Na- 
tional Gallery  of  British  Art  in  London.  The 
building,  designed  in  the  classic  style  by  Sidney  R.  J. 
Smith,  and  fronting  on  the  river  Thames  about  half  a mile 
above  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  was  presented  to  the 
British  people,  and  opened  to  the  public  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales  (King  Edward  VII.),  July  21,  1897.  Sir  Henry 
Tate  gave  the  building  and  with  it  sixty-five  pictures  and 
two  important  bronzes.  To  these  are  added,  by  act  of 
the  president  and  council  of  the  Royal  Academy,  the 
works  bought  with  the  Chantrey  Bequest  Fund.  George 
Frederick  Watts  presented  twenty-two  of  his  most  impor- 
tant paintings  and  one  piece  of  sculpture  to  form  the 
Watts  collection.  The  Vernon  collection  of  fifty-three 
pictures  has  been  added.  From  time  to  time  representa- 
tive works  by  British  artists  are  acquired.  It  occupies 
the  site  of  the  old  Millbank  Penitentiary. 

Tatin  (ta-tan'),  Victor.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1843.  A French  student  of  aviation,  and  the 
inventor  and  constructor  of  many  scientific 
instruments.  He  has  been  occupied  since  1874  with 
the  problems  of  mechanical  flight.  In  1879  he  constructed 
a compressed-air  model  which  flew,  and  in  1890  and  1896- 
1897  built  a successful  steam  model.  He  is  the  author  of 
a standard  work  on  the  elements  of  aviation,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  He  has  built  many 
propellers  for  flying-machines  which  have  been  success- 
ful. He  was  made  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
July  25,  1909. 

Tatti  (tat'te),  Jacopo.  See  * Sansovino,  Jacopo. 
Taubmann  (toub'man),  Otto.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, March  8, 1859.  A German  composer  and 
musical  critic.  He  studied  at  the  Dresden  Conserva- 
tory.  He  was  director  of  the  Wiesbaden  Conservatory 
1886-89,  orchestral  conductor  at  St.  Petersburg  1891-92, 
and  since  1895  has  lived  in  Berlin,  where  he  is  well  known 
as  a musical  critic.  Ilis  published  compositions  include 
a mass  and  several  other  works  for  voices  and  orchestra. 

Tausig  (tou'sig),  Karl.  Born  at  Warsaw,  Nov. 
4,  1841:  died  at  Leipsic,  July  17,  1871.  A 
noted  piano  virtuoso,  a pupil  of  Liszt  and  a 
player  of  remarkable  technique  and  strong 
powers  of  interpretation. 

Taussig  (tou'sig),  Frank  William.  Bom  at 
St.  Louis,  Dec.  28,  1859.  An  American  politi- 
cal economist,  professor  in  Harvard  University 
from  1892.  He  was  assistant  professor  there  1886-92, 
and  since  1901  has  held  the  Henry  Lee  professorship.  He 
is  the  editor  of  the  “Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,'’ 
and  has  published  a “ Tariff  History  of  the  United  States” 
(1888),  “ The  Silver  Situation  in  the  United  States  ” (1892), 
“Wages  and  Capital”  (1896),  and  “Principles  of  Eco- 
nomics ” (1911). 

Tawi  Tawi  (ta/we  ta/we).  The  largest  island 
of  the  Tawi  Tawi  group  in  the  Sulu  (Jolo) 
Archipelago.  Area,  232  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,179. 

Tawi  Tawi  (ta'we  ta'we)  Islands.  A group 
of  159  islands  in  the  Sulu  (Jolo)  Archipelago, 
lying  between  the  Tapul  and  Sibutu  groups 
and  belonging  to  the  Jol6  district  of  Moro 
province,  Philippine  Islands.  Tawi  Tawi  is  the 
largest  of  the  group.  Area  of  the  group,  358.7  square 
miles.  Population,  about  8,000. 

Tayabas  (ta-ya/bas).  A province  of  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands.  It  embraces  a large  part  of  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Luzon  (Principe  and  Infanta),  a part  of  the 
southeastern  peninsula,  and  numerous  islands  east  and 
south,  including  Polillo  and  Marinduque,  with  adjacent 
islands.  It  is  bounded  by  Isabela,  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
Ambos  Camarines  (separated  by  mountains)  on  the  north  ; 
the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Ambos  Camarines  (partly  separated 
by  the  Gulf  of  Ragay)  on  the  east;  the  Visayan  Sea  and 
Batangas  on  the  southwest ; and  La  Laguna,  Rizal,  Bula- 
can,  Nueva  Kcija,  Nueva  Vizcaya,  and  Isabela  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Lucena.  The  principal  bays  on  the  eastern 
coast  are  Dilasac,  Dingalan,  Baler,  and  Casiguran,  the  last 
a fine  harbor  for  large  vessels  in  all  weather.  Lamon  and 
Sogod  bays  indent  the  northern  coast,  and  inlets  from  the 
deep  Gulf  of  Ragay  the  eastern  coast  of  the  peninsula. 
South  of  the  province  is  Tayabas  Bay.  The  surface  is 
very  mountainous,  aud  the  mountains  are  densely  wooded. 
Rivers  are  numerous,  but  short  and  of  little  importance. 
Coal  is  found  in  the  peninsular  part  of  the  province  and 
in  Pagbilao,  Polillo,  and  other  islands.  Among  the  prod- 
ucts are  hemp,  pineapples,  bananas,  mangos,  sweet 
potatoes,  sugar-cane,  rice,  and  copra.  The  inhabitants 
•are  chiefly  Tagalos  and  Bicols.  Area  of  province,  6,354 
square  miles.  Population,  204,739. 

Tayabas  (ta-ya'bas)  Bay.  A wide  bay  indent- 
ing the  southern  and  southwestern  coast  of 
Tayabas  and  the  eastern  coast  of  Batangas 
provinces,  Luz6n,  Philippine  Islands. 

Taylor  (ta'lor).  A borough  in  Lackawanna 
County,  Pennsylvania,  3^  miles  southwest  of 
Scranton.  It  has  coal-mines  and  silk-mills. 
Population,  9,060,  (1910). 

Taylor  (ta'lor),  Graham.  Born  at  Schenec- 
tady, N.  Y.,  May  2,  1851.  An  American  so- 
ciologist. He  was  ordained  to  the  Dutch  Reformed 
ministry  in  1873,  and  held  pastorates  at  Hopewell,  New 
York,  1873-80,  and  Hartford,  Connecticut,  1880-92.  He 
was  professor  of  practical  theology  in  Hartford  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  1888-92,  and  has  been  professor  of  social 
economics  in  Chicago  Theological  Seminary  since  1892, 


Thaulow 

and  lecturer  in  sociology  in  the  University  of  Chicago 
since  1903.  He  is  president  of  the  Chicago  School  of 
Civics  and  Philanthropy. 

Taylor  (ta'lor),  Hannis.  Born  at  New  Berne, 
N.  C.,  Sept.  12,  1851.  An  American  lawyer 
and  legal  writer,  professor  of  constitutional 
and  international  law  in  the  George  Washing- 
ton University  1904-06.  From  1893  to  1897  he  was 
United  States  minister  to  Spain  ; was  special  counsel  for 
the  government  before  the  Spanish  Treaty  Claims  Com- 
mission in  1902  ; and  was  one  of  the  counsel  for  the 
United  States  in  the  Alaska  Boundary  Case  in  1903.  His 
works  include  “ Origin  and  Growth  of  the  English  Consti- 
tution "(1889)  “International  Public  Law  ’ (1901),  “ Juris- 
diction and  Procedure  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  ” (1905),  and  “ The  Science  of  J urisprudence  ” (1908). 

Taylor  (ta'lor),  Henry  Clay.  Bora  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  March  4,  1845:  died  at  Sudbury, 
Ont.,  July  26, 1904.  An  American  rear-admiral. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in 
1863  and  served  in  the  Civil  War.  During  the. war  with 
Spain  he  commanded  the  battle-ship  Indiana,  and  took 
part  in  the  battle  off  Santiago,  July  3,  1898.  In  1902  he 
became  chief  of  the  bureau  of  navigation. 

Taylor  (ta'lor),  James  Knox.  Born  at  Knox- 
ville, HI.,  Oct.  11,  1857.  An  American  archi- 
tect. He  took  the  architectural  course  at  the  Massachu- 
setts  Institute  of  Technology  1877-79,  and  practised  at 
St.  Paul  1882-92  and  at  Philadelphia  1892-95.  He  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  supervising  architect  in  1897,  and 
head  of  the  department  of  architecture  in  the  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology  in  1912. 

Taylor  (ta'lor),  J.  Hudson.  Born  in  1832: 
died  at  Chang-sa,  Hu-nan,  China,  June  3,  1905. 
An  English  Protestant  missionary.  He  first 
sailed  for  China  in  1853.  In  1865  he  published  “China’s 
Spiritual  Need  and  Claims,"  a book  which  aided  him  in 
founding  the  China  Inland  Mission. 

Tchekoff  (ehe-kof'),  Anton.  Bom  at  Tagan- 
rog, South  Russia,  Jan.  17,  1860:  died  in  the 
Black  Forest  in  1904.  A Russian  dramatist  and 
novelist.  In  1884  he  took  his  degree  as  doctor  of  medi- 
cine  in  the  University  of  Moscow.  Among  his  plays 
are  “Ivanoff”  (1889),  “The  Sea-gull  ” (1896),  and  “Uncle 
Vanya”  (1902). 

Telissu  (tel-is-so').  A locality  in  the  Liao- 
tung peninsula,  in  southern  Manchuria,  south 
of  Kai-ping.  Here  the  Japanese  defeated  the  Russians 
under  General  Stackelberg,  who  was  attempting  to  re- 
lieve Port  Arthur,  June  14-15,  1904. 

Tenderloin,  The.  The  popular  name  of  a sec- 
tion of  New  York  city,  a part  of  which  is  no- 
torious for  the  number  of  haunts  of  vice  which 
it  coutains.  It  is  included  in  the  nineteenth  police 
precinct  (now  bounded  by  Fourth  and  Seventh  avenues 
and  by  Fourteenth  and  Forty-second  streets),  especially 
in  that  part  of  it  which  lies  north  of  Twenty-third  street 
and  west  of  Broadway  and  (above  Thirty-fourth  street) 
of  Sixth  Avenue. 

Tennyson  (ten'i-son),  Hallam,  second  Baron 
Tennyson.  Born  at  Twickenham,  Aug.  11, 
1852.  An  English  author  and  colonial  gov- 
ernor, son  of  Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson.  He  was 
private  secretary  to  his  father ; was  governor  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  South  Australia  1899-1902;  was  first 
acting  governor-general  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Austra- 
lia 1902 ; and  was  governor-general  of  Australia  1902-03. 
He  has  published  “ Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson  : a Memoir" 
(1897),  and  edited  “Tennyson  and  his  Friends”  (1911),  etc. 

Ternina  (tar-ne'nii),  Milka.  Born  in  Bezisce, 
Croatia,  Dec.  19,  1863.  A distinguished  dra- 
matic soprano.  She  studied  at  Vienna  with  Ganz- 
bacher,  and  made  her  debut  at  Agram  as  Amelia  in  “Un 
Ballo  in  Maschera."  Thereafter  she  was  heard  in  Gratz, 
Bremen,  Munich,  Russia,  and  London.  In  1896  she  visited 
America  for  the  first  time.  In  1899  she  sang  the  part  of 
Kundry  at  Bayreuth,  a rol e in  which  she  was  afterward 
heard  at  the  first  production  of  “ Parsifal  ” at  the  Metro- 
politan Opera  House  in  New  York.  In  1901  she  sang  in 
the  first  American  performance  of  “Tosca"  at  the  Metro- 
politan Opera  House,  and  this  became  one  of  her  most  im- 
portant rfiles.  Among  her  other  rOles  are  Leonore  (in 
“Fidelio”),  Aida,  Gwendoline,  Selika,  Brunhild,  Elsa, 
and  Elizabeth.  She  sang  in  New  York  for  several  seasons. 
She  retired  from  the  stage  on  account  of  ill  health,  and 
has  occupied  herself  with  teaching. 

Terrell  (ter'el).  A city  in  Kaufman  County, 
Texas,  32  miles  southeast  of  Dallas,  it  is  in  a 

lumbering,  farming,  and  stock-raising  region,  and  has 
cotton-gins,  cotton-compresses,  cotton-seed  oil  mills,  etc. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  North  Texas  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 
Population,  7,050,  (1910). 

Tess  of  the  D’Urbervilles : a Pure  Woman. 

A novel  by  Thomas  Hardy,  published  in  1892. 

Tetrazzini  (tet-ra-ze'ne),  Luisa  (Signora  Ba- 
zelli).  Born  at  Florence  in  1874.  A contem- 
porary Italian  opera  singer.  She  made  her  debut 
in  1895,  and  has  toured  in  South  America,  Europe,  Eng- 
land, and  the  United  States.  She  has  won  great  success  by 
her  brilliant  rendering  of  such  rdles  as  Elvira  in  “ Puri- 
tan i,”  the  Queen  in  “ Les  Huguenots,”  Lucia,  Violetta,  etc. 

Texas,  University  of.  See  * University  oj 
Texas. 

Thais  (tii-es').  An  opera  by  Massenet  (words 
by  Louis  Gallet),  first  produced  at  Paris,  March 
16,  1894. 

Thaulow  (tou'lo),  Fritz.  Born  at  Christiania, 
Norway,  Oct.  20,1847 : died  at  Paris,  Nov.  5, 1906. 
A Norwegian  painter.  He  was  a pupil  of  Sorensen 


Thaulow 

at  the  Academy  in  Copenhagen  and  of  Gude  in  Karlsruhe. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Salon  du  Champ  de 
Mars  in  Paris  in  1890.  Until  1892  he  painted  Norwegian 
subjects  almost  exclusively,  but  after  that  date  worked 
in  France.  His  Subjects  were  usually  landscapes.  He 
was  appointed  Norwegian  commissioner  for  the  fine  arts 
at  the  Exposition  Universelle  in  Paris  in  1900. 

Thayer  (thar),  Alexander  Wheelock.  Born 
at  South  Natick,  Mass.,  Oct.  22,  1817 : died  at 
Triest,  July  15,  1897.  An  American  author, 
best  known  as  the  biographer  of  Beethoven. 
He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1843,  and  at  the  law 
school  there  in  1848 ; was  for  a number  of  years  assistant 
librarian  at  Harvard  ; and  in  1849  went  to  Germany,  where 
he  spent  most  of  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  was  for  a 
time  music  critic  of  the  New  York  “Tribune,”  and  from 
1862  to  1882  was  United  States  consul  at  Triest. 

Thayer  (thar),  Eli.  Born  at  Mendon,  Mass., 
June  11,  1819:  died  at  Worcester,  April  15, 
1899.  An  American  educator,  inventor,  and 
antislavery  agitator.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown 
University  in  1845,  and  in  1S48  founded  Oread  Institute,  a 
collegiate  school  for  young  women,  in  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  has  been  called  “ the  Father  of  Kansas  ” on 
account  of  his  efforts  so  to  influence  colonization  that  it 
should  be  admitted  as  an  antislavery  State.  From  1857 
to  1861  he  was  a Republican  member  from  Massachusetts 
of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Theatre  Antoine.  See  * Antoine,  Andre. 
Theleme  (ta-lam'),  Abbey  of.  In  the  “Gar- 
gantua  ” of  Rabelais,  an  imaginary  abbey  of 
free  will  situated  in  Thelema  by  the  river 
Loire.  The  customs  in  force  there  were  to  be  in  direct 
opposition  to  those  of  any  convent  in  existence.  The  one 
rule  of  its  order  was  “ do  what  you  wish." 

Theotocopuli  (ta-o-to-ko'po-le),  Domenico : 
surnamed  El  Greco.  Died  1614.  A Spanish 
painter,  architect,  and  sculptor.  His  signature 
on  a picture  in  the  Escorial  indicates  that  he  came  from 
the  island  of  Crete.  It  is  probable  that  he  learned  to 
paint  in  Venice,  since  his  pictures  show  Venetian  influence; 
but  he  is  not  definitely  connected  with  any  known  mas- 
ter. His  arrival  in  Toledo  before  1577  is  fixed  by  the  date 
of  the  termination  of  his  great  retable  in  the  church  of 
San  Domingo  el  Antiquo  in  that  city.  Ilis  methods  were 
original  and  modern,  making  him  a true  forerunner  of 
Velasquez. 

Theuriet*,  Andre.  His  works  include  “ Mademoiselle 
Guignon  ” (1874),  “Une  Undine  ” (1875),  “La  fortune 
d’Angdle”  (1876),V‘Raymonde  ” (1877),  “Le  lilleul  d un 
marquis”  (1878),  “ Le  fils  Maugars"  (1879),  “La  maison 
des  deux  Barbeaux  "(1879),  “ Sauvageonne  ” (1880),  “ Xante 
Aurelie,"  “ Manage  de  Gerard”  (1884),  “ Bigarreau  ” 
(1886),  “Deux  sceurs”  (1889),  “ Reine  des  bois"  (1890), 
“ Jeunes  et  vieiiles  barbes  ' (1892),  “La  Chanoinesse” 
(1893),  “Flavie”  (1895),  “Dans  les  roses”  (1899),  “Mon 
oncle  Flo  ” (1906).  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Acad- 
emy in  1896. 

Thomas  (tom'as),  Arthur  Goring.  Born  in 
Sussex,  Nov.  20,  1850:  died  March  20,  1892. 
An  English  composer.  His  most  important  works 
are  the  operas  “Esmeralda"  (1883)  and  “Nadeshda” 
(1885);  the  choral  ode  “ The  Sun  Worshippers  ” (1881);  the 
cantata  “The  Swan  and  the  Skylark  ” (1894);  and  songs. 

Thomas  (tom ' as),  Augustus.  Born  at  St. 
Louis,  Jan.  8,  1859.  An  American  playwright. 
For  a number  of  years  he  was  engaged  in 
journalism,  and  was  the  editor  of  the  Kansas 
City  “ Mirror.”  His  plays  include  “ Alabama,” 
“ In  Mizzoura,”  “ Arizona,”  “ The  Earl  of 
Pawtucket,”  “Mrs.  Leffingwell’s Boots,”  “The 
Witching  Hour,”  “As  a Man  Thinks,”  etc. 
Thomas  (tom'as),  Calvin.  Born  near  Lapeer, 
Mich.,  Oct.  28,  1854.  An  American  scholar 
and  educator,  professor  of  Germanic  languages 
and  literatures  in  Columbia  University  from 
1896.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Michigan 
in  1874  ; studied  in  Germany  1877-78;  and  was  connected 
with  the  University  of  Michigan  as,  successively,  instruc- 
tor, assistant  professor,  aud  professor  of  German  1878-96. 
His  publications  include  a German  grammar  (1895),  “The 
Life  and  Works  of  Schiller"  (1901),  “An  Anthology  of 
German  Literature”  (1907),  “History  of  German  Litera- 
ture ’’  (1909),  and  editions  of  Goethe’s  “ Faust  ” and  other 
German  classics. 

Thomas  (tom'as),  Cyrus.  Born  at  Kingsport, 
Tenn.,  July  27,  1825:  died  at  Washington,  D. 
C.,  June  27,  1910.  An  American  entomologist 
and  ethnologist,  archseologist  of  the  Bureau  of 
American  Ethnology  from  1882.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  natural  history  in  the  Southern  Illinois  Normal 
University  1872-75  ; was  entomologist  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois 1874-75  ; and  was  a member  of  the  United  States 
entomological  commission  1877-79.  He  published  numer- 
ous monographs  and  papers  upon  economic  entomology, 
and  upon  North  American  ethnology  and  archeology; 
and  also  a “ History  of  the  Indians  of  North  America.” 

Thomas  (tom'as),  M.  Carey.  Born  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Jan.  2, 1857.  An  American  scholar 
and  educator.  She  was  graduated  at  Cornell  Univer- 
sity in  1877,  and  studied  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  and 
at  the  universities  of  Leipsic,  Zurich,  and  Paris.  She  was 
tlie  first  woman  to  obtain  the  doctorate  of  arts  summa 
cum  laude  from  a European  university.  In  1885  she  was 
appointed  dean  and  professor  of  English  at  Bryn  Mawr 
College,  and  has  been  president  since  1894.  She  is  the 
author  of  “Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight " (1883), 
“Education  of  Women  " (1900),  “The  College"  (1905),  etc. 

Thome  (to-ma'),  Francis  (Francois  Lucien 
Joseph).  Born  at  Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  Oct. 
18,  1850:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16,  1909.  A 


French  composer.  In  1869  he  entered  the  Paris  Con- 
servatory,  where  his  teachers  were  Marmontel  and  Du- 
prato.  He  wrote  operas,  many  pantomimes,  ballets,  and 
operettas,  including  “ Endymion  et  Phoebe,”  incidental 
music  for  plays,  and  piano  pieces,  of  which  “Simple 
aveu  ” and  “Sous  les  feuilles  ” are  widely  known. 

Thompson  (tomp'son),  Denman.  Born  at 
Girard,  Pa.,  Oct.  15,  1833:  died  at  West  Swan- 
zey,  N.  H.,  April  14, 1911.  An  American  actor. 

He  passed  his  boyhood  in  New  Hampshire,  and  made  his 
first  appearance  on  the  stage  at  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  in 
1852.  In  1875  he  appeared  in  “Joshua  Whitcomb,”  a 
sketch  by  himself  of  the  New  England  farmer,  which  was 
afterward  elaborated  into  a play,  “The  Old  Homestead,” 
first  produced  in  1886,  with  which  his  name  is  chiefly  as- 
sociated. 

Thompson  (tomp'son),  Sir  Edward  Maunde. 
Bom  in  Jamaica,  West  Indies,  May  4,  1840. 
A British  librarian  and  editor,  director  and 
principal  librarian  of  the  British  Museum 
1888-1909.  He  waa  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Univer- 
sity College,  Oxford ; entered  the  service  of  the  British 
Museum  in  1861 ; and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1867.  He  was  knighted  in  1895. 

Thompson  (tomp'son),  Francis.  Born  atPres- 
ton,  Lancashire,  in  1859  : died  at  London,  Nov. 
13,  1907.  An  English  poet  and  literary  critic. 
He  was  educated  at  U6haw  College  (Roman  Catholic), 
near  Durham,  and  studied  medicine  at  Owens  College, 
Manchester.  He  published  “Poems,”  including  “The 
Hound  of  Heaven”  (1893),  “Sister  Songs”  (1895),  and 
“New  Poems  ” (1897). 

Thompson  (tomp'son),  James  Maurice 
(called  Maurice).  Born  at  Fairfield,  Ind., 
Sept.  9,  1844 : died  at  Crawfordsville,  Ind., 
Feb.  15,  1901.  An  American  writer,  in  his 
youth  he  lived  in  Georgia ; served  in  the  Confederate 
army  ; was  a member  of  the  Indiana  legislature  in  1878, 
and  State  geologist  of  Indiana  1885-89  ; and  for  some 
years  was  literary  editorof  the  New  York  “ Independent.” 
He  wrote  “The  Witchery  of  Archery”  (1878),  “By-ways 
and  Bird  Notes”  (1885),  “A  Tallahassee  Girl”  (1887), 
“The  Story  of  Louisiana  ”(1888),  “The  King  of  Honey 
Island  ” (1893),  “ Alice  of  Old  Vincennes  ” (1900),  etc. 
Thompson  (tomp'son),  Sir  John  Sparrow 
David.  Born  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  Nov. 
10,  1844:  died  at  Windsor  Castle,  England, 
Dec.  13,  1894.  A Canadian  statesman.  He  en- 
tered  the  Nova  Scotia  legislature  in  1877  ; was  elected  to 
the  Canadian  Parliament  in  1885,  1887,  and  1891 ; was  ap- 
pointed minister  of  justice  in  1885  ; and  became  premier 
of  Canada  in  1892.  In  1887  he  was  legal  adviser  to  the 
British  plenipotentiaries  on  the  Fisheries  Commission  at 
Washington,  and  in  1888  was  knighted  for  his  services.  In 
1893  he  was  a British  arbitrator  on  the  Bering  Sea  Com- 
mission at  Paris. 

Thompson  (tomp'son),  Silvanus  Phillips. 

Born  at  York,  England,  June  19,  1851.  An 
English  physicist,  principal  and  professor  of 
physics  in  the  City  and  Guilds  Technical  Col- 
lege, Finsbury,  from  1885.  He  has  published 
“Elementary  Lessons  in  Electricity  and  Magnetism” 
(1881),  “ Dynamo-electric  Machinery  ” (1885),  “Light, Vis- 
ible and  Invisible”  (1897),  “Michael  Faraday”  (1898), 
“ Design  of  Dynamos”  (1903),  etc. 

Thomsen  (tom'sen),  Julius.  Born  in  Copen- 
hagen, Feb.  16,  1826:  died  there,  Feb.  13, 1909. 
An  eminent  Danish  chemist,  professor  in  the 
University  of  Copenhagen  1866-91.  He  was 

especially  noted  for  his  studies  in  thermochemistry.  His 
works  include  “ Thermochemische  Untersuchungen  ” (4 
vols.,  1882-86),  etc. 

Thomson  (ton-son'),  Cesar.  Born  at  Li&ge, 
Belgium,  March  18,  1857.  A noted  Belgian 
violinist,  a pupil  of  Vieuxtemps,  Leonard, 
Wieniawski,  and  Massart.  He  was  a teacher  in  the 
Liege  Conservatory,  and  in  1898  succeeded  Ysaye  as  pro- 
fessor of  the  violin  in  the  Brussels  Conservatory.  He  has 
written  a number  of  studies  for  the  violin. 

Thomson  (tom'son),  Elihu.  Born  at  Manches- 
ter, England,  March  29,  1853.  An  American 
electrical  engineer  and  inventor,  electrician 
of  the  Thomson-Houston  and  General  Elec- 
tric companies  from  1880.  His  researches  and 
inventions  have  covered  a wide  range  in  electricity 
and  electrical  engineering.  He  was  made  officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  in  1889,  and  has  received  the  Rumford 
medal. 

Thomson  (tom'son),  Sir  Joseph  John.  Born 
near  Manchester,  England,  Dec.  18,  1856.  A 
noted  English  physicist  and  mathematician, 
professor  of  experimental  physics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  from  1884,  and  professor  of 
physicsat  the  Royal  Institution,  London,  1905-. 
He  has  published  “ The  Motion  of  Vortex-Rings  ” (1883), 
“ The  Applications  of  Dynamics  to  Physics  and  Chem- 
istry ” (1888),  “Recent  Researches  in  Electricity  and 
Magnetism”  (1893),  “Elements  of  the  Mathematical 
Theory  of  Electricity  and  Magnetism  ” (1895),  “The  Dis- 
charge of  Electricity  through  Gases”  (1898),  “Conduc- 
tion of  Electricity  through  Gases”  (1903),  “Electricity 
and  Matter”  (1904),  etc.  He  was  awarded  the  Nobel 
prize  for  physics  in  1906.  He  was  knighted  in  1908. 

Thomson*,  Sir  William,  Baron  Kelvin.  His 

works  include  “On  the  Electrodynamic  Properties  of 
Metals”  (1885),  “Navigation ” (1876),  “Mathematical  and 
Physical  Papers”  (1882-90:  “Hydrodynamics  and  Gen- 
eral Dynamics,”  Vol.  IV.,  1910;  Vol.  V.,  1911;  “Voltaic 
Theory,  etc.,”  Vol.  VI.,  1911),  and  “Lectures  and  Ad- 
dresses ” (1889-91). 


Tiguex 

Three  Rivers  (thre  riv'erz).  A city  in  St.  Joseph 
County,  Michigan,  on  the  St.  Joseph  River,  26 
miles  southwest  of  Kalamazoo.  It  has  car- 
works,  foundries,  and  manufactories  of  leather, 
paper,  tools,  pulleys,  etc.  Population,  5,072. 
Throop  (trop).  A borough  in  Lackawanna 
County,  Pennsylvania,  3 miles  northeast  of 
Scranton.  Its  chief  interest  is  coal.  Popula- 
tion, 5,133,  (1910). 

Thursday  Island.  A small  island  in  Queens- 
land, Australia,  just  north  of  Prince  of  Wales 
Island,  at  the  extremity  of  the  Cape  York 
Peninsula.  It  has  pearl-fisheries. 

Thurston  (thers'ton),  Mrs.  (Katherine  Cecil 
Madden).  Born  at  Cork,  Ireland:  died  there, 
Sept.  5,  1911.  A British  novelist.  She  published 
“ The  Circle  ”(1903),  “John  Chilcote,  M.  P.  ” (1904  : Ameri- 
can title,  “The  Masquerader"),  “The  Gambler”  (1906), 

“ The  Fly  on  the  Wheel  ” (1908),  and  “ Max  ” (1910).  She 
married,  in  1901,  the  novelist  E.  Temple  Thurston.  He 
dramatized  “John  Chilcote,  M.  P.”  in  1905. 

Thwaites  (thwats),  Reuben  Gold.  Born  at 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  May  15,  1853:  died  at 
Madison,  Wis.,  Oct.  22,  1913.  An  American 
historian,  secretary  and  superintendent  of 
the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society  from  1886. 
He  was  the  author  of  “ Down  Historic  Waterways  ” (1888), 
“The  Story  of  Wisconsin”  (1890),  “The  Colonies,  1492- 
1750"  (1891),  “On  the  Storied  Ohio”  (1897),  “Stories  of 
the  Badger  State”  (1900),  “A  History  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin”  (1900),  “Father  Marquette”  (1902),  “Daniel 
Boone  " (1902),  “ How  George  Rogers  Clark  Won  the  North- 
west, and  Other  Essays  in  Western  History"  (1903),  “A 
Brief  History  of  Rocky  Mountain  Exploration"  (1904), 
“France  in  America"  (1905),  etc.,  and  edited  “Wiscon- 
sin Historical  Collections”  (volumes  10-20:  1888-1913), 
“Chronicles  of  Border  Warfare”  (1895),  “The  Jesuit  Re- 
lations and  Allied  Documents”  (73  volumes:  1896-1901), 
“Kinzie’s  Wau-Bun ” (1901),  “Early  Western  Travels, 
1748-1846”  (31  volumes:  1904-06),  Hennepin’s  “A  New 
Discovery”  (1903),  Lahontan’s  “New  Voyages  to  North 
America”  (1905),  “Documentary  History  of  Dunmore’s 
War  ” (1905),  “ Original  Journals  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark 
Expedition  ” (8  volumes  : 1904-06),  etc. 

Thwing  (twing),  Charles  Franklin.  Born 

at  New  Sharon,  Maine,  Nov.  9, 1853.  An  Amer- 
ican educator,  president  of  Adelbert  College 
and  Western  Reserve  University  from  1890. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1876,  and  at  Andover 
Theological  Seminary  in  1879,  and  held  pastorates  in  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  and  Minneapolis,  Minnesota.  He 
is  also  secretary  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Teaching.  Among  his  publications  are 
“American  Colleges”  (1878),  “Within  College  Walls” 
(1893),  “The  American  College  in  American  Life”  (1897), 
“College  Administration”  (1900),  “A  Liberal  Education 
and  a Liberal  Faith  ” (1903),  “ History  of  Higher  Education 
in  America”  (1906),  “Education  in  the  Far  East”  (1909), 
etc. 

Tibet*.  In  1904  the  British  government  in  India  sent  an 
armed  “mission”  to  Lhasa,  in  order  to  enforce  certain 
treaty  stipulations  and  other  demands,  which,  after  con- 
siderable fighting,  accomplished  its  purpose,  entering 
Lhasa  and  executing  a convention  with  Tibet  there 
(Sept.  7).  In  1910  the  dalai  lama  fled  to  India  on  account 
of  Chinese  interference,  but  returned  to  Lhasa  in  1912. 
Ticao  (te-ka'o).  An  island  in  the  Philippines, 
lying  northeast  of  Masbate.  Port  San  Miguel  on 
its  northern  coast  is  an  excellent  harbor  in  all  weather. 
Area,  121  square  miles.  Population,  10,183. 

Tiefland  (tef'lant).  An  opera  by  Eugene  d’Al- 
bert  (text  adapted  by  Lothar  from  Guimera), 
first  produced  at  Prague  in  1903. 

Tie-Iillg  (tia-ling').  A town  in  Manchuria, 
situated  on  the  railroad  north  of  Mukden  in  a 
strategically  important  pass.  After  the  defeat  of 
the  Russians  in  the  battle  of  Mukden  it  was  captuied  by 
the  Japanese,  March  16,  1905.  It  was  opened  to  interna- 
tional trade  in  1906. 

Tiffany  (tif'a-ni),  Charles  Louis.  Bom  at 

Killingiy,  Conn.,  Feb.  15,  1812:  died  at  Irving- 
ton on  the  Hudson,  New  York,  Feb.  18,  1902. 
An  American  merchant.  In  1837  he  came  to  New 
York  and,  with  John  B.  Young,  established  a stationery 
and  fancy-goods  business.  The  firm  became  Tiffany  and 
Company  in  1851,  established  a branch  house  at  Paris, 
and  began  the  manufacture  of  sterling  silver.  In  suc- 
ceeding years  it  developed  an  extensive  business  in  gold- 
and  silver-work  and  precious  stones. 

Tiffany  (tif'a-ni),  Louis  Comfort.  Bom  at 
New  York,  Feb.  18,  1848.  An  American 
painter  and  decorator,  son  of  Charles  L. 
Tiffany.  He  studied  art  in  New  York  under  George 
Inness  and  Samuel  Coleman,  and  in  Paris  under  L£on 
Bailly.  ne  lias  painted  in  both  oil-  and  water-color,  mak- 
ing a specialty  of  Oriental  scenes.  Among  his  principal 
canvases  are  the  “Dock  Scene  ” (1869),  “Street  Scene  in 
Tangiers”  (1876),  “Study  of  Quimper,  Brittany”  (1877), 
“Duane  Street,  New  York  ” (1878),  “The  Cobblers  at 
Boufarick  ” (1888),  “ Feeding  the  Flamingoes  ” (1888),  and 
“ Market  Day  at  Nuremberg  ” (1S92).  His  other  important 
art  works  include  the  Tiffany  Chapel,  exhibited  at  the 
Columbian  Exposition,  Chicago,  1893,  which  is  now  in  the 
crypt  of  the  New  York  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine  ; 
and  the  electric  fountain  in  the  Grand  Court  of  the  Man- 
ufactures and  Fine  Arts  Building  at  the  Pan-American 
Exposition,  Buffalo,  New  York,  1901.  He  discovered  the 
formula  for  making  the  decorative  glass  which  is  known 
as  Tiffany  favrile  glass. 

Tiguex  (te-gwesh').  A New  Mexican  group 
(and  a single  town  of  the  group)  of  Anier- 


Tiguex 

ican  Indian  adobe  villages  formerly  existing 
On  the  Rio  Grande.  They  were  12  or  15  in  nuin- 
her,  according  to  the  members  of  the  Coronado  expe- 
dition  1540-42,  the  first  Europeans  to  visit  the  place ; 
16  according  to  Espejo  in  1583 ; and  15  or  16  accord- 
ing to  Benavides  1622-30.  The  villages  were  the  pivotal 
point  of  Coronado's  operations.  By  some  authorities 
the  site  has  been  fixed  at  Bernalillo,  but  there  is  & 
doubt  as  to  the  accuracy  of  this  location,  and  it  has  been 
claimed  that  the  correct  site  is  about  where  Socorro  now 
stands.  Espejo  is  very  clear  in  his  description  of  his 
itinerary  from  Tiguex  to  Acoma,  and  he  relates  that  he 
went  north  and  west  from  Tiguex  to  reach  Acoma.  Con- 
versely, then,  Tiguex  was  east  and  south  from  Acoma. 
This  would  eliminate  Bernalillo  as  the  site,  for  it  is  east 
and  north  from  Acoma.  To  fit  Espejo’s  narrative  to  Ber- 
nalillo, “south  ” must  be  substituted  where  he  distinctly 
says  “north.”  Also  Tihuex,  Tiguas. 

Tillman  (til'man),  Benjamin  Ryan.  Bom  in 

Edgefield  County;  S.  C.,  Aug.  11,  1847.  An 
American  politician.  For  many  years  he  was  oc- 
cupied  exclusively  with  farming.  In  1890  and  again  in 
1892  he  was  elected  governor  of  South  Carolina,  and  he 
has  been  (Democratic)  United  States  senator  from  that 
State  since  1895.  He  was  the  originator  of  the  State  dis- 
pensary system  of  selling  liquor.  In  1906  he  had  charge 
of  the  Railroad  Rate  Bill  in  the  Senate. 

Tinel  (te-nel'),  Edgar.  Born  at  Sinay,  Bel- 
gium, March  27,  1854:  died  Oct.  28,  1912.  A 
Belgian  composer  and  pianist.  In  1889  he  became 
inspector  of  the  state  music-schools,  in  1896  professor  of 
counterpoint  and  fugue  at  Brussels,  and  in  1909  director 
of  the  Brussels  Conservatoire.  His  most  important  work 
is  the  oratorio  “ Franciscus  ” (1888). 

Tingley  (ting'li),  Mrs.  (Katherine  Westcott). 
Born  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  July  26,  1852. 
An  American  theosophist,  head  of  the  theo- 
sophical  movement  throughout  the  world  from 
1896,  successor  to  H.  P.  Blavatsky  and  William 
Q.  Judge.  She  married  P.  B.  Tingley  in  1889.  She  has 
established  the  School  of  Antiquity  at  Point  Loma,  Cal., 
and  Baja  Yoga  academies  in  the  United  States  and  else- 
where. She  is  the  editor  of  “ The  Theosophical  Path." 
Titanic  (ti-tau'ik).  A transatlantic  steamship 
of  the  White  Star  line,  which,  on  her  maiden 
voyage,  collided  with  an  iceberg  in  lat.  41°  46' 
N.,  long.  50°  14'  W.,  at  11.45  p.  in.,  April  14, 
1912,  and  sank  about  2.20  the  next  morning. 

The  ship  was  the  largest  then  built.  She  had  on  board 
2,208  persons,  of  whom  705  (495  passengers  : 126  men,  369 
women  and  children)  were  rescued  from  life-boats  (20  in 
number,  of  which  three  were  lost),  rafts,  etc.,  by  the 
Cunard  line  steamship  Carpathia,  in  answer  to  a wire 
less  call. 

Titchener  (tich'e-ner),  Edward  Bradford. 

Born  at  Chichester,  England,  Jan.  11,  1867. 
An  English-American  psychologist,  assistant 
professor  (1892-95)  and  professor  (1895-)  of 
psychology  in  Cornell  University.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford  and  Leipsic,  and  was  extension  lecturer 
in  biology  at  Oxford  in  1892.  Among  his  works  are  “ An 
Outline  of  Psychology  ” (1896),“  A Primer  of  Psychology  ” 
(1898),  " Experimental  Psychology  ’ ’ (1901-05),  “ Lectures 
on  the  Elementary  Psychology  of  Feeling  and  Attention  ” 
(1908),  “ Lectures  on  the  Experimental  Psychology  of  the 
Thought  Processes”  (1909),  “Text-book  of  Psychology” 
(part  i.,  1909  ; part  ii.,  1910),  etc.  He  is  associate  editor  of 
“ The  American  Journal  of  Psychology”  and  the  Amer- 
ican editor  of  “ Mind.” 

Tobacco  Case,  American.  A suit  brought  iu 
1907  by  the  United  States  against  the  Ameri- 
can Tobacco  Company  and  others  subsidiary 
to  it  (in  all,  twenty-nine  individuals  and  sixty- 
five  American  and  two  English  corporations) 
for  violation  of  the  Sherman  Antitrust  Law  of 
July  2,  1890.  The  original  American  Tobacco  Com- 
pany of  New  Jersey  was  organized  in  1890,  by  consolidat- 
ing live  competing  concerns  that  made  and  sold  95  per 
cent,  of  the  domestic  cigarettes  and  less  than  8 per  cent, 
of  all  other  domestic  manufactured  tobacco.  It  then 
bought  other  competing  concerns,  or  their  control,  pay- 
ing therefor  in  cash  and  in  its  own  stock  and  that  of  com- 
binations subsidiary  to  itself,  organized  for  manufacture 
and  sale.  These  were  merged  in  1904  under  the  original 
name  and  soon  virtually  controlled  the  tobacco  industries 
of  the  United  States.  The  combined  assets  of  the  allies 
forming  the  combination  exceeded  $400,000,000.  Chief 
among  its  methods  of  restraining  and  monopolizing  trade 
were  selling  under  cost  and  forcing  on  owners  who  sold 
out  to  it  restrictive  agreements  that  they  should  not 
reenter  the  field.  The  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
handed  down  May  29,  1911,  directed  a dissolution  of  the 
combination  and  the  recreating,  out  of  the  elements  com- 
posing it,  of  a new  condition  honestly  in  harmony  with 
the  law.  The  decision  allowed  the  trust  a maximum  of 
eight  months  to  carry  out  these  directions. 

Tobler  (tob ' ler),  Adolf.  Born  at  Hirzel, 
Switzerland,  May  23,  1835:  died  March  18, 
1910.  A distinguished  Swiss  philologist.  He 
was  educated  at  the  universities  of  Zurich  and  Bonn,  and 
also  studied  in  Italy.  In  1867  he  was  appointed  professor 
extraordinary,  and  in  1870  professor,  of  Romance  philology 
in  the  University  of  Berlin,  a post  which  he  held  until  his 
death.  His  most  important  work,  a dictionary  of  Old 
French,  upon  which  he  was  engaged  for  many  years,  was 
unpublished  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Todd  (tod),  David.  Born  at  Lake  Ridge,  N.  Y., 
March  19,  1855.  An  American  astronomer, 
professor  of  astronomy  in  Amherst  College  and 
director  of  the  observatory  from  1881.  He  was 
chief  assistant  in  the  Nautical  Almanac  office  1878-8i  ; 
was  in  charge  of  the  transit  of  Venus  observations  at  Lick 


Observatory  in  1882 ; and  has  conducted  eclipse  expedi- 
tions to  Texas  (1878),  Japan  (1887),  West  Africa  (1889-9U), 
Japan  (1896),  Tripoli  (1900),  Hutch  East  Indies  (1901),  and 
Tripoli  (1905).  He  has  published  text-books  on  astronomy, 
and  numerous  technical  papers.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
Lowell  expedition  to  the  Andes  in  1907. 

Togo  (to'go),  Count  Heihachiro.  Born  in 
Kagoshima,  Dec.  22,  1847.  A famous  Jap- 
anese admiral,  commander  of  the  Japanese 
fleet  in  the  Russo-Japanese  war  1904-05.  He 
entered  the  navy  in  1868 ; studied  naval  affairs  at  Green- 
wich, England,  1871-78  ; served  in  the  Chinese  war  as 
commander  of  the  Naniwa,  sinking  the  transport  Kow 
Shing  before  the  actual  rupture  with  China ; attacked  Port 
Arthur  on  the  night  of  Feb.  8, 1904,  in  this  and  subsequent 
attacks  inflicting  great  damage  on  the  Russian  fleet ; 
scattered  the  Russian  Port  Arthur  squadron  in  a sea-battle 
on  Aug.  10,  1904  ; and  annihilated  the  Russian  Baltic  fleet 
under  Rozhestvensky  in  the  Strait  of  Korea  May  27-28, 
1905. 

Tolman  (tol'man),  William  Howe.  Born  at 
Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  June  2,  1861.  An  American 
sociologist.  He  was  educated  at  Brown  and  Johns 
Hopkins  universities ; was  general  agent  of  the  New 
York  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the 
Poor*1894-98 ; joint  organizer,  with  Josiah  Strong,  of 
the  American  institute  of  Social  Service,  and  director 
1898-1908 ; and  has  been  director  of  the  American  Museum 
of  Safety  from  June,  1908.  He  has  published  “ Municipal 
Reform  Movements  in  the  United  States ” (1894),  “The 
Better  New  York”  (1906),  “ Social  Engineering”  (1909), 
etc. 

Toluca  (to-16'ka),  Nevado  de.  A volcano  near 
Toluca,  Mexico.  It  was  first  ascended  by 
Humboldt  in  1803.  Altitude,  14,833  feet. 
Tomaschek  (to'ma-shek),  Joliarm  Wenzel. 
Boru  at  Skuc,  Bohemia,  April  17,  1774:  died 
at  Prague,  April  3,  1850.  A Bohemian  com- 
poser and  teacher.  After  studying  law  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Prague,  he  decided  to  devote  himself  to  music. 
Among  his  pupils  were  Dreyschock,  Schulhoff,  Kuhe,  and 
others.  His  compositions  include  an  opera,  church  mu- 
sic, cantatas,  songs,  a symphony,  a quartet,  a concerto, 
and  many  other  pieces  for  the  pianoforte. 

Tomb  of  Agamemnon.  A popular  name  for 
the  Treasury  of  Atreus  (which  see,  under 
Treasury). 

Tom  Burke  of  Ours.  A story  by  Lever,  pub- 
lished in  1844. 

Tondo  (ton-do').  A division  of  the  city  of 
Manila,  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands.  Civilized 
population,  39,043. 

Tonga  Islands’,  or  Friendly  Islands.  They 

are  ruled  by  a native  king,  who  is  subject  to  the  control 
of  the  British  high  commissioner.  The  kingdom  consists 
of  three  groups  of  islands,  Tonga,  Hanpai,  and  Vavau. 
Capital,  Nukualofa.  Area,  390  square  miles.  Population, 
about  22,000. 

Tooker  (tfik'er),  Lewis  Frank.  Born  at 
Port  Jefferson,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  18,  1855.  An 
American  short-story  writer,  editor,  and  poet. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  University  in  1877,  and  has 
been  on  the  editorial  start-  of  “ The  Century  Magazine” 
from  1885.  He  has  written  “ The  Call  of  the  Sea  ” (1902), 
“Under  Rocking  Skies  ” (1905),  etc. 

Toole  (tol),  John  Lawrence.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, March  12,  1832:  died  at  Brighton,  July 
30,  1906.  A noted  English  comedian.  His  first 
public  appearance  was  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre  in  Lon- 
don in  1852,  and  he  appeared  at  the  St.  James  Theatre  in 
1854.  Tn  1858  he  became  leading  comedian  at  the  Adelphi, 
and  after  five  years  engagements  followed  at  the  Queen's 
Theatre,  the  Gaiety,  etc.  He  made  a tour  of  America  in 
1874,  and  of  the  Australian  colonies  in  1890.  ■ In  1879  he 
became  manager  of  the  Folly  Theatre,  later  (1882)  re- 
named Toole’s  Theatre,  and  managed  it  until  his  retire- 
ment in  1895.  Among  the  best  known  of  his  roles  are  Paul 
Pry,  Spriggins  in  “ Ici  on  parle  fran^ais,”  Caleb  Plum- 
mer in  “ The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth,"  the  Artful  Dodger, 
Uncle  Dick  iu  “Uncle  Dick's  Darling,"  etc. 

Topinard  (to-pi-nar'),  Paul.  Born  at  Isle- 
Adam,  France,  Nov.  4, 1830  : died  Jan.,  1912.  A 
French  anthropologist,  professor  in  the  School 
of  An  thropology,  Paris,  from  187 6.  He  lived  in  the 
United  States  in  Lis  youth ; studied  medicine  in  Paris  ; 
entered  the  anthropological  laboratory  of  Broca  in  1871  ; 
was  conservator  of  the  collections  of  the  Soci<5t6  d'An- 
thropologie  1872-80  ; and  on  the  death  of  Broca,  in  1880, 
succeeded  him  as  secretary  general  of  the  “Revue  d’An- 
thropologie.  ” Among  his  works  are  “ L’Anthropologie  ” 
(18715),  “Elements  d’anthropologie  generale " (1885), 

“ L’Hommedans  la  nature  ” (1891),  “Science  et  foi  ” (1900), 
numerous  contributions  to  scientific  publications,  etc. 
Toronto,  University  of.  See  * University  of 
Toronto. 

Torrey  (tor'i),  Bradford.  Bom  at  Weymouth, 

Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1843:  died  at  Santa  Barbara, 
Cal.,  Oct.  7, 1912.  An  American  author,  editor, 
aud  ornithologist.  For  some  years  he  was  on  the  ed- 
itorial staff  of  the  “Youth’s  Companion.”  Among  his 
works  are  “ Birds  in  the  Bush  ’’  (1885),  “A  Florida  Sketch- 
book" (1894),  “Spring  Notes  from  Tennessee  ” (1895),  “A 
World  of  Green  Hills”  (1898),  “ Every-day  Birds  ” (1901), 
“Footing  it  in  Franconia"  (1901),  “The  Clerk  of  the 
Woods”  (1903),  and  “Nature’s  Invitation ” (1904). 
Torrington  (tor'ing-ton).  A borough  in  Litch- 
field County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the 
Naugatuck  River.  Its  chief  manufactures  are  woolen 
goods,  hardware,  articles  of  brass  and  plated  ware,  needles, 
tools,  bicycles,  etc.  Population,  15,483,  (1910). 

Tosca  (tos'kii).  An  opera  by  Puccini  (text 


Travis 

adapted  by  Illica  and  Giacosa  from  Sardou’s 
“ La  Tosca”),  first  produced  at  Rome  in  1900. 
Toscanini  (tos-ka-ne'ne),  Arturo.  Born  at 
Parma,  March  25,  1867.  An  Italian  musical 
conductor.  He  was  a pupil  1878-85  at  the  Parma  Con- 
servatory, where  he  studied  the  violoncello  with  Carini 
and  composition  with  Dacci.  He  has  been  musical  direc- 
tor of  La  Scala  at  Milan,  at  Buenos  Aires,  at  Turin,  at 
Bologna,  and  since  1908  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House, 
New  York.  He  always  conducts  without  a score,  in  not 
only  the  standard  Italian  repertoire,  but  the  Wagner 
music-dramas  and  many  French  works. 

Tourgee*,  Albion  Winegar.  He  was  United 

States  consul  to  Bordeaux  1897-1903,  and  to  Halifax,  N.  S., 
1903-05.  His  later  works  include  “Button’s  Inn”  (1887), 
“Letters  to  a King  ” (1888),  “Black  Ice”  (1888),  “With 
Gauge  and  Swallow  ” (1889),  “ Murvale  Eastman,  Christian 
Socialist  ” (1889),  “ Pactolus  Prime  ” (1890),  “ Out  of  the 
Sunset  Sea”  (1893),  “An  Outing  with  the  Queen  of 
Hearts  ” (1894),  “ The  Man  Who  Outlived  Himself  ” (1898), 
etc. 

Touro  (to ' ro),  Judah.  Born  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  June  16, 1775:  died  at  New  Orleans,  La., 
Jan.  13,  1854.  An  American  philanthropist.  He 
served  as  a private  in  the  War  of  1812.  With  Amos  Law- 
rence he  supplied  the  funds  for  the  completion  of  Bunker 
Hill  Monument,  and  he  also  greatly  improved  his  native 
city,  Newport,  where  a street  and  a park  are  named  after 
him.  He  bequeathed  considerable  sums  of  money  to  a 
large  number  of  Jewish  charitable  and  educational  insti- 
tutions in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  also  pro- 
vided for  almshouses  at  Jerusalem. 

Tower  (tou'er),  Charlemagne.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  17,  1848.  An  American  busi- 
ness man  and  diplomatist.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1872  and  was  admitted  to  the  (Pennsylvania) 
bar  in  1878.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  Austria- 
Hungary  1897-99,  ambassador  to  Russia  1899-1902,  and 
ambassador  to  Germany  1902-08.  He  has  published  “ The 
Marquis  de  La  Fayette  in  the  American  Revolution  ” 
(1895),  etc. 

Townsend  (toun'zend),  Charles  Haskins. 
Born  at  Parnassus,  Pa.,  Sept.  29,  1859.  An 
American  naturalist,  director  of  the  New  York 
Aquarium  from  1902.  He  was  chief  of  the  division 
of  fisheries  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  1897- 
1902;  expert  on  fishery  in  the  Russian-American  arbitra- 
tion at  The  Hague  in  1902  ; and  acting  director  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  1910. 

Toynbee  (toin'be),  Arnold.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  23,  1852:  died  at  Wimbledon,  Surrey, 
March  9,  1883.  An  English  sociologist  and  po- 
litical economist.  He  studied  at  Pembroke  College, 
and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ; was  graduated  in  1878  ; and 
was  appointed  a tutor  and  later  bursar  of  Balliol.  His 
lectures  on  economics  were  collected  and  published  after 
his  death  under  the  title  of  “ The  Industrial  Revolution  ” 
(1884).  Toynbee  Hall  (which  see),  London,  was  established 
in  his  memory. 

Toynbee  (toin'be),  Paget.  Born  at  Wimble- 
don, Jan.  20,  1855.  An  English  philologist, 
author,  and  critic,  brother  of  Arnold  Toyn- 
bee. He  was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and 
was  a private  tutor  1878-92.  He  is  best  known  as  a 
Dante  scholar.  Among  his  publications  are  “ Specimens 
of  Old  French,  with  Notes  and  Glossary  ” (1892),  a “ Dic- 
tionary of  Proper  Names  and  Notable  Matters  in  the 
Works  of  Dante  ” (1898),  “ Dante  Alighieri  ” (1900),  “ Dante 
Studies  and  Researches  ” (1902),  “ Dante  in  English  Litera- 
ture from  Chaucer  to  Cary  ” (1909),  etc. 

Traherne  (tra-hern'),  Thomas.  Born  at  Here- 
ford, about  1636  : died  in  1674.  An  English 
clergyman  and  writer.  He  studied  at  Oxford  in  1656 
and  became  rector  of  Credwell,  in  Hereford,  in  1657.  His 
“ Poetical  Works  ” were  edited  by  Bertram  Dobell  in  1906, 
his  “ Centuries  of  Meditation  ” in  1908,  and  his  “Poems 
of  Felicity,  ” edited  by  H.  I.  Bell,  were  published  in  1910. 

Transandine  Tunnel.  A tunnel  of  the  Trans- 
andine  Railway,  in  the  Andes  Mountains,  con- 
necting Chile  and  Argentina.  It  is  more  than  2 
miles  long  and  over  10,000  feet  above  sea-level,  and  affords 
direct  communication  between  Valparaiso  and  Buenos 
Aires.  It  was  opened  for  travel  April  5,  1910. 

Transhimalayan  Range.  A range  of  moun- 
tains in  Tibet,  north  of  the  Brahmaputra  River: 
the  most  massive  mountain  range  in  the  world. 
It  was  explored  by  Dr.  Sven  Hedin  1907-08. 
Transvaal  (tranz-val'),  The.  See  * South 
African  Republic  and  * Union  of  South  Africa. 
Transvaal  War.  2.  See  *Boer  War. 
Transylvania  University.  See  * Kentucky 
University. 

Trask  (trask),  Mrs.  (Kate  Nichols) : pen- 
name  Katrina  Trask.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
May  30,  1853.  An  American  author  and  poet. 
Her  works  include  “Under  King  Constantine  ” (1893), 
“Sonnets  and  Lyrics  ” (1895),  “John  Leighton,  Jr.”  (1898), 
“Lessons  in  Love”  (1900),  “ Free,  not  Bound”  (1903), 
“Christalan”  (1903),  “In  My  Lady’s  Garden”  (1907), 
“King  Alfred’s  Jewel  ” (1909),  etc. 

Traverse  City  (trav'fcrs  sit'i).  The  county- 
seat  of  Grand  Traverse  County,  Michigan,  on 
the  West  Arm  of  Grand  Traverse  Bay,  an  inlet 
of  Lake  Michigan.  It  is  a summer  resort,  and  has 
manufactories  of  lumber,  agricultural  implements,  chemi- 
cals, baskets,  linin',  etc.  It  is  tlie  scat  <»f  the  Northern 
Michigan  Insane  Asylum.  Population,  12,115,  (1910). 

Travis  (trav'is),  Walter  Jerome.  Born  at 
Maldon,  Victoria,  Australia,  Jan.  10,  1862.  An 


Travis 

American  golfer  and  authority  on  golf.  He  has 
written  “Practical  Golf  ” (1901)  and  "The  Art  of  Put- 
ting ’ ’ (1904  : with  J.  White),  and  is  editorof  “ The  Ameri- 
can Golfer.” 

Tree  (tre),  Sir  Herbert  Beerbohm : known 
as  Sir  Herbert  Tree.  Born  at  London,  Dec. 
17,  1853.  An  English  actor  and  theatrical 
manager.  He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  in  1878 ; man- 
aged the  Haymarket  Theatre,  London,  1887-96;  and  is 
now  manager  of  llis  Majesty’s  Theatre,  London.  He  has 
published  lectures  on  topics  connected  with  the  drama. 
He  was  knighted  in  1909. 

Trenton  (tren'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Grundy 
County,  Missouri,  69  miles  northeast  of  St. 
Joseph.  It  has  coal-mines,  railroad  shops,  flour- 
mills, etc.  Population,  5,656,  (1910). 

Trepof  (trep'of),  Dimitrii  Feodorovitch. 
Born  1855 : died  Sept.  15,  1906.  A Russian 
general,  chief  of  the  imperial  police,  com- 
mandant of  the  palace,  and  assistant  minister 
of  the  interior.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
assassinate  him  was  made  on  March  30,  1905. 
Treves  (trevz),  Sir  Frederick.  Born  at  Dor- 
chester, England,  Feb.  15,  1853.  An  English 
physician,  sergeant-surgeon  to  the  king  from 
1901.  He  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  pathology  in 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  1881-86;  examiner  in  sur- 
gery in  the  University  of  Cambridge  1891-96;  and  con- 
sulting surgeon  to  the  forces  in  South  Africa  in  1900. 
He  has  published  “A  System  of  Surgery,”  “A  German- 
English  Dictionary  of  Medical  Terms,”  “Tale  of  a Field 
Hospital,”  “The  Other  Side  of  the  Lantern,”  “Highways 
and  Byways  in  Dorset,”  “The  Cradle  of  the  Deep,” 
“Uganda  for  a Holiday,”  etc. 

Triple  Entente  (trip'l  oh-tont').  An  unwrit- 
ten accord  between  France,  Russia,  and  Great 
Britain,  formed  at  the  beginning  of  the  20th 
century  and  designed  to  offset  the  power  of 
the  Triple  Alliance  (Germany,  Austria,  Italy). 
Troubetzkoy  (tro-bets-koi'),  Princess  (Am61ie 
Rives).  Born  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Aug.  23, 
1863.  An  American  novelist.  She  is  best  known 
as  the  author  of  “ The  Quick  or  the  Dead  ” (1889).  Her 
other  works  include  “A  Brother  to  Dragons,  and  Other 
Old-time  Tales  ” (1888),  “Virginia  of  Virginia"  (1888), 
“ Witness  of  the  Sun  ” (1889),  “Herod  and  Mariamne,”  a 
drama  in  verse  (1889),  “According  to  St.  John"  (1891), 
“ Barbara  Dering : a sequel  to  The  Quick  or  the  Dead  ” 
(1892),  “Athelwold,”  a play  (1893),  “Tanis,  the  Sang- 
digger  ” (1893),  “Damsel  Errant”  (1897),  “ Selene  ” (1905), 
“ Augustine  the  Man,”  a drama  (1906),  “ Golden  Rose  ” 
(1908),  “Pan's  Mountain”  (1910),  etc. 

Troubetzkoy  (tro-bets-koi'),  Prince  Paul. 
Born  at  Intra,  Italy,  Feb.  16,  1866.  A Russian 
sculptor.  He  is  an  extreme  realist  in  theory  and  prac- 
tice.  On  his  appointment  to  a professorship  in  the  School 
of  Sculpture  at  Moscow,  his  first  act  was  to  remove  all 
models  and  casts  of  ancient  sculpture.  His  works  exhibit 
power  and  sometimes  refinement,  as  in  certain  statuettes 
of  women. 

Troy  (troi).  The  county-seat  of  Miami  County, 
Ohio,  on  the  Great  Miami  River,  65  miles  west 
of  Columbus.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region, 
and  has  manufactories  of  wagons,  foundry 
products,  etc.  Population,  6,122,  (1910). 
Trumbull  (trum'bul),  Henry  Clay.  Born  at 
Stonington,  Conn.,  June  8,  1830:  died  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Dec.  8,  1903.  An  American  Congre- 
gational clergyman  and  religious  writer,  editor 
of  the  “Sunday-School  Times”  from  1875: 
brother  of  James  Hammond  Trumbull  (1821- 
1897).  He  was  chaplain  of  the  tenth  Connecticut  regi- 
ment (1862-65),  and  was  made  a prisoner  by  the  Confed- 
erates. His  writings  include  a large  number  of  works  on 
religious  themes. 

Tsu-hsi  (tso-she').  Born  Nov.  17,  1834:  died  at 
Peking,  Nov.  15,  1908.  Empress  dowager  of 
China.  She  was  the  favorite  of  the  emperor  Hsien-feng, 


and  the  sister  of  the  mother  of  Kwang-su,  emperor  of 
China  (1875-1908).  She  was  regent  of  China  during  the 
minority  of  the  emperor,  and  again  assumed  the  regency 
in  September,  1898. 

Tuaregs  (to-a'regz).  A fierce  nomadic  people 
of  the  Berber  stock,  in  the  central  Sahara. 
They  usually  wear  over  the  face  a black  or 
white  cloth  as  a protection  against  the  dust  of 
the  desert,  and  are  hence  sometimes  known  as 
the  Masked  Tuaregs,  or  Black  or  White  Tua- 
regs. 

Tubigon  (to-be'gon).  A municipality  of  Bohol 
province  in  the  Philippines,  situated  in  the 
western  part  of  Bohol  Island  near  the  coast. 
Civilized  population,  15,168. 

Tuburan  (to-bo'ran).  A town  of  Cebfi  prov- 
ince, situated  on  the  western  coast  of  Cebu, 
Philippine  Islands.  Population,  6,859.  Civi- 
lized population  of  municipality,  19,158. 
Tucker  (tuk'er),  William  Jewett.  Bom  at 
Griswold,  Conn.,  July  13,  1839.  An  American 
educator  and  Congregational  clergyman, 
president  of  Dartmouth  College  1893-1909.  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1861,  and  at  Andover 
Theological  Seminary  in  1866 ; has  held  pastorates  in 
Manchester,  New  Hampshire,  and  New  York  city  (Madi- 
son Square  Church) ; and  was  professor  of  homiletics  at 
Andover  1880-93. 

Tugela  (to-gaTa).  A river  in  Natal,  South 
Africa,  rising  in  the  Drakensberg  Mountains 
and  flowing  southeastwardly  into  the  Indian 
Ocean.  Near  Ladysmith,  it  was  the  scene  of  severe 
fighting  in  the  Boer  war  (Dec.,  1899, -Feb.,  1900). 

Tuguegarao  (to-ga-ga-ra'o).  A town,  the 
capital  of  Cagay&n  province,  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands.  It  is  situated  near  the  Rio  Grande  de 
Cagayan,  approximately  in  lat.l7°  37'  30"  N.,  long.  121°  38' 
20"  E.  Civilized  population  of  municipality,  16,105. 

Tulane  University  of  Louisiana.  A non- 
sectarian university  located  in  New  Orleans, 
Louisiana,  founded  by  the  State  in  1845  as  the 
University  of  Louisiana.  In  1884  it  was  transferred 
to  the  administrators  of  the  Tulane  Educational  Fund  and 
the  name  was  changed  in  honor  of  Paul  Tulane,  who  en- 
dowed the  academic  department.  In  addition  to  the  usual 
academic  instruction,  courses  are  offered  in  engineering, 
law,  medicine,  pharmacy,  dentistry,  and  art.  There  is  a 
separate  department  for  women.  The  endowment  of  the 
university  is  over  $8,000,000,  and  its  annual  income  ex- 
ceeds $350,000.  Over  2,700  students  are  in  attendance 
(including  the  summer  school). 

Tullianum.  See  + Mamertine  Prison. 

Tulsa  (tul'sa).  A city  in  Tulsa  County,  Okla- 
homa, on  the  Arkansas  River.  Its  chief  inter- 
ests are  oil,  gas,  grain  and  live  stock.  Popu- 
lation, 18,182,  (1910). 

Tupac  Catari  (to'pak  ka-ta're).  Born  near 
Ayo  Ayo,  in  what  is  now  Bolivia:  died  in 
Nov.,  1781.  A Peruvian  revolutionist,  known 
also  by  the  Spanish  name  of  Julian  Apaza. 
He  was  the  son  of  a sacristan  of  the  church  of  Sicasica, 
near  La  Paz,  and  in  the  unrest  that  continued  among  the 
Aymar&s  after  the  suppression  of  the  rising  led  by  TomAs 
Catari  he  became  conspicuous,  early  in  1781,  as  a leader 
of  the  Indians  in  revolting  cruelties.  By  his  influence  as 
medicine-man  or  wizard,  and  by  the  aid  of  a mestizo 
named  Oblitas,  he  secured  the  leadership  of  unorganized 
hordes  that  were  threatening  La  Paz.  He  assumed  the 
title  of  viceroy,  obtained  artillery,  and  with  about  15,000 
Indians  attacked  La  Paz,  which  was  saved  only  by  the 
ability  and  courage  of  the  Spanish  commander,  Don  Se- 
bastian de  Segurola,  during  two  sieges  extending  over 
seven  months  and  marked  by  severe  suffering  and  many 
bloody  engagements.  Tupac  Catari  then  took  to  flight, 
but  was  captured,  condemned  to  death,  and  executed  by 
quartering.  There  was  no  connection  between  him  and 
Tupac  Amaru  and  other  Aymara  chiefs,  who  refused  to 
recognize  his  claims  to  authority ; but  the  outbreak 
headed  by  him  was  the  most  dangerous  of  the  several 


Ungava 

Indian  uprisings  during  the  years  1780-82,  and  would,  if 
successful,  have  cut  off  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru  from  that 
of  Buenos  Aires. 

Turf  Club.  A London  club,  at  85  Piccadilly, 
founded  in  1868  for  social  purposes.  It  has 
about  550  members. 

Turks,  or  Turk  Islands.  A group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Bahamas,  north  of  Haiti.  The 
largest  is  Grand  Turk,  or  Turk  Island.  They 
are  a dependency  of  Jamaica. 

Turner  (ter'ner),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Lan- 
caster, England,  1832.  An  English  anatomist, 
principal  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  from 
1903.  He  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  Edinburgh 
1854-67,  and  professor  of  anatomy  1867-1903.  He  has  pub- 
lished numerous  technical  papers  and  is  editor  of  the 
“Journal  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology.”  InlS86hewas 
made  a knight  bachelor,  and  was  created  K.  C.  B.  in  1901. 
Tuskegee  (tus-ke'ge).  A town,  the  capital  of 
Macon  County,  Alabama,  situated  on  the  Tus- 
kegee River.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Alabama  Conference 
Female  College,  and  of  the  Tuskegee  Normal  and  Indus- 
trial Institute  founded  by  Booker  T.  Washington.  .Pop- 
ulation, 2,803,  (1910). 

Tuskegee  (tus-ke'ge)  Institute.  A non-sec- 
tarian institution  near  Tuskegee,  Alabama, 
organized  in  1881  by  Booker  T.  Washington 
for  the  practical  education  of  the  negro  race 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  attended  by  1,700  stu- 
dents, who  receive  domestic,  agricultural,  and  mechani- 
cal, in  addition  to  academic,  training.  It  has  an  endow- 
ment fund  of  over  $1,400,000  and  an  annual  income  of 
over  $300,000.  The  special  object  of  the  school  is  to  train 
negroes  to  educate  their  own  race. 

Tutllila*  (to-to-e'la).  It  was  annexed  by  the  United 
States  in  1900.  A naval  station  has  been  established 
there,  and  the  commandant  of  the  station  is  also  governor 
of  the  islands. 

Twachtman  (twocht'man),  John  Henry. 

Born  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Aug.  4,  1853 : died 
at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  Aug.  8,  1902.  An  Ameri- 
can painter.  He  studied  art  in  the  Academy  at 
Munich  under  Professor  Lofftz,  and  was  also  a pupil  of 
Frank  Duveneck.  His  work  is  based  on  modern  impres- 
sionist principles  treated  with  great  breadth  and  fine 
feeling. 

Tweedmouth,  Lord.  See  *Marjoribariks. 
Twin  Falls  (twin  falz).  A city,  incorporated 
since  1900,  in  Twin  Falls  County,  Idaho,  the 
county  being  organized  in  1907.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Snake  River,  a few  miles  east  of  Sho- 
shone Falls.  Population,  5,258,  (1910). 

Two  Thousand  Guineas.  A race  for  three- 
year-old  colts  and  fillies,  established  in  1809 
and  run  annually  at  Newmarket,  England,  on 
a Wednesday  during  the  spring  meeting.  The 
name  does  not  represent  the  entire  value  of  the  stakes, 
which  is  usually  about  five  thousand  pounds.  It  is  run 
over  the  Rowley  Mile  (which  see). 

Tyrone  (ti-ron').  A borough  in  Blair  County, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Juniata  River.  It  is 
important  as  a shipping-point  for  coal,  and 
has  various  manufactures.  Population,  7,176, 
(1910). 

Tyrrell  (tir'el),  George.  Born  at  Dublin,  Feb. 
6,  1861 : died  at  Storrington,  Sussex,  July  15, 
1909.  An  Irish  theologian.  Influenced  by  the 
writings  of  Newman,  he  entered  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  in  1879,  and  in  1880  joined  the  Society  of  Jesus. 
His  modernist  views,  however,  especially  as  shown  in  his 
“Letter  to  a Professor  of  Anthropology”  (afterward  re- 
published as  “ A Much  Abused  Letter"),  broughthim  into 
collision  with  the  order,  and  led  to  his  expulsion  in  1906. 
A little  later  his  criticism  of  the  Pope’s  encyclical  “ Pas- 
cendi  Gregis”  caused  him  to  be  virtually  excommuni- 
cated. Later  publications  in  which  he  maintained  his 
views  are  “Through  Scylia  and  Charybdis,”  “Mediae- 
valism,”  and  “Christianity  at  the  Cross  Roads.” 


bangi-Shari-Chad  Colony. 

A colony  of  the  French 
Kongo,  formed  in  1906.  Cap- 
ital, Fort-de-Possel. 

Uchida  (6-che'da),  Baron 
Yasuga.  Born  in  Kumamoto 
ken,  Japan,  in  1865.  A Jap- 
anese diplomatist  and  states- 
man.  He  was  appointed  attache 
to  the  Japanese  legation  at  Washington  1887  and  secre- 
tary of  legation  at  London  1893 ; was  secretary  of  legation  at 
Peking  1895-97,  vice-minister  of  foreign  affairs  1900,  min- 
ister to  China  1901-06,  ambassador  to  Austria  1907-09, 
and  ambassador  to  the  United  States  1909-11;  and  was 
appointed  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  the  Saionji  cabinet 
in  1911. 

Uganda".  It  is  divided  administratively  into  5 prov- 
inces : Eastern  Province  (Karamojo,  Busoga,  Bukedi,  and 
Lobor),  Rudolf  Province  (Turkwel,  Turkana,  and  Dabossa), 
Northern  Province  (Bari,  Unyoro,  Achole,  Latuka,  and 


Lango),  Western  Province  (Toro  and  Ankole),  and  the 
kingdom  of  Uganda.  The  seat  of  government  is  Entebbe. 
The  capital  of  Uganda  proper  is  Kampala.  A railway  has 
been  built  between  Uganda  and  Mombasa  in  the  East 
Africa  Protectorate. 

Uhde  (6 ' de),  Fritz  Karl  Hermann  von. 

Born  at  Wolkenburg,  Saxony,  May  22,  1848 : 
died  Feb.  25,  1911.  A German  painter.  His 
subjects  are  chiefly  religious,  many  being  bib- 
lical incidents  to  which  he  has  given  a modern 
setting. 

Uhler  (o'ler),  Philip  Reese.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  June  3,  1835.  An  American  biolo- 
gist and  geologist,  librarian  of  the  Peabody  In- 
stitute, Baltimore  1872-90  and  provost  from 
1891.  His  publications  relate  to  entomology, 
geology,  and  library  administration. 

Ukamba  (o-kam'ba).  A province  of  the  East 


Africa  Protectorate.  It  comprises  three  dis- 
tricts. Capital,  Nairobi. 

Undercliff  (un'der-klif).  A region  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  lying  along  the  English  Channel  from 
Bonchurch  to  Blackgang  Chine.  It  is  a rocky  pla- 
teau from  one  quarter  to  one  and  one  half  miles  in  width 
and  from  six  to  seven  miles  in  length,  due  to  a series  of 
landslides.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  beauty  and  mild  climate. 

Underwood  (un'der-wud),  Oscar  Wilder. 

Born  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  May  6,  1862.  An 
American  politician.  He  wa6  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1884,  and 
entered  into  the  practice  of  law  at  Birmingham,  Ala- 
bama. He  has  been  a Democratic  member  of  Congress 
since  1895,  became  chairman  of  the  Way9  and  Means  Com- 
mittee in  April,  1911,  and  in  1913  introduced  the  tariff  bill 
which  bears  Iris  name. 

Ungava  (ung-ga'va).  A district  of  Canada, 
comprising  the  northern  part  of  the  Labrador 


Ungava 

peninsula  except  the  Atlantic  sea-coast.  Area, 
349,109  square  miles.  Population,  5,113. 
Union  (u'nyon).  A town  in  Hudson  County, 
New  Jersey.  It  haa  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton, 
cotton-seed  oil,  etc.  The  waterworks  and  the  electric- 
light  plant  are  owned  by  the  town.  Population,  21,023, 
(1910). 

Union  (u'nyon).  The  county-seat  of  Union 
County,  South  Carolina,  60  miles  northwest  of 
Columbia.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region,  and 
has  cotton-mills,  etc.  Population,  5,623,  (1910). 
Uni6n,  La.  See  *La  Union. 

Union  College.  A college  at  Schenectady, 
New  York,  chartered  in  1795  with  full  univer- 
sity powers.  In  1873  the  Albany  Medical  College,  the 
Albany  Law  School,  and  the  Dudley  Observatory  (at  Al- 
bany) were  incorporated  with  Union  College  as  Union 
University.  The  Albany  College  of  Tharmacy  was  incor- 
porated as  a department  in  1881.  The  number  of  students 
in  the  university  iB  about  800,  in  the  college  about  350. 
The  university  offers  courses  leading  to  the  degrees  of  A.B., 
Ph.B.,  B.S.,  B.E.,  M.C.E.,  and  M.E.E. 

Union  of  South  Africa.  A legislative  union, 
established  May  31,  1910,  under  an  act  of  the 
British  Parliament  passed  in  1909,  of  the  self- 
governing  colonies  of  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  the 
Transvaal  Colony,  and  the  Orange  River  Colony. 
In  this  union  these  colonies  became  provinces,  under  the 
names  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Natal,  the  Transvaal, 
and  the  Orange  Free  State  province  respectively.  The 
executive  power  of  the  union  is  exercised  by  a governor- 
general  appointed  by  the  sovereign  and  assisted  by  a coun- 
cil chosen  by  himself.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in 
a Parliament  consisting  of  the  sovereign,  a Senate  of  40 
members,  of  whom  8 are  nominated  by  the  governor-gen- 
eral, while  32  are  elected  from  the  several  provinces,  and 
a House  of  Assembly  of  121  members  elected  from  the 
provinces.  The  capital  and  seat  of  government  of  the 
union  is  Pretoria,  and  the  seat  of  the  legislature  is  Cape 
Town. 

Union  Theological  Seminary.  An  institu- 
tion for  theological  study,  founded  Jan.  18, 
1836,  at  New  York  city,  for  “ students  of  every 
denomination  of  Christians.”  it  offers  a regular 
course  of  three  years  of  study  leading  to  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  divinity,  also  special  and  graduate  courses.  Its 
buildings  are  at  Broadway  and  120th  street. 

Union  University.  See  * Union  College. 
United  Provinces  of  Agra  and  Oudh.  A lieu- 
tenant-governorship, so  named  in  1902,  con- 
sisting of  the  provinces  in  British  India  for- 
merly known  as  the  Northwest  Provinces  and 
Oudh,  which  in  1877  were  united  under  one 
administrative  head  as  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  Northwest  Provinces  and  chief  commis- 
sioner of  Oudh.  With  the  change  of  name  in 
1902  the  title  of  chief  commissioner  was 
dropped. 

United  States*.  Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  were 
admitted  to  the  Union  as  the  State  of  Oklahoma,  Nov.  16, 
1907.  Tutuila  and  the  other  Samoan  Islands  (east  of  long. 
171°  W.)  were  assigned  to  the  United  States  in  1900.  The 
Panama  Canal  Zone  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the 
Republic  of  Panama  in  1904. 

United  States  Christian  Commission.  An 

organization,  formed  in  November,  1861,  by 
members  of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the 
physical  and  spiritual  welfare  of  the  Federal 
soldiers  and  sailors  in  the  American  Civil  War. 
The  public  responded  to  the  request  for  contributions, 
and  besides  money,  etc.,  nearly  $3,000,000  worth  of  stores 
were  given.  About  a million  and  a half  Bibles  and  Testa- 
ments were  distributed,  besides  much  other  reading- 
matter,  and  upward  of  5,000  delegates  carried  on  the  ac- 
tive work  of  the  organization.  It  received  government 
support. 

United  States  National  Museum.  The  mu- 
seum of  the  United  States  government,  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  (which  see).  It  is  the 

legal  depository  of  all  the  government  collections  in  zool- 
ogy, botany,  geology,  ethnology,  archaiology,  the  indus- 
trial and  fine  arts,  etc.  These  collections  have  been  se- 
cured through  exploring  expeditions,  surveys,  and  other 
activities  of  the  government,  as  in  the  department  of 
agriculture  and  the  bureaus  of  fishery  and  American  eth- 
nology, and  by  gift,  exchange,  and  purchase.  The  museum 
includes  a national  gallery  of  art.  A new  building,  pro- 
vided for  by  Congress  in  1903,  was  first  occupied  in  1910. 

University  of  Alabama.  A State  institution 
of  learning,  situated  near  Tuscaloosa,  Ala. 
It  was  opened  in  1831  and  now  consists  of  three  depart- 
ments : the  department  of  academic  instruction  ; the  de- 
partment of  professional  instruction,  comprising  the  de- 
partments of  education,  engineering,  law,  medicine  (at 
Mobile),  and  pharmacy  (at  Mobile) ; and  the  summer  school 
for  teachers  (established  in  1904).  There  are  about  600 
students  in  the  first  two  departments  and  about  300  in  the 
summer  school. 

University  of  Birmingham.  A university  at 
Birmingham,  England,  incorporated  by  royal 


charter  March  24,  1900.  it  is  an  outgrowth  of  Mason 
University  College,  Birmingham  (founded  in  1875),  and  has, 
besides  the  endowment  of  that  university  (.£200,000),  up- 
ward of  £500,000.  The  university  includes  faculties  of 
science,  arts,  medicine,  and  commerce,  and  is  attended  by 
about  1,000  students.  It  grants  degrees  to  women. 

University  of  California.  A State  university 
established  in  1868  as  the  outgrowth  of  the 
College  of  California  (established  in  1860). 
It  comprises  the  following  departments  : at  Berkeley,  Cali- 
fornia, philosophy,  education,  jurisprudence,  history,  po- 
litical science,  economics,  anthropology,  music,  Semitic 
languages,  Oriental  languages,  Sanskrit,  Greek,  Latin, 
English,  German,  Romanic  languages,  Slavic  languages, 
mathematics,  physics,  astronomy,  geography,  chemistry, 
botany,  zoology,  physiology,  hygiene,  geology,  mineralogy, 
mechanical  and  electrical  engineering,  civil  engineering, 
irrigation,  mining  and  metallurgy,  drawing,  architecture, 
agriculture,  horticulture,  entomology,  military  science  and 
tactics,  and  physical  culture;  at  Mount  Hamilton,  the  Lick 
Observatory ; at  Santiago,  Chile,  the  D.  O.  Mills  Observa- 
tory ; at  Davis,  Cal.,  the  university  farm  ; at  San  Diego  and 
Pacific  Grove,  marine  laboratories;  and  at  San  Francisco, 
the  San  Francisco  Institute  of  Artaud  the  colleges  of  law, 
medicine,  dentistry,  and  pharmacy.  About  3,500  students 
are  in  attendance.  The  endowment  exceeds  $5,000,000 ; 
the  annual  income  exceeds  $1,250,000. 

University  of  Cincinnati.  A university  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  founded  by  the  will  of  Charles 
McMicken  in  1858  and  opened  (with  aid  from 
the  city)  in  1873.  It  comprises  a college  of  liberal 
arts,  a graduate  department,  a college  of  engineering,  a 
college  of  medicine,  a college  of  law,  and  a department 
of  clinical  medicine.  It  is  attended  by  about  1,300  stu- 
dents and  has  an  endowment  of  $1,600,000  and  an  annual 
income  of  over  $250,000., 

University  of  Georgia.  A State  institution 
situated  at  Athens,  Georgia,  it  consists  of  the 
Franklin  College  (the  college  of  arts  : chartered  in  1785, 
and  established  in  1801),  the  Georgia  State  College  of  Agri- 
culture and  the  Mechanic  Arts  (the  college  of  science : 
established  1872),  graduate  schools,  a law  department,  and 
a pharmacy  department.  The  enrolment  of  students  at 
Athens  is  500.  The  following  are  branches  of  the  univer- 
sity and  under  the  general  control  of  its  trustees : the 
Georgia  Medical  College,  at  Augusta  (established  in  1829) ; 
the  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  at  Dahlonega 
(established  in  1871) ; the  Georgia  School  of  Technology, 
at  Atlanta  (established  in  1885) ; the  Georgia  Normal  and 
Industrial  College  for  Girls,  at  Milledgeville  (established 
in  1889) ; the  Georgia  Industrial  College  for  Colored  Youths, 
near  Savannah  (established  in  1890) ; and  the  State  Normal 
School,  near  Athens  (established  in  1895).  The  total  en- 
rolment of  students  is  about  3,500. 

University  of  Kansas.  A State  institution 
of  learning  at  Lawrence,  Kansas,  organized 
in  1864  and  opened  in  1866.  Besides  the  college 

of  liberal  arts  and  sciences,  it  comprises  schools  of  engi- 
neering, law,  pharmacy,  the  fine  arts,  medicine,  a gradu- 
ate school,  and  a summer  session.  About  2,260  students 
are  enrolled. 

University  of  Nebraska.  A State  university 
situated  at  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  founded  in  1869. 
It  comprises  a graduate  college,  a teachers’  college,  a col- 
lege of  arts  and  sciences,  a college  of  agriculture,  a college 
of  engineering,  a college  of  law,  a college  of  medicine,  a 
school  of  fine  arts,  an  affiliated  school  of  music,  and  a 
summer  session.  Under  the  charge  of  the  regents  of  the 
university  are  also  the  Nebraska  agricultural  experiment 
stations,  the  State  museum,  the  botanical  and  geological 
surveys,  and  the  superintendency  of  the  farmers’  insti- 
tutes. The  students  number  over  3,400. 

University  of  North  Carolina.  A non-sec- 
tarian institution  of  learning  situated  at  Chapel 
Hill,  North  Carolina,  founded  in  1789  and 
opened  in  1795.  It  offers  courses  in  arts,  philosophy, 
science,  law,  medicine,  and  pharmacy.  In  1908-09  the 
teaching  staff  numbered  92  and  the  student  body  794. 

U niversity  of  Sheffield.  A university  situated 
at  Sheffield,  Yorkshire,  England,  chartered 
May  31,  1905.  It  is  the  outgrowth  of  University  Col- 
lege, Sheffield  (incorporated  in  1897),  which  was  formed 
by  the  amalgamation  of  Firth  College  (founded  in  1879), 
the  Sheffield  School  of  Medicine  (founded  in  1828),  and 
the  Sheffield  Technical  School.  The  new  buildings,  situ- 
ated near  Weston  Park,  Sheffield,  were  opened  in  1905. 
The  university,  while  offering  courses  in  arts,  science, 
medicine,  and  law,  specializes  in  applied  science  (metal- 
lurgy and  engineering).  It  is  attended  by  734  day  and 
1,436  evening  students,  and  degrees  are  granted  without 
distinction  of  sex. 

University  of  Tennessee.  A State  university 
situated  at  Knoxville,  Tennessee.  Blount  College 
(chartered  in  1794)  was  merged  with  East  Tennessee  Col- 
lege (chartered  in  1807),  which  became  East  Tennessee 
University  in  1840  and  the  University  of  Tennessee  in  1879. 
It  comprises  a graduate  department,  a college  of  liberal 
arts,  a college  of  engineering,  a college  of  agriculture,  an 
industrial  department  for  colored  students  in  Knoxville 
College,  a law  department,  a medical  department,  a school 
of  pharmacy,  and  a dental  department.  The  departments 
of  medicine  and  dentistry  are  situated  in  Nashville.  Jt  is 
attended  by  more  than  700  students. 

University  of  Texas.  A State  coeducational 
institution  of  learning,  opened  in  1883.  it,  con- 
sists of  the  main  university,  situated  at  Austin  (made  up 
of  the  College  of  Arts  and  the  departments  of  engineer- 
ing, law,  and  education),  and  the  department  of  medicine, 


Urso 

situated  at  Galveston.  The  total  attendance  of  studentB 
is  about  2,500. 

University  of  Toronto.  An  institution  of 
learning  in  Toronto,  Canada,  established  in 
1827  by  royal  charter  as  King’s  College,  the 
name  being  changed  to  that  of  the  University 
of  Toronto  in  1849.  It  has  six  faculties  : arts,  medi- 
cine, applied  science  and  engineering,  household  science, 
education,  and  forestry.  The  following  universities  and 
colleges  are  federated  or  affiliated  with  it : (federated)  the 
universities  of  Victoria  and  Trinity ; (federated)  the  col- 
leges of  Knox,  Wyclilfe,  and  St.  Michael's ; and  (affil- 
iated) Albert  College,  Ontario  Agricultural  College,  Royal 
College  of  Dental  Surgeons,  Toronto  College  of  Music,  On- 
tario College  of  Pharmacy,  Toronto  Conservatory  of  Music, 
Hamilton  Conservatory  of  Music,  Western  Canada  College, 
Columbian  Methodist  College,  Ontario  Veterinary  College, 
Ontario  Ladies’  College,  Alma  College,  and  St.  Hilda’s  Col- 
lege. The  number  of  students  is  about  3,900. 

Upham  (up'am),  Warren.  Born  at  Amherst, 
N.  H.,  March  8, 1850.  An  American  geologist, 
secretary  and  librarian  of  the  Minnesota  His- 
torical Society  (St.  Paul)  from  1895.  He  was 
assistant  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  Hampshire 
1875-78 ; of  Minnesota  1879-85  and  1893-94 ; and  of  the 
United  States  1885-95.  His  investigations  have  been  con- 
cerned chiefly  with  glaciology.  Among  his  publications 
are  “The  Glacial  Lake  Agassiz”  (1895),  “Greenland  Ice- 
fields” (1896:  with  G.  F.  Wright),  and  many  geological 
reports  and  papers  in  scientific  magazines.  He  has  edited 
the  Minnesota  Historical  Society  “Collections,”  vols.  8-10 
(1898-1905),  contributing  papers  on  Groseilliers  and  Ra- 
disson,  the  first  white  men  in  Minnesota,  and  the  progress 
of  the  discovery  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Uphues  (op'hus),  Joseph.  Born  at  Sassen- 
berg,  Westphalia,  May  23,  1850:  died  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  2,  1910.  A German  sculptor.  He  studied 
at  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Art  and  under  Begas,  whose 
assistant  he  afterward  became.  He  executed  notable 
memorial  statues  for  Mannheim,  Berlin,  Homburg,  Wies- 
baden, and  other  German  cities.  Among  his  other  works, 
the  best  known  are  “The  Bowman’’  and  “A  Sabine  De- 
fending His  Sister.” 

Upjohn  (up'jon)  Richard.  Born  at  Shaftes- 
bury, England,  Jan.  22,  1802:  died  at  Garri- 
son, Putnam  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  16,  1878. 
An  American  architect.  He  came  to  America  in 
1829  and  in  1839  came  to  New  Yolk  to  undertake  altera- 
tions in  the  old  Trinity  Church  building.  This  project 
was  soon  abandoned,  however,  and  the  construction  of  the 
present  church  was  intrusted  to  him.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  and  its 
first  president  1857-76. 

Upjohn  (up'jon),  Richard  Mitchell.  Born 
at  Shaftesbury,  England,  March  7,  1828 : died 
at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  4, 1903.  An  Ameri- 
can architect,  son  of  Richard  Upjohn.  Among 
the  buildings  which  he  designed  are  St.  Paul’s  Church  in 
Brooklyn,  the  Central  Congregational  Church  in  Boston, 
St.  Peter’s  Church  in  Albany,  the  Capitol  building  in 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  the  Cathedral  in  Fond  du  Lac, 
Wisconsin. 

Upolu*.  Upolu  and  Savaii  were  awarded  to  Germany 
by  the  Anglo-German  agreement  of  Nov.  14,  1899. 

Upper  Nile.  One  of  the  provinces  of  the  An- 
glo-Egyptian  Sudan.  Capital,  Kodok. 

Upper  Senegal  and  the  Niger.  See  *Senegal- 
Niger  Colony,  Upper. 

Urbana  (er-ban'a).  The  county-seat  of  Cham- 
paign County,  Illinois,  43 \ miles  northeast  of 
Decatur.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region,  and 
has  various  manufactures.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  University  of  Illinois.  Population,  8,245, 
(1910). 

Urbana  (er-ban'a).  The  county-seat  of  Cham- 
paign County,  Ohio,  42  miles  northwest  of 
Columbus.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region, 
and  has  manufactories  of  woolen  goods,  straw- 
board,  paper,  furniture,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Urbana  University  (Swedenborgian).  Popu- 
lation, 7,739,  (1910). 

Urdaneta  (or-da-na'ta).  A municipality  in  the 
eastern  part  of  PangasinAn  province,  Luzon, 
Philippinelslands.  Civilizedpopulation,  20,544. 

Uriu,  or  Uryu  (o'ri-o),  Sotokichi.  Born  at 
Kanazawa,  1854.  A Japanese  vice-admiral. 
He  studied  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy ; was 
promoted  captain  in  the  .Japanese  navy  in  1891,  and  rear- 
admiral  in  1900;  commanded  the  squadron  which  attacked 
the  Russian  vessels  Variag  and  Korietz  in  the  harbor 
of  Chemulpo,  Feb.  9,  1904  ; took  paid  in  the  battle  of  the 
Sea  of  Japan  May  27-28,  1905;  and  was  promoted  vice- 
admiral  in  that  year. 

Urso  (or'so),  Camilla  (Mme.  Frederic  Lu6re). 

Born  at  Nantes,  France,  June  13,  1842:  died 
at  New  York,  Jam  20,  1902.  An  Italian  vio- 
linist. She  studied  at  the  Paris  Conservatoire,  and  was 
a pupil  of  Massart.  She  came  to  America  in  1852,  playing 
with  great  success  in  the  concerts  of  Mines.  Albani  and 
Sontag.  After  her  marriage  she  retired,  but  reappeared 
in  1863  and  played  till  her  later  years. 


Vail 


Victoria  University 


ail  (val),  Charles  Henry. 

Born  at  Tully,  N.  Y.,  April 
28, 1866.  An  American  Uni- 
versalist  minister.  He  was  or- 
dained to  the  Universalist  minis- 
try in  1893,  and  held  pastorates  at 
Albany,  New  York,  1893-94;  Jersey 
City,  New  Jersey,  1894-1901;  and 
Richfield  Springs,  New  York,  1902- 
1905.  Since  1906  he  has  been  min- 
ister of  Pullman  Memorial  Church,  Albion,  New  York. 
He  has  published  “Modern  Socialism”  (1897),  “Scientific 
Socialism"  (1899),  “The  Trust  Question  ” (1901),  “Social- 
ism and  the  Negro  Problem  “ (1903),  “ Ancient  Mysteries 
and  Modern  Masonry  ” (1909),  etc. 

Valdosta  (val-dos'ta).  The  county-seat  of 
Lowndes  County,  Georgia,  in  the  extreme 
southern  part  of  the  State.  It  is  the  trade 
center  of  a cotton-growing  district,  and  has 
lumber-mills,  etc.  Population,  7,656,  (1910). 
Valley  City  (val'i  sit'i).  The  county-seat  of 
Barnes  County,  North  Dakota,  on  the  Sheyenne 
River.  It  is  in  a farming  region,  and  has 
grain-elevators,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  a State 
normal  school.  Population,  4,606,  (1910). 
Valnay,  Raoul.  A pseudonym  of  A.  M.  E. 
Herve. 

Valparaiso*.  It  was  visited  by  a destructive 
earthquake  Aug.  17,  1906. 

Valparaiso  (val-pa-ra'zo).  The  county-seat 
of  Porter  County,  Indiana,  42  miles  southeast 
of  Chicago.  It  has  manufactories  of  paints, 
mica,  electrical  goods,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of 
Valparaiso  University.  Population,  6,987, 
(1910). 

Van  Brunt  (van  brunt'),  Henry.  Born  at 
Boston,  Sept.  5,  1832;  died  in  1903.  An  Ameri- 
can architect.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity in  1854,  and  studied  uuder  George  Snell  in  Boston 
and  Richard  M.  Hunt  in  New  York.  He  served  in  the 
navy  during  the  Civil  War,  and  in  1863  entered  the  firm 
of  Ware  and  Van  Brunt.  This  firm  designed  Memo- 
rial Hall  and  the  library  at  Harvard  University ; the 
Episcopal  Theological  Seminary,  Cambridge  ; the  library 
of  the  University  of  Michigan  ; Stone  Hall  at  Wellesley 
College ; and  the  First  Church,  Boston.  In  1881  he  formed 
a new  partnership,  with  F.  M.  Howe,  and  they  erected 
the  Mercantile  Building  in  Kansas  City,  a series  of  sta- 
tions along  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  and  other  build- 
ings in  the  West.  He  published  a translation  of  Viollet- 
le-Duc’s  “ Entretiens"  (1875),  a series  of  articles  in  “The 
Century  Magazine”  on  the  architecture  of  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition  (1892),  and  “Greek  Lines”  (1894).  He 
was  president  of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  in 
1899. 

Vancouver  (van-ko'ver).  The  county-seat  of 
Clarke  County,  Washington,  on  the  Columbia 
River,  about  9 miles  north  of  Portland,  Oregon. 
It  has  extensive  agricultural,  fruit-growing,  and  lumber- 
ing  interests,  and  has  lumber-mills,  a brewery,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  St.  James’  College.  The  headquarters  of  the 
Military  Department  of  the  Columbia  are  located  here. 
The  Columbia  River  is  navigable  for  ocean  vessels  to  this 
point.  Population,  9,300,  (1910). 

Van  der  Foorten-Schwartz',  Joost  Marius 

Willem.  Ilis  later  works  include  “My  Lady  Nobody  ” 
(1895),  “Her  Memory”  (1898),  “Some  Women  I Have 
Known  ” (1901),  “ My  Poor  Relations  ” (1903),  “ Dorothea  ” 
(1904),  “The  Healers”  (1900),  “The  Woman’s  Victory” 
(1906),  “The  New  Religion  ” (1907),  “Brothers  All  ” (1909), 
“Harmen  Pols”  (1910),  “Eve”  (1912),  etc.  His  “The  Jail- 
bird,’’ a one-act  play,  was  produced  in  1904. 

Van  der  Stucken  (van  der  stok'en),  Frank 
(Valentin).  Born  at  Fredericksburg,  Texas, 
Oct.  15,  1858.  An  American  composer  and 
conductor.  He  studied  at  Antwerp  with  Benoit  and 
later  with  Reinecke,  Grieg,  and  Liszt.  He  was  conductor 
at  the  Stadt  Theater  of  Breslau  1881-82.  In  1884  he  came  to 
New  York,  and  in  1895  he  became  director  of  the  Cincin- 
nati College  of  Music  and  of  the  Cincinnati  Orchestra. 
His  compositions  include  choral  and  orchestral  works,  but 
his  songs  are  more  widely  known. 

Van  der  Waals.  See*Waals. 

Van  Devanter  (van  de-van'ter),  Willis.  Born 
at  Marion,  Ind.,  April  17,  1859.  An  American 
jurist,  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  in  1910.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  in  1881,  and  practised  law 
at  Marion,  Indiana,  1881-84.  In  1884  he  removed  to  Chey- 
enne, Wyoming,  where  he  held  several  city  and  State  of- 
fices, serving  as  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Wyoming  1889-90.  He  was  assistant  attorney-general  of 
the  United  States  1S97-1903,  and  United  States  circuit 
judge  of  the  8th  judicial  circuit  1903-10. 

Van  Dyck  (van  dlk'),  Cornelius  Van  Alen. 

Born  1818 : died  1895.  An  eminent  American 
Orientalist  and  Congregational  missionary.  He 

was  stationed  at  Beirut,  Syria,  and  after  the  death  of  Eli 
.Smith  in  1857  undertook  the  completion  of  the  latter’s 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  Arabic.  He  was  manager  of  the 
Mission  Press  at  Beirut  1857- so.  He  tion  in 

Hebrew  in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York, 
1866-67. 

Van  Dyck  (van  dlk'),  Ernest  Marie  Hubert. 
Born  at  Antwerp,  April  2,  1861.  A Belgian 
tenor.  He  studied  law  and  later  became  a journalist  in 
Paris,  where  he  studied  singing.  In  1883  he  made  his 
d6but  in  concert,  and  in  1887  in  opera,  as  Lohengrin,  at 
the  Eden  Theater  in  Paris.  In  1888  he  sang  Parsifal  at 
Bayreuth  and  later  appeared  in  Vienna,  London,  and 


other  cities.  He  created  the  title  role  in  Massenet’s 
“Werther,”  at  Vienna,  in  January,  1892.  He  made  his 
first  American  appearance  in  Chicago  (1899). 

Van  Dyke  (van  dik'),  Henry.  Born  at  Ger- 
mantown, Pa.,  Nov.  10,  1852.  An  American 
clergyman,  educator,  and  author,  professor  of 
English  literature  in  Princeton  University  from 
1900,  and  minister  to  the  Netherlands  1913-. 

He  was  pastor  of  the  United  Fresbyterian  Congregational 
Church,  Newport,  R.  I.,  1878-82,  and  of  the  Brick  Presby- 
terian Church,  New  York,  1883-1900  and  in  1902.  He  is 
the  author  of  “The  Poetry  of  Tennyson"  (1889),  “Little 
Rivers  ” (1895),  “ The  Story  of  the  Other  Wise  Man  " (1896), 
“The  Gospel  for  an  Age  of  Doubt"  (1896),  “The  Builders, 
and  Other  Poems "(1897),“  The  Lost  Word  ” (1898),“  Fisher- 
man's Luck”  (1899),  “The  Toiling  of  Felix,  and  Other 
Poems”  (1900),  “The  Ruling  Passion"  (1901),  “The  Blue 
Flower”  (1902),  “House  of  Rimmon”  (1908),  “Out  of 
Doors  in  the  Holy  Land  ” (1908),  “ The  White  Bees  ’’  (1909), 
“The  Mansion  ” (1911),  “The  Sad  Shepherd”  (1911),  “The 
Unknown  Quantity"  (1912),  etc. 

Van  Gogh  (van  choch),  Vincent.  Born  at 
Groot-Zundert,  Holland,  March  30,  1853;  died 
at  Anvers-sur-Oise,  France,  July  29,  1890.  A 
Dutch  post-impressionist  painter.  He  studied 
with  Mauve,  and  attended  the  Academy  in  Antwerp  in 
1885,  but  was  in  the  main  self-taught.  In  1886  he  went 
to  Paris  and  worked  principally  in  France  until  his  death, 
which  was  by  suicide  in  an  asylum.  He  was  a friend  of 
Paul  Gauguin.  He  painted  still-life  (“  Apples  in  a Bas- 
ket,” etc.),  landscape  (“Orchard  in  Provence,”  “Rain  Ef- 
fect,” etc.),  and  figures.  His  work  has  been  shown  in  the 
Post-Impressionist  Exhibition,  London  (1910-11),  in  Co- 
logne (1912),  in  Amsterdam,  etc.  His  letters  were  pub- 
lished in  translation  in  1913. 

Van  Hise  (van  his'),  Charles  Richard.  Bom 

at  Fulton,  Wisconsin,  May  29, 1857.  An  Ameri- 
can geologist,  president  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  from  1903.  He  was  connected  as  assistant 
professor  and  professor  with  the  university  1883-1903; 
was  non-resident  professor  of  structural  geology  in  the 
University  of  Chicago  1892-1903  ; and  has  served  as  assis- 
tant geologist  and  geologist  in  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  from  1883.  He  has  published  a treatise  on  meta- 
morphism, other  scientific  works  and  papers,  and  “Con- 
centration and  Control : a Solution  of  the  Trust  Problem 
in  the  United  States”  (1912). 

Van  Horne  (van  horn'),  Sir  William  Cor- 
nelius. Born  near  Joliet,  111.,  Feb.  3,  1843. 
An  American  administrator  of  railroads.  He 
entered  the  railroad  service  in  1857  and  held  various 
supervising  and  executive  positions  in  connection  with 
railroads  in  the  United  States  1867-81,  but  is  most  closely 
identified  with  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  of  which  he 
was  general  manager  1881-84,  vice-president  1884-88, 

President  1888-99,  and  chairman  of  the  board  of  directors 
899-1910.  He  was  created  knight  commander  (honorary) 
of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George  in  1894. 

Van  Laun  (van  lan'),  Henri.  Bom  in  Hol- 
land, 1820:  died  at  London,  Jan.  19,  1896.  A 
British  author  and  educator.  Among  his  works  are 
a number  of  text-books,  a “ History  of  French  Literature  ” 
(1876-77),  “The  French  Revolutionary  Epoch”  (1878),  and 
translations  of  Taine’s  “History  of  English  Literature” 
(1871),  Molirie’s  works  (1875-76),  the  “Caractferes”  of  La 
Bruyere  (1885),  and  “Gil  Bias"  (1886). 

Van  Rensselaer  (vanren'se-ler),  Mrs.  (Mari- 
ana Griswold).  Born  at  New  York.  A con- 
temporary American  art  critic  and  author. 
Among  her  works  are  “ Henry  Hobson  Richardson  and  his 
Work”  (1888),  “Six  Portraits”  (1889),  “English  Cathe- 
drals ” (1893),  “ Art  Outof  Doors  ” (1893),  “One Man  Who 
Was  Content”  (1896),  “History  of  the  City  of  New  York 
in  the  Seventeenth  Century  ” (1909),  “ Poems  ” (1910),  etc. 

Van  Rooy  (van  roi),  Anton  (Antonius  Maria 
Josephus).  Born  at  Rotterdam,  Jan.  1,  1870. 
A Dutch  barytone.  He  studied  with  Stockhausen  at 
Frankfort,  ami,  after  singing  in  concerts,  appeared  at 
Bayreuth  in  1897  as  Wotan.  He  afterward  sang  at  Berlin 
and  for  many  seasons  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  and  the 
Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York,  where  he  appeared 
as  Amfortas  and  Jockanaan  in  the  American  productions 
of  “ Parsifal  ” and  “Salome.”  Since  1908 he  has  sung  in 
Europe,  usually  in  concerts. 

Vedrines  (va-dren'),  Jules.  Born  at  St.- 
Denis,  Seine,  Dec.  29,  1881.  A French  aviator, 
participant  in  several  important  cross-country 
aeroplane  races  in  Europe  during  1911.  He  won 
(in  a Morane  monoplane)  the  Paris-Madrid  race,  making 
the  766  miles  in  12  hrs.  18  min.,  actual  flying  time,  or  at  a 
rate  of  about  69  miles  an  hour.  The  race  extended  from 
May  22  to  May  26,  1911,  the  course  crossing  the  Pyrenees. 
In  the  All-British  race  of  1,010  miles  Vedrines  occupied 
35|  hours,  including  some  stops  (22  hrs.  44  min.,  actual 
flying  time),  averaging  42.8  miles  an  hour. 

Veitch  (vech),  John.  Born  at  Peebles,  Scot- 
land, Oct.  24,  1829:  died  there,  Sept.  3,  1894. 
A Scotch  philosophical  writer  and  historian, 
professor  of  logic,  rhetoric,  and  metaphysics  at 
St.  Andrews  1860-64  and  of  logic  and  rhetoric 
at  Glasgow  1864-94.  He  wrote  “The  Tweed,  and 
Other  Poems  ” (1875),  “The  Feeling  for  Nature  in  Scottish 
Poetry”  (1887),  “Merlin,  and  Other  Poems”  (1889),  “The 
History  and  Poetry  of  the  Scottish  Border  ” (1893),  “ Dual- 
ism and  Monism  ” (1895),  etc. 

Veitch  (vech),  William.  Born  at  Spittal-on- 
Rule,  Roxburghshire,  1794;  died  at  Edinburgh, 
July  8,  1885.  A Scotch  classical  scholar.  He 

was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  worked  as  a private  tutor 
at  the  university.  lie  is  best  known  for  his  work  on 
“ Greek  Verbs,  Irregular  and  Defective  ” (1848). 


Venables  (ven'a-blz),  George.  Born  1821 : 
died  Dec.  30,  1906.  An  English  clergyman, 
canon  of  Norwich  from  1881.  He  published  a num- 
ber of  works  on  ecclesiastical  and  religious  themes. 

Venango  (ve-nang'go),  Fort.  A French  fort 
built  in  1753  on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of 
Franklin,  capital  of  Venango  County,  Penn- 
sylvania. It  stood  at  the  entry  ol  the  Venango  (now 
French)  Creek  into  the  Allegheny  River.  The  locality  is 
now  the  center  of  the  chief  oil  region  of  Pennsylvania. 

Venezuela*.  It  is  now  divided  into  20  states,  Apure, 
Aragua,  Anzoategui,  Bolivar,  Carabobo,  Cojedes,  Falcon, 
Guarico,  Lara,  Monagas,  Mdrida,  Miranda,  Nueva  Esparta, 
Portuguesa,  Sucre,  Tachira,  Trujillo,  Yaracuy,  Zamora, 
Zulia ; 2 territories,  Amazonas  and  Delta- Amacuro ; and  a 
federal  district,  the  city  of  Caracas. 

Verde  (var'da)  Island  Passage.  A strait  in 
the  Philippine  Islands,  separating  the  southern 
coast  of  Luzdn  and  the  northern  coast  of 
Mindoro.  , 

Verhaeren  (var-ha'ren),  Emile.  Born  at 
Saint-Armand,  Belgium,  May  21,  1855.  A 
noted  Flemish  poet  and  dramatist.  His  verse 
includes  “Les  flamandes  ” (1880),  “Les  moines  ” (1886)  ; a 
trilogy  of  life,  “Les  soirs”  (1887),  “Les  debacles  ” (1888), 
and  “ Les  flambeaux  noil's  ” (1890) ; “ Les  apparus  dans  mes 
chemins”  (1891),  “Les  campagnes  hallucinees"  (1893), 
“ Les  villages  illusoires  ” (1895),  “Les  villes  tentaculaires” 
(1895),  “Lesheures  claires”  (1899),  “ Petites  legendes  ” 
(1900),  and  “Forces  tumultueuses  ” (1902).  He  has  also 
written  lyrical  dramas,  “ Les  aubes  ” (1898),  “ Le  cloitre  ” 
(1900),  and  “ Philippe  II.”  (1901). 

Vernon-Harcourt.  See  * Harcourt. 

Verrall  (ver'al),  Arthur  Woollgar.  Born  at 

Brighton,  England,  Feb.  5,  1851:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, June  18,  1912.  A British  classical  and 
English  scholar,  professor  of  English  litera- 
ture in  Cambridge  University  1911-12.  He 
published  ‘'Euripides  the  Rationalist”  (1895), 
also  editions  and  translations  of  various  plays 
of  HCschylus  and  Euripides,  etc. 

Veto  Bill,  The.  A British  parliamentary  mea- 
sure designed  to  limit  the  power  of  the  House 
of  Lords  to  reject  (‘veto’)  bills  passed  by 
the  House  of  Commons.  It  is  one  of  the  mo6t  revolu- 
tionary constitutional  reforms  in  the  history  of  the  British 
Parliament.  The  House  of  Lords  does  not  possess  the 
power  of  initiating  legislation  affecting  supply  and  taxa- 
tion, and  very  rarely  has  exercised  its  power  to  originate 
any  other  legislation.  The  exclusive  right  of  instituting 
money  bills  is  vested  in  the  Commons,  and  the  Commons 
have  maintained  that  such  bills  cannot  be  amended  by 
the  Lords.  But,  while  abstaining  from  direct  interference 
with  grants  of  supply,  the  Lords  occasionally  have 
rejected,  postponed,  or  amended  bills  affecting  supply 
and  taxation.  In  1909  the  budget  which  was  adopted 
by  the  House  of  Commons,  under  the  leadership  of 
the  Liberal  prime  minister,  Mr.  Asquith,  was  rejected 
by  the  House  of  Lords.  An  election  followed,  and  the 
Liberal  government  was  returned,  although  w ith  a re- 
duced majority.  It  was  then  decided  to  reduce  the 
powers  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  a bill  was  introduced 
and  passed  in  the  House  of  Commons  which  provided  that 
money  bills  should  become  laws  without  the  consent  of 
the  Lords,  and  that  all  other  bills  should  become  laws, 
even  though  rejected  by  the  Lords,  if  passed  by  the  Com- 
mons in  three  successive  sessions  within  a minimum 
period  of  years.  (The  bill  reads : “ Provided  . . . two 
years  have  elapsed  between  the  date  of  the  second  reading 
in  the  first  of  those  sessions  of  the  bill  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons and  the  date  on  which  it  passes  the  House  of  Com- 
mons in  the  third  of  those  sessions.”  ) To  this  measure 
the  assent  of  the  Lords  was  secured,  August  10,  1911.  Cor- 
rectly known  as  the  Parliament  Bill.  On  receiving  the 
royal  assent,  it  became  the  Parliament  Act. 

Via  Sacra  (vi'a  sa'kra).  [L.,  ‘ Sacred  Way. r| 
A street  in  Rome  leading  from  the  arch  of 
Titus,  by  the  Forum,  to  the  Capitol,  along 
which  public  processions  passed. 

Vicomte  de  Bragelonne  (ve-kont'  de  brazh- 
lon').  A novel  by  Dumas  pere,  published 
1848-50:  a sequel*  to  “ Vingt  ans  apres” 
(which  see). 

Victoria*.  The  state  is  represented  in  the 
federal  parliament  by  6 senators  and  22  repre- 
sentatives. 

Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  The  name  by 
which,  since  1899,  the  South  Kensington  Mu- 
seum has  been  known.  See  South  Kensington 
Museum. 

Victoria  Eugenie  Julia  Ena  (vik-to'ri-a 
u-zha'ne  jo'lya  e'na).  Born  at  Balmoral 
Castle,  Scotland,  Oct.  24,  1887.  Daughter  of 
Prince  Henry  of  Battenberg  (1858-96)  aud 
Princess  Beatrice  of  Great  Britain  (daughter 
of  Queen  Victoria),  and  wife  of  Alfonso  XIII., 
king  of  Spain,  whom  she  married  May  31,  1906. 

Victoria  University.  An  English  institution 
of  learning  founded  in  1880,  originally  a fed- 
eral university  consisting  of  Owens  College, 
Manchester,  University  College,  Liverpool, 
and  Yorkshire  College,  Leeds,  in  1903  a separate 
charter  was  granted  for  a University  of  Liverpool  and  in 
1904  for  a University  of  Leeds.  The  Victoria  University 
was  reconstituted  in  1903  under  the  title  of  the  “Victoria 
University  of  Manchester,”  and  Owens  College  was  incor- 
porated with  it  in  1904. 


Vierge 

Vierge  (ve-arzh'),  Daniel  Urrabieta.  Born 
at  Madrid,  Spain,  March  5, 1851 : died  at  Bou- 
logne-sur-Seine,  May  10,  1904.  A Spanish 
painter  and  illustrator.  Shortly  before  the  war  of 
1870  he  went  to  Paris  and  found  employment  on  the  illus- 
trated papers.  In  187(5  his  illustrations  (1,000  drawings) 
for  Michelet's  “ History  of  France  ” were  published.  By 
a paralytic  stroke  he  lost  the  use  of  his  right  hand,  sub- 
stituted the  left,  and  thereafter  produced  several  of  his 
most  important  works  — illustrations  for  “Pablo  de 
Segovia,”  “On  the  Trail  of  Don  Quixote”  (published  in 
America),  “ Lazarillo  de  Tonnes,”  “ Bachelier  de  Sa- 
lamanque,”  and  a 4- volume  edition  of  “ Don  Quixote.” 

Vigan  (ve'gan).  A town,  the  capital  of  Ilocos 
Sur  province,  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  on 
the  Abra  River,  not  far  from  the  coast,  in  lat. 
17°  35'  N.,  long.  120°  25'  E.  Population,  5,749. 
Vignaud  (ven-yo'),  Jean  Henry.  Born  at 
New  Orleans,  Nov.  27,  1830.  An  American 
diplomatist  and  author.  He  served  in ‘the  Confed- 
erate army  during  the  Civil  War,  acting  as  secretary  of 
the  Confederate  diplomatic  commission  at  Paris  in  1863. 
From  1875  to  1909  he  held  secretaryships  in  the  United 
States  legation  and  embassy  at  Paris.  He  has  published 
“ La  lettre  et  la  carte  de  Toscauelli  sur  la  route  des  Indes  ” 
(1901),  “Toscauelli  and  Columbus"  (1902-03),  “La  ipaison 
d’Albe  et  lea  archives  colombiennes  ” (1904),  “fitudes 
critiques  sur  la  vie  de  Colomb  ’’  (1905),  etc. 

Villari*,  Pascpiale.  He  was  elected  senator  in  1884, 
was  minister  of  public  instruction  1891-92.  His  later 
works  include  “Arte,  storia,  e filosofia  ” (1884),  “Saggi 
storici  e critici  ” (1890),  “ I primi  due  secoli  della  storia  di 
Firenze”  (1893),  “Scritti  vari  ” (1894),  “ Le  invasioni 
barbariche  in  Italia"  (1900),  “Scritti  sulla  questione 
sociale  in  Italia  ” (1902),  “ Discussioni  critiche  e discorsi  ” 
(1905),  etc. 

Villiers  (vil'yerz),  Frederic.  Born  at  London, 
April  23,  1852.  An  English  journalist,  artist, 
and  lecturer.  He  was  educated  in  France  and  studied 
also  at  the  South  Kensington  School  of  Artaud  the  Royal 
Academy.  Since  1896  he  has  been  war  correspondent  for 
various  journals  in  most  of  the  important  campaigns  of 
the  time.  His  publications  include  “Pictures  of  Many 
Wars  ” (1902)  and  “ Port  Arthur  ” (1905). 

Vincent  (vin'sent),  John  Heyl.  Born  at  Tus- 
caloosa, Ala.,  Feb.  23,  1832.  An  American 
clergyman  and  educator,  bishop  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Chautauqua  Assembly  (1874).  He  is  also 
the  originator  and  chancellor  of  the  Chautauqua  Literary 
and  Scientific  Circle  (1878).  He  has  published  “ The  Mod- 
ern Sunday  School,”  “Studies  in  Young  Life,”  “Our  Own 
Church,  ” “ The  Chinch  School  and  Its  Officers,  ” “ Sunday 


School  Institutes  and  Normal  Classes,”  “ The  Chautauqua 
Movement,”  etc. 

Vincent  (vin  ' sent),  Marvin  Richardson. 

Born  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  11,  1834. 
An  American  clergyman,  author,  and  educator, 
professor  of  New  Testament  exegesis  and  crit- 
icism in  Union  Theological  Seminary  from  1888. 
He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1854,  and  entered  the 
ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  iu  1859  and 
that  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  1863.  From  1858  to  1860 
he  was  professor  of  Latin  in  Troy  University,  New  York. 
He  is  the  author  of  “Word-Studies  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment” (1877-1900),  “The  Age  of  Hildebrand  ” (1896),  etc. 
Viner  (vi'ner),  Charles.  Born  at  Salisbury, 
England,  1678 : died  at  Aldershot,  June  5, 
1756.  An  English  jurist,  founder  of  the  Vine- 
rian  common-law  professorship,  scholarships, 
and  fellowships  at  Oxford  University.  He  pub- 
lished “A  General  Abridgment  of  Law  and 
Equity”  in  23  volumes  (1742-53). 

Vinton  (vin'ton),  Frederic  Porter.  Born 
at  Bangor,  Maine,  Jan.  29,  1846:  died  at 
Boston,  May  20,  1911.  An  American  painter. 
He  was  a pupil  of  William  Morris  Hunt  and  Dr. 
William  Rimmer  in  Boston,  and  studied  also  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  Munich  and  under  Leon  Bonnat  and 
Jean  Paul  Laurens  in  Paris.  In  1880  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  American  Artists  and  in  1891  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design,  and  has  painted  many 
important  portraits. 

Viotti  (ve-ot'te),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  Fontanetto,  Piedmont,  May  23, 1753:  died  at 
London,  March  3,  1824.  An  Italian  violin- 
ist and  composer  for  the  violin.  He  exerted  a 
notable  influence  upon  the  modern  style  of  violin-playing. 
His  time  was  spent  chiefly  in  Paris  and  London,  where 
he  was  engaged  partly  in  managing  operatic  enterprises. 
His  concertos  for  the  violin  are  still  valued. 

Virginia  (ver-jm'i-a).  A city  in  St.  Louis 
County,  Minnesota,  56  miles  northwest  of  Du- 
luth. Iron-mining  is  its  chief  industry.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,473,  (1910). 

Visayan  (ve-sa'yan)  Islands.  A group  of 
islands  in  the  Philippines,  lying  south  of  Luzon 
and  north  of  Mindanao.  The  most  important  of 
them  are  Bohol,  Cebu,  Leyte,  Masbate,  Negros,  Romblon, 
and  Samar.  See  Bohol , Cebu,  Leyte , ★ Masbate,  Negros , 
★ Romblon,  and  Samar.  Also  Bisayas. 

Visayan  (ve-sa'yan)  Sea.  The  northern  part 
of  the  sea  inclosed  by  the  Philippine  Islands, 
the  Sulu  Archipelago,  and  Borneo,  it  is  con- 


Walker,  John  Grimes 

nected  on  the  east  by  the  straits  of  San  Bernardino  and 
San  Juanico  with  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  on  the  west  by 
Mindoro  Strait  and  Verde  Island  Passage  with  the  China 
Sea. 

Vittoria  (vit-to'ri-a).  A novel  by  George  Mere- 
dith, published  in  1866.  It  is  a sequel  to  “Sandra 
Belloni.  ’ ’ The  scene  is  the  Italian  insurrection  of  1848. 

Vittorio  Emanuele  III.  See  Victor  Emman- 
uel 111. 

Voigt  (foigt),  Frau  (Johanna  Ambrosius). 

Born  at  Lengwethen,  East  Prussia,  Aug.  3, 
1854.  A German  poet.  She  is  the  daughter  of  a 
mechanic,  and  her  only  education  was  obtained  from  a 
village  school,  which  she  attended  until  her  eleventh 
year.  In  1906  her  collected  poems  (“  Gedichte  ”)  reached 
the  41st  edition. 

Voisin  (vwo-zan'),  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Lyons, 
France,  Feb.  5, 1889.  A French  aviator.  He  made 
his  first  aeronautical  apparatus — which  was  tried  over 
the  waters  of  the  Seine— under  the  patronage  of  M.  Arch- 
deacon in  1903-04.  With  his  brother  Charles  he  estab- 
lished the  first  aeroplane  factory  and  constructed  the 
biplanes  used  by  Farman,  Delagrange,  and  Paulhan.  On 
July  25,  1909,  he  was  made  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  and  divided  with  M.  Bleriot  theOsiris  prize  of  100,000 
francs  which  was  given  that  year  (1909)  for  the  most 
notable  contribution  to  aeronautics. 

Volcan  (vol-kan').  An  island  in  Lake  Bom- 
b6n,  southern  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  it  is 
the  seat  of  Taal  volcano.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  the 
volcano  itself. 

Volsungs.  See  Volsunga  Saga. 

Voynich  (voi'nich),  Mrs.  (Ethel  Lilian 
Boole).  Born  1864.  An  English  novelist, 
daughter  of  the  mathematician  George  Boole. 
She  has  written  “The  Gadfly”  (1897),  “Jack  Raymond” 
(1901),  “Olive  Latham  " (1904),  etc. 

Vries  (vres),  Hugo  de.  Born  at  Haarlem, 
Feb.  16,  1848.  An  eminent  Dutch  botanist, 
professor  of  plant  anatomy  and  physiology  in 
the  University  of  Wurzburg.  He  is  noted  for  hia 
contributions  to  the  theory  of  evolution  and  especially 
for  his  researches  on  mutation  in  plants.  He  studied  at 
the  universities  of  Leyden,  Heidelberg,  and  Wurzburg, 
and  became  professor  of  botany  at  the  University  of  Am- 
sterdam in  1878,  and  at  the  University  of  Wurzburg  in 
1897.  He  has  published  various  works  on  botanical  sub- 
jects, among  them  “Eine  Methode  zur  Analyse  der  Tur- 
gorkraft  ” (1884),  “ Plasmolytische  Studien  iiber  die  Wand 
der  Vacuolen  ” (1885),  “ Leerboek  der  Plantenphysiologie  ” 
(1885),  “ Intracellulare  Pangenesis  ” (1889),  “ Monographie 
der  Zwangsdrehungen ’’  (1892),  “Die  Mutationstheorie ” 
(1900-03),  “ Plant  Breeding  ” (1907),  “ Die  Mutationem  in 
der  Erblichkeitslehre  ” (1912),  etc. 


aals  (wals),  Johannes  Diede- 
rik  van  der.  Born  at  Ley- 
den, Holland,  Nov.  23,  1837. 
A Dutch  physicist,  professor 
in  the  University  of  Amster- 
dam from  1877.  He  was  the 
originator  of  the  kinetic 
theory  of  fluids,  announced 
in  1873.  In  1910  he  received 
the  Nobel  prize  for  physics. 

Wabash  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
in  Crawfordsville,  Indiana,  founded  in  1832  by 
four  pioneer  missionaries  and  three  elders  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  chartered  in 
1834.  It  is  attended  by  about  400  students, 
and  bas  an  endowment  of  about  $600,000. 

Wace  (was),  ‘Henry.  Born  at  London,  Dec. 
10,  1836.  An  English  scholar,  dean  of  Canter- 
bury from  1903.  He  was  principal  of  King’s  College, 
London,  1883-97,  and  rector  of  St.  Michael's,  Cornhill, 
London,  1896-1903.  With  Sir  William  Smith  he  edited 
the  “ Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography  ” (1877-87). 

Waganda  (wa-gan'da).  The  most  important 
of  the  native  Bantu  tribes  of  the  former  king- 
dom of  Uganda,  now  included  in  the  Uganda 
Protectorate. 

Wagner  (vag'ner),  Charles.  Born  in  Alsace, 
Jan.  3,  1852.  A Protestant  pastor  and  author. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1869 ; studied  theology 
in  Strasburg  and  Gottingen  ; and  went  to  preach  in  Paris 
in  1882.  In  1904  he  made  a lecture  tour  cf  the  United 
States.  Translations  of  his  works  have  been  published  as 
“Youth,”  “The  Soul  of  Things,”  “Bythe  Fireside,”  “The 
Better  Way,”  “The  Simple  Life,”  “ On  Life’s  Threshold,” 
“The  Gospel  of  Life,”  "Wayside  Talks,”  etc. 

Wainwright  (wan'rit),  Richard.  Bom  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  17,  1849.  Ati  Ameri- 
can naval  officer,  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1908. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy 
in  1868 ; was  executive  officer  of  the  Maine  when  she  was 
blown  up  in  the  harbor  of  Havana ; and  commanded  the 
Gloucester  in  the  battle  of  Santiago,  July  3,  1898,  being 
engaged  with  the  Spanish  destroyers. 

Wake  (wak)  Island.  An  island  in  the  Pacific 

VI.  39 


Ocean,  situated  in  lat.  19°  12'  N.,  long.  167° 
35'  E.  It  belongs  to  the  United  States. 

Walcott  (wal'kot),  Charles  Doolittle.  Born 
at  New  York  Mills,  N.  Y.,  March  31,  1850.  An 
American  geologist  and  paleontologist,  secre- 
tary of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  1907-.  He 
has  been  connected  with  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey since  1879 ; was  director  of  the  Survey  1894-1907 ; 
was  secretary  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  1901-05 ; and 
has  been  honorary  curator  of  the  department  of  paleon- 
tology in  the  United  States  National  Museum  since  1892. 
His  researches  have  related  chiefly  to  the  stratigraphy  and 
paleontology  ol  the  Lower  Paleozoic  formations. 

Waldeck-Rousseau  (val-dek'ro-so'),  Pierre 
Marie.  Born  at  Rennes,  Dec.  2,  1846:  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  10,  1904.  A French  barrister 
and  statesman.  He  was  counsel  forde  Lesseps  in  the 
Panama  case ; was  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
for  Rennes  1879-89 ; and  in  1891  was  elected  to  the  Senate. 
He  was  minister  of  the  interior  under  Gambetta  1881-82 
and  under  Ferry  1883-85,  and  president  of  the  council 
(premier)  and  minister  of  the  interior  1899-1902. 

Walfish  Bay*.  The  territory  of  Walfish  Bay 
is  a part  of  Cape  Colony.  Area,  430  square 
miles.  Population,  997. 

Walford  (waL'ford),  Mrs.  (Lucy  Bethia  Col- 
quhoun).  Born  at  Portobello,  Scotland,  April 
17,  1845.  A British  novelist.  Her  works  include 
“Mr.  Smith”  (1874),  “Pauline”  (1877),  “The  Baby’s 
Grandmother”  (1885),  “A  Mere  Child”  (1888),  “One  of 
Ourselves”  (1900),  “Charlotte”  (1902),  “The  Stay-at- 
Homes”  (1903),  “Leonore  Stubbs”  (1908),  “Recollections 
of  a Scottish  Novelist”  (1910),  etc. 

Walker  (wa'ker),  Charles  Howard.  Born  at 
Boston,  Jan.  9,  1857.  An  American  architect. 
He  studied  at  Boston,  New  York,  and  abroad  ; was  a mem- 
ber of  an  archaeological  expedition  to  Asia  Minor  in  1881 ; 
and  since  1884  has  practised  architecture  in  Boston.  In  1889 
he  became  a partner  in  the  Arm  of  Walker  and  Kimball, 
who  were  architects-in-chief  of  the  Omaha  Exposition, 
1898,  and  members  of  the  board  of  architects  of  the  St. 
Louis  Exposition,  1904.  In  1894  he  was  a lecturer  at  the 
Lowell  Institute,  and  he  has  also  given  lecture  courses  at 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  and  at  Har- 
vard, Yale,  and  other  universities.  Since  1902  he  has 
been  director  of  the  department  of  design  of  the  Boston 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts.  He  is  a member  of  the  National 


Art  Commission,  appointed  by  President  Roosevelt  In 
1909. 

Walker  (wa'ker),  Edyth.  Born  at  Hopewell, 
N.  Y.,  March  27,  1870.  An  American  dramatic 
soprano.  She  studied  singing  at  the  Dresden  Conserva- 
tory and  made  her  debut  at  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipsic. 
She  first  appeared  in  opera,  in  Vienna,  as  a contralto, 
singing  Fides  in  “Le  Prophete.”  She  was  then  engaged 
in  Leipsic,  Briinn,  Berlin,  Magdeburg,  and  Vienna,  and 
in  1900  sang  at  Covent  Garden,  London.  In  1903  she 
came  to  America,  making  her  debut  as  Amneris  in 
“Aida”  and  remaining  for  three  seasons.  Since  1906  she 
has  become  a dramatic  soprano,  appearing  at  Hamburg, 
Berlin,  and  London.  She  has  added  the  roles  of  Aida, 
Valentine  (in  “Les  Huguenots"),  and  Elektra  to  her 
repertoire,  which  already  included  Donna  Elvira,  Selika, 
Fidelio,  Brangane,  Venus,  Erda,  Fricka,  and  Brunhild. 

Walker  (wa'ker),  Frederick.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, May  26,  1840 : died  at  Saint  Fillans, 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  June  4,  1875.  An  Eng- 
lish painter  and  illustrator.  In  1863  he  exhibited 
his  first  oil-painting  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  in  1871 
was  elected  an-associate  of  that  institution.  Two  of  his 
pictures  are  in  the  National  Gallery. 

Walker  (wa'ker),  Henry  Oliver.  Born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  May  14.  1843.  An  American 
artist,  a pupil  of  Bonnat.  He  is  best  known 
for  his  mural  paintings. 

Walker  (wa'ker),  Horatio.  Born  at  Lie- 
towel,  Canada,  1858.  An  American  painter, 
the  son  of  an  English  army  officer.  He  has  found 
his  material  in  Canada,  where  he  has  been  attracted  by 
the  French  inhabitants,  who  have  retained  much  of  the 
character  of  the  peasantry  of  France.  The  formation  of 
his  style  has  been  most  influenced  by  Millet  and  Troyon, 
especially  the  latter,  ne  was  elected  a member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design  in  New  York  in  1891,  and  is 
also  a member  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
colours in  London,  and  was  a member  of  the  Society  of 
American  Artists  in  New  York  etc. 

Walker  (wa'ker),  John  Grimes.  Born  at 
Hillsborough,  N.  H.,  March  20,  1835:  died  at 
York  Beach,  Maine,  Sept.  16,  1907.  An  Ameri- 
can naval  officer.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Naval 
Academy,  Annapolis,  in  1856,  and  was  instructor  in  mathe- 
matics in  the  academy  1859-60.  He  was  in  active  service 
during  the  Civil  War,  becoming  lieutenant-commander  iu 
1862,  commander  in  1866,  commodore  in  1889,  and  rear- 


Walker,  John  Grimes 

admiral  in  1894,  retiring  in  1897.  He  was  president  of  the 
Nicaragua  Canal  Commission  1897-99,  and  was  appointed 
president  of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  in  1899. 

Wallace",  Alfred  Russel.  His  later  works  include 

“Darwinism”  (1889),  “The  Wonderful  Century”  (1898), 
“Studies,  Scientific  and  Social”  (1900),  “Man's  Place  in 
the  Universe  ” (1903),  “My  Life  ” (1905),  “ Is  Mars  Habit- 
able?" (1908),  “The  World  of  Life  ” (1911),  “ Social  Environ- 
ment and  Moral  Progress  ” (1913),  etc. 

Wallace",  Sir  Donald  Mackenzie.  He  wrote 

also  “Egypt  and  the  Egyptian  Question”  (1883)  and  “The 
Web  of  Empire"  (1902),  and  edited  the  tenth  edition  of 
the  “Encyclopaedia  Britannica.” 

Wallace  (wol'as),  William.  Born  at  Green- 
ock, July  3,  1860.  A Scottish  composer.  He 

completed  a course  in  medicine  at  Glasgow  and  Vienna 
before  studying  music  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  London 
in  1889.  Little  of  his  work  has  been  published.  His  most 
important  compositions  are  Bix  symphonic  poems  for  or- 
chestra: “The  Passing  of  Beatrice,”  “Sister  Helen,” 
“ Ambossoder  Hammer,”  “ Greeting  to  the  New  Century," 
“Sir  William  Wallace,"  and  “ Francois  Villon,"  which 
last  has  been  heard  in  New  York.  He  has  written  many 
other  important  musical  works  and  a book,  “On  the 
Threshold  of  Music." 

Wallace  (wol'as),  William  Vincent.  Born 
at  Waterford,  Ireland,  July  1,  1813:  died  at 
Chateau  de  Bagen  in  the  Pyrenees,  France, 
Oct.  12,  1865.  A violinist  and  composer.  His 
English  operas,  “Maritana”  (1845)  and  “ Lurline”  (1860), 
were  the  most  successful  of  his  works,  though  many  of  his 
piano  pieces  were  popular  at  one  time. 

Wallace  Collection,  The.  A collection  of 
paintiDgs  and  other  works  of  art  at  Hertford 
House,  London,  presented  to  the  British  na- 
tion by  the  will  of  Lady  Wallace  (died  1897). 

It  was  formed  by  Francis  Charles,  third  marquis,  and 
Richard,  fourth  marquis  of  Hertford,  and  was  willed  to 
and  enlarged  by  Sir  Richard  Wallace.  It  is  especially 
famous  for  its  fine  examples  of  French  paintings  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  contains  also  good  Italian  paint- 
ings (including  important  works  by  Canaletto  and  Fran- 
cesco Guardi),  and  Spanish,  Dutch,  English,  and  mod- 
ern French  pictures.  The  collection  is  especially  strong 
in  its  examples  of  the  secondary  arts  of  France  (Limoges 
enamels,  Sevres  porcelains,  snulf-boxes,  etc.).  There 
are  many  miniatures  and  fine  bronzes  by  French  sculp- 
tors of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Wallis  (wol'is)  Archipelago.  A group  of 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  northeast  of  Fiji, 
forming  a dependency  of  New  Caledonia.  The 
islands  were  placed  under  French  protection  in  1887. 
Area,  40  square  miles.  Population,  about  4,500. 

Walrus  Island.  A small  islet  of  the  Pribylof 
group,  lying  about  seven  miles  off  the  shore  of 
St.  Paul  Island.  It  is  a narrow  ridge  of  rock  about 
half  a mile  in  length  by  a few  hundred  yards  in  width, 
the  home  of  countless  sea-birds  and  once  occupied  by  the 
walrus  as  a breeding-ground. 

Walter  ( wal'ter),  Eugene.  Born  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  Nov.  27, 1874.  An  American  playwright. 

He  was  at  first  a journalist,  and  subsequently  engaged  in 
various  theatrical  enterprises.  His  plays  include  “ Paid 
in  Full”  (1906),  “The  Wolf  ” (1907),  “ The  Easiest  Way  " 
(1908),  "JustaWife"  (1910),  “ Who ’s  to  Blame  ? ” (1910), 
and  “The  Assassin”  (1910). 

Walter  (wal'ter),  Thomas  Ustick.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  4,  1804:  died  there,  Oct. 
30,  1887.  An  American  architect.  He  designed 
Girard  College,  in  Philadelphia,  one  of  the  finest  monu- 
ments in  America,  in  1833,  and,  by  appointment  of  Presi- 
dent Fillmore,  superseded  Robert  Mills  as  architect  of  the 
United  States  Capitol  in  Washington,  June  10,  1851.  To 
the  old  building  of  Charles  Bulfinch  he  added  the  two 
wings  for  the  sessions  of  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. He  rebuilt  the  western  front,  added  the 
library,  and  in  1855  began  the  new  dome.  Suspension  of 
work  on  the  Capitol  was  ordered  in  1861,  but  the  contrac- 
tors continued  until  1865,  when  the  building  was  com- 
pleted and  Walter  retired. 

Wapakoneta  (wa-pak'o-ne-ta).  The  county- 
seat  of  Auglaize  County,  Ohio,  12  miles  south- 
west of  Lima.  It  is  in  a region  abounding  in 
oil  and  natural  gas,  and  has  manufactories  of 
furniture,  wheels,  cigars,  etc.  Population, 
5,349,  (1910). 

Warburton  (war'ber-ton),  Peter  Egerton. 

Born  at  Northwich,  Cheshire,  Aug.  15,  1813: 
died  at  Adelaide,  Australia,  Dec.  16,  1889.  A 
British  military  officer  and  Australian  explorer. 
He  went  to  Australia  in  1853  and  was  appointed  commis- 
sioner of  police  for  South  Australia ; was  colonel  com- 
mandant of  volunteers  1869-72 ; and  1872-74  led  an 
expedition  to  open  up  overland  communication  between 
South  and  Western  Australia.  See  Century  Atlas,  Map 
115. 

Ward*,  Adolphus  William.  In  1898  he  was 
Ford  lecturer  at  Oxford.  He  is  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  “Cambridge  Modern  History” 
and  of  the  “Cambridge  History  of  English 
Literature.” 

Ward*,  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps.  Her  later 

works  include  “ Austin  Phelps,  a Memoir"  (1891),  “Chap- 
ters From  a Life  ” (1896),  “Within  the  Gates"  (1901),  “Suc- 
cessors to  Mary  the  First  ” (1901),  “ Avery  ” (1902),  “Trixy  ” 
(1904),  “ The  Man  in  the  Case  ” (1906),  “Walled  In  ” (1907), 
“ Though  Life  Do  Us  Part  ” (1908),  “ Jonathan  and  David  " 
(1909),  “The  Empty  House”  (1910),  “A  Chariot  of  Fire” 
(1910),  etc. 

Ward*,  Genevieve  (Lucia  Genoveva 
Teresa  Ward,  Countess  Guerbel).  She  ap- 
peared with  Sir  Henry  Irving  in  “Becket,”  “King 


Arthur,”  “Richard  III.,”  etc.  She  appeared  as  the  Blind 
Queen  in  “The  Virgin  Goddess  ” at  the  Adelphi  in  1906, 
and  as  Volumniain  “Coriolanus  ” at  the  Shakspere  Festi- 
val at  Stratford-on-Avon  in  1907. 

Ward*,  Mrs.  Humphry  (Mary  Augusta 

Arnold).  Her  later  works  include  “William  Thomas 
Arnold,  Journalist  and  Historian  ” (1907),  “ The  Testing  of 
Diana  Mallory”  (1908),  “Marriage  a la  Mode”  (1909), 
“Canadian  Born”  (1910),  “The  Case  of  Richard  Meynell” 
(serially,  1910-11),  “The  Coryston  Family”  (1913),  etc. 
Ward  (ward),  James.  Born  at  Hull,  Jan.  27, 
1843.  An  English  philosophical  writer,  pro- 
fessor of  mental  philosophy  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge  from  1897.  He  has  written  “Nat- 
uralism and  Agnosticism  ” (1899),  and  numerous  articles 
and  papers  on  philosophical  topics.  In  1902  he  was 
elected  a fellow  of  the  British  Academy. 

Ward*,  Lester  Frank.  His  later  works  in- 
clude “Psychic  Factors  of  Civilization”  (1893), 
“Outlines  of  Sociology”  (1898),  “ Applied  Soci- 
ology” (1906),  etc. 

Waring  (war'ing),  Edward.  Born  in  1734: 
died  Aug.  15,  1798.  An  English  mathematician. 
He  studied  at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  taking  his 
bachelor's  degree  in  1757,  and  became  Lucasian  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Cambridge  in  1760.  He  took  a medical 
degree  at  Cambridge  in  1767,  but  was  chiefly  esteemed  for 
his  attainments  in  mathematics,  especially  analytical  ge- 
ometry. Among  his  published  works,  mostly  in  Latin, 
are  “ Miscellanea  Analytica  de  ASquationibus  Algebraicis 
et  Curvarum  Proprietatibus  ” (1762),  “ Meditationes  Alge- 
braicse  ” (1770),  and  “Meditationes  Analytic®”  (1776). 

Waring  (war'ing),  George  Edwin.  Born  at 
Poundridge,  N.  Y.,  July  4,  1833  : died  at  New 
York,  Oct.  29,  1898.  An  American  sanitary 
engineer.  In  1861  he  joined  the  army;  served  with 
distinction  through  the  Civil  War  ; and  was  mustered  out 
with  the  rank  of  colonel.  He  installed  improved  methods 
of  drainage  and  sewerage  in  many  cities,  notably  in  Mem- 
phis, Tennessee,  after  the  outbreak  of  yellow  fever  in  1878, 
and  the  system  adopted  there,  called  the  “Waring  Sys- 
tem,” has  been  widely  copied;  was  for  several  years  a 
member  of  the  National  Board  of  Health ; and  in  1894 
was  appointed  commissioner  of  street-cleaning  for  New 
York  city.  In  1898  he  was  made  a member  of  the  com- 
mission for  improving  the  sanitary  condition  of  Havana, 
and  during  his  stay  in  that  city  contracted  yellow  fever, 
of  which  he  died.  Among  his  published  works  are  “ Sani- 
tary Condition  of  City  and  Country  Dwelling  Houses” 
(1877),  “ How  to  Drain  a House  ’’  (1885),  “ Modern  Methods 
of  Sewage  Disposal  for  Towns  ” (1894),  etc. 

Warman  (war'man),  Cy.  Born  at  Greenup, 
111.,  June  22,  1855.  An  American  author  and 
journalist,  best  known  as  a writer  of  railroad 
stories.  Among  his  works  are  “ Tales  of  an  Engineer  ” 
(1895),"  “The  Express  Messenger”  (1897),  “The  Story  of 
the  Railroad  ’’  (1898),  “ The  White  Mail  ” (1898),  “Snow on 
the  Headlight"  (1899),  “Short Rails"  (1900),  “Frontier 
Stories  ” (1901),  “ The  Last  Spike  ” (1906). 

Warren  (wor'en).  The  county-seat  of  Trum- 
bull County,  Ohio,  on  the  Mahoning  River,  13 
miles  northwest  of  Youngstown.  It  has  manu- 
factories of  electrical  supplies,  automobiles, 
machinery,  lamps,  etc.  Population,  11,081, 
(1910). 

Warren  (wor'en).  The  county-seat,  of  Warren 
County,  Pennsylvania,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Allegheny  River  and  Conewango  Creek,  its 

principal  industries  are  oil-refining  and  the  manufactur- 
ing of  furniture,  steel  and  iron  products,  etc.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  Population, 
11,080,  (1910). 

Warren  (wor'en).  A town  in  Bristol  County, 
Rhode  Island,  on  Narragansett  Bay,  9 miles 
southeast  of  Providence.  It  has  manufac- 
tories of  twine,  cotton  goods,  etc.  Population, 
6,585,  (1910). 

Warren  (wor'en),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Ban- 
gor, Wales,  Feb.  7,  1840.  A British  general 
and  engineer,  commander  of  the  fifth  division 
in  the  Boer  war  1899-1900.  He  was  engaged  as 
commissioner  (Griqualand  West)  and  in  military  opera- 
tions in  South  Africa  1876-79  ; served  in  the  Egyptian 
campaign  in  1882;  commanded  the  Bechuanaland  expedi- 
tion 1884-85  ; led  the  troops  in  the  Suakim  expedition 
1886 ; and  commanded  the  metropolitan  police  force 
(London)  1886-88.  He  served  under  General  Buller  in  the 
campaign  for  the  relief  of  Ladysmith. 

Warren  (wor'en),  Samuel  Prowse.  Born  at 
Montreal,  Feb.  18, 1841.  An  American  organ- 
ist and  composer.  He  studied  at  Berlin  1861-64,  and 
then  came  to  New  York,  becoming  organist  of  All  Souls 
Church  (1866-68),  of  Grace  Church  (1868-74,  1876-94),  and 
of  Holy  Trinity  Church  (1874-76).  He  has  appeared  in  re- 
citals throughout  the  country.  His  compositions  include 
church  music,  part-songs,  and  piano  music. 

Warwick  (wor'wikor  wor'ik).  A town  includ- 
ing several  villages  in  Kent  County,  Rhode 
Island.  It  is  situated  on  Narragansett  Bay  and  is  divided 
by  the  Pawtuxet  and  Providence  rivers.  It  has  large  cot- 
ton manufactures.  Population,  26,629.  (1910). 

Washington  (wosh'ing-ton),  Booker  Talia- 
ferro. Bora  near  Hale’s  Ford,  Va.,  about 
1858.  An  Afro-American  educator,  author, 
and  lecturer.  He  was  bom  a slave  : worked  his  way 
through  Hampton  Institute;  and,  after  teaching  and 
studying  for  several  years,  founded  (1881)  the  Tuskegee 
Institute  for  the  practical  training  of  negroes,  the  growth 
and  success  of  which  are  largely  due  to  his  efforts.  He  is 
the  author  of  “ The  Future  of  the  American  Negro  ” (1899), 


Watson,  John 

“Sowing  and  Reaping"  (1900),  “Up  from  Slavery,”  an 
autobiography  (1900),  “ Character  Building ” (1902),  “The 
Story  of  my  Life  and  Work  ” (1903),  “Working  with  the 
Hands  ; Experiences  with  Industrial  Training  at  Tuske- 
gee ” (1904),  “ Tuskegee  and  Its  People  ’’  (1905),  a “Life  of 
Frederick  Douglass  ” (1906),  “The  Negro  in  Business  1 
(1907),  “ The  Story  of  the  Negro  ” (1909).  “Chapters  from 
my  Experience’’  (1911),  “ The  Man  Farthest  Down,  a Rec- 
ord of  Observations  and  Study  in  Europe  ” (1912),  etc. 

Washington  (wosh'ing-ton),  Henry  Stephens. 

Born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Jan.  15,  1867.  An 
American  petrologist  and  mining  engineer. 
He  is  research  assistant  of  the  Carnegie  Institution.  He 
has  published  “ Chemical  Analyses  of  Igneous  Rocks " 
(1903),  “ Manual  of  the  Chemical  Analysis  of  Rocks  ” 
(1904),  “The  Roman  Comagmatic  Region  ” (1907);  with 
Pirsson,  Iddings,  and  Cross,  “ The  Quantitative  Classifica- 
tion of  Igneous  Rocks  ” (1903),  etc. 

Washington  University.  A non-sectarian 
institution  of  learning  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
chartered  in  1853  as  Eliot  Seminary.  The  name 
was  changed  to  Washington  Institute,  and  this  became  in 
1857  Washington  University.  In  addition  to  the  college, 
the  institution  comprises  a law  school  (organized  in  1867), 
a school  of  engineering  and  architecture  (founded  in  1870), 
a school  of  fine  arts  (founded  in  1879),  and  a school  of 
botany  (founded  in  1885).  The  St.  Louis  Medical  College 
(founded  in  1842)  was  admitted  in  1891,  and  in  1899  the 
Missouri  Medical  College  (founded  in  1840)  was  united 
with  it  to  form  the  medical  department.  The  Missouri 
Dental  College  was  admitted  in  1892.  About  1,000  students 
attend  the  university  and  nearly  1,000  attend  the  three 
secondary  schools  under  university  control.  The  endow- 
ment is  $7,000,000  and  the  annual  net  income  about  $478,000. 

Wasielewski  ( va-sya  -lef  'ski ),  Wilhelm 
Joseph  von.  Born  at  Gross  Lessen,  near  Dant- 
zic,  Germany,  June  17,  1822:  died  at  Sonders- 
hausen,  Dec.  13,  1896.  A German  violinist 
and  musical  biographer  and  historian.  He 
wrote  the  first  biography  of  Schumann  (1858),  “Die 
Violine  und  ihre  Meister”  (1869),  “Die  Violine  im  17. 
Jahrhundert”(1874),  “Geschichte  der  Instrumentalmu6ik 
im  16.  Jahrhundert  ” (1878),  “ Schumanniana  " (1883),  a 
biography  of  Reinecke  (1892),  and  “ Aus  70  Jahren. 
Lebenserinnerungen  " (1897). 

Wassermann  (vas'ser-man),  August.  Bora 
at  Bamberg,  Bavaria,  Feb.  21,  1866.  A Ger- 
man bacteriologist  and  surgeon,  professor  of 
experimental  therapeutics  aud  immunity  at  the 
University  of  Berlin.  In  1906  he  announced,  in  col- 
laboration  with  Neisser  and  Bruck,  the  discovery  of  the 
blood-test  for  syphilis  known  as  the  Wassermann  reaction. 
Waterloo  (wa'ter-lo).  The  county-seat  of 
Blackhawk  County,  Iowa,  49  miles  northwest  of 
Cedar  Rapids.  Population,  26,693,  (1910). 
Waters  (wa'terz),  Mrs.  (Clara  Erskine). 
Born  at  St.  Louis,  Aug.  28,  1834.  An  Amer- 
ican author.  She  married  James  Hazen  Clement  (died 
1881)  and  Edwin  Forbes  Waters  (died  1894),  publisher  of 
the  Boston  “ Daily  Advertiser.”  She  is  the  author  of 
“Handbook  of  Legendary  and  Mythological  Art,” 
“ Painters,  Sculptors,  Architects,  Engravers,  and  their 
Works,”  “ Artists  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  ” (in  collab- 
oration with  Laurence  Hutton),  “ Stories  of  Art  and 
Artists,”  “Venice,  the  Queen  of  the  Adriatic,”  “Naples, 
the  City  of  Parthenope,”  “Constantinople,"  “Rome,  the 
Eternal  City,"  “ Eleanor  Maitland,”  a novel,  and  “Women 
in  the  Fine  Arts.” 

Watertown  (wa'ter-toun).  The  county-seat 
of  Codington  County,  South  Dakota,  on  the 
Big  Sioux  River.  Population,  7,010,  (1910). 
Watrous  (wot'rus),  Harry  Wilson.  Bom  at 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Sept.  17, 1857.  An  Amer- 
ican painter.  He  studied  at  the  Academie  Julian  and 
the  Atelier  Bonnat  in  Paris  ; was  elected  associate  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design  in  1894,  and  a member  in 
1895  ; and  since  1898  has  been  corresponding  secretary  of 
that  institution.  He  won  the  Clarke  prize  at  the  acad- 
emy in  1894,  and  a gold  medal  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  in  St.  Louis  in  1904. 

Watson  (wot'son ) , Henry  Brereton  Marriott. 

Born  at  Caulfield,  Melbourne,  Australia,  Dec. 
20, 1863.  A British  author.  He  came  to  England 
in  1885  and  engaged  in  journalism,  becoming  assistant 
editor  of  “Black  and  White”  and  of  the  “Pall  Mall 
Gazette."  He  has  published  many  novels  and  short 
stories,  among  which  are  “ Lady  Faintheart"  (1890),  “ The 
Web  of  the  Spider  ” (1891),  “ Diogenes  of  London  " (1893), 
“ Galloping  Dick  ” (1896),  “ The  Heart  of  Miranda  ” (1897), 
“The  Adventurers  ” (1898),  “The  Princess  Xenia"  (1899), 
“ Chloris  of  the  Island  " (1900),  “ Hurricane  Island  ” (1904), 
“ The  Privateers  " (1907),  “ The  Castle  by  the  Sea  " (1909), 
and  “ Alise  of  Astra  " (1910). 

Watson*,  John:  pseudonym  Ian  Maclaren. 

His  iater  works  are  “The  Cure  of  Souls”  (1896:  Yale 
lectures  on  Practical  Theology),  “ A Doctor  of  the  Old 
School”  (1897),  “The  Potter’s  Wheel”  (1897),  “After- 
wards, and  Other  Stories”  (1898),  “Young  Barbarians 
(1901),  “The  Life  of  the  Master"  (1901),  “The  Homely 
Virtues”  (1902),  “ Our  Neighbors ” (1903),  “God’s  Mes- 
sage to  the  Human  Soul  ” (1907:  Cole  lectures  for  1907), 
“The  Scot  of  the  Eighteenth  Century'  ” (1907),  etc. 
V/atson  (wot'son),  John.  Bora  at  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  Feb."  25,  1847.  A Scotch  philo- 
sophical writer,  professor  of  moral  philosophy 
in  Queen’s  University,  Kingston^  Canada.  In 
1872  he  was  appointed  professor  of  logic,  metaphysics, 
and  ethics,  and,  upon  the  division  of  the  chair,  to  his 
present  position.  He  has  published  “ Kant  and  his  Eng- 
lish Critics”  (1881),  “Sclielling’s  Transcendental  Ideal- 
ism "(1882),  “The  Philosophy  of  Kant”  (1888),  “Comte, 
Mill,  and  Spencer  ” (1895),  “ Hedonistic  Theories  ” (1895), 


Watson,  John 

“An  Outline  of  Philosophy”  (1898),  “The  Philosophical 
Basis  of  Religion  ’’  (1907),  “The  Philosophy  of  Kant  Ex- 
plained ” (1908),  etc. 

Watson  (wot'son),  John  Crittenden.  Born 
at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Aug.  24,  1842.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  officer,  promoted  rear-admiral  in 
1899.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1860  ; served  through  the  Civil  War,  taking 
part  in  the  fighting  below  New  Orleans,  the  passage  of 
the  Vicksburg  batteries,  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  etc.; 
was  promoted  commodore  in  1897  ; "bring  the  war  with 
Spain  (1898)  commanded  the  blockading  squadron  on  the 
north  coast  of  Cuba,  May-June;  and  on  June  27  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  Eastern  Squadron.  Erom  June 
15, 1899,  to  April  19, 1900,  he  was  commander-in-chief  on  the 
Eastern  Station.  He  retired  in  1904. 

Watson  (wot'son),  Thomas  Edward.  Born 
in  Columbia  County,  Ga.,  Sept.  5,  1856.  Am 
American  politician  and  historian.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1876,  and  was  a Democratic  member 
of  the  Georgia  legislature  1882-83,  and  Populist  member 
of  Congress  1891-93.  He  was  nominated  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent at  the  St.  Louis  Populist  convention  which  indorsed 
W.  J.  Bryan  for  President  in  1896,  and  was  nominated 
for  President  by  the  People’s  party  in  1904  and  polled  a 
popular  vote  of  117,935.  He  published  at  Atlanta  “The 
People's  Party  Paper,”  in  1905  began  the  publication  of 
“ Tom  Watson’s  Magazine  ” in  New  York,  and  since  1906 
has  published  “Watson’s  Jeffersonian  Magazine”  and 
“ The  Weekly  Jeffersonian.”  He  has  also  published  “ The 
Story  of  France”  (1899),  “Napoleon"  (1902),  “Life  and 
Times  of  Thomas  Jefferson”  (1903),  “Bethany,  a Study 
and  Story  of  the  Old  South  ” (1904),  “Life  and  Speeches” 
(1908),  “Political  and  Economic  Handbook”  (1908), 
“Waterloo”  (1908),  etc. 

Watts  (wots),  Mrs.  (Mary  Stanbery).  Born 
in  Delaware  County,  Ohio,  Nov.  4,  1868.  An 
American  author.  Besides  short  stories  contributed 
to  magazines,  she  has  published  several  novels  depicting 
phases  of  American  life  at  particular  periods : “ The 
Tenants”  (1908),  “Nathan  Burke  ” (1910),  “The  Legacy” 
(1911),  and  “Van  Cleveand  his  Friends"  (serially,  1912-13). 

Watts-Dunton  (wots'dun'ton),  Walter  Theo- 
dore. Born  at  St.  Ives,  Huntingdon,  1832.  An 
English  poet,  critic,  and  novelist.  His  family’s 
surname  is  Watts,  to  which  he  added  in  1896  his  mother’s 
name  of  Dunton.  He  studied  law,  and  practised  it  for 
many  years,  and  was  connected  as  critic  with  the  London 
“Examiner”  and  with  the  “Athenasum”  1875-98.  He 
made  a special  study  of  the  folk-lore  and  customs  of  the 
East  Anglian  and  Welsh  gipsies  among  whom  he  has 
lived.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Aylwin,”  a romance  (1898), 
“ The  Coming  of  Love,”  a collection  of  poems  (1897),  “ The 
Christmas  Dream,”  a dramatic  idyl  (1901),  “The  Renas- 
cence of  Wonder,”  a treatise  on  the  romantic  movement 
(1903),  and  “Studies  of  Shakespeare  ” (1910). 

Waverly  (wa'ver-li).  A village  in  Tioga 
County,  New  York,  15  miles  southeast  of 
Elmira.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region,  and  is 
a shipping-point  for  coal.  Pop.,  4,855,  (1910). 
Waxahachie  (wak-sa-hach'i).  The  county- 
seat  of  Ellis  County,  Texas,  about  30  miles 
southwest  of  Dallas.  It  is  in  an  agricultural 
region,  and  has  cotton  and  lumber  interests. 
Population,  6,205,  (1910). 

Waycross  ( wa'krfis).  The  county-seat  of  Ware 
County,  Georgia,  97  miles  southwest  of  Sa- 
vannah. It  is  in  a sugar-cane  and  cotton  region, 
and  has  also  lumber  interests.  Population, 
14,485,  (1910). 

Waynesboro  (wanz'bur-o).  A borough  in 
Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  19  miles  south- 
west of  Gettysburg.  It  has  manufactories  of 
machinery,  boilers,  pottery,  etc.  Population, 
7,199,  (1910). 

Weatherford  (weTH ' er-ford).  The  county- 
seat  of  Parker  County,  Texas,  27  miles  west  of 
Fort  Worth.  It  has  flour-mills,  cotton-mills,  etc.,  and 
agricultural,  lumbering,  and  cattle-raising  interests.  It 
is  the  seat  of  Weatherford  College  and  the  Texas  Female 
Seminary.  Population,  5,074,  (1910). 

Weatherford  (weTH'er-ford),  William.  Born 
about  1780:  died  1826.  A chief  of  the  Creek 
Indians,  of  mixed  blood,  leader  in  the  Creek 
war  of  1813-14.  He  attacked  Fort  Mims,  Aug.  30, 
1813,  and  was  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Horseshoe  Bend, 
Jan.  27,  1814,  and  surrendered  to  General  Jackson. 

Webb  (web),  Sidney.  Born  at  London,  July 
13,  1859.  An  English  writer  on  sociology  and 
economics.  He  was  for  a time  connected  with  the 
War  Office  and  the  Colonial  Office,  and  is  a member  of 
the  economic  faculty  of  London  University.  His  works 
include  “Socialism  in  England  ” (1890),  “The  London 
Programme'1  (1892),  and  “London  Education”  (1904); 
with  his  wife,  Beatrice  Potter,  he  wrote  “The  History  of 
Trade  Unionism”  (1K94,  1911),  “Industrial  Democracy” 
(1897),  “Problems  of  Modern  Industry”  (1898),  “ History 
of  Liquor  Licensing  ” (1903),  “ The  Parish  and  the  Coun- 
ty” (1906),  “The  Manor  and  the  Borough”  (1907),  “The 
Break-up  of  the  Poor  Law  and  the  Public  Organisation  of 
the  Labour  Market,  being  the  Minority  Report  of  the  Poor 
Law  Commission”  (1909),  “English  Poor  Law  Policy” 
(1910),  “ The  State  and  the  Doctor”  (1910),  “The  Preven- 
tion of  Destitution”  (1911),  etc. 

Webb  City  (web  sit'i).  A city  in  Jasper 
County,  Missouri,  5 miles  northwest  of  Joplin. 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  a region  rich  in 
lead-  and  zinc-mines,  and  has  iron-works,  etc. 
Population,  11,817,  (1910). 


Webber  (web'er),  Herbert  John.  Born  at 
Lawton,  Mich.,  Dec.  27,  1865.  An  American 
plant  physiologist,  expert  in  plant-breeding 
and  acting  director  of  the  College  of  Agricul- 
ture in  Cornell  University  from  1909.  He  was 
professor  of  plant  biology  there  1906-08,  and 
was  pathologist  and  physiologist  in  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  1892-1906. 
Webster  (web'ster).  A town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  16  miles  southwest  of 
Worcester.  It  has  various  manufactures,  the 
products  including  woolens,  shoes,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 11,509,  (1910). 

Webster  (web'ster),  Sir  Richard  Everard, 

first  Baron  Alverstone.  Born  Dec.  22,  1842. 
An  English  jurist.  He  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house  aud  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1868  ; and  was  made  a queen’s  counsel  in  1878. 
He  was  knighted  in  1885,  and  created  a baronet  in  1899 
and  a baron  in  1900.  He  was  Conservative  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  for  Launceston  in  1885  and  for  the  Isle 
of  Wight  1885-1900 ; was  attorney-general  1885,  1886-92, 
and  1895-1900 ; and  has  been  lord  chief  justice  of  Eng- 
land since  1900. 

Webster  City  (web'ster  sit'i).  The  county- 
seat  of  Hamilton  County,  Iowa,  20  miles  east 
of  Fort  Dodge.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region, 
and  has  railroad  shops,  brick-  and  tile-works, 
etc.  Population,  5,208,  (1910). 

Weelkes  (welkz),  Thomas.  Born  probably 
between  1570  and  1580 : died  before  1641.  An 
English  madrigal  writer.  In  1600  he  was  or- 
ganist of  Winchester  College,  and  in  1608  or- 
ganist of  Chichester  Cathedral. 

Weems  (wemz),  Mason  Locke.  Born  at 
Dumfries,  Va.,  about  1760 : died  at  Beaufort, 
S.  C.,  May  23,  1825.  An  American  clergyman 
and  author.  He  studied  theology  in  London  and  took 
orders  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  was  for 
several  years  rector  of  Pohick  Church,  near  Mount  Vernon, 
Virginia,  of  which  Washington  was  a member.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  “Life  of  Washington”  (published  as  a 
pamphlet  in  1800,  and  enlarged  in  later  editions),  which 
is  responsible  for  many  of  the  popular  anecdotes  about 
Washington,  including  that  of  the  cherry-tree  and  the 
hatchet.  He  published  a number  of  tracts  which  became 
very  popular,  among  them  “ The  Drunkard’s  Looking- 
Glass,”  “ God’sRevenge  Against  Murder,  "and  “Hymen’s 
Recruiting  Sergeant  ” ; and  he  was  the  author  of  lives  of 
General  Francis  Marion,  Benjamin  Franklin,  William 
Penn,  etc. 

Weierstrass  (vi'er-stras),  Karl.  Bom  at  Os- 
tenfelde,  in  Westphalia,  Oct.  31,  1815 : died  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  19,  1897.  A noted  German 
mathematician,  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  University  of  Berlin  from  1864.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  studies  on  the  theory  of  func- 
tions. 

Weingartner  (vin ' giirt  - ner),  Paul  Felix. 

Born  at  Zara,  Dalmatia,  June  2,  1863.  A noted 
German  conductor  and  composer.  He  was  con- 
ductor  at  the  Royal  Opera  in  Berlin  1891-98 ; became  con- 
ductor of  the  Kaim  concerts  in  Munich  in  1898 ; and  was 
director  of  the  Royal  Opera  in  Vienna  1907-11.  He  has 
composed  symphonies,  symphonic  poems,  songs,  and  the 
operas  “Sakuntala”  (1884),  “Malawika”  (1886),  “ Gene- 
flius  ” (1893),  and  “ Orestes,”  a trilogy  (1902). 

Welch  (welch),  William  Henry.  Born  at 
Norfolk,  Conn.,  April  8,  1850.  An  American 
pathologist  and  bacteriologist,  professor  of 
pathology  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  from 
1884  and  pathologist  of  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital (Baltimore)  from  1889.  Among  his  publica- 
tions  are  “The  General  Pathology  of  Fever”  (1888)  and 
numerous  scientific  papers. 

Wellesley  (welz'li).  A town  in  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  13  miles  southwest  of  Boston. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Wellesley  College  (which  see). 
Population,  5,413,  (1910). 

Wellington  (wel'ing-ton).  The  county-seat 
of  Sumner  County,  Kansas,  30  miles  southwest 
of  Wichita.  It  is  the  commercial  center  of 
an  agricultural  region,  and  has  grain-ele- 
vators, flour-mills,  etc.  Population,  7,034, 
(1910). 

Wellington  Club.  A London  club,  at  1 Gros- 
venor  Place,  established  in  1885  for  social  pur- 
poses. It  has  a membership  of  1,400. 
Wellman  (wel'man),  Walter.  Born  at  Men- 
tor, Ohio,  Nov.  3, 1858.  An  American  journal- 
ist and  arctic  explorer.  He  led  an  expedition  to 
Spitzbergen  in  1894  and  in  1898-99  one  to  Franz  Joseph 
Land,  attaining  lat.  82°  45'  N.  His  voyage  to  the  pole  in  a 
dirigible  balloon,  planned  in  1906,  but  deferred  to  1907,  had 
to  be  abandoned  through  unfavorable  weather  conditions. 
Another  attempt  was  made  in  August,  1909,  but  it  failed 
through  an  accident  to  the  balloon  soon  after  starting. 
He  left  Atlantic  City,  New  Jersey,  Oct.  16,  1910,  in  an  at- 
tempt to  cross  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  a dirigible  balloon 
with  a crew  of  5 men,  but  was  rescued  in  mid-ocean. 

Wells  (welz),  Herbert  George.  Born  at 
Bromley,  Sept.  21,  1866.  An  English  writer  of 
romances  dealingehiefly  with  imaginary  future 
scientific  results.  Among  the  best  known  of  his 
works  are  “The  Time  Machine”  (1895),  “The  War  of  the 


West  New  York 

Worlds  ” (1898),  “Anticipations”  (1901),  “The  Food  of 
the  Gods " (1904),  “Kipps”  (1905),  “In  the  Days  of  the 
Comet”  (1906),  “New  Worlds  for  Old”  (1908),  “First  and 
Last  Things”  (1908),  “ Tono-Bungay  ” (1909),  “The  New 
Machiavelli  ” (1911),  “The  Country  of  the  Blind  ” (1911), 
“Marriage”  (1912),  etc. 

Wellston  (wel'ston).  A city  in  Jackson  County, 
Ohio,  28  miles  ’southeast  of  Chillicothe.  It 
has  coal-mining  interests  and  cement-works, 
foundries,  etc.  Population,  6,875,  (1910). 
Wellsville  (welz'vil).  A village  in  Allegany 
County,  New  York,  on  the  Genesee  River,  20 
miles  southwest  of  Hornell.  It  has  manufac- 
tories of  steam-engines,  lumber,  leather,  etc. 
Population,  4,382,  (1910). 

Wellsville  (welz'vil).  A city  in  Columbiana 
County,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River.  It  has  iron- 
and  steel-works,  railroad  shops,  boiler-works, 
etc.  Population,  7,769,  (1910). 

Wendell  (wen'del),  Barrett.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  23,  1855.  Au  American  man  of 
letters,  professor  of  English  in  Harvard  Uni- 
versity from  1898.  He  was  instructor  in  English  at 
Harvard  1880-88  and  assistant  professor  1888-98  ; and  was 
Clark  lecturer  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  England, 
1902-03,  and  lecturer  at  the  Sorbonne  and  other  French 
universities  1904-05.  His  works  include  “The  Duchess 
Emilia”  (1885),  “Rankell’s  Remains”  (1886),  “Cotton 
Mather,  the  Puritan  Priest”  (1891),  “ English  Composition  ’’ 
(1891),  “Stelligeri,  and  Other  Essays  Concerning  America  ” 
(1893),  “William  Shakspere  : a Study  in  Elizabethan  Lit- 
erature ” (1894),  “ A Literary  History  of  America”  (1900), 
“Raleigh  in  Guiana,"  “Rosamond,"  and  “A  Christmas 
Masque  ” (1902),  “ The  Temper  of  the  Seventeenth  Century 
in  English  Literature  ” (1904),  “ History  of  Literature  in 
America”  (1904  : with  Cheater  N.  Greenough),  “The 
France  of  To-day  ” (1907),  “ The  Privileged  Classes " 
(1908),  etc. 

Werner  (ver'uer),  E.  The  pseudonym  of 
Elisabeth  BiirsteDbinder. 

West  Allis  (west  al'is).  A city  in  Milwaukee 
County,  Wisconsin,  incorporated  in  1906.  It 
has  manufactories  of  machines,  chains,  etc. 
Population,  6,645,  (1910). 

West  Berwick  (west  ber'wik).  A borough  in 
Columbia  County,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated 
in  1902.  Population,  5,512,  (1910). 

Westboro  (west'bur-o).  A town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  10  miles  east  of  Wor- 
cester. It  has  manufactories  of  shoes,  carpets, 
leather,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  a hospital  for 
the  insane.  Population,  5,446,  (1910). 
Westbrook  (west'bruk).  A city  in  Cumber- 
land County,  Maine,  6 miles  northwest  of  Port- 
land. It  has  silk-mills,  paper-mills,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation, 8,281,  (1910). 

Westcott)  west'kot),  Edward  Noyes.  Born 
at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  24,  1847 : died  there, 
March  31,  1898.  An  American  author.  His 
only  work,  “ David  Harum  ” (1898),  published  after  his 
death,  achieved  wide  popularity. 

Westermarck  (ves'ter-mark),  Edward  Alex- 
ander. Born  at  Helsingfors,  Finland,  Nov.  20, 
1862.  A Finnish  anthropologist,  professor  of 
sociology  in  the  University  of  London  1907-. 
He  was  connected  with  the  faculty  of  the  University  of 
Finland  (Helsingfors)  1890-97.  His  publications  include 
“ The  Origin  of  Human  Marriage  ” (1889),  “ The  History  of 
Human  Marriage  ” (1891),  “ The  Origin  and  Development 
of  the  Moral  Ideas  ” (Vol.  L,  1906  ; Vol.  II.,  1908),  etc. 
Western  Australia*.  It  is  now  a state  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Australia.  It  is  represented  in  the  Federal 
Parliament  by  6 senators  and  5 representatives. 

Western  Reserve  University.  A non-secta- 
rian institution  of  learning  situated  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  It  consists  of  Adelbert  College  (formerly 
Western  Reserve  College,  founded  at  Hudson,  Ohio,  in 
1826,  and  removed  to  Cleveland  in  1882),  a college  for 
women  (established  in  1888),  a graduate  school  (estab- 
lished 1892),  a medical  department  (founded  in  1843  and 
formerly  known  as  Cleveland  Medical  College),  a law 
Bchool  (opened  in  1892),  a library  school  (opened  in  1904), 
a dental  school,  and  a school  of  pharmacy  (formerly  the 
Cleveland  School  of  Pharmacy).  The  total  attendance  is 
about  1,300,  the  faculty  and  officers  278,  and  the  resour  ces 
$4,500,000. 

Westfield  (west'feld).  A town  in  Union  Coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  incorporated  in  1903.  It  is  7 
miles  southwest  of  Elizabeth,  and  is  chiefly 
residential.  Population,  6,420,  (1910). 

West  Hoboken  (west  ho'bo-ken).  A town  in 
Hudson  County,  New  Jersey,  adjoining  Hobo- 
ken and  Jersey  City.  Its  chief  industry  is  the 
manufacture  of  silk.  Other  manufactures  are  artificial 
flowers,  braid,  buttons,  sashes,  doors,  etc.  Population, 
35,403,  (1910). 

Westinghouse  (wes'ting-hous),  George.  Born 
at  Central  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  6,  1846.  A 
noted  American  inventor  and  manufacturer, 
best  known  for  his  inventions  (1868)  of  an  air- 
brake extensively  used  on  railways,  and  of 
automatic  railway  signals.  He  has  also  made  im- 
portant improvements  and  applications  of  electrical  ma- 
chinery. 

West  New  York  (westnu  y6rk).  A town  in 
Hudson  County,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Hudson 


West  New  York 

River,  between  Union  and  Guttenberg.  It  has 
powder-  and  rubber-factories,  silk-mills,  etc. 
Population,  13,560,  (1910). 

West  Orange  (west  or'anj).  A town  in  Essex 
County,  New  Jersey,  adjacent  to  Orange.  It 
is  a residential  place,  and  contains  Llewellyn 
Park.  The  Edison  Phonograph  and  Electrical 
Works  are  here.  Population,  10,980,  (1910). 

Westralia  (wes-tra'lia).  A popular  abbrevia- 
tion of  Western  Australia. 

West  Springfield  (west  spring'feld).  A town 
in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
Connecticut  River,  opposite  Springfield.  It  is 
in  an  agricultural  district,  and  has  railroad 
shops,  paper-mills,  cigar-factories,  etc.  Popu- 
lation, 9,224,  (1910). 

West  Tampa  (west  tam'pa).  A city  in  Hills- 
boro County,  Florida,  adjacent  to  Tampa. 
Population,  8,258,  (1910). 

Weyler  y Nicolau*,  Valeriano,  Marquis  of 
Teneriffe.  He  was  minister  of  war  in  the 
Liberal  government  under  Sagasta  and  was 
reappointed  in  December,  1906.  He  com- 
pleted a volume  of  memoirs  in  1909. 

Weyman*,  Stanley  John.  His  later  works  include 

‘From  the  Memoirs  of  a Minister  of  France  ” (1895),  “The 
Red  Cockade  ” (1895),  “The  Man  in  Black”  (1896),  “ For 
the  Cause”  (1897),  “Shrewsbury”  (1897),  “The  Castle 
Inn”  (1898),  “ Sophia  ” (1900),  “Count  Hannibal”  (1901), 
“In  Kings’  By  ways  ” (1902),  “The  Long  Night”  (1903), 
“The  Abbess  of  Vlaye”  (1904),  “Starvecrow  Farm” 
(1905),  “Chippinge  Borough  ” (1906),  “Laid  up  in  Laven- 
der” (1907),  and  “The  Wild  Geese”  (1908). 

Weymann  (wi'man),  Charles  Terres.  Born 
in  Haiti,  in  1890.  An  American  aviator. 

He  entered  and  won  the  Gordon-Bennett  International 
Cup  Race  of  1911,  with  a 100-horse-power  Nieuport  mono- 
plane, covering  93.2  miles  in  1 hr.  11  min.  36.2  sec.,  a rate 
of  78  miles  an  hour,  and  a world’s  record.  The  race  was 
flown  at  Eastchurch,  England,  July  1,  1911.  Weymann 
made  numerous  flights  in  1910,  in  one  of  which  he  flew, 
with  a passenger,  from  Paris  to  Clermont-Ferrand,  a dis- 
tance of  280  miles. 

Wharton  (hwar'ton),  Mrs.  (Edith  Newbold 
Jones).  Born  at  New  York,  1862.  An  Ameri- 
can novelist.  She  is  the  author  of  “The  Greater  Incli- 
nation ” (1899),  “ The  Touchstone  ” (1900),  “ Crucial  In- 
stances" (1901),  “The  Valley  of  Decision’’ (1902),  “Sanc- 
tuary ” (1903),  “ The  Descent  of  Man,  and  Other  Stories  ” 
(1904),  “The  House  of  Mirth  " (1905),  “ Italian  Villas  and 
their  Gardens  ” (1904),  “ Italian  Backgrounds  ” (1905), 
“ Fruit  of  the  Tree  ’’  (1907),  “ Artemis  to  Actaeon,  and  Other 
Verse”  (1909),  “Tales  of  Men  and  Ghosts  ” (1910),  “Ethan 
Erome”  (1911),  “The  Reef  (1912),  “The  Custom  of  the 
Country  ” (serially,  1913),  etc. 

Wheeler  (hwe'ler),  Benjamin  Ide.  Born  at 
Randolph,  Mass.,  July  15, 1854.  An  American 
classical  scholar,  president  of  the  University 
of  California  from  1899.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  University  in  1875 ; was  instructor  there  1879-81, 
and  at  Harvard  1885-86;  was  professor  of  comparative 
philology  and  later  of  Greek  in  Cornell  U Diversity  1886-99 ; 
and  was  professor  of  Greek  in  the  American  School  of 
Classical  Studies  at  Athens  1895-96.  Among  his  works 
are  “ Introduction  to  the  History  of  Ranguage  ” (1890) 
and  “Life  of  Alexander  the  Great”  (1900). 

Wheeler  (hwe'ler),  William  Morton.  Born  at 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  March  19,  1865.  An  Ameri- 
can naturalist,  professor  of  economic  ento- 
mology at  Harvard  University  from  1908.  He 
studied  at  Clark  University,  Wurzburg,  Liege,  and  the 
Zoological  Station  at  Naples  ; was  successively  instructor 
and  assistant  professor  of  embryology  in  the  University  of 
Chicago  1892-99  ; was  professor  of  zoology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Texas  1899-1903  ; and  curator  of  invertebrate  zo- 
ology in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  (New 
York)  1903-08.  His  researches  and  publications  have  been 
concerned  chiefly  with  insects,  comparative  psychology, 
and  cytology. 

Wheelwright  (hwel'rit),  Edmund  March. 

Born  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1854.  An 
American  architect.  He  was  city  architect  of  Boston 
1891-95,  and  consulting  architect  of  the  Cambridge  Bridge, 
the  Hartford  Bridge,  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts, 
and  the  Cleveland  Art  Museum.  He  has  written  “School 
Architecture”  (1901). 

Whipple  (hwip'l),  Henry  Benjamin.  Born 
at  Adams,  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  15, 
1822:  died  at  Faribault,  Minn.,  Sept.  16,  1901. 
An  American  clergyman,  first  Episcopal  bishop 
of  Minnesota  1859-1901.  He  was  rector  of  Zion 
Church  in  Rome,  New  York,  1850-57,  and  of  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Communion  in  Chicago  1857-59.  He  was  inter- 
ested in  educational  work,  especially  among  the  Indians, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  reform  and  direction  of  the 
conduct  of  Indian  affairs  by  the  national  government. 
He  published  “Lights  and  Shadows  of  a Long  Episco- 
pate” (1899),  etc. 

Whipple  (hwip'l),  William.  Born  at  Kittery, 
Maine,  Jan.  14,  1730:  died  at  Portsmouth,  N. 
H.,  Nov.  28, 1785.  An  American  statesman,  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence. He  was  a member  of  the  provincial  congress  of 
New  Hampshire  in  1775,  and  of  the  Continental  Congress 
1776-79  ; was  general  of  one  of  the  brigades  of  New  Hamp- 
shire troops  in  1777,  serving  with  distinction  at  the  battles 
of  Stillwater  and  Saratoga  ; was  one  of  the  two  represen- 
tatives of  General  Gates  who  arranged  the  terms  of 


capitulation  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne;  and  assisted 
General  Sullivan  at  the  siege  of  Newport  in  1778. 
White*,  Andrew  Dickson.  His  later  works  in- 
clude “Democracy  and  Education  ” (1891),  “ A History  of 
the  Warfare  of  Science  with  Theology  in  Christendom  ” 
(1896),  “The  Warfare  of  Humanity  with  Unreason  ”(1903- 
1907),  “Autobiography”  (1905),  and  “Seven  Great  States- 
men ” (1910). 

White  (hwit),  Charles  David.  Born  at  Pal- 
myra, N.  Y.,  July  1, 1862.  An  American  paleo- 
botanist.  He  has  been  connected,  as  assistant  pale- 
ontologist, assistant  geologist,  and  geologist,  with  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  from  1886,  and  is  associ- 
ate curator  of  paleobotany  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
His  researches  have  been  concerned  chiefly  with  Paleozoic 
fossil  plants  and  geological  climate. 

White  (hwit),  Edward  Douglass.  Born  in 

the  parish  of  Lafourche,  La.,  Nov.  3,  1845.  An 
American  jurist.  He  served  in  the  Confederate 
army  during  a part  of  the  Civil  War ; was  admitted  to 
the  (Louisiana)  bar  in  1868 ; was  State  senator  1874-78 ; 
was  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Louisiana 
1878-91 ; was  United  States  senator  (Democratic)  from  Lou- 
isiana 1891-94 ; was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  1894-1910,  and  chief  justice  Dec.,  1910-. 

White  (hwit),  Sir  George  Stuart.  Born  in 
County  Antrim,  Ireland,  July  6,  1835:  died  at 
Chelsea,  June  24,  1912.  A British  field- 
marshal,  noted  for  the  defense  of  Ladysmith, 
Natal,  against  the  Boers  from  Nov.  2,  1899,  to 
Feb.  28,  1900.  He  served  in  the  Afghan  war  1879-80, 
in  the  Nile  expedition  1884-85,  and  in  Burma  1885-89,  and 
was  commander-in-chief  in  India  1893-97.  During  the 
Boer  war,  1899-1900,  he  commanded  the  troops  in  Natal. 

White  (hwit),  Henry.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  March  29,  1850.  An  American  diplo- 
matist. He  was  secretary  of  the  American  legation  at 
Vienna  1883-84  ; second  secretary  (1884-86)  and  secretary 
(1886-93)  of  legation  at  London ; secretary  of  embassy  at 
London  1897-1905 ; and  ambassador  to  Italy  1905-07  and 
to  France  1907-09. 

White  (hwit),  Horace.  Born  at  Colebrook, 
N.  H.,  Aug.  10, 1834.  An  American  journalist 
and  author.  He  became  city  editor  of  the  Chicago 
“ Evening  Journal  ” in  1854  and  agent  of  the  Associated 
Press  in  1855;  joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Chicago 
“ Tribune  ” in  1857 ; accompanied  Abraham  Lincoln  in  his 
campaign  against  Stephen  A.  Douglas  in  1858 ; and  was 
Washington  correspondent  (1861-65),  and  editor  and  one  of 
the  proprietors  of  the  Chicago  “ Tribune  ” (1865-74).  In 
1884  he  purchased  an  interest  in  the  New  York  “Evening 
Post  ” and  became  president  of  the  company  and  a mem- 
ber of  the  editorial  staff,  succeeding  E.  L.  Godkin  as  its 
chief  editor  in  1899  and  retiring  in  1903.  He  is  the 
author  of  “Money  and  Banking,  Illustrated  by  American 
History"  (1895),  and  the  translator,  from  the  Greek,  of 
Appian’s  history  of  Rome  (1899). 

White  (hwit),  Stewart  Edward.  Born  at 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  March  12,  1873.  An 
American  novelist.  His  works  include  “The  West- 
erners ” (1901),  “The  Claim  Jumpers  ” (1901),  “The  Blazed 
Trail”  (1902),  “Conjuror's  House ” (1903),  “The  Forest” 
(1903),  “The  Magic  Forest”  (1903),  “Blazed  Trail  Stories 
and  Stories  of  the  Wild  Life"  (1904),  “The  Mountains" 
(1904),  “The  Silent  Places"  (1904),  “The  Pass”  (1906), 
“ The  Mystery  ” (1907 : with  S.  H.  Adams),  “ Arizona 
Nights”  (1907),  “Camp  and  Trail”  (1907),  “The  River- 
man"  (1908),  “The  Rules  of  the  Game”  (1910),  “The 
Cabin  ” (1911),  “The  Last  Frontier”  (1912),  etc. 

White  (hwit)  William  Allen.  Born  at  Em- 
poria, Kansas,  in  1868.  An  American  editor 
and  author.  He  is  the  owner  and  editor  of  the  Em- 
poria “ Gazette  ” (from  1894).  His  publications  include 
“ The  Real  Issue,  and  Other  Stories  ” (1896),  “ The  Court 
of  Boy ville " (1899),  “ Stratagems  and  Spoils ” (1901),  “In 
Our  Town  ” (1906),“  The  Old  Order  Changeth  ” (1910),  etc. 
Whiteing  (hwi'ting),  Richard.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, July  27,  1840.  An  English  author  and 
journalist.  He  has  been  writer  and  correspondent  for 
many  of  the  leading  English  newspapers.  Among  his 
publications  are  “No.  6 John  Street”  (1899),  “Paris  of 
To-day  ” (1900),  “The  Yellow  Van  ” (1903),  “Ring  in  the 
New  ” (1906),  “ Little  People  ” (1909),  etc. 

White  Pope,  The.  The  head  of  theRoman  Cath- 
olic Church,  as  distinguished  from  the  Black 
Pope  and  the  Red  Pope. 

White  Rose.  The  emblem  of  the  house  of 
York  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses  (which  see). 
Whiting  (hwi'ting).  A city  in  Lake  County, 
Indiana,  on  Lake  Michigan,  15  miles  southeast 
of  Chicago.  Population,  6,587,  (1910). 
Whitman  (hwit'man).  A town  in  Plymouth 
County,  Massachusetts,  21  miles  southeast  of 
Boston.  It  has  boot-  and  sboe-factories,  tack- 
factories,  etc.  Population,  7,292,  (1910). 
Whitman  (hwit'man),  Charles  Otis.  Born 
at  Woodstock,  Maine,  Dec.  14,  1842:  died  Dec. 
6,  1910.  An  American  zoologist,  head  of  the 
department  of  zoology  of  the  University  of 
Chicago  1892-1910.  He  was  professor  of  zoology  in 
the  University  of  Tokio  1880-81 ; director  of  the  marine 
biological  laboratory  at  Woods  Hole  1888-1908;  and  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  in  Clark  University  1889-92.  In  1887  he 
founded  the  “Journal  of  Morphology,”  He  also  pub- 
lished papers  upon  various  biological  topics. 

Whitney  (hwit'ni),  Myron  William.  Born 
at  Ashbv,  Mass.,  Sept.  5,  1835:  died  at  Sand- 
wich, Mass.,  Sept.  20,  1910.  An  American 
bass  singer.  He  first  appeared  in  oratorio  in  Boston 


Willard,  Mrs. 

in  1858,  and  sang  frequently  in  concert  and  oratorio  in 
America  and  Great  Britain.  In  1879  he  began  to  sing  in 
light  opera,  and  was  also  with  the  American  Opera  Com- 
pany in  serious  opera  1886-87. 

Whyte  (hwit),  Violet.  A pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Staunard. 

Wichita  Falls  (wieh'i-ta  falz).  The  county- 
seat  of  Wichita  County,  Texas,  on  the  Wichita 
River,  about  100  miles  northwest  of  Fort 
Worth.  Population,  8,200,  (1910). 
WickedBible.  An  edition  of  the  Bible,  printed 
in  1631,  in  which  the  word  not  is  omitted  from 
the  seventh  commandment.  A copy  survives 
in  the  Bodleian. 

Wicker  sham  (wik'er-sham),  George  Wood- 
ward. Born  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Sept.  19,  1858. 
An  American  lawyer,  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States  1909-13.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1880,  and 
practised  law  in  Pittsburgh  until  1882,  and 
later  in  New  York. 

Widor  (we-dor'),  Charles  Marie.  Born  at 
Lyons,  Feb.  22,  1845.  A noted  French  organ- 
ist and  composer,  organist  at  St.-Sulpice, 
Paris,  from  1860.  In  1890  he  became  professor  of  the 
organ  at  the  Conservatory  and  in  1896  professor  of  counter- 
point and  fugue.  Hie  best  known  woiks  are  ten  sym- 
phonies for  the  organ  and  the  ballet  “La  Korrigane" 
(1880).  He  has  written  operas  and  chamber-music. 

Wiggin.  Kate  Douglas.  See  * Biggs. 

Wiju  (we-jo').  A town  of  Korea,  situated  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Yalu  River,  in  the  Russo-Jap- 
anese  war  General  Kuroki’s  army  effected  from  this  point 
the  passage  of  the  river  and  defeated  the  Russians  under 
General  Sassulitch,  May  1,  1904. 

Wildenbruch*,  Ernst  von.  His  later  writings  in- 
clude the  dramatic  works  “Meister  Balzer”  (1893), 
“ Jungfer  Immergriin  ” (1896),  “ Der  Junge  von  Heramers- 
dorl  ” (1896),  “Heinrich und  Heinrichs  Geschlecht”  (1895), 
“Willehalm”  (1897),  “ Gewitternacht  ” (1899),  “Die 
Tochter  des  Erasmus”  (1900),  “Konig  Laurin  ” (1902), 
“Die  Lieder  des  Euripides”  (1905),  and  “Die  Raben- 
steinerin  ” (1907).  He  wrote  also  many  poems  and 
romances,  among  them  “Vionville”  (1874),  “Sedan” 
(1875),  “Lieder  und  Gesange”  (1877),  “Der  Meister  von 
Tanagra”  (1880),  “Noveilen”  (1883),  “ Kindertranen  ” 
(1884),  “Lieder  und  Balladen  ” (1884),  “Neue  Noveilen” 
(1885),  “Humoresken”  (1886),  “Der  Astronom  ” (1887), 
“ Franceska  von  Rimini  ’ (1892),  “ Eifernde  Liebe  ” (1893), 
“Das  edle  Blut  ” (1893),  “ Schwester-Seele  ” (1894), 
“ Claudias  Garten  ” (1896),  “Tiefe  Wasser  ” (1898),  “Unter 
der  Geissel ’’ (1901),  “Vize-Mama  ” (1902),  “Semiramis” 
(1904),  “Das  schwarze  Holz”  (1905),  and  “Lukrezia” 
(1907). 

Wilder  (wil'der),  Burt  Green.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Aug.  11,  1841.  An  American  com- 
parative anatomist,  professor  of  neurology 
and  vertebrate  zoology  in  Cornell  University 
1867-1910,  emeritus  1910.  He  has  published 
“What  Young  People  Should  Know”  (1874), 
“Anatomical  Technology”  (1882),  “Health 
Notes  for  Students”  (1890),  etc. 

Wiles  (wilz),  Irving  Ramsay.  Bom  at  Utica, 
N.  Y.,  1861.  An  American  painter.  He  is  a son 
of  Lemuel  Maynard  M iles  (1826-1905),  a painter  of  note, 
from  whom  he  received  his  earliest  instruction.  Later  he 
studied  under  Carroll  Beckwith  and  William  M.  Chase  in 
America,  and  with  Carolus  Duran  in  Paris.  He  has  ex- 
hibited many  genre  pictures  and  portraits,  and  is  a mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  of  Design,  etc. 

Wiley  (wi'li),  Harvey  Washington.  Bom 

near  Kent,  Ind.,  Oct.  18,  1844.  An  American 
chemist,  chief  chemist  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  1883-1912,  and  pro- 
fessor of  agricultural  chemistry  in  the  George 
Washington  University  (Washington,  D.  C.) 
from  1899.  He  was  State  chemist  of  Indiana  1874-83. 
His  publications  include  “ Principles  and  Practice  of  Ag- 
ricultural Chemistry  ” (1894-97),  “Foods  and  Their  Adul- 
teration ” (1907),  and  numerous  papers  and  government 
bulletins. 

Wilkins*,  Mary  Eleanor  (Mrs.  Charles 
Manning  Freeman).  Her  later  works  include 
“ Madelon  ” (1896),  “Jerome;  a Poor  Man”  (1897), 
“Silence,  and  Other  Stories”  (1898),  “The  Jamesons 
(1899),  “The  Love  of  Parson  Lord,  and  Other  Stories” 
(1900),  “The  Heart’s  Highway”  (1900),  “Understudies” 
(1901),  “Six  Trees”  (1903),  “The  Mind  in  the  Rose 
Bush  ” (1903),  “ Doc’  Gordon  ” (1906),  “ By  the  Light  of  the 
Soul”  (1907),  “Fair  Lavinia  and  Others”  (1907),  “The 
Shoulders  of  Atlas  ’ ’ (1908),  etc. 

Wilkinsburg  (wil'kinz-berg).  A borough  in 
Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  a residential 
suburb  of  Pittsburgh,  seven  miles  distant  from 
that  city.  Population,  18,924,  (1910). 

Willard  (wil'ard),  Mrs.  (Emma  Hart).  Born 
at  Berlin,  Cotin.,  Feb.  23,  1787:  died  at  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  April  15,  1870.  An  American  educator. 

She  opened  a school  for  girls  in  Middlebury,  Vermont,  in 
1814  ; and  one  in  Waterford,  New  York,  in  1819,  which  was 
removed  to  Troy,  New  York,  in  May,  1821,  and  was  carried 
on  under  her  management  until  1838.  This  school,  known 
as  the  “Troy  Female  Seminary,”  is  now  earned  on  under 
the  name  of  the  “ Emma  Willard  School.”  She  wrote  the 
hymn  “Rocked  in  the  Cradle  of  the  Deep  ” (1830),  “Jour- 
nal and  Letters  from  France  and  Great  Britain  ” (1833), 
and  many  educational  works.  Her  fame  rests  on  the  fact 
that  she  was  one  of  the  pioneer  educators  of  women  in 
America. 


Willard,  Josiah  Flynt 

Willard  (wil'ard),  Josiah  Flynt:  pseudonym 
Josiah  Flynt.  Born  at  Appleton,  Wis.,  Jan. 
23,  1869:  died  at  Chicago,  Jan.  20,  1907.  An 
American  author.  He  studied  at  the  University  of 
Berlin  1890-95,  and  afterward  traveled  through  several 
civilized  countries  in  the  disguise  of  a tramp,  studying 
social  conditions.  He  published  “Tramping  with  Tramps  ” 
(1899),  “ Notes  of  an  Itinerant  Policeman  " (1900),  “ The 
World  of  Graft  "(1901),  “The  Little  Brother”  (1902),  “The 
Rise  of  Ruderick  Clowd  ’’  (1903),  etc. 

William  Penn  Charter  School.  A school  for 
boys  in  Philadelphia,  founded  in  1689  and  char- 
tered first  by  William  Penn's  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, Markham,  in  1698,  and  by  Penn  himself 
in  1701,  on  the  same  day  (Oct.  25)  on  which  he 
chartered  Philadelphia.  Other  charters  were  issued 
in  1708  and  1711.  The  school  is  attended  by  about  500 
students. 

Williams  (wil'yamz),  Sir  George.  Born  1821 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  6,  1905.  The  founder 
(1844)  and  president,  in  Great  Britain,  of  the 
Young  Men’s  Christian  Association.  He  was 
knighted  in  1894. 

Williams  (wil'yamz),  John  Sharp.  Born  at 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  July  30,  1854.  An  American 
lawyer  and  statesman.  He  studied  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia  and  at  that  of  Heidelberg ; removed  to 
Mississippi  in  1878;  was  a (Democratic)  member  of  Con- 
gress from  that  State  1893-1909 ; and  was  senator  1911-. 

Willis  (wil'is),  Bailey.  Born  at  Cornwall, 
N.  Y.,  May  31,  1857.  An  American  scientist, 
geologist  of  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey from  1884.  He  was  engaged  in  explora- 
tion in  Eastern  Asia  for  the  Carnegie  Institu- 
tion 1903-04,  and  was  lecturer  in  geology  at 
the  University  of  Chicago  1909. 
WiUiston(wil,is-tori),  Samuel  Wendell.  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  July  10,  1852.  An  American 
paleontologist,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Chicago  from  1902.  He  was  professor  of 
geology  and  anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Kansas  1890-1902. 

Wilmerding  (wil'mer-ding).  A borough  in 
Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  12  miles 
southeast  of  Pittsburgh.  It  has  machine-shops 
and  foundries.  Population,  6,133,  (1910). 
Wilson  (wil'son),  Sir  Arthur  Knyvet.  Born 
March  4,  1842.  A British  naval  officer,  admiral 
of  the  fleet  1907—12.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  war, 
the  Chinese  war  of  1865,  the  Egyptian  campaign  of  1882, 
and  the  Sudan  campaign  of  1884.  He  was  comptroller  of 
the  navy  1897-1901,  and  commanded  the  Channel  Squadron 
1901-03. 

Wilson  (wil ' son),  Henry  Lane.  Born  at 
Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  Nov.  3,  1857.  An  Ameri- 
can diplomatist.  He  was  a lawyer  and  banker  in 
Spokane,  Washington,  1885-96.  He  was  minister  to 
Chile  1897-1905,  and  to  Belgium  1905-09,  and  was  ambas- 
sador to  Mexico  1909-13. 

Wilson  (wil'son),  James.  Born  in  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  Aug.  16, 1835.  An  American  cabinet 
officer.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1852;  was  a 
member  of  the  Iowa  Assembly  1867-69,  and  during  his 
last  term  was  speaker;  was  Republican  member  of  Con- 
gress 1873-77  and  1883-85 ; was  director  of  the  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station  at  Ames,  Iowa,  1890-97 ; was  professor 
of  agriculture  in  the  Iowa  State  College  1891-97,  and  was 
secretary  of  agriculture  1897-1913. 

Wilson,  William  Bauchop.  Born  atBlantyre, 
near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  April  2,  1862.  An 
American  miner  and  trades-unionist,  secretary 
of  labor  191 3-.  He  worked  in  the  coal-mines  of 

Pennsylvania  from  1871  (when  he  was  nine  years  of  age) 
to  1898.  He  was  secretary-treasurer  of  the  United  Mine 
Workers  of  America  1900-09.  He  was  a Democratic  mem- 
ber of  the  60th,  61st,  and  62d  Congresses  (1907-13),  and  was 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Labor  in  the  62d  Congress. 
Wilson*,  Woodrow.  His  later  works  include  “Mere 
Literature,  and  Other  Essays”  (1896),  “George  Washing- 
ton” (1897),  “History  of  the  American  People"  (1902), 
“Constitutional  Government  in  the  United  States”  (1908), 
“Free  Life”  (1908),  “The  New  Freedom"(serially,  1913k  etc- 

Winchell  (win'chel),  Newton  Horace.  Born 
at  Northeast,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  17, 
1839.  An  American  geologist  and  mineralo- 
gist, head  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State 
of  Minnesota  1872—1900.  He  has  published  numerous 
papers  on  Pleistocene  and  Archrcan  geology.  In  1888  he 
established  the  “American  Geologist”  and  edited  it  for 
eighteen  years. 

Winchendon  (win  ' ehen-don).  A town  in 
Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  15  miles 
northwest  of  Fitchburg.  It  has  manufactories 
of  machinery,  cotton  goods,  hardware,  etc. 
Population,  5,678,  (1910). 

Winchester  (win'ches-tfer).  A town  in  Litch- 
field County,  Connecticut.  It  includes  Win- 
sted  borough.  Population,  8,679,  (1910). 
Winchester  (win'ches-ter).  The  county-seat 
of  Clark  County,  Kentucky,  18  miles  southeast 
of  Lexington.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  region, 
and  has  flour-mills,  lumber-mills,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  Kentucky  Wesleyan  College. 
Population,  7,156,  (1910). 


Winchester  (win'ches-ter),  A town  in  Mid- 
dlesex County,  Massachusetts,  8 miles  north- 
west of  Boston.  It  is  a residential  place,  but  has  manu- 
factories of  machinery,  leather,  etc.  A State  aviary  and 
a home  for  aged  people  are  located  here.  Population, 
9,309,  (1910). 

Windber  (wind'ber).  A borough  in  Somerset 
County,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated  in  1900. 
Coal-mining  is  its  principal  industry.  Popu- 
lation, 8,013,  (1910). 

Windy  City,  The.  A nickname  of  Chicago. 

Winfield  (win'feld).  The  county-seat  of  Cow- 
ley County,  Kansas,  37  miles  southeast  of 
Wichita,  near  the  Wichita  Game  Preserve. 

It  is  the  trade  center  of  a stock-raising  and  agricultural 
district,  and  has  flour-mills,  machine-shops,  etc.  It  is  the 
seat  of  St.  John’s  Lutheran  and  the  Southwest  Kansas  col- 
leges, and  of  the  State  School  for  Feeble-minded  Youth. 
Population,  6,700,  (1910). 

Winston  (win'ston).  A city,  the  capital  of 
Forsyth  County,  North  Carolina.  It  is  situated 
in  the  south-central  part  of  the  county,  contiguous  to 
Salem,  the  community  being  known  as  Winston  Salem. 
The  chief  industries  of  Winston  are  the  manufacture  of 
tobacco,  flour,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  furniture,  vehicles, 
etc.  Population.  17,167,  (1910). 

Winter*,  William.  His  later  works  include 
“Other  Days”  (1908),  “Old  Friends”  (1909), 
“Over  the  Border”  (1911),  etc. 

Winthrop  (win'throp).  A town  in  Suffolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  occupying  a peninsula 
in  Massachusetts  Bay,  4 miles  northeast  of 
Boston.  It  is  a residential  place.  Population, 
10,132,  (1910). 

Winton  (win'ton).  A borough  in  Lackawanna 
County,  Pennsylvania,  7 miles  northeast  of 
Scranton.  Coal-mining  is  its  chief  industry. 
Population,  5,280,  (1910). 

Wise  (wiz),  Isaac  Mayer.  Bom  at  Stein- 
grub,  Bohemia,  March  29, 1819 : died  at  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  March  26,  1900.  A Jewish  rabbi 
and  editor.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in 
1846,  and  was  rabbi  at  Albany  and  Cincinnati.  He  was  the 
leader  of  the  Jewish  reform  party  in  the  United  States, 
and  the  leading  spirit  in  founding  its  three  main  organi- 
zations, the  Union  of  American  Hebrew  Congregations, 
the  Hebrew  Union  College,  and  the  Central  Conference  of 
American  Rabbis.  He  edited  “ The  American  Israelite,” 
and  issued  numerous  publications. 

Wister  (wis'ter),  Owen.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  July  14, 1860.  An  American  author, 
best  known  for  his  stories  of  Western  life. 

Among  his  works  are  “lied  Men  and  White  ” (1896),  “ Lin 
McLean”  (1897),  “The  Jimmyjohn  Boss,  and  Other  Sto- 
ries ” (1900),  a biography  of  Ulysses  S.  Grant  (1901),  “The 
Virginian’  (1902),  “Philosophy  4”  (1903),  “Lady  Balti- 
more ” (1906),  and  “ Members  of  the  Family  ” (1911). 

Witte  (vit'e),  Count  Sergius  (Sergiei  Julie- 
vitch).  Born  at  Tiflis,  June  29, 1849.  A Rus- 
sian statesman.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Imperial 
New  University  at  Odessa  in  1870.  As  an  official  of  the 
southwestern  railways  he  rendered  great  service  to  Russia 
in  theRusso-Turkish  war  in  1878,  and  after  holding  various 
administrative  offices  in  connection  with  the  Russian  rail- 
way systems  was  appointed  in  February,  1892,  minister  of 
ways  of  communication,  and  was  minister  of  finance  1892- 
1903.  To  his  efforts  is  largely  due  the  completion  of  the 
Trans-Siberian  Railway.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of 
state  in  1896,  actual  privy  councilor  in  1899,  and  president 
of  the  committee  of  ministers  in  1903.  In  1905  he  was 
sent  to  the  United  States  to  negotiate  with  Japan  the 
terms  of  peace  which  were  formulated  in  the  treaty  of 
Portsmouth.  In  October,  1905,  the  emperor  intrusted  him 
with  the  forming  of  the  new  cabinet.  He  resigned  the 
premiership,  May  2, 1906,  and  was  appointed  a member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Empire,  May  11,  1906.  He  has  pub- 
lished “Principles  of  Railway  Tariffs”  (1884). 

Wofford  (wof'ord)  College.  A college  for 
men,  at  Spartanburg,  South  Carolina,  founded 
by  a bequest  of  $100,000  from  the  Rev.  Ben- 
jamin Wofford  in  1850  and  opened  in  1854. 
It  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South. 

Wolf  (volf),  Hugo.  Born  at  Windischgratz, 
Austria,  March  13,  1860:  died  at  Vienna,  Feb. 
22,  1903.  A noted  Austrian  composer,  chiefly 
of  songs.  He  lived  mostly  in  Vienna  in  poverty  and 
privation,  and  died  insane.  Not  till  after  his  death  were 
his  songs,  about  175  in  number,  generally  known.  He  also 
composed  the  opera  “ Der  Corregidor”  (1896),  and  left  an 
unfinished  opera,  “Manuel  Venegas.”  A symphonic 
poem,  “ Penthesilea,”  an  “Italian  Serenade  "for  a small 
orchestra  (also  for  a string  quartet),  and  a string  quartet, 
as  well  as  several  choruses,  have  attracted  attention. 

Wolff  , Sir  Henry  Drummond.  He  was  am- 
bassador extraordinary  and  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary at  Madrid  1892-1900.  His  memoirs, 
“Rambling  Recollections,”  appeared  in  1908. 

Wolf-Ferrari  (volf 'fer-ra^re),  Ermanno.  Born 
at  Venice,  Jan.  12,  1876.  An  Italian  composer. 

He  studied  composition  with  liheinberger  in  Munich 
1893-95.  He  was  director  of  the  Venetian  conservatory 
(Liceo  Benedetto  Marcello)  1902-09.  His  works  include 
the  operas  “La  Sulamita”  (1889),  “ Cenerentola”  (1900: 
given  later  in  Germany  as  “ Aschenbrodel"),  “Le  Donne 
curiose”  (1903:  after  Goldini's  comedy),  “Der  vier 
Grobiane”  (1906),  “Su/annen’s  Geheimniss,”  and  “Der 
Schmuck  der  Madonna  ” (1908).  A choral  work,  “ La  Vita 
Nuova”  (1903:  after  Dante),  given  in  New  York  by  the 


Woolsey 

Oratorio  Society,  first  brought  his  name  before  the  Ameri- 
can public.  He  has  also  written  chamber  music. 

Wolverene  State.  A nickname  of  the  State 
of  Michigan. 

Wolverhampton,  Viscount.  See  * Fowler,  Sir 
Henry  Hartley. 

Woman’s  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
National.  A society  organized  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  in  1874.  It  has  40  distinct  departments  of  work 
in  the  United  States,  and  the  10,000  local  unions  which 
comprise  it  have  a membership  and  following  (including 
the  children’s  societies)  of  half  a million.  The  World’s 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  was  founded  by 
Frances  E.  Willard  in  1883.  It  has  auxiliaries  in  more 
than  50  countries  and  provinces.  The  badge  is  a white 
ribbon.  Abbreviated  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Won-san.  See  *Yuen-san. 

Wood*,  Sir  Henry  Evelyn.  He  was  adjutant-gen- 
eral of  the  Second  Army  Corps  District  1901-05.  He  has 
written  “ The  Crimea  in  1854-94,”  “ Cavalry  at  Waterloo,” 
“Achievements  of  Cavalry,”  “ From  Midshipman  to  Field- 
Marshal  ” (1906),  “The  Revolt  in  Hindustan  ” (1908). 

Wood  (wud),  Sir  Henry  Joseph.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, March  3,  1870.  An  English  conductor. 
He  began  in  minor  English  opera  companies.  In  1895  he 
instituted  the  first  series  of  promenade  concerts  in  Queen's 
Hall,  London.  He  was  knighted  Jan.  1,  1911. 

Wood  (wud),  Leonard.  Born  at  Winchester, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  9,  1860.  An  American  soldier, 
appointed  major-general  in  the  United  States 
army  in  1903.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Harvard  University  in  1884  ; entered  the  army  as 
lieutenant  and  assistant  surgeon  in  1886;  and  served  in  the 
West  in  the  campaign  against  Geronimo  in  1886.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  war  with  Spain  (1898)  he  recruited,and  was 
appointed  colonel  of,  the  “Rough  Riders”  (First  United 
States  Volunteer  Cavalry);  served  in  the  Santiago  cam- 
paign (Las  Guasimas  and  San  Juan  HiU)  ; and  was  pro- 
moted brigadier-general  and  then  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers. He  was  military  governor  of  Santiago,  July, 
1898, -December,  1899,  and  of  Cuba,  December,  1899, -May, 
1902  ; was  sent  to  the  Philippines  in  1903,  where  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  department  of  Mindanao  ; was 
governor  of  Moro  province  1903-06 ; was  commander  of 
the  Philippines  division  1906-08;  was  commander  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  East  1908-1910;  and  was  chief  of  staff  1910-. 

Woodberry  (wud'be-ri),  George  Edward. 
Born  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  May  12,  1855.  An 
American  poet,  critic,  and  educator.  He  was 
professor  of  English  in  the  University  of  Nebraska  1877-78 
and  1880-82,  and  professor  of  comparative  literature  at 
Columbia  University  1891-1904.  In  1904  he  became  lec- 
turer in  English  literature  at  Amherst  College,  and  in  1908 
professor  of  English  literature  in  Cornell  University. 
Among  his  publications  are  a “History  of  Wood-engrav- 
ing” (1883),  “Life  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe”  (1886),  “The 
North  Shore  Watch,  and  Other  Poems”  (1890),  “Studies 
in  Letters  and  Life  ” (1890),  “ Heart  of  Man  ” (1899),“  Wild 
Eden  ” (1899),  “ Makers  of  Literature ” (1900),  “Nathaniel 
Hawthorne  ” (1902),  “Poems  ” (1903),  “ America  in  Litera- 
ture ” (1903),  “Swinburne”  (1905),  “The  Torch:  Eight 
Lectures  on  Race  Power  in  Literature”  (1905),  “The  Life 
of  Poe  ” (1909),  “ The  Inspiration  of  Poetry  " (1910),  etc. 

Woodcraft  Indian  Scouts.  An  organization 
founded  at  Summit,  New  Jersey,  July  1,  1902, 
by  Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  for  the  develop- 
ment of  manly  character  in  connection  with 
nature  study  and  outdoor  life.  , 

Woods  (wudz),  Robert  Archey.  Born  at  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.,  Dec.  9, 1865.  An  American  social 
worker.  He  studied  at  Amherst  College  and  Andover 
Theological  Seminary,  and  was  a resident  at  Toynbee 
Hall,  London,  in  1890.  He  has  been  the  head  of  South 
End  House,  a social  settlement  at  Boston,  since  1891.  He 
has  been  lecturer  on  social  economics  at  Andover  Theo- 
logical Seminary  1890-95,  and  on  practical  philanthropy 
at  the  Episcopal  Theological  School,  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, since  1896.  He  published  “ English  Social  Move- 
ments” (1891),  and  edited  “The  City  Wilderness”  (1898) 
and  “Americans  in  Process  ” (1902). 

Woodward  (wud'ward),  Arthur  Smith. 

Born  at  Macclesfield,  England,  May  24,  1864. 
An  English  geologist  and  paleontogist,  keeper 
of  the  geological  department  of  the  British 
Museum.  He  has  published  a “Catalogue  of  Fossil 
Fishes  in  the  British  Museum  ” (1889-1901),  “Outlines  of 
Vertebrate  Palaeontology  ” (1898),  etc. 

Woodward  (wud'wiird),  Robert  Simpson. 

Born  at  Rochester,  Mich.,  July  21,  1849.  An 
American  astronomer  and  mathematical  physi- 
cist, president  of  the  Carnegie  Institution, 
Washington,  from  1905.  He  was  astronomer  of  the 
United  .States  Geological  Survey  1884-90;  was  assistant  in 
the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  1890-93  ; and 
was  professor  of  mechanics  and  inathematienl  physics  in 
Columbia  University  1893-1905.  He  has  published  nu- 
merous scientific  memoirs  and  papers. 

Woolley  (wul 'i),  Mary  Emma.  Born  at  South 
Norwalk,  Conn.,  July  13,  1863.  An  American 
educator,  president  of  Mt.  Holyoke  College 
from  1900.  She  was  graduated  at  Brown  University  in 
1894.  She  was  instructor  at  Wheaton  Seminary  1886-91, 
instructor  at  Wellesley  College  1896-96,  associa  te  professor 
of  Biblical  history  at  Wellesley  College  1896-99,  and  pro- 
fessor of  Biblical  history  there  1899-1900. 

Woolsey  (wul'si),  Theodore  Salisbury.  Bom 

at  Now  Haven,  Conn.,  Oct.  22,  1852.  An 
American  jurist  and  educator,  ne  was  graduated 
at  Yale  University  in  1872  ; was  instructor  in  public  law 
there  1877-78;  and  has  been  professor  of  international 


Woolsey 

law  since  1878  (emeritus,  1911).  A number  of  his  pub- 
lished papers  have  been  collected  under  the  title  “Amer- 
ica's Foreign  Policy’’  (1898). 

Wooster  (wus'ter).  The  county-seat  of  Wayne 
County,  Ohio,  30  miles  west  of  Canton.  It  has 
lumber-mills,  foundries,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat 
of  the  University  of  Wooster  and  the  Ohio 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Population, 
6,136,  (1910). 

Worcester  (wus'ter),  Dean  Conant.  Born  at 
Thetford,  Vt.,  Oct.  1,  1866.  An  American 
zoologist,  secretary  of  the  interior  in  the 
Philippine  government  from  1901.  He  was 

graduated  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1889,  took 
part  in  scientific  expeditions  to  the  Philippines  1887-88 
and  1890-93,  and  was  a member  of  the  First  United  States 
Philippine  Commission  1899-1900,  and  of  the  SecondUnited 
States  Philippine  Commission,  April,  1900-01.  He  has 
written  “The  Philippine  Islands  and  their  People" 
(1898),  etc. 

World  Peace  Foundation.  An  institution, 
known  until  1911  as  the  International  School 
of  Peace,  founded  by  Edwin  Ginn,  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  in  1909.  its  object  is  to  bring  about, 
by  education  through  the  college,  the  press,  the  pulpit, 
and  the  platform,  the  peace  and  better  order  of  the 
world.  The  management  is  vested  in  a board  of  trustees,  a 
board  of  directors  (corresponding  to  the  faculty  of  a col- 
lege), and  an  advisory  council,  the  individual  members  of 
of  which  are  of  high  national  and  international  reputation. 

World’s  Columbian  Exposition.  An  inter- 
national exposition  of  arts,  industries,  manu- 
factures, and  the  products  of  the  soil,  mines, 
and  sea,  held  at  Chicago,  Illinois,  May  1-Oet. 
30,  1893,  for  the  purpose  of  commemorating 
the  four-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus. 
It  was  participated  in  by  the  principal  nations  of  the 
world,  as  well  as  by  the  different  States  of  the  Union, 
nearly  all  of  which  were  represented  by  special  buildings. 
The  grounds  covered  an  area  of  <>66  acres,  including  Jack- 
son  Park,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Chicago,  fronting  on 
Lake  Michigan.  The  principal  buildings  were  constructed 
of  a white  composition  called  “staff,"  giving  the  appear- 
ance of  marble,  which  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  name  of 
the  “ White  City,"  by  which  the  exposition  came  to  be 
generally  known.  The  present  Field  Columbian  Museum 
was  formed  from  the  Fine  Arts  Building.  A notable  feature 
of  the  exposition  was  a series  of  international  congresses 
representing  the  progress  of  the  world  in  the  various 
branches  of  science,  religion,  art,  education,  etc.  The 
amusement  features  were  collected  in  a strip  of  land,  ex. 
tending  westward  from  the  main  grounds,  called  the 
"Midway  Plaisance,”  which  contained  also  representa- 
tions of  native  life  in  various  foreign  countries.  Awards 
were  made  by  an  international  jury.  The  total  attendance 
was  27,539,041. 

Wormeley  (werm'li),  Katharine  Prescott. 

Born  at  Ipswich,  England,  Jan.  14,  1830:  died 
at  Jackson,  N.  H,,  Aug.  5,  1908.  An  Ameri- 
can writer,  best  known  for  her  translations  of 
Balzac,  Moli&re,  Daudet,  etc. 

Worth  (whrth),  William  Scott.  Born  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  Jan.  6,  1840:  died  at  Clifton, 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,Oct.  16,  1904.  An  Ameri- 
can soldier,  son  of  General  William  Jenkins 
Worth.  He  entered  the  army  In  1861 ; served  with  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  from  1862  ; was  engaged  in  frontier 
duty  1872-91 ; and  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel  in  1898.  He 
served  in  the  Santiago  campaign,  was  severely  wounded 
at  San  Juan  Hill,  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in 
1898. 

Wright  (rit),  Arthur  Williams.  Born  at 


Lebanon,  Conn.,  Sept.  8,  1836.  An  American 
physicist,  professor  in  Yale  University  from 
1872.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1859;  studied  in 
Heidelberg  and  Berlin  ; and  was  professor  of  physics  and 
chemistry  in  Williams  College  1869-72.  From  1887-1906 
he  was  in  charge  of  the  Sloane  physical  laboratory  at  Yale. 

Wright*,  Carroll  Davidson.  He  was  United 
States  commissioner  of  labor  1885-92  ; honorary  professor  of 
social  economics  in  the  Catholic  University  of  America 
1895-1904  ; professor  of  statistics  and  social  economics  in 
Columbian  University  1900 ; and  president  of  Clark  Col- 
lege 1902-09.  His  later  works  include  “ Industrial  Evolu- 
tion of  the  United  States”  (1895),  “Outline  of  Practical 
Sociology”  (1899),  “Some  Ethical  Phases  of  the  Labor 
Question”  (1902),  “Battles  of  Labor”  (1906),  and  many 
monographs  on  social  and  economic  questions. 

Wright  (rit),  Elizur.  Born  at  South  Canaan, 
Conn.,  Feb.  12,  1804:  died  at  Medford,  Mass., 
Nov.  22, 1885.  An  American  abolitionist,  jour- 
nalist, and  expert  in  insurance.  He  became  secre- 
tary  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society  in  1833  and  edited 
various  abolitionist  journals,  and  was  commissioner  of  in- 
surance for  Massachusetts  1858-66.  He  wrote  “Savings 
Bank  Life  Insurance  with  Illustrative  Tables”  (1872), 
“The  Politics  and  Mysteries  of  Life  Insurance”  (1873), 
etc. 

Wright  (rit),  Joseph.  Born  Oct.  31,  1855. 
An  English  scholar,  professor  of  comparative 
philology  in  Oxford  University  from  1901 
(deputy  professor  1891-1901).  He  has  published 
“Middle  High-German  Primer”  (1888),  “Old  High-Ger- 
man Primer  ” (1888),  “ Primer  of  the  Gothic  Language  ” 
(1892),  “The  English  Dialect  Grammar”  (1905),  “Old 
English  Grammar"  (1908),  etc.;  and  has  edited  “The 
English  Dialect  Dictionary  " (1896-1905). 

Wright  (rit),  Mrs.  (Mabel  Osgood).  Born  at 
New  York,  1859.  An  American  author  and 
writer  of  nature  books.  She  is  one  of  the  editors  of 
“Bird  Lore.”  Among  her  works  are  “ Birdcraft ” (1895), 
“Tommy- Anne  and  the  Three  Hearts”  (1896),  “Four- 
footed  Americans  and  Their  Kin”  (1898),  and  “The 
Flowers  and  Ferns  in  Their  Haunts  ” (1901).  She  is  the 
author  also  of  a series  of  books,  the  first  four  of  which 
were  published  anonymously.  These  include  “The  Gar- 
den of  a Commuter's  Wife”  (1901),  “The  People  of  the 
Whirlpool  ” (1903),  “ The  Woman  Errant  ” (1904),  “ At  the 
Sign  of  the  Fox  " (1905),  “ The  Garden,  \rou,  and  I ” (1906), 
“ Gray  Lady  and  the  Birds  ” (1907),  “ The  Open  Window  ” 
(1908),  “ Poppea  of  the  Post-office  " (1909),  etc. 

Wright  ( rit),  Orville.  Born  at  Dayton,  Obio, 
Aug.  16,  1871.  A noted  American  aviator. 
See  * Wright,  Wilbur. 

Wright  (rit),  Wilbur.  Born  April  16,  1867 : 
died  May  30,  1912.  A noted  American  aviator, 
with  his  brother  Orville  the  first  to  attain 
practical  success  with  the  aeroplane.  The  atten- 
tion of  the  Wrights  was  turned  to  aeronautics  by  the  ex- 
periments of  Otto  Lilienthal  and  Octave  Chanute  with 
gliding-machines.  In  1902  they  built  a gliding-machine 
with  two  surfaces  and  carried  on  their  experiments  among 
the  sand-dunes  at  Kitty  Hawk,  near  Cape  Hatteras,  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  Carolina.  In  1903  they  added 
a motor  to  their  gliding-machine,  and  on  Dec.  17  of  that 
yearmade  the  first  successful  mechanical  flight  (260  meters 
in  59  seconds)  that  had  ever  been  accomplished.  They 
used  a biplane  with  warpable  wings  and  a motor  of  their 
own  construction.  One  hundred  flights  were  made  during 
the  season  of  1904.  In  1905  a new  machine  was  built  with 
improvements,  and  49  flights  were  made  near  Dayton, 
Ohio,  and  in  September  and  October  flights  of  10,  11,  12, 
15,  21,  and  24(1  miles  were  made.  The  24^-mile  flight  on 
Oct.  5th  was  made  in  38  minutes  and  3 seconds,  the  ma- 
chine making  a speed  of  38  miles  an  hour  and  stopping  only 
on  account  of  exhaustion  of  fuel.  In  1908  Wilbur  Wright 
went  to  France  and  made  flights  at  the  Camp  of  Auvours, 


alu  (ya-lo').  A river  which 
forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Korea  and  Manchuria 
from  about  lat.  42°  N. 
southward.  It  flows  south,  then 
west,  and  then  southwest,  and 
empties  into  Korea  Bay. 

Yalu  River,  Battle  of 
the.  A battle  fought  May 
1,  1904,  by  the  Japanese  under  Kuroki  and 
the  Russians  under  Sassulitch,  on  the  Man- 
churian bank  of  the  Yalu  at  and  above  An-tung. 
The  Japanese  concentrated  at  Wiju,  crossed  the  river  and 
its  affluent  the  Ai,  and  attacked  the  Russians  in  fortified 
positions,  driving  them  out  and  inflicting  heavy  loss  upon 
them. 

Yamagata  (ya-ma-ga'ta),  Prince  Aritomo. 
Born  in  Cboshu,  April,  1838.  A Japanese  sol- 
dier and  statesman,  one  of  the  “ elder  states- 
men.” He  was  promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1872  ; be- 
came minister  of  war  in  1873  ; and  was  later  raised  to  the 
rank  of  marshal.  He  played  an  important  part  in  the 
civil  war  of  1877,  being  chief  of  staff  of  the  army  of  subju- 
gation. In  1888-89  he  visited  the  United  States  and 
Europe.  Ou  the  outbreak  of  the  Chinese  war  (1894),  he  took 
command  of  the  first  army,  hut  was  obliged  to  retire  on 


account  of  ill  health.  Since  1896  his  career  has  been  chiefly 
that  of  a diplomat  and  statesman.  He  has  twice  been 
premier,  1889-91  and  1898-1900.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
war  with  Russia  he  was  appointed  chief  of  the  general  staff. 

Yamamoto  (ya-ma-mo'to),  Tatsuo.  Born  in 
Oita  ken,  Japan,  in  1856.  A Japanese  financier 
and  statesman.  He  entered  the  Bank  of  Japan  in 
1890,  was  director  of  its  banking  bureau,  and  was  gov- 
ernor 1898-1903.  He  was  nominated  a member  of  the 
upper  house  in  1903,  and  was  appointed  minister  of  finance 
in  the  Saionji  ministry,  August,  1911. 

Yass  (yas).  A town  in  New  South  Wales,  Aus- 
tralia,* about  130  miles  southwest  of  Sydney. 
In  its  vicinity  (the  “ Yass-Canberra  district”) 
the  Commonwealth  government,  in  January, 
1911,  acquired  a site  fora  federal  capital.  Pop- 
ulation, about  7,500. 

Yauco  tya-6'ko).  A city  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Ponce  department,  Porto  Rico.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,589,  (1910). 

Yazoo  City  (ya'zo  sit'i).  The  county-seat  of 
Yazoo  County,  Mississippi,  on  the  Yazoo  River, 
40  miles  northwest  of  Jackson.  It  is  impor- 
tant for  its  cotton  and  lumber  interests.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,796,  (1910). 


Yerkes,  Charles  Tyson 

near  Le  Mans,  and  at  Pau.  On  Dec.  31,  1908,  he  won  the 
Michelin  trophy  by  making  the  longest  flight  (2  hours  and 
20  minutes)  of  the  year,  covering  124  kilometers.  He  then 
went  to  Rome.  Orville  Wright  remained  in  America  to 
fulfil  a contract  which  had  been  made  with  the  United 
States  government.  This  called  for  a flight  of  one  hour 
with  a passenger,  and  a cross-country  speed  test  of  five 
miles  and  return.  The  preparations  for  these  tests  were 
terminated  ou  Sept.  17, 1908,  by  an  accident  to  the  machine 
(the  breaking  of  one  of  its  propellers),  which  resulted  in 
the  death  of  the  passenger,  Lieutenant  Thomas  E.  Self- 
ridge. Wright  returned  to  Washington  in  1909  and  suc- 
cessfully completed  the  required  government  tests.  On 
July  27,  1909,  with  Lieutenant  Frank  P.  Lahm  as  a passen- 
ger, he  made  a world's  record  flight  of  1 hour,  12  min- 
utes, and  40  seconds.  On  July  30,  1909,  with  Lieutenant 
Benjamin  D.  Fouloisas  a passenger,  he  flew  10  miles  (from 
Fort  Myer  to  Shuter’s  Hill,  near  Alexandria,  and  return) 
in  14  minutes  and  40  seconds,  at  an  average  speed  of  424 
miles  an  hour.  On  Oct.  4,  1909,  Wilbur  Wright  flew  from 
Governor's  Island,  New  York  city,  up  the  Hudson  to 
Grant’s  Tomb  and  return,  a distance  of  20  miles,  in  33  min- 
utes and  33  seconds,  and  in  the  flights  at  the  Signal 
Corps  School  of  Instruction  at  College  Park,  Maryland, 
Oct.  9,  he  attained  a speed  of  65.82  miles  an  hour. 
Wiillner  (vhl'ner),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Munster, 
Aug.  19,  1858.  A German  barytone.  He  was  edu 
cated  at  Munich,  Berlin,  and  Strasburg.  While  teaching 
at  Munster  (1884-87)  he  studied  music,  and  in  1889  he 
began,  as  an  actor  at  Meiningen,  his  artistic  career.  In 
1895  he  toured  as  a reader,  and  in  1899  he  appeared  as  a 
lieder  singer,  winning  wide  recognition,  especially  by  his 
renderings  of  the  songs  of  Brahms. 

Wundt*,  Wilhelm.  His  later  works  include  “Sys- 
tem der  Philosophic  ” (1889),  “ Grundriss  der  Psychologic  ” 
(1896),“  Yolkerpsychologie  ” (Vol.  I., “Die  Sprache,”  1900; 
Vol.  II.,  “My thus  und  Religion  ” 1905-06),  and  “ Einleit- 
ung  in  die  Philosophic  ” (1901).  He  has  edited  the  series 
of  “ Philosophische  Studien  ” 1883-1902  and  1905-. 

Wyckoff  (wi'kof),  Walter  Augustus.  Born 
at  Mainpuri,  India,  April  12,  1865:  died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  May  15,  1908.  An  American 
political  economist,  assistant  professor  of  po- 
litical economy  in  Princeton  University  from 
1898.  He  is  best  known  from  his  practical  studies  (as  a 
worker  and  tramp)  of  the  life  of  the  wage-earners  and 
"tramps.”  He  published  “The  Workers  — The  East” 
(1897),  “ The  Workers  — The  West  ” (1898),  “ A Day  with  a 
Tramp  and  Other  Days  ” (1900),  etc. 

Wyman  (wi'man),  Walter.  Born  Aug.  17, 
1848:  died  Nov.  21,  1911.  An  American 
physician  and  sanitarian,  surgeon-general  of 
the  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service 
from  1891  (prior  to  July  1,  1902,  known  as 
Marine-Hospital  Service).  He  administered  the 
quarantine  laws  and  establishments,;  the  national  lab- 
oratory for  the  investigation  of  infectious  and  contagious 
diseases  and  matters  pertaining  to  the  public  health ; the 
leprosy  investigation  station  at  Molokai,  Hawaii ; and  the 
marine  hospitals,  including  a sanatorium  for  consumptives 
at  Fort  Stanton,  New  Mexico;  and  also  had  charge  of  the 
medical  examination  of  immigrants.  He  was  president 
of  the  first  and  second  international  sanitary  conventions 
of  American  republics  (1902-05) ; was  chairman  of  the  In- 
ternational Sanitary  Bureau  of  American  Republics  ; and 
wrote  numerous  articles  on  public  health  and  sanitation. 
Wyndham  (win'dam),  George.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  29,  1863.  A British  statesman. 
He  has  been  Conservative  member  of  Parliament  for  Dover 
since  1889.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Sandhurst ; 
served  in  the  Sudan  in  1885 ; was  private  secretary  to 
A.  J.  Balfour  when  the  latter  was  chief  secretary  for  Ire- 
land 1887-92  ; was  under-secretary  of  state  for  war  1898- 
1900;  and  was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1900-05.  He 
carried  the  Irish  Land  Act  through  the  House  of  Commons 
in  1903,  and  resigned  his  place  in  the  cabinet  in  March, 
1905. 


Yeats  (yets),  William  Butler.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, June  13,  1865.  An  Irish  poet,  dramatist, 
and  critic,  son  of  John  Butler  Yeats,  the  artist. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Irish  Literary  Theater 
and  of  the  National  Theater  Society  in  Dublin,  and  is 
identified  with  the  movement  for  the  revival  of  Irish  na- 
tional literature.  His  works  include  “The  Celtic  Twi. 
light"  (1893),  “Poems”  (1895)  “The  Secret  Rose"  (1897), 
“The  Wind  among  the  Reeds"  (1899),  “The  Shadowy 
Waters”  (1900),  “Ideas  of  Good  and  Evil"  (1903),  “Where 
There  is  Nothing”  (1903),  “In  the  Seven  Woods”  (1903), 
“The  Hour  Glass,  and  Other  Plays"  (1904),  “The  King's 
Threshold,  and  Other  Plays”  (1904),  “Stories  of  Red  Han- 
rahan”  (1904),  “Deirdre”  (1907),  “Synge  and  the  Ireland 
of  His  Time"  (1911),  “The  Green  Helmet,  and  Other  Poems" 
(1911),  “The  Cutting  of  an  Agate"  (1912),  etc. 

Yentai  (yen-ti').  A town  in  Manchuria,  about 
twelve  miles  northeast  of  Liao-yang,  near  the 
railway.  It  was  an  important  position  in  the  battle  of 
Liao-yang  and  subsequent  operations  in  the  Russo-Japan- 
ese war.  There  are  coal-mines  near  it. 

Yerkes  (ver'kez),  Charles  Tyson.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  .Time  25,  1837 : died  at  New  York. 
Dec.  29,  1905.  An  American  business  man, 
prominent  in  the  development  of  street  rail- 
ways in  Chicago  and  underground  railways  in 


Yerkes,  Charles  Tyson 

London.  He  founded  the  Yerkes  Observatory 
of  the  University  of  Chicago. 

Yerkes  (yer'kez)  Observatory.  The  astro- 
nomical observatory  of  the  University  of 
Chicago,  founded  by  Charles  Tyson  Yerkes  in 
1892  and  completed  about  1896.  it  is  situated  at 
Williams  Bay,  Wisconsin.  It  possesses  a tine  equipment, 
including  a 40-inch  telescope.  G.  E.  Hale  was  its  director 
until  1905,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  E.  B.  Frost. 

Yersin  (yer-san'),  Alexandre  Emile  John. 

Born  at  Rougemont,  Switzerland,  Sept.  22, 
1863.  A Swiss  bacteriologist.  He  studied  at  Lau- 
sanne and  Marburg,  and  afterward  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  entered  the  Pasteur  Institute  in  1888  and  shared  in 
Roux's  work  on  the  diphtheria  serum.  Later  he  went  to 
the  East,  and  carried  on  researches  in  Indo-China  and 
China.  At  Hong-Kong  in  1S94  (simultaneously  with  Kit- 
asato)  he  discovered  the  plague  bacillUB,  and  in  1895  pre- 
pared a serum  for  the  treatment  of  the  disease.  He  was 
commissioned  by  the  Chinese  government  to  establish  at 
Canton  a branch  of  the  Pasteur  Institute,  and  himself  be- 
came director  of  a similar  institution  founded  in  1895  at 
Nha  Trang,  in  Annam. 

Yi  Hi  (ye  he).  Born  Sept.  8,  1852.  The  Em- 
peror of  Korea.  He  ascended  the  throne  Jan. 
21,  1864,  and  assumed  the  title  of  emperor  in 
October,  1897.  In  July,  1907,  he  abdicated 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Yi  Syek. 

Yildiz  Kiosk.  A pleasure  resort  of  the  sultans 
of  Turkey,  adopted  as  a permanent  abode  by 
Abdul-Hamid  II.  soon  after  his  accession  in 
1876.  It  stands  on  a hill  on  the  northern  border  of  Con- 
stantinople, overlooking  the  Bosporus.  Within  the  park 
walls  are  numerous  buildings  (an  observatory,  armories, 
etc.),  and  within  a second  wall  the  kiosk,  designed  by 
the  Sultan,  which  he  occupied  with  his  four  principal 
wives. 

Yokkaichi  (yo-ka-e'che).  A town  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Hondu,  Japan,  20 
miles  southwest  of  Nagoya.  It  is  an  active 
trading  port,  and  its  shipments  of  tea,  shirt- 
ing, cotton  yarn,  etc.,  to  the  United  States 


are  of  growing  importance.  Population, 
30,704. 

York  (york).  The  county-seat  of  York  County, 
Nebraska,  on  a branch  of  the  Big  Blue  River, 
47  miles  west  of  Lincoln.  It  is  in  an  agricul- 
tural and  stock-raising  region,  and  is  the  seat 
of  York  College.  Population,  6,235,  (1910). 

Yoshiwara  (yo-shi-wa'ra).  The  quarter  of 
Tokio  which  is  occupied  by  courtezans.  The 
name  is  sometimes  applied  by  foreigners  to  similar  dis- 
tricts in  other  Japanese  cities,  but  is  not  so  used  by  the 
Japanese  themselves. 

Youmans  (yo'manz),  William  Jay.  Born  at 
Milton,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  14,  1838:  died  at  Mount 
Vernon,  N.  Y.,  April  10,  1901.  An  American 
scientist,  brother  of  Edward  Livingstone  You- 
mans.  He  became  the  associate  editor  of  “The  Popu- 
lar Science  Monthly  ” in  1872,  and  editor  in  1887. 

Younghushand  (yung'huz-band),  Sir  Francis 
Edward.  Born  at  Murree,  Panjab,  India, 
May  31,  1863.  A British  soldier,  traveler,  and 
writer,  head  of  the  British  mission  to  Tibet 
1902—04.  In  1882  he  joined  the  army,  and  in  1908  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  knighted  in  1904.  He 
was  resident  of  Indore,  Central  India,  1902-03  ; British 
commissioner  to  Tibet  1903-04 ; R ede  lecturer  at  Cambridge 
in  1905  ; and  resident  of  Kashmir  1906-10.  He  has  trav- 
eled in  Manchuria,  China,  Turkestan,  the  Pamirs,  and 
South  Africa,  and  was  political  officer  in  Chitral  1893-94. 
Among  his  works  are  “The  Relief  of  Chitral”  (1895), 
“ The  Heart  of  a Continent"  (1896),  “South  Africa  of  To- 
day ” (1898),  “ India  and  Tibet  ” (1910),  etc. 

Young  Men’s  Christian  Association.  An 

organization  formed  in  London  in  1844  by  (Sir) 
George  Williams.  The  first  associations  in  North 
America  were  organized  in  1851,  and  the  first  international 
convention  was  held  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  June  7,  1854.  The 
object  of  the  organization  is  to  promote  the  spiritual,  in- 
tellectual, physical,  and  social  well-being  of  young  men. 
There  are  over  8,000  associations  in  the  world,  of  which 
2,000  are  in  North  America.  The  total  membership  in 
North  America  is  about  550,000 ; in  the  world,  over  900,000. 


Zittel 

Active  controlling  membership  is  limited  to  men  in  com- 
munion with  some  evangelical  church  ; associate  mem- 
bership is  not  so  limited.  Abbreviated  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Young  Women’s  Christian  Association.  A 

voluntary  organization  for  the  physical,  social, 
intellectual,  and  spiritual  development  of  young 
women.  The  first  association  was  formed  in  London  in 
1855,  the  first  American  city  association  in  Boston  in 
1866,  and  the  first  student  association  in  the  Illinois  Nor- 
mal University  in  1873.  Eighteen  national  associations 
are  now  affiliated  in  the  world’s  association,  formed  in 
1892.  The  headquarters  are  in  London.  The  total  world’s 
membership  is  nearly  600,000.  The  American  headquar- 
ters are  at  600  Lexington  Avenue,  New  York  city,  and 
there  are  about  900  associations  in  cities  and  country  lo- 
calities, and  schools  and  colleges,  with  a combined  mem- 
bership of  255,000.  The  National  Board  conducts  a train- 
ing school  for  secretaries  in  New  York  city. 

Yriarte  (e-ri-ar'ta),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec.  5,  1832:  died  there,  April  5,  1898.  A 
French  litterateur.  He  waB  a prolific  writer,  and  waB 
especially  interested  in  the  Italian  Renaissance.  Among 
his  works  are  “ Venise,  histoire,  art,  Industrie  ; la  ville,  la 
vie  ” (1877),  “ Florence,  l’histoire,  les  Medicis,  les  huma- 
nistes,  leB  lettres,  les  arts  ’’(1880),  “Un  condottiere  au  XV® 
siecle  ; Rimini”  (1882),  “ Framboise  de  Rimini  dans  la 
l(5gende  et  dans  l’histoire  ” (1882),  “ Matteo  Civitali,  sa  vie 
et  son  oeuvre”  (1885),  “Paul  Veronese”  (1888),  “Cesar 
Borgia"  (1889),  “J.  F.  Millet”  (1885),  “Fortuny”  (1886). 

Yuan  Shi-kai  (yti'an'  sh’-ki).  A Chinese 
statesman,  president  of  the  Chinese  republic 
from  February,  1912.  He  spent  nine  years  as  dip- 
lomatic agent  in  Korea  and  after  1893  held  provincial  posts 
in  China.  From  1898  he  gained  fame  and  power  as  or- 
ganizer of  the  Chinese  army  corps  aud  held  highest  met- 
ropolitan and  provincial  offices  as  governor  ofbhan-tung 
and  (as  successor  to  Li  Hung-chang)  viceroy  of  Chi-li.  He 
accepted  the  post  of  first  president  of  the  new  republic 
on  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Sun  Yat-sen,  its  founder.  On 
Oct.  6,  1913,  he  was  elected  president  for  a term  of  5 years 
by  a majority  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  the  two 
houses  of  the  Chinese  parliament. 

Yukaghir(yo-ka'ger).  A tribe  of  arctic  Siberia. 

Yukon”.  It  ha9  large  mineral  deposits.  It  sends  to  the 
Dominion  Parliament  one  representative. 


ambales  (tham-ha/las).  1. 
A province  in  western  Luzon, 
Philippine  Islands.  it  is 
bounded  by  Pangasinan  on  the 
north ; Pangasinan,  Tarlae,  and 
Pampanga  (separated  by  the  Zam- 
bales  Mountains)  on  the  east ; Ba- 
taan and  the  China  Sea  on  the  south  ; 
and  the  China  Sea  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Iba.  Port  Subic  indents 
the  southern  coast  and  separates  Zambales  from  Batalin, 
the  boundary-line  coming  to  the  northeast  angle  of  the 
hay.  It  is  an  excellent  harbor  for  large  vessels  in  all 
weather.  The  Zambales  Mountains  on  the  eastern  boun- 
dary contain  several  peaks  exceeding  3,000  feet  in  height. 
The  loftiest  are  Abu,  5,540,  Iba,  5,262,  and  Lingo,  5,530  feet. 
The  rivers  flow  west  to  the  China  Sea  or  south  to  Port 
Subic.  Rice,  sugar,  mangos,  and  pineapples  are  among 
the  products.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Zambalans  and 
llocauos.  Area,  2,125  square  miles.  Population,  104,549. 


2.  A civilized  and  Christianized  Malay  people 
living  in  the  province  of  the  same  name  in 
Luz6n,  Philippine  Islands. 

Zambales  (tham-ba'las)  Mountains.  A 

mountain-range  in  western  Luzbn,  Philippine 
Islands,  parallel  with  the  coast,  it  extends  from 
LingayOn  Gulf  on  the  north  to  the  southern  extremity  of 
Zambales  province,  and  reappears  in  Bata&n  as  the  Mari- 
veles  peaks.  Mount  Iba,  near  the  middle,  and  Mount 
Lingo,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  range,  exceed  5,000  feet 
in  height.  Also  called  Cabusilan. 

Zamboanga  (tham-bo-an'ga).  1.  A district 
of  Moro  province,  Philippine  Islands,  embrac- 
ing the  southwestern  part  of  Mindanao,  the 
Basilan  group,  most  of  the  Pilas  group,  and 
many  small  islands  on  the  southwest  coast  of 
Mindanao.  It  is  bounded  by  Dapitan  and  Misamis 
(separated  from  both  by  mountains)  on  the  north  ; Lanao 
( partly  separated  by  lllana  Bay)  and  the  Celebes  Sea  on 
the  east ; the  Celebes  Sea  on  the  south ; and  the  Sulu 
(Jol6)  Sea  on  the  west.  Capital,  Zamboanga.  The  south- 
ern part  of  the  mainland  is  indented  by  three  large  bays, 
lllana,  Iiumanquilas,  and  Sibuguey,  in  the  shores  of  which 
are  smaller  bays  affording  good  harbor.  Of  the  bays  on 
the  western  coast,  Sibuco  and  Panabutan  are  safe  for  large 
vessels  in  the  northeast  monsoon.  The  mountain-range 
that  forms  the  northern  boundary  of  Zamboanga  extends 
through  the  western  peninsula  and  sends  spurs  of  hills 
into  the  central  and  eastern  peninsulas.  Coal  is  found  at 
the  head  of  Sibuguey  Bay  and  elsewhere,  gold  in  the 
western  peninsula.  The  forests  contain  valuable  woods. 
Considerable  sugar-cane  is  produced.  Fruits  grow  in 
abundance.  The  inhabitants  are  Subanos  and  Moros. 
Area  of  province,  6,085  square  miles.  Population,  98,078. 

2.  A town,  the  capital  of  Zamboanga  district 
and  of  Moro  province.  It  is  situated  on  the  Strait 
of  Basilan  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  western  penin- 
sula of  Mindanao,  in  lat..  6’  53'  N.,  long.  123“  5'  E.  Civil- 
ized population  of  municipality,  3,281. 


Zamzam  (zam'zam).  A sacred  well  within 
the  Great  Mosque  at  Mecca,  Arabia,  from 
which,  according  to  Mohammedan  tradition, 
Hagar  drew  water  for  her  son  Ishmael.  The 
water  is  used  by  pilgrims  externally  and  inter- 
nally, and  is  credited  with  miraculous  powers. 
Also  Zemzem. 

Zangwill  (zang'wil),  Israel.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  24,  1864.  An  English  novelist,  poet,  lec- 
turer, and  man  of  letters,  of  Jewish  birth.  He  is 
prominently  identified  with  the  Zionist  movement.  He  is 
the  author  of  “ The  Big  Bow  Mystery  ” (1891),  “ Children 
of  the  Ghetto”  (1892),  “Merely  Mary  Ann”  (1893), 
“ Ghetto  Tragedies  ’ ’ (1893),  “ The  King  of  the  Schnorrers  ’ 
(1894),  “Without  Prejudice”  (1896),  “Dreamers  of  the 
Ghetto,”  a series  of  sketches  of  great  Jewish  thinkers 
(1898),  “ They  that  Walk  in  Darkness  ” (1899),  “ The  Mantle 
of  Elijah”  (1900),  “The  Grey  Wig”  (1903),  “Blind  Chil- 
dren,” a book  of  verse  (1903),  “The Celibates’ Club  ” (1905), 
“ The  Melting  Pot  ’ (1908),  “ Italian  Fantasies  ” (1910),  a 
number  of  plays,  etc. 

Zeebrugge  (za'brog-ge).  The  new  seaport  of 
Bruges,  Belgium.  It  is  connected  with  Bruges 
by  a ship-canal  which  enables  sea-going  ves- 
sels to  reach  that  city. 

Zeeman  (za'man),  Pieter.  Born  at  Zonne- 
maire,  Holland,  May  25,  1865.  A Dutch  physi- 
cist, professor  of  physics  in  the  University  of 
Amsterdam  from  1900.  He  has  made  important  re- 
searches in  optical  and  electrical  science,  and  in  particu- 
lar noted  the  change  in  the  spectrum  of  a source  of  light 
when  placed  in  a strong  magnetic  field  (“Zeeman  effect”). 
In  1902  he  received  the  Nobel  prize  for  physicB. 
Zemzem  (zem'zem).  See  * Zamzam. 

Zenatello  (zen-a-tel'lo),  Giovanni.  Born  at 
Verona.  A contemporary  Italian  tenor.  Heflrst 
appeared  in  London  in  1905  in  Puccini’s  “ Manon  Lescaut,” 
and  has  since  sung  there  every  season.  From  1907  to  1909 
he  was  a member  of  the  Manhattan  Opera  Company,  his 
most  successful  roles  being  Rhadames  in  “Aida”  aud 
Pinkerton  in  “ Madama  Butterfly.” 

Zenger  (zeng'er),  John  Peter.  Born  in  Ger- 
many about  1697 : died  1746.  An  American 
printer  and  publisher.  He  was  brought  to  America 
in  his  childhood,  and  in  1726  engaged  in  the  printing 
business  in  New  York.  In  1734  he  was  arrested  and  tried 
for  libel  because  of  the  criticisms  which  appeared  in  his 
paper,  the  New  York  “Weekly  Journal,”  on  the  occasion 
of  the  removal  from  office  of  Chief  Justice  Lewis  Morris 
by  Governor  William  Cosby.  The  defense  was  conducted 
by  Andrew  Hamilton  and  resulted  in  the  acquittal  of 
Zenger,  the  decision  being  regarded  as  momentous  in  es- 
tablishing the  freedom  of  the  press  in  America. 

Zeppelin  (tsep'e-lin),  Count  Ferdinand  von. 

Born  in  Constance,  July  8,  1838.  A German 
general  of  cavalry  and  aeronaut.  He  came  to  the 


United  States  in  1863,  during  the  Civil  War ; took  part  in 
the  Franco- Prussian  war  of  i870-71 ; and  has  been  a mem- 
ber of  the  Bundesrat  (1885-90).  He  is  the  inventor  of  a 
large  dirigible  balloon  which  (after  many  experiments  and 
mishaps)  has  been  shown  to  be  capable  of  long  flights  un- 
der good  control. 

Zerrahn  (tser-ran'),  Carl.  Born  July  28, 1826: 
died  Dec.  29,  1909.  A well-known  German- 
American  conductor.  He  came  ,to  America  in  1848 
as  a member  of  the  orchestra  of  the  Germania  Musical 
Society,  and  later  established  himself  in  Boston.  In  1854 
he  became  conductor  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  ; 
was  conductor  of  the  Harvard  Symphony  Concerts  186G- 
1882  ; and  for  many  years  conducted  the  Worcester  music 
festivals. 

Zichy  (zit'ebi),  Geza,  Count.  Born  at  Sztara, 
Hungary,  July  23,  1849.  A noted  pianist  and 

COinpO80r.  The  son  of  a Hungarian  magnate,  he  lost 
his  right  arm  in  hunting  when  fourteen  years  of  age,  but, 
nevertheless,  he  studied  the  piano,  among  his  teachers 
being  Volkmann  and  Liszt.  While  taking  high  rank  in 
his  profession  as  a lawyer,  he  has  since  1880  been  known 
as  a remarkable  virtuoso,  making  his  own  arrangements 
for  the  left  hand.  He  was  president  of  the  Musical 
Academy  of  Pesth  and  of  the  National  Conservatory.  His 
compositions  include  studies  and  piano  pieces  for  the  left 
hand,  songs,  operas,  etc.  He  is  also  known  as  a writer  of 
lyric,  epic,  and  dramatic  verse  in  the  Hungarian  language. 

Zimbalist  (zem-bal'ist),  Efrem.  Born  at  Ros- 
toff,  May  7, 1889.  A Russian  violinist.  Heflrst 

studied  under  the  direction  of  his  father  and  then  under 
Auer  at  the  St.  Petersburg  Conservatory.  In  1907  he 
began  a series  of  tours  in  the  European  cities  and  in 
England,  and  has  given  recitals  in  America. 

Zimmern  (zim'ern),  Helen.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, Germany,  March  25,  1846.  An  English 
author,  translator,  and  art  critic.  She  was  taken 
to  England  as  a child,  and  became  a British  subject  at 
her  majority.  She  has  been  a correspondent  for  various 
English,  German,  ami  Italian  periodicals.  Her  works  in- 
clude “Life  and  Philosophy  of  Schopenhauer”  (1876), 
“Life  and  Works  of  Lessing”  (1878),  “Sir  Laurence 
Alma-Tadema”  (1886),  “Hansa  Towns”  (1889),  “Irish 
Element  in  Mediaeval  Culture  ” (1891),  “ Italy  of  the  Ital- 
ians” (1906),  and  various  translations. 

Zirkel  (tser'kel),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Bonn, 
May  20,  1838:  died  June  12,  1912.  A German 
mineralogist  and  geologist,  professor  in  the 
University  of  Leipsic  1870-1909.  His  works  in- 
elude  “Lehrbuch  der  Petrographie ’* (1866,  1893-95),  “Die 
mikroskopische  Beschaffenheit  der  Mineralien  uml.Ge- 
steine”(1873),  “Microscopical  Petrography  ” (1876),“ Uber 
Urausscheidungen  in  rheinischen  Basalten  ” (1903),  etc. 
He  retired  from  active  service  in  1909. 

Zittel  (tsit'tel),  Karl  Alfred  von.  Born  at 

Bahlingen,  Baden,  Sept.  25,  1839:  died  at 
Munich,  Jan.  5,  1904.  A German  pa-leontol- 


Zittel 

ogist,  professor  in  the  University  of  Munich 
from  1866.  He  published  “ Handbuch  der  Palaon- 
tologie  ” (1876-93  : with  Schimper  aud  Schenk),  etc. 
Zogbaum(zog'boum),  Rufus  Fairchild.  Born 
at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Aug.  28, 1849.  An  Ameri- 
can artist  and  writer.  He  studied  at  the  Art  Stu- 
dents’ League,  New  York,  1878-79,  and  under  Bonnat  at 
Paris  1880-82.  He  is  best  known  as  a delineator  of  mili- 
tary and  naval  subjects.  Among  his  historical  pictures 
are  “Manila  Bay  ’’  and  “The  First  Minnesota  Regiment 
at  Gettysburg  ” (the  latter  painted  by  commission  of  the 
State  of  Minnesota  for  the  Capitol  at  St.  Paul).  He  has 
written  “Horse,  Foot,  and  Dragoons,”  “All  Hands,”  and 
“Ships  and  Sailors.” 

Zorn  (tsorn),  Anders.  Born  at  Mora,  Sweden, 
Feb.  15,  1860.  A Swedish  painter  and  etcher. 
At  fifteen  he  entered  the  Academy  in  Stockholm  to  study 
sculpture,  but  soon  turned  his  attention  to  water-color 


painting,  in  which  he  has  been  especially  successful.  He 
has  traveled  and  painted  in  Spain,  England,  France,  Italy, 
North  Africa,  Russia,  and  Poland.  In  1890  he  joined  the 
Society  Nationale  des  Beaux-Arts  in  Paris  and  assisted 
in  the  organization  of  the  first  Salon  du  Champ  de  Mars. 
The  picture  which  he  contributed  to  this  exhibition  now 
hangs  in  the  Louvre.  In  1893,  the  year  of  the  Columbian 
Exposition  in  Chicago,  he  visited  the  United  States  and 
painted  many  portraits  there.  He  is  a realist  of  great 
power. 

Zueblin  (zu'blin),  Charles.  Born  at  Pendle- 
ton, Ind.,  May  4,  1866.  An  American  publi- 
cist. He  studied  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
Northwestern  University,  Yale,  and  Leipsic.  He  founded 
the  Northwestern  University  Settlement  in  1891,  and  was 
connected  with  the  University  of  Chicago  as  instructor, 
assistant  professor,  and  professor  of  sociology  1892-1908. 
He  has  published  “American  Municipal  Progress”  (1902), 
“A  Decade  of  Civic  Development  ” (1905),  “ The  Religion 


Zunz 

of  a Democrat  ’ (1908),  and  “Democracy  and  the  Over- 
man ” (1910). 

Zuloaga  (tbd-16-a'ga),  Ignacio.  Born  at  Eibar, 
Spam,  July  26,  1870.  A noted  Spanish  painter, 
son  of  Placidio  Zuloaga,  famous  as  the  redis- 
coverer of  the  art  of  damascening.  Among  hiB 
works  are  “Daniel  Zuloaga  and  his  Daughters,”  “A  Span- 
ish Gipsy,”  “ Promenade  after  the  Bull-fight,”  “Spanish 
Dancers,”  “El  Coriano,”  “Segovians  Drinking,”  and 
“The  Penitents.” 

Zunz  (tsonts),  Leopold.  Born  at  Detmold, 
Germany,  Aug.  10,  1794:  died  at  Berlin,  March 
18, 1886.  A Jewish  scholar.  He  was  apioneer 
in  the  study  of  the  history  of  Jewish  litera- 
ture, religious  poetry,  and  the  ritual  of  the 
synagogue,  and  is  usually  described  as  the 
founder  of  the  modern  “science  of  Judaism.” 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE 

OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

¥ 

BEFORE  500  B.C. 


Egypt. 

5000  ’-2000  1 (about).  Early  period. 

2000 ?-1580 (about) . Middle  period,  reign 
of  the  Hyksos  or  Shepherd  Kings. 

1580-1250 (about ).  Empire,  period  of  its 
splendor. 

1400 (about)  [Petrie].  Amenhotep  III.,  or- 
ganizer and  builder. 

1326 (about)  [Petrie].  Seti  I.,  noted  as  a 
builder. 

1300(about ) [Petrie].  Rameses  II.,  builder 
and  warrior  (oppressor  of  the  Hebrews?). 

1250-671  (about).  Empire,  period  of  its 
decline. 

671.  Conquered  by  Esarhaddon  at  the  battle 
of  Memphis. 

666-610.  Psametik  I.  frees  Egypt  from 
Assyrian  rule. 

610-595  (about) . Necho. 

609.  Battle  of  Megiddo,  defeat  of  Josiah, 
king  of  Judah. 

605.  Battle  of  Carchemish,  Egyptians  de- 
feated by  Nebuchadnezzar. 

525.  Battle  of  Pelusium ; conquered  by  Cam- 
byses;  end  of  Egyptian  independence. 

Babylonia. 

3800 f(about).  Sargon,  first  known  king. 

2300(about).  Conquered  by  Elamites. 

2267-2213 (about).  Hammurabi,  founder  of 
the  old  Babylonian  Empire. 

710.  Conquered  by  Assyria. 

625-538.  The  New  Empire. 

625-604.  Nabopolassar,  founder  of  the  new 
Babylonian  Empire. 

605-562.  Nebuchadnezzar. 

605.  Defeat  of  the  Egyptians  and  Hittites 
at  Carchemish. 

586.  Capture  of  Jerusalem. 

585-572.  Siege  and  final  capture  of  Tyre. 

572.  Invasion  of  Egypt. 

538.  Fall  of  Babylon,  conquered  by  Cyrus. 

Assyria. 

1900-930 (about).  Early  period. 

1 120-1 100 (about).  Tiglath-Pileser  I. 

930-626 (about) . Brilliant  period. 


Assyria— continued. 

860-824.  Shalmaneser  II. 

745-727.  Tiglath-Pileser  III. 

727-722.  Shalmaneser  IV. 

722-705.  Sargon. 

722.  Conquest  of  Samaria. 

705-681.  Sennacherib. 

701.  Siege  of  Jerusalem. 

690.  Sack  of  Babylon. 

680-668.  Esarhaddon. 

668-626.  Asurbanipal,  highest  period  of 
Assyrian  art. 

608  or  606.  Fall  of  Nineveh,  conquest  of 
Assyria  by  Nabopolassar. 

The  Hebrews. 

2000 (about).  Call  of  Abraham. 

1700?  Descent  into  Egypt. 

1300?  The  Exodus. 

1250?  Conquest  of  Palestine. 

1250?-1055 (about).  Period  of  the  Judges. 
1055 (about).  Establishment  of  the  king- 
dom. 

1055-1033  (about).  Saul. 

1033-993  (about).  David. 

993-953  (about) . Solomon. 

953(about) . Division  into  two  kingdoms. 
949 (about).  Sack  of  Jerusalem  by  Shishak. 
876-854 (about).  Ahab,  Jezebel,  Elijah. 
740-701.  Isaiah. 

727?-698?  Hezekiah  (king  of  Judah). 

722  or  721.  End  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel. 
701.  Unsuccessful  siege  of  Jerusalem  by 
Sennacherib,  and  destruction  of  the  As- 
syrian army,  probably  by  pestilence. 
629-580  (about).  Jeremiah. 

622.  Religious  reformation  and  discovery  of 
the  book  of  the  law  in  the  Temple. 

586.  Deportation  to  Babylon,  end  of  the 
kingdom  of  Judah. 

537 (about).  Return  to  Jerusalem  by  per- 
mission of  Cyrus. 

516.  The  Temple  rebuilt. 

Media  and  Persia. 

647-625(abowt).  Phraortes  (Media). 

640 (about).  Revolted  from  Assyria. 


Media  and  Persia— continued. 

625-585  (about).  Cyaxares. 

608  or  606.  Cyaxares  with  Nabopolassar 
captures  Nineveh. 

585-549  (about).  Astyages. 

558-529.  Cyrus  (Persia). 

549.  Cyrus  deposes  Astyages  and  annexes 
Media. 

546.  Capture  of  Sardis,  end  of  the  kingdom 
of  Lydia. 

538.  Capture  of  Babylon. 

529-522.  Cambyses  III. 

525.  Conquest  of  Egypt. 

521- (486).  Darius  Hystaspes. 

513?  Scythian  expedition. 

Greece. 

1183?  Trojan  war. 

1100 (about).  Dorian  migration  into  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

1000-900?  Colonization  in  Asia  Minor. 

900?  Homer. 

800?  Lycurgus. 

776.  First  Olympiad. 

624.  Laws  of  Draco. 

594.  Solon ’s  work  of  reform. 

560-527.  Pisistratus  in  supreme  power  at 
Athens. 

510.  Expulsion  of  the  sons  of  Pisistratus. 
509.  Reforms  of  Cleisthenes. 

Miscellaneous. 

1300 (about).  Sidon  at  its  height. 

1100-850 (about).  Tyre,  period  of  its  great- 
ness. 

1000?  Zoroaster. 

850?  Carthage  founded. 

7 53 (about) . Rome  founded. 

660-585 (about).  Jimmu  Tenno  first  mikado. 
Between  562  and  552.  Buddha  born. 
560-546.  Croesus  king  of  Lydia. 

551  or  550.  Confucius  born. 

550 (about).  Buddhism  introduced  into  Japan 
from  Korea. 

510 (about).  Expulsion  of  the  Tarquins  from 
Rome. 


Greece  and  Persia. 

500-494.  Revolt  of  the  Ionian  Greeks 
against  the  Persians. 

492-479.  Attacks  of  the  Persians  upon  the 
Greeks. 

492.  First  expedition  under  Mardonius  fails. 

491.  Murder  of  the  Persian  heralds  at  Sparta 
and  Athens. 

490.  Second  expedition  under  Artaphernes 
and  Datis ; battle  of  Marathon,  Athenians 
under  Miltiades  victorious. 

489 (about).  Death  of  Miltiades. 

486.  Death  of  Darius. 

486  or  485.  Accession  of  Xerxes  I. 

483.  Banishment  of  Aristides  and  ascen- 
dancy of  Themistocles. 

481-480.  Third  expedition  under  Xerxes. 

C.— 76 


FIFTH  CENTURY  B.C. 

Greece  and  Persia— continued. 

480.  Battle  of  Thermopyl®,  Spartans  under 
Leonidas  defeat  the  Persians ; sea  fight  at 
Artemisium  indecisive;  Athens  captured 
and  destroyed ; naval  battle  of  Salamis, 
defeat  and  retreat  of  Xerxes. 

479.  Fourth  expedition  under  Mardonius; 
battle  of  Plateea,  rout  of  the  Persians  and 
death  of  Mardonius;  battle  of  Mycale, 
destruction  of  the  Persian  ships. 

479  449.  Offensive  war  of  the  Greeks 
against  the  Persians. 

477 (about).  Hellenic  confederacy  formed 
under  lead  of  Athens. 

468  (a&out).  Death  of  Aristides  and  ascen- 
dancy of  Cimon. 


Greece  and  Persia— continued. 

465  or  464.  Death  of  Xerxes  I.,  accession  of 
Artaxerxes  I. 

465.  Battle  of  Eurymedon,  Cimon  conquered 
the  Chersonese. 

461-429.  Age  of  Pericles. 

457-451.  War  of  the  Spartans  and  Boeotians 
against  Athens. 

457.  Battle  of  Tanagra,  a Spartan  victory. 

454 (about).  Treasury  of  the  confederacy 
transferred  from  Delos  to  Athens. 

451  (about).  Armistice  for  five  years  be- 
tween Sparta  and  Athens. 

449.  New  naval  expedition  against  the  Per- 
sians, battle  of  Salamis  (in  Cyprus),  de- 
cisive defeat  of  the  Persians. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

FIFTH  CENTURY  B.C . — continued. 


Athens  and  Sparta. 

445.  Thirty  years’  peace  between  Athens 
and  Sparta. 

444-429.  Athens  under  the  administration 
of  Pericles. 

440—439.  Revolt  and  subjugation  of  Samos. 

431—425.  Five  invasions  of  Attica  by  the 
Peloponnesians. 

431-404.  The  Peloponnesian  war. 

429.  Death  of  Pericles. 

428—427.  Revolt  of  Mytilene  and  its  punish- 
ment by  the  Athenians. 

422.  Battle  of  Amphipolis,  Athenians  under 
Cleon  defeated  by  the  Spartans  under 
Brasidas. 

421.  Peace  of  Nieias  concluded  for  fifty 
years. 

418.  Battle  of  Mantinea,  Spartans  defeat 
the  Athenians. 

415—413.  Expedition  of  the  Athenians 
against  Syracuse. 

413.  Disastrous  defeat  of  the  Athenians. 

411.  The  democratic  constitution  of  Athens 
overthrown. 

410.  Battle  of  Cyzicus,  the  Athenians  under 


Greece. 

399-394.  War  between  Sparta  and  Persia. 

395-387.  Corinthian  war  against  Sparta. 

394.  Battle  of  Cnidus,  the  Spartans  defeated 
by  the  allies ; battle  of  Coronea,  the  allies 
defeated  by  the  Spartans  under  Agesi- 
laus. 

387.  The  peace  of  Antalcidas  between  the 
Grecian  states  and  Persia. 

379-362.  War  between  Thebes  and  Sparta. 

371.  Battle  of  Leuctra,  the  Spartans  de- 
feated by  the  Thebans  under  Epaminon- 
das ; end  of  the  Spartan  hegemony. 

371-362.  Hegemony  of  Thebes. 

362.  Battle  of  Mantinea,  defeat  of  the 
Spartans,  death  of  Epaminondas,  end  of 
Theban  hegemony. 

Macedonia. 

359.  Philip  II.  becomes  king  of  Maeedon. 

357-355.  Social  war  of  the  Athenian  League 
against  Athens. 

355-346.  Sacred  war  against  the  Phocians. 

351.  Demosthenes  delivers  his  first  Philip- 
pic Oration. 

347.  Capture  of  Olynthus  by  Philip. 

346.  Peace  of  Philocrates,  end  of  the  war. 

339-338.  Sacred  war  against  Amphissa. 

338.  Battle  of  Chgeronea  won  by  Philip  and 
Alexander  over  the  Athenians  and  The- 
bans; Macedonian  hegemony  begins. 


Roman  Conquests  in  Italy. 

298-290.  Third  Samnite  war,  a struggle  for 
the  independence  of  Italy. 

295.  Battle  of  Sentinum,  Roman  victory; 
dissolution  of  the  coalition  against  Rome. 

290.  Submission  of  the  Samnites  and 
Sabines. 

286 (about).  Hortensian  law;  decrees  of  the 
popular  assembly  (eomitia  tributa)  made 
binding  on  all  citizens. 

285-282.  War  with  a new  Italian  coalition; 
Romans  at  first  defeated,  then  successful. 

282-272.  War  with  Tarentum. 

282.  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  lands  in 
Italy  to  help  the  Tarentines. 

280.  Battle  of  Heraclea,  Pyrrhus  and  allies 
defeat  the  Romans.  • 

279.  Battle  of  Ausculum ; Pyrrhus  wins,  but 
with  great  loss. 


Athens  and  Sparta — continued. 

Alcibiades  destroy  the  Peloponnesian 
fleet. 

409.  Capture  of  Byzantium  by  Alcibiades. 

408.  Triumph  and  ascendancy  of  Alcibiades. 

407.  Battle  of  Notium,  defeat  of  the  Athe- 
nian fleet. 

406.  Battle  of  Arginusse,  defeat  of  the 
Peloponnesian  fleet. 

405.  Battle  of  iEgospotami,  the  Athenian 
fleet  annihilated  by  the  Spartans  under 
Lysander. 

404.  Surrender  of  Athens,  end  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian war;  second  hegemony  of 
Sparta  began. 

404—403.  Government  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants 
at  Athens. 

403.  Democracy  restored  by  Thrasybulus. 

Rome. 

494(about) . Secession  of  Plebeians  to  Mons 
Sacer;  creation  of  the  Tribunate. 

491.  Coriolanus  banished  from  Rome. 

471.  Publilian  Law  passed;  legislative  ini- 
tiative given  to  the  plebeians. 


FOURTH  CENTURY  B.C. 

Macedonia— continued. 

336.  Death  of  Philip. 

336-323.  Alexander  the  Great. 

334-330.  Invasion  and  conquest  of  Persia. 

334.  Battle  of  the  Granicus,  defeat  of  the 
Persians. 

333.  Battle  of  Issus,  defeat  and  flight  of 
Darius  III. 

332-331.  Capture  of  Tyre;  conquest  of 
Syria,  occupation  of  Egypt,  and  founding 
of  Alexandria. 

331.  Battle  of  Arbela,  total  defeat  of  the 
Persians. 

330.  Pursuit  and  murder  of  Darius. 

329.  Advance  into  Bactria. 

327-325.  Expedition  into  India. 

326.  Battle  of  the  Hydaspes,  defeat  of 
Porus. 

325.  Passage  down  the  Indus. 

324.  Return  to  Susa. 

323.  Death  of  Alexander  at  Babylon. 

323-322.  Lamian  war,  futile  attempt  of 
Greek  cities  to  be  free  from  Macedonia. 

323-301.  Wars  of  Alexander’s  successors 
and  partition  of  his  empire. 

306.  Antigonus  king  of  Asia,  Ptolemy  king 
of  Egypt,  Seleucus  king  of  Syria,  Ly- 
simachus  king  of  Thrace,  Cassander  king 
of  Macedonia. 

301.  Battle  of  Ipsus,  Lysimachus  and  Seleu- 
cus defeat  Antigonus. 


THIRD  CENTURY  B.C. 

Roman  Conquests  in  Italy— continued. 

275.  Battle  of  Beneventum,  Pyrrhus  de- 
feated. 

272.  Death  of  Pyrrhus  and  submission  of 
Tarentum. 

265.  Conquest  of  the  Italian  peninsula  com- 
pleted. 


Rome  and  Carthage. 

264-241.  First  Punic  war,  contest  over 
Sicily. 

264.  Roman  guard  occupies  Messana  and  is 
besieged  by  Carthaginian  fleet. 

262.  Agrigentum  captured  by  the  Romans. 
260.  First  naval  victory  of  the  Romans  un- 
der Duilius  at  Mylse. 

256.  Naval  battle  of  Ecnomus,  complete  de- 


Rome— continued. 

458.  Cincinnatus  chosen  dictator;  defeats 
the  iEqui. 

451.  Appointment  of  the  decemvirs;  code  of 
the  Twelve  Tables. 

445.  Marriage  between  patricians  and 
plebeians  allowed. 

444.  Military  tribunes  elected. 

443.  Office  of  censor  created. 

405.  Siege  of  Veii  commences. 

Miscellaneous. 

462.  Unsuccessful  revolt  of  the  Egyptians 
against  Persian  rule. 

4:58 (about) . The  Hebrew  Scriptures  collected 
by  Ezra. 

445 (about).  Rebuilding  of  the  walls  of 
Jerusalem  by  Nehemiah. 

414.  Successful  revolt  of  the  Egyptians. 

401.  Revolt  of  the  younger  Cyrus  against  his 
brother  Artaxerxes  II. ; battle  of  Cunaxa. 

401-399.  Retreat  of  the  ten  thousand  under 
Xenophon— the  “Anabasis.” 


Rome. 

396.  Capture  and  destruction  of  Veii. 

390.  Battle  of  the  Allia,  capture  and  burn- 
ing of  Rome  by  the  Gauls. 

367.  Licinian  laws ; political  equalization  of 
patricians  and  plebeians  and  relief  of 
poor  debtors. 

366.  Lucius  Sextus  first  plebeian  consul. 

358-351.  Conquest  of  southern  Etruria. 

350-345.  War  with  the  Volscii  and  their 
defeat. 

343-341.  First  Samnite  war,  Rome  acquires 
Capua. 

340-338.  Latin  war,  Latin  cities  become 
subject  to  Rome. 

338.  Publilian  laws;  division  of  law-making 
power  between  patricians  and  plebeians. 

326-304.  Second  Samnite  war. 

321.  Battle  of  the  Caudine  Forks,  Romans 
humiliated. 

312.  Construction  of  the  Via  Appia  com- 
menced. 

305.  First  appearance  of  a Roman  war  fleet; 
capture  of  Bovianum. 

Miscellaneous. 

399.  Execution  of  Socrates. 

348.  Treaty  of  commerce  between  Rome  and 
Carthage. 


Rome  and  Carthage— continued. 

feat  of  the  Carthaginians;  Roman  army 
under  Regulus  threatens  Carthage. 

255.  Regulus  defeated  and  captured  at 
Tunes. 

251.  Battle  of  Panormus,  Romans  under 
Cseeilius  Metellus  defeat  Carthaginians 
under  Hasdrubal. 

249.  Sea  fight  at  Drepanum,  the  Romans 
defeated. 

248-242.  Campaign  on  the  south  side  of 
Sicily  indecisive. 

241.  Naval  battle  at  the  JEgatian  islands, 
decisive  Roman  victory;  Carthage  gives 
up  all  claim  to  Sicily,  the  greater  part  of 
which  becomes  the  first.  Roman  province. 

237-228.  Carthaginian  conquests  in  Spain 
under  Ilamilcar  Barca. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

THIRD  CENTURY  B.C . — continued. 


Borne  and  Carthage— continued. 

229-228.  War  upon  the  Illyrian  pirates 
successful. 

225-222.  Subjugation  of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

219.  Hannibal  captures  and  destroys  Sagun- 
tum;  Carthage  refuses  to  deliver  him  up 
to  the  Romans. 

218-212.  The  war  in  Spain;  P.  C.  Scipio 
and  Cn.  C.  Scipio  defeat  Hasdrubal. 

218-201.  Second  Punic  war. 

218.  Hannibal  crosses  the  Alps  into  Italy; 
battle  of  the  Trebia,  the  Romans  defeated. 

217.  Battle  of  Lake  Trasimene,  complete  de- 
feat of  the  Romans ; preparations  for 
defense  of  the  city;  Q-  Fabius  Maximus 
made  dictator. 

216.  Battle  of  Cannae,  worst  of  all  Roman 
defeats. 

214-212.  The  war  in  Sicily. 

214r-205.  First  Macedonian  war  to  prevent 
aid  to  Hannibal. 

212.  Capture  of  Syracuse  by  the  Romans. 


Borne. 

200-197.  Second  Macedonian  war  to  aid 
Pergamus,  Rhodes,  and  Athens. 

197.  Battle  of  Cynoscephalse,  Macedonia 
defeated  and  crippled. 

192.  Battle  of  Mutina,  defeat  of  the  Boii  in 
northern  Italy. 

192-189.  War  with  Antiochus  III.  of  Syria, 
begun  by  Antiochus  with  aid  of  Hannibal. 

190.  Battle  of  Magnesia,  Syria  defeated 
and  crippled. 

171-168.  Third  Macedonian  war,  attempt  of 
Macedonia  to  recover  what  it  had  lost. 

168.  Battle  of  Pydna  a Roman  victory;  end 
of  the  kingdom  of  Macedonia. 

149-146.  Third  Punic  war,  Roman  attack 
on  Carthage. 

149-148.  Fourth  Macedonian  war,  an  un- 
successful revolt  against  the  Romans. 

146.  Capture  and  destruction  of  Carthage, 
“Africa”  made  a Roman  province; 
Macedonia  made  a Roman  province ; 
Achaean  war  to  help  Sparta  against 
Achaean  League;  battle  of  Leucopetra; 


Borne. 

100.  Marius  elected  consul  the  sixth  time; 
birth  of  Julius  Caesar. 

91.  The  reform  bills  of  Drusus;  murder  of 
Drusus. 

90-88.  The  Marsian  or  Social  war,  a revolt 
of  the  Italians. 

89.  Right  of  citizenship  granted  to  Latins 
and  to  some  Italians. 

88.  Defeat  of  Romans  and  massacre  of 
Italians  in  Asia  Minor;  Sulla,  deprived 
of  command,  takes  Rome  by  storm. 

88-84.  First  Mithridatic  war  to  curb  the 
ambition  of  Mithridates. 

88-82.  Civil  war  between  Sulla  (optimates) 
and  Marius  (democrats). 

87.  Sulla  took  command  in  the  Mithridatic 
war;  Marius  captures  Rome;  massacre  of 
optimates. 

87-86.  Sulla  in  Epirus ; capture  of  Athens. 

86.  Death  of  Marius;  battle  of  Chseronea 
won  by  Sulla. 

86-84.  Tyrannical  government  of  Cinna. 

85.  Battle  of  Orchomenus  won  by  Sulla. 

84.  Peace  with  Mithridates. 

83.  Sulla  lands  in  Italy. 

83-81.  Second  Mithridatic  war  to  make 
Mithridates  keep  the  peace. 

82.  Sulla  master  of  Rome;  appointed  dicta- 
tor; reign  of  terror. 


Borne  and  Carthage— continued. 

212  or  211.  Both  Scipios  defeated  and  killed. 

211.  Hannibal  advances  to  within  one  mile  of 
Rome  and  withdraws ; Capua  surrendered 
to  the  Romans. 

207.  Hasdrubal  marches  from  Spain  to 
Italy  to  reinforce  Hannibal ; battle  of 
the  Metaurus,  death  of  Hasdrubal. 

206.  Carthaginians  expelled  from  Spain, 
which  became  a Roman  province. 

204.  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  lands  in  Africa. 

203.  Hannibal  recalled  from  Italy. 

202.  Decisive  battle  of  Zama,  Carthaginian 
army  annihilated. 

201.  Peace  on  terms  dictated  by  Rome. 


Greece. 

295.  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  master  of  Athens. 
281.  Achaean  League  renewed. 

280.  The  Gauls  ravage  Greece. 


SECOND  CENTURY  B.C. 

Bome — continued. 

capture  and  destruction  of  Corinth; 
Greece  subject  to  Rome. 

143-133.  Numantine  war  in  Spain,  war  of 
conquest. 

134-132.  First  Servile  war,  unsuccessful  in- 
surrection of  slaves  in  Sicily. 

133.  Surrender  and  destruction  of  Numan- 
tia;  conquest  of  Spain  completed;  Per- 
gamum  bequeathed  to  Rome;  murder  of 
Tiberius  Gracchus. 

133-129.  Contests  over  the  division  of  the 
public  lands. 

133-121.  Civil  disturbances  under  the 
Gracchi. 

129.  Pergamum  made  a province. 

123.  The  Balearic  Islands  subjected  to 
Rome;  Caius  Gracchus  elected  tribune. 

121.  Civil  strife;  Caius  Gracchus  killed. 

113-105.  Several  Roman  armies  defeated  by 
the  Cimbri. 

113-101.  War  against  the  Cimbri  and 
Teutones. 

111-106.  War  against  Jugurtha. 

110.  Jugurtha  defeats  a Roman  army, 


FIRST  CENTURY  B.C. 

Rome— continued. 

80-72.  War  against  Sertorius,  who  attempts 
independence  in  Spain. 

79.  Sulla  abdicates  the  dictatorship. 

78.  Death  of  Sulla. 

78-67.  War  against  the  pirates. 

74.  Bithynia  bequeathed  to  Rome. 

74^64.  Third  Mithridatic  war,  attempt  of 
Mithridates  to  appropriate  Bithynia. 

73-71.  War  of  the  gladiators  under  Spar- 
taeus. 

70.  Pompey  consul. 

69.  Battle  of  Tigranocerta,  Lueullus  defeats 
Tigranes,  son-in-law  of  Mithridates. 

67.  The  war  rapidly  brought  to  an  end  by 
Pompey. 

66.  Pompey  placed  in  command  and  defeats 
Mithridates. 

66-62.  Conspiracy  of  Catiline. 

64-63.  Organization  of  the  Roman  posses- 
sions in  Asia  under  Pompey. 

63.  Death  of  Mithridates ; Cicero  elected 
consul;  speeches  against  Catiline. 

62.  Defeat  of  Catiline  at  Pistoria. 

61.  Return  of  Pompey  to  Rome  and  triumph. 

60.  The  first  Triumvirate,  Pompey,  Caesar, 
and  Crassus. 

58.  Cicero  banished  from  Rome. 

58-51.  Conquest  of  Gaul  by  Caesar. 


Greece — continued. 

263-260.  Last  attempt  of  Athens  to  be  free 
from  Macedonia  failed. 

245.  Aratus  first  appointed  strategus  of  the 
Achaean  League. 

24:0 (about) . Achaean  League  acquires  the 
hegemony  in  Peloponnesus. 

221.  War  between  the  Achaean  and  the  iEto- 
lian  leagues;  battle  of  Sellasia. 

207.  Philopoemen  becomes  strategus  of  the 
Achaean  League. 

207  or  206.  Battle  of  Mantinea,  defeat  of 
Sparta. 

Miscellaneous. 

283 (about).  Kingdom  of  Pergamum  founded. 

280 (about) . Septuagint  translation  of  the 
Bible  completed. 

27 8 (about) . Galatia  in  Asia  Minor  settled 
by  Gauls  who  had  ravaged  Greece;  king- 
dom of  Bithynia  founded. 

250 (about) . Rise  of  the  Parthian  Empire. 


Borne — continued. 

109.  Jugurtha  himself  defeated. 

107.  Marius  consul  in  command. 

106-105.  Jugurtha  secured  by  Marius  and 
Sulla. 

104.  Death  of  Jugurtha. 

104-100.  Marius  elected  consul  five  times  in 
succession. 

102.  Battle  of  Aqua.'  Sextiae,  the  Teutones 
annihilated  by  Marius. 

102- (99).  Second  unsuccessful  servile  in- 
surrection in  Sicily. 

101.  Battle  of  Vercellse,  the  Cimbri  annihi- 
lated by  Marius. 

Palestine. 

198.  Conquest  by  Antiochus  the  Great. 

170.  Jerusalem  plundered  and  the  sanctuary 
profaned  by  Antiochus  Epiphanes. 

166.  Revolt  under  Judas  Maccabaeus. 

165.  Reconsecration  of  the  Temple. 

140.  Simon  Maccabasus  prince  of  the  Jews. 

105.  Aristobulus  king  of  Judea. 


Rome — continued. 

55  and  54.  Caesar’s  expeditions  to  Britain. 

53.  Expedition  of  Crassus  against  the  Par- 
thians  and  defeat  at  Carrhae. 

52.  Siege  and  capture  of  Alesia  in  Gaul ; 
surrender  of  Vercingetorix. 

49.  Caesar  crosses  the  Rubicon ; flight  of 
Pompey. 

49-48.  Civil  war  between  Caesar  and  Pompey. 

48.  Battle  of  Pharsalia,  Pompey  defeated  by 
Caesar. 

48-47.  Alexandrine  war  an  attack  upon 
Caesar  from  which  he  extricates  himself. 

47.  Battle  of  Zela,  Caesar  defeats  Phar- 
naces,  son  of  Mithridates. 

47-46.  War  in  Africa,  Caesar  against  the 
adherents  of  Pompey. 

46.  Battle  of  Thapsus,  Caesar  defeats  the 
partizans  of  Pompey. 

46-45.  War  against  the  sons  of  Pompey. 

45.  Battle  of  Munda,  Caesar  defeats  the  ad- 
herents of  Pompey  in  Spain. 

44-  Assassination  of  Caesar. 

43.  Battle  of  Mutina,  Octavian  defeats 
Antony;  the  second  Triumvirate,  Antony, 
Octavian,  and  Lepidus ; Cicero  murdered. 

42.  Battle  of  Philippi,  Antony  defeats  Cas- 
sius and  Brutus. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

FIRST  CENTURY  B.C. — continued. 

Rome— continued.  Rome— continued.  Rome— continued. 

40.  Administration  of  the  empire  divided  31-30.  War  between  Octavian  and  Antony.  29.  The  temple  of  Janus  closed 
between  Octavian  in  the  West,  Antony  1 

in  the  East,  and  Lepidus  in  Africa.  31.  Battle  of  Actium,  defeat  of  Antony;  Octavian  receives  the  title  of  Augustus; 

38  36.  Sicilian  war  between  the  triumvirs  Octavian  sole  ruler;  Egypt  made  a prov-  t*lc  Roman  emperor. 

and  Sextus  Pompeius.  ince.  4 (about).  Birth  of  Jesus  Christ. 


Roman  Empire. 

9.  Army  under  Varus  destroyed  in  the  Teuto- 
berg  Forest. 

(27  b.c.)-14.  Augustus. 

14  37.  Tiberius. 

23  31.  Rule  of  Sejanus. 

29 (about).  The  crucifixion  of  Christ. 

37-41.  Caligula. 

40.  Invasion  of  Gaul. 

41-54.  Claudius. 


Roman  Empire. 

(98) -117.  Trajan. 

106.  Conquest  of  Dacia. 

107.  Third  persecution  of  the  Christians. 
114-116.  War  with  Parthia. 

116.  Roman  Empire  at  its  greatest  extent. 
117-138.  Hadrian. 


Roman  Empire. 

(193) -2 11.  Septimius  Severus. 

211-217.  Caraealla. 

212.  Full  citizenship  extended  to  all  free  in- 
habitants of  the  empire. 

222-235.  Alexander  Severus. 

249-251.  Decius. 

250.  General  persecution  of  the  Christians. 
254-260.  Valerian. 

259.  Invasion  of  Gaul  and  Italy  by  the 
Alamanni. 

260.  War  with  Persia,  defeat  and  capture  of 
Valerian. 


Roman  Empire. 

303.  Persecution  of  the  Christians. 

305.  Abdication  of  Diocletian. 

308.  Constantine  one  of  six  Augusti. 

312.  Constantine  adopts  Christianity. 

323.  Constantine  becomes  sole  emperor. 

325.  First  general  church  council  at  Niesea. 
330.  Capital  of  the  empire  moved  from  Rome 
to  Byzantium,  henceforth  Constantinople. 
337.  Death  of  Constantine  and  division  of 
the  administration  among  his  three  sons. 
361-363.  Julian. 

361.  Revival  of  paganism. 

363.  Expedition  to  Persia  and  death  of 
Julian;  Christianity  reinstated. 


Western  Empire. 

(395) -423.  Honorius. 

402  or  403.  Defeat  of  Alaric  by  Stilicho. 
402 (about).  Capital  removed  from  Rome  to 
Ravenna. 

406.  Invasion  of  Gaul  by  Vandals,  Alans, 
Suevi,  and  Burgundians. 


FIRST  CENTURY  A.D. 

Roman  Empire— continued. 

43.  Visit  of  Claudius  to  Britain  and  sub- 
jugation of  the  Celtic  Britons. 

54-68.  Nero. 

64.  Burning  of  Rome;  first  persecution  of 
the  Christians. 

65.  Death  of  Seneca. 

68- 69.  Galba. 

69- 79.  Vespasian. 

70.  Siege  and  capture  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus. 


SECOND  CENTURY. 

Roman  Empire— continued. 

118.  Fourth  persecution  of  the  Christians. 
119 (about).  Visit  of  Hadrian  to  Britain. 
132-135.  Revolt  of  the  Jews. 

138-161.  Antoninus  Pius. 

161- 180.  Marcus  Aurelius. 

162- 165.  War  w'ith  Parthia. 

THIRD  CENTURY. 

Roman  Empire — continued. 

270.  Dacia  given  up  to  the  Goths. 

270-275.  Aurelian. 

273.  Fall  of  Palmyra;  defeat  and  capture  of 
Zenobia. 

284- (305).  Diocletian. 

286.  Maximian  appointed  Augustus,  col- 
league to  Diocletian. 

292.  Constantius  Chlorus  and  Galerius 
created  ‘ ‘ Caesars.  ’ ’ 

296.  Revolt  in  Egypt  subdued. 

296-298.  War  with  Persia. 


FOURTH  CENTURY. 

Roman  Empire — continued. 

364.  First  division  of  the  empire  into  East 
(under  Valens)  and  West  (under  Valen- 
tinian  I.). 

375.  Beginning  of  the  migration  of  the 
Teutonic  tribes  into  the  Roman  Empire. 

378.  Battle  with  the  Goths  at  Adrianople 
and  death  of  Valens. 

379-394.  Theodosius  (East). 

381.  Second  general  church  council  at  Con- 
stantinople. 

382.  Settlement  of  the  Goths  in  Mcesia  and 
Thrace. 

390.  Insurrection  and  massacre  in  Thessa- 
lonica. 

392.  Suppression  of  paganism  by  law. 


FIFTH  CENTURY. 

Western  Empire— continued. 

409.  Invasion  of  Spain  by  Vandals,  Suevi, 
and  Alans. 

410.  Sacking  of  Rome  by  Alaric;  death  of 
Alaric. 

425-455.  Valentinian  III. 


Roman  Empire— continued. 

78- 84.  Agricola’s  campaign  in  Britain. 

79.  Destruction  of  Herculaneum  and  Pom- 
peii. 

79- 81.  Titus. 

81-96.  Domitian. 

93.  Second  persecution  of  the  Christians. 
96-98.  Nerva. 

98.  Accession  of  Trajan. 


Roman  Empire— continued. 

166-180.  War  with  the  Marcomanni  and 
Quadi. 

180-192.  Commodus;  beginning  of  Rome’s 
rapid  decline. 

193.  Accession  of  Septimius  Severus. 

198.  Capture  of  Ctesiphon,  the  capital  of 
Parthia. 


Persia. 

226.  End  of  the  Parthian  Empire  and  rise  of 
the  Sassanian  Empire. 

226-241.  Ardashir. 

233.  Truce  with  Alexander  Severus. 

240-272 (about).  Sapor  I. 

260.  Capture  of  Valerian. 

292- (301).  Narses. 

298.  Defeated  in  war  with  Rome;  five  prov- 
inces west  of  the  Tigris  ceded  to  Rome. 


Roman  Empire— continued. 

394.  Theodosius  sole  emperor. 

395.  Death  of  Theodosius  and  final  division 
of  the  empire  into  East  and  West. 

400.  Alaric ’s  invasion  of  Italy. 

Persia. 

310-380.  Sapor  II. 

337-350.  First  war  with  Rome. 

348.  Defeat  of  Constantius. 

359-363.  Second  war  with  Rome. 

363.  The  five  provinces  west  of  the  Tigris 
restored  to  Persia. 

384-389.  Sapor  III.;  division  of  Armenia 
between  Persia  and  Rome. 


Western  Empire— continued. 

441-451.  Huns  under  Attila  traverse  both 
empires. 

451.  Defeated  at  Chalons. 

452.  Invade  Italy. 

452 (about).  Venice  founded. 

453.  Death  of  Attila. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 


FIFTH  CENTURY — continued. 


Western  Empire — continued. 

455.  Pillage  of  Rome  by  the  Vandals. 

456.  The  Vandals  defeated  near  Corsica. 
456-472.  Supremacy  of  Ricimer. 

472.  Siege  and  storming  of  Rome  by  Ricimer 
and  his  death. 

475-476.  Romulus  Augustulus. 

476.  Dethroned  by  Odoacer;  end  of  the 
Western  Empire. 

The  Teutonic  Kingdoms. 

412.  Visigoths  enter  Gaul. 

415.  Visigoths  enter  Spain. 

418(a&o«t).  Visigothic  kingdom  of  Tou- 
louse founded.. 

428.  Vandals  in  Spain. 

429.  Vandal  kingdom  founded  in  Africa. 

430.  Siege  of  Hippo  Regius. 

439.  Capture  of  Carthage. 

449 (about).  Jutes  land  in  Kent. 

477.  Saxon  conquest  of  Britain  begins. 


The  Teutonic  Kingdoms— continued. 

481.  Kingdom  of  the  Franks  founded  by 

Clovis. 

486.  Battle  of  Soissous,  Clovis  defeats  Sya- 
grius,  the  last  representative  of  Roman 
authority  in  the  West. 

489.  Ostrogoths  invade  Italy,  Theodoric  de- 
feats Odoacer  at  Verona  and  founds 
Ostrogothic  kingdom  in  Italy. 

495.  Beginning  of  kingdom  of  Wessex. 

496.  Baptism  of  Clovis. 

Eastern  Empire. 

(395) -408.  Arcadius. 

408-450.  Theodosius  II. 

414-453.  Pulcheria  empress. 

442.  Invasion  by  the  Huns  under  Attila. 
457-474.  Leo  I. 

466.  Anthemius,  general  of  Leo  I.,  defeats 
the  Huns  at  Sardica. 


Eastern  Empire. 

527-565.  Justinian. 

529.  Publication  of  Justinian's  Code. 

532.  Fight  between  Green  and  Blue  factions 
in  Constantinople,  large  part  of  the  city 
destroyed. 

533.  Publication  of  the  Pandects. 

533-534.  Belisarius  overthrows  the  Vandal 

kingdom  in  Africa. 

535.  Belisarius  recovers  Sicily  from  the 
Goths. 

536.  Belisarius  captures  Rome. 

540.  Belisarius  captures  Ravenna. 

546.  Rome  recovered  by  Goths  under  Totila. 

552.  Rome  recovered  for  the  empire  by 
Narses. 

553.  Italy  annexed  to  the  empire;  end  of 
the  Ostrogothic  kingdom. 

565.  Death  of  Justinian  and  Belisarius. 

568.  Institution  of  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna; 
beginning  of  the  Lombard  kingdom  in 
Italy  under  Alboin. 

Persia. 

501-531.  Kobad  I. 

521-532.  War  with  the  Eastern  Empire. 
529.  Battle  of  Dara,  Persians  defeated  by 
Belisarius. 


Persia  and  the  Eastern  Empire. 

(590.  591?) -628.  Chosroes  II.,  king  of 
Persia. 

603-612.  Conquest  of  Asia  Minor  and  sack 
of  Antioch. 

603-620.  Persian  conquests  from  the  East- 
ern Empire. 

610-641.  Heraclius,  Eastern  emperor. 

614.  Capture  of  Damascus  and  conquest  of 
Syria;  capture  of  Jerusalem  and  removal 
of  the  ‘ ‘ true  cross.  ’ ’ 

616.  Capture  of  Alexandria  and  submission 
of  Egypt. 

617.  Fall  of  Chaleedon;  the  Persian  camp 
one  mile  from  Constantinople. 

620.  Persia  restored  to  its  former  limits 
under  Darius  I. 

622-628.  Recovery  of  the  Persian  conquests. 

622.  Advance  to  Issus  and  defeat  of  Shahr- 
Barz,  the  Persian  commander. 

623.  Advance  into  Armenia  and  retreat  of 
the  Persians. 

625.  Battle  of  Sarus,  defeat  of  the  Persians. 

626.  Siege  of  Constantinople  by  Persians 
and  Avars. 

627.  Battle  of  Nineveh,  defeat  of  the  Per- 
sians and  flight  of  Chosroes. 


SIXTH  CENTURY. 

Persia — continued. 

531-579.  Chosroes  I. 

533.  ‘ ‘ Endless  peace  ’ ’ with  the  Eastern 
Empire;  payment  of  tribute  by  Jus- 
tinian. 

538.  Capture  of  Antioch  by  Chosroes. 

540-561.  Renewal  of  war  with  the  empire. 

562.  Expedition  of  Chosroes  to  Arabia. 

563.  Definite  peace  between  Persia  and  the 
empire. 

571.  War  renewed  by  the  empire. 

The  Merovingian  Franks. 

507.  Overthrow  of  the  Visigothic  kingdom  of 
Toulouse  by  Clovis. 

511.  Death  of  Clovis  and  partition  of  the 
Frankish  possessions  between  his  sons. 

528.  Subjugation  of  the  Thuringians. 

534.  Subjugation  of  the  Burgundians. 

540.  Formal  relinquishment  of  Gaul  to  the 

Franks  by  Justinian. 

558-561.  Clotaire  I.  sole  ruler. 

561-597 (about).  Feuds  of  Brunehilde  and 
Fredegonda. 

567.  Second  division  of  the  kingdom  into 
Austrasia,  Neustria,  and  Burgundy. 

SEVENTH  CENTURY. 

Persia  and  the  Eastern  Empire— continued. 

628.  Recovery  of  Jerusalem  and  the  ‘ ‘ true 
cross,  ’ ’ and  death  of  Chosroes. 

The  Saracen  Conquests. 

610.  Mohammed  begins  his  mission  as 
prophet. 

622.  Flight  from  Mecca  (the  hejira). 

624—632.  Conquest  of  Arabia. 

624.  Battle  of  Bedr,  first  battle  for  the 
faith. 

630.  Submission  of  Mecca. 

632.  Death  of  Mohammed. 

632-651.  Conquest  of  Persia. 

634-637.  Conquest  of  Syria. 

634.  Battle  of  Aiznadin,  defeat  of  Heraclius. 

634-644.  Omar  calif  (successor). 

635.  Battle  of  Cadesia,  defeat  of  the  Per- 
sians ; capture  of  Antioch. 

636.  Battle  of  Yermuck,  decisive  defeat  of 
Heraclius. 

637.  Capture  of  Jerusalem ; capture  of  Ctesi- 
phon  and  defeat  of  the  Persians  at  the 
battle  of  Jalulu. 

640-646.  Conquest  of  Egypt. 


The  Church. 

405 (about).  Vulgate  version  of  the  Bible 
finished. 

420.  Death  of  Saint  Jerome. 

428-431.  Nestorius  patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople. 

430.  Death  of  Saint  Augustine. 

431.  Council  of  Ephesus. 

440.  Leo  the  Great  elected  Pope  at  Rome. 

451.  Council  of  Chaleedon. 

461.  Death  of  Leo,  election  of  Hilarius. 

496.  The  Franks  under  Clovis  adopt  Chris- 
tianity. 

Persia. 

(399)-419.  Isdegerd  I.;  persecution  of 
Christians  in  Persia  and  Armenia. 

419-440.  Varahran  V.;  unsuccessful  war 
with  Rome. 

438  or  439.  Isdegerd  II. 


Britain. 

520.  Saxon  invasion  checked  by  King  Arthur. 

547 (about).  Angles  in  Deira  and  Bernicia. 

577.  Battle  of  Deorham,  decisive  victory  for 
the  Saxons. 

582 (about) . Beginning  of  the  kingdom  of 
Mercia. 

593.  Supremacy  of  Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent. 

597.  Conversion  of  Ethelbert  to  Catholic 
Christianity. 

600(about) . Deira  and  Bernicia  united  in 
the  kingdom  of  Northumbria. 

The  Church. 

515.  Monastic  rule  of  Saint  Benedict  pub- 
lished. 

529 (about).  Order  of  the  Benedictines 
founded. 

543.  Death  of  Benedict. 

553.  Fifth  general  church  council  at  Con- 
stantinople. 

565.  Monastery  of  Iona  (Scotland)  founded 
by  Saint  Columba. 

590.  Gregory  the  Great  elected  Pope. 

597.  Mission  of  Saint  Augustine  to  England. 

600 (about).  Augustine  first  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 


The  Saracen  Conquests— continued. 

641.  Battle  of  Nehavend,  fall  of  the  Sas- 
sanian  Empire. 

641.  Capture  of  Alexandria. 

644.  Assassination  of  Omar. 

644-656.  Othman  calif. 

646.  Second  capture  and  sack  of  Alexandria. 

647.  Conquest  of  northern  Africa  com- 
menced. 

656-661.  Civil  war  for  the  succession. 

661.  Murder  of  Ali;  Ommiad  dynasty,  califs 
of  Damascus,  founded. 

661-680.  Moawiyeh  I. 

668.  Repulsed  at  Constantinople. 

672-677.  Siege  of  Constantinople. 

680.  Massacre  of  Hosein  and  his  followers  at 
Kerbela. 

697.  Capture  of  Carthage. 

Merovingian  Franks. 

613-629.  Clotaire  II. 

613.  Execution  of  Brunehilde  and  reunion 
of  the  Frankish  dominions. 

628-638.  Dagobert  I.,  widest  extent  of 
Merovingian  kingdom. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

SEVENTH  CENTURY— continued. 


Merovingian  Franks— continued. 

638.  Death  of  Dagobert  and  division  of  the 
kingdom. 

656.  ‘ ‘ Rois  Faineants,  ’ ’ with  mayors  of  the 

palace  actual  rulers. 

687.  Battle  of  Testry,  Pepin  of  Heristal  be- 
comes virtual  ruler  of  the  whole  king- 
dom of  the  Franks. 

England. 

603-685.  Supremacy  of  Northumbria. 


The  Carolingian  Franks. 

714r-741.  Charles  Martel,  major  domus. 

719.  Battle  of  Soissons,  Charles  Martel  be- 
comes ruler  of  both  the  Frankish  king- 
doms. 

732.  Battle  of  Tours,  great  defeat  of  the 
Saracens. 

741-768.  Pepin  the  Short. 

751.  Pepin  deposes  Childeric  III.  and  be- 
comes king  of  the  Franks ; end  of  Mero- 
vingian rule;  exarchate  of  Ravenna  taken 
by  the  Lombards. 

751-(987).  Carolingian  kings  of  the  West 
Franks. 

754.  Pepin  anointed  king  by  Pope  Stephen  II. 

755.  Exarchate  of  Ravenna  taken  by  Pepin 
and  donated  to  the  pope;  beginning  of 
the  pope ’s  temporal  rule. 

768.  Accession  of  Charles  the  Great  with  his 
brother. 

771-814.  Charles  the  Great  sole  ruler. 

772.  First  Saxon  war. 


Empire  of  Charlemagne. 

804.  Complete  subjugation  of  the  Saxons 
and  their  conversion  to  Christianity. 

808-810.  Defeat  of  the  Danes. 

814.  Death  of  Charlemagne. 

814-840.  Louis  I.,  the  Pious,  emperor. 

833.  “The  Field  of  Lies’’;  Louis  in  the 
power  of  his  rebellious  sons. 

834.  Louis  I.  restored  to  the  throne. 

840.  Death  of  Louis  I. 

840-855.  Lothaire  I.  emperor. 

843.  Partition  of  the  empire  between  the 
three  sons  of  Louis  I.  at  Verdun;  begin- 
ning of  France  and  Germany. 

843  876.  Louis  the  German,  founder  of  the 
German  monarchy. 

843-877.  Charles  the  Bald. 

843- (911).  Carolingian  kings  of  Germany. 

855-875.  Louis  II.  emperor. 

855-886.  Defense  of  Paris  against  the 
Northmen  by  Eudes. 

861.  Foundation  of  the  duchy  of  France; 
origin  of  the  house  of  Capet. 

875.  Charles  the  Bald  became  emperor. 

876-887.  Charles  the  Fat. 

881.  Charles  the  Fat  became  emperor. 

885.  Charles  the  Fat  elected  king  of  the 
West  Franks,  uniting  again  the  domin- 
ions of  Charlemagne. 

887.  Charles  the  Fat  deposed. 

887-899.  Arnulf. 


Germany  and  Italy. 

900-911.  Louis  the  Child. 

908-910.  Germany  devastated  by  the 
Magyars. 

911.  Death  of  Louis;  end  of  the  Carolingian 
dynasty  in  Germany. 

911-918.  Conrad  of  Franconia. 


England — continued. 

607.  Battle  of  Chester,  defeat  of  the  Welsh. 
626-655.  Revolt  of  Mercia  under  Penda  in 
the  interest  of  paganism. 

627.  Conversion  of  Northumbria  to  Chris- 
tianity. 

655.  Death  of  Penda. 

664.  Synod  of  Whitby,  adhesion  of  North- 
umbria to  the  Roman  church. 

668-690.  Organization  of  the  church  in 

EIGHTH  CENTURY. 

The  Carolingian  Franks— continued. 

774.  Capture  of  Pavia  and  destruction  of  the 
Lombard  kingdom. 

778.  Expedition  into  Spain. 

785.  Great  struggle  of  the  Saxons  against 
Charles,  and  their  submission. 

788.  Subjugation  of  Bavaria. 

791-796.  Conquest  of  the  Avars. 

799.  Formation  of  Ostmark,  the  beginning 
of  Austria. 

800.  Imperial  coronation  of  Charles  at 
Rome. 


Saracen  Empire. 

709.  Conquest  of  northern  Africa  completed. 

711.  Tarik  crosses  from  Africa  to  Spain; 
battle  of  Xeres,  end  of  the  Visigothic 
kingdom. 

712.  Fall  of  Toledo. 

719.  Conquest  of  Narbonne. 


NINTH  CENTURY. 

Empire  of  Charlemagne— continued. 

888.  Founding  of  the  kingdom  of  Trans- 
jurane  Burgundy. 

895.  Arnulf  invades  Italy  and  captures 
Rome. 

896.  Arnulf  crowned  emperor. 

The  Northmen. 

835.  Invasion  of  the  Netherlands  and  sack 
of  Utrecht. 

836.  Burning  of  Antwerp  and  ravaging  of 
Flanders. 

837.  First  expedition  up  the  Rhine. 

841.  Expedition  up  the  Seine  and  capture  of 
Rouen. 

845.  First  attack  on  Paris  and  destruction 
of  Hamburg. 

847.  Siege  and  capture  of  Bordeaux. 

854.  Ravages  on  the  Loire. 

855.  First  permanent  footing  in  England. 
861.  Paris  surprised. 

866.  Beginning  of  permanent  conquest  in 
England. 

874.  Settlement  in  Ireland. 

876.  The  Seine  entered  under  Rollo. 

878.  Ravages  in  Germany  and  peace  with 
Alfred  in  England. 

885,  889,  890.  Sieges  of  Paris  under  Rollo. 
891.  Defeated  at  Louvain. 


TENTH  CENTURY. 

Germany  and  Italy— continued. 

916.  Berenger  I.  crowned  emperor  in  Italy. 
919-936.  Henry  I.  the  Fowler. 

924.  Death  of  Berenger  and  lapse  of  the 
imperial  title ; devastation  of  Germany 
by  the  Hungarians. 

933.  Victory  over  the  Hungarians. 


England — continued. 

England  by  Theodore  of  Tarsus,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury. 

Miscellaneous. 

604.  Death  of  Pope  Gregory  the  Great. 

616.  First  expulsion  of  the  Jews  from  Spain. 
680-681.  Sixth  council  of  Constantinople. 
680.  A Bulgarian  kingdom  established  in 
Mcesia. 

697.  First  doge  elected  in  Venice. 


Saracen  Empire— continued. 

732.  Battle  of  Tours;  the  Saracen  advance 
checked. 

750.  Overthrow  of  the  Ommiad  dynasty;  be- 
ginning of  Abbasside  dynasty,  califs  of 
Bagdad. 

754-775.  Al-Mansur,  builder  of  Bagdad. 

756.  Calif  ate  of  Cordova  in  Spain  founded 
by  Abd-er-Rahman. 

786- (809).  Harun-al-Rashid;  eastern  cali- 
fate  at  the  height  of  its  power. 

Eastern  Empire. 

717- 720.  Siege  of  Constantinople  by  the 
Saracens. 

718- 741.  Leo  III.,  the  Isaurian. 

726.  Iconoclastic  edict  forbidding  worship  of 
images. 

780-790.  Irene  regent. 

797-802.  Irene  empress. 


England. 

802-839.  Egbert  king  of  Wessex. 

829.  Egbert  becomes  lord  of  all  England. 

847-865.  Invasions  and  ravages  of  the 
Northmen. 

866- 880.  Permanent  conquests  made  by  the 
Northmen  in  Northumbria,  Mercia,  and 
East  Anglia. 

871-(901).  Alfred  the  Great. 

878.  Retreat  before  the  Danes  followed  by 
victory;  treaty  of  Wedmore ; England 
north  of  Watling  street  ceded  to  the 
Danes. 

890 (about).  Alfred ’s  laws. 

894.  Danish  invasions  renewed. 

897.  Checked  by  Alfred  with  a fleet. 

Eastern  Empire. 

862 (about).  The  Varangians  under  Rurik  at 
Novgorod. 

865.  First  naval  expedition  of  the  Varan- 
gians against  Constantinople. 

867- 886.  Basil  I.  the  Macedonian. 

885.  He  expelled  the  Saracens  from  Italy. 

The  Saracens. 

813-833.  Al-Mamun,  “the  Augustus  of 
Bagdad.  ’ ’ 

838.  Invasion  of  Asia  Minor. 

843.  Capture  of  Messina. 

846.  Attack  on  Rome. 

878.  Capture  of  Syracuse  in  Sicily. 


Germany  and  Italy— continued. 
936-973.  Otto  I. 

951.  First  expedition  of  Otto  I.  into  Italy 
against  Berenger  II.,  king  of  Italy. 
955.  Hungarians  invade  Italy  and  are  de- 
feated on  the  Lechfeld. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

TENTH  C E N T U R Y — continued. 


Germany  and  Italy — continued. 

961.  Second  expedition  of  Otto  I.  to  Italy  to 
assist  the  pope  against  Berenger,  who  was 
dethroned;  the  crown  of  Italy  passes 
from  the  descendants  of  Charlemagne  to 
the  sovereigns  of  Germany. 

962.  The  imperial  office  revived ; Otto  I. 
crowned  emperor  of  the  “Holy  Roman 
Empire.  ’ ’ 

966-967.  Third  expedition  of  Otto  I.  to 
Italy. 

973-983.  Otto  II.  emperor. 

980-983.  Wars  in  Italy. 

980-998.  Attempt  of  Crescentius  to  restore 
the  ancient  republic  at  Rome. 

982.  Otto  II.  totally  defeated  by  the  Sara- 
cens in  southern  Italy. 

983- (1002).  Otto  III. 

996.  Otto  III.  crowned  emperor  at  Rome. 

999.  Election  of  Gerbert  as  Pope  Sil- 
vester II. 

1000.  General  expectation  throughout  Chris- 
tendom of  the  end  of  the  world. 


Germany  and  Italy. 

1002.  Death  of  Otto  III.,  accession  of 
Henry  II. 

1004.  Henry  II.  invades  Italy,  defeats  Ar- 
doin,  and  is  crowned  king  of  Italy  at 
Pavia. 

1014.  Second  Italian  expedition  of  Henry 
II.,  who  is  crowned  emperor  at  Rome. 

1024.  Conrad  II.,  the  Salian,  chosen  king. 

1026.  Conrad  II.  crowned  king  of  Italy  at 
Pavia. 

1027.  Conrad  II.  crowned  emperor  at  Rome. 

1033.  Burgundy,  the  kingdom  of  Arles, 

united  with  the  Empire. 

1039.  Death  of  Conrad  II.,  accession  of 
Henry  III. 

1042.  The  Normans  conquer  Apulia. 

1046.  Henry  III.  comes  to  Italy,  deposes 
the  three  rival  popes,  secures  the  elec- 
tion of  Clement  II.,  and  is  crowned  em- 
peror. 

1051.  Dispute  between  Leo  IX.  and  the 
Patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  refuses 
to  acknowledge  the  superiority  of  the 
pope. 

1053.  Leo  IX.  is  defeated  by  the  Normans 
at  Civitella. 

1056.  Death  of  Henry  III.  and  accession  of 
Henry  IV. 

1059.  Nicholas  II.  issues  a decree  which 
places  the  election  of  the  popes  in  the 
hands  of  the  cardinals. 

1073.  Hildebrand  is  elected  pope  as  Gregory 
VII. 

1074.  Uprisings  of  the  Saxons  against 
Henry  IV. 

1075.  Quarrel  between  Henry  IV.  and  Greg- 
ory VII.  over  the  question  of  investi- 
ture. 

1076.  Gregory  VII.  is  deposed  at  the  Coun- 
cil of  Worms;  he  excommunicates  the 
emperor. 

1077.  Henry  IV.  humbles  himself  before 
Gregory  VII.  at  Canossa ; renewal  of  the 
strife,  elections  of  an  antipope  and  rival 
emperor. 

1081.  Robert  Guiscard  defeats  Alexius  Com- 
nenus  at  Durazzo. 


Germany  and  Italy. 

1106.  Death  of  Henry  IV.  and  accession  of 
Henry  V. 

1111.  Henry  V.  goes  to  Rome  to  be  crowned; 
Paschal  II.  renounces  the  temporalities 
of  the  church. 


France. 

(898) -929.  Charles  III.  the  Simple. 

910.  Founding  of  the  monastery  of  Cluny. 

911.  Grant  of  Normandy  to  Rollo. 

912.  Baptism  of  Rollo. 

937.  Invasion  of  France  by  the  Hungarians. 
987.  Death  of  Louis  V..  the  last  of  the 
Carolingian  kings;  election  of  Hugh 
Capet,  founder  of  the  Capetian  dynasty. 

996.  Death  of  Hugh  Capet. 

997.  Insurrection  of  peasants  in  Normandy. 

England. 

901.  Death  of  Alfred  the  Great. 

901-924.  Edward  the  Elder. 

924.  Edward  lord  of  all  Britain. 

924-940.  AtheLstan. 

937.  Battle  of  Brunanburh,  defeat  of  the 
Danes,  Scots,  and  Welsh. 


ELEVENTH  CENTURY. 

Germany  and  Italy— continued. 

1084.  ^Henry  IV.  marches  against  Rome;  he 
is  crowned  emperor  by  the  antipope 
Clement  III.;  Gregory  VII.  calls  on 
Guiscard  to  aid  him  against  the  emperor ; 
sack  of  Rome  by  the  Norman  troops. 

1085.  Death  of  Gregory  VII.  and  of  Robert 
Guiscard. 

1088.  Election  of  Pope  Urban  II. 

1090.  Final  triumph  of  the  Normans  over  the 
Mohammedans  in  Sicily. 

1095.  Urban  II.  preaches  the  first  crusade 
at  the  Council  of  Clermont. 

France. 

1031.  Death  of  Robert  the  Pious,  accession 
of  Henry  I. 

1041.  The  “Truce  of  God’’  introduced  in 
Guienne. 

1047.  Henry  I.  helps  William  crush  the  Nor- 
man nobles  at  Val-es-Dunes. 

1054.  Henry  I.  defeated  by  William  of  Nor- 
mandy at  Mortemer. 

1058.  Henry  I.  defeated  by  William  at 
Varaville. 

1060.  Death  of  Henry  I.  and  accession  of 
Philip  l. 

1076.  Philip  I.  helps  the  Bretons  to  repulse 
the  Normans. 

1092.  Philip  I.  repudiates  his  wife  Bertha, 
and  marries  Betrada,  which  leads  to  a 
quarrel  with  the  church. 

1094.  Urban  II.  excommunicates  Philip. 

England. 

1002.  Massacre  of  the  Danes  on  St.  Brice’s 
day. 

1003  1013.  Sweyn  harries  England. 

1016.  Death  of  Edmund  Ironside;  Canute 
becomes  king  of  England. 

1030 (about).  Canute  issues  a new  code  of 
laws. 

1035.  Death  of  Canute. 

1035-1042.  Reigns  of  Harold  and  Hartha- 
canute. 

1042.  Edward  the  Confessor  elected  king. 

1051.  Godwine,  earl  of  Wessex,  is  outlawed. 


TWELFTH  CENTURY. 

Germany  and  Italy — continued. 

1122.  The  investiture  contest  is  settled  by 
the  Concordat  of  Worms  between  Calix- 
tus  II.  and  the  emperor,  a compromise. 
1125.  Death  of  Henry  V.  and  accession  of 
Lothair  IT.,  duke  of  Saxony. 


England — continued. 

946.  Rise  of  Dunstan. 

959.  Dunstan  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

980.  Invasions  of  the  Northmen  renewed. 

988.  Death  of  Dunstan. 

991.  Battle  of  Maldon,  the  Danes  victorious; 
first  payment  of  Danegeld. 

The  Saracens. 

909.  Fatimite  califate  in  Africa  founded. 

912-961.  Abd-er-Rahman  III.  calif  at  Cor- 
dova; Arab  period  in  Spain  at  height  of 
its  splendor. 

935.  Secular  authority  of  the  Abbasside 
califate  passes  into  the  hands  of  the 
“Emir  el  Omrah, ” the  calif  remaining 
spiritual  head. 

969.  Authority  of  the  Fatimite  calif  estab- 
lished in  Egypt. 


England — continued. 

1052.  Return  of  Godwine  and  Harold  to 
England. 

1053.  Death  of  Godwine. 

1065.  Danes  in  Northumbria  rise  against 
Tostig. 

1066.  Death  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  and 
election  of  Harold;  Harold  Hardrada, 
king  of  Norway,  and  Tostig,  invading 
England  from  the  north,  are  defeated  at 
Stamford  Bridge;  William  of  Normandy 
invades  England,  and  defeats  Harold  at 
Senlac. 

1066- 1087.  William  the  Conqueror  king  of 
. England. 

1067- 1070.  Revolts  of  the  English  against 
Norman  rule. 

1086.  Completion  of  the  survey  which  led 
to  Domesday  Book. 

1087.  Death  of  William  I.  and  accession  of 
William  II.  (Rufus). 

1093.  Anselm  appointed  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

1100.  Death  of  William  Rufus  in  the  New 
Forest. 

Miscellaneous. 

1001.  First  Mohammedan  invasion  of  India 
by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni. 

1001-1035.  Sancho  the  Great,  king  of 
N avarre. 

1018.  Bulgaria  incorporated  with  the 
Eastern  Empire. 

1071.  The  Eastern  emperor  is  defeated  and 
captured  by  the  Turks  at  Manzikert. 

1084.  St.  Bruno  founds  the  Carthusian 
order. 

1086.  Alfonso  VI.  defeated  by  the  Almora- 
vides  at  Zalaca. 

1095.  Conquest  of  Valencia  by  the  Cid. 

1096-1099.  The  first  crusade. 

1097.  Capture  of  Nicsa  by  the  crusaders. 

1098.  Antioch  taken  by  the  Christians; 
founding  of  the  Cistercian  order. 

1099.  Jerusalem  captured  by  the  crusaders; 
founding  of  the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem. 

1100.  Death  of  Godfrey  of  Boulogne. 


Germany  and  Italy— continued. 

1127.  Roger  unites  Sicily  and  Apulia. 

1130.  Roger  is  crowned  king  of  Sicily; 

schism  of  Innocent  II.  and  Anacletus. 
1133.  Lothair  II.  takes  sides  with  Innocent 
II.,  who  crowns  him  emperor  at  Rome. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

TWELFTH  CEMTURY— continued. 


Germany  and  Italy— continued. 

1135.  Lothair  II.  proclaims  a general  peace 
for  Germany  at  the  Diet  of  Bamberg. 

1138.  Death  of  Lothair  II.  and  accession  of 
Conrad  of  Hohenstaufen,  duke  of  Swabia. 

1139.  Innocent  II.  recognizes  the  Norman 
kingdom  of  Sicily. 

1140.  Conrad  III.  secures  his  throne  by  de- 
feating the  Guelfs  at  Weinsberg. 

1144.  Influenced  by  the  preaching  of  Arnold 
of  Brescia,  the  Romans  revolt  against  In- 
nocent II. 

1147-1149.  Conrad  III.  goes  on  the  second 
crusade. 

1152.  Frederick  I.  (Barbarossa)  succeeds 
Conrad  111. 

1154-1155.  Frederick  I.  invades  Italy,  holds 
a diet  at  Roncaglia,  destroys  Tortona, 
receives  the  Lombard  crown  at  Pavia,  and 
is  crowned  emperor  by  Hadrian  IV.  at 
Rome. 

1156.  The  duchy  of  Austria  established. 

1157.  At  the  Diet  of  Besamjon  the  Burgun- 
dian nobles  do  homage  to  the  emperor. 

1158.  Second  invasion  of  Italy  by  Frederick 
I.,  submission  of  the  Lombard  cities,  sec- 
ond diet  at  Roncaglia. 

1159.  Schism  in  the  papacy  between  Alex- 
ander III.  and  Victor  IV. 

1162.  Destruction  of  Milan  by  Frederick  I. 
and  his  allies. 

1166.  Frederick  I.  invades  Italy  for  the 
fourth  time. 

1167.  Formation  of  the  Lombard  League. 

1168.  Founding  of  Alessandria. 

1176.  The  Lombard  League  defeats  Fred- 
erick I.  at  Legnano,  May  29. 

1177.  Alexander  III.  is  reconciled  to  Fred- 
erick by  the  peace  of  Venice. 

1180.  Frederick  I.  forces  Henry  the  Lion  to 
submit,  and  takes  from  him  some  of  his 
territories. 

1183.  A permanent  treaty  between  the  em- 
peror and  the  Lombard  League  signed ’at 
Constance. 

1186.  Marriage  of  Henry,  son  of  Frederick, 
to  Constance  of  Sicily. 

1189.  Frederick  I.  starts  on  the  third 
crusade. 

1190.  Frederick  I.  is  drowned  in  Cilicia. 

1191.  Henry  VI.  crowned  emperor  at  Rome; 
he  fails  in  his  attack  on  Apulia. 

1192.  Henry  makes  war  on  the  Guelfs  in 
Germany. 

1193.  The  barons  of  the  Rhineland  revolt 
against  the  emperor. 

1194.  Apulia  and  Sicily  conquered  by 
Henry  VI. 


Germany  and  Italy— continued. 

1 195.  Death  of  Henry  the  Lion. 

1197.  Suppression  of  the  Sicilian  revolt, 
death  of  Henry  VI. 

1198.  Innocent  III.  is  elected  pope;  double 
election  in  Germany,  Philip  of  Hohen- 
staufen  vs.  Otto  of  Brunswick;  death  of 
Constance  of  Sicily;  Frederick  (II.)  be- 
comes the  pope ’s  ward. 

France. 

1108.  Accession  of  Louis  VI. 

1 137.  Accession  of  Louis  VII.  who  has 
married  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine. 

1147-1149.  Louis  VII.  goes  on  the  second 
crusade,  leaving  Suger  in  charge  of  af- 
fairs in  France. 

1152.  Death  of  Suger;  Louis  VII.  divorces 
Eleanor. 

1162.  Louis  VII.  takes  up  the  cause  of  Alex- 
ander III.  against  the  antipope. 

1180.  Death  of  Louis  VII.  and  accession  of 
Philip  II.  (Augustus). 

1185.  War  between  Philip  II.  and  Flanders 
ended  by  the  peace  of  Aumale. 

1190-1191.  Philip  II.  away  from  France  on 
the  third  crusade. 

1193.  Marriage  of  Philip  II.  with  Ingeborg 
of  Denmark. 

1196.  Philip  II.  repudiates  Ingeborg  and 
marries  Agnes  of  Meran;  protest  of  the 
church. 

1200.  Innocent  III.  pronounces  an  interdict 
over  France. 

England. 

1100-1135.  Henry  I.  king  of  England. 

1104.  Henry  I.  invades  Normandy. 

1106.  Henry  I.  defeats  his  brother  Robert  at 
Tinchebrai,  September  28,  and  takes  pos- 
session of  Normandy. 

1107.  Settlement  of  the  quarrel  between 
Henry  I.  and  Anselm  over  investitures. 

1120.  Sinking  of  the  “White  Ship,”  death 
of  Henry ’s  son  William. 

1128.  Marriage  of  Matilda  of  England  and 
Geoffrey  of  Anjou. 

1135.  Death  of  Henry  I.  and  accession  of 
Stephen,  count  of  Blois. 

1136.  Outbreak  of  civil  war  between 
Stephen  and  Matilda. 

1138.  David  of  Scotland  defeated  in  the 
battle  of  the  Standard. 

1141.  Stephen  defeated  and  captured  at  the 
battle  of  Lincoln. 

1152.  Henry  of  Anjou  (the  future  Henry 
II.)  married  to  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine. 


England — continued. 

1153.  Civil  war  ended  by  the  treaty  of 
Wallingford. 

1154.  Death  of  Stephen,  accession  of  Henry 

11. 

1159.  The  “ Great  Scutage.  ’ ’ 

1162.  Thomas  a Becket  made  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

1164.  A period  of  legislation  and  reforms— 
the  Constitutions  of  Clarendon. 

1166.  The  Assize  of  Clarendon. 

1170.  Murder  of  Becket;  system  of  itinerant 
justices  established. 

1171.  Henry  II.  invades  Ireland. 

1176.  The  Assize  of  Northampton. 

1181.  The  Assize  of  Arms. 

1183-1189.  War  between  Henry  II.  and 

his  sons. 

1188.  Imposition  of  the  Saladin  tithe. 

1189.  Richard  I.  (Cceur  de  Lion)  becomes 
king. 

1190-1192.  Richard  I.  takes  part  in  the 
third  crusade. 

1 192.  Richard  I.  is  captured  by  Leopold  of 
Austria  and  handed  over  to  Henry  VI., 
who  exacts  from  him  a heavy  ransom. 

1194.  Richard  I.  returns  to  England. 

1195.  Richard  I.  defeats  Philip  Augustus  at 
Gisors. 

1 199.  Death  of  Richard  I.  and  accession  of 
John. 

Miscellaneous. 

1115.  Foundation  of  Clairvaux  by  Bernard. 

1120.  Establishment  of  the  Premonstrant 
congregation  by  Norbert  of  Xanten. 

1128.  Honorius  II.  authorizes  the  Order  of 
Knights  Templar. 

1130.  The  Knights  of  St.  John  (Hospital- 
lers) are  converted  into  a military  bro- 
therhood. 

1142.  Death  of  Abelard;  about  this  time 
Gratian  writes  the  Decretum. 

1144.  Zenghi  captures  Edessa. 

1146.  St.  Bernard  preaches  the  second 
crusade  at  Vezelay. 

1147.  Lisbon  saved  from  the  Moors  by  a 
crusading  fleet. 

1148.  Unsuccessful  siege  of  Damascus  by 
the  crusaders. 

1160.  Death  of  Peter  Lombard. 

1187.  Jerusalem  captured  by  Saladin. 

1189-1192.  The  third  crusade. 

1190.  Foundation  of  the  Order  of  Teutonic 
Knights. 

1191.  Capture  of  Acre  by  the  crusaders. 


THIRTEENTH  CENTURY. 


Germany  and  Italy. 

1208.  Murder  of  Philip  of  Swabia. 

1209.  Otto  IV.  crowned  emperor  by  Inno- 
cent III. 

1210.  Quarrel  between  Innocent  III.  and 
Otto  IV. 

1212.  Frederick  II.  of  Hohenstaufen  elected 
king  and  crowned  at  Mainz. 

1214.  Defeat  of  Otto  IV.  at  Bouvines. 

1216.  Death  of  Innocent  III. 

1220.  At  the  Diet  of  Frankfort  Frederick 
II.  greatly  extends  the  powers  of  the 
ecclesiastical  princes ; he  is  crowned  em- 
peror at  Rome. 

1225.  Marriage  of  the  emperor  with  Iolande 
of  Brienne. 

1226.  At  the  Diet  of  Cremona  Frederick  II. 
renews  the  imperial  claims  on  Lombardy ; 
the  Lombard  cities  renew  the  league. 

1227.  Excommunication  of  Frederick  II.  by 
Gregory  IX. 

1228.  Frederick  II.  starts  on  his  crusade. 

1229.  Frederick  II.  makes  a treaty  with  the 
Sultan  of  Egypt  and  gets  Jerusalem. 


Germany  and  Italy— continued. 

1230.  Reconciliation  of  pope  and  emperor 
by  the  peace  of  San  Germane. 

1235.  Frederick  puts  down  the  revolt  of  his 
son  Henry,  marries  Isabella  of  England, 
declares  war  on  the  Lombard  League. 

1237.  Army  of  the  Lombard  League  de- 
feated at  Cortenuova. 

1239.  Gregory  excommunicates  Frederick  II. 
and  tries  to  stir  up  revolt  in  Germany. 

1241.  Death  of  Gregory  IX.;  victory  of 
Enzio  over  the  Genoese  fleet  at  Elba. 

1243.  Election  of  Innocent  IV. 

1245.  Deposition  of  Frederick  II.  by  the 
Council  of  Lyons. 

1246-1247.  Henry  Raspe  and  William  of 
Holland  elected  antikings. 

1247.  Parma  revolts  against  Frederick  TI. 

1249.  Enzio,  son  of  Frederick  II.,  captured 
by  the  Bolognese  at  Fossalta. 

1250.  Death  of  Frederick  II.  in  Apulia,  ac- 
cession of  Conrad  IV. 

1254.  Death  of  Conrad  IV.,  Manfred  be- 
comes regent  for  the  young  Conradin. 


Germany  and  Italy— continued. 

1255- 1256.  Conquest  of  Naples  and  Sicily 
by  Manfred. 

1256.  Death  of  William  of  Holland,  double 
election  of  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall,  and 
Alfonso  X.,  king  of  Castile. 

1256- 1273.  The  “Great  Interregnum.” 

1260.  Ghibelline  victory  over  the  Florentines 

at  Montaperto. ' 

1266.  Charles  of  Anjou  crowned  king  of 
Sicily;  defeat  and  death  of  Manfred  at 
the  battle  of  Benevento,  Feb.  26. 

1268.  Conradin,  defeated  at  Tagliacozzo,  is 
captured  and  beheaded ; end  of  the 
Hohenstaufen  dynasty. 

1273.  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg  is  elected  king 
of  the  Romans. 

1276.  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg  makes  war  on 
Ottoear  of  Bohemia. 

1278.  Ottoear  is  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Marehfeld. 

1281.  Election  of  Martin  TV. 

1282.  The  “Sicilian  Vespers.”  murder  of 
the  French  in  Sicily;  transfer  of  Sicily  to 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OP  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

• THIRTEENTH  C E N T U R Y— continued. 


Germany  and  Italy — continued. 

Peter  III.  of  Aragon;  foundation  of  the 
territorial  power  of  the  house  of  Haps- 
burg  by  the  acquisition  of  Austria,  Styria, 
and  Carniola. 

1284.  The  Genoese  defeat  the  Pisans  at 
Meloria. 

1291.  Death  of  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg. 

1292.  Adolph  of  Nassau  is  elected  king  of 
the  Romans. 

1294.  Election  of  Boniface  VIII. 

1297.  Government  of  Venice  changed  from 
a democracy  to  a close  oligarchy. 

1298.  Revolt  of  Albert  of  Austria  and  the 
archbishop  of  Mainz  against  Adolph, 
who  is  deposed  and  killed  in  battle; 
Albert,  duke  of  Austria,  chosen  king. 

France. 

1202-1205.  Philip  II.  conquers  Normandy 
from  John  of  England. 

1208.  Beginning  of  the  crusade  against  the 
Albigensian  heretics  in  Toulouse. 

1213.  Defeat  and  death  of  Peter  of  Aragon 
at  the  battle  of  Muret. 

1214.  Great  victory  of  Philip  II.  at  Bou- 
vines,  July  27. 

1215.  Simon  de  Montfort  reduces  to  sub- 
mission the  county  of  Toulouse. 

1216.  Louis,  son  of  Philip  II.,  makes  an 
unsuccessful  expedition  to  England. 

1218.  Simon  de  Montfort  is  slain  while 
besieging  the  city  of  Toulouse. 

1223.  Death  of  Philip  II.,  accession  of 
Louis  VIII. 

1226.  Louis  VIII.  revives  the  Albigensian 
crusade;  his  death. 

1226-1270. « Louis  IX.,  king  of  France. 

1229.  Treaty  of  Meaux,  between  Raymond 

VII. ,  count  of  Toulouse,  and  the  regent, 
Blanche  of  Castile,  extends  the  royal 
domain  in  the  south. 

1235.  Blanche  of  Castile  overcomes  the 
feudal  reaction  against  the  crown. 

1242.  Louis  IX.  defeats  the  English  and 
Poitevins  at  the  battle  of  Saintes. 

1248-1254.  Louis  IX.  goes  on  the  sixth,  an 
unsuccessful,  crusade. 

1251.  Blanche  of  Castile  suppresses  the 
Pastoureaux. 

1258.  By  the  treaty  of  Corbeil  Louis  IX. 
exchanges  land  claims  with  James  I.  of 
Aragon. 

1259.  Settlement  of  English  claims  on  Nor- 
mandy and  Anjou  by  treaty  of  Paris. 

1263.  Reform  of  the  currency  and  establish- 
ment of  the  royal  mints. 

1270.  Louis  IX.  goes  to  Tunis  on  a crusade 
and  dies  in  camp;  accession  of  Philip  III. 

1271.  Toulouse  falls  to  the  French  crown. 

1284.  Unsuccessful  expedition  against 
Aragon. 

1285.  Death  of  Philip  III.,  and  accession  of 
Philip  IV. 

1294.  Conflicts  between  Norman  and  Eng- 
lish sailors  lead  to  war  between  England 
and  France. 

1296.  Trouble  between  Philip  and  Boniface 

VIII.  over  the  taxation  of  the  French 


France. 

1302.  Philip  IV.,  quarreling  with  the  pope, 
creates  the  Estates  General ; French  feudal 
army  totally  defeated  by  Flemings  at 
Courtrai,  July  11. 

1303-1304.  Philip  IV.  wins  his  contest  with 
the  papacy. 

1309-1376.  Popes  reside  in  Avignon. 

1312.  Abolition  of  the  Order  of  Knights 
Templar. 

1328.  Louis  X.,  Philip  V.,  and  Charles  IV. 
having  died  without  male  heirs,  direct 
Capetian  line  comes  to  an  end. 


France — continued. 

clergy;  the  pope  issues  the  bull  Clericis 
laicos. 

1298.  Boniface  VIII.  brings  about  peace 
between  France  and  England. 

1299.  Marriage  of  Edward  I.  and  Margaret, 
sister  of  Philip  IV. 

England. 

1203.  Murder  of  Arthur,  seizure  of  John’s 
fiefs  in  France  by  Philip  II. 

1205.  Disputed  election  of  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

1206.  Stephen  Langton  elected  archbishop 
by  pope ’s  order. 

1208.  Quarrel  between  John  and  Innocent 
III.;  England  under  interdict;  John  ex- 
communicated by  the  pope. 

1212.  Innocent  deposes  John. 

1213.  John  submits  and  becomes  a vassal  of 
the  pope ; the  barons  present  their  de- 
mands at  the  Council  of  St.  Albans. 

1214.  John’s  plans  are  wrecked  by  the 
French  victory  at  Bouvines,  July  27. 

1215.  John  grants  Magna  Cliarta,  June  15. 

1216.  Death  of  John. 

1216-1272.  Henry  III. 

1217.  Defeat  of  Louis  VIII.  at  Lincoln; 
confirmation  of  the  Charter. 

1219-1227.  The  government  in  the  hands  of 
Hubert  de  Burgh. 

1227.  Beginning  of  the  rule  of  the  aliens  in 
England. 

1230.  Henry  III.  makes  an  expedition  to 
France. 

1236.  Henry  III.  marries  Eleanor,  daughter 
of  the  Count  of  Provence. 

1237.  More  aliens  settle  in  England. 

1244-1245.  Summoning  of  the  “parlia- 
ments. ’ ’ 

1253.  The  Sicilian  crown  is  offered  to  Ed- 
mund, Henry’s  youngest  son. 

1258.  The  barons  set  up  a new  government; 
the  Provisions  of  Oxford. 

1262.  The  king  and  barons  agree  to  settle 
their  dispute  by  the  arbitration  of  Louis 

IX. 

1264.  Louis  IX.  decides  in  favor  of  the  king 
in  the  Mise  of  Amiens;  rising  of  the 
barons  under  Simon  de  Montfort ; the 
battle  of  Lewes,  May  14. 

1265.  Simon  brings  together  the  first  great 
parliament ; defeat  and  death  of  Simon 
at  Evesham,  Aug.  4. 

1266.  Henry  III.  grants  an  amnesty  and 
confirms  Magna  Charta  in  the  Dictum  of 
Kenilworth. 

1272.  Accession  of  Edward  I. 

1275-1290.  A period  of  great  statutes. 

1275.  First  Statute  of  Westminster. 

1277-1284.  Edward  I.  carries  on  war 
against  the  Welsh. 

1278.  Statute  of  Gloucester. 

1279.  Statute  of  Mortmain. 

1283.  Statute  of  Merchants  (Acton  Bur- 
nell). 

1285.  Second  Statute  of  Westminster;  Stat- 
ute of  Winchester;  Statute  of  Circum- 
specte  Agatis. 


FOURTEENTH  CENTURY. 

France — continued. 

1328-1350.  Philip  VI.  (Valois). 

1338.  Beginning  of  Hundred  Years’  War. 

1346.  Edward  III.  lands  in  Normandy;  de- 
feats the  French  at  Crecy,  Aug.  26. 

1347.  Edward  III.  captures  Calais. 

1348.  Outbreak  of  the  black  death. 

1349.  Annexation  of  Dauphine  to  France — 
hence  ‘ ‘ dauphin  ’ ’ became  the  title  of  the 
heir  to  the  French  crown. 

1355-1357.  Estates  General  meet  and  de- 
mand important  reforms  which  they  em- 
body in  the  “Great  Ordinance.” 


England — continued. 

1290.  Third  Statute  of  Westminster  (Quia 
Emptores) ; the  Jews  are  driven  from 
England. 

1292.  Edward  I.  decides  the  question  of  suc- 
cession to  the  Scottish  throne  in  favor  of 
Baliol. 

1295.  Meeting  of  the  “Model  Parliament.” 

1296.  Capture  of  Berwick;  the  Scots  de- 
feated at  Dunbar,  April  27 ; the  Stone  of 
Scone  carried  to  London. 

1297.  Wallace  defeats  the  English  at  Stir- 
ling. 

1298.  Edward  I.  invades  Scotland  and  wins 
the  battle  of  Falkirk,  July  22. 

Miscellaneous. 

1202.  Zara  captured  by  the  Venetians  and 
crusaders. 

1202-1204.  The  fourth  crusade. 

1204.  Capture  and  sack  of  Constantinople. 

1206.  Jenghiz  Khan,  founder  of  the  Mongol 
Empire,  begins  his  rule. 

1212.  Defeat  of  the  Moors  by  the  Spanish 
Christians  at  the  battle  of  Las  Navas  de 
Tolosa. 

1215.  Conquest  of  northern  China  and  cap- 
ture of  Peking  by  Jenghiz  Khan. 

1216.  The  pope  recognizes  the  Order  of  St. 
Dominic. 

1218-1221.  Conquest  of  Central  Asia  by 
Jenghiz  Khan. 

1219.  Carmelites  constituted  by  the 
patriarch  of  Jerusalem. 

1223.  Honorius  establishes  a fixed  rule  for 
the  Order  of  St.  Francis. 

1227.  Death  of  Jenghiz  Khan. 

1230.  The  Teutonic  Knights  begin  the  con- 
quest of  Prussia. 

1241.  Formation  of  the  Hanseatic  League; 
the  Mongols  invade  Russia,  Poland,  and 
Hungary;  their  advance  into  Europe 
checked  at  Wahlstatt  in  Silesia. 

1252-1282.  Alfonso  X.,  the  Wise,  king  of 
Castile. 

1253.  Founding  of  the  Order  of  Austin 
Friars. 

1258.  Capture  of  Bagdad,  and  overthrow  of 
the  Abbasside  califate  by  the  Mongols. 

1259-1294.  Reign  of  the  great  Mongol 
emperor  Kublai  Khan. 

1261.  The  Latin  Empire  of  the  East  ended 
by  the  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
Michael  Palasologus. 

1268.  Capture  of  Jaffa  and  Antioch  by  the 
sultan  Bibars. 

1271-1295.  Marco  Polo’s  travels  in  the  far 
East. 

1274.  Death  of  Thomas  Aquinas. 

1280.  Mongol  dynasty  established  in  China 
by  Kublai  Khan. 

1283.  Peter  III.  of  Aragon  issues  the  “Gen- 
eral Privilege,  ’ ’ a Spanish  Magna  Charta. 

1288.  Othman,  founder  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire, began  his  rule. 

1291.  Origin  of  the  Swiss  Confederation  in 
the  formation  of  a league  between  Uri, 
Schwyz,  and  Unterwalden. 

1294.  Death  of  Roger  Bacon. 


France — o ontinued . 

1356.  Battle  of  Poitiers  won  by  the  Black 
Prince,  Sept.  19. 

1357.  Insurrection  of  the  bourgeoisie  of 
Paris,  led  by  Etienne  Marcel. 

1358.  Peasant  war,  marked  by  horrible 
cruelties— the  Jacquerie. 

1360.  Peace  of  Bretigny  (May  8)  closes 
first  part  of  Hundred  Years’  War,  which 
had  thus  far  gone  in  favor  of  the  Eng- 
lish. 

1364.  Accession  of  Charles  V.,  the  Wise, 
who,  with  the  help  of  his  general  Bertrand 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

FOURTEENTH  CENTURY— continued. 


France — continued . 

du  Guesclin,  wins  back  most  of  the  Eng- 
lish possessions  in  France. 

1380.  Charles  VI.  comes  to  the  French 
throne  at  the  age  of  eleven. 

1382.  Rising  of  the  Maillotins  in  Paris; 
French  defeat  the  Flemings  at  Roosebek. 

1392.  Charles  VI.  becomes  insane;  the  dukes 
of  Burgundy  and  Orleans  dispute  for  the 
government  of  France. 

England. 

1307-1327.  Edward  II. 

1310.  To  check  the  bad  government  of  the 
king  and  his  favorite  Gaveston,  the  Eng- 
lish barons  intrust  the  government  to 
twenty-one  lords  ordainers. 

1311.  New  ordinances,  looking  to  reform  of 
abuses,  presented  by  ordainers. 

1314.  Scotch  under  Bruce  win  battle  of 
Bannockburn,  June  24. 

1321.  Edward  II. ’s  new  favorites,  the 
Despensers,  exiled  by  Parliament. 

1327.  Deposition  of  Edward  II.;  Edward 
III.  comes  to  the  throne  at  age  of  fif- 
teen ; council  of  regency. 

1328.  Unsuccessful  war  with  Scotland  ended 
by  treaty  of  Northampton. 

1330.  Edward  III.  assumes  actual  control, 
executes  Mortimer,  and  imprisons  the 
queen  mother. 

1333.  Scots  are  defeated  at  battle  of  Hali- 
don  Hill,  July  19;  Baliol  restored  to 
Scottish  throne. 

1338.  Hundred  Years’  War  with  France 
begins  (see  France). 

1341.  Completion  of  the  division  of  Par- 
liament into  two  houses. 

1346.  Defeat  of  the  Scots  at  Neville’s  Cross, 
Oct.  17. 

1349.  Black  death  having  carried  off  at 
least  one  half  of  the  laboring  classes,  the 
Statute  of  Laborers  is  passed  to  regulate 
wages. 

1351.  First  Statute  of  Pro  visors  denies  to 
the  pope  the  right  of  appointing  foreign- 
ers to  English  benefices. 

1353.  Statute  of  Praemunire  forbidding  suits 
in  foreign  courts  for  matters  cognizable 
in  England. 

1366.  Wyclif  issues  his  De  Dominio  Divino. 

1376.  The  Good  Parliament  demands  punish- 
ment of  the  favorites  and  a reformation 
of  the  king ’s  government. 

1377-1399.  Richard  II. 

1381.  Revolt  of  the  peasants  under  Wat 
Tyler  and  John  Ball;  Wyclif  denies  the 
doctrine  of  transubstantiation. 

1382.  Wyclif ’s  doctrines  condemned  at  the 
Council  of  Blackfriars. 

1388.  The  “Merciless”  Parliament  con- 
demns and  puts  to  death  five  of  the 
king ’s  associates ; English  defeated  at 
battle  of  Chevy  Chase. 

1392.  Statute  (second)  of  Praemunire  de- 
signed to  check  the  power  of  the  pope  in 
England. 

1397.  Parliament,  under  direct  influence  of 
the  king,  impeaches  the  earls  of  Arundel, 
Warwick,  Nottingham,  and  Derby. 

1398.  Henry  Bolingbroke  banished  by  the 
king. 


France. 

1404  Death  of  Philip  the  Bold,  duke  of 
Burgundy. 

1407.  Louis,  due  d ’Orleans,  assassinated  by 
the  Burgundian  party  in  Paris. 

1410.  Civil  war  breaks  out  between  the  Bur- 
gundians and  Armagnacs  in  France. 


England — continued. 

1399.  Richard  seizes  lands  of  John  of 
Gaunt;  goes  to  Ireland  on  expedition; 
Bolingbroke,  now  duke  of  Lancaster, 
lands  in  England  and  captures,  deposes, 
and  imprisons  Richard. 

1400.  Death  of  Chaucer. 

Germany. 

1308.  Albert  I.  of  Austria,  after'  reducing 
the  princes  to  obedience,  is  killed  by  his 
nephew  John  (the  Parricide). 

1312.  Henry  VII.  of  Luxemburg  interferes 
in  Italian  affairs,  and  is  crowned  em- 
peror at  Rome. 

1315.  The  Swiss  defeat  Leopold  of  Austria 
at  Morgarten,  Nov.  15. 

1322.  Frederick  the  Fair  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner  at  Miihldorf,  Sept.  28. 

1323.  Marsilius  of  Padua  writes  his  “De- 
fensor Pacis.  ’ ’ 

1347.  Charles  IV.  chosen  emperor  in  oppo- 
sition to  Lewis  the  Bavarian. 

1348.  University  of  Prague  founded. 

1355.  Charles  IV.  crowned  emperor  at  Rome. 

1356.  Charles  IV.  issues  the  Golden  Bull, 
fundamental  law  of  the  empire. 

1365.  University  of  Vienna  founded  by 
Duke  Rudolph  IV. 

1368.  Second  expedition  of  Charles  IV.  to 
Italy  to  aid  the  pope  against  the  Vis- 
conti. 

1370.  Partition  of  Hapsburg  territories  be- 
tween Albert  III.  and  Leopold. 

1373.  Charles  IV.  acquires  Brandenburg. 

1376.  Election  of  Wenzel  as  king  of  the 
Romans ; founding  of  the  Swabian  League 
of  Cities. 

1378.  Death  of  Charles  IV.  and  partition  of 
his  dominions. 

1386.  Leopold  of  Hapsburg  is  defeated  and 
killed  by  the  Swiss  in  the  battle  of  Sem- 
pach,  July  9. 

1389.  Hapsburgs  recognize  by  treaty  the  in- 
dependence of  the  Swiss  Confederation. 

Italy. 

1302.  Settlement  of  the  long  Sicilian  wars; 
Frederick,  brother  of  James  II.  of  Ara- 
gon, recognized  as  king  of  Sicily. 

1303.  Imprisonment  at  Anagni,  and  death 
at  Rome,  of  Boniface  VIII. 

1309.  The  popes  remove  to  Avignon. 

1311.  Matteo  Visconti  restored  to  Milan 

and  appointed  imperial  vicar  by  Henry 
VII. 

1328.  Death  of  Galeazzo  Visconti. 

1332.  League  of  Italian  states  against  John 
of  Bohemia. 

1343.  The  Florentines,  defeated  by  the 
Pisans,  intrust  their  government  to 
Walter  de  Brienne  as  temporary  dictator. 

1347.  Rienzi  introduces  reforms  in  the  gov- 
ernment at  Rome. 

1348.  Rienzi ’s  character  deteriorates,  and  he 
goes  into  exile. 

1350-1355.  War  between  Genoa  and  Venice ; 
Genoa  successful. 

1353.  Innocent  VI.  sends  Cardinal  Albornoz 
to  Italy  to  recover  the  Papal  States,  al- 
most lost  during  the  residence  of  the 
popes  at  Avignon. 

1354.  Rienzi  returns  to  Rome,  is  used  by 


FIFTEENTH  CENTURY. 

France — continued. 

1413.  The  Estates  General  pass  the  Ca- 
bochian  Ordinance. 

1414.  Defeat  of  the  Burgundians,  and  treaty 
of  Arras. 

1415.  Henry  V.  of  England  invades  France, 
captures  Harfleur,  and  defeats  the  French 
at  Agincourt,  Oct.  25. 


Italy  — continued. 

Cardinal  Albornoz  to  further  papal  in- 
terests, and  is  killed  in  a popular  tumult. 

1369.  The  Eastern  emperor  John  V.  visits 
Rome,  and  agrees  to  a union  between  the 
Greek  and  Latin  churches. 

1370.  Urban  V.  returns  to  Rome  from 
Avignon. 

1378.  Galeazzo  Visconti  dies  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Gian  Galeazzo ; election  of 
antipope  Clement  VII. ; beginning  of 
the  Great  Schism. 

1379.  The  Genoese  seize  Chioggia  and 
blockade  Venice. 

1380.  Venice  permanently  triumphs  over 
Genoa. 

1395.  Gian  Galeazzo  made  duke  of  Milan  by 
Wenzel. 

1400.  Ladislas,  son  of  Charles  III.,  finally 
secures  the  crown  of  Naples  against  Louis 
II.  of  Anjou. 

Miscellaneous. 

1307.  Seljuk  Empire  broken  up  by  death  of 
Aladdin  III. 

1309.  Teutonic  Order  transfers  its  head- 
quarters from  Venice  to  Marienburg. 

1326.  Death  of  Osman  (Othman). 

1326-1359.  Orkhan  Ottoman  ruler  and  con- 
queror. 

1329.  The  Ottoman  Turks  defeat  the  Greek 
emperor  at  Pelekanon. 

1332.  Luzern  admitted  to  the  league  of  the 
Swiss  cantons. 

1336.  Rising  in  Ghent  under  Jacob  van 
Artevelde  to  restore  supply  of  English 
wool  to  Flemish  looms.  • 

1340.  Alfonso  XI.  of  Castile  defeats  the 
Moors  at  Rio  Salado,  Oct.  29. 

1343.  Casimir  the  Great  of  Poland  concludes 
the  treaty  of  Kalisch  with  the  Teutonic 
Order. 

1351.  Zurich  joins  the  Swiss  league. 

1352-1353.  The  eight  old  cantons  of  the 
Swiss  Confederation  completed  by  the  ac- 
cession of  Glarus,  Zug,  and  Bern. 

1354.  Suleiman  seizes  Gallipoli  in  Thrace, 
the  first  possession  of  the  Turks  on  Eu- 
ropean soil. 

1359-1389.  Amurath  I.  Ottoman  ruler  and 
conqueror. 

1361.  Waldemar  IV.  captures  Wisby;  be- 
ginning of  war  between  Denmark  and  the 
Hanseatic  League;  Turks  seize  Adria- 
nople,  which  becomes  their  European 
capital  till  1453. 

1368.  Copenhagen  captured  by  the  Hanseatic 
fleet ; Ming  dynasty  in  China  begins. 

1370.  Treaty  of  Stralsund  puts  an  end  to 
Danish  war;  Hanseatic  League  at  height 
of  its  power. 

l370(about).  Timur  begins  his  rule  at 
Samarkand. 

1389.  Turks  win  battle  against  the  Servians 
and  allies  at  Kossovo ; death  of  Amurath 
I.  and  accession  of  Bajazet  I. 

1396.  Bajazet  T.  defeats  a combined  force  of 
Europeans  at  Nicopolis. 

1397.  Denmark,  Norway,  and  Sweden  united 
by  the  Union  of  Kalmar. 

1398.  Conquest  of  a great  part  of  India  by 
Timur. 


France — continued. 

1418.  Burgundians  overpower  the  Armagnacs 
and  seize  Paris. 

1420.  Treaty  of  Troyes  gives  Henry  V.  the 
regency  and  succession  in  France. 

1422-1461.  Charles  VII.  king  of  France. 

1428.  Siege  of  Orleans  by  English  and  Bur- 
gundians. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 


FIFTEENTH  C E N T U R Y— continued. 


France — continued . 

1429.  Joan  of  Arc  raises  siege  of  Orleans; 
Charles  VII.  crowned  at  Rheims. 

1431.  Trial  and  execution  of  Joan  of  Arc. 

1435.  Treaty  of  Arras  between  Charles  VII. 
and  Philip  of  Burgundy. 

1436.  English  lose  Paris. 

1439.  Estates  General  adopt  the  “Great 
Ordinance,  ’ ’ which  provides  for  a stand- 
ing army  to  be  supported  by  the  taille. 

1440.  Insurrection  of  the  nobles  and  Dau- 
phin— the  Praguerie. 

1453.  End  of  Hundred  Years’  War;  English 
lose  all  their  possessions  in  France  except 
Calais. 

1461-1483.  Louis  XI. 

1465.  French  nobles  and  Charles  the  Bold 
form  the  League  of  Public  Weal  against 
Louis  XI.,  who  is  forced  into  the  treaty 
of  Conflans. 

1468.  Interview  at  Peronne  between  Louis 
XI.  and  Charles  the  Bold;  treaty  of  Pe- 
ronne. 

1469.  Charles  the  Bold  obtains  Alsace  and 
the  Breisgau  from  Sigismund  of  Tyrol. 

1474^-1476.  War  between  the  Swiss  and 
Charles  the  Bold. 

1477.  Charles  the  Bold  killed  at  Nancy; 
Louis  XI.  seizes  most  of  the  Burgundian 
possessions. 

1483.  Accession  of  Charles  VIII.;  regency  of 
Anne  of  Beaujeu. 

1494.  Charles  VIII.,  asserting  his  claim  to 
Naples,  invades  Italy. 

1498.  Louis  XII.  becomes  king  of  France. 

1499.  Louis  XII.  conquers  Milan. 

England. 

1401.  Statute  of  Heresy,  persecution  of  the 
Lollards. 

1403.  Defeat  of  Hotspur  and  his  fellow- 
conspirators  at  Shrewsbury. 

1413-1422.  Henry  V.  renews  the  Hundred 
Years’  War  (see  France). 

1422.  Henry  VI.  only  nine  months  old  on  his 
father’s  death;  the  Duke  of  Gloucester 
made  protector  in  England ; Duke  of  Bed- 
ford, regent,  carries  on  war  in  France. 

1450.  Suffolk,  charged  with  failure  of  the 
war  in  France,  is  impeached  by  Com- 
mons; Jack  Cade’s  Rebellion. 

1453.  Henry  VI.  becomes  insane;  struggle 
for  power  between  York  and  Somerset. 

1455.  First  battle  of  the  War  of  the  Roses 
fought  at  St.  Albans;  Somerset  slain. 

1459.  The  Lancastrians  again  defeated  at 
Blore  Heath. 

1460.  Lancastrians  defeated  at  Northamp- 
ton ; Queen  Margaret  and  Prince  Edward 
win  battle  of  Wakefield,  Dec.  31;  York 
killed. 

1461.  At  Mortimer’s  Cross  the  Lancastrians 
are  defeated  by  Edward,  earl  of  March, 
Feb.  2;  the  Yorkists,  under  Warwick,  are 
in  turn  defeated  at  the  second  battle  of 
St.  Albans,  Feb.  17 ; Edward  of  York  is 
proclaimed  king  at  London;  Warwick 
defeats  the  Lancastrians  at  Towton, 
March  29. 

1470.  Break  between  Edward  IV.  and  War- 
wick, who  changes  sides. 

1471.  The  Lancastrians,  under  Warwick, 
beaten  at  Barnet,  April  14;  defeat  and 
capture  of  Margaret  at  Tewkesbury,  May 
4;  death  of  Henry  VI. 

1474?  First  book  printed  in  English  (at 
Cologne?  or  Bruges?). 

1475.  English  invasion  of  France  to  help  the 
Burgundians. 

1477.  Caxton  establishes  a printing-press  at 
Westminster. 


Germany. 

1 509.  Erasmus  writes  his  “ Praise  of  Folly.  ’ ’ 
1515.  The  “Letters  of  Obscure  Men’’  ap- 
pears. 


England — continued. 

1482.  War  with  Scotland;  Berwick  surren- 
dered to  English. 

1483.  Richard  III.  becomes  king;  murder  of 
the  princes  in  the  Tower. 

1485.  Richard  III.  slain  at  Bosworth  Field; 
Richmond  proclaimed  king  as  Henry  VII. 

1486.  Henry  VII.  marries  Elizabeth  of  York. 

1487.  The  conspiracy  of  Lambert  Simnel 
(pretended  Earl  of  Warwick)  is  sup- 
pressed; Court  of  Star  Chamber  estab- 
lished. 

1492-1499.  Perkin  Warbeck  impersonates 
Richard,  Duke  of  York,  son  of  Edward 
IV.;  his  cause  upheld  by  Margaret  of 
Burgundy  and  by  Scotland;  captured  and 
executed. 

Germany. 

1401.  Rupert  III.  makes  war  on  Milan,  and 
is  defeated  at  Brescia. 

1409.  Troubles  at  Prague  cause  German  stu- 
dents and  professors  to  leave  and  go  to 
Leipsic,  where  Frederick  the  Warlike 
founds  a university. 

1410.  Three  rival  emperors  (Wenceslaus, 
Sigismund,  and  Jodocus),  and  three  rival 
popes  (Benedict  XIII.,  Gregory  XII., 
and  John  XXIII.). 

1414.  Frederick  of  Hohenzollern  gets  Bran- 
denburg from  Sigismund. 

1414-1418.  Council  of  Constance  called  to 
heal  the  schism  and  suppress  heresy. 

1415.  John  Huss  put  to  death  by  Council  of 
Constance. 

1416.  Jerome  of  Prague  put  to  death  by 
Council  of  Constance. 

1417.  Election  of  Martin  V.  ends  the  schism. 

1418.  Council  of  Constance,  after  passing 
the  decree  Frequens,  is  dissolved. 

1419-1434.  Hussite  war;  Bohemians,  led 
by  John  Ziska,  are  successful  against  the 
imperial  troops. 

1431.  Meeting  of  the  Council  of  Basel. 

1437.  Council  transferred  to  Ferrara. 

1438.  Albert  II.,  a Hapsburg,  elected  em- 
peror. 

1439?  Invention  of  printing  by  John 
Gutenberg. 

1448.  Frederick  III.  and  Pope  Nicholas  V. 
agree  to  concordat  of  Vienna. 

1453.  Austria  becomes  an  archduchy. 

1466.  By  the  (second)  treaty  of  Thorn, 
West  Prussia  is  ceded  to  Poland  and 
East  Prussia  retained  by  Teutonic  Order 
as  a Polish  fief. 

1477.  Maximilian  of  Austria  marries  Mary, 
daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold. 

1486.  Division  of  the  Hohenzollerns  into  the 
Brandenburg  and  the  Franconian  lines ; 
election  of  Maximilian  as  king  of  the 
Romans. 

1491.  By  the  treaty  of  Pressburg  Maximilian 
recovers  the  Austrian  territories  con- 
quered by  Matthias  Corvinus. 

1493.  On  the  death  of  Frederick  III.,  Maxi- 
milian I.  unites  all  the  Hapsburg  posses- 
sions. 

1496.  Marriage  of  Philip,  Maximilian ’s  son, 
with  Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella. 

1499.  Maximilian  I.  makes  war  on  the  Swiss 
cantons. 

Italy. 

1402.  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti,  after  having 
made  Milan  the  strongest  state  in  north- 
ern Italy,  dies. 

1404.  Milan  and  Venice  unite  against  Fran- 
cesco Carrara. 

SIXTEENTH  CENTURY; 

Germany — continued. 

1517.  Luther  posts  his  theses  attacking 
abuses  connected  with  the  sale  of  in- 
dulgences, Oct.  31. 


Italy — continued. 

1405.  Venice  establishes  her  dominion  in 
eastern  Lombardy  by  the  acquisition  of 
Verona  and  Padua. 

1409.  Council  of  Pisa  called  to  heal  the 
schism;  three  popes  at  once. 

1411.  Ladislas  of  Naples,  having  occupied 
Rome,  is  driven  out  and  defeated  by  a 
combined  papal  and  Angevin  army  at 
Roccasecca. 

1413.  Ladislas  drives  John  XXIII.  from 
Rome. 

1414.  Ladislas  dies. 

1423.  Francesco  Foscari  becomes  doge  of 
Venice. 

1426.  Venice  and  Florence  join  in  open  war 
against  Milan. 

1427.  Venice  wrests  Brescia  and  Bergamo 
from  Milan. 

1431.  Venetian  reverses  in  the  war  with 
Milan. 

1434.  Medicean  supremacy  established  in 
Florence. 

1441.  Peace  between  Venice  and  Milan; 
Venice  keeps  Brescia  and  Bergamo. 

1450.  Francesco  Sforza  makes  himself  mas- 
ter of  Milan. 

1454.  By  the  peace  of  Lodi,  with  Milan, 
Venice  resigns  her  recent  acquisitions. 

1463-1479.  Venice  in  a sixteen  years’  war 
with  the  Turks  loses  many  of  her  East- 
ern possessions,  but  retains  her  Levant 
trade  and  her  quarter  in  Constantinople 
by  payment  of  yearly  tribute. 

1482.  Venice  and  Sixtus  IV.  join  in  alliance 
against  Ferrara. 

1488.  Venice  acquires  Cyprus. 

1492.  Death  of  Lorenzo  de’  Medici. 

1494.  Expulsion  of  the  Medici  from  Flor- 
ence, and  the  restoration  of  republican 
government. 

1498.  Savonarola,  preacher,  reformer,  real 
ruler  of  Florence  for  two  years,  is  con- 
demned as  a heretic  and  executed. 

1500.  Csesar  Borgia  conquers  Romagna. 

Miscellaneous. 

1402.  Constantinople  saved  by  the  defeat 
of  the  Turks  by  Timur  at  Ancyra  (An- 
gora). 

1410.  Poland  defeats  the  Teutonic  Knights 
at  Tannenberg. 

1411.  Peace  of  Thorn  between  Poland  and 
the  Teutonic  Order. 

1413.  Revival  of  Ottoman  power  under 
Mohammed  I. 

1453.  Constantinople  is  captured  by  the 
Turks. 

1456.  Mohammed  II.  repulsed  from  Bel- 
4 grad. 

1458.  Servia  conquered  by  the  Turks. 

1460.  Turkish  conquest  of  the  Morea;  death 
of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator. 

1468.  Death  of  Scanderbeg,  defender  of 
Albania  against  the  Turks. 

1469.  Union  of  Castile  and  Aragon  through 
the  marriage  of  Isabella  and  Ferdinand. 

1486.  Bartholomeu  Dias  rounds  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 

1492.  Discovery  of  America  by  Columbus. 

1493.  Alexander  VI.,  by  a papal  bull,  di- 
vides the  new  world  between  Spain  and 
Portugal. 

1498.  Vasco  da  Gama  reaches  India. 

1500.  A treaty  for  the  partition  of  Italy 
arranged  at  Granada  between  Ferdinand 
and  Louis  XII.,  Nov.  11. 


Germany — continued. 

1519.  Disputation  at  Leipsic  between  Eclt 
and  Luther;  imperial  election. 

1520.  Bull  of  excommunication  issued 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

SIXTEENTH  CENTURY— continued. 


Germany — continued. 

against  Luther  by  Leo  X. ; Luther 
writes  “Address  to  the  German  Nobil- 
ity ’ ’ and  publicly  burns  the  pope ’s  bull. 

1521.  Diet  of  Worms  condemns  Luther’s 
books  and  doctrines  in  April. 

1521-1525.  War  with  Francis  I.  hinders 
Charles  V.  from  carrying  out  edict  of  the 
Diet  of  Worms. 

1524.  Peasants  revolt  and  draw  up  their 
Twelve  Articles. 

1526.  First  Diet  of  Speyer;  renewal  of  war 
between  Charles  and  Francis. 

1527.  Rome  captured  and  sacked  by  the 
Constable  of  Bourbon. 

1529.  Second  Diet  of  Speyer  reaffirms  edict 
of  Diet  of  Worms ; minority  of  nobles 
protest— hence  the  name  of  “Protes- 
tants ’ ’ ; Turks  besiege  Vienna. 

1530.  Augsburg  Confession  drawn  up  by 
Melanehthon. 

1531.  Protestant  princes  and  cities  unite  in 
the  League  of  Schmalkalden  (Smalkald). 

1532.  Religious  toleration  secured  to  the 
Protestants  by  peace  of  Nuremberg. 

1545- 1563.  Reform  movement  within  the 
Catholic  Church  finds  expression  in  the 
Council  of  Trent,  Dec.  13,  1545-Dec.  4, 
1663,  which  Protestants  do  not  attend ; 
the  council  condemns  the  principal  doc- 
trines of  the  Reformation. 

1546.  Death  of  Luther,  Feb.  18. 

1546- 47.  Schmalkaldic  War  between  Charles 
V.  and  the  Protestant  nobles. 

1551.  Maurice  of  Saxony  turns  against 
Charles  V. 

1552.  Treaty  of  Passau  allows  free  exercise 
of  religion  to  the  Lutherans,  July  16. 

1555.  Peace  of  Augsburg,  an  elaborate 
though  ineffectual  attempt  to  settle  dis- 
pute between  Catholics  and  Protestants 
and  to  prevent  future  trouble,  Sept.  25. 

1556.  Abdication  of  Charles  V.;  Hapsburg 
possessions  divided  between  Philip  II. 
and  Ferdinand  I. 

1564-1576.  Protestants  lose  ground  during 
reign  of  Maximilian  II. 

France. 

1501-1504.  French  and  Spaniards  conquer 
Naples,  disagree  and  fight;  French  de- 
feated. 

1508.  France,  Spain,  Germany,  and  Julius 
II.  form  League  of  Cambray  against 
Venice,  Dec.  10. 

1511.  Julius  II.,  Germany,  Spain,  and  Eng- 
land form  the  ‘ ‘ Holy  League  ’ ’ against 
Louis  XII. 

1513.  French  driven  from  Italy;  Le  Fevre 
publishes  his  exposition  and  translation 
of  the  Pauline  epistles. 

1515.  Francis  I.  wins  battle  of  Melegnano, 
Sept.  13  and  14,  and  recovers  Milan. 

1525.  At  battle  of  Pavia  Francis  I.  is  taken 
prisoner,  Feb.  24. 

1526.  Treaty  of  Madrid  between  Charles  V. 
and  Francis  I.,  Jan.  14;  Clement  VII. 
and  Francis  I.  form  a league  against  the 
emperor. 

1529.  Peace  of  Cambray  (the  “Ladies’ 
Peace’’)  between  Francis  I.  and  Charles 
V.,  Aug.  5. 

1535.  Violent  persecution  of  French  Protes- 
tants. 

1536.  Calvin  leaves  France. 

1552.  Henry  II.  furnishes  money  to  the 
German  Protestant  princes,  and  is  al- 
lowed to  take  possession  of  Metz,  Toul, 
and  Verdun. 

1559.  Treaty  of  Cateau-Cambresis  estab- 
lishes peace  between  France  and  Spain, 
April  2-3. 

1560.  Conspiracy  of  Amboise,  an  attempt  to 


France — continued. 

overthrow  the  Guises  and  put  the  Bour- 
bons in  power. 

1562.  Massacre  of  Huguenots  at  Vassy, 
March  1,  and  beginning  of  religious  civil 
wars. 

1570.  Peace  of  St.  Germain,  Aug.  8,  in- 
troduces practice  of  giving  to  Protes- 
tants cities  of  refuge. 

1572.  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Aug. 
23-24;  death  of  Coligny,  Aug.  24. 

1585-1589.  War  of  the  three  Henrys 
(Henry  III.,  Henry  of  Guise,  Henry  of 
Navarre). 

1589.  Assassination  of  Henry  III.,  Aug.  2, 
brings  Valois  line  to  an  end;  accession 
of  Henry  of  Navarre  as  Henry  IV. 

1598.  Edict  of  Nantes,  April  13,  gives 
toleration  to  Huguenots  throughout  all 
France. 

England. 

1502.  Marriage  of  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  VII.,  with  James  IV.  of  Scotland. 

1509-1547.  Henry  VIII. 

1512.  St.  Paul’s  School  is  founded  by  John 
Colet. 

1513.  Scots  are  defeated  and  James  IV. 
killed  at  Flodden  Field,  Sept.  9. 

1515.  Wolsey  cardinal  and  chancellor. 

1516.  Sir  Thomas  More  writes  “Utopia.’’ 

1520.  Meeting  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Francis 
I.  on  the  ‘ ‘ Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.  ’ ’ 

1521.  Henry  VIII.  writes  a pamphlet 
against  Luther,  and  receives  from  Pope 
Leo  X.  the  title  of  ‘ ‘ Defender  of  the 
Faith.’’ 

1527-1529.  Henry  VIII.  seeks  divorce  from 
Catherine  of  Aragon. 

1530.  Disgrace  and  death  (Nov.  29)  of 
Wolsey. 

1534.  The  Act  of  Supremacy  makes  the  king 
head  of  the  church  in  England. 

1536-1539.  Dissolution  of  the  monasteries 
and  confiscation  of  their  property. 

1539.  Parliament  passes  the  Six  Articles 
Act  defining  heresy. 

1542.  Ireland  raised  to  the  rank  of  a king- 
dom. 

1547.  Accession  of  Edward  VI.;  Parlia- 

ment abolishes  the  Six  Articles. 

1549.  Parliament  passes  the  first  Act  of 
Uniformity  and  introduces  the  first  Book 
of  Common  Prayer ; Kent ’s  Rebellion, 
social  and  economic  in  character. 

1553-1558.  Mary  I. 

1554.  Suppression  of  Wyatt’s  Rebellion, 
February;  execution  of  Lady  Jane  Grey, 
Feb.  12 ; marriage  of  Mary  and  Philip  of 
Spain,  July  25. 

1555.  Persecution  of  Protestants. 

15^8.  Loss  of  Calais. 

1558-1603.  Elizabeth. 

1559.  Parliament  again  passes  an  Act  of 
Supremacy  and  an  Act  of  Uniformity; 
first  Court  of  High  Commission  estab- 
lished. 

1563.  Adoption  of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles, 
and  completion  of  the  establishment  of 
the  Anglican  Church. 

1568.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  compelled  to 
abdicate  (July,  1567),  comes  to  England. 

1569-1586.  Catholic  plots  to  remove  Eliza- 
beth and  put  Mary  on  English  throne. 

1587.  Execution  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
Feb.  8. 

1589  (about).  Puritans  make  violent  at- 
tacks on  the  bishops  in  the  “Martin 
Marprelate  ’ ’ controversy. 

1593.  Parliament  passes  a statute  against 
the  Puritans. 

1595.  Violent  persecution  of  the  separatists. 

1600.  East  India  Company  chartered,  Dec.  31. 


Spain  and  the  Netherlands. 

1504.  Ferdinand  regent,  Nov.  4. 

1506.  Treaty  of  Villafafila  gives  Philip  the 
regency  of  Spain. 

1516.  Accession  of  Charles  I. 

1539.  Charles  V.  suppresses  the  liberties  of 
Castile. 

1555.  The  Netherlands  formally  resigned  by 
Charles  V.  to  his  son  Philip. 

1556.  Philip  II.  becomes  king  of  Spain  on 
abdication  of  Charles  V. 

1559.  Margaret  of  Parma  made  regent  of 
the  Netherlands. 

1564.  Opposition  to  Granvella  causes  his 
recall;  Philip  II.  orders  the  decrees  of 
the  Council  of  Trent  to  be  carried  out  in 
the  Netherlands. 

1567.  Alva  is  sent  to  the  Netherlands. 

1568.  William  of  Orange  proclaimed  an 
outlaw ; death  of  Egmont  and  Hoorn, 
June  5. 

1571.  Don  John  of  Austria  defeats  the 
Turks  at  Lepanto,  Oct.  7. 

1572.  The  “Sea  Beggars”  capture  Brielle 
and  Flushing. 

1573.  Alva  recalled  from  the  Netherlands  at 
his  own  request. 

1576.  By  the  pacification  of  Ghent,  Nov.  8, 
all  the  provinces  unite  to  drive  the  Span- 
ish soldiers  out  of  the  Netherlands. 

1578.  Alexander  of  Parma  takes  control  of 
the  Netherlands. 

1579.  The  seven  northern  provinces  proclaim 
their  independence  of  Spain  in  the  Union 
of  Utrecht. 

1584.  Assassination  of  William  of  Orange, 
July  10. 

1588.  Destruction  of  the  Spanish  Armada, 
August. 

1590.  Philip  II.  suppresses  the  liberties  of 
Aragon. 

Switzerland. 

1518.  Zwingli  comes  to  Zurich. 

1525.  Monasteries  suppressed  in  Zurich, 
which  becomes  Protestant. 

1527.  Anabaptists  persecuted  in  Zurich. 

1531.  Death  of  Zwingli  at  the  battle  of 
Kappel,  Oct.  11. 

1535.  Council  of  Two  Hundred,  Aug.  27, 
forbids  the  mass  in  Geneva. 

1536.  Calvin  issues  his  “Institutes  of  the 
Christian  Religion.  ’ ’ 

1538.  Calvin  and  Farel  banished  from 
Geneva. 

1541.  Calvin  returns  to  Geneva  and  remod- 
els Genevan  worship  and  government. 

1553.  Execution  of  Servetus,  Oct.  27. 

Italy. 

(See  France  and  Germany.) 

1503.  Death  of  Pope  Alexander  VI.,  Aug. 
18,  and  election  of  Julius  II. 

1512.  The  Medici  restored  to  Florence. 

1516.  Leo  X.  and  Francis  I.  make  a con- 
cordat which  gives  them  control  of  the 
French  church,  Aug.  18. 

1527.  The  Medici  again  expelled  from 
Florence. 

1528.  Genoa,  under  its  doge  Andrea  Doria, 
frees  itself  from  French  supremacy. 

1537.  Cosimo  de’  Medici  becomes  duke  of 
Florence. 

1540.  Society  of  Jesuits  constituted  an  or- 
der by  Paul  III. 

1569.  Pius  V.  creates  Cosimo  de’  Medici 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 

1572^-1585.  Pontificate  of  Gregory  XIII., 
who  revised  the  calendar. 

America. 

1502.  Last  voyage  of  Columbus. 

1513.  Ponce  de  Leon  discovers  Florida, 
March  27 ; discovery  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
by  Balboa,  Sept.  25. 

1519-1521.  Conquest  of  Mexico  by  Cortes. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

SIXTEENTH  C E N T U R Y— continued. 


America — continued. 

1521.  City  of  Mexico  surrenders,  Aug.  13 
or  Aug.  15. 

1531-1535.  Pizarro  conquers  Peru. 

1534.  Cartier  explores  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence. 

1539-1542.  De  Soto  makes  an  expedition 
through  Florida  to  the  Mississippi. 

1541-1542.  Third  expedition  of  Cartier  to 
Canada. 

1557-1564.  Attempts  of  Coligny  to  found 
a Huguenot  settlement  in  America. 

1576-1578.  Voyages  of  Martin  Frobisher 
in  search  of  a northwest  passage. 


1585.  Colony  of  180  persons  under  Sir 
Richard  Grenville  sent  to  Roanoke  Island. 

Miscellaneous. 

1510.  Permanent  settlement  of  the  Por- 
tuguese at  Goa,  India. 

1520-1566.  Reign  of  Solyman  the  Mag- 
nificent, who  raises  the  Ottoman  Empire 
to  its  highest  point  of  power. 

1523.  Gustavus  Vasa  becomes  king  of 
Sweden,  June  6. 

1526.  Turks  defeat  Hungarians  at  Mohacs, 
Aug.  29;  Baber,  founder  of  the  Mogul 
Empire  in  India,  conquers  the  Sultan  of 
Delhi  at  Panipat. 


Miscellaneous— continued. 

1540.  Solyman  forces  the  Venetians  to  sur- 
render their  fortresses  in  the  Morea; 
Greece  subjected  to  Ottoman  rule. 

1556.  Akbar,  Mogul  emperor  of  India,  be- 
gins his  reign. 

1565.  Knights  of  Malta  repulse  a Turkish 
attack. 

1571.  Venice  surrenders  Cyprus  to  the 
Turks. 

1598.  Extinction  of  the  house  of  Ruric  in 
Russia. 

1600.  East  India  Company  chartered,  Dec. 
31. 


SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


France. 

1610.  Henry  IV.,  on  the  eve  of  a war  with 
the  Hapsburgs,  is  assassinated,  May  14; 
accession  of  Louis  XIII.;  Maria  de’  Me- 
dici becomes  regent,  May  14. 

1614.  Last  meeting  of  the  Estates  General 
till  the  time  of  the  French  Revolution. 

1617.  Murder  of  Concini,  April  14,  and  rise 
to  power  of  De  Luynes. 

1620.  Uprising  of  the  Huguenots. 

1624.  Richelieu  takes  up  the  control  of  pub- 
lic affairs. 

1625.  Revolt  of  the  Huguenots  while  Riche- 
lieu is  in  the  midst  of  the  difficulties  of 
the  Valtelline  question. 

1627-1628.  Siege  and  capture  of  La  Ro- 
chelle, Aug.  10,  1627-Oct.  28,  1628. 

1629.  Edict  of  Alais  deprives  Huguenots  of 
their  political  privileges. 

1630.  Failure  of  Richelieu’s  enemies  to  over- 
throw him ; the  ‘ 1 Day  of  Dupes,  ’ ’ NoV.  11. 

1635.  Founding  of  the  French  Academy, 
Jan.  2;  French  begin  to  take  an  active 
part  in  Thirty  Years’  War. 

1642.  Conspiracy  of  Cinq-Mars;  death  of 
Richelieu,  Dec.  4. 

1643.  Accession  of  Louis  XIV.,  five  years 
old,  May  14;  Anne  of  Austria  regent; 
Mazarin  made  minister. 

1648.  By  treaty  of  Westphalia,  Get.  24, 
France  gets  control  of  the  upper  Rhine 
valley. 

1648-1653.  Armed  opposition  to  Anne  and 
Mazarin — the  “Fronde.” 

1659.  War  with  Spain  is  ended  by  peace  of 
the  Pyrenees,  concluded  Nov.;  France 
gets  territorial  concessions. 

1661.  Louis  XIV.  takes  government  into  his 
own  hands  on  death  of  Mazarin,  March  9. 

1662.  Colbert  becomes  controller-general  of 
the  finances. 

1667-1668.  War  of  Devolution  over  Spanish 
Netherlands. 

1668.  Triple  Alliance  (England,  Holland, 
Sweden)  induces  Louis  to  sign  the  peace 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  May  2. 

1672-1678.  War  with  Holland,  ended  by 
peace  of  Nimwegen,  Aug.  10. 

1681.  Louis  seizes  Strasburg,  Sept.  30. 

1685.  Edict  of  Nantes  is  revoked,  Oct.  22, 
and  Huguenots  emigrate  from  France. 

1686.  League  of  Augsburg  is  formed,  July  9, 
to  resist  the  aggressions  of  Louis  XIV. 

1688-1697.  War  of  the  Palatinate,  France 
against  a European  coalition,  indecisive, 
and  ended  by  the  peace  of  Ryswick,  Sept. 
21,  1697  (merely  a truce). 

1700.  Louis  XIV.  accepts  the  Spanish  crown 
for  his  grandson,  Philip  of  Anjou 
(Philip  V.). 

Germany. 

1607-1609.  Religious-political  quarrel  at 
Donauworth ; formation  of  the  Protestant 
Union  and  the  Catholic  League. 


Germany — continued. 

1609.  Contest  of  the  Jlilich  succession;  Ru- 
dolph II.  gives  a royal  charter  to  the 
Bohemians,  permitting  free  exercise  of 
religion. 

1618.  Prussia  falls  to  Brandenburg  by  in- 
heritance; outbreak  of  the  Thirty  Years’ 
War  in  Bohemia,  May. 

1619.  Election  of  Frederick  V.  of  the  Palat- 
inate as  king  of  Bohemia;  crowned  Oct. 
25. 

1620.  Frederick  is  defeated  in  battle  on  the 
White  Hill,  Nov.  8. 

1623.  Frederick  loses  his  electoral  vote, 
which  is  given  to  Maximilian  of  Bavaria. 

1625-1629.  Danish  period  of  the  war. 

1626.  Wallenstein  defeats  Mansfeld  at  the 
bridge  of  Dessau,  April  25 ; Christian  IV. 
is  overthrown  by  Tilly  at  Lutter,  Aug.  27. 

1628.  Wallenstein  unsuccessfully  besieges 
Stralsund. 

1629.  Edict  of  Restitution,  March  6,  restores 
confiscated  ecclesiastical  estates  to  the 
Catholics;  peace  of  Liibeck,  May,  1629, 
brings  to  an  end  the  war  between  Chris- 
tian IV.  and  the  emperor. 

1630.  Dismissal  of  Wallenstein ; Swedish 
period  of  the  war  begins;  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus lands  in  Pomerania,  July  4. 

1631.  Tilly  storms  Magdeburg,  May  20,  and 
is  later  defeated  by  Gustavus  at  Breiten- 
feld,  Sept.  17. 

1632.  Tilly  dies,  April  30;  Wallenstein  is 
recalled  to  command ; Gustavus,  vic- 
torious, is  killed  at  battle  of  Liitzen,  Nov. 
16. 

1634.  Murder  of  Wallenstein,  Feb.  25; 
Swedes  are  defeated  at  Nordlingen,  Aug. 
27  (O.  S.). 

1635.  Signing  of  the  peace  of  Prague,  May 
30. 

1635-1648.  French  period  of  the  war. 

1636.  Swedes  defeat  the  imperialists  and 
Saxons  at  Wittstock,  Sept.  24. 

1640-1688.  Frederick  William  of  Branden- 
burg, the  Great  Elector. 

1642.  Defeat  of  the  imperial  army  at  Leip- 
sic,  Oct.  23  (O.  S.). 

1648.  Peace  of  Westphalia,  Oct.  24,  ends  the 
war. 

1657.  Prussia  is  freed  from  Polish  suzer- 
ainty. 

1675.  The  Great  Elector  defeats  the  Swedes 
at  Fehrbellin,  June  18  (28,  N.  S.). 

1683.  Vienna  is  besieged  by  the  Turks,  who 
are  repulsed  Sept.  12. 

England. 

1603.  .Tames  I.  is  crowned  king,  July  25. 

1604.  Conference  between  bishops  and  Puri- 
tans at  Hampton  Court,  Jan.  14,  16,  and 
18. 

1605.  Gunpowder  Plot;  arrest  of  Guy 
Fawkes,  Nov.  4. 

1606.  Incorporation  of  Plymouth  and  Lon- 
don Companies. 


England — continued. 

1624.  Failure  of  the  Spanish  marriage 
scheme. 

1625.  Accession  of  Charles  I.,  March  27 ; 
his  marriage  with  Henrietta  Maria  of 
France. 

1626.  Buckingham  impeached,  May. 

1628.  Parliament  passes  the  Petition  of 

Right,  June  7. 

1629-1640.  Charles  governs  without  a Par- 
liament. 

1637-1638.  Trial  of  John  Hampden  for 
refusing  to  pay  ship-money. 

1640.  Long  Parliament  meets,  Nov.  3,  and 
impeaches  Strafford,  Nov.  11,  and  Laud, 
Dec.  18;  Court  of  Star  Chamber  abol- 
ished. 

1641.  Court  of  High  Commission  abolished; 
the  Grand  Remonstrance  presented  to  the 
king,  Dec.  1. 

1642.  Civil  war  between  Charles  and  Par- 
liament ; battle  of  Edgehill,  Oct.  23. 

1643.  Parliament  makes  the  Solemn  League 
and  Covenant  with  the  Scotch  Presby- 
terians, Sept.  25. 

1644.  Cromwell  wins  the  battle  of  Marston 
Moor,  July  2. 

1645.  Fairfax  and  Cromwell  win  the  battle 
of  Naseby,  June  14. 

1647.  Useless  negotiations  between  Charles 
and  the  army. 

1648.  Cromwell  defeats  the  Scots  at  Preston, 
Aug.  17-20;  Presbyterian  members  forci- 
bly excluded  from  Parliament,  “Pride’s 
Purge,  ’ ’ Dec.  6 ; the  Rump  Parliament, 
Dec. 

1649.  Charles  is  tried,  Jan.  20-27,  and  exe- 
cuted, Jan.  30;  a republic  proclaimed. 

1650.  Scots  are  defeated  by  Cromwell  at 
Dunbar,  Sept.  3. 

1651.  Royalists  defeated  by  Cromwell  at 
Worcester,  Sept.  3.  First  Navigation  Act. 

1652-1654.  War  with  the  Dutch. 

1653.  Cromwell  becomes  Lord  Protector. 

1660.  Restoration  of  the  Stuarts;  Charles  II. 
called  back  to  England;  proclaimed  king, 
May  8. 

1665.  Renewal  of  the  war  with  Holland. 

1666.  Great  Fire  of  London,  Sept.  2-6. 

1667.  Fall  of  Clarendon. 

1673.  Withdrawal  of  the  Act  of  Indulgence 
and  passage  of  the  Test  Act. 

1677.  Marriage  of  Princess  Mary  to  Wil- 
liam of  Orange,  Nov.  4. 

1678.  Scare  produced  by  Titus  Oates ’s  tales 
of  a Roman  Catholic  conspiracy. 

1679.  Habeas  Corpus  Act. 

1683.  Plot  to  assassinate  the  king,  Rye 
House  Plot. 

1685.  Accession  of  James  II.;  Monmouth 
defeated  at  Sedgemoor,  July  6;  rebels 
punished  by  Jeffreys;  the  “Bloody  As- 
sizes. ’ ’ 

1688.  James’s  Catholic  tendencies  and  acts 
favoring  the  Catholics  lead  to  the  invita- 
tion to  William  of  Orange  to  come  to 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 


SEVENTEENTH  C E N T U R Y— continued. 


America — continued. 

1645.  Rebellion  of  Claiborne  and  Ingle  in 
Maryland. 

1652.  Massachusetts  obtained  possession  of 
Maine. 

1655.  Stuyvesant.  seizes  Swedish  forts  on  the 
Delaware;  New  Sweden  annexed  to  New 
Netherlands. 

1664.  New  Amsterdam,  surrendered  to  the 
English,  Sept.  8,  becomes  New  York. 

1669-1687.  La  Salle  explores  the  West. 

1673.  Marquette  and  Joliet  descend  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

1675-1676.  Rising  of  the  Indians  against 
the  New  England  colonists,  King  Philip ’s 
War. 

1680.  Foundation  of  Charleston  in  South 
Carolina. 

1682.  William  Penn  establishes  a colony  at 
Philadelphia. 

1688.  Tyranny  of  Andros  in  Massachusetts. 

1689-1697.  King  William’s  War  between 
the  French  and  English. 

1692.  Witchcraft  persecutions  at  Salem. 

Miscellaneous. 

1603.  Tokugawa  dynasty  of  shoguns  in 
Japan  begins. 

1605.  Death  of  Akbar,  Oct.  13. 


Miscellaneous — continued. 

1613.  Michael  Romanoff  becomes  Czar  of 
Russia. 

1633.  Galileo  forced  to  abjure  the  Coper- 
nican  system  by  the  Inquisition. 

1638.  Japan  excludes  foreigners  and  period 
of  isolation  begins;  massacre  of  native 
Christians. 

1640.  Portugal  secures  its  independence. 

1644.  Manchu  dynasty  in  China  begins. 

1645.  Beginning  of  a twenty-five  years’  war 
between  Venice  and  Turkey. 

1657.  Rise  of  the  Mahratta  power  in  India 
under  Sivaji. 

1657-1658.  War  between  Sweden  and  Den- 
mark. 

1658.  Aurung-Zeb  begins  his  reign  in  India. 

1669.  Venice  cedes  Candia  to  the  Turks, 

Sept.  16. 

1672-1676.  War  between  Turkey  and 
Poland. 

1682.  Accession  of  Peter  the  Great  to  the 
Russian  throne. 

1697.  Eugene  of  Savoy  annihilates  the 
Turkish  army  at  Zenta,  Sept.  11. 

1699.  Treaty  of  Carlowitz,  Jan.  26,  seriously 
diminishes  the  Turkish  power. 

1700.  Russian  army  defeated  at  Narva  by 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  Nov.  30. 


EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


England — continued. 

England;  landing  of  William,  Nov.  5, 
and  flight  of  James,  Dec.  22. 

1689.  Accession  of  William  III.  and  Mary 
II.,  Feb.  13;  passing  of  the  Bill  of 
Rights. 

1690.  James  II.  defeated  at  the  battle  of 
the  Boyne,  July  1. 

1693.  Beginning  of  the  National  Debt. 

1694.  Founding  of  the  Bank  of  England. 

America. 

1604.  Settlement  (of  the  French)  at  Port 
Royal  in  Nova  Scotia. 

1607.  English  colony  at  Jamestown,  May  13. 

1608.  Champlain  founds  Quebec. 

1619.  Introduction  of  negro  slavery  into 
Virginia. 

1620.  Pilgrims  land  at  Plymouth,  Dee.  21. 
1626.  Peter  Minuit  founds  the  (Dutch)  set- 
tlement of  New  Amsterdam  on  Manhat- 
tan Island. 

1630.  Settlement  at  Boston. 

1634.  First  settlement  in  Maryland. 

1636.  Roger  Williams  founds  Providence. 

Harvard  College  founded. 

1638.  New  Haven  colony  founded. 

1643.  Creation  of  the  United  Colonies  of 
New  England. 


Great  Britain. 

1701.  Act  of  Settlement  settles  the  crown 
on  Sophia  of  Hanover  and  her  descen- 
dants; beginning  of  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

1702-1714.  Anne. 

1704.  Marlborough  wins  the  battle  of  Blen- 
heim, Aug.  13;  capture  of  Gibraltar  by 
the  English. 

1707.  Union  of  England  and  Scotland;  adop- 
tion of  the  Union  Jack  as  the  national 
flag. 

1713.  Peace  of  Utrecht,  April  11,  confirms 
Protestant  succession  in  England,  makes 
permanent  the  separation  of  the  crowns 
of  France  and  Spain,  and  gives  to  Eng- 
land large  territorial  additions. 

1714-1727.  George  I. 

1716.  Act  creating  septennial  instead  of 
triennial  parliaments. 

1720.  Bursting  of  the  “South  Sea  Bubble,’’ 
financial  panic. 

1721.  Beginning  of  Walpole’s  ministry. 

1727-1760.  George  II. 

1729.  Gibraltar  ceded  to  England  by  Spain. 

1733.  John  Kay  invents  the  flying  shuttle. 

1739- 1748.  War  with  Spain,  the  “War  of 
Jenkins ’s  Ear.  ’ ’ 

1740- 1748.  England  takes  sides  with  Aus- 
tria in  War  of  Austrian  Succession. 

1742.  Fall  of  Walpole. 

1745.  Saxe  defeats  Cumberland  at  Fon- 
tenoy,  May  11;  rising  of  Charles  Edward, 
the  Young  Pretender. 

1746.  Cumberland  defeats  the  Pretender  at 
Culloden,  April  27. 

1749.  Founding  of  the  Ohio  Company. 

1754r-1763.  War  between  England  and 
France  in  Europe,  India,  and  America. 

1757.  Pitt  becomes  leader  in  the  cabinet. 

1763.  Peace  of  Paris,  Feb.  10,  by  which 
Great  Britain  comes  into  full  control  in 
America  and  India,  and  assumes  colonial 
leadership. 

1763-1774.  Prosecution  of  John  Wilkes 
shows  the  power  of  English  public 
opinion. 

1764.  Hargreaves  invents  the  spinning-jenny. 

1765.  Passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  March  22; 
steam-engine  invented  by  Watt. 

1767.  Townshend  Revenue  Act,  June  29; 
Lord  North  becomes  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  Oct. 


Great  Britain — continued. 

1775.  Outbreak  of  the  war  of  the  American 
Revolution,  battle  of  Lexington,  April  19. 

1779.  Crompton  invents  the  spinning- 
‘ ‘ mule.  ’ ’ 

1780.  Armed  Neutrality  League  against 
Great  Britain  to  resist  the  right  of 
search ; Rodney  defeats  the  Spaniards  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  Jan.  16;  Lord  George 
Gordon  riots,  June. 

1783.  William  Pitt  the  younger  becomes 
prime  minister,  Dec. 

1785.  Cartwright  invents  his  weaving-ma- 
chine. 

1787.  Impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings. 

1788.  Trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  Feb.  13 
(acquitted  Apr.  23,  1795). 

1793.  England  at  war  with  France. 

1797.  Mutiny  in  the  fleet  at  Spithead;  de- 
feat of  the  Dutch  at  Camperdown,  Oct.  11. 

1798.  Nelson  annihilates  the  French  fleet  at 
the  battle  of  the  Nile,  Aug.  1-2. 

France. 

1701-1713.  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession, 
in  which  France  loses  territory  and  pres- 
tige to  England. 

1704.  French  defeated  by  the  English  in  the 
battle  of  Blenheim,  Aug.  13. 

1706.  French  defeated  at  Ramillies,  May  23. 

1708.  French  defeated  at  Oudenarde,  July  11. 

1709.  French  defeated  at  Malplaquet, 

Sept.  11. 

1715.  Death  of  Louis  XIV.,  Sept.  1. 

1718.  Quadruple  alliance,  Aug.  2,  between 
England,  France,  Austria,  and  Holland 
for  maintenance  of  peace  of  Utrecht. 

1720.  Financial  disaster  due  to  collapse  of 
John  Law’s  famous  Mississippi  scheme. 

1723.  End  of  the  regency. 

1726.  Fleury  becomes  chief  minister. 

1733.  France  becomes  involved  in  the  War 
of  the  Polish  Succession. 

1738.  By  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  Nov.  18, 
France  guarantees  the  Pragmatic  Sanc- 
tion. 

1740.  Outbreak  of  War  of  Austrian  Succes- 
sion ; France  pitted  against  Austria  and 
England. 

1745.  Battle  of  Fontenoy  won  by  the  French, 
May  11;  conquest  of  the  Austrian  Neth- 
erlands begun. 


France— continued. 

1748.  By  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in  Oct., 
France  restores  her  conquests  in  Europe 
to  Austria. 

1756.  Seven  Years  ’ War  begins  with  battle 
of  Lobositz,  Oct.  1 ; France  allied  with 
Austria  against  England  and  Frederick 
the  Great. 

1757.  French  army  defeated  at  Rossbach, 
Nov.  5. 

1758.  Due  de  Choiseul  becomes  minister; 
Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  drives  the 
French  back  across  the  Rhine. 

1763.  Peace  of  Paris,  Feb.  10;  France  with- 
draws entirely  from  North  America, 
gives  England  Senegal  and  islands  in 
West  Indies,  and  gets  back  her  settlements 
in  India  as  trading  stations ; hope  of  a 
great  French  empire  abandoned. 

1768.  Annexation  of  Corsica. 

1770.  Rise  of  Du  Barry  and  fall  of 
Choiseul. 

1774.  Death  of  Louis  XV.,  May  10;  succes- 
sion of  Louis  XVI. 

1774r-1776.  Turgot  is  minister  of  marine 
and  finance. 

1777.  Necker  becomes  minister  of  finance. 

1778.  Alliance  between  France  and  the 
United  States. 

1783.  Calonne  is  minister  of  finance. 

1787.  Meeting  of  the  Notables  at  Versailles, 
Feb.  22  to  May  25 ; fall  of  Calonne  and 
appointment  of  Brienne  as  minister  of 
finance. 

1788.  Resignation  of  Brienne  and  recall  of 
Necker. 

1789.  Meeting  of  the  States-General,  May  5; 
third  estate  forms  National  Assembly, 
June  17 ; storming  of  the  Bastille,  July 
14 ; declaration  of  rights  of  man,  Aug. 
27 ; outbreak  of  mob  violence  in  Paris, 
Oct.  5,  6;  removal  of  king  and  Assembly 
to  Paris,  Oct.  6. 

1790.  Assembly  draws  up  a new  constitu- 
tion for  France,  July;  formation  of 
political  clubs;  Mirabeau  in  power. 

1791.  Death  of  Mirabeau,  April  2;  flight  of 
the  king  to  Varennes,  June  20;  Louis 
XVI.  accepts  the  constitution,  Sept.;  dis- 
solution of  the  Constituent  Assembly, 
Sept. ; meeting  of  the  Legislative  As- 
sembly, Oct.  1. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 


EIGHTEENTH  C E N T U R Y— continued. 


France — continued. 

1792.  Declaration  of  war  against  Austria, 
April;  the  mob  invades  the  Tuileries, 
June  20;  great  riots  in  Paris,  the  king 
puts  himself  in  the  power  of  the  As- 
sembly, Aug.  10;  massacre  in  Paris, 
Sept.  2-6;  French  success  at  Valmy, 
Sept.  20 ; meeting  of  National  Convention, 
France  declared  a republic,  Sept.  21;  vic- 
tory of  Dumouriez  at  Jemmapes,  Nov.  6. 

1793.  Execution  of  Louis  XVI.,  Jan.  21; 
declaration  of  war  against  England, 
Feb.;  appointment  of  the  Committee  of 
Public  Safety,  April;  fall  of  the  Giron- 
dists, June;  the  Reign  of  Terror;  the 
republican  calendar. 

1794.  Feast  of  the  Supreme  Being,  June  8; 
supremacy  of  Robespierre,  June;  fall  of 
Robespierre,  July  27 ; closing  of  the 
Jacobin  Club,  Nov.  10-12. 

1795.  The  Batavian  Republic  founded ; adop- 
tion of  the  Constitution  of  the  Year  III.; 
suppression  of  the  rising  of  October  5 
(13th  Vendemiaire) ; the  Directory,  Oct.- 
Nov. 

1796.  Suppression  of  the  revolt  in  La  Ven- 
dee; Bonaparte  invades  Italy;  wins  battle 
at  Lodi,  May  10;  enters  Milan,  and  con- 
quers Lombardy. 

1797.  Mantua  surrenders  to  the  French, 
Feb.  2;  Napoleon  makes  peace  of  Tolen- 
tino  with  pope,  Feb.;  war  declared  upon 
Venice;  victory  of  republican  party  in 
the  coup  d ’etat  of  Sept.  4 ; France  and 
Austria  conclude  the  peace  of  Campo 
Formio,  Oct.  17. 

1798.  Roman  Republic  established;  Switzer- 
land becomes  the  Helvetic  Republic; 
Bonaparte  invades  Egypt,  and  is  cut  off 
from  returning  to  France  by  Nelson ’s 
victory  at  Abukir  Bay,  Aug.  1-2. 

1799.  Naples  made  into  the  Parthenopean 
Republic,  J an. ; armies  of  the  Directory 
are  defeated  in  Italy  and  Germany;  Na- 
poleon returns  from  Egypt,  Oct.  9,  breaks 
up  the  council  of  five  hundred,  and  be- 
comes first  consul,  Nov. 

1800.  French  campaigns  in  Italy  and  in 
Germany;  Napoleon  defeats  Melas  at 
Marengo,  June  14,  and  Moreau  wins  bat- 
tle of  Hohenlinden  from  Archduke  John, 
Dec.  3. 

Germany. 

1701.  Prussia  made  a kingdom  under  Fred- 
erick I. 

1711-1740.  Charles  VI.  emperor. 

1713.  Frederick  William  I.  becomes  king  of 
Prussia. 

1720.  Charles  VI.  publishes  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction. 

1738.  Treaty  of  Vienna,  Nov.  18. 

1740.  Accession  of  Frederick  the  Great,  May 
31,  and  of  Maria  Theresa;  beginning  of 
the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession, 
Frederick  invades  Silesia. 

1741.  Prussian  victory  at  Mollwitz,  April  10. 

1742.  Conquest  of  Bavaria  • by  the  Aus- 
trians; treaty  of  Berlin  between  Austria 
and  Prussia,  July  28;  Charles  VII.  be- 
comes emperor. 

1744.  Austrians  invade  Alsace;  Frederick 
renews  the  war,  invades  Bohemia,  and 
captures  Prague,  Sept. 

1745.  Austrians  and  Saxons  defeated  at 
Hohenfriedberg  by  Frederick,  June  4; 
treaties  of  Dresden,  Dec.  25,  between 
Prussia  and  Austria,  Prussia  and  Saxony. 

1748.  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Oct.,  ends 
War  of  Austrian  Succession. 

1753.  Kaunitz  made  chief  minister  by  Maria 
Theresa. 

1755.  Convention  of  Westminster  agreed 
upon  by  Prussia  and  England. 

1756-1763.  Seven  Years  ’ War. 


Germany — continued. 

1757.  Prussians  invade  Bohemia  and  win 
battle  of  Prague,  May  6 ; Frederick  is 
defeated  at  Kolin,  June  18,  but  wins  the 
battles  of  Rossbach,  Nov.  5,  and  Leuthen, 
Dec.  5. 

1758.  Russians  defeated  by  Frederick  at 
Zorndorf,  Aug.  25. 

1759.  Austrians  and  Russians  defeat  Fred- 
erick at  Kunersdorf,  Aug.  12. 

1760.  Frederick  decisively  defeats  the  Aus- 
trians at  Liegnitz,  Aug.  15,  and  again  at 
Torgau,  Nov.  3;  Berlin  taken  by  the 
Russians. 

1762.  Peace  of  St.  Petersburg,  May  5,  be- 
tween Frederick  and  Peter  III.  removes 
Russian  hostility  to  Prussia. 

1763.  Treaty  of  Hubertsburg,  Feb.  15,  ends 
the  war  between  Austria  and  Prussia. 

1772.  First  partition  of  Poland. 

1778-1779.  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succes- 
sion. 

1781.  Kant’s  “Critique  of  Pure  Reason.’’ 

1785.  The  Fiirstenbund  formed  by  Fred- 
erick against  Joseph  II. 

1786.  Death  of  Frederick  the  Great,  Aug. 
17,  and  accession  of  Frederick  William  II. 

1790.  Convention  of  Reichenbach  between 
Austria  and  Prussia,  July  27. 

1791.  Frederick  William  and  Leopold  issue 
the  Declaration  of  Pillnitz,  Aug. 

1793.  Second  partition  of  Poland. 

1794.  Treaty  of  The  Hague  between  Prussia 
and  England. 

1795.  Third  partition  of  Poland;  treaty  of 
Basel  between  Prussia  and  France,  April  5. 

1797.  Venice  ceded  to  Austria  by  the  treaty 
of  Campo  Formio,  Oct.  17. 

Russia. 

1703.  Founding  of  St.  Petersburg. 

1709.  Charles  XII.  defeated  by  the  Russians 
at  Pultowa,  June  27  (N.  S.,  July  8). 

1710.  Turks  declare  war  against  Russia. 

1711.  Peter  the  Great  forced  to  buy  the 
peace  of  the  Pruth,  July  23,  from  the 
Turks. 

1721.  Peace  of  Nystadt,  Aug.  30,  between 
Russia  and  Sweden. 

1725.  Death  of  Peter  the  Great,  Feb.  8 
(N.  S.),  and  accession  of  Catherine  I. 

1736-1739.  War  against  the  Turks  in  al- 
liance with  Austria. 

1741.  Accession  of  Elizabeth  I. 

1747.  Elizabeth  I.  allies  herself  with  Austria 
against  Prussia. 

1762.  Death  of  Elizabeth  I.,  Jan.  5,  and  ac- 
cession of  Peter  III.,  the  friend  of  Prus- 
sia, who  is  deposed  by  his  wife,  Catherine 
II. 

1764.  Catherine  II.  procures  the  election  of 
Stanislaus  Poniatowski  to  the  throne  of 
Poland. 

1769.  War  breaks  out  with  Turkey. 

1772.  Russia  shares  in  the  first  partition  of 
Poland. 

1774.  Russian  power  greatly  extended  by  the 
treaty  of  Kutchuk  Kainardji  with  Tur- 
key, July  21. 

1780.  Catherine  II.  forms  the  “Armed 
Neutrality’’  of  the  North. 

1783.  The  Crimea  ceded  to  Russia. 

1787.  Catherine’s  second  war  with  the 
Turks. 

1792.  War  ended  by  the  treaty  of  Jassy, 
Jan.  9. 

1793.  Russia  takes  the  larger  part  of  Lithu- 
ania in  second  partition  of  Poland. 

1795.  Russia  takes  more  territory  by  the 
third  partition  of  Poland. 

1796.  Death  of  Catherine  II.,  Nov.  17,  and 
accession  of  Paul  I. 

Sweden. 

1700  1721.  The  Northern  War. 

1700.  Charles  XII.  extorts  from  the  Danes 
the  treaty  of  Travendal,  Aug.  18 ; Charles 


Sweden — continued. 

XII.  defeats  the  Russians  at  Narva, 
Nov.  30. 

1701.  Charles  XII.  defeats  the  Saxons  at 
Riga,  July  18. 

1702.  Charles  XII.  defeats  the  Poles  and 
Saxons  at  Klissow,  July  19. 

1703.  Charles  XII.  defeats  the  Poles  and 
Saxons  at  Pultusk,  May  1. 

1706.  Charles  XII.  invades  Saxony,  and 
forces  peace  of  Altranstadt  from  Augus- 
tus. 

1709.  Charles  XII.  is  defeated  by  Peter  the 
Great  at  Pultowa,  July  8. 

1709-1714.  Charles  XII.  in  Turkey. 

1718.  Death  of  Charles  XII.  at  Frederiks- 
hald,  Dec.  11. 

1743.  Treaty  of  Abo  with  Russia,  Aug.  18. 

1772.  Gustavus  III.  crushes  the  power  of  the 
nobles  and  restores  absolutism,  Aug.  21. 

1788-1790.  Gustavus  makes  war  on  Russia. 

America. 

1702-1713.  Queen  Anne’s  War  between  the 
French  and  English. 

1706.  Invasion  of  Carolina  by  the  French 
and  Spanish. 

1707.  Expedition  from  New  England  against 
Port  Royal. 

1710.  Port  Royal  captured  by  the  English 
fleet,  Oct.  2. 

1715.  Indian  war  in  Carolina. 

1718.  Suppression  of  West  Indian  bucaneers 
by  Governor  Rogers. 

1720.  William  Burnet  becomes  governor  of 
New  York. 

1729.  End  of  proprietary  government  in 
Carolina,  division  into  North  and  South 
Carolina. 

1733.  Settlement  of  Georgia  by  James  Ogle- 
thorpe. ' 

1740.  Expedition  of  Oglethorpe  to  Florida, 
siege  of  St.  Augustine,  July. 

1742.  Repulse  of  a Spanish  expedition 
against  Georgia. 

1745.  Siege  and  capture  of  Louisburg  by 
English  colonial  troops,  June  17. 

1753.  Governor  Dinwiddie  sends  Washing- 
ton to  treat  with  the  French  on  the  Ohio. 

1754.  Washington  advances  against  Fort 
Duquesne;  conference  of  the  colonial 
delegates  with  the  Six  Nations  at  Albany, 
June. 

1755.  Defeat  of  Braddock  by  the  French, 
July  9;  attack  on  Crown  Point;  battle  of 
Lake  George  and  capture  of  Ticonderoga, 
Sept.  8. 

1756.  Montcalm  captures  Oswego,  Aug.  14. 

1757.  Montcalm  captures  Fort  William 
Henry,  Aug. 

1758.  Capture  of  Louisburg  by  Amherst  and 
Wolfe,  July  27;  Bradstreet  takes  Fort 
Frontenac,  Aug.  27 ; capture  of  Fort 
Duquesne  by  Forbes,  Nov.  25. 

1759.  English  capture  Quebec,  Sept.  13. 

1761.  Trouble  over  writs  of  assistance  in 

Massachusetts. 

1763.  By  the  peace  of  Paris,  Feb.  10,  France 
cedes  her  possessions  in  America  to  Eng- 
land ; the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac. 

1765.  Passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  March  22. 

1766.  Repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act,  March  18. 

1767.  Townshend  Revenue  Act,  June  29. 

1768.  British  troops  arrive  in  Boston. 

1770.  Boston  Massacre,  March  5. 

1772.  Destruction  of  the  British  revenue 
cutter  Gaspee. 

1773.  The  Virginia  Assembly  appoints  a 
committee  of  correspondence,  March ; 
“Boston  Tea  Party,’’  Dec.  16. 

1774.  Passage  of  the  Boston  Port  Bill, 
March  28,  and  of  the  Massachusetts  Gov- 
ernment Act;  Continental  Congress  meets 
at  Philadelphia,  Sept,.  5-Oct.  26,  and 
agrees  on  the  ‘ ‘ American  Association.  ’ ’ 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY— continued. 

America— continued.  America— continued.  The  East— continued. 


1775.  Battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord, 
April  19,  and  of  Bunker  Hill,  June  17 ; 
Washington  made  commander-in-chief  of 
the  provincial  forces,  June  15. 

1776.  Declaration  of  American  Indepen- 
dence, July  4;  English  victories  at  Long 
Island,  Aug.  27,  and  White  Plains,  Oct. 
28;  Washington  wins  battle  of  Trenton, 
Dec.  26. 

1777.  Washington  wins  battle  of  Princeton, 
Jan.  3;  Burgoyne’s  expedition  from 
Canada;  surrender  of  Burgoyne  at  Sara- 
toga, Oct.  17 ; Howe  occupies  Philadel- 
phia, Sept.  27 ; Washington  goes  into 
winter  quarters  at  Valley  Forge,  Dec. ; 
Congress  agrees  upon  Articles  of  Con- 
federation, Nov.  15. 

1778.  Treaties  with  France,  Feb.  6;  recog- 
nition of  American  independence. 

1779.  Capture  of  the  Serapis  by  John  Paul 
Jones,  Sept.  23. 

1780.  Rochambeau  arrives  at  Newport,  July 
10 ; treason  of  Benedict  Arnold,  Sept. 

1781.  Surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown, 
Oct.  19. 

1783.  Great  Britain  recognizes  independence 
of  the  United  States,  Sept.  3. 

1786-1787.  Shays ’s  Rebellion  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 


Great  Britain. 

1801.  Legislative  union  of  Great  Britain 
with  Ireland,  Jan.  1;  Nelson  bombards 
Copenhagen,  April  2. 

1802.  Peace  of  Amiens  with  France, 

March  27. 

1803.  Napoleon  attempts  to  invade  England. 

1804.  Return  of  Pitt  to  office,  May  12. 

1805.  Victory  and  death  of  Nelson  at  Tra- 
falgar, Oct.  21. 

1807.  Abolition  of  the  slave-trade  in  British 
dominions,  March  25;  the  English  fleet 
bombards  Copenhagen,  Sept.  2-5;  Orders 
in  Council  issued. 

1808.  Peninsular  War  begins,  Wellesley 
lands  in  Portugal,  Aug. 

1812-1815.  War  with  the  United  States. 

1814.  Stephenson  invents  the  locomotive. 

1815.  Battle  of  Waterloo,  June  18;  England 
retains  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Malta  by 
treaty  of  Vienna,  June  8-9. 

1819.  Manchester  Massacre,  Aug.  16;  Par- 
liament passes  the  Six  Articles,  ‘ ‘ Gag 
Laws.  ’ ’ 

1820-1830.  George  IV. 

1822.  Reform  of  the  criminal  code. 

1825.  Trade-unions  allowed. 

1828.  Duke  of  Wellington  prime  minister; 
repeal  of  the  Corporation  and  Test  Acts, 
May  9. 

1829.  Roman  Catholic  Emancipation  Act, 
April. 

1830-1837.  William  IV. 

1830.  Opening  of  the  Manchester  and  Liver- 
pool Railway. 

1832.  First  Reform  Act. 

1833.  Abolition  of  slavery  throughout  Brit- 
ish Empire;  bill  for  the  relief  of  children 
in  factories. 

1834.  Revision  of  the  Poor  Law. 

1835.  Municipal  Corporations  Act,  Sept.  9. 

1837-1901.  Victoria. 

1837-1848.  Chartist  agitation  for  further 
electoral  reforms. 

1840.  Opium  War  with  China;  penny  post- 
age introduced. 

1846.  Repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws. 

1846-1847.  Famine  in  Ireland. 

1849.  Repeal  of  the  Navigation  Laws, 

June  26. 

1853.  Beginning  of  the  Crimean  War. 

1855.  Capture  of  Sebastopol,  Sept.  11. 


1787.  Constitutional  Convention,  May  25- 
Sept.  17;  Northwest  Ordinance,  July  11; 
formation  of  Federalist  and  Anti-Feder- 
alist parties. 

1789.  First  Congress  meets  at  New  York; 
Washington  inaugurated  president,  April 
30;  first  ten  amendments  to  the  Consti- 
tution proposed. 

1792.  Formation  of  the  Democratic-Repub- 
lican party  (successor  to  the  Anti-Feder- 
alist party) ; Eli  WTiitney  invents  the 
cotton-gin. 

1794.  Whisky  Rebellion  in  Pennsylvania; 
Jay’s  treaty  concluded  with  England, 
Nov.  19. 

1797.  John  Adams  becomes  president; 
“X.  Y.  Z.  ” letters ; Alien  and  Sedition 
Laws. 

1798-1799.  Kentucky  and  Virginia  Reso- 
lutions. 

1799.  Death  of  Washington,  Dec.  14. 


The  East. 

1707.  Death  of  Aurung-Zeb,  beginning  of 
the  decline  of  the  Mongol  Empire  in 
India. 


NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

Great  Britain — continued. 

1856.  Treaty  of  Paris,  March  30,  ends  the 
Crimean  War. 

1858.  Dissolution  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, Aug.  2;  government  of  India 
transferred  to  the  crown. 

1865.  Fenian  movement  in  Ireland. 

1866.  Telegraphic  communication  with 
America  established. 

1867- 1868.  Second  Electoral  Reform  Act 
greatly  extends  the  franchise. 

1868- 1874.  Reform  ministry  of  Gladstone, 
Dec.,  1868-Feb.,  1874. 

1869.  Opening  of  the  Suez  Canal;  act  for 
disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church,  July 
26. 

1870.  First  Irish  Land  Bill,  Aug.  1;  system 
of  national  education  established,  Ele- 
mentary Education  Act,  Aug.  9. 

1872.  Alabama  claims  settled  by  Geneva 
Tribunal  award,  Sept.  14. 

18  73-1874.  Ashanti  war. 

1874-1880.  Disraeli  prime  minister. 

1875.  Purchase  of  the  khedive’s  shares  in 
the  Suez  Canal. 

1877.  Annexation  of  Transvaal. 

1878.  Disraeli  and  Salisbury  win  diplomatic 
victory  over  Russia  at  Congress  of  Berlin, 
June  13-July  13;  England  occupies  Cy- 
prus. 

1878-1880.  War  in  Afghanistan. 

1879.  Formation  of  the  Irish  Land  League, 
Oct. 

1880.  Gladstone  again  becomes  prime  min- 
ister, April. 

1880-1881.  First  Boer  war. 

1881.  Irish  agitation,  Parliament  passes  the 
Coercion  Act,  Oct.  20. 

1882.  Wolseley  defeats  Arabi  at  Tel-el- 
Kebir,  Sept.  13. 

1884-1885.  Further  extension  of  British 
franchise  by  third  Electoral  Reform  Act. 

1885.  Death  of  Gordon  at  Khartum,  Jan.  26. 

1886.  First  Home  Rule  Bill  introduced. 

1888.  Act  reorganizing  local  government. 

1890.  Anglo-German  agreement  in  regard  to 
Africa. 

1891.  Death  of  Parnell,  Oct.  6;  disruption 
of  the  Irish  party. 

1893.  Second  Home  Rule  Bill  introduced  by 
Gladstone. 


1743.  Clive  goes  to  India. 

1746.  Madras  captured  by  the  French. 

1751.  Defense  of  Arcot  by  Clive. 

1754.  Dupleix  recalled  by  the  French  govern- 
ment. 

1756.  Capture  of  Calcutta  by  the  Nabob  of 
Bengal,  English  prisoners  put  into  the 
“Black  Hole,”  June  20. 

1757.  Clive  recaptures  Calcutta,  Jan.,  and 
wins  the  battle  of  Plassey,  June  23. 

1758.  Clive  made  governor  of  Bengal. 

1760.  Battle  of  Wandewash,  Jan.;  end  of 
French  power  in  India. 

1761.  Afghans  defeat  the  Mahrattas  at 
Panipat,  Jan. 

1765.  East  India  Company  takes  over  the 
government  of  Bengal. 

1772-1774.  Warren  Hastings  governor  of 
Bengal. 

1774  -1785.  Warren  Hastings  governor-gen- 
eral of  India. 

1775-1782.  War  of  the  Mahrattas  against 
England. 

1784.  Pitt’s  India  Bill,  dual  system  of  con- 
trol over  India. 

1786-1798.  Reform  of  Indian  administra- 
tion by  Lord  Cornwallis,  governor-gen- 
eral. 


Great  Britain — continued. 

1895.  Dispute  with  United  States  over  the 
Venezuela  boundary  question. 

1898.  Anglo-French  convention  in  regard  to 
African  situation. 

1898.  Recovery  of  the  Sudan. 

1899.  Beginning  of  the  second  Boer  War. 

1900.  General  Cronje  and  his  Boer  army 
capitulated  to  Lord  Roberts,  Feb.  27 ; 
Ladysmith  relieved  by  Lord  Dundonald, 
Feb.  28 ; Pretoria  surrendered  to  Lord 
Roberts,  June  5. 

France. 

1801.  Treaty  of  Luneville,  Feb.  9,  between 
France  and  Austria;  concordat  between 
Napoleon  and  the  pope,  July  15. 

1802.  Bonaparte  made  consul  for  life, 

Aug.  2. 

1804.  Bonaparte  proclaimed  emperor,  May 
18. 

1804-1810.  Promulgation  of  the  Code  Na- 
poleon. 

1805.  War  of  the  third  coalition  against 
France;  surrender  of  Mack  at  Ulm,  Oct. 
17;  Napoleon  defeats  the  Austrians  and 
Russians  at  Austerlitz,  Dec.  2 ; treaty  of 
Presburg  between  France  and  Austria, 
Dec.  26. 

1806.  Joseph  Bonaparte  made  king  of 
Naples,  March,  and  Louis  Bonaparte  king 
of  Holland,  June;  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  established  under  French  control, 
July  12;  Napoleon  issues  the  Berlin  de- 
crees, Nov.  21. 

1807.  Treaty  of  Tilsit,  between  France, 
Russia,  and  Prussia,  July  7 and  9. 

1808.  French  invasion  of  Spain,  Spanish 
crown  given  to  Joseph  Bonaparte,  June  6. 

1809.  War  with  Austria;  Napoleon,  de- 
feated by  the  Archduke  Charles  at  As- 
pern.  May  21  and  22,  is  victorious  at 
Wagram,  July  5-6;  treaty  of  Schonbrunn 
(or  of  Vienna),  Oct.  14,  between  France 
and  Austria;  Napoleon  confiscates  the 
Papal  States. 

1810.  Marriage  of  Napoleon  with  Maria 
Louisa,  March  11  (April  2)  ; Holland  is 
taken  from  Louis  Bonaparte  and  an- 
nexed to  France;  heavy  French  losses  in 
Spain  and  Portugal. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

NINETEENTH  C E N T IT R Y— continued. 


France — c ontinued . 

1811.  Birth  of  a son  to  Napoleon,  March  20, 
who  is  at  the  height  of  his  power. 

1812.  French  defeated  by  Wellington  in 
Spain;  Napoleon’s  Russian  campaign; 
battles  at  Smolensk,  Aug.  17,  and  Boro- 
dino, Sept.  7;  capture  of  Moscow,  Sept.; 
winter  retreat  through  Russia,  passage  of 
the  Beresina,  Nov.  26-29;  French  lose  at 
least  300,000  men. 

1813.  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria  unite 
against  France;  Napoleon,  after  winning 
a great  victory  at  Dresden,  Aug.  26-27,  is 
decisively  beaten  by  the  allies  at  Leipsic, 
Oct.  16-19;  Wellington  drives  the  French 
from  Spain. 

1814.  The  allies  invade  France,  and  capture 
Paris,  March  31;  Napoleon  abdicates, 
April  11,  and  arrives  in  Elba,  May  4; 
Bourbons  are  restored  to  the  French 
throne  in  the  person  of  Louis  XVIII., 
May  3,  who  grants  a constitution,  June 
4 ; peace  of  Paris  between  France  and 
the  allies,  May  30;  opening  of  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna,  Nov.  3. 

1815.  Napoleon  leaves  Elba,  Feb.  26,  and 
returns  to  France,  March  1 ; the  ‘ ‘ Hun- 
dred Days,  ’ ’ March  20-June  22 ; Eu- 
ropean alliance  against  Napoleon,  March, 
who  is  defeated  at  Waterloo,  June  18, 
and  sent  to  St.  Helena,  Oct.  16;  second 
treaty  of  Paris,  Nov.  20. 

1818.  Withdrawal  of  army  of  occupation 
from  France. 

1820.  Assassination  of  the  Due  de  Berry, 
Feb.  13 ; royalist  reaction. 

1823.  French  troops  restore  the  authority  of 
Ferdinand  VII.  in  Spain. 

1824.  Death  of  Louis  XVIII.,  Sept.  16;  ac- 
cession of  Charles  X. 

1830.  Charles  X.  attempts  a coup  d’etat, 
July  26,  which  fails;  uprising  in  Paris 
forces  him  to  abdicate,  Aug.  2 ; Louis 
Philippe  placed  on  the  French  throne, 
Aug.  9. 

1834.  Quadruple  alliance  between  France, 
Spain,  England,  and  Portugal,  April  22. 

1836.  Attempt  of  Louis  Napoleon  to  get 
himself  crowned  emperor,  Oct.  30. 

1840.  Second  attempt  of  Louis  Napoleon  to 
gain  power,  Aug.  6. 

1848.  A revolution  overthrows  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, Feb.  24,  and  restores  the  republic, 
of  which  Louis  Napoleon  is  elected  presi- 
dent, Dec.  10,  to  serve  until  May,  1852. 

1851.  Coup  d’etat  of  Louis  Napoleon,  Dee. 
2,  who  is  elected  president  for  ten  years, 
Dec.  21-22. 

1852.  Louis  Napoleon  proclaimed  emperor  of 
the  second  empire,  Dec.  2,  as  Napoleon  III. 

1854.  France  joins  Turkey  in  the  war  with 
Russia. 

1856.  Treaty  of  Paris,  March  30,  ends  the 
Crimean  War. 

1860.  Cession  of  Savoy  and  Nice  to  France. 

1862-1867.  War  with  Mexico. 

1870.  Outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war, 
July  19;  fall  of  the  empire  and  procla- 
mation of  the  third  republic,  Sept.  4. 
(See  Germany.) 

1871.  Capture  of  Paris  by  the  Germans,  Jan. 
28 ; peace  of  Frankfort  ends  the  war, 
May  10. 

1873.  Thiers  forced  to  resign,  May  24; 
MaeMahon  elected  president  of  the  re- 
public. 

1875.  Formation  of  a republican  constitu- 
tion. 

1876.  Republican  victory  in  elections. 

1879.  Resignation  of  MaeMahon,  Jules 

Grevy  elected  president,  Jan.  30. 

1881.  Gambetta’s  ministry,  Nov.,  1881-Jan., 
1882;  failure  of  his  foreign  policy. 

1885.  Foundation  of  the  French  Kongo; 
French  reverse  at  Langson  in  Indo- 
China,  March  • Jules  Ferry  driven  from 
office. 

1887.  Boulanger  attempts  to  establish  a dic- 
tatorship; Carnot  succeeds  Grevy,  Dec.  3. 


France — continued. 

1891.  Franco-Russian  alliance. 

1898.  The  Fashoda  incident,  July-Sept. ; 
clash  between  France  and  England  in 
Africa. 

Germany  (including  Austria). 

1801.  Great  loss  of  German  territory  by 
peace  of  Luneville,  Feb.  9. 

1803.  Principal  decree  of  the  Imperial  Depu- 
tation does  away  with  112  German  states, 
Feb.  25;  Napoleon  occupies  Hannover, 
May. 

1804.  Francis  II.  assumes  the  title  of 
‘ ‘ Hereditary  Emperor  ’ ’ of  Austria. 

1805.  Treaty  of  Schonbrunn  concluded  be- 
tween Prussia  and  Napoleon,  Dee.  15;  by 
peace  of  Presburg,  Dec.  26,  Austria  is 
divested  of  28,000  square  miles  of  terri- 
tory and  3,500,000  inhabitants. 

1806.  End  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire, 
Francis  II.  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire 
becomes  Francis  I.  of  Austria,  Aug.  6; 
Prussia  declares  war  on  Napoleon,  and  is 
defeated  at  Jena,  Oct.  14. 

1807.  Prussia  loses  half  its  territory  and 
population  by  the  peace  of  Tilsit,  July  9; 
founding  of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia 
for  Jerome  Bonaparte,  Aug.;  emancipa- 
tion of  Prussian  serfs. 

1808.  Reforms  in  Prussian  state  and  army 
by  Stein  and  Seharnhorst. 

1809.  Austria  at  war  with  France;  uprising 
of  Tyrol  under  Andreas  Hofer;  attempted 
uprisings  in  Prussia  under  Dornberg, 
Sehill,  and  the  Duke  of  Brunswick. 

1809- 1848.  Metternich  Austrian  minister. 

1810.  Founding  of  the  University  of  Berlin. 

1810- 1822.  Hardenberg  Prussian  chancel- 
lor. 

1812.  York  makes  the  Convention  of  Tau- 
roggen  with  the  Russians,  Dec.  30. 

1813.  Prussia  and  Russia  enter  into  an  of- 
fensive and  defensive  alliance,  the  treaty 
of  Kalisch,  Feb.  28;  appeal  of  Frederick 
William  III.  to  the  people  and  the  army; 
victories  of  Napoleon  at  Liitzen,  May  2, 
and  Bautzen,  May  20-21,  lead  to  the 
truce  of  Poischwitz,  June  4;  England 
concludes  a subsidy  treaty  with  Prussia; 
Austria  enters  the  war  against  Napoleon; 
in  a series  of  battles,  Grossbeeren,  Aug. 
23,  Katzbach,  Aug.  26,  Kulm,  Aug.  29- 
30,  Dennewitz,  Sept.  6,  Leipsic,  Oct.  16- 
19,  the  allies  defeat  Napoleon  and  drive 
him  across  the  Rhine. 

1814.  Bliicher  wins  the  battle  of  La  Ro- 
thiere  from  Napoleon,  Feb.  1,  who  then 
defeats  the  Germans  in  four  battles; 
Congress  of  Vienna,  Sept.,  1814-June, 

1815. 

1815.  The  Congress  of  Vienna  creates  a 
German  Confederation. 

1817.  Festival  of  the  Wartburg,  Oct.  18; 
granting  of  a constitution  in  Weimar. 

1818.  Baden  and  Bavaria  get  constitutions. 

1819.  The  Karlsbad  decrees  establish  cen- 
sorship of  the  press  and  supervision  of 
the  universities,  Sept.  20. 

1828.  Beginning  of  the  Zollverein. 

1834.  Important  development  of  the  Zoll- 
verein. 

1835.  First  railroad  in  Germany,  Nurem- 
berg-Fiirth. 

1847.  Frederick  William  IV.  summons  a 
united  Diet  of  the  members  of  all  local 
assemblies. 

1848.  Revolution  in  Vienna  and  fall  of 
.Metternich,  March  13;  March  riots  in 

Berlin ; an  ante-parliament  at  Frankfort 
in  March  is  followed  by  a German  na- 
tional parliament  in  May,  which  is  over- 
thrown by  a reaction;  abdication  of 
Ferdinand  T.  and  accession  of  Francis 
Joseph  as  emperor  of  Austria,  Dee.  2; 
promulgation  of  a constitution  for  Prus- 
sia, Dec.  5. 

1849.  New  constitution  for  Austria,  March 


Germany  (including  Austria)— continued. 

4;  refusal  of  the  imperial  crown  by  Fred- 
erick William  IV.;  suppression  of  revolts 
in  Dresden,  Baden,  and  the  Palatinate. 

1850.  Rivalry  between  Austria  and  Prussia, 
humbling  of  Prussia  at  Convention  of 
Olmiitz,  Nov.  28-29. 

1852.  Revocation  of  the  Austrian  constitu- 
tion. 

1859.  War  between  Austria  and  Sardinia; 
battles  of  Magenta,  June  4,  and  Solfe- 
rino,  June  24;  peace  of  Villafranca, 
July  11. 

1861.  Accession  of  William  I.  in  Prussia, 
Jan.  2. 

1862.  Bismarck  president  of  the  Prussian 
ministry,  Oct.  8. 

1864.  Schleswig  and  Holstein  ceded  to 
Austria  and  Prussia  for  joint  occupation. 

1866.  Seven  weeks  ’ war  between  Prussia 
and  Austria;  Prussia  incorporates  Schles- 
wig-Holstein, Hannover,  Hesse-Cassel, 
Nassau,  and  Frankfort,  and  becomes 
leading  state  in  Germany;  formation  of 
the  North  German  Confederation;  dual 
government  established  in  Austria-Hun- 
gary. 

1870.  Acceptance  of  the  Spanish  crown  by 
Leopold  of  Hohenzollern  leads  to  the 
outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian  War; 
Germans  win  the  battles  of  Worth,  Aug. 
6,  Spicheren,  Aug.  6,  Gravelotte,  Aug.  18, 
and  Sedan,  Sept.  1 ; lay  siege  to  Paris, 
Sept.  19,  and  capture  Toul,  Sept.  23, 
Strasburg,  Sept.  28,  and  Metz,  Oct.  27. 

1871.  Proclamation  of  the  German  Empire 
in  the  palace  at  Versailles,  Jan.  18;  ca- 
pitulation of  Paris,  Jan.  28;  peace  of 
Frankfort-on-Main,  May  10;  meeting  of 
the  first  German  imperial  parliament, 
March  21. 

1876.  The  Berlin  memorandum  (Germany, 
Austria,  Russia)  promises  reforms  in 
Turkish  affairs. 

1878.  Congress  at  Berlin,  June  13-July  13, 
settles  the  Turkish  question. 

1879.  Alliance  between  Germany  and  Aus- 
tria. 

1883.  Triple  alliance  of  Germany,  Austria, 
and  Italy.  (Renewed  in  1887,  1891, 
1896.) 

1884-1885.  ‘Conference  of  powers  at  Berlin 
in  regard  to  occupation  of  African  terri- 
tory, Nov.  15,  1884-Jan.  30,  1885. 

1890.  Fall  of  Bismarck,  March. 

Russia. 

1801.  Murder  of  Paul  I.,  March  23-24;  ac- 
cession of  Alexander  I. 

1805.  Russia,  fighting  against  Napoleon,  is 
defeated  at  Austerlitz,  Dec.  2. 

1806.  Outbreak  of  war  with  Turkey. 

1807.  Russia  defeated  in  battle  of  Fried- 
land,  June  14;  by  the  peace  of  Tilsit, 
July  7,  Russia  recognizes  Napoleon’s  new 
political  and  territorial  creations. 

1808.  Interview  of  Napoleon  and  Alexander 
at  Erfurt,  Oct.  12. 

1812.  By  peace  of  Bukharest,  May  28,  the 
Pruth  is  made  the  boundary  between 
Russia  and  Turkey;  invasion  of  Russia 
by  Napoleon;  treaties  with  Sweden  and 
England ; burning  of  Moscow,  Sept. 

1813.  Russia  enters  the  great  War  of  Libera- 
tion against  Napoleon. 

1815.  Alexander  forms  the  Holy  Alliance, 
Sept.  26 ; Congress  of  Vienna,  Sept..,  1814- 
June,  1815,  awards  the  duchy  of  Warsaw 
to  Russia. 

1825.  Death  of  Alexander  I.,  Dec.  1,  and 
accession  of  Nicholas  I. 

1826.  Convention  of  Akerman  between  Rus- 
sia and  Turkey,  Oct.  6. 

1827.  Russia  takes  part  in  the  battle  of 
Navarino,  Oct.  20. 

1828-1829.  War  with  Turkey. 

1829.  War  with  Turkey  ended  by  peace  of 
Adrianople,  Sept.  14. 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

NINETEENTH  C E N T U R Y— continued. 


Russia — continued. 

1830-1832.  Revolution  in  Poland. 

1833.  Treaty  of  Unkiar-Skelessi,  July  8. 

1853.  Outbreak  of  war  between  Russia  and 
Turkey. 

1854.  France  and  England  join  Turkey 
against  Russia;  the  Crimean  War;  bat- 
tles of  the  Alma,  Sept.  20,  Balaclava, 
Oct.  25,  and  Inkerman,  Nov.  5. 

1855.  Death  of  Nicholas  I.,  Feb.  18  (O.  S.), 
and  accession  of  Alexander  II. 

1856.  Crimean  War  ended  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  March  30. 

1861.  Emancipation  of  the  Russian  serfs. 

1864.  Suppression  of  uprisings  in  Poland 
and  Lithuania. 

1877.  War  declared  on  Turkey,  April  24; 
Grand  Duke  Nicholas  in  command  of 
Russian  army;  Russians  take  the  Shipka 
Pass,  July  13-14,  and  capture  Plevna, 
Dec.  10. 

1878.  Treaty  of  San  Stefano  ends  the  war 
with  Turkey,  March  3. 

1880.  Nihilists’  attempts  on  life  of  Alex- 
ander II. 

1881.  Death  of  Alexander  II.,  March  13; 
accession  of  Alexander  III. 

1885.  England  and  Russia  on  the  verge  of 
war  over  the  Pendjdeh  incident,  March  30. 

1895.  Reconciliation  with  Bulgaria. 

1896.  Russia  compels  Japan  to  evacuate 
Port  Arthur,  Nov.  30. 

Miscellaneous  European. 

1807.  Flight  of  the  Portuguese  court  to  Bra- 
zil as  a result  of  the  French  conquest. 

1809.  Deposition  of  Gustavus  IV.  of  Sweden 
March  13. 

1815.  Ferdinand  IV.  restored  to  Naples  by 
Austrians. 

1821.  Beginning  of  the  Greek  war  of  in- 
dependence. 

1822.  Revolution  in  Portugal,  formal  sepa- 
ration of  Brazil  from  Portugal. 

1825.  Egyptian  interference  in  Greece. 

1826.  Mahmud  II.  destroys  the  Janizaries 
in  Constantinople,  June. 

1827.  Turkish  fleet  destroyed  at  Navarino, 
Oct.  20. 

1829.  Independence  of  Greece,  Feb.  3. 

1830.  Revolution  in  Belgium.  . 

1831.  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  elected  king 
of  the  Belgians,  June. 

1832.  Otho  I.  of  Bavaria  becomes  king  of 
Greece,  Aug.  8. 

1833.  Beginning  of  civil  war  in  Spain  be- 
tween the  constitutional  and  absolutist 
parties. 

1846.  Pius  IX.  succeeds  Gregory  XVI., 

June  16. 

1847.  War  of  the  Sonderbund  results  in  the 
transformation  of  the  Swiss  Confederacy 
into  a federal  union. 

1848.  Revolutionary  risings  in  Naples  and 
Sicily;  revolt  of  Venice  and  Lombardy 
against  Austria;  republic  proclaimed  at 
Rome ; Slavonic  Congress  at  Prague, 
June  2. 

1849.  Charles  Albert,  defeated  by  the  Aus- 
trians at  Novara,  March  23,  abdicates  in 
favor  of  Victor  Emmanuel. 

1852.  Cavour  becomes  prime  minister  to 
Victor  Emmanuel. 

1860.  Garibaldi  in  Naples  and  Sicily;  Tus- 
cany, Emilia,  and  Romagna  formally 
annexed  to  Sardinia,  March. 

1861.  Victor  Emmanuel  becomes  king  of 
Italy. 

1862.  Otho  I.  driven  from  the  Greek  throne 
by  a revolution. 

1863.  Prince  George  of  Denmark  becomes 
king  of  Greece,  March  30. 

1864.  England  resigns  the  Ionian  Islands 
to  Greece. 

1866.  Revolt  of  Crete  against  Turkish  op- 
pression. 

1868.  Revolution  in  Spain  deposes  the  Bour- 
bons, Sept. 


Miscellaneous  European— continued. 

1869.  Opening  of  the  Suez  canal. 

1870.  Rome  added  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy; 
proclamation  of  papal  infallibility,  Dec.  8. 

1875.  Revolt  against  the  Turks  in  Bosnia 
and  Herzegovina,  July-September;  palace 
revolution  in  Constantinople. 

1876.  Servia  and  Montenegro  declare  war 
against  Turkey,  July  2. 

1878.  Bulgaria  north  of  the  Balkans,  Monte- 
negro, Servia,  and  Rumania  become  in- 
dependent by  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  July 
13. 

1881.  Rumania  declares  herself  a kingdom. 

1882.  Servia  becomes  a kingdom. 

1885.  Union  of  the  two  Bulgarias. 

1894-1895.  Horror  in  Europe  over  the 

Armenian  massacres. 

1896.  Rising  in  Crete. 

1897.  Turkey  victorious  in  a war  with 
Greece. 

1899.  Peace  Congress  at  The  Hague,  May  18. 

1900.  International  Exposition  at  Paris 
opened,  April  15 ; King  Humbert  of 
Italy  assassinated  at  Monza,  July  29; 
accession  of  Victor  Emmanuel  III. 

United  States. 

1801-1809.  Thomas  Jefferson  president. 

1803.  Louisiana  purchased  from  France. 

1804.  Twelfth  Amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion. 

1807.  Trial  of  Aaron  Burr,  May  22-Sept.  1; 
trip  of  Fulton ’s  Clermont  from  New 
York  to  Albany,  Aug.  11;  Congress  closes 
ports  by  the  Embargo  Act,  Dec.  22. 

1809.  The  embargo  repealed  and  a non- 
intercourse law  substituted. 

1809-1817.  James  Madison  president. 

1811.  General  Harrison  defeats  the  Indians 
at  Tippecanoe,  Nov.  7,  and  breaks  up 
their  federation. 

1812-1815.  War  with  Great  Britain. 

1812.  Unsuccessful  invasion  of  Canada; 
many  American  naval  victories. 

1813.  Perry  wins  the  battle  on  Lake  Erie, 
Sept.  10. 

1814.  Public  buildings  in  Washington  burned 
by  the  British,  Aug.  24-25 ; attack  on 
Baltimore  repelled,  Sept.  12-13 ; treaty 
of  peace  signed  at  Ghent,  Dec.  24;  New 
England  States  meet  in  conference  at 
Hartford,  Dec.  15,  1814^Jan.  5,  1815. 

1815.  Jackson  defeats  the  British  at  New 
Orleans,  Jan.  8. 

1817-1825.  James  Monroe  president. 

1817-1818.  Seminole  war. 

1819.  Treaty  with  Spain  for  the  acquisition 
of  Florida,  Feb.  22. 

1820.  Missouri  Compromise  postpones  the 
conflict  over  the  extension  of  slavery, 
March  2. 

1823.  Promulgation  of  the  Monroe  doctrine, 
Dec. 

1824.  New  tariff  increases  the  duty  on  pro- 
tected goods;  visit  of  Lafayette. 

1825-1829.  John  Quincy  Adams  president. 

1825.  Erie  Canal  completed;  formal  open- 
ing at  New  York,  Nov.  4. 

1828.  The  “Tariff  of  Abominations”  puts 
high  duties  on  raw  materials. 

1829-1837.  Andrew  Jackson  president. 

1830.  Hayne-Webster  debate  in  the  Senate 
on  States’  rights,  Jan.  19-26. 

1831.  Establishment  of  the  “Liberator” 
and  organization  of  the  abolitionists. 

1832.  Nullification  ordinance  of  South  Caro- 
lina, Nov.  19,  declares  the  tariffs  of  1828 
and  1832  “null  and  void”;  Jackson  re- 
plies with  a proclamation  and  movenfent 
of  troops. 

1833.  Compromise  Tariff  and  Force  bills 
signed  by  the  President,  March  2. 

1836.  Slavery  petitions  in  Congress  lead  to 
the  ‘ ‘ gag  resolutions.  ’ ’ 

1837.  Financial  panic  as  a result  of  Jack- 
son  ’s  specie  circular. 

1837-1841.  Martin  Van  Buren  president. 


United  States— continued. 

1840.  Independent  treasury  system  estab- 
lished. 

1841.  William  Henry  Harrison  president, 
March  4-April  4. 

1841-1845.  John  Tyler  president. 

1842.  The  Webster- Ashburton  treaty,  Aug. 
9,  settles  the  northeastern  boundary  dis- 
pute with  Great  Britain. 

1845.  Annexation  of  Texas. 

1845- 1849.  James  K.  Polk  president. 

1846.  Wilmot  Proviso  defeated;  Oregon 
treaty  settles  the  northeastern  boundary 
question. 

1846- 1848.  Mexican  War. 

1846-1847.  Taylor  wins  the  battles  of  Palo 

Alto,  May  8,  1846,  Resaca  de  la  Palma, 
May  9,  1846,  and  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  22- 
23,  1847 ; Scott  wins  victories  at  Vera 
Cruz,  March  29,  Cerro  Gordo,  April  17- 
18,  Contreras,  Aug.  19-20,  Churubuseo, 
Aug.  20,  Molino  del  Rey,  Sept.  8,  Chapul- 
tepec,  Sept.  13,  and  enters  the  city  of 
Mexico,  Sept.  14. 

1848.  By  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 
Feb.  2,  Mexico  gives  up  New  Mexico 
and  California  to  the  United  States;  gold 
discovered  in  California,  Jan.  24. 

1849.  California  demands  admission  as  a 
free  State. 

1849- 1850.  Zachary  Taylor  president. 

1850- 1853.  Millard  Fiilmore  president. 

1850.  Clay ’s  compromise  propositions ; Fugi- 
tive Slave  Law. 

1852.  Publication  of  “ Uncle  Tom ’s  Cabin.  ” 

1853-1857.  Franklin  Pierce  president. 

1853.  Gadsden  purchase,  Dec.  30,  settles 
boundary  dispute  with  Mexico. 

1854.  Kansas -Nebraska  bill  passed;  reci- 
procity with  Canada  by  treaty  with  Great 
Britain. 

1855.  Struggle  for  Kansas,  the  Topeka 
Convention. 

1857-1861.  James  Buchanan  president. 

1857.  Helper’s  “Impending  Crisis”;  Dred 
Scott  decision  declares  the  Missouri 
Compromise  unconstitutional. 

1858.  Lincoln  and  Douglas  debates. 

1859.  John  Brown  seizes  the  United  States 
Arsenal  at  Harper’s  Ferry,  Oct.  16. 

1860.  Lincoln  elected  president,  Nov.  6;  se- 
cession of  South  Carolina,  Dec.  20. 

1861.  Other  Southern  States  secede  and  then 
unite  under  the  title  of  “Confederate 
States  of  America,  ’ ’ Feb.  8 ; Fort  Sumter 
fired  on,  April  12;  Lincoln’s  call  for 
volunteers,  April  15 ; Queen  Victoria ’s 
proclamation  of  neutrality,  May  13 ; bat- 
tle of  Bull  Run,  July  21;  McClellan  takes 
command  of  the  Union  army,  Nov.  1;  the 
Mason  and  Slidell  affair,  Nov.  8. 

1862.  Grant  captures  Fort  Henry,  Feb.  6, 
and  Fort  Donelson,  Feb.  13-16;  fight 
between  the  Monitor  and  Merrimae, 
March  9 ; Farragut  captures  New  Or- 
leans, April  25;  McClellan’s  Peninsular 
campaign,  March-August;  battle  of  An- 
tietam,  Sept.  17;  Burnside  defeated  at 
Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13. 

1863.  Emancipation  proclamation,  Jan.  1; 
Hooker  defeated  at  Chancellorsville,  May 
2-4;  death  of  Stonewall  Jackson,  May 
10;  Meade  defeats  Lee  at  Gettysburg, 
July  1-3 ; Grant  captures  Vicksburg, 
July  4 ; battles  of  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19- 
20,  Lookout  Mountain,  Nov.  24,  and  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  Nov.  25. 

1864.  Grant  made  commander-in-chief, 
March  12;  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  May 
5-6,  and  Spotsylvania,  May  8-21;  Sher- 
man’s Atlanta  campaign,  May-Julv; 
Early  threatens  Washington,  July  11 ; 
Sheridan  defeats  Early  at  Cedar  Creek, 
Oct.  19 ; Sherman  captures  Savannah, 
Dec.  21 ; sea-fight  between  the  Kearsarge 
and  Alabama,  June  19. 

1865.  Lee  surrenders  to  Grant  at  Appo- 
mattox Court  House,  April  9 ; assassina- 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

NINETEENTH  C E N T U R Y— continued. 


United  States — continued. 

tion  of  Lincoln,  April  14;  thirteenth 
amendment  ratified,  Dec.  18. 

1865—1869.  Andrew  Johnson  president. 

1867.  Reconstruction  Acts  passed,  Jan.- 
March;  purchase  of  Alaska  from  Russia, 
by  treaty  of  March  30,  ratified  by  U.  S. 
Senate,  June  20. 

1868.  Impeachment  and  trial  of  President 
Johnson,  March-May;  fourteenth  amend- 
ment ratified,  July  28. 

1869-1877.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  president. 

1869.  “Black  Friday”  on  the  New  York 
Stock  Exchange,  Sept.  24. 

1870.  Fifteenth  amendment  ratified,  March 
30. 

1871.  Treaty  of  Washington  with  Great 
Britain,  May  8. 

1877-1881.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  president. 

1881.  James  A.  Garfield,  president,  shot 
July  2,  and  dies  Sept.  19. 

1881-1885.  Chester  A.  Arthur  president. 

1883.  The  Pendleton  Bill  introduces  civil 
service  reform,  Jan.  16. 

1885-1889.  Grover  Cleveland  president. 

1885.  Death  of  General  Grant,  July  23. 

1887.  Interstate  commerce  law,  Feb.  4. 

1889-1893.  Benjamin  Harrison  president. 

1890.  McKinley  tariff,  Oct. 

1893-1897.  Grover  Cleveland  president. 

1893.  World’s  Fair  at  Chicago. 

1894.  Riots  in  Chicago. 

1895.  President’s  Venezuela  message,  Dec. 
17 ; reform  of  the  civil  service. 

1897.  Dingley  Tariff  Act,  July  24;  Senate 
rejects  General  Arbitration  Treaty,  May  5. 

1897-1901.  William  McKinley  president. 

1898.  Annexation  of  Hawaii,  July  7 ; U.  S. 
S.  Maine  blown  up  at  Havana,  Feb.  15; 
war  with  Spain,  destruction  of  the  Span- 
ish fleet  in  Manila  Bay,  May  1,  and  of 
the  fleet  off  Santiago  de  Cuba,  July  3; 
United  States  acquires  Porto  Rico  and 
the  Philippines  by  the  treaty  with  Spain 
signed  at  Paris,  Dec.  10. 

Canada  and  Mexico. 

1821.  Mexico  wins  independence  from 
Spain. 

1824.  Federal  constitution  adopted  in 
Mexico. 

1826.  “Canada  Company”  incorporated. 

1832—1834.  Cholera  in  Canada. 

1837-1838.  Rebellion  breaks  out  in  Canada. 

1841.  Canadian  Act  of  Union. 

1844.  Seat  of  Canadian  government  re- 
moved to  Montreal. 

1846.  Destruction  by  fire  of  St.  John’s,  New- 
foundland. 

1859.  The  Reform  Laws  (Mexican)  of 
Juarez. 

1863.  The  French  capture  Puebla,  organize 
a government,  and  elect  Maximilian  of 
Hapsburg  emperor  of  Mexico,  July. 

1864.  Scheme  for  a Canadian  Maritime 
Union,  the  Charlottetown  and  Quebec 
Conferences,  Oct.  16-28. 

1865.  The  Quebec  Resolutions  become  law. 

1866.  Fenian  invasion  of  Canada. 


United  States. 

1901.  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical 
Research  founded  in  New  York;  the 
Carnegie  Institute  for  Research  founded; 
second  inauguration  of  President  Mc- 
Kinley, March  4;  Andrew  Carnegie 
presents  $5,200,000  to  the  city  of  New 
York  for  libraries,  March  ; Jacob  S.  Rogers 
bequeaths  $5,000,000  to  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art  in  New  York;  President 
McKinley  assassinated  at  the  Pan-Amer- 
ican Exposition  in  Buffalo,  Sept.  6;  Theo- 
dore Roosevelt  becomes  president,  Sept.  14. 


Canada  and  Mexico— continued. 

1867.  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New 
Brunswick  united  into  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  July  1 ; first  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment, Nov.  7-Dec.  21;  withdrawal  of  the 
French  troops  from  Mexico,  Feb.;  exe- 
cution of  Maximilian,  June  19;  Diaz 
captures  Puebla,  April  2,  and  city  of 
Mexico,  June  21. 

1870.  Canada  purchases  the  Northwest  from 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 

1873.  Canada  aroused  over  the  “Pacific 
Scandal.  ’ ’ 

1877.  Diaz  elected  president  of  Mexico, 
May;  St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  destroyed 
by  fire,  June  20;  the  Halifax  fisheries 
award. 

1885.  Saskatchewan  rebellion  put  down  by 
the  Canadian  government,  May  9. 

1887.  Interprovincial  Congress  meets  at 
Quebec. 

1893.  Settlement  of  the  Bering  Sea  dispute 
with  United  States. 

1894.  Colonial  conference  at  Ottawa. 

South  America. 

1810.  Beginning  of  movement  of  emancipa- 
tion from  Spain. 

1811.  Paraguay  a republic. 

1818.  Chile  freed,  O’Higgins  dictator, 
Feb.  12. 

1819.  Republic  of  Colombia  formed,  Bolivar 
president,  Dec.  17. 

1822.  Dom  Pedro  crowned  emperor  of  Brazil, 
Dec.  1. 

1824.  Peru  independent,  Dec.  9. 

1825.  Independence  of  Argentine  Confedera- 
tion recognized  by  Great  Britain. 

1826.  Panama  Congress. 

1828.  Uruguay  becomes  free. 

1830.  Colombia  divided  into  New  Granada 
(Colombia),  Venezuela,  and  Ecuador. 

1833.  Chile  adopts  its  constitution. 

1879.  War  between  Chile  and  Peru. 

1885.  Boundary  dispute  between  Chile  and 
Argentine  settled  by  treaty. 

1888.  Brazil  emancipates  the  slaves,  May  15. 

1889.  Monarchy  in  Brazil  overthrown,  Nov. 
15-16. 

1890.  Separation  of  church  and  state  in 
Brazil  decreed  by  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment ; revolution  in  Argentine,  July  26. 

1891.  Manuel  Fonseca  elected  first  presi- 
dent of  Brazil,  Feb.  24. 

1893-1894.  Revolution  in  Brazil,  aiming 
at  restoration  of  the  empire. 

The  East. 

1816-1818.  Last  Mahratta  war  in  India. 

1830.  Abolition  of  the  suttee. 

1836-1842.  Lord  Auckland  governor-general 
of  India. 

1840-1842.  War  between  China  and  Great 
Britain  over  the  opium  trade. 

1842.  First  Afghan  War,  Kabul  evacuated 
by  the  British,  Jan.,  and  retaken,  Sept.; 
Hong-Kong  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  char- 
ter bearing  date  April  5,  1843. 


TWENTIETH  CENTURY. 

United  States— continued. 

1902.  Andrew  Carnegie  gives  $10,000,000  to 
the  Carnegie  Institute  at  Washington; 
visit  of  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia;  great 
strike  of  anthracite-coal  miners  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

1903.  The  cable  to  the  Philippine  Islands 
completed,  July  4,  and  a message  sent 
around  the  world  in  twelve  minutes;  the 
Panama  Canal  treaty  rejected  by  the 
Senate  of  Colombia;  independence  of  the 
Republic  of  Panama  recognized,  Nov.  6, 
by  the  United  States,  and  later  by  other 


The  East — continued. 

1844.  China  makes  treaties  with  the  United 
States  and  France. 

1845-1846.  First  Sikh  War  in  India. 

1848-1849.  Second  Sikh  War. 

1849.  Pan  jab  annexed  by  Great  Britain. 

1850.  Outbreak  of  the  Tai-ping  rebellion  in 
China. 

1853.  Perry’s  expedition  reaches  Japan, 
July  8. 

1854.  Japan  makes  treaties  with  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain. 

1857.  Great  Britain  and  France  make  war 
on  China ; capture  of  Canton,  Dec.  28-29  ; 
mutiny  of  the  Sepoy  troops  in  India, 
June-July;  massacre  at  Cawnpore,  July 
15 ; relief  of  Lucknow,  Sept.  25 ; siege, 
June-Sept.,  and  capture,  Sept.  20,  of 
Delhi. 

1858.  The  government  of  India  taken  over 
by  the  crown,  viceroy  instead  of  gov- 
ernor-general; Japan  concludes  commer- 
cial treaties  with  United  States,  France, 
Great  Britain,  and  Russia;  China  makes 
the  treaties  of  Tientsin  with  United 
States,  Great  Britain,  and  France,  June 
26. 

1860.  Treaty  of  Peking,  Oct.,  opens  China 
in  a measure  to  toleration  of  Christianity, 
and  permits  resident  ambassadors  at 
Peking. 

1864.  Bombardment  of  the  Shimonoseki 
(Japanese)  batteries  by  American  and 
European  war-ships;  Tai-ping  rebellion 
in  China  suppressed  by  Gordon. 

1867-1868.  Abolition  of  the  shogunate,  and 
restoration  of  the  mikado  in  Japan. 

1869.  Opening  of  the  Suez  Canal. 

1871.  Feudalism  abolished  in  Japan. 

1876.  First  railroad  in  China  completed. 

1877.  Queen  Victoria  proclaimed  Empress  of 
India. 

1878-1880.  Second  war  between  England 
and  the  Afghans,  Roberts ’s  march  from 
Kabul  to  Kandahar,  Oct. 

1881.  Treaty  of  peace  between  China  and 
Russia,  Aug.  19. 

1882-1885.  China  and  France  quarrel  over 
Tonquin. 

1885.  Tonquin  ceded  to  France,  April  5. 

1889.  Constitution  promulgated  in  Japan. 

1890.  First  meeting  of  Japanese  parliament. 

1894.  War  between  China  and  Japan  begins, 
July  25. 

1895.  By  the  treaty  of  Shimonoseki  with 
China,  April  17,  Japan  gets  the  Liao- 
tung Peninsula,  Island  of  Formosa,  and 
Pescadores  Archipelago. 

1896.  Defeat  of  an  Italian  army  by  Menelik 
at  Adowa,  March  1. 

1898.  Anti-foreign  feeling  in  China ; dow- 
ager empress  becomes  supreme  at  Peking. 

1900.  The  Boxer  disturbances  in  China, 
June;  Taku  forts  captured  by  the  for- 
eign allies,  June  17 ; the  foreign  legations 
besieged  in  Peking,  June;  Baron  von 
Ketteler,  German  minister  to  China,  mur- 
dered by  a mob  in  Peking,  June  20; 
Peking  captured  by  the  foreign  forces, 
Aug.  14. 


United  States — continued. 

nations ; first  success  in  mechanical  flight 
obtained  by  the  Wright  brothers,  Dee.  17  ; 
Iroquois  Theater  fire  in  Chicago,  Dec.  30. 

1904.  Great  fire  in  Baltimore,  Feb.  8;  canal 
treaty  with  Panama  ratified,  Feb.  23 ; An- 
drew Carnegie  establishes  fund  of  $5,- 
000,000  to  provide  for  those  who  risk 
their  lives  for  others,  and  for  the  wives 
and  orphans  of  those  who  sacrifice  their 
lives  for  others;  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  at  St.  Louis  opened,  April  30; 
burning  of  the  excursion  steamer  General 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OE  THE  CHIEF  EVENTS  OF  HISTORY 

TWENTIETH  C E N T U R Y— continued. 


United  States — continued. 

Slocum  in  the  East  River,  New  York 
city,  with  loss  of  about  one  thousand 
lives,  June  15;  strike  of  forty-five  thou- 
sand employees  of  meat-packing  estab- 
lishments at  Chicago;  the  New  York 
subway  opened,  Oct.  27. 

1905.  Theodore  Roosevelt  inaugurated  presi- 
dent, March  4;  the  body  of  John  Paul 
Jones  discovered  in  Paris,  March  31,  re- 
moved, and  interred  at  Annapolis,  July; 
Andrew  Carnegie  gives  $10,000,000  to 
establish  the  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the 
Advancement  of  Teaching;  Lewis  and 
Clark  Centennial  Exposition  at  Portland, 
Oregon,  opened,  June  1;  death  of  John 
Hay,  secretary  of  state,  July  1. 

1906.  San  Francisco  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake, April  18 ; riot  of  negro  troops  at 
Brownsville,  Texas;  President  Palma  of 
Cuba  resigns,  Sept.,  and  President  Roose- 
velt appoints  a provisional  governor; 
President  Roosevelt  visits  Panama  and 
Porto  Rico. 

1907.  John  D.  Rockefeller  gives  $32,000,000 
to  the  General  Education  Board;  Mrs. 
Russell  Sage  gives  $10,000,000  to  estab- 
lish the  Sage  Foundation  for  philan- 
thropic work;  Andrew  Carnegie  gives 
$6,000,000  to  the  Carnegie  Institute  at 
Pittsburgh;  the  Jamestown  Tercentennial 
Exposition  opened,  April  26. 

1908.  Cruise  of  the  battle-ship  fleet  around 
the  world;  tunnel  under  the  East  River 
to  Brooklyn  opened,  Jan.  9;  $13,000,000 
of  Boxer  indemnity  money  returned  to 
China;  tunnel  under  the  Hudson  to  Jer- 
sey City  opened,  Feb.  25;  conference  of 
State  governors  on  conservation  of  na- 
tional resources  held  at  Washington,  May 
13-15. 

1909.  Inauguration  of  President  William 
Howard  Taft,  March  4;  Ex-President 
Roosevelt  goes  on  hunting  trip  to  Africa; 
the  United  States  government  withdraws 
from  Cuba;  Commander  Robert  E.  Peary 
reaches  the  North  Pole,  April  6;  the 
Alaska-Y’ukon -Pacific  Exposition  at  Seat- 
tle opened,  J une  1 ; the  Hudson-Fulton 
celebration  in  New  York. 

1910.  Glenn  H.  Curtiss  flies  from  Albany  to 
New  York,  May  29;  the  Pennsylvania 
railroad  station  in  New  York  and  the 
railroad  tunnels  under  the  Hudson 
opened,  Sept.  8;  Andrew  Carnegie  estab- 
lishes a fund  of  $10,000,000  to  promote 
the  abolition  of  war,  Dec.  14. 

1911.  Experimental  postal  savings  banks  are 
opened  in  all  States  and  Territories,  Jan. 
3;  California  extends  suffrage  to  women, 
Oct.  10;  the  McNamara  brothers  confess 
to  a plot  among  union  workers  which  re- 
sulted in  the  destruction  by  dynamite  of 
the  Times  Building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  on 
Oct.  1,  1910. 

1912.  New  Mexico  (Jan.  6)  and  Arizona 
(Feb.  14)  are  admitted  to  statehood; 
great  strike  of  textile  mill  workers  at 
Lawrence,  Mass.  (Jan.  12-March  24)  ; 
lives  of  many  Americans  lost  in  the  sink- 
ing of  the  Titanic,  April  15 ; organization 
of  the  National  Progressive  Party  under 
leadership  of  Ex-President  Roosevelt, 
August ; provision  for  experimental  parcel 
post  to  be  effective  Jan.  1,  1913,  is  made, 
Aug.  13;  Woodrow  Wilson  elected  Presi- 
dent by  the  Democratic  Party,  Nov.  5; 
Arizona,  Kansas,  and  Oregon  extend  the 
suffrage  to  women;  labor-union  officials 
from  many  States  (mainly  members  of 
the  Ironworkers’  Union)  are  arrested 
through  the  confessions  of  the  McNamara 
brothers,  are  tried  before  a Federal  court 
at  Indianapolis,  and  38  are  found  guilty 
of  dynamite  conspiracy,  Dec.  28. 


British  Empire. 


Continental  Europe — continued. 


1901.  The  Commonwealth  of  Australia  pro- 
claimed, Jan.  1;  continuance  of  the  Boer 
war  through  the  year;  death  of  Queen 
Victoria,  Jan.  22,  and  accession  of  Ed- 
ward VII. ; Andrew  Carnegie  gives  $10,- 
000,000  to  Scotch  universities. 

1902.  Death  of  Cecil  Rhodes,  March  26; 
foundation  of  Rhodes  Scholarships  an- 
nounced ; close  of  the  Boer  war,  May  31 ; 
coronation  of  King  Edward  VII.,  Aug.  9. 

1904.  Colonel  Younghusband  enters  Lhasa, 
Tibet,  Sept.  7. 

1907.  Lord  Cromer,  British  agent  and  con- 
sul-general in  Egypt,  resigned;  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  destroyed  by  earthquake,  Jan. 
14. 

1908.  Demonstration  of  ten  thousand  wo- 
men in  London  for  the  suffrage,  June  13. 

1909.  The  House  of  Lords  rejects  the  Bud- 
get. 

1910.  Contest  in  Parliament  over  the  veto 
power  of  the  House  of  Lords;  death  of 
King  Edward  VII.,  May  6,  and  accession 
of  George  V. ; the  Colonial  Federation  of 
United  South  Africa  comes  into  exist- 
ence. 

1911.  Coronation  of  King  George  V.,  June 
22 ; the  Parliament  Bill  limiting  the  power 
of  the  House  of  Lords  receives  royal  as- 
sent, Aug.  18 ; King  George  and  Queen 
Mary  are  crowned  emperor  and  empress 
of  India  at  Delhi,  announce  change  of 
capital  from  Calcutta  to  Delhi  and  the  re- 
adjustment of  some  Indian  provinces, 
Dec.  12. 

1912.  Strike  of  British  coal-miners  (est. 
number,  1,000,000),  Feb.  26-April  6,  ends 
through  the  passing  of  the  Minimum 
Wage  Bill;  third  Home  Rule  Bill  intro- 
duced by  Mr.  Asquith,  April  11;  National 
Insurance  Act  comes  into  force,  July  15. 

Continental  Europe. 

1901.  Queen  Wilhelmina  of  Holland  mar- 
ried to  Duke  Henry  of  Mecklenburg- 
Sehwerin,  Feb.  7 ; the'  International  Court 
of  Arbitration  at  The  Hague  organized, 
Jan.  30. 

1902.  Coronation  of  King  Alfonso  XIII.  at 
Madrid,  May  17 ; fall  of  the  Campanile 
in  Venice,  July  14. 

1903.  Massacre  of  Jews  at  Kishineff,  Russia, 
April  19-20;  the  King  and  Queen  of 
Servia  assassinated  at  Belgrad,  June  10; 
accession  of  Peter  I.  of  Servia;  death  of 
Pope  Leo  XIII.,  July  20;  election  of 
Pope  Pius  X.;  closing  of  the  schools  and 
houses  of  the  religious  orders  in  France, 
with  resistance  and  riots. 

1904.  France  gives  up  the  French  shore  of 
Newfoundland,  April  8;  wTar  between 
Russia  and  Japan  opens,  Feb.  6. 

1905.  Black  Sunday  at  St.  Petersburg,  strik- 
ers attempting  to  present  a petition  to 
the  Czar  are  fired  on  by  troops,  Jan.  22; 
assassination  of  Grand  Duke  Sergius  of 
Russia,  Feb.  17 ; the  Simplon  tunnel  be- 
tween Italy  and  Switzerland  completed; 
visit  of  Emperor  William  to  Tangier, 
antagonizing  the  Anglo-French  agree- 
ment concerning  Morocco ; the  union  of 
Sweden  and  Norway  dissolved,  June  8; 
Prince  Charles  of  Denmark  chosen  king 
of  Norway  as  Haakon  VII.,  Nov.  18; 
riots  in  Odessa  directed  against  Jews. 

1906.  Accession  of  Frederick  VIII.  of  Den- 
mark, Jan.  30;  Armand  Fallieres  elected 
President  of  France,  Feb.  17 ; eruption  of 
Mount  Vesuvius,  April  8;  revival  of  the 
Olympic  games  at  Athens;  the  Algeeiras 
conference  on  Moroccan  affairs,  Jan.  16— 
April  7 ; international  exposition  at 
Milan  opened,  April  29;  the  Czar  opens, 
and  soon  after  dissolves,  the  first  Russian 
Duma;  Alfred  Dreyfus  is  vindicated  by 
the  court  of  last  resort  in  France  and  re- 
stored to  the  army,  July  12-13. 


1907.  The  separation  of  church  and  state 
in  France  is  promulgated;  the  second 
Russian  Duma  opens,  March  5,  and  is 
soon  dissolved;  later  the  third  Duma 


“I 7 


limited  suffrage  to  women,  June”;  the 
second  international  peace  conference 
held  at  The  Hague,  June  15-Oct.  18. 

1908.  An  agreement  between  France  and 
Germany  on  Morocco  is  reached;  Messina, 
Sicily,  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  Dec. 

1909.  Revolution  in  Turkey,  Abdul  Hamid 
deposed,  April  27 ; accession  of  Mehmed 
V.;  M.  Bleriot  flew  across  the  English 
Channel,  July  25;  execution  of  Francisco 
Ferrer  in  Spain,  Oct.  13,  causes  wide- 
sprea  1 agitation  in  Europe. 

1910.  Paris  inundated  by  an  extraordinary 
overflow  of  the  river  Seine;  revolution  in 
Portugal,  the  monarchy  overthrown  and  a 
republic  established,  Oct.  5 ; death  of  Leo 
Tolstoi,  Nov.  20. 

1911.  Italy  declares  war  on  Turkey,  Sept. 
29,  and  annexes  Tripoli;  Roald  Amundsen 
reaches  the  South  Pole,  Dec.  14. 

1912.  Treaty  signed  between  Italy  and  Tur- 
key, by  which  Tripoli  comes  under  Italian 
control,  Oct.  18;  war  is  declared  (Octo- 
ber) by  allied  powers  of  Montenegro, 
Bulgaria,  Servia,  and  Greece  against  Tur- 
key, and  (except  for  Greece)  is  suspended 
by  an  armistice,  Dec.  3. 


China  and  Japan. 

1901.  Death  of  Li  Hung  Chang,  Nov.  7. 

1904.  The  war  in  Manchuria  between  Japan 
and  Russia  opens,  with  rupture  of  dip- 
lomatic relations,  Feb.  6;  attack  by  Ad- 
miral Togo  on  the  Russian  fleet  at  Port 
Arthur,  Feb.  8 ; naval  fight  off  Chemulpo, 
Feb.  9 ; the  great  battle  of  Liao-yang  is 
won  by  the  Japanese,  Aug.  25-Sept.  4; 
the  Japanese  win  the  battle  of  the  Shalio, 
Oct.  9-14;  siege  of  Port  Arthur  by  the 
Japanese,  July,  1904-Jan.  1,  1905. 

1905.  The  Japanese  capture  Port  Arthur, 
Jan.  1;  the  great  battle  of  Mukden  won 
by  the  Japanese,  Feb.  19-March  10;  the 
naval  battle  of  the  Sea  of  Japan  won  by 
the  Japanese  under  Admiral  Togo,  the 
Russian  fleet  destroyed,  May  27-28;  the 
treaty  of  Portsmouth  closes  the  war, 
Sept.  5. 

1907.  Japan  assumes  control  of  Korea,  July 
31. 

1908.  Death  of  the  Emperor  of  China,  Aug. 
14,  and  of  the  Dowager  Empress,  Aug.  15. 

1909.  Assassination  of  Prince  Ito  of  Japan 
at  Harbin,  Manchuria,  Oct.  26. 

1910.  Korea  annexed  by  Japan,  Aug.  29. 

1912.  Abdication  of  the  emperor  is  followed 

by  the  establishment  of  a republic  in 
China,  Feb.  12 ; Yiian  Shi-kai  is  elected 
the  first  president  of  the  Chinese  Repub- 
lic, Feb.  15;  death  of  Mutsuhito,  Em- 
peror of  Japan,  July  30,  and  accession  of 
his  third  son,  Yoshihito. 

Miscellaneous. 

1902.  First  Congress  of  the  Cuban  Republic 
met  in  Havana,  May  5;  eruption  of 
Mount  Pelee,  Martinique,  destroys  St. 
Pierre  and  30,000  inhabitants,  May  8; 
Tomas  Estrada  Palma,  first  President  of 
the  Cuban  Republic,  inaugurated,  May  20. 

1906.  The  Shah  of  Persia  opens  the  first  Per- 
sian Parliament,  Oc-t.  7. 

1909.  The  Shah  of  Persia  dethroned,  July 
16. 

1910.  The  railroad  tunnel  under  the  Andes, 
connecting  Chile  and  Argentina,  opened. 

1911.  Revolution  in  Mexico  results  in  the 
resignation  of  President  Diaz,  May  25, 
and  the  election  of  General  Francisco  I. 
Madero  as  President,  Oct.  1. 


LISTS  OF  RULERS 


Kings  of  Egypt. 

(Dates  after  Flinders  Petrie, 

“ History  of  Egypt.") 

Menes  4777-4715 


Khufu  (Cheops)  3969-3908 


Twelfth  Dynasty. 


Amenemhat  I. 
Usertesen  I. 
Amenemhat  II. 
Usertesen  II. 
Usertesen  III. 
Amenemhat  III. 
Two  kings 


2778-2748 

2758-2714 

2716-2681 

2684-2660 

2660-2622 

2622-2578 

2578-2565 


Eighteenth  Dynasty. 


Aahmes  I. 
Amenhotep  I. 
Thothmes  I. 
Thothmes  II. 
Hatasu  (queen) 
Thothmes  III. 
Amenhotep  II. 
Thothmes  IV. 
Amenhotep  III. 
Five  kings 


1587-1562 

1562-1541 

1541-1516 

1516-1503 

1503-1481 

1481-1449 

1449-1423 

1423-1414 

1414^1383 

1383-1328 


Nineteenth  Dynasty. 


Rameses  I. 
Seti  I. 
Rameses  II. 
Mineptah 
Five  kings 


Shishak 


1328-1326 

1326-1300 

1300-1234 

1234-1214 

1214-1202 

952-930 


Twenty-sixth  Dynasty. 


Psammetichus  I. 
Necho  II. 
Psammetichus  II. 
Uahabra 
Aahmes  II. 
Psammetichus  III. 


Kings  of  Egypt— continued. 

B.C. 

Ptolemy  XII.  Alexander  II.  81 
Ptolemy  XIII.  Auletes  81-58 
Berenice  IV.  (queen)  58-55 
Auletes  (again)  55-52 

Cleopatra  VI.  52-49 

Ptolemy  XIV.,  Cleopatra ’s 

brother  52-48 

Cleopatra  VI.  (again)  48-30 
Ptolemy  XV.,  Cleopatra  ’s 

brother  48-45 

Ptolemy  XVI.,  Cleopatra  ’s  son 

45-30 

Kings  of  Assyria. 

Tiglath-Pileser  I.  1120-1100 

Tiglath-Pileser  II.  950-930 
Asur-dan  II.  930-911 

Ramman-Nirari  II.  911-890 
Tukulti-Nindar  890-884 

Asurnazirpal  884^860 

Shalmaneser  II.  860-824 

Shamas-Rimmon  IV.  824^811 
Ramman-Nirari  III.  811-782 
Shalmaneser  III.  782-772 

Asur-dan  III.  772-754 

Asur-nirari  754^745 

Tiglath-Pileser  III. 

(Phul)  745-727 

Shalmaneser  IV.  727-722 

Sargon  722-705 

Sennacherib  705-681 

Esarhaddon  680-668 

Asurbanipal  668-626 

Two  kings  626-606 


Kings  of  Babylon. 


Nabopolassar 

Nebuchadnezzar 


664-610 

610-594 

594-589 

589-570 

570-526 

526-525 


Kings  of  Israel  and  Judah. 

(Dates  after  Duncker. ) 
Kings  of  the  Undivided 


Kingdom. 


Saul 

David 


Kings  of  Israel  and  Judah— 

Roman  Emperors- 

—continued. 

continued. 

Macrinus 

A.D. 

217-218 

Kinas  of  Israel. 

Elagabalus 

218-222 

B.  C. 

Alexander  Severus 

222-235 

Jeroboam  I. 

953-927 

Maximinus 

235-238 

Nadab 

927-925 

Gordianus  I. 

238 

Baasha 

925-901 

Gordianus  II. 

238 

Elah 

901-899 

Balbinus  ) 

238 

Ziinri 

899 

Pupienus  ) 

238 

Omri 

899-875 

Gordianus  III. 

238-244 

Ahab 

875-853 

Philip 

244-249 

Ahaziah 

853-851 

Decius 

249-251 

J oram 

851-843 

Gallus  251 

-253  or  254 

Jehu 

843-815 

ZEmilianus 

253 

Jehoahaz 

815-798 

Valerian  ) 

254-260 

Joash 

798-790 

Gallienus  ( 

254^268 

Jeroboam  II. 

790-749 

Claudius  II. 

268-270 

Zachariah 

749-748 

Aurelian 

270-275 

Shallum 

748 

Tacitus 

275-276 

Menahem 

748-738 

Probus 

276-282 

Pekahiah 

738-736 

Carus 

282-283 

Pekah 

736-734 

Carinus  ) 

283-285 

Iloshea 

734-722 

Numerianus  ) 

283-284 

Diocletian  ) 

284-305 

Kings  of  Persia. 

Maximian  ( 

286-305 

625-605 

605-562 


1055-1033 
1033  993 


Cyrus  558-529 

Cambyses  529-522 

Darius  Hvstaspes  521-486 

Xerxes  L 486(5)-465(4) 

Artaxerxes  Longimanus 

465(4)-425(4) 
Xerxes  II.  425(4) 

Darius  Nothus  425  (4)-405  (4) 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon 

405-361(59) 
Artaxerxes  III.  361(59) -338 
Arses  338  336 

Darius  Codoinanus  336-330 

Kings  of  Macedonia. 

Amyntas  II.  394-370 

Alexander  II.  369-368 

Ptolemy  I.  368-365 

Perdiccas  III.  365-359 

Amyntas  III.  359 

Philip  II.  359  336 

Alexander  III.  (Macedonian 
empire)  336-323 


Constantius  Chlorus  ( 305-306 

Galerius  S 305-311 

Constantine  I.  306-337 

Maxentius  306-312 

Maximian  (again)  306-308 
Severus  306-307 

Licinius  307-324 

Constantine  II.)  • 337-340 

Constans  fe1“F're,  337-350 
Constantius  II.  S CUVKlea  337-361 
Julian  361-363 

Jovianus  363-364 

Valentinian  I.  (West)  364-375 
Valens  (East)  364-378 

Gratian  (West)  367-383 

Valentinian  TI.  (West)  375-392 
Theodosius  I.  (East)  379-394 
Maximus  (West)  383-388 

Eugenius  (West)  392-394 

Theodosius  I.  (sole  emperor) 

394-395 


Western  Roman  Emperors. 

Honorius  395-423 


The  Ptolemies. 

Solomon 

993  953 

Roman  Emperors. 

Joannes 

Valentinian  III. 

424 

425-455 

Ptolemy  I.  Soter  306-285 

Kings  of  Judah. 

Augustus  31 

Tiberius 

B.C.— 14  A.D. 
14-37 

Petronius  Maximus 
Avitus 

455 
455  456 

Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus 

Rehoboam 

953-932 

Caligula 

37-41 

Majoriauus 

457-461 

285-247 

Abijah 

932  929 

Claudius  I. 

41-54 

Libius  Severus 

461-465 

Ptolemy  III.  Euergetes  I. 

Asa 

929  873 

Nero 

54-68 

Anthemius  467 

473(472?) 

247-222 

Jehoshaphat 

873-848 

Galba 

68-69 

Olybrius 

472 

Ptolemy  IV.  Philopator  I. 

Joram 

848-844 

Otho 

69 

Glycerius 

473 

222-204(205?) 

Ahaziah 

844-843 

Vitellius 

69 

Julius  Nepos 

474-475 

Ptolemy  V.  Epiphanes 

204(205 ?)-181 
Ptolemy  VI.  Eupator  181 

Athaliah 

Joash 

Amaziah 

843-837 

837-797 

797-792 

Vespasian 

Titus 

Domitian 

70-79 

79-81 

81-96 

Romulus  Augustulus 

475-476 

Ptolemy  VII.  Philometor  I. 

Uzziah 

792-740 

Nerva 

96-98 

■Eastern  Emnernrs. 

181-146 

Jotham 

740-734 

Trajan 

98-117 

Cleopatra  I.  (regent)  181-173 

Ahaz 

734?-727  ? 

Hadrian 

117-138 

Arcadius 

395-408 

Ptolemy  VIII.  Philopator  II. 

Hezekiah 

727-699? 

Antoninus  Pius 

138-161 

Theodosius  II. 

408  450 

146 

Manasseh 

697-642 

Marcus  Aurelius 

161  180 

Marcianus 

450-457 

Ptolemy  IX.  Euergetes  II. 

Amon 

642-640 

Commodus 

180-192 

Leo  I. 

457-474 

146  117 

Josiah 

640  609 

Pertinax 

192-193 

Leo  II. 

474 

Ptolemy  X.  Soter  II.  117-107 

Jehoahaz 

609 

Didius  Julianus 

193 

Zeno 

474-491 

Ptolemy  XI.  Alexander  I. 

Jehoiakim 

609  597 

Septimius  Severus 

193-211 

Anastasius  I. 

491  -518 

107  88 

Jehoiachin 

597 

Caraealla  ) 

211-217 

Justin  I. 

518  527 

Soter  II.  (again)  88  81 

Zedekiah 

597-586 

Geta  ( 

211-212 

Justinian  I. 

527-565 

LISTS  OF  RULERS 


Eastern  Emperors — continued. 


Justin  II. 

Tiberius  II. 

Maurice 
Phocas 
Heraclius 
Constantine  III. 
Constans  II. 
Constantine  IV. 
Justinian  II. 

Leontius 
Tiberius  III. 

Justinian  II.  (again) 
Philippus  Bardanes 
Anastasius  II. 
Theodosius  III. 

Leo  III.  (the  Isaurian) 
Constantine  V. 

Leo  IV. 

Constantine  VI. 

Irene 

Nicephorus  I. 
Stauracius 
Michael  I. 

Leo  V. 

Michael  II. 

Theophilus 
Michael  III. 

Basil  I. 

Leo  VI. 

Alexander 
Constantine  VII. 
Romanus  I.  (regent) 
Christopher  (regent) 
Stephen  (regent) 
Romanus  II. 
Nicephorus  II. 

John  I. 

Basil  II. 

Constantine  VIII. 
Romanus  III. 

Michael  IV. 

Michael  V. 

Constantine  IX.  ( 

Zoe  1 

Theodora 
Michael  VT. 

Isaac 

Constantine  X. 
Eudocia  ( 
Romanus  IV.  ( 
Michael  VII.  ) 

Constantine  XI.  ( 
Nicephorus  III. 
Alexius  I. 

John  II.  Comnenus 
Manuel  I. 

Alexius  II. 

Andronicus  I. 

Isaac  II. 

Alexius  III. 


565-578 
578-582 
582-602 
602-610 
610  641 
641 
641-668 
668-685 
685-695 
695-698 
698-705 
705-711 
711-713 
713-716 
716-717 
718-741 
741-775 
775-780 
780-797 
797-802 
802-811 
811 
811-813 
813-820 
820  829 
829-842 
842  867 
867-886 
886-911 
911-912 
911-959 

919- 944 

920- 931 
928-945 
959-963 
963-969 
969-976 

976-1025 
1025-1028 
1028-1034 
1034-1041 
1041-1042 
1042  1054 
1042  1050 
1054-1056 

1056- 1057 

1057- 1059 
1059-1067 

1067- 1071 

1068- 1071 
1071-1078 
1071-1078 
1078-1081 
1081-1118 
1118  1143 
1143-1180 
1180-1183 
1183-1185 
1185-1195 
1195-1203 


Isaac  II.  (restored)  1203-1204 


Alexius  IV. 
Alexius  V. 


1203-1204 

1204 


(At  Niccea.) 

Theodore  Lascaris  I.  1204-1222 
John  III.  Ducas  Vataces 

1222-1255 
Theodore  Lascaris  II. 

1255-1259 
John  IV.  Lascaris  1259-1261 

( Restored  to  Constantinople.) 

Michael  VIII.  1261-1282 

Andronicus  II.  1282-1328 
Michael  IX.  (regent) 

1295-1320 
Andronicus  III.  1328-1341 
John  Palaeologus  I.  1341-1376 
John  Cantacuzenus  (regent) 

1347-1354 
Andronicus  IV.  1376-1379 
John  Palfeologus  I.  (restored) 

1379-1391 
Manuel  II.  1391-1425 

John  Palaeologus  II.  1425-1448 
Constantine  XIII.  Palaeologus 

1448-1453 


Latin  Emperors  at 
Constantinople. 


Baldwin  I. 
Henry  I. 
Peter 
Robert 
Baldwin  II. 


1204^-1205 

1206-1216 

1216-1221 

1221-1228 

1228-1261 


Carlovingian  Roman  Emperors. 


Charlemagne 
Louis  I. 
Lothaire  I. 
Louis  II. 
Charles  II. 
Charles  III. 
Arnulf 


800-814 
814-840 
840  855 
855-875 
875-877 
881-887 
896-899 


Kings  of  Germany  and  Emperors 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire 
after  962. 

Louis  the  German  843-876 

Charles  the  Fat  876-887 

Arnulf  887-899 

Louis  the  Child  900-911 

Conrad  I.  911-918 

Henry  I.  919  936 

Otto  I.  (emperor)  936-973 
Otto  II.  (emperor)  973-983 
Otto  III.  (emperor)  983-1002 
Henry  II.  (emperor)  1002-1024 
Conrad  II.  (emperor)  1024-1039 
Henry  III.  (emperor)  1039-1056 
Henry  IV.  (emperor)  1056-1106 
Rudolph  1077-1080 

Henry  V.  (emperor)  1106-1125 
Lothaire  II.  (emperor) 

1125-1137 
Conrad  III.  (emperor) 

1138-1152 

Frederick  I.  (emperor) 

1152-1190 

Henry  VI.  (emperor)  1190-1197 
Philip  1198-1208 

Otto  IV.  (emperor)  1198-1215 
Frederick  II.  (emperor) 

1215-1250 
William  1247-1256 

Conrad  IV.  1250-1254 

Interregnum  1256-1273 

Rudolph  I.  1273-1291 

Adolphus  1292-1298 

Albert  I.  1298-1308 

Henry  VII.  (emperor)  1308-1313 
Louis  IV.  (emperor)  1314-1347 
Frederick  III.  1314-1330 

Charles  IV.  (emperor) 

1347-1378 
Wenceslaus  1378-1400 

Rupert  1400-1410 

Jossus  1410-1411 

Sigismund  (emperor) 

1411-1437 
Albert  II.  1438-1439 

Frederick  IV.  (emperor) 

1440-1493 

Maximilian  I.  (emperor) 

1493-1519 
Charles  V.  (emperor)  1519-1556 
Ferdinand  I.  (emperor) 

1558-1564 

Maximilian  II.  (emperor) 

1564-1576 
Rudolph  II.  (emperor) 

1576-1612 
Matthias  (emperor)  1612-1619 
Ferdinand  II.  (emperor) 

1619-1637 

Ferdinand  III.  (emperor) 

1637-1657 
Leopold  I.  (emperor)  1658-1705 
Joseph  I.  (emperor)  1705-1711 
Charles  VI.  (emperor)  1711-1740 
Maria  Theresa  (empress) 

1740-1780 

Charles  VII.  (emperor) 

1742-1745 
Francis  I.  (emperor)  1745-1765 
Joseph  II.  (emperor)  1765-1790 
Leopoldll.  (emperor)  1790-1792 
Francis  II.  (emperor)  1792-1806 


Emperors  of  Austria. 

A.D. 

Francis  I.  (II.  of  Holy 

Roman  Empire)  1804-1835 
Ferdinand  I.  1835-1848 

Francis  Joseph  1848- 

Kings  of  Prussia  and  Emperors 
of  Germany  after  1871. 

Frederick  I.  1701-1713 

Frederick  William  I.  1713-1740 
Frederick  II.  1740-1786 

Frederick  William  II. 

1786-1797 

Frederick  William  III. 

1797-1840 

Frederick  William  IV. 


1840-1861 

William  I. 

1861-1888 

Frederick  III. 

1888 

William  II. 

1888 

Bishops  of  Rome  and  Popes. 

Peter  ( ?) 

42-66? 

Linus 

66-78 

Anacletus  I. 

78-91? 

Clement  I. 

91-100 

Evaristus 

100-109 

Alexander  I. 

about  109-119 

Sixtus  I. 

about  119-126 

Telesphorus 

127-139 

Hyginus 

139-142 

Pius  I. 

142-156 

Anicetus 

about  156-166 

Soterus 

166-174 

Eleutherus 

174-186 

Victor  I. 

about  187-200 

Zephyrinus 

about  200-217 

Calixtus  I. 

217-222 

Urban  I. 

222-230 

Pontianus 

230-235 

Anteros 

235-236 

Fabian 

236  250 

Cornelius 

251-253 

Lucius  I. 

253-254 

Stephen  I. 

254-257 

Sixtus  II. 

257-258 

Dionysius 

259-269 

Felix  I. 

269-274 

Eutychianus 

275-283 

Caius 

283-296 

Marcellinus 

296-304 

Marcellus 

307-309 

Eusebius 

310 

Milchiades 

311-314 

Silvester 

314-335 

Marcus 

336 

Julius  I. 

337-352 

Liberius 

352-366 

Felix  II. 

355-358 

Damasus 

366-384 

Ursinus  (antipope) 

366-384 

Siricius 

384 

or  385  398 

Anastasius 

398  402 

Innocent  I. 

402-417 

Zosimus 

417-418 

Boniface  I. 

418-422 

Celestine  I. 

422-432 

Sixtus  III. 

432-440 

Leo  I. 

440-461 

Hilarius 

461-467 

Simplicius 

468-483 

Felix  III. 

483-492 

Gelasius  I. 

492-496 

Anastasius  II. 

496-498 

Symmachus 

498-514 

Ilormisdas 

514-523 

John  I. 

523-526 

Felix  IV. 

526  530 

Boniface  II. 

530-532 

John  II. 

532-535 

Agapetus 

535-536 

Silverius 

536-537 

Vigilius 

537-555 

Pelagius  I. 

555-560 

John  III. 

560  573 

Benedict  I. 

574^578 

Pelagius  II. 

578-590 

Gregory  I. 

590-604 

Sabinianus 

604 

606  or  607 

Bishops  of  Rome  and  Popes— 

continued.  a.d. 
Boniface  III.  606  or  607 

Boniface  IV.  608-615 

Deusdedit  614(615)-617(618) 


Boniface  V. 
Honorius  I. 
Severinus 
John  IV. 
Theodore  I. 
Martin  I. 
Eugenius  I. 
Vitalianus 
Adeodatus 
Domnus  I. 
Agatho 
Leo  II. 
Benedict  II. 
John  V. 
Conon 
Sergius  I. 
John  VI. 
John  VII. 
Sisinnius 
Constantine 
Gregory  II. 
Gregory  III. 
Zacharius 
Stephen  II. 
Paul  I. 


619-625 
625-638 
640 
640  642 
642-649 
649-653 
654^657 
657-672 
672-676 
676-678 
678-682 
682-683 

684- 685 

685- 686 

686- 687 

687- 701 
701-705 
705-707 

708 

708-715 

715-731 

731-741 

741-752 

752-757 

757-767 


Constantine  Theophylactus 

767-768 


Stephen  III. 
Adrian  I. 

Leo  III. 
Stephen  IV. 
Paschal  I. 
Eugenius  II. 
Valentinus 
Gregory  IV. 
Sergius  II. 

Leo  IV. 
Benedict  III. 
Nicholas  I. 
Adrian  II. 

John  VIII. 
Martin  II. 
Adrian  III. 
Stephen  V. 
Formosus 
Boniface  VI. 
Stephen  VI. 
Romanus 
Theodoras  II. 
John  IX. 
Benedict  IV. 
Leo  V. 
Christopher 
Sergius  III. 
Anastasius  III. 
Landonius 
John  X. 

Leo  VI. 
Stephen  VII. 
John  XI. 

Leo  VII. 
Stephen  VIII. 
Martin  III. 
Agapetus  II. 
John  XII. 

Leo  VIII. 
Benedict  V. 
John  XIII. 
Benedict  VI. 
Domnus  II. 


768-772 

772-795 

795-816 

816- 817 

817- 824 
824-827 

827 
827-844 
844-847 
847-855 
855-858 
858  867 
867-872 
872-882 
882-884 
884-885 
885  891 
891  896 

896 
896  897 

897 

898 
898-900 
900-903 

903 
903  904 
904-911 
911-913 

913- 914 

914- 928 

928- 929 

929- 931 
931-932 
936-939 
939-942 
942-946 
946  955 
955-963 
963  965 

964- 965 

965- 972 
972-974 
974-975 


Boniface  VTI.  (antipope) 

974-984 


Benedict  VII. 

John  XIV. 

John  XV. 

Gregory  V. 

John  XVI.  (antipope) 
Silvester  II. 

John  XVII. 

John  XVIII. 

Sergius  IV. 

Benedict  VIII. 

John  XIX. 

Benedict  IX. 


975-983 
983-984 
985-996 
996  999 
997-998 
999-1003 
1003 
1003-1009 
1009-1012 
1012-1024 
1024-1033 
1033-1044 


Silvester  III.  (antipope)  1044 
Gregory  VI.  1045-1046 

Clement  II.  1046-1047 


LISTS  OF  RULEBS 


Bishops  of  Rome  and  Popes— 

continued.  a.d. 


Damasus  II. 
Leo  IX. 
Victor  II. 
Stephen  IX. 


Gregory  VII. 
Clement  III. 

Victor  III. 
Urban  II. 
Paschal  II. 
Gelasius  II. 


1048. 
1049-1054 
1055-1057 
1057-1058 
Benedict  X.  (antipope)  1058 
Nicholas  II.  1058-1061 

Alexander  II.  1061-1073 

Ilonorius  II.  (antipope) 

1061-1064 
1073-1085 
(antipope) 

1080-1085 
1086-1087 
1088-1099 
1099-1118 
1118-1119 
Gregory  VIII.  (antipope) 

1118-1121 
Calixtus  II.  1119-1124 

Ilonorius  II.  1124^1130 

Innocent  II.  1130-1143 

Anacletus  II.  (antipope) 

1130-1138 
Victor  IV.  (antipope)  1138-1143 
Celestine  II.  1143-1144 

Lucius  II.  1144^1145 

Eugenius  III.  1145-1153 

Anastasius  IV.  1153-1154. 

Adrian  IV.  1154-1159 

Alexander  III.  1159  1181 

Victor  V.  (antipope)  1159 

Paschal  III.  (antipope) 

1164-1168 


Lucius  III. 
Urban  III. 
Gregory  VIII. 
Clement  III. 
Celestine  III. 
Innocent  III. 
Ilonorius  III. 
Gregory  IX. 
Celestine  IV. 
Innocent  IV. 
Alexander  IV. 
Urban  IV. 
Clement  IV. 
Gregory  X. 
Innocent  V. 
Adrian  V. 


1181-1185 

1185-1187 

1187 

1187-1191 

1191-1198 

1198-1216 

1216-1227 

1227-1241 

1241 

1243-1254 

1254-1261 

1261-1264 

1265-1268 

1271-1276 

1276 

1276 


Bishops  of  Rome  and  Popes— 

continued.  a.d. 
Sixtus  IV.  1471-1484 

Innocent  VIII.  1484^1492 

Alexander  VI.  1492-1503 

Pius  III.  1503 

Julius  II.  1503-1513 

Leo  X.  1513-1521 

Adrian  VI.  1522-1523 

Clement  VII.  1523-1534 

Paul  III.  1534-1549 

Julius  III.  1550-1555 

Marcellus  II.  1555 

Paul  IV.  1555  1559 

Pius  IV.  1559-1565 

Pius  V.  1566  1572 

Gregory  XIII.  1572-1585 

Sixtus  V.  1585  1590 

Urban  VII.  1590 

Gregory  XIV.  1590-1591 

Innocent  IX.  1591 

Clement  VIII.  1592-1605 

Leo  XI.  1605 

Paul  V.  1605-1621 

Gregory  XV.  1621-1623 

Urban  VIII.  1623-1644 

Innocent  X.  1644-1655 

Alexander  VII.  1655-1667 

Clement  IX.  1667-1669 

Clement  X.  1670-1676 

Innocent  XI.  1676-1689 

Alexander  VIII.  1689-1691 

Innocent  XII.  1691-1700 

Clement  XI.  1700-1721 

Innocent  XIII.  1721-1724 

Benedict  XIII.  1724-1730 

Clement  XII.  1730  1740 

Benedict  XIV.  1740-1758 

Clement  XIII.  1758-1769 

Clement  XIV.  1769-1774 

Pius  VI.  1775-1799 

Pius  VII.  1800-1823 

Leo  XII.  1823-1829 

Pius  VIII.  1829  1830 

Gregory  XVI.  1831-1846 

Pius  IX.  1846  1878 

Leo  XIII.  1878-1903 

Pius  X.  1903- 

Kings  of  England. 


Vicedominus 

1276 

Egbert 

802  839 

John  XX.  or  XXI. 

1276-1277 

iEthelwulf 

839-858 

Nicholas  III. 

1277-1280 

Hilthelbald 

858-860 

Martin  IV. 

1281-1285 

H5thelberht 

860-866 

Honorius  IV. 

1285-1287 

Hithelred  I. 

866-878 

Nicholas  IV. 

1288-1292 

Alfred 

878-901 

Celestine  V. 

1294 

Edward  the  Elder 

901-924 

Boniface  VIII. 

1294-1303 

Athelstan 

924-940 

Benedict  XI. 

1303-1304 

Edmund  I. 

940-946 

Clement  V. 

1305-1314 

Edred 

946-955 

John  XXII. 

1316-1334 

Edwy 

955-959 

Nicholas  V.  (antipope) 

Edgar 

959-975 

1328-1330 

Edward  the  Martyr 

975-979 

Benedict  XII. 

1334-1342 

iEthelred  II. 

979-1016 

Clement  VI.  (at  Avignon) 

Edmund  II. 

1016 

1342  1352 

Canute 

1017-1035 

Innocent  VI.  (at  Avignon) 

Harold  I. 

1035-1040 

1352-1362 

Hardicanute 

1040  1042 

Urban  V.  (at  Avignon) 

Edward  the  Confessor 

1362-1370 

1042-1066 

Gregory  XI.  (at  Avignon) 

Harold  II. 

1066 

1370-1378 

William  I. 

1066-1087 

Urban  VI. 

1378-1389 

William  II. 

1087-1100 

Clement  VII.  (antipope)  (at 

Henry  I. 

1100-1135 

Avignon) 

1378-1394 

Stephen 

1135-1154 

Boniface  IX. 

1389  1404 

Henry  II. 

1154-1189 

Benedict  XIII.  (at  Avignon) 

Richard  I. 

1189-1199 

1394  1417 

John 

1199-1216 

Innocent  VII. 

1404  1406 

Henry  III. 

1216-1272 

Gregory  XTI. 

1406  1415 

Edward  I. 

1272-1307 

Alexander  V. 

1409  1410 

Edward  II. 

1307-1327 

John  XXTIT. 

1410  1415 

Edward  III. 

1327-1377 

Martin  V. 

1417-1431 

Richard  II. 

1377-1399 

Clement  VIII.  (antipope) 

Henry  IV. 

1399-1413 

1424  1429 

Henry  V. 

1413-1422 

Eugenius  IV. 

1431-1447 

Henry  VI. 

1422-1461 

Felix  V.  (antipope) 

1440-1449 

Edward  IV. 

1461-1483 

Nicholas  V. 

1447  1455 

Edward  V. 

1483 

Calixtus  III. 

1455-1458 

Richard  TTT. 

1483-1485 

Pius  II. 

1458  1464 

Henry  VTT. 

1485-1509 

Paul  II. 

1464  1471 

Henry  VIII. 

1509  1547 

Kings  of  England— continued. 


A.D. 


Edward  VI. 

1547-1553 

Mary 

1553-1558 

Elizabeth 

1558-1603 

James  I. 

1603-1625 

Charles  I. 

1625-1649 

The  Commonwealth  1649-1660 

Oliver  Cromwell, 

Protector 

1653-1658 

Richard  Cromwell,  Protector 

1658-1659 

Charles  II. 

1660-1685 

James  II. 

1685-1688 

William  III.  and 

Mary 

1689-1702 

Anne 

1702-1714 

George  I. 

1714-1727 

George  II. 

1727-1760 

George  III. 

1760  1820 

George  IV. 

1820-1830 

William  IV. 

1830-1837 

Victoria 

1837-1901 

Edward  VII. 

1901-1910 

George  V. 

1910- 

Kings  and  other  Rulers  of 
France. 


Louis  I. 

814-840 

Charles  I. 

840-877 

Louis  II. 

877-879 

Louis  III. 

879-882 

Carloman 

879-884 

Charles  II. 

885-887 

Eudes 

888  898 

Charles  III. 

893-929 

Robert  I. 

922-923 

Rudolf 

923-936 

Louis  IV. 

936-954 

Lothair 

954-986 

Louis  V. 

986-987 

Hugh  Capet 

987-996 

Robert  II. 

996  1031 

Henry  I. 

1031-1060 

Philip  I. 

1060  1108 

Louis  VI. 

1108-1137 

Louis  VII. 

1137-1180 

Philip  II. 

1180-1223 

Louis  VIII. 

1223-1226 

Louis  IX. 

1226-1270 

Philip  III. 

1270-1285 

Philip  IV. 

1285-1314 

Louis  X. 

1314-1316 

John  I. 

1316 

Philip  V. 

1316-1322 

Charles  IV. 

1322-1328 

Philip  VI. 

1328-1350 

John  II. 

1350-1364 

Charles  V. 

1364r-1380 

Charles  VI. 

1380-1422 

Charles  VII. 

1422-1461 

Louis  XI. 

1461-1483 

Charles  VIII. 

1483-1498 

Louis  XII. 

1498-1515 

Francis  I. 

1515-1547 

Henry  II. 

1547-1559 

Francis  II. 

1559-1560 

Charles  IX. 

1560-1574 

Henry  III. 

1574-1589 

Henry  IV. 

1589-1610 

Louis  XIII. 

1610-1643 

Louis  XIV. 

1643  1715 

Louis  XV. 

1715  1774 

Louis  XVI. 

1774-1792 

(Louis  XVIT.  (titula 

r king) 

1793-1795) 

First  Republic 

1792-1795 

Directory 

1795-1799 

Consulate 

1799-1804 

First  Empire  (Napoleon  I.) 

1804  1814 

Louis  XVIII. 

1814-1824 

Charles  X. 

1824—1830 

Louis  Philippe 

1830  1848 

Second  Republic 

1848  1851 

Second  Empire  (Napoleon  TTT.) 

1852  1870 

Presidents  of  th 
Republic. 

e Third 

Thiers 

1871-1873 

Kings  and  other  Rulers  of 
France — continued.  a.d. 


MacMahon 

Grevy 

Carnot 

Casimir  Perier 
Faure 
Loubet 
Fallieres 


1873-1879 
1879-1887 
1887-1894 
1894-1895 
1895  1899 
1899-1906 
1906- 


Kings  of  Spain. 

(Of  Castile  and  Leon 
until  1512.) 


Ferdinand  I. 
Sancho  II. 
Alfonso  VI. 
Alfonso  VI 1. 
Alfonso  VIII. 
Sancho  III. 
Alfonso  IX. 
Henry  I. 
Ferdinand  III. 
Alfonso  X.  , 
Sancho  IV. 
Ferdinand  IV. 
Alfonso  XI. 
Pedro 
Henry  II. 

John  I. 

Henry  III. 
John  II. 

Henry  IV. 
Isabella  I. 
Philip  I. 
Ferdinand  V. 
Charles  I. 
Philip  II. 
Philip  III. 
Philip  IV. 
Charles  II. 


1033-1065 
1065-1072 
1072-1109 
1109-1126 
1126-1157 
1157-1158 
1158  1214 
1214-1217 
1217-1252 
1252-1282 
1282-1295 
1295-1312 
1312-1350 
1350-1369 
1369  1379 
1379-1390 
1390-1406 
1406-1454 
1454-1474 
1474-1504 
1504-1506 
1506-1516 
1516-1556 
1556-1598 
1598-1621 
1621-1665 
1665-1700 
1700-1724 
1724 


Philip  V. 
Louis 


Philip  V.  (restored)  1724-1746 

Ferdinand  VI.  1746-1759 

Charles  III.  1759-1788 

Charles  IV.  1788-1808 

Ferdinand  VII.  1808 

Joseph  Bonaparte  1808-1813 

Ferdinand  VII.  (restored) 


Isabella  II. 

Regency 

Amadeus 


1814-1833 

1833-1868 

1868-1870 

1870-1873 

1873- 1874 

1874- 1885 


Republic 
Alfonso  XII. 
Maria-de-las-Mereedes 


1885-1886 

Alfonso  XIII.  1886- 


Kings  of  Italy. 

(Of  Sardinia  until  1861.) 

Victor  Amadeus  I.  1720-1730 
Charles  Emmanuel  I.  1730-1773 
Victor  Amadeus  II.  1773-1796 
Charles  Emmanuel  II.  1796-1802 
Victor  Emmanuel  I.  1802-1805 
Napoleon  I.  (of  France) 

1805-1814 

Victor  Emmanuel  I.  (restored) 

1814-1821 
Charles  Felix  1821-1831 

Charles  Albert  1831-1849 

Victor  Emmanuel  II. 

1849-1878 
Humbert  1878-1900 

Victor  Emmanuel  III. 

1900- 


Czars  of  Russia. 


Ivan  TV. 

Feodor  I. 

Boris  Godunof 
Feodor  TT. 
Demetrius  (usurper) 
Vasili  TV. 

Ladislaus 

Michael  (Romanoff) 
Alexis 


1533-1584 
1584-  1598 
1598-1605 
1605 

1605  1606 

1606  1610 
1610  1613 
1613  1645 
1645  1676 


LISTS  OF  RULERS 


Ozars  of  Russia— continued. 


A.D. 


Feodor  III. 

1676-1682 

Ivan  V. 

1682-1689 

Peter  I. 

1689-1725 

Catherine  I. 

1725-1727 

Peter  II. 

1727-1730 

Anna 

1730-1740 

Ivan  VI. 

1740-1741 

Elizabeth 

1741-1762 

Peter  III. 

1762 

Catherine  II. 

1762-1796 

Paul 

1796-1801 

Alexander  I. 

1801-1825 

Nicholas  I. 

1825-1855 

Alexander  II. 

1855-1881 

Alexander  III. 

1881-1894 

Nicholas  II. 

1894r- 

Mogul  Emperors  of  India. 

Baber 

1526-1530 

Humayun 

1530-1556 

Akbar 

1556-1605 

Jahangir 

1605-1627 

Shah  Jehan 

1628-1658 

Auruug-Zeb 

1658-1707 

Bahadur  Shah 

1707-1712 

Tahandar  Shah 

1713-1718 

Mohammed  Shah 

1719-1748 

Sultans  of  Turkey. 

Osman  I.  (emir) 

1299-1326 

Orkhan 

1326-1359 

Amurath  I. 

1359-1389 

Bajazet  I. 

1389-1403 

Solyman  I. 

1403-1410 

Musa  Chelebi 

1410-1413 

Mohammed  I. 

1413-1421 

Amurath  II. 

1421-1451 

Mohammed  II. 

1451-1481 

Bajazet  II. 

1481-1512 

Sultans  of  Turkey— continued. 


Selim  I. 

1512-1520 

Solyman  II. 

1520-1566 

Selim  II. 

1566-1574 

Amurath  III. 

1574-1595 

Mohammed  III. 

1595-1603 

Ahmed  I. 

1603  1617 

Mustapha  I. 

1617-1618 

Osman  II. 

1618-1622 

Mustapha  I.  (restored) 

1622-1623 

Amurath  IV. 

1623-1640 

Ibrahim 

1640-1648 

Mohammed  IV. 

1648-1687 

Solyman  III. 

1687-1691 

Ahmed  II. 

1691-1695 

Mustapha  II. 

1695-1703 

Ahmed  III. 

1703  1730 

Mahmud  I. 

1730-1754 

Osman  III. 

1754-1757 

Mustapha  III. 

1757-1773 

Abdul  Hamid  I. 

1774r-1789 

Selim  III. 

1789-1807 

Mustapha  IV. 

1807-1808 

Mahmud  II. 

1808-1839 

Abdul  Med j id 

1839-1861 

Abdul  Aziz 

1861-1876 

Amurath  (Murad) 

V.  1876 

Abdul  Hamid  II. 

1876-1909 

Mohammed  (Mehmed)  V. 

1909- 

Khedives  of  Egypt. 

Mehemet  Ali 

1805-1848 

Ibrahim 

1848 

Abbas 

1848-1854 

Said 

1854-1863 

Ismail 

1863-1879 

Tewfik 

1879-1892 

Abbas 

1892- 

Presidents  of  the  United  States. 


George  Washington  1789 
John  Adams  1797- 

Thomas  Jefferson  1801- 
James  Madison  1809- 
Jamea  Monroe  1817- 

John  Quincy  Adams  1825- 
Andrew  Jackson  1829- 
Martin  Yan  Buren  1837- 
William  Henry  Harrison 


John  Tyler  1841 

James  Knox  Polk  1845 
Zachary  Taylor  1849 
Millard  Fillmore  1850 
Franklin  Pierce  1853- 
James  Buchanan  1857- 
Abraham  Lincoln  1861 
Andrew  Johnson  1865- 
Ulysses  Simpson  Grant 

1869- 

Rutherford  Birchard  Hayes 

1877- 

James  Abram  Garfield 
Chester  Alan  Arthur  1881- 
Grover  Cleveland  1885- 
Benjamin  Harrison  1889- 
Grover  Cleveland  1893- 
William  McKinley  1897- 
Theodore  Roosevelt  1901- 
William  Howard  Taft  1909- 
Woodrow  Wilson  1913- 


1797 

1801 

1809 

1817 

1825 

1829 

1837 

1841 

1841 

1845 

1849 

1850 
1853 
1857 
1861 
1865 
1869 

1877 

1881 

1881 

1885 

1889 

1893 

1897 

1901 

1909 

1913 


Vice-Presidents  of  the 
United  States. 


John  Adams 
Thomas  Jefferson 
Aaron  Burr 
George  Clinton 


1789-1797 

1797-1801 

1801-1805 

1805-1812 


Vice-Presidents  of  the  United 

States — continued.  a.d. 
Elbridge  Gerry  1813-1814 
Daniel  D.  Tompkins  1817-1825 
John  C.  Calhoun  1825-1832 
Martin  Van  Buren  1833-1837 
Richard  M.  Johnson  1837-1841 
John  Tyler  1841 

George  M.  Dallas  1845-1849 
Millard  Fillmore  1849-1850 
William  R.  King  1853 

John  C.  Breckenridge  1857-1861 
Hannibal  Hamlin  1861-1865 
Andrew  Johnson  1865 

Schuyler  Colfax  1869-1873 
Henry  Wilson  1873-1875 

William  A.  Wheeler  1877-1881 
Chester  A.  Arthur  1881 

Thomas  A.  Hendricks  1885 
Levi  P.  Morton  1889-1893 
Adlai  E.  Stevenson  1893-1897 
Garret  A.  Hobart  1897-1899 
Theodore  Roosevelt  1901 

Charles  W.  Fairbanks  1905-1909 
James  S.  Sherman  1909-1912 
Thomas  R.  Marshall  1913- 


Chief  Justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court 


John  Jay 
John  Rutledge 
Oliver  Ellsworth 
John  Marshall 
Roger  B.  Taney 
Salmon  P.  Chase 
Morrison  R.  Waite 
Melville  W.  Fuller 
Edward  D.  White 


1789-1795 

1795 

1796-1800 

1801-1835 

1836-1864 

1864-1873 

1874-1888 

1888-1910 

1910- 


GENEALOGICAL  CHARTS 

= Married 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 
Before  the  Conquest.  827-1066. 

1  Egbert 

I 

2  Ethelwulf 


3  Ethelbald  4 Ethelbert  5 Ethelred  I.  6 Alfred 


7 Edward  the  Elder 


8 Athelstan  9 Edmund  I.  10  Edred 


r 

11  Edwy 


12  Edgar 


13  Edward  14  Ethelred  II.  = Emma  = 16  Canute 
the  Martyr  | | I | 


15  Edmund 
Ironside 


18  Hardicanute  17  Harold  I. 
Godwin 


19  Edward  = . Edgitha 
the  Confessor 


20  Harold  II. 
d.  1066 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 

Norman  Line.  1066-1154, 

Union  of  English  and  Norman  Lines  in  Henry  II. 

Rollo,  Duke  of  Normandv 

I 

William  Longsword 

I 

Richard  I. 


Richard  II. 
Robert 

21  William  I. 


“1 

Emma 


Edward 
the  Confessor 


22  William  II. 


Ethelred  II. 


Edmund 

Ironside 


Edward 

I 

Margaret 


Adela 


24  Stephen 
d.  1154 

23  Henry  I.  = Matilda 

I 

Matilda  = Geoffrey 

I’lantagenet 

Henry  II. 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 
Plantagenet  Line.  1154-1399. 

25  Henry  II. 


Henry  26 

Richard  I.  Geoffrey 

1 

27  John 

1 

Arthur 

1 

28  Henry  III. 

29  Edward  I. 

I 

" 1 

Edmund,  E.  of  Lancaster 

30  Edward  II. 

I 

1 

Henry,  E.  of  Lancaster 

31  Edward  III. 

1 

Henry,  D.  of  Lancaster 

Edward 
Black  Prince 

1 

John  of  = 

Gaunt 

Blanche 

| 

32  Richard  II. 

Henry  IV. 

d.  1399 

CLAIM  OF  EDWARD  III.  TO  THE  THRONE  OF  FRANCE 

Philip  III. 


Philip  IV. 


Charles  IV. 
d.  1328 


Isabella  = Edward  II. 

I 

Edward  III. 
took  title  King 
of  France  1327 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 

House  of  Lancaster.  1399-1461. 
House  of  York.  1461-1485. 

Edward  III. 


Charles  of  Valois 


Philip  VI. 
1328-1350 


Edward 
Black  Prince 


Lionel 

D.  of  Clarence 

I 

Philippa 

I 

Roger 

E.  of  March 


John  of  Gaunt  Edmund 
D.  of  Lancaster  D.  of  York 


33  Henry  IV. 

I 

34  Henry  V. 

I 

35  Henry  VI. 

d.  1461 

I 

Anne  = Richard 


E.  of  Cambridge 


Richard 
D.  of  York 


36  Edward  IV. 

I 

37  Edward  V. 


38  Richard  III. 
d.  1485 


VI.  40 


GENEALOGICAL  CHARTS 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 

House  of  Tudor.  1485-1603. 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 

House  of  Hanover.  1714-. 


Edward  III. 


James  I. 


Blanche  =John  of  Gaunt  = Katharine  Swynford 
of  Lancaster  ! 


Henry  IV. 


John 


Edmund 
X>.  of  York 


Richard 


E.  of  Somerset  E.  of  Cambridge 


Henry  V.  = Katharine  = Owen  John  Richard 

I Tudor  D.  of  Somerset  I).  of  York 

I I I 

Edmund  Tudor  = Margaret  Edward  IV. 

Earl  of  Richmond  I 


39  Henry  VII.  =Elizabeth 


Margaret 


40  Henry  VIII. 


Mary 


James  V.  | | ] Frances 

K.  of  Scotland  42  Mary  43  Elizabeth  41  Edward  VI. 

d.  1003  Jane  Grey 

Mary 

Q.  of  Scots 


r ~ 

Charles  I. 


Mary 

I 

William  III. 


Elizabeth  = Frederick 

j of  the  Palatinate 

Sophia  of  Hanover 

I 

50  George  I. 


51  George  II.  Sophia  = Frederick  William  I. 


Dorothea 


K.  of  Prussia 


Frederick 
Pr.  of  Wales 

I 

52  George  III. 


Frederick 
the  Great 


53  George  IV.  54  William  IV.  Edward,  D.  of  Kent 

55  Victoria 

I 

56  Edward  VII. 

I 

5 1 George  V. 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 

House  of  Stuart.  1603-1714. 


KINGS  OF  FRANCE. 
Capetian  Line. 


Henry  VII. 

I 

James  IV.  = Margaret  = Earl  of  Angus 
K.  of  Scotland  j 

James  V.  Margaret 

I I 

Francis  II.  = Mary  = Lord  Darnley 
K.  of  France  Q.  of  Scots  j 

44  James  I. 

I 

45  Charles  I. 


46  Charles  II.  47  James  II.  Mary  = William 

I of  Orange 

I I ’ 

James  49  Anne 

Old  Pretender  d.  1714 

I 

Charles  Edward 
Young  Pretender 


I 

Mary 


= William  III. 


48 


1 Hugh  Capet 

I 

2 Robert  II. 

I 

3 Henry  I. 

I 

4 Philip  I. 

I 

5 Louis  Y I. 

I . 

6 Louis  VII. 

I 

7 Philip  II. 

.1 

8 Louis  VIII. 

I 

9 Louis  IX. 


10  Philip  III. 

I 

(Bourbon) 

11  Phili] 

p IV. 

1 

(Valois) 

7 ^ 

12  Louis  X. 


13 


John  I. 


14  Philip  V. 


15  Charles  TV 
d.  1328 


GENEALOGICAL  CHARTS 


KINGS  OF  FRANCE. 
House  of  Valois. 


KINGS  OF  SPAIN. 
House  of  Hapsburg. 


Philip  III. 

1 

Philip  IV. 

1 

Charles  of  Valois 

Charles  IV. 

| 

16  Philip  VI. 

17  John  II. 


18  Charles  V. 


19 

1 

Charles  VI. 

1 

Louis,  D.  of  Orleans 

20 

Charles  VII. 

Charles 

1 

Jean  of 
Angouleme 
1 

21 

Louis  XI. 

23  Louis  XII. 

1 

Charles 

l 

22 

Charles  VIII. 

24 

i 

Francis  I. 
1 

Catharine 

= 

25 

1 

Henry  II. 

de’  Medici 


26  Francis  II. 

27  Charles  IX. 

28  Henry  III. 

II 

d.  1589 

Mary 

Q.  of  Scots 

(1)  Ferdinand  V.  = Isabella 


K.  of  Aragon 


Q.  of  Castile 


(2)  Philip  I.  = Joanna 
of  Hapsburg  I 


I 

Catharine  = 


3 Charles  I. 


Philip  II. 

I 

Philip  III. 


= Mary  (no  issue) 


6 Philip  IV. 

I 

7 Charles  II. 

d.  1700 


Henry  VIII. 
K.  of  England 


KINGS  OF  FRANCE. 

House  of  Bourbon. 

Louis  IX. 

I i 

Philip  III.  Robert  of  Bourbon 

I I 

(Seven  generations 
Philip  IV.  (Valois)  omitted) 

Jeanne  III.  = Antoine 
Q.  of  Navarre  j 

I 

29  Henry  IV. 

30  Louis  XIII. 

31  Louis  XIV.  Philip 

D.  of  Orleans 

T •'  I 

Louis  Philip 

Regent 

Louis  ! 

I | 

32  Louis  XV.  ! 

.1  | 

Eouis  Louis  Philippe 

“ Egalit6  ” 

— f | 

33  Louis  XVI.  34  Louis  XVIH.  35  Charles  X.  36  Louis  Philippe 
Louis  XVII. 


KINGS  OF  SPAIN. 

House  of  Bourbon. 

Philip  III. 

1 1 

Philip  IV.  Anne  = Louis  XIH. 

I | K.  of  France 

I 1 I 

Charles  II.  Maria  Theresa  = Louis  XIV. 

(2)  (1)  I 

Louis 

I 

8 Philip  V. 

j — i i 

9 Louis  10  Ferdinand  VI.  11  Charles  III. 

I 

12  Charles  IV. 

I 

13  Ferdinand  VII. 

(14)  Joseph  Bonaparte 
15  Isabella  II. 

| (16)  Amadeus 

17  Alfonso  XII. 


18  Maria  19  Alfonso  XIII. 


VI.  40a 


GENEALOGICAL  CHARTS 


PEDIGREE  TO  ILLUSTRATE  THE  WAR  OF  THE 
SPANISH  SUCCESSION,  1701-1714. 


CONNECTIONS  BETWEEN  THE  ROYAL  FAMILIES 
OF  ENGLAND,  DENMARK,  AND  RUSSIA. 


7 


5 Philip  III. 


6 Philip  IV. 


Maris 


Anne  = Louis  XIII. 

K.  of 
France 


Charles  II.  Margaret  = Leopold  I.  = Pr.  of  Neuburg 
d.  1700  I Emperor  I 

1658-1705 


Electress  Joseph  I. 
of  Bavaria  Emperor 
1705-1711 


Charles  YI. 
Emperor 
1711-1740 


Joseph 
Elector  of 
Bavaria 
d. 1699 


Maria  Theresa  = Louis  XIV. 

I K.  of  France 
1643-1715 
Louis 
Dauphin 


Christian  IX. 

(V2)  (2)  | (I)  | 1 | | 

Edward  VII.  = Alexandra  Frederick  VIII.  George  I.  Marie  = 

I K.  of  Denmark  K.  of  Greece 


George  V.  Maud  = Haakon  VII. 
K.  of  England  K.  of  Norway 


Alexander  II. 


i 1 (V4)  (V3) 

= Alexander  III.  Marie  = Alfred  Alice=  Louis  IV. 

__J  G.  D.  of  Hesse 

Nicholas  II.  = Alexandra 
Czar  of  Russia 


(VI),  (V2),  etc.  First  (etc.)  child  of  Victoria, 
Queen  of  England. 


Louis 

I 

Louis  XV. 


8 Philip  V. 
1700-1746 


RELATION  BETWEEN  GEORGE  V.  OF  ENGLAND 
AND  QUEEN  MARY. 


CONNECTIONS  BETWEEN  THE  ROYAL  FAMILIES 
OF  ENGLAND,  GERMANY,  AND  SPAIN. 


(1) 


George  III. 


(6) 


D.  of  Kent 

I 

Victoria 


D.  of  Cambridge 

I 

Mary  = D.  of  Teek 


(VI) 

Victoria  = Frederick  III. 


William  II. 
Emp.  of  Germany 


1 


Pr.  Henry 
of  Prussia 


(V3) 

Alice  = Louis  IV. 

j G.  D.  of  Hesse 

= Irene 


Edward  VII. 


George  V.  = Mary 


(V7) 

Arthur 

D.of 

Connaught 


= Louise 
Great-grand- 
daughter of 
K.  Fred.  William  III. 
of  Prussia 


(V9) 

Beatrice  = Pr.  Henry 
j of  Battenberg 

Victoria  = Alfonso  XHI. 

K.  of  Spain 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN 

LITERATURE 


b.=born,  d.  = died,  fl .=  flourished,  c.=  circa  (about) 


BEFORE  500  B.  C. 

500-400  B.  C. 

400  300  B.  C. 

Epic 

Poetry 

Homer,  fl.  e.900? 
Hesiod,  fl.  c.735 
Cyclic  Poets,  c. 800-550 

Lyric 

Poetry 

Arion,  fl.  c.700  or  later 
Aleman,  fl.  c.650 
Stesichorus,  e.630-c.550 
Alcams,  c.611-c.580 
Sappho,  fl.e.600 
Ibyeus,  fl.c.550 
Anacreon,  C.563-C.478 

Simonides  of  Ceos,  556-C.468 
Bacchylides,  fl.  c.470 
Pindar,  522-443 

GREEK 

Iambic  and 

Elegiac 

Poetry 

Callinus,  C.730-C.670 
Archilochus,  fl.c.700 
Simonides  of  Amorgus,  fl.  e.660 
Tyrtseus,  fl.  c.650 
Mimnermus,  fl.  e. 630-600 
Solon,  C.638-C.559 
Phocylides,  fl.  c.540  (also  epic) 
Hipponax,  fl.c.540 
Theognis,  fl.c.540 

Tragedy 

Thespis,  fl.c.550 

.ZEschylus,  525-456 
Phrynichus,  C.512-C.476 
Sophocles,  c.496-406 
Euripides,  480-406 

Comedy 

Cratinus,  c.520-c.423 
Eupolis,  e.449-411 
Aristophanes,  c.448-380 

Middle  Comedy 

New  Comedy — Menander, 

342-C.291 

Philosophy 
and  Science 

Thales,  C.640-C.546 
Pythagoras,  C.582-C.500 
Xenophanes,  C.570-C.480 

Parmenides,  fl.  c.450 
Anaxagoras,  C.500-C.428 
Empedocles,  e.490-e.430 
Hippocrates,  c.460-c.377 

Plato,  c.429-347 
Aristotle,  384-322 
Theophrastus,  C.372-C.287 

Oratory 

Antiphon,  e.480-411 
Anclocides,  c.467-c.391 

Lysias,  C.458-C.380 
Isocrates,  436-338 
Isa?us,  fl.  c.380 
Lycurgus,  c.396-c.323 
Aeschines,  3S9-314 
Demosthenes,  c. 384-322 
Hyperides,  11.  e.330 

History 

Hecatasus  of  Miletus,  d.  c.476 

Hellanicus,  fl.  c.450 
Herodotus,  C.484-C.424 
Thucydides,  c.471-c.401 

Ctesias,  fl.  c.400 
Xenophon,  C.430-C.357 

300  200  B.  C. 

200  100  B.  C. 

100  B.  C.-l  A.  I). 

GREEK 

Poetry 

Bion,  fl.  e.280 
Lyeophron,  fl.  c.270 
Aratus,  fl.  c.270 
Theocritus,  fl.  e.270 
Callimachus,  d.  c.240 
Moschus,  fl.  c.200 

Apollonius  Rhodius,  fl.  c.200 
Nicander,  fR  c.160 

Meleager,  fl.  c.60 

Philosophy 

Zeno,  344—C.264 
Epicurus,  342-270 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AN1>  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


300  200  B«  C. — continued. 

200  100  B.  C.  — continued. 

100  B.  C.-l  A.  D. — continued. 

GREEK  - 
continued 

Science  and 
Grammar 

Euclid,  fi.  c.300 
Archimedes,  c.287-212 
Eratosthenes,  C.276-C.196 
Zenodotus,  fl.  c.280 
Aristophanes  of  Byzantium, 

ti.  c.200 

Aristarchus,  fl.  210-150 
Apollodorus,  fl.  c.140 
Hipparchus,  c.lGO-c.125 

History 

Berosus,  fl.  c.275  (a  Babylonian) 
Mauetho,  fl.  c.250  (an  Egyptian) 

Polybius,  204-C.125 

Diodorus  Siculus,  fl.  c.25 
Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus, 

died  c.7 

Epic 

Poetry 

Nsevius,  d.204 
Ennius,  239-169 

Vergil,  70-19 

Tragedy 

Livius  Andronicus,  C.284-C.204 
The  writers  of  epic  poetry,  above 

Paeuvius,  C.220-C.130 
Aceius,  C.170-C.80 

Comedy 

Plautus,  c. 254-1 84 

Statius  Caecilius,  fl.  200-165 
Terence,  C.185-C.159 

Laberius,  c.105-43 
Publilius  Syrus,  fl.  c.50 

Didactic 

Poetry 

Lucretius,  c.96-55 
Vergil,  70-19 

Lyric 

Poetry 

Catullus,  C.87-C.54 
Horace,  65-8 

Satire 

Lucilius,  c.180-103 

Varro,  116-C.27 
Horace,  65-8 

LATIN 

Elegiac 

Poetry 

Catullus,  C.87-C.54 
Tibullus,  c.54— 18- 
Propertius,  e. 50-16 
Ovid,  43-C.17  a.d. 

Oratory ; 

Philosophy; 

Rhetoric 

Appius  Claudius  Caecus,  fl.  c.280 

M.  Porcius  Cato,  234-149 
Scipio  Africanus  the  Younger, 

e. 185-129 

Caius  Gracchus,  e.154-121 

Hortensius,  114-50 
Cicero,  106-43 
Seneca  the  Elder,  fl.  c.55 

History 

(j.  Fabius  Pietor,  fl.  c.216 

M.  Porcius  Cato,  234-149 
L.  Calpurnius  Piso,  fl.  c.133 

Caesar,  c.  102-44 
Nepos,  c. 100-30 
Sallust,  c.86-c.34 
Livy,  59-17  a.d. 

Pompeius  Trogus,  fl.  e.20 

Jurisprudence 
and  other 
Prose 

Publius  ZElius,  174 
Q.  Mucins  Scsevola,  fl.  c.95 

Varro,  116-C.27 
Vitruvius,  70-16 

1 100  A.  D. 

100  200  A.  D 

200  300  A.  D. 

Poetry 

Babrius,  11.  c.50 

Oppian,  fl.  c.180 

Philosophy 

Philo  Judaeus,  20  B.C.-40  a.d. 
Epictetus,  11.  c.90 

Marcus  Aurelius,  121-180 

Plotinus,  C.204-C.270 
Porphyry,  e.233-e.305 
lambliehus,  fl.  c.300 

Rhetoric ; 
Prose 

Dion  Chrysostom,  C.50-C.117 

Hermogenes,  fl.  c.170 
Aristides,  117-C.180 
Lucian,  C.120-C.200 
Alciphron,  fl.  e.200 

Longinus,  c. 210-273 

GREEK 

Science ; 
Erudition 

Apollonius  Dyscolus,  fl.  c.138 
Ptolemy,  fl.  c.139 
Galen,  C.130-C.190 
Athenseus,  fl.  c.200 

JElian,  fl.  e.220 

History ; 
Geography 

- 

\ Strabo,  c.63  b.c.-c.24  a.d. 
Josephus,  37— c.95 
Plutarch,  fl.  c.80 

Arrian,  c.lOO-c.175 
Appian,  fl.  c.140 
Pausanias,  fl.  e.180 
Dion  Cassius,  C.155-C.230 

Herodian,  C.170-C.240 
Diogenes  Laertius,  c.200 
Philostratus,  fl.  c.237 

Christian 

Fathers 

Clement  of  Alexandria, C.150-C.220 
Origen.  C.185-C.253 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


1-100  A.  D.  — continued. 

100  200  A.  D.  - continued. 

200  300  A.  D. — continued. 

Poetry 

Pha?drus,  H.  14-37 
Silius  Italicus,  25-101 
Persius,  34-62 
Lucan,  39-65 

Calpurnius  Siculus,  fl.  c.55 
Petronius,  II.  c.60 
Valerius  Flaccus,  fl.  c.70 
Martial,  43-C.104 
Statius,  c.45— c.96 

Juvenal,  C.60-C.190 
‘ ‘ Pervigilium  Veneris  ’ ’ 1 

Nemesianus,  fl.  e.283 
‘ ‘ Distieha  Catonis  ’ ’ 

History 

Valerius  Maximus,  fl.  c.26 
Velleius  Paterculus,  fl.  c.30 
Q.  Curtius,  fl.  c.50 

Tacitus,  C.55-C.117 
Suetonius,  70-150 
Floras,  fl.  c.140 
Justin,  fl.  c.150 

‘ ‘ Historia  Augusta  ’ ’ 

LATIN 

Oratory ; 
Rhetoric ; 
Belles-Lettres 

C.  Asinius  Gallus,  40  B.C.-33  a.d. 
Quintilian,  c.35-c\95 

Pliny  the  Younger,  62-11.3 
Fronto,  C.90-C.175 
Aulus  Gellius,  C.130-C.175 
Apuleius,  e.125-200 

‘ ‘ The  Panegyrists  ’ ’ 

Jurisprudence; 
Erudition ; 
Philosophy 

Seneca,  c.  4-65  (also  tragedies) 
Columella,  fl.  c.40 
Pomponius  Mela,  fl.  c.4-5 
Celsus,  fl.  c.50 
Pliny  the  Elder,  23-79  - 

Gaius,  c.llO-c.180 
Popinianus,  d.212 

Ulpian,  d.  c.228 

Julius  Paulus,  C.200-C.250 

Solinus,  fl.  c.260 

Christian 

Writers 

Minucius  Felix,  fl.  c.160 

Tertullian,  C.150-C.230 
Cyprian,  C.200-C.258 
Commodianus,  fl.  c.249 
Arnobius,  fl.  c.300 
Lactantius,  d.325 

300  400 

400  500 

500  600 

GREEK 

Poetry 

Nonnus,  fl.  c.420 
Quintus  Smyrnfeus,  fl.  c.450 
Musasus,  fl.  c.500 

History 

Eusebius,  e.264-e.349 

Socrates,  d.  c.440 
Sozomen,  C.400-C.450 

Rhetoric ; 
Romance 

Libanius,  fl.  e.350 
Heliodorus,  fl.  e.390 

Longus,  fl.  c.400 
Stobasus,  fl.  c.480 

Achilles  Tatius,  e.500 

Christian 

Writers 

Gregory  Nazianzen,  C.325-C.390 
Gregory  of  Nyssa,  e.335-c.395 

LATIN 

Poetry 

Ausonius,  c.310-c.394 
Prudentius,  C.348-C.410 
Juvencus,  fl.  c.325 
Avienus,  fl.  c.370 

Claudian,  fl.  c.400 
Avianus,  fl.  c.400 
Nam ati anus,  fl.  e.416 
Sedulius,  fl.  e.450 
Dracontius,  fl.  c.490 
Apollinaris  Sidonius,  c.430— e.484 

Boethius,  c. 475-524 

Prose ; 
History ; 
Grammar 

Donatus,  fl.  c.350 
Eutropius,  fl.  c.375 
Ammianus  Marcellinus, 

c.330-c.395 

Symmachus,  e.345— 405 

Martianus  Capella,  fl.  c.400 
Maerobius,  fl.  c.410 
Orosius,  fl.  c.410 
Fulgentius,  fl.  c.500 

Priscian,  fl.  c.500 
Cassiodorus,  c.468-e.560 
Jordanes,  fl.  c.551 
Giidas,  c.516-c.570 
Gregory  of  Tours,  c. 540-594 
Isidore  of  Seville,  c. 560-636 

Christian 

Writers 

Hilarius,  c.310-368 
Ambrose,  e.340-397 
Jerome,  c. 340-420 
Augustine,  354—430 

Salvianus,  fl.  c.440 

Ennodius,  c. 473-521 
Pope  Gregory  T.,  o. 540-604 

GOTHIC 

Ulfilas,  311-381 

600  700 

700  800 

800  900 

LATIN 

History  and 

Fredegarius? 

Bede,  c.673-735 

Paulus  Diaconus,  c.720-c.800 

Einhard,  c.770-c.840 
Nennius,  11.  c.800 

WRITERS 

Biography 

Hincmar,  c.806-882 
Asser,  d.  e.909 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


600  700— continued. 

700  800  - continued. 

800  900 — continued. 

LATIN 

WRITERS— 

continued 

Theology 

Alcuin,  735-S04 

Rabanus,  c. 776-856 
Johannes  Scotus  Erigena, 

C.810-C.891 

Poetry 

Aldhelm,  c. 640-709 

Angilbert,  c.740-814 

ENGLAND 

Poetry 

Caedmon,  d.  c.680 

‘ ‘ Beowulf,  ’ ’ e.720 
‘ ‘ Lyrics  of  the  Exeter  Book  ’ ’ 
Cynewulf,  d.783? 

Prose 

‘ 1 Laws  of  jEthelberht  ’ ’ 

‘ ‘ Chronicle  ’ ’ 

Alfred,  849-901 

FRANCE 

‘ ‘ Strasburg  Oaths,  ’ ’ 841 
“St.  Eulalie’’ 

GERMANY 

Poetry  and 
Miscella- 
neous 
Writings 

‘ ‘ Wessobrunner  Gebet  ’ ’ 

‘ ‘ Merseburger  Spriiehe  ’ ’ 

‘ ‘ Ilildebrandslied,  ’ ’ c.800 
‘ ‘ Heliand,  ’ ’ c.830 
Otfried,  fl.  c.870 
“ Ludwigslied,  ” 881 
“Muspilli,  ” c.900 

900  1000 

1000  1100 

1100  1200 

Prose 

JElfric,  C.955-C.1020 

Wulfstan,  d.l  02.3 

“Chronicle,”  c’t’d  to  1154 

ENGLAND 

Poetry 

1 ‘ Judith  ’ ’? 

‘ ‘ Brunanburh ’ ’ 
‘ ‘ Maldon  ’ ’ 

“ Poema  Morale,”  c.1170 

Theology 

Lanfranc,  c. 1005-1089 
Anselm,  1033-1109 

ENGLAND: 
LATIN  “ 
WRITERS 

History 

Ingulph,  d.1109  . 

Eadmer,  d.l  124? 

Simeon  of  Durham,  d.  c.1130 
Ordericus  Vitalis,  1075-C.1143 
William  of  Malmesbury, 

C.1095-C.1142 

Ethelred  of  Rievaulx,  1109-1166 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth, 

e.llOO-c.1154 

Gervase  of  Canterbury,  fl.  c.1188 
Giraldus  Cambrensis, 

C.1146-C.1220 

Science ; 
Law 

Adelard  of  Bath,  fl.  e.1139 
Ranulf  de  Glanville,  d.1190 
Alexander  Neckham,  1157-1217 

Poetry  and 
Miscella- 
neous 
Writings 

John  of  Salisbury,  c. 1115-1180 
Walter  Map,  e.1140-1210 
Joseph  of  Exeter,  fl.  c.1200 

FRANCE 

Poetry 

“Song  of  Roland,’’  c.1080 

(present  form) 
“Life  of  St.  Alexis’’ 

“Chansons  de  Geste”  (also  in 
11th  century) 

‘ ‘ Romances  ’ ’ 

Wace,  C.1124-C.1174 
Benoit  de  Ste.  More,  fl.  c.1160 
Chretien  de  Troyes,  C.1140-C.1 190 
Marie  de  France,  11.  c.1200 

Theology 

Abelard,  1079-1142  (Latin) 
Bernard,  1090-1153  (Latin) 

Latin  Poetry 

Alain  de  Lille,  1114-C.1203 
Bernard  of  Cluny,  C.1122-C.1156 

GERMANY 

Poetry 

Konrad,  surnamed  “the  Priest,” 
fl.  c.1130 

Eilhard  v.  Oberg,  fl.  1189-1209 
Hartmann  v.  Aue,  C.1170-C.1215 

Prose 

Notker  (“Labeo”),  e.952-o.l022 

Latin 

Poetry 

Roswitha,  C.935-C.1000  (plays) 
‘ ‘ Waltharius  ’ ’ 

‘ ‘ Ruodlieb  ’ ’ 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


900  -1000— continued. 

1000-1100 — continued. 

1100-1200 — continued. 

SPAIN 

‘ ‘ Poema  del  Cid,  ’ ’ c.1200 

ARABIC 

LEARNING 

i 

Avicenna,  980-1037 

Averroes,  C.1126--1198 

* 

PROVENCE 

Poetry 

“Girart  de  Rossilho, ’’  c.l  150 
Troubadours : 

Bertrand  de  Born,  c.1140-c.1207 
Pierre  Vidal,  fl.  C.1175-C.1215 

SCANDI- 

NAVIA 

Portions  of  the  “Poetic  Edda” 
take  present  form 

Saemund  the  Wise,  c.  1055-1133 
Are  Thorghilsson,  1067-1148 

Svend  Aageson,  1137-1178 
Saxo  Grammaticus,  d.  e.1208 

1200  1300 

1300  1400 

1400  1500 

Poetry 

Orm,  fl.  c.1200 
Layamon,  fl.  c.1205 
‘ ‘ Metrical  Romances  ’ ’ 

Robert  of  Gloucester,  fl.  e.1265 

William  of  Shoreham,  fl.  1320 
Richard  Rolle,  c.1290-1349 
Laurence  Minot,  fl.  1333-1352 
“The  Gawain  Poet,’’  c.1370 
John  Barbour,  c.131 6-1395 
John  Gower,  e.1325-1408 
William  Langland,  C.1330-C.1400 
Geoffrey  Chaucer,  c.  1340-1400 
‘ ‘ Ballads  of  Robin  Hood,  ’ ’ etc. 

Thomas  Occleve,  C.1370-C.1454 
John  Lydgate*  C.1370-C.1451 
Juliana  Berners,  c.1388-? 

James  I.  of  Scotland,  1394-1437 
Blind  Harry,  fl.  c.1470 
Robert  Henryson,  C.1430-C.1500 

GREAT 

BRITAIN 

Religious 

Prose 

“Ancren  Riwle,  ” 1237 

Dan  Michel,  fl.  c.1340 
Wyclif,  c. 1324—1384 

Reginald  Pecock,  C.1395-C.1460 

Philosophy 

and 

Theology 

(Latin) 

Alexander  of  Hales,  d.1245 
Robert  Grosseteste,  d.125.3 
Roger  Bacon,  c. 1214-1294 
Duns  Seotus,  C.1265-C.1308 

William  of  Occam,  c. 1270-1347 
Thomas  Bradwardine,  c.1290-1349 

History; 
Travel ; 
Romance 

John  Trevisa,  d.  e.1412 
“Sir  John  Mandeville, ” c.1400 
(original  in  French) 

John  Hardyng,  1378-C.1465 
Sir  Thomas  Malory,  C.1430-C.1470 
Sir  John  Fortescue,  d.  c.1476 

History 

(Latin) 

Jocelin  of  Brakelonde,  fl.  c.1200 
Gervase  of  Tilbury,  d.  c.1235 
Matthew  of  Paris,  c.1200-1259 

Ranulf  Higden,  d.  c.1363 

Thomas  Walsingham,  fl.  c.1440 
John  Capgrave,  1393-1464 

Drama 

‘ ‘ Miracle  Plays  ’ ’ 

‘ 1 Morality  Plays  ’ ’ 

FRANCE 

Poetry 

Guillaume  de  Lorris,  d.  e.1240 
Philippe  Mouskes,  c.  1215-1283 
Rutebceuf,  C.1230-C.1280 
Adam  de  la  Halle,  C.1240-C.1287 
Jean  de  Menu,  C.1250-C.1305 
Adenet  “le  roi, ’’  fl.  c.1270 
‘ ‘ Reynard  the  Fox  ’ ’ 

Guillaume  de  Machault, 

C.1284-C.1370 

Jean  Froissart,  1337-C.1410 
Eustache  Deschamps, 

C.1345-C.1405 

Christine  de  Pisan,  C.1363-C.1440 
Charles  d ’Orleans,  1391-1465 
Alain  Chartier,  C.1392-C.1433 
Francois  Villon,  1431-C.1484 
Guillaume  Coquillart,  d.  c.1490 

History  and 
Travel 

Villehardouin,  c.llOO-c.1212 

.Joinville,  c.l  224-131 7 
Marco  Polo,  1254-1324 
Froissart,  1337-C.1410 

Philippe  de  Comines,  c.1445-1511 

Prose 

Fiction 

‘ ‘ Prose  Romances  ’ ’ 

GERMANY 

Poetry 

“ Nibelungenlied,  ’’  c.1200 
‘ ‘ Gudrun,  ’ ’ c.1210 
Gottfried  v.  Strasburg,  d.  c.1210 
Wolfram  v.  Eschenbach, 

fl.  1202-1217 

Walther  v.  der  Vogelweide, 

d.  c.1230 

Konrad  v.  Wurzburg,  d.1287 

Meistersingers 

Heinrich  v.  Meissen,  1250-1318 

Sebastian  Brant,  1457-1521 

ITALY 

Poetry 

Sordello,  C.1180-C.1255 

(wrote  in  Provencal) 
St.  Francis  of  Assisi,  1182-1226 
Brunetto  Latini,  1230-1294 

(wrote  also  in  French) 
Guido  Guinicelli,  e.  1240-1276 
Guido  Cavalcanti,  c. 1240-1300 

Dante  Alighieri,  1265-1321 
Francesco  Petrarch,  1304-1374 
Giovanni  Boccaccio,  1313-1375 

Luigi  Pulci,  1432-C.1487 
Matteo  Boiardo,  c.l 434-1494 
Lorenzo  de’  Medici,  e. 1449-1492 
Politian,  1454-1494 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OP  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


1200-1300 — continued.  1300  1400 — continued. 

1400  1 500  continued. 

ITALY— 

continued 

Prose 

Fiction 

Giovanni  Boccaccio,  1313-1375 

% 

Jacopo  Sannazaro,  1458-1530 
Alneas  Silvius  (Pius  II.), 

1405-1464 

Masuccio  di  Salerno, 

C.1420-C.1476 

SPAIN 

Poetry 

Gonzalo  de  Berceo, 

fl.  c.1220-1246 

Juan  Ruiz,  fl.  c.1350 

Pedro  Lopez  de  Ayala,  1322-1407 

Marquis  of  Santillana,  1398-1458 
Juan  de  Mena,  c. 1411-1456 

Prose 

Alfonso  the  Wise,  1221-1284 

Don  Juan  Manuel,  1282-1347 

Fernando  de  Rojas,  d.  c.1510 

SCANDI- 

NAVIA 

Snorre  Sturleson,  1179-1241 

CONTI- 

NENTAL 

LATIN 

WRITERS 

Theology; 

Science 

Albertos  Magnus,  e.l  193-1 2S0 
Bonaventura,  1221-1274 
Thomas  Aquinas,  c. 1225-1274 
Jacopo  de  Voragine,  1230-1298 
Arnold  of  Villanova,  c. 1240-1313 
JEgidius  a Columnis,  e.1247-1316 

1500  1600 

1600  1700 

1700  1800 

William  Dunbar,  C.1460-C.1525 

George  Sandys,  1577-1644 

Matthew  Prior,  1664-1721 

John  Skelton,  c. 1460-1529 

John  Taylor,  1580-1653 

Joseph  Addison,  1672-1719 

Gawain  Douglas,  c. 1474-1522 

John  Barclay,  1582-1621 

Isaac  Watts,  1674-1748 

Alexander  Barclay,  c.1475-1552 

Phineas  Fletcher,  1582-C.1650 

Ambrose  Philips,  c.1675-1749 

Stephen  Hawes,  C.1476-C.1523 

Sir  John  Beaumont,  1583-1627 

William  Somerville,  1675-1742 

Sir  David  Lindsay,  1490-1555 

William  Drummond  of  Hawthorn- 

John  Philips,  1676-1708 

Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  1503-1542 

den,  1585-1649 

Thomas  Parnell,  1679-1718 

Henry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey, 

Giles  Fletcher,  c. 1588-1623 

Edward  Young,  1683-1765 

c. 1517-1547 

George  Wither,  1588-1667 

Elijah  Fenton,  1683-1730 

Thomas  Churchyard,  c.  1520-1604 

Robert  Herrick,  1591-1674 

John  Gay,  1685-1732 

Thomas  Tusser,  C.1524-C.1580 

William  Browne,  1591-C.1643 

Allan  Ramsay,  1686-1758 

George  Turbervile,  c.1530— c.1595 

Francis  Quarles,  1592-1644 

Thomas  Tickell,  1686-1740 

George  Gascoigne,  c.  1535-1577 

George  Herbert,  1593-1633 

Alexander  Pope,  1688-1744 

Thomas  Sackville,  1536-1608 

Thomas  G'arew,  C.1598-C.1639 

John  Byrom,  1692-1763 

Barnabe  Googe,  1540-1594 

John  Ogilby,  1600-1676 

Richard  Savage,  c. 1698-1743 

Edmund  Spenser,  c. 1552-1599 

Thomas  Randolph,  1605-1634 

Robert  Blair,  1699-1746 

Fulke  Greville,  1554-1628 

William  Habington,  1605-1654 

James  Thomson,  1700-1748 

Sir  Philip  Sidney,  1554—1586 

Edmund  Waller,  1605-1687 

John  Dyer,  1700-1758 

Thomas  Lodge,  e.  1556-1625 

John  Milton,  1608-1674 

Samuel  Johnson,  1709-1784 

Thomas  Watson,  c. 1557-1592 

Sir  John  Suckling,  1609-1642 

Richard  Glover,  1712-1785 

William  Warner,  c. 1558-1609 

Samuel  Butler,  1612-1680 

William  Shenstone,  1714-1763 

Robert  Southwell,  c. 1561-1595 

John  Cleveland,  1613-1658 

William  Whitehead,  1715-1785 

Henry  Constable,  1562-1613 

Sir  John  Denham,  1615-1669 

Thomas  Gray,  1716-1771 

GREAT 

Poetry 

Samuel  Daniel,  1562-1619 

Richard  Crashaw,  C.1616-C.1649 

Mark  Akenside,  1721-1770 

BRITAIN 

Joshua  Sylvester,  1563-1618 

Abraham  Cowley,  1618-1667 

William  Collins,  1721-1759 

Michael  Drayton,  1563-1631 

Richard  Lovelace,  1618-1658 

James  Grainger,  c. 1721-1766 

William  Shakspere,  1564-1616 

Andrew  Marvell,  1621-1678 

Christopher  Smart,  1722-1771 

Sir  Edward  Dyer,  d.1607 

Henry  Vaughan,  1622-1695 

Joseph  Warton,  1722-1800 

James  VI.  of  Scotland,  1566-1625 

John  Dryden,  1631-1700 

William  Mason,  1724—1797 

Thomas  Campion,  c.  1567-1620 

Katharine  Philips,  1631-1664 

Oliver  Goldsmith,  1728-1774 

Sir  William  Alexander, 

Earl  of  Roscommon,  c. 1633-1685 

Thomas  Percy,  1729-1811 

c. 1567-1640 

Sir  Charles  Sedley,  1639-1701 

Charles  Churchill,  1731-1764 

Thomas  Nashe,  1567-C.1601 

John  Wilmot,  Earl  of  Rochester, 

William  Cowper,  1731-1800 

Barnabe  Barnes,  e.  1569-1609 

1647-1680 

Erasmus  Darwin,  1731-1802 

Sir  John  Davies,  1569-1626 

Elkanah  Settle,  1648-1723 

William  Falconer,  1732-1769 

John  Donne,  1573-1631 

Sir  Richard  Blackmore, 

James  Beattie,  1735-1803 

Ben  Jonson,  c. 1573-1637 

c.  1650-1729 

James  Macpherson,  1736-1796 

Joseph  Hall,  1574-1656 

John  Oldham,  1653-1683 

John  Wolcott  (Peter  Pindar), 

Richard  Barnfield,  1574-1627 

John  Pomfret,  1657-1702 

1738-1819 

Sir  Samuel  Garth,  1661-1719 

William  Combe,  1741-1823 
Anna  Barbauld,  1743-1825 
Charles  Dibdin,  1745-1814 
Thomas  Chattertou,  1752-1770 
George  Crabbe,  1754—1832 
William  Gifford,  1757-1826 
William  Blake,  1757-1827 
Robert  Burns,  1759-1796 
William  Bowles,  1762-1850 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


1500-1600 — continued. 

1600  1 700 — continued. 

1 7 00  1800 — continued. 

GREAT 

BRITAIN— 

continued 

Drama 

John  Bale,  1495-1563 
John  Heywood,  C.1500-C.1580 
Nicholas  Udall,  c.1505-1556 
Thomas  Norton,  1532-1584 
Thomas  Sackville,  1536-1608 
Anthony  Munday,  1553-1633 
John  Lyly,  1554—1606 
George  Peele,  1558-1598 
Thomas  Kyd,  1558-C.1595 
George  Chapman,  e. 1559-1634 
Robert  Greene,  1560-1592 
Henry  Chettle,  C.1564-C.1607 
Christopher  Marlowe,  1564-1593 
William  Shakspere,  1564-1616 

Thomas  Middleton,  c. 1570-1627 
Thomas  Dekker,  C.1570-C.1637 
Ben  Jonson,  c. 1573-1637 
Cyril  Tourneur,  C.1575-C.1626 
John  Marston,  c. 1575-1634 
John  Fletcher,  1579-1625 
John  Webster,  C.1580-C.1625 
Philip  Massinger,  1583-1640 
Francis  Beaumont,  1584-1616 
William  Rowley,  C.1585-C.1642 
John  Ford,  1586-C.I640 
Thomas  Heywood,  C.1587-C.1650 
Thomas  May,  1595-1650 
James  Shirley,  1596-1666 
Richard  Brome,  d.  c.1652 
Thomas  Randolph,  1605-1634 
Sir  William  Davenant,  1606-1668 
William  Cartwright,  1611-1643 
Sir  Robert  Howard,  1626-1698 
George  Villiers,  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, 1627-1688 
John  Dryden,  1631-1700 
Sir  George  Etherege,  c. 1635-1691 
William  Wycherley,  c. 1640-1716 
Thomas  Shadwell,  1640-1692 
Elkanah  Settle,  1648-1723 
Thomas  Otway,  1652-1685 
Thomas  D’Urfey,  1653-1723 
Nathaniel  Lee,  c. 1653-1692 
John  Crowne,  d.  c.1703 
Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  c. 1666-1726 
Susannah  Centlivre,  c. 1667-1723 

William  Congreve,  1670-1729 
Colley  Cibber,  1671-1757 
Sir  Richard  Steele,  1672-1729 
Nicholas  Rowe,  1674-1718 
George  Farquhar,  1678-1707 
Aaron  Hill,  1685-1750 
George  Lillo,  1693-1739 
Charles  Macklin,  c.1697-1797 
David  Garrick,  1717-1779 
John  Home,  1722-1808 
Oliver  Goldsmith,  1728-1774 
George  Colman  (the  Elder), 

1732-1794 

Richard  Cumberland,  1732-1811 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan, 

1751-1816 

George  Colman  (the  Younger), 

1762-1836 

Prose 

Fiction 

William  Painter,  c. 1540-1594 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  1554-1586 
John  Lyly,  1554—1606 
Robert  Greene,  1560-1592 
Thomas  Nashe,  1567-C.1601 

; 

John  Barclay,  1582-1621 
John  Bunyan,  1628-1688 
Mrs.  Aphra  Behn,  1640-1689 

Daniel  Defoe,  c.1661-1731 
Jonathan  Swift,  1667-1745 
Mrs.  Manley,  c. 1672-1724 
Samuel  Richardson,  1689-1761 
Henry  Fielding,  1707-1754 
Samuel  Johnson,  1709-1784 
Laurence  Sterne,  1713-1768 
Horace  Walpole,  1717-1797 
Mrs.  Lennox,  1720-1804 
Tobias  George  Smollett, 

1721-1771 

Oliver  Goldsmith,  1728-1774 
Henry  Mackenzie,  1745-1831 
Frances  Burney  (Madame  d’Ar- 
blay),  1752-1840 
William  Godwin,  1756-1836 
William  Beckford,  1759-1844 
Mrs.  Radcliffe,  1764-1823 

History 

John  Stow,  1525-1604 
William  Camden,  1551-1623 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  1552-1618 
Richard  Grafton,  d.  c.1572 
Raphael  Holinshed,  d.  c.1580 

Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of  Clarendon, 
1608-1674 

Gilbert  Burnet,  1643-1715 

David  Hume,  1711-1776 
William  Robertson,  1721-1793 
Edward  Gibbon,  1737-1794 

Religious 

and 

Philosoph- 

ical 

Writings 

Sir  Thomas  More,  1478-1535 
William  Tyndale,  c.1484-1536 
Hugh  Latimer,  c. 1485-1555 
Miles  Coverdale,  1488-1568 
John  Foxe,  1516-1587 
Richard  Hooker,  c.1553-1600 

Francis  Bacon,  1561-1626 
James  Usher,  c. 1580-1656 
Thomas  Hobbes,  1588-1679 
William  Chillingwortb,  1602-1644 
Owen  Felltham,  c. 1602-1668 
Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  1603-1665 
John  Milton,  1608-1674 
Jeremy  Taylor,  1613  1667 
Richard  Baxter,  1615-1691 
Ralph  Cudworth,  1617-1688 
Isaac  Barrow,  1630-1677 
John  Locke,  1632-1704 
Robert  South,  1633-1716 
Edward  Stillingfleet,  1635-1699 
William  Penn,  1644-1718 

Bernard  Mandeville,  c. 1670-1733 
Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  1671-1713 
Henry  St.  John,  Viscount  Boling- 
broke,  1678-1751 
George  Berkeley,  1685-1753 
William  Law,  1686-1761 
Joseph  Butler,  1692-1752 
John  Wesley,  1703-1791 
David  Hume,  1711-1776 
Hannah  More,  1745-1833 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


1 500-1600 — continued . 1600-17  00 — continued. 

1700-1800 — continued. 

GREAT 

BRITAIN- 

continued 

Prose 

John  Bourchier,  Lord  Berners, 

1467-1533 

Sir  Thomas  Elyot,  e.  1490-1546 
George  Buchanan,  1506-1582 
Sir  John  Cheke,  1514-1557 
Roger  Aseham,  1515-1568 
John  Stow,  c. 1525-1605 
George  Puttenham,  C.1530-C.1600 
Sir  Thomas  Wilson,  d.1581 
Sir  Thomas  North,  C.1535-C.1601 
William  Camden,  1551-1623 
Richard  Hakluyt,  c. 1552-1616 
John  Florio,  c. 1553-1625 
Stephen  Gosson,  1554-1624 
Francis  Meres,  1565-1647 

Sir  Henry  Wotton,  1568-1639 
Thomas  Coryat,  1577-1617 
Robert  Burton,  1577-1640 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  1581-1613 
John  Selden,  1584-1654 
Izaak  Wralton,  1593-1683 
James  Howell,  c.  1595-1666 
William  Prynne,  1600-1669 
John  Earle,  c. 1601-1665 
Sir  Thomas  Browne,  1605-1682 
Sir  William  Dugdale,  1605-1686 
Thomas  Fuller,  1608-1661 
James  Plarrington,  1611-1677 
Sir  Roger  L ’Estrange,  1616-1704 
Elias  Ashmole,  1617-1692 
John  Evelyn,  1620-1706 
Algernon  Sidney,  c.1622-1683 
Sir  William  Temple,  1628-1699 
Charles  Cotton,  1630-1687 
John  Dryden,  1631-1700 
Samuel  Pepys,  e. 1633-1703 
Thomas  Sprat,  1635-1713 
Thomas  Rymer,  1641-1713 

Jeremy  Collier,  1650-1726 
John  Dennis,  1657-1734 
Francis  Atterbury,  1662-1732 
Richard  Bentley,  1662-1742 
John  Arbuthnot,  1667-1735 
Joseph  Addison,  1672-1719 
Sir  Richard  Steele,  1672-1729 
John  Oldmixon, 1673-1742 
Charles  Boyle,  1676-1731 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu, 

1689-1762 

Philip  Dormer  Stanhope,  Earl  of 
Chesterfield,  1694-1773 
Samuel  Johnson,  1709-1784 
Gilbert  White,  1720-1793 
Joseph  Warton,  1722-1800 
Adam  Smith,  1723-1790 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  1723-1792 
Thomas  Warton,  1728-1790 
Edmund  Burke,  1729-1797 
Horne  Tooke  (John  Horne), 

1736-1812 

James  Boswell,  1740-1795 
William  Godwin,  1756-1836 
“Junius  Letters,”  1768-1772 

AMERICA 

Poetry 

Anne  Bradstreet,  1612-1672 
Michael  Wigglesworth,  1631-1705 

Thomas  Godfrey,  Jr.,  1736-1763 
John  Trumbull,  1750-1831 
Philip  Freneau,  1752-1832 
Timothy  Dwight,  1752-1817 
Phillis  Wheatley  Peters, 

e. 1754-1784 

Joel  Barlow,  1754-1812 

Prose 

John  Winthrop,  1587-1649 
William  Bradford,  1590-1657 
John  Eliot,  1604-1690 
Roger  Williams,  c. 1604-1683 
Increase  Mather,  1639-1723 

Cotton  Mather,  1663-1728 
Jonathan  Edwards,  1703-1758 
Benjamin  Franklin,  1706-1790 
John  Woolman,  1720-1772 
Hector  St.-John  de  Crevecoeur, 

1731-1813  (French) 
Thomas  Paine,  1737-1809 
Thomas  Jefferson,  1743-1826 
Alexander  Hamilton,  1757-1804 

FRANCE 

Poetry 

Mellin  de  Saint-Gelais,  1487-1558 
Clement  Marot,  1497-1544 
Joachim  du  Bellay,  c. 1524-1560 
Pierre  de  Ronsard,  1524-1585 
Louise  Labe,  1526-1566 
Remy  Belleau,  1528-1577 
Jean  Antoine  de  Bai'f,  1532-1589 
Guillaume  de  Salluste  du  Bartas, 
1544-1590 

Philippe  Desportes,  1545-1606 
Francois  de  Malherbe,  1555-1828 
Mathurin  Regnier,  1573-1613 

Jean  Chapelain,  1595-1674 
Vincent  Voiture,  1598-1648 
Jean  de  La  Fontaine,  1621-1695 
Nicolas  Boileau-Despreaux, 

1636-1711 

Mine.  Deshoulieres,  1638-1694 
Guillaume  de  Chaulieu,  1639-1720 
Bernhard  de  Fontenelle,  1657-1757 

Jean  Baptiste  Rousseau, 

1670-1741 

Antoine  Houdart  de  La  Motte, 

1672-1731 

Voltaire,  1694-1778 
Jean  Francois  de  Saint-Lambert, 
1716-1803 

Ponce  Denis  Eeouehard  Lebrun 
(Lebrun-Pindare),  1729-1807 
Jacques  Delille,  1738-1813 
Nicolas  Joseph  Laurent  Gilbert, 

1751-1780 

Evariste  Desire  de  Forges,  Vi- 
eomte  de  Parny,  1753-1814 
Andre  Marie  de  Chenier, 

1762-1794 

Drama 

Etienne  Jodelle,  1532-1573 
Robert  Gamier,  1534-1590 
Pierre  de  Larivey,  C.1550-C.1612 
Antoine  de  Montchrestien,  d.1621 

Jean  Mairet,  1604-1686 
Pierre  Corneille,  1606-1684 
Jean  de  Rotrou,  1609-1650 
Paul  Scarron,  1610-1660 
Savinien  Cyrano  de  Bergerac, 

c. 1620-1655 

Moliere,  1622-1673 
Thomas  Corneille,  1625-1709 
Philippe  Quinault,  1635-1688 
Jean  Baptiste  Racine,  1639-1699 

Prosper  Jolyot  de  Crebillon, 

1674-1762 

Philippe  Nericault  Destouches, 

1680-1754 

Pierre  de  Marivaux,  1688-1763 
Pierre  Claude  Nivelle  de  La 
Chaussee,  1692-1754 
Voltaire,  1694-1778 
Michel  Jean  Sedaine,  1719-1797 
Jean  Francois  Marmontel, 

1723-1799 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


1500  1600 — continued. 

1 600-1 700 — continued. 

1700  1800 — continued. 

FRANCE- 

continued 

Drama- 

continued 

Antoine  Jacob  Montfleury, 

1640-1685 

Jean  Francois  Regnarcl, 

1655- 1709 

Jean  Galbert  de  Campistron, 

1656- 1723 

Dancourt  (Florent  Carton), 

1661-1725 

Pierre  Augustin  Caron  de  Beau- 
marchais, 1732-1799 

Prose 

Fiction 

Margaret  of  Navarre,  1492-1549 
Francois  Rabelais,  e. 1495-1553 

Honore  D’Urfe,  1567-1625 
Seigneur  de  Gomberville, 

1600-1674 

Madeleine  de  Scudery,  1607-1701 
Gautier  de  Costes  de  La  Cal- 
prenede,  1610-1663 
Paul  Scarron,  1610-1660 
Charles  Perrault,  1628-1703 
Mme.  de  La  Fayette,  1634-1693 

Alain  Rene  Le  Sage,  1668-1747 
Pierre  de  Marivaux,  1688-1763 
Voltaire,  1694-1778 
Abbe  Prevost  d ’Exiles,  1697-1763 
Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  1712-1778 
Jacques  Henri  Bernardin  de  St. 
Pierre,  1737-1814 

History 

Seigneur  de  Brantome,c.l540-1614 

Cardinal  de  Retz,  1614-1 G79 

Due  de  Saint-Simon,  1675-1755 

Prose 

John  Calvin,  1509-1564 
Jacques  Amyot,  1513-1593 
Etienne  Pasquier,  1529-1615 
Etienne  de  la  Boetie,  1530-1563 
Michel  de  Montaigne,  1533-1592 
Pierre  Charron,  1541-1603 
Francois  de  Sales,  1567-1622 

Rene  Descartes,  1596-1650 
Jean  Louis  Guez  de  Balzac, 

1597-1654 

Due  de  La  Rochefoucauld, 

1613-1680 

Antoine  Furetiere,  c.1620-1688 
Blaise  Pascal,  1623-1662 
Madame  de  Sevigne,  1626-1696 
Jacques  Benigne  Bossuet, 

1627-1704 

Louis  Bourdaloue,  1632-1704 
Nicolas  Boileau-Despreaux, 

1636-1711 

Nicolas  Malebranche,  1638-1715 
Jean  de  La  Bruyere,  1645-1696 
Fenelon,  1651-1715 
Bernard  de  Fontenelle,  1657-1757 

Jean  Baptiste  Massillon, 

1663-1742 

Montesquieu,  1689-1755 
Voltaire,  1694-1778 
Comte  de  Buff  on,  1707-1788 
Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  1712-1778 
Denis  Diderot,  1713-1784 
Etienne  Bonnot  de  Condillac, 

1715-1780 

Jean  Baptiste  le  Rond  d’Alem- 
bert, 1717-1783 
Jean  Francois  Marmontel, 

1723-1799 

Jean  Frangois  de  Laharpe, 

1739-1803 

Marquis  de  Condorcet,  1743-1794 

GERMANY 

Poetry 

and 

Drama 

Hans  Sachs,  1494-1576 
Nikodemus  Frischiin  (Latin), 

1547-1590 

Johann  Fisehart,  C.1550-C.1590 

Martin  Opitz,  1597-1639 
Friedrich  von  Logau,  1604-1655 
Paul  Gerhardt,  1607-1676 
Paul  Fleming,  1609-1640 
Andreas  Gryphius,  1616-1664 
Daniel  Kaspar  von  Lohenstein, 

1635-1683 

Johan  Jakob  Bodmer,  1698-1783 

Johann  Christoph  Gottsched, 

1700-1766 

Ewald  Christian  von  Kleist, 

1715-1759 

Christian  Fiirchtegott  Gellert, 

1715-1769 

Johann  Wilhelm  Ludwig  Gleim, 
1719-1803 

Friedrich  Gottlieb  Klopstock, 

1724-1803 

Christopher  Martin  Wieland, 

1733-1813 

Matthias  Claudius,  1740-1815 

Johann  Gottfried  von  Herder, 

1744-1803 

Gottfried  A.  Burger,  1748-1794 

Johann  Wolfgang  von  Goethe, 

1749-1832 

Johann  Heinrich  Voss,  1751-1826 

Friedrich  Maximilian  von  Klinger, 
1752-1831 

Johann  Christoph  Friedrich  von 
Schiller,  1759-1805 

Prose 

Fiction 

‘ ‘ Faustbuch  ’ ’ 

‘ ‘ Till  Eulenspiegel  ’ ’ 

1 

Johann  Michael  Moscherosch, 

1601-1669 

Christoffel  von  Grimmelsliausen, 

1625-1676 

Abraham  a Sancta-Clara, 

1644-1709 

Christopher  Martin  Wieland, 

1733-1813 

Johann  Wolfgang  von  Goethe, 

1749-1832 

Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter, 

1763-1825 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OE  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


1500  1600  continued. 

1600-1700 — continued. 

1700  1800 — continued. 

GERMANY— 

continued 

Religious 
and  Philo- 
sophical 
Writings 

Thomas  Murner,  1475-1537 
Martin  Luther,  1483-1546 
Ulrich  von  Hutten,  1488-1523 

Jakob  Bohme,  1575-1624 
Gottfried  Wilhelm  von  Leibnitz, 
1646-1716 

Christian  Thomasius,  1655-1728 

Johann  J.  Winckelmann, 

1717-1768 

Immanuel  Kant,  1724-1804 

ITALY 

Poetry 

and 

Drama 

Pietro  Bembo,  1470-1547 
Ludovico  Ariosto,  1474-1533 
Michelangelo,  1475-1564 
Giovanni  Rucellai,  1475-1526 
Giovanni  Giorgio  Trissino, 

1478-1550 

Vittoria  Colonna,  1490-1547 
Bernardo  Tasso,  1493-1569 
Luigi  Alamanni,  1495-1556 
Francesco  Berni,  e. 1498-1535 
Lodovico  Dolce,  c.  1508-1568 
Giovanni  Battista  Guarini, 

1537-1612 

Torquato  Tasso,  1544-1595 

Gabriello  Chiabrera,  1552-1637 
Alessandro  Tassoni,  1565-1635 
Giovanni  Battista  Marini, 

1569-1625 

Vincenzo  Filicaja,  1642-1707 
Carlo  Alessandro  Guidi,  1650-1712 
Giovanni  Mario  Crescimbeni, 

1663-1728 

Francesco  Scipione,  Marquese  di 
Maffei,  1675-1755 
Pietro  Antonio  Metastasio, 

1698-1782 

Carlo  Goldoni,  1707-1793 
Count  Carlo  Gozzi,  1720-1806 
Giuseppe  Parini,  1729-1799 
Giovanni  Meli,  1740-1815 
Count  Vittorio  Alfieri,  1749-1803 

Fiction 

Matteo  Bandello,  1480-1562 
Giovanni  Battista  Giraldi,  sur- 
named  Cintio,  1504-1573 

History 

Niccolo  Machiavelli,  1469-1527 
Francesco  Guicciardini,  1483-1540 

Pietro  Sarpi,  1552-1623 
Sforza  Pallavicino,  1607-1667 

Prose 

Baldassare  Castiglione,  1478-1529 
Benvenuto  Cellini,  1500-1571 
Giorgio  Vasari,  1511-1574 
Giordano  Bruno,  e.  1548-1600 

Giovanni  Vincenzo  Gravina, 

1664-1718 

Giovanni  Battista  Vico,  1668-1744 

SPAIN 

Poetry 

Juan  Boscan  Almogaver, 

C.1493-C.1542 

Fernando  de  Herrera,  1534-1597 
Cristoval  de  Virues,  e.l550-c.l610 
Luis  de  Gongora  y Argote, 

1561-1627 

Nicolas  Fernandez  de  Moratin, 

1737-1780 

Jose  de  Cadalso,  1741-1782 
Gaspar  Melchor  de  Jovellanos, 

1744-1812 

Juan  Melendez  Valdes,  1754-1817 

Drama 

Cristoval  de  Virues,  C.1550-C.1610 
Lope  de  Vega,  1562-1635 
Guillen  de  Castro,  1569-1631 
Tirso  de  Molina  (Gabriel  Tellez), 
. c.  15  70-1 648 

Francis  de  Quevedo  y Villegas, 

1580-1645 

Juan  Ruiz  de  Alarcon  y Mendoza, 
c. 1588-1639 

Pedro  Calderon  de  la  Barca, 

1600-1681 

Juan  de  Montalvan,  1602-1638 
Francisco  de  Rojas-Zorilla, 

1607-1661 

Augustin  Moreto,  1618-1669 

Fiction 

‘ ‘ Lazarillo  de  Tormes,  ’ ’ c.1553 

Miguel  de  Cervantes,  1547-1616 

Prose 

Antonio  de  Guevara,  c. 1490-1545 
Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  1539-1616 

Baltasar  Graeian,  c. 1584-1658 

Jose  Francisco  de  Isla,  1703-1781 

PORTUGAL 

Poetry 

and 

Drama 

Gil  Vicente,  c.l470-c,1537 
Francisco  de  Sa  de  Miranda, 

1495-1558 

Luiz  Vaz  de  Camoens,  c. 1524-1580 

Fiction 

Jorge  de  Montemayor  (wrote  in 
Spanish),  c. 1520-1561 

SCANDI- 

NAVIA 

Poetry 

and 

Drama 

Ludvig  von  Holberg,  1684-1754 
Olaf  von  Dalin,  1708-1763 
Karl  Mikael  Bellman,  1740-1795 
Johannes  Evald,  1743-1781 
Johan  Henrik  Kellgren, 

1751-1795 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


1500-1 600 — continued. 

1600  1700 — continued. 

1700-1 800 — continued. 

SCANDI- 

NAVIA— 

continued. 

Prose 

Arngrim  Jonsson,  1568-1648 
Kaspar  Bartholin,  1585-1629 
Arne  Magnusson,  1663-1730 

Emanuel  Swedenborg,  1688-1772 

NETHER- 

LANDS 

Poetry 

and 

Drama 

Johannes  Secundus, 

1511-1536  (Latin) 

Jakob  Cats,  1577-1660 
Pieter  Corneliszoon  Hooft, 

1581-1647 

Gebrand  Adriaanzoon  Brederoo, 

1585-1618 

Joost  van  den  Vondel,  1587-1679 
Constantijn  Huygens,  1596-1687 

Pieter  Langendijk,  1683-1756 
Sybrand  Feitama,  1694-1758 

Philosoph- 
ical and 
Religious 
( Latin ) 
Writings 

Desiderius  Erasmus,  1465-1536 

Baruch  Spinoza,  1632-1677 

NINETEENTH  CENTURY 


Samuel  Rogers,  1763-1855 

Eliza  Cook,  c.1818-1889 

Robert  Bloomfield,  1766-1823 

Arthur  Hugh  Clough,  1819-1861 

John  Hookham  Frere,  1769-1846 

Jean  Ingelow,  1820-1897 

William  Wordsworth,  1770-1850 

Frederick  Locker-Lampson,  1821-1895 

James  Hogg,  1770-1835 

Matthew  Arnold,  1822-1828 

Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  1772-1834 

Coventry  Kersey  Dighton  Patmore,  1823-1896 

Robert  Southey,  1774—1843 

Sydney  Thompson  Dobell,  1824-1874 

Walter  Savage  Landor,  1775-1864 

Adelaide  Anne  Procter,  1825-1864 

Thomas  Campbell,  1777-1844 

Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti,  1828-1882 

Thomas  Moore,  1779-1852 

Christina  Georgina  Rossetti,  1830-1894 

Ebenezer  Elliott,  1781-1849 

Charles  Stuart  Calverley,  1831-1884 

Reginald  Heber,  1783-1826 

Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  1832-1904 

Thomas  Love  Peacock,  1785-1866 

William  Morris,  1834—1896 

Barry  Cornwall  (Bryan  Waller  Procter), 

James  Thomson,  1834-1882 

Poetry 

1787-1874 

Alfred  Austin,  1835- 

Richard  Harris  Barham,  1788-1845 

Algernon  Charles  Swinburne,  1837-1909 

Lord  Byron,  1788-1824 

Austin  Dobson,  1840- 

Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  1792-1822 

Andrew  Lang,  1844-1912 

John  Keble,  1792-1866 

Edmund  William  Gosse,  1849- 

Felicia  Dorothea  Browne  Hemans,  1793-1835 

William  Ernest  Henley,  1849-1903 

John  Keats,  1795-1821 

William  Sharp  (“Fiona  Macleod”),  1855-1905 

Hartley  Coleridge,  .1796-1849 

Oscar  O ’Flahertie  Wills  Wilde,  1856-1900 

Thomas  Hood,  1799-1845 

John  Davidson,  1857-1909 

Winthrop  Maekworth  Praed,  1802-1839 

William  Watson,  1858- 

GREAT 

Robert  Stephen  Hawker,  1803-1875 

Rudyard  Kipling,  1865- 

BRITAIN 

Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning,  1806-1861 

William  Butler  Yeats,  1865- 

Alfred  Tennyson,  1809-1892 

Richard  Le  Gallienne,  1866- 

Edward  Fitzgerald,  1809-1883 

Stephen  Phillips,  1868- 

Martin  Farquhar  Tupper,  1810-1889 

Laurence  Binyon,  1869- 

Robert  Browning,  1812-1889 

Alfred  Noyes,  1880- 

James  Sheridan  Knowles,  1784-1862 

Sir  Arthur  Wing  Pinero,  1855- 

Douglas  William  Jerrold,  1803-1857 

George  Bernard  Shaw,  1856- 

Drama 

Tom  Taylor,  1817-1880 

.Tames  Matthew  Barrie,  1860- 

Thomas  William  Robertson,  1829-1871 

John  Galsworthy,  1867- 

William  Sehwenk  Gilbert,  1836-1911 

Stephen  Phillips,  1868- 

Henry  Arthur  Jones,  1851— 

Charles  Rann  Kennedy,  1871- 

Maria  Edgeworth,  1767-1849 

Samuel  Lover,  1797-1868 

Amelia  Alderson  Opie,  1769-1853 

Mary  Shelley,  1797-1851 

Sir  Walter  Scott,  1771-1832 

John  Banim,  1798-1842 

Matthew  Gregory  Lewis,  1775-1818 

George  Payne  Rainsford  James,  1801-1860 

Jane  Austen,  1775-1817 

Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon,  1802-1838 

Jane  Porter,  1776-1850 

Edward  Bulwer  Lytton,  1803-1873 

Prose 

John  Galt,  1779-1839 

George  Borrow,  1803-1881 

Fiction 

Horace  Smith,  1779-1849 

Benjamin  Disraeli,  1804-1881 

Susan  Edmonstone  Ferrier,  1782-1854 

William  Harrison  Ainsworth,  1805-1882 

Charles  Robert  Maturin,  1782-1824 

Charles  .Tames  Lever,  1806-1872 

Thomas  Love  Peacock,  1785—1866 

John  Sterling,  1806-1844 

Mary  Russell  Mitford,  1787-1855 

Elizabeth  Gaskell,  1810-1865 

Theodore  Edward  Hook,  1788-1841 

John  Brown,  1810-1882 

Frederick  Marryat,  1792-1848 

William  Makepeace  Thackeray,  1811-1863 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


GREAT 

BRITAIN— 

continued 


NINETEENTH  CENTURY— continued. 


Prose 

j Fiction- 
continued 


j History 
and 

I Biography 


Prose 


Charles  Dickens,  1812-1870 

Charles  William  Shirley  Brooks,  1813-1874 

Charles  Reade,  1814-1884 

Anthony  Trollope,  1815-1882 

Charlotte  Bronte,  1816-1855 

Emily  Bronte,  1818-1848 

Mayne  Reid,  1818-1883 

George  Eliot  (Mrs.  Cross),  1819-1880 

Charles  Kingsley,  1819-1875 

Anne  Bronte,  1820-1849 

George  John  Whyte-Melville,  1821-1878 

Thomas  Hughes,  1822-1896 

Charlotte  Mary  Yonge,  1823-1901 

George  MacDonald,  1824-1905 

William  Wilkie  Collins,  1824-1889 

Richard  Doddridge  Blackmore,  1825-1900 

Dinah  Maria  (Mulock)  Craik,  1826-1887 

George  Meredith,  1828-1909 

Margaret  Olipliant,  1828-1897 

Lewis  Carroll  (C.  L.  Dodgson),  1832-1898 

George  Du  Maurier,  1834-1896 

William  Morris,  1834-1896 

Sir  Walter  Besant,  1836-1901 

Walter  Theodore  Watts-Dunton,  1832- 

William  Frend  De  Morgan,  1839- 

Thomas  Hardy,  1840- 

Ouida  (Louise  De  La  Ramee),  1840-1908 

William  Black,  1841-1898 

George  Grote,  1794-1871 
Thomas  Arnold,  1795-1842 
Thomas  Carlyle,  1795-1881 
Agnes  Strickland,  1796-1874 
George  Finlay,  1799-1875 

Thomas  Babington  Macaulay  (Baron  Macaulay), 

1800-1859 

Charles  Merivale,  1808-1893 
Alexander  William  Kinglake,  1809-1891 
Sir  Edward  Shepherd  Creasy,  1812-1872 
John  Forster,  1812-1876 

William  Cobbett,  1766-1835 

Isaac  D ’Israeli,  1766-1848 

Basil  Montagu,  1770-1851 

Sydney  Smith,  1771-1845 

Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  1772-1834 

Francis  Jeffrey,  1773-1850 

Robert  Southey,  1774-1843 

Charles  Lamb,  1775-1834 

Walter  Savage  Landor,  1775-1864 

Henry  Hallam,  1777-1859 

William  Ilazlitt,  1778-1830 

Thomas  De  Quincey,  1785-1859 

Christopher  North  (John  Wilson),  1785-1854 

Anna  Jameson,  1794-1860 

John  Gibson  Lockhart,  1794-1854 

Thomas  Carlyle,  1795-1881 

Sir  Charles  Lyell,  1797-1875 

Thomas  Babington  Macaulay  (Baron  Macaulay), 

1800-1859 

John  Henry  Newman,  1801-1890 
Harriet  Martineau,  1802-1876 
Frederick  Denison  Maurice,  1805-1872 
John  Stuart  Mill,  1806-1873 
William  Ewart  Gladstone,  1809  -1898 
Alexander  William  Kinglake,  1809-1891 
Charles  Robert  Darwin,  1809-1882 
John  Bright,  1811-1889 
Arthur  Penrhyn  Stanley,  1815-1881 
George  Henry  Lewes,  1817-1878 


Robert  Louis  Balfour  Stevenson,  1850-1894 

John  Watson  (Ian  Maclaren),  1850-1907 

Robert  Barr,  1850-1912 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  1851- 

Thomas  Henry  Hall  Caine,  1853- 

George  Moore,  1853- 

William  Sharp,  1855-1905 

Sir  Henry  Rider  Haggard,  1856- 

George  Bernard  Shaw,  1856- 

George  Gissing,  1857-1903 

Jerome  Ivlapka  Jerome,  1859- 

Sir  A.  Conan  Doyle,  1859- 

James  Matthew  Barrie,  1860- 

Maurice  Henry  Hewlett,  1861- 

Sir  Horatio  Gilbert  Parker,  1862- 

Eden  Phillpotts,  1862- 

Anthony  Hope  Hawkins,  1863- 

Sir  Arthur  Thomas  Quiller-Couch,  1863- 

William  John  Locke,  1863- 

Robert  Smythe  Ilichens,  1864- 

Israel  Zangwill,  1864- 

Rudyard  Kipling,  1865- 

Herbert  George  Wells,  1866- 

Edward  Frederic  Benson,  1867— 

John  Galsworthy,  1867- 
John  Masefield,  1874- 
May  Sinclair, 

James  Anthony  Froude,  1818-1894 

Goldwin  Smith,  1823-1910 

Edward  Augustus  Freeman,  1823-1892 

William  Stubbs,  1825-1901 

Samuel  Rawson  Gardiner,  1829-1902 

Justin  M‘  Cartliy,  1830-1912 

John  Richard  Green,  1837-1883 

Sir  George  Otto  Trevelyan,  1838- 

William  Edward  Hartpole  Leeky,  1838-1903 

James  Bryce,  1838- 

Charles  Harding  Frith,  1857- 

John  Ruskin,  1819-1900 

Herbert  Spencer,  1820-1903 

John  Tyndall,  1820-1893 

Matthew  Arnold,  1822-1888 

Francis  Galton,  1822-1911 

Alfred  Russel  Wallace,  1822- 

Thomas  Henry  Huxley,  1825-1895 

Walter  Bagehot,  1826-1877 

William  Michael  Rossetti,  1829- 

Frederiek  William  Farrar,  1831-1903 

Sir  Leslie  Stephen,  1832-1904 

Thomas  Hill  Green,  1836-1S82 

John  Morley  (Viscount  Morley),  1838- 

James  Bryce,  1838- 

Walter  Horatio  Pater,  1839-1894 

John  Addington  Symonds,  1840-1893 

Andrew  Lang,  1844-1912 

George  Edward  Bateman  Saintsbury,  1845- 

Sir  Sidney  Colvin,  1845- 

John  Richard  Jefferies,  1848-1887 

Arthur  James  Balfour,  1848- 

Edmund  William  Gosse,  1849- 

Augustine  Birrell,  1850- 

Sir  Sidney  Lee,  1859- 

Artliur  Symons,  1865- 

Hilaire  Joseph  Peter  Belloc,  1870- 

Gilbert  Keith  Chesterton,  1874- 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 


A CHRONOLOGICAL 


.'LINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


■rETEENTH  CENTURY— continued. 


Poetry 


UNITED 

STATES 


Prose 

Fiction 


Samuel  Yworth>  1785-1842 

Richard  ^ Dana’  1787-1879 

-nv,  Halleck,  1790-1867 
Fitz-Gri  ’ 

L dia  Sigourney,  1791-1865 
Willi  a u®en  Bryant,  1794-1878 
JameAtes  Bereiya^  1795-1856 
MariJwen  Brooks,  c.1795-1845 
j Rodman  Drake,  1795-1820 
Waldo  Emerson,  1803-1882 
j^  niel  Parker  Willis,  1806-1867 
£,es  Fenno  Hoffman,  1806-1884 
-i  Greenleaf  Whittier,  1807-1892 
n-y  Wadsworth  Longfellow,  1807-1882 
.gar  Allan  Poe,  1809-1849 
liver  Wendell  Holmes,  1809-1894 
Villis  Gaylord  Clark,  1810-1841 
Jones  Very,  1813-1880 
Christopher  Pearse  Cranch,  1813-1892 
John  Godfrey  Saxe,  1816-1887 
James  Russell  Lowell,  1819-1891 
Walt  Whitman,  1819-1892 
William  Wetmore  Story,  1819-1895 
Julia  Ward  Howe,  1819-1910 
Alice  Cary,  1820-1871 
Thomas  Buchanan  Read,  1822-1872 

Charles  Broekden  Brown,  1771-1810 

James  Kirke  Paulding,  1779-1860 

Washington  Irving,  1783-1859 

Richard  Henry  Dana,  1787-1879 

James  Fenimore  Cooper,  1789-1851 

John  Pendleton  Kennedy,  1795-1870 

William  Ware,  1797-1852 

Lydia  Maria  Child,  1802-1880 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  1804-1864 

William  Gilmore  Simms,  1806-1870 

Edgar  Allan  Poe,  1809-1849 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  1809-1894 

Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  1811-1896 

Richard  Henry  Dana,  Jr.,  1815-1882 

Henry  David  Thoreau,  1817-1862 

Elizabeth  Wetherell  (Susan  Warner),  1819-1885 

Josiah  Gilbert  Holland,  1819-1881 

Herman  Melville,  1819-1891 

Ik  Marvel  (Donald  G.  Mitchell),  1822-1908 

Richard  Malcolm  Johnston,  1822-1898 

Lucy  Larcom,  1826-1893 

John  William  De  Forest,  1826-1906 

Lewis  (Lew)  Wallace,  1827-1905 

Theodore  Winthrop,  1828-1861 

Silas  Weir  Mitchell,  1829- 

Charles  Dudley  Warner,  1829-1900 

John  Esten  Cooke,  1830-1886 

Helen  Hunt  Jackson,  1831-1885 

Louisa  May  Alcott,  1832-1888 

Frank  Richard  Stockton,  1834  1902 

Artemus  Ward  (C.  F.  Brown),  1834-1867 

Mark  Twain  (S.  L.  Clemens),  1835-1910 

Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich,  1836-1907 

Edward  Eggleston,  1837-1902 

William  Dean  Howells,  1837- 

Edward  Payson  Roe,  1838-1888 

Francis  Hopkinson  Smith,  1838- 

Francis  Bret  Harte,  1839-1902 


George  Henry  Boker,  1823-1890 

Phoebe  Cary,  1824-1871 

Charles  Godfrey  Lelaud,  1824—1903 

Bayard  Taylor,  1825-1878 

Richard  Henry  Stoddard,  1825-1903 

Lucy  Larcom,  1826-1893 

Henry  Timrod,  1829-1867 

Silas  Weir  Mitchell,  1829- 

Edmund  Clarence  Stedman,  1833-1908 

Celia  Thaxter,  1835-1894 

Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich,  1836-1907 

John  Hay,  1838-1905 

Francis  Bret  Harte,  1839-1902 

Joaquin  Miller,  1841- 

Sidney  Lanier,  1842-1881 

Richard  Watson  Gilder,  1844-1909 

Eugene  Field,  1850-1895 

Edwin  Markham,  1852- 

Robert  Underwood  Johnson,  1853- 

James  Whitcomb  Riley,  1854- 

George  Edward  Woodberry,  1855- 

William  Bliss  Carman,  1861- 

George  Santayana,  1863- 

Richard  Hovey,  1864-1900 

William  Vaughn  Moody,  1869-1910 

Paul  Laurence  Dunbar,  1872-1906 

Henry  James,  Jr.,  1843- 
George  Washington  Cable,  1844- 
Charles  King,  1844- 

Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  Ward,  1844-1911 

Edward  Noyes  Westcott,  1847-1898 

Mary  Hallock  Foote,  1847- 

Mary  Hartwell  Catlierwood,  1847-1902 

Constance  Fenimore  Woolson,  1848-1894 

Joel  Chandler  Harris,  1848-1908 

Hjalmar  Hjorth  Boyesen,  1848-1895 

Frances  Hodgson  Burnett,  1849- 

Sarah  Orne  Jewett,  1849-1909 

James  Lane  Allen,  1849- 

Thomas  Allibone  Janvier,  1849- 

Edward  Bellamy,  1850-1898 

Octave  Thanet  (Alice  French),  c.1850- 

Charles  Egbert  Craddock  (M.  N.  Murfree),  1850- 

Lafcadio  Hearn,  1850-1904 

Robert  Grant,  1852- 

Thomas  Nelson  Page,  1853- 

F.  Marion  Crawford,  1854-1909 

Ruth  McEnery  Stuart,  1856- 

Margaretta  Wade  Campbell  Deland,  1857- 

Kate  Douglas  Wiggin  (Mrs.  Riggs),  1859- 

Irving  Addison  Baeheller,  1859- 

Owen  Wister,  1860- 

Hamlin  Garland,  1860- 

Editli  Newbold  Jones  Wharton,  1862- 

Mary  Eleanor  Wilkins  (Mrs.  Freeman),  1862- 

Amelie  Rives  (Princess  Troubetzkoy),  1863- 

Richard  Harding  Davis,  1864- 

Paul  Leicester  Ford,  1865-1902 

John  Oliver  Hobbes  (Mrs.  Craigie),  1867-1906 

Newton  Booth  Tarkington,  1869- 

Gertrude  Franklin  Atherton, 

Alice  Caldwell  Ilegan  Rice,  1870- 
Winston  Churchill,  1871- 
Stewart  Edward  White,  1873- 
Jack  London,  1876- 


A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  ANi 


\ 

NINETEENTH  CENTURY— continue” 


UNITED 

STATES- 

continued 

History 

Jared  Sparks,  1789-1866 

John  Gorham  Palfrey,  1796-1881 

William  Hickling  Prescott,  1796-1859 

George  Bancroft,  1800-1891 

Charles  Etienne  Arthur  Gayarre,  1805-1895 

John  Lothrop  Motley,  1814-1877 

Francis  Parkman,  1823-1893 

\ Winsor,  1831-1897 
JoVske,  1842-1901 
JaVord  Rhodes,  1S48- 
Wil^Miiiigan  Sloane,  1850- 
Johl\h  McMaster,  1852- 
AlbeIishnell  Hart,  1854- 
WoodWon,  1856- 

Prose 

Noah  Webster,  175S-1843 
Mathew  Carey,  1760-1839 
James  Kent,  1763-1847 
Alexander  Wilson,  1766-1813 
John  Quincy  Adams,  1767-1848 
William  Wirt,  1772-1834 
Washington  Allston,  1779-1843 
William  Ellery  Channing,  1780-1842 
John  James  Audubon,  1780-1851 
Daniel  Webster,  1782-1852 
Washington  Irving,  1783-1859 
Jared  Sparks,  1789-1866 
George  Ticknor,  1791-1871 
Henry  Charles  Carey,  1793-1879 
Edward  Everett,  1794-1865 
Horace  Mann,  1796-1859 
Amos  Bronson  Alcott,  1799-1888 
Francis  Lieber,  1800-1872 
Orestes  Augustus  Brownson,  1803-1876 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  1803-1882 
Richard  Hildreth,  1807-1865 
Edgar  Allan  Poe,  1809-1849 
Abraham  Lincoln,  1809-1865 
Robert  Charles  Winthrop,  1809-1894 
Frances  Anne  Kemble,  1809-1893 
James  Freeman  Clarke,  1810-1888 
Sarah  Margaret  Fuller,  1810-1850 
Horace  Greeley,  1811-1872 
Charles  Sumner,  1811-1874 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  1813-1887 
Henry  Theodore  Tuckerman,  1813-1871 
Rufus  Wilinot.  Griswold,  1815-1857 
Parke  Godwin,  1816-1904 
James  Thomas  Fields,  1817-1881 
Henry  David  Thoreau,  1817-1862 

V illiaii.y  channing,  1818-1901 

James  I n LoweU;  1819-1891 

Edwin  P\  hippie,  1819-1886 

WiHiam  Yore  Story,  1819-1895 

Edward  E tt  Hale>  1822-1909 

Octavius  B.  g Frothingham,  1822-1895 

James  PartL  g22-1891 

Thomas  WeLth  nigginson,  1823-1911 

George  Willi\CurtiS)  1824-1892 

Francis  Jame^^  i825-1896 

Henry  Charles^  i825-1909 

Bayard  Taylor, 25_i878 

Charles  Eliot  Ncn  1827-1908 

Gail  Hamilton  (vy  Abigail  Dodge),  1830-1896 

Moncure  Daniel  Ymy,  1832-1907 

Andrew  Dickson  We  1832- 

Edmund  Clarence  idman,  1833-1908 

Phillips  Brooks,  18*1893 

Moses  Goit  Tyler,  18^990 

Henry  Mills  Alden,  18_ 

William  Winter,  1836- 

John  Burroughs,  1837-A 

John  Hay,  1838-1905 

Thomas  Raynesford  Louhury,  1838- 

John  Muir,  1838- 

Henry  George,  1839-1897 

William  James,  1842-1910 

George  Kennan,  1845- 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  1850- 

William  Crarv  Brownell,  185) 

Henry  Van  Dyke,  1852- 
James  Brander  Matthews,  185i 
Josiali  Royce,  1855- 
George  Edward  Woodberrv,  185;. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  1858- 

Drama 

John  Howard  Payne,  1791-1852 
Bronson  Howard,  1842-1908 

Augustus  Thomas,  1859- 
William  Clyde  Fitch,  1865—1909 

FRANCE 

Poetry 

Louis  Jean  Lemercier,  1771-1840 
Pierre  Jean  de  Beranger,  1780-1857 
Alphonse  Marie  Louis  de  Lamartine,  1790-1869 
Jean  Francois  Casimir  Delavigne,  1793-1843 
Alfred  Victor,  Comte  de  Vigny,  1799-1863 
Victor  Hugo,  1802-1885 
Alfred  de  Musset,  1810-1857 
Tlieophile  Gautier,  1811-1872 
Leconte  de  Lisle,  1818-1894 

Pierre  Charles  Baudelaire,  1821-18(7 
Theodore  de  Banville,  1823-1891 
Frederic  Mistral  (Provengal),  1830- 
Rene  Francois  Armand  Sullv-Prudhonme, 

1839-1907 

Catulle  Mendes,  1841-1909 
Francois  Coppee,  1842-1908 
Paul  Verlaine,  1844-1896 
Joris  Karl  Huysmans,  1848-1907 

Drama 

Augustin  Eugene  Scribe,  1791-1861 
Victor  Hugo,  1802-1885 
Eugene  Marie  Labiche,  1815-1888 
Emile  Augier,  1820-1889 
Octave  Feuillet,  1821-1890 
Alexandre  Dumas  (fils),  1824-1895 
Edmond  About,  1828-1885 

Vietorien  Sardou,  1831-1908 

Henri  Meilhae,  1832-1897 

Ludovic  Halevy,  1834-1908 

Edouard  Jules  Henri  Pailleron,  1834-1899 

Henri  Becque,  1837-1899 

Jean  Richepin,  1849- 

Edmond  Rostand,  1864- 

Prose 

Fiction 

Madame  de  Stack  1766-1817 

Francois  Rene,  Vicomte  de  Chateaubriand, 

1768-1848 

Charles  Emmanuel  Nodier,  1780-1844 
Marie  Henri  Beyle  (De  Stendhal),  1783-1842 
Honore  de  Balzac,  1799  1850 
Alexandre  Dumas  (pere),  1S02-1870 
Victor  Hugo,  1802-1885 

Prosper  Merimee,  1803-1870 

George  Sand  (Baroness  Dudevant),  1804—1876 

Tlieophile  Gautier,  1S11-1872 

Leonard  Sylvain  Jules  Sandeau,  1811-1883 

Octave  Feuillet,  1821-1890 

Gustave  Flaubert,  1821-1880 

Edmond  de  Goncourt,  1822-1896 

Jules  de  Goncourt,  1830-1870 

A CHRONOLOGICAL  OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


NINETEENTH  CENTURY— continued. 


FRANC 

continue 

Prose 

Fiction- 

continued 

Alphonse  Daudet,  1840-1897 

Emile  Zola,  1840-1902 

Jvdes  (Arsene  Arnaud)  Claretie,  1840- 

Anatole  France,  1844- 

Guy  de  Maupassant,  1850-1893 

Pierre  Loti  (L.  M.  J.  Viaud),  1850- 
Paul  Bourget,  1852- 
Jules  Lemaitre,  1853- 
Eugene  Marcel  Prevost,  1862— 

Rene  Frangois  Marie  Bazin,  1863- 

History 

Francois  Pierre  Guillaume  Guizot,  1787-1874 
Augustin  Thierry,  1795-1856 
Louis  Adolphe  Thiers,  1797-1877 
Jules  Michelet,  1798-1874 

Ernest  Renan,  1823-1892 
Gaston  Boissier,  1823-1908 
Hippolyt.e  Adolphe  Taine,  1828-1893 
Frederic  Masson,  1847- 

Prose 

Joseph  de  Maistre,  1753-1S21 

Frangois  Fourier,  1772-1837 

Robert  de  Lamennais,  1782-1854 

Victor  Cousin,  1792-1867 

Auguste  Comte,  1798-1857 

Prosper  Merimee,  1803-1870 

Charles  Augustin  Sainte-Beuve,  1804-1869 

Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  1805-1859 

Desire  Nisard,  1806-1888 

Pierre  Joseph  Proudhon,  1S09-1865 

Ernest  Renan,  1823-1892 
Franeisque  Sarcey,  1828-1899 
Hippolyte  Adolphe  Taine,  1S28-1893 
Anatole  France,  1844- 
Emile  Faguet,  1847- 
Ferdinand  Brunetiere,  1S49-1906 
Paul  Bourget,  1852- 
Jules  Lemaitre,  1853- 
Paul  Ernest  Hervieu,  1857- 
Rene  Doumic,  1860- 

GERMA 

Poetry 

Adelbert  von  Chainisso,  1781-1838 
Andreas  Justinius  Iverner,  17S6-1862 
Ludwig  Uldand,  1787-1862 
Friedrich  Riickert,  1788-1866 
Karl  Theodor  Korner,  1791-1813 
Gustav  Schwab,  1792-1850 
Wilhelm  Miiller,  1794-1827 

Annette  Elisabeth  von  Droste-Hiilshoff,  1797-1S48 
Heinrich  Heine,  1797—1856 
Hoffmann  von  Fallersleben,  1798-1874 
Nikolaus  Lenau  (Niembsch  von  Strehlenau), 

1802-1850 

Anastasius  Grim  (Count  A.  A.  von  Auersperg), 

1806-1876 

Fritz  Reuter,  1810-1874 
Ferdinand  Freiligrath,  1810-1876 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  Weber,  1813-1894 
Emanuel  von  Geibel,  1815-1884 
Johann  Gottfried  Kinkel,  1S15-1882 
Wilhelm  Jordan,  1819-1904 
Theodor  Fontane,  1819-1898 
Oskar  vou  Redwitz,  1823-1891 
Otto  Roquette,  1824-1896 
Joseph  Victor  von  Scheffel,  1826-1886 
Julius  Wolff,  1834- 
Felix  Dahn,  1834-1912 
Rudolf  Baumbach,  1840-1905 

Drama 

August  Wilhelm  Iffland,  1759-1814 

August  Friedrich  von  Kotzebue,  1761-1819 

Friedrich  Ludwig  Zacharias  Werner,  1768-1823 

Heinrich  von  Kleist,  1777-1811 

Franz  Grillparzer,  1791-1872 

Karl  Lebrecht  Immermann,  1796-1840 

Friedrich  Halm,  1806-1871 

Heinrich  Laube,  1806-1884 
Otto  Ludwig,  1813-1865 
Friedrich  Hebbel,  1813-1863 
Ernst  von  Wildenbruch,  1845-1909 
Hermann  Sudermann,  1857- 
Gerhart  Hauptmann,  1862- 
Ludwig  Fulda,  1862- 

Prose 

Fiction 

Ernst  Moritz  Arndt,  1769-1860 

Johann  Heinrich  Zsehokke,  1771-1848 

Karl  Wilhelm  Friedrich  von  Schlegel,  1772-1829 

Novalis,  1772-1801 

Ludwig  Tieck,  1773-1853 

Ernst  Hoffmann,  1776-1822 

Friedrich  de  la  Motte  Fouque,  1777-1843 

Clemens  Brent ano,  1778-1842 

Achim  (Ludwig  Joachim)  von  Arnim,  1781-1831 

Adelbert  von  Chamisso,  1781-183S 

Joseph  von  Eichendorff,  1788-1857 

Wilibald  Alexis  (W.  Haring),  1798-1871 

Wilhelm  Ilauff,  1802-1827 

Eduard  Morike,  1804—1875 

Theodor  Mundt,  1S08-1861 

Fritz  Reuter,  1810-1874 
Karl  Gutzkow,  1811-1878 
Bertliold  Auerbach,  1812-1882 
Gustav  Freytag,  1816-1895 
Theodor  Storm,  1817-1888 
Gottfried  Keller,  1819-1890 
Wilhelm  Heinrich  Riehl,  1823-1897 
Oskar  von  Redwitz,  1823-1891 
Conrad  Ferdinand  Meyer,  1825-1898 
Friedrich  Spielhagen,  1829-1911 
Johann  Ludwig  Paul  Heyse,  1830- 
Felix  Dahn,  1834-1912 
Georg  Ebers,  1837-1898 
Peter  Rosegger,  1843- 
Gustav  Frenssen,  1863- 

History 

Barthold  Georg  Niebuhr,  1776-1831 
Leopold  von  Ranke,  1795-1886 

Theodor  Mommsen,  1817-1903 
Felix  Dahn,  1834-1912 

Prose 

Johann  Heinrich  Pestalozzi,  1746-1827 
Johann  Gottlieb  Fichte,  1762-1814 
August  Wilhelm  von  Schlegel,  1767—1845 
Wilhelm  von  Humboldt,  1767-1835 
Friedrich  Ernst  Daniel  Schleiermacher,  1768-1834 
Alexander  von  Humboldt,  1769-1859 
Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich  Hegel,  1770-1831 
Karl  Wilhelm  Friedrich  von  Schlegel,  1772-1829 

Friedrich  Wilhelm  Joseph  von  Schelling,  1775-1854 

Johann  Friedrich  Herbart,  1776-1841 

Jakob  Grimm,  1785—1863 

Wilhelm  Grimm,  1786-1859 

Arthur  Schopenhauer,  1788-1860 

Heinrich  Heine,  1797-1856 

David  Friedrich  Strauss,  1808-1874 

Friedrich  Wilhelm  Nietzsche,  1844-1900 

A CHRONOLOGICAL 


OUTLINE  OF  EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


NINETEENTH  CENTURY — continued. 


Poetry 

"Vincenzo  Monti,  1754—1828 
Niccolo  Ugo  Foscolo,  1778-1827 
Giacomo  Leopardi,  1798—1837 
Giuseppe  Giusti,  1809-1850 

Aleardo  Aleardi,  1812—1878 
Giacomo  Zanella,  1820-1888 
Giosue  Carducci,  1836-1907 

ITALY 

Prose 

Fiction 

Alessandro  Manzoni,  1785-1873 
Silvio  Pellico,  1788—1854 
Antonio  Fogazzaro,  1842-1911 
Edmondo  De  Amicis,  1846-1908 

Salvatore  Farina,  1846- 
Matilda  Serao,  1856- 
Gabriele  D ’Annunzio,  1864- 

Prose 

Pietro  Giordani,  1774-1848 

Pietro  Colletta,  1775—1833 

Carlo  Troya,  1784-1858 

Terenzio  Mamiani  della  Rorcre,  1800-1885 

Vincenzo  Gioberti,  1801-1852 

Niccolo  Tommaseo,  1802-1874 
Cesare  Cantu,  1804-1895 
Giuseppe  Mazzini,  c. 1805-1872 
Giuseppe  Ferrari,  1812-1876 
Pasquale  Villari,  1827- 

Poetry 

Alberto  Lista  y Aragon,  1775-1848 
Francisco  Martinez  de  la  Rosa,  1789-1862 
Angel  de  Saavedra  (Duke  of  Rivas),  1791-1865 

Jose  de  Espronceda,  1810-1842 
Jose  Zorrilla  y Moral,  1818-1893 

SPAIN 

Drama 

Jose  Zorrilla  y Moral,  1818-1893 
Adelardo  Lopez  de  Ayala,  1829—1879 

Manuel  Tamayo,  1829-1898 
Jose  Eehegaray,  1832- 

Fiction  and 
other  Prose 

Serafin  Estebanez  Calderon,  1801-1867 
Mariano  Jose  de  Larra,  1809-1837 
Jaime  Luciano  Balmez,  1810-1848 

Juan  Valera,  1827- 

Pedro  Antonio  de  Alarcon,  1833-1891 

Marcelino  Menendez  y Palayo,  1856— 

SCANDI- 

NAVIA 

Poetry 

Jens  Baggesen,  1764-1826 
Johan  Olof  Wallin,  1779-1839 
Adam  Gottlob  Ohlenschliiger,  1779-1850 
Esaias  Tegner,  1782-1846 

Nikolai  Frederick  Severin  Grundtvig,  1783-1872 
Bernhard  Severin  Ingemann,  1789-1862 
Peter  Daniel  Amadeus  Atterbom,  1790-1855 
Johannes  Carsten  Hauch,  1790-1872 
Ludwig  Bfidtcher,  1793-1874 

Henrik  Hertz,  1798-1870 
Karl  Ludwig  Emil  Aarestrup,  1800-1856 
Johan  Sebastian  Cammermeyer  Welhaven, 
1807-1873 

Henrik  Wergeland,  1808-1845 
Frederik  Paludan-Miiller,  1809-1876 
Andreas  Munch,  1811-1884 
Bjornstjerne  Bjornson,  1832-1910 

Drama 

Johann  Ludvig  Heiberg,  1791-1860 
Henrik  Hertz,  1798-1870 
Henrik  Ibsen,  1828-1906 

Bjornstjerne  Bjoimson,  1832—1910 
August  Strindberg,  1849-1912 

Fiction  and 
other  Prose 

Carl  Bernhard,  1798-1865 
Frederika  Bremer,  1801-1865 
Hans  Christian  Andersen,  1805-1875 
Soren  Aaby  Kjerkegaard,  1813-1855 
Bjornstjerne  Bjornson,  1832-1910 

Jonas  Lauritz  Edemil  Lie,  1833-1908 
Jorgen  Wilhelm  Bergsoe,  1835-1911 
Georg  Morris  Cohen  Brandes,  1842- 
Jlolger  Henrik  Herholdt,  Draehmann,  1846-1908 
Selma  Lagerlof,  1858— 

Poetry 

Ivan  Andreyevitch  Kryloff,  1768-1844 
Alexander  Pushkin,  1799-1837 

Alexei  V.  Koltzoff,  1809-1842 
Mikhail  Lermontof,  1814-1841 

RUSSIA 

Fiction 

Nikolai  Karamzin,  1765-1826 
Nikolai  Vassilievich  Gogol,  1809-1852 
Alexander  Hertzen,  1812-1870 
Ivan  Sergeyevich  Turgenieff,  1818-1883 

Feodor  Mikhailovitch  Dostoyevsky,  1821-1881 
Leo  Nikolaievich  Tolstoy,  1828-1910 
Maxim  Gorky  (A.  M.  Pyeshkof),  1868- 
Mikliail  Petrovich  Artsibashef,  1878- 

POLAND 

Poetry  and 
Fiction 

Sigmund  Krasinski,  1812-1859 
Jozef  Ignacy  Kraszewski,  1812-1887 

Henryk  Sienkiewic-z,  1845- 

HUNGARY 

Fiction 

Mor  Jokai,  1825-1904 

_J 

NETHER- 

1 

Poetry 

Willem  Bilderdijk,  1756-1831 
Hendrik  Tollens,  1780-1856 
Izaak  Da  Costa,  1798-1860 

Nikolaas  Beets  (“Hildebrand”),  1814-1903 
Maurice  Maeterlinck,  1862-  (in  French) 

LANDS 

AND 

BELGIUM 

Fiction  and 
other  Prose 

Jacob  van  Lennep,  1802-1868 
Eduard  Douwes  Dekker,  1820-1887 

Maarten  Maartens  (J.  M.  H.  Van  der  Poorten- 
Schwarz),  1858-  (in  English) 

Maurice  Maeterlinck,  1862-  (in  French) 

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